PMID- 2634018
TI  - Iatrogenic superior vena caval syndrome.

PMID- 2634019
TI  - Strychnine poisoning due to therapeutic medicine.

PMID- 2634020
TI  - Pertussis vaccine.

PMID- 2634021
TI  - Activities, family relationships and feelings about aging in a multicultural
      elderly sample.
AB  - This study looked at ethnic and gender differences in activities, family
      relationships, and feelings about aging in 128 American Indian, Anglo, and
      Hispanic adults over sixty. Reading, visiting, and watching television were the
      most popular activities for all subjects, with a number of sex and ethnic
      differences appearing. Most subjects reported improved relationships with their
      families on various dimensions after turning sixty. A number of advantages and
      disadvantages of aging were mentioned. Few ethnic or gender differences were
      found on these latter variables.

PMID- 2634022
TI  - The significance of stepgrandparents.
AB  - Research on reconstituted families has ignored the stepgrandchild-stepgrandparent
      relationship. This relationship was examined through an exploratory study of the
      quantity of interaction, satisfaction with this interaction, stepgrandchildren's
      perception of the stepgrandparent role, the appropriate behaviors
      stepgrandchildren expect of stepgrandparents, and relationship strengths. The
      results indicated that 1) stepgrandchildren maintain contact with their
      stepgrandparent beyond high school; 2) currently, the majority of the respondents
      wanted more contact with their stepgrandparents; 3) almost half of the
      stepgrandchildren rated the relationship with their stepgrandparent as important;
      4) they perceived the relationship as both a personal and a social role; 5) they
      expected few behaviors from their stepgrandparent; and 6) the relationship
      strengths were rated neither high nor low. Some factors which were important to
      the stepgrandchild-stepgrandparent relationship included: satisfaction with the
      parent's remarriage, the importance of the relationship with the stepparent, and
      the respondent's age when he/she became a stepchild.

PMID- 2634023
TI  - Community participation of the elderly Chicano: a model.
AB  - The elderly Chicano comprise a population that is distinct in historical
      background, socialization patterns, coping mechanisms, and patterns of
      participation in community affairs. These distinctive characteristics have often
      been overlooked by community planners who know little about elderly Chicanos and
      assume that all their needs can be met by their families. Several strategies are
      proposed for the development of participatory processes and systems that take
      into account the reality of daily life in the barrio. Statistical data should be
      enriched by qualitative information for decision-making purposes: the calm
      rationality of one set of people discussing the problems of others should be
      balanced by the fire of people describing their own experiences.

PMID- 2634024
TI  - Hypothermia and energy conservation: a tradeoff for elderly persons?
AB  - For many elderly people, residential energy conservation options are often
      limited to little or no cost measures such as reducing their winter nighttime
      thermostat setting. As a result, conflicts can arise between the need to preserve
      health and the necessity to conserve energy. Under these circumstances,
      accidental hypothermia is an important and growing concern. This study examines
      the association between concern for health and the adoption by elderly persons of
      a lowered winter nighttime thermostat setting. Evidence from two surveys of
      elderly respondents who maintain separate owner-occupied residences shows that
      health and thermal comfort concerns are the major reasons for nonadoption of this
      energy conservation measure. Methods are presented for increasing energy
      conservation while maintaining a healthful home environment.

PMID- 2634025
TI  - Aging and attractiveness: marriage makes a difference.
AB  - In order to explore women's agreement with the double standard of aging, thirty
      two women ranging in age from twenty-eight to sixty-three were asked to share
      their definitions of attractiveness, femininity, and sexual appeal. They were
      then asked if they had changed these definitions over time and if they perceived
      themselves as growing more or less attractive, feminine, and sexually appealing
      as they grew older. The findings showed that attractiveness was defined primarily
      by appearance, femininity by behavior and inferred traits, and sexual appeal by
      both. More single than married women had changed definitions of these terms, and
      more single women perceived themselves as having grown more attractive, feminine,
      and sexually appealing as they grew older. Age differences in these evaluations
      were found among the group of married women, but few age differences were found
      among single women. The findings suggest there may be qualitatively differing
      experiences between single and married women that are reflected in their
      evaluations of attractiveness and sexual appeal.

PMID- 2634026
TI  - Consequences of gender differentials in life expectancy for black and Hispanic
      Americans.
AB  - Increased survival by blacks and Hispanics is causing a widening of the sex
      imbalance of the elderly population much like we have observed in the general
      population. These demographic trends point toward greater widowhood among
      minority women and continuing high rates of poverty. In addition, we can expect
      increased rates of disability in minority elderly women, increased dependency,
      worsening intergenerational relationships, and higher rates of
      institutionalization.

PMID- 2634027
TI  - Grandparents and learning.
AB  - The educational needs of grandparents have been overlooked. They deserve access
      to a curriculum that can help them adjust to their changing role and illustrate
      how to build satisfying family relationships. In order to identify appropriate
      topics and instructional procedures for grandparent education, weekly meetings
      were held for a semester with 400 grandmothers and grandfathers. The resulting
      program includes experiences in sharing feelings and ideas with peers; listening
      to the views of younger people; studying lifespan growth and adjustment;
      acquiring intergenerational communication skills; and focusing self-evaluation. A
      fieldtest involving several hundred participants, equally divided into
      experimental and control groups, is underway to determine the worthwhileness of
      this approach to family development.

PMID- 2634028
TI  - Age-related changes in the likelihood of major contributions.
AB  - This article is concerned with the influence of age and research support on the
      frequency of technical innovation and economic growth. Based on the observations
      of Mumford and Gustafson, the authors argue that major contributions are derived
      from the creation of new understandings brought about by the integration and
      reorganization of existing understandings [1]. It is also argued that the
      creation of new understandings is most likely to occur in the earlier phases of
      people's careers when capable individuals are placed in an environment that will
      support innovative efforts. To examine these hypotheses and their broader
      economic implications, data were obtained from government sources describing the
      percentage of the population between the ages of twenty-five and forty-four, and
      between the ages of forty-five and sixty-four, as well as the percentage of the
      gross national product devoted to research and development efforts, the
      percentage of individual patents awarded, and deviations from long-term trends in
      the gross national product. These data were then analyzed in a time series
      analysis covering the period from 1929 to 1984. The results indicated that
      research support and age influenced the number of patents awarded which, in turn,
      influenced deviations in the gross national product. On the basis of these
      observations and the underlying theory, the authors conclude that substantially
      greater attention should be given to the development and maintenance of creative
      potential.

PMID- 2634029
TI  - Discouraged older workers: an exploratory study.
AB  - The research literature has documented the social and psychological consequences
      of unemployment for individuals in our country. Unfortunately, few studies have
      examined the impact of unemployment on the older worker. This exploratory study
      examined the characteristics and experiences of seventy-three older unemployed
      workers, age fifty and above, who were discouraged and had stopped searching for
      a full-time job. The findings portray the discouraged older worker as potentially
      at risk of both economic and psychological difficulties. Participants reported
      feeling mildly depressed about their current unemployment situation, socially
      isolated and embarrassed, and were experiencing low life satisfaction generally.
      They also tended to use a low number of social and employment-related community
      services. Younger participants in the sample under age sixty, those with higher
      levels of education, and those suffering longer periods of unemployment tended to
      report having the greatest adjustment difficulties. These results reflect the
      challenges faced by the discouraged older worker and the need for targeted
      employment and supportive services to aid this population group.

PMID- 2634030
TI  - Age related decline in postural control mechanisms.
AB  - In order to study voluntary and reflexive mechanisms of postural control, young
      and elderly persons were given large-fast and small-slow ankle-rotation postural
      disturbances while standing on a movable platform capable of measuring ground
      reaction forces. Large-fast rotations were employed to activate long-loop
      reflexes, and small-slow rotations were employed to tap the higher level sensory
      integration aspects of postural control. Overall, the elderly persons exhibited
      more perturbation induced sway and showed a slowing in voluntary, as opposed to
      reflexive mechanisms of correcting postural disturbance. For both age groups,
      reflexive mechanisms were found to be relatively intact. When small perturbations
      were given, the elderly persons swayed more than young participants and produced
      sporadic reflexive activity. Moreover, elderly persons did not adapt to the small
      perturbations and exhibited increased postural sway to repetitive presentation of
      the perturbation, whereas young participants substantially decreased their
      postural sway. These data demonstrate that elderly persons are at some
      disadvantage when posture is under the control of slower, higher level sensory
      integrative mechanisms.

PMID- 2634031
TI  - Social psychology, contexts of aging, and a contextual world view.
AB  - Two world views-mechanism and organicism-have dominated the youthful history of
      social psychological study of adult development and aging. Despite differences,
      both assume a stable, universal, transhistorical structure underlying social
      psychology; the goal of research is to discover and delineate such universals. A
      third world view, contextualism, begins with an assumption that action and
      thought are developed within relationships, which form the contexts for
      particular actions. It stresses the negotiated, constructed nature of
      "reality,"the historical embeddedness and unique quality of action as it unfolds,
      and the importance of negotiation making use of multiple perspectives. The
      approach and contextualist goals are significantly different from more typical
      approaches. Three areas of research in social gerontology and social psychology
      environmental relations, attribution, and social relations in a social
      reconstruction/social breakdown model-illustrate a contextualist approach.
      Control and a "voice" in a negotiation of relationships and the characteristics
      of one's contexts are central to a contextual approach to all three.

PMID- 2634033
TI  - Initial drinking experiences among black and white male and female student
      drinkers.
AB  - Survey studies have revealed significant gender and racial differences in alcohol
      use patterns. One variable which may be related to some of these differences is
      initial drinking experiences. In this study, such experiences were assessed among
      96 Black and White male and female college students. Consistent with past
      research, differences in initial drinking experiences were associated with
      gender. Predominant was the finding that men drank more during their initial
      drinking experience than did women. Further, males tended to report a shorter
      latency before the second drinking occurrence than did females, and females were
      more likely to first drink with family while males more often first drank with
      friends. No racial differences were found. Differences in later drinking
      patterns, especially those correlated with race, may depend more on subsequent
      rather than initial drinking experience.

PMID- 2634032
TI  - WHO Collaborative Study on Alcohol Education and Young People: outcomes of a four
      country pilot study.
AB  - In 1985 the Division of Mental Health, World Health Organization, Geneva,
      convened a group of investigators from centers in four countries--Australia,
      Chile, Norway, Swaziland--to participate in a pilot study on the efficacy of
      school-based alcohol education. The goal of the educational program was to delay
      onset and minimize involvement of alcohol use among 13- to 14-year-old
      adolescents. Twenty-five schools in the four countries, representing middle- and
      lower-class populations, were randomly assigned to peer-led education, teacher
      led education, or a control condition. The educational program was derived from
      social-psychological theory and etiological research on adolescent alcohol use.
      The program focused on the social and environmental influences to drink alcohol
      and skills to resist those influences. It consisted of five lessons over 2
      months. Baseline and posttest data measured alcohol use knowledge, attitudes,
      skills, and friends' drinking patterns. Data were collected immediately prior to
      and 2 months following the educational program. The data converge on the finding
      that peer-led education appears to be efficacious in reducing alcohol use across
      a variety of settings and cultures.

PMID- 2634034
TI  - From theory to practice: the planned treatment of drug users. Interview by
      Stanley Einstein.

PMID- 2634035
TI  - A cross-cultural comparison of attitudes toward alcohol among French and United
      States college students.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to compare attitudes toward alcohol in two
      Western cultures with traditionally distinct drinking patterns, the United States
      and France. France is generally considered as the greatest world consumer of
      alcoholic beverages whereas the United States is ranked lower with a different
      drinking typology. A 14-scale semantic differential was administered to 295 first
      year college students at the University of Lille in France and to 242 freshman
      and sophomore college students in the United States. Data were analyzed by means
      of a discriminant analysis. After the final step of a stepwise entry of
      variables, 11 of the 14 adjective pairs remained in the analysis, producing a
      highly significant function. This function yielded an overall accuracy of
      classification of 79%. Results were congruent with previous findings suggesting
      overpermissive attitudes toward alcohol among the French respondents and more
      ambivalent attitudes toward alcohol among American subjects.

PMID- 2634036
TI  - Vitamin A, vitamin E, retinol binding protein (RBP), and prealbumin in digestive
      cancers.
AB  - The existence of a relation between vitamin A and vitamin E and human cancers is
      supported by epidemiologic investigations. The aim of this study is to link the
      level of these vitamins to those of plasmatic protein carriers like retinol
      binding protein (RBP) and prealbumin (TTR), in three groups of subjects: healthy
      patients (n = 78), polyp (n = 34) and digestive cancer patients (n = 70). A
      paired t-test did not reveal any significant variation in any parameter between
      the polyp group and controls, but did evidence a significant decrease in serum
      levels of retinol (p less than 2.10(-4], RBP (p less than 2.10(-4), TTR (p less
      than 10(-5), and alpha-tocopherol (p less than 2.10(-3), in cancer cases as
      against control subjects. Comparison of RBP renal clearance and retinol tissue
      clearance in cancer and healthy patients indicates that the decrease in
      circulating retinol levels cannot be attributed to an increase in peripheral
      consumption. The simultaneous reduction of RBP and TTR serum levels is to be
      considered as a sign of protein denutrition. Thus our results suggest that the
      decrease serum levels of vitamins A and E observed in digestive cancers are a
      consequence of this nutritional deficiency.

PMID- 2634037
TI  - Tolerance of weanling pigs for dietary vitamin A and D.
AB  - Weanling cross-bred pigs (36 or 48) were caged individually and fed diets
      containing a supplement of vitamin A (Expt 1) or vitamin D3 (Expt 2) at levels
      representing 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 times the NRC (1988) estimated
      requirements, for 4 weeks. Growth rate, feed intake and feed/gain ratio were not
      influenced significantly. In Expt 1 the plasma retinol concentrations were at 4
      weeks, respectively, 31.7, 39.4, 43.2, 42.9, 44.4, and 46.3 micrograms/dl (P less
      than 0.05). In Expt 2, the plasma 25(OH)D3 concentrations were at 2 weeks,
      respectively, 22.5, 29.5, 35.7, 46.2, 79.9, 135.3 ng/ml (P less than 0.001).
      Histological examination of lung, stomach, kidney, liver and heart indicated no
      abnormalities, but focal microscopic lesions consistent with osteochondrosis were
      found in pigs receiving vitamin A at levels over 10 times the requirement. The
      incidence of osteochondrosis at 2 weeks was, respectively, 0/8, 0/8, 0/8, 0/8,
      0/8, and 1/8, and at 4 weeks was, respectively, 0/8, 0/8, 0/8, 2/8, 2/8 and 2/8.
      The NRC (1988) estimate of the requirement for vitamin D may be somewhat low
      since the concentration of plasma 25(OH)D was lower with 200 or 1,000 IU vitamin
      D/kg diet than at the start.

PMID- 2634038
TI  - Dermal penetration and systemic distribution of 14C-labeled vitamin E in human
      skin grafted athymic nude mice.
AB  - In vivo percutaneous penetration and tissue distribution of 14C-labeled vitamin E
      applied to human skin grafted onto athymic nude mice were determined. At 1 hr,
      mouse skin contained the highest level of radioactivity, followed by the muscle,
      blood, liver, lung, adipose tissue, spleen, kidney, brain, heart, and eyes. A
      linear increase with time in tissue radioactivity was observed throughout the 24
      hr experimental period. At 4 and 24 hrs skin grafts were highly radioactive. At 4
      hrs the epidermis and the upper portion of the dermis contained more
      radioactivity than the remaining portion of the dermis. In contrast, at 24 hrs
      the highest level of radioactivity was detected in the lower dermis. No
      radioactivity was detected in expired air while 0.2% of the dose was found in the
      urine. The data show that vitamin E does penetrate skin and that the dermis acts
      as a barrier or reservoir for this highly lipophilic compound.

PMID- 2634039
TI  - Assay of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, pyridoxal and pyridoxic acid in biological
      material.
AB  - The two vitamin B6-vitamers having an aldehyde function are oxidised to the
      corresponding acids and subjected to an HPLC separation on an RP 18 phase with a
      solvent consisting of 5% methanol in phosphate buffer at pH 3.5. The detection is
      carried out by fluorometry with excitation at 318 nm and emission at 418 nm. The
      peaks obtained correspond to pyridoxic acid 5'-phosphate and pyridoxic acid.
      Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate is determined as pyridoxic acid 5'-phosphate. Pyridoxal is
      determined as pyridoxic acid by subtracting the amount of pyridoxic acid already
      existing before oxidation.

PMID- 2634040
TI  - Pyridoxine status as assessed by the concentration of B6-aldehyde vitamers.
AB  - Forty-five male Lohmann chicks were randomly assigned to an adequate (30 mumol
      PN/kg) or a B6-deficient diet. Chicks were grown to 6 weeks of age and the
      vitamin B6 status was assessed according to the level of B6-aldehyde vitamers in
      plasma and erythrocytes. Chicks fed a limited amount of pyridoxine showed no
      nervous signs, but significant metabolic changes. It was found that PL was the
      major metabolite in plasma and only a trace of PLP was detected, suggesting a
      different metabolic pathway from those of other animal species or healthy humans.
      This particular metabolism parallels an elevated ALP concentration. The
      measurement of plasma PLP level routinely used for the assessment of vitamin B6
      status in humans is misleading in a situation with raised ALP.

PMID- 2634041
TI  - Aromatase activity and progesterone metabolism in ovaries of scorbutic mutant
      rats unable to synthesize ascorbic acid.
AB  - Aromatase activity and progesterone metabolism were studied in ovaries of
      scorbutic ODS rats hereditarily unable to synthesize ascorbic acid (AsA). When
      ODS rats were kept on an AsA-deficient diet for 23 days, the scurvy developed
      with undetectable levels of AsA in ovaries. A significant increase in ovarian
      aromatase activity was observed in scorbutic ODS rats. However, there was no
      difference in the production of testosterone from progesterone between ovaries of
      scorbutic and ascorbutic ODS rats. These data suggest that AsA may play a role as
      a modulator of aromatase activity in vivo.

PMID- 2634042
TI  - Ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids status in rats fed diets varying in vitamin E
      levels.
AB  - Vitamin E, ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids were determined in plasma and
      selected tissues of rats fed for 2-3 months different diets varying in vitamin E
      content. The diets contained as low as 5 IU for group LE, a normal amount of 50
      IU for group NE and as high as 250 IU of vitamin E for group HE. Small increases
      in total vitamin C were observed only in liver, kidney, spleen and plasma with
      increased dietary levels of vitamin E, however, this was not followed by a
      substantial increment in the ascorbate/dehydroascorbate ratio. These differences
      were only observed between diets LE and HE; there was no correlation between
      vitamin E and vitamin C levels in the tissue. These data suggest that the
      interactions that readily take place in vitro between these two vitamins do not
      occur in vivo, probably due to the complexity of natural membranes.

PMID- 2634043
TI  - Sex as a factor in levels of serum ascorbic acid in a healthy elderly population.
AB  - To investigate gender difference in serum ascorbic acid levels in healthy
      elderly, its status was studied in 175 free-living and healthy elderly people
      aged 63-81, who were not using ascorbic acid supplement. Both mean dietary
      ascorbic acid intake (3.2 +/- 1.3 mg/kg of body weight/day) and its serum
      concentration (1.11 +/- 0.23 mg/100 ml) for females (n = 96) were significantly
      higher than for males (2.7 +/- 1.1 mg/kg/day and 0.91 +/- 0.30 mg/100 ml; n =
      79). It was estimated that intakes needed to maintain a serum ascorbic acid
      concentration of 1.0 mg/100 ml would be about 2 mg/kg of body weight/day for
      females and about 3 mg/kg/day for males. In this population, dietary ascorbic
      acid intake was the most important predictor of its serum concentration, but sex
      was also significantly related to it, accounting about 7% of its total variation.

PMID- 2634044
TI  - Vitamin A, vitamin E and selenium status in an aged Finnish male population.
AB  - Vitamin A (retinol), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and selenium concentrations in
      serum were studied during the autumn season (October and November) in two Finnish
      male populations aged 65-84 years and living either in eastern or southwestern
      Finland. The mean vitamin A concentration was higher in south-western, but the
      mean selenium concentration was higher in eastern Finland. Mean vitamin A
      concentrations did not differ between age groups, but in the south-west highest
      vitamin E and selenium concentrations were found among the youngest population. A
      severe vitamin A deficiency (below 300 micrograms/l) was found only in 3 (1%) men
      in the east and 4 (1%) men in the south-west, and a mild deficiency (300-399
      micrograms/l) in 11 (4%) men in the east and 16 (4%) men in the south-west.
      Vitamin E deficiency after the correction by serum total cholesterol (below 2
      mg/l/g/l) was found only in 3 (1%) men in the east and 1 (0%) man in the south
      west, and low values (2.0-2.9 mg/l/g/l) were found in 13 (4%) men in the east and
      34 (9%) men in the south-west. A severe deficiency of selenium (below 46
      micrograms/l) was found in 10 (3%) men in the east and 15 (4%) men in the south
      west, while a mild deficiency (46-69 micrograms/l) was found in 140 (45%) men in
      the east and 197 (52%) men in the south-west. The overall vitamin A and vitamin E
      status of elderly Finnish men was relatively adequate, while severe or mild
      deficiencies of selenium were common.

PMID- 2634045
TI  - Biochemical and anthropometric evaluation of the nutritional status of 35-year
      old Dutch men with reference to smoking and drinking habits.
AB  - In 1986, sixty 35-year-old Dutch men (response 87%) provided information on
      medications, alcohol consumption and smoking habits. Length, body weight and
      blood pressure were determined. A blood sample was taken to determine serum
      cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and biochemical parameters of the vitamin, iron and
      trace element status (hematology, ferritin, vitamins A, B6, B12, folate, Zn, Se).
      Prevalence of overweight (body mass index greater than 27 kg/m2) was 15%, whereas
      12% had high-risk cholesterol levels (greater than 6.4 mmol/l). Except for
      possibly selenium, no marginal values for the vitamin, iron and trace element
      status were found. Smokers had a higher hematocrit reading and mean corpuscular
      volume and lower mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (p less than 0.05).
      The nutritional status was not negatively influenced by (predominantly moderate)
      alcohol consumption (mean = 21 g/day). Positive associations with alcohol
      consumption were found for plasma folic acid (p less than 0.01) and plasma
      pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (p less than 0.001). This study shows that the most
      important nutritional risks in 35-year-old Dutch men are related to
      cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2634046
TI  - Zinc and some zinc dependent enzymes in sickle cell anemia.
AB  - Plasma zinc concentrations were determined in patients with sickle cell anemia
      and in disease free controls in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Plasma zinc
      level in patients was found to be close to that of the control subjects.
      Similarly, there was no difference in urinary zinc level between the two groups.
      Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), two
      zinc dependent enzymes in these patients, were also close to those of normals.
      This is in contrast to the situation which exists in North American Blacks with
      sickle cell anemia, who are known to have zinc deficiency coupled with a decrease
      in the activity of these enzymes.

PMID- 2634047
TI  - Dietary restriction induces microcytic change and shortened life span of
      erythrocytes without anemia in mice.
AB  - Dietary restriction is well known to increase mean and maximal life span in
      rodents and other species, although the mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate
      the effects of dietary restriction on erythrocyte cellular life span, mice were
      fed 40% restricted diet and erythrocyte properties were examined. At the end of
      the 8th week of a feeding period, erythrocytes in the restricted mice showed
      strikingly shorter life span than those in the unrestricted mice (restricted;
      T1/2 = 15.4 +/- 1.1 days, unrestricted; T1/2 = 18.9 +/- 1.2 days). However, the
      restricted mice never showed anemic conditions although they had microcytes, in
      addition. Significant increase in the erythrocyte count was observed in the
      restricted mice. These results strongly suggest that increased erythropoiesis
      should exist in the restricted mice, and that some unknown biophysical
      significance made shortened erythrocyte life span in mice fed restricted amount
      of diet.

PMID- 2634048
TI  - One-year continuous low-dose nicotine intake does not alter body weight of rats.
AB  - An accelerated loss of dopaminergic neurons with advancing age leads to
      Parkinson's disease. The incidence of this disease is suggested to be lower in
      nicotine users. As the body ages, the number of dopamine receptors in the
      striatum decrease, an effect that has been shown to be slowed by reduction in
      body weight via dietary manipulations. To investigate the potential role of
      nicotine in aging of dopaminergic neurons, therefore, using a dose of nicotine
      that has no effect on body weight becomes essential. The results presented here
      show that administration at up to 1.0 mg% nicotinewater to rats for one year does
      not alter their body weight.

PMID- 2634049
TI  - Hypotriglyceridemic effect of dietary linseed oil in rats.

PMID- 2634050
TI  - Evidence for a retinyl ester hydrolase activity in the pig vascular endothelium.

PMID- 2634051
TI  - Localization of riboflavin metabolism in the lens.

PMID- 2634052
TI  - Comparative acceptance of an isotonic and a hypotonic rehydrating beverage by
      athletes during their habitual training.

PMID- 2634053
TI  - Evaluation of the losses of water and minerals: description of the method with
      the example of a 10,000 m race.

PMID- 2634054
TI  - The importance of providing minerals to long distance runners during a 30 km
      course.

PMID- 2634055
TI  - Performance of calves during treadmill exercise: modification by workload and
      iron supply.

PMID- 2634056
TI  - Total daily energy expenditure and heart rate during pregnancy in free living
      Gambian women.

PMID- 2634057
TI  - Free living energy expenditure and physical activity in obese and lean men.

PMID- 2634058
TI  - Effects of changes in plasma hepatic-portal and systemic osmolality on plasma
      concentrations of arginine vasopressin in conscious newborn calves.
AB  - Systemic plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP) were studied in
      three groups of 10-15 day-old conscious newborn calves. Animals in the first
      group (control group) and in the second group (systemic-hypertonic-injected
      group) received respectively isotonic and hypertonic (8 mmol NaCl/kg body weight)
      saline injection into the right jugular vein. Animals in the third group were
      fitted with chronic mesenteric and hepatic-portal catheters and received a 1 h
      hypertonic saline infusion (2 mmol NaCl/kg body weight) into the main mesenteric
      vein. In animals in the second group there were parallel increases in systemic
      plasma concentration of Na+ (from 148.0 +/- 2.6 to 177 +/- 8 mmol/l; P less than
      0.01), osmolality (from 289 +/- 2 to 319 +/- 4 mOsmol/kg H2O; P less than 0.01)
      and systemic plasma concentrations of AVP (from 4.2 +/- 0.4 to 11.1 +/- 0.6
      pmol/l; P less than 0.01) 10 min after the injection. There were no significant
      changes in control animals. Hypertonic saline infusion into the main mesenteric
      vein in the third group induced an increase in concentration of Na+ (from 147.3
      +/- 2.0 to 165.0 +/- 5.0 mmol/l; P less than 0.01) and osmolality (from 288 +/- 5
      to 315 +/- 10 mOsmol/kg H2O; P less than 0.01) in hepatic-portal vein plasma but
      did not alter systemic plasma osmolality or concentrations of Na+ and AVP. This
      study demonstrates that the relationship between plasma concentrations of AVP and
      systemic osmolality is operative in the newborn calf but does not support the
      hypothesis that hepatic portal osmo-receptors sensitive to hyperosmolality
      influence AVP release.

PMID- 2634059
TI  - Neonatal sympathectomy compromises development of responses of ornithine
      decarboxylase to hormonal stimulation in peripheral tissues.
AB  - The onset of sympathetic innervation has been shown to play a role in the
      development of postsynaptic reactivity to stimulation. In the current study, we
      examined whether this relationship extends to responses evoked by hormonal
      stimuli. Rats denervated at birth by 6-hydroxydopamine treatment showed an
      impaired ability of vasopressin or angiotensin to stimulate cardiac ornithine
      decarboxylase activity. In the kidney, responsiveness was affected only for
      vasopressin and in the lung denervation had only transient effects on the
      hormonal responses. These results confirm that sympathetic input is required for
      proper development of some, but not all hormonal responses; the tissue
      specificity suggests a role of neural factors selective for cardiac development.

PMID- 2634060
TI  - Influence of carotid-denervation on the arousal and cardiopulmonary responses to
      alveolar hypercapnia in lambs.
AB  - Experiments were done on five lambs to determine if carotid-denervation
      influences the arousal and cardiopulmonary responses to alveolar hypercapnia
      during sleep. Each lamb was anaesthetized and instrumented for recordings of
      electrocorticogram, electro-oculogram, nuchal and diaphragm electromyograms and
      measurements of systemic arterial blood pressure and arterial haemoglobin oxygen
      saturation. The carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors were denervated, a
      tracheostomy was done and a fenestrated tracheostomy tube placed in the trachea
      so that the inspired gas mixture could be changed quickly. No sooner than three
      days after surgery, measurements were made in quiet sleep and active sleep during
      control periods when the animal was breathing room air and during experimental
      periods of alveolar hypercapnia when the lamb was breathing 10% carbon dioxide in
      air. Alveolar hypercapnia was terminated during an experimental period by
      changing the gas mixture back to room air once the animal aroused from sleep. If
      an animal did not arouse within 2 min, the gas mixture was changed back to room
      air. Arousal occurred during only 6 of 12 epochs in quiet sleep and during only 2
      of 10 epochs in active sleep. These data provide evidence that the carotid
      chemoreceptors and/or carotid baroreceptors play a major role in causing arousal
      from sleep during alveolar hypercapnia in lambs.

PMID- 2634061
TI  - Two types of outward K+ channel currents in early embryonic chick ventricular
      myocytes.
AB  - Outward K+ currents were recorded from 3-day-old embryonic chick ventricular
      myocytes using the patch clamp method. Two types of macroscopic outward currents
      were observed, one with rapid activation and de-activation time courses, and the
      other displaying a slower activation and long-duration tail currents. A time
      dependent inactivation at positive potentials was a feature of the rapidly
      activating current, allowing resolution of an early outward current. Single K+
      channel currents were recorded using the outside-out patch technique. Two classes
      of K+ channels, which may contribute to the macroscopic currents, were
      differentiated on the basis of their conductances and kinetics. One class (ca 20
      pS conductance) showed a rapid activation upon depolarization, and the other
      class (ca 60 pS) had a more delayed activation. A time-dependent inactivation of
      the rapid-activating, single-channel K+ current was also recorded. The two types
      of K+ channels contribute outward current during the plateau and promote the
      repolarization of the action potential, and the slowly de-activating K+ current
      may also be involved in the electrogenesis of automaticity observed in some of
      these cells.

PMID- 2634062
TI  - The origin and fate of hyaluronan in amniotic fluid.
AB  - The mechanisms which regulate the steady-state concentration and molecular weight
      of hyaluronan in the amniotic fluid of sheep at different gestational ages have
      been investigated. An attempt to trace the origin of the polysaccharide has been
      made by analyses of various fetal fluids (amniotic fluid, allantoic fluid,
      tracheal fluid, urine, and serum). The fate has been studied by injection of
      radioactively labelled hyaluronan into the amniotic cavity and following the
      tracer in fetal tissues and fluids. The concentration of hyaluronan in amniotic
      fluid varies considerably but is in the order of 5 mg/l at mid-pregnancy and
      decreases to 1 mg/l in late pregnancy. The polysaccharide has a Mr-distribution
      with a weight-average in the order of 10(6) at 10 to 13 weeks of gestation which
      decreases to 10(5) closer to term. Calculations show that urine contributes 0.1
      and 0.5 mg of low-molecular (Mr = 10(4) hyaluronan per day in mid- and late
      pregnancy, respectively, and the lung 10-20% of that amount in the form of high
      molecular weight polymer (Mr greater than 10(6). The hyaluronan disappears from
      the amniotic cavity by bulk flow due to fetal swallowing. It is taken up and
      degraded in the fetal intestine. Molecules of Mr = 10(3) can pass the intestinal
      barrier. Calculations show that about 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg of hyaluronan is
      eliminated per day from the amniotic fluid at 12 and 17 weeks of gestation,
      respectively. Thus, the higher rate of elimination and the relatively high
      urinary contribution in more mature fetuses explain the low concentration and Mr
      of amniotic hyaluronan in late gestation, whereas a slower elimination combined
      with a relatively larger contribution of high molecular weight hyaluronan both
      from lung and urine and possibly from other sources are responsible for the
      higher concentration and Mr of the compound in early pregnancy.

PMID- 2634063
TI  - Gastrointestinal blood flow and oxygen delivery during environmental cold stress:
      effect of anaemia.
AB  - We studied the effect of environmental cold stress with and without isovolaemic
      anaemia on blood flow and oxygen delivery to the stomach, small intestine, and
      colon. The purpose of the study was to investigate the independent and combined
      effects of an increased oxygen demand (cold stress) and decreased oxygen
      availability (anaemia). Six, 3-4 days-old, awake piglets having normal
      haematocrit (26%), were studied in a warm environment (31.7 +/- 0.4 degrees C)
      and 30 min after reaching the nadir of cold stress (19.9 +/- 0.4 degrees C).
      Subsequently, a warm environment was reestablished and a partial volume, plasma
      exchange transfusion was done to lower the haematocrit to approximately 15%.
      Piglets were then studied as before in warm (32 +/- 0.5 degrees C) and cold (19.3
      +/- 0.3 degrees C) environments. In the non-anaemic study phase, cold stress
      provoked a decrease in blood flow (ml.100g-1.min-1) to the small intestine (226
      +/- 22 vs. 134 +/- 22) while oxygen delivery (ml O2.100g-1.min-1) was decreased
      to the stomach (13.6 +/- 1.4 vs 9.3 +/- 1.7), small intestine (19.6 +/- 0.6 vs.
      11.2 +/- 1.1) and colon (9.6 +/- 1.7 vs. 6.1 +/- 1.0). Following plasma exchange
      transfusion (anaemic study phase), warm environment values for gastrointestinal
      blood flow did not differ from non-anaemic warm environment values. However, mean
      oxygen delivery while in a warm environment was decreased to the stomach (-45%),
      small intestine (-49%) and colon (-42%). Among anaemic piglets, cold stress
      provoked a further decrease in oxygen delivery to the small intestine (9.9 +/-
      1.2 vs. 6.5 +/- 0.9).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634064
TI  - Studies on the role of oxytocin in late pregnancy in the pregnant rhesus monkey:
      plasma concentrations of oxytocin in the maternal circulation throughout the 24-h
      day and the effect of the synthetic oxytocin antagonist [1-beta-Mpa(beta
      (CH2)5)1,(Me(Tyr2, Orn8] oxytocin on spontaneous nocturnal myometrial
      contractions.
AB  - Previous observations have demonstrated that under several different
      circumstances the pregnant rhesus monkey myometrium shows a spontaneous shift in
      activity from contractures to contractions around the beginning of the hours of
      darkness. Preliminary studies were conducted to demonstrate that the competitive
      oxytocin antagonist ([1-beta-Mpa(beta-(CH2)5)1,) Me)Tyr2, Orn8] oxytocin was
      effective in vivo in inhibiting oxytocin induced contraction type myometrial
      activity in the pregnant rhesus monkey in the last third of gestation. Four
      pregnant and one fetectomized rhesus monkey (98-141 days gestation) received one
      intra-arterial dose of oxytocin antagonist to study its ability to inhibit
      myometrial contractions occurring spontaneously around the onset of prevailing
      nighttime. In three pregnant monkeys (105-121 days gestation) maternal arterial
      plasma oxytocin levels were measured at 4-h intervals for a period of 48 h.
      Maternal plasma oxytocin concentration was maximal during the early hours of
      darkness and demonstrated a significant 24-h rhythm. From the combined results of
      both experiments it may be concluded that circulating oxytocin and/or a change in
      one of the many potential regulatory sites for oxytocin function plays a role in
      the switch from contractures to contractions that occurs around the beginning of
      the hours of darkness.

PMID- 2634065
TI  - Temperature dependence of the maternal-fetal electrical potential difference in
      guinea pigs.
AB  - An electrical potential difference (PD) is measured between maternal organism and
      fetus in the pregnant guinea pig. To investigate whether the PD is generated by
      active or passive forces these studies examined the temperature dependence of the
      PD in guinea pigs at 55-61 days gestation. Anesthesia was induced (ketamine, 44
      mg/kg) and maintained (halothane, 1.5%) in 5 pregnant guinea pigs. The animals
      were subjected to alternating 1 hour periods of cooling and recovery, changing
      core body and intrauterine temperature about 5 degrees C. PD was monitored
      continuously with Ag/AgCl electrodes placed in the maternal abdominal cavity and
      the amniotic fluid. The resting PD (+/- SEM) was 24.1 +/- 2.8 mV. Analysis of
      covariance indicated that PD decreased slowly with time and increased
      significantly with lowered temperature. A second group of 4 guinea pigs was
      studied after beta blockade with propranolol (0.1 mg iv, repeated hourly). In
      this group the resting PD was 20.7 +/- 3.6 mV. The PD decreased gradually with
      time and decreased consistently during cooling. In the propranolol group the
      relation between PD and temperature yielded a calculated activation energy of
      11.7 +/- 0.8 kcal/mol (Q10 = 1.9, 30-40 degrees C). These results are consistent
      with the hypothesis that at least some of the PD is generated by an energy
      dependent electrogenic ion pump, or by selective passive diffusion of ions across
      a lipid membrane during which a significant energy barrier is overcome. They are
      not consistent with the generation of the PD exclusively by passive streaming of
      ions through water-filled channels. During cooling catecholamines are presumably
      released, favoring the generation of the PD.

PMID- 2634066
TI  - Dexamethasone stimulates arachidonic acid conversion to prostaglandin E2 in human
      amnion cells.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to study the mechanism of stimulation of
      PGE2 output from human amnion epithelial cells by the synthetic glucocorticoid
      dexamethasone. Cells incubated in serum-free pseudo-amniotic fluid produced very
      low levels of PGE2, even when arachidonic acid (1 microM) was present.
      Pretreatment of cells with dexamethasone (50 nM) for 21 h increased the PGE2
      output 6- to 7-fold in 2-h incubations only in the presence of arachidonic acid.
      The RNA synthesis inhibitor, actinomycin D (1 microgram/ml), and the protein
      synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (40 micrograms/ml), each blocked dexamethasone
      stimulated arachidonic acid conversion to PGE2. The time course of these events
      suggests that dexamethasone first initiates RNA synthesis. Acetylsalicylic acid,
      a specific and irreversible blocker of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase
      (cyclooxygenase), was used to determine whether dexamethasone could stimulate new
      enzyme synthesis. Cells treated first with acetylsalicylic acid (30 min) then
      dexamethasone (22 h) produced as much PGE2 in response to 1 microM arachidonate
      as did cells exposed to dexamethasone only. Exposing cells to acetylsalicylic
      acid after dexamethasone completely eliminated PGE2 output. These data suggest
      that dexamethasone stimulates the synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxide H
      synthase.

PMID- 2634067
TI  - Changes in amniotic fluid cathepsins with gestational age.
AB  - Activities of the cysteine proteinases cathepsins B and H and of the chymotrypsin
      like cathepsin G were determined in amniotic fluid of rats during the last third
      of gestation. Activities of cathepsins B and G were found to significantly
      increase with increasing gestational age while cathepsin H activity decreased. It
      was concluded that cathepsins may participate in the destabilization of fetal
      membranes and therefore may contribute to their rupture.

PMID- 2634068
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of respiratory alkalosis independent of changes in airway
      pressure in anaesthetized newborn dogs.
AB  - We have recently reported a decrease in cardiac output in newborn dogs during
      respiratory alkalosis which is independent of changes in airway pressure. The
      present study was designed to characterize the mechanism responsible for this
      reduction in cardiac output. Twelve newborn coonhounds were anaesthetized with
      pentobarbital, paralyzed with pancuronium and hyperventilated to an arterial
      carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) of 20 torr. Subsequent changes in PaCO2 were
      achieved by altering the FiCO2. Measurements were made after 30 min at either 40
      or 20 torr PaCO2. The sequence of PaCO2 levels was randomized. Compared to
      normocarbia, respiratory alkalosis resulted in significantly decreased cardiac
      output (279 +/- 16 to 222 +/- 10 ml/min per kg, mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.001),
      stroke volume (1.60 +/- 0.10 to 1.24 +/- 0.06 ml/kg; P less than 0.001), maximum
      left ventricular dP/dt (1629 +/- 108 to 1406 +/- 79 mmHg/s, P less than 0.01) and
      left ventricular end diastolic pressure (3.9 +/- 0.4 to 2.9 +/- 0.3 mmHg; P less
      than 0.001). The decrease in cardiac output during respiratory alkalosis is
      manifest through a decrease in stroke volume, which is due, at least in part, to
      the decrease in left ventricular end diastolic pressure. The decrease in maximum
      left ventricular dP/dt is likely a reflection of the decrease in preload,
      however, a change in myocardial contractility cannot be excluded. We speculate
      the decrease in filling pressure may be due to an increase in venous capacitance.

PMID- 2634069
TI  - Effect of transient hypoxia on oxygenation of the developing rat brain:
      relationships among haemoglobin saturation, autoregulation of blood flow and
      mitochondrial redox state.
AB  - Multi-wavelength, differential spectroscopy was used to examine the effects of
      transient hypoxia on oxygen delivery and intracellular utilization in the brain
      of developing rats. The in vivo redox status of cytochrome a,a3 was compared
      simultaneously with changes in relative haemoglobin saturation and blood volume
      in the cerebral cortex during lowered FiO2. During hypoxia, neonates maintained
      their intracellular cytochrome a,a3 redox state as well as did adults, but did so
      through unusual characteristics, including: (1) maintenance of haemoglobin
      oxygenation at lower FiO2; (2) regulation of cerebral blood volume at blood
      pressures below the point at which autoregulation would fail in the adult; and
      (3) the capacity to tolerate a greater reduction of cytochrome a,a3 relative to
      haemoglobin desaturation at lowered FiO2. These data suggest that mechanisms
      which protect the neonate from hypoxic insult involve preservation of oxygen
      delivery, increased respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis, and
      maintenance of cellular energy requirements predominantly through anaerobic
      metabolism.

PMID- 2634070
TI  - Environmental protection and its trends in developing countries.
AB  - On instances of some worldwide problems of environmental protection, the authors
      refer to the fact, that a target of industrial countries is to help to the
      developing countries. Mainly it means an aim in such sense, that the dangerous
      failures and faults which happened in the past, should not be repeated as a
      consequence of temporaneous economical problems in the Third World. In the long
      run it is a common interest of all and certainly a sufficient motivation of a
      commonly coordinated effort in this field. It is at most desirable, that all
      developing projects, from a simple water supply to the integrated developing
      concepts, for example eco-agriculture projects, correspond with the national
      interests as well as with the specific requirements of environmental control.

PMID- 2634071
TI  - Epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in children in tropical countries.
AB  - Cryptosporidia are important causative agents of acute diarrhea among children in
      tropical countries. The leading symptoms are watery diarrhea lasting from 2 to 8
      weeks and vomiting accompanied by crampy abdominal pain. Dehydration occurs
      frequently. The prevalence of cryptosporidia infections is much higher in
      tropical regions (an average of up to 10%) than in moderate regions.
      Cryptosporidia infections are dependent both on the children's age (highest rates
      among children below 2 years of age) and the season. In most studies, the highest
      incidence was found during the rainy season. Children who were breast-fed showed
      lower rates of infection. The transmission is fecal- oral, especially from
      animals to humans, from person to person, but also by way of contaminated
      drinking water. For an exact description of the epidemiology of cryptosporidia
      infections in the tropical countries, especially of the transmission, the
      seasonal differences and the breast feeding patterns, further studies are needed.

PMID- 2634072
TI  - Toxicokinetics of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
AB  - Substitution of ethylene with halogen atoms leads to a highly effective compound
      with a strongly lipophilic character. The most important solvent in the dry
      cleaning process is tetrachloroethylene (PER). Owing to its physical-chemical
      properties, it has become a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. The uptake of
      small amounts of PER through polluted drinking water does not lead to liver
      damage as originally suspected. On the one hand, PER is taken up by erythrocyte
      membranes, on the other, it interacts with chylomicrons. Thereby two
      transportmechanisms are provided by for PER. Consequently, various physiological
      functions of both transport systems are disturbed. The erythrocytes increasingly
      disintegrate and are broken down in the spleen. Of all organs, the spleen shows
      the highest concentration of PER. Also, disturbances in the lipid metabolism
      occur because chylomicrons are broken down at a slower rate. Thereby, serum
      triglyceride concentration increases. These lipids are increasingly stored in the
      fatty tissue leading to the high accumulation of PER. A toxicological evaluation
      of chlorinated hydrocarbons should therefore take into account the changes in the
      blood system and in the lipoprotein metabolism.

PMID- 2634073
TI  - Accumulation of heavy metals in animals. Part 1: Lead and cadmium contamination
      in some wild animals.
AB  - The accumulation of the heavy metals lead and cadmium in the liver of wild
      animals reveals when also not so alarming, an anthropogenic source of influence
      from industrial procedures. A great deal of the high mean values distributed in
      the literature appear to be more a problem of data evaluation, where few, but
      higher deviation values caused by sample contamination distorts the picture.
      Apart from samples with heavy lead deposits due to the gun shot, it is not
      necessary to advise against the consumption of venison.

PMID- 2634074
TI  - Accumulation of heavy metals in animals. Part 2: Heavy metal contamination of
      fish in Styrian waters.
AB  - The kidneys of fish from five different regions of Styrian waters were
      investigated for their content of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc. 72.6% of fish
      demonstrated a zinc content below 130 ppm, cadmium content lay with 69% under 750
      ppb. Lead concentrations were slightly higher, however values above 1 ppm were
      demonstrated only in 27.4% of cases. The copper content in the kidneys of fish
      was significantly higher; revealing in 28.8% a copper content of above 8 ppm.

PMID- 2634075
TI  - Accumulation of heavy metals in animals. Part 3: Heavy metal contamination in
      small mammals at a waste disposal site.
AB  - Small mammals were captured at a waste disposal site; the kidneys of the animals
      were analysed for their content of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc. A control
      group was taken from the adjoining forest. Lead and copper clearly revealed
      higher values, no difference could be found for zinc, while the reverse was true
      for the cadmium content.

PMID- 2634076
TI  - Groundwater investigations in the surroundings of the Halbenrain Standard Waste
      Disposal Plant.
AB  - The results of a seven year chemical water investigation of tube samples from the
      region of the Halbenrain Waste Disposal Plant reveal fluctuations in chloride,
      oxygen content, total, hardness, conductivity, potassium permanganate and
      potassium. A direct relationship between the fluctuations of values and influence
      on groundwater through disposal plant seeping water could not be established.
      Further investigations will be continued on a more extensive scale.

PMID- 2634077
TI  - Measurements of air pollutants at two disposal sites in Cairo.
AB  - 40,000 people live on the periphery of Cairo. They dispose of the city's entire
      waste. A complete recycling of the waste is carried out (up to 90%). The rest is
      burnt. Enormous fume emissions result form the incomplete burning process of
      their constituents of rest wastes (plastic, paper rests, tins cloth rests, org.
      material). The daily burning process lasts from midday to approximately 11 p.m.
      The main pollutants measured were: Carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid and sulphur
      dioxide. As the results demonstrate, high amounts of carbon monoxide and
      hydrochloric acid are emitted from the burning process.

PMID- 2634078
TI  - Biological parameter of environmental pollution.
AB  - Daily used chemicals, sooner or later reach our soil in the form of the original
      product or a by-product. The relationship between the chemical compound and
      organisms varies greatly and therefore cannot be demonstrated solely by chemical
      investigations. Bioassays are used in order to predict potential dangers.

PMID- 2634079
TI  - Hygiene control in standard waste disposal works.
AB  - Standard waste disposal works are subject to a continuous hygiene control. As a
      rule, deposited waste is not inert, i.e. substances can be extracted, which in
      certain quantities and concentrations must be considered as a source of danger to
      the water. Inflammable, explosive and health endangering gases are formed. The
      following must be controlled: groundwater in the area surrounding the disposal
      site, development of odour from the disposal site, appearance of vermins and
      noise resulting from the waste disposal works. Waste disposal must clearly be
      viewed critically from the aspect of waste management control, however, in future
      it will not be possible to manage without a standard waste disposal system.
      Hygiene control must represent a fixed component in the waste disposal works.

PMID- 2634080
TI  - Problems of housing and health of people utilizing the garbage in Cairo from the
      viewpoint of medical entomology.
AB  - More than 50 arthropod species were found at two dumping-grounds with dwelling
      places (Mokattam and Ezbet el Nakhl) in Cairo. Their importance was evaluated
      from the epidemiological and epizootological points of view. Of primary
      importance is the great prevalence of the fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) on brown
      rats (Rattus norvegicus), since the rats are in a close contact with people. They
      are often simultaneously parasitized with another flea species, Ctenocephalides
      felis felis, which is very frequent in the studied localities, occurring not only
      on people and dogs, but also freely in the whole area inhabited by people.
      Significant is also the large number of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) and
      synantropic flies of epidemiological importance. There is a mass occurrence
      particularly of the species Musca domestica vicina, Musca sorbens and Piophila
      casei. Attention is paid also to natural reducers of these flies.

PMID- 2634081
TI  - Effect of choline on the morphology, growth and phospholipid composition of
      Fusarium graminearum.
AB  - Studies were made of the growth kinetics, morphology and phospholipid composition
      of two strains of Fusarium graminearum, a wild-type strain (A3/5) and a highly
      branched variant (C106) which arose spontaneously during cultivation of A3/5. No
      significant difference was observed between the hyphal diameters of the two
      strains and therefore increased branching of C106 could not be explained in the
      terms of an increase in hyphal radius in the absence of a change in hyphal growth
      unit volume. The two strains had the same specific growth rate in batch culture
      and this was not affected by the addition of up to 1.5 mM-choline to the medium.
      However, choline increased the mean hyphal extension rate and colony radial
      growth rate of both strains and this response was correlated with the formation
      of mycelia which were more sparsely branched than mycelia grown on medium lacking
      choline. Addition of betaine, choline, ethanolamine, monomethylethanolamine or
      dimethylethanolamine (but not serine, glycine, dimethylglycine, methylamine,
      hydroxylamine or beta-hydroxyethylhydrazine) to the medium also resulted in
      appreciable increases in the colony radial growth rates of A3/5 (increased by
      about 130% for choline) and C106 (increased by about 25% for choline). No
      significant difference was observed between the phospholipid compositions of the
      two strains, and the addition of 100 microM-choline to the medium had no
      significant effect on the phospholipid composition of either strain.

PMID- 2634082
TI  - Ionic and energetic changes at competence in the naturally transformable
      bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
AB  - Addition of competence factor extracts to trigger competence in a culture of
      Streptococcus pneumoniae induced an increase in the intracellular pH and the Na+
      content of the bacteria without any change in the K+ pool or in the membrane
      potential. These ionic shifts were concomitant with a stimulation of glycolysis
      that resulted in an enhanced ATP pool. Thus, in transforming conditions, at
      extracellular pH 7.8, competent bacteria presented a particularly high energetic
      state resulting from an increase in delta pH and in the ATP pool, associated with
      an enhanced Na+ content. These features are discussed in the context of
      homeostasis regulation in response to an environmental stimulus.

PMID- 2634083
TI  - Antibodies to a common outer envelope antigen of Treponema hyodysenteriae with
      antibacterial activity.
AB  - Outer envelopes of Treponema hyodysenteriae strains P18A and VS1 were prepared
      and characterized by SDS-PAGE. In Western blot analysis of eleven strains of T.
      hyodysenteriae and two intestinal non-pathogenic spirochaetes, polyclonal
      antiserum raised to the outer envelopes of strain P18A contained antibodies
      primarily to two polypeptides. A 45 kDa polypeptide was present in only two
      strains of T. hyodysenteriae, P18A and MC52/80, whereas another antigen of 16 kDa
      was common to all eleven strains of T. hyodysenteriae but was not present in the
      two nonpathogens. Immunogold labelling of whole organisms suggested that the 16
      kDa antigen was present on the surface of the spirochaetes. In in vitro tests the
      serum agglutinated and inhibited growth of only the T. hyodysenteriae strains,
      suggesting that antibodies to the 16 kDa antigen were responsible for these
      activities. Serum from a gnotobiotic pig infected with T. hyodysenteriae strain
      P18A had antibodies to the 16 kDa antigen alone and also possessed agglutinating
      and growth-inhibitory activities.

PMID- 2634084
TI  - Protoplast transformation of Bacillus licheniformis MC14.
AB  - A protoplast transformation system has been developed for Bacillus licheniformis
      MC14. Optimum regeneration conditions were achieved by raising the incubation
      temperature of the regeneration plates to 46 degrees C. Regenerated transformed
      colonies could be isolated in 3 to 5 d under these conditions. Plasmids
      introduced by this method were stably maintained by B. licheniformis MC14 and
      could be recovered and used to transform Bacillus subtilis.

PMID- 2634085
TI  - Genetic mapping in Streptomyces clavuligerus by protoplast fusion.
AB  - The development of a protoplast manipulation protocol for the industrially
      important bacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus, which produces the beta-lactamase
      inhibitor clavulanic acid, made possible a preliminary genetic mapping study
      based on protoplast fusion crosses. A preliminary position for 11 markers on the
      S. clavuligerus genetic map is proposed. Fusion progeny were characterized by
      random spore analysis because the markers present in the strains were not
      amenable to the conventional four-on-four selection procedure. Whilst the
      resulting map is similar to that derived by conjugation for S. clavuligerus and
      S. coelicolor, further analysis of the markers is required to confirm these
      observations.

PMID- 2634086
TI  - A case of thrombosed aneurysm of the vein of Galen associated with superior
      sagittal sinus thrombosis.
AB  - A case of thrombosed aneurysm of the vein of Galen associated with superior
      sagittal sinus thrombosis is reported. Clinical course was characterized by
      multiple intraparenchimatous hemorrhages and hydrocephalus. NMR showed dural
      sinuses thrombosis better than CT even though cerebral angiography was more
      effective for the diagnosis. Intracranial hypertension due to hydrocephalus was
      relieved with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The authors suggest that the abnormal
      hemodynamic patterns due to the drainage of the malformation into the vein of
      Galen and dural sinuses led to venous occlusion and multiple intracranial
      hemorrhages.

PMID- 2634087
TI  - Tension pneumocephalus after transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly.
AB  - The Authors report the case of a 27-year-old man who developed intraventricular
      and subarachnoid tension pneumocephalus after removal of a large pituitary
      adenoma via the transnasal approach. This exceptional complication was probably
      caused by the combined action of a cerebrospinal fluid fistula plus an external
      lumbar subarachnoid drain, and resolved after removal of the spinal catheter.
      Such a conservative treatment was allowed in this case by the absence of a shift
      of midline structures due to bilateral intraventricular air collection. Usually,
      however, tension pneumocephalus is a life-threatening condition that requires
      prompt intervention. Meticulous attention to the cerebrospinal fluid draining
      system is needed in patients with a fistula to avoid the development of this
      unusual complication.

PMID- 2634088
TI  - Familial frontal lobe oligodendroglioma. Case report.
AB  - Two cases of frontal bilateral oligodendroglioma invading the corpus callosum
      occurred in a 56-year old man and his 32-year old son. CT images of both patients
      are presented.

PMID- 2634089
TI  - Paretic neurosyphilis and cerebral gumma. Case report.
AB  - A rare case of neurosyphilis presenting with dementia paralytica and radiological
      appearance of cerebral gumma is reported. In accordance with previous comparable
      reports Authors noticed that diagnosis of this disease actually is still based on
      serological tests and clinical examination. CT, NMR and Cerebral angiography were
      not able to provide diagnostic findings, although NMR confirmed its ability to
      detect lesions not discovered by CT scan. Also findings from stereotactic biopsy
      only revealed an old not active infection.

PMID- 2634090
TI  - Orbital decompression for severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. Results of a three-wall
      operative technique.
AB  - Nine patients out of more than 300 with severe Graves' ophthalmopathy followed in
      this institution were submitted to orbital decompression carried out on 16 eyes
      by a three-wall procedure consisting of a transfrontal approach with the removal
      of the roof, the lateral wall and part of the floor of the orbit. All patients
      had been previously unsuccessfully treated by orbital radiotherapy and/or
      systemic corticosteroid administration. The main indications for surgery were
      marked proptosis or sight-threatening optic neuropathy. Results of treatment were
      evaluated on clinical grounds and by the variation of the ophthalmopathy index
      (OI). A significative reduction of proptosis was observed in all eyes, with a
      mean decrease in the Hertel reading of 3.2 mm, from 22.6 +/- 1.8 mm to 19.4 +/-
      1.4 mm (p less than 0.001). A complete regression or improvement of inflammatory
      signs, corneal lesion and, with one exception, extraocular muscle dysfunction was
      obtained in all cases. Loss of visual acuity and other manifestations of optic
      neuropathy were present in 11 out of 16 eyes before surgery. A complete
      restoration or a marked improvement of optic neuropathy was obtained in 7 cases:
      failure occurred in the two patients (4 eyes) with longstanding sight loss. The
      OI decreased in all patients after surgery, from a mean pretreatment value of 8.6
      to a mean posttreatment value of 3.8 (p less than 0.001). The clinical response
      to surgery was excellent in 4 cases, good in 3 and slight in 1; no changes were
      observed in the remaining patient. Bacterial meningitis which resolved with no
      sequelae occurred in one patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634091
TI  - An experimental model to study axonal regeneration of the rat spinal cord*.
AB  - An experimental model for study rat spinal cord regeneration is presented in this
      paper. Central axons regeneration has been shown after autologous peripheral
      nerve transplantation between two stumps of the transected spinal cord if
      cavitation and glial-connective scarring is reduced by microneurosurgical
      techniques. To this purpose, segments of nerve sciatic fascicles were inserted in
      a gap space of previously subpially complete or incomplete transected spinal cord
      and favourable oriented to both spinal cord stumps by biologic sealant. The
      technical details regarding spinal cord transection, nerve transplantation and
      spinal cord-nerve end-to-end anastomosis are described. Subpial nerve fascicles
      graft in previously subpial incomplete transected rat spinal cord allows to
      connect in suitable way white and gray matter of spinal cord stumps according to
      one's well established experimental plane and decreases postoperative mortality
      and the rat assessment during the stage of spinal shock, simultaneously allowing
      an easier and larger use of this experimental model.

PMID- 2634092
TI  - Stroke syndrome in the young due to obliterative arteritis of extracranial
      carotid arteries. Clinical pathological profiles.
AB  - Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) and Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA) are rare in
      the young. Extracranial carotid arterial obstruction as a cause for CVA is even
      more exceptional. We present two cases of TIA and CVA in patients below the age
      of 30. They needed bypass graft and total excision of the artery. Histological
      diagnosis was arteritis. The clinical, laboratory and surgical data are
      presented.

PMID- 2634093
TI  - Adverse reactions of imidazole antifungal agents: computer graphic studies of
      cytochrome P-450 interactions.
AB  - The imidazole antifungal agents give rise to adverse reactions and clinically
      relevant drug interactions. This is due to lack of specificity of the antifungal
      agents that interact avidly not only with the fungal but also with mammalian
      cytochrome P-450 proteins. A computer graphic technique capable of predicting the
      interaction of these structurally-related imidazoles with fungal and mammalian
      cytochrome P-450 proteins is described. This prediction is achieved by comparing
      the molecular conformation of these drugs with lanosterol, the substrate of the
      fungal cytochrome P-450, and with phenobarbitone, an inducing agent of a family
      of mammalian cytochrome P-450, toward which the antifungal agents show highest
      inhibitory activity.

PMID- 2634094
TI  - Acetaminophen metabolism in vivo by pregnant, fetal, and neonatal guinea pigs.
AB  - Acetaminophen (50 mg/kg body weight) was administered by iv injection to pregnant
      guinea pigs (60-65 days of gestation) and by ip injection to cesarean-derived
      term (67 days of gestation) pups. At suitable time intervals after treatment, the
      concentrations of drug, glucuronide (GLU), and sulfate (SO4) in blood plasma,
      urine, and bile were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
      At 60-65 days of gestation, guinea pig fetuses formed both GLU and SO4, an
      approximate ratio of 2:1 being observed with mean concentrations of the order of
      43 and 27 micrograms/mL being measured for GLU and SO4, respectively at 180 min
      post-treatment. At the same time interval, the major detoxification product found
      in the blood plasma of the pregnant dams was GLU (104 micrograms/mL) with only
      minute amounts (4.2 micrograms/mL) of SO4 being detected. In cesarean-derived and
      acetaminophen-treated pups, euthanized at 2 or 4 hr post-treatment, plasma levels
      of GLU were approximately twofold higher relative to the concentration of SO4 at
      both time intervals. Significant differences were not observed in either bile or
      urine at 2 hr post-treatment but by 4 hr after treatment the levels of GLU found
      in the bile and urine were two- or threefold higher than those of SO4. In
      contrast to the adult guinea pig where GLU forms some 90% of the urinary
      excretory product and SO4 accounts for only 7%, the SO4 pathway of detoxification
      appears to be of significant importance to the fetal and neonatal animal.

PMID- 2634095
TI  - Selective inhibition of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity in vitro by
      compounds that inhibit catalase.
AB  - The ability of a number of known inhibitors of catalase activity to affect
      cytosolic and microsomal epoxide hydrolase activities in vitro, measured as
      enzymatic trans-stilbene oxide hydrolysis and styrene oxide hydrolysis,
      respectively, was investigated. Catalase and cytosolic epoxide hydrolase
      activities are inhibited by hydroxylated metabolites of 2-amino-4,5
      diphenylthiazole (DPT). The metabolite hydroxylated on the 4-phenyl ring (4OH
      DPT) and the metabolite hydroxylated on both phenyl rings (4,5-DIOH-DPT) are
      potent inhibitors of both enzymes; the metabolite hydroxylated on the 5-phenyl
      ring (5OH-DPT) is less potent. Unmetabolized DPT has no effect on either enzyme.
      4OH-DPT inhibits, but 5OH-DPT enhances, microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity.
      4,5-DIOH-DPT and DPT have no effect on this enzyme. Other compounds that inhibit
      both catalase and cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activities, but do not inhibit
      microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity, are nordihydroguaiaretic acid and 2
      aminothiazole. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity is enhanced by 2
      aminothiazole and levamisole in vitro. Thus these inhibitors of catalase are
      selective epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in that they inhibit cytosolic epoxide
      hydrolase activity in vitro, but have either no effect on, or increase the
      activity of, microsomal epoxide hydrolase in vitro. Conversely, the selective
      cytosolic epoxide hydrolase inhibitors 4-phenylchalcone oxide and 4'
      phenylchalcone oxide do not inhibit catalase activity, nor does trichloropropene
      oxide, a selective microsomal epoxide hydrolase inhibitor.

PMID- 2634096
TI  - Age-related difference in bioenergetics of lung and heart mitochondrial from rats
      exposed to ozone.
AB  - Bioenergetics of isolated lung and heart mitochondria from adult and aged rats
      were examined in the presence of glutamate (NAD-linked substrate) or succinate +
      rotenone (FAD-linked substrate) following ozone exposure (3.0 ppm, 8 hr). In
      controls, several differences were observed between adults and aged in both organ
      preparations. Following exposure, all bioenergetic parameters were decreased
      significantly in lung preparations from both adult and aged rats. In heart
      mitochondria, the respiration rates in state 3 and in uncoupled state, and the
      ADP/O ratio were decreased significantly in both exposed age groups. The
      respiratory control ratio (RCR) was decreased significantly only in the aged
      exposed rats. These results suggest that acute exposure to high levels of ozone
      alters energy production in both lung and heart mitochondria of adult and aged
      rats.

PMID- 2634097
TI  - The sulfur-cyanolysis sites of serum albumin: metabolite competition studies.
AB  - In the presence of a source of sulfane sulfur, a cyanolysis reaction catalyzed by
      serum albumin may contribute to cyanide detoxication. The active site for this
      catalysis by serum albumin has been investigated in competition studies with
      ligands that have known albumin binding sites. Despite complications caused by
      the occurrence of multiple primary and secondary sites for many ligands, the
      results show that the primary sites for bilirubin, steroids, indoles, aspirin,
      and palmitate are distinct from that for sulfur. Laurate is a tight-binding
      partial inhibitor of the cyanolysis reaction, competitive with cyanide rather
      than with sulfur. In view of the formal mechanism previously established for the
      catalyzed reaction, this result indicates that the sulfur-cyanolysis site is
      probably near the site occupied by laurate.

PMID- 2634098
TI  - Appendix to the sulfur-cyanolysis sites of serum albumin: metabolite competition
      studies. Tight-binding inhibitions that yield atypical Henderson plots.
AB  - Ordinary tight-binding inhibition in steady-state enzyme systems is conveniently
      evaluated by means of the Henderson plot. This is a linear plotting form that has
      an ordinate intercept equal to the total enzyme concentration. However, there are
      two experimental situations that yield deviations from the common Henderson plot
      form. These are inhibitor binding in a separate, noninhibitory mode that depletes
      the concentration of free inhibitor, and partial inhibition, i.e., the retention
      of partial activity by the enzyme-inhibitor complex. Noninhibitory depletion
      results in Henderson plots with elevated ordinate intercepts. Competitive partial
      inhibition yields a characteristic pattern of parabolic Henderson plots.

PMID- 2634099
TI  - The role of enteric bacteria in the anaerobic metabolism of 5-aminosalicylate.
AB  - The primary (and inactive) enteric metabolite of 5-aminosalicylate is N-acetyl-5
      aminosalicylate. Previous studies have demonstrated acetylation of this anti
      inflammatory agent by intestinal and bacterial homogenates. To assess the
      contribution of anaerobic bacteria to the N-acetylation in vivo, we have measured
      the production of N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylate in anaerobic microculture. Our
      results indicate that enteric bacteria play a minor role in N-acetylation, but
      may contribute to the production of other metabolites of pharmacologic and
      toxicological interest.

PMID- 2634100
TI  - Participation of food antigens in increased polyclonal antibody production
      induced by alcohol.
AB  - In order to obtain a better understanding of hyperglobulinemia in chronic
      alcoholism, we investigated whether food antigens participated in the effects of
      long-term oral alcohol (AL) administration on serum immunoglobulin levels and
      polyclonal antibody production in spleen, Peyer's patch and bone marrow of
      C57BL/6 mice in specific pathogen free (SPF) circumstances. In animals fed
      antigen food (AF), three weeks of oral AL administration elicited an increase in
      polyclonal IgA antibody production in Peyer's patch. Moreover, seven weeks of
      oral AL administration elicited increases in both polyclonal IgA antibody
      production and serum IgA level. However, in animals fed antigen free food (AFF),
      oral AL administration failed to elicite increases in serum IgA level and
      polyclonal antibody production in spleen, Peyer's patch and bone marrow.
      Furthermore, in animals fed AF or AFF, oral AL administration failed to elicite
      increases in polyclonal IgM and IgG antibody production in any organ and serum
      IgM and IgG level. It is suggested that food antigens participated greatly in the
      elevation of serum IgA level in chronic alcoholism and that Peyer's patch is the
      major site of polyclonal IgA antibody production.

PMID- 2634101
TI  - Type A behavior pattern in Japanese employees: cross-cultural comparison of major
      factors in Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) responses.
AB  - The responses to the Japanese edition of the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) (Form
      C) were analyzed in 1682 male employees of a Japanese enterprise to investigate
      the characteristics of the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) in Japan. When the
      occupational level was controlled, the mean values of the Type A score were found
      to be quite similar to those of the Western Collaborative Group Study (WCGS),
      although those of factor H scores were considerably lower than those of the WCGS.
      Additionally, the results of a factor analysis conducted on the responses to JAS
      questions showed that the factor structure of the responses was basically equal
      to that found in the WCGS. In contrast to factor J of the WCGS, however, Japanese
      factor J did not comprise the items which signaled rises in positions or incomes
      in recent years. The results of this study indicate that the JAS is able to
      measure the TABP in Japan, at least concerning its three component factors.
      Furthermore, they suggest that the TAPB is not necessarily reinforced in Japanese
      occupational environments.

PMID- 2634102
TI  - Perceived family support as a moderator psychological well-being in end-stage
      renal disease.
AB  - End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with an increased incidence of
      psychological distress. The present research examined the salutary effects of a
      supportive family environment on the psychological well-being of ESRD patients
      receiving renal transplants. Patients (N = 57) completed a measure of perceived
      family support and an assessment of the physical impact of their illness.
      Psychological well-being was assessed utilizing two measures of depression and
      two measures of anxiety. One group of patients was classified as experiencing
      high illness-related physical dysfunction. In this group, patients perceiving a
      less supportive family environment displayed significantly higher levels of
      psychological symptoms of depression and anxiety than patients with a more
      supportive family environment. A second group of patients was classified as
      experiencing low illness-related physical dysfunction. In this group, the
      perceived level of family support was not significantly related to their
      relatively lower reported levels of depression and anxiety.

PMID- 2634103
TI  - Perceptions of immunity to disease in adult smokers.
AB  - Public education has ensured smokers' awareness of the health risks of smoking.
      It has been suggested that engaging in a behavior (e.g., smoking) which one knows
      to be dangerous will result in an unpleasant state of "cognitive dissonance."
      Smokers may deal with such a state by denying the dangers of smoking. In this
      study, 97 smokers and 95 nonsmokers (age range, 15-65 years) rated the risk to
      themselves and to the average Australian smoker of contracting three smoking
      related diseases. Evidence supportive of denial of risk was found: smokers'
      ratings of the risk to the average smoker were lower than nonsmokers' ratings,
      and smokers' ratings of their own risk were lower still. Such denial of risk may
      undermine the effectiveness of stop-smoking campaigns which focus on health
      aspects of smoking, and methods of dealing with this problem are discussed.

PMID- 2634104
TI  - A skills training approach to smoking prevention among Hispanic youth.
AB  - The present study was designed to test the feasibility, acceptability, and
      effectiveness of a 15-session smoking prevention intervention with a
      predominantly hispanic (74%) sample of seventh-grade students (N = 471) in eight
      urban schools in the New York area. The smoking prevention curriculum teaches
      social resistance skills within the context of a broader intervention promoting
      general personal and social competence and was implemented in this study by
      regular classroom teachers. Results of logistic regression analyses provided
      preliminary evidence of the efficacy of this type of smoking prevention strategy
      with urban minority youth when implemented with a reasonable degree of fidelity.
      The significance of these findings is that they provide support for the
      generalizability of an approach previously found to be effective with white
      middle-class populations to a predominantly hispanic inner-city population.

PMID- 2634105
TI  - The Psychosomatic Symptom Checklist revisited: reliability and validity in a
      chronic pain population.
AB  - A psychometric evaluation of the SUNYA Revision of the Psychosomatic Symptom
      Checklist (PSC) was conducted with 405 chronic pain patients who completed the
      PSC as part of a diagnostic battery. Several properties of the measure were
      examined, including its reliability, internal consistency, discriminant validity,
      and factor structure. Contrary to a previous study, the measure demonstrated a
      modest reliability, a poor discriminant validity, and a multifactor structure
      that accounted for only a small proportion of the variance in the measure. Thus,
      the PSC did not appear to be an adequate measure of general psychosomatic
      distress when used with chronic pain patients. For these patients, the PSC may
      measure symptom clusters rather than general psychosomatic symptomatology. Since
      the PSC is used in various clinical populations, the results underscore the
      importance of investigating the properties of the measure in these populations.

PMID- 2634106
TI  - A longitudinal study of the contribution of dental experience to dental anxiety
      in children between 9 and 12 years of age.
AB  - Dental records of a group of children of both sexes were examined systematically
      over a period of 3 years to determine if the quantity and quality of their dental
      experience would be associated with increases in dental anxiety. The study was a
      follow-up of an earlier cross-sectional survey in which older children had
      demonstrated increases in dental anxiety with age. According to the evidence
      obtained from their dental records, the children were divided into four groups
      depending on their patterns of attendance (regular/irregular) and whether or not
      they had received invasive treatment. The results indicated that children who did
      not receive invasive treatment during the period under scrutiny were
      significantly more anxious than those who had. On the other hand, the dental
      anxiety of children who attended regularly and received invasive treatment did
      not change significantly. This applied to boys and girls alike.

PMID- 2634107
TI  - The Type A city: coronary heart disease and the pace of life.
AB  - The relationship between the pace of life and coronary heart disease (CHD) was
      examined in a total of 36 small, medium, and large metropolitan areas across the
      United States. Four indicators of pace were observed: walking speed, articulation
      rate (talking speed), bank teller speed (work speed), and the proportion of
      individuals wearing watches (concern with clock time). Pace of life was strongly
      related to death rates from coronary heart disease both across cities and across
      regions of the country. This provides support, on a sociological level, for
      Wright's (1988) contention that time urgency is a toxic element of the Type A
      behavior pattern. It is proposed that individuals living in fast-paced cities may
      be more prone to unhealthy behaviors (e.g., cigarette smoking), which place them
      at a greater risk for CHD. The relationship among cities' temporal norms, Type A
      time urgency, and coronary heart disease is also discussed.

PMID- 2634108
TI  - Psychosocial correlates of alcohol intake among women aged 45 to 64 years: the
      Framingham Study.
AB  - This study of 749 women, aged 45 to 64 years, investigates the psychological,
      behavioral, and social correlates of alcohol intake. These data from the
      Framingham Study are uniquely based on a community sample of women, which results
      in a normative study of drinking behavior in women. Two measures of alcohol
      intake were utilized in these analyses: (1) the frequency of alcohol intake over
      1 week and (2) drinking vs abstaining from alcohol. Among this sample of women,
      increased socioeconomic status, worrying about aging, and being easily upset were
      positively associated with frequency of alcohol intake. The rigid attitude scale
      was the strongest discriminating variable for drinkers vs nondrinkers. Older
      women were more likely to be nondrinkers compared to younger women, however,
      among older women, being a homemaker was significantly associated with increased
      alcohol intake. Contrarily, younger women who were homemakers were more likely to
      be abstainers than women employed outside the home. As would be expected,
      cigarette smoking was associated with drinking alcohol.

PMID- 2634109
TI  - Use of smokeless tobacco in a group of professional baseball players.
AB  - This paper describes the smokeless tobacco use practices and oral health problems
      of members of a minor league professional baseball team. Seventeen of 25 ball
      players reported current use of smokeless tobacco. Gingival recession and lesions
      in the oral mucosa were more common in smokeless tobacco users than nonusers.
      Reported use of smokeless tobacco was greater during baseball season than in the
      off-season. Of the 19 current and past users, 15 reported first using smokeless
      tobacco after entering professional baseball. To discourage the use of smokeless
      tobacco by professional athletes, teams should stop accepting free samples and do
      a better job educating players about health consequences associated with use.

PMID- 2634110
TI  - The relationship among exercise, stress, and primary dysmenorrhea.
AB  - This study considers primary dysmenorrhea from a biopsychosocial perspective in
      examining the relationship between physical exercise and menstrual pain. Despite
      widespread claims of the benefits of exercise for perimenstrual symptoms, the
      evidence seems weak. Stronger evidence indicates that exercise helps relieve
      stress and elevates mood and that stress heightens menstrual discomfort. Student
      nurses (n = 176) completed a questionnaire disguised as a general health survey
      that contained these measures. The hierarchial regression analysis demonstrated
      that, contrary to the expected, regular exercise increased with the severity of
      menstrual symptoms, after controlling for medications, disposition, perceived
      stress, and mood. The findings suggest that exercise presents a tradeoff; it
      relieves the stress that may intensify dysmenorrhea, yet it may aggravate these
      same symptoms.

PMID- 2634112
TI  - Robustness of a model of exercise.
AB  - A recent longitudinal study of exercise behavior was published in this journal. A
      structural equation model derived from the theory of reasoned action was
      evaluated and found to fit the data well. This paper presents further analysis of
      the data to determine the robustness of the results to modifications of the
      original model.

PMID- 2634111
TI  - Smoking cessation and cardiovascular reactivity to stress.
AB  - Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate
      (HR) reactivity to mental arithmetic and deep knee bends were monitored in a
      sample of smokers prior to and 6 months following smoking cessation. There was no
      reduction in cardiovascular reactivity to either stressor following cessation.
      However, heightened pretreatment DBP and HR reactivity to mental arithmetic and
      SBP reactivity to deep knee bends were associated with relapse by the 6-month
      follow-up. Demographic and smoking history variables and pretreatment nicotine
      dependence were not associated with treatment outcome. Further exploration of
      cardiovascular reactivity to stress among smokers may elucidate the process of
      relapse.

PMID- 2634113
TI  - Promoting mammography appointment making.
AB  - Compliance with screening mammography recommendations is low. Consequently, a
      community-wide program offering $50 mammograms at 29 radiology facilities was
      implemented. The program was promoted on a local TV news show and women 35 years
      and older were instructed to call a referral phone bank. If the caller met
      eligibility criteria, she received an information packet that assigned her to one
      of the facilities; it was her responsibility to schedule the appointment. At one
      facility, a strategy to increase compliance was piloted using a controlled
      design. Of the 96 subjects assigned to that clinic, 47 received an incentive
      coupon combined with a prompt in addition to the information packet and 49
      received no coupon. The coupon was redeemable for a nutrition information kit
      when the subject appeared at her appointment. Results indicated that the
      incentive group had a significantly higher rate of appointment making than the
      control group (81 vs. 59%). Of subjects in both groups who made appointments,
      nearly 100% kept them. The intervention appeared to be cost-effective with a self
      referred sample.

PMID- 2634114
TI  - Developing an outcomes management strategy for the treatment of depression.
AB  - From a variety of perspectives and for numerous reasons, the U.S. medical care
      system is in crisis. Most of the efforts in recent years to improve quality and
      control costs have met with only modest, if any success. Recently, Ellwood
      outlined a new approach to making decisions in the medical care system which has
      the potential of addressing the problems with the system. This approach, called
      Outcomes Management, seeks to systematically assess the patient's outcome from a
      health status perspective as well as using traditional methods. These health
      status measures are both generic and disease-specific. This paper describes the
      approach to and general outline of a disease-specific measure for depression. The
      measure assesses patients at baseline and at periodic outcome points as well as
      collecting information about the treatment that the patient receives.

PMID- 2634115
TI  - Medical waste: socioeconomic impact.
AB  - The proper disposal and management of medical waste is a never-ending problem and
      one which is of grave concern to the general public. The amounts that are
      produced each day by hospitals and other small-generators are staggering, e.g.,
      in the U.S. ca. 6000 tons per day. Approximately fifteen (15%) percent of this
      waste is considered infectious. This latter type of waste is usually incinerated
      or autoclaved (steam sterilization). In addition to the daily accumulation of
      solid waste, chemical wastes (liquids) and low-level radioactive wastes are
      generated. The proper disposal of all types of wastes is discussed as well as the
      overall cost and its impact on society.

PMID- 2634116
TI  - Need for health policy in Taiwan: can lessons be learned from the U.S.
      experience?
AB  - In Taiwan, aspiration for a life of high quality is a legitimate objective
      actively pursued by both the individual and the Government. Since good health is
      essential to achieve high quality of life, research to facilitate the formulation
      of health policy is essential to help achieve the objective. Various social and
      health problems of contemporary society in Taiwan are, to a large extent, our own
      makings. They are both the causes as well as the consequences of socio-economic
      development. To undertake policy research in Taiwan, we have the advantages of
      the experience of the West, more knowledge and technique for policy analysis, and
      our cultural heritage of stronger familial relationship. We can always learned
      from the strength as well as the failure of others. Although the policy
      formulation process in the U.S. has several strength, there are also weaknesses.
      In spite of the abundance of both resources and technology at her disposal, U.S.
      has not been able to develop health policies which will assure equity of services
      to all of her population. The U.S. is not "the healthiest country on earth," and
      the racial differentials in health status are still substantial. There are large
      "pockets" of disadvantaged population who do not have any health insurance and
      therefore, are inaccessble to health care. Six subjects are listed for health
      policy research of higher priority for Taiwan. These are: 1. Establishment of
      epidemiologic surveillance system and systems for collection of health
      information and statistics 2. Setting National Health Objectives for Year 2000 3.
      The balance between preventive and curative medicine 4. Medical care for the
      aging population 5. Health and safety of workplaces 6. Medical care cost and
      universal health insurance program It is the responsibility of academic
      institutions to help the Government in undertaking these and other policy
      research to facilitate informed policy decision-making.

PMID- 2634117
TI  - A preliminary report on the derivatization-gas chromatographic determination of
      nalidixic acid and 3,7-dicarboxynalidixic acid in urine.
AB  - A preliminary study on the gas chromatographic analysis of urine spiked with
      nalidixic acid and 3,7-dicarboxynalidixic acid is described. The method is based
      on the transfer of an ion-pair of NA or CNA with tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium
      chloride (benzalkonium chloride) from alkaline aqueous solution into methyl
      isobutyl ketone (MIBK), the organic phase, where these salts are derivatized with
      pentafluorobenzyl bromide. The derivatives formed by this process are
      chromatographed on an analytical column packed with 1.5% OV-101 and detected with
      a flame-ionization detector. Several parameters affecting the transfer and/or
      derivatization of NA or CNA were investigated. These parameters include the phase
      transfer catalyst employed, the organic solvent used, the concentration of the
      acid and base added, the amount of derivatizing agent required, and reaction time
      and temperature.

PMID- 2634118
TI  - Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance assignments and spectral characteristics for
      some pavine alkaloids.
AB  - Detailed 13C-NMR spectral assignments were made for some pavine alkaloids
      isolated from Cryptocarya chinensis, including (-)-crychine (1), (-)-caryachine
      (2), and (+)-O-methylcaryachine (3), and neocaryachine (4). The assignments were
      based on detailed analysis of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, heteronuclear 1H-13C COSY, both
      one-bond and long-range correlations, and cross comparisons with model compounds.
      Substituent effects on the chemical shifts of the N-methylpavinane skeleton were
      analyzed in view of their utility in structural elucidation.

PMID- 2634119
TI  - [A case report and metallurgical analysis of broken Luque rod].
AB  - Wire breakage is frequently mentioned in Luque rod instrumentation with segmental
      sublaminar wiring, but breakage of the Luque rod is rare. A case report of a
      broken Luque rod in a patient following a scoliosis post-corrective operation is
      presented and a metallurgical analysis is provided to evaluate the mechanism of
      breakage. In the metallurgical analysis, we find many slots and dimples on the
      rod surface which were induced by an inappropriate bending apparatus and bending
      manipulation. These defects resulted in a stress concentration effect and
      initiated fatigue. As for the stress on the rod, this resulted from the force
      correcting the scoliotic deformity plus the load resulting from patient's daily
      activity, which increased the progression of fatigue and then induced the final
      breakage. So, to avoid Luque rod breakage we suggest that the bending
      manipulation be done appropriately, with external orthosis given to those
      patients with severe deformity or who are daily very active.

PMID- 2634120
TI  - [Cerebral hemodynamics in multiple cerebral infarction with or without dementia].
AB  - Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in 25 patients with multiple cerebral infarcts
      (14 with dementia) and 5 healthy age-matched controls were measured to
      investigate the difference in cerebral blood low (CBF) and cerebral oxygen
      consumption (CMRO2) between patients with dementia and patients without dementia.
      None of the patients had any lesions in the cortex, but all had multiple lesions
      in the basal ganglionic region, and in the white matter, according to CT images.
      CBF, CMRO2 and oxygen extraction fraction were measured by positron emission
      tomography (PET) using the 15O2, C15O2 steady state inhalational technique. In
      patients with multiple cerebral infarcts the absolute values of CBF and CMRO2
      were decreased significantly from normal control values, and there was no
      significant difference in the absolute values of CBF and CMRO2 between patients
      with dementia and patients without dementia. In most patients with dementia,
      relative values (regional value/mean cortical value) of CBF and CMRO2 decreased
      in the frontal and the parietal cortex. Four patients had repeated PET studies.
      In two of them, decrease in CMRO2 was preceded by decrease in CBF. These results
      suggest that dysfunction of frontal cortex and parietal cortex, and chronic
      ischemia might be related to the occurrence of dementia in patients with multiple
      cerebral infarcts, which were in the basal ganglia and the white matter.

PMID- 2634121
TI  - [Effects of nerve growth factor and gangliosides on neurite elongation of
      cultured nerve cells from senescent mouse].
AB  - In vivo studies of nerve tissue of senescent animals have raised the possibility
      that initiation and elongation of axonal processes in regeneration are somehow
      altered by aging. However, this has not been examined in dissociated cell culture
      because of technical difficulties. The present study was performed to compare the
      effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and gangliosides mixture (Gg1) on neurite
      elongation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells from senescent mice with those
      from young adult mice. DRG neurons were obtained from male mice of the 72-week
      old (Group O) and of the 10-week-old (Group Y). Dissociated neuronal cells of
      each group were cultured for 4 days in chemically determined serum-free medium
      including various levels of 7S-NGF up to 160 ng/ml or of Gg1 up to 20
      micrograms/ml. After immunohistochemical identification of neuronal cells,
      neurites with two kinds of lengths, maximum length (ML; length of the longest
      neurite belonging to the individual neuron) and total length (TL; summation of
      length of all neurites belonging to that) were quantified as elongated neurites.
      NGF showed concentration-dependent neurite elongation in ML and TL of Group O and
      Y. Gg1 increased TL at relatively low levels in both groups but no significant
      changes were detected in ML. On the other hand high levels of Gg1 did not show
      any enhancement in ML or in TL. These results indicate that the effects of NGF
      and Gg1 were not altered by aging, as far as elongation of neurite was concerned.
      In addition to biochemical deterioration of the neuron itself, decreased release
      of neurite-promoting factors such as NGF and Gg1 from target cells of the neuron
      and surrounding cell may account for the reduction of capacity for neurite
      regeneration in aged animals.

PMID- 2634122
TI  - [A new computed tomography method for quantitative analysis of abdominal aortic
      atherosclerosis].
AB  - Clinical evaluation of aortic atherosclerosis has been most commonly performed by
      visual analysis of aortic calcification on conventional radiographs or X-ray CT.
      However, precise evaluation of the degree of calcification or mild changes with
      increasing age can be difficult by these methods of visual analysis. A new
      quantitative method of evaluating the abdominal aortic atherosclerosis using CT
      is reported. Target CT scans of the abdominal aorta were performed at the level
      of the 1st, 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. Two circular regions of interest (ROI)
      were selected along the outer margin and inner margin of the abdominal aortic
      wall on CT images, since it was difficult to precisely trace the aortic wall.
      Histograms of CT value for each pixel were made from two ROIs. A histogram at the
      ROI of the outer margin was depicted using class values over the maximum CT value
      in histogram at the ROI of inner margin which indicated flowing blood. A sum of
      products of the value in each class by the number in that class was divided by
      the aortic diameter. The value thus obtained was defined as the atherosclerotic
      index (S.I.). Forty-five cases were studied with this method. Six cases were
      excluded because of artifacts. The remaining 39 cases (16 males, 23 females) were
      analyzed. S.I. increased with aging and was higher in men than in women. However,
      it increased more rapidly in women (8.68/year) than in men (2.73/year). Because
      this new method employed the CT value, it is more objectively quantitative than
      previous methods of visual analysis in evaluating abdominal aortic
      atherosclerosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634123
TI  - [Growth factors in the serum in patients with Werner's syndrome].
AB  - Premature development of atherosclerosis is a fatal complication together with
      cancer in patients with Werner' syndrome, a known syndrome of premature aging.
      Proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) is a key event in the
      formation of atherosclerosis. This paper studied the serum growth promoting
      activity of Werner's syndrome in cultured rabbit aortic SMC. Serum of cases of
      Werner's syndrome showed significantly higher growth-promoting activities than
      those of age-matched controls. The levels of serum growth hormone, plasma
      somatomedin C, and urine epidermal growth factor were not increased in Werner's
      syndrome. The level of serum insulin was generally increased in Werner's
      syndrome. However, there was no correlation between serum insulin level and
      growth promoting activity, and the effective dose of insulin for the promotion of
      SMC growth was ten thousand times higher than that contained in the serum. The
      above results suggest that elevated serum growth-promoting activity in Werner's
      syndrome is in part responsible for the premature atherosclerosis and that this
      elevated activity is derived from either platelet derived growth factor or an
      unknown growth factor(s) contained in the serum.

PMID- 2634124
TI  - [The study of dementia patients who showed intellectual improvement after
      admission to a hospital where they could be given special therapy for dementia].
AB  - The authors evaluated the changes in the scores on Hasegawa's rating scale for
      dementia (HRSD) of demented patients in a hospital for dementia. The subjects in
      this study were 69 patients (12 males and 57 females) including 34 with dementia
      of the Alzheimer type (DAT), 30 with multi-infarct dementia (MID) and 5 with
      mixed dementia. Their average age was 75.6 years and the mean period after
      symptom onset was 2.5 years. The observation period was 5 months after admission
      to the hospital. We rated HRSD on admission and each month after admission.
      During the observation period, 65 patients received drugs orally and 65 patients
      were given rehabilitation for impaired cerebral function. We tried to classify
      the pattern of change in the HRSD into 5 groups as follows; 1) no remarkable
      change or deterioration, 2) wavering, 3) improvement during only the first month,
      4) improvement from the first month after admission, 5) improvement from
      admission. We assumed that the patients in group 3) had been underestimated on
      admission. Their mental states might have been confused on admission because of
      the change in their living environment. Thus we rejected this group for
      statistical analysis and compared the medical characteristics of those in the non
      improved group (1 and 2) with those in the improved group (4 and 5). The period
      from onset of symptoms in the improved group was shorter than in the non-improved
      group (p less than 0.05). Moreover there was a tendency (p less than 0.1) toward
      less abnormal findings in the EEG and less cerebral atrophy on CT scan in the
      improved group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634125
TI  - [A clinicopathological analysis of cardiac rupture following acute myocardial
      infarction in elderly patients].
AB  - In all autopsied cases from January 1980 to June 1988 (56-102 years old, 243 men
      and 307 women), cardiac rupture death was observed in 14 cases out of 68 deaths
      of acute myocardial infarction in our hospital. Cardiac rupture occurred in 2, 4,
      3, and 5 cases in their 60's, 70's, 80's, and 90' respectively, and 4 in men and
      10 in women. Complaints of chest pain were present in 4 cases. Cerebrovascular
      disease was present in 9 cases and hypertension in 7. In 9 cases, the thickness
      of the ruptured wall was over 14 mm. The location of the ruptured lesion was the
      anterior wall in 4 cases, anteroseptal in 3, anterolateral in 1, lateral in 1,
      posterior in 1, and apical in 1. In conclusion, the incidence of cardiac rupture
      was higher in female than in males, and in silent myocardial infarction than in
      painful one. The location of rupture was frequently in the anterior or lateral
      wall. Aging and hypertension would not be a worsening factor in the pathogenesis
      of cardiac rupture in myocardial infarction, but cerebrovascular disease might be
      a risk factor in respect to masking occurrence of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2634126
TI  - [Morphological studies of the hippocampus of 100 elderly females in relation to
      age and grade of dementia].
AB  - The number of the nerve cells, appearance of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles
      and of senile plaques in the hippocampus of 100 female autopsy cases aged 56-101
      were compared in relation to age and grade of dementia. The number of nerve cells
      of granular and pyramidal layers decreased significantly with age, however, the
      decrease in number did not necessarily correlate with the grade of dementia.
      Appearance of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles was increased in grade with age
      and with grade of dementia of all types. Appearance of senile plaques increased
      in grade only in cases with dementia of Alzheimer's type, but not in case with
      cerebrovascular type of dementia.

PMID- 2634127
TI  - [Micromeasurement of autofluorescent granules of the human hippocampus and
      cerebellum in relation to age and grade of dementia].
AB  - The amount of autofluorescent granules of nerve cells of the hippocampus and
      cerebellum in 92 female autopsy cases aged 56-101 was micrometrically compared
      with regard to their age and grade of dementia. Highly significant differences
      were found in the amount of pigment between the nerve cells of the granular and
      pyramidal layers of the hippocampus and between Purkinje cells and dental nuclear
      cells of cerebellum. No significant difference, however, was observed according
      to age or to grade of dementia.

PMID- 2634128
TI  - [The relationship between the physical features and medications in Reye-like
      syndrome in elderly patients].
AB  - With the increase in the aged population, it is expected that the number of
      debilitated aged people will increase and that the number of patients receiving
      many medications will increase. However, there have been few reports of clinical
      pharmacological studies on blood pharmacokinetics, metabolism, adverse effects,
      etc, of drugs used in debilitated aged people who have lowered physical and
      mental functions complicated by many diseases. Thus, for the large part,
      pharmacokinetics in these patients remains unelucidated. We experienced eight
      cases of marked hypoglycemia of unknown cause in patients who had not taken any
      hypoglycemic drugs or insulin and examined the relationships between the event
      and the physical features and medications of the patients. The eight patients
      included both males and females aged 66 to 88 years (mean: 78.5 years). The eight
      patients were all aged and showed cerebral infarction, reduced volition, etc. The
      onset of hypoglycemia was preceded by decreased appetite and an abrupt
      manifestation of severely disturbed consciousness a few days previously.
      Laboratory tests revealed marked hypoglycemia in 8 cases, leucocytosis in 7 cases
      (not examined in one case), metabolic acidosis in 3 cases, elevated GOT in 5
      cases, elevated GPT in 2 cases, increased BUN in 1 case, and positive CRP in 4
      cases. The patients had been taking an agent to activate brain metabolism/improve
      mental symptoms (Hopantene calcium: 7 cases; Idebenone: 1 case). The Idebenone
      treated patient had received Hopantene calcium for eleven months prior to
      receiving Idebenone. Furthermore, the findings resembled those of Reye's syndrome
      often noted in children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634129
TI  - [Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the GBS scale].
AB  - The Japanese version of the GBS Scale (GBSS-J) was administered to 246 elderly
      patients with dementia in a geriatric hospital to test the inter-rater
      reliability and validity of the items and the subscales of the GBSS-J. The inter
      rater reliability of the 26 items was tested by rating 20 patients. After the
      raters conferred with each other how to rate the items of the scale, the items
      were rated independently. Pearson's correlation coefficients indicating the
      agreement between the rates were as good as more than. 660 except for the items
      of impaired wakefulness and confusion. The validity of the 28 items was examined
      by comparing them with the stages of Functional Assessment Staging (FAST).
      Hasegawa's dementia scale (HDS) was employed as an external standard to test the
      items of the subscale of intellectual functions. Physical disability was checked
      by using the Rapid Disability Rating Scale (RDRS). Mean scores of the 20 items
      except for the 6 items included in the subscale of different symptoms common in
      dementia significantly increased as the FAST stage advanced. These results
      indicated that the 20 items of the GBSS-J measured the severity of dementia with
      sufficient validity. In addition, according to the results of analysis of
      variance and covariance, the items of motor insufficiency in taking food,
      impaired physical activity, impaired wakefulness and irritability were related to
      the severity of physical disability rather than that of dementia. Also, the 10
      items of the subscale of intellectual functions showed significant correlations
      with the scores of HDS, while the item of impaired wakefulness showed a
      significant, although fairly low correlation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634130
TI  - [Comparison between PVHIS on the MRI and the permeability of brain blood vessels
      in elderly patients].
AB  - The degree of PVHIS (periventricular high intensity signal) on the MRI was
      composed with the permeability of brain blood vessels using the cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF)/serum ratio for albumin, and the CSF/serum ratio for IgG in elderly
      patients. The 47 elderly patients (mean age = 79.9) were divided into three
      groups: (1) Mild group (20 cases, M:6, F:14, mean age = 75.8), (2) Moderate group
      (18 cases, M:7, F:11, mean age = 82.6), (3) Severe group (9 cases, M:2, F:7, mean
      age = 82.9), in accordance with the degree of PVHIS on the MRI. The MRI was
      operated at a field strength of 0.22 tesla. The pulse sequence (used on all
      patients) had a repetition times (TR) of 2,000 msec and a time to echo (TE) of 40
      msec. The levels of albumin and IgG in the serum and CSF were measured. The
      CSF/serum ratio for albumin was used of analyze the permeability of the brain
      blood vessels in each group. There was no significant difference in the level of
      the serum albumin, the CSF albumin, the serum IgG, the CSF IgG and the CSF/serum
      ratio for IgG among the three groups. The same was found to be true for the IgG
      index which indicates the synthesis of immunoglobulin in the central nervous
      system. However, there was a statistically significant difference (p less than
      0.05) in the CSF/serum ratio for albumin between groups (1) and (3). The
      increased CSF/serum ratio for albumin in the severe group indicated there were
      confluent lesions involving the entire extent of the periventricular white matter
      on the MRI. This suggested an increased permeability of brain blood vessels which
      revealed the dysfunction of the blood brain barrier due to affected cerebral
      endothelial cells in capillaries.

PMID- 2634131
TI  - [Functional changes in muscarinic receptors on lymphocytes in normal aging and
      Alzheimer's disease].
AB  - To demonstrate that muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) acts as an aging
      marker, we studied whether receptor binding capacities decreased with age. A
      potent muscarinic cholinergic ligand, N-methyl scopolamine (NMS), was used to
      detect how the binding capacities (Kd, Bmax) of the receptor changed with age.
      Using techniques developed for the study of mAChR in brain homogenate, direct
      binding to whole live lymphocytes was shown for the [3H]-NMS. Both groups of
      healthy female adults (40-49 years old, N = 27) and probable Alzheimer's patients
      (54-71 years old, N = 17) were examined. For the healthy controls, the regression
      equations are: Y = 12.2X - 272.6 (Kd; r = 0.453, p less than 0.05) Y = 401X -
      16,302 (Bmax; r = 0.387, p less than 0.05) in which, X and Y respectively
      represent the age of individuals and Kd (or Bmax). Hence, for patients with
      Alzheimer's disease, the correlations between Kd and age, and between Bmax and
      age, were weak (r = 0.021, 0.032, not significant, respectively). Three age
      groups from healthy female adults were examined: 40-49 (N = 9), 50-59 (N = 8) and
      60-69 years old (N = 10). There were significant differences (p less than 0.05)
      between age groups 40-49 and 60-69 years old in both Kd and Bmax. Furthermore,
      significant change (p less than 0.05) with Bmax was obtained in lymphocytes from
      patients, compared to age-matched controls. These results suggest that muscarinic
      cholinergic binding by lymphocytes may serve as a useful peripheral marker,
      reflecting alterations associated with aging.

PMID- 2634132
TI  - Genetic polymorphisms of orosomucoid and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein in Thai, Sri
      Lankan and Paraguayan populations.
AB  - The genetic polymorphism of orosomucoid (ORM) and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG)
      were studied in Thai, Sri Lankan and Paraguayan populations using isoelectric
      focusing. Gene frequencies in these populations were compared with those in other
      populations. Four new ORM variants were detected: ORM1*15 in Thai, ORM1*16 in
      Paraguayan, ORM2*21 and ORM2*22 in Sri Lankan.

PMID- 2634133
TI  - Very low rate Y-chromosome mosaicism (1:5,400) detectable by a novel probe enzyme
      combination.
AB  - DYZ1 is a repetitive DNA family located on the long arm of the Y chromosome and
      is the major component of the Q-positive region. DYZ1 consists of about 3,000
      copies of a 3.4 kb repeat unit which mainly consists of a tandem array of
      pentanucleotides, TTCCA. Because of this large number of repeats, DYZ1 has been
      used as a probe in Southern hybridization for sensitive and rapid detection of
      the Y chromosome. In cases of XX/XY mosaicism, however, autosomal sequences
      having homology to DYZ1 hinder the detection of the Y chromosome, especially when
      the ratio of the Y-bearing cells is low. To solve this problem and improve the
      detection limit, we have sought the optimum hybridization condition by changing
      several variables. These variables include the length of probes, the methods of
      probe labeling, the endonucleases used to digest the genomic DNA and the
      hybridization buffer. Here we show that the StuI digestion of genomic DNA in
      combination with the nick translated DYZ1 probe significantly improves the
      detection limit of the Y-chromosome bearing cells. The presence of Y-chromosome
      bearing cells was detectable against a background of 5,400-fold female DNA.

PMID- 2634134
TI  - Micro extraction of DNA from whole blood and amniocytes.
AB  - We describe methods for extracting genomic DNA from a small amount of whole blood
      or cultured amniocytes. Nuclear DNA was extracted from whole blood spotted on
      blotting paper. Relatively large molecules of DNA with the average amount of 7-9
      micrograms was extracted from 1 ml of blood spotted and stored for at most two
      years, being roughly 1/3 of that extracted directly from fresh whole blood. The
      estimated minimum amount of whole blood that gives a suitable autoradiogram of
      Southern hybridization was 0.3 ml. Another series of amounts of whole blood or an
      amniocyte suspension were molded in low-melting agarose into an 100 microliter
      gel block. The DNA extracted from a block that was made from at least 0.25 ml of
      whole blood, or from 1.25 x 10(5) amniocytes (equivalent to 1/8 of the number of
      confluent cells in a 25 cm2 culture flask) resulted in one suitable Southern
      analysis. Both methods described here are applicable to the diagnosis of newborns
      and/or fetuses at risk of a genetic disease and to the diagnosis of a patient
      from whom a large amount of blood material is difficult to obtain. These methods
      also make a long-way transportation of the materials possible.

PMID- 2634135
TI  - Inbreeding effects on average heterozygosity in the Sudan.
AB  - In the first series, the average heterozygosity based on ten polymorphic loci
      (Rhesus, MN, P, and Kell blood groups; haemoglobin; serum haptoglobin;
      transferrin; red cell acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase-1 and glyoxalase-1)
      was determined among the offspring of unrelated (n = 328) and related (first
      cousin) matings (n = 466) in the Sudan. The estimated average heterozygosity was
      found to be the same in the offspring of the first-cousin and unrelated parents
      (0.3628 +/- 0.0584 and 0.3697 +/- 0.0581, respectively). In the second series,
      the average heterozygosity at five polymorphic loci (Rhesus blood group,
      haemoglobin, serum haptoglobin and transferrin and red cell acid phosphatase) was
      estimated in several tribes with variable levels of inbreeding coefficients. The
      estimated average heterozygosity varied from 0.14 +/- 0.09 to 0.37 +/- 0.08 in
      different tribes with varying degrees of inbreeding coefficients (alpha x 10(5)
      of 967-3,904). However there was no significant correlation between the level of
      parental inbreeding with either average heterozygosity or deviation from the
      Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the offspring.

PMID- 2634136
TI  - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in monozygotic twins with variable clinical
      manifestations.
AB  - The first cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia III with variable clinical
      manifestations in female monozygotic twins are presented. Twin "A" revealed
      severe hypertrophy of the clitoris, labial fusion and a visible introitus.
      However, twin "B" manifested moderate clitoral hypertrophy, a visible introitus
      and no labial fusion. Neither infant had palpable gonads.

PMID- 2634137
TI  - A case of incomplete DiGeorge syndrome associated with partial monosomy 22q11.1
      due to maternal 14;22 translocation.
AB  - We report a boy with some clinical symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of
      incomplete DiGeorge syndrome. He had a dismorphic face, micrognathia, cleft
      palate, and heart anomalies similar to DiGeorge syndrome, but lacked aplasia of
      the thymus or hypoparathyroidism typical of the syndrome. High-resolution banding
      analysis revealed that his karyotype was 45,XY,-14,-22, +der(14)(14pter---
      14q32.32::22q11.21----22qter), the consequence of a maternal reciprocal
      translocation between chromosomes 14 and 22. Precise localization of the gene
      responsible for the present DiGeorge syndrome was assigned to subband 22q11.1.

PMID- 2634138
TI  - Is risk to motor neuron disease influenced by the season of birth?
AB  - Months of the birth in 310 cases with motor neuron disease were compared with 244
      of their spouses who were used as the controls. Cases were born more often in the
      spring to summer months and less in the winter months. Birth factors should be
      carefully evaluated in this disease.

PMID- 2634139
TI  - Mapping of genes encoding coagulation factors VII and X to the distal portion of
      the 13q34 by gene dose study in a patient with r(13).

PMID- 2634140
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in rats with acute uremia.
AB  - The effects of acute renal failure (ARF) on somatosensory evoked potentials
      (SEPs) were studied in rats. With the increase in blood urea nitrogen caused by
      the ligation of bilateral ureters, both a significant augmentation of amplitudes
      of the SEP and an increase in the SEP latencies were observed. The nerve
      conduction velocities of peripheral nerves were unchanged. Thus a kind of
      cortical irritability and a lesser degree of damage in the peripheral nervous
      system are characteristics in ARF.

PMID- 2634141
TI  - Clinical evaluation of hypokalemia in anorexia nervosa.
AB  - The serum and urinary levels of electrolytes were measured in 25 patients with
      anorexia nervosa admitted to this hospital. Seven (28%) of these patients
      vomited, usually surreptitiously. Hypokalemia was detected in 5 (20%) of these
      patients, all among those who vomited. The urinary chloride/sodium ratios were
      low in the patients who vomited, and did not overlap the values in patients who
      did not vomit, indicating that this ratio was a good indication of vomiting.
      These results suggested that stopping vomiting is most important for correcting
      hypokalemia.

PMID- 2634142
TI  - A case of isolated thyrotropin deficiency with Cushing's syndrome.
AB  - The first case of isolated thyrotropin (TSH) deficiency with Cushing's syndrome
      was reported. A 46-year-old female was admitted to our hospital because of
      fatigability, puffy eye-lids, leg edema and petechia. She was treated with
      thyroid hormone. A low free triiodothyronine continued. Serum TSH was
      undetectable and serum thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was elevated. No
      response of serum TSH and normal response of serum prolactin after administration
      of exogenous TRH suggested the abnormalities of anterior pituitary gland. The
      secretion of growth hormone and gonadotropin were intact, but the secretion of
      adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was impaired. A high level of serum cortisol,
      no response of serum ACTH by metyrapone test and a tumor mass of abdomen detected
      by computed tomography led to the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Histological
      examination of the tumor revealed adrenal adenoma. Twenty two months after the
      surgery, serum ACTH level was normalized, but the secretion of serum TSH to
      exogenous TRH was still absent. The results indicated that hypothyroidism in our
      patient was due to isolated TSH deficiency.

PMID- 2634143
TI  - Mineralogical analysis of sputum lith from an apparently healthy subject.
AB  - The sputum lith, 1 to 3 mm in diameter, were examined by microanalyser and by the
      method of X-ray diffraction, which revealed that the lith was composed of calcium
      carbonate and calcite in crystalline style. A composition of bronchial liths is
      often associated with different underlying diseases so that these nondestructive
      analyses seem to provide useful information for differential diagnosis. The
      present case is the first one to expectorate bronchial lith without marked
      pulmonary diseases.

PMID- 2634144
TI  - Marchiafava-Bignami disease: consecutive observation at acute stage by magnetic
      resonance imaging and computerized tomography.
AB  - A 62-year-old male Japanese, a heavy drinker for his last 40 years, was admitted
      to our hospital because of unstable gait of acute onset. Despite large doses of
      thiamine injection, his condition rapidly worsened with confusion, and died 15
      days after the onset. During the deteriorating course, a series of Computerized
      Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans were taken of the
      brain, which revealed progressive multifocal involvement in the corpus callosum;
      Marchiafava-Bignami disease was suggested. To the authors' best knowledge, there
      have been no MRI examinations conducted from so early a stage of this disease on.
      MRI scanning proves to be a highly useful tool for early diagnosis of Marchiafava
      Bignami disease.

PMID- 2634145
TI  - Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome with abnormal magnetic resonance imaging and
      brainstem auditory evoked potentials.
AB  - We describe two patients in encephalitis with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome.
      Cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an area of hyperintensity on the
      T2-weighted images in the left tegmentum at the pons level (case 1) and in the
      left tegmentum and partly basis at the upper pons level (case 2), respectively.
      On the other hand, brainstem auditory evoked potentials following left monaural
      stimulation and ipsilateral records revealed a delay of IIIrd wave latency and
      prolongation of I-III interpeak latencies (case 1). From these findings we
      suggest that the locus of the lesion of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome may partly
      exist in the brainstem (pontine tegmentum).

PMID- 2634147
TI  - Symposium on Neuropeptides. Presented at the 86th annual scientific meeting of
      the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine. April 3, 1989, Kyoto. Proceedings.

PMID- 2634146
TI  - A new case of familial lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency-
      paradoxical findings regarding LCAT mass and activity in 23 members of a family.
AB  - LCAT activity and mass were assayed simultaneously in 23 members of a new family
      case, revealing two homozygotes with a markedly low HDL--cholesterol level and
      ester cholesterol ratio. The LCAT mass in these patients was only 0.8 and 0.9
      micrograms/ml, respectively (normal range 4.4-8.1) and their LCAT activity was 4
      and 6 nM/ml/h 37 degrees C (normal range 60-120). Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I and II
      levels were significantly low; however, apolipoprotein E tended to be high. In
      two-dimensional electrophoresis, apo A-I isoform visualized the increase of
      immature apo A-I; that is, A-I2. One subject showed the clinical characteristics
      of classic LCAT deficiency; however, the other, who was a vegetarian, showed
      corneal opacities and red cell deformity, but not proteinuria. This suggests that
      a low fat diet which decreases the level of atherogenic large LDL, may lead to a
      more favourable prognosis with a reduced risk for renal insufficiency. There were
      two different types of LCAT abnormality in this family series. Among the 10
      examined paternal kindred of the proband who was one of two homozygotes, seven
      had a low LCAT mass but normal LCAT activity with the exception of one kindred
      who had a low mass and low activity. In contrast, among his seven maternal
      kindred examined, two had a low LCAT activity but normal mass.

PMID- 2634148
TI  - Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2634149
TI  - [Silent myocardial ischemia in patients after myocardial infarction].
AB  - Twenty-six men and women, aged 36-65 years, were studied 8-12 weeks after the
      first myocardial infarction with regard to silent ischemic ST-segment depression
      and heart rate by using 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography and bicycle
      exercise testing. In 22 patients ambulatory ST-segment recordings revealed 81
      episodes of ST-segment depression, including 34 (41.9%) painful and 47 (58.1%)
      painless episodes. Mean maximal ST-segment depression during symptomatic and
      asymptomatic episodes was 3.6 +/- 1.0 mm and 2.4 +/- 1.1 mm, respectively (p less
      than 0.02). Painless episodes most frequently occurred between 06.00 a.m. and
      12.00 a.m. Ambulatory monitoring revealed a twofold increase in painful episodes
      at heart rate below 100 beats/min, whereas at heart rate above 125/min painless
      episodes were more frequent. Exercise testing showed a sevenfold increased
      incidence of ST-segment depression also at heart rate above 125 beats/min. In
      conclusion, silent myocardial ischemia is a frequent event in patients shortly
      after the first myocardial infarction, and painless episodes occur particularly
      frequently at high heart rates. Episodes of silent ischemia are found more
      frequently during ambulatory ECG monitoring than exercise testing. Studies on
      silent myocardial ischemia may be particularly relevant in the detection of the
      risk of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2634150
TI  - [Effect of long-term treatment with propranolol or hydrochlorothiazide on
      biochemical risk factors of coronary disease in patients with hypertension].
AB  - In 59 patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension effects of
      propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide on serum lipids, fibrynogen, glucose and uric
      acid concentrations as well as serum euglobulins fibrynolysis time were studied.
      36 patients received propranolol and 23 subjects hydrochlorothiazide. Follow-up
      time was 1 year. Statistically significant increases of serum triglycerides,
      fibrynogen, levels and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol LDH/HDL indices in
      comparison with their initial values were stated in a propranolol group.
      Significant serum cholesterol increase after 6 month therapy was the most
      substantial metabolic change in a hydrochlorothiazide group. Alterations of
      lipids indices in both groups were especially intensive in patients with
      pretreatment stated disturbances of lipids metabolism.

PMID- 2634151
TI  - [Basic principles of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in light of
      knowledge and opinions of the Polish community. I. Knowledge of the causes of the
      spreading epidemic of cardiovascular diseases].
AB  - The study was carried out in October 1986, using interview method by means of
      standardized questionnaire. The interview comprised a random sample of the whole
      country population aged above 15 years and including 2000 subjects. The largest
      group was formed by respondents aged 20--30 years, representatives of urban
      population, having education level below secondary, employed as manual workers.
      About 34% of men and 41% of women were, to a great extent, interested in
      cardiovascular problems (CVD). The main source of information on CVD were mass
      media. About 95% of respondents thought that CVD prevalence was very high. Among
      factors likely to influence CVD mortality, the respondents mentioned
      environmental contamination, nervous work, obesity, smoking and consumption of
      alcohol.

PMID- 2634152
TI  - [Basic principles of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in light of
      knowledge and opinions of the Polish community. II. Knowledge of coronary disease
      risk factors].
AB  - The study was carried out in 1986, by means of two separated questionnaires, each
      comprising a 1000-person random sample of the whole Polish population aged above
      15 years. The interview showed that 54% of men and 28% of women habitually smoked
      cigarettes, and 6% of men and 4% of women--occasionally. About 85% of men and 80%
      of women consumed at least 3 meals per day. Dinner was the most frequently
      consumed meal. Only 30% of respondents informed that they took food regularly.
      About 65% of the interviewed people informed that they consumed every day white
      bread, above 90%--potatoes and vegetables and above a half--meat and meat
      products. Vegetable oils, margarine and fish appeared to be rarely consumed.
      About 20% of the inquired ones recognized consumption of dark bread, fish,
      vegetable oils or margarine as favourable from cardiovascular prevention
      viewpoint.

PMID- 2634153
TI  - [Basic principles of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in light of
      knowledge and opinions of the Polish community. III. Possibilities of the use of
      cardiologic services and their quality in the opinion of the Polish community].
AB  - In the mentioned in part 1 and 2 work, there were analyzed possibilities of
      community using of cardiological care as well as community opinions on principles
      of cardiovascular prevention. Most of the inquired ones informed that they had
      mainly used health care in clinics organized at their enterprises or they consult
      with their general practitioners at regional clinics. 14% of men and 20% of women
      used specialistic counselling. Within the period of last two years most of the
      interviewed people had taken medical advices at least several times and women did
      it more often than men. Among different kinds of laboratory investigations,
      examination, urine analysis and hematologic examination appeared to be most
      frequently performed. Arterial blood pressure was measured in about 70% of men
      and 80% of women and E.C.G. investigation was performed in about 50%. Care of a
      cardiovascular patient was most often taken by general practitioners or
      internists. The most commonly mentioned difficulties with using specialistic
      cardiological care are: drug defficiency, long waiting period for an advice at
      the clinic and queues at pharmacies. Only 7% of men and 3% of women evaluated
      specialistic health service care as "fairly satisfactory".

PMID- 2634154
TI  - [Results of long-term verapamil treatment of patients with hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy].
AB  - In 50 patients with different forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the effect of
      many months (mean 23.3 +/- 15.7) therapy with verapamil was estimated.
      Interventricular septum thickness, isovolumetric relaxation period (IRP), "a"
      wave amplitude were evaluated as well as changes of parameters indirectly
      testifying to intraventricular obstruction such as: abnormal systolic anterior
      mitral leaflet motion (SAM) and midsystolic aortic valve closure (AVC). Pre- and
      post therapy physical efficacy was estimated basing on effort duration. Results
      were compared with those observed in a group of 20 patients with hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy not treated with calcium channel antagonists. Verapamil therapy
      resulted in inhibition of a disease progression and in diminution of
      interventricular septum thickness respectively in 74% and 48% of patients.
      Differences are significant in comparison with a control group. Characteristics
      of diastole was improved almost in a half of verapamil patients. In the majority
      of cases, active diastolic period improvement was referred to patients with
      nonobstructive cardiomyopathy forms and corresponded with their physical fitness
      improvement. Verapamil resulted in diminution or regression of SAM and AVC in
      patients with obstructive forms and most likely caused physical efficacy
      improvement in some of them. The study also confirmed that the group of patients
      with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not homogenous one with regard to morphology
      of hypertrophy, hemodynamics, disease progression and response to therapy.
      Observed differences do not always depend on a cardiomyopathy form which suggests
      that the applied nowadays classification is not sufficient.

PMID- 2634155
TI  - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of the aortic--left ventricular tunnel. A case
      report].
AB  - The aorta--left ventricle tunnel echocardiographic image was discussed basing on
      the own case. Most useful projections in cardiac defect assessment were presented
      as well as a value of Doppler examination in hemodynamic disorders estimation and
      differential diagnostics of this rare, congenital anomaly.

PMID- 2634156
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of atrial septal defect with normal pressure of the right
      ventricle and left-to-right shunt].
AB  - There was presented echocardiographic analysis of the atrial septal defect with
      normal right ventricular pressure and a bidirectional shunt. Authors emphasized
      special value of a contrast examination and Doppler method in hemodynamic
      disorders assessment.

PMID- 2634157
TI  - Entropy flow and entropy production in the human body in basal conditions.
AB  - Entropy inflow and outflow for the naked human body in basal conditions in the
      respiration calorimeter due to infrared radiation, convection, evaporation of
      water and mass-flow are calculated by use of the energetic data obtained by Hardy
      & Du Bois. Also, the change of entropy content in the body is estimated. The
      entropy production in the human body is obtained as the change of entropy content
      minus the net entropy flow into the body. The entropy production thus calculated
      becomes positive. The magnitude of entropy production per effective radiating
      surface area does not show any significant variation with subjects. The entropy
      production is nearly constant at the calorimeter temperatures of 26-32 degrees C;
      the average in this temperature range is 0.172 J m-2 sec-1 K-1. The forced air
      currents around the human body and also clothing have almost no effect in
      changing the entropy production. Thus, the entropy production of the naked human
      body in basal conditions does not depend on its environmental factors.

PMID- 2634158
TI  - Predictions about chromatic receptive fields assuming random cone connections.
AB  - We hypothesize that color vision depends on random connections between cones
      containing different pigments and neurons at higher levels in the macaque visual
      system. This hypothesis predicts the same types and proportions of chromatic
      receptive fields reported in the physiological literature at least up through the
      lateral geniculate nucleus. The results suggest that the specificity of
      connections demanded by the labelled-line model of color coding are unnecessary
      to account for current physiological data.

PMID- 2634159
TI  - QSAR and molecular shape analysis of aryl-substituted alanine analogs as
      antigelling agents.
AB  - Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analyses have been performed
      to analyze the basis for the antigelling activity of a series of aryl-substituted
      alanine analogs, including both phenylalanine and tryptophan analogs. We find
      that these two groups of compounds should be treated separately, probably due to
      the difference in shape between the phenyl and indole rings in the respective
      side chains. For the phenylalanine analogs, the hydrophobicity of the side chain,
      as measured by the pi constants of the aromatic ring and their substituents,
      explains about 50% of the variance in antigelling activity. The square of the
      aromatic dipole moment and the steric overlap volume, as obtained from three
      dimensional molecular shape analysis, account for an additional 20% and 10% of
      the variance, respectively. For the tryptophan analogs, the majority of the
      variance is explained either by the square of the aromatic dipole moment (70%) or
      by the steric overlap volume (60%), with the two descriptors being highly
      correlated. This result suggests that the tryptophan analogs exhibit a relatively
      tight steric fit within their binding sites. The separate QSAR's of phenylalanine
      and tryptophan analogs also suggest that these two groups of compounds may bind
      to hemoglobin through different mechanisms or at different sites. For
      phenylalanine analogs, the hydrophobic interaction is dominant, and the dipole
      dipole interaction and steric effects contribute to lesser extents. For the
      tryptophan analogs, the dipole-dipole interaction prevails with a high degree of
      steric shape complimentarity, but without any significant contribution from
      hydrophobic interactions. This information should assist in the future
      development of more specific and effective agents.

PMID- 2634160
TI  - Modeling survival of experimentally virus-infected laboratory animals-
      exploration of the survival diagram.
AB  - In a recent paper (Suhnel & Veckenstedt, 1989, J. theor. Biol. 137, 27) we have
      proposed a new method of plotting survival data from experimentally virus
      infected laboratory animals; the survival diagram. In this diagram two
      experiments, for which the mean number of virions inoculated is kept fixed but
      other parameters may vary, are compared. The variations in two basic quantities
      of survival analysis are simultaneously displayed: the standard mean survival
      time and the relative mean challenge virus dose, which is via a dose-response
      relation interrelated with the fraction of animals dying. It is analyzed in which
      manner variations in the kinetic parameters and the critical virus level
      necessary to produce a particular effect influence the location of the points of
      comparison in the survival diagram. The analysis presented is a prerequisite for
      further applications of this diagram and of the underlying mathematical model.

PMID- 2634161
TI  - On the dynamics of a toxicant-individual system.
AB  - The dynamics of a toxicant-individual model where the individual is represented
      by von Bertalanffy dynamics and the uptake model component is one developed by
      Barber, Suarez & Lassiter is discussed. A sufficient condition for the death of
      an individual subjected to chemical stress is found. Another possible behavior of
      the system is an oscillatory mode of individual size and internal chemical
      concentration determined by a limit cycle. These fluctuations are a consequence
      of formulations of growth, maintenance, and the dose-response functions in the
      model system.

PMID- 2634162
TI  - Estimating the size of the dividing stem cell pool after allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - Currently the problem of estimation of the number of pluripotent stem cells
      reconstituting marrow grafts following bone marrow transplantation, or studies
      looking at questions of clonal dominance in hematopoietic cell populations, rely
      on indirect measurement and a simple application of the formula for the sampling
      variation of a binomial proportion. This approach, from a statistical viewpoint,
      can be seen to be flawed. It is very easily remedied though and only requires
      appropriate use of variance stabilizing transformations. These lead to a very
      simple estimator for the number of hematopoietic stem cells involved in
      repopulating the marrow and require little in the way of additional calculation.
      We give the distribution theory for this estimator as well as simple
      approximations for practical application. As an illustration we rework data
      recently gathered to address the question as to whether or not reconstitution of
      marrow grafts in the clinical setting is oligoclonal.

PMID- 2634163
TI  - Does Hamilton's rule describe the evolution of reciprocal altruism?
AB  - On intuitive grounds, many have felt that Hamilton's Rule, br greater than c,
      should describe the evolution of reciprocal altruism and "green beard" genes.
      However, difficulties have been encountered in applying the rule to situations in
      which the benefits an individual receives are a function of his own phenotype as
      well as that of his partner. These difficulties are resolved by recognising that
      there are two important coefficients of genetic relatedness: r1 is the
      coefficient already familiar to sociobiologists from the applications of
      Hamilton's Rule to kin selection; r2 is the coefficient of genetic relatedness
      between individuals who express the same phenotype. It is shown that the r in
      Hamilton's Rule is a weighted average of these two coefficients. The weights,
      along with r1 and r2, are intuitively meaningful. A remarkable fact is that r2 =
      1, regardless of how genotype determines phenotype.

PMID- 2634164
TI  - Constraints among molecular and systemic properties: implications for
      physiological genetics.
AB  - Physiological genetics attempts to relate the molecular genetic properties of an
      organism--the genotype--to its integrated or physiological behavior--the
      phenotype. There has been relatively little progress in this field when compared
      to the neighboring fields of molecular and population genetics. This is due in
      part to the large number of highly non-linear interactions that characterize such
      systems. Biochemical Systems Theory is one approach that shows promise in dealing
      with the large number of non-linear interactions in a systematically structured
      manner. A variant of this approach has stressed the use of specific mathematical
      constraints, called summation and connectivity relationships, among molecular and
      systemic properties. In particular, the summation relationship has been used to
      argue that the predominance of recessive mutations is the inevitable consequence
      of the kinetic structure of enzyme networks and need not be attributed to natural
      selection. In order to put in broader perspective the implications of such
      constraints for physiological genetics, we have presented in this paper the
      outlines of the larger theory and the set of generalized steady state constraints
      that follow from first principles within this theory. The results show that the
      summation relationship suffers from a number of fundamental limitations that make
      it invalid for analyzing realistic biological systems. It also is shown that the
      more general constraint relationships, while valid, provide nothing new that
      cannot be obtained directly from the explicit solutions that are available within
      the larger theory. Thus, one can conclude that approaches based directly on the
      underlying equations of the system are superior to those based upon constraint
      relationships as a foundation for the development of physiological genetics.

PMID- 2634165
TI  - [Physiopathology, diagnosis and therapy of angina pectoris].

PMID- 2634166
TI  - [Nursing process for a patient with angina pectoris].

PMID- 2634167
TI  - [Nursing of a patient with angina pectoris hospitalized for diagnosis].

PMID- 2634168
TI  - [Health guidance for a patient with angina pectoris at the time of discharge].

PMID- 2634169
TI  - [Assistance to a patient with cervical cord injury toward independent activities
      through the actions at mealtime].

PMID- 2634170
TI  - [Dust control at preparation of bed for patients--comparison of the amounts of
      dust in 4 different methods].

PMID- 2634172
TI  - [Nursing of patients with circulatory and renal diseases].

PMID- 2634171
TI  - [Study on the nursing actions which resulted in refusal by the patient].

PMID- 2634173
TI  - [Atopic dermatitis].

PMID- 2634174
TI  - [The concept of the ideal nurse as coworker. A physician's view].

PMID- 2634175
TI  - [What is the "trendy nurse"? An image of a nurse as coworker].

PMID- 2634176
TI  - [Gentleness of a professional nurse as a coworker. View of a rehabilitation
      therapist].

PMID- 2634177
TI  - [Understanding patients' requests in relation to the therapeutic goal. Image of a
      nurse as a coworker. View by a dietician].

PMID- 2634178
TI  - [Learning "how to" does not lead to a solution of the problem. Image of a nurse
      as a coworker. View by a social worker].

PMID- 2634179
TI  - [Consideration for individual positions and professionalism. Image of a nurse as
      a coworker. View by a pharmacist].

PMID- 2634180
TI  - [On listening and talking].

PMID- 2634182
TI  - [Physiopathology, diagnosis and therapy of multiple injuries].

PMID- 2634181
TI  - [Understanding the patient as a whole person (2). Getting information on the
      patient's home environment].

PMID- 2634183
TI  - [Nursing process for a patient with multiple injuries].

PMID- 2634184
TI  - [Nursing of a patient with multiple fractures undergoing traction therapy].

PMID- 2634185
TI  - [Nursing of a right handed patient with multiple fractures and nerve injuries at
      the right arm--expansion of the ADL and assistance in adapting to
      hospitalization].

PMID- 2634186
TI  - [A study on dermal reactions to bandages in patients following surgery of the hip
      joint].

PMID- 2634187
TI  - [Approach to a schizophrenic patient with obsessive behavior].

PMID- 2634188
TI  - [Nursing of a patient with senile dementia--encouraging the patient by referring
      to her past life experiences].

PMID- 2634189
TI  - [Nursing of patients with cerebral and urologic diseases].

PMID- 2634190
TI  - [AIDS].

PMID- 2634191
TI  - [Significance of meals for the hospitalized patient].

PMID- 2634193
TI  - [Improvement in patients' appetite].

PMID- 2634192
TI  - [Key to efficient patient education on diet therapy].

PMID- 2634194
TI  - [Innovation for patients' enjoyment of the hospital diet].

PMID- 2634195
TI  - [The present or future].

PMID- 2634196
TI  - [Nursing re-evaluation through records. Extraction of problems in nursing].

PMID- 2634197
TI  - [Errors in nursing: a lack of communication with a patient during hemodialysis;
      inadequate explanation of medication].

PMID- 2634198
TI  - [Physiopathology, diagnosis and therapy of chronic respiratory insufficiency].

PMID- 2634199
TI  - [Nursing process for a patient with chronic respiratory insufficiency].

PMID- 2634200
TI  - [Nursing of a patient with chronic respiratory insufficiency exacerbated by right
      cardiac failure].

PMID- 2634201
TI  - [Nursing of a patient with chronic respiratory insufficiency hospitalized for the
      evaluation of home oxygen inhalation therapy].

PMID- 2634202
TI  - [Innovation on the hospital gown for a child undergoing drip infusion therapy].

PMID- 2634203
TI  - [Assistance to a patient with cerebral infarction in an effort to regain his
      communication capacity].

PMID- 2634204
TI  - [Learning experience in nursing of a mother who gave birth to a child with cleft
      lip and palate--with reference to Claus' psychological process].

PMID- 2634206
TI  - [Senile dementia].

PMID- 2634205
TI  - [Nursing of patients with diseases of the female reproductive organs, bones and
      joints].

PMID- 2634207
TI  - [Nursing practice as a professional].

PMID- 2634208
TI  - [Professionalism in nursing at hospitals].

PMID- 2634210
TI  - [Professionalism in nursing expressed at regional activities].

PMID- 2634209
TI  - [A professional in nursing practice at a home for the aged requiring special
      care].

PMID- 2634211
TI  - [Acceptance of illness].

PMID- 2634212
TI  - [Nursing plans--sorting out the desire for nursing].

PMID- 2634213
TI  - [Errors in nursing: in cardiac rehabilitation; during observation of the
      consciousness level].

PMID- 2634214
TI  - Propranolol decreases cholesteryl ester accumulation in mouse peritoneal
      macrophage in vitro.
AB  - Current evidence indicates that the non-selective beta-blocker propranolol
      reduces the severity of experimental atherosclerosis in animal model. We studied
      the effect of propranolol on cholesterol ester synthesis and storage in mouse
      peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Propranolol in concentrations found in the
      plasma of patients treated with it (150 ng/ml) decreased by 20-30% beta-VLDL
      stimulated synthesis of cholesterol esters with (14C)-oleate. A similar effect
      was observed also on this synthesis stimulated by acetyl-LDL. In a similar degree
      the accumulation of cholesteryl esters in the cells was decreased during the 48
      hour incubation with lipoproteins in the presence of propranolol. No effect of
      the drug was observed on the uptake and degradation of beta-VLDL or acetyl-LDL.
      These observations suggest that propranolol may inhibit cholesteryl ester
      accumulation in macrophages at the point subsequent to lipoprotein uptake. This
      may have an impact on the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2634215
TI  - Primary lymphoma of the cervix: a case report.

PMID- 2634216
TI  - Anti-N antibodies after ligation of splenic artery in rabbits.
AB  - Experimental research demonstrated that ligation of the splenic artery impaired
      the process of early immune response to intravenously administered
      morphologically shaped antigen.

PMID- 2634217
TI  - Small intestine carcinoma in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
AB  - A woman with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is reported in whom malignant transformation
      was found in a polyp of the small intestine. The patient was operated on for
      occlusion of the small intestine. A tumour of the jejunum was disclosed and
      histological examination revealed, besides typical structure of a Peutz-Jeghers
      polyp, also severe carcinomatous dysplasia with beginning invasion of the
      submucosa. The modern strategy of management of Peutz-Jeghers polyps is
      discussed.

PMID- 2634218
TI  - Efficacy and tolerance of nifedipine retard vs acebutolol in patients with
      essential hypertension treated for 26 weeks.
AB  - Patients with essential hypertension were given calcium channel antagonist,
      Nifedipine Retard or Acebutolol for 26 weeks in a single blind, randomised trial.
      Both drugs reduced mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but side effects
      were less frequent and caused less drop-outs in Nifedipine than in Acebutolol
      group of patients. We conclude that both Nifedipine Retard and Acebutolol were
      equally effective in essential hypertension but side effects were considerably
      milder in patients treated with Nifedipine Retard.

PMID- 2634219
TI  - Results of treatment of imminent premature labour with the preparation Salbupart
      POLFA.
AB  - The preparation Salbupart POLFA was used in 40 pregnant women in the treatment of
      imminent premature labour. The tocolytic effect of the drug was confirmed,
      especially in pregnancy over 32 weeks. The observed side effects, mainly in the
      cardiovascular system, did not require drug withdrawal, but tended towards the
      necessity of using symptom-alleviating drugs such as Isoptin.

PMID- 2634220
TI  - Insulin coma therapy in the treatment of early schizophrenia.
AB  - The results of the insulin therapy of early schizophrenia patients in the
      Department of Psychiatry at the Medical Academy of Lublin are summarized in the
      article. The clinical data of 236 patients hospitalized in 1950-1983 was analysed
      with the use of standardized methods. The analysis showed that insulin therapy,
      is a relatively safe method of treatment. The antipsychotic effects of insulin
      therapy were substantial and comparable with the antipsychotic effectiveness of
      contemporary agents.

PMID- 2634221
TI  - [Changes in kidney glomeruli in relation to the time of death].
AB  - The estimation of the time of death is until today a medico-legal problem only
      partially solved. We have studied, by scanning electron microscopy, post-mortem
      changes of human glomerula in anatomical structures (capillary endothelium) and
      in times of death (9-15 hrs) barely considered until now. We observed changes
      reported by other Authors (altered microvillus morphology, podocyte surface
      blebs, swelling and retraction of pedicles) as well as interesting changes of
      capillary endothelium which is still present, even if clearly altered 9 hrs post
      mortem, whereas it is no more visible 15 hrs after the death.

PMID- 2634223
TI  - [Coexistence of intra- and extra-uterine pregnancy: a clinical case].
AB  - Simultaneous intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy is considered to be very rare.
      The Authors describe a case of intrauterine pregnancy which degenerated into
      vesicular mola and was associated with a tubal pregnancy. It is concluded that,
      in spite of the presently available advanced investigational techniques, the
      identification of such an event still a difficult diagnostic procedure.

PMID- 2634222
TI  - [Nifedipine and kidney tubular function].
AB  - Aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of nifedipine on the proximal
      tubular handling of sodium, as judged by variations in the fractional excretion
      of lithium, which is a simple and reliable indicator of sodium and water
      reabsorption at this site. Lithium clearance was determined in 17 in-hospital
      essential hypertensives who took 16 mmol of lithium per os at 10 p.m. The
      following morning, urine was collected from 7 to 11 a.m. to determine sodium,
      potassium, lithium and creatinine concentration. The same analyses were performed
      in a sample of venous blood drawn at midpoint of the urine collection (9 a.m.).
      The test took place in basal conditions and was repeated 48 hours later when the
      patients assumed nifedipine, 10 mg per os, at the beginning of the urine
      collection (7 a.m.). Compared to basal values, nifedipine increased urinary
      sodium excretion (mean basal: 33.65 +/- 19.44 mEq/4 h; after nifedipine: 46.99 +/
      19.22) with no change in the fractional excretion of lithium. We conclude that
      the acute natriuretic effect of this calcium antagonist does not depend on
      variations in proximal tubular handling of sodium.

PMID- 2634224
TI  - [Visualization of carotid and femoral atherosclerotic lesions using autologous
      lipoprotein reinjection containing apo-B marked with 131I: preliminary data].
AB  - Atherosclerotic lesions can be detected by several methods, such as angiography,
      B-mode ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance. Radioisotopic
      techniques, recently introduced by using radiolabelled platelets and LDL (low
      density lipoproteins), can give more informations about the "metabolic activity"
      of atherosclerotic lesions. The aim of this study was to detect atherosclerotic
      lesions in 7 hyperlipemic patients using autologous apo-B containing lipoproteins
      labelled with 131I in order to evaluate different functional patterns of these
      lesions. Carotid and femoral accumulations of this radiocompound were detected in
      the majority of patients. The method appears promising for evaluating the "in
      vivo" relationships between lipoproteins, which are involved in the pathogenesis
      of atherosclerosis, and the vessel wall.

PMID- 2634225
TI  - [Horton arteritis and Kaposi's sarcoma: description of a case].
AB  - Occurrence of Kaposi's sarcoma was observed in a 70-years-old patient with
      Horton's temporal arteritis after one year of corticosteroid therapy. The
      possibility that Kaposi's disease may be related to the steroid therapy is
      discussed.

PMID- 2634226
TI  - [Tricholeukemia associated with Kaposi's disease: presentation of a clinical
      case].
AB  - A case of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) in a 60-years-old woman is reported. One year
      after the onset of the disease the patient developed Kaposi's sarcoma. Such
      uncommon association might be related to lymphocytes deficit induced by HCL.

PMID- 2634227
TI  - [Anthracycline resistance: cytofluorometric study on infantile lymphoblastic
      leukemia].
AB  - Reduced intracellular drug retention has been recognized as a major
      characteristic of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype in a number of cell line
      models and has been associated to overexpression of a P-170 membrane
      glycoprotein. Although many studies have been performed on MDR cell lines, so far
      only few data have been presented utilizing fresh human tumor cells, leaving open
      the question of the relevance of reduction of intracellular drug exposure to
      clinical drug resistance. We chose to utilize blast cell samples obtained from
      patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to study their
      interaction with Doxorubicin (DX) and Daunorubicin (DN) as representative drugs,
      evaluating cellular drug uptake by flow cytometry. Aim of the work was to check
      possible difference of anthracycline fluorescence levels in clinically
      "potentially sensitive" (15 cases) and "potentially resistant" (11 cases) human
      leukemic blast cells. For this purpose, leukemic cells derived from peripheral
      blood of patients were exposed in vitro to DX and DN according to different
      schedules and analyses by flow cytometry. The calculated fluorescence levels
      associated with the different anthracycline treatment shows a wide interpatient
      spreading of values. The mean values in the potentially resistant group did not
      differ significantly from the mean values of the potentially sensitive group at
      any considered concentration, suggesting that biochemical mechanisms different
      from that involved in drug transport are responsible for the outcome of clinical
      drug resistance in childhood ALL.

PMID- 2634228
TI  - [Proposal of a new staging system using scoring of multiple myeloma].
AB  - A new simple scoring staging system was developed and evaluated in 121 cases of
      multiple myeloma, followed from first diagnosis to demise. A score of 1 was
      assigned to each of the following features: bone marrow plasma cells more than
      30%, hemoglobinemia less than 11 g/dl, lytic bone lesions of degrees 2-3,
      presence of Bence Jones proteinuria and serum beta 2-microglobulin levels higher
      than 8.0 micrograms/ml. Therefore, the score for each patient ranged from 0 to 5,
      corresponding to six risk classes: score 0 = class I; score 1 = class II; score 2
      = class III; score 3 = class IV; score 4 = class V; score 5 = class VI. Since no
      differences in mean survivals and in survival curves were found between classes I
      and II, between classes III and IV and between classes V and VI, three stages
      could be devised: stage A (good prognosis) corresponding to classes I and II;
      stage B (intermediate prognosis) corresponding to classes III and IV; stage C
      (poor prognosis) corresponding to classes V and VI. Significant differences were
      found among the three stages regarding mean survivals, survival curves, and
      response to treatment. This scoring staging system is very simple in its
      formulation; only five routine parameters and no calculations are necessary for
      obtaining a score and consequently a stage for each patient. Moreover, the system
      can identify categories of multiple myeloma patients with homogeneous
      characteristics since it appears to be correlated with response to treatment and
      survival.

PMID- 2634229
TI  - [Gilbert's syndrome: consideration of several diagnostic aspects].
AB  - Gilbert's syndrome is a frequent clinical condition with indirect
      hyperbilirubinemia, with controversial pathogenesis, nosography, and diagnostic
      criteria. Reliability of diagnostic test (caloric intake restriction and
      phenobarbital induction), as well as bilirubin modifications after physical
      exercise, were assessed in 7 patients with the disease. Phenobarbital induction
      appears to be the most suitable and reliable test for clinical non-invasive
      diagnosis of Gilbert's syndrome.

PMID- 2634230
TI  - [Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after anti-influenza vaccination].
AB  - A case of acute thrombocytopenic purpura, presented with sudden onset of
      petechiae and ecchymoses, as a possible complication of antinfluenza vaccination
      with inactivated viruses is reported. Within 15 days of vaccination the platelet
      count fell down, serum antiplatelet antibodies were detected in high titre and
      bone marrow aspiration revealed an increased number of megakaryocytes.
      Corticosteroid therapy was followed by a complete recovery within ten days; three
      months later, platelets number remained in the normal range.

PMID- 2634231
TI  - [Pulmonary infiltrate-eosinophilia syndrome. Description of a case].
AB  - Pulmonary infiltrates associated with eosinophilia can be found in a variety of
      hypersensitivity infections, toxic, autoimmune, granulomatous, and malignant
      conditions. In this paper a case is described and its clinical, laboratory,
      radiological, and histological aspects are discussed in order to pose a
      differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2634232
TI  - [Significance of tachyphylaxis induced by repeated bradykinin inhalation in
      bronchial asthma].
AB  - Bradykinin (Bk) is a potent bronchoconstrictor agent which may contribute to the
      pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Recently we have shown that repeated bronchial
      challenge with this agonist in asthmatics produced a specific loss of
      responsiveness. In vitro studies suggest that this phenomenon may be due to
      generation of protective prostaglandins. In this study we investigated whether
      flurbiprofen (F) pretreatment inhibited Bk tachyphylaxis. The efficacy of F was
      demonstrated by the total suppression of whole blood TxB2 formation. In addition,
      a time-course study of the tachyphylactic response was carried out.
      Refractoriness in response to inhaled Bk occurred in all subjects. The mean PC20
      Bk increased from 0.07 to 0.41 mg/ml with consecutive inhalation tests after
      placebo. Even in the presence of demonstrable cyclooxygenase inhibition, no
      effect of F was observed in inhibiting Bk tachyphylaxis the mean PC20 Bk still
      increasing from 0.10 to 0.47 mg/ml. Tachyphylaxis was still present at 6 h, but
      not in all subjects at 24 h. This study demonstrated that release of protective
      prostaglandins in the airway after Bk stimulation does not account for the loss
      of responsiveness following repeated exposure to Bk. At least 24 h should
      separate Bk inhalations to avoid tachyphylaxis. A possible mechanism of this
      phenomenon is discussed.

PMID- 2634233
TI  - [Control using omeprazole in a case of upper digestive hemorrhage, induced by
      erosive uremic hemorrhagic gastritis resistant to conventional therapy].
AB  - Erosive and/or ulcerative lesions of the digestive tract often complicate chronic
      renal failure. These lesions usually cause only chronic bleeding. In the rare
      cases of massive digestive bleeding, conventional therapy is frequently
      unsatisfactory. A case of massive bleeding, due to anti-H2 therapy resistant
      erosive haemorrhagic uremic gastritis is reported, where repeated transfusions
      failed to correct a marked anaemia (Hb = 0.8 g/dl). Considerable improvement of
      the endoscopy, clinical and hemato-biochemical pictures was achieved with 40
      mg/day omeprazole. Three-months follow-up confirmed the efficacy and safety of
      the drug.

PMID- 2634234
TI  - [Current problems in assessing drug prices].
AB  - Two reasons provide historical justification for controlling drug prices:
      safeguarding the consumer and safeguarding public demand. Due to the increased
      presence of the "third payer" in public health systems this second reason has
      become more important. Nevertheless, over the last decade, a third purpose has
      attached to public control of prices: promotion of drug manufacturers economic
      development. The justification offered for this is that development of
      pharmaceutical companies contributes to the economic growth of the host country
      by creating employment, exports and research activity. The situations in Germany,
      Great Britain and United States are often cited in support of this thesis. As a
      model for price policy in Italy, however, it has not been successful. The rapid
      growth of prices in fact has not created greater employment and the foreign
      exchange deficit has risen rapidly. In other words the growing cost of drugs to
      the National Health Service has not produced hoped-for economic benefits. It
      would therefore be opportune to modify the mechanisms of price control by seeking
      a better balance in the interests involved (safeguarding public demand versus
      manufacturers economic growth). Methodologies available point to the evaluation
      of the therapeutic utility of a drug as a useful tool for this purpose. By this
      method the price of a new drug may only be higher than that of a drug already on
      the market if its therapeutic utility (which does not coincide only with clinical
      effectiveness) is greater. Appropriate evaluation techniques of benefits deriving
      from a new drug (cost-effectiveness and cost-utility) do exist and can be taken
      into consideration in a new method of calculating drug price.

PMID- 2634235
TI  - Symmetry and dimensions of membrane-bound nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from
      Torpedo californica electric tissue: rapid rearrangement to two-dimensional
      ordered lattices.
AB  - Computer-aided image-averaging methods are applied to different preparations of
      membrane-bound nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Circular harmonic averaging
      (CHA), a novel, reference-independent averaging method developed by W. Kunath and
      H. Sack-Kongehl [1989) Ultramicroscopy 27:171-184) allows analyzing images of
      single molecules of the receptor in its native membrane-bound state. The five
      subunits of the receptor are clearly resolved. At the resolution obtained
      (approximately 20 A) no differences were observed with resting and agonist
      desensitized receptors. A method is proposed for rapidly arranging the
      acetylcholine receptors to ordered lattices. Depending on the conditions,
      tetragonal or hexagonal, two-dimensional lattices can be obtained within 2 to 6
      days at 4 degrees C. Analysis by CHA shows that the receptor molecules preserve
      their gross structure and dimensions in these membranes, but that they are
      randomly oriented. Both lattices, therefore, do not represent true two
      dimensional crystals.

PMID- 2634236
TI  - Structural characterization of phospholamban in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum
      membranes by cross-linking.
AB  - The native form of phospholamban in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes was
      investigated using photosensitive heterobifunctional cross-linkers, both
      cleavable and noncleavable, and common protein modifiers. The photosensitive
      heterobifunctional cleavable cross-linker ethyl 4-azidophenyl-1, 4
      dithiobutyrimidate was used in native SR vesicles and it cross-linked
      phospholamban into an apparent phospholamban-phospholamban dimer and into an
      approximately 110,000-Da species. The phospholamban dimer migrated at
      approximately 12,000 Da on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and upon
      cleavage of the cross-linker before electrophoresis the dimer disappeared. The
      approximately 110,000-Da cross-linked species was not affected by boiling in
      sodium dodecyl sulfate prior to electrophoresis. This cross-linked form of
      phospholamban migrated approximately 5500 Da above the Ca2(+)-ATPase, which was
      visualized using fluorescein 5'-isothiocynate, a fluorescent marker that binds
      specifically to the Ca2(+)-ATPase. p-Azidophenacyl bromide, iodoacetic acid, and
      N-ethylmaleimide, all of which react with sulfhydryl groups, were also employed
      to further characterize phospholamban in native sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.
      Cross-linking with p-azidophenacyl bromide resulted in only monomeric and dimeric
      forms of phospholamban as observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels.
      Iodoacetic acid and N-ethylmalemide were found to be effective in disrupting the
      pentameric form of phospholamban only when reacted with sodium dodecyl sulfate
      solubilized sarcoplasmic reticulum. In view of these findings, the amino acid
      sequence of phospholamban was examined for possible protein-protein interaction
      sites. Analysis by hydropathic profiling and secondary structure prediction
      suggests that the region of amino acids 1-14 may form an amphipathic alpha helix
      and the hydrophobic surface on one of its sites could interact with the
      reciprocal hydrophobic surface of another protein, such as the Ca2(+)-ATPase.

PMID- 2634237
TI  - Separate effects of gravity and venous pressure on regional and capillary blood
      flows in the human finger.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine if and to what extent a veno
      arteriolar reflex is responsible for the adjustments in regional and capillary
      blood flows that occur in response to gravitational stress in the human finger.
      Nine male subjects 20 to 40 years of age consented to have regional cutaneous
      blood flow measured in the index finger via a laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) and
      blood cell velocity (CBV) measured in individual nailfold capillaries via video
      microscopy while placing the hand 20 then 40 cm below the heart and while a
      pneumatic cuff placed around the wrist was inflated to pressures of 20, 40 than
      60 mm Hg. Both lowering the hand and selective elevation of venous pressure
      elicited significant decreases in LDF and CBV (P less than 0.03). The flow
      reductions that occurred with lowering the hand 20 cm below the heart were
      significantly greater (P less than 0.05) for both LDF and CBV when compared to
      cuff pressure elevation of 27 cm H2O (20 mm Hg), and significantly greater (P
      less than 0.095) for LDF in matching the 40 cm below the heart position to data
      obtained at a cuff pressure of 57 cm H2O (40 mm Hg). Analyzing the flow responses
      relative to precapillary perfusion pressure (arterial pressure - estimated
      capillary pressure) indicated the reductions in LDF and CBV that occurred in
      response to cuff pressure elevation were a passive effect of the increase in
      venous pressure itself. These results indicate that the reductions in regional
      and capillary blood flow that occur in response to gravitational stress in the
      fingers are due to myogenic vasoconstriction of arterioles secondary to a rise in
      arterial pressure and that a veno-arteriolar reflex mechanism is not operative in
      this region of the cutaneous circulation.

PMID- 2634238
TI  - Chicago sky blue and a helium neon laser abolish endothelium dependent relaxation
      in vivo in the microcirculation.
AB  - Chicago sky blue, also known as Niagara sky blue, is a vital dye that can
      successfully be used as an intravascular energy absorbing target for the light
      from a helium-neon (HeNe) laser. The result of this light/dye interaction is
      endothelium damage which can be controlled by adjusting the duration of the laser
      exposure and the amount of dye injected intravenously. The endothelial damage
      probably is the result of the heat generated by the dyes absorption of energy at
      the interface between plasma and endothelium. The most minimal damage resulted in
      selective loss of the dilation normally produced by acetylcholine and bradykinin,
      two endothelium dependent dilators. The dilation produced by sodium
      nitroprusside, a dilator acting directly on vascular smooth muscle, was
      preserved. More severe injury (i.e. more prolonged exposure to light and/or more
      dye, resulted in local platelet aggregation at the site of laser impact.

PMID- 2634239
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in
      cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells.
AB  - The presence and distribution of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH)
      in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cell (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) were
      studied. For this purpose, we purified GPDH from human and bovine red blood cell
      (RBC) membranes and used it as antigen; anti-GPDH serum and affinity purified IgG
      were prepared. GPDH has been identified in the whole extracts of EC and SMC as a
      polypeptide having the same electrophoretic mobility as RBC protein. In addition,
      GPDH digested with V8 protease and analyzed by one dimensional peptide mapping
      presented the same pattern for the three cell types examined. Anti-RBC-GPDH cross
      reacted with the polypeptide from EC and SMC. The intracellular localization of
      GPDH in EC and SMC was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy
      using affinity purified anti-GPDH. We found that the antigen exhibits a diffuse
      cytoplasmic distribution in both cell types; in addition, EC contained the
      antigen in the nucleus. The nuclear GPDH-like protein in EC has a characteristic
      pattern, suggesting yet unknown implications of GPDH in the cell metabolism.

PMID- 2634240
TI  - Flow velocity-dependent regulation of microvascular resistance in vivo.
AB  - In skeletal (cremaster) muscle of pentobarbital anesthetized rats we tested the
      hypothesis that blood flow-dependent regulation of vascular resistance exists in
      the microcirculation. During occlusion of an arteriole we found that the
      consequent increase in red blood cell (RBC) velocity in a proximal parallel
      arteriole was followed by a mean increase in diameter of 32 percent (mean control
      diameter: 21.5 +/- 0.5 microns) of the arteriole under study. The increase in
      arteriolar diameter always appeared with a delay (mean: 8.4 +/- 0.5 s) following
      the onset of changes in RBC velocity. Upon release of the occlusion RBC velocity
      decreased followed by a decline in diameter of the arteriole under study. Since
      the changes in arteriolar diameter during this experimental intervention cannot
      be explained on the basis of previously described blood flow-regulatory
      mechanisms in the microcirculation we conclude that changes in blood flow
      velocity (wall shear stress) per se induced the changes in arteriolar diameter.
      The existence of this phenomenon suggests a new, flow velocity-sensitive
      mechanism which can regulate - via changes in diameter - the supply and
      distribution of blood flow in the microcirculation in vivo.

PMID- 2634241
TI  - Variability of thiamine, riboflavin and niacin content in soybean seed.

PMID- 2634242
TI  - [Determination of residues of chloramphenicol in food of animal origin].

PMID- 2634243
TI  - [A simple and rapid gas chromatographic determination of residues of dimethoate
      in fruits and vegetables].

PMID- 2634244
TI  - [In vitro cytotoxicity of melanoidins isolated from cooked meat and fish
      samples].
AB  - A study has been undertaken to investigate the biological activity of melanoidins
      isolated from meat samples baked according to Kuntscheva (electro-baking oven,
      200-300 degrees C, 60-210 min) and from semi-finished meat products baked in
      swimming fat (200 degrees C, 3 X 50 min, repeated use of the oil) as well as from
      semi-finished fish products (190 degrees C, 60 min). A weak toxicity of the
      melanoidins formed within a longer thermal treatment, but no mutagenic effect was
      stated. The cytotoxic alterations showed no specific character.

PMID- 2634245
TI  - [The subchronic toxicity of 5-vinyloxazolidine-2-thione in rats].
AB  - Groups of male and female rats received 5-vinyloxazolidine-2-thione (VOT) in
      their drinking water for 13 weeks at concentrations of 0, 10, 25, 50 or 100 mg/l
      and 0, 2.5 or 5 mg/l respectively. Compared with the controls, there were
      decreases in food intake and growth of females given VOT-doses of 10 mg/l and
      higher. Liquid intake was reduced in males and females of the highest dose group.
      Terminal haematological examination revealed an increase in white cell count at
      the 50 and 100 mg levels in females and a reduction in the red cell count at 100
      mg/l in males. Organ weight changes were dose-related increases in the relative
      thyroid and liver weight and a decrease in the relative thymus weight. Structural
      and functional changes of the thyroid were observed in animals at levels of 10
      mg/l and higher. Histological examinations of the kidneys showed tubulonephrosis
      in animals at and above a VOT-level of 5 mg/l. The no-observed-effect level
      (NOEL) established from these studies was 2.5 ml VOT/l drinking water
      (approximately equivalent to an daily intake of 0.4 mg/kg body weight).

PMID- 2634246
TI  - Plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol as a tool to assess the role of neuronal uptake
      in the anaesthetized rabbit.
AB  - (1.) The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of neuronal uptake in
      the appearance in plasma of the primary noradrenaline metabolite 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG). To this end, steady-state changes in mixed central
      venous plasma concentrations of noradrenaline and DOPEG produced by noradrenaline
      infusions or by changes in sympathetic tone were determined in anaesthetized
      rabbits either under control conditions or after treatment with desipramine (2 mg
      kg-1). The steady-state kinetics of infused DOPEG were also evaluated. (2.)
      Infused DOPEG (2.9 nmol kg-1 min-1 i.v. for 75 min) reached steady-state
      concentrations in plasma within less than 30 min, disappeared from plasma with a
      half-life of 2.3 min and showed a total-body plasma clearance of 84.0 ml kg-1 min
      1. (3.) Constant-rate infusions of noradrenaline (1.2-5.9 nmol kg-1 min-1 i.v.
      for 75 min) produced increases in plasma noradrenaline and DOPEG concentrations
      which were linearly related to the rate of noradrenaline infusion. Thus, the
      plasma clearance of infused noradrenaline (75.8 ml kg-1 min-1) as well as the
      increase in plasma DOPEG expressed in % of that in plasma noradrenaline (9.4%)
      was virtually independent of the noradrenaline infusion rate. (4.) Desipramine
      reduced the plasma clearance of infused noradrenaline by 35.4% and the increment
      in plasma DOPEG relative to that in plasma noradrenaline by 75.3%.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634247
TI  - Carotid occlusion increases the release of endogenous GABA in the nucleus of the
      solitary tract.
AB  - In anaesthetized cats, the nucleus of the solitary tract was bilaterally
      superfused through push-pull cannulae with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      and the effect of carotid occlusion on the release of endogenous GABA was
      investigated. Bilateral carotid occlusion led to a rise in blood pressure which
      was associated with a very pronounced increase in the release rate of GABA in the
      nucleus of the solitary tract. The results demonstrate the hypertensive function
      of GABA in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the importance of GABAergic
      neurons of this nucleus for the central cardiovascular control.

PMID- 2634248
TI  - The cytosol of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells synthesizes an EDRF-like substance
      that relaxes rabbit aorta.
AB  - The cytosolic fraction of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells catalysed the L-arginine-
      and NADPH-dependent formation of a substance that relaxed endothelium-denuded
      strips of rabbit aorta. Relaxations in response to this substance were enhanced
      in the presence of superoxide dismutase. N omega-Nitro-L-arginine and NG
      monomethyl-L-arginine, two inhibitors of EDRF synthesis, markedly attenuated the
      relaxations. Hemoglobin, a scavenger of EDRF, and methylene blue, an inhibitor of
      soluble guanylate cyclase, completely abolished the relaxation to N1E-115
      cytosol. In contrast, the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin did not alter
      the relaxations. These data demonstrate that the cytosol of a neuronally-derived
      cell line is able to synthesize a substance with pharmacological properties
      similar to EDRF.

PMID- 2634249
TI  - [Usefulness of the evaluation of blood supply and mass of the liver for
      predicting the rate of pharmacokinetics of lidocaine, propranolol and phenazone].
AB  - A group of patients with hepatocirrhosis were studied for the speed of liver
      elimination of lidocaine iv (n = 11), propranolol per os (n = 8) and phenazone
      per os (n = 19); they were also studied for blood supply in liver by means of
      sequential hepatoscintigraphy. Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the portal
      system and collaterals of the collateral circulation, endoscopy was used to
      evaluate the size of oesophageal varices, lateral projection of scintigraphic
      picture made it possible to calculate the liver mass. The half-life of
      propranolol and lidocaine in the initial phase of elimination correlated with the
      degree of portal-arterial disorders in liver blood supply. Propranolol
      bioavailability correlated with the diameter of the portal vein and was dependent
      on the size of oesophageal varices and the presence of cavernous transformation
      of the portal vein. No correlation was found between hepatic clearance of
      phenazone and vascular pathology of cirrhotic liver, but positive correlation was
      found between clearance and liver mass. Morphological and functional examinations
      of the vascular system of the cirrhotic liver were of greater predicative value
      for the evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of drugs than clinical progression of
      hepatocirrhosis in the Child-Turcott classification.

PMID- 2634250
TI  - [Delta infection in various forms of hepatitis B].
AB  - Blood serum of 126 patients infected by HBV was studied for the presence of anti
      delta antibodies. They were found in 8 patients (6.3%): in 5 out of 99 cases of
      chronic hepatitis in non-drug-addicts and in 3 out of 4 drug-addicts. No delta
      antibodies were found in 20 HBV carriers or 3 cases of supra-acute hepatitis. The
      disease in delta virus infected patients had a more severe course, often
      accompanied by the lack of active replication of HBV. The results of the
      examinations show to the presence of delta virus infections in Poland.

PMID- 2634251
TI  - [Changes in various lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of patients
      with chronic uremia during hemodialysis].
AB  - The examination was carried out in a group of 20 patients with decadent renal
      failure (14 males and 6 females) from 16 to 51 years of age (average 32 years)
      undergoing the therapy of repeated haemodialysis (HD) during a period from 1.5 to
      72 months. The HD procedure was performed by the use of the cuprophan dialyze
      (Gambro). The samples were taken on an empty stomach, before HD and then in the
      20th 60th and 120th minute of HD. The absolute number of lymphocytes and their
      subpopulations were determined by means of rosette tests. In the patients with
      uraemia, the absolute number of lymphocytes and their subpopulations in the
      peripheral blood was significantly lower than in healthy persons selected
      appropriately with respect to sex and age. In the initial phase of HD the authors
      found a significant decrease in the absolute number of the whole population of
      lymphocytes, and also their sub-populations T, B, TM and an increase in the
      absolute number of subpopulation TG. These changes were of transient character
      and became normalized almost completely in the 120th minute of the procedure.

PMID- 2634252
TI  - [Value of recording late ventricular potentials in patients with a history of
      myocardial infarction].
AB  - The aim of the work was to determine the values of the registration of late
      ventricular potentials (PPK) in order to identify patients with paroxysmal
      ventricular tachycardia following myocardial infarction. PPK was found in 26 out
      of 30 patients (87%) with episodes of ventricular tachycardia and only in 6 out
      of 50 (12%) patients without such rhythm disorders following myocardial
      infarction (p less than 0.001). No PPK were found in any of 25 healthy persons of
      the control group. No significant difference was found in the frequency of
      complex ventricular extrasystolic beats (III-V cl. according to Lown) in 24-hour
      ambulatory electrocardiogram between patients with paroxysmal ventricular
      tachycardia (47%) and patients without such episodes in anamnesis (30%). The
      recording of PPK in chest surface leads makes it possible to identify patients
      with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia following cardiac infarct.

PMID- 2634253
TI  - [Conservative treatment of perforation of the transverse colon caused by a
      catheter for continuous peritoneal dialysis. A case report].
AB  - In rare cases of intestinal perforation in patients dialysed peritoneally may be
      the dialyzing catheter introduced into the peritoneal cavity for repeated use.
      The therapeutic procedure (conservative or operative) is the matter of dispute.
      The authors present a female patient, aged 62, undergoing intermittent peritoneal
      dialysis for terminal renal failure. The perforation of the transverse colon due
      to the dialyzing catheter was successfully treated conservatively: the catheter
      was removed, antibacterial drugs, parenteral nutrition and bedrest were
      administered. Uraemia was controlled by haemodialysis.

PMID- 2634254
TI  - The early ontogeny of sodium appetite in spontaneously hypertensive vs.
      normotensive rats.
AB  - Rats of various strains differ widely in their appetite for sodium. For example,
      the Okamoto-Aoki spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) exhibits a much greater
      salt appetite than its normotensive control strains. Developmental observations
      of salt appetite in this strain have been collected only for rats at or above
      weanling age. In this experiment, the salt appetite of the SHR was compared with
      that of normotensive Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Kyoto rats, at 3, 6 and 12 days
      after birth. The results show that the increased salt appetite of the SHR is a
      fundamental behavioral trait that appears very early in life. This observation is
      consistent with a defective central angiotensin system in SHR rats.

PMID- 2634255
TI  - Altered spontaneous and osmotically induced drinking for fowls with permanent
      access to dilute quinine.
AB  - Fowls were given a dilute quinine solution as their sole source of fluid, and
      effects on normal ingestion and on drinking responses to dipsogenic stimuli were
      examined. Compared to controls with water, daily fluid intakes were depressed by
      25% with quinine. There was no significant effect of quinine on food intake, but
      growth was suppressed slightly. Drinking in response to hypertonic NaCl
      injections was attenuated with quinine, and whereas an initial peak in water
      intake was seen directly after hypertonic NaCl injection, this was absent with
      quinine. Moreover, increases in quinine intake after hypertonic NaCl injections
      were insufficient to restore normal osmolality. Plasma analyses indicated that
      birds drinking quinine were permanently dehydrated and, unlike birds with water,
      they appeared to reduce the hyperosmolality induced by hypertonic NaCl injections
      in the absence of drinking. In contrast, drinking responses to angiotensin were
      generally similar with quinine and water, although birds drinking quinine tended
      to stop sooner with the highest dose of angiotensin. These results support
      previous suggestions that osmotic thirst is of primary importance in control of
      normal drinking, but also demonstrate that birds tolerate a degree of dehydration
      if a suitable fluid source is unavailable.

PMID- 2634256
TI  - Lick sensors as tools in behavioral and neuroscience research.
AB  - Lick sensors can be valuable tools in behavioral and neuroscience research on
      licking and drinking behavior. The focus of this discussion is the recording of
      licking in the rat. However, comments on the application of these sensors to the
      measuring of fluid intake are included as well. Lick sensors should be used with
      adequate precautions. Some constraint on the access of the animal to the drinking
      tube is necessary for the adequate recording of each single lick. Published
      drawbacks to the use of electrically operated lick sensors are discussed, and
      reduced to realistic proportions. With these latter sensors one can obtain
      behavioral and electrophysiological data that are directly related to the time of
      making and breaking contact of the tongue with the fluid that is drunk.

PMID- 2634257
TI  - The intrasleep relationship between wake and stage 4 examined by transition
      probability analysis.
AB  - The relationship between wake and stage 4 of slow-wave sleep (SWS), in particular
      the previously observed deficiency in SWS accompanying sleep containing long-wake
      periods, is examined in this study of 147 health subjects. Stage shift
      comportment is compared between those NREM/REM cycles with wake periods greater
      than 3 minutes and those with less, using the method of transition probabilities.
      It is shown that these long wake interruptions occur preferentially in light
      sleep, and systematically disrupt the regular normal descent towards SWS, but do
      not significantly reduce the number of SWS episodes. There is at the same time,
      however, a reduction in the average duration of stage 4 periods of SWS which
      accounts for the observed reduction in the total amount of SWS.

PMID- 2634258
TI  - Possible explanations for excess weight gains in pregnancy: an animal model.
AB  - An animal study was designed to address the reasons for excess pregnancy
      associated weight gains. Forty-eight adult female rats were divided into two diet
      groups: a bland chow group and a chow plus glucose solution group. Half of each
      group was impregnated. Body weight, consumption of both foods, and water
      consumption were measured daily before, during, and after pregnancy. During
      pregnancy and after delivery, animals from each food-by-pregnancy group were
      killed, and adipose tissue analyses were performed. During pregnancy and during
      lactation, pregnant rats with two foods consumed more glucose solution and gained
      more adipose tissue with larger cells than did any other group. Taking both
      studies together, pregnancy is accompanied by sweet food consumption increases
      and can lead to adipose tissue gains in subjects not influenced by psychological
      variables.

PMID- 2634259
TI  - Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and d-fenfluramine on sham feeding and sham
      drinking in the gastric-fistulated rat.
AB  - Previous experiments indicated that drug treatments which increase serotonergic
      activity produce dose-related reductions in sucrose sham feeding. In the present
      studies, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 2 mg/kg, IP) significantly reduced sham
      feeding; its effect was reversed by the peripheral 5-HT receptor antagonist,
      xylamidine (3 mg/kg, IP). At the same dose, 5-HT did not affect water sham
      drinking. These are the first data to implicate serotonergic activity at
      peripherally located 5-HT receptors in the modulation of sucrose sham feeding. d
      Fenfluramine (3 mg/kg, IP) also reduced sham feeding, an effect that was weakly
      attenuated by xylamidine, suggesting substantial mediation of its effect by
      centrally located 5-HT receptors. Sham drinking was reduced by d-fenfluramine (3
      mg/kg), although to a lesser degree. In comparison with the previous studies, the
      present data suggest that in smaller doses d-fenfluramine is relatively selective
      in its effect on sham feeding, but that, in larger doses, the selectivity may be
      lost.

PMID- 2634260
TI  - Effects of behavior and social condition on cardiovascular response to footshock
      stress.
AB  - Rats were instrumented with arterial catheters and directional-pulsed Doppler
      flow probes for assessment of blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow in the
      renal, mesenteric, and hindquarter vascular beds. Subjects were tested in an
      intermittent shock procedure under paired and isolated social conditions and the
      cardiovascular indices associated with first shock, prone immobile behavior,
      upright behavior, and boxing behavior were recorded. Both shock procedures
      resulted in increased heart rate, mesenteric resistance, and renal resistance, as
      well as decreased hindquarter resistance. Blood pressure response was variable.
      Social and behavioral conditions generally accounted for little variance in
      cardiovascular indices during the treatments. Blood pressure assessed 2.5 min
      after the last shock was significantly higher in the isolated shock condition. In
      the context of divergent results from previous research in the area, the current
      results are most consistent with the view that a similar form of cardiovascular
      adjustment is present under paired and isolated shock, but that under some
      conditions the presence of a conspecific or the opportunity to fight may
      attenuate cardiovascular response to shock.

PMID- 2634261
TI  - Vasotocin improves intelligence and attention in mentally retarded children.
AB  - In mentally retarded (MR) prepubertal children, investigated both before and
      after six months of treatment, synthetic arginine vasotocin (AVT) (10(-6)
      mg/day/0.1 ml, intranasally), but not oxytocin or saline alone, significantly
      increased the intelligence quotient (IQ) and improved the attention parameters
      without affecting the short-term memory. Taking into account both the
      psychometric results and the clinical observations, the effects of AVT could be
      mainly explained by assuming the improvement of attention. Since there was a
      significant inverse correlation between the pretreatment levels of the IQ and
      attention scores and their increase after AVT, and since the AVT effects tend to
      be more intense in autistic children, we hypothesize that the more affected the
      attention mechanisms, the more they are sensitive to AVT. The present results are
      tentatively explained by the paradoxical sleep-enhancing properties of AVT,
      mechanisms by which AVT could improve the brain plasticity in MR subjects and by
      this, the attention performance.

PMID- 2634262
TI  - Response to chronic insulin administration: effect of area postrema ablation.
AB  - The effects of daily administration of protamine zinc insulin (PZI) on plasma
      insulin and glucose levels and on food intake and body weight of rats with
      lesions of the area postrema and adjacent caudal-medial portions of the nucleus
      of the solitary tract (APX rats) were examined. Prior to insulin treatment, APX
      rats weighted less and had lower plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels than
      nonlesioned controls but did not differ from controls in plasma glucose levels.
      Five daily injections of 5 U/kg PZI raised plasma IRI and lowered plasma glucose
      levels similarly for both lesioned and nonlesioned rats. When injected with
      increasing doses of PZI over a 30-day period, both lesioned and nonlesioned rats
      showed increases of food intake and rate of weight gain in response to 8 U/kg
      PZI. These data indicate that APX does not affect either physiological or
      behavioral responses to chronic peripheral insulin administration.

PMID- 2634263
TI  - Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of paired male lizards (Anolis carolinensis).
AB  - The associations of physical activity, skin color, body mass difference and
      conspecific olfactory cues with short-term aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in
      paired male Anolis carolinesis were examined. Control measurements for mild
      laboratory manipulation (such as the movement of a metabolic chamber) yielded
      significant increases in the rate of oxygen consumption, but not in the lactate
      concentration of these animals; stronger manipulation increased both. A possible
      influence of conspecific olfactory cues on the metabolism of lizards introduced
      into empty chambers was undetected. Anolis that turned from green to brown with
      handling showed an increase in oxygen uptake, but an association between this
      color shift and total body lactate level was not detected. Elevated rates of
      oxygen use and glycolysis were found in pairs of males in the absence of physical
      activity. Lactate levels of the individuals of a pair were positively correlated
      with one another; the lactate concentrations of lizards placed into occupied
      metabolic chambers were correlated with the difference in body mass of the pair.

PMID- 2634264
TI  - Behavioral and electrophysiological effects of crustacean neurohormone on freely
      moving cats.
AB  - The behavior of freely moving cats was assessed in an observation chamber during
      prolonged periods of time. Four patterns of behavior were consistently scored
      during the mid-day period: a) exploration, b) attention, c) grooming and d)
      drowsiness. Intracerebroventricular injections of crustacean neurodepressing
      hormone (NDH) greatly extended the time spent in drowsiness. The threshold dose
      of NDH for this effect was 300 units. The effect was established a few minutes
      after the injections and lasted for several hours. During this time the animals
      sat quietly and showed complete or semicomplete closure of the eyelids.
      Conspicuous changes in brain electrical activity were also observed under NDH. At
      low doses, the predominant electrophysiological pattern matches the activity
      recorded under spontaneous lapses of drowsiness, i.e., spindle bursts in trains
      of 8-16 Hz in cortical areas and mesencephalic reticular formation. At higher
      doses, the brain electrical activity changes into a nonconvulsive spiking
      activity in limbic areas. The time course of the effects differs in the various
      structures recorded. These results suggest a multiple substrate of NDH activity.

PMID- 2634265
TI  - Stress ulcer susceptibility and depression in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats.
AB  - In a series of studies, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats were more
      susceptible to water-restraint-induced stress ulcer as compared to spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) Fisher-344 (F344) and Wistar rats. In these same studies,
      WKY rats were also deficient in several behavioral tasks. The four strains were
      observed in the open-field test of emotionality and WKYs were judged more
      emotional. In a study on "learned helplessness" WKYs were more deficient in the
      acquisition of a shuttlebox escape response following unavoidable shock the day
      before. The prevalence of freezing behavior in the shuttlebox task and the low
      ambulation scores in the open-field test suggested depressive behavior as a WKY
      behavior characteristic. WKY rats were judged more depressed in the Porsolt
      forced-swim test as compared to the other strains. A possible depression-ulcer
      relationship may exist in WKY rats. This strain may represent a good model for
      studying possible relationships between depression and stress-induced disease.

PMID- 2634266
TI  - Effects of clonidine on self-selection of nutrients.
AB  - A Richter cafeteria was used to probe the self-selection of separate macro- and
      micronutrients in animals injected with the alpha 2 agonist, clonidine. The most
      effective dose of clonidine (25 micrograms/kg) used by previous investigators
      with more limited nutrient offerings elicited increases in carbohydrate (1, 12,
      36 hr) and vitamin A (36 hr) consumption, and decreases in salt consumption (1,
      36 hr). Casein intake was depressed at 1 hour, but increased at 12 hr. A
      significant negative correlation between sucrose and oil intake lent statistical
      support to Richter's concept of "sucrose and oil burners." Other significant
      correlations indicated that physiological links between nutrients may underly
      their cooccurrence in an animal's diet.

PMID- 2634267
TI  - Afferent control of posture and locomotion.

PMID- 2634268
TI  - Analysis of human long-latency reflexes by cooling the peripheral conduction
      pathway; which afferents are involved?
AB  - This chapter first outlines current views on the afferents of origin of human
      "long-latency stretch reflexes", and especially whether they are fast or slow.
      Attention is concentrated on methodology; other approaches can be found elsewhere
      with appropriate bibliography (Marsden et al., 1983; Matthews, 1985, 1986a;
      Wiesendanger, 1986). Recent experiments involving cooling of the human arm are
      then described. They were performed on the abductor digiti minimi and first
      dorsal interosseus muscles. The arm was cooled from wrist to axilla by
      circulating cold water through a tube wrapped round it. Cooling slows conduction
      by a constant proportion, hence the conduction delay introduced by cooling a
      segment of nerve is greater for small slow axons than for large fast ones. On
      this basis it was concluded that group I muscle afferents (presumably Ia) can
      elicit a long-latency reflex with a long central delay, as also can fast
      cutaneous afferents. No evidence was found for a long-latency reflex with the
      delay introduced peripherally by conduction along slow axons (i.e. spindle group
      II afferents). However, the co-existence of such a mechanism has yet to be
      excluded.

PMID- 2634269
TI  - Eye, head and skeletal muscle spindle feedback in the elaboration of body
      references.
AB  - Evidence is presented to support the notion that the sensory feedback originating
      in muscles is of major importance in the central elaboration of motor
      representation. The muscle spindle messages during movement and postural
      performance may be processed in order to elaborate continuously updated static
      and dynamic body references. These may then form the basis for the interpretation
      of retinal information in terms of spatial coordinates. The main arguments
      supporting this view are as follows. Experimental manipulation of muscle spindle
      proprioceptive feedback by tendon vibration induced segmental or postural
      kinaesthetic illusory movements in the direction of stretch of the vibrated
      muscles. By modifying the spatial distribution (agonists and/or antagonists), the
      frequency and the duration of the vibratory stimuli it is possible to induce
      simple or complex kinaesthetic illusions the parameters of which may be
      predicted. Microneurographic recordings confirmed that vibration rather
      selectively excited spindle Ia afferents, eliciting 1:1 driving up to 80-100 Hz.
      Moreover painless vibration, applied at increasing frequency (from 10 to 80 Hz)
      to either the medial, lateral, superior or inferior rectus of a subject's eye,
      was found to induce directional perceptual and motor effects which were closely
      related to the postural context. Likewise, the subjects reported illusory
      directional shifts of a visually fixed target in darkness during extraocular
      muscle vibration. These data suggest that extraocular proprioception contributes
      to the coding of eye, head and body position in relation to postural and
      environmental conditions. As with eye muscle stimulation, directional visual and
      postural effects were induced by vibration of neck and/or ankle postural muscles.
      These effects were found to summate when vibrations were applied simultaneously
      to the eye, neck and ankle muscles. The likely involvement of extraocular
      proprioception in interrelating body space with extrapersonal space in oriented
      behaviour is discussed.

PMID- 2634270
TI  - Comparison of the branching patterns of lateral and medial vestibulospinal tract
      axons in the cervical spinal cord.
AB  - The morphology of single physiologically-identified lateral and medial
      vestibulospinal tract (LVST and MVST) axons was analysed, using intracellular
      staining with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and three-dimensional reconstruction
      of axonal trajectories in the cat. Axons were penetrated in the cervical cord at
      C1-C8 with a microelectrode filled with 7% HRP. These axons were identified as
      vestibulospinal axons by their monosynaptic responses to stimulation of the
      vestibular nerve and further classified as either LVST or MVST axons by their
      responses to stimulation of the LVST and MVST. The stained axons could be traced
      over distances of 3-16 mm rostrocaudally. Within these lengths, both LVST and
      MVST axons were found to have multiple axon collaterals at different segments in
      the cervical cord. Up to seven collaterals were given off from the stems of MVST
      axons and LVST axons. The LVST axons included both neurones terminating at the
      cervical cord and those projecting further caudally to the thoracic or lumbar
      cord. Each collateral of these LVST axons, after entering into the gray matter,
      ramified successively in a delta-like fashion and terminated mainly in lamina
      VIII and in the medial part of lamina VII. Many boutons of both terminal and en
      passant types seemed to make contact with the cell bodies and proximal dendrites
      of neurones in the ventromedial nucleus (VM). Each collateral had a narrow
      rostrocaudal extension (0.2-1.6 mm, average 0.8 mm) in the gray matter in
      contrast to a much wider intercollateral interval (average 1.5 mm), so that there
      were gaps free from terminal boutons between adjacent collateral arborizations.
      The morphology of axon collaterals of MVST axons was very similar to that of LVST
      axons. The rostrocaudal extent of single axon collaterals was very restricted
      (0.3-2.1 mm) in contrast to the wide spread in a mediolateral or a dorsoventral
      direction. MVST axons had intensive projections to the upper cervical cord with
      multiple axon collaterals. One to seven collaterals of single MVST axons were
      found at C1-C3. Terminals of MVST axons were distributed in laminae VII, VIII and
      IX, including the VM, the nucleus spinalis n. accessorii (SA), and the
      commissural nucleus. Many terminals seemed to make contact with retrogradely
      labelled motoneurones of neck muscles. Both axosomatic and axodendritic contacts
      were observed on motoneurones in various sizes. Some collaterals gave rise to
      terminal arborizations in both the VM and the SA. These results suggest that
      single LVST and MVST axons may control excitability of multiple dorsal axial
      muscles concurrently with their multiple axon collaterals at multisegmental
      levels.

PMID- 2634271
TI  - Segmental influence of slowly-adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors on gamma
      motoneurones revealed by cross-correlation of unit discharges in the cat.
AB  - Cross-correlations between the discharges of individual cutaneous afferents and
      gamma motoneurones have been constructed in the spinal, decerebrated cat. The
      discharges of single receptors in the sural nerve field from the heel were
      recorded in dorsal root ganglia. Background discharges of gamma motoneurones and
      the responses to heel stimulation were recorded from cut filaments of the muscle
      nerve to gastrocnemius medialis of the same leg. Slowly-adapting afferents were
      stimulated by steady application of a probe to the receptive field whereas
      rapidly-adapting afferents required continuous movement to sustain discharge of a
      receptor. Cross-correlation between the discharges of 17 out of 39 slowly
      adapting, type-1 (SA1) mechanoreceptors and gamma motoneurones revealed sharp
      increases in probability of gamma motoneurone discharge that were delayed with
      respect to the afferent discharge. The peaks were of short duration with widths
      at half maximum in the range 2-7 ms and rise times of 1 to 4 ms. Deducting
      peripheral conduction times gave central delays of 3-6.5 ms for gamma motoneurone
      facilitation. These delays were comparable to those of gamma motoneurone
      excitation seen in response to electrical stimulation of the sural nerve at 1.5
      to 4 times threshold. No short duration peaks were seen in correlograms between
      hair follicle (n = 29) or slowly-adapting type-2 (SA2) (n = 11) afferents and
      gamma motoneurones. It is concluded that a single impulse from a SA1 afferent
      from the hairy skin of the heel is able to facilitate the discharge of gamma
      motoneurones to the ipsilateral gastrocnemius muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2634272
TI  - Representations of ocular rotations in the cerebellar flocculus of the rabbit.
AB  - The climbing fibres (CFs) of the rabbit flocculus that respond in a speed- and
      direction-selective manner to retinal image slip produced by eye rotations can be
      divided into three classes on the basis of the orientation of the rotation axis
      associated with their greatest modulation (the preferred axis). The similarity of
      the orientations of these axes to those of the eye rotation axes of the
      extraocular muscles suggests that a simple geometrical correspondence may exist
      between the eye rotation associated with the preferred axis of a given class of
      CFs and the eye rotation produced by activation of the Purkinje cells upon which
      that class of CFs synapse. To pursue this possibility, the axes of the eye
      rotations evoked by electrical microstimulation of the alert rabbit's flocculus
      were determined simultaneously for both eyes in three dimensions using two
      orthogonal search coils on each eye. A limited number of slow eye movement
      response patterns were found, and of these, two predominated. The most common
      response was a counterclockwise (CCW) rotation of the ipsilateral (left) eye
      around an axis close to the horizontal plane and at about 140 degrees posterior
      to the nose. The other predominant response was abduction of the ipsilateral eye.
      These two response patterns, together with the smaller conjugate components for
      the contralateral eye, are consonant with the orientations of the preferred CF
      axes. In addition, a clear CCW rotation of the contralateral (right) eye about
      its 135 degrees axis was also evoked from some stimulation sites. This response,
      which occurred either alone or as a component of an upward rotation about the
      nasal-occipital (roll) axis, is at variance with the orientations of the
      preferred CF axis. However, the latencies of the CCW contralateral 135 degrees
      component (80-140 ms) were greater than those of the CW contralateral 45 degrees
      component, the CCW ipsilateral 135 degrees component and the ipsilateral
      abduction component (8-48 ms). These latency differences may distinguish
      stimulation of Purkinje cells from stimulation of other neurones.

PMID- 2634273
TI  - Oculomotor functions of the flocculus and the vestibular nuclei after bilateral
      vestibular neurectomy.
AB  - Ito's hypothesis of an important role of the flocculus of the vestibulocerebellum
      in the immediate visual control of the VOR during visual-vestibular interaction
      has received substantial support. Nevertheless, several parts in this hypothesis
      are unclear, at least in primates. In normal monkey, vestibularly driven neurones
      in the vestibular nuclei do not carry signals which are adequate to account for
      the full range of eye movement responses during optokinetic tracking (OKN) and
      different situations of visual-vestibular interaction (especially VOR
      suppression). Thus these neurones seem not to be located at the final stage where
      floccular "gaze-velocity" Purkinje cells (PCs) exert their control function on
      the three-neurone-reflex arc. The signals of these "central" vestibular neurones
      (if relevant for the oculomotor output) must further be processed. After
      bilateral vestibular neurectomy (BVN) only a small number of vestibular nuclei
      neurones were found with eye velocity sensitivities during smooth pursuit
      tracking (SP) and OKN in the range of those of floccular PCs (also after BVN),
      and with the appropriate polarity of modulation. Our difficulties in finding
      neurones in the vestibular nuclei which, according to their neurophysiological
      behaviour, could be main target cells of floccular PCs, either in normal or in
      BVN monkeys, are discussed.

PMID- 2634274
TI  - A framework for the analysis of neuronal networks.
AB  - The object of this work is to consider the application of some methods of spike
      train analysis that are not widely known, and are concerned with the description
      of the interaction between spike trains and the determination of causal
      connections between them. The notation and terminology follow conventions
      established in the statistical literature. The examples given are based on in
      continuity recordings of the spontaneous activity of single Ia afferents from the
      soleus muscle and single motor units from the same muscle. Cumulant densities are
      shown to be simple extensions of the traditional cross-correlation methods, and
      are useful in characterizing the pattern of activity in one spike train that
      influences that in another, and to reveal interactions between spike trains that
      would not be apparent from the correlation histogram alone. Parameters based on
      the Fourier transforms of the spike trains are shown to be useful in determining
      timing relations between them, and in inferring patterns of connectivity not
      possible by correlation methods alone.

PMID- 2634275
TI  - Central mechanisms of selective fusimotor control.
AB  - Experiments on anaesthetized cats have confirmed the existence of regions of the
      midbrain from which dynamic fusimotor effects can be produced by electrical
      stimulation. Simultaneous recording from hindlimb and jaw muscle spindles has
      shown that both of these widely different muscle groups are affected from
      identical or closely related regions. The anatomical structure common to many of
      the pathways, which are likely to be involved at the sites of effective
      stimulation is the fasciculus retroflexus and it is suggested that this indicates
      that the habenulo-interpeduncular system may be involved in generating "dynamic
      fusimotor set" at the onset of movements, as a possible function of its place as
      an output pathway for the limbic system. The results are discussed in relation to
      the other well known source of dynamic control of spindles, namely the MesADC.

PMID- 2634276
TI  - Neck muscle activity in eye--head coordinated movements.
AB  - The electromyographic (EMG) activity of different neck muscles in relation to
      gaze orientation has been studied in alert trained cats. When the head is kept
      fixed, the activity of these muscles is proportional to eye eccentricity in the
      horizontal as well as in the vertical planes. On basis of this tonic activity, a
      preferential orientation can be attributed to each muscle: upward and lateral for
      biventer, rectus and complexus, and downward and lateral for longissimus,
      splenius and obliquus capitis cranialis. Fluctuations in this modulation of the
      EMG activity by eye position can be observed. When the head is free to move, the
      muscles show phasic discharges having similar preferential orientations. For a
      given muscle, this orientation covers a quite large angle: many muscles
      contribute to a given movement. The timing of the discharge of the different
      muscles as a function of the direction of the head movement was examined. It was
      found that the latency, i.e. the delay between the discharge and movement onset,
      progressively increases as the movement direction diverges from the preferential
      orientation of the muscle. It has been noted that the muscles having an upward
      preferential orientation may show, in relation to downward movements, inhibition
      occurring prior to the onset of the head movement. The same muscles may also
      increase their activity around the midcourse of downward movements. Thus, the
      head motor system controls the direction and amplitude parameters not only by
      selectively activating the appropriate muscles but also by sequencing their
      activity in a subtle way to start, control the trajectory and stop the movement,
      reminiscent of what has been described for limb movements.

PMID- 2634277
TI  - Head kinematic during various motor tasks in humans.
AB  - Head kinematic during various motor tasks was studied in ten subjects. The
      movement of the body was recorded with a video system (E.L.I.T.E.) which allows a
      computer reconstruction of three-dimensional motion of selected points on the
      body. Analysis is focused on head rotation in the horizontal and vertical planes.
      The results demonstrate that the amplitude and the maximum velocity do not exceed
      respectively 38 deg/s and 185 deg/s. However the head is intermittently
      stabilized and the angle of this stabilization is dependent upon the task and
      related to the direction of gaze. Darkness had no significant effect on head
      rotational velocity during walking but caused a decrease in velocity during
      running and hopping. The results suggest that head stabilization (1) is related
      to an ocular fixation point in the direction of gaze in space and (2) is probably
      regulated on the basis of a predictive mode of sensory motor control.

PMID- 2634278
TI  - Functional coupling of the stabilizing gaze reflexes during vertical linear
      motion in the alert cat.
AB  - Eye-head coordination is mainly achieved by means of stabilizing reflexes (VOR,
      VCR, OKR) and orienting movements (eye-neck surgery) underlying the close
      cooperation of the visual and vestibular systems in gaze stabilization. The
      functional coupling of these different sensorimotor subsystems has been
      principally analysed using rotatory stimulation of the whole body and/or of the
      visual surround. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dynamic
      properties of these stabilizing gaze reflexes and their coupling during linear
      motion in the vertical plane. These investigations were performed in the alert
      cat under open-loop conditions (head fixed). Otolith stimulation consisted of
      vertically translating the cat in total darkness using sinusoidal linear motion
      (0.025 Hz-1.39 Hz; 290 mm peak-to-peak amplitude). Optokinetic stimulation was
      provided by sinusoidally moving a pseudo-random visual pattern in front of the
      cat and in the vertical plane, with identical kinematic parameters. Normal visual
      otolith interaction was performed by translating the cat in front of the
      stationary visual surround while conflicting interaction was provided by moving
      the animal and the visual pattern in phase and at the same velocity (visual
      stabilization). Results showed that the vertical otolith-neck reflex is very
      poorly developed or absent in the low frequency range of motion (0.025 Hz-0.25
      Hz) while consistent EMG activity is found during pure optokinetic stimulation.
      EMG responses are in phase with the visual surround velocity in the upward
      direction and with the upward OKR velocity. A close correlation is observed
      between the EMG gain and the OKR gain, which both decrease in this low frequency
      range, indicating that gaze stabilization would be mainly ensured by the OKR and
      a functional oculo-collic coupling or eye-neck surgery in the vertical plane. On
      the contrary, gaze stabilization is principally achieved by way of the otolith
      neck reflex in the higher frequency range of motion (above 0.25 Hz). EMG
      responses recorded during otolith stimulation exhibit a relatively constant gain
      and a phase lead with respect to motion velocity which progressively reduces as
      the stimulus frequency increases up to 1.39 Hz. When present, EMG responses
      evoked during the optokinetic stimulation show strong gain attenuation and phase
      lag. Normal visual-otolith interaction induces neck muscle activity which
      parallels the optokinetic and the otolith responses in the low and high frequency
      ranges, respectively. The motor responses are however improved in terms of gain
      and phase values in the whole frequency range when both sensory inputs are
      combined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2634279
TI  - The role of stretch and vestibulo-spinal reflexes in the generation of human
      equilibrating reactions.
AB  - Equilibrating reactions in standing humans were examined for evidence that either
      vestibulo-spinal or proprioceptive long loop stretch reflexes from ankle muscles,
      or both, are responsible for the control and organization of rapid postural
      responses. Specifically, the hypothesis was tested that the same postural
      response could be evoked by rotation of the support surface that mimics the ankle
      rotation occurring during support surface translations. Rotation perturbations
      evoked postural responses in leg and trunk muscles that were different in
      strategy, synergy and coactivation from translation responses, even though the
      short-latency response in the stretched triceps surae muscles was equal in
      latency and size. Movement patterns consisted of a stiffening strategy and hardly
      any compensating ankle rotation for rotation stimuli, and a multi-link strategy
      with motion focused about the neck, hip and ankle joints for translation stimuli.
      Dorsiflexion rotations caused earlier and stronger responses in tibialis anterior
      and quadriceps muscles just post to the onset of paraspinal muscles, whereas
      rearward translation activated soleus and abdominals strongest, both just prior
      to hamstring muscles. Correlated activation strengths of agonist and antagonist
      activity was a common feature for both types of perturbation, albeit, only in the
      ankle muscles for rotations and only in the trunk muscles for translations. These
      data suggest that sensory inputs, other than those generated in the lower leg
      predominate, in the triggering and modulation of equilibrating reactions.
      Possible candidates are those of the vestibular system or proprioceptive inputs
      from the trunk.

PMID- 2634280
TI  - Significance of proprioceptive mechanisms in the regulation of stance.
AB  - Compensatory electromyographic (EMG) responses and several biomechanical
      parameters were studied following impulsive disturbance of the limbs during
      stance of human volunteers on a treadmill. Treadmill acceleration impulses were
      backwards or forwards directed, or their initial direction was reversed after 30
      ms. Backwards directed impulses were followed by gastrocnemius, forwards directed
      ones by tibialis anterior EMG responses (latency 65 to 75 ms) whose durations
      depended on impulse duration. When the direction of the impulse was reversed, the
      respective antagonistic leg muscles were activated again with a delay of 68 to 75
      ms after onset of stretch of these muscles. The behaviour of the EMG responses
      could best be correlated to the displacement at the ankle joint and may be
      described in terms of a stretch reflex response. The results indicate that these
      stretch reflex responses help control of the body's centre of gravity thereby
      preventing falling. Head movements induced by the impulses showed little
      correlation with the appearance of the EMG responses, suggesting that the
      vestibular system is unlikely to be directly involved in the generation of these
      responses. Vestibular signals may, however, significantly contribute to slow body
      sway stabilization.

PMID- 2634281
TI  - Sensorimotor cortical control of isometric force in the monkey.
AB  - Recordings from single neurones in the primary somatosensory (SI) and motor (MI)
      cortex of monkeys trained to precisely regulate force between thumb and index
      finger have disclosed the following contrasting properties between neurones in
      these two cortical regions: (1) the existence of neurones with similar discharge
      patterns within MI and SI but, between these regions, significantly different
      distributions of the classes of discharge patterns; (2) a late onset of activity
      change in SI neurones in relation to force increase as compared to significantly
      earlier changes in MI neurones; (3) linear relations between firing rate and
      isometric force for SI and MI neurones, however with a larger range of rate-force
      slopes in SI as compared to MI; (4) infrequent motor reactions to intracortical
      microstimulation in SI but frequent reactions in MI; (5) a majority of SI
      neurones with cutaneous afferent input in contrast to predominant input from deep
      tissues to MI neurones; and (6) context independent visually evoked activity
      observed exclusively in MI neurones. These major differences suggest that SI
      neuronal activity most likely reflects the input from peripheral receptors rather
      than, as postulated for MI neurones, the participation in movement initiation and
      the control of muscular contractions.

PMID- 2634282
TI  - Interruption of motor programmes by electrical or magnetic brain stimulation in
      man.
AB  - These experiments describe the effect on voluntary movement of an electrical or
      magnetic stimulus delivered to the brain through the scalp. Subjects were trained
      to flex or extend their wrists as rapidly as possible in response to an auditory
      tone. A single brain stimulus delivered after the tone, and before the usual time
      of onset of the voluntary reaction, could delay the movement for up to 150 ms,
      without affecting the pattern of agonist and antagonist EMG bursts. Movement was
      not delayed when similar experiments were performed with supramaximal stimulation
      of the median nerve instead of the brain stimulus. The delay following a cortical
      shock was not due to spinal motoneurones being inaccessible to input during the
      delay, since H-reflexes given in the middle of the delay period were capable of
      activating the muscle. Neither could the delay be explained by the brain stimulus
      altering the time of the subject's intention to respond, since a stimulus
      delivered to one hemisphere prior to an attempted simultaneous bilateral wrist
      movement produced a far greater delay on the contralateral than the ipsilateral
      side. We suggest that the brain stimulus delayed movement by inhibiting a group
      of strategically placed neurones in the brain (probably in the motor cortex)
      which made them unresponsive for a brief period to the command signals which
      initiate agonist and antagonist muscle activity.

PMID- 2634283
TI  - Somatosensory input to dopamine neurones of the monkey midbrain: responses to
      pain pinch under anaesthesia and to active touch in behavioural context.
AB  - The somatosensory responses of single dopamine (DA) neurones were recorded in the
      pars compacta of substantia nigra and in neighbouring DA cell groups of four
      Macaca fascicularis monkeys. These neurones were electrophysiologically
      discriminated against other cells by their polyphasic, relatively long impulses
      (2.0-5.0 ms) occurring at low rates (mostly 1.0-5.0/s), by antidromic activation
      from caudate or putamen, and by reduction of impulse rate following subcutaneous
      injection of apomorphine (0.05-0.15 mg/kg). Of 140 DA neurones recorded in two
      monkeys under barbiturate anaesthesia, 51% showed reductions and 17% increases in
      impulse rate during intense noxious pinch stimulation. Neurones responded non
      somatotopically to stimulation of the hand, foot, face, dorsum and tail on both
      sides of the body. Innocuous, even intense, surface or deep somatosensory stimuli
      were ineffective. Systemic injection of the DA receptor antagonist haloperidol
      (0.33-0.5 mg/kg) strongly reduced the pinch responses. Of 154 DA neurones
      recorded in two monkeys during self-initiated arm movements, 84% showed phasic
      activations with latencies of 65 ms when the monkey's hand touched a food morsel
      inside the target box. Responses were absent when touching other objects. Touch
      responses to food did not occur when the reaching movement into the same food box
      was performed in reaction to an external trigger stimulus. In conclusion, DA
      neurones were activated in specific behavioural contexts by somatosensory stimuli
      of low intensities while responding unconditionally to noxious input.

PMID- 2634284
TI  - Disturbances of motor preparation in basal ganglia and cerebellar disorders.
AB  - Movements of the arms (execution) in standing human subjects are preceded
      (preparation), accompanied, and followed (compensation) by muscular activity in
      postural trunk and leg muscles. Postural muscular activity compensates inertial
      forces acting on the body at the beginning and during arm movements and keeps the
      centre of gravity within the limits of stable upright standing. Standing normal
      subjects and patients performed bilateral arm elevations in response to an
      acoustic trigger. The beginning of EMG activity in the anterior deltoid muscle
      reflects the reaction time. Postural activity prior to the arm movement was
      observed in anterior tibialis, paraspinalis, and hamstring muscles. Compensatory
      muscular action occurred in the triceps surae. Motor preparation and compensation
      thus are an integral part of a motor programme. Muscles involved, latencies, and
      amount of EMG activity change with variations in the motor task (e.g. range of
      arm movement, changes in inertia of the arm, changes in initial body position).
      Reaction times and the pattern of preparatory and compensatory postural EMG
      activity were normal in most of the patients with Parkinson's disease. Reaction
      times were significantly increased in patients with cerebellar atrophy. The most
      prominent pathological feature in cerebellar patients was the inadequate temporal
      sequence of motor preparation and execution. Our results indicate that the basal
      ganglia play a minor role in motor preparation, whereas the cerebellum seems to
      coordinate the relative timing between motor preparation and execution.

PMID- 2634285
TI  - Control mechanisms for restoring posture and movements in paraplegics.
AB  - The control mechanisms underlying undisturbed movements were analysed in two
      series of experiments: (1) normal physiological responses were investigated in
      neurologically intact subjects; (2) an artificial motor control system for
      paraplegic patients using functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) of the
      paralysed leg muscles was developed and tested. In both series of experiments
      standing-up from a chair and sitting-down were studied. A three-link model of the
      human body was used for recording and processing biomechanical data. In 5 normal
      subjects ground reaction forces and the surface electromyogram of different leg
      muscles were also recorded. Basic physiological aspects of FNS such as muscle
      force regulation and fatigue could be documented. For the standing-up and sitting
      down experiments in 2 paraplegic patients the gluteal and quadriceps muscles were
      stimulated. The best results were achieved with a combination of open-loop and
      closed-loop stimulation with position and velocity feedback. The importance of
      feedforward and feedback control during undisturbed movements is discussed for
      natural and artificial motor control systems. It is concluded that the control of
      knee joint angle during standing-up and sitting-down represents an unstable
      system which cannot be controlled open-loop only. Different aspects of sensory
      feedback including the regulated variables, gain and stability of the system are
      discussed on the basis of the experimental data and the literature.

PMID- 2634286
TI  - Ensemble proprioceptive activity in the cat step cycle: towards a representative
      look-up chart.
AB  - Analysis of the control of movement in tasks such as stepping is severely
      restricted by the lack of quantitative data on the ensemble activity of afferents
      in the numerous muscles involved. We have started to build up a quantitative
      "look-up-chart" of the ensemble afferent and efferent profiles in the cat step
      cycle. To this end, we have developed software which allows us to digitize
      afferent firing, muscle length and electromyogram (EMG) activity, and to align
      segments for averaging by choosing one or more reference points in the step
      cycle. The ensemble firing of triceps surae Ia afferents showed lower than
      expected mean and peak rates, whereas triceps group II and Ib afferents were more
      active than predicted. There were small but significant transients in Ia firing
      at foot-off and touch-down which could not be explained in terms of origin-to
      insertion length lone. They were most likely caused by propagated mechanical
      transients or tendon compliance effects giving rise to small differences between
      the origin-to-insertion length and the intramuscular length "seen" by spindles.
      Net ensemble Ia rates, based on previous estimates of spindle populations,
      probably exceed 25 kilo-impulses/second (ki.p.s.) in some muscles. Inputs as
      large as this are likely to contribute significantly to reflex control.

PMID- 2634287
TI  - Roles of muscle activity and load on the relationship between muscle spindle
      length and whole muscle length in the freely walking cat.
AB  - The objective of this research was to compare the length of muscle spindles to
      the length of the whole muscle, during normal movements. Pairs of piezoelectric
      crystals were implanted near the origin and insertion of muscle fibres in the
      medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle of cats. The distance between crystals was
      measured with pulsed ultrasound, the origin-to-insertion length of the MG muscle
      was measured with a transducer made of saline-filled silicone tubing, MG force
      was measured with a tendon force transducer and EMG activity was selectively
      recorded in the vicinity of implanted crystals. These signals were simultaneously
      recorded during posture or locomotion on a motorized treadmill. Three periods
      were identified in the step cycle, during which the relation between muscle
      length and spindle length changed dramatically. In period I (roughly
      corresponding to the late F and E1 phases of swing), the MG muscle and spindles
      followed similar length changes: both were stretched and then shortened by about
      6 mm. In period II (corresponding to the stance phase, E2-E3) the MG muscle
      yielded under the weight of the body and was stretched by 1-3 mm, whereas the MG
      spindles typically continued shortening. In period III, the MG muscle shortened
      rapidly by 6-8 mm after the foot left the ground and then stretched again by
      about the same amount, whereas the spindles could remain nearly isometric. We
      attribute these large discrepancies in muscle and spindle length to the
      architecture of the MG muscle and the compliance of long tendinous elements in
      series with the spindles. We conclude that the length changes imposed on muscle
      spindles during voluntary movements are not simply related to the parent muscle
      length changes and cannot be estimated without taking into account the muscle
      architecture, the location of the spindle within the muscle, the level of muscle
      activation and the external load.

PMID- 2634288
TI  - Flexible fusimotor control of muscle spindle feedback during a variety of natural
      movements.
AB  - A refined version of an experimental iterative simulation method is described,
      which was used to infer, from chronic spindle afferent recordings, type and time
      course of static and dynamic fusimotor activation during a variety of voluntary
      movements. When used to estimate overall fusimotor drive (without distinction
      between static and dynamic action) the method provides unique solutions. However,
      when generating independent gamma s and gamma d activation profiles, the
      solutions no longer are strictly unique. Yet the boundary conditions imposed by
      the type specific characteristics of gamma-action nevertheless permit detection
      of powerful activation, especially of dynamic efferents. Extending the finding of
      selective dynamic fusimotor activation during unpredictably imposed and resisted
      stretches, evidence for powerful, often transient activation of dynamic efferents
      has now been obtained for three additional motor paradigms. First, initiation of
      walking was accompanied by mixed fusimotor action. Static drive was stepped up
      and then maintained, whereas dynamic drive declined after an initial abrupt peak.
      Second, corrective balancing on a narrow walk beam was characterized by largely
      maintained static background drive, whilst dynamic activation profiles often
      exhibited powerful surges or transients, when the animal crouched to regain
      balance. These preceded subsequent EMG bursts during the stretch phase of
      crouching by about 300 ms. Third, preparation for landing from rapid lowering
      featured prominent and possibly selective activation of dynamic fusimotor
      neurones, which peaked while the animal was in mid-air and declined upon landing,
      and which preceded the sharp onset of EMG after landing by several hundred
      milliseconds. In all cases the fusimotor activation profiles were unrelated to
      the parent muscle EMG and difficult to reconcile with the notion of alpha-gamma
      linkage or coactivation. These findings then clearly support the concept of
      flexible central control, particularly of dynamic gamma-motoneurones during
      certain motor tasks.

PMID- 2634289
TI  - Fusimotor mechanisms determining the afferent output of muscle spindles.
AB  - There is both direct and indirect evidence that stretch activation occurs in the
      dynamic bag1 fibres of the mammalian muscle spindle and that it is responsible
      for maintaining the high sensitivity of primary sensory endings in stretches
      great enough to break the resting actomyosin bonds responsible for the short
      range stiffness of muscle fibres. However the direct observations of dynamic bag1
      fibre behaviour during stretching were made on damaged fibres and during very
      slow stretches. Preliminary results of experiments employing faster stretches of
      intact muscle spindles are reported here. An image processing system is being
      developed to automate and facilitate analysis of sarcomere movements during
      stretch, release and activation of intrafusal fibres. Unequivocal evidence
      confirming the development of stretch activation has not yet been found. Boyd
      (1986a) believed that static bag2 and chain fibres are controlled by separate
      populations of static gamma motoneurones, while accepting that there is some
      degree of common innervation. His evidence and the functional implications are
      discussed.

PMID- 2634290
TI  - [Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: efficient treatment for children with
      terminal uremia].
AB  - We have reviewed records of 12 children underwent CAPD between January 84 and May
      88, ranging in age from 7 month to 16 years (mean age 8.9 +/- 4.9 years). CAPD
      treatment lasted from 3 to 24 months (average 10.3 months). Exchanges of dialysis
      fluid were performed by parents (8 cases) or children (3); mean volume was 41.7
      +/- 8.7 ml/kg/exchange (range 32-58 ml/kg). During 132 patient months of
      treatment laboratory data showed a good metabolic control expect a tendency to
      hypoalbuminemia. There were 3 catheter changes. Complications were: peritonitis
      (15 episodes or one infection every 8.8 patient/treatment/months), hypertension
      (5 cases), hypervolemia (2), cuff extrusion (4), local exit site (5) and tunnel
      (2) infections and hernias (2). CAPD has been continued in 3 children; 6 other
      received renal transplantation, one was switched to hemodialysis and 2 died. This
      study has demonstrated that CAPD was an effective treatment for renal failure in
      children waiting renal transplant. Cuff extrusion and hypoalbuminemia were common
      complications in our children.

PMID- 2634291
TI  - [A unit for the care of acute headache attacks. A new experience in our milieu].
AB  - This paper presents the aims of the first unit for treatment of headache crisis
      in a Brazilian Medical School. The differences between this unit and a
      neurological emergency unit and the therapeutic schedules are discussed.

PMID- 2634292
TI  - [Interaction of ethanol and smoking: a new theme in hepatology?].

PMID- 2634293
TI  - [Immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of neoplasms].

PMID- 2634294
TI  - [Esophagoplasty with bypass using an isoperistaltic gastric tube in the treatment
      of cancer of the thoracic esophagus: study of 13 cases].
AB  - In order to relieve complete obstruction of the thoracic esophagus due to
      spinocellular carcinoma, thirteen patients, all of them in good or at least
      regular general conditions were submitted to a bypass using a isoperistaltic
      gastric tube. The disease itself was treated by radiotherapy after surgery. Only
      one patient died at the hospital due to an error in the radiotherapy schedule.
      Cervical fistula was observed in six patients seven days after surgery; local
      treatment was enough for complete healing in five out of six. In one patient
      surgery was performed in order to repair the anastomotic area. Stenosis was
      observed in three patients but in all cases it was possible to overcome it by
      endoscopy. With the progress of the disease other complications were observed
      such as hemoptysis and respiratory distress. The survival rate was nine months
      (running between five and sixteen) but it should be noted that swallow capacity
      was maintained until death. The employed of a bypass of isoperistaltic gastric
      tube seems to be a desirable alternative in the treatment of esophageal cancer
      because it allows the reestablishment of deglutition before any treatment such as
      radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery.

PMID- 2634295
TI  - Comparison of dietary energy sources and obesity.
AB  - Possible relationship of changes in food and nutrition situation in the period
      1961-1985 with obesity were briefly outlined. More evidence, incl. methodological
      improvements of studies is needed to make definitive confirmation on DES vs.
      obesity.

PMID- 2634296
TI  - [Current recommendations concerning rational use of fats. II. Value of
      polyunsaturated fatty acids from the n-6 and n-3 groups and general
      recommendations].
AB  - The number of scientific proofs of a close correlation between health state and
      diet is increasing. The present suggestions on the consumption of fats and PUFA
      effect on the human organism are discussed on the basis of current literature and
      statements of the panel conference on "Fat and cholesterol". The survey of the
      pertinent literature seems to suggest the following conclusions. Blood lipid
      level decrease by low-fat diet depends more on the composition of fatty acids
      than on the total dietary fat content and on replacement of fats with
      carbohydrates. Long-chain n-3 fatty acids from seafish oil exert a beneficial
      effect on plasma lipid level. They participate in the mechanisms of blood
      clotting, inhibit atherosclerosis progression and reduce the arterial blood
      pressure. In the assessment of the effect of dietary fatty acids on lipid
      metabolism the dietary content of three groups of fatty acids must be considered:
      saturated (S), monounsaturated (M) and polyunsaturated (P). Diets containing the
      same P:S proportions but different amounts of saturated fatty acids produce
      various effects on the blood cholesterol level. The need is perceived of making
      the population aware of the importance of rational fat consumption and
      introduction of modifications of food processed by food product industry.

PMID- 2634297
TI  - [Nutrition of pregnant women working in large industrial plants].
AB  - In 1985 the dietary habits and daily food rations were analysed in 327 women in
      the first half, and 918 in the second half of pregnancy working, similarly as 921
      non-pregnant healthy women, in 42 biggest Polish industrial plants as manual
      workers. The energy level (2623 kcal), total protein (75.3g) and the levels of
      the remaining nutrients in the daily food ration in women in the first half of
      pregnancy were either in agreement or higher (in the case of fats--108.5g) than
      the recommended ones, with the exception of calcium (669 mg) and percent of
      energy derived from protein (11.6%) which were lower. The mean daily food ration
      of women in the second half of pregnancy provided a sufficient amount of energy
      (2759 kcal), lower than recommended amount of total protein (79.9g), calcium (734
      mg), and iron and vitamins B1, B2 and C. Pregnant women in relation to controls
      consumed significantly more energy daily (by 684 kcal in the first half--35%, and
      by 820 kcal--42% in the second half of pregnancy) and various nutrients, with the
      exception of vitamin C in the first half of pregnancy (p less than or equal to
      0.05). In the second half of pregnancy the women took significantly more energy,
      total protein, animal protein, carbohydrates, calcium, iron and vitamin B1, B2
      and C than in the first half (p less than or equal to 0.05). These differences
      were not statistically significant for the remaining nutrients. The study
      demonstrated that women in pregnancy took significantly different diets than non
      pregnant women.

PMID- 2634298
TI  - [Changes in the levels of nitrates and nitrites in vegetables and vegetable
      products and vitamin C in white sauerkraut].
AB  - The authors demonstrated that during souring nitrates disappear from the white
      sauerkraut as a mean rate of 42% after 7 days and 23% after 30 days (souring in
      spring 1987) and by 29% and 77% of the initial level after 7, 30 and 90 days
      (souring in winter-spring period 1988). After 7 days the level of l-ascorbic acid
      rose from a mean value of 52 mg/kg to 300 mg/kg, and after 90 days this level
      fell to one-half of the initial value. No significant changes were noted in the
      content of nitrites. A decrease of nitrates and increase of nitrite content was
      found in freshly obtained carrot juice (with a juice extractor). The effect of
      time and temperature of juice storage on the concent of nitrates and nitrites was
      studied.

PMID- 2634299
TI  - [Study of fluorine and lead levels in selected vegetables and fruit grown within
      the range of emission of these elements by the household glass plant "Irena" in
      Inowroclaw].
AB  - The content of fluorine and lead was determined by spectroscopic methods in the
      vegetables, fruit and flowers gathered in 1987 from the "Transportowiec" Garden
      Plots situated in the range of emission of these elements by the plant. Fluorine
      was isolated from plant materials by microdiffusion and determined
      spectrophotometrically as a triple complex: alizarine complexon + lanthanum +
      fluorideion. Lead was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ASA).
      Vegetables and fruit were raised in the range of 500 m from the emission source
      of the "Irena" plant. In only several vegetables the content of fluorine
      calculated for dry mass exceeded the Polish permissible level. On the other hand,
      the lead content in vegetables exceeded in 18.5% the Polish normal value and the
      suggested normal value of the Council of Mutual Economic Aid countries in 55.5%.
      The obtained results of fluorine and lead determinations were compared with those
      in the years 1981-1983 stressing the health hazards caused by consumption of
      vegetables and fruit from the gardens and fields situated in the vicinity of
      glass plant emission sources.

PMID- 2634300
TI  - [Effect of the variety and size of fresh and frozen brussels sprouts on the
      vitamin C level].
AB  - The content of vitamin C was determined in the following varieties of Brussels
      sprouts: Maczuga, Citadel F1, Lancelot F1 and Valiant F1 with diameter 15, 20,
      25, 30 and 35 mm. The raw vegetable, the blanched raw sprouts, frozen sprouts
      immediately after freezing and after 2, 4 and 6 months of frozen storage, and
      sprouts kept frozen for 6 months and boiled then. The content of vitamin C in the
      raw vegetable, in the frozen semiproduct, and in the product ready for
      consumption depended on the variety and on the size of the vegetable, and with
      rising size the content of vitamin C was decreasing. Immediately after harvesting
      the sprouts contained from 109 to 198 mg of vitamin C in 100 g of fresh mass.
      Higher levels of vitamin C were present in heterotic varieties, lower in the
      stabilized variety Maczuga. Depending on the variety blanching led to a decrease
      of vitamin C content by 15 to 27%, freezing reduced it by 1% to 8%, during 6
      months of storage of frozen vegetables this reduction was 14 to 32%, and boiling
      of frozen sprouts decreased it by another 30-39%. Consequently, the final product
      contained from 33% to 48% of vitamin C amount in the raw vegetable, which was, on
      the average, 73 mg/100 g of fresh mass in the Citadel variety, 60 mg in the
      Valiant variety, 59 mg in the Lancelot variety, and 52 mg in the Maczuga variety.
      The boiled sprouts of 15 mm diameter contained, on average, 59% vitamin C more
      than the sprouts with 35 mm diameter.

PMID- 2634301
TI  - [Organochlorine pesticide residues in the adipose tissue of slaughtered animals
      from Eastern Poland].
AB  - The results are presented of determinations of organic chlorine pesticides (sigma
      DDT, sigma BHC, HCB) in the perirenal fat of slaughtered animals. The study was
      done in the years 1986-1987 in East Poland.

PMID- 2634302
TI  - [Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the livers of the population of Bialystok
      and its environs].
AB  - In the livers of 34 subjects living in Bialystok and environs the residues of
      chlorinated hydrocarbons were determined. The mean values of alpha-HCH, beta-HCH,
      gamma-HCH, DDE, DDD, DDT and sigma DDT were respectively 16, 60, 81, 1090, 94,
      177 and 1361 mcg/kg of fat, and 0.5, 3.2, 3.3, 48, 5.0, 7.1 and 60 mcg/kg of
      tissue. The content of DDE and sigma DDT in liver fat was similar to that found
      previously in perirenal fat. In relation to perirenal fat the content of DDT in
      liver fat was lower and that of DDD was higher. This was due, probably, to
      metabolic changes taking place in the liver. The relationship between beta-HCH
      and gamma-HCH in the liver was different from that in fatty tissue in which the
      level of Indian was lower than that of the beta-isomer.

PMID- 2634303
TI  - [Analysis of chloramphenicol in milk and animal tissues using the gas
      chromatography method].
AB  - Chloramphenicol is extracted from meat, liver, kidney and milk samples with ethyl
      acetate, followed by hexane partitioning with aqueous sodium chloride to remove
      lipids, ethyl acetate reextraction, formation of trimethylsilyl derivative of
      chloramphenicol and quantitation by electron capture gas chromatography.
      Precision, accuracy and recovery of the method was tested. The average recoveries
      from meat samples spiked at 25, 50 and 100 micrograms/kg levels ranged from 94.7
      to 98.7% with coefficient of variation (CV) in the range 3.6-8.3%. Recovery and
      CV values from milk samples spiked at three levels ranged from 90.4 to 97.2% and
      from 4.9 to 6.6%, respectively. The detection limit of the method was 5
      micrograms/kg.

PMID- 2634304
TI  - [Analysis of formaldehyde in various chemical products for household use and in
      shampoos and bath liquids].
AB  - In the years 1987-1988 in cooperation with 34 Province Sanitary-Epidemiological
      Stations 938 samples of shampoos and bathing fluids were investigated, among them
      40 imported shampoos, besides that 829 samples of chemical products for household
      use were analysed for the presence of formaldehyde. In the products which should
      not contain formaldehyde this compound was found in amounts from 0 to 50 mg/kg in
      84.75% of shampoos and bathing fluids (77.18% of the samples contained no
      formaldehyde), 87.03% of fluids for washing of vessels, rinsing and softening of
      fabrics, and for washing or refrigerators (in 75.13% of these products
      formaldehyde was not found). The authors suggest that the permissible
      formaldehyde level for these products should be 50 mg/kg and should be accepted
      as contamination. In these products in which the permitted formaldehyde level was
      0.1% already 99.12% of the samples was below that value.

PMID- 2634305
TI  - [Changes in sanitary conditions at elementary schools in Poland 1985-1988].
AB  - In the years 1985 and 1988 using a scoring system the health conditions were
      evaluated in a representative sample of 448 elementary schools in Poland for
      determining the changes occurring in them during that time. The evaluation
      included the environment, school building, school functioning and education
      organization. The study demonstrated unsatisfactory health conditions, especially
      in village schools, due mainly to poor lighting of schools, poor equipment with
      furniture, toilet facilities, conditions of feeding, and recreational facilities.
      During three years this situation was slightly improved, but is still far from
      satisfactory.

PMID- 2634306
TI  - [Comparison of psychophysical stress in students in the first and second grades
      at secondary schools].
AB  - The study was carried out on 298 students (216 girls and 82 boys) beginning
      education in the first classes of secondary schools in Bydgoszcz, Cracow and
      Poznan. After one year the same students were examined again (282 second class
      students, 197 girls and 85 boys). The psychophysical stress was determined using
      an inquiry with 77 questions grouped in such a way that it was possible to
      pinpoint stress related to school education, work outside school, day timetable,
      situation of the student in class and family, and psychic wellbeing. The total
      score of all answers provided information on the total psychophysical stress. The
      answers to the questions pointed to the stressful factors and subjective feeling
      of the troublesomeness of these factors. It was found that with longer time spent
      in school the psychophysical stress was increasing. Although the stress resulting
      with objectively existing situations was at a similar level in both compared
      classes in the case of girls, and was slightly higher in the second class for
      boys, the subjective feeling of troublesomeness of these situations increased
      evidently in the second year both for boys and girls. The psychophysical stress
      of students in both compared classes differed for both sexes. In girls the
      psychophysical stress, subjective feeling of troublesomeness of work related to
      lessons, work timetable, student's situation in class and family and psychic
      wellbeing were greater in the first and second year of education. Only the
      magnitude of stress connected with work outside school was similar for boys and
      girls, and it was similar in both compared classes. The obtained results suggest
      the need for a differential approach during education to girls and boys, since
      girls are more susceptible to the effects of various stressful factors.

PMID- 2634307
TI  - [Living with chronic disease].

PMID- 2634308
TI  - [Nursing and philosophy--a comment on a comment].

PMID- 2634309
TI  - [Developments in nursing--a reductionistic circle?].

PMID- 2634311
TI  - [Midwife's working day].

PMID- 2634310
TI  - [Insulin-dependent diabetes--how is it experienced?].

PMID- 2634312
TI  - [Various non-specific immunity proteins in the blood serum of workers in the coke
      processing industry].
AB  - The concentrations of certain proteins related to non-specific immunity were
      determined in the serum of cokery workers and in a matched control group. No
      changes were found in the concentrations of the main proteins of the properdin
      system, that is properdin and third fraction of complement. However, the level of
      transferrin was higher in cokery workers. It seems that the harmful effects of
      the working environment were not changing the function of the properdin system.
      Raised transferrin level seems to be only a biochemical trace of exposure without
      essential importance.

PMID- 2634313
TI  - [Pleural complications of pneumonia in children].
AB  - Four-year experiences are reported concerning the treatment in tropical climate
      of 37 children with pneumonia complicated with pleural empyema. Most children
      were aged below 3 years. Among clinical manifestations dysponoea, fever and
      toxaemia were in the foreground. The pathogen most frequently demonstrated in
      blood and pleural exudate was Staphylococcus aureus. In all cases antibiotics
      were given, hydration and diet with high protein content were given,
      pleurocentesis was done for decompression. Despite intensive hospital treatment
      every 7th child died.

PMID- 2634314
TI  - [Autoimmune chronic hepatitis in children].
AB  - Autoimmune chronic hepatitis is a clinical syndrome of unknown aetiology with
      serious prognosis. The disease poses also important problems. During 4 years 11
      children with autoimmune chronic hepatitis were observed, among them 10 girls and
      1 boy aged from 8 to 16 years. The diagnosis was based on histological
      examinations, clinical symptoms and biochemical investigations. In all cases the
      level of gamma-globulin was raised over 20 g/l, with increased concentrations of
      immunoglobulin G and bile acids, and increased A1AT activity. Abnormal results of
      the antipyrin test were found in 4 children, and presence of tissue antibodies
      was demonstrated in 8 children. All children were treated with prednisone. After
      2 years of treatment control histological examinations were done in 5 cases.
      Despite the use of glycocorticosteroids full remission was not obtained in any
      case. This observation agrees with literature data indicating that autoimmune
      chronic hepatitis is a long-standing process leading to cirrhosis.

PMID- 2634315
TI  - [Treatment of nasal obstruction].
AB  - Various methods of treatment of impaired nasal patency are presented calling
      attention to the fact that the most frequent cause of impairment of nasal
      respiration is deviation of the nasal septum associated with unilateral or
      bilateral hypertrophy of inferior turbinates. Impaired nasal breathing leads to
      frequent recurrences of respiratory infections. Restoration of normal breathing
      route and physiological role of the nase, among others, warming and moistening of
      inspired air, is an important and ever present problem in laryngology. The
      problem has assumed a new importance when it was found that chronic impairment of
      nasal patency could have an adverse effect on the circulatory system which
      develops in connection with sleep apnoea.

PMID- 2634316
TI  - [Polyneuropathy in acute intermittent porphyria].
AB  - In a 50-year-old woman with polyneuropathy treated without success for 5 years
      the cause of the neurological disease was acute intermittent porphyria. The
      recognition of this disease and administration of proper treatment led to
      complete remission of the neurological manifestations.

PMID- 2634317
TI  - [Treatment of intra-abdominal abscesses by percutaneous drainage under
      ultrasonographic control].
AB  - Four cases of intraabdominal abscesses were treated by percutaneous drainage
      under USG control. Three patients were cured, one died of the underlying disease
      of exceptionally severe course. Difficulties encountered in this method are
      discussed.

PMID- 2634318
TI  - [A case of actinomycosis of the sigmoid in a 41-year-old woman with a clinical
      appearance of cancer].
AB  - A case of sigmoid actinomycosis is described in a women aged 41 years in whom
      clinical and intraoperative diagnosis was that of carcinoma. Laparotomy was
      performed with resection of the sigmoid with the tumour.

PMID- 2634319
TI  - [Vascular complications in systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - A 41-year-old woman is reported who had been observed and treated for 15 years
      for arterial and venous thrombotic episodes and in whom only in the 9th year of
      the disease systemic lupus erythematosus was diagnosed. During these 9 years the
      case was not meeting the diagnostic criteria of this disease. The possibility of
      transition of inactive collagen disease manifesting itself as thrombo
      obliterative vasculitis into its active form is discussed.

PMID- 2634320
TI  - [A case of conservatively treated epidural abscess of the vertebral canal].

PMID- 2634321
TI  - [Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycoside antibiotics].

PMID- 2634322
TI  - Proteolytic activities in kidney and liver during refeeding of protein depleted
      mice.
AB  - Proteolytic activities at pH 5.0 and pH 7.4 in both kidney and liver during
      refeeding of protein-depleted mice were determined. Under this nutritional
      condition, the in vivo rate of protein breakdown is inhibited. Protein depletion
      caused in both kidney and liver a loss of pH 5.0 proteolytic activity. It was
      restored to normal values after 12 hours of refeeding with a complete diet. The
      pH 7.4 proteolytic activity also decreased as a consequence of protein depletion,
      but remained low during refeeding. Both re-fed kidney and liver lysosomes showed
      an increased stability to osmotic shock and, therefore, a decreased autophagic
      activity. The results indicate that both kidney and liver exhibit a similar
      behavior. The decreased activity of the lysosomal-vacuolar system, and the low pH
      7.4 proteolytic activity may account for the observed in vivo protein breakdown
      inhibition during refeeding of protein-depleted mice.

PMID- 2634324
TI  - [Methodology for the detection and analysis of activity patterns].
AB  - A simple method for the recording of animal activity patterns is described, based
      upon a transduction made with piezoelectric sensors attached to a modified cage.
      The signal is then filtered and digitalized, and can be stored for later
      analysis.

PMID- 2634323
TI  - Sex-related differences in the activity of liver mitochondrial alpha
      glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in the rat.
AB  - The rat liver mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) is
      an enzyme that markedly responds to thyroid hormone administration. Its activity
      is considered a good index of thyroid status in peripheral tissues. In this study
      alpha-GPD activity and the binding characteristics of nuclear T3 receptors
      (maximal binding capacity, MBC, and affinity constant, Ka) were compared in male
      and female rats. Basal alpha-GPD activity in adult females was significantly
      higher than in the age-matched males. The same difference was observed in
      immature animals. The cyclic physiological variations in the ovarian steroid
      hormones during the estrous cycle did not significantly affect alpha-GPD
      activity, MBC or Ka. Orchiectomy or replacement doses of testosterone
      administered to orchiectomized rats, had no effect on alpha-GPD activity compared
      to sham-operated normal males. In females, neither oophorectomy nor testosterone
      injection to oophorectomized animals induced changes in the enzyme activity.
      Liver nuclear T3-content, MBC and Ka revealed no systematic differences in both
      sexes. The T3-induced alpha-GPD activity after a single large dose of T3 designed
      to fully saturate the nuclear sites for a 24 h period, was significantly higher
      in female compared to male rats. The kinetics of alpha-GPD showed an identical Km
      in both sexes, while Vmax was significantly higher in the females. The data
      suggest that the factors leading to the different activity of alpha-GPD in both
      sexes, although unknown, may be not related to the sex-hormone differences.

PMID- 2634325
TI  - Effects of castration, androgen replacement and flutamide treatment on the
      contractile function of the rat prostate.
AB  - The contractile activity of the rat prostate was registered in vivo by means of a
      video recording system. An increase in tone was registered in control animals
      after electrical stimulations were applied to hypogastric ganglion. Similar
      result was obtained after norepinephrine or acetylcholine administration. Such
      responses suffered a progressive declination in bilaterally castrated rats,
      although marked ultrastructural changes were not seen in the prostatic muscle
      cells after surgery. However, the rhythmic spontaneous activity disappeared
      rapidly after operation. Both, testosterone or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone
      replacement restored the normal contractile function. Flutamide treatment caused
      also a decrease in the responses, but they were of inferior value than those
      obtained after surgical castration. Neither bilateral vasectomy nor bilateral
      epididymectomy caused alterations in the prostatic contractile behavior.

PMID- 2634326
TI  - Radiological and biochemical evaluation of bone growth in young dogs.
AB  - Authors tried to find out a correlation between chronological age, inorganic
      phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) with some
      radiological signs obtained from a periodical study of different sexes and breeds
      (small-middle-large) of dogs right foreleg from weaning to the end of osseous
      growth. They confirmed the period when ossification centres come in sight. The
      first centre appears at 3 weeks of life (humerus) and the last one at 8-10 weeks
      (scapular tuberosity). Epiphyseal fusion begins with the accessory carpal bone
      (16-20 weeks). Osseous development finished around 40 weeks with the fusion of
      proximal humerus and radius epiphyseal plates. During the work the ALP and P
      serum decreased values were significant (p less than 0.001), but Ca were not
      significant (p less than 0.05). There were good correlations with chronological
      age and both P (r = 0.98) and ALP values (r = 0.90). There was none correlation
      between age and Ca. When the osseous growth finished, Ca and P reached adult
      levels, but ALP was still elevated.

PMID- 2634327
TI  - Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase
      activities in vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) maintained under various
      photoperiods.
AB  - The experiments described in the present paper were aimed to study the vizcacha
      pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-o-methyl-transferase (HIOMT)
      activities under different lighting regimens. Pineal NAT activity (LD 12:12)
      exhibits a marked diurnal variation, which decreased during the illumination
      hours and increased 3-fold after 4 h in darkness. NAT activity of the vizcacha
      exposed to permanent darkness exhibited an abrupt increase, values being lower
      during permanent illumination. Vizcacha pineal HIOMT activity (LD 12:12) does not
      exhibit significant change during the light and darkness phases. In animals
      exposed continuously to darkness HIOMT activity increased, while under constant
      illumination a decrease of HIOMT activity to about 1/7 of those under permanent
      darkness was found. When vizcachas were exposed to natural illumination (day
      night), pineal HIOMT activity did exhibit a diurnal rhythm. Either continuous
      darkness or continuous light abolished the daily variations of vizcacha pineal
      HIOMT activity. Our results also show that permanent darkness abolished the daily
      variations of NAT activity suggesting an exogenous rhythm.

PMID- 2634328
TI  - [Epileptic psychoses and aggressiveness].
AB  - Aggressive behavior is studied in 60 in-, and outpatients with epileptic
      psychoses. Such psychoses were split in 2 groups: (a) Clear consciousness, and
      (b) Clouded consciousness. In turn, clear-consciousness epileptic psychoses were
      also split in 2 groups, namely episodic, and chronic psychoses. The results show
      there is a greater aggressivity within the psychotic symptoms period, if compared
      to the period free of symptoms. If drawn during the psychotic symptoms period, a
      comparison between these psychoses shows that clouded consciousness epileptic
      psychoses group features a greater amount of aggressive behavior. Chronic
      epileptic psychoses rank second. Finally, a lower aggression index is to be found
      among episodic epileptic psychoses group. No direct relationship between
      aggressive behavior, and epileptic seizures--such as focal, generalized, or mixed
      epileptic fits--could be found out.

PMID- 2634329
TI  - [Treatment with bromperidol in schizophrenic patients].
AB  - The antipsychotic action, and undesirable effects of Bromperidol were examined
      over a 3-month period on an open clinical trial with 33 schizophrenic patients.
      Bromperidol was administered at an initial dose of 2.5 to 10 mg once a day. The
      results obtained according to BPRS and CGI parameters after 2 weeks' time, and 1,
      2, and 3 months' time showed a marked improvement in most of the scored
      psychiatric symptoms. Bromperidol has a potent antipsychotic action and some
      stimulating properties on activity which make it very useful when increasing
      patients' motivation, and resocialization is at stake. Its general tolerance was
      very good. Nine patients (27%) presented mild extrapyramidal side-effects which
      were easily controlled with an anticholinergic medication.

PMID- 2634330
TI  - [Problems of diagnosis and classification related to the improper use of
      substances in the DSM-III and DSM-III-R].
AB  - This paper attempts at reviewing the changes DSM-III-R introduced in the chapter
      DSM-III devoted to substance-induced disorders. The respective advantages, and
      disadvantages of the new concepts are studied. Among the new concepts, the author
      ponders on the discrimination between Abuse, and Dependence--in DSM-III--being
      deleted while Dependence alone is now enlarged so that such a modification brings
      us back to the idea of "dependency" through a listing of addictive behaviors-
      valid for any type of substance--whose intensity is evaluated by means of the
      number, and severity of behaviors involved. It is the author's opinion that such
      an analysis may prove to be a necessary starting point for future in-depth
      studies on the difficult topic of addictive subtypology.

PMID- 2634331
TI  - [Factor analysis of 2 sex role inventories: a sample of Mexican workers].
AB  - Separate factor analyses of a Spanish version of the Bem Sex Role Inventory and
      of New Sex Role Scales (Positive and Negative Masculinity and Femininity), for 82
      Mexican workers, yielded four interpretable factors for the BSRI, two related to
      feminine aspects and two to masculine ones. For the New Scales, three factors
      could be interpreted: a negative masculine, a negative feminine and a positive
      masculine-feminine. These results provide evidence which gives substantial
      support to the construct validity of both instruments. The present results are
      further compared with previous findings related to Mexican, and foreign samples
      as well, and discussed in relation to the concepts of masculinity and femininity.

PMID- 2634332
TI  - [Liaison psychiatry: a new perspective on mental health in Latin America].
AB  - The situation of Mental Health in Latin America is analyzed. Urgently creating a
      system able at handling the psychiatric disease increase in the years to come is
      a conclusion this paper strongly aims at. The beginning of Psychiatry is
      reviewed, and the importance of Psychiatry at the General Hospital is outlined as
      well as its rapprochement toward the community, which led to a better control and
      prevention in the field of Mental Health. A definition of Psychiatry is proposed,
      as a branch of Medicine which stands in between mental hospitals and communities.
      Active teamwork, coupled with the physician's work and the tasks other members of
      the health personnel are engaged in, has led to a more integrated approach onto
      the ill thus benefiting not only patients but also the whole community.

PMID- 2634333
TI  - [Psychotherapy with expressive technics in psychotic patients].
AB  - In February 1984, it was decided to resort to non-verbal expressive techniques as
      a suitable way for doing group psychotherapy with psychotic patients. A corporal
      language technique was selected which comprised (a) sense-perception elements,
      (b) corporal expression, and (c) yoga, arranged in five-step sessions: space
      acknowledgment, deep-breathing exercise, palpation of an osteoarticular
      structure, motility test of the previously palpated zone, and expressive
      exercise. Such an experiment was carried out with a group of psychotic patients,
      another group with psychosomatic symptoms, and a third, changeable, heterogenous
      group, with, obviously, a control group. Observations were made of patients'
      behavior during sessions, and their clinical progress throughout. All patients
      showed good response to the movement proposals, and no emotional excesses were
      detected. It was clinically observed that, in all cases, sociability improved,
      and anxiety decreased--in this connection, medication could be cut down
      accordingly. As regards 2 schizophrenic female patients, biological therapy could
      be ruled out.

PMID- 2634334
TI  - [The clinical use of lithium].
AB  - This paper updates some pharmacological, and toxicological skills a 40-year
      period of lithium use in psychiatry therapeutics allowed to be collected up. In
      spite of lithium's relatively recent popularity, an experience has been acquired
      which allows general principles of clinical utilization to be established. Rules
      for an adequate indication, and treatment monitoring, are suggested.

PMID- 2634335
TI  - [Re-alignment of resources].

PMID- 2634336
TI  - [Surgical treatment of diffuse toxic goiter].

PMID- 2634337
TI  - [Postoperative hypothyroidism in nodular toxic goiter].

PMID- 2634338
TI  - [Surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism in the elderly].

PMID- 2634339
TI  - [Digestive endocrinology, today].
AB  - The authors discuss the changing role of gastrointestinal endocrinology during
      the last twenty years starting from the early sixties when techniques such as
      radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry allowed major advances of our knowledge
      on this field. Using these techniques several regulatory peptides have been
      identified and the concept of the diffuse neuroendocrine system as a
      morphofunctional apparatus regulating the majority of physiological activities,
      was postulated. Therefore gut endocrinology was enclosed as a part of
      neuroendocrinology and similarly the importance of peptidergic substances in
      neural physiology was recognized. Nevertheless, the usefulness of gut
      endocrinology in the clinical management of gastrointestinal diseases, following
      an emphatic start, is now restricted to gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours.
      In these pathological conditions some regulatory peptides have been shown to be
      responsible for the associated symptoms and can be useful markers in the
      diagnosis and follow-up. However, recent advances in gut endocrinology make us
      think to new possibilities of clinical applications of gut hormones, at least in
      the understanding of the pathophysiology of some diseases (i.e. constipation,
      incontinence, short-bowel syndrome, etc.). Moreover, new events are now occurring
      in gut endocrinology since major improvements in molecular biology and genetic
      engineering can now allow us to sequence and clone DNA strands encoding several
      regulatory peptides and their precursors. Similarly membrane receptors and
      intracellular messengers have been characterized elucidating the complex
      metabolic pathways of neuroendocrine cells. Using advanced molecular biology
      techniques we can obtain today large amount of different regulatory peptides
      highly purified that can be employed in the diagnosis and therapy of several
      diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634340
TI  - [Rare malformation of the bile ducts of surgical interest].
AB  - Variations from normal anatomy of extrahepatic biliary tract, especially if on
      the basis of a congenital defect, are often dangerous for the surgeon, as hidden
      cause of a possible injury during surgery. During a cholecystectomy performed for
      lithiasis in non functioning gallbladder, whose preoperative cholangiogram
      revealed nothing of suspect, the dissection of cystic duct was regular at its
      normal junction with the Common Bile Duct (CBD). Because of the scheduled
      intraoperative cholangiogram, it was however not severed but only dissected free.
      The gallbladder was therefore detached from the liver in anterograde progression,
      after hemostasis and section of a normal cystic artery. During the detaching of
      gallbladder from the liver what seemed a very large "hepato-cystic" duct coming
      to the infundibulum was met: for caution the cholangiogram was then made
      proximally to such "hepato-cystic" duct that instead revealed to be the main
      right hepatic duct coming to the infundibulum of gallbladder without confluence
      with the left hepatic duct. The biliary tract going from the gallbladder to the
      supposed CBD was in fact the cystic duct, as the Heister's valvulae clearly show
      on the cholangiograms. Cholecystectomy was therefore performed proximally to the
      confluence of right hepatic duct, and the postoperative course was uneventful.
      Such kind of extrahepatic tract derangement must be very rare, because of the
      apparent lacking in literature of any similar case, also if the possibility is
      mentioned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634341
TI  - [Traumatic duodenal lesions].
AB  - The authors refer their experience about five cases of traumatic duodenal
      lesions. They confirm the casual relationship between delayed diagnosis, often
      due to inaccurate clinical-radiological evaluation, and prognosis. They emphasize
      the opportunity to perform a simple suture and decompression by nasogastric tube,
      to selected cases.

PMID- 2634342
TI  - [The biosynthetic Omniflow prosthesis: preliminary experience].
AB  - The Omniflow biosynthetic prosthesis is made by a polyester net set on a silicon
      mandrel and planted on the sheep's back in order to from a tube of collagen that
      is fixed by glutaraldehyde at the moment of removing. This idea comes from the
      experience made in using glutaraldehyde as biologic fixative employed for the
      first time in the fixation of the cardiac valves by Carpentier in 1976 and in
      using nets of synthetic material set on a mandrel in man by Sparks in 1986, to
      form a tube of collagen to be used as a vascular prosthesis. Such a prosthesis
      has the advantage of the natural collagen deprived of its immunogenicity and also
      the increased resistance due to the polyester net. The authors report their
      experience in three arteriopathic patients employing Omniflow prosthesis used for
      the manufacturing of femoropopliteal bypass, a femoro-femoral bypass and for the
      substitution of an infected branch of axillobifemoral bypass. They describe the
      handling and the technique for the right application to avoid immediate
      complications, among which the most dangerous is the acute obstruction. Then they
      discuss the results which are encouraging even if the fellow up is too short. For
      such a reason they report the casuistic with long distance results obtained by
      the use of the same prosthesis by Raithel et Al., one of the largest experience
      in literature.

PMID- 2634343
TI  - Molecular cloning of cDNAs for alpha and beta subunits of human pyruvate
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - The cDNAs encoding human PDH alpha and PDH beta were isolated from a HeLa cell
      cDNA library in the lambda gt11 expression vector by immunoscreening, followed by
      colony hybridization from a human foreskin fibroblast cDNA library. Nucleotide
      sequence analyses of the positive plasmid clones (pHPDA and pHPDB) revealed an
      insert of 1.36 kilobases (kb) for PDH alpha and one of 1.69 kb for PDH beta,
      respectively, allowing us to predict the complete amino acid sequences of the
      precursor and mature proteins of these two subunits. The amino acid sequences of
      the amino-terminal regions of the two subunits of human PDH were highly
      homologous with those of mature porcine PDH. The amino acid sequences of
      phosphorylation sites determined in PDH alpha of the bovine and porcine enzymes
      were also conserved in the human PDH alpha. Blot analysis of HeLa cell poly(A)+
      RNA and the transcriptional product of the two cDNAs showed a single mRNA of 1.8
      kb for PDH alpha and one of 1.7 kb for PDH beta. The precursor proteins of PDH
      alpha and PDH beta were detected by immunoprecipitation from an 35S-labeled, cell
      free translation system. Our sequence of PDH alpha cDNA was compared with those
      of two other origins. The differences among these three PDH alpha cDNAs have been
      discussed.

PMID- 2634344
TI  - cDNA cloning of the E1 alpha subunit of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid
      dehydrogenase and elucidation of a molecular basis for maple syrup urine disease.
AB  - We have cloned cDNAs encoding human and rat liver BCKDH E1 alpha subunits and
      deduced the primary structure of the mature protein. The sequences of the cDNA
      and protein are highly conserved between the two species. Significant sequence
      similarity has also been found between human BCKDH and PDH E1 alpha subunits. We
      have studied the molecular basis of MSUD by determining the enzyme activity and
      levels of BCKDH protein and mRNA, and by enzymatic amplification and sequencing
      of BCKDH E1 alpha-specific mRNA, from an MSUD patient and his parents. Different
      mutant alleles were identified in the two parents. The patient was a compound
      heterozygote, inheriting an allele encoding an abnormal E1 alpha from the father
      and an allele containing a defect in regulation from the mother. Our results
      demonstrate that a case of MSUD was caused by structural and regulatory mutations
      involving the E1 alpha subunit.

PMID- 2634345
TI  - The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from anaerobic mitochondria of the parasitic
      nematode Ascaris suum: stoichiometry of phosphorylation and inactivation.

PMID- 2634346
TI  - Regulation of the alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes and their involvement
      in primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2634347
TI  - Regulation of substrate availability for the branched-chain alpha-keto acid
      dehydrogenase enzyme complex.
AB  - The tissue distribution of BCAT and BCKDH is largely responsible for the unique
      metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in rat tissues. Because BCKDH is a
      mitochondrial enzyme, tissue capacity for branched-chain amino acid oxidation
      will be a function of mitochondrial specific activity and tissue mitochondrial
      content, as well as the activity state of the BCKDH complex. In muscle tissues,
      the activity of the BCKDH appears to restrict branched-chain amino acid
      oxidation. Therefore, in muscle, transamination exceeds oxidation. Depending on
      muscle fiber type, the branched-chain alpha-keto acid transporter operates
      primarily as either an efflux or an exchange pathway and keto acids are released
      from the tissue. The liver contains very low cytosolic BCAT activity and no
      mitochondrial BCAT. Since the BCKDH is largely in the active state in hepatic
      tissue, the liver is a major site of branched-chain amino acid oxidation. Thus,
      control of the metabolism of these essential amino acids in vivo is achieved
      through distribution and regulation of the activity of the first two enzymes in
      the catabolic pathway.

PMID- 2634348
TI  - Targeting of 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes to the mitochondrion.

PMID- 2634350
TI  - Isolated and combined deficiencies of the alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase
      complexes.

PMID- 2634349
TI  - Nutritional and hormonal regulation of the activity state of hepatic branched
      chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex.
AB  - The hepatic branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex plays an
      important role in regulating branched-chain amino acid levels. These compounds
      are essential for protein synthesis but are toxic if present in excess. When
      dietary protein is deficient, the hepatic enzyme is present in the inactive,
      phosphorylated state to allow conservation of branched-chain amino acids for
      protein synthesis. When dietary protein is excessive, the enzyme is in the
      active, dephosphorylated state to commit the excess branched-chain amino acids to
      degradation. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide, even when the
      animal is starving for protein, results in activation of the hepatic branched
      chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex to prevent accumulation of branched
      chain amino acids. Likewise, the increase in branched-chain amino acids caused by
      body wasting during starvation and uncontrolled diabetes is blunted by activation
      of the hepatic branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. The activity
      state of the hepatic branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex is
      regulated in the short term by the concentration of branched-chain alpha-keto
      acids (inhibitors of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase) and in
      the long term by alteration in the total branched chain alpha-keto acid
      dehydrogenase kinase activity.

PMID- 2634351
TI  - Organization and functioning of muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase active centers.

PMID- 2634352
TI  - The lipoyl-containing components of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:
      structural comparison and subdomain roles.

PMID- 2634353
TI  - Halorhodopsin: a light-driven active chloride transport system.

PMID- 2634354
TI  - Electrogenic chloride transport in algae.

PMID- 2634355
TI  - Cytochrome-mediated electron transport in H(+)-secreting gastric cells.

PMID- 2634356
TI  - Regulation of intracellular pH in renal mesangial cells.

PMID- 2634357
TI  - Regulatory mechanisms of chloride transport in corneal epithelium.

PMID- 2634358
TI  - Structure and function of the band 3 Cl-/HCO3- transporter.

PMID- 2634359
TI  - Characteristics of the binding site for extracellular substrate anions in human
      red blood cell band 3.

PMID- 2634361
TI  - Graph theory and its applications: East and West. Proceedings of the First China
      USA International Graph Theory Conference. Jinan, Shandong Province, The People's
      Republic of China, June 9 to 20, 1986.

PMID- 2634360
TI  - Heterogeneity of anion exchangers mediating chloride transport in the proximal
      tubule.
AB  - Three distinct anion exchangers are described that directly or indirectly mediate
      Cl- transport across the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule cell. Studies on
      the intact proximal tubule indicate that the Cl(-)-formate exchanger is a major
      mechanism for Cl- transport under physiologic conditions. As just discussed, the
      physiologic importance of the Cl(-)-oxalate and SO4 = (oxalate)-CO3 = exchangers
      mediating Cl- transport across the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule cell
      is currently unknown. These three anion exchangers are part of a larger group of
      at least eight distinct anion transporters in the proximal tubule that share with
      erythrocyte Band 3 the properties of stilbene sensitivity and/or the ability to
      mediate anion exchange. It is tempting to speculate that these proximal tubule
      anion transporters are members of a family of proteins structurally related to
      the prototypic anion exchanger, erythrocyte Band 3. If this is true, comparing
      the structures of these anion transporters with each other and with Band 3 should
      provide important insight into the molecular basis for differences in substrate
      and inhibitor specificity within this family of transport proteins.

PMID- 2634362
TI  - A discrete mathematical model for learning and intelligence.

PMID- 2634363
TI  - Antiviral and cytotoxicity evaluation of 3-nitro-3-deazauridine.
AB  - 3-Nitro-3-deazauridine (3N-3DU) is a new synthetic nucleoside having activity
      against members of 5 RNA virus families including: paramyxoviruses
      (parainfluenza, PIV), picornaviruses (rhino-, RV), rhabdoviruses (vesicular
      stomatitis, VSV), togaviruses (Semliki Forest, SFV) and bunyaviruses (Punta Toro,
      PTV). In this report, we evaluate and compare its activity with the parent
      nucleoside, 3-deazauridine (3DU) and ribavirin as drug standards. Comparison of
      drug activities utilizes observations of antiviral indices, which are determined
      by the following formula: maximum tolerated dose (MTD)/minimum inhibitory
      concentration (MIC). The antiviral index (AI) of 3N-3DU (AI 15.3) was comparable
      to ribavirin and much higher than 3DU when evaluated against PIV. The 3N-3DU was
      the most active of the three when tested against RV (AI 24.1), SFV (AI 76.9) or
      VSV (AI 50). In contrast to the RV activity, 3N-3DU (AI 0.5) and 3DU (AI less
      than 0.1) were less active than ribavirin (AI 1.3) when evaluated against
      poliovirus, type 1 (PoV). Ribavirin (AI 10.0) was more active than 3N-3DU (AI
      2.4) and 3DU (AI less than 0.1) against PTV. 3N-3DU exhibited comparable toxicity
      to ribavirin in KB cells, was 4-fold less toxic in WISH cells and 4-fold more
      toxic in LLC-MK2 cells. Overall, 3N-3DU is markedly less toxic than its parent
      nucleoside, 3DU. It appears from this study that the structural modification of
      3DU resulting from the addition of the nitro group in the 3 position of the base
      reduces toxicity and enhances the antiviral activity.

PMID- 2634364
TI  - [Analysis of mode of cancer recurrence].

PMID- 2634365
TI  - [Experimental studies on bile acid metabolism after extended hepatectomy, with
      special reference to mechanism of an early increase of bile acids in the serum].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate an early increase of bile acids in the
      serum after the extended hepatectomy, namely 84% hepatectomy in normal dogs and
      70% hepatectomy in dimethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhotic dogs. Many dogs died due
      to hepatic insufficiency caused by severe intrahepatic cholestasis and functional
      disturbance of the remnant liver within 7 days after extended hepatectomy. Serum
      total bile acids increased with the peak at 12 hours after surgery, accompanied
      by an increase of taurine-conjugated bile acids, and each concentration of them
      was higher in the hepatic vein than in the portal vein. These results suggested
      that an early increase of bile acids in the serum after the extended hepatectomy
      resulted from the reflux to systemic circulation from the remnant liver due to
      disturbance of bile excretion into biliary tract and the decrease of hepatic
      functional mass with decrease of blood perfusion.

PMID- 2634366
TI  - A case of concomitant association of duodenal carcinoma and jejunal carcinoma
      with cerebral metastasis.
AB  - A case of concomitant association of primary suprapapillary and jejunal
      carcinomas with cerebral metastasis is reported. A 42-year-old woman was admitted
      to our hospital complaining of melena. Preoperative endoscopy and abdominal
      angiography showed primary suprapapillary carcinoma, and brain CT showed a high
      density mass in the right parietal lobe causing involuntary movement of the left
      upper extremity. During surgery another tumor was revealed in the jejunum about
      80 cm from the Treitz' ligament. These were removed surgically and examined
      histologically.

PMID- 2634367
TI  - Quantitative determination of rheumatoid factors in serum and synovial liquid of
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis using lyophilized standard products.
AB  - The rheumatoid factors constitute one of the major autoantibodies in rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA). In this study, for the quantitative determination of the RF IgM
      class, in serum and synovial liquid of patients with RA and JRA, we used the
      hemagglutination principle and both liquid and lyophilized reagents. The results
      we obtained demonstrated the superiority regarding the stability, the
      reproducibility and the possibility of micromethod standardization with
      lyophilized reagent.

PMID- 2634368
TI  - Anti-inflammatory drugs and the complement system. A condensation product of
      metacresolsulfonic acid and formaldehyde prevents instantly the complement
      activation in vitro.

PMID- 2634369
TI  - Cefuroxime sodium for injection in the treatment of acute severe infections in
      children and adults.

PMID- 2634370
TI  - Testing of microbial sensitivity to cephalosporin.

PMID- 2634371
TI  - Studies concerning the hemagglutinant activity of some pathogenic and
      opportunistic pathogenic strains of genus Vibrio.
AB  - 1606 bacterial strains, belonging to Vibrio genus (189 V. cholerae 0 : 1; 1091 V.
      cholerae nongroup 0 : 1 and 205 V. halophilic strains) of different sources of
      isolation, were studied, concerning their hemagglutinating behaviour to 5
      different animal red blood cells (human, bovine, chicken, African green monkey
      and guinea pig) in mannose/fucose presence/absence. The study aimed to establish
      the spectrum of their hemagglutinating activity as well as any possible
      correlation between the source of isolation, serogroup etc and the HA
      type/subtype. Mannose/fucose sensitive as well as mannose/fucose resistant
      hemagglutinins were exhibited by the different tested strains. As unknown
      behaviour, a noticeable hemagglutination only in the carbohydrate presence was
      recorded. The HA-types and subtypes in 861 V. cholerae nongroup 0 : 1 tested
      strains are presented.

PMID- 2634372
TI  - [Arachidonic acid metabolites in exercise-induced asthma].
AB  - Plasma levels of arachidonic acid metabolites, such as thromboxane A2 (TXA2),
      prostacyclin (PGI2) and leukotrienes (LTS) were measured in patients with
      exercise-induced asthma (EIA). Asthmatic patients were exercised by treadmill.
      Before, immediately after and at 5, 15 and 30 minutes after exercise, pulmonary
      function tests were performed and peripheral venous blood was collected at the
      indicated times. Plasma TXB2 levels rose after exercise, and this tendency was
      stronger in EIA negative patients than in EIA positive patients. Plasma 6-keto
      PGF1 alpha levels rose slightly after exercise in both EIA positive and negative
      patients. Plasma LTC4 levels were almost unchanged after exercise in EIA positive
      patients. Plasma LTC4 levels rose after exercise in EIA negative patients, though
      the value was always higher in EIA positive patients than in EIA negative
      patients. Plasma LTB4 levels in both EIA positive and negative patients increased
      slightly till 5 minutes after exercise, then decreased, and then tended to rise
      again. Plasma LTB4 levels were higher in EIA positive patients than in EIA
      negative patients at all times. The ratio of TXB2 to 6-keto-PGF1 alpha after
      exercise rose more remarkably in EIA negative patients than in EIA positive
      patients. From these results, we suspected that the metabolites of arachidonic
      acid may contribute less to chemical mediators of EIA, but the arachidonic acid
      products of EIA positive patients activated rather towards lipoxygenase cascade
      than EIA negative patients.

PMID- 2634373
TI  - [Intestinal permeability in children with food allergy].
AB  - We have investigated intestinal permeability in 36 children aged 5 months to 12
      years with food allergy. L-rhamnose (monosaccharides) and lactulose
      (disaccharides) were used as probe molecules to measure intestinal permeability.
      Sugars in urine were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The
      results of the test were expressed as the ratio (lactulose/L-rhamnose) of the 5
      hour urinary recoveries of the 2 probe molecules. Lactulose/L-rhamnose excretion
      ratios in children with food allergy, range 0.0257-0.2630 (mean 0.0623), were
      significantly higher than those of the controls, range 0.0129-0.1085 (mean
      0.0439) (p less than 0.02). There was a relationship between permeability and age
      in each group. The increased permeability was striking in children under 2 years
      of age with food allergy. These findings may reflect intestinal mucosal damage
      caused by local hypersensitivity reactions to food antigens. This is a simple and
      harmless method to measure intestinal permeability. Lactulose/L-rhamnose ratio
      appears to be a useful index of mucosal change in children with food allergy.

PMID- 2634374
TI  - [A clinical evaluation of rush immunotherapy in adult patients with severe
      bronchial asthma].
AB  - Rush immunotherapy (RIT) using house dust (HD) antigen were performed in ten
      adult patients with chronic severe bronchial asthma who had mite allergy. All
      cases have reached to the maintenance dose of 10(-1) X 0.50 ml within 10 days and
      been able to introduce maintenance therapy smoothly. After the RIT, remarkable
      improvement of asthmatic symptom was seen in 4 cases and one of them was
      considered to be completely cured of the asthma. Although side effects such as
      local skin reaction, rhinorrhea and asthmatic attack were seen, severe side
      effect was not observed at all. IgE-RAST scores for both HD and mite were
      unchanged before and after RIT. On the other hand, the values of specific IgG4
      for both HD and mite antibody were significantly increased 2 or 4 weeks after
      RIT. These results indicated that RIT can be performed safely and securely, and
      rapid immunological response as well as clinical effectiveness are able to be
      expected for adult severe asthmatics.

PMID- 2634375
TI  - [The relationship between bronchial hypersensitivity and the prognosis of
      bronchial asthma].
AB  - I measured RT-Ach, RT-Hist and EIA of asthmatic children every year and studied
      the relationship between these three parameters and their prognoses. I obtained
      the following results. 1) If the patient's RT-Ach and EIA improved in three
      years, I could say that his clinical symptoms had improved and his prognosis was
      good. RT-Hist results, however, would be unchanged even if clinical symptoms
      improved. 2) In asthmatic children, EIA is important for short term prognoses
      while RT-Hist is important for long term prognoses.

PMID- 2634376
TI  - [Inhalation of a precursor analogue of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (Leu17
      VIP-Gly-Lys) protects ascaris-induced bronchoconstriction in dog].
AB  - We studied in vivo the effects of pre-inhalations of vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide (VIP) and a precursor analogue of VIP (Leu17 VIP-Gly-Lys: preVIP) in
      mongrel dogs bronchoconstricted by ascaris. An inhalation of preVIP solution (2
      mg/5 ml saline) gave significant protection for 120 min against increases in
      respiratory resistance (Rrs) and decreases in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) induced
      by ascaris challenges. An inhalation of VIP solution (2 mg/ml saline) also gave
      significant protection for 120 min against increases in Rrs induced by ascaris
      challenges. Protective effect of the inhalation of preVIP against ascaris-induced
      bronchoconstriction was more potent than that of VIP. The inhalations of preVIP
      and VIP solution did not change systemic blood pressure or heart rate. These
      results indicate that inhalations of preVIP or VIP solution would attenuate
      ascaris-induced bronchoconstriction in dogs without affecting cardiovascular
      dynamics.

PMID- 2634377
TI  - Development and distribution of the major pollen allergen (Cry j I) in male
      flower buds of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica).
AB  - We investigated the production of the major pollen allergen [Cry j I] of Japanese
      cedar (Cj) in the course of male flower bud development. We found that most of
      the pollen was at the tetrad stage in early September, and they developed to the
      mature stage in mid-October (1987) or early November (1988). Large amounts of Cry
      j I seemed to be extractable to ABS solution from the mature stage pollen but not
      from the pollen at other stages, that is, the tetrad and immature stages. Mature
      pollen could be ruptured with ammonium bicarbonate buffer, but tetrad and
      immature pollen could not. By immunofluorescent technique, antigen Cry j I was
      detected in the pollen only at the mature stage of Cj pollen development.
      Therefore, we think that Cry j I is produced at the time of pollen maturation.

PMID- 2634378
TI  - Production of IgE antibodies to mite in guinea pigs by nasal immunization.
AB  - There has been no report that IgE antibodies can be raised in guinea pigs by
      immunizations through respiratory tracts. We dropped a 0.1 ml mixture of 50
      micrograms mite extract and aluminium hydroxide gel (Alum) into each of both
      nostrils of 5 guinea pigs. A mite extract alone was dropped into the nostrils of
      another 5 guinea pigs. The immunization was done every week. IgE antibodies were
      detected in one of guinea pigs sensitized 5 times with Alum + mite and also in
      another guinea pig in the same group sensitized 10 times. No IgE antibodies were
      detected in the animals immunized with mite alone.

PMID- 2634379
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence for an L-shaped interhemispheric connection in the
      cat.
AB  - Transcallosal potentials evoked by electrical stimulation with rectangular pulses
      of 1 ms, 5 c/s and variable intensity were recorded from the cortical surface in
      cats anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride. Sites of stimulation and recording
      were selected by means of a cartesian map of most of the neocortex. In addition
      to the well known transcallosal projection pattern it was found that stimulation
      of a restricted posterior area evokes low voltage potentials over the
      contralateral symmetric area while high voltage potentials are recorded from a
      few sites located at the ipsilateral anterior cortex and from the area symmetric
      as to the latter. This L-shaped transcallosal connection may be involved in
      complex cortical processes and is compatible with effective results of partial
      anterior callosotomies in patients with multifocal epilepsy and frontal
      bisynchronism.

PMID- 2634380
TI  - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: analysis of neurologic complications in 44
      cases].
AB  - We studied the clinical records of 280 patients admitted to our Hospital between
      1985 and 1988, with a positive Elisa test for HIV-related antibodies: 15.71% (44)
      of these patients exhibited clinical abnormalities related to disease of the CNS.
      In 6 (13.6%) patients the neurological complication was the first manifestation
      of HIV-infection. Patients were mainly male homosexuals, in the 30-39 age range.
      Frequent chief complaints included hemiparesis, headache and behavior
      disturbances. Cerebral toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 18 instances. It should be
      considered the first diagnostic possibility in patients presenting with mass
      lesions. Meningeal infections were present in 19 cases (cryptococcal in 13,
      tuberculous in 4, HIV-related in 2). CSF findings in these patients were non
      specific, except for demonstration of Cryptococcus neoformans on direct
      examination of CSF or culture studies. CT scans frequently displayed unique or
      multiple hypodense lesions. The lesions exhibited ring-enhancement in 7
      instances, and were non-enhancing in 8 others. Cortical and subcortical atrophy
      with hydrocephalus ex-vacuum were occasionally found, and the CT scans were
      normal in 8 instances. Time from appearance of the various neurological
      complications to death or clinical resolution was almost always shorter than 6
      months. Death was the most frequent outcome, usually occurring within 6 months.
      Survival in the most of these patients never reached the end of the first year.

PMID- 2634381
TI  - [Perinatal health in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil: distribution of the head
      circumference measurement of newborn infants].
AB  - A sample of 4554 of newborn was used to study the distribution of the head
      circumference measure shortly after birth. The sample is part of the cohort born
      in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil, from June 1st, 1978 to May 31st, 1979. It was possible
      to show that such measure follows a normal distribution for both sex (either
      separately or together) and to calculate 'normality limits' for practical use.

PMID- 2634382
TI  - [Suicide and attempted suicide: epidemiologic characteristics in the municipality
      of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 1971-81].
AB  - Based on official data it was made an epidemiological retrospective descriptive
      study about evolution of suicide and attempt suicide in the city of Belo
      Horizonte, Brazil. This study includes the trends of some epidemiological
      characters for this cause of death from 1971 to 1981, which are: chronologic
      distribution, sex and age distribution, methods of suicide and attempt suicide.

PMID- 2634383
TI  - [Multimodal evoked potentials: standardized study of 51 individuals in a
      Brazilian population].
AB  - The authors report the results of normative studies of pattern-shift visual,
      brainstem auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials of upper and lower limbs
      carried out in a sample of 51 normal subjects of a Brazilian population. Normal
      values were thus established for the main components of each modality of evoked
      potentials, with special emphasis on those having more clinical utility. The
      results were compared to the data available in the literature.

PMID- 2634384
TI  - [Ultrastructural aspects of Parkinson disease].
AB  - Brains from four parkinsonian patients and one control patient were analysed by
      electron microscopy. The most consistent abnormal findings were nerve fibers
      rarefaction, great interstitial space enlargement, neuropil disruption,
      mitochondrial tumefaction and degenerative changes. These findings occurred
      regularly in the brain of parkinsonian patients. Furthermore, except for
      mitochondrial changes, they were distinctively absent in the control patient, and
      therefore cannot be attributed to technical problems. Contrary-wise, they clearly
      reflect chronic neuronal loss. Also noteworthy was the demonstrative of deposits
      of amorphous substance into mitochondria, axons, cytoplasm and into the
      interstitial space.

PMID- 2634385
TI  - [Auditory evoked potentials in the monitoring of 15 laser microsurgeries of the
      brain stem].
AB  - Based upon the results observed in 15 patients submitted to tumor resection by
      the CO2 microlaser technique and submitted to brain stem auditive evoked
      potential (BAEP) intraoperative determination, the authors emphasize the
      importance of the technique. BAEP during the intraoperative period and the
      ultrasonic control of removal of tumors proved useful in the 15 cases of brain
      stem tumors or tumor adherent to it. Morbidity and mortality are described, and
      the important changes in BAEP that precede bradycardia are detailed. The
      importance of advances obtained through BAEP in peroperative control in such
      surgeries is stressed.

PMID- 2634386
TI  - [Neurocysticercosis and praziquantel: long-term development in 100 patients].
AB  - Evaluation of results observed in a prospective study on the long term follow-up
      of 100 patients with neurocysticercosis (NC) is reported. Praziquantel (PZQ) was
      administered to the patients at their admission to the study. Follow-up time was
      over two years in 63 patients (maximum 118 months). Clinical conditions, TC
      findings and CSF changes were taken into account for the evaluation. Patients
      were evaluated periodically during the follow-up. Satisfactory results
      predominate (72.5%). Satisfactory results maintain a close relationship with
      clinical forms of the disease: good results predominate among those patients with
      clinical manifestations of NC which are not marked by intracranial hypertension
      of progressive character. Results of this long term follow-up evaluation favour
      the administration of PZQ to patients with NC.

PMID- 2634387
TI  - [Multiple sclerosis: clinical and pathological study of a case].
AB  - We present a case with diagnosis of multiple sclerosis done on clinical criteria
      and proved by autopsy. The morphological aspects of the lesions are well known
      and often related in the literature. Our objective is to describe the first
      necropsy among 30500 done at Santa Casa de Sao Paulo in a patient with the
      disease. The morphological aspects in the CNS with the characteristic plaques in
      different grades of activity and the detection of immunoglobulins in these
      plaques confirm the pathogenic hypothesis about a disease immunologically
      mediated.

PMID- 2634388
TI  - [Meningoencephalitis due to Pasteurella multocida: clinico-laboratory study of a
      case in an infant].
AB  - The authors report a case of Pasteurella multocida meningoencephalitis in a 5
      week-old female infant, with special attention to clinical, laboratory and
      evolutive features. A moderate neurological sequel was observed at follow-up
      examinations. A brief review of the importance of P. multocida in human pathology
      is presented on the basis of the international literature, since the authors did
      not find any Brazilian reports. The most important feature on P. multocida is the
      prevalence of bacterial meningitis at the extremes of age. Otherwise, significant
      mistaken was found between Gram stained smears of body fluids for P. multocida
      and Haemophilus influenzae or Neisseria meningitidis. Because its role in
      infections following animal bite or scratch and its opportunistic feature, P.
      multocida must be included among the possible etiologic agent of bacteremia or
      sepsis in patients with liver cirrhosis or immunosuppression.

PMID- 2634389
TI  - [Parkinson disease induced by flunarizine].
AB  - The authors studied 19 patients with parkinsonism induced by flunarizine. All
      them improved when the drug therapy was discontinued for periods from 7 days to
      10 months. Depression was observed in 68.5% of the patients.

PMID- 2634390
TI  - [Neuropathy caused by amiodarone: clinico-pathologic study of 2 cases].
AB  - Two patients, a 40-year-old woman and a 75-year-old man, were investigated due to
      a chronic polyneuritis. Amiodarone was used by them to treat refractory cardiac
      arrhythmia since 4 and 6 years before, respectively. The EMG study showed an
      axonal neuropathy. The light and electron-microscopical study of sural nerve
      displayed a loss of large myelinated fibers and a marked reduction of
      unmyelinated axons, associated with osmiophilic lamellated inclusions in Schwann
      cells and endothelial venulae. The interruption of amiodarone therapy improved
      neuropathy. Considered together with similar reports in perhexiline neuropathy
      and with chloroquine induced neuropathy this would stress the importance of these
      new drug-induced neurolipidosis.

PMID- 2634391
TI  - [Plasmapheresis in Landry-Guillain-Barre-Strohl syndrome with or rapidly
      appearing respiratory insufficiency].
AB  - The authors report three cases of Landry-Guillain-Barre-Strohl syndrome
      successfully treated by plasma exchange--the only cases in the Brazilian State of
      Rio Grande do Sul. The authors go through a brief literature revision and discuss
      more thoroughly the plasma exchange procedure, establishing criteria for its
      indication.

PMID- 2634392
TI  - [Expansive mass of the posterior region of the 3d ventricle (tumors of the pineal
      region)].
AB  - Tumours of the pineal region are rare. Clinical and CT aspects, and results of
      the treatment of 12 cases observed in a 5 years period (1979-1984) are described.
      The authors consider the supracerebellar infratentorial approach, formerly
      described by Krause in 1926 and reintroduced by Stein in 1971, the best for the
      surgical management of these tumours.

PMID- 2634393
TI  - Malignant melanoma of the cerebello-pontine angle region.
AB  - A case of malignant melanoma in the cerebello-pontine angle region is presented
      in a 72 year old female patient, who had neurological examination and CT scan
      suggestive of acoustic neuroma. The surgical finding and the histological
      examination provided the diagnosis. As a primary focus was not found on clinical
      examination and although autopsy was not carried out, there is a possibility of
      the diagnosis being a primary malignant melanoma in CNS. This specific location
      for this kind of tumor was found to be rare when literature is looked up.

PMID- 2634394
TI  - [Medical residency and certification in neurology].
AB  - Medical residency is the most appropriate form of post-graduate training in the
      various areas of Medicine. During residency young doctors have close contact with
      teachers at the bedside approach and management of a wide variety of situations
      in the actual practice of the profession. It is in this period that basic
      technical skills and methods of learning through medical observation and
      scientific discussions develop and the comprehension and sympathy toward
      suffering disease imposes upon man deepen. The medical societies have the
      ultimate responsibility to qualify Residency Programs in the various specialties,
      as well as to establish the standards of qualification doctors must fulfill to be
      eligible for certification. Continued government intervention on these issues in
      the last years in Brazil have brought catastrophic consequences for the medical
      education in this country. The Brazilian Academy of Neurology must expand its
      educational programs and define the standards of competence for a Neurologist. At
      the time Brazil returns to democratic life it is challenging for the medical
      profession to resume their right in relation to qualification of their own
      members.

PMID- 2634395
TI  - Preparing for NCLEX success.

PMID- 2634396
TI  - [Macroglossia in a case of amyloidosis and hypothyroidism].
AB  - It is reported a case of macroglossia with neoplasic-like ulcer in the tongue, in
      a patient with amyloidosis and hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2634397
TI  - [Anxiety, inflammation and duration of operation: is there a relationship?].
AB  - Pain, facial swelling and trismus evolution after removal of impacted lower third
      molar were studied in 34 patients obtained from a random sample. A significantly
      longer length of surgery and facial swelling were observed at 24 hours
      postoperatively patients with a high anxiety level.

PMID- 2634398
TI  - [Chronic desquamative gingivitis].
AB  - The characteristics in the concept, etiology pathogeny and clinic of the cronic
      descamative gingivitis are reviewed. The differential diagnostic with other
      similar processes are analyzed. The paper is finished with the therapeutics
      approach of this entity.

PMID- 2634399
TI  - [Bacterial localization in apical cementum at the epithelial insertion using
      scanning electron microscopy].
AB  - Extracted teeth due to consequence of chronic periodontitis of adult are
      fractured and the apical cementum to junction epithelium is examined under S.E.M.
      (scanning electron microscopy) being found bacterias forms inside niches of the
      apical cementum.

PMID- 2634400
TI  - [Effectiveness of fissure sealants in a child population].
AB  - In order to know how long will stay pit and fissure sealants in newly erupted
      molars we study one hundred molars in childhood population (between the ages 5 to
      12 years). A pit and fissure chemical sealant isolated by a rubber dam during
      five minutes was used. The follow-up varies between six months and three years
      (22,4 months average) with full retention. 87 percent of the sealants were fully
      retained after twenty four months and there was an increasing of partial loss
      over thirty months. No total loss was observed and partial loss was more frequent
      on lower molars.

PMID- 2634401
TI  - [Scanning electron microscope study of dentin treated with sodium N-monochloro
      DL2-aminobutyrate (NMAB)].
AB  - This paper report a scanning electron microscope study of the dentinal surface
      after treatment with sodium N-monochloro-DL2-aminobutyrate (NMAB). The carious
      cavity shows a rugous and irregular surface. There are detaching plates of the
      dentin dissolved by the NMAB. At high magnification the compact dentin and the
      detaching plates show a acid-etched surface.

PMID- 2634402
TI  - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].

PMID- 2634403
TI  - [Morphostructure of myoneural synapses of the lingual musculature].
AB  - The human and the rabbit tongue with different histologycal techniques are
      studied. Most muscle fibers of the tongue shown one or various motor end-plates
      derivated from a single axon. It is not frequent a polisynaptic innervation. The
      muscular polo of the synapse have few nyofibrils, nucleus and sarcoplasma without
      differentiation. Does not exit differences between the motor end-plates of the
      tongue from the man and the rabbit.

PMID- 2634404
TI  - [Trial of a new method for removal of demineralized dentin].
AB  - An experimental method designed to remove demineralised dentine Caridex, the
      recently-introduced chemico-mechanical dentinal tissue removal system, uses the
      chemical solution GK 101 to soften dentinal tissue already demineralised by
      caries, guaranteeing more selective removal of the dentine and treatment which is
      almost always painless.

PMID- 2634405
TI  - 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline and isoquinoline derivatives: synthesis and
      antiproliferative activity.
AB  - Fischer indol synthesis is reported for the preparation of some 2-substituted 1H
      pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline and isoquinoline derivatives having a structural
      correlation with naturally occurring compound ellipticine. The prepared compounds
      proved capable of forming in vitro molecular complexes with native double
      stranded DNA by intercalation between two base pairs and showed a relatively good
      activity in inhibiting the DNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

PMID- 2634406
TI  - Negative inotropic and calcium antagonistic activity of alkyl and arylalkyl
      phosphonates.
AB  - Several alkyl and arylalkyl diethylphosphonates related to fostedil have been
      synthetized and tested for negative inotropic activity (isolated guinea pig left
      atrium) and Ca++ antagonistic activity (isolated guinea pig aortic strips). The
      results show that negative inotropic and Ca++ antagonistic activity might depend
      from different molecular features.

PMID- 2634407
TI  - Effect of some quinolizidine derivatives on the release of serotonin,
      noradrenaline, dopamine and acetylcholine from rat brain synaptosomes.
AB  - A set of eleven quinolizidine derivatives together with 10
      (quinuclidinyl)phenothiazine, promazine and methixene were tested for their
      effects on the spontaneous release of serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine and
      acetylcholine from rat brain synaptosomes. All tested compounds failed to
      increase the acetylcholine release, while several of them exhibited rather strong
      effects on serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine release at 5-10 microM
      concentrations. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.

PMID- 2634408
TI  - Synthesis and biological testing of certain 2-(5-substituted-2
      thienylthio)benzoic acid derivatives.
AB  - The syntesis of a number of 2-(5-substituted-2-thienylthio)benzoic acid
      derivatives is described. The synthesized compounds were screened for their
      muscle relaxant and parasympatholytic activities and the results are reported.

PMID- 2634409
TI  - Synthesis and biological activity of a cyclic hexapeptide related to peptide T.
AB  - The cyclo [Thr-Thr-Thr-Tyr-Asn-Thr] hexapeptide related to peptide T, H-Ala-Ser
      Thr-Thr-Thr-Asn-Tyr-Thr-OH, competitor of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the
      binding to human T cells, was synthesized and tested for its ability to stimulate
      monocyte migration (chemotaxis). The new cyclic derivative showed negligible
      biological activity.

PMID- 2634410
TI  - Preliminary investigation of a disinfected gypsum die stone.
AB  - The setting time, comprehensive strength, diametral tensile strength, expansion,
      and fine detail reproduction of disinfectant-containing die stones (Steri-Die A
      and Steri-Die B) were compared to two commonly used die materials (Vel-Mix and
      Die-Keen). Six samples of each die material were formed from polysulfide rubber,
      condensation silicone, polyether, and poly(vinyl siloxane) impression materials.
      The disinfected die stones compared favorably to the controls in all tests with
      the following exceptions: Steri-Die B was weaker in both compressive and tensile
      strength and deficient in detail reproduction, especially with condensation
      polymerizing silicone.

PMID- 2634411
TI  - Differences in mandibular movements and muscle activities between natural and
      guided chewing cycles.
AB  - Mandibular movements and muscle activities during chewing were analyzed in normal
      subjects under two experimental situations: (1) chewing food with different
      physical properties (marshmallow, crisp bread, carrot, cheese, and dried
      cuttlefish) and (2) chewing gum at rates paced by audio signals. Whatever the
      type of food, both masseteric and digastric bursts were shortened as the chewing
      rate increased, though the former was more closely related to the chewing rate
      than the latter. However, when the chewing rate was altered voluntarily, the
      duration of the digastric burst varied more than the masseteric burst.

PMID- 2634412
TI  - The compatibility of temporary soft materials with immersion denture cleansers.
AB  - This laboratory study evaluated the effect of five denture cleansers on five
      temporary soft materials that can be used as interim soft linings or as tissue
      conditioners. The materials were assessed at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days for evidence
      of changes in surface quality and softness. It was apparent that the correct
      combination of lining material and cleanser is essential to ensure the optimum
      function of the lining material. Since the materials used varied in softness, the
      appropriate choice should be based on the clinical requirement.

PMID- 2634413
TI  - The masking ability of an opaque porcelain: a spectrophotometric study.
AB  - The ability of opaque porcelain to conceal the color of noble alloy or nickel
      chromium substructures was compared. A 0.5-mm layer of opaque porcelain was fused
      to the sample metals and chromatic analyses were carried out with a color
      analyzer. Color measurements were made as the thickness of porcelain was reduced
      in 0.1-mm increments. The true color of the opaque porcelain was apparent in
      ceramic thicknesses greater than 0.3 mm. The opaque porcelain was more efficient
      at covering noble alloys than nickel-chromium alloys.

PMID- 2634414
TI  - Moire topography for measuring the dimensional accuracy of resin complete denture
      bases.
AB  - Two methods of evaluating the accuracy of resin complete denture bases were
      compared by measuring the fit of four resin materials and two processing
      techniques. The use of moire topography was found to be comparable to measuring
      the weight of impression material retained between the denture base and master
      cast.

PMID- 2634415
TI  - The derivation of kinematic formulae for mandibular movement.
AB  - The theoretic basis for developing mathematical formulae that describe the motion
      of the mandible in relation to the maxillae is presented. The authors present
      kinematic formulae that compute the three-dimensional displacement of any point
      on the mandible with an error of less than 0.04 mm and determine the inclinations
      and azimuth of the orbit of the incisal point with an error of 0.8 degrees. The
      formulae have been used to develop an electronic pantography system.

PMID- 2634416
TI  - [2. Occluso-articular aspects. Functional, involutional and pathologic dental
      changes with aging].
AB  - A description is made of occlusal, articular and craniomandibular alterations
      that become present in the advance adult and old age and in some way they induce
      to the implementation of preventive and curative aspects from early stages or
      specific in posterior ages.

PMID- 2634417
TI  - [Comparative study of the prevalence of focal epithelial hyperplasia in three
      population groups in the state of Puebla].
AB  - An investigation work is presented about epidemiologic prevalence that describes
      the quantity of disorders existing of focal epithelial hyperplasia in a
      particular population. The results obtained showed low levels of such
      alterations, with what was concluded that such alteration does not represent a
      public health problem in the studied zone.

PMID- 2634418
TI  - [Horizontal root fractures in permanent teeth: report of a case].
AB  - Male patient, 9 years old 6 months who received an alveolodental traumatism is
      report: presents horizontal radicular fracture in right upper lateral and both
      central incisors with displacement of the lower segment of the lateral incisor
      out of the bone. Fragments were aligned and a splint made of wire and resin was
      placed for about 21 days. It was not necessary endodontic therapy, and was
      examined through a year. It was not evident any pulpar pathology or resorption
      and fragments joint.

PMID- 2634419
TI  - [A resume on occlusion].
AB  - For the achievement of a good diagnosis and treatment planning of occlusal
      problems, it is necessary to understand the sensibility and the relationship that
      exists between the main components of the stomatognathic system.

PMID- 2634420
TI  - [Toluidine blue solution as a diagnostic aid in oropharyngeal cancer].
AB  - In the literature exist investigations made to extensive series of patients, with
      premalignant oral lesions or suspicious of malignancy, in which it has been
      employed toluidine blue (TB), to verify the trustiness of this method as a
      resource for support in clinical diagnosis. The results are favourable whenever
      is observed the correct realization of the technique that must be preceded by a
      careful buccal exploration and that both findings be corroborated. This work
      tries to exemplificate one of the techniques of TB as will as the results
      obtained in 28 patients, whom, for their characteristics were considered of High
      Risk. Emphasis is made in relation to the false positive found. Besides, is
      insisted in the convenience of the routine use of this resource in the
      odontologic private practice and at institutional level in patients over 50 years
      old, to whom is necessary to accomplish at a time an adequate patient history and
      an accurate intraoral examination, that in addition to the use of TB, will make
      feasible to detect more cases of malignant lesions in early stages.

PMID- 2634421
TI  - [Compound composite odontoma. Report of two cases].
AB  - Two cases of compound composite odontomas are presented. One case was found in
      conjunction with the impaction of the mandibular second permanent molars by the
      third molars.

PMID- 2634422
TI  - Home bleaching: effectiveness, history, technique, bleaches, cost and safety.

PMID- 2634423
TI  - Dento-legal information. The standard of care.

PMID- 2634424
TI  - Oral health promotion in the workplace. Experiences from a programme in the
      Danish confectionary industry.

PMID- 2634425
TI  - Preventive management of dental caries.

PMID- 2634426
TI  - [Overall motor, psychological and dental condition in children with cerebral
      palsy].

PMID- 2634427
TI  - [Association among general health, diet and need of dental care among retired
      pensioners living at home].
AB  - A pilot project was established in a Danish municipality with the aim of
      improving the nutrition of 67-85-year-olds living at home but who were dependent
      on domestic aid for purchasing or preparing their food. The project comprised
      health education and information concerning dietary habits as well as an offer of
      dental treatment to those who were physically or mentally handicapped. At
      initiation of the project, the persons (n = 110; 89% of the target population)
      were interviewed about their general and dental health, ailments, drug
      consumption, and diet. Furthermore, a clinical dental examination was made (n =
      106). From these baseline registrations, the elderly were divided into subgroups:
      unbalanced, moderate, and balanced diet; low, moderate, and high consumption of,
      respectively, water/milk and coffee/tea; great, moderate, and no need for dental
      care. Systematic associations were found between general health problems and
      unbalanced diet. A tendency was observed toward more frequent complaints in the
      groups with relatively high consumption of water/milk and water/milk/coffee/tea.
      The strongest associations were found between general health complaints,
      handicaps, and masticatory deficiency on the one hand and great need for dental
      care on the other. Also, the group with great need for dental care was
      overrepresented in the group with unbalanced diet. It is argued that
      accessibility to dental care would improve the chances for the elderly to stay in
      their own homes.

PMID- 2634428
TI  - Modulation of transforming growth factor-beta actions in rat osteoblast-like
      cells: the effects of bFGF and EGF.
AB  - The present study examines how the mitogenic and differentiation functions of
      transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) are modulated by basic fibroblast
      growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in primary cultures of rat
      osteoblast-like (ROB) cells. TGF-beta, bFGF, and EGF individually stimulated
      [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell proliferation in a dose range of 0.01-10
      ng/ml. When studied in combination, high doses of bFGF and EGF were additive to
      low doses of TGF-beta. The additive effects of bFGF and EGF on mitogenesis
      diminished with increasing doses of TGF-beta. These three factors also decreased
      alkaline phosphatase activity individually within the same dose range. When cells
      were treated with the combined factors, only high doses of bFGF and EGF were
      additive to the TGF-beta inhibition. We were unable to detect any change in
      collagen synthesis with each individual factor or in combined treatments. In
      addition, TGF-beta or bFGF alone or in combination did not affect fibronectin
      synthesis. Our studies showed that the biological functions of TGF-beta can be
      modulated by bFGF and EGF in ROB cells. The pattern of modulation is varied
      depending on the specific function examined.

PMID- 2634429
TI  - Cytotoxicity by tumor necrosis factor is linked with the cell cycle but does not
      require DNA synthesis.
AB  - The relationship between the kinetics of cell death induced by TNF and the cell
      cycle in L929.10 target cells was investigated by comparison of growing,
      asynchronous cells with target cells synchronized at G1/S using a double
      thymidine block. The induction phase of lysis, the time following TNF addition
      but before loss of cell viability, was shortened in asynchronous cells by
      increasing the level of saturation of the TNF receptor. However, in synchronized
      target cells, the length of the induction phase showed no dependence on receptor
      occupancy. Almost all cell death occurred within a 3 hr period 4-7 hr after the
      addition of TNF regardless of the concentration of TNF. Target cell lysis in
      synchronized cells was concomitant with mitosis as verified by flow cytometry and
      DNA staining with propidium iodide. The narrow window of cytotoxicity was not due
      to cell cycle-related changes in the expression of the TNF receptor as measured
      by [125I]TNF binding. Treatment with TNF did not accelerate or retard the
      progression of cells through S and G2/M nor did target cells accumulate at G2/M.
      When the kinetic experiments were repeated in the presence of 2 mM thymidine, TNF
      treated cells died with identical dose and kinetic responses as those in which
      the thymidine block had been removed. Under these conditions, flow cytometric
      analysis revealed that DNA synthesis remained inhibited. These results suggest
      that TNF-induced cytotoxicity is linked to cell cycle-associated processes and
      that TNF is capable of overriding the normal cellular controls that coordinately
      link the DNA replicative cycle with the mitotic cycle. In the L929.10 target
      cell, TNF may induce a fatal mitosis-linked event.

PMID- 2634430
TI  - [The effect of electroacupuncture on the neuronal responses of the oral
      trigeminal nucleus in the cat during nociceptive and non-nociceptive
      stimulation].
AB  - Effects of electroacupuncture (EAP) on the responses of different functional
      types of neurons of the oral trigeminal nucleus (OTN) by nociceptive and non
      nociceptive stimulation were studied in acute experiments on adult cats. It was
      demonstrated that the main part of neurons of the OTN is a wide dynamic range of
      neurons. Characteristic feature of the OTN is neurons with low-threshold pulp
      afferent input. EAP inhibit nociceptive responses of neurons (preferentially
      nonspecific neurons), while responses to non-nociceptive stimulation are not
      changed at all. The results are discussed from the point of view that OTN takes
      part in nociceptive and non-nociceptive reactions.

PMID- 2634431
TI  - [The incorporation of 35S-heparin into mast cells in the rat and its release into
      the circulatory bed].
AB  - It was shown that the intensity of the clearance of 35S-heparin in the blood is
      extremely high in the first 30 minutes after the introduction of the label.
      Further on the intensity of the clearance was decreased and by the 60th minute
      only 11 per cent of the radioactivity was left and by the 240th minute--3.7%. It
      was established that during intravenous introduction of 35S-heparin the obese
      cells are capable of accumulating it from the blood flow.

PMID- 2634432
TI  - [Prolonged posttetanic potentiation in slices of mouse hippocampus with the
      "kindling" phenomenon].
AB  - The characteristics of long-term potentiation (LTP) in Schaffer collaterals--CA1
      system were compared in hippocampal slices from mice of control group and mice
      with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling, induced by daily i.p.-injection of 30
      mg/kg of PTZ. The increase in LTP mean magnitude was found in the preparation
      from kindled mice. The enhancement of the paired-pulse potentiation was also
      shown in these slices. It is suggested that both the increase in LTP and paired
      pulse potentiation are due to the depression of an inhibition in intrahippocampal
      synaptic systems.

PMID- 2634433
TI  - [Disorders of cardiac contractile function in ischemic shock; the protective
      effect of antioxidants and liposomes made from egg phospholipids].
AB  - Experiments were made on Wistar rats with 6h tourniqueting of the hind limbs to
      study animal survival rate, myocardial contractile function and protective action
      of antioxidants and egg phospholipid liposomes during ischemic shock. It has been
      shown that reperfusion of the limbs leads to a high animal lethality, make lower
      myocardial contractile function and coronary flow of the hearts isolated from
      rats following a 6h reperfusion of the limbs. Well-known antioxidant butylated
      hydroxytoluene and a new antioxidant tetramethylpiperidine derivative bring
      animal lethality down and improve coronary flow and contractile function of the
      isolated heart. Phospholipid liposomes increase survival rate moderately but have
      no any effect on the heart contractile function. It has been deduced that lipid
      peroxidation takes part in the disturbance of heart contractile function and
      genesis of the death within ischemic shock.

PMID- 2634434
TI  - [Mast cell and blood coagulation functions during prolonged noradrenaline
      administration].
AB  - During the long term noradrenaline injection (0.56 microgram/kg/min-2 hours
      during six days) the number of connective tissue mast cells decreases in dogs.
      Mature cells disappears and the percentage of young forms increases. Marked
      degranulation develops. 5-10 cell groups and chains are formed. The increase of
      free heparin level and the activation of anticoagulant unit hemostasis correspond
      to these changes. It is due to mast cells discharge of biologically active
      heparin which is an unspecific adaptogen.

PMID- 2634435
TI  - [The antioxidant action of anticataract drug preparations].
AB  - In our days the role of lens lipid peroxidation in cataract development is under
      discussion. It is important to establish if anticataract preparations hinder this
      process. Antioxidation action of different anticataract drugs in phosphate buffer
      -rat serum--FeSO4 system was studied. It was established that only part of
      anticataract drugs are able to hinder lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2634436
TI  - [The antioxidant activity of cyclohistidylproline].
AB  - A cyclohistidyl-proline, cyclopeptide possessing a hormonal and neurotrophic
      activity is shown to be an inhibitor of the (Fe + ascorbic acid)-induced
      peroxidation of membrane lipids, its effect being dependent on its concentration.
      Inhibition of the malondialdehyde formation by cyclohistidil-proline is
      accompanied by protection of the membrane bound Ca-pump. In the test of the free
      radical cumole oxidation antioxidative effect of cyclohistidyl-proline is 4 times
      higher than that of the hydrophilic antioxidant carnosine. After peritoneal
      injection of cyclohistidil-proline (15 mg/kg of body weight) to rats the
      stationary level of thiobarbituric acid reactive products in rat brain or serum
      is pronouncedly decreased, this effect being in progress up to 6 h after
      injection. Antioxidative action of cyclohistidyl-proline suggests to be on the
      basis of a variety of its biological effects.

PMID- 2634437
TI  - [The functional heterogeneity of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes in
      acute myocardial infarct].
AB  - Cytofluorometric analysis, using immune complexes, consisting of human IgG and
      fluorescein isothiocianate (FITC)-labelled monospecific rabbit antibodies to
      human IgG, as fluorescent markers for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML), and
      microscopic analysis of modified NST-test probes with NADH2 or NADFH2 were
      employed to investigate PML functional heterogeneity of healthy individuals and
      patients with acute myocardial infarction. It was shown, that circular PML make
      up heterogeneous cell population in the following parameters: Fc gamma-receptors
      expression, oxidative derivates generation and cell oxidases activity and the
      degree of heterogeneity may change during nonspecific inflammatory process, which
      accompanies acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2634438
TI  - [The information value of clinico-hematologic criteria for the early diagnosis of
      acute radiation sickness in pig-tailed macaques].
AB  - Ten pig-tailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were subjected to 60Co radiation at a
      dose of 6.0-6.5 Gy and a dose rate of 1.2 Gy/min. Acute radiation sickness has
      developed in the monkeys causing their death on the 16-20 day. In spite of this,
      the initial reaction was weakly expressed and according to its manifestation it
      was impossible to evaluate severity and possible outcome of the lesion. At an
      early stage of the disease (6-24 hours) insufficient was uranin fluorescence in
      blood plasma, but more informative were the changes in adhesive properties of
      leukocytes the dynamics of lymphocytes (lymphopenia), reticulocytes
      (reticulocytopenia) and shifts in reticulograms (increased per cent of juvenile
      forms).

PMID- 2634439
TI  - [The comparative effect of serotonin agonists on the presynaptic and
      somatodendritic autoreceptors of serotoninergic neurons].
AB  - Experimenting on the slices of cortex and dorsal raphe nucleus of midbrain of
      rats which were incubated with 3H-hydroxytrypta-mine (3H-HT) studies showed the
      influence of series of serotonin agonists on the spontaneous and electrically
      stimulated release of 3H-HT from the slices. It was established that the
      serotonin in concentration of 10(-5) mol/l similarly inhibits the release of 3H
      HT from the electrically stimulated slices of the brain cortex (78.6%) and on
      slices of the dorsal raphe nucleus of the midbrain (81.6%) had no effect on the
      spontaneous release of serotonin. The serotonin agonists in order of increasing
      ability to inhibit the electrically stimulated release of 3H-HT from the cortex
      slices is as follows: ipsapirone (0%), 8-OH-DPAT (23%), kampirone (26.5%), 1.2-PP
      (28.6%), kaplapirone (35.7%), buspirone (48%) and TFMPP (67%). On the ability to
      influence the release of 3H-HT from the electrically stimulated slices of the
      dorsal raphe nucleus of the midbrain of the rats serotonin agonists were in the
      following order: TEMPP (12.3%), kampirone (40%), 1.2-PP (42.9%), ipsapirone
      (52%), 8-OH-DPAT (54.1%), kampirone (57.2%) and buspirone (65.3%). It is
      suggested that the effect of both ipsapirone, kampirone and 8-OH-DPAT is greatly
      localized on the somato-dendritic synapses P1A-HT receptors, TEMPP is more on the
      terminal axons of HT-ergic neurones while kampirone, buspirone and active
      metabolite 1.2-PP act on the presynaptic and somatodendritic autoreceptors of
      serotonin.

PMID- 2634440
TI  - [The action of strophanthin K and beta-acetyldigoxin in vitro on the energy
      transformation by the contractile protein system of the normal cardiomyocyte].
AB  - It was shown in experiments on myocardial fiber bundles (MGFB) from normal heart
      that strophantin K and beta-acetildigoxin in vitro in concentration of 10(-6) M
      sharply increased the value of force generated by contractile protein system and
      its ability to perform work. In this case strophantin K significantly increased
      energy transformation efficiency. It was concluded that in myocardial contractile
      protein system a regulator of qualitative and quantitative energy transformation
      is functioning (a kind of economizer).

PMID- 2634441
TI  - [The anticoagulant and antisclerotic effects of isopropoxygermatrane and
      methylethyl(silatrane-1-ylmethyl)sulfonium iodide].
AB  - In the experiments on rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis the authors
      revealed lipolytic and antisclerotic effect of the above drug. It was also
      observed that it also possessed anticoagulation activity.

PMID- 2634443
TI  - [Electrographic correlates of the antiamnestic action of nootropic agents
      following deprivation of the paradoxical sleep phase].
AB  - During experiments conducted on albino rats the deficiency of passive avoidance
      retention was shown to correlate not only with the reduction in REM sleep and
      SWS, but also with disappearance of phasic component of theta-rhythm. Drugs with
      nootropic mode of action (cleregyl, centrophenoxin, antioxidant 3-xypyridine)
      recovered the deficiency of passive avoidance retention and increased phasic
      component of theta-Rhythm, while phenazepam enhanced tonic component of theta
      rhythm, and failed to act upon learning deficits. It seems likely from these
      results that the electrophysiological correlates of antiamnestic effect is the
      maintenance of proper two-component theta-rhythm and the increase in its phasic
      component, whereas the destructuring of sleep, including REM sleep reduction is
      not considered to be key determinant in the action upon memory and learning
      procedure.

PMID- 2634442
TI  - [The immunization of white rats with a covalent conjugate of sidnofen and serum
      albumin suppresses chronic ethanol consumption].
AB  - The influence of white rats of alcohol abuse formation of immunization by
      covalent conjugates of serum albumin with psychostimulant sydnophen was
      investigated. Immunization by conjugates where the molar sydnophen: protein ratio
      was 18:1-33: 1 results in significant depression of 15% ethanol consumption (in
      the condition of free choice between water and ethanol solution).

PMID- 2634445
TI  - [The role of the thymus in regulating the stromal cells responsible for the
      transfer of the hemopoiesis-inducing microenvironment in stress].
AB  - The role of thymus in the regulation of stromal elements, responsible for
      haemopoiesis inducing microsurrounding transfer of animals, subjected to 10-hours
      immobilization, was studied. The development of bone marrow hyperplasia and
      stimulation of functional activity of stromal cells, responsible for haemopoiesis
      inducing microsurrounding transfer, were shown to be thymus dependent processes
      during stress.

PMID- 2634444
TI  - [The chemical modification of immunoglobulins for accelerating their elimination
      from the blood flow during radioimmunodiagnosis].
AB  - Immunoglobulins were modified by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid anhydride and
      sulfosuccinimidy 16-(biotinamido) hexanoate and were conjugated with modified
      polylysine. Biodistribution of the samples was observed before and after avidin
      injection. Samples containing no polylysine accumulate in reticuloendothelial
      system, protein conjugate with polylysine concentrate in kidneys. The results
      demonstrate that drug distribution depends on the type of modification.

PMID- 2634446
TI  - [Colony-forming fibroblast precursors of the circulating blood].
AB  - Colony-forming fibroblast precursors were detected in circulating blood of adult
      guinea pigs by CFUf in vitro colony assay. SFU amount to 0.9 +/- 0.2 (M +/- m)
      per 10(5) explanted leucocytes ranging from 0.04 X 10(-5) to 3.0 X 10(-5) for
      individual donors. The presence of collagen type I and lack of factor VIII
      antigen and of FC-receptors proved that CFU-derived colonies in the blood
      cultures were composed of fibroblasts.

PMID- 2634447
TI  - [The effect of finoptin on the accumulation of doxorubicin in leukemia P388 cells
      with induced resistance to the antibiotic].
AB  - Using male mice BDF1, it has been shown that the retention period of doxorubicin
      (DOX) is shorter in the leukemia P 388 cells with induced antibiotic resistance
      (P 388/DOX) as compared to the P 388 cells, sensitive to DOX. Administration of
      finoptin (FP) to animals leads to the increase of DOX concentration in the
      leukemia P 388/DOX cells during 240 min observation. FP promotes the therapeutic
      effect of DOX on mice bearing leukemia P 388/DOX. It can be suggested that the
      mechanism of FP action is the damaged DOX elimination from cells with induced
      resistance, since FP doesn't change the period of antibiotic circulation in the
      murine blood plasma.

PMID- 2634448
TI  - [Disordered function of the vascular-thrombocyte link in the hemostatic system
      during tumor growth].
AB  - The influence of tumor (RA-2) growth on the vascular-platelet haemostasis of
      mongrel rats was studied. The decrease of the antiaggregation properties of
      vascular wall and high functional activity of platelets with its intravascular
      aggregation were correlating with processes of tumor growth and dissemination.
      Anticoagulation activity of vascular wall also decreased. It is suggested that
      the change detected may play role in the onco-thromboembolic formation, its
      penetration via vascular wall and metastatic locus development.

PMID- 2634449
TI  - [The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured cells of mouse blood,
      bone marrow and spleen].
AB  - Analysis of factors leading to the increase of SCE in vitro is presented.
      Frequency of SCE is the same in the blood, spleen, marrow cell culture and does
      not influence upon the time of culture and BDU or BDC concentration. The authors
      consider that procedure preparation of the culture leads to an increase of SCE in
      vitro as compared to in vivo.

PMID- 2634450
TI  - [The effect of the seeding density on the growth of a culture of human
      epidermocytes].
AB  - The growth of the culture of epidermocytes of man has been studied. Regardless of
      the initial density of seeding the authors revealed a considerable difference in
      the structure of the cellular layer and the rate of the cell proliferation at
      separate parts of the fundus. In seedings of diluted cellular suspensions the
      authors observed insignificant increase in the rate of proliferation.

PMID- 2634452
TI  - [The effect of hydrocortisone on neutrophil functional activity].
AB  - The male (CBA X C57BL) FI mice received 125 mg of hydrocortisone per kg body
      weight intraperitoneally. The functional activity of neutrophils has been
      evaluated by means of nitroblue terazolium test (NBT-test) values taken before or
      after heat-killed S. marcescens cell stimulation in vitro by 2, 12, 24 h 3, 7 or
      14 days post hormonal treatment. Throughout the 1st day after hydrocortisone
      administration the NBT-test values taken prior to as well as post microbial
      neutrophil stimulation were steadily increased. This effect could be seen as
      early as 2 h post hormone administration and it was linked with growing
      leukopenia and total decrease of blood granulocyte content. By the 3rd day the
      same very values turned up to become normal. The NBT-test values after microbial
      stimulation of neutrophils were 1.7 or 2.4 lower after hydrocortisone had been
      added to blood in vitro in a dose 3.5 X 10(-6) M or 7 X 10(-5) M.

PMID- 2634451
TI  - [The effect of cryopreservation and transplantation factors on the
      morphofunctional state of the thyroid in dogs].
AB  - Influence of transplantation of non-specific factors (denervation,
      delymphatization, surgical trauma, ischemia, changes in blood supply conditions)
      as well as the effect of cryopreservation (-196 degrees C) on morphological
      structure and ability for secretion of thyroid hormones and response to TS
      stimulation were studied using the model of extracorporal biological perfusion in
      isolated thyroid of dogs. The results of biochemical and morphological
      investigations of thyroid in different conditions of perfusion showed, that it
      had preserved its main functional and morphological characteristics under the
      action of transplantation of nonspecific factors and extremely low temperatures.

PMID- 2634453
TI  - [The differentiation factor in the bone marrow and blood serum of healthy
      subjects and in acute leukemia].
AB  - The factor of differentiation--i.e. systemic morphogen of connective tissue
      (SMCT)--have been discovered in bone marrow and blood serum of healthy humans.
      SMCT calls forth the differentiation of mesodermal cell types in early embryonic
      amphibian cells. These cell types are the following: notochords, muscles,
      mesothelium, blood cells, mesenchyme. Under the influence of the punctates of
      bone marrow the frequency of muscle and blood cell appearance is not constant,
      which might be the consequence of the individual variability of SMCT. Under the
      influence of bone marrow and blood serum in patients with acute lymphoblastic,
      monoblastic and myelomonoblastic leukemia the embryonic cells differentiate only
      into atypical epidermis, which proves the absence of the SMCT activity in the
      sources used. In some cases under the influence of bone marrow from patients
      having the same disease the early embryonic cells differentiate into mesodermal
      cell types, which normally appear under the low concentration of SMCT. This was
      observed however only in those cases when bone marrow or blood serum have been
      taken from patients in the state of remission. In patients with remission the
      correlation is observed between the activity of factor of differentiation in bone
      marrow and that of blood serum.

PMID- 2634454
TI  - [The electron microscopic characteristics of stress lung].
AB  - The influence of long-term (6 hours) immobilization stress on morphofunctional
      state of lung air-blood barrier was studied in experiments of the rats. It was
      shown that stress provoked the marked ultrastructural changes in the lungs, which
      were as follows: lung tissue oedema, pronounced thickening of lung air-blood
      barrier and its separate layers, edema-hemorrhagic syndrome, alveolar epithelial
      injury, disturbance of lung surfactant systems. Such a pathological complex may
      be designated as a "stress lung".

PMID- 2634455
TI  - [3H-thymidine incorporation by interstitial myocardial cells in the rat with a
      single administration of the label].
AB  - The hearts were taken 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14 and 21 days after a single
      injection of 3H-thymidine into 20 young male Wistar rats. Label incorporation was
      determined on half-thin slices derived through the whole left ventricular wall.
      First labeled nuclei are seen on the day 1 at the level of 0.4 +/- 0.08%, their
      quantity reaches maximum (1.66 +/- 0.1%) on day 4 and declines to 0.51 +/- 0.1%
      at day 7. On day 21 0.1 +/- 0.14% cells contained radioactivity. Maximal label
      concentration was found in middle intramural layer (2.44 +/- 0.24% on day 4), and
      reached only 1.36 +/- 0.36% in subendocardial and 1.16 +/- 0.24% in subepicardial
      layer. These data allow us to suppose the existence of linkage between
      interstitial cells repopulation and functional activity of different myocardial
      layers, and also the existence of short living and long living fibroblast
      subpopulations.

PMID- 2634456
TI  - [The functional morphology of the uterine capillary bed after synestrol
      administration].
AB  - The capillary vessels of rats uterus was examined which were receiving for 7 days
      0.2% solution of synoestrol i/m (2.0 mg per 1 kg of body weight). The animals
      were examined 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 days after the last injection of the
      solution. As the marker for the capillary vessels the histochemical method for
      finding the Mg2(+)-adenosintriphosphatase was used. The investigations have found
      prominent qualitative and quantitative changes (activity of enzyme, length and
      diameter of capillaries) not less than for two months after the last injection of
      the solution. Particularly prominent changes were found in endometrium between 10
      20 days of the restorative period.

PMID- 2634457
TI  - The clinical significance of a new monoclonal antibody defined antigen CA195 as a
      tumor marker in colorectal cancer.
AB  - We evaluated a new monoclonal antibody defined antigen CA195 as a tumor marker in
      patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and compared the results with CA19-9 and
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This study included 37 patients with colorectal
      adenocarcinoma, 118 healthy subjects, 20 hepatitis with or without jaundice, and
      20 duodenal ulcer with or without smoking habits. The average concentration of
      CA195 in serum from 118 healthy subjects is 5.80 +/- 6.83 U/ml. In the 37
      patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, 13 had elevated levels (greater than 30
      U/ml) of CA195 (35%), 10 had elevated levels (greater than 37 U/ml) of CA19-9
      (27%), and 18 and elevated levels (greater than 5 ng/ml) of CEA (48%). The
      sensitivity of CA195 is correlated well with the extent of the malignancy, 9% in
      Duke's stage A and B, and 79% in advanced stage C and D. Although the sensitivity
      of CA195 is less than CEA (35% vs. 48%), this difference is not statistically
      significant scaled (P greater than 0.05). Combined use CA195 with CEA can
      increase detecting rate from 48% (CEA alone) to 59%. CA-195 level may be elevated
      in some patients with hepatocellular disease, but its level is not affected by
      smoking. Therefore CA-195 can be applied as complementary tumor marker in
      colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2634458
TI  - [A community-based study on risk factors of hypertension in Luh-Guu Township].
AB  - This is a community-based study on hypertension conducted in 1987 to assess the
      risk of demographic factors and life style of inhabitants aged over 30 in Luh-Guu
      Township. One-stage cluster sampling was applied. Through home visit interview,
      the height, weight, and blood pressure as well as demographic and life style data
      were taken, and 1171 (57.4%) valid data were completed. Hypertension was defined
      by American National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute as BP greater than =
      140/90mmHg. The prevalence of hypertension was 29.2% (the prevalence was 13.4% if
      defined by the WHO criteria), and only 27.4% of those hypertensives were self
      aware. Univariate analysis found that age, educational level, marital status, job
      condition, smoking habit, father's hypertension history, and usage of
      contraceptive were correlated with hypertension. With obesity index in addition
      to the above 6 factors, except contraceptive usage, as independent variables, the
      multiple logistic regression analysis showed that, only age and obesity index
      were significantly correlated with hypertension and the best model were fitted.

PMID- 2634459
TI  - Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease.
AB  - The first proved outbreak of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease occurred in a
      psychiatric hospital in Washington D.C. in 1965, but the diagnosis was not
      established until determination of serum antibodies against Legionella
      pneumophila by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test was undertaken, using
      the bacterial antigen isolated from patients with Legionnaires' disease in the
      1976 outbreak in Philadelphia. The second nosocomial outbreak of Legionnaires'
      disease occurred in three immunocompromised patients who received renal
      transplantation at the University of Kansas Medical Center and died of extensive
      lobar pneumonia in 1975. The direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test revealed L.
      pneumophila in the lungs of all three patients after the Legionnaires' disease
      agent was identified. The lack of prospective surveys using sensitive diagnostic
      procedures by various types has limited our knowledge on the extent of the
      problem caused by legionella. In fact, nosocomial Legionnaires' disease is a
      worldwide problem, and control of this disease requires thorough cooperation of
      physicians, epidemiologists, microbiologists and expert engineers.

PMID- 2634460
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in childhood--five years survey in VGH-Taipei.
AB  - From January 1981 to January 1986, 34 children between 2 and 14 years of age were
      diagnosed as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by the Rapport's classification at the
      Department of Pediatrics of Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, R.O.C. These
      patients were retrospectively analysed. There was male predominance with a male
      to female ratio of 2.4:1. The most common symptom was the palpable mass (29
      cases, 85.3%) involved the neck and abdomen equally. All the cases were diffuse
      patterns, DUL (diffuse undifferentiated lymphoma) and DPDL (diffuse poorly
      differentiated lymphoma) both were the common subtypes of histological patterns.
      Twenty-eight cases (82%) were in the advanced stage (stage III and IV). The
      incidence of BM and CNS involvement was 56% and 29.4%, respectively. CNS
      involvement demonstrated a higher mortality of 100%. Surgery, radiation, and
      chemotherapy were mainly used for stage I-II and chemotherapy for stage III-IV.
      The 3-year survival rate of the whole series was 26.5%, and stage I, II, III, and
      IV was 100%, 50%, 33%, 9%, respectively. The causes of death were CNS involvement
      (10 cases, 40%), extensive involvement (7 cases, 28.0%), and sepsis (3 cases,
      12.0%). This study shows that NHL in children are usually diffuse rather than
      follicular in histological patterns, often present a palpable mass involved the
      cervical or abdominal area, and commonly are widespread and tend to disseminate
      early.

PMID- 2634461
TI  - [Clinical analysis and study of hypospadias].
AB  - We did a retrospective survey on 117 patients with hypospadias to determine what
      other congenital anomalies were present. We confirm the increasing incidence of
      chordee with severity of hypospadias. There were many other systemic anomalies
      associated with hypospadias. We found nongenitourinary tract malformations as
      follows: neuromuscular 1.7%, gastrointestinal 4.3%, cardiovascular 3.4%, ENT
      0.8%, eye 0.8%. The incidence of genitourinary tract anomalies associated with
      hypospadias was 24.8% (undescended testis 11.1% and hernia 6.0%). Intravenous
      pyelography should be reserved for a selected group of children with hypospadias
      with abnormal ultrasonograms or urologic symptomatology. The primary therapeutic
      approach is surgical. Urethra-cutaneous fistula requiring additional surgery may
      occur following hypospadias repair in about 29.0% of cases in this paper.

PMID- 2634462
TI  - [Experience in using modified HM-3 Dornier lithotripter to treat urinary tract
      stones].
AB  - Low pressure generator has been developed mainly to reduce pain and kidney injury
      while at the same time maintain an equally effective stone-free rate. Our
      experience in using Modified HM-3 Dornier lithotripter to treat urinary tract
      stones has given an average of stone-free rate (58.88%) quite similar to what the
      conventional one can give. Compared with the conventional intervention, the
      modified one might increase by 52.07% (2281 vs 1500 pulses) in the average
      frequency of shock wave and by 26.52% (38.40 vs 30.35 minutes) in average
      operation time. However, low pressure may contribute to less complications and
      overall smoother procedure under oral analgesic use.

PMID- 2634463
TI  - Selective continuation in quadruplets pregnancy following treatment of GIFT plus
      IVF and ET.
AB  - In this report, we present the selective reduction of quadruplets to triplets by
      transabdominal ultrasound guided cardiac puncture and injection of 1% xylocaine
      and air. This treatment resulted in the successful continuation of pregnancy
      until premature labor developed at the 33th week. Alive births of a normal male
      and a normal female infant, and a dead female infant were delivered.

PMID- 2634464
TI  - [Scrub typhus--one case report].
AB  - Scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) is an acute infectious disease caused by
      Rickettsia tsutsugamushi transmitted through the bite of larvae of certain
      trombiculid mites. Geographical distribution in Asian-Pacific region is much of
      the roughly triangular area bounded by Japan, Pakistan and Australia. It is an
      endemic illness in the Pescadores Islands, but has scarcely been reported in
      central Taiwan. An eleven-year-old boy was admitted to Changhua Christian
      Hospital with the chief complaints of fever, lethargy and skin rash for seven
      days. On physical examination, he was found to have painless eschar,
      conjunctivitis, meningoencephalitis, pneumonitis, ascites, jaundice,
      hepatomegaly, liver function impairment and thrombocytopenia. His Proteus OX-K
      agglutinin titer increased from 1:160 in the acute sera to 1:640 in the
      convalescent sera. A greater than four-fold rise (greater than 1:640) in antibody
      titers to Karp, Gilliam, Kato strains of R. tsutsugamushi between acute and
      convalescent sera were demonstrated by immunofluorescent antibody. The patient
      was treated with minocycline and chloramphenicol and was completely recovered.

PMID- 2634465
TI  - [Childhood hypoplastic preleukemia].
AB  - Aplastic anemia preceeding acute leukemia is known as hypoplastic preleukemia,
      which tends to be more frequently evolved into acute lymphoblastic leukemia,
      whereas myelodysplastic preleukemia are specific for acute myelocytic leukemia.
      More than forty cases had been reported in the literatures. Here we report a 11
      year-old boy who was initially diagnosed as aplastic anemia and treated with
      prednisolone and androgen with prompt response terminated into overt acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID- 2634466
TI  - Double lung transplant in primate.
AB  - Experimental en-bloc double lung transplantation was first reported by Dark et
      al. to broaden the indications for heart-lung and single lung transplantations.
      They used puppies as an acute model: however primates are optimal in expecting
      improving survival. In this study we used Taiwan cynomolgus monkeys for 20 enbloc
      double lung transplants. The animals weighing 2.4-8.0 kgs. were divided into two
      groups: one with surface cooling and profound hypothermia and the other one with
      bypass using heart lung machine. For surface cooling group the average ischemic
      time was 58.5 minutes, and the result was disappointing: The best survivor
      sustained only 8 hours after transplant, and 5 died on table. In the group with
      bypass, the perioperative course was rather smooth. The animals could restore
      their respiratory function after transplant. Postoperative bleeding was the major
      course of complication. All the animals died within one day. During operation,
      evidence of tuberculosis and filariasis were observed. While some problems have
      to be solved before a clinical trial starts, clinical en-bloc double lung
      transplant is technically feasible.

PMID- 2634467
TI  - Minimal requirement of effective dilation diameter of balloon(s) in percutaneous
      transluminal mitral valvotomy.
AB  - 40 patients are included to study the minimal requirement of effective dilation
      diameter of balloon(s) in performing percutaneous transluminal mitral valvotomy
      (PTMV) to obtain good hemodynamic and long-term follow-up consequences. The
      patients are divided into 2 groups depending on the ratio of effective dilation
      diameter of balloon(s) (determined by calculating the cross-sectional area of the
      oval enveloping the one or two balloons and then taking the diameter of the
      circle with the same area) to mitral annular diameter (determined by 2
      dimensional echocardiography) (Balloon-Mitral Anular Ratio, BMAR). BMAR in group
      1 may be equal to or greater than 0.80 or 0.90, BMAR in group 2 may be less than
      0.80 or 0.90. From the careful analysis, the statistically significant immediate
      hemodynamic improvement, e.g. the reduction of trans-valvular pressure gradient,
      left atrial pressure, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, the increase of mitral
      valve area, can be obtained even BMAR is less than 0.80. However, the increase of
      stroke volume index after PTMV can only be obtained with the BMAR equal to or
      greater than 0.80. The long-term improvement, determined by greater increment of
      exercise duration, is also only obtained if the BMAR equal to or greater than
      0.80 at PTMV. Therefore, we conclude that to obtain the adequate and satisfactory
      immediate hemodynamic and long-term follow-up results of PTMV, the BMAR must
      exceed 0.80.

PMID- 2634468
TI  - The therapeutic effects of oil-soluble hysterosalpingography contrast medium
      following water-soluble hysterosalpingography contrast medium.
AB  - Previous studies have revealed that patients who underwent hysterosalpingography
      (HSG) with an iol-soluble contrast medium (OSCM) rather than a water-soluble
      contrast medium (WSCM) had higher subsequent fertility rates. In this randomized
      prospective study, the fertility rates among 109 patients following HSG were
      found to be 31% (19/61) in the WSOM group and 38% (18/48) in the WSOM + OSCM
      group. No significant difference was noted between these two groups, whether
      their infertility was associated with endocrine factor, male factor,
      endometriosis, mechanical factor or some other unexplained factor.

PMID- 2634469
TI  - The interrelationship between the root surface and alveolar bone of the replanted
      avulsed tooth after etching.
AB  - It has been suggested that removal of the damaged nonvital periodontal ligament
      (PDL) may result in slower destruction of tooth substance following replantation
      of teeth. It has also been suggested that citric acid conditioning of surgically
      exposed dentin may enhance connective tissue attachment on root surfaces. The aim
      of this study was to examine the interrelationship between the acid etched root
      surface of the replanted tooth and the alveolar bone. Forty-five available
      anterior teeth from six monkeys were divided into 3 groups in this experiment.
      All teeth were extracted and dried for 2 hrs. In the first group the teeth were
      replanted immediately after endodontic therapy. The teeth in the second group
      were replanted after immersion in 10% sodium hypochlorite and subsequently
      irrigation with normal saline. In the third group, the cementum and necrotic PDL
      were removed by grinding the root surfaces which were then treated with citric
      acid (PH = 1) for 3 minutes followed by normal saline irrigation. All teeth were
      replanted without splinting and were subjected to histological examination at 12
      week post-replantation. Close apposition of collagen fibrils of the new
      connective tissue to the exposed root surface was observed in most cases in the
      second and third group, although bony ankylosis and inflammatory root resorptions
      were also found in some areas. Teeth in the first group, the control experiment,
      had much more replacement and inflammatory resorptions. Then the result suggested
      that demineralization with citric acid on the denuded avulsed tooth prior to
      replantation may decrease the chance of replacement resorption and result in
      fibrous adhesion to the alveolar bone.

PMID- 2634470
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology of superficial lymph nodes: comparative
      with histopathology.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology was done in 215 lymph nodes involving
      cervical, submandibular, supraclavicular, axillary and inguinal regions. One
      hundred and forty of these were diagnosed by histopathology after excisional
      biopsy or surgery, including 46 cases of metastatic tumor, 57 of lymphoma (46
      were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 11 were Hodgkin's disease), and 37 of benign
      lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis of metastatic malignancy was easily made by aspiration
      biopsy cytology with a total sensitivity of 95.7% (44/46). The diagnosis of
      lymphoma was less satisfactory with a total sensitivity of 82.5% (47/57). The
      specificity for diagnosis of benign lymphadenopathy was 97.3% (36/37) with one
      false positive. The concordance of cell type in aspiration biopsy cytology and
      histopathology was 75% (33/44) in metastatic malignancy, and 73.5% (28/38) in
      lymphoma. Typical Reed-Sternberg giant cells were detected in 4 of 11 cases of
      Hodgkin's disease by aspiration cytology. Out of the 37 cases of benign
      lymphadenopathy diagnosed by aspiration cytology, 7 were cases of tuberculous
      lymphadenitis, of which typical Langhans' giant cells were found in 2, and acid
      fast stain bacilli in 3 cases. There was no complication or needle tract
      spreading throughout the procedure. We concluded that aspiration biopsy cytology
      is a simple, safe, reliable, and quick diagnostic method.

PMID- 2634471
TI  - [Sensory action potentials of ring finger in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel
      syndrome].
AB  - Amplitudes and latencies of sensory action potentials (SAPs) recorded over the
      index, middle, little and ring fingers by antidromic stimulation of the median or
      ulnar nerve at wrist were measured in 65 normal adults and 78 patients with
      clinically and electrophysiologically verified carpal tunnel syndrome. In the
      normal adults, there was no significant difference among the SAP latencies of the
      index, middle, ring and little fingers. Among these 65 normal adults, the
      difference between median and ulnar SAPs of ring finger was less than 0.4 msec in
      64 subjects, but 0.7 msec in one. In the patient group, the median distal sensory
      latency of the ring finger was significantly longer than that of the ulnar nerve
      which was recorded over the ring and little fingers. Six cases (7.7%) of 78
      patients diagnosed as CTS by conventional electrophysiological studies was false
      negative by using the ring finger sensory action potential study. It is suggested
      that the SAP study of the ring finger by stimulation of the median and ulnar
      nerves at the wrist can not replace the conventional electrodiagnostic methods
      for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.

PMID- 2634472
TI  - Meigs' syndrome--a case report.
AB  - Bilateral ovarian fibromas combined with as and hydrothorax is a rare disorder. A
      case of bilateral ovarian fibromas combined with ascites and hyrothorax is
      presented. The ascites and hydrothorax disappeared spontaneously after removal of
      the ovarian tumors.

PMID- 2634473
TI  - [Second primary cancer in hematological malignancy experience in VGH-Taipei].
AB  - Seven patients of hematological malignancy with second primary cancer had been
      found at Veteran General Hospital from 1983 to 1988. The second primary cancers
      either developed subsequently or concurrently with the hematological
      malignancies. Four patients were diagnosed to be non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and three
      of them developed squamous cell carcinoma of lung(2) and hepatocellular carcinoma
      (1) at 44, 20 and 45 months after the initial diagnosis of on-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
      All three had received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Another one was found to
      have liposarcoma in the retroperitoneum concurrently. Three patients had chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Two of them were found to have skin squamous cell
      carcinoma at the same time. Another one developed cervical squamous cell cancer
      ten months after treatment with oral leukeran and prednisolone. Literature about
      synchronous and metachronous neoplasms was reviewed.

PMID- 2634474
TI  - [Acute torsion of greater omentum. Report of a case mimicking acute
      appendicitis].
AB  - Among a variety of acute abdomens, acute torsion of omentum, first reported by
      Marchett in 1851, is least suspected under the impression of, most commonly,
      acute appendicitis and then acute cholecystitis, mesenteric thrombosis, ovarian
      cyst, perforated peptic ulcer, etc. A 52-years-old woman was admitted on May 2,
      1987 with anorexia, nausea and RLQ pain for 2 days. Physical examination revealed
      tenderness, guarding and rigidity over RLQ. White cell count was 12.100/mm3. A
      reducible hernia was found in the right inguinal region. The operation through
      McBurney's incision showed blood-stained fluid. Appendix was slightly congested.
      A solid, gangrenous mass was palpated at right iliac fossa that disclosed a
      completely tight torsion of omentum twisting 6 times counterclockwise with distal
      infarction. Segmental omentectomy, appendectomy and hernioplasty were done. The
      patient's recovery was uneventful. This case emphasizes the necessity of routine
      examination of the omentum during the course of abdominal exploration especially
      when serosanguinous fluid was encountered in the peritoneal cavity.

PMID- 2634475
TI  - Legionnaires' disease following cardiac transplantation.
AB  - One case of Legionnaires' disease in cardiac transplant recipient is reported.
      She was diagnosed by immunofluorescence study of bronchoscopic lavage specimen
      and was treated by oral erythromycin successfully. The main presentations are
      fever and single pulmonary nodule with rapid progression and cavitation. In the
      literatures report, two complicated Legionnaires' disease was reported in cardiac
      transplant recipient. This case is less complicated than reported and is the
      first case in this country.

PMID- 2634476
TI  - [Perfusion scintigraphy using thallium-201 in patients with previous transmural
      and non-transmural myocardial infarctions].
AB  - The purpose of this research was to analyze myocardial perfusion in patients with
      previous myocardial infarction (MI). The study was carried-out in 46 patients
      with symptomatic myocardial ischemia. Nineteen patients had a previous
      anteroseptal MI - 12 transmural and 7 non transmural; 5 lateral MI - 2 transmural
      and 3 non transmural; 22 inferior MI - 11 transmural and 11 non transmural. Six
      patients had critical stenosis of 1, 19 of 2, 21 of 3 coronary vessels; the
      patients with non transmural MI had a higher patency rate of infarcted-related
      vessels, as compared to the patients with transmural MI. In each patient, 2 mCi
      of thallium-201 were injected 60 s before the end of a symptom-limited bicycle
      exercise; images were taken 5 min after the exercise and 4 hours later, at rest.
      An irreversible perfusion defect was observed in 24/25 patients with transmural
      MI and in a smaller number (8/21) of patients with non transmural MI (p less than
      0.001). A complete or partially reversible perfusion defect in the peri
      infarction areas was observed in 9/25 patients with transmural MI and in 16/21
      patients with non transmural MI (p less than 0.01). Reversible (12 patients) and
      irreversible (5 patients) perfusion defects were observed in myocardial segments
      different from those of MI. The planar qualitative thallium-201 scintigraphy
      presented a high sensitivity concerning the individuation of irreversible
      myocardial perfusion defects, localized in areas of a previous transmural MI.
      Thallium-201 scintigraphy was not a good predictor of the site of a previous non
      transmural MI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634477
TI  - [Acute hemodynamic effects of nicardipine in patients with chronic congestive
      heart failure].
AB  - We evaluated haemodynamic parameters in 13 patients suffering from chronic heart
      failure (CHF) in III and IV NYHA class. They were 10 males and 3 females, average
      age 57 +/- 11 years. Haemodynamic monitoring was made at basal condition and for
      40 min after the administration of nicardipine (10 mg iv). We observed that mean
      arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistances (SVR) showed an important
      decrease (respectively -10.8%, p less than 0.001 and -22%, p less than 0.001);
      total pulmonary resistances (TPR) also decreased (-16.6%, p less than 0.001),
      while mean pulmonary pressure did not show significant reduction. Cardiac index
      increased with the highest value at the fifteenth minute (-11.7%, p less than
      0.01). Pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP) did not show statistic variations, and
      heart rate too. Cardiac index (CI) did not rise in 3 patients with clinical
      worsening during the monitoring (patients non responders) (CI increase was less
      than 15%); while in 10 patients CI increased more than 15% (patients responders).
      Patients non responders did not show any decrease of TPR and only a transitory
      reduction of SVR; patients responders showed an important decrease of TPR, SVR,
      PWP. We observed that at baseline, the difference between the 2 groups was based
      on the value of TPR and PWP. We conclude that nicardipine is an efficient drug in
      patients affected by CHF without severe hemodynamic failure.

PMID- 2634478
TI  - [Delayed-action nicardipine in the prolonged treatment of chronic congestive
      heart failure in responsive subjects].
AB  - We performed hemodynamic monitoring in 13 patients, 10 males and 3 females, mean
      age 57 +/- 11 years, affected by congestive heart failure, NYHA class III and IV.
      Hemodynamic evaluation was made at basal condition and for 40 min after the
      administration of nicardipine (10 mg iv). We observed that in 3 patients cardiac
      index didn't rise (increase less than 15%) with clinical worsening during the
      monitoring (patients non responders), while in 10 patients cardiac index
      increased more than 15% (patients responders). Patients responders, 8 males and 2
      females, mean age 57 +/- 10 years, have been treated with oral nicardipine
      administered at the dosage of 40 mg td for 3 months. Three months after
      nicardipine treatment we observed a significant increase of exercise capacity and
      O2 uptake (respectively p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01); we noted also an
      improvement of cardio-thoracic ratio and of San Diego index (p less than 0.05).
      We conclude that patients responders to iv nicardipine receive beneficial
      clinical effects by chronic oral nicardipine.

PMID- 2634479
TI  - [Effect of a long-term treatment with simvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA
      reductase, in dyslipidemic patients at high risk].
AB  - The reduction of total and LDL cholesterol (TC and LDLc), apoprotein B (ApoB) and
      in some instances triglycerides (TG) and the increase of HDL cholesterol (HDLc)
      and apoprotein A (ApoA) seem to be associated to a reduced coronary risk. Aim of
      our work was to evaluate the effects of a chronic treatment with the HMG-CoA
      reductase inhibitor simvastatin (MK-733), in a group of 8 dyslipidemic patients,
      5 women and 3 men, aged between 48 and 69 years (mean age 59 +/- 8 years) at high
      risk being already affected by clinical compliances of atherosclerosis and not
      previously controlled by diet and/or other antidyslipidemic drugs. At the
      beginning and at the end (6 months) of this open study it was performed a
      clinical, ECG and ophthalmological examination, as well as an evaluation of the
      routine laboratory parameters. The initial dosage of simvastatin was a tablet of
      10 mg/day, increased after a month to 20 mg and then to 40 mg/die. The mean
      dosage was 26.25 mg at the 3rd month and 21.25 mg at the 6th. Long-term
      simvastatin treatment was well tolerated (lack of important side effects as well
      as of significant changes of other clinical and laboratory parameters) and
      effective, reducing significantly (p less than 0.01) TC (317.9 +/- 30.8 vs 238.5
      +/- 37.9 mg/dl), LDLc (210.6 +/- 48 vs 147.9 +/- 52 mg/dl), ApoB (144.7 +/- 17.5
      vs 104.5 +/- 18), and TG (272.9 +/- 184 vs 200.5 +/- 117.6 mg/dl) and increasing
      in contrast HDL and ApoA values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634480
TI  - [Intermittent opening and flow of a mitral valve prosthesis caused by acute and
      chronic thrombosis].
AB  - The case report concerns a female with intermittent opening and flow of Bjork
      mitral prosthesis demonstrated by echo-doppler. Dyspnoea and rapidly worsening
      heart failure were also present. Anatomic confirmation during cardiac surgery
      showed a fresh thrombus over old one. Principal instrumental criteria of
      prosthesis thrombosis are finally reported.

PMID- 2634481
TI  - [Torsade de pointes during an atropine sulfate test in a patient with congenital
      long QT syndrome].
AB  - After a brief revision about the long QT syndrome, we report the case of a 52
      year old man admitted to hospital for a syncopal attack. His electrocardiogram
      was considered normal: sinus bradycardia and U waves were recorded. The
      echocardiogram revealed anterior mitral leaflet redundancy and possible tricuspid
      prolapse. During the atropine test, after a normal increment of sinus frequency,
      2 runs of self-limited torsade de pointes appeared. The electrocardiogram showed
      lesion wave at first, and then prolonged QT. During the intracavitary study,
      premature ventricular stimulation caused torsade de pointes. After propranolol iv
      it was no more possible to induce major ventricular arrhythmias anymore.
      Coronarography was normal. Nadolol therapy was begun. On 6 months follow-up the
      patient is asymptomatic.

PMID- 2634482
TI  - [Pre-excitation syndrome: a trend toward surgical correction as the therapeutic
      approach of choice].

PMID- 2634483
TI  - [Percutaneous coronary transluminal angioplasty with extracorporeal circulation:
      preliminary results].
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in patients with low
      ejection fraction (EF) and/or a large area of remaining viable myocardium served
      by the target vessel can cause hemodynamic collapse in case of acute closure. We
      report 11 patients in whom the cardiopulmonary bypass support (CPS) was
      instituted because of contraindication to surgery (Group I) or unstable angina
      associated with low EF and/or a large amount of myocardium perfused by the target
      artery (Group II). Nine were male and 2 female, mean ages of 70, with Canadian
      angor class I (1), II (1), or IV (9) and EF ranging from 12 to 65% (mean 34%).
      Thirty were the lesions to dilate; 28 were dilated successfully; in 2 an aortic
      dilation was also performed. One death occurred after the procedure related to
      collapse due to hypovolemia; another death occurred 8 months after PTCA because
      of pulmonary neoplasia. The other 9 patients followed-up at 1 to 8 months (mean
      3.9) disclosed Canadian angor class I. The procedure's technique and the related
      complications are discussed. We conclude that cardiopulmonary bypass support can
      be used safely in patients refused to surgery and with high risk PTCA; such a
      procedure may expand the indication of PTCA.

PMID- 2634484
TI  - [Effect of coronary revascularization by percutaneous coronary transluminal
      angioplasty on the diastolic filling of the left ventricle].
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is useful to study the
      cardiac function in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Left ventricular
      (LV) diastolic filling is often altered in CAD and Doppler-echocardiography can
      be used in order to assess the behavior of LV diastolic filling. Thus, 68
      patients, divided into 2 groups (52 with CAD and 16 normal subjects as controls),
      underwent Doppler-echocardiography to evaluate the following diastolic filling
      indexes: peak velocity of early- (E) and late- (A) diastolic filling, the
      velocity-time integrals of early- (VTI E) and late- (VTI A) diastolic filling,
      the ratios E/A and VTI E/A. The CAD group was divided into 4 subgroups according
      to the severity of coronary disease. The overall CAD group showed a significant
      reduction of E/A and VTI E/A when compared to controls (E/A: 1.10 +/- 0.27 vs
      1.67 +/- 0.48; p less than 0.001) (VTI E/A: 1.84 +/- 0.43 vs 2.84 +/- 0.82; p
      less than 0.001). No differences were found between the 4 subgroups. PTCA was
      performed in 21 patients: 15 successfully and 6 not. The latters did not show
      significant changes in diastolic filling parameters (E/A: 0.71 +/- 0.21 vs 0.72
      +/- 0.25; NS) (VTI E/A: 1.24 +/- 0.31 vs 1.25 +/- 0.43; NS). The other 15
      patients showed significant improvement of E/A ratio (1.07 +/- 0.21 vs 1.37 +/-
      0.19; p less than 0.01) and VTI E/A (1.78 +/- 0.30 vs 2.31 +/- 0.29; p less than
      0.001). In conclusion, LV diastolic filling indexes are significantly altered in
      patients with CAD and seem reversible after PTCA.

PMID- 2634485
TI  - [Complications of CO2 laser surgery in the head and neck].
AB  - The authors analyzed data in the literature on complications of laser surgery in
      otolaryngology. Subsequently they analyse and describe in detail the
      complications they observed and which they encountered after 611 laser
      operations. None of the described complications caused permanent damage of the
      patient or the attending staff. When the recommended safety provisions are
      respected, the authors consider laser surgery a safe surgical method.

PMID- 2634486
TI  - [Pharyngeal defects and their optimal treatment with musculocutaneous flaps].
AB  - A musculocutaneous flap is according to data in the literature and the author's
      own experience the best solution for covering large defects after extensive
      operations on the neck. As compared with skin flaps, in particular tubular ones,
      a musculocutaneous flap has a better vitality and small percentage of
      complications (necrosis, fistula, stenosis). Its use substantially reduces the
      postoperative course and period of treatment. In otolaryngological practice it is
      used most frequently to resolve defects in the laryngooesophageal area. For the
      reconstruction of the pharynx the authors used mostly the m. pectoralis major.
      From the technical aspect it is a relatively simple and safe operation and the
      time for releasing the flap is not excessive. A certain disadvantage after
      healing is swelling of the neck which is due to the muscular stalk under the
      skin. It is not only a cosmetic defect as the swelling may make palpation during
      oncological examination in case of a relapse of the disease impossible. After
      actinotherapy the muscular stalk may fibrillize.

PMID- 2634487
TI  - [Disorders of pulmonary ventilation in children with adenoid vegetations].
AB  - In a group of children aged 4 to 13 years with hypertrophic adenoid vegetation
      the pulmonary ventilation and mechanics of respiration were examined by global
      and regional spirography, incl. evaluation of VC, FEV1%, RV, IGV and V-V loops
      and in six children by whole-body plethysmography. While during global
      spirography a pathological finding was recorded in 31%, during regional
      spirographic examination pathological changes of the mentioned functional values
      were recorded in 86% of the children, which provides evidence that regional
      spirography combined with the densitographic method can reveal local disorders of
      pulmonary ventilation which cannot be detected by global spirography. In children
      under 10 years of age as compared with older children, more marked and more
      frequent changes of the investigated parameters were observed. Dispensarization
      of children where a pathological functional funding was present is essential as
      part of prevention of possible future development of chronic organic lesions of
      the lower respiratory pathways.

PMID- 2634488
TI  - [Audiometry findings, speech, impedance audiometry and BERA in acoustic
      neurinoma].
AB  - Audiometric examinations are essential in the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma.
      Experience with the diagnosis of 41 neurinomas of the acoustic nerve show,
      however, that the tactics of audiometric examinations vary from one case to the
      other. The basic examination is in all instances an accurate examination of the
      threshold of hearing. When the threshold is normal or there are slight or medium
      severe losses on the side of the lesion, the tympanogram, impedance and speech
      audiometry and BERA are supreme examinations and all other audiometric
      examinations are redundant. For BERA alone limiting losses are above 3000 to 4000
      Hz. As soon as they pass at the above frequencies the borderline of 60 dB HL in
      proportion to the magnitude of these losses the amount of falsely positive
      findings increases rapidly and the importance of BERA in the diagnosis declines.
      The same applies to impedance audiometry if major losses interfere with medium
      and lower frequencies. In all these instances the importance of speech audiometry
      as well as of STAT (Supra Threshold Adaptation Test) increases, i.e. of
      traditional audiometric examinations, the latter of which can be used
      successfully also in very high losses round 80-90 dB HL.

PMID- 2634489
TI  - [The effect of nystagmus of labyrinth origin on the eye movement curve and
      optokinetic nystagmus].
AB  - The authors evaluated the interaction of follow-up eye movements, of the
      optokinetic nystagmus with the nystagmus of labyrinthine origin. In 15 subjects
      without data on an impaired vestibular system they observed during a calorically
      induced nystagmus follow-up eye movements and the optokinetic nystagmus. They
      confirmed changes of these curves which were closely associated with the
      direction of the nystagmus. The above changes can be used as one of the criteria
      for the differentiation of a spontaneous nystagmus of peripheral origin from
      central nystagmus.

PMID- 2634490
TI  - [Otorhinolaryngologic aspects of chronic inflammations of the masticatory
      muscles].
AB  - Chronic and usually odontogenic inflammations of the masticatory muscles may be,
      due to anatomical conditions and inconspicuous inflammatory symptomatology,
      difficult to differentiate from tumours in this region. The differential
      diagnosis of both affections is based on the clinical course, sialography and CT
      examination which along with modern ATB treatment significantly modify hitherto
      used surgical therapy.

PMID- 2634491
TI  - [Serum lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic children after 5 years].
AB  - From a group of 1012 10-14-years-old children, incl. 724 with a positive and 288
      with a negative cardiovascular history 56 (5.5%) had serum cholesterol values
      within the range of 5.0-6.47 mmol/l and were described as hypercholesterolaemic.
      Of these 39 (5.4%) had a positive and 17 (5.8%) a negative history. After five
      years the authors assessed in 46 the CHOL, HDL-C, LDL-C and calculated
      atherogenic indices. This time interval that except for the LDL-C and LDL-C:T
      CHOL ratio the values of all parameters declined. The authors found a significant
      mean decline of T-CHOL by 0.457 mmol, and in HDL-C by 0.496 mmol/l; in LDL-C
      there was a mean increase by 0.0065 mmol/l, which was not significant. T-CHOL
      declined in 31% and HDL-C in 71% of the investigated subjects. These changes have
      to be considered when enlisting people into dispensary care. When testing by the
      entire group all parameters and their changes depend significantly on the initial
      values. In subjects with a positive cardiovascular history and HDL-C values lower
      than 1.11 mmol/l after five years a rise was recorded, and in those with values
      above 1.11 mmol/l a decline occurred. In subjects with a negative cardiovascular
      history HDL-C declined by 0.7 mmol/l in the entire range of investigated values.

PMID- 2634492
TI  - [Risk of morbidity in neonates in Prague 1980-1984].
AB  - An epidemiological analysis of 3427 hospitalized neonates at four Prague
      intensive care and intermediary care units in 1980-1984 revealed that of the
      total neonatal risk morbidity, 5.6%, the greatest ratio is accounted for by non
      inflammatory respiratory diseases, 3.3%, followed by infections, 1.5%, and
      serious congenital defects, 0.7%. The incidence of the above groups is higher in
      Prague, as compared with Scandinavian countries. The lethality of inflammatory
      diseases and serious congenital defects is the same, in the group of non
      inflammatory disease it is markedly higher in particular in the sub-group of
      pulmonary maladaptation--early asphyctic syndrome. The perspective of reduction
      of neonatal mortality calls in particular for a reduced incidence of risk
      morbidity and better care of critically ill neonates.

PMID- 2634493
TI  - [Psychotherapy in the treatment of encopresis in children with idiopathic
      megacolon].
AB  - The authors treated by psychotherapy 70 children aged 3 to 15 years with
      encopresis and constipation. In all irrigographic examination revealed idiopathic
      megacolon. In the course of treatment and after treatment 93.1% of the children
      are free from complaints, of these 48% are without any treatment, the others are
      given intermitently small doses of lactulose and Clavigrenin. 4.6% of children
      have occasional problems, 2.3% of the patients did not improve. Improvement of
      the condition depends on the cooperation of the parents, in particular the
      mothers. In mothers of the treated children by means of Knobloch's test a higher
      score of neuroticism was found, as compared with mothers of children with common
      infections.

PMID- 2634494
TI  - [A new aid for the determination of body surface area from 3 to 18 years of age].
AB  - The authors calculated the body surface of 40 boys and 40 girls aged 3, 5, 6, 7,
      12 and 18 years from a group of Brno children followed up on a long-term scale,
      using the equations of Du Bois D. and Du Bois E. F., Haycock G. B., Gehan E. and
      George S. L. and Mosteller R. D. Using the paired t-test, they evaluated the
      closeness of differences. The equations of E. A. Gehan and S. L. George seem most
      accurate. Based on this equation they calculated the body surface and prepared
      tables for children with a body weight of 6 kg and height of 70 cm to adults
      weighing up to 90 kg and with a height of 206 cm.

PMID- 2634495
TI  - [Results of traffic accidents in children in Czechoslovakia in 1988].

PMID- 2634496
TI  - [Aggressive behavior in social care facilities in Slovakia].

PMID- 2634497
TI  - [An algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of renal failure in neonates].

PMID- 2634498
TI  - [Comparison of oscillometric and intra-arterial measurement of pressure in
      critically ill neonates].

PMID- 2634499
TI  - [Thromboendocarditis in a neonate].

PMID- 2634500
TI  - [An expansive spinal tumor imitating juvenile ankylosing spondylitis].

PMID- 2634501
TI  - [Agenesis of the external iliac artery and congenital heart defects. Case report
      of multiple vascular and organ anomalies].

PMID- 2634502
TI  - [Secondary brain tumor in a boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia].

PMID- 2634503
TI  - [Congenital esophagotracheal H fistula in a 2-year-old child].

PMID- 2634504
TI  - [Bicornuate uterus with a rudimentary horn and hematometra].

PMID- 2634505
TI  - [Echocardiography in the diagnosis of a partial congenital defect of the left
      part of the pericardium].

PMID- 2634506
TI  - [Prevention of scoliosis in school children].

PMID- 2634507
TI  - Effect of nifedipine on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and renal
      prostaglandins in diabetic patients.
AB  - The present study investigated the short-term effect of calcium blocker
      nifedipine in 13 healthy subjects and in 13 patients with insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus. Nifedipine induced an increase in plasma renin activity in the
      control group, as well as in the diabetics. Plasma aldosterone did not change
      after nifedipine in either group. Urinary prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto
      prostaglandin F1 alpha increased significantly after nifedipine in the normal
      subjects. The diabetics showed a significant decrease of blood pressure without a
      concomitant change of the urinary prostaglandins. These findings suggest that the
      hypotensive effect of nifedipine in the diabetics is not mediated by
      prostaglandins.

PMID- 2634508
TI  - The utility of glycated hemoglobin in identification of impaired glucose
      tolerance.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of measurements of
      glycated hemoglobin HbAlc by a highly precise method to characterize impaired
      glucose tolerance (IGT). HbAlc was measured by an isoelectric focusing method (CV
      = 2.1% using mean of duplicates) in 100 consecutive persons referred to the
      laboratory by their general practitioners for an oral glucose tolerance test
      (OGTT) because of random blood glucose measurements within the uncertain range or
      positive urine tests for glucose. The patients were classified according to the
      most recent World Health Organization criteria in normals (n = 64), persons with
      IGT (n = 27) and diabetics (n = 9). HbAlc in persons with IGT was significantly
      higher (p less than 0.001) than in normals. It was possible to calculate a
      reference interval of IGT from 5.6-7.5% (mean +/- 2SD), but a considerable
      overlap with the reference interval of non-diabetics (5.2-6.8%) make measurements
      of HbAlc insufficient for diagnosis of IGT. Poor correlation was seen between
      plasma glucose measurements and HbAlc in persons with normal OGTT and IGT (r =
      0.3). The question is, whether measurements of HbAlc provides additional
      information in IGT, identifying those with highest mean blood glucose
      concentrations in daily life, thereby being of value in itself in evaluation of
      glucose tolerance.

PMID- 2634509
TI  - Microalbuminuria is associated with long term poor glycemic control in adolescent
      insulin dependent diabetics.
AB  - In insulin dependent diabetics microalbuminuria predicts proteinuria which is
      associated with an extremely high relative mortality rate. We studied the
      connection between long term blood glucose levels and microalbuminuria. One
      hundred and twenty-seven patients between 10-20 yr of age were screened for
      microalbuminuria. Twenty patients with both persistent microalbuminuria (greater
      than 15 micrograms/min albumin in at least two out of three timed overnight urine
      samples) and greater than 4 measurements of glycosylated hemoglobin A1 yearly for
      5 yr, were included in the study. These 20 patients were matched with respect to
      sex, age and duration of diabetes against the normoalbuminuric diabetics. The
      patients with microalbuminuria had significantly higher mean 5-yr glycosylated
      hemoglobin A1 values than those with normoalbuminuria, 12.4 and 10.5%
      respectively (p less than 0.01). The data indicate a logarithmic association
      between mean 5 yr glycosylated hemoglobin A1 values and the urinary albumin
      excretion rate. The study points to a strong association between long term blood
      glucose levels and microalbuminuria in adolescents.

PMID- 2634510
TI  - Women's knowledge and experience of cervical screening: a failure of health
      education and medical organization.
AB  - A survey of the knowledge of and attitudes towards cervical cytology screening in
      various locations in Tower Hamlets showed that 77 per cent of women in the sample
      reported that they had a smear test, and 86 per cent knew about them, although a
      small group of active elderly were unlikely to know much about the test or to
      have had one. Only 11 per cent of the 600 women under 65 understood that cervical
      cytology was to prevent cancer, whereas 71 per cent thought that it was to detect
      cancer. Of the 205 women who recalled their experience of the test, all had some
      difficulty. Two-thirds were embarrassed, and 54 per cent had pain or discomfort,
      which included all those women who did not feel embarrassed. Forty-three per cent
      had been informed of the result of their tests and about one-quarter of those
      took steps to get the result. Seventy-one per cent of the women had had their
      first test done before the age of 35, but only 9 per cent after the age of 45. A
      quarter of those screened had only had one test done. The women considered that
      more publicity about the test, the knowledge that a woman doctor would do the
      test, and more encouragement by health professionals would be improvements most
      likely to increase the uptake of screening. The possibility of a service offering
      immediate results should be explored by means of a pilot study.

PMID- 2634511
TI  - Cervical screening in the workplace.
AB  - In an attempt to improve cervical cytology screening uptake in women aged over
      40, a mobile screening unit was used to make screening easily available to women
      at work. This service was organized jointly between the District Health
      Authority, the Women's National Cancer Control Campaign and the South West Thames
      Regional Cancer Organization, and was offered to all companies employing at least
      25 women. Thirty-nine out of 82 companies accepted the offer. Among those
      companies which were able to supply a register of their employees aged over 40,
      91 per cent of eligible women attended the mobile clinic. The clinic doctors
      followed District guidelines in not taking smears from women who had been
      screened and found negative within the previous three years, or who had had a
      hysterectomy for an unrelated reason. Of the 1038 women who attended the clinic,
      cervical smears were taken from 568 (55 per cent). Fifteen women were found to
      have cervical neoplasia, of whom nine had either never been screened before or
      had last been screened more than five years previously; a further two women (one
      of whom was found to have early invasive cancer) had previously had an abnormal
      smear for which the recommended follow-up had not been done. It was not possible
      to quantify the benefits of other tests (clinical breast examination, blood
      pressure, urinalysis and gynaecological examination) included in the screening
      clinic, but they were popular with the women attending. Provided that the health
      authority is involved in the planning and organization of workplace screening, it
      can be a valuable adjunct to improving screening coverage, particularly for women
      aged over 40.

PMID- 2634512
TI  - Cerebrovascular disease in Scotland during 1959 to 1983: its geographical
      distribution and associations.
AB  - A study of the geographical distribution of cerebrovascular disease in Scottish
      communities during three quinquennia between 1959 and 1983 showed a marked
      tendency for high SMRs to be present in the west of Scotland and low SMRs in the
      east. Cerebrovascular disease was significantly correlated with coronary heart
      disease, with bronchitis, emphysema and asthma, and to a lesser extent with other
      heart disease, with other circulatory disease and with indices of overcrowding.
      It was not associated with either urbanization or industrialization.

PMID- 2634513
TI  - Women, life and medicine--achieving the balance. An account of 1974 women medical
      graduates in 1987.

PMID- 2634514
TI  - Hepatitis A virus infection in children in Sardinia, Italy.
AB  - The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) in a sample of 1662
      Sardinian children aged 3 to 11 years was estimated by ELISA. The overall anti
      HAV prevalence was 3.8 per cent; it increased from zero among children of 3 to
      7.2 per cent in children of 11 years. A slight male predominance was observed (4
      versus 3.6 per cent). Anti-HAV prevalence was inversely related to the number of
      years of education received by the father and positively related to the number of
      households in the sample. Children whose fathers had received less than six years
      of schooling, had a 6.2-fold risk (Cl 95 per cent = 2.6-15.3) and children with
      five or more households under one roof had a 2.6-fold risk (Cl 95 per cent = 1.4
      5.0) of previous exposure to hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. These findings
      suggest that exposure of Sardinian children to hepatitis A virus is relatively
      low, probably because of improvements in socioeconomic conditions in recent years
      in the island. However, overcrowding and poor education in the father of
      schooling appear to be important determinants of infection.

PMID- 2634515
TI  - Postneonatal mortality in the Nottingham Health District 1985-1988.
AB  - Studies carried out in 1978 and 1981 found postneonatal mortality to be
      associated with poor environmental conditions. Since then, many changes have
      occurred to the environment. This study was designed to discover which factors
      are now associated with a higher risk of postneonatal death. A retrospective case
      control study was carried out using 107 cases and 422 controls matched only for
      date of birth, to look at the effect of area of residence, social class, mother's
      age, and sex, birthweight, legitimacy and number of siblings. Fifty-eight per
      cent of the deaths were due to the sudden infant death syndrome, making this the
      leading cause of death. Causes previously absent from the death certificates are
      now appearing, particularly prematurity related deaths which now account for
      almost 6 per cent. The deaths were found to occur more frequently at home, in the
      winter, and at a peak age of 2 to 4 months. As shown previously in Nottingham,
      the deaths were more likely to have been male (relative risk 2.03), illegitimate
      (2.91), and of low birthweight (28.8). Total mortality was significantly higher
      in babies of mothers aged 19 or less and in babies of manual workers.
      Surprisingly, babies born to unemployed parents were found to have a very low
      relative risk of death (0.26). Mortality is still higher in the city than the
      suburbs and in areas of deprivation. Although still a risk factor for SIDS, high
      parity of the mother was found to be non-significant for postneonatal mortality
      in total.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634516
TI  - Deprivation, mortality and resource allocation.

PMID- 2634517
TI  - Who else responds to postal questionnaires? Are those involved in the subject of
      the study more likely to do so?
AB  - In a postal screen to identify people who had attended hospital outpatient
      departments, it was predicted that attenders would be more likely to respond than
      non-attenders. An experiment was set up to explore this. The response rates were
      76 per cent among attenders compared with 70 per cent for the others--a
      difference which did not reach significance at the 5 per cent level.

PMID- 2634518
TI  - Anonymous testing for HIV. What does the public think?

PMID- 2634519
TI  - [Use of porous ceramic implants in spinal surgery (preliminary report)].
AB  - The preliminary results of the use of porous ceramic implants in 60 patients
      treated surgically for pathologic or traumatic changes in the spine have been
      presented. Good early radiological results were obtained in 82 per cent of the
      patients. The authors think that porous ceramic implants come up to expectations
      and should be widely used in surgery of the spine, especially in the operations
      aiming at spondylodesis.

PMID- 2634520
TI  - [Treatment of compression fractures of the spine by repositioning and
      immobilization in hyperextensive plaster casts].
AB  - The treatment results of 57 patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically
      according to Daniaux. A comparison of the X-ray pictures taken immediately after
      injury and after reposition of displacement with those after removal of a plaster
      cast and at a follow-up examination revealed in all the patients improvement of
      various degree of the wedge-shaped deformation after reposition and application
      of a plaster cast. Loss of correction after removal of a plaster cast was found
      in 11 patients, mainly with the wedge shaped deformation and lowering also of the
      posterior part of the vertebral body. On final follow-up examination, loss of
      correction was found in further 12 patients. They were mainly patients aged over
      50 years, most of them women, and patients with primary vertebral body
      deformation of over 1/3 of the height. The best results were obtained in young
      persons with the wedge-shaped deformation of the vertebral body of less than 1/3
      of the original vertebral body height.

PMID- 2634521
TI  - [Pathomechanisms of injuries of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots in trauma
      of the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spine].
AB  - Apart from clinical examination, X-ray pictures after administration of
      contrastive medium to the subarachnoid space and axial computerized tomography
      were performed in 95 patients with traumatic damage of the spinal cord and the
      nervous roots. It was found that spinal cord lesion in 46.3 per cent of the
      patients was caused by the injury acting according to the shearing mechanism with
      the components of the torsional forces leading to dislocation of the vertebra. As
      a consequence of the crushing mechanism in the injuries of all three spinal
      columns, the spinal cord and the nervous roots were injured in 30.5 per cent of
      the patients. The neurological changes were caused by injury of the anterior and
      the medial spinal columns in 15.8 per cent of the patients, fracture according to
      the extension mechanism--4.2 per cent, compression of the spinal cord by the mass
      of nucleus pulposus--3.2 per cent of the patients. The risk of spinal cord injury
      increases in the patients with accompanying degenerative changes of the spine,
      growth disorders, the symptoms of local stenosis of the spinal canal.

PMID- 2634522
TI  - [Effect of the extent of spondylodesis on the status of the lumbar vertebrae
      after surgical treatment of idiopathic scoliosis].
AB  - Fifty-five patients with primary thoracic dextral idiopathic scoliosis treated by
      the Harrington method were studied. Posterior spondylodesis involved 8-14
      vertebrae. Immobilization by a plaster-of-Paris jacket after operation was
      employed for 7-11 months. The mean follow-up was 14 years and 8 months. The
      studies were based on the clinical, radiological, and photogramometric evaluation
      of patients before operation, at one year after operation, and at least 5 years
      after operation. Two groups of patients were considered: with spondylodesis
      involving 8-10 vertebrae (25 patients) and 11-13 vertebrae (29 patients). In the
      analyzed material, better compensated posture occurred in the patients with
      posterior spondylodesis of 8-10 vertebrae and in whom the lower distractor hook
      rested on the L1-L2 vertebral arches, and when biological maturity of the spine
      was medium or advanced, and the age at operation ranged from 14 to 18 years and 4
      months.

PMID- 2634523
TI  - [Early results of rehabilitation after synovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis of the
      knee joint].
AB  - In 1976-1987 synovectomy was performed in 537 knee joints in 459 patients.
      Rehabilitation should be performed before and after operation. The used
      rehabilitation, with respect to early and late synovectomy, was evaluated. The
      obtained results of early rehabilitation are a stimulus for the use of the
      adopted method of treatment.

PMID- 2634524
TI  - [Evaluation of the results of synovectomy of the knee joint performed in the
      early period of the rheumatoid process].
AB  - The authors analyzed the results of 77 early knee synovectomies in 65 patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis, performed in 1976-1987. Special attention was paid to
      pain, exudate, range of motion, flexion contracture, instability, ability to
      walk, and radiological changes in the Larsen's scale. The patient's subjective
      evaluation and the surgeon's intraoperative evaluation were also taken into
      account. The results were excellent --32.5 per cent, good 46.8 per cent, fair 6.5
      per cent, and poor 14.2 per cent.

PMID- 2634525
TI  - [Results of the treatment of femoral shaft fractures].
AB  - The treatment results of 141 femoral bone fractures, including 29 complicated
      fractures, have been presented. The most frequent cause of femoral shaft fracture
      was traffic accident (71.6 per cent of the cases). The best results were obtained
      in the patients treated by the functional method; the worst results were obtained
      in the group treated surgically by adaptive osteosynthesis with the use of a
      metal plate and screws. In sum, excellent and good results were obtained in 70.2
      per cent, fair in 19.1 per cent, and poor in 10.7 per cent of the cases.

PMID- 2634526
TI  - [Complications in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures].
AB  - Early and late complications of the treatment of 141 cases of femoral shaft
      fracture by various methods have been presented. The most frequent early
      complications were various forms of traumatic shock (ca. 28 per cent).
      Disturbances in bone union and infections were main late complications of femoral
      shaft fracture. Lack of bone union occurred in 7.8 per cent of the cases.
      Posttraumatic ostitis occurred in 4.9 per cent of the cases.

PMID- 2634527
TI  - [Treatment of multiple injuries of the pelvic bones (with rupture of the pubic
      symphysis) by stabilization of the latter using the Zespol method].
AB  - Fractures of the pelvis with disruption of the symphysis ossis pubis and,
      especially, the surgical treatment: stabilization of the symphysis ossis pubis by
      various kinds of the use of the ZESPOL stabilizers have been presented. The
      difficulties in the conservative treatment in 2 patients with multiple fracture
      of the pelvis, in whom the correct position of other injuries of the pelvis
      depended on the stabilization of the symphysis ossis pubis, have been presented
      in detail. In the discussed patients, it was obtained by the ZESPOL method
      employed in one patient subcutaneously and in the other externally. This is the
      first report about the use of the ZESPOL stabilizer in the treatment of symphysis
      ossis pubis disruption. It provides good conditions of healing of the symphysis
      ossis pubis ligaments, makes possible earlier mobilization and standing position
      of a patient. The presented employment of the ZESPOL stabilizer in the treatment
      of symphysis ossi pubis disruption widens the range of the application of this
      stabilization method.

PMID- 2634528
TI  - [2 cases of brain abscess as a complication of direct cranial traction].
AB  - Two cases of brain abscess as a complication of direct cranial traction have been
      presented. In the first case traction was used in the treatment of aneurysmatic
      cyst of the cervical spine, in the second case for cervical spine trauma. In the
      first case development of abscess was related with local infection in the site of
      localization of traction, and in the second case, most probably, with direct
      contamination of the brain tissue in the site of dura mater perforation. In both
      cases abscess was treated surgically; in the first case, a female patient was
      discharged with severe neurological deficit and in the second case, the male
      patient recovered without neurological deficit.

PMID- 2634529
TI  - [Alloplasty of the hip joint and the proximal part of the femoral shaft].
AB  - The possibilities of the use of untypical prostheses of the hip in cases with
      lesion of the proximal femoral end together with a part of the shaft have been
      presented. A hip prosthesis with the upper part of the femur was implanted in two
      cases for neoplastic disease, and in one case for pseudoarthrosis of the femur
      within the intertrochanteric region. Good early clinical and radiological results
      was obtained and the total range of motion in the implanted joint was 210
      degrees. After operation the patients did not complain about pain and they walked
      with the aid of a cane.

PMID- 2634530
TI  - [Early results of the treatment of congenital hip dysplasia with dislocation at
      the Preluxation Clinic in Poznan].
AB  - In 1955-1987 over 5,000 children were treated for congenital dysplasia of the hip
      with dislocation. A uniform method of treatment by the Frejka pillow was used.
      The condition of 823 hips in 636 children at 3-6 months after the start of
      walking and at the age of 15-36 months was evaluated. Stable reposition was found
      in 94 per cent of the cases but those hips were not satisfactorily rebuilt. The
      degree of rebuilding was determined using four radiological parameters and a
      point scale. Excellent rebuilding was found in 8 per cent, good in 33 per cent
      and fair in 59 per cent of the cases. Osteochondronecrosis of the head occurred
      in 13.6 per cent of the hips (severe in 2 per cent). The used treatment method
      was determined to be successful. Children should be followed up after the end of
      treatment for rebuilding of the hip joints.

PMID- 2634531
TI  - [Principles of the treatment of soft tissue neoplasms of the locomotor system].
AB  - Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy is widely used in oncological treatment,
      surgical treatment still plays the main role in orthopaedic oncology. Surgical
      radicalism on which depends the time of a patient's survival cannot justify any
      operations needlessly mutilating patients and in this way destroying motor
      function. The principle of surgical radicalism may have special exceptions in the
      case of elderly persons.

PMID- 2634532
TI  - [Surgical treatment of pain caused by external tibial abnormality].
AB  - The authors discuss in short the accessory bones of the foot and their clinical
      significance. The table and the X-ray pictures present in detail six patients
      with external tibial bone in ten feet, causing pain in 7 feet. In all the
      operated on feet (including 4 in children), degenerative-deforming changes in the
      articulations between the accessory bone and the navicular bone were found. It
      was confirmed six times by histopathological examination. The authors think that
      the degeneration causing pain is itself an indication for removal of the
      accessory bone and that too few patients with this defect are treated surgically.

PMID- 2634533
TI  - [Esophageal carcinoma in human fetus induced by N-methyl-N-benzylnitrosamine
      (NMBzA)].
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that N-nitroso compounds play a causative role.
      In the present study, human fetal esophageal epithelium was cultured for 3 weeks
      with NMBzA obtained in Linxian County (a high incidence area of esophageal
      cancer). Then, the explants were heterotransplanted to mesentery of BALB/c nude
      mice which were continually fed with NMBzA in drinking water for 8 months. The
      results showed that in NMBzA-treated mice, a small tumor was found on the
      mesentery two months after transplantation. The small tumor gradually grew to 2 x
      1.8 cm in size 8 months after transplantation. No tumor was observed in control
      nude mice. Macroscopically, no tumor was seen in the esophagus of nude mice
      bearing esophageal tumor on mesentery. Pathology of the induced tumor showed
      squamous cell carcinoma. DNA extracted from the tumor induced by NMBzA was
      hybridized with Alu sequence using dot blot. Alu sequence was present in the
      induced tumor, indicating that the tumor is of human origin. This is the first
      report to confirm that human esophageal carcinoma could be induced by N
      nitrosamine. It provides a direct evidence that NMBzA is a causative agent of
      esophageal cancer in Linxian County.

PMID- 2634534
TI  - [Basal cell carcinoma and mast cells].
AB  - The histology of 17 cases of basal cell carcinoma and dermis next to the
      carcinoma was observed. The results showed that the mast cell number was markedly
      increased in the dermis near the basal cell carcinoma. There was an increase in
      the collagen fibers between the carcinoma and dermis tissues, forming a thin
      membrane around the carcinoma tissue. These findings suggest that the carcinoma
      associated antigen may activate the lymphocytes to produce certain lymphokine
      which stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of the mast cell
      precursors. Histamine and other active mediators released from mast cells
      stimulate fibroblasts to synthesize collagen fibers which form a thin membrane
      between the carcinoma and dermis. The membrane plays a protective role against
      tumor dissemination.

PMID- 2634535
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic study of 4-(hydroxycarbophenyl) retinamide (RII) in cancer
      patients].
AB  - RII, a new analog of retinoic acid, is an effective anticarcinogenic drug. The
      pharmacokinetic characteristics of RII were studied by HPLC in thirteen cancer
      patients after oral administration. The sensitivity to detect RII was greater
      than 3 ng and CV values of duplicate samples were 1.88-6.62. The results showed
      that peak concentration of RII in plasma appeared at 8 hrs after oral
      administration of 200 mg of the drug, and the mean peak concentration in serum
      was 3.612 +/- 1.099 micrograms/ml. Half life time (T1/2) was 6.62 +/- 0.81 hrs.
      The area under the drug-time curve (AUC) was 35.70 +/- 14.46 micrograms hr/ml.
      The results indicate that it is advisable to take RII twice a day.

PMID- 2634536
TI  - [Cytogenetic study on a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HR-8348)].
AB  - Cytogenetics of a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HR-8348) established in
      China were described. The early (29th passage) and late passages (93th passage)
      of this cell line were used for chromosome analysis. HR-8348 was a cell line
      essentially with near triploid karyotype. The distribution of chromosome number
      was rather dispersed in the early passage, whereas it was concentrated to 65-70
      range in the late passage. G-banding stain showed that the numerical distribution
      of different chromosomes was also dispersed in the early passage associated with
      abundant abnormal chromosomes. In the late passage, it turned to be more stable
      and the number of abnormal chromosomes reduced. In 60 metaphases analysed, 10
      marker chromosomes were found. The frequency of M1, M3 and M2 was 100% in both
      early and late passages. The morphologic characteristics and their possible
      origin and role in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma were discussed.

PMID- 2634537
TI  - [Establishment of a cell line (HCe-8693) from human undifferentiated
      adenocarcinoma of the cecum and its characterization].
AB  - A human cecum undifferentiated adenocarcinoma cell line (HCe-8693) was
      established from a metastatic lymph node of the surgical specimen from a male
      adult patient. The cell doubling time was 30.4 hr and the mitotic index was
      28.8%. All the cells were of epithelial type, round and oval in shape. Electron
      microscopic examination showed large nucleus, clear-cut nucleoli, abundant
      microvilli and some secretory granules. Chromosomal analysis revealed a mode of
      48 per cell. The frequency of colony formation in soft agar was 8%. The cells
      agglutinated in 1 microgram/ml PHA or ConA. CEA was positive in the cells and in
      the culture supernatant. When hetero-transplanted to nude mice, HCe-8693 cells
      grew to form tumor with the same morphology as the original one from the patient
      with Alcian blue positive material in the cytoplasm. Repeated detection for
      mycoplasma was negative.

PMID- 2634538
TI  - [Establishment and characterization of a human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line
      OC-8611].
AB  - A cell line designated as OC-8611 was derived from the malignant ascitic fluid of
      a patient with ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. The line showed epithelial
      morphology under the light or electron microscope. The chromosome number varied
      widely and showed aneuploidy, the model chromosome number was stable at triploid
      range. The pathological features of the tumor transplanted in nude mice were
      similar to those of the original lesions from the patient. Expression of the
      antigens CA-125, CA-50 and CEA and ability to secrete ovarian hormones were
      demonstrated in this cell line. This cell line may contribute to the study on
      ovarian carcinoma.

PMID- 2634539
TI  - [Effect of cigarette smoke condensate on unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in human
      lung fibroblast cells].
AB  - The effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on UDS in human lung fibroblast
      cells (2BS) was studied. The results showed that CSC induced a marked increase in
      UDS of 2BS cells in a dose-dependent manner. 3H/14C ratio was 1.77 +/- 0.34 at a
      dose of 125 micrograms/ml of CSC as compared with 1.33 +/- 0.04 of the control.
      Catalase, at doses of 40, 60 units/ml, could significantly inhibit UDS induced by
      CSC (75 micrograms/ml), but after inactivation catalase had no effect. It is
      suggested that the increase in UDS is due to free radicals generated from CSC.

PMID- 2634540
TI  - [Flow cytometric analysis of NIH/3T3 cells treated with extract of Aspergillus
      versicolor].
AB  - The effect of extract of Aspergillus versicolor, isolated from the gastric juice
      of patients with chronic gastric diseases in high incidence area of stomach
      cancer, on NIH/3T3 cells was analysed by flow cytometer. The results showed that
      the distribution of cell numbers in S phase and G2M phase of cell cycle, the
      average DNA content and proliferation index of cells treated with Aspergillus
      versicolor extract were significantly increased.

PMID- 2634541
TI  - [Haemorheologic changes during tumor development after subcutaneous
      transplantation of mouse forestomach carcinoma (FC)].
AB  - After transplantation of FC, there was a latent period of about 3 days until
      local invasion was first observed. Active local tumor invasion occurred on day 6
      (invasion stage). From day 9 when the invasion became extensive lung metastasis
      developed (early metastatic stage). The lung metastasis was more severe from day
      12 (mid metastatic stage) and became widespread from day 15 (late metastatic
      stage). Lung metastasis was observed in 42.8%, 50% and 73.3% of the mice during
      early, mid and late metastatic stages, respectively. There was no haemorheologic
      change observed in the latent period. In the invasion and early metastatic
      stages, an increase in plasma and whole blood viscosity was evident but the
      hematocrit and red cell aggregation were normal. As lung metastasis became more
      and more extensive, all the haemorheologic parameters were markedly decreased.

PMID- 2634542
TI  - [In vitro experimental expansion and induction of LAK cell of lymphocytes from
      human carcinomatous ascites].
AB  - Investigation on the in vitro expansion and induction of LAK cell activity of
      peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) from malignant ascites of advanced ovarian
      cancer patients is presented. The results indicated that to isolate PEL from
      malignant ascites was much more simple and economic than to isolate tumor
      infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). PEL could be in vitro expanded 17-fold and
      induced to acquire LAK cell activity in the presence of rIL-2. Thus, PEL can be
      used as LAK cell precursor for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.

PMID- 2634543
TI  - [Prognostic factors in epithelial ovarian cancers--clinical significance of
      morphologic indicators].
AB  - The main factors influencing prognosis (staging, histologic classification and
      grading, lymphocyte infiltration etc.) in 110 patients with epithelial ovarian
      cancers were analysed by life table technique to obtain 5 year cumulative
      survival rate. Multivariate statistical analysis (Cox Model) was used in 88
      patients in order to find out the most important prognostic factor. The results
      showed that degree of lymphocyte infiltration in the tumor was the most
      important; the next was clinical factors; moreover, the amount of residual tumor
      was more significant than staging. Specimen from reoperation revealed less
      lymphocyte infiltration than that from the first operation. The degree of
      lymphocyte infiltration as an expression of the local host defence can be used as
      a good prognostic indicator.

PMID- 2634544
TI  - [Cancer and hyperuricemia--an analysis of 316 cancer patients].
AB  - Blood uric acid level in patients with solid tumor was seldom reported. Blood
      uric acid was measured in 316 cancer patients, 173 men and 143 women and was
      found higher in all patients than in normal subjects. The positive rate for
      cancer of kidney and urinary bladder was 93.30% and 90.90%, respectively. For
      other types of cancer, it was 51.27-69.23%. The level of urea was elevated in 75%
      of the hyperuricemic patients. The mechanisms of hyperuricemia in cancer patients
      were briefly discussed.

PMID- 2634545
TI  - [Imaging diagnosis in preoperative TNM staging of lung cancer].
AB  - Conventional chest radiography (CR), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) as staging modalities were compared in assessing the
      tumor extension and node status before operation in 57 patients with non-small
      cell bronchogenic carcinoma. The results showed that accuracy of 47 T1 and T2
      lesions was 94%, 73% and 77% for CR, CT and MRI, respectively. CR and CT
      correctly evaluated 1 of the 2 T3 lesions and MRI was correct in both. CT and MRI
      correctly evaluated 4 of the 7 T4 lesions. MRI was superior to CT for left
      pulmonary artery invasion, but inferior to CT for pleural metastases. CR
      underestimated all of the 7 T4 lesions. The mediastinal lymph node metastases
      were evaluated preoperatively, giving sensitivities in CR, CT and MRI of 17%, 71%
      and 67%, respectively. The sensitivity of CT and MRI was higher than CR (P less
      than 0.01). The short axis of nodes greater than or equal to 10 mm was
      recommended for metastasis on the right side of mediastinum and the long axis
      greater than or equal to 10 mm for that in the other areas of mediastinum.

PMID- 2634546
TI  - [Ewing's sarcoma--report of 18 cases].
AB  - Eighteen cases of Ewing's sarcoma are presented. The mean age was 13 years. The
      male to female ratio was 2:1. Tumor occurred frequently in the long bones,
      especially the femur. The average course was 7 months. The main symptoms were
      pain, moderate fever, tumor mass with tenderness and leucocytosis. Diagnosis was
      established according to the clinical, radiological and pathological findings. In
      this series, the major treatment was radiotherapy alone or radiotherapy combined
      with chemotherapy. The mean survival time was 16 months with 2- and 5-year
      survival rate of 31% and 20%, respectively. Misdiagnosis and failure or
      interruption of the combined treatment were the main factors for poor prognosis.

PMID- 2634547
TI  - [Kaposi's sarcoma--ultrastructural study of 7 cases].
AB  - The ultrastructure of 7 cases of Kaposi's sarcoma observed in Xinjiang is
      reported. Its histo-structure and cell type varied. The neoplastic blood vessels,
      pericytes, fibroblasts, epithelioid cells with their basement membranes and cell
      junctions (tight junction and desmosome-like junction), spindle cells with multi
      microvilli, phagocytes and mesenchymal cells without any cellular characteristics
      were found. The nature of these cells and the relation between them are
      discussed. The authors support the opinion that Kaposi's sarcoma is derived from
      primitive vasoforming mesenchyme.

PMID- 2634548
TI  - [Analysis of 27 patients with lung cancer misdiagnosed as tuberculosis].
AB  - Because lung cancer is similar to tuberculosis not only in clinical symptoms but
      also in X-ray manifestation, it is occasionally misdiagnosed. Currently, as the
      incidence of tuberculosis in the elders tends to increase and lung cancer is not
      rare in the youth patient's age is no more a good reference in differential
      diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis should be based, besides X-ray examination, on
      sputum cytology, bronchoscopy and biopsy.

PMID- 2634549
TI  - [Extra-abdominal desmoid tumor--analysis of 26 patients].
AB  - Twenty-six patients with extra-abdominal desmoid tumor are reported. The tumor
      was located in the head and neck (6 cases), chest wall (3 cases), arm and leg (9
      cases), paravertebral tissue (6 cases) and in the abdomen (2 cases). Of the 26
      patients, 17 were treated for the first time and 9 had recurrent lesions. This
      tumor, showing aggressive growth, involved peripheral nerves (7 cases), blood
      vessels (4 cases), bones (11 cases) or viscera (2 cases). Surgery is the
      treatment of choice. The recurrence rate was 11% in those who received their
      first treatment. Wide dissection led to lower recurrence than simple excision
      (23% vs 72%). The authors stress the importance of excising at least 2-3 cm
      beyond the tumor margin and extra-abdominal desmoid tumor should be treated as a
      soft tissue tumor with low malignancy.

PMID- 2634550
TI  - [71 cases of osteosarcoma].
AB  - Seventy one cases of pathologically proven osteosarcoma treated in our hospital
      from 1961 to 1986 are reported. There were 53 men and 18 women with a ratio of
      2.9:1. Peak ages ranged from 11 to 25 in 52 (73.2%) cases. The mean age was 23
      years. The most frequent site was the lower end of femur and upper end of tibia
      (48/70, 68.6%). Local pain and tenderness, which occurred in the early stage and
      aggravated at night in moderate and advanced stages. Codman's triangle and bone
      spicule formation in the roentgenograph, increased alkaline phosphatase (AKP)
      were the most common findings. Under optical microscope reliable diagnosis could
      only depend upon tumor cells forming osteoid substances, especially, tumorous
      bone-formation. Under electron microscope, the important findings were the
      dilated rough surface endoplastic reticulum and large amount of glycogen storage
      in the cytoplasm. The increased AKP and mildly or moderately positive acid
      phosphatase might be valuable. The prognosis was favorable in the younger than
      the older patients over 55 years, on the right than left in tumor site, smaller
      than larger in tumor size, osteoblast type than the others. Grading showed no
      significant relation to prognosis. It is emphasized to obtain multiple samples
      from various sites of the same tumor for precise diagnosis and classification.

PMID- 2634551
TI  - [Treatment selection for stage I breast cancer--report of 412 cases].
AB  - From 1958 to 1982, 412 Stage I breast cancer patients treated by simple
      operation, operation plus radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are reported. Of them,
      312 were treated by radical mastectomy (R), 43 by simple mastectomy (S), 31 by
      modified radical mastectomy (M), 20 by tumorectomy (T) and 6 by extended radical
      mastectomy (E). The results showed that M and T with radiotherapy and/or
      chemotherapy were similar to R in terms of survival and recurrence rates. There
      were no differences between R, S, M, E groups and combined treatment group in
      recurrence rate, but there was a significant difference between T group and
      combined treatment group (P less than 0.01). Recurrence rate of patients with
      positive axillary lymph nodes was similar to that of patients with negative
      nodes, because 91.5% of the former patients received combined treatment, but only
      54.3% of the latter patients did (P less than 0.01). Six cases in T group
      recurred and 4 (67%) of them were retreated by salvage surgery. Three cases
      survived for 15 years, giving a better result than radical mastectomy. It is
      indicated that modified radical mastectomy and tumorectomy plus combined
      treatment are advisable for Stage I breast cancer. Prospective randomized
      clinical trials for assessment of different treatment modalities are needed.

PMID- 2634552
TI  - [120-hour continuous 5-FU infusion and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced
      esophageal carcinoma--clinical analysis of 19 cases].
AB  - From May 1985 to July 1987, 21 patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma
      without previous chemotherapy were treated with 120-hour continuous 5-FU infusion
      and Cisplatin. 19 patients received at least one to three cycles of treatment.
      One achieved complete response (5.5%), 8 partial response (42.1%), 4 no change
      (22.2%), 6 progressive disease (31.5%). The overall response rate was 47.6%
      (9/19). The toxic effects were tolerable in most patients. The factors
      influencing response are discussed. The authors suggest this regime as a
      palliative treatment or a part of combined therapy for advanced esophageal
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2634553
TI  - [Primary malignant lymphoma of the right parietal bone in childhood--a case
      report].
AB  - Primary malignant lymphoma of the bone is quite rare in childhood. Its incidence
      was reported to be less than 1% in Japanese patients. A 14 year-old boy admitted
      to Mie University Hospital because of tumor of the skull in August 1988 is
      reported. Biopsy of the tumor revealed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (diffuse large cell
      type). Bone marrow aspiration on admission showed infiltration of lymphoma cells.
      Surface marker analysis of lymphoma cells in bone marrow was performed by a panel
      of monoclonal antibodies. The surface phenotype of lymphoma cells conformed with
      that of non-T, non-B lymphoid cells. The patient was treated by high-risk
      lymphoma protocol formulated in the Department of Pediatrics, Mie University and
      achieved complete remission.

PMID- 2634554
TI  - NIH Workshop on Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormone. July 11-12, 1985.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2634555
TI  - Influence of thyroid hormone on myosin heavy chain mRNA and other messenger RNAs
      in the rat heart.
AB  - The level of myosin heavy chain (MHC) alpha mRNA and of MHC-beta mRNA was
      quantitated in the rat heart using a specific cDNA probe. In hypothyroid and
      diabetic hearts MHC-beta mRNA predominates, whereas in normal hearts MHC-alpha
      mRNA represents 80% of all MHC mRNA. Administration of 0.2 mg T3/100 g body wt.
      to hypothyroid rats led to an increase in MHC-alpha mRNA beginning at 3 h after
      injection and continued to rise until at 24 h control level of MHC-alpha mRNA
      were reached. In contrast, after administration of 2 units regular insulin to
      diabetic rats, MHC-alpha mRNA levels showed a small but significant increase
      already 30 min after insulin administration reaching a peak at 3 h and returning
      to diabetic values 5 h after insulin. The T3 response of other cardiac mRNAs was
      quantitated using in vitro translation, separation of 35S methionine labeled
      translational products and their quantitation by digital matrix photometry. An
      mRNA (spot 72b) coding for a translational product with a Mr 81,000 and pI of 5.4
      showed a 3-fold increase in its level 1 h after T3 administration. In view of the
      rapid response of spot 72b and the early response of MHC-alpha mRNA to insulin,
      it is currently unclear if the T3 response of MHC-alpha mRNA represents a primary
      effect of T3.

PMID- 2634556
TI  - T3 regulation of TSH gene expression.

PMID- 2634557
TI  - Metabolic and kinematic responses of African women headload carriers under
      controlled conditions of load and speed.
AB  - Recent investigations have argued for the metabolic efficiency of headloading as
      a mode of load-carriage, and have included proposals of an energetic 'free-ride'
      for loads under 20% bodymass. Our own energy-cost analyses on laboratory
      habituated African women occupational headloaders is used to evaluate the free
      ride hypothesis, but more especially to throw new light on the kinematics of foot
      floor contact patterns. Under headloading there is a tendency for the impact
      receiving mechanisms of the foot to be less effective. However, a delayed heel
      rise later in the step increases stability of support by reducing the duration of
      forefoot-only contact. Plantar thrust under headloading has a relatively longer
      duration, which may have force-velocity implications for the propulsive
      musculature.

PMID- 2634558
TI  - Relation between power and endurance for treadmill running of short duration.
AB  - An exercise test was devised to investigate the relationship between power and
      endurance for treadmill running. The subjects were 19 males aged 21-25 yr (11
      distance runners and 4 sprinters of provincial grade, and 4 non-competitive
      runners). Each subject ran to exhaustion on a treadmill at 15 km hr-1 at five
      different inclinations (31%-9%), giving maximum performance times in the range 10
      s to 3 min. An iterative least-squares procedure was used to fit the following
      exponential model to each subject's data: It = I infinity + (I0-I infinity) exp (
      t/tau), where It, I0 and I infinity are inclinations at time t = t, t = 0 and t--
      -infinity, and tau is a time constant. The fit was excellent (r2 = 0.96-1.00). I0
      and I infinity are interpreted as measures of maximum anaerobic (instantaneous)
      and maximum aerobic (continuous) power respectively. Inclinations corresponding
      to performance times of 10-180 s (I10-I180) were calculated from these
      parameters. Test-retest reliability was highest for I0-I30 (intraclass r = 0.97
      0.94), lower for I60-I infinity (r = 0.89-0.84), and lowest for tau (r = 0.78).
      Good correlations were observed between I0-I30 and peak power in a 30 s all-out
      test on a cycle ergometer (r = 0.73-0.81), and between I180, I infinity and
      maximum oxygen consumption (r = 0.87, 0.81). The test may be useful for ranking
      or monitoring running performance for events of up to 1 min duration.

PMID- 2634559
TI  - Aerobic metabolic requirements of simulated cross-country skiing.
AB  - This study evaluated the aerobic metabolic requirements of simulated cross
      country skiing. Five male subjects exercised on a cross-country skiing machine at
      12 different arm and leg resistances and movement frequencies. Oxygen consumption
      (VO2) ranged from 21.6 to 44.4 ml kg(-1) min(-1). The VO2 increased significantly
      (p less than 0.05) as the frequency of limb movement was increased. These data
      suggest that simulated cross-country skiing places a significant demand on the
      aerobic metabolic system and as such is a viable alternative to conventional
      cardiovascular exercise modalities.

PMID- 2634560
TI  - Thermal function of a clothing ensemble during work: dependency on inner clothing
      layer fit.
AB  - A tight-fitting crewneck undergarment (U) and a loose-fitting shirt (S) were
      studied as part of a commonly used clothing ensemble (Itot = 0.22 m2 K W-1). Ten
      clothed male subjects performed standardized packing work (VO2 = 0.761 min-1) at
      three climatic conditions, 20 degrees C and Va = 0.45 m s-1 (0-30 min), at 5
      degrees C and Va = 0.39 m s-1 (30-60 min) and at 5 degrees C and Va = 1.23 m s-1
      (76-90 min). From 60-75 min the subjects rested at 20 degrees C. The
      physiological and subjective responses varied with the environment from slightly
      warm to cool. U resulted in warmer responses than S: torso and upper arm skin
      temperatures were higher at both 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C, evaporation rate
      was higher at 20 degrees C, mean skin temperature was higher during work at 20
      degrees C, sweating tended to begin earlier and skin wettedness to be higher with
      U than with S. No differences were observed in core temperature, heart rates, and
      subjective thermal evaluations. It was concluded that a tight-fitting inner layer
      (U) compared to a loose-fitting one (S) allows for less cooling of the skin in
      both a cool and a slightly warm environment.

PMID- 2634561
TI  - The effects of VDT work on the regulation of hemodynamics compared with aging.
AB  - Urinary excretions of aldosterone, blood pressure, and heart rate were examined
      for three age groups of volunteers searching for target words on VDT for two
      hours. Aldosterone excretion did not change in the young and middle-aged groups,
      but increased in the elderly group. Blood pressure decreased midway through the
      work in the young group, and increased during the work in the middle-aged and
      elderly groups. Aldosterone excretion did not increase during hard-copy work or
      during VDT work with large letters, but increased during VDT work with small
      letters. During VDT work with both large and small letters, blood pressure
      increased. During hard-copy work, neither blood pressure nor heart rate changed,
      although blood pressure increased after the work. These data suggest that the
      sympathetic nervous activation represented by the increases in aldosterone
      excretion and blood pressure occurred definitively during VDT work with small
      letters under the conditions of this study. It is also suggested that this effect
      is enhanced by aging.

PMID- 2634562
TI  - [Thallium-201 re-injection: a new method for the identification of viable
      myocardium in patients with fixed deficits of myocardial uptake].
AB  - Fixed defects on thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy which have been
      traditionally interpreted as myocardial scar, may in fact be viable myocardium.
      This has been shown to be the case on 24 hour delayed imaging, positron emission
      tomography and repeat thallium imaging after coronary angioplasty or bypass
      surgery. We studied 25 suspected post myocardial infarction ischemia patients who
      had one or more fixed defects on exercise thallium scintigraphy. Immediately
      after the conventional delayed images, a second TI-201 injection of 1 mCi (re
      injection) was given, followed by an additional set of images. After re
      injection, 41% of fixed defects on the conventional delayed images showed
      increased thallium uptake as evidence of viable myocardium, and 46% of partially
      reversible defects on the conventional delayed images showed a concordant but
      increased uptake. Re-injection provided the only evidence for ischemia in 4
      patients (16%) and documented ischemia in a new vascular territory in 3 patients
      (12%). Thus, we conclude that thallium re-injection is an improved technique for
      assessing myocardial viability in patients after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2634563
TI  - [A-V conduction in atrial flutter. Electrocardiographic study].
AB  - One hundred and twenty-nine cases of atrial flutter were analyzed to assess the A
      V conduction. The R-R intervals, the A-V conduction ratio, and the F-R intervals
      were measured in each case. Conduction in atrial flutter was defined either as
      constant or as variable depending on whether the A-V conduction ratio was fixed
      or variable. Furthermore, atrial flutter was defined as regular whenever the R-R
      intervals were mathematically related to each other, any interval being a
      multiple of the F-F cycle. On the other hand, atrial flutter was defined as
      irregular when the R-R cycles did not reflect a precise mathematical
      relationship. The R-R intervals in irregular atrial flutter were not exactly
      multiples of the F-F cycle. This was because the F-R intervals were variable.
      Sixty-five cases of atrial flutter had constant A-V conduction, whereas 64 cases
      were associated with variable A-V conduction. Eighty-eight per cent of cases with
      constant conduction were regular. On the contrary, 91% of cases with variable A-V
      conduction were irregular. These data reflect a relationship between the
      constancy of the A-V conduction ratio and the regularity of the R-R intervals.
      Several mechanisms were identified as being responsible for atrial flutter
      irregularity. Alternation of the F-R intervals was the most frequent mechanism
      leading to irregularity of atrial flutter with constant A-V conduction.
      Alternating Wenckebach periodicity was the most common cause of irregularity in
      atrial flutter with variable conduction ratio. Concealed conduction of blocked
      impulses was also frequently involved in determining atrial flutter irregularity.

PMID- 2634564
TI  - [Atrial flutter: a model for studying arrhythmia].

PMID- 2634565
TI  - Heart transplant rejection detected by signal averaged QRS analysis. Preliminary
      results.
AB  - Detailed QRS wave analysis from the limb leads of the surface high resolution
      electrocardiograms recorded in five cyclosporine-treated heart transplant
      recipients gave good correlation with the corresponding results of endomyocardial
      biopsy. That is when the result of the biopsies has identified the presence of
      rejection, a concomitant (p = 0.001) variation in some parameters of the QRS has
      been observed. The reproducibility of such parameters (established by means of
      the correlation coefficient r) gave r values ranging from 0.6 up to 0.93. The
      correlation regarded parameters analyzed both in time and frequency domain.
      Biopsy results were divided into two classes on the basis of the presence or
      absence of rejection. The most significant parameters obtained from high
      frequency (25-300 Hz) ECGs within a few hours of each biopsy were: a) the total
      high-frequency voltage amplitude Vt of the QRS and the voltage amplitude of its
      initial Vi and middle thirds Vm; b) the peak voltage amplitude Vp of the QRS; c)
      the QRS duration L; d) the integrated voltage time product I of the QRS; e) three
      mean voltage amplitudes V5, V6, V7, of the power spectral density constructed on
      the basis of the 512-point fast Fourier transform applied on each recording. The
      above mentioned parameters appear to be useful in predicting the biopsy result in
      terms of the presence or absence of rejection.

PMID- 2634566
TI  - [Symposium on "Three years of heart transplantation: clinical results of the
      Padua experience"].

PMID- 2634567
TI  - [Assessment of 3 years of cardiac transplantation in Padua].

PMID- 2634568
TI  - [Heart transplantation: selection of donors and recipients in our experience].

PMID- 2634569
TI  - [Intensive therapy and peroperative complications in cardiac transplantation].

PMID- 2634570
TI  - [Immunosuppression after heart transplantation. Results of a study of 2
      therapeutic protocols].

PMID- 2634571
TI  - [Biopsy monitoring of the transplant patient].

PMID- 2634572
TI  - [3 years of heart transplantation in Padua (1985-1988): concerning the cause of
      death "per anatomen indagatis" (based on autopsy findings)].

PMID- 2634573
TI  - [Disorders of rhythm and conduction in the transplanted human heart].

PMID- 2634574
TI  - [Functional short- and mid-term evaluation in patients receiving heart
      transplantation].

PMID- 2634575
TI  - [Heart transplantation: hemodynamic follow-up at yearly intervals].

PMID- 2634576
TI  - [Genome mapping in silver fox. Syntenic genes in Carnivora].
AB  - Hamster X fox somatic cell hybrids segregating individual fox chromosomes in
      different combinations were used to assign seven structural loci to fox
      chromosomes. The gene for ME1 was mapped on the VFU1 chromosome, the genes for
      ADK and PP being located on the VFU4 chromosome. The gene for GSR was assigned to
      the VFU7 chromosome and the genes for MPI and COT1 were assigned to the VFU15
      chromosome. Localization of these genes enhances the established fox genetic map
      and extends the known syntenic homologies between the fox and other mammalian.
      The comparison of data on gene mapping has provided basis for suggestion that
      there are significant differences in rates of karyotypic evolution in many
      mammalian taxa.

PMID- 2634577
TI  - [Reconstruction of genetic distance matrix].
AB  - A method for reconstruction of genetic distances' matrix, based on linear
      combination of physical distances' matrices among populations and mean sizes of
      the population matrices is proposed. The analogue of genetic distances' matrix
      obtained correlates with the matrix at the level 0.59. The reconstruction may be
      used for the populations of about 2-3 neighbour districts. An index xi is
      introduced, as a constant describing some big regions. Comparison of
      reconstructed matrix of genetic distances with some well-known matrices of
      genetic distances is performed.

PMID- 2634578
TI  - [Decrease in repair processes in lymphocytes of workers exposed to heavy metals].
AB  - Mechanisms of DNA repair in lymphocytes of persons having occupational contact
      with heavy metal salts for at least 10 years were investigated. The long-term
      exposure to heavy metal salts did not result in development of mechanisms of
      adaptation to the respective metals, as shown by increased DNA sensitivity to
      these compounds and by decrease in the repair activity. However, in some cases,
      resistance to other mutagens, 4-NQO, in particular, was observed.

PMID- 2634579
TI  - [Trisomy for distal segments of the long arm of chromosome 1].
AB  - Clinical genetic analysis of distal trisomies 1q, based on the study of a t(1; 6)
      (q42.1; p24) family and the literature data, was performed. It was demonstrated
      that phenotypical manifestations of the trisomy are formed by nonspecific
      anomalies, due to imbalance as such, and by rather specific anomalies caused by
      triplication of a "critical segment". 1q42-1qter appeared to be such a segment
      for distal trisomy 1q.

PMID- 2634580
TI  - [The role of gonadotropins, cyclic AMP, 22-R-hydroxycholesterol and cofactors in
      regulating endocrine functions of the Leydig cells in rats. I. Effect of
      cofactors on the synthesis of steroid hormones in the interstitial gland of
      rats].
AB  - The authors evaluated the influence of NAD, NADP, G-6-P and G-6-PDH on the
      synthesis of steroid hormones in the interstitial gland of the rat. The animals
      were killed by decapitation, and sections of the nucleus weighing altogether 20
      mg were incubated with NAD (0.4 mM), NADP (0.4 mM), G-6-P (3.5 mM) and G-6-PDH (2
      j.m./ml) for 4 hours in CO2 incubator. Then the tissue was homogenized, removed
      by centrifugation and then from the homogenous supernatant the authors extracted
      steroids which were in the incubating medium and in the tissue. Steroid hormones
      examined were marked radioimmunologically, they were: pregnenolon as the first
      and testosterone as the second stage of synthesis of nucleus androgens. The
      search carried out shows that the strongest stimulator in biosynthesis of
      pregnenolon was NADP together with the reducing system (G-6-P and G-6-PDH). On
      the other hand, in case of testosterone the highest effectiveness was achieved by
      simultaneous use of the cofactors examined. Applying cofactors separately the
      authors were able to find that both NAD and NADP together with the reducing
      system were responsible for testosterone synthesis and their simultaneous
      applying in the incubating medium leads to a synergistic effect.

PMID- 2634581
TI  - [Evaluation of the diurnal rhythm of secretion of chorionic gonadotropins in the
      first trimester of normal pregnancy].
AB  - The authors evaluated the diurnal rhythm of the secretion of hCG in patients in
      the first trimester of normal pregnancy. The examination was carried out in a
      group of 22 patients (chosen at random) who came to hospital to undergo abortion
      (for social indications). The patients stayed in normal hospital conditions and
      were not given any drugs. All of them were informed of the aim and method of the
      examination and agreed to it. The blood to be examined was taken every two hours
      during 24 hours. The determination of hCG was made by means of the
      radioimmunological method. The statistical analysis was made by means of the
      Halberg cosinor method. In 14 patients the authors found the existence of the
      diurnal rhythm (p less than 0.05), in 4 cases the rhythm was circadian (p less
      than 0.1), in 4 remaining patients no rhythm was found. For the values obtained
      from 14 patients with a clear diurnal rhythm the authors drew an ellipse of
      errors by the Halberg method. The ellipse does not cover the centre of the
      cosinor circle, which confirms the compatibility of the results obtained. The
      medium value of the amplitude in this group was 20.72% of mesor and acrophase
      appeared at 16(01).

PMID- 2634582
TI  - [Biochemical studies of the amniotic fluid in arterial hypertension in relation
      to intrauterine growth retardation. I. Parameters of the proteins, lipids,
      enzymes and renal maturity].
AB  - The study was carried out on 23 samples of amniotic fluid taken (by
      amniocentesis) between 35th and 39th week from pregnant women with arterial
      hypertension (13 cases of hypertension induced by pregnancy, 5 cases of primary
      hypertension and 5 cases of hypertension accompanying renal diseases). Seven
      women undergoing the study gave birth to newborns with symptoms of delayed
      intrauterine growth below 16 centiles (group examined), 16 mothers gave birth to
      eutrophic babies (control group). The amniotic fluid of the two groups was
      studied for the following biochemical indexes: alanine and aspartate
      aminotransferase alkaline total and thermostabile phosphatase, ceruloplasmin,
      alpha-amylase, general protein, beta-lipoproteins, cholesterol, uric acid, urea
      and creatinine. No significant changes were found in the parameters determined
      between the group examined and the control group.

PMID- 2634584
TI  - [Effects of low-temperature treatment of pathologic changes of the cervix uteri].
AB  - The paper presents the course of treatment and results of therapy of pathological
      changes in the uterine cervix in 41 patients by means of cryotherapy (with the
      use of a cryotherapeutic apparatus UK-32 in which liquid nitrogen was used as a
      cryogenic fluid). Complete recovery in the form of typical stratified squamous
      epithelium was achieved in 95.3% of cases.

PMID- 2634583
TI  - [Kidney function in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension].
AB  - The authors examined 74 women in III trimester (29-40 week), among them 44 women
      with hypertension induced by pregnancy (group examined) and 30 healthy women
      (control group). The blood serum of these women was studied for: creatinine,
      urea, uric acid, electrolytes K+ and Na+. Besides, the blood was studied for acid
      base equilibrium (apparatus Corning type 128). The 24-hour urine of the two
      groups was studied for the concentrations of ions: 1) ammonium (NH4+), 2)
      hydrogen (H+) and 3) potassium and sodium (K+ and Na+). The authors also made the
      endogenic creatinine clearance (Ckr). The results were calculated statistically.
      The women with hypertension induced by pregnancy had in their blood serum an
      increase in the concentration of creatinine, urea and uric acid. As to the
      parameters of acid-base equilibrium, the authors found an increase in pCO2.
      Besides, the women with this kind of hypertension had: a decrease in the
      excretion of ions NH4+ and H+ in the urine, a decrease of Ckr with electrolytes
      K+ and Na+ being within the normal range.

PMID- 2634585
TI  - Placental phospholipase A2 activities in pre-eclampsia.
AB  - Phospholipase A2 activity was significantly increased in placental homogenates
      from 22 patients with preeclampsia in comparison to placental homogenates from
      women with uncomplicated pregnancy. Such an abnormality may be responsible for a
      altered release of free arachidonic acid, thus playing a major role in the
      pathogenesis of this syndrome.

PMID- 2634586
TI  - [Spontaneous torsion of the greater omentum in full-term pregnancy. A case
      report].
AB  - The article presents a case of spontaneous twisting and necrosis of the greater
      omentum in a 27-year old multipara. The pregnancy was terminated by Cesarean
      section, the necrotic omentum was removed. The authors did not find the reason
      for the disease.

PMID- 2634588
TI  - Mizelleus chauhani, n. sp., a branchial parasite of Wallago attu (Bloch).
AB  - The authors describe a new species of the genus Mizelleus Jain, 1957. Its
      characteristic features include the number of head organs, the presence of
      pharyngeal glands, the shape of the copulatory complex, the structure of the egg
      and the shape of the dorsal transverse bar, the ventral hamuli and the ventral
      transverse bar.

PMID- 2634587
TI  - [Endometriosis of the bladder and vesico-uterine fistula as complications of
      cesarean section].
AB  - The authors described a case of endometriosis of the urinary bladder and
      periodically active uterovesical fistula, following Cesarean section. Clinical
      symptoms of endometriosis dominated and were the reason for the patient's
      visiting the physician. Clinical diagnosis was made by cystoscopy during
      menstruation. Surgical resection of the focus of endometriosis of the bladder and
      uterus during menstruation led to permanent recovery.

PMID- 2634589
TI  - Supraependymal cells occurrence in ventricular system of small ruminants.
      Scanning electron microscopy study.
AB  - The third cerebral ventricle ependymal lining including eminentia medians was
      studied by means of SEM in 20 sheep, 13 goats and one goat hermaphrodite.
      Supraependymal cells in addition to the usual supraependymal structures were
      observed. In sheep, they occurred in the infundibular low part only in females
      during oestrus. In goats, they were present in almost every case with the
      exception of male animals during the "rest" period (April). The number,
      topography and-to some extent--the appearance of the goat supraependymal cells
      were in relation to the animal's sex, and the females to the ovarian cycle phase.
      The supraependymal cells were found on the eminentia mediana surface only in the
      goats. In small ruminants, the processes of most supraependymal cells formed the
      ruffled membranes and only the eminentia mediana supraependymal cells--and in
      hermaphrodite also in the infundibular rostral part--resembled more neurons.

PMID- 2634590
TI  - Experimental study of the morphology of the organs of the immune system.

PMID- 2634591
TI  - Morphofunctional analysis of the state and reactivity of liver parenchyma under
      conditions of disorders of organ innervation.

PMID- 2634592
TI  - The influence of heredity factors on skeletal growth and age-dependent
      transformations.

PMID- 2634593
TI  - Effect of colchicine and pilocarpine on the secretory activity of rat type II
      alveolar cells: an ultrastructural study.
AB  - Colchicine in a total dose of 0.6 mg/100 g body weight per day was shown to
      reduce the level of apical surfactant secretion by type II alveolar cells in
      random-bred male albino rats, thereby demonstrating that the cytoplasmic
      microtubules participate in the release of surfactant into the alveolar lumen. In
      addition, basal secretion of surface-active material was found in 51% of all the
      cells. In a single dose of 8 mg/100 g b.w., pilocarpine stimulated apical
      surfactant secretion. If injected after colchicine, it slightly increased the
      number of type II alveolar cells ready to release surfactant, but actual
      secretion was not observed; the level of basal secretion did not increase. It has
      been suggested that microtubular function is not completely responsible for basal
      secretion and is only partly responsible for apical surfactant secretion.

PMID- 2634594
TI  - Experimental substantiation of differences in the extent of development of the
      duodenal glands in mammals.
AB  - The glandulo-duodenal index was lower in carnivorous animals than in herbivores.
      The character of the distribution of the duodenal glands in the intestinal wall
      of animals with different types of nutrition differed. The given indices also
      varied within the range for each group of animals; this could be associated with
      fine differences in nutritional specialization. A diet rich in cellulose led to
      an increase in the glandulo-duodenal index and to changes in gland topography in
      the rat duodenum.

PMID- 2634595
TI  - Observations on the morphology and histology of the foregut of Portunus
      sanguinolentus (Crustacea: Brachyura).
AB  - The morphological and histological characteristics of the foregut of the crab
      Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst) are described, with special reference to the
      lining and glands of the oesophagus. The oesophagus is lined throughout with an
      outer keratin and an inner collagen layer. Glands secreting mucopolysaccharides
      are to be found embedded in the connective tissue of the oesophagus. Details of
      the armature of the pyloric stomach are given.

PMID- 2634596
TI  - Observations on the morphology and histochemistry of the midgut and hindgut of
      Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst) (Crustaceans: Brachyura).
AB  - The midgut of Portunus sanguinolentus comprises the intestine, the anterior and
      posterior midgut caeca and the hepatopancreas. The hindgut comprises the rectum,
      which continues to the anus, a slit-like opening on the ventral surface of the
      telson. The limits of the midgut and hindgut are specified. The midgut has no
      cuticle, whereas the hindgut is lined with a cuticle composed of an outer keratin
      and an inner collagen layer. Four types of cells--E,R,F, and B--were
      differentiated in the hepatopancreas. Histochemically, the hepatopancreas
      contains moderate amounts of glycogen and large quantities of lipids and
      proteins, but no mucopolysaccharides.

PMID- 2634597
TI  - A comparative study of the histology of the neurosecretory system of some
      orthopteran insects.
AB  - Variability of the total number of type A median neurosecretory cells in the
      protocerebrum was studied in Micapoda elongata Linn., Elima securigera Brunn.,
      Holochlora indica Kirby, Neoconocephalus pallidus Reclt., Latana inflata Brunn.,
      Gryllotalpa africana Chopard, Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer, Chrotogonus oxypterus
      Blanchard, Aeolopus affinis Bol., Spathosternum prasiniferum Walker, Hieroglyphus
      furcifer Ser., Acrida exaltata Walker, Altrastomorpha cranulata Fab., Pyrgomorpha
      bispinosa Walker, Cyrtacanthacris ranacea Stoll and Poecilocerus pictus Fab. In
      all these species the corporata allata are paired.

PMID- 2634598
TI  - Studies of the neurohaemal organ (sinus gland) of the portunid crab Portunus
      sanguinolentus (Herbst) (Brachyura). 1. Morphology and histology in relation to
      moulting.
AB  - The morphological and histological characters of the neurohaemal organ (sinus
      gland) of Portunus sanguinolentus are described in detail. The sinus gland lies
      on the dorsal surface of the optic ganglia, opposite the medulla interna.
      Histological techniques showed the presence of three tinctorially different
      secretory granules in the sinus gland. The predominant type of secretory material
      is basophilic and occurs as large granules, while two types of acidophilic
      material occur near the basement membrane. Cyclic changes in the relative amounts
      of acidophilic and basophilic material in correlation to moulting are also
      discussed. Allochthonous cells present in the sinus gland are identified.

PMID- 2634599
TI  - The use of cytoenzymological changes in some parasitic protozoa for screening the
      carcinogenicity of chemicals.
AB  - Changes in the Golgi bodies and in hydrolytic enzymes were observed in parasitic
      ciliates (Nyctotheroides puytoraci) and flagellates (Opalina sudafricana and
      Protoopalina sp.) after the administration of a single dose of 0.5 mg beta
      naphthylamine (BNA) to their host, Bufo regularis. The experiment was carried out
      during the host's pre-breeding season, from November to February (when only
      trophozoites are available); the trophozoites were examined 21 days after the
      injection of BNA. Use of the silver impregnation technique showed an increase in
      the size of the granular argentophilic Golgi bodies in all three trophozoites
      after administering BNA to their host. In addition, a larger number of acid
      phosphatase and nonspecific esterase granules was found in the endoplasm of the
      three parasites after the injection. The localization of acid phosphatase and
      nonspecific esterase was found to be similar to the distribution of the Golgi
      bodies in both the control and the treated preparations. The results could be
      useful, in that some protozoans could be employed for the quick detection of
      chemical carcinogenicity if changes in their hydrolytic enzyme content are used
      as a diagnostic feature.

PMID- 2634600
TI  - Effects of pyrimidine-2-thiol on the ovarian histology of Epilachna
      vigintioctopunctata (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
AB  - The telotrophic ovary of Epilachna vigintioctopunctata is composed of 32-40
      ovarioles, each with an apical germarium and a basal vitellarium. The germarium
      encloses mononucleate and binucleate trophocytes, prefollicular tissue and
      oogonia, while the vitellarium contains 2-5 oocytes arranged in order of
      maturity. Definite nutritive cords are absent. When females are exposed to 75 mg
      4,4,6-trimethyl-1h, 4H-pyrimidine-2-thiol by contact, the trophocytes and the
      follicular epithelial cells disintegrate to form dark-staining clumps and thus
      fail to supply nourishment to the developing oocytes, which consequently remain
      yolk-less and are ultimately reduced to shrunken masses.

PMID- 2634601
TI  - A SEM study of the olfactory lamellae of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis
      (Bl.).
AB  - The olfactory lamellae of the catfish H. fossilis (Bl.) was studied in the
      scanning electron microscope. The olfactory lamellae are composed of sensory and
      non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium contains large numbers of ciliated
      receptor cells, whereas the non-sensory raphe epithelium is covered with a dense
      mat of non-sensory cilia. It is not known whether the olfactory cilia possess
      receptor sites.

PMID- 2634602
TI  - Silver-absorptive cells in liver parenchyma. II. Morphochemical studies in guinea
      pigs after anaphylactic and histamine-induced shock.
AB  - Using specific morphological and ultrastructural methods, the author demonstrated
      silver-absorptive cells in perisinusoidal areas in the liver parenchyma of guinea
      pigs. These cells exhibited some features characteristic of the endocrine cells
      of the diffuse APUD system. In anaphylactic and histamine shock their number
      decreased. These cells probably play a role in the pathogenesis of experimental
      bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2634603
TI  - Localization, morphology and histology of the sex pheromone gland of the female
      Asura conferta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae).
AB  - The sex pheromone gland of Asura conferta (Walker) lies in the body cavity, as an
      invagination of the dorsal intersegmental membrane between the 8th and 9th
      abdominal segment. It is not reversible and liquid droplets ooze out while the
      female is "signalling". Male insects are attracted by these drops of liquid
      secreted by the female moth.

PMID- 2634604
TI  - Studies of pathogenicity of the digenetic trematode Ganeo tigrinum (Mehra et
      Negi) for the stomach of Rana tigrina (Daudin).
AB  - Ganeo tigrinum (Mehra et Negi) was seen to be attached to the stomach wall of
      Rana tigrina (Daudin) by suckers drawing out mucosal plugs. The tissues lodged
      inside the suckers were desquamated, ulcerated and necrosed. Encapsulated flukes
      were seen in the submucosa. The stomach wall was completely dissolved at the site
      of entry of the fluke, while adjacent tissues were compressed. The gastric mucosa
      was mechanically compressed by the fluke. Oedema, cellular infiltrate, dilated
      blood vessels and congested blood capillaries were seen in the infected stomach.
      PAS positive and alcian blue negative mucoid substances were present in large
      amounts in the lumen and in small amounts in the mucosal epithelial cells of the
      fluke-infected stomach.

PMID- 2634605
TI  - Short-term studies of the effect of acrylamide on the testes of the Egyptian
      toad.
AB  - The treatment of male Egyptian toads (Bufo regularis) with acrylamide (1 mg/toad
      twice a week for four weeks) was followed by atrophy of the testes, inhibition of
      spermatogenesis and necrosis of the seminiferous tubules with signs of
      vacuolation. Ultrastructurally, the Leydig cells of treated toads displayed
      varying degrees of vacuolation of the mitochondria, with a decrease in the number
      of ribosomes. The mechanism of the action of acrylamide in inhibiting
      spermatogenesis may be due to a decrease in the testosterone level, as borne out
      by vacuolation of the mitochondria and the decrease in the ribosomes in the
      Leydig cells of treated animals.

PMID- 2634606
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in hepatocyte cytoplasm in guinea pig liver in acute and
      protracted anaphylactic shock.

PMID- 2634607
TI  - Cell generation times in normal and talpid3 mutant chick limb mesenchyme.
AB  - A comparative study of the cell cycle and its parameters, and of limb pattern
      development, was carried out in normal and talpid3 wing buds. The relative
      duration of the G2 + M phase is the least variable. The change in the length of
      the G1 phase and the S phase is associated with the appearance of
      mucopolysaccharides in chondrogenic zones and of myosin in myogenic zones. The
      effect of the ta3 gene is failure of chondrogenesis-induced lengthening of the G1
      phase to appear in the chondrogenic condensation in the limb mesenchyme. The data
      also raise the question of the possible role of the apical ectodermal ridge in
      control of the cell division rate in the sub-ridge region.

PMID- 2634608
TI  - Morphology of interactions of the haematopoietic microenvironment with the
      haematopoietic cells in erythroid spleen colonies.
AB  - The morphology of the interactions of the cells of the haematopoietic
      microenvironment with haematopoietic cells was studied in exogenous erythroid
      spleen colonies formed in mice, on the fifth and eighth day after their
      irradiation with a lethal dose of gamma rays and bone marrow transplantation. The
      characteristic type of stromal cell interacting with less mature cells of the
      erythroid series was a dark, branching reticular cell. The typical structural
      interaction of the reticular cells with erythroblasts was the formation of very
      long, fine cytoplasmic processes by the reticular cells. The processes were in
      close contact with the erythroblasts and formed a three-dimensional network
      stretching long distances from the nucleus of the reticular cells. Other cells of
      the haematopoietic microenvironment, in contact chiefly with poly- and
      ortochromic erythroblasts, were macrophages and the two together formed typical
      erythroblastic islands. In places, the macrophages and erythroblasts formed
      close, firm contacts by means of their cytoplasmic membranes. These morphological
      observations support the conception that close functional cooperation exists
      between the cells of the haematopoietic microenvironment and the haematopoietic
      cells in differentiation and proliferation processes in the haematopoietic tissue
      of spleen colonies.

PMID- 2634609
TI  - Effect of recombinant human growth hormone on urinary 15N-nitrogen balance in
      girls with Turner syndrome as compared to children with growth hormone
      deficiency.
AB  - 15N-nitrogen balances before and on human growth hormone (hGH) were studied in 13
      girls with Turner syndrome (TS) aged 4.4-16 (median 13.2) years (45,X0 or
      equivalent, no X0/XX mosaicism, no estrogen replacement). The results were
      compared with those reported from 9 patients with growth hormone deficiency
      (GHD). The TS patients received subcutaneous hGH doses of 2 x 3 (group A, n = 6),
      3 x 2 (group B, n = 3), or 2 x 6 (group C, n = 4) IU/m2 on consecutive days. The
      mean 15N dose given to the patients of groups A and C was higher (13.6 mg/kg)
      than that given to those of group B (2.7 mg/kg). The lower hGH doses in the first
      two groups induced small positive mean 15N balance changes (+0.6 +/- 0.6 mg/kg
      15N, group A; +0.03 mg/kg, group B). The higher hGH dose in group C caused a more
      marked mean balance change (+3.0 mg/kg 15N) comparable to that in GHD patients
      (+3.2 mg/kg). Individual variation of response, however, was larger in patients
      with TS than in those with GHD. With low and high hGH doses, there were
      responders and nonresponders. It is concluded from this pilot study in a small
      number of cases that 15N balance studies might be potentially useful to choose
      the appropriate hGH dose for long-term treatment in TS patients.

PMID- 2634610
TI  - Total deficiency of growth hormone and prolactin, and partial deficiency of
      thyroid stimulating hormone in two Dutch families: a new variant of hereditary
      pituitary deficiency.
AB  - Four out of 10 children in two unrelated families presented with a total
      pituitary growth hormone (GH) and prolactin deficiency and a partial thyrotropin
      (TSH) deficiency. The GH gene was intact in family I. The pituitaries, visualized
      by magnetic resonance imaging, were normal. All children responded well to GH and
      L-thyroxine therapy. Baseline plasma somatostatin and its peak response to
      arginine infusion were elevated in family I and they had a milder TSH deficiency
      than family II. Plasma insulin showed a poor response to arginine infusion. This
      hereditary combination of pituitary deficiencies suggests a deficiency of a
      common positive transcription factor.

PMID- 2634611
TI  - Rapid improvement of visual defects with parenteral depot-bromocriptine in a
      patient with a non-functioning pituitary adenoma.
AB  - The management of non-functioning pituitary adenomas with bromocriptine is
      controversial, and surgical treatment is usually prescribed when the visual field
      is affected. Here we report, what we believe to be the first case of a patient
      with a non-functioning pituitary adenoma who experienced normalization of visual
      field defects and a substantial improvement in visual acuity after the parenteral
      administration of depot-bromocriptine. The patient's tolerance to the drug was
      excellent. The results of the immunohistochemical study of the surgically removed
      tumor were negative for PRL, GH, LH, FSH, TSH and ACTH. In our opinion, the use
      of depot-bromocriptine may represent an alternative to surgery in patients with
      non-functioning pituitary adenomas associated with visual lesions.

PMID- 2634612
TI  - Pituitary gland enlargement in primary hypothyroidism: a report of 5 cases with
      follow-up data.
AB  - Five female patients with primary hypothyroidism and radiological evidence of a
      pituitary enlargement were studied before and after a mean of 30 months (range 12
      83 months) treatment with thyroxine (T4). Before treatment, serum thyroid
      stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were elevated in every patient (mean 392 mU/l,
      range 240-475) and prolactin levels in 4 (mean 79 micrograms/l, range 48-143
      micrograms/l). CT scanning confirmed the presence of pituitary enlargement in the
      4 patients studied, which was suprasellar in 3. The remaining patient had an
      enlarged fossa on a lateral skull radiograph. During treatment with T4, TSH and
      prolactin levels were normal in all. Complete disappearance of the enlargement
      was seen on follow-up scans in all patients and 1 developed an empty sella. The
      induction of a pituitary enlargement by primary hypothyroidism results from
      reversible hyperplasia of both the TSH and prolactin-secreting cells in most
      instances. Occasionally, however, hyperplasia of the thyrotrophs can occur in
      isolation and an empty sella can occur after successful treatment with T4.
      Thyroid function tests should be obtained in all hyperprolactinemic patients.

PMID- 2634613
TI  - Spontaneous and pokeweed mitogen-induced in vitro IgM production in children and
      adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Serum IgA, IgG and IgM levels, spontaneous and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced in
      vitro IgM production (determined by ELISA) and blastogenic responses of
      peripheral mononuclear cells to PWM were evaluated in 4 insulin-dependent (IDDM)
      children, at the onset and after 4, 8, 12 months of disease, and in 32 children
      and adolescents with IDDM of 1-14 years duration (mean 4.8 +/- 3.8 years).
      Fifteen age-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Serum immunoglobulin
      levels were normal in 31 (86%) patients. Spontaneous in vitro IgM production
      showed no significant difference between IDDM patients and controls. The PWM
      stimulated lymphocytes from IDDM patients at onset or after 4 months of disease
      produced significantly lower concentrations of IgM compared to long-standing IDDM
      patients or to controls. No different blastogenic response to PWM was observed in
      IDDM patients compared to controls. No correlation was present between the
      immunological parameters evaluated and metabolic control. Our data suggest that a
      defect of antibody producing B lymphocytes or an alteration of T cell can occur
      during the early stages of diabetes.

PMID- 2634614
TI  - Postnatal triiodothyronine replacement and respiratory distress syndrome of the
      preterm infant.
AB  - Improvements in the management of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) include pre
      and postnatal stimulation of pulmonary maturity, and triiodothyronine (T3) is
      believed to influence directly surfactant production. Its circulating levels are
      low in premature infants with RDS probably due to a low thyroxine T4-T3 hepatic
      conversion mechanism. While a state of hypotriiodothyroninemia exists at birth,
      we studied the influence of postnatal intravenous T3 administration on the course
      of RDS in preterm infants of less than 32 weeks' gestation. Fifty preterm infants
      with RDS were studied (mean gestational age 30.4 +/- 1.2 weeks and birth weight
      1,180 +/- 220 g). They were at random assigned to treatment with 50 micrograms L
      T3 (Thyrotardin) or to the control group. Mortality rate, peak oxygen
      concentrations, duration of artificial ventilation and development of major
      complications of RDS were the criteria to estimate the influence of T3 treatment
      on RDS. We failed to detect a statistically significant difference between the
      two groups in all of the mentioned criteria except for FiO2 concentrations
      required to maintain PaO2 between 50 and 60 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). These
      observations suggest a relative beneficial effect of T3 replacement on the course
      of RDS in preterm infants of less than 32 weeks of gestation.

PMID- 2634615
TI  - A new microbioassay for the measurement of lactogenic hormones in human serum.
AB  - The standard Nb2 assay for biologically active prolactin has been modified to
      allow a rapid convenient microbioassay without loss of specificity or accuracy.
      Lactogenic hormones specifically stimulate the replication of Nb2 node rat
      lymphoma cells in suspension culture and form the basis of a currently available
      bioassay to measure prolactin and growth hormone in human serum. A new
      microbioassay was developed using microtest plates enabling a large number of
      samples to be assayed simultaneously whilst maintaining the overall sensitivity
      of the bioassay for lactogenic hormones. Growth of the Nb2 node lymphoma cells,
      measured by a light scattering technique using optical density on a
      spectrophotometer, was shown to be closely correlated with the cell number
      determined on a Coulter counter. Addition of excess anti-human prolactin and anti
      human growth hormone completely inhibited the growth stimulatory effects of both
      human prolactin and human growth hormone. This new microbioassay (BA) and
      conventional radioimmunoassay (RIA) were used to measure lactogenic hormones in
      48 normal subjects. There was a close correlation between the results of both
      assays for each hormone studied in the control sera. The mean basal BA/RIA ratio
      was 1.5 (range 0.8-2.0) for prolactin, 0.7 (range 0-4.5) for growth hormone and
      1.3 (range 0.5-1.9) for total lactogenic activity.

PMID- 2634616
TI  - Toxoplasmosis prevalence in pregnancy with bad obstetric history.
AB  - Four hundred ninety nine sera from pregnant mothers with bad obstetric history
      were tested for presence of antibodies to T.gondii by indirect haemagglutination
      test. Prevalence was 19.44 percent as 97 out of 499 sera were positive.

PMID- 2634617
TI  - Acinetobacter anitratus--bacteremia with meningitis. Case report.

PMID- 2634618
TI  - Shaping of simulated root canals in resin blocks using the step-back technique
      with K-files manipulated in a simple in/out filling motion.
AB  - A total of 60 simulated root canals in clear resin blocks of various lengths and
      degree of curvature were prepared by hand with K-files using a step-back
      enlargement technique. The instruments were manipulated exclusively with a simple
      in/out filing or rasping motion with no attempt at rotation or twisting. The
      preparation technique was assessed by instrumentation time, deformation and
      fracture of instruments, and loss of working distance. The shape of the prepared
      canals was assessed by direct inspection and from composite photographic prints
      produced by superimposing negatives of the canals obtained before and after
      preparation. In general, the preparations were time-consuming and tedious to
      complete. Deformation and separation of instruments occurred mainly in those
      canals with short, severe curves. Loss of working distance was a universal
      finding and was associated to a degree with the straightening of curved canals
      inherent in their preparation. Prepared straight canals displayed a continuously
      tapering form being narrowest at their end-point. On the other hand, prepared
      curved canals were invariably hourglass in shape. Under the conditions of this
      study the manipulation of K-files in a simple in/out filing motion proved an
      unsatisfactory method of preparing simulated curved root canals in resin blocks.

PMID- 2634619
TI  - Particles and molecules in endodontic leakage.
AB  - It is assumed that above a critical level, microleakage causes periapical disease
      and jeopardizes periapical tissue repair. The purpose of this investigation was
      first to find out to what degree obturation prevents leakage of bacteria-sized
      particles or large protein molecules, and second if leakage of the commonly used
      dye methylene blue is comparable with that of a small bacterial metabolic product
      of similar molecular size. Sections, 9 mm long, obtained from 46 extracted human
      incisor roots had their root canals prepared in a standardized manner and
      obturated in four experimental ways using gutta-percha. The root sections were
      mounted in the middle of tubes that were closed at both ends with rubber membrane
      stoppers, which permitted sampling from the apical reservoir. The coronal
      reservoir was filled with a solution of 1 mg/ml latex beads, 4 micrograms/ml
      endotoxin, 0.5 per cent butyric acid, 0.1 per cent valeric acid and 0.1 per cent
      methylene blue water. After 1 and 2 weeks, samples were taken from the apical
      reservoir and tested for the presence of latex beads by phase-contrast
      microscopy, for endotoxin with a limulus lysate test, for butyric acid with gas
      chromatography and for methylene blue with spectrophotometric analysis. Leakage
      of bacteria-sized particles and large-sized protein molecules could be prevented
      only when both sealer and pressure were used in obturating root canals with gutta
      percha. Leakage of butyric acid proved to be comparable with leakage of methylene
      blue; microleakage of these small molecules could not be prevented in this study
      whatever method of filling was used.

PMID- 2634620
TI  - Oscillatory pattern of sonically powered endodontic files.
AB  - When operated in air, the sonic endodontic instrument produced a movement at the
      driver head which resulted in a large elliptical oscillation of the file. This
      motion had similar properties to ultrasonically operated files in that there was
      a distinct variability in the magnitude of the vibratory motion between files of
      different design, length and thickness. When the sonic file was loaded, the
      elliptical motion was eliminated leaving a pure longitudinal file oscillation.
      This mode of vibration was particularly efficient as it was largely unaffected by
      loading, with the displacement amplitude being similar for different types of
      file used. The oscillatory pattern of the sonic file may offer a useful mode of
      mechanically assisted root canal preparation.

PMID- 2634621
TI  - Antibody formation to dog pulp tissue altered by a paste containing
      paraformaldehyde.
AB  - Pulpotomy treatment was performed weekly on the teeth of four dogs for 5 weeks.
      Antibody formation to pulp tissue altered by paraformaldehyde paste within the
      pulp cavity was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The
      results indicated that the reaction between antigen and antibody did occur when
      pretreatment or post-treatment serum reacted with the antigen of either the pulp
      tissue incubated with saline or that incubated with paraformaldehyde paste. No
      evidence was found to prove that antibody formation was related to the pulpotomy
      treatment with paraformaldehyde paste.

PMID- 2634622
TI  - Surgical approach to the obturation of apically flared root canals with
      thermoplasticized gutta-percha.
AB  - Two cases are presented in which apically flared root canals have been
      successfully obturated with thermoplasticized gutta-percha, following the failure
      of existing root fillings.

PMID- 2634623
TI  - Ludwig's angina: an unusual sequel to endodontic therapy.
AB  - Ludwig's angina is an unusual sequel to endodontic treatment: such a case is
      described. Principles of management are discussed with emphasis placed on the
      need to secure the airway early. The literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2634624
TI  - Myofibroblasts in cotton-induced granulation tissue and the bovine adrenal
      capsule: morphological aspects.
AB  - Ultrastructural studies of one week old cotton-induced granulation tissue
      revealed the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), macrophages and
      mast cells, whilst the granulation tissue from two week old cotton implants
      contained fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and abundant collagen fibres. Similarly,
      the bovine adrenal capsule contained both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. It is
      proposed that the bovine adrenal capsule and two week cotton-induced granulation
      tissue could be utilized as in-vitro models to study the mechanism(s) involved in
      myofibroblast contraction.

PMID- 2634625
TI  - Short chain fatty acid-induced colitis in mice.
AB  - Short-chain fatty acids (e.g. acetic, propionic and butyric acid) are metabolic
      products produced by colonic bacteria. Since intra-rectal instillation of dilute
      acetic acid to rats and cats has been reported to produce a diffuse colitis
      similar to the human disease, in our study we have investigated the effect of
      intra-rectal butyric acid in mice. Male BKA mice (n = 6) received 01 ml of dilute
      butyric acid by intra-rectal instillation which was flushed out with saline after
      10 sec. Control animals received saline alone. The severity of observed
      inflammatory responses was assessed using an arbitrary scoring system based on
      clinical, macroscopic and histological features of colitis. Colitic oedema was
      measured as percentage (%) tissue water compared with that in saline controls.
      The peak oedema response was found to be at around 4 hours. A concentration
      dependent symptomatic response was obtained at concentrations between 1% and 12%
      of butyric acid. Oedema production was similar at all concentrations above 1%.
      The 3% butyric acid response produced a moderate colitis with mild erythema,
      oedema, crypt abscess formation, goblet cell depletion and cellular infiltration
      without total loss of mucosal architecture. The colitogenic action of butyric
      acid in mouse colon could not be reproduced by low pH alone, nor by the butyrate
      anion at neutral or alkaline pH. These results indicate that intra-rectal butyric
      acid induces a consistent and reproducible colitis in mice.

PMID- 2634626
TI  - The secretory immune system.
AB  - Several features distinguish mucosal from systemic immunity, depending on the
      anatomical and functional characteristics of the organs involved. Secretory IgA
      immunoglobulins are the main effectors of the mucosal immune system and their
      protective aspects are well documented. Serum IgA have received less attention
      but are equally important, since they control and remove in a non-phlogistic way
      antigens crossing the mucosal barriers.

PMID- 2634627
TI  - Anti-inflammatory activity of Teucrium polium.
AB  - Teucrium polium is widely used by the folk-medicine practitioners in Saudi Arabia
      for the treatment of inflammations, rheumatism, diabetes and ulcers. Scientific
      reports are lacking to confirm these activities. The present study reports the
      effect of ethanolic extract of T. polium on carrageenan-induced acute
      inflammation, cotton-pellet granuloma and some of the biochemical parameters. The
      ethanolic extract of Teucrium polium at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight produced
      significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton-pellet
      granuloma. Biochemical studies showed a significant decrease in glucose level.
      The presence of flavonoids and sterols might be responsible for the anti
      inflammatory activity of this plant. Further studies on the fractionation of the
      phytoconstituents, and on their mechanism of action are in progress.

PMID- 2634628
TI  - Cachectin/tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the circulation of patients with
      rheumatic disease.
AB  - By means of a sensitive double-antibody radioimmunoassay, cachectin/tumour
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) was measured in sera from 51 patients with rheumatic
      disease. Elevated levels of circulating cachectin/TNF were observed in 46% of
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA; p less than 0.001 versus blood donors)
      and in 29% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; p less than 0.05
      versus blood donors). Marked elevation of cachectin/TNF occurred in both RA and
      SLE patients in connection with severe infections. The results show that
      cachectin/TNF is present in the circulation of certain patients with rheumatic
      disease, and that although the median cachectin TNF level in SLE patients is
      lower than that in RA patients, the cachectin/TNF response in SLE patients to
      severe infections is similar to that in RA patients.

PMID- 2634629
TI  - Synergism in technology assessment.

PMID- 2634630
TI  - Utilities and quality-adjusted life years.
AB  - Utilities and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are reviewed, with particular
      focus on their use in technology assessment. This article provides a broad
      overview and perspective on these two techniques and their interrelationship,
      with reference to other sources for details of implementation. The historical
      development, assumptions, strengths/weaknesses, and applications of each are
      summarized. Utilities are specifically designed for individual decision-making
      under uncertainty, but, with additional assumptions, utilities can be aggregated
      across individuals to provide a group utility function. QALYs are designed to
      aggregate in a single summary measure the total health improvement for a group of
      individuals, capturing improvements from impacts on both quantity of life and
      quality of life--with quality of life broadly defined. Utilities can be used as
      the quality-adjustment weights for QALYs; they are particularly appropriate for
      that purpose, and this combination provides a powerful and highly useful
      variation on cost-effectiveness analysis known as cost-utility analysis.

PMID- 2634631
TI  - Advances in prenatal diagnosis. Social-psychological and policy issues.
AB  - Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), a new technique for prenatally diagnosing
      chromosomal and genetic disorders, may soon replace amniocentesis. This
      procedure, performed by inserting a catheter through the pregnant woman's cervix
      or through the abdomen and removing cells from the placenta, has the advantages
      of being available earlier in the pregnancy than amniocentesis (at 9 to 11 weeks
      gestational age) and of yielding results in a shorter time. Although the medical
      aspects of the procedure are being investigated, its psychosocial and policy
      implications have not been studied systematically. These issues include the
      subjective assessment of risk that prompts women to choose or to reject CVS, the
      implications of earlier diagnosis for feelings about abortion, the potential of
      negative findings (i.e., the absence of the designated disorder) for well-being
      during the remainder of the pregnancy, the ramifications of first trimester
      identification of fetal sex, equity of access to prenatal diagnosis, and the
      possible over-utilization of these procedures. Drawing on previous research
      regarding amniocentesis and more recent research concerning CVS, this article
      discusses the potential implications of CVS.

PMID- 2634632
TI  - Outcome-based equity in the treatment of colon cancer patients in Finland.
AB  - The differences in survival rates of colon cancer patients between hospital
      districts were used as an indicator of equity in cancer treatment in Finland. The
      merits of two different assessment methods were evaluated. The large variation
      was mainly due to confounding by age and the extent of the disease and to random
      variation.

PMID- 2634633
TI  - Head injury. Variability of course and presence of confounding factors.
AB  - Review of a large data base on 76 patients who had suffered head injuries and
      whose metabolic changes were being studied demonstrated the variability of their
      neurological courses and the importance of considering confounding factors in the
      analysis of such a group. It was apparent that many such patients continue to
      change neurologically and functionally for long periods of time, and that their
      ultimate outcome cannot be determined for at least 1 year. The study demonstrates
      the inherent complexity of a group of patients with head injuries and the need to
      use sophisticated statistical tools and a computer to demonstrate whether
      apparent trends are statistically valid in light of confounding factors and
      variabilities. Failure to take this complexity into account seems to be a major
      factor in many of the ongoing controversies in research on head injuries. A
      possible solution to the problem of potential biases introduced by lost patients
      would be to develop a method to use government records to obtain current
      addresses for patients involved in federally funded research.

PMID- 2634634
TI  - Multifocal fractures of the femur.
AB  - Multifocal fractures of the femur in modern traumatology are becoming more and
      more frequent and often pose difficult problems of treatment. In view of the
      sparse contributions on this subject in the literature, we analysed our series of
      33 cases with a view to formulating our conclusions as to the best type of
      treatment. Because of the varied associations of different types of fracture in a
      single skeletal segment, there is no single method of synthesis applicable to all
      cases. The various means of synthesis at our disposal (Kuntscher nail, Grosse
      Kempf blocked nail, Ender nail, AO plates and screws, external fixators) should
      be selected depending on the individual case, respecting the concept of closed
      surgery as much as possible. This requires imagination as well as experience.

PMID- 2634635
TI  - The results of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with
      semitendinosus and gracilis tendons in chronic laxity of the knee.
AB  - The authors report the medium term results (41 months) in 88 patients submitted
      to surgery for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament according to the
      method currently in use at our Clinic which uses the semitendinosus and gracilis
      tendons. The results were evaluated according to a score card method and in 28
      patients a KT-1000 arthrometer was also used. The method gives a probability of
      full success in approximately 85% of cases, with significantly better results in
      patients not submitted to meniscectomy. A comparison with other methods of
      autogenous transplant and prosthetic substitution, even on the basis of the data
      provided by the KT-1000, still places the semitendinosus and gracilis method at
      the forefront.

PMID- 2634636
TI  - A five year follow-up of 605 cases of the MCCL (metal-cancellous cementless
      Lubeck) total hip prosthesis.
AB  - The porous surface of the MCCL prosthesis macroscopically resembles spongy bone,
      with a porous depth of up to 10 mm, the width of the pores measuring 1-2 mm, with
      reticular spaces forming an intercommunicating system. The superficial porous
      surface and the implant stem are combined in a single structure. The standard
      prosthesis is made up of four components; an acetabulum in cobalt-chrome
      molybdenum alloy, an interposed layer of polyethylene, a ceramic head and a stem
      in cobalt-chrome-molybdenum alloy, the shape of which is anatomically matched to
      the proximal femur. What emerges from the present study is the possibility of
      using right and left stems, each available in six sizes. The ceramic head may be
      attached to the neck of the femoral stem, which may be long, average, or short.
      An "extra-long" metal head is also available.

PMID- 2634637
TI  - The surgical treatment of supra-intercondylar fractures of the femur.
AB  - The authors report their results in the surgical treatment of supra-intercondylar
      fractures of the femur and compare the efficacy of the different methods used.
      Their analysis shows that anatomical restoration of the joint line and firm
      stabilisation of the supracondylar fragments in correct alignment with the
      metaphysis are the essential aims of surgery capable of producing satisfactory
      results.

PMID- 2634639
TI  - Corrective femoral osteotomy and telescopic nailing in osteogenesis imperfecta.
AB  - Six cases of osteogenesis imperfecta with femoral deformity treated by Bailey
      telescopic nailing are discussed. In 4 cases the operation was bilateral. The
      long-term results show that this nail lengthens without compromising longitudinal
      growth of the bone, while providing protection from fracture and recurrence of
      the deformity. Thinning of the diaphyseal cortex was a significant complication
      in 3 femurs out of 10. Although it is more difficult to apply, the telescopic
      nail is preferable to traditional nailing because of its better mechanical
      features which allow for early weightbearing and walking.

PMID- 2634638
TI  - Arthroscopic synovectomy in the treatment of haemophilic arthropathy: preliminary
      results in eight patients.
AB  - Synovectomy is a procedure which is widely used in the surgical treatment of
      haemophilic arthropathy: the short and long-term results have in fact
      sufficiently shown its effectiveness in the reduction of the number of cases of
      haemarthrosis. This operation, however, has the disadvantage of a reduction in
      joint mobility which may vary from 25% to 77%, depending on the various case
      series reported (Post et al., 1986; Clark, 1978; McCollough et al., 1979; Montane
      et al., 1986). This complication moreover, is common to all synovectomy
      operations, even those which are performed for synovial affections of a different
      nature. As the advantages of arthroscopic synovectomy as compared to open surgery
      are commonly known, it was decided to extend the indication to haemophilic
      arthropathy (Wiedel, 1985; Klein et al., 1987). The purpose of this study is to
      evaluate the effectiveness of arthroscopic synovectomy in 8 patients with type A
      haemophilia affected with severe arthropathy consequent to repeated haemarthrosis
      and with marked hypertrophic synovial tissue.

PMID- 2634640
TI  - Bacteriological and histological study of 40 loose cemented hip prostheses.
AB  - The causes of the loosening of a hip prosthesis may be inflammatory, mechanical,
      immunitary or due to detritus. A bacteriological and histological study, in cases
      where further surgery was needed, may clearly contribute to the aetiopathogenesis
      of failure. Loose hip prostheses removed at operation were studied from a
      bacteriological and, in particular, histological point of view. There results
      were then correlated to clinical, radiographic and laboratory data obtained
      during follow-up. Inflammation proved to be a constant histological finding. The
      hyalinosis observed in 22 cases revealed significant analogies with histological
      pictures of silicotic granuloma, for which an immunitary pathogenesis is the
      current hypothesis. Thus, it is our belief that this correlation is suggestive of
      an immunitary based approach in cases where hip prostheses fail due to loosening.

PMID- 2634641
TI  - Biological aspects of repair osteogenesis in corticospongy homologous grafts.
AB  - An experimental study was carried out aimed at studying the short-term, mid-term
      and long-term biological features of the incorporation of homologous bone grafts.
      Homologous cortical and corticospongy grafts of the proximal third of the tibia
      were implanted in 60 adult New Zealand rabbits, under general anaesthesia. The
      animals were sacrificed after predetermined periods of time, and the tibia
      removed for radiographic and histological examination. An analysis of the
      different phases of the fusion process allowed us to observe the different
      dynamic evolution of osteogenic repair of cortical as compared to spongy grafts.
      This could be explained by the different tensile properties of the two types of
      grafts.

PMID- 2634642
TI  - Chronic osteomyelitis. A long-term review of 37 cases.
AB  - The authors carried out a long-term review of 37 patients suffering from chronic
      osteomyelitis with the aim of studying the natural history of the disease and
      identifying any prognostic factors during the initial stage of the disease.
      Analysis of the data failed to identify any reliable prognostic parameters
      available at the onset of the disease. However, the worst results were observed
      in cases of osteomyelitis which had occurred after open fractures.

PMID- 2634643
TI  - CT scan in a study of the normal anatomy of the hindfoot and midfoot.
AB  - The authors use CT scan to describe the anatomy of the hindfoot and midfoot.
      Initially the bones and related joints are examined, the latter being
      particularly complex and difficult to evaluate in this area with traditional
      radiology. Particular emphasis is placed on the description of the subtalar joint
      complex, to which all the bones of the hindfoot and midfoot contribute with the
      exception of the cuneiforms. This is followed by a description of the anatomical
      features of the soft tissues. The components of the five areas into which the
      hindfoot and midfoot may be subdivided are illustrated, with particular emphasis
      on the structures of the medial region which contribute to the formation of the
      tarsal tunnel. Starting from a description of the anatomy of this area, the main
      neurovascular trunks, the fascial structures, ligaments and muscles in the
      various sites are defined.

PMID- 2634644
TI  - The use of CT scan in evaluating Volkmann's syndrome in the limbs.
AB  - Between January 1980 and October 1986 26 cases of Volkmann's syndrome were
      submitted to preoperative CT scan. Thirteen were localised in the upper limb, 11
      in the lower limb, and 2 were cases of pseudo-Volkmann's disease. CT scan allowed
      us to confirm the densitometric features and distribution of muscle infarction in
      the various muscle planes. Thus, two groups were distinguished, each with
      different densitometric features: a first group with diffuse hypodensity of the
      muscular sheaths with unclear borders, and a coefficient of attenuation at
      approximately 30-40 H.U., which at operation corresponded to diffuse fibrosis; a
      second group with defined hypodensity of the various muscle groups equal to 10-20
      H.U., which at operation gave a macroscopic picture of infarction. CT scan
      provides a detailed preoperative topographical and morphological evaluation of
      the infarction area, and therefore a treatment plan based on a more accurate
      knowledge of the anatomical and pathological lesions.

PMID- 2634645
TI  - Mammography units.
AB  - We evaluated eight mammorgraphy units from five manufacturers, basing our tests
      on the units' screen-film imaging capability. Our ratings were based primarily on
      the units' ability to safely and consistently produce acceptable images with
      minimal patient dose. One unit is rated Acceptable-Preferred, two units are rated
      Acceptable, two units are rated Acceptable but not recommended for magnification
      applications, and three units are rated Conditionally Acceptable because of poor
      automatic exposure control performance.

PMID- 2634646
TI  - Mechanical malfunctions and inadequate maintenance of radiologic devices.

PMID- 2634647
TI  - Microprocessor-controlled third-generation critical care ventilators.
AB  - We evaluated five microprocessor-controlled critical care ventilators from five
      manufacturers. We rated three units Acceptable and two units Conditionally
      Acceptable, basing our ratings primarily on performance, safety, monitoring
      features, specific deficiencies, and ergonomic and human factors design. Because
      of differences in clinical practice and patient populations, we recommend that
      purchasing decisions be based on clinical trials conducted on the full range of
      patients for whom the ventilator will likely be used.

PMID- 2634648
TI  - Battery pins on Lifepak 5 defibrillator/monitors.

PMID- 2634649
TI  - Nitrogen distribution systems.

PMID- 2634650
TI  - Surgical devices omitted from equipment control programs.

PMID- 2634651
TI  - Pre-use inspection of disposables.

PMID- 2634652
TI  - Getinge steam and EtO sterilizers with powered horizontal doors.

PMID- 2634653
TI  - DeVilbiss Pulmo-Aide air compressors.

PMID- 2634655
TI  - GE Prestilix 1690 remote imaging systems.

PMID- 2634654
TI  - Inaccurate blood pressure readings on IABP patients.

PMID- 2634656
TI  - Evaluation test samples--evidence of an open dialog.

PMID- 2634657
TI  - Patient transfer systems.
AB  - This evaluation of patient transfer systems was prepared to give our readers an
      overview of these devices--their value within the hospital to both patients and
      staff, the currently available models, and our recommendations for the best use
      of each model. Because the devices differ from one another in both design and
      application, we did not apply our typical rating system in evaluating them. We
      performed patient transfers using four patient transfer systems from four
      manufacturers, comparing them with transfers made with a drawsheet, and assessed
      their ease of transfer, patient comfort, portability, setup time, and ease of
      cleaning. Compared with the drawsheet, all of the devices reduce the effort
      required for patient transfer. Most hospitals will find that no single device
      meets all of their needs and that a combination of several is appropriate. We
      welcome reader responses about this evaluation format.

PMID- 2634658
TI  - Circulating fluid heat therapy devices.

PMID- 2634659
TI  - Heated wires can melt disposable breathing circuits.

PMID- 2634660
TI  - Porta Fib III defibrillator/monitor paddles.

PMID- 2634661
TI  - Spontaneous activation of Liebel-Flarsheim Hydradjust III urological tables.

PMID- 2634663
TI  - GE AMX-4 mobile x-ray units.

PMID- 2634662
TI  - Instrumentation Laboratory Monarch 2000-761 Chemistry Analyzer Systems.

PMID- 2634664
TI  - Allosteric transition in hemoglobin (alpha 2A beta 2I) from the rhynchocephalian
      reptile relict Sphenodon punctatus.
AB  - The major hemoglobin component Hb A of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, a relict
      of the rhynochocephalian reptiles that lived 200 million years ago, was
      investigated in the light of the apparent contradiction inherent in an effect of
      organic phosphate cofactors on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobins exhibiting
      hyperbolic oxygen equilibrium curves. The heterotropic allosteric effect of ATP,
      the major erythrocytic cofactor in the tuatara, is shown to be correlated with
      distinct homotropic interactions (Hill's cooperativity coefficient at half
      saturation, n50, attaining 1.3-1.5 above pH 7.5), and with free energies of heme
      heme interaction (4.7 kJ.mole-1 at pH 7.2) which resemble those in other
      vertebrate hemoglobins that exhibit higher n50 values. Curiously, chloride ions
      increase hemoglobin-oxygen affinity below pH +/- 7.2. The possible mechanisms
      underlying the effects of ATP and chloride are discussed.

PMID- 2634665
TI  - Hb Miyano or alpha 41(C6)Thr----Ser: a new high oxygen affinity alpha chain
      variant found in an erythremic blood donor.
AB  - An abnormal hemoglobin found in an erythremic blood donor was separable only by
      isoelectrofocusing, where it was located at the cathodic edge of Hb A. Cation
      exchange high performance liquid chromatography of a tryptic digest from the
      total alpha chain revealed splitting of the alpha T-6 peak, although our routine
      procedures failed to uncover the abnormality. This enabled the chemical
      characterization and quantitation of the abnormal hemoglobin as alpha 41(C6)Thr--
      -Ser comprising about 30% of the total hemoglobin. The purified hemoglobin showed
      increased oxygen affinity, decreased subunit cooperativity and effect of organic
      phosphates, and normal Bohr effect.

PMID- 2634666
TI  - The prevalence of avascular necrosis in sickle cell anemia: correlation with
      alpha-thalassemia.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of alpha
      thalassemia on the prevalence of avascular necrosis in 52 adult patients with
      sickle cell anemia. alpha-Globin genotypes were determined by restriction
      endonuclease mapping of genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes.
      Radiographs of humeral and femoral heads were interpreted by two radiologists who
      were not aware of the clinical picture and the genotype of the patients in the
      study. We present data showing that there is a significant positive correlation
      between alpha-gene deletion and the prevalence and extent of avascular necrosis
      in our patient population.

PMID- 2634667
TI  - Characterization of beta-thalassemia mutations among the Japanese.
AB  - Characterization of beta-thalassemia mutations were attempted for 29 Japanese
      families clinically diagnosed as having beta-thalassemia. Following the
      identification of a mutation by cloning and sequencing, all families were
      screened for this particular mutation, using biotinylated allele-specific
      oligonucleotide probes. Seven different mutations were detected in 17 families:
      Six families had the frameshift mutation at codons 41/42, resulting from a 4
      nucleotide deletion (TTCTTT----TT); four had the deletion at codons 127/128
      (CAGGCT----CCT); and three had the TATA box mutation at nucleotide -31 (A----G).
      Four additional families had mutations at codon 24 (GGT----GGA), codon 26 (GAG---
      AAG), IVS-II-654 (C----T) and codon 110 (GTG----CCG), respectively. The newly
      discovered deletion mutation at codons 127/128, and mutations at nucleotide -31,
      and at codon 110 are peculiar to Japanese, and have not been found in any other
      ethnic group. The haplotypes of the beta-globin gene cluster were also
      determined. Some of the haplotypes and beta-thalassemia mutations are identical
      to those reported in the Chinese population. However, it is noteworthy that
      nearly half of the beta-thalassemia mutations were unique to Japanese.

PMID- 2634668
TI  - The types of hemoglobins and globin chains in hydrops fetalis.
AB  - Details are presented of analyses of hemoglobins in blood samples from four
      newborn babies with hydrops fetalis using reversed phase and anion exchange high
      performance liquid chromatographic methodology. Three were homozygous for the
      alpha-thalassemia-1 (SEA) deletion, and one was a compound heterozygote for the
      same deletion and the larger alpha-thalassemia-1 (Fil) deletion. All four babies
      had beta, G gamma, A gamma, and zeta chains; these chains were present in Hb
      Bart's or gamma 4, Hb Portland-I (zeta 2 gamma 2), and Hb Portland-II (zeta 2
      beta 2). Hb H (beta 4) could not be detected. The level of zeta was directly
      related to the level of beta and, thus, the fetal age. A lower level of zeta
      chain was present in the baby with the compound heterozygosity because the large
      deletion (Fil) on one chromosome included the zeta and psi zeta genes.
      Circulating red cells, i.e. reticulocytes and nucleated red cells, were unable to
      synthesize zeta chains, indicating that this capability must have ceased a few
      months prior to birth. Quantitative data obtained by chromatographic procedures
      were greatly influenced by the condition of the blood sample and the way it was
      stored. Hb Portland-II (zeta 2 beta 2) and Hb Bart's (gamma 4) are rather
      unstable when a red cell lysate is stored at 4 degrees C; this is in contrast to
      Hb Portland-I (zeta 2 gamma 2) which appears to be stable. Samples can be stored
      as washed red cells or red cell lysates at -70 degrees C.

PMID- 2634669
TI  - Hb Reims [alpha 2(23)(B4)Glu----Gly beta 2]: a new alpha chain variant with
      slightly decreased stability.

PMID- 2634670
TI  - Hb Setif [alpha 94(G1)Asp----Tyr] in a Saudi Arabian family.

PMID- 2634671
TI  - Hb N-Timone [alpha 2 beta 2(8)(A5)Lys----Glu]: a new fast-moving variant with
      normal stability and oxygen affinity.

PMID- 2634672
TI  - Hb Chandigarh or alpha 2 beta 2(94)(FG1)Asp----Gly observed in an Indian family.

PMID- 2634673
TI  - Hb Masuda [beta 114(G16)Leu----Met, 119(GH2)Gly----Asp], a hemoglobin with two
      substitutions in the beta chain.

PMID- 2634674
TI  - Another example of Japanese beta-thalassemia [-31 Cap (A----G)].

PMID- 2634675
TI  - Training rehabilitation technicians in the Pacific Basin.
AB  - A description of a unique programme designed to train and support hospital-based
      rehabilitation generalists on remote Pacific islands is presented. The rationale
      for the training is discussed, the curriculum is described and the outcomes thus
      far are presented. The programme consists mainly of on-site training of
      indigenous health personnel centred around mobility aspects of physical
      rehabilitation. The project has been successful in enhancing local capabilities
      to deal with the needs of acutely and chronically disabled persons and reducing
      the need for off-island referrals.

PMID- 2634676
TI  - Use of disablement resettlement officers by patients with musculoskeletal
      disorders.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to define the use of disablement resettlement officers (DRO) by
      patients with locomotor disorders. DESIGN: questionnaire for patients with
      locomotor disorders potentially handicapping them from obtaining work. SETTING:
      outpatient clinics. PATIENTS: 52 patients, capable of work, aged 55 years or
      less, with a locomotor disorder; 19 had chronic arthritis and 18 back disorders.
      QUESTIONNAIRE: obtained details of diagnosis, work status, contact with DRO and
      results of referral. RESULTS: 21 had seen the DRO and three of these were
      dissatisfied; 15 were referred to the DRO and only three were placed in
      employment; 16 did not want referral to the DRO; overall 60% were unemployed.
      CONCLUSIONS: Many patients are reluctant to see the DRO. Only a minority either
      attend or find work on referral. A modified system is needed to improve the
      employment prospects of patients with locomotor disorders.

PMID- 2634677
TI  - 'Breathtaking': the consequences of chronic respiratory disorder.
AB  - Chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD) is a major, though neglected, medical
      and social problem in the United Kingdom today. Dyspnoea is one of the most
      distressing and disabling symptoms of COAD, which is itself the largest single
      cause of absence from work in the United Kingdom. This paper reports on 92
      patients suffering from COAD, who were interviewed in order to assess impairment,
      disability and handicap, and a smaller subsample of 24 of these patients who were
      followed-up using open-ended, semi-structured, tape-recorded interviews in order
      to cover in more detail some of the issues raised in the first quantitative stage
      of the study. Low correlations were found between lung function and disability (
      0.38 p less than 0.001), accounting for only 14% of the variance, and high
      correlations between measures of dyspnoea and disability (-0.90 p less than
      0.001). Major areas of disability and handicap included: household management,
      ambulation, sleep and rest, recreation and pastimes, and work. Financial problems
      and difficulties, housing problems and problems of social isolation were also
      frequently reported. The paper then attempts to explore the relationship between
      impairment, disability and handicap, drawing on both the quantitative and
      qualitative data collected in order to illustrate the variable nature of this
      relationship. The paper concludes by suggesting both the need for a more
      integrated approach to the care and rehabilitation of COAD patients and their
      families, and for a complementary social perspective and approach to COAD and its
      treatment.

PMID- 2634678
TI  - Employment chances of recently visually impaired, young or middle-aged adults in
      the Swedish labour market.
AB  - The study (n = 261) focused on employment chances of Swedish visually impaired
      persons aged 25-45 years at the onset of their visual impairment, and who were
      employed at that time. It concerned persons who became visually impaired after
      1974, the year when the Act on Security of Employment was passed. Although the
      Act has had an impact on employment opportunities, it is, however, no guarantee
      per se. Factors in the work environment accounted for improved chances of keeping
      the pre-disability employment. Individual factors were decisive in a person's
      chances of obtaining new employment. The least competitive groups of visually
      impaired were, in spite of the law, 'eliminated' from the labour market.

PMID- 2634679
TI  - Re: Wade DT et al. Selective Cognitive Losses After Stroke: Frequency Recovery
      and Prognostic Importance.

PMID- 2634680
TI  - Shape of the craniofacial complex in 45,X females: cephalometric study.
AB  - The shape of the craniofacial complex was analysed cephalometrically in sixty
      four adult 45,X females (Turner syndrome) using lateral skull radiographs, and
      the subjects were compared with first-degree female relatives and control
      females. The results showed that 45,X females have marked changes in relatively
      few craniofacial areas compared to the controls. Most of the changes are located
      in the cranial base, so that the face is retrognathic. The mandible is short,
      whereas the maxilla is of normal length. The results support the view that the
      morphology of the cranial base is markedly affected in 45,X females, whereas most
      other craniofacial changes could be considered secondary to the cranial base
      abnormality. It is suggested that retarded cartilage growth may be a factor
      leading to the present findings.

PMID- 2634681
TI  - Epithelial bridging of the primary palate: I. Characterization of sub-cultured
      epithelial cells.
AB  - Primary palatogenesis involves an intricate array of events. Cell migration,
      proliferation, differentiation, programmed death, and fusion occur. Prior to
      fusion, the morphology of the epithelium undergoes marked changes. Epithelial
      projections form and extend across the fusion site attaching by filopodia to the
      opposite prominence. By appearance, the epithelium plays a critical role in
      facial development. In order to monitor epithelial activities, a study was done
      to isolate and characterize epithelial cells derived from the primary palate. The
      primary palate was microdissected from day 13 Sprague-Dawley rat embryos, and the
      epithelium and mesenchyme were separated by enzymatic digestion with a 3% trypsin
      pancreatin solution (3:1). All explants were cultured in Dulbecco's modified
      Eagle's medium (DMEM) and Ham's F-12 medium (1:1) supplemented with 10% fetal
      calf serum (FCS), 20 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF), and antibiotics.
      Explant cells were gathered by trypsin harvesting and sub-cultured. These sub
      cultured cells were further characterized. Transmission and scanning electron
      microscopy showed that the cells retained many morphological features observed in
      vivo. In passaged cells, type IV collagen, laminin, and cytokeratins were
      visualized by immunocytochemistry. Gel electrophoresis analysis of the water
      insoluble extracts demonstrated major bands of proteins of 50 kD and 44 kD that
      were synthesized by the epithelial cells but not by the mesenchymal cells. These
      cytokeratin types are suggestive of a simple undifferentiated embryonic
      epithelium. The effect of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on cell number and [3H]
      proline incorporation was assessed. At [10(-4)M] and [10(-6)M] retinoic acid
      resulted in significant inhibition in cell proliferation and amount of proline
      incorporated, with the greater inhibition occurring in the mesenchymal cells. In
      the concentrations studied, retinoic acid has an inhibitory effect on the two
      differently derived cell types. This study established that sub-cultured
      epithelial cells maintain their phenotype and can be used to study fusion
      processes. Part 2 will demonstrate how the morphology of the epithelial cells can
      be modified to produce the changes that are observed during fusion of the primary
      palate.

PMID- 2634682
TI  - Epithelial bridging of the primary palate: II. In vitro model mimics in vivo
      behavior.
AB  - Previously, Forbes et al. [J Craniofac Genet Dev. Biol, 9:271-284, 1989] and
      Millicovsky et al. [Am J Anat 164:29-44, 1982], demonstrated that some of the
      epithelial cells of the primary palate formed extensive projections, bridging the
      medial and lateral nasal prominences. These connections are thought to aide in
      the fusion process by facilitating union of the prominences, a process known as
      secondary fusion [Millicovsky et al., 1982]. In order to study the epithelial
      cell and its behavior more closely an in vitro model was established [Gibson et
      al.: J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol, 1989], where epithelial cells in culture were
      shown to produce many of the morphologic characteristics observed in vivo. In the
      present study, an in vitro model is discussed which reproduces the epithelial
      projections observed in vivo. Epithelial cells, previously characterized, were
      obtained from the primary palate of 13-day-old rat embryos and sub-cultured as
      explants. Comparisons were made with the epithelial bridging observed in vivo of
      two species of animals. The results indicated sub-cultured epithelium as isolated
      cells, at either low or high density, rarely formed bridges. Primary cultures of
      epithelial explants also infrequently formed projections. However, sub-cultures
      of epithelial explants, plated as small clusters of cells with intervening spaces
      between cell groups, demonstrated extensive epithelial bridging. Epithelial
      projections did not form from cells that were directly attached to the plastic
      culture dish; only superficial, elevated cells formed projections. Significantly,
      the connections that occurred between explants did not attach to the plastic
      substratum. Instead, they appeared as line connections suspended by the medium.
      With time, the number of projections increased and epithelial cells could be seen
      along the projections forming an epithelial bridge. This study established a
      model of epithelial bridging in vitro for analysis of a process which has been
      shown to be an integral part of primary palate fusion.

PMID- 2634683
TI  - Effects of cyclophosphamide on the secondary palate development in golden Syrian
      hamster: teratology, morphology, and morphometry.
AB  - Cyclophosphamide (CP), when injected in hamster mother between days 9 and 11 of
      pregnancy, was teratogenic in fetuses. On the basis of a morphological study it
      was deduced that CP delayed the reorientation of hamster palatal shelves by 16-20
      h. In a subsequent experiment, in both control and CP-treated palatal shelves,
      the numbers of epithelial and mesenchymal cells were counted and cross-sectional
      area was measured. DNA synthesis, measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, was
      used as an index of growth by cell proliferation. The results showed that during
      the vertical development of palatal shelves, the mesenchymal cells reached their
      peak number during the initial 24 hours, i.e., at the end of the second peak in
      DNA synthesis, and remained unchanged thereafter throughout reorientation. The
      shelf area also showed rapid increase during the initial 24 h followed by a spurt
      2 h prior to reorientation. Cyclophosphamide prolonged the acquisition of these
      features by affecting the mesenchymal cells and consequently delayed the
      reorientation of the vertical shelves until such time that the number of healthy
      mesenchymal cells and shelf area were restored to the control values. The data
      lend further support to the hypothesis that the acquisition of a specific number
      of cells and shelf volume, during vertical palatal development, may be essential
      for palatal shelf reorientation.

PMID- 2634684
TI  - Patient with the combination of Klippel-Feil anomaly, partial agenesis of the
      sacrum, bladder incontinence, and unilateral hydronephrosis.

PMID- 2634685
TI  - Not by a damsite.

PMID- 2634686
TI  - Differential anchorage and the Edgewise appliance.

PMID- 2634687
TI  - Orthodontic office design. Operatory central islands.

PMID- 2634688
TI  - Clinical implications of advances in orthognathic surgery.

PMID- 2634689
TI  - Treatment of Class II malocclusion with a headgear-activator combination.

PMID- 2634690
TI  - Orthodontic diagnostic criteria in Italy.

PMID- 2634691
TI  - A case report emphasizing the importance of one or more diagnostic principles in
      the correction of a particular malocclusion.

PMID- 2634692
TI  - Treatment of a Class II, division 1 malocclusion: a case report.

PMID- 2634693
TI  - Analysis--concepts and values. Part I.

PMID- 2634694
TI  - Analysis--concepts and values. Part II.

PMID- 2634695
TI  - Relapse of orthodontic treatment results: growth as an etiologic factor.

PMID- 2634696
TI  - The probability index.

PMID- 2634697
TI  - Dysfunction in the masticatory system--an occlusal check list.

PMID- 2634698
TI  - Priorities in cardiological practice in a developing society.

PMID- 2634699
TI  - Management of long standing post burn deformities of hand.
AB  - A study of 50 cases of long standing post burn deformities of hand in respect to
      their type of deformities, their operative correction, reconstruction and
      subsequent recovery had been carried out during the period from January 1979 to
      May 1986. Contractures were mainly due to shortage of skin and soft tissue; joint
      deformities developed secondary to that. Purpose of this study was to provide the
      patient with a good functioning hand. Of them 19 cases required skin grafting and
      31 cases required different types of skin flap like groin flap in 13, abdominal
      flap in 12 and transposition flap in 3,Z-plasty in 2 and buttock flap in one case
      for resurfacing the raw area which was created following release of contracture
      of skin and soft tissue. Six patients required capsulotomy and collateral
      ligament excision, 2 required excision arthroplasty and one patient required
      excision of lower end of ulna along with a flap cover. Deformities corrected at
      an earlier date showed better functional recovery than those which were treated
      at a much later date. In this series, 3 children required secondary correction of
      their contracted flap due to their growing age, 3 adult patients developed
      contracture to the grafted skin for not using splint or having any physiotherapy,
      2 patients had little extension deformities even after correction flap cover of
      hyperextension deformity, 2 patients with excision arthroplasty had weak grip and
      3 patients were not followed up. Rest had good results. Extensive physiotherapy,
      proper splinting and regular follow-up at least for 3 to 5 years after operation
      are the secrets of better functional recovery.

PMID- 2634700
TI  - Gall bladder disease: an analytical report of 250 cases.
AB  - Two hundred and fifty cases of biliary tract disease were studied as regards case
      history, physical and laboratory investigations, surgery and follow-up. It was
      found that females especially multipara were frequently affected; majority of
      cases were in 3rd to 5th decade of their life, rise in age showing decline in
      incidence. Majority of cases (82.4%) were vegetarians and had used vegetable fats
      (oriental diet). Most of the cases (98.8%) belonged to middle and poor class and
      were lean and thin. Pain in the right upper quadrant of the anterior abdominal
      wall had been the commonest symptom, in about half the cases it got aggravated by
      fatty meals. A mass was felt in the right hypochondrium in 29.6% and Murphy's
      sign was positive in 55.5% of cases. Radio-opaque calculi were present in 8% of
      cases, in another 10.8% the calculi were demonstrated by oral cholecystography,
      radiography could detect calculi in 47 (25.4%) cases and its overall diagnostic
      success rate has been low (56.8%). Ultrasonography proved more valuable tool for
      diagnosis; bile culture was positive in 8.8% of cases only for Esch coli,
      proteus, klebsiella, staphylococci or paracolon. Right subcostal incision gave
      the best results. Chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis (74%) was more common
      than acalculus cholecystitis (26%), incidence of carcinoma was 2.8%, and in 5 out
      of 7 cases malignancy was associated with cholelithiasis. Early diagnosis and
      cholecystectomy for gallstones can prevent malignancy. Surgery on the whole
      proved beneficial and it can be more rewarding if pre-operatively other causes of
      dyspepsia are either excluded or confirmed. Excluding cases of malignancy, the
      mortality has been quite low and thus acceptable.

PMID- 2634701
TI  - Usefulness of exploratory burr holes in the management of severe head injury.
AB  - The authors performed burr hole exploration for the diagnosis of intracranial
      haematomas in 110 consecutive patients with severe head injury. Burr hole
      revealed extra-axial mass lesions in 61 patients and 49 patients had negative
      exploration. Post-mortem study showed that only a very few clots were missed by
      routine burr holes. The study indicated that diagnostic burr hole exploration was
      a sensitive method for detecting extracerebral mass lesions in centres where CT
      scanning facilities were not available.

PMID- 2634702
TI  - Stricture urethra: aetiology and management.
AB  - Seventy-four male cases of stricture urethra, in all age groups up to 70 years
      were studied with regard to the aetiology of stricture, clinical presentation,
      investigations and treatment in Medical College Hospitals, Calcutta during June
      1984 to May 1986. Depending on the site of affection and the aetiological
      consideration the treatment consisted of meatal dilatations, meatotomy, urethral
      dilatation and various methods of urethroplasty. Sixty-seven patients could be
      rendered asymptomatic. Traumatic strictures specially of the anterior urethra was
      found to have a better prognosis. Preventive aspects like gentle urethral
      instrumentation, use of appropriately sized catheters made of non-reactive
      material and referral of patients with stricture urethra to urological centres
      were stressed upon.

PMID- 2634703
TI  - Comparative evaluation of the antihypertensive effect of timolol and propranolol
      in patients with essential hypertension.
AB  - Fifty patients with essential hypertension were studied for the antihypertensive
      effect of timolol and propranolol. In 16 out of 25 patients on timolol therapy
      (64%) blood pressure could be brought well under control (defined as diastolic
      blood pressure less than 90 mmHg) while with propranolol 13 out of 25 patients
      (52%) responded. Side-effects were negligible with timolol as compared to
      propranolol therapy. This study revealed that timolol is an effective and safe
      drug in essential hypertension, and is tolerated better than propranolol by the
      patients.

PMID- 2634704
TI  - Histiocytosis X with positive tuberculin test.

PMID- 2634705
TI  - Tuberculoma of the conjunctiva.

PMID- 2634706
TI  - Eisenmenger's syndrome complicating pregnancy.

PMID- 2634707
TI  - Vertigo.

PMID- 2634708
TI  - Scanning transmission electron microscopic study of molluscan hemocyanins in
      various aggregation states: comparison with light scattering molecular weights.
AB  - The masses of individual particles of the hemocyanins of six members of two
      molluscan classes, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda, have been determined by
      scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of unstained specimens dried
      from the frozen state. The decameric hemocyanins of two chitons, Mopalia muscosa
      and Stenoplax conspicua, had masses of 4.20 +/- 0.18 and 4.47 +/- 0.56 MDa,
      respectively; the didecameric hemocyanins of two gastropods, Fasciolaria tulipa
      and Pleuroploca gigantea, had masses of 8.67 +/- 0.44 and 8.96 +/- 0.39 MDa,
      respectively; and the tridecameric hemocyanin of Lunatia heros had a mass of
      13.50 +/- 0.44 MDa. The STEM values were in close agreement with those obtained
      by light scattering measurements of the same samples in solution. For Busycon
      contrarium, a gastropod with a multidecameric hemocyanin, nine size classes from
      didecamers to decadecamers with masses that corresponded to multiples of a basic
      decamer (4.4 MDa) were detected. The appearance of unstained specimens of the
      cylindrical particles differs from negatively stained specimens. Viewed end-on
      the cylinders show no internal structure, but in well-preserved specimens
      cavities are apparent in the side views of the cylinders that resemble those seen
      in negatively stained specimens. Although they lack the characteristic "tiered"
      appearance, the number of decameric units can be counted and their arrangement
      within the particle seen.

PMID- 2634709
TI  - Quaternary structure of the immunostimulating complex (iscom).
AB  - Proteins of either HIV-1, hepatitis B, or rabies virus were incorporated with the
      adjuvant substance Quil A and cholesterol into the immunostimulating complex:
      iscom. Formation and symmetry of this regular complex were analyzed by electron
      microscopy. Micellar structures with a diameter of about 12 nm, occasionally with
      a 7-nm stain-filled center, were formed in a 0.03% water suspension of Quil A.
      Cavities or holes appeared in the smooth structures of cholesterol upon the
      addition of Quil A, and after mixing Quil A and cholesterol 1:1 fragile and
      flattened structures of matrix were produced with a diameter of about 40 nm. By
      freeze-drying the matrix was preserved as a cage-like, isometric particle. Stable
      iscom particles composed of Quil A, cholesterol, and selected viral proteins had
      an approximate diameter of 32 nm. The particles had an uniform, cage-like
      structure, exhibiting icosahedral symmetry, irrespective of the viral proteins
      incorporated. Tilting experiments and rotational image analysis indicated that
      the iscoms were composed of 20 morphological subunits assembled in a pentagonal
      dodecahedron with a hole on each of the 12 pentagonal faces. The symmetrical
      shape of the iscom might explain both its remarkable stability and its capacity
      to efficiently present antigens to the immune system.

PMID- 2634710
TI  - Cellular polarity in cultured animal pole cells of Xenopus embryos.
AB  - The expression of intracellular and surface polarity in cultured animal pole
      cells of Xenopus embryos (stages 6, 8, and 10) was examined morphologically and
      immunocytochemically. When control embryos reached stage 23, daughter cells
      derived from a single or a few animal pole cells formed aggregates. Outer cells
      of the aggregates displayed intracellular and surface polarity and expressed an
      epidermis-specific antigen (XEP-1) on the apical surface circumference, while
      these characteristics had not yet been established in the animal pole cells at
      the time of isolation. However, inner cells of the aggregates did not display the
      cellular polarity along an outer-inner axis of the aggregates and displayed the
      antigen randomly within the aggregates. These results indicate that the
      expression of cellular polarity in epidermal differentiation of Xenopus embryos
      in vitro depends on the position within the aggregates formed by daughter cells
      derived from isolated animal pole cells.

PMID- 2634711
TI  - A little brief authority.

PMID- 2634712
TI  - The role of non-sterile gloves in clinical practice.
AB  - The role of gloves as part of the overall control of cross-infection in dental
      practice is examined. The case for the wearing of gloves is made, and the paper
      also deals with glove material, single or multiple use, hand protection, adverse
      reactions, and advice on glove use.

PMID- 2634713
TI  - A retrospective cephalometric study of the effects of the Harvold appliance in
      the treatment of 20 patients with a Class II division 1 malocclusion.
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the Harvold appliance on
      the dentoalveolar and skeletal structures and note the changes produced. The
      primary impact of the Harvold appliance as shown in this study was dentoalveolar.

PMID- 2634714
TI  - The causes of tooth mortality of permanent teeth in a Malaysian population.
AB  - The reasons underlying the need for extraction of 2765 permanent teeth carried
      out over a 6 month period in the Out-patient Clinic in the Dental Faculty,
      University of Malaya, was investigated. The present study showed that dental
      caries (67.4%) is the leading cause for extraction followed by periodontal
      disease (19.6%). Caries accounted for the highest proportion of extractions up to
      the age of 50 whereas periodontal disease becomes the major factor beyond this
      age. The highest frequency of extractions carried out was between the ages of 21
      30.

PMID- 2634715
TI  - Surgical treatment of iliofemoral vein thrombosis technical aspects. Possible
      secondary interventions.
AB  - From October 1982 to February 1989 148 patients underwent venous thrombectomy.
      Priority for surgery was given especially in patients under 40 years with
      posttraumatic, postoperative and postpartum thrombosis where lysis was not
      possible. Our standardized operative technique includes atraumatic exposure of
      the vessels, clot extraction by balloon catheter and ring stripper, endoscopic
      control of the lumen and establishment of a temporary arteriovenous fistula.
      Postoperative angiography revealed that more than 10% of the patients needed
      secondary dilatation of iliac vein stenosis which can be carried out easily at
      the time of closing the fistula. Functional and anatomical parameters as well as
      the clinical outcome after 12 months show good to excellent results which confirm
      venous thrombectomy as a useful treatment modality at an acceptable risk level.

PMID- 2634716
TI  - Thromboembolism. Clues for the presence of occult neoplasia.
AB  - It has been stated that it is inappropriate to conduct an extensive search for
      occult malignancy in patients with thromboembolism, unless there is some more
      specific indication. The present study defines those specific indices. By
      analyzing the clinical features of 11 consecutive patients with occult cancer
      presenting with thromboembolism (TE), criteria which differentiate TE in occult
      cancer from TE complicating other disorders were defined. These are the absence
      of an apparent cause for the TE at the time of the patient's admission, age more
      than 50 years, multiple sites of venous TE, associated venous and arterial TE, TE
      resistant to therapy with oral anticoagulants, and the presence of associated
      paraneoplastic syndromes. The incidence of these parameters in case reports from
      the literature was also analyzed. The six criteria that were prevalent in our
      series of patients with paraneoplastic TE, were observed to occur with similar
      incidence in different groups of historical cases. These criteria may be useful
      for stratification of patients with TE with regard to the probability of the
      presence of an occult cancer and the indications for further investigations.

PMID- 2634717
TI  - Thromboendarterectomy (TEA) in the recipient as a major risk of arterial
      complication after kidney transplantation.
AB  - The authors analyze a series of 383 kidney transplantation pointing out the role
      of recipient's vessels atherosclerosis in the determination of vascular
      complication of the kidney graft. Three groups were considered. The first
      included 55 patients which required TEA for severe atherosclerotic lesion of the
      anastomosed vessels. The second group included 305 patients who didn't required
      TEA; the third group was of 20 patients who received a graft with multiple
      arteries which required more than one anastomosis. A significative higher rate of
      arterial complications was evident in the first group (p less than 0.001). Within
      this group the end to end arterial anastomosis was more frequently associated to
      thrombosis or stenosis than the end to side one (p less than 0.05). Kidney with
      multiple vessels also presented with an higher rate of complications (p less than
      0.05).

PMID- 2634718
TI  - The effects of a hydrocolloid dressing on bacterial growth and the healing
      process of leg ulcers.
AB  - Thirty patients with lower extremity ulcers of different aetiologies, although
      mainly of venous origin, were treated with an occlusive hydrocolloid dressing
      twice a week for a maximum period of 12 weeks. No antibacterial chemotherapy was
      utilized. A culture was taken of the exudate of the ulcer before commencement of
      treatment and weekly or bi-weekly thereafter. The results showed a mixed flora
      with prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus. The average duration of the treatment
      period was 67 +/- 11 days with a total of 26 patients being healed by the end of
      this period. The average interval between dressing changes was 4.1 days.
      Subsequent bacterial cultures showed a persistence of the original flora, but
      there was no correlation between the type of flora present and clinical evidence
      of infection or between the type of flora present and the rate of healing of the
      ulcer. Clinical evaluation of the results obtained with the hydrocolloid dressing
      was favourable in respect to reduced risk of contamination of the ulcer, lower
      pain perception and less trauma to the granulation tissue during dressing
      changes.

PMID- 2634719
TI  - The effect of heterologous gonadotropins on the fecundity of rhesus monkeys.
AB  - Ovarian stimulation with heterologous gonadotropins over a period of a single
      month did not depress the fecundity or fecundability of 50 rhesus monkeys as
      compared to 60 untreated monkeys in a timed breeding colony. The birth rates,
      seasonality of births, interbirth intervals, and waiting time to the next
      pregnancy were not significantly different before treatment, after treatment, or
      among the untreated. The stillbirth rate was not increased after treatment.

PMID- 2634720
TI  - Normal fertilization in men with high antibody sperm binding by the addition of
      sufficient unbound sperm in vitro.
AB  - A high incidence of fertilization failure has been reported in men with over 70%
      of their sperm bound with isoantibodies. In three men with greater than 80%
      antisperm antibody binding with IgG and IgA immunoglobulins, a normal rate of
      fertilization (29/46 oocytes; 63%) was achieved by adding a sufficient number of
      motile sperm to provide at least 50,000 unbound sperm per oocyte. This method
      appears to be simpler and more effective than attempting to separate unbound
      sperm in vitro.

PMID- 2634721
TI  - Single- and double-lumen needles for oocyte harvesting.

PMID- 2634722
TI  - Managing the new patient with complaints against a previous dentist.

PMID- 2634723
TI  - How information-gathering, its documentation, its communication, and a heads-up
      philosophy can reduce your exposure to malpractice claims and help you serve your
      patients more completely.

PMID- 2634724
TI  - A simple thumb and finger therapy.

PMID- 2634725
TI  - A clinico-pathologic presentation. Minocycline induced pigmentation.

PMID- 2634726
TI  - Fasting serum gastrin values in normal Chinese children.
AB  - To determine the reference ranges and developmental pattern of serum gastrin in
      Chinese children, fasting serum samples of 362 Chinese infants and children aged
      from newborns to 14 years were measured by radioimmunoassay. All the participants
      were healthy and were without gastrointestinal disorders. The mean gastrin values
      for cord blood (111.55 +/- 68.05 pg/ml) and newborns (100.05 +/- 72.43 pg/ml) are
      higher than those for adult controls (43.85 +/- 15.59 pg/ml). The mean gastrin
      value achieves its highest level of 179.86 +/- 94.61 pg/ml on the 3rd day of age.
      Physiologic hypergastrinemia persists throughout the whole neonatal period. The
      mean gastrin value for infants between 6 days and 6 months of age is 96.08 +/-
      50.05 pg/ml, this decreases to 76.73 +/- 44.23 pg/ml at 7 to 12 months of age,
      and to 75.89 +/- 43.88 pg/ml at 1 year of age. It reaches the low adult level (40
      45 pg/ml) at about 2 years of age.

PMID- 2634727
TI  - Comparison of penile vascular effect induced by intracavernous injection of
      papaverine and prostaglandin E1.
AB  - An intracavernous injection with papaverine or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) combined
      with duplex ultrasonography is an objective technique to conduct a penile blood
      flow study (PBFS). Three hundred patients with impotence underwent papaverine (9
      60 mg) induced PBFS at the University of California School of Medicine, San
      Francisco (UCSF), U.S.A. and another 80 patients with impotence received PGE1
      induced (20 micrograms) PBFS at Veterans General Hospital-Taichung (VGH-TC),
      R.O.C. Preliminary evaluation of age, duration of disease and pre-injection
      diameter of cavernous arteries disclosed no significant difference in these 2
      series. It was interesting to find that almost all parameters of vascular
      response to pavaverine vs PGE1 differed significantly, such as onset of response
      (6.5 +/- 6.5 vs 11.7 +/- 6.4 min, slower in the PGE1 group, p less than 0.001);
      post-injection diameter of cavernous arteries (right: 0.73 +/- 0.20 vs 0.79 +/-
      0.18 mm, p = 0.03; left: 0.74 +/- 0.20 vs 0.82 +/- 0.21 mm, p = 0.005); diametral
      increment of cavernous arteries (right: 0.23 +/- 0.17 vs 0.33 +/- 0.17 mm, p less
      than 0.001; left: 0.24 +/- 0.17 vs 0.36 +/- 0.19 mm, p less than 0.001) and peak
      velocity (right: 27.5 +/- 16.1 vs 42.0 +/- 20.1 cm/sec, p less than 0.001; left:
      28.9 +/- 15.9 vs 39.7 +/- 17.9 cm/sec, p less than 0.001). The side effects,
      primarily injection pain (23.8%, 19/80) in the PGE1 group and dizziness (3.0%,
      9/300) in the papaverine group, were minor in these 2 series. Prolonged erection
      was not encountered in either series; however, immediate treatment was performed
      if a papaverine-induced erection lasted over 60 minutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634729
TI  - Acute primidone intoxication: report of a case.
AB  - A case of acute primidone intoxication, due to overdose, was evaluated at
      National Taiwan University Hospital. Serial assessment of the clinical
      manifestations, electroencephalograms and serum levels of primidone and
      phenobarbital were made. From these data, we conclude that the toxic effects,
      such as depression of the central nervous system and dysequilibrium, are due
      mostly to primidone itself, rather than its metabolite, phenobarbital.

PMID- 2634728
TI  - Surgical management of congenital coronary artery fistula.
AB  - Over a period of 6 years, 8 patients underwent surgical treatment at our hospital
      for congenital coronary artery fistula (CAF). The ages of the patients ranged
      from 4 months to 50 years (mean 22.7 years). Continuous heart murmurs could be
      heard in all patients, except one. The diagnosis was made by retrograde
      aortography and/or selective coronary arteriography. Only one patients had
      associated cardiac disease. All the drainage sites of the CAF were on the right
      side of the heart (right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery). Two patients
      had both right and left CAFs. Symptoms due to "coronary steal" by a coronary
      artery fistula were demonstrated by a nuclear medicine study in one of our
      patients. Four patients were operated on with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass.
      The other 4 patients were treated with suture ligation directly. There was no
      surgical mortality or morbidity, and the longterm results have been good. Since
      surgical correction is safe and effective, it would appear desirable for all
      patients with CAF be operated on. However, surgical intervention is controversial
      in asymptomatic patients.

PMID- 2634730
TI  - Paradoxical enlargement of intracranial tuberculomas during treatment of
      tuberculous meningitis: report of a case.
AB  - We report a case of a 32-year-old man who showed paradoxical enlargement of
      pathologically verified intracranial tuberculomas during a course of adequate
      antituberculous chemotherapy. Serial computed tomographic scans of the brain
      disclosed this uncommon phenomenon. Total excision of the lesions with
      concomitant four-combined antituberculous therapy proved successful. Although the
      mechanism of this paradoxical phenomenon is not well understood, a defective
      local tissue immune response with gradually increasing maturity of the lesions
      during antituberculous therapy, which results in poor penetration of these drugs
      into the lesions, might be a possible explanation.

PMID- 2634731
TI  - [Surgical treatment of ureteropelvic junction stricture].
AB  - Forty-five patients with hydronephrosis due to pelviureteric junction stricture
      were operated on at Kaohsiung Medical College Hospital between 1971 and 1986. In
      unilateral cases, the left kidney was affected more frequently than the right (24
      to 13), while 8 (18%) had bilateral ureteropelvic stricture. Of the 45 cases, 24
      cases (53%) underwent Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty, 5 cases underwent Y-V plasty, 5
      cases underwent ureterolysis and 11 cases underwent simple nephrectomy due to
      severe hydronephrosis. Except for the 11 nephrectomy cases, 11 of the remaining
      34 cases had ureteral catheter placement and 9 cases had double-J ureteral
      catheter placement, postoperatively; another 14 cases received no ureteral stent
      for draining urine. The results were very encouraging with clinical improvement
      in 64% of the patients, and improvement in the pelviocaliceal system and early
      appearance of contrast medium in the ureter in 47% of the patients. The results
      of pyeloplasty with and without a nephrostomy or ureteral stent were compared.
      Patients with a nephrostomy or ureteral stent tended to have an increased
      incidence of urinary tract infections and longer hospital stays. In general, the
      results of treatment were poorer for patients with a nephrostomy or ureteral
      stent, than for patients without.

PMID- 2634732
TI  - Effect of estrogen on platelet aggregation in guinea pigs.
AB  - This experiment was carried out to explore the effect of estrogen on platelet
      aggregation, using Hartly strain guinea pigs. For the in vivo experiments,
      estradiol benzoate 1 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg was injected into male guinea pigs to
      observe the effects of this drug on platelet aggregation. In vitro studies were
      performed by incubating platelet-rich plasma with estradiol benzoate for 30
      minutes at 37 degrees C. Aggregation was induced by the addition of aggregating
      agents: adenosine diphosphate (ADP, lobster or rabbit muscle, Merck), and
      collagen (calf skin, Bio-Data). The change in transmittance at 660 nm was
      recorded using NKK HEMA TRACER 1, model PAT-4A (Nippon Denshi Kagaku Co., Japan).
      Our results revealed that a 1 mg/kg injection of estrogen had a statistically
      significant suppressive effect on both ADP and collagen-induced platelet
      aggregation. While in the group with the 4 mg/kg injection of estrogen, this
      suppressing effect was not significant. In vitro studies by incubating platelet
      rich plasma with estradiol had no inhibitory effect on aggregation induced by
      both ADP and collagen.

PMID- 2634733
TI  - Effects of monomeric and polymeric diets on small intestine following massive
      resection.
AB  - Since the introduction of long-term total parental nutrition, it has been
      possible to raise the survival rate in patients with massive intestinal
      resection. How to increase the remaining intestinal mucosa hyperplasia in these
      patients has become the focus of many studies. Early postoperative enteral
      feeding with exogenous intraluminal nutrition was considered to be one of the
      most essential factors. The best enteral food pattern, however, is still not
      conclusive. In this study, we used the animal model of rats with 60% small
      intestinal resection, giving them different kinds of enteral diets through
      gastrostomy tubes. The monomeric diet included amino acid, glucose, disaccharide,
      and triglyceride. The polymeric diet included the usual source of nutrition such
      as protein, polysaccharide, and fat. The rats were killed three weeks later.
      Histopathological changes of the remaining bowel and H3 thymidine incorporation
      to mucosal DNa were measured. We found: (1) hyperplasia of the remaining bowel in
      the 60% resected rats was definitely increased more than the rats of the sham
      operation; (2) from the protein content, the DNA content of mucosa cells, the
      villus height and crypt depth points of view, the polymeric diet fed rats had a
      better adaptation; (3) on the 21st postoperative day, the DNA synthetic rate was
      still very high in polymeric diet fed rats, but returned to preoperative levels
      in rats fed with a monomeric diet. Our conclusion of this study is that a
      polymeric diet can contribute to a better intestinal mucosa regeneration than a
      monomeric diet in the rats with massive intestinal resection.

PMID- 2634734
TI  - Experimental allograft in spinal fusion in dogs.
AB  - Fifty-six dogs were used for the comparison of the allogenous and autogenous bone
      graft in anterior interbody and posterior spinal fusion. Excluding 7 cases with
      wound infections, the end results of the allograft and autograft in anterior
      interbody and posterior spinal fusion were nearly the same, provided that the
      rules of technique for the spinal fusion were strictly followed, especially in
      the allograft group. Grossly, there was a reduction tendency in the fusion mass
      of the allograft group that was proven by roentgenographic examination of the
      harvested spinal block. Histologically, there was no evidence of regeneration of
      the allograft that can be readily detected in the autograft. In the allograft
      group, osteogenesis can only be seen in the recipient sites, the allograft
      transplants become sequestrated and resorbed.

PMID- 2634735
TI  - Increase in negative charge of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase in vitamin B6
      deficiency and during incubation.
AB  - Several subforms of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (AspATc) in the crude
      extracts of rat liver and kidney were separated by isoelectric focusing using
      immunoblotting and staining of activity to detect the enzyme protein and
      activity, respectively. Vitamin B6-deficiency resulted in decrease in the
      subforms with higher isoelectric points and increase in those with lower ones
      both in the liver and in the kidney. When pyridoxal phosphate was added to those
      preparations from vitamin B6-deficient rats, the isoelectric focusing pattern of
      kidney was recovered to the similar one to that of the controls. However, the
      liver preparation was affected only partially by the addition of PLP. The pattern
      of subforms was altered during in vitro incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 h in
      both liver and kidney preparations, and their patterns were very similar to that
      of liver preparation from VB6-deficient rats. The enzyme activity also decreased
      during this incubation, especially in preparations of the enzyme from the liver
      of vitamin B6-deficient rats. This loss of enzyme activity was not affected by
      addition of PLP alone, but was almost completely prevented by addition of
      substrate. The inactivation was recovered by addition of substrate and pyridoxal
      phosphate simultaneously. This finding suggests that the inactivation may be
      related with a conformational change around the catalytic site of the AspATc
      molecule.

PMID- 2634736
TI  - Purification, properties, and developmental changes of cellular retinol-binding
      protein, type II, in chicken intestine.
AB  - Two distinct cellular retinol-binding proteins were detected in chicken small
      intestine. A predominant form was purified to homogeneity. The apparent molecular
      weight of this protein was estimated to be 17,200. This form was larger than a
      second minor form partially purified (molecular weight of 15,000). The absorption
      and fluorescence spectra of the bound retinol to the purified proteins were
      typical for the known cellular retinol-binding proteins. The results suggest that
      the purified binding protein corresponds to CRBP(II), previously identified in
      small intestine of rats and humans. To gain an insight into the possible role of
      CRBP(II) in chicken small intestine, the CRBP(II) contents in cytosols of small
      intestine of embryonic and post-hatch chicks were determined by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. The amount of CRBP(II) per unit DNA in small intestine was
      low at 15- and 17-day embryonic stage, but rapidly increased around the period of
      hatching. The increased level was still maintained in 6-week-old chicks, which
      accounted for 0.9% of total proteins in duodenum. The developmental pattern and
      the presence of abundant amount of CRBP(II) in chicken small intestine supports
      the hypothesis that CRBP(II) might play some role in the intestinal absorption of
      retinoids. Thus the involvement of a tissue-specific cellular retinol-binding
      protein in the intestinal absorption of retinoids appears to be common in
      mammalian and avian species.

PMID- 2634737
TI  - Effects of valine on 15N incorporation into serum and tissue protein and non
      protein fractions following 15N-L-leucine administration to normal and liver
      injured rats.
AB  - Effect of proportion of three branched-chain amino acids (leucine, valine, and
      isoleucine:BCAA) for nitrogen utilization was studied in vivo by an intragastric
      administration of 15N-L-leucine to control rats and liver-injured rats treated
      with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4-rats). Following the administration of
      isonitrogenous dose of three amino acid solutions [Standard (15N-L-leucine, L
      valine, L-isoleucine, and L-alanine; 11, 8, 6, 18 mg/ml), Low-Val (11, 2, 6, 23
      mg/ml), and High-Val (11, 32, 6, 0 mg/ml)], 15N enrichments in serum albumin,
      liver, skeletal muscle, and brain proteins and non-protein fractions, and urea
      nitrogen were compared by using 15N-analyzer. In CCl4-rats, the 15N enrichment in
      liver protein fraction was significantly lower in the High-Val group than in the
      Low-Val group. However, the difference of 15N enrichment in serum albumin between
      Low-Val and High-Val groups in CCl4-rats was unclear. The 15N enrichments in non
      protein fractions of the brains in CCl4-rats were about twofold those in the
      skeletal muscles and the highest 15N enrichment was recognized in the Low-Val
      group. In the non-protein fraction of skeletal muscle in CCl4-rats, significantly
      low 15N enrichment was shown in the High-Val group compared with the Low-Val
      group. The 15N enrichment in urinary urea was significantly higher in the High
      Val group than in the Low-Val group in CCl4-rats. In the Standard group of
      control rats, 15N enrichments in serum albumin and protein fraction of skeletal
      muscle were higher than in other groups. In non-protein fractions of control
      rats, the lowest 15N enrichment in liver and the highest 15N enrichment in
      skeletal muscle were recognized in the Standard group. These results suggest that
      a large amount of valine supplement among BCAA is less useful for leucine
      utilization in liver-injured rats than in normal rats.

PMID- 2634738
TI  - Spontaneous and luminol-dependent chemiluminescences from tissue preparations of
      benzo[a]pyrene-injected mice.
AB  - Chemiluminescence (CL) from tissue preparations of mice i.p. injected with and
      without the chemical carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BP) was detected by a single
      photon counting apparatus. The spontaneously emitted CL (spontaneous CL) and the
      CL after luminol addition (luminol-CL) were measured for mice with and without
      previous induction of their liver mixed-function oxidases (MFO) by phenobarbital.
      In MFO-non-induced mice, although the spontaneous CL was not notably modified by
      BP injection, the kidneys presented three times greater luminol-CL after BP
      injection. On the other hand, MFO-induced mice had higher spontaneous CL of
      plasma, liver, kidneys, and lungs, as well as higher luminol-CL of liver after BP
      injection, when compared with the respective MFO-induced but BP-non-injected
      mice. The luminol-CL of liver was suppressed by scavengers of active oxygen and
      free-radicals such as TIRON, butylhydroxytoluene and in a less extent by
      superoxide dismutase. The CL detected from tissue preparations of mice after BP
      treatment is thought to reflect the formation of oxygen radicals and
      electronically excited-species during BP metabolism.

PMID- 2634739
TI  - Effects of oral copper administration to pregnant heterozygous brindled mice on
      fetal viability and copper levels.
AB  - Copper (6 ppm) was administered to pregnant heterozygous brindled and normal mice
      from 13 to 18 days gestation. The copper and zinc concentrations in the cerebrum,
      cerebellum, liver, and kidneys of mothers and their fetuses were determined. The
      placental concentrations in fetuses of heterozygous mothers administered copper
      were also determined. The heterozygous mothers had smaller numbers of live
      fetuses than the normal mothers, but had the same number as normal mothers when
      copper was administered. The hepatic copper concentration in the heterozygous
      mothers was lower than that in the normal mothers and was not increased by the
      administration. The body and tissue wet weights of all fetuses were unaffected by
      the maternal genotype or drinking fluid. The cerebral copper concentrations in
      hemizygous and heterozygous fetuses were increased by the copper administration
      but did not reach normal levels. The hepatic and renal concentrations remained
      unchanged. The cerebral copper concentrations in normal fetuses of both
      heterozygous and normal mothers were increased by the copper administration. The
      copper administration increased the copper concentrations in liver of normal
      fetuses of heterozygous mothers and in kidneys of normal fetuses of normal
      mothers. The placental copper concentration in hemizygous fetuses was higher than
      those in heterozygous and normal fetuses. These results suggested that oral
      copper administration to pregnant females could improve an abnormal copper
      distribution in hemizygous and heterozygous fetuses without affecting fetal
      growth.

PMID- 2634740
TI  - Transfer of orally administered alpha-tocopherol into human milk.
AB  - The transfer of orally administered alpha-tocopherol (1.1 g) into breast milk
      reached a maximum value of 414 micrograms/100 g milk, which was 6.6-fold the pre
      supplemental level, after three days and declined to the base line level after
      five days. The amount of alpha-tocopherol recovered in the milk was 0.11%. The
      alpha-tocopherol equivalent/PUFA ratio (mg/g) was increased from 0.25 to values
      between 0.7 and 1.7 by the administration.

PMID- 2634741
TI  - Diurnal change in digestion and absorption of sucrose in vivo in rats.
AB  - To clarify the physiological significance of circadian rhythmic changes in the
      activity of intestinal sucrase, the activity of digestion and absorption of
      sucrose in vivo were assessed during the daytime and the nighttime in rats fed ad
      libitum. When the jejunum was perfused at night with a solution containing
      sucrose in situ, the disappearance rate of sucrose from the lumen was higher than
      when perfused during the daytime, in parallel with the day/night difference in
      sucrase activity. The early response of plasma glucose to oral sucrose load in
      unanesthetized free-moving rats was also greater during the nighttime than the
      daytime. It was concluded that the digestion and absorption rate of sucrose shows
      circadian fluctuations under normal physiological conditions.

PMID- 2634742
TI  - Prescription drug liability: the learned intermediary and informed consent.
AB  - Prescription drugs are the most often used therapy in health care. Because they
      are dangerous and sometimes cause severe side effects, it is important for drug
      manufacturers, health care providers, and patients to understand their
      responsibilities regarding prescription drug liability. The learned intermediary
      doctrine, exacting a duty from the drug manufacturer to warn the doctor of
      prescription drug properties, is discussed. The doctrine of informed consent is
      reviewed as a cause of action where a doctor fails to inform a patient of
      prescription drug properties. Application of the medical community and patient
      centered standards as they relate to informed consent cases is made.

PMID- 2634743
TI  - Some distinctions between malpractice and disciplinary proceedings.
AB  - Today most dentists are aware of the amount of litigation initiated by former
      patients alleging misconduct. However, few dentists seem to be aware of the
      number of disciplinary proceedings that have been brought against dentists and
      hygienists. This article describes some of the more significant differences
      between malpractice litigation and disciplinary proceedings.

PMID- 2634744
TI  - Teaching law, ethics, and risk management at the School of Dental Medicine State
      University of New York at Stony Brook.
AB  - An upgraded course (program) in Law, Ethics, and Risk Management has been taught
      at the School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook,
      since 1977 and was revised effective 1988. It brings together didactic
      instruction and an extensive clinical component beginning immediately before
      students enter the school's dental clinic and ending when clinical instruction is
      completed before graduation. The program is designed to (1) prepare students for
      the management of patients in the clinic; (2) ensure that student management of
      patients in the clinic does not place the supervising faculty and university
      administration at legal risk; (3) provide the student with knowledge about the
      law and legal system; (4) provide students with information about the regulation
      of dental practice; (5) identify areas of legal vulnerability in the practice of
      the profession, and risk management office principles designed to control or
      eliminate the risks; and (6) instruct the student about professional codes
      regulating ethical behavior and ethical standards of conduct.

PMID- 2634745
TI  - A decade of dental litigation. Dental hygienist: Part four.

PMID- 2634746
TI  - Teaching ethics, jurisprudence, and risk management at the New Jersey Dental
      School.
AB  - In an attempt to better prepare students for dental practice in a litigious
      environment with cost-containment pressures, quality assurance requirements, and
      increased patient expectations, the New Jersey Dental School has begun planning
      and implementing various programs to teach students and faculty ethics,
      jurisprudence, and risk management. In addition to formal course work, the New
      Jersey Dental School is implementing a quality assurance and risk management
      clinical program.

PMID- 2634747
TI  - A dentist's office: "A place of public accommodation"? Rice v Rinaldo revisited.

PMID- 2634748
TI  - Informed consent in dentistry: the impact of "Who pays the bills?".
AB  - This paper analyzes the concept of informed consent in dentistry from a
      bioethical and philosophical perspective. It is my contention that informed
      consent, as presently utilized in daily dental practice, might be illusory at
      best. After analysis of the concept in general to derive a philosophical
      underpinning, this basis is applied to alternate delivery systems including
      Medicaid, Capitation Programs, and the "overbilling" scenario. Then an approach
      that is respectful of the patient's autonomy and that can achieve a truly
      meaningful informed consent is suggested.

PMID- 2634750
TI  - Is Patrick v Burget the end of peer review immunity under the State Action
      Doctrine?

PMID- 2634749
TI  - AIDS: the ethical dilemma for surgeons.

PMID- 2634751
TI  - Guide to the law for practitioners of dentistry and medicine. Preface and Part I:
      Chapter 1.

PMID- 2634752
TI  - Secondary hyperparathyroidism in a young female.

PMID- 2634753
TI  - Study of reaction time in hemiplegics.
AB  - Visual reaction time and auditory reaction time (VRT and ART) were measured in 25
      right hemiplegics and 25 left hemiplegics in the age group of 40-60 years. There
      was a significant prolongation of VRT and ART in both the right and left
      hemiplegics as compared to normals of the same age group. ART following mono
      aural stimulation i.e. sound input into the right and left ear separately, was
      also studied in the subjects. Mono-aural stimulation revealed a prolongation of
      the ART on contralateral stimulation (i.e. auditory stimulation on the side,
      opposite to the brain damage) as compared to ipsilateral stimulation (auditory
      stimulation on the side of brain damage) in the right and left hemiplegics.

PMID- 2634754
TI  - Cryoglobulin studies in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were investigated to
      study the incidence and immunochemical nature of circulating immune complexes. In
      68.18% of patients, the immune complexes were detected as cryoglobulins. A
      significantly high value of serum IgG and IgA (1980.64 +/- 1031.53 and 283.81 +/-
      131.02 mg% respectively) were observed in these patients compared to those in
      normal (1097.04 +/- 298.10 and 200.93 +/- 89.96 mg% respectively). The patients
      also had significantly low levels of serum complement fraction C3 (61.35 +/-
      22.64 mg%). Correlation of these parameters could help in understanding of the
      role of immunochemical factors in the pathogenesis of the disease.

PMID- 2634755
TI  - Correlation between beta-lactamase production and MIC values against penicillin
      with coagulase negative staphylococci.
AB  - Two hundred strains of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from
      various clinical specimens (116) and healthy hospital personnel (84) were
      investigated for the production of beta-lactamases by means of three iodometric
      techniques and correlated with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values
      of penicillin-G by agar dilution technique and disc diffusion technique. One
      hundred and fifty (75.0%) of the 200 strains tested produced beta-lactamases.
      Seventy two per cent of the CNS were found to be beta-lactamase positive by the
      starch paper technique which was the most sensitive one in our study. The MIC
      values of penicillin against CNS ranged from less than or equal to 1.25 to
      greater than or equal to 2000 units. The present study indicated the higher
      prevalence of beta-lactamase producers with increased penicillin resistance among
      CNS strains isolated from healthy carriers and hospitalised patients.

PMID- 2634756
TI  - The quadratus femoris graft in old transcervical femoral fractures.
AB  - Sixteen patients with an old transcervical femoral fracture were treated with the
      quadratus femoris muscle pedicle bone graft with supplementary autografting. The
      result was a good functional hip in 14 cases.

PMID- 2634757
TI  - Suitability of laboratory animals for screening anti-hyperlipidemic agents.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the lipid profiles of
      various laboratory animals to that of human beings. The human subjects and
      animals included in the study were from three age groups based on key
      physiological states. A record of the usual dietary constituents and their daily
      consumption was maintained. The results indicated that the lipid profile of pigs
      and dogs bears similarity to that of human beings. Results also revealed that
      lipid profile was labile in the second group of these animals indicating that
      this age is suitable to bring about the required changes to produce a
      hyperlipidemic animal.

PMID- 2634758
TI  - Psychiatric referrals in two general hospitals.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to compare the patterns of psychiatric
      referrals in two general hospitals in Bombay viz. the King Edward Memorial
      Hospital (64 cases) and the Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre (62 cases). It
      was observed that depressive symptoms were the most common presenting symptoms in
      these patients attending either of the hospitals. Similarly, the commonest
      diagnoses were depression and organic mental disorder. Attempted suicide with
      organophosphorous compounds was the commonest reason for hospitalization at
      K.E.M. Hospital (p less than 0.001). A significant number of these patients were
      females (p less than 0.05). The psychiatric referrals at Jaslok had been
      hospitalized mainly for suspected medical or neurological illness (p less than
      0.001). These patients belonged to higher economic strata and hence had a better
      paying capacity compared to patients at KEM hospital, a significant number of
      whom were unemployed (p less than 0.001). The duration of pre-referred illness of
      patients and their stay at Jaslok hospital were longer as compared to those at
      KEM Hospital (p less than 0.01). The number of non-relevant special
      investigations carried out on patients in Jaslok was more (p less than 0.01).
      Further analysis of diagnoses revealed that a significant number of patients at
      KEM Hospital were admitted as primary psychiatric illness (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2634759
TI  - Epithelial ovarian cancer following cure of cervical carcinoma (a case report).
AB  - A case of patient developing epithelial ovarian cancer 15 years after carcinoma
      of cervix treated successfully with radiotherapy, is reported. The patient has
      shown good initial response to chemotherapy and surgery.

PMID- 2634760
TI  - Difficulties in diagnosis and treatment of mega-oesophagus (a case report).

PMID- 2634761
TI  - Pulmonary edema in severe pre-eclampsia (a case report).

PMID- 2634762
TI  - Congenital cystic biliary disease (a case report).

PMID- 2634763
TI  - Pachyonychia congenita (a case report).

PMID- 2634764
TI  - [Association of polyneuritis-encephalopathy. Role of bromoform].

PMID- 2634765
TI  - [Neurotoxicity of thallium. Apropos of 1 case of severe acute poisoning].

PMID- 2634766
TI  - [Prolongation of distal (D.L.) and proximal (P.L.) latencies in the sciatic nerve
      of the rat after hymenoptera venom injection].

PMID- 2634767
TI  - Important requirements for future animal production-orientated research with
      particular reference to veterinary science.

PMID- 2634768
TI  - Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity as an indicator of selenium status in
      an intensively-managed beef herd.
AB  - A survey of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was undertaken in a
      herd of crossbred cattle after 3 cases of white muscle disease had been
      diagnosed. All animals examined, appeared to be deficient in selenium, relative
      to control animals sampled. Oral administration of sodium selenite or sodium
      biselenite was followed within 30 d by an increase in erythrocyte GPx activity.
      Despite an apparent improvement in the selenium status of cows after
      supplementation with selenium, no difference was seen in the conception rate
      after artificial insemination.

PMID- 2634769
TI  - Unusual hepatic parenchymal crystalloid material and biliary microliths in goats.
AB  - Investigation into an outbreak of suspected photosensitivity in Boer goats
      grazing green oats (Avena sativa) led to the finding of microscopical parenchymal
      crystaloid material and biliary microliths in the livers of 3 ewes that were
      killed for necropsy. Neither Tribulus terrestris nor Panicum spp. occurred on the
      farm. Further investigation resulted in the isolation, from leaf spots on the oat
      leaves, of the fungus Drechslera campanulata, cultures of which have been shown
      to be highly toxic to sheep, goats and calves. The hepatic parenchymal
      crystalloid material, which did not invoke any inflammatory reaction, occurred
      intracellularly in hepatocytes and extracellulary in sinusoids and central veins.
      Histochemically, this material reacted positively for calcium and free fatty
      acids and ranged from nonbirefringent, grey spicules to birefringent, glass-like
      sheaved crystals. A distinctive feature in the livers of the 3 goats was the
      presence of periductal concentric fibrosis and cast-like biliary microliths which
      occasionally contained a core of birefringent crystalloid material
      morphologically and histochemically different from that seen in the parenchyma.
      An aetiological relationship between the presence of highly toxic D. campanulata
      isolates on green oats and the hepatopathy with biliary microliths and calcium
      free fatty acid crystalloids is possible.

PMID- 2634770
TI  - A survey of helminths in domestic cats in the Pretoria area of Transvaal,
      Republic of South Africa. Part 1: The prevalence and comparison of burdens of
      helminths in adult and juvenile cats.
AB  - The helminths found in 1,502 necropsied cats were examined. The findings
      indicated that 65% of the cats were infested. The most prevalent helminths
      encountered were Ancylostoma tubaeforme (41%), Ancylostoma braziliense (25%),
      Dipylidium caninum (23%), Toxocara cati (11%), Taenia taeniaeformis (7.7%),
      Ancylostoma caninum (3.3%), Joyeuxiella fuhrmanni (2.5%), Ancylostoma ceylanicum
      (1.4%), and Physaloptera praeputialis (1.3%). The following helminths were
      recorded in fewer than 1% of the cats: Centrorhynchus spp., Pterygodermatites
      spp., Toxocara canis, Aleurostrongylus abstrusus and Vogeloides spp., This is the
      first record of the lungworms, A. abstrusus and Vogeloides spp. in cats in the
      Republic of South Africa. The helminths in adult and juvenile cats are compared.
      Of the cestodes, Joyeuxiella fuhrmanni (4%) and Taenia taeniaeformis (12%) are
      more prevalent in adult cats. Dipylidium caninum is marginally more common in
      adults (24%), and is the most common helminth in juvenile cats, being present in
      21% of cases. More adult cats have Ancylostoma tubaeforme (58%), Ancylostoma
      braziliense (36%), Ancylostoma ceylanicum (2.4%) and Physaloptera praeputialis
      (1.9%) than do juvenile cats. However, juvenile cats were found to harbour more
      Toxocara cati (41%), Toxocara canis (0.5%) and Ancylostoma caninum (5.2%).
      Juvenile cats harbour appreciable numbers of both cestodes and nematodes, thus
      any treatment should be aimed at the elimination of both, with a broad spectrum
      anthelmintic.

PMID- 2634771
TI  - The non-significant effect of feeding level, growth rate and age on libido of
      young Afrikaner bulls.
AB  - Afrikaner bulls (n = 30) between 9,5 and 15 months old, were allocated to 2
      dietary treatments fed ad libitum. Diet 1 consisted of 70% concentrate and 30%
      Eragrostis curvula hay (11,4 MJ ME kg-1 DM) and Diet 2 of 40% concentrate and 60%
      E. curvula hay (9,3 MJ ME kg-1 DM). Five libido tests were conducted per bull
      between the ages of 16 and 28 months. Bulls were pre-stimulated for 10 min by
      close contact with previously synchronised oestrous heifers. Three bulls were
      then simultaneously allowed a period of 15 min with 6 heifers. Manifestations of
      libido were indexed as follows: 1. smelling heifer and definite signs of
      interest; 2. attempt to mount without erection; 3. mount with erection but no
      intromission; 4. successful service. Libido values fluctuated highly both within
      and between bulls. Libido did not improve over the 16 to 28-month age period nor
      with experience as successive tests were conducted. Bulls on Diet 1 grew
      significantly faster during the first 7,5 months of the trial, but demonstrated
      non-significantly higher libido scores. It was concluded that maturation over the
      16 to 28-month age period, learning experience and level of feeding had no effect
      on libido.

PMID- 2634772
TI  - Complications of ovarian autotransplantation in bitches.
AB  - Autotransplantation of the ovary to the portal vein drainage area was performed
      in 1,130 bitches over a period of 5 years. Complications of this procedure
      occurred in 41 bitches and included gastric ulceration, recurring pro-oestrus and
      neoplastic transformation of the transplant.

PMID- 2634773
TI  - Developmental kyphoscoliosis in a foal.
AB  - The clinical, radiological and anatomical changes in a yearling foal with
      kyphoscoliosis are described. The lesion was due to a primary malformation of the
      eleventh, twelfth, fourteenth and fifteenth thoracic vertebral bodies resulting
      in hemivertebrae. Secondary changes occurred in the laminae, pedicles, spinous
      and articular processes of the affected vertebrae and the adjacent vertebrae. The
      possible pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are discussed.

PMID- 2634774
TI  - Odontoma in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana).
AB  - The first known case of an odontoma in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana)
      is described. The tumour was fused with the coronal cementum of the sixth right
      mandibular molar tooth, thus preventing its eruption.

PMID- 2634775
TI  - Narcolepsy in a long-haired dachshund.
AB  - Narcolepsy was diagnosed in a three-month old, longhaired Dachshund presented
      with a history of sudden onset of episodes of complete collapse. Littermates or
      immediate ancestors were not affected. Numerous daily cataplectic attacks as well
      as excessive sleepiness were the main clinical features. The dog did not respond
      to treatment with methylphenidate and imipramine. The clinical signs of the
      disease disappeared after treatment with dexamphetamine. This report describes a
      case presentation, findings of cerebrospinal fluid assay for catecholamines after
      various treatment regimens and the response of the patient to treatment.

PMID- 2634776
TI  - An instructional module concerning oral implantology: III. Quantitative analysis
      of implementation.

PMID- 2634777
TI  - Titanium subperiosteal implants.

PMID- 2634778
TI  - Silver wire implant of 40 years' duration: influence on local tissues.
AB  - The retention of an implanted silver wire in human tissue 40 years after surgical
      fixation of the frontal bone was studied post mortem by histology, transmission
      electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. Corrosion products of
      the wire were associated with a chronic inflammatory response and were bound to
      certain connective tissue elements; they were deposited as discrete particles,
      comprising silver in association with sulphur, on collagen fibrils and vascular
      basement membranes. Bone structure appeared normal except close to the wire,
      where it was replaced by a loose connective tissue in which collagen bundles were
      disorganized.

PMID- 2634779
TI  - Attachment of human oral fibroblasts to a granular polymeric implant for hard
      tissue replacement.
AB  - Stereo and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the morphology of
      cultured human oral fibroblasts attached to a porous, granular polymeric grafting
      material for hard tissue replacement (HTR Polymer). Fibroblast attachment was
      rapid, occurring within 10 minutes. Spreading was observed by 30 minutes. Cells
      attached to the surfaces of the granules by means of numerous cytoplasmic
      extensions. After incubation of fibroblasts with the granules for 48 hours, dense
      masses of parallel cells were present on the granule surfaces, with many cells
      extended to adjacent granules to form intergranular 'bridges'.

PMID- 2634780
TI  - Oral implantology instruction in dental schools.

PMID- 2634781
TI  - Epithelial adhesion and subperiosteal implants.
AB  - A case is presented which describes a chromium-cobalt molybdenum alloy maxillary
      subperiosteal implant which had been removed after two years of successful
      function for reasons unrelated to the oral environment. The studies performed on
      a specimen of adherent gingival cuff showed convincing evidence of epithelial
      attachment.

PMID- 2634782
TI  - Biomechanical study of tendon excursion of thumb muscles related to
      interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joint motion.
AB  - A biomechanical study of tendon excursion versus interphalangeal and
      metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint motion relationships on extrinsic and intrinsic
      thumb muscles has been carried out. Continuous recording of excursion related to
      joint motion was obtained using a rotary potentiometer and an electrogoniometer.
      Functional activities of individual muscles were defined based on the excursion
      data. Moment arms of tendons were also derived. Flexor pollices longus and
      extensor pollices longus (EPL) tendons have a constant and linear relationship
      with flexion of the MCP joint. Extensor pollices brevis and flexor pollices
      longus contribute minimally in abduction-adduction. Extensor pollices longus is a
      secondary adductor of the joint. Abductor pollices brevis and adductor pollices
      transverse head are important in dynamic stabilization of the MCP joint and to
      keep EPL tendon in proper position through the balance of dorsal aponeurosis.
      This information enables pre-operative planning for functional reconstruction of
      the thumb, such as in tendon transfers, opponensplasty. MCP joint collateral
      ligament reconstruction and post-operative management after flexor tendon repair.

PMID- 2634783
TI  - [Physiological changes of the muscular system in short distance runners].
AB  - Fifty high school students of both sexes with an age range of 17 to 19 years were
      selected for this study. They included 30 males-half regularly did exercise,
      while half did not and 20 females-half had regularly engaged in sports
      activities, the other half did not. Before running, on average males had a lower
      respiratory rate (RR), but a higher blood pressure and serum creatinine kinase
      (CK) level. In both sexes, students who regularly engaged in sports habits had a
      lower pulse rate (PR) but higher serum CK. The latter suggested the possibility
      of sports injury in the males active in sports. After they ran for a distance of
      400 meters, there were increased PR, RR, body temperature, skin temperature and
      systolic pressure; but a decreased diastolic pressure. These physiological signs
      recovered within the first hour after running, and then were followed by the
      decrement of blood pressure for two days. The physiological phenomena caused by
      this kind of anaerobic exercise were more prominent in the groups of students
      inactive in sports. As for the serum lactate, it rose immediately after running
      and markedly declined within the first hour. This suggests that short distance
      running is a typical anaerobic exercise. After their run, serum CK elevated and
      persisted for two days in the habitual-exercise students, which confirms again
      the possibility of muscle injury in these students.

PMID- 2634784
TI  - [Electrophysiological studies of acute anoxic hypoxia].
AB  - This study was designed to analyse the effects of acute anoxic hypoxia on
      brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and electroencephalogram (EEG) and
      identify their sensitivities of response. After ether anesthesia, endotracheal
      intubation was performed on 20 adult Long-Evans rats. Relaxin was injected to
      immobilize the rats and a rodent respirator was provided for artificial
      ventilation. Acute anoxic hypoxia was induced by apnea with abrupt cessation of
      the respirator. The BAEPs and EEG were monitored and analyzed continuously
      before, during and after hypoxia. Experimental hypoxia was induced initially for
      3 minutes and, after recovery, for another 5 minutes. Elapsed time was recorded
      as the waves altered or became flat. Characteristic wave changes were observed,
      which included delta bursts, epileptic discharges and alpha coma activity in the
      EEG; and decreased amplitude or delayed latency in the BAEPs. In all experiments,
      EEG flattening (71.80 +/- 7.80 sec) significantly preceded the flattening of the
      BAEPs (146.90 +/- 7.00 sec; Wilcoxon signed rank test, p less than 0.01).
      However, recovery after reoxygenation was more rapid in the BAEPs than in the EEG
      (162.80 +/- 18.90, 208.20 +/- 17.90 sec, Wilcoxon signed rank test, p less than
      0.05). BAEP loss began with the later waves. In the EEG, during the recovery
      period epileptogenic foci (45%), delta bursting (45%) or alpha coma activity
      (40%) appeared. The isoelectric EEG and BAEPs were reversible in 12 of the 18
      rats after 3-minutes of apnea and immediately followed by reoxygenation. The
      results of this study indicate the functional vulnerability of the various
      structures of the nervous system in regard to hypoxia.

PMID- 2634785
TI  - [Clinico-etiological observation of 13 cases of mycobacterial keratitis].
AB  - We report a series of 13 cases of atypical mycobacterial keratitis encountered in
      1986 and 1987. The ratio of mycobacterial keratitis to the total number of
      corneal ulcer cases increased recently from 1% in 1984 to 8% in 1988 at our
      clinic. The diagnosis was established by a positive acid-fast stain of smear and
      a Lowenstein-Jensen media culture. Of the 13 cases, 12 were diagnosed within one
      week after the first presentation. All cases had a history of corneal trauma;
      there was foreign body injury in 10 cases, pterygium surgery in 2 cases and
      penetrating keratoplasty in one case. The clinical pictures of mycobacterial
      keratitis mostly included anterior stromal infiltrate (100%), necrotic abscess
      (69.2%), migration lesion (69.2%) and Descemet's folding (61.5%), showing
      resemblances to fungal keratitis in their characteristics. Species identification
      showed 11 cases of Mycobacterium fortuitum and 2 cases of Mycobacterium chelonei.
      On the sensitivity test Rifampin (12 cases, mean 19 mm), Kanamycin (11 cases,
      mean 29 mm), Ethambutol (11 cases, mean 28 mm), Amikacin (11 cases, mean 19 mm),
      Netilmicin (9 cases, mean 20 mm) and Tobramycin (8 cases, mean 20 mm) were more
      effective. Ten of the 13 cases completely healed after treatment and remained
      quiet during the follow up period of more than one year. In the other 3 cases
      there was no follow up. We emphasize that the recognition of the clinical
      features of the corneal findings will facilitate an early diagnosis of this
      disease and is of essential importance for the salvage of the eye.

PMID- 2634786
TI  - Delayed onset of traumatic epidural hematoma.
AB  - Over 36 months, 16 cases of delayed onset of traumatic epidural hematoma have
      been collected in our hospital. A negative CT finding was recorded on arrival and
      repeated CT scans obtained following neurological deterioration of the patients
      revealed sizable epidural hematomas. The occurrence of delayed epidural hematoma
      was more frequent in our series than previously reported. The most significant
      predisposing factors were skull fracture and relief of intracranial pressure. All
      patients received surgical management. Prognosis of these patients was directly
      related to the promptness with which the hematoma was removed once neurological
      compression began.

PMID- 2634787
TI  - The characterization of human male-specific 5.7 kb DNA(pKY-1) and its application
      to fetal sex-determination probe.
AB  - A male-specific 5.7 kb DNA(pKY-1) was cloned by screening human genomic
      libraries. Subsequent to structural characterization, a possibility of its
      application for prenatal diagnosis probe was tested. The results obtained were as
      follows: 1) the pKY-1 was specifically hybridized with human Y-chromosome
      specific repetitive 3.5 kb, but not with female DNA and 2.1 kb, known to be
      another human Y-specific repetitive-DNA. 2) HaeIII, EcoRI and their double
      digestion did not produce the Y-specific 3.5 kb fragments from pKY-1. 3) Although
      the digestion of pKY-1 with BamHI liberated 0.55 kb, ClaI clove remained 5.10 kb
      into 2.40 and 2.7 kb fragments, while their hybridizabilities with the 3.5 kb DNA
      were identically conserved. These data suggest that 5.7 kb fragment (pKY-1)
      should be proposed as a member of Y-chromosome-specific repetitive DNA family in
      human genome. Thus, this cloned DNA will be not only a useful probe for human
      fetal sex-determination but also an effective tool for analysis of Y-chromosome
      with its structure and repetitive DNA.

PMID- 2634788
TI  - Plasma apolipoprotein H (beta 2-glycoprotein I) phenotype frequencies in a
      Japanese population.
AB  - We determined plasma apolipoprotein H (beta 2-glycoprotein I) levels in 300
      healthy adult individuals and evaluated the frequencies of the BgN and BgD
      alleles in a Japanese population. These results were then compared with the
      previous reports. The plasma apo H levels in the subjects showed bimodal
      distribution: 274 subjects were in the range 15.6-33.2 mg/dl and were considered
      to be homozygous for BgN (phenotype NN), and 26 subjects were found in the range
      9.6-14.8 mg/dl and were presumably heterozygous for BgN and BgD (phenotype ND).
      In this study, no sample below 5 mg/dl (phenotype DD) was found. Mean plasma apo
      H levels in NN and ND groups were 22.1 +/- 1.6 mg/dl and 12.5 +/- 1.6 mg/dl,
      respectively. The gene frequencies of BgN and BgD in a Japanese population were
      0.957 and 0.043, respectively. These results were similar to gene frequencies of
      BgN and BgD in Caucasoids.

PMID- 2634789
TI  - Association of congenital heart disease, blepharoptosis, and short stature.
AB  - We found 12 patients with congenital heart disease of unknown etiology
      complicated with blepharoptosis during a period from Sept. 1, 1981 to April 30,
      1989. All the patients with congenital heart disease were acyanotic, including 10
      with short stature. Among these 10, abnormalities of high frequency were
      intrauterine growth retardation (5 cases), mental retardation (5), microcephaly
      (3), epicanthus (4), high arched palate (4), sacral dimple (4), and distal axial
      triradius (3). It is postulated that the association of congenital heart disease,
      blepharoptosis and short stature might indicate pathogenetic relationships.

PMID- 2634790
TI  - Satellited chromosome 9 in a boy with multiple anomalies.
AB  - A 5-year-old boy with multiple congenital anomalies showed a satellited long-arm
      chromosome 9, a previously undescribed abnormality. Various banding analyses of
      his chromosomes and those of his parents indicated that a reciprocal
      translocation, t(9;22)(q34.3;q11.21), occurred in the father's gonad, and one of
      the translocation chromosomes was then transmitted to the patient. Thus, the
      patient's karyotype was interpreted as 46,XY,-9,+psudic(9),t(9;22)(q34.3;q11.21).
      He showed several features similar to those of the Williams syndrome. The gene(s)
      responsible for the syndrome thus could be at either 9q34.3-qter or 22pter-q11.2.
      Southern blot analysis of the patient's DNA indicated the presence of two copies
      of the argininosuccinate synthetase gene which had been assigned to 9q34.1-qter.
      In view of the fact that the 9q34.3-qter segment is monosomic in the patient, the
      gene locus was deduced to be at 9q34.1-q34.2 segment.

PMID- 2634791
TI  - Human type II collagen gene (COL2A1) assigned to chromosome 12q13.1-q13.2 by in
      situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA probe.
AB  - We have made a regional assignment of the type II collagen gene (COL2A1) on human
      chromosome 12 by means of an in situ hybridization technique with a biotinylated
      DNA probe. The precise localization of the signal was mapped to the band 12q13.1
      q13.2. This result was in agreement with the previous mapping by isotopic in situ
      hybridization technique (12q13.1-q13.2), but not with the result of Southern
      hybridization analysis using somatic cell hybrids (12q14.3).

PMID- 2634792
TI  - [Experimental research on the hemodynamic and respiratory disorders in pulmonary
      fat microembolism].

PMID- 2634793
TI  - [A case of an incarcerated lumbar hernia].

PMID- 2634794
TI  - [A method for external and internal fenestration in the surgical treatment of
      idiopathic hydrocele].
AB  - A method is described for operative treatment of idiopathic hydrocele, which
      consists of tunnelling at 01 o'clock by the clock-dial to the right (11 o'clock
      to the left) with Payr's probe and from cupula to bottom of the space between the
      hydrocele sac and fascia spermatica interna and trans section of the thus created
      tunnel pass in the sac. Through the approach created in this way and at 180
      degrees from the first incision (at 07 and respectively at 05 o'clock) from
      within outward a second incision of the sac is performed. The serous surface of
      the edges of the fenestrated openings is everted with three catgut sutures as a
      lapel. The method was applied on 7 patients 10 to 86 years of age. In the early
      postoperative period within an observation period from 3 to 19 months the
      characteristic and rather common complications in patients operated for hydrocele
      did not occur (hematocele, chylomas, which are mostly of ex vacuo type because of
      impaired blood supply and lymph system of the scrotum, abscesses, indurations of
      the scrotal and testicular tissues, relapses of the hydrocele, etc).

PMID- 2634795
TI  - [A clinical assessment of the computed tomographic potentials in the diagnosis of
      postoperative peritoneal abscesses].
AB  - Modern diagnosis of postoperative abscesses in the peritoneal cavity keeps on
      being a difficult problem in abdominal surgery. They often develop against the
      background of the operation and the underlying disease, which masks the clinical
      course. Fourty-six patients suspected of having postoperative abscess were
      examined. Computer tomographic examination presented unequivocal data on the
      presence or absence of abscess in 42 patients (91.3 per cent), whereas in 6.5 per
      cent the conclusion was not emphatic for abscess and in 2.2 per cent there was
      lack of coincidence. This makes the method particularly suitable when other
      methods fail to produce explicit evidence for abscesses and the clinical
      suspicion remains.

PMID- 2634796
TI  - [The treatment of burns of the hands in local isolators with a regulated
      abacterial environment].

PMID- 2634797
TI  - [Problems in the prevention of stomach carcinoma].

PMID- 2634798
TI  - [The laser therapy of the regenerative tissue processes in long-term nonhealing
      postoperative wound dehiscence].
AB  - Clinical studies were performed in 97 complicated operative wounds with partial
      dehiscences, involving the skin and the subcutaneous connective tissue, and
      deeper ones reaching the fascia, after gynecological abdominal operations. All
      complicated operative wounds before prescription of laser therapy were locally
      treated, without achieving their healing for 10 to 60 days with antibiotic
      proteolytic ferments, flagyl, Vishnevski's paste and antiseptic dressings. As a
      result of helium-neon laser therapy with power density 90 mW/cm2 and 70 mW/cm2
      healing of these complicated operative wounds occurred in 5 to 18 days (after 5
      to 18 irradiations). The studies showed that laser therapy dose (power density)
      of 90 mW/cm2 stimulated more effectively the tissue reparatory processes at
      exposure time of 1.5 min per field.

PMID- 2634799
TI  - [A method for a permanent lymphovenous shunt in external drainage of the thoracic
      duct with and without lymphosorption].

PMID- 2634800
TI  - [The M-VEC chemotherapy of advanced bladder tumors].
AB  - The authors have treated 34 patients (32 men and 2 women) with advanced transient
      cell bladder tumors. Depending on the degree of their infiltration, the tumors
      were divided in two groups: I. Locally advanced resectable tumors T2-T3B--25
      patients, in 16 of whom TUR and in 9 open operation was performed; II. Locally
      advanced nonresectable tumors T3B-T4--9 patients, 8 of whom were not operated and
      in 1 ureterocystoneostomy was performed because of hydropyonephrosis. Modified M
      VAC chemotherapeutic scheme was applied--M-VEC (epirubicin was substituted for
      adriablastin): methotrexat 30 mg/m2, vinblastin 3 mg/m2, pharmorubicin 30 mg/m2,
      biocysplatinum 70 mg/m2. This constellation was applied as adjuvant therapy for
      group I patients and as nonadjuvant for those of group II. The patients received
      from 1 to 4 treatment courses. The results of the postoperative application in
      group I patients were: 7 of those treated with M-VEC after TUR have no recurrence
      for a period of 12 months and 9 are still under treatment; 4 of the open
      operation group + M-VEC have no recurrence for 12 months and 4 are still under
      treatment. In group II where M-VEC was applied as nonadjuvant therapy partial
      remission was recorded in 3 patients. The authors' early studies on the M-VEC
      chemotherapeutic scheme in advanced bladder tumors assert the data of other
      authors: as adjuvant chemotherapy it guards against recurrences, as nonadjuvant
      may make 50 per cent of the patients operable; reducing the tumors to stages T0,
      T1 or T1S makes cystectomy unnecessary, thus preserving bladder and sexual
      function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2634801
TI  - [Adjuvant chemotherapy with biocisplatin, methotrexate and biocarbazine in
      advanced bladder tumors].
AB  - In a series of 44 patients with advanced nonmetastatic bladder tumors the authors
      carried out complex treatment: operative removal of the tumor with subsequent
      (adjuvant) chemotherapy. Tumor transurethral resection (TuTUR) was performed in
      26 patients and open operation in 18. The chemotherapeutic scheme included:
      biocysplatinum 60 mg/m2, methotrexat 15 mg/m2 and biocarbazin 200 mg/m2. Each
      patient received up to three therapeutic courses. The following late results were
      obtained: For a period of 6 to 12 months in 3 patients the tumor progressed and
      two of them died; twenty three patients, i.e. approximately half of the patients
      in this series (52.2 per cent) had no recurrences until the end of the second
      year. There was on essential difference between the number of recurrence-free
      patients for two years between the two approaches: TuTUR + chemotherapy--14
      patients (53.8 per cent) and those subjected to open surgery + chemotherapy--9
      patients (50 per cent). For a period of 3 years 12 patients had no recurrences
      (27.2 per cent). The most common side reactions to chemotherapy were leucopenia
      and vomiting. A few patients had transient renal dysfunction.

PMID- 2634802
TI  - [The conservative treatment of Peyronie's disease with orgotein].
AB  - Results are analyzed of treatment of patients with induratio penis plastica by
      local application of orgotein. Fifteen patients with clinically manifest disease
      were the subject of this study; 4-8 mg Orgotein bulk was applied once a week in a
      total course of 8 to 10 injections. Criteria for the effect of treatment were:
      regression of the plaque consistency and size; decrease in the erectile
      deformity; change or disappearance of pain. Seven patients (46.7 per cent)
      experienced considerable improvement. Absence of effect was observed in one third
      of the patients. Quickest to be affected was pain and the penetration
      possibility, while the erectile deformity regressed at a slower rate. No side
      reactions or intolerance to the preparation were observed. Essential for the
      occurrence of therapeutic effect was the use of appliance for injection under
      high pressure. It this treatment fails, surgical management should be considered.

PMID- 2634803
TI  - [The surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease by Nesbit's technic].
AB  - In 1965 Nesbit described an operative technique for correction of congenital
      penis distortions. Twenty eight patients with induratio penis plastica and marked
      erectile deformity were operated and followed up at the Department of Urology.
      All had previously received conservative therapy without effect. Indication for
      surgical intervention was the inability to perform coitus. The original method
      was applied: an elliptical opening was excised in tunica albuginea, contralateral
      to the distortion. In other cases compensation was performed by plication of
      tunica albuginea without opening the cavernous space. The result was satisfactory
      in 75 per cent of the patients and failure in 25 per cent. The latter was
      attributed to loosening of the correcting sutures or great rigidity of the
      plaque. The encouraging functional results and the rather uneventful
      postoperative period allow the authors to recommend Nesbit's operation for
      treatment of some forms of Peyronie's disease, which are not affected by
      conservative treatment.

PMID- 2634804
TI  - [The treatment of urinary tract infections with nolitsin].

PMID- 2634805
TI  - [The conservative surgical treatment of kidney tumors].
AB  - Seven cases are reported of patients with renal tumors in whom organ-preserving
      operations were performed. Two patients had only one kidney, the contralateral
      had been removed in the past. They had only partial resection of one third of the
      kidney performed. In five patients, in whom parenchymal renal tumor was
      accidentally detected, with normal contralateral kidney, enucleation of the tumor
      was performed. On histologic examination one had hypernephroma, three--adenoma
      with atypism, one--leiomyoangiolipoma. The size of all enucleated tumors varied
      from 25 to 55 mm with distinct fibrous pseudocapsule, without proliferation in it
      and without vascular invasion of the neoplastic process. It is assumed that
      patients with tumor of the only kidney when possible should be subjected to organ
      preserving operation. In the event of a small encapsulated tumor and normal
      contralateral kidney, organ-preserving operation may be performed when there is
      low-grade malignancy.

PMID- 2634806
TI  - [The treatment of coralliform kidney calculosis with extracorporeal lithotripsy,
      percutaneous lithotripsy and ureteroscopy].
AB  - Experience is recorded with the combined treatment of 53 patients with
      coralliform renal calculosis. Combined application of bypass lithotripsy (BLT),
      percutaneous lithotripsy (PLT) and ureterorenoscopy (URS) is an alternative to
      open surgical intervention. Depending on the size, form and position of the
      calculus, the degree of destruction of the residual concrements, combined therapy
      was applied, as follows: 17 patients--PLT and BLT, 7 patients--PLT, BLT and URS,
      7 patients--URS and BLT, 13 patients--BLT and URS, 8 patients--BLT and URS. Very
      good results were obtained--complete cure in 51 patients (96.2 per cent), which
      encourage the authors to recommend the three methods for routine application in
      the treatment of coralliform renal calculosis.

PMID- 2634807
TI  - [The diagnosis and treatment of closed bladder injuries].
AB  - Blunt bladder injuries occupy a particular place among the problems of modern
      emergency urology. Regardless of their rarity, recognition of this type of
      traumatic injury is of exceptional importance for the urologist in his efforts to
      establish precise diagnosis and undertake rational treatment. Comprehensive
      knowledge is necessary both of the nature of the trauma and of its duration and
      the changes occurring in the damaged tissues in the different stages of
      treatment. The diversity of the clinical pattern prompts thorough and purposely
      carried out investigations in a strictly defined order, to reach at exact
      diagnosis and provide effective treatment. Analysis is made of 45 patients
      treated over a period of 38 years, and the most common diagnostic and therapeutic
      errors are pointed out. Recommendations are given on the order of diagnostic
      studies and the extent of operative intervention, conformed to the factor time
      and other conditions. Inferences are also made.

PMID- 2634808
TI  - [Pancreatic cancer--the localization and metastasis of the tumor in the gland (a
      statistical analysis of autopsy data from the Department of Pathological Anatomy
      of the Biomedical Research Institute in 1963-1987)].
AB  - Special attention is called to the localization and metastasizing of pancreatic
      cancer in different organs and systems. Ample post-mortem case material was used
      to this end, including 25,589 autopsies for 25 years (1963-1987). Pancreatic
      cancer was recorded in 419 cases--174 men and 145 women. The neoplastic process
      was analyzed in three aspects: metastasizing in near and in more remote organs;
      study the relation between localization of the cancer and its metastasizing;
      elucidation of the relation between the histologic forms of pancreatic cancer and
      its complications (infiltration and metastasizing). It is concluded that most
      common were the metastases in the regional lymph nodes, followed in incidence by
      those in the liver, lungs and intestines. Metastases in other organs were
      comparatively less common.

PMID- 2634809
TI  - [The procurement and preservation of cadaveric kidneys for transplantation].
AB  - In comparison with other organ transplantations, renal transplantation has in
      recent years shown significant progress. It turned to be a routine and highly
      physiological method of treatment of patients with terminal renal failure who had
      been on chronic dialysis treatment. For a successful outcome of renal
      transplantation essential is the early and competent ascertaining that brain
      death of the potential donor has occurred. Intensive care (resuscitation) starts
      for saving the life and when this is impossible, the efforts turn into measures
      for conditioning the donor. Thus both kidneys are preserved for transplantation.
      Another important prerequisite for successful renal transplantation is the
      adequate sampling, effective perfusion and adequate storage of the donor kidneys.
      The donor-recipient couple is selected by up-to-date immunologic studies. The
      authors debate in brief the indications and contraindications for organ
      donorship, the legal aspects in establishing the brain death diagnosis. Measures
      for conditioning the donor and the surgical technique for obtaining the kidneys,
      their perfusion and storage are discussed.

PMID- 2634810
TI  - [Peritonitis in patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis].
AB  - With the present study the authors set themselves the task to compare the number
      of peritonitis episodes in patients treated with two types of systems: "Sorin
      Biomedica" and "Travenol-(UV-XD)", in which disinfection of the connecting
      devices is achieved accordingly with chemical agents and with ultraviolet
      irradiation. Eleven patients have been observed from August 1984 through February
      1989. The total duration of treatment was 156 months. Twenty one peritonitis
      episodes were observed--15 with "Sorin-Biomedica" system and 6 with "Travenol-(UV
      XD)" system--an average of one episode in 4 1/2 months with the former system and
      one episode in 14.7 months with the latter. It is pointed out in conclusion that
      the "Travenol-(UV-XD)" system with ultraviolet disinfection has significantly
      reduced the incidence of peritonitis at the dialysis center where the authors
      work.

PMID- 2634811
TI  - [Autologous blood transfusion in thoracic and abdominal injuries].
AB  - Analysis of the experience with autologous blood transfusion of 6431 of blood to
      570 patients who suffered thoracic and abdominal trauma showed that, when blood
      loss was compensated via autologous blood transfusion, lethality and number of
      purulent complications were lower than with the use of donor blood. Repeated
      examination of the hemostasis system demonstrated that massive reinfusion of
      blood led to the occurrence of transient disturbance (hypocoagulation) which did
      not require specific correction. Inference is made hat in the event of critical
      situations autologous blood transfusion is a permissible procedure even when
      hollow organs are injured. Considering the technical aspects of this problem, it
      appears that autologous blood transfusion is expedient both from clinical and
      from economical point of view.

PMID- 2634812
TI  - [A case of colonic carcinoma and tuberculous mesenteric lymphadenitis].

PMID- 2634813
TI  - Multiple consequences of human growth hormone expression in transgenic mice.
AB  - Transgenic mice harbouring growth hormone gene constructs have been produced by
      DNA microinjection into pronuclei of fertilized oocytes. We examined transgenic
      mice carrying a mouse metallothionein I-human growth hormone (mMT I-hGH) fusion
      gene. Here, we present our results concerning gene integration, gene expression,
      and phenotypical, clinical and pathomorphological alterations found in mice
      expressing the hGH transgene. Body and organ growth was significantly increased
      in transgenic mice, whereas fertility was found to be reduced. The life-span was
      markedly shortened indicating detrimental side-effects of the high levels of
      circulating hGH. Lesions of kidneys, liver and heart were the predominant
      pathological findings. Our own results are compared with those obtained by other
      authors who have investigated mice carrying rat, bovine or ovine growth hormone
      fusion genes. GH-transgenic mice may serve as a model system to investigate
      ectopic expression of hormone genes thus circumventing endogenous feedback
      control mechanisms in complex hormonal cascades.

PMID- 2634814
TI  - [Multiple synostosis syndrome].
AB  - An autosomal dominant syndrome is related to multiple fusion of joints,
      conductive deafness and craniofacial changes.

PMID- 2634815
TI  - [Cloning and structural analysis of cDNA coding for human prointerleukin-1 alpha
      and prointerleukin-1 beta].
AB  - The data are presented on the cloning and structural analysis of the cDNA coding
      for human prointerleukin-1 alpha and prointerleukin-1 beta (proIL-1 alpha and
      proIL-1 beta). The nucleotide sequences of proIL-1 alpha and proIL-1 beta cDNAs
      have been compared with the sequences published earlier. The nucleotide changes
      resulting in the aminoacid changes of the protein were not found. Some nucleotide
      changes were identified within the 3'-nontranslated region of the proIL-1 beta
      cDNA. The existence of the allelic variants for interleukin genes registered only
      on the gene level has been supposed.

PMID- 2634816
TI  - [The effect of Mg 2+ ions on the properties of various strains of Yersinia
      pestis].
AB  - The strains of Yersinia pestis that restrict their growth on the media deficient
      for Mg2+ ions at 37 degrees C have been found. The bacterial cell lysis is
      registered under these conditions. The effect of Yersinia pestis own plasmids on
      the level of growth restriction in the absence of Mg2+ ions has been studied. The
      phenomenon is not connected with the presence of the plasmid determining Ca2(+)
      dependence. The presence of 6Md plasmid coding for pesticinogenicity increased
      the frequency of colony formation, while the heavy plasmid determining the
      production of "mouse" toxin favoured the increase in growth restriction on Mg2(+)
      less media. The clones growing under the latter conditions acquire the
      rearrangements in the DNA of the plasmid coding for the "mouse" toxin.

PMID- 2634817
TI  - [Vertebrobasilar ischemia--clinico-radiologic correlations].
AB  - This term is used for describing disturbances of blood flow in the vertebral and
      basilar arteries due to atherosclerotic lesions causing stenosis or occlusion of
      these arteries. Clinical patterns of the resulting disturbances include transient
      symptoms, mainly vertigo, and stabilized syndromes with evidence of brain damage
      in this blood supply area. The purpose of the study was assessment of the blood
      flow in this vascular bed by means of dynamic computerized tomography (DCT) in
      relation to clinical signs, and a comparison of the results with those of similar
      DCT examinations in cases of circulatory disturbances in the carotid arteries.
      The study was carried out on 40 patients (20 with stabilized syndromes, 10 with
      transient disturbances and 10 with ischaemic episodes in the carotid artery
      supply. DCT abnormalities were found in 90% of patients with stabilized syndromes
      and in 40% of those with transient ischaemia. DCT may be an auxiliary diagnostic
      methods and may confirm the presence of vertebrobasilar circulatory failure.
      Normal result is not ruling out presence of changes in this arterial system.

PMID- 2634818
TI  - [The HDL cholesterol level in patients treated with antiepileptic drugs].
AB  - Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol were estimated
      in individuals undergoing anticonvulsant therapy. Significantly higher, than in
      the corresponding control groups HDL concentration, concerning mainly HDL2
      subfraction was found in female epileptic and in male alcoholic epileptic
      patients. It was observed that higher drug levels were accompanied by higher HDL
      cholesterol values. In alcohol addicted subjects undergoing anticonvulsant
      therapy low-nontherapeutic serum drug concentration was often observed. In spite
      of this, HDL levels were high. This could result from an additional induction of
      cytochrome P-450 caused by alcohol and an accelerated oxidation of the drugs.
      This observation indicates that frequent control of drug concentration in these
      patients is desirable.

PMID- 2634819
TI  - [Usefulness of determining the level of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the
      cerebrospinal fluid as a biochemical indicator of the extent of cerebral ischemic
      stroke. Experimental study of the rat model of stroke].
AB  - Changes of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in cerebrospinal fluid after
      experimental ischaemic stroke caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat
      were studied. High enzyme levels were found between the second and seventh day
      after artery occlusion and they correlated well with the extension of infarct
      seen in histology. NSE levels in cerebrospinal fluid are sensitive and reliable
      markers of brain tissue damage during the acute phase of ischaemic stroke.

PMID- 2634821
TI  - [The electroencephalographic image in Binswanger's subcortical arteriosclerotic
      encephalopathy].
AB  - In a group of 15 patients with Binswanger's subcortical atherosclerotic
      encephalopathy electroencephalographic investigations were carried out. The
      obtained EEG records were pathological in most cases, with varying degree of
      intensity of changes. Slow activity symmetrically distributed prevailed.

PMID- 2634820
TI  - [Nerve tissue protein S 100 level in the cerebrospinal fluid as an indicator of
      the extent of brain damage in cerebral ischemic stroke. Experimental study of a
      rat model of stroke].
AB  - The value of S-100 protein as a biochemical marker of the extension of brain
      damage was studied in a rat model of ischaemic stroke. Increased S-100 levels in
      cerebrospinal fluid were found between the second and fifth day stroke, and the
      highest values were noted in animals with largest infarcts. In the acute phase
      ischaemic stroke S-100 protein in cerebrospinal fluid can be useful as a marker
      of ischaemic brain damage, but further studies on markers of ischaemic stroke are
      necessary for better diagnosis of cerebral tissue injury.

PMID- 2634822
TI  - [Computer-assisted evaluation of the status of the peripheral nervous system in
      alcoholics].
AB  - The authors present the principles of work of a computer system destined for
      evaluation of the results of routine electrophysiological examination of two
      muscles and four sensory nerves in alcohol-dependent subjects. The range of
      examinations and the programme based on discrimination analysis make possible, as
      shown in own investigations, an objective and complete evaluation of the state of
      the peripheral nervous system in these subjects. The programme is owned by the
      EMG laboratory of the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw where it
      was introduced for clinical diagnosis, but it may be made available to other
      persons interested in these problems. An electromyograph with a stimulator with
      current exit averager and minicomputer, e.g. Commodore 64 with a printer are
      necessary.

PMID- 2634823
TI  - [Effect of intravenous infusion of nimodipine on intracranial pressure.
      Experimental study of ICP measurement conducted in a rat model].
AB  - The effect of the intravenous, continuous nimodipine infusion on ICP in a rat was
      studied. 5 to 8 minutes after the beginning of infusion ICP started to increase,
      and at 30 minutes was 35-70% higher than initially, subsequently stabilizing at
      this level. After finishing the infusion, ICP returned to normal values within 30
      45 minutes. The authors discuss possible clinical implications of ICP increase
      produced by nimodipine.

PMID- 2634824
TI  - [Neurosurgical aspects of the surgical treatment of tumors of the sacrum].

PMID- 2634825
TI  - [Agrammatism in a patient with a lesion of the left temporal lobe. A case
      report].
AB  - A case of aphasia following left temporal lobe lesions is reported. The studied
      material was collected in a number of various tests including constructing of
      sentences and longer oral and written texts. A neurolioguistic analysis made
      possible an insight into the nature of the speech system in this case and
      characterization of disturbances in morphological aspects and their effect on
      syntaxis and coherent language. The observation lasting 4 years permitted an
      evaluation of changes taking place in language recovery during that time period.

PMID- 2634826
TI  - [Dyslexia of digits and numbers in multiple sclerosis].
AB  - In a 32-year-old man with remitting-progressive multiple sclerosis a right-side
      hemiparesis and alexia of digits of numbers developed during an exacerbation.
      While reading aloud the patient changed digits, left them out or transposed. No
      changes were observed in reading of letters, words and no agraphia was present.
      Alexia persisted for about one month. The location of alexia in the occipital
      lobe and its association pathways with the left parietal lobe are discussed.

PMID- 2634827
TI  - [A case of tophus situated in the optic nerve].
AB  - Tophi are a characteristic sign of gout. They are situated usually around joints,
      on tendons, in the skin, intestine and renal tubules. The authors report a rare
      case of tophus situated in the optic nerve and coexisting with aneurysm of the
      anterior communicating artery.

PMID- 2634828
TI  - Comparison of transforming, antimitotic and chromosomal aberration-inducing
      properties of melphalan and cyclophosphamide.
AB  - Melphalan and cyclophosphamide, cytostatics used for cancer therapy, were
      investigated for their ability to induce morphological transformation of
      embryonic cells of the golden hamster and to evoke structural chromosome
      aberrations. The antimitotic action of both drugs was also investigated.
      Cyclophosphamide, under conditions in which it did not produce either structural
      chromosomal aberrations or exerted cytotoxic action, induced morphological
      transformation of hamster cells. Under the experimental conditions melphalan
      induced morphological transformation of hamster cells at concentrations not
      inducing chromosomal aberrations.

PMID- 2634829
TI  - Determination of amiodarone and its metabolite desethylamiodarone in human plasma
      and serum.
AB  - A liquid chromatographic method for the assay of antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone
      and its metabolite desethylamiodarone in human plasma or serum has been
      developed. The method is simple and sufficiently sensitive for pharmacokinetic
      studies. Amiodarone, desethylamiodarone and added internal standard L 8040 were
      twice extracted at various pH from serum or plasma. The extract after evaporation
      was reconstituted in the mobile phase and chromatographed on reversed phase Hibar
      LiChrosorb RP-8 column with UV detection, at 254 nm. The method is specific and
      can detect approximately 30 ng of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in 1 ml of
      plasma or serum.

PMID- 2634830
TI  - The antioxidative properties of thiazolidine derivatives.
AB  - Antioxidative properties of thiazolidine compounds, adducts of L-cysteine with
      formaldehyde (thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid), with pyruvate (2-methyl
      thiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid), and glucose (2-/D-gluco-1',2',3',4',5'
      penthahydroxypentyl/- thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) were studied. The
      investigated compounds, as well as L-cysteine and DL-penicillamine inhibited in
      vitro lipid peroxidation induced by NADPH, ethanol, and hydrogen peroxide in the
      suspension of rat liver microsomes.

PMID- 2634831
TI  - Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological screening of some 8-substituted
      methylxanthines.
AB  - Methods of synthesis, chemical properties and results of preliminary
      pharmacological screening for 8-amino substituted derivatives of caffeine (1-3)
      and 7,8-disubstituted derivatives of 8-aminotheophylline (8-12) have been
      described. The compounds show weak sedative and antidepressive activity and some
      of them (2, 10, 12) also small antinociceptive effect.

PMID- 2634832
TI  - Prevalence of dental caries among children in a rural Tanzanian community.
AB  - The age specific prevalences of mixed caries were determined in 346 children aged
      1 to 15 years in a rural community in Morogoro Region, south-eastern Tanzania. In
      primary dentition 58.9% of children were caries free while dmf index averages
      1.08. In permanent dentition 74.3% were caries free while DMF index averaged
      0.43. Permanent dentition showed a constant increase in caries prevalence with
      age such that over half of 15 year old children had caries experience with a DMF
      index of 1.2. This relatively low prevalence of caries is associated with low
      consumption of refined sugars. Recommendations are made to support preventive
      dental health services and programmes in primary schools and maternal and child
      health clinics.

PMID- 2634833
TI  - [Periodontal disease and its treatment].
AB  - A well known development of the chronic periodontal disease is reviewed. However,
      the histological picture of a gingiva varies at a much lower speed than its
      clinical picture, and slower than previously described. In presence of
      periodontitis there may exit a zone of reversible disease of about 2 mm, which
      give the possibility of obtaining a re-attachment of unknown magnitude. A new
      connective tissue attachment (on top of the re-attachment) seems only possible if
      the periodontal ligament cells are allowed to proliferate coronally.

PMID- 2634834
TI  - Resection and immediate reconstruction of parts of the mandible via intra-oral
      route.
AB  - Our experience in partial resection of parts of the mandible with immediate
      reconstruction using the iliac crest via the intraoral route is presented. 12
      patients were treated in this way and the follow up varied between 1 to 3 years.
      The criteria assessed in the follow up included, behaviour of the bone graft,
      aesthetics functional behaviour of the bone transplant under the denture plates,
      and function of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve. Though infection with
      discharge of pus was noticed a few days post-operatively, with meticulous care
      with the use of systemic antibiotics and local irrigation of the wounds with
      antibiotics solution, the infection was usually overcome. Only in 2 cases were
      the bone grafts removed because the patients could not tolerate the nasogastric
      tube feeding for more than 2 or 3 days post-operatively and there was wound
      dehiscence with exposure of the graft. However the result achieved in this study
      made us conclude that the intra-oral approach for resection and immediate
      reconstruction of parts of the mandible will be our method of choice whenever
      possible.

PMID- 2634835
TI  - [A locally constructed dental chair].
AB  - The originality of this publication is based on the simple construction of a
      dental chair, using a precise technique and cheap material. The author has
      cleverly produced a chair of which the durability seems to be adapted to the use
      that he proposes.

PMID- 2634836
TI  - Reduction of the isolated fracture of the zygomatic arch using a bone hook.
AB  - A simple technique for the speedy and effective reduction of isolated fracture of
      the zygomatic arch, using a standard orthopaedic bone hook, is described.

PMID- 2634837
TI  - [Dental prevention in traditional Zaire].
AB  - The authors study hygienic techniques used by the Zaire population of Kinshasa.
      The study was carried out among 1190 men and women with an average age of 46 and
      40 respectively. The results show that most of the examined people brushed their
      teeth once a day. Three groups of traditional tools are used: A vegetable tool
      (root, creeper) A vegetable residue (wood embers) A mineral tool (sand) However,
      the majority of the examined people used a toothbrush.

PMID- 2634838
TI  - A functional acrylic periodontal veneer (case report)
AB  - Acrylic periodontal veneers were recommended to improve - aesthetics following
      periodontal surgery, especially when there is considerable apical movement of the
      gingival margin with subsequent exposure of roots (L'Estrange and strahan 1970).
      The present report is a case of a young sudanese lady, 30 years old, who
      presented with severe gingival recession on the lingual surface of 21/12 with
      subsequent exposure of the roots as a result of inflammatory periodontal disease.
      The exposed roots were sharp enough to cause a traumatic ulcer at the tip of the
      tongue. Healing of the ulcer was only attainable following construction of an
      acrylic periodontal veneer to cover the sharp roots and was placed on the lingual
      surface of 21/12. The patients acceptability to the veneer was excellent and
      encouraging.

PMID- 2634839
TI  - [World changes in the occurrence of dental caries].
AB  - Aiming to draw the current world outlook of the caries-forming process, pertinent
      information was compiled from the World Health Organization and various other
      sources. Data from the different countries were grouped in five categories,
      depending on the average number of teeth affected. On the basis of compiled data
      and the experience of countries enjoying the highest levels of buccal health, a
      set of tactics are proposed toward diminishing the incidence of cavities in our
      country.

PMID- 2634840
TI  - [Comparison of teeth and dermal scales in fish].
AB  - A brief review of the leading groups of fish, aimed at emphasizing their
      evolutionary process in regards to skeleton, dentition and integument.

PMID- 2634841
TI  - [Histiocytosis X: a controversial term].
AB  - In reference to Histiocytosis X as a controversial term, and analysis is
      submitted to underline lack of linkage between clinico-histological aspects in
      the Letterer-Siwe (LS) and Hand Schuller Christian (HSC) alterations. As pointed
      out, the HSC denomination tends to disappear, while debate becomes more difficult
      around the LS phenomena. A definition is offered to delimit more precisely the
      two clinical entities in question.

PMID- 2634842
TI  - [Osteoradionecrosis].

PMID- 2634843
TI  - [Panorama of dental caries in Mexico].
AB  - It is indeed difficult to talk about dental caries in Mexico, since
      epidemiological studies have been performed only in a few localities. The
      differences in population density and the prevalent high rate of caries, demand
      full coordination between health institutions and centers of secondary and higher
      learning, in order to eradicate this distressing disease.

PMID- 2634844
TI  - [The 20 countries with the most sustaining members in the F.D.I].

PMID- 2634845
TI  - [Elimination of the pacifier habit].
AB  - Use of the baby pacifier or sucker has been the subject of controversy, due to
      the serious consequences that such habit may bring upon the infant. Different
      theoretical points of view have been set forth as to why should a child need such
      an object. Methods used by parents in an attempt to make the baby stop sucking a
      comforter go from passive suggestion to aggressive menace, sometimes carried out
      in reality.

PMID- 2634846
TI  - [Hardening of dental tissue by CO2 laser radiation].
AB  - A study was conducted to test the effects of CO2 laser irradiation on dental
      tissue. It was found that hardening of the dental tissue occurs. This was
      observed qualitatively by direct observation and by X-ray radiography. The
      hardening produced was also quantitatively measured using a hardness-meter on
      Rockwell scale.

PMID- 2634847
TI  - [Tooth sterilization using CO2 laser radiation].
AB  - This study shows that when healthy or decayed teeth are irradiated using a CO2
      laser beam, sterilization of the radiated area occurs. Optimum laser power and
      exposition time required for this process to occur are given.

PMID- 2634848
TI  - [Pemphigus vulgaris in the dental clinic].
AB  - If left untreated, pemphigus is usually fatal. Therefore, it is important that
      therapy be started early in the course of the disease. In most cases, the oral
      mucosa is the first site of involvement. Hence, responsibility for early
      diagnosis often falls on the dental surgeon.

PMID- 2634849
TI  - [Lasertherapy and its applications in dentistry].
AB  - At present, laser technology represents an extremely important advance in
      multiple disciplines, and one that has been particularly favored in medicine,
      since different types of lasers are used for treating a variety of ailments. The
      present paper discusses the generalities of the therapeutic laser, as well as its
      applications in the field of odontology, for the dental surgeon, lasers
      constitute a valuable aid in his clinical practice, basically as an analgesic,
      anti-inflammatory or tissue regenerator (scar-forming) device.

PMID- 2634850
TI  - [Oral rehabilitation under general anesthesia (an evaluation)].
AB  - This prospective, 30-month study evaluates mouth restorations performed under
      general anesthesia on 219 patients at the Stomatology Unit of the National
      Institute of Pediatrics. The authors analyze characteristics of patients,
      treatments performed and complications.

PMID- 2634851
TI  - [Guidelines for a fluoride prevention program].
AB  - The present work proposes the creation of a program for the prevention of caries
      and periodontal disease in schoolchildren, to be undertaken under the supervision
      of an odontologist; proper training of personnel to aid in this task is also
      proposed. Finally, it provides tabulated guidelines for the development of this
      program.

PMID- 2634852
TI  - [Leadership of personnel in the dental clinic].
AB  - Lack of motivation and interest among dental clinic employees is a frequent
      problem facing the dental health professional who heads it. The present article
      proposes some techniques aimed at integrating personnel and improving their
      performance.

PMID- 2634853
TI  - Modes of association of indometacin with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
AB  - The basic transport properties of indometacin (INDO) were investigated in human
      blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) of healthy volunteers. The silicone oil
      cushion centrifugation method was used as ligand-binding assay for both the
      measurements of the cellular association of INDO and the intracellular volume.
      This assay enabled us to calculate the intracellular INDO concentrations. A
      considerable amount of INDO accumulates in the PMNs to cause cell/medium ratios
      between 20 and 90. At low INDO levels (1-10 nmol/l) the cell/medium ratio
      appeared to be higher than at high INDO levels (greater than 2 mumol/l). This
      finding suggests that the cell accumulation of INDO comprises saturable binding
      and/or transport components. Scatchard analysis of the association isotherm of
      INDO after incubation for 60 min at 37 degrees C reveals apparent KD values of
      3.7 mumol/l (low affinity) and 1.2 nmol/l (high affinity). The number of high
      affinity association sites (60 fmol/3 X 10(6) PMNs) was 1,000-2,000 times lower
      than the number of low-affinity association sites (103 pmol/3 X 10(6) PMNs). INDO
      cell association is suggested to be a net result of diffusive and mediated influx
      and efflux mechanisms, and of binding to (plasma) membranes. The capacity of the
      PMN to accumulate INDO is enhanced upon (1) establishment of an inward gradient
      of [H+], and (2) activation of the Na(+)-H+ antiport by chemotactic peptide. The
      possible mechanisms of incorporation of INDO in the PMN are discussed in the
      scope of the proposed PMN-related anti-inflammatory action of INDO.

PMID- 2634854
TI  - Effects of diacerein on the quantity and phagocytic activity of thioglycollate
      elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - Diacerein (DAR: 1,8-diacetoxy-9,10-dioxo-dihydroanthracene-3-carboxylic acid) is
      an anthraquinone drug which displays anti-inflammatory effects in experimental
      animals and antirheumatic activity in humans. The drug was administered for
      orally for four consecutive days to mice injected intraperitoneally with
      thioglycollate. The following dose levels of DAR were used: 2.5, 5 and 10
      mg/kg/day. At the end of the experimental period the macrophage content of
      peritoneal exudate was dose-dependent and significantly lower in DAR-treated mice
      compared with animals that were given saline orally. The macrophages isolated
      from the peritoneal exudate of mice that received DAR displayed a dose-dependent
      reduced phagocytosis. The effects of DAR were found to be similar to those of
      indometacin and dexamethasone, which were used as reference drugs. The ability of
      DAR to interfere with macrophage functioning may contribute to its overall
      therapeutic activity.

PMID- 2634855
TI  - Influence of ethanol on fetal brain cholinergic enzyme activities.
AB  - Cultured brain cells from rat fetuses of ethanol-treated mothers demonstrated
      more than 2-fold elevations in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity relative
      to those of control (saline-exposed) fetal brain cells. When cells from control
      animals were incubated in vitro for 5 days with 0.1% ethanol, ChAT activity was
      found to increase more than 4-fold. Brain cells from in utero ethanol-treated
      animals further exposed to ethanol in vitro for 5 days demonstrated significantly
      higher ChAT activity compared to cells exposed to ethanol only in vivo. These
      levels were more than 6 times greater than those of central nervous system cells
      never exposed to ethanol. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly
      elevated (greater than 4-fold) in fetal brain cells when ethanol was present both
      in vivo and in vitro, but neither treatment alone resulted in any significant
      changes in AChE. These effects of ethanol on enzymes involved in acetylcholine
      metabolism may contribute to the different developmental neurologic abnormalities
      associated with fetal alcohol exposure.

PMID- 2634856
TI  - Propylene-glycol-induced pulmonary hypertension in sheep.
AB  - Propylene glycol is commonly used as a vehicle for drug administration. In
      experiments involving the measurement of pulmonary hemodynamics, pentobarbital
      anesthesia routinely resulted in pulmonary hypertension in sheep. Since
      pentobarbital is formulated with 40% propylene glycol, we studied the pulmonary
      hemodynamic effects of propylene glycol in halothane-anesthetized sheep.
      Intravenous 40% propylene glycol (0.12 ml/kg over 3 min) rapidly increased
      pulmonary artery pressure (from 10 +/- 2 to 18 +/- 1 mm Hg; p less than 0.01) and
      pulmonary vascular resistance (from 200 +/- 18 to 500 +/- 51 dyn.s.cm-5; p less
      than 0.01); pulmonary hypertension was still present 1 h later. In sheep
      pretreated with the selective thromboxane A2 synthesis inhibitor dazmegrel,
      propylene glycol did not affect pulmonary artery pressure or pulmonary vascular
      resistance. Propylene-glycol-induced pulmonary hypertension in sheep appears to
      be mediated by thromboxane A2. Both ethanol and polyethylene glycol similarly
      produce pulmonary hypertension in sheep. We conclude that vehicle control data
      are required for studies using propylene glycol in sheep and advise caution when
      propylene glycol is employed as a vehicle in clinical use.

PMID- 2634857
TI  - Inhibitory effect of [Tyr34]bPTH-(7-34)-amide on bPTH-(1-34) ability to reduce
      uterine contraction.
AB  - Synthetic bovine parathyroid hormone containing the 1-34 NH2-terminal amino acids
      [bPTH-(1-34)] inhibits uterine contraction stimulated by a variety of agonists.
      Previously, we reported that the parathyroid hormone analogue [Nle8, Nle18,
      Tyr34]bPTH-(3-34)amide [NTA-(3-34)] antagonized this effect of bPTH-(1-34) while
      the analogue [Tyr34]bPTH-(7-34)amide [bPTH-(7-34)] used in this study stimulated
      uterine contraction. However, contrary to this previous report, bPTH-(7-34) in
      the present study failed to initiate a contractile response and instead resulted
      in an inhibitory response to the bPTH-(1-34) effect on uterine contraction in a
      dose-related manner. The inhibitory response of bPTH-(7-34) was further confirmed
      by demonstrating that this preparation of bPTH-(7-34) was capable of blocking
      bPTH-(1-34)-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity on particulate fractions of
      osteoblast-like cells from neonatal mouse calvarial. These results are consistent
      with those in the literature for the antagonistic effect of the 7-34 PTH
      fragment.

PMID- 2634858
TI  - [Height, weight and head circumference according to gestational age in newborn
      infants born before 35 weeks].
AB  - A retrospective and collaborative study was done in Santiago, Chile, in order to
      obtain national data on birth-weight, height and head circumference of babies
      born at 24 to 34 weeks of gestation: 370 babies with reliable gestational age,
      single pregnancies and no maternal nor fetal morbidity were included in the
      study. Babies were born in three government and one private hospitals from 1982
      to 1987. Mean birthweight, height and head circumference for each gestational age
      from 24 to 34 weeks are presented in tables with their S.D. and charts +/- 1.5
      S.D. The national use of these tables and curves is recommended.

PMID- 2634859
TI  - [Blood pressure measurement with Doppler in normal newborn infants and infants].
AB  - Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by Doppler method in an aleatory
      sample of 251 healthy children from south-east Santiago Chile (131 females and
      120 males) which were divided by age in five groups: 0 to 28 days (n = 5) 1 to 5
      months (n = 48), 6 to 11 months (n = 48), 12 to 17 months (n = 46) and 18 to 24
      months (n = 45). Great dispersion of SBP values occurred among newborn infants
      (range 85 to 125) in comparison with groups 1 to 5 months (105 to 130), 6 to 11
      months (118 to 130). Fifty and 95 percentiles were, respectively, 107 to 125; 116
      to 130; 121 to 130; 118 to 130 and 120 to 130. These values were greater than
      those obtained by sphygmomanometry in a similar matched group of children.

PMID- 2634860
TI  - [Epidemiologic dynamics of scarlet fever in Chile].
AB  - The monthly incidence of scarlet fever was studied by time-series analysis. Two
      types of periodic fluctuations were detected involving a bimodal short seasonal
      cycle and a long-term cycle whose period takes 5 years approximately. The
      interactions of the respiratory transmission mechanism, person to person contacts
      and environmental temperature would explain the seasonal cycle bimodality. The
      long-term cycle would be explained by asynchronic fluctuations of the fraction of
      population assigned to "cases" and "susceptibles".

PMID- 2634861
TI  - [Handedness, cerebral dysfunction and dyslexia].
AB  - A frequency distribution of handedness and its relations with minor signs of
      neurological dysfunction was studied in a group of 56 dyslexic children and 56
      good readers. An unusual frequency of 18% left-handed children in the dyslexic
      group and the high frequency of soft signs in this lefthanded children, is in
      concordance with recent hypothesis about the dysgenesic brain origin of dyslexia
      and lefthandedness, postulated by Galaburda, Geschwind and others. They suggest a
      distorted cortical development of the brain areas related with linguistic
      functions, with subsequent expression on verbal language reading ability and
      handedness.

PMID- 2634862
TI  - [Retrospective evaluation of persistent diarrhea at a primary health service].
AB  - Information about persistent diarrhea is scarse despite the fact that it is a
      frequent cause of death in children who live in developing countries. The 36,358
      pediatric consultations performed at a Primary Health Care Center in Southeastern
      Santiago in 1984 were retrospectively evaluated. Diarrheic syndromes represented
      5.1% of consultations and corresponded to 909 episodes; of these, 6.3% were cases
      of persistent diarrhea (greater than 15 days). The highest frequency occurred
      among children under 2 years of age (60.7%). In 68.7% of cases feces were liquid
      and in 37.5% mucus, pus or blood was present in stools. Persistent diarrhea was
      more frequent among malnourished patients (p less than 0.001) who, in turn,
      suffered the greatest nutritional deterioration in relation to the episode of
      diarrhea. Intravenous fluids were required by 23.3% of patients while 27.9% were
      admitted to hospital. This contrasts with patients who suffer episodes which
      lasted less than 15 days, who were all orally hydrated and only 7.8% required
      hospitalization (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2634863
TI  - [Pathogenic agents in acute non-enterocolic diarrheal syndrome].
AB  - Along a one year period 112 infants admitted with non enterocolic acute diarrhea
      were studied for isolation of potentially ethiologic agents, namely
      enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, classic
      enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli), Rotavirus
      (viral RNA electrophoresis) and enteroparasites (Telemann and PAFS). The most
      frequently identified pathogen was rotavirus (57.8%), followed by thermo labile
      toxin producing Escherichia coli (19.7%). The frequency of classic
      enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was 13.9%, that of thermo stable toxin
      producing Escherichia coli 5.7%, Shigella 4.1%, Campylobacter 3.3% and Salmonella
      1.6%. Bacteriae were isolated from 40.2%, of patients, predominantly in summer.
      Enteroparasites were detected in 13.1% of the cases, Entamoeba histolytica being
      the most frequent. In 32.8% of the cases more than one pathogen was isolated.

PMID- 2634864
TI  - [Transient idiopathic periosteal hyperostosis with hyperproteinemia (Goldbloom
      syndrome)].
AB  - The case of a 13 year old girl is presented, who developed intense pain in
      extremities and experienced marked weight loss after an acute upper respiratory
      tract infection. Roentgenograms revealed a diffuse periosteal reaction, most
      intensely affecting long bones. Principal laboratory findings were a slight
      normocytic, normochromic anemia; high erythrocyte sedimentation rate; medullar
      plasmocytosis and dysproteinemia, with a large increase in plasma gammaglobulin
      concentration. Clinical recovery and normalization of roentgenograms and
      laboratory parameters were observed eleven months after the acute episode, with
      no intervening therapeutic measures. This case matches Goldbloom's syndrome,
      described originally in two children in 1966. Only 3 other cases have been
      reported in the literature.

PMID- 2634865
TI  - [Hemangioma of the spleen in a newborn infant. Postsplenectomy course and splenic
      autotransplantation].
AB  - A girl presenting with an enlargement of the spleen, thrombocytopenia and
      microangiopathic hemolytic anemia at birth was studied, and a splenic hemangioma
      was diagnosed. Total splenectomy was performed with autotransplantation of a
      segment of normal splenic tissue. The patient has been followed up to age 4
      years. She has not presented infections and has permanently shown normal
      hematological values, with evidence of good function and growth of the auto
      implanted spleen tissue. This experience supports the usefulness of
      autotransplantation of the spleen in newborns and infants aged less than 5 years
      that must undergo splenectomy for non malignant splenic lesions.

PMID- 2634866
TI  - [Intestinal cryptosporidiosis: a case of hospital infection].
AB  - A hospital acquired case of human cryptosporidiosis is reported in a pediatric
      patient with prolonged diarrhea, whose previous investigation was negative for
      the agent. Cryptosporidium was isolated from feces in coincidence with admission,
      to the same hospital room, of an additional patient with acute diarrhea in whom
      infection by the same agent had been demonstrated. Infant to infant transmission
      in hospital wards is thus a possibility.

PMID- 2634867
TI  - [Postnatal growth of very low birth weight infants. II. Anthropometry at one year
      of age, a longitudinal study].
AB  - A prospective study up to one year of age, was done in 154 newborns with birth
      weight less than 1,501 g at a Metropolitan Hospital of Santiago, Chile, between
      1983 and 1987. The patients were divided in groups A: 44 patients with birth
      weight less than 1,001 g; B: 68 patients with birth weights from 1,000 to 1,250 g
      and C: 48 patients with birth weight 1,251 to 1,500 g. At age one year weight of
      group A patients was 6,724 +/- 804 g; group B 7,782 +/- 927 g and group C 7,941
      +/- 903 g. Weight and height of group A babies at one year of age were below 2 DS
      of the average weight and height for normal chilean babies of the same
      socioeconomic status and geographic area with 3,318 g mean birth weight. Group B
      and C were between 1 and 2 DS. Head circumference was within normal ranges in
      groups B and C patients, but in group A patients if was below 2 DS of the
      average.

PMID- 2634868
TI  - [Dentin pins: risk evaluation and precautions].
AB  - When large restorations are necessary, self screw-cutting dentinal pits are very
      useful auxiliaries. The main risks encountered during their utilization are: -
      perforation through periodontium--pulpal wound--dentinal cracks--weakness of
      mechanical properties of restorative material--corrosion--breakdown of the drill-
      pulpal warning up--unesthetical front restorations. The way to prevent those
      difficulties are: --precise clinical and radiological examinations--insertion
      point--direction--number--composition--choice of pits.

PMID- 2634869
TI  - [Surface treatment of rotary instruments with titanium nitride coating].
AB  - An under vacuum processing is able to procure a high mechanical resistance
      surface coating of few microns on rotating instruments. The results show an
      increase of the life expectancy of the instruments and an improvement of their
      mechanical qualities and their resistance to corrosion.

PMID- 2634870
TI  - [Local anesthesia for children: a critical step].
AB  - To realise a good child's dentistry, an excellent analgesia is primordial. Local
      anaesthesia is most useful for reliable and complete dental care on one tooth
      during one single appointment. But the young patient is afraid by the "ting",
      making an association with disagreeable or sore souvenirs as a vaccination. First
      contact with the dentist is the very important; from psychological point of view,
      situation has to be dedramatized; from technical point of view, anaesthesia has
      to be not painful and efficacious. In pedodontics, the best technical procedure
      is an infiltration anaesthesia.

PMID- 2634871
TI  - [The deciduous tooth. Diagnosis in pedodontics and its problems. The role of
      histopathology].
AB  - Accurate diagnosis of pulpal and periodontal pathology in children is an
      intricate question, in fact of mixed dentures and physiological and
      symptomatological dissimilarity between permanent and deciduous teeth. Some
      figures of most frequently encountered tissue modifications of deciduous teeth
      are proposed in order to be considered in the way of diagnosis and therapeutics
      in pedodontics.

PMID- 2634872
TI  - [The most appropriate type of flap for endodontic surgery].
AB  - Retrograde filling consists in sealing endodontics system directly at the apical
      zone after surgical approach. This article is studying the best approach by flap
      surgery adapted to anatomo-pathological data of each case.

PMID- 2634873
TI  - [Aspergillus sinusitis of dental origin].
AB  - Aspergillus sinusitis are not uncommon. A multiplicity of etiologic factors are
      involved since any foreign body introduced in the sinus can be the starting point
      to an aspergillus cloud. The endodontic origin is difficult to establish. The
      authors will review this topic through a case report.

PMID- 2634874
TI  - [Asbestosis and occupational tumors].

PMID- 2634875
TI  - [Breast cancer in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle].
AB  - From 1978 to 1988, 611 cases of breast cancer were seen by the Mastology
      Department of the Beneficencia Portuguesa Hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Thirteen
      (2.12%) cases were associated to pregnancy, and nine (2.4%) became pregnant after
      treatment. The patients were submitted to surgery and the authors waited till the
      end of pregnancy to perform the Rt and/or Qt. Two cases could not be submitted to
      any kind of treatment. Whenever tests indicated fetal maturity, the option was to
      perform a caesarean section, and oophorectomy was performed in the most advanced
      cases. Among patients who became pregnant after treatment, initial cases were
      predominant and their pregnancies went to term with no problem. The authors
      compare their results to data found in literature and draw attention to
      anticonception in mastectomized patients.

PMID- 2634876
TI  - [The dissecting aorta: clinical analysis and anatomo-pathologic correlations in
      30 cases].
AB  - The authors studied 30 cases of aortic dissection performed from January 1978 to
      December 1987. Dissection was classified as type A (intimal tear beginning in the
      ascending aorta or arch) and type B (intimal tear beginning in the descending
      aorta). Type A predominated (66.7%). Type B dissection was most frequent in
      patients older than 60. Precordial pain was the main symptom in type A cases,
      whereas 62.5% of type B cases showed no precordial pain. Most frequent findings
      in type A patients were hypotension (45.5%), murmur of aortic regurgitation
      (40.0%), and dyspnea (40.0%), whereas in type B patients, most frequent findings
      were hypertension (28.6%), and pulse deficit (42.9%). The major differential
      diagnosis for type A was myocardial infarction (43.8%), and for type B,
      peripheral artery failure (25.0%) and acute pneumonia (25.0%). 24 patients
      (80.0%) had hemorrhage. Hemorrhage into the pericardial sac occurred in 68.8% of
      type A patients, and 50.0% of type B patients had retroperitoneal hemorrhage.
      Systemic hypertension, atherosclerosis, medial cystic necrosis and endocrine
      disorders were considered predisposing factors for both type of dissection. A
      case of dissection after aortic valve replacement associated with ascending aorta
      tubular graft replacement was observed in this series. In type A patients,
      average survival was 6.3 days, and in type B, 11.1 days. The major cause of death
      was hemorrhage (70.0%).

PMID- 2634877
TI  - [In vivo T-lymphocyte activation in patients with multiple sclerosis].
AB  - Patients with multiple sclerosis present changes in lymphocyte subtypes in the
      peripheral blood. In this study, the authors demonstrate that patients with
      clinical activity or under an episode show marked increases in the percentages of
      activate lymphocytes detected through monoclonal antibodies against transferrin
      and interleukin 2 receptors.

PMID- 2634878
TI  - [Treatment of breast cancer].

PMID- 2634879
TI  - [Physicians in the State of Sao Paulo: how many and what kind?].

PMID- 2634880
TI  - [Apropos of the special edition on asthma].

PMID- 2634881
TI  - [Anti-HIV positivity at a reference laboratory].

PMID- 2634882
TI  - [Future prospect in rheumatic diseases].

PMID- 2634883
TI  - [Calcium regulating hormone in the pathological changes of bone in rheumatoid
      arthritis].
AB  - To further elucidate the pathogenesis of calcium regulating hormones and bone Gla
      protein (BGP) on the deteriorated bone changes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the
      degree of the appendicular bone atrophy, using microdensitometry method in
      patients with RA, and the concentrations of midchain mainly recognized
      parathyroid hormone (p-PTH1-84, intact parathyroid hormone (in-PTH1-84) and BGP
      in sera of patients with RA were measured. With concomitant progression in X-ray
      stage in RA, the levels of p-PTH1-84, in-PTH1-84, BGP, 25 (OH) D, and 24, 25
      (OH)2D were significantly increased in sera of RA patients. The levels of 1,25
      (OH)2D were not shown significant differences among RA patients classified by
      bone stage. These results might be concluded that the pathogenesis of the
      deteriorated bone change in RA seemed to be implicated in hyper-turnover bone
      presumably caused by the actions of parathyroid hormone and abnormal vitamin D
      metabolism.

PMID- 2634884
TI  - [Association of immunomodulators and HLA antigens in rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - We studied the association between HLA antigens and clinical response to
      immunomodulators or the toxic effects of immunomodulators in 191 patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA). All patients received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
      drugs. Fifty-seven patients were treated with auranofin, 61 patients with
      penicillamine and 45 patients with lobenzarit. We found that HLA-Cw 1 is
      significantly (p less than 0.05) associated with a substantial clinical response
      to auranofin in RA patients (65% vs 33% of Cw 1-negative patients). We observed
      that HLA-DR 4 is a risk factor for the occurrence of toxic reactions to
      penicillamine (45% vs 21% of DR 4-negative patients: p less than 0.05) and that
      HLA-DRw 9 is a risk factor in the case of lobenzarit (62% vs 32% of DRw 9
      negative patients: p less than 0.05). HLA-A 24-positive patients with RA
      experienced a low frequency of side effects from auranofin (16% vs 37% of A 24
      negative patients: p less than 0.05). HLA-A 2 or Cw 7-positive patients with RA
      experienced a low frequency of side effects from penicillamine (12% vs 49% of A 2
      negative patients: p less than 0.01, 17% vs 46% of Cw 7-negative patients: p less
      than 0.05). Our data demonstrated that HLA antigens are significantly associated
      with a clinical response to immunomodulators and the toxic effects of
      immunomodulators in patients with RA.

PMID- 2634885
TI  - [Clinical study on two cases of progressive systemic sclerosis with anti Wa
      antibody].
AB  - It is well known that patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), as well
      as other autoimmune disease, have various kinds of autoantibodies. We presented
      two PSS patients with anti Wa antibody, which had recently been reported as a new
      anti cytoplasmic antibody in only one case with PSS. Our first case, 49 years old
      female had clinical features of arthralgia, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly,
      transient myalgia and sicca complex. Her laboratory findings showed
      hypergammaglobulinemia (1.9 g/dl), positive RAHA (1: 640) anti Wa antibody (1:
      256), and anti SS-A antibody (1: 256). Second case, 64 years old female had also
      clinical features of Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, dysphagia, dyspnea on
      exertion and dry mouth. Furthermore lung fibrosis and dysmobility of upper GI
      tract were observed. FANA (1: 20) was detected as nucleolar pattern, and the
      titer of anti Wa antibody was 1: 64. Clinical findings of myositis were not seen
      in both cases. This study suggested that anti Wa antibody might be one of the
      diagnostic marker on PSS.

PMID- 2634886
TI  - [A case of ankylosing spondylitis complicating Crohn's disease].
AB  - A 20-year-old man, who had suffered from ankylosing spondylitis for about 1 year,
      was admitted to our hospital due to melena and syncope. Physical examination
      revealed tenderness of abdomen and sacroiliac joint, and decreased spinal
      mobility. X-ray examination showed sacroiliitis and squaring of vertebral bodies.
      RA test and RAHA, negative; CRP, strongly positive; HLA-B 27 positive. Intestinal
      barium enema revealed skipping longitudinal fissure at terminal ileum, and a
      biopsy specimen of the colon revealed non-caseating granuloma. The association of
      ankylosing spondylitis and Crohn's disease has widely been known in Europe and
      United States; but this is the first case reported in detail in Japan, where
      incidences of both diseases were much lower than those found in Caucasians.

PMID- 2634887
TI  - [Dental radiographic diagnosis as a specialty now and in the future].

PMID- 2634888
TI  - [Psychosocial working conditions in the public dental health care system].

PMID- 2634889
TI  - [Use of fluoride as a caries preventive over a 10-year period].

PMID- 2634890
TI  - [Sugar-free candy and beverages in Sweden].

PMID- 2634891
TI  - [Amount of time for different types of dental treatment in Sweden in 1988].

PMID- 2634892
TI  - [Periodontal surgery to improve dental hygiene and reduce pocket depth. Part 1:
      Overview].

PMID- 2634893
TI  - [Dental health and the use of dental services by adult patients in the dental
      health care system of Astorp in 1986].

PMID- 2634894
TI  - [Periodontal surgery to improve dental hygiene and reduce pocket depth. Part 2.
      Results from a questionnaire for periodontists].

PMID- 2634895
TI  - [Indications and guidelines for treatment of periodontal infections with
      antibiotics].

PMID- 2634896
TI  - An evaluation of school dental health education programmes.

PMID- 2634897
TI  - [Primary intravelar vestibuloplasty--adaptation of surgical modification of the
      anatomical defect].
AB  - Oro-nasal fistulae often occur after the primary closure of the hard and soft
      palate cleft and in particular at the junction between the hard and soft palate.
      This is the area where maximal tension is exerted during the intravelar
      veloplasty closure procedure. Six surgical modifications of the primary
      intravelar veloplasty technique are described and each is specifically adapted
      according to the existing anatomical form and defect of the cleft soft palate, so
      that the occurrence of an oro-nasal fistula may be prevented. The surgical
      procedures may be divided into two main groups, namely those which are based on a
      localized swivel flap and those where remote flaps are used.

PMID- 2634898
TI  - [Three-dimensional architecture of the connective tissue papillae of the mouse
      tongue as viewed by scanning electron microscopy].
AB  - The morphological relationship between lingual papillae and underlying connective
      tissue papillae of mouse was studied because it is conceivable that the
      differentiation of epithelium may be affected by its connective tissue. Tongues
      of adult male mice were fixed in formol or Karnovsky's fixative. After removal of
      the epithelium by long-term hydrochloric acid treatment at room temperature, the
      surface of the connective tissue papillae was observed by scanning electron
      microscopy. Connective tissue papillae that were fungiform in shape and which
      were distributed at the anterior part of the tongue showed barnacle-like
      protrusion after removal of the epithelium. Their surface was covered by numerous
      long filaments running vertically and there was a round depression on the top of
      each fungiform papilla that may be found to correspond to a taste bud when the
      results of light and electron microscopy are compared. Filiform papillae in a
      narrow sense were closely distributed in the anterior part of the tongue. They
      had a tapered tip declining posteriorly. Each filiform connective tissue papilla
      was conical in shape and had a round depression that slightly declined antero
      downward, and a long narrow depression ran along the anterior edge of each
      connective tissue papilla. Large conical papillae which distributed at the
      anterior margin of the intermolar prominence had shovel-like connective tissue
      papillae which had a depression at the posterior surface unlike that of the
      filiform papillae. Branched papillae distributed in the posterior part of the
      prominence had a depression at the anterior surface. Under the light microscope,
      numerous keratohyaline granules were seen to be contained only in the posterior
      epithelial cell line of the large conical papillae distributed in the anterior
      margin of the prominence, while these granules were found only in the anterior
      epithelial cell line of both filiform and branched papillae. It became clear that
      the axes of each connective tissue papilla of large conical papillae distributed
      radically around a single midpoint. Connective tissue papillae of vallate
      papillae had a beehive-like shape and in follicate papillae there were several
      vertical elliptical gaps, seen when the epithelium was peeled from the connective
      tissue.

PMID- 2634899
TI  - [Difference in the postnatal development of the layer structures in the
      phylogenetically different cat cerebellar cortices].
AB  - Although it has long been accepted that the structure of the cerebellar cortex is
      the same all over its areas, some of the recent studies indicated that there are
      regional differences in the time course of development of the cortical layer
      structures as well as in its cytoarchitecture. The cerebellum consists of 3
      phylogenetically different areas; archi-, paleo- and neocerebellum, which deals
      with vestibular, spinal cord and cerebral cortical activities respectively. The
      development of the structures of cerebellar cortex occurs mostly after birth in
      the altrical animals, and the control of the posture and movement takes place
      faster in the trunk than in the extremities in such animals. It could be expected
      that the postnatal development occurs faster in the phylogenetically older parts
      than in the newer ones. To elucidate the above mentioned assumption, post-natal
      development of the cerebellar cortical structures was studied,
      cytoarchitectonically and cell morphologically, using cats from birth to the
      adult state. The external granular layer increased in thickness from birth to 2
      9th postnatal days, then decreased gradually, and almost disappeared by the 63rd
      postnatal day. While the molecular and the internal granular layers increased in
      thickness gradually after birth, and reached the adult level by the 63rd
      postnatal day. Cytoarchitectonically, postnatal development took place faster in
      the archicerebellum, next in the paleocerebellum and slowest in the
      neocerebellum. Silver impregnation study showed the first dendritic arborization
      of the Purkinje cell appeared on the 7th postnatal day in the arch- and
      paleocerebellum, while the same phenomenon was observed on the 14th postnatal day
      in the neocerebellum. The above observations confirmed our assumption that
      phylogenetically older parts of the cerebellar cortex have faster postnatal
      development than the newer ones. This is in agreement with the fact that the
      function of the neuronal activity in these phylogenetically older parts occurs
      earlier than in the newer parts.

PMID- 2634900
TI  - [Effect of blockage of the afferent lymphatic vessels on the development of
      popliteal lymph nodes in the rat].
AB  - The effect of blockage of the afferent lymphatic vessels on the development of
      popliteal lymph nodes in the rat was studied. The afferent lymphatic vessels to
      each popliteal node were surgically interrupted at the lowest edge of the
      popliteal fossa at 3, 7 or 28 days after birth and the popliteal nodes were
      obtained from treated animals at 4, 8 or 16 weeks after the operation. At 7 days
      after birth, each popliteal node was small and weighed 0.2 mg. Its parenchyma
      consisted of reticular cells and a small number of dispersed lymphoid elements.
      Four weeks after birth, each node weighed 4-5 mg, and its parenchyma comprised
      two layers, an outer continuous layer of peripheral cortex containing 40-50 lymph
      follicles and an inner discontinuous layer of deep cortex made up of 4-5 deep
      cortical units. At 10-12 weeks after birth, each node weighed about 10 mg and
      showed full structural development; the peripheral cortex contained 100-130 lymph
      follicles and the deep cortex consisted of 4-6 well developed units. The
      popliteal node was drained by 4-6 afferent lymphatic vessels, which opened into
      the subcapsular sinus of the node. Each lymphatic opening was topographically
      associated with a respective deep cortical unit, as previously described by
      Belisle and Sainte-Marie (1982). In animals treated at 3 or 7 days after birth,
      the development of the popliteal nodes was considerably inhibited. Four weeks
      after surgery, each node showed 10-30 lymph follicles in the peripheral cortex
      and 1-3 small units in the deep cortex. Sixteen weeks after surgery, the node
      weighed about 4 mg and its cortex exhibited about 50 lymph follicles in the
      peripheral cortex and only 2 units in the deep cortex. The popliteal nodes of the
      treated animals generally received 2 afferent lymphatic vessels. In animals
      treated at 4 weeks after birth, the popliteal nodes showed no gain in weight for
      following 16 weeks. Four weeks after surgery, each node usually had 4-5 deep
      cortical units and 50-60 lymph follicles. Thereafter, some units and their
      overlaying peripheral cortex underwent atrophy, while others persisted. Sixteen
      weeks after surgery, the popliteal node showed only 2 deep cortical units and 50
      60 lymph follicles, and was drained by 2 afferent lymphatic vessels. Surgical
      interruption of the afferent lymphatic vessels to the popliteal node at the
      lowest edge of the popliteal fossa did not obliterate all the draining lymphatic
      vessels , but reduced the number of vessels opening into the node.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2634901
TI  - Effect of calcium influx blocker verapamil on adriamycin-induced cytotoxicity in
      leukemia cells in vitro.
AB  - The effect of verapamil (calcium influx blocker) on adriamycin-induced
      cytotoxicity against sensitive and resistant subline of K 562 acute myelogenous
      human leukemia cells has been evaluated. Verapamil by itself at a concentration
      of 0.5 microgram/ml did not affect the cell growth. It was found that the
      nontoxic concentration of verapamil moderately enhanced adriamycin cytotoxicity
      against K 562 cells, showing enhancement ratio of 1.3-1.4 according to the
      schedule used. A significant enhancement of adriamycin cytotoxicity (enhancement
      ratio of 5.8) was observed when verapamil and adriamycin were administered
      simultaneously against resistant subline of K 562/ADM cells. The results obtained
      give grounds to assume that verapamil could be used to overcome drug resistance
      in tumor cells.

PMID- 2634902
TI  - Effect of verapamil on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, urinary 6-keto
      prostaglandin F1 alpha and aldosterone response to metoclopramide in normal man.
AB  - Seven healthy male volunteers were studied at the end of 7 days placebo period
      and after 7 days treatment with verapamil (120 mg twice daily). Verapamil
      increased significantly plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of 6-keto
      prostaglandin F1 alpha without significant modification of plasma aldosterone.
      Metoclopramide (10 mg i. v.) induced a significant increase of plasma aldosterone
      with the peak values 15 min after the injection of the drug. The results indicate
      that verapamil does not lead to secondary hyperaldosteronism which is
      characteristic of most other vasodilators. The increase of prostacyclin, measured
      as 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha can contribute to the efficacy of verapamil in
      patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension. The present study suggests
      that the aldosterone response to metoclopramide is not directly dependent on
      calcium, but an indirect effect of calcium through renin-angiotensin system
      cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2634903
TI  - Plasma erythropoietin activity in diabetes patients, studied by determining the
      59Fe incorporation in posthypoxic polycythemic mice.
AB  - The plasma erythropoietin activity in diabetes patients was studied using methods
      for biological testing on posthypoxic polycythemic mice, based on the
      incorporation of 59Fe in the newly-formed red blood cells of the animals. The
      data are read on an automatic scintillation gamma-counter. Considerably higher
      erythropoietin activity of the plasma obtained from diabetics (p less than 0.01)
      compared with clinically health individuals has been obtained, as well as a
      statistically significant difference in the percentage of 59F incorporated in the
      newly-formed erythrocytes of the animals treated with that plasma, compared with
      the animals treated with saline. A dependence has been found between the chronic
      hyperglycaemia and the plasma erythropoietin level.

PMID- 2634904
TI  - Ovariectomy- and sex hormone-induced changes in the excitability of the CNS: an
      assessment by EEG paroxysmal activity and behaviour.
AB  - The changes in the excitability of the CNS were investigated in female rats after
      ovariectomy and subsequent substitution with ovarial hormones (estradiol,
      progesterone and combination of both steroids). The excitability of the CNS was
      evaluated by the spontaneous EEG paroxysmal activity and by some behavioural
      features (alertness, exploration and quiet wakefulness). The experimental results
      showed that the removal of the sex hormone secretion for a long-term period
      causes a discrepancy between the decrease of behavioral patterns and increased
      excitability in CNS. The substitution with physiological doses of estradiol and
      progesterone elicits further increase of the sensitivity of the CNS. The latter
      was demonstrated by an increase of the excitability both in quiet wakefulness and
      alertness.

PMID- 2634905
TI  - Effect of potassium ethylxanthogenate on the toxicity and analgesic effect of
      acetaminophen.
AB  - The effect of potassium ethylxanthogenate (PEX) on the toxicity and the analgesic
      effect of acetaminophen (AAP) were investigated on male albino mice. PEX in a
      dose of 80 mg/kg body weight, administered subcutaneously or orally one hour
      before AAP, or simultaneously with it, induces prolongation of the survival of
      the experimental animals and increases LD50 of AAP. The protective effect of PEX
      (s.c. and p.o.) is more pronounced when this agent is introduced one hour before
      AAP (i.p. and p.o.), compared with the simultaneous administration, and when it
      is applied orally, compared with the subcutaneous administration. The average
      lethal dose of the combination (AAP p.o. + PEX p.o. 1 hour previously) increases
      2.57 times after observation for 7 days, compared with that of AAP. Although it
      does not possess its own analgesic effect, PEX potentiates the analgesic effect
      of AAP (which is more pronounced for the low AAP doses) and reduces its average
      effective dose. After 14-day administration, AAP potentiates its own analgesic
      effect in the lower doses. The potentiating effect of PEX on the analgesic effect
      of AAP is similar on the first and on the 14th day of the treatment. The
      principal mechanism through which PEX decreases the toxicity and potentiates the
      analgesic effect of AAP is assumed to be the inhibition of its metabolism by
      inhibition of the cytochrome P-450-linked monooxygenases, not ruling out the
      possibility of a certain effect on the AAP absorption.

PMID- 2634906
TI  - [Dysharmonies in the lower part of the face. The smile].

PMID- 2634907
TI  - [Face lifting].

PMID- 2634908
TI  - [A new approach to harmonization and rejuvenation of the face: soft sub
      periosteal onlays].

PMID- 2634909
TI  - [Pretherapeutic planning for dysmorphoses].

PMID- 2634910
TI  - [The influence of age and sex on the average sagittal standard of the head].

PMID- 2634912
TI  - [Two clinical cases as an epilogue].

PMID- 2634911
TI  - [Three dimensional imaging from tomodensitometric examinations in stomatology].

PMID- 2634913
TI  - [Maxillary dysmorphoses and their treatment with total osteotomy].

PMID- 2634915
TI  - [Esthetic surgery in question].

PMID- 2634914
TI  - [Rhinoplasty "from mouth to nose"].

PMID- 2634916
TI  - [Profiloplasty in esthetic surgery of the face].

PMID- 2634917
TI  - [Variations in expressivity and penetrance of hypodontia].
AB  - The intensity of expressivity and penetrance of anomalies through generations can
      be established by means of genealogical analysis. In the present study thirty
      five family pedigrees, including three generation family members, have been
      analysed. Variable expressivity of hypodontia has been established in 48.57%
      families. Pedigrees of 21 families showed the autosomal dominant mode of
      inheritance. Three families expressed hypodontia only in one (third) generation.
      In 12 families hypodontia has been established only in the proband what was
      compatible with the polygenic inheritance. In 12 (34.28%) families hypodontia
      showed penetrance through two generations, and in 9 (25.71%) families penetrance
      has been observed through three generations.

PMID- 2634918
TI  - [The influence of the optimal fluoride concentration upon the gingival health
      during the period of mixed dentition].
AB  - The paper is presenting analyzes of the condition of marginal periodontium in
      children age 7 to 14 from Novi Sad (F level 0.2 ppm) and Sombor (F level 1.2
      ppm). The gingival health was determined by methodology WHO-TRS 621 for every
      tooth which had reached occlusal plane. As statistical unit side, tooth and
      person (with 80-100% of healthy sides) were used. With a side as a unit the
      health condition was higher in Sombor for every age. In the 8, 10 and 12 year
      health condition was lower for both locality. Correlation coefficient for both
      distribution was r = 0.94. In the case of tooth as a unit no difference was found
      in 8 year of age. Correlation coefficient was lower (r = 0.74). Concerning person
      there were no difference in the ages of 8, 10 and 12. The results pointed to the
      necessity to use person as experimental unit together as side. Observed
      difference between two localities is not enough to exclude other primary
      preventive measures for periodontal diseases. The higher incidence of the
      inflamed gingival units in ages of 8, 10 and 12 deserves more detailed
      investigation of possible causes.

PMID- 2634919
TI  - [Dynamics of the growth of craniofacial structures-a longitudinal study].
AB  - The frequency of basal cranial and facial forms, and of craniofacial indices, was
      analyzed to obtain some additional information on the craniofacial growth during
      a dynamic interval of the conversion of primary into mixed dentition. A sample of
      72 children aged 3.5-5.5 years, free of any symptoms of orthodontic anomalies,
      were re-evaluated at the age of 6.5-8.5 years. The children were divided into
      groups according to anomalies possibly present on the second examination.
      Analysis of the subject distribution into cranial and facial forms revealed
      slight alterations during the period of observation. Therefore, analysis of the
      magnitude and frequency of index alterations was also included in the study.
      These analyses led to a conclusion that changes in the craniofacial form were
      quite frequently present but their intensity was too low for a subject to be
      allocated to the other basal group. A relationship between the craniofacial form
      alteration and maxillary morphology specific for particular anomaly could also be
      discerned. Thus, alterations in each individual dimension included in the
      indices, occurring during the mentioned interval, should be analyzed to shed more
      light upon the problem.

PMID- 2634920
TI  - [Positions of the central relation and central occlusion as recorded by a
      functiograph in patients with a stomatognathic system dysfunction].
AB  - Positions of the central relation and central occlusion were intraorally
      graphically recorded in 100 patients with a stomatognathic system dysfunction and
      in 0 control subjects. Results of the study showed asymmetry of these two
      positions to play a major role in the etiology of dysfunction. Occlusal program
      had an almost two-fold impact on the graphic tracing of the central occlusion
      position, as compared to the influence exerted by the articulation and muscle on
      the central relation tracing. Instrumental functional analysis and the instrument
      used alike, are simple to use and allow an objective assessment of the state to
      be made.

PMID- 2634921
TI  - [Topical fluorides--possible side effects].
AB  - The use of topical fluoride products is established as an effective method in
      caries prevention and might be a considerable extra source of fluoride. Following
      the use of topical fluoride products variable amounts of fluoride are swallowed
      and adsorbed into the systemic circulation, amounts which may be sufficient to
      produce some effects on physiologic and biochemical processes like dental
      fluorosis, changes in the structure and function of the gastric mucosa, kidney
      function and plasma and tissue cAMP levels. These possible side effects are all,
      except that of dental fluorosis, transient and reversible. For the purpose of
      enhancing the safety of topical fluoride application, several recommendations are
      mentioned all of which are designed to reduce the ingestion and absorption of
      fluoride.

PMID- 2634922
TI  - [Cervical ripening and induction of labor in term pregnancy using prostaglandin
      E2. Controlled clinical study comparing the intracervical and intravaginal
      routes].
AB  - 106 term pregnant patients with unfavorable local condition (B.S. less than or
      equal to 5) and indication to induction of labour because of mother or fetus
      problems, were randomized for a controlled clinical trial. 52 patients (group A)
      received 0.5 mg. of PGE2 in 2 ml of tylose gel intracervically. 48 patients
      (group B) received 3.0 mg. of PGE2 in 5 ml of tylose gel intravaginally. 6
      patients were excluded because of violation of protocol. The aim of our study was
      to evaluate the best method of cervical ripening before a classical induction
      with amniotomy and oxytocin. Our results show that intracervical PGE2 gel seems
      to have a better effect on the ripening of the cervix than the intravaginal one
      if we only consider the proposition of softening success (group A 14/52; group B
      6/48). If the evaluation of the effect on the cervical ripening is made according
      to modification of Bishop's score after gel application, the situation seems
      inverted because the medians values of the modifications have obtained
      respectively for group A and B a variation of 2.0 and 3.0 points. Moreover the
      intravaginal way showed a significantly higher incidence of collateral effects.

PMID- 2634923
TI  - [Intracellular potassium in normal and pathological pregnancy. II. Experimental
      results].
AB  - Intraerythrocyte potassium was determined on samples from 198 physiologic, 88
      hypertensive and 92 diabetic pregnant women. An increasing trend was observed
      during puerperium after the day 3, but a significant difference among the groups
      was not detected. These results may be due to a wider involvement of other
      cations (sodium, calcium) in the pathophysiology of pregnancy.

PMID- 2634924
TI  - [The smoking habit in pregnancy: results of a survey conducted in Milan].
AB  - The prevalence of smoking in pregnancy has been analyzed in a surveillance of
      women delivering between February and March 1989 in a large maternity clinic in
      Milan, Northern Italy. Out of the 411 interviewed women, 133 (32%) were current
      smokers before and 71 quit smoking during pregnancy. The probability to quit
      smoking decreased with increasing age and was lower in less educated women; these
      findings were however not statistically significant. Considering persistent
      smokers only, the mean number of cigarettes per day decreased from 13 before
      pregnancy to 8 during gestation; this finding was generally consistent in various
      subgroups of age and education. These reduction, however, are probably
      overestimated, since they are based on women's report only. Thus, these findings
      indicate that there is still ample scope for intervention on smoking in
      pregnancy, particularly in older and less educated women.

PMID- 2634925
TI  - [Statistical surveys on the composition of a group of pregnant adolescents and on
      the course and outcome of their pregnancies].
AB  - This retrospective study concerns 537 adolescent pregnant patients followed at
      the 1st Dep. of Obst. and Gyn. during the time period 1984-87. Preeclampsia,
      preterm labor and neonatal mortality were more frequent than in the general
      population.

PMID- 2634926
TI  - [Effect of epidural anesthesia via catheter on the mother and her fetus].
AB  - The present study describes the effects of lumbar epidural anaesthesia performed
      on a group of pregnant women (group A) during the period 1986-1988. The overall
      behavior of the women of group A is compared to that of another group of 990
      women on whom no epidural anaesthesia was performed (group B). No serious
      hyperventilation was observed on any of the women of group A and no PO2 drop in
      the intervals between contractions of the uterus. Metabolic acid production of
      both mother and foetus was lower than that observed in group B. Comparisons of
      multiparas of group A to those of group B showed a higher percentage normal
      cardiotocographic records among the former. Newborns in group A showed better
      Apgar scores. No serious complications were observed among women of group A.

PMID- 2634927
TI  - [Densitometric control of the degradation products of vitamin B1 and calculating
      activation factors].
AB  - The authors perfect a TLC method with densitometric detection for the
      determination of vitamin B1 in the presence of its hydrolytic and oxidation
      products. The decomposition process and the proportions of products formed in the
      ampoules under different conditions of temperature/time treatment are also
      investigated and the activation factors (z and FO) of thiamine thermical
      decomposition, for their application in sterilization processes.

PMID- 2634928
TI  - [Synthesis and study of the convulsant action of polycyclic amino-gamma-lactone
      and of its tetrahydrofuran analogue].
AB  - In this paper, the synthesis of the gamma-benzyl-amino-gamma-lactone 6 and its
      tetrahydrofuran analogue 8 is described. Their convulsant action was studied in
      mice. They display a weak convulsant activity coming with sedation and
      myorelaxation. The introduction of the benzyl group abolishes the strong
      convulsant and lethal action characteristic of the already studied non benzylated
      aminolactones but leaves intact the aminoethers activity. These results could
      indicate that the activity of these amino-gamma-lactones is essentially
      antiglycinergic and those of the corresponding aminoethers is anti-GABAergic
      lined with a partial agonist action.

PMID- 2634929
TI  - [Evaluation of the central anticholinergic activity of antidepressants.
      Comparison of two experimental methods].
AB  - The anticholinergic effect of atropine, imipramine, clomipramine and metapramine
      was evaluated on oxotremorine induced trembling in the mouse as well as on
      contractions of the isolated guinea pig ileum induced by electrical stimulation
      of the mesenteric plexus. The ED 50 and IC 50 which expressed the anticholinergic
      activity of these substances, were found to be identifically distributed for both
      methods. Activity, in decreasing order was found to be: atropine much greater
      than imipramine greater than clomipramine greater than metapramine. There was a
      good correlation between results from the two methods (r = 0.97). The method
      using the stimulated guinea pig ileum would therefore seem suitable for
      characterisation of potential anticholinergic activity of a molecule.

PMID- 2634930
TI  - [Research on the psychopharmacologic profile of new barbiturics].
AB  - The detection of psychopharmacological properties of 8 synthetic substances
      derived from barbituric didn't allow to consider the existence of well
      characterised psychotropic properties, particularly hypnotical, but only antalgic
      and sedative effects (or stimulating activity very low). If the presence of a
      benzyl substituent can confer an affinity for the nervous central system superior
      to the one developed when an allyl rest is in the same position, the presence of
      an OH or OCH3 in other place inverse the sedative character in stimulant
      potentiality.

PMID- 2634931
TI  - [Plants from New Caledonia. Alkaloids from Sarcomelicope dogniensis Hartley stem
      bark].
AB  - Two new pyranofuroquinoline alkaloids, cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2 dihydroacronydine 2
      and trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydroacronydine 3 have been isolated from
      Sarcomelicope dogniensis stem bark. Their structures have been elucidated by
      spectral analysis and chemical correlations. In addition, 11 other alkaloids have
      been isolated from the stem bark of this species.

PMID- 2634932
TI  - [Fluid chromatography in supercritical conditions: a method potentially useful
      for flavonolignan analysis].
AB  - The behaviour of high polar polyphenolic compounds (taxifolin and the
      flavolignans of the silymarin complex) by supercritical fluid chromatography
      (SFC), using standard HPLC packed columns (0.46 cm i.d.) and CO2 as the primary
      mobile phase, was studied. The elution and separation of the flavonolignans by
      some of the systems investigated was shown.

PMID- 2634934
TI  - [Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy].

PMID- 2634933
TI  - [Determination of saponosides from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Comparison of
      official methods and HPLC].
AB  - Official methods for determination of ginsenosides of the French and Helvetic
      Pharmacopoeias have been compared with HPLC method. Sample preparation schemes
      used are those of monographs with conventional solvent extraction and solid phase
      extraction with a polar and a non-polar sorbents, respectively kieselguhr and C
      18 octadecyl. Liquid-solid sample clean-up with C 18 cartridge is the most
      effective procedure. Prior HPLC method, an hydrolysis step of malonylginsenosides
      is necessary. Very selective extraction resulting in highly purified solution
      authorizes reliable and rapid colorimetric determination from ginseng
      saponosides.

PMID- 2634935
TI  - [Treatment of renoureteral lithiasis using extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.
      Experience in Cuba].
AB  - Herein we present our experience in 5,000 cases of reno-ureteral lithiasis
      submitted to treatment at the Extracorporeal Lithotripsy Unit of Hermanos
      Ameijeiras Hospital in Havana, Cuba, from April 1986 and during a period spanning
      30 months. Treatment was exclusively by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
      (ESWL) in 85.5% of the patients and in combination with other procedures in 14.5%
      (endoscopic maneuvers in 5.9%, percutaneous nephrostomy 4.4%, open surgery 3.6%,
      and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy 0.6%). Complications were observed in 7% of
      the cases: ureteric obstruction (6.4%) with or without infection, perirenal
      hematoma (0.4%), and obstructive anuria (0.2%); acute urinary infection of
      different clinical types, some of which were very severe, were observed
      concomitantly in 2.6% of these patients. Two months following treatment, 86% of
      the cases were completely stone-free. At 6 months 96.2% were completely stone
      free; the remaining 3.8% were classed as residual lithiasis. The pathologic
      conditions that put patients at high therapeutic risk and the possible
      complications that could arise were identified. The efficacy of the Dornier HM-3
      lithotripter and the health care system that permits its extensive use are
      highlighted.

PMID- 2634937
TI  - [Role of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy without anesthesia in the treatment
      of ureteral calculi].
AB  - With anesthesia-free lithotripsy recently being available, the discussion upon
      the treatment of choice of ureteral calculi has been renewed: is a preliminary
      retrograde manipulation still preferable for proximal calculi? Is ureteroscopy
      the better treatment for stones in the lower ureter? The retrospective evaluation
      of our patients with ureteral calculi (January-August 1988) failed to reveal a
      significantly compromised efficiency with the modified HM-3 lithotripter (40 nF.
      generator, 17 cm. ellipsoid): 70% (including 11% with repeated sessions) of the
      patients with proximal stones and 90% (including 28% with repeated sessions) of
      the patients with distal calculi were successfully treated in situ without the
      need for anesthesia, auxiliary measures, or ureteroscopy. These results do not
      substantially differ from those obtained with the old HM-3 in 1987, and confirm,
      that the majority of patients with ureteral calculi can bypass the discomfort of
      retrograde manipulation or the risks of ureteroscopy.

PMID- 2634936
TI  - [Treatment of kidney lithiasis with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in
      horseshoe kidney].
AB  - Following a brief overview of the general features of the horseshoe kidney, we
      report on ten patients diagnosed as having this anomaly and renal calculi. One
      patient had bilateral renal calculi. The clinical cases are described and
      treatment with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL1) and its advantages
      and disadvantages relative to other treatment modalities (PCN, open surgery) are
      discussed. Although we do not advocate the use of a single therapeutic approach,
      our results show the usefulness of ESWL1 in the treatment of this frequently
      recurring condition.

PMID- 2634938
TI  - [Controversies on extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy].
AB  - We analyzed our experience in 3,000 patients submitted to ESWL. Patient age
      ranged from 6-92 years. Stone size was 1 cm. in 33.2%, 1-3 cm. in 43.8%, and 23%
      had incomplete or complete staghorns. Following treatment 83.2% were stone-free,
      13.1% had stone fragments that could be passed spontaneously, 3.4% had fragments
      larger than 4 mm., and 0.3% were submitted to surgery because attempts at stone
      fragmentation had failed. Our results show that indication of ESWL may be
      questionable in renal anomalies (horseshoe kidney, caliceal diverticulum,
      pyeloureteric stricture, urinary diversion), in some cases of lithiasis (cystine
      stone, infundibular lithiasis, staghorn or ureteral calculi) and in some patients
      (para and tetraplegics and those with solitary kidneys).

PMID- 2634939
TI  - [Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in patients with a single kidney].
AB  - Seventy-eight patients with calculi in solitary kidney were submitted to
      treatment with shock waves. The epidemiologic data presented herein include stone
      volume, localization, and type (29 caliceal, 10 pyelic, and 5 multiple calculi;
      13 pseudostaghorn, 11 staghorn, and 10 ureteral calculi). Patient evaluation 3
      months after treatment revealed overall good results were achieved: 46 renal
      units were stone-free and 20 had small stone fragments that could be
      spontaneously passed. Thirteen patients had persistent residual lithiasis.
      Different types of complementary endoscopic treatments had been utilized in 65%
      of the cases. With regard to complications, there were 5 cases with obstructive
      anuria and 4 with fever. The foregoing results show that ESWL is a safe and
      effective method of treatment of lithiasis in patients with solitary kidney. It
      is currently the procedure of choice for this patient group.

PMID- 2634940
TI  - [Treatment of reno-ureteral calculi using ESWL and endourologic technics].
AB  - In recent years, there has been a complete change in the treatment of reno
      ureteral lithiasis due to the availability of new endourological techniques
      (percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopy) and particularly due to the
      development of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). The present study
      assessed the combination of endourological procedures and ESWL in the treatment
      of calculi localized in the kidney and lumbar ureter. A prospective study was
      undertaken to assess 1,500 renal units with calculi in the renal cavity and
      lumbar ureter that had been submitted to treatment by ESWL and endourological
      techniques. The results demonstrate that ESWL combined with percutaneous and
      endoscopic techniques affords effective treatment without major complications in
      85.4% of calculi in the renal cavity and lumbar ureter. Treatment with ESWL as
      monotherapy was successful in 45.6% of the cases and endourological management
      prior to ESWL was successful in 39.8% of the cases. The most common complication
      of ESWL was colic and/or kidney referred discomfort (28.6%) and the most
      important complication was urinary tract obstruction following ESWL (9.67%).
      These required maneuvers to remove post-ESWL obstruction in 6.1% of the renal
      units treated. The number of shock waves employed and the kV utilized were
      associated to intense hematuria and perirenal hematoma. The combination of
      endourological techniques with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy completely
      eliminated calculi in 80.5% of the renal units at 3 months. 10.5% had remaining
      stone fragments that could be spontaneously passed, and 7.6% had larger residual
      fragments that could not be passed.

PMID- 2634941
TI  - [Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy: our experience in 5,000 cases].
AB  - The authors report their experience on 7,500 patients who underwent
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL1). The first 6,800 were treated with
      the standard Dornier HM-3 lithotripter, while the remaining 700 were treated with
      the modified HM-3 machine equipped with the new ellipsoid (and the double-shot
      generator). The authors present the results and conclusions from their experience
      with 5,000 ESWL treatments which were performed at their Urology Department. An
      analysis is made on patient age, sex, stone site, duration of sessions, average
      number of shock waves used, exposure time, number of electrodes per session,
      retreatments, and results achieved relative to stone size. Furthermore, the
      authors report on the complications and treatment in special cases; i. e.,
      patients with horseshoe kidneys, solitary kidneys, spinal cord lesions,
      radiolucent calculi, hemophilia, and staghorn stones. The mean duration of
      treatment was 37 minutes. The average number of shock waves used was 1,703. The
      mean radiation exposure time was 1.9 minutes. Two electrodes per session were
      required in 48% of the patients. Three months following lithotripsy, 72% of the
      patients were stone-free, 19% had small remaining stone fragments, and 9% had
      unimportant stone particles.

PMID- 2634942
TI  - [1 year's experience with the multifunctional lithotriptor Dornier MPL 9000].
AB  - From March 1988 until May 1989, 361 patients with 438 stones were treated with
      the Dornier multipurpose lithotripter MPL 9000. 64.8% of the stones were situated
      in the calyx, 32.6% in the renal pelvis, 1.1% in the upper and 1.4% in the distal
      ureter. 19.6% of the stones were radiolucent. Multiple MPL treatments were
      performed in 10.2%. In 4.3% fragments post-ESWL treatment were larger than 5 mm.
      In 95.7% of the cases complete disintegration was achieved. 63.5% of the
      treatments were performed without using analgesia or anesthesia. Intravenous
      anesthesia was used in 20.5%. Analgesia and sedation in 13.6%, general anesthesia
      in 1.7% and epidural anesthesia in 1.1%. After 3 months' follow up 74.3% were
      stone-free. Residual fragments were found in the upper calyx in 1%, in the middle
      calyx in 5%, in the lower calyx in 13%, in the renal pelvis in 5.6% and in the
      ureter in 1%. The MPL 9000 has been proven to be similarly effective for the
      treatment of renal stones, while difficulties in localizing ureteral stones,
      while difficulties in localizing ureteral stones were noted. The major number of
      treatment was performed without any analgesia or anesthesia. No major
      complications were encountered. Due to the small focal area and the ultrasound
      location system. Special advantages were found for the therapy of children.

PMID- 2634943
TI  - [Extracorporeal lithotripsy in sequelae of neurologic lesions].
AB  - We report on the results of shock wave extracorporeal lithotripsy in a series of
      13 patients with urinary lithiasis and neurologic disease (5 tetraplegics, 6
      paraplegics and 2 hemiplegics). Anesthesia, positioning and complementary
      endourologic procedures in a group of patients in whom many factors contribute to
      lithogenesis are discussed. Sixteen renal units were treated with good stone
      fragmentation in all cases. Seventy-five percent of the patients remained stone
      free three months later. Complications were few (15%) and minor (mainly post
      operative fever) and the hospital stay was short (average 5 days). We advocate
      this technique as the treatment of choice of urolithiasis in patients with
      neurologic sequelae because of its safety, relative noninvasiveness and good
      results, especially in calculi smaller than 2 cm.

PMID- 2634944
TI  - [Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) as monotherapy using the Dornier HM
      3 in staghorn kidney lithiasis. Effectiveness of the use of a double J catheter].
AB  - The authors reviewed 110 cases of staghorn calculi (71 complete and 39
      incomplete) from 693 cases of lithiasis that had been treated over a 15-month
      period at their hospital with the Dornier HM-3 lithotripter. Good results were
      achieved in 72.2% of the cases. One patient had a fall in hematocrit and a
      subcapsular hematoma which evolved well. Of the patients who did not have a
      double-J catheter, 33.6% had steinstrasse versus 27.9% of those who did. Because
      the complication rate is lower when double-J catheter placement is combined with
      ESWL this approach is recommended instead of PCN + ESWL.

PMID- 2634945
TI  - Localization of transferrin receptors (TFRs) in human non functioning thyroid
      nodules and in extranodular thyroid tissue.
AB  - In this research the TFR localization in non functioning human thyroid nodules
      and in the extranodular thyroid tissue, using an immunohistochemical technique,
      has been studied. For this study a monoclonal antibody (B3/25) against TFR and
      the peroxidase technique have been utilized. Moreover a morphometric comparative
      analysis was carried out based on the following parameters: 1) mean
      immunoreactive area for microscopic field, 2) mean value of immunoreactive
      follicular perimeter, 3) integrated optical density, 4) % of immunoreactive area
      on total examined area in nodular and extranodular tissue. The immunoreactivity
      was detected in some follicular cells in a number of follicles randomly
      distributed in the extra nodular tissue. As concern the non functioning thyroid
      nodules, the positivity was localized in the generality of the follicles both in
      the flattened epithelial cells of the larger follicles and in the cuboidal cells
      of the smaller ones. The morphometric parameters confirm a statistically
      significant difference of immunoreactivity between extranodular and nodular
      tissue. These results suggest that TF might play a role in the cellular
      proliferation of thyroid gland.

PMID- 2634946
TI  - [Vascular networks of the extensor tendons of the fingers].

PMID- 2634947
TI  - Morphological aspects of lymphocyte-macrophage interactions in human tumoral
      effusions "in vivo" and "in vitro".
AB  - "In vivo" and "in vitro" morphological analysis of associations of cells
      ("rosettes") involved in immune response in human tumoral effusions revealed the
      existence of cell interactions either by simple membrane apposition between the
      cell projections or by gap-like junctions between two adjacent cells; endocytotic
      phenomena were also observed. The giant fibroblastic cells seen "in vitro"
      ("myofibronoblasts") reacting positively to anti-human macrophage Mabs, might be
      the cells presenting antigen to lymphocytes.

PMID- 2634948
TI  - Spemann's organizer and the formative cells.
AB  - The events which happen after transplantation of organizer material into a Triton
      germ are explained by the action of formative cells. As example the first steps
      of in vitro mesonephrogenesis are filmed. The sequences show that the locomotion
      of the relatively sluggish epithelial cells is accomplished by the activity of
      fibroblasts.

PMID- 2634949
TI  - The vaginal surface epithelium during postnatal development in gerbils.
AB  - The postnatal development of the gerbil vagina has been investigated and special
      attention has been paid to the luminal surface epithelium structures. Different
      types of microvilli and solitary cilia are discussed.

PMID- 2634950
TI  - Use of human organs fixed long ago for the scanning electron microscopic
      analysis.
AB  - Normal human organs fixed 10-15 years ago in formol and Bouin as well as organs
      prepared from cadavers used for the anatomical dissections show a surprisingly
      well preserved structure in the scanning electron microscope. Such organs can be
      successfully used for the teaching of the 3-dimensional microanatomy.

PMID- 2634951
TI  - Increasing potentiality in N.G.F. treated PC12 cells.
AB  - Somites from 9H. H. chick embryos and PC12 cells were co-cultivated in synthetic
      medium containing N.G.F., which induces the transformation of PC12 cells into
      neuron-like cells. During the first two days of culture, PC12 cells retained the
      spherical shape and tended to cluster. Somitic mesoderm cells exhibited a
      fibroblastic aspect. By the third day, PC12 cells extended long processes
      resembling nerve fibres which surrounded and penetrated the mesodermic explants.
      On the 10th day of culture, contractions, limited at first to a few cells were
      perceptible. Later, the contractions involved large cellular masses. Microscopic
      observations at 10 days revealed the presence of an increasing number of fusiform
      mononucleated cells. Later, long and narrow multinucleated elements appeared.
      Such elements never developed from cultures of only somites. Immunohistochemical
      observations revealed a desmin positivity in both mononucleated and
      multinucleated elements characterizing them as myogenic cells that are formed in
      and because of the presence of PC12 cells which were transformed by N.G.F. into
      nerve cells. After 10 days of culture, PC12 cells positive to antiserum
      antidesmin were noted. Desmin positivity of PC12 cells leads to the conclusion
      that newly-formed muscle cells exert an induction on Pheocromocytoma cells which,
      as derivatives of the neural crest, have a greater multipotentiality.

PMID- 2634952
TI  - Cranial morphogenesis.
AB  - The morphogenesis of the skull in the chick embryo is characterized by different
      steps, involving neural crest cell migration and appearance of chondroid tissue
      occupying the middle part of most of the ossification centres. This tissue
      represents the initial modality of the skeletogenic differentiation within the
      cephalic mesenchyme.

PMID- 2634953
TI  - [Anatomical interpretation of arterial anomalies].

PMID- 2634954
TI  - [The tendon arteries of the flexors of the fingers].

PMID- 2634955
TI  - The role of mitochondrial glutathione in the defence against Fe2+/ascorbate
      induced peroxidation of rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - The protective role of the glutathione system against oxidative stress was
      studied in the model of Fe2+/ascorbate induced peroxidation in isolated rat liver
      mitochondria. There was a successive diminution of the mitochondrial glutathione
      pool, essentially due to losses of the reduced form (GSH) during the initiation
      phase of peroxidation, while the redox state of glutathione was not influenced
      significantly before the onset of massive malondialdehyde formation. Oxidizable
      substrates such as glutamate/malate and 3-hydroxybutyrate affected peroxidation
      by extending the period of the induction phase. Obviously that was due to the
      supply of NADPH to recover GSH via GSSG-reductase as evidenced by the parallel
      decline of the NADP(H) and the glutathione-system redox states. Although the data
      strongly support the fact that mitochondrial glutathione plays a central role in
      the defence against oxidative stress, there are, under special conditions of a
      high succinate supply, other potent defence systems in isolated mitochondria.

PMID- 2634956
TI  - In vitro effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on lymphoid cells as determined by
      31P NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - We have used NMR spectroscopy to test the direct in vitro effects of ethanol and
      its metabolite acetaldehyde on a human leukemic T cell line (Molt-4) and normal
      murine spleen cells. The metabolic status of phosphate metabolites
      (phosphomonoesters including sugar phosphate, inorganic phosphate and ATP's) in
      cell suspension was monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Spectral changes were
      observed in the intensity of inorganic phosphate and ATP. Addition of high
      concentrations of ethanol (400-1600 mM) to Molt-4 cells resulted in very little
      spectral change. However, the addition of 40 microM acetaldehyde resulted in
      substantially increased inorganic phosphate (Pi) signals, and decreased
      phosphomonoesters and ATP signals. Similar changes, but to a lesser degree, were
      observed with normal mouse spleen cells.

PMID- 2634957
TI  - [Interpretation of mechanograms of the quadriceps femoris muscle twitch from
      technical, methodologic and physiologic aspects].
AB  - It is proved, that the physiological interpretation of the peaks in the
      quadriceps femoris muscle twitch mechanogramme is possible. The measuring chain
      (sensor-amplifier-magnetic data recorder-plotter) has a resonance frequency of
      170 Hz and is suitable for the true representation of the tension-time-course. In
      order to compare the tensions with one another, it is necessary to standardize
      the tensions on the lower leg or body mass. Considering the fact that the twitch
      mechanogramme is a summation of the contractions of the fast twitch fiber (FTF)
      and slow twitch fiber population (STF), it has been assumed that both FTF and STF
      show contraction peaks. Essential methodological influences on the tension-time
      course result from the relationship between tension sensor and biological system
      (lower leg mass). The measuring chain and lower leg mass represent a feather-mass
      system. The provoked oscillations of the lower leg mass may produce
      methodological peaks in the twitch mechanogramme. In general, the mechanogramme
      shows contractions superimposed by mechanical processes. The tonogramme shows
      that the tension-time-course of the twitch is characterized by several peaks too.
      In the tonogramme characteristic changes depending on the portion of the
      quadriceps femoris muscle (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis) can be seen.
      Following the muscle action potential (MAP) there are frequently reflex-MAP's
      variable in form and amplitude in the time range between 120-180 ms after the
      stimulus impulse. They allow to explain the peaks in the mechanogramme with
      contraction times (CT) of 140-160 ms, or they provoke an extension of the
      relaxation times. Some reflex-MAP may have a latency of only 80 ms. The analysis
      of the methodological components influencing the mechanogramme of the muscle
      twitch shows that the interpretation as FT- or ST-peaks has to be done from the
      point of view of physiology. The following results indirectly speak for the
      interpretation as FT- or ST-peaks (CT: 30-50 ms and 75 to 95 ms, respectively).
      There are the corresponding average CT for groups with clearly different lower
      leg mass, the relatively higher increase of the peaks with CT between 60-70 ms
      after a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of 10 seconds, the higher average
      tensions for the ST-peaks by long distance runners and the results for the CT
      when the lower leg mass is artificially elevated. Furthermore the mechanogrammes
      of the long distance runners show that the maximum may come to a CT of 100-130
      ms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2634958
TI  - Electrical stimulations of the basal forebrain and the nucleus cuneiformis
      differently modulate behavioural activation of freely moving rat.
AB  - Differences in inducing behavioural activation of two different cholinergic brain
      regions, the basal forebrain (nucleus basalis magnocellularis) and the
      mesencephalic nucleus cuneiformis were investigated in freely moving rats with
      electrodes in the hippocampus, the frontal cortex and olfactory bulb. Serial
      electrical stimulations with increasing intensities, a duration of 1 s and
      frequencies of 100 and 10 cps and single impulses were applied within both
      cholinergic regions. After lesions of the stimulated sites the tests were
      repeated. Serial stimulations of both cholinergic structures increased
      respiration rate, motor activity, and the trigger rate of slow hippocampal rhythm
      (theta rhythm) differently. However, the increase of these parameters of
      behavioural activation by stimulation of the basal forebrain were probably
      unspecific effects accompanying general behavioural activation because they
      remained unaffected by lesions of the stimulated sites. The nucleus cuneiformis
      modulates specifically respiration rate and motor activity. The duration of the
      behavioural activation by nucleus cuneiformis stimulation was longer compared
      with basal forebrain stimulation, and it was shortened by lesion of the nucleus
      cuneiformis. The frequency of the evoked slow hippocampal rhythm was higher with
      nucleus cuneiformis stimulation. The results indicate that the nucleus
      cuneiformis is a more homogeneous structure with regard to the modulation of
      these behavioural parameters whereas the basal forebrain showed more functional
      heterogeneity with 100 cps stimulation in all investigated parameters, with 10
      cps stimulation only in the trigger rate of the slow hippocampal rhythm and the
      duration of evoked motor activity despite equal effects on the respiration rate
      and the intensity of motor activity. Functional heterogeneity was also observed
      in the induction of directed movements whereas with nucleus cuneiformis
      stimulation the directions of evoked movements were rather equal. Excessive
      behavioural excitement was only inducible with nucleus cuneiformis stimulation.

PMID- 2634959
TI  - Visually evoked potentials are differently modulated by the basal forebrain and
      the nucleus cuneiformis of freely moving rat.
AB  - Different modulatory influences on visually evoked potentials (VEPs) of freely
      moving rats from two different cholinergic brain regions, the basal forebrain
      (bf, nucleus basalis magnocellularis) and the mesencephalic parabrachial nucleus
      cuneiformis (Cnf) are described. Bipolar stimulating electrodes were implanted in
      both regions and recording electrodes on the visual cortex, the frontal cortex,
      the olfactory bulb, and in the nasal bone. Serial electrical stimulations with
      increasing intensities, a series duration of 1 s, and frequencies of 100 and 10
      cps, and single impulses were applied within both cholinergic regions 100 ms
      before light flashes. Lesions of the stimulated sites were produced to test
      whether modulations disappear. The bf revealed heterogeneous effects on the
      evoked potentials depending on the stimulation modes and on the electrode
      localization inside the bf whereas the Cnf modulated the evoked potentials rather
      uniformly. All stimulation modes in the Cnf reduced the N 30-amplitude of the
      primary VEP in the visual cortex simultaneously with a decrease of their peak
      times, and reduced the trigger rate of photically evoked afterdischarges (PhAD).
      100 and 10 cps stimulation of the Cnf decreased also the PhAD amplitude and the
      number of PhAD per flash when stimulation intensity was above the threshold of
      behavioural activation. The bf stimulation with 100 cps modulated all
      investigated parameters differently in their quantity: with 10 cps stimulation
      VEP amplitude and PhAD trigger rate were differently modulated. Single impulses
      within the bf 100 ms before flash were ineffective on the evoked potentials. No
      peak time alterations of the VEP were evoked with 10 cps stimulation within the
      bf in contrast to Cnf stimulation. The bf seems to be heterogeneous in its
      physiological effects on the visual cortex.

PMID- 2634960
TI  - Lesions of the caudal pontine reticular nucleus reduce spontaneous behavioural
      activity of rats differently in dorsal and ventral parts of the nucleus.
AB  - Four groups of 8 adult male hooded rats of the Long-Evans strain were
      investigated before and after lesions of the dorsal or the ventral subdivisions
      of the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (RPC) in an open field test (OF) and in a
      neurological test program. After dorsal (d) RPC lesions all labyrinthine reflexes
      were extremely slowed, tactile and visual placing responses strongly reduced and
      the startle reflex abolished, whereas ventral (v) RPC lesions did not alter the
      neurological status. The dRPC rats showed strongly reduced drinking from water
      bottles, did not eat pellets in their home cages and lost 5% of their body weight
      per day. This could be prevented by a supply with a cornflake pap. The ventral
      RPC lesion revealed no influence on food and water intake. Ambulatory activity in
      the OF was strongly reduced by dorsal lesions but not by ventralones. The
      habituation quotient increased only after ventral RPC lesions. Both lesion types
      increased the duration of immobilization. Exploratory activity was also reduced
      after both lesion types, but significantly stronger after dorsal lesions. In a
      centrophobia test the dRPC rats were 6 times slower than before lesion, whereas
      vRPC rats remained unchanged compared with their preoperative values. The
      negativism-test revealed strong enhancement after dRPC lesions, but not so strong
      after vRPC lesions. The results indicate specialized subdivisions of the pontine
      reticular formation controlling differently spontaneous behaviour.

PMID- 2634961
TI  - Learning and retention of active avoidance are differently impaired after dorsal
      and ventral lesions of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis of rats.
AB  - Four groups of 8 adult male hooded rats of the Long-Evans strain were
      investigated before and after bilateral symmetric lesions of the nucleus
      reticularis pontis caudalis (RPC) in a Y-maze and in a jump test box. After
      dorsal (d) RPC lesions the retention of preoperatively learnt simple tasks in the
      Y-maze or in the jump test was not impaired whereas brightness discrimination in
      the Y-maze was neither retained nor relearned. Postoperative acquisition without
      preoperative experience was impossible for dRPC rats in any of the tests. After
      ventral (v) RPC lesions there was no retention of active avoidance response in
      the Y-maze but rather normal retention of the jump test performance. The
      retention of brightness discrimination, however, was not impaired in the Y-maze
      after vRPC lesions. The relearning of the impaired active avoidance in the Y-maze
      was impossible for vRPC rats; though these rats showed intrasessional
      improvement, there was no retention between sessions. After retention of the
      simple jump test task the vRPC rats were not able to learn a go/no-go task in the
      jump test box. Acute extinction to the non-reinforced 2.5 KHz tone was prolonged.
      Intertrial responses in the jump test were reduced to zero after dRPC lesions,
      but significantly enhanced after vRPC lesions. The results indicate that CAR
      response initiation was reduced after dRPC lesions, but in vRPC rats the
      suppression of incorrect responses was reduced in the jump test. The lesions
      differently impair the control of learnt motor programs.

PMID- 2634962
TI  - The antihypoxic effect of ethymisole: a comparison with other nootropic drugs.
AB  - Ethymisole reveals a potent antihypoxic effect which is produced probably both by
      an acute free radical scavenging property and a persisting restitutive component
      of action. This is seen in its effect on posthypoxic inhibition of dopamine
      release from striatum slices of adult rats. Though ethymisole is considered a
      drug which increases brain adaptive potency, it does not modify the stimulus
      response relation of potassium-evoked dopamine release in an adaptation-like
      manner, as it is seen after a long-lasting piracetam treatment.

PMID- 2634963
TI  - Inhibition of human lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity by
      catecholamines in vitro.
AB  - The effects of L-adrenaline and L-noradrenaline on human lecithin: cholesterol
      acyltransferase (LCAT) activity were investigated in vitro. Both catecholamines
      are shown to be inhibitors of this enzyme. Despite inter-individual variations in
      the dose-response relationships calculated for both hormones, significant effects
      can be expected in the upper physiological range of concentration. Since
      diminished LCAT activity is known to be followed by a low level of HDL
      cholesterol and an increased concentration of triglycerides, it is supposed that
      catecholamine mediated inhibition of LCAT activity may contribute to the
      development of stress mediated fluctuations in plasma lipoprotein concentrations.

PMID- 2634964
TI  - [Poly(galactosylglycerophosphate) with mannosyl side residues from the cell wall
      of Actinoplanes phillipinensis VKM Ac-647].
AB  - The Actinoplanes philippinensis cell wall has several anionic carbohydrate
      containing polymers. The major polymer is of poly(glycosylglycerol phosphate)
      type, its monomeric unit being O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1----4)-beta-D-
      galactopyranosyl-(1----1)-glycerol monophosphate. The phosphodiester linkages
      connect the C3 of glycerol units and the C6 of galactosyl ones, and the mannosyl
      residues form side branches of the teichoic acid's main chain. Chains without
      mannosyl residues were found in addition to the major teichoic acid. The
      structure of the polymers was established by chemical analysis, and 13C and 1H
      NMR spectroscopy. It is for the first time that a teichoic acid with mannosyl
      residues was found in bacterial cell walls. The phosphorylated mannan contains,
      in addition to mannose, 2-O-methylmannose. The main chain has alpha-1,2, alpha
      1,3 and alpha-1,6 types of substitution, which was established by 13C NMR
      spectroscopy.

PMID- 2634965
TI  - [The structure of oligosaccharide fragments of glycoproteins from influenza virus
      A/Krasnodar/101/59/(H2N2)--heavy and light chains of hemagglutinin and
      neuraminidase].
AB  - The structure and heterogeneity of carbohydrate chains of hemagglutinin (HA) and
      neuraminidase (NA), the surface glycoproteins of influenza virus
      A/Krasnodar/101/59 (H2N2), were investigated. Hemagglutinin was reduced with beta
      mercaptoethanol and its heavy (HA1) and light (HA2) chains were separated by gel
      chromatography. Amino acid and sugar composition of HA1, HA2 and NA was
      elucidated. The carbohydrate chains of the glycoproteins were cleaved off by the
      alkaline LiBH4 treatment and oligosaccharides were reduced with NaB[3H]4. They
      were fractionated by subsequent two-step HPLC on Ultrasphere-C8 and Zorbax-NH2
      columns with simultaneous identification using nonlabelled oligosaccharides of
      known structures. Some of the major oligosaccharides isolated from HA1, HA2 and
      NA were thus identified as high mannose chains, containing 5-9 mannose residues,
      and complex chains, first of all biantennary chains having or not having
      bisecting N-acetylglucosamine and/or fucose residues. The approach which has been
      developed enables one to study the structure and heterogeneity of carbohydrate
      chains starting from one nmole of a desialylated N-glycoprotein.

PMID- 2634966
TI  - [Isolation of the porcine alpha-interferon gene using simultaneous directed
      multipoint mutagenesis].
AB  - A method of obtaining the pig alpha-interferon gene by means of simultaneous
      multidirected mutagenesis of the human alpha 2-interferon gene is presented.
      Nucleotide homology between these genes is 80.4%. Fourteen synthetic
      oligonucleotides forming a pig alpha-interferon gene's strand were ligated on a
      single-stranded template, carrying cDNA of the human alpha 2-interferon gene. The
      obtained DNA fragment was cloned in the single-stranded or double-stranded form.
      It was found that the method does not affect the cloning efficiency. The primary
      structure of the gene was confirmed by sequencing.

PMID- 2634967
TI  - [Identification of a nature of mutation in the 12th exon of phenylalanine
      hydroxylase gene in patients with phenylketonuria].
AB  - Upon amplification in vitro of the 12th exon area of the human phenylalanine
      hydroxylase gene followed by allele-specific hybridisation of the amplification
      product with synthetic probes and its sequencing by the Maxam-Gilbert method, a C
      ---T transition causing phenylketonuria has been identified in Latvian patients.

PMID- 2634968
TI  - Management of cervical spine injuries.

PMID- 2634969
TI  - Determining lipid risk factors for coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2634970
TI  - Maternal toxemia and neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage in intubated infants
      less than 1751 g.

PMID- 2634971
TI  - Electrical localization of spinal roots for the treatment of spasticity by
      intrathecal alcohol injection.

PMID- 2634972
TI  - Alterations in appendicular skeletal mass in patients with rheumatoid arthritis,
      psoriatic arthritis, and osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2634973
TI  - Clinical indications for arteriography of penetrating wounds of the extremities.

PMID- 2634974
TI  - Prophylactic transfusions in pregnant patients with sickle cell disease.

PMID- 2634975
TI  - Controlled release of dopamine from a polymeric brain implant: in vivo
      characterization.
AB  - Intracerebral microdialysis was used to evaluate the long-term in vivo release of
      dopamine from ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVAc)-dopamine copolymer matrix discs for
      up to 65 days following striatal implantation. Dopamine release occurred through
      a single cavity present on one side of the disc, which was otherwise fully coated
      with an additional, impermeable layer of EVAc. At 20 days following implantation
      of the device, extracellular concentrations of dopamine within the striatum
      reached micromolar levels, over 200-fold greater than control values. Release of
      dopamine was shown to be stable and maintained for the 2-month duration of the
      experiment. Histological examination confirmed the biocompatible nature of the
      implant. There are potential applications of this technology to the treatment of
      Parkinson's disease and other neurological and psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2634977
TI  - To care or not to care for noncompliant patients: a discussion of ethical issues.

PMID- 2634976
TI  - Re: Non-operative diagnosis of renal sinus lipomatosis simulating tumour of the
      renal pelvis.

PMID- 2634978
TI  - Refocusing on locus.

PMID- 2634979
TI  - Cardiomyopathy and abnormal carnitine metabolism.

PMID- 2634980
TI  - A probable endemic case of schistosomiasis from Papua New Guinea.

PMID- 2634981
TI  - Exposure of health care workers to the blood of patients infected with the human
      immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2634982
TI  - N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose.

PMID- 2634983
TI  - Survival for dialysis patients over 60 years of age.

PMID- 2634984
TI  - Possible malignant hyperthermia in a 7-week-old infant.

PMID- 2634985
TI  - Diagnosis and management of abdominal pain.

PMID- 2634986
TI  - Sugar as an aid to wound healing and the treatment of ulcers in leprosy.

PMID- 2634987
TI  - Epidural opioids--the preferred route of administration.

PMID- 2634988
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics: Section on Allergy and Immunology; Section on
      Diseases of the Chest. Exercise and the asthmatic child.

PMID- 2634989
TI  - Unsafe home births.

PMID- 2634990
TI  - Intraoperative assessment of lymph node involvement in gastric carcinoma.
AB  - This study compares the assessment of lymph nodes by the surgeon, at the time of
      operation, with the pathologist's assessment on the resected specimen in 85 cases
      of total gastrectomy with extended lymphadenectomy for gastric carcinoma. There
      was correlation in 67% of cases, in 28% the disease was overstaged, and in only
      5% was it understaged by intraoperative assessment. This has important
      implications for the comparison of trials and management decisions based on
      surgical assessment.

PMID- 2634991
TI  - Reversibility of catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy in a woman with
      pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2634992
TI  - The natural history of carpal tunnel syndrome in lactation.
AB  - In a retrospective postal study of 27 women who have developed carpal tunnel
      syndrome (CTS) in the puerperium, the condition was found to affect predominantly
      elderly primiparous women (mean age 31.5 years). The condition was associated
      with breastfeeding in 24 women. The three who did not breastfeed had less severe
      symptoms which resolved within one month of onset. The symptoms developed a mean
      of 3.5 weeks following delivery, lasted 6.5 months and started to resolve within
      14 days of weaning. Symptomatic treatments with either splintage, diuretics, non
      steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or steroid injections provided some benefit.
      Two patients required surgical decompression. All patients were symptom-free by
      one year.

PMID- 2634993
TI  - Imovane (zopiclone)

PMID- 2634994
TI  - Low level radioactive waste disposal. A public health concern.

PMID- 2634995
TI  - Wisdom tooth waiting lists.

PMID- 2634997
TI  - The health care electoral paradox.

PMID- 2634996
TI  - Depression-dependent exacerbation of tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - A middle-aged woman with a recurrent depressive illness showed worsening of her
      tardive dyskinesia during the depressive phases, with improvement on remission.

PMID- 2634999
TI  - The role of the clinical nurse specialist at Groote Schuur.

PMID- 2634998
TI  - Diet and dyslexia.

PMID- 2635000
TI  - Management of asthma in a hospital emergency department.

PMID- 2635001
TI  - Ginseng--is there a use in clinical medicine?

PMID- 2635002
TI  - Pleural mesothelioma in a lift mechanic.

PMID- 2635003
TI  - Doll phobia revisited.

PMID- 2635004
TI  - More on arterial oxygen saturation.

PMID- 2635005
TI  - Prosthetic replacement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint.

PMID- 2635006
TI  - Unethical advertisements.

PMID- 2635007
TI  - Influence of Corynebacterium bovis on constituents of milk and dynamics of
      mastitis.

PMID- 2635008
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis from nickel in eyeshadow.

PMID- 2635009
TI  - [Stomatitis from dentures: etiopathological and therapeutic considerations].
AB  - Infection of the oral mucous membrane is frequent in patients with removable
      prostheses, either totally of partially, and particularly when the prostheses is
      palatal. The principal etiological factor causing the infection is accepted to be
      "Candidas" aided by the presence of plaque bacteria (in patients with poor oral
      hygiene care), and a poor fit of the prostheses to the soft tissues. Treatment of
      the infection must proceed in the following order: a) use of effective medication
      against oral fungus such as Nystatin or Ketoconazole. b) Meticulous oral hygiene
      care in the mucous membrane as well as in the prostheses, but using the
      prostheses as little as possible during the treatment period. c) A total cure of
      the infection (denture stomatitis) before proceeding to the next phase of the
      treatment. d) Determination of the adjustment and occlusion of the prostheses in
      order to determine those areas of the prostheses which need to be refilled
      because of maladjustment of the prostheses to the soft tissues of the patient.

PMID- 2635010
TI  - [Oral lesions in toxic epidermal necrolysis].
AB  - In the oral mucosa it can be observed lesion produced by general disease. These,
      in some occasions help to obtained diagnosis, but in other it makes a lot of
      difficulties. We observed a patient with a toxic epidermal necrosis. His first
      signs were herpes oral lesions. We made a differential diagnosis with other
      dermatological process, and examined the possibilities in obtaining a diagnosis
      and the validity of the analytical data.

PMID- 2635011
TI  - [Oral lymphomas in AIDS].
AB  - We present two cases of AIDS in drug-addicts, with mouth lymphoma. The diagnosis
      was established by a gum biopsy which gave high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma
      lymphoblastic "B" type. It is very rare that the oral mucous is affected by
      lymphomas, but in AIDS and immunodeficiencies it is more common.

PMID- 2635012
TI  - [Treatment of dental agenesis in the child].
AB  - This paper aims to emphasize the highly interdisciplinary nature of the
      relationship between the pedodontist, the orthodontist and the prosthodontist in
      monitoring and successfully dealing with the special cases of oral pathology
      represented by agenesis of the lateral incisors, with the possibility of creating
      space. The use of prosthetic appliances is all but mandatory in the treatment of
      agenesis of the upper lateral incisors.

PMID- 2635013
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of cystic granuloma].
AB  - The survival therapy of cystic lesion with concomitant cystotomy and apicectomy
      permits the healing of the inflammatory process and the total restitution of the
      affected tissues. The diagnostic phase is fundamental, with identification of the
      cystic lesion for which removal is elective.

PMID- 2635014
TI  - [The Federation Dentaire Internationale].

PMID- 2635015
TI  - The effect of age of onset on depression in the elderly.
AB  - In an attempt to examine the effects of age and age of onset on depressive
      illness, the records of 55 psychiatric inpatients with an average age of 77 years
      were reviewed. There was no correlation between age and presence of psychosis,
      severe cognitive impairment, positive family history, length of hospitalization,
      treatment, or treatment response. When the cases were grouped on the basis of age
      of first admission, only the rates of family history were significantly
      different. Although age per se may have little influence on the nature of
      depressive illness, age of onset may be important in distinguishing different
      types of depressive illness in the elderly, which suggests implications for
      treatment and prognosis.

PMID- 2635016
TI  - Assessment of disruptive behavior associated with dementia: the Disruptive
      Behavior Rating Scales.
AB  - Disruptive behavior associated with dementia is a major clinical problem, but
      there has been limited methodology for assessing it. This study describes the
      development of a set of rating scales used to measure four dimensions of
      disruptive behavior that present frequent problems in patients with dementia:
      physical aggression, verbal aggression, agitation, and wandering. In addition, a
      total disruptive behavior scale is derived by averaging scores from these four
      scales. A sample of 16 patients in a skilled nursing facility was used to test
      interrater reliability and validity of this instrument. Interrater reliability
      was quite favorable for all scales. There was clear evidence for convergent
      validity of all scales except the verbal aggression scale, where a substantial
      correlation was found with one relevant external measure but not the other. There
      was also favorable evidence of discriminant validity for all scales except the
      verbal aggression scale. Psychometric properties of this instrument appear to be
      promising and indicate that it has potential utility for further research on
      causes and treatments for disruptive behavior in demented patients.

PMID- 2635017
TI  - Personality alterations in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a three-year follow-up
      study.
AB  - Alterations in personality accompany the onset and progression of dementia of the
      Alzheimer type. Longitudinal investigations of these changes using systematic
      quantifiable documentation have been infrequent. In this 3-year follow-up study,
      we report longitudinal observations of changes in personality in dementia of the
      Alzheimer type. Four response patterns were observed: (1) change at onset with
      little change as the disease continued, (2) ongoing change as the disorder
      progressed, (3) no change, and (4) regression of previously more disturbed
      behaviors. Repeated characterizations of the premorbid personality profile as
      determined by this inventory were found to be reliable.

PMID- 2635018
TI  - Amino acid levels in elderly nursing home residents.
AB  - We have compared levels of albumin and serum amino acids in a group of 87 recent
      admissions to a nursing home, average age 83 years, with a group of healthy
      moderately old subjects, average age 69 years. We found that the nursing home
      group was characterized by decreased levels of albumin, by increased total levels
      of the measured amino acids, and by increased levels of the nonessential amino
      acids. In contrast, there were no significant group differences in the essential
      amino acids. Among the nursing home patients, there was a negative correlation
      between essential amino acids and disability, consistent with nutritional
      deficits in the more disabled patients, and a positive correlation between
      essential amino acids and subjective complaints of pain, suggesting that pain is
      associated with breakdown or mobilization of endogenous protein stores. Though
      the nursing home patients had decreased serum levels of tryptophan, there was no
      association between serum tryptophan or other variables that could be related to
      the availability of tryptophan for transport into brain, with ratings of either
      depression or pain. Glutamine levels were significantly increased in the nursing
      home residents, and among these patients they were positively correlated with
      measures of cognitive impairment.

PMID- 2635019
TI  - Two more cases of trazodone-related syncope in the elderly.

PMID- 2635020
TI  - [Research in mixed amalgam-composite restorations].

PMID- 2635021
TI  - [Laminar canals: identification and therapy].

PMID- 2635022
TI  - [Failures in orthodontic treatment].

PMID- 2635023
TI  - [Lower third molar: extraction complications].

PMID- 2635024
TI  - [Analgesic efficiency and tolerability of Diflunisal].

PMID- 2635025
TI  - [Root extrusion].

PMID- 2635026
TI  - [Cavity preparation for posterior composites].

PMID- 2635027
TI  - [Mobilized arch segments].

PMID- 2635028
TI  - [Technical evaluation of malpositioned implants].

PMID- 2635029
TI  - [Modelling of the interproximal space].

PMID- 2635030
TI  - [How to use the Wilson lingual 3D arch].

PMID- 2635031
TI  - [Technic of applying sealants].

PMID- 2635032
TI  - [Morphologic characteristics of intercuspidization].

PMID- 2635033
TI  - [Hemorrhagic cyst of the mandible].

PMID- 2635034
TI  - [Anatomical signs of the phonation system].

PMID- 2635035
TI  - [Phonatory articulation].

PMID- 2635036
TI  - [Phonetics and mounting of frontals].

PMID- 2635037
TI  - [Comparative analysis of composite materials].

PMID- 2635038
TI  - [Amalgam sculpture step by step].

PMID- 2635039
TI  - [Matrices: the Biaggi ring].

PMID- 2635040
TI  - [Posterior composites compared].

PMID- 2635041
TI  - [Frenulectomy for ankyloglossia].

PMID- 2635042
TI  - [Asymmetrical partial crown preparation].

PMID- 2635043
TI  - [Canal obturation].

PMID- 2635044
TI  - [Frenulectomy: indications and limits].

PMID- 2635045
TI  - [Gold foil in Class V restorations].

PMID- 2635046
TI  - [Self-threading endosseous screw].

PMID- 2635047
TI  - [Regional section of the apex and its curettage].

PMID- 2635048
TI  - [Reliability of retrograde apical seal].

PMID- 2635049
TI  - [SEM evaluation of a new posterior composite].

PMID- 2635050
TI  - [Diagnostic value of five observers in evaluating systematic orthopanoramic
      radiographs].

PMID- 2635051
TI  - [Hepatitis B--an occupational hazard preventable by immunization].

PMID- 2635052
TI  - [Caries epidemiology and the SCOR-system].

PMID- 2635053
TI  - Tandem neurofibromas associated with cord compression.

PMID- 2635054
TI  - Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in the central nervous system:
      identification of specific loci of basic FGF expression in the rat brain.
AB  - The expression of basic FGF mRNA, while virtually absent in peripheral tissues,
      appears to be constitutively expressed in the central nervous system. As such,
      while it is difficult to detect any mRNA encoding basic FGF in the heart, lung,
      kidneys, ovaries, liver, or pituitary of rats, the levels are easily detected in
      brain. A regional analysis of the expression of basic FGF mRNA in brain reveals
      that it is widely distributed in the cortex (frontal, parietal, and occipital),
      the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and pons. Only a few loci of basic FGF synthesis
      are detected by in situ hybridization and include layers 2 and 6 of the medial
      (cingulate) cortex, the indusium griseum, fasciola cinereum, and field CA2 of the
      hippocampus. The identification of specific cell populations in the brain, and
      particularly in the hippocampus, that synthesize basic FGF supports the notion
      that this potent neurotrophic factor is involved in normal CNS function and that
      the presence (or absence) of its expression may be linked to the pathogenesis of
      the neurogenerative diseases characterizing these various loci. The significance
      of these findings with respect to the regulation of basic FGF expression in
      peripheral tissue and the central nervous system is discussed.

PMID- 2635055
TI  - Interleukin 3 mediates interleukin 6 production in murine interleukin 3-dependent
      hemopoietic cells.
AB  - A series of murine interleukin 3 (IL-3)-dependent hemopoietic cell lines was
      studied for the capacity to produce interleukin 6 (IL-6) in vitro. These included
      a bone marrow-derived mast cell line (L138.8A) and several early myeloid cell
      lines described in the literature (DA-1, DA-3, NFS-60, NFS-78, FDC-P1, FDC-P2,
      FDC-PmixA4, and 32Dcl.23). All of these cell lines produced growth factor
      activity for IL-6-dependent hybridoma cells (7TD1), which was completely
      neutralized by the monoclonal anti-IL-6-antibody 6B4. IL-6 expression was also
      evident at the mRNA level using a murine IL-6-specific cDNA probe. In 32Dcl.23
      cells (2 x 10(5)/ml) stimulated for 24 hr with serial dilutions of purified
      murine IL-3, a positive correlation was found between the IL-3 dose and the
      amount of IL-6 measured in the conditioned media. At 24 hr this correlation was
      not evident at the mRNA level. However, prolonged exposure of 32Dcl.23 cells (up
      to 72 hr) to either a high (60 U/ml) or a low IL-3 concentration (1 U/ml)
      revealed a time-dependent increase and decrease, respectively, of IL-6 mRNA
      levels. At both IL-3 concentrations 32Dcl.23 cells remained in a fully viable and
      proliferative state. The influence of IL-3 on IL-6 release could be specifically
      counteracted by anti-IL-3-antiserum. IL-6 added alone or in concert with IL-3 did
      not stimulate 32Dcl.23 proliferation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635056
TI  - Effects of interleukin-6 on the growth of normal and transformed rat liver cells
      in culture.
AB  - Recombinant human interleukin-6 produced a dose-dependent inhibition of DNA
      synthesis in both growing and mitogen-stimulated cultures of normal rat liver
      epithelial cells and also in primary rat hepatocytes. A significant inhibition of
      DNA synthesis (P less than 0.001) was obtained with 1 ng/ml (10 Units/ml)
      interleukin-6 in normal rat liver epithelial cells. The ID50 for inhibition of
      DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes was 1 ng/ml. In contrast to the effects
      of transforming growth factor beta (Type I), where an almost complete inhibition
      of DNA synthesis could be achieved with either cell type, the maximal inhibition
      observed with interleukin-6 for both of these cell types was about 45%. Thus
      distinct mechanisms are involved in the inhibition of liver cell growth by these
      growth modulators. Transformed liver-derived cell lines were relatively resistant
      to the growth inhibitory effects of both interleukin-6 and TGF-beta 1 compared
      with the normal cells. However, human Hep G2 cells, which were completely
      resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-beta 1, were moderately
      inhibited by interleukin-6, indicating that the mechanisms responsible for the
      acquired resistance to growth inhibition is different for these growth
      inhibitors. The ability of interleukin-6 to function as a growth inhibitor in
      vitro was confirmed using normal rat liver epithelial cells. Interleukin-6 at a
      concentration of 10 ng/ml produced a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in
      the proliferation of these cells. These data demonstrate that interleukin-6 may
      have the capability of functioning as a growth regulatory polypeptide for liver
      cells in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635057
TI  - [Influence on de- and remineralization of dental enamel by toothbrushing with a
      dental salt].
AB  - In the study in question, tests were made to determine whether a dental salt,
      with or without the addition of fluoride, can improve the remineralization effect
      of the saliva. The experiments were performed in vitro by applying a method in
      which the dental enamel was softened and rehardened several times within a short
      period. The Knoop hardness of the enamel surface was used to determine the degree
      of de- and remineralization. The results clearly confirm the remineralization
      promoting effect of the fluoride added to the dental salt.

PMID- 2635058
TI  - [Plaque--gingivitis--periodontitis. (2) Microbiology and pathogenesis of
      periodontitis].
AB  - In a survey, current conceptions regarding the origin of gingivitis and
      periodontitis, as well as their clinical picture, are described. After the build
      up of the bacterial plaque in several phases to form a periodontal pathogenic
      plaque, following a short, acute stage, a chronic gingivitis soon establishes
      itself in the neighbouring soft gingival tissue, from which, not inevitably,
      however, a periodontitis can develop after some years, the osseous parts now also
      being involved in the periodontal destruction, in which the polymorphonuclear
      neutrophilic granulocytes appear to have a major share. Depending on the age of
      the patient, progress of the disease, and the composition of the subgingival
      plaque, endeavours are made to classify the periodontal diseases into four
      subgroups. In recent years, however, doubt has increased as to whether gingivitis
      and even the periodontitides can be considered as comprising a single disease.
      However, this does not affect therapeutic concepts developed on the basis of
      opinions to date and which, as a rule, are successful, so that, for the time
      being, there is no reason for a change in this sphere.

PMID- 2635059
TI  - [Steglitz ten-year pre-school dental health program].
AB  - The prophylactic dental program for 5 to 6 year old pre-school children, which
      has been conducted in Berlin-Steglitz for the past 10 years, is described, in
      which not only questions and exercises in respect of oral hygiene and healthy
      nutrition are included, but also comprehensive demonstrations of what happens in
      the dental practice. The pre-school program is always in great demand. Children
      show more willingness to be treated.

PMID- 2635060
TI  - [Toothbrushing before or after mealtime].

PMID- 2635061
TI  - [Distribution of oral hygiene aids on air flights].
AB  - The question as to which dental care aids airlines offered their passengers to
      assist their oral hygiene during their flight was to be answered with the
      assistance of a questionnaire. 56 replies showed large differences existed
      varying with the different airlines, the flight time and the passenger class.
      Toothpicks were offered by almost 90% of the companies. Toothbrushes, toothpaste
      and mouth hygiene sets were distributed more rarely, primarily in the higher
      passenger classes and on long haul flights. The use of the aids was estimated by
      24 companies as frequent, 12 estimated that the distributed aids were rarely used
      or mainly had a souvenir value.

PMID- 2635062
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopic study of penetrability of sealants in relation to
      fissure morphology of permanent premolars in humans].
AB  - In the work presented here, the morphological types of the fissure system in
      permanent human premolars are established, their average depth and width as well
      as the penetration capacity of fissure in relation to the morphological type of
      the fissure established (V, U, Y1, Y2). The largest average fissure depth was
      yielded by the Y2-configuration, the lowest by the V-type. The largest average
      entrance width was shown by the V-type, the lowest by the Y2-type. A total of 71%
      of the cases showed a complete filling of the fissure pattern by the sealing
      matter. All types of V- and U-fissures were totally filled up. With the Y1-type
      there is a total filling up in 60.7-88.1% of the cases, with the Y1 type in 23.6
      57.6% of the cases to be expected. The penetration capacity of the sealer is in a
      certain correlation to the width of the fissure entrance and the fissure depth.

PMID- 2635063
TI  - [Dried fruit as sugar substitute?].
AB  - Alternative foodstuffs restrict the usage of household sugar and instead
      recommend sweet honey or dried fruits; in popular informative magazines raisins
      and dried fruit are even described as "healthy snacks". In this study, with the
      help of sugar clearance and lactic acid measurements, the cariogenic potential of
      dried fruits is to be better estimated. The results clearly show that the
      alternative recommendations do not promote healthy teeth. The cariogenic
      potential of the named foodstuffs is comparable to sucrose containing products.

PMID- 2635064
TI  - [Effect of Xylitol chewing gum on total saliva and dental plaque in caries-active
      persons].
AB  - Total saliva and toothplaque values were investigated with caries active persons
      during the use of xylital containing chewing gum. 20 caries active individuals
      (DMFS 54.4) chewed 5 xylitol chewing gums per day over a period of 4 weeks. The
      most important result was the reduction in lacto-bacilli values. This may have
      occurred because of the inability of acid forming bacteria to metabolise xylitol.

PMID- 2635065
TI  - Normally cycling and latch bridges in venous smooth muscle.
AB  - We have studied the mechanical properties of the crossbridges of canine saphenous
      venous smooth muscle during activation by electrical stimulation. A length
      tension relationship study showed that at optimal length (1o) the maximum
      isometric tension (Po) developed was 87.9 mN/mm2. Resting tension at 1o was only
      6% Po, which indicates a very compliant muscle. Active tension was observed at
      muscle lengths greater than 0.3 1o. The maximum shortening capacity was 0.65 1o.
      Force-velocity and series elastic characteristics were determined by the method
      of quick release to a set of load clamps applied during the course of an
      isometric contraction. The data were fitted by the hyperbolic Hill equation.
      Estimated maximum shortening velocity at zero load (Vo) an index of the
      crossbridge cycling rate) was 0.26 1o/s which was attained early in the
      contraction (5 s after the stimulation). A 11.9% decline in Vo was observed at
      the plateau of the contraction which occurred at 15 s. The stress (sigma)-strain
      (epsilon) curve for the series elastic component could be approximated by the
      equation sigma = B[exp(A epsilon)-1], where A = 76.51 (1/1o), B = 2.89 mN/mm2 at
      5 s and A = 61.49 (1/1o), B = 1.85 mN/mm2 at 15 s. Like other smooth muscles, in
      general, saphenous vein develops considerable isometric tension and has a high
      shortening capacity but a low shortening velocity. The reduction in shortening
      velocity that occurs after 5 s in an isometric contraction is probably due to the
      development of so-called latch bridges.

PMID- 2635066
TI  - Caffeine-induced contraction in arteries from stroke-prone spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - Differences in caffeine-induced contraction in smooth muscle of resistance
      vessels from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and Wistar
      Kyoto rats (WKY) were investigated by using mesenteric artery preparations. The
      contraction induced by caffeine (10 mM) was greater in SHRSP preparations, both
      in the presence and absence of Ca (10 min after Ca removal). Caffeine-induced
      contraction was gradually decreased by the removal of extracellular Ca. No
      significant difference was observed in the time course of the decay of the
      contraction between SHRSP and WKY preparations, and the contraction disappeared
      when the time in Ca-free solution exceeded 80 min. The contraction induced by
      high-K-Tyrode's solution was completely abolished within 10 min after Ca removal,
      both in SHRSP and WKY preparations. Caffeine-induced contraction could be blocked
      by procaine or ryanodine. The results suggest that caffeine induces contraction
      by releasing Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum, and that the release of Ca is
      greater in SHRSP vascular smooth muscle. It is also suggested that sarcoplasmic
      reticulum is leaky for stored Ca when extracellular Ca is removed, and that the
      rate of leakage does not differ between smooth muscle cells of SHRSP and WKY
      mesenteric arteries.

PMID- 2635068
TI  - [The importance of analytical chemistry in the study of biodistribution and
      pharmacokinetics of drugs].

PMID- 2635067
TI  - Myogenic responses are independent of the endothelium in rat pressurized
      posterior cerebral arteries.

PMID- 2635069
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of salicylate in rabbits with acute renal damage].
AB  - Changes in the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sodium salicylate were studied
      in rabbits with acute renal damage induced by intravenous administration of
      uranyl nitrate in the dose of 0.2 mg/kg. In the pathological group there occurs a
      marked decrease in elimination characteristics, the total plasma clearance of
      salicylate linearly decreasing with a decrease in the value of glomerular
      filtration rate. The plasma levels of creatinine and urea are suitable indices
      for the estimation of the changes in the plasma binding of salicylate. An
      increase in the fraction of free salicylate in the plasma of rabbits with acute
      impairment of the kidney results in a not very conclusive increase in the size of
      distributional volumes. In the control group mainly the unchanged drug is
      excreted into urine, whereas in rabbits with acute renal damage salicylate
      metabolites represent the majority of the eliminated amount.

PMID- 2635070
TI  - [Distribution of 14C-pethidine in the blood of certain species].
AB  - Binding of 14C-pethidine to erythrocytes of some species, particularly human, rat
      and rabbit, was examined in two different concentrations. This binding was
      investigated by direct measurement of the relative representation in
      erythrocytes, plasma proteins and the free fraction in blood. In the case of
      human erythrocytes the relative representation was 33%, in the rat ones 44%, and
      in the rabbit ones 54%. The fraction bound to plasma proteins was 45% in man, 29%
      in rats, and 27% in rabbits. The portion of the free fraction was 22% in man, 27%
      in rats, and 19% in rabbits. The ratio of the concentrations of the fraction
      bound to erythrocytes and the fraction free in the blood was 1.72 in man, 2.09 in
      rats, and 3.92 in rabbits. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that
      binding of pethidine to erythrocytes does not play an insignificant part in total
      pharmacokinetics of pethidine.

PMID- 2635071
TI  - [The effect of hydrogenated ergot alkaloids on immune functions. II. The primary
      antibody response and proliferative activity in mouse spleen cells in vitro].
AB  - The present paper investigated the proliferative response of murine splenic cells
      in the tissue culture after stimulation with the polyclonal activators PHA, ConA
      and PWM. Proliferation of cells and DNA synthesis were measured by means of
      radioactively labelled thymidine. Furthermore, the primary antibody response of
      murine splenic cells in the tissue culture after activation with sheep red blood
      cells was examined. The response was measured by determining the number of plaque
      forming cells (PFC). The number of PFC's was determined by the plaque method of
      local haemolysis, in modification by the drop method. In these tests the ergot
      alkaloids dihydroergocornine, dihydroergocristine, dihydro-alpha-ergocryptine and
      dihydro-beta-ergocryptine were evaluated in two doses, 600 and 1200
      micrograms/kg/day p. o. for the period of 14 days. Dihydroergocornine in these
      tests increased the primary antibody response in a statistically significant
      manner; on the other hand, after its administration in the higher dose decreased
      proliferation after PHA was found. The finding after dihydroergocristine
      administration was of interest. This ergot alkaloid slightly increased
      proliferation of cells after PHA and PWM as well as the primary antibody response
      of murine cells. After the administration of dihydro-alpha-ergocryptine increased
      proliferation after stimulation with PWM and increased primary antibody response,
      and after the administration of dihydro-beta-ergocryptine increased proliferation
      of cells after stimulation with PHA were found.

PMID- 2635072
TI  - [5-Substituted 3-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazoles as a potential thyrostaticagent].
AB  - Within the framework of the study of the relationships between the structure and
      thyreostatic activity of cyclic analogues of thiourea, a series of 5-substituted
      3-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazoles was prepared in order to answer the question of how
      the presence of another nitrogen atom in position 1 and the presence of the
      substituent in position 5 would influence thyreostatic activity. The synthesis
      was based on 1-acylsubstituted thiosemicarbazides which were cyclized to the
      pertinent 3-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazoles. Furthermore, esters of dicarboxylic
      acids were used, which with thiosemicarbazide in alcoholate yielded the pertinent
      mercaptotriazoles. Selected 5-substituted 3-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazoles were
      tested on adult male rats of Wistar strain. The effects of the agents under study
      on the level of serum thyroxine (T4), total body weight, heart weight, thyroid
      gland weight, and the number of leucocytes were investigated. The results of the
      tests show that whereas the presence of nitrogen in position 1 influenced the
      thyreostatic activity of the agents prepared in an insubstantial manner only, the
      presence of a substituent in position 5 acts, except a methyl or ethyl group,
      dystherapeutically, and with the increasing volume of the substituent therapeutic
      activity disappears regardless of the fact whether an aliphatic or aromatic
      substituent is concerned.

PMID- 2635073
TI  - [Mechanisms of repair of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves in relation
      to resolving problems of demyelination and toxic injury].

PMID- 2635074
TI  - [Developmental aspects of regeneration of the spinal cord (observations on chick
      embryos)].
AB  - The reaction of the embryonic spinal cord to mechanical transversal myelotomy has
      some general features: 1. It is above all a glial reaction and repair by a glial
      scar which is the more subtle, the younger the damaged embryonic tissue. 2. The
      younger the spinal cord, the more powerfully it responds by proliferative
      reactions. 3. We never observed restoration of the original spinal architecture.
      The older the embryo, the more marked the defects of the grey and white matter.
      4. During transversal myelotomy in older embryos after damage of already develop
      spinal pathways irreversible disconnection of the spinal cord from higher
      compartments of the CNS occurs and this is manifested by a marked reduction of
      the spontaneous activity of the spinal generator of embryonic motorics with all
      sequelae for its further morphological and functional development.

PMID- 2635075
TI  - [The development of the brain and perinatal hypoxia].
AB  - The authors describe the development of dendrite structure of pyramidal cells of
      the CA 1 area of the hippocampus in the laboratory rat. The postnatal dendrite
      growth comprises their eventual branching and increasing number of dendritic
      segments. The final number of segments is reached first at the terminal branching
      of the apical dendrite and at the proximal lateral fibres (by the 10th day). In
      basal dendrites the branching is terminated on the 15th day of postnatal life. On
      the main stem and preterminal fibres of the apical dendrite the position
      comparable with the adult brain is reached at the age of 25 days. Repeated
      hypobaric hypoxia influenced the mentioned dendrite development in a quantitative
      way. In particular the number of dendritic branches and the density of dendritic
      spikes of pyramidal cells was lower. Hypoxia influenced in a similar way also
      interneurones of the hippocampus even when their number increased. The authors
      assume therefore that exposure to intermittent hypoxia during development leads
      to reduced input information. Conversely interneurones of the hippocampus are
      more resistant to oxygen deficiency, but the thus created disbalance obviously is
      the basis of the unbalanced character of stimulation and inhibition phenomena.

PMID- 2635076
TI  - [Does a "transcortical" loop of the long-latency muscle reflex exist?].
AB  - EMG responses were produced by electric stimulation of the dermal branches of the
      nn. digilates of the index finger of the right hand and recorded from the m.
      interosseus dorsalis I. during its slight isometric contraction. The mean initial
      latency of a long-latency muscular reflex was 50.68 ms in men and 49.13 in women.
      The author mentions some arguments indicating the probable existence of a
      transcortical loop: The latency of long-latency reflexes increases gradually from
      proximal to distal muscles. The short-latency component of the somatosensory
      evoked potential N20 appears mid-time between the time of the stimulus and the
      onset of the long-latency reflex and thus the time interval in the long-latency
      reflex is sufficient for a transcortical loop. The author found a facilitation of
      the muscular reflex response as well as of the preparatory cortical potential
      during the preparatory period of voluntary flexion of the fingers during
      concurrent electric stimulation of the peripheral nerve. The late reflex
      component increases considerably and is better synchronized during the movement
      of the thumb instead of isometric contraction, because during kinetic innervation
      afferent impulses reach the precentral cortex at a higher facilitated level.
      These results document well the modifiable, plastic behaviour of transcortical
      reflexes. The method of long-latency reflexes can be used in electrophysiological
      diagnosis of disorders of the CNS and it is promising also in therapeutic
      stimulation rehabilitation and in locomotor reeducation.

PMID- 2635077
TI  - [The new hemorheologic drug VULM 957 improves cerebral circulation].
AB  - The authors investigated the effect of a newly synthetized haemorheological drug
      VULM 957 for basic haemorheological parameters in vitro and on the cerebral flow
      in vivo. It was revealed that substance VULM 957 inhibits in a dose-dependent and
      time-dependent way the platelet aggregation, reduces the viscosity of blood,
      increases the deformability of red blood cells and increases the cerebral blood
      flow. Analysis of possible mechanisms of action of VULM 957 indicates that the
      observed positive haemorheological effects are due to the influence on the
      fluidity of the platelet and red cell membrane. The increased cerebral blood flow
      after administration of VULM 957 depends obviously on the reduced viscosity of
      the blood and the inhibited formation of platelet microaggregates. The presented
      results justify the assumption that VULM is a perspective substance in the
      therapy of cerebrovascular diseases.

PMID- 2635078
TI  - [Erythrocyte deformability in patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular
      stroke].
AB  - The authors investigated in a group of 40 patients the deformability of the red
      cells, using the disintegration method by means of brilliant cresyl blue. The
      control group was formed by blood donors from the blood transfusion station. The
      disintegration of the red cells was investigated in vitro in isotonic NaCl
      solution and in Krebs-Ringer solution with two concentrations of brilliant cresyl
      blue, i.e. 0.25 and 0.5 nmol/l1. It was revealed that the disintegration of red
      cells was significantly lower in Krebs-Ringer solution in blood donors and
      patients in both concentrations of brilliant cresyl blue that in isotonic NaCl.
      In patients where blood samples were collected within 24 hours after the attack,
      no significant difference was found in the disintegration of red cells as
      compared with blood donors. There was no significant difference in the
      disintegration of red cells in patients 24 hours after the attack and 10 to 20
      days after the attack. The authors conclude that in the above conditions no
      substantial changes in the deformability of the red cells occur.

PMID- 2635079
TI  - [Periodic discharges in clinical electroencephalography].
AB  - The authors recorded generalized and focal periodic discharges in 49 EEG tracings
      from 27 patients aged 5 to 75 years. According to the shape of the waves and
      their complexes generalized periodic discharges were formed by slow waves, sharp
      waves or spikes, triphasic waves and periodic activity of the "suppression burst"
      type. Focal periodic discharges had the shaps of slow waves and so-called
      periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges. Six patients suffered from
      Creutzfeldt-Jacob's disease and from herpetic encephalitis. Four had an acute
      cerebrovascular attack. Three suffered from subacute sclerotizing
      panencephalitis. Other conditions found included metabolic brain damage, post
      traumatic purulent meningitis, anoxic encephalopathy and partial motor
      convulsions. Different types of periodic discharges were found in the same
      disease and even in the same patient and conversely one type of periodic
      discharges is found in different diseases. The authors assume that periodic
      discharges are not specific, have a different aetiology but obviously a common
      pathophysiological mechanism. From the EEG alone conclusions on the aetiology can
      be drawn only with a limited probability. It is necessary to use a comprehensive
      approach in their evaluation, taking account age, the clinical picture and
      development as well as results of other examinations. The 70.3% mortality in the
      group provides evidence that periodic discharges are a serious finding as regards
      the prognosis of the disease.

PMID- 2635080
TI  - [Duffy blood groups and HLA antigens in hereditary motor-sensory neuropathy].
AB  - The Duffa system (Fya Fyb) and HLA antigens were examined in 86 subjects (39
      affected, 47 healthy) in 17 families with HMSN type I, II and III. They recorded
      the incidence of autosomal dominant as well as recessive (possibly sporadic)
      forms. In the autosomal dominant form of HMSN type I a close relationship was
      detected between genes coding the investigated disease and blood cell signs Fya
      and Fyb. Recombination was found only in 9.1% of the cases. Investigation HLA
      antigens revealed marked reduction of the B27 antigen in the investigated
      patients. A striking sign in families with the autosomal dominant form of HMSN
      type I was an identical haplotype of the majority of parents.

PMID- 2635081
TI  - [The sleep apnea syndrome].
AB  - Polygraphic nocturnal records make it possible to differentiate different forms
      of the sleep apnoea syndrome, depending on the predominating type of apnoea-
      central or obstructive. In mixed apnoea always one component predominates. On
      five typical cases of sleep apnoea the authors describe basic symptoms,
      principles of diagnosis and pathophysiological mechanisms of their development.
      In the clinical picture usually several factors and pathophysiological systems
      participate, most frequently functional disorders of respiratory centres and
      tonigenetic structure along with their afferentation or inhibition by afferent
      stimulation. The authors describe therapeutic approaches. Tracheostomy is
      recommended nowadays only in vital indication.

PMID- 2635082
TI  - [Basilar artery migraine].
AB  - The author describes two clinical observations of migraine of the basilar artery:
      with infarction of the cerebellar hemisphere in a 21-year-old woman and migraine
      equivalents of transient homonymous hemianopsia in a 27-year-old man. The author
      analyzed the clinical picture and assessed seven diagnostic criteria of migraine
      of the basilar artery. In the prophylaxis of migrainous attacks in both instanes
      metipranolol-80 mg/day-proved effective.

PMID- 2635083
TI  - [Naltrexone in narcolepsy. Initial experience].
AB  - The administration of 550 mg naltrexon in the course of 13 days did not four
      patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy to improvement of symptoms of the disease and
      did not improve their appetite or increase their body weight. No side-effects of
      naltrexon were observed.

PMID- 2635084
TI  - [Dilatation of malignant esophageal stenoses using a balloon catheter].
AB  - The paper summarizes the experience with the dilatation of malignant oesophageal
      stenosis by a balloon catheter. In a patient after gastrectomy with a relapse of
      the tumorous process the author performed 10 dilatation interventions by a
      balloon 22 mm wide. After a short interval of renewed normal passage, marked
      swallowing difficulties always rapidly returned. The patient died 24 hours after
      a subsequent surgical revision and an attempt to remove the tumour.

PMID- 2635085
TI  - [The Mevatrom KD 80/67 linear accelerator].
AB  - Technical equipment of radiotherapeutic wards is presently supplemented with
      irradiators on the principle of a linear accelerator. The paper briefly describes
      the principle of linear accelerator with standing wave and its basic technical
      parameters. Data on electric, mechanic and densitometric properties of this
      apparatus and accessories are presented. Therapeutic beams of bremsstrahlung and
      electron radiation were characterized in the whole range of energy, i.e. 0.961
      and 3.204 pJ (6 and 20 MV) for bremsstrahlung and 0.961 to 3.364 pJ (6 to 21 MeV)
      for electron radiation. In the last part the performed hygienic measurements are
      also described.

PMID- 2635086
TI  - [Radiographic signs of rotator cuff tears in the shoulder].
AB  - In 42 patients affected by disruption of the whole layer of the shoulder rotator
      collar the authors compared radiographic changes on a simple radiograph in
      anterior-posterior projection with operation findings. The proliferative changes
      on the large trochanter of humerus and the humeroacromial distance were decisive
      for prognosis of the operation therapy for the disrupted collar. The patients
      with a shorter humeroacromial distance were affected, after the operation, by a
      worse external rotation of the arm, worse extension and muscular strength of the
      arm in the extension position. Radiographic changes observed on the shoulder
      together with other factors are decisive for the strategy of conservative and
      operation therapy.

PMID- 2635087
TI  - [Computer tomography in the differential diagnosis of edema of the extremities].
AB  - Computer tomography provides valuable information for differentiating some cases
      of extremity edemas of acute and chronic venostatic origin and lymphedema-
      primary and secondary, in malignant processes. The paper presents graphic
      representation of individual kinds of changes and observed densities in 33
      patients.

PMID- 2635088
TI  - Metal surface modification with ceramic film coating.

PMID- 2635089
TI  - Quantitative and morphological studies of the bones by mathematical morphology-
      theory and practice of mathematical morphology.
AB  - To quantitatively analyze internal bone structures, trabecular bones were
      quantitatively studied through the application of mathematical morphology.
      Mathematical morphology considers the shape of the analyze objects and utilizes
      image processing theory in an approach that is extremely effective on for
      studying the complex shapes of trabecular bones. This paper describes
      quantitative studies made of trabecular bone density and width, trabecular
      specific length per unit area, and trabecular bone orientation.

PMID- 2635090
TI  - Quantitative and morphological studies on the trabecular bones in the condyloid
      processes of the Japanese mandibles. Comparisons between dentulous and edentulous
      specimens.
AB  - Using dentulous and edentulous specimens, mathematical morphology was applied to
      quantities bone morphology measurements, of the trabecular bones in the condyloid
      processes, which form the temporomandibular joint and are the center of
      mandibular motion. There is a tendency for trabecular bone density and width in
      edentulous specimens to be comparatively lower than for dentulous specimens and a
      similar decrease in continuity of the trabecular bones. Values for specific
      length are highest in dentulous specimens, indicating a greater degree of
      interlocking. A degree of regularity is observed in trabecular bone orientation;
      in edentulous specimens trabecular bones other than major ones are fewer and
      thinner.

PMID- 2635091
TI  - High-resolution scanning electron microscopy of formative osteoblasts, with
      special emphasis on intracellular membranous organelles.
AB  - Formative osteoblasts in immature bone obtained from newborn rats were examined
      with a high-resolution scanning electron microscope. The three dimensional
      ultrastructures of intracellular membranous organelles in formative osteoblasts
      were revealed by the maceration and extraction of cytoplasmic soluble elements
      with dilute osmium tetroxide after DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) freeze-cracking in
      liquid nitrogen. Typical formative osteocytes covering self-produced
      unmineralized matrix were plumply ovoid or ellipsoid in shape. Their cytoplasms
      were filled with intracellular organelles related to matrix-formation such as
      Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum
      (RER). The Golgi apparatus of formative osteoblast was composed of the three
      kinds of prominent elements, which were lamellar portions stacked several
      cisterns with some fenestrations, abundant vesicles, and vacuoles. The Golgi
      cisterns frequently extended continuing in a circle. A large number of spherical
      protrusions indicative of arising the vesicles and elongated tubular structures
      were usually observed in a part of the Golgi cisterns. The tubular structures
      which mediated between adjoining Golgi cisterns, or between the Golgi cisterns
      and RER in the Golgi area, presumably play an intercommunication role in
      secretion products. The RER was highly oriented in almost parallel rows from both
      the Golgi area and nucleus to the cell margins, while small in the Golgi area.
      The RER had enlarged fenestrations than that of the Golgi cisterns. Minute
      ribosomes of about 28 nm were associated closely with the membrane surface of the
      RER facing the cytoplasmic matrix.

PMID- 2635092
TI  - Ultrastructure of the organized sensory nerve endings in the lower lip mucosa of
      Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).

PMID- 2635093
TI  - The effect of vitamin E on glycosylated hemoglobin levels in diabetic rats: a
      preliminary report.
AB  - The effect of vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopherol acetate) on glycosylated hemoglobin
      levels was investigated in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The animals were divided
      into four groups: (a) Group 1: control group, (b) Group 2: diabetic group, (c)
      Group 3: diabetic group treated with low-dose vitamin E and (d) Group 4: diabetic
      group treated with high-dose vitamin E. Starting 24 hr after streptozotocin
      injections (60 mg/kg), Groups 3 and 4 received intraperitoneal injections of
      vitamin E on days 1, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18 and 21 at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1,000
      mg/kg respectively. Vitamin E treatment did not prevent weight loss or improve
      glycemic control in diabetic animals but significantly suppressed the increase in
      glycosylated hemoglobin in Group 4 (7.7 +/- 0.6 mumols fructose/g hemoglobin
      versus 5.5 +/- 0.2 mumols fructose/g hemoglobin in Group 2 and Group 4
      respectively). These levels were still significantly higher than the levels in
      healthy control group animals (2.6 +/- 0.1 mumols fructose/g hemoglobin). Further
      studies on the suppressive effect of vitamin E are warranted.

PMID- 2635094
TI  - Comparison of the safety and effectiveness of human and bovine long-acting
      insulins.
AB  - Since ultralente insulin pharmacokinetics suggest faster absorption by human
      insulin when compared with bovine insulin using the subcutaneous route, the
      safety and efficacy of human ultralente in the outpatient setting was evaluated.
      Twenty type I patients participated in a randomized study using a crossover
      design of four six-week phases: (a) one daily injection of human ultralente; (b)
      two daily injections of human ultralente; (c) one daily injection of bovine
      ultralente and (d) two daily injections of bovine ultralente. Pre-meal human
      regular insulin was used with ultralente insulins and comprised 39 +/- 2% of the
      total daily insulin dose. Total and ultralente daily insulin doses were lower
      with human ultralente insulin (51.3 +/- 3.0 total and 30.9 +/- 3.4 ultra lente
      u/day) when compared to bovine ultralente insulin (57.8 +/- 4.4 and 36.1 +/- 4.4
      u/day, p less than 0.01), yet the metabolic control achieved was virtually
      identical during both phases: (hemoglobin Alc 8.6 +/- 0.2% human vs. 8.4 +/- 0.4
      bovine, p = NS). The frequency of mild hypoglycemia was 3.0 +/- 0.5 events per
      week vs 2.0 +/- 0.3 (p = NS). No severe hypoglycemia occurred. There were no
      differences between blood glucose daily profiles, insulin doses, hemoglobin Alc
      (8.6 +/- 0.4% BID vs. 8.4 +/- 0.3% QD injections) and occurrence of hypoglycemia
      between the single and two-dose long-acting regimens. These data indicate that
      long-acting semi-synthetic human insulin (a) can be effectively used as a once
      daily injection, (b) may be more biologically active than bovine, and (c) can be
      associated with safe and effective diabetes control.

PMID- 2635095
TI  - Variability of three standard neurophysiological techniques in established
      symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy.
AB  - The reproducibility of three standard neurophysiological techniques (motor and
      sensory nerve conduction velocities, vibration perception threshold and mean
      expiratory: inspiratory electrocardiographic R-R ratio) was determined from
      duplicate measurements approximately four weeks apart in 50 patients with chronic
      symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy. There was no change in average glycaemic
      control (mean +/- SD) between the measurements (HbA1 10.7 +/- 2.0 vs. 10.4 +/-
      2.1% at zero and four weeks respectively). While there were no significant
      differences in the mean values at zero and four weeks for any technique
      considerable intra-individual variability was observed in several measurements.
      Mean coefficients of variation (CV) for motor nerve conduction velocity ranged
      from 9.8% (ulnar nerve) to 10.7% (median) to 12.2% (peroneal nerve). Variability
      in sensory nerve conduction velocities (CVs 8.6, 8.7 and 14.7% for radial, ulnar
      and sural nerves respectively) was complicated by a high proportion of
      unrecordable action potentials. Duplicate action potentials were recordable from
      the sural nerve in only 15 (30%) patients. The highest intra-individual
      variability was observed in measurements of vibration perception threshold with
      CVs of 21.0% (thumb) and 18.0% (hallux). The apparently satisfactory CV of 3.6%
      for the cardiac E:I ratio test may represent an artefactually low degree of
      variability. Neurophysiological techniques in current use are characterized by
      technical limitations and intra-individual variability in patients with
      established diabetic neuropathy.

PMID- 2635096
TI  - Lawsuits challenge orthodontic norms.

PMID- 2635097
TI  - Equitable pay system requires input by all.

PMID- 2635099
TI  - Handpiece sterilization skill now essential.

PMID- 2635098
TI  - Gas-plasma 'microwave' sterilizes instruments.

PMID- 2635100
TI  - Substrate enhances porcelain shading.

PMID- 2635101
TI  - Anesthetic steps stop fear of pain.

PMID- 2635102
TI  - Cosmetic cases do not settle for merely acceptable results.

PMID- 2635103
TI  - Mechanical aids motivate patients.

PMID- 2635104
TI  - Are you vulnerable?

PMID- 2635105
TI  - The alkalizing properties of calcium hydroxide compounds.
AB  - Calcium hydroxide compounds are available in various forms, such as in aqueous
      suspensions or as cements, liners, pastes or filled resins. When such compounds
      are exposed to water, the calcium hydroxide dissociates and the pH value shifts
      to the basic. In this study the compounds Pulpdent, Dycal, Hydroxyline, Gangraena
      Merz and Prisma VLC-Dycal were subjected to analysis, including quantitative
      measurement of the amount and the chronological course of ion release following
      exposure to water, qualitative analysis of the alkalizing effects at the dentin
      surface and examination of antimicrobial properties. The results showed that
      calcium hydroxide compounds differed greatly. The strongest degree of ion
      release, combined with definite antimicrobial properties, was found for the
      aqueous calcium hydroxide suspension (Pulpdent). The cement (Dycal) demonstrated
      significantly weaker activity. The liner and the paste (Hydroxyline and Gangraena
      Merz), as well as the calcium hydroxide filled resin (Prisma VLC-Dycal), were
      largely lacking in both ion release and antimicrobial properties under the
      experimental conditions.

PMID- 2635106
TI  - Endodontic status and suggested treatment in a population requiring substantial
      dental care.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyse endodontic status and treatment
      suggested for Swedish citizens requiring substantial dental care. According to
      the Swedish dental insurance system, treatment plans including radiographs have
      to be submitted for approval if the estimated cost of treatment exceeds a certain
      level (USD 500 in 1977). A sample of 1094 treatment plans received during 1977
      and 1978 was randomly selected. In the radiographs the number of remaining teeth
      was recorded, periapical condition was evaluated and the quantity and quality of
      previous endodontic treatment were estimated. In addition, treatment plans
      concerning the teeth with periapical lesions were studied. The results indicated
      that patients analysed in this study that needed expensive treatment had more
      missing teeth, more root-filled teeth and more teeth with periapical lesions than
      what has been reported in previous studies of samples supposed to accurately
      represent the Swedish population. However, the technical quality of the root
      fillings and the frequency of periapical lesions in root-filled teeth were the
      same as in previous studies, with high frequencies of inadequate root fillings
      and related unfavourable responses. Thus the patients in this study retained a
      significant need for endodontic treatment despite having already received a great
      deal of endodontic care. Further, it was found that nearly half of the observed
      periapical lesions would not be treated based on the submitted plans.

PMID- 2635107
TI  - An enigmatic sinus tract origin.
AB  - Diagnosis of the origin of a sinus tract is very complex. In this case report, a
      sinus tract stoma appeared above the left maxillary incisor, but the causative
      tooth was the right maxillary incisor. Incorrect diagnosis led to endodontic
      treatment of a healthy tooth followed by apicoectomy, which was also ineffective.
      An endodontic consultation revealed the true origin of the sinus tract. Five days
      after completing conservative endodontic treatment of the right maxillary
      incisor, the sinus tract disappeared. This case confirms the need to include a
      diagnostic tracing radiograph as part of routine diagnostic procedures.

PMID- 2635108
TI  - Studies on malaria and filariasis vectors in Kamorta and Great Nicobar Islands.
AB  - A total of 1401 adult mosquitoes mainly dominated by Anopheles sundaicus (40.18%)
      and Culex quinquefasciatus (57.31%) were collected from Kamorta and Great Nicobar
      Islands. It was revealed from human bait collection that both species prevailed
      almost all through the night (density 8.1/man hour) with a peak around midnight.
      Mixed breeding of A. sundaicus with A. vagus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx.
      bitaeniorhynchus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was observed at many places. Adult A.
      sundaicus were found highly susceptible to DDT and larvae to Temephos (Abate).
      Cx. quinquefasciatus was resistant to DDT (31% mortality). High parity of A.
      sundaicus (40.42%) is an indication of the vectorial potential of this species to
      sustain malaria transmission in these islands.

PMID- 2635109
TI  - A preliminary malaria survey in Bisra PHC, district Sundergarh, Orissa.

PMID- 2635110
TI  - Malaria among bednet users and non-users.

PMID- 2635111
TI  - National survey of dentists' incomes.

PMID- 2635113
TI  - How to get the most out of CE courses.

PMID- 2635112
TI  - The ups are easy ... but can you handle the downs?

PMID- 2635114
TI  - Excellence in dentistry: mandibular repositioning appliances.

PMID- 2635115
TI  - More patients from internal or external marketing?

PMID- 2635116
TI  - Caries, diet and saliva.

PMID- 2635117
TI  - A preventive dentistry component in the curriculum of Israeli dental students.
AB  - A preventive dentistry program conducted by 34 and 27 senior dental students as
      an integral part of children's clinic was evaluated. At the initial meeting of
      the three-session program, dental knowledge and oral hygiene levels were all 265
      participating children. Follow-up who had participated in the prevent program the
      previous year and were now continuing their treatments, demonstrated
      significantly improved dental knowledge oral hygiene as compared to new patients.
      All of the children demonstrated significantly improved dental knowledge and oral
      hygiene at the final session of the program. The effectiveness on the
      participating children, this program was also successful in being accepted by
      students and faculty as a regular component of the clinical curriculum. The model
      presented here will be modified and improved on for future continued
      implementation.

PMID- 2635118
TI  - Emulsion clearing characteristics in the processing of dental radiographic films.
AB  - Recent problems in the fixation of dental X-ray films during processing have led
      to a study of the clearing of dental emulsions. A method has been devised to
      compare the behaviour of different emulsions and fixing chemistry under varying
      conditions of time and temperature. The ease with which emulsions clear has been
      shown to relate to the fixer chemistry, temperature and time of fixation and, for
      D-speed films, to the speed of the emulsion. The density of the residual silver
      halide is approximately inversely proportional to the time and temperature for
      the ranges explored. E-speed emulsion was less affected than D-speed by fixer
      chemistry, time and temperature. Fixation is relatively less influenced by
      temperature changes than development. A suspected relationship between clearing
      ability and emulsion thickness has not been demonstrated reliably in this
      investigation. The evaluation of these variables is of relevance to those
      concerned with the manufacture of films, processors, and processing chemistry as
      well as to those who process X-ray films.

PMID- 2635119
TI  - Standard forms of dentition and mandible for applications in rotational panoramic
      radiography.
AB  - Mathematical expressions describing the average form and size of the dentition
      and the mandible are presented. These expressions should be of value in
      applications of panoramic radiography when reference to an average standard jaw
      form is of interest. Data were collected from axial radiographs of 35 males and
      35 females of three ethnic groups: Mexican-Americans, black Americans and
      American and Scandinavian Caucasians. Curves were traced on the axial radiographs
      representing the dentition and the mandible and points along these curves
      digitized. Mathematical expressions were established using advanced algorithms
      for orthogonal polynomial curve fitting, i.e. perpendicular distances to the
      curved dentition and mandible were minimized rather than distances parallel to
      the y-axis in an arbitrarily chosen coordinate system. The standard deviations
      around the polynomials defining the average curves are demonstrated and
      expressions for calculating the continuously varying standard deviations are
      given.

PMID- 2635120
TI  - Accuracy of radiographic caries diagnosis using different X-ray generators.
AB  - Dental X-ray machines utilizing five different combinations of X-ray generators
      and tube voltages (Philips Oralix 65 kV, Siemens Heliodent EC 60 kV, Siemens
      Heliodent 70 kV, Soredex Minray DC 60 kV and Soredex Minray DC 70 kV) were
      compared with respect to the accuracy of radiographic diagnosis of proximal
      caries. Nine observers diagnosed proximal caries in radiographs of extracted
      premolars. The findings of the observers were compared to the actual presence or
      absence of caries. The ROC-curve technique was used to evaluate differences in
      diagnostic accuracy between the X-ray machines. The results showed small
      differences in diagnostic accuracy between the different X-ray generators but
      they proved to be statistically non-significant.

PMID- 2635121
TI  - Comparison between panoramic and periapical radiography in the diagnosis of
      periodontal bone loss.
AB  - Panoramic and periapical radiography was performed on 100 patients. Five
      observers each registered the scores for marginal bone level, presence of bone
      defects and furcation involvement in the radiographs of 20 patients and the
      results were compared. The overall concordance in scoring the marginal bone level
      was high when panoramic and periapical radiography was compared. In the upper
      arch, 66% of the sites showed concordant scores, 31% deviated by one and 3% by
      two score-points. In the lower arch, 74% of sites had concordant scores, 25%
      deviated by one and 1% by two score-points. The panoramic radiographs more often
      indicated a more severe bone loss than the periapical radiographs. The
      concordance was related to the degree of bone loss. In sites with no bone loss
      the concordance was high whereas it was lower in those with severe bone loss. The
      concordance of the two radiographic methods for the mandibular canine, premolars
      and first molar was equally as high as the intra-observer overall agreement, but
      lowest for the mandibular central incisors and the maxillary molars. Bone defects
      were more easily identified by periapical radiography.

PMID- 2635122
TI  - Diagnostic value of computed tomography in parotid tumours.
AB  - In 18 cases of parotid tumours, CT demonstrated their primary site, extent and
      invasion of surrounding tissue precisely. It was valuable in the majority of
      cases in differentiating benign from malignant tumours and could distinguish
      accurately intrinsic from extrinsic. CT sialography was superior in equivocal
      cases when it made the tumour easier to identify and the diagnosis more accurate.

PMID- 2635123
TI  - Temporomandibular degenerative joint disease in children and adolescents: report
      of eight cases.
AB  - The prevalence of degenerative joint disease (DJD), of the temporomandibular
      joint (TMJ) in adolescents and its clinical and radiographic presentation has not
      been widely described. During a 2-year period, 174 patients with TMJ pain or
      dysfunction were referred to the Division of Oral Radiology, College of
      Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, for radiographic evaluation. Twenty-one
      patients were 18 years or younger and, of these, eight were diagnosed as having
      DJD of one or both joints on the basis of the radiographic appearances. The
      clinical and radiographic features of these eight adolescent patients are
      described and the factors potentially associated with the development of the
      condition discussed. The prevalence in this study appeared to be higher than
      previously reported.

PMID- 2635124
TI  - Fracture of the hyoid bone presenting as a dislocated mandible.
AB  - A case report is presented of a fractured hyoid bone which was missed in the
      first instance and incorrectly diagnosed as a dislocation of the mandible.

PMID- 2635125
TI  - Odontogenic keratocyst of the maxilla: a diagnostic problem.
AB  - A case is reported of an 11-year-old boy with a space-occupying lesion in the
      left maxilla: the radiographic appearances were consistent with either fibrous
      dysplasia or an adenomatoid odontogenic tumour but the histology proved it to be
      an odontogenic keratocyst.

PMID- 2635126
TI  - Orthodontic diagnosis. Part 2: Dental.

PMID- 2635127
TI  - Cephalometrics for today.

PMID- 2635128
TI  - Evaluation of alkali treatment for biodegradation of corn cobs by Aspergillus
      niger.
AB  - Effect of NaOH pretreatment on the biodegradation of corn cobs for the production
      of cellulase and protein was studied using Aspergillus niger. Delignification of
      cobs with NaOH remarkably increased the production of cellulase and protein.
      Treatment of cobs with 2% NaOH was found to be the best with respect to their
      susceptibility to biodegradation for maximum production of cellulose 1,4-beta
      cellobiosidase, cellulase, beta-glucosidase soluble protein and crude protein;
      this also led to the highest protein recovery, maximum cellulose utilization and
      also for the maximum degradation of substrate.

PMID- 2635129
TI  - Struvite crystal precipitation by different phenotypes of Yersinia.
AB  - Extracellular formation of struvite crystals by Yersinia enterocolitica, Y.
      frederiksenii, Y. kristensenii and Y intermedia strains was investigated.
      Precipitation of crystalline structures was found with 19 of the 187 strains
      tested, its formation being more frequently observed at 25 degrees C than at 37
      degrees C. Production of struvite was greater in Y. enterocolitica strains
      belonging to biotype 1, serogroup 0:7,8 and lysotype Xz, than observed in other
      phenotypes. Quantitative assay in a liquid medium showed that struvite formation
      began after 3 d of incubation; production of these crystals increased up to 15 d.
      Crystalline structures were examined using electron microscopy and their
      extracellular formation was observed.

PMID- 2635130
TI  - Inhibition of yeast-mycelium transformation by 2-alkylthio-6-amino- and 2
      alkylthio-6-formamidobenzothiazoles and their in vitro antifungal activity.
AB  - The antifungal effect of 2-alkylthio-6-amino- and 2-alkylthio-6
      formamidobenzothiazoles (22 derivatives in all) on Aspergillus niger and various
      Candida yeasts was tested. No significant effect was observed with A. niger. With
      the pathogenic yeast species C. albicans and C. guilliermondii, the most
      efficient derivatives (6-formamido-2-propylthio-, 6-formamido-2-butylthio-, 6
      formamido-2-butylthio-, 6-formamido-2-penthylthio- and 6-formamido-2
      isopentylthiobenzothiazole) exhibited ED50 values in the range from 2.2 to 21
      mg/L and were thus 3-35 times more efficient than 2-mercaptobenzothiazole
      (Dermacid) that is normally used. 6-Amino-2-pentylthiobenzothiazole was found to
      be an efficient specific inhibitor of the transformation of the yeast form of C.
      albicans to its mycelial one, IC95(M) being 10 mg/L, which was a concentration 25
      times lower than MICY+M.

PMID- 2635131
TI  - Compounds isolated at the Department of Biogenesis of Natural Substances,
      Institute of Microbiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, in 1984-1988.
AB  - A total of 41 compounds studied at the Department of Biogenesis of Natural
      Substances between 1984 and 1988 are characterized and tabulated. They include
      natural, semisynthetic and synthetic compounds.

PMID- 2635132
TI  - Effect of granaticin on the activity of DNA-directed RNA polymerase from
      Streptomyces granaticolor.
AB  - DNA-directed RNA polymerase was isolated from wild-type and mutant (asporogenic
      and granaticin overproducing) Streptomyces granaticolor. The effect of granaticin
      on the enzyme activity was compared with that of standard transcription
      inhibitors, rifampicin and rifamycin SV and shown to be zero.

PMID- 2635133
TI  - Regulation of nebramycin biosynthesis by inorganic phosphate.
AB  - The effect of inorganic phosphate on the biosynthesis of nebramycin factors 2, 4
      and 5' was studied in Streptomyces tenebrarius strain A (forming 2, 4 and 5' in
      natural ratios) and its mutants B (forming predominantly 2), C (forming 2 as the
      only major product) and D (forming predominantly 5'). In phosphate-supplemented
      complex media, the production of 2 in A, B and C was reduced by 20-70%, while the
      yields of 5' remained unchanged in A and decreased by 30-60% in B. The production
      of 4 increased by 50-90% in A and was fully suppressed in B. In D the
      biosynthesis of the three factors was inhibited completely.

PMID- 2635134
TI  - Foundations of anthropological genetics.

PMID- 2635135
TI  - Effects of seat slope and hip flexion on spinal angles in sitting.
AB  - Lumbar and thoracic spinal angles of 25 male and 25 female subjects were measured
      in four sitting postures, with standing angles used as reference. Subjects sat
      with either 90 deg or 65 deg of hip flexion on either flat or forward-sloping
      seats. Lumbar kyphosis was greatest when the flat seat/90-deg posture was adopted
      and least when the sloping seat/65-deg posture was adopted. The opposite was
      observed for the thoracic angles, and intermediate results were observed for the
      other two sitting postures. No statistically significant interactions were
      observed among seat slope, hip flexion, and subject sex. The findings are
      discussed with reference to the anatomy of sitting and factors influencing pelvic
      tilt and the implications for the ergonomic design of chairs.

PMID- 2635136
TI  - Trends in finger pinch strength in children, adults, and the elderly.
AB  - This study explores empirical relationships among different types of pinches in
      three age groups. Peak maximum voluntary forces of several pinches--lateral,
      chuck, and pulp pinches with digits 2, 3, 4, and 5-were tested in 182 subjects
      comprising 62 children (5-12 years), 70 adults (18-40 years), and 50 elderly (60
      89 years). Analysis of the forces indicated four groups of strength magnitude:
      (1) lateral and chuck, (2) pulp 2 and 3, (3) pulp 4, and (4) pulp 5, in that
      order; the strength of each type of pinch bears a definite quantitative
      relationship to every other type, regardless of age group or gender. The female
      to-male strength ratio was greatest in children (89%) and least in adults (69%).
      Comparison with other pinch strength studies established that although force
      magnitudes may be strongly influenced by specific experimental conditions,
      empirical relationships among different pinch forces are fairly stable and
      predictable.

PMID- 2635137
TI  - [A thioridazine-dihydroergotoxine combination in the treatment of senile
      pruritus].
AB  - Senile itching, a peculiar clinical situation consisting of a cutaneous senile
      involution associated with a relevant neurogenic component, still keeps being a
      difficult therapeutic problem. For the purpose, a clinical trial, carried out
      with a combination of thioridazine and dihydroergotoxine on 19 patients carriers
      of the affection, could show a relevant decrease in all parameters assessed, ie
      itching, muscle tension and skin temperature measured by biofeedback. The
      combination also showed a good tolerance.

PMID- 2635138
TI  - [Flurbiprofen in gel: study of acceptability, tolerability and evaluation of its
      allergenic potential].
AB  - The study aimed to assess the allergenic capacity of gel-based flurbiprofen in
      healthy volunteers, and then evaluate its acceptance and tolerability in patients
      affected by various skin diseases. Twenty-five healthy volunteers of both sexes
      (age range: 19-35 years) were included in the first phase of the study.
      Allergenic capacity was evaluated using Kligman's maximization test in which 5
      patch tests were carried out on the same site using a solution of 2.5% lauryl
      sulphate, followed by patch tests using gel-based flurbiprofen. Control tests
      were performed 15 days later. The second phase of the study comprised 15
      hospitalised patients, with an age range of between 18 and 70 years, affected by
      psoriasis and eczema. All patients were treated with gel-based 5% flurbiprofen
      twice daily for 2 weeks. Patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire in order
      to assess the acceptance and tolerability of the drug. Only one subject in the
      first group showed an allergic response to the drug. Adverse effects were
      observed in two patients in the second group. Drug acceptance was excellent.

PMID- 2635139
TI  - [Efficacy of fenticonazole in patients with pityriasis versicolor].
AB  - Thirty patients suffering from Pityriasis versicolor were treated with
      fenticonazole in cream or lotion form with two applications a day. At microscopy,
      Malassezia furfur was encountered in 25 cases and Pityrosporum orbiculare in 5.
      Disappearance of the yeast was obtained on average in 2 weeks of treatment.
      Measurement of sebum content with a Sebumeter apparatus did not reveal
      significant difference (p greater than 0.05) between patients suffering from
      Pityriasis versicolor and controls and in treated patients, in the course of
      topical therapy.

PMID- 2635140
TI  - [Usefulness and limitations of the evaluation of sex-hormone-binding globulin in
      women with a female pattern of androgen-induced baldness].
AB  - Sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and androgen serum levels have been evaluated
      in a homogeneous group of women with female pattern of androgenetic alopecia
      (AA), stage II, without any clinical or anamnestic evidence of acne, hirsutism,
      irregular menses. Results did not show any significant difference between
      patients and controls. Since SHBG levels are androgen-dependent, the discordant
      results of previous published series regarding women with AA could be related to
      the presence of a variable number of patients with clinical and/or anamnestic
      evidence of a "cryptic" hyperandrogenism in some series, and to their absence in
      others. Statistically significant low average SHBG values could have been
      sustained by a mild, heterogeneous and not significant androgen excess. In our
      opinion the genetically-determined response of the target organ to androgens
      seems to play the major pathogenetic role in AA, at least when the woman does not
      reveal any clinical or anamnestic evidence of cryptic or clear hyperandrogenism.

PMID- 2635141
TI  - [Dermatologic problems in patients undergoing liver transplantation].
AB  - Skin troubles were studied in 28 liver transplant patients treated with
      immunosuppressive agents. Skin complications ranged from minor annoyances to life
      threatening conditions. The frequency of dermatologic problems needs periodic
      examinations by a dermatologist.

PMID- 2635142
TI  - [A non-invasive method for measuring the visco-elastic properties of the skin in
      healthy subjects and in subjects with scleroderma].
AB  - The skin elasticity is a mechanic parameter of great interest for the objective
      evaluation of many skin disorders. The Authors present a non invasive method for
      the determination of skin visco-elastic properties. Four sclerodermic patients
      and 18 normal subjects were studied.

PMID- 2635143
TI  - Construction of chickpea genomic library.
AB  - For construction of chickpea genomic library, DNA was isolated, purified on CsCl
      gradient and size fractionated into 15-20 Kb fragments after restriction with Sau
      3A. These fragments were ligated to phage lambda (EMBL-3) vector and the
      recombinant molecules packaged in vitro into viable phage particles. The
      recombinant phages were obtained as phages on a P2 lysogen of E. coli (Spi-
      selection) and amplified to establish a permanent library. This is the first
      report of the construction of chickpea genomic library.

PMID- 2635144
TI  - Chromatid association in acrocentric chromosomes of abnormal sexual development
      (ASD) cases.
AB  - Concordant/discordant associations at chromatid level were compared and found
      significant (P less than 0.05) in females with primary amenorrhea. This probably
      suggested that the acrocentric association pattern in this group of ASD and
      infertility did not follow a random segregation in subsequent cell divisions and
      that the concordant acrocentric chromosomes have regularly established physical
      connections with one another, held together for several cell cycles. It could
      only be speculated that the association of acrocentric chromosome anomalies in
      some females with abnormal sex chromosomes are due to this reason. In the event
      that chromosome association has a bearing on chromosome aberrations, the non
      random pattern of acrocentric association probably would increase the choice for
      translocation and non disjunction in the somatic cells in females with primary
      amenorrhea during ontogenesis.

PMID- 2635145
TI  - Antifertility effect of Piper betle Linn. extract on ovary and testis of albino
      rats.
AB  - Chronic administration (sc) of the extract of the stalk of P. betle at 30 mg/kg
      body weight daily for 21 days produced significant decrease in oestrogen and
      androgen dependent target organ weights along with increase in cholesterol in
      adrenal, ovary and testis. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in serum,
      liver and kidney did not exhibit any toxic effect. There was marked change in
      morphology of testis and ovary. Vaginal smear showed prolonged dioestrus in
      treated female. The treated male showed decreased number and motility of sperm.
      Both male and female remained infertile after treatment suggesting antifertility
      activity of the extract on both sexes of albino rats.

PMID- 2635146
TI  - Comparative study of known nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs with glycosidal
      fraction isolated from Maesa chisia D. don var angustifolia Hook F and Th.
AB  - Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of glycosidal fraction
      isolated from M. chisia were compared in battery of animal tests with known
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The pharmacological activities
      compared favourably with NSAIDs whereas remarkable lack of toxicity was an added
      advantage.

PMID- 2635147
TI  - Biochemical alterations in rat fetal liver following in utero exposure to di(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP).
AB  - Oral administration of DEHP, 1000 mg/kg body weight, to rats daily from 6 to 15
      day of gestation resulted in retardation of fetal growth and increase in fetal
      liver weight which contained significant quantities of DEHP. The activities of
      mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase
      and adenosine triphosphatase were decreased in fetal liver. The data indicate
      that exposure of mothers to DEHP during pregnancy could adversely affect the
      fetal livers by interfering with bioenergetics of the cell.

PMID- 2635148
TI  - Effect of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on sexual behaviour of male rats.
AB  - Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation for 3 to 4 days by the platform pedestal
      procedure produced an increase in sexual behaviour of male rats. The possible
      factors contributing towards the increase in sexual behaviour are discussed.

PMID- 2635149
TI  - Effects of repeated eastward and westward synchronizer phase-shifts on growth,
      blood morphology and biochemical variables in male domestic fowls.
AB  - The effects of repeated synchronizer phase-shifts on growth (increment in body
      weight), blood morphology and growth related biochemical variables in 3-day-old
      juvenile male chicks were evaluated till they become 20 weeks old. The control
      birds were kept under a fixed LD 12:12 light schedule throughout, while the LD
      12:12 regimen of experimental birds was shifted weekly either by delaying
      (westward shift) or by advancing (eastward shift) the time of light onset by 8
      hr. The rate of growth was more in fowls which were exposed to repeated
      advancement of synchronizer schedule than the controls and those exposed to
      westward shifts of the synchronizer schedule. Hematological indices, viz.,
      hemoglobin concentration, number of circulating erythrocytes, hematocrit and
      biochemical variables, such as concentration of glucose and protein in plasma;
      glycogen, protein and lipid in liver; and muscle tissues were significantly more
      in chicks exposed to repeated eastward shifts, when compared with the control
      birds (LD 12:12). It is suggested that the eastward shift of the synchronizer may
      be beneficial for the poultry birds.

PMID- 2635150
TI  - Ultrastructural variations in frog muscles subjected to sciatectomy.
AB  - Fine structural variations in two different types of muscles of frog (Rana
      cyanophlictis) subjected to sciatectomy were studied electronmicroscopically.
      Gastrocnemius muscle showed marked myofibrillar disarray and degeneration due to
      sciatectomy, while sartorius muscle was relatively less affected. The extent of
      sciatectomy induced fine structural variation was in proportion to the degree of
      denervation atrophy (as reflected by loss of wet muscle weight) in these muscles.
      Differences in the degree of degenerative changes in atrophying muscles may be
      attributed to variations in fiber type composition and stretch effects imposed
      during swimming movements.

PMID- 2635151
TI  - Effect of capsaicin on skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase in rats fed high fat
      diet.
AB  - A synthetic analogue of capsaicin (0.2 mg%) fed to female Wistar rats along with
      a high fat diet for 11 weeks, lowered adipose tissue weight and also liver and
      serum triglycerides. The compound elevated total post heparin plasma lipase and
      skeletal muscle lipase activities. The increase in the latter indicates the
      possible mechanism by which capsaicin enhances serum triglyceride uptake by
      muscle tissue and in turn lowers triglyceride levels. A single dose of capsaicin
      even at a much higher level failed to lower serum triglycerides emphasizing the
      necessity of continuous ingestion of capsaicin for exerting its hypolipidemic
      effect.

PMID- 2635152
TI  - Lactate dehydrogenase as genetic marker enzyme in fish Tilapia mossambica.

PMID- 2635153
TI  - Effect of busulfan on crystalline lens--glutathione, glutathione reductase and
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2635154
TI  - The application of the European Convention of Human Rights to the Field of
      Psychiatry.

PMID- 2635155
TI  - The law and the nonlegal professionals: on decision-making by medical doctors and
      social workers.

PMID- 2635156
TI  - Sexual preference assessment of sexual aggressors.

PMID- 2635157
TI  - A comparative model of the psychological effects on the victims of state and anti
      state terrorism.
AB  - This paper has examined and compared the psychological impact of both state and
      anti-state terrorism on the victim. In this regard, three dimensions to this
      issue were discussed: (a) the effects that are common to anti-state terror and
      state-terror; (b) the effects that are unique to anti-state terror; and (c) the
      psychological effects and sequelae specifically associated with state-terror.
      Given the paucity of empirical research together with the complexity of the
      subject matter, definitive statements are difficult to advance. Despite this,
      however, a number of tentative conclusions can be made. With respect to
      psychological reactions during the incident, many similarities seem to hold for
      victims of a hostage-taking, concentration camps, and torture. That is, the
      incident begins with a period of initial shock accompanied by extreme fear and
      anxiety. This is followed by a phase characterized by outward acceptance of the
      perpetrator's control while inside the victim is experiencing extreme fright.
      Gradually, a period of adaptation sets in, whereby the victim may resort to a
      number of coping strategies. Although similarities continue after the incident-
      the post-traumatic stress syndrome, for example--the intensity and duration of
      psychological sequelae appear to be much greater in victims of state-terror.
      Given the extreme brutality that invariably accompanies state-terror, this is not
      surprising. While the methods of anti-state terrorists may take a number of
      different forms, usually their resources and techniques are limited in comparison
      to state-terror. It is only more recently in the Middle East that anti-state
      terrorists more routinely are engaging in long-term detention and torture of
      victims. On the other hand, regimes that employ state-terror have a wide range of
      violent techniques at their disposal, most importantly concentration camps. It
      appears that prolonged physical and emotional violence combined with little hope
      of relief or escape is critical to understanding why victims of state terrorism
      are more likely to suffer more serious mental disorders than victims of anti
      state terrorism.

PMID- 2635158
TI  - A genetic approach to species criteria in the amoeba genus Naegleria using
      allozyme electrophoresis.
AB  - The present study employs allozyme electrophoresis to characterize and inter
      relate 61 isolates of Naegleria. Diploidy was confirmed, with heterozygotes
      observed at 29 of the 33 loci established and in all but two isolates. With a
      single exception, isolates clustered at two levels of similarity, either below
      21% or above 52%. It is argued that such a major discontinuity provides a sound
      biological basis for a species concept in Naegleria. On this basis the present
      species-level taxonomy does not reflect the genetic diversity of the genus. The
      study recognized 18 genetic groups of species rank. The subspecies N.
      australiensis italica deserves specific rank; additional thermophilic species not
      closely related to N. fowleri and N. lovaniensis are recognized; and N. gruberi
      as currently conceived is a complex of 10 species, at least five of which are
      represented in the formal culture collections. Most species are genetically too
      different for relationships to be elucidated by allozyme electrophoresis,
      supporting the view that some of the times of divergence within the genus are
      extremely ancient.

PMID- 2635159
TI  - Growth studies on xenic cultures of Entamoeba gingivalis using established media.
AB  - Wantland's egg medium, modified Shaffer-Frye (MSF) medium and Tryptose-Trypticase
      Yeast Extract-Serum-Blood (TTY-SB) medium were compared with variations of the
      latter two media for their ability to support xenic growth of Entamoeba
      gingivalis. Wantland's egg medium was unsuitable for growth of E. gingivalis.
      Accompanying bacteria became resistant to penicillin and streptomycin,
      overwhelming the amoeba culture. MSF medium was also unsuitable for the
      cultivation of E. gingivalis. Bacterial growth was heavy and protozoan growth
      sparse. MSF medium without mercaptosuccinic acid, but with rice starch, dextran
      or levan substituted for glucose and with Yersinia enterocolitica added,
      supported limited growth of the amoeba. Unmodified TTY-SB medium did not sustain
      growth of E. gingivalis. However, when rice starch suspension was substituted for
      glucose, L-cysteine HCl was deleted, and a Crithidia sp. was added to the E.
      gingivalis culture grown xenically, enhanced growth of the oral amoeba resulted
      in this modified TTY-SB medium. E. gingivalis is very sensitive to changes in
      incubation temperature. Optimum growth was found to be in the narrow range from
      34.5 to 35 degrees C for all media tested.

PMID- 2635160
TI  - Identification of Schistosoma haematobium, S. bovis and S. curassoni by
      multivariate analysis of cercarial papillae indices.
AB  - The disposition of cercarial papillae of 68 pre-identified Schistosoma species
      was established. All the cercariae originated from Africa and Madagascar and were
      either obtained from natural or experimental infections, and belonged to three
      species Schistosoma haematobium, S. bovis and S. curassoni. Discriminant analysis
      was based on nine characters: average values, skewness and kurtosis of three
      cercarial indices (AD, AL and U) for each sample or isolate. AD, AL correspond
      respectively to the relative distance between dorsal and lateral papillae. U
      corresponds to the total number of tail stem papillae. With the exception of two
      cases of the 68 (one of them corresponding to cercariae shed by a non-African
      experimentally infected snail), the method enabled discrimination of S.
      haematobium, S. bovis and S. curassoni.

PMID- 2635161
TI  - Effect of Moniliformis moniliformis density on distribution within the definitive
      host population (Rattus norvegicus).
AB  - The population dynamics of Moniliformis moniliformis was studied in 'free
      ranging' laboratory rats, Rattus norvegicus, presented with different relative
      density levels of M. moniliformis in cockroaches, Periplaneta americana. Changes
      in selected population parameters of the negative binomial distribution were
      evaluated as indicators of changes in aggregation. A significant increase in the
      degree of aggregation of parasites occurred as a result of the increase in
      relative density of infective stages available to the rats. This increase in
      aggregation was due to the increase in over-dispersion that occurred in female
      rats only. The degree of aggregation in females was found to be significantly
      higher than that in males at both treatment levels. The best indicators of the
      degree of aggregation were found to be the ratio of the variance to the relative
      density and the ratio of the log-variance to log-relative density. Changes in k
      were not correlated with changes in over-dispersion or the relative density.

PMID- 2635162
TI  - The detoxification of xenobiotic compounds by Onchocerca gutturosa (Nematoda:
      Filarioidea).
AB  - In common with other helminths O. gutturosa appears to lack cytochrome P450
      linked phase 1 enzymes and so its ability to metabolize aromatic nuclei may be
      severely restricted. The parasite could reduce azo- but not nitro-compounds and
      low levels of epoxide hydrolase activity were also detected. Glutathione S
      transferase was the only phase 2 enzyme which could be demonstrated in O.
      gutturosa. High levels of glyoxalase I and in particular glyoxalase II were found
      in the parasite, suggesting an important role for these enzymes in
      detoxification.

PMID- 2635163
TI  - Chromosomes of Blastocystis hominis.
AB  - Three stocks of Blastocystis hominis were adapted to monophasic culture in
      minimal essential medium (MEM) and the chromosomes of these stocks separated by
      field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE). Ten-twelve chromosomes were
      distinguished in the electrophoretic karyotype of these three stocks over the
      range 200 kilobase pairs to greater than 1 megabase pairs. The karyotype of each
      stock was different. Three DNA probes, B10, B30 and B31, derived from the Netsky
      stock isolated in America were used as chromosome markers. Probe B10 hybridized
      to chromosomes of the same size in two of the stocks, one of which was isolated
      in the U.S.A. and the other in Queensland. B30 and B31 hybridized to a similar
      number of chromosomes of different sizes in these two stocks. The third stock,
      from Australia, did not hybridize at all with probes B10 and B30 and only weakly
      with probe B31.

PMID- 2635164
TI  - Larval migration in oral and parenteral Toxocara pteropodis infections and a
      comparison with T. canis dispersal in the flying fox, Pteropus poliocephalus.
AB  - When eggs of T. pteropodis were fed in large doses to juveniles of a definitive
      host, Pteropus poliocephalus, larvae hatched throughout the gastrointestinal
      tract. The majority penetrated the mucosa of the distal half of the intestine, to
      reach the liver via the portal circulation. A few entered the lymphatics to
      eventually reach the liver by passing through the lungs and migrating tracheally
      or continuing in the systemic circulation. Patent infections did not develop.
      Eggs inoculated subcutaneously also hatched and larvae again reached the liver,
      travelling via the circulation through the lungs and often other tissues; again,
      some underwent tracheal migration. Infective larvae of T. canis, identical in
      size with T. pteropodis, passed through the liver and lungs and dispersed mainly
      to skeletal muscles, but with time gradually accumulated in the brain. These
      findings indicate that Toxocara larval distribution is not primarily influenced
      by larval dimensions but reflects goal-directed behaviour.

PMID- 2635165
TI  - Isolation of leishmanial parasites from a wild caught Anopheles gambiae mosquito
      in Kenya.
AB  - A total of 232 mosquitoes were collected and dissected for leishmanial parasites
      in the Baringo District, Kenya. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato comprised 90.9% of
      the sample. One female A. gambiae was found to be infected with leishmanial
      promastigotes. The parasites when injected into Balb C mice caused skin lesions
      characterized by heavy amastigote infections. The average size of the parasite
      was: body length, 11.7 +/- 0.19 microns; width, 1.3 +/- 0.04 microns; flagellum
      length, 15.5 +/- 0.28 microns.

PMID- 2635166
TI  - Infectivity, growth, development and pathology of Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda)
      in the golden hamster.
AB  - Laboratory hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were experimentally infected with 75
      +/- 15 metacercarial cysts of Echinostoma caproni. Worms were recovered from days
      7 to 89 post-infection with eight to 90 (average 37) parasites in the small
      intestine. Worm wet weights averaged 0.85 mg at 10 days, 1.8 mg at 17 days, 3.4
      mg at 45 days, and 7.7 mg at 89 days; average dry weights for the identical days
      were, 0.15, 0.30, 0.70 and 2.2 mg, respectively. The average body area of worms
      fixed in hot (80 degrees C) alcohol-formalin-acetic acid was 0.21 mm2 on day 3,
      4.9 mm2 on day 10, and 17.7 mm2 on day 42. Clinical signs in some hamsters
      included progressive unthriftiness and watery diarrhea. Gross examination
      revealed enlarged lymphatic nodules along the length of the small intestine. The
      histopathological responses of hamsters to the parasite showed erosion of the
      intestinal villi with lymphocytic infiltration being the primary response;
      hemorrhagic areas were also observed in the villi.

PMID- 2635167
TI  - In vitro effects of levamisole and ivermectin against Echinococcus granulosus
      protoscoleces.
AB  - The in vitro effects of levamisole and ivermectin against Echinococcus granulosus
      protoscoleces were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Both drugs
      had a protoscolicidal activity that increased proportionally with increasing
      concentrations of the drugs. Ivermectin showed the more rapid effects and caused
      contraction and paralysis of protoscoleces. A paralyzing effect was also observed
      with levamisole, followed by irreversible tissue vacuolation leading to death.

PMID- 2635168
TI  - Isolation of Onchocerca gibsoni tissue from frozen nodules for biochemical use.
AB  - A new procedure is described which enables gram quantities of adult Onchocerca
      tissue to be isolated from frozen connective tissue nodules, thus minimizing the
      risk of enzymatic degradation. Bovine connective tissue nodules containing adult
      Onchocerca gibsoni worms were obtained from Australia frozen at -70 degrees C and
      sectioned while still frozen into 3 mm thick slabs. The sections were thawed
      immediately before use, worm segments removed, rinsed, pelleted, and flash frozen
      in liquid nitrogen. Quality of the isolated material was demonstrated by the
      presence of an intact adult epicuticle as determined by electron microscopy, and
      by the presence of viable uterine larvae and cells. This procedure is applicable
      to other nodule-forming worms such as Onchocerca volvulus and is suitable for
      investigations which require the isolation of labile molecules or those present
      in minute quantities.

PMID- 2635169
TI  - Genetic differences between cysts of Echinococcus granulosus from the same host.
AB  - Isozyme differences were found between protoscoleces derived from different cysts
      in three sheep and three macropod marsupials. Isozymes were interpreted as the
      products of different alleles at corresponding enzyme loci, indicating that the
      same host may contain cysts derived from genetically different embryos. Genetic
      variation on this scale may cause confusion in epidemiological studies, if
      protoscoleces from several cysts are pooled prior to strain-typing.

PMID- 2635170
TI  - Cellular interaction in cartilage degradation.
AB  - Rat femoral head cartilages (FHCs) in culture for six days retained their
      glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and were not affected by recombinant human
      interleukin-la (IL-1), conditioned media from concanavalin-A stimulation of
      sensitized lymphocytes (lymphocyte media), or conditioned media from lymphokine
      stimulated macrophages (macrophage media). Similarly FHCs cultured with
      macrophages in the presence of IL-1, lymphocyte medium or macrophage medium did
      not suffer a loss of GAG. However, FHCs cultured with fibroblasts showed a
      substantial loss of GAG. This fibroblast-mediated cartilage degradation was
      significantly increased by IL-1 and macrophage media respectively. Stimulation of
      fibroblasts by lymphocyte media failed to increase the loss of GAG. It is
      proposed that cartilage degradation in inflammatory joint disease is brought
      about by a sequential cell-to-cell interaction via cytokines leading ultimately
      to stimulation of fibroblast-mediated cartilage degradation.

PMID- 2635172
TI  - Arthritis induced by continuous infusion of hr-interleukin-1 alpha into the
      rabbit knee-joint.
AB  - Continuous infusion of 200 ng/day hrIL-1 alpha for 14 days into knee-joints of
      rabbits leads to a severe arthritis of low aggressivity. This arthritis shows
      simultaneously characteristics of acute (serous and fibrinous exudation,
      polymorph infiltration, etc.) as well as chronic (synovial cell proliferation and
      fibrosis, pannus formation, cartilage and bone erosion, etc.) inflammation. The
      arthritis was associated with a distinct loss of metachromasia of the articular
      cartilage. These results indicate that IL-1 might play an important role in the
      induction and maintenance of arthritis.

PMID- 2635171
TI  - A cytochemical study of the adjuvant inflamed air pouch in the rat.
AB  - The oxidative biochemistry of the adjuvant-inflamed rat air pouch has been
      studied using the techniques of quantitative cytochemistry. Highly significant
      increases in the maximal activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate
      dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were observed. These
      changes are similar to those that have been reported by others in both human
      rheumatoid synovial tissue and the synovial tissue of rabbits with allergic
      arthritis. It is suggested that modulation of these changes by putative
      therapeutic agents may form the basis for a readily quantifiable drug screening
      programme.

PMID- 2635173
TI  - Comparison of effects of chronic inflammation and long-term prednisolone
      administration on zinc metabolism in rats.
AB  - It is well known that plasma zinc is depressed in animals following
      administration of endotoxin, endogenous pyrogen, interleukin-1, and
      glucocorticoids. The modification is related to an induction of liver
      metallothionein causing an accumulation of the element in this organ. The changes
      in zinc metabolism induced by adjuvant arthritis in rats evidenced a
      redistribution of body zinc with a rapid and sustained decrease in plasma zinc
      that occurred simultaneously with an increase in liver zinc levels, and slower
      modification in erythrocyte and femur zinc concentrations. These effects were
      compared to those induced by a long-term corticosteroid administration in healthy
      rats. Male Wistar rats received either a commercially available complete
      maintenance diet or the same diet enriched with prednisolone at a level providing
      1 mg prednisolone/kg body weight. Groups of animals were sacrificed after 3 or 5
      weeks' treatment. Ingested food quantity, total body weight, total serum proteins
      and serum albumin were similar in treated and control rats. No significant
      modifications in parameters of zinc status could be observed after 3 weeks of
      treatment. However after 5 weeks, plasma zinc was significantly lower in treated
      rats as compared to controls, but modifications in liver, erythrocyte and femur
      zinc did not reach statistical significance. Changes induced by long-term
      corticosteroid administration are therefore less intense than those due to the
      inflammatory process of adjuvant arthritis.

PMID- 2635174
TI  - Pneumovax.

PMID- 2635175
TI  - Marcus Welby is dead.

PMID- 2635176
TI  - Pneumococcal bacteremia in Hawaii: initial findings of a pneumococcal disease
      prevention project.
AB  - The Hawaii Department of Health (DOH) recently established a pneumococcal disease
      initiative to determine the scope of serious pneumococcal disease in residents of
      Hawaii and to investigate methods of increasing vaccine utilization in the State.
      The initial phase of the project involved a review of pneumococcal bacteremia at
      all 38 microbiology laboratories in Hawaii during 1986 and 1987. Two hundred
      twenty-two residents with bacteremia were identified. Eighty-six percent of
      adults had pneumonia as the primary source of bacteremia. In children greater
      than 5 years old, pneumonia was present in 24%, otitis media in 35%, and
      meningitis in 11%. Bacteremia with no apparent focus of infection was found in
      30% of children. The overall annual incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia was
      9/10(5) population. Rates were highest in children greater than 2 years old
      (103/10(5] and persons greater than or equal to 65 years old (22/10(5]. These are
      similar to rates reported from other populations in the United States during the
      1970s and early 1980s, but are less than those detected in 2 more recent
      population-based studies. The overall case-fatality rate in our study was
      relatively low (16%); however, 35% of persons greater than or equal to 65 years
      old died. A record of previous pneumococcal vaccination was found in the medical
      records of only 2 (1%) patients. Our study confirms that pneumococcal bacteremia
      causes significant morbidity and mortality among elderly residents of Hawaii and
      suggests that vaccine coverage is very low among this high-risk population. Phase
      2 of the initiative included surveys of Hawaii physicians and the public to
      ascertain attitudes toward pneumococcal immunization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2635177
TI  - Current perspectives in the management of temporomandibular joint disorders.
AB  - Many clinicians express emphatic viewpoints on the most appropriate treatment of
      "TMJ patients." Most of these treatment philosophies are substantiated by a
      strong personal faith, a few miraculous testimonials, and scant scientific
      evidence. These clinicians more closely resemble disciples on a religious crusade
      than objective scientific investigators.

PMID- 2635178
TI  - The medical home and PL 99-457 in Hawaii.
AB  - The concept of the "medical home" was adopted by the Hawaii Medical Association
      and the Hawaii Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics in the Child Health
      Plan over 10 years ago. The medical home is an integrated system of services that
      focuses on the well-being of the child, within the context of the family. Primary
      health care under the medical home would be continuous and comprehensive,
      addressing the needs of the whole child. It would provide coordinated care that
      is family-centered, community-based. Several recent publications have emphasized
      the importance of the medical home in providing access to a continuum of medical
      and health services to enable young children to develop and maintain a state of
      optimal health.

PMID- 2635179
TI  - Design of bionators and bio-finishers using cephalometric analysis and bio
      finishers.

PMID- 2635180
TI  - Conserving anchorage and accelerating treatment with light force tipping
      mechanics.

PMID- 2635181
TI  - Orthodontic movement system.

PMID- 2635182
TI  - Knocked-out teeth can be saved.

PMID- 2635183
TI  - Case report. Angle class II malocclusion.

PMID- 2635184
TI  - Case report. Angle class I malocclusion and tooth crowding.

PMID- 2635185
TI  - The unreliability of sex allocation based on human odontometric data.

PMID- 2635186
TI  - Gustafson's method for age determination, revised.

PMID- 2635187
TI  - Are points of correspondence viable?

PMID- 2635188
TI  - The loss of camphorated monochlorophenol from the root canal: an in vitro study.
AB  - The assessment of the loss of camphorated monochlorophenol (CMCP) was conducted
      by means of the spectrophotometric technique. Extracted human single-rooted teeth
      were used in this study. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups with
      ten teeth in each group. Root canals were enlarged with reamers and files. 5.25
      per cent sodium hypochlorite and 3 per cent hydrogen peroxide were used as
      irrigants. The root canals were dressed with 2 microliters of 40 per cent CMCP.
      The coronal and apical portions of the teeth in groups 1, 2 and 3 were sealed and
      incubated at 37 degrees C with 100 per cent relative humidity for 1, 3 and 7
      days, respectively. In group 4 the teeth were treated in a procedure similar to
      that performed in group 1, except that the root apices were not sealed. The
      results showed that there was no significant difference in residual
      concentrations of CMCP among four groups (P greater than 0.05). The loss of CMCP
      in excess of 50 per cent was recorded in 1 day, with no further loss at longer
      time intervals.

PMID- 2635189
TI  - [Lower incisor extraction in orthodontic treatment].
AB  - Lower incisor extraction in orthodontic treatment was rare. Precise diagnosis and
      treatment planning should be done to achieve good occlusion and facial esthetics.
      Criteria for lower incisor extraction included degree of crowding, tooth size
      discrepancy, pathologic condition, vertical overbite, sagittal incisal
      relationship, skeletal growth pattern and age of the patient. This article
      comprised case reports of three Thai patients, all demonstrating the criteria for
      lower incisor extraction in orthodontic treatment. With comprehensive analysis,
      diagnosis and treatment planning, treatment results were satisfactory.

PMID- 2635190
TI  - [Salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and their observation after oral
      preventive measures].
AB  - The quantitation of salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) according to Kohler
      and Bratthall and the evaluation of oral hygiene index (OHI-S) by Greene and
      Vermillion were examined before and after oral preventive measures in 359
      schoolchildren at 7-13 years old, sampled from primary schools in three Amphoes
      of Phetchabun. At the first examination, it was found that 93.9% of the total
      schoolchildren had S. mutans and most of them had less than 50 CFU. In addition,
      11.4% of the samples had this microorganism more than 100 CFU (Comparable to
      10(6) CFU/ml. of saliva) and regarded as a high caries risk group. The average
      values of OHI-S in different age groups of schoolchildren varied from 1.75 to
      2.25 and only 15.9% was classified to be in the group of good oral hygiene (OHI
      S,0-1.2). However no significant relationship was recorded between the number of
      S. mutans and the oral hygiene status (p greater than 0.05). The second
      examination indicated the improvement of oral hygiene status after preventive
      measures (p less than 0.05) but the number of S. mutans was not significantly
      changed (p greater than 0.05).

PMID- 2635191
TI  - [A complication of inferior dental nerve block: temporary ocular palsy].
AB  - An interesting case of temporary ocular palsy, a complication of inferior dental
      nerve block was reported. Symptom, sign and proper management were described.
      Several updated literatures on this topic were reviewed and concluded that this
      complication might be explained by accidental intra-arterial injection of
      anesthetic solution. To prevent this serious complication, aspirating before each
      injection by an aspirated syringe was strongly recommended.

PMID- 2635192
TI  - [The assessment of nasopharyngeal airway space].
AB  - In children, the nasopharyngeal airway space is provided by the size of adenoid
      tissue on the posterior nasopharyngeal wall and the size of nasopharynx. This
      airway space will be changed by the age. The objective of this study is for
      evaluating this airway space at the age group 7-8 years, 9-10 years, 11-12 years,
      13-14 years and 15-16 years from the cephalograms by assessing is the form of
      adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio. Two hundred subjects (97 boys, 103 girls) were
      selected without histories of mouth breathing, or adenoidectomy or previous
      orthodontic treatment and cephalometrically, they are shown normal inclination of
      the maxilla and the mandible to cranial base, normal facial index and no anterior
      open-bite. They were divided into 40 subjects on each age group. From the study,
      the adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio were found 0.557, 0.487, 0.512, 0.470 and
      0.415 at the age 7-8 years, 9-10 years, 11-12 years, 13-14 years and 15-16 years
      respectively.

PMID- 2635193
TI  - The effect of hepatitis B vaccine in dental students.
AB  - The effect of Hevac B vaccine was studied in 57 seronegative dental students.
      Vaccines were given three monthly injections and booster at a year. Sera were
      collected at month 1, 2, 4, 12 and 13. Anti-HBs seroconversion rate were 5.26 per
      cent, 43.86 per cent and 82.45 per cent after the first, second and third
      injections. At a year, the seroconversion rate was 89.47 per cent and increased
      to 100.00 per cent at one month after the booster dose. Geometric mean titer
      after three injections was 324 IU/L. After booster vaccination, geometric mean
      titer was 5321 IU/L in 44 students, and the other 13 students had titer greater
      than 18,000 IU/L. Anti-HBc were detected in one male and one female students who
      had no clinical symptom of hepatitis. The HBsAg could not be detected and the
      transaminase enzyme were in normal limit in all collected specimens.

PMID- 2635194
TI  - [Correlation between age and developmental stages of permanent teeth and
      developmental stages of hand-wrist skeletal].
AB  - A total of 190 randomly selected panoramic radiographs of teeth and Hand-Wrist
      radiographs of the patients at the Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University was
      studied with the age varied from 3-22 years, both sexes. Regression analysis
      showed that there was a high correlation between age with developmental stages of
      teeth and Hand-Wrist developmental stages. Estimation of age can be done through
      the equation, based on given scores of developmental stages of teeth and Hand
      Wrist developmental stages... Correlation between Age and Developmental Stages of
      Permanent Teeth and Development Stages of Hand-Wrist Skeletal.

PMID- 2635195
TI  - [Obturators for cleft lip and cleft palate].
AB  - Cleft Lip and palate are most common congenital anomalies of the faces. Infants
      born with cleft lip and palate always have feeding problem. They were referred to
      dentists for obturators. Obturators usually have definite retention, lead to
      easily dislodgement. The author suggested the method of fabricating more
      retentive obturator.

PMID- 2635196
TI  - [Retinal lesions in HIV seropositive patients].
AB  - 118 patients with HIV infection underwent complete ophthalmologic examination to
      detect the presence of any eye pathology. The study was intended to show a
      correlation between such pathology and the total CD4 + lymphocyte count
      considered to be indicative of the immunologic status. The most frequently
      encountered lesions were cotton-wool patches, vascular congestion, hemorrhages,
      chorioretinitis, segmental vasculitis and optic disc pallar. Almost all the
      patients with ocular manifestations, also had a CD4 + count of less than 200/mm3
      which suggest that ocular lesions are of bad prognostic significance even in
      asymptomatic patients.

PMID- 2635197
TI  - [Trabeculectomy and trabeculo-retraction in the treatment of chronic primary open
      angle glaucoma. Long-term tonometric results].
AB  - The long term tonometric results of laser (Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty) and
      surgical (Trabeculectomy and combined-surgery) treatment in Primitive Chronic
      Open Angle Glaucoma are analysed on 184 eyes by a retrospective study. Three
      groups of patients are compared: group I: 81 trabeculoplasties followed 4 years,
      group II: 75 trabeculectomies followed 5 years, group III: 28 combined-surgery
      (intra-capsular cataract extraction without implantation combined with a
      trabeculectomy) followed 5 years. For the three groups, reduce of IOP is noted
      after 6 months but seems less important after 30 months. Instantaneous results
      curves show a success rate of 80 to 100% (of which 10 to 20% with additional
      medical treatment). But cumulative failures rates are higher: more than 50% at 4
      years for group I and group II, and only 29% at 5 years for group III. These
      results are confirmed by actuarial curves: group I: probability success rate of
      65% at 4 years group II: probability success rate of 49% at 5 years group III:
      probability success rate of 73% at 5 years. The comparison of group I and II by
      actuarial curves is not statistically significant (Logrank test: chi 2 = 0.05).
      We had discussed the advantage of a new prospective randomised study.

PMID- 2635198
TI  - [Foveal displacement after weakening of the inferior muscle. Study using
      retinophotography].
AB  - Among oculomotor disturbances, the cyclotorsions are difficult to quantify. The
      most accurate and objective method seems to be the retinophotography, which give
      the measure of the displacement of the fovea relative to the horizontal line
      lying through the papillary center. The authors have compared this measure over
      16 eyes, before and after inferior oblique weakening. A reduction of the
      cyclotorsion is established in all cases. However, no correlation has been noted
      between this result and the pre-surgical state.

PMID- 2635199
TI  - [Epidermoid cyst of the iris].
AB  - Epidermoid cyst of the iris is a primary cysts of the iris, and more precisely a
      congenital cyst of the iris stroma. The embryological origin of these tumours is
      controversial owing to the clinical and histological aspects. Because the
      possibility of complications, excision is often necessary and permits accurate
      histologic diagnosis.

PMID- 2635200
TI  - [Rothmund's syndrome].
AB  - Rothmund's syndrome was observed in a 9 year old boy. Parental consanguinity was
      present, but no siblings were affected. He presented with rapidly progressive
      bilateral cataracts. Visual recuperation was excellent after "in the bag"
      phakoemulsification and intercapsular implantation. There were no other ocular
      anomalies. Extensive erythematous skin changes appeared when the boy was 3 months
      old and, at the time of presentation, he had poikiloderma predominantly in those
      areas exposed to light (face and hands). There were no associated anomalies of
      the nails or hair, no endocrine disorder nor other malformations. A brief review
      of this syndrome is presented and treatment of these cataracts discussed.

PMID- 2635201
TI  - [Evaluation of the histopathologic effects following subconjunctival injection of
      corticoids in immediate- and retard-action forms].
AB  - We comparatively studied histopathologic impairments following subconjonctival
      injections of long and short acting corticosteroids and saline. 44 conjunctival
      biopsies were performed in the site of injection. The tissues were evaluated by
      light and electron microscopy. The histopathologic findings, following saline
      subconjonctival injection were very slight. On the other hand, histopathologic
      findings following corticoids injection, and particularly long action products,
      were remarkable. We noted crystalline deposits inclusions of drug particles in
      fibroblast and macrophages, loss of collagen definition and degenerative changes
      of these phagocytosing cells, with release of their cytoplasmic contents. Our
      findings are according with previous studies about long acting corticosteroids,
      supporting their relative histologic toxicity, by local way of administration.

PMID- 2635202
TI  - [Personalities and chronic glaucoma].
AB  - This survey has investigated the occurence of psychopathological affections and
      their relationship with compliance in open angle glaucomatous patients. Three
      groups have been considered: 48 severe glaucomas, 37 early glaucomas and 48
      control patients, under treatment for other ophthalmological affections. These
      groups have taken a psychiatric interview, compliance evaluating scale and
      psychological assessment (inducling: Vocabulaire Binois Pichot, Cattel's 16
      Personality Factors and Autoanalyse, Thematic Aperception Test and the Rorschach
      Test analysed through Exner's Synthetic System). Anxiety personality and disoders
      are more frequent in the glaucomatous group than the control or early (P =
      0.0156). Patients in the early group appeared to be most compliant. Personality
      structure play a role in the acceptance of the disease and in the degree of
      cooperation with treatment. Maximal compliance is observed at the beginning of
      the disease. Personality scales show that glaucomatous patients have difficulties
      in coping with aggressive pulsions and tend to react to affect loaded situations
      by a defensive or avoiding attitude.

PMID- 2635203
TI  - [Is the addition of an anesthetic to drugs injected by a subconjunctival route
      recommended?].

PMID- 2635204
TI  - Causes of blindness and restoration of sight for the students in the School for
      the Blind, Khon Kaen.
AB  - One hundred and twenty-seven students from the School for the Blind, Khon Kaen,
      were seen between August 1984 and December 1987. There were 92 males (72.4%) and
      35 females (27.6%). The age ranged from 3 to 19 years with the predominant age
      group being 6-15 years. The majority of the students (95.3%) resided in the
      Northeast. Only 26 students (20.5%) had positive family histories. Blindness
      caused by lesions affecting the whole eye was the leading cause of blindness
      (36.2%). About half of the cases of blindness were preventable and treatable.
      Most of them (58.3%) were second grade blind. Of all the students seen, 26
      students (20.5%) were subjected to treatment for restoration of sight. Only 19
      students had complete follow-up post-operative vision. The average visual
      improvement after treatment was forty-two per cent. The category of blindness was
      changed to the better side. Blindness was decreased. Visual impairment increased
      36.8 per cent after treatment.

PMID- 2635205
TI  - Analysis of bone tumors in Ramathibodi Hospital, Thailand during 1977-1986: study
      of 652 cases.
AB  - We retrospectively studied all bone tumors diagnosed in Ramathibodi hospital from
      1977-1986 regarding frequency, age and skeletal distribution. Six hundred and
      fifty-two cases were collected. Among these, primary bone tumors accounted for 75
      per cent, the remainder were metastatic lesions. Among benign bone tumors, the
      two most common tumors are osteochondroma (47%), and chondroma (15%).
      Osteochondroma is frequently found in younger patients with a mean age of 20.12
      years and is usually located about the knee. Chondroma, found in this series,
      usually affected ribs (32%) with a mean age of 27.47 years. Among primary
      malignant bone tumors, the three most common tumors are osteosarcoma (39.9%),
      giant cell tumor (22.7%), and chondrosarcoma (14.1%). Osteosarcoma affects
      younger patients more often than giant cell tumors and chondrosarcomas do, with a
      mean age of 17.27 years. The common primary malignant bone tumors usually affect
      weight-bearing bones.

PMID- 2635206
TI  - Vastus lateralis myocutaneous flap: the treatment for trochanteric pressure sores
      in paraplegic patient.
AB  - The vastus lateralis myocutaneous flap for trochanteric pressure sore is simple
      and reliable. A good padding is obtained, the donor site is closed primarily. It
      should always be considered with every paraplegia patient.

PMID- 2635207
TI  - Incidental appendectomy at cesarean section: a prospective study.
AB  - In conclusion, the present study describes a controlled series and demonstrates
      the safety of incidental appendectomy at cesarean section. A slight increase in
      operative time accompanied appendectomy group, but the length of hospital stay
      and postoperative morbidity were not different. It's our recommendation that at
      cesarean section if the abnormal appendix is found, appendectomy should be done.
      Normal appendix can also be removed whenever the opportunity presents in non-risk
      patients.

PMID- 2635208
TI  - Surveillance of neonatal tetanus in Thailand, 1977-1986.
AB  - Information on the morbidity and mortality of neonatal tetanus was reviewed to
      evaluate the impact of the immunization programme among pregnant women in
      Thailand from 1977. We also analysed the epidemiological characteristics of
      investigated neonatal tetanus cases during the period 1984-1986. The neonatal
      tetanus case rate declined from 72.1 per 100,000 livebirths in 1977 to 53.7 per
      100,000 livebirths in 1986. Reduction in the incidence rate was inversely
      associated with increasing vaccination coverage of pregnant women with tetanus
      toxoid. The ratio of male to female neonatal tetanus was 1.5 to 1. Approximately
      95 per cent of the cases occurred within the first 14 days of life, with the
      highest number recorded at 6-8 days of life. The majority of investigated cases
      were infants who became ill following delivery assisted by traditional birth
      attendants or relatives of mothers. About 88 per cent of these cases were infants
      whose mothers had no tetanus immunization. Razor blades and bamboo splits were
      the most frequently used instruments for cutting the umbilical cord. Strategies
      to control neonatal tetanus in Thailand should include immunization of pregnant
      women with tetanus toxoid, and more comprehensive training and supervision of
      untrained birth attendants.

PMID- 2635209
TI  - Abnormalities of hematopoietic progenitor cells in patients with aplastic anemia
      after hematologic recovery.
AB  - Hematopoietic progenitor cells were studied in 11 patients with aplastic anemia
      who had hematologic recovery after androgen therapy. The mean numbers of colonies
      derived from erythroid and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (BFU-E and CFU
      GM) were markedly decreased compared to normal controls. Cell-mediated
      suppression of colony growth as detected by coculture studies was observed in 5
      patients; 4 patients for CFU-GM and one for both CFU-GM and BFU-E. It is thus
      concluded that the pool of hematopoietic stem cells in patients after hematologic
      recovery is still not fully reconstituted. In addition, this impaired
      reconstitution appears due in some cases to cell mediated suppression of
      progenitor colony growth.

PMID- 2635210
TI  - Eosinophilic lymphofollicular hyperplasia with eosinophilia: report of cases.
AB  - Two patients with lesions involving the parotid and submandibular region are
      presented. Clinical pictures and microscopic findings were suggestive of Kimura's
      disease with coexistent parasitic infestation. Possible parasitic etiological
      factors were discussed without confirmation.

PMID- 2635211
TI  - Respiratory insufficiency associated with acute hepatic porphyria.
AB  - We reported two patients with acute hepatic porphyria with acute respiratory
      failure. The acute porphyrias are characterized biochemically by increased
      excretion of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors, ALA and PBG. It has been shown
      to be due to partial enzyme blockage along the haeme biosynthetic pathway which
      results in secondary increased ALA synthetase activity. They are characterized
      clinically by episodes of acute neurological involvement. Neurological
      manifestations could be related to either a decrease in essential haemeproteins,
      or to a toxic effect of ALA and PBG. The first patient illustrated a diagnosis of
      either variegated or hereditary coproporphyria. The second patient had acute
      intermittent porphyria. Eventhough, the disease is uncommon in Thailand, many
      drugs can aggravate an acute attack. Thus, we should be careful not to use such
      drugs in these patients.

PMID- 2635212
TI  - Molecular dynamics simulation as a complement to diffraction in the study of
      disorder in crystals.
AB  - It is not uncommon that a crystal structure contains a minority component which
      does not share the overall space-group of the remainder of the structure, but has
      a lower (or no) effective space-group symmetry. A conventional diffraction
      treatment will inevitably be made within the space-group of the majority of the
      system, and will therefore result in an average structure also with this
      symmetry. We here indicate the value of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation within
      a supercell of the structure as a complementary tool in providing information
      concerning the local structure for the minority component. Such information,
      though illustrative, is often the most interesting and the physically most
      significant aspect of the structure. It can also be crucial information for the
      testing of new theory, and in the design of new materials. The approach is
      illustrated for the case of the Na+ ion distribution in Na+ beta"-alumina, and
      for the experimentally more inaccessible mixed-ion system Na+/Ba2+ beta"-alumina.

PMID- 2635213
TI  - Computer modelling: future directions.
AB  - Recent developments in computing and in the theory of simulation have extended
      greatly the successes of the modelling of ionic crystals pioneered by Mott and
      Littleton. This has changed the way in which computer experiments are brought to
      bear on an increasing range of solid-state phenomena. Yet applied science creates
      new demands, both in the form of new types of system and in terms of the
      complexity and subtlety of what is studied. The author's brief survey looks at
      some of the successes and gaps from interfaces and catalysts to neurotransmitters
      and from superconductors to slags.

PMID- 2635214
TI  - Anatomy-computerized tomography correlations in transtentorial brain herniation.
AB  - The diagnosis of transtentorial brain herniation has long relied on
      encephalography, then arteriography. Computerized tomography (CT) is a safer
      method which permits a more precise and earlier visualization of temporal and
      central herniations and herniation of the culmen cerebelli, which are the three
      varieties of transtentorial herniation. In an attempt to evaluate the reliability
      of CT images of herniation, the authors have conducted a study of anatomy-CT
      correlations, using autopsy specimens of brains with these three types of
      transtentorial herniation. Temporal herniation was well studied, irrespective of
      the CT reference plane. Direct visualization of temporal uncus herniation and
      filling of the homolateral perimesencephalic cistern was regularly obtained.
      Central herniation was better visualized when the occipito-temporal plane was
      used as reference. The disappearance of perimesencephalic cisterns on CT sections
      through the widest part of the tentorial incisura is the best element of
      diagnosis. Herniation of the culmen is easily studied on the conventional orbito
      meatal plane. Provided CT scans are performed with the technique they recommend,
      the authors consider that this examination is reliable for the diagnosis of
      transtentorial herniation. Some variations in the anatomy of the incisura may
      explain why the clinical consequences of herniation are varied. CT perfectly
      shows the configuration of this notch and therefore may be helpful in predicting
      the prognosis.

PMID- 2635215
TI  - Spontaneous ICA dissection presenting with 12th nerve palsy. Clinical and
      radiological considerations.
AB  - Three cases of 12th nerve palsy due to dissection of the ICA are reported. The
      clinical and radiological features are described. The useful role played by MRI
      in the diagnosis is emphasised.

PMID- 2635216
TI  - Contributory aspects of MRI in the evaluation of basal encephaloceles.
AB  - Basal encephaloceles are rare pathologies which belong to the now well-defined
      complex called median cleft face syndrome. This entity includes median
      craniofacial dysraphism associated to a varying degree with optic tract
      pathology, dysfunctioning of the hypothalamus-hypophysis axis, agenesis of the
      corpus callosum and basal encephalocele. The latter is that virtually constant
      element for which surgery is frequently requested. Owing to the large number of
      surgical failures (especially in the transsphenoidal type) medical imaging for
      the evaluation of malformative damages must be very accurate. Until recently, the
      techniques available, such as standard radiography, conventional tomography, gas
      encephalography, carotid arteriography and computerized tomography with or
      without metrizamide cisternography, were either too invasive or too inaccurate.
      MRI is the technique which provides the best images of prolapsed meninges, brain
      regions or ventricles, as well as of the anatomical rapport between the
      hypophysis, the optic tract and the limbic system.

PMID- 2635217
TI  - Chronic cervical radiation myelopathy diagnosed by MRI.
AB  - We report a case of chronic cervical myelopathy which developed after
      radiotherapy for differentiated carcinoma of the buccal cavity. The myelopathy
      was diagnosed by the finding of severe cervical cord atrophy at MRI.

PMID- 2635218
TI  - Cerebral hemisphere function and migraine.
AB  - An hypothesis that migraine is the experience of a protective vascular response
      to cerebral information overload has been explored to a limited extent by
      examining the association between laterality of the attack and verbal and spatial
      performances under standard symptom-free conditions. The study was restricted to
      individuals with unilateral symptoms always presenting on the same side. It
      emerged that those with classical migraine do not always have prodromata
      referable to the same side as the pain. Indeed, in the present study, prodromata
      were almost exclusively referable to the left (dominant) cerebral hemisphere. A
      subgroup of those with speech disturbances as a feature of the prodromal symptoms
      was also found to have relatively impaired language abilities on routine testing.
      It is this finding that lends some support to the hypothesis. The findings also
      invite the refining proposition that information overload, as defined in the
      hypothesis, is almost always borne by the dominant (verbal) hemisphere in our
      species. Such overload might concurrently or sequentially also overtax a
      suggested limited right hemisphere language capacity, in terms of the hypothesis,
      accounting for the right-sided pain sometimes presenting in these cases.
      Otherwise, pain appears to be predominantly left-sided or midline. Perhaps the
      frequency of this particular syndrome is an indictment of the limitations of
      language as a basis for communication, as well as reflecting the possibility that
      most of our stressful transactions and their cerebral processing use a verbal
      substrate. The results also reveal the need for agreement on rules for
      classification of laterality in migraine.

PMID- 2635219
TI  - Uptake of 3H-spiperone by lymphocytes in schizophrenia.
AB  - Uptake of 3H-spiperone into lymphocytes obtained from control subjects (N = 22),
      chronic schizophrenics (N = 20), relatives with psychiatric disorder (N = 11) and
      unaffected relatives (N = 17) was studied. No differences were observed in
      spiperone uptake among any of the groups examined. Although previous
      investigations reported marked differences in 3H-spiperone uptake between
      schizophrenic and control subjects, we were unable to replicate their findings:
      the failure to replicate those of Bondy and colleagues may well be due to our
      inability to duplicate in our laboratory the exact biochemical methodology
      described by these investigators. Saturation curves could not be determined for
      most subjects. In addition, chronicity of illness and long-term exposure to
      neuroleptic medication among the schizophrenic subjects may partially account for
      the contradictory results reported by different investigators.

PMID- 2635220
TI  - DSM-III-R schizotypal personality traits in offspring of schizophrenic disorder,
      affective disorder, and normal control parents.
AB  - The aggregation of disorder in families identified by a schizophrenic disorder
      proband (index case) has provided indirect clues to the question of diagnostic
      boundaries of schizophrenic spectrum categories. The Danish Adoption Studies
      provided quasi-experimental evidence for the range of expression of a putative
      schizophrenic spectrum disorder which was subsequently denoted schizotypal
      personality disorder (STPD) in DSM-III-R. It has been hypothesized that such
      schizophrenic spectrum categories bear a genetic relationship to schizophrenic
      disorder and thus are continuous with schizophrenia in terms of etiology and
      pathogenesis. For meaningful use of such spectrum categories in genetic analyses,
      i.e., linkage analysis, it is important that rates of spectrum traits and
      disorder in normal control and in psychiatric control populations are known. The
      rate of DSM-III-R schizotypal traits and disorder was assessed in three offspring
      groups (ages 18-29) defined by parental diagnoses, including schizophrenic
      disorder (N = 90), affective disorder (N = 79), and no parental disorder (N =
      161). The assessment was conducted by trained social workers and psychologists by
      means of a direct interview (Personality Disorder Examination). The interviewers
      were blind to the parental status and to previous psychiatric assessments of
      these offspring. The rates of three, four and five schizotypal features were
      elevated in the offspring with parental psychiatric disorder in contrast to the
      offspring with no parental psychiatric disorder. However, the rates between the
      offspring of the schizophrenic disorder parental group and the offspring of the
      affective disorder parental group did not differ significantly, thus failing to
      support the assumption of diagnostic specificity.

PMID- 2635221
TI  - Diurnal rhythm in absolute and relative concentrations of large neutral amino
      acids in human plasma.
AB  - In order to obtain detailed information on the diurnal plasma rhythmicity in
      those large neutral amino acids (LNAA) which compete with each other for carrier
      mediated transport from plasma into the brain, blood samples were collected every
      hour for 24h from six healthy men, aged 25-50 yr. The well-known diurnal rhythm
      in the concentration of plasma amino acids was confirmed and is described in
      greater detail in this paper. These data might be helpful in clinical situations
      where LNAAs (e.g. L-dopa, alpha-methyldopa and tryptophan) are used as
      therapeutic agents, since these amino acids compete with endogenous LNAAs for
      carrier-mediated transport from plasma into the brain. Furthermore, it was found
      that the amplitude of variation differed between the individual LNAAs. In
      addition the relationships between them, expressed as ratios of the
      concentrations of each single LNAA to total LNAA concentration also possess
      diurnal rhythms, different from those observed in absolute LNAA concentrations.
      This rhythmicity in relative LNAA concentrations might be of importance for brain
      function, since altered relationships between LNAAs in plasma might bring about
      altered concentrations of LNAAs in the brain and consequently, in monoamine
      synthesis.

PMID- 2635222
TI  - Evening urine cortisol excretion and DST results in depression and anorexia
      nervosa.
AB  - Cortisol determination in a single one-hour urine sample collected between 2200 h
      and 2300 h has been shown to identify accurately patients with Cushing's disease.
      To examine the usefulness of this procedure for identifying psychiatric patients
      with a pituitary-adrenal disturbance, we studied 17 drug-free depressed patients,
      6 euthymic anorectic patients and 10 healthy volunteers. We found that there was
      good agreement between DST results and evening urine cortisol excretion in this
      sample (when cortisol levels were expressed as ng of cortisol per mg of
      creatinine), and that adopting as a criterion a urine cortisol value two standard
      deviations above the mean cortisol value of the controls predicts 74% of the
      dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results. We would like to suggest that this
      measure deserves further study as a potentially useful and simple alternative to
      the DST for identifying psychiatric patients with a pituitary-adrenal
      disturbance.

PMID- 2635223
TI  - Cardiac regulation in bulimia nervosa.
AB  - Heart rate and vagal tone were assessed during sleep and bed rest conditions in
      nine patients with bulimia nervosa (BN), six patients with concomitant anorexia
      nervosa and bulimia nervosa (AN + BN) and five control subjects. During bed rest
      conditions AN + BN patients had significantly lower heart rates than BN or
      control subjects. During sleep, the heart rate differed significantly for all
      three groups. The AN + BN group had a significantly lower heart rate than either
      the BN or control groups and the BN group had a significantly lower heart rate
      than controls. On the other hand, measures of vagal tone, based on respiratory
      sinus arrhythmia, were significantly elevated in both patient groups compared to
      controls. These findings suggest that the bradycardia during sleep in BN patients
      may be primarily due to hypervagal activity, but the greater bradycardia
      demonstrated in those patients with both AN and BN may result from hypervagal
      activity coupled with reduced sympathetic activity.

PMID- 2635224
TI  - Dietary effects on mood and performance.
AB  - Of 20 young students recruited at a college for nutrition, 10 followed a diet for
      a period of 3 weeks and 10 were assigned to a control condition. One subject in
      the control group dropped out. The diet consisted of approximately 70 g protein
      and 25 g carbohydrate at breakfast and 10 g protein and 100 g carbohydrate at
      dinner. In between, a protein luncheon was consumed. On the last day of the 3
      week period repeated measurements of mood and performance were made, i.e. after
      breakfast and after dinner. Consequently, the same measurements were made 2
      months later to serve as covariates in the analyses to control for base-line
      differences of the two groups. It was predicted that, in the morning, the
      performance and the vigour of the diet group would improve whereas, in the
      evening, performance would become worse and subjects would feel more sleepy.
      However, the diet group was found to have a higher anger score in the morning
      (probably due to the unattractive nature of the diet) and a tendency to have a
      higher fatigue score in the evening compared with the controls. In addition, the
      diet group performed better in the morning on finger tapping, compared with the
      control group. With respect to memory scanning, the diet group performed more
      slowly in the morning in comparison with the control group. From these
      conflicting results, it was concluded that dietary composition had no effect on
      mood and behaviour.

PMID- 2635225
TI  - Personality and depression: a further evaluation.
AB  - This brief report provides additional data indicating that the depressed state
      may lead to a significant increase in the frequency of diagnosis of personality
      disorder, and that the assessment of personality disorder should be delayed until
      successful treatment of an acute depression.

PMID- 2635226
TI  - Echinococcosis in Iraq: prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus in stray dogs in
      Arbil Province.
AB  - Of 67 dogs examined in 11 localities in Arbil Province, northern Iraq, 53 (79.1%)
      were found infected with Echinococcus granulosus. The infection rates in the 11
      localities ranged from 66.7% to 100%. Infections were light (1-200 worms) in
      37.7% of infected dogs, medium (201-1,000 worms) in 20.8% and heavy (over 1,000
      worms) in 41.5%. The heaviest burden was detected in 13 dogs, in which 3,000 to
      8,000 worms each were counted. Infection rates were slightly higher in male dogs
      (81.1%) than in bitches (76.7%).

PMID- 2635227
TI  - Spotted fever group rickettsia in dogs in Japan.
AB  - Prevalence of antibody against spotted fever group-rickettsia in dogs (14/134)
      from the northern part of Shikoku Island, where spotted fever group rickettsia
      infection in human is endemic, is significantly higher than that in dogs (4/189)
      from nonendemic areas.

PMID- 2635228
TI  - [Influence of evoking imagery on the perception of a cutaneous thermal stimulus].
AB  - The effects of evoked thermal imagery on cutaneous thermal perception and change
      in skin temperature were examined. Thirty-two subjects were randomly assigned to
      one of the following four conditions: warm imagery, cold imagery, neutral imagery
      and no-imagery. The main results were as follows: first, the interference with
      thermal perception either by warm or cold imagery was observed. Cold imagery
      subjects estimated the stimuli to be warmer than neutral imagery subjects.
      However, under the high temperature condition they estimated the stimuli lower
      than the stimuli temperature. As to the perception expand, there was no
      difference between warm and cold imagery conditions. Second, warm imagery
      produced physically higher skin temperatures than cold imagery. These results
      indicated that the effect of imagery activity on the subjects' perception of
      thermal stimuli does not correspond to the actual physiological change in skin
      temperature. Finally, the dual nature of the effects of thermal imagery was
      discussed in terms of imagery modality.

PMID- 2635229
TI  - [Schedule sensitivity in human operant behavior: instructed versus shaped verbal
      behavior].
AB  - Presses on left and right buttons by undergraduate students occasionally produced
      points exchangeable for money, according to a multiple random-ratio random
      interval schedule. During interruptions in the schedule, the subjects were
      required to fill out sentence-completion guess sheets about how they should press
      the buttons to gain the points available. Three of six subjects were instructed
      about the rules of button pressing (the instructed group), whereas the others
      received no instructions but their guesses were shaped with differential points
      also worth money (the shaped group). The schedule was changed so that button
      pressing relying on the instructed or shaped rules substantially decreased the
      available points in the contact condition but not in the no-contact condition. A
      schedule change in the no-contact condition produced no performance change in
      either groups. In the contact condition, shaped group subjects showed a
      performance change, whereas instructed group subjects did not until they
      temporarily encountered an extinction schedule. When the no-contact condition was
      reintroduced, sensitive responding occurred in the shaped group but not in the
      instructed group suggesting that prior experience in the contact condition
      increased the schedule sensitivity of the shaped group. The findings clearly
      demonstrated that responding was more sensitive to schedule changes when the
      rules were shaped than when they were instructed.

PMID- 2635230
TI  - [A study of relation between hopelessness and causal attribution in school-aged
      children].
AB  - This study was conducted to investigate the relation between hopelessness and
      causal attribution in Japanese school-aged children. In Study 1, the Japanese
      edition of hopelessness scale for children developed by Kazdin, French, Unis,
      Esveldt-Dawsan, and Sherick (1983) was constructed. Seventeen original items were
      translated into Japanese and they were administrated to 405 fifth- and sixth
      graders. All of the items could be included to the Japanese edition of
      hopelessness scale. The reliability and validity was examined. In Study 2, the
      relation between hopelessness and causal attribution in children were
      investigated. The causal attribution questionnaire developed by Higuchi, Kambare,
      and Otsuka (1983) and the hopelessness scale developed by Study 1 were
      administered to 188 sixth-graders. Children with high scores in hopelessness
      scale significantly attributed negative events to much more effort factor than
      children with low scores. It supports neither the reformulated learned
      helplessness model nor the causal attribution theory of achievement motivation.
      It was explained mainly from points of self-serving attribution, cultural
      difference, and social desirability. Some questions were discussed for developing
      studies on depression and causal attribution in Japan.

PMID- 2635231
TI  - [The effect of time for rating on a cognitive complexity scores of the Rep test].
AB  - This study was designed to demonstrate the need for caution in using the Rep test
      as an instrument for measuring the personality trait known as "cognitive
      complexity", given that situational factors prevailing at the time of testing can
      easily influence cognitive complexity scores. Forty-nine female undergraduate
      students were randomly assigned to either a short rating time or long rating time
      group. Subjects in the short time group were instructed to complete the Rep test
      as quickly as possible while those in the long time group were allowed to take as
      much time as necessary to complete their ratings. The results indicated that
      cognitive complexity scores of the short rating time group were lower than those
      of the long rating time group, thus confirming the susceptibility of these scores
      to situational factors at the time of testing. However, the results also
      suggested that subjects emphasized the evaluative dimension during the first
      stage and the remaining dimensions during the second stage of social judgment
      processing. This suggested that the Rep test could play an important role in the
      development of stage models of person perception and that "cognitive complexity"
      could be approached from the perspective of "social cognition" research.

PMID- 2635232
TI  - Kickback kickoff.

PMID- 2635233
TI  - Physicians' liability to third parties.

PMID- 2635234
TI  - Early and late surfactant treatment in preterm triplets.
AB  - Preterm triplets were treated with calf lung surfactant extract (CLSE). Two were
      treated at birth without development of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS); one
      was treated after development of RDS, with rapid improvement. These cases
      demonstrated the efficacy of exogenous surfactant and the potential benefit of
      prophylaxis (early treatment) over late treatment. Although various exogenous
      surfactants have been used successfully to treat or prevent RDS in preterm
      infants, the optimal time of surfactant treatment has not been established.
      Surfactant therapy at birth results in a reduction in the incidence and severity
      of RDS, but it could lead to unnecessary treatment in a significant portion of
      patients. On the other hand, delaying treatment is likely to lessen the benefits
      of exogenous surfactant by various factors, including barotrauma and oxygen
      toxicity. The triplets in this report were treated with Infasurf CLSE. Two were
      treated at birth without development of RDS, but one was treated after
      development of RDS, with rapid improvement of respiratory status.

PMID- 2635235
TI  - Medical records.

PMID- 2635236
TI  - [Echocardiographic studies and electrocardiographic examination by the Holter
      method of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus].
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the left ventricular function and cardiac
      arrhythmias in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, but without observable
      changes of the circulatory system in clinical examination. 30 patients underwent
      the study with the insulin-dependent diabetes treated for 2 months--30 years.
      There was no evidence of hypertension, renal and hepatic failure. Well controlled
      diabetes was stated in all of them. The control group consisted of 20 healthy
      persons. M-mode echocardiographic examination and 24-hour Holter ecg monitoring
      was performed in all patients. Decreased left ventricular compliance and complex
      ventricular arrhythmias were stated in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2635237
TI  - [Usefulness of Doppler echocardiography for evaluation of pulmonary hypertension
      based on the analysis of blood flow through the pulmonary artery].
AB  - In 41 patients with cardiac defects cardiac catheterization and echocardiographic
      examination were performed to evaluate the usefulness of Doppler echocardiography
      for estimation the grade of pulmonary hypertension. Parameter for noninvasive
      estimation of mean pulmonary artery pressure was the acceleration time (AcT)
      calculated basing on pulsed Doppler recordings of blood flow through the right
      ventricular outflow tract. Technics of examination and calculation of mean
      pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) were concordant with Kitabatake's methodology.
      Patients were divided into 3 groups according to MPAP values measured by the
      invasive method. MPAP values obtained using Doppler method were not identical
      with results of direct measurements, but in the majority of patients (85%)
      Doppler method allowed to properly qualify patients to a respective group--with
      normal, moderate or very high pulmonary artery pressure. We think that the
      presented method is a semiquantitative one and useful for monitoring of pulmonary
      pressure in patients with cardiac defects.

PMID- 2635238
TI  - [Left ventricular mural thrombi in myocardial infarction in echocardiographic
      studies and clinical observations].
AB  - Examinations were performed in 153 consecutive patients with myocardial
      infarction (MS), which were divided into two groups. Group I (21 persons)
      consisted of patients with echocardiographically diagnosed left ventricular mural
      thrombus, and in group II were patients without evidence of thrombi.
      Significantly more patients with anterior myocardial infarction were in the the
      group I, whereas those with inferior MI in the group II. Increased left
      ventricular wall contractility index and considerably percentage of dyskinesis,
      mostly of the apex region were stated in the group I. 15 patients (71%) of the
      group I were treated with heparin, but only 4 of them within 4 hours from the
      beginning of angina pain. In 4 patients of the group I (19%) thromboembolic
      complications occurred: in 1 patient during proper anticoagulant therapy and in 3
      others without treatment with heparin. Thus mural thrombi were observed in
      majority in patients with anterior myocardial infarction and were localized in a
      diskinetic region. Echocardiograms of patients with mural thrombi testified to
      greater than in others left ventricular function impairment. Heparin
      administration during first hours of myocardial infarction seemed to lower the
      incidence of mural thrombi and probably thrombembolic complications.

PMID- 2635239
TI  - [Value of two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of
      rupture of the interventricular septum in myocardial infarction].
AB  - Usefulness of two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in diagnosis of the
      ruptured interventricular septum in a course of myocardial infarction was
      evaluated basing on own material consisted of 6 cases. Ventricular septal defect
      was visualized in 5 patients. The blood flow through the ventricular septum was
      detected in all of 6 patients. Obtained results were concordant with
      intraoperative and anatomicopathologic findings as for as the localization of the
      rupture is concerned.

PMID- 2635240
TI  - [Giant thrombus of mitral valve prosthesis diagnosed by two-dimensional and
      Doppler echocardiography and confirmed by autopsy].
AB  - Authors presented intravitally diagnosed and well echocardiographically supplied
      documentary evidence for a huge thrombus positioned in the left atrioventricular
      ostium in a 52 years old woman within two months of Bjork-Shiley mitral valve
      replacement because of a mitral valve disease.

PMID- 2635241
TI  - Effect of aminoguanidine on the glycation.
AB  - 3-Deoxyglucosone, a carbonyl intermediate compound in the Maillard reaction, acts
      on bovine serum albumin to increase its fluorescence. Aminoguanidine inhibited
      the increase of fluorescence intensity formed by bovine serum albumin and 3
      deoxyglucosone when 3-deoxyglucosone had been preincubated with aminoguanidine.
      These results suggested that aminoguanidine inhibits the action of 3
      deoxyglucosone in the Maillard reaction.

PMID- 2635242
TI  - The protective effects of calcium antagonist and free radical scavenger against
      myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart.
AB  - Using the isolated working rat heart model, efficacy of the calcium antagonist
      and free radical scavengers against the myocardial injury induced by ischemia and
      reperfusion was investigated. In the calcium antagonist series, diltiazem was
      added to St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution. After 35 minutes of ischemia
      (37C) and 30 minutes of reperfusion, the dose response curve of postischemic
      recovery of aortic flow showed the bell-shaped pattern and the addition of 0.4
      mg/L of diltiazem significantly increased the final recovery of aortic flow from
      the control value of 45.3 +/- 3.1% to 59.1 +/- 3.7% (P less than 0.01). However,
      the higher dose of diltiazem reduced the postischemic recoveries of heart rate
      and aortic flow probably due to its side effects of negative inotropic and
      chronotropic effect. In the free radical scavengers series, 100 mg/L of
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 10 mg/L of catalase (CAT) were added in the same
      experimental schedule. The addition of these enzymes significantly improved the
      postischemic recovery of aortic flow, and the best recovery was seen in the group
      receiving both SOD and CAT (72.9 +/- 3.9%, P less than 0.001). It was suggested
      that SOD and CAT have potential clinical application in preventing oxygen radical
      mediated myocardial injury in the setting of open heart surgery.

PMID- 2635243
TI  - A study on immunological effects of L-canavanine.
AB  - L-canavanine (LC) is an amino acid contained in alfalfa seeds that provokes a
      disease state similar to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in primates. In vitro
      experiments show that LC mainly acts on CD8(-)Leu8(+) T cells to regulate
      antibody synthesis and lymphocyte proliferation. The lymphocytes of SLE patients
      were poorly responsive to LC stimulation, suggesting that CD8(-)Leu8(+) T cells
      are specifically deficient in SLE. Although the precise mechanism of
      intracellular action of LC is not yet clear, we found that the intracellular
      calcium level [( Ca2+]i) increased in response to LC. This increase in [Ca2+]i
      may be partially responsible for the mechanism of action of LC on lymphocytes.

PMID- 2635244
TI  - A study on the role of zinc on the immune response and body metabolism--a
      contribution of trace elements.
AB  - The role of zinc in the control of lymphocyte function, especially immune
      response was studied. Zinc inhibited pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced generation of
      immunoglobulin secreting cells (ISC) apparently by a non-specific activation of T
      cells involving both CD4 and CD8 cells as well as both CD8-Leu8+ and CD8-Leu8-
      cells. Lymphocyte proliferation was inhibited by anti-IL2 receptor and anti-IL2
      antibodies as well, indicating that zinc augments signal transduction through IL2
      receptors through enhancement of the interaction between the IL2 and IL2
      receptors. Zinc induced high affinity receptors for IL2 on lymphocytes.

PMID- 2635245
TI  - Histochemical and immunohistochemical studies on intraepithelial nerve fibers in
      the ejaculatory duct of the monkey (Macaca fuscatus).
AB  - With special attention to intraepithelial nerve supply, the distribution of
      peripheral nerve fibers in the ejaculatory duct of the monkey (Macaca fuscatus)
      was examined by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods and conventional
      transmission electron microscopic (TEM) method. The conventional TEM study has
      suggested that there are two types of intraepithelial nerve fibers, i.e.
      cholinergic and peptidergic. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive nerve fibers
      which were seen by means of light microscopy (LM) as surrounding the epithelium
      were revealed to be present intraepithelially by means of TEM examination.
      Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactive nerve fibers were richly distributed in
      the ejaculatory duct with a dense plexus spreading just beneath the epithelium.
      The immunoreactive nerves appeared, in part, to enter the epithelium. Substance P
      (SP)- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactive nerve fibers
      were found to be present to a moderate extent in the ejaculatory duct; some of
      them entered the interior of the epithelium to extend their nerve terminals to
      its free surface. Neural elements clearly immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) could not be found in the
      ejaculatory duct, except for the surroundings of the blood vessels. Possible
      functional roles of these intraepithelial nerves were discussed on the basis of
      their distribution pattern.

PMID- 2635246
TI  - Hemodynamic evaluation and morphological changes of right ventricular out-flow
      tract and pulmonary valve after balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty.
AB  - Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV) was attempted in 38 cases of congenital
      pulmonary valve stenosis. It was effective and was done without complication in
      36 cases, however it was not effective in two cases of pulmonary valve dysplasia.
      The balloon used was 20-50% larger in diameter than the pulmonary valve annulus.
      In the seven cases in which the transvalvular pressure gradient was above 100
      mmHg on cardiac catheterization, right ventriculography demonstrated that the
      functional obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract increased
      immediately after BPV, however it subsequently improved at one year after the
      procedure. At between one and three months after BPV, two-dimensional
      echocardiography demonstrated that the morphological obstruction to the right
      ventricular outflow tract had diminished. In two cases, localized right
      ventricular septal hypertrophy with severe pulmonary valve stenosis was observed
      by two-dimensional echocardiography and right ventriculography, and persisted at
      one year. In all cases, two-dimensional echocardiography and angiography
      demonstrated doming pulmonary valves with valve stenosis, which was diminished by
      BPV. The pulmonary valve morphology was observed by two-dimensional
      echocardiography in three cases following BPV. In one case, partial relief of
      pulmonary valve obstruction was seen to be due to commissural splitting and in
      the other two, to tearing of cusp tissue. Inspection of the pulmonary valve at
      operation was made in one case who underwent elective surgery for repair of an
      atrial septal defect which was associated with pulmonary valve stenosis. It
      demonstrated partial relief of pulmonary valve stenosis by tearing of cusp
      tissue. In conclusion, BPV is as effective a treatment for congenital pulmonary
      valve stenosis as open valvulotomy. In our follow-up study, it has shown no
      apparent complications. The transient obstruction in the right ventricular
      outflow tract immediately after BPV improved within one month and improved
      further after three months and one year. However, in the more long-standing cases
      the localized right ventricular septal hypertrophy persisted and these cases will
      require, a long term follow-up.

PMID- 2635247
TI  - Valvular heart disease in Kawasaki syndrome--incidence and natural history.
AB  - It has been reported that Kawasaki syndrome is accompanied with mitral
      regurgitation or aortic regurgitation in some cases. To elucidate the incidence
      and the natural history of valvular heart disease in Kawasaki syndrome, we
      analyzed the patients who were detected to have a new heart murmur after the
      onset of Kawasaki syndrome. From 1973 to 1988, we have experienced 13 cases with
      valvular heart disease in 1215 cases of Kawasaki syndrome, 12 cases with mitral
      regurgitation (1.0%) and one with aortic regurgitation (0.1%). Valvular lesions
      were confirmed by angiography or pulsed Doppler echocardiography. The age at
      onset of Kawasaki syndrome, the duration of fever, the maximum erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate, and the incidence of coronary artery lesions in these cases
      were compared with the same variables in 30 cases of without valvular lesion in
      Kawasaki syndrome. There were no statistical difference between the cases with
      valvular heart disease and without valvular heart disease about the age of onset
      (mean +/- SD 10.2 +/- 12.7 months vs 20.8 +/- 18.4 months; N.S.) and the maximum
      erythrocyte sedimentation rate (87.7 +/- 29.0 mm/h vs 87.2 +/- 35.6 mm/h; N.S.).
      Whereas the duration of fever in cases of valvular heart disease was more
      extended than those without valvular heart disease (20.3 +/- 8.1 days vs 10.3 +/-
      4.3 days; p less than 0.001), and the incidence of coronary artery lesions in the
      cases of valvular heart disease was significantly higher than those without
      valvular heart disease (12/13 cases vs 7/30 cases; p less than 0.001), thus
      suggesting that the cases of valvular heart disease were subject to a severe case
      of Kawasaki syndrome. All valvular heart disease appeared within 1 month after
      the onset of Kawasaki syndrome, except in one case whose heart murmur was noticed
      5 years after the onset. The heart murmur disappeared within 2 months after the
      onset of valvular heart disease in 5 cases, however in another 7 cases, the heart
      murmur persisted more than 2 years (mean; 5.3 years to date) or one has died of
      acute congestive heart failure due to mitral regurgitation. All cases with
      persistent valvular disease revealed mitral or aortic valve prolapse. Our data
      suggest that the cause of valvular heart disease might be different by the time
      of onset and duration of valvular heart disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2635248
TI  - Dopamine receptors on prefrontal neurons.

PMID- 2635249
TI  - Ultrastructure of the hypophyseal portal vessel in mature rats--SEM and TEM
      observations.
AB  - After chemical digestion of the isolated specimen of the hypophysis of the rat,
      external surface of the hypophyseal portal vessel in the mature rat was
      investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The portal vessel lacked
      smooth muscle fibers, it was accompanied by many pericytes with highly ramifying
      processes along its whole course. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) study
      revealed that the endothelium of this vessel has many fenestrations and channels.
      These findings suggest that the hypophyseal portal vessel in the mature rat is a
      capillary sinus with pericytes rather than a vein as suggested previously.

PMID- 2635250
TI  - The influence of air-cushion shoes on post-exercise proteinuria.
AB  - Fourteen trained males participated in three sets of progressive 1 min exercise
      till exhaustion comparing proteinuria after bicycling, treadmill running under
      barefoot and air-cushion shoe conditions. Venous lactate rose to about 11 moles.l
      1 after the three bouts of exercise while total protein and albumin urinary
      excretion increased 7 (rest micrograms.min-1) and 19 (rest 11 micrograms.min-1)
      fold respectively. Creatinine clearance declined to 75% (88 ml.min-1) of the
      resting values for all three exercises. Albumin clearances increased from 0.24
      microliter.min-1 at rest to 4.08 microliters.min-1 during the recovery period.
      None of the above values were statistically different while comparing the three
      protocols. On the contrary, plasma hemoglobin showed a significant rise with bare
      footed-running (rest 10 mg.100 ml-1; exercise 21 mg.100 ml-1). The lack of
      hemoglobin in urine postulated that the renal threshold for excretion was not
      attained in the present conditions. The results indicate that haemolysis and
      repeated shocks on the foot sole do not lead to the urinary excretion of proteins
      induced by short-term progressive and exhaustive exercise in humans.

PMID- 2635251
TI  - The validity of a portable accelerometer for estimating energy expenditure in
      bicycle riding.
AB  - The purpose of the investigation was to determine the validity of a portable
      vertical accelerometer and a Large-Scale Integrated Motor Activity Monitor (LSI)
      for estimating energy expenditure in riding a bicycle at various velocities.
      Instrument placement was either at the knee or ankle. Energy consumption, i.e.
      oxygen consumption (VO2) was determined during bicycle rides after steady state
      metabolism was reached. Standard errors of estimate were used to express the
      accuracy of estimating VO2 from accelerometer or LSI recordings. The reliability
      of the vertical accelerometer was found to be satisfactory. The vertical
      accelerometer was also effective for estimating VO2 in bicycling (standard errors
      of estimate = 3.3 to 4.4 ml.kg-1.min-1). The accuracy of the LSI was not as good;
      the standard errors of estimate being = 5.9 to 8.5 ml.kg-1.min-1.

PMID- 2635252
TI  - Comparison of metabolic responses and oxygen cost during maximal exercise using
      three treadmill protocols.
AB  - Sixteen healthy men aged 27.2 +/- 1.2 yr (mean +/- SEM) were tested to volitional
      exhaustion using the Balke, Bruce, and Ellestad treadmill protocols. Balke
      resulted in a greater (p less than 0.01) time to exhaustion and total work
      output, but a lower (p less than 0.05) peak oxygen consumption (ml.kg-1.min-1),
      and a lower (p less than 0.0001) cumulative net oxygen debt. Oxygen debt,
      expressed as a percent of total net oxygen cost, was smaller (p less than 0.001)
      on the Balke than the Bruce and Ellestad protocols (9.9 +/- 0.5, 18.7 +/- 0.6,
      and 19.3 +/- 0.6%, respectively). The rate of increase in oxygen consumption (p
      less than 0.0001) and blood lactate concentration (p less than 0.05) were lower
      on the Balke than on the Bruce and Ellestead protocols. Therefore, the observed
      differences in oxygen debt and lactate concentrations probably reflect
      differences in the rate of energy requirement, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
      and physiological stress associated with each protocol.

PMID- 2635253
TI  - Anaerobic threshold in runners and cyclists.
AB  - Two different noninvasive procedures have been used to determine the anaerobic
      threshold (AT) in 15 long distance runners and in 6 cyclists. The AT values
      obtained by ventilatory methods (on treadmill for runners and on cycloergometer
      for cyclists) and the AT values obtained by a field test were significantly
      correlated.

PMID- 2635254
TI  - The effects of physical training on physical fitness tests and auditory and
      visual reaction times of volleyball players.
AB  - Twenty male volleyball players were taken for this study and during an 8-week
      period they did physical conditioning exercises by weight training 5 days a week.
      Physical fitness tests, auditory and visual reaction times were measured at the
      beginning and at the end of training period. When results statistically analysed,
      it was observed that physical conditioning exercises affected their physical
      fitness positively and moreover auditory and visual reaction times were
      shortened.

PMID- 2635255
TI  - Effects of diltiazem and atenolol on exercise performance in man.
AB  - The effects of diltiazem and atenolol on exercise performance were studied in 9
      healthy and physically fit volunteers according to a double-blind cross-over
      design. All subjects performed, with an interval of 1 week, 3 exercise tests on a
      treadmill with stepwise increase of the workload until exhaustion. Two hours
      prior to each exercise test they received in a randomised order placebo,
      diltiazem 120 mg or atenolol 100 mg. Running time and VO2peak were not influenced
      by diltiazem, while running time was significantly reduced (-10%) after atenolol.
      The reduction of VO2peak (-9%) after atenolol did not reach statistical
      significance. Both diltiazem and atenolol significantly decreased heart rate at
      peak effort but the decrease was much more pronounced after atenolol (-52 b.min
      1) than after diltiazem (-6 b.min-1). At submaximal level VO2 was not influenced
      by diltiazem, but significantly lowered (-6%) after atenolol. Submaximal heart
      rate was decreased and plasma lactate concentration was increased by both
      diltiazem and atenolol, but the effect of atenolol was more pronounced. The study
      shows that maximal work performance of young healthy subjects is not affected by
      diltiazem 120 mg, in contrast to atenolol 100 mg which decreases maximal work
      performance in the same subjects.

PMID- 2635256
TI  - Effect of reduced training volume on cardiac function, VO2 max, and running
      performance.
AB  - This study examined the physiological effects of reducing training mileage in a
      veteran long distance runner while increasing exercise intensity. Variables
      measured included stroke volume, cardiac output, maximum oxygen uptake,
      ventilation threshold and performance time in a 10,000 m run. For 8 weeks,
      training mileage was reduced from 75.8 miles per week to 42.5 miles per week
      including interval training twice weekly. Following the specialized training,
      performance time was 10 seconds faster although VO2max and heart contractility
      had decreased. It was concluded that distance running performance can be
      maintained while considerably reducing training mileage and increasing exercise
      intensity twice a week.

PMID- 2635257
TI  - Body mass index as a discriminant function among health-related variables and
      risk factors.
AB  - A group of 206 subjects (30-55 years) were studied with the objective of
      quantifying the relationships between fitness indicators (relative body weight
      (BMI), aerobic power, muscular endurance), health indicators and risk factors,
      (appraised age, cost of health services consumed, blood pressure (SBP and DBP),
      blood lipids (CHO and HDL), cigarette smoking). BMI was significantly correlated
      with the risk indicators in the male sample (.302 less than or equal to r less
      than or equal to .364) and in the female sample (.217 less than or equal to r
      less than or equal to .521). All coefficients were in the direction of the
      established biological assumption as concerns hazards to health. The discriminant
      analysis revealed that in the total group of men, 77% (p less than or equal to
      .001) of the subjects could be classified either in high or low BMI (greater than
      Q75 or less than or equal to Q25) on the basis of the scores in SBP, HDL,
      HDL/CHO. In the subgroup of women greater than or equal to 40 years,
      statistically significant classification occurred in 100% of the cases (p less
      than or equal to .001) on the basis of DBP, CHO, HDL/CHO, NCIG. The results
      indicate that BMI is a fitness determinant which is valid, convenient and easy to
      use in the detection of unfavorable health indices and when clinical intervention
      is justified.

PMID- 2635258
TI  - Age as a factor in the hemodynamic responses to isometric exercise.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the effect of isometric contractions of the
      finger flexors and leg extensor muscle groups on the cardiovascular responses of
      men 18-31 and 50-71 years of age. A 2X2X4 split-plot design was carried out with
      men representing two age groups, using two muscle groups and performing isometric
      contractions at four different intensities. Analysis of variance indicated
      significant differences for all main effects. The systolic and diastolic blood
      pressures were found to be (1) higher for the leg extension contractions compared
      to the finger flexion contractions, (2) higher for each increment in %MVC
      workload, and (3) higher for the older individuals. Heart rate responses were
      found to be (1) higher for the leg extension exercises, (2) higher with each
      increase in %MVC, and (3) higher for the younger subjects. Stroke volumes
      demonstrated (1) higher values for the young men at each workload, (2) lower
      values for leg extension exercises, and (3) a greater decline with longer
      contraction times. The older individuals had higher pressor responses than did
      the younger subjects, higher pressor and heart rate responses were observed with
      isometric leg extension exercises and increasing %MVC levels, and the older
      subjects had lower stroke volume responses compared to the younger subjects.

PMID- 2635259
TI  - Heart rate and metabolic responses to participation in golf.
AB  - Five healthy middle-aged men were asked to perform 18 holes of golf. Heart rate
      was measured throughout the play, and blood samples were compared before and
      after play. Oxygen uptake during play was estimated from their heart rate
      response during a treadmill-walking test. Mean heart rate was 108 (range 92-121)
      beats/min, which corresponded to 38 (range 35-41) %VO2max. Caloric cost of golf
      is 4-6 kcal/min and total energy expenditure was estimated more than 960 kcal
      during 18 holes. Blood glucose decreased and FFA increased following 18 holes of
      play. Golfing seems to be a suitable sport for middle-aged and elderly persons to
      enhance energy expenditure.

PMID- 2635260
TI  - Maintenance of aerobic capacity and body composition of volunteers residing on a
      metabolic research unit.
AB  - To achieve steady-state energy equilibrium, a program of physiological assessment
      and aerobic exercise prescription was developed and evaluated in healthy men
      participating in 3 month (n = 21) and 6 month (n = 12) nutritional studies. Using
      reliable maximal exercise tests, exercise was prescribed at an intensity to
      elicit 50% peak oxygen uptake, 15 minutes/day on 3 nonconsecutive days/week.
      Under controlled controlled conditions of energy intake and exercise
      prescription, body weight (+/- 2%), body composition, and peak oxygen uptake (+/-
      less than 5%) were maintained for periods up to 6 months. This approach may be
      useful in regulating energy expenditure in volunteers participating in controlled
      metabolic studies for prolonged periods of time.

PMID- 2635261
TI  - The objective assessment of physical activity in an occupationally active group.
AB  - Thirty-five male United States postal carriers, mean age (+/-SD) 46.1 +/- 11.4
      years, mean distance walked on the job 5.3 +/- 3.3 miles day-1, participated in
      this study to determine the efficacy of two movement sensors for the assessment
      of daily physical activity. Subjects wore both a Large Scale Integrated Activity
      Monitor (LSI) and a Caltrac portable accelerometer on a belt for 3 days (2 work
      days, 1 non-work day) for 2 separate trials separated by a 3 month interval. Both
      monitors indicated similar mean levels of physical activity over the 2 work days
      with a significant decrease on the non-work day. Test-retest reliability within
      one trial over the 2 work days (LSI, r = 0.64; Caltrac, r = 0.58) and and between
      2 trials (LSI, r = 0.58, Caltrac, r = 0.57), were similar for both monitors. The
      mean values for the LSI and Caltrac over the 2 trials were highly related (r =
      0.75). Analysis of variance indicated a high percentage of the total variance in
      physical activity was accounted for by interindividual differences for both
      monitors (LSI = 77.4%, Caltrac = 77.7%). These results suggest that both the LSI
      and the Caltrac provide a reliable index of physical activity and can detect
      inter-individual differences in activity level in occupationally active
      individuals.

PMID- 2635262
TI  - Nutritional status and body composition of adolescent female gymnasts.
AB  - Nutritional status and body composition of 26 young female gymnasts (average age
      12 years) were studied. The body fat percentage (15% of total body weight) is
      low, still consistent with an excellent health. The caloric intake is lower (1552
      kcal/day) than that recommended for their age group, however it is still within
      the standard by body weight (43 kcal/kg). They show and insufficient assumption
      of carbohydrates (47.7%), mineral salts and vitamins, so that a more detailed
      alimentary information is required in order to avoid undesired consequences on
      sport performance and growth rate.

PMID- 2635263
TI  - Infectious episodes in runners before and after a roadrace.
AB  - Various researchers have implied that regular and moderate exercise training may
      improve the ability of the immune system to protect the host from infection. In
      contrast, acute, maximal, and exhaustive exercise may have negative effects of
      the immune system. This study compared the incidence of infectious episodes in
      273 runners during a two month training period prior to a 5 K, 10 K, or half
      marathon race. In addition, the effect of the race experience on infectious
      episodes was studied. Twenty-five percent of the runners training more than 15
      miles per week reported at least one infectious episode as compared with 34.3% of
      runners training less than 15 miles per week (p = 0.09). Only 6.8% of the runners
      preparing for the half-marathon race reported becoming sick with the flu versus
      17.9% of the 5 K and 10 K runners (p = 0.067). During the week following the
      roadrace, runners did not report an increase in infectious episodes as compared
      to the week prior to the race. These trends suggest that runners with a more
      serious commitment to regular exercise may experience less infectious episodes
      than recreational runners because of both direct and indirect affects on
      immunosurveillance. In addition, the stressful race experience does not appear to
      increase risk of acquiring an acute respiratory infection.

PMID- 2635265
TI  - Hard times/good times.

PMID- 2635264
TI  - Cerebral motor potential preceding grip strength movement.
AB  - The relationship between the force of the movement and the motor potential (MP),
      and that between the degree of the muscular discharge and the MP were examined by
      the method of bipolar and monopolar derivation. The MP amplitudes were
      significantly higher at C3' and Cz than at other lead placements for right grip
      and higher at C4' and Cz for left grip. A significant difference was observed
      among all lead placements except at Cz-C4'. The MP amplitudes were significantly
      higher for a strong grip task than for a weak grip tasks. Moreover, the MP
      amplitudes were higher at higher degrees of muscular discharge. The MP usually
      occurred about 100 msec prior to the EMG discharge, as also confirmed by Deecke
      et al. Therefore, from the present results and other studies, we postulated that
      the MP may reflect the activity of the neurons in the motor and premotor
      cortices, which might contribute to movement initiation. In addition, the MP
      amplitudes measured using bipolar derivation were more explicit than those
      measured using monopolar derivation.

PMID- 2635266
TI  - [The use of various mutagens for induction of nystatin-resistant mutants in
      Candida maltosa].
AB  - The mutagenic activity of nitrous acid, 6-N-hydroxylaminopurine, N-methyl-N'
      nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and 4-N-nitroquinoline oxide was studied for Candida
      maltosa. The efficacy of their action on C. maltosa cells was determinded in
      order to obtain nystatin-resistant strains.

PMID- 2635267
TI  - [The study of the growth of tylosin producer using differential centrifugation of
      mycelium in a sucrose density gradient].
AB  - The mycelium of Streptomyces fradiae was fractionated by differential
      centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient (SDG) using various samples of the
      inoculation material and aliquots of the cultural broth taken in the course of
      tylosin production. The mode of mycelium distribution in SDG made it possible to
      select the most active inoculation material. The mycelium was redistributed from
      sucrose layers with a high density to those with a lower density in the course of
      fermentation. The fractions differed in the antibiotic activity but none of them
      had an activity higher than in the control centrifuged in 30% sucrose and washed
      off just like the fractions. Therefore, mycelium fractionation in SDG would not
      elevate its antibiotic activity. The paper presents the cytological
      characteristics of different fractions changing in the course of fermentation.

PMID- 2635268
TI  - [Lytic activity of Pseudomonas bacteriophages].
AB  - None of the 24 Pseudomonas syringae bacteriophages were found to be identical in
      the spectrum of lytic action. The phages were subdivided into five groups
      according to the number of sensitive bacterial strains and their qualitative
      composition.

PMID- 2635269
TI  - [Traumatic injuries of the oral mucosa].
AB  - Injuries of the oral mucosa have a favourable prognosis provided they are treated
      adequately. The dentist is mostly confronted with this kind of injuries in young
      patients and should be familiar with the diagnosis, the treatment and the late
      complications that may occur.

PMID- 2635270
TI  - [Do dentists agree on dental anaesthesia?].
AB  - Hundred-and-ten dentists, both practitioners and teachers, attending a
      postgraduate course in medical emergencies, were unanimous in their choice of
      anaesthetics and medical anamnesis, the importance of avoiding toxicity and also
      in the unpredictability and infrequency of allergic reactions. There was no
      consensus on the importance of the aspiration test to avoid intravascular
      injection.

PMID- 2635271
TI  - [Salivary secretion and taste alterations in elderly subjects].
AB  - Morphologically the relative volume of the secretory acini in all types of
      salivary glands decreases with the age, whereas that of connective and adipose
      tissue increase. In addition, the rate of protein synthesis diminishes in older
      salivary glands. Nevertheless, the function of the secretory process is
      maintained throughout life. Stimulation of the salivary secretion by citric acid
      is unchanged in older people. On the other hand, the composition of saliva
      undergoes alterations with age. Taste alterations are in general not dramatical:
      the least for acid and the most for the salt acuity. From these data it can be
      concluded that xerostomia and salivary complaints of elderly are not caused
      primarily by decrements in the function of the salivary glands, but rather in
      many cases a secondary consequence of a salivary gland disease, or of a chronic
      medication e.g. by antihypertensive, sedative, antidepressive, narcotics etc.

PMID- 2635272
TI  - [An introduction into automated dental practice management].
AB  - This article is an introduction into the automation of the dental practice
      administration and provides a number of suggestions for those who are intending
      to use or are already using a computer.

PMID- 2635273
TI  - [Oral health perspective in children and adolescents].
AB  - Members of a panel gave their opinions on future developments affecting the
      prevalence for caries and gingivitis among the Dutch youth (0-34). For the
      younger age groups a small increase of the dmf-t count was expected by the
      members of the panel, which was in line with the results of a simulation model.
      For the oldest group the model showed a smaller decrease for the DMF-T count then
      the panel members forecasted.

PMID- 2635274
TI  - [Oral health in 35-55-year old people].
AB  - Changes in treatment planning and improved dental materials can probably cause a
      further improvement of the oral health in 35-55-year old people. Expectations
      concerning new developments in this field and the quantitative results of a
      computer simulation model, based on a corresponding scenario, were compared. The
      results suggest a minor decrease of missing teeth per person and the percentages
      edentulous people in the age group 35 years and over. An additional effect of the
      scenario is a considerable saving in total expenses for dental health care.

PMID- 2635275
TI  - [Changes from aging].
AB  - Expectations concerning the future of the oral health of the Dutch elderly and
      the quantitative results of a computer simulation model are put together. On an
      individual level no major changes in the oral health of the elderly dentates are
      to be expected. The ageing of the population and the decrease of the percentage
      of edentulous patients will result in a strong increase of the number of elderly
      people who need regular dental care. Due to the increasing age at which people
      become edentulous, no increase of treatment related to atrophic edentulous jaws
      is to be expected. On the other hand the introduction of new treatments, like the
      use of oral implants, might result in an increase of treatments of this kind.

PMID- 2635276
TI  - [An attempt to decrease periodontal diseases. A scenario-experiment].
AB  - The prevalence of periodontal diseases in the Dutch population is high. Is the
      employment of a great number of dental hygienists in the future the answer to
      this problem? With the aid of a computer model of the Dutch dental health care
      system this question was analysed. Forecasting for the year 2015 showed no
      considerable decrease of the prevalence of periodontal diseases, despite the
      employment of 2000 dental hygienists from 1990 on. Time and financial limitations
      in periodontal treatments were the main reasons for this rather disappointing
      result.

PMID- 2635277
TI  - [Implications from an increase in wealth for the dental health care].
AB  - After a theoretical introduction concerning the relation between wealth and
      dental health, the consequences as deducted from a scenario which implies a
      yearly increase of income for the whole population of 1.5% are presented. The
      main results are a strong income-dependency for the implications of an increase
      in income for the utilization of dental care. People from the lower socio
      economical classes are expected to show increase in the amount of care consumed,
      while people from the higher socio-economical classes are expected to show a need
      for more expensive and more preventive treatment. The improvement of the oral
      health situation due to an increase of wealth is not expected to be significant.

PMID- 2635278
TI  - [Dentistry in the 21st century].
AB  - A Dutch view is presented on an American publication on the prospectives of
      dentistry in the 21st century. Although there are a lot of similarities, the
      political circumstances in the Netherlands seem to be less favourable for a
      positive development of dental health care in the future.

PMID- 2635279
TI  - [Effects of sucking habits on the dentofacial development].
AB  - This review gives a description of the significance of the dentofacial
      development of both thumb- and fingersucking habits and dummy-sucking. Of all
      children about 60% has had a nonnutrive sucking habit during their youth. Sucking
      habits can have an influence on both the dental arches separately as well as on
      the intermaxillary relationship. Prolonged finger- and thumbsucking results in a
      disturbance of the dentofacial development in the anteroposterior, vertical and
      transverse directions. Dummy sucking has consequences for the development
      especially in vertical and transverse directions. With regard to dental
      complications it is advised to stop finger- and thumbsucking prior to the
      eruption of the permanent incisors and to stop dummy sucking before three years
      of age.

PMID- 2635280
TI  - [Loading of the masticatory system].
AB  - The masticatory system has the capability to produce biteforces in many
      directions, the magnitude of the maximum possible biteforce varies with the
      biteforce direction and depends on several parameters, such as the length-tension
      relationship, the physiological cross-section and the orientation of the jaw
      muscles, the shape of the temporomandibular joint and the location of the bite
      point. The loading of the left and right temporomandibular joint varies, among
      others, with the bite-force direction.

PMID- 2635281
TI  - [Burden and power. 2. Problems of dentists].
AB  - Are dentists exposed to mental strains? And are dental students mentally prepared
      to meet the demands of their future, daily practice? Practice problems as
      reported by dentists are classified and discussed in relation to age and
      satisfaction. Dentists are distinguished into two types and the consequences of
      strains for both groups are mentioned. The role of the professional organizations
      in regard to diminution of the problems is described, as are several defence
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2635282
TI  - Mitoxantrone, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (MMF) in hormone-refractory
      advanced breast cancer.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with metastatic breast cancer who had not received prior
      chemotherapy for metastatic disease were treated in a phase II trial with a
      combination of mitoxantrone (10 mg/m2), methotrexate (40 mg/m2) and 5
      fluorouracil (600 mg/m2) i.v. every 3 weeks (MMF). Thirty-three patients could be
      evaluated with regard to response and toxicity. Objective response was observed
      in 33% (3/33 complete responses, 8/33 partial responses). Dominant sites of
      disease were bone (16 patients), liver (7 patients), skin/lymph node (7
      patients), lung (1 patient) and breast (2 patients). Responses occurred in bone
      (4/16), liver (3/7) and skin/lymph node (4/7). Moderate to severe alopecia (grade
      3-4 WHO criteria) occurred in 3/33 (10%) patients; moderate to severe nausea and
      vomiting in 2/33 (6%) patients. Haematological toxicity consisted of
      predominantly leukopenia. Leukopenia grade 3-4 (nadir below 2000 x 10(9)/litre)
      occurred in 22/33 (67%) patients; thrombocytopenia grade 3-4 (nadir below 50,000
      X 10(9)/litre) occurred in 3 patients (9%). The MMF regimen appears to be
      effective. The non-haematological toxicity compares favourably with that of the
      more commonly used chemotherapy regimens, but the anti-tumour activity may be
      less.

PMID- 2635283
TI  - ERCP in the assessment of patients with post-cholecystectomy syndrome: benefits
      and limitations.
AB  - The aim of our study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy yielded by endoscopic
      retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) in a group of 41 patients presenting
      with persistent or recurrent abdominal pain and/or cholestasis following
      cholecystectomy. Each patient had previously undergone, without success, a
      different combination of non-invasive tests. Cannulation with adequate
      opacification of at least one duct was achieved in all patients. Aetiologically
      diagnostic findings obtained with ERCP were as follows: normal 36.8%,
      choledocholithiasis 34%, benign biliary stenosis 9.8%, chronic pancreatitis 4.9%,
      pancreatic carcinoma 2.4%, ampullary carcinoma 2.4%, cholangiocarcinoma 2.4%,
      miscellaneous 7.3%. ERCP gave a final diagnosis in 26 patients (63%) and in all
      the cases presenting with cholestasis. ERCP plays a first-line role in the
      diagnostic assessment of patients with the post-cholecystectomy syndrome.
      However, there is still a considerable part of this population in whom ERCP does
      not contribute to a diagnosis.

PMID- 2635284
TI  - Jaundice caused by hydatid disease of the liver.
AB  - Between 1980 and 1985, 40 patients were treated surgically for hydatid disease of
      the liver. In 4 cases (10%) jaundice was the first and most conspicuous sign of
      this disease. The patients originated from Spain, Morocco, Turkey and Lebanon. In
      2 of these cases the initial diagnosis was hepatitis; one patient was operated on
      for suspected acute cholecystitis. All 4 patients had an eosinophilia and
      positive hydatid serology. Hydatid material was found in the biliary tract in two
      cases, while bile-stained hydatid fluid proved that there was a communication
      between cystic cavity and biliary tract in the other two patients. Obstruction of
      the common bile duct by hydatid elements causes jaundice and probably also
      cholangitis. Calcifications in the cyst are no guarantee against future
      complications. Surgery is the treatment of choice. When patients from an endemic
      area present with jaundice, hydatid disease of the liver should be suspected,
      particularly if eosinophilia also exists.

PMID- 2635285
TI  - Pericardial fibrosis following busulfan treatment.
AB  - A case is reported of pericardial fibrosis after busulfan treatment in a man with
      chronic myeloid leukaemia. In the absence of any other explanation, we assume
      that busulfan may have been the cause of pericardial fibrosis in this patient.
      Other drugs causing pericardial fibrosis are discussed.

PMID- 2635286
TI  - A patient with probable systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus anticoagulant and
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - The case history of a 31-year-old woman is described. She had a history of
      thrombosis; in the past there had been an arterial embolus of the left
      superficial femoral artery and venous thrombosis of the right leg. The patient
      was admitted to hospital because of fever of unknown origin. During the hospital
      stay the diagnosis of probable SLE was made. She died of myocardial infarction.
      At autopsy, thrombosis of the small arterioles of the heart was found without
      sclerosis of the coronary arteries. A lupus anticoagulant could be demonstrated
      in her blood and seems to have been the cause of this rare complication.
      Treatment with anticoagulants is advised for patients with LAC and a history of
      thrombosis.

PMID- 2635287
TI  - Relevance of cause of hyperthyroidism in determining its management.
AB  - We analyzed the relapse rates of hyperthyroidism and prevalence rates of
      hypothyroidism after partial thyroidectomy and radio-iodine therapy in patients
      with Graves' disease and toxic multinodular goitre. In achieving euthyroidism,
      partial thyroidectomy was more effective in patients with Graves' disease (P less
      than 0.02). In patients with toxic multinodular goitre, radio-iodine therapy was
      more successful (P less than 0.05). Relapse of hyperthyroidism occurred more
      often in the radio-iodine group (P less than 0.02), mainly in patients with
      Graves' disease, and was seen sooner after radio-iodine therapy than after
      surgery (P less than 0.0001). Patients with toxic multinodular goitre, developed
      hypothyroidism more often after partial thyroidectomy than after 131I (P less
      than 0.01). In contrast, in patients with Graves' disease, hypothyroidism
      occurred more often after radio-iodine therapy than in the toxic multinodular
      goitre group (P less than 0.02). We conclude that the cause of hyperthyroidism
      strongly influences the efficacy of the therapeutic regimen.

PMID- 2635288
TI  - Severe lung damage after amniotic fluid embolism; a case with haemodynamic
      measurements.
AB  - A case is presented of non-fatal amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) with a severe
      shock complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with permanent
      pulmonary damage. Analysis of haemodynamic data of this patient suggests that
      diminished myocardial contractility and a decrease in peripheral vascular tone
      are the main causes of prolonged shock in AFE.

PMID- 2635289
TI  - [The gastrointestinal tract in H.I.V. patients. Anatomopathologic aspects of
      opportunistic infections].
AB  - The symptoms of the Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (A.I.D.S.) in the
      gastrointestinal tract are principally represented by neoplastic processes
      (Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma) and by opportunistic infections. These infections,
      for the diversity of bacterial, viral or parasitic etiological agents which are
      involved, ask for new and more specific interpretative problems, from the
      pathological point of view-either in the identification of the pathogenic agents
      either in the recognition of infective lesions associated with the presence of a
      not directly objectivable infective agent. On the basis of these considerations
      the authors report the principal histopathological characteristics connected with
      opportunistic infections of the gastrointestinal tract in 18 H.I.V. positive
      patients. Of every segment of the gastrointestinal tract, the detected agents are
      described with the lesions related to them, the other not specific A.I.D.S.
      associated infective forms recently described in literature, and in particular
      the differential diagnostic problems connected with viral infections. In the
      large bowel must be underlined the problems and the principal distinctive
      elements between opportunistic agents derived colitis and idiopathic colitis.

PMID- 2635290
TI  - [Visceral leishmaniasis in patients with AIDS. Description of 2 cases].
AB  - Cell-mediated immunity plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and in the
      recovery mechanisms of visceral leishmaniasis (V.L.). This disease, observed in
      two patients with AIDS, has peculiar anatomical and clinical characteristics and
      it is usually characterized by a severe clinical course. In addition, V.L. has
      been proposed to be included among the relevant infections for the case
      definition of AIDS. We describe two cases of V.L. occurred in association with
      AIDS. The most relevant characteristics of our cases are the followings:
      Diagnosis has been achieved by the identification of Leishmania donovani in the
      macrophages of the bone marrow in both the patients, and of the lymph node in one
      patient. The detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies was positive in one patients
      only. A significant defect of CD4+ cells was documented in both the patients.
      V.L. was associated in one patient with esophageal candidiasis, disseminated
      tuberculosis, P. carinii pneumonia; and in the other one with cerebral
      toxoplasmosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, esophageal candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma,
      CMV hepatitis. Specific chemotherapy has been partially or totally ineffective in
      both the patients. In fact, chemotherapy led to an apparent transient recovery in
      one patient, followed by a symptom-free period of more than one year. We think
      that V.L. has been the first infection occurred in this patients, beside of HIV
      infection. At the time of the first observation, the clinical conditions of this
      patient were satisfactory and there was only a slight alteration in cellular
      immunity. The detection of leishmania in bone marrow was coincident with the
      onset of fever, the development of a wasting syndrome and a dramatic decrease in
      cell-mediated immunity. A second cycle of specific treatment has been ineffective
      and the patient died. On the contrary, the second patient did not respond to the
      specific treatment and died. Two important anatomo-pathological characteristics
      were present in our cases: a) the presence of the parasite in several organs,
      namely bone marrow, spleen, liver. b) the absence of granulomatous lesions which
      indirectly indicates the defect in cell mediated immunity.

PMID- 2635291
TI  - [Evaluation of necrosis caused by preoperative chemotherapy in 9 cases of classic
      central osteosarcoma].
AB  - The authors describe 9 cases of classic osteosarcoma treated with preoperative
      chemotherapy according to the current schemes and consecutively treated by
      surgery. All the patients were between 12 and 17 years old. They initially had a
      needle biopsy or open biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. After 2 cycles of
      chemotherapy they were treated by limb salvage procedure in 7 cases and by
      ablative surgery in 2 cases. The surgical specimens were very accurately examined
      both macroscopically and histologically to evaluate the effects of preoperative
      chemotherapy. For this reasons the quantity of the tumoral necrosis, that
      represents the reaction of the tumor to the therapy, was researched and mapped.
      The intention was to decide whether or not to use the same pharmacological
      treatment after the surgical therapy. These evaluation criteria do not only have
      the objective of locally keeping under control the disease, but mostly to oppose
      micrometastasis. In fact they are almost always present at the beginning of the
      symptomatology but are not diagnosed with the usual exams. The sites of viable
      tumor after treatment are: soft tissues around the bone, areas in contact with
      cartilage and subcortical areas. In 6 cases out of 9 we found macroscopically a
      fibrous pseudo-capsule around all the tumoral area. The follow-up of the nine
      cases varies from six to fifty-two months and presents the 66% of disease-free
      survival.

PMID- 2635292
TI  - [Pseudoachondrodysplasia (pseudoachondroplastic spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia).
      Description of 2 non-familial cases].
AB  - Two non familial cases of pseudoachondroplasia are reported. The patients,
      observed at 4 years and 6 months and 5 years respectively, show short-limb
      dwarfism with disproportionated long trunk and with normal head and face.
      Flattening of vertebral bodies with biconvex deformity and short tubular bones
      with irregular epiphyses and metaphyses are the major radiographic features. In
      these patients to state the type of genetic transmission is very arduous, as the
      genetic heterogeneity of the pseudoachondroplasia.

PMID- 2635293
TI  - [Study of the SNC using MRI in a case of Lowe's syndrome].
AB  - A case of Lowe syndrome is reported. This syndrome is characterized by ocular,
      cerebral and renal defects. MRI investigation showed severe thickness of the
      corpus callosum and defective cerebral development.

PMID- 2635294
TI  - [A case of fetal sacro-coccygeal teratoma].
AB  - Here is described a case of sacro-coccygeal teratoma observed in a 26th week
      still-born fetus characterized by differentiating aspects of the three embryonal
      layers with immature features of the ectodermal and mesodermal derivatives but
      not those of the entoderm. On the base of the findings observed, the classifying
      approach of these neoplasms has been reconsidered.

PMID- 2635295
TI  - [A case of Merkel carcinoma with facial localization].
AB  - A case of Merkel carcinoma is reported. It concerns a 40-year-old lady, who had
      first noticed the lesion one year before she came to our observation. The authors
      point out the rarity of this tumour, whose not distinctive gross appearance
      (firm, sessile tumour with well circumscribed margins; hyperhemic overlaying
      skin; slowly increasing volume) may suggest other macroscopic diagnoses such as
      intradermal nevus or nodular basalioma. The authors also point out the usefulness
      of a prompt correct clinical diagnosis of this lesion, whose clinical behaviour
      may be highly aggressive.

PMID- 2635296
TI  - [Atypical lipoma, floret-like pleomorphic variant. A lipomatous lesion simulating
      a liposarcoma].
AB  - A case of submucous lump of the majus labium of a 56 year old female has
      reported. This is a composite lesion which shows a loose connectival texture and
      a high cellularity with spindle cells, multivacuolated cells of irregular shape
      and hyperchromatic nuclei; moreover, there are characteristic multinucleated
      floret-like cells. This is a particular variant of Atypical Lipoma defined as
      Pleomorphic Lipoma by Enzinger. Despite this ominous cellularity, the lesion is
      perfectly benign. The small size and the superficial site are the majors elements
      of good prognosis. In retroperitoneal localization lesions with similar
      histologic presentation and of major size show more severe prognosis and are
      classified as Low Grade Well Differentiated Liposarcoma.

PMID- 2635297
TI  - Ectopic immature renal tissue in a lumbosacral lipoma: pathologic and radiologic
      findings.
AB  - Ectopic immature renal tissue was found in a lumbosacral subcutaneous lipoma with
      intradural extension in a 6-day-old female with spina bifida. No additional
      neurologic or renal anomalies were found. Ectopic renal tissue is an extremely
      rare finding. Histopathologic and MRI results from this case are presented and
      the possible significance of ectopic renal tissue in relation to the origin of
      extrarenal Wilms' tumors is discussed.

PMID- 2635298
TI  - Dandy-Walker syndrome: experience at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto.
AB  - Thirty-five patients with the Dandy-Walker syndrome (DWS) treated over the years
      1964-1987 at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, were reviewed. Thirty-three
      patients (94%) had hydrocephalus at the time of diagnosis. The primary
      association of aqueduct stenosis was excluded by radiological investigation and
      clinical course in all patients. Associated central nervous system (CNS)
      anomalies were present in 10 patients. Seven had occipital encephalocele and in 1
      of these there was an associated Klippel-Feil syndrome. Four patients had
      agenesis of the corpus callosum and 1 patient had polyporencephaly. The treatment
      of these patients has changed over the years in our institution so that during an
      earlier period, 3 patients were treated by resection of the cyst membranes. We
      then went through a period of shunting the lateral ventricle so that 21 patients
      were treated with either a lateral ventricle to peritoneal or lateral ventricle
      to atrial shunt. More recently, patients with the DWS have been treated with a
      cyst-peritoneal shunt and 10 patients were thus treated. Only 1 patient was
      treated with a simultaneous lateral ventricle and cyst-peritoneal shunt. Nine of
      the twenty-one patients (43%) with a primary lateral ventricle to peritoneum or
      lateral ventricle to atrial shunt developed a secondary aqueduct stenosis and an
      isolated fourth ventricle which required additional cyst-peritoneal shunting.
      Only 1 of the 10 patients treated with a primary cyst-peritoneal shunt required
      an additional lateral ventricle peritoneal shunt. Two patients initially treated
      with a lateral ventricle peritoneal shunt and with a primary cyst-peritoneal
      shunt subsequently had a percutaneous stereotactic third
      ventriculostomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635299
TI  - Dandy-Walker cyst upward herniation: the role of magnetic resonance imaging and
      double shunts.
AB  - Upward transtentorial herniation of a Dandy-Walker cyst is a potentially fatal
      complication, particularly after solitary shunting of the lateral ventricle for
      associated hydrocephalus. Two patients with upward transtentorial herniation of
      their Dandy-Walker cysts are presented to illustrate the diagnostic value of
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with the demonstration of unique 'keyhole' and
      'snail' signs on the axial and sagittal MR images, respectively. In both
      patients, double and simultaneous shunting en-Y of a lateral ventricle and the
      posterior fossa cyst resulted in the resolution of the herniation syndrome.

PMID- 2635300
TI  - Late posttraumatic meningitis with concealed CSF otorrhea.
AB  - An 11-year-old girl with repeated pneumococcal meningitis after head injury is
      reported. High resolution CT scan with metrizamide cisternogram disclosed a
      fracture in petrous bone with collection of contrast medium in middle ear.
      Operative repair of the dura defect successfully stopped further intracranial
      infection. In cases of late posttraumatic infection, aggressive survey of the
      skull base is indicated.

PMID- 2635301
TI  - Neuroectodermal appendages: the human tail explained.
AB  - The human tail has been intermittently described in the literature since the
      early 1900s. These have typically been isolated cases presented primarily with
      intrigue and medical curiosity. Presented here is a series of 6 neuroectodermal
      appendages with a proposal for their etiological development. The material
      presented will support a theory of the superficial extension of a dermal sinus
      tract in the formation of neuroectodermal appendages. These are characterized by:
      a posterior localization in or near the midline, a tubular or 'tail-like'
      appearance, extension of the appendage into the spinal canal with attachment to
      neural elements, variable vertebral defects and occasionally an associated
      appendage which may appear as either a separate entity (probably due to breakage
      during development) or in connection with the posterior appendage. The
      appropriate evaluation and treatment of this entity will also be discussed.

PMID- 2635302
TI  - [Evaluation of occupational risk for workers producing polyvinyl chloride resin
      pipes, profiles and fixtures].
AB  - Studies are performed on work and hygienic conditions in the production of pipes,
      profiles and fittings from polyvinylchloride resin, in relation to the toxic
      factor. Concentrations above TLV are established for vinylchloride, vinylchloride
      resin dust, phthalates and lead aerosols. Complex clinico-laboratory examinations
      are carried out on 133 workers, as special attention is paid to the nervous
      system, liver function, cardio-vascular system and the skeleton system. In 15
      workers are established data for toxic effect of vinylchloride, and in other 5
      workers - toxic pneumosclerosis, which is a result both from vinylchloride and
      vinylchloride resin dust. Hygienic and medico-preventive measures are developed.

PMID- 2635303
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation and the effects of toxic factors in the work environment of
      copper-processing plants].
AB  - The study embraces the shops: metallurgic, electrolysis, production of sulfuric
      acid and shop 100. Tests are performed on the environmental pollution by dust,
      sulfur dioxide, chlorine, aerosols of sulfuric acid, carbon monoxide, nitric
      oxide and dioxide, hydrogen chloride, arsenic (II) oxide (III), selenium,
      tellurium and metal aerosols: lead, copper, cadmium and zinc. The total
      concentrations of chemical noxae, generating multicomponent mixtures with one-way
      effect on the work place, are reckon, and estimation in the Bulgarian Institute
      of Hygiene and Occupational Health and the Ministry of public health methods. In
      the same shop is comprised a representative group of workers with paraclinical
      tests: GOT and GPT activity, content of copper and zinc in blood. The assessment
      made on the work conditions and the changes already found in the workers lead to
      a discussion for optimizing the conditions in the new shops for copper
      production.

PMID- 2635304
TI  - [Intrahospital communal and hygienic problems and the construction of health
      institutions].
AB  - A number of requirements, tendencies and trends in the building of health
      establishments are given in brief, as well as their location in the settlement.
      The complex of intrahospital factors is pointed out, which appear with slight
      intensity, but have a constant influence on the patients. In two cardiological
      wards a complex study of the patients' environment is performed. The study
      includes the microclimate in the hospital rooms, the physiological state of the
      patients according to some basic criteria indices, the indoor air with its
      chemical and bacteriological pollution. The quality of the environment do not
      respond to the hygienic requirements. There is a considerable impairment of the
      microclimate parameters and the chemical status of the indoor air and in
      individual cases, to a slight degree those of the bacteriological status. The air
      temperature in the hospital rooms for patients with cardio-vascular diseases is
      standardized. Specific recommendations are given for the new hospital building
      and the investigation of the intrahospital environment.

PMID- 2635305
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of working conditions in furniture factories].
AB  - The studies embrace basic productive shops from two furniture enterprises with
      leading noxious factors of the work environment: toxic chemical substances, noise
      and vibration (local and general). The concentrations of nine chemical substances
      from the composition of the used acid-hardening varnishes (polishes) and
      carbamide-formaldehyde glue are defined. The total concentrations of the formed
      multicomponent mixtures of organic solvents are calculated. Data show that in a
      greater part of the work places are measured noise levels, surpassing the
      hygienic norms, from the range of medium to high frequency. The measured local
      and total vibrations are in the limits of the hygienic norms, provided that the
      exposure is limited to 15 minute daily. On the basis of the established
      concentration of the toxic chemical substances in the air of the work environment
      an assessment is made on the work conditions. The assessment is confirmed by the
      analysis of the objective changes in the examined specific biochemical, clinic
      and laboratory indices of workers. Conclusion is given that the workers from
      these work places are subject to high occupational risk.

PMID- 2635306
TI  - [A polarographic method of determining the microlevels of furfural in the air of
      the work area].
AB  - A modified polarographic method is developed for determination of furfurol in the
      air of the work environment. The method is based on furfurol cathod reduction to
      furfurol alcohol on dropping mercury electrode on the background of 0.1 M
      solution of lithium hydroxide. The sensitivity of the method is considerably
      higher than that of the already known methods, i.e. 0.5 micrograms/cm3. The
      method is specific - the determination of furfurol is not impede by phenols,
      other aldehydes, ketones etc. The accuracy of the analytical determination is +/-
      1-5%, and the total deviation from both sampling and analysis doesn't surpass +/-
      10%. The method developed is accepted and affirmed as arbitrary in the new
      Bulgarian state standard 16800-88, proposed for the first time. The laboratory
      and industrial test of the method shows excellent applicability in the sanitary
      chemical and chemical practice.

PMID- 2635307
TI  - [Changes in the immunological reactivity of young children attending nursery
      schools with polymer floor covering].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to make investigations for establishing the
      unfavourable effect rate of some of the properties of the synthetic floorings on
      the immunological reactivity of the organism of children. The health status of
      429 children, age 3-5 years from 3 kindergartens in Sofia is traced in dynamic:
      the control group of 226, attending kindergartens with wood floorings and 203-
      the test group--attending kindergartens with polymeric floorings. The serum
      levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM are determined after the radial
      immunodiffusion method of Maucini. Measures are performed on the microclimatic
      parameters and electrostatic field as well. The results points out that the
      morbidity if the test group children is about twice higher in comparison with
      that of the control group, which correlates with the raised concentrations of the
      immunoglobulin serum levels. The highest morbidity is from acute respiratory
      infections and tonsillitis, as a consequence from the deteriorated
      thermoprotective properties of the synthetic floorings, potentiated under the
      electrostatic field effect. The results will serve the carrying out of preventive
      measures for health state promotion of the rising generation.

PMID- 2635308
TI  - [ECG changes in persons representing present-day professions].
AB  - Subject of the study are the two up-to-date professions with well expressed
      neuropsychic stress and hypodynamia: 19 managers from industry and 41 controllers
      from the railway transport. Both professional groups were subject to a definite
      dose of physical loading and estimation of the ECG changes by the aid of
      Minnesota's code (WHO 1968) and its modification by the Swedish Cardiological
      Association. Relatively high percents of positive working samples for healthy
      middle-aged men were found, which could be related with considerable occupational
      risk in both professions.

PMID- 2635309
TI  - [Inhalation treatment of silicosis with Kexiping].
AB  - The inhalation treatment of silicosis with polyvinyl-pyridine-oxide of molecule
      weight about 90,000 under the name Kexiping is the most perspective method at the
      moment for etiological effect of the silicotic fibrosis. The authors performed
      two 6-week inhalation course with interval of 6 months with 38 ill with
      silicosis. The daily dose 10 ml of 4% solution of Kexiping "Bayer". The first
      results alone and in comparison with the control group of 50 patients are very
      encouraging. The tolerance to the preparation is excellent, with no side effects
      or unfavourable deviations in the paraclinical indices. Further extensive,
      therapeutic applications and inhalation prophylaxis with healthy persons subject
      to high dust risk are completely justified. For final evaluation of the long-term
      effect a continuous observation of both treated and controls is necessary.

PMID- 2635310
TI  - [Various occupational diseases of the eyes caused by ultraviolet radiation].
AB  - Studies are performed on 87 workers--electric welders (for some of them they
      continued several years), 68.9% of the subjects have been in contact with
      ultraviolet radiation for a period of more than 10 years (length of service).
      There are data for passed acute form of electric ophthalmia, average 6.11 times
      during the length of service in workers with length of service up to 10 years and
      12.1 times in workers with length of service above 10 years. In 11.82% of the
      workers a chronic form of phtoophthalmia is observed. After observation, for the
      first time in this country is described specific radiation cataracta in 24.13% of
      workers--electric welders in contact with ultraviolet radiation during their
      length of service--above 10 years. The problem of cataractogenesis of ultraviolet
      rays in electric welding processes is discussed.

PMID- 2635311
TI  - [General and occupational morbidity among the personnel of the Bulgarian Medical
      Academy during the period of 1986-1987].
AB  - Extremely important for the character of the health status of the medical staff
      of the Bulgarian Medical Academy is tracing the level and dynamics of their
      morbidity (general, expressed by means of integral parameters of morbidity with
      temporary incapacity for work and of the professional, including the industrial
      traumatism). On the basis of a two-year study performed at the Medical Academy,
      with the assistance of the confidential medical staff was gathered the necessary
      information for the extent and noslogical structure of the morbidity with
      temporary work incapacity and the number and nosology of the professional
      diseases, poisonings and occupational accidents. By making use of the basic
      statistical analyses, the prepared information served to establish the status of
      morbidity (low for the cases and high for work loss), in order to arrange the
      Institutes and Departments according to the incidence of temporary work
      incapacity for work (in days), and give recommendations for undertakings directed
      on the one side to more profound study of the morbidity and on the other to its
      practical decrease.

PMID- 2635312
TI  - [Physiological and hygienic studies of the thermal status of workers engaged in
      the manufacture of chocolate and other confectionary products].
AB  - Physiological-hygienic studies are performed on the thermal status of workers
      exposed to overheat microclimate in the production of chocolate and other
      confectionery, according to the following indices: temperature of the skin,
      perspiration, average temperature of the body and pulse. It is already
      established that the microclimate discomfort leads to stress of the
      thermoregulating mechanisms. Recommendations are given for improving the work
      conditions concerning the microclimatic factor.

PMID- 2635313
TI  - [Solving the health and hygienic problems in the Strandzha-Sakar district].
AB  - Solving the health and hygienic problems in the Strandzha-Sakar district is
      closely related to the working out a number of social, economic, demographic and
      other problems which take place in the principle trends of development of our
      country and are subject to complex study, prognosis and planning by the Unified
      Territory Planning System of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. The material
      traces the foundations of the interdiscipline creative scientific management of
      the region's development; gives the basic moments and objectives of the
      territorial and settlement system prognosis and directs the specialists in
      communal hygiene towards control and investigating activity in view of their
      participation in building and formation an environment for living and rest
      prerequisite for health promotion of the Strandzha-Sakar District.

PMID- 2635314
TI  - [Epidemiological studies of the effect of organophosphate pesticides on health].
AB  - The subject of study are agricultural workers applying organophosphorus and other
      pesticides in an area with intensive agriculture and a control group from the
      same area having no professional contact with pesticides. The studies include:
      personal and professional anamnesis, a battery of neurobehavioral tests,
      electroneuromyography, evoked potentials, neurological status, internal status,
      hematological tests, liver enzymes, variability of the heart rhythm. The level of
      the exposure is assessed by: measuring the concentration of PhO compounds in the
      air of the work environment and deposit on the skin. The biological monitoring is
      carried out by measuring the level of the cholinesterase activity in serum and
      erythrocytes, neuropathy target esterase in lymphocytes and alkylphosphates in
      urine. The tests are performed before and after the active season of spraying.
      The results from the studies show that at continuous exposure to low
      concentrations of organophosphorus compounds, applicated in agriculture, no
      significant health disorders occur. Specific deviations are observed after the
      season of spraying in the neuro-behavioural tests as increasing the number of
      incorrectly put dots in the Aiming test, the time of reaction and evoked
      potentials. The interpretation of the results is impeded because of the large
      number of interfering factors and considerable quantity of alcohol.

PMID- 2635315
TI  - [New toxicokinetic exposure tests for metals based on atomic absorption analysis
      of the nails].
AB  - The up-to-date methodology development for analysis of microelements permits the
      determination of many of them in small nail samples. The nails of the feet are
      chosen as biological bioptic material offering some advantages: stability in
      preserving; higher levels of most toxic elements (in comparison with the levels
      in serum, blood and urine); a lower rate of surface pollution (in comparison with
      the hair and nails of the hands); receiving information on the average level of
      exposure for a long period of time. For the purpose of using nails from the feet
      in biological control are developed direct AAC - procedures for defining As, A1,
      Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, Mo, Sb and Sn on the basis setting the
      samples in solution with tetra-alkylammonium hydroxide. The levels of these
      elements are determined in unexposed persons. The analysis of nails from feet of
      workers exposed to Pb, Cr and Mn proves, statistically, that the level of these
      metals gives valuable information on the rate of exposure (the quantity entered
      into the organism) of groups and individuals. This analysis permits longitudinal
      control on Pb, Cr and Mn - status of the organism by painless sampling,
      accessible and reliable analytical procedure.

PMID- 2635316
TI  - [Changes in the liver function of workers exposed to petroleum products].
AB  - The function of the liver is examined in 120 workers (at 52 controls) in
      biological purification of the waters in a petrochemical plant, exposed to above
      the norm concentrations of strong hepatotropic chemical substances: benzene,
      toluene, styrene, aldehydes, ketones, mercaptans, acrylonitrile, octanole,
      butanol. etc. The established hyperenzymia, hyperlipaemia and significant
      reduction of glutathione in certain per cent of the workers (from 7 to 31% at
      different indices) points out an effect of the above mentioned toxic substances
      on the enzymic, lipidic and detoxic function of the liver. This proves the
      presence of certain potential risk for those working in this production and
      especially workers engaged in repair and technology process.

PMID- 2635317
TI  - [Potential cardiotonic agents. 4. Synthesis, cardiovascular activity, molecular
      and crystal structure of 5-phenyl- and 4-(4-pyridinyl)-substituted 2(1H)
      pyridinethiones].
AB  - Cyclisation of the vinylogous amidinium salt 1 or the 4-ethoxy- and 4-morpholino
      3-butene-2-ones, respectively, 4 and 6 with cyano-thioacetamide yielded the 5-(4
      pyridinyl)-, 6-methyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)- and 6-methyl-5-phenyl-, respectively,
      substituted 3-cyano-2(1H)-pyridinethiones 3, 5 and 7. The 2(1H)-pyridinethiones
      3, 5 and 7a as well as the in 3-position unsubstituted or carbamoyl substituted
      derivatives 8 and 9 were obtained from the corresponding 2-chloro-pyridines and
      potassium sulfide, too. Especially compound 5 showed remarkable positive
      inotropic potency and, additionally, vasodilator activity. The molecular and
      crystal structure of 5 have been determines by X-ray structure analysis. Based on
      the molecular structure charge distribution and electrostatic potential were
      evaluated. The results are discussed in comparison with those of milrinone.

PMID- 2635318
TI  - [Azoles. 27. Nitroimidazole derivatives, their antibacterial and fungicidal
      activity and electron affinity].
AB  - Nitroimidazole derivatives 3a-3g, 4a-4g and 5-8 were synthesized by treating 4,5
      dinitro- and 2-methyl-4,5-dinitroimidazole (1,2) with phenacyl bromide, its p
      substituted derivatives or epichlorohydrin. 1-(3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-4,5
      dinitroimidazole (5) and its 2-methyl derivative 6 have been converted to imidazo
      oxazoles 7 and 8 or amino imidazole derivatives 9-14 by the action of potassium
      carbonate or cyclic amines (pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine and N
      methylpiperazine). Some of the newly synthesized nitroimidazole derivatives show
      antibacterial and fungicidal activity. The electron affinity of the
      nitroimidazole derivatives 1-24 is discussed on the basis of their half-wave
      potentials and in the connection with their eventual radiosensitizing properties.

PMID- 2635319
TI  - Synthesis of certain heteroaryl-fused pyrimidines and pyridines and selena- and
      thia-diazoles with naphthyl substituent as potential antifungal agents.
AB  - A convenient route is reported for the synthesis of 1,2,3-selenadiazole, 1,2,3
      thiadiazole, 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine, tetrazolo[4,5-a]pyrimidine,
      benzimidazolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives in which
      the naphthyl nucleus is incorporated. The preliminary results of antifungal
      testing are reported.

PMID- 2635320
TI  - Studies of neutralizing properties of antacid preparations. Part 7. 27Al NMR
      studies of aluminum species formed during acid dissolution of some antacid
      preparations.
AB  - Neutralization of some aluminum containing antacid preparations with hydrochloric
      acid were studied by 27Al NMR spectroscopy. It has been found that the nature and
      composition of aluminum species produced during the acid dissolution of
      preparations depends upon the substance used and on the pH at which the
      neutralization reaction proceeds. The results are consistent with the presence of
      both monomeric and polymeric species in solution containing aluminum in
      octahedral and tetrahedral environments.

PMID- 2635321
TI  - [Clemastine metabolites in the feces and urine of the rat].
AB  - After oral application of clemastine [(1), (+)-2-(2-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1
      phenylethoxy]-ethyl)-1-methylpyrrol idine- hydrogenfumarate], to rats (200 mg/kg)
      18 phase I- and II-metabolites have been detected and isolated from urine and
      faeces. They are products of fission of the ether bond, of aromatic and aliphatic
      oxidation, respectively, of alcoholic dehydration, decarboxylation, N-oxidation,
      O-methylation and conjugation as phase II steps. Phenolic compounds represent-in
      contrast to some other diphenylmethane derivatives, especially basic benzilates
      (propiverine, denaverine)-the main metabolic products formed by dihydrodiol
      mechanism or direct oxigenation. The structure of metabolites were elucidated by
      MS.

PMID- 2635322
TI  - [Antibacterial action of some saturated and unsaturated long-chain carboxylic
      acids and their bis(2-chloroethyl)aminoethyl esters in vitro].
AB  - Using the method of twofold serial dilution of substances in liquid nutrient
      medium with subsequent reseeding on solid nutrient medium a comparative study has
      been carried out of the antibacterial action in vitro of long chain saturated
      (C10-C18) and unsaturated (C11-C22) carboxylic acids and their bis(2
      chloroethyl)aminoethyl esters against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella
      pneumoniae tp 16 Koph, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus 101+
      and Proteus mirabilis 56. The compounds studied have an inhibitory effect upon
      the development of the microorganisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration
      ranges from 1.8 to 19.3 mumol/ml. There exists a linear correlation between the
      length of the carbon chain (the number of C atoms) of the compounds and the
      minimum inhibitory concentration in the following cases: esters of saturated
      acids (C16-C24) and unsaturated acids (C11-C22) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
      unsaturated acids (C11-C22) against Klebsiella pneumoniae tp 16 Koph; esters of
      unsaturated acids (C17-C28) against Staphylococcus aureus 101+. This correlation
      has not been found in all other compounds against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and
      Proteus mirabilis 56.

PMID- 2635323
TI  - [Potential cardiotonics. 9. Synthesis and cardiovascular effects of 2-(pyrid-3
      yl)-methylamino-, 2-(3-amino-pyrazolidino)- and 2-hetarylamino-substituted 3-cyan
      5-(pyrid-4-yl)-pyridines].

PMID- 2635324
TI  - Solubilization of chrysin by a non-aromatic amine oxide.

PMID- 2635325
TI  - Plasma protein binding of a novel cardioprotective drug, stobadin.

PMID- 2635326
TI  - Antiinflammatory activity of cinnamic acids.

PMID- 2635327
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Heliotropium bursiferum Wr
      ex Grisebach.

PMID- 2635328
TI  - [The nurse confronting dying and death].

PMID- 2635329
TI  - [Diabetes in brief].

PMID- 2635330
TI  - [Smoking?--I'm against it].

PMID- 2635331
TI  - [The professional problems of community health nurses--research results].

PMID- 2635332
TI  - [The nursing of patients in terminal states].

PMID- 2635333
TI  - [To serve the child. Interview by Regina Chrzanowska].

PMID- 2635334
TI  - [Diabetes].

PMID- 2635335
TI  - [The nervous system and health].

PMID- 2635336
TI  - [The professional standing of the school community health nurse].

PMID- 2635338
TI  - [The nurse and the care of patients in the dialysis unit].

PMID- 2635337
TI  - [Preparation for diabetes care].

PMID- 2635339
TI  - [Drug interactions encountered by the dental practitioner].
AB  - Presentation of the drugs interactions susceptible to cause injury to the
      patient: 1. in the administration of NSAID, analgesics, antibiotics and local
      anesthetics. 2. in the case of a previous treatment by anticoagulant,
      contraceptive, hypoglycemic agent and digitalic. Reminder of caution and
      watchfulness.

PMID- 2635340
TI  - [Orthognathic surgery: a team effort].
AB  - Patients in daily practice can be asking us about the problems they experience
      with their occlusal relationship, facial esthetics and joint dysfunction. If this
      dysfunction is present in a harmonious facial balance, the treatment plan should
      be classically dental (building-up plate to free the joint, occlusal
      equilibration, amalgam reconstructions, crown and bridgework, orthodontics). If
      the dentist observe a facial imbalance, whether it is antero-posterior, vertical
      or transversal, the treatment should be in cooperation with an orthognathic team
      (orthodontist and maxillo-facial surgeon). If the clinical problem is exclusively
      esthetic, without any relation with dental malocclusion and/or joint dysfunction,
      the treatment planning can be plastic surgery only.

PMID- 2635341
TI  - [Periodontal considerations related to extractions].
AB  - During any tooth extraction, the dentist has to think about healing problems in
      order to maintain as much bone as possible afterwards. Careful and well done
      extractions using classical techniques allow maximum bone preservation in normal
      cases. At minima alveolectomy techniques are a guarantee against tremendous bone
      loss. After healing and before prosthetic rehabilitation, crests must be checked
      and, if necessary, corrected by one of the several available techniques.

PMID- 2635342
TI  - Proposal of an easy method to improve routine sputum bacteriology.
AB  - The study of bacterial flora of the lower respiratory tract is very important for
      the diagnosis of pulmonary infections and proper therapy but it has to face
      important methodologic problems. The main problem is contamination of the sputum
      during its passage through the upper airways. The present study suggests an
      improved procedure aiming first of all at reducing the specimen contamination by
      upper airway bacteria by means of a preliminary mouth wash, and secondly at
      comparing qualitative and quantitative cultures of spit with those of sputum. In
      our study bronchial lavage aspirate (BLA) cultures were used as a control. Both
      definite (80 patients) and random (20 patients) sequence sampling procedures were
      considered to show the importance of a correct sequential specimen collection.
      Bacteria isolated in the sputum and/or in BLA but absent in the spit were
      considered the most probable responsible for an eventual pulmonary infection. On
      the contrary a germ found in the spit and eventually in the sputum but not in BLA
      was considered responsible for only an eventual inflammation of the upper
      respiratory tract. Doubtful cases were solved by comparing the different
      bacterial concentrations in the various samples. A preliminary mouth washing
      procedure decreased the mean concentration of contaminants in the sputum: 3.6 +/-
      7.5 x 10E8 (E = exponent) versus 3.7 +/- 7.2 x 10E7 CFU/ml spit versus sputum (80
      patients) p less than 0.001. On the contrary if sputum preceded spit (12 out of
      the 20 randomly treated subjects), bacterial counts were not significantly
      different (2.1 +/- 5.7 x 10E8 vs. 1.3 +/- 2.9 x 10E8 CFU/ml, respectively, p =
      NS). In the group of correctly treated patients (80 subjects) only infrequently
      oral contaminants were found in BLA (12.5%). The finding of bacteria in BLA but
      absent in spit and/or sputum was rare (4.8%) suggesting that, at least in chronic
      obstructive lung disease (COLD) patients, spit and sputum quantitative and
      qualitative cultures may be sufficient for a good microbiologic examination in
      almost all the cases.

PMID- 2635343
TI  - Effects of hypoxia and complement activation on lung hemodynamics and fluid
      exchanges in unanesthetized goats.
AB  - The effects of hypoxia and zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP) on lung hemodynamics
      and fluid exchange were studied in unanesthetized goats. Hypoxia produced a
      sustained increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (PPA), but had no effect on
      lung lymph flow and protein content. Following ZAP infusion there was an early
      phase of leukopenia and marked pulmonary hypertension followed by a phase
      characterized by a modest increase in the flow of protein-rich lung lymph. When
      ZAP was infused at a simulated altitude of 4,000 m, there was a further increase
      in PPA followed by pulmonary vasodilatation, and about 1 h later it was almost
      back to the control level. No obvious difference in lung lymph flow and protein
      content was observed between the groups treated with ZAP alone and ZAP plus
      hypoxia. We conclude that infusion of ZAP into hypoxic animals reduces pulmonary
      vasoconstriction and that the increase in pulmonary microvascular permeability
      associated with ZAP is not enhanced by hypoxic conditions occurring at a
      simulated altitude of 4,000 m.

PMID- 2635344
TI  - Attenuation of augmented ventilatory response to hypoxia in essential
      hypertension in the course of aging.
AB  - 36 patients with essential hypertension and 15 of their adult descendants were
      investigated and compared with age-matched control groups of 33 and 15 healthy
      subjects, respectively. The ventilatory response to oxygen breathing and to
      progressive normo- und isocapnic hypoxia were studied. The reduction of
      ventilation during hyperoxia was significantly greater in all hypertensive
      patients. An augmented ventilatory response to hypoxia was found in 20- to 40
      year-old patients whereas the older patients (41-60 years) were not different
      from the age-matched control subjects. Our results indicate that the augmented
      hypoxic sensitivity in early hypertension, as found also in the young adult
      descendants with family background of hypertension, is attenuated with age,
      similar to the normotensive subjects.

PMID- 2635345
TI  - Bronchoalveolar lavage analysis with anti-T6 monoclonal antibody in the
      evaluation of diffuse lung diseases.
AB  - To evaluate the usefulness of anti-T6 monoclonal antibody cell analysis in the
      assessment of diffuse lung disease, 77 bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were
      performed on 70 subjects: 18 normal smokers, 14 normal nonsmokers, 30 patients
      with chronic interstitial lung diseases (15 sarcoidosis, 12 idiopathic or
      associated pulmonary fibrosis, 3 histiocytosis X) and 8 patients with diffuse
      lung neoplastic disorders. The percentage of T6-positive cells was significantly
      higher in normal smokers than in normal nonsmokers (p less than 0.05). Positive
      T6 cells were absent or less than 1% in normal subjects, in patients with
      interstitial lung diseases and in patients with diffuse lung cancer, except in a
      case of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, who had 2% of reacting cells. In
      contrast, such cells were always 3% or higher in the 6 BAL performed in
      histiocytosis X patients (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2635346
TI  - High-frequency ventilation by bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation in dogs.
AB  - We succeeded in achieving good gas exchange by oscillatory phrenic nerve
      stimulation (PNS) in dogs. In 7 out of 14 dogs, adequate gas exchange was
      attained by PNS at 3, 4 and 5 pulses per sec (pps). VE increased with stimulation
      frequency up to 4 or 5 pps, but decreased above 6 pps. We also applied sinusoidal
      oscillation using a piston pump at the trachea in the same dogs to analyze the
      mechanical properties of the respiratory system. The V/P ratio, oscillatory
      volume divided by driving pressure, decreased markedly at 6 Hz while the pleural
      pressure remained constant up to 10 Hz. These facts indicate that the fall in VE
      is due to mechanical properties of the airway and lung, and not due to failure of
      the ventilatory pump system. We conclude that frequencies of 3-5 pps in high
      frequency ventilation are optimal for maintaining effective gas transport when
      the diaphragma is used as the oscillatory generator.

PMID- 2635347
TI  - Tidal volume change and gas mixing in the lung.
AB  - Changing the depth and the frequency of breathing affects the efficiency of
      ventilation. This has been studied in eight normal subjects using the technique
      of nitrogen washout whilst breathing a mixture of 79% argon and oxygen. The
      signals were converted to digital data at 50 Hz and all calculations were then
      done with the computer. The size of the dead space of the conducting airways
      (series dead space, VdS) and of the alveolar dead space (VdA) has been measured
      for carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2). The nitrogen (N2) decay curve was
      computed allowing the calculation of first breath (AMEsb) and multi breath
      (AMEmb) alveolar mixing efficiency. The increase in VdS per 100 ml increase in
      tidal volume (Vt) was 3.7 ml for CO2 and 3.3 for O2. As VdS increased, VdA also
      increased by 11.1 ml for CO2 and 19.1 ml for O2, for each 100 ml increase in Vt.
      Whilst VdA and VdS increase with increasing Vt, the proportion of VdA + VdS in
      each breath diminishes with such an increase, the net result is that, for each
      100 ml increase in Vt, alveolar ventilation increases by 86 ml for CO2 and 78 ml
      for O2. The increase of absolute values and the different behaviour of N2, AMEsb
      and AMEmb show a progressive decrease of the parallel component of the intra
      pulmonary ventilation distribution with increasing Vt. It appears that the
      pattern of ventilation, as well as minute ventilation, plays a role in the
      effectiveness of ventilation.

PMID- 2635348
TI  - Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy does not alter airway responsiveness.
AB  - Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) can induce respiratory mucosal damage.
      Epithelial damage has been proposed to be of importance in the induction of
      bronchial hyperresponsiveness. We have examined the influence of FFB on airway
      responsiveness. Histamine chloride challenge tests were performed in 21 healthy
      non-smoking volunteers before and after FFB. Since bronchoscopy was performed
      after pretreatment with atropine and under topical anesthesia with lignocaine,
      histamine chloride tests were also performed in 6 asthmatics before and after
      atropine, and in 6 asthmatics before and after local anesthesia with lignocaine.
      Airway responsiveness was not altered by FFB. Atropine and lignocaine did not
      have any major influence on airway responsiveness. We suggest that epithelial
      damage in the central airways induced by FFB is not sufficient to induce
      bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

PMID- 2635349
TI  - Small airways dysfunction in asymptomatic ex-smokers.
AB  - 'Conventional' (lung volumes, airway conductance, CO transfer factor) and 'small
      airway dysfunction' (single-breath N2 washout, maximal expiratory flows with air
      and a helium-oxygen mixture) tests were performed in a group of asymptomatic male
      ex-smokers (n = 20) with normal spirometry and compared to those of a similar
      group of middle-aged nonsmokers (n = 41). The study group had a mean life-long
      consumption of 13.2 +/- (SD) 8.8 pack-years and had stopped smoking 1-21 years
      ago, mean 7.3 +/- (SD) 5.8 years. Among the conventional tests, a minimal
      increase in residual volume and residual volume/total lung capacity ratio was
      found. Ex-smokers had a steeper phase III slope, a higher closing volume/vital
      capacity ratio, lower forced flows with air and a higher volume of isoflow, but
      neither difference between the group means was significant. There was a trend to
      more abnormal small-airway tests as a function of increased smoking, but only the
      correlation between percent of predicted closing volume and pack-years reached
      significance (r = +0.51, p less than 0.05). We conclude that small-airway
      function normalizes in the long term in most ex-smokers if they become
      asymptomatic, with less than 10% still having abnormal results years after they
      stopped smoking.

PMID- 2635350
TI  - Is the mode of action of almitrine bismesylate dose dependent?
AB  - In order to assess whether different doses and/or plasma levels of almitrine
      bismesylate (ABM) could induce preferential effects on ventilation or on lung
      perfusion, we performed a single-blind placebo-controlled study of ABM treatment
      with different dosages (0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 mg.kg-1 single oral dose) in 26
      patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). All
      measurements were performed according to the same time table. At control and at
      three 1.5-hour intervals, we measured alveolar-arterial (A-a) differences,
      alveolar dead space, total ventilation and ABM plasma levels. The effect on
      ventilation was estimated using changes in ventilatory parameters and (A-a)O2
      differences. The effect on perfusion was indirectly estimated by analysis of
      arterial-end-tidal (a-ET)CO2 difference and alveolar dead space. The response to
      treatment was significant for the 1.5- and the 2.25-mg.kg-1 ABM groups, but not
      for the 0.75 mg.kg-1 ABM and the placebo group. A ventilatory response was often
      present in both 1.5- and 2.25-mg.kg-1 ABM groups, but a nonventilatory effect was
      present only at the highest dose according to the Severinghaus and Stupfel
      concept. Only the parameters reflecting an effect of the distribution of
      perfusion (a-ET)CO2 difference and alveolar dead space were significantly
      correlated with ABM plasma levels. The results suggest that a dose-dependent
      effect of ABM on lung perfusion may explain the controversial data in the
      literature about the mode of action of ABM.

PMID- 2635351
TI  - Influence of inspiratory flow rate on the bronchial response to ultrasonic mist
      of distilled water in asthmatic patients.
AB  - In an attempt to evaluate the influence of inspiratory flow rate on the
      sensitivity of the bronchial challenge with ultrasonic mist of distilled water
      (UMDW), we studied 8 symptom-free asthmatic patients who inhaled 60 liters of
      UMDW at a flow rate of either 0.35 or 1.2 1/s on two separate occasions. Tidal
      volume and the total duration of the respiratory cycle were kept constant during
      all inhalation tests. The bronchial response was assessed in terms of percent
      changes of baseline airway conductance. The results demonstrate that the mean
      bronchial response after 0.35 1/s UMDW inhalation was significantly greater than
      after 1.2 1/s inhalation of comparable doses of UMDW. Furthermore, 3 patients who
      developed a significant bronchoconstriction after 0.35 1/s UMDW inhalation showed
      only a mild, not significant bronchial response when the mist was inhaled at 1.2
      1/s. We conclude that the sensitivity of the UMDW challenge is increased if the
      agent is inhaled during slow, tidal breathing.

PMID- 2635352
TI  - Spirometric standards of Libyan boys and girls.
AB  - Ventilatory capacities of 578 Libyan boys and 527 Libyan girls aged between 12
      and 21 years were measured. The data of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced
      expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were analyzed by logarithmic regressions on age,
      standing height (stature), sitting height, body mass index and body surface area.
      The prediction formulae for pulmonary function in Libyan boys and girls were
      calculated. Standing height (stature) appears to be marginally better than
      sitting height as an index of body size in explaining the variance in ventilatory
      capacity of Libyan boys and girls. Libyan boys and girls have a greater
      proportional leg length than their British counterparts. Their mean values of FVC
      and FEV1 are lower than those of British children by about 13%. About 10% of
      Libyan boys are smokers. Below 14 years of age, there were no smokers. A steady
      rise in number of smokers from the age of 14 years reaching 41% at 21 years of
      age was observed. No smokers were reported from the Libyan girls. There was no
      statistically significant difference in the mean FVC or FEV1 between the smokers
      and nonsmokers.

PMID- 2635353
TI  - The effects of mexiletine on cardiac arrhythmias in patients with cor pulmonale.
AB  - Cardiac arrhythmias (CA) are a frequent and dangerous complication of respiratory
      and cardiac failure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (COPD). The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of mexiletine on CA
      in patients with cor pulmonale in a state of cardio-respiratory decompensation.
      We studied 32 COPD patients with severe airways obstruction; mean VC 2.35 +/-
      0.53 litres; FEV1, 0.92 +/- 0.3 litres and respiratory failure, PaO2 = 56 +/- 5
      mm Hg, PaCO2 = 47 +/- 9 mm Hg allocated by random numbers to 20 treated and 12
      controls. Continuous 24-hour Holter monitoring was performed for 3 consecutive
      days after admission to the department following routine treatment which
      consisted of low-flow oxygen, antibiotic, bronchodilators and diuretics. On the
      first day, the type and frequency of CA were analysed. Then the treated patients
      were given mexiletine 250 mg i.v. + 200 mg orally followed by 200 mg every 8 h
      for the next 48 h. Controls continued the routine treatment only. Mexiletine
      treatment resulted in a highly significant reduction in the mean number of
      premature ventricular beats from 163 to 28 and 30/24 h, respectively (p less than
      0.01). Episodes of ventricular tachycardia were abolished. The mean number of
      premature supraventricular beats also fell from 85 to 67 and 48/24 h (p less than
      0.01). Number of episodes of sinus tachycardia fell from 17 during the first day
      to 13 and 10 on the 2nd and 3rd days, respectively. In the controls, the
      frequency and type of CA remained unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635354
TI  - Primary chondrosarcoma of the left inferior lobar bronchus.
AB  - A primary chondrosarcoma arising in the left inferior lobar bronchus is described
      in a 67-year-old man. The symptoms upon admittance were dyspena, cough with
      purulent sputum and weight loss. The tumor was removed by pneumonectomy. Eight
      months later the patient died of massive mediastinal lymph node involvement.
      While tracheobronchially located primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma tends to remain
      localized, the peripheral variety tends toward mediastinal lymph node involvement
      and thoracic metastasis. The treatment of choice is resection in a radical
      manner, whenever possible.

PMID- 2635355
TI  - [Three-dimensional observations of human teeth. Examples of a tooth possessing
      pit and fissure caries].

PMID- 2635356
TI  - Effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on microcirculation.

PMID- 2635357
TI  - [Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of osteoblastic layers in rats].

PMID- 2635358
TI  - Partial purification and characterization of alpha-glucosidase from Rothia
      dentocariosa.
AB  - Disaccharidases of oral bacteria, especially alpha-glucosidase and beta
      fructofuranosidase, are considered to play an important role in the induction of
      dental caries. Upon the examination of disaccharidases from several strains of
      saccharolytic oral bacteria, we found all of those bacteria to be capable of
      hydrolyzing the glycosidic linkage of sucrose. One species of bacteria, Rothia
      dentocariosa, was found to contain a single disaccharidase, alpha-glucosidase.
      This enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel
      filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography. The optimum pH and temperature
      for the enzyme activity was found to be 6.8-7.0 and 40 degrees C, respectively.
      The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by Ag+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Tris
      (Hydroxymethyl) aminomethane.

PMID- 2635359
TI  - [Ultrastructural study of bone resorption in experimental periodontitis].

PMID- 2635360
TI  - [MR imaging of the normal temporomandibular joint and the related structures].

PMID- 2635361
TI  - [Changes in DMF-index and clinical treatment time at health care center in Raisio
      in years 1977-87].

PMID- 2635362
TI  - [Comparison between conventional and Gow-Gates local anesthesia of mandible].

PMID- 2635363
TI  - [Indirect porcelain lamination of teeth].

PMID- 2635364
TI  - [Oral infections and blood vessel diseases].

PMID- 2635365
TI  - [Geographic tongue among patients at the Kajaani Health Care Center].

PMID- 2635366
TI  - [Usefulness of ambulatory EEG in detecting critical and intercritical events in
      patients with epilepsy or with suspected epilepsy].
AB  - Ambulatory EEGs (EEGAs) were recorded in 251 patients. In 91 of these patients
      there was a suspicion of having epileptic seizures, in 117 a diagnosis of
      epilepsy was already established, in 43 the withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs was
      envisaged being apparently free from seizures for years. The EEGA showed
      epileptogenic abnormalities in 31% of patients of the first group. This
      percentage was not far from the one obtained with standard EEG (EEGS) recordings.
      In the second group, a divergence was found, as for the classification of
      seizures, between the ictal events actually recorded on the EEGA and the
      definition of seizures based on clinical information. Furthermore ictal events
      recorded by the EEGA were less frequent than one would have anticipated according
      to the seizure frequency asserted by the patients. In the third group the EEGA
      disclosed the persistence of epileptic seizures, mostly represented by diffuse
      spike and wave discharges, in about 30% of the patients. Finally, comparison of
      the results obtained by the EEGA with those obtained by the EEGS in all patients
      suggested that the two recording techniques are complementary.

PMID- 2635367
TI  - A case of "young stroke" with ICA intracranial occlusion: pathogenetic
      implication for dissection in migraine.
AB  - The case of a "young stroke" affecting a 22 years old man is reported. Essential
      clinical features were drowsiness, headache, motor aphasia, right hemiparesis and
      Claude-Bernard-Horner in the left eye. An extensive investigative protocol was
      carried out which revealed an occlusion of the intracranial left ICA with
      subsequent recanalization. The possible causes of the stroke (migraine,
      dissection or combination of both) are discussed and the importance of a complete
      evaluation of patients of this kind is stressed.

PMID- 2635368
TI  - [The situation of hemotherapy in Spain].

PMID- 2635369
TI  - [Market and administrative regulation in private health insurance].

PMID- 2635370
TI  - [Perinatal mortality in Spain. The need of an epidemiologic approach].
AB  - Autonomovi Communities perinatal mortality evolution in Spain from 1975 to 1983
      is studied aimed at the assessment of existing inequalities in our country
      concerning this important public health problem. Although a positive evolution
      has been reported in all of them, differences in their mortality figures have
      rosen, showing higher rates those communities ranking lower socioeconomic
      indicators. Epidemiological analysis is needed so as to planning health
      activities as well as to study social processes responsible for this problems.
      Embodiment of social services into existing medical services is proposed,
      especially in Communities where the "sociodemographic disadvantage" is an
      essential problem. An optimum action in public health throughout the perinatal
      period world require a comprehensive analysis of the health situation assessing
      the problems which produce a greater number of survivors with serious sequalae as
      a result of a lower mortality.

PMID- 2635371
TI  - [Pesticide determination in water after separation on reverse-phase minicolumns].
AB  - The lindane, methoxichlor, parathion and methylparathion content of water is
      measured in a gas-chromatography fitted with a capture electron detector. Prior
      extraction and concentration are done by using Sep-Pak C18 cartridges with ethyl
      acetate as eluent, which is offers certain advantages over hexane and methanol.
      With solutions of 0.5 ppb recovery values of 102.7% (lindane), 85%
      (methoxychlor), 94.7% (parathion) and 93.1% (methylparathion) are obtained. The
      method proposed is less time-consuming and less expensive than the usual
      consisting of extraction with dichloromethane: hexane (15:75 v/V) and
      concentration in a Kuderna-Danish.

PMID- 2635372
TI  - [Atypical epidemic outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus].
AB  - An outbreak of Rotavirus gastroenteritis in children from 1 month to 7 years of
      age, detected during the summer months with the highest incidence being in
      August, is described here. After studying the different factors which may be
      related to this outbreak, it appears that the humid climatic characteristics
      together with the social habits of our region may have been the causes which
      unleashed the epidemic.

PMID- 2635373
TI  - [Initial evaluation of a follow-up program for obese patients].
AB  - The initial results of an Obesity Programme being developed in our Health Centre
      is presented. It includes the evaluation of 90 individuals who form part of the
      programme, 79 (88%) of which are women and 11 (12%) are men, over a period of 7
      months. 33% of the individuals (18) lost more than 50% of their excess weight, 8
      of whom reached an ideal weight (15% of the total). 36% (20 individuals) lost
      between 25% and 50% of their excess weight and 31% (17 individuals) lost less
      than 25% of their excess weight. The conclusion bears reference to the difficulty
      the obese person has in losing weight, and especially in keeping his/her weight
      down.

PMID- 2635374
TI  - [Acidic components of precipitation: humid deposition of S, N and Cl compounds].
AB  - Precipitation samples have been gathered using recipients that differentiate the
      dry deposition of the humidity in three stations in Spain: one urban (Madrid) and
      two at base levels (San Pablo de los Montes and Granada). The study is centred on
      the components of an acid character, for which significant special variations of
      the sulphate and nitrate concentrations have been obtained. The levels, highest
      in Madrid and lowest in San Pablo, show the influence of the emitting focal
      points. A study of the seasonal variations in San Pablo show that the
      concentrations in summer are more than double than those in winter, probably due
      to the intervention of the photochemical formation processes of these
      contaminants. Also studies of humidity deposition are carried out, from which one
      can observe greater monthly values that are greater in Madrid than in other
      stations, in spite of having less rainfall. Likewise, episodes of "acid rain" and
      "red rain" are commented on.

PMID- 2635375
TI  - [Effect of a tuberculosis program on the decrease of annual risk of infection].
AB  - The objective of this paper is to inform about the experience obtained in the
      development of a tuberculosis programme in a Health Centre over a two year
      period: from November 1985 to November 1987. 147 families were researched, the
      total number of persons researched being 755; 74 of them received primary
      chemoprophylaxis, and 244 of them received secondary chemoprophylaxis. The number
      of persons given treatment was 38. The prevalence shown in 6.5 year old age group
      went from 3% in 1985 to 1.3% in 1987, calculating the AIR (Annual Infection Risk)
      at 0.19 and a drop in the AIR of 45%. Most notable in the discussion is the
      importance of the annual tuberculin screening of school children in their first
      year of Basic Education. The results are analysed, and those causes which may
      distort the results are eliminated and then they are compared with those obtained
      from other studies. The conclusion can be made, on the basis of the results
      obtained, that the implementation of the programme has had a significant
      influence on the decline in the prevalence of infection and in the Annual
      Infection Risk.

PMID- 2635376
TI  - [Increase in hospital productivity and zero base planning].
AB  - In this paper, ways of setting up the functions of personnel management is
      discussed. For this, the basic factors such as knowing exactly what the potential
      and needs of the personnel in question are used in order to undertake the
      objectives of the health care institution, as well as the different ways of
      employing incentives and motivation to strengthen the work capacity and maximize
      the results obtained from the hospital institution. In addition, the zero base
      planning and its role in this model are explained.

PMID- 2635377
TI  - [Experimental studies of skin wound healing process by first intention in
      streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats].
AB  - Various parameters were used in observing the process of wound healing in rats
      with streptozotocin-induced diabetes (STZ diabetes). Sections stained according
      to the Hematoxylin-Eosin, Van-Gieson, and Azan methods were used in observing
      histological changes. At the same time, wound strength during the healing was
      measured as a parameter for evaluating the healing process. In addition, changes
      in leukocytes, plasma fibrinogen, activated factor XIII (aXIII), collagen content
      of the incised wound, and metabolic changes were determined. Results 1.
      Histological studies showed that, in STZ diabetes, the inflammatory response was
      minimal and occurred later than in normal cases. In the incised wound, cellular
      infiltration of polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes and fibrin nets accumulated poorly.
      The fibrin net was coarse and fragile. Furthermore, epithelialization of the
      wound was late: it did not occur until 5 days after the operation. In cases of
      STZ diabetes, patterns of hyperplasia and fibroblast arrangements were abnormal.
      Collagen regeneration and proliferation processes were remarkably retarded. 2. In
      normal, wound strength increased from the 5 postoperative day. After 10 days had
      passed, it increased remarkably until, after 30 days, it had returned to the
      preoperative level. In STZ diabetes, however, no increase in wound strength
      occurred for the first 14 days after the operation. There after strength
      increased slowly; but, 40 days after the operation, 80% of the preoperative level
      still had not been reached. 3. Changes in leukocytes were much later occurring in
      STZ diabetes than in normal. Recovery took longer than in normal. 4. In STZ
      diabetes, increases in plasma fibrinogen and decreases of the aXIII factor were
      slower than in normal. The a XIII factor decreased remarkably, and recovery was
      slow. 5. In terms of collagen content in the wound incision, in STZ diabetes,
      tropocollagen increase occurred later than in normal. But, from the 5 to the 14
      postoperative days, its level was higher than that in normal. Maturation-process
      collagen and mature collagen increased still more slowly. In normal, mature
      collagen had reached preoperative level 20 days after the operation, in STZ
      diabetes, 80% of preoperative level still had not been reached 30 days after the
      operation. 6. These studies showed that the following factors hinder wound
      healing in cases of diabetes mellitus: minimal inflammatory response, incomplete
      formation of the fibrin nets, retardation of epithelialization, retarded action
      of plasma fibrinogen and the a XIII factor, reduced fibroblast activity, and slow
      increase in collagen content.

PMID- 2635378
TI  - [Exposure distribution and total risk in intraoral source radiography].
AB  - Exposure distribution was measured and total risk for individual was estimated in
      intraoral source radiography. Equipment used was a stat Oralix (Philips). Film
      dosimetry was employed to obtain exposure distribution in oral mucosa and skin
      surface of head and neck region. A thermoluminescence dosimeter and an ionizing
      chamber were used to measure organ doses. Total risk was estimated on the basis
      of these doses. Conclusions 1. Exposure distribution 1) Oral mucosa Examination
      of upper jaw showed that exposure in palate was distributed between 100 mR near
      incisive papilla at hard palate and 1800 mR at the rear part of hard palate.
      Isodose curves were aligned at practically equal intervals from 100 mR to 600 mR.
      Curve of maximum dose 1800 mR ran forward in the vicinity of both second molars.
      Its pattern was not symmetrical on right and left side. Exposure in buccal region
      was distributed between 50 mR in the front part and 600 mR in the rear part. On
      both the surface of tongue and the inner side of mandible, low-exposure regions
      existed in the vicinity of the midline. Zones of higher exposure were to be found
      on right and left side. Examination of low jaw showed that isodose curves between
      50 mR and 1000 mR were observed in right and left side of palatal area. Exposure
      in buccal region was distributed between 60 mR and 600 mR. Exposure at the center
      of tongue was 1800 mR, but it decreased to 1000 mR at the tip of tongue. High
      exposure was observed on both sides of tongue and mandible. Examination of
      lateral jaw showed that maximum exposure 1800 mR occurred on the side of
      radiation objective. In all three examinations, levels of exposure in oral mucosa
      were higher in the rear than in the front. Furthermore, exposure distribution was
      not symmetrical on right and left side. These results coincided with measurements
      of spatial patterns of x-ray intensity. In all examinations, lead-lining of
      applicator reduced exposure effectively. 2) Skin surface of head and neck region
      Examination of upper jaw showed that isodose curve of 10 mR ran through root of
      nose, eyelid, earlobe and mandibular angle ultimately to reach low lip. Curve of
      maximum exposure 100 mR was located in cheek region. Examination of low jaw
      showed that isodose curve of 10 mR descended through upper lip and earlobe
      ultimately to reach to lower part of thyroid gland. Curve of maximum exposure 100
      mR was found in cheek region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2635379
TI  - [Dental health status of junior high school students in the suburbs of Chiba
      city].
AB  - The Population of 12-15 years is a key age group for oral health because the
      permanent dentition and periodontal tissues are almost complete at this stage.
      The purpose of this study was to evaluate oral health status and to develop an
      effective school dental health program for junior high schools students. The
      survey was performed on 527 persons aged 12-13 at 2 junior high schools in the
      suburbs of Chiba city. Periodontal disease was evaluated on the basis of the
      CPITN, and analyzed for severity and region of periodontal disease. Gingivitis
      was examined with PMA index, using color photo slides taken of anterior dentition
      at the time of inspection. At the same time, caries experience and oral hygiene
      index were also estimated. The results were as follows: (1) The mean DMFT was
      3.89. Caries prevalence in females was higher than males. Ratio of treated teeth
      rate was 77.03%; that of untreated teeth rate was 22.65%. Females revealed less
      treatment for caries than males. Oral hygiene index showed significant difference
      between males and females. Labial and buccal parts of the maxillary and molar
      region on the mandibular showed remarkable plaque deposition. Calculus
      accumulation in this population was greatest on the lower incisor. (2) The mean
      PMA index was 7.36. Gingivitis was highly prevalent in both sexes, although it
      was more severe in males. There was correlations between PMA index and OHI. (3)
      From the results of CPITN, 10.6% of the subjects showed no signs of periodontal
      disease (Code 0), and 5.7% exhibited gingival bleeding (Code 1).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635380
TI  - [Eruption of lateral segments of permanent dentition--differences between right
      and left sides].
AB  - The following results were obtained from a study on differences in eruption of
      the lateral segments of permanent dentition; that is, 3 (canine), 4 (first
      premolar), and 5 (second premolar). This study has been conducted for 9 years and
      6 months on the same individuals (30 males and 29 females, aged between 6 years
      and 15 years and 6 months). Every 3 months, oral examinations using dental models
      of the upper and lower jaws were performed. In studying eruption order, teeth in
      the lateral segment were treated as a group. Replacement period started with the
      initial eruption of any of the teeth listed above and ended with the eruption of
      the last tooth in the group. comparisons were made between right and left lateral
      segments. Results 1. In the upper jaw of males, eruption orders 4----3----5, 4.3-
      --5, and 4----3.5 were dominant in 76.90% of the right sides and 77.78% of the
      left sides. Corresponding percentages for females were 56.00% for the right and
      57.90% for the left side. The difference between right and left sides was 0.8% in
      male subjects and 1.69% in female subjects. Dominant types of eruption order in
      the lower jaw were 3----4----5, 3.4----5, and 3----4.5. In males, these types
      occurred in 77.77% of right sides and 82.29% of left sides. Corresponding
      percentages for females were 96.00% for the right and 99.99% for the left side.
      The difference between right and left sides was 11.52% in male subjects and 3.99%
      in female subjects. 2. Initiation of replacement period varies according to
      eruption-order type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635381
TI  - [Performance evaluation of the X-ray computed tomography "TCT-700 S" (Part 1)].
AB  - The performance of the Rotate/Rotate CT scanner "TCT-700 S" (Toshiba) was
      evaluated on the basis of the item entitled "User's initial acceptance tests
      (phase II)," set forth in "Standard of performance evaluation for X-ray computed
      tomography (second recommendation)" proposed by Takenaka et al. (1982). This
      report describes measurements for noise, contrast scale, spatial resolution, and
      high- and low-contrast resolution. Recommended phantoms were used to test
      performance. Results 1. Noise edepended on slice thickness and mAs. It increased
      as slice thickness decreased. No matter what the slice thickness, noise was great
      when mAs settings were small. Furthermore, short scan time caused considerable
      noise for each slice thickness. Reduction of mAs setting caused remarkable
      increased in noise when slice thickness were 1 mm or 2 mm Under routine
      examination, when thickness was 5 mm, at 120 kV, with an mAs setting of 440, scan
      field S(diameter 240 mm), and convolution filter FC-2, noise was 0.31%. When
      slice thickness was 10 mm at 120kv, 800mAs, with a scan field S (diameter 240
      mm), and convolution filter FC-2, contrast scale was 1.84 x 10(-4) (cm-1/CT
      number). 2. When slice thickness was 5 mm, at 120 kV, with a mAs setting of 1200,
      scan field S(diameter 240 mm), and a convolution filter of FC-2, spatial
      resolution was 0.5LP/mm. 3. When slice thickness was 5 mm, at 120kV, with a mAs
      setting of 1200, scan field S (diameter 240 mm), and convolution filter of FC-2,
      minimum high-contrast resolution was 0.5 mm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635382
TI  - [Clinico-pathological studies on the effects of calcium hydroxide eugenol
      preparations to the human vital pulp tissues].
AB  - The present paper reports results of a study to evaluate clinico-pathologically
      the effects of calcium hydroxide eugenol preparations on exposed pulp tissues in
      permanent human teeth. The experiments were performed on 80 vital human teeth
      from patients ranging in age from 12 to 54 years. The experimental teeth were
      arbitrarily divided into the following 4 groups. Group CRCS: 20 cases treated
      with CRCS (Hygienic, Akron, Ohio, USA). Group KEZ: 20 cases treated with Dentalis
      KEZ (Neo Dental Chemical Products, Tokyo, Japan). Group CE: 20 cases treated with
      calcium hydroxide eugenol (positive control) Group E: 20 cases treated with pure
      eugenol (negative control). After local anesthesia, the experimental teeth were
      isolated with rubber dums or cotton rolls. Following preparation of Black's
      simple class 1 cavities with a diamond instrument mounted high-speed air turbine,
      the pulp was intentionally exposed by means of a steel bur mounted electric
      engine. The cavity and exposed pulp surface were cleaned with saline and dried on
      absorbent material. Then the experimental materials (agents) were applied to
      exposed pulp surface. The cavity was lined with gutta-percha temporally stopping,
      and the remainder was filled with silver amalgam. The teeth were clinically
      observed at various intervals from immediately to 530 days after treatment and
      then extracted under local anesthesia and prepared for histopathological study.
      Decalcified sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. 1) CLINICAL
      OBSERVATIONS: During the observation period, symptoms occurred in the following:
      Group CRCS: 4 (20%) out of 20 cases. Group KEZ: 4 (20%) out of 20 cases. Group
      CE: 6 (30%) out of 20 cases. Group E: None of 20 cases No spontaneous pain was
      observed in these groups. 2) Clinical evaluations Group: CRCS: 16 cases (80%)
      were good, 3 cases (15%) were satisfactory, and 1 cases (5%) were failure. Group
      KEZ: 16 cases (80%) were good, 1 cases (5%) were satisfactory, and 3 cases (15%)
      were failure. Group CE: 14 cases (70%) were good, 4 cases (20%) were
      satisfactory, and 2 cases (10%) were failure. Group E: 20 cases (100%) were good.
      3) Histopathological observations. Various kinds and degree of pulp changes were
      occurred in each group. Hyperemia and round-cell infiltration resulting from
      damage caused by treatment and medicaments were frequent in each group. No
      suppurative inflammation occurred in group CE. Pulp cicatrization and apposition
      of dentin on pulp chamber walls were observed frequently in each groups. Hard
      tissue formation was observed in numerous cases of group CE and in some cases in
      group CRCS and KEZ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2635383
TI  - [Experimental studies on adaptation of mandibular masticatory movements to given
      laterally shifted intercuspal position].
AB  - When, the intercuspal position is newly established during reconstruction of
      maxillomandibular relationship, understanding the process of adaptation for the
      laterally shifted eccentric intercuspal position is very significant for problems
      involving maxillo-mandibular registration and diagnosis of occlusion, which has
      very important meaning for clarifying the neuromuscular control system for
      mandibular movement. In this studies, changes in clinical symptoms and
      masticatory movements were observed longitudinally when the laterally shifted
      intercuspal positions were newly established. Conditions for selecting four
      subjects were that they wore suitable overlay maxillary dentures connected to
      abutment teeth and that their mandibular dentition were natural and included good
      fixed restoration. Experimentally prepared overlay dentures were identical to
      those worn by subjects except that they included a structure of lateral shift of
      artificial dentition positioning to given newly laterally shifted intercuspal
      position. The condition of lateral shift of the intercuspal positions are
      established by the protrusion of the condyle on one side, amounts of lateral
      shift of the intercuspal positions were 0, 0.5, 1 and 2mm. From immediately after
      until a week after insertion of the experimental denture, observations were made
      to determine clinical symptoms and alterations in the chewing strokes on the
      frontal plane and in the rhythm of chewing movements. At first, the experimental
      denture with no lateral shift was inserted into the subject's mouth. Next, this
      was replaced by the experimental denture with a lateral shift of 1mm, and then
      this was replaced with a denture with a lateral shift of 2mm. When clinical
      obstruction was encountered, during this process this was replaced by one with a
      lateral shift of 0.5mm. Analysis of data of mandibular movement obtained was
      performed by means of a personal computer system. Results 1. Individual
      difference was observed in the process of adapting to laterally shifted
      intercuspal positions. One subject adapted adequately to a shift of 2mm, another
      to a shift of 1mm; and still another to a shift of 0.5mm. One subject failed to
      adapt adequately to a shift of 0.5mm. 2. When the laterally shifted intercuspal
      position was newly established, subject complained of a slightly high feeling in
      occlusion on the direction opposite to the lateral shift, occlusal sounds, and
      glide from the initial contact positions to the intercuspal position. All
      subjects, however, found it difficult to indicate the amount or direction of
      lateral shift; and there was no obstruction to intentional mastication under
      these conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2635384
TI  - [Experimental study of the influence of removal of the zygomatic arch on
      craniofacial growth and development].
AB  - To observe effects of the procedure on craniofacial growth and development, the
      author removed 10mm of the right zygomatic arch from rats. The subjects (128
      rats) were divided into 3 groups: operation group, sham-operation group, and
      control group. Surgical removal of the right side of the zygomatic arch was
      performed on 51 rats; sham operations were performed on 42 rats, and 35 rats
      served as controls. Operations were performed 30 days after the animals' births.
      The rats were sacrificed 60 to 120 days after birth. Lateral and parietal
      cephalograms of the crania were projected by means of a profile projector, model
      V-16, and enlarged 5 times. Because they reveal craniofacial-facial morphology
      most clearly, 15 lateral and 7 parietal points were selected. Coordinates of
      these points were plotted by means of an X--Y plotter system Tracings were
      composed as follows: For lateral cephalograms, the intersphenoid
      synchondrosis(S)was the zero point, and the line between S and the basion (Ba)
      was the abscissa. For parietal cephalograms, the occipital bone was the zero
      point; and the line between (0) and the upper central (Ui) was the abscissa. The
      masseter muscles were microsectioned for observation of changes in muscle fibers.
      Results 1. There were no significant differences among the body weights of the 3
      groups (control, operation, and sham operation). 2. There were no significant
      differences in ulnar length among the 3 groups 3. Facial asymmetry and changes in
      occlusion were noted in the group observed 120 days after surgery. 4. Lateral
      cephalographic examination showed that the zygomatic arch has almost no influence
      on craniofacial growth and development in terms of relations among the points
      examined. 5. Parietal cephalographic examination showed that removal of the
      zygomatic arch promoted depth development and suppressed width development in the
      zygomatic-arch region of the side on which surgery was performed. This may
      indicate that the zygomatic arch acts to suppress anterior and posterior
      craniofacial growth and development while promoting growth and development in the
      lateral dimension. 6. Horizontal cytology of the masseter muscle showed atrophied
      masseteric tissue at the resected site of the zygomatic arch. But, because this
      was a partial resection, influence of muscular function is slight. And data
      obtained from this experiment must be considered the outcome of the removal of
      the zygomatic arch itself.

PMID- 2635385
TI  - [Response characteristics of fast-adapting units innervating cat oral mucosa to
      ramp-shaped pressure and triangular vibratory stimuli].
AB  - In this study, responses of fast-adapting sensory units to ramp-shaped pressure
      and triangular vibratory stimuli were recorded in the molar lingual gingiva and
      the alveolar mucosa isolated from the cat mandible via the air-gap method. The
      receptors of the fast-adapting units were classified into five types by a
      morphological study and the response characteristics of the individual sensory
      unit were investigated by electrophysiological methods. 1. Fast-adapting units of
      cat oral mucosa were found to have had five types of encapsulated endings (Type I
      V) via a microscopical study. Among the 1,609 endings observed, the occurrence
      frequency of the individual receptor type was as follows: Type I 64.1%, Type II
      9.5%, Type III 13.9%, Type IV 1.2% and Type V 11.3%. Although Type V a-d
      receptors had not been observed in the cat oral mucosa, their presence was
      demonstrated in whole thickness preparation stained with methylene blue. 2. The
      impulse frequency-displacement velocity curves (long-long coordinated) of 32 fast
      adapting units (20 animals) showed four different patterns. 9.3% of the fast
      adapting units showed a proportional relationship over all ranges of displacement
      velocity in the impulse frequency-displacement velocity relation. 25.0% showed a
      proportional relationship in an initial narrow range of displacement velocity and
      attained a steady state in the higher range. In 21.9% of these units, the impulse
      frequency remained steady over all the ranges. In the remaining 43.8%, the
      impulse frequency remained steady in singular range over all displacement
      velocities tested, however their response times decreased when the displacement
      velocity was increased. 3. The fast-adapting units were divided into two groups
      by response mode: a unit group with a Type I receptor and the other with Type II
      V receptors (represented by a Type III receptor). The slopes were measured from
      their relations (log-log coordinates) in threshold amplitude vs. displacement
      caused by single triangular stimulus. The slope for the Type I group was -0.796
      +/- 0.099 (mean +/- S. D.) (Range: -0.593(-)-1.017, n = 22). The slope for the
      other group was -0.658 +/- 0.024 (Range: -0.607(-)-0.758, n = 6). The slope of
      the former was larger than that of the latter. 4. The threshold-frequency curves
      (tuning curve; semilog coordinates) for the Type I group and the other group were
      analyzed. Both tuning curves of these sensory units revealed no plateaus between
      the lower-frequency limits and the upper-frequency limits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635386
TI  - [Histopathological studies of periodontal tissue reactions to perforations in the
      furcation of dogs' teeth treated with cyanoacrylate cement (FH Cement)].
AB  - In the previous study (Shikwa Gakuho, 85: 413-451, 1985.), Morinaga reported on
      the histopathology of furcation perforations treated with ethyl cyanoacrylate and
      showed that, because of its properties, this material cannot be expected to
      effect a permanent blockade. It did not, however, irritate the wound. The purpose
      of this study is to investigate the effects of a new cyanoacrylate cement (FH
      Cement) when applied to furcation perforations. Subjects were 25 mandibular and
      maxilla premolars and molars obtained from 3 adult dogs. The method used in the
      study was as follows. After administration of pentobarbital-sodium general
      anesthesia, the pulp chamber was opened by means of a high-speed air turbine
      fitted with a diamond point. According to usual procedures, the pulp was removed,
      and the main root canal was filled. Next the floor of the pulp chamber was
      deliberately perforated by means of a 1mm round bur that had been previously
      sterilized in advance pouring a physiological sodium chloride solution at the
      same time. The perforated areas were then washed with a same solution, wiped, and
      dried with aseptic cotton pellets. They were then stuffed with cyanoacrylate
      cement. The cavity was lined with gutta-percha temporary stopping, and the
      remainder of the cavity was filled with silver amalgam. At periods of 1, 2, 4, 8
      and 12 weeks after the operation, the animals were sacrificed by means of
      electricity under general anesthesia. The jaw bones were removed, fixed,
      decalcified, and embedded in celloidin. Longitudinal sections were stained with
      hematoxylin-eosin. Results 1. Periodontal tissues around perforated sites were
      healed by means of scar tissue, though suppuration occurred in a few cases. 2.
      Hard tissue was appended to the teeth in a small number of cases. 3. Repair of
      the alveolar bone was observed in the damaged site in about half of all cases.
      From the result mentioned above, cyanoacrylate cement (FH Cement) was seemed to
      did not close the site perforation for it self, but was not a stimulant to wound,
      in case of appropriate blockade.

PMID- 2635387
TI  - [Distribution of dental plaque and time analysis of toothbrushing without
      instruction in school children and students].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to evaluate oral hygiene before and after individual
      method toothbrushing without instruction and to analyze toothbrushing times for
      school children from 6 to 13 years of age. Subjects were 150 pupils from primary
      to junior high school affiliated with the faculty of education of an university
      located in Setagaya, Tokyo: 38 first-grade pupils aged 6, 36 fourth-grade pupils
      aged 9, 37 sixth-grade pupils aged 11, and 39 second-year junior high school
      pupils aged 13. Assessments of dental plaque were made by two dentists using the
      PHP plaque score (Podshadely and Haley, 1968) for primary school pupils and OHI-S
      (only DI-S; Greene and Vermillion, 1964) for junior high school pupils. Plaque
      distribution disclosed by an Erythrosine solution was examined before and after
      toothbrushing, and the performance of toothbrushing by subjects was recorded on
      video-tape through a one-way mirror so that the children were unaware.
      Toothbrushing time was measured by 2 or 3 examiners using a time counter of video
      monitor. Average scores for dental plaque before and after toothbrushing were
      almost the same for first and fourth-grade primary school pupils; but scores
      decreased with a statistically significant difference (p less than 0.01) for
      sixth-grade pupils. Distribution patterns of plaque scores for fourth-grade
      pupils showed characteristically narrow ranges (2-5 before brushing and 1-4 after
      brushing). The majority of subjects (69.4%) had scores of 2-3 after brushing,
      Whereas only 8.3% showed a range of 2-3 before brushing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635388
TI  - [Diabetic microangiopathy in oral mucosa--microcirculation and red cell
      deformability].

PMID- 2635389
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease and cancer surveillance.

PMID- 2635390
TI  - Results of treatment of colorectal cancer in Singapore--can we do better?

PMID- 2635391
TI  - Dengue virus infection.

PMID- 2635392
TI  - A practical community-based approach to the diagnosis of dengue virus infections.
AB  - A study is described in which private physicians participated in the surveillance
      and diagnosis for dengue disease within a community. Using simple, economical
      methods it was shown that a significant proportion of specimens submitted were
      positive for dengue infection. Of 610 fingerprick blood specimens collected on
      filter paper strips, 7% to 33% were positive by serology. Of these specimens, 423
      (69%) were single specimens and 92 (22%) of the single specimens were positive by
      serology. Of 153 fingerprick blood specimens collected in heparinized, glass
      capillary tubes, 15% to 50% yielded a dengue virus isolate. When a positive
      result was based on serology and/or virus isolation, an overall positive rate of
      39% was obtained for one of the participating clinics. Inclusion of
      thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in selection of cases significantly improved the
      positive rate. It is argued that this simple and practical community-based
      approach will result in more accurate surveillance of dengue transmission within
      an endemic area and thus aid in the development of long-term strategies for
      control of disease.

PMID- 2635393
TI  - How I do it--post mastoidectomy reconstruction.
AB  - Traditionally, there are two approaches for mastoidectomy, namely:canal wall up
      and canal wall down. Canal wall up approach avoids an open mastoid cavity post
      operatively but harbours the disadvantage of a reported higher incidence of
      recurrence of disease. Canal wall down approach has a reciprocal advantage and
      disadvantage. This paper reveals a methods of post mastoidectomy reconstruction
      of the posterior canal wall using the posterior canal skin.

PMID- 2635394
TI  - Deep-vein thrombosis following hip surgery for fracture of the proximal femur.
AB  - This is a prospective study involving seventy-two consecutive admissions of
      patients with fractures of the proximal femur over a period of eleven months. It
      reviews the incidence, pattern and clinical course of deep vein thrombosis in
      this group of patients. The method of detection of deep vein thrombosis was that
      of ascending phlebography of the injured limb. Results show that the incidence of
      deep vein thrombosis is low and complications of thromboembolism and local
      complications secondary to venous stasis are nil. It appears that prophylaxis and
      active treatment of deep vein thrombosis in this group of patients may not be
      essential.

PMID- 2635395
TI  - Study on the health hazards of scrap metal cutters.
AB  - Scrap metal cutters seemed to be left out in most preventive programmes as the
      workers were mainly contract workers. The health hazards of scrap metal cutting
      in 54 workers from a foundry and a ship breaking plant were evaluated.
      Environmental sampling showed lead levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.57 mg/m3
      (threshold limit values is 0.15 mg/m3). Exposure to lead came mainly from the
      paint coat of the metals cut. Metal fume fever was not reported although their
      main complaints were cough and rhinitis. Skin burns at all stages of healing and
      residual scars were seen over hands, forearms and thighs. 96% of the cutters had
      blood lead levels exceeding 40 micrograms/100 ml with 10 workers exceeding 70
      micrograms/100 ml. None had clinical evidence of lead poisoning. The study showed
      that scrap metal cutting is a hazardous industry associated with significant lead
      exposure. With proper medical supervision, the blood lead levels of this group of
      workers decreased illustrating the importance of identifying the hazard and
      implementing appropriate medical surveillance programmes.

PMID- 2635396
TI  - Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy--a six year review.
AB  - Twenty eight patients with hyperthyroidism complicating their pregnancies were
      seen at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University Hospital, Kuala
      Lumpur, Malaysia in a six-year period. All patients were treated with antithyroid
      drugs, carbimazole being the mainstay of treatment. The incidence of the disease
      was 0.9 per 1000 births and was similar with other series. No cases of fetal
      goitre were noted. The mean birth weight was 2952 g; there was no significant
      difference in the birth weight of term live births in patients treated with
      carbimazole alone or carbimazole combined with propranolol.

PMID- 2635397
TI  - Induction of labour using a concentrated oxytocin infusion administered in
      geometric progression in a peristaltic infusion pump.
AB  - A new regime for oxytocin titration was introduced into the Labour Ward,
      Alexandra Hospital, Singapore. It utilises an oxytocin infusion of 10, 20 or 40
      mU/ml administered in geometric progression in a peristaltic infusion pump. A
      total of 91 patients classified according to parity and cervical score were
      studied. An overall vaginal delivery rate of 92.3% was obtained. The mean
      induction-delivery time for nulliparous and multiparous patients was 5.3 hrs (+/-
      2.6 hrs) and 3.6 hrs (+/- 1.9 hrs) respectively. Almost 90% of patients who had a
      successful induction required only one pint of infusion. Of those babies who were
      delivered vaginally, all had an Apgar score of 7 or more at 5 minutes.

PMID- 2635398
TI  - Metastatic brain tumours in Northern Ireland: a retrospective review in a closed
      community with emphasis on short term quality of life.
AB  - One hundred and nineteen consecutive patients with metastatic brain tumours who
      presented to the Provincial Neurosurgical Service in Northern Ireland were
      studied. The detection rate doubled after computerised tomography became
      available though the population in Northern Ireland over the years of study
      stayed relatively stable. Multiple tumours accounted for 38% while solitary
      tumours occurred mainly in the cerebellum or parietal lobe. Whereas 70% of
      patients presented with features of increased intracranial pressure and or
      lateralizing neurological signs, 20% had only vague symptoms. The primary site
      was lungs in a third of cases but in 33 cases (27.5%), the site of origin
      remained unknown. 42% of those 76 cases operated were adenocarcinoma. More than
      80% of these patients in whom excision of the tumours were done, had a better
      quality of life at one month compared with improvement in only a third after
      biopsy.

PMID- 2635399
TI  - School refusal: clinical features and treatment outcome.
AB  - A retrospective study of 27 consecutive child-patients seen at the Child
      Psychiatric Clinic from 1976-81 for school refusal showed that there were more
      boys than girls with the condition. Students of all school grades were
      represented. The majority of them were of normal IQ. More of them complained of
      somatic symptoms than of psychological symptoms. 16 out of the 27 patients
      attended school successfully after treatment. Of the the 11 who failed to attend
      school, 9 were aged 10 and above and 3 of these 9 patients later exhibited
      psychotic symptoms. Of the 16 who returned to school, 8 of them did so within 8
      weeks of treatment.

PMID- 2635400
TI  - A comparative study of new cases seen at the Child Psychiatric Clinic in 1975 and
      1985.
AB  - A comparative analysis of new cases seen at the Child Psychiatric Clinic in 1975
      and 1985 is made in this study. There was a three and a half fold increase in the
      number of patients seen from 245 to 893. There was no significant change in sex
      ratio or ethnic groups. However, in 1985 more younger children (aged less than 6
      years) were seen at the Clinic. The waiting time remained short with half the
      number of cases seen within one week of appointment. The commonest conditions
      besides Normal Variation were Adjustment Reaction, Mental Retardation, Conduct
      Disorder and Neurosis. Three-fifths of cases were discharged from follow-up
      within three months of therapy. Most cases (90%) did not require pharmacological
      therapy whilst family therapy was prescribed for a fifth of cases seen in 1985.

PMID- 2635401
TI  - Maternal mortality--a review at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
      Alexandra Hospital, Singapore.
AB  - Maternal mortality rate is a sensitive index of the prevailing health conditions
      and general socio-economic development of the country. The present study was
      undertaken to see the trends in maternal mortality at the Department of
      Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alexandra Hospital during a 11-year period from
      January 1978 until December 1988. There were 14 maternal deaths during this
      period.

PMID- 2635402
TI  - Roentgen examination of maxillary sinus, antral puncture and irrigation--a
      comparative study.
AB  - The various radiological findings of maxillary sinus were compared to those at
      antral puncture and irrigation in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis. It
      was noted that roentgen findings of opacity and fluid level of the maxillary
      sinus are definite evidences of sinus infection and a mucosal thickening is not
      an indication of sinus infection.

PMID- 2635403
TI  - Hepatitis-B surface antigen and VDRL in healthy blood donors of Brunei
      Darussalam.
AB  - We screened 3276 voluntary blood donors for Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg)
      and VDRL. The results were analysed to assess the prevalence and the possible
      relation to age, sex, race and blood group. Our present study was done in Belait
      District of Brunei Darussalam where we have a mixed population of various racial
      groups namely Malays, Chinese, Ibans, Dusuns, Kelabits, Kadazans, Nepalese,
      Filipinos, Thais, Koreans, Eurasians, Indians, British, Dutch, Americans,
      Africans and Australians. Our findings suggest that the prevalence of HBsAg is
      4.71% and that of VDRL is 0.64% of the donor population. HBsAg positivity rate
      among various blood groups is found to be not statistically significant (p
      greater than 0.05). However, this rate is found to be highly significant among
      racial groups (p less than 0.001) and the rate of positivity of VDRL is also
      found to be significantly different among racial groups (p less than 0.01), with
      the highest percentage of both being in the Ibans.

PMID- 2635404
TI  - A clinical study of adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site in Hong Kong.
AB  - Forty-two patients with adenocarcinoma of unknown primary (ACUP) presented to the
      Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong from 1984 to 1985. They were studied for
      the site of symptomatic metastases at presentation, survival, and response to
      treatment. Bony (21) and lymph nodal (14) metastases were common. Survival was
      short with a median duration of 32 weeks and was not affected by sex, site of
      metastases at presentation, and development of new metastases. Response to
      combination chemotherapy with cisplatinum, adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (CAP)
      occurred in 4/31 (12.9%) patients with two complete responses and two partial
      responses and the responders survived significantly longer than non-responders
      with a median survival of 51 and 29 weeks respectively (P less than 0.05). Twenty
      out of 36 (55.6%) treated with radiotherapy had a positive response including
      five complete responses and fifteen partial responses but there was no
      demonstrable improvement in survival for the responders.

PMID- 2635405
TI  - Primary sclerosing cholangitis--a report of 2 cases.
AB  - Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) is a rare cholestatic condition seen
      locally. Its etiology is unknown and it is commonly associated with ulcerative
      colitis, another rare condition seen locally. In this report, 2 patients with
      PSC, both Indian males, had ulcerative colitis and in one PSC was diagnosed some
      15 years later. An interesting feature common to both patients was that of intra
      hepatic ductal involvement. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram (PTC) and
      Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatogram (ERCP) showed characteristic
      stricturing and beading of the intra-hepatic ducts.

PMID- 2635406
TI  - Bird-fancier's lung: a case report of probable extrinsic allergic alveolitis in a
      pigeon-breeder.
AB  - Pigeon-breeding in Singapore, as contrasted to bird-fancying in general, is
      usually on the scale of small holdings. This report of a case of pigeon-breeder's
      lung is made so that, among occupations in highly urbanized Singapore, those in
      the agronomics sector should not be forgotten.

PMID- 2635407
TI  - Acute pancreatitis and organophosphate poisoning--a case report and review.
AB  - The association between acute pancreatitis and organophosphate (OP) poisoning may
      still not be widely recognised. A case of organophosphate (diazinon) poisoning
      presenting as acute pancreatitis is described. The diagnosis of OP was not made
      during admission to hospital as the history of exposure to OP was not obtained
      then. Obtaining the history of OP exposure is most important. Recognising that OP
      poisoning can present as acute pancreatitis may be life-saving in a critically
      ill patient.

PMID- 2635409
TI  - [Temporary restorations as a diagnostic aid. 2].

PMID- 2635408
TI  - Carcinoma of the lung with metastases to skeletal muscles.
AB  - A prominent feature of the natural history of carcinoma of the lung is that it
      invariably metastasizes to other organs. The well-known sites include lymph
      nodes, liver, adrenals, bones and brain. Spread is mainly by lymphatic and
      haematogenous routes, or by direct extension. However, like many other primary
      malignancies, the spread of carcinoma of the lung to skeletal muscles is rare.
      This is despite its bulk and abundant blood supply. Why this is so is unknown. A
      search of the literature revealed only 3 published case reports of carcinoma of
      the lung spreading to skeletal muscles. In this paper, we report a case of
      squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with multiple metastases to skeletal muscles.

PMID- 2635410
TI  - [Intrusion of primary teeth: case reports].
AB  - Three cases of intrusion of primary teeth are described. In all cases the
      intruded primary tooth was left without treatment and the tooth did not re-erupt.
      After eruption of the succedaneous permanent tooth the primary tooth was
      surgically removed. There was damage to the permanent tooth in two of the three
      cases.

PMID- 2635411
TI  - [Bleaching of discolored root canal treated teeth. 3- and 5-year postoperative
      results].
AB  - In this study a simple and time-saving method for internal bleaching of
      discolored root-filled teeth is presented. The method used sodium perborate
      moistened with water and the access cavity temporarily sealed with Cavit between
      visits. Bleaching was carried out in 95 teeth, with a satisfactory initial result
      in 90% of the cases. After 3 years of observation, recurrence of discoloration
      was found in 20% of the teeth seen at follow-up examination. After 5 years of
      observation a total of 29.4% showed discoloration or recurrence of discoloration.
      The method is easy, fast and essentially without complications. It is therefore
      recommended as an alternative to full crown restoration, assuming the tooth is
      not too weakened because of large fillings.

PMID- 2635412
TI  - [Global aspects of the epidemiology of oral cancer].
AB  - On the basis of IARC's Cancer in five contents (vol. V) an analysis has been made
      of the occurrence of oral cancer on a global basis. The highest rates for oral
      cancer (cancer of the vermillion border and the oral cavity) were found in Bas
      Rhin in France, Sao Paulo in Brasil and in New Foundland in Canada. India comes
      in as number four. The differences between men and women are emphasized, and so
      is the difference between people with a white skin and those with a dark skin. In
      the latter groups cancer of the vermillion border is rare.

PMID- 2635413
TI  - [Clinical diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral mucosa].

PMID- 2635414
TI  - [Importance of histologic examination in premalignancy and cancer].

PMID- 2635415
TI  - [Treatment of premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa].

PMID- 2635416
TI  - [Experimental oral carcinogenesis. In vivo and in vitro experimental models].

PMID- 2635417
TI  - [Intraoral cancer: 100 consecutive cases].
AB  - One hundred patients (43 women and 57 men) with intraoral squamous cell carcinoma
      were questioned about their tobacco and drinking habits and then subjected to a
      thorough intraoral clinical examination. Twelve of the women did not use tobacco
      and did not have increased alcohol consumption. Only three of the men did not use
      tobacco, and 70% had daily consumption of alcohol. Where location of the
      carcinoma was concerned, the men had two and a half times as many carcinomas of
      the floor of mouth and inferior surface of tongue as the women. An astonishing
      finding was that 15% of the patients did not have subjective symptoms even if the
      tumour was more than 4 cm in diameter. On the basis of information obtained from
      the patients, 31% had been referred after a considerable delay. It is suggested
      that more information is required among physicians and dentists concerning the
      early diagnosis of intraoral malignancies.

PMID- 2635418
TI  - [Early diagnosis of cancer of the oral cavity, is it a possibility?].
AB  - Study of patients with oral carcinomas from the Finsen Institute in a five-year
      period, shows the survival to be significantly correlated to the tumour stage on
      referral. In order to improve the prognosis for these patients, earlier diagnosis
      and earlier referral for treatment to the oncological centre are necessary.

PMID- 2635419
TI  - [Carcinoma in situ and carcinoma in patients with chronic oral candidiasis].
AB  - Chronic oral candidiasis is generally not considered a premalignant condition. We
      report on two patients with carcinoma in situ and carcinoma in the soft palate,
      probably preceded by long lasting chronic Candida infection. The first patient
      was a 56-year-old woman who suffered from disturbances in the calcium and
      potassium metabolism and high blood pressure due to a previous goiter operation
      during which the parathyroids had been removed. She also suffered from bronchitis
      and had been smoking 12 cigarettes a day for many decades. For several years she
      had had more or less constant symptoms from airway infections. Increasing
      symptoms from the throat had developed 2 years before referral and, in this
      period, she had been in constant antifungal therapy with no effect on the
      symptoms. Objectively, the entire soft palate, uvula and the palatoglossal arches
      were fiery red with whitish plaques which were not removable (Fig. 1). A biopsy
      revealed severe dysplasia and focal carcinoma in situ Subsequently, the lesion in
      the soft palate was partly removed by laser surgery followed by radiation therapy
      over a period of 2 month. One year later there was no signs of recurrence (Fig.
      4). The second patient, a 53-year-old healthy woman, was referred because of
      difficulties in eating due to pain in the throat which had existed for 2 years.
      Without any effect on the symptoms, she had had antifungal therapy for 4 weeks.
      The patient had been smoking 15 cigarettes a day for many years. Objectively, an
      area with whitish plaques and nodules on an erythematous background was found
      (Fig. 5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635420
TI  - [Evaluation of a new system to decontaminate water passing through dental units].

PMID- 2635421
TI  - [Why should dentists concern themselves with the tobacco problem?].

PMID- 2635422
TI  - [Experience gained by treating Alsation dogs].
AB  - In the paper an attempt is made to describe important features in the anatomy and
      pathology of the Alsation's dentition and how if differs from the human, thus
      leading to other therapeutic measures. The experience of the author is based upon
      examination and treatment of 80 institutionalized Alsations bred at the school of
      dogs in the Royal Danish Air Force, Karup. The dogs are submitted to regular
      veterinary control every 3 months. Two case reports describe typical treatments
      performed at the Infirmary for dogs.

PMID- 2635423
TI  - [Preoperative radiographic examinations for edentulous jaws with osseointegrated
      implants].
AB  - Radiography is an essential tool in treatment of the edentulous jaw with
      osseointegrated implants. Radiographic examinations are made 1) preoperatively in
      treatment planning, 2) as intermediate controls during surgical and prosthetic
      procedures, and 3) postoperatively in longitudinal control. In the present paper
      the purposes of the different examinations are summarized, and the radiographic
      techniques used by the Department of Radiology, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen,
      in treatment with titanium implants a.m. Branemark are described. Panoramic
      rotational radiography, cephaloradiography, intraoral projections, and tomography
      are used at different stages and for different purposes. The superiority of the
      tomographic technique for depiction of cross-sectional images of the alveolar
      ridge is emphasized. The problems of interpreting tomograms are explained, and
      the wide variability in the anatomy of the osseous alveolar ridge is
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2635424
TI  - [Organic dementia among dental technicians: a cross-sectional investigation of
      dental technicians using opticians as control].
AB  - The preparation methylmethacrylate (MMA) an organic solvent which is employed
      inter alii in the production of prostheses, is regarded as neurotoxic. With the
      object of illustrating to what extent dental technicians have symptoms compatible
      with organic dementia as compared with a control group, a cross-sectional
      questionnaire investigation was undertaken in a population consisting of 256
      dental technicians and 160 opticians, all of whom were professionally active. The
      percentage replies for the two group were 88 and 85 respectively. The two groups
      do not differ from one another as regards background variables with the exception
      of age and adjustments are made for this in the analysis. The results demonstrate
      that there is a statistically higher prevalence of the majority of acute and also
      chronic symptoms among dental technicians than among opticians. The symptom
      pattern and the presence of information and selection bias are discussed and it
      is concluded that this investigation confirms the hypothesis that symptoms
      compatible with organic dementia are commoner among dental technicians. The
      results raise the suspicion that MMA may cause acute and chronic damage to the
      central nervous system, even after very slight exposure. Revision of the
      occupational environment of dental technicians, including the current hygienic
      limits for MMA, is recommended.

PMID- 2635425
TI  - [Fractures of the mandible--an analysis of the etiology and localization].
AB  - A retrospective analysis of fractures of the mandible in 993 patients treated in
      the Department of Oral Surgery, Odense University Hospital, during the period
      1978-1987 is presented. The investigation is compared with a previous analysis
      from the period 1964-1973. There is a marked increase in the total number of
      fractures as well as an increase in the number of cases of violence involving
      fractures of the mandible. Jaw fractures caused by sport accidents are rare, but
      it is surprising that horse riding is the sport that is causing most mandibular
      fractures. The present investigation demonstrates that fractures of the condyles
      are the prevailing type of fractures, followed by fractures of the mandible body.
      Presence or lack of teeth seems to have no or little importance with reference to
      localization of the fractures.

PMID- 2635426
TI  - [Young dentists in the employment market: the initial difficult years?].

PMID- 2635427
TI  - [Intermediate and longitudinal radiographic examinations of edentulous jaws with
      osseointegrated implants].
AB  - A previous paper summarized preoperative radiographic examinations, and the
      present paper is dealing with intermediate examinations following abutment
      operation as well as longitudinal examinations subsequent to prosthetic
      restoration. The difficulties in detecting incomplete fixture-abutment
      connection, and the need for identity of periodical radiographs are discussed.
      The operator is faced with great problems of film placement and projection angles
      when radiographing fixtures embedded in jaw bone. The main purposes of
      longitudinal examinations are to control marginal bone level changes and
      perifixtural bone quality. Radiography is also essential in diagnosing
      complications, e.g. loss of osseointegration and fixture fractures.

PMID- 2635428
TI  - Tooth exfoliation and necrosis of the alveolar bone following trigeminal herpes
      zoster in HIV-infected patient.

PMID- 2635429
TI  - [Effective dose equivalent following radiographic examination of edentulous
      patient treated by osseointegrated implants].
AB  - A survey was made of the total number of extraoral and intraoral exposures
      performed during the preoperative, intermediate and control phases in treatment
      of patients with osseointegrated implants ad modum Branemark according to the
      routine procedures used at the Department of Radiology, Royal Dental College,
      Copenhagen. Dose values from literature were used for calculation of total
      effective dose equivalent. The sum of examinations comprised 16 extraoral and 231
      intraoral films for a patient treated with 6 maxillary and 6 mandibular implants.
      The total dose over a 7-year-period amounted to approximately 1.7 mSv (0.25 mSv
      per year). Considering that the natural radiation in Denmark results in an annual
      dose of 3 mSv per inhabitant and many medical radiographic examinations result in
      effective dose equivalents of 3-6 mSv, the dose following the treatment with
      implants appear to be of a moderate magnitude. The increased scattering due to
      the metallic implants does not seem of deleterious significance.

PMID- 2635430
TI  - [Dental status of the Danish population].

PMID- 2635431
TI  - [Occurrence of muscle contraction headache in children with abnormal incisor
      occlusion].
AB  - The principal result of the investigation indicates that children with abnormal
      incisor occlusion must be regarded as a risk group concerning muscle contraction
      headache (MCH). The need for orthodontic treatment of children with abnormal
      incisor occlusion is usually by layman regarded as being based upon psychosocial
      considerations. These considerations shall not be underestimated. For children as
      well as for grown up persons an appearance dominated by a visible abnormal
      incisor occlusion will be loading in contact with other people. From a
      professional point of view need for orthodontic treatment of children with
      abnormal incisor occlusion has usually been defined from the demand for
      stability. Grown up people with abnormal incisor relations are frequently
      referred to orthodontic specialists because of problems, such as migration of the
      incisors, extreme attrition or functional disturbances in the masticatory system.
      These problems are closely related to the abnormal incisor occlusion. With our
      present knowledge of the importance of the incisor relation for the function of
      the masticatory system, this condition must have high priority in the evaluation
      of need for orthodontic treatment of children. The treatment will, by improving
      the functional condition of the masticatory system and normalizing the function,
      have importance as prophylaxis and/or early treatment of a risk group concerning
      muscle contraction headache.

PMID- 2635432
TI  - [Mercury allergy, stomatitis and eczema in patients with amalgam restorations].

PMID- 2635433
TI  - [Modified method for orthodontic tooth movement of impacted maxillary canine].

PMID- 2635434
TI  - [Fluoride content of private water supply in Gotland].

PMID- 2635435
TI  - [Oral side-effects in children undergoing treatment for tumor diseases].

PMID- 2635436
TI  - [Community dental health care system 1974-1985. Treatment procedures for
      different age groups in the private sector].

PMID- 2635437
TI  - [Examination results of patients for reevaluation due to untowards reactions to
      dental materials. Comparison of patient groups in 1982-1984 and in 1986-1987 in
      Kristianstad].

PMID- 2635438
TI  - [Effect of amalgam on patients suspected of amalgam poisoning].

PMID- 2635439
TI  - [Dental materials--allergic aspects].

PMID- 2635440
TI  - [Swedish dentists and blood contamination--attitudes, knowledge and contamination
      prevention].

PMID- 2635441
TI  - Densitometric evaluation of three intra-oral radiographic films.
AB  - The radiographic, or diagnostic, quality of the processed radiograph depends upon
      a number of factors, one of the most important being the characteristics of the
      film. The purpose of this study was to determine which of three intra-oral
      radiographic films, obtainable in this country, would give the best results in
      terms of density range, speed, contrast and base plus fog values. Agfa Dentus,
      Flow X-Ray and Kodak (all speed group D films) were exposed, using a calibrated
      G.E. 1000 x-ray generator at 65 kVp, 10 mA and 50 impulses (1 second) exposure
      time. The target-film-distance was 40 cm, the total filtration 2.0 mm Aluminium
      and the half-value layer 2.7 mm Aluminium equivalent. An aluminium step-wedge
      with 8 steps, in steps of 1.5 mm, and a natural premolar tooth, with a carious
      lesion, embedded in acrylic, were used as phantoms. An 8 mm-thick layer of base
      plate wax and a 3 mm-thick lead plate were used to simulate tissue-scatter and
      prevent back-scatter, respectively. To determine the base plug fog value, an
      unexposed film from the same batch was processed simultaneously with each of the
      three films evaluated. All processing was done in a Durr AC 245 L processor with
      automatic replenishment and a 6-minute cycle. The processing chemicals, viz.,
      Kolchem High Stability X-ray developer and fixer, were mixed and used in strict
      accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. The radiographic densities of
      each step of the step-wedge, and of carious and normal dentine of the phantom
      tooth, were determined by means of an RMI Digital Densitometer.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635442
TI  - CPITN: a tool in the planning of dental services.
AB  - The need for a systems approach in the planning of dental public services has
      been emphasised. A random sample of 1,400 farm labourers and their dependants was
      assessed using the CPITN index. This data was used to estimate manpower and time
      requirement based on treatment strategies. Results indicate that virtually
      everybody aged 7 years and older (94 per cent) require oral hygiene education, 79
      per cent need a scaling, while 5 per cent need complex treatment. The need for
      scaling increased from 61 per cent among 7 to 19-year-olds to 98 per cent in the
      over-20-year-olds. A small proportion (22 per cent) of sextants amongst 7 to 19
      year-olds need scaling, compared with 82 per cent in the over-20 group. While no
      sextants in the 7 to 19-year-olds require complex treatment, a negligible
      proportion (0.43 per cent) among over-20-year-olds need such treatment. The
      findings are extrapolated to the sample population and the times for each
      procedure used to calculate resources for treating the sample population. It is
      estimated that approximately 7.3 working years would be required to provide the
      necessary treatment. In terms of manpower it is estimated that seven full-time
      oral hygienists and one part-time dentist will be needed to fulfil the total
      treatment needs. The CPITN appears to be an appropriate tool in the planning of
      dental health services. Planners should, however, relate estimates to available
      resources and establish priorities accordingly.

PMID- 2635443
TI  - Child abuse--the role of the oral health team.

PMID- 2635444
TI  - Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in young children in the city of The Hague.
AB  - A group of 234 pupils aged 3-6 years in the city of The Hague was examined for
      Toxocara seropositivity using the ELISA in the period September 1987 to January
      1988. The average seroprevalence of 11,0% was higher than the result of a
      comparable Dutch investigation (7,1%) in 1976.

PMID- 2635445
TI  - Incidence of hemoglobins S and C in infants born in Miami to recent Haitian
      immigrants.
AB  - The incidence of hemoglobins S and C was determined for infants born to mothers
      who had recently emigrated to Miami from Haiti. The rates for hemoglobin S trait
      was 8.0% and C trait 4.7%. These values were higher than those found for American
      Blacks studied during the same period. Rates for those homozygous for hemoglobin
      S and doubly heterozygous for hemoglobins S and C are also reported but due to
      the infrequency with which they occur, the rates are less reliable. These data
      demonstrate that these abnormal hemoglobins occur in a significant number of
      Haitians and implies the existence of a considerable number of individuals with
      sickle cell anemia and hemoglobin SC disease in that country. It is important
      that a definitive study be done in Haiti to more precisely quantitate the
      magnitude of the problem so that appropriate health care strategies can be
      developed.

PMID- 2635446
TI  - Double-blind randomised clinical trial of pentoxiphyllin in vaso-occlusive sickle
      cell crisis.
AB  - Frequent painful sickle cell crisis leads to a high number of active days lost
      due to morbidity or mortality. Only one of the specific drugs has been shown to
      be efficacious in a controlled clinical trial in the USA. The efficacy and the
      appropriateness of a drug acting on the erythrocytic membrane, pentoxiphyllin,
      was investigated in a randomised, double blinded clinical trial in the treatment
      of acute incapacitating crisis. In the 36 patients studied in a rural hospital in
      Togo (West Africa) where sickle cell disease is frequent (0.51% of all births),
      the mean (standard deviation = SD) duration of inpatient treatment was
      significantly shorter in the actively treated group active drug: 77.6 (40.19)
      hours, placebo: 102.4 (25.31) hours, difference between means: 24.8 (95%
      confidence intervals (= 95% CI) 2.02-47.5) hours); p = 0.03. This marked effect
      of active treatment was evident during the first 48 hours only. The suitability
      of this therapeutic regime within the studied area is discussed.

PMID- 2635447
TI  - Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (AITP) in Zimbabwe.
AB  - 80 patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (AITP) seen in Zimbabwe
      between January 1980 and December 1987 are presented. There was a female
      preponderance (male to female ratio of 1:1,9); and the mean age +/- s.d. was 18.1
      +/- 14.5 (range 0.5 to 59) years. Seventy nine per cent of the acute AITP
      patients presented within the first decade of life; whilst 25% and 75% of the
      chronic AITP cases were seen below and above ten years respectively. Epistaxis
      was the commonest form of presentation; occurring in 70% of all cases. Platelet
      counts considered to be in the potentially dangerous level i.e. less than 40-50 X
      10(9)/l were respectively found in 92% and 82% of the acute and chronic cases.
      The disease is not rare in Zimbabwe and presents with a picture identical with
      that previously described in Caucasian and other African populations.

PMID- 2635448
TI  - Pancytopenia in nutritional megaloblastic anaemia. A study from north-west India.
AB  - We have analysed 139 consecutive cases (71 males and 68 females) of nutritional
      megaloblastic anaemia over a period of four and a half years. The majority of
      these patients belonged to the low socio-economic class and many of them were
      strict vegetarians. Sixty one percent were in the second and third decades of
      life. At the time of presentation, 46% had mild hepatomegaly, 42% fever, 34% mild
      splenomegaly and 20% bleeding manifestations. Of 102 cases in whom the
      biochemical parameters were available, vitamin B12 deficiency was detected in
      76%, folate deficiency in 6.8%, combined B12 and folate deficiency in 8.8%; the
      remaining 7.8% had normal vitamin levels at presentation. All 139 patients had
      severe anaemia, 80.5% had thrombocytopenia and 43.8% had neutropenia as well as
      thrombocytopenia. It appears that during progression (in terms of duration) of
      megaloblastosis, anaemia is followed by thrombocytopenia and then neutropenia.
      Infection and bleeding in these patients may be aggravated by impaired functions
      of neutrophils and platelets, respectively.

PMID- 2635449
TI  - Dyspepsia in Ibadan.
AB  - In a prospective study between January 1982 and December 1986, 402 patients with
      dyspepsia were seen at the gastroenterology clinic of the University College
      Hospital, Ibadan. The patients were evaluated using upper gastro-intestinal fibre
      optic endoscopy in addition to laboratory and radiological examination. Out of
      these, 374 patients were later analysed for the present study. Of the group, 14%
      had peptic ulcers (duodenal ulcer 10.3%; gastric ulcer 3.7%); and 26.7% had
      mucosal inflammation of oesophagus and gastroduodenum. 55% had no lesion as
      observed by endoscopy. Our observation therefore indicates that most of the
      dyspeptic patients at Ibadan have non-ulcer dyspepsia. The pathogenesis of
      dyspepsia is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2635450
TI  - Cations and anions in drinking water as putative contributory factors to endemic
      goitre in Plateau State, Nigeria.
AB  - The prevalence of endemic goitre in Plateau State, Nigeria was established and an
      attempt was made to identify some of the possible environmental goitrogenic
      agents in the region to establish their likely relationship with the goitre
      endemicity. Iodine deficiency appears to be a major aetiological factor for the
      disease as indicated by low iodine levels observed in portable drinking water and
      in daily urinary excretion. The carbonate (CO3-) content of drinking water supply
      was found to bear a significant positive correlation with the goitre rate for the
      entire state (p less than 0.005). The calcium (Ca++) and magnesium (Mg++) levels
      of the drinking water also exhibited relatively good linear direct correlations
      with the percentage goitre distribution in a region, nearly 2/3 of the state. It
      is concluded that there is possibly an interplay of several factors and in
      particular the carbonate content of drinking water which, in association with a
      state of iodine deficiency, may be regarded as responsible for the goitre endemic
      seen in this part of the Continental Africa.

PMID- 2635451
TI  - Pattern of diabetes mellitus in the Sudan.
AB  - 448 Sudanese diabetics were included in this study. 30% of patients were in the
      age group 40-50 years and only 6.3% had childhood diabetes. The predominant sex
      was female (64.5%). Obesity was found in 39% of patients, a positive family
      history in 66.5% and a history of diabetic ketoacidosis in 25.2%. 100 patients
      (below the age of 40) had a plain X-ray abdomen done but none had evidence of
      pancreatic calcification. Percentages of diabetic complications in this study
      were as follows: neuropathy 28.1%, retinopathy 18.5%, cataract 14.7%,
      hypertension 12.9%, nephropathy 11.6%, peripheral vascular disease 6.2%, coronary
      heart disease 4.2% and pulmonary tuberculosis 2.7%. The majority of our patients
      were uncontrolled, only 16.7% had normoglycaemia (FBG less than 140 mg%).

PMID- 2635452
TI  - Non-germ cell testicular tumours in Nigerians.
AB  - Non-germ cell testicular tumours are reported to be more common in peoples of
      Negroid and Asian descent than in Caucasians. This group of tumours comprised
      seven of sixteen testicular tumours seen in a ten-year period at the University
      of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. However, unlike experiences
      elsewhere in Africa and the West Indies where paratesticular tumours accounted
      for a majority of these tumours, malignant lymphomas constituted over 70% of non
      germinal testicular tumours in our population.

PMID- 2635453
TI  - Epidemiological observations of consanguinity and retinoblastoma in Arabia. A
      retrospective study.
AB  - Medical records of 136 Arabian children with retinoblastoma managed at the Joint
      Board and Specialist Hospitals in Riyadh over a 12-year period (1975-1987) were
      retrospectively reviewed. Late age at diagnosis, consanguinity amongst the
      parents of affected children and other epidemiological features of the neoplasm
      are discussed and compared to previously published reports from different parts
      of the world. Public education about early signs and symptoms of the disease as
      well as routine retinal examination of infants for early detection of the
      neoplasm and prevention of unnecessary complications are recommended.

PMID- 2635454
TI  - Schistosomal ova in a female breast.
AB  - A case of a female in which schistosomal ova were found in the breast is
      presented. The diagnosis was made on histological examination for a fibroadenoma.
      This case appears to be the first ever reported.

PMID- 2635455
TI  - Apyrexic Brucella melitensis aortic valve endocarditis.
AB  - The case of a young shepherd with Brucella melitensis aortic valve endocarditis
      is presented. His illness ran an afebrile course and was also complicated by
      disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), nephritis, hepatitis and
      peritonitis, all of which responded well to supportive measures and a combination
      of tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and amikacin sulphate. The fact
      that even the most severe case of brucellosis can present without fever is
      stressed.

PMID- 2635456
TI  - Cholera epidemic and natural disasters; where is the link.
AB  - In May 1985, a cyclone and tidal surge devastated Sandwip, an island off the
      Southern Corner of Bangladesh. Within one week after this disaster a cholera
      epidemic broke out. It resulted in 12,194 registered cases and 51 deaths. The
      factors contributing to the occurrence of the epidemic are analyzed.

PMID- 2635457
TI  - The traditional healer's approach to the treatment of obsessional neurosis. A
      case study at Ibadan.
AB  - This paper presents a case study of a Nigerian traditional healer's methods of
      treating obsessional thinking. Under supervision, two psychology students of the
      University of Ibadan watched several sessions during the treatment of a woman
      suffering from obsessional thoughts in a traditional healer's home. The mental
      state of the woman was assessed by a clinical interview at the beginning and end
      of the course of treatment, and the traditional healer was interviewed after each
      session. The healer used psychological and physical methods of treatment.
      Supernatural forces were implicated as being aetiological to this disorder.
      Elements of Western psychological medical methods (such as environmental
      manipulation, enquiry into the unconscious motivation of behaviour, and
      suggestion through incantation) were evident in this practice, although applied
      without the systematic coherence of clinical medicine. Physical methods included
      the oral administration of a variety of roots and leaves and bathing with a local
      soap. The paper calls for some form of cooperation with these native healers in
      health care delivery.

PMID- 2635459
TI  - Isolation of scotopic human electroretinograms using color adaptation and pattern
      reversal stimuli.
AB  - The human electroretinogram was recorded in response to alternations of a 500 nm
      checkerboard stimulus pattern presented against adaptation backgrounds of
      different wavelengths. A modification of Stiles' color adaptation paradigm was
      adapted to electroretinography. The results provided electrophysiological t.v.i.
      curves (threshold versus intensity curves) and permitted a determination of
      spectral sensitivity. The t.v.i. curves matched those seen in psychophysics. The
      spectral curve showed a close agreement with the scotopic CIE function.

PMID- 2635458
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies specific to chicken iodopsin.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (mABs) from hybridoma cells were raised and screened with a
      purified cone pigment, iodopsin, from the chicken retina. Four different methods
      were used to test these antibodies: (1) dot-immunobinding assay; (2) enzyme
      linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA); (3) one dimensional immunoblotting and (4)
      two dimensional immunoblotting. Three classes of antibody producing cell lines
      were identified. One class produces a mAB specific to iodopsin. The mAB from the
      second class crossreacts with iodopsin and probably one of the other three cone
      pigments. The mAB from the third class probably crossreacts with all the four
      cone pigments in the chicken retina. The mABs from all these classes of hybridoma
      cell lines were selected so that they do not crossreact with rhodopsin. Two
      dimensional immunoblotting indicated that iodopsin has a much higher isoelectric
      point than rhodopsin, as suggested from the known amino acid sequences of human
      rod and cone pigments.

PMID- 2635460
TI  - Light and dark adaptation in fly photoreceptors: duration and time integral of
      the impulse response.
AB  - The properties of impulse responses of blowfly photoreceptors in light and dark
      adaptation were studied with brief (30 mu sec) white light flashes applied with
      different repetition frequencies, thereby producing a range of interstimulus
      periods (ISPs) from 200 msec to 100 sec. The amplitude of the impulse response as
      intracellularly recorded membrane voltage recovered fully with ISP greater than
      300 msec. The duration of the impulse response (as half-repolarization time)
      increased beyond that, saturating with ISPs of about 30 sec with durations of
      about 60 msec, which is to be compared with a duration of 14 msec with ISP of 200
      msec. This finding is not associated with saturation of the membrane potential,
      as it is also found with subsaturating responses. It is also different from the
      prolonged depolarizing afterpotential (PDA). The findings could in principle be
      explained by calcium-activated potassium conductance in the photoreceptor
      membrane.

PMID- 2635461
TI  - Neurons of the striate cortex driven trans-synaptically by electrical stimulation
      of the superior colliculus.
AB  - The latencies of trans-synaptic responses in cells of the striate cortex,
      following electrical stimulation in the superior colliculus, were evaluated to
      assess the possible path taken by the neural signal. Most of the recorded striate
      neurons were judged to be driven by the signal passing back along the axons and
      then into the collaterals of cortico-tectal cells in lamina 5. The present
      results indicate that striate neurons, in communicating with the superior
      colliculus, at the same time, send signals via their collaterals to neighbouring
      cells in lamina 5 which appear to have similar C or complex receptive fields.

PMID- 2635462
TI  - Clinical suppression and binocular rivalry suppression: the effects of stimulus
      strength on the depth of suppression.
AB  - In observers with abnormal binocular vision (such as strabismics or
      anisometropes) one eye's view is often suppressed. This clinical suppression
      serves to eliminate binocular diplopia and confusion. Suppression may also occur
      in observers with normal binocular vision, when the two eyes view disparate
      retinal images, a phenomenon known as binocular rivalry. When the image in an eye
      is suppressed, it is possible to determine the amount by which that suppressed
      stimulus is below the visibility threshold, or the depth of suppression. In the
      experiments presented here, the depth of suppression in an eye was measured as
      the strength of the stimulus in the contralateral eye (the stimulus inducing
      suppression) was varied. This was done for both clinical suppressors and normal
      observers undergoing binocular rivalry suppression. Independent changes were made
      to the contrast, the luminance, and the spatial frequency of the inducing
      stimulus. For both clinical suppression and binocular rivalry suppression, the
      depth of suppression was constant, regardless of the changes to the inducing
      stimulus.

PMID- 2635463
TI  - Color and brightness fade-out in the Ganzfeld is wavelength dependent.
AB  - When watching a monochromatic Ganzfeld, three wavelength-related phenomena are
      perceived: (1) the field turns achromatic; (2) the initially bright field fades
      into a dark or a foggy, gray field; and (3) a sensation of an additional darkness
      is experienced upon light turn off. When a short wavelength is viewed, fading
      times are long and the sensation of additional darkness is strong while the
      inverse is true for long wavelengths viewing. At each wavelength, the magnitudes
      of all three phenomena are linearly related to the logarithm of the stimulus
      intensity. Possible physiological mechanisms underlying these phenomena are
      discussed.

PMID- 2635464
TI  - Receptive field properties of human motion detector units inferred from spatial
      frequency masking.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the spatial frequency selectivity and
      spatial structure of receptive fields of motion sensitive mechanisms in human
      vision. Spatial frequency selectivity was inferred from masking measurements,
      using dynamic test and mask stimuli. For test frequencies between 0.025 and 15.0
      c/deg, maximal masking occurred when the mask frequency matched that of the test,
      suggesting that the test was detected by mechanisms tuned to (or near to) that
      frequency. For tests below 0.025 c/deg or above 15.0 c/deg, maximal masking
      occurred at 0.025 and 15.0 c/deg, respectively, suggesting that there exist no
      mechanisms selective to frequencies outside these limits. A masking model,
      suitable for interpreting results obtained with drifting test stimuli, was
      developed and used to calculate spatial frequency selectivity functions from
      masking data. Assuming small signal linearity, and a constant phase spectrum, the
      selectivity functions were inverse-Fourier transformed to yield estimates of the
      extent and structure of receptive fields. Field width was found to vary with test
      spatial frequency from 5.8 deg at 0.03 c/deg to 0.05 deg at 10.0 c/deg. These
      estimates were compared with width estimates previously obtained by a summation
      technique (Anderson & Burr, 1987), and found to be similar over a wide range of
      spatial frequencies (2.5 log units). Gabor functions provided a reasonable fit to
      the calculated field profiles at high spatial frequencies (above 1.0 c/deg), but
      not at low frequencies.

PMID- 2635465
TI  - Global stereopsis in human albinos.
AB  - The presence of global stereopsis was examined in 18 clinically diagnosed
      albinos; four non-albino controls were also tested including two observers with
      congenital nystagmus. Stereopsis was evaluated with standard clinical stereo
      tests and with TV generated random dot stereograms. The latter test involved
      electrophysiological measures of vertical eye movement tracking in response to a
      stimulus target. For either test procedure, global stereopsis could be
      demonstrated in a significant number of albinos across varying phenotypes. These
      results are of interest in view of electrophysiological investigations in albino
      animal models which indicate a paucity of binocularly driven cortical neurons in
      visual areas 17, 18 and 19. While stereopsis may be mediated in our albinos via
      residual appropriately projecting retino-geniculo-cortical fibres, we suggest
      that inter and intra cortical communication via corpus callosal connections may
      play a primary role in providing the adequate neural substrate for albino
      binocularity.

PMID- 2635466
TI  - Endstopping and curvature.
AB  - Hypercomplex or endstopped visual cortical neurons are usually supposed to be
      concerned with length or end point analysis. However, recent evidence
      demonstrates that endstopped neurons are curvature-selective, a connection that
      we explore here in some detail. A model of endstopped simple cells is developed
      and a variety of computational simulations examine the connection of the model to
      the reported length and orientation responses of endstopped neurons. Even and odd
      versions of the model are described, both of which are shown to be curvature
      selective. Even-symmetric instances of the model respond well to thin curves over
      a range of curve orientation and curvature, independent of sign of curvature. In
      contrast, odd-symmetric instances respond to both thin and thick curves while
      exhibiting a more complex curvature-sign dependence--responding in a sign
      selective fashion to curved lines but not to curved edges. Finally, the response
      of the endstopped model to curve singularities is explored, and the possible role
      of nonendstopped and endstopped cells in building curve descriptions is
      discussed.

PMID- 2635467
TI  - Orientation discrimination for objects defined by relative motion and objects
      defined by luminance contrast.
AB  - A bar-shaped area within a pattern of random dots was demarcated by moving the
      dots within the bar at a velocity equal and opposite to the velocity of dots
      outside the bar. Orientation discrimination for this motion-defined dotted bar
      was compared with orientation discrimination for a contrast-defined dotted bar
      that was created by switching off all dots outside the bar. Orientation
      discrimination was approximately as acute (approx. 0.5 deg) for a motion-defined
      bar as for a contrast-defined dotted bar, provided that dot contrast and speed
      were both high. Furthermore, this 0.5 deg discrimination compares with the most
      acute values reported for sharp-edged lines and sinewave gratings. For the motion
      defined bar discrimination fell off rapidly when dot contrast was reduced, but
      remained acute for the contrast-defined bar for a further reduction of 0.6 log
      units. Thus, there was a 4:1 range of contrasts over which discrimination had
      collapsed for the motion-defined bar but remained acute for the contrast-defined
      bar. For the motion-defined bar discrimination also fell off rapidly at low dot
      speeds, but was almost unaffected by speed for the contrast-defined bar. These
      findings bear on the question whether orientation of motion-defined and contrast
      defined bars are analyzed by the same or by different neural mechanisms, and pose
      a challenge for current theories of orientation discrimination.

PMID- 2635468
TI  - Losses of foveal flicker sensitivity during dark adaptation following extended
      bleaches.
AB  - Flicker sensitivity to a small foveal test stimulus can decrease appreciably
      during the period of dark adaptation that follows extinction of a bleach. For 20
      min diameter, long wavelength tests that followed 70% L cone bleaches of various
      wavelengths, 18 Hz flicker sensitivity decreased precipitously (i.e. within about
      45 sec) by about 1.5-2.0 log units beginning at about 100-200 sec following
      extinction of the bleach. For short wavelength tests that followed long
      wavelength bleaches, the corresponding precipitous losses of flicker sensitivity
      were relatively small and early; flicker sensitivity decreased by about 0.6-1.0
      log units beginning no later than 60 sec following extinction of the bleach.
      Whenever flicker sensitivity decreased precipitously, the losses of flicker
      sensitivity were followed by plateaus of M cone dominated flicker sensitivity.
      For combinations of test and bleaching wavelengths that did not cause flicker
      sensitivity to decrease precipitously, flicker sensitivity instead decreased
      gradually over a prolonged period of time, and incorporated a substantial L cone
      contribution. The precipitous suppression of flicker sensitivity found for
      certain combinations of bleaching and test wavelengths appears to depend on the
      action of a broadly tuned, red-green spectrally opponent process.

PMID- 2635469
TI  - Temporal induction of blackness--I. Color appearance.
AB  - Three color-normal observers described the appearance of colors under conditions
      of temporal induction. One of four inducing fields (unique blue, unique green,
      unique yellow, unique white) was foveally viewed for 5 sec followed immediately
      by a 400 msec reference stimulus of the same size (0.75 deg) and spatial location
      as the inducing field. The reference stimulus was 3 or 5 td and appeared
      achromatic to the observer when viewed without the inducing field. After
      presentation of this temporal sequence, the observers described the reference
      stimulus by assigning percentages to the terms red, green, yellow, blue, white
      and black. The range of inducing field intensities was -0.4-3.2 log td. Both
      chromatic and achromatic induction occurred at low illuminance levels of the
      inducing fields. As the illuminance of the inducing field increased, the
      reference stimulus gradually became blacker and the chromatic components less
      prominent. The minimum illuminance level at which the reference appeared 100%
      black was the same for the four different inducing fields.

PMID- 2635470
TI  - Temporal induction of blackness--II. Spectral efficiency and tests of additivity.
AB  - The perception of blackness was investigated by measuring spectral efficiency and
      field additivity under conditions of temporal induction. For both purposes,
      observers foveally viewed a 0.75 deg, inducing stimulus for 5 sec followed
      immediately (or 200 msec later) by a broadband (5500 K) reference stimulus of the
      same size and spatial location. For spectral efficiency measurements, the
      inducing field was a monochromatic light between 400 and 700 nm (10 nm steps),
      while the additivity studies involved various wavelength mixtures. The
      psychophysical task was to increase the radiance of the inducing field until the
      reference stimulus just turned completely black. For two observers the spectral
      efficiency function of temporally-induced blackness more closely resembled their
      heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) function than their direct brightness
      matching function. Their brightness functions were characterized by an inflection
      at about 580 nm which is generally ascribed to subtractive cone interactions, but
      their blackness-induction and HFP functions did not show this inflection. The
      brightness function of the third observer did not show an inflection at 580 nm,
      thereby making it difficult to differentiate between her three spectral
      efficiency functions. Overall, the subtle differences between the various
      spectral efficiency functions made it difficult to determine whether blackness
      induction was more similar to HFP or brightness matching. The results from the
      additivity tests of blackness induction, HFP and direct brightness matching
      removed this ambiguity from the spectral efficiency findings. Blackness induction
      and HFP were shown to be additive, whereas the results from brightness matching
      showed clear additivity failures of the cancellation type. These data support the
      view that the perception of blackness is mediated by neural mechanisms that
      additively combine the inputs of middle- and long-wave photoreceptors.

PMID- 2635471
TI  - The Weber relation for position is not an artefact of eccentricity.
AB  - We have measured the spatial threshold for discriminating the length of arcs
      falling on isoeccentric circles in the periphery out to 4 deg. The just
      noticeable-difference rises with the arc length in the range 10-500 arc min,
      repeating the usual finding with foveally presented straight-line stimuli. Our
      results do not support a recent suggestion that the Weber relation is mainly due
      to greater positional uncertainty in the peripheral retina.

PMID- 2635472
TI  - Both separation and eccentricity can limit precise position judgements: a reply
      to Morgan and Watt.
AB  - Weber's law is ubiquitous in position judgements. In a variety of position acuity
      tasks, the position threshold is proportional to the separation of the reference
      features. Recently, we (Klein & Levi, 1987; Levi, Klein & Yap, 1988) suggested
      that two sensory processes may serve to limit position acuity, and thus
      contribute to Weber's law for position. One is the target separation, and the
      other is the target eccentricity. In order to test this idea, we pitted
      separation against eccentricity by measuring spatial interval discrimination
      thresholds on an iso-eccentric arc (Levi et al., 1988). Over a 5-fold range of
      separations, we found that thresholds were independent of separation, and
      concluded that at large separations, eccentricity can limit precise position
      judgements. In the preceding article, Morgan and Watt (1989) have questioned this
      conclusion, and have shown that the effects of eccentricity are small in an arc
      length discrimination task. In the present article, we: (i) address the
      objections raised by Morgan and Watt; (ii) show that our data and 2-mechanism
      model are consistent with many previous studies; and (iii) show that Morgan and
      Watt's task is inherently difficult, so that rather than tapping the sensory
      limits imposed by the target eccentricity, performance on the arc length task is
      constrained by the cognitive demands of the task, or by the difficulty of
      reconstruction. In contrast, the measurement of chord length (spatial interval
      discrimination on an iso-eccentric arc) can be simply done by calculating the
      distance between the endpoints. Thus, at large separations, thresholds for the
      chord length judgements are much lower than those of Morgan and Watt, and are
      proportional to the eccentricity of the targets.

PMID- 2635473
TI  - Retinal ganglion cell distribution in the cebus monkey: a comparison with the
      cortical magnification factors.
AB  - The distribution of ganglion cells was determined in whole-mounted Cebus monkey
      retinae. Ganglion cell density along the horizontal meridian was asymmetric,
      being 1.2-4.3 higher in the nasal retinal region when compared to temporal retina
      at the same eccentricities. The total number of ganglion cells varied from 1.34
      to 1.4 million. Ganglion cell density peaked at 49,000/mm2 about 0.5 mm nasal to
      the fovea. Comparison between ganglion cell density and areal cortical
      magnification factors for V1 and V2 reveals that the relative representation of
      the fovea increases in the visual cortex. This effect seems to be a general
      feature of the visual system of primates.

PMID- 2635474
TI  - Axial diffusion of retinol in isolated frog rod outer segments following
      substantial bleaches of visual pigment.
AB  - Partial bleaches of rhodopsin were made in either the proximal or distal halves
      of isolated Rana pipiens rod outer segments. The fluorescence of all-trans
      retinol was recorded 15, 60 and 120 min following 17% and 63% bleaches. Some of
      the retinol that formed remained immobilized in the bleached halves of the outer
      segments, while another portion was slowly mobilized and diffused along the cell
      axis.

PMID- 2635475
TI  - The geometry of the topographic map in striate cortex.
AB  - Johnston (1986) proposed that the global geometry of the striate cortical map in
      primates can be understood with reference to a conic surface in visual space
      oriented with its base in the plane of the eye and axis along the line of sight.
      Here, cortical magnification data from the macaque, squirrel and cebus monkeys
      and distance data from topographic maps of the macaque and owl monkey cortex are
      used as a further test of this proposal. Though there is a substantial difference
      in the emphasis placed on foveal vision in the owl monkey and the macaque
      topographic maps, both can be accommodated by the conic model with a change of
      parameter. The theory has also been extended in an attempt to model the
      differential changes in mean cortical receptive field size and inverse
      magnification with eccentricity found in the macaque. Though cortical receptive
      fields increase in size with eccentricity when measured on a spherical screen,
      mean receptive field size should be constant if measured on a tangent planes to a
      cone with an apical half angle of around 6.4 deg.

PMID- 2635476
TI  - Sawtooth contrast sensitivity: decrements have the edge.
AB  - Mirror-image sawtooth waveforms (rapid-on and rapid-off) were used to test for
      differences in sensitivity to incremental and decremental stimuli. Temporal
      contrast sensitivity functions were measured for rapid-on and rapid-off sawtooths
      and for sine wave stimuli (for 2-26 Hz, mean retinal illuminance of 500 td,
      circular target of 1.8 deg, foveal). Rapid-off sawtooths yielded higher
      sensitivity than rapid-on sawtooths at low and middle frequencies. This advantage
      for detection of decremental lights was confirmed in an experiment in which
      contrast sensitivity was determined for the sum of a rapid-on and a rapid-off
      waveform added over the full range of phase angles. Our data, based on periodic
      rather than pulsed stimuli, broaden and strengthen the evidence that the visual
      system is more sensitive to decrements than to increments in light level.

PMID- 2635477
TI  - Monocular motion sensing, binocular motion perception.
AB  - The two-process account of motion perception and its binocular organization were
      addressed in experiments on apparent movement (AM) with three types of grating:
      sinusoidal; random bar width; and square-wave with missing fundamental (MF).
      Monocular MF gratings sampled four times per cycle of drift always appeared to
      move backwards. Here AM was unrelated to the spatial appearance of the pattern,
      and followed the motion of the dominant spatial frequency component (the third
      harmonic). We take this reversed AM to be characteristic of "short-range" motion
      sensors. It did not occur dichoptically, implying that the direction-selective
      mechanism of motion sensors is purely monocular. AM was seen with dichoptic
      presentation for all three types of grating. Performance improved with the length
      of the stimulus sequence, as predicted by probability summation. This result
      reconciles previous positive and negative findings on dichoptic AM. The perceived
      direction of dichoptic AM was consistent with polarity-selective matching of
      features over time (the "long-range process"). The most telling effect supporting
      feature-matching in dichoptic motion was that dichoptic MF motion reversed
      direction with a change in the visible features of the pattern (induced by
      changes in contrast and pulse duration); monocular apparent motion did not. Two
      routes from spatial frequency channels to the perception of object motion are
      discussed.

PMID- 2635478
TI  - Spatial properties of disparity pooling in human stereo vision.
AB  - The spatial limits of disparity averaging were investigated using Julesz random
      dot stereograms with two different depth planes. Such stimuli could be perceived
      as two separate surfaces, one of which was seen through the transparent veil of
      the other, but under some conditions the depth of information provided by the two
      surfaces was pooled and the resulting surface was seen at the average of the
      local disparities. Two types of model are considered for disparity averaging. In
      the first, disparity averaging occurs as a consequence of attraction/repulsion
      effects in the disparity domain or as an interpolation process working on a dense
      depth map of the image. In the second, disparity averaging is seen as a
      consequence of monocular spatial filtering of the left and right eye images prior
      to binocular combination.

PMID- 2635479
TI  - Rod flicker perception: scotopic duality, phase lags and destructive
      interference.
AB  - Rod vision has a duality of organization: at mesopic luminances rod signals have
      access to a slow, sensitive pathway (which we refer to, following Stiles, as pi
      0) and a fast, insensitive pathway (pi' 0). The phase lag between the two rod
      signals increases with frequency until at 15-Hz the rod signals transmitted
      through the two pathways emerge out-of-phase, so that destructive interference
      produces a nulling of the apparent flicker. Relative to the cones, the phase lag
      of pi' 0 is roughly half that of pi 0. Thus at 15-Hz pi' 0 signals can be out-of
      phase with cone signals, so that the signals from the slower pathway, pi 0, are
      actually in phase with cone signals. We have investigated the frequency response,
      adaptation behavior and phase characteristics of the two rod processes. The
      slower process, pi 0 is more sensitive than pi' 0, and dominates from absolute
      threshold up to low mesopic levels. The adaptation of pi 0 seems not to be
      associated with a change in time constant, but rather with simple response
      compression or sensitivity scaling. The time constant of pi' 0, however, does
      change with adaptation. There are large differences in the way that light
      adaptation changes the sensitivity of the two processes: signals from pi'0 may
      evade part of the postreceptoral sensitivity regulating mechanism normally
      associated with rod vision. The ability of signals from pi 0 and pi' 0 to
      reinforce or cancel each other, however, suggests that they are later reunited in
      a common pathway.

PMID- 2635480
TI  - Human albinos can discriminate spatial frequency and phase as accurately as
      normal subjects.
AB  - Previous experiments testing grating and vernier acuities in albino central
      vision are consistent with the hypothesis that the deficit in their monocular
      spatial processing is mainly due to the increased spacing of their foveal cones.
      This was tested by measuring albino spatial frequency discrimination over the
      range 0.25-4.0 cpd. The same experiments were performed on three normal subjects
      both in the fovea and at a peripheral locus at which their grating acuity was
      identical to that of the albino subjects. Spatial frequency discrimination
      thresholds averaged 3.71% for albinos, 5.18% for the normal fovea, and 8.81% for
      the normal periphery, the latter being over 2.3 times greater than albino
      thresholds. A comparable pattern of results was observed in phase discrimination
      experiments. These data reject the possibility that albino central vision is
      similar to normal peripheral vision, but the results are predictable on the
      hypothesis that the central retina of albinos is a spatially magnified
      (underdeveloped) version of the normal fovea.

PMID- 2635481
TI  - A choice reaction time analysis of spatial frequency discrimination.
AB  - Simple reaction time to the onset of sinewave gratings was measured as a function
      of spatial frequency in two observers. These results are compared to the choice
      reaction time required for the observer to correctly discriminate the spatial
      frequency of two gratings flashed sequentially. Grating contrast was either 0.75
      or 1.5 logarithmic units above the detection threshold for each spatial frequency
      tested. The spatial phase and contrast of the reference and test gratings were
      varied from trial to trial by small random amounts to eliminate fixed cues other
      than the difference frequency. The spatial frequency difference between the
      reference and test grating was either 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 octave. As has been
      earlier reported, simple reaction time increases with increasing spatial
      frequency. Contrary to this, choice reaction time first increases (up to 4 c/deg)
      and then decreases. We derived the time required by the observer to make a
      spatial frequency judgment by subtracting the simple reaction time from the
      choice reaction time for a given spatial frequency and contrast. The maximum
      decision time occurs in the medium spatial frequency range (between 1 and 4
      c/deg), at which frequencies we are most sensitive. The time required to make a
      correct spatial-frequency discrimination decreases with increasing spatial
      frequency difference. The decision time is, however, fairly invariant over a
      large range of suprathreshold contrast levels. The findings suggest that the
      decision time for spatial frequency discrimination increases with the number of
      mechanisms involved.

PMID- 2635482
TI  - The density of cones in the fovea centralis of the human dichromat.
AB  - We present estimates, based on psychophysical measurements, of the density of
      cones in the fovea centralis of human dichromats. The estimates for a group of
      three protanopes and three deuteranopes (this study) were compared to the
      estimates of the density of cones in a group of six color normal trichromats from
      previous studies (Cicerone & Nerger, 1985, 1989). The results support the
      conclusion that the density of cones in the fovea centralis of the dichromat is
      comparable to that of the color normal trichomat. These results tend not to
      support a model of dichromacy in which a class of cones as well as the associated
      pigment are lost in the dichromatic eye. Instead, dichromacy appears to involve a
      loss of one of the three visual pigments associated with human trichromacy, with
      a retention of the full numbers of cones.

PMID- 2635483
TI  - Hyperacuity, superresolution and gap resolution in human stereopsis.
AB  - Different types of stereoscopic acuity were studied with tasks adapted from
      studies of visual direction acuity. Dynamic, random-element stereograms
      portraying multiple surfaces in depth and a temporal 2AFC procedure were used for
      all measurements. The three tasks required detection of a depth offset
      (Hyperacuity task), a depth-axis thickening (Superresolution task), and a depth
      axis gap between surfaces (Gap Resolution task). Thresholds for the three tasks
      were on the order of 3 sec arc, 30 sec arc and 200 sec arc of retinal disparity,
      respectively. These results are comparable to those for the analogous visual
      direction tasks on which they were patterned, suggesting that the underlying
      judgments involved are similar. Results are used to estimate the intrinsic noise
      of horizontal disparity processing.

PMID- 2635484
TI  - The control and speed of shifts of attention.
AB  - We measured the detectability of a target pattern in a display consisting of 12
      elements in a circle around the central fixation point. The display was presented
      briefly and followed after a variable amount of time by a mask. We found that
      presenting a pre-cue, designating the target position, facilitated target
      detectability. Attention is directed to the cued location. When the observer has
      to detect a (second) target among the non cued elements, performance for
      locations close to the cue is not significantly different from performance for
      locations further away. This suggests that there is no "scan-path" or proximity
      effect. We also found that the identification of the cued element delayed the
      detectability of the subsequent target by more than 160 msec. In another series
      of experiments we studied the control of attentional shifts. We found that, for
      short mask delays (100, 160, and 260 msec) the observer is unable to selectively
      process elements which are not physically cued but only verbally defined by their
      position relative to the cue. When we increase the positional uncertainty of the
      target by increasing the number of physical cues, performance drops until it
      reaches an asymptote with 5 elements. We infer that, even though the target is
      very similar to the background, a parallel mechanism, used for the extraction of
      stimulus features, designates prospective target locations which may be
      subsequently checked by a (slow) attentional process.

PMID- 2635485
TI  - The combination of motion signals over time.
AB  - The improvement in performance with increasing number of frames in a random-dot
      kinematogram (temporal recruitment) was assessed by measuring threshold signal-to
      noise ratios of direction discrimination. At fast frame presentation rates (50
      Hz) thresholds fell sharply as the number of frames in the sequence increased,
      whereas at slow frame presentation rates (20 and 10 Hz) there was a less dramatic
      fall in thresholds. The similarity between the results at 20 and 10 Hz suggests
      that the mechanism of this less dramatic rise is relatively independent of
      temporal factors. The recruitment effect also does not appear to be limited by a
      maximum spatial range. We propose that temporal recruitment may occur via two
      mechanisms. One involves stimulating motion detectors with greater spans and
      delays, whilst the other involves the co-operative interaction of signals from
      units tuned to similar directions and have similar spans and delays. This
      distinction is supported by a further experiment which eliminates the first of
      these recruitment mechanisms by destroying possible correlations between non
      adjacent frames.

PMID- 2635486
TI  - Sustained and transient components of focal visual attention.
AB  - Human observers fixated the center of a search array and were required to
      discriminate the color of an odd target if it was present. The array consisted of
      horizontal or vertical black or white bars. In the simple case, only orientation
      was necessary to define the odd target, whereas in the conjunctive case, both
      orientation and color were necessary. A cue located at the critical target
      position was either visible all the time (sustained cuing) or it appeared at a
      short variable delay before the array presentation (transient cuing). Sustained
      visual cuing enhanced perception greatly in the conjunctive, but not in the
      simple condition. Perception of the odd target in the conjunctive display was
      improved even further by transient cuing, and peak discrimination performance
      occurred if the cue preceded the target array by 70-150 msec. Longer delays led
      to a marked downturn in performance. Control experiments indicated that this
      transient attentional component was independent of the observers' prior knowledge
      of target position and was not subject to voluntary control. We provide evidence
      to suggest that the transient component does not originate at the earliest stages
      of visual processing, since it could not be extended in duration by flickering
      the cue, nor did it require a local sensory transient to trigger its onset.
      Neither the variation in retinal eccentricity nor changing the paradigm to a
      vernier acuity task altered the basic pattern of results. Our findings indicate
      the existence of a sustained and a transient component of attention, and we
      hypothesize that of the two, the transient component is operative at an earlier
      stage of visual cortical processing.

PMID- 2635487
TI  - [Long-term preservation of the heart in view of its transplantation. An
      experimental study].
AB  - Actually the maximum preservation time for donor hearts is limited to 4 hours.
      The aim of this experimental study in dogs was to develop techniques allowing an
      extension of this period up to 24 hours. In the first part of the study the
      influence of diastolic arrest on the preservation of high energy phosphates was
      studied: The following methods of cardioplegic arrest were used: 1. hyperkalemic
      arrest 2. hyperkalemic arrest plus high magnesium 3. low sodium and calcium-free
      cardioplegia. In all experiments cardioplegic arrest was followed by cold storage
      (0.5 degrees C). Single dose K+ plus Mg2+ cardioplegia offered the least
      protection. The other two types of cardioplegia were better but the ATP content
      was still below 50% after 24 hrs preservation. Reperfusion after cardiac
      transplantation induced irreversible injury and function did not recover after
      transplantation. In the second part of the study continuous hypothermic perfusion
      with low sodium and calcium-free cardioplegia was studied. With this technique
      HEP content, myocardial structure and functional recovery were 100% after
      transplantation.

PMID- 2635488
TI  - Effects of endolymphatic mastoid shunt operation for patients with Meniere's
      disease.
AB  - During the past 10 years, the endolymphatic mastoid shunt operation was carried
      out on 108 patients with Meniere's disease: 54 men and 54 women between 22 and 72
      years old. According to criteria AAOO proposed in 1972, 86 cases (79.6%) belonged
      to class A, 19 cases (17.7%) to class B and 3 cases (2.7%) to class C. Forty
      patients took the body sway test before and after the operation. Four of the 40
      patients were found to have Meniere's disease on the contralateral side within 12
      months after the operation and one patient was found to have a complicating
      psychogenic disease. The abnormal body sway had recovered 2 to 9 months after the
      operation, but the medical treatment could not be stopped during this period. The
      average hearing gain after the operation was 21.3 +/- 14.4 dB; that for the
      patients with a short period of illness (within 23 months of the first onset to
      the operation) was 25.2 +/- 14.5 dB and that for the patients with a longer
      period of illness (over 24 months) was only 13.8 +/- 10.6 dB.

PMID- 2635489
TI  - The surgical procedures and evaluation of two modifications of endolymphatic sac
      surgery: the epidural shunt and vein graft drainage.
AB  - A method of ELS surgery was originally described in 1926 by George Portmann.
      However, the risk of adhesive closure of an incision on the lateral wall of the
      ELS in his technique has been a matter of dispute ever since. A number of
      modifications have been advocated in order to improve the patency of the ELS,
      such as Yamakawa-Naito's subarachnoid shunt (1954), House's endolymphatic
      subarachnoid shunt (1962), Shea's Teflon film drainage of the sac (1966), the T
      tube shunt of Paparella & Hanson (1976), the valve implant by Arenberg (1979),
      the epidural drainage by an L-shaped incision in the lateral wall of the sac with
      insertion of gelatin film, developed by Kitahara & Futaki (1974), and vein graft
      drainage of the ELS by Futaki & Nomura (1988). During the period July 1980 to
      February 1986, 142 patients with endolymphatic hydrops were followed
      postoperatively according to the AAO-HNS (1985) guidelines. Of these 142 cases,
      122 patients were operated on by Kitahara & Futaki's procedure and 20 by the vein
      graft drainage procedure. The incidence of vertigo was cured in over 90% of the
      cases and hearing impairment was improved in over 30%. In this paper, the
      surgical procedures are described in detail, using illustrations.

PMID- 2635490
TI  - Responses of locus coeruleus neurons to convergent neck and vestibular inputs.
AB  - The locus coeruleus (LC) complex, located in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum,
      is composed of noradrenergic and self-inhibitory adrenoceptive neurons, which
      project to broad regions of the brain, including the spinal cord. Experiments
      were performed in decerebrate cats to find out whether units which had the
      physiological characteristics of noradrenergic neurons (i.e., a slow and regular
      resting discharge and a typical response to a noxious stimulus consisting of a
      short burst of excitation followed by a silent period), received a convergent
      input from both labyrinth and neck receptors. Among 90 LC-complex units, 13 of
      which could be identified antidromically as coeruleospinal (CS) neurons following
      electrical stimulation of the spinal cord at T12-L1, 52 (57.8%) responded to roll
      tilt of the animal and neck rotation at 0.15 Hz, +/- 10 degrees. The responses
      were particularly related to the extreme animal and neck displacements. Most of
      these convergent neurons (43/52, i.e., 82.7%) showed reciprocal ('out of phase')
      responses to the two inputs, while only a few units (9/52, i.e., 17.3%) showed
      parallel ('in phase') responses. Moreover, the majority of the 'out of phase'
      units showed an increased discharge during side-up animal tilt and side-down neck
      rotation. These predominant response patterns were just opposite to those of the
      vestibulospinal (VS) neurons projecting to the same segments of the spinal cord.
      The response characteristics of the LC-complex neurons to combined neck and
      vestibular inputs elicited during head rotation usually corresponded to those
      predicted by a vectorial summation of the individual neck and labyrinth
      responses, as shown for the VS neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635491
TI  - Neck-vestibular interaction in the vestibular nuclei. A dynamic, two-dimensional
      study.
AB  - In decerebrate cats we used response dynamics to classify neurons in Deiters'
      nucleus and the rostral descending nucleus as receiving input from vertical
      canals, otolith organs (utricle) or canal + otolith. Many of these neurons,
      particularly those with convergent vestibular input (canal + otolith, canal +
      canal) and preferred stimulus directions near roll, also received neck input.
      Neck and vestibular response vectors tended to point in opposite directions. Neck
      and vestibular response dynamics were often well matched, so that combined
      stimuli (head rotation) produced no response over a wide frequency range. In some
      cases differing dynamics produced an output that appeared to code head position.

PMID- 2635492
TI  - Second-phase optokinetic after-nystagmus and vestibular compensation.
AB  - To evaluate the direction-specific effect of optokinetic storage function on
      balance compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy, squirrel monkeys (n = 12)
      were exposed to a prolonged (30 min) daily optokinetic stimulus (horizontal,
      constant speed-90 degrees/sec) for 14 days; either in the ipsilateral direction
      to the slow phase of spontaneous nystagmus, or in the contralateral direction, or
      without any optokinetic stimulus. The effect of optokinetic stimulus in
      ipsilateral direction (slow phase of OKAN-II in the opposite direction) was
      significantly more (p less than 0.001) in the vestibulo-oculomotor balance
      (static) regainment than the other two groups, but this group showed the severest
      gait deviation in the vestibulospinal balance function (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2635493
TI  - Vestibular contribution to spatial orientation. Evidence of vestibular navigation
      in an animal model.
AB  - To determine if animals are capable of utilizing vestibular sensory input for
      spatial orientation, a six-arm radial maze with a rotating central turntable was
      constructed. Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on this apparatus by rotating them
      without visual, auditory, or olfactory cues. Animals were required to locate a
      reward (located in a constant position relative to the starting position)
      following random rotations varying from 0 to +/- 360 degrees, growing
      progressively larger in 60 degrees increments. Normal rats (N = 10) showed a
      steady improvement in performance over the training and testing period. Bilateral
      labyrinthectomy (N = 5) produced a profound decrement in that performance (p less
      than 0.001). When visual cues were added, labyrinthectomized animals improved
      their performance, but remained significantly below that of normal animals
      without visual cues (p less than 0.001). Normal animals allowed to use visual
      cues showed no improvement over their performance without visual cues. The
      results indicate that rats can utilize vestibular sensory information for
      navigational purposes. In fact, under these experimental conditions, rats are
      more successful in utilizing vestibular sensory input for navigation than visual
      cues.

PMID- 2635494
TI  - Head-free pursuit of pseudo-random target motion.
AB  - Experiments have been conducted in which subjects were required to pursue a
      target moving in the horizontal plane with co-ordinated movements of the head and
      eyes. Target motion was pseudo-random in form, composed of four sinusoids. The
      three lower frequencies of the stimulus were maintained at 0.11, 0.24 and 0.37 Hz
      with a peak velocity of 10 degrees/s, whilst the frequency and velocity of the
      highest frequency component (F4) were varied. When all frequencies were below 0.4
      Hz, eye movements were smooth and gaze velocity gain was high (0.95), but when F4
      was increased up to 1.56 Hz or when the velocity of F4 was increased up to 40
      degrees/s, gaze velocity gain decreased significantly. When voluntary head
      movements were countered by whole-body rotation to eliminate the input to the
      semicircular canals, gaze velocity gain increased because there was no longer any
      requirement to suppress the vestibulo-ocular response to head rotation. The
      results are in accord with those of previous experiments involving head-fixed
      pursuit and vestibulo-ocular suppression.

PMID- 2635495
TI  - How could canal-pluggings result in intensive direction changing type of
      positional nystagmus?
AB  - The objectives of this study in Rhesus monkeys is to observe the sequences which
      appear in the oculo-spinal-motor system after selected semicircular canals had
      been plugged. The left anterior and the right posterior canals in a monkey
      "LARP", the left anterior and posterior canals in "LALP", and the left lateral
      canal in "LL" were plugged under intubation general anesthesia. Three-dimensional
      eye recordings were performed, using two scleral coils. Behavior, posture, and
      vestibulo-ocular reflex were studied. Compensation was established in the light
      within 2 days. In darkness, no spontaneous nystagmus was recorded in the sitting
      position. The monkey "LALP" developed marked positional nystagmus. When the head
      position was changed up to 360 degrees in 15 degrees steps, horizontal, vertical
      and torsional eye movements showed remarkable changes. Spontaneous direction
      changing nystagmus in darkness was also recorded in "LALP". To conclude,
      direction changing positional nystagmus, which was seen for several months after
      the canal plugging, was difficult to explain by the damage to the adjacent
      ampullary and/or otolithic endorgans, but may be explained by the limited
      otolithic compensation in the earth parallel plane for the defective dynamic
      canal inputs. These observations and conclusions were from experiments using
      three monkeys only and should still be confirmed in more extended experiments.

PMID- 2635496
TI  - Effects of intravenous diazepam and thiopental on the vestibulo-ocular reflex in
      man.
AB  - The effects of i.v. injection of diazepam 0.3 mg/kg and thiopental 6.0 mg/kg on
      vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) were studied in 9 healthy volunteers. One hour
      after injection of both diazepam and thiopental VOR gain was reduced and time
      constant shortened. Four hours after intravenous injection of diazepam the VOR
      gain was still significantly reduced and had not yet returned to control 8 h
      after injection. Although both drugs were detected in blood still 8 h after the
      injection, there were no longer significant effects on VOR. Moreover, individual
      values of VOR gain and time constant did not correlate with the blood
      concentrations of the drugs. Decrease of VOR gain and shortening of time constant
      after i.v. given diazepam and thiopental in man are interpreted as resulting from
      both specific effects on VOR and non-specific reduction of alertness.

PMID- 2635497
TI  - Morphological study of the cells in the planum semilunatum.
AB  - The fine structures of the epithelial cells in the planum semilunatum were
      investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The chicks and
      guinea pigs were used for this study. In both guinea pig and chick, the body of
      the planum semilunatum cell was cylindrical. Its length decreased towards the
      utricular and canal side, resulting in cuboid-shaped cells. In the guinea pig,
      the flat surfaced hexagonal cells with few microvilli were arranged like
      flagstones over the whole area of the planum semilunatum, while in the chick the
      cells with many prominent microvilli were found on both sides of the crista. The
      cytoplasm contained well developed endoplasmic reticula and abundant granules.
      Interdigitations between the neighbouring cells were well developed. Basement
      membrane was slightly folded but no basal infolding was observed. The
      morphological characteristics of the planum semilunatum cell highly suggest that
      these cells have some secreting function.

PMID- 2635498
TI  - The treatment of minocycline-induced brainstem vertigo by the combined
      administration of piracetam and ergotoxin.
AB  - Two randomized studies to test the efficacy of a combination of Piracetam and
      Ergotoxin on the destabilized brainstem are reported. In the first study, a
      pharmacological model using Minocycline is employed. A follow-up clinical study
      analysed the effect of the preparation in 5 patients suffering from vertigo and
      other related complaints. It was seen that there was a significant improvement in
      the nystagmus profiles of the pharmacological model volunteers. Similarly, the
      patient group showed a marked improvement in symptoms, and in orientation
      capability as tested by Cranio-Corpo-Graphy.

PMID- 2635499
TI  - Hierarchy of different muscles in postural control.
AB  - The effects of muscle spindle activation on different postural muscles were
      examined in eight volunteers, using a force platform technique. Small electrical
      vibrators were placed symmetrically over the muscles concerned and the effects of
      vibration frequencies of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 Hz were studied at a constant
      amplitude of 0.4 mm (peak-to-peak). Significant responses were observed in most
      muscles. The responses were observed (in maximum response order) from: the neck,
      triceps surae, gluteus, abdominal, hamstring, quadriceps, lumbar and tibialis
      anterior muscles. The response direction did not follow anatomical gonistic vis-a
      vis antagonistic distribution of the muscles studied, indicating that it is the
      functional properties of the muscles that determine posture stabilization. The
      large inter-individual variability in responses, but the consistency in intra
      individual muscle responses indicates that the subjects used afferent muscles to
      a varying extent in postural control. The vibration-induced activation of the
      muscles was presumably derived by activation of stretch-sensitive secondary
      endings of muscle spindles that control postural stability.

PMID- 2635500
TI  - Gait disturbances in patients with labyrinthine and cerebellar diseases.
AB  - In order to clarify the peculiarities of gait disturbances appearing in patients
      with labyrinthine and cerebellar disturbances, the upward-downward (U-D), right
      left (R-L) and forward-backward (F-B) movements of the head and activities of
      both soleus muscles were recorded by a polygraph and a data recorder with the aid
      of a five-channel telemeter. The power spectrum and correlation analyses were
      carried out with a PDP-11 computer. The following are results obtained from
      walking with the eyes closed. (1) On normal subjects, the power spectrum of U-D
      head movement indicated a rise at about 2 Hz. The autocorrelograms of U-D, R-L
      head movements and soleus muscle activities showed a chopping or sine wave
      process with an attenuation of amplitude. A cross correlogram revealed that when
      the head was inclined to the right side, the contralateral soleus muscle was
      active and when the head was inclined forward, one of the soleus muscles was
      active. (2) A patient with bilateral loss of labyrinthine function showed an
      increased R-L head sway and irregularly undulating F-B head movement, indicating
      disturbances of the labyrinthine righting and linear movement reflexes. (3) A
      patient with cerebellar atrophy indicated irregular U-D, R-L and F-B head
      movements. The soleus muscle activity changed irregularly.

PMID- 2635501
TI  - Analysis of standing posture in patients with bilateral loss of labyrinthine
      excitability.
AB  - The forward-backward and right-left sways in the upright standing posture were
      examined using stabilometry and analysis with a 5-dimensional feedback model. The
      forward-backward sway was found to have a fast, hidden periodicity, composed of
      sways due to a loss of the labyrinthine righting reflex upon the head and
      interaction between the head and knee sways. Furthermore, on the basis of our
      previous investigation, the forward-backward sway was found to depend on the
      increased spinal reflexes caused by a loss of labyrinthine inhibitory control
      upon the antigravity muscles. The right-left sway is slow and irregular, being
      mainly produced by disturbance of the head righting reflex.

PMID- 2635502
TI  - Cervico-ocular eye movements in relation to different neck torsion velocities.
AB  - Rotation of the trunk with a fixed head causes isolated stimulation of cervical
      afferent input. Eleven patients with marked cervico-ocular reactions (COR) were
      selected. A neck torsion test (NTT) was performed with the help of a special
      apparatus. The resulting cervically induced eye movements consisted of two
      components. In addition to a cervical nystagmus, with its slow, compensatory
      phase, a deviation of the mean eye position (shift) in an anticompensatory
      direction, opposite to trunk rotation was observed. The COR in relation to
      different neck torsion velocities distinctly showed a tuning curve with maximum
      reactions between 4 degrees/s and 9 degrees/s. Above these values, a strong
      decrease in COR resulted. The optimal working range vastly differs from that of
      the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR).

PMID- 2635503
TI  - Acquired pendular oscillation after brain-stem hemorrhage.
AB  - Six patients who manifested acquired pendular oscillation (APO) after brain-stem
      hemorrhage were examined with electro-oculograph. The characteristics of APO in
      these 6 cases were compatible with those reported in the literature as the
      syndrome of so-called 'rhythmic palato-ocular myoclonus'. The characteristics of
      APO of our cases did not differ by the presence or absence or rhythmic
      involuntary oscillation of the palate. In comparison with APO with multiple
      sclerosis (MS), our cases had slower frequency, and their amplitudes were not
      stable like APO with MS. Moreover, they did not disappear by lid-closure like APO
      with MS. Although it has been believed that the APO will continue for life, we
      have met with some cases which are abating gradually. It was considered that APO
      might be attributed to the injury of the eye position integrator that is under
      the influence of the rhythm generator around the reticular formation. It was
      found that vertical pendular oscillation (VPO) existed in 3 cases out of 6. It
      was concluded that the impairment of the bilateral PPRF was closely associated
      with the appearance of the VPO.

PMID- 2635504
TI  - Vestibular abnormalities in encephalopathia pugilistica.
AB  - Vestibulological examination of boxers revealed that 80% had vestibular
      abnormalities. These were obvious, but well compensated, so that they remained
      hidden in everyday life and appeared only on laboratory examination or under
      stress. Regarding the origin of vestibulo-ocular reflex, abnormalities in boxing
      contribute three etiopathogenetic factors: the first is the direct traumatization
      of the vestibular apparatus by a direct blow. The second is the diffuse damage of
      the brain-stem white matter and of vestibular nuclei. The third factor is the
      traumatization of the cervical spine via the traumatization of the proprioceptive
      systems, cervical sympathetic and the adjacent vascular mechanisms. One-third of
      the abnormalities are caused by direct labyrinthine traumatization. The findings
      of simultaneous EEG, OKN and ETT abnormalities in one-half of our subjects
      suggests that there are probably also supratentorial lesions caused by the above
      mentioned mechanisms.

PMID- 2635505
TI  - Does impulse noise induce vestibular disturbances?
AB  - The effect of impulse noise on postural stability was evaluated in 54 subjects
      from the Finnish army, who were suffering from acute hearing loss caused by
      exposure to firearms noise. For referents we used 20 non-exposed army recruits
      and 39 civilian volunteers. The effects of vision, pressoreceptor function and
      proprioception were stepwise excluded or altered, leaving mainly the vestibular
      guidance of postural control intact. Since the postural perturbation was fairly
      smooth during these instances we assume that the condition evaluates mainly the
      function of the otolith organs in guiding stance. We found no difference in any
      of the test conditions used, between normal controls, army controls and impulse
      noise exposed subjects. Furthermore, there was no dose response with body sway
      and severity of hearing loss. The results indicate that impulse noise may not be
      the cause of significant functional changes in the vestibular system that can
      account for noise-induced postural instability.

PMID- 2635506
TI  - On computer recognition of nystagmus signal contaminated by EMG noise.

PMID- 2635507
TI  - Determination of characteristic parameters of human postural dynamics.
AB  - Posture control performance was quantified in three variables (swiftness,
      stiffness, damping). Subjects were tested with a force platform recording body
      sway induced by vibrators attached to the calf muscles. Parameter estimation was
      made with identification of a transfer function representing the stabilized
      inverted pendulum. It is conjectured that the state feedback parameters
      identified are suitable for use in assessing ability to maintain posture.

PMID- 2635508
TI  - Dynamic performance of vibration induced anterior-posterior sway during upright
      posture in normal subjects.
AB  - Human postural control works as a dynamic feedback control system. The dynamic
      performance of postural control for anterior-posterior movements during upright
      posture are defined by three parameters. These parameters reflect the stiffness,
      the damping and the swiftness of a response to an induced perturbation. In the
      present study 23 normal subjects were investigated. Both with open and closed
      eyes, there was a negative correlation between swiftness and stiffness. With open
      eyes there was also a weak correlation between swiftness and damping. When the
      subjects were tested with open eyes there was a prominent and highly significant
      increase of stiffness and a reduction of swiftness of the responses. It was found
      that proprioceptive information from the calf muscles contributes in postural
      control of movements up to 1 Hz and visual information is important for movements
      up to 0.05 Hz. The present findings suggest that postural control changes dynamic
      strategies depending on the available sensory feedback.

PMID- 2635509
TI  - Ultrastructural findings of the macaque monkey vestibular ganglion cells.
AB  - The fine structure of macaque monkey vestibular ganglion cell was studied under
      the electron microscope. Over 400 serial sections enabled us to observe the
      entire surface of 114 ganglion cells. Eight ganglion cells were characterized by
      loose myelin layers. The compact myelin sheath was not demonstrated around any
      area of the perikaryon in these eight cells. The rest of the cells exhibited both
      compact and loose myelin layers around one perikaryon. All ganglion cells were
      bipolar in this study. The initial dendritic process was generally thinner and
      shorter than the initial axonal process. Both compact and loose myelin sheaths
      were demonstrated around the initial axonal and dendritic segment as far as the
      first node of Ranvier, after which all processes became thickly myelinated. This
      study demonstrated two types of cells: myelinated and unmyelinated. However,
      there is no obvious size or histological difference between the perikarya of
      different types of ganglion cells.

PMID- 2635510
TI  - Vestibulo-ocular and vestibulo-spinal reflexes in evaluation of vestibular
      lesions.
AB  - In order to evaluate to what extent different diseases causing vertigo can be
      detected by studying vestibulo-spinal and vestibulo-ocular reflexes, 146 patients
      were examined. The diagnosis classes were: periodical attacks, position induced
      attacks, vestibular neuronitis, brain concussion, cerebrovascular disorders and
      acoustic neurinoma. Dynamic posturography was performed on all the patients,
      standard bithermal caloric test on 129 and voluntary saccades on 127 patients.
      The proportion of pathological test results in posturography exceeded that in the
      caloric test in all but one diagnosis class. In vestibular neuronitis the amount
      of abnormal test results was low in posturography, probably due to vestibular
      compensation. Posturography tested with eyes open and with 80 Hz vibration
      revealed disturbances in equilibrium the most sensitively.

PMID- 2635511
TI  - Vestibulospinal testing using cranio-corpo-graphy in patients suffering from
      acoustic neuroma.

PMID- 2635512
TI  - Visual postural performance in ametropia and with optical distortion produced by
      bifocals and multifocals.
AB  - Visual stabilization of posture depends strongly on the performance of the visual
      system and declines with experimentally induced reduction of visual image
      quality. We studied postural performance in subjects with median and high grade
      hyperopia or myopia. While body sway of median grade ametropic subjects increased
      slightly when measured without glasses, high grade ametropia showed no
      significant differences between postural performance with glasses on and off. We
      concluded that the increase in visual acuity when wearing glasses is outweighted
      by concurrent dioptric distortions such as size change and prismatic effects. In
      addition we could not find any difference between bifocal and multifocal lenses
      in their effect on sway when investigated in normals with either steady fixation
      or saccades or foveal pursuit.

PMID- 2635513
TI  - Analysis of body sway pattern after alcohol ingestion in human subjects.
AB  - Movements of the centre of gravity during 60 s of standing with eyes closed and
      eyes open were analysed before and after alcohol ingestion up to 8 h in 37
      healthy human subjects. Blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations (BAC and
      BAcHC) were measured simultaneously. Among the parameters analysed, area of
      posturogram was the most sensitive indicator; it increased to 3.8 times that of
      the control value at 60 min, after 3.5 ml/kg of ingested whisky (mean BAC of this
      group was 1.4 mg/ml), with the eyes open. The Romberg ratio, which denotes eyes
      closed relative to eyes open, remained constant. By contrast, there was little
      change in stabilometry in cases of 1.2 ml/kg of whisky ingestion (mean BAC at 60
      min was 0.58 mg/ml). It is considered that body sway starts to increase when the
      BAC level exceeds 0.6 mg/ml on average; this value is only higher than the
      threshold of positional alcohol nystagmus. Correlation coefficients between BAC
      and each parameter of the stabilogram in the eyes open condition, such as area, X
      and Y-axis diameters, and velocity of body sway, were 0.53, 0.45 and 0.48,
      respectively (p less than 0.01). There was no positive correlation between BAcHC
      and these parameters.

PMID- 2635514
TI  - Analysis of body sway in patients with cerebellar lesions.
AB  - By using the body sway test, we compared patients with the cerebellar type of
      spinocerebellar degeneration and with cerebellar hemisphere lesion with normal
      controls. In the X-direction, the Y-direction, the XY-direction, and the area,
      the patients with both spinocerebellar degeneration and with cerebellar
      hemisphere lesion swayed more than the normal controls either with eyes open or
      closed. In non-sequential 8-vector analysis the patients with spino-cerebellar
      degeneration swayed forward and backward, while the patients with cerebellar
      hemisphere lesion swayed right and left, especially with eyes closed. In the
      patients with the cerebellar type of spinocerebellar degeneration, the vermis
      atrophy was particularly noticeable. The patients with cerebellar lesions swayed
      with eyes open just as much as normal controls with eyes closed and did not sway
      greatly with eyes open. We concluded that the visual input plays an important
      role in the compensation for postural imbalance in the patients with cerebellar
      lesions and that the cerebellar hemisphere regulated the sway to right and left,
      while the vermis regulated the sway forward and backward in an upright standing
      posture.

PMID- 2635515
TI  - Anatomy and physiology of otolith-controlled ocular counter-rolling.

PMID- 2635516
TI  - Ocular counter-rolling as a test of otolith function.

PMID- 2635517
TI  - An analysis of ocular counter-rolling measured with search coils.
AB  - Ocular counter-rolling (OCR) was studied by using a scleral search coil magnetic
      system in normal subjects and in pathological cases. Normal ocular counter
      rolling was 2.7 degrees-7 degrees when the head was tilted 10 to 30 degrees. In
      most cases of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, the OCR to the ipsilateral
      side was reduced, while that to the contralateral side was normal or only
      slightly reduced. Soon after unilateral labyrinthectomy, the OCR to the
      ipsilateral side was reduced or was 0, whereas OCR to the contralateral side was
      normal or slightly reduced. Some 3-5 years after the operation, however, the OCR
      seemed to depend on the compensation achieved. In cases of acoustic neurinoma,
      OCR to both sides was reduced, that to the ipsilateral side being more strongly
      impaired than the OCR to the contralateral side.

PMID- 2635518
TI  - Interaction of otolith organ activity with horizontal optokinetic afternystagmus
      (OKAN) in humans.

PMID- 2635519
TI  - Compensation of otolith function.
AB  - Horizontal eye displacement in total darkness during lateral tilting about the
      body axis was examined in 14 patients with unilateral loss of labyrinth function,
      including 8 cases of positional vertigo or dizziness and 6 symptom-free cases.
      The change in eye displacement following labyrinthectomy was also studied in 2
      cases of labyrinthitis and one case of delayed hydrops. Seven out of 8 subjects
      suffering from positional vertigo or dizziness exhibited abnormal eye
      displacement on tilting to the affected side, while 5 out of 6 symptom-free
      subjects showed normal eye displacement. The correlation between anomalous eye
      displacement and the presence of subjective symptoms was statistically
      significant (p less than 0.05). Abnormal eye displacement following
      labyrinthectomy was readily noted within 2 weeks of surgery, but became almost
      undetectable 3 to 4 weeks postoperatively, in close accordance with a decrease in
      positional vertigo or dizziness. It was concluded that the measurement of eye
      displacement during lateral body tilt, although previously reported to be useful
      in the assessment of function, might also be employed to examine compensation for
      the loss of otolith function.

PMID- 2635520
TI  - Eye movements induced by linear acceleration are modified by visualisation of
      imaginary targets.
AB  - Lateral eye movement responses to linear acceleration in the lateromedial axis of
      the head have been examined in normal human subjects who were seated within a
      cabin, free to move on a horizontal linear track. The motion stimulus was either
      sinusoidal (0.2-0.8 Hz) or pseudo-random (0.11-1.25 Hz) in form, with a peak
      acceleration of 1.5 m.s-2. In darkness, while carrying out mental arithmetic, the
      mean ratio of slow-phase eye velocity to linear cart velocity increased from 2.8
      degrees/m at 0.2 Hz to 10.5 degrees/m at 0.8 Hz during sinusoidal stimulation.
      When subjects were instructed to imagine a near head-fixed target in darkness,
      eye velocity decreased by 25%-48% during both sinusoidal and pseudo-random
      stimulation. When subjects were instructed to visualise an earth-fixed target
      during sinusoidal stimulation eye velocity was augmented by 47% when imagining a
      target 3 m distant and by 175% when visualising a target 0.6 m distant. Response
      augmentation was not as great during pseudo-random stimulation. The results
      indicate that the otolith-ocular response is highly modifiable by mental set.

PMID- 2635521
TI  - How to explain a constant subjective vertical at constant high speed rotation
      about an earth-horizontal axis.
AB  - When rotated in darkness about an earth-horizontal axis at speeds above 0.2-0.5
      Hz, subjects, instead of feeling rotated, experience a constant (though
      extrapersonally diverse) position in space and a constant visual vertical (SV).
      Computer simulation shows that this phenomenon cannot be explained by the extant
      models of Mayne (1) and Ormsby (2) about the interaction of otoliths and
      semicircular canals. It follows, however, from a static theory of the SV (3) if,
      as in the presently proposed dynamic model, the otolith afference is processed by
      a low-pass filter. At high speed rotation this filter can only be passed by the
      force-independent, temporally invariant components of the otolith information.
      Such force-independent components are bound to result from biassed resting
      discharges, and have previously been shown to affect the SV and the self-adopted
      horizontal position. The interaction of otoliths and canals proposed by the model
      does provide a veridical vertical in a working range of angular frequencies and
      hence a basis for inertial navigation.

PMID- 2635522
TI  - Counter-rolling after regional destruction of the saccule by laser spot
      irradiation in the guinea pig.
AB  - Destruction of the anterior one-third of the right saccule in the guinea pig
      resulted in a marked eye deviation simultaneously towards the ear and downward on
      the operated side and a marked upward eye deviation on the non-operated side in
      the standard head position. During head inclination towards the operated side,
      both eyes showed a disturbed ocular counter-rolling (OCR). The disturbance of OCR
      was more severe in the eye on the operated side than in the eye on the non
      operated side. Brief interpretation about eye position in the standard head
      position in the regional destructive group showed that the eye ball on the
      operated side showed a marked deviation simultaneously upward and towards the
      ear, while the eye ball on the non-operated side showed an upward deviation on
      the 1st and 3rd days after the operation. OCR after regional destruction was seen
      as follows: During head inclination towards the operated side, both eyes showed
      disturbed OCR. The disturbance of OCR was more severe in the eye on the operated
      side. Most animals in our experiment showed this disturbed OCR which was
      compensated and normalized by the third postoperative week; relatively shorter
      (faster) than the total destruction. These results suggest that when the head is
      inclined around its longer axis, the saccule on the side of head inclination
      plays a principal role in the otolith-ocular reflex.

PMID- 2635523
TI  - Temporal bone pathology of a patient without hearing and caloric reaction, and
      with counter-rolling after chronic myelocytic leukemia.
AB  - The temporal bone pathology of a 36-year-old man who suffered from chronic
      myelocytic leukemia and sudden hearing loss of both ears, was studied from the
      viewpoint of neurotology. Neurotological examination showed bilaterally profound
      hearing loss and no caloric reaction but good counter-rolling reaction to the
      right and the left head tilt and no other abnormal neurological findings. He died
      of intracranial hemorrhage. A study of histopathology of the temporal bones
      revealed extensive destruction of the organ of Corti, dilatation of Reissner's
      membrane, leukemic infiltration in the cochlea but good preservation of sensory
      hair cells in the vestibular endorgans. Leukemic cell infiltration in
      perilymphatic and endolymphatic spaces, and leukemic hemorrhage in the
      perilymphatic spaces were observed. And also in the left internal auditory canal,
      obvious leukemic infiltration and marked hemorrhage were observed, but in the
      right internal auditory canal, no abnormal change was found. We discuss the
      correlation between neurotological findings and histopathological findings.

PMID- 2635524
TI  - The rotatory intensity damping test (RIDT)--a combined clinical supraliminal and
      supramaximal rotational test.

PMID- 2635525
TI  - The sinusoidal harmonic acceleration test in vestibular disorders. Comparative
      study with caloric test results.
AB  - Sinusoidal harmonic acceleration test (SHA) was performed on 89 patients with
      peripheral vestibular disorders. The results of SHA were compared with that of
      the alternate bilateral caloric test. The patients were classified into 3 groups
      according to the degree of asymmetry of the caloric response (CP). In the lowest
      frequency rotation (0.01 Hz), the phase lags for all 3 groups were smaller than
      the normals. The phase lags tended to approach the normal value as the frequency
      of rotation increased, resulting in a phase lag curve of typical peripheral type.
      Even subjects without CP revealed a decreased phase lag. This indicates that the
      SHA at low frequencies is more sensitive than the caloric test for diagnosing a
      vestibular lesion. In the 0.02 Hz range, the phase lag of the patient without CP
      were close to the normals, however, the phase lags of the patients with severe CP
      were smaller than the normals. This suggests that SHA to 0.02 Hz should be given
      more credence, since it appears to be critical for diagnosing more extensive
      lesions.

PMID- 2635526
TI  - Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex after acute peripheral lesions.
AB  - We studied the dynamics of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex using a broad
      range of sinusoidal rotational stimuli in 14 patients with acute unilateral
      peripheral vestibular lesions. From plots of slow phase velocity (SPV) versus
      stimulus velocity (phase shifts removed) we calculated the DC offset and gain to
      ampullopetal (AP) and ampullofugal (AF) stimulation of the remaining intact
      labyrinth. DC offset values were highly correlated with spontaneous nystagmus SPV
      values for all frequencies (0.0125-0.8 Hz) and amplitudes (30-120-deg/sec) of
      stimulation. Mean AP gain values were consistently higher than mean AF values
      with the greatest difference occurring at low frequencies of stimulation.
      Saturation nonlinearities were present with AF stimulation at high amplitudes.
      These findings can be explained by dynamic asymmetries at the level of the
      primary and secondary vestibular neurons.

PMID- 2635527
TI  - Reduction of the time constant in the VOR as a protective mechanism in acute
      vestibular lesions.
AB  - Fourteen patients with vestibular neuritis were examined at onset of symptoms and
      after one year. Postrotatory time constant and gain in the vestibulo-ocular
      reflex (VOR) were measured after rotation with a velocity step of 150 deg/s.
      There was no significant difference in gain towards the healthy side at onset of
      the disease compared to recordings after one year. The time constant towards the
      healthy side was significantly shorter at onset compared to measurements after
      one year. The results reflect the loss of unilateral vestibular function on the
      velocity storage mechanism, both in the acute situation and after compensation.
      The findings indicate that reduction of the time constant in the VOR is not only
      due to unilaterally vestibular impairment but it is also an effect of the
      generally reduced activity in the vestibular system after a lesion and may act as
      protective mechanism in acute vertigo.

PMID- 2635528
TI  - Time constants of the vestibular thermal reaction.
AB  - For the thermal test, adaptation time constants of about 100 s are described in
      the literature. By automatically alternating hot-cold irrigation, as designed by
      us, precision of stimulus application of different temperatures was considerably
      improved. Furthermore, temperature was registered with a thermocouple device. The
      actually effective thermal stimulus on the horizontal canal was calculated by a
      mathematical model. Nystagmus analysis was carried out automatically with the
      Kiel-program. With 15 radical cavities (where stimulus intensity is very strong)
      non-linearities were especially distinct. After switching to the 44 degrees C
      stimulus, there was an extremely steep rise in the reaction in the form of a so
      called "on-effect" or "post-inhibitory overshoot". After reaching maxima of up to
      150 degrees/s, the reaction decreased quickly with time constants of 22-45 s.

PMID- 2635529
TI  - Clinical application of vestibulospinal reflex tests in peripheral vestibular
      disorders.
AB  - The influence of peripheral vestibular disturbances upon postural behaviour can
      be measured by posturography (PG). The results show that both otolithic and canal
      dysfunction can have some influence, whereas central compensation tries to
      suppress it. In this way, central compensation can be assessed by PG, which adds
      complementary information sui generis to the data of the 'classical' evaluation
      of a dizzy patient.

PMID- 2635530
TI  - Galvanic testing in neuro-otological diagnostics.
AB  - From 1980 to 1986, a total of 436 patients were investigated by galvanic testing.
      Pathological findings resulted in 45 (out of 54) patients with a suspect tumour
      of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), 7 (out of 7) patients with a Herpes zoster
      infection, 25 (out of 32) patients with an isolated, unilateral loss of
      vestibular function, 4 (out of 14) patients with head injuries. No pathological
      results of galvanic testing were found in patients with sudden deafness,
      Meniere's disease, vertebrobasilar or cerebrovascular insufficiency, etc.

PMID- 2635531
TI  - Retro-labyrinthine disorders detected by galvanic body sway responses in routine
      equilibrium examinations.
AB  - Galvanic stimulation applied to the head provides important information for
      differential diagnosis between inner ear and retro-labyrinthine disorders of the
      vestibular system. So far, galvanic stimulation has been difficult to introduce
      in routine practice because of side effects such as severe pain around the
      electrode area. We have developed a new method to record fine body sway elicited
      by low current stimulation of less than 0.4 mA and to quantitatively evaluate the
      responses by Fourier transform. During the past 5 years, 502 patients, showing
      uni- or bilateral canal paresis in the caloric test or findings of central
      disequilibrium, were tested by this method without producing any side effects. In
      122 patients (24.8%), such as sudden deafness, acoustic tumour, vascular
      disorders of the CNS system and so on, findings of retro-labyrinthine disorders
      were detected. It has been concluded that this method was easy to perform and
      very useful for differential diagnosis of diseases of the vestibular system.

PMID- 2635532
TI  - Visual suppression tests in acoustic neuroma patients.
AB  - Fifty-five patients with a unilateral acoustic neuroma were investigated
      preoperatively with visual suppression tests during rotatory oscillation and
      caloric irrigation. During a sinusoidal oscillation, 29% of the patients showed a
      reduced suppression compared to 9% during pseudo-random oscillation and 11% in
      the caloric test. In the sinusoidal and caloric tests the majority of the
      patients with deficient suppression had large or medium-sized tumors. In a few
      patients with small tumors, pathology was observed in both sinusoidal and
      randomized tests, presumably as a sign of unconcentration. The study shows that
      the sinusoidal visual suppression test and to a lesser degree suppression during
      caloric irrigation are of value for identification of brainstem-cerebellum
      compression of acoustic neuromas.

PMID- 2635533
TI  - Histochemical studies of the vestibular nerve system in the developing chick
      embryo. Glycoconjugates in the vestibular end organs.
AB  - Glycoconjugates of the vestibular end organs in the developing chick embryos were
      well defined and localized using lectins-HRP (WGA, PNA, UEA-1) and HID-AB stains.
      In spite of the fact that no differentiation of the otic vesicle was seen on the
      4-day-old chick embryos, the luminal surface of the otic vesicle was labeled with
      lectins. The cupula and otoconia were labeled most intensely with lectins on the
      6-day-old chick embryos. The reactivity of lectins with the cupula and otoconia
      was as follows: WGA greater than UEA-1 greater than PNA. As the vestibular end
      organs had become mature, the epithelial cells of the semicircular duct, utricle
      and saccule were labeled with lectins. These findings suggest that
      glycoconjugates play an important role in the development and formation of the
      vestibular end organs.

PMID- 2635534
TI  - Neurotological follow-up studies upon Minamata disease.
AB  - During 1986-87, 35 patients with organic mercury intoxication, who had been
      recognized as having Minamata disease by the Arbitration Committee in Niigata
      during 1968-78, were followed up neurotologically in Kido Hospital, Niigata,
      Japan. Characteristic follow-up features were served, as follows. 1. In 6 cases,
      spontaneous nystagmus had disappeared, but had newly appeared in 9 cases.
      However, positional nystagmus was markedly improved in 15 cases. 2. In OKN tests,
      especially in the vertical OKN test, relatively significant deterioration was
      observed at the follow-up examinations. 3. There was little significant change in
      the caloric nystagmus test and body-equilibrium tests. 4. In pure-tone
      audiometry, 16 out of 58 ears showed deterioration of hearing (28%), while 4 ears
      showed improvement (7%). In the neurotological findings there was much variation
      among the patients themselves. Therefore, these variable findings should be
      considered as being caused not by duration of the intoxication alone, but also by
      ageing factors in the patients.

PMID- 2635535
TI  - Compensation of total loss of vestibulo-ocular reflex by enhanced optokinetic
      response.
AB  - The gain in the optokinetic nystagmus reflex (OKR) of 27 labyrinthine-defective
      patients was compared with that of 27 subjects without any otoneurological
      abnormality, who were matched by age and sex. The patients without labyrinth
      function exhibited significantly higher OKR gains than the control subjects,
      especially so at higher age. The observed enhancement of OKR gain in the absence
      of vestibular function is ascribed to the effect of optokinetic training brought
      about by enhanced slippage of retinal images due to lack of an efficient
      vestibulo-ocular reflex.

PMID- 2635536
TI  - Vestibular neuronitis. Pathogenesis in the view of virological study of CSF.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 15 patients with vestibular neuronitis
      were virologically examined and analyzed, and compared to those from 16 patients
      with Hunt's syndrome. The results were as follows: The CSF protein in vestibular
      neuronitis showed an increase, beginning about two weeks after the onset of
      vertigo, while the cell count remained normal. The CSF protein in Hunt's syndrome
      rose, but its progress was different from that in vestibular neuronitis. In both
      diseases, the increase in CSF protein seemed to be due to protein originating in
      the blood; the increase was probably caused by a disorder of the blood-CSF
      barrier. There was no direct evidence of an increase in IgG nor viral antibody
      titers in the CSF in vestibular neuronitis. In cases of Hunt's syndrome with CSF
      pleocytosis, intrathecal IgG synthesis was detected. It might be possible that
      HSV or EBV infection can be confirmed serologically in some cases of vestibular
      neuronitis and that, in those cases, pathogenesis of vestibular neuronitis is
      similar to that of Hunt's syndrome.

PMID- 2635537
TI  - Serovirological study of vestibular neuronitis.
AB  - A serovirological study to clarify the pathogenesis of vestibular neuronitis was
      made on 44 patients. The diagnosis of vestibular neuronitis was made under the
      diagnostic criteria. Sera from all 44 cases were collected twice or more at
      defined intervals. Of these, 36 cases were treated as paired sera. Seventeen out
      of 36 paired cases showed significant change in serum viral antibody titer (HSV,
      2 cases; CMV, 1 case; EBV, 7 cases; rubella, 2 cases; adeno., 2 cases; influ. A,
      1 case; influ. B, 2 cases). It was assumed that infection caused by these
      detected viruses played an important role in the onset of vertigo in each case.

PMID- 2635538
TI  - Progressive vestibular failure in childhood.

PMID- 2635539
TI  - Temporal bone fractures. Vestibular and other related ear sequele.
AB  - Vertigo is a common symptom after head injuries, though often overlooked in the
      acute stage due to other concomitant manifestations. According to previous
      investigations the mechanisms of injury to the vestibular system cannot be
      defined as clearly as for the auditory system. Twenty patients with temporal bone
      fractures were reviewed and later re-examined. The results of conventional X-ray,
      computerized tomography, clinical, otoneurological and audiological findings were
      analysed. The sequelae of dizziness and auditory defects were considered and
      follow-ups with computerized electro-oculography were performed. Radiological
      evaluation revealed fractures in approximately 65%. Half complained of dizziness
      and positional nystagmus was the most common vestibular observation. In 25% of
      the patients, dizziness remained to some degree. Hearing was permanently impaired
      in 75%. The hearing impairment depended in 20% on fractures of the ossicular
      chain and in 55% on sensorineural hearing loss. In those cases where a conductive
      hearing loss persisted, surgery on the middle ear was indicated. The vestibular
      system is not so vulnerable as the auditory system. Conductive hearing loss
      disappeared spontaneously or could be relieved by surgery. The vestibular
      symptoms improved or disappeared in all cases, whereas not infrequently, a
      sensorineural hearing loss remained.

PMID- 2635540
TI  - MRI findings in lesions at the entry zone of the eighth nerve.

PMID- 2635541
TI  - High-resolution MR imaging of the inner ear.
AB  - The magnetic resonance (MR) images of the temporal bones have been analyzed,
      these MR images taken with head coils utilizing a 1.5-Tesla magnet whole-body
      imaging system. The MR images were acquired by means of spin-echo pulse
      sequences, and the thickness of the sections was 2.5 mm. By this modality, the T2
      weighted images could clearly delineate the details of the liquid-containing
      labyrinthine structures and facial nerve. MR imaging can provide information that
      is unobtainable from a CT scan in the diagnosis of inner ear disorders,
      particularly as to whether the membranous labyrinth is filled with the lymph
      fluid or is fibrosed. This point is one of the greatest advantages of MR imaging
      over a high-resolution CT scan.

PMID- 2635542
TI  - Value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of peripheral
      vestibular disorders.

PMID- 2635543
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Bell's palsy.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and the brain stem was performed in 18
      patients with complete acute peripheral facial palsy and diagnosed as Bell's
      palsy. In five patients T2 weighted images revealed regions of high signal
      intensity in the cerebral white matter and/or in the brain stem. The changes
      indicate that in cases of Bell's palsy the central nervous system may be involved
      and the disease may be related to microvascular or demyelinating disorder.

PMID- 2635544
TI  - Comparative study on computed tomography and neurotological findings in
      spinocerebellar degeneration.
AB  - The classification of SCD on the basis of the neurotological findings was with
      classification based on CT findings in 40 cass of SCD. The areas of pons,
      cerebellar hemisphere, vermis and posterior fossa on CT films were measured by
      craniometer, and were compared in order to estimate the degree of atrophy. From
      these assessments, patients were classified into 3 types as follows; (1) 14 cases
      of cerebellar type, (2) 9 cases of brain stem type and (3) 17 cases of combined
      type. The classification of SCD based on the neurotological findings including
      the findings of gaze test, positioning test, eye tracking test, OKN, and fixation
      suppression test of caloric nystagmus, was well correlated to the classification
      based on CT findings. From the results, neurotological examination was
      demonstrated to make a contribution to the estimation of lesions and types in
      SCD.

PMID- 2635545
TI  - Structural and physiological change of the bullfrog semicircular canal due to
      gentamicin intoxication.
AB  - The effect of Gentamicin (GM) on the vestibular organ was studied using
      bullfrogs. The ototoxicity was compared among 3 different ways of administration,
      i.e., intraperitoneal (IP), intramuscular (IM) and intralabyrinthine (IL)
      injections. Morphological change of the posterior canal crista was observed by
      SEM. The posterior canal ampullary nerve action potentials (AP) were recorded,
      and were compared with SEM findings of the sensory epithelia. Morphological and
      physiological changes were severe in the order of IL greater than IM greater than
      IP. Morphological and physiological changes developed as the postinjection time
      elapsed. Morphological damage started at the narrow portion of the crista and
      developed towards the center and finally towards the periphery. Physiological
      change was already observed before the morphological damage. Physiological change
      tended to correlate with the morphological damage.

PMID- 2635546
TI  - Effects of hyperosmolar substances on the endolymphatic sac.
AB  - The murine endolymphatic sac (ES) was studied 15 min to 8 hours after intravenous
      glycerol administration. Initially the ES showed varying degrees of obliteration
      and this was mostly pronounced at 15-60 min after the injection. After 2 hours
      the normal volume was regained and after 4 hours the lumen was dilated to 160% of
      its normal volume. After 6-8 hours the ES had almost regained its normal
      appearance. The epithelial lining showed an increase in the number of granular
      cells which, after two hours, reached a peak of 15.8% (p less than 0.01) compared
      to normal controls which showed 6.1% granular cells of total cell population in
      the ES. The increase of granular cells was accompanied by filling of the ES lumen
      with a stainable substance. The epithelial reaction may serve the purpose of
      counteracting decreases in endolymph pressure either in the ES or in the entire
      labyrinth.

PMID- 2635547
TI  - The effects of glycerol on vestibular function and the endolymphatic sac after
      pre-treatment with colchicine.
AB  - The endolymphatic sac (ES) is believed to absorb endolymph. Recent studies have
      suggested that the ES also has a secretory capacity, a function that may be
      related to the regulation of inner ear fluid volume and pressure. Other studies
      indicate that hyperosmolar substances, such as glycerol and urea, may initiate a
      secretion of glycoprotein into the ES. This function was suggested to be related
      to a regulatory function of the ES by which it can compensate for a decrease in
      endolymph pressure. In order to investigate this regulatory potential of the ES,
      the effect of glycerol on the ES was investigated with or without the presence of
      pharmacological inhibition of glycoprotein secretion through colchicine
      treatment. Animals treated in such a way showed marked signs of impaired inner
      ear function, including loss of postural control and loss of Preyer's reflex.
      Significant ultrastructural changes were noted in the endolymphatic sac
      suggesting a disturbed secretory activity. The results may indicate that the
      endolymphatic sac may actively respond to changes in endolymph homeostasis
      through secretion of macromolecular substances and that alterations in this
      secretion may lead to functional disturbances of the inner ear.

PMID- 2635548
TI  - Asymmetry of evoked rotatory nystagmus in the guinea pig after experimental
      induction of endolymphatic hydrops.
AB  - We have previously shown by chronic implantation of round window electrodes, that
      after the experimental induction of endolymphatic hydrops by surgical blockade of
      the endolymphatic canal, in the guinea pig, there is a low/mid-frequency
      fluctuant hearing loss, followed by a very high frequency loss and after a few
      months the audiogram is flat. This evolution reproduces exactly that observed in
      Meniere's patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of one
      aspect of vestibular function in parallel with audiogram changes. The nystagmic
      responses in the dark were tested every month during the 4 months which followed
      hydrops induction. There was considerable variation in the number of evoked
      saccades for different control animals and even between different recordings for
      the same control animal. However, in general, the number of saccades to right and
      left rotation was symmetrical for control animals, whereas for hydropic animals
      there was a period, within the first 2 months post-operation, when there was a
      reduction of saccades to the left (operated side) with sometimes an increase to
      the right. This asymmetry which occurred in the period of fluctuant hearing
      losses did not however appear synchronized with audiogram fluctuations. The
      nystagmic responses tended to become symmetrical over the 4 months post
      operation. Oral administration of glycerol to animals whose nystagmus was
      asymmetric brought the vestibular response towards symmetry in 50% of the cases.
      Although episodes of vertigo, as known in Meniere's disease, were never observed
      in operated guinea pigs, these data indicate that they have some functional
      vestibular disturbance.

PMID- 2635549
TI  - The furosemide VOR test for Meniere's disease. A preliminary report.
AB  - In order to easily detect endolymphatic hydrops and to avoid the side effects, we
      applied a furosemide VOR test in 24 patients with unilateral Meniere's disease, 6
      patients with delayed endolymphatic hydrops, and 2 patients with labyrinthine
      syphilis. Immediately preceding an i.v. injection of 20 mg furosemide, and then
      30, 60, 90 min after the administration, the VOR test was repeatedly performed.
      The slow-phase velocity in the VOR test was measured during harmonic sinusoidal
      rotation with eyes closed. Increased or decreased VOR-DP% beyond the normal range
      (10%) was referred to as positive. In 13 out of 24 cases (54%) with Menieres's
      disease, positive results were observed. Moreover, 4 out of 6 (67%) with delayed
      endolymphatic hydrops, one case out of 2 with labyrinthine syphilis were also
      positive in the furosemide VOR test. From these clinical investigations, we have
      concluded that the furosemide VOR test appeared to be another type of clinical
      test for the detection of vestibular endolymphatic hydrops.

PMID- 2635550
TI  - Effect of external auditory canal pressure upon the hearing threshold in patients
      with Meniere's disease.
AB  - Fluctuation of hearing at low frequencies is one of the most characteristic
      findings in Meniere's disease and seems to be a phenomenon closely related to
      changes of endolymphatic pressure and volume. In the present study, pressure was
      applied to the external auditory canal of patients with Meniere's disease, and
      the effect on the bone conduction threshold was examined at times of depressed
      and improved hearing. In more than half of these cases, it was found that the
      pressure effect was marked at the time of improved hearing acuity, but not at the
      time of depressed hearing. This effect was also confirmed in more objective
      experiments with guinea pigs. It is concluded that the fluctuation of hearing in
      Meniere's disease seems to be a phenomenon accompanying the endolymphatic
      pressure change in the scala media.

PMID- 2635551
TI  - The analysis of body sway in patients with latent-phase Meniere's disease.

PMID- 2635552
TI  - Austin endolymph dispersement shunt surgery for Meniere's disease.
AB  - This paper analyses the results of 53 Austin endolymph dispersement shunt
      procedures as compared to previously reported data on 87 Arenberg inner ear valve
      implants and 339 cases employing various other surgical techniques. Overall
      results are similar regardless of the surgical method involved, however findings
      indicate that capillary endolymph dispersement both affords more class A results,
      with isolated spectacular hearing gains, and creates a greater chance of
      completely eliminating dizziness in both definite and adjunctive spells.
      Furthermore, Austin's endolymph dispersement drain evidenced no adverse effects
      on inner ear function, unlike Arenberg's inner ear valve, and is herein
      documented as a safe and effective surgical option for the treatment of Meniere's
      disease.

PMID- 2635553
TI  - [The golden number. Applications to architectural and structural cranio-facial
      analysis].
AB  - The Golden Number, expressing in numbers what ancient Greeks called the "Divine
      Proportion", has a value of 1.618. This number is found in numerous natural
      phenomena, geometrical propositions and human architectural constructions. These
      proportions are worth being compared to those of the human face. The author shows
      that this "golden proportion" is found in many cephalometric measurements and in
      the comparison of the various stages of facial growth.

PMID- 2635554
TI  - [Oro-facial diagnosis of battered children (Silverman syndrome). Management].
AB  - In France, 6 children on 1,000 are abused or neglected. The orofacial lesions are
      most often evocatives, but the diagnosis is sometimes delicate. The laws and the
      deontologic code are not precise concerning the attitude of the dentist facing a
      Silverman syndrome. In U.S.A., 8% of all dentists responding saw suspected cases
      of child abuse. We have not such statistics in France. The structures of
      protection and taking in care seems to be unknown of our collegues.

PMID- 2635555
TI  - [Physiology of hemostasis].
AB  - After having remained the essential modalities leading haematologic anamnesis and
      clinical examination, first we describe, for each of the three haemostasis steps,
      the routine laboratory tests and secondly, a more specific schedule prescribed
      only after having found abnormalities in the first tests.

PMID- 2635556
TI  - [Surgery of a voluminous palatal Kaposi's sarcoma developing in AIDS].
AB  - The authors report of a case of voluminous palate Kaposi's Sarcoma in a patient
      with A.I.D.S. Oral Kaposi's Sarcoma occurs in a large percentage of patients with
      A.I.D.S. (30 to 50%). The therapeutic of this voluminous Kaposi's Sarcoma is not
      easy. Surgery is the best therapeutic it can bring, as in this case, functional
      and durable effect.

PMID- 2635557
TI  - [Large unit restorations. Clinical study].
AB  - In this study, 327 large restorations performed over ten years of dental
      practice, were analyzed. Although the evaluation of failure or success in terms
      of filling and also in terms of fixed prosthesis remains debatable, the results
      obtained here are encouraging: in fact, the 6.5% failures led to believe that
      large posterior restorations with amalgam represent an intermediate alternative
      to fixed prosthesis as long as aesthetics are not a major concern to the patient.
      The high rate of success (at 4 years in an average) could be related to cusp
      protection due to the filling material for 61% of the cusps in the sampling.

PMID- 2635558
TI  - [Alveolar anesthesia].
AB  - Tuberosity anesthesia is a loco-regional anesthesia aiming at anesthetizing with
      a single injection the superoposterior alveolar nerves, by approaching the
      maxillary tuberosity through a direct anteroexternal pathway. This anesthesia
      involves an area located behind the pyramidal process of the maxillary bone which
      includes the molars, gingival buccal mucosa, sinus bone and mucosa. Well
      tolerated by the patient, since it is practically a painless procedure,
      tuberosity anesthesia is the preferred method to perform surgery in the posterior
      maxillary area. Its administration may be extended without condition to treatment
      of the upper molars: custy + crown + bridge preparations on vital teeth,
      pulpectomies, thanks to the rapid onset and efficacy of the anesthesia obtained.
      The only contraindication involves patients with vascular or hematologic
      disorders, ruling out procedures where a blood vessel might be injured with a
      needle. In that case, intraligamentary or transcortical instillation is indicated
      since para-apical anesthesia is not a valid alternative due to the proximity of
      the external alveolar artery.

PMID- 2635559
TI  - [Anatomical considerations in the Gow-Gates technic for anesthesia of the
      mandibular nerve. Preliminary note].
AB  - Described in 1973, the GOW-GATES mandibular block uses extra-oral landmarks. The
      anesthetic is deposed to the condylar neck. Gow-Gates claims that this single
      injection is enough for anesthesizes the sensitive branches of the mandibular
      nerve. The study of anatomical cuts shows that the interpterygoid facial guides
      the anesthetic drug in bottom an ahead toward the mandibular foramen. That the
      liquid occupies all the pterygo mandibular space and that it escapes about it
      behind only through the Juvara slot.

PMID- 2635560
TI  - [The diagnostic importance of different imaging technics in temporomandibular
      joint dysfunction].
AB  - Various imaging techniques enable to explore the Temporo-mandibular joints
      (T.M.J.). The physicians prescribing them, must be perfectly aware of the
      informations they provide as well as their costs, for a judicious formulation of
      their indications. Conventional radiography is absolutely necessary and, most of
      the time, sufficient, since it simply permits to evaluate the bony structures. An
      orthopantomogram and modified Schuller views of each T.M.J., "open mouth" and
      "closed mouth" will be performed. Conventional tomograms are no longer indicated.
      They will be abandoned for Computed Tomograms. This examination permits, at a
      relatively low cost, to analyse a bony abnormality and explore the muscular soft
      tissues. It may also be possible to assess the meniscus, its position and
      displacement when the mouth is opened. In fact, if a meniscal or articular
      pathology is considered, which could result in surgical or endoscopic procedure,
      it is absolutely necessary to perform: -either an arthro-tomography, with
      contrast material, -or a magnetic resonance examination. The latter provides
      perfect anatomical and pathological informations of the joint and meniscus, in an
      atraumatic fashion for the patient. Its only contraindication is in the cost of
      the examination. It will be possible to look for a dislocation, a malformation or
      a structural alteration of the meniscus which could result in a perforation, a
      rupture of the posterior frenulum, adhesions or joint extravasation. A necrosis
      or early osteochondritis of the condyle will be ruled out.

PMID- 2635561
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics and antibiotic therapy of the child].
AB  - Pharmacokinetics is too often unknown while ordering antibiotics, particularly to
      children. The aim of that paper is to recall the pharmacokinetic characteristics
      of the most ordered families in pediatric dentistry: penicillin A and macrolides,
      as well as the modifications peculiar to children, due to pathology, or
      subsequent to drug interactions.

PMID- 2635562
TI  - [Orthognathic surgery of the edentulous: a particular form of preprosthetic
      surgery].
AB  - It is not unusual to find patients who have lost posterior teeth or who are
      totally toothless, approaching our dental surgeon colleagues in cases of
      difficulties, and even prosthetic impossibility, nearly always associated or in
      relation with skeletic maxilo-mandibular imbalance. Orthognatic surgery of the
      toothless should thus satisfy the essential need for prosthesis but should also
      re-establish the unbalanced facial architecture which can be the only guarantee
      of a stable result. This therefore requires true pre-prosthetic surgery in which
      clinical analysis, cranial-facial architectural analysis and great care in making
      the provisional and final prosthesis, constitute the essential stages of
      diagnosis and therapy.

PMID- 2635563
TI  - [Experimental study of Vicryl used as a filling material. Preliminary note].
AB  - The combination VICRYL and bone wax is studied as filling material in periodontal
      locations in dogs. Histological studies were carried out at one, two, six and
      nine months. Bone formation is already quite marked at two months, and total at
      six months. A desmodont and a secondary cement are formed. At six and nine month,
      reattachment is excellent.

PMID- 2635564
TI  - [Traditional use of plants in oral disease. (Study made after a Tunisian
      experience but with possible application in other countries)].
AB  - Twenty-five plants, traditionally used in bucco-dental diseases, in Tunisia, were
      indexed during this study. The most frequently found indications are: Odontalgia,
      Inflammation of the oral mucosa, Bad breath, Progressing dental cavities. The
      study of the known chemical and pharmacological properties of some of these
      plants, demonstrates that these properties are widely justified.

PMID- 2635565
TI  - [Diagnostic approach to basocellular nevomatosis from a dental point of view.
      Apropos of a new case].
AB  - A new case of basal cell naevomatosis, localized in the jaws as odontogenic
      keratocysts, is described and the importance of the diagnostic role plaid by the
      dentist is underlined. Skin lesions, bone involvements and the hereditary
      character of the disease are described. Special emphasis is given to the
      importance and the easy accessibility of the oral manifestations. Possible
      evolution towards advanced forms, and the heterogeneity of the symptoms lay the
      stress on the need of an early diagnosis and the necessity of a close
      collaboration with the various specialists concerned.

PMID- 2635566
TI  - [Induced remineralization of carious dentin. Electronic microprobe analysis].
AB  - Our electron microprobe studies show the preferential incorporation in vitro of
      tin and fluorure into carious dentin. These ions do penetrate only into carious
      dentin through the body of the lesion. These ions do not progress through the
      sclerotic dentin barrier, when it exists which tend to demonstrate their affinity
      for demineralized tissues. Results of microprobe analysis may suggest the
      hypothesis of a crystalline arrangement as the product of reaction between
      residual apatite in carious dentin with stannous fluoride. A new crystalline
      phase could occur within the carious zone, up to the sclerotic barrier. This
      method does not permit to indicate its identity or its structure. However, it has
      been recognized in previous studies as a tin phosphate compound. Further analytic
      studies, using crystallographic technics of the treated zones could provide
      additional data of the observations from the electron microprobe and confirm the
      hypothesis of the ability of carious dentin to be remineralized by the use of
      stannous fluoride containing solutions or materials.

PMID- 2635567
TI  - [Angle between occlusal plane and horizontal plane of articulators with quick
      mounting face bow].
AB  - Correct determination of the occlusal plane is important for estetic, phonetic
      and masticatory function of the denture. As many different criterias are used in
      clinical practice to determine the occlusal plane on the wax rims, the aim of
      this study was to find the angle between the occlusal plane and the horizontal
      plane in the articulators with the quick mounting face bow. The measurements were
      made on the casts of 30 eugnath individuals with at least 28 natural teeth,
      mounted in S.A.M. articulator through the transfer with the Quick mounting face
      bow, in the position of maximum intercuspation. Measurements were made with a
      precise caliper and were transferred to the calibrated paper. The angles were
      measured between the occlusal plane and the horizontal plane. The angle is 9.42
      degrees +/- 4.1 degrees in the population of this country. This result can be
      helpful to determine the occlusal plane or to control if the occlusal plane,
      determined by the other methods is in the correct position in articulator.

PMID- 2635568
TI  - [Analysis of spectral distribution of some commercial light sources for curing
      composite resins].
AB  - Analysis of spectral distribution of four commercial light sources for
      polymerisation of light cured composite materials is presented. Particular
      attention is paid to the valve lengths about 400 nm, as a critical area
      responsible for the possible eye damages.

PMID- 2635569
TI  - [Experimental testing of effects of organic fluorides on prevention of gingival
      inflammation].
AB  - The possible mechanismus of Aminfluoride action in the inhibition of plaque
      maturation is presented in the paper. Experiment was performed on dogs during the
      eruption of permanent molars. Experimental side was brushed with Aminfluride gel
      and control without any paste during 5 weeks. The groove in the enamel
      representing a border between supra and subgingival surface was prepared. The
      enamel was investigated by means of electron probe for elements Ca, P and F. The
      presence of fluoride in the surface layers was determined on the experimental
      side supragingivali and subgingivali till the depth of 500 in the sulcus. A
      release of fluorides from these deposits could be responsible for detoriation of
      plaque maturation and gingivitis prevention.

PMID- 2635570
TI  - [Etiology of nursing caries].
AB  - Some etiological factors believed to play a role in the genesis of nursing caries
      (i. e. prolonged bottle-feeding, prolonged breast feeding, illnesses, drug intake
      and hospitalization) were analyzed and evaluated. A group of 179 pre-school
      children with a clinical picture of nursing caries were examined. Prolonged
      bottle--and breast-feeding were recorded in 54% and 72% of the children,
      respectively. Allergy, respiratory, infections and other diseases were observed
      in 71% of the children. Drugs were frequently taken by 57%, and hospitalization
      was recorded in 32% of the children examined. Prolonged bottle- and breast
      feeding were found to significantly influence the occurrence of nursing caries (p
      less than 0.001.) No significant relationship was found between illnesses, drug
      usage or hospitalization, and the occurrence of nursing caries. The prevalence of
      nursing caries as assessed in a sample of the children from Zagreb was 15%.

PMID- 2635571
TI  - [Oral lichen ruber].
AB  - As oral lichen ruber is quite frequently encountered in contemporary man, dental
      physicians should be familiar with the characteristics of the disease. Regardless
      of various forms of the disease, clinical features of lichen ruber may help in
      making the diagnosis. Recent research on the pathogenesis of the diseases has
      pointed to a local immune response. An individual diagnostic and therapeutic
      approach has been imposed by the complex etiology of the disease. In therapy,
      antimicrobial agents have resumed their place, along with the use of vitamins.

PMID- 2635572
TI  - [Measurement of orthodontic appliance force using prototype sensors].
AB  - In introductory remarks the most important biomechanical principles, which are
      relevant for the research, and conditions which must be satisfied presented in
      intraoral measuring of orthodontic forces were pointed out. First the aim of the
      research was defined, and then the investigation of mechanical properties of
      acrylics as a material for orthodontic appliances were carried out. The type of
      strain gauges, bonds and measuring system configurations, as well as measuring
      amplifiers and recording instruments were discussed. Some of measuring sensors,
      their principles and applicability were discussed. The calibration apparatus was
      modified for the sensor developed, and the calibration results were analysed by
      means of statistical methods (linear regression). The behaviour of all used
      sensors were found to be linear, which enables their application and reduces the
      measuring results interpretation.

PMID- 2635573
TI  - 24 helping hands.

PMID- 2635574
TI  - [Melanoma--an oncologic problem].

PMID- 2635575
TI  - [Cancer of the colon and cholelithiasis: bile bacteria, composition of the stones
      and the bile].
AB  - Our recent studies have shown a significant association between lithiasic biliary
      disease and colorectal cancer. This could be due to the existence of risk factors
      common to both disease or to a cause-effect correlation between them. This latter
      hypothesis is supported by the observation in gallstone patients of the increase
      of biliary and fecal concentrations in secondary biliary acids. These could have
      co-carcinogenic effect on the colon. With a view to singling out further elements
      which might help us to understand more clearly the possible cause-effect
      correlation between cholelithiasis and colon cancer, we examined 12 patients
      affected by both diseases. In these, we evaluated the composition of the
      gallbladder stones, by means of spectrophotometry and diffractometry. Bile
      samples were taken from the gallbladder and used to examine the lipidic
      composition and the cholesterol saturation index according to Carey. In addition
      bacteriological examinations were carried out. The results were compared with
      those of 10 patients with cholelithiasis but not cancer, 10 with cancer but not
      cholelithiasis and 10 with neither. Analysis of the results did not reveal
      significant differences in gallstone and bile composition between colon cancer
      patients with concomitant gallstones and control groups. However, in cancer
      patients with gallstones a higher incidence of bile bacteria (35.7%) was observed
      than in the other groups. Bile bacteria were observed more frequently in right
      colon cancer patients who had pigment stones in 75% of the cases. The results
      seem to evidence peculiarities in patients with a cancer of right colon.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635576
TI  - [Bronchoplegic phenomena caused by vagal denervation. Experimental study].
AB  - For some years now, bronchial plastic surgery has given surgeons the possibility
      of radically treating patients with carcinoma of the lung that otherwise could
      not undergo surgery because of insufficient cardiorespiratory functional capacity
      as well as the peculiar endoluminal location of the neoplastic lesion. These
      methods, however, often show problems of dysventilation and bronchial engorgement
      that--in our opinion--are attributable to vagal denervation following surgical
      maneuvers. Hence, our study aimed at reproducing experimental surgical models of
      sleeve-resection in order to examine these problems. Consequently, we operated on
      10 pigs divided into two groups (A end B) of 5 animals each; we performed surgery
      on the first five animals without removing vagal fibres, whereas in the other we
      have coupled sleeve-resection with vagal denervation of the residual parenchyma.
      All the animals have been followed-up by means of X-ray examination, bronchoscopy
      and direct stimulation of the cough-producing reflex (by means of the catheter
      positioned intraoperatively below the anastomosis). The data obtained confirm our
      assumptions, given that in "denervated animals" we observed a large engorgement
      of the respiratory tract with late onset of cough-producing reflex, while in the
      control group (without removal of vagal fibres) no bronchoplegic or alteration of
      the muco-ciliary clearance was found post-operatively. All animals, for the
      entire period of experimentation, received care in accordance with the
      "Principles of Laboratory Animal Care" formulated by the US National Society of
      Medical Research and the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" (NIH
      Publication N. 80-23, revised in 1980).

PMID- 2635578
TI  - Ethical issues associated with scientific and technological research for the
      military.

PMID- 2635579
TI  - Ethics and biological warfare research.

PMID- 2635577
TI  - [Monofilaments in digestive system surgery].
AB  - The most important physical and chemical properties of the new synthetic
      absorbable suture materials are shown. Particularly this paper make a comparison
      between multifilament and monofilament suture wire from the point of view of
      tensile strength, "in vivo" tensile strength retention, reabsorbability,
      foreseeability of the reabsorption time of the capillarity. On these theoretical
      basis the AA. think that actually the best suture wire for the gastrointestinal
      surgery must be a synthetic absorbable monofilament suture material. Clinical and
      experimental experience of the AA. utilizing in the surgery of the
      gastrointestinal tract a copolymer monofilament of the glycolic acid and of the
      trimethylene carbonate (polyglyconate-Maxon), resorbable by not-enzymatic
      hydrolysis in about 180 days are described. The clinical experience was acquired
      performing 43 manual gastroenteric anastomosis by polyglyconate suture material
      and making an endoscopic follow-up in 19 cases (12 oesophago-jejunal anastomoses
      and 7 colo-rectal anastomoses). The experimental study consist of 30 enteric
      anastomosis performed on rats. The results evaluation was made from three points
      of views: bacteriological, optical diffuse light microscopy and electronic
      transmission microscopy. The conclusions of the clinical and experimental studies
      are favourable for the use the polyglyconate suture wire in digestive surgery,
      and confirm also "in vivo" its theoretical properties.

PMID- 2635580
TI  - The place of Department of Defense-sponsored research at the university.

PMID- 2635581
TI  - When stigma screams.

PMID- 2635582
TI  - Nurses' attitudes toward physical assaults by patients.
AB  - This article reports the survey findings of 184 psychiatric nurses' attitudes
      toward patient physical assault. Attitudes related to staff competence and
      performance, legal aspects, patient responsibility and safety were measured on a
      self-report questionnaire. Data were interpreted based on the scant literature
      related to patient assaults. Findings indicated that attitudes related to legal
      aspects of patient assault varied considerably among nursing staff. Discussion
      highlighted the influence of attitudes on both assaulted staff as well as the
      victim's colleagues.

PMID- 2635583
TI  - The assaulted nurse: short-term and long-term responses.
AB  - The purpose of this prospective study was to identify attitudinal changes and to
      describe the emotional, cognitive, social, and biophysiological short- and long
      term reactions of nursing staff being physically assaulted by a patient. Sixty
      one assaulted nursing staff at the University of California Los Angeles
      Neuropsychiatric Institute comprised the sample. Responses to the assault were
      elicited through weekly self-report questionnaires and interviews at week 1 and
      week 6. Follow-up questionnaires were completed at 6 months to 1 year following
      the assault. Sixty-seven percent (41/61) of the staff met the "responder"
      criteria during week 1. Eighteen percent (11/61) of the assaulted staff continued
      to experience moderate to severe responses 6 weeks following the assault. Long
      term follow-up showed that 21% (8/39) of the staff were responders at 6 months,
      and 16% (4/25) were responders at 1 year. Two overall trends were evident: an
      overall decrease in the frequency of moderate to severe responses in each of the
      four categories from weeks 1 to 6, with increases during weeks 3 and 4, and a
      higher frequency of moderate, rather than intense and severe, responses
      throughout the 6 week period. No significant changes in attitudes were found. The
      data support the need for formalized clinical, educational, and administrative
      programs to assist staff in coping with this stressful work experience.

PMID- 2635584
TI  - Simultaneous patient/family education regarding schizophrenia: the Nebraska
      model.
AB  - A course entitled "How to Enter the World of Schizophrenia ... a Family
      Educational Perspective" was developed to simultaneously educate individuals with
      schizophrenia and their families regarding the psychiatric diagnosis, treatment,
      and management of schizophrenia. The course was developed and implemented by
      psychiatric-mental health nursing clinical specialists utilizing an eclectic
      approach. The complexity of this endeavor required the incorporation of five
      theoretical models to effect the delivery of health education in a
      multigeneration family situation complicated with a serious mental illness. It
      was essential that the leaders possess working knowledge of the aforementioned
      theories as well as advanced knowledge of the medical diagnosis and treatment of
      schizophrenia to include neuroanatomy, physiology, and biochemistry; therapeutic
      nutrition; and psychopharmacology. Equally important were the leaders' abilities
      to conduct groups using the style of coleadership, as each class averaged 30 to
      50 people, including individuals with schizophrenia, siblings, parents, and
      grandparents, which represented segments of families or the entire family. The
      leaders must display open, honest communication techniques while developing self
      esteem and self-worth among the family members. Use of here-and-now material
      facilitates self-disclosure of emotionally painful material and leaders role
      model problem-solving techniques, which aid families in coping with problems
      occurring with serious mental illness. The class has been taught 12 times since
      1985 to over 500 persons.

PMID- 2635585
TI  - Issues in the nursing management of patients with water intoxication.
AB  - The syndrome of water intoxication, experienced by a small percentage of
      hospitalized chronically mentally ill patients, is a two-stage process, usually
      beginning with polydipsia. In some patients the physiological ability to excrete
      excess free water is lost, and polydipsia progresses to hypervolemia and
      hyponatremia. The hyponatremia responds to fluid restriction. Nevertheless,
      nursing intervention associated with limiting a patient's fluids is complex,
      including psychodynamic, social, and behavioral factors. Because of the
      complexity of nursing care, and because of the unanswered questions about
      etiology and treatment of water intoxication, the area is fertile for nursing
      research.

PMID- 2635586
TI  - Chaining nursing diagnosis: the use of etiological sequencing in the development
      of a plan of care.
AB  - There has been an explosion of information on nursing diagnosis. A recent
      computer search of the literature revealed a total of 595 publications on nursing
      diagnosis. Only 6 of these manuscripts were released between the years 1971 and
      1974 inclusively; 11 between 1975 and 1979, 178 manuscripts appeared between 1979
      and 1985, while 400 were published from 1985 and 1989. In addition, a search of
      the Nursing and Allied Health Data Base revealed 1,068 articles published from
      1982 to 1989. These data clearly emphasize the increased interest in this
      important topic. Consequently, a plethora of information has been made available
      to the educator, the clinician, the researcher, and the student. However, through
      over 15 years of experience with nursing diagnosis, this author has found the
      issue of cause and effect (etiology and problem) to be an ongoing problem.

PMID- 2635587
TI  - Attitudes toward mental illness: does a psychiatric nursing course make a
      difference?
AB  - The purpose of the study presented in this article is to determine if a
      psychiatric nursing course is effective in favorably changing nursing students'
      attitudes toward mental illness. Using an abbreviated form of the Cohen and
      Struening scale. Opinions About Mental Illness (OMI), data were collected over a
      3 year period from 185 sophomore nursing students before entering, and after
      completing, a psychiatric nursing course. The psychiatric nursing course did make
      a difference: of the five factors in the scale, four changed significantly.
      Students became less Authoritarian, less Benevolent, more inclined toward Mental
      Health Ideology, and less Social Restrictive. These results have implications for
      nursing education and practice.

PMID- 2635588
TI  - Report of the Advisory Panel on Alzheimer's Disease.

PMID- 2635589
TI  - [Mental health. The policy of the Department of Health and Social Services].

PMID- 2635590
TI  - Assessment of nutritional status: effects of different methods to determine age
      on the classification of undernutrition.
AB  - The evaluation of nutritional status using anthropometry has been widely employed
      in field studies and nutritional surveillance programmes. Two of the primary
      indicators used, weight-for-age and height-for-age, require accurate age
      information for proper assessments to be made. Three data sets on nutritional
      status were evaluated using different methods to determine age: rounding to the
      most recently attained month, rounding to the nearest whole month, and ages
      computed from birth dates and visit dates. The impact of these different methods
      on the classification of nutritional status were found to be dramatic, especially
      in infants during the first year of life. In some cases, when ages are rounded to
      the most recently attained month, as few as 43% of the children classified as
      malnourished based on the indicator, height-for-age, and the cut-off point, less
      than -2 Standard Deviations from the reference median, are identified relative to
      when ages are computed from birth and visit dates. Beyond the discrepancies in
      estimating prevalence below specific cut-off points to designate undernutrition,
      the use of the different methods also affects entire distributions. The problem
      of using different methods to estimate age, and the impact they have on the
      classification of undernutrition are of critical public health importance,
      especially when this information is used to identify individuals and groups as
      well as for planning and policy development.

PMID- 2635591
TI  - Repeated infanticide.

PMID- 2635592
TI  - Region-selective decline of in vivo lipid synthesis in the aged rat visual
      system.
AB  - [14C]palmitate and [3H]choline were injected intravitreally and, at the same
      time, intraventricularly in Wistar male rats at 4, 10, and 24 mo of age. The
      precursor incorporation into lipids of the retina, optic nerve tract, superior
      colliculus, and lateral geniculate body was followed for 2 h. The specific
      radioactivity of precursors pool (choline, phosphorylcholine, and free fatty
      acids) showed a marked decrease in optic nerve tract and lateral geniculate body
      of aged rats, whereas in retinal tissue and superior colliculus no changes were
      observed as a function of age. In rats of the three age groups, whole retina and
      superior colliculus showed neither changes of choline incorporation into
      phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin nor alteration of palmitate incorporation
      into diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, and major phospholipid classes as a
      function of age. In sharp contrast, the optic nerve tract and, to a lesser
      extent, the lateral geniculate body exhibited a significant age-related decline
      of either the incorporation of both precursors into all lipid classes or the
      specific radioactivities of endogenous precursor pools. We concluded that the
      visual pathway structures are metabolically affected in a different manner by
      aging. Particularly, the ability of the retina and superior colliculus to
      metabolize lipids appeared to be age invariant. The marked decline of lipid
      biosynthesis with age, for some visual structures, is consistent with the trend
      generally observed in metabolic turnover and function of other CNS regions.

PMID- 2635593
TI  - Dolichol alters GABA uptake and high affinity binding of agonist to rat brain
      synaptic plasma membranes.
AB  - The effects of dolichol on high affinity [3H]muscimol binding to synaptic plasma
      membrane (SPM) and [3H]GABA uptake into synaptosomes from rat brain were
      analyzed. Membranes were enriched with dolichol, by preincubation, in the
      presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a vehicle (40-100 micrograms of
      dolichol/mg protein + 5% BSA). The rate of dolichol incorporation into the
      membrane was determined using [1-3H]dolichol C95, and it was in the range of 5-7
      nmol/mg protein/h for synaptosomes and SPM, respectively. The uptake of [3H]GABA
      into synaptosomes enriched with dolichol decreased significantly by about 30%.
      Dolichol alone added into the incubation medium produced only a negligible
      effect. Specific binding of [3H]muscimol, which was higher than 90% of total
      binding, was significantly reduced to SPM enriched with dolichol as compared to
      controls. The Kd of the high affinity sites was significantly elevated by about
      30% in SPM enriched with dolichol (10.8 +/- 0.3 nM vs 7.3 +/- 0.2 nM in control).
      This difference was more pronounced for SPM isolated from cerebellum (Kd
      increased by about 50%). The Bmax value was not changed. Dolichol alone did not
      alter the agonist binding. These results indicate for the first time that the
      higher level of dolichol in SPM might influence the GABAergic transmission
      system. An increase in dolichols in membranes may be an important factor in the
      decline of brain function during aging.

PMID- 2635594
TI  - Alteration of axonal microfilaments alters Schwann cell lipid metabolism.
AB  - To investigate the importance of the neuronal cytoskeleton in Schwann cell
      metabolism, three agents acting on the microfilaments (cytochalasin D, brevine,
      and phalloidin) were injected into the endoneurium of rat sciatic nerve. Sciatic
      nerves were removed 24 h later and separated into two pieces: the first one was
      the injection site and the second was from nerves located distal to the injection
      site. The pieces of nerve were incubated with [14C] galactose for 3 h. At the
      site of injection, [14C] incorporation into monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG)
      was perturbed by the three agents, whereas in the distal part, sulfatides and
      phosphatidylserine were affected by cytochalasin D and brevine. These results
      show that the three compounds acting on microfilaments have a different effect on
      Schwann cell metabolism, depending on whether incubated Schwann cells were
      directly in contact with the toxin or they were only in contact with the axons
      affected by the toxin. In the latter case, axonal microfilaments seem to be
      involved in the regulation of Schwann cell metabolism.

PMID- 2635595
TI  - [The species problem in medicinal plant studies].
AB  - The present paper made a brief introduction to the two current major species
      concepts and the various types of "species" existent in nature. The author
      emphatically pointed out that in any case species are heterogeneous instead of
      homogeneous. Thus pharmacognostists should not be content with mere
      identification of the scientific names of plants, but are obligated to find out
      the intraspecific variations associated with pharmacognostic identification and
      to bring to light the regularities of formation, accumulation and dynamic changes
      of secondary metabolic products for medical use.

PMID- 2635596
TI  - [A study of commonly used substitutes for Chinese drug cortex
      Eucommiae(Duzhong)].
AB  - We have found that 48 species belonging to 10 families and 17 genera are being
      used as ethnic substitutes for Cortex Eucommiae (Duzhong). A key to all the
      species has been made to identify them and to distinguish them from Eucommia
      ulmoides.

PMID- 2635597
TI  - [Study on the introduction of the cultivation of Aucklandia lappa Deone].
AB  - Tests were conducted on some aspects of breeding Aucklandia lappa in the course
      of introduction: climatic conditions, cultivating techniques, field management,
      growth cycle, harvest and processing, thus providing a scientific basis for the
      introduce, cultivation and higher production of Aucklandia lappa.

PMID- 2635598
TI  - [Analytical studies on calcium and microelements in calcined longgu (an animal
      bone)].
AB  - The main constituent (CaCO3) and microelements of Longgu (an animal bone) have
      been analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by orthogonal design. The result
      shows that the optimum conditions for calcining Longgu are: temperature--750
      degrees C, time--4'30'', size of the bone--8.5g.

PMID- 2635599
TI  - [Analysis of trace elements in fructus Ligustri Lucidi and its processed
      products].
AB  - Eleven elements were detected in Fructus Ligustri Lucidi and its processed
      products. It was found that 4 of them were macro-elements, while 6 were trace
      elements necessary in human body. The experiment has also shown that the
      traditional processing has a marked effect on the trace elements in Fructus
      Ligustri Lucidi.

PMID- 2635600
TI  - [Studies on the chemical constituents of Ardisia crenata Sims].
AB  - A new bergenin derivative isolated from the root of Ardisia crenata was
      determined to be 11-o-syringylbergenin by spectral methods. Other compounds were
      identified as spinasterol, series fatty acids, beta-sitosterol-beta-D-glucoside,
      norbergenin and sucrose respectively. The last three were obtained for the first
      time from the genus of Ardisia.

PMID- 2635601
TI  - [Studies on the chemical composition of Lysimachia fortunei Maxim].
AB  - Two crystalline substances were isolated from the petroleum either extract of the
      herbal medicine Lysimachia fortunei: triacontanol and a mixture of the
      derivatives of the pigment 2,5-dihydroxyl-3-alkyl benzoquinone. Mass spectral
      examination of this pigment revealed the presence of embelin and its five
      homologues, of which three homologues possessing dodecane, tetradecane and
      hexadecane respectively in the alkyl side chain have not been reported so far.

PMID- 2635602
TI  - [Protective effect of extracts from Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg. on
      experimental hepatic lesions and a primary clinical study on the injection of in
      patients with hepatitis].
AB  - The injection(10-15 ml/kg/d, ip x 4), total glycoside (125-225 mg/kg/d, ip x (3
      4); 600 mg/kg/d, ig x 3) and crystal III (120 mg/kg/d, ip x 4) of Aloe vera var.
      chinensis were found to be effective in lowering the elevated sGPT induced by
      CCl4, thioacetamide and D-aminogalactose in mice or rats. It was also observed
      that these agents could protect hepatic cells from the CCl4-induced injury. When
      dogs were given in with Aloe injection of 0.1 ml/kg/d x 180, no toxicity was
      noted. The total effective sGPT-lowering rate of Aloe injection on 38 patients of
      chronic hepatitis with positive HBsAg was 86.8%.

PMID- 2635603
TI  - [The antipyretic, hypothermal and sedative activities of mieyanling].
AB  - Mieyanling has an antipyretic effect on the fever of animals caused by yeast or
      TAB vaccine. The hypothermal effect of Mieyanling on the temperature of normal
      mice and rats was also observed. The ED50 of antipyretic and hypothermal action
      of this drug in mice was 20g/kg and 50g/kg respectively. There was a CNS
      depressive effect when Mieyanling was administered 60g/kg orally to mice.

PMID- 2635604
TI  - [Influence of radix Astragali on noise-caused changes in hepatic glycogen content
      in the rat].
AB  - It has been found that in rats exposed to a noise of 2kHz (mai frequency) and 103
      dB(A) (potency) for 60 minutes, the hepatic glycogen content (HGC) is
      significantly higher than that of the control group unexposed to the noise (P
      less than 0.05), whereas in those treated with a prior ip Radix Astragali plus
      noise the HGC appears apparently lower than that of the noise group (P less than
      0.05), very close to the control group (P greater than 0.2). This indicates that
      Radix Astragali might have some antinoise effect.

PMID- 2635605
TI  - [On the relation of five flavors and toxicity of Chinese materia medica].
AB  - The relation between the "five flavours" of Chinese materia medica and toxicity
      has never been discussed in Chinese medicine and pharmacology. This paper
      presents that both the efficacy and toxicity of Chinese materia medica are caused
      by some material base-the five flavours, of which the acrid and bitter are the
      most toxic, the sweet the least, and the sour and salty the medium toxic.

PMID- 2635606
TI  - Structures of 5-bromo-6-ethoxy-5,6-dihydrouridine and -thymidine derivatives, a
      class of potential antitumoral and antiviral N-nucleosides.
AB  - (I): (+)-(5R,6R)-5-Bromo-6-ethoxy-5,6-dihydro-2',3'-isopropylidene-beta-D-
      ribofuranosyl-uracil, C14H21BrN2O7, m.p. 408.7-409.6 K, [alpha]D23 degrees C =
      +31.1 degrees (c = 1.2% in MeOH), Mr = 409.2, monoclinic, P2(1), a = 9.218 (2), b
      = 9.6619(11) c = 10.4938 (14) A, beta = 99.305 (8) degrees, V = 922.4 (2) A3, Z =
      2, Dx = 1.47 Mgm-3, lambda (Mo K alpha) = 0.71069 A, mu = 2.24 mm-1, F(000) =
      420, room temperature, R (= wR) = 0.046 for 2595 observed reflections [(Fo)]
      greater than 4 sigma (Fo) and (Fo) greater than 8.0]. (II): (+)-(5R,6R)-5-Bromo
      2'-deoxy-6-ethoxy-5,6-dihydro-beta-D-ribofuranosyl- thymine, C12H19BrN2O6, m.p.
      376.1-376.5 K, [alpha]D 23 degrees C = + 58.8 degrees (c = 1.02% in MeOH), Mr =
      367.2, monoclinic, clinic, P21, a = 6.0428 (9), b = 8.5270 (15), c = 14.589 (2)
      A, beta = 96.80 (1) degrees, V = 746.4 (1) A3, Z = 2, Dx = 1.63 Mg m-3, lambda(Mo
      K alpha) = 0.71069 A, mu = 2.75 mm-1, F(000) = 376, room temperature, R = 0.053
      (wR = 0.040) for 1579 observed reflections [[F0[ less than 4 sigma(Fo)]. Both
      furanose rings adopt an envelope conformation with C(4')-exo and C(1')-exo for
      (I) and (II) respectively. The orientation of the dihydropyrimidine base relative
      to the sugar ring shows an unusual syn conformation [chi CN = 62.5 (6) degrees]
      for (I) whereas the glycosyl linkage of compound (II) shows an anti conformation
      [chi CN = -134.0 (8) degrees]. In both compounds the pyrimidine ring displays a
      half-chair form. The conformation of the hydroxymethyl group at C(4') is gauche
      gauche for (I) [phi OO = -68.2 (7) degrees, phi OC = 50.1 (8) degrees] and trans
      gauche for (II) [phi OO = 180 (1) degrees, phi OC = -61 (1) degrees]. The
      absolute configuration of (I) was confirmed by least-squares refinement of x [x =
      0.008 (16)] [Bernardinelli & Flack (1985). Acta Cryst. A41, 500-511] and that of
      compound (II) deduced from the starting material. An intramolecular hydrogen bond
      occurs between the hydroxymethyl and the pyrimidine of (I). In both structures,
      the molecular packing is fixed by a network of hydrogen bonds.

PMID- 2635607
TI  - Structure of 5-methoxy-2-([4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl) methyl]sulfinyl)
      1H-benzimidazole (omeprazole).
AB  - C17H19N3O3S, Mr = 345.42, triclinic, P1, a = 10.686 (5), b = 10.608 (7), c =
      9.666 (6) A, alpha = 119.75 (5), beta = 112.02 (5), gamma = 68.33 (4) degrees, V
      = 859 (1) A3, Z = 2, Dm = 1.332 (2), Dx = 1.335 g cm-3, Cu K alpha, lambda =
      1.5418 A, mu = 18.04 cm-1, F(000) = 364, T = 293 K, R = 0.057 for 1962 observed
      reflections. The methylsulfinyl group, which adopts a trans conformation, links
      the pyridine and benzimidazole rings in an almost coplanar orientation. Thus the
      molecule, as a whole, adopts a nearly extended form. Two centrosymmetrically
      related molecules form a cyclic dimer by intermolecular N-H...O hydrogen bonding,
      and the dimers are held together by van der Waals contacts between the
      neighboring aromatic rings in the crystal structure.

PMID- 2635608
TI  - Methyl 2-[4-(2-chloroethyl)-2,3-dihydro-7-nitroquinoxalin-1-yl]benzoate from
      intramolecular cyclization of a nitroaromatic mustard.
AB  - C18H18CIN3O4, Mr = 375.81, orthorhombic, P212121, a = 11.000 (3), b = 8.023 (2),
      c = 19.316 (5) A, V = 1704.68 A3, Z = 4, Dm = 1.46 (1), Dx = 1.417 g cm-3, Mo
      Kalpha, lambda = 0.71069 A, mu = 1.82 cm-1, F(000) = 760, T = 293 (1) K, R =
      0.051 for 985 [I greater than 2.5 sigma(I)] reflections. X-ray analysis confirms
      that the nitroaromatic mustard methyl N-(2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]- 5
      nitrophenyl)anthranilate undergoes rapid intramolecular cyclization, but the
      product is the 7-nitro rather than the 6-nitro derivative previously reported
      [Chambers & Denny (1986).

PMID- 2635609
TI  - Structure of cyclo(-L-prolylglycyl-)2 trihydrate.
AB  - (C14H20N4O4)2.3H2O, Mr = 670.721, monoclinic, P2(1), a = 7.353 (2), b = 21.921
      (7), c = 9.878 (2) A, beta = 96.77 (2) degrees, V = 1581.1 (1) A3, Z = 2, Dx =
      1.409 g cm-3, lambda(Cu Kalpha) = 1.54178 A, mu = 8.22 cm-1, F(000) = 716, T =
      293 K, R = 0.034 for 2456 unique observed reflections. The two independent copies
      of the tetrapeptide found in the asymmetric unit have similar structures, which
      are both consistent with the results of NMR studies of cyclo-(-L-Pro-Gly-)2 in
      solution. The structures are asymmetric and have a trans-cis-trans-cis peptide
      backbone, in which the two L-Pro-Gly peptide bonds are trans and the two Gly-L
      Pro peptide bonds are cis. A detailed comparison with other cyclic tetrapeptides
      is given, and a brief comparison with the results of single-crystal X-ray
      structures of other cyclic oligopeptides containing L-proline alternating with
      glycine is presented.

PMID- 2635610
TI  - Structure of 7-methyl-8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine monohydrate.
AB  - 2-Amino-7-methyl-9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H,9H-purine-6,8-dione monohydrate,
      C11H15-N5O6.H2O, Mr = 331.29, orthorhombic, P212121, a = 6.9811 (6), b = 9.808
      (2), c = 20.61 (2) A, V = 1411.1 (13) A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.559 g cm-3, Cu Kalpha,
      lambda = 1.54178 A, mu = 10.825 cm-1, F(000) = 696, T = 295 K, R = 0.0296 for
      2472 reflections (F greater than or equal to 4 sigma F). The sugar conformation
      and puckering parameters are 2E (C2'-endo), P = 161.8 degrees and tau m = 39.2
      degrees. The side chain is gauche-gauche. The glycosidic torsion angle is 65.1
      (2) degrees corresponding to the syn conformation which is stabilized by the O5'-
      H...N3 intramolecular hydrogen bond. The purine ring is nearly planar [r.m.s.
      deviation: 0.014 (2) A]; the dihedral angle between the pyrimidine and imidazole
      rings is 1.14 (8) degrees.

PMID- 2635611
TI  - Structure of a functionalized tetrahydrobenzothiophene.
AB  - (+-)-4-(tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrobenzo[b] thiophen -3(2H)
      one 1,1-dioxide, C14H24O4SSi, Mr = 316.49, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 7.1431 (7), b
      = 19.643 (2), c = 12.528 (1) A, beta = 104.810 (8) degrees, V = 1699.4-(3) A3, Z
      = 4, Dx = 1.24 g cm-3, Mo K alpha radiation, lambda = 0.71073 A, mu = 2.597 cm-1,
      F(000) = 680, T = 298 K, R = 0.0566 for 2733 reflections [Fo greater than or
      equal to 4o-(fo)]. The two rings are cisfused with the cyclohexene ring in the
      half-chair conformation while the thiophene moiety has the envelope conformation.
      The endocyclic bond angles of the cyclohexene ring are enlarged, especially at
      the bridgehead C atoms, C3a and C7a, which have angles 116.0 (2) and 116.8 (2)o,
      respectively. There are several close intramolecular contacts: C3...O11 2.614
      (3), O10...O11 3.137 (3), O10...C7 3.073 (4) A. Adjacent molecules related by 1
      x, 1-y, 2-z stack so that the carbonyl O and C atoms of one molecule lie directly
      over the carbonyl C and O atoms of the second molecule. The C...O distance is
      3.023 (3) A in this intermolecular interaction.

PMID- 2635612
TI  - Pinazepam: analytical study of synthesis, degradation, potential impurities.
AB  - Pinazepam specifications are presented, synthesis method and quality control in
      the course of the synthesis on the starting materials, intermediate products and
      solvents are described. The used analytical methods of studied potential
      impurities, both from the synthesis and from degradation under exceptional
      conditions, are summarized and their validation is done. At last the Pinazepam
      satisfactory big stability is shown.

PMID- 2635613
TI  - In-vitro diffusion kinetics of salbutamol sulphate from microcapsules coated with
      Eudragit RS 100.
AB  - Diffusion plays an important role in controlled release drug delivery system.
      Salbutamol sulphate, which is a bronchodilatory drug for asthma, was
      microencapsulated with a polyacrylic resin: Eudragit RS 100. Drug release data
      have been analyzed according to various release kinetics like Zero order, First
      order and Higuchi kinetics. Suice Higuchi mechanism seemed to predominate, the
      diffusivity rate constant (KBL) and the diffusion coefficient (Da) were estimated
      according to Baker-Lonsdale method at pH 1.2.

PMID- 2635614
TI  - Beta-carotene supplementation associated with intermittent retinol administration
      in the treatment of premenopausal mastodynia.
AB  - Twenty-five women, 23-41 year old, suffering from premestrual cyclical mastodynia
      linked or otherwise to benign breast disease (BBD), with moderate or severe pain
      at least seven days before each menstrual period, were treated with daily beta
      carotene (BC) supplementation associated with intermittent administration of
      retinol (all-trans-retinol 300,000 IU per day). In this therapy retinol was given
      for 7 days immediately before each menstrual period. After 6 months' treatment,
      the results revealed marked reduction in breast pain, and sometime recovery, in
      23-41 year old women with no toxic side effects. But no such advantages in 5
      women with non-cyclical mastodynia treated as above were found. Above this age
      range, the advantages appear to be absent. All the women developed a healthy look
      because of a slight tanning of the skin due to beta-carotene supplementation.
      These data demonstrated a therapeutic synergism between BC and retinol.

PMID- 2635615
TI  - Malignant myxoid liposarcoma: an immunohistochemical, electron-microscopical and
      cytogenetical analysis.
AB  - We discuss the morphological, immunohistochemical and electron-microscopical
      features of a malignant myxoid liposarcoma which appeared in the left thigh of a
      52-year-old woman. The cytogenetic analysis following short-term tissue culture
      confirmed the existence of a nonrandom translocation t(12;16)(q13;p11).
      Furthermore, immunohistochemistry showed positivity for S-100 antigen and
      vimentin, both of which are considered to be markers for liposarcoma. The
      electron-microscopical study revealed a close contiguity between the tumoral
      cells and atypical pericytes.

PMID- 2635616
TI  - Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia in the urinary bladder: is it a real
      relationship?
AB  - Local tissue eosinophilia in different carcinomas is a well-described phenomenon
      which could have prognostic significance. The etiology and pathogenesis of this
      tissue reaction are controversial and not understood. We found in sequential
      biopsies of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder that the most
      obvious relation was between eosinophilia and granulation tissue. This finding
      may indicate a nonspecific, nontumor-related tissue eosinophilia.

PMID- 2635617
TI  - Morphogenesis, evolution and prognostic significance of lymphatic tissue lesions
      in HIV infection.
AB  - Morphological changes in lymph node biopsies of HIV-infected patients can be
      classified in four stages, based upon the degree of damage to follicular
      structures: (1) follicular hyperplasia, (2) follicular lysis, (3) follicular
      atrophy and (4) follicular and lymphocytic depletion. To define the relative
      usefulness of morphological, clinical and immunological findings for prognostic
      purposes, we followed the clinical evolution of 86 biopsied HIV+ patients for a
      period ranging from 1 to 56 months. A relatively good correlation between
      histological and clinical findings, at the time of biopsy, was observed.
      Statistical analysis confirmed the prognostic value of the histological features
      for clinical deterioration, progression to AIDS and survival. Moreover,
      histological findings gave more reliable prognostic information than clinical
      values. Our data suggest that lymph node biopsy can be utilized for prognostic
      purposes in the evaluation of the progression of the disease and effectiveness of
      antiviral therapeutic trials.

PMID- 2635618
TI  - Histomorphometric and morphologic studies of the carotid body and aortic
      paragangliomas.
AB  - Morphometric and morphological parameters have been evaluated in tumours of
      carotid body paraganglia and of aorticopulmonary and aorticosympathetic
      paraganglia. Paragangliomas are characterized by a higher cell density and
      rounder nuclei (roundness factor) than non-neoplastic carotid body paraganglia.
      The nuclear area has similar mean values in tumours and normal paraganglia;
      however, the former group shows higher standard deviation values and coefficients
      of variation, reflecting the fact that paragangliomas have nuclei of variable
      size; the variation is more pronounced in aorticopulmonary and aortico
      sympathetic paragangliomas. However, subgroups on the basis of morphological
      features (architectural patterns and degree of intensity of argyrophilia), site
      of origin, and clinical behaviour (metastases and recurrences) show no
      morphometric differences.

PMID- 2635619
TI  - A case of neoplastic angioendotheliomatosis: angiotropic lymphoma.
AB  - An autopsy case of neoplastic angioendotheliomatosis (NAE) in a 65-year-old male
      is reported. At autopsy, the paraaortic lymph node was slightly enlarged, and
      bilateral swelling of adrenal glands was found. Histologically, multifocal
      proliferation of atypical cells was seen in the sinusoid or in the lumen of blood
      vessels throughout many organs, but there was little invasion of the parenchyma
      by these cells. From these findings, it was diagnosed as NAE.
      Immunohistochemically, these atypical cells showed positive reaction to the
      antileukocyte common antigen, anti-MB-1, LN-1, and LN-2, and negative reaction to
      the anti-Ki-1, anti-MT-1, anti-kappa, anti-lambda, and antifactor-VIII-related
      antigen. These findings showed that the atypical cells of NAE were of B
      lymphocyte origin.

PMID- 2635620
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma of lymph nodes associated with multicentric angiofollicular
      hyperplasia.
AB  - A case of multicentric angiofollicular hyperplasia (hyaline-vascular type)
      associated with Kaposi sarcoma of lymph nodes is reported. The patient was a 75
      year-old man who suffered from edema, fever, maculopapular skin rashes and
      polyclonal hypergammaglo-bulinemia and died 10 days after admission to hospital
      for acute tubular necrosis and pulmonary edema. No other localizations of
      Kaposi's sarcoma were detected at autopsy; this is a very uncommon finding in
      Western countries and in adult people.

PMID- 2635621
TI  - [Vocal rehabilitation of the laryngectomized patient using tracheo-esophageal
      puncture and phonatory prosthesis].
AB  - We present the results of 25 tracheo-esophageal punctures (20 primary and 5
      secondary) followed by insertion of a voice prosthesis, as a method of voice
      restoration after total laryngectomy. This method is compared with the other
      three commonly used (tracheo-esophageal fistuloplasty, esophageal voice, and
      electrolarynx), and a personal variation (Burgues) of the primary tracho
      esophageal puncture technique is presented.

PMID- 2635622
TI  - [Cancer of the hypopharynx: clinical and epidemiological data on 41 cases].
AB  - The clinical and epidemiological data of 41 hypopharyngeal neoplasms diagnosed at
      the Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital de "La Santa Cruz y San Pablo",
      Barcelona, are analysed according to eleven computerized parameters. Our results
      are compared with those appeared in the literature. Though the are close
      similarities with regard to incidence, sex, tobacco and alcohol consumption,
      presentation, and histology, our patients are younger and in a better condition
      than it is generally accepted.

PMID- 2635623
TI  - [Evaluation of the 1st phonatory results in fistuloplasty patients using the
      Kaplan and Polow scales].
AB  - Three groups: A) 10 operates of fistuloplastic. B) 10 operates of total
      laryngectomy competent in esophageal language. C) 10 normal persons. We took
      Kaplan and Polow scales of voice's qualities (1985). Four judges value
      independently from "0" to "10" all and every one of the "items". The obtained
      qualifications are put to the arithmetical mean and are set in the column of each
      "item". The great mean of deviation in the fistuloplastics was 1.17 while for the
      group of patients competent in esophageal language was 1.34.

PMID- 2635624
TI  - [Follow-up and evaluation using brain-stem evoked potentials of a pediatric
      population diagnosed as premature].
AB  - We study 65 patients coming from neonatology service with a diagnostic of
      prematurity and we test of audiometric level with brain stem response audiometry
      during three years, giving importance to the clinics characteristics that have
      affected during the story in the hospital. We diagnose hearing loss in a 41% of
      the patients, and in one case (5.88%) is retrocochlear (17.6%) as with no
      valuable. After three years only one patient presents persistent hearing loss;
      while in the first exploration 17 are considered pathologics. The prematurity by
      itself and without others clinic factors doesn't involve an important risk in the
      generation of hypoacusy.

PMID- 2635625
TI  - [Auditory brain-stem response and electronystagmographic findings in vestibular
      neuronitis. Neuronitis or neuritis?].
AB  - The authors have studied four cases of vestibular neuronitis. General and special
      ENT exploration were performed and repeated every month. The observation period
      was three months. ABR and ENG were used for evaluation. The cochlear part of the
      VIII cranial nerve ist affected without subjective clinical expression. So the
      patients were diagnosed as having vestibular neuronitis.

PMID- 2635626
TI  - [Physiological variations of auditory brain-stem evoked potentials].
AB  - From the beginning brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) has become a
      technique more and more useful in the daily clinic. In order to know the
      influence that over BERA have the stimulation parameters, record and individuals
      variables of each patient, we have developed a study over 50 healthy persons of
      both sex, with standard technical conditions of the studied different parameters.
      We agree with other authors in the mean latency values and waves amplitudes,
      except from the polarity in which our findings are different from those of the
      literature.

PMID- 2635627
TI  - [Early diagnosis of the ciliary immotility syndrome using the Tc99m-labelled
      serum albumin technic].
AB  - Ten newborn children and one diagnosed of Kartagener syndrome where studied by
      the Tc99m-labelled human serum albumin technique. In our results, this technique
      probed to be extremely useful and showed stasis of mucous in the pathologic case.

PMID- 2635628
TI  - [Airway obstruction caused by a lymphoid polyp of the palatine tonsil].
AB  - We report a case of airway obstruction in an adult patient due to a lymphoid
      polyp of the palatine tonsil. We discuss some aspects of etiopathogenesis and
      differential diagnosis of this uncommon tumour.

PMID- 2635629
TI  - [Primary tonsillar tuberculosis].
AB  - The authors depict one case of primary tuberculosis of the tonsil, they point out
      about its existence actually and they propose a protocol of early diagnosis.

PMID- 2635630
TI  - [A case of primary malignant melanoma of the nasopharynx].
AB  - We present a case of malignant nasopharynx melanoma in which we want to make
      special emphasis in its extreme rareness (few cases published). We are making a
      brief review of the process of the illness, its difficult histopathologic
      diagnostic, its bad prognostic and problematic treatment.

PMID- 2635631
TI  - [Complications of tonsillectomy. Our experience. Comparison of the dissection and
      Sluder-Ballenger technics].
AB  - One hundred and eighty six operations of tonsillectomy are revised, finding to
      the haemorrhage like the complication more important and we compare the incidence
      of this, according to the surgical technic.

PMID- 2635632
TI  - [Descriptive study of cancer of the cavum, particularly epidermoid carcinoma
      (1)].
AB  - The medical records of the 60 patients (between 4,600 computerized records) with
      carcinoma of the nasopharynx were reviewed. All patients were treated at "Ramon y
      Cajal Hospital" (Serv. of Radiotherapy and Otorhinolaryngology) between 1966 and
      1981 and had a minimum follow-up period of five years following completion of
      radiotherapy. 43 cases of the epidermoid carcinoma (including lymphoepithelioma)
      and 14 cases of non epidermoid carcinoma were reviewed; 3 cases were excluded
      because the patient did not follow-up. The ratio males/females was 2.2/1; their
      ages ranged from 14 to 81 years (average age: males 50 years and females 58.5
      years). The % cases/stage were as follows: I, 0%; II, 7%; III, 9% and IV, 84%.
      The initial presentation was manifested in 40% by cervical adenopathy, hearing
      loss and/or otalgia 28%, nasal obstruction 26% and epistasis 6%. The mean
      interval from onset of symptoms until initial patient evaluation was 10 months
      (67%, 1st y.; 23%, 2nd y. and 10%, 3rd y.).

PMID- 2635633
TI  - [Informed consent in oncology].
AB  - Informed consent is not a new principle in the patient--physician relationship.
      It emphasizes the basic principle of the patient's autonomy and the respect which
      is due to him/her. In oncology it covers clinical examination, complementary
      investigations, different treatments and follow-up. Obtaining the necessary
      information may be complicated by difficulties concerning the patient, the
      cancers and the physicians. The problematical aspects can be alleviated if the
      patient's autonomy is acknowledged and respected and if the physician succeeds in
      establishing a sound personal relationship with the patient.

PMID- 2635634
TI  - [Study of the clinical pharmacokinetics of fotemustine in various tumor
      indications].
AB  - Fotemustine (S 10036) is a new nitrosourea compound whose antitumoral activity
      has been demonstrated, particularly in disseminated malignant melanoma.
      Pharmacokinetic parameters of this drug were investigated during phase II
      clinical trials and compared according to tumor type. Twenty-six patients entered
      the study and received an induction treatment (weekly 100 mg/sq.m of fotemustine
      in 250 ml of 5% glucose in water over a one-hour IV infusion for 3 consecutive
      weeks) followed by a 4-week rest period. A maintenance therapy (100 mg/sq.m every
      three weeks) was proposed in stabilized or responsive patients. Plasmatic assay
      of fotemustine was carried out by HPLC. Seventy-one cycles were analyzed. A short
      half-life and a large intra and inter-individual variability of all kinetic
      parameters (especially plasmatic clearance) was found independent of tumour type.
      The study of patient's clinical behaviour was shown to be related to the
      clearance value obtained during the first treatment cycle which seems to predict
      the clinical response in the case of malignant melanoma. This finding needs to be
      confirmed in a larger number of patients and in other tumor localizations.

PMID- 2635635
TI  - [Prognostic value of prostatic acid phosphatase in stage B and C prostatic
      cancer. Apropos of 84 cases].
AB  - The authors have studied the prognostic interest of evaluating the prostatic acid
      phosphatase level before any treatment in 84 cases of stage B and C prostatic
      cancer. An abnormal PAP level did not significantly modify the 5-year life
      expectancy of patients, but was significantly correlated with a shorter period of
      disease-free survival. An abnormal PAP level increased the risk of recurrence;
      the higher the PAP level, the shorter the disease-free interval was. The disease
      stage (i.e., B or C) did not modify the 5-year survival period or the length of
      the remission. The prognosis is worse for a stage B prostatic cancer with a
      pathological PAP level than for a stage C cancer with a normal PAP level. A
      pathological PAP level seems to indicate the presence of occult metastases and
      should incite the clinician to actively investigate the matter.

PMID- 2635636
TI  - [Results of cisplatin-based polychemotherapy and analysis of prognostic factors
      in ovarian cancer. Apropos of 106 cases].
AB  - One hundred and six patients with stage Ic to IV ovarian carcinoma were treated
      by a protocol consisting of optimal debulking surgery followed by 9 cycles of
      CHAP chemotherapy. Clinical response was confirmed by a second-look procedure.
      Sixty-nine patients (65%) responded with 54 histological complete remissions
      (50.8%). Nineteen patients did not receive any complementary treatment due to a
      negative reaction, or prolonged neutropenia. Seven patients received maintenance
      chemotherapy, 10 an abdominal radiotherapy, 22 intraperitoneal chemotherapy and
      11 autologous bone marrow transplantation. The 5-year survival rate was 32.5% and
      disease-free survival rate was 39.7%. Prognostic-factor analysis showed that age,
      initial staging, residual disease and cytological grading were significant. The
      authors propose a classification based on the risk of relapse, and different
      therapeutic indications for improving response rate and patient survival.

PMID- 2635637
TI  - [Carcinoma of the cervical stump. Retrospective analysis of 43 cases].
AB  - Seven to eight percent of cervix carcinomas are carcinomas of the cervical stump.
      The prognosis for these tumors has sometimes been considered more unfavourable
      than that for carcinomas on intact uterus. From 1976 to 1986 we treated 43
      patients with carcinoma of the cervical stump. The mean age was 63.6 years.
      Staging system used was FIGO classification modified according to the criteria of
      Institut Gustave Roussy in Villejuif. There were 12 stage IB, 12 early stage II,
      5 late stage II and 14 stage III. Twenty-four centropelvic tumors (IB and early
      stage II) were treated with radiotherapy and surgery, 2 with surgery alone and
      one with radiotherapy alone. Late stage II and stage III tumors were treated with
      radiotherapy alone (+ hysterectomy for two patients). Local control rate was 83%
      for centropelvic tumors and 53% for late stage II and stage III. Seven patients
      developed distant metastases. Uncorrected 5-year actuarial survival rate was 78%
      for centro-pelvic tumors and 46% for late stage II and stage III. Three patients
      developed severe complications (grade 3). Prognostic factors were: stage, nodal
      status and pathological status of the cervix after radiotherapy. For the same
      stage the results were similar to those observed for carcinomas on intact uterus
      treated at our institution during the same time period.

PMID- 2635638
TI  - [Esophageal cancer at the department of Calvados. Geographic and social
      inequality factors].
AB  - The Calvados Registry of Digestive Tract Tumours registered 620 cases (582 males
      and 38 females) of oesophageal cancer during a six-year period (1978-1983). The
      age-standardized incidence rate (world standard) was 29.6 per 100,000 for males
      and 1.2 for females. The sex-ratio was 25. The rural area was a high-risk region
      compared to the urban, the age standardized rate was 38.8 per 100,000 vs 26.1 for
      males. The cantons from Caen showed a low risk compared to the departement as a
      whole (SIR = 69), while certain clustered cantons showed a high risk (SIR greater
      than 200). An important proportion of poor housing characterized those cantons.
      Agriculture, industry and building were high-risk sectors, the SIR were
      respectively 191, 135 and 170. The risk of oesophageal cancer is twelve times
      higher in manual workers, agricultural or other, than in those in management or
      craftsmen.

PMID- 2635639
TI  - [Pelvic exclusion using polyglactin 910 mesh (Vicryl) for preventing radiation
      injuries of the small intestine Apropos of a series of 24 cases].
AB  - The authors report a surgical procedure for prevention of radiation enteritis
      performed in 24 cases of advanced gynecological and rectosigmoid malignancies
      with a 12-month median follow-up. Visualization and resorption of the Vicryl mesh
      were analyzed by means of magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2635640
TI  - [Early adjuvant intraportal chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil after hepatic
      resection of colorectal metastasis: a preliminary clinical and pharmacokinetic
      study].
AB  - Intraportal continuous infusion of 5-FU (600 mg/m2/24 h during 7 days) was
      administered in the immediate postoperative course of 6 consecutive patients with
      colorectal metastases resected for cure (one segmentectomy and 5 nonanatomical
      local resections). One month later, a systemic continuous infusion of 5-FU was
      delivered at the same dose. The tolerance of intraportal chemotherapy was good
      despite 2 patients with mild digestive toxicity. The plasma concentrations of
      both unchanged 5-FU and 5,6-dihydro-5-FU (the primary metabolite of 5-FU), were
      determined in 2 patients using Gas Chromatography--Mass Spectrometry. The 5-FU
      clearance was higher after intraportal infusion than after systemic infusion (x
      1.5 to 3). Hepatic extraction was variable (0.32-0.70) and lower than in reported
      experimental data on dogs (0.90-0.99). 5,6-dihydro-5-FU concentrations were
      constantly higher than 5-FU concentrations in plasma. The patient with lower
      hepatic extraction had the higher 5,6-dihydro-5-FU plasma concentrations. These
      findings suggest a predominant extrahepatic formation of plasmatic 5,6-dihydro-5
      FU.

PMID- 2635641
TI  - Effects of Cu(II) (3,5-diisopropylsalicylate)2 on soluble protein kinase C
      activity in rat liver.
AB  - The superoxide dismutase mimetic compound, Cu(II) (3,5-diisopropylsalicylate)2
      (CuDIPS) inhibited soluble Ca2+/phospholipid dependent protein, kinase (protein
      kinase C) in rat liver, competing with ATP. The Ca2+/phospholipid- and TPA
      stimulated phosphorylation of endogenous proteins were also inhibited by CuDIPS.
      In vitro and in vivo CuDIPS as well as CuSO4 reduced the activity of TPA
      stimulated protein kinase C, while 3,5-diisopropylsalicylate lacked this effect.
      Our results indicate that CuDIPS interacts with the catalytic domain of the
      enzyme and the inhibition of protein kinase C may be due to copper(II) ions.

PMID- 2635642
TI  - The stimulating effect of acetic acid, alcohol and thermal burn injury on
      esophagus and forestomach carcinogenesis induced by N-nitrososarcosin ethyl ester
      in rats.
AB  - Five groups of outbred white male rats were given N-nitrososarcosin ethyl ester
      (NSEE) i.g. for 4 or 6 months at a daily dose of 50 mg/kg of body wt. 5
      days/week. Some groups of animals were given a 3% water solution of acetic acid
      or a 40% solution of ethanol i.g. for 8 months from the beginning of the
      experiment. The remaining groups of these rats received controlled local thermal
      burn injury of the esophageal mucosa 15 days before the beginning of the
      experiment. Acetic acid solution increased the multiplicity of benign and
      malignant tumors as well as carcinoma incidence in the esophagus. Ethanol in
      combination with NSEE did not influence carcinogenesis in the esophagus but
      increased the incidence of leukokeratosis and the multiplicity of forestomach
      papillomas. In rats treated with NSEE after thermal burn injury, a significant
      increase in the frequency and multiplicity of papillomas was found in the burn
      zone.

PMID- 2635643
TI  - Inhibition of binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene to DNA by butylated hydroxytoluene
      and butylated hydroxyanisole in vitro.
AB  - Numerous studies have shown that the food antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene
      (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), under specific exposure conditions, can
      inhibit hepatocarcinogenesis induced by various carcinogens. The purpose of the
      present work was to study the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the
      anticarcinogenic activity of BHA and BHT using in vitro systems. The effects of
      BHA and BHT on the binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) to DNA was determined
      in a microsomal system and in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. It was found
      that both antioxidants reduce the binding of 2-AAF and that of N-OH-2
      acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-2-AAF) to calf thymus DNA in the presence of liver
      microsomes. The inhibition was however more pronounced with the parent compound.
      Lower levels of DNA binding were also detected in hepatocytes incubated with 2
      AAF along with BHA or BHT. These results suggest that phenolic antioxidants can
      exert anticarcinogenic activity through modulation of carcinogen interaction with
      DNA which may reflect on alteration in carcinogen metabolic activation.

PMID- 2635644
TI  - Platinum complexes of triaminotriphenylmethanes: interaction with DNA and
      radiosensitization.
AB  - Complexes of the negatively charged tetrachloroplatinum (II) dianion and the
      positively charged triaminotriphenylmethane nuclear dyes, Basic Fuchsin and
      Methyl Green have been prepared. Elemental analysis indicated that the complexes
      associate as PtCl4(Basic Fuchsin)2 and PtCl4(Methyl Green) in neutral, tight ion
      pairs. Studies with pBR322 DNA indicated that Pt(Basic Fuchsin)2 and Basic
      Fuchsin produced no irreversible DNA changes, but that Pt(Methyl Green) readily
      and Methyl Green less efficiently produced single strand breaks in the DNA.
      Cytotoxicity studies in exponentially, growing asynchronous EMT6 cells in vitro
      showed that Pt(Basic Fuchsin)2 was more cytotoxic than Pt(Methyl Green) and that
      both complexes were more toxic to normally oxygenated than hypoxic cells and to
      cells at normal vs. acidotic pH (6.45). Radiation studies, also in EMT6 cells,
      demonstrated that Pt(Methyl Green) was an effective radiosensitizing drug in
      hypoxic cells (dose modifying factor [DMF] 1.9), but that neither the free dyes
      nor Pt(Basic Fuchsin)2 had significant radiosensitizing activity. In vivo studies
      in the FSallC fibrosarcoma confirmed the radiosensitizing properties of Pt(Methyl
      Green) (DMF 2.7), and indicated that Pt(Basic Fuchsin)2 also had some activity
      (DMF 1.4) which was equivalent to that of mizonidazole (DMF 1.4). These
      investigations suggest that these or similar platinum-dye complexes may have
      important antitumor applications in the human clinic.

PMID- 2635645
TI  - [Inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylases by the anti-inflammatory agent
      flobufen and 2',4'-difluorbiphenyl-4-acetic acid].
AB  - The effect of the novel Czechoslovak antiphlogistic agent flobufen (VUFB 16066, 4
      [2',4'-difluorbiphenyl]-4-oxo-methyl-butanic acid) and its metabolite 2',4'
      difluorbiphenyl-4-yl acetic acid (VUFB 17203) on decarboxylase of aromatic amino
      acids (DAAK, E. C. 4.1.1.28) of the rat liver (supernatant 20,000 x g) was
      studied in vitro. The concentrations of 3.8 x 10(-4) mol x 1(-1) of flobufen and
      4.4 x 10(-4) mol x 1(-1) of difluorbiphenylyl acetic acid produced 50% inhibition
      n the enzyme. Ki for flobufen is approximately 1.5 x 10(-4) mol x 1(-1), the
      reaction with the inhibitor takes place in the ratio 1:1 and the enzyme-inhibitor
      complex does not exert any catalytic activity. In the tissues with a low activity
      of DAAK, inhibition could be manifested by decreased synthesis of serotonin and
      dopamine.

PMID- 2635646
TI  - [Derivatives of thioallophanic acid with anthelmintic activity].
AB  - A reaction of potassium thiocyanate with methyl and ethyl ester of chloroformic
      acid (I-II) resulted in methoxy- and ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanates which through
      an addition reaction with various primary and secondary amines, diamines and
      hydrazines yielded the perinently substituted esters of thioallophanic acid (III
      XXI). The obtained agents were tested for anthelmintic and anticoccidial effects.

PMID- 2635647
TI  - Chromosome aberrations and dominant lethals in Culex fatigans due to mercuric
      chloride.
AB  - The mosquito, Culex fatigans, was used for determining the possible mutagenic
      potential of mercuric chloride, using chromosome aberrations and frequency of
      dominant lethals as the parameters. As many as 27.75 +/- 0.85% aberrations
      against 2.75 +/- 0.35% (P less than 0.001) in the controls were observed in the
      chromosomes of the animals treated with 0.001 microgram/ml of mercuric chloride.
      Similarly the frequency of dominant lethals was statistically significant in the
      treated lot. The results indicate that this compound is genotoxic.

PMID- 2635648
TI  - Effect of constant light and darkness on the mitotic activity of adrenal cortex
      undergoing adrenal regeneration or compensatory growth in male Wistar rats.
AB  - The effect of constant light and darkness on the mitotic activity of the adrenal
      cortex in the course of adrenal regeneration and compensatory growth in male
      Wistar rats was investigated. Three separate experiments were performed in
      different seasons. It was found, that on the tenth day of both regeneration and
      compensatory growth, constant darkness decreased the mitotic activity of the
      adrenal cortex, and in contrast, constant light had no significant effect when
      compared with the controls.

PMID- 2635649
TI  - Pathology of cyclosporin A in mosquito larvae.
AB  - Silica gel granules coated with cyclosporin A were used for intoxication of
      larvae of Culex pipiens. Pathological changes were evident in all tissues,
      characterized by the formation of minute vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Individual
      cells were affected to different degrees. The targets of cyclosporin A were
      mainly mitochondria which inflated their cristae, disintegrated and changed into
      vacuoles with ghosts of their structures remaining. Minor changes were evident in
      the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Microvilli, cell membranes and
      nuclear membranes were not affected, but were involved in the stages of
      degeneration of the killed cell.

PMID- 2635650
TI  - Genotoxicity studies on mice after short term inhalation exposure to methyl
      isocyanate.
AB  - Mutagenicity testing is an important aspect of the toxicological evaluation of
      environmental chemicals for safety. Methyl isocyanate (MIC), a very hazardous
      chemical used for the manufacture of insecticides, was studied for its genotoxic
      effects on the somatic cells of mice after inhalation exposure by means of an in
      vivo micronucleus test and chromosomal analysis of bone marrow cells. Animals
      were exposed for 10 min to different concentrations (2.40, 4.80 or 7.20
      microliters) of MIC in a 22 litre chamber at 0 and 24 h. Bone marrow smears
      prepared 6 h after the second treatment were examined for the occurrence of
      micronuclei (MN) in polychromatic (P) and normochromatic (N) erythrocytes. The
      frequencies of cells with MN and the P/N ratio did not differ significantly from
      those of the control at all the exposure levels. Chromosomal preparations
      revealed few structural and numerical abnormalities. Aberrations encountered were
      of the chromatid type only. Quantitative analyses failed to exhibit any
      significant increase in aberration rates in the three treated groups. Numerical
      abnormalities were within the control range.

PMID- 2635651
TI  - [Osteitis condensans ilii: therapy and diagnostic problems. Presentation of a
      case study].
AB  - The authors describe 4 female patients with Osteitis Condensans Ilii (OCI): 3 of
      them were pluriparous, ranging 32-36 years of age; while the remaining was
      nulliparous and 20 years old, with a previous trauma suffered in the iliac bone.
      Due to the inefficacy of the medical and physical treatment, two patients
      underwent surgical resection of the osteitic bone; then followed by a 45 days
      cast immobilization and a 3-4 months with restricted load. The other 2 patients
      were successfully treated with Indomethacin (a 100 mg/day cycle for a month,
      followed by a maintainance cycle with 300 mg/day for 3 months). The diagnostic
      aspects are then discussed, pointing out that absence of any peripheric
      neurologic damage, normal bone scan, female sex and younger age are the relevant
      characteristics for the diagnosis of OCI.

PMID- 2635652
TI  - [Arthrography of the subastragalar joint in primary and secondary tarsal sinus
      syndromes].

PMID- 2635653
TI  - [Experimental determination of the wear of biomaterials used in the construction
      of hip arthroprosthesis].
AB  - The author reports the results of an experimental test using a "hip simulator" to
      evaluate the wear rate of hip prostheses. The following couplings were tested:
      Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum (CoCrMo)-Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene
      (UHMWPE), Alumina (Al203)-Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) and
      Alumina (Al203)-Alumina (Al203). The Results obtained emphasize that the
      tribologic properties of alumina are better than those of the other materials
      tested.

PMID- 2635654
TI  - [3 cases of cleidocranial dysostosis].

PMID- 2635655
TI  - [2 familial cases of cranio-metaphyseal dysostosis].
AB  - The authors describe two familial cases of cranio-metaphyseal dysostosis. The
      clinical and radiographic features of the cases are analyzed, and the type of
      treatment used reported.

PMID- 2635656
TI  - [A rare case of myositis ossificans].

PMID- 2635658
TI  - [A case of fracture of the 5th cervical vertebra caused by electric shock].

PMID- 2635657
TI  - [A case of bilateral tibial agenesis with multiple malformations and an unusual
      face: a new syndrome?].
AB  - This paper deals with a patient affected with total bilateral tibial agenesis,
      multiple congenital deformities and a very unusual face. After a review of the
      literature this case has resembled interesting to point out because it is
      probably an autonomous nosologic form.

PMID- 2635659
TI  - [A case of congenital bilateral hip luxation in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome].

PMID- 2635660
TI  - [Treatment of subcutaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon].
AB  - The authors present the results of 13 cases operated for subcutaneous rupture of
      the extensor pollicis longus. Transferral of the extensor indicis proprius was
      employed in 12 cases and tenodesis involving the extensor pollicis brevis was
      performed in 1. Results are best when abduction and retropulsion of the thumb are
      restored. Testing of the correct tension of the transferral procedure is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2635661
TI  - [Carpal tunnel syndrome in shoe hemmers].
AB  - The authors verified the working activity of patients observed at the Division of
      Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Porto San Giorgio Hospital between 1986 and 1987
      for symptoms of median nerve compression at the wrist. Moreover, the pathogenetic
      relationship between repetitive movement and carpal tunnel syndrome were also
      studied. Out of a total of 267 cases, including 201 women and 66 men, 67 worked
      as shoe hemmers. Twenty-five percent of the total number of patients were shoe
      hemmers, and 33% of these were females. The Authors observed a thickened and
      fibrous carpal transverse ligament in these patients who were employed in hand
      repetitive tasks. This swollen ligament probably compresses the median nerve at
      the wrist.

PMID- 2635662
TI  - [Traumatic luxation of the hip in children].
AB  - The authors report the long-term results of the non-surgical treatment of 15
      cases of traumatic dislocation of the hip during the growth age, followed-up
      after an average of 14 years (5-26 years). There were 14 cases of posterior
      dislocation and 1 case of anterior dislocation (the latter complicated by
      ischemia due to compression of the common femoral artery), in patients aged from
      3.5 to 15 years (average age 11 years). All of the cases were treated by non
      surgical reduction under general anesthesia in an emergency situation, and a
      plaster cast which was worn for 30-55 days. At long-term follow-up the results
      were evaluated as follows good, with complete healing, in 67% of the cases; fair,
      with moderate, non-symptomatic radiographic arthritic changes, in 26%; poor in
      only 1 case (7%) which was complicated by necrosis of the femoral head. Post
      traumatic arthrosis and cephalic necrosis were observed in patients aged more
      than 10 years, and where fracture was associated with the dislocation, indicating
      trauma of considerable intensity. The duration of immobilization in a plaster
      cast and no weight-bearing did not influence the results. Traumatic hip
      dislocation during the growth age has a better prognosis as compared to that
      occurring during adult age. Particularly favorable prognostic factors are age
      under 10 years and the absence of fractures associated with the dislocation.

PMID- 2635663
TI  - [Septic arthritis in children].
AB  - Seventy-five cases of children affected with septic arthritis for a total of 85
      joints were followed-up after an average of 6 years and 9 months and evaluated
      according to Rigault clinical and radiographic criteria. Prognosis of the disease
      was related to age (less favorable results during neonatal age), to the joint
      affected (the hip and shoulder obtained the worst results, the knee the best),
      and to delay in diagnosis. Early and suitable surgical treatment associated with
      systemic antibiotic therapy is required.

PMID- 2635664
TI  - [Cloning of the cDNA coding for human prointerleukin-1 alpha and prointerleukin-1
      beta].

PMID- 2635665
TI  - [Oscillatory changes in the transcription and supercoiling of minichromosomal DNA
      after the withdrawal of butyric acid from a mouse cell culture].

PMID- 2635666
TI  - [Alpha-latrotoxin-induced liposome fusion].

PMID- 2635667
TI  - [Spontaneous changes in the amino acid sequence of peptides in aqueous
      solutions].

PMID- 2635668
TI  - [Dispersion ratios in electrodynamics as applied to biological objects].

PMID- 2635669
TI  - [The luminescence diagnosis of neoplasms in the IR range using porphyrin metal
      complexes].

PMID- 2635670
TI  - [The behavioral dynamics and catalytic properties of the cytochrome P-450 of
      liver microsomes in the presence of Mg2+ ions].

PMID- 2635671
TI  - [The effect of antitumor preparations on the energy metabolism of melanoma B16 in
      mice. A 31P-NMR method in vivo].

PMID- 2635672
TI  - F-actin organization influences the osmotic reactions of animal cells.
AB  - The resistance of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT)
      cells to the disruption in strongly hypotonic medium was measured in the presence
      or absence of cytochalasin B. The osmotic resistance of CEF spread on solid
      substratum was much higher than that of CEF suspended in a fluid medium.
      Cytochalasin B decreased the osmotic resistance of spread CEF, but not of
      suspended CEF or EAT cells. These data demonstrate that not only the properties
      of cell membrane, but also the organization of actin filaments determines the
      osmotic reactions of cells.

PMID- 2635673
TI  - On the autocrine growth regulation of Morris hepatoma cells.
AB  - Chemically induced, transplantable Morris hepatoma 7777 cells (MH) were examined
      for their anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth properties. MH
      cells were found to grow on solid surface in a density-dependent manner, with
      respect to serum factors and gelatinization. The correlation between anchorage
      independent growth of MH cells and agar or serum concentrations in the culture
      medium was described. The ability of MH cells to stimulation of soft agar colony
      formation of NRK-49F indicator cells in coculture assay was presented. Autocrine
      control of proliferation of MH cells by TGFs-like factor(s) was suggested.

PMID- 2635674
TI  - Ultrastructure of epithelial cells in rat's epididymal caput in experimental
      hyperprolactinemia induced by metoclopramide.
AB  - The aim of the performed studies has been to find out wether or not the
      ultrastructural alterations of the epithelial cells in the rat's epididymal caput
      occur in hyperprolactinemia induced by metoclopramide and to see if the observed
      changes are of reversible character. It has been revealed that prolactin
      concentration was twice as high as in control animals due to peritoneal
      administration of metoclopramide in a dose of 2.2 mg/kg body mass, given for 14
      days. The ultrastructural alterations in the principal cells of epididymal caput
      affected cellular organelles being involved in proteins synthesis, glycosylation,
      secretion as well as energetic processes. They were manifested by decreased
      amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, widening of its cisternae combined with
      degranulation, distension of Golgi apparatus cisternae, elevated number of
      vesicles in apical part of the cells, and changes in mitochondria. The
      termination of metoclopramide administration made prolactin concentration exhibit
      values being almost similar to those determined in control rats, whereas the
      ultrastructural changes in the principal cells were found to be reversible.

PMID- 2635675
TI  - Immunohistology of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors.
AB  - DAKO quick staining kits were used to immunostainings for Epithelial Membrane
      Antigen (EMA) Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein (S-100) in 18
      carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract classified according to Soga and
      Tazawa. EMA was always absent in carcinoid tumors, being at the same time present
      within glandular epithelium. 88% of cases showed positive immunostaining for NSE.
      S-100 immunostaining showed immunopositive stellate cells present within the
      tumor especially within type A carcinoids. In addition in one carcinoid tumor
      thick, strongly S-100 positive bundles were noticed at the periphery of nests of
      tumor cells. Combined immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies are needed
      to elucidate interrelation of neoplastic and neural elements within carcinoid
      tumorsa.

PMID- 2635676
TI  - Intercellular contacts of astroglial cells in vitro in the presence of PGE2. SEM,
      TEM and immunocytochemical studies.
AB  - The investigations were performed on 32 tumors of the CNS of fibrillary and
      gemistocyte type of astrocytoma from which the cultures were derived. The
      dissociated culture was used and the cells were seeded direct on glass. The MEM
      was supplemented with calf serum and embryonal extract. The cells maintained in
      culture for 21 days. They developed multiple or single long and delicate
      processes which originated a network of relative high density. SEM observations
      indicate that the cell established intercellular connections through spikes and
      surfaces of the processes and cell bodies. TEM studies have shown that the cell
      to cell connections are very tight but the contacts between the cell processes
      are similar to those described by DUFFY as punctate connections. The addition of
      PGE2 does not disturb the reconstruction of intercellular communication. The
      estimation of GFAP antigenicity of the investigated cells proved their astrocytic
      origin and revealed that the intermediate fibres are in the cell processes, and
      in the location of the contacts between cells.

PMID- 2635677
TI  - [Dihydropyridines are not the only antihypertensives. Calcium blockers in the
      therapy of elderly hypertensive patients].

PMID- 2635678
TI  - [Serotonin antagonism--a new working principle. Blood pressure lowering and
      vasoprotection for the elderly hypertensive patient. Symposium of the 4th
      European meeting on hypertension. 18 June 1989, Milan].

PMID- 2635679
TI  - [Renaissance for macrolides. Improved pharmacokinetics with newer substances.
      16th International Congress of Chemotherapy. 11-16 June 1989].

PMID- 2635680
TI  - [Focal point: HDL. Prevention of coronary heart disease in the 1990's. Report of
      a symposium. Munich, 2-4 June 1989].

PMID- 2635681
TI  - [Cisapride--help for motility disorders. Selective enhancement of motility for
      the entire gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2635682
TI  - [Therapeutic options--fixed dose combinations for treatment of hypertension.
      Report of the 3rd annual meeting of the American Society of Hypertension, New
      York, 1988].

PMID- 2635683
TI  - [Imodium for chronic diarrhea. Improving the quality of life. Report of the 44th
      meeting of the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, 28 September
      1989].

PMID- 2635685
TI  - [Health research after Law 25 SGBV. Rapid diagnosis improves acceptance. Report
      of a forum, Rome, 27-29 October 1989].

PMID- 2635684
TI  - [Naproxen and cartilage. Protective non-steroidal anti-rheumatic for the joint?
      Report from the 12th World Congress for Rheumatology in Rio de Janeiro--"NSAIDs-
      are there long-term effects on joints?"].

PMID- 2635686
TI  - [Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Therapy and prophylaxis. Utilization of
      pentamidine aerosol. International symposium, November 1989, Paris].

PMID- 2635688
TI  - [Case-control surveillance of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Lyell's syndrome.
      Presentation of the GISED project].
AB  - The design of a case-control surveillance of Stevens-Johnson and Lyell syndrome
      is presented. The study is focussing on drug-related risks. The case-control
      methodology is particularly suitable for evaluation of rare events. The project
      has been launched in February 1989 and is co-ordinated by GISED in collaboration
      with the M. Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan.

PMID- 2635687
TI  - [Analysis of point mutations of Ha-ras gene in basaliomas and spinaliomas usiang
      the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technic].
AB  - Polymerase chain reaction is a recently developed procedure to detect point
      mutations in human genomic DNA. The sensitivity and specificity of this technique
      which requires a very little amount of DNA, have allowed the large scale
      screening of tumors. The Authors report the detection of point mutations of Ha
      ras gene at codon 12 in 12 basal cell carcinomas and 10 cutaneous squamous cell
      carcinomas by the use of polymerase chain reaction in paraffin-embedded tissue
      sections. The gene alteration was identified in 2 basaliomas whereas no squamous
      cell carcinoma showed point mutations. These results suggest that point mutations
      of Ha-ras gene do not represent a general activating mechanism in cutaneous
      epitheliomas.

PMID- 2635689
TI  - [Clinical variants of pachydermoperiostosis: complete, incomplete and atypical
      forms].
AB  - We describe two cases of pachydermoperiostosis, that, with the case that we have
      already published, allow us to present the complete clinical picture of the
      disease in the three forms: complete, incomplete and "forme fruste". It is
      interesting to note that the lack of an important symptom (digital clubbing or
      CVG) does not exclude the diagnosis but defines the clinical variant. The
      primitive hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is a common feature for the three
      patients, marked for I and III case, mild, but important from the diagnostic
      point of view, for the II case. The identification of a new marker of
      osteoblastic activity: osteocalcin blood level, is very important to determine
      the degree of activity of the disease. EM study, performed for the first time,
      shows an enhanced activity of the fibroblasts and a thickening of the basal
      membrane of the blood vessels. It is own opinion that the clinical picture
      observed, the vascular, the metabolic, the EM investigations give a further
      contribution to the understanding of this disease.

PMID- 2635690
TI  - [Congenital transient mechanobullous dermatosis (Bart's syndrome). A clinical
      case and review of the literature].
AB  - Bart's syndrome or congenital transient mechano-bullous dermatosis is one of the
      lesser known presentations of epidermolysis bullosa. It is characterized by
      congenital skin defects and by a tendency for blistering of the skin and
      sometimes of mucous membranes and sometimes associated with nail deformities, all
      of which remitted within in a few years. A neonate is described and compared with
      similar patterns from the literature.

PMID- 2635691
TI  - Paralytic activity of (des-Glu1)conotoxin GI analogs in the mouse diaphragm.
AB  - A series of 20 peptide analogs of (des-Glu1)conotoxin GI were prepared by solid
      phase synthesis. The peptides were tested for their abilities to inhibit
      contractions in the mouse-diaphragm-with-phrenic-nerve assay. (Des-Glu1)conotoxin
      has an IC50 of 2.7 x 10(-7) M in this assay. Results from this assay show that
      total loss of paralytic activity occurs when Pro is replaced by Gly, Tyr by D
      Tyr, or Gly by D-Phe. In most cases loss or change in length of one of the
      disulfide rings eliminates paralytic activity except with compound 17, which is
      weakly active, IC50 = 7.0 x 10(-5) M. Replacement of the Cys1-Cys6 disulfide bond
      with an amide bond (compound 9) greatly lowers paralytic activity, IC50 = 3.7 x
      10(-5) M.

PMID- 2635692
TI  - Crystal structure and conformational analysis of angiotensinogen fragments.
AB  - The tripeptide acetyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-histidine crystallizes in the
      orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with eight molecules in a unit cell of
      dimensions a = 9.028(2), b = 140.54(6) and c = 42.41(1)A. The structure has been
      solved by direct methods and refined to an R value of 0.056 for 2904 observed
      reflections. The molecule exists as a zwitterion with terminal (His)CO2- and
      (imidazole)H+ as charged groups. The two peptide molecules in the structure adopt
      a type I beta-turn with Pro and Phe as the corner residues. The main
      conformational difference between the two crystallographically independent
      molecules is seen to be in the histidine side-chain orientations. The molecules
      arrange themselves in sheets perpendicular to the c axis. All hydrophobic side
      chains lie on one side of the sheets thus generated, whereas the hydrophilic
      groups are located on the other side. An interesting feature of the crystal
      structure is the existence of a water layer between adjacent peptide sheets. The
      conformational study of the isolated Ac-His-Pro-Phe-His-MA using energy
      calculations gives a rather limited number of stable conformers. The most stable
      corresponds to a type I beta-turn stabilized through two hydrogen bonds, followed
      by a less stable type II beta-turn (delta E = 2.0 kcal) and a partly helical
      structure (delta E = 2.6 kcal).

PMID- 2635693
TI  - Structure and conformation of peptides containing the sulfonamide junction. II.
      Synthesis and conformation of cyclo[-MeTau-Phe-DPro-].
AB  - By applying the method of amino-acyl incorporation to sulfonamido peptides,
      cyclo(-MeTau-Phe-DPro-) 3 has been synthesized in high yield starting from Z
      MeTau-Phe-Pro-OH. The crystal structure and the molecular conformation of 3 have
      been determined. Crystals are orthorhombic, s.g. P2(1)2(1)2(1), with a = 5.454, b
      = 13.486, c = 24.025 A. The structure has been solved by direct methods and
      refined to R = 0.039 for 1974 reflections with I greater than 1.5 sigma (I). The
      10-measured cyclopeptide adopts a backbone conformation in the crystals
      characterized by Phe-DPro and DPro-MeTau peptide bonds in trans and cis
      conformation, respectively. Both the peptide bonds deviate significantly from
      planarity and the corresponding [delta omega[ values are ca. 12 degrees. The
      sulfonamide SO2NH junction adopts a cisoidal conformation with a C alpha 1-S1-N2
      C alpha 2 torsion angle of 70.8 degrees. 13C n.m.r. data show that the trans
      geometry at the Phe-DPro junction found in the crystals is retained in DMSO
      solution. The 10-membered ring of 3 is characterized by a pseudo mirror-plane
      passing through the Phe nitrogen and the DPro carbonylic carbon. The DPro ring
      adopts a half-chair conformation. The Phe side chain conformation corresponds to
      the statistically most favored g- rotamer (chi 1 = -68.6 degrees). The crystal
      packing is characterized by a weak intermolecular hydrogen bond between NH group
      and the MeTau O1' oxygen.

PMID- 2635694
TI  - Conformational perturbations in retro-analogs of the tBuCO-Ala-Gly-NHiPr
      dipeptide. Crystal structure of the retro-dipeptide with a reversed Ala-Gly amide
      bond.
AB  - The three retro-analogs of the tBuCO-Ala-Gly-NHiPr dipeptide, in which each amide
      bond had been successively reversed, were studied in solution by 1H-n.m.r. and
      i.r. spectroscopy with reference to the conformational properties of their parent
      dipeptide. Reversal of the Ala-Gly amide bond proved to perturb the folding
      tendency of the backbone less than the inversion of either of the terminal amide
      bonds. The crystal structure of the retro-peptide containing a reversed Ala-Gly
      amide bond was also solved by X-ray diffraction and constitutes the first
      available data for this retro-peptide series. In contrast to the beta II-folded
      structure of the parent dipeptide, the retro-peptide molecule adopts an open
      conformation in the crystal.

PMID- 2635695
TI  - Conformational energy analysis of the pentapeptide Ac-Arg-Asn-Cys-Tyr-Asn-NMA
      from alpha 1-purothionin.
AB  - Conformational energy analyses were carried out on the pentapeptide RNCYN (Ac-Arg
      Asn-Cys-Tyr-Asn-NMA) and on related peptides. RNCYN is a highly conserved amino
      acid sequence in thionins and viscotoxins. The conformation of the pentapeptide
      was calculated to be an amphipathic alpha-helix, with the tyrosine and cysteine
      on the nonpolar side of the helix and the arginine and both asparagines on the
      polar side. Our results are inconsistent with the conformation determined using
      the Chou-Fasman prediction method, but are consistent with the conformation
      determined experimentally (using n.m.r.) for this pentapeptide sequence in alpha
      1-purothionin.

PMID- 2635696
TI  - Solid phase synthesis of a trypsin inhibitor isolated from the Cucurbitaceae
      Ecballium elaterium.
AB  - The synthesis of a 28-residue peptide isolated from Ecballium elaterium of the
      Cucurbitaceae family which strongly inhibits trypsin activities (Ka = 8.10(
      11)M), using BOP as the coupling reagent in a solid phase procedure is presented.
      This micro protein contains three disulfide bridges in its sequence and was
      obtained after oxidation of the six half-cystine residues either by air or with
      the use of carboethoxysulfenyl chloride. After purification by semi-preparative
      HPLC, the synthetic product was shown by trypsin inhibition tests to be identical
      with the trypsin inhibitor EETI II isolated from Ecballium elaterium.

PMID- 2635697
TI  - Purification and characterization of trypsins from the digestive tract of Locusta
      migratoria.
AB  - Two trypsin-like enzymes were isolated from the digestive tract of the African
      migratory locust Locusta migratoria migratorioides. Primary purification was
      carried out on a DEAE-cellulose column, from which the two trypsins emerged in
      the anionic fraction. Further purification was achieved by affinity
      chromatography on a p-aminobenzamidine (PABA)-Sepharose column, which also
      separated the two trypsins (TLEAff.1. and TLEAff.2.), or by HPLC on an anion
      exchange column. The purity and homogeneity of the trypsins were demonstrated by
      electrophoresis of cellulose acetate strips and in polyacrylamide gels, with and
      without SDS. The molecular weights of TLEAff.1 and TLEAff.2, as determined by SDS
      PAGE, were 17,000 and 24,000 respectively. The amino acid compositions of the
      locust trypsins were similar to those of trypsins from the digestive systems of
      other insects, which are characterized by the lack or low content of half
      cystines. The isoelectric points were 3.2 for TLEAff.1 and 3.5 fold for TLEAff.2.
      Since most of the locust trypsin comprised TLEAff.2, the latter served as the
      main object of this study. TLEAff.2 was unstable at low pH, differing in this
      respect from mammalian trypsins. The optimum activity was at pH 8.5-9.0. The Km
      and kcat, values were similar to those for bovine trypsin. Activation by
      substrate, a phenomenon in bovine trypsin, was also observed for TLEAff.2. The
      locust trypsin was full inhibited by the proteinaceous trypsin inhibitors Bowman
      Birk (BBI) and Kunitz from soybeans, CI from chickpeas, chicken ovomucoid (COM),
      and turkey ovomucoid (TOM). It was inactivated by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
      (PMSF) and tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), indicating the involvement
      of serine and histidine in the active site.

PMID- 2635698
TI  - [Potassium deficiency management in geriatrics].

PMID- 2635699
TI  - [Pharmacology and clinical use of diuretics: torasemide in focus. Satellite
      symposium. 3rd International Conference on Diuretics. Mexico City, 2-7 April
      1989].

PMID- 2635700
TI  - [Ischemia and serotonin. Symposium. 15th World Congress for Angiology. Rome, 19
      September 1989].

PMID- 2635701
TI  - [Ulcer--campylobacter pylori--bismuth therapy].

PMID- 2635702
TI  - [Chronic inflammatory stomach disorders (Crohn disease--ulcerative colitis)].

PMID- 2635703
TI  - [A new concept in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases--Propulsin.
      Workshop, Beerse, Belgium, 16 June 1989].

PMID- 2635704
TI  - The cell cycle. Proceedings of the British Society for Cell Biology-Journal of
      Cell Science Symposium. St Andrews, April 1989.

PMID- 2635705
TI  - Nuclear structure and the control of DNA replication in the Xenopus embryo.
AB  - We have developed a cell-free system from frog eggs that efficiently initiates
      and completes a single round of semi-conservative replication. 70-100% of sperm
      chromatin and up to 40% of plasmid DNA molecules are completely replicated in
      vitro. Before DNA is replicated it is assembled into nuclei surrounded by a
      double unit membrane studded with nuclear pores. Flow cytometry shows that
      initiation events are co-ordinated within individual nuclei, although different
      nuclei can start to replicate at different times in the same extract. This
      demonstrates the importance of nuclear structure in the control of DNA
      replication in this system. Only a single round of semi-conservative replication
      occurs in the cell-free system. This mirrors the way that only one round of DNA
      replication occurs in each cell cycle in vivo. When replicated nuclei are
      transferred to fresh extract they are unable to undergo another round of
      replication. However, if the nuclear envelope is permeabilised before nuclei are
      transferred to fresh extract, the DNA becomes capable of undergoing a further
      round of semi-conservative replication. These results suggest a simple model for
      the control of DNA replication within the cell cycle, whereby an essential
      initiation factor can only gain access to DNA when the nuclear envelope breaks
      down during mitosis.

PMID- 2635706
TI  - Centrosomes and the cell cycle.
AB  - Centrosomes are the ensemble of organelles that form the poles of the mitotic
      spindle. We have examined the properties of the mechanisms that control the
      precise doubling, or reproduction, of centrosomes during the cell cycle. A
      functional analysis of this event in sea urchin eggs indicates that it is limited
      by the reproduction of determinants that we call polar organizers, around which
      the centrosome is organized. Each centrosome contains two polar organizers whose
      splitting, physical separation, and duplication control the reproduction of the
      centrosome. The splitting and duplication events are distinct processes that can
      be experimentally put out of phase with each other for several cell cycles. A
      serial section ultrastructural analysis of centrosomes with altered reproduction
      shows that the reproductive capacity of a centrosome is correlated with the
      number of centrioles it contains. In other experiments we show that centrosome
      reproduction is cytoplasmically controlled; centrosomes repeatedly double in a
      normal fashion in physically enucleated sea urchin eggs and eggs in which DNA
      synthesis has been inhibited by aphidicolin. In addition, we show that
      centrosomes, through the spindle microtubules they nucleate, play an important
      role in the mechanisms that control the timing of mitotic events and the overall
      duration of the cell cycle. Taken together, our observations in concert with
      those of others suggest that the cell cycle is a cytoplasmic phenomenon that does
      not require nuclear activities for cells that are not growth-limited.

PMID- 2635707
TI  - The head cartilage of cephalopods. II. Ultrastructure of isolated native collagen
      fibrils and of polymeric aggregates obtained in vitro: comparison with the
      cartilage of mammals.
AB  - Native collagen fibrils were isolated from cephalopod head cartilage and mammal
      hyaline cartilage. The analysis with TEM after positive and negative staining
      demonstrated that the fibrils have a periodic structure similar to that of
      fibrillar type I collagen of mammals. The banding pattern of polymeric forms
      (SLS, FLS) obtained in vitro from squid cartilage collagen was remarkably
      different from the analogous forms of mammal collagen types I and II.

PMID- 2635708
TI  - Electron microscopy of the novel barley yellow streak mosaic virus.
AB  - Unique particles of barley yellow streak mosaic virus (BYSMV) were detected in
      diseased barley, wheat, and several species of grass. They appeared to be about
      64 nm in width and from 127 nm to an astonishing 4000 nm in length. Individual
      particles were circular in transverse section. The outermost layer of each
      particle seemed to be a membrane-like envelope. The internal structure of many
      particles was bead-like. Some particles had centers that were translucent. The
      BYSMV particles were distributed throughout the leaf, sheath, root, and awn
      organs of barley. Virus particles were present in all cell types of the
      epidermis, mesophyll, phloem, and xylem. However, mesophyll cells contained the
      greatest number of particles. Most BYSMV particles occurred in large clusters of
      quasi-parallel arrays. Both individual and groups of particles were located
      within the cavities of ER elements. Ribosomes were attached to some outer
      surfaces of the ER bounding membrane. BYSMV particles are unique because they do
      not resemble any in presently classified groups or families of plant viruses:
      they are, however, similar to those of some unclassified viruses that infect
      insects.

PMID- 2635709
TI  - Three-dimensional structure of the surface protein layer (MW layer) of Bacillus
      brevis 47.
AB  - The three-dimensional (3D) structure of one surface protein layer from Bacillus
      brevis 47, the middle wall (MW) layer, has been reconstructed from tilted-view
      electron micrographs after correlation averaging to a resolution of 2 nm. The MW
      layer has p6 symmetry with a center-to-center spacing of 18.3 nm and a minimum
      thickness of 5.5 nm. The reconstruction reveals a distinct domain structure: the
      heavier domain of six monomers jointly forms a massive core centered at the
      sixfold symmetry axis, and lighter domains interconnect adjacent unit cells. In
      addition, the larger domains collectively form a pore by making contact with each
      other towards the inner surface, while the smaller domains establish a second
      connectivity towards the outer surface of the S layer. The MW layer of B. brevis
      resembles the S layer of Acetogenium kivui in various aspects: they have very
      similar lattice parameters and highly reminiscent 3D structures; the pores
      penetrate through the whole core and appear to determine the porosity of the S
      layers.

PMID- 2635710
TI  - [Urgent needs in genetics: clinical diagnosis of acute amino acid disorders of
      delayed onset].

PMID- 2635711
TI  - ["Genetic emergencies" in a pediatric intensive care service].
AB  - Case histories from the pediatric reanimation department (intubated children of 0
      to 15) and neonatology of Renne's hospital are reviewed for the years 1987 and
      1988. Among 1.555 admissions (486 in reanimation, 1069 in neonatology), 63, that
      is 4%, concerned the clinical geneticist. The distribution may be done in 32
      malformations and genetic syndromes, 8 chromosomal defects, 6 neuro-muscular
      diseases, 6 metabolic diseases, 3 cystic fibrosis, 3 spina bifida, 5 varied
      diseases. The advice of the genetic counsellor was requested 8 times for an
      urgent case, and to arrive at a decision about a reanimation, 7 times before the
      death of a patient for the management of diagnostic techniques: biopsy, blood or
      urines sent to a specialized center.

PMID- 2635712
TI  - [Microencephalic nanism, severe retardation, hypertonia, obesity, and
      hypogonadism in two brothers: a new syndrome?].
AB  - Two brothers are described with a severe syndrome of postnatal growth and mental
      retardation which includes extreme microcephaly, obesity developing during
      infancy, microgonadismsm, and a characteristic amphora-shaped facies. The
      neurological exam is highly abnormal, with hypertonia and hyperreflexia,
      nystagmus, and an extremely irritable and agitated behavior. The first child, who
      died at 4/1/2 years, also presented neonatal hypoglycemia and chronic
      constipation. Although the etiology of this syndrome is unknown, it is tempting
      to consider an X-linked recessive gene, given the importance of the X chromosome
      in mental retardation. Among the over 70 syndromes of X-linked mental retardation
      already described, our patients resemble individuals with the Borjeson-Forssman
      Lehmann (BFL) syndrome the most. However, the severity of their dwarfism and
      mental retardation is much greater than described in any BFL patient to date, and
      the neurological and dysmorphic features vary significantly from those described
      in the BFL. Although a particularly severe variant, perhaps allelic, is a
      possibility, an as yet undescribed disorder is also plausible, the etiology of
      which would probably be recessive, either autosomal or X-linked.

PMID- 2635713
TI  - [Nanism with short limbs, dysmorphism, renal dysplasia, growth hormone deficiency
      with pituitary hypoplasia and psychomotor delay: a new syndrome?].
AB  - The authors present the case of a male infant affected with short limbed dwarfism
      already detected in utero by ultrasound. In addition, facial dysmorphism,
      bilateral hypoplasia and dysplasia of the kidneys with altered renal function,
      hypotonia and non-evolutive developmental delay are noted. Endocrine tests show a
      severe and isolated growth hormone deficiency. Metabolic investigations are
      negative, including peroxisomal functions. Prometaphase chromosomes are normal.
      Bone x-rays reveal generalized osteoporosis with absence of post-natal osseous
      maturation and the presence of wormian bones. Major pituitary hypoplasia is
      demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance. The present observation is compared
      to the case reported by Stratton & Parker (Am. J. Med. Genet., 1989, 32, 169
      173). Available data do not allow either to affirm or to exclude the identity of
      the syndromes presented by these 2 isolated cases.

PMID- 2635714
TI  - [Renal agenesis and the Fraser syndrome: 4 observations].
AB  - The authors report on 4 cases of Fraser syndrome in 2 Turkish families. Both
      families are consanguinous. In 3 cases there is a bilateral renal agenesis, a
      feature which is not usually regarded as a main one. Actually the survey of the
      literature reveals that renal anomalies are not infrequent in this syndrome, even
      though the cryptophtalmos would be lacking. A five year study of the
      malformations Registry of the Rhone-Alpes-Auvergne-Jura area shows that the
      association between renal agenesis and syndactyly (with or without the eye
      abnormalities) is quite rare. Such an association leads to the diagnosis of
      Fraser Syndrome even when cryptophtalmos is absent, and requires to look for
      minor ENT or ophthalmic symptoms by a careful post mortem examination.

PMID- 2635715
TI  - [Adynamia episodica hereditaria: Gamstorp's disease or Eulenburg's
      paramyotonia?].
AB  - Over seven generations owing 71 identified and studied persons, 18 (12 males and
      6 females) suffered paroxystically adynamic paralysis or myotonic accesses. A
      such association is rare and according to the proeminent symptoms is denominated
      as hyperkaliemic periodic paralysis or as congenital paramyotonia. In the both
      forms of the diseases: cold injury, fasting, long time resting, or efforts are
      able to provoke crisis and so does an oral potassium loading. Studies on Ka+Na
      membrane permeability suggest the responsibility of Na+ K+ pump and may explain
      the physiopathology of the alternative manifestations at the muscle cellular
      level but may be are rather a marker than a cause of permeability disturbances.
      In the present family, some clinical, biological and electrophysiological
      arguments suggest the unicity of the disease. A better way to confirm that would
      be the localisation of a unique gene in the patient. DNA samples of several
      members are in study for molecular biology in the hope to precise a identical
      location. Some informations from molecular biologists suggest a probable location
      near the myotonic dystrophy (M.D.) in the 19 q12 but not identical with it.

PMID- 2635716
TI  - [Conradi-H:unermann chondrodysplasia punctata and fetal alcoholism].
AB  - Fetal alcoholism induces an extremely wide spectrum of embryopathies. In addition
      to the classical fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol is also the cause of numerous
      fetal malformations. A case of Conradi-Hunermann type chondrodysplasia punctata
      is reported. Maternal alcohol ingestion was reported during gestation.

PMID- 2635717
TI  - [F.G. syndrome: a rare and/or extremely polymorphic syndrome?].
AB  - We report a case of mental retardation associated with multiple congenital
      anomalies suggesting an F.G. syndrome. We discuss problems concerning genetic
      counselling and the management of future pregnancies. Unfortunately, no concrete
      strategy, concerning prenatal diagnosis, can be proposed.

PMID- 2635718
TI  - [Linkage disequilibrium and DNA markers associated with the gene for cystic
      fibrosis].
AB  - R.F.L.P. (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) observed with tightly linked
      probes to the CF gene allows us to calculate the standardised linkage
      disequilibrium between CF and these markers. This approach in combination with
      others strategies permits to situate the gene between D9 and G2. The conditional
      probabilities observed with these haplotypes modify the classical genetic of CF.

PMID- 2635719
TI  - [Frontonasal dysplasia or the median cleft face syndrome: a case report].
AB  - Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) is a condition with a more or less severe ocular
      hypertelorism and, sometimes, a narrowing of the palpebral fissures. The nose is
      broad and flattened with clefting; it may be bifid or completely divided in two
      halves. In extreme cases, the central nervous system is concerned and there is a
      mental deficiency. There is no coronal craniosynostosis in pure FND. Other
      malformations can be observed. Among the cases reported in the literature, most
      of them are sporadic but they may be familial. We report here a sporadic case of
      F.N.D. in which scan examination of the brain shows a possible cephalocele. The
      literature is briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2635720
TI  - Paroxysmal intracranial hypertension and oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia.

PMID- 2635721
TI  - Clinical and biological studies in 14 cases of Prader-Labhart Willi syndrome.

PMID- 2635722
TI  - Placental lipid contents in preterm labor complicated by chorioamnionitis.
AB  - Fifteen decidua free placental samples from nine preterm deliveries without
      evidence of chorioamnionitis and six preterm deliveries with evidence of
      chorioamnionitis were analyzed for fatty acids contents. The percentage of
      arachidonic acid in phospholipids, in free fatty acids, in triglycerides and
      cholesterol esters were also measured in each sample. Arachidonic acid was found
      to be present in significantly increased amounts in the placentas of women with
      chorioamnionitis and preterm delivery, as compared to those of women with preterm
      delivery and the absence of chorioamnionitis.

PMID- 2635723
TI  - Preterm premature rupture of the membranes: neonatal outcome in 215 cases of an
      active conservative management.
AB  - The aim of the study is to evaluate an active conservative management (tocolysis
      and antibiotics administration) in preterm premature rupture of the membranes
      (PROM), applied to 215 singleton pregnancies. Pregnancies are continued until 37
      weeks of gestation if the clinical and biological follow-up shows no risk for the
      mother and the fetus. The neonatal results were analysed by statistical methods
      and were compared to the outcome of a control group of premature neonates. Our
      results show that the outcome is mostly determined by gestational age at membrane
      rupture. No benefit nor risk was added when glucocorticoids were administrated.
      Clinical suspicion of chorioamnionitis increases the risk of neonatal infection.
      A prolonged latency period (greater than or equal to 7 days) does not increase
      the maternal or fetal infection risk. When birth happened before 35 weeks and
      before 37 weeks, the premature neonate after PROM has a lower incidence of
      hyaline membrane disease and neonatal death compared with the control group.
      These results are in favor of an active conservative management in PROM.

PMID- 2635724
TI  - Studies of normal and prematurely ruptured human amniotic membranes: low calcium
      and magnesium in prematurely ruptured membranes.
AB  - Prematurely ruptured amniotic membranes at term, and membranes from normal term
      pregnancies were studied. The membranes were analyzed for neutral sugars,
      hexosamines, sialic acid, uronic acid, DNA, RNA, cholesterol, phospholipids,
      calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. The only significant difference found
      between the normal and the prematurely ruptured membranes was a significantly
      lower concentration of calcium and magnesium in the latter group. (Calcium 0.32
      +/- 0.07, vs. 0.24 +/- 0.07, p less than 0.05; Magnesium 0.30 +/- 0.19 vs. 0.15
      +/- 0.04, p less than 0.05; in mg/100 mg protein). The possible metabolic effects
      of low calcium and magnesium may be of relevance to the pathogenesis of premature
      rupture of the amniotic membranes.

PMID- 2635725
TI  - Fetal abdominal circumference rather than fetal femur length/abdominal
      circumference ratio predicts fetal malnutrition in high risk pregnancies.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the ability of abdominal circumference (AC)
      and fetal femur length/abdominal circumference ratio (FFL/AC) measured by
      ultrasound within a period of 2 weeks before birth to predict low birth weight
      percentile and neonatal signs related to fetal malnutrition. From longitudinal
      ultrasound measurements in 35 normal pregnancies reference data of AC and FFL was
      obtained. FFL/AC ratio was constant from 21 weeks until term (mean 20.9, SD 1.2)
      (figure 1). In 350 risk pregnancies AC standard deviation score (AC-SDS)
      correlated far better than FFL/AC ratio with the deviation of birth weight from
      normal (figure 3). Furthermore AC-SDS correlated better with ponderal index (PI)
      and skinfold thickness (ST) than did FFL/AC ratio. Using cut-off levels on AC-SDS
      and FFL/AC ratio, which selected about 30% of the population, the sensitivity of
      AC-SDS in predicting the infant being LGA was 81.8% versus 42.9% using FFL/AC
      ratio (table II). The prediction of the infant being SGA was not improved when
      the change in AC-SDS or FFL/AC over the last 6-8 weeks of pregnancy was
      considered. We conclude that AC-SDS correlates well with birth weight deviation
      and predicts the infant being SGA with a precision equal to the best results
      reported in the literature, and that FFL/AC ratio is unreliable even when GA is
      not known because of a high false positive rate.

PMID- 2635726
TI  - Cord IgM levels in placentas with villitis of unknown etiology.
AB  - Villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) is the largest category of the placental
      villitides and its incidence varies in different countries. The possibility that
      a higher incidence of intrauterine infection could explain the high frequency of
      VUE in developing countries led us to determine the incidence of raised IgM
      levels (a non-specific monitor to intrauterine infections) in cord serum of
      placentas with VUE. Eighty-six placentas were studied. Of these 67 were from
      infants with adequate weight for their gestational age (AGA) and 19 from infants
      small for their gestational age (SGA). IgM level in the cord serum was measured
      on radial immunodiffusion plates. VUE was found in 36 placentas (41.8%) and it
      predominated in the SGA group. Raised IgM levels were found in only 13.8% of the
      placentas with VUE. In spite of our frequency of VUE being high, our incidence of
      raised IgM levels in placentas with VUE was low and similar to that reported by
      authors who have low incidence of VUE in their series. We conclude that
      determination of cord IgM did not help significantly in the investigation of the
      cause of the high frequency of VUE in our series.

PMID- 2635727
TI  - Prolonged rupture of the fetal membranes and neonatal outcome.
AB  - In order to establish the incidence of neonatal infection following prolonged
      (greater than 24 hours) rupture of the fetal membranes (PROM) and assess outcome
      of two year retrospective study was undertaken. The names of all babies born
      following PROM were obtained from the computerised obstetric record and the
      bacteriological results and outcome reviewed. Of 208 babies born following PROM
      only three had blood cultures containing pathogens--all of whom were of less than
      1500 g birthweight and all of whom died. This represents a fivefold increased
      frequency of infection for premature babies but no increased risk for full term
      babies. The overall incidence of infection was much lower than in previous series
      and this may be due to performing amniocentesis as soon as possible following
      rupture and inducing labour where there was evidence of incipient
      chorioamnionitis. Meningitis was not associated with prolonged rupture of the
      membranes. The mortality for these babies was higher than those of babies without
      PROM in the 28-31 week gestation group. This was strongly associated with early
      onset of membrane rupture and none of the babies born following membrane rupture
      prior to 20 weeks gestation survived. Non-infective pulmonary disease was the
      main cause of increased mortality.

PMID- 2635728
TI  - Determination of vaginal pH by pH indicator strip and by pH micro electrode.
AB  - Vaginal pH measurement is a screening method of vaginal infection in pregnancy.
      We tested two different methods of pH determination. In freshly taken vaginal
      fluid measurements were carried out with special pH indicator strips and pH micro
      glass electrode. About 100 microliters of vaginal fluid is enough when pH
      indicator strips are used, and 200 microliters when the micro electrode is used.
      The accuracy of the pH measurement by indicator strip is about 0.1-0.2 pH and by
      electrode 0.01 pH. Both methods show a good correlation between pH 4.0 to 7.0 (p
      = 0.0000). Until a pH of up to 4.3 we recommend the pH determination by indicator
      strips. In all cases with the possible risk of infection (pH values greater than
      4.3) the micro electrode should be used.

PMID- 2635729
TI  - Development of the convenient and direct numerical analytical method of the
      pharmacokinetics of phenytoin by an ordinary and/or the Bayesian weighted least
      squares method using the program MULTI2(BAYES).
AB  - A Simple and convenient numerical integration method was developed for the
      purpose of analyzing the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin not only at steady state
      but also at non-steady state. The algorithm was linked on a nonlinear least
      squares method program MULTI2(BAYES). The computing time was significantly
      decreased compared to Runge-Kutta-Gill Method at analysis by the Simplex
      algorithm and calculating precision was higher, especially at a large integration
      interval. This method was found to be sufficiently applicable to the analyses of
      the serum concentrations of phenytoin at non-steady state as well as at steady
      state and the dosage adjustment by simulation. The flexibility of analyzed
      parameters on a microcomputer can be overcome by analyzing at the integration
      subinterval smaller than 0.25 h with the appropriate initial values of
      parameters, although very time consuming, or by using the Bayesian method with
      appropriate population parameters.

PMID- 2635730
TI  - Increased production and/or secretion of pulmonary surfactant in rats by long
      term sulfur dioxide exposure.
AB  - Influence of long term SO2 exposure on the pulmonary surfactant in rats was
      studied by means of chemical analysis and microscopic verification. At a time
      after termination of the exposure period, the general symptom in rats was similar
      to that of bronchitis. The content of disaturated phosphatidylcholine, a main
      functional component of the pulmonary surfactant, significantly increased not
      only in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid but also in pulmonary microsomal fraction
      by long term SO2 exposure. Microscopic verification of alveolar type II cells
      from the bronchitic rats demonstrated the development of rough surface
      endoplasmic reticulums and an increase of the number of osmiophillic bodies. The
      results suggest that pulmonary surfactant production and/or secretion are
      activated in rats with bronchitis caused by long term SO2 exposure.

PMID- 2635731
TI  - The effect of bile salts on the oral mucosal absorption of human calcitonin in
      rats.
AB  - The relationship between the inhibition of the degradation of human calcitonin
      (HCT) in the supernatant of the rat's oral mucosa homogenate and the promoting
      effect on the rat's oral mucosal absorption of HCT was investigated by using ten
      kinds of sodium bile salts. The promoting effects and the inhibition of the
      degradation by the dihydroxy bile salts were related to the hydrophobicity,
      respectively. The inhibition of the degradation of HCT was related to the
      promoting effect on the oral mucosal absorption of HCT in the presence of the
      dihydroxy bile salts and to the concentration of the bile salts. Furthermore, the
      micelle formed by the bile salts would be concerned with the inhibition of the
      degradation of HCT.

PMID- 2635732
TI  - Hydrolysis and absorption of a conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid with para
      aminobenzoic acid.
AB  - Hydrolysis of ursodeoxycholyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA-UDCA), a synthetic bile
      acid conjugate used for the evaluation of the activity of intestinal bacterial
      growth, was studied with pancreatic enzymes, carboxypeptidase A, carboxypeptidase
      B, trypsin alpha-chymotrypsin, cholylglycine hydrolase, liver homogenate, small
      intestinal homogenates, and plasma, in comparison with the hydrolysis of
      glycocholic acid, ursodeoxycholyl-L-leucine (L-Leu-UDCA), and ursodeoxycholyl-L
      lysine (L-Lys-UDCA). PABA-UDCA was specifically cleaved by bacterial
      cholylglycine hydrolase to ursodeoxycholic acid and para-aminobenzoic acid
      (PABA), but not by pancreatic enzymes. L-Leu-UDCA was cleaved by pancreatic
      enzymes, carboxypeptidase A, and cholylglycine hydrolase. L-Lys-UDCA was cleaved
      by pancreatic enzymes, carboxypeptidase B, and cholylglycine hydrolase. The small
      amount of glycocholic acid was cleaved by pancreatic enzymes and carboxypeptidase
      A and B, and cholylglycine hydrolase hydrolyzed glycocholic acid completely. In
      everted gut sac experiments, PABA-UDCA was absorbed by active transport in the
      rat terminal ileum, and the same rate of PABA was absorbed by passive diffusion
      in the four segments of the rat small intestine. These observations indicate that
      PABA-UDCA test can evaluate the activity of small intestinal bacterial growth.

PMID- 2635733
TI  - Further investigations of enhancing effect of medium-chain triglycerides on d
      alpha-tocopherol acetate absorption from lecithin-dispersed preparations in rat
      small intestine.
AB  - The effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTG) in lecithin-dispersed d-alpha
      tocopherol acetate (VEA) preparation on intestinal absorption of VEA was
      investigated in rats using the in situ loop experiment. When VEA preparations
      containing soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) and various amounts of MCTG were
      administered, the amount of VEA absorbed in 2 h was not significantly different
      among them. However, the amounts of total VE, sum of VEA and d-alpha-tocopherol
      (VE), remaining in the luminal fluid and the intestinal tissue were dependent on
      the MCTG content. Total VE remaining in the intestinal tissue after the
      administration of a VEA/PC/MCTG (5/16/1 by weight) preparation was nearly twice
      of VEA/PC (5/16) preparation, although the effect of MCTG varied with the
      increase or decrease in the MCTG content. Moreover, the increased tissue
      accumulation of total VE by the VEA/PC/MCTG (5/16/1) preparation resulted in an
      increase in the plasma VE concentration after the removal of the luminal fluid.
      No effect of pretreatment with PC/MCTG (1/1) dispersion on the tissue
      accumulation of total VE from VEA/PC (5/16) preparation was observed.
      Furthermore, the plasma concentration of VE from VEA and/or VE taken up in the
      tissue from the VEA/PC preparation was not increased by the treatment with the
      PC/MCTG dispersion. These results suggest that MCTG should coexist in the luminal
      VEA preparation to enhance the mucosal uptake. A similar enhancing effect was
      also observed by the addition of the metabolite of MCTG, a medium-chain fatty
      acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635734
TI  - Binding of pyrene-1-butyric acid to serum albumin: species differences.
AB  - Changes of the fluorescence spectra and quantum yield of pyrene-1-butyric acid
      (PYB) induced by rat (RSA), horse (HoSA), and pig serum albumins (PSA) and rat
      serum were compared at pH 7.4. RSA and rat serum caused marked quenching of the
      PYB fluorescence. On the contrary, HoSA and PSA increased the fluorescence
      intensity. In RSA and rat serum solutions, the PYB fluorescence intensity due to
      monomer emission was greatly diminished, and an additional emission due to
      excimer formation appeared at 480 nm. On the other hand, in the case of HoSA and
      PSA solutions, monomer emission gave rise to high fluorescence intensity and no
      excimer formation was observed. The binding parameters of PYB to RSA, HoSA, and
      PSA as well as human (HSA), bovine (BSA), rabbit (RbSA) and dog serum albumins
      (DSA) were compared by equilibrium dialysis method. The primary binding site
      affinity was in the order RSA greater than HSA greater than HoSA greater than
      RbSA greater than DSA greater than or equal to BSA greater than PSA. However, for
      RSA and HSA, which showed reduced monomer emission and clear excimer
      fluorescence, the primary binding site number (n1) was 2.71 and 2.90,
      respectively, considerably greater than those values for the other serum
      albumins. These findings suggest that PYB binds to RSA and HSA as a dimer. On the
      other hand, PYB appears to bind with BSA, RbSA, DSA and HoSA as a monomer. The
      primary binding site was not clearly recognized in PSA, which showed little
      enhancement of fluorescence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635735
TI  - Induction of glutathione S-transferase by phenobarbital in rat hepatocyte
      culture.
AB  - The in vitro effect of phenobarbital on glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity
      toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) in rat hepatocyte culture was
      investigated. Treatment of hepatocytes with a medium containing 6 or 8 mM
      phenobarbital for 20 h increased the specific activity of GST approx. 140% and
      160% of control, respectively. When induction of GST by phenobarbital treatment
      was observed, the cellular level of phenobarbital determined by HPLC was approx.
      10 - 15 micrograms/mg of 20000 x g supernatant protein of hepatocytes. Thus, an
      inductive effect of phenobarbital on GST was observed in vitro as well as in rat
      liver. It was suggested that a certain level of cellular phenobarbital was
      necessary for the induction.

PMID- 2635736
TI  - Greater tension is developed at the same level of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in
      the presence of clonidine, an adrenergic partial agonist, than in the presence of
      norepinephrine.
AB  - Fura 2-loaded thoracic aorta strips from rabbits were used. Norepinephrine and
      clonidine induced an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and in
      muscle tension in a concentration-dependent manner. A positive correlation
      between [Ca2+]i and tension development due to norepinephrine and clonidine was
      noted in muscle strips both untreated and treated with phenoxybenzamine (PBZ). As
      the total receptor population was reduced by the PBZ treatment, norepinephrine
      acted as a partial agonist in the treated strips. The slope of a regression line
      for norepinephrine in the untreated muscle strips was significantly smaller than
      the slopes for the same drug in PBZ-treated strips and for clonidine, suggesting
      that norepinephrine in the PBZ-treated strips and clonidine induced a greater
      tension at same [Ca2+]i than did norepinephrine in the untreated strips.

PMID- 2635737
TI  - The effect of aging on percutaneous absorption in man.
AB  - Despite much research into the mechanisms of cutaneous aging and the
      identification of significant age-associated biological and biophysical changes
      within the skin, the question "How does aging affect percutaneous absorption (PA)
      in vivo?" remains unanswered. We have made in vivo measurements of PA in young
      (18-40 years) and old (greater than 65 years) subjects. Standard radiotracer
      methodology was employed and PA was quantified from the urinary excretion
      profiles of 14C radiolabel (corrected for incomplete renal elimination).
      Testosterone (TST), estradiol (EST), hydrocortisone (HC), benzoic acid (BA),
      acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), and caffeine (CAFF) have been studied. Permeation of
      HC, BA, ASA, and CAFF was significantly (p less than 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, and 0.05,
      respectively) lower in aged subjects, whereas the absorption of TST and EST was
      similar in the two groups. Thus it appears that aging can affect PA in vivo and
      that relatively hydrophilic compounds are particularly sensitive. The diminished
      surface lipid content of "old" skin implies a diminished dissolution medium for
      compounds administered topically. It is reasonable to speculate that this
      physiologic change will impact most severely upon those permeants whose lipid
      solubility is lowest (that is, HC, BA, ASA, CAFF). Furthermore, the typically
      reduced hydration of aged stratum corneum will compound this effect for these
      chemicals. Conversely, highly lipid-soluble chemicals (TST and EST) may still be
      able to dissolve readily into the stratum corneum even when the available lipid
      medium is reduced.

PMID- 2635738
TI  - Hepatic modeling of metabolite kinetics in sequential and parallel pathways:
      salicylamide and gentisamide metabolism in perfused rat liver.
AB  - Previous data on salicylamide (SAM) metabolism in the perfused rat liver had
      indicated that SAM was metabolized by three parallel (competing) pathways:
      sulfation, glucuronidation, and hydroxylation, whereas sequential metabolism of
      the hydroxylated metabolite, gentisamide (GAM), was solely via 5-glucuronidation
      to form GAM-5G. However, under comparable conditions, preformed GAM formed mainly
      two monosulfate conjugates at the 2- and 5-positions (GAM-2S and GAM-5S); 5
      glucuronidation was a minor pathway. In the present study, the techniques of
      normal (N) and retrograde (R) rat liver perfusion with SAM and mathematic
      modeling on SAM and GAM metabolism were used to explore the role of enzymic
      distributions in determining the dissimilar fates of GAM, as a generated
      metabolite of SAM or as preformed GAM. Changes in the steady-state extraction
      ratio of SAM (E) and metabolite formation ratios between N and R perfusions were
      used as indices of the uneven distribution of enzyme activities. Two SAM
      concentrations (134 and 295 microM) were used for single-pass perfusion: the
      lower SAM concentration exceeded the apparent Km for SAM sulfation but was less
      than those for SAM glucuronidation and hydroxylation; the higher concentration
      exceeded the apparent Km's for SAM sulfation and glucuronidation but was less
      than the Km for hydroxylations. Simulation of SAM metabolism data was carried out
      with various enzyme distribution patterns and extended to include GAM metabolism.
      At both input concentrations, E was high (0.94 at 134 microM and 0.7 at 295
      microM) and unchanged during N and R, with SAM-sulfate (SAM-S) as the major
      metabolite and GAM-5G as the only detectable metabolite of GAM. Saturation of SAM
      sulfation occurred at the higher input SAM concentration as shown by a decrease
      in E and a proportionally less increase in sulfation rates and proportionally
      more than expected increases in SAM hydroxylation and glucuronidation rates. At
      both SAM concentrations, the steady-state ratio of metabolite formation rates for
      SAM-S/SAM-G decreased when flow direction changed from N to R. An insignificant
      decrease in SAM-S/SAM-OH was observed at the low input SAM concentration, due to
      the small amount of SAM-OH formed and hence large variation in the ratio among
      the preparations, whereas at the high input SAM concentration, the decrease in
      SAM-S/SAM-OH with a change in flow direction from N to R was evident. The
      metabolite formation ratio, SAM-G/SAM-OH, however, was unchanged at both input
      concentrations and flow directions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2635739
TI  - An integrated approach to pharmacokinetic analysis for linear mammillary systems
      in which input and exit may occur in/from any compartment.
AB  - The general treatment of linear mammillary models employing input and disposition
      functions and Laplace transforms is expanded to solve concentration-time
      equations AUC and AUMC in any compartment without restricting sites of input or
      output. In this integrated approach to noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis,
      the values of AUC and AUMC can be calculated from Laplace transforms with some
      very simplified treatments. Tables of input functions, disposition functions,
      Laplace transforms, and derivatives of the Laplace transforms are presented. The
      relationships between the integrated parameters and various mammillary model
      parameters are presented using several examples.

PMID- 2635740
TI  - Availability predictions by hepatic elimination models for Michaelis-Menten
      kinetics.
AB  - Numerical methods have been used to compare the availability predictions of a
      number of hepatic elimination models when Michaelis-Menten kinetics is operative.
      Propranolol and galactose were used as model compounds. Lower availabilities were
      predicted by the dispersion model than by a segregated distribution model for
      both compounds. The differences in the predictions were most pronounced for
      models corresponding to a large variation in solute residence times in the liver.
      The predictions of the tank-in-series, dispersion model with mixed boundary
      conditions and dispersion model with Dankwerts boundary conditions were similar
      over all concentrations studied. Changes in blood flow and protein binding
      provided little discrimination between the model predictions. It is concluded
      that micromixing of blood between sinusoids and the anatomical sites of mixing
      are important determinants of availability when liver eliminating enzymes are
      partially saturated.

PMID- 2635741
TI  - Pharmacokinetic evaluation of stable piecewise cubic polynomials as numerical
      integration functions.
AB  - A numerical integration method based on piecewise cubic polynomial for computing
      the area under the curve in pharmacokinetics is presented. The method has been
      found to produce stable and monotone interpolations irrespective of experimental
      error. Spurious oscillations occasionally associated with cubic splines are
      eliminated. Comparisons with the previously available methods suggest that more
      reliable and less biased areas under the plasma concentration curve, AUC, or
      areas under the first moment of plasma curve, AUMC, can be generated by the
      present method.

PMID- 2635742
TI  - The effect of combined application of argon and Nd-YAG lasers on iridectomy in
      rabbits.
AB  - Recently iridectomy using an argon or Nd-YAG laser to treat narrow angle glaucoma
      has become popular, and is now the procedure of choice over the standard surgical
      technique. However, the shock wave of the Nd-YAG laser causes hemorrhage in
      almost all cases and the high energy level of the Nd-YAG laser, which is required
      for iridectomy, causes injury to the lens and cornea. Furthermore, there is a
      tendency toward closure of the iridectomy site after argon laser application. We
      performed iridectomies by a combined application of argon and Nd-YAG lasers in
      pigmented rabbits to improve iris bleeding, iridectomy patency, and lens and
      corneal damage. The iridectomy patency and the lens and corneal damage were
      examined with a scanning electron microscope. The rabbits that underwent laser
      iridectomies with only the Nd-YAG laser were used as a control group. Based on
      the results, it can be concluded that laser iridectomy by a combined application
      of argon and Nd-YAG lasers results in a lower rate of bleeding, a higher rate of
      patency, and less damage to the lens and cornea as compared with iridectomy
      performed by Nd-YAG laser only.

PMID- 2635743
TI  - The effect of radial keratotomy (RK) combined with double Ruiz procedure on the
      corneal curvature.
AB  - Under the postulation that the double Ruiz procedure could increase the effect of
      radial keratotomy (RK), RK combined with horizontal and vertical Ruiz procedure
      was performed in three groups of 22 rabbit eyes. In the group A of six eyes, RK
      with vertical Ruiz procedure was performed, and eight weeks later horizontal Ruiz
      procedure was added. In the group B of eight eyes, RK with horizontal Ruiz
      procedure was performed, and four weeks later vertical Ruiz procedure was added.
      In the group C of eight eyes, RK with horizontal and vertical Ruiz procedure was
      performed simultaneously. As a control, in the group D of eight eyes, RK without
      Ruiz procedure performed. Changes in keratometry for four weeks and eight weeks
      postoperatively were analyzed. The results were as follows: 1. At eight weeks
      postoperatively, mean changes in keratometry were 6.434D, 3.663D, 4.030D and
      1.585D in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. 2. Mean changes in keratometry of
      groups A, B and C were significantly higher than that of group D. 3. Mean changes
      in keratometry of 6.434D in group A was significantly the highest of the three
      groups in which double Ruiz procedure was performed. For the above results, it
      was concluded that double Ruiz procedure increased the effect of RK, and the
      procedure was more effective when the secondary Ruiz procedure was added eight
      weeks later.

PMID- 2635744
TI  - Outflow of aqueous humor following cyclodialysis or ciliochoroidal detachment in
      rabbit.
AB  - Cyclodialysis and ciliochoroidal detachment were performed in three eyes of three
      rabbits and in three eyes of another three rabbits, respectively. After
      aspiration of the aqueous humor, 0.1 ml of 10% sodium fluorescein was injected
      intracamerally, and the eyeball was enucleated between 30 minutes and one hour
      after injection and prepared for fluorescence microscopy. Sodium fluorescein
      concentrations in the supraciliary space were much greater in the group with
      cyclodialysis or ciliochoroidal detachment than in the normal control group.
      These results suggest that (1) in the eye with cyclodialysis, the aqueous humor
      may freely gain access to the supraciliary space through the cleft between the
      anterior chamber and the supraciliary space and then be removed rapidly and (2)
      in the eye with ciliochoroidal detachment, the aqueous humor may pass through the
      uveoscleral outflow pathway.

PMID- 2635745
TI  - Measurement of IgA level in normal human tears by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay.
AB  - The advantages of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are its
      sensitivity and its accuracy in detecting and measuring immunoglobulin classes.
      By ELISA, the tear IgA level was measured in 165 healthy persons. Tears were
      collected by a strong absorbent (Weck Cel). This is the first report of a tear
      IgA level in normal Koreans measured by ELISA. The mean level was 60.5 +/- 23.4
      mg/dl. There was no statistically significant difference between the IgA level in
      the males (61.8 +/- 23.2 mg/dl) and that of the females (58.4 +/- 23.5 mg/dl)(p
      greater than 0.05). The difference between the tear IgA levels in the various age
      groups was not significant (p greater than 0.05).

PMID- 2635746
TI  - The clinical report on six cases of epikeratoplasty.
AB  - After the first description of epikeratoplasty for the correction of aphakia by
      Kaufman in 1980, the application of epikeratoplasty has been extended further to
      the treatment of keratoconus and high myopia. Six epikeratoplasty for five eyes
      of high myopia and one eye of keratoconus were performed and followed up for an
      average of 4.9 months. All cases improved their uncorrected visual acuity, and
      the preoperative best corrected visual acuity improved or had no change
      postoperatively except for one case. In the cases of high myopia, the mean
      preoperative spherical equivalent of -19.4 D was corrected to an average -0.23 D
      with a range of -1.0 D to +2.5 D postoperatively. In the case of keratoconus,
      there was a mean decrease in 12.0 D of myopia in terms of the spherical
      equivalent, and the cornea was flattened by over 8 D in keratometry readings.

PMID- 2635747
TI  - Prognostic comparison of Behcet's disease with or without HLA-Bw 51 antigen.
AB  - To know the prognosis of Behcet's disease with HLA-Bw 51 antigen, comparison
      studies of 24 cases of Behcet's disease were investigated. The sex distribution
      was 14 males (58%) and 10 females (42%). The patients were grouped into three
      clinical types: the complete type with 11 cases (45%), the incomplete type with
      eight cases (33%) and the suspect type with five cases (22%), according to the
      criteria established by the Behcet's Disease Research Committee in Japan (1982).
      They were also divided into three ocular types according to the location of the
      inflammation: the anterior segment type, the fundus type and the mixed type. They
      were divided into 10%, 10% and 60% in HLA-Bw 51 negative group and 14%, 22% and
      64% in HLA-Bw 51 positive group, respectively. Skin lesions observed in 30% of
      the HLA-Bw 51 negative group and 70% of the HLA-Bw 51 positive group, which was
      statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The other general symptoms and the
      visual acuity between the two groups were not statistically significant (p
      greater than 0.1).

PMID- 2635748
TI  - [Treatment of cytostatic agent-induced emesis].

PMID- 2635749
TI  - Evaluation of antibody responses in American visceral leishmaniasis by ELISA and
      immunoblot.
AB  - American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is an important disease among children of
      northeast Brazil. In order to characterize antibody responses during AVL, sera of
      hospitalized patients were analyzed by ELISA and Western blot using a Leishmania
      chagasi antigen preparation. The ELISA was positive (absorbance greater than or
      equal to 0.196) at a serum dilution of 1:1024 in all patients at presentation,
      and fell to ward control levels over the following year. Only one of 72 control
      subjects tested positive, and that donor had a sibling with AVL. Immunoblots of
      the patients' sera recognized multiple bands, the most frequent of which were at
      approximately 116 kDa, 70 kDa, and 26 kDa. Less frequently observed were bands at
      approximately 93 kDa, 74 kDa, 62 kDa, 46 kDa and 32 kDa. The ELISA responses and
      patterns of banding were distinctive for AVL, and could be used to differentiate
      patients with AVL from those with Chagas' disease or cutaneous leishmaniasis.
      Sera from six AVL patients followed for up to six weeks after treatment
      identified no new bands. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of surface iodinated parasite proteins showed one
      major band and four minor bands, whereas SDS-PAGE of biotinylated parasite
      proteins revealed a banding pattern similar to those of patient sera. AVL appears
      to produce characteristic immunoblot patterns which can be used along with a
      sensitive screening ELISA to diagnose AVL.

PMID- 2635750
TI  - Acanthocefalan eggs in animal coprolites from archaeological sites from Brazil.
AB  - An important point in paleoparasitology is the correct diagnosis of the origin of
      coprolites found in archaeological sites. The identification of human and animal
      coprolites, through the study of the shape, size, characteristics after
      rehydration, alimentary contents, and the presence of parasites, has proved to be
      accurate for human coprolites. For non-human ones we compared coprolites with
      recent faeces of animals collected near the archaeological sites, following the
      methodology above mentioned. In this paper anteaters coprolites (Tamandua
      tetradactyla; Myrmecophaga tridactyla) with eggs of Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus
      (Archiancanthocephala; Gigantorynchidae) were identified.

PMID- 2635751
TI  - [Size of hepatic granuloma produced by eggs of 2 geographic strains of
      Schistosoma mansoni, in mice].
AB  - The authors have determined the mean diameter of granulomas in the liver of mice
      infected with cercariae from two different and well definite geographic strains
      of Schistosoma mansoni (LE, Belo Horizonte, MG, and SJ, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP).
      A total of 1,170 granulomas has been measured. Granulomas measured on the 60th
      day after infection showed larger size than the other ones measured on the 90th
      day. Modulation of the immunopathologic response was significantly more efficient
      for the LE strain, whereas the granulomas (with 60 and 90 days) related to SJ
      strain were significantly larger. Data suggested a higher pathogenicity for the
      SJ strain. It is speculated whether these findings could explain, in part, the
      occurrence of regional variations of the anatomo-clinical forms of
      schistosomiasis.

PMID- 2635752
TI  - [Bacteriologic and serologic studies of an outbreak of plague in the State of
      Paraiba, Brazil].
AB  - During a plaque outbreak in the Borborema Plateau focus (Paraiba),
      bacteriological and serological studies were carried out in material from 452
      patients (48 positives), 1,938 rodents and other small mammals (75 positives),
      4,756 dogs (141 positives) and 2,047 cats (57 positives) obtained from 41
      counties (out of which, 21 produced positive samples). Twenty Yersinia pestis
      strains isolated from material from 3 patients and 17 rodents, displayed
      biochemical reactions, virulence factors, antibiotic susceptibility and animal
      experimental pathogenicity similar to those observed in strains previously
      isolated. According to our findings this recent plague outbreak did not exhibit
      different factors from those observed during prior outbreaks in other plague foci
      in the northeast of Brazil.

PMID- 2635753
TI  - Isolation of Trypanosoma freitasi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) from
      Psychodopygus claustrei (Diptera: Psychodidae).

PMID- 2635754
TI  - Leishmaniasis in Bolivia--VI. Observations on Lutzomyia nuneztovari anglesi Le
      Pont & Desjeux, 1984 the presumed vector of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the
      Yungas focus.

PMID- 2635755
TI  - Detection of the human parvovirus B19 in a blood donor plasma in Rio de Janeiro.

PMID- 2635756
TI  - Quantitative assessment by competitive ELISA of fibronectin (Fn) in tendons and
      ligaments.
AB  - A method utilizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is presented for
      quantitating fibronectin in periarticular soft tissues from rabbits. The
      concentrations of fibronectin were determined in the medial collateral ligament,
      anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, and patellar tendon. The
      anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate ligaments, surrounded by a synovial
      sheath, had similar amounts of fibronectin that were each over twice as high as
      that found in either medial collateral ligament or patellar tendon which have no
      sheath covering.

PMID- 2635757
TI  - Effect of collagen crosslinking on collagen-water interactions (a DSC
      investigation).
AB  - The effect of collagen cross-linking state on the collagen-water interaction was
      studied, using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) which allows the
      determination of unfreezable water, the variation of enthalpy (delta H) and
      temperatures of denaturation of collagen to gelatin transition. DSC was performed
      on intramuscular connective tissue purified with trypsin (control C),
      depolymerized with penicillamin (P), and reduced with borohydride (B); samples
      were adjusted with different water contents. For the three tissues, unfreezable
      water (Wu) and denaturation enthalpy change (delta H) increased with increasing
      moisture level (Wt); whereas, maximum denaturation temperature (phi M) decreased.
      The ability of this calorimetric method of investigation to characterize the
      collagen crosslink state is discussed: maximum limit values of delta H and of Wu
      decreased significantly with increasing collagen cross-linking degree. Minimum Wt
      necessary to reach the maximum delta H decreased with crosslinking degree.
      Likewise significantly different limit values of unfreezable water Wu were
      reached for smaller Wt the greater the crosslinking of collagen. These results
      show that the less connective tissues were cross-linked, the more they could bind
      water. They also demonstrated that the water of collagen hydration can be
      classified into four states, whose limits vary according to the degree of
      crosslinking.

PMID- 2635758
TI  - Cells transmit spatial information by orienting collagen fibers.
AB  - Parallel orientation of large cell populations occurs when cells are cultured on
      thin collagen films if and only if a gel is restrained at two or more edges. The
      direction in which cell bodies orient is determined by the geometry of the gel.
      It can be shown that tension exerted by cells on a collagen gel leads to
      reorientation of collagen fibers in a direction determined by the initial
      geometry of the collagen gel. Hence, tension generated by cells leads to collagen
      fiber orientation which, in turn, determines the spatial orientation and
      morphology of cells. Thus, without cell-to-cell contact, cells can communicate
      with each other by applying tension to collagen fibers in their extracellular
      matrix. Information concerning the shape of the environment can be transmitted
      via such long range forces.

PMID- 2635759
TI  - Diastrophic dysplasia: evidence against a defect of type II collagen.
AB  - A description of an abnormal segment-long-spacing crystallite (SLS) pattern has
      been reported for type II collagen from patients with diastrophic dysplasia
      (Stanescu et al., 1982 a), a disorder that is characterized by large collagen
      fibrils in the cartilage matrix. The abnormal SLS consisted of an altered
      electron density between bands 42 and 45, which was interpreted as an abnormality
      in the type II collagen molecule. It was suggested that the type II collagen is
      abnormal in diastrophic dysplasia. We have examined SLS of type II collagen from
      two patients with diastrophic dysplasia and found the SLS patterns to be
      identical with that of control type II SLS in almost all micrographs. In a few
      micrographs of diastrophic SLS, crystallites exhibiting the pattern reported by
      Stanescu et al. were seen. However, the abnormally patterned crystallites always
      consisted of dimers that were overlapped at the COOH ends in such a way that an
      electron dense band of one crystallite was positioned between bands 42 and 45 of
      the second crystallite, apparently creating the abnormal pattern. The abnormal
      SLS pattern seen in these cases of diastrophic dysplasia appears to be the result
      of overlapping crystallites and may not be the result of an intrinsic abnormality
      of type II collagen. We have constructed histograms of the collagen fibril
      diameters in diastrophic cartilage. While they are larger than normal collagen
      fibrils, this by itself does not indicate an abnormality of type II collagen. We
      have shown that large fibrils such as these can be obtained from normal type II
      collagen when the structure of the cartilage is disrupted by extraction with
      guanidine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635760
TI  - Characteristics of the in vitro interaction of a small proteoglycan (PG II) of
      bovine tendon with type I collagen.
AB  - Binding of the small dermatan sulfate proteoglycan of bovine tendon (PG II
      type/decorin-like) to type I collagen was characterized in an in vitro fibril
      forming assay, using native collagen prepared from bovine tendon by acid
      extraction and radiolabeled proteoglycans synthesized by bovine tendon
      fibroblasts in culture. Substantial binding to collagen was noted for both intact
      small proteoglycan and core protein from which the glycosaminoglycan chain was
      removed. However, binding to collagen was minimal for free glycosaminoglycan
      chains or large proteoglycans. Binding of the small proteoglycan was optimal at
      approximately physiological conditions of salt concentration and pH. Scatchard
      analysis showed a binding affinity constant of 3.3 x 10(7) M-1 with 0.054
      proteoglycan binding sites/collagen molecule, when about 0.25-6 micrograms
      proteoglycan was combined with 100 micrograms collagen. Binding to preformed
      fibrils of native tendon collagen and to pepsin-treated bovine skin collagen was
      similar to binding to native tendon collagen. Binding occurred in non-ionic
      detergents at concentrations up to 1% and once bound, the proteoglycan was not
      released by washing with up to 2 M NaCl. When both PG I and PG II small
      proteoglycans were added to collagen, only PG II was bound. This difference is
      not readily explained by differences in disulfide bond position. These studies
      indicate a strong, specific interaction between type I collagen fibrils and the
      core protein of the small (PG II) proteoglycan of tendon.

PMID- 2635761
TI  - Immunolocalisation of extracellular matrix macromolecules in the rat spinal cord.
AB  - Extracellular matrix macromolecules are involved in many aspects of cell biology.
      The knowledge concerning the presence, the distribution and the role of these
      macromolecules in the central nervous system has not yet received sufficient
      attention. In the present work we studied by indirect immunohistochemical methods
      the localisation of five extracellular matrix macromolecules in the spinal cord
      of rats: three collagens: type I, type III, and type IV, and two structural
      glycoproteins: laminin and fibronectin. We found that all five macromolecules are
      present in the spinal cord of normal animals. They are localised exclusively in
      the connective type tissues: the meningeal sheets and the vascular walls. Only
      type I and type III collagens and fibronectin could be demonstrated around the
      epithelial cells of the ependyma.

PMID- 2635762
TI  - Stress in collagen fibrils of articular cartilage calculated from their measured
      orientations.
AB  - Articular cartilage may be considered as a form of pressure vessel in which the
      internal swelling pressure is balanced by tensile stress in the collagen fibrils.
      This stress is calculated by analysing the tissue as a series of microscopically
      small pressure vessels. The previously measured orientations of the collagen
      fibrils describe the structure necessary for this calculation. The stresses and
      strains developed in the fibrils are shown to be well within physiological
      limits.

PMID- 2635764
TI  - Abstracts of papers. Pharmacological meeting. Utrecht (The Netherlands), 8
      November/6 December 1989.

PMID- 2635765
TI  - Abstracts of papers. Clinical pharmacological meeting. Utrecht (The Netherlands),
      6 October 1989.

PMID- 2635763
TI  - Ethnic differences in the demand for physician and hospital utilization among
      older adults in major American cities: conspicuous evidence of considerable
      inequalities.
AB  - Reinterpreting ethnicity's role in the prevailing behavioral model of health
      services usage reveals among older Americans a patient pattern of inequality
      favoring the Anglo-American population. Demand for hospital and physicians' care
      among minority elderly is far more constrained and sensitive to health needs than
      it is for their Anglo-American counterparts. The findings underscore the
      importance of examining ethnic differences in determinants of health behavior as
      well as in health service utilization. Such results also appear to strengthen the
      grounds for developing new programs aimed at eliminating inequalities of access
      to health care that older members of minorities now face.

PMID- 2635766
TI  - Abstracts of papers. Biopharmaceutical meeting. Groningen (The Netherlands), 8
      December 1989.

PMID- 2635767
TI  - Abstracts of papers. Medicinal chemistry meeting. Weesp (The Netherlands), 15
      December 1989.

PMID- 2635768
TI  - Abstracts of papers. Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis meeting. Oss (The
      Netherlands), 17 November 1989.

PMID- 2635769
TI  - Efficacy of barbiturates in the treatment of resistant intracranial hypertension
      in severely head-injured children.
AB  - Cerebral perfusion pressures (CPP) of less than 50 torr are associated with
      marginal cerebral blood flow and poor outcome. We report our experience with a
      group of 7 children who survived long period with CPP of less than 50 torr during
      treatment with pentobarbital. The study group was identified through a
      retrospective review of all head-injured patients admitted to Cardinal Glennon
      Memorial Hospital for Children between 1984 and 1986. All of the patients
      presented had sustained intracranial pressure of greater than 20 torr which was
      resistant to conventional therapy. All patients received pentobarbital for at
      least 24 h and all had documented CPP of less than 50 torr for more than 30 min
      during that time. Of these 7 children: 3 made good recoveries; 2 are moderately
      disabled, and 2 are vegetative. Neither the CPP nor the length of pentobarbital
      coma was an accurate predictor of outcome. It seems likely that these children
      are a subset of those previously defined as having resistant intracranial
      hypertension and that, as a group, they may have benefited from pentobarbital
      administration. It is also apparent that, in this group, low CPP was not
      indicative of irreversible brain damage or brain death.

PMID- 2635770
TI  - Primary skin closure in large myelomeningoceles.
AB  - Numerous reconstructive methods have been described for the soft tissue closure
      of large myelomeningoceles. Recent advances in techniques of soft tissue
      expansion provide yet another reconstructive option. Tissue expansion allows for
      primary closure of the defect with surrounding tissue, resulting in minimal donor
      site morbidity. This report illustrates the technique of tissue expansion in the
      closure of a large myelomeningocele.

PMID- 2635771
TI  - Feeding problems and lactic acidosis in a 10-week-old boy.

PMID- 2635772
TI  - Spinal extradural arachnoid cyst.
AB  - A relatively unusual cause of progressive paraparesis is a spinal arachnoid cyst.
      The following is a case report of this lesion in an adolescent. The CT
      myelographic and MR features, as well as the management of this case are
      discussed, followed by a review of the pertinent English literature on this
      topic.

PMID- 2635773
TI  - Paraplegia resulting from thoracolumbar stenosis in a seven-month-old
      achondroplastic dwarf.
AB  - In young achondroplastic children, neurological manifestations have been found to
      include macrocephaly, hydrocephalus or ventriculomegaly and cervicomedullary
      compression. Occasionally in the second decade, lumbar radiculopathy or
      paraparesis resulting from severe thoracolumbar kyphosis develops. In this paper,
      we report the unique case of an achondroplastic dwarf who developed paraplegia
      due to thoracolumbar spinal cord compression at the age of 7 months. Compromise
      of the spinal canal was found to be due not to bony stenosis, but to a second
      layer of fibrous tissue, histologically identical to the dura. Treatment
      consisting of decompressive laminectomy and resection of the constricting tissue
      allowed the child to recover completely. Clinical, radiographic and pathological
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 2635774
TI  - Stereotactic decompression of a prepontine arachnoid cyst with resolution of
      precocious puberty.
AB  - A case of a prepontine (clival) arachnoid cyst is reported. The patient presented
      with isosexual precocious puberty. Treatment was initially with fenestration by
      suboccipital craniectomy, however, definitive treatment was via stereotactic
      transfrontal placement of a cystoperitoneal shunt. Normalization of endocrine
      function has occurred and has persisted for 1 year. This case is presented as a
      contrast to the two approaches for the treatment of arachnoid cysts. The case
      will be described and the literature reviewed.

PMID- 2635775
TI  - Anterior thoracic extradural hematoma in a 5-year-old child.
AB  - Four hours following a motor vehicle accident, a 5-year-old girl developed a
      complete motor and sensory paraplegia below the sixth thoracic level (T6). The
      plain X-rays and MRI scan identified nondisplaced compression fractures of the T3
      T6 vertebrae, associated with an anterior T3-T5 epidural hematoma. Following an
      emergency T3-T6 laminectomy, the sensory findings disappeared, while the motor
      deficit took 2 weeks to resolve. This case report emphasizes the value of the MRI
      scan in assessing pediatric spinal trauma, while underscoring the unique
      characteristics of acute epidural spinal hematomas.

PMID- 2635776
TI  - Autonomic regulation of orofacial function. IUPS Satellite Symposium. Kuopio,
      Finland, July 5-7, 1989.

PMID- 2635777
TI  - Blood-flow and metabolic response in a contracting canine masticatory muscle.
AB  - The mechanical and metabolic characteristics of the canine masseter muscle of
      seven adult dogs, aged 3 years, weighing 45-55 kg, were evaluated by electrically
      provoked contractions. The masseter muscle was exposed by careful surgery and
      stimulated by two silver electrodes placed in the anterior and posterior aspects
      of the muscle. The bite force was measured with a force transducer. Glycogen,
      glucose-contents together with lactate, pyruvate, creatine phosphate, NADH and
      NAD were analysed fluorimetrically. Intra-muscular oxygen tension was
      continuously recorded by a flexible silver electrode. Blood-flow was measured by
      the 133Xenon clearance technique. Biopsies were taken at rest and after
      stimulation. The registered bite force revealed an initial peak, representing
      maximal force production and thereafter a rapid decline in power output. During
      the following stimulation events the bite force curve showed decrease in
      amplitude concerning maximal force as well as duration of bite force production.
      The blood-flow and oxygen tension were significantly reduced at the end of
      stimulation. However, after recovery these parameters were normalised to initial
      values. The glycogen and glucose were depleted after stimulation. The lactate
      concentration increased about three to four times. The observed changes in NAD
      and NADH indicate a hypoxic situation in the muscle cells. The oxygen deficit in
      conjunction with the intramuscular blood-flow impairment and the metabolite
      variations reflect the energy and redox state in the muscle and may contribute to
      the decline in bite force production.

PMID- 2635778
TI  - The sufficiency of blood flow in human masseter muscle during endurance of biting
      in the intercuspal position and on a force transducer.
AB  - Blood flow changes caused by endurance of voluntary isometric muscle contraction
      and the sufficiency of flow during contraction were assessed by measuring 133Xe
      clearance. Aiming at 50% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), 9 healthy persons
      sustained biting in the intercuspal position (ICP group) at an actual medium EMG
      activity level of 55% MVC, while receiving a visual feedback of the average
      integrated EMG activity. Eleven persons sustained unilateral biting (UBF group)
      on a force transducer at 40% MVC, receiving feedback of the force output. The
      significantly lower % MVC for the UBF group was due in part to a decrease in the
      EMG activity during endurance, while force was constant. Blood flow changes over
      time were significant; however, the changes differed significantly between groups
      during endurance: the ICP group had a median reduction in blood flow to 0.4 of
      the initial resting value, and the UBF group had a 0.2-fold median increase.
      Following endurance, flow changes integrated over 3 minutes were about 43-fold
      the initial resting values of both groups. This similarity was probably a result
      of their equivalent effort. The endurance flow accounted for 1% of the total
      change for the ICP group and 5% for the UBF group. Overall, the proportion of the
      total flow that took place during endurance decreased logarithmically with
      greater level of contraction and masseter effort. Therefore, sufficiency of blood
      flow to maintain muscle fibre homeostasis is less when the rate of metabolic
      turnover is greater, thus contributing to an earlier onset of masseter fatigue,
      pain and exhaustion at high contraction levels.

PMID- 2635779
TI  - Microcirculation of the dental pulp and its autonomic control.
AB  - Pulpal vessels are innervated with sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstrictor fibers.
      Electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve causes pulpal arteriolar
      constriction and a reduction of arteriolar and venular flow rate (in mm3/s) in
      rat incisor pulps and a decrease in pulpal blood flow (in ml/min/100 g) in canine
      pulps of cats and dogs. The alpha-antagonist phenoxybenzamine and the alpha-1
      antagonist prazosin attenuated the decrease in pulpal blood flow (PBF) caused by
      sympathetic stimulation. Reflex excitation of the sympathetic nerve system by
      hemorrhage caused pulpal vasoconstriction and a reduction of PBF. Induction of
      hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs subjected to cervical sympathectomy and
      adrenalectomy caused less pronounced pulpal vasoconstriction and flow reduction
      than in normal dogs. Pulpal vessels are also equipped with alpha-1, alpha-2 and
      beta-adrenergic receptors. Activation of alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors by
      intraarterial injection of phenylephrine and clonidine caused a reduction in PBF
      in dogs and decreases in arteriolar and venular diameters and volumetric flow in
      rats. These responses were blocked by the alpha-1 and alpha-2 antagonists.
      Activation of beta-2 receptors by i.a. injection of isoproterenol caused a
      paradoxical reduction of PBF in dogs. In rats isoproterenol caused a transient
      increase in the flow rate followed by a reduction, and arteriolar dilation was
      accompanied by venular constriction. These flow responses to isoproterenol were
      blocked by the beta-2 antagonist propranolol. Results of microcirculatory studies
      in dogs and rats indicate that pulpal hemodynamics are regulated significantly by
      the sympathetic adrenergic system.

PMID- 2635780
TI  - Autonomic control of intercellular communication in salivary glands.
AB  - Effects of autonomic agonists, antagonists and denervation on intercellular
      communication between cells in acini of rat submandibular glands were
      investigated to clarify the regulation and maintenance of intercellular
      communication by the autonomic nervous system. Addition of acetylcholine (ACh)
      and adrenaline rapidly and reversibly suppressed the dye-coupling between acinar
      cells. The suppressive effects of adrenaline were weaker than those of ACh.
      Antagonists inhibited the above effect of agonists. Electrical coupling between
      acinar cells decreased 2 weeks after parasympathectomy, but sympathectomy did not
      affect it. These results suggest that parasympathetic nerve activity is related
      to the regulation and maintenance of the intercellular communication of acinar
      cells in the rat submandibular gland.

PMID- 2635781
TI  - Cortically evoked responses of superior salivary nucleus neurons in the cat.
AB  - Salivation can be controlled by the inputs from the cerebral cortex as well as
      from the sensory nerves. However, there has been no detailed report so far on the
      inputs to superior salivatory nucleus (SSN) neurons from the cerebral cortex. The
      responses of SSN neurons to electrical stimulation of orbital and coronal gyri
      were investigated in ketamine anesthetized cats. A total of 56 SSN neurons were
      identified by the antidromic spike responses to stimulation of the right chorda
      tympani nerve. Their responsiveness to stimulation of the orbital and anterior
      coronal gyri and the lingual nerve at the ipsilateral side was tested. Thirty
      five neurons (63%) responded with spikes to stimulation of the orbital and/or
      coronal gyri. They were also activated by stimulation of the lingual nerve. Other
      eleven neurons (20%) received the inputs from the lingual nerve only. The
      remaining 10 neurons (17%) failed to respond to stimulation of either the
      cerebral cortex or the lingual nerve. The mean latencies of the responses to
      stimulation of the orbital gyrus, coronal gyrus and lingual nerve were 29.0 ms (n
      = 28), 22.7 ms (n = 33) and 10.2 ms (n = 46), respectively. In this study, the
      excitatory inputs converging from the cerebral cortex and the lingual nerve,
      found in 63% of SSN neurons, could play an important role in submandibular and
      sublingual salivation. Cortically induced salivation, in particular, may be
      involved in salivary secretion in the conditioned reflexes as well as in
      mastication.

PMID- 2635782
TI  - Reflex changes in sympathetic activity affect the tooth tap-digastric reflex in
      rabbits.
AB  - We have previously shown that, in the anaesthetized rabbit, electrical
      stimulation of the sympathetic trunks inhibits the digastric opening reflex, as
      elicited by standardized tooth taps and monitored by integrated EMG. The site of
      action was most likely in the periodontal ligament, since the digastric reflex
      evoked by electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve was unaffected.
      In the present investigation we have studied the effects on the reflex of more
      naturally occurring changes in sympathetic activity, as induced by the
      baroreceptor reflex. The sympathetic discharge was increased by withdrawal of
      blood from the femoral vein, and reduced by electrical stimulation of the aortic
      baroreceptor nerve. Preliminary results in five rabbits showed that haemorrhage
      reduced the digastric reflex by more than 10% in 7 out of 13 tests (median 19%),
      while aortic nerve stimulation increased the reflex in 11 out of 13 tests (median
      160%). It is therefore concluded that the tooth tap-digastric reflex may be
      affected also by more naturally occurring changes in sympathetic discharge.

PMID- 2635783
TI  - Reflex responses in the digastric and tongue muscles to stimulation of
      intradental nerves in the cat.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nerves induces the digastric jaw-opening
      reflex in the cat, apparently due to activation of intradental A-fibres; C-fibres
      do not seem to be involved. In fact, reflex responses to activation of pulpal C
      fibres have not been studied. In the present experiments on anesthetized cats we
      recorded EMG reflex responses of the digastric and tongue muscles to stimulation
      of the intact tooth crown, exposed dentine, and the pulp. We used stimuli that
      selectively activate either A- or C-fibres of the pulp. Slow heating of the tooth
      and application of capsaicin into the pulp, both procedures known to excite only
      C-fibres in the pulp, evoked licking movements of the tongue and prolonged EMG
      responses in the tongue and, less consistently, digastric muscles. Similar muscle
      responses were elicited by high intensity electrical current pulses applied to
      the tooth. At low current intensities only short-duration digastric activation
      (jaw-opening reflex) was induced. Similar digastric jaw-opening was also evoked
      by drilling and air-drying of dentine, both stimuli able to activate only
      intradental A-fibres. These results indicate that activation of both A- and C
      type pulp nerve fibres can induce reflectory muscle activation, and further, they
      support the concept of afferent intradental C-fibre innervation.

PMID- 2635784
TI  - Activation of carotid sinus baroreceptors reduces pain sensations evoked by
      electrical and cold stimulation of human teeth.
AB  - Activation of carotid sinus baroreceptors (CSBs) has been shown to have an
      influence on the perception of pain evoked by electrical stimulation of the skin.
      The present work was carried out to study to what extent dental pain can be
      modulated by simultaneous activation of CSBs. In 19 healthy voluntary human
      subjects, activation of CSBs was induced by application of negative pressure to
      an air tight collar fitted around the neck of the subjects (neck suction). Dental
      pain was evoked by electrical stimulation of the tooth (determination of the pain
      threshold) and by cold stimulation of teeth (ratings of the pain intensity). Neck
      suction resulted in an elevation of the dental pain thresholds and a reduction of
      the ratings of the cold-evoked dental pain. The present findings support the
      suggestion of the interaction of cardiovascular control systems with trigeminal
      nociceptive systems.

PMID- 2635785
TI  - [The international project of healthy cities: conceptual basis and perspectives
      for its development in Spain].
AB  - The authors present the conceptual foundations of the international Healthy
      Cities project of the European Office of the World Health Organization. The
      future of municipal public health services in Spain after the General Health Act
      of 1986 is discussed, since it plans the integration of all health services in
      the public sector within a National Health Service. In this context, the
      potential to develop health promotion initiatives from the local government is
      discussed. The objectives and development of the Spanish Healthy Cities network
      are also presented.

PMID- 2635787
TI  - [Demographic and health statistics: a necessary complement].

PMID- 2635786
TI  - [Evolution value of quantitative performance indicators of a large hospital (La
      Fe. 1974-1986)].
AB  - An analytical study has been conducted from a historical-developmental viewpoint
      for a 13-year period--1974-1986--on the most widely-used quantitative hospital
      performance indicators for a 2.000-bed Centre composed of four hospitals:
      General, Children's, Maternity and Traumatology-Rehabilitation. To take a general
      count of these indicators for the Centre as a whole would present a misleading
      picture in that the differences in the working of its constituent parts, which
      are mutually autonomous and adopt different approaches to their own specific
      areas, would be concealed. Thus while there are areas unable to cope with
      increasing demand--General and Traumatology-Rehabilitation-, in others-Children's
      and Maternity-the pressure is not nearly so great. Overall the Centre is seen as
      overloaded, but not nearly so great. Overall the Centre is seen as overloaded,
      but not in a uniform way, and this creates imbalances and distortions within the
      constituent hospitals themselves. It is very probable that the rate of growth in
      demand for hospital services can be put down in large part to structural and
      functional deficiencies in primary care.

PMID- 2635788
TI  - [Prevalence of psychiatric cases at the Santa Cruz de Liencres Hospital].
AB  - A study was conducted in a hospital for intermediate and minor treatment of
      respiratory disorders, on the incidence of psychiatric illness. The entire
      patient population was examined using the Langner and SRQ tests. The incidence of
      psychiatric illness as defined by the Langner test is 53.42%, and as defined by
      SRQ, 36.99%.

PMID- 2635789
TI  - [Epidemiologic study of morbidity of food poisoning and infections in the
      Valencia community (1982-1986)].
AB  - A descriptive epidemiographic study was conducted on the sickness rate from food
      poisoning in the Valencian Autonomous Region between 1982 and 1986. The results
      indicate that there was an increase in the number of food poisoning cases
      reported, the majority occurring during the summer months. The districts
      presenting most cases are the coastal districts, although cases are numerous too
      in a number of inland districts. A generally upward trend was detected, both in
      the Region as a whole and in the individual districts, which makes it most
      advisable to keep a close watch on public health, given the importance of the
      zone to tourism.

PMID- 2635790
TI  - [Isolation of free-living amoebas from samples of respiratory origin].
AB  - By seeding free-living amebas in isolation, a study was conducted on the
      contamination by these protozoa of nasal and pharyngeal mucus in 58 children from
      Madrid. Two positive cases were identified, leading to the isolation of 2 amoebic
      strains, identified as belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba. The pathogenic
      capacity of these amebas was tested in white mice, and one of the former was
      found to be extremely pathogenic for these mice. The potential hazard deriving
      from the presence of these pathogenic for these mice. The potential hazard
      deriving from the presence of these pathogenic protozoa among healthy populations
      is discussed.

PMID- 2635791
TI  - [Coronary risk factors associated to acute myocardial infarct in 40-year-old or
      younger patients].
AB  - Acute myocardiac infarction (AMI) in young patients is not a common occurrence;
      between 3% and 7% of all AMIS occur in persons under 40. A number of Risk Factors
      (RF) have been identified as associated with this disease, although in this age
      group, smoking at 70%, is the most frequent RF, followed by cholesterol, also
      high-risk at 44.3%, diabetes and AHT, although important RFS, are less frequent
      in this age group. Familiarization with these Risk Factors will form the basis of
      primary prevention of this disease directed both at the population at large and
      at those individuals already identified as most at risk.

PMID- 2635792
TI  - [Atmospheric pollution in Vigo. From 1977 to 1986].
AB  - This study examines the levels of SULPHUR DIOXIDE, SUSPENDED PARTICLES (FUMES)
      and SETTLING MATTER in the atmosphere of the city of Vigo for a period of ten
      years, evaluating with reference to current statutory regulations. For this
      purpose 7 SF-type sensors and 10 devices for collecting SETTLING MATTER were
      placed at suitable points about the city. SULPHUR DIOXIDE and SETTLING MATTER
      levels were found to be within the limits considered acceptable under Spanish
      law, while SUSPENDED PARTICLES (FUMES) exceeded these limits at some points of
      the city, although never to the degree defined as FIRST-DEGREE EMERGENCY. There
      is a clearly detectable SEASONAL VARIATION, with higher concentrations of fumes
      occurring in autumn and winter, as one might expect. Attention is also drawn to
      the influence of the prevailing winds in each season and of the location of the
      old town, sited in the lee of the Castro hill.

PMID- 2635793
TI  - [Spain's health cooperation in Africa].

PMID- 2635794
TI  - [Changes in blood lead, urinary alanine and coproporphyrins in workers exposed to
      high concentrations of environmental lead].
AB  - A study was conducted on a total of 200 workers whose duties bring them into
      contact with lead, to determine levels of total alanuria, plumbemia and
      coproporphyrins in urine, basophil spotting and Burton's fringe. It was noted
      that in all cases these levels exceeded the maximum permitted environmental
      concentration. 80% (?) presented high figures for alanuria and 84% had very high
      plumbaemia levels. Coproporphyrins were also high in more than 60% and also in
      more than 60% of cases, basophil spotting was found. On the other hand, Burton's
      fringe was only detected in a few. Lastly, an important fact which emerged was
      the high rate of absenteeism among this group of workers.

PMID- 2635795
TI  - [Fluoride levels in water for public use in the province of Valencia].
AB  - It has been realized a description study about the fluorine content in the
      drinking waters from the province of Valencia and it has been looked for the
      relation with distinct variables in order to prevent possible risks for health.
      The fluoride level is very low in all the public consumption waters of the
      province. It has been recommended the fluoridation in order to get prophylaxis of
      the caries teeth. The structural and geological characteristics of the aquifer
      don't influence about the fluoride levels in it's water supplies. Fluorine level
      is lightly industrialized zones and supplies near dumping places of solid and
      liquid residues situated over vulnerable terrenes to contamination on account of
      porosity, immediately afterwards fissured zones and finally the mixed terrenes.

PMID- 2635796
TI  - [Nutritional status of the children population in the Annobon island (Republic of
      Equatorial Guinea)].
AB  - The prevalence of protein energetic malnutrition in the island of Annobon is very
      high. A summary of the nutritional state of the Annobonese children would show
      that 36% of them suffered from protein energetic malnutrition at the time of the
      study, and that 41% had prior exposure to such malnutrition. The group of
      children with low weight for their age, and short stature, is the one aged 13 to
      24 months. Apart from the results of the nutritional study, mention is made of
      environmental factors (resources and eating habits), which influence the results
      obtained. That which is considered a priority in child health in Equatorial
      Guinea is pointed out.

PMID- 2635797
TI  - [Intestinal parasitosis of the canine population in the principate of Asturias].
AB  - A study is made of coprological samples from 354 dogs, 252 of them male and 102
      female. Parasitism was found in 94 dogs (26.5%), of which 14 (15%) showed two or
      more associated parasites. The Councils with the highest degree of parasitism
      were: Penamellera Baja (77.7%), Ribadedeva (57.1%), Castropol (53.8%),
      Ribadesella (50%), Pilona (46.6%), and Tapias de Casariego (44.4%). The parasites
      most frequently isolated were: Anciostoma Caninum (19.2%), Trichuris vulpis
      (8.2%), Cystoisospora canis (3%), Toxocara spp. (1.1%), and Toxascaris leonina
      (1.1%). The difference in the degree of parasitism in females over 1 year of age
      (26.6%), and of males over 1 year of age (19.6%) is statistically significant (p
      greater than 0.05). No eggs were found of Taenia spp., which points to the
      positive effects of the measures taken against the hydatid cyst, based on the
      biannual administration of Praziquantel to the canine population.

PMID- 2635798
TI  - [Relationship among the neoplasm incidence and mortality rates in the province of
      Soria. 1981-85].
AB  - During the years 1981 to 1985, every single death and neoplastic illness in the
      province of Soria was recorded, and tabulated in relation to age, sex, location,
      and place of residence. Adjusted Rates (Direct method) were obtained for all
      locations, both in mortality and in incidence, as well as their Standard Errors.
      The deceased and the neoplastically ill were grouped in areas--Urban an Rural--in
      order to establish risk differences in both areas, the intervals of confidence
      being established according to the Miettinem method. The neoplastic risk is
      always higher in males, both incidence and Global Mortality being statistically
      significant (p less than 0.01), as well as most of the locations. Gastric tumors
      have the highest rate of incidence (global and in males) and mortality (global
      and in both sexes), with higher presence in rural areas than in urban ones (p
      less than 0.05). On the other hand, in males, there is a higher incidence in
      urban areas of Lung Tumors (p less than 0.01) and Larynx (p less than 0.05). The
      latter, in males, and in the bladder in both sexes, have the highest survival
      ratio (Standard rate of incidence/Standard rate of mortality).

PMID- 2635799
TI  - [Evaluation of a health care program for women at a health center].
AB  - We show in this study the evaluation of the Women's Program in the San Anton
      Health Center during 1986. A separate analysis is made of each of the three
      subprograms (Pregnancy Control, Early Detection of Genital and Breast Cancer, and
      Family Planning), data on age, number of children, prior contraceptive methods,
      results, complications, remissions, etc... We have controlled a total of 102
      women in the Family Planning program (10.88% of our female population of
      childbearing age), 134 (8.6%) in the Early Detection program, and/or 30
      pregnancies (29.41%) have concluded. The coverage of the three subprograms has
      been low. Nevertheless, we must mention the detection of one carcinoma in place
      (0.75%). We point out the importance of carrying out this type of program in
      Health Centers, the elaboration of common indicators for further evaluations, as
      well as the importance of the nursing staff in the correct execution and
      increased coverage of the programs, which form the basis of teamwork in Primary
      Attention.

PMID- 2635800
TI  - [Prospective for nursing congresses].
AB  - Based on the information gathered on Nursing Congresses held during 1987
      throughout Spain, a typical or average congress has been posited, on the basis of
      which several observations are made, which reflect the present situation in
      Nursing. Among the conclusions, the following stand out: poor prior publicity;
      anonymous organisers; underestimation of papers versus speeches; excess of
      speakers from other professions; minimal publication of the papers presented;
      high registration fees, etc.

PMID- 2635801
TI  - [Use of drugs in a sample of users in primary health care].
AB  - A study is made of the consumption of medicines in relation to the professionals
      who recommend them, and the degree of compliance in their ingestion, amongst the
      users of Primary Attention, by means of a method of case detection made on
      patients over the age of 25, who personally visited a General Medicine doctor
      between March and December, 1987. 703 interviews were carried out, with the
      result that 41% of the patients took medicines prescribed at that visit, with an
      average of 0.69 per person, and 0.45 medicines with chronic dosage. 7.3% used
      medicines prescribed by private doctors, and 2.2% prescribed by non-medical
      professionals. These results suggest a moderately high and chronic consumption
      which ought to be taken into account in the local planning of future educational
      programs, in order to improve the use of medicines in the community.

PMID- 2635802
TI  - [Serologic expression of hepatotropic virus in health personnel].
AB  - We studied 276 sanitary workers of different social conditions (doctors,
      biochemetries, nurses, employees students and clerks) for markers for hepatitis A
      and B by ELISA. A special interrogatory for acute hepatic injury was assessed.
      Antibodies for VHA was positive in 90.21% and the penetration for VHB (by anti
      HBc) was present in 19.20%.

PMID- 2635803
TI  - [Results of the treatment of pyogenic hepatic abscess over a 10-year period].
AB  - The experience of the Hospital Clinico de la Universidad de Chile in the
      treatment of pyogenic liver abscess, during various periods of the last decade is
      presented. Fifty six cases treated by means of three therapeutic options are
      reviewed retrospectively. The overall mortality during period was of 27% and it
      decreased to 19% if only the last three years were taken into account. There were
      no significant changes comparing surgical treatment in different periods.
      Fourteen patients were managed with percutaneous drainage, with therapeutic
      success in 85% of cases and one death. Five cases were treated only with
      antibiotics; results were good in four of them. The different mortality figures
      were analyzed concluding that they belonged to man comparable universes because
      of the unavoidable patient selection. Surgery was reserved for the more severe
      cases. Percutaneous drainage is the first choice treatment in patient with
      solitary abscess without a surgically treatable abdominal primary location.

PMID- 2635804
TI  - [Antacids: new perspectives on their use].

PMID- 2635805
TI  - [Synthesis of derivative of 2-[4-hydroxy-7-methyl-5-oxo-5H-furo-[3,2g]
      [1]benzopyran-9-yloxy] acetic and propionic acids with potential effect on the
      circulatory system].
AB  - With the purpose of obtaining new compounds with antiarrhythmic activity, 14
      novel derivatives of 5H-furo[3,2-g] [1]benzopyran-5-one were synthetized. Some of
      them proved to display strong antiarrhythmic action.

PMID- 2635806
TI  - [Determining acebutolol level in the blood serum].
AB  - A simple method for isolation of acebutolol from blood serum, and conditions of
      thin-layer chromatography for detection of this drug in blood are reported. An
      own colorimetric method has been developed for the determination of acebutolol
      after its isolation and hydrolysis in the medium of sulphuric acid. Results of
      the determinations were subjected to statistical analysis. The methods were
      elaborated using model samples prepared by addition of the acebutolol working
      standard to blood serum. Sensitivity of the acebutolol detection by thin-layer
      chromatography under elaborated conditions proved to reach the level of 0.5
      microgram.

PMID- 2635807
TI  - Phenolic acids in herbs Lysimachia nummularia L. and L. vulgaris L.
AB  - 19 components of free and bound acid fractions separated from Lysimachia
      nummularia L. and L. vulgaris L. have been determined by means of gas
      chromatography and mass spectrometry. The percentage composition of the
      particular acid in fractions has been determined.

PMID- 2635808
TI  - Cultivation and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the Psychotria
      bacteriophila callus tissue.

PMID- 2635809
TI  - Comparison of the rumen protein synthesis in cows during the perinatal and
      lactation periods.

PMID- 2635810
TI  - Colonic fermentation and absorption of SCFA in man.

PMID- 2635811
TI  - Interrelations between short-chain fatty acids and sodium absorption in the rumen
      of sheep.

PMID- 2635812
TI  - Volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of Bedouin goats: effect of drinking,
      food quality and feeding time.

PMID- 2635813
TI  - Diarrhea and short-chain fatty acids in disaccharide malabsorption; regulation of
      colonic fermentation.

PMID- 2635814
TI  - Regulation of electrolyte transport in frog colon.

PMID- 2635815
TI  - Differential effects of corticosteroids on active electrolyte transport in the
      mammalian distal colon.

PMID- 2635816
TI  - Unidirectional sodium fluxes in the proximal and in the distal colon of pigs.

PMID- 2635817
TI  - Effects of dietary NaCl intake on 3-oxy-methyl-D-glucose transport across chicken
      rectum.

PMID- 2635818
TI  - Effect of E. coli STa enterotoxin on mucosal surface pH of pig proximal jejunum
      in vivo.

PMID- 2635819
TI  - Effect of E. coli STa enterotoxin on intestinal drug absorption.

PMID- 2635820
TI  - Monosaccharide transport by the jejunum of chickens adapted to a low-Na+ diet.

PMID- 2635821
TI  - Disappearance of long-chain fatty acids in the hindgut of dairy cows.

PMID- 2635822
TI  - An improved rumen cannulation technique to minimize leakage.

PMID- 2635823
TI  - The temporarily isolated rumen technique affects fluid balance in sheep.

PMID- 2635824
TI  - Ileorectal anastomosis as a viable model for protein digestion studies in sheep:
      effect on feed intake, water and acid/base balance and digestive tract anatomy.

PMID- 2635825
TI  - Rumination of particles of different sizes and densities in sheep.

PMID- 2635826
TI  - Effect of intraruminal addition of potassium chloride during food deprivation in
      goats.

PMID- 2635827
TI  - Acetate: a hydrogen sink in hindgut fermentation as opposed to rumen
      fermentation.

PMID- 2635828
TI  - In vitro fermentation of neutral monosaccharides by ruminal and human fecal
      microflora.

PMID- 2635829
TI  - NSAIDs-induced asthma: peculiarities related to background and association with
      other drug or non-drugs etiological agents.
AB  - Drug-induced bronchial asthma appears in author's records from a group of 781
      asthmatics in 10.5% (83 patients). Among them NSAIDs show a rate of incidence of
      78% with 54% of the sample group with the Asthmatic Triad (AT). In virtually all
      cases (except for 3 cases with asthma induced exclusively by NSAIDs), NSAIDs
      induced asthmatic accident appears against the background of an established
      intrinsic (IA) or allergic asthma (AA) with some cases of triple etiological
      association: intrinsic + allergic (to pneumallergens or drugs) + NSAIDs-induced
      asthma. The association of NSAIDs-induced asthma with an atopic background (in
      author's records: 20 cases accounting for 45% of the sample group) impart an
      additional degree of seriousness to the AT. At the same time, however, these new
      forms provide reason for hope to prevent corticodependence or overcome it by
      resorting to pathogenic antiallergic medications (DSCG and Ketotifen). Among the
      drug related triggering factors, psychic stress plays an important part in
      relation to other etiological forms of asthma.

PMID- 2635830
TI  - Nasal provocation test (NPT) through previously active rhinomanometry: physical
      and mathematical reasons.
AB  - Rhinomanometry is a technique which studies the resistance of the nasal airways.
      It also permits us to measure their variations during NPT. This work has analysed
      the different methods of rhinomanometry (previously active, previously passive
      and late), commenting on its advantages and disadvantages. Bearing in mind that
      the European Committee for the standardizing of rhinomanometry has suggested the
      use of AAR, we have analysed it's physical and mathematical principles, as well
      as the bases of NPT through AAR. On these principles we present our technique,
      highly standardized, showing the comparative data with other diagnostic methods,
      as well as it's diagnostic value and we compare it with other proposed systems.
      We have also considered it useful to include a mathematical development of TPN
      which informs us of the equations of regression for the dose and nasal responses.

PMID- 2635831
TI  - Studies on serum gastrin concentrations after test meal stimulation in patients
      suffering from bronchial asthma.
AB  - In patients suffering from bronchial asthma serum gastrin concentrations were
      measured before the feeding of a standard meal and at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120
      minutes after. All subjects studied were divided into 2 main groups: I. Those not
      receiving corticosteroids and II. Those undergoing long-term treatment with
      corticosteroids. Results obtained from these two groups were compared to those
      found in 32 healthy persons. In the group I a statistically significant increase
      in serum gastrin concentrations was seen in subjects with the atopic form of
      bronchial asthma, before test meal ingestion and 15, 30 and 60 min after, where
      as in subjects with non atopic form of bronchial asthma an increase in serum
      gastrin concentration was found before the feeding of test meal and 15, 60, 90
      and 120 min after. In all subjects suffering from both forms of bronchial asthma
      and belonging to group II, serum gastrin concentrations were significantly
      elevated in comparison with healthy persons. This increase in serum gastrin level
      was greater in subjects with non atopic for of bronchial asthma. Patients having
      contracted complications associated with corticosteroids administration presented
      serum gastrin levels higher than those without complications. Oral administration
      of corticosteroids resulted in more intensive stimulation of gastrin release than
      parenteral administration.

PMID- 2635832
TI  - Induction of anti-orange antibodies in rabbits.
AB  - The capacity of certain foods to cause allergic reactions is well known. The four
      types of mechanisms that Gell and Coombs described in 1968, are involved in these
      reactions, although the reaginic antibodies retain the paramount attention of the
      immunologists. The physiochemical composition of the allergen molecule is the
      goal of investigators with the purpose to clarify the intrinsic kinetics of
      antibody synthesis. This paper contributes to the conflicting data about orange
      allergens especially those obtained from Citrus Aurantium Sinensis and Citrus
      Silension (CAS and CS, respectively). Glycoproteins were separated by gel
      filtration through a Sephadex G-50 column. A definite protein peak was obtained
      meanwhile several hexoses appeared throughout the fractionation procedure. These
      molecules have adequate physiochemical properties that make them able to trigger
      the immunological response (molecular weight, definite chemical composition and
      glycoprotein content). Although CAS and CS have a similar chemical composition a
      slight inverse proportion of proteins and hexoses was demonstrated between the
      two classes. Molecular weights were different for CAS (51.500) and for CS
      (37.000) in comparison with well established protein makers. Ouchterlony revealed
      two precipitin lines in the CAS-anti-CAS system but none in the CS-anti-CS one.
      The Boyden technique showed a titre of 1/256 in the first case and only of 1/64
      in the second of specific anti-orange antibodies. All the eluted fractions gave
      negative results although they were concentrated ten times by pre-evaporation.
      This animal model reinforced the statement that after a long and continuous
      exposure to orange antigens it was possible to develop specific antibodies. It is
      assumed that this phenomenon happens in atopic children with it's diagnostic and
      therapeutic importance.

PMID- 2635833
TI  - Role of prostaglandins on lymphocyte transformation in Crohn's disease.
AB  - We analyzed the response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) of peripheral blood (PBL),
      intraepithelial (IEL) and lamina propia (LPL) lymphocytes in eight patients with
      Crohn's disease (CD). We also studied the effect of indomethacin, a prostaglandin
      synthetase inhibitor, and monocyte depletion on mitogen-induced stimulation of
      these cells. The blastic stimulation index was significantly lower in PBL and
      intestinal mucosa lymphocytes of CD than in controls (p less than 0.001). This
      index increased after addition of indomethacin in PBL and LPL and after monocyte
      depletion in PBL. The suppressor index on blastic stimulation, obtained when
      indomethacin had been added to the cultures was higher in PBL and intestinal
      mucosa lymphocytes of patients with CD than in controls. After monocyte
      depletion, this suppressor index decreased significantly in PBL and did not
      change in controls. These data suggest that prostaglandins could be one of the
      responsible factors for hyporesponsiveness of lymphocytes in CD.

PMID- 2635834
TI  - Comparative clinical-immunological study of oral and subcutaneous immunotherapy
      in children with extrinsic bronchial asthma.
AB  - There is discrepancy of criteria regarding the clinical immunological efficacy of
      allergenic extracts, administered by oral way, for the control of allergic
      symptoms of the respiratory airways. The predominant mono-sensitization to D.
      pteronyssinus and the early development of allergic respiratory symptoms in our
      medium motivated us to evaluate the clinical-immunological efficacy of oral
      immunotherapy in children with bronchial asthma. Twenty-eight patients affected
      with extrinsic bronchial asthma to D. pteronyssinus were included in our study;
      their average age was 27.93 months (range between 18-42 months) and the SD
      (standard deviation), 5.46. For the reception of oral and subcutaneous vaccines,
      made-up of 100% D. pteronyssinus, the patients were divided into two groups of 14
      children each. The clinical immunological evaluation was realized in basal
      conditions, 6 and 12 months after the initiation of both vaccines. IgE and seric
      IgG4 against D. pteronyssinus was quantified through RAST. The results obtained
      were as follows: 1. Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SI) was seen to be more effective
      than oral immunotherapy (OI), throughout the 12 months of the study. 2. In both
      vaccines, the IgE against D. pteronyssinus did not undergo any statistically
      significant changes (p less than 0.766 and p less than 0.246). 3. IgG4 against D.
      pteronyssinus increased more with subcutaneous than with oral therapy. There were
      statistically significant differences for both kinds of therapy at 6 and 12
      months, the difference between basal and 12 months being p less than 0.001 and p
      less than 0.020, for subcutaneous and oral therapy respectively.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635835
TI  - [Psychotrauma associated with ambulatory and inpatient surgery in infants. A
      prospective study].
AB  - The presumed advantages of day-case surgery are often based on the argument that
      this kind of surgery induces less psychic harm in children than inpatient care.
      However, medical psychologists in particular increasingly prefer short-term
      hospitalization with rooming-in or daily visits by the mother. Neither opponents
      nor supporters of day-case surgery could produce valid findings from controlled
      and methodically valid studies of this subject. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A
      controlled, prospective study of the psychogenic effects of non-acute surgery
      under general anesthesia in children between 2 and 6 years of age was performed.
      The childrens' psychologic alterations were measured 6 and 12 weeks after the
      operation using a structured interview of the mother. Twenty-four children were
      treated by day-case surgery, 28 as inpatients. All children belonged to ASA
      groups I and II. The interviewer was "blind" to the indication, kind of surgery
      and duration of hospitalization. The mothers' answers concerning the
      postoperative behavior of their children were coded in terms of frequency of
      changes (seldom, unchanged, more frequent) or intensity (vigorous, unchanged,
      slight) in comparison to the time before operation. The data were compared to the
      anxiety of the children and mothers before premedication. The childrens' anxiety
      was measured using the scoring system of Buttner and Breitkopf; the mothers'
      anxiety was measured using a modified scoring system according to Groeger and
      Grosse-Aldenhovel. RESULTS. 1. There were no significant differences between the
      day-case and the stationary groups, in either preoperative anxiety assessments or
      postoperative psychological findings. 2. In comparison with the total number of
      possible psychologic effects, the number that really occurred was very small;
      only in 6 of 81 items did more than one-third of the mothers report any changes.
      3. Most items were reported as minimal changes. Therefore, all items had to be
      analyzed using the method of analysis of factors (mean components, varimax
      rotation, Scree-test). Within 44.7% of extracted variance there were 2 factors
      involving behavior. Items applying to factor 1 included disturbed sleep and
      increased attachment of the child to the parents, indicating "emotional
      confusion" or "troublesome behavior." Factor 2 indicated a more flexible manner
      of playing and increased ability to concentrate.4+

PMID- 2635836
TI  - [Lidocaine levels in the plasma following peripheral or central venous
      administration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Results of an experimental
      animal study].
AB  - A review of the literature indicates that the intravenous bolus dose of lidocaine
      should be reduced in all conditions where cardiac output is diminished. During
      external cardiac compression the cardiac output is only approximately 20-40% of
      the normal resting value. Various routes of drug administration are currently
      used during CPR. The routine use of a central venous line is not recommended as a
      first-line procedure for resuscitation. This route of administration is favored
      by some authors, however, because it is presumed to result in a more rapid onset
      of drug action and higher peak concentrations of the drugs used. The aim of this
      study was to determine the aortic plasma concentration of lidocaine after central
      venous as compared to peripheral venous administration under the conditions of
      external cardiac compression. Twelve pigs were allocated to two groups of 6
      animals each using random numbers. Ventricular fibrillation was induced by
      applying an alternating current via two needle electrodes placed subcutaneously.
      Cardiac arrest was allowed to continue for a period of 1 min before mechanical
      measures were applied. Cardiac massage was carried out using a pneumatic piston
      device set to a compression rate of 80/min. Sixty seconds after mechanical CPR
      had been initiated, a bolus of 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine was given to 6 animals via a
      central venous line. The remaining 6 animals were treated with the same dose
      given into a vein of the earlobe. The 2% lidocaine solution was diluted to 20 ml
      with physiological saline in all animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635837
TI  - [Particulate contamination of infusion solutions and drug additives in the
      framework of long-term intensive therapy. 2. An animal model].
AB  - When IV solutions are used, particulate matter may be introduced into the
      patient. Using X-ray studies we could demonstrate particulate matter consisting
      mainly of glass from ampules, rubber from rubber stoppers of infusion bottles,
      and plastic material from IV sets. With a recently introduced method of back
      scatter pictures in scanning electron microscopy combined with X-ray studies-
      Jeol 35 CF/EEDS II Ortec (REM EDX)--we analyzed this phenomenon using an animal
      model (rabbit). It appears that particulate matter is deposited in the
      interstitial lung tissue and especially the pulmonary microcirculation.
      Pathogenetic effects could also be demonstrated (formation of thrombi, etc.).

PMID- 2635838
TI  - [Bronchial obstruction caused by incorrect positioning of a temperature probe].
AB  - In a case of open heart surgery a temperature probe was inserted orally to
      monitor the temperature in the esophagus. After insertion, the arterial oxygen
      tension decreased. Fiberoptic examination of the bronchial system revealed an
      obstruction in the right main bronchus by the temperature probe. After removal of
      the probe normal oxygenation was restored.

PMID- 2635839
TI  - [An activated charcoal filter for eliminating volatile anesthetics. A
      contribution to the management of malignant hyperthermia].
AB  - Anesthesia machines may not be contaminated with anesthetic vapors when a patient
      susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MHS) is to be anesthetized. A clean
      machine may not always be available, and recommended protocols for preparing a
      contaminated machine are cumbersome and time-consuming. We suggest the use of an
      activated charcoal filter that is easily assembled from spare parts available in
      many anesthesiology departments (Fig. 2). It consists of an HME container (Servo
      Humidifier 150, Siemens-Elema), a sieve set from an anesthesia circuit (7a/8-ISO,
      Drager, Lubeck), and grained activated charcoal (2.5 mm, Merck, Darmstadt). All
      parts are autoclavable. The filter adsorbs anesthetic vapors quantitatively (Fig.
      3) without affecting humidity, nitrous oxide concentration, or circuit
      resistance. Storage of such a filter may obviate the need to keep a clean
      anesthesia machine available for MHS patients.

PMID- 2635840
TI  - Secondary structure of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz): a study by infrared
      spectroscopy.
AB  - The infrared spectrum (amide I' region) of Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor
      (SBTI) was obtained in D2O solution and resolved into Gaussian components. A
      prominent broad band centered at 1643 cm-1 is shown on the unresolved spectrum,
      which is usually assigned to N-deuterated peptide groups in an unordered
      structure, since SBTI is known to be devoid of alpha-helix by CD and X-ray
      crystallographic studies. In addition, shoulders are evident at 1632 cm-1 and
      1676 cm-1, which correspond probably to the v(pi, O) and v(O, pi) components
      assigned to an antiparallel-chain beta-pleated sheet structure. Parameters
      (maximum absorptivity, wavenumber at the maximum of the band, and half-width of
      the band at half-height) for the four Gaussian component bands (in which the
      amide I' band was resolved) are given. A crude estimation of 4% is obtained for
      antiparallel beta-sheet in SBTI, i.e., this protein would be practically devoid
      of such a beta-structure. Notwithstanding the fact that this result is apparently
      in agreement with the far-UV CD spectrum (data reported in the literature), the
      predominant conformation class found in SBTI has been demonstrated to be
      approximate beta-sheet structures, with a small amount of regular sheet (Sweet et
      al., (1974) Biochemistry 13: 4212-4228).

PMID- 2635841
TI  - [G.R.I.O. (Research Group on Information on Osteoporosis). Results and
      perspectives].

PMID- 2635842
TI  - [Prevalence of non-thyroid autoantibodies in autoimmune dysthyroidies].
AB  - Organ- and non organ-specific autoantibodies can be detected in patients with
      AITD but large comparative studies have seldom been performed. This study
      evaluated the prevalence of anti-thyroid, -smooth muscle, -mitochondria, 
      parietal gastric cells, -salivary duct, -nuclear and -ds DNA autoantibodies
      assayed by indirect immunofluorescence in 224 patients with Graves' disease or
      Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Results evidenced a high prevalence of antinuclear
      antibodies, mostly of non homogenous fluorescence in Graves' (63.1%) and
      Hashimoto's patients (65.5%), as well as for antisalivary duct antibodies (55.2
      and 75%). No positive anti-ds DNA were noticed. No correlation was found between
      antithyroid antibodies and the others. Different hypothesis could explain this
      observation which favours a general dysregulation of the autoimmune system.

PMID- 2635843
TI  - [Effects of subcutaneous administration of sandostatine (SMS 201.995) in 18 cases
      of thyroid medullary cancer].
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that somatostatin could reduce calcitonin plasma
      levels (CT) in normal subjects and in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The aim
      of this study was to examine the usefulness of the somatostatin analog,
      sandostatine (SMS 201.995) in MTC with elevated residual CT levels post
      thyroidectomy with or without metastases. 18 patients (17-64 years, 12 men and 8
      women) with CT greater than 850 pg/ml (N less than 150 pg/ml) and with metastases
      in 12 cases, were studied. MTC was sporadic in 11 cases, familial in 4 cases and
      of undefined form in 3. Initial posology was 300 micrograms/d of sandostatin (3
      injections/day). It was then increased by 300 micrograms/d every 9 day till a
      maximum of 1500 micrograms/d. Treatment duration was 37 days in 11 cases and 60
      days in 7 cases. Plasma CT and carcinoembryonic antigen levels (CEA) were
      measured before treatment and at the end of each dosage plateau. Morphologic
      evaluation of metastases was done at 0, 30, 60 days. 7/18 patients were
      reevaluated 2 to 8 months after with drawal of sandostatine. Treatment was well
      tolerated. Flushes improved in 4 out of 5 cases but diarrhea in only 2 out of 9
      patients. Sandostatine was without any effect on plasma CEA. Heterogenous
      responses were observed for plasma CT levels (CT decreases greater than 20% in
      8/18 patients when 900 to 1500 micrograms/day were administered). Patients were
      subdivised into 3 groups according to CEA levels and presence or absence of
      metastases. Group A (n = 9) had elevated CEA levels (greater than 10 mg/ml) and
      metastases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635844
TI  - [Management of large adrenal glands discovered incidentally].
AB  - Incidental adrenal tumors are more and more often discovered with development of
      the new radiological techniques (CT scan, sonography). In such an occurrence, the
      largest panel of adrenal hormones measurements is needed. In the absence of
      hormonal abnormality, no exam can help for the clinical decision-making.
      According to epidemiological findings, we propose to operate upon tumors larger
      than 6 cm and to repeat CT scans at 2, 6 and 18 months for tumors smaller than 6
      cm which should be operated upon if an enlargement of the adrenal tumor is
      demonstrated by a control exam. This attitude relies upon the quite higher
      frequency of adrenal adenomas (more than 99% of non-functioning adrenal tumors)
      and the more important risk of malignant adrenal carcinoma in front of a huge
      tumor. It appears to be the right choice in a cost-effectiveness perspective.

PMID- 2635845
TI  - [Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in Leydig cell tumor].
AB  - So far, the presence of an enkephalin-like immunoreactivity has never been
      reported in Leydig cell tumors at our knowledge. A 39 years old man having a
      painful gynecomastia and an impotency changing in time has been studied. At
      clinical examination, he was normal, without palpable testis tumor. The sperm
      count analysis showed an oligoastheno-spermia. Plasma testosterone (T) was low
      and plasma estradiol (E2) was high, varying from day to day. T/E2 ratio was
      always low (20 to 72 - N:220-240) and fell after HCG administration. Plasma LH
      was normal and plasma FSH was low. 17 hydroxyprogesterone (17 OH-P)/T ratio was
      increased (0.7 - N:0.23). A small tumor was localized in the left testis by
      ultrasonography. The spermatic vein catheterization, which was only possible on
      the left side, showed a decreased T, a high E2 and a low T/E2 ratio (19 - N:304).
      After unilateral orchidectomy, the histological study confirmed the diagnosis of
      Leydig cell tumor. With antibodies raised against synthetic Met-en-kephalin, it
      has been possible to detect an enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the tumoral
      cells as well as in the surrounding normal cells.

PMID- 2635846
TI  - [Kinesic paroxysmal familial choreoathetosis: presentation of a case].
AB  - Report of a case of kinesic paroxysmal choreoathetosis in a family (as far as we
      know the first case of a family on record in Spanish) which responded very well
      to treatment with low doses of carbamazepine. The characteristics of this
      infrequent clinical entity are also discussed.

PMID- 2635847
TI  - [Differential immunohistochemical characteristics of meningiomas and other
      neoplasms of the central nervous system].
AB  - We present an immunohistochemical study of 16 meningiomas and 19 CNS tumors
      including gliomas, neurinomas and metastatic carcinomas, in order to establish a
      histopathologic differential diagnosis, using formalin-fixed and paraffin
      embedded material. The antibodies analysed included vimentin, GFA-protein,
      cytokeratin, S-100 protein and epithelial membrane antigen. Meningiomas always
      express vimentin as marker, and occasionally cytokeratin and EMA. The most
      constant antigens demonstrated in astrocytomas were GFA-protein and vimentin, and
      occasionally we were able to detect S-100 protein. Neurinomas proved positive to
      S-100 protein, and metastases presented cytokeratin and EMA reactivity. Our
      results confirm the existence of diverse immunohistochemical patterns within CNS
      tumors, a fact that can be useful in routine differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2635848
TI  - [Congenital myopathy associated with cutis laxa].
AB  - Congenital myopathies have been described in association with systemic and skin
      anomalies but not with cutis laxa. De Barsey syndrome relates cutis laxa with
      neurological alterations and muscular hypotonia, but electromyographic nor
      muscular pathological studies have been made in previously reported cases. We
      report a case associating two major features: cutis laxa and congenital myopathy,
      both confirmed by biopsy. We propose the diagnosis of De Barsey syndrome in an
      incomplete form.

PMID- 2635849
TI  - [Frequency of neurocysticercosis at a hospital in Madrid (1980-1989)].
AB  - Neurocysticercosis (NCC) in Spain remains localized in well-defined endemic
      areas. Due to massive immigration from these rural areas toward urban outskirts
      under expanding industrialization during the 1960s and the widespread used of CT
      scan, a relatively large number of NCC cases were subsequently detected in some
      hospitals in Madrid, reportedly with a trend towards decline from 1970 onwards.
      We carried-out an estimation on the frequency of this disease covering a 10-year
      period (1980-1989) by tracing all suspected diagnosis of NCC by CT-scan in Madrid
      General Hospital, one of the largest centers in this city covering some 672,351
      people. Thirteen cases fulfilling diagnostic criteria for NCC has been seen by
      different clinical services for the past 10 years, mostly by neurologists. The
      patients were evenly distributed along the study period. Eleven patients were
      Spaniards, and all but two were born in geographic areas recognized as endemic
      for the disorder, mainly Castilla, Extremadura and Andalucia. At least 38 per
      cent of the patients were detected by CT-scans performed for unrelated
      conditions. Only 5 patients were considered to be suffering from active CNS
      infestation on the basis of CSF pleocytosis, immune CSF reactions for NCC or
      both. Most cases were adults or aged individuals (mean age, 46 years) but the
      only two Spanish adolescents were born in Madrid city. Two patients were of
      Hispanic origin (Chili and Venezuela), comprising some 25 per cent of all NCC
      seen for the past five years.

PMID- 2635850
TI  - [Retinoblastoma: morphologic, ultrastructural and scanning electron microscopy
      study].
AB  - We present a clinical and morphological study of one case of unilateral
      Retinoblastoma in a boy two years of age. There were no family antecedents.
      Cellular morphology and histological organization were studied with particular
      reference to rosettes and the angiogenic capacity of the tumor. Scanning electron
      microscopy permitted the definition of the surface organization and infiltration
      pattern together with tridimensional characteristics of the Rosettes. We also
      discuss the neuroectodermal origin of the neoplasm.

PMID- 2635851
TI  - [Vestibular evoked potentials in "Gallus Domesticus"].
AB  - Electrophysiological activity in response to linear acceleration stimuli was
      recorded from Gallus Domesticus by means of subcutaneous electrodes. This
      investigation had two purposes: 1) to obtain normative data for our laboratory,
      and 2) to rule out auditory and somatosensory contributions to the Vestibular
      Evoked Potentials (VsEP). The stimulus consisted of a sigmoid-shaped voltage
      function generated by a digital-to-analog converter. This signal was amplified,
      attenuated, and directed to a shaker (selenoid-based, linear mechanical
      vibrator). The animal's head was firmly attached to a small platform which in
      turn was coupled to the transducer. The recorded electrophysiological activity
      was filtered, amplified, and averaged over 256 stimulus presentations. The VsEP
      are composed of a positive wave, a prominent negativity, and three to five
      additional positive waves which occur within the first 10 milliseconds following
      the stimulus. The first three elements are the most robust components of the
      response. Latency/acceleration and amplitude/acceleration functions were
      constructed for each of these three waves. Clear and replicable responses were
      obtained at an acceleration of 2.00 g. At this level the amplitude of the
      components ranged between 3 and 5 microvolts. On the average, threshold responses
      were recorded at 0.0935 g. VsEP were not affected by high intensity white noise.
      However, bilateral intralabyrinthine injection of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a voltage
      gated sodium channel blocker, abolished the responses. These results suggest that
      the activity recorded in response to linear acceleration stimuli is of vestibular
      origin.

PMID- 2635852
TI  - Organ specific regulation of malic enzyme and hexosemonophosphate shunt
      dehydrogenases activity by high carbohydrate diet.
AB  - The effect of starvation-refeeding transitions on the activity of malic enzyme
      and hexosemonophosphate shunt dehydrogenases in lipogenic and non-lipogenic
      tissues from rats was investigated. Starvation of the rats caused a decrease of
      malic enzyme activity in the liver, white and brown adipose tissue. Refeeding of
      the animals with high carbohydrate diet caused a several fold increase of malic
      enzyme activity in these tissues. Substitution of high fat for high carbohydrate
      diet resulted in only a slight increase of malic enzyme activity in the liver,
      white and brown adipose tissues. In the same rats, no significant effect of
      starvation-refeeding transition on malic enzyme activity in the kidney cortex,
      brain, heart, skeletal muscle and spleen was observed. The changes of the
      activity of hexosemonophosphate shunt dehydrogenases during starvation-refeeding
      transition essentially paralleled those of malic enzyme in all the tissues
      examined.

PMID- 2635853
TI  - Metabolic disposition of [14C] metanil yellow in rats.
AB  - The absorption, metabolism and excretion of [14C] metanil yellow was studied in
      rats. Following administration of a single oral dose of 5 mg dye (7.6 microCi)/kg
      body weight, 80.5% of the dose was excreted in the urine and faeces within 96 hr,
      with the majority being accounted for in the faeces. Liver, kidney, spleen and
      testis retained no count whereas 13.6% of the radioactivity was retained by
      gastrointestinal tract. Analysis of urine and faeces detected two azo-reduction
      metabolites of metanil yellow which were characterized by TLC and IR, NMR and
      mass spectroscopic studies as metanilic acid and p-aminodiphenylamine.

PMID- 2635854
TI  - Esterification of chiral secondary alcohols with fatty acid in organic solvents
      by polyethylene glycol-modified lipase.
AB  - Lipase from Pseudomonas fragi 22.39B was modified with polyethylene glycol. The
      modified lipase (PEG-lipase) was soluble and active in organic solvents such as
      benzene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. PEG-lipase catalyzed esterification of chiral
      secondary alcohols with fatty acids in benzene and exhibited preference for R
      isomers over S isomers. Km and Vmax values for each isomer of various alcohols
      were obtained by kinetic study of the esterification in benzene. PEG-lipase
      catalyzed esterification leads to optical resolution of a racemic alcohol.

PMID- 2635855
TI  - Identification of specific binding sites for vasoactive intestinal peptide in rat
      testis Leydig cells and study of developmental changes.
AB  - The interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) with isolated Leydig cells
      from rat testis was time- and temperature-dependent, as well as saturable and
      specific. Scatchard analysis suggested the presence of both high- and low
      affinity binding sites with KD values of 1.7 and 43 nM, respectively, and
      receptor concentrations of 35 and 1394 fmol VIP bound/mg protein in mature (3- to
      6-month old) rats. When considering pubertal (45-day old) rats, the affinities
      were similar but the binding capacities showed considerably lower values (25 and
      193 fmol VIP bound/mg protein) indicating that VIP receptors are subject to
      developmental changes during animal maturation.

PMID- 2635856
TI  - Spermidine labels proteins during sea urchin embryogenesis.
AB  - We have previously described the presence of a protein containing intact,
      covalently bound spermidine during very early embryogenesis of the sea urchin
      (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). Proteins containing other polyamine metabolites
      also appear as embryogenesis proceeds. These proteins which contain label derived
      from exogenous radioactive spermidine show a characteristic pattern which changes
      during the course of embryonic development. We document for the first time that
      hypusine, the polyamine metabolite which is a characteristic component of the
      eukaryotic protein translation initiation factor eIF-4D, is present in more than
      one species of macromolecule. In addition, N1-acetylspermidine has also been
      identified as a significant intracellular metabolite of spermidine during
      embryogenesis.

PMID- 2635857
TI  - Balancing of mitochondrial and glycolytic ATP production and of the ATP-consuming
      processes of Ehrlich mouse ascites tumour cells in a high phosphate medium.
AB  - A balance of energy budgeting of Ehrlich mouse ascites tumour cells including
      mitochondrial and glycolytic ATP production and about 80% of ATP consumption in a
      high phosphate medium is presented. In the share of glycolysis was about one
      third of the total ATP production, more than twice that found in a low phosphate
      medium. The extent of a single energy reaction was assessed from the decrease of
      coupled oxygen consumption and lactate formation following the specific
      inhibition of this process. The inhibitory effects on coupled respiration and
      glycolysis were identical for the energy consuming processes measured: protein
      turnover, Na+/K(+)-ATPase, Ca2(+)-transport and RNA synthesis.

PMID- 2635858
TI  - Evidence for the occurrence of an alkaline proteinase in kidney cortex lysosomes.
AB  - A novel alkaline endoproteinase optimally active at pH 8.5 has been detected in
      highly pure preparations of buffalo kidney cortex lysosomes. The enzyme has been
      partially purified (90-fold) by solubilization with octylglucoside, acid
      precipitation and chromatography over DEAE sephacel and sepharose 6B. The
      alkaline proteinase, resistant to known inhibitors of lysosomal cathepsins is
      inhibited by soyabean trypsin inhibitor and phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride
      indicating that the enzyme is a serine proteinase.

PMID- 2635859
TI  - Interaction of lactoperoxidase with enzymes and immunoglobulins in bovine milk.
AB  - The interaction of lactoperoxidase with lysozyme and ribonuclease as well as
      immunoglobulins from cow milk has been investigated. As gel filtration and enzyme
      kinetics experiments have shown, the lactoperoxidase was slightly activated by
      complexing to lysozyme, while IgA and IgM were inhibitory for the peroxidase. Oh
      the other hand, IgG and ribonuclease had no effect on the enzyme activity
      although the latter did form a complex with the lactoperoxidase. The interaction
      between the lysozyme and lactoperoxidase appears to be rather specific since the
      alteration of the lactoperoxidase sugar moiety by periodate oxidation, prevented
      the formation of the lactoperoxidase-lysozyme complex.

PMID- 2635860
TI  - Purification and properties of RNA polymerase from acidophilic heterotroph SJH.
AB  - RNA polymerase was isolated from the acidophilic heterotrophic bacterium SJH and
      purified to homogeneity. Subunit structure (beta', beta, theta, alpha 2)
      resembled that of other gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. pH
      optimum of the enzyme was around 8.0, although the bacterium grew only below pH
      6.0 and optimally between 3.0-4.0. SJH and E. coli RNA polymerases showed maximal
      activities on homologous high molecular-weight DNA templates.

PMID- 2635861
TI  - Skeletal muscle glycogen content, structure, and metabolism are normal in rats
      with hepatic glycogen phosphorylase kinase deficiency.
AB  - Skeletal muscle glycogen content and structure, and the activities of several
      enzymes of glycogen metabolism are reported for the hepatic glycogen
      phosphorylase b kinase deficient (gsd/gsd) rat. The skeletal muscle glycogen
      content of the fed gsd/gsd rat is 0.50 +/- 0.11% tissue wet weight, and after 40
      hours of starvation this value is lowered 40% to 0.30 +/- 0.05% tissue wet
      weight. In contrast the gsd/gsd rat liver has an elevated glycogen content which
      remains high after starvation. The skeletal muscle phosphorylase b kinase,
      glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase and acid alpha-glucosidase activities
      are 17.2 +/- 2.9 units/g tissue, 119.9 +/- 6.4 units/g tissue, 12.2 +/- 0.4
      units/g tissue and 1.4 +/- 0.4 milliunits/g tissue, respectively, with approx.
      20% of phosphorylase and approx. 24% of synthase in the active form (at rest).
      These enzyme activities resemble those of Wistar skeletal muscle, and again this
      contrasts with the situation in the liver where there are marked differences
      between the Wistar and the gsd/gsd rat. Fine structural analysis of the purified
      glycogen showed resemblance to other glycogens in branching pattern. Analysis of
      the molecular weight distribution of the purified glycogen indicated
      polydispersity with approx. 66% of the glycogen having a molecular weight of less
      than 250 X 10(6) daltons and approx. 25% greater than 500 X 10(6) daltons. This
      molecular weight distribution resembles those of purified Wistar liver and
      skeletal muscle glycogens and differs from that of the gsd/gsd liver glycogen
      which has an increased proportion of the low molecular weight material.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635862
TI  - Phosphoglycerate kinase from yeast synthesizes guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate.
AB  - Yeast phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK; EC 2.7.2.3) synthesizes adenosine 5'
      tetraphosphate (ppppA) from ATP and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Using an HPLC assay,
      we have shown the synthesis of guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate (ppppG; 0.17 nmol.min
      1.PGK unit-1) characterized by its u.v. spectrum, HPLC behavior, and enzymatic
      digestions. That the synthesis of ppppG is catalyzed by PGK itself and not by a
      contaminant was shown because it depended on 3-phosphoglycerate (as a source of
      1,3-bisphosphoglycerate), coeluted with PGK activity upon gel filtration, and the
      thermal inactivation of the PGK and the ppppG synthetic activity were parallel.

PMID- 2635863
TI  - FAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium smegmatis: activation of
      the lipid-depleted inactive enzyme by a phospholipid analogue, di
      (triethyleneglycoltetradecylether) phosphate.
AB  - A novel phospholipid analogue, di (triethyleneglycol-n-tetradecylether) phosphate
      was synthesized and its activation ability for a phospholipid-requiring enzyme,
      Mycobacterium smegmatis malate dehydrogenase, was examined. The results showed
      that the newly-synthesized phospholipid analogue a high ability, nearly equal to
      that of natural beef heart cardiolipin, for the activation of the lipid-depleted
      inactive enzyme; whereas both simple di-n-octylphosphate and di-n
      tetradecylphosphate were found to have poor activation abilities. These results
      strongly suggest that a slightly hydrophilic region between the phosphate group
      and the two alkyl chains of an anionic phospholipid is important for the best
      activation of M. smegmatis malate dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2635864
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of a novel form of low molecular weight
      kininogen from guinea pig plasma.
AB  - Two kinds of low molecular weight kininogen (termed LK1 and LK2) were isolated
      from pooled plasma of guinea pigs. When polyclonal antisera raised against the
      individual proteins were used, immunological cross-reactions were observed
      between LK1 and high molecular weight kininogen (HK), but not either between LK1
      and LK2 or between LK2 and HK. After tissue injury, plasma level of LK1 doubled
      while those of LK2 and HK remained relatively unchanged.

PMID- 2635865
TI  - Opposite effects of alfa-actinin and of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase on the
      microfilament network. The role of orthophosphate revisited.
AB  - At pH 7.5, in the presence of 0.1 M KCl, 2 mM MgCl2 and 15 mM phosphate, the
      binding of 1 molecule of alfa-actinin for each strand of 1000 actin monomers
      doubles the apparent viscosity of an F-actin solution (12 microM as the monomer).
      Further binding of one molecule of aldolase for each strand of 280 actin monomers
      halves the apparent viscosity of the alfa-actinin-F-actin system without any
      desorption of alfa-actinin. The effect of aldolase is not hindered by the
      addition of 0.1 mM fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. It is shown that orthophosphate
      acts as a damper of the regulatory effect of fructose bisphosphate on the
      interaction between aldolase and microfilaments.

PMID- 2635866
TI  - Cooperative binding of chlorpromazine with hemoglobin.
AB  - The binding of chlorpromazine (CPZ), an widely used tranquilizer, with hemoglobin
      (Hb) at pH 6.5 has been investigated by means of spectrophotometry, circular
      dichroism (CD), and equilibrium dialysis. In CD spectra Hb treated with CPZ
      exhibited a blue shift of 5 nm in the visible wavelength range. The positively
      cooperative nature of binding was revealed by equilibrium dialysis experiments.
      The basic parameters, namely, the cooperative binding constant (K), the degree of
      cooperativity (q), and the number of amino acids (n) occupied by one CPZ molecule
      were evaluated from spectrophotometric and dialysis experiments and found to be
      sensitive to NaCl concentration, suggesting the electrostatic nature of the
      binding process.

PMID- 2635867
TI  - Molecular alterations induced by hypertension in pregnancy on
      syncythiotrophoblast plasma membranes from human placenta.
AB  - To evaluate the possible functional relationships between hypertensive status and
      syncythiotrophoblast plasma membrane behaviour we have carried out a freeze
      fracturing and biochemical investigation to assess: 1) ultrastructurally,
      relations between number and diameter of Intramembrane Particles (IMP) and
      hypertensive conditions; 2) biochemically, actin content of microvilli in this
      pathological status. Our data in vitro show a decrease of IMP in hypertension
      before and after Ca++ addition and a decrease of actin in microvilli of
      hypertensive placenta. These observations seem to be in agreement with the
      hypothesis of a possible structural immaturity in hypertensive placenta and may
      represent morphological signs of placental insufficiency.

PMID- 2635869
TI  - Lignin inhibits (ADP-ribose)n glycohydrolase activity.
AB  - (ADP-ribose)n glycohydrolase activity was inhibited in vitro by lignin, a
      naturally occurring polymethoxyphenolic compound. However, coniferyl alcohol,
      which is a main component of lignin, was not inhibitory even at 100
      micrograms/ml. Lignin caused competitive inhibition with respect to the substrate
      (ADP-ribose)n and its Ki value was 18 micrograms/ml. These results suggest that
      lignin with a polymerized structure has a functional domain that interacts with
      the (ADP-ribose)n glycohydrolase molecule at the same site as (ADP-ribose)n.

PMID- 2635868
TI  - Glutathione peroxidase and iron-thiol dependent lipid peroxidation.
AB  - Role of glutathione peroxidase in iron-thiol-mediated lipid peroxidation was
      examined. The enzyme was unable to prevent peroxidation of extracted rat liver
      microsomal lipids. In contrast, when arachidonic acid was the substrate,
      glutathione peroxidase did decrease the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive
      material. Superoxide dismutase produced a consistent but partial inhibition of
      peroxidation and catalase was without effect. Our results suggest that iron-thiol
      dependent lipid peroxidation cannot be completely blocked by protective enzymes
      that are effective in other systems.

PMID- 2635870
TI  - Protein kinase C activation in a 3T3 cell variant morphologically unresponsive to
      tumor-promoting phorbol esters.
AB  - To investigate the mechanism of the morphological changes induced in cells by
      tumor-promoting phorbol esters, we isolated a 3T3 cell variant which was
      morphologically unresponsive to phorbol esters and analyzed the activation of
      protein kinase C induced by the phorbol esters in it. The variant resembled the
      parent cells in its activation and appeared to have been altered at some step
      distal to the early events of protein kinase C activation.

PMID- 2635871
TI  - Indomethacin as prophylaxis against ureteral colic following extracorporeal shock
      wave lithotripsy.
AB  - Ureteral colic occurs in 24 to 34 per cent of all patients following
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Recent research has shown prostaglandin
      synthetase inhibitors to be effective in relieving the pain associated with
      ureteral colic. Our prospective, controlled, double-blind, randomized study was
      designed to test the efficacy of indomethacin in the prophylactic treatment of
      pain after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Patients undergoing
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy were randomized into 2 groups. Group 1
      received 100 mg. indomethacin suppositories twice daily and group 2 received
      placebo suppositories. After extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 2 analgesics
      were available to the patients: oral co-dydramol or intramuscular pethidine was
      offered in the normal manner by the nursing staff. The pre-extracorporeal shock
      wave lithotripsy x-ray was used to make a quantitative estimate of the total
      stone burden in each patient. The post-extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
      analgesic requirement was used to compare the 2 groups. Of 112 patients recruited
      to the study 55 received indomethacin and 57 received placebo. The request for
      analgesia in the 2 groups was not different (28 of 55 and 33 of 57,
      respectively). However, in the indomethacin group only 6 patients required
      pethidine (10 doses), compared to 18 (41 doses) in the placebo group. This
      difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.01). There was no
      difference between the 2 groups in the occurrence of ureteral steinstrasse.
      Indomethacin has been shown to be effective in the prophylactic treatment of
      ureteral colic after lithotripsy.

PMID- 2635872
TI  - Whither the specialist in infection?

PMID- 2635873
TI  - Factors in the panic-agoraphobia transition.
AB  - A cause-and-effect relation between panic attacks and agoraphobia is an accepted
      concept. It is believed that, left unchecked, a subgroup of patients with panic
      attacks will consistently develop agoraphobia. However, to date, there are no
      means for early identification of this at-risk group. This study analyzed
      patients with panic attacks and phobic avoidance behaviors by using population
      based, survey-collected data. Path analysis was used to determine relations among
      panic symptoms, phobic behaviors, panic-phobic lag times, and measures of
      pervasiveness and severity of fears and panic. Panic-related chest pain, dyspnea,
      trembling, and fear were important factors in the development, pervasiveness, and
      severity of situational fears and anticipatory anxiety. However, full-blown
      agoraphobia was only related to the presence of anticipatory anxiety and the
      pervasiveness of phobic avoidance behaviors. Although the age-of-onset of panic
      and phobic avoidance was unrelated to other factors, lag times were dependent
      upon panic symptomatology and the presence of depression. These findings suggest
      that patients with panic attacks who are at risk for agoraphobia can be
      identified by the nature of their panic symptoms, and perhaps, through early
      treatment, the development of phobic avoidance can be averted.

PMID- 2635874
TI  - The optic nerve as the site of initial relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia.
AB  - Three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) developed isolated optic
      nerve relapse as the initial site of disease recurrence. They were part of an
      early cohort of 39 children with non-B-cell, non-T-cell ALL without central
      nervous system (CNS) involvement, treated regardless of initial leukocyte count
      with intrathecal chemotherapy for CNS prophylaxis. Although the optic nerve is a
      known site of relapse in patients with systemic and meningeal ALL, it has not
      been reported to occur in otherwise relapse-free patients. Early diagnosis and
      treatment prevented blindness and allowed for long-term survival (57+, 49+, and
      97+ months, respectively) and possibly cure. Since these patients were treated in
      a new manner and exhibited a new pattern of relapse, their clinical courses were
      reviewed. Features considered worrisome, but not diagnostic of CNS leukemia may
      be of greater import when intrathecal medications are utilized as primary CNS
      prophylaxis. An expanded definition of CNS leukemia may be necessary.

PMID- 2635875
TI  - Pulse oximetry in the recovery room.
AB  - Haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) was measured percutaneously with a pulse
      oximeter, in a group of 150 healthy ambulant volunteers to determine the range of
      normal values. The measuring site was not arterialised in advance. SO2 was below
      94% in 13.3% of cases, while in no case was it below 90%. SO2 was then measured
      in 350 patients in the recovery room after a variety of surgical and anaesthetic
      procedures. Only 1.1% of patients who received additional oxygen following
      general anaesthesia exhibited an SO2 below 90%, compared to 16.7% of similar
      cases who did not receive additional oxygen. Administration of additional oxygen
      raised the SO2 above 90% in all the latter cases. In only 55.3% of those who did
      not receive additional oxygen was the SO2 above 94%, compared to 86.7% of normal
      volunteers and 73.9% of patients who received additional oxygen. This study
      reiterates the need to administer supplemental oxygen to all patients in the
      recovery room, unless facilities are available to measure SO2. A lower alarm
      limit of 90% is appropriate for the peri-operative period when using the
      Criticare Systems 501 oximeter.

PMID- 2635876
TI  - Outcomes in unsuccessful field resuscitation attempts.
AB  - To determine the outcomes of patients who did not regain vital signs after
      prehospital advanced cardiac life support, we studied adult patients who
      sustained nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Our study consisted of a
      20-month retrospective review of 244 charts beginning January 1986. Twelve
      patients were excluded for drug overdose, family request, or unavailable data. Of
      the remaining 232 patients, 51 had a rhythm and pulse on arrival at the emergency
      department. The record of each of the remaining 181 patients was analyzed for
      age, sex, location, witness, CPR initiator, advanced life support unit response
      time, initial field rhythm, and initial ECG rhythm. Outcome alternatives were
      dead in emergency department or hospital admission. All hospitalized patients
      were further evaluated for survival to discharge and neurologic status at
      discharge. Ten of the 181 patients (6%) who failed prehospital resuscitation
      survived to hospitalization, and one (0.6%) was discharged neurologically intact.
      Survival to hospital admission did not correlate with any of the variables
      studied except gender. The one patient who survived a failed prehospital
      resuscitation was not endotracheally intubated in the field. Our data support the
      practice of pronouncing adult nontraumatic cardiac arrest victims who fail to
      respond to advanced cardiac life support efforts in the field as dead at the
      scene.

PMID- 2635877
TI  - Mandatory premarital testing for human immunodeficiency virus. The Illinois
      experience.
AB  - During the first 6 months of legislatively mandated premarital testing for human
      immunodeficiency virus in Illinois, 8 of 70,846 applicants for marriage licenses
      were found to be seropositive, yielding a seroprevalence of 0.011%. The total
      cost of the testing program for 6 months is estimated at $2.5 million or $312,000
      per seropositive individual identified. Half of the reported seropositive
      individuals reported a history of risk behavior. During the same period, the
      number of marriage licenses issued in Illinois decreased by 22.5%, while the
      number of licenses issued to Illinois residents in surrounding states increased
      significantly. We conclude that mandatory premarital testing is not a cost
      effective method for the control of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

PMID- 2635878
TI  - Re: Corporate influence on threshold limit values.

PMID- 2635879
TI  - Re: Michael A. Bender et al., Normal G2 Chromosomal Radiosensitivity and Cell
      Survival in the Cancer Family Syndrome.

PMID- 2635880
TI  - Comment to 'A New Intellectual Atmosphere' by President Alexander.

PMID- 2635881
TI  - Carotid cave aneurysms.

PMID- 2635882
TI  - Intrapartum uterine activity: evaluation of an intrauterine pressure transducer.

PMID- 2635883
TI  - Superficial destruction of giant congenital nevocytic nevi.

PMID- 2635884
TI  - Dementia and depression.

PMID- 2635885
TI  - Incentives for quality care.

PMID- 2635886
TI  - Neopterin as a predictive marker for disease progression in human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.
AB  - We assessed the value of urinary neopterin concentrations for prognosis of
      disease progression in HIV-1-infected patients. Sixty-eight anti-HIV-1
      seropositive homosexuals with lymphadenopathy syndrome were tested for urinary
      neopterin and T-cell subset counts in 1982-83, and the incidence rate at which
      they developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) between then and May
      1988 was evaluated. Overall, 21 of 68 (30.9%) cases progressed to AIDS, with a
      yearly progression rate of 4-9%. The predictive value of urinary neopterin
      concentrations was higher (P = 0.0042) than that of CD4+ T-cell counts (P =
      0.015) or the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio (P = 0.022). Counts of CD8+ T-cells failed
      to show predictive significance (P = 0.29). Similarly, multivariate-regression
      analysis indicated that neopterin concentrations and CD4+ T-cell numbers were
      significant copredictors. Produced by human macrophages activated by interferon
      gamma, neopterin is thus a marker of macrophage activation via T cells. We
      conclude that these data demonstrate a correlation between the amount of T-cell
      macrophage activation, as measured by urinary neopterin concentrations, and the
      progression of the disease.

PMID- 2635887
TI  - Evaluation of a tympanic membrane thermometer in an outpatient clinical setting.
AB  - Temperature measurement is one of the most commonly performed medical procedures.
      A study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between temperature
      measurements obtained by glass-mercury and infrared tympanic membrane
      thermometers. One hundred two patients completed the study, and the mean
      difference between the two methods of temperature measurement was -0.311 +/-
      0.691 C (95% confidence interval, +1.071 to -1.693 C). The relationship between
      the two devices as calculated by linear regression analysis is tympanic membrane
      temperature = 0.74 x oral/rectal temperature + 10.2 (r = .763). In view of the
      poor correlation found in our study, we cannot recommend automatic substitution
      of the glass-mercury thermometer with an infrared tympanic membrane device.

PMID- 2635888
TI  - Peripheral nerve stimulator.

PMID- 2635889
TI  - A randomised comparison of two postoperative fluid regimens.

PMID- 2635890
TI  - 'Bhanamati' sorcery and psychopathology in south India. A clinical study.
AB  - We describe the patterns of illness attributed to sorcery among 209 patients who
      attended a special clinic in south India. Somatisation and conversion disorders
      accounted for the majority of patients, although several other psychiatric and
      medical disorders were also seen. Aspects of treatment of such patients in the
      sociocultural context are discussed.

PMID- 2635891
TI  - Anabolic-androgenic steroid use by athletes.

PMID- 2635892
TI  - Will centrifugal forces destroy the medical profession?

PMID- 2635893
TI  - Use of carrier in the preparation of iodine-123 HEAT.

PMID- 2635894
TI  - Atrophy of fungiform papillae following lingual nerve damage--damage a poor
      prognosis?

PMID- 2635895
TI  - Taking a common sense approach to the chloramine problem.

PMID- 2635896
TI  - Dental sensitivity and bereavement.

PMID- 2635897
TI  - A colleague with a drink problem.
AB  - Treating a fellow GP is difficult enough, but when a colleague may have an
      alcohol problem your attitudes to that and your duty to the patients and
      profession may complicate matters. Furthermore, the mode of treatment that you
      choose may affect your colleague's professional standing.

PMID- 2635898
TI  - Surgery by non-surgeons: podiatric surgery in Connecticut.
AB  - In order to determine the standards for credentialing, privilege delineation, and
      quality assurance of podiatric surgery in Connecticut, a questionnaire was mailed
      to all acute care hospitals, with a 100% institutional response. Of 38 hospitals,
      25 currently have granted clinical privileges to podiatrists. Full podiatric
      surgical programs exist in 12 hospitals; multitiered privileges in seven
      hospitals differentiate podiatrists with and without postgraduate surgical
      residency training. Credentialing, privilege delineation, and quality assurance
      generally is conducted through the chief of surgery or chief of orthopedics, with
      participation of staff podiatrists. Based on the Connecticut experience,
      recommendations are made regarding establishment of new podiatric surgical
      programs.

PMID- 2635899
TI  - Enclosed afferent reservoir systems.

PMID- 2635900
TI  - How many sheltered housing places.

PMID- 2635901
TI  - Caution about sorcery.

PMID- 2635902
TI  - Surgery by non-surgeons.

PMID- 2635903
TI  - A simple explanation for the large and widely differing time exponent of the
      initial response of Limulus photoreceptors.

PMID- 2635904
TI  - Iris/anterior capsular adhesions in endocapsular extraction.

PMID- 2635905
TI  - Chronic intractable benign pain (CIBP)

PMID- 2635906
TI  - The Guillain-Barre syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2635907
TI  - More education better than new prefixes.

PMID- 2635908
TI  - The incidence of awareness during anaesthesia.

PMID- 2635909
TI  - Fluid flow through dural puncture sites.

PMID- 2635910
TI  - Tendon strains in horses.

PMID- 2635911
TI  - Communication helps ease stress when a staff member resigns.

PMID- 2635912
TI  - Reducing shared microbes lowers chance of cross-contamination.

PMID- 2635913
TI  - History forms are essential to patient care, staff protection.

PMID- 2635914
TI  - Rheological properties and diffusion dissolution behaviour of hydrophilic
      polymers.
AB  - In a mathematical model that has been recently proposed to predict drug release
      from polyvinyl alcohol matrices, polymer dissolution is described as a chain
      disentanglement process and characterized by a threshold polymer concentration.
      In present work viscosity measurements were employed for defining the
      characteristic entanglement concentration of polymer solutions. The viscosity of
      aqueous polymer solutions of differing concentrations was measured over a wide
      range of shear rate using a rotational viscometer. The flow curves were fitted
      according to an asymptotic model and from the best fit equation the relevant
      viscosity parameters were obtained. The relationships between polymer
      concentration and viscosity parameters were also examined. The critical
      concentration at which an abrupt change of viscosity properties occurred was
      identified and related to the molecular chain disentanglement conditions.

PMID- 2635915
TI  - Dissolution rate and in situ intestinal absorption kinetics of guanyl-cysteine.
AB  - The study of the dissolution behaviour of guanyl-cysteine is presented. The drug
      was assayed as a pure non-formulated product and formulated in hard gelatine
      capsules. Aqueous solutions buffered at different pH were used as dissolution
      fluids. The dissolution rate constant of the drug in this formulation was
      estimated. Our results show that dissolution of guanyl-cysteine occurs very
      rapidly. As pH of the dissolution fluid increases, the rate constant slightly
      decreases. The study of the absorption kinetics of guanyl-cysteine from small
      intestine of rats was performed with the experimental technique proposed by
      Doluisio. Six different concentrations of the drug were assayed for the
      estimation of the absorption rate constant of guanyl-cysteine under our
      experimental conditions. Our results show that intestinal absorption of the drug
      occurs as a first-order process.

PMID- 2635916
TI  - Swelling-restricted minimatrices for controlled release of drugs. Preliminary in
      vivo studies.
AB  - A preliminary in-vivo study was performed on a new modified release system which
      contained diltiazem hydrochloride. The system consisted of swellable minimatrices
      that were coated with an acrylic polymeric film. The film thickness, because of
      its pH-dependent solubility, might represent a critical variable with regard to
      in-vivo release. In order to evaluate the influence of such a variable on in-vivo
      behaviour, two minimatrices formulations with differing film thickness were
      tested versus a commercial tablet. The in-vivo study, which was based on a
      balanced incomplete block design, involved six volunteers in two sequences. The
      drug was quantified in plasma by an HPLC method. Computation and statistical
      analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters were performed by means of SIPHARR package
      (Simed, F). The results show that the approach of film coating, in order to
      modify the release rate from minimatrices, is feasible, but it must be improved;
      in particular the results point to the necessity of reducing the film
      susceptibility to pH changes.

PMID- 2635917
TI  - Heteroarylalkanoic acids with possible antiinflammatory activities, Note IX. The
      binding to human serum albumin.
AB  - The interaction of some isosteric and homologues series of antiiflammatory
      heteroarylalkanoic acids with human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by UV
      difference spectroscopy and fluorescence quenching. All tested compounds were
      shown to bind to HSA. The interaction with surfactants and the linear
      relationship between binding constants and pKa suggest that electrostatic force
      is dominant in the binding of these compounds and that the binding site consists
      of a cationic charge near an hydrophobic surface.

PMID- 2635918
TI  - Surgery for the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in 73 consecutive patients: what
      have we learnt from intraoperative mapping?
AB  - Intraoperative epicardial mapping data obtained in 73 consecutive patients
      operated upon for the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome were reviewed. Fifty-six
      patients had single and 17 patients had multiple accessory pathways. Except for
      right free wall pathways, all bypass tracts were divided using an endocardial
      approach. There were 2 operative deaths, 1 of which occurred after a concomitant
      mitral valve replacement. A total of 78 of the 87 pathways present in the 71
      survivors were successfully ablated (90%). All failures occurred in patients with
      left posterior septal pathways. Epicardial mapping performed prior to bypass was
      found helpful in identifying multiple distinct accessory pathways which had been
      missed preoperatively. This occurred in 6 patients and led to appropriate
      combinations of classic operative approaches which resulted in all of these
      pathways being successfully divided. Further, by demonstrating that Kent bundles
      often presented as multiple closely-spaced or arborized accessory pathways,
      intraoperative mapping led to widening of the margins of surgical dissection, and
      in particular to an additional left atriotomy in all cases of left posterior
      septal accessory pathways which resulted in a substantial improvement in our rate
      of success.

PMID- 2635919
TI  - Surgery for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).
AB  - All forms of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) are now potentially curable by
      surgery and we believe that patients should be offered surgery as an initial
      therapeutic option. At Westmead Hospital, 311 patients have undergone surgery for
      SVT, 13 having AV node ablation, a procedure now rarely performed, and 298 have
      had attempts at curative surgery. One hundred and ninety-nine patients were
      diagnosed primarily as having a Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) and 139 had
      free wall or anterior septal connections with a clinical cure rate of 98.0%. The
      failures were entirely due to unrecognised posterior septal connections. Sixty
      patients had primarily posterior septal connections with a clinical cure rate of
      96%. Atrioventricular junctional re-entry tachycardia may now be cured, probably
      by dividing an extra nodal His-to-atrial connection. Seventy-eight patients have
      undergone surgery with a clinical cure rate of 92%. Fifteen patients with right
      atrial tachycardias, 4 patients with nodo-ventricular fibres and 2 with incessant
      AV tachycardia have undergone surgery. The overall clinical cure rate for all
      patients is 95% and 92% at late electro-physiological study (EPS).

PMID- 2635920
TI  - Curative surgical treatment of atrioventricular junctional re-entrant tachycardia
      by perinodal dissection.
AB  - The medical treatment of an atrioventricular junctional (AV-nodal) re-entrant
      tachycardia (AVJRT) is often ineffective due to failure of response or
      significant side effects. Recently, reports of curative surgical procedures using
      either dissection or cryocoagulation in the AV node area with preservation of
      normal AV conduction, have been published with excellent short term results in
      small series. The present paper describes our experience of surgical treatment
      using the dissection method in five patients. In all patients, AVJRT with short
      retrograde conduction intervals was diagnosed during the pre- and intraoperative
      electrophysiological studies. The earliest site of atrial activation during
      tachycardia was seen close to the triangle of Koch, antero-medially to the AV
      node. Elective open heart surgery was performed and after cold cardioplegic
      arrest, the right atrial endocardium was incised and the perinodal atrium
      carefully disconnected from the AV node. After surgery, a tachycardia could not
      be induced in any of the patients. In a follow-up period of 14-29 months, all
      patients have been free of symptoms without antiarrhythmic drugs. Early
      electrophysiological evaluation of patients with supraventricular tachycardia is
      advocated and in patients with medically refractory AVJRT, surgery is
      recommended.

PMID- 2635921
TI  - Surgery for ventricular tachyarrhythmias based on fragmentation mapping in sinus
      rhythm alone.
AB  - Intraoperative arrhythmia activation mapping underlies the impressive success of
      surgery for sustained uniform ventricular tachycardia. Unstable arrhythmias and
      those intraoperatively noninducible, however, are not amenable to activation
      mapping and strategies for dealing with them are poorly defined. We propose that
      fragmentation mapping in sinus rhythm can be used to direct surgery in such
      situation. In 21 (33%) of 64 patients operated upon at this unit, intra-operative
      arrhythmia mapping was impossible because of non-inducibility in 17 (27%) and
      unstable morphology in 4 (6%). Endocardial resection was performed in all areas
      showing 'fragmented' local electrograms (greater than 100 ms duration at 30-300
      Hz filtering). Mean patient characteristics included: age 51 years; LV ejection
      fraction 32%; major arrhythmic episodes 16 (range 2-200); antiarrhythmic drug
      failures, 4. There were 5 (24%) early postoperative deaths (heart failure 3;
      sudden 1; metabolic 1) and 1 early arrhythmia recurrence. There were 3 late non
      arrhythmic deaths and 1 further arrhythmia recurrence during follow-up of 23 +/-
      19 months. Both patients with documented postoperative arrhythmic episodes were
      controlled on previously ineffective antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Fragmentation
      mapping in sinus rhythm successfully extends the surgical option to arrhythmias
      previously considered inoperable. The results compare favourably with those for
      arrhythmias in which surgery was directed by activation mapping.

PMID- 2635922
TI  - Gastro-oesophageal reflux and respiratory disorders treated by Hill's procedure.
AB  - A retrospective review of 132 patients with respiratory disorders associated with
      gastrooesophageal reflux is presented. The patients were operated upon according
      to Hill's technique. In 66 infants and children, recurrent lung infection was the
      most frequent indication for surgery. The mean duration of respiratory symptoms
      was 17 months. In 66 adults, asthma was the most frequent indication for surgery.
      The mean duration of respiratory symptoms was 9.7 years. Suppression of reflux
      was obtained by operation in 95% of infants and children, with disappearance of
      respiratory disorders in 78.6% and clinical improvement of symptoms in 16.4%.
      Suppression of reflux was confirmed in 94% of adults, with disappearance of
      respiratory disorders in 36% and improvement of symptoms in 28%. The correlation
      between disappearance of reflux after surgery and cure of respiratory disorders
      in infants and children must be seen in the light of the natural history of lower
      oesophageal sphincter maturation. Nevertheless, surgery shortens the period of
      risk in life-threatening situations. In adults, one patient out of two benefited
      from operation. Failures were more frequent in asthma and there was no
      characteristic type of asthma associated with reflux.

PMID- 2635923
TI  - Factors influencing mortality and morbidity following oesophageal resection.
AB  - Operative mortality and morbidity following oesophageal resection has fallen in
      recent years. We have attempted to identify the factors responsible for this
      improvement by reviewing the results of surgery at this hospital over the last 6
      years. Two hundred and two oesophageal resections were performed between January
      1981 and June 1987 for carcinoma. Of these, 21 patients (10.4%) died before
      leaving hospital. Fourteen patients died of multisystem failure, 1 died of pure
      respiratory failure and 2 died of renal failure. Two died of surgical causes
      (other than anastomotic leak), 1 died of pulmonary embolus and 1 from a cerebro
      vascular accident. No patient died of purely cardiac causes. The most significant
      risk factors in those dying (Chi-square test) were: postoperative respiratory
      failure, defined as reventilation after initial successful extubation, (P less
      than or equal to 0.001), reoperation as an emergency in the early postoperative
      period (P less than or equal to 0.001), anastomotic leak (P less than or equal to
      0.01) and age over 70 (P less than or equal to 0.005). Less significant risk
      factors were chyle leak and histologically undifferentiated tumour. Of the 181
      survivors, 103 left hospital with no complications of any kind. The mean stay in
      hospital for survivors was 15 days. Respiratory infection occurred in 22% of
      patients, prolonged gastric stasis in 8%, wound infection in 5% and empyema in
      1%. As long as high risk groups are accepted for radical surgery, operation will
      carry a significant mortality in those groups. In others, we believe that
      perioperative monitoring and early aggressive treatment of complications can
      further reduce mortality and morbidity.

PMID- 2635924
TI  - Surgical treatment of thoracic hydatidosis. A review of 100 cases.
AB  - Hydatid cystic disease continues to hold an important place in chest disease in
      our country. The authors review their experience from 1977 to 1987 of 100
      patients who underwent surgery for pulmonary hydatidosis. Mean age was 36.21
      years. Fifty-nine cases were ruptured cysts (RC) and 41 were unruptured cysts
      (UC). The diagnosis was based on epidemiological, radiological and mainly
      serological and endoscopic criteria. The indirect haemagglutination test was
      positive in 100% of RC and 80% of UC, while 70.2% of the patients who underwent
      fiberoptic bronchoscopy showed pathological changes. The most commonly used
      surgical procedure in UC was open subtotal cystopericystectomy (89.09%), while
      wedge resection (41.81%) was the most commonly used technique for the RC. There
      were no operative deaths and no recurrences were observed for a mean follow-up of
      5.4 years. The indications for adjuvant chemotherapy with mebendazole are
      presented.

PMID- 2635925
TI  - Post traumatic disruption of the laryngo-tracheal junction.
AB  - Of 43 tracheo-bronchial ruptures, 19 patients presented with disruption of the
      laryngo-tracheal junction which would appear to be a very specific anatomical
      lesion. The disruptions were secondary to blunt cervical trauma in 11 cases and
      strangulation in 8 cases. The disruption was complete in 14 cases and incomplete
      in 5. The lesion is very complex and involved the retraction of the lower part of
      the trachea into the mediastinum (14 cases), fracture of the cricoid ring (9
      cases), bilateral recurrent nerve tears (14 cases), unilateral (4 cases) and
      retraction of the laryngeal mucosa with exposure of the cricoid cartilage in all
      cases. According to the complexity of the lesion, the treatment was: laryngo
      tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis with treatment of the vocal cord
      palsy in 13 patients; simple end-to-end anastomosis in 4 patients who had an
      unilateral vocal cord palsy; 2 patients with a partial disruption were treated
      medically with endoscopic stenting and laser photocoagulation. All had
      restoration of airway patency and recovery of voice. The results contrast with
      the failures and reoperations reported in the literature and underline the
      necessity of complete evaluation and treatment of these complex lesions.

PMID- 2635926
TI  - The diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of diffuse malignant mesothelioma.
AB  - Between 1969 and 1985, 245 patients with diffuse malignant mesothelioma were
      treated (157 male, 88 female). The average age was 55.8 years and the sex ratio
      was 1.8:1 in favour of males. The right side was more frequently affected than
      the left (56.7% vs. 43.3%). A pleural effusion and dyspnoea were the presenting
      signs and symptoms in 83.7% of the patients and unilateral chest pain in 64.2%.
      Noninvasive diagnostic procedures included a chest X-ray and computed tomography
      of the thorax. Pleural effusion and pleural thickening were detected most
      frequently. Malignant cells were identified by pleural fluid cytology in 45.3%
      and by needle biopsy of the pleura in 42.7% of the patients. Forty-five patients
      were treated conservatively and 200 patients underwent operation: diagnostic
      thoracotomy (78); partial pleurectomy (72); total pleurectomy (46); extended
      pleuropneumonectomy (2); partial removal of the diaphragm (1) and total
      pleurectomy and upper lobectomy (1). The perioperative mortality was 6%. The
      conservative and postoperative treatment depended on the patients' symptoms and
      included radiotherapy and chemotherapy alone or in combination. The mean survival
      time of the 222 non-survivors was 9.2 months. After 1 year, 36% of the patients
      were still alive, after 2 years, 10.8% and the 5-year survival was 4.1%. The
      median survival time in patients treated non-operatively was 6 months--a little
      over half that of the patients treated surgically (10.1 months).

PMID- 2635927
TI  - Assessment of risk factors for spinal cord ischaemia in surgery of
      thoracoabdominal aneurysms without use of adjuncts.
AB  - Between January 1983 and June 1986, 61 patients underwent resection of a
      thoracoabdominal aneurysm (TAA) by means of simple cross-clamping without the use
      of adjuncts. All patients survived the operation. Mortality was 6.5% at 30 days
      and 16.4% at 1 year. Spinal cord injury occurred in 8 patients. Three patients
      sustained paraplegia and 5 patients recovered from paraparesis within 6 months.
      In univariate analysis, risk factors were the presence of symptoms (P less than
      or equal to 0.01) and emergency operation (P less than or equal to 0.03). Spinal
      cross-clamptime (ACX), aetiology and the number of open intercostal arteries
      (ICA) did not appear to be single denominators for spinal cord injury. Testing
      clusters of variable related to spinal cord injury revealed an increased risk for
      the group of patients (n = 20) with type I (most of the thoracic and the upper
      abdominal aorta) and type III (the distal half of the thoracic and varying
      segments of the abdominal aorta) aneurysms, when the number of ICA was greater
      than or equal to 4 or less than or equal to 1, with a spinal ACX of greater than
      or equal to 35 min, and in the presence of symptoms and previous dissection (P =
      0.001). In patients (n = 19) with type II aneurysm (involving most of the
      thoracic and most of the abdominal aorta) an increased risk was present when the
      number of open ICA was greater than or equal to 4, with a spinal ACX of greater
      than or equal to 35 min and in the presence of symptoms (P = 0.01). Spinal cord
      injury was confined to these types of TAA (P less than or equal to 0.001) and
      paraplegia occurred only in type I and III aneurysms.

PMID- 2635928
TI  - Surgery of thoracoabdominal aneurysms.
AB  - Seventeen patients with thoracoabdominal aneurysms, including 5 ruptured
      aneurysms, were operated upon using a left diaphragm-splitting thoracoabdominal
      incision and the retroperitoneal route. A temporary shunt was used in 13
      patients, femorofemoral perfusion in 1 and cold perfusion cooling of the kidneys
      in 3 patients. The step-by-step reattachment technique into ready-made limbs or
      holes in the Dacron graft ensured that visceral and renal ischaemic times
      remained within acceptable limits. The mean renal and proximal clamping times
      were 44 and 77 min, respectively. One patient with a ruptured aneurysm (6%) died
      of diffuse bleeding. The others recovered without paraplegic, renal or other
      severe complications. During the follow-up period, mean 44 months and range 10
      116 months, 3 patients died of lung cancer and 2 of coronary disease giving a
      late mortality of 29%. The remaining 11 patients are alive and well. The
      cumulative 2- and 5-year survival is 87% and 62% respectively. The patency rate
      of the grafts was 100% and that of the 30 individually revascularised arteries
      80%. We recommend elective surgery for thoracoabdominal aneurysms using a
      temporary shunt or cold perfusion cooling of the kidneys as a protective measure
      against perioperative ischaemia.

PMID- 2635929
TI  - Left atrial and right ventricular cardiac myxoma. A case report.
AB  - A case is presented with a tumour in the left atrium as well as in the right
      ventricle. During the initial investigation of the atrial myxoma, the ventricular
      tumour was overlooked and a second operation was necessary. Once the diagnosis of
      myxoma is made, a second synchronous tumour should always be carefully sought.

PMID- 2635930
TI  - Left ventricular papillary fibroelastoma with coronary embolization.
AB  - We describe a patient who survived an acute myocardial infarction caused by
      coronary embolization from a left ventricular papillary fibroelastoma. The
      tumour, which was detected by 2-D echocardiography, was successfully excised.

PMID- 2635931
TI  - Compartment syndrome in a five-year-old child following femoral cannulation for
      cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - The compartment syndrome is uncommon in children. It has been seen following bony
      trauma and has also been reported in two patients following cardiac
      catheterisation. We report its occurrence in a 5-year-old child following femoral
      artery and femoral vein cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass. We believe that
      the presence of a cannula in the femoral vein as well as in the artery was an
      important factor in impeding the circulation and thus causing the compartment
      syndrome. Prompt diagnosis and early fasciotomy saved the limb from amputation;
      however, a residual footdrop persists. The development of the compartment
      syndrome following femoral cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass has not been
      reported previously.

PMID- 2635932
TI  - Adequate global myocardial perfusion provided by a left internal mammary artery.
      A case report.
AB  - We report a 57-year-old patient who developed a significant stenosis in a
      proximal anastomosis after CABG. Reconstruction was carried out with the left
      internal mammary artery which provided the global myocardial perfusion with an
      excellent longterm functional result.

PMID- 2635933
TI  - Categorization and description of hearts with a common arterial trunk.

PMID- 2635934
TI  - Long-term results of homograft valves in extracardiac conduits.
AB  - Between 1971 and 1986, 335 patients received various extracardiac valved conduits
      between one of the heart chambers and the pulmonary arteries. The group of
      patients who received aortic homograft conduits and survived the operation were
      analysed in detail. The age varied between 9 days and 18 years (mean 7.1 +/- 0.7
      years), weight 2.4 kg-63.5 kg (mean 17.8 +/- 10.8 kg). The diameter of the
      conduit used was 10-30 mm (mean 20.8 mm). Multivariate analysis revealed a highly
      significant model (P less than 0.005) which showed that the time interval between
      harvesting and use of the homograft (P less than 0.02) and the earlier date of
      operation (P less than 0.05) were the major risk factors for obstruction.
      Homografts used within 3 weeks of harvesting had freedom from obstruction of 79%
      at 8 years; homografts used between 3-6 weeks had freedom from obstruction of
      only 55% at 8 years. Homografts used alone performed significantly better than
      those extended with woven Dacron tubes. At 10 years, 93% of homografts used alone
      were free of obstruction compared to 52% of homografts extended with a Dacron
      tube. We conclude that aortic homografts used within 3 weeks of harvesting
      provide a reasonably durable conduit for a period of 12 years. Longer storage,
      and extension of the homograft with a woven Dacron tube should be avoided.

PMID- 2635935
TI  - Surgical management of acquired post-intubation tracheo-oesophageal fistulas: 27
      patients.
AB  - From 1962 to 1987, 27 patients with tracheo-oesophageal fistulae (TOF) were
      treated at our institution. Mean age was 43 years. The indications for
      respiratory support were blunt chest trauma (11), neurological dysfunction (8),
      and acute pulmonary distress syndrome (8). TOF symptoms occurred 12-200 days
      (mean 43) after initiation of ventilatory support and was caused by tracheostomy
      tube cuff (17), intubation tube cuff (8), or injury at the site of tracheostomy
      (2). The size of the fistula ranged from 0.3 to 5 cm (mean 2 cm). Seventeen of
      the 27 patients were operated upon. A simple repair of the TOF was performed via
      a cervical approach in 10 patients; tracheal resection and reconstruction was
      done in 4 patients presenting with tracheal stenosis, while 2 patients with
      slight tracheal stenosis had a simple repair of the TOF without the need for
      further tracheal surgery. Three patients underwent primary oesophagostomy,
      followed later by colon interposition. Five patients died. Ten cases were not
      operated upon: the TOF closed spontaneously in 1 patient, 1 patient was lost to
      follow-up and 8 died. In our series, significant tracheal stenosis occurred in
      only 6 patients (22%), only 4 of whom had tracheal resection. Simple repair of
      TOF provides excellent results with a low mortality (10%) considering the poor
      condition of the patients, and should be considered the procedure of choice.
      Surgical oesophageal diversion (i.e. cervical oesophagostomy and suture of distal
      oesophagus) is usually unnecessary.

PMID- 2635936
TI  - Thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. Results of 662 cases operated upon in 15 years.
AB  - The results of thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) are reviewed
      in the light of a personal series of 662 MG patients, operated upon during the
      last 15 years. In 500 MG patients without thymoma, the following results have
      been achieved: remission 37.9%, improvement 49.4%, unchanged or worse 7.4%, dead
      5.2%. There is no sex prevalence and the remission rate is higher in patients
      under 40 years of age (P less than 0.01), with mild disease (P less than 0.05),
      with a MG duration of less than 1 year (P less than 0.05) and with a follow-up
      length of between 5 and 10 years (P less than 0.01). No correlations are found
      between outcome and thymic histology. The results of 162 MG patients with thymoma
      are: remission rate 15.7%, improvement 60.3%, unchanged or worse 3.7% and dead
      20.1%. The remission rate is higher with mild symptoms (P less than 0.05) and
      when the tumour is encapsulated (P less than 0.02). The postoperative mortality
      is 0.8% (none in the last 5 years) for non-thymomatous MG and 4.9% for
      thymomatous MG (2 of 8 patients died of pancytopaenia and 1 of pulmonary
      embolism).

PMID- 2635937
TI  - Spontaneous pneumothorax and fibrin glue sealant during thoracoscopy.
AB  - The prophylactic treatment of the application of fibrin glue to the pulmonary
      surface during thoracoscopy in idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax resulted in
      rapid and total pulmonary expansion in 33 of 35 patients. The 2 failures were due
      to apical cysts larger than 2 cm. The successfully treated patients were
      hospitalized for a median of 4 days (range 2-12). No complications were observed.
      All regained full working capacity within 1 month of discharge. Post-treatment X
      ray examination of the chest was uniformly normal. During an observation time
      ranging from 7-24 months (median 12 months), 3 recurrences (9%) were seen at 7,
      12, and 16 months, respectively. The treatment seems (1) to reduce the need for
      thoracotomy (2) to be associated with a high success rate, short and long-term,
      (3) to minimize the duration of hospital stay and (4) not to disturb the normal
      pleuro-pulmonary anatomy.

PMID- 2635938
TI  - In vitro flow characteristics of the Jarvik-7 prosthesis with respect to filling
      pressure, stroke frequency, and systolic duration.
AB  - The Jarvik-7 total artificial heart (TAH), as an implantable substitute for the
      natural heart, has become the most widely used prosthesis. Although the
      performance of the Jarvik-7 prosthesis has been described experimentally as well
      as clinically, the interrelationship between cardiac output, filling pressure,
      stroke frequency and systolic duration in a wider perspective has not been
      reported. Our in vitro evaluation of the pump demonstrates the relation between
      cardiac output and right filling pressure in the range of 2-17 mm Hg with a
      stroke frequency varying between 60-130 beats per minute with 40% and 50%
      systolic duration. With respect to complete ventricular filling, a safer and
      wider range of right filling pressures and stroke frequencies could be employed
      to produce various cardiac output values at 50% systolic duration as compared to
      40% systolic duration. When complete diastolic filling was present, particularly
      with a high stroke frequency and a low systolic duration, an increase of the left
      filling pressure to an extent which in a clinical situation would probably cause
      pulmonary oedema, was observed. By using a right Jarvik-7/70 ml ventricle and a
      left Jarvik-7/100 ml ventricle, this buildup of the left filling pressure was
      completely avoided.

PMID- 2635939
TI  - Primary cardiac tumours--is there a place for cardiac transplantation?
AB  - Between 1979 and 1985, seven patients (five children and two adults) were treated
      for primary cardiac tumours other than benign atrial myxomas. There were five
      malignant neoplasms (two non-classifiable sarcomas, one haemangiosarcoma, one
      histiocytoma and one neurofibrosarcoma) and two benign tumours (fibromas).
      Echocardiography, cardiac catheterisation, computed tomography and magnetic
      resonance imaging provided diagnostic confirmation. The two patients with fibroma
      are alive and well 4 and 5 years after radical resection of the tumours from the
      interventricular septum. The patient with a neurofibrosarcoma underwent
      orthotopic cardiac transplantation and is well 5.5 years postoperatively with no
      evidence of residual disease or recurrence. One patient died awaiting a donor
      heart for transplantation. Another patient who was a candidate for heart and lung
      transplantation was found to have an unresectable tumour at the time of
      operation. One patient with sarcoma who underwent a successful emergency partial
      resection for relief of cardiac tamponade died 18 months later from widespread
      metastases. The seventh patient was inoperable due to multiple secondaries. It is
      concluded that radical resection of large, benign, cardiac tumours can give good
      results and that early cardiac transplantation probably offers the only hope for
      patients with malignant tumours of the heart.

PMID- 2635940
TI  - Effect of donor heart damage on survival after transplantation.
AB  - Evaluation of the functional condition of the heart prior to its removal from the
      donor or after transport to the recipient is difficult. Biopsies of the
      myocardium allow serial assessments to be made throughout this period, but suffer
      from the disadvantage that the average analysis of biopsies has only a tenuous
      connection with physiological function. Quantitative birefringence measurements
      (QBM), on the other hand, assess the ability of myocardial fibres to respond to
      ATP and calcium and have been shown to correlate well with measurements of
      cardiac function (P less than 0.001). A prospective study of myocardial biopsies
      before excision, after transport and again after transplantation, using
      quantitative birefringence measurement of biopsies of the heart has recently been
      completed. These studies have shown evidence of impaired myocardial function in
      73 (43%) of 172 donor hearts studied prior to excision, with a further 27%
      showing significant deterioration during storage and transport to the recipient.
      Biopsy assessments therefore indicated that at the moment of implantation, only
      30% of the donor hearts were normal. Functional assessment of the biopsies by QBM
      correlated with early clinical outcome of transplantation (P less than 0.001).
      Longer term follow-up of the recipients (up to 5 years) has shown that the
      mortality of recipients of hearts with impaired function before transplantation
      is significantly increased (44% of 120) compared with that of recipients of
      undamaged hearts (6% of 52, P less than 0.001).

PMID- 2635941
TI  - Brain histology, blood-brain barrier and brain water after normothermic and
      hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs.
AB  - The effect of hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on cerebral
      histopathology, blood-brain barrier permeability to serum proteins and water
      content was evaluated. Pigs were subjected to non-pulsatile CPB for 2 h at either
      normothermia or hypothermia, and a group of anaesthetised pigs served as
      normothermic controls. The histopathology was assessed on paraffin embedded
      sections. The permeability of the cerebral vessels was studied by
      immunocytochemical demonstration of extravasated serum proteins. The cerebral
      water content was assessed by specific gravity measurements. The histological
      studies demonstrated hydropic degeneration of the brain parenchyma and
      perivascular swelling of the astrocytic endfeet throughout both white and gray
      matter in the normothermic CPB group. Similar changes were not encountered during
      hypothermic CPB, which suggests a beneficial effect of decreased temperatures on
      brain tissue during CPB. Neither normothermic nor hypothermic CPB induced
      significant changes in the cerebrovascular permeability or in the specific
      gravities.

PMID- 2635942
TI  - Progressive coronary vasoconstriction during 25 hours of myocardial preservation
      in vitro impairs functional capacity following preservation.
AB  - We have developed perfusion techniques for preserving rat hearts for 25 h and
      have quantified haemodynamic function after preservation to establish the
      relation between coronary vascular resistance during preservation and the quality
      of postpreservation pump function. Thirteen rat hearts underwent hypothermic (8
      degrees C), low-pressure (15 mmHg) perfusion with an hyperosmotic (385 mOsm/l)
      crystalloid preservation buffer for 25 h. During this period, the coronary flow
      rate decreased from 1.12 +/- 0.28 ml/min to 0.87 +/- 0.12 ml/min (+/- SD).
      Following the preservation period, the quality of pump function was tested in the
      isolated working heart model. At a fixed value of left atrial pressure (15 mmHg),
      the afterload was increased stepwise (5 mmHg) from 45 mmHg to 70 mmHg, making use
      of a Starling resistor in series with an air compliance. Each afterload step was
      maintained for 5 min to obtain stable readings of cardiac output and coronary
      flow. These measurements were compared with those from a control group of 10 rat
      hearts undergoing the same test protocol for haemodynamic function without
      previous preservation. The 13 hearts which underwent 25 h preservation had
      subnormal haemodynamic function: cardiac output was 50% +/- 4% compared to 10
      control hearts. If preserved hearts were divided into two groups based on
      coronary vascular resistance measured at the end of the preservation period lower
      than 18 mmHg.min per ml (group 1), and higher than or equal to 18 mmHg.min per ml
      (group 2), it appeared that the haemodynamic function of group 2 hearts was about
      half that of group 1 hearts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2635943
TI  - Emergency surgical revascularization following coronary angioplasty: evaluation
      of operative results by isoenzyme analysis and electrocardiography.
AB  - Seventeen patients underwent emergency coronary artery bypass grafting due to
      balloon catheter induced occlusion or dissection of a major coronary artery.
      Patients were revascularized within a maximum of 210 min from the onset of
      ischaemia and received an average of 1.6 distal anastomoses. A perioperative
      transmural or non-transmural myocardial infarction as diagnosed by CK-MB activity
      and electrocardiographic patterns occurred in 7 patients (41.2%). One early death
      resulted in an overall perioperative mortality of 5.9%. Successful preservation
      of myocardium was demonstrated in 10 patients by a rapid decline of CK-MB
      activity, no perioperative electrocardiographic changes and no requirement for
      inotropic support. The incidence of a perioperative myocardial infarction was
      independent of the anginal status before coronary angioplasty or the angiographic
      evidence of a complete occlusion versus a dissection. Major ischaemic myocardial
      complications associated with coronary angioplasty are rare but frequently
      catastrophic events. Fast surgical intervention is mandatory to prevent
      myocardial infarction or to limit the extent of injury. The operative outcome can
      be evaluated by careful analysis of time release curves and cumulative parameters
      of CK-MB activity.

PMID- 2635944
TI  - Post-infarction ventricular septal defect: the importance of site of infarction
      and cardiogenic shock on outcome.
AB  - Sixty-eight patients operated upon for post-infarction VSD from 1980-1987 have
      been reviewed to identify incremental risk factors which influence survival.
      Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed on 19 parameters and showed
      the following in decreasing order of importance to be significantly associated
      with non-survival: (1) operation within 24 h of occurrence of the VSD; (2)
      inferior infarct preceding the VSD; (3) requirement for inotropic support
      preoperatively; (4) preoperative cardiogenic shock; (5) a lower mean pulmonary
      artery pressure; (6) a lower mean wedge pressure; (7) a lower mean systolic
      pressure. The presence of a graft to the right coronary artery was associated
      with a better prognosis. Age, sex, diastolic blood pressure, balloon pumping,
      mean plasma urea, right atrial pressure, extent of coronary disease, number of
      coronary grafts, grafts to the left coronary system and method of myocardial
      preservation had no influence on survival.

PMID- 2635945
TI  - Aortic valve replacement with frozen irradiated homografts. An 18-year
      experience.
AB  - Between May 1968 and April 1981, 339 patients underwent isolated aortic valve
      replacement using frozen irradiated homografts. All the operations were carried
      out by the same surgeon (EJMW) using the same technique. Thirty-two patients were
      lost to follow-up at various stages and the long-term results of the remaining
      307 patients are reported. Two hundred and thirty-four were males and 73 females.
      Their ages ranged between 10 and 75 years, with a mean age of 53. The dominant
      lesion was aortic stenosis in 195 cases (63.5%), aortic regurgitation in 68
      (22.1%), and mixed aortic valve disease in 44 (14.3%). Early mortality was 8.8%
      and late mortality during the 5-18 year follow-up period was 49.6%. Re-operations
      for homograft failure were carried out in 112 patients (40%), with an early
      mortality of 25%. The results are compared with those of other major series using
      antibiotic sterilized homograft valves.

PMID- 2635946
TI  - Spontaneous intercostal pulmonary hernia with subsegmental incarceration.
AB  - A case of acute intercostal pulmonary herniation due to vigorous coughing
      secondary to chronic bronchitis is reported in a 70-year-old male. Protruding
      pleura-covered lung tissue was found bulging through an intercostal space defect
      between the left midaxillary line and the infrasternal costochondral arch. A
      hernial sac consisting of parietal pleura and atrophic intercostal muscle
      confined a "sliding pouch" for two pulmonary segments of which one presented a
      demarcation zone of temporary incarceration interpreted as an entrapment of lung
      tissue between two ribs. A fracture gap was discovered affecting the anterior
      synostosis between ribs 7 and 8. Treatment was accomplished by anterior fixation
      of the ribs and by the basic principles of hernia repair between adjacent ribs. A
      case report and a brief survey of aetiological and anatomical classification is
      presented.

PMID- 2635947
TI  - Fibrinolytic treatment of acute prosthetic heart valve thrombosis.

PMID- 2635948
TI  - Shortcomings of composite resins in Class V restorations.

PMID- 2635949
TI  - Enamel microabrasion for removal of superficial discoloration.

PMID- 2635950
TI  - Clinical evaluation of etched porcelain veneers over a period of 18 to 42 months.

PMID- 2635951
TI  - Clinical evaluation of Dentacolor as a posterior veneering agent.

PMID- 2635952
TI  - Composite inlays as management tools in dental practice.

PMID- 2635953
TI  - The porcelain inlay technique for posterior restorations.

PMID- 2635954
TI  - The future of porcelain laminate veneers.

PMID- 2635955
TI  - Soft tissue master cast for esthetic control in crown and bridge procedures.

PMID- 2635956
TI  - Lateral curing ability of plastic wedges.

PMID- 2635957
TI  - Light-cured glass ionomers.

PMID- 2635958
TI  - Considerations about esthetics of composite resin restorations.

PMID- 2635959
TI  - Composite resin luting materials: a rationale for the '90s.

PMID- 2635960
TI  - Conservative restoration of a sensitive cervical root lesion.

PMID- 2635961
TI  - [Diet and plaque].
AB  - In summary, many sugar substitutes have a direct effect on dental plaque
      formation and, therefore, also an indirect effect on hard tooth substance. Short
      and long-term clinical studies have shown that xylitol reduces dental plaque.
      Short-term clinical tests have also demonstrated that sorbitol reduces plaque
      formation, probably due to retardation of acid formation. With time, this effect,
      however, diminishes due to adaptation of the microorganisms. Streptococcus mutans
      count and acid formation in dental plaque are favourably influenced by sugar
      substitutes, especially by the consumption of xylitol. The effect of sugar
      substitutes on dental plaque plays an important role for the anticariogenic and
      caries-reducing mode of action. The development of both caries and periodontal
      diseases can be favourably influenced by reduced plaque formation.

PMID- 2635962
TI  - [Caries incidence and oral hygiene level in young school children in Gottingen].
AB  - 669 school beginners and 739 fourth-year pupils in Gottingen were examined for
      caries prevalence and dental hygienic measures. 28% of first-year pupils examined
      had naturally healthy primary teeth; the average DFS was 6.8. Only 12% of the
      carious primary tooth surfaces had intact fillings. Carious defects in permanent
      teeth were restricted to sixth-year molars. Among the fourth-year pupils 26.8%
      had no caries on their permanent teeth; the average DMFS was 3.9. In this age
      group 60% of the carious tooth surfaces had been treated and the M components
      observed were minimal. A total of only 16 sixth-year molars were missing because
      of caries in all the children examined. A comparison of prevalence rates among
      different schools revealed considerable differences: Average DMFS values at the
      various schools ranged from 2.0 to 5.5.

PMID- 2635963
TI  - [Relation among oral hygiene, caries and gingivitis in 4-and 5-year old children
      in Frankfurt/Main area].
AB  - Caries and gingivitis are plaque-induced diseases. There is no doubt a
      correlation between the degree of oral cleanliness and the incidence of caries
      and gingivitis in school children and adults. Scientific information on such a
      correlation in pre-school children four and five years of age, however, is only
      scarce. Therefore, 345 children of this age group were examined and scored for
      plaque, gingivitis as well as toothloss, caries and fillings. There was clearly a
      correlation between the degree of oral hygiene and caries and gingivitis.
      Children of the five-year age group were more severely involved than the four
      year olds. Dental examinations of pre-school children are, according to our
      experience, mainly concerned with recording dental caries and toothloss. Too
      little emphasis is usually paid to oral hygiene status and the presence of
      gingivitis. The data of our study suggest that by positively influencing the oral
      hygiene habits of young children, not only the incidence of tooth decay can be
      reduced but, at the same time, the appearance of gingival inflammation can
      largely be prevented. This may have a positive effect on the incidence of
      periodontal disease during later periods of life.

PMID- 2635964
TI  - [Healthy periodontal tissue, periodontitis and its cure].
AB  - A well known development of the chronic periodontal disease is reviewed. However,
      the histological picture of gingiva varies at a much lower speed than its
      clinical picture, and slower than previously described. In presence of
      periodontitis there may exist a zone of reversible disease of about 2 mm, which
      gives the possibility of obtaining a re-attachment of unknown magnitude. A new
      connective tissue attachment (on top of the re-attachment) seems only possible if
      the periodontal ligament cells are allowed to proliferate coronally.

PMID- 2635965
TI  - [Comparison of clinical and microbiological parameters for determination of
      actual caries risk].
AB  - In 28 children and adolescents, age 4-17, the numbers of decayed tooth surfaces,
      filled surfaces and the extent of plaque coverage measured with a plaque scoring
      index were recorded as clinically assessible caries risk factors. Subsequently
      paraffin stimulated saliva samples were taken from the same subjects and
      evaluated microbiologically for their content of caries related microorganisms
      (S. mutans, lactobacilli). Statistical analysis of correlation revealed only
      weak, mostly not significant correlations between clinical and microbiological
      findings. The results are discussed.

PMID- 2635966
TI  - [Saliva--the undervalued protection system (1)].

PMID- 2635967
TI  - Changing the system.

PMID- 2635968
TI  - Administrative positioning on the nurse executive.

PMID- 2635969
TI  - The nurse executive's responsibility to the governing board.

PMID- 2635970
TI  - Implications of differentiated practice models for nurse executives.

PMID- 2635971
TI  - Back to nursing basics.

PMID- 2635973
TI  - Determining the qualities of a leader.

PMID- 2635972
TI  - Nursing service-State Board of Nursing relationship: "Mission Impossible"?

PMID- 2635974
TI  - Taking the plunge: selecting a computerized staffing and scheduling system.

PMID- 2635976
TI  - Nursing administration: a tale of two worlds.

PMID- 2635975
TI  - Value-added nursing service.

PMID- 2635977
TI  - Failure to follow through can cripple even the best decisions.

PMID- 2635978
TI  - Nurse-physician interdependence.

PMID- 2635979
TI  - Today's sharper image: does nursing have it?

PMID- 2635980
TI  - Making nursing a viable career for men and women.

PMID- 2635981
TI  - Cost accounting: an approach for hospital nursing services.

PMID- 2635982
TI  - Today's TV nurse, or just another bad rerun.

PMID- 2635983
TI  - Retention, a nursing challenge.

PMID- 2635984
TI  - Nursing: improving the image.

PMID- 2635985
TI  - Product line management for nurse executives.

PMID- 2635987
TI  - The middle manager in shared governance.

PMID- 2635986
TI  - The Eastern Airlines demise: a lesson for the health care industry.

PMID- 2635988
TI  - Goal congruence: a management tool for productivity.

PMID- 2635989
TI  - Nursing service-State Board of Nursing relationship: "Mission Impossible"?

PMID- 2635990
TI  - Private case management for older persons and their families: where do nurses fit
      in?

PMID- 2635991
TI  - Shared governance: what it means to those involved.
AB  - Nurses saw shared governance as both a management philosophy and an
      organizational structure that changes the organizational culture and belief
      system. Because of these two aspects of shared governance, its implementation is
      an evolutionary process in which former roles are examined and new roles are
      learned. Power shifts during the implementation of shared governance create role
      conflicts and confusion in the decision domains of staff and managerial nurses.
      Shared governance is highly valued by participants as a mechanism to enhance
      commitment to the organization, accountability for nursing practice, and the
      professionalism of both the clinical and managerial staff. The participants
      valued the opportunities for growth and development of leadership skills that
      shared governance provided. While negative perspective were shared, they seemed
      to be secondary to the overall satisfaction with shared governance. Some of the
      negative perspectives seemed to relate to the length of experience with shared
      governance, whereas others seemed to be essential elements of the experience.

PMID- 2635993
TI  - A new costing strategy for nursing services.

PMID- 2635992
TI  - Collaboration between nurse executives and community-based nurses in advanced
      practice: the key to successful practice.

PMID- 2635994
TI  - The direction of health care in America.

PMID- 2635995
TI  - When enough is enough: overutilization and overregulation.

PMID- 2635996
TI  - Managing the merger.

PMID- 2635997
TI  - Where are computers on your priority list?

PMID- 2635998
TI  - Are nursing care plans obsolete?

PMID- 2635999
TI  - "Nursing in 2020": expanding opportunities and expectations.

PMID- 2636000
TI  - Making time for what's really important.

PMID- 2636001
TI  - Use of systems theory and the role of the nurse executive.

PMID- 2636002
TI  - Differentiation of liquor contacting neurons in the regenerating spinal cord of
      the newt Triturus.
AB  - This paper reports a detailed electron microscopic study of the ventricular cells
      in the growing spinal cord during the first two months of tail regeneration in
      Triturus vulgaris and T. cristatus. In the proliferating ependyma some cells
      undergo a neural differentiation in order to produce "Cerebro-Spinal-Fluid
      Contacting-Neurons (CSFCNs). These round or pear-like cells store dense core
      vesicles, 80-100 nm in diameter, and show less electron-density than ependymal
      elements. The stereociliar apparatus is the last cytological differentiation of
      these elements and after two months of regeneration, synapse-like endings were
      occasionally found.

PMID- 2636003
TI  - Seasonal changes in the prolactin cells of Bufo andersoni in relation to the
      serum calcium level.
AB  - Serum calcium level of Bufo andersoni (both sexes) records maximal values during
      winter months with its peak in December and minimal at the time of emergence from
      the hibernation (March). An inverse correlation is discernible between the serum
      calcium level and activity of the prolactin cells in the toad.

PMID- 2636004
TI  - Purification and preliminary characterization of Torresea cearensis trypsin
      inhibitor.
AB  - An inhibitor against serine proteinases was purified from Torresea cearensis by
      affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose. The protein is a single polypeptide
      of molecular weight 13,600 after reduction and has a high content of cysteine
      residues. Both trypsin (Ki = 0.34 nM) and chymotrypsin (Ki = 0.15 microM) are
      inhibited by Torresea cearensis inhibitor. Blood clotting factor XII is also
      inhibited (Ki = 0.24 microM), but not plasma kallikrein, tissue kallikrein or
      thrombin. The stoichiometry of the inhibitor-proteinase complex with trypsin is
      1:1.

PMID- 2636005
TI  - Partial purification and characterization of soybean seed arylamidase activity.
AB  - The arylamidase activity of a soybean seed extract was measured using L-aminoacyl
      2-naphthylamides and L-Leu-p-nitroanilide. The enzyme preparation was purified 42
      fold with 45% yield, by precipitation with 25-75% ammonium sulfate saturation and
      by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The highest kcat/Km ratio was
      that of L-Lys-2-naphthylamide (216 s-1 microM-1) and the lowest was that of L-Leu
      p-nitroanilide (40 s-1 microM-1). Enzyme activity was inhibited by -SH and -S-S
      group reagents while chelating agents had no effect. L-Lysine, L-leucine,
      puromycin and bestatin were competitive inhibitors and the Ki values found were:
      3.5 mM, 0.9 mM, 0.23 mM and 0.8 microM, respectively.

PMID- 2636006
TI  - Platelet activation following application of an Esmarch bandage and tourniquet in
      rabbits.
AB  - The present study evaluates platelet activation following application of an
      Esmarch bandage and a tourniquet, procedures commonly employed to provide a
      bloodless operative field during limb surgery. Platelet aggregation was increased
      in blood samples taken from rabbits 60 min after an Esmarch bandage was applied
      to one thigh and immediately released. When this treatment was combined with the
      application of a tourniquet for 60 min, a procedure which alone did not affect
      platelet aggregation, results were similar to those obtained following the
      Esmarch bandage alone. These data suggest that tissue compression produced by
      application of an Esmarch bandage, but not the ischemia derived from the
      tourniquet, produced platelet aggregation.

PMID- 2636007
TI  - Jacalin: an excellent lectin for obtaining T cell growth activity from rat spleen
      cells.
AB  - 1. The parameters involved in the choice of an optimal T cell growth activity
      (TCGAc) induction protocol using rat spleen cells stimulated with jacalin were
      studied. 2. In the absence of serum, 5 micrograms/ml jacalin was sufficient to
      obtain maximal TCGAc. Supernatants could be harvested at any time between 24 and
      72 h since significant consumption of TCGAc was not observed during this
      interval. TCGAc recovery was increased in the presence of 5% fetal calf serum,
      with the optimal jacalin dose being about 25 micrograms/ml. The recommended
      harvesting time was 24 h to reduce TCGAc loss due to cellular proliferation. 3.
      Human or rat sera were not suitable since they absorb significant amounts of
      jacalin, thus shifting the optimal lectin concentration to greater than 800
      micrograms/ml. Indomethacin (1 micrograms/ml) had little enhancing effect on
      TCGAc production by rat cells but rendered conditioned media less inhibitory of
      cytotoxic T lymphocyte L (CTLL) proliferation. Addition of 50 ng/ml phorbol
      myristate acetate is not recommended if the supernatants are to be used for T
      cell line maintenance, since the agent interferes with CTL function, while only
      doubling TCGAc production. 4. Jacalin-stimulated TCGAc recovery is comparable, in
      titer, to that obtained with concanavalin A under the best conditions, but the
      former is less expensive due to the large quantities of lectin recovered from a
      single jackfruit, besides being less toxic for rat spleen cells.

PMID- 2636008
TI  - Effect of PAF-acether on the reactivity of the isolated rat myometrium.
AB  - In non-pregnant rat isolated uterine strips PAF-acether (1-100 nM) produced
      contractile effects on 74% of the preparations tested which were concentration
      dependent in 44% of the cases (EC50 = 28 nM). All the preparations tested
      exhibited contractile responses to either acetylcholine or potassium. PAF-acether
      was less potent on myometrial strips from pregnant animals (EC50 = 0.3 microM)
      and was only effective on 24% of the preparations tested. A second contractile
      concentration-response curve was reproducible in only 14% of the preparations
      from non-pregnant rats (EC50 = 13 nM), whereas all strips from pregnant animals
      were completely refractory to a second challenge with PAF-acether. These results
      indicate that PAF-acether induces contraction of the isolated rat myometrium
      within the same range of concentrations at which it is active in other tissues.

PMID- 2636009
TI  - Effects of ipsapirone and BAY R 1531 on learned helplessness.
AB  - The effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonists on the
      learned helplessness test were investigated. Rats were submitted to a single
      session of 60 uncontrollable shocks (10-s duration, 1.0 mA, every 60 +/- 40 s)
      and then treated twice daily with ip injections of either ipsapirone (13 mg/kg
      daily) or BAY R 1531 (0.375 mg/kg daily) for four consecutive days. On the last
      day, the animals were submitted to an escape test. The results showed that both
      drug treatments blocked the deficit in the escape learning (helplessness effect).
      These data suggest that drugs which stimulate 5-HT1A receptors have an
      antidepressant-like activity in this animal model of depression.

PMID- 2636010
TI  - [1-Sarcosine]-angiotensin II tachyphylaxis in helical strips and everted rings of
      rabbit aorta.
AB  - The development of tachyphylaxis to [1-sarcosine]-angiotensin II was studied in
      helical strips and everted rings of rabbit aorta. Strips, but not everted rings,
      developed marked (greater than 50%) tachyphylaxis to the peptide, when challenged
      repeatedly at 1-h intervals. Measurements of the membrane potentials showed no
      difference between the two preparations, but strips were more sensitive to KCl
      than everted rings. These results suggest that the strips are more depolarized
      than the everted rings due to lesions caused by the spiral cutting. This partial
      depolarization may underlie the tachyphylactic phenomenon.

PMID- 2636011
TI  - Chemotactic effect of PAF-acether on peritoneal eosinophils from normal rats.
AB  - The chemotactic activity of PAF-acether was compared with that of tetrapeptide
      eosinophil chemotactic factors of anaphylaxis (ECF-A, Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu and Val-Gly
      Ser-Glu) using eosinophils obtained from the peritoneal cavity of normal rats.
      Cells were isolated by separation over discontinuous metrizamide gradients which
      resulted in eosinophil suspensions of 80 to 90% purity. PAF-acether produced a
      dose-dependent effect which, at its maximum, was more than 30-fold greater than
      control and about 5- to 7-fold greater than the maximal activity obtained with
      the ECF-A-tetrapeptides. BN 52021 and WEB 2086 inhibited PAF-acether-induced
      eosinophil chemotaxis in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that this phenomenon
      is mediated by specific PAF-acether receptors.

PMID- 2636012
TI  - The cholinergic and dopaminergic systems of the prelimbic sector of frontal
      cortex and memory in the rat.
AB  - Rats were trained to perform delayed non-matching to sample (a
      working/representational memory task) and visual discrimination (a
      reference/dispositional memory task) in a T-maze, and implanted bilaterally with
      cannulae in the prelimbic cortex. The rats were tested postoperatively after
      bilateral 1-microliter injections of vehicle (Krebs-Ringer), sulpiride (10
      micrograms/microliter) or scopolamine (18 micrograms/microliter). Sulpiride had
      no effect on the performance of either task, whereas scopolamine interfered only
      with the performance of delayed non-matching to sample. We conclude that
      dopaminergic mechanisms in the prelimbic cortex are not involved in either type
      of memory and that cholinergic, but not dopaminergic, mechanisms are important
      for working/representational memory processes.

PMID- 2636013
TI  - Morphological changes in the ommatidia of an ant in the day and night states.
AB  - Morphological changes in dioptric structures, in the position of screening
      pigments and in the microvillar arrangement of the rhabdom were observed in Atta
      sexdens ant ommatidia exposed to different light/dark schedules. During the day
      there was a funneling of the crystalline cone and the pigments were close to the
      rhabdom. At night the crystalline cone became thicker and shorter than in the day
      state and the pigments moved away from the rhabdom. Endogenous control for these
      changes was demonstrated in ants kept in continuous darkness. A small but
      significant contribution of extraocular brain structures to the modulation of
      pigment position was also demonstrated.

PMID- 2636014
TI  - [The design and implementation of a hospital management information system at
      Peking Union Medical College hospital].
AB  - This paper analyses the environment, necessity, possibility and specificity of
      the development of a Hospital Information System (HIS) in the People's Republic
      of China. The overall design and step-by-step implementation of a Hospital
      Management Information System (HMIS) in Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC)
      Hospital are described in great detail. An experimental HMIS consisting of 40
      microcomputers and a minicomputer (VAX-730) with a mixed network has been
      developed and is running perfectly well in PUMC Hospital. It is a distributed
      data management system. Each department uses microcomputers (work stations) to
      handle its own work directly facing the end-users to meet the local requirements.
      The global data concerning the whole system will be stored in network to be
      shared with all the subsystems. The communication between two subsystems is
      through 3+ network. As a background support of the distributed data processing,
      the centralized data bases in VAX-730 could be used to analyse and evaluate
      activities of the whole hospital.

PMID- 2636015
TI  - [A computerized Chinese classification of diseases and coding system].
AB  - The historical review and the necessity of establishment of the Chinese
      Classification of Diseases (CCD) and Coding System are described. The content,
      terms used for unified and standardized nomenclatures, coding system including
      diagnostic terms of traditional Chinese medicine and other codings are
      introduced. The utility of the CCD system in medical record face sheet
      management, national native medical statistics, consultative retrieval from terms
      and codes of diseases, the development and practical trial of ICD-9 CCD is also
      discussed. Finally, the position and prospect of CCD system in international
      informatics communication is emphasized.

PMID- 2636016
TI  - [Prognosis decision system for acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - Prognosis Decision System (PDS) is a program that analyzes the prognosis of AMI
      basing on the presented prognostic risk-factors after the onset of symptoms in
      patients with AMIs. The model is represented by using both pattern recognition
      and logical judgement. The forecast exact rate of PDS reached 90% by analysis of
      100 retrospective cases and 125 prospective cases. It is useful in reduction of
      early case fatality rate and prevention of sudden death during convalescence.

PMID- 2636017
TI  - [Study of factors affecting prognosis of cervical cancer using a microcomputer].
AB  - We set up a software system which can store, retrieve and handle the data for
      cervical cancer. The data of 526 patients with cervical cancer have been stored.
      The correlation between various prognostic factors and 5-year survival was
      studied by means of stepwise analysis. It was found that such factors as
      macroscopic type of tumor, hemoglobin, peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration and
      age of the patients influenced prognosis significantly. The best regression
      equation to predict the 5-year survival of patients was established by this
      method. It was proved that the calculated survival rate in correspondence with
      the real 5-year survival rate was 83.6%-99.55%. This study was important to us.
      We could then take appropriate therapeutic measures in the treatment of patients
      with cervical cancer.

PMID- 2636018
TI  - [Immunochemical identification and localization of cytochrome P-45OHS; isozyme in
      human gastric mucosa and gastric carcinoma].
AB  - Monoclonal antibody to rat liver cytochrome P-450 j isozyme, an activating enzyme
      specific to nitrosamine metabolism, was used in combination with immunoblotting,
      densitometer scanning of SDS-PAGE gels, and immunohistochemical staining, there
      was a trace of P-450 isozyme (Mr. 51. 5 kd) in human gastric mucosa with or
      without cancer. It was similar to P-450 j in molecular weight, catalysis and
      immunochemistry. We named it P-450 HSj isozyme. Both in 25 gastric cancer
      patients and 17 non-cancer patients, the concentrations (%) of P-450 HSj in the
      mucosa of the lesser curvature were higher than those of the greater curvature (P
      less than 0.01). This might be one of the important reasons why gastric carcinoma
      caused by nitrosamines is most common in the lesser curvature. The P-450 HSj was
      localized in the cytoplasm of some epithelial cells, especially in the glands
      with hyperplastic and intestinal metaplastic changes adjacent to carcinoma. It
      was also found in some normal glands and in tumor cells of highly differentiated
      adenocarcinoma, but not in tumor cells of lowly differentiated adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2636019
TI  - [Bacteriogenic premature rupture of the fetal membranes].

PMID- 2636020
TI  - [Evaluation of ascending and descending venography in the diagnosis of deep vein
      valvular incompetence of the leg].

PMID- 2636021
TI  - [A comparative study of direct and indirect methods of determining sino-atrial
      recovery time].

PMID- 2636022
TI  - [Endosteal stimulation in implantology. Study and results after 2 years].
AB  - Analysis of implant failure in the maxilla has showed that these failures were
      predominant on bone that had remained toothless for a period exceeding 2 years.
      Histological and osseostructural studies demonstrate that the loss of maxillary
      teeth has an essential effect on its vascularisation, more than on the bone loss;
      this vascularisation is absolutely necessary in order to obtain an adequate and
      lasting osseointegration. When, after surgical preparation of the receiver bony
      site, no bleeding is noted, insertion of the implant is postponed. Six weeks
      later, the new socket is curetted and the scar tissue removed; this showed that,
      systematically, the vascularisation was markedly increased. Results at 2 years of
      this "endostal stimulation", applied to Branemark and I.M.Z. implants, are: 95.5%
      success in the maxilla, compared to 83% with osseointegration during the same
      period. This technique may be applied in the posterior mandibular area, when
      there is a marked resorption and the short implant is only inserted in cortical
      bone, minimally vascularized, because of the presence of the mandibular canal;
      the results of this latter technique are actually poor.

PMID- 2636023
TI  - [Postural examination in daily occlusodontology].
AB  - According to the osteopathic and chiropractic concepts, facing a TMJ problem, the
      practitioner has to determine if the trouble observed in the stomatognatic
      apparatus is the cause or the effect of the structural problems present anywhere
      else in the body. The postural examination allows to answer this question. Tow
      techniques can be used. First a static and dynamic posture test proposed by
      Bricot. The level of the cranium, the eyes, the shoulders, the wrists, the pelvis
      and the ankles is analysed, from a front view; from the side, the gravity line is
      inspected: vertex, auditory meatus, shoulder, hip joint, anterior side of the
      tibia, ankle joint. The vertical posture can be studied from the front: the arms
      are held straight and the antero-posterior length between the fingers is
      measured. From the back, one notes the recoil of the buttocks on one side. An
      ocular convergence test is performed. Then one uses a Romberg test (oscillation
      of the body when the eyes are closed), and a Fukuda stepping test. The patient is
      then asked to bite on a compress, and the same exams are redone. If no change
      occurs, we are dealing with an ascending problem: the origin of the problem is
      not the stomatognathic system. The second technique is the Meerssemann test that
      needs the practice of Applied Kinesiology muscle testing. The patient is lying
      supine and one tests: the dental occlusion, the two TMJs, the temporal muscles,
      masseters, pterygoids, sterno-cleido-mastoids, upper tapezius, left and right
      sacro-iliac joints, psoas muscles bilaterally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636024
TI  - [Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of craniomandibular disorders:
      radiological-surgical comparison].
AB  - Among 500 C.T. scan of temporomandibular joint (T.M.J.), examined since 1982 by
      bilateral direct sagittal method (Department of Radiology, Pr. A. TREHEUX, C.H.U.
      Nancy-Brabois), the authors have retained 14 cases of patients with symptoms
      related to dysfunction of the T.M.J. cured by surgery (Department of Maxillo
      Facial Surgery, Pr. STRICKER, C.H.U. Nancy). These cases were chosen among
      hundred patients annually examined by C.T. scan, for various diseases
      (dysfunctions of the T.M.J., traumatisms, infections, inflammatory diseases...).
      These correlations between radiology and surgery about 26 T.M.J. (2 patients
      underwent surgery only on one side) were: an accuracy with surgical findings for
      19 cases (76%); in 6 cases (23%), a meniscus anteriorly displaced, non detected
      by C.T. scan was found by surgery; 2 cases of meniscus perforations (one in the
      frontal plane, the other sagittal) were surgical findings; in 1 case, a
      displacement was under-valued by C.T. scan; in 3 cases, arthrosic changes (1 case
      of REITER syndroma) were characterized by C.T. scan. The authors emphasize the
      value and the limits of evaluation of the internal derangements of the T.M.J.
      with direct sagittal C.T.

PMID- 2636025
TI  - Estrogens are not required for prolactin induced growth of MCF-7 human breast
      cancer cells.
AB  - MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in continuous culture respond to the growth
      promoting activity of prolactin. Within 3 days of addition to culture medium in
      the presence of charcoal stripped fetal bovine serum which is depleted of bovine
      lactogens and estrogens, prolactin at 250 ng/ml promotes a 2- to 3-fold increase
      in cell number. When phenol red, which is a weak estrogen agonist, is also
      eliminated from the medium, the cells respond to prolactin to the same extent.
      When cells are grown for two generations in the presence of lactogen free, phenol
      red free, charcoal stripped serum, the prolactin induced response is even
      greater. Human and ovine prolactins are equipotent. The ability of the cells to
      bind lactogenic hormones remains unaltered by elimination of phenol red from the
      growth medium. These data indicate that prolactin alone is a mitogen for human
      breast cancer cells in long-term culture.

PMID- 2636026
TI  - A study of tobacco carcinogenesis XLIV. Bioassay in A/J mice of some N
      nitrosamines.
AB  - The evaluation of the tumorigenic activity in A/J mouse lung of certain tobacco N
      nitrosamines, namely 3-(methylnitrosamino)propionic acid (NMPA), 4
      (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3
      pyridyl)-butyric acid (iso-NNAC), had the following results (total dose in
      micromol per mouse/lung tumors per mouse): NMPA (200/7.1 +/- 2.9); NNK (2/15.7 +/
      4.1); iso-NNAC (200/0.24 +/- 0.43); saline control (0.2 +/- 0.4). The
      tumorigenic activity of NMPA was not surprising since its lower homologue, N
      nitrososarcosine, as well as its higher homologue, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-butyric
      acid, are known carcinogens. The high tumorigenic activity of NNK in strain A/J
      mice confirms earlier findings as to its carcinogenic potency in rats and
      hamsters. The lack of tumorigenic activity of iso-NNAC supports the observation
      that the pyridyl rest adjacent to the nitrosamino group inhibits the activity of
      some tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA). Iso-NNAC is most likely formed
      endogenously from the nicotine metabolites cotinine and 4-(methylamino)-4-(3
      pyridyl)butyric acid.

PMID- 2636027
TI  - Density-dependent regulation of amino acid transport in a Burkitt lymphoma cell
      line.
AB  - Rate of proliferation and amino acid transport were assessed in the Burkitt's
      lymphoma-derived Namalwa cells by measurements of growth rate and proline and
      serine uptake. Cell density of the cultures was varied by modifying the number of
      cells initially seeded and growing for different periods of time. Under these
      experimental conditions the growth rate was not correlated with cell density. In
      contrast, the activity of amino acid transport through Systems A and ASC, as
      assessed by the uptake of proline and serine, respectively, decreased as a
      function of cell density. This marked decrease of transport activity cannot be
      explained by large alterations of cell morphology since it was observed at a cell
      density range where minimal change of cell volume and surface area occurred. When
      a constant number of cells suspended in an identical volume of medium sedimented
      on different settling areas, a marked effect on amino acid transport activity
      occurred. These results indicate that cell to cell contacts may be involved in
      the density-dependent regulation of transport.

PMID- 2636028
TI  - Influence of demographic parameters on rectal epithelial proliferation.
AB  - Measurement of rectal epithelial proliferation is now being used as a biomarker
      for assessing risk for colorectal cancer and response within dietary intervention
      studies. We examined the possible confounding effects of demographic parameters
      on the proliferation of 52 healthy middle-aged volunteers without known risk
      factors for colorectal cancer. No significant effects on proliferation of age,
      sex or ethnic grouping were found other than marked urban-rural differences
      amongst men. We hypothesise that these could be explained by differences in
      dietary habits and their deleterious effects in the older male population.
      Careful matching of controls are probably needed in order to demonstrate the
      minor changes in mucosal proliferation that could reflect risk for neoplasia.
      Further human studies are needed to examine the effects of diet and extremes of
      age on proliferation.

PMID- 2636029
TI  - Effect of diallyl sulfide on MNNG-induced nuclear aberrations and ornithine
      decarboxylase activity in the glandular stomach mucosa of the Wistar rat.
AB  - In previous investigations using models for gastrointestinal cancer, the
      anticarcinogenic effects of diallyl sulfide (DAS), an organosulfur compound
      present in garlic, was established. In this study, we conducted experiments to
      determine whether DAS modulates two biomarkers, nuclear aberrations (NA) and
      ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, in the glandular stomach mucosa of the
      Wistar rat. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MN-NG) induced dose-related NA
      and ODC activity in the glandular stomach 24 h and 6 h, respectively, after oral
      intubation with the carcinogen. Either oral or parenteral pretreatment with DAS
      significantly reduced the MNNG induction of NA or ODC. Furthermore, the
      suppressions were observed to be dose dependent. These data suggest that DAS may
      potentially inhibit MNNG-induced gastric cancer. In view of recent epidemiologic
      evidence linking reduced risk for gastric cancer with increased consumption of
      allium vegetables, it is clear that DAS has pluripotent effects as an
      anticarcinogen, although studies addressing a mechanism of action have yet to be
      reported.

PMID- 2636031
TI  - Differential expression of smooth muscle alpha-like actin between benign and
      malignant human pigment tissues.
AB  - When examining proteins in human pigment tissues, we found that a third actin
      like protein, in addition to beta- and gamma-actin was more frequent and in a
      larger amount in benign tissues such as blue nevus and nevus pigmentosus, than in
      malignant melanoma. This third actin-like protein was immunologically stained
      with monoclonal antibodies reacting with several actin species and specific for
      smooth muscle alpha-actin. We propose that this third actin-like protein is
      probably smooth muscle alpha-actin and that different expressions of this third
      actin may possibly serve as a sensitive biochemical marker for the diagnosis of
      human malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2636030
TI  - Evaluation of liver cell proliferation during ciprofibrate-induced
      hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - To determine if the carcinogenic potential of peroxisome proliferators is
      dependent upon their ability to induce cell proliferation, we have investigated
      the extent of cell proliferation in the livers of rats fed ciprofibrate, a
      peroxisome proliferator. Male rats were maintained on a diet containing
      ciprofibrate (0.025% w/w) and killed at selected intervals following 1 week of
      continuous [3H]thymidine labeling. Evaluation of labeling indices demonstrated a
      significant increase in cell proliferation during the first week but not in rats
      killed at the end of 5 and 20 weeks of treatment. Increases in hepatocyte nuclear
      labeling were found at 40 and 70 weeks of ciprofibrate administration which
      coincided with the appearance in livers of putative preneoplastic and neoplastic
      lesions. In a short-term feeding study, ciprofibrate and ethoxyquin were fed to
      rats at a dietary concentration of 0.025% and 0.5%, respectively, either alone or
      in combination for 7 days. Ciprofibrate and ethoxyquin either alone or in
      combination produced marked hepatomegaly and a significant increase in DNA
      synthesis as demonstrated by [3H]thymidine incorporation and autoradiographic
      studies. DNA synthesis in the group receiving ciprofibrate and ethoxyquin
      simultaneously, was slightly more than in animals that received either compound
      alone, suggesting a synergistic effect, although chronic feeding of these agents
      together resulted in inhibition of liver carcinogenesis (Rao, M. S. et al. (1984)
      Cancer Res., 44, 1072-1076). The results of this study further suggest that cell
      proliferation induced by peroxisome proliferators may be less important in
      carcinogenesis than peroxisome proliferation induced by these compounds.

PMID- 2636032
TI  - In vitro interaction between two antineoplastic drugs--phopurinum and interferon
      alpha 2.
AB  - Induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations (CAs)
      by two antineoplastic drugs--phopurinum (2-dimethylamino-6
      diethyleneiminophosphamido-7-methylpurine) and recombinant human interferon alpha
      2 (rHuIFN-alpha 2) was studied in human lymphocytes in vitro. Phopurinum was
      found to cause a significant increase of both SCEs and CAs in lymphocytes, while
      rHuIFN-alpha 2 induced only SCEs. Combined treatment with these two drugs reduced
      SCE and CA levels as compared with those induced by phopurinum alone. The maximal
      extent of reduction, however, was observed at intermediate doses of phopurinum.

PMID- 2636033
TI  - An important role for cytosol in the microsomal metabolism of N
      nitrosodimethylamine to a mutagen: evidence for two different mutagenic
      metabolites.
AB  - Microsomal-mediated mutagenesis induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in
      Salmonella TA100 at neutral pH was only slightly affected by cytosol and was
      similar in its threshold type dose-response curve to mutagenesis induced by
      direct-acting N-nitroso-N-methyl compounds. However, mutagenesis in strain TA104
      was greatly enhanced by cytosol and this mutagenesis did not exhibit a threshold.
      In the presence of microsomes alone NDMA was more potent in TA100 than TA104, but
      in the presence of microsomes plus cytosol (S-9 fraction) this order was reversed
      at the doses tested. A possible explanation for these results is that NDMA is
      metabolized by microsomes to a mutagen (presumably methyldiazonium ion; MDI) that
      is more potent in TA100 than in TA104, but in the presence of S-9 fraction a
      fraction of the NDMA is metabolized by a pathway leading to a different mutagen
      with a different specificity. The ratio of metabolism via these pathways appears
      to be dependent on pH.

PMID- 2636034
TI  - Autologous and allogenic natural cell mediated cytotoxicity at the single cell
      level: divergent effects of interferons and interleukin 2 on binding and lysis.
AB  - In order to evaluate their divergent effects on binding and lysis of the NCMC, rH
      IFN-alpha and rH IL-2 were used for the in vitro-preincubation of normal donors'
      PBL, which were then tested as effector cells against K562 and the long-term
      cultured melanoma cell line RIMA in the SCCA. Both lymphokines significantly
      augmented the cytolysis of K562 without relevant influence on the conjugate
      formation. However, against RIMA IFN-alpha additionally amplified the binding
      affinity. This in keeping with the other authors' opinion that IFNs have target
      specific effects at the single cell level, with the principal activation of
      already conjugated pre-killer cells against all the target cell lines tested. We
      performed a therapy-follow-up of the i.p. administration of rH IFN-gamma to
      patients with ovarian carcinomas in vivo. With the SCCA we detected a significant
      correlation of the duration of therapy with the autologous cytotoxicity in the
      ascitic compartment. In one case the increase of this parameter was even
      exponential. However, the countercurrent trend of the conjugate formation delayed
      and reduced the activation of the autologous total killer activity. This relative
      stagnation resulted in the inadequate clinical response of two patients.
      Moreover, we observed a discrepancy in the development of the autologous and
      allogeneic SCCA-parameters suggesting strong effects of the peritumorally
      administered IFN directly on the effusion tumor cells.

PMID- 2636035
TI  - CEA levels in peritoneal washings from gastric cancer patients as a prognostic
      guide.
AB  - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined in the peritoneal washings
      from 44 patients with gastric cancer to evaluate the usefulness for a predictor
      of postsurgical prognosis. Seventeen of the 21 patients (80.9%) with serosal
      invasion showed elevated levels of CEA, whereas most of the patients with no
      serosal invasion (22/23) showed low levels of CEA and did not develop peritoneal
      metastasis. All patients with positive cytology showed elevated levels of CEA in
      the peritoneal washings. Therefore, CEA levels in the peritoneal washings could
      be an adjunctive tool for predicting the postsurgical prognosis in gastric
      cancer.

PMID- 2636036
TI  - Hepatic nuclear envelope cytochrome P-450 in rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene.
      Effect of dietary fats and butylated hydroxytoluene.
AB  - Early losses of nuclear envelope (NE) cytochrome P-450 occur during 2
      acetylaminofluorene (AAF)-hepatocarcinogenesis. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),
      which protects against AAF in rats fed high fat diets, preserves NE P-450
      suggesting that the latter may be required for AAF detoxification. AAF
      hepatocarcinogenesis is enhanced by increasing the amount or degree of
      unsaturation of dietary fats. The present studies show that in rats fed AAF in
      high fat diets BHT preservation of NE P-450 is considerably shorter (3 weeks)
      with polyunsaturated than with saturated fat (9 weeks). In rats fed AAF in a low
      fat diet, where BHT does not modify the low tumor incidence, there is a bimodal
      effect on NE P-450. In controls and AAF-fed rats, BHT causes significant
      induction of NE P-450 at 1-3 weeks. At 9-16 weeks BHT has no effect on controls
      and only partially preserves NE P-450 in AAF-fed rats. Due to time constraints,
      livers could not be utilized fresh, but they were kept frozen at -80 degrees C
      until processed. Thus, specimens from all groups underwent identical treatment
      for purposes of comparative studies.

PMID- 2636037
TI  - Inhibition of morphological transformation of C3H10T1/2CL8 mouse embryo cells by
      multiple carcinogen treatments.
AB  - C3H10T1/2CL8 cells treated on the first day after seeding with benzo[a]pyrene
      (B[a]P) and then treated again with B[a]P displayed an inhibited response of
      morphological transformation if the second treatment was administered from 14
      days to 33 days after seeding. Under these conditions the cells exhibited up to
      100% inhibition of morphological transformation, the extent of inhibition being
      related to the concentration of B[a]P administered in the second treatment. 3
      Methylcholanthrene (3MC) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) also
      inhibited B[a]P-induced morphological transformation as a function of
      concentration when administered to cells 21 days after the initial B[a]P
      treatment. Delayed recovery of transformed foci was examined in cells treated
      with B[a]P on days 1 and 22 and scored 6-9 weeks after the first B[a]P treatment.
      No recovery of cell transformants was observed. Reconstruction experiments with
      normal and transformed C3H10T1/2CL8 cells suggested that selective cytotoxicity
      to incipient transformed cells could account for the inhibition by MNNG, but
      could not account for up to 50% of the inhibition induced by the second treatment
      of B[a]P or 3MC.

PMID- 2636038
TI  - Clastogenic activity in urine of individuals with urinary bladder infections.
AB  - The object of this study was to determine whether an elevation in chromosome
      damaging (clastogenic) activity occurred in the urine of individuals with bladder
      infections. Urine samples were collected from 18 patients with chronic (long
      term) bladder infections (CBI). Organic material was extracted from urine by
      preparative reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and assayed for
      chromosome-damaging activity in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell cultures.
      Clastogenic activity was present in these urine extracts at levels significantly
      above those observed in control individuals (P less than 0.001). These levels
      were comparable to those observed in smoker's urine. In addition, 2 of 4
      individuals with acute (short-term) bladder infection (ABI) showed a significant
      elevation in clastogenic activity in their urine samples (P = 0.025). This study
      indicates that clastogenic components can be produced during bacterial infections
      in the urinary bladder and supports a direct involvement of urinary tract
      infections in the development of bladder cancer.

PMID- 2636039
TI  - The structures of the lipopolysaccharide core components from Rhizobium
      leguminosarum biovar phaseoli CE3 and two of its symbiotic mutants, CE109 and
      CE309.
AB  - The structures for the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from R.
      leguminosarum bv. phaseoli CE3 and two symbiotic mutants were determined by
      g.l.c.-m.s., proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (n.m.r.), fast-atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry (f.a.b.-m.s.), and by comparison with known
      structures from the LPS of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii ANU843. The core
      oligosaccharides were separated into two components, P2-2 and P2-3, by gel
      filtration chromatography using Bio-Gel P2. The P2-2 oligosaccharide from CE3 is
      a tetrasaccharide consisting of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdo),
      mannose, galactose and galacturonic acid. The mannosyl residue is alpha-linked to
      O-4 of Kdo, and the galactosyl and galactosyluronic residues are alpha-linked to
      O-4 and O-6, respectively, of the mannosyl residue. The P2-2 oligosaccharide from
      mutant CE109 is missing the galactosyluronic residue, while that from mutant
      CE309 is missing both the galactosyl and galactosyluronic residues. The P2-3
      oligosaccharide from CE3 LPS is a trisaccharide consisting of two
      galactosyluronic residues alpha-linked to the O-4 and O-7 of Kdo. Fraction P2-3
      from mutant CE309 has the same structure as CE3 P2-3. Fraction P2-3 from mutant
      CE109 contains galacturonic acid and Kdo, but its structure differs from that of
      CE3 P2-3.

PMID- 2636040
TI  - Nuclear Overhauser effects and conformations of branched trisaccharide methyl
      beta-glycosides that contain a 3,4-disubstituted galactose residue.
AB  - N.O.e. data after pre-irradiation of the anomeric protons and the 3JC,H values
      associated with the glycosidic linkages for a series of methyl beta-glycosides of
      trisaccharides that contain 3,4-disubstituted galactose residues have been
      measured. On the basis of the experimental results and theoretical calculations,
      it was shown that one preferred conformer (less than 90%) was present for each
      trisaccharide derivative.

PMID- 2636041
TI  - Structures of the O-specific polymers from the lipopolysaccharides of the
      reference strains for Pseudomonas cepacia serogroups O3 and O5.
AB  - The putative O-specific polymers of lipopolysaccharides from two reference
      strains of Pseudomonas cepacia have been isolated and characterized. Both
      polymers have disaccharide repeating-units. Structure 1 was established for the
      O3 polymer, and structure 2 for the O5 polymer. Polymers with the same repeating
      units have been found previously as the O antigens of other bacteria. ----2)-beta
      D-Ribf-(1----4)-alpha-D-GalpNAc-(1---- ----4)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1----3)-beta-D
      ManpNAc-(1----

PMID- 2636042
TI  - Synthesis of the alpha-Neu5Ac-(2----6)-Gal structure. Facile 6-O-sialylation
      following stannylene activation of an unprotected D-galactopyranoside.

PMID- 2636043
TI  - Nuclear Overhauser effects and conformations of branched trisaccharide methyl
      beta-glycosides that contain a 2,3-disubstituted galactose residue.
AB  - On the basis of the n.O.e. data and theoretical calculations, it was found that
      less than 90% of one conformer was present in aqueous solution for each of a
      series of trisaccharide methyl beta-glycosides with a 2,3-disubstituted galactose
      residue.

PMID- 2636044
TI  - Synthesis of disaccharide fragments of dermatan sulfate.
AB  - Condensation of crystalline methyl 2-azido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-beta-D
      galactopyranoside with methyl (2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-L-idopyranosyl
      bromide)uronate in dichloromethane, in the presence of silver triflate and
      molecular sieve, provided 54% of methyl 2-azido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-3-O
      (methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-L-idopyranosyluronate)-beta-D-galactopyranoside
      . The use of methyl (2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-L-idopyranosyl
      trichloroacetimidate)uronate as glycosyl donor, in the presence of trimethylsilyl
      triflate, improved the yield to 68%. Regioselective opening of the benzylidene
      group with sodium cyanoborohydride followed successively by O-sulfation with the
      sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine complex, saponification, catalytic hydrogenolysis
      and selective N-acetylation gave the disodium salt of methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy
      3-O-(alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranoside.
      Condensation of methyl 2-azido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside
      with methyl (2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide)uronate in
      dichloromethane, in the presence of silver triflate and molecular sieve, gave
      methyl 2-azido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-3-O-(methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D
      glucopyranosyluronate)-beta-D-galactopryano  side in 85% yield. The sequence
      already described then gave the disodium salt of methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O
      (beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranoside.

PMID- 2636045
TI  - Synthesis, structure, and conformation of the dilactone derivative of GD1b
      ganglioside.
AB  - Treatment of DG1b, beta-Gal-(1----3)-beta-GalNAc-(1---- 4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2----8)
      alpha-Neu5Ac-(2---- 3)]-beta-Gal-(1----4)-beta-Glc-(1----1)-Cer, with
      dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide in anhydrous methyl sulfoxide affords 95-98% of GD1b
      dilactone. The carboxyl groups of the two sialic acid units are involved in ester
      linkages, as proved by ammoniolysis and reduction which gave derivatives
      containing the amide of sialic acid and N-acetylneuraminulose, respectively. 1H
      N.m.r. spectroscopy showed that the lactone rings involved position 9 of the
      inner sialic acid and position 2 of the inner galactose and that the disialosyl
      chain is extended toward the -beta-Gal-(1 ----4)-beta-Glc- portion of the
      ganglioside moiety.

PMID- 2636046
TI  - Synthesis and immunoadjuvant activity of 2,2'-O-[2,2'-diacetamido-2,3,2',3'
      tetradeoxy-6,6'-di-O-(2-tetradecyl- hexadecanoyl)-alpha,alpha'-trehalose-3,3'
      diyl]bis(N-D-lactoyl-L-alanyl -D-isoglutamine).
AB  - The disaccharide of 6-O-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl)muramoyl dipeptide coupled
      through an alpha-(1----1)-alpha linkage, named in the title, and an analog
      bearing a single peptide moiety, have been synthesized from 2,2'-diazido-2,2'
      dideoxy-alpha,alpha'-trehalose. The immunoadjuvant activities of the products
      were examined.

PMID- 2636047
TI  - Synthesis of a selectively protected trisaccharide building block of the capsular
      polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae types 6A and 6B.
AB  - 4-Methoxybenzyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-3-O-[2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-3-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl
      alpha-D- galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (22),
      a building block for the alpha-D-Galp-(1----3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1----3)-alpha-L-Rhap
      fragment of the capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae types 6A and
      6B [----2)-alpha-D-Galp-(1----3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1----3)-alpha-L-Rhap-( 1----X)-D-
      RibOH-(5-P----]n (6A, X = 3; 6B, X = 4) has been synthesised. Ethyl 3-O-allyl
      2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside was coupled with 4-methoxybenzyl
      2,4-di-O-benzyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside in ether, using methyl triflate as
      promoter. The resulting alpha-D-Glcp-(1----3)-alpha-L-Rhap derivative was
      deallylated with KOBut in N,N-dimethylformamide followed by 0.1M HCl in 9:1
      acetone-water. The product was coupled with 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-O-allyl
      alpha,beta-D-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate in ether, using trimethylsilyl
      triflate, to yield 19. Deacetylation, benzylation, and deallylation then gave 22.

PMID- 2636048
TI  - Characterization of a polyclonal antiserum raised against mediatophore, a protein
      that translocates acetylcholine.
AB  - A protein (the mediatophore) purified from Torpedo electric organ nerve terminals
      was identified by its ability to translocate acetylcholine upon calcium action.
      The recent large scale production of this protein led us to prepare a polyclonal
      antibody that was used to study the localization of the protein.

PMID- 2636049
TI  - [A study on the organization and management of pulmonary tuberculosis case
      finding at district general hospitals].
AB  - As the prevalence of tuberculosis has been improved after the implementation of
      tuberculosis control programme especially chemotherapy for a certain period of
      time, a study of promotion of case-finding activities in general hospitals of the
      district level was carried out in 1986-1988 in an urban district of Beijing.
      After special training and motivation to the physicians and health workers
      involved, their basic knowledge and new concepts of tuberculosis control were
      promoted. There were seven targets for both quantity and quality control and
      evaluation of case-findings. After implementation of plan about 75% of active
      pulmonary tuberculosis and all sputum smear positive cases were detected among
      suspects with respiratory symptoms. Doctor's delay were much improved from 54.7%
      in 1986 to only 5.9% in 1988.

PMID- 2636050
TI  - [Characteristics of endobronchial tuberculosis under fiberbronchoscopy].
AB  - Thirty five cases of tuberculosis of bronchial endometrium proved by bronchoscopy
      and biopsy were reported. More than half of them are young patients below 35
      years old. Chief complaints are cough and chest pain. 38.5% of them had
      atelectasis revealed by x-ray. Granuloma, congestion edema and narrowing of the
      lumen of the bronchi were characteristic features under the bronchoscopy, 29% of
      them were misdiagnosed as bronchogenic carcinoma before the bronchoscopy;
      therefore, the procedure is important in the diagnosis of tuberculosis of
      endometrium of bronchi.

PMID- 2636051
TI  - [An comparative analysis of the radiographic appearances and the pathologic
      findings in anthracosilicosis and anthracosilicosis associated with
      tuberculosis].
AB  - Pulmonary tuberculosis is a serious complication of anthracosilicosis and a
      promoting factor for death. It is very difficult to distinguish the advanced
      stage of atypical anthracosilicosis from anthracosilicosis associated with
      tuberculosis by the chest radiograph when the tubercule bacili is negative in
      sputum, but it is necessary for physician to treat and administrate. In order to
      probe into the differential diagnosis of these two diseases author made a
      comparison analysis between the radiographic appearances and the pathological
      findings of 21 autopsies cases which were clinically diagnosed as
      anthracosilicosis associated with tuberculosis. There were 8/21 cases (38.1%) of
      misdiagnosis before the misdiagnosis there were the lack of series observation on
      the similarities and differences in radiographic appearances between these two
      diseases and neglect of sputum examination. The main points of clinical
      differentiation between them were summed up.

PMID- 2636052
TI  - [Tuberculosis of the breast].
AB  - Tuberculosis of the breast is a rare malady. The clinician may confuse
      tuberculosis of the breast with either carcinoma or breast abscess. In the past
      30 years at the First Teaching Hospital attached to Xi'an Medical University,
      only 23 patients reported herein had documented tuberculosis of the breast.
      Tuberculosis of the breast is a disease of younger women between 20 and 40 years
      of age. Mammary tuberculosis may be primary or secondary. There are three
      recognized modes of spread of the tubercle bacillus to the breast: hematogenous,
      lymphatic spread, and direct extension. There are three recognized types of
      mammary tuberculosis: nodular, diffuse, and sclerosing type. The diagnosis of
      mammary tuberculosis is difficult. The most reliable diagnostic studies include
      bacteriologic cultures of aspirate, histologic examination of tissue, and guinea
      pig inoculation. The differential diagnosis includes with carcinoma, acute or
      chronic mastitis with abscess. The treatment of tuberculous mastitis requires a
      combination of surgery and antituberculous drugs.

PMID- 2636053
TI  - [Effects of verapamil on pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with cor
      pulmonale complicated by heart failure].
AB  - In this study, observation of the effects of verapamil on pulmonary arterial
      pressure and on treating right heart failure were done in 15 patients with
      chronic cor pulmonale complicated with heart failure using monitoring of
      hemodynamic changes by right cardiac catheter. The results showed that verapamil
      had remarkable effect on pulmonary arterial pressure. With no significant effect
      on systemic blood pressure, verapamil decreases right ventricular systolic
      pressure by 1.3 kPa (9.6 mmHg), pulmonary arterial systolic pressure by 1.5 kPa
      (11 mmHg) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure by 1.1 kPa (8.5 mmHg). Verapamil
      is clinically useful by decreasing cardiac afterload, improving cardiac function,
      treating right heart failure and relieving bronchial spasm.

PMID- 2636054
TI  - [The role of human neutrophil elastase in the development of human emphysema].
AB  - It has been proposed that the development of human emphysema is related to an
      imbalance between elastase and its inhibitors in the lung. This report describes
      the immunolocalization of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) in the alveolar
      interstitium of 6 patients with emphysema by using immunohistochemical,
      ultrastructure technique. The results showed that HNE is localized in the
      azurophil granules of neutrophils, and extracellularly on the elastic fibers of
      alveolar interstitium and basement membranes of epithelium and endothelium in
      four emphysematous lungs with chronic bronchitis. The damage of elastic fibers
      and basement membranes can also be observed. The HNE level of the alveolar
      interstitium is obviously elevated and closely related to the severity of
      emphysematous lesions by measuring mean linear intercept (MLI), with the
      correlation coefficient r = 0.84. This suggests HNE can bind to elastic fibers
      and basement membranes in the emphysematous lung, and damage these tissues, which
      might play an important role in the development of human emphysema. These
      findings support the elastase-antielastase imbalance hypothesis concerning the
      pathogenesis of human emphysema.

PMID- 2636055
TI  - [A model of isobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats].
AB  - Male Wistar rats were kept in isobaric hypoxic chamber (O2 = 10%) with
      intermittent hypoxia for 1, 2, 4 weeks (6 hrs/day, 6 days/wk). The pulmonary
      arterial blood pressures increased significantly after 1 week of hypoxia, reached
      the maximum at 2 weeks of hypoxia and thereafter plateaued in 4 weeks of hypoxia.
      The elevated Pap were paralleled by increase in the right ventricular blood
      pressure. The prolonged exposure to hypoxia also led to the right ventricular
      hypertrophy, which were presented in the increase in both the weight ratio of
      right ventricle to the left ventricle plus septum and to the body weight. There
      were no significant hemodynamic changes in the pulmonary circulation by the 24
      hours hypoxia. The result suggested that the intermittent hypoxia can lead to the
      pulmonary hypertension in the model.

PMID- 2636056
TI  - [Atypical X-ray manifestations of primary lung adenocarcinoma].
AB  - The X-ray appearances of 722 proved cases with primary lung adenocarcinoma were
      reviewed. 74.5% had typical X-ray findings: peripheral pulmonary nodule (less
      than 4 cm). Atypical X-ray manifestations were variable. 54 cases (29.2%) had
      airway obstruction (obstructive pneumonitis and atelectasis), (179.2%) had hilar
      and/or mediastinal adenopathy as the main finding, 87 (47.0%) had pulmonary mass
      greater than 4 cm in diameter, 22 (11.9%) had mass with single or multiple
      cavities, 4 had lesions mimicked pneumonitis and 1 case had trachea and main
      bronchi involvement. Of the 56 poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, 88% (49
      cases) had Various X-ray findings. There were 35 cases (71.4%) had big masses
      (greater than 4 cm in diameter) with 5-6 cm for 19 cases and more 6 cm for 13
      cases. Most of the masses with sharp margin and prompt enlargement in short
      period. There were 2 cases of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with very big
      mediastinal adenopathy misdiagnosed as lymphoma.

PMID- 2636057
TI  - [Effects of desensitization and immunologic changes in patients with allergic
      asthma].
AB  - The allergic dermal tests were carried out in 122 patients who were treated from
      June 1987 to August 1988. The positive rates for mycomutacapitis, myco-root
      black, dust mite and artemisia pollemo were 37.5%, 34.5%, 34.2% and 21.88%
      respectively in inhaled antigens used for skin test. The positive rates for
      sesame, peanut, allium and garlic were rather high in food antigens used for skin
      test. The serum IgE and the total IgE tested by BA-ELISA and human basophil
      degranulation test (HBDT) were observed in 68 patients with allergic asthma and
      52 healthy persons. It was found that the positive rate of BA-ELISA (82.35%) and
      HBDT (84.70%) coincided well with the dermal test. There was significant changes
      in serum level of the specific IgE and the total IgE before and after
      desensitizing therapy with the dust mite dermotaphagoides for 6 months (P less
      than 0.001).

PMID- 2636058
TI  - [A study of pulmonary function in smokers without symptoms using pairing and
      testing].
AB  - A total of 38 pairs in each group (observed group and controlled groups) were
      selected. A comparison was also make between the observed group and the 29 no
      smokers. Based on the statistical data of 18 pulmonary function tests obtained in
      the present study, the author suggested that FVM, FVV and BR% were rather highly
      sensitive in defecting abnormal change in pulmonary function.

PMID- 2636059
TI  - [Changes in lung ventilation functions in 332 patients with deformity of the
      spinal column].
AB  - Examination of lung ventilation was performed on 332 patients with deformity of
      spinal column. The results suggest that there are significant differences in
      vital capacity, forced expired volume in one second/forced vital capacity,
      maximum ventilation volume, index of air flow velocity and residual
      capacity/total lung capacity between the patients and controls. Comparisons
      according to the degree of deformity (antiflexion above 70 degrees and below 69
      degrees), type of deformity (lateralflexion and multipledeformity involving
      chest, hip joint) and duration of the disease (over 15 years and below 10 years)
      show significant differences in vital capacity and maximum ventilation volume.
      Preoperative examination of pulmonary function can provide an objective basis for
      operative indication, selection of anesthesia and postoperative care.

PMID- 2636060
TI  - [Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in human lymphocytes induced by drinking water
      in high risk areas of stomach cancer].
AB  - Carcinogenicity of drinking water in high risk area of stomach cancer was studied
      through unscheduled DNA synthesis (UNS) experiment and epidemiological
      investigation in Zanhuang County, Hebei. Results showed that UDS cpm values in
      human peripheral blood lymphocytes induced by concentrated drinking water samples
      from high risk area of stomach cancer were much higher than those from relatively
      low risk area with a significant dosage-effect relationship between the water
      samples and UDS cpm values. The larger the cpm values of the drinking water
      samples were, the higher the stomach cancer mortalities would be. It indicated
      that the drinking water was obviously mutagenic/carcinogenic and was closely
      correlative with the incidence of stomach cancer.

PMID- 2636061
TI  - [The effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on growth, proliferation, morphology and
      protein synthesis of aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) in vitro].
AB  - SMC are the key element in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic (AS) plaques. The
      effect of PGE2 on the growth, proliferation, morphology and protein synthesis of
      SMC were studied in vitro. SMC from tunica media of aorta of New Zealand white
      rabbits were used for cultivation. After 7 to 13 passages of subcultures, the
      cells were divided into control and experimental groups with a dosage of PGE2.5
      micrograms,10 micrograms and 20 micrograms per milliliter of medium. After 3 days
      of successive culture, the cells were prepared for phase contrast microscopy,
      protein(P) and DNA(D) determination, and electron microscopy(TEM). Additionally,
      similar groups of cells were grown on the cover glass for autoradiographic study
      of cell proliferation by adding 3H-thymidine in culture media. Under TEM,
      characteristic thin bundles of myofilaments and dense bodies were observed inside
      the cytoplasm. Mitochondria, Golgi complex,rER were also abundant in the control
      but not so in the experimental groups. Synchronously with the increase of PGE2
      concentration, the P/D value which denotes protein synthesis was significantly
      decreased from 74.89 +/- 4.68 to 57.01 +/- 3.08, 45.81 +/- 4.61, 32.23 +/- 4.22
      and the percentage of 3H-thymidine labelled cells from 37.60 +/- 5.30% to 15.60
      +/- 4.20%, 10.18 +/- 3.00%, 3.75 +/- 0.80% respectively. Results showed that PGE2
      may act as an inhibitor for growth, proliferation and protein synthesis of aortic
      SMC in vitro.

PMID- 2636062
TI  - [A histochemical and ultrastructural study of nemaline myopathy (case report)].
AB  - Nemaline myopathy is characterized by presence of nemaline body or rod-like body
      within muscle fibers. Biopsy from a 7-year boy showed that rod-like bodies were
      present in most muscle fibers particularly in those atrophied type I fibers. The
      specificity of oxidase activity was increased with decrease of ATP and AMP
      activities as well as the intensity of PAS staining. EM observation showed that
      the rod-like bodies started from Z line and were similar to the lattice structure
      of Z line but somewhat more compact. The histochemical characteristics,
      innervation of rod-like body, clinic subtypes and genetic features of this
      disease were reviewed.

PMID- 2636064
TI  - [Pathological survey of lung cancer induced by tin mine dust in Yunnan].
AB  - Pathological changes of lung cancer in miners of Yunnan Tin Mine were studied,
      and additionally, mineral dust in the miners' lung were also investigated by
      using scanning electronic microscope, energy disperse X-ray spectrometer and
      electronic probe. The results showed: 1. mineral dust caused active hyperplasia,
      atypical hyperplasia, metaplasia and atypical metaplasia of the epithelial of
      alveoli and bronchi, which was able to induce cancer. 2. Pneumoconiosis-like
      changes in the miner's lung are correlated with the high incidence of lung
      cancer. 3. Correlated also with copper, lead, zinc and iron may be the high
      incidence of lung cancer. 4. Transition form from hyperplasia and atypical
      hyperplasia of alveolar epithelia to malignancy was observed. It suggests that
      lung squamous cell carcinoma probably originates from the alveolar epithelia of
      the lung.

PMID- 2636063
TI  - [Mucin histochemical and immunohistochemical studies of mucinous ovarian tumors].
AB  - Mucinous ovarian tumors, (32 benign, 5 borderline, and 30 malignant) were studied
      by using mucin histochemical staining and immunohistochemical method. Results
      showed that neutral and acid mucoproteins were demonstrated in these tumors; but
      their proportion and distribution were different. For instance, sulfuric acid
      mucoprotein was found in 12/32 (37.5%) of mucinous cystadenomas and in 25/30
      (83.3%) of mucinous cystadenocarcinomas (P less than 0.01).
      Immunohistochemically, colon-ovarian tumor antigen (COTA) was 100% positive in
      malignant and borderline cases respectively but only 6/32 (18.8%) in the benign.
      The differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Meanwhile, the
      differences between COTA staining and HID/AB staining for cystadenocarcinomas
      were also significant (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that COTA is more
      sensitive and specific antigen for mucinous ovarian tumors and may be useful for
      the early detection of malignant changes of mucinous ovarian tumors.

PMID- 2636065
TI  - [The expression of Tn and S-Tn antigens in cancer and pre-malignant lesion of
      colorectal tissues by enzyme immunohistochemical method].
AB  - Expression of Tn and S-Tn antigens was examined by enzyme immunohistochemical
      SABC method in cancer, adenoma, hyperplastic polyps, normal adult and fetal
      colorectal tissues. Both antigens were proved to be oncofetal colorectal cancer
      associated. S-Tn was considered to be the better marker, which give no expression
      in normal adult colorectal tissues, but does express in 81.3% of the cancer
      tissues, as well as in adenoma. S-Tn increased parallelly with the development of
      malignant potential changes, such as increasing of size, degree of dysplasia, and
      increase of villous histological patterns. Experimental data also demonstrated
      that in colonic cancer cells, a special sialic acid transferase, which is not
      existent in normal adult colon epithelium, partly changes Tn antigen to S-Tn;
      thus, T, Tn, and S-Tn antigens are possible to be coexistent in colorectal
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2636066
TI  - [Ultrastructural study of cerebellar medulloblastoma].
AB  - 21 cases of medulloblastoma were studied by both light microscopy and electron
      microscopy, with observations on 10 cases of human fetal brain and neural tube as
      controls. Differentiation of medulloblastoma was determined according to the
      ultrastructural features of normal neuroblast and glial cells of human embryo. 21
      cases of medulloblastoma were divided into two categories: 13 cases with no
      differentiation and 8 cases with differentiation in various extent (including 4
      cases with astrocytic differentiation, 2 cases with neuronal differentiation, and
      2 cases with both astrocytic and neuronal differentiation). In addition,
      surviving astrocytes and neuronal fibers were frequently observed in the tumor
      tissue.

PMID- 2636067
TI  - [The effect of depletion depletion macrophages on tumor-suppressive activity of
      polyactin A].
AB  - Trypan blue(T. blue) was used to block macrophages (M phi) for investigating the
      role of M phi in tumor-suppressing activity of polyactin A, a mannose-peptide
      immunomodulator extracted from alpha-streptococcus. Results showed that polyactin
      A could significantly inhibit the growth of transplanted S 180 tumor in mice.
      Anyhow, when M phi activities were blocked by T. blue, the protective effect of
      polyactin A was almost completely lost. Moreover, T. blue-treated mice showed
      larger tumor size than the controls. In addition, marked hemorrhagic necrosis was
      seen in the polyactin A-treated tumor, and the area of necrosis was larger than
      that in the controls. No significant difference was seen between T. blue-treated
      group and the controls. Furthermore, more M type ANAE+ cells were seen in the
      peripheral area of the tumors in polyactin A-treated groups than in any other
      group. All these findings suggest that the in vivo antitumor effect of polyactin
      A is produced mainly through M phi mechanisms.

PMID- 2636068
TI  - [Clear cell sarcoma: a clinicopathological study of 11 cases].
AB  - The clinicopathologic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of eleven
      cases of clear cell sarcoma are described. There were 6 males and 5 females with
      an average age of thirty-six (10-59 years). Tumors were found arising from the
      tendons, aponeuroses and fascial structures with a predilection for the lower and
      upper extremities. Follow-up data was available in 8 patients. Five of them are
      alive. Nevertheless, 3 of the five showed evidence of recurrence or metastasis.
      The other 3 patients died of tumor with metastasis. Microscopically, the tumors
      were composed of short fascicles of fusiform cells with a clear to eosinophilic
      cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Melanin was demonstrated
      in 5 cases and S-100 was known present focally in all cases, but no positive
      keratin staining was obtained. Electron microscopic studies revealed cell
      attachments and mature melanosomes. The exact histogenesis remains obscure, but
      our ultrastructural and immunohistochemical findings support the idea of neural
      crest origin of this tumor.

PMID- 2636069
TI  - [Emergency surgery of left colonic occlusion].
AB  - The authors have reported 61 emergency cases of left-sided colonic obstruction
      recorded over a period spanning for ten years. The observations break down showed
      that 44 patients had carcinoma of the colon; 9 presented with volvulus; 4 with
      diverticulitis; 1 with ischemic colitis, and 3 suffered from Ogilvie's syndrome.
      Surgical procedures, associated or not with cure, included colostomy (30 cases),
      colonoscopic detorsion (8 cases), resection (22 cases). The overall morbidity and
      mortality rates were 26% and 13%, respectively.

PMID- 2636070
TI  - [Colonic occlusion. Apropos of a surgical series of 63 cases].
AB  - 63 colonic occlusions were operated on from 1975 to 1988. Cancer and stenotic
      diverticular sigmoiditis were found to be the main causes of colonic obstruction
      in respectively 36 cases (55%) and 8 cases (13%). Other etiologies were
      represented by neoplasic gynecologic diseases (9.5%). The rectosigmoid was
      involved in 50% of the cases (31) while transverse colon and caecum were
      respectively concerned in 25% and 17%. The 2 main therapeutical procedures used
      were colic resection (35 cases-55%) with immediate anastomosis in 1 case out of 3
      and derivation (26 cases 41%) mostly in the proper from of a colostomy (20
      cases). Operation was undertaken during the first 48 hours in 65% of the cases.
      Death occurred in 8 patients (12.5%). Related to etiology the death rate was 11%
      in cancers and 25% in stenotic diverticulitis. Where linked to treatment this
      mortality rate reached 27% in derivations and 3% in colic resections. 38% of non
      lethal complications were recorded, two-third being due to the bad general
      conditions of the patients. Several times operations, such as first colostomy or
      resection without anastomosis, should remain the basic rule one should not depart
      from without great carefulness. However a new interesting trend toward one time
      surgery with intraoperative colonic lavage is taking shape.

PMID- 2636071
TI  - [Must we reject primary colostomy in left colonic obstruction caused by cancer?].
AB  - Treatment of left colonic cancer obstruction is not still clear. Many procedures
      can be done, simple decompressive colostomy by a local incisionnal way to
      subtotal colectomy with primary anastomosis. What can we do today? Retrospective
      study from 1983 to 1988 at Centre de Chirurgie Digestive de l'Hopital Saint
      Antoine (Paris) with 36 datas was done. The emergency treatment was 20
      decompressive colostomies, 10 primary resections without anastomosis, 2 subtotal
      colectomies with ileo-sigmoid primary anastomosis, 2 left colectomies with
      primary anastomosis (2 with decompressive colostomy, one without) and one
      Hartmann procedure. One patient is dead after decompressive colostomy. After
      emergency decompressive colostomy, 16 patients (80%) were reoperated for colonic
      cancer resection, with suppression of the stomy fifteen times. There were 7 extra
      abdominal complications and 3 stomy complications (2 incisionnal hernias after
      closure of the stomy and one prolapse of a definitive colostomy). After emergency
      primary resection without anastomosis, 9 patients (90%) were reoperated for
      secondary anastomosis. Morbidity was 3 extra abdominal complications. The mean
      hospital stay was 28 days for these 2 groups. For all the patients with primary
      or secondary anastomosis there was no anastomotic leak. Decompressive colostomy
      as emergency procedure for left obstructing carcinoma is simple, efficiency and
      safe. It can be associated with low mortality and morbidity. To day, we still
      recommend this procedure.

PMID- 2636072
TI  - [Treatment of acute left colonic occlusion. 30 cases (1985-1988)].

PMID- 2636073
TI  - [Obstructive left colonic cancer. Retrospective analysis of the therapeutic
      attitude in a series of 40 recent cases].
AB  - In a series of 40 cancers involving the descending and sigmoid colon and
      producing true acute obstruction, the following were performed: 16 colostomies of
      first intention (including 11 palliative); 14 resections with colostomy (Hartmann
      type); 9 resection-anastomoses (including 3 protected); 1 attempt at laser
      treatment for non consent to surgery. Only 22 patients were theoretically
      suitable for anastomosis (18 contraindications due to invasive cancer or
      peritonitis); this was in fact carried out in 9 cases. Thus, if single stage
      surgery represents the ideal, it cannot be systematically applied; on the other
      hand, tumor resection can often be performed. It would seem that the use of per
      operative colonic lavage can increase the percentage of single stage surgery,
      though there will always be a place for Hartmann or Bouilly-Volkmann type
      procedures, future reestablishment of continuity being facilitated by the use of
      surgical staples (EEA type).

PMID- 2636074
TI  - [Treatment of acute obstruction due to left colonic cancer].
AB  - Retrospective study on 47 patients (23 men, 24 women); mean age was 70.2 years.
      The mean delay of complete obstruction was 6.95 days. There were associated
      pathology and clinical factors of gravity in 53.2%, and local factors of gravity
      in 43.9% of all cases. Three steps surgery in 22 cases (46.8%), two steps in 14
      cases (29.7%): 6 "ideal" colectomies (12.7%), 5 colostomies alone (10.6%).
      Mortality: 3 patients died (6.8%), post operative complications occurred in 22
      patients (46.8%); morbidity due to colostomies itself was 37.4%. All first step
      colostomies, except one, has been closed after colectomy. The mean duration of
      total stays in hospital was 31.5 days, according with the surgical procedure in
      one (14.3 days), two (37.9 days) or three (43.2 days) steps. Duration of complete
      obstruction, bioclinical status of patients, staging and complications of the
      cancer and surgeon's experience are determining therapeutic choices. The choice
      for colostomy as first step is the best policy. In this series the mortality of
      the colostomy as first step was none. It must be performed with elective
      incision, on free colic segment (transverse or sigmoid), with the simplest
      technical procedure (loop colostomy). Others surgical procedures have only
      peculiar indications.

PMID- 2636075
TI  - [Obstructive colonic cancer. Apropos of 148 cases of G.E.R.C.V].

PMID- 2636076
TI  - [The left colon surgically treated as an emergency].

PMID- 2636077
TI  - [Acute left colonic obstruction of neoplastic origin. Study of a series of 128
      cases].
AB  - A retrospective study of 112 patients with acute obstructive carcinoma of the
      colon (added to 16 prospective recent cases), whose mean age was 74 years, with
      metastasis or peritoneal carcinosis in 23% of the cases, shows a high operative
      mortality (38.4%), an average survival of 804 days and a five years survival
      actuarial rate of 17.5%. 80% of further deaths were due to cancer. These results
      and the data of literature encourage the authors to suggest, whenever a curative
      resection is to be considered, a decompressive proximal colostomy combined to a
      short investigating laparotomy, followed by a two-stage resection 2 or 3 weeks
      later.

PMID- 2636078
TI  - [Emergency surgery of left colonic obstruction].

PMID- 2636079
TI  - [Left colonic obstruction surgically treated as an emergency. Reflection apropos
      of 52 obstructive left colonic cancers surgically treated].

PMID- 2636080
TI  - [Result of the surgical treatment of acute intestinal obstruction of the left
      colon surgically treated in the first 24 hours of their hospitalization].

PMID- 2636081
TI  - [Emergency surgery of acute obstruction due to left colonic cancer. Conclusions
      of the Academy].

PMID- 2636082
TI  - [Left colonic occlusion. Can it be treated in one-stage as an emergency?].

PMID- 2636083
TI  - [A long-term follow-up of acute non-Q-wave myocardial infarction with
      clinicopathologic correlation].
AB  - A long-term follow-up study of 21 cases with 24 attacks of acute non-Q-wave
      myocardial infarction (MI) was reported. These cases had been followed up for an
      average of 21.1 months, the longest being 7 years and the shortest only 8 days in
      a fatal case. It was shown that in the acute stage the mortality rate of non-Q
      wave MI (14.3%) was slightly lower than that of Q-wave MI (18.9%). However, at
      the end of 2 years the cumulative mortality rate of non-Q-wave MI (33.3%) was
      higher than that of Q-wave MI (26.2%) and the rate of reinfarction during the
      follow-up in the former (38%) was much higher than that in the latter (17.3%).
      Among the 21 patients, 11 died of cardiac or noncardiac causes during the follow
      up. Autopsy was obtained in 9 of the 11 cases. Clinicopathological correlation
      showed that the present diagnostic criteria for non-Q-wave MI with positive
      findings in clinical manifestation, electrocardiography and serum enzyme is
      practical and reliable. 3 of the 9 autopsied cases with negative serum enzyme
      were also proved to have subendocardial infarction pathologically, but in 2 of
      them the thickness of the lesion was less than one third of that of ventricular
      wall. It is, thus, concluded that although non-Q-wave MI has better prognosis in
      the acute stage, yet its outlook in the long run is by no means good. Moreover,
      negative serum enzyme does not preclude the possibility of non-Q-wave MI.

PMID- 2636084
TI  - [The changes in and clinical significance of Doppler echocardiography in patients
      with acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - To evaluate the changes of cf cardiac function in patients with acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) and compare the difference between patients and controls,
      Doppler echocardiographic examination was performed in 80 patients within 72
      hours after the heart attack and 97 matched normal subjects. The mitral,
      tricuspid, pulmonary and aortic flow velocity was recorded with pulsed Doppler.
      The peak early diastolic flow velocity (EPV), peak late diastolic velocity (APV),
      ventricular ejection time (VET), pre-ejection time (pre ET) and velocity-time
      integral (VTI) of each flow were measured. The EPV of mitral and tricuspid flow
      and the VTI and VET of aortic and pulmonary flow were significantly decreased.
      APV was increased and EPV/APV ratio was decreased in AMI patients. Thus, Doppler
      echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular diastolic and systolic function
      provides an excellent tool for early detection and noninvasive monitoring in
      patients with AMI.

PMID- 2636085
TI  - [Effects of nicardipine on left ventricular function in patients with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - Calcium channel blockers have emerged as important adjuncts to pharmacotherapy of
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Nicardipine, a new hydropyridine calcium channel
      blocker, was evaluated for its short-term effects (14 days, 20 mg tid) on left
      ventricular function in 16 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with
      UCG. Results indicated that heart rate, blood pressure and systolic function
      changed very little after nicardipine (P greater than 0.05). However, the
      following changes were noted after administration: IVRT decreased (132.4 +/- 21.2
      ---120.7 +/- 27.0, P less than 0.02); left ventricular posterior wall rapid
      filling amplitude and mean velocity increased (8.86 +/- 2.23----9.68 +/- 2.41, P
      less than 0.01; 54.96 +/- 13.6----59.66 +/- 18.36, P less than 0.05); EF slope
      increased (3.52 +/- 1.33----3.88 +/- 1.37, P less than 0.01); left ventricular
      end diastolic pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased (11.79 +/
      3.32----9.72 +/- 2.46, P less than 0.01; 11.11 +/- 2.97----9.19 +/- 2.42, P less
      than 0.01). The conclusion is that nicardipine may improve left ventricular
      diastolic function of patients with HCM without serious side effects. It is
      valuable to conduct further study.

PMID- 2636086
TI  - [Dynamic changes of superoxide dismutase in patients with myocardial infarction.
      A clinical study].
AB  - The activity of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) was studied in 35 cases of acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI) and 12 cases of angina pectoris (AP). The results
      suggested that serum MnSOD activity reached its peak value (18.7 +/- 6.39)
      immediately after AMI attack and gradually dropped down on the second day. The
      activity was no more detected on the seventh day. The value of serum MnSOD in
      patients with AMI within 24 hours was significantly different (P less than 0.05)
      or very significantly different (P less than 0.01-0.001) from that in patients
      with AMI after 2 days and AP and in the control group. The positive rate of early
      diagnosis in the three groups was 100%, 71% and 66% respectively. It was found
      that the height of serum MnSOD activity was closely correlated with the
      seriousness of myocardial damage, therefore, serum MnSOD activity may be one of
      the sensitive indices for the early diagnosis of AMI. In has also certain
      clinical value in the judgement of the extent of infarction and of prognosis.

PMID- 2636087
TI  - [Clinical characteristics of silent myocardial ischemia and the effect of
      nifedipine treatment].
AB  - The characteristics of ischemic episodes in exercise test and daily activities
      were observed in a silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) group and an anginal group
      (23 patients each). 15 patients in the SMI group were treated with nifedipine. In
      exercise test, the time of onset of ischemia was earlier and the ischemic
      threshold was lower in SMI group. During daily activities, the frequency of SMI
      was high. The heart rate just before onset of SMI was lower than the mean heart
      rate in 24-hour Holter monitoring. The highest frequency of SMI was found between
      5 AM and 12 noon. Postinfarction patients had a higher frequency and a longer
      duration of SMI than noninfarction patients. The frequency and duration of SMI
      decreased in the 15 patients treated with nifedipine in SMI group. It is
      concluded that silent ischemic episodes were frequent and occurred easily. They
      might be associated with poor prognosis in CAD patients. Nifedipine was effective
      in reducing the frequency and duration of SMI in our patients.

PMID- 2636088
TI  - [Omeprazole in peptic ulceration: acid inhibition and endoscopic healing].
AB  - Basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretions were measured in 20
      patients with duodenal ulcer before and after one week of treatment with oral
      omeprazole 20 mg daily. Omeprazole markedly inhibited gastric acid secretion in
      all the patients. The mean basal intragastric pH rose from 1.6 to 6.3, and the
      BAO and MAO were reduced by 86.9% and 83.9% respectively on day 7 of the study.
      We also conducted a clinical trial in 63 duodenal and 12 gastric ulcer patients.
      Each patient received 20 mg omeprazole. 98% of the patients were free of pain
      within first week of the treatment. After 2, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment, the
      healing rates of duodenal ulcer were 81.3%, 96.8% and 100% respectively, and
      those of gastric ulcer were 50%, 91.7% and 100% respectively. The drug was well
      tolerated and no side effect was observed.

PMID- 2636089
TI  - [A diagnostic kit for rapid microenzyme linked immunosorbent assay of
      paragonimiasis].
AB  - With a diagnostic kit for paragonimiasis we recently developed, 112 active
      paragonimiasis cases were examined and 111 (99.1%) of them showed positive
      reaction. Sera of 100 healthy persons all showed negative reaction, while 2.3%
      (3/130) of the patients with other parasitic diseases showed a week cross
      reaction. Sera of 40 cases with non-parasitic pulmonary diseases also showed
      negative reaction. The reciprocal titre of cases of paragonimiasis in terms of
      geometrical mean (GMRT) versus that of normal person was 1396 to 21 (P less than
      0.0001). The reproduction and stability of this kit was satisfactory and no
      significant changes were noted when being kept in room temperature for 12 weeks
      or being treated with heat (37 degrees C 30', 56 degrees C 30', 64 degrees C 30',
      100 degrees C 1', 2', 3', in water bath). When the antigen was treated in 100
      degrees C water bath for 30', the OD value obtained with positive control serum
      showed a slight decrease, but OD value of the positive specimen was still 2.1
      times higher than that of negative specimen. There was no significant difference
      whether the antigen was lyophilized or not. When the antigen was purified by
      sephadex G 100 gel column, the G100-1 portion showed higher antigenic activity
      and specificity, but it was not as sensitive as the crude antigen.

PMID- 2636090
TI  - [Detection of gastric cancer associated antigens in ascitic and pleural fluid for
      ascertaining the nature of the exudate].
AB  - A new group of gastric cancer associated antigens (MG-Ag) in ascitic fluid and
      pleural effusion was detected. First of all, the monoclonal antibodies (MG
      series) were purified and coupled to the miniglobules. The samples to be examined
      were then mixed with the MG-miniglobules to react. After being blocked by serum
      of normal mouse, the MG-miniglobules were mixed and made to react with the
      monoclonal antibodies labeled with HRP. With ELISA method, the MG-Ag levels in
      ascitic and pleural fluid were determined in 171 patients. The mean value of 87
      non-malignant patients plus 3 standard deviations was arbitrarily set as the
      highest normal limit. Values above this limit were found in 39 (75%) of 52
      patients with lung cancer and 20 (83%) of 24 patients with gastric cancer. The MG
      Ag level was elevated in 4 (4.6%) of 87 patients with benign diseases. It is not
      elevated in 8 patients with ovarian cancer. It is suggested that determination of
      MG-Ag in ascitic and pleural fluid can be used for ascertaining the nature of
      ascites and pleural effusion.

PMID- 2636091
TI  - [Analysis of 30 cases of chronic myeloid leukemia with non-myeloid blast crisis].
AB  - 30 cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with non-myeloid blast crisis from
      1966 to 1986 in PUMC Hospital were investigated. Morphologically 18 cases were
      lymphoblastic, 4 histiocytic, 3 basophilic, 2 erythro-leukemic, 2 megakaryocytic,
      and 1 monocytic, the ratio between male and female was 3.3:1, and their age
      ranged from 16 to 55 years. These results suggest that blast crisis of CML may
      involve many other cellular derivatives than the myeloid series of the
      pluripotential stem cells, Spleen was not palpable among half of the patients
      with lymphoblastic crisis, but all the cases with blast crisis of other
      morphological types had enlarged lives and spleen, especially those with
      histiocytic and monocytic crisis of CML. Most of cases of CML with non-myeloid
      blast crisis had poor prognosis with survival time of less than 6 months.
      However, cases of CML with lymphoblastic crisis had longer survival duration than
      those with non-myeloid blast crisis of other types.

PMID- 2636092
TI  - [Significance of the serum level of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr and Ni in acute leukemia].
AB  - Serum Cu and Ni increase, while serum Zn and Mn decrease in acute leukemia
      patients. The results of this study showed that there is correlation between the
      change of the level of serum Ni and the condition of the patient. Higher level of
      serum Ni in patients with acute leukemia indicates inefficient chemotherapy and
      poor prognosis. The results suggest that the level of serum Ni may be used as an
      in acute leukemia. Increase of serum Ni with simultaneous decrease of serum Mn
      may be an instinctive reflection in acute leukemia.

PMID- 2636093
TI  - [Leukemic clonogenic assay and drug sensitivity test of homoharringtonine and
      cytarabine in acute myeloid leukemia].
AB  - Bone marrow cells from 33 patients with AML were cultured in vitro using PHA-LCM.
      The test consisted of two phases: an initial liquid phase and then a semi-liquid
      phase as described by Dicke et al. Drug sensitivity test for homoharringtonine
      (H) and cytarabine (A) were performed with clonogenic assay. All patients were
      treated with these drugs. The results showed that PHA-induced leukemic colonies
      (CFU-AML) varied from 0 to 812/2 x 10(5) cells (median 175). Three patterns of
      cell growth were recognized in analysis: high degree (7 patients) with more than
      250 CFU-AML colonies, median degree (17 patients) with 50-250 and low, degree
      with 0 to 49 colonies (9 patients). Drug sensitivity was closely related to the
      cell growth patterns as evaluated with the clinical outcome. Patients with "high"
      growth pattern needed more sensitive drugs. When clonogenic assay showed "low"
      growth pattern, all patients responded to H and A very well regardless the degree
      of drug sensitivity. Most patients with M3 had high or median growth patterns and
      relatively low sensitivity to HA. Only one of the six patients with M3 got
      remission.

PMID- 2636094
TI  - [Comparison of the content of delusions of schizophrenics in China and Japan:
      cross-cultural psychiatric investigation].
AB  - A comparative cross-cultural psychiatric study was carried out in order to
      evaluate the theme of delusions of the present day between China and Japan in
      schizophrenia in relation to their socio-cultural background. The data base was
      comprised of the schizophrenic cases with the first admission in each hospital-
      Shanghai in the period 1983, Tokyo in the period 1981-1983 (Shanghai 200 cases,
      Tokyo 186 cases), and the analysis was focused on those cases with delusions
      (Shanghai: 129 cases with 70 male and 59 female; Tokyo: 112 cases with 53 male
      and 59 female). The incidence of delusions with persecution, reference, physical
      persecution and grandeur was relatively high in patients in Shanghai or Tokyo,
      while the incidence of delusions with hypochondriacal and guilt was low in both
      hospitals. Only the incidence of delusion of poisoning was significantly higher
      in Shanghai than in Tokyo (chi 2 = 12.97, P less than 0.001). The authors have
      discussed the influence of social-cultural background on the formation of
      delusions of poisoning, persecution, grandeur, descent and possession about two
      countries.

PMID- 2636095
TI  - [Some Rorschach data of schizophrenics].
AB  - In this paper, the authors examined 50 schizophrenic inpatients and 50 normal
      subjects with Rorschach test. The results showed that 10 of 35 variables of the
      Rorschach test is a distinct difference between the schizophrenic patients and
      the normal subjects. In the 10 variables, 8 variables (R, D, F, F+%, X%, Fc, Sum
      C', pair responses) of the schizophrenic patients is lower than the normal
      subjects, and 2 variables (repeated answer psychopathic answer) of the
      schizophrenic patients is higher than the normal subjects. In the frequency of 36
      variables of the Rorschach test, 8 variables (M. Ma. FM. repeated answer.
      psychopathic answer. F% less than 70%. zd greater than +3.zd less than -3) is
      significant difference between two groups. We consider if F+%. Fc. M. Ma. FM. are
      lower than normal subjects, and repeated answer and psychopathic answer are
      higher than normal subjects, which is helpful to diagnosis of schizophrenics.

PMID- 2636096
TI  - [Clinical differential diagnosis of depressive neurosis and neurasthenia].
AB  - This article reported diagnostic findings in application of Chinese diagnostic
      criteria of neurosis published by Chinese Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry
      (1986; 19: 318-321) to a series of neurotic patients. 66 cases and 50 cases were
      met criteria of depressive neurosis and neurasthenia respectively. Two groups
      were compared. The results revealed some similarities and a lot of differences
      between these two disorders. According to clinical features authors proposed main
      points of differential diagnosis between these two disorders.

PMID- 2636097
TI  - [Preliminary investigation of neurasthenic syndrome induced by occupational
      hazards].
AB  - In this article, an investigation on prevalence of neurasthenic syndrome applying
      the Clinical Operational Diagnostic Criteria formulated by the Editorial
      Committee of Chinese Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry (1985), in 166 workers
      exposed to three kinds of occupational hazard including industrial noise, high
      frequency magnetic field, and benzene compounds, and matching with 166 workers
      selected from other workshop in same factory as the controls, was carried out in
      a diesel engine factory at suburban area, Changzhou City. It was found that the
      prevalence of neurasthenic syndrome in former group were 26.6%, 35.4%, and 33.3%,
      respectively. In corresponding control group were 1.06%, 4.2%, and zero percent,
      respectively. The results revealed no statistic difference among three subgroups
      of the former, but there were significantly higher then that of the control group
      with P value in 0.01 level. Base on above data, the authors considered that along
      the development of industrial modernization, the occupational hazardous factors
      will be seriously affected the workers health from various aspect. Therefore,
      these occupational health problems, should be concerned as a top priority in
      industrial hygiene. We also stressed that the personal protective measure must be
      set up and put into practice immediately, as it may be play an important role to
      decrease the prevalence of neurasthenic syndrome. Finally, the possible mechanism
      of occupational hazards damaging the function of C.N.S. and some related
      questions were briefly discussed.

PMID- 2636098
TI  - [A pilot study of sexual problems in chronic schizophrenia: a report on 51
      cases].
AB  - In order to explore the sexual problems of chronic schizophrenics, 51 cases were
      investigated. The result showed that 42 cases (82.3%) had various kinds of sexual
      problems. The problems were erectile impotence, frigidity, premature ejaculation,
      no ejaculation, vaginismus and pain on coitus. Only 4 cases had increased sexual
      desire. The authors found that the main sexual problems of chronic schizophrenics
      were inhibited sexual desire and excitement. The authors suggested that the
      sexual problems of chronic schizophrenics were related to their conditions in the
      body, rapport with their wives or husbands and the severity of affect, thought
      and volition disturbances.

PMID- 2636099
TI  - [CSF examination in cryptococcus meningitis].
AB  - CSF studies of 14 cases of cryptococcus meningitis revealed: 1. Direct discerning
      of yeast cells in the blood cell counting chamber, by Indian ink stain, and by
      cytological examination based on Sayk's technic, all were highly positive in
      repeated examinations. 2. Morphology of cryptococcus and inflammatory cellular
      reactions in CSF were investigated, and were quite characteristic. 3. Suppression
      and destruction of yeast cells were attainable only when doses of amphotericin B
      were sufficient.

PMID- 2636100
TI  - [Clinical and evoked potential studies in 3 cases of "locked-in" syndrome].
AB  - Three cases of "Locked in" Syndrome diagnosed by clinical features and CT scan
      were studied with brainstem auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials. The
      results were compared with normal values from 22 healthy subjects. The results
      suggested that these two evoked potentials may be useful for the localization of
      "Locked-in" syndrome.

PMID- 2636101
TI  - [AIDS with subacute encephalitis as its first symptom].
AB  - This paper reports a case of AIDS whose first symptom was SAE. The main clinic
      characteristics were epilepsy, and brain atrophy. In addition, there were also
      other features in this case, such as multiorgan damage, weight loss, fever and
      diarrhea. The patient's serum showed a positive result to anti HTLV-III, and
      TH:Ts = 0.22 less than 1. According to the direct pathogenic effect of HIV on
      CNS, which is similar to SV, we made the diagnosis that it was the first case of
      SAE of AIDS in China. We also made a preliminary exploration into the cause of
      low Ig in the case.

PMID- 2636102
TI  - [Familial amyloid polyneuropathy: a clinical and biopsy report].
AB  - The first case of familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) in China is reported and
      the literature reviewed. FAP is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder that
      primarily affects the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems. The exact onset
      of the disease begins so insidiously. Because of the confusion with other
      neurologic disease, the diagnosis is often delayed until advanced stage. In this
      case, sural musculus and sural nerve biopsy confirmed the presence of amyloid.
      Both the patient's grandfather and his (or her) father have the like history of
      the disease. Colchicine or Dimethyl-Sulphoxide (DMSO) treatment may prevent the
      development of FAP. The prognosis is poor. Most deaths result from heart or renal
      failure.

PMID- 2636103
TI  - [Progressive supranuclear palsy].
AB  - Nine cases of progressive supranuclear palsy are reported in this paper. There
      are 6 males and 3 females in this series. The average age at admission was 62
      years. The clinical features of those cases are: (1) onset at the presenile with
      gradual progression, (2) supranuclear vertical ophthalmoplegia, especially
      downgaze paresis, (3) disarthria, (4) gait disturbances, (5) dystonia and
      rigidity of the limbs, (6) clumsiness and ataxia, (7) masked face, (8) bilateral
      pyramidal signs and (9) mental disturbances. The CT scan in this series showed
      dilatation of the ventricular system, enlargement of the Sylvius fissure and
      cortical sulci. There was also enlargement of quadrigeminal and cisterns in the
      CT scan. The CT diagnosis were cerebral atrophy in 9 cases and brainstem atrophy
      in 8 cases in this series.

PMID- 2636104
TI  - [Analysis and classification of stages of supratentorial ischemic cerebral
      infarct on CT (414 cases)].
AB  - This paper reports 414 cases of supratentorial ischemic cerebral infarcts
      diagnosed by CT. The clinical analysis was presented. CT value, specific changes
      in the CT pictures of the infarcts and ventricles were observed in accordance
      with the stages of the disorder. On the basis of these observations the
      development of the infarcts on CT can be divided into 4 stages. It is the first
      time that an latent stage of infarct has been mentioned. This stage is the time
      necessary for the pathological process to develop and cause the onset of changes
      in density. It is emphasized that negative CT in stroke not only can rule out the
      cerebral haemorrhage, but also should indicate the existence of the infarct,
      leading to the initiation of the treatment at extremely early stage.

PMID- 2636105
TI  - [Preliminary report on the use of MRI in acute spinal trauma].
AB  - Forty three Magnetic Resonance (MR) studies were performed on 28 patients using a
      1.5 Tesla magnet and surface coil. Imaging was performed between day 1 and day 16
      after suspected cord injury. In several patients, repeat MR studies were
      performed to evaluate the resolution of the cord lesions. Three types of MR
      signal patterns were seen in association with the cord injuries. Patients with
      intraspinal hemorrhage did not have significant neurological recovery while
      patients with cord edema/contusion recovered significant neurological function.
      MR imaging would seem extremely useful in the diagnosis of acute cord injury and
      also appears to demonstrate the potential for predicting neurological recovery.

PMID- 2636106
TI  - [Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of protrusion of a lumbar vertebral
      disc].
AB  - Signals of MR images which were done preoperatively on 86 patients with
      protrusion of lumbar vertebral disc were correlated to operative findings that
      were grouped, according to condition and position of the nucleus pulposus with
      relation to its annulus fibrosus, into 3 categories: protrusion, herniation and
      extrusion. Each of these 3 pathologic conditions was well-reflected on MRI image,
      a recognizable unique signal, characteristic of each category. Accordingly, the
      preoperative diagnosis in this series was 96.5% accurate, much better than that
      with any other methods; better still, MR imaging is non-invasive.

PMID- 2636107
TI  - [Chance fracture: a report of 3 cases and observations on the mechanisms of
      injury].
AB  - Three cases of Chance fracture were reported. Hoping to clear up the non
      unanimous explanations of injury mechanism of Chance fracture, we worked on 4
      patterns of model we designed to demonstrate the way this sort of fracture
      occurs. It came to the conclusion that at the moment of accident, the force
      acting on a flexed spine violebtely bends it further, causing fracture of the
      anterior column with or without compression, and tension splitting or horizontal
      fracture of the posterior column; at the same time, if the mid-column in between,
      the fulcrum, is also injured and shifted foreward, a Chance fracture is then well
      produced.

PMID- 2636108
TI  - [Interbody fusion in spondylolysis. Report of 18 cases].
AB  - Operation of interbody fusion done on 18 cases of lumbar spondylolysis with 1
      degree spondylolisthesis resulted in complete relief of symptoms in all the
      patients. Through a follow-up period of 2 to 10 years, these 18 patients have
      been living a normal life without restriction of activity, including sexual
      intercourse. We would say that interbody fusion for spondylolysis is anatomically
      sound and biomechanically reasonable.

PMID- 2636109
TI  - [Experience in posterior wiring and fusion in atlanto-axial luxation].
AB  - From 1980 to 87, 29 cases, aged 31 years on average range, 10 to 65 years, of
      atlantoaxial dislocation were treated by posterior wiring and bone grafting. They
      were brought to us as late as 12 days to 157 months (24.4 months on average)
      after injury. 19 of them had been suffering from paralysis quadriplegia, Brown
      Sequard syndrome, pharyngeal nerve palsy etc.) of various degrees. Follow-up
      study, after an average period of 2.5 years (1 to 6.5 years.) revealed that 21
      patients (72.4%) had resumed their previous work or study; 6 patients had been
      able either to do light work (3; 10.3%) or to take care of themselves in daily
      life (3; 10.3%); the rest 2 (7%) had died of unrelated illness. On physical
      examination, the 27 alive patients had restored full neck motion, but lack of
      less than 30 degrees of rotation in some cases. Roentgenograms showed bony union
      of graft in every case, anatomical reduction of luxation in 19, and A-D distance
      remained 1 to 4 mm. in 10. It is obvious that this operative measure is simple,
      safe and effective. Some hazards encountered in 4 cases during operation but
      recovered later, are described. Pre and postoperative managements; as well as
      operative procedures are given in steps; the former are particularly emphasized
      on account of their roles, very important to success.

PMID- 2636110
TI  - [Mechanical principle and clinical application of the combined spinal rod-plate
      and transpedicular screws fixation system].
AB  - Twenty-one patients with unstable burst fractures of the lower thoracic and
      lumbar spine were treated with a combined spinal rod-plate and transpedicular
      screws (CSRP-TPS) fixation system. This system is a new device for disorders of
      the lower thoracic and lumbar spine. In treatment of spinal fractures, it
      provided three-column axial distraction and stabilized the injured vertebra in a
      lordotic position-this maximized the reduction and indirectly achieved a
      neurologic decompression by ligamentotaxis. This "indirect" neurologic
      decompression was more successful in cases treated early after injury as the
      spinal canal area (measured by pre- and postoperative CT) increased 35% in cases
      treated within one week after injury; 25% in cases treated 7-14 days after
      injury; and there was little improvement in cases treated more than two weeks
      following injury. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 12 months. There were
      no infections, iatrogenic neurologic deficits or instrumentation failures. The
      CSRP-TPS system gave more improved results over conventional Harrington and
      segmental spinal instrumentation systems and only required fixation and fusion of
      three vertebral levels.

PMID- 2636111
TI  - [Long-term results of side-to-side and H-graft mesocaval shunt].
AB  - From January, 1966 to January, 1988, mesocaval shunt was performed on 47 patients
      with the variceal hemorrhage secondary to portal hypertension. Of these, 30
      patients underwent side-to-side mesocaval shunt, the remaining 17 had H-graft
      mesocaval shunt. Postoperative follow-up averaged 6 years and 11 months for the
      patients surviving operation. The rebleeding rate was 21.1%, and the shunt
      related encephalopathy rate 25.5%. The 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-year survival rates of
      the whole series were 65.8%, 51.8%, 37.5% and 20.0% respectively. We conclude
      that mesocaval shunt is the procedure of choice for treatment of variceal
      bleeding, especially for the control of postoperatively recurrent variceal
      bleeding.

PMID- 2636112
TI  - [The mechanical stapler in rectal carcinoma].
AB  - Forty rectal carcinoma subjected to anterior resection using GF stapler during
      November 1979-March 1983 were reviewed. 32 were radical resections with the
      remaining 8 for palliation. 36 (90%) could be traced. 23/32 (73%) of the radical
      resection group survived for more than 5 years. Long-term follow-up showed that
      neither local recurrence nor 5 year survival was stapler-related. A stapler may
      facilitate the performance of a low anterior resection, but it is merely a form
      of technical improvement. Therefore, the principles of radical resection should
      still be strictly observed and indications for anterior resection should not be
      unconditionally extended.

PMID- 2636114
TI  - [Clinical application of bone cement in cranioplasty].
AB  - Cranioplasty usually performed in case of skull defect after craniocerebral
      injuries. Plexiglass or metal plate were used frequently in our country. This
      article introduces a new kind of material--bone cement--for skull restoration.
      152 cases of skull defects were repaired by bone cement in our clinic. The
      advantages as below: (1) Bone cement is easy to mould and good in cosmetic
      result; (2) It's mechanical functions are reliable; (3) Less irritant to the
      surrounding tissues. The procedures of the operation and principles in utilizing
      this material were present in detail.

PMID- 2636113
TI  - [Treatment of transient ischemic attack by carotid endarterectomy].
AB  - Fourty-five patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) were treated by carotid
      endarterectomy. All of them had typical manifestation of TIA and stenosis of
      extracranial carotid artery verified by angiography. After operation most of them
      were uneventful, but 2 experienced TIA, 2 contralateral reversible weakness and 1
      mild hoarseness. There was no mortality. The role of carotid endarterectomy in
      the prevention and treatment of TIA, and some technical factors including
      anesthesia, intraoperative monitoring, management of stenosis of high subcranial
      internal carotid artery and postoperative care, were discussed.

PMID- 2636115
TI  - [Surgical treatment of left ventricular-right atrial communication].
AB  - Four cases of congenital left ventricular-right atrial communication were
      presented. Correct diagnoses were made in two cases before operation by left
      ventriculography. The other two cases were misdiagnosed as ASD or VSD by right
      heart catheterization and ventriculography. After surgical repair under
      cardiopulmonary bypass, they were all cured and discharged. During the follow-up
      period, one patient with residual leak was reoperated upon and died on the
      sixteenth postoperative day from arrhythmia and heart failure. The other three
      patients secured complete restitution.

PMID- 2636116
TI  - [Cytologic diagnostic value of voided urine in 60 cases of primary transitional
      cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter].
AB  - Exfoliative urinary cytology was performed on 60 cases of histologically proven
      TCC (Transitional cells carcinoma) of the renal pelvis and ureter. There were 39
      cases of TCC of the renal pelvis. Urine cytology was positive in 27 cases
      (69.2%); suspicious in 5 cases (12.8%) and negative in 7 cases (17.9%).
      Significant correlation was found in the frequency of diagnosis and the
      histological grade of carcinoma. The cytological positive rate in G1 carcinoma
      was 40%; 71% in G2; 100% in G3. It is considered that the location of tumor in
      the renal pelvis predominates the urinary cytological positive rate. Urine
      cytology was positive in 3 cases (33.3%) out of 9 cases of the carcinoma seated
      in the inferior renal calix, whereas 19 cases (86.4%) from 22 cases in other
      sites of the renal pelvis (P less than 0.05). The positive rate of urine cytology
      for 21 cases of TCC of the ureter was 42.9%. The results showed that the
      secondary ureteric obstruction was an influence on the cytological positive rate.

PMID- 2636117
TI  - [Influence of subtotal gastrectomy on bile acid concentration, total bacterial
      counts in the gastric juice, and histologic changes in the gastric mucosa].
AB  - The concentrations of bile acids, PH and total bacterial counts in the gastric
      juice were measured among 44 patients with peptic ulcer before and after subtotal
      gastrectomy (Billroth II in 14 cases, Billroth I in 10 cases, and PAFPG in 20
      cases). Thirty three patients were studied by endoscopy and gastric mucosa biopsy
      one year after the surgery. The results showed that the fasting gastric bile
      acids concentrations in both B-II and B-I groups were significantly higher than
      in PAFPG group, when examined 3 weeks and 1 year postoperatively. The PH and
      total bacterial counts in gastric juice were increased significantly after B-II
      and B-I reconstruction compared with PAFPG. The abnormal histology of gastric
      remnant mucosa was more common in B-II or B-I groups than in PAFPG (P less than
      0.05). Our data demonstrated that B-II and B-I gastrectomy caused considerably
      enterogastric reflux, while PAFPG prevented it effectively by keeping the gastric
      physiology in a relatively stable status. It is the authors' belief that the
      results provide objective basis for selecting surgical procedure and evaluating
      operative effects.

PMID- 2636118
TI  - Humoral immune response in HIV-associated periodontitis.

PMID- 2636119
TI  - Facial prosthetics.

PMID- 2636120
TI  - Dentistry in South Africa.

PMID- 2636121
TI  - [A correlative study of ECG and coronary arteriogram findings after acute
      myocardial infarction].
AB  - To evaluate the electrocardiographic value in the prediction of reperfusion state
      of the infarct-related artery (IRA), serial changes in ST segment elevation were
      assessed in 38 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). ST segment
      elevation decreased by 35% or more within 8 hours of peak sigma ST in 16 of the
      20 patients with subtotal occlusion, but in none of the patients with total
      occlusion of the IRA (P less than 0.01). Myocardial infarct size estimated by
      peak serum CK-MB, sigma Q and QRS score was smaller and left ventricular function
      was better in patients with rapid resolution of ST segment elevation than in
      those with persistent ST elevation. The study indicates that a fall of ST segment
      elevation by 35% or more of the peak sigma ST within 8 hours of infarction may be
      a useful indicator of early reperfusion of the IRA in patients with AMI.

PMID- 2636122
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of stress T1-201 myocardial tomography for detecting
      coronary heart disease].
AB  - Quantitative stress T1-201 myocardial tomography (Bullseye) was evaluated
      prospectively as compared with coronary angiography in 35 patients with coronary
      heart disease and 10 normals, and showed a better sensitivity (94%) and
      specificity (90%) for detecting coronary heart disease. The number of vessels
      involved was evaluated precisely in 58 of 67 (87%) by Bullseye. The sensitivity
      and specificity of Bullseye in detecting disease in each coronary artery were 84%
      and 85% for the left anterior descending artery (LAD), 85% and 100% for left
      circumflex artery, 93% and 100% for right coronary artery. 85% of one vessel
      disease, 83% of two-vessel disease and 80% of three-vessel disease were
      recognized by Bullseye. The sensitivity of Bullseye in detecting coronary heart
      disease was related to the extent of coronary stenosis. The more severe the
      coronary stenosis is, the higher is the Bullseye's sensitivity. In detecting
      diseased vessels, 38% of patients with mild coronary stenosis had positive
      Bullseye, however, 98% of patients with severe coronary stenosis had positive
      Bullseye. For localization of myocardial infarction in posterior lateral wall,
      posterior wall and posterior septum. Bullseye is more sensitive than ECG. Thus,
      quantitative stress T1-201 myocardial tomography provides high diagnostic
      accuracy for the detection and localization of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2636123
TI  - [Platelet functions in patients with acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - The changes of platelet functions including platelet membrane microviscosity
      (PMMV), plasma 5-HT, plasma TXB2 and 6-K-PGF1a were studied in 30 cases of AMI
      and 13 cases of unstable angina (UA), 20 normal subjects as control. After onset
      of AMI, PMMV, plasma 5-HT, 6-k-PGF1a all increased quickly, especially on the 1st
      day (P less than 0.001-0.01). During 3 weeks observation, only 6-K-PGF1a
      decreased to the normal level on 14th day. There were no obvious decrease of
      plasma TXB2, 5-HT and PMMV. It showed that in acute phase of AMI without
      intervention of any antiplatelet drugs the platelets were activated continuously.
      Plasma 5-HT was the most sensitive predictor for the severity of AMI as observed
      by the comparison between the cases with complications and serum peak CK greater
      than 1000 U/L, and those without complications and peak CK less than 1000 U/L (P
      less than 0.001-0.05). The great change of PMMV was a bad prognosis. In patients
      with UA, during acute myocardial ischemia, the platelets were also activated
      significantly, but the extent was not as high as that in AMI.

PMID- 2636124
TI  - [Plasma CK-MB activity and QRS score in estimating acute myocardial infarct
      size].
AB  - Comparison of the peak value of plasma isoenzyme MB of creatine kinase (CK-MB)
      and the modified Selvester QRS score system from the standard 12-lead
      electrocardiogram in estimating acute myocardial infarct size and predicting
      hospital prognosis was performed in 52 patients with initial acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI). A correlation coefficient (C.C.) of 0.51 in all these patients
      was found. The C.C. in the patients with anterior AMI (n = 22, r = 0.64) is
      larger than that in inferior AMI (n = 30, r = 0.34). The prognostic value of the
      two methods are different. Peak CK-MB activity could predict hospital mortality
      and morbidity (serious arrhythmia or/and Killip AMI classification more than
      class III) for both anterior and inferior AMI; however, the QRS score system was
      significant only for anterior AMI. The clinical significance of a high ratio of
      peak CK-MB activity to QRS score was discussed briefly.

PMID- 2636125
TI  - [Changes in metallothionein content of the heart and liver during acute
      myocardial infarction in rats].
AB  - Metallothionein (MT) is an important endogenous anti-injury substance involved in
      the defensive system. In myocardial infarction model produced by left coronary
      artery occlusion in-rat, the content of left ventricular myocardial MT was
      significantly increased to a maximum on 4th day by 6-fold compared with
      preoperative value, and the content of hepatic MT increased by 3.5-fold on the
      2nd day. During the whole experimental period (seven days) the MT content in
      heart and liver was significantly higher than those in the pre-operation period
      (P less than 0.01). Pretreatment with reserpine did not alter the dynamic changes
      of cardiac and liver MT content during myocardial infarction. The above results
      suggest that this increase in tissue MT is not influenced by catecholamine.

PMID- 2636126
TI  - [Effects of experimental coronary artery stenosis on platelet function].
AB  - In mild stenosis, coronary blood flow (CBF) was unchanged, thromboxane (TX) B2/6
      ketoprostaglandin (PG) F1a ratio rose with no change in PAgT. In critical
      stenosis, CBF was slightly decreased, PAgT, TXB2 and TXB2/PGF1a ratio rose with
      cyclical reduction in CBF. In severe stenosis, CBF was markedly decreased; PAgT,
      TXB2 and TXB2/6-keto-PGF1a ratio rose and 6-keto-PGF1a decreased with cyclical
      blood flow reduction. Histopathologic examination confirmed the presence of
      damaged endothelial cell with coronary thrombosis and platelet/fibrin microemboli
      in critical and severe stenosis. It is concluded that coronary artery stenosis
      leads to a damage of endothelial cell, which causes an abnormality in platelet
      function and coronary thrombosis.

PMID- 2636127
TI  - [Changes in the deformability of erythrocytes and 2,3-DPG in coronary artery
      stenosis].
AB  - The changes of deformability of RBC and 2,3-DPG in RBC in patients with coronary
      artery stenosis and the influence of some factors on them were studied. The
      results showed that: (1) the deformability index was inversely proportional to
      the degree of lesions of coronary vessels (P less than 0.01); (2) the 2,3-DPG was
      inversely proportional to the degree of lesions of coronary vessels (P less than
      0.01); (3) there was a significant decrease in deformability index after using
      contrast medium; (4) Saliva may increase deformability of RBC and 2,3-DPG; (5)
      Nifedipine may increase deformability of RBC. These results showed: (1) the
      possible existence of microcirculatory dysfunction in coronary artery disease and
      in parallel of impaired deformability of RBC; (2) the possibility of
      normalization of the decreased deformability of 2,3-DPG in RBC by Salvia; (3) the
      possibility of increase of velocity of blood flow in microcirculation in coronary
      artery disease by Salvia.

PMID- 2636128
TI  - [Detection of some serum and lymphocyte elements in patients with acute
      myocardial infarction and angina and its significance].

PMID- 2636129
TI  - [Measuring the interventricular pressure gradient in ventricular septal defects
      in children using continuous wave Doppler].

PMID- 2636130
TI  - [Treatment of an episode of tachycardia occurring during surgery in WPW
      syndrome].

PMID- 2636131
TI  - [7 cases of intracardiovascular turbulance echogram].

PMID- 2636132
TI  - [A quantitative study of human platelet membrane glycoproteins using
      immunocolloidal gold under the electron microscope].
AB  - Two human platelet membrane glucoproteins (GP) and the quantitative changes of
      them induced by high shear stress (HSS) were studied using SZ-2 and SZ-21
      monoclonal antibodies against GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa respectively by means of
      immunocolloidal gold technique with electron microscopy. Exposure to HSS (50
      dynes/cm2, 5 min; 100 dynes/cm2, 3 min) resulted in the transformation of
      platelets from native smooth discs to activated spiny spheres followed by the
      centralization of organelles and lysis or aggregation of platelets. The results
      showed that resting platelets with few gold probes were turned into activated
      platelets by HSS with increased gold probes which represent the quantity of GPIb
      or GPIIb/IIIa. HSS also caused a specific platelet reaction--lysis. In the
      process of platelet lysis, platelet GPIIb/IIIa were increasingly condensed. On
      the contrary, GPIb reduced gradually. It suggests that the increase of GPIIb/IIIa
      under HSS may be one of the causes inducing platelet adhesion, release and
      aggregation at the opening of branched vessels, curved arteries, stenosed or
      partially occluded arteries due to local spasm.

PMID- 2636133
TI  - [Protection of rabbit myocardium by several free radical scavengers].

PMID- 2636134
TI  - A Gompertz age-specific mortality rate model of aging: modification by dietary
      restriction in rats.
AB  - A Gompertz age-specific mortality rate model characterizing actuarial effects of
      food restriction in rats was developed based on mortality data from the study of
      Yu et al. (J. Gerontol. 40: 657-670, 1985). Results indicated that in the
      presence of adequate nutrition, food restriction reduces the aging rate parameter
      in a consistent manner, regardless of the age at which food restriction is
      initiated.

PMID- 2636135
TI  - The role of fibroblast growth factor in early Xenopus development.
AB  - In early amphibian development, the mesoderm is formed around the equator of the
      blastula in response to an inductive signal from the endoderm. A screen of
      candidate substances showed that a small group of heparin-binding growth factors
      (HBGFs) were active as mesoderm-inducing agents in vitro. The factors aFGF, bFGF,
      kFGF and ECDGF all show similar potency and can produce inductions at
      concentrations above about 100 pM. The product of the murine int-2 gene is also
      active, but with a lower specific activity. Above the induction threshold there
      is a progressive increase of muscle formation with dose. Single blastula ectoderm
      cells can be induced and will differentiate in a defined medium to form
      mesodermal tissues. All inner blastula cells are competent to respond to the
      factors but outer cells, bearing oocyte-derived membrane, are not. Inducing
      activity can be extracted from Xenopus blastulae and binds to heparin like the
      previously described HBGFs. Antibody neutralization and Western blotting
      experiments identify this activity as bFGF. The amounts present are small but
      would be sufficient to evoke inductions in vivo. It is not yet known whether the
      bFGF is localized to the endoderm, although it is known that inducing activity
      secreted by endodermal cells can be neutralized by heparin. The competence of
      ectoderm to respond to HBGFs rises from about the 128-cell stage and falls again
      by the onset of gastrulation. This change is paralleled by a rise and fall of
      binding of 125I-aFGF. Chemical cross-linking reveals that this binding is
      attributable to a receptor of relative molecular mass about 130 x 10(3).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636136
TI  - Inducing factors and the control of mesodermal pattern in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - The mesoderm of Xenopus laevis and other amphibia is formed through an inductive
      interaction during which cells of the vegetal hemisphere act on cells of the
      animal hemisphere. Two groups of factors mimic the effects of the vegetal
      hemisphere. One group consists of members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
      family, while the other is related to transforming growth factor type beta (TGF
      beta). In this paper we discuss the evidence that the FGF family represents
      'ventral' mesoderm-inducing signals, and the TGF-beta family 'dorsal' signals.
      The evidence includes a discussion of the cell types formed in response to each
      type of factor, the fact that only XTC-MIF (a member of the TGF-beta family) and
      not bFGF can induce animal pole ectoderm to become Spemann's organizer, and an
      analysis of the timing of the gastrulation movements induced by the factors.

PMID- 2636137
TI  - Segmental polarity and identity in the abdomen of Drosophila is controlled by the
      relative position of gap gene expression.
AB  - The establishment of the segmental pattern in the Drosophila embryo is directed
      by three sets of maternal genes: the anterior, the terminal and the posterior
      group of genes. Embryos derived from females mutant for one of the posterior
      group genes lack abdominal segmentation. This phenotype can be rescued by
      transplantation of posterior pole plasm into the abdominal region of mutant
      embryos. We transplanted posterior pole plasma into the middle of embryos mutant
      either for the posterior, the anterior and posterior, or all three maternal
      systems and monitored the segmentation pattern as well as the expression of the
      zygotic gap gene Kruppel in control and injected embryos. We conclude that
      polarity and identity of the abdominal segments do not depend on the relative
      concentration of posterior activity but rather on the position of gap gene
      expression. By changing the pattern of gap gene expression, the orientation of
      the abdomen can be reversed. These experiments suggest that maternal gene
      products act in a strictly hierarchical manner. The function of the maternal gene
      products becomes dispensable once the position of the zygotically expressed gap
      genes is determined. Subsequently the gap genes will control the pattern of the
      pair-rule and segment polarity genes.

PMID- 2636139
TI  - Formation and anatomy of the prestalk zone of Dictyostelium.
AB  - The pDd63 and pDd56 genes encode extracellular matrix proteins which,
      respectively, surround the migratory slug and mature stalk cells. Both genes are
      dependent for their expression upon, and rapidly induced by, DIF, the stalk cell
      inducer. Using these genes as cell-autonomous markers, we have defined three
      distinct kinds of 'prestalk' cells localized to different parts of the anterior
      region of the slug. At least one, and probably both, prestalk cell types
      initially differentiates at the base of the aggregate. The most abundant of the
      two prestalk cell types then migrates into the tip, the precursor of the prestalk
      zone which arises at the apex of the aggregate. Thus we believe that
      morphogenesis of the prestalk zone, the primary pattern-forming event in
      Dictyostelium development, involves a combination of positionally localized
      differentiation and directed cell migration. To account for the positionally
      localized differentiation of prestalk cells, we invoke the existence of gradients
      of the known antagonists of DIF-cAMP and NH3. We further suggest that differences
      in the motility of pstA and pstB cells might result from differences in their
      chemotactic responsiveness to cAMP signals propagated from the tip.

PMID- 2636138
TI  - The process of localizing a maternal messenger RNA in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - The maternal mRNA Vg1 is localized to the vegetal pole during oogenesis in
      Xenopus. We have cultured oocytes in vitro to begin to understand how this
      localization occurs. Endogenous Vg1 mRNA undergoes localization when oocytes are
      cultured in vitro, and synthetic Vg1 mRNA injected into such oocytes is localized
      in the same fashion. Vg1 mRNA is associated with a detergent-insoluble fraction
      from homogenized oocytes, suggesting a possible cytoskeletal association. The use
      of cytoskeletal inhibitors reveals a two-step process for localizing Vg1 mRNA.
      Microtubule inhibitors such as nocodazole and colchicine inhibit the localization
      of Vg1 mRNA in late stage III/early stage IV oocytes, but have no effect on Vg1
      mRNA once it is localized. The microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin B, however,
      has little effect on the translocation of Vg1 mRNA in middle-stage oocytes but
      causes a release of the message in late-stage oocytes. We propose a model for the
      localization of Vg1 mRNA in which translocation of the message to the vegetal
      cortex is achieved via cytoplasmic microtubules and the anchoring of the message
      at the cortex involves cortical microfilaments.

PMID- 2636140
TI  - Alternative complement pathway in juvenile periodontitis.

PMID- 2636141
TI  - The inter-reaction of polycarboxylate cements with different adherened via pH and
      titration measurements.

PMID- 2636142
TI  - Effect of injection of different concentrations of lidocaine into the rats
      salivary glands.
AB  - The effects of different doses of lidocaine with or without epinephrine on the
      rat's salivary glands were studied in this report. 60 adult male albino rats were
      divided into 4 experimental groups and one control group' 1 st group, the
      salivary glands were injected with 0.1 ml of 2% lidocaine Hcl. 2 nd group, the
      salivary glands were injected with 0.5 ml of 2% lidocaine Hcl. 3 rd group, the
      salivary glands were injected with 0.1 ml of lidocaine Hcl + 1/200,000
      epinephrine, while the 4 th group, the glands were injected with 0.1 ml of
      lidocaine Hcl + 1/80.000 epinephrine. The control group was injected with 0.1 ml
      of physiologic asline. Each group of animals was subdivided into 3 subgroups A,
      B, and C according to the sacrifice periods which were 24, 48 and 72 hours
      respectively. After sacrification the submandibular salivary glands were removed
      and prepared for histological and histochemical studies. Our results revealed
      that, lidocaine in relevant doses with or without epinephrine produced reversible
      damage to the terminal portions of salivary glands. Large doses of lidocaine
      produced massive damage and delayed healing. Epinephrine concentration of
      1/200.000 is recomended by the authors as higher concentration produced sever and
      extensive damage.

PMID- 2636143
TI  - Glazing versus polishing of porcelain surfaces--an interferometric study.

PMID- 2636145
TI  - Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum. Histochemical and electron microscope study.

PMID- 2636146
TI  - Putting the bite on spaceflight. A dental restraint device developed for the
      shuttle.

PMID- 2636144
TI  - Langerhan's cells and melanocytes in regenerating sulcular epithelium.

PMID- 2636147
TI  - The odontome: case report.

PMID- 2636148
TI  - Anatomical basis of space infections of the face.

PMID- 2636149
TI  - Practical laser dentistry.

PMID- 2636150
TI  - Insecticide impregnated ropes as mosquito repellent.
AB  - Ropes were impregnated with different dosages of deltamethrin and burnt
      throughout the night in human dwellings and cattlesheds. Smoke from smouldering
      ropes treated with various dose levels gradually saturated rooms and prevented
      the entry of mosquitoes. This method provided very good protection from mosquito
      bites including the principal vector of malaria, A. culicifacies. Results of
      ropes impregnated with 80 ppm deltamethrin were more consistent than at the lower
      dosage. The technique is indigenous, cost-effective, simple and appropriate for
      rural areas and does not require any special skills in its application.

PMID- 2636151
TI  - Seroepidemiological study of malaria in a rural population of Chandigarh.
AB  - A total of 1689 peripheral blood smears and serum samples were collected from
      healthy subjects from four villages of U.T. Chandigarh during the pre-monsoon
      season (February to May 1987) while 1809 such samples were collected during the
      post-monsoon season (October 1987-January 1988). None of the peripheral blood
      smears examined by Giemsa and acridine-orange stains showed malarial parasite.
      Out of 1689 serum samples tested by indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test during
      pre-monsoon season, 81 per cent showed malarial antibody titres of less than 1:8
      and only 19 per cent showed titres of 1:8 or above. In contrast, out of 1809
      serum samples tested during post-monsoon season, 58.3 per cent showed antibody
      titres of less than 1:8 while 41.6 per cent samples showed titres of 1:8 and
      above. Total number of malaria cases from these villages from June 1987 to
      January 1988 was also low (total 65 cases) as compared to corresponding period of
      previous year (total cases 191). Serological findings independent of positive
      cases of malaria suggest that though, no proved clinical cases of malaria were
      observed in the population surveyed, malaria transmission had certainly taken
      place as evidenced by higher antibody titres observed during the post-monsoon
      season compared to pre-monsoon season.

PMID- 2636152
TI  - [Dentistry for the elderly patient. 1. Conservative therapy].

PMID- 2636153
TI  - [Hydroxyapatite and its use in raising the alveolar ridge].
AB  - Hydroxyapatite is a mineral substance which, day after day, is getting success,
      in the field of odontology, thanks to the versatility of its uses. After having
      been employed on the different methods that the dentist has at his disposal, in
      order to make up for the alveolar ridge atrophy, a case has been explained, that
      has been solved through the use of porous hydroxyapatite, referred to as
      "Interpore 200".

PMID- 2636154
TI  - [The use of Josamycin in dental pathology].
AB  - Authors evaluated the clinical results of the use of Josamycin in
      odontostomatology. The clinical trial has been carried out on 42 patients with
      acute bacterial infections. Josamycin appeared a very safe and effective
      antibiotic.

PMID- 2636155
TI  - [Periodontal status of a military group. Epidemiological considerations].
AB  - The authors studied the periodontal status of a group of Italian soldiers. The
      authors used the Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs, as suggested by
      the FDI according with the WHO. Besides they carried out a statistical analysis
      of the results. It was possible to point out bad periodontal conditions in the
      population examined.

PMID- 2636156
TI  - [Treatment with placental extract in periodontal disease].
AB  - This work is based on the observation of 15 patients with an age from 20 to 55
      years, with different chronic odontitis, that have been treated with placenta
      extract close to the typical therapy. The results, already reached after two
      months, have been satisfactory, whether for the inflammation or for the
      distrophic forms, for the good balance of applications, topical and
      intramuscular.

PMID- 2636157
TI  - [The negatoscope: choice of examination type. 1].

PMID- 2636158
TI  - [Mixed periapical lesion, radiotransparent and radiopaque].

PMID- 2636159
TI  - [The negatoscope: choice of examination type. 2].

PMID- 2636160
TI  - [Dentistry for the elderly patient. 2. Endodontic therapy].
AB  - By this contribution the Authors are pointing out that the increase of the
      average age of the Italian population has led to an increase of demand regarding
      preservative therapies. It is opportune for the stomatologists to be prepared to
      the request for services of that kind; in order to be fully qualified they must
      be aware of many problems that can be coped with, only if one has specific
      knowledge of the physiopathology of growing old. The dental organ as well is
      subject to the inexorable senile involution modifying the tissue it is consisting
      of, and the dentist cannot ignore these problems that are at the basis of the
      success of any preservative therapy.

PMID- 2636161
TI  - [Analysis of mastication in normal and dysfunctional subjects].
AB  - A computer based system to asses mandibular movements and EMG masseter and
      temporal muscle activity during habitual mastication was applied to 12 healthy
      subjects and to 86 dysfunctional subjects, the chewing performance was tested
      with a standardized bolus of crispy bread. A Siemens Sirognathograph instrument
      was used to record mandibular movements, while EMG signals were recorded with
      surface Ag/AgCl electrodes. The Dysfunction Index System was used to build two
      subgroups of patients with severe TMJ impairment (n = 21) and severe muscle
      dysfunction (n = 15) respectively. Data on the different parameters of
      mastication were obtained for the single patients, the whole group and the two
      subgroups were statistically compared together with those obtained from normal
      individuals.

PMID- 2636162
TI  - [Cefatrizine in dentistry. Clinical study].
AB  - The Authors evaluated the cefatrizine clinical effects on 50 patients with
      infectious diseases. The statistical analysis of results show a high efficacy and
      safety with no relevant side effects.

PMID- 2636163
TI  - [Root fracture and tooth luxation. Endo-orthodontic technic after 15 years].
AB  - The authors described a personal treatment method for the traumatic root
      fractures in the permanent incisors, and the review of their results after 15
      years. The method consists in the good immobilisation and fixation of the injured
      teeth, with orthodontic bands and brackets and arch wire. They put this
      orthodontic contention for one-two months, and after x-ray control and pulp
      vitality checks, removed it. They presented also the use of the same technique in
      the luxations of permanent incisors, and compared the results. In the root
      fractures the authors obtain good long distance results, such as pulp vitality,
      good health, calcified tissue in the fracture zone, good stability of the tooth.
      Otherwise in the incisors luxations they frequently founded pulp necrosis, and
      root resorption in the long distance controls.

PMID- 2636164
TI  - [Canal obturation technic. Stereomicroscopic and SEM study].
AB  - The authors compared four different methods for tooths filling employing cements
      and gutta-percha by means of stereo and scanning electron microscopy. For this
      they prepared and filled 32 monoradicular teeth divided in 4 groups of 8 elements
      and afterwards they made sections at 2, 5, 8 mm from the apex. The thermomechanic
      condensation techniques showed very good effects. Good performances come using
      the vertical and lateral condensation techniques when the single cone method
      produced variable results.

PMID- 2636165
TI  - [The silver amalgam cavity related to the cuspid-CSA angle].
AB  - The AA. evaluated the cusps sides inclination variability of about 1,000
      subjects. From the data it has been observed a greater vestibular sides
      inclination (between 38 degrees and 41 degrees) compared to lingual's (between 29
      degrees and 32 degrees). For this the AA. suggest the need of some cavity
      modifications for improving the CSA/AMA ratio during the conservative procedures
      only when cuspidal sides are more binded.

PMID- 2636166
TI  - [Mandibular fractures in street accidents. Etiopathogenetic findings in 680
      cases].
AB  - The authors have studied 680 cases of mandibular fractures by traffic accident
      that have been observed during a 10 years period in the department of Maxillo
      Facial Surgery of the Florence University. Some interesting results have been
      found: male are more often injured than female (about 70% of all cases) during
      their second and third decades of life. Among the means of transport authors have
      found that the motorcycles (motorbikes included) and cars are more often
      involved, both with an equal number of cases; but the motorcycles are to be
      considered more dangerous because they are around in a smaller number.

PMID- 2636167
TI  - [Cephalometric analysis in acromegalic patients].
AB  - The authors of the present work have done a cephalometric study on 11 patients
      affected by acromegaly. The target of this research was to obtain with
      cephalometric analysis a means for the follow up of the disease together with an
      important provisional parameter of growth of the face bones, helping thus to
      obtain an early diagnosis and the general lines for a correct therapy. With the
      data obtained has been extrapolated a table with average data of cephalometric
      angles that, transferred on to a tracing could represent the cephalometric
      prototype of an acromegalic patient.

PMID- 2636168
TI  - [Motivational aids in orthodontic treatment with removable appliances].

PMID- 2636169
TI  - [Tooth reimplantation in a case of trauma to 11].
AB  - Among the many cases of teeth subjected to trauma, this one, that it has been
      observed, was fit for an attempt of replant for the good possibilities of
      success; it has been considered the age, very young, of the patient, the good
      health and principally her good orodental situation. Two radiografies made after
      short time have revealed the formation of osseus trabeculae, irrefutable sign of
      taking root.

PMID- 2636170
TI  - [Orthodontic-surgical treatment. Functional rehabilitation phase].
AB  - The functional rehabilitation after orthodontical surgery, has a determinant role
      in achieving therapeutical aims. Author describes the principal rehabilitating
      active ways after orthodontical surgery to obtain an exact procedure of disgnatic
      problems. In the article, post surgical rehabilitation problems are explained and
      there is a description of maintenance appliances. Between these, there is
      "Prositioner" description which solves a lot of problems in dynamic
      rehabilitation after orthodontic-surgery.

PMID- 2636171
TI  - [Major carious destruction. Combined therapy in pedodontics].
AB  - Restorative treatment of largely destroyed first permanent molars in the mixed
      dentition involves a few peculiar considerations. Special attention must be given
      to the restorative-periodontal relationship.

PMID- 2636172
TI  - [Total amalgam reconstruction. Clinical evaluation after three years].
AB  - This study reports the results of the evaluation after three years of total
      amalgam restorations, made on molars and premolars vital and devitalized. The
      clinical parameters examinated were: 1) anatomic form and axial contour 2)
      marginal integrity 3) recurrent caries 4) occlusal contacts 5) interproximal
      contacts 6) pulpar or periodontal complication. To each of these parameters was
      given a degree of judgement expressed by Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta. Alpha is
      the best evaluation, Bravo expresses a lower degree but clinically acceptable,
      Charlie and Delta are worse. Considering for each parameter the sum of the
      evaluations Alpha + Bravo, the clinically acceptable rate per cent of results has
      been quite good.

PMID- 2636173
TI  - [Surface polishing of anterior composites].
AB  - In this research it has been valued at SEM the smoothness degree of the surface
      obtained in vitro on three kinds of composite resins for anterior restorations
      (Lumifor, Silux, Pekalux). The surface has been polished and finished with
      abrasive disks (Sof Lex Pop On XT). The composite resin Lumifor presents at SEM a
      good finished surface. Far better results have been obtained with the microfilled
      composite resins Silux and Pekalux, which show at SEM surfaces perfectly polished
      and homogeneous.

PMID- 2636174
TI  - [Conscious sedation in dentistry. Oral sedation. 1].

PMID- 2636175
TI  - [Magnets and orthodontics. Biological-clinical study. 2].
AB  - The authors after preliminary remarks on new magnetic alloys, stress some
      biomechanic aspects related to distalization of upper molars. Radiologic
      examination of teeth during distalization shows a good rate of crown/tooth ratio
      movement. Where magnets were worn in combination with extraoral traction, they
      seemed to be more effective on the "test" sides rather than on the "control"
      sides where only extraoral forces acted.

PMID- 2636176
TI  - [Aprismatic external layer of deciduous and permanent teeth].
AB  - The authors verify the presence of an aprismatic layer at the surface of human
      deciduous and permanent, erupted and non erupted teeth, by means of the
      polarizing and scanning electron microscope. The results allowed the Authors to
      conclude that the presence of different extents of aprismatic enamel at the
      surface of human teeth should be regarded as a constant and normal feature, with
      some different frequency and organization patterns between different tooth types.

PMID- 2636177
TI  - [Surface polishing of posterior composites].
AB  - In this research we have valued at SEM the smoothness degree of the surface
      obtained in vitro on three kinds of composite resins for posterior restoration (P
      30, P-50, Clearfil Photo Posterior); then we have compared it with the result
      obtained in vitro with an alloy not gamma-2 (Dispersalloy). The surfaces of the
      composite restorations show at SEM irregularities more or less accentuated for
      the presence of particles of filling got in comparison with the matrix. The
      surface of alloy restorations results on the contrary perfectly polished and
      completely comparable with the enamel surface.

PMID- 2636178
TI  - [Psychological analysis of the elderly patient. 1].

PMID- 2636179
TI  - [Maxillofacial lesions in road accidents].
AB  - Authors have compared the cases of maxillo-facial fractures that have been
      admitted in the Maxillo-Facial department during a six months period before and
      after the mandatory use of helmets; that is from January through June in the
      years 1986 and 1987. A decrease in the number of injured (- 13.3%) and also a
      rate change was noted: the motorcycle drivers lost a 20.1%, while the adults who
      drove the motorbikes increased; a raise was found in the bicycle too (+ 8.7%).
      The lesions of the mandibular increased from 36.7% to 46.1% due to the protection
      offered to the maxilla by the helmets.

PMID- 2636180
TI  - [Control of postoperative pain in periodontology].
AB  - In periodontal surgery 2 long acting local anaesthetics, Bupivacaine and
      Etidocaine, have been compared to Mepivacaine and Lidocaine with regard to effect
      upon the immediate postoperative pain. Both long acting solutions were
      significantly superior to Lidocaine and Mepivacaine.

PMID- 2636181
TI  - [Dental knowledge. A look at the future 1].

PMID- 2636182
TI  - [Preformed crowns in pedodontics. Retrospective analysis].
AB  - Prediction of success rate for stainless steel crowns in literature is reported
      to be comparable to Class I amalgams. This retrospective study shows an analysis
      of 255 SSC from the stand point of clinical, radiographical and periodontal
      success.

PMID- 2636183
TI  - [Enamel-dentinal adhesives in amalgam restorations].
AB  - The authors explain a clinical study for the achievement of restorative amalgams
      linked together to some fluid resin. Many researches have revealed a clear
      improvement of the immediate marginal closing when are employed dentin-enamel
      adhesives as liner in the amalgam fillings.

PMID- 2636184
TI  - Saliva: 1. The nature of saliva.

PMID- 2636185
TI  - Cross infection control in dentistry. 2. Practice procedures.

PMID- 2636186
TI  - Patient acceptance of posterior composite restorations.

PMID- 2636187
TI  - Conservative treatment following unsuccessful apical surgery.

PMID- 2636188
TI  - The demise of the 'dental gas'?

PMID- 2636189
TI  - Root caries.

PMID- 2636190
TI  - The prevention of root caries.

PMID- 2636191
TI  - New wires for old.

PMID- 2636192
TI  - Endodontic treatment of the old tooth.

PMID- 2636193
TI  - Saliva. 2. Saliva and dental caries.

PMID- 2636194
TI  - An incisor retractor--a removable orthodontic appliance using preformed
      archwires.

PMID- 2636195
TI  - The NHS and market forces.

PMID- 2636196
TI  - The prevention of periodontal disease.

PMID- 2636197
TI  - Saliva: 3. Xerostomia--aetiology and management.

PMID- 2636198
TI  - Toothwear: aetiology and diagnosis.

PMID- 2636200
TI  - An unusual mandibular supernumerary.

PMID- 2636199
TI  - The endoscopic removal of a dental reamer from the colon.

PMID- 2636201
TI  - Physical and physiological correlates of behavioral inhibition.
AB  - Previous investigations have suggested that the temperamental quality of
      inhibition is related to the threshold of reactivity to unfamiliar events within
      certain limbic structures. In earlier work, children in three independent samples
      who had been selected to be inhibited were more likely to have blue than brown
      eyes, whereas uninhibited children were more likely to have brown eyes. The
      present study, which selected two-year-old children on the basis of eye color
      (blue or brown) rather than behavior, found a significant association between
      blue eyes and behavioral inhibition, and between brown eyes and an uninhibited
      style. Although the inhibited children were more likely to have a high and stable
      heart rate than were the uninhibited children, there was no relation between eye
      color and these cardiac measures. Several interpretations of the association
      between these temperamental categories and iris pigmentation are proposed.

PMID- 2636202
TI  - Conspecific screams and laughter: cardiac and behavioral reactions of infant
      chimpanzees.
AB  - The present study examined cardiac and behavioral reactions of infant chimpanzees
      to white noise and to conspecific screams and laughter. Chimpanzee screams evoked
      typical deceleratory cardiac orienting responses. Analysis of stimulus-evoked
      changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia suggested that this cardiac deceleration
      arose from an increase in parasympathetic activity. In contrast, chimpanzee
      laughter evoked notable cardiac acceleration. Laughter also evoked vocalizations
      from the infant subjects, which were reminiscent of adult threat-barks. Analysis
      of respiratory sinus arrhythmia suggested that the cardioacceleratory response
      likely resulted from sympathetic activation, and was not associated with an
      inhibition of parasympathetic activity. The autonomic and vocal responses to
      laughter emerged early in development, were minimally dependent on social contact
      with adults, and declined in magnitude with increasing age. A consideration of
      the phylogeny of laughter raised the possibility that the functional reaction to
      this vocalization may be related to its origin in more primitive agonistic facio
      vocal signals.

PMID- 2636203
TI  - Nutritive and nonnutritive sucking and the temporal organization of the suckling
      behavior of domestic piglets.
AB  - Detailed video recordings of the suckling behavior of one piglet from each of
      four litters were analyzed to determine how the components of piglet suckling
      behavior are organized in relation to the time of milk ejection and the temporal
      pattern of grunting by the sow. Early in the suckling episode, most piglets
      massaged the udder with their snouts, and then changed gradually to sucking the
      teats with slow mouth movements (1-2/sec). The piglets then had a distinct phase
      of sucking with rapid mouth movements (4-5/sec) which began suddenly and lasted
      about 5 to 15 sec. The weight gains of piglets removed at different times showed
      that piglets consumed milk during the fast sucking but not during the preceding
      slow sucking, regardless of how much slow sucking had occurred. Three of the four
      sows showed a characteristic increase in rate of grunting about 20 to 25 sec
      before fast sucking began. The piglets' change from massaging to slow sucking
      often coincided with the increase in grunt rate, but the timing of the transition
      varied greatly. This suggests that the change in grunting is one but not the only
      cue used by the piglets to time their suckling behavior. During the slow,
      nonnutritive sucking, mouth movements were highly variable in duration, with
      occasional short bursts of rapid mouth movements. This contrasted with the more
      uniform duration of fast sucking movements. Evidently, in piglets, nutritive and
      nonnutritive sucking differ in both rate and temporal patterning.

PMID- 2636204
TI  - Task constraints and infant grip configurations.
AB  - The prehensile grip configurations of infants aged 4 through 8 months were
      examined as they grasped objects that varied in size and shape. The findings
      revealed that infants as young as 4 months systematically differentiate grip
      configurations as a function of the object properties in essentially the same way
      that 8-month-old infants do. However, the younger 4-month-old infants
      predominantly used the haptic system in addition to the visual system for
      information pick-up regarding object properties, whereas 8-month-old infants
      predominantly used information from the visual system alone to differentiate grip
      configurations according to the object properties. Infants apparently perceive
      the same action-relevant information through different emphases of the sensory
      modes to drive the action system with a similar grip configuration for a given
      object. It is proposed that the traditional description of an orderly sequence to
      the development of infant prehension (e.g., Halverson, 1931) is too conservative
      and inflexible to capture the functionally adaptive prehensile behavior of
      infants to changing task constraints.

PMID- 2636205
TI  - Development of mother discrimination by single and multiple newborn lambs.
AB  - Most research on recognition of the ewe by her lamb has focused on lambs several
      days or even several weeks old, whereas newly born lambs have received little
      attention. The aim of this work was therefore to study the attraction of Merino
      lambs to postparturient ewes and their ability to discriminate between their own
      and alien mothers in a two-choice situation 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hr after
      birth. A comparison between singles and multiples was also made in 18 and 24-hr
      old lambs. When released in the testing pen, approximately 90% of the lambs in
      each group (older than 12 hr) spent more than 3 min with the two ewes during the
      5-min test. It was only from 24 hr old, however, that a high proportion of lambs
      spent at least two-thirds of this time close to their own mothers (correct
      choice). The proportion of singles spending more than 3 min with the ewes or
      making a correct choice was higher than that of multiples. This effect was
      related to litter size but not to birth weight. It is concluded that a majority
      of Merino lambs are clearly attracted to ewes by the time they are 18 hr old and
      can discriminate their own dams from alien mothers at about 24 hr of age. At this
      stage singles perform better than multiples.

PMID- 2636206
TI  - [Intraligamentary anesthesia of the lower jaw].
AB  - The author considers the application of intra-ligamental analgesia in oral
      surgery on the lower jaw. He reports 3421 cases treated from 1970 to 1987 by the
      Hospital U.S.L. zone 23 in Arezzo. The author evaluates the advantages and
      disadvantages, describes the various phases concerning the therapeutic treatment.
      He concludes that the use of intra-ligamental analgesia is better than the use of
      inferior alveolar block.

PMID- 2636207
TI  - Monoclonal antibody MAb C-50 in buccal mucosa cancer cells.
AB  - Staining patterns of cancerous and normal tissues from 20 cases of proven buccal
      cancer and ten control individuals respectively to monoclonal antibody MAb C-50
      were studied. Nine of 20 patients and 4 of 10 control individuals showed positive
      immunofluorescence respectively. There was no correlation between clinical stage
      of disease and MAb C-50 staining nor any significant difference between the
      ulcerative or exophytic growth groups. One section with T4 lesion of buccal
      cancer with normal salivary tissue showed positive immunofluorescence of normal
      salivary cells. In our study the presence of receptor for MAb C-50 on buccal
      mucosa cancer cells was found to be statistically insignificant.

PMID- 2636208
TI  - Blood bioamines, cortisol and aminoacid levels in leukemic patients.
AB  - In patients of chronic myeloid leukemia blood adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine
      and glutamate level were significantly elevated. The GABA levels were decreased
      along with no significant alterations in aspartate levels in these patients. In
      cases of acute myeloid leukemia only adrenaline and glutamate levels were
      enhanced with decreased GABA levels. However, plasma cortisol levels were
      significantly enhanced in both chronic and acute myeloid leukemia patients. These
      observations suggest that the circulating bioamines, cortisol and certain
      aminoacids level are considerably altered in chronic and acute myeloid leukemia.
      All these changes may possibly be attributed to the stress induced by the
      disease.

PMID- 2636209
TI  - Total particulate matter and nicotine in Indian bidis and cigarettes: a
      comparative study of standard machine estimates and exposure levels in smokers in
      Bombay.
AB  - Standard emission levels of total particulate matter (TPM) and nicotine in bidi
      and cigarette smoke were compared with exposure levels based on smoking behaviour
      of smokers in Bombay. Bombay cigarette smokers are getting much higher amount of
      carcinogenic dry TPM (28 to 79%) and nicotine (31 to 104%), compared to standard
      machine estimates. In the case of regular bidi (60 mm) harmful ingredients like
      dry TPM decreased from 11 to 15 percent and nicotine increased from 11 to 22
      percent, whereas long bidi (80 mm) delivered higher amount of dry TPM (14 to 22%)
      and nicotine (33 to 37%) in smokers in Bombay compared to standard machine
      estimates.

PMID- 2636210
TI  - Lymphnode infarction and lymphoma.
AB  - Lymphnode infarction is seen in two sets of situations viz. spontaneous banal
      infarction of non-neoplastic nodes, and in association with lymphoma. It needs to
      be differentiated from other causes of lymphnode as a phenomenon occurring
      synchronous with and occasionally preceding diagnosis of lymphoma is significant.

PMID- 2636211
TI  - Post laryngectomy complications and their mode of management--an analysis of 203
      cases.
AB  - Two hundred and three laryngectomized patients have been evaluated for the
      possible causes of post operative complications. 58 out of 203 patients (28.5%)
      developed pharyngocutaneous fistula. Wound infection was present in 57 cases
      (28%). Two patients had flap necrosis and 12 patients developed dysphagia after
      surgery due to pharyngeal stenosis. The possible causes attributed to high
      occurrence of pharyngocutaneous fistula are, advanced nature of disease,
      preoperative radio therapy and wound sepsis. Prior to 1980, the incidence of
      pharyngocutaneous fistula in our series (Arora et al. 1983) was 41.6 percent. But
      it decreased to 13.7 percent between January 1981 to June 1987. The important
      factors which led to the decreased incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula were
      thought to be the change of suture material for pharyngeal repair from chromic
      catgut to Vicryl, use of vacuum suction as a replacement of corrugated rubber
      drain and aseptic syringe drainage and postoperative coverage with broad spectrum
      antibiotics.

PMID- 2636212
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of bone tumors.
AB  - Two hundred and forty osteolytic lesions were biopsied by means of a fine needle.
      The procedure yielded adequate material in 92 percent of the cases. A definitive
      diagnosis with correct cell typing was provided in 89 per cent of the adequate
      samples. Processing of the aspirated clot in addition, in 142 cases, provided
      fragments of tumour tissue in its histological milieu, a feature lost in
      cytologic smears. FNAC can be effectively used in the screening of various
      musculo-skeletal mass lesions and their management.

PMID- 2636213
TI  - Fibrosarcoma breast. A case report.
AB  - The youngest case of Fibro-sarcoma of breast is reported. The review of
      literature and brief note of management is described.

PMID- 2636214
TI  - [Herbst appliance in modern orthodontics].

PMID- 2636215
TI  - [Morphology and position of mandible in Herbst treatment. Cephalometric analysis
      of changes to end of growth period].
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to analyse mandibular morphologic and jaw
      position changes in Herbst treatment on a short and long term basis. The patient
      material consisted of 12 boys with a Class II, Division 1 malocclusion treated
      with the Herbst appliance for a period of 6 months. The subjects were examined
      before treatment, after treatment, 1 year after treatment and at completion of
      growth (7 years after treatment). 10 boys with the same malocclusion as the
      Herbst cases served as controls. The method comprised of an analysis of profile
      roentgenograms in centric occlusion and with the mouth wide open. Herbst
      treatment resulted in an increase in jaw length and mandibular prognathism. The
      gonion angle was opened. These changes were accomplished by an increase in
      sagittal condylar growth and by bone resorption at the posterior part of the
      mandibular lower border. During the follow up period after removal of the Herbst
      appliance the treatment changes reverted and were comparable to those of the
      control subjects. No statistically significant long-term influence of Herbst
      treatment on mandibular morphology and jaw position could be verified.

PMID- 2636216
TI  - [Position changes of mandibular condyle in Herbst treatment. Radiographic study].
AB  - The study aimed to analyse the short- und long-term changes in condyle position
      in Class II/1 malocclusions treated with the Herbst appliance. Cephalometric
      reoentgenograms from a Herbst group (n = 30, mean age 12.1 years) were compared
      to those of a Control group (n = 12, mean age 11.0 years). The total observation
      period was 3 1/2 years. Centric occlusion and mouth open profile roentgenograms
      (to visualize the condyle) were analysed at four occasions. Mandibular tracings
      from the mouth open headfilms were superimposed on the centric occlusion
      headfilms using the Nasion-Sella-Line (NSL) for reference. NSL and its
      perpendicle NSLP through Sella (S) were used as a reference grid for linear
      measurements. When starting Herbst treatment the condyle was displaced 6 mm
      anteriorly and caudally. After 7 months of treatment the condyle was located 0.8
      mm caudally to the pre-treatment position. No difference existed, however,
      between the Herbst and Control group. During the total observation period of 3
      1/2 years the condyle in both examination groups moved caudally and posteriorly.
      This was thought to be a result of normal growth changes. It was concluded that
      Herbst treatment did not have an adverse effect on the position of the condyle.

PMID- 2636217
TI  - [Contribution to question of etiology of functional damage to the stomatognathic
      system. Clinical, biochemical and electromyographic study].

PMID- 2636218
TI  - [Influence of functional orthodontic appliance on bite force of a patient].

PMID- 2636219
TI  - [Evaluation of results of surgical orthodontic treatment of retained canines].

PMID- 2636220
TI  - Rapidly progressive periodontitis in young adults: two case studies with 10-year
      followup. The role of active and maintenance therapy.

PMID- 2636221
TI  - Use of provisional restorations to develop and achieve esthetic expectations.

PMID- 2636222
TI  - Newly forming bone autografts to treat periodontal infrabony pockets: clinical
      and histological events.

PMID- 2636223
TI  - Osseointegration: its impact on the interrelationship of periodontics and
      restorative dentistry: Part I.

PMID- 2636224
TI  - Proinflammatory effects of interleukin 1 in the rat air pouch.
AB  - We have utilized the 6-day air-pouch model in rats to study the local tissue
      response to interleukin-1 exposure. Injection of either recombinant human
      interleukin 1 alpha (rIL-1 alpha) or interleukin 1 beta (rIL-1 beta) directly
      into preformed air pouches caused a 10- to 100-fold increase in the number of
      white blood cells present within the pouch. On a weight basis, rIL-1 beta was
      more active than rIL-1 alpha. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) represented the
      majority of cells entering the pouch following either a single injection or
      repeated daily injections of rIL-1 alpha or rIL-1 beta. Significant increases in
      the number of mononuclear cells present were observed only following repeated
      injections. Repeated injections of rIL-1 beta, but not rIL-1 alpha, also caused
      the accumulation of large amounts of fluid within preformed pouches and a grossly
      apparent thickening of the connective-tissue lining of the pouch. Microscopic
      examination of stained sections of pouch lining tissue indicated a proliferation
      of the connective-tissue elements of the lining and deposition of large
      quantities of extracellular collagen within the pouch wall. These findings are
      entirely consistent with a role for interleukin 1 in the development and
      perpetuation of inflammatory reactions.

PMID- 2636225
TI  - Serum antibodies to cow's milk folate-binding protein in patients with chronic
      inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Antibodies to folate-binding protein (FBP) of cow's milk were studied in serum
      from patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD), since earlier
      studies had shown IgG- and IgM-serum antibodies to other isotypes of milk
      proteins to be elevated in such patients, indicating a possible primary role or
      an epiphenomenon in the pathogenesis of CIBD. The amount of IgG antibodies to FBP
      was compared to disease activity, localization and duration by means of a newly
      developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No statistically significant
      differences were seen between groups of patients with ulcerative colitis or
      Crohn's disease, as compared to healthy volunteers. Median values of FBP for
      ulcerative colitis were: 13 units/ml (4-74), for Crohn's disease: 14 units/ml (7
      73), and healthy volunteers: 14 units/ml (4-51). No correlation was seen when
      comparing serum antibody values to disease activity, localization or duration.
      The intra-assay coefficient of variation of the ELISA technique was 0.05. The
      concentration of FBP in cow's milk (10 mg/l) is more than 50 times lower than
      that of other proteins (albumin, lactoglobulin, and casein). Even if a local
      defect in the endothelial barrier in these diseases may allow access of other
      milk protein antigens into the blood circulation, FBP is consequently not of
      importance for the humoral immune response in CIBD.

PMID- 2636227
TI  - Ethics in nursing.

PMID- 2636226
TI  - Ethical challenge of the new decade.

PMID- 2636228
TI  - Imperiled infants: nurses' roles in ethical decision-making.
AB  - Using a case study approach this article explores two critical ethical-emotional
      issues that arise in the nursing care of imperiled infants. The questions
      concerning who should decide and what should be decided about the care of these
      infants are discussed. Roles of the parents, physician, and nurse are examined in
      relation to decision-making. An emphasis is placed on the role of the nurse with
      three criteria supporting nursing involvement being identified. Ethical theories,
      ethics by committee, and guidelines for decision-making are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2636229
TI  - Parental voices in the sea of neonatal ethical dilemmas.
AB  - Ethical debate in neonatal intensive care centers around the lower limits of
      viability, the use of multiple invasive procedures, and the role of paternalism.
      The parents' perspective has been addressed infrequently. This report will focus
      on the parents' statements as obtained through predischarge in-depth interviews
      with 32 families, each with a high-risk infant(s). Discussion will include a
      summary of the range of parental perceptions during two major periods of time:
      preadmission to the NICU and the NICU experience itself. Some possible nursing
      implications will be drawn that reflect a sensitive response to these parental
      perceptions.

PMID- 2636230
TI  - Ethical issues in organ retrieval from anencephalic infants.
AB  - A number of ethical issues have been created by the possibility of transplanting
      organs from anencephalic infants to other children who need an organ in order to
      live. The issues of moral justification of the practice, adequacy of informed
      consent procedures involved, and the potential constraints on female integrity
      are explored and the relevant arguments for and against transplantation efforts
      are discussed. Nurses are encouraged to become knowledgeable about the issues and
      to enter into public discussion of the issues as policy initiatives are proposed.

PMID- 2636231
TI  - Institutional ethics committees: a survey of children's hospitals.
AB  - Institutional ethics committees first gained national prominence after the 1976
      Karen Ann Quinlin decision by the New Jersey Supreme Court. However, it wasn't
      until the Federal Government promulgated the Baby Doe regulations in 1983 that
      significant movement occurred toward implementing such committees. Currently,
      statistics show that the number of ethics committees are increasing in health
      care institutions across the country. However, the majority of studies have
      focused on adult institutions. The membership of ethics committees and the
      objectives under which the committees function are usually addressed by the
      studies. Very little attention has been given to the nursing representation on
      the institutional ethics committee and the unique role played by nurses in the
      deliberation of ethical decision-making. It is the intent of this research to
      shed some light on the availability and functions of ethics committees within
      children's hospitals. Attention has also been given to the nurses' involvement on
      such committees. Additionally, the study takes a separate look at nursing ethics
      committees, their function within an institution, and the availability of ethics
      education for nurses. The study offers information not previously acknowledged in
      past studies of ethics committees. The study also opens up to consideration the
      unique concerns of nurses and their roles in ethical decision-making.

PMID- 2636232
TI  - Nurses' involvement in ethical decision-making with severely ill newborns.
AB  - This study was an exploratory investigation of the extent and nature of nurses'
      reported participation in the resolution of treatment dilemmas for infants with
      severe congenital anomalies. Participants in the study were 83 registered nurses
      from neonatal intensive care units in five large urban hospitals in the
      Southwest. Data were collected through the use of intensive semi-structured
      interviews with each participant and nurse responses to an investigator designed
      case study instrument, The Nursing Ethical Decision-Making Scale. Results
      indicated that a majority (85%) of the nurses in the study do not participate in
      a substantial way in decisions to initiate or forego life-sustaining treatment
      for their infant patients, yet they bear the major responsibility for
      implementing those decisions. The lack of participation in the decision-making
      process was cited by 70% of the nurses as being a major source of occupational
      stress and ethical anguish. Nurses with graduate educational preparation or
      advanced clinical practitioner education tended to take a more active role in
      decision-making. Other factors that appeared to promote participation in decision
      making included nurse perceptions of administrative support for involvement, the
      existence of internal mechanisms for communication about treatment dilemmas
      (including infant care review committees), and hospital affiliation with a
      medical school. Eighty-seven percent of the nurses identified themselves as the
      infant's primary advocate, but only 20% of that group reported that they would
      pursue decisions through the chain of command outside the neonatal unit if they
      believed that an infant was not receiving appropriate treatment.

PMID- 2636233
TI  - Effectiveness of matched, mismatched, and package treatments of depression.
AB  - The three purposes of this study were: (a) to determine if treatment that is
      matched to a depressed subject's problematic behavioral response class
      (irrational cognitions, social skills problems, few pleasant events) is more
      effective in alleviating depression than is mismatched treatment; (b) to
      determine if a package treatment is as effective as or more effective than a
      matched treatment and more effective than a mismatched treatment in alleviating
      depression; and (c) to determine if a specific treatment produces more changes in
      its logically-related response class than in logically-unrelated response
      classes. Nine depressed women were assigned to one of three multiple baseline
      designs across subjects; subjects in each design received, respectively, matched,
      mismatched, or a package treatment. Results strengthened two hypotheses, that
      matched treatment and package treatment are both effective in alleviating
      depression. Specific treatments did not, however, differentially affect their
      logically-related response classes.

PMID- 2636234
TI  - Cognitive impulsivity training: the effects of peer teaching.
AB  - An investigation was conducted into the effects of peer teaching on two 10 1/2
      year-old hospitalized impulsive children. One of these, the subject-teacher, was
      given cognitive behavioral self-instructional training for four weeks and
      subsequently prompted to train a peer in the problem-solving skills that he had
      just learned. Initial treatment effects on the subject-teacher, additive benefits
      obtained by his teaching a peer, and the treatment effects on the subject-pupil
      were examined using multiple dependent measures. The procedure was found
      advantageous to both subject-teacher and subject-pupil. Limitations of single
      subject experiments and the need for using multiple measures in assessing
      treatment gains from self-instructional training to reduce impulsivity are
      discussed.

PMID- 2636235
TI  - Invited case transcript. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a behavioral case
      formulation.
AB  - The interviewing skills of many behavior therapists are inadequate and several
      possible reasons are discussed. The present manuscript focuses on construction of
      initial clinical hypotheses. A strategy for developing and testing initial
      hypotheses is presented and illustrated by transcripts from a complex case. The
      transcript is taken from the initial interviews with a 26 year old woman
      presenting the problems of emotional distress related to thoughts of harming
      others, and anxiety concerning her difficulty in controlling physical aggression.
      A behavioral analysis of the origins and maintaining factors indicated that while
      the patient's compulsions were a vehicle to manage anxiety, the wellspring of her
      attempts to exert control over her thoughts was a fear of anger, loss of control,
      negative evaluation, criticism, and rejection. Distal and proximal predisposing
      events were examined in order to help explain the development of this maladaptive
      behavioral pattern, and to plan therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 2636236
TI  - Enhancing the management of secondary encopresis by assessing acceptability of
      treatment: a case study.
AB  - This clinical case study utilized a behavioral treatment sequence to assist an 11
      year-old encopretic male who had been refractory to prior treatments. The
      sequence included: (1) positive reinforcement of bowel movements and the non
      occurrence of soiling accidents; (2) self-evaluation; (3) positive practice; (4)
      milk of magnesia; (5) diet modifications; and (6) a numbered underwear strategy.
      The treatment was initiated on a pediatric inpatient unit and then generalized to
      the child's home environment. Parental acceptability of treatment was assessed
      during a three-day home visit while the procedure was implemented by the parents.
      The combination of behavioral treatment with milk of magnesia eliminated soiling
      accidents and increased the frequency of appropriate bowel movements. Results
      were maintained throughout a one-year follow-up.

PMID- 2636237
TI  - [Surveillance using vitreo-fluoro-photometry of diabetics treated with an insulin
      pump, without or with minimal retinopathy. Results after 3 years].
AB  - In order to appreciate quantitatively the effect of strict metabolic control
      obtained with continuous insulin infusion, we have carried out a clinical,
      angiographical and vitreofluorophotometrical follow-up during a mean period of 36
      months, on 21 eyes of 11 patients treated with intraperitoneal insulin pump for
      brittle diabetes. Patients had no (5 patients) or minimal retinopathy (less than
      10 microanevrysms, no exsudate or ischemic areas) (6 patients). At the same time,
      vitreous fluorophotometry was performed on one eye of 15 volunteer patients
      without any ocular or general pathology. Vitreous fluorophotometry measurements
      were made with the Fluorotron Master; after substraction of background
      autofluorescence, and spread function, results are expressed by the level of
      posterior vitreous penetration by fluorescein. Good metabolic control was
      achieved during the study (mean +/- S.D. glycemia = 1.47 g/l +/- 0.21, mean +/-
      S.D. HbA1 = 7.99% +/- 0.84). Final visual acuities were identical to initial
      ones, there was no angiographical evolution of the retinopathy, and final
      vitreous fluorophotometry data (OD = 4.19 10(-6)/mn +/- 0.44 S.E.M., OS = 3.28
      10(-6)/mn +/- 0.51 S.E.M.) did not statistically differ from the initial data (OD
      = 3.88 10(-6)/mn +/- 0.49 S.E.M., OS = 4.08 10(-6)/mn +/- 0.64 S.E.M.). On the
      contrary, volunteers' measurements (2.15 10(-6)/mn +/- 0.26 S.E.M.) were
      significantly lower than initial (p less than 0.01) and final (p less than 0.05)
      diabetics' measurements. These results confirm the early breakdown of the blood
      retinal barrier during diabetic disease, and would support the notion of a
      favorable effect of strict metabolic control on early stages of diabetic
      retinopathy.

PMID- 2636238
TI  - [Prognostic value of HLA B5 antigen in isolated anterior uveitis in Behcet's
      disease].

PMID- 2636239
TI  - [Preventive cryotherapy of the retina and cataract surgery].
AB  - The prevention of aphakic retinal detachment by cryotherapy is controversial. No
      study up to now has compared results. We performed a retrospective study of two
      groups of patients: both groups consisted of patients with mature cataract and
      certain risk factors for retinal detachment (myopia, previous retinal detachment
      in the eye in study or in the fellow eye etc.) in the first group (n = 299)
      circumferential cryopexy has been performed prior to cataract extraction while in
      the second group (n = 149) no prophylaxis has been done. Comparison between the
      two groups did not reveal any protection afforded by prior cryotherapy: despite
      the prophylactic cryotherapy, 7 patients (2.3%) in the first group developed a
      retinal detachment post cataract extraction; two patients (1.3%) in the second
      group developed a retinal detachment; both were high-risk patients. These results
      lead us to conclude that prophylactic treatment does not necessarily prevent this
      complication. The best prophylaxis appears to be careful regularly performed
      examination of the peripheral retina both pre- and post-operatively.

PMID- 2636240
TI  - [Treatment of retinal detachment by pneumatic retinopexy].
AB  - In this article the authors describe a modification of the classic method of
      pneumatic retinopexy for treatment of retinal detachment. They used a mixture of
      40% SF6 and 60% air and performed a trans-scleral ab externo drainage of the sub
      retinal fluid. Results in 24 cases have been favorable. They consider this method
      to have the following advantages: shorter hospitalization, reduction of ocular
      trauma, fewer pre- and post-operative complications, lower hospital costs.

PMID- 2636241
TI  - [Wedge resection, corrective treatment of giant corneal astigmatism].
AB  - This study divides major astigmatism into 2 groups for which the authors advocate
      a new type of wedge resection. Group I includes 18 patients with astigmatism
      occurring as a complication of penetrating keratoplasty. Group II includes 10
      patients with astigmatism due to circumscribed peripheral limbal corneal
      dystrophy. Wedge resection over a 180 degrees corneal arc resulted in a
      significant reduction of preoperative astigmatism and an improvement of visual
      acuity. Use of a photokeratoanalysor could permit better prediction of the
      expected effect of wedge resection. This instrument provides measurements of all
      corneal parameters necessary for determining whether surgery should be performed
      and which technique to use.

PMID- 2636242
TI  - [Contrast sensitivity is not only an additional complementary test].
AB  - Contrast sensitivity gives new insight on visual troubles encountered in
      ophthalmology. Indeed the measurement of this function yields some explanations
      on how vision is impaired by diseases frequently observed by clinicians. The
      deficits seen in strabismic amblyopes raise the possibility that the neural
      impairment in amblyopia is derived from a single continuum, varying in degree.
      The absence of stimulation of the size-selective detectors processing high
      spatial frequencies accounts for the shape of the contrast sensitivity curve in
      congenital nystagmus. Glaucomatous or multiple sclerosis patients show early
      deficits in medium range spatial frequencies where the sensitivity is the
      highest. These changes appear sometimes before any other investigation can detect
      them. When compared with physiological results using the same sinusoidal gradings
      as stimuli, contrast sensitivity gives reliable informations on how visual
      information is processed by the brain.

PMID- 2636243
TI  - [A case of Gaucher's disease associated with peripheral retinal ischemia].
AB  - A 24 years old girl affected by Gaucher's disease showed a wide peripheral
      retinal vascular ischemia with new vessel. This could be either a fortuitous
      association between a Gaucher's disease and Eales' syndrome or an ocular
      complication of Gaucher's disease not previously described. A symptomatic
      panretinalphotocoagulation has been performed and resulted in new vessels
      involution.

PMID- 2636244
TI  - [Study of 2 lenses of myopic epikeratoplasty].

PMID- 2636245
TI  - [In vitro study of propamidine isethionate: value in the follow-up of
      Acanthamoeba amebic keratitis].
AB  - Propamidine isethionate eye drops is one of the treatments which are used against
      amebic keratitis with Acanthamoeba. Several strains of Acanthamoeba, having been
      tested with this drug during several weeks, did show off a resistance. The
      authors come to the conclusion that in vitro sensitivity must be examined and
      therapy must be perfect since the beginning.

PMID- 2636246
TI  - Measurement of bone mineral density in amenorrheic women with dual photon
      absorptiometry.
AB  - Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 17 patients with gonadal dysgenesis,
      21 patients with premature ovarian failure, 14 patients with hyperprolactinemia,
      23 patients postoophorectomy and 41 normal healthy women. Each group was divided
      into two subgroups, on the basis of whether or not they were receiving estrogen
      replacement therapy. Linear regression analysis showed a significant loss of BMD
      at a rate of 0.006 g/cm2 per year in the lumbar spine of normal healthy women.
      The distribution of individual values in each study group was near or within
      normal confidence limits, except for the group with gonadal dysgenesis. The mean
      BMD of each group without estrogen replacement therapy was significantly less
      than that of the control group. There was a significant correlation between the
      duration of amenorrhea and BMD values in the groups with premature ovarian
      failure and postoophorectomy. These results indicate that BMD, measured by dual
      photon absorptiometry, was reduced in amenorrheic patients, especially in
      patients with gonadal dysgenesis. Estrogen replacement therapy was able to
      decrease the severity of bone loss, but failed to increase the bone mass. Dual
      photon absorptiometry (DPA) is a simple, effective, and accurate tool for
      assessing the severity of osteoporosis and monitoring the effect of therapy.

PMID- 2636247
TI  - Detection of transmural myocardial infarction by single-photon emission computed
      tomography with thallium-201: comparison with planar imaging.
AB  - The ability of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with thallium
      201 to detect transmural myocardial infarction was compared with that of planar
      imaging. Planar imaging was performed at rest after SPECT in 80 patients with the
      first myocardial infarction and in 20 patients without myocardial infarction. The
      planar and SPECT images were interpreted qualitatively. Tomography was
      significantly more sensitive than planar imaging in detecting inferior
      infarctions (43/46 or 93% vs 22/46 or 48%; p less than 0.05). In detecting
      anterior infarctions, the sensitivity rate was 92% (35/38) for SPECT and 79%
      (30/38) for planar imaging (p = NS). The overall sensitivity was 93% for
      tomography and 63% for planar imaging (p less than 0.05). The specificity was
      similar (100%) with the 2 techniques. It is concluded that SPECT significantly
      improves the detection of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion defects in patients
      with myocardial infarctions, especially those occurring on the inferior wall.

PMID- 2636248
TI  - Treatment of refractory or relapsed adult acute leukemia by using mitoxantrone
      containing regimens.
AB  - Twenty-eight adult patients with primary refractory or relapsed acute leukemia
      were treated. The regimens consisted of mitoxantrone plus cytosine arabinoside
      for 17 patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and mitoxantrone
      accompanied with vincristine and prednisolone for 11 patients with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In primary refractory patients, 1 of the 4 (25%)
      ANLL and 1 of the 3 (33%) ALL attained complete remission (CR). Excluding 2
      patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation, 8 of the 13 (62%) relapsed
      ANLL and 4 of the 8 (50%) relapsed ALL achieved CR with a median duration of
      remission of 6.2 months and 3.8 months, respectively. Myelosuppression occurred
      in all treatment courses and was associated with pyrexia due to infections in 84%
      of the cases. Nausea, vomiting and stomatitis were mild. Abnormal liver function
      tests were observed in 8 (28%) patients. One patient, pretreated with 550 mg/m2
      of doxorubicin, developed congestive heart failure. The results suggest that
      mitoxantrone is of value in the treatment of Chinese patients with refractory or
      relapsed acute leukemia.

PMID- 2636249
TI  - Aplastic anemia in Taiwan and its etiological factors.
AB  - Ninety patients with a strict diagnosis of aplastic anemia were observed during a
      4-year period. The incidence of aplastic anemia is estimated to be much higher
      here than in western countries. A disproportionately large number of young males
      were noted among our patients. Two cases were congenital. One case presented a
      past history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. The etiology of 8 cases
      (8.9%) could be attributed to drugs and/or chemicals. In the remaining 79 cases
      (87.8%), the causes of the disease were unknown. The carrier rate of the
      hepatitis B surface antigen in the patients with aplastic anemia was similar to
      that of the general population, and chronic hepatitis B infection was not
      considered a major etiological factor. Coexistence of abnormal liver functions at
      the initial presentation was noted in 21.9% of the patients. Exposure to unknown
      drugs by self-medication was possibly one of the major causes of the high
      incidence of aplastic anemia and the associated abnormal liver functions in our
      patients.

PMID- 2636250
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of normal human peripheral blood cells.
AB  - To investigate the surface morphology of peripheral blood cells, venous blood
      specimens drawn from 16 normal healthy subjects were studied with scanning
      electron microscopy. Blood cells were fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde and stained
      with Riu's A and B solutions. Red blood cells, platelets and specific types of
      leucocytes were identified and photographed through a light microscope. The cells
      were then fixed with OSO4, dehydrated, dried and metal-coated. Observation with a
      scanning electron microscope revealed that the erythrocytes were biconcave in
      shape with smooth surfaces. Adhesion to one another was in rouleaux formation.
      The surface morphology of the neutrophils was characterized by irregular and
      branching ridges. Prominent pits on the cell membranes were also noted. A few
      microvilli, similar to those seen in lymphocytes, were distributed sporadically
      on the surface. Lymphocytes were much smaller in size than neutrophils. Variable
      amounts of short upright microvilli, which probably represented the different
      functional status of the cells, were observed. The monocytes possessed folding
      cellular processes, while the eosinophils had a villous and granular appearance.
      Circulating platelets existed in two forms: the native form with discoid shape
      and the activated form with pseudopodia. The surface was smooth. It is concluded
      that most peripheral blood cells can be identified by their specific topographic
      characters. The information thus obtained by scanning electron microscopy can
      facilitate the cytodiagnosis of abnormal specimens such as sputum, pleural
      effusion and ascites.

PMID- 2636251
TI  - The effect of health education for diabetics in the community.
AB  - Diabetic care in the community has become a public health issue. To assess the
      effect of a community diabetes care program (CDCP) on knowledge acquisition and
      its impact on metabolic control, a 2-year study including 260 non-insulin
      dependent diabetics from two different districts in Taipei city was conducted.
      The experimental group consisted of 140 cases. The remaining 120 cases served as
      controls. Preintervention knowledge scores were significantly correlated with the
      formal education level and the duration of diabetes [Diabetic knowledge score =
      50.06 + 0.82 (duration of education in years) + 0.23 (duration of diabetes in
      years), p less than 0.001]. A large increase in the knowledge scores for
      experimental patients was noted 1 year after intervention. A significant
      difference in diabetic knowledge still existed between the control and
      experimental groups 2 years after intervention. HbAlc levels (mean +/- SD) for
      the experimental patients decreased from a baseline of 7.47 +/- 1.87% to 7.23 +/-
      1.68% and 6.88 +/- 1.30% 1 year and 2 years after intervention, respectively.
      However, no significant decrease was found in the control group (7.20 +/- 2.00%
      at baseline and 6.98 +/- 1.96%, and 7.14 +/- 2.25% at 1 year and 2 years after
      intervention, respectively). Reduction in body weight was found in the
      experimental group. In order of baseline, 1 year and 2 years after intervention,
      the results were 63.6 +/- 9.6, 62.6 +/- 9.3 and 62.5 +/- 9.2 kg, respectively.
      There was no remarkable change in body weight in the control group during the 2
      year observation period. In conclusion, an integrated approach to CDCP provides a
      cost-effective method for management of diabetes in the community.

PMID- 2636252
TI  - Cutaneous abscess caused by Nocardia brasiliensis: report of a case.
AB  - We report a case of cutaneous Nocardia brasiliensis infection. The patient had
      received radiotherapy and anti-neoplastic chemotherapy for epidermoid carcinoma
      of the left sphenoid sinus with bone destruction. He developed fever and an ulcer
      on the dorsal medial surface of the left hand after an intravenous infusion of
      chemotherapeutic agents in the same site 3 days earlier. Needle aspiration of the
      abscess disclosed polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and a partially acid-fast, gram
      positive filamentous branching organism. Cultures of the aspirate grew N.
      brasiliensis 1 week later. The patient was treated successfully with a regimen of
      parenteral ceftazidime and amikacin with definite improvement 1 week later.
      Therapy was continued for 1 more week, and then the patient was switched to oral
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 3 months with no recurrence. The diagnosis,
      clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of cutaneous abscesses cause by
      N. brasiliensis are discussed.

PMID- 2636253
TI  - Large mass-like pulmonary cryptococcosis: report of 2 cases.
AB  - Pulmonary cryptococcosis, a less common fungal infection, frequently reveals
      nodular lesions (single or multiple) and patchy infiltrations (alveolar or
      interstitial) on chest X rays. A large mass-like pattern is less common. Here we
      report 2 cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis with negative bronchoscopic findings.
      One patient received a right lower lobectomy under the impression of malignancy;
      the other received a transthoracic needle aspiration, and numerous cryptococci
      were found by India ink preparation. Thus, pulmonary cryptococcosis should be
      included in the differential diagnosis of a mass lesion. A brief review of the
      literature is also included about diagnostic approach and management of pulmonary
      cryptococcosis.

PMID- 2636254
TI  - [Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta associated with local consumption
      coagulopathy].
AB  - Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta associated with local consumption coagulopathy
      is a rare clinical entity. We report one such case, a 71-year-old man with
      DeBakey type I aortic dissection and bleeding tendency. This patient had aortic
      dissection 4 years previous, and had developed a bleeding tendency in the last 2
      years. Both computed tomographic scan and digital subtraction angiographic
      studies revealed DeBakey type I aortic dissection starting at the ascending aorta
      and extending all the way down to the renal artery, with an inlet at the aortic
      arch. The area of false lumen was larger than that of the true lumen, and thrombi
      were noted within the false lumen. A detailed blood coagulation study of this
      patient showed thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. Blood coagulation studies in an
      additional 13 patients, who were seen at NTUH during the past 1 year with aortic
      dissection, but without the bleeding tendency, revealed no sign of coagulopathy.
      From analysis of these patients, we note that a large surface area in a false
      lumen, thrombus formation within a false lumen and blood flow into a false lumen
      with stasis seem to be the major determinants for causing coagulopathy in
      patients with aortic dissection. The treatment of aortic dissection with bleeding
      tendency caused by local consumption coagulopathy is graft replacement of the
      aneurysm. Hemostatic abnormalities may cause excessive blood loss during surgical
      operation, and careful and meticulous management of hemostasis are required.

PMID- 2636255
TI  - [5-Fluorouracil in trabeculectomy: preliminary report].
AB  - Subconjunctival 5-FU injections were used as an adjunctive therapy in
      trabeculectomy for high risk glaucoma patients. We injected 5 mg once a day for
      five to seven days as a routine treatment. For the first 10 eyes, the injections
      were started immediately after the operation. However, for the remaining 9 eyes,
      the injections began 24 to 48 hours postoperative. If the appearance of the bleb
      was not prominent or enriched in vascularity, the duration of the injections
      should be extended to 10 to 14 days. At least 8 months of follow-up were
      available for 19 eyes, including aphakic glaucoma, 8 eyes; neovascular glaucoma,
      2 eyes; previous failed filter, 6 eyes; total collapse of the anterior chamber
      with leucoma adherence, 1 eye; glaucoma due to mesodermal dysgenesis, 1 eye; and
      juvenile glaucoma, 1 eye (whose fellow eye had received twice failed filtering
      procedures). The results revealed a success rate of 79% (intraocular pressure
      below 22mmHg with or without topical medication). The success rate for aphakic
      glaucoma was 63% (5/8), for neovascular glaucoma 100% (2/2) and for the failed
      filters 83% (5/6). We also presume that 5-FU injections would be effective in the
      treatment of to abnormally marked fibrous proliferations caused by age factors.
      The complications related to the use of 5-FU include corneal epithelial defect
      4/9 (21%), conjunctival leak 3/9 (16%), subconjunctival hematoma 1/19 (5%), and
      conjunctival sterile ulcer 1/19 (5%).

PMID- 2636256
TI  - Properties of a phosphocarrier protein (HPr) extracted from intact cells of
      Streptococcus sanguis.
AB  - Cells of Streptococcus sanguis strain Challis were incubated with sodium
      lauroylsarcosinate to extract surface proteins. A polypeptide of apparent
      molecular mass 16 kDa comprising about 12% of the extract was purified using
      anion-exchange chromatography. The polypeptide was shown to be a phosphocarrier
      protein (HPr) that could also be found in the soluble (cytoplasmic) fraction from
      cells broken by homogenization with glass beads. In vivo labelling of S. sanguis
      cells with 32Pi showed that the polypeptide carried a heat- and acid-stable
      phosphorylation and that during sucrose starvation the HPr became
      dephosphorylated. Antiserum raised to the S. sanguis HPr reacted on Western blots
      with HPrs from all oral streptococci tested, together with strains of S. pyogenes
      and S. salivarius, but not with HPrs from S. faecalis or S. bovis, nor with
      proteins from Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Actinomyces viscosus and
      various lactobacilli. The S. sanguis HPr had a high content of alanine (17.2%)
      and was similar in overall amino acid composition to the HPrs from S. mutans an
      S. salivarius. The N-terminal residues (to 37) of the S. sanguis HPr showed
      strong sequence identity (82%) with the N-terminal sequence of S. faecalis HPr.
      It is suggested that HPr in S. sanguis is associated closely with the cytoplasmic
      membrane. Non-disruptive methods of removing cell-surface proteins from
      streptococci effect release of HPr and possibly other cytoplasmic components.

PMID- 2636257
TI  - Antigenic and structural analysis of Treponema denticola.
AB  - Polypeptide and Western immunoblot profiles of subcellular fractions of Treponema
      denticola ATCC 33520 have been determined by SDS-PAGE of Triton X-100-soluble and
      -insoluble fractions, a lipopolysaccharide-enriched fraction and purified
      flagella. Major Triton X-100-soluble polypeptides of 72, 68, 54 and 52 kDa were
      detected. The 54 kDa polypeptide appeared to be a breakdown product of a larger,
      heat-modifiable polypeptide. Based on the results of SDS-PAGE analysis and
      immunoblotting of proteinase K digests of T. denticola, a 'rough'
      lipopolysaccharide appeared to be present. Electron microscopy has been used to
      monitor the effect of detergent treatment on the morphology of the organism and
      to examine the detailed structure of the flagella. Treatment with Triton removed
      the T. denticola outer membrane, resulting in exposure of the flagella. The
      flagella were shown to have a complex sheath and core structure and polypeptide
      composition characteristic of that observed for other treponemes. Polypeptides of
      38, 35, 32 and 28 kDa were present in purified flagella preparations.
      Immunoelectron microscopy, iodine-labelling and Western blotting were used to
      demonstrate the exposure of antigens on the T. denticola surface. Surface
      iodination located polypeptides of 72, 68 and 54 kDa. Antiserum raised against
      whole cells of T. denticola recognized these polypeptides and an additional
      polypeptide of 52 kDa. These data provide a basis for future detailed molecular
      analysis of the ultrastructure and antigenicity of T. denticola.

PMID- 2636258
TI  - Adherence of multiple serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis to a common receptor on
      HeLa and McCoy cells is mediated by thermolabile protein(s).
AB  - Several aspects of the adherence of purified elementary bodies (EB) of Chlamydia
      trachomatis to HeLa and to McCoy cells were examined using different techniques,
      including an ELISA. Serovar-specific, biotinylated monoclonal antibodies were
      used to detect cell-bound chlamydiae. In addition, purified chlamydiae were
      biotinylated and their adherence properties were studied. The assays were done at
      4 degrees C to exclude the energy-dependent internalization of the cell-bound EB
      and host-cell membrane recycling that occur at 37 degrees C. Saturation kinetics
      were routinely observed at 4 degrees C, and the rate of adherence remained linear
      for approximately 60 min. Lineweaver-Burk analysis of the kinetics data showed
      that adherence of any one serovar was competitively inhibited by other serovars
      of C. trachomatis. This competition for the same receptor on the two alternative
      hosts, HeLa and McCoy, was also seen when the adherence assays were done at 37
      degrees C in the presence of sodium azide, an energy poison that inhibits
      endocytosis of cell-bound chlamydiae. Chlamydiae exposed to 56 degrees C for 5
      min, or treated with low doses of trypsin, failed to exhibit competitive
      inhibition, having suffered considerable loss of the ability to adhere to host
      cells. These data suggest that heat- and trypsin-labile chlamydial moieties
      participate in the adherence reaction, and that oculo-genital serovars of C.
      trachomatis, including that of lymphogranuloma venereum, attach to the same
      receptor on the host-cell membrane.

PMID- 2636259
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of a major outer-membrane protein of
      Fusobacterium nucleatum.
AB  - The major outer-membrane proteins of 40-41 kDa were identified by sodium dodecyl
      sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in Fusobacterium nucleatum
      strains ATCC 10953, ATCC 25586, F3, F6 and Fev1. The proteins were purified by
      preparative gel electrophoresis. Their behaviour in gel filtration and gel
      electrophoresis, their sensitivity to proteolytic enzymes, and their amino acid
      composition were investigated. The purified proteins were partly sequenced from
      the N-terminal end. A 36.5 kDa portion was protected against extrinsic
      proteolytic (trypsin, chymotrypsin or pronase) digestion of whole cells. This
      polypeptide was isolated and partially sequenced from the N-terminal end. From
      these data and data from extrinsic iodination it was concluded that the N
      terminal end of the protein is probably exposed on the surface of the cell. A
      database search revealed amino acid sequence similarity in an Ala-Pro-rich region
      of outer-membrane protein A (OmpA) in other Gram-negative bacteria.

PMID- 2636260
TI  - Inactivation of Coxiella burnetii by gamma irradiation.
AB  - The gamma radiation inactivation kinetics for Coxiella burnetii at -79 degrees C
      were exponential. The radiation dose needed to reduce the number of infective C.
      burnetii by 90% varied from 0.64 to 1.2 kGy depending on the phase of the micro
      organism, purity of the culture and composition of suspending menstruum. The
      viability of preparations containing 10(11) C. burnetii ml-1 was completely
      abolished by 10 kGy without diminishing antigenicity or ability to elicit a
      protective immune response in vaccinated mice. Immunocytochemical examinations
      using monoclonal antibodies and electron microscopy demonstrated that radiation
      doses of 20 kGy did not alter cell-wall morphology or cell-surface antigenic
      epitopes.

PMID- 2636261
TI  - Cloning of a thermostable alpha-amylase gene from Thermomonospora curvata and its
      expression in Streptomyces lividans.
AB  - The gene from Thermomonospora curvata CCM 3312 coding for thermostable alpha
      amylase (tam) has been cloned in Streptomyces lividans TK 24 and localized to a
      2.6 kb HindIII-BamHI fragment of DNA. The data presented here show that the tam
      gene is expressed at a high level in S. lividans and that the protein is
      efficiently excreted.

PMID- 2636262
TI  - Plasmid-mediated chloramphenicol resistance in Staphylococcus hyicus.
AB  - A small plasmid of 3.95 kb, encoding resistance to chloramphenicol (Cm) was
      detected in three of 33 Staphylococcus hyicus strains. The plasmid in each of the
      three strains was indistinguishable by Southern-blot hybridization and
      restriction enzyme analysis. It was shown by curing and by transformation to
      specify resistance to Cm. A preliminary restriction map of the plasmid,
      designated pSC2, is presented. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was demonstrated
      by enzyme assay and by SDS-PAGE of cell-free lysates of pSC2 transformants.

PMID- 2636263
TI  - Bilophila wadsworthia, gen. nov. and sp. nov., a unique gram-negative anaerobic
      rod recovered from appendicitis specimens and human faeces.
AB  - Strongly catalase-positive Gram-negative anaerobic rods were isolated from
      approximately half of all intra-abdominal specimens received from patients with
      gangrenous and perforated appendicitis, and subsequently also from normal faecal
      specimens. The organism was originally detected on Bacteroides-bile-aesculin
      (BBE) agar, and grew slowly on non-selective anaerobic media containing blood. It
      was stimulated by bile and differed from other known genera by being urease- and
      catalase-positive, and by reducing nitrate. It did not reduce sulphate. Other
      anaerobic Gram-negative rods showed no homology by DNA dot-blot hybridization.
      The thermal melting profile of chromosomal DNA showed 39-40 mol% G + C. The whole
      cell fatty acid methyl ester profile included cyclic and branched long-chain
      acids, and differed from those of all other anaerobes that have been tested. beta
      Lactamase was not detected. The name Bilophila wadsworthia gen. nov., sp. nov. is
      proposed for this organism.

PMID- 2636264
TI  - Chewing difficulty and dietary intake in the elderly.
AB  - Dietary intake and self-assessed chewing difficulty were examined in a postal
      survey of a random sample of 1000 people aged 65 years and over residing in
      Adelaide, South Australia, by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency
      questionnaire. The response rate was 77 per cent. Fourteen per cent of the
      respondents reported poorly fitting dentures, and of these 35% reported
      difficulty in chewing. Dietary intake was largely independent of self-assessed
      chewing difficulty, although among women loss of chewing efficiency was
      associated with preference for sweet and soft foods. Dietary differences in
      people dissatisfied with their chewing ability appear likely to be subtle and
      qualitative (i.e., chopping hard foods into small pieces or cooking them for
      longer periods).

PMID- 2636265
TI  - Sources of energy and nutrients in diets of the elderly living in Toronto.
AB  - The contribution of the various food groups to the nutrient intakes of a group of
      independently-living elderly individuals in Toronto is described. The pattern of
      meal and food intakes generally provided enough of the nutrients, excepting
      calcium, to meet the Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Canadians. Mean energy
      intake was low. It is suggested that if relatively small amounts of the foods
      ingested at the different meals are raised, it will likely provide enough energy
      and all the nutrients to satisfy the recommended levels of intake.

PMID- 2636266
TI  - Nutrition, physical activity, and blood pressure in the elderly.
AB  - Forty noninstitutionalized elderly subjects, ages 65-86 years, were recruited for
      a study to determine relationships between nutritional status, physical activity,
      and blood pressure. A 24-hour recall of dietary intake and activities, health
      history, skinfolds, circumferences, height, weight, and blood pressure were
      obtained. Obesity was associated with hypertension in this group of elderly
      subjects. Truncal skinfolds (abdomen and subscapula) were positively correlated
      (P less than .05) with systolic blood pressure while body mass index, dietary
      magnesium and dietary calcium to magnesium ratio were directly related (P less
      than .05) to diastolic blood pressure. Physical activity and energy expenditure
      were not correlated (P greater than .05) with blood pressure in this study;
      however, the level of activity did not include strenuous exercise.

PMID- 2636267
TI  - Massachusetts sponsors the first statewide Farmers' Market Coupon program for
      elders.
AB  - The Executive Office of Elder Affairs and the Department of Food and Agriculture
      in Massachusetts sponsored the first statewide Farmers' Market Coupon Program for
      Elders in the summer of 1988. This innovative program provided fresh fruits and
      vegetables to over nine thousand elders across the Commonwealth. Coupons were
      targeted towards low income elders by thirteen local nutrition projects. Special
      nutrition education materials were designed to enhance the program.

PMID- 2636268
TI  - You are what you eat: nutritional status and political participation among the
      elderly.
AB  - This essay explores the association between nutritional problems and political
      orientations and behavior among the elderly. A rural sample of 358 older
      Americans provides the data base. Results indicate that as nutritional problems
      increase, political interest, efficacy, and participation decrease. Also,
      nutritional problems seem to go along with less positive evaluations of the
      existing order.

PMID- 2636269
TI  - Monitoring weight changes in nursing home residents.
AB  - Health care team members in long term care must all pay attention to the problem
      of weight change, especially weight loss, in nursing home residents. Further,
      they must act in an organized and step-wise manner to address weight changes
      properly. This involves first obtaining a regular accurate weight, and then
      determining the cause of the weight loss, and finally, acting to correct the
      problem.

PMID- 2636270
TI  - Demographic trends in tooth loss due to periodontal disease: an analysis of
      periodontal extractions by age, sex and ethnic group in a selected population.

PMID- 2636271
TI  - Advertising, dentistry and periodontics.

PMID- 2636272
TI  - Rapidly progressive periodontitis: healing following non-surgical treatment and
      without antibiotics.

PMID- 2636274
TI  - Bis(2,3-epoxycyclopentyl)ether.

PMID- 2636273
TI  - Some organic solvents, resin monomers and related compounds, pigments and
      occupational exposures in paint manufacture and painting.

PMID- 2636275
TI  - The movement of blood formaldehyde in methanol intoxication. I. A simple
      headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for determining the amount of
      formaldehyde in the blood.
AB  - A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for determining the amount of
      formaldehyde in the blood has been investigated. This method is based on the
      formation of diethoxymethane, which results from the reaction of formaldehyde
      with ethanol while in an acid state. The calibration curve in blood specimens
      showed a good linearity in the range of 20 to 100 microM formaldehyde with a
      correlation coefficient of 0.996. The minimum detectable amount of formaldehyde
      in the blood was found to be 10 microM and this analytic method was deemed useful
      for microanalysis of formaldehyde in blood.

PMID- 2636276
TI  - A rare fast variant of red cell 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase found in
      Japanese.
AB  - In a Japanese family, we discovered by starch-gel electrophoresis a fast variant
      of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) in red blood cells. This variant is
      described here for the first time and temporarily named AX. It showed three PGD
      bands, the usual PGD A band and two faster-moving bands than PGD A. The ratio of
      the staining intensity of these bands was 2:2:1 in the order of increasing
      mobility, and negative sensitivity was noted toward 2-mercaptoethanol. Its
      genotype appeared to be heterozygous PGDA/PGDX, based on examinations of the PGD
      band composition and the pedigree of the family. It may possibly correspond to
      the PGD "Kadar" variant (PGDA/PGDKadar), with which it was quite similar, in
      electrophoretic mobility, staining intensity and sensitivity to 2
      mercaptoethanol.

PMID- 2636277
TI  - [Experimental studies on stress hormones at the time of sudden death (II)-
      Differences in adrenocortical hormone levels of cardiac arrest-preceding type and
      apnea preceding type sudden death under cerebral ischemia or aortic stenosis].
AB  - Under cerebral ischemia or aortic stenosis, changes in plasma and adrenal
      corticosterone (CS) levels before and after cardiac arrest-preceding type (CPT)
      and apnea-preceding type (APT) sudden death were examined to determine the
      response of the hypophyseal adrenocortical system in Wistar rats. The plasma CS
      value at 1.5 hours after cerebral ischemia treatment was about 3 times that of
      pretreatment under non-anesthesia. With the occurrence of CPT and APT sudden
      death during cerebral ischemia, a difference between CS levels before and after
      death was more pronounced in the adrenals than in the plasma. The adrenal CS
      value after death was significantly lower than that before death in APT sudden
      death (P less than 0.05), though the CS value in adrenals after death was the
      same as that of living animals with cerebral ischemia in CPT sudden death. APT
      sudden death may thus be concluded to have a lower CS level in the adrenals than
      CPT sudden death (P less than 0.01). In the case of aortic stenosis, the effect
      of this treatment on plasma CS level was not as distinct as in the case of
      cerebral ischemia. Only a slight increase in plasma CS was noted on the 6th day
      from treatment. Under this condition, a difference between plasma or adrenal CS
      levels before and after CPT and APT sudden death was similar to the case of
      cerebral ischemia. The adrenal CS value after death in both sudden death types
      was also the same case of cerebral ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636278
TI  - Morphological study of acute myocardial lesions experimentally induced by
      methamphetamine.
AB  - A single intraperitoneal injection of methamphetamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg)
      given to rats in a warm (30 degrees C) and humid environment caused an uncommon
      form of cardiac lesion during the first few hours. Disseminated loss of myoglobin
      was demonstrated immunohistochemically in the ventricular myocardium.
      Ultrastructurally, the myocardial cells with myoglobin loss were characterized by
      the presence of swollen mitochondrial and packed cellular constituents, but
      showed no cytoplasmic edema. Sarcolemmal damage was also noted by freeze-fracture
      electron microscopy. It was considered that the mitochondrial dysfunction was the
      first alteration to appear in the myocardial cells, and that this finally led to
      sarcolemmal rupture.

PMID- 2636279
TI  - [The examination about agreement or disagreement among the dental findings on
      personal identification (Part 2)--Especially about aging factors].
AB  - Opportunities for identifying unidentified corpses from dental findings have been
      increasing in recent years. In finding the person in question promptly from the
      dental charts submitted by dental clinics or the dental findings stated in police
      investigation cards, it is effective to narrow down the extent of verification by
      preliminary screening. While dental findings are quite diversified in detailed
      examinations, statements in dental charts and police investigation cards are
      often simplified, thereby resulting in the same findings even for different
      subjects. On the other hand, due to progress of tooth decay, errors in statement,
      etc, there may be cases where information on the same subject does not
      necessarily agree completely. Furthermore, as is well known, the trends of dental
      diseases are different and the treatment of conditions depends on the kinds of
      teeth. Miyazawa et al. in this department analyzed samples comprising 1,000
      dental cards of subjects in their twenties. The states of each tooth were broken
      down into 12 classes ranging from healthy teeth to dentures, and an examination
      was made on the rate of agreement with dental findings in different subjects. The
      report can be summarized as follows: 1. The rate of complete agreement in dental
      findings of all the 28 teeth between any different subjects was 0.03%. 2. Further
      examination of the dentition, which was divided into 6 parts, revealed that the
      rate of agreement between any different subjects was the lowest for mandibular
      molars (2.68%) and the highest for mandibular anterior teeth (75.35%). 3. The
      probability that 25 or more of the 28 teeth correspond in findings between any
      different subjects was 0.90%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636280
TI  - [Spectrophotometric determination of boric acid by the curcumin method].
AB  - We have contrived an improved curcumin method for a spectrophotometric
      determination of the boric acid content, suitable for use on biologic materials
      to determine cases of poisoning. The use of this method enables detection of
      boric acid from a level of 10 micrograms/ml up to 5 mg/ml. The steps of this
      measurement method follow. Initially, boric acid was extracted by using a
      modification of Agazzi's method, i.e., to 1 ml of the sample solution, 0.2 ml of
      a 50% solution of sulfuric acid is added, along with 4 ml of 10 v/v% 2-ethyl-1,3
      hexanediol/chloroform (an EHD solution). This mixture was then shaken for 5 min
      and then centrifuged for 10 min at 3,000 rpm. The extract of this chloroform
      phase was dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate and used for the coloring
      reaction sample. The colorimetry procedure for determining the boric acid content
      follows. Fifty microliters of the extract solution was placed into a dry tube, to
      which 0.5 ml of a 0.3% curcumin/acetic acid solution and 50 microliters
      concentrated sulfuric acid were added, and the contents mixed thoroughly. The
      reaction mixture was then allowed to stand for 30 min at room temperature.
      (Rosocyanin is formed by the reaction of boric acid and protonated curcumin).
      Next, ethanol (3-138 ml) was added to the reaction mixture to decompose the
      excess protonated curcumin. Then, the absorbancy of the resulting solution was
      measured at 550 nm against a blank test solution. Ethanol was added to enable the
      measurement of the absorbancy (ethanol amounts tested were 3, 6, 12, 24, and 138
      ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636281
TI  - [Determination of boric acid in biological materials by curcuma paper].
AB  - The field of legal medicine has seen a recent increase of poisoning by boric acid
      and, in cases of emergency, a simple method of making a qualitative analysis of
      the boric acid content is a necessity. Thus, we have examined curcuma paper
      (turmeric paper) to see if it can provide a qualitative analysis of the boric
      acid content in biological materials, so as to identify cases of poisoning. It
      was found that curcuma paper can provide a preliminary analysis of the
      quantitative content of boric acid, and that about 0.1 mg/ml of boric acid can be
      determined. The steps for this testing method follow. First, either blood or
      urine is acidified with a 6 N concentration of hydrochloric acid, i.e., in the
      case of urine, 0.5 ml of urine is added to 0.1 ml hydrochloric acid, and for
      blood, 0.5 ml of blood is added to 0.2 ml hydrochloric acid. If the sample is not
      sufficiently acidic, more hydrochloric acid is added. Next, a drop of the sample
      is placed on the curcuma paper and, after drying at room temperature, a red stain
      results if boric acid is present. (Rosocyanin is formed by the reaction of boric
      acid and protonated curcumin). Then, a 1 N concentration of sodium hydroxide is
      dropped onto the stained place, and if rosocyanin is present, the stain will turn
      blue. Informatively, to make curcuma paper, filter paper (No. 2) is soaked in a
      saturated curcumin/ethanol solution and then air dried.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2636282
TI  - [Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy--examination findings, family histories and results
      of close examinations of a family in two autopsied cases].
AB  - A 55-year-old woman, who died immediately after getting an intramuscular
      injection of lincomycin for treatment of a cold, and a 14-year-old boy, who died
      suddenly while practicing soccer, were autopsied respectively and their disease
      was diagnosed as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by characteristic pathological
      findings. Each family history was investigated. Especially, the latter case
      showed clearly a family line of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. At the request of
      the family, his elder brother and mother were examined closely at the University
      Hospital. Their illness was diagnosed accurately as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
      from their findings of electrocardiograms, echocardiograms and endomyocardial
      biopsies. They are now taking medications and guidances of a doctor as to
      physical activity and way of life as outpatients at the University Hospital.

PMID- 2636283
TI  - Identification of infant skeletal remains: case report.
AB  - Three cases of infant skeletal remains were described from the view point of
      personal identification. The age was exactly estimated from union of ossification
      centers, dental calcification and eruption. While, the sex estimation was not
      highly reliable, because sex differences had not clearly appeared in infant
      skeletons, and it was rather difficult in some cases. In infant skeletal remains,
      age estimation is especially important to help personal identification. The most
      recent photograph of a presumed person should be used for personal identification
      by superimposition technique since the size and proportion of infant skull
      constantly change as a result of its development.

PMID- 2636284
TI  - A case of suicide by drowning with hesitation marks on the back.
AB  - A case of a 78-year-old woman suspected of committing suicide is reported; an
      analysis of the evidence suggesting that she threw herself into the river after
      stabbing and cutting her neck, left forearm, abdomen and back. Hesitation marks
      on the back are relatively rare in cases of suicide. We discuss the manner of
      death and assume the mode in which her injuries were inflicted.

PMID- 2636285
TI  - Interaction of macrophages with rheumatoid articular cartilage.
AB  - These experiments investigated the in vitro interaction of macrophages and
      rheumatoid articular cartilage. When rheumatoid articular cartilage samples were
      incubated with normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) for 1 hour or 12
      hours in vitro, there were large numbers of PBM attached to the articular
      surface, and some PBM invaded the cartilage during the 12 hour incubation period.
      Conversely, in cartilage from osteoarthritic and normal subjects in the control,
      only a few PBM were attached to the articular surface after incubation with PBM.
      Under electron microscopic observation, macrophages were tightly attached to the
      surface and within the eroded cartilage. Light and electron microscopic
      observation with immuno-peroxidase staining of the rheumatoid cartilage surfaces
      showed the deposition of immunoglublins adjacent to the attached macrophages,
      suggesting the presence of immune-complexes as chemoattractants. These results
      suggest that macrophages in a rheumatoid joint may play an important role in the
      formation of pannus, resulting in the destruction of cartilage to interact with
      immune-complexes trapped in the superficial region of the rheumatoid articular
      cartilage.

PMID- 2636286
TI  - An immunopathological study on the placenta in pre-eclampsia.
AB  - An investigation was done to clarify the pathological background of pre
      eclampsia. Thirty four placentae were studied immunopathologically in comparison
      to control cases. The results showed slightly positive stains of hCG containing
      alpha- and beta-subunits in syncytiocytotrophoblastic layers especially in severe
      pre-eclampsia cases. The placentae in mild pre-eclampsia showed only weakly and
      partly positive by those stains. Other control cases were negative except earlier
      abortion ones. No any positive stains of hCG series could be seen in two
      placentas from mothers with spontaneous hypertension. Stains by hPL and SP 1 were
      all positive and increased gradually in their staining pattern and degree from
      early pregnancy toward term. It supports the findings that maternal serum hCG
      series increased slightly in pre-eclampsia and that those changes might occur
      before clinical onset of pre-eclampsia. Then, the placenta has an important role
      in developing pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 2636288
TI  - Evaluation with equilibrium radionuclide angiography of left ventricular systolic
      and diastolic function in pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic pulmonary
      diseases.
AB  - To evaluate left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in patients with
      pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic pulmonary diseases, 86 patients were
      studied using equilibrium radionuclide angiography with forward and reverse
      gating from the R wave. At rest left ventricular function, both in systolic and
      diastolic properties, in patients with pulmonary hypertension was significantly
      lower than in normal subjects (LVEF; P less than 0.05, PER; p less than 0.05,
      PFR; P less than 0.025, FF; P less than 0.025). During exercise left ventricular
      systolic function did not increase as much as in normals (LVEF; N.S., PER; N.S.).
      Left ventricular diastolic function during exercise was significantly lower than
      at rest (PFR; P less than 0.05, FF; P less than 0.001). The indices of left
      ventricular function obtained from radionuclide angiography had no close
      correlation with pulmonary hemodynamics or with blood gases. These results
      demonstrated that left ventricular dysfunction in patients with pulmonary
      hypertension was observed both at rest and during exercise, and might play an
      important role in reduced exercise tolerance.

PMID- 2636287
TI  - Distinct effects of phosphatidylethanol on three types of rat brain protein
      kinase C.
AB  - Protein kinase C plays a crucial role in signal transduction for activating
      cellular function. Phosphatidylserine and Ca2+ are essential for the activation
      of protein kinase C, and diacylglycerol which is produced in the receptor
      mediated hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, increases the affinity of this
      enzyme for phosphatidylserine and Ca2+. In brain tissues, protein kinase C has
      been shown to be separated into three fractions, Type I, II, and III by
      hydroxyapatite column chromatography, and cDNA analysis has revealed that they
      correspond to gamma-, beta I-, beta II-, and alpha-cDNA, respectively.
      Phospholipase D has been known to catalyze the transphosphatidyl reaction between
      various membrane phospholipids and alcohols. In fact, phosphatidylethanol has
      been found in many tissues including brain of ethanol-treated rats. This report
      describes the different responses of three distinct forms of protein kinase C to
      phosphatidylethanol. Phosphatidylethanol can replace phosphatidylserine at high
      Ca2+ concentrations for the activation of Type I, II, and III protein kinase C.
      However, phosphatidylethanol can activate only Type I enzyme at physiological
      Ca2+ concentrations, which is expressed exclusively in the central nervous
      tissue. Consideration of these results suggests the possibility that ethanol may
      exert some effect on the signal transduction in neuronal tissue, via changes in
      protein phosphorylation.

PMID- 2636289
TI  - [Perioperative complications in carotid endarterectomy with respect to the stage
      of the cerebrovascular disease].
AB  - Records of perioperative complications following 407 consecutive carotid
      endarterectomies performed in 366 patients in the 18-year period have been
      presented. The complications are categorized according to the clinical stage of
      vascular disease, that is, according to the indications for the surgery. Out of
      the total number, 46 (11.3%) operations were done in the 1st, asymptomatic stage
      of disease, for the haemodinamically significant stenoses and ulcerated plaques;
      173 (42.5%) in the 2nd clinical stage for hemispheral and nonhemispheral
      transient ishemic attacks (TIA) and reversible neurologic deficits (RIND); 3
      (0.7%) in the 3rd stage which is a progressive cerebrovascular stroke and 185
      (45.5%) in the 4th clinical stage of the disease, in patients with previous
      cerebral infarction and a permanent neurologic deficit. The rate of a temporary
      and permanent neurologic deficit, as well as mortality in the first stage of the
      disease equals zero. In the second stage of the disease, the rate of a temporary
      neurologic postoperative morbidity increases to 1.7%, of a permanent neurologic
      morbidity to 1.2%, while the rate of mortality is 1.2%. In the 3rd and 4th stage,
      those rates amount to 66.7%, 0% and 33.3%, and 1.1%, 3.8% and 1.6%, respectively.
      The rates of perioperative morbidity and mortality are in proportion to the scope
      of preoperative brain dysfunction. Results of this work suggest the necessity of
      categorization of patients, candidates for carotid endarterectomy, according to
      the clinical stage of the disease, which will enable a better comparison with
      other authors' results, give a more reliable view on the efficacy of the surgical
      treatment and justify the surgeons' attitude towards indications.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636290
TI  - [Corrected Q-T interval in the electrocardiogram in patients with anorexia
      nervosa].
AB  - This paper examined the corrected Q-T interval in a group of 15 patients with
      anorexia nervosa and in 30 patients of a control group. Prolonged corrected Q-T
      interval was found in 2 of 15 patients with anorexia nervosa (13%) and in one of
      30 patients of a control group (3%). The correlation between corrected Q-T
      interval and body mass index in patients with anorexia nervosa was not found (r =
      +0.13). Relative risk for prolonged corrected Q-T interval in patients with
      anorexia nervosa was high (4.5) compared with a control group. It is well known
      that prolonged corrected Q-T interval is connected with a high risk for sudden
      death because of a malignant ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 2636291
TI  - [The mean values and correlation between blood pressure, body weight, height,
      heart rate, the PQ, QT and QTc intervals, the QRS-complex and the
      echocardiographic dimensions of the left atrium and ventricle in 515 14-year-old
      students].
AB  - In five hundred and fifteen schoolchildren, the mean values of blood pressure,
      body weight, height, heart rate, PQ, QT, QTc-interval, QRS-duration and
      echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) diastolic internal
      dimension as well as their correlations were measured. There were 224 girls and
      291 boys of 14 years of age. Mean systolic blood pressure was 118 +/- 15 mmHg in
      boys, 115 +/- 10 mmHg in girls. Mean diastolic blood pressure was 74 +/- 9 mmHg
      in boys, 74 +/- 7 mmHg in girls. The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 3.4%
      in boys, 3.1% in girls. The prevalence of diastolic hypertension was 2% in boys
      and 4% in girls. No significant difference was observed between body weight,
      height, PQ, QT, QTc-interval, QRS-duration and echocardiographic LA and LV
      measurement in boys and girls. Mean heart rate in girls was 98 +/- 19.7 and 88 +/
      17 in boys. The difference was statistically significant (t = 6.06; P less than
      0.01). A significant positive correlation was found between body weight and
      height and diastolic and systolic blood pressure. The body weight and height
      revealed a significant positive correlation to echocardiographic left ventricular
      and left atrial dimension. No correlation of body weight to heart rate was
      observed in neither boys nor girls. A significant negative correlation was found
      between height and heart rate (P less than 0.05) in boys, whereas no correlation
      between these two variables was noticed in girls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2636292
TI  - [The significance of certain histologic parameters in the differentiation and
      diagnosis of Hurthle cell adenoma and carcinoma of the thyroid gland].
AB  - Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid gland are rare. Their natural history remains
      incompletely understood what results in their different classification and
      therapy. The differentiation of benign from malignant Hurthle cell tumors is
      possible with classical, traditional histologic methods. Authors have analysed 53
      patients with Hurthle cell tumor of the thyroid gland which were diagnostically
      evaluated and treated at the Central Institute for Tumors and Allied Diseases in
      Zagreb from 1975 to 1988.

PMID- 2636293
TI  - [Lymphangiomyomatosis of the lungs].
AB  - Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease at the women's child
      bearing age, characterized by the proliferation of smooth muscles along the
      lymphatics in the lung, in mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes as well as
      in retroperitoneal lymph vessels. The disease manifests itself as a progressive
      dyspnea, chylous pleural effusions and reccurent pneumothorax. Uncured the
      disease progresses to a serious respiratory insufficiency and death within a
      period of ten years since the manifestation of the first symptoms. We studied a
      female patient in whom the diagnosis of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis was
      established on clinical findings and pathohistologic analysis of biopsy material.
      The patient was offered progesterone which, according to some authors, stops
      further progression of the disease. The progesterone treatment was carried out
      for a year and it is going to be continued. During the period mentioned,
      repeatedly controlled lung diffusing capacity and arterial blood gas analysis
      remained basically unchanged compared to these before treatment. It is
      noteworthy, that once formed changes in the parenchyma are irreversible, so early
      diagnosis and timely started treatment are of basic importance.

PMID- 2636294
TI  - [Solar maculopathy].
AB  - The paper presents three cases of photosolar maculopathy which point to
      possibility of visual impairment as a result of sun gazing due to the religious
      reasons. In all cases irreversibile visual impairment with permanent central
      scotoma had developed. Sun gazing is dangerous regardless of motives, and the
      only way to prevent photosolar maculopathy is to avoid sun gazing.

PMID- 2636295
TI  - [Determination of the optimal dose of aminophylline in children with severe
      asthmatic attacks].
AB  - The therapeutic effect of aminophylline in children having severe asthmatic
      attacks with a special emphasis on an appropriate dose, adequate administration
      and measurement of serum aminophylline concentrations is presented. The study
      group consisted of 24 patients with severe asthmatic attacks. The patients were
      assigned to three groups according to the dosage of aminophylline administered.
      Patients in Group 1 received a dose of 7 mg/kg body weight, those in Group 2 5
      mg/kg body weight and those in Group 3 (previously treated with theophylline) 4
      mg/kg body weight. For each patient, clinical and laboratory parameters were
      followed. The results demonstrated that adequate therapeutic response and optimal
      serum theophylline concentrations were achieved only in Group 1. Patients in
      which lower doses of aminophylline were employed (Group 2 and Group 3) showed
      neither the adequate therapeutic response not did achieve the adequate serum
      theophylline concentrations, and administration of aminophylline had to be
      repeated. In the majority of patients, mild hyperglicemia was noticed. The
      mechanism and the sequence of events how it occurred was not determined. In
      conclusion, this data show that aminophylline, if administered in an adequate
      dose, is a drug of choice in the treatment of children with severe asthmatic
      attacks.

PMID- 2636296
TI  - [Arthrodesis of the lower leg joint in posttraumatic deformity and arthrosis].
AB  - Post-traumatic deformations and post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the ankle joint
      are treated by arthrodesis. The aim of this work was to determine the
      effectiveness of this method of treatment. Between January 1976 and December
      1987, the patients controlled were treated at the Department of Orthopaedics,
      University Hospital Centre, "Firule", Split. On the basis of clinical and
      radiological criteria, the functional results were evaluated. In this period, a
      total of 20 patients were treated. All the patients had returned to their pre
      injury work within 3-6 months. Excellent results were reported in fourteen (70%)
      and good results in 6 patients (30%). Today, in a time of great technological
      progress, when various endoprosthetic replacements for joints are available,
      arthrodesis of the ankle joint, although a non-physiological procedure, is still
      the best method of treatment of post-traumatic deformations and post-traumatic
      osteoarthritis of the ankle joint.

PMID- 2636297
TI  - [Microscopic hematuria].
AB  - Isolated microhematuria, without any other systemic and local causes, is frequent
      phenomenon in clinical practice. It is a diagnostic problem for both general
      practitioners and nephrologists. By means of standard diagnostic procedures it is
      usually very hard to define nature and origin of blood in urine. Therefore, in
      those cases invasive diagnostic methods of examination are usually applied,
      cystoscopy, invasive radiology etc. Light microscopy and supravital coloring
      secure high-quality approach to various elements formed in urine's sediment. They
      also provide better analysis of the morphology of erythrocytes. It is of great
      importance to define their origins. Using verified methodological principles,
      this method attains its real place in diagnostic procedures applied to examine
      the origins of blood in urine.

PMID- 2636298
TI  - [Infarct of the right half of the heart].
AB  - Isolated right ventricular infarction is not rare, as it is generally believed.
      As a rule, right ventricular infarction occurs in association with left
      ventricular infarction. Diagnosis of right ventricular infarction can not be made
      clinically alone. It should be confirmed on the basis of the following diagnostic
      procedures: the transient ST-segment elevation derived from the
      electrocardiogram, formation of QS-complex in V4 right, hemodynamic monitoring,
      echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography. Of all the diagnostic
      criteria the best sensitivity and specificity is achieved by a rise in right
      ventricular filling pressure, respectively, the ratio of the right to left
      ventricular filling pressure should be equal or higher than 0.65. Increasing
      importance is being attached to the diagnosis of right ventricular infarction,
      since the treatment of patients with predominant right ventricular insufficiency
      and low cardiac output differs considerably from that of left ventricular
      insufficiency. Comparing our experience with previous reports, it may be
      concluded that adequate fluid administration with positive inotropic drugs,
      particularly adrenergic substances, if required, is essential in the medical
      treatment of right ventricular infarction. Vasodilator therapy may be
      administered, too. If frequent bradyarrhythmias do not respond to usual
      treatment, atrial pacing or atrioventricular sequential pacing should be
      initiated.

PMID- 2636299
TI  - [The pediatric psychiatry approach in Kanner's syndrome: epidemiology, clinical
      aspects and therapy, developmental course].
AB  - The psychoanalytic therapy of autistic children is still to be conceived only as
      an experimental method. Therapeutic consultations implying the whole family group
      of those children seem to be more human enterprise when psychotherapeutic
      experience gives opportunity to treat intrapersonal family relations,
      anticipating to mobilize intrapersonal conflicts of parents and to find out the
      place of a sick child in those conflicts. Because of that, the activities and
      capacity of psychotherapists and the whole pedopsychiatric team, in general, are
      to accept the evaluation of their work as something not to fear of.

PMID- 2636301
TI  - [Primum non nocere--what does it mean in medicine today?].
AB  - The study analyzes bioethical principle of Primum non nocere and its importance
      and value in modern medicine. The criterion of maleficence for a patient, is
      defined in its real and ethical, individual, general and time contexts. The
      relation of ethical postulates of non-maleficence and beneficence and their
      correlation have been studied. The attention has been drawn to the inadequacy of
      isolated criterion of causing damage (non nocere) to secure benefit for a
      patient. The study expresses the necessity and obligation of medicine to estimate
      scientifically old and new perceptions and applies them to a patient, consonant
      with bioethical principles.

PMID- 2636300
TI  - [Juvenile papillomatosis of the larynx].
AB  - Juvenile laryngeal papilloma is the most common childhood neoplasm of the larynx.
      It is most often multiple and is characterized by a strong tendency to recur.
      Seventy-eight children with primary juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis (JLP) were
      treated at the ENT Department of the Zagreb University School of Medicine in the
      last 20 years and in the last 6 years interferon has been introduced into the
      therapy. Causes of the recurrence and the resistance to the therapy have been
      investigated. It has been shown that the administration of interferon has a
      certain effect on the tumor growth, but it has no effect against tumor
      recurrence. In patients with a severe clinical course the epithelial atypia of
      basal layer of papilloma and the increased enzymatic activity have been found.

PMID- 2636302
TI  - [Science and bioethics--guidelines, dilemmas and the constant postponement of
      decisions].
AB  - Following contemporary trends, the author discusses questions and dilemmas of
      today's medical practice in relation to the patient, society, and generally in
      relation to positive and well known ethical principles. He is advocating a
      positive influence of the society on medicine as a science and on its practice.
      The impact of modern technology upon the physician-patient relationship and the
      new ethical dilemmas posed by advances in such technology is also discussed. The
      author cautiously accepts randomized clinical trials, with a necessary presence
      of uninvolved physicians with an interest in medical ethics, but he refuses to
      accept euthanasia as an ethically correct act, not only for physicians but for
      other professionals as well. Euthanasia should be replaced with a fight against
      pain, both physical and mental. The advantages of physicians in medical practice
      should not be underestimated especially in the assessment of scientific work and
      ethical codes of behavior as they relate to the practice of medicine. They should
      know better than other health care professionals what is good for the health of
      their patients.

PMID- 2636303
TI  - [The role of and suitability of the occult fecal blood test in a preventive
      program for colorectal carcinoma].
AB  - There are no final attitudes towards the necessity of the colorectal carcinoma
      screening in the population. The aim of this examination was to assess the
      motivation, applicability, sensibility and value of the occult faecal blood tests
      as the screening method in the colorectal carcinoma detection, as well as the
      analysis of the costs and the possibilities of testing within the regular health
      service. The testing of the occult faecal blood was offered to a random sample of
      11.431 subjects. The tests were returned by 7.592 (81.9%) of the high-risk and by
      1.690 (77.8%) of the control group testees. In the high-risk group (over 40 years
      of age) the positive test of the occult faecal blood was found in 1.09% of the
      examined patients and the colon carcinoma was established in 13 testees with the
      positive test (19.66%) or in 0.17% of the cases. The total costs per patient with
      a detected carcinoma were Din. 349.246. - what is 24.4% less than the price of a
      palliative operation. Colon adenoma was established in 16 testees of the high
      risk group (0.21%). Colon adenoma and carcinoma were established in 34.94% of the
      testees with positive tests. Radical surgeries were made in 8 out of 10 operated
      testees. In the control group (20-40 years of age) two adenomas were established
      and no malignant disease. The test sensitivity was evaluated based on the colon
      carcinoma detection and it was 72.2% in Hemoccult-negative subjects up to two
      years after the testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636304
TI  - [Cytologic differentiation between the autonomous and autoimmune type of diffuse
      hyperthyroid goiter: correlation with TSH receptor antibodies, microsomal
      antibodies and infiltrative ophthalmopathy].
AB  - A group of 101 patients with diffuse hyperthyroid goiter has been studied. Sixty
      seven patients showed significantly increased level of antibodies to the TSH
      receptor (TBIAb), 48 patients had positive microsomal antibodies (MAb) and 41
      patients had infiltrative ophthalmopathy. On the basis of cytologic analysis of
      the whole group, the patients were divided into two groups. Group A (n = 51,
      autonomous form?) was characterized by follicular cell proliferation, while group
      B (n = 50, autoimmune form?) was characterized by lymphocyte infiltration or
      follicular cell proliferation with lymphocyte traces. Cytologic findings were
      correlated with autoimmunity markers (TBIAb, MAb, infiltrative ophthalmopathy);
      multiple correlation factor was 0.17. In conclusion, cytologic classification
      into autonomous and autoimmune hyperthyroidism form, except by microsomal
      antibodies, is not followed by other autoimmunity markers.

PMID- 2636305
TI  - [Aggression in depression].
AB  - In the random sample of 18 patients (10 female and 8 male) with the symptoms of
      the major depressive episode, V/296, DSM-III the author examines the questions of
      the aetiology, aim, form and mechanisms or aggression by the psychoanalytically
      oriented individual psychotherapy. The author finds that the aetiology of
      aggression in patients with depression arises not only from the biological basis
      but also from the dynamic psychopathological constellations of the personality
      structure and the configuration of the unconscious. The aggression aim in these
      patients is the protection of the fulfillment of the primary narcissism
      pathological needs. Among other things the author finds that their narcissism
      looks for cosmic spaces and that it breaks under the laws of the natural
      constants and relativity, whereas the loss of space and the flow of time have the
      meaning of the sequestrations of their self and the cognition of the crushing
      defeat. Their basic mechanism is masochistically sadistic. The psychotherapy of
      these patients requires big efforts, the control of the countertransfers and the
      adaptation of techniques.

PMID- 2636306
TI  - [Knowledge about AIDS in 15-year-old students].
AB  - One thousand nine hundred and fifty-five pupils age 15 from Zagreb, Petrinja and
      the area of Zadar were tested in order to ascertain their knowledge on AIDS. The
      results obtained revealed that all the pupils tested are equally well informed
      about AIDS and that there is no statistically significant difference in that
      regard, except for the knowledge of how to prevent AIDS.

PMID- 2636307
TI  - [Problems in severe injuries of the radial nerve].
AB  - By the presentation of the clinical material a series of 14 cases of the radial
      nerve microsurgical reparation has been analyzed with the reference to the modern
      achievements in this field and the possibilities of its quicker and better
      rehabilitation have been quoted. In our material we used the intraneural
      microsurgical technique with the direct funiculoraphy (3), the interfascicular
      nerve transplantation (8) and the external and internal microneurolysis (3).
      Twelve reconstructed radial nerves were evaluated by these methods. The
      successful motoric function (M3 and more), with the performance of will-power in
      the proximal and distal muscles, which spontaneously act on the resistance, and
      with the independent finger movements, have been detected in 84% of the cases in
      the period from 8 to 24 months after the reconstruction of this extensor nerve.
      The state of the contemporary micro-surgery prefers the timely and the exact
      neurological status, as well as the information on the extensiveness of the
      radial nerve lesion, on which bases the method for its functional restoration and
      anatomic rehabilitation should be determined.

PMID- 2636308
TI  - [Mechanical ileus caused by strangulation of the small intestine in a left
      paraduodenal hernia and in a defect in the root of the mesentery].
AB  - A case of mechanical ileus caused by small intestine strangulation into a left
      paraduodenal hernia and through a circular defect in the root of the mesentery is
      presented. Whereas left paraduodenal hernia is very rare in the surgical
      casuistics, its occurrence associated with strangulation through a defect in the
      mesentery has not been documented up to now to the author's knowledge. The true
      cause of strangulation ileus was found at operation. Reduction of the intestinal
      loop from the defect in the root of the mesentery was followed by reduction of
      the loops from the hernial sac. Both apertures were repaired with great caution
      using individual sutures without resection of the hernial sac. The early and late
      postoperative evolutions were uneventful.

PMID- 2636309
TI  - [Rett's syndrome--differential diagnosis of autism in a case report].
AB  - In this paper, a rare neurological disorder seen exclusively in girls is
      described. According to its progress and clinical behaviour, a syndrome resembles
      autism. The disease was reported in 1966 by A. Rett from Vienna. The syndrome
      often remains unrecognized because of its low incidence or is mistaken for
      autism, mental retardation and cerebral paralysis. The table of differential
      diagnosis of this disease in relation to autism is given. We report on a 5-year
      old girl from Zrenjanin who was admitted to the Division for Autism, Psychiatric
      Hospital Jankomir, Zagreb. The diagnosis of Rett's syndrome was established in
      this patient whose initial description documented autism. The medications have
      shown to be without effect, except anticonvulsive drugs and ketogenic diet.
      Physical, occupational and musical therapy as well as hydrotherapy were applied.

PMID- 2636310
TI  - [Surgical treatment of pulmonary hamartoma].
AB  - In a 7-year period between 1981 and 1987, 53 patients with lung hamartoma
      comprising this study underwent surgery at the Clinic for Thoracal Surgery,
      Medical School, University of Zagreb. Their ages ranged from 20 to 74 years, with
      a mean of 51.9 years; a male/female ratio was 2.1:1. In 47 patients (88.7% of all
      cases), resection was limited to the enucleation of the hamartoma. Larger
      resections (like segmentectomies and lobectomies) became necessary because of the
      size and the central location of the lesions.

PMID- 2636311
TI  - [More on ethics in prenatal diagnosis and therapy].

PMID- 2636312
TI  - [The attitude to the socioeconomic problems of public health of the senior nurses
      in a general hospital].

PMID- 2636313
TI  - [Maxillodental deformities in young children as a consequence of harmful habits].

PMID- 2636314
TI  - [Home brew is poison!].

PMID- 2636315
TI  - [A useful device].

PMID- 2636316
TI  - [The potentials for the efficient work of hospital nurses].

PMID- 2636317
TI  - [AIDS in neurology (based on materials from the foreign press)].

PMID- 2636318
TI  - [The care of patients with diseases of the circulatory organs].

PMID- 2636319
TI  - [Prehospital care in closed abdominal injuries].

PMID- 2636320
TI  - [Recipe file cards for dietetic dishes].

PMID- 2636321
TI  - [Massage in humeroscapular periarthosis].

PMID- 2636322
TI  - [Food toxinfections and their prevention].

PMID- 2636323
TI  - [Clinical and situational tasks in internal diseases (the topic rheumatism)].

PMID- 2636324
TI  - [Vitamins and coenzymes in pediatric practice].

PMID- 2636325
TI  - [Practical games as elements in the problem-oriented instruction of reserve
      nurses].

PMID- 2636326
TI  - [The organization of the labor and the technology of the work of a district nurse
      in outpatient reception hours].

PMID- 2636327
TI  - [The development of medical ethics in light of the progress in medical science].

PMID- 2636328
TI  - [Morphometric analysis of the vascular network in the preoptic area of the brain
      in man].
AB  - Twenty brains of human beings of both sex aged 17-64 were used for morphometric
      analysis of the vascular network of preoptic area. Blood vessels of the brain
      were filled by the mixture od India ink and gelatine. Serial resections 200
      microns thick were illuminated by the method of Spalteholz. Standard stereologic
      parameters--volume density, surface density and the average half diameter of
      blood vessels were used for the quantification of capillary blood network
      density. By the comparative test of obtained mean values of males and females no
      statistically significant differences pertaining to sex and in respect to the
      size and density of capillary network in preoptic area were confirmed. This fact
      supported the assumption that although there were no morphologic differences in
      the blood network changes in various functional states, accompanying
      neuroendocrine events in the body of adults were in all probability the main and
      responsible factors inducing greater or less vascularization of specific organs.

PMID- 2636329
TI  - [Histologic characteristics of the subfornical organ in rats during increases and
      decreases in the ambient temperature].
AB  - The authors investigated characteristics of the rat subfornical organ as
      chronically affected by increased ambient temperature and under the conditions of
      intermittent hypoxic hypothermia. The histological and stereological parameters
      analysed point to a stimulated functioning of the rat subfornical organ under
      temperature stress.

PMID- 2636330
TI  - [Rhinolithiasis complicated by purulent dacryocystitis].
AB  - A female patient aged 80 with rhinolith in the right nostril was described. She
      developed typical symptomatology in the sense of one-sided difficult nose
      breathing, abundant, purulent, fetid excretions complicated by purulent
      dacryocystitisin the right eye. The diagnosis was established on the basis of
      anamnesis and clinical finding and was radiologically confirmed. It was solved by
      concassation and removal of the rhinolyth. Postoperative course was uneventful.

PMID- 2636331
TI  - [3 case reports of patients with malignant epilepsy treated with high doses of
      intravenous immunoglobulin].
AB  - Three patients with malignant epilepsia were presented. They were treated by i.v.
      immunoglobulin in the dose of 400 mgr/kg/bw at O, 15-day and 3-week intervals.
      Duration of treatment lasted 5 weeks in one child and 6 months in two children.
      One child had normal values of IgG2 subclass while two children showed the
      deficiency of this subclass. In all three children i.v. immunoglobulin therapy
      led to a remarkable improvement in respect both to the reduction of attacks and
      EEG. Due to the aggravation observed 6 months after the last dose of i.v.
      immunoglobulin, the therapy was repeated and led to the improvement in two
      children. It was pointed out in conclusion that i.v. immunoglobulin had its place
      in the treatment of malignant epilepsia in children.

PMID- 2636332
TI  - [Amyloidosis--a complication of chronic juvenile arthritis in adults].
AB  - A clinical picture of secondary amyloidosis, a rare complication of juvenile
      chronic arthritis in adults, is presented. This is the most severe complication
      which occupies the first place as the cause of death. Its frequency ranges from
      1% in USA and Australia to 18% in Poland, but in majority of European countries
      it accounts for 7-8%. On the average, it occurs after 8-10 years from the onset
      of joint inflammation. First clinical symptoms are as follows: abdominal pains
      sometimes with diarrhea, labby edemas in the lower leg, hypertensions and
      enlargement of the liver and the spleen. Clinical picture of juvenile chronic
      arthritis with secondary amyloidosis is also presented.

PMID- 2636333
TI  - [Neurolues--clinical characteristics, diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - A female patient with neurolues was presented in this paper. The disease started
      25 years after primoinfection by neurologic disturbances which corresponded to
      classic neurolues with the signs of meningovascular and parenchymatous disease.
      The diagnosis was confirmed by positive serologic tests, computerized brain
      tomography--whereby syphilomas were found in the brain and by histopathologic
      survey of one of peripheral syphilomas. Antibiotic therapy with high penicillin
      doses was initiated but without more significant clinical effects, it only led to
      negativization of serologic tests. The patient died after two months. Serologic
      tests to syphilis should be temporarily repeated in all patients suspective of
      neurolues, in order to initiate or repeat the previously employed therapy.

PMID- 2636334
TI  - [Anesthesia in children with multiple injuries].
AB  - Fifty polytraumatic children operated in general anaesthesia have been presented.
      We have given the types of injuries, operations and the reanimation and
      anaesthesia treatment. 26% of children have been operated immediately because of
      the clinically visible bleeding signs. At the same time, the reanimation measures
      have been taken. Other children have been operated after reanimation and
      diagnostic procedures within the period of 2-6 hours after the admission into the
      hospital. Most of the children (44%) were given neurolept anaesthesia. The
      authors emphasize that the transportation of polytraumatic children has not
      always been adequate.

PMID- 2636335
TI  - [Present possibilities and perspectives in the work of the gastroenterohepatology
      service in a polyclinic].
AB  - This paper dealt with all patients who had visited their doctor in the
      gastroenterohepatologic (GEH) out-patient service in 1988. A total of 1716 and
      2566 clinically subspecialistic gastroenterohepatologic and endoscopic surveys
      were made, respectively. Upper endoscopy was performed in 783 and lower endoscopy
      in 1783 patients. This paper was aimed at establishing the morbidity structure on
      one-year material from the patients visiting subspecialistic GEH service, whereby
      sex, age and frequency according to the kind of disease were taken into account.
      The most frequent diseases were as follows: ulcer disease 49.11%, biliary tract
      diseases 19.28%, liver diseases 14.62% and pancreas diseases 8.50%, while other
      diseases accounted for the less percent. The greatest morbidity ranged in
      patients from their fourth to sixth decade of life. Ulcer, liver and pancreas
      diseases were more frequent in males, while biliary tract diseases were more
      frequently found in females. Upper endoscopy revealed duodenic ulcer in 26.18%,
      stomach ulcer in 17.88%, gastritis and duodenitis in 18.52%, stomach polyps in
      2.04% and stomach carcinoma in 1.92%. The analysis of 742 rectosigmoidoscopic
      patients showed hemorhoidal disease in 43.53%, chronic nonspecific collitis in
      9.43%, rectosigmoidoscopic polyps in 7.15%, carcinoma of the rectum in 3.37% and
      ulcerous collitis in 5.66%. The ratio of polyps and carcinoma of the rectum was
      2:1. In the out-patient GEH service apart from the basic health activity, health
      educational, research and educative activities were performed. In the further
      development of this service, its scope of work, diagnostic and therapeutic
      procedures would be extended in dependence on economic power of society regarding
      the supply of equipment and manpower.

PMID- 2636336
TI  - [Changes in the clinical picture of chorea minor].
AB  - The paper dealt with the change in clinical picture of chorea minor. It used to
      be a very frequent disease but now it is all the rarer appearance and it always
      occurs as a complication of rheumatic disease. Except for its rarer frequency,
      once it has occurred it is more often complicated by cardiac incidents, the
      course of disease is longer and more resistant to therapy and is accompanied by
      psychic changes without frequent relapses observed in its previous appearances.
      Contemporary immunologic knowledge of this field has detected the complex
      neuroimmunologic changes taking place in CNS. According to the authors' opinion,
      modification of the clinical picture is the sequel of the broad application of
      antibiotics in general but the prevalence of chorea in girls keeps remaining
      unclear. However, there is no specific attritude toward neuroimmunologic
      mechanism so far, because previous knowledge of this problem is lacking.

PMID- 2636337
TI  - [Evolution of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in primary malignant lymphoma in an
      extranodal location].
AB  - Primary malignant lymphoma of extranodal localization is a rare disease which
      mainly occurs in organs with greater or less quantity of lymphocytic tissue or in
      the organs with the previous history of lymphocytic infiltrate. Extranodal
      localization of malignant lymphoma in the thyroid gland is rare and numerous
      authors associate it with the previous existence of chronic lymphocatic
      thyroiditis (Hashimoto struma). This paper dealt with the histologically analysed
      material obtained by subtotal or total thyreoidectomy over one-year period. Out
      of 49 cases, histologic diagnosis of chronic diffuse lymphocytic thyroiditis was
      established in nine patients (18%) but the frequency of the appearance of this
      autoimmune disease may well be grater because a relatively small number of
      patients underwent the operation. Apart from all morphologic characteristics of
      Hashimoto struma, primary malignant lymphoma of extranodal localization in the
      thyroid gland was diagnosed in one patient. Simultaneous or previous evolution of
      chronic lymphocyttic thyroiditis into malignant lymphoma was confirmed in the
      papers of numerous authors. The authors presented a patient aged 58 in whom
      malignant lymphoma had evolved from the chronic diffuse lymphocytic thyroiditis.
      Cellular characteristics pointed to lymphoma of transformed cells being extended
      extrathyroidically into the surrounding connecting and muscular tissue with the
      involvement of regional lymph glands. Of particular importance was the area in
      which the usual architectonics of lymphocytic thyroiditis was discretely ruined
      and the infiltrate received neoplastic characteristics. On the basis of data from
      literature, lymphocytic thyroiditis should be regarded as a prelymphomatous state
      which was attached a great importance from the aspect of histopathologic
      analysis. Beside the operation, conservative therapy was employed and it showed
      good results until now, although it was too early to make decisive conclusions on
      the outcome of disease.

PMID- 2636338
TI  - [Use of lasers in medicine with special emphasis on their use in gynecology].
AB  - Laser invention is one of the most important scientific inventions which has
      found its application in medicine. Biologic effects of laser radiation are
      biostimulating and destructive. For various purposes carbon dioxide, argon and
      Nd: YAG lasers have been applied in medicine. The use of laser in gynecology is
      particularly suitable for the treatment of condyloma, vaginal and cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasias as well as for the surgical treatment of sterility.

PMID- 2636339
TI  - [Contact urticaria].

PMID- 2636340
TI  - [The diagnostic importance of studying the periphery of the fundus oculi in the
      central vitreoretinal edematous fibroplastic syndrome].
AB  - Examination of 75 persons with a clinical picture of central vitreoretinal
      edematous fibroplastic syndrome (150 eyes) has shown dystrophic changes in the
      equatorial and peripheral zones of the eye fundus in all persons. It was also
      recorded that patients with edematous fibroplastic process in the central zone
      accompanied by vitreoretinal tractions often develop equatorial dystrophies, this
      being a risk factor of retinal detachment. A conclusion is made that it is
      important to examine the eye fundus periphery and equator in patients with
      central vitreoretinal edematous fibroplastic syndrome.

PMID- 2636341
TI  - [The clinical characteristics of different types of peripheral retinal
      degeneration and their relationship to retinal breaks and detachment].
AB  - Clinico-statistical analysis of case histories of 6114 patients with retinal
      detachment has revealed peripheral degeneration of the retina in 2739 twin eyes,
      of them in 67 patients breaks and tears of the retina were not followed by its
      detachment. A working-scheme classification of this pathology is worked out and
      clinical description of different forms of degeneration predisposing to retinal
      detachment is made. To prevent retinal detachment, indications to laser
      coagulation are worked out. Among 1754 patients with monolateral detachment of
      the retina in twin eyes subjected to prophylactic laser coagulation of the
      retina, only in 5 cases subsequent retinal detachment was recorded. It is shown
      that prophylactic laser coagulation of the retina allows to minimize the threat
      of retinal detachment in predisposed eyes.

PMID- 2636342
TI  - [Campimetry with color filters for the diagnosis of subclinical forms of central
      retinal sclerotic dystrophy].
AB  - For diagnosing subclinical forms of central sclerotic dystrophies of the retina
      the authors propose to use color campimetry with the help of standard color
      glasses or a device suggested by them. Chromatic campimetry used for examination
      of 75 patients with mono- or bilateral macular dystrophy allowed to reveal
      absolute central or paracentral scotomas in some persons with macular dystrophy
      not seen in achromatic campimetry. Only with the help of color campimetry central
      scotomas could be revealed in second, clinically healthy eyes with still high
      visual acuity in persons with monolateral macular dystrophies. The red filter
      proved to be the most sensitive to initial changes in the macular area. For a
      timely prescription of dedystrophic treatment, the authors recommend to use color
      campimetry for examination of both eyes of the patients with monolateral macular
      dystrophy as well as in persons addressing for selection of glasses or undergoing
      preventive examination.

PMID- 2636343
TI  - [The significance of the phenomenon of dynamic disadaptation scotoma in the early
      diagnosis of macular dystrophies].
AB  - Examinations of 202 patients (337 eyes) with different forms of macular
      dystrophies, such as idiopathic flat detachment of the retina in the macular
      area, central sclerotic dystrophy of the retina, tapetoretinal macular
      degeneration, outcome of local inflammation of pigmented epithelium, post
      traumatic central chorioretinitis, etc., allowed to receive data confirming high
      information value of a method based on the phenomenon of dynamic scotoma of
      disadaptation as compared with examinations on the Amsler's grid and campimetry.
      Thus, metamorphopsias were revealed on the Amsler's grid in 193 eyes (57%),
      changes by means of campimetry--in 171 eyes (51%), while dynamic scotoma
      disadaptation was revealed in 337 eyes (100%). The method is most effective at
      early stages of the disease because it allows to reveal it in the presence of
      high visual acuity and negative data of the Amsler's grid and campimetry.

PMID- 2636344
TI  - [The impulse electromagnetic field in the treatment of dystrophic lesions of the
      retina].
AB  - The paper describes a new method proposed for treatment of dystrophic changes in
      the retina by means of impulse electromagnetic field and a device for its
      realization. It was used as an independent method of treatment in 283 eyes (177
      patients) with macular dystrophies of a sclerotic genesis. The treatment has
      shown a positive influence on the pathologic process in the eye, its
      stabilization after treatment. In 152 eyes, visual acuity remained unchanged, in
      131--improved. Stabilization of the process was accompanied by authentic
      improvement of rheographic and electrophysiologic indices. In 72 eyes, the
      results of treatment were followed up for 6 years, the effectiveness of the
      method was confirmed. Long-term observations have shown the necessity to repeat
      the course of treatment each 3-5 months (within a year) to prevent progression of
      the dystrophic process.

PMID- 2636346
TI  - [The pathogenetic treatment of age-related macular dystrophies].
AB  - The paper analyses results after medicamentous treatment of 181 patients with
      senile macular dystrophies, using methods of pharmacologic correction of
      sympathetic-adrenal (phosphaden, pyridoxine, ethymisole, ascorbic acid),
      callicreine-kinin (andecaline, paramidine, cinnarisine) activities and methods of
      traditional therapy consisting of vasodilative, antisclerotic preparations,
      vitamins and biostimulants. The comparative analysis has shown that the above
      preparations normalize KA metabolism and processes of kininogenesis.
      Stabilization of the dystrophic process is achieved in 82.6% of cases as compared
      with 71.4% of patients treated by traditional methods; the duration of the
      therapeutic effect after one course of treatment increases by 3-4 months; the
      incidence of appearance of transudative-hemorrhagic changes in the central
      segments of the eye fundus in the presence of atrophic dystrophies of the retina
      decreases by three times.

PMID- 2636345
TI  - [Taufon and emoksipin in the combined treatment of sclerotic macular
      dystrophies].
AB  - The paper analyses results after complex treatment of 105 patients with sclerotic
      macular dystrophies. Taufon was added for treatment of early sclerotic macular
      dystrophies in 37 patients, emoxipine--of exudative sclerotic macular dystrophies
      in 23 patients. The treatment resulted in a more pronounced rise of visual
      functions, and stabilization of the dystrophic process in the retina ensued in
      earlier terms as compared with results achieved in 45 patients treated by
      traditional methods. Remote results of the treatment, followed up for two years
      in 70 patients, have shown that the usage of taufon and emoxipine allowed to
      achieve stabilization of visual functions in 76% of patients, while traditional
      methods of treatment stabilized visual functions in 61.6%. Differential
      prescription of the above preparations allowed to achieve the rise of visual
      functions and a more complete stabilization of the dystrophic process.

PMID- 2636347
TI  - [The early diagnosis, evaluation of treatment results and modelling of certain
      aspects of the pathogenesis of retinal dystrophy].
AB  - The paper analyses results after a study of the functional state of pigmented
      epithelium and the retina in patients with a dry form of senile macular dystrophy
      as well as of experimental simulation of retinal dystrophy with the help of
      melatonin and its treatment by taurine. Melatonin in 10(-3) M concentration leads
      to development of dystrophic changes in pigmented epithelium and interacting with
      it structures, this being testified by remarkable lowering of EOG parameters and
      electron microscopic findings. Taurine in 10(-3) M concentration blocks the
      action of exogenic melatonin as well as has a pronounced positive action on
      metabolism of dystrophic changes in the pigmented epithelium and photoreceptors.
      Examination of patients with different stages of a dry form of senile macular
      dystrophy revealed statistically significant reduction of KA cEOG at the initial
      stage of the disease in the presence of normal ERG parameters. In 18% of
      patients, supernormal values of KA were recorded, that are likely to reflect the
      presence of "predystrophic hyperactivity" of the pigmented epithelium cells. In
      progression of the process, the further reduction of electrophysiologic values
      was recorded. The data obtained speaks about the important role of pigmented
      epithelium pathology in the pathogenesis of senile macular dystrophy and about
      high information value of the cEOG method for detection of early stages of the
      disease. It is believed that disturbances in melatonin metabolism can be one of
      causes leading to development of retinal dystrophy.

PMID- 2636348
TI  - [Accommodative hyperemia of the ciliary body as one of the pathogenetic factors
      in myopia].
AB  - Thermometry of 40 eyes before and after visual work at near with different
      correction of ametropia and tonography of 20 eyes with progressive myopia and 20
      eyes with stationary myopia conducted before and after 15-minute reading load
      under full correction have revealed that visual work at near is accompanied by
      working hyperemia of ciliary body (rise of temperature in the anterior segment of
      the eye ball) and hyperproduction of intraocular fluid. In eyes with stationary
      myopia, hyperproduction is fully compensated by improvement of aqueous outflow
      from the eye. In eyes with progressive myopia, ophthalmic hypertension takes
      place because of insufficient improvement of the outflow facility coefficient. It
      is likely that working hyperemia of the ciliary body and hyperproduction of
      intraocular fluid under conditions of visual work at near can be realized as a
      factor of myopization of the human eye in case of a certain predisposition: in
      eyes with a not fully formed angle of the anterior chamber or in eyes with
      anomalous development of the angle.

PMID- 2636349
TI  - [Pupillary function in children with initial myopia].
AB  - The paper describes results after a study of pupillary characteristics in 60
      children with emmetropia and hypermetropia of low degrees (120 eyes) and in 75
      children with initial myopia (150 eyes), using the methods of photopupillography
      and determination of IPCT (induced pupillary cycle time). On the basis of
      analysis of the results obtained a hypothesis is suggested that progressive
      myopia is connected with exhaustion of tonic accommodation. The study of possible
      usage of IPCT allowed to recommend this parameter to be used as an auxiliary (in
      calculating the rate of pupillary reaction) or an independent criterium for
      assessment of the functional state of the pupil as well as a method of medical
      examination. A simple and a sufficiently informative method for investigation of
      pupillary reaction is suggested, which is based on the usage a slit lamp together
      with a photorecording device.

PMID- 2636350
TI  - [The enhanced efficacy of specific hyposensitization in patients with recurrent
      uveitis].
AB  - The purpose of a new method elaborated for treatment of allergic inflammation of
      the eye is to rise effectiveness of treatment and to prevent exacerbation of
      allergic inflammation by means of increasing the accuracy of determining the
      therapeutic allergen dilution when conducting specific hyposensitization. This is
      achieved in the following way: in addition to control, when conducting
      allergometric titration, the syringe needle is introduced intracutaneously
      without subsequent administration of the allergen. In respective terms, the
      thermometry of skin is made in the sites of administration of different allergen
      dilutions and in the control site. Considering the minimum hyperthermia in the
      site of administration of the highest allergen dilution as compared with the
      control site, the therapeutic allergen dilution is chosen. This method of
      treatment was used in 38 patients (54 eyes) with recurrent uveitis and proved to
      be highly effective in 34 patients (50 eyes), i.e. in 92%. In remote terms of
      observation, no further recurrences were recorded in 65% of cases.

PMID- 2636351
TI  - [Variants of pupillary blocks in children with congenital and early acquired
      uveitis].
AB  - Analysis of postuveal complications in 351 children of early age has shown that
      pupillary block of different type and degree develops in 43% of cases (226 of 526
      eyes with uveitis) and more frequently after intrauterine uveitis. In 23.5% of
      cases, pupillary block is associated with glaucoma, in 44.2%--with normotonia,
      and in 32.3%--with hypotonia. A clinical and pathogenetic polymorphism of
      postuveal blocks is shown, three main types of combined pupillary blocks singled
      out, the connexion with the state of the vitreous body observed. On the basis of
      dynamic follow-up within 10 years and analysis of results after treatment of 85
      eyes, a differential microsurgical approach to treatment is proposed. The usage
      of adequate surgical intervention allows to achieve a hypotensive and organ
      preserving effect, to improve hydro- and hemodynamic indices and the functional
      state of the eye.

PMID- 2636352
TI  - [The classification of crystalline lens dislocations].
AB  - A new classification of lens dislocations is proposed, differing from the
      previous ones by inclusion of all clinico-anatomic changes taking place in lens
      dislocation, all possible complications and associated pathology. The
      classification takes into consideration clinical symptoms in lens dislocation,
      the degree of transparency of the lens and the vitreous body, the state of
      intraocular pressure, changes in the iris and the eye fundus. On the basis of the
      suggested classification the diagnosis is easily codified, the data can be
      subjected to a machine working up.

PMID- 2636353
TI  - [The expediency of peripheral iridectomy in the surgical treatment of open-angle
      glaucoma].
AB  - Results of surgical interventions in two groups of patients with open-angle
      glaucoma are analysed and compared. In group one (51 patients) antiglaucomatous
      operation was made without peripheral iridectomy and in group II (46 patients)-
      together with the latter. Immediate results after operations on occasion of open
      angle glaucoma made without peripheral iridectomy have shown a good hypotensive
      effect, preservation and a certain improvement of visual functions in the
      majority of the cases, significant weakening of inflammatory reaction in the eye
      in early postoperative period as compared with results after operations made
      together with peripheral iridectomy.

PMID- 2636354
TI  - [New developments in the treatment of keratitis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      etiology].
AB  - Effectiveness of treatment of 23 patients (23 eyes) with keratitis of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa etiology was analysed. The complex treatment including activated
      carbon fiber material (AUVM "Dneper") allowed to arrest the purulent process in
      91.3% of cases, increased the effectiveness of the treatment, shortened the
      patient's stay in the hospital by 4.2 bed-days, increased visual acuity in 78.2%
      of patients.

PMID- 2636355
TI  - [The use of lekozim phonophoresis for the treatment of eye burns].
AB  - Experimental investigations concerning the influence of lecozyme phonophoresis on
      the development of a burn process in the eye have shown that lecozyme
      phonophoresis has a positive action on the development of a burn process, speeds
      up the stoppage of inflammatory signs, epithelialization and vascularization of
      the cornea, stimulates the formation of its less intensive opacifications. The
      most favourable term to use lecozyme phonophoresis is the second day after the
      moment of a burn trauma. To achieve a positive effect, 5 procedures are enough,
      while a longer course or treatment or later terms for its usage (7, 14, 21 days
      after burn) impairs the development of the burn process. The usage of lecozyme
      phonophoresis in two stages (5 sessions within the first day and 10 sessions
      after epithelialization of the cornea) allows to achieve the best results-
      stoppage of inflammatory signs, reduction of vascularization and opacifications
      of the cornea.

PMID- 2636356
TI  - [The use of lysosomotropic preparations in treating severe experimental chemical
      eye burns].
AB  - The action of membranotropic preparations--mildronat and phosphaden on the course
      of a severe burn process of the cornea with changes in lysosomal membranes
      revealed in pathogenesis has been studied in 80 rabbits. As a marking lysosomal
      enzyme, acid phosphatase was used. Besides this, peculiarities of the clinical
      course of the burn process have been studied, when treated by common methods and
      in a complex with the mentioned preparations. The results of the study have shown
      expressed stabilizing action of the preparations on lysosomal membranes of the
      cornea in early terms of the treatment, correlative relationship between results
      of biochemical investigations and clinical manifestations of the action of
      membranotropic preparations, high effectiveness of therapeutic action of
      mildronat as compared with phosphaden. The results obtained can serve as a
      foundation for the usage of the preparations in complex treatment of patients
      with severe chemical burns of the eye.

PMID- 2636357
TI  - [A modified glaucoma operation with incisions].

PMID- 2636358
TI  - [A device for irrigation of the eye chamber during cataract extraction].

PMID- 2636359
TI  - [Our experience with the surgical treatment of recurrent dacryocystitis].

PMID- 2636360
TI  - Defective production of interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha by
      stimulated monocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha activity by E. coli
      lipopolysaccharide-triggered monocytes was studied in patients with systemic
      lupus erythematosus in various stages of activity. Monocytes from both groups of
      SLE patients produced significantly less tumour necrosis factor-alpha activity
      than those of age and sex matched healthy controls. However, interleukin-1
      activity was only significantly reduced in patients with active stage of the
      disease. These findings indicate further immunoregulatory disturbances in
      monocyte function concerning SLE.

PMID- 2636361
TI  - Studies on the monocyte interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha production
      in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
AB  - Interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha activities by E. coli
      lipopolysaccharide-triggered monocytes were studied in patients with chronic
      alcoholic liver disease. Monocytes from cirrhotic patients were shown to have
      significantly reduced IL-1 and TNF-a activities, compared with that from age and
      sex matched healthy controls. These findings indicate further immunoregulatory
      disturbances concerning alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

PMID- 2636362
TI  - Identification of health damage due to alcohol abuse; importance of alterations
      in cardiac function and blood chemistries.
AB  - Like in any other disease, diagnosis of health damage caused by alcohol abuse can
      be established all the easier and sooner, the more results of medical
      examinations are taken into consideration simultaneously. Evidence is presented
      that a larger proportion (96.4%) of alcoholics suffer from compromised cardiac
      function (the classification function uses 6 variables out of the measured 21
      than from disorders of liver function and the metabolism (87.7%) (the
      classification function uses 12 variables out of the 21). Taking into
      consideration all the 41 variables (using only 12) the power of discrimination is
      99.2% (discriminant analysis).

PMID- 2636364
TI  - Peptic ulcer disease in tropical Africa.
AB  - Diseases of the stomach, including gastric ulceration, are uncommon in Africa. In
      spite of this, duodenal ulcer--contrary to the reports a couple of decades ago-
      is common all over the tropics; there is limited evidence that it is more common
      in urban areas and that its incidence is increasing further. However, one should
      borne in mind that accurate incidence rates for diseases which are not
      immediately fatal, are extremely difficult to obtain in most of the third-world
      countries.

PMID- 2636363
TI  - Androgens and bone mineral content in patients with subtotal thyroidectomy for
      benign nodular disease.
AB  - To investigate the influence of thyroid surgery on the skeleton and different
      hormones a well characterized patient group of 24 women was selected who had
      undergone subtotal thyroidectomy for euthyroid benign nodular disease and
      remained euthyroid after the operation. Bone mineral content was determined in
      lumbar vertebrae, femoral neck and radius by dual and single photon
      absorptiometry. The serum levels of calcitonin, dehydroepiandrosterone,
      dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate,  androstenedione, total testosterone, cortisol
      and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured. A control group was created of 48 healthy
      female subjects. No reduction in bone mass was observed at the measured sites
      compared to appropriate controls. Beside normal bone mineral content
      significantly elevated serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (27.4 +/- 10.4 vs.
      20.8 +/- 6.9 nmol/l) and androstenedione 9.3 +/- 3.3 vs. 6.6 +/- 2.2 nmol/l) were
      found without any clinical sign of androgen excess. There was no correlation
      between bone mineral content and these androgen levels. The serum calcitonin
      levels of all patients were low. With regard to the previously reported
      interactions among androgen, calcitonin and bone metabolism, our results raise
      the possibility of a relationship between higher androgen levels and preserved
      bone mass in these patients, while normal bone mineral content and calcitonin
      deficiency in these patients does not inevitably indicate that calcitonin does
      not affect bone tissue in adults.

PMID- 2636365
TI  - Plasma alpha-2 glycomicroglobulin in monitoring allograft function and in
      predicting rejection episodes in kidney transplantation (preliminary results).
AB  - This study reports clinical evaluation of a newly-discovered protein, alpha-2
      glycomicroglobulin (A2GM), for monitoring renal function and in the
      identification and characterization of rejection episodes in kidney transplant
      recipients. Using a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique, plasma
      levels of A2GM were measured prior to, and following, transplantation. There was
      an initial decrease in plasma A2GM in all patients following transplantation, but
      the decrease was significantly (P less than 0.023) greater in patients with
      initial good function than in those with initial poor function associated with
      initial acute tubular necrosis or rejection. The decrease in A2GM did not
      correlate with subsequent graft function and viability. Levels of A2GM were found
      to be sensitive to changes in renal function and correlated well with creatinine.
      A sustained rise in A2GM was indicative of rejection. A2GM predicted rejection
      episodes 48-72 h before any significant rise in plasma creatinine in five of
      seven rejections studied. It is concluded that plasma A2GM levels may be
      clinically useful in assessing allograft function and in predicting rejection
      crises in kidney transplant recipients.

PMID- 2636366
TI  - The destabilization of an abnormal physiological balanced situation, chronic
      musculoskeletal pain, utilizing magnetic biological device.
AB  - In this study two groups of subjects with indications of chronic musculoskeletal
      pain are examined statistically after applications of Magnetic Biological Device
      hereafter referred to as MBD /1, 2/. The first group is a short-term study on 14
      indications showing the results after three days of treatments at one per day.
      The second group is a long-term study on data collected in a survey after the
      first year of operation in a clinic on 114 indications. The scores indicate that
      MBD is a desirable alternative to standard therapeutic practices, in the
      elimination and/or maintenance of chronic musculoskeletal pain due to its
      superior scoring on the Melzack-McGill Pain Questionnaire, apparent ability to
      increase the balance of thermal emission patterns, is non-toxic, non-invasive,
      plus is economically advantageous, due to the limited number of applications
      required to maintain these conditions.

PMID- 2636367
TI  - This dentist's introduction to the fine arts.

PMID- 2636368
TI  - Forensic odontology: crime and dentistry through a Minnesotan's eyes.

PMID- 2636369
TI  - Demographic profiles and practice characteristics of registered dental assistants
      and licensed dental hygienists in Minnesota.

PMID- 2636370
TI  - [Use of lasers in bronchology].

PMID- 2636371
TI  - [Effect of tobacco smoking on various immunologic indicators].
AB  - The study conducted in 85 clinically healthy males--cigarette smokers-
      demonstrated a decrease of the total number of T lymphocytes related to smoking
      duration. There was no effect on the number of B cells while the number of non-B
      non-T lymphocytes increased. Smokers demonstrated decreased levels of serum IgA,
      IgG and IgM levels. The authors discuss these findings in relation to other
      controversial studies.

PMID- 2636372
TI  - [Pulmonary tuberculosis convalescents (group IV D) at the outpatient tuberculosis
      and lung disease clinics in Poland 1967-1986].
AB  - An analysis of risk rates of tuberculosis incidence in convalescents registered
      in tuberculosis dispensaries in Poland in the years 1967-1986 was made. In Poland
      they are registered in group IVD. Since 1978 this group is steadily decreasing
      although in 1986 it made up 1.27% of the whole country's population, and was the
      highest risk group. In 1986 the risk of a tuberculosis infection was six fold
      higher in this group, and eight fold higher confirmed bacteriologically. Out of
      this group 8.3% of new infections are derived, and 11.1% of freshly diagnosed
      cases of bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis. Heterogeneity of this group
      suggests different proceedings.

PMID- 2636373
TI  - [A case of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia].
AB  - A case of a 16 year old boy with interstitial lymphomatoid pneumonia coexisting
      with myocarditis, hepatitis, and splenomegaly is presented. The cause of the
      above mentioned changes despite a thorough and meticulous diagnostic approach
      which included microscopical examination of the lung, liver biopsies and bone
      marrow tap could not be made. Corticosteroid therapy did not bring a permanent
      improvement in the child clinical state. The boy expired quite unexpectedly. The
      post-mortem examination also did not provide a final diagnosis.

PMID- 2636374
TI  - [Severe steroid-induced myopathy].
AB  - In the presented case after 3 years and 3 months treatment with DIPROPHOS
      (betamethasone) a transient tertraplagy developed. Also disturbances in
      respiratory muscle and peripheral nerve function were present.

PMID- 2636375
TI  - [An unusual cause of pneumonia].

PMID- 2636376
TI  - [Use of echocardiography for diagnosing anomalies of sex differentiation].
AB  - Real-time ultrasonography of pelvic organs is a useful tool in diagnosing
      disorders in sexual development. US has proved to be rapid, accurate, non
      invasive method to visualize normal and pathologic pelvic structures and its role
      in intersex disorders lies in the capacity of demonstrate the anatomy of the
      genital and urinary tracts. The sonographic finding of feminine internal
      genitalia and bilateral enlargement of the adrenal glands in a newborn is
      suggestive for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and allows to prevent the
      symptoms of a salt-losing syndrome.

PMID- 2636377
TI  - [Evaluation of kidney damage in neonatal anoxia syndrome: a 1-year follow-up].
AB  - In thirty-three newborns with anoxic syndrome was valued the renal injury making
      use of usual parameters of renal function (Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, FeNa,
      Clcr) and furthermore the rate of urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin, a
      marker of tubular damage. All the parameters at the beginning of follow-up were
      altered. Further monitoring of these showed that BUN, creatinine, FeNa, Clcr were
      normalized in a short time. Differently beta 2-microglobulin was altered up to
      the end of follow-up in thirty-one newborns; the values were much lower than
      original. These results show an high incidence of tubular suffering in the
      ischemic-anoxic syndrome and a tendency to protract in the time.

PMID- 2636378
TI  - [Platelet factor 4 levels in full-term newborns undergoing phototherapy].
AB  - PF4 levels and platelets counts were studied in a group of 15 term newborn
      infants before treatment and after 24-48-72 and 96 hours of phototherapy and in a
      control group of 10 babies. Unlike data found by other AA. in vitro and in
      preterm infants, our values show only minimal, not statistically significant,
      differences in PF4 levels and platelets counts between the two groups. The AA.
      believe that in term infants, with adequate weight for gestational age, proper
      phototherapy treatment does not cause any change in platelet function, owing to
      the thicker and more mature skin and to the better bone marrow compensation
      typical of term versus preterm infants.

PMID- 2636379
TI  - [Epidemiologic data on breast feeding in Florence and the province. Survey
      carried out in 1364 children born between 1985 and 1987].
AB  - We have studied the breast-feeding frequency in Florentine Area. We investigate a
      group of 1364 children born between January 1985 and June 1987. We collected
      following data: 1) Kind of feeding at birth. 2) Duration of breast-feeding
      related with birth-weight, kind of delivery, mother's age, mother's working
      activity. 3) Growth in relation to feeding practices from birth to 3rd month. The
      percentage of infants breast-feed in the hospital was 81.6%, 50.5% at the end of
      third month, 21.9% at the end of sixth month. We have found that children
      weighing more than 3000 g at birth had an higher frequency of breast-feeding at
      birth and last longer than children weighing less than 3000 g (p less than 0.01).
      Maternal age had a clear effect on both the incidence and the duration of breast
      feeding. Mother aged 30 years or more begin to breast-feed in lower percentage
      but they continue breast-feeding for a longer time. One of the factors that has a
      negative influence on breast-feeding at birth is caesarean section since it
      precludes early mother-infant contact and early initiation of breast-feeding.
      Mother's resume working has a negative influence on breast-feeding duration. With
      regard to growth in first three months of life related with different kind of
      feeding we have found no differences between breast-feeding and artificial-fed
      infants.

PMID- 2636380
TI  - [Nutrition in school-age children: a survey at a nursery school].
AB  - The results of a social-nutritional investigation in a maternal school are
      reported. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the dietary habits and life
      style in a group of 3-6 years old children and their compliance in following a
      diet in accordance with the LARN86 recommendations. The enquiry was carried out
      by a questionnaire, by an analysis of the ingesta and by a paediatric and
      auxological examination. Blood and instrumental tests (Lipids panel, Blood
      glucose, Insulin, Fructosamine, IgE, ECG) were performed in children with high
      familial risk of atherosclerosis. The main findings were the following: i. 17
      children (21%) were classified as having high atherosclerosis familial risk; ii.
      the atherosclerosis high risk group showed also increased incidence (p less than
      0.01) of familial allergy; iii. children had higher approval for food with high
      carbohydrate and animal protein content; iv. fat intake was proportional to the
      number of different types of fat bought by the families; v. excessive dietary
      lipids and low carbohydrate intake were found in most families. The revaluation
      at the end of the study showed a good compliance for the proposed diet scheme by
      children, but a poor compliance by their families.

PMID- 2636381
TI  - [Behavioral somatic disorders in hospitalized children].
AB  - The research has investigated the occurrence of somatic and behavioural disorders
      in 100 hospitalised children. A hundred subjects, 55 males & 45 females, aged
      between 6 and 14 years were asked to fill in questionnaires. These, which were of
      a completely new type, related to 12 situations in a typical day. The results
      showed statistically significant differences between the two sexes. Girls
      manifested a much higher percentage of disorders than did boys. Further, young
      children and especially pre-adolescents (subjects aged 10-11) manifested more
      disturbances than did those in the adolescent category. Of the subjects 32%
      showed a number of disorders below the norm; 36% of the cases were within normal
      values, 17% were above the norm and the remaining 15% of the subjects were
      considered to be of particular interest. The most frequent somatic disorders were
      in heart-rate variations, abnormal sweating (especially of the hands when being
      orally tested at school), abdominal-aches and headaches. Of the behavioural
      disorders the most frequent were in the inability to stand still and nail-biting.
      Also worthy of note, though less frequent, were disorders in eating and in
      sleeping. It was especially at the end of the day ("before going to sleep") that
      all these problems occurred. They were also frequent, however, during the periods
      "at school", "during oral tests" and "watching television". The results obtained
      in parallel research on 125 primary school children confirm all of the above
      findings.

PMID- 2636382
TI  - [Catarrhal otitis media in children and air travel].
AB  - Fifteen children with otitis media with effusion were followed before and after
      air travel. The purpose of the study was to determine if the young patients who
      fly with otitis media with effusion are at risk for the development of
      "barotitis". No children with otitis media became symptomatic, though same normal
      ears did become symptomatic. The authors describe the physiopathological details
      of this different findings.

PMID- 2636383
TI  - [Apple peel small bowel: surgical correction and post-operative treatment].
AB  - The authors describe 6 cases of Apple Peel Small Bowel observed in the last ten
      year experience in Institute G. Gaslini of Genoa, Italy. They make a precision on
      early diagnosis and on surgical treatment, which is original, and also on post
      operatory medical treatment. The importance of making an optimal nutritional
      support with total and partial parenteral nutrition for long time is of great
      significance to have a better outcome and psycho-physical development in such
      patients.

PMID- 2636384
TI  - [Hypokalemia and hypoevolutism. Description of a case of Bartter's syndrome].
AB  - In 1962 Bartter et al. described a clinical syndrome characterized by growth and
      mental retardation, hypokalemic alkalosis, increased aldosterone secretion rate
      and increased plasma angiotensin II concentration in the presence of normal blood
      pressure. The inheritance pattern has been reported as autosomal recessive or as
      sporadic. Since that time 37 cases have been reported in pediatric age,
      describing a wide spectrum of clinical and biochemical features. For the
      diagnosis the following criteria must be present: hypokalemia, hypochloremia,
      alkalosis, hyperreninemia in the presence of a normal blood pressure and elevated
      urinary K and Cl excretion, in the absence of other conditions that might cause
      similar features. A case of Bartter's disease is herein reported with our
      experience in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.

PMID- 2636385
TI  - Perceived strength and identity of foreign accent in Swedish.
AB  - We report three listening experiments focussing on the phonetic correlates of
      perceived foreignness and perceived strength of foreign accent in Swedish. In the
      first experiment, it is shown that accentedness can be reliably measured on the
      basis of a relatively short speech sample and that a statistical count of
      deviating pronunciations correlates significantly with subjective judgements of
      accentedness by linguistically naive listeners. The second experiment shows a
      significant correlation between number of deviant features and perceived accent
      strength and a significant correlation between judgements of degree of deviation
      and foreignness. Some features are associated with impressions of stronger
      accents than others, and some with perception of 'Finnish' accent. The third
      experiment establishes which combinations of deviant phonetic characteristics
      most strongly tend to give the impression of Finnish accent.

PMID- 2636386
TI  - Perception and production of English vowels by German learners: instrumental
      phonetic support in language teaching.
AB  - Results are presented from two experiments which examine the application of
      instrumental phonetic methods to the needs of the teacher of a foreign language.
      First, the use of a traditional psychophonetic test procedure as a diagnostic
      tool is demonstrated. Second, the effect of reading, imitation, and prompted
      recall on production is examined, and the implications for teaching and
      pronunciation monitoring discussed.

PMID- 2636387
TI  - Aspects of final consonant production in American English by nonnative speakers.
AB  - This paper describes the production of word-final, utterance-medial /t, d/ in
      American English by native speakers and by three groups of nonnative speakers of
      English. Twenty-four nonnative subjects, whose native languages include Arabic,
      Korean, Spanish, and Thai, were rated by native English speakers as having no
      accent, a mild accent, or a medium to heavy accent in English. Measurement of
      five tokens each of /t/ and /d/ for each speaker and for 6 native English
      speakers were compared. Neither the Americans nor any of the nonnative groups
      significantly differentiated /t/ from /d/ by closure duration. As strength of
      accent rating increased, mean closure duration tended to increase. Also, as
      strength of accent rating increased, implementation of manner of stop consonant
      production (including flapping and aspirated versus nonaspirated release) tended
      to change. Results suggest that both duration and the ability to produce a number
      of durationally different release options in English may affect the degree of
      perceived foreignness.

PMID- 2636388
TI  - Categories of tonal alignment in English.
AB  - This paper reports the results of an inquiry into the question of category versus
      continuum in intonation. Variants of the English rise-fall-rise pattern were used
      to study whether tonal alignment is a categorical or gradient distinction. LPC
      resynthesis was used to construct a set of stimuli in which the alignment of the
      F0 rise-fall varied in small steps. Subjects heard the stimuli in randomized
      order and imitated what they heard. The position of the F0 peak relative to the
      onset of the stressed vowel was measured in each response. Systematic deviations
      between the peak placement in the stimuli and those in the responses revealed the
      existence of two categories. We conclude that tonal alignment functions as a
      binary distinction in English intonation.

PMID- 2636389
TI  - P-center judgments are generally insensitive to the instructions given.
AB  - The perceptual moment of occurrence of a syllable, its P-center, has frequently
      been examined by instructing subjects to adjust a series of speech sounds until
      they sounded isochronous. The present two experiments examined the effect of
      changing the instructions. In addition to the overall isochrony instructions, we
      asked subjects to align pairs of syllables so that the syllable onsets, vowel
      onsets, or syllable offsets sounded isochronous. In the first experiment, 3 of 4
      subjects showed no difference among the first three instruction sets, and the
      changes introduced by the fourth went in the wrong direction. All subjects found
      it impossible to make alignments with respect to offsets. In the second
      experiment, vowel durations of two versions of some stimuli differed by 100 ms,
      to enhance the difference in syllable rhyme durations. Two subjects received the
      same instruction sets as in Experiment 1, and again found alignment with respect
      to offsets impossible. These subjects showed differences among the other
      instruction sets, although the direction and magnitude of the differences
      indicated that they had not succeeded in changing their timing criteria. The
      results indicate that P-center alignments are the syllable timing judgments that
      subjects most naturally make, and they may, indeed, be the only isochrony
      judgments that subjects can make reliably.

PMID- 2636390
TI  - Naive subjects' assignments of stress ranks.
AB  - In three experiments, it is investigated to what extent naive listeners agree in
      ranking the stress of syllables in Dutch words. Four factors influencing the
      scores are isolated: the position of the primary stress, the awareness of
      rhythmic patterns, a tendency to assign prominence to the initial syllable and a
      segmental factor which disallows prominence on syllables with schwa. As these
      factors oppose or strengthen each other, they explain fluctuations in the
      subjects' agreement.

PMID- 2636391
TI  - The role of protein associated amino acid precursor molecules in the organization
      of genetic codons.
AB  - A better understanding of the origin and organization of genetic codons is
      possible based on the metabolic relatedness of amino acids. Amino acids with
      similar codons (anticodons) usually have the same or similar precursor molecule,
      even if the amino acids are not related physico-chemically. These observations
      suggest, that amino acid precursor molecules and enzymes responsible for the
      synthesis of amino acids "must have seen" the protein synthesis machinery, and
      played a fundamental role in the codon (anticodon) organization.

PMID- 2636392
TI  - [Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in persons infected with HIV and its
      characteristics in the HIV-infected population in Slovenia].
AB  - The problem of tuberculosis (TB) in population, infected by human
      immunodeficiency virus I (HIV I) in Slovenia is presented in the period from 1986
      when the first patient was registered, till 1989. In Slovenia it has been
      established that TB plays an important role in patients with HIV infection. Out
      of 14 patients with symptomatic HIV infection, 6 suffered from pulmonary TB and 1
      patient from extrapulmonary TB (50%), mostly being expressed already in the early
      stage of HIV infection. In 3 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) the pulmonary TB had been proven before the HIV infection was established.
      In one case the mycobacterial infection was confirmed pathohistologically after
      death; one patient suffered from disseminated TB. Out of three patients with AIDS
      related complex (ARC) two of them showed the apical pulmonary TB with
      cavitations. The data available show a prevalence of infection with Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis (MT) in population of Slovenia, so the occurrence of TB in a HIV
      positive person must by all means be taken into account regardless of the stage
      of disease. In the opposite, the possibility of HIV infection in newly detected
      TB patient must always be considered, especially concerning younger persons,
      predominantly men, whose history reveals risk behaviour. The paper presents also
      the clinical features as well as diagnosis, therapy and prevention of TB in HIV
      positive persons.

PMID- 2636393
TI  - [Smoking habits in physicians and its sequelae. Preliminary results of a study of
      3595 physicians in Slovenia over a 15-year period (1972-1986)].
AB  - Results of the inquiry among Slovene physicians regarding their smoking habits
      and accompanying symptoms are presented. At the same time some estimations are
      given concerning the differences in degree and specificity of mortality among
      physicians-smokers and physicians-non-smokers on the base of analysis of
      physicians died during the period from 1972 to 1986. Spreading of smoking among
      physicians is still a matter of great concern as there are as much as 30% of male
      doctors and 20% of female doctors who smoke regularly. Morbidity and mortality
      are among physicians-smokers significantly higher than among physicians non
      smokers. Among the causes of death, cancer of the lung, myocardial infarction,
      digestive and respiratory diseases are significantly more frequent.

PMID- 2636394
TI  - [The role of pleural effusion cytology in the diagnosis of malignancies].
AB  - During 6 yrs' period the malignant or suspicious cells were found in 219
      patients. The male to female ratio was 1.2:1. The youngest patient was 21 yrs
      old, the oldest 92. Most patients were from the age group 55-64 yrs. The most
      frequent primary localisation of cancer with cytologically positive or suspicious
      pleural effusion was lung, on the second place was breast cancer in females and
      pleura in males. In 11.4% of patients the cytologic finding was suspicious. Most
      frequently the cells of mesothelioma could not be classified with certainty. In
      94 patients the malignant cells were found in pleural effusion and also in any
      other kinds of material. In 125 patients the other materials were not examined or
      they were negative. In 76 patients apart from cytological examination of pleural
      effusion the histological examination of the material obtained by blind needle
      biopsy or by thoracoscopy was examined. Cytology was positive in 67.1% of cases
      and histology in 89.5%.

PMID- 2636395
TI  - [Lymphocytes in sputum].
AB  - The authors analysed 116 hospitalized patients who, in their routine cytologic
      examination of the sputum, had also a cytomorphologic finding of lymphocytes. The
      greatest majority of these patients, 63 of them or 54.3% suffered from malignant
      neoplasm. Out of these 63 patients, 53 of them or 45.7% suffered from primary
      bronchial carcinoma, whereas 10 patients or 8.6% had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,
      metastatic lung cancer of extrathoracic primary localization, Hodgkin's lymphoma,
      while two patients were supposed to have lung neoplasm. Our study also revealed
      that 14 patients (out of 116 hospitalized patients) or 12.0% suffered from
      broncho-pleuropneumonia, 13 or 11.2% from an active pulmonary tuberculosis, 7 or
      6.0% from a chronic obstructive bronchitis, 5.1% from sarcoidosis, 3.4% from post
      tuberculosis pulmonary changes while 2.5% of the patients were found to have a
      pleural empyema. One case of bronchial asthma, tuberculous pleurisy,
      bronchiectasis, hamartoma, hemoptysis and a pulmonary infarction were found as
      well. Due to their own experience the authors conclude that the lymphocytes in
      the sputum were found to be the most frequent in patients suffering from primary
      bronchial carcinoma, broncho-pleuropneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis but that
      they could also be found in many others pathologic changes of pulmonary
      parenchyma.

PMID- 2636396
TI  - [Changes in etiologic factors, anatomic distribution and age in children with
      bronchiectasis].
AB  - Changing aetiology, anatomic distribution and age of 62 children with
      bronchiectasis undergoing lobectomy between 1979 and 1987, were analysed.
      Postpneumonic bronchiectases were found in about 50% of cases during several
      years of observed 9-years' period. There was significant increase of
      bronchiectasis due to the documented congenital malformations of the lungs
      according to the exact diagnosis of intrapulmonary congenital lesions (congenital
      cystic disease of the lungs, bronchial and vascular abnormalities).
      Bronchiectases have been diagnosed and surgically treated in very young children
      lately; mean age at the time of surgery decreased from 7.1 years in 1979. to 5.2
      years in 1987.

PMID- 2636397
TI  - [The effect of harmful chemicals used in the electronics industry on airflow
      resistance in the respiratory tract].
AB  - An examination of the working area in one branch of Electronic Industry in Nis
      (TV) was performed together with the state of the pulmonary ventilation in
      workers who worked in this department (120). The workers were divided into two
      groups: smokers (32) and non-smokers (88) and the values obtained from lung
      function tests were compared with the normal standards. The results of the
      examination showed that on these working places some chemical noxiousnesses were
      present (lead, tin, calaphonium and ethyl alcohol) which might have caused the
      increase of air flow resistance in the respiratory tracts of the exposed workers.

PMID- 2636398
TI  - [Risks to health in the process of producing cellulose].
AB  - Technology of the production of cellulose in our conditions has much harmful
      effects on health of the people working in this industry. A lot has been done on
      the prevention of the exposed persons but the longterm exposition of smaller
      concentrations to any of the harmful products leaves the irreversible effects on
      the health. Fifty-two exposed workers were studied and the same number in the
      control group. The changes are most frequently of neuropsychological kind but
      also of respiratory in much higher percent that has been considered. In addition
      to the clinical examination of several specialties the cytological examination of
      sputum has also been included together with spirometry and gas analysis. Half of
      the subjects examined were smokers.

PMID- 2636399
TI  - [Comparative studies of smoking habits of students at the medical and law schools
      in Belgrade].
AB  - About one third of medical students and almost 50% of law students are current
      smokers. In both schools there are more smokers among male students than among
      female students. The percentage of smokers increased in the course of medical
      training and decreased in the course of law training. About 50% of all male
      students smoked 15-24 cigarettes per day and most of female students (60%) smoked
      1-14 cigarettes per day. The majority of students became smokers before coming to
      University. In most cases they started smoking at the age of 18. The majority of
      students can not state a specific reason for starting smoking. Among reported
      motives conflicting situations and imitating friends are the most frequently
      mentioned. Smoking is more common among the families of students smokers than
      among the families of students non-smokers and this difference was found to be
      statistically significant. Students, especially medical ones, are well informed
      about harmful effects of cigarette smoking. They most frequently associated
      smoking with lung cancer, hypertension and myocardial infarction. More than half
      students-smokers declared they would like to quit smoking.

PMID- 2636400
TI  - [Tuberculosis of the cervical lymph nodes].
AB  - Clinical observations and experiences in the treatment of 52 patients with
      tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis are presented during the period of 15 yrs. In
      all patients the diagnosis was confirmed by pathohistological analysis of
      extirpated lymph nodes. In 88% of patients the caseous necrosis form of
      tuberculosis was histologically verified while in 12% the productive one. In 87%
      of patients the tuberculous process was localised unilaterally and in 13%
      bilaterally. Deep lymph nodes were more frequently involved than those on the
      surface (58%:42%). Most of the patients were in the third, fourth and fifth
      decade of life. Female patients were more frequent than males (58%:42%). In all
      patients the chemotherapy with antituberculous drugs was administered. In 42%
      patients tonsilectomy was performed with or without adenoidectomy depending on
      age of the patient. Pathohistologically tuberculosis of the tonsillae was found
      only in 3 cases.

PMID- 2636401
TI  - [Henoch-Schoenlein purpura with pulmonary infiltration].
AB  - Purpura Henoch-Schonlein (PHS) was described in 55-year old man. The damages of
      skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys and lung were found. The spreading
      of the PHS into the lungs with the development of transitory respiratory failure
      was found out on X-ray finding (bilateral pleural effusions and interstitial
      infiltrations), functional testing (differential diffusing capacity of alveolar
      membrane reduced to 31% of normal) and with measurement of blood gases (hypoxemia
      with PaO2 43.8 mmHg respectively 5.7 kPa). The impairment of lung function is
      rarely described since according to the data from the literature the lungs are
      damaged only in 6.5% of patients with PHS. Due to the corticosteroid therapy all
      clinical and laboratory findings were significantly improved.

PMID- 2636402
TI  - [Hypernephroma cells in pleural effusions].
AB  - A rare case of finding of hypernephroma cells in pleural effusion as well as
      their cytomorphological picture are presented in this paper. Cytomorphologically,
      the hypernephroma cells in pleural effusion occurred in clusters from three, four
      to about twenty of cells and rarely appeared singly. The cytoplasm of the cells
      appeared to be abundant, not sharply bordered and varied in colour from a light
      grey to a slight pink-grey while within the cytoplasm, the small pale vacuoles
      were visible. The nuclei of the cells were regularly round-to-oval shape with a
      slight anisonucleosis and contained one, rarely two, a good visible blue
      nucleoli. Of other cells, erythrocytes were also present together with the cells
      of mesothelial serosa and lymphocytes. Cytomorphologically, the hypernephroma
      cells in pleural effusion have the same characteristics as have the hypernephroma
      cells in metastases of lymph nodes in mediastinum or in metastatic nodes of the
      lung.

PMID- 2636403
TI  - [Tuberculosis of the middle ear].
AB  - A female patient with tuberculosis of the middle ear diagnosed postsurgically by
      patohistologic granulations from cavum tympani is presented. Tuberculosis of the
      middle ear is a rare occurrence today due to the preventive measures like
      vaccination of the newborns and specific chemotherapy. However, the disease may
      represent a diagnostic problem. Together with a case report a review of the
      literature on tuberculosis of middle ear has been given.

PMID- 2636404
TI  - [Hemoptysis with a normal radiograph of the thoracic organs].
AB  - A case of a patient is presented who had hemoptysis and normal chest
      roentgenogram. In diagnostic procedure active pulmonary tuberculosis was found to
      be the cause of hemoptysis.

PMID- 2636405
TI  - [Comparison of amoxicillin and amoxiclav in the therapy of respiratory
      infections].
AB  - Randomly hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections admitted to
      three pulmonary departments of the Golnik Institute for Pulmonary Diseases and
      Tuberculosis were enrolled in an open, comparative clinical study of Amoksiklav
      and Amoxicillin. A group of 26 patients with a mean age of 64.5 years presenting
      with pneumonia (13), exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (12) and bronchiectasis
      (1) were given Amoskilav, while another 20 patients with a mean age of 61.4 years
      presenting with pneumonia (9), exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (5),
      bronchiectasis (5) and sinusitis (1) received Amoxicillin. The efficacy of
      treatment was assessed by bacteriological findings of respiratory tract
      specimens, sputum and blood leucocytosis, macroscopic purulence of sputum and the
      presence of fever. The bacteriological findings are shown in detail. Leucocytosis
      and macroscopic purulence of sputum significantly improved on Amoksiklav therapy
      (p less than 0.05) while with Amoxicillin there was no significant improvement.
      With respect to the presence of fever, there was no significant difference
      between Amoksiklav and Amoxicillin. The overall clinical and bacteriological
      response was very good and good in 88.5% of patients treated with Amoksiklav
      compared to 75% of those receiving Amoxicillin. Additionally, 1000 pathogenic
      strains were tested for their response to Amoksiklav and Amoxicillin. Amoksiklav
      proved superior against strains of Branhamella catarrhalis, E. coli, coagulase
      negative staphylococci and K. pneumoniae (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2636406
TI  - [Comparison of in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin against strains
      isolated from clinical material].
AB  - The susceptibility of 392 strains of pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical
      material of hospitalized patients in Institute for Chest Diseases Golnik were
      studied. 100 strains of Escherichia coli, 56 strains of Enterobacter spp., 40
      strains of Proteus mirabilis, 50 strains of Gram negative nonfermentative
      bacteria, 46 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 100 strains of Staphylococcus
      aureus were tested. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin and
      pefloxacin were determined by agar dilution test. The susceptibility of tested
      strains is greater to ciprofloxacin, except susceptibility of strains of
      Staphylococcus aureus, which is greater to pefloxacin. Strains of nonfermentative
      bacteria have lower susceptibility to both quinolones.

PMID- 2636407
TI  - [Measurement of pulmonary transfer factor using the CO rebreathing method of gas
      mixtures].
AB  - The measurement of transfer factor of the lung with CO rebreathing method
      (TLcoRB) is presented by slightly modified method of Clark et al. The
      measurements were performed in 32 healthy subjects and in 24 patients with
      restrictive or obstructive ventilatory defect and compared with the values of
      TLcoSB. TLcoRB was in all examined persons cca 30% lower than TLcoSB. Contrary to
      that Kco in healthy subjects was the same in both methods while the values of
      KcoRB in patients were slightly lower than KcoSB. It is concluded that
      measurement of TLco rebreathing method is suitable for routine use. The
      measurement of TLcoRB may be performed also in patients with severely decreased
      ventilatory capacity and even at patient's bed. In specialised laboratories for
      lung function test TLcoRB should be used as parallel method in routine work.

PMID- 2636408
TI  - [Ketotifen and nasal steroids in the therapy of pollinosis].
AB  - Thirty-five patients with seasonal pollen rhinitis due to hypersensitivity to
      Parietaria officinalis pollen were randomized and treated with ketotifen and with
      a combination of ketotifen and beclomethason diproprionate, a nasal steroid. The
      study was timed to cover the Parietaria off. pollination period (4 months), which
      was documented by the determination of air concentration of the pollen.
      Respiratory symptoms and additional medications were scored according to a
      defined control. During the peak pollen period, both groups suffered from
      intensified pollinosis symptoms which prompted additional medication. The
      increases, however, were less significant in the group treated with the
      combination of the two drugs, i.e. better results were obtained with the
      ketotifen-beclomethasone diproprionate combination than with ketotifen alone.

PMID- 2636409
TI  - [The epidemiologic situation of chronic obstructive lung diseases in the
      population in Croatia].
AB  - In the introduction the importance of epidemiologic studies of COPD is indicated,
      thus stressing the complexity of their realization and high cost of these
      projects. According to the data that are gathered through every day routine work
      of health service and health statistics the authors try to find out the place of
      COPD in the population of Croatia studying the year 1987. In general medicine
      24.8% visits due to respiratory diseases have been registered, in occupational
      medicine 24.8%, school medicine 43.2%, pediatric health care 60.8%. In this
      number COPD are represented by 8.6% with 111.822 visits, occupational medicine by
      3.8% with 18.445 visits, school medicine by 4.2% with 22.629 visits and pediatric
      health care by 5.5% with 40.961 visits. On the whole in this year in Croatia
      there were 4.214 visits on 100,000 population due to COPD. According to the data
      of pneumology service the incidence of COPD is 164 0/0000 and the prevalence
      691,6 0/0000. In pneumology stationaries 6.207 patients with COPD or 21.5% were
      treated. In the proclaimed invalidity the COPD is to be found on the fourth
      place. In the mortality the respiratory diseases are found on the sixth place out
      of which half of them are COPD. By the follow-up of these data a lot of time and
      money is wasted without giving the adequate results. The method of analytically
      specialistic register for COPD is explained as a simple, economic and efficient
      method for studying COPD in the population.

PMID- 2636411
TI  - Jane and John Doe in the psychiatric emergency service.

PMID- 2636410
TI  - Perceptions of housestaff stress and dysfunction within the academic medical
      center.
AB  - Stress, emotional dysfunction, and work impairment are seen as accelerating
      phenomena in residency training, and have received increased attention in the
      medical literature. The authors review relevant literature in this area, and note
      continued deficiencies in programs for prevention and intervention. The present
      study focuses on the perceptions of key members of the academic hierarchy
      regarding housestaff stress and impairment. Chairmen, program directors, and
      chief residents in all specialties were asked to estimate the prevalence of
      several impairment syndromes, to describe any existing policies or programs to
      assist residents, and to express their opinions about developing such
      intervention strategies. The results are compared by respondent group, by
      resident postgraduate year, and by groupings of surgical and non-surgical
      programs. Suggestions for further research in this area are then offered.

PMID- 2636412
TI  - Treatment of the mentally ill chemical abuser: description of the Hutchings Day
      Treatment Program.
AB  - Drug and alcohol abuse represents a major obstacle to the successful
      rehabilitation of psychiatrically-disabled persons. Prevalence estimates for
      current chemical abuse among individuals in psychiatric treatment range from 24%
      to 49%. Although specialized treatment programs for mentally ill chemical abusers
      (MICAs) have recently been developed, few of these innovative programs are
      described in the literature. This paper presents main features of the MICA Day
      Treatment Program at the Richard H. Hutchings Psychiatric Center, including
      staffing, schedule, maintenance of a drug-free treatment environment, and
      therapeutic programming. Recommendations are offered for treatment providers who
      are developing their own services for MICAs.

PMID- 2636413
TI  - The use of contracts in the inpatient treatment of the borderline personality
      disorder.
AB  - This paper reviews and describes the clinical, administrative, and psychodynamic
      aspects of the use of contracts. The particular focus is on how the
      characteristic difficulties which borderline personality disorder patients
      encounter on inpatient services are helped by contracting. The use of contracts
      facilitates the therapeutic alliance, and aids in the avoidance of excessive
      regression and acting out. The improved stabilization of the patient permits a
      more constructive use of transference and countertransference, and facilitates a
      clearer examination of Axis I diagnosis and the use of medication. The
      contracting process can be a useful addition to the inpatient treatment of
      borderline personality disorder patients.

PMID- 2636414
TI  - Isolated versus visible seclusion rooms: attitudes of psychiatric patients.
AB  - This study compares the attitudes of nonsecluded patients hospitalized on
      psychiatric units with either isolated or visible seclusion rooms. It was found
      that there were minimal differences between units. Patients at the hospital with
      visible seclusion rooms more often indicate that patients are often cured in such
      rooms, in contrast to the patients on the other unit who endorsed more
      stereotypical perceptions of the quiet room.

PMID- 2636415
TI  - "Afterwork": a clinical-phenomenological report.
AB  - This paper explores a number of the dimensions of the process of "afterwork": the
      psychological work that former patients engage in after treatment has terminated.
      Ten former patients, who had worked with 10 different therapists, were
      interviewed utilizing a semi-structured interview protocol, and their experiences
      form the basis for the findings and observations that are described. It was found
      that subjects remembered little by way of lessons or insights; rather, what
      remained with them were changes of perspective, the internalization of the
      "process" of the treatment, and the experience of their therapists' human
      qualities. In addition, it was found that most subjects had had some form of
      contact with their therapists post-termination. The implications of these
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 2636416
TI  - Psychodrama group therapy for patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders
      -a controlled long-term follow-up study.
AB  - Patients with gastric dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome at a primary health
      care centre were offered a special form of group psychotherapy once a week during
      a 3-month period. The therapy included psychodrama and relaxation training.
      Results were evaluated by means of self-administered questionnaires on symptoms
      and anxiety, comparing pretherapy levels with levels 6 months after the start of
      the therapy as well as 3 years later. In the studied treatment group--as well as
      in a control group selected in the same way but not undergoing the special
      treatment--the symptom levels decreased 3 months after therapy. In both groups,
      however, they tended to increase again after 3 years. Anxiety, on the other hand,
      decreased 6 months after the start of therapy in the specially treated group and
      no similar tendency was observed in the control group. In the treatment group
      subjects who reported immediately after treatment that they had learned 'a new
      behaviour' were more likely to report fewer symptoms of the irritable bowel
      syndrome 3 years later than other subjects.

PMID- 2636417
TI  - Family assessment and linguistic interaction: analysis of the Camberwell Family
      Interview.
AB  - Expressed Emotion (EE) is a form of assessment of the family environment: it is
      highly reliable and has proved to be predictive for symptomatologic relapse with
      schizophrenic subjects. Rating is obtained by offering to relatives living with
      the schizophrenic patient a structured interview, the Camberwell Family Interview
      (CFI). In the present study we will undertake a linguistic analysis (with
      quantitative and semantic evaluation) of 16 CFI, in order to detect communication
      parameters likely to be correlated with basic EE categories (high and low EE).
      The results obtained demonstrate that high EE relatives show a more immediate
      response style and a greater amount of speech. Moreover, these subjects tend to
      neglect their task during the interview, starting in most cases a self-referred
      communication.

PMID- 2636418
TI  - Psychological components and the role of adjunct interventions in chronic
      idiopathic urticaria.
AB  - A psychological assessment (Symptom Checklist-90) was performed on 19 patients
      with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Compared to the control group, the urticaria
      patients had significantly higher scores on the scales of somatization, obsessive
      compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety. In general, the
      urticaria patients were quite anxious and experienced significant discomfort in
      interpersonal relationships. Based on the results of this study and other similar
      reports in the literature, it is suggested that adjunctive treatment of urticaria
      patients should focus primarily on stress management training aimed at relieving
      anxiety and group therapy which focuses on an exploration of interpersonal
      issues.

PMID- 2636419
TI  - The influence of consensus on the assessment of physical disease in chronic
      community psychiatric patients.
AB  - Physical disease is a frequent concomitant of mental disease. The majority of
      chronic psychiatric patients have physical complaints. Screening physical disease
      on a regular basis in an ambulatory setting for chronic psychiatric patients is
      often impossible if only for lack of medical manpower and facilities. Especially
      for the nonmedical personnel of a community psychiatric unit (CPU) for chronic
      patients, approaching and handling physical complaints and diseases poses a
      formidable problem. This paper addresses the issue of screening physical disease
      from a completely different viewpoint than that of the often advocated but just
      as often infeasible routine physical examination and laboratory workup. It is
      argued that consensus (i.e., agreement and mutual understanding) between patient
      and therapist on the physical well-being of the patient may increase the accuracy
      with which a CPU therapist, irrespective of his/her discipline, assesses physical
      disease. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of 156 chronic ambulatory
      psychiatric patients. Consensus between patient and CPU therapist was measured by
      means of a questionnaire. The CPU therapist assessment on physical disease in
      both the consensus and no consensus group was compared with those of two external
      medical observers; the patients' general practitioner and a specialist in
      internal medicine, who followed a protocolized physical screening procedure. The
      results tend to support the proposed hypothesis. Replication of this study using
      a larger samples is recommended in order to confirm the value of consensus in the
      assessment of physical disease in at least some subgroups of chronic ambulatory
      psychiatric patients and for the implications that consensus could have for daily
      community psychiatric practice.

PMID- 2636420
TI  - Job strains and job satisfaction of dialysis nurses.
AB  - Results are reported from an investigation on job strains in dialysis nurses and
      needs for psychosocial staff training. 174 dialysis nurses in the Federal
      Republic of Germany answered the clinical questionnaire, which was distributed in
      cooperation with the German section of the EDTNA. Although the majority
      emphasized positive aspects of the job (particularly responsible work, contact to
      patients, and teamwork), more than one-fourth of the nurses reported marked
      psychosocial strains. Main sources of stress were doubts about the principle of
      maximum therapy, the consumerism of some patients, and intrateam tensions. Almost
      two-thirds confirmed the necessity of psychosocial staff training, favoring
      training units of 1-2 h once a month. In the staff's opinion psychosocial staff
      training should mainly include casework and cognitive as well as behavioral
      training for a better handling of patients and conflicts. Main topics suggested
      by the nurses for discussion were depression, coping with illness as well as
      handling of aggressive and pretentious patients. Finally, implications of the
      findings with respect to the goals and performance of psychosocial staff training
      are discussed.

PMID- 2636421
TI  - Primary fibromyalgia syndrome--a variant of depressive disorder?
AB  - Primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS) is a form of connective tissue rheumatism,
      characterized by diffuse chronic pain in periarticular tissue, for which no
      organic cause can be identified. The present study examined the personal and
      family history, clinical and psychodynamic features of 40 PFS patients, and
      compared them to a matched control group of patients suffering from rheumatoid
      arthritis. Depression, either in the past or at present, was seen significantly
      more often among PFS patients that among controls. Dependence and passivity,
      idealization of family relationships, obsessive-compulsive personality,
      maladaptive response to loss, and prepain ergomania were the psychodynamic
      features characteristic of PFS patients. It is suggested that PFS is a well
      defined disorder, in which specific premorbid, familial, and psychodynamic
      characteristics result in a depressive disorder which takes the form of a
      physical symptom: pain.

PMID- 2636422
TI  - Alexithymia: reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Toronto
      Alexithymia Scale.
AB  - This study was conducted to explore reliability and validity from the Spanish
      version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS). An alpha coefficient of 0.78, and
      a test-retest reliability of 0.83 over a 3-week period were obtained. In a sample
      of 111 college students, TAS correlated strongly and positively with the
      hypochondriasis subscale of the MMPI and with a somatization disorder
      questionnaire, but negatively with measures of sociability and psychological
      mindedness. In addition, factor analysis showed the TAS to have a stable,
      replicable factor structure. These findings suggest that this Spanish adaptation
      of the TAS is a psychometrically sound measure of the alexithymia construct.

PMID- 2636423
TI  - Sex-hormone-binding globulin in human follicular fluid and serum at the time of
      oocyte recovery.
AB  - Androgen binding activity, indistinguishable from sex-hormone-binding globulin
      (SHBG) in serum, has been identified in human follicular fluid by binding
      analyses (saturation and Scatchard analyses and binding specificity),
      immunoradiometric assay and Con-A Sepharose chromatography. Follicular fluid was
      obtained at the time of oocyte recovery from either individual follicles (range 2
      7) from seven patients, or as a pool obtained from follicles of several patients
      who had received a Clomid-human menopausal gonadotrophin treatment to stimulate
      follicular growth as part of an in vitro fertilization program. Concentrations of
      SHBG in follicular fluid varied between individual follicles (750 +/- 202 fmol mg
      1 protein; mean +/- s.d.; n = 14) and ranged above and below concentrations of
      SHBG in serum (948 +/- 171 fmol mg-1 protein; n = 5) taken 4 h before oocyte
      recovery and harvest of follicular fluid. There were strong correlations (r = 0.7
      0.9) between the steroid and SHBG contents in individual follicular fluids of two
      patients. However, the concentration of SHBG in follicular fluid was generally
      100-fold lower than that of oestradiol or progesterone, suggesting that SHBG may
      play some role other than determining the concentration of unbound steroid in the
      follicle.

PMID- 2636424
TI  - Changes in milk composition during lactation in the common brushtail possum,
      Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae).
AB  - The milk constituents of Trichosurus vulpecula, a folivorous marsupial, showed
      marked quantitative and qualitative changes during the course of lactation. The
      milk produced in the early stages of lactation was dilute, with about 9-13% (w/w)
      solids during the first 3 weeks, comprising mostly carbohydrate and protein (35
      40%). At 20 weeks, about three-quarters of the way through lactation, the milk
      was much more concentrated, about 28% solids, with lipid the predominant fraction
      (30-35%), after a marked decline in carbohydrate content (20-25%). Concentrations
      of the electrolytes sodium and potassium also underwent marked changes. The
      changes in milk composition of T. vulpecula during the first three-quarters of
      lactation were similar to those described for a range of herbivorous,
      insectivorous and carnivorous marsupials. In the last quarter of lactation,
      however, brushtail possum milk maintained a relatively stable composition, with
      higher levels of carbohydrate and lower levels of lipid than for other
      marsupials. There appears to be a uniform pattern of changes in milk composition
      throughout the Marsupialia over most of lactation, with family differences
      evident only in the latter stages.

PMID- 2636425
TI  - Stage-specific expression of nucleoprotein mRNAs during rat and mouse
      spermiogenesis.
AB  - The expression of mRNAs for a transition protein (TP1) and two variants of
      protamines (P1 and P2) during rat and mouse spermiogenesis was investigated using
      cDNA hybridization techniques. Slot-blot analyses from 1-mm segments of
      seminiferous tubules and in situ hybridization from testis sections showed that
      the levels of mRNA for TP1 increased in step-7 round spermatids at substage VIIb
      of the seminiferous epithelial cycle, earlier than that of P1 and P2 at substage
      VIIc. The mRNA levels of all transcripts remained high during steps 8-13 in both
      species. In the rat, the mRNA of TP1 disappeared during step 14 between substages
      XIVa and XIVb. The P1 mRNA levels decreased during steps 15-16 (stages I-III) and
      the P2 mRNA during step 15 (stage I). In the mouse, TP1 mRNA disappeared during
      step 13 (stage I). The P1 mRNA level decreased before P2 in step 14 (stage II),
      whereas P2 was detected up to step 15 (stage V). Northern-blot analyses with all
      three cDNA probes revealed two sizes of mRNA and their stage-specific expression.
      The shorter transcripts appeared later than the longer ones, at the steps of
      spermiogenesis where translation is known to begin. The results suggest that
      transcription of TP1, P1, and P2 mRNAs starts at specifically defined times
      during spermiogenesis and that the temporal translational regulation of these
      mRNAs is different.

PMID- 2636426
TI  - In vitro fertilization, a practical option after failed artificial insemination
      with donor semen.
AB  - The progress of 80 couples who failed to conceive by donor insemination was
      followed through in vitro fertilization cycles using donor sperm. The outcome was
      better than that for couples undergoing IVF for tubal disease and significantly
      better than their chance with further cycles of donor insemination.

PMID- 2636427
TI  - Issues in women's health.

PMID- 2636428
TI  - The myth of female fraility, the reality of females and physical activity.

PMID- 2636429
TI  - Assertion for nurses.

PMID- 2636430
TI  - Women and food.

PMID- 2636431
TI  - The forgotten generation: elderly women and loneliness.

PMID- 2636432
TI  - Women in women's work: nurses, stress and power.

PMID- 2636433
TI  - Gender prescription in nurse training: its effects on health care provision.

PMID- 2636434
TI  - Women and their mental health: a reflection of society's expectations and
      pressures?

PMID- 2636435
TI  - Current trends in the study of intracellular protein degradation II.

PMID- 2636436
TI  - Muscle protein breakdown in premature human infants.
AB  - Muscle protein breakdown in premature human infants can be quantified from the
      urinary excretion ratio of 3-methylhistidine (3MH) to creatinine. Only single
      urine samples are needed and no prior treatment of the infant is required. Use of
      this procedure over the past 10 years has established that rates of muscle
      protein breakdown increase rapidly in response to stress, infection or inadequate
      nutrition and return to normal once successful treatment has been achieved.
      Higher rates are also observed in very early premature infants. No effects of
      sex, time of day or the route of nutrient intake, whether parenteral or enteral,
      are observed. A marked fall in 3MH excretion occurs following indomethacin
      treatment, consistent with responses to prostaglandin inhibitors established
      previously in isolated muscle.

PMID- 2636437
TI  - [Characterization of a chondrocyte primary culture from rib cartilage of the
      rat].
AB  - In order to standardize and to characterize a chondrocyte primary culture, cells
      from rat rib resting cartilage were used. High yield (0.99 +/- 0.18 x 10(6)
      cells/rat) and viability (91.76%) of costal cartilage cells was reached by
      enzymatic digestion with collagenase. The cells were cultivated in Dulbecco's
      medium (DME) supplemented with 10%. Heat inactivated newborn calf serum, at 37
      degrees under humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Two or three days after
      plating, the cells were attached to the surface of tissue culture weel, and began
      dividing. Adhesion was independent of plating density. The doubling time of cell
      population was found to be 23.19 hours. The cells became a monolayer and required
      easy maintenance. The results support the contention that rat costal cartilage is
      a good source of chondrocytes for primary culture cells experiments.

PMID- 2636438
TI  - [Experimental biomechanical study of the advancement of tibial tuberosity].
AB  - In 1963 P. Maquet suggested tibial tuberosity advancement as a therapeutic
      solution for patellofemoral arthrosis, but the fiability of the operation remains
      controversial. An advancement of the tibial tuberosity by 1.5 centimeter, with
      and without bilateral retinacular release, was performed on non arthrosic knees
      of fresh cadavers and on knees presenting medial, lateral or bipolar
      patellofemoral arthrosis. The joints were tested with flexion ranging from 10 to
      70 degrees. The study concentrated on contact areas, pressures and patellofemoral
      forces analysis using an original and efficient measuring system. The pressure
      sensitive film used was the Fuji Prescale Film. The study showed that, on non
      arthrosic knees, the patellofemoral contact was not modified to any significant
      extent by advancing the tibial tuberosity. In cases of bipolar patellofemoral
      arthrosis reduced pressures were noted. On the lateral patellofemoral arthrosis
      experimental model, the tibial tuberosity advancement was efficient as it allowed
      a 50 per cent reduction in pressure at 10 to 30 degrees of flexion and a 20 per
      cent reduction at 40 to 50 degrees of flexion and a 20 per cent reduction at 40
      to 50 degrees of flexion. In all cases, the best results were obtained from
      tibial tuberosity advancement associated with bilateral retinacular release.
      These results indicate that tibial tuberosity advancement may have beneficial
      effects in cases of lateral and bipolar patellofemoral arthrosis.

PMID- 2636439
TI  - [Triple osteotomy of the pelvis in children].
AB  - The innominate osteotomy described by Salter was used to redirect the acetabulum
      in the course of the treatment of a number of hip diseases in children. This
      resulted in an immediate improvement of coverage of the femoral head. One can
      also expect a more congruent growth of the two constituents of the hip joint in
      the forthcoming years. In older children in whom rigidity of the pubic symphysis
      did not permit a sufficient amount of acetabular tilt the acetabulum had to be
      isolated from the rest of the pelvis by a triple osteotomy which consisted of, in
      addition to the osteotomy of the ilium, osteotomies of the superior pubic ramus
      and the ischium or the inferior pubic ramus.

PMID- 2636440
TI  - [Is surgery of the tendons of the knee flexor muscles justified in cerebral
      palsy?].
AB  - The lengths of the tendons and muscle belly connective tissue envelopes of the
      knee flexor muscles of 6 healthy and 11 children with cerebral palsy were
      measured. The restricted passive knee extension was found to be associated with
      abnormally short tendons in all cases of contracture. This correlation provided
      an experimental support for the surgical lengthening of the tendon.

PMID- 2636441
TI  - [Surgical treatment of scoliosis using Harrington instrumentation and
      arthrodesis. A comparison of 2 series with and without sublaminar segmental
      wiring].
AB  - The use of sublaminar segmental wires to enhance the stability of Harrington
      instrumentation was assessed in a review of our experience in the treatment of
      scoliosis over the last 6 years. Thirty patients were treated by spinal fusion,
      Harrington instrumentation and a prolonged postoperative period of
      immobilisation, initially in a plaster cast and then in a brace (Group 1). A
      further 29 patients have been treated by augmenting the Harrington
      instrumentation with sublaminar segmental wires (Group 2). Post-operatively, this
      group was left free of any brace or cast and early mobilisation was allowed. We
      observed no neurological complication in either group. The blood loss and the
      duration of the operation were greater in Group 2, but the period of
      hospitalisation and time to return to school has been markedly reduced. There has
      been no significant difference in the degree of correction of the scoliosis
      between the groups, but the improvement in kyphosis was greater with the use of
      sublaminar wires. There were no pseudoarthroses in either group during a minimum
      follow up of 18 months.

PMID- 2636442
TI  - [Anterior vertebral reconstruction of the thoracic and lumbar spine using Hall
      Dwyer instrumentation with distraction].
AB  - The Hall-Dwyer instrumentation was used in 64 patients presenting with anterior
      lesions of the spine. The system was applied on the vertebral bodies; it included
      Dwyer screws and staples and the Hall rigid rod. Manual distraction on the rod
      returned normal intervertebral spaces. Results are presented according to the
      aetiology. In fractures (15 cases) the mean kyphosis was reduced from 24 degrees
      to 6 degrees. When posterior ligaments were damaged, a complementary posterior
      osteosynthesis was necessary to provide stability. In kyphosis (5 cases) the
      kyphosis was reduced from 52 degrees to 21 degrees. At 24 months follow-up, the
      angular loss was 1 degree. In tumors (36 cases) a corporectomy was performed in
      33 cases and a total vertebrectomy in 3 using methylmethacrylate or bone graft
      for reconstruction. A good postoperative stability was observed in all patients.
      In discopathies (5 cases) bony fusion was observed in all cases. Distraction
      improved the intervertebral height and the lumbar lordosis. Lastly the
      instrumentation was used in 3 patients with Pott's disease. One injury of the
      aorta was observed at removal of the instrumentation 18 months later. Mechanical
      complications occurred: rupture of the head of the screw (1 case), sliding of the
      rod in the eyelet with loss of correction (2 cases), fractures of the rod (1
      case) or screws (5 cases). These complications suggest the magnitude of load
      applied on the material.

PMID- 2636443
TI  - [Value of tomodensitometry sagittal reconstruction in aseptic osteonecrosis of
      the hip].
AB  - CT scan sagittal reconstructions allow accurate angular measurements of the
      extent of the avascular necrosis of the hip, that is necessary to consider in
      view of an osteotomy of rotation Sugioka type. This method is performed on a
      supine patient with internal rotated and extended lower limbs, using 5 mm slices
      from the acetabular roof to the distal part of the femoral neck. A sagittal
      reconstruction through the middle of the femoral head is then performed, owing a
      direct measurement of the extent of the necrosis and of the theoretical rotation
      to be used in order to keep it out of the carrying zone. Twenty hips have been
      studied by this method which can be used post-operatively with satisfying
      results. It replaces the more radiating conventional tomographies. The protonic
      image of MRI will perhaps substitute it, but CT gives a "calcium" image probably
      more accurate for the analysis of the carrying zones.

PMID- 2636444
TI  - [To use or not to use gloves].

PMID- 2636445
TI  - [Factors which come into play when young adults make a choice about food].

PMID- 2636446
TI  - [Anorexia nervosa and bulimia].

PMID- 2636447
TI  - [Oral problems in patients suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimia].

PMID- 2636448
TI  - [Nutrition and cancer].

PMID- 2636449
TI  - [Dental phobia among young adults].

PMID- 2636451
TI  - [The Herbst appliance in orthodontics].

PMID- 2636450
TI  - [Endo-perio problem relationships].

PMID- 2636452
TI  - [Dentist with arthritic hands].

PMID- 2636453
TI  - [Dental health among young adults 1977-89. Projections and solutions advocated by
      the health care system and habits which may influence oral health].

PMID- 2636454
TI  - [Biology of Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai H., D. & K., 1913 (Diptera: Culicidae)
      from the Pacific coast of Colombia. IV. Age structure and malaria transmission].
AB  - With the aim of determining the dynamics of malaria transmission in the village
      of Charambira (Choco), Colombia, studies on the age structure of Anopheles neivai
      (a known vector on the Pacific Coast) were undertaken, based on its gonadotrophic
      status. Mosquitoes were captured indoors at sunset using human bait and bucal
      aspirators and then maintained in cylindrical cardboard boxes, with damp paper
      and feeding dispensaries, until dissection on the following day. Of the 200
      specimens dissected during September-October 1986, 68 (34%) showed traces of less
      than two ovipositions, while the rest (66%) evidenced at least three
      ovipositions. The difference between the first group considered as "non
      infective" and the second group considered as "potentially infective" was highly
      significant (X2 = 10.68; P = 0.001). The study showed that 1.5% of the dissected
      A. neivai had traces of ten ovipositions demonstrating high longevity and
      multiple bloodfeedings. The results suggest that there is a considerable risk of
      contracting malaria in Charambira at dusk.

PMID- 2636455
TI  - [Association of abreugraphic findings of the respiratory tract and clinical
      manifestations].
AB  - A retrospective study of hospital charts was conducted for the purpose of
      analysing the association of roent-genphotographs obtained routinely at the
      Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Brazil, since
      1967, with the records of respiratory symptoms and pneumopathic diagnosis found
      in the medical case histories as from the patients' first clinical out-patient
      consultation at that hospital. For this purpose, 997 patients with abnormal
      pulmonary roentgenphotography findings were matched according to sex and age with
      the same number of controls (normal roentgenphotography). It was observed that in
      one third of the medical histories there was no record of any anamnesis of the
      respiratory system. A greater proportion of respiratory symptoms and pneumopathic
      diagnoses was registered in the case group. The same finding separated the
      patients into two groups according to the severity of the lesions. Hemoptysis and
      thoracic pain were the symptoms that better differentiated sick from normal
      patients. A selective utilization of roentgenphotography is recommended, with the
      method being applied only to patients presenting hemoptysis, thoracic pain and
      cough/expectoration, either alone or in combination.

PMID- 2636456
TI  - [Inequalities among hospitalized patients due to cardiac and cerebrovascular
      diseases in localities of the State of Sao Paulo (Brazil), 1986].
AB  - The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hospitalizations due to
      cardiac and cerebral-vascular diseases (CCVD-ICD 390-438), which occurred in
      1986, were studied on the basis of data from an information system relating to
      medical care in the City of Ribeirao Preto, State of S. Paulo, Brazil. These
      causes accounted for 4,673 of the annual total of 43,449 hospital admissions.
      Using the sources of payment of the hospitalization as an indicator of the
      patients' social strata, the following four study groups were defined: private,
      social insurance, non-paying and "others". These groups showed significant
      differences in relation to the following variables: hospitalization rates due to
      CCVD, mean and median age at admission and time of death, occupation, average
      length of stay in the hospital, mortality rates and relative frequencies of
      specific sub-group diagnosis. These differences are attributed to inequalities in
      the standard of living and in the working conditions of the groups, which
      determine diverse patterns of disease, medical care and mortality.

PMID- 2636457
TI  - [Obstetric factors associated with low birth weight].
AB  - An analysis was made of 18,804 of 19,446 consecutive births of the number
      analysed 15.93% presented low birth-rate. Significant statistical association was
      found in relation to maternal age, pre-natal care, previous pregnancies, smoking
      and gestational age at birth. Measures with a view to the attenuation of the
      problem are proposed, among them being: educational programs for teenagers on
      human reproduction, programs designed to create awareness of the harm done by
      smoking, amplification of antenatal assistance, medical programs for the
      limitation of premature labor, all of these and others, in association with
      programs of socio-economic support.

PMID- 2636458
TI  - [Mortality caused by pneumonia in children under 5 years of age in a locality of
      the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil), 1979-1985].
AB  - Death rates due to pneumonia in children under five years old in Belo Horizonte,
      Minas Gerais State, Brazil, during the period from 1979 to 1985, were studied on
      the basis of official reports and death certificates. The data show that
      mortality was 35 times higher in Belo Horizonte than in developed countries in
      1979. The annual reduction in the death rate in Belo Horizonte over the same
      period was two-thirds of that observed in the developed countries. The death rate
      was higher among children from lower-income families and those living in poor
      areas of the city, at least during 1985, but the difference was not statistically
      significant (Z = 1.2, p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2636459
TI  - The use of the face-hand test to screen for organic brain syndromes. A pilot
      study.
AB  - A reduced version of the Face-Hand Test (FHT), the FHT-R, was applied to a random
      sample of 91 elderly subjects living in the community (S. Paulo-Brazil), to study
      the instrument's ability to detect Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS). The scores of
      the FHT-R test were then compared with a psychiatric assessment using the
      Clinical Interview Schedule. Five persons were regarded as OBS "cases" and 86 as
      OBS "non cases". At the cut-off point 0/1 the validity coefficients were as
      follows: Sensitivity 60%, Specificity 94%, Positive Predictive Value 38%,
      Negative Predictive Value 98% and Overall Misclassification Rate 8%. The
      usefulness of this clinical test to screen for OBS in epidemiological surveys is
      discussed.

PMID- 2636460
TI  - [Tobacco use by students in the 1st and 2d grades in 10 Brazilian capitals:
      possible contributions of multivariate statistics to the understanding of the
      phenomenon].
AB  - The use of tobacco among school children in ten Brazilian cities, by means of
      statistical techniques such as bivariate and multivariate analysis (Logit Model),
      was analyzed. Bivariate analysis revealed a positive association between the use
      of tobacco and the school child's non-academic occupation, evening course
      attendance, poor school performance, and parents' smoking habits. Multivariate
      techniques and the Logit Model showed that poor school performance (on the
      evening course) and parents' smoking habits (on the day-time course) were most
      significant variables. The importance of the utilization of multivariate technics
      for the real understanding of the various factors involved in complex behavior
      patterns such as the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs, was discussed.

PMID- 2636461
TI  - [Socioeconomic conditions, food and nutrition of the urban population in a
      locality of the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil)].
AB  - This study aimed at identifying and characterizing the alimentary and nutritional
      situation of different socio-economic strata of the urban population of Ponte
      Nova, in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The sample comprised 161 families stratified
      according to their earnings in terms of the official minimum wage (salario minimo
      -SM), classified in 6 stratum. In addition to socio-economic data, the analysis
      also takes into consideration the nutritional and caloric adequacy of the
      ingredients of the basic diet as well as the nutritional state of children up to
      6 years old, employing the criteria of Gomez and Seoane-Lathan. The results show
      that 40% of the sample population earn less than 2 SM, while 12% reach and income
      level above 10 SM. The population considered has only and indirect relation to
      production and is employed in the services sector. Access to sanitary services is
      greater for higher income strata, which also feature better living conditions and
      health resources. The analysis of the basic diet shows that nutritional adequacy
      increases with increasing income, reaching more adequate levels only in the
      highest stratum. The level of perception as to what is "sufficient" in terms of
      diet supports the results of diet adequacy for each stratum. In so far as the
      nutritional condition of children is concerned it was observed that the
      prevalence of malnutrition is consistent with socio-economic condition,
      decreasing within creased earnings and disappearing altogether above the 10 SM
      range.

PMID- 2636462
TI  - [Health, nutrition and the social classes: the empirical link evident in a large
      urban center, Brazil].
AB  - The relationship between social class and nutritional status, although frequently
      presumed true, has scarcely ever been studied empirically. The health and
      nutritional status of a sample of children from different social classes in the
      city of S. Paulo (Brazil) are studied by means of an on operational
      classification of social class. Through the analysis of the height for age
      distribution normal growth--and, therefore, favourable health status--as found
      only among the burgeoisie and the small-burgeoisie, these two classes together
      constituting about 30% of the total population. Significant divergences from an
      expected anthropometric standard were found among all the segments of the working
      class population. Differences in income and schooling among the classes
      corroborate the empirical link found between social class and health and
      nutritional status.

PMID- 2636464
TI  - Further data on sexual fantasies during benzodiazepine sedation.

PMID- 2636463
TI  - [Methodologic proposal for a domiciliary survey of the aged population in an
      urban center of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)].
AB  - The methodology used by a project being carried out at the Institute of Social
      Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, concerning the epidemiology of the elderly and the
      stages of the community survey are presented. The sampling methods and the steps
      of the enumerator process are also detailed.

PMID- 2636465
TI  - Afloqualone phototoxicity--photosensitized lipid peroxidative potency and its
      biological significance.
AB  - Photosensitivity due to afloqualone (AQ), a muscle relaxant acting on the central
      nervous system, has tended to increase with increasing clinical use of this drug
      by orthopedists. The initial step leading to drug photosensitivity is a
      photochemical reaction between photo excited phototoxic compounds (drugs) or
      their metabolites and target molecules in skin. The present study was an attempt
      to determine whether unsaturated lipids are one of the target molecules of AQ
      photosensitivity. Squalene, an unsatulated model lipid, was subjected to UVA
      irradiation in the presence of AQ and production of squalene hydroperoxides was
      confirmed. AQ-photosensitized peroxidation of squalene was repressed in the
      presence of 2.5-dimethylfuran, a singlet oxygen acceptor. Production of singlet
      oxygen by UVA irradiation of AQ was also observed in aqueous solution. These
      findings suggested participation of singlet oxygen in the AQ photosensitized
      peroxidation of squalene. Although photohemolysis was not observed by UVA
      irradiation in the presence of AQ, We propose that lipids can be a target
      molecule of AQ-phototoxicity, and lipid peroxidation might be one of the
      important factors responsible for induction of the AQ phototoxic reaction.

PMID- 2636466
TI  - Clinical significance of the free vascularized bone grafts in fractures with
      large bone defects and non-union.
AB  - With the rapid progress of microscopic techniques in surgery, the free
      vascularized bone graft has been widely applied in fractures with large bone
      defects, non-union, congenital pseudoarthrosis, bone tumors, osteomyelitis,
      aseptic necrosis of the bone and osteogenesis imperfecta. We obtained excellent
      results with the free vascularized bone graft in three cases. One was a case of
      non-union with large bone defects of the right femur that had not improved
      despite many attempts at treatment over nine years after an open fracture of the
      right femur. The other two cases were open fractures with massive bone defects of
      the right legs. These results are reported here with an outline of the free
      vascularized bone graft.

PMID- 2636467
TI  - Hormonal events surrounding spontaneous onset of puberty in female rats.
AB  - In an effort to define more completely the hormonal events surrounding onset of
      puberty in female rats, concentration of sex steroids and gonadotropins in serum,
      ovaries and pituitaries were quantified. Simultaneously the sites and intensity
      of synthesis of the hormones were observed immunohistochemically. It was found
      that an increase in tissue concentration of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),
      luteinizing hormone (LH), progeterone (Po) and estradiol (E2) preceded vaginal
      opening (VO). However, the serum levels of these hormones were not significantly
      increased until the day of VO except for serum E2 levels which were fairly high
      during the early prepubertal period. Coincident with an increase in pituitary
      gonadotropin levels was an increase in the staining intensity for pituitary
      gonadotropes. However, the increase in ovarian steroid levels was not always
      coincident with the staining intensity for steroid-producing cells. The site or
      localization of steroid synthesis in the ovary was the thecal layer, but not the
      granulosa, of various growing follicles. The present results clearly indicated
      that the preovulatory changes in gonadotropins and sex steroids in blood and the
      tissues are similar to those noted in cycling adult rats, suggesting that
      prepubertal gonadotropin surge is induced via a common mechanism. They also
      indicated that ovarian steroids, especially estrogens, are synthesized mainly in
      the thecal layer of growing follicles.

PMID- 2636468
TI  - High incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in pathologists at Tokai University
      Hospital: an epidemiological study.
AB  - Between 1935 and 1950 tuberculosis was the most common cause of death in Japan.
      Subsequently, the mortality rate, incidence, and prevalence of tuberculosis have
      decreased remarkably due to socioeconomic improvements and development of
      specific chemotherapy. It has been suspected that the incidence and prevalence of
      pulmonary tuberculosis in hospital workers, particularly those employed in
      pathology divisions, may be higher than those for other health care workers.
      However, there have been no reports on this subject. We conducted a questionnaire
      survey to assess and compare the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in
      pathologists at Tokai University Hospital with that in other employees of the
      University. Data on history of treatment for tuberculosis were obtained. The
      incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in pathologists was significantly higher than
      that in other university employees, including clinical doctors who see patients
      with tuberculosis. These findings suggest that specific environmental conditions
      in the Pathology Division represent an occupational hazard although the infection
      might be contracted from other hospital staff.

PMID- 2636469
TI  - [Sarcomas with orofacial localization. A monocentric retrospective study].
AB  - It is presented a retrospective study of patient with sarcomas, treated in a
      hospital of oral surgery in the time of 15 years. The authors give conclusions
      for the stomatological practice. The exact knowledge of clinical symptoms is
      important for early diagnosis and treatment, because it is decisive for the
      prognosis of patients with sarcomas in the orofacial region.

PMID- 2636470
TI  - [Clinics and therapy of the osteomyelitis of the lower jaw].
AB  - During the last three decades the clinical picture of osteomyelitis has
      considerably changed. Acute cases have become rarer than in the past. The
      outbreak of the disease to be observed in recent times is primarily of a subacute
      chronic stage. These non-characteristic symptoms make diagnosis more difficult.
      Acute cases of osteomyelitis are treated with antibiotics; chronic cases should
      surgically be approached as early as possible. Surgical methods used are above
      all decortication as well as transplantation of autogenous spongiosa.

PMID- 2636471
TI  - [Problems of bite injuries in the maxillo-facial region].
AB  - Bite injuries by animals in the maxillo-facial-region require special managements
      of the treating physician or dentist. In the foreground stands the prophylaxis of
      the rabies. According to the lawful definitions the patient has to be transferred
      as quick as possible to the next department for rabies and inoculation. The local
      wound of bite must be treated with rabies-virucid medicaments. Because of
      aesthetic and functional reasons the primary plastic operation should be done
      even in cases of extensive wounds and defects in the facial region. By means of
      19 cases these demands are based.

PMID- 2636472
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of globulomaxillary cyst].
AB  - The problem of the diagnosis and therapy of globulomaxillary cysts is discussed
      based on an actual case.

PMID- 2636473
TI  - [Treatment of hypersensibility of the neck of tooth by occlusion correction and
      removal of parafunction].
AB  - Tooth sensitivity, parafunctions and stress were proved in 44 patients with wedge
      shaped defects significantly more frequent than in 17 patients without ones. A
      cuspid protected guidance and a sufficient free way space could be found in
      patients with cervical notch defects evidently fewer. After reestablishment of a
      cuspid protected guidance and of a sufficient free way space and reduction of
      parafunctions the sensitivity estimated by means of a dental probe could be
      removed permanent on a number of teeth after two weeks already. The parafunctions
      have been detected before by using selfoservations test by Schulte.

PMID- 2636474
TI  - [Application of information technology in orthodontics. 4. Creation of a databank
      for the registration of all children in the district of Suhl as a necessary
      aspect of orthodontic treatment].
AB  - The model of a computer supported databank for children and young people in the
      Suhl area in order to secure the guaranteed performance of an effective treatment
      strategy is explained. The use of suitable software equipment has been shown and
      effectively demonstrated. The solution introduced was successful in the
      evaluation of the series of checkups in the academic school year 1986/87 at the
      area and district level.

PMID- 2636475
TI  - [Value and significance of therapy of cutting-in in occlusally loaded incisors].
AB  - With the aid of the measurements of tooth mobility the treatment success of
      grinding was evaluated in 208 upper incisors of 54 patients, and the results were
      set into correlation with different factors. The results show that decreased
      tooth mobility following grinding was observed both in healthy periodontium and
      in diseased periodontium.

PMID- 2636476
TI  - [Physiological and psychological specifics of the stomatological care in patients
      suffering from connatal troubles of the haemodynamics].
AB  - Four groups of patients are subdivided related to the degree of severity of the
      trouble of haemodynamics. Main reasons for the decreased loadability are the lack
      in oxygen in the capillary range, increased infections of the respiratory systems
      and an altered situation of defense. The multitude of patients of the groups I
      and II can be treated in child's stomatology. The endangering of the patient acc.
      to its loadability, the application of local anaesthetics without supplement of
      means affecting the circulation and a protection by antibiotics with all the
      surgical interventions are prerequisites.

PMID- 2636477
TI  - [Influence of long-term dispensary stomatologic care of adults on the
      epidemiology of periodontal diseases].
AB  - Epidemiological examinations using the GPM/T-index and the CPITN were conducted
      on 400 subjects of the age group 50-59 years for monitoring the periodontal
      status. All subjects had a percentage of 30% with Code 4, but the patients under
      stomatological dispensatory care had more natural teeth and less teeth with
      pockets.

PMID- 2636478
TI  - [Recovery of galvanoplastic die-models--actual level and prospective
      development].
AB  - In contrast to the conventional methods of making galvanoplastic die-models a new
      technology of electrotype with copper is described. The important differences are
      the new mechanical arrangement of the electrolyticall cell, the using of a high
      constant current-density and the using of an open system with a continuous
      flowrate of the electrolyte and its constant temperature. With the new technology
      it is possible to get galvanoplastic dies from negativs with small diameter and
      with a high value of depth. The time of the electrochemical process is decreasing
      from 8 to 10 hours of only 40 minutes and the surface hardness is increasing from
      MHV 80 to MHV 160.

PMID- 2636479
TI  - [Oral hygiene analysis, prosthesis hygiene and prosthesis stomatitis of old aged
      people--conclusions for gerostomatological care].
AB  - The oral health behaviour of old aged people, especially by pensioners in old
      people's homes or nursing homes is unsatisfactory, and is influenced from
      different social factors and social conditions. People with insufficient oral and
      prosthesis hygiene fall more frequent ill with prosthesis stomatitis compared to
      prosthesis wearers with clean artificial dentures. In addition the dental
      prosthesis care is not a part of daily personal hygiene in these investigated old
      people's homes. Patients and nurses are inadequate enlightened of oral hygiene
      measures.

PMID- 2636480
TI  - [Complex measuring technique for the electroacoustic analysis of the sound of
      normal and disturbed S-sounds and their clinical application].
AB  - The normal and disturbed S-sound had auditively assessed up to now. An objective
      measuring technique is demonstrated for improved assessment of stomatological and
      otorhinological factors of influence on the quality of S-sounds. This method
      enables the analysis of frequency.

PMID- 2636481
TI  - [Application of information technology in orthodontics. 5. Computer aided writing
      of medical reports using the textelaboration and system of evaluation METAS].
AB  - Rationalizing in medical reports is necessary to improve the communication
      between transmitting and specialized institutions. The software instrument METAS
      is specially prepared because of its performance parameter. The authors offer the
      advantages and a possibility of application for the orthodontics.

PMID- 2636482
TI  - [Frequency and prevalence of anomalies in shape, number and structure in locally
      limited disorders of the odontogenesis].
AB  - Anomalies in shape, number and structure of deciduous and permanent teeth in
      patients with different kinds of clefts are a sign of a disturbed developmental
      process. Their localisation, typically in the immediate vicinity of the cleft
      formation, and their exclusive presence at the upper medium and lateral incisors
      led to the presumption of a direct correlation with the genesis of the cleft
      formation. An early preventive individual care and the consequent complex
      stomatological therapy are a prerequisite for the realization of the
      morphological, functional and aesthetic conditions that effectively assist in the
      social accommodation of patients with different kinds of clefts.

PMID- 2636483
TI  - [Clinical test of various oral applications of hydrogen peroxide].
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide in 3 various kind of applications were used for 3 weeks to
      treat gingivitis and periodontitis: 3% for mouth rinsing, 3 X daily (treatment at
      home, not clinical controlled), 3% for pocket washing (clinical controlled) and
      as Gingivox-strip (10%) 3 X weekly (clinical controlled). The therapeutical
      success of the 3 tested modifications of application was uniformity, on
      gingivitis better than on periodontitis. In spite of change for the worse of
      clinical condition after termination of therapy the first level of inflammation
      was after 24 weeks yet not reached.

PMID- 2636484
TI  - [Clinical investigations on influence of radiation of venous blood with
      ultraviolet light on wound healing and postoperative complaints].
AB  - In 28 patients we performed lower third molar surgery with one following
      exposition of 50 ml venous blood to ultraviolet light. In 25 other accidentally
      selected patients we made the same operative procedure with only feigned
      expodition to ultraviolet rays. After real uv-treatment patients reported
      significantly less postoperative trouble (pain, swelling, analgetics) than in the
      control group. Therefore we discuss complex effects of ultraviolet light on wound
      healing.

PMID- 2636485
TI  - [Individually manufactured ceramic facets. Case report].
AB  - By the example of one patient, the treatment of enamel dysplasia by indirectly
      produced, silan coated, individual ceramic veneers is described.

PMID- 2636486
TI  - [Selective IgA defect. Clinical importance for stomatology].
AB  - The clinical picture of 6 women suffering from selective IgA immunodeficiency
      were studied in a 2-13 years lasting period of immunological outdoor patients
      care. Despite of respiratory infections, otitis media, sinusitis, aphtosis and
      exogenous allergy the first detection of IgA deficiency was delayed til adulthood
      (mean age 42 years). A case of a 22 years old women with complicated fistula
      after molar tooth extraction showed the problems of dentistry in such diagnosis.
      No significant deviation concerning periodontitis and caries has been
      demonstrated in all patients. However, the rate of IgA deficiency demands basic
      knowledge about diagnosis, prevention of local and systemic complications in this
      disease by all practising dentists.

PMID- 2636487
TI  - [Caries profunda problems in past and at present].
AB  - The development of profound caries therapy in relation to soft carious dentin and
      carious changed dentin is summed up. Because of its pulpitis preventing meaning
      profound carious therapy demands the scientific disputation in presence and
      future.

PMID- 2636488
TI  - [Application of information technology in orthodontics. 1. Necessity,
      possibilities and prospects for use of task-orientated computers, for example the
      PC 1715].
AB  - There is an urgent need to make use of modern information technology with fourth
      generation computers, which is also relevant to orthodontic practice. Properties
      of the PC 1715--small, user-friendly and cost-effective--make it seem
      particularly suited to this purpose. Possible areas of application and technical
      parameters are described.

PMID- 2636489
TI  - [Device with digital display for linear precision measurements in orthodontics].
AB  - A combination of instruments comprising a sliding calliper with mated increment
      detecting element and readout with digital display for accurate measurements of
      distances.

PMID- 2636490
TI  - [Comparison of treatment of mandibular retrognathia by functional regulators and
      activators].
AB  - A tele-roentgenological longitudinal examination in 46 patients suffering from
      mandibular retrognathia analysed over a period of 2.35 years the development
      within the range of their facial skeleton. 24 patients had been treated by the
      regulator of function acc. to Frankel, 20 patients by means of activators.
      Compared with the activator-treated group, the group treated by regulators of
      function offered an improved sagittal development of the lower jaw, an increased
      forward rotation of the lower jaw and a stable development of the lower region of
      incisors.

PMID- 2636491
TI  - [Follow-up examination of maxillary orthopedically treated patients from
      functional aspects].
AB  - In order to check the efficiency of orthodontic therapy a clinical examination
      and model analysis were done in patients in a two-year-interval. The individuals
      were a part of different longitudinal group --patients after treatment with
      removable appliances, --patients after premolar extraction, --control group. The
      results show that functional disturbances can be observed earlier and more
      frequently in patients after extraction therapy. With advancing years the
      difference of functional disturbances between the groups becomes smaller.

PMID- 2636492
TI  - [Experimental and clinical analysis with the reconstruction of the fenestrated
      anterior wall of the sinus maxillaris].
AB  - A comparative macroscopie and hystomorphological analysis of shutting the
      fenestrated front wall of the maxillary sinus is done with 34 rabbits. An
      autogenic bony cover and grates made of chromium cobaltomolybdenum and non
      coloured plastic. Are used 30 patients are operated on with the same materials
      with tracing the process of reparation and the aeration of the operated sinuses.
      The results are compared with another group of patients operated without a
      reconstruction of the facial bony defect. The importance of reconstruction for
      reparation of the ventilation ability of the operated sinuses in the after
      operational period is proved.

PMID- 2636493
TI  - [Report of experience during 1-year at the Gondar College of Medical Sciences in
      Ethiopia. 2. Frequency of caries and periodontitis in Ethiopia].
AB  - On the basis of a clinical epidemiological study of 312 patients are made
      biostatistical investigations about prevalence and Severity of dental caries and
      marginal periodontitis. The situation of oral hygiene is evaluated by means of
      the PI of Loe and Silness and the OHI-S of Greene and Vermillion. The DMF/T-Index
      is used for the evaluation of the set of teeth and the GI of Loe and Silness like
      the PDI of Ramfjord for the evaluation of the periodontal state. It is shown that
      caries and marginal periodontitis are more seldom and of less severity in
      comparison with the situation in the population of industrialized countries.
      Causitive seems to be possible besides special habits the smaller consumption of
      sugar. With the increasing socio-economic standard a changing of the situation in
      the direction of industrialized countries is visible.

PMID- 2636494
TI  - [Metacarpal index in periodontal disease].
AB  - The hypothesis that there is a relationship between total bone mass reduction and
      alveolar bone loss in periodontal disease was studied in a group of 98
      hospitalized patients free of metabolic disease. All patients had periodontitis
      with marked evidence of alveolar bone loss. A significant correlation of alveolar
      bone resorption to the total bone mass reduction in patients with periodontal
      disease was found.

PMID- 2636495
TI  - [Theory and practice of the application of rubber dam].
AB  - The application of Kofferdam offers a series of advantages for patients and
      medical personnel which especially speak well for an application in the
      preserving stomatology. Among other things, these advantages are: protection from
      aspiration, protection from infections, provision of an aseptic working place,
      keeping the soft tissues away, which results in an improved sight and easy
      access. Moreover, the application of Kofferdam enables by absolute drainage a
      material application in nearly due form. Besides the description of the
      application of Kofferdam, the article comprises practice-related recommendations
      facilitating the application of technique.

PMID- 2636496
TI  - [Observation of gaps between the teeth classified by Eichner as type A].
AB  - 1,030 sets of teeth classified by Eichner as type A (single gap between the
      teeth) were examined in view to tooth shifting, tipping and periodontal condition
      on the gap's antagonists and the gap's neighbours. If it is necessary to close
      the gap with prosthetic means is dependent on the mode of individual reaction
      which is estimated on a long-term-observation of gap areal (clinical and
      radiographic). The stability of position of gap antagonist or gap neighbour point
      to a positive bone factor (by Glickman). Only those cases ought not to treat.

PMID- 2636497
TI  - [Reproduction of surface and detail of a newly developed cobalt-basis alloy.
      Influence of preheat temperature].
AB  - Under improvement of technology of the cobalt-base-alloy "Gisadent KCM 83", the
      influence of different mould temperatures to the alloy surface was inquired with
      help of comparism. In spite of best surface at mould temperatures up to 700
      degrees C, the influence of higher temperatures to the quality of removable
      partial dentures isn't important for clinical.

PMID- 2636498
TI  - [Occupational diseases of groups in stomatology].
AB  - From the legal bases of occupational health the general aspects in connection
      with occupational diseases are presented. By the example of an epidemiologic
      study of occupational groups in stomatology in the GDR priorities of recognized
      occupational diseases are assigned and possibilities of prevention shown.

PMID- 2636499
TI  - [Sealer-free surgical filling of root canal by means of Gutta-percha].
AB  - The author demonstrates a procedure which is aimed at the insertion of fitting,
      conically pressed Guttapercha pins for filling of standardized, prepared dental
      root canals in the apectomy. The renunciation of a sealer is the advantages of
      the procedure. Indication and performance are explained, the advantages of the
      procedure discussed.

PMID- 2636500
TI  - [Epidemiology of odontogenous soft-tissue infections].
AB  - Between 1950 and 1986, 11,839 patients were ambulant and stationary treated with
      odontogenous soft-tissue infections. In the aetiology the Periodontitis apicalis
      and wounds after tooth extractions are in the highest position. Odontogenous
      infections were rearly found in tenderage. In ambulant patients the subperiosteal
      submucous localisation was predominated, in stationary the position near the
      border of the lower jaw. The first molar and the premolares were the chief cause
      of the infections.

PMID- 2636501
TI  - [Analyses of the mycological flora of the mouth cavity].
AB  - The paper reports on mycologic cross-sectional explorations of the oral cavity in
      patients considered to be particularly susceptible to the attack of
      blastomycetes. 1,333 swabs taken from the cavities of 385 patients have been
      analysed. The analysis revealed that it were not the patients regarded as high
      risk group who showed the highest incidence, but a group of denture (made of
      polymethacrylate) wearers, not regarded under this aspect so far, was found to
      have an increased disposition to oral blastomycete population. The paper presents
      a therapy conception for the elimination of these blastomycetes through
      appropriate mouth and denture hygiene and conclusions for medical and dental
      practice.

PMID- 2636502
TI  - [Report on experiences of one year at the Gondar College of Medical Sciences in
      Ethiopia. 4. Influence of psychosocial factors on the development of orofacial
      function troubles].
AB  - Functional disturbances of the orofacial system are permanent increasing in the
      European countries. These are so called psychosomatic diseases which you can find
      very often in patients with psychic evident personality profile. For the
      objective evaluation of the structure of personality are described various
      methods in the literature. 65 Ethiopian patients from the Gondar-region who
      showed parafunctional abrasions-facettes on the teeth are investigated by means
      of the Beck-Inventory and the Self-Control-Schedule of Rosenbaum. The influence
      and importance of psychosocial factors for the evocation of myoarthropathies
      could been demonstrated.

PMID- 2636503
TI  - [Use of the Helkimo Index as screening of dysfunctions of the stomatognathic
      system].
AB  - The Helkimo index was used on 130 subjects to identify dysfunctions of the
      stomatognathic system. There were no significant discrepancies between the
      results obtained by two investigators except in the case of occlusal
      interference.

PMID- 2636504
TI  - [Application of information technology in orthodontics. 3. Practical method for
      computer aided measurements of orthodontic models].
AB  - A practical method for computer aided measurements of orthodontic models is
      introduced here. Measurements values are taken by using in incremental donor with
      the traditional slide rule. Advantages of this method lead to a higher efficiency
      of model measurements.

PMID- 2636505
TI  - [Moire-topography--a method of stereoscopic registration of dentofacial
      surfaces].
AB  - The basic principle consists in effects of superimposed optical grates. With the
      help of Shadow-Moire-method a three-dimensional registration of dentofacial
      surfaces is possible. In Orthodonty diagnostical measuring and documentation of
      jaw patterns could be a special use of Moire-Topography. The comparatively small
      technical expense is an advantage compared to other methods.

PMID- 2636506
TI  - [How can the progress of wedge shaped defects be reduced? A longitudinal study of
      2.5 years to aetiology].
AB  - Malocclusion was removed according to direction by Motsch and Schulte. In
      addition a sufficient free way space was made. The patient was enlightened on
      connection between stress and problems, which he can't overcome, and
      parafunctions. The volumeestimation of wedge shaped defects elicited a
      significant reduction of 45 percent in regard of the progress. In order to
      malocclusion and parafunctions play an important part in making cervical notch
      defects.

PMID- 2636507
TI  - [Patient-adequate conservation as measure for improvement of compliance].
AB  - The understanding of the medical recommendations to the patient is a supposition
      for compliance. In spite of the specific impressions of every dialoge established
      by the individuality of physician and patient there are general rules the dentist
      has to respect. The consideration of these rules may lead to a decrease of the
      noncompliance respectively to an improvement of the compliance of the patients.
      The most important rules of dialoge are introduced and explained.

PMID- 2636508
TI  - Development of scientific tools: an innovative activity of the "Stefan S.
      Nicolau" Institute of Virology.
AB  - The innovative activity of the research team of the "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute
      of Virology in the field of scientific tool design is presented, in a brief
      description of the devices, apparatuses and systems claimed in 32 patents
      registered not only in Romania, but also in the United States of America, United
      Kingdom, West Germany, France and Belgium, applied in usual virology diagnosis,
      research and production, for analytical purposes of computer assisted absorption
      and fluorescence spectrophotometry and for bichromatic ultramicroanalysis.

PMID- 2636509
TI  - [Caries etiologic aspects of sugar and sugar substitutes].

PMID- 2636510
TI  - [Significance of individual prophylaxis against caries].

PMID- 2636511
TI  - [Treatment of periodontal disease taking into consideration the directives of the
      German Faculty of Periodontology].

PMID- 2636512
TI  - [Sugar substitutes--their relevance in caries prevention].

PMID- 2636513
TI  - [Mercury mobility through DMPS (Dimaval) in persons with and without amalgam
      fillings].

PMID- 2636514
TI  - [Prescriptions in China: traditional medication methods in the foreground].

PMID- 2636515
TI  - [Orthodontics before and after treatment with surgery in the jaw and facial
      areas].

PMID- 2636516
TI  - [Caries prevention in kindergartens is practiced extensively].

PMID- 2636517
TI  - [Are ceramic brackets progress for our patients?].

PMID- 2636518
TI  - [Indian children's teeth need help].

PMID- 2636519
TI  - [We could also help the poorest].

PMID- 2636520
TI  - [Computers for charting?].

PMID- 2636521
TI  - [Fluoride from the dental and toxicological viewpoint].

PMID- 2636522
TI  - [Zonographic-tomographic-radiographic evaluation of the mid-face of human head
      preparations].

PMID- 2636524
TI  - [Diamond finishing burs with guiding planes--a field of clinical experience].

PMID- 2636523
TI  - [Treatment of gingival lesions due to orthodontic therapy with Solcoseryl dental
      adhesive paste].

PMID- 2636526
TI  - [Ambulatory treatment using general anesthesia].

PMID- 2636525
TI  - [Use of glass ionomer cement in pediatric dentistry].

PMID- 2636527
TI  - [Functional aspects of tooth retention].

PMID- 2636528
TI  - [Neck-shoulder-arm movement: help through self help].

PMID- 2636529
TI  - [Possibilities of prevention of oral disease through eating habits].

PMID- 2636530
TI  - [Beta-TCP for the maintenance of periodontally damaged support for prosthesis].

PMID- 2636531
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopy examination of blood vessel walls of human dental
      pulp].

PMID- 2636532
TI  - [Dental alloys in the oral cavity: antibacterial effects].

PMID- 2636533
TI  - [Question of epithetic-prosthetic treatment measures].

PMID- 2636534
TI  - [(Dental) medical confidentiality in relation to insurance carriers].

PMID- 2636535
TI  - Control of the thyroid gland: regulation of its normal function and growth. March
      20-21, 1989, Bethesda, Maryland. Proceedings.

PMID- 2636536
TI  - Self-help efforts in a squatter community: implications for addressing
      contemporary homelessness.
AB  - This analysis addresses the nature of contemporary homelessness in the United
      States, the historical foundations of the shelter system, and survival strategies
      utilized by homeless persons in meeting their physical, social, and psychological
      needs. A framework that examines the degree of publicness/privateness and
      permanency/temporariness of spaces utilized by homeless persons is applied to a
      case study of a self-help squatter community living on an empty lot in New York
      City. By looking at the members of the group, their relationship to their
      neighbors and the local community, and their approaches in dealing with their
      needs, an assessment is made of this labor-intensive, self-help effort for
      providing shelter. Implications of self-help approaches are related to policy
      development and further research.

PMID- 2636537
TI  - Towards an ecological understanding of mutual-help groups: the social ecology of
      "fit".
AB  - Adopted an ecological framework to view mutual-help groups, and illustrated its
      usefulness by examining aspects of the social ecology of "fit" among 163 members
      of Compassionate Friends (bereaved parents; CF), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and
      Overeaters Anonymous (OA) groups. Concerning person-group fit, personal
      Spirituality was positively related to (a) Providing Support, and to (b) Group
      Satisfaction for members of a group whose helping ecology emphasized "reliance on
      a higher power" (OA). (Contrary to prediction, the relationship with Group
      Satisfaction was also manifest for members of MS). Furthermore, OA members
      reported higher levels of Spirituality than CF members. Concerning helping
      mechanism-focal problem fit, Friendship Development was positively related to
      Group Satisfaction only for individuals with a focal problem characterized by
      high levels of social network disruption (MS). In addition, Time in Group was
      inversely related to Depression for members of life stress (CF) and medical
      disorder (MS) groups, but not for members of a "behavioral control" type group
      (OA). The implications of the ecological perspective for future research are
      discussed.

PMID- 2636538
TI  - Contributions of a supportive work environment to parents' well-being and
      orientation to work.
AB  - Examined the joint and unique contributions of informal social support in the
      workplace and formal, family-responsive benefits and policies provided by
      employers to the job-related attitudes and personal well-being of employed
      parents with a young child. Eighty married men, 169 married women, and 72 single
      women with a preschool child completed a survey concerning social support from co
      workers and supervisor, utilization of family-responsive benefits and policies,
      readiness to leave the employer for additional benefits, job satisfaction,
      organizational commitment, role strain, and health symptoms. Among the findings:
      (a) Fathers and mothers expressed equal levels of job satisfaction and
      organizational commitment, but mothers reported more role strain and health
      symptoms; (b) nearly 48% of married women's organizational commitment was
      accounted for by measures of support in the workplace; (c) informal social
      support at work was significantly more important to men's well-being than that of
      women; and (d) formal, family-responsive policies appeared more consequential for
      the prediction of women's role strain, perhaps because of women's greater
      responsibility for adjusting work life to meet the demands of family roles.

PMID- 2636539
TI  - A worksite smoking cessation intervention involving the media and incentives.
AB  - This study evaluated an attempt at 38 workplaces to help employees stop or reduce
      their levels of smoking. In past research, worksite support groups, in
      combination with a media smoking cessation program and self-help manuals, were
      found to be effective in helping employees quit smoking. Unfortunately,
      recidivism was found at the follow-up evaluations. The present study replicated
      the results of the previous worksite smoking cessation program with support
      groups, a television intervention, and self-help manuals. At this postpoint, 42%
      of employees provided groups plus incentives were abstinent compared to only 15%
      who were only provided self-help materials. An important difference in this study
      was that there were also monthly follow-up support groups and incentives. Work
      settings can be a source of stress and conflict, which can precipitate relapse.
      At a 12-month follow-up, 26% of those participants who were provided support and
      incentives were abstinent compared to 16% who were only provided the self-help
      materials.

PMID- 2636540
TI  - Economic predictors of mental health service utilization: a time-series analysis.
AB  - This research was designed to understand the relationships between economic
      indicators and mental health service utilization. Six monthly and three quarterly
      time-series analyses were done to assess the time-dependent association between
      three state-level economic indices and two measures of mental health service
      utilization. Consistent with the existing literature, increases in manufacturing
      employment were inversely related to both first admissions in state hospitals and
      case openings in community outpatient facilities. Labor force participation was
      also inversely related to first admissions to state hospitals. No relationship
      was found between service employment and either of the mental health service use
      indices. The specific findings suggest that two processes may be operating in the
      relationship of labor force participation and manufacturing employment with
      mental health service utilization. Some of the findings suggest a "crisis"
      process, in which service use increases rapidly following an economic stressor,
      whereas other findings suggest a more insidious process, in which economic
      stressors slowly weaken the mental health of the community and eventually lead to
      increased mental health service use. These results can be used to better inform
      social policy and preventive interventions by highlighting the human costs of
      changes in economic well-being. The need for more ecological research is
      discussed.

PMID- 2636541
TI  - The psychiatric inpatient treatment of children and youth in general hospitals.
AB  - National attention has recently focused on the mental health needs and services
      of children and youth. The lack of outpatient services and their coordination has
      been noted, as well as the consequent press towards inpatient care. We describe
      the inpatient treatment of children and adolescents (ages 0-18) in short-term,
      non-Federal general hospitals in 1980. Nationally, 128,300 children were treated
      for mental disorders in general hospitals at an estimated cost of over $1.5
      billion. Compared to adults, children were more likely to be treated in scatter
      beds (vs. specialty units); have a diagnosis of mental disorder (vs. alcohol/drug
      disorder); stay much longer; and pay with commercial insurance. Previous work
      focusing on psychiatric units of general hospitals identified less than 40% of
      the total episodes, a figure very similar to that for adults. The majority of
      psychiatric inpatient episodes for children and youth in the United States takes
      place in short-term general hospitals. Community psychologists need to be aware
      of national trends in inpatient care and be involved in the development and
      promulgation of alternative models of care.

PMID- 2636542
TI  - Supportive and problematic social interactions: a social network analysis.
AB  - Assessed the number of sources of supportive and problematic social interactions
      in the total social network as well as the number who were the sources of
      consistently supportive or problematic interactions in a sample of 2nd year
      medical students. Number of problematic interaction sources was hypothesized to
      be more predictive of psychological and physical well-being than number of
      supportive interaction sources. Results showed that total supportive and total
      problematic interaction sources were equally predictive of life satisfaction. The
      presence of at least one individual who is a consistent source of problematic
      interactions was most predictive of lower life satisfaction. Results indicate the
      importance of studying both supportive and problematic social interactions. They
      also suggest that interactions with individuals that are consistently problematic
      may negatively impact upon well-being.

PMID- 2636543
TI  - [Prognostic evaluation of breast cancer through molecular diagnosis].

PMID- 2636544
TI  - [Vaccination against varicella in Spain].

PMID- 2636545
TI  - [Neurologic disorders in diabetes mellitus. Value of evoked somatosensory
      potentials].

PMID- 2636546
TI  - Determination of race and sex of the human skull by discriminant function
      analysis of linear and angular dimensions.
AB  - The race and sex of the human skull can be determined by craniometry. In this
      paper we suggest that a large number of craniometric measurements does not
      necessarily give the best possible discrimination for race and test the
      performance of subsets of variables drawn from various skull regions, or
      extracted mathematically on the basis of their discriminatory power. We also
      suggest that the best discriminators for race are not necessarily the best for
      sex, and that skulls of unknown provenance are best tested first for race and
      then for sex, using different variables for each purpose.

PMID- 2636547
TI  - [Anomalies of enamel formation in subjects with maxillary clefts].
AB  - A structural and ultrastructural study of teeth located in the vicinity of
      maxillary cleft and teeth located outside the cleft region, was made in 12 cases,
      using correlated light microscopy, microradiography and SEM. All teeth directly
      involved in cleft process presented gross hypoplasia of the crown where the
      enamel surface was hypomineralized. Globular calcified masses of different
      radiodensity were seen on the hypomineralized enamel surface. The teeth located
      outside the cleft region presented less pronounced anomalies constituted by
      isolated or group microhypoplasia on hypomineralized enamel. The observation of
      enamel pearl was not pathognomonic of maxillary cleft.

PMID- 2636548
TI  - The influence of fluoride on in vitro remineralization of bovine enamel.
AB  - Remineralization experiments using bovine enamel were carried out with 2 ppm
      fluoride or no fluoride added to the remineralizing solutions. The group without
      fluoride showed (quantitative microradiography) significantly more
      remineralization in the first 50 microns of the lesion than the fluoride group.
      It is suggested that fluoride may inhibit remineralization.

PMID- 2636549
TI  - [The structure, ultrastructure and physicochemical analysis of the hard dental
      tissues of the Viperidae].
AB  - The present study, using classical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy,
      transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, has
      shown the dental hard tissues of the fangs of Viperidae (poisonous serpents with
      terrestrial or semi-aquatic habits) to be constituted of: a calcified outer
      layer, 0.4 microns thick, made of very small needle-like crystals, randomly
      distributed. The calcified outer layer contains organic invaginations inducing
      pores at the surface and many collagen fibres incompletely mineralized, which may
      suggest enameloid. a calcified inner layer, in the wall of the poison canal. The
      calcified inner layer, 0.6 microns thick, is constituted of very small crystals,
      which are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the calcified outer layer.
      It might be the inner layer of enameloid, an orthodentine, whose tubules present
      a special lateral branching system resembling a fish bone. The TEM data, which
      show the dentine to be constituted of very small ill-defined crystals and
      incompletely mineralized collagen fibres are corroborated by chemical analyses
      which reveal a poorly mineralized apatite with high carbonate content.

PMID- 2636550
TI  - [The evaluation of the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in human periodontal
      disease].
AB  - 12 patients suffering from advanced periodontitis with probing depths of 4 mm or
      more, were selected to assess the efficiency of an oral antibiotic during a
      period of 15 days in the treatment of periodontal disease. Our double-blind test,
      shows a decrease of gingival inflammation involving a comparison of clinical and
      histological parameters. thus highlighting the indisputable therapeutic role of
      antibiotic therapy. By means of a "t" test of Student a significant decrease in
      the plaque index, the gingival index and the bleeding index was noted between day
      0 and day 15 as well as a significant increase in the recessions. However, no
      significant difference was obtained in the probing depths and the attachment
      level. These clinical results were correlated with histological parameters,
      namely a significant drop in the volumetric density of the infiltrated connective
      tissue, of the non collagenases structures, the blood vessels and the number of
      plasma cells, in addition to a significant increase in the volumetric density of
      the noninfiltrated connective tissue, in the collagenous structures and the
      number of fibroblasts.

PMID- 2636551
TI  - An evaluation of conventional cephalometric appraisals.
AB  - Although lateral cephalographic diagnosis is central to craniofacial skeletal
      assessment, their classification (categorization) remains largely empiric. In
      this study, pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalographic dimensional arrays
      were subjected to the classic numerical taxonomic technique of cluster analysis.
      The resultant patient groupings (clusters) were not only inconsistent with
      respect to their Angle malocclusion categories, but also the composition of each
      cluster group varies depending upon the dimensional arrays analyzed. These
      findings demonstrate that lateral cephalometric categorization remains largely
      subjective.

PMID- 2636552
TI  - [Renal excretion of zinc in children with kidney diseases].
AB  - The authors investigated the renal zinc excretion in 33 children with chronic
      glomerulonephritis, in 30 children with tubulo-interstitial nephritis, 12
      children with nephrotic syndrome and 31 children with isolated haematuria. In all
      groups the Zn clearance was slightly raised, as compared with the control group.
      The Zn clearance was highly significantly elevated in nephrotic syndrome. The
      authors correlated the urinary finding (proteinuria, haematuria, leucocyturia)
      with Zn clearance. Children with a positive urinary finding had a higher Zn
      clearance than those with a negative finding. There was a close correlation
      between selective proteinuria and Zn clearance in children with nephrotic
      syndrome.

PMID- 2636553
TI  - [Therapy of esophageal strictures in childhood using balloon dilatation
      catheters].
AB  - The authors used in 1987-1988 Gruntzing's balloon catheter for the treatment of
      oesophageal strictures in nine children. They were successful in eight, in one
      patient after burning of the oesophagus with sulphuric acid the dilatation by
      means of the balloon failed. These injuries must be treated by surgery. The
      method is safe, easy and effective, in particular in the treatment of tight, long
      and irregular oesophageal strictures which cannot be dilated by the standard
      technique, using dilatation bougies. Dilatation by means of balloon catheters is
      a perspective method for severe oesophageal strictures.

PMID- 2636554
TI  - [Somatic development in a group of 59 children with congenital adrenal
      hyperplasia in relation to therapy].
AB  - The authors followed up 59 children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. They
      compared the somatic development of these children in the group treated with
      hydrocortisone only and in the group treated with fludrocortisone. They evaluated
      their growth, bone maturity, sexual maturing. The results of the clinical
      investigation are in favour of combined therapy.

PMID- 2636555
TI  - [Passive smoking as a risk factor for allergic diseases in children].
AB  - The authors examined anamnestically, by interdermal tests with tobacco extract,
      by assessment of serum IgE and thiocyanates in saliva (according to David and
      Densen) 234 children with allergic diseases (rhinitis pollinosa, asthma
      bronchiale, dermorespiratory syndrome). They revealed a high ratio of positive
      tests in passive smokers (71.8% of the tested children), as compared with
      children not exposed to smoking (16.1% of the tested children). With advancing
      age of the probands the ratio of positive tests increased. The authors observed a
      significant difference in IgE concentrations in passive smokers of all age groups
      of children with the exception of those aged 1 to 3 years as compared with those
      not exposed to tobacco smoke. They found also significant differences in the
      thiocyanates concentrations in saliva between exposed and non-exposed children
      (223 and 126.4 mumol/l resp.). With regard to the above facts it is important to
      prevent exposure of predisposed as well as healthy children to cigarette smoke.

PMID- 2636556
TI  - [Neonatal levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone--early diagnosis of adrenogenital
      syndrome].
AB  - The authors submit the results of 17-hydroxyprogesterone estimations in serum of
      healthy neonates after birth and during the first days of life. The 17
      hydroxyprogesterone level declines markedly after birth to the fourth day after
      birth in infants of both sexes. The levels recorded in infants above 4 days (8.4
      +/- 3.4 nmol/l) will serve as normal values in the diagnosis of adrenogenital
      syndrome caused by the block of 21-hydroxylase steroids. Estimation of 17
      hydroxyprogesterone in umbilical blood cannot be used for the diagnosis of AGS in
      neonates.

PMID- 2636557
TI  - [The Romano-Ward syndrome imitating epilepsy in a 10-year-old boy].

PMID- 2636558
TI  - [Pfeiffer's syndrome].
AB  - The authors examined a 2-month-old infant with clinical signs of Pfeiffer's
      syndrome (craniosynostosis, abnormalities of the extremities, normal psychomotor
      development). In the family other affected cases were revealed with a variable
      expressivity of the clinical signs. The authors draw attention to the importance
      of a detailed clinical, X-ray and anthropometric examination of different members
      of the family to detect carriership of the gene for ACS.

PMID- 2636559
TI  - [Treatment of status asthmaticus].

PMID- 2636560
TI  - [What do we owe the families of diabetic children?].
AB  - An enquiry by means of questionnaire in 211 families of diabetic children in
      Prague and the Central Bohemian region with the aim to express objectively the
      influence of diabetes of the child in the socio-economic position of the family.

PMID- 2636561
TI  - [Enterobiasis--incidence and therapy in various child care centers in
      Bratislava].

PMID- 2636562
TI  - [Experience with transcutaneous measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
      neonatology practice].

PMID- 2636563
TI  - [Phenylketonuria from the viewpoint of the parents of affected children].

PMID- 2636564
TI  - [A few comments on the article "Virologic and morphologic studies in sudden and
      unexpected death in children" (L. Danes et al.) Czechoslovak Pediatrics, 44,
      1989, no. 3, pg. 136-140].

PMID- 2636565
TI  - Utilization of tropical foods: cereals.

PMID- 2636566
TI  - Utilization of tropical foods: tropical beans.

PMID- 2636567
TI  - Utilization of tropical foods: tropical oil-seeds.

PMID- 2636568
TI  - Utilization of tropical foods: sugars, spices and stimulants.

PMID- 2636569
TI  - Encouraging pharmacists to do more.

PMID- 2636570
TI  - Evaluating pharmacist training.

PMID- 2636572
TI  - Third European Conference on Research in Rehabilitation. Rotterdam, June 1988.
      National reports.

PMID- 2636571
TI  - Buying contraceptives at the pharmacy.

PMID- 2636573
TI  - [Ganglioside research. Pharmacologic basis and therapeutic aspects of the
      treatment of polyneuropathy. Satellite symposium of the 61st annual meeting of
      the German Society for Neurology. 21 September 1988].

PMID- 2636574
TI  - [Arthaxan--perspectives and alternatives in rheumatic therapy!].

PMID- 2636575
TI  - [Stroke: aspects of rehabilitation and prevention].

PMID- 2636576
TI  - Surgery in spontaneous intra-cerebral haematoma.
AB  - Twenty-six patients of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) were treated by surgical
      evacuation of clot. Six patients were operated within 24 hour, four on the second
      day, seven between the third and fifth day and nine after five days. Their
      therapeutic out-come was compared with an equal number of age, location and
      severity matched group of patients of ICH who did not undergo surgery. Mortality
      in surgically treated group (16/26) was comparable to control group (20/26),
      however, follow up of survivors showed slightly reduced morbidity in operated
      group. Patients in grade III (level of consciousness) were the only ones who were
      benefited from surgery. The timing of the surgery did not affect the immediate
      mortality.

PMID- 2636577
TI  - Chronic inflammatory polyarthritides in a select population of young men. A
      prospective study.
AB  - Twenty young servicemen suffering from chronic inflammatory polyarthritides (CIP)
      were studied. While rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was the final diagnosis in 15
      patients, the arthritis remained 'unclassifiable' in the rest. An acute onset of
      asymmetric deforming arthritis, dominant in the lower limbs, was the usual
      pattern. Sacroiliitis and enthesopathy were uncommon. Extra-articular features
      were sparse and sub-cutaneous nodules absent. Rheumatoid factor was present in
      86.7% of RA patients. Radiologic erosions were evident in 73.3% RA patients.
      Arthritis robustus variant of RA was diagnosed in 4 patients. HLA B27 was present
      in 45.5% of RA patients in this atypical setting. An overlap of RA and
      seronegative spondarthritides was considered probable in 3 patients.

PMID- 2636578
TI  - Iron loading anaemias.
AB  - Iron loading anaemias are characterized by anaemia, high serum iron, transferrin
      saturation and ferritin values, and haemosiderin deposits in parenchymal cells
      and reticuloendothelial tissue with or without organ dysfunction. Sideroblastic
      anaemias and congenital dyserythropoietic anaemias (CDA) are important types of
      iron loading anaemias. Two cases of sideroblastic anaemia and five cases of CDA
      type I are presented as prototypes of iron loading anaemias. Increased
      gastrointestinal absorption of iron remains the main mechanism of iron loading in
      these anaemias. Phlebotomy can be used to reduce the iron load in those with mild
      or moderate anaemia, whereas desferrioxamine can be used to chelate excessive
      iron in all cases irrespective of severity of anaemia.

PMID- 2636579
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid free N-acetyl neuraminic acid levels--a diagnostic and
      prognostic test in meningitis.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) free N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) levels were
      estimated in 20 cases each of pyogenic and tubercular meningitis (TBM) and 10
      controls. The levels of free NANA were significantly high (P less than 0.001) in
      pyogenic and partially treated pyogenic meningitis when compared to TBM. The CSF
      free NANA levels had direct correlation with severity of the disease, CSF sugar
      and protein levels in pyogenic meningitis. The CSF free NANA can even be a
      prognostic criterion in management of pyogenic meningitis. Higher the levels,
      poorer the prognosis.

PMID- 2636580
TI  - Sensory nerve conduction velocities amongst healthy soldiers.
AB  - Sensory nerve conduction velocities (SNCV) have been studied amongst 50 healthy
      soldiers between age group 21-40 years on 4 mixed peripheral nerves and one
      purely sensory nerve. Motor nerve conduction velocities and sensory latency rates
      were studied under similar standardized conditions and at the same sitting.
      Sensory nerve conduction velocities are faster when compared to motor nerve
      conduction velocities. Median nerve shows the highest values and sural nerve the
      slowest values of SNCV. Latency rates are fastest in median nerve and slowest in
      sural nerve.

PMID- 2636581
TI  - Lipid profile in smokers.
AB  - In this study we observed that all the lipids except HDL cholesterol were higher
      in heavy smokers and those making for longer duration. HDL cholesterol was lower
      in smokers than nonsmokers. The changes in lipid profile were similar in
      cigarette and bidi smokers.

PMID- 2636582
TI  - Enlarging pulmonary histoplasmoma associated with pulmonary tuberculosis.
AB  - Histoplasmosis is not a frequently reported infection from India. Similarity of
      its clinical and radiological features with pulmonary tuberculosis, may cause a
      difficult diagnostic dilemma when the two occur together. We report a case who
      initially presented with cavitary lesions over right lung responding well to anti
      tuberculosis chemotherapy but subsequently a small opacity present over the left
      upper zone showed a relentless increase till it attained a massive size few years
      later. Operative removal and histopathological examination of the mass confirmed
      it to be histoplasmoma. She became sputum AFB smear positive and culture negative
      for a short while during this period and this is explained on the basis of
      previous reports.

PMID- 2636583
TI  - Pulmonary functions in ulcerative colitis.
AB  - The lung functions were evaluated in eighteen patients of ulcerative colitis, in
      a controlled study. There was statistically significant (p less than 0.01)
      reduction in maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). Diffusing capacity (DLCo) was
      also reduced. Though the reduction in DLCo was not statistically significant, the
      importance of this finding as compared to the controls has been discussed. The
      findings are suggestive of subclinical restrictive ventilatory abnormality.

PMID- 2636584
TI  - Ventilatory functions in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.
AB  - A study of ventilatory function in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia was carried
      out. Seventy five cases and 75 healthy controls were studied. Four types of
      ventilatory patterns were observed-restrictive (52%), mixed (33%), obstructive
      (4%) and normal (10.6%).

PMID- 2636585
TI  - Conjugal motor neurone disease.
AB  - The occurrence of motor neurone disease (MND) in a Libyan couple who lived
      together for 40 years and in whom the disease developed within a 15-month period
      is reported. This is believed to be the second documentation of conjugal MND in
      the English literature.

PMID- 2636586
TI  - Osteoblastoma. Cause for wry neck.
AB  - A 14 year old boy with a relatively uncommon benign osteoblastoma of C5, C6
      vertebrae presenting with wry neck is described with a brief review of
      literature.

PMID- 2636587
TI  - Emergency treatment with ketoconazole in disseminated intravascular coagulation
      due to metastatic prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - We report the use of ketoconazole to control disseminated intravascular
      coagulation due to prostatic carcinoma. Clinical improvement in the condition of
      the patient was noted in 48 hours and coagulation profile became normal in 10
      days.

PMID- 2636588
TI  - Cefotaxime in acute urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2636589
TI  - Growing injustice--a short communique to the editor.

PMID- 2636590
TI  - Kawasaki's syndrome.

PMID- 2636591
TI  - The acute abdomen in amoebic liver abscess.

PMID- 2636592
TI  - CT scanning in ischaemic stroke.

PMID- 2636593
TI  - Propranolol induced Steven-Johnson syndrome.

PMID- 2636594
TI  - Bilateral facial palsy following chicken pox.

PMID- 2636595
TI  - Meningococcal meningitis.

PMID- 2636596
TI  - Diplopia due to phenothiazine toxicity.

PMID- 2636597
TI  - Glucocorticoids in acute stroke.

PMID- 2636598
TI  - The second heart sound in Eisenmenger's.

PMID- 2636599
TI  - Oesophageal candidiasis.

PMID- 2636600
TI  - HIV infection after a single heterosexual contact.

PMID- 2636601
TI  - Oxygen: medical or industrial?

PMID- 2636602
TI  - Transient ST segment elevation following DC cardioversion--merely an
      'observation' today.

PMID- 2636603
TI  - Functional evaluation of esophageal motility and of G-E reflux.

PMID- 2636604
TI  - Scintigraphic evaluation of gastric emptying, duodenogastric reflux and biliary
      dyskinesias.

PMID- 2636605
TI  - Bile acid malabsorption and inflammatory bowel disease: nuclear medicine studies.

PMID- 2636606
TI  - The diagnostic role of nuclear medicine in clinical cardiology and the Italian
      context.

PMID- 2636607
TI  - Clinical indications to cardiac nuclear imaging.

PMID- 2636608
TI  - Epidemiology of cardiac diseases and need for cardiovascular application of
      nuclear medicine in Italy.

PMID- 2636609
TI  - Results of the National Nuclear Cardiology Census.

PMID- 2636611
TI  - The physicist and the research in nuclear medicine.

PMID- 2636610
TI  - The role of the medical physicists in nuclear medicine.

PMID- 2636612
TI  - Interaction between physician and physicist in nuclear medicine.

PMID- 2636613
TI  - Quality assurance programme in nuclear medicine. Experience, management and test
      protocols.

PMID- 2636614
TI  - Gamma-camera quality control procedures: an on-line routine.

PMID- 2636615
TI  - The quality control of SPET systems: results of an inter-laboratory comparison
      study in Italy.

PMID- 2636616
TI  - [Discrepancies between wall motion abnormalities and regional myocardial
      perfusion in patients with myocardial infarction: evaluation by myocardial
      contrast echocardiography].
AB  - Regional myocardial perfusions obtained by myocardial contrast echocardiography
      were compared with wall motion abnormalities evaluated by two-dimensional
      echocardiography in 26 patients with old myocardial infarction (12 with a QS
      pattern and 14 with a non-QS pattern on electrocardiograms). Myocardial contrast
      echocardiography was performed by the intracoronary injection of 2 ml of hand
      agitated Urografin-76, and short-axis views of the left ventricle were recorded
      on VTR. Regional myocardial perfusion was categorized using a three-point scale
      based on the gray levels, and was compared with wall motion abnormalities of the
      corresponding region as assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography.

PMID- 2636617
TI  - Cinevideodensitometric quantification of relative coronary arterial stenosis:
      application to evaluating candidates for percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty.
AB  - As an alternative to visual interpretations of subjects' angiograms, coronary
      arteries dilated by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) were
      evaluated using cinevideodensitometry, and the results were compared with those
      obtained by the edge detection method. Coronary arteriograms were obtained in
      various projections and suitable frames were selected for analysis. The frames
      were transformed to digitized images (512 X 512 X 8 bits) with an image analyzer
      (MIPRON 1), and cinevideodensitometric and edge detection analyses were
      performed. Phantom models of various shapes were opacified with contrast medium
      and were used to test our system. The cineangiograms of 58 patients with ischemic
      heart disease, 28 of whom had underwent PTCA, were analyzed. A highly linear
      correlation was observed between the cross-sectional areas of the phantoms and
      the summed gray levels measured using cinevideodensitometry. Percent area
      stenosis evaluated by the two methods was accurate and reproducible in measuring
      the symmetrical stenosis models. However, for the model of asymmetrical stenosis,
      the measurement by the edge detection method differed according to various
      projections. Similar results were obtained measuring asymmetrical stenosis in the
      right coronary artery in vivo in various projections. Based on these experimental
      results, coronary stenoses dilated by PTCA were evaluated. Prior to PTCA,
      coronary arterial stenosis measured using the two methods closely approximated
      each other. However, following PTCA, there were discrepancies between the
      measurements by the two methods in six cases. This can be accounted for by
      asymmetrical changes in a luminal cross-section, which cannot be accurately
      assessed using the edge detection method in single plane projection. In
      conclusion, cinevideodensitometric measurements of relative coronary arterial
      stenosis were objective, accurate, and reproducible. According to
      cinevideodensitometric analysis, eccentric lesions can be measured using a single
      projection, and tracing arterial borders is unnecessary. It is a useful means in
      measuring quantitatively the degree of dilatation of coronary arterial stenosis
      accomplished by PTCA.

PMID- 2636618
TI  - [Direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for treatment of
      acute myocardial infarction: comparison with PTCA immediately after
      thrombolysis].
AB  - We studied 73 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated by
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) without thrombolysis
      (direct PTCA) and 52 patients with AMI treated by PTCA immediately after
      thrombolysis (PTCR + PTCA). The initial results, angiographic findings and
      preservation of ventricular functions of the direct PTCA group were compared with
      those of the PTCR + PTCA group. 1. The success rate of coronary recanalization
      was higher in the direct PTCA group than in the PTCR + PTCA group, but there was
      no statistical significance (89% vs 77%; p = NS). 2. Major complications occurred
      in 4.1% of the direct PTCA group and in 5.8% of the PTCR + PTCA group (p = NS).
      3. The incidence of acute coronary reocclusion was higher in the PTCR + PTCA
      group than in the direct PTCA group (7.4% vs 22%; p less than 0.05). 4.
      Angiographic haziness at the dilated site following PTCA was seen more frequently
      in patients in the PTCR + PTCA group than in those of the direct PTCA group (43%
      vs 23%; p less than 0.05). 5. Patients with haziness at the dilated site had a
      significantly higher incidence of acute coronary reocclusion than did the
      patients without such haziness (28% vs 6.3%; p less than 0.05). 6. Left
      ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion were better preserved in
      the direct PTCA group than in the PTCR + PTCA group, but there was not
      statistical significance. It was suggested that direct PTCA is safe and can be
      performed with good success rates. It is superior to PTCR + PTCA in avoiding
      acute coronary reocclusion, and thus we supposed that the response of lesions to
      angioplasty may be altered by the administration of thrombolytic agents.

PMID- 2636619
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for treatment of acute myocardial
      infarction: comparison with percutaneous transluminal coronary recanalization].
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was evaluated as a means of
      reperfusion of the infarct-related coronary artery, and the results were compared
      with those of percutaneous transluminal coronary recanalization (PTCR). There
      were no difference in sex, age, infarct location and time from the onset to start
      of treatment between 135 patients with evolving acute myocardial infarction
      treated with PTCA (PTCA group) and 113 patients treated with PTCR alone (PTCR
      group). Fifty-nine patients in the PTCA group underwent PTCA following PTCR; the
      remaining 76 patients were without prior PTCR. Successful PTCA, defined as a 20%
      or more reduction in percent luminal stenosis diameter, was achieved in 123 (90%)
      of the 135 patients in the PTCA group. The reperfusion rate was 93% in the PTCA
      group and 77% in the PTCR group (p less than 0.01). Residual stenosis immediately
      after the treatment was 30 +/- 13% in the PTCA group and 70 +/- 16% in the PTCR
      group (p less than 0.01). In the PTCA group, three cases developed serious
      complications which were associated with angioplasty: coronary perforation, side
      branch occlusion resulting in cardiogenic shock and exacerbation of cardiogenic
      shock. The latter two patients died, however, there was no difference in hospital
      mortality rate: 6% in the PTCA group versus 11% in the PTCR group. At follow-up
      angiography performed four weeks after admission, reocclusion of the successfully
      recanalized arteries was observed in 3% of the PTCA group and in 14% of the PTCR
      group (p less than 0.01). Regional wall motion was evaluated by left
      ventriculography using a wall motion score system which consisted of six grades;
      from normal counted as 0, to dyskinesis counted as 5. There was no difference in
      the wall motion score between the successful PTCA group and the successful PTCR
      group (2.6 +/- 1.4 versus 2.8 +/- 1.4), but the scores of both groups were better
      than those of the non-recanalized group (3.4 +/- 1.0: p less than 0.01). In
      conclusion, PTCA and PTCR have the same effect on hospital mortality rate and
      regional wall motion, but PTCA has a higher reperfusion rate and a lower
      reocclusion rate than does PTCR. Although PTCA has a potential disadvantage
      inducing serious complications, it appears to be a useful treatment for acute
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2636620
TI  - [Correlations between results of selective intracoronary thrombolysis and
      histologic findings of the infarct-related coronary arteries].
AB  - To define the histopathogenesis of successful and unsuccessful recanalization
      following selective intracoronary thrombolysis, coronary angiography (CAG) in
      thrombolysis and histologic findings were compared in 13 patients who died within
      four days (mean 1.5 days) after the procedure. Thirteen infarct-related arteries
      were evaluated in respect to recanalization; presence of an intraluminal
      thrombus, and rupture and hemorrhage of atheromatous plaques were histologically
      evaluated in serial sections. Intraluminal thrombi of the infarct-related
      coronary artery were found in all of the five cases with unsuccessful
      recanalization and in none of the eight cases with successful recanalization.
      Rupture and hemorrhage of atheromatous plaques in infarct-related arteries were
      observed in all of the five cases with unsuccessful recanalization and in seven
      of the eight cases with successful recanalization. It was concluded that 1) in
      recanalized cases, thrombi are considered to be lysed; 2) unsuccessful
      recanalization does not necessarily indicate the absence of thrombi; and 3)
      rupture and hemorrhage of atheromatous plaques do not affect recanalization.

PMID- 2636621
TI  - [Residual coronary artery stenosis: its shapes immediately after thrombolysis and
      subsequent time courses].
AB  - Changes in shape and the time course of residual coronary artery stenoses
      following thrombolysis were studied in 36 patients with acute myocardial
      infarction. The following results were obtained: 1. Residual stenoses after
      thrombolysis were categorized morphologically in three groups; long segment type
      (group L, eight patients), segmental type (group S, 18 patients) and filling
      defect type (group FD, 10 patients). 2. Residual stenoses in group L did not
      change either as to morphology or severity one month later. Group S did not show
      morphological change, but 11 of the 18 patients showed slight regression of
      residual stenoses. In group FD, filling defect images on repeated angiography
      resolved in all cases within one month. However, characteristic irregularity at
      the infarct-related coronary arteries were often observed at the same time. 3.
      Twelve of the 36 patients underwent angiography during three consecutive days to
      study sequential changes in residual stenoses. Intracoronary thrombi were
      resolved before the second day, which was compatible with a plasminogen-plasmin
      system change. 4. Severe coronary artery atherosclerosis may be an important
      factor in the pathogenesis in group L, while thrombus formation based on
      ulcerative lesions without significant stenoses may be an important factor in
      group FD. 5. Mechanical revascularization for the groups L and S patients, and an
      additional thrombolytic agent for the group FD patients are recommended as
      further therapy after thrombolysis.

PMID- 2636622
TI  - [Effects of early myocardial reperfusion on left ventricular function in patients
      with acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - The effect of early myocardial reperfusion (within six hours after the onset of
      symptoms) on left ventricular (LV) function in 106 patients with acute myocardial
      infarction was studied. The subjects consisting of 26 with conventional therapy,
      19 with percutaneous transluminal coronary recanalization (PTCR), 16 with
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) after PTCR, 32 with direct
      PTCA and 13 with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) were randomly observed after
      1981. In these patients, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), regional wall
      motion, end-diastolic pressure and the contractility index were measured as the
      indices of LV function. 1. Compared to the conventional therapy group, LVEF and
      regional wall motion improved significantly in all groups with reperfusion
      therapy except in the PTCR group. This LV function in patients with subtotal
      obstruction or good initial collaterals significantly improved compared to
      patients with total obstruction and no collateral circulation. Patients with a 75
      percent or more residual stenosis after reperfusion therapy had significantly
      decreased LV function compared to those with residual stenosis of less than 75
      percent. These findings support the potential role for reperfusion therapy in
      patients with acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2636623
TI  - [Precordial ST segment depression in acute inferior myocardial infarction: the
      importance of posterolateral wall infarction].
AB  - To determine whether precordial ST segment depression during acute inferior
      myocardial infarction indicates posterolateral wall ischemia, anatomical
      predominance of coronary circulation was examined by coronary angiography and
      evaluated in 43 patients who experienced first acute inferior myocardial
      infarction. Among patients who underwent intracoronary thrombolysis within six
      hours from the onset of symptoms, the infarct-related artery was the right
      coronary artery (RCA) in 35. In addition, their early 12-lead
      electrocardiographic features were compared with those in eight patients having
      the infarct-related left circumflex coronary artery (group Cx). Thirty-five
      patients with RCA obstruction were categorized in four groups: Four patients with
      left predominant type (group L), 10 with balanced type (group B), five with right
      super-predominant type (group SR), and 16 with right intermediate type (group
      RI). Seventeen of the 21 patients in groups SR and RI demonstrated precordial ST
      segment depression, whereas it was present in only six of the 14 patients in
      groups L and B (p less than 0.05). Of the 29 patients in groups SR, Cx and RI,
      total ST segment depression in leads V1 through V4 (sigma ST) was greater in the
      14 patients in groups L and B (p less than 0.05) than in other groups.
      Furthermore, in these 29, all patients in groups SR and Cx had greater sigma ST
      than did the patients in group RI (p less than 0.05). There was no significant
      difference in sigma ST between groups SR and Cx. Precordial ST segment depression
      did not correlate with concomitant disease of the left anterior descending artery
      and was not a mirror image of ST segment elevation in inferior leads. On thallium
      201 scintigraphy, additional perfusion defects of the posterolateral wall were
      present in all eight patients in group Cx and in ten of the 21 patients in groups
      SR and RI. Thus, precordial ST segment depression during acute inferior
      myocardial infarction seemed to be affected by the pattern of coronary
      circulation. It was concluded that this ST depression represents more extensive
      involvement of the posterolateral wall in patients with right predominant
      coronary circulation as well as in those with left circumflex artery obstruction.

PMID- 2636624
TI  - [Myocardial perfusion assessed by dynamic computed tomography, with respect to
      viable muscle in the infarcted region].
AB  - To clarify the significance of regional myocardial perfusion, 31 patients of old
      myocardial infarction including 11 cases undergoing PTCA with a left anterior
      descending artery lesion were studied using dynamic transmission computed
      tomography with excellent time resolution. Serial one-second dynamic scans with
      an electrocardiographic triggering system were performed at the middle level of
      the left ventricle using a bolus injection of contrast medium via the inferior
      vena cava. The F/V (F = flow, V = volume) ratio, a parameter of perfusion per
      unit of myocardium, was calculated from gamma-variate fitted time density curves
      obtained in the myocardium and in the left ventricular cavity. The F/V ratio was
      significantly lower in patients not only with severe but also mild and no
      coronary artery stenosis (post PTCA: 185 +/- 54, 50-75% stenosis: 193 +/- 47, 90%
      stenosis: 181 +/- 51, 99% stenosis: 140 +/- 34, 100% stenosis: 142 +/- 27
      ml/min/100 g, control value: 243 +/- 51 ml/min/100 g, post PTCA, 50-75% stenosis,
      90% stenosis vs control p less than 0.05, 99%, 100% stenosis vs control p less
      than 0.005). The functional images depicting myocardial perfusion frequently
      revealed abnormal perfusion findings in patients not only with severe but also
      mild and no coronary stenosis. In the patients with mild or insignificant
      coronary stenosis, the F/V ratio was dependent on the severity of left
      ventricular wall motion abnormalities (hypokinesis: 192 +/- 51, akinesis or
      dyskinesis: 141 +/- 32 ml/min/100 g; p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2636625
TI  - [Effect of isometric hand-grip exercise on left ventricular diastolic filling in
      patients with effort angina: a pulsed Doppler echocardiographic study].
AB  - To detect myocardial ischemia and to estimate cardiac reserve in patients with
      effort angina pectoris without history of myocardial infarction, left ventricular
      diastolic filling was measured using Doppler echocardiography during isometric
      handgrip exercise. Nineteen patients with effort angina pectoris undergoing
      coronary angiography and 16 normal subjects were studied. The angina patients
      were categorized in two groups: 12 with single vessel disease (SVD) and seven
      with multiple vessel disease (MVD). Fifty percent maximum voluntary contraction
      isometric handgrip exercise was performed for two minutes. 1. The resting A/R in
      the angina group was significantly greater than that of the normal subjects (SVD:
      1.20 +/- 0.24, MVD: 1.21 +/- 0.27, normal 0.85 +/- 0.10) (p less than 0.001).
      However, the values of many cases in these three groups overlapped. 2. In SVD,
      the A/R increased significantly during isometric handgrip exercise (1.20 +/- 0.24
      to 1.96 +/- 0.66: p less than 0.001). The delta A/R (0.76 +/- 0.15) was
      significantly greater than that of patients in other groups (MVD: 0.10 +/- 0.13,
      normal: 0.09 +/- 0.01) (p less than 0.001). Consequently, the A/R after exercise
      clearly distinguished the SVD from the normal subjects. 3. In MVD, the A/R did
      not change significantly during exercise (1.21 +/- 0.27 to 1.31 +/- 0.41), and
      there were no significant differences in delta A/R as compared to the normal
      subjects (p less than 0.01). The A/R decreased during exercise in three of the
      seven patients, and this was markedly different from that of the normal subjects.
      These findings suggest that assessment of changes in left ventricular diastolic
      filling during isometric handgrip exercise is useful in detecting myocardial
      ischemia and in estimating cardiac reserve in patients with effort angina
      pectoris.

PMID- 2636626
TI  - [Gallium-67 imaging in patients with myocarditis in childhood and youth].
AB  - Gallium-67 (Ga-67) myocardial imaging was performed in 19 patients (1 month to 21
      years of age) with proven or suspected myocarditis. The anterior images, 48 hrs
      after the intravenous administration of 0.5-2.0 mCi Ga-67 citrate, were analysed
      using a computer. Regions of interest were set on the heart, lungs and
      background, excluding the sternum and vertebrae. The uptake of Ga-67 was
      evaluated quantitatively by the ratio of the average count of the heart to the
      average count of the lung (H/L). When the H/L value was higher than 130% the
      cardiac uptake of Ga-67 was designated positive. Histological examination was
      performed in 11 patients who underwent right endomyocardial biopsy. The patients
      were categorized according to their clinical findings. Group 1 consisted of 11
      patients with clinical symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy, six of whom had
      arrhythmias or elevated serum CPK-MB levels (group Ia) in the acute stage of the
      disease, and the remaining five had neither (group Ib). Group 2 consisted of
      eight patients with dysrhythmias but without heart failure. Four had elevated
      serum CPK-MB levels (group IIa), but the remaining four did not (group IIb). All
      patients in the group Ia had positive Ga-67 uptakes, and three patients in the
      group Ib had negative uptakes. The H/L values were significantly higher in the
      group Ia than in the group Ib (p less than 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2636627
TI  - [Intraventricular flow dynamics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with
      midventricular obstruction investigated by Doppler echocardiography].
AB  - Seven patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy having midventricular obstruction
      (MVO) were examined using two-dimensional, conventional Doppler and color Doppler
      echocardiography to investigate intraventricular flow conditions. The controls
      were 35 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without MVO. All MVO patients
      had "hour-glass" LV cavities during systole, resulting from either hypertrophy at
      the midventricular level or hypertrophied papillary muscles, where systolic
      mosaic signals originated. Systolic peak flow velocities at the midventricle
      ranged from 2.5 to 4.2 m/s, proving the presence of a pressure gradient between
      the apex and the base of the LV. In fact, a pressure drop of 15-30 mmHg was
      demonstrated in four patients who underwent cardiac catheterization. These high
      velocity jet flows were not detectable at the midventricle in the control
      subjects. Peak ejection velocities in the outflow tracts were significantly lower
      in patients with MVO compared to those with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and
      subaortic stenosis (129 +/- 29 vs 384 +/- 111 cm/s; p less than 0.001). As
      midventricular obliteration became severe, systolic jets at the midventricle
      increased in velocity. Waveforms changed from single- to double-peaked, and
      lasted until the isovolumic relaxation or the rapid filling phase beyond the
      second heart sound. Consequently, isovolumic relaxation waveforms at the
      midventricle using the apical approach changed the direction; from "the base to
      apex" to "the apex to base". An isovolumic signal away from the transducer was
      only observed in two patients without MVO. Diastolic color reversal and mosaic
      signals at the midventricle were also seen in five of the seven patients with
      MVO. Peak flow velocities in the rapid filling phase were significantly higher at
      the papillary muscle level than at the mitral valve level, indicating that MVO
      continues up to early diastole. It was suggested that MVO disturbs
      intraventricular flow dynamics during both systole and diastole. Color Doppler
      echocardiography is particularly useful in determining the site of obstruction
      and allows further evaluation by pulsed and continuous wave Doppler techniques to
      precisely measure pressure gradients. With routine, careful use of Doppler
      echocardiography, MVO may prove to be a more common entity than was previously
      believed.

PMID- 2636628
TI  - [Regional left ventricular diastolic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:
      application of "sector analysis" to ECG forward and reverse gated radionuclide
      ventriculography].
AB  - To estimate regional left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling patterns in
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a computer-assisted method by applying "sector
      analysis" to ECG forward and reverse gated radionuclide ventriculography was
      developed. Fourteen patients with HCM (four with localized septal hypertrophy,
      seven with apical hypertrophy and three with septal and apical hypertrophy
      according to echocardiography) were observed at rest. After establishing serial
      20 msec imaged frames, the LV region of interest was subdivided into eight
      sectors radiating from the geometric center. A time-activity curve was generated
      for each sector and was fitted by third-order harmonics of the Fourier series.
      From each fitted curve, the regional peak filling rate (rPFR) and the time of
      rPFR (rTPFR) in the forward gating method and regional atrial contribution to
      filling (rAC/FV) in the reverse gating method were calculated. The coefficient of
      variance of rTPFR was used as an index of LV diastolic asynchrony. In HCM, a
      prominent delay of rTPFR was observed in the hypertrophied regions. The
      coefficient of variance of rTPFR correlated inversely with global LVPFR (r = 
      0.62, p less than 0.05), indicating that diastolic asynchrony is one of the
      determinants of the LV early filling rate. Regional AC/FV was augmented in the
      hypertrophied regions, indicating the important role of atrial systolic LV
      filling for slowed early filling. Thus, this new method provides valuable
      information concerning regional diastolic LV wall mechanics in HCM.

PMID- 2636629
TI  - [Left ventricular function in right ventricular overload: asymmetry of the left
      ventricular ejection].
AB  - This study clarified regional and global functions of the distorted left
      ventricle due to right ventricular overload by means of gated radionuclide
      ventriculography (RNV). Cardiac catheterization and RNV were performed in 13
      cases of atrial septal defect (ASD), 13 of pure mitral stenosis (MS), 10 of
      primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), and 10 of normal subjects (NL). Right
      ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was 32.9 +/- 13.9, 45.0 +/- 12.2, 88.3 +/-
      17.1, and 21.2 +/- 4.5 mmHg, respectively. RNV was performed with a 99mTc-red
      blood cell in a vivo labeling technique. The end-systolic LAO view of the left
      ventricle was halved into septal and free-wall sides. The end-diastolic halves
      were determined in the same plane. Ejection fractions of the global left
      ventricle (LVEF), global right ventricle (RVEF), the septal half of the left
      ventricle (SEPEF), and the free-wall half of the left ventricle (FWEF) were
      obtained. LVEF was 56.8 +/- 9.8% in NL, 52.8 +/- 10.5% in ASD, and 49.5 +/- 12.9%
      in PPH. In MS, LVEF (47.0 +/- 13.0%) was smaller than those in the other groups.
      RVEF was 37.0 +/- 5.2% in NL, 43.7 +/- 15.5% in ASD, and 32.8 +/- 11.5% in MS. In
      PPH, RVEF (25.0 +/- 10.6%) was smaller than those in the other groups. SEPEF was
      smaller in AS D (42.5 +/- 13.2%), MS (40.4 +/- 13.1%), PPH (40.5 +/- 12.5%) than
      in NL (53.5 +/- 8.5%). Systolic function of the septal half of the left ventricle
      was disturbed by right ventricular overload. RVEF (r = -0.35, p less than 0.05)
      and SEPEF (r = -0.51, p less than 0.01) had negative correlations with RVSP. As
      RVSP rose, systolic function of the septal half of the left ventricle was more
      severely disturbed. FWEF was the same among the four groups; NL (57.0 +/- 12.6%),
      ASD (48.6 +/- 15.2%), MS (50.5 +/- 12.0%), and PPH (51.1 +/- 12.3%). Right
      ventricular overload does not affect systolic function of FWLV. There was a good
      correlation between SEPEF and LVEF in NL (r = 0.81), though in PPH this
      correlation was poor (r = 0.64). In patients with PPH the septal side of the left
      ventricle does not act as a part of the global left ventricle. Systolic function
      of the septal side of the left ventricle is disturbed due to the distortion of
      the ventricular septum, but systolic function of the free-wall side is maintained
      within a normal range, when the left ventricular myocardium is kept
      normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2636630
TI  - [Hemodynamic sequelae following valve replacement in patients with aortic
      regurgitation].
AB  - Serial echocardiographic analyses of the left ventricle (LV) were performed in 61
      patients with aortic regurgitation before, one-six months, and six years after
      aortic valve replacement (AVR). There was no significant difference in the
      preoperative hemodynamic and echocardiographic data between 54 survivors and six
      deceased patients. There was a linear correlation (r = 0.69) between LV end
      diastolic volume (EDV) by cineangiography and LV end-diastolic dimension (LVDd)
      by echocardiography. In patients with LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP) less than
      12 mmHg, the LV was markedly dilated before surgery, and LVDd was not normalized
      until half a year after surgery in half the cases. In 20 patients with LVEDP
      greater than 12 mmHg, LVDd was normalized in 17 patients up to half a year after
      surgery. In 11 patients with LV end-systolic dimension (LVDs) greater than 5.2
      cm, LVDs was not normalized until six years post surgery in three patients. LVDd
      was improved six years after surgery in patients with LVDs less than 5.2 cm.
      Echocardiographically-determined LVDs less than 5.2 cm is recommended for
      preservation of LV function following aortic valve replacement.

PMID- 2636631
TI  - [Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of dissecting aortic
      aneurysm].
AB  - Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography (TEDE) was performed in three patients
      with proven or suspected DeBakey type I and type III aortic dissection. Case 1: A
      66-year-old woman, with DeBakey type I aortic dissection. Clear images of a
      widened dissected aorta and an intimal flap were obtained in both the ascending
      and descending aorta, including the aortic arch. The site of an entry into the
      false lumen was identified by the defect of the intimal flap and the pulsatile
      entry flow through it. The reentry into the true lumen was also identified near
      the orifice of the celiac trunk. In this case, the observation was performed
      using this technique during the operation; i.e., replacement of the ascending
      aorta with an artificial graft. Case 2: A 77-year-old man, DeBakey type III
      aortic dissection. The study was performed after surgery which consisted of
      replacement of the descending aorta with an artificial graft. TEDE provided clear
      images of the artificial graft, the aorta, and their boundaries. The remaining
      intimal flap was clearly confirmed. Case 3: An 80-year-old man, DeBakey type III
      aortic dissection. In this case, though abdominal echography suggested aortic
      dissection, angiography and X-ray CT failed to facilitate the diagnosis. Only
      TEDE confirmed the diagnosis. The abnormal flow via the entry directing toward
      the false lumen was clearly demonstrated on the color Doppler images. We
      therefore conclude that TEDE is a useful and reliable means of diagnosing
      dissecting aortic aneurysm.

PMID- 2636632
TI  - [Significance of disturbances of cardiac filling in constrictive pericarditis].
AB  - Using pulsed Doppler echocardiography, blood filling patterns of the right atrium
      and left and right ventricles in constrictive pericarditis were studied to
      evaluate the physiological role of the pericardium in the hemodynamics of this
      disease. Thirteen cases were examined including five cases with atrial
      fibrillation. The control subjects consisted of 16 healthy persons and six cases
      of lone atrial fibrillation. 1. Peak velocity of the atrial filling wave during
      ventricular systole was reduced, and the filling time was shortened, suggesting
      reduced compliance and restricted motion of the atrial wall, because of the
      thickening and adhesions of the pericardium. Duration of the atrial filling wave
      during ventricular diastole was also shortened, reflecting disturbance of the
      early diastolic filling of the right ventricle. 2. In healthy subjects, duration
      of the rapid filling wave was longer in the right ventricle than in the left
      ventricle, probably due to the greater compliance of the right ventricular wall
      as compared to that of the left ventricular wall. In constrictive pericarditis,
      the rapid filling time of the right ventricle is shortened, so that the
      difference in this time between the right and left ventricles is minimized, which
      may be related to a thinner right ventricular wall. Duration of the rapid filling
      wave of the right ventricle correlated with right ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure, indicating that the duration of the right ventricular rapid filling
      wave is proportional to the severity of constrictive pericarditis. In conclusion,
      constriction of the pericardium definitely influences the hemodynamics of the
      right side of the heart more than it does the left side in constrictive
      pericarditis. This difference appears to result from the difference in thickness
      of the myocardial layers of both ventricles.

PMID- 2636633
TI  - [Bidirectional ductal shunts in the early neonatal period: evaluation by Doppler
      color flow imaging].
AB  - Serial Doppler echocardiographic examinations were performed in 10 normal
      neonates (0.3-4.0 hrs after birth). The flow patterns through the ductus
      arteriosus were evaluated using Doppler color flow imaging, pulsed Doppler
      echocardiography and continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. At the initial
      examination, flow through the ductus arteriosus was clearly visualized in all the
      neonates using Doppler color flow imaging. The ductal flow patterns were
      categorized as follows: 1. Systolic blue color (right-to-left shunt flow) and
      diastolic red color (left-to-right shunt flow) in four neonates (group 1). 2.
      Systolic blue color and diastolic mosaic colors in four neonates (group 2). 3.
      Continuous mosaic colors in two neonates (group 3). Using pulsed Doppler
      echocardiography, the systolic right-to-left ductal shunt flow in the groups 1
      and 2 was triangular in shape beginning in early systole. The diastolic left-to
      right shunt flow was box-like in shape beginning late in systole and lasting long
      in diastole in the group 1. In the group 2, the diastolic flow showed a wide
      spectrum (turbulent flow). In the group 3, the flow through the ductus arteriosus
      had a continuous wide spectrum (turbulent flow). Mosaic or turbulent ductal flow
      of a left-to-right ductal shunt had high velocities by continuous-wave Doppler
      echocardiography. Serial examinations revealed that the ductal flow pattern
      observed in the group 1 changed to the flow pattern observed in the group 2, and
      then to that of the group 3 with increasing diastolic ductal flow velocities. The
      estimated aorto-pulmonary pressure gradient according to the simplified Bernoulli
      equation (delta p = 4V2) using a maximum diastolic left-to-right ductal shunt
      velocity increased within 12 hrs after birth. It was concluded that bidirectional
      ductal shunts may be observed in most normal neonates (8/10). With increasing
      diastolic velocities the bidirectional ductal flows changed to the pattern of a
      continuous left-to-right shunt. The bidirectional ductal shunt is considered due
      to physiologic pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and due to less conduction
      time from the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary end of the ductus than from the
      aortic valve to the aortic end of the ductus. Analysis of the flow through the
      ductus provides informations about the neonatal circulatory adaptation,
      especially in the early neonatal period.

PMID- 2636634
TI  - [Ultrasonic tissue characterization by spectral analysis of myocardial textural
      pattern].
AB  - Based on the fact that ultrasonic myocardial textural patterns are more irregular
      in the pathological myocardium than in the normal, evaluation of the myocardial
      tissue character was attempted in vivo using spectral analysis. Parasternal left
      ventricular long-axis echocardiograms were obtained from five patients with old
      myocardial infarction diagnosed by history, electrocardiography and coronary
      angiography. These echocardiograms were transferred to an image analyzer and
      digitized (256 x 256 x 8). The waveforms of the gray-scale-changes from the
      normal myocardium showed periodicity in each 8-pixel cycle, but those from the
      infarcted myocardium did not. To quantify pattern changes in gray-scale values in
      the ultrasound beam direction, spectral analysis was performed by the maximum
      entropy method (MEM). There were four peaks in the MEM spectra both in the normal
      and infarcted myocardia, but there was a great significance in these patterns:
      with high, steep peaks in normal MEM spectra, and low, blunt peaks in infarcted
      ones. By discriminatory analysis of these four peak values, normalized by the
      whole spatial frequencies as multivariate, the misclassification rate was 4.8
      22.7% in anteroseptal infarctions and 5.0-20.0% in posterior infarctions. Thus,
      spectral analysis of the myocardial textural pattern has advantages for analyzing
      routine echocardiograms without corrections by any absolute ultrasonic
      references. Furthermore, the misclassification rate is so low that we are able to
      characterize myocardial tissue.

PMID- 2636635
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of regurgitant blood flow by rapid cine magnetic resonance
      imaging in patients with valvular heart disease].
AB  - The clinical usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evaluating
      regurgitant blood flow in patients with valvular heart disease was studied. The
      study subjects comprised three healthy volunteers and nine patients with valvular
      heart disease (aortic regurgitation 3, mitral regurgitation 2, tricuspid
      regurgitation 2, and pulmonary regurgitation 2). Five were men and seven were
      women, ranging in age from 31 to 85 years. Valvular heart disease was diagnosed
      by two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography. MRI was performed using a 1.5 tesla
      super-conductive magnet system (MAGNETOM, Siemens AG). A rapid MRI technique
      (fast low-angle shot [FLASH], flip angle = 30 degrees, TR = 65-90 msec, TE = 10
      38 msec) was used to generate 11 frames throughout one cardiac cycle in the
      transaxial, coronal and oblique planes. These sequential frames were displayed in
      cine mode on a CRT. 1. Intracavitary blood was imaged as a high signal intensity
      on gradient echo images, while surrounding cardiac structures had somewhat lower
      signal intensities. 2. In healthy volunteers, systolic ejection blood flow from
      the left ventricle was observed on coronal images in the cine mode display. The
      influx of atrial blood into the left and right ventricles was also clearly
      observed on transaxial cine images. 3. Aortic regurgitant flow was observed as
      areas of no signal intensity within the left ventricular cavity during diastole
      on coronal images. 4. Mitral and tricuspid regurgitations were observed within
      the left and right atria, respectively, as areas of no signal intensity on
      transaxial images. The extent of regurgitant flow was determined in the vertical
      long-axis plane, equivalent to the right anterior oblique projection. 5. The
      vertical oblique scan was suitable for detecting pulmonary regurgitant flow.
      These results indicate that the rapid cine MRI technique is a useful tool for
      noninvasively determining regurgitant blood flow in patients with various
      valvular heart diseases.

PMID- 2636636
TI  - [Magnetic resonance imaging for cardiovascular masses].
AB  - We examined 10 patients with cardiovascular masses using 0.15 tesla permanent
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) incorporating an ECG-gated spin echo technique,
      and investigated the usefulness of MRI in the noninvasive diagnosis of
      cardiovascular masses. Patients were one with rhabdomyoma, one with
      leiomyosarcoma, one with malignant mesothelioma (diffuse type), three with
      pulmonary arterial invasions by lung carcinoma, one with left atrial invasion by
      lung carcinoma, and three with the superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome. 1. Each
      image obtained with TE of 40 msec, and TR of one R-R interval clearly defined the
      mass by its intermediate signal intensity. 2. In the case of rhabdomyoma
      occupying the right ventricle, leiomyosarcoma growing from the inferior vena cava
      into the right atrium and malignant mesothelioma diffusely invading the
      mediastinum, the morphology and the extent of each mass in relation to the
      surrounding structures were distinctly identified in the coronal, sagittal or
      oblique sections for situation, in addition to the routine transaxial section. 3.
      In the cases of pulmonary arterial invasion by lung carcinoma and the SVC
      syndrome, the masses invading the pulmonary artery or narrowing large vessels
      were clearly separated from adjacent structures on the sections through each of
      the large vessels. 4. In the case without left atrial invasion, which was proved
      by autopsy, a high intensity line due to mediastinal fat demarcated the mass
      distinctly. This finding is a useful sign for evaluating the extension of a
      tumor. 5. The image obtained with TE of 80 msec, and TR of double R-R interval
      (long SE image) showed a different contrast from the image obtained with TE of 40
      msec and TR of one R-R interval. Leiomyosarcoma had a more heterogenous intensity
      on the long SE image which may result from a different T2 value caused by
      necrotic, edematous or fibrotic changes within the tumor. These results indicate
      that MRI also provides some information about the differentiation between benign
      and malignant masses.

PMID- 2636637
TI  - [Percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty in the aged using the antegrade or retrograde
      method: a report of two cases].
AB  - Acquired calcified aortic stenosis in elderly patients successfully resolved
      after percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty (PAV) using the antegrade or retrograde
      method. The effectiveness and complications of these two methods were compared. A
      79-year-old man who had acute myocardial infarction and pulmonary emphysema
      underwent aortic valvuloplasty using Medi-Tech balloons, 15 mm and 20 mm in
      diameter, via the brachial artery route. This caused a reduction of the peak and
      mean aortic valve pressure gradients, from 56 to 30 and from 59 to 35 mmHg,
      respectively and an increase in the valve area from 0.6 to 0.8 cm2. However,
      cardiac tamponade developed due to penetration of the left ventricular wall by
      the guide wire. A 73-year-old man who had transient cerebral ischemia and
      pulmonary emphysema underwent valvuloplasty by the Inoue's balloon technique
      (inflated up to 19 mm) via the saphenous vein. This resulted in a reduction of
      the peak and mean pressure gradients from 35 to 15 and from 39 to 15 mmHg
      respectively, a month thereafter. There were no complications. To our knowledge,
      these are the first two reported cases of acquired aortic stenosis which were
      relieved by percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty in Japan.

PMID- 2636638
TI  - [Acute myocardial infarction probably induced by the oral administration of
      bromocriptine: a case report].
AB  - This is a report of a case of acute myocardial infarction which was probably
      induced by the oral administration of bromocriptine. A 55-year-old man was
      admitted because of suspected hypothyroidism and dwarfism. The endocrinological
      examination revealed primary hypothyroidism, and levothyroxine sodium replacement
      therapy was started. Nine days later, the bromocriptine test was performed for
      dwarfism. Two hours after the oral administration of 2.5 mg bromocriptine, he had
      severe chest pain associated with loss of consciousness and hypotension. His
      electrocardiogram showed marked ST depression and T wave inversion, but no
      abnormal Q waves. Serial myocardial enzymes and electrocardiograms confirmed
      acute non-transmural myocardial infarction. During coronary angiography performed
      about three months later, coronary arterial spasm was induced by the intravenous
      administration of ergonovine maleate. This experience suggests that
      bromocriptine, a derivative of ergot alkaloids, can cause coronary arterial
      spasm, and subsequent myocardial infarction. To our knowledge, bromocriptine
      induced myocardial infarction has not been previously reported in Japan.

PMID- 2636639
TI  - [Evaluation of mid-ventricular obstruction of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by real
      time two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging: a case report].
AB  - Mid-ventricular obstruction was evaluated in a case of hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy using a real-time two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging system. A
      60-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of oppressive precordial
      sensation., I-mode echocardiography showed asymmetric septal hypertrophy:
      thickness of the end-diastolic left ventricular posterior wall was 9 mm, and that
      of the interventricular septum was 19 mm. However, there was no systolic anterior
      motion of the mitral apparatus. Doppler color flow imaging showed a mid-left
      ventricular narrowing in late-systole and a mosaic pattern was depicted from the
      mid-ventricle to the outflow tract. Continuous wave Doppler echocardiography
      disclosed a peak velocity of 2.0 m/sec (pressure gradient (PG) = 16 mmHg). In the
      right ventricular outflow tract, a mosaic pattern was also seen and a peak
      velocity of 1.5 m/sec was detected (PG = 9 mmHg). These results were nearly
      identical with the data measured by cardiac catheterization. Thus, it was
      concluded that intraventricular obstruction of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is
      diagnosed by observing the flow image and flow velocities in the ventricle using
      a real-time two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging system.

PMID- 2636640
TI  - [Isolation right ventricular hypoplasia: report of two cases].
AB  - Two cases of the hypoplastic right ventricle are reported. Patient 1: A five-year
      old boy underwent cardiac catheterization 13 days after birth which revealed that
      the end-diastolic volume in the right ventricle was 2 ml. It was 20 ml at the age
      of two years and 40 ml at five years. Thus, the right ventricular hypoplasia
      lessened with increasing age. Neither pulmonary nor tricuspid valvular
      malformation was present. Patient 2: A four-month-old boy received two
      dimensional echocardiographic examination at the age of two days which revealed:
      1) a small right ventricle in the apical four-chamber view, 2) a half-moon-shaped
      right ventricle in the subxyphoid short-axis view at the level of the great
      arteries, and 3) normal positioning of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve.
      Pulsed Doppler echocardiography revealed normal blood flow patterns, immediately
      above the pulmonary valve and below the tricuspid valve. Cardiac catheterization
      at the age of three months indicated isolated right ventricular hypoplasia, a
      diverticulum of the right ventricle, and dilated cardiomyopathy. The patient died
      of congestive heart failure at the age of four months. Autopsy confirmed the
      above diagnoses.

PMID- 2636641
TI  - [Spontaneous closure of muscular ventricular septal defect during early infancy:
      a report of three cases].
AB  - Three neonatal cases of muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) without other
      cardiac anomalies were presented, which were detected using color Doppler
      echocardiography. Spontaneous closure confirmed by the disappearance of both the
      murmur and shunt flows was observed in two of the three cases whose ages were 1.5
      and 4.5 months, respectively. Furthermore, in the third case, it probably closed
      by 4.5 months of age, because the shunt flow was difficult to detect by color
      Doppler. Color Doppler seems to be useful for detecting small shunts of muscular
      VSD and for observing their spontaneous closure. Though the incidence of muscular
      VSD in Japan is rare and most of them may be spontaneously closed early in
      infancy, its detection is expected to increase in the future and the confirmation
      of their natural closure may become easy by the wide use of color Doppler
      echocardiography.

PMID- 2636642
TI  - The Verona experience on the effect of diet on progression of renal failure.

PMID- 2636643
TI  - What are the most important factors in the progression of renal failure?

PMID- 2636644
TI  - Stockholm clinical study on progression of chronic renal failure--an interim
      report.
AB  - Fifty-seven patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) of diverse etiology entered
      a prospective, randomized study to evaluate the effect of a low protein diet on
      the progression rate of CRF. All patients were followed for a control period of
      12 or 24 months before randomization into two groups, one permitted unrestricted
      protein intake and the other prescribed a diet containing 0.4 g/kg body wt/day of
      protein and 0.1 g/kg body wt/day of essential amino acids, (LPD + EAA). During
      both the control and study periods, patients were clinically evaluated and had
      serum biochemistry and 24-hour clearance of creatinine, urea and protein
      excretion checked monthly. The 51Cr-EDTA clearance (plasma slope and urinary
      clearance) was determined every third month. The progression of renal failure was
      evaluated from the regressions of the reciprocal of serum creatinine (SCr-1),
      creatinine clearance and urinary 51Cr-EDTA clearance against time. Having defined
      criteria for progression, only patients in whom renal failure had progressed over
      12 or 24 months were randomized. In 28 patients, data were available, permitting
      a comparison of the progression of renal failure (estimated from regression of
      SCr-1 and of creatinine clearance against time) during the retrospective and
      prospective periods. There was a significant correlation between the change in
      progression rate and the change in mean arterial pressure, a relationship which
      was also present in patients with mild hypertension or those with blood pressure
      within the "normal" range. The urinary protein excretion also correlated with the
      change in mean arterial pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636645
TI  - Renal effects from limitation of high dietary protein in normoalbuminuric
      diabetic patients.
AB  - Glomerular hyperfiltration may be a risk factor for late nephropathy. It has been
      shown that considerable protein restriction can lower glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR). To elucidate the effect of moderate protein limitation in type 1 (insulin
      dependent) diabetics with normoalbuminuria, eight such patients were selected for
      the study (age 38 +/- 7 years SD, diabetes duration 21 +/- 9 years). The patients
      were randomized to follow, alternately, four weeks of their usual protein intake
      (19% of energy) and four weeks of a limited protein intake (12% of energy).
      Kidney function was investigated after the two dietary periods. GFR and renal
      plasma flow (RPF) were measured using a constant infusion technique (125I
      iothalamate/131I-hippuran), and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) by
      radioimmunoassay. It was found that the limited protein diet reduced GFR from 146
      +/- 23 to 132 +/- 24 ml/min/1.73 m2 (2P less than 0.005). A tendency towards a
      fall in RPF was seen (549 +/- 128 vs. 503 +/- 125 ml/min; 2P = 0.06), while total
      renal resistance rose from 0.17 +/- 0.03 to 0.20 +/- 0.05 mm Hg/ml/min (2P =
      0.05). No significant changes in filtration fraction, UAE and blood pressure were
      seen. HbA1c, fructosamine, insulin dose and body weight were unchanged during the
      two diets; also serum protein, albumin, phosphate and calcium remained unaltered.
      Serum urea was significantly reduced on the limited protein intake. Patients were
      generally pleased with the limited protein diet. Thus, limitation of the often
      high protein intake in diabetics might be valuable and realistic. The long-term
      renal protective effect remains to be investigated.

PMID- 2636646
TI  - Effect of ketoacids on the metabolic events induced by varying protein diet in
      CRF patients.

PMID- 2636647
TI  - Urinary phosphate excretion determines the progression of renal disease.

PMID- 2636648
TI  - Long-term efficacy and safety of oral calcium as compared to A1(OH)3 as phosphate
      binders.

PMID- 2636649
TI  - Calcium salts of ketoacids as a new treatment strategy for uremic
      hyperphosphatemia.
AB  - Hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism are regular complications in
      patients suffering from end-stage renal failure. Aluminum-containing drugs are
      widely used to control serum phosphate, but this therapy carries the well-known
      risk of aluminum toxicity. Previously we demonstrated that a mixture of ketoacids
      is very effective in lowering increased serum phosphate and serum PTH levels.
      Recent studies to clarify the underlying mechanisms whereby these compounds lower
      serum phosphate revealed that ketoacids act as intestinal phosphate binders. In
      balance studies we demonstrated that intestinal phosphorus uptake decreased in
      normal subjects (decrease of absorption during ingestion: 0.7-3.14 mmol/day).
      Additional in vitro studies not only confirmed the in vivo results but also
      showed that ketoacids are as efficient as calcium carbonate although they provide
      less calcium. It is of further interest that ketoacids reached their greatest
      binding efficiency when the pH is 7.0, whereas calcium carbonate binds phosphate
      predominantly when the pH is 2.0 or 5.0. Ketoacids represent a further therapy to
      lower serum phosphate in uremia. As they provide less calcium than calcium
      carbonate, they could be considered as an advantageous, less dangerous
      alternative.

PMID- 2636650
TI  - Influence of ultraviolet irradiation on plasma vitamin D and calcitonin levels in
      humans.
AB  - In 13 patients with essential hypertension (EH) and in 10 normotensive controls,
      the influence of ultraviolet irradiation on plasma calcium, phosphorus, 25-OH-D,
      1,25(OH)2D and calcitonin (CT) was studied. The basal levels of total calcium
      (2.47 +/- 0.02 mmol/liter) and phosphorus (1.10 +/- 0.04 mmol/liter) in patients
      with essential hypertension were not different from the control subjects (2.49 +/
      0.05 mmol/liter and 1.22 +/- 0.06 mmol/liter, respectively). However, patients
      with essential hypertension had elevated levels of 25-OH-D (68.09 +/- 7.48 vs.
      26.51 +/- 3.3 mg/ml), 1,25(OH)2D (175.15 +/- 32.5 pmol/liter vs. 118.0 +/- 13.23
      pmol/liter) and CT (131.7 +/- 32.36 pg/ml vs. 49.0 +/- 18.62 pg/ml) than in
      control subjects. In contrast to normotensive subjects, the majority of
      hypertensive patients showed no rise of plasma 25-OH-D and 1,25(OH)2D in response
      to ultraviolet irradiation. The results of this study suggest involvement of
      abnormal vitamin D metabolism in the pathogenesis of hypertension, at least in
      some patients.

PMID- 2636651
TI  - Dietary protein and insulin-like growth factor-I content following unilateral
      nephrectomy.
AB  - The compensatory renal growth (CRG) that follows unilateral nephrectomy (UNx) in
      the rat is blunted by a low protein diet (LPD). CRG in rats is associated with a
      parallel increase in insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I/somatomedin-C content of
      the kidney. In this study, we have examined the effects of dietary protein
      manipulations on IGF-I and -II within remaining kidneys of rats during CRG
      following UNx. Adult Wistar rats were given a LPD (8% wt/wt casein), medium
      protein diet (MPD, 18%), or high protein diet (HPD, 78%) for 30 days prior to
      surgery. At surgery, either a right UNx or a sham operation was performed. Four
      days later, animals were sacrificed. Kidney weight, protein, DNA, IGF-I and -II
      contents were measured. Serum and hepatic content of IGF-I were also measured.
      CRG (%) was calculated comparing kidney weights pre- and post-UNx and between UNx
      and sham operated rats at sacrifice. At sacrifice, kidney weight was proportional
      to dietary protein intake in sham and UNx rats. Fractional kidney wt was
      significantly increased in UNx rats on each of the three diets compared to sham
      operated animals (P less than 0.001), but was greater in rats on HPD (35%)
      compared to those on MPD (23%) or LPD (20%). CRG was minimal on LPD (9.6 +/-
      6.8%), compared to MPD (23.8 +/- 9.6%) and HPD (43.8 +/- 25.4%). The mean kidney
      content of IGF-I did not differ between dietary groups in sham operated
      rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636652
TI  - Protein diet and nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2636653
TI  - Dietary compliance to a low protein and phosphate diet in patients with chronic
      renal failure.

PMID- 2636654
TI  - Plasma alloisoleucine: analytical method and clearance in ketoacid-supplemented
      normals.
AB  - Chromatographic separation of alloisoleucine (ALE) was achieved using a Beckman
      6300 Amino Acid Analyzer equipped with a 20 cm lithium High Performance column
      and Li-A buffer. Twenty microliter samples were injected and the initial column
      temperature was 57 degrees C. After 1.0 minute, the temperature was increased at
      a rate of 0.75 degrees C/min to 70 degrees C. Flow rate was maintained at 22
      ml/hr. ALE eluted at 46 minutes. Accuracy of the method was 97.2% with spike
      recovery studies. Repeated analyses (N = 9) of a plasma sample containing ALE
      gave a SD of 0.04 and 1.37% RSD. Linearity using standard solutions of 1.25 to
      100 mumols/100 ml was confirmed by a correlation coefficient of r = 0.999. Limit
      of quantitation was estimated at 0.2 mumols/100 ml. This method was used to
      determine the half-life of ALE in plasma of healthy humans fed ketoanalogue
      supplemented diets on the first day and after 28 days of consumption. Plasma
      samples were taken at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours post
      dose of either 6.2 +/- 0.25 g or 9.3 +/- 0.55 g (meal dose) of a ketoacid mixture
      (KAM) containing 10.9% (R,S) alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636655
TI  - Nutritional status of patients with different levels of chronic renal
      insufficiency. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study Group.
AB  - This study evaluated the nutritional status of 95 patients with chronic renal
      insufficiency who participated in the feasibility phase of the NIH funded
      Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study. All patients were seen
      monthly by a physician and dietitian. After a baseline period, the patients were
      randomly assigned either to a mildly protein-restricted control diet or to one of
      three low protein, low phosphorus diets. Patients with clear evidence for protein
      calorie malnutrition were excluded from the study. Patients were followed for an
      average of 12.4 months (range, 0 to 22 months). The glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR) at the commencement of the experimental diets ranged from 8 to 56
      ml/min/1.73 m2. Assessment of the nutritional parameters indicated that none of
      the four diet treatment groups developed protein-calorie malnutrition. At the end
      of treatment with the experimental diets, most nutritional parameters were normal
      and few had worsened. Nonetheless, the following observations indicated that some
      patients had developed subtle evidence for protein-calorie malnutrition. There
      were positive correlations between the GFR and the serum transferrin and
      creatinine:height ratio. In men, arm muscle area and, at the onset of the
      experimental diets, the % standard body weight also correlated with the GFR. In
      women, GFR correlated with dietary energy intake. When patients were grouped
      according to their GFR level, those with the lowest GFR also tended to have lower
      energy intakes, serum transferrin levels and creatinine:height ratios. Patients
      with a GFR of 24 ml/min/1.73 m2 or lower tended to lose body mass during the
      study. In all groups of patients, the estimated actual energy intake was
      significantly lower than the prescribed intake. On the other hand, in the
      patients assigned to one of the three low protein, low phosphorus diets, nitrogen
      intake was above the prescribed level. The low energy intake of those patients
      with the lower GFR levels may contribute to their propensity to become
      malnourished.

PMID- 2636656
TI  - Nutritional state in patients on long-term low-protein diet or with nephrotic
      syndrome.

PMID- 2636657
TI  - Effects of growth hormone and IGF-I on renal function.
AB  - There have now been many studies on the effects of growth hormone (GH) on renal
      function. Chronically elevated GH levels, such as occur in acromegaly, are
      associated with an increase in renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration
      rate (GFR) and kidney size. When GH falls in these individuals (such as, after
      hypophysectomy in acromegalic patients), RPF, GFR and renal size decrease. A
      rapid increase in plasma GH in normal or growth hormone deficient adults, such as
      occurs after GH injection, causes an increase in RPF and GFR. However, these
      effects on renal function are delayed, occurring between 5.5 and 23 hours after
      the GH injection and in association with an elevation in the plasma
      concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). These observations
      suggest that IGF-I may mediate the GH stimulated increase in RPF and GFR. We
      evaluated this question in rats starved for three days. A 20 minute infusion of
      IGF-I causes an increase in RPF and GFR in these animals. This effect could be
      blocked by indomethacin but not by somatostatin. These findings suggest that: 1)
      GH injection does increase RPF and GFR; 2) this effect on GH, which is delayed
      for several hours seems to be mediated by IGF-I; and 3) a 20-minute IGF-I
      infusion itself increases RPF and GFR in starved rats. The effect of IGF-I on
      renal function seems to require the presence of eicosanoids. Further studies will
      be necessary to examine whether IGF-I is a physiological regulator of renal
      function.

PMID- 2636658
TI  - Improvement of uremic growth failure by recombinant human growth hormone.
AB  - Nine stunted prepubertal children with end-stage renal failure were treated by
      rhGH in supraphysiological doses (4 U/m2/day s.c.) for a period of six to nine
      months. The six-month data from these children indicated that exogenous rhGH
      significantly improved the growth rate in all children (mean height velocity SDS
      before therapy, -2.8; during the treatment period, +2.5). This effect was
      accompanied by a significant increase in serum somatomedin bioactivity. Low
      normal basal serum IGF I concentrations were increased by rhGH. Elevated basal
      serum IGF II concentrations were further increased by rhGH treatment. The
      pharmacokinetic profile of rhGH in uremia resembles that of the non-uremic state;
      no accumulation was seen after 14 days of treatment. Glucose tolerance did not
      change, and insulin levels remained stable throughout the six-month observation
      period. No rhGH antibodies were detected. Although these short-term results are
      very encouraging, the effects of rhGH on the prognosis for final height need to
      be assessed over a longer period of time.

PMID- 2636659
TI  - Protein and amino acid metabolism in uremia: influence of metabolic acidosis.
AB  - Loss of lean body mass occurs frequently in patients with acute or chronic renal
      failure, but the mechanism(s) causing this abnormality are unknown. Using animal
      models of experimental uremia, it was found that excess lactate formation in
      muscle is directly related to the rate of protein breakdown. This suggests that
      abnormal energy metabolism may be one mechanism for protein wasting. A second
      mechanism involves metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis activates the
      catabolism of protein and amino acids in muscle of uremic rats independently of
      azotemia. Defects in sodium transport by Na,K-ATPase and the Na/K/Cl cotransport
      system suggest that intracellular ions including hydrogen may be abnormal. If
      this were the case, uremia would increase the susceptibility to the catabolic
      effect of metabolic acidosis.

PMID- 2636660
TI  - Reduced protein catabolism by the antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 in acutely uremic
      rats.
AB  - Protein breakdown in acute uremia is enhanced, as evidenced by an increment in
      amino acid release from skeletal muscle and an increased amino acid uptake and
      urea and glucose production by the liver. To study whether this metabolic pattern
      is mediated by glucocorticoids, we investigated the effect of the
      antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 on both muscle protein breakdown and urea and glucose
      production of isolated hepatocytes in acutely uremic rats. Animals were rendered
      uremic by bilateral nephrectomy (BNX). Forty-eight hours after BNX, the rats had
      markedly elevated serum levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, and
      phosphorus. In uremic rats receiving RU 38486 comparable levels of serum
      creatinine were found, but the serum levels of urea nitrogen (221 +/- 4 vs. 259
      +/- 5 mg/dl) and phosphorus (6.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 8.5 +/- 0.4 mmol/liter) were
      significantly decreased as compared to uremic animals without RU 38486. In
      comparison to sham operated rats, urea-N appearance (net urea production) was
      increased by 56% 48 hours after BNX. This increment was almost completely
      reversed in uremic animals receiving the antiglucocorticoid. In untreated uremic
      rats, plasma levels of Nt-methylhistidine were 10.3 +/- 0.9 micrograms/dl,
      whereas the administration of RU 38486 caused a significant decline in the levels
      of this amino acid (7.6 +/- 0.5 micrograms/dl). Hepatic glucose production in BNX
      rats was significantly increased from alanine (+174%), glutamine (+158%), and
      serine (+87%) as compared to sham-operated controls. Concomitantly, hepatic urea
      formation from amino acid substrates was also enhanced in BNX animals. With the
      administration of RU 38486 to acutely uremic rats, both hepatic glucose and urea
      production were normalized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636661
TI  - Abnormalities in blood amino acid profile after a protein meal in patients with
      chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2636662
TI  - Correction of amino acid metabolism by recombinant human erythropoietin therapy
      in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - We assessed the effect of correction of anemia with recombinant human
      erythropoietin (rhEPO) on plasma amino acid levels in maintenance hemodialysis
      patients. The plasma amino acid pattern was estimated by high performance liquid
      chromatography in 18 healthy persons and 14 hemodialysis patients before and up
      to 12 weeks after rhEPO therapy. There was a correction of the plasma serine
      values (67 +/- 16 to 87 +/- 22; P less than 0.05) and a corresponding decrease in
      the serine precursors, glycine (317 +/- 113 to 228 +/- 56; P less than 0.05) and
      hydroxyproline (26 +/- 21 to 15 +/- 13; P less than 0.10). The low plasma
      branched-chain amino acids, valine (137 +/- 33 to 154 +/- 50; P less than 0.10)
      and leucine (72 +/- 22 to 80 +/- 27; P less than 0.20), also were corrected. The
      elevated values of ornithine (78 +/- 16 to 62 +/- 19; P less than 0.1) and
      arginine (94 +/- 14 to 72 +/- 14; P less than 0.1) fell. The diminished glutamine
      values (470 +/- 125 to 563 +/- 115; P less than 0.1) and the decreased
      tyrosine/phenylalanine ratio (0.78 +/- 0.17 to 0.98 +/- 0.21; P less than 0.05)
      rose. Thus, the administration of rhEPO not only affects erythropoiesis, but also
      corrects the plasma amino acid pattern towards normal.

PMID- 2636663
TI  - Effects of ketoacids on liver glutathione and microsomal enzymes in malnourished
      rats.
AB  - The progression of chronic renal failure is delayed by the use of low protein
      diets, but such diets are deficient in essential amino acids. In order to
      maintain good nutritional status, branched-chain ketoacids (BCKA) can be added to
      these diets. The effects of BCKA on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle is well
      established, but there is little information about their effects on liver
      metabolism. Protein deprivation affects some aspects of liver function such as
      drug metabolism (glutathione, cytochrome P-450 and enzymes). In a chronic protein
      malnutrition model, we have tested the efficacy of BCKA to correct these
      abnormalities when they are added to a low protein diet. RNA/DNA, liver proteins,
      microsomal proteins and glutathione were markedly improved; cytochrome P-450 was
      only partly improved, and aminopyrine demethylase was not affected. In
      conclusion, this study suggests that BCKA have a beneficial effect and may
      prevent the deterioration in the nutritional state of the liver in uremic
      patients.

PMID- 2636664
TI  - Effect of a ketoacid diet on glucose tolerance and tissue insulin sensitivity.
AB  - Effects of a low protein (0.3 g/kg/day) diet on glucose tolerance and tissue
      insulin sensitivity were studied in 25 non-diabetic and eight insulin-dependent
      diabetic uremic patients before and three months after dietary treatment.
      Carbohydrates accounted for 65% of the caloric intake in the first group and 57%
      in the second. In the first group, a 50 g oral glucose tolerance test showed that
      after three months blood glucose was significantly reduced at T60 (P less than
      0.05) and serum insulin at T0, T30 (P less than 0.05) and T60 (P less than 0.02).
      Ten patients of the first group underwent an euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp
      study; the tissue sensitivity to insulin index of all three clamp periods
      improved (P less than 0.01 for the first and second, P less than 0.02 for the
      third). Five patients in the second group underwent a euglycemic clamp study;
      glucose metabolism increased with each clamp period. Concomitantly, their daily
      insulin requirements decreased from 37.2 +/- 3.1 to 24.8 +/- 2.7 U/day (P less
      than 0.05). This conspicuous improvement observed in both groups might be related
      to a decrease in uremic toxin(s) derived from protein intake. Beneficial results
      on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular pathology may occur from the reduction of
      hyperinsulinism.

PMID- 2636665
TI  - Fatty acid abnormalities in hemodialysis patients: effect of L-carnitine
      administration.
AB  - Serum fatty acid profiles were determined using gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry in three groups of subjects. Compared to normal controls, eight
      patients on maintenance hemodialysis had significantly lower proportions of
      linoleic (28.15 +/- 1.3 vs. 26.5 +/- 1.4%, P less than 0.003), linolenic (0.49 +/
      0.2 vs. 0.21 +/- 0.2%, P less than 0.04) and arachidonic acids (8.42 +/- 0.9 vs.
      6.0 +/- 1.5%, P less than 0.0001). Dialysis patients also had higher proportions
      of oleic (8.9 +/- 1.8 vs. 15.3 +/- 3.5%, P less than 0.0001) and n-9
      eicosatrienoic acids (0.26 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.54 +/- 0.3%, P less than 0.04). Ratios
      between oleic and arachidonic acid and between eicosatrienoic and arachidonic
      acids were also significantly higher in the dialysis group. In a separate group
      of either chronic dialysis patients, L-carnitine was given intravenously for a
      period of 6 to 18 months. In this group linoleic, linolenic and eicosatrienoic
      acids were not significantly different from normal controls. The ratio between
      eicosatrienoic and arachidonic acids was also similar to normal controls.
      However, arachidonic acid remained significantly lower and oleic acid
      significantly elevated in the carnitine group. The ratio of saturated to
      unsaturated fatty acid was higher in the untreated dialysis patients compared to
      L-carnitine treated patients (0.75 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.65 +/- 0.06, P less than 0.01).
      Significant abnormalities in distribution of fatty acids was seen in hemodialyzed
      patients. Thus preliminary data suggest significant depletion of essential fatty
      acids in dialysis patients which is partially corrected by treatment of patients
      with L-carnitine.

PMID- 2636666
TI  - Metabolic effects of supplementation of L-carnitine in the dialysate of patients
      treated with acetate hemodialysis.

PMID- 2636667
TI  - Effect of low dose supplementation of L-carnitine on lipid metabolism in
      hemodialyzed children.
AB  - Long-term intravenous supplementation with low dose L-carnitine (5 mg/kg body wt)
      was investigated in seven hemodialyzed children with type IV
      hyperlipoproteinemia. Carnitine was given at the completion of each hemodialysis
      treatment (3 times a week) over a period of five months. This treatment resulted
      in a rise in total plasma carnitine concentrations (117.7 +/- 33.0 microM) as
      compared to before therapy (37.9 +/- 15.8 microM); the free fraction was the
      chief portion of this elevation. Prior to therapy the patients had high plasma
      triglyceride concentrations (3.82 +/- 1.6 mM) which were markedly reduced after
      five months of carnitine therapy (1.86 +/- 0.7 mM; P less than or equal to 0.05).
      The initially low HDL-cholesterol levels (0.91 +/- 0.2 mM) were increased (1.13
      +/- 0.2 mM; P less than or equal to 0.05) after supplementation. Thus, long-term
      low-dose carnitine supplementation improves the disturbed lipid metabolism; this
      suggests an important role for carnitine in uremic children and may justify the
      use of supplemental carnitine.

PMID- 2636668
TI  - Ketogenic and antiketogenic effects of L-carnitine in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - Eighteen hyperlipidemic hemodialysis patients were treated with 1, 5, and 15 mg L
      carnitine/kg body weight (each dose was given for three months) given
      intravenously at the end of the dialysis therapy. Low dose L-carnitine treatment
      caused an increase in plasma total carnitine (TC), short chain acylcarnitine
      (SCC), and long chain acylcarnitine (LCC). An increase in plasma free carnitine
      (FC) occurred only in the 10 responders who showed a significant decrease in
      serum triglycerides. Serum VLDL triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol and VLDL
      phospholipids also decreased in the responders compared to nonresponders. There
      was no difference in HDL- and LDL-lipoproteins in both responders and
      nonresponders. L-carnitine in doses of 5 or 15 mg/kg body weight caused markedly
      elevated plasma levels of all carnitine fractions but no further lipid lowering
      effect. Moreover, enhanced serum triglycerides were observed in some hemodialysis
      patients. Thirteen out of 15 patients displayed an increase of HDL triglycerides
      and 5, an increase of VLDL triglycerides. Our data suggest that low doses of L
      carnitine are effective in treating hypertriglyceridemia in selected patients.
      Low dose L-carnitine also avoids unphysiological high plasma levels of carnitine
      and carnitine esters and prevents antiketogenic effects in hemodialysis patients.

PMID- 2636670
TI  - Correction of selenium deficiency in hemodialyzed patients.
AB  - Selenium is an essential trace element important for glutathione peroxidase
      activity. Selenium deficiency has been found in association with skeletal and
      cardiac myopathy and may increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases and for
      cancer. We studied 39 hemodialysis patients and 15 control subjects. Plasma
      selenium, plasma glutathione peroxidase activity and erythrocyte glutathione
      peroxidase activity were lower than in controls (38 +/- 14 vs. 88 +/- 17
      micrograms/liter (P less than 0.01); 153 +/- 32 vs. 334 +/- 41 IU/liter (P less
      than 0.01), 19 +/- 4 vs. 26 +/- 4 IU/g Hb (P less than 0.01), respectively).
      Plasma selenium and plasma glutathione peroxidase activity were strongly
      correlated with duration of dialysis. There was no correlation between plasma
      selenium and protein or calorie intakes. Plasma selenium was lower in patients
      dialyzed with highly permeable membranes (P less than 0.01). The total muscle
      mass, assessed by anthropometry, was lower in the patients who had the lowest
      plasma selenium (P less than 0.01) and plasma glutathione peroxidase activity (P
      less than 0.05). Interventricular septum hypertrophy, documented by
      echocardiography, was greater in patients with the lowest plasma selenium and
      plasma glutathione peroxidase activity (P less than 0.01). Twenty hemodialysis
      patients had oral supplementation of 500 micrograms/day of sodium selenite for
      three months, and then, 200 micrograms/day for the next three months. Plasma
      selenium increased as early as the first week and reached a plateau similar to
      the control levels after three weeks. Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity
      increased after two months but remained below controls. Erythrocyte glutathione
      peroxidase activity reached a higher value than controls after one
      month.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636669
TI  - Factors underlying abnormal zinc metabolism in uremia.
AB  - Zinc balance studies were completed in ten hemodialyzed adult uremic patients and
      five normal controls to determine the cause of abnormal zinc metabolism in
      uremia. Subjects were fed standard hospital foods providing nutrients in amounts
      recommended for adult stable hemodialyzed patients. The amount of zinc in the
      diet was kept constant at 10 mg per day. After one week of stabilization, blood,
      urine, used dialysate (in patients on dialysis days) and stool samples were
      collected daily for the next two weeks. In comparison to controls, patients had
      lower plasma zinc levels (mean +/- SD, 112 +/- 10 vs. 82 +/- 12 micrograms/dl, P
      less than 0.01), lower urinary zinc excretion (560 +/- 120 vs. 40 +/- 20 mg/24
      hrs, P less than 0.001) and higher fecal zinc losses (8.1 +/- 0.7 vs. 10.2 +/-
      0.6 mg/24 hrs, P less than 0.01). Dialytic zinc losses were minimal (26 +/- 4
      micrograms/treatment). During the study period, patients were in a negative zinc
      balance while normal controls maintained a positive zinc balance on 10 mg dietary
      zinc intake. These results demonstrate that augmented fecal zinc excretion in the
      presence of hypozincemia contributes to the negative zinc balance in hemodialyzed
      uremic patients.

PMID- 2636671
TI  - Effect of intravenous supplementation of a new essential amino acid formulation
      in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - Protein energy undernutrition (PEU) and abnormalities of amino acid (AA)
      metabolism are common in maintenance hemodialysis patients (MHP). A new EAA
      formulation (BS695), enriched with valine and threonine, containing some
      histidine, and low in phenylalanine and methionine was recently developed. We
      randomly supplemented 11 MHP with this solution (treated group, TG) and 10 MHP
      with a standard AA solution containing both essential and non-essential AA
      (control group, CG). Both groups received 3.65 g of nitrogen, i.v. three times
      per week during hemodialysis for six months. During treatment, dietary intake
      remained stable in both groups. Before treatment, after three and six months of
      treatment, and six months after the end of treatment, we determined routine blood
      chemistries, anthropometry, serum protein levels (albumin, transferrin), delayed
      cutaneous sensitivity (Multi-test), protein catabolic rate (PCR), plasma AA
      content and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV). Before treatment PEU,
      predominantly of marasmic type, was common. After treatment anthropometry and
      immune response were unchanged in both groups; PCR increased more in CG than in
      TG; serum albumin levels decreased significantly only in CG; MNCV improved in TG
      and worsened in CG. These preliminary results suggest that this new EAA
      formulation may have beneficial effects on some nutrition related abnormalities
      of MHP. Better results might occur with long-term AA supplementation,
      particularly if it is associated with a higher energy intake.

PMID- 2636672
TI  - Glomerular and tubular membrane antigens reflecting cellular adaptation in human
      renal failure.
AB  - The excretion profiles of the following marker proteins of glomerular and tubular
      origin were studied in patients suffering from chronic renal disease (GN, N = 36,
      GFR: 8 to 120 ml/min/1.73 m2): angiotensinase A (ATA), a glomerular endothelial
      glycoprotein, tubular ala(-leu-gly)-amino-peptidase-M (APM), gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (GGT), and the major brush border surface glycoprotein (SGP
      antigen) of 240 kD. In addition, urinary excretion of proteins from kidney tissue
      and serum from 30 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (RCDT) were analyzed.
      Compared to the controls, ATA, APM and GGT activities were significantly higher
      in urine specimens of patients with GFR greater than 25 ml/min, whereas the
      urinary APM, GGT and SGP concentrations were decreased, and correlated with the
      GFR. Urinary GGT activity was negatively correlated with ATA activity but
      positively correlated with the decrease in GFR. Urine ATA activity of RCDT
      patients was higher compared to normal controls (2P = 0.001). Urinary excretion
      of serum proteins of RCDT patients, as assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, disclosed heavy tubular proteinuria, indicating predominant
      tubular rather than glomerular alterations in handling of proteins. Histochemical
      evaluation of kidney sections from RCDT patients revealed clusters of
      hypertrophic nephrons with increased glomerular and tubular concentration of
      immunoreactive membrane proteins. However, there was a general decrease in renal
      cell-marker concentrations as observed by quantitative image analyses. These
      results indicate that renal injury is associated with a modulation in the
      synthesis of tubular and glomerular cell markers.

PMID- 2636673
TI  - Ammonia-complement interaction in the pathogenesis of progressive renal injury.

PMID- 2636674
TI  - Glomerulotubular responses to acute protein load: changes in creatinine and
      sodium handling.

PMID- 2636675
TI  - Effects of dietary protein intake on renal function in humans.
AB  - The effects of an acute protein load on renal hemodynamic responses and plasma
      glucagon levels were investigated in 31 patients with biopsy proven chronic
      glomerulonephritis (24 cases) or chronic renal failure (6 cases). After baseline
      clearance measurements, the subjects ingested a high protein meal consisting of
      1.2 to 1.5 g protein/kg body weight in the form of cooked beef followed by a
      second set of measurements. This acute protein load resulted in a rise of both
      creatinine and PAH clearances (from 86.5 +/- 6.0 ml/min to 98.3 +/- 7.1 ml/min
      and 531.1 +/- 59.1 ml/min to 688.9 +/- 72.9 ml/min, respectively). This was
      associated with an elevation of plasma glucagon levels from 104.6 +/- 7.9 pg/ml
      to 134.5 +/- 7.5 pg/ml. From these data we suggest that the augmentation of renal
      function following a high protein intake may be mediated by the simultaneous rise
      of plasma glucagon levels, and that the glucagon concentration in the portal vein
      rather than in the peripheral blood has a pivotal role in this setting.

PMID- 2636676
TI  - Effect of dietary constituents on renal function.

PMID- 2636677
TI  - Creatinine filtration, secretion and excretion during progressive renal disease.
      Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study Group.
AB  - The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study is a multicenter,
      randomized, controlled trial to determine acceptance, safety, and efficacy of low
      protein and phosphorus diets in patients with progressive renal disease. During
      the feasibility phase, 96 patients aged 18 to 75 years, with previously declining
      reciprocal serum creatinine concentration (1/PCr) and current glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) from 7.5 to 80 ml/min/1.73 m2, were randomly assigned four
      study diets. After randomization, 91 patients were followed for a mean duration
      of 14.1 months. GFR, 1/PCr and creatinine clearance (CCr) were measured every
      three months. In an earlier report, we demonstrated relatively weak correlations
      of rates of change in GFR and 1/PCr during the feasibility phase; the proportion
      of variability in 1/PCr slopes that was explained by variability in GFR slopes
      (r2) was only 0.49 to 0.55. In this study, we examined the relationship of GFR
      and 1/PCr to other determinants of the serum creatinine concentration, including
      filtration (GFCr), secretion (TSCr), and total renal excretion (UCrV) of
      creatinine. Our results show that these parameters varied widely among
      individuals and changed over time. These findings may explain, in part, the
      relatively weak correlations. These results strengthen our previous suggestion
      that the rate of change in 1/PCr may not be an accurate index of the rate of
      change in GFR and raise questions about the validity of conclusions from other
      studies in which the efficacy of dietary modification in retarding the
      progression of renal disease was based principally on measurements of 1/PCr.

PMID- 2636678
TI  - Renal function of baboons (Papio hamadryas) with a remnant kidney, and impact of
      different protein diets.
AB  - To assess progression of renal disease and the effects of protein intake in a
      species phylogenically close to man, 10 young adult baboons (Papio hamadryas)
      were subjected to 20 to 30% infarction of the left kidney and, two months later,
      to right nephrectomy. They were then randomized to a synthetic diet containing
      either 8% or 25% protein. Hemodynamic and metabolic measurements were obtained in
      awake animals every four months. Baseline mean blood pressure, inulin clearance,
      protein and urea nitrogen excretion in intact animals on 15% protein averaged
      75.5 +/- 3.5 (SE) mm Hg, 42.9 +/- 2.7 ml/min, 52 +/- 4.3 mg/24 hr, and 3.8 +/-
      0.4 g/24 hr, respectively. At 12 months, values in the same baboons with a
      remnant kidney on 8% versus 25% protein averaged 100.6 versus 96.7 mm Hg, 29.2
      versus 54.9 ml/min (P less than 0.01), 111 versus 108 mg/24 hr, and 3.4 versus
      11.0 g/24 hr (P less than 0.001), respectively. Electron microscopic examination
      of renal biopsies obtained eight months after nephrectomy was normal but for
      slightly increased mesangial matrix in three animals. Thus, blood pressure
      increased (P less than 0.01), proteinuria doubled (P less than 0.01) and
      adaptations in GFR developed within four months of renal mass reduction, without
      significant changes occurring between four and 12 months. The adaptations in GFR
      were markedly attenuated by low protein intake. Further follow-up is necessary to
      assess progression of renal disease and the impact of different protein diets.

PMID- 2636679
TI  - Effect of moderate protein restriction on the rate of progression of chronic
      renal failure.

PMID- 2636680
TI  - Protein-restricted diets in chronic renal failure: a four year follow-up shows
      limited indications.
AB  - Several retrospective and prospective studies confirmed the beneficial effect of
      dietary protein restriction (DPR) on the downhill course of renal function in
      chronic kidney disease. The long-term results of this therapeutic modality may be
      different than the short-term effects. In our nephrology outpatient department, a
      prospective randomized trial has been in progress since April, 1982. In 1984, we
      reported a general beneficial effect of our diet after two years of follow-up.
      Two hundred and forty-eight patients with initial creatinine clearances between
      10 and 60 ml/min entered the trial. Patients were stratified for sex, age and
      degree of renal insufficiency. One hundred and twenty-nine patients were randomly
      assigned to a DPR-group (0.4 to 0.6 g/kg/day); 118 patients to a control group.
      Patients on DPR visited the dietitian every three months during the first 24
      months of the study; thereafter, as with the controls, the dietitian visits were
      only for specific needs. Urea excretion decreased significantly in DPR patients
      as a sign of good compliance and stayed at that level, even without frequent
      visits to the dietitian. Biochemical parameters showed no signs of malnutrition.
      Amino acid profiles were related to the degree of renal failure. The diet
      appeared to have a selective effect on the progression rate of renal failure:
      only patients with primary glomerular disease responded to the diet. Furthermore,
      there were striking intersex differences. Males showed a more rapid decline
      towards end-stage renal failure, but responded in a positive way to the diet,
      whereas female patients did not benefit from the dietary manipulation at
      all.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636681
TI  - Drugs of abuse and fatal automobile accidents.

PMID- 2636682
TI  - [Biopsy of the external ear in diabetology].
AB  - In the introductory part the authors pointed to the need for the application of
      the morphologic method which would make possible the estimation of the existence
      and degree of miocroangiopathic changes. Microangiopathic changes were observed
      on the material obtained by skin biopsy of the auricle and the reason for
      selecting this localization was explained. It was performed in the representative
      sample consisting of 441 patients with diabetes mellitus and 92 persons with
      disturbed glucose tolerance and the objective indicators for small blood vessel
      changes were confirmed by the analysis of the material obtained by the method
      described. The possibility of the quantification of the degree of these changes
      was at the same time presented and illustrated. Finally, the authors came to the
      conclusion that reproducibility of these quantifications was satisfactory.
      Thereby, they were of the opinion that in their further work they could compare
      described and quantificated changes in respect to individual vital
      characteristics of the investigated group, the existence of factors considered
      risky for the appearance of diabetes mellitus complications and the degree of
      their development.

PMID- 2636683
TI  - [Morphologic characteristics of the vascular network of the dentate nucleus
      during development].
AB  - The development of the blood network of the dentate nucleus was studied on 20
      human fetal brains of different crown-rump length (CRL). In the stage of 17 to 20
      weeks, the blood network of the dentate nucleus consisted of moderate spiral
      blood vessels. They anastomosed each other and made irregular elongated
      polyhedral meshes. From this meshwork, blood vessels of a greater volume arose
      and extended to the hilum of the nucleus. Between 23 and 25 weeks, a clear
      segmental vascular pattern was noticed. The capillary network was very dense.
      Along the outer surface of the nucleus the blood vessels which connected two
      secondary wrinkles of the gray matter were observed. In all the stages
      investigated the blood vessels were moderately spiral.

PMID- 2636684
TI  - [The effect of alcohol on the intermediate hypophyseal lobe in the early
      postnatal period].
AB  - Concerning the well known stimulative effect of ethanol on the secretory activity
      of the intermediary lobe of the hypophysis in mature animals, the effect of the
      same agent was analyzed in the young of the alcoholized parents. Immediately
      after animals were parted from their alcoholized breast feeding mothers the
      hypophyses of the young old 1, 10, 20 and 30 days were taken for hystological
      analysis. In the first day of postnatal life the intermediary lobe is completely
      developed so that it has a glandular tissue covered by marginal epithelium; but
      structural changes connected with the influence of alcohol were not noticed. In
      the young old 10 days, the initial hyperplasia of the gland cells in the
      intermediary lobe was noticed and intermediocytes penetrated deep into the
      posterior lobe area. Histological findings at the 20th and 30th day of life are
      similar and manifested through the prominent hyperplasia of the glandular cells
      and through the hyperfunction certified by a rich content of intermediocytes in
      the RNA and the intensified activity of succinate-dehydrogenase and NADH
      diaphorase at the level of the marginal epithelium. The fact that the
      intermediary lobe cells are not able to react on the alcohol stimulation before
      the 10th day of life could be explained by the immaturity of the neurotransmitter
      system.

PMID- 2636685
TI  - [Laterality in institutionalized patients with moderate, severe and very severe
      mental retardation and stereotyped behavior].
AB  - A total of 54 moderately (n = 13), more severely (n = 27) and severely (n = 14)
      mentally retarded persons living in institutions were dealt with in this paper.
      Qualities of their stereotyped actions were analysed and compared in respect to
      the used lateralization according to Cordic-Bojanin's modified scale and to
      Berg's scale for used lateralization. Results obtained pointed to the differences
      among stereotypes themselves in respect to the influence of social environment
      and the degree of retardation. Therefore, twisting of the body was regarded as
      the "mildest" form of retardation and passivity, while the motions of hands only
      were associated with the most severe ones. Used lateralization in the form of
      dextrality occurred in 62.96%, in the ambidextrality in 14.8% while sinistrality
      accounted for 22.2%. Right-handed persons most frequently showed stereotyped
      behaviour which was manifested by the forward-backward motion of the body, while
      left-handed persons showed stereotypes connected with hands. It was believed that
      the tonus which represented the termination of the voluntary action and the basis
      of the development of lateralization would be regarded as the connection between
      lateralization and stereotypes.

PMID- 2636686
TI  - [Membranous lesions and histochemical changes in cardiac muscle cells during
      hypoxia in white rats].
AB  - The authors of this paper have explored the effects of intermittent hypoxia on
      the cell membrane and histochemical changes in the muscle cardiac tissue of the
      white rat. The animals have been exposed to the experimental conditions
      characteristic of 7.000 m of height above sea level and divided in three groups.
      The first one consisted of animals sacrificed immediately after the final
      exposition (first experimental group), in the second one there were animals
      sacrificed 24 hours after (the second experimental group), and the third group
      made animals sacrificed 7 days after the final exposition (the third experimental
      group). The hypoxial stress elicited the vacuolation in the cardiac muscle fibers
      of the subendocardial layer of miocard which persisted, and did not reduce its
      intensity and extensity in all the three groups of animals, while in
      fuxinorrhagia the intensity and extensity falls to the half of the animals
      sacrificed 24 hours after the experiment, and completely disappeared in those
      sacrificed 7 days after the final exposure. Glycogen as well as the activity of
      succinat-dehydrogenase were preserved in all the three experimental groups of
      animals. It could be concluded that hypoxia elicites ischemical changes in the
      sense of vacuolation of muscle tissue which does not disappear or its
      disappearance is slower than is the case with fuxinorrhagia which leaves a clear
      evidence, too, that the permeability of cytoplasmatic membrane affected by
      hypoxia was disturbed.

PMID- 2636687
TI  - [Organic hyperinsulinism as a diagnostic problem in neuropsychiatric practice].
AB  - The hypoglycemias caused by organic hyperinsulinism are predominantly manifested
      by means of neuropsychiatric disorders. They include losses of consciousness and
      seizures occurring in the period of hunger. The method of choice in the treatment
      of this disorder is surgical treatment of pancreatic neoplasms. This implies the
      need of early diagnostic procedure.

PMID- 2636688
TI  - [Case report on the empty sella syndrome].
AB  - The patient with "empty sella" syndrome was dealt with in this paper. This
      syndrome represented a remarkable differential diagnostic problem and was treated
      surgically.

PMID- 2636689
TI  - [Varicella pneumonia].
AB  - The author presented a patient aged 30 affected by varicella who developed a
      specific varicella pneumonia as a complication of the basic disease. Clinically,
      when establishing the diagnosis, difficulties arose when it should be
      differentiated from bronchopneumonia induced by secondary bacterial infection.
      The accurate diagnosis depended on radiological finding. In specific varicella
      pneumonia radiological picture was not specific but was characteristic: diffusely
      disseminated nodular shadows were seen in both pulmonary wings in the reticularly
      strengthened bronchovascular drawing. This picture in addition to changes on the
      skin and mucosa typical for varicella and epidemiological picture was usually
      sufficient for making the diagnosis. Bacterial form usually showed the shadowness
      of segmental or lobar infiltration. Since specific varicella pneumonia as a
      complication of varicella in adults is a serious and exhausting disease and the
      treatment and prognosis depend on the establishment of accurate diagnosis on the
      basis of radiological finding, a good knowledge of these radiological changes has
      its diagnostic value and removes difficulties occurring in clinical
      differentiation of specific varicella pneumonia from nonspecific pneumonia
      induced by secondary bacterial infection.

PMID- 2636690
TI  - [Precancerous lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. I. The stomach].
AB  - Detection of precancerous lesions and early phases of stomach carcinoma is the
      basic aim in the fight against this malignant tumour of a very bad prognosis. On
      the basis of data from contemporary literature, the basic elements of
      epidemiology and pathology of stomach precancerous lesions are presented in this
      paper. Chronic gastritis, intestinal metaplasias, dysplasias, chronic stomach
      ulcer and the state after the stomach resection due to benign disease are dealt
      with from that aspect. The terms of precancerous states are considered in the
      introductory part. Through the definition of specific morphological changes
      general practitioners could be given help in elucidating this problem more
      successfully.

PMID- 2636691
TI  - [Breech presentation in multiple pregnancy].
AB  - A retrospective analysis of the ten-year experience with the delivery of twins in
      breech presentation was performed in this paper. Out of 17,300 deliveries there
      were 173 deliveries of twins which accounted for 1%. From that number there were
      99 (57.2%) multiple deliveries where one or both of the twins were in breech
      presentation. Deliveries in this group were more frequently terminated surgically
      (31.8%) than in the whole population of deliveries of twins (x2 = 26,182; p less
      than 0.001). In this group of 99 deliveries, out of 198 twins 117 were born with
      the body mass less than 2,500 g (59.1%) and 56 (56.6%) pregnancies were
      terminated prior to 37th week of gestation. Perinatal mortality was greater in
      the group of twins with breech presentation (12.52:9.8%). Breech presentation put
      the fetus at risk due to two reasons--multiple pregnancy (high prematurity and
      newborn with the delay in fetal growth and development) on one hand and
      complications which may arise during the breech presentation on the other.

PMID- 2636692
TI  - [The importance of local administration of 5% 5-fluorouracil in the therapy of
      senile keratoses and basocellular carcinoma].
AB  - The results of the local application of 5-fluorouracil in the form of cream
      ("Efudix" Roche) in the therapy of senile keratoses and basocellular carcinomas
      were presented in this paper. A total of 205 changes of senile keratoses and 27
      changes of basocellular carcinomas were treated in 90 patients. The cream was put
      on changes of senile keratoses without covering two times daily during a three-
      week period on the average up to the appearance of erosion. In cases of basaloma
      the cream was administered in the form of occlusive bandage with the duration of
      six hours each day. The treatment was undertaken until the appearance of
      ulceration and lasted three weeks. In all treated cases after the appearance of
      erosion and ulceration cream for epithelization was applied in further therapy.
      Out of all 232 treated changes either of senile keratosis or basaloma, successful
      treatment was attained in 230 (99.15%) cases and in only 2 cases of nodous
      basaloma successful treatment was not attained which accounted for 0.85% of
      treated lesions. Cosmetic results of the treatment were excellent. The appearance
      of relapse was not observed in any case during a three--year period.

PMID- 2636693
TI  - [Psychological crises and the urban environment].
AB  - The influence of urbanization of psychic crises of the individuals was
      investigated in this paper. The investigation was performed in the framework of
      telephone services intended for giving help to people drawing to a crisis. These
      services are as follows: "Tele-apel" in Belgrade, "Klic v dusevni stiski" in
      Ljubljana, "SOS telephone" in Subotica and "Tele-apel" in Sarajevo. The
      introductory part of this paper dealt with the short history of the development
      of the idea concerning the influence of social environment on psychic health and
      the appearance of crises. The most frequent urban and other social factors which
      brought about the psychic health disturbances were cited. Summing up the results
      of the investigation in all four services, the author put forward the ten most
      frequent actual problems which were responsible for the appearance of crises in
      investigated persons, such as: health problems, loneliness, partner problems,
      marital and familial problems, suicidal crises, problems between parents and
      children, alcohol as a problem, sexual problems, tablets and drugs as a problem
      and the loss of an important person. The influence of the urbanization factor is
      particularly emphasized in the appearance of loneliness, partner problems,
      marital and familial problems, suicidal crises, health problems, problems arising
      between parents and children as well as in sexual problems.

PMID- 2636694
TI  - [Hereditary and congenital defects in children in the regions of Indija-Stara
      Pazova and Pancevo-Kovin].
AB  - An analysis of frequency and range of hereditary and congenital defects was
      performed in all infants born in the period from January 1 to December 31, 1986
      in the Ward for Neonates at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in
      Pancevo and in the out-patient maternity home in Indija and Kovin. In Pancevo
      2.559 (1.286 m. and 1.273 f.) newborn infants were born, i.e. there were 2.314
      (1.178 m. and 1.136 f.) mature children and 245 (108 m. and 187 f.) premature
      children. In Indija 367 (180 m. and 187 f.) newborn infants were born, i.e. there
      were 355 (174 m. and 181 f.) mature children and 12 (6 m. and 6 f.) premature
      children. In Kovin 146 (65 m. and 81 f.) newborn infants were born, i.e. 150 (82
      m. and 68 f.) mature and 10 (1 m. and 9 f.) premature children. A total 3.072
      (1.531 m. and 1.541 f.) newborn infants in all three places were born. In all
      three places there was a total of 2.805 (1.417 m. and 1.387 f.) mature and 267
      (115 m. and 152 f.) premature children. In Pancevo 68 children were born with
      defects (40 m. and 28 f.), i.e. 2.66% (3.11% m. and 2.20% f.). In Indija only one
      defect was noted in one female child (0.53% related to female newborns).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636695
TI  - [The effect of pH values and the method of delivery on intrapartum injuries in
      the neonate].
AB  - pH values of the blood taken intrapartally from the presenting part of fetus was
      analysed in 255 deliveries. The analysis comprised pH values of newborns born by
      Cesarean section in which pH values were determined from the blood of the
      umbilical cord, immediately after birth. The authors also analysed pH values in
      newborns born by vacuum extraction as well as in normal vaginal deliveries, and
      pH values were determined from the blood of the umbilical cord, immediately after
      birth. A part of this paper dealt with the influence of pH values on glycolysis
      of human fetal erythrocytes (in vitro). Decrease in pH values below 7.25 led to
      the slowness of the glycolysis process which was two times faster when pH values
      were over 7.30. The influence of pH values on intrapartal injuries of newborns
      was investigated in the application of vacuum extraction. These injuries were
      more frequent in newborns which are in acidosis, i.e. with lower values of pH
      blood. The authors concluded that vacuum extraction itself did not lead to
      injuries, but only augmented sensibility, i.e. decreased resistance of the tissue
      which was in acidosis were in question. They believed that vacuum extraction was
      a good method when applied on time in indicated cases.

PMID- 2636696
TI  - [Paroxysmal torticollis in the developmental age].
AB  - An insufficiently elucidated clinical picture of paroxysmal alternating
      torticollis in the developing age is considered in this paper. This phenomenon is
      characterized by inclination of the head temporary on one side and the other, it
      is of various duration, with pauses and without any disturbances and symptoms.
      This appearance is observed in children aged 1-5. The authors assume that this
      rare state is a sequel of asymmetric maturation of the axial tonus. In that case,
      this torticollis is only the most striking phenomenon in the whole clinical
      picture of one-sided predomination of the axial tonus in its maturation.

PMID- 2636697
TI  - [Effects of alpha-calcidiol (1 alpha-hydroxy-cholecalciferol) on the serum levels
      of osteocalcin in involutional osteoporosis].
AB  - We have examined the effects of 1 alpha-hydroxycolecalciferol (1 alpha) (1.5
      micrograms for 5 days) on serum osteocalcin (OC) and other parameters of bone and
      mineral metabolism in 20 osteoporotic women and 11 age-matched normal women.
      After 1 alpha administration, a statistically significant (p less than 0.01)
      increase of serum OC, calcium and phosphate and urinary calcium and
      hydroxyproline was observed. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase was unchanged.
      There was no significant difference between normal and osteoporotic women in the
      changes of any of the parameters we monitored. In particular, OC increased in a
      comparable way in both groups. Thus, by means of an index that reflects the
      global activity of the skeleton, we could not find any apparent defect of
      osteoblastic responsiveness to the drug in osteoporotic subjects.

PMID- 2636698
TI  - [Role of high blood glucagon in the reduction of serum levels of triiodothyronine
      in severe non-thyroid diseases].
AB  - In healthy subjects intravenous glucagon administration induces a prompt (at 1 h)
      fall in serum T3 concentration and a later (at 4 h) rise in biologically inactive
      rT3. Since high levels of plasma glucagon have frequently been found in some
      patients with severe chronic illnesses, together with an anomalous thyroid
      condition (low serum T3, high serum rT3), it has been supposed that
      hyperglucagonemia could play a pathogenetic role in causing selective T3
      deficiency. In the present study fasting plasma glucagon concentration was
      measured in 48 patients with low T3 and severe nonthyroidal illnesses: hepatic
      cirrhosis in 16 cases, chronic non-A non-B hepatitis in 4 cases, uncontrolled
      type II diabetes mellitus in 5 cases, renal failure in 12 cases, congestive heart
      failure in 5 cases, tumor in 16 cases. In comparison with a group of 21 healthy
      controls fasting plasma glucagon concentration was significantly higher in the
      patients (198.75 +/- 13.20 pg/ml vs. 127 +/- 6.80 pg/ml; p less than 0.001).
      However, only 29 patients (60.4%) had elevated plasma glucagon levels, whereas 19
      (39.5%) had abnormal plasma glucagon levels. Furthermore, no significant
      difference was found between the thyroid hormone pattern of the patients with
      hyperglucagonemia and of the patients with normal glucagonemia. On the other
      hand, a significant correlation between plasma glucagon concentrations and serum
      T3 and rT3 concentrations was not found. All these findings indicate that in
      patients with severe chronic illnesses the fall in circulating T3 cannot be due
      to hyperglucagonemia only which, therefore, might simply be a contributory factor
      together with other as yet unidentified disorders.

PMID- 2636699
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of 2 new formulations of desmopressin (DDAVP), nasal spray
      and tablets, in the therapy of diabetes insipidus].
AB  - A clinical evaluation was carried out in patients suffering from diabetes
      insipidus using two new formulations of desmopressin (DDAVP), the nose spray and
      tablets. 10 patients were included in the study. In them the drug's activity and
      the bioequivalence between the two pharmaceutical forms examined were compared.

PMID- 2636700
TI  - [Hypopituitarism secondary to suprasellar giant carotido-ophthalmic aneurysm.
      Normalization of the hypophyseal function after neurosurgical depression of the
      aneurysm].
AB  - A 49-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of weight loss, muscular
      weakness, easy fatigue, impotence, decreased visual acuity, campimetry defects.
      The results of radiologic and endocrine testing disclosed the presence of
      pituitary dysfunction due to pituitary stalk section caused by a giant
      suprasellar aneurysm extending into the sellar region. After the neurosurgical
      decompression of the aneurysm a progressive normalization of all pituitary
      functions was demonstrated. In this case, the preoperative finding of a preserved
      pituitary integrity with acute and prolonged endocrine testing demonstrated to be
      predictable of a recovery of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis after the removal of
      the mass effect caused by the giant aneurysm.

PMID- 2636701
TI  - [Do hyperprolactinemia and obesity affect the pulsatile hypophyseal secretion of
      LH and GH].

PMID- 2636702
TI  - Cholinergic system and memory in the rat: effects of chronic ethanol, embryonic
      basal forebrain brain transplants and excitotoxic lesions of cholinergic basal
      forebrain projection system.
AB  - Oral administration of ethanol (20% v/v) to male Sprague-Dawley rats for
      different periods of time up to 28 weeks resulted in profound reductions of
      acetylcholine content, in vitro synthesis and release of acetylcholine, choline
      uptake, activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and
      pyruvate decarboxylase, content of noradrenaline, serotonin and, to a lesser
      extent, dopamine throughout the brain. Changes were fully and partially
      reversible by a 4 weeks' ethanol-free period following a treatment of 8 and 18
      weeks, respectively. They remained persistent, however, after 28 weeks of
      treatment. Performance in an eight arm-radial maze revealed a severe impairment
      in both spatial and non-spatial reference and working memory. A similar pattern
      of memory impairment was obtained after ibotenate lesion of the cholinergic basal
      forebrain projection system. In order to test whether this memory impairment
      depends on cholinergic deafferentation of the cortex, cholinergic-rich fetal
      basal forebrain cell suspensions were transplanted into cortex, hippocampus or
      both these sites in ethanol treated rats. Cholinergic-rich transplants, but not
      cholinergic-poor transplants, were effective in ameliorating impaired memory
      function and measures of cholinergic activity in the basal forebrain projection
      system. The behavioural efficacy of the basal forebrain grafts was well
      correlated with measures of both transplant volume and the degree to which they
      restored acetylcholine content at the transplant site; these transplants had no
      effect, however, on brain monoamine levels. The effects of the cholinergic-rich
      transplants into cortical and hippocampal sites were additive in their
      amelioration of performance in the radial maze. Similarly, ibotenate lesions of
      the sites of origin of the cholinergic projections to neocortex (in the region of
      the nucleus basalis magnocellularis) and hippocampus (the medial septal areas and
      nucleus of the diagonal band), respectively, were additive in their deleterious
      effects on maze performance. There were no qualitative differences in the
      susceptibility of the four different types of memory performance measured
      (spatial and non-spatial reference and working memory) to the effects of ethanol,
      ibotenate lesions of the cholinergic projection system, or cholinergic-rich brain
      tissue transplants. Thus, overall, the results indicate that the forebrain
      cholinergic system acts as a whole, without major functional differences between
      the projections originating in the medial septal area/diagonal band complex and
      the basal nucleus, and that it discharges a very general function in cognitive
      processes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2636703
TI  - Cortical cholinergic fibers in aging and Alzheimer's disease: a morphometric
      study.
AB  - A histochemical method for acetylcholinesterase was used to assess the regional
      density of acetylcholinesterase-rich (putatively cholinergic) axons in the
      cerebral cortex. A dense plexus of these fibers was observed in all cortical
      areas. The entorhinal, cingulate and inferotemporal regions were used for
      quantitative analysis. The paralimbic cortical areas (entorhinal and cingulate)
      contained a higher density of acetylcholinesterase-rich fibers than the
      association cortex of inferotemporal area TE. The more superficial layers in all
      three regions contained a denser net of these fibers than did the deep layers.
      Aging was accompanied by a modest loss in the density of acetylcholinesterase
      positive fibers in the entorhinal and inferotemporal cortex but not in the
      cingulate area. In brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease, a dramatic loss
      of these fibers was observed in all three areas examined but the loss was
      relatively less pronounced in the cingulate area. The results demonstrate that
      the cholinergic innervation of the cerebral cortex in the human brain displays
      considerable regional and laminar variations. Regional variations were also
      observed in the alterations that the cortical cholinergic fibers displayed as a
      result of normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. The age-related reduction
      observed in the density of cholinergic fibers in the cerebral cortex was quite
      modest when compared with the dramatic loss in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2636704
TI  - Populations of GABAergic neurons and axons in layer I of rat auditory cortex.
AB  - Neurons and axon terminals (puncta) immunostained by an antibody against glutamic
      acid decarboxylase were studied in layer I of adult rats in architectonically
      identified area 41 of auditory cortex. The borders of area 41 and the laminar
      subdivisions of cortex were established in normal material and in other studies
      of cortical connections. Vibratomed or frozen sections were immunostained. The
      objectives of the study were to classify the types of (i) glutamic acid
      decarboxylase-positive neurons and (ii) puncta, and (iii) to examine their
      spatial distribution within layer I. Control sections were devoid of specific
      immunostaining. More than 90% of layer I cells are glutamic acid decarboxylase
      positive. Four types of neuron were identified in Golgi material, including small
      neurons with stellate dendritic fields, horizontal cells with laterally
      projecting arbors, medium-sized neurons with stellate, widely ramifying dendritic
      fields, and large neurons with broad dendritic fields spanning the depth of layer
      I or branching laterally. In the glutamic acid decarboxylase material, examples
      with a somatodendritic shape matching each of these types were found. The average
      somatic diameter of glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive neurons (mean = 59
      microns2, S.D. = 21 microns2) suggests that the small and medium-sized neurons
      predominate. Glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive neurons occur throughout the
      depth of layer I, but are far more numerous in the deeper half (68% in layer Ib)
      than in the superficial part (32% in layer Ia). Glutamic acid decarboxylase
      positive neurons form small clusters of three to five cells across the cortical
      surface, with a range of 0-9/100 microns across the cortex. Most glutamic acid
      decarboxylase-positive neuronal perikarya were intensely immunostained, and the
      dendrites of the medium-sized and large neurons were traced as far as 50-75
      microns beyond their initial branching point. Glutamic acid decarboxylase
      positive puncta also had variable shapes. Both small, fine puncta (less than 0.5
      micron in diameter) and larger, coarser ones (greater than 1.5 micron in
      diameter) were present, though the former were much more common. In traverses
      from the pia to the layer II border, the puncta average about 40/100 microns2
      (range: 20-80), and the shape of individual pia--layer II traverses is
      multipeaked, often with a slight trough at congruent to 80 microns depth, then
      rising slowly in number toward layer II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2636705
TI  - Functional consequences of modification of callosal connections by perinatal
      enucleation in rat visual cortex.
AB  - The effects of neonatal monocular enucleation (right eye) on the callosal
      connections in the rat visual cortex were studied by physiological and
      morphological methods. Evoked activity was recorded in the left hemisphere, i.e.
      contralaterally to the enucleated eye. After enucleation, trans-callosally evoked
      responses were recorded in a widened stripe of the lateral visual cortex.
      Compared with the controls, the responsive area was expanded laterally and
      medially, i.e. into the lateral part of the primary visual area and within the
      secondary visual cortex (lateral part). Within about 0.5 mm of the expansion, the
      responses did not differ from those recorded in areas with "normal" callosal
      connections. Morphological evidence is presented suggesting that this expansion
      of evoked responses with high amplitudes and short latencies corresponds to an
      extension of callosal connections with a high density of axon terminals in layers
      two and three. Further medially within the primary visual cortex, callosally
      evoked responses with low amplitudes and longer latencies were recorded. The main
      types of unit responses and characteristic interactions between visually and
      callosally evoked responses are shown and discussed. These results suggest that
      following neonatal enucleation (1) the callosal connections expand and form
      functional synapses in the lateral part of the visual cortex, (2) these
      connections can activate cortical neurons either directly or by mediation of
      associational connections between the lateral secondary and primary visual cortex
      areas and (3) callosal connections can interact with visually evoked potentials
      and unit responses.

PMID- 2636706
TI  - Interhemispheric connections differ between symmetrical and asymmetrical brain
      regions.
AB  - Coronal sections from the brains of male Wistar rats that underwent corpus
      callosectomy in adulthood were stained with Cresyl Violet for Nissl substance or
      by the Fink-Heimer method for terminal axonal degeneration. Measurements of
      volumetric asymmetry of neocortical region SM-I were made, and the per cent of
      terminal degeneration computed. As in previous studies, there was a negative
      correlation between asymmetry coefficient and total (right plus left)
      architectonic volume, indicating that symmetrical brain regions are larger than
      the average of the corresponding regions in asymmetrical brains. It was also
      found that as volumetric asymmetry increased, the per cent of axonal termination
      decreased, partly as a result of a decrease in the number of patches of callosal
      axonal termination. These results are interpreted in the light of what is known
      about the ontogenesis of callosal connectivity, and mechanisms for the
      development of architectonic asymmetry in the cerebral cortex are postulated.

PMID- 2636707
TI  - Central and peripheral modulation of spontaneous neuronal activity in the caudate
      nucleus.
AB  - The modulatory action of the caudate on the neural activity of the contralateral
      nucleus was studied in locally anesthetized, paralysed and artificially
      ventilated cats. This type of preparation was necessary because of a complete
      suppression of spontaneous spike activity after subanesthetic doses of general
      anesthesia. Two types of caudate action potential were characterized according to
      their waveform: biphasic and triphasic spikes, with a predominance of the former.
      These waveforms appeared to be independent of recording distance; however, their
      responses were similar to both central and peripheral stimuli. Caudate
      stimulation modified the spontaneous activity of the majority of the single units
      recorded within the opposite nucleus. This effect was mainly inhibitory and keeps
      up certain somatotopic distribution in the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus.
      Kainic lesion of the site of stimulation suppressed the responses in the
      contralateral caudate nucleus, whereas the responses to substantia nigra and
      precruciate cortex remained unaltered. On the other hand, stimulation of the
      precruciate cortex opposite to the recording sites always excited the caudate
      neurons. The responses evoked by stimulation of ipsilateral substantia nigra and
      of contralateral sciatic nerve followed a similar pattern to those elicited by
      caudate stimuli. These results suggest a mostly inhibitory effect of the caudate
      on neuronal activity within the opposite nucleus, which is reinforced by the
      action of central and peripheral somatosensory inputs.

PMID- 2636708
TI  - Microdialysis of extracellular endogenous opioid peptides from rat brain in vivo.
AB  - The combination of microdialysis and a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay was
      developed in order to monitor the in vivo extracellular levels of endogenous
      opioid peptides from discrete regions of the rat brain. The radioimmunoassay
      cross-reacts 100% with peptides with alpha N-acetyl Tyr.Gly.Gly.Phe-Met or -Leu
      at the N terminus and thus recognizes all known endogenous opioid peptide
      fragments following acetylation of the sample. The assay was conducted on solid
      phase with antibody bound via protein A to 96-well plates and provided a limit of
      detection of approximately 0.2 fmol. A variety of dialysis membranes were
      evaluated with respect to their efficiency in recovering opioid peptides in
      vitro. Custom-made probes (4 mm active length) manufactured from
      polyacrylonitrile membranes and commercially available polycarbonate membrane
      probes proved most suitable with relative recoveries for [Met]- and
      [Leu]enkephalin in the range 6-10% at a flow rate of 2.7 microliters/min. Probes
      implanted in the globus pallidus/ventral pallidum of halothane/N2O anaesthetized
      rats recovered approximately 1.5 fmol of immunoreactive opioid material per 30
      min sample in the absence of peptidase inhibitors. The majority of this
      immunoreactivity co-eluted with [Met]- and [Leu]enkephalin on reverse-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography. A 2-min pulse of 100 mM K(+)-containing
      artificial cerebrospinal fluid in the perfusion medium during a 30-min sampling
      period increased the recovered immunoreactive material to 43.9 fmol +/- 12.4
      S.E.M. A second stimulation 3 h later also resulted in elevated levels with an
      S2:S1 ratio of 0.64 +/- 0.03. The second stimulation was completely blocked by
      perfusion of a 10 mM EGTA-containing medium, basal release on average remaining
      unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636709
TI  - Activation of brainstem endorphinergic neurons causes cardiovascular depression
      and facilitates baroreflex bradycardia.
AB  - The effects of electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus on blood pressure,
      heart rate and baroreflex sensitivity were studied in urethane-anesthetized
      Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulation of the mid-anterior parts of the arcuate nucleus
      at 80 Hz, 0.8 ms and 50-200 microA caused a biphasic, depressor/pressor, response
      and moderate bradycardia. Intravenous administration of a vasopressin V1-receptor
      antagonist eliminated the pressor component and unmasked a pure depressor
      response. This depressor response could be inhibited by naltrexone, 2 mg/kg i.v.,
      by an antiserum against beta-endorphin, 100 nl injected directly into the
      ipsilateral nucleus tractus solitarii, or by deafferentation of the dorsal vagal
      complex (nucleus tractus solitarii and dorsal vagal nucleus) by an ipsilateral,
      dorsolateral knife-cut of the medulla oblongata. Stimulation of the arcuate
      nucleus at currents of 20-40 microA did not influence basal blood pressure or
      heart rate but potentiated the reflex bradycardia induced by phenylephrine, and
      this effect was completely blocked by naltrexone. It is concluded that a beta
      endorphin-containing pathway projecting from the arcuate nucleus to the
      ipsilateral dorsal vagal complex is involved in depressor cardiovascular
      regulation and in the facilitation of baroreflex bradycardia.

PMID- 2636710
TI  - Microglia in the neurohypophysis associate with and endocytose terminal portions
      of neurosecretory neurons.
AB  - The rat neurohypophysis contains a population of microglial cells, the majority
      of which occupy a pericapillary position in the resting gland. The microglia are
      immunocytochemically identifiable by the presence of macrophage-associated
      antigens and resemble microglia of the CNS. Morphometry at light and electron
      microscopic levels reveals that such cells constitute approximately 19% of the
      intrinsic cell population, excluding the endothelial cells. Two other populations
      of neurohypophysial glial cells, parenchymatous pituicytes and fibrous
      pituicytes, do not express macrophage-associated antigens. The microglia have
      long processes which surround and, in some cases, engulf apparently viable
      portions of the magnocellular neurosecretory nerve terminals. A sequence of
      stages of selective endocytosis and degradation of the engulfed nerve terminals
      can be visualized within pericapillary microglia. Some phagosomes and secondary
      lysosomes contain morphologically intact neurosecretory granules; others contain
      partially destroyed neurosecretory granules or amorphous material all of which
      are identifiable as originating from the magnocellular neurosecretory terminals
      by their immunoreactivity for oxytocin- or vasopressin-neurophysin. This finding
      indicates a novel role for the microglial cells in remodelling terminal
      aborizations of neurosecretory neurons and in processing or degrading hormones
      and peptides they contain. Because of their close and selective associations with
      other cellular elements of the neurohypophysis, any substances produced by
      microglia also have the potential to influence hormone secretion, pituicyte
      proliferation and neurohypophysial vasculature.

PMID- 2636711
TI  - First month of development of fetal neurons transplanted as a cell suspension
      into the adult CNS.
AB  - It has been demonstrated elsewhere that fetal thalamic tissue, when transplanted
      as a cell suspension into the excitotoxically neuron-depleted adult somatosensory
      thalamus, can grow, differentiate, and receive projections from host afferents.
      In the present study, we used the same paradigm to analyse the transplanted
      neurons during their morphogenesis, i.e. during the first month after
      transplantation. Using various anatomical criteria, at the light and electron
      microscope levels, we compared the development of transplanted neurons with the
      normal ontogeny of homologous neuronal populations. Confined solely to the
      mechanically lesioned area during implantation at seven days post-grafting, the
      transplant increased in size to occupy most of the previously neuron-depleted
      area by the third week after grafting. The final size of the transplant thus
      depended upon the size of the lesion. At seven days post-grafting, the neurons
      were small in size and the cellular density was high. At this immature stage few
      synaptic contacts were visible and the ultrastructure was characterized by large
      extracellular spaces. At 10 days post-grafting, the size of the neurons had
      increased and the cellular density had decreased. Both an extensive dendritic
      proliferation and a simultaneous active synaptogenesis could also be observed.
      All these events continued to evolve and during the third week the neuropil
      progressively acquired more mature ultrastructural characteristics. Synaptic
      contacts exhibiting characteristics comparable to those observed in the intact
      thalamus also became more numerous. At 20 days post-grafting, axonal myelination
      had started, the development of the graft apparently stopped and the various
      criteria had stabilized. Until that developmental stage, growth of grafted
      neurons compared to that of normal thalamic ones. At later stages, however,
      grafted neurons failed to grow larger and did not reach the size of the
      homologous population in the adult animal. It seems, therefore, that transplants
      of thalamic fetal neurons can be used as a tool with which to study thalamic
      neuronal development, within definable limits.

PMID- 2636712
TI  - Neuroneuronal interconnections in the rat superior cervical ganglion; possible
      anatomical bases for modulatory interactions revealed by intracellular
      horseradish peroxidase labelling.
AB  - Electrophysiologically identified neurons of rat superior cervical ganglion were
      intracellularly injected with horseradish peroxidase and processed for light and
      electron microscopic observation. At light microscope level, neurons could be
      classified according to their dendritic arborization pattern in the vicinity of
      the soma into radiate, tufted and intermediate types. Upon electrical stimulation
      of the internal and external carotid nerves it was observed that radiate and
      intermediate neurons sent their axons into one or the other of these nerve
      trunks, whereas a majority of tufted neurons gave no response to stimulation of
      either of these postganglionic nerves. Electron microscopic exploration of
      horseradish peroxidase-labelled neurons revealed a surprisingly high prevalence
      of interconnectivity between ganglionic neurons. These contacts were both
      dendrosomatic and dendrodendritic, and were a universal feature of the labelled
      neurons explored. Twenty-two of the 23 labelled cells were found to receive
      direct dendritic appositions on their somata, and 13 of these 23 cells were seen
      each to send their dendrites into contact with at least one unlabelled neuronal
      soma. Dendrodendritic contacts were observed for 87% of the labelled neurons, and
      most of the cells (80%) were seen to form triadic contacts which included two
      dendrites and a preganglionic nerve ending. All these figures represent minimum
      incidences. None of the dendrosomatic or dendrodendritic appositions observed was
      overtly synaptic although several morphological features indicated the
      possibility of somatic and or dendritic release and uptake at sites of
      apposition. It is suggested that the observed appositions provide anatomical
      substrates for modulatory interactions between the ganglionic neurons, possibly
      involving slow potentials or the switching of metabolic pathways.

PMID- 2636713
TI  - The influence of adequate vestibular stimulation on evoked locomotor muscle
      activity in the decerebrated guinea-pig.
AB  - The influence of adequate vestibular stimulation on locomotor muscle activity has
      been investigated in the decerebrated guinea-pig. Locomotor activity was evoked
      by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region, whose location
      has been ascertained in this animal. Vestibular stimulation was performed by
      cyclic tiltings about the longitudinal and transverse axes and swinging along the
      vertical axis. The translation frequency was in the range of 0.02-0.8 Hz with an
      amplitude of +/-20% for tilting and 40 mm for swinging. Vestibular stimulation
      was accompanied by distinct changes in locomotor electromyographic activity of
      fore- and hindlimb antagonist muscles. During stimulation the intensity of
      discharges in extensor and flexor muscles corresponding to the stance and swing
      phases of the locomotor cycle was modulated; the alternation of antagonist muscle
      activity was not as a rule disturbed. The changes in muscle activity had the same
      pattern and similar phase-frequency properties to those observed under analogous
      vestibular stimulation during the maintenance of steady posture. It is suggested
      that the vestibular system is of considerable importance for the regulation of
      locomotor muscle activity. During locomotion the vestibular system influences
      mainly spinal motor output but does not act on the locomotor generator.

PMID- 2636714
TI  - [Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration and hemofiltration using dialysis.
      Presentation of clinical cases].
AB  - The authors describe case reports in which the CAVH and the CAVDH was of
      paramount importance in improving hemodynamic parameters in ARDS and MOF and
      various cardiac failure. The technique was very simple and results good in
      intensive care.

PMID- 2636715
TI  - [Difference between arterial pressure in clino- and orthostatism. A method for
      evaluating preparation for pheochromocytoma intervention].
AB  - Four patients with pheochromocytoma underwent pre-surgical treatment with
      phenoxybenzamine and volemic expansion. The postural hypotension was evaluated by
      daily monitoring of the arterial pressure and heart rate in clino orthostatism.
      The patients underwent surgery and hemodynamic monitoring by Swan-Ganz catheter
      when postural hypotension was at the lowest level. Hemodynamic data were:
      elevated cardiac output, normal systemic vascular resistance and filling
      pressure. These results confirm that the orthostatic hypotension reduction is a
      valid indication to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment period with
      phenoxybenzamine and volemic expansion.

PMID- 2636716
TI  - The fight against rheumatic diseases in Italy: problems and perspectives.

PMID- 2636717
TI  - Neurophysiology of joint pain.

PMID- 2636718
TI  - Psoriatic arthritis.

PMID- 2636719
TI  - Ankylopoietic spondylarthritis.

PMID- 2636720
TI  - Reiter's syndrome.

PMID- 2636721
TI  - Spondylarthropathies associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2636722
TI  - [Meeting of the Northern Pathology Society. 28 January 1989, Lille. Abstracts].

PMID- 2636723
TI  - [2d Saint-Etienne Seminar on Pneumology. 10-11 May 1989, Saint Etienne.
      Abstracts].

PMID- 2636724
TI  - [Annual joint meeting of the Pneumologic and Thoracic Society of Quebec. 22 and
      23 September 1989, Quebec. Abstracts].

PMID- 2636725
TI  - [Annual meeting of the French-Speaking Society of Pneumology. 8-9 December 1989,
      Paris. Abstracts].

PMID- 2636726
TI  - [Seminar on pneumology named for Pierre Bourgeois. 17-18 November 1989, Paris.
      Abstracts].

PMID- 2636727
TI  - Heat shock and other stress response systems of plants.

PMID- 2636728
TI  - [Complexity of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in very young children with
      language and/or behavior problems].
AB  - Any partial, prolonged treatment schedule undertaken without a sufficient
      elaboration of the initial diagnosis and without the possibility of mobilizing
      the family, will lead to failure. There is no such thing as a linear causality,
      but rather a host of determining factors where the psychic reality both of the
      child and of his or her environment plays a preponderant part. We are faced with
      paradoxical situations. These very young, dysharmonic children cannot be "dealt
      with" by stimulating approaches. Distance is essential. The analysis of our
      transfer and of our counter-transfer must be carefully undertaken as from the
      very first referral.

PMID- 2636729
TI  - [Early education of children with surgically treated cleft palate].
AB  - Certain children operated upon for a cleft palate fail to achieve an intelligible
      organization of speech, making the educational role of the parents extremely
      difficult. These children must be detected as soon as possible for early
      treatment. Early training will emphasize the acquiring of bucco-phonatory praxis,
      velar mechanisms, and also the stimulation of language acquisition.

PMID- 2636730
TI  - [Children with cerebral palsy and the need for speech therapy].
AB  - This paper is an attempt to bring up to date the importance of speech therapy as
      regards the help given to cerebral palsy. While recognising the importance of
      physiotherapy, it tries to show that a new approach to the language problems of
      the physically handicapped child, enables one to have a greater understanding and
      therefore to respond better to the needs of the cerebral palsy.

PMID- 2636731
TI  - [Early audiometry].
AB  - Data obtained from electrophysiology are insufficient both for the
      audioprosthetist and for the speech therapist. In order to meet the requirements
      for the increasingly early equipping and training of deaf children, we have
      developed in the Bordeaux Audiology Laboratory an audiometric strategy making it
      possible to obtain, as early as 5 to 6 months old, bone curves on the vibrator,
      and air curves on the head-set. In addition to the auditive information that can
      be obtained, the test described forms, by its design, the starting point of early
      training and parental guidance. Its success is based on the relationship that is
      established between the child and the investigator. Early audiometry is possible.
      It is essential prior to any therapeutic approach.

PMID- 2636732
TI  - [Preverbal communication and deafness].
AB  - Preverbal communication set up spontaneously and progressively between a mother
      and her child is especially important for a deaf child because of his
      polysensorial canals. Premature diagnosis of deafness endangers this
      communication. Different professionals from one CAMSP team along with a mother of
      deaf children are going to share their questions and thoughts concerning early
      treatments in the area of child deafness.

PMID- 2636733
TI  - [Towards a calibration of the Thiberge picture test: assessing the language
      condition of young children].
AB  - The different levels of the 6 years old children are studied for the first time
      by the "Images Thiberge's" test. This test shows comprehension (questions of the
      tester and answers of the pupils) and expression (terms, structures, vocabulary
      and pronunciation). It will help to understand if reading-readiness exists in a
      child.

PMID- 2636734
TI  - [The acoustic test].
AB  - Designed as a vocal evaluation for singers, the Odological Test comprises an ENT
      Phoniatrical examination supplemented by an acoustic and perceptual analysis of
      the subjects' voices. The results are compiled into four graphs making it
      possible to check at a glance the progress made by young singers or to detect the
      first signs of vocal deterioration, in experienced singers.

PMID- 2636735
TI  - [Modes of appearance of vocal cord polyps].
AB  - A certain number of polyps of the vocal folds result from violent, intense and
      unaccustomed physical activity. The development of these polyps is certainly
      linked to high subglottal pressure and the abrupt reduction of the same.

PMID- 2636736
TI  - [Functional future of laryngopathies in singers].
AB  - As regards to 24 singers under observation traited for dysody (14 lyric singers,
      3 amateur chorus singers and 7 pop singers), one deduces the following points:
      almost all the singers traited are professional. The lyric professional singers
      seek medical advice for minor lesions or simple dysfunctions, as early as needed.
      In the classical amateurism, patients are not adequately inform about the risk of
      vocal strain. They seek medical advice for secondary lesions. The first two
      groups are treated with good results. The majority of pop singers consult medical
      practitians, for surgical lesions. The results of such treatments are frail.

PMID- 2636737
TI  - [Vocal retraining of teachers].
AB  - A population of 90 teachers referred for vocal disorders is analyzed. In one
      third of the cases, no morphological anomaly was noted in the larynx. Pseudocysts
      and nodules were found in another third. Polyps (5 cases) were found in P.E.
      teachers, 8 epidermoid cysts and 3 sulcusglottidis were noted. For each
      professional category and for each type of lesion, the re-education of teachers
      presents predominant tendencies, but should remain the result of an individual
      assessment for each case.

PMID- 2636738
TI  - [Vocal pathology of teachers].
AB  - Out of 100 teachers referred to a phoniatric department for dysphonia, we
      recorded 11 dysfunctional lesion-free dysphonias, 86 dysphonias with lesions, 3
      post-surgical dysphonias, 76 patients referred for a dysphonia with a
      modification of the spoken voice, and only 3 for the singing voice. 96 suffered
      from vocal fatigue, and in the course of the clinical examination 85 patients
      presented a faulty vocal attitude. The most frequent lesions were nodules and
      para-nodular formations. Vocal re-education was prescribed in 90 cases, and
      laryngeal microsurgery in 25 cases. The other medical therapies are not be
      overlooked, such as physiotherapy, thermal cures, psychiatric treatment,
      treatments of the terrain, and endocrinic treatments. A vocal examination, better
      information and vocal training of future teachers will make it possible to
      obviate such disorders.

PMID- 2636739
TI  - [Voice therapy according to Smith. Comments on the accent method of treating
      voice and speech disorders].
AB  - The accent method (A.M.) is based on the myoelastic and aerodynamic phonatory
      theory. The aim of the respiration exercises is to establish a predominantly
      abdominal respiration. Following the exercises of accentuated phonatory
      pulsations, patients work on reading special texts designed to enable them to
      become aware of the accentuated or unaccentuated sections. The AM is based on a
      holistic understanding of the voice and of speech. Whilst the exercise of AM is
      linked to a physiological phenomenon, such as phonatory aerodynamics and muscular
      function, the method is to be understood as a therapy aimed at producing an
      overall change in the behaviour related to oral communication disorders. The aim
      is not so much to eliminate a given particular defect, but rather to condition a
      subconscious automatism.

PMID- 2636740
TI  - [Functional recovery test. Evaluation of sequelae after buccopharyngeal surgery].
AB  - Hitherto, there have been few means to assess the immediate and secondary
      sequellae following the anatomic upheaval of buccopharyngeal carcinological
      exeresis. The functional recovery test, the various criteria of which are
      analyzed, to which 420 patients were subjected, makes it possible to record, for
      the 123 complete files, the regular evolution of the progress of each patient
      over a period of 12 months and beyond, which is stimulating and leads us to
      propose a more systematic handling of such operated patients by the team of
      phoniatricians and speech therapists.

PMID- 2636741
TI  - [Late diagnosis of dysphonia].
AB  - The authors report on an observation of left-hand recurrent palarysis revealed by
      a sudden onset of dysphonia. The negative endoscopic findings led to a diagnosis
      of idiopathic recurrent paralysis. The biopsy of a right-hand sub-costsal
      subcutaneous tumefaction appeared three months later, leading to the diagnosis of
      mediastinal and hepatic metastasis following an epidermoid carcinoma of the right
      auricular pavilion, operated upon 5 years earlier.

PMID- 2636742
TI  - [Galen's anastomosis, an anatomic study in man].
AB  - The Galen's anastomosis connects superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves and its
      anatomy and physiology still remain unknown. In humans it can be found in 30 to
      60% of cases, according to classical anatomy books. In this study the authors
      report the anatomy of 47 fresh half-larynx. They have demonstrated the invariable
      existence of an anastomosis between superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves,
      either as a single nerve, or as a plexus.

PMID- 2636743
TI  - [Value of the retraining of patients with laryngectomy at special centers].
AB  - The authors tell about the interest of a voice therapy in a special center for
      the total laryngectomised patients. The oesophageal voice therapy is followed in
      the collaboration of orthophonist, psychologist and a logopedist doctor. The
      patient is positioned to insert himself socialy. The medical control is realised
      by an oto-rhino-laryngologist. After the final of voice therapy (4 to 6 weeks),
      the laryngectomised patient will continue the exercises helped with an
      logopedist.

PMID- 2636744
TI  - [Opinions, wishes and exigencies in the development and continuing modernization
      of health care in Romania].

PMID- 2636745
TI  - [Ecologic implications of a decrease in the atmospheric ozone layer and the
      "greenhouse" phenomenon].

PMID- 2636746
TI  - [Pseudoadenopathies].
AB  - The results of a study concerned with the etiology of some lymph node enlargement
      in 511 cases aged between 16-80 years, admitted to the III-rd Medical Clinic of
      Iasi during the last 7 years are presented. A thorough investigation, by
      histopathological, cytological, haematological, biochemical, immunological,
      lymphographic, echographic, radiological examinations, has been done. In 44
      cases, the results of the above mentioned investigations indicated that there was
      no lymph node enlargement, but some other masses sharing the same sites with the
      lymph nodes, which generated the misdiagnosis in outpatient practice. It is
      important to note that in 28 cases (63% of the 44 cases) the pseudoadenopathies
      were localized in the cervical area. The pseudoadenopathies, which are the
      clinical expression of some tumoral diseases, could be classified as follows: a.-
      single peripheral; b.--generalized, peripheral; c.--deep. The symptoms which
      permit the differential diagnosis between the true and pseudoadenopathies are
      analysed.

PMID- 2636747
TI  - [Clinico-epidemiologic observations on the relation of the prevalence of risk
      factors and the incidence of essential arterial hypertension at a school
      collective. I].
AB  - In 466 pupils the blood pressure values and the risk factors for essential
      hypertension were studied. Numerous environmental risk factors were detected,
      which, depending on each individuals type of reactivity, can be decisive in
      inducing increase of blood pressure values and the occurrence of arterial
      hypertension disease at very young ages.

PMID- 2636748
TI  - Polycythaemia rubra vera. Analysis on 20 cases.
AB  - The authors presents her experience in polycythaemia rubra vera. A number of 20
      cases have been studied, with a peak of polycythaemic values of 20.6/dl for the
      Hb, a Ht of 80%, an WBC count of 28,000/cmm and a platelet count of
      1,400,000/cmm. The following peculiarities of the cases should be underlined: 1.
      the personal and hereditary collateral antecedents which reveal a significant
      pathological background; 2. the very slow evolutive potential of the malignant
      erythroid clone, which permitted a quasi-normal way of life for many years; 3. a
      careful therapy, differentiated with respect to the evolutive stage of disease,
      which resulted in a long survival (over 17 years).

PMID- 2636749
TI  - [Antireflux surgery in the treatment of peptic esophagitis].
AB  - This paper deals with the outcome of the various "antireflux" surgical procedures
      performed in 21 patients having esophagitis. Immediate and long-lasting results
      are better for those methods which restore the gastroesophageal competence:
      Hill's operation (4) and Nissen's fundoplication (3). The participation of the
      stomach in producing reflux is stressed and is emphasized the necessity to treat
      the gastric lesions simultaneously. The duodenal diversion following Harrington
      procedure offers good results with minimal surgical risk in some particular
      cases.

PMID- 2636750
TI  - [Malignant infiltrating bladder tumors. Comments on 157 cases].
AB  - 157 cases of malignant infiltrative tumors of urinary bladder admitted and
      treated in a 5-year interval (1983-1988) are presented. Considerations on age,
      sex, urological history, associated urological disorders, symptoms and clinical
      examination, diagnostic methods, surgical procedures and their association with
      other non-surgical procedures, postoperative evolution, pathological examination
      of the resection sample, tumoral stage, recurrences are made. Five cases treated
      by various methods are presented in detail. The clinical and laboratory
      diagnosis, therapeutical methods and the staged therapeutical indications are
      also commented upon. In the malignant infiltrative tumors of urinary bladder the
      authors recommend the partial cystectomy which, when correctly indicated and
      performed, gave similar results as total cystectomy. It is also underlined that
      in case of an urographically silent kidney the attitude should be conservative
      and the treatment of the malignant infiltrative tumors of urinary bladder should
      be multimodal.

PMID- 2636751
TI  - [Endometrial carcinoma in cases under 45 years of age].
AB  - Twelve cases of endometrial carcinoma admitted to the I-st Clinic of Obstetrics
      and Gynecology of Iasi in the interval 1983-1988 are presented. The patients' age
      ranged between 33 years (1 case) and 45 years (1 case) with a mean age of 41.3
      years. This study was underwent given the increased frequency of this lesion in
      the premenopausal women (9.3% of all cases recorded in the interval under study).
      The incidence of the disturbed menstrual cycle was of 58%, that of obstetrical
      antecedents and obesity of 33% and 50%, respectively. In two cases there was a
      carcinoma "in situ", the remainder of cases presenting disease in stage I (FIGO
      classification). The diagnosis was made preoperatively in 7 cases, the other 5
      patients being operated upon for uterine fibromatosis. Adenocarcinoma was the
      most common histological type. The need of ascertaining the etiology of
      metrorrhagias no matter of patients' age and the role of risk factors and some
      methods of detection (endometrial cytology, endometrial biopsy) are underlined.

PMID- 2636752
TI  - [The current stage in the trends and control of the principle cancer sites].
AB  - Nowadays, cancer is responsible of one of ten deaths in the world and one of
      seven deaths in Romania. Its main present sites are: stomach, lungs, breast,
      colon/rectum, uterine cervix, mouth and pharynx, esophagus and liver. The three
      ways of prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary) vary in effectiveness
      according to the possibilities of identifying the risk factors, early detection
      and therapeutical means.

PMID- 2636753
TI  - [Intervention associated with risk factors for essential arterial hypertension.
      II. Epidemiologic observations of schoolchildren].
AB  - Based on an epidemiological screening of 6411 pupils from 7 schools of different
      types, the frequency and intensity of the association of 8 risk factors for
      essential hypertension in a series with increased blood pressure values and in a
      normotensive one was compared. The frequency of the various studied risk factors
      was significant especially in the pupils with increased blood pressure values.
      The average number of risk factors in the two series was unsignificant. The
      intensity of 2, 3 or 4 risk factors different associations was more marked in the
      pupils with increased blood pressure values than in the controls. Some risk
      factors proved to be more frequently involved in multifactorial associations. The
      importance of such studies for the elaboration of prevention programmes in
      underlined.

PMID- 2636754
TI  - [Factors with an anti-infectious role and immunologic involvement in a group of
      100 elderly patients compared with a group of young patients].
AB  - From the study of the immunological aspects in the elderly it is noticed a marked
      decrease of: complement C3 fraction, and lysosime and the insignificant decrease
      of creatininephosphokinase.

PMID- 2636755
TI  - [The action of a fibric acid derivative on lipid metabolism].
AB  - The action of N-2 (p-chlorophenoxy isobutiril)-N-morpholino-methylureea on some
      serum lipids parameters in rats with normolipemia and tritonic hyperlipidemia was
      studied. In the animals with normolipidemia, the compound induces
      hypocholesterolemia beginning with the 5th day of treatment, hypotriglyceridemia
      during the entire investigation interval and an increase of phospholipid levels
      in the 9th day of treatment. In the rats with tritonic hyperlipidemia, the
      substance induces hypocholesterolemia, hypotriglyceridemia, increase of HDL
      cholesterol levels, decrease of (VLDL + LDL)--cholesterol levels and the return
      to normal values of Glueck ratio.

PMID- 2636756
TI  - [An analytical study of 2 dimethylxanthine derivatives with action at the level
      of the cardiovascular system].
AB  - The analytical investigation of two derivatives of dimenthylxantine series,
      conventionally termed Imfilin and Carprofilin, is presented. For the quantitative
      determination of these derivatives the authors suggest spectrophotometric methods
      in UV which gave good results in the physicochemical control of the substances
      and of certain pharmaceutical forms (injectable solutions, tablets). The
      suggested methods were applied in observing the stability of these pharmaceutical
      forms as well as in their determination in the biological material.

PMID- 2636757
TI  - [The psychophysiological effects of music on the human body (I)].

PMID- 2636758
TI  - [Neurosonography reveals various etiologies of migraine].
AB  - 125 patients with migraine were studied by determining the intracerebral blood
      flow by means of Doppler cranial neurosonography. The findings confirm the
      presence of certain nonsystematic vascular defects involved in the pathologic
      response of the synaptic factors of the cerebral blood flow, thus demonstrating
      the validity of the multiple pathologic arterial segments and the possibility of
      response to various therapies. The study classifies migraines based on Doppler
      cerebrovascular neurosonography.

PMID- 2636759
TI  - Techniques for evidencing the respiratory patterns and their temporal shift.
AB  - To enhance the efficiency of de visu or automatic detection and analysis of of
      the respiratory patterns, new techniques are introduced to process the
      respiratory signals. These techniques include: the dynamical frequency analysis,
      spectral envelope detection, three-dimensional representation of the spectral
      envelopes, and the 'respirogram'.

PMID- 2636760
TI  - [Megaduodenum due to aortomesenteric shunt].
AB  - Two new cases of megaduodenum by aortomesenteric shunt in young adults are
      presented. The role of some risk factors, the diagnostic and therapeutical
      elements are discussed, the importance of a thorough investigation of each case
      in view of individualizing the therapeutical management being underlined.

PMID- 2636761
TI  - [A rare case of a giant trichobezoar of the stomach].
AB  - A rare case of giant gastric trichobezoar found in a female patient admitted and
      treated for chronic gastric disease is presented. The semiological, evolutive and
      treatment peculiarities in the presented case are discussed.

PMID- 2636762
TI  - [The psychophysiological effects of music on the human body (II)].

PMID- 2636763
TI  - [The experience of the 3rd Medical Clinic with lymph node pathology].
AB  - In the last 8 years, 511 patients (267 men and 244 women) were investigated. It
      was found that 44 cases (8.6%) were false adenopathies (various types of tumoral
      masses) but placed in the nodes areas (localized, generalized or deep). There
      were 467 cases of true lymphadenopathies, 58 new cases yearly (2.32% of all
      admitted patients and 6.9% of those with blood diseases). Out of these 467 cases,
      330 (70.6%) were malignant neoplastic diseases: malignant lymphomas--206 cases
      (62.4% of all malignancies), leukemias--99 cases (30%), carcinomatous metastases-
      25 cases (7.6%). Nonmalignant lymphadenopathies were found in 137 cases (29.4%):
      specific infections (tuberculosis) and nonspecific ones in 87 cases (63.5%),
      nonimmune diseases (SLE, PAN, sarcoidosis) in 50 cases. Generalized adenopathies
      were recorded in 47% of the cases, the involvement of a single node group in
      21.8% of the cases, other types of distribution being rare. The general symptoms
      were absent in 20.5% of the cases, being present in the remainder of 79.5%,
      especially in the malignant lymphomas, leukemias, nonimmune diseases. The main
      complications occurring against the background of the etiological affections of
      lymphadenopathies were: infections (respiratory, urinary, tegumental) in 19.7% of
      the cases and cardiovascular disturbances (myocardiopathies, rythm and conduction
      disturbances) in 9.6% of the cases.

PMID- 2636764
TI  - [The efficacy of electroversion in the treatment of tachyarrhythmia complications
      of the heart valves].
AB  - The results of electric cardioversion in the treatment of tachyarrhythmias in a
      series of 431 patients with valve diseases of the left heart admitted during the
      last 10 years are presented. Most patients presented atrial fibrillation (71.4%),
      the atrial flutter and paroxysmal tachycardia necessitating electric
      cardioversion in 24.5% and 4.1% of the cases, respectively. The restoration of
      sinusal rhythm was obtained in 90% of the cases, a single shock being delivered
      in most of them (74.5%). The patients' age, type of arrhythmia and the causal
      valvular heart disease did not influence the results, the essential factors of
      restoration and especially of maintaining the sinusal rhythm failure being the
      age of the valvular heart disease, the quality of atrial myocardium (which
      depends on the size of the enlargement and age of arrhythmia) and the association
      of a coronary or myocardial alcohol induced affection. The importance of
      estimating the resumption of atrial mechanic activity is underlined. The
      "regulation" embolism was rare (5 cases), while an embolism occurring during the
      preparation period raises the possibility of a possible coincidence between the
      embolic accident and the recurrence of atrial mechanical systole after electric
      cardioversion.

PMID- 2636765
TI  - [Chronic nonspecific duodenitis: myth or reality?].
AB  - There is much controversy regarding the chronic nonspecific duodenitis as
      autonomous clinical entity. We have studied 36 patients (16 women, 20 men), aged
      24-59 years (mean age 37.8 years), with biliary dyspepsia and endoscopic changes
      suggesting "duodenitis"; in all patients the following investigations were
      carried out: gastric secretion, barium X-ray and histological examination of the
      duodenal mucosa specimens obtained by endoscopic biopsy. There was no significant
      difference between the patients with duodenitis and normal subjects regarding the
      maximal acid output. Unspecific radiological changes were noticed in 55.5% of
      patients with chronic duodenitis. Endoscopy showed varied changes of duodenal
      mucosa including edema, erythema, erosions and hypertrophic folds. Histology
      confirmed the presence of inflammation. The patients have been followed-up for
      three years and none of them developed duodenal ulcer. We conclude that chronic
      nonspecific duodenitis is an autonomous clinical entity.

PMID- 2636766
TI  - [Postural drainage: "a useful medicine in pneumology"].

PMID- 2636768
TI  - [Units, symbols, abbreviations and conventions used in medicine. The letter C].

PMID- 2636767
TI  - [Essential arterial hypertension in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus during and after balneotherapy followed-up for 6 years].
AB  - The statistical correlations between body weight, glycemia, total lipids,
      cholesterol in 200 patients with essential hypertension, especially borderline
      essential hypertension, followed up for 6 years indicate that the complex
      environmental factors in Slanic-Moldova Health Resort associated with
      balneotherapy may induce a return to normal values of the above mentioned
      parameters. Good results were also obtained in the patients with essential
      hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, their treatment
      including reduction diets (1200-1400 calories/day).

PMID- 2636769
TI  - [Mutations in the personality nucleus at puberty and adolescence].
AB  - The author considers that analysing the personality by means of concrete
      research, the axis "self-perceptual Ego and the prospective, ideal Ego" make up
      an operational axis included in personality nucleus. The selected interference of
      the alter image about the Ego permanently readjusts this axis. In this purpose an
      adjective checklist and the projective test TST in two alternative have been
      used. The author concludes that during puberty and adolescence several changes
      take place as far as the number of adjective used, descriptors prevailing
      characteristics, and affective finality are concerned.

PMID- 2636770
TI  - [Clinical observations on treatment with flufenazin dihydrochloride (Lyorodin-
      Jenapharm)].
AB  - According to the psycho-pharmacological characteristics, indications,
      counterindications and side-effects of fluophenazine dihydrochloride, the authors
      present the results of a simple-blind study of Lyorodin--Jenapharm in a series of
      30 in-patients of both sexes, aged between 30 and 65 years. Nosologically, there
      were cases of schizophrenia and post-process states, delirious hallucinatory
      syndromes of involution and asthenodithymic syndromes. The drug under the form of
      pills of 1 and 4 mg was given at average doses of 2-4 mg up to 6-10 mg for 28
      days under clinical surveillance and laboratory tests. The estimation of the
      clinical results revealed the improvement of the symptoms in all investigated
      cases, a favourable evolution, low incidence and intensity of its side-effects,
      good tolerance and clinical efficacy comparable to that of Lyogen.

PMID- 2636771
TI  - [The dynamics of ethanol metabolism in patients with chronic alcoholism].
AB  - The results of the investigations carried out in alcoholics and nonalcoholics
      regarding certain aspects of ethanol metabolism are presented. The marked
      interindividual differences in alcohol blood levels and intergroup differences in
      acetaldehyde levels, through a projection in dynamic process, are commented upon.
      The programmed ethanolic load induced changes in blood alcohol, within comparable
      limits, irrespective of subjects' state. At all intervals of postintake
      determinations, the acetaldehyde concentrations were higher in the alcoholic
      subjects. No dose-effect relation between the involved elements (ethanol
      metabolite) was found.

PMID- 2636772
TI  - [The evolution and treatment of giant-cell tumors of the bones. The author's
      personal experience].
AB  - In the interval 1962-1987 the author had treated 41 cases of giant cell bone
      tumors (25 females and 16 males). The 20-40 age group was prevalently affected
      (32 cases). The upper epiphysis of tibia and lower epiphysis of femur were the
      most common sites (13 and 9 cases, respectively). The clinical, x-ray and
      especially the histological data decided the type of intervention.

PMID- 2636773
TI  - [The surgery of intestinal obstruction in the elderly].
AB  - Out of 301 intestinal obstructions treated at the 1st Surgical Clinic of Iasi in
      the interval 1970-1987, 58 patients aged between 70 and 90 years (mean age 75
      years) were recorded. Anatomo-clinically these 58 cases presented: strangulated
      hernia (19 cases), strangulated eventration (2 cases), strangulations on cords (4
      cases), small intestine volvulus (8 cases), sigmoid colon volvulus (6 cases),
      volvulus of cecum (1 case), intestinal investigation (1 case), colorectal
      neoplasm (15 cases), peritoneal carcinomatosis (2 cases). The clinical and
      therapeutical aspects of these particular forms of obstruction in the elderly are
      discussed and the severity of their prognosis, given the terrain and late
      admission of such patients which sometimes make impossible a surgical
      intervention, is underlined. Ten deaths (17.1%) were recorded, representing a
      lower percentage as compared to other statistics published in the literature.

PMID- 2636774
TI  - [Voluminous malignant nonsecreting tumors of the adrenal cortex ruptured in
      thoracic-lumbar injuries].
AB  - Based on two cases of nonsecreting malignant adrenal tumors the authors make some
      clinical and therapeutical considerations. These tumors are rare, have a longer
      evolution without significant clinical manifestations, may reach considerable
      size and may become complicated, most frequently by intratumoral hemorrhages and
      necroses, which usually favour an infection, and more rarely by their rupture.
      The diagnosis is based on the clinical and laboratory findings. The treatment is
      surgical, associated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The survival interval is
      long, sometimes exceeding 10 years.

PMID- 2636775
TI  - [Is carbon disulfide atherogenic?].
AB  - The changes in serum lipids and the histopathological aspect of aorta and blood
      vessels in the coronary, cerebral and renal territories were followed up in the
      white rat injected intraperitoneally with carbon bisulphide at various doses (5,
      10, 15, 25, 75 mg/kg body weight) in subacute and chronic experiment (3, 6, 10
      months). The absence of hyperlipemia and atherosclerotic lesions in aorta and
      coronary, renal and cerebral blood vessels were noticed.

PMID- 2636776
TI  - [Cases of thyroid cancer irradiated at the Iasi Radiology-Oncology Clinic (1984
      1988)].
AB  - The study is based on 35 cases of thyroid cancer treated by external
      radiotherapy. The analysis of these cases and especially their grouping on
      clinical stages according to the recent TNM classification reveal the prognostic
      importance of such factors as the patients' age, histopathological form and the
      loco-regional and at distance spread.

PMID- 2636777
TI  - [Tumor immunological evasiveness].

PMID- 2636778
TI  - [Bronchial asthma in old people].
AB  - Bronchial asthma in old people is defined, according to a number of Anglo-Saxon
      authors, as a disease which occurs for the first time (de novo) at an advanced
      age (i.e. over 70 years). The present follow-up study had been carried out in the
      Diagnostic Division of the Outpatient Department--Polyclinic no. 1 of Iasi--and
      has in view only the patients who had the first attack of disease at the time
      they were over 60. Clinical examination was complemented by the following tests:
      spirography, X-ray, allergological cutaneous tests, and test for the
      identification of eosinophils in sputum. A certain pattern was identified: the
      first asthmatic symptoms followed rhinobronchial episodes persistent spasmodic
      cough and continuous dyspnea induced by effort were frequent complaints; typical
      crises were uncommon. The allergic aetiology was supported by a positive
      anamnesis, while the cutaneous tests confirmed the presence of an allergen in
      only 20% of the cases; chronic and recurrent infections were present in 85% of
      the cases. At the same time, the presence of gastroesophageal reflux was searched
      as its frequency in the elderly as well as its role in inducing the bronchial
      asthma have often been reported. It is expected the identification of the
      characteristic pattern might lead to a correct diagnosis of bronchial asthma in
      old people and contribute to better therapy.

PMID- 2636779
TI  - [Adhesive cutaneous pharmaceutical forms].
AB  - The adhesive cutaneous pharmaceutical forms aimed to local action release the
      drug substance in view of a dermatological, traumatological, antirheumatic,
      cosmetic action. Two such preparations were obtained and their stability,
      consistency and pH were determined. The "in vitro" tests of their bioavailability
      revealed the dynamics of calcium ions release according to the associations of
      each preparation. The bioavailability determined by evaluating the
      pharmacological response demonstrated the antiinflammatory action obtained by the
      association of calcium ions with the components extracted from poplar muds. The
      therapeutical efficiency of the studied preparations has proved in the treatment
      of some sport injuries.

PMID- 2636780
TI  - [Imperatives and possibilities in the informatics of therapeutic decision making
      in oncology. II].

PMID- 2636781
TI  - [Torsion of the great epiploon].
AB  - The diagnosis of epiploic torsion was made intraoperatively. Apart from resection
      of the necrotized epiploon, appendicectomy was also performed as the appendix
      presented acute inflammatory lesions. This anatomoclinical and etiopathogenic
      characteristics of this rare affection are briefly described.

PMID- 2636782
TI  - [Agonists and antagonists of the platelet activating factor (PAF)].

PMID- 2636783
TI  - [Distribution of hepatitis B virus in a Center for the Psychologically
      Handicapped in Madrid. Risk indicators].
AB  - A total of 252 institutionalized mentally retarded patients were studied in a
      Centre in Madrid, to Know the distribution of HBV in this populations. 74 clients
      with Down's Syndrome (DS) and 178 were retarded due to other etiologies (NDS):
      congenital rubella, perinatal influences, encephalitis, etc.. Also we studied the
      distribution of HBV among the health workers of the Centre (N = 100). We
      investigate in all the subjects (patients and employees) three variables: 1)
      patients with any marker of HBV present, 2) carriers of HBV, and 3) their
      infectivity (HBeAg+). To know an estimate of risk of HBV we design a matched case
      control study and we controlled the confounding factors as age, sex, duration of
      institutional stay and contacts with HBV before institutionalization. Before
      matching, the crude data were: Patients with any marker of HBV were 123 (49%);
      employees: 17 (17%). Clients with HBsAg: 35 (14%); and health workers 1(1%).
      Antigen HBe+ in clients 22(62%) and nobody among the employees. We compare the
      group of patients with DS and the others inmates and we obtained: Any marker
      among DS's 51 (69%) and 72 (40%) in the group of NDS's. They were 22 (30%)
      carriers among DS patients and 13 (7.30%) in the other clients. It was HBeAg
      present in 18 (82%) in DS's and 4 (30%) in patients with NDS. The case control
      matched study allowed to know an estimate of risk (OR) of HB comparing the two
      groups. Thus, the OR for the first variable was: OR = 2.5, p = 0.037, CI (OR, OR)
      95% = (1.054, 5.91).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636784
TI  - [Pharmacological information and training for health care services. The Spanish
      experience and possibilities of Ibero-American cooperation].

PMID- 2636785
TI  - [Health status and health expenditures in Spain. 1988].

PMID- 2636786
TI  - [Pediculosis capitis: epidemiologic study of 23,624 schoolchildren in Bilbao].
AB  - Head lice infestation have become a great problem in school children, reaching
      epidemic proportions in some countries. An open study was conducted to
      determinate how widespread head lice infestation were among preschool and
      elementary school children in Bilbao (North of Spain). We studied 23,624 children
      from whole public school of the city, aged 3 years to 14 years. The results of
      head lice control were: total prevalence 9.39% (between 1.8% and 31.6%). We found
      more girls than boys become infested (1.7% 1.0). Higher infestation levels were
      found between third and fifth grades (9 years to 11 years). At the same time,
      whole social-economic levels (low, middle and upper) resulted infesting by head
      louse, so there is not immunity against this parasite, although higher
      infestations degrees were found in low levels. At last we realized that head
      louse infestation is usually a family condition, so that treatment should not be
      confined only to the school children, and it is necessary besides health-school,
      whole the social-help.

PMID- 2636787
TI  - [Complementarity and congruence: reflections on an integrated health model].

PMID- 2636788
TI  - [Evaluation of a program for the prevention of dental caries in the school
      environment].
AB  - Evaluation of a dental caries prevention program in the school setting. We
      present the evaluation of a dental caries prevention program through periodic
      mouth rinsing with fluorides in the schools of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain).
      Evaluation is performed at the fifth grade level of primary school in seven
      schools which participated in the program for four years. The caries prevalence
      in the last cohort of schoolchildren before the inception of the program is
      compared to the caries prevalence in the next cohort., the first to benefit from
      the program, Results show a 20% adjusted decline in caries prevalence, reaching
      up to 48% in one of the seven schools. Variation in results is discussed, as well
      as implications for caries control strategies in our context.

PMID- 2636789
TI  - [A scale for measuring attitudes toward patients with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) among nursing personnel].
AB  - A Scale for measuring attitudes to AIDS sufferers among nursing staff. A Likert
      type scale has been constructed from a representative 324-subject sample to
      measure attitudes to AIDS sufferers, among a 1.706 member nursing staff
      population working in Hospitals. Clinics and Casualty Services in the province of
      La Coruna, Spain. The final 20-items scale has proved to be valid and reliable.

PMID- 2636790
TI  - [The symptom-diagnosis interval: a possible approximation to the natural history
      of neoplasms].
AB  - In order to assess the influence that age, sex, site of the primary tumor (SPT),
      the extension and histology may have on the interval first symptom-diagnosis
      (ISD), 1.149 cases of lung, breast, stomach, colon and rectum cancer registered
      in the Tumor Registry of the Hospital del Mar (Barcelona) were analyzed. Overall,
      mean ISD was 5.7 months. 12.7% of women and 5.5% of men (p less than 0.0001) had
      an ISD greater than one year. Age does not appear to influence ISD in this
      population (r = 0.014). Among women, the ISD for each SPT was as follows: breast
      cancer, 9.1 months; rectal cancer, 6.5; stomach, 4.9; colon, 4.7; lung, 2.7.
      Men's ISD were: rectum, 6.2; stomach, 5.9; colon, 5.7; lung 3.2. Age, sex, SPT,
      the extension and histology jointly explain only 18% of the ISD variability
      (multiple r = 0.42 p less than 0.0001). SPT and histology appear to be the
      strongest predictors, both remaining statistically significant when adjusting for
      the other four factors. While only breast cancer clearly showed a positive
      association between ISD and tumor extension, an unexpected inverse relationship
      was observed in rectal cancer. In some tumors, the ISD may just be an indicator
      for the rate of tumor growth. ISD data registered in a Tumor Registry can
      contribute to the study of a part of the natural history of neoplasms. Such
      analyses are also relevant for studies of secondary prevention and screening
      programs, access to and quality of care, and psychosocial predictors of the care
      seeking process.

PMID- 2636792
TI  - [33d meeting of the Japan Rheumatism Association. Tokyo, 25-27 May 1989.
      Abstracts].

PMID- 2636791
TI  - Long-term monitoring of immunological profile in children with immunodeficiency
      disorders.
AB  - 1. The fulfillment of research project allowed us to make deeper scope of
      literature sources with the children IDS topic. The proper experience with
      children IDS management has been acquired in the specialized service for
      immunodeficient children at Pediatric Clinic of Teaching Hospital in Hradec
      Kralove. 2. IDS screening and diagnostic in children were studied with
      participation of immunologic laboratories, and the development of available
      immunologic indices in IDS children has been monitored at long-term. Problems
      mentioned were the content of partial research project VII-6-6/19 for 1976-1980,
      VII-6-6/9 for 1980-1985, VIII-6-5/11 starting from 1986 and resolved till now by
      Pediatric Clinic of Teaching Hospital in Hradec Kralove. The immunodeficient
      conditions were studied minutely at long-term and with complex relations. 3.
      Authors were involved in management of life threatening infectious complications
      and performed both control and moderation of diseases manifested as such. Applied
      management approaches were then evaluated from the scope of actual therapy. Our
      pathophysiologic IDS concept is more extended. The individual IDS represents a
      complex real situation developing in time. Therefore, the long-term monitoring is
      of benefit in detecting certain developmental IDS tendencies such as, e. g.,
      occurrence of autoimmune diseases and malignancies in children with IDS. 4. We
      stated that thymectomy in infants: --was of no expressed disturbing influence on
      health of two children at least for 12 years of long-term monitoring; -
      manifested the transient decrease of circulating T-lymphocyte percentage which
      was detected in one child 2 years after TE, in other up 10 years after TE,
      respectively. However, both of them showed a constant decreasing tendency; --is
      responsible of changes in subpopulations of T-lymphocytes; --changes of
      laboratory tests provided after TE 12 years till now show no clinical
      significance. 5. Selective IgA deficiency has been diagnosed in a total of 14
      children, and the development of their immunologic indices was monitored at long
      term. Several literature data were proved as well as enlarged and extended: --IgA
      deficiency is a constant defect; --this is a simultaneous deficiency of both
      serum and secretory IgA in a majority of cases; --selective IgA deficiency is
      most pronounced and complex immunity disorder involving not only humoral, but
      also cellular immunity; --in IgA deficiencies, mainly respiratory infections are
      predominant though having neither serious course nor complications; -
      immunoglobulins are not necessary in managing infections in IgA deficient cases
      for as much as an appropriate antiinfection therapy is of choice. Dispensary care
      is needed similarly to other IDS conditions due to recurrent infections and risk
      of autoimmune diseases and tumors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2636793
TI  - Challenges in recertification.
AB  - We must now face perhaps one of the great changes that is emerging in our
      practice of medicine of this century: recertification, based not on testing of
      cognitive skills, but focused on a quality assurance program for clinical
      performance and satisfactory outcome criteria. Certification is not the same as
      recertification; each serves a necessary function. For recertification we need to
      be able to assess physician performance in practice. Standard testing practices
      in graduate medical education work well in the setting for which they were
      developed. However, we now need to devise better ways to measure the continuing
      accrual of knowledge and the consequences of the application of that knowledge in
      the practice of modern medicine. How can such a determination be made? Who will
      administer the programs? How can we as physicians assure the public that we are
      capable of maintaining high standards of performance throughout a physician's
      practice career?

PMID- 2636794
TI  - Cerebral vasospasm in a double-injection model in rabbit.
AB  - The present study was designed to assess the occurrence of cerebral vasospasm
      following an experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage model in rabbits. Sixty-nine
      New Zealand albino rabbits were used in this study. One milliliter of fresh
      arterial blood was injected through the surgically exposed atlanto-occipital
      membrane over a period of 20 seconds. The procedure was then repeated 24 hours
      later. Fifty animals underwent digital subtraction angiography at one of the
      following prefixed intervals: 1, 3, or 8 days after the second injection
      hemorrhage. Nineteen animals underwent one angiographic examination prior to the
      instillation of the intracisternal blood. This procedure was followed by a
      repeated angiography 3 days after the second experimental subarachnoid
      hemorrhage. For the purpose of evaluation, the films were magnified 10-fold and
      the diameter of the basilar artery as well as that of the extracranial vertebral
      artery at three different levels were measured. We assessed the diameter of the
      basilar artery as well as the mean ratio extracranial vertebral artery/basilar
      artery diameters. This ratio was considered to minimize anatomical and technical
      variabilities. The results in the first 50 animals showed a trend suggesting that
      spasmogenic activity reaches a peak at about the third day after subarachnoid
      hemorrhage. These results were confirmed in the latter 19 animals. However,
      mortality in this group was high: 50%. This double-injection model of
      subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits consistently reproduced cerebral vascular
      spasm 3 days after repeated subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, its usefulness as
      an experimental model for subarachnoid hemorrhage is limited practically by the
      high animal mortality in the protocols where repeated angiographic studies are
      necessary.

PMID- 2636795
TI  - Respiratory epithelial cyst in the cerebellopontine angle.
AB  - The authors report a case with a cerebellopontine angle cystic mass. Computed
      tomography scan failed to demonstrate the lesion. Vertebral angiogram revealed an
      extra-axial lesion in the cerebellopontine angle. After successful surgical
      removal, it was found to be a respiratory epithelial lining cyst. The literature
      and histogenesis of this lesion are reviewed.

PMID- 2636796
TI  - Surgical exploration before computed tomography scanning in children with
      traumatic tentorial herniation.
AB  - Seventeen consecutive children with early clinical signs of tentorial herniation
      after head injury underwent immediate burr-hole exploration before computed
      tomography scanning. In nine children (53%), a subdural hematoma was discovered
      and immediately evacuated. In one, a small intracerebral hemorrhage was diagnosed
      by intraoperative ultrasonography. Postoperative studies showed that no
      intraaxial or extraaxial hematoma was missed by surgical exploration. Nine
      children (53%) survived; eight (47%) died. The survival rate was higher among
      patients with a mass lesion than among those without. Seven children had a good
      recovery, and two were moderately disabled (mean follow-up, 15.2 months). We
      conclude that a significant proportion of head-injured children with clinical
      signs of tentorial herniation have extraaxial hematomas that can be readily
      identified and evacuated by immediate surgical exploration. The survival rate and
      extent of recovery in children appear to be better than in similarly injured
      adults.

PMID- 2636798
TI  - Intramedullary and extramedullary schwannoma of the cervical spinal cord--case
      report.
AB  - Intramedullary schwannomas and neurofibromas are rare tumors. Only two cases have
      been reported as having both an intramedullary and extramedullary component. We
      have managed the case of a 15-year-old girl with a schwannoma that appeared to
      track along the sensory nerve root into the spinal cord. The clinical
      presentation in this case was that of motor weakness and atrophy, sensory
      abnormalities, and, late in the course, pain. Magnetic resonance imaging with
      gadolinium enhancement was better than myelography and computed tomography at
      delineating the intramedullary extent of the tumor. The tumor was removed
      microsurgically at two operative sittings. Reports of this unusual pathology are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2636797
TI  - Effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage on platelet-derived vasoconstriction of rabbit
      basilar artery.
AB  - The effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage on platelet-derived vasoconstriction of
      the isolated rabbit basilar artery were examined using an isometric tension
      recording method. The subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced by injecting arterial
      blood in the cisterna magna. The following points were confirmed: (1) the maximal
      contraction produced by the platelets (10(7)/mL) treated with indomethacin or
      dazoxiben (thromboxane synthetase inhibitor) were suppressed (65% or 70% of the
      control); (2) the contraction of the arteries treated with ONO-3708 (thromboxane
      A2 antagonist) or ketanserin was inhibited (73% or 8.4%), as was contraction
      after subarachnoid hemorrhage (67% or 14%); (3) platelet-induced contraction was
      potentiated after subarachnoid hemorrhage; and (4) serotonin-induced contraction
      was potentiated after subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, synthetic thromboxane A2
      induced contraction was not potentiated. The present experiments suggest that
      both serotonin and thromboxane A2 contribute to vasoconstrictions induced by the
      platelets, before and after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The platelet-derived
      contraction response is potentiated after subarachnoid hemorrhage and serotonin
      is responsible for the increased reactivity.

PMID- 2636799
TI  - Contralateral trigeminal neuralgia as a false localizing sign in calcified
      chronic subdural hematoma: a case report.
AB  - A case of trigeminal neuralgia caused by a contralateral calcified chronic
      subdural hematoma is reported. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging revealed
      rotational displacement of the pons caused by huge chronic subdural hematoma. The
      neuralgia was completely alleviated after removal of the hematoma. The clinical
      and radiological features are described, and the possible mechanism of the
      neuralgia is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2636800
TI  - Photopheresis.

PMID- 2636801
TI  - Inhibition of antiskin allograft immunity induced by infusions with
      photoinactivated effector T lymphocytes (PET cells).
AB  - Induction of tolerance for skin allotransplantation requires selective
      suppression of the host response to foreign histocompatibility antigens. This
      report describes a new approach which employs pre-treatment with 8
      methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A light (UVA) to render the effector
      cells of graft rejection immunogenic for the syngeneic recipient. Eight days
      after BALB/c mice received CBA/j skin grafts, their splenocytes were treated with
      100 ng/ml 8-MOP and 1 J/cm2 UVA prior to reinfusion into naive BALB/c recipients.
      Recipient mice were tested for tolerance to alloantigens in mixed leukocyte
      culture (MLC), cytotoxicity (CTL), delayed-type hypersensitivity assays (DTH),
      and challenge with a fresh CBA/j graft. Splenocytes from BALB/c recipients of
      photoinactivated splenocytes containing the effector cells of CBA/j alloantigen
      rejection proliferated poorly in MLC and generated lower cytotoxic T-cell
      responses to CBA/j alloantigens in comparison with sensitized and naive controls
      and suppressed the MLC and CTL response to alloantigen from sensitized and naive
      BALB/c mice. In vivo, the DTH response was specifically suppressed to the
      relevant alloantigen in comparison with controls. BALB/c mice treated in this
      fashion retained a CBA/j skin graft for up to 42 days post-transplantation
      without visual evidence of rejection. These results showed that reinfusion of
      photoinactivated effector cells resulted in an immunosuppressive host response
      which specifically inhibited in vitro and in vivo responses that correlate with
      allograft rejection and permitted prolonged retention of histoincompatible skin
      grafts.

PMID- 2636802
TI  - Engineering aspects of extracorporeal photochemotherapy.
AB  - Photopheresis is a new extracorporeal photochemotherapy in which the patient's
      blood or certain blood fraction is exposed to light in the presence of a light
      activatable drug. The major engineering elements involved for better system
      design and patient treatment, such as system model, cell separation, irradiation,
      and energy measurement, are discussed.

PMID- 2636803
TI  - Treatment of autoimmune disease with extracorporeal photochemotherapy:
      progressive systemic sclerosis.
AB  - In this report, we describe the use of extracorporeal photochemotherapy in n the
      treatment of two patients with rapidly advancing progressive systemic sclerosis.
      Both patients experienced improvement in the cutaneous as well as the systemic
      manifestations of their disease while undergoing therapy. The potential
      therapeutic mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 2636804
TI  - Treatment of autoimmune disease with extracorporeal photochemotherapy: pemphigus
      vulgaris--preliminary report.
AB  - Extracorporeal photochemotherapy is a new form of immunotherapy which involves
      the extracorporeal photoinactivation of peripheral blood cells by 8
      methoxypsoralen in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation, followed by
      readministration of the cells. To explore the efficacy of this therapy in the
      treatment of autoimmune disease, four patients with a lengthy history of
      corticosteroid and immunosuppressive drug-resistant pemphigus vulgaris were
      initiated on extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Three patients experienced a
      complete remission in cutaneous disease expression, permitting discontinuation of
      medications in two and a substantial decrease in the third. Significant
      reductions in serum antiepidermal cell antibody titers occurred in all four
      patients. The treatments were well tolerated without the occurrence of adverse
      events. These results in a small number of patients suggest that extracorporeal
      photochemotherapy may prove to be a useful tool in the treatment of aggressive
      autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2636806
TI  - [Nationwide health programs. I].

PMID- 2636805
TI  - Effect of extracorporeal photopheresis on selected immunologic parameters in
      psoriasis vulgaris.
AB  - Extracorporeal photopheresis (ExP) was administered every other week in an
      outpatient setting to four patients with chronic refractory psoriasis vulgaris
      without arthropathy. The duration of treatment ranged from six to 13 months. Two
      patients received methotrexate concomitantly during the initial phase of the
      study. All patients demonstrated a decrease in erythema, induration, and scaling
      of lesional skin, accompanied by incomplete clearing of lesions such that the
      percentage of involvement (SI) ranged between 40 to 80 percent of baseline
      scores. Exacerbations of psoriasis occurred with minor provocations, and two
      patients who were predisposed to developing epithelial skin neoplasms as a
      consequence of prior treatments continued to develop tumors during the study
      interval. Prolonged ExP treatment was otherwise well tolerated, without evidence
      of toxicity on routine laboratory safety tests or changes in lymphocyte counts.
      All patients, however, exhibited decreased intradermal skin responses to recall
      antigens and a decreased capacity of peripheral lymphocytes to produce
      interleukin 2 (IL-2) in response to polyclonal stimuli in vitro. These
      observations suggest that the observed anti-inflammatory effect of alternate-week
      ExP on psoriasis is mediated in part to a direct inhibition of lymphokine
      production or release by psoralen-ultraviolet-exposed lymphocytes.

PMID- 2636807
TI  - The effect of female serum antisperm antibodies on in vitro fertilization and
      embryo transfer.
AB  - Twenty-nine women with serum antisperm antibodies underwent in vitro
      fertilization and embryo transfer. Half the oocytes from each patient were
      treated with patient-serum-supplemented medium with antibodies (medium A), and
      the other half with donor-serum-supplemented medium without antibodies (medium
      B). In 9 cases the antibodies were against the sperm head and these showed a
      significant difference in the number of embryos obtained between the two media (p
      = 0.001): 10.5% of fertilization of type 3 and/or 4 oocytes with medium A and
      81.2% with medium B. A lower rate resulted also when the antibodies were against
      the middle and main portion of the tail, but fertilization did not seem to be
      affected when they were directed against the tail tip. No definite conclusions
      are possible, however, since the number of cases studied was too small.

PMID- 2636808
TI  - Prostaglandin E1 in the therapy of erectile deficiency.
AB  - We describe the management of 47 patients suffering from erectile dysfunction
      with prostaglandin E1. Positive response was reached in 38 patients. Self
      injection was proposed and accepted by 30 patients. In our series neither
      systemic reactions nor priapism occurred.

PMID- 2636809
TI  - Menarche in Greece (compared study of the population of Crete and Thrace).
AB  - We studied the factors that influence the menarcheal age in the population of
      Crete and Thrace, and we compared the results of the study of these two frontier
      districts. A) The average menarcheal age for the female students from Crete was
      12 years and 5 1/2 months while for the female students from Thrace it was 12
      years and 5 months. B) The average menarcheal age is higher for the students
      whose birth weight was less than 2.500 gr. C) The higher the father's educational
      level results in lower average menarcheal age and higher I.Q. level for the
      student. D) Comparing the average menarcheal ages of mothers and their daughters
      we conclude that the daughters had their menstruation 11.5 months earlier than
      their mothers, while that difference was 11 months in Thrace. E) In the last 60
      years (1925-1985) the average menarcheal age of the Greek girls decreased by
      approximately 18 months. F) The body weight and the height during menarche is
      within the international limits of the "critical weight" and the "critical
      height".

PMID- 2636810
TI  - Hysteroscopic treatment of uterine septum.
AB  - Authors report their 4 years experience in the treatment of uterine septum by
      hysteroscopic metroplasty. 35 patients underwent procedure; no complications
      occurred. Postoperative reproductive outcome was evaluated in 29 women with
      follow-up longer than 6 months. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to
      presence or absence of associated factors compromising fertility. Group A
      composed of 19 women in which uterine septum was the only cause of pregnancy
      wastage. Preoperatively they had 40 pregnancies all ending in spontaneous
      abortion. Postoperatively 15 (79%) patients conceived and 13 (68%) had a live
      baby. Totally they had 18 pregnancies, 2 (12%) ended in abortion, 1 in molar
      pregnancy, 1 in premature delivery, 11 delivered at term and 3 are currently
      beyond 20 weeks pregnant, for a live birth rate of 78%. Life table analysis
      showed an estimated pregnancy rate of 82% at 12 months, monthly fecundability was
      0.13. Group B composed of 10 women in which other factors compromising fertility
      were present. Preoperatively only 5 experienced pregnancy. Totally they had 8
      pregnancies 7 (86%) of which ended in abortions and one in extrauterine
      pregnancy. Postoperatively only 3 (30%) had pregnancy and all had a live baby.
      Totally they had 4 pregnancies, 1 ended in abortion and 3 at term for a live
      birth rate of 75%. Life table analysis showed an estimated pregnancy rate of 11%
      at 12 months, monthly fecundability rate was 0.01. Hysteroscopic metroplasty
      proved to be safe and effective for solving pregnancy wastage caused by uterine
      septum. If other factors compromising fertility were present metroplasty did not
      increase fecundability, but improved live birth rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2636811
TI  - Histomorphological changes in the oviduct of the mallard (Aves: Anatidae).
AB  - Studies on histomorphometrical changes in different segments (infundibulum,
      magnum, isthmus, shell gland and vagina) of oviduct of mallard, Anas
      platyrhynchos during active and quiescent phases of the reproductive cycle have
      been made. The absolute and per cent length and width of each segment showed a
      marked change. The magnum showed an increase of 280 per cent. Of all the
      histological parameters studied the number and height of mucosal folds and
      mucosal epithelium showed more marked increase in all segments of oviduct. The
      size of tubular glands and frequency of ciliated and secretory cells were studied
      in relation to oviductal activity.

PMID- 2636812
TI  - Growth in the myopathic Syrian hamster (Cricetus auratus).
AB  - The objective was to assess the effect of the hereditary myopathic disease
      (muscular dystrophy) on 4 growth parameters: body-weight, head-body length, skull
      weight and cranial length in the Syrian hamster over a 4-13 month period. A
      control colony of 34 males and 32 females was compared to a muscular dystrophy
      colony consisting of 37 males and 27 females. The monthly means of the 4 growth
      parameters were computed and full data were used for computations of analysis of
      variance with regression of each group, sex and growth parameter. Intersex and
      intergroup comparisons of the same parameters were made using analysis of
      covariance. In the controls, the male bodies were heavier and longer than the
      female bodies; males grew over the total period. In dystrophic hamsters, males
      were heavier than females, but females were longer. In both control and
      dystrophic hamsters, female skulls were longer and heavier. In all parameters the
      means of the control colony were greater than those of the dystrophic colony
      relative to age. The disease factor in the muscular dystrophy colony adversely
      influenced all 4 growth parameters.

PMID- 2636813
TI  - [Regulatory aspects of the toxicological records of food additives].
AB  - An important effort is actually paid by the Commission of the European
      Communities in order to standardize the national legislations dealing with the
      food additives. Up to now, however, only recommendations have been proposed and
      their implementation will probably need some more years. In the mean time the
      Belgian Legislator has clearly defined the rules to be followed for inscription
      of new food additives as well as for changes of content and any other condition
      of authorization. The request should include a series of administrative
      informations as well as technical details on the characteristics of the food
      additive proposed for commercialization.

PMID- 2636814
TI  - Contrastive effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha on normal cardiac rhythm and
      ouabain-induced cardiac arrhythmias in cats: possible neural basis.
AB  - The effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) on normal cardiac rhythm and
      ouabain-induced cardiac arrhythmias were investigated in chloralose-anaesthetized
      cats. PGF2 alpha (1-16 micrograms/kg i.v. bolus) produced ventricular arrhythmias
      and few incidences of AV conduction disturbances in normal cats. Changes in heart
      rate and blood pressure caused by PGF2 alpha in normal cats were complex, namely
      a decrease, an increase, or an initial decrease followed by an increase.
      Bilateral vagotomy antagonized the ventricular arrhythmias, AV conduction
      disturbances and hemodynamic changes produced by 16 micrograms/kg i.v. PGF2
      alpha. On the other hand, atropine (2 mg/kg i.v.) pretreatment blocked the AV
      conduction disturbances and the reduction in heart rate and blood pressure, but
      not the ventricular arrhythmias or the increase in heart rate and blood pressure
      caused by 16 micrograms/kg i.v. PGF2 alpha. The ventricular arrhythmogenic effect
      of PGF2 alpha was prevented by propranolol (1 mg/kg i.v.). Intervention with
      cardiotoxic doses of ouabain augmented the PGF2 alpha-induced AV conduction
      disturbances, sinus bradycardia and hypotension, and attenuated the ventricular
      arrhythmias. Subsequent bilateral vagotomy prevented the ouabain-potentiated PGF2
      alpha-induced AV block and sinus bradycardia, attenuated the hypotension and
      further reduced the ventricular arrhythmias. PGF2 alpha (2-16 micrograms/kg
      i.v.), contrary to its arrhythmogenic effect in normal cats, mainly suppressed
      ouabain-induced ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias in ouabain
      intoxicated cats, but aggravated the same in few cats. PGF2 alpha (16
      micrograms/kg), prior to ouabain administration, produced ventricular arrhythmias
      in a group of 8 cats and later, in the same group of animals, when tested on
      ouabain-induced arrhythmias, it mainly antagonized them. These results suggest
      that PGF2 alpha evokes an arrhythmogenic effect on cardiac rhythm of normal
      hearts and mainly an antiarrhythmic effect on ouabain-induced arrhythmias largely
      through the mediation of two functionally opposing excitatory and inhibitory
      autonomic neural reflex pathways, respectively. The afferents of these pathways
      are of vagal origin. The efferent pathways of the inhibitory and excitatory
      reflexes involve in part increased vagal activity and increased sympathetic
      activity to the heart, respectively. Alteration by ouabain of the arrhythmogenic
      nature of PGF2 alpha on normal heart to its antiarrhythmic effect on the
      arrhythmic heart may be due to its selective potentiating effect on the
      inhibitory reflex pathway.

PMID- 2636816
TI  - Differences in frequency dependence of quinidine effects on force, dV/dtmax and
      action potential duration.
AB  - In the left atria of the guinea-pig heart, quinidine produces a transient
      inotropic effect that is largest at low rates of stimulation; at high rates, the
      negative inotropic action of quinidine prevails. In contrast to the depression of
      the maximum rate of depolarization (dV/dtmax), the quinidine-induced prolongation
      in action potential duration was largest at low rates of stimulation. Recovery
      from block during rest was observed only for dV/dtmax; the prolongation in action
      potential duration, however, did not reverse but became most prominent after
      rest. The differences in frequency dependence of quinidine-induced decrease in
      dV/dtmax and prolongation of action potential duration can be explained if the
      drug interacts preferentially with the sodium channels while they are in an open
      or inactivated state, but with potassium channels while they are closed.

PMID- 2636815
TI  - Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of three dihydropyridine compounds.
AB  - Three dihydropyridine compounds with 2-carbamoyl groups, NPK-1868, NPK-1867 and
      NPK-1886, were studied comparatively for their cardiovascular effects. In three
      experimental models in hypertensive rats, the hypotensive potency of these three
      compounds, given p.o., was almost the same as that of nifedipine and felodipine.
      However, in anesthetized beagle dogs, the effect of i.v. NPK-1886 was longer
      lasting and more selective on vertebral blood flow than that of the other
      compounds. In pharmacokinetic studies, NPK-1868, given p.o., showed the highest
      Cmax, and NPK-1868 and NPK-1886 showed a longer half-life than felodipine. These
      data suggest that NPK-1886 is a potent hypotensive substance that has a longer
      lasting effect on cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2636817
TI  - Effect of nicardipine on human placental vasculature.
AB  - The effect of nicardipine on segments of human chorionic arteries and veins was
      studied. Nicardipine induced the concentration-dependent inhibition of K+ (75 mM)
      contractions in both kinds of vessels. Preincubation of these vessels with
      nicardipine (10(-5) M, which produced maximal reduction of K+ responses) caused a
      greater decrease of contractions induced by K+ (75 mM) than of those induced by
      serotonin (10(-6) M). Ca suppression from the medium reduced the responses
      elicited by serotonin and practically abolished those induced by K+. The
      subsequent Ca addition induced contractions which were diminished by nicardipine
      (10(-5) M) in both types of vessels. Nicardipine also attenuated serotonin
      contractions in Ca-free medium, especially in veins. Both serotonin (10(-6) M)
      and K+ (75 mM) increased 45Ca uptake. This effect was decreased by nicardipine
      (10(-5) M), mainly in veins. Basal 45Ca uptake was unaffected by this Ca
      antagonist. These findings indicate that human chorionic vessels are sensitive to
      nicardipine; the responses mediated by Ca entry through voltage-dependent Ca
      channels are inhibited to a greater extent by this Ca antagonist than those
      mediated by receptor-dependent Ca channels.

PMID- 2636818
TI  - Hyperreactivity of contractile response in gastric fundus smooth muscle from rats
      with diabetes induced by streptozotocin.
AB  - To understand the effects of diabetes on functions of gastric fundus smooth
      muscle and the underlying mechanisms, we examined the responses to acetylcholine
      and KCl in gastric fundus of rats with diabetes (3, 6, 12 weeks) induced by
      streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.v.). The contractile responses to the two agonists
      increased significantly in gastric fundus preparations isolated 6 and 12 weeks
      after the onset of diabetes, compared to those in tissues from control rats.
      Influx of Ca2+, induced by 10(-5) M acetylcholine and 60 mM KCl, increased
      significantly in gastric fundus isolated 6 weeks after the onset of diabetes.
      Insulin treatment from 3 to 6 weeks after the onset of diabetes restored the
      responsiveness of gastric fundus to agonists to control levels. The results
      indicate that changes of both receptor-operated and voltage-dependent Ca2+
      channels contribute to hyperreactivity of contractile responses in gastric fundus
      of diabetic rats.

PMID- 2636819
TI  - Gastric antisecretory activity of telenzepine, a new M1-selective muscarinic
      antagonist: comparison with pirenzepine.
AB  - The new M1-receptor antagonist telenzepine has been studied for its antisecretory
      effect in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models in comparison with
      pirenzepine. Telenzepine was found to be from 3 to 10 times more potent than
      pirenzepine in inhibiting bethanechol-, pentagastrin- and dimaprit-induced acid
      secretion in the conscious gastric fistula cat. Also, in the lumen-perfused
      stomach of the anaesthetized rat, telenzepine was more active than pirenzepine as
      an inhibitor of bethanechol-induced acid secretion; the inhibitory effect of
      telenzepine lasted more than 3 hr, while that of pirenzepine disappeared within 1
      hr. In the isolated gastric fundus from immature rats, telenzepine and
      pirenzepine did not modify the spontaneous acid secretion, whereas both drugs
      caused a competitive inhibition of bethanechol-induced acid secretion (pA2 values
      were 7.96 and 6.81 for telenzepine and pirenzepine, respectively). These data
      indicate that telenzepine is a potent antisecretory agent both in vitro and in
      vivo.

PMID- 2636820
TI  - Pirenzepine prevents cysteamine-induced formation of gastroduodenal ulcers and
      reduction of mesenteric circulation.
AB  - The effects of pirenzepine on gastric and duodenal ulceration and barrier mucus
      levels, as well as on changes of superior mesenteric artery diameter caused by
      cysteamine, were investigated in rats and compared with those of atropine.
      Cysteamine induced severe gastric and duodenal ulcers and decreased both barrier
      mucus levels and mesenteric blood flow. Pirenzepine reduced gastric and duodenal
      ulceration induced by cysteamine. Moreover, pirenzepine significantly increased
      basal mesenteric artery diameter and fully prevented cysteamine-induced decrease
      in mesenteric blood flow. Under the same conditions, atropine failed to prevent
      gastric and duodenal ulceration or mesenteric artery changes caused by
      cysteamine. Both pirenzepine and atropine were without any effect on cysteamine
      induced inhibition of gastric and duodenal barrier mucus levels. The present
      results are consistent with the view that pirenzepine protects against
      gastroduodenal ulceration caused by cysteamine by increasing blood flow at the
      level of the ulcerated mucosa. The higher affinity of pirenzepine for the
      muscarinic receptors of sympathetic ganglia may explain the difference between
      the effects of pirenzepine and atropine. In addition to this, the measurement of
      superior mesenteric artery diameter changes may represent an accurate and
      reproducible method, suitable for studying the gastrointestinal protective
      mechanisms of the drugs.

PMID- 2636821
TI  - Octylonium bromide, an antagonist of platelet-activating factor.
AB  - Octylonium bromide, a spasmolytic agent in clinical use for the treatment of
      increased tone and/or motility of the gastrointestinal tract, was examined for
      its ability to antagonize some biological actions of platelet-activating factor.
      It was found capable of inhibiting, in a concentration- or dose-dependent
      fashion, the platelet-activating factor-induced platelet aggregation of rabbit
      platelet-rich plasma, bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs, hypotension in rats and
      lethality in mice, its potency being between 1/15 and 1/50 that of WEB 2086. On
      the other hand, octylonium bromide was not capable of inhibiting the platelet
      activating factor-induced contraction of guinea-pig lung parenchymal strips, an
      effect which is inhibited by WEB 2086 only at high concentrations. It is worth
      mentioning that octylonium bromide antagonized endotoxin-induced gastrointestinal
      damage, known to be due to platelet-activating factor release, at doses
      comparable to those which exert a spasmolytic effect in man. The role of platelet
      activating factor in human gastrointestinal disorders has not yet been clearly
      established and, therefore, the clinical implications of this property of
      octylonium bromide are at the moment unknown.

PMID- 2636822
TI  - Kinetic disposition, systemic bioavailability, tissue levels and acetylation of
      some sulphonamides in goats.
AB  - Sulphamethoxazole, sulphadimethyloxazole and sulphadimethoxine were once
      administered in goats via oral and i.v. route (100 mg/kg b.wt.) for determination
      of plasma and urine concentrations of the unchanged sulphonamides and their
      acetylated derivatives, kinetic behavior, systemic bioavailability, tissue levels
      and acetylation. The highest plasma concentrations of sulphamethoxazole,
      sulphadimethyloxazole and sulphadimethoxine were reached after 0.64, 1.31 and
      0.46 hr following oral administration, with an absorption half-life of 0.84, 1.31
      and 0.38 hr and an elimination half-life of 3.51, 5.01 and 5.55 hr, respectively.
      Following a single i.v. injection, the kinetic disposition of sulphamethoxazole
      and sulphadimethoxine followed a one-compartmental model with an elimination half
      life of 1.48 and 1.76 hr and a total body clearance-time curve of
      sulphadimethyloxazole, after a single i.v. injection, could be described by a two
      compartmental open model with an elimination half-life of 3.27 hr, a volume of
      distribution of 248.07 ml/kg and a total body clearance of 0.82 ml/kg/min. The
      systemic bioavailability was 19.95, 11.37 and 23.27% after oral administration of
      sulphamethoxazole, sulphadimethyloxazole and sulphadimethoxine, respectively. The
      percentages of serum protein binding of sulphamethoxazole, sulphadimethyloxazole
      and sulphadimethoxine were determined in most of the body tissues, collected 4 hr
      after i.v. injection. The highest concentration was found in kidney and liver. On
      the other hand, sulphamethoxazole, sulphadimethyloxazole and sulphadimethoxine
      were N4-acetylated in the body tissues to a higher extent than that in plasma.
      Acetylation was highest in rumen and skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2636823
TI  - Effect of trimetazidine on early and delayed doxorubicin myocardial toxicity.
AB  - The influence of the administration of trimetazidine on the myocardial toxicity
      induced by doxorubicin was studied on an in vivo model in the rat. Trimetazidine
      was chosen due to its ability to act as a scavenger of oxygen-derived free
      radicals, which have been implicated in both early and delayed cardiotoxic
      manifestations after doxorubicin treatment. In the present study, doxorubicin was
      administered as 4 weekly i.v. injections of 3 mg/kg. The cardiotoxic effects were
      evaluated by measuring predictive ECG parameters (QT and ST intervals) as well as
      the contractile performance of atria isolated from treated animals. Heart
      preparations were also examined by light microscopy. Trimetazidine, 2.5 mg/kg/day
      i.p. for 3 days before doxorubicin administration plus 2.5 mg/kg/day p.o. for 10
      weeks, was unable to prevent the development of doxorubicin-induced long-term
      cardiotoxicity. However, a significant improvement of the early cardiotoxic signs
      was observed in trimetazidine-treated rats, as reported in previous
      investigations. The present findings suggest that different target structures may
      be involved in the early and delayed free radical-mediated effects of
      doxorubicin.

PMID- 2636824
TI  - Anthracene-9-carboxylic acid and haematological and biochemical variables in the
      rat.
AB  - Chronic administration of anthracene-9-carboxylic acid in Long-Evans rats had no
      significant effect on the following haematological and biochemical variables:
      haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum sodium, potassium, glucose, cholesterol and
      proteins. In agreement with previous reports, significant age-related differences
      of glucose and cholesterol concentration were observed. A decrease of body weight
      was the main finding. The similarities between the myotonia induced by anthracene
      9-carboxylic acid and the characteristic myotonic, haematological and biochemical
      alterations in patients with myotonia congenita, suggest that, despite untoward
      effects such as a decrease of body weight, chronic anthracene-9-carboxylic acid
      administration appears to be a good model for the study of mytonia congenita.

PMID- 2636825
TI  - Some effects of desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline on the schedule-controlled
      behavior of pigeons and rats.
AB  - The effects of desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline on schedule-controlled
      behavior of pigeons and rats were examined. Pigeons responded under either a
      multiple (mult) fixed-interval (FI) 600-sec, fixed-ratio (FR) 30-response
      schedule of food presentation or a mult FI 200-sec, FI 200-sec schedule, in which
      responding during one component was punished with electric shock. Rats responded
      under a mult FI 300-sec, FR 30-response schedule of food presentation. Under the
      mult FI, FR schedules, desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline decreased overall
      rates of FI and FR responding in both species. Overall rates of responding were
      decreased to similar extents under both the FI and FR components of the schedule.
      In the pigeon, but not in the rat, the effects of desmethylimipramine and
      amitriptyline on responding under the FI component of the mult FI, FR schedule
      depended on the control-rate of responding, i.e. desmethylimipramine and
      amitriptyline increased more or decreased less the low rates of FI responding at
      the beginning of the FI compared to the higher rates of FI responding at the end
      of the FI. In contrast, in the rat desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline did not
      differentially affect the low rates of responding at the beginning of the FI
      compared to the higher rates of responding at the end of the FI. Correspondingly,
      in the pigeon, but not in the rat, desmethylimipramine and amitriptyline
      decreased the fixed-interval quarter-life at relatively low doses. In the pigeon
      neither desmethylimipramine nor amitriptyline differentially affected the overall
      rate of punished as compared to unpunished responding.

PMID- 2636826
TI  - Effects of acute amphetamine treatment on the butyrylcholinesterase activity in
      adrenal glands of mice.
AB  - Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8.) activity in adrenal cortex and medulla
      was studied in control mice and in mice treated with DL-amphetamine. Amphetamine
      6 mg/kg body weight, enhanced the enzyme activity in the adrenal medulla. In
      cortical layers, the effect was different for various layers; the enzyme activity
      decreased in the zona glomerulosa and in the zona reticularis, but remained
      unaltered in the zona fasciculata. In view of various neuronal and nonneuronal
      functions of BChE, it is suggested that the difference in effect of amphetamine
      on activity of BChE in various parts of glands is due to the neuronal and
      nonneuronal origin and function of the adrenal medulla and the cortex.

PMID- 2636827
TI  - Nasal absorption of tetraethylammonium in rats.
AB  - The in vivo and in situ nasal absorption of tetraethylammonium in rats was
      studied. Following nasal administration of tetraethylammonium (150 mumol/kg) to
      rats, there was a rapid increase in plasma concentration of tetraethylammonium
      followed by a slow increase. The absolute bioavailability of nasal
      tetraethylammonium administration was 79%. In rats, tetraethylammonium was shown
      to be more efficiently absorbed from nasal mucosa than from intestine. In in situ
      nasal perfusion experiments, the nasal absorption rate of tetraethylammonium was
      reduced by an increase in perfusion volume. The plot of absorption rate constant
      against 1/volume did not result in a straight line. In addition, there was a
      concentration-dependent decline in the absorption rate of tetraethylammonium with
      an increase in its initial concentration in the perfusion solution. Choline and
      2,4-dinitrophenol significantly inhibited the nasal absorption of
      tetraethylammonium. These data may suggest the existence of a carrier-mediated
      transport process of tetraethylammonium in nasal mucosa of rats.

PMID- 2636829
TI  - Glucose sensors in a control circuit: a modeling study.
AB  - To draw conclusions for an optimal application and design of glucose sensors, a
      modeling study of glucoregulation including an intracorporal sensor in diabetics
      was performed. Several significant disturbances entering the artificial control
      loop were identified. Their influence on the control behaviour and interactions
      of sensor response time and noise were studied.

PMID- 2636828
TI  - Lack of importance of caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant of dipyrone in mice.
AB  - The analgesic effect of caffeine used alone and in combination with dipyrone and
      butalbital was evaluated after oral administration in mice, using two different
      pain tests: the hot plate test and the phenylbenzoquinone-induced writhing test.
      Neither caffeine (5 to 200 mg/kg) nor butalbital (10 and 20 mg/kg) (20 mg/kg was
      the highest dose that did not induce sleep) produced a significant
      antinociceptive effect, whereas dipyrone was active from 400 mg/kg in the hot
      plate test and from 50 mg/kg in the writhing test. The scores obtained with the
      combinations were not different from those of the dipyrone-treated group, except
      for the butalbital-dipyrone combination. Thus caffeine is not an analgesic
      adjuvant in mice; its presence in the combination studied appears to be
      justifiable only insofar as it inhibited the sedative effect of butalbital.

PMID- 2636830
TI  - International Workshop on Intracorporal Glucose Sensors. September 27-30, 1988.
      Gohren-Lebbin, GDR. Proceedings.

PMID- 2636831
TI  - Mathematical simulation of an enzyme-based glucose sensor with pO2-basic sensor.
AB  - In the design of enzyme-based sensors, the measuring characteristics are mostly
      obtained by the trial-and-error method. An alternative is provided by
      mathematical simulation of the behaviour of the sensors. For this, a mathematical
      model was outlined which is described by two coubled inhomogeneous partial
      differential equations for each layer of the sandwich membrane structure and by a
      set of boundary conditions. This model was used to simulate the dependence of the
      measuring characteristics (calibration curves, response time) on the design
      parameters (geometry, transport properties of the membranes, enzyme activity) of
      the enzyme-based glucose sensor. The simulated and the measured calibration
      curves are in good correspondence. With decreasing pO2, a stoichiometric
      limitation appears, and the linear range of measurement is reduced. If catalase
      is coimmobilized with glucose oxidase, the oxygen consumption is halved and the
      measuring range is doubled. The influences of diffusion coefficients and of
      specific enzyme activities on the sensitivity and response time are simulated.
      The results are in good accordance with theoretical statements and experimental
      results. The limits of the model are determined by its convergence properties.

PMID- 2636832
TI  - A novel approach to electrode signal analysis for glucose determination.
AB  - The methodology proposed in this presentation consists in considering the
      stationary Pt-electrode of an electrocatalytic sensor aimed at glucose
      measurement together with the reference electrode as a "black box" for which a
      mathematical model is assumed. The model correlates selected features of the
      output signal to the concentration of glucose and of interfering substances
      (urea, amino acids) and to their interactions. The model parameters are
      experimentally identified. During the measurement, the values of previously
      selected features of sensor output signal are determined; then they serve as the
      input data for computation of concentrations of glucose and of interfering
      substances.

PMID- 2636833
TI  - Glucose measurement in diluted blood.
AB  - The sensitivity, measuring range and lifetime of enzyme electrodes using glucose
      oxidase sandwiched between dialysis membranes or alternatively in a polyurethane
      layer directly on the surface of a platinum electrode are compared. The GOD
      modified electrode exhibits the highest sensitivity. However, the signal depends
      strongly on the stirring rate. Using the sandwich membranes up to 120 diluted
      blood samples per hour with a serial coefficient of variation below 1% can be
      analyzed.

PMID- 2636834
TI  - In vitro measurements with electrocatalytic glucose sensor in blood.
AB  - The principle of measurement with electrocatalytic glucose sensor is based on the
      direct electrochemical oxidation of glucose at an active and membrane-covered
      noble metal electrode. The objective is to measure glucose in the range of
      diffusion limiting current, since the glucose concentration in front of the
      membrane is proportional to the oxidative current. The determination of glucose
      concentration is realized by considering the electrode processes taking place at
      different potentials, and by measuring the impedance of the electrode/membrane
      system using the conventional three-electrode arrangement. Performance and long
      term stability of the sensor are mainly dependent on the properties of the
      membrane and on the poisoning reactions at the electrode. Using this method,
      measurements were carried out in defibrinated sheep blood at 37 degrees C. After
      reproducible in vitro measurements could be made with the sensor over up to 3
      weeks with an error of 20%, experiments were conducted in sheep using an
      extracorporeal circulation system. The correlation between the electrode signal
      and the glucose concentration in blood could be confirmed during glucose
      tolerance tests.

PMID- 2636835
TI  - Flow-through and catheter biosensors with an extended concentration range.
AB  - Flow-through and catheter glucose sensors and glucose-, lactate-, ethanol- and
      uric acid-sensitive catheter biosensors possessing a linear region of calibration
      curves over the physiological range of metabolite concentrations in blood are
      designed.

PMID- 2636836
TI  - Preparation and validation of implantable electrodes for the measurement of
      oxygen and glucose.
AB  - In realizing the continuous measurement of pO2 and glucose concentration in the
      subcutaneous tissue, miniaturized electrochemical oxygen- and enzyme glucose
      sensors, based on modified Clark-type electrodes for transient implantation, were
      developed and investigated. The electrodes were prepared by means of sequential
      dipping procedures in glucose oxidase and in different polymer solutions at well
      defined environmental conditions in an incubator. By means of combining a
      hydrophobic membrane with a glucose permeable area and a hydrophilic membrane in
      the case of the glucose sensor, linearity of the glucose dependent electrode
      signal up to greater than 20 mmol/l could be achieved. After subcutaneous
      implantation in the neck of dogs, the enzyme sensor is able to follow glucose
      profiles in the normo- and in the hyperglycaemic range, e.g. as caused by oral
      glucose loads. Looking for the difference in sensitivity of the enzyme sensor
      measured in vitro and calculated from in vivo data, the influence of potential
      nonspecific, interfering substances in vivo such as urea, amino acids,
      electrolytes, and albumin was estimated.

PMID- 2636837
TI  - Electrochemical glucose sensing at low potentials.
AB  - An electrochemical sensing method was studied, employing cyclic voltammetry at
      smooth Pt-electrodes in the low potential region. It has certain advantages over
      methods that employ higher potentials or constant voltage amperometry. There are
      also advantages over methods employing active enzymes or other unstable elements.
      In addition to a specific scanning potential we have studied voltage-delay
      pulsing techniques for electrode rejuvenation and innovative methods of creating
      analyte-selective covering membrane. At potentials below -0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl, peaks
      of adsorbed glucose species have been observed in cyclic voltammograms. These
      peaks at about -0.7 V (oxidation peak) and -0.8 V (reduction peak) have yielded
      reproducible current-glucose concentration relationships, linear through the
      region of clinically important glucose concentrations (50-300 mg/dl) and stable
      over time. Since these potentials are not in the redox range of many potentially
      interfering substances, selectivity is enhanced.

PMID- 2636838
TI  - The needle glucose electrode: in vitro performance and optimisation for
      implantation.
AB  - The classical glucose needle electrode based on detection of H2O2 from glucose
      oxidase has been studied. Dip-coating of a series of outer polyurethane layers of
      increasing concentration (10-50% W/V) achieved devices with extended linearity
      (greater than or equal to 30 mM glucose) with greater reliability than a single
      dip-coat. In vitro performance in unstirred whole blood was acceptable, and all
      devices were stir-independent. Nevertheless, signal size was affected by a high
      solution viscosity, and this may have implications for the use of enzyme
      electrodes in subcutaneous tissue.

PMID- 2636839
TI  - In situ calibration of implanted electrochemical glucose sensors.
AB  - A feasible and reliable method of in situ checking and calibration of implanted
      glucose sensors is required to compensate for alterations in the overall
      sensitivity of the "sensor plus subcutaneous fluid glucose compartment" system.
      In a study on nondiabetic dogs, the linear regression analysis of paired plasma
      glucose/sensor current data is validated as a potential basis of recalibration of
      intracorporal glucose sensors. These sensors were amperometric glucose
      oxidase/hydrogen peroxide electrodes of which the in vitro response time to
      square alterations in the ambient glucose concentration T95 was less than 5 min.
      The method presented may be incorporated into the data handling system of
      portable glucose monitors or of miniaturized artificial beta-cells. For its
      performance, no steady state glycaemia but a minimum alteration in the
      intracorporal glucose concentration is needed. The latter can be provided both by
      tests or by fluctuations as they occur spontaneously during the course of the
      day.

PMID- 2636840
TI  - In vivo response of microfabricated glucose sensors to glycemia changes in normal
      rats.
AB  - A planar glucose sensor based on an amperometric detection of H2O2 is presented.
      The transducer part which is a planar three-electrode cell consisting of two Pt
      electrodes and one Ag/AgCl-thin film electrode is realized using microelectronic
      technology. The overall dimensions are 0.8 mm x 3 mm x 0.38 mm and the working
      electrode area is 0.1 mm2. GOD is immobilized using glutaraldehyde as a cross
      linking agent and bovine serum albumin as a carrier protein. The resulting
      membrane has a typical thickness of 25 microns. Also, an outer polyurethane
      membrane is dip-coated all around the tip of the electrode. The influence of pO2
      on the sensor response as well as the sensor temperature coefficient, sensitivity
      and linear range have been investigated. The sensor has been tested in vivo in a
      subcutaneous tissue of anaesthetised rats. During experiments, blood sampling
      allows to measure changes in venous plasma glucose using a Beckman analyzer. The
      sensor response following hyperglycaemic clamps as well as intravenous glucose
      loads is discussed.

PMID- 2636841
TI  - Oxygen tension at the subcutaneous implantation site of glucose sensors.
AB  - To elucidate potential influences of the average tissue pO2 on the function of
      implanted glucose sensors, non-miniaturized polarographic oxygen electrodes and
      glucose oxidase/H2O2 glucose electrodes were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue
      of spontaneously breathing normal and diabetic dogs. There was no appreciable run
      in phenomenon of oxygen sensors but normally a pronounced initial decrease in
      current after implantation of glucose sensors. The subcutaneous pO2 amounted to
      an average of 7 kPa in air-breathing animals with no difference between normal
      and insulin-dependent diabetic dogs. It showed oscillations of approximately +/-
      2 kPa but the mean was stable over the maximum duration of experiments of 16 h.
      Induced alterations of tissue pO2 between less than 2 and greater than 20 kPa (as
      verified by measurements of arterial pO2) were not followed by alterations in the
      current of nearby implanted glucose sensors. It is concluded that the frequently
      observed instabilities and losses in sensitivity of the system "implanted glucose
      sensor in situ + tissue glucose compartment" are not caused by alterations in
      tissue pO2.

PMID- 2636842
TI  - Preoperative positioning of the protruding premaxilla in the bilateral cleft lip
      patient.
AB  - The rationale and technique for preoperative retraction of a protrusive
      premaxilla in the bilateral complete cleft lip and palate patient are presented.
      Two types of pinned intraoral appliances are presented that can expand the
      palatal shelves while retracting the premaxillary segment. Findings from lateral
      cephalometric x-ray studies of eight appliance patients and six control patients
      with bilateral clefts but no appliance treatment are presented at age 15. The
      data indicate that the cephalometric values at age 15 are within the normal range
      for most patients. Incisor angulation was quite varied among the subjects.

PMID- 2636843
TI  - Getting your diagnosis out of joint.

PMID- 2636844
TI  - Gas in a spinal extradural cyst. Case report.
AB  - This case report describes a patient with sciatica resulting from lumbar root
      compression by a gas-containing cyst in the extradural space. Removal of the cyst
      provided prompt relief. The origin and anatomic distribution of gas collections
      in the spine are considered based on a review of the literature.

PMID- 2636845
TI  - Abdominal actinomycosis: evaluation by computed tomography.
AB  - Actinomycosis causes disease in multiple organ systems and involves the abdomen
      approximately 20% of the time. We report a case of a 48-yr-old woman with a large
      abdominal mass secondary to actinomycosis. The patient demonstrates the clinical
      and pathologic features of this disease, as well as the role of evaluation by
      barium examination and computed tomography (CT). A discussion of abdominal
      actinomycosis is included.

PMID- 2636846
TI  - Primary and recurrent herpes simplex infection in a pediatric nurse resulting
      from a human bite.

PMID- 2636847
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical correlates of intellectual impairment in
      myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - Although intellectual impairment is common in patients with myotonic dystrophy,
      this aspect of the disease has received relatively little research attention. We
      examined 41 patients with myotonic dystrophy using objective neuropsychological
      procedures and magnetic resonance imaging. Ten patients (24%) had severe and
      generalized intellectual dysfunction, while lesser or no cognitive impairment
      characterized the remaining patients. Degree of intellectual impairment was not
      related to neuromuscular status or sex. Patients with severe intellectual
      disturbance had significantly earlier onset of both myotonia and weakness and
      were more likely to inherit the disease from their mother. Magnetic resonance
      imaging findings indicated that while degree of cerebral atrophy was not related
      to severity of intellectual impairment, skull thickness, focal white matter
      lesions, and anterior temporal lobe abnormalities were significantly more common
      in patients with severely disturbed intellect. This study reports a number of
      previously unreported cerebral magnetic resonance imaging findings associated
      with intellectual impairment in myotonic dystrophy, but the etiology of these
      changes awaits neuropathologic examination.

PMID- 2636848
TI  - Marinefish stings.

PMID- 2636849
TI  - Sneddon's syndrome (livedo reticularis and cerebral thrombosis) with livedo
      vasculitis and anticardiolipin antibodies.
AB  - A patient with widespread livedo reticularis and transient cerebral ischaemia
      (Sneddon's syndrome) is described. She also had painful scarring ulcers of the
      lower legs resembling livedo vasculitis and a circulating anticardiolipin
      antibody. We suggest that Sneddon's syndrome and livedo vasculitis may be
      pathogenetically related.

PMID- 2636850
TI  - Hyperparathyroidism in a patient with myotonic dystrophy.

PMID- 2636851
TI  - The Medical Directive. A new comprehensive advance care document.
AB  - Living wills have been strongly endorsed in principle. Unfortunately, existing
      living wills are rarely used in clinical practice because they are vague and
      difficult to apply. To remedy this, we propose a new advance care document: the
      Medical Directive. The Medical Directive delineates four paradigmatic scenarios,
      defined by prognosis and disability of incompetent patients. In each scenario,
      patients are to indicate their preferences regarding specific life-sustaining
      interventions. The Medical Directive also provides for the designation of a proxy
      to make decisions in circumstances where the patient's preferences are uncertain.
      Finally, there is a section for a statement of wishes regarding organ donation.
      The Medical Directive provides an opportunity for significant improvement in the
      documentation of patients' preferences regarding life-sustaining care in states
      of incompetence. As an expression of a patient's wishes, the Medical Directive
      should be honored by courts and should facilitate physician-patient discussions
      of critical and terminal care options.

PMID- 2636853
TI  - HIV in seminal fluid.

PMID- 2636852
TI  - Prenatal cocaine exposure is associated with respiratory pattern abnormalities.
AB  - As retrospectively determined, the rate of sudden infant death syndrome in 66
      infants prenatally exposed to cocaine was 15%, compared with only 4% among
      infants exposed to opiates. This prospective evaluation of cardiorespiratory
      pattern in 32 cocaine-exposed and 18 methadone-exposed infants was therefore
      performed to further evaluate the effects of intrauterine exposure. The two
      groups were similar in maternal age, race, and cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana
      use and in gestational age, sex, and birth weight. Apnea density and episodes of
      periodic breathing exceeded the 95th percentile for normal infants in 12 (38%) of
      32 of cocaine-exposed infants vs only 1 (6%) of 18 opiate-exposed infants. Five
      cocaine-exposed but no opiate-exposed infants had apnea of infancy, and all 5 of
      these infants had an abnormal cardiorespiratory pattern. In all 13 infants with
      an abnormal cardiorespiratory pattern, theophylline treatment resulted in
      normalization of the respiratory pattern and was associated with absence of any
      (further) clinical events. In summary, infants prenatally exposed to cocaine have
      a higher incidence of cardiorespiratory pattern abnormalities than do infants
      with methadone or no prenatal drug exposure.

PMID- 2636854
TI  - General practitioner training.

PMID- 2636855
TI  - Critical care units.

PMID- 2636856
TI  - Cutaneous endometriosis with unusual histologic features.

PMID- 2636857
TI  - Physicochemical properties of dexamethasone palmitate, a high fatty acid ester of
      an anti-inflammatory drug: polymorphism and crystal structure.
AB  - Two polymorphic crystalline forms of dexamethasone palmitate were obtained from
      acetone (Form A) and n-heptane (Form B), and characterized by X-ray powder
      patterns and IR spectra. The crystal structure of Form B was further analyzed by
      the X-ray diffraction method. The molecular conformation of the hydrocarbon chain
      was shown to be fully extended and nearly at right angles to the dexamethasone
      ring. A definite separation between the lipophilic and hydrophilic rows, which
      consist of palmityl and dexamethasone layers, respectively, was evident in the
      crystal structure. Utilizing the conformational and molecular packing
      similarities between dexamethasone palmitate and phospholipid molecules, a
      possible interaction mode between them is proposed and outlined in this paper.

PMID- 2636858
TI  - The effect of caffeine on intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients.
AB  - The authors investigated the effect of drinking regular coffee on intraocular
      pressure (IOP) using a single-masked randomized crossover study comparing coffee
      and herbal tea in 13 glaucoma patients. Intraocular pressure and blood pressure
      were monitored before ingestion of coffee or tea and at 30, 60, and 90 minutes
      after ingestion. The mean (+/- standard error of measurement) change in IOP 30,
      60, and 90 minutes after ingestion for the coffee drinkers was 0.96 +/- 0.4, 1.38
      +/- 0.53, and 1.04 +/- 0.37 mmHg, respectively. The mean change in IOP for the
      tea drinkers 30, 60, and 90 minutes after ingestion was 0.85 +/- 0.41, 0.23 +/-
      0.36, and -0.42 +/- 0.44 mmHg, respectively. There was a statistically
      significant difference in the change in IOP at 90 minutes when comparing coffee
      to tea (P = 0.003) and no significant difference for 30 and 60 minutes. Although
      there was a statistically significant difference in IOP at 90 minutes between
      coffee and tea drinkers, the change was not clinically significant.

PMID- 2636859
TI  - Tissue expander tube exteriorization using a stylet.

PMID- 2636860
TI  - Methods for analysing complex data from surveys of health conditions and
      behaviour.

PMID- 2636861
TI  - Sequelae of electrical shock.

PMID- 2636862
TI  - Any more cordials to the drooping spirit? Professional ethics, 1847-1989.

PMID- 2636863
TI  - Genesis of mesothelioma.

PMID- 2636864
TI  - Immunological studies in sickle cell disease: comparison of homozygote mild and
      severe variants.
AB  - Cellular and humoral immune functions in patients suffering from severe and mild
      forms of homozygous sickle cell disease (SCD) were compared with those of healthy
      control subjects. Random neutrophil migration, chemotactic activity, and
      lymphocyte transformation index were all defective in individuals with severe
      variants of SCD when compared with individuals with mild disease or healthy
      controls. In contrast, serum opsonization activity was significantly reduced in
      both severe and mild variants of SCD. There were no statistical differences
      between serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, and IgM) or complement C3 levels in any
      of the three groups. These results demonstrate that even though individuals with
      the mild variant of SCD possess two S genes, their immune functions are generally
      normal and in parallel with their clinical and hematological status. The one area
      of impaired immune function is their defective serum opsonization activity and
      this may explain their sensitivity to certain infections.

PMID- 2636865
TI  - Fiberglass versus plaster casts. How to choose between them.
AB  - Both fiberglass and plaster of Paris casts have advantages and disadvantages, and
      the choice of material depends on the individual situation. Fiberglass is used
      most often, but plaster of Paris, with its molding capabilities, is the first
      choice for fresh extremity fractures. "Hybrid" casts offer no advantages.

PMID- 2636866
TI  - Electroconvulsive therapy. The perioperative process.
AB  - Although ECT is not a typical procedure performed in the surgical suite, the OR
      does provide a safe environment for the patient. With an anesthesiologist backup
      and a fully equipped postanesthesia care unit available, the staff is well
      equipped to deal with any adverse reactions. Many people, including health
      professionals, have reservations about ECT. Such views are usually formed by
      inaccurate media portrayals of the treatment. One successful method to overcome
      these misunderstandings is education. Gradually, with the interdepartmental
      preceptorship, in-service education sessions, and interactions with patients, the
      OR staff working with the ECT program at St Joseph Hospital and Health Care
      Center grew to accept and understand the treatment. Based on our experience, ECT
      can be an effective, well-planned method of treatment for some psychopathological
      conditions.

PMID- 2636867
TI  - Total hip replacement and antithrombotic prophylaxis.
AB  - British orthopaedic surgeons were surveyed to assess the practice of prophylaxis
      against thromboembolism in patients undergoing total hip replacements. Of 690
      surgeons, 348 (50.4%) do not routinely use pharmacological prophylaxis (190 use
      no prophylaxis while 158 use a mechanical form of prophylaxis), 289 (41.9%)
      surgeons use a single pharmacological agent (with or without a mechanical form of
      prophylaxis), and the remaining 53 (7.7%) use two or more pharmacological agents.

PMID- 2636868
TI  - Why must you report an impaired colleague?

PMID- 2636869
TI  - Passive smoking and passive thinking.

PMID- 2636870
TI  - Resolution of lymphosarcoma associated blindness in a dog following chemotherapy.

PMID- 2636871
TI  - Depression not associated with cimetidine.

PMID- 2636872
TI  - Dental "silver" tooth fillings: a source of mercury exposure revealed by whole
      body image scan and tissue analysis.
AB  - Mercury (Hg) vapor is released from dental "silver" tooth fillings into human
      mouth air after chewing, but its possible uptake routes and distribution among
      body tissues are unknown. This investigation demonstrates that when radioactive
      203Hg is mixed with dental Hg/silver fillings (amalgam) and placed in teeth of
      adult sheep, the isotope will appear in various organs and tissues within 29
      days. Evidence of Hg uptake, as determined by whole-body scanning and measurement
      of isotope in specific tissues, revealed three uptake sites: lung,
      gastrointestinal, and jaw tissue absorption. Once absorbed, high concentrations
      of dental amalgam Hg rapidly localize in kidneys and liver. Results are discussed
      in view of potential health consequences from long-term exposure to Hg from this
      dental material.

PMID- 2636873
TI  - The 118th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. St. Louis, Missouri, 27
      November-1 December 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2636874
TI  - An online tests catalog for clinical laboratories.
AB  - An attempt to integrate an online catalog for clinical laboratory tests in a
      university hospital medical computing environment is presented here. The need for
      such a catalog is evident, due to the dynamic changes in the area, new tests, and
      new test methods. Physicians are able to access the catalog through department
      terminals. The catalog has been designed and implemented as a relational
      database, including seven tables. Context-sensitive help screens are available at
      any step, as well as specific instructions for each laboratory.

PMID- 2636875
TI  - Fenoterol: confounding again.

PMID- 2636876
TI  - A dementia syndrome of dependency?
AB  - The diagnostic process in a case of dementia associated with physical and
      emotional dependence is described. The utility of sodium amylobarbitone
      abreaction is considered. The role of both psychodynamic and organic factors are
      emphasised in the aetiological work-up. The organic factors discussed include
      alcohol, sedative tranquillisers, solvents, and metals. The term 'pseudodementia'
      is not favoured, and the phrase 'dementia syndrome of dependency' is proposed.

PMID- 2636877
TI  - Compulsive water drinkers.

PMID- 2636878
TI  - Spontaneous orgasms--any explanations?

PMID- 2636879
TI  - Kinematics of helical motion of microorganisms capable of motion with four
      degrees of freedom.
AB  - The kinematics of helical motion are described for an organism with four degrees
      of freedom, relative to the organism's frame of reference. It can rotate about
      any of three orthogonal axes, but can translate only in the direction of one
      axis. In particular, equations are developed for calculating the pitch, radius,
      and angular frequency of the helical path from the translational and rotational
      velocities of the microorganism, correcting, and expanding the analysis of Gray
      J. (1955. J. Exp. Biol. 32:775-801).

PMID- 2636880
TI  - Concordance between galvanic skin response and spinal palpation findings in pain
      free males males.

PMID- 2636881
TI  - Symptoms of stress predict musculoskeletal disorders.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a relationship between
      musculoskeletal disorders and presumed symptoms of stress. DESIGN: Cross
      sectional and mixed longitudinal cohort study. Longitudinal data were collected
      at baseline (1973) and at re-examinations in 1978 and 1983. SETTING: Community
      based. PARTICIPANTS: Study sample was drawn from employees who had worked for at
      least 15 months at government owned Valmet metal factories in Finland, and
      comprised 902 men and women out of a total eligible population of 2653; 74% of
      the women and 63% of the men took part in both re-examinations. MEASUREMENTS AND
      MAIN RESULTS: Musculoskeletal disorders were measured as rheumatic symptoms,
      clinical findings and presence of chronic specific diseases. Eighteen symptoms of
      stress were combined in a stress symptoms score. Stress symptoms were associated
      with rheumatic symptoms and clinical findings in all sex/occupational class
      groups at first examination (baseline); and the prevalence of chronic
      musculoskeletal disease was associated with stress symptoms in men and in blue
      collar women (skilled and semiskilled workers). The mean stress symptom score of
      1973 and 1978 predicted the level of rheumatic symptoms and clinical findings in
      1983, allowing for the relevant score at baseline. The mean score also predicted
      the incidence of disease during the second half of the follow up in women and in
      blue collar men. Rheumatic symptoms covaried with the stress symptoms. Change in
      stress symptoms was predicted by indices of musculoskeletal disorders.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that stress symptoms and musculoskeletal
      disorders are reciprocally related.

PMID- 2636882
TI  - Two doctorates: separate and unequal?

PMID- 2636883
TI  - Ordering loci on human chromosome 22.

PMID- 2636884
TI  - Advice on iontophoresis.

PMID- 2636885
TI  - Acute cardiomyopathy in heifers.

PMID- 2636886
TI  - Spontaneous orgasms--an explanation?

PMID- 2636887
TI  - Re: Problems in validation of in vitro developmental toxicity assays.

PMID- 2636888
TI  - 22q distal duplication syndrome.

PMID- 2636889
TI  - Herbal teas.

PMID- 2636890
TI  - Increased accumulation of N-isopropyl-p-(123I)-iodoamphetamine in two cases with
      mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes
      (MELAS).
AB  - We present two cases with mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and
      strokelike episodes (MELAS), which showed both increased and decreased
      accumulation of N-isopropyl-p-(123I)-iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP) in single photon
      emission computed tomography (SPECT). The increased accumulation of the tracer
      occurred, before low density appeared on conventional computed tomography,
      suggesting that 123I-IMP SPECT may be useful in pathophysiological study of
      MELAS.

PMID- 2636892
TI  - [41st annual meeting of the Spanish Society of Neurology. Barcelona, 11-16
      December 1989. Abstracts].

PMID- 2636891
TI  - Antidepressant profile of 9-methyl-2[-3-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinylpropyl)]-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydro-beta- carbolin-1-one (B-193).
AB  - A potential antidepressant activity of B-193 was studied in mice and rats. In in
      vitro studies B-193 did not affect the uptake of NA and 5-HT. In in vivo models
      the tested compound did not influence the reserpine-induced hypothermia,
      hypoactivity and ptosis, the stimulating action of L-DOPA, the apomorphine
      induced hypothermia. On the other hand, it produced a positive effect in the
      despair test. When given repeatedly, it evoked adaptive changes in brain
      neurotransmitter receptors, i.e. it decreased the density of beta-adrenoceptors
      and increased the number of alpha 1 ones; those changes were accompanied with
      functional alternations in the reactivity of those receptors: an attenuated
      behavioral reaction to salbutamol and enhanced aggressiveness induced by a high
      dose of clonidine. Furthermore, B-193 administered repeatedly enhanced
      hyperlocomotion induced by amphetamine but did not influence the stereotypy
      induced by apomorphine. These results indicate that B-193 possesses properties
      characteristic for atypical antidepressants.

PMID- 2636893
TI  - [Special meeting of the Spanish Society of Neurology. Palma de Mallorca, June 8
      10, 1989. Abstracts].

PMID- 2636894
TI  - Molecular recognition in synthetic polymers. Enantiomeric resolution of amide
      derivatives of amino acids on molecularly imprinted polymers.
AB  - Molecular imprints were prepared using L-phenylalanine anilide as the print
      molecule and methacrylic acid as the functional monomer. Methacrylic acid
      interacts ionically with the primary amine of the print molecule and via hydrogen
      bonding with the amide function. In the HPLC mode such polymers were shown to
      exhibit efficient enantiomeric resolution of a racemic mixture of the original
      print molecule. Enantiomeric resolution was shown to be dependent on the ratio of
      methacrylic acid to print molecule in the pre-polymerization mixture and specific
      for the presence of both print molecule and functional monomer. Further analyses
      showed the importance of both the primary amino and amide functions in the
      correct stereochemistry for recognition and enantiomeric resolution of compounds
      on such polymers. Other amide derivatives of amino acids including p
      nitroanilides, beta-naphthylamides and amides were recognized by such polymers,
      and enantiomeric resolution was obtained for amide derivatives of amino acid
      ranging from alanine to tryptophan on a single polymer. The implications of these
      findings with respect to the mechanism of recognition and the ability to predict
      enantiomeric resolution of molecules on molecularly imprinted polymers will be
      discussed.

PMID- 2636895
TI  - Molecular recognition between oligopeptides and nucleic acids. Sequence specific
      binding of (4S)-(+)- and (4R)-(-)-dihydrokikumycin B to DNA deduced from 1H NMR,
      footprinting studies and thermodynamic data.
AB  - The sequence specific binding of the antibiotic (4S)-(+)-dihydrokikumycin B and
      its (4R)-(-) enantiomer, [(S)-1 and (R)-1, respectively] to DNA were
      characterized by DNase I and MPE footprinting, calorimetry, UV spectroscopy,
      circular dichroism, and 1H NMR studies. Footprinting analyses showed that both
      enantiomers [(S)-1 and (R)-1] bind to AT-rich regions of DNA. 1H NMR studies
      (ligand induced chemical shift changes and NOE differences) of the
      dihydrkikumycins with d-[CGCAATTGCG]2 show unambiguously that the N to C termini
      of the ligands are bound to 5'-A5T6T7-3' reading from left to right. From
      quantitative 1D-NOE studies, the AH2(5)-ligand H7 distance of complex A [(S)-1
      plus decamer (which is bound more strongly)] and complex B [(R)-1 and decamer]
      are estimated to be 3.8 +/- 0.3 A and 4.9 +/- 0.4 A, respectively. This
      difference in binding properties is reflected in the thermodynamic profiles of
      the two enantiomeric ligands determined by a combination of spectroscopic and
      calorimetric techniques. The binding free energies (delta G degrees) of (S)-1 and
      (R)-1 to poly d(AT).poly d(AT) at 25 degrees C are -31.8 and -29.3 kJ mol-1,
      respectively while the corresponding binding enthalpies (delta H degrees) are 
      11.3 and -0.8 kJ mol-1. These data permit the construction of models for the
      binding of the enantiomeric dihydrokikumycins to DNA and account for the more
      efficient binding of the natural (S) isomer to DNA.

PMID- 2636897
TI  - Regional ligand domain is involved in scavenger receptor-mediated recognition of
      maleyl-albumin by rat sinusoidal liver cells.
AB  - Scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis of maleyl-albumin was studied with rat
      sinusoidal liver cells. Upon maleylation of greater than 28 mol lysine residues
      per protein, bovine serum albumin became an active ligand. Further modification
      of up to 37 mol lysine residues per protein resulted in a sharp increase in the
      ligand activity, reaching a maximum level thereafter. Removal of maleyl moieties
      from maleyl-albumin (demaleylation) from 53 mol to 14 mol lysine residues per
      protein did not affect the ligand activity. However, further demaleylation to
      less than 5 mol lysine residues per protein led to complete loss of the ligand
      activity. Thus, the covalently incorporated maleyl moieties are needed for the
      ligand activity. The ligand activity was also generated when two peptides (Frag N
      and Frag C) from cyanogen bromide-cleaved albumin were maleylated, indicating
      that the formation of an active ligand would not require a whole albumin
      molecule. Maleyl Frag C was further separated into three peptides; maleyl Frag C
      1 (261 amino acid residues), maleyl Frag C-2 (102 residues) and maleyl Frag C-3
      (36 residues). The cellular binding and endocytic degradation of maleyl-albumin
      or acetylated low density lipoprotein were effectively competed for by maleyl
      Frag C-1 and maleyl Frag C-2 but not by maleyl Frag C-3. Thus, regional domains
      might be involved in the ligand recognition by the scavenger receptor.

PMID- 2636896
TI  - A monoclonal antibody to a synthetic fragment of rabies virus glycoprotein binds
      ligands of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor.
AB  - Rabies virus glycoprotein and snake venom curaremimetic neurotoxins share a
      region of high homology (30-45 for neurotoxins and 190-203 for the glycoprotein)
      in the regions that are believed to be responsible for binding the nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptor. Monoclonal antibodies raised to the 190-203 synthetic
      fragment of rabies virus glycoprotein were immobilized on a high performance
      affinity chromatography column and were able to bind neurotoxins. Toxins were
      displaced from the affinity column by elution at acidic pH and by affinity
      competition with acetylcholine at neutral pH. Furthermore, the affinity column
      proved to be useful for the purification of cholinergic ligands. Overall, these
      results indicate that the paratope of our monoclonal antibodies could behave as
      an 'internal image' of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor acetylcholine binding
      site.

PMID- 2636898
TI  - Compartmentation of deoxypyrimidine nucleotides for nuclear DNA replication in S
      phase mammalian cells.
AB  - DNA synthesis in S phase Chinese hamster embryo fibroblast cells in the presence
      of exogenous 3H-dUrd shows incorporation of the labeled precursor with very
      little dilution by the large unlabeled intracellular precursor pools. Full mixing
      would predict a specific activity 10-fold less than that measured. This coupled
      with the finding that 80% of the radioactivity derived from the exogenous 3H-dUrd
      appears in the karyoplasts implies a compartmentation where 3H-dUMP and 3H-dTTP
      derived from exogenous 3H-dUrd do not mix freely with endogenous cytoplasmic
      pools.

PMID- 2636899
TI  - pH regulation of calcium recognition by an amino acid containing acyclic
      ionophore.
AB  - Calcium ion recognition by a dicarboxylic ionophore containing two (S)
      phenylalanine residues joined via an amide bond by a flexible tri-oxa-undecanoyl
      bridge (Phe-3-O) has been investigated in a wide pH range (from pH 2 to 12).
      Experiments were performed in methanol and chloroform by 1H and 13C NMR,
      relaxation times and 2D NMR (COSY, NOESY and J-resolved experiments). Recognition
      is shown to be regulated by pH, as it occurs in at least three different
      coordination modes according to the experimental conditions. Even at low pH (pH
      2) the ion is already complexed in the compartment created by the ethereal
      oxygens and the amide carbonyls. At higher pH, it becomes fully encapsulated in a
      pseudo-cyclic structure and at very basic pH it is localized between the amide
      carbonyls and the carboxylates. For these peculiar properties Phe-3-O appears to
      be a very promising ionophore in a trans-membrane pH gradient system.

PMID- 2636900
TI  - Conformational analysis of blood group A-active glycosphingolipids using HSEA
      calculations. The possible significance of the core oligosaccharide chain for the
      presentation and recognition of the A-determinant.
AB  - Conformational analysis of four different A-active glycosphingolipids, A types 1
      4, was carried out using HSEA-calculations with the GESA-program. In their
      minimum energy conformations the oligosaccharide chains are more or less curved;
      in particular the type 3 and 4 have a strongly bent shape. When the carbohydrate
      structures are linked to ceramide, using the conformational features
      predominantly observed in crystal structures of membrane lipids, rather drastic
      differences in the orientation of the oligosaccharide chains are obtained. For
      the type 1 glycosphingolipid the model study indicates that the A-determinant
      extends almost perpendicularly to the membrane plane whereas for type 2, 3 and 4
      the terminal part of the oligosaccharide chains is more parallel to the membrane.
      The fucose branch on type 3 and type 4 thereby appears directed towards the
      environment whereas for type 2 it would face the membrane. Due to restrictions
      imposed by the membrane layer this core specific orientation is largely preserved
      even if the flexibility of the saccharide-ceramide linkage is taken into account.
      Hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites on the surface of the different oligosaccharide
      chains in their minimum energy conformation were located using the GRID-program.
      It is suggested that the core-dependent presentation of the A-determinant might
      explain the chain type specificity observed for different monoclonal anti-A
      antibodies. The results further suggest that assay systems ensuring a membrane
      like presentation of the glycolipid antigen should be used in studies of
      glycolipid/protein interactions.

PMID- 2636901
TI  - A heme- and metal-binding hexapeptide from the sequence of rabbit plasma
      histidine-rich glycoprotein.
AB  - Rabbit histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) binds low-spin heme and metals tightly
      at several sites that contain histidine. As part of an on-going effort to define
      and locate the binding sites for these and the other ligands of HRG, the
      sequence: NH2-Gly-His-Phe-Pro-Phe-His-Trp-... was found in a 16 kDa heme-binding
      peptide isolated from HRG. The spacing of the histidyl residues in this peptide,
      which contains the C-terminal 79 residues of HRG, together with molecular
      modeling suggested that this sequence might constitute one heme binding site of
      HRG by accommodating heme in a bis-histidyl linkage. Three peptides based on this
      sequence (I, HFPFHW; II, WHFPFH; and III, HFGFHW) were synthesized, and their
      ability to bind heme and metals examined. All three peptides bind heme as
      demonstrated by the changes produced in the absorbance of heme when mixed with
      the peptides. Substituting glycine for proline in the central position or moving
      the location of the tryptophan did not affect heme binding. The apparent Kd's of
      the mesoheme/peptide I, II and III complexes are 75 +/- 25 microM, indicative of
      heme binding approximately 100 times less avid than the mesoheme/HRG complex (Kd
      ca. 1 microM), but nearly 1000 times tighter than that of the mesoheme/histidine
      complex (Kd ca. 60 mM). The absorbance spectra of the mesoheme/peptide complexes,
      the loss of binding caused by modification of histidine residues, and the pH
      dependence of heme binding, all indicate that heme forms a low spin, bis-histidyl
      type of complex with these peptides, like that formed with HRG itself. Copper,
      but not cadmium or nickel, was an effective inhibitor of heme binding by the
      peptides. The sequence of HRG congruent with the sequence of peptide I is
      proposed to be one heme- and metal-binding site of rabbit HRG.

PMID- 2636902
TI  - Association of anthracyclines and synthetic hexanucleotides. Structural factors
      influencing sequence specificity.
AB  - The equilibrium and kinetic aspects of the interaction between four
      anthracyclines and two synthetic self-complementary hexanucleotides was
      investigated by fluorescence detection. Two of the studied anthracyclines are
      widely used antitumor drugs: doxorubicin (1, formerly adriamycin) and
      daunorubicin (2, formerly daunomycin). The other two, 9-deoxydoxorubicin (3) and
      3'-deamino-3'-hydroxy-4'-epidoxorubicin (4), are doxorubicin analogues with
      modifications of the chemical groups that have been proposed as responsible for
      sequence specificity (Chen, K.-X., Gresh, N. and Pullman, B. (1985). J. Biomol.
      Struct. Dyn. 3, 445-466). One of the oligonucleotides, d(CGTACG), is identical to
      that used in the high resolution x-ray structure determination of the
      daunorubicin intercalative complex (Wang, A. H.-J., Ughetto, G., Quigley, G. J. &
      Rich, A. (1987). Biochemistry 26, 1152-1163). Binding to this hexanucleotide is
      compared with intercalation into the d(CGCGCG) duplex, revealing sequence
      preferences of the four anthracyclines. Taking into account the anthracycline
      aggregation and the dissociation of the hexanucleotide double standard form,
      results can be interpreted with a model that assumes complete fluorescence
      quenching at intercalative sites containing the CG base pair, and a large
      residual fluorescence after intercalation within the TpA fragment. All four
      anthracyclines show preferential intercalation at sites near the ends of both
      hexanucleotide duplexes, partly as a result of positive cooperativity in the
      formation of di-intercalated species at these sites. Within the limits of
      experimental error, complete site specificity for the CpG fragment is found in
      the intercalation of 1 and 2 into d(CGTACG) duplex, whereas analogues 3 and 4
      give increasing evidence of intercalation at other sites including the
      fluorescence-preserving TpA fragment. Site specificity is less pronounced in the
      association with d(CGCGCG), when cooperativity is taken into account. Kinetic
      data corroborate the results of equilibrium studies and are interpreted with a
      mechanism that includes formation of an intermediate bound species followed by
      drug redistribution to preferential sites. Finally, from a comparison of
      pertinent site binding constants, approximate free energy contributions to
      sequence specific DNA interaction, due to C9-OH on the aglycone and -NH3+ on
      daunosamine, are estimated not to exceed 2 kcal/mol.

PMID- 2636903
TI  - [71st meeting of the Association of Anatomists. 5th colloquium of the Circle on
      the Biology of Reproduction. 2d colloquium of the French-speaking Association of
      Cytogeneticists. 29-31 May 1989, Angers (France). Abstracts].

PMID- 2636904
TI  - [Cadmium toxicity on rat's placenta: effect of zinc].
AB  - Maternal administration of CdCl2 (40 microM/kg) on the 19th day of gestation
      produces several ultrastructural modifications of the rat placental barrier which
      may be held responsible for fetal death. ZnCl2 (100 microM/kg) administered
      simultaneously with cadmium antagonises the cadmium toxicity in syncytial layer
      I.

PMID- 2636905
TI  - [French Society for Electron Microscopy. Swiss Society for Optics and Electron
      Microscopy. National Association for Research Technic. French-Swiss colloquium.
      Grenoble-St. Martin d'Heres, 7-12 July 1989. Abstracts].

PMID- 2636906
TI  - [Flow cytometry: multiparameter analysis. Association of Flow Cytometry, 6th
      annual congress. Lyon, 21-22 September 1989. Abstracts].

PMID- 2636907
TI  - [Image analysis and flow cytometry. French Society of Quantitative Microscopy.
      Paris, 14-15 December 1989. Abstracts].

PMID- 2636908
TI  - [Studies on coloring constituents in commercial madder color].
AB  - Two main coloring constituents in the commercial madder color were isolated and
      identified as ruberthric acid and lucidin-3-O-primeveroside. On quantitative
      analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography, the contents of ruberthric
      acid and lucidin-3-O-primeveroside in commercial madder color were determined
      0.07% and 0.04%, respectively.

PMID- 2636909
TI  - [Distinction between sodium chlorite and sodium hypochlorite by ion
      chromatography].
AB  - A new method to distinguish between sodium chlorite and sodium hypochlorite by
      ion-chromatography is described. Under the operating condition (TSK-gel DEAE-5PW
      glass column 8.0 mm ID x 7.5 cm with an aqueous solution containing 20 mM sodium
      carbonate, 10 mM sodium hydroxide and 4 mM ethylenediamine) and electrochemical
      detector (Toso EC-8000, -200 mV, Ag-electrode), chlorite and hypochlorite anions
      were clearly separated and detected and the retention times (tR) were 6.0 and 4.6
      min, respectively.

PMID- 2636910
TI  - [Determination of nicotinic acid in injections by high-performance liquid
      chromatography].
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of nicotinic
      acid (NA) in commercial injections was established. NA was determined by high
      performance liquid chromatography on an Inertsil ODS column (4.6 x 150 mm) using
      a mixture of 0.05M monobasic sodium phosphate solution (pH 3) and methanol
      (80:20) containing 1.5 mM sodium 1-octanesulfonate as the mobile phase at 35
      degrees C and the detection wavelength at 260 nm. The working curve for 0 to 120
      micrograms nicotinic acid/ml against 100 micrograms caffeine/ml as internal
      standard passed through the origin and was linear. On comparing the analytical
      data obtained by this method and those by the colorimetric method, both data were
      in good agreement.

PMID- 2636911
TI  - [Studies on the identification of psychotropic substances. VI. Preparation and
      various analytical data of reference standards of some hallucinogens, 2,5
      dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (STP), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB) and
      2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET)].
AB  - The Reference Standards of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (STP), 2,5-dimethoxy
      4-bromoamphetamine (DOB) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET) were
      prepared. Their purities measured by HPLC were 99.5% for STP hydrochloride, 99.8%
      for DOB hydrobromide and 99.5% for DOET hydrochloride. For the identification and
      determination, various analytical data of the three drugs were obtained by using
      UV, IR, HPLC, GC/MS and NMR, and the discrimination were discussed.

PMID- 2636912
TI  - [Long-term stability of Kallidinogenase Reference Standard].
AB  - The long-term stability of Kallidinogenase Reference Standard of National
      Institutes of Hygienic Sciences was studied. The standard was kept for a long
      term (60 months) at -5 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 50 degrees C. No
      decrease in kallidinogenase activity was observed at 60 months at -5 degrees C
      and 28 months at 20 degrees C. The decrease in the activity of the standard kept
      at 37 degrees C was only 7% at 10 months. The standard kept at 50 degrees C had
      lost nearly all activity at 4 months. Therefore, "Kallidinogenase Standard" was
      stable for prolonged storage (about 5 years) at -5 degrees C.

PMID- 2636913
TI  - [Urokinase Reference Standard of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences (Control
      881)].
AB  - The National Institute of Hygienic Sciences Standard for Urokinase (Control 881)
      was established in collaboration with five laboratories. This standard contains
      1100 international units of urokinase and 1.17 mg of human serum albumin in each
      ampoule. Urokinase used for the standard is constituted of 1 part of high
      molecular weight species (M. W. 54000) and 4 parts of low molecular weight
      species (M. W. 33000).

PMID- 2636914
TI  - [The process of developing and improving the analytical method of benzene in
      organic solvents for household use: interlaboratory collaborative study].
AB  - A method for the determination of benzene in spot remover using gas
      chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was
      developed. The method was evaluated by collaborative study. There are various
      types of household products containing organic solvents. The collaborative study
      clarified that a clean-up procedure is necessary for the analysis of products
      other than spot remover. Thus, our improved method adopted the head space method
      in GC and microdiffusion method in HPLC as the clean-up procedure.

PMID- 2636915
TI  - [Examination of spectral interference in ICP-atomic emission spectrometry and
      metal analysis on commercially available natural mineral water].
AB  - To investigate the spectral interference on ICP-atomic emission spectrometer
      (AES), the concentrations of 41 elements were measured when 42 standard solutions
      (1000 ppm) of a single element were introduced. Interference over 10 ppm was
      observed in 16 couples of elements out of 1681 examined and over 2 ppm in 54
      couples. The concentrations of six elements (Ca, Mg, Na, S, Si, Sr) in 10 kinds
      of commercially available natural mineral water were determined simultaneously
      with the ICP-AES.

PMID- 2636916
TI  - [Antimony and other heavy metals in metallic kitchen ware].
AB  - The antimony in metallic kitchen ware was determined. The content of this element
      in metals used for the production or repairing of utensils, containers and
      packaging which come in contact with foods is regulated and should be less than
      5% in under the Japanese Food Sanitation Law. In eight metallic samples, antimony
      was detected in solder used for the production of a can for green tea and an
      eggbeater. The contents were 1.30% in the former and 1.90% in the latter. No
      antimony was detected in solder used for a cookie cutter. A sample of solder used
      for electric work, not for food utensils, contained 0.81% of antimony. In other
      metallic utensils which come in contact with food such as aluminum foil, a brass
      spoon, a stainless steel fork, a wire netting, and an iron rock for vegetable
      color stabilizing, antimony was not detected at a 0.05% detection limit. A
      qualitative test using rhodamine B also showed positive results in only three
      solder samples. Lead concentrations in solder used for the kitchen ware were from
      39.3 to 51.3%. These concentrations were higher than the limit (20%) of lead
      content by the Law. No cadmium was detected in any samples.

PMID- 2636917
TI  - [Modified method for the identification of sodium chlorite and sodium
      hypochlorite as food additives].
AB  - New methods for the identification of sodium chlorite and sodium hypochlorite
      were proposed. Especially, spectrophotometric method was found to be especially
      distinctive and effective for the identification of both food additives (Figs. 1
      3).

PMID- 2636918
TI  - [Development of the database on nonproprietary names of drugs].
AB  - This paper describes the outline of the database of nonproprietary names of drugs
      and the characteristics of its online search system. The database includes the
      records of officially authorized names by WHO, International Nonproprietary Names
      (INN), and those by Japanese Government, Japanese Accepted Names (JAN). The INN
      file is merged with the JAN file. The online retrieval system is designed to
      enable search for drugs by generic names adopted on an international level and a
      national level in both English and Japanese. It is operated with INQ (DBMS) in
      the NEC ACOS-6 computer. Data from INN are updated once a year, and those from
      JAN are added whenever the official announcement of newly approved drugs are
      published in Yakumu-Koho (official pharmaceutical gazette).

PMID- 2636919
TI  - [Lysozyme Reference Standard (Control 871) of the National Institute of Hygienic
      Sciences].
AB  - A candidate for the Lysozyme Reference Standard (Control 871) of the National
      Institute of Hygienic Sciences was prepared. Purity of the standard material
      examined electrophoretically was more than 99.5%. Lysozyme potency of the
      standard material was assayed turbidimetrically using dry-cells of Micrococcus
      luteus as a substrate and compared with that of the Lysozyme Reference Standard
      (Control 865). Potency of the standard material was in satisfactory agreement
      with that of the standard and was defined as 1 mg [potency] per mg.

PMID- 2636920
TI  - [Collaborative study of Japanese Pharmacopoeia Heparin Sodium Reference Standard
      (Control 871)].
AB  - Heparin Sodium Reference Standard for Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) is replaced
      with new material derived from porcine mucosa. The material was dissolved in
      water, distributed to vials and freeze-dried. The anticoagulant activity of the
      freeze-dried product was determined in collaboration with four laboratories
      employing JP method. The weighted mean potency of 101 assays was 1515
      international units per vial, and this value was adopted for the potency of new
      JP Heparin Sodium Reference Standard (Control 871). By the antiheparin test of
      protamine sulfate, 0.712 mg of the new standard was neutralized by 1 mg of
      protamine sulfate. Molecular weight distribution of this standard was also
      measured by means of gel permeation chromatography and compared with those of the
      former reference standard and bovine heparin.

PMID- 2636921
TI  - [Ergocalciferol Reference Standard (Control 871) of National Institute of
      Hygienic Sciences].
AB  - The Ergocalciferol Reference Standard (Control 871) for the Japanese
      Pharmacopoeia was prepared. The following analytical data were obtained: melting
      point, 115.9 degrees C; infrared spectrum, same as the Japanese Pharmacopoeia
      Standard "Ergocalciferol Standard (Control 851)"; absorbance, E1%1cm (265 nm) =
      464.8; optical rotation, [alpha]20D = +104.7 degrees; thin-layer chromatography,
      same as the Japanese Pharmacopoeia Standard; high-performance liquid
      chromatography, contaminants were not detected; assay, 101.2%. On the basis of
      those results, this material was authorized as the Japanese Pharmacopoeia
      Standard (control 871).

PMID- 2636922
TI  - [Diflucortolone-21-valerate Reference Standard (Control 871) of National
      Institute of Hygienic Sciences].
AB  - Diflucortolone-21-valerate was tested for the preparation of "Diflucortolone-21
      valerate Reference Standard (Control 871)". Analytical data obtained were as
      follows: loss on drying, 0.05%; infrared spectrum, 1745, 1727, 1667, 1625, 1611,
      1169 cm-1; ultraviolet spectrum, lambda max = 239 nm; absorbance, E1%1cm (239 nm)
      = 348.8; optical rotation, [alpha]20D: + 100.8 degrees; melting point, 203.2
      degrees C; thin-layer chromatography, three contaminants were detected; high
      performance liquid chromatography, two contaminants were detected; fluorine,
      8.06%. On the basis of those results, this material was authorized as the
      National Institute of Hygienic Sciences Reference Standard (Control 871).

PMID- 2636923
TI  - [Cyanocobalamin Reference Standard (Control 871) of National Institute of
      Hygienic Sciences].
AB  - Cyanocobalamin was tested for the preparation of "Cyanocobalamin Reference
      Standard (Control 871)". Analytical data obtained were as follows: loss on
      drying, 11.6%; infrared spectrum, same as that of Cyanocobalamin Reference
      Standard (Control 861); thin-layer chromatography, two contaminants were
      detected; high-performance liquid chromatography, seven contaminants were
      detected; assay, 99.9% by JP XI method and 100.2% by HPLC method in terms of J.P.
      Reference Standard (Control 861), respectively. On the basis of those results,
      this material was authorized as the Japanese Pharmacopoeia Standard (Control
      871).

PMID- 2636924
TI  - [Tocopherol Reference Standard (Control 881) of National Institute of Hygienic
      Sciences].
AB  - Tocopherol was tested for the preparation of "Tocopherol Reference Standard
      (Control 881)". Analytical data obtained were as follows: infrared spectrum, same
      as Tocopherol Reference Standard (Control 851); absorbance, E1%1cm (292 nm) =
      73.7; thin-layer chromatography, contaminants were not detected until 12.5
      micrograms; high-performance liquid chromatography, six contaminants were
      detected; assay, 100.4%. On the basis of those results, this material was
      authorized as the Japanese Pharmacopoeia Standard (Control 881).

PMID- 2636925
TI  - [Prednisolone Reference Standard of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].
AB  - Prednisolone reference standard for the Japanese Pharmacopoeia was prepared. The
      quality of raw material was examined and compared with the previous reference
      standard (Control 821). Analytical data for this substance were as follows: loss
      on drying, 0.04%; melting point, 234.1 degrees C (decomposition); optical
      rotation, [alpha] 20D + 100.2 degrees; UV spectrum, lambda max = 243 nm;
      absorptivity, E1%1cm (243 nm) = 415; IR spectrum, 1711, 1655, 1612, 1111, 899 cm
      1; one impurity was detected by TLC and high-performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC), respectively; assay by HPLC, 100.1%. Based on the above results, this raw
      material was authorized as the Reference Standard of National Institute of
      Hygienic Sciences.

PMID- 2636926
TI  - [Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Reference Standard (Control 871) of National Institute
      of Hygienic Sciences].
AB  - The raw material of pyridoxine hydrochloride was examined for the preparation of
      "Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Reference Standard". Analytical data for the sample
      were as follows: loss on drying is 0.01%; pH 2.94; melting point 205.2 degrees C
      (decomposition); IR spectrum same as the Pyridoxine Hydrochloride Reference
      Standard (Control 801); TLC indicates no impurities; nitrogen is 6.77%
      (Theoretical value 6.81%); and assay 99.5% by non-aqueous titration, 99.8% by UV
      spectroscopy, and 100.2% by measuring chloride ion. Based on the above results,
      this raw material was authorized to be Reference Standard of National Institute
      of Hygienic Sciences.

PMID- 2636927
TI  - [Tocopherol Acetate Reference Standard (Control 881) of National Institute of
      Hygienic Sciences].
AB  - Tocopherol acetate was tested for the preparation of "Tocopherol Acetate
      Reference Standard (Control 881)". Analytical data obtained were as follows:
      infrared spectrum, same as Tocopherol Acetate Reference Standard (Control 851);
      absorbance, E1%1cm (284 nm) = 43.7; thin-layer chromatography, contaminants were
      not detected; high-performance liquid chromatography, one contaminant was
      detected; assay, 100.0%. On the basis of those results, this material was
      authorized as the Japanese Pharmacopoeia Standard (Control 881).

PMID- 2636928
TI  - [Alpha-bromocinnamaldehyde, its mutagenicity and contents in commercial
      products].
AB  - The amount of alpha-bromocinnamaldehyde (BCA), an anti-mildew agent, in some
      commercial products, was examined by high performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) using the following conditions: column, Nucleosil 50-5 (Nagel, 250 mm x
      4.6 mm i.d.); mobile phase, hexane-chloroform (12:5); flow rate, 1.0 ml/min;
      detector, ultraviolet detector; detection wavelength, 290 nm. Large amounts of
      BCA were detected in anti-mildew mat (10,700-43,500 micrograms/g), anti-mildew
      cloth (1,100 micrograms/g) and BCA gel (10,050 micrograms/g). BCA was also tested
      for mutagenicity against Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA98 and TA2637, with and
      without metabolic activation (S9 mix). The result showed that BCA was a very
      potent mutagen and induced 1.0 x 10(6) of revertants per mg against TA100 without
      S9 mix. The mutagenicity decreased to 1.3 x 10(4) revertants per mg in the
      presence of S9 mix.

PMID- 2636929
TI  - [Measurement of DNA damage in forestomach squamous epithelium by alkaline elution
      assay].
AB  - The alkaline elution assay were applied for assessing DNA damage of forestomach
      squamous epithelium in the male F344 rat. The animals were starved for 18 hr and
      then given a single oral dose of the sample in saline or corn oil. After 3 hr the
      stomach was removed, opened along the greater curvature and washed with cold
      0.024M EDTA-0.075M NaCl (pH 7.5). The mucosa of the forestomach was scraped off
      gently with the edge of a cover glass, and the stratified squamous epithelium was
      collected by scraping off firmly with the edge of a cover glass. Since the
      collected epithelium cells adhere to the pipettes, these cells were transferred
      onto a polycarbonate filter by using a micro spatula. The dose-dependent DNA
      damages (5 approximately 150 mg/kg) were observed after administration of 1
      methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a forestomach carcinogen.

PMID- 2636930
TI  - [Combined long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity test of alpha-bromocinnamic aldehyde
      (BCA) applied to female mouse skin].
AB  - Bromocinnamic aldehyde (BCA), an antibacterial/antifungal agent, was tested for
      its chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity in female Slc:ddY mice. The animals received
      0.25%, 1.0% and 4.0% of BCA dissolved in olive oil applied to the shaved back
      skin area twice a week for 79 weeks. The control group received olive oil alone
      under similar conditions. In addition to these animals, 5 animals in each group
      were killed at 6 and 12 months for investigation of the time-related toxic effect
      of BCA. A slight inhibition of body weight increase and a slight decrease in the
      survival rate were seen in the 4.0% BCA-treated group. No significant changes
      were observed in hematological parameters at 6, 12 and 18 months. In chemical
      biochemistry determination in the blood at 6 and 12 months, a significant
      decrease in non-esterified fatty acid and phospholipid values was observed in the
      experimental groups. Histopathologically, necrosis, scabbing, cell infiltration
      and thickening of the epidermis were noted at the site of application in the 4.0%
      BCA group. Moreover, extramedullary hematopoiesis and amyloid degeneration were
      detected in the spleen, while the incidence of adenomas in the lung decreased
      with a dose-response. These changes seemed to be the result of a non-specific
      inflammatory reaction to the irritation effects of the agent on the skin. No
      significant differences in the incidence of tumors were found between the control
      and experimental groups, not only at the site of application but also in other
      organs, although lung adenomas decreased dose-dependently in all treated
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636931
TI  - [Acute and subacute toxicity studies of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate on
      mice].
AB  - Slc/ddY mice (10 male, 10 female per group) were given a single p.o. intubation
      of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) in olive oil and were observed
      for 14 days. LD50 values of male and female mice were 2.67 (2.52 approximately
      2.83) and 2.25 2.25 (2.12 approximately 2.39) g/kg, respectively. The animals
      revealed ataxic gait, hyperactivity, and convulsion. Slc/ddY mice (12 male, 12
      female er group) were administered diet containing 1.33, 0.42, 0.13, 0.04, and
      0.01% of TDCPP for 3 months. Male and female mice of the 1.33% group showed
      emaciation, rough hair, and tremor; and all animals died within one month.
      Hematological studies showed slight anemia in males of the 0.42% group and
      females of the 0.42% and 0.13% groups. They also exhibited a tendency to increase
      ALP and GPT levels. The animals of the 0.42%, 0.13% and 0.04% groups exhibited
      tendency to increase liver weights and kidney weights in both sexes.
      Histopathologically, very slight focal necrosis was recognized in the liver in
      only 2 females of the 0.42% group. The NOEL under this condition is 0.01% in the
      diet of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (male: 13.2 mg/kg/day, female:
      15.3 mg/kg/day).

PMID- 2636932
TI  - [Toxicity of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in mice].
AB  - 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) has been used mainly as a vulcanization accelerator
      in rubber manufacture and an intermediate in the production of other
      accelerators. Acute and chronic toxicity studies were performed to evaluate its
      potential to induce toxicological effect using Slc:ddY mice. The oral LD50 values
      of MBT (mg/kg) were as follows: (1) suspension in 5% gum arabic solution: 1558
      for males and 1490 for females. (2) suspension in olive oil: 3148 for males.
      Convulsion was the major change in general conditions observed. The acute
      toxicity of MBT in males was stronger when suspended in 5% gum arabic solution
      than that when suspended in olive oil. A 20-month chronic toxicity study of MBT
      on mice was carried out with dose levels of 30, 120, 480 and 1920 ppm in the
      diet. Inhibition of body weight gain was observed in the 1920 ppm group of the
      males from the initial stage of treatment. Histopathologically, cell infiltration
      in the interstitium of kidney in the 1920 and 480 ppm groups of the males were
      found at 20th month. It was concluded that no observable effect level of MBT was
      120 ppm (14.6 mg/kg/day for males and 13.52 mg/kg/day for females).

PMID- 2636933
TI  - [Studies on the teratogenic potential of 2,2'-methylenebis (4-ethyl-6-tert
      buthylphenol) in rats].
AB  - 2,2'-Methylenebis (4-ethyl-6-tert-buthylphenol), an antioxidant, was given orally
      to pregnant Wistar rats by stomach intubation at the dose levels of 187, 375 or
      750 mg/kg body weight during days 7 to 17 of gestation, and the effects of the
      compound on dams and fetal development were examined. In dams at the two higher
      doses of 375 and 750 mg/kg, toxic signs such as hair fluffing and diarrhoea were
      observed, and their body weight gain and food consumption were suppressed. Two
      dams which showed marked diarrhoea in the highest dose group of 750 mg/kg died.
      However, there was no evidence of fetal malformations attributable to the
      treatment of the compound in any of the dose group tested, though a slight
      increase in fetal death was found in the highest dose group. It is concluded that
      2,2'-methylenebis (4-ethyl-6-tert-buthylphenol) has a weak lethal effect on fetal
      development but not a teratogenic effect in the rat.

PMID- 2636934
TI  - [Twenty-eight day repeated dose toxicity testing of diphenylamine in F344 rats].
AB  - A twenty-eight day repeated dose toxicity test of diphenylamine (DPA) was carried
      out in male and female F344 rats at dose levels of 1000, 333, 111 or 0 mg/kg/day.
      Thirty-six animals of both sexes were divided into 6 groups of equal number, 4
      groups being used for the 28 days dosing study and the remainder for
      investigation of recovery. Inhibition of body weight gain, increase of liver,
      spleen and kidney weights, and anemia were observed in the highest dose groups in
      both sexes. The same groups demonstrated mucosal hyperplasia in the forestomach,
      dilatation, degeneration or necrosis of renal tubules in the corticomedullary
      junction, and hyperplasia in the bone marrow histopathologically. Slight increase
      of spleen, liver and kidney weights as well as slight degeneration of renal
      tubules were evident in several animals receiving the dose level of 333
      mg/kg/day. Repair of histopathological lesions and anemia occurred within 14-day
      resting period. Based on these findings, under the present experimental
      conditions, the no observable effect level of DPA was 111 mg/kg/day.

PMID- 2636935
TI  - [Application of BrdU-immunohistochemistry and lanthanum-tracer methods to the
      pathological evaluation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene testicular toxicity].
AB  - The pathogenesis of 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB)-associated testicular toxicity
      was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)
      immunohistochemistry and lanthanum-tracer methods as well as routine
      histopathological examination. Animals were killed at 8, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hr
      after a single oral administration of 1,3-DNB at a dose of 25 mg/kg.
      Histopathologically, severe alterations in the testes such as degenerating
      pachytene spermatocytes and giant cell formation were observed by 24 hr.
      Immunohistochemical analysis revealed no differences in the distribution of BrdU
      positive cells between treated and control rats throughout the experiment. Thus
      it was concluded that 1,3-DNB exerted no effects on DNA synthesis in
      spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes. Using the lanthanum-tracer method,
      it was shown that although lanthanum could penetrate the intercellular space from
      the basement membrane, the tight junction, consisting of fusions of contiguous
      Sertoli cell membranes, prevented further diffusion in both control rats and
      those killed at 8 hr after dosing. On the other hand, at 24 hr after dosing,
      lanthanum penetrated into the adluminal compartment beyond the tight junctions,
      thus demonstrating loss of integrity of the blood-testis barrier. The results
      suggested that the Sertoli cell is the primary target of 1,3-DNB testicular
      toxicity.

PMID- 2636936
TI  - [Analysis of renal calcification and stone formation in rats treated with
      ethoxyquin using X-ray analytical scanning electron microscopy: ultrastructural
      observations and element analysis].
AB  - Rat renal calcification and stone formation were investigated using a JEOL
      JSM840A scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a LINK-QX200J energy
      dispersed X-ray detector (EDX). Male Wistar rats were treated with 100 ppm N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in the drinking water or 10% NaCl in
      the diet for 8 weeks, and subsequently administered a dietary supplement of 0.1%
      ethoxyquin (EQ) for 32 weeks. An additional group received the EQ treatment
      alone. Calcification and stones were observed from the renal papilla to the
      pelvis region in all EQ treated groups. The incidence and grade of the lesion in
      the combined treated groups were much more greater than in the group treated with
      exposed to EQ alone. Ultrastructurally, microvilli on the surface of the renal
      papilla cells appeared degenerated or disappeared completely in the treated
      groups. Chemical element analysis of the renal stones revealed P and Ca to be the
      primary constituents. They were therefore considered to be of hydroxyapatite
      type.

PMID- 2636937
TI  - [Effect of vitamin A deficiency on PNUR-induced carcinogenesis in the rat upper
      digestive tract].
AB  - The effects of vitamin A (VA) deficiency on 1-propyl-1-nitrosourethan (PNUR)
      induced tumorigenesis in the upper digestive tract were investigated in male F344
      rats. Starting at 6 weeks old, animals were given PNUR in the drinking water (200
      ppm) for one week, and starting 2 weeks later, were divided into 3 groups (30
      rats/group) and maintained on VA-deficient diet, VA-supplemented diet
      (semipurified diet) or standard diet (CRF-1), respectively. An additional control
      group (10 rats) was fed VA-deficient diet without PNUR treatment. The experiment
      was terminated at 41 weeks after the beginning of PNUR administration, and
      development of tumors in the upper digestive tract was determined
      histopathologically. Squamous cell tumors were observed in the oral cavity,
      tongue and forestomach of all PNUR treated groups, while no tumors developed in
      the control group. Significantly higher incidences of forestomach papillomas were
      observed in the groups administered VA-deficient or VA-supplemented diets, as
      compared with that receiving standard diet (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05,
      respectively). These results thus suggest that the higher incidences of
      forestomach tumors were probably due to general dietary differences (semipurified
      vs. standard diets) and not to the VA deficiency per se.

PMID- 2636938
TI  - [Subchronic oral toxicity study of calcium lactate in F344 rats].
AB  - A subchronic toxicity study of calcium lactate was carried out in male and female
      F344 rats to estimate the maximum tolerated dose for a subsequent long-term
      toxicity/carcinogenicity study. Experiment I: Rats were divided into 6 groups,
      each consisting of 5 males and 5 females. Calcium lactate was dissolved in water
      at concentrations of 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.6, 0.3 and 0%, each animal group was given
      one of these solutions as the drinking water for 13 wk. In all groups, basic diet
      (CRF-1) was given ad libitum. No fatalities occurred. In all treated groups,
      including the 5% group, a less than 10% depression of body-weight gain as
      compared with the control group was observed. Some parameters in the
      hematological and biochemical data demonstrated change in the treated groups. On
      histological examination, however, no severe toxicological findings were found in
      any of the treated groups. Experiment II: Rats were fed synthetic diet B,
      containing 30, 20, 10, 5 or 0% calcium lactate. In the highest dose group, body
      weight-gain was strongly reduced as compared with the control group. Histological
      examination revealed nephrocalcinosis in all groups, including the control group,
      and adverse dose-effect relation was observed with regard to degree of its
      development. Females exhibited this lesion to a greater extent than males.
      Experiment III: Rats were given CRF-1 or synthetic diet B for 8 wk.
      Nephrocalcinosis was found only in the group given synthetic diet. It was
      ascertained that the nephrocalcinosis observed in Exp. II and III was dependent
      on the low Ca/P ratio (Ca/P: less than 1) of the synthetic diet B.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2636939
TI  - Production of tropane alkaloids by cultured cells of a Duboisia hybrid.
AB  - The production of scopolamine-rich calli was investigated by the quantification
      of tropane alkaloids in a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame thermoionic
      detector (FTD). Stem and leaf segments from a selected strain, M-II-8-6, a hybrid
      between Duboisia myoporoides R. Br. and D. leichhardtii F. Muell, were used for
      this experiment. Stem-derived callus subcultured for over one year in the dark on
      Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.1 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)
      produced hyoscyamine ane scopolamine with a yield of 0.006 and 0.005% dry weight,
      respectively. Leaves of shoot cultures did not show any detectable levels of
      alkaloids. However, the leaf callus subcultured for over one year in the dark on
      MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l IAA produced hyoscyamine and scopolamine with a
      yield of 0.007 and 0.009% dry weight, respectively. These results indicate that
      the ability to synthesize tropane alkaloids in stem- and leaf-derived calli can
      be maintained on MS medium containing IAA.

PMID- 2636940
TI  - [Studies on the quality of enzyme preparations (X)--urokinase preparation].
AB  - Urokinase preparations were investigated with a view to comparing their quality
      by enzymological methods. These studies were carried out on 10 kinds (9 kinds of
      preparations produced from human urine and one kind of preparation produced from
      tissue culture) of commercially available urokinase preparations. The potency of
      all preparations assayed by the two-stage method were found to be within the
      range of permissible content. Because there are two molecular weight types
      (molecular weight: 54,000 and 33,000) of urokinase. the distribution of two types
      of urokinase in preparations was determined. Human urine urokinase preparations
      contained mainly the high molecular weight type urokinase (over 90%), and the
      tissue culture preparation contained the low molecular weight type urokinase
      alone.

PMID- 2636941
TI  - [Transparency test for plastic containers].
AB  - A new sensory test method for judging the transparency of plastics containers for
      aqueous infusion was developed. The test procedure is as follows: Prepare four
      different grades of reference suspensions, grade 1 to 4, according to the
      procedure in ISO/DIS 3826. 4. Take ten empty containers. Fill two containers with
      the grade 1 suspension, two with the grade 2, and so on, filling 8 containers in
      all. Fill the remain 2 containers with water. Show each one of the ten containers
      to a volunteer in random order and ask him each time how does he judge it, turbid
      or not turbid. Repeat these tests among five different volunteers. If all
      volunteers judged the containers filled with the most turbid reference
      suspension, grade 4, to be turbid and the similar containers filled with water
      not turbid, such containers were judged to be transparent. On the other hand, the
      containers were not considered to be transparent if a significant number of
      volunteers judged even the containers filled with grade 4 suspension to not be
      turbid and vice versa. The test accurately determines the difference in the
      transparency of containers.

PMID- 2636942
TI  - [Determination of seven ultraviolet absorbent in cosmetics by high speed liquid
      chromatography].
AB  - A rapid method for the HPLC determination of ultraviolet absorbent (UV abs.) in
      cosmetics was investigated. This method is based on the technique of solvent
      extraction of the sample by HPLC with silica-ODS (Develosil ODS-5) as the
      stationary phase A, B, C, and D as the eluent and the ultraviolet spectrophometer
      (310, 284 nm) as the detector. The plots of the peak height vs amount of seven UV
      abs. were linear between 0-20 micrograms/ml. The recoveries of UV abs. to a model
      sample at the level of 0.1% were 93.2-100.0% by this method. This method is
      simple and rapid, therefor it is applicable for the determination of UV abs. in
      cosmetics in routine analysis.

PMID- 2636943
TI  - [Association of HLA with sarcoidosis].
AB  - HLA typing for the A, B, C, and DR loci with 38 antigens was performed in 12
      patients with sarcoidosis. It showed that an increase in frequencies of HLA-BW22,
      DR3 and DRw8 was significantly correlated with sarcoidosis (P less than 0.05).
      The results were similar to those in Japanese patients, and were quite different
      from those in the white as well as in the black and probably suggested that it
      varied with Asian population. No association between HLA and clinical symptoms,
      clinical signs, and laboratory tests was found in our patients, which was
      consistent with the views reported in recent literature.

PMID- 2636944
TI  - [A clinicopathologic analysis of 70 cases of sarcoidosis].
AB  - A clinicopathological analysis of 70 cases of sarcoidosis was reported. Among the
      70 cases, 4 were intrathoracic, 42 were extrathoracic and 24 were both
      intrathoracic and extrathoracic lesions. Definite diagnosis was made with biopsy
      in 69 cases and autopsy in one. It is shown that sarcoidosis might involve the
      skin, mucosa, muscle, lymph nodes of all sites, eyes, lacrymal glands, parotid
      and submaxillary glands, tonsils, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, brain, bones etc.
      It is also worthy to note that most cases with extrathoracic sarcoidosis were
      either wrongly diagnosed or missed.

PMID- 2636945
TI  - [Clinical value of serum copper, zinc and copper/zinc ratio in the
      differentiation of sarcoidosis from pulmonary tuberculosis and pulmonary
      carcinoma].
AB  - Serum Cu, SZn and SCu/Zn ratio were studied in 14 patients with sarcoidosis, 72
      patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 15 patients with pulmonary carcinoma and 50
      healthy persons as control. The results were: no significant differences were
      found between control group and sarcoidosis group in SCu, SZn and SCu/Zn ratio.
      In tuberculosis group and carcinoma group SCu increased and SZn decreased.
      Therefore, the SCu/Zn ratio increased significantly. The results suggested that
      SCu less than 1.2 ppm (means + 2 s), SZn greater than 0.8 ppm (means - 2 s) and
      SCu/Zn ratio less than 1.5 were helpful for the differential diagnosis of
      sarcoidosis from pulmonary tuberculosis and pulmonary carcinoma.

PMID- 2636946
TI  - [18 cases of sarcoidosis and a review of relevant literature].
AB  - In this article 18 cases of sarcoidosis are reported. Among these, 14 were
      diagnosed pathologically and 4 were diagnosed clinically. Sarcoidosis in both
      mother and daughter is reported for the first time. There were central lobe
      lesion in 3 cases, pleural lesion in 4 cases, and idiopathic pneumothorax during
      treatment of early lesion in 1 case. A discussion is made with reference to
      relevant literature.

PMID- 2636947
TI  - [A short course of chemotherapy in newly diagnosed and retreatment of smear
      positive pulmonary tuberculosis in a rural area].
AB  - The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the applicability of short
      course chemotherapy in treating smear-positive tuberculosis in countryside. For
      the sake of examining compliance with the relevant chemotherapy, 184 newly
      diagnosed patients treated with 2SHRZ/4HRE regimen, were allocated into two
      groups, 47 cases in hospital and 137 cases in home treatment with supervision.
      The sputum conversion rates of the two groups were 100.0% and 96.7% respectively,
      without any bacteriological relapse in the following 2 years. 115 retreatment
      smear-positive cases were treated with 2SHRZ/6HRE regimen at home. The sputum
      conversion rate was 91.5%. The bacteriological relapse rate was 7.6% in 2 years
      followup. These results unveiled that short-course chemotherapy is practicable in
      rural area.

PMID- 2636948
TI  - [A study on the retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis by the addition of 654-2].
AB  - 654-2 plus chemotherapy were used to retreat TB. After a full course of
      treatment, rates of negative sputum in the observation group and in the control
      group were 90.6% and 68.8% respectively (The difference in the rates was
      statistically significant P less than 0.05). The total rate of focus in the
      observation group was 46.9% and that in the control group was 21.9%. The
      difference was striking (P less than 0.05). The general efficacy for cavity
      alteration in the observation group was 42.3% and in control group was 16.0%.
      Comparing the two groups, there was an obvious difference (P less than 0.05).
      After ceasing medication, no relapse was observed through a period of one year in
      the treated group.

PMID- 2636949
TI  - [Changes of hemorrheology in COPD patients with or without cor pulmonale].
AB  - Parameters of hemorrheology such as whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity,
      hematocrit and red blood cell electrophoretic time were measured in 34 COPD
      patients with or without cor pulmonale, and the pulmonary arterial pressure was
      simultaneously examined. The results showed that the whole blood viscosity and
      hematocrit in cor pulmonale group were obviously higher than COPD group which
      suggested the changes of hemorrheology was much obvious in patients with cor
      pulmonale than those in COPD patients. Meanwhile, a statistically significant
      correlation was obtained between whole blood viscosity and pulmonary arterial
      mean pressure. Thus, we suggest blood viscosity has a certain effect on the
      pulmonary arterial pressure.

PMID- 2636950
TI  - [Report of a lung cancer survey in Hunan realgar miners].
AB  - A mass survey and follow-up examinations to screen lung cancer victims at hunan
      realgar mine have been carried out over three years. The checking methods include
      physical examinations sputum cytological screening and chest radiography. The
      incidence of lung cancer in those with moderate or severe broncho-epithelial
      hyperplasia found in sputum counts for 10.8%, which is much higher than that of
      the other cases, counting for 1.4% (P less than 0.05). Most of the victims belong
      to AJCC stage 1. When the check-up was done annually, nineteen cases of lung
      cancer were detected by chest radiography alone as compared with 11 cases by
      sputum cytological examination. In those X-ray positive cases three of them were
      failed to be detected in initial X-ray investigation.

PMID- 2636951
TI  - [Progress of pathology in tumor surgery].

PMID- 2636952
TI  - [Study of the morbidity structure by analyses of data from 6668 autopsied cases].
AB  - In a retrospective study, autopsy data of 6668 cases were collected from the
      first affiliated hospital, West China University of Medical Sciences, to assess
      the changes in autopsy rate between 1952 and 1987. The autopsy rate of dead
      patients was 14.3%, with two peaks obtained in the periods of 1954-1956 and 1964
      1966 respectively. Anyhow, the autopsy rate declined sharply after 1967. The
      agreement of clinical diagnosis and pathological findings in this group was
      68.9%. The most common diseases in this series were infectious and parasitic
      diseases' diseases of respiratory system, diseases of digestive system, neoplasms
      and diseases of cardio-vascular system. Accompanying the increase of age of the
      autopsied patients, neoplasia and cardio-vascular diseases were more frequently
      seen in this series.

PMID- 2636953
TI  - [The inhibitory effect of apolipoproteins in HDL on experimental atherosclerosis
      in rabbits].
AB  - The main apolipoproteins in HDL are known to be apo A1, A2, and A4.
      Apolipoprotein (mainly apo A1) were isolated and purified from about 100 liters
      of rabbit's serum for the purpose of studying their inhibitory effect on the
      development of atheromatous plaques in rabbits. Data indicated that lipid content
      in aortic intima: lipid deposition in intima morphologically; area of
      atheromatous lesion involved and the severity of atheromatous lesions obtained
      were much lower in animals of the experimental group after intravenous
      administration of apolipoproteins isolated from HDL for 8 to 12 weeks than those
      in animals of the cholesterol control groups in two successive experiments. In
      accordance with data obtained from epidemiological and experimental surveys. HDL
      level was known to be correlated reversely with the incidence of atherosclerosis.
      Data of these experiments confirmed that apolipoproteins (mainly apoA1) in HDL
      are the main factors of this inhibitory effect. This result provides a scientific
      basis for the measurement of preparation of certain apolipoproteins (apo A1 and
      possibly A1) by high bio-technology for prevention and treatment of
      atherosclerosis in the near future.

PMID- 2636954
TI  - [Cytolytic action of normal human natural killer cells on CNE-2 nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma cell in vitro].
AB  - Cytolytic actions of human natural killer cells, which were separated with nylon
      wool column from normal human peripheral blood, were investigated on human
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line cells (CNE-2) and the dynamic processes of
      conjugation and cytolysis were studied. It was found that NK cells attacked
      living target cells and the course of cytolysis might be divided into 2 types
      according to their rapid or slow responses. In addition to the large granular
      lymphocytes the non-granular lymphocytes also participated in NK functions.

PMID- 2636955
TI  - [Study on the invasiveness of mouse uterine cervix carcinoma cell (U14) implanted
      in mouse testis].
AB  - A good invasion and metastasis pattern was observed after implanting of U14 tumor
      cells subcapsular in testis, which provided a new model in vivo for studying
      tumor invasion and metastasis. The transplantability of U14 tumor-inoculation was
      90%, retaining high metastasis in lymph-node (88.8%) and lung (77.7%). On the
      first day after implantation, U14 tumor cells were in a state of relative rest.
      On the 3rd day, tumor cells began to proliferate and invade the neighboring
      tissue along the natural space between seminiferous tubules. Degenerative and
      atrophic changes of seminiferous tubules appeared in the invasion areas. The
      process of invasion can be divided into 4 stages, namely latency, proliferation,
      early invasion and late invasion.

PMID- 2636956
TI  - [The subpopulations and prognostic implication of mononuclear cells infiltration
      in pulmonary carcinoma].
AB  - Subpopulations of infiltrating mononuclear cells in 51 resected pulmonary
      carcinoma specimens were studied with immunohistochemical technique (ABC and PAP
      methods). The major constituent of the mononuclears was T-cells, especially the
      OKT8+ cells (T suppressor/cytotoxic). The local infiltration of the mononuclears
      in pulmonary carcinoma was related to the prognosis of the case. The more the
      OKT8+ and B1+ lymphocytes infiltrated, the longer the survival (rate obtained)
      whereas, the infiltration of some kinds of plasma cells tended to have a negative
      correlation with the prognosis of the case. The significance of the mononuclears
      in pulmonary carcinoma is discussed.

PMID- 2636957
TI  - [Morphological studies of extracranial arteries in patients with migraine].
AB  - Migraine is a prevalent syndrome, clinically, however, only few pathological
      materials about this item were available. Since 1980, partial section of
      extracranial arteries has been performed in patients with intractable migraine,
      and the cure rate was 91 percent in 46 cases in which 62 arteries were examined
      pathologically. All of the cases showed pathological findings of fibromuscular
      dysplasia (FMD). It was considered that FMD is the morphological basis of
      migraine. The causes of FMD in extracranial arteries may be related with physical
      damage of vessel wall due to repeated dilation.

PMID- 2636958
TI  - [Cytologic diagnosis and ultrastructure of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid].
AB  - A comparative study of aspiration cytology, histology and ultrastructure was made
      in 8 cases of follicular carcinoma of thyroid and 41 cases of benign thyroid
      disease. The three main ultrastructural features of nuclei observed in papillary
      carcinoma of thyroid were also demonstrated in follicular carcinoma. The
      corresponding appearances of these features (i.e. irregular nuclear grooves and
      rock-like nuclei the ground-glass appearance of nucleus and the intranuclear
      eosinophilic globular bodies) were also seen in aspiration cytology. The rock
      like nuclei and intranuclear eosinophilic globular bodies are of great value for
      cytologic diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma and early malignant change of thyroid
      diseases.

PMID- 2636959
TI  - [Neoplastic transformation of human embryonic/nasopharyngeal epithelial cells
      induced by N N'-dinitrosopiperazine (DNP) in vitro].
AB  - This is the first report on N N'-dinitrosopiperazine (DNP)-induced malignant
      transformation of human embryonic nasopharyngeal cells. The transformed cells
      possessed a prolonged life span, anchorage of independent growth, chromosome
      aberration, tumorigenicity and altered cell morphology. Under electron
      microscope, these cells were identical to cells of poorly differentiated
      carcinoma. The results demonstrated that DNP was able to induce not only
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma of rats in vivo, but also neoplastic transformation of
      human embryonic nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in vitro.

PMID- 2636960
TI  - [An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study on 76 cases of meningioma].
AB  - Seventy-six cases of meningioma of various light microscopic features were
      studied immunohistochemically by using 6 kinds of antibodies directly against
      epithelial, mesenchymal and neural components. Except for hemangiopericyte
      meningiomas which only showed vimentin positive, expressions of vimentin and EMA
      were obtained in almost all the meningiomas. Thirteen meningiomas were
      investigated by electron microscopy. The electron micrograph of meningiomatous
      cell showed presence of interdigitation of the adjacent cell membrane with
      desmosome and variable amounts of intermediate filaments in cytoplasm, although
      the re were different varieties of cell types. 2 hemangiopericyte meningiomas
      showed presence of different ultrastructures, which contained many pericytes and
      cells with a large number of RER. These results provide evidences of the fact
      that meningioma possessed the features of both mesenchymal and epithelial tissue.
      In regard to histogenesis, findings reported suggest that meningioma most
      probably arise from the arachnoid cap cells. Additionally, some distinct subtypes
      of meningioma are reported, including secretory meningioma, microcystic
      meningioma and oncocytic meningioma.

PMID- 2636961
TI  - [Experimental study of behavior and cerebral morphology of rat pups generated by
      fluorotic female rat].
AB  - In order to study the effects of fluoride on the central nervous system, 33-42
      day old rat pups generated by three groups of female Wistar rats, which were
      given distilled water containing 0, 30 and 60 ppm NaF respectively beforehand as
      drinking water for 85 days, were used for behavior test and cerebral
      morphological examination. The results of behavior test showed that the latent
      period of pain reaction and that of conditioned reflex in the 30 ppm F and 60 ppm
      F groups were longer than that in the control group (P less than 0.05 or P less
      than 0.01). morphological examination of the pup brains showed that the nerve
      cell density of the 60 ppm F group was higher than that of the control group (P
      less than 0.05). Electronmicroscopically, mild degeneration of organelles of the
      nerve cells was observed in those brains of the 60 ppm F group.

PMID- 2636962
TI  - [Immunohistochemical study on differential diagnosis between NPC and malignant
      lymphoma].
AB  - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and malignant lymphoma are common malignant tumors
      which frequently involve nasopharynx and cervical lymph nodes. Sometimes, it is
      difficult to distinguish poorly-differentiated NPC, especially undifferentiated
      NPC, from malignant lymphoma. Paraffin sections of 221 cases of poorly
      differentiated or undifferentiated NPC and malignant lymphomas were analysed by
      immunohistochemical techniques (IGSS, ABC, double stain, etc.), The
      immunohistochemical criteria of differential diagnosis between NPC and malignant
      lymphomas were proposed and with these criteria, 40 cases which were difficult to
      distinguish between NPC and malignant lymphoma were identified. In comparison
      with the methods of SPA, PAP, ABC, IGSS, etc., and the probes of Ke, EMA, LCA,
      Vi, etc. on paraffin sections, IGSS or ABC method and probes of Ke and LCA were
      considered to be more sensitive.

PMID- 2636963
TI  - The superstructure of chromatin and its condensation mechanism. VI. Electric
      dichroism and model calculations.
AB  - Electric dichroism and X-ray scattering measurements on solutions of uncondensed
      and condensed chicken erythrocyte chromatin were interpreted on the basis of
      model calculations. Information about the state of uncondensed fibers in the
      conditions of electric dichroism measurements was obtained from scattering
      patterns recorded as a function of pH, in the presence of spermine and at very
      low monovalent cation concentrations. Electric dichroism measurements on a
      complex of uncondensed chromatin with methylene blue were made to determine the
      contribution of the linker and of the nucleosomes to the total dichroism. A new
      approach to calculate the dichroism from realistic structural models, which also
      yields other structural parameters (radius of gyration, radius of gyration of the
      cross-section, mass per unit length) was used. Only a restricted range of
      structures is simultaneously compatible with all experimental results. Further,
      it is shown that previous interpretations of dichroism measurements on chromatin
      were in contradiction with X-ray scattering data and failed to take into account
      the distribution of orientation of the nucleosomes in the fibers. When this is
      done, it is found that the linker DNA in chicken erythrocyte and sea urchin
      chromatin must run nearly perpendicularly to the fibre axis. Taken together with
      the dependence of the fibre diameter on the linker length, these results provide
      the strongest evidence hitherto available for a model in which the linker crosses
      the central part of the fibre.

PMID- 2636965
TI  - [Status and trends in therapy and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].

PMID- 2636964
TI  - Regular and chaotic behaviour of cardiac cells stimulated at frequencies between
      2 and 20 Hz.
AB  - We measured the non-linear dynamics of cardiac action potentials by varying the
      stimulation frequency from 2 to 20 Hz and obtained the following results: (i)
      When the fast Na+ current initiated the action potentials ('fast action
      potentials') periodicity was maintained, i.e. the pattern of action potentials
      repeated after a finite number of stimuli. Chaotic sequences were absent. The
      transition from one sequence to the next occurred as a devil's staircase. (ii)
      When, however, the slow Ca2+ current initiated the action potentials ('slow
      action potentials'), we observed chaos, i.e. fully irregular behaviour, as well
      as bifurcations. (iii) Our results confirm the supposition that the global
      dynamics of cardiac cells can be well described by simple one-dimensional maps
      which predict these two kinds of behaviour.

PMID- 2636966
TI  - A clinical database management system for improved integration of the Veterans
      Affairs Hospital Information System.
AB  - The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Decentralized Hospital Computer Program
      (DHCP) contains data modules derived from separate ancillary services (e.g., Lab,
      Pharmacy and Radiology). It is currently difficult to integrate information
      between the modules. A prototype is being developed aimed at integrating
      ancillary data by storing clinical data oriented to the patient so that there is
      easy interaction of data from multiple services. A set of program utilities
      provides for user-defined functions of decision support, queries, and reports.
      Information can be used to monitor quality of care by providing feedback in the
      form of reports, and reminders. Initial testing has indicated the prototype's
      design and implementation are feasible (in terms of space requirements, speed,
      and ease of use) in outpatient and inpatient settings. The design, development,
      and clinical use of this prototype are described.

PMID- 2636967
TI  - The implementation of a knowledge-based Pathology Hypertext under HyperCard.
AB  - A knowledge-based Hypertext of Pathology integrating videodisc-based images and
      computer-generated graphics with the textual cognitive information of an
      undergraduate pathology curriculum has been developed. The system described in
      this paper was implemented under HyperCard during 1988 and 1989. Three earlier
      versions of the system that were developed on different platforms are contrasted
      with the present system. Strengths, weaknesses, and future extensions of the
      system are enumerated. The conceptual basis and organizational principles of the
      knowledge base are also briefly discussed.

PMID- 2636968
TI  - Developing a DSS for a distribution facility: an application in the healthcare
      industry.
AB  - This article details a successful project in the design and implementation of a
      decision support system for practical use in a hospital setting. The approach
      used, the steps followed, the problems encountered, and the lessons learned are
      described and discussed with special emphasis on the managerial issues and
      management involvement during the decision support system life cycle.

PMID- 2636969
TI  - Long-term data storage in a clinical laboratory information system.
AB  - The clinical laboratory is pressured on one side by physicians and regulators who
      want the laboratory to keep more detailed patient records available for longer
      periods and on the other side by physical space and cost constraints which favor
      rapidly transferring such records to Medical Records or a warehouse from which
      retrieval is slow and difficult. Various forms of inactive data storage and
      archiving in machine-readable form are available to address this dilemma, yet
      these solutions can create even more difficult problems. Two different approaches
      were developed within the framework of Relational LABCOM to address both the
      intermediate and long-term storage of data. In this paper we examine the two
      methods as solutions to the problems, discuss their limitations, and determine
      why one is superceding the other in the installation base.

PMID- 2636970
TI  - A new electronic medical nomenclature.
AB  - The author presents the complex scientific and technical foundation of the
      recently completed biomedical nomenclature. This nomenclature places all the
      terms into a single hierarchical order. Computer-compatibility is achieved by the
      numeric representation of the location ("address") of the term on the
      hierarchical tree. These unique numeric representations serve as codes, making
      the system language-independent, with potential for usage in various languages,
      and rendering medical terminology computer-compatible.

PMID- 2636971
TI  - A strategy for coordination of end-user computing in hospital departments.
AB  - This paper discusses issues associated with end-user computing and describes an
      approach for coordination of departmental end-user computing that was implemented
      at Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia. There are a number of pressures for end
      user computing. These include the inability of IS departments to provide the
      services that users require, the increasing spread of computing skills and the
      advent of the microcomputer. The traditional approaches to computing are
      discussed and the concern over security explained. The potential benefits of
      greater involvement of users in systems development and support is discussed.
      Information systems development needs to be a collaborative activity. At Concord
      Hospital, a number of departments have responsibility for their own local
      minicomputer and microcomputer based systems. Coordination of this systems effort
      was seen as important in order to maximize the benefits of end-user computing
      while seeking to minimize duplication of effort, data or systems, or security
      risks.

PMID- 2636972
TI  - V annual meeting of the Brazilian Society of Protozoology. Caxambu, MG, Brazil, 6
      7 November 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2636973
TI  - Langerhans cells and T-lymphocytes in the normal human ectocervix defined by
      monoclonal antibodies and electron microscopy.
AB  - Slices of normal human uterine ectocervix, obtained from hysterectomized
      patients, were processed for immunohistological labelling in cryostat frozen
      sections and the adjacent slices fixed for electron microscopy. This combined
      procedure was chosen to localize two surface antigens (T6 and HLA-DR) in
      Langerhans cells and to identify this type of cell by the ultrastructural marker,
      the Birbeck granule. A third monoclonal antibody (T8) was used to label a
      population of migrating lymphocytes which appear near the Langerhans cells as
      well as in the lamina propria. The electron micrographs reveal that both
      Langerhans cells and T lymphocytes occupy the intercellular channels of the
      cervical epithelium. It is postulated that in the female genital tract Langerhans
      cells may function as an antigen presenting cell for T lymphocytes in normal
      physiological conditions.

PMID- 2636974
TI  - [Genetic determination of degradation of ampholytic surfactants].
AB  - Plasmid DNA was detected in Pseudomonas putida 141 and P. stutzeri AT strains
      which caused destruction of the ampholytic surfactants alkylamino-bis-propionate
      (AABP) and amidobetaine, respectively. As was demonstrated using genetic analytic
      procedures, the plasmids controlled AABP and amidobetaine destruction. No plasmid
      DNA was found in P. desmolytica C37 which caused cyclimide destruction or in
      Pseudomonas sp. 1 and Citrobacter freundii TO strains responsible for AABP
      destruction. Apparently, destruction of these xenobiotics was controlled by
      chromosomal genes.

PMID- 2636975
TI  - [The effect of medium acidity on the light-dependent antibacterial activity of
      fatty acids].
AB  - The goal of this work was to study how the acidity of a medium influenced the
      light-dependent antibacterial activity of fatty acids towards Staphylococcus
      aureus. The antibacterial activity of arachidonic, linolenic, linoleic and oleic
      acids increased abruptly (by 1-2 orders of magnitude) under the action of visible
      light, it became more intensive with a rise in the number of double bonds in a
      fatty acid molecule, and the maximum shifted from the neutral region to an
      alkaline one as the aeration was intensified. In the case of saturated fatty
      acids (palmitic and stearic), the antibacterial activity with a maximum in the
      alkaline region was detected only in the light. The effect exerted by the number
      of double bonds in a fatty acid molecule and by the acidity of a medium on the
      mechanisms of fatty acid photooxidation is discussed.

PMID- 2636976
TI  - [Evaluation of the efficacy of cytodiagnosis in patients with breast cancer].
AB  - In connection with two year material from Oncological Department of the Medical
      Academy in Lodz concerning 4661 cytologic examinations of breast tumors, the
      percentage of false positive and false negative diagnoses has been determined in
      cases with histologic confirmation. False positive diagnoses amounted to 0.086%
      of all cytologic examinations of the breast and 0.62% of all cytologic diagnoses
      of the breast cancer. The percentages are comparable with false positive
      diagnoses obtained in large oncological centers, in which cytologic diagnosis is
      sufficient for therapeutical decision. The percentage of false negative diagnoses
      has been 5.4 or 11.6 relatively to accepted criterion. With preservation of
      necessary caution by clinician such index is not suggesting the discontinuation
      of this diagnostic procedure.

PMID- 2636977
TI  - [Influence of brachytherapy on the behavior of immunologic circulating complexes
      in the blood serum of patients with cervix cancer].
AB  - Applying the EA and EAC rosettes production inhibition method the appearance and
      levels of immunologic circulating complexes (CI) in the blood serum of 32
      patients with cancer of the uterine cervix and in 100 healthy persons have been
      evaluated. Immunocomplexes have been examined prior to the initiation of
      brachytherapy and after three successive applications of radioactive cesium
      isotope (137Cs). Three successive application of the radioisotope contained and
      in the uterine probe have been used and a dose up to 2000 cGy in 16-18 hours
      given on each application. It has been shown that prior to treatment and in some
      stages of clinical advancement the levels of CI evaluated by two tests are
      significantly higher as compared with controls. Significant increase of CI levels
      after successive application of cesium has been also noted. The appearance of CI
      in patients with cervical cancer indicates the presence of tumor-specific and/or
      viral antigens in such patients. The elevation of CI levels after cesium
      application may be result of accelerated release of antigens in the course of
      brachytherapy.

PMID- 2636978
TI  - [Results of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with highly differentiated cerebral
      astrocytoma after non-radical surgery].
AB  - In the years 1975-1982 49 patients received adjuvant tele gamma 60Co therapy
      because of highly differentiated cerebral astrocytoma after non-radical surgical
      intervention. 46 of them obtained the planned dose of 60 Gy in 30 fractions given
      during 6 weeks. In three patients the treatment has been discontinued because of
      bad tolerance. 20 patients (40%) survived 5 years. The differences of the
      probability of survival in separate histologic forms of astrocytomas have been
      not significant.

PMID- 2636979
TI  - Photosensitive psoriasis.

PMID- 2636980
TI  - Effect of ultraviolet B on nonimmunologic contact reactions induced by dimethyl
      sulphoxide, phenol and sodium lauryl sulphate.
AB  - The effect of ultraviolet light B (UVB) on immediate and delayed irritant
      reactions induced by dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), phenol, and sodium lauryl
      sulphate (SLS) was studied in 12 volunteers. One half of the upper back was
      irradiated with 0.16 J/cm2 of UVB. Patch tests for immediate reactions were
      performed using dilution series of test substances on the 3rd, 9th and 15th days
      and for delayed reactions on the 2nd, 8th and 14th days after irradiation both on
      the UV-exposed and non-exposed areas of the back. The occlusion time was 20 min
      for immediate reactions and 20 h for delayed ones. Changes in the skin blood flow
      of the test sites were monitored using laser-Doppler flowmetry, and erythema and
      edema reactions were observed visually. Both immediate and delayed reactions were
      caused by DMSO and phenol; SLS elicited only delayed reactions. UVB diminished
      immediate reactions induced by phenol for at least 15 days after irradiation.
      Immediate reactions to DMSO were diminished 40 min after application on the UV
      exposed area on the 3rd day. UVB diminished the delayed reactions from SLS and
      DMSO but not reactions induced by phenol.

PMID- 2636981
TI  - Photocarcinogenesis is retarded by a partly photodegraded solution of para
      aminobenzoic acid.
AB  - A solution of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) was exposed to ultraviolet (UV)
      radiation emitted from a Philips TL 40 W/12 sunlamp and the degree of
      photodegradation following an exposure of 27 J/cm2 was estimated to be
      approximately 40%. The formation of the photoproducts was confirmed by mass
      spectroscopy and UV spectroscopy. The solution was painted on the backs of
      hairless light-pigmented mice prior to daily UV irradiation by the above sunlamp,
      and this procedure was continued for 30 weeks. The preirradiated solution of PABA
      significantly retarded the tumor induction time and reduced significantly the
      number of squamous cell carcinomas compared with nonprotected controls. This
      tumor-retarding ability did not differ significantly from the effect achieved
      when using nonirradiated PABA.

PMID- 2636982
TI  - Local increase in interleukin-1-like activity following UVB irradiation of human
      skin in vivo.
AB  - Using an in vivo skin chamber method, we demonstrated increased release of
      interleukin-1 (IL-1)-like activity at the site of irradiation with 3 times the
      minimal erythema dose of ultraviolet B (UVB). IL-1-like activity was estimated
      using the mouse thymocyte amplification assay. UVB-augmented release of IL-1-like
      activity peaked 1 h after irradiation and levels returned to baseline by 2 h.
      Release of IL-1-like activity from human skin after exposure to UV radiation may
      account for some of the local and systemic features of the sunburn response.

PMID- 2636983
TI  - Cis-urocanic acid stereospecifically modulates human monocyte IL-1 production and
      surface HLA-DR antigen expression, T-cell IL-2 production and CD4/CD8 ratio.
AB  - UV irradiation is known to photoisomerize epidermal trans-urocanic acid (trans
      UCA) to cis-urocanic acid (cis-UCA), which has been postulated to be involved in
      local and systemic downregulation of immune responses. We have earlier shown that
      cis-UCA suppresses interleukin 1 (IL-1) production in human epidermal cells. To
      study the possible effects of UCA isomers on human peripheral blood lymphoid
      cells, these cells were cultured in the presence of either UCA stereoisomer, and
      a number of immunological parameters were assayed. Cis-UCA (100 micrograms/ml)
      caused a significant downregulation of monocyte IL-1 production, and diminished
      monocyte HLA-DR expression. Cis-UCA also caused a significant reduction in the
      CD4/CD8 ratio. Furthermore, T-cells preincubated with cis-UCA caused a
      significant downregulation of purified protein derivative-induced interleukin 2
      production by autologous T-cells. The trans isomer had no effect in any of these
      in vitro tests. The reported stereospecific effects of cis-UCA are compatible
      with the postulated function of this chemical as an UV-induced, low-molecular
      weight immunomediator substance.

PMID- 2636984
TI  - Solar purpura is not related to polymorphous light eruption.

PMID- 2636985
TI  - [Procedural methods for anticoagulant treatment during hemodialysis in patients
      with a high risk of hemorrhage].

PMID- 2636986
TI  - [Blood levels of immunoglobulins G,A,M, circulating immune complexes, complement
      and proteins in patients on intermittent peritoneal dialysis].
AB  - The study involved 17 patients on IPD. Blood serum levels of IgG, IgA, IgM,
      circulating immune complexes, complement and proteins were determinated at the
      beginning of therapy, after 3, 6, 12 months on IPD and after 1 year on
      hemodialysis. The frequency of peritonitis was noted during this time.
      Peritonitis was the most frequent during first 3 months on IPD. No differences in
      blood serum levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, in the specific periods of IPD were noted. A
      significant increase in blood serum circulating immune complexes in patients on
      IPD and hemodialysis compared to the control group was found. A significant
      decrease in blood serum of C3 complement in patients on IPD and hemodialysis in
      comparison with the controls were found. A significant decrease in blood serum
      proteins at the beginning of IPD and after 3 months IPD in comparison with
      proteins concentration in patients on hemodialysis was observed.

PMID- 2636987
TI  - [Effect of intravenous contrast media used in urography on the complement system
      and blood calcium].
AB  - The investigations were carried out in 30 persons subjected to the urography, in
      which influence of intravenous contrast media in coagulation and fibrinolysis
      system were studied (Part I). In venous blood collected before and in determined
      time intervals after injection of "uropolinum polfa" hemolytic activity of the
      complement system, concentration of its components (C3, C4) and total calcium
      level in blood were assayed. These parameters may contribute to the pathogenesis
      of side effects following injection of the contrast media. Disturbances in
      function of coagulation system were accompanied by a decrease in calcium level
      and activity of the complement. This phenomenon did not correlate with clinical
      symptoms.

PMID- 2636988
TI  - [Ability of granulocytes to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium in uremic patients
      treated conservatively].
AB  - NTB reduction test, both spontaneous and stimulated with E. coli endotoxin, was
      performed in peripheral blood granulocytes of 40 individuals of both sexes aged
      between 18 and 64 years treated conservatively at the nephrologic outpatient
      clinic. Serum creatinine, urea and uric acid were assayed at the same time. A
      control group included 40 healthy individuals of both sexes aged between 20 and
      56 years. Statistically significant increase in spontaneous reduction of NTB was
      achieved in the group of the uremic patients in comparison with the control
      group. Moderately positive correlation between creatinine level and percentage of
      NTB-positive cells in the spontaneous test was shown. Possibility of granulocyte
      stimulation by uremic toxins is being considered.

PMID- 2636989
TI  - [Rotated, exceedingly movable kidney vascularized by four atypically branched
      arteries as a cause of periodic urinary retention in the pyelo-caliceal system
      and masked by biliary colic].
AB  - A case of the young female patient is presented. The patient was treated for
      urolithiasis for several years. The disease was diagnosed with urography only
      revealing urinary retention. The use of a contrast enabled to diagnose disorders
      of the vascularization of kidneys causing urinary retention. It is worth
      mentioning that atypical localization of pain in the right epigastric region
      additionally complicated the diagnosis.

PMID- 2636990
TI  - [Computer assisted system of peritoneal dialysis for acute renal failure in
      children].

PMID- 2636991
TI  - Current trends in the study of intracellular protein degradation I.

PMID- 2636992
TI  - Regulation of a membrane-bound proteinase in mammalian cells.
AB  - Cellular proteolytic enzymes are regulated by multiple mechanisms that affect
      gene expression, enzyme concentration, and enzyme activity. The expression of the
      membrane-bound metallo-endopeptidase, meprin, in different mammalian species,
      strains, tissues and cell types is highly variable. Meprin is exclusively
      localized to the plasma membrane, and this determines the types of substrates the
      enzyme will encounter and the microenvironment for activity. Recent studies have
      revealed an inactive form of a meprin-like proteinase that can be activated in
      vitro by proteases, and this raises the possibility of regulation of enzyme
      activity at the cell surface in response to environmental stimuli. In this
      chapter, the current knowledge about meprin, and the meprin-like inactive forms
      in mouse kidney is discussed.

PMID- 2636993
TI  - [Lithogenic bile: from supersaturation to cholesterol nucleation].

PMID- 2636994
TI  - [Chylomicron metabolism in experimental cholestasis].
AB  - Cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels are usually increased in cholestasis.
      The excess of cholesterol and that of triglyceride are carried in abnormal low
      density lipoproteins (LP) named LP-X and beta 2-LP respectively. It has been
      assumed that chylomicron metabolism is involved in these alterations. To gain
      insight into the LP disturbances in this pathology, artificial chylomicrons (AC)
      were prepared in protein-free aqueous solutions containing lecithin, cholesteryl
      oleate, cholesterol and triolein. AC were labelled simultaneously with
      cholesteryl--14C-oleate (14C-CO) and 3H-triolein (3H-TO) and pulse injected intra
      arterially in rats subjected to total obstruction of the bile duct for 48 hours
      and sham-operated rats. Blood was collected at 2-minute intervals during 10
      minutes for radioactivity determination. Fractional clearance rates of 3H-TO and
      14C-CO were diminished. Since plasma decay of 3H-TO reflects predominantly the
      rate of lipolysis (L) whereas chylomicron remnant removal (CRR) by the liver is
      represented by the 14C-CO decay, our data suggest that in cholestasis both L and
      CRR are defective.

PMID- 2636995
TI  - Normal neuronal features of the human gallbladder and structural changes in
      cholelithiasis patients.
AB  - Report on a histological study of ten gallbladders, of which five were from
      normal subjects and five from patients with cholelithiasis. In normal controls a
      higher number of nerve cells was found in the neck (23.45 +/- 10.14 per mm2) and
      a lesser one in the body (7.70 +/- 8.45 per mm2) and fundus (5.60 +/- 3.66 per
      mm2). In the lithiasic gallbladder wall the higher number of the nerve cells was
      present in the neck (5.83 +/- 4.92 per mm2), and a lowest one in the body (2.63
      +/- 1.56 per mm2) and fundus (1.03 +/- 0.71 per mm2).

PMID- 2636996
TI  - [Etiology of chronic pancreatitis in Sao Paulo: a study of 407 cases].
AB  - The etiology of chronic pancreatitis was investigated in 407 patients: 381
      (93.6%) had a history of heavy alcoholic ingestion (average = 295.3 +/- 171.3 g
      of ethanol) during a time of 19.2 +/- 8.0 years: five patients (1.0%) had
      familial background of pancreatitis, two (0.5%) had the obstructive form, and two
      (0.5%) presented history of malnutrition. In 18 patients (4.4%) it was not
      possible to determine the etiology. Patients with the alcoholic form started the
      alcohol abuse at the age of 19.4 +/- 6.0 years. A careful dietetic inquiry showed
      that patients with chronic pancreatitis lived on a diet which was significantly
      richer in protein than that of patients of the control group (p less than 0.01).
      Attention is called to the high incidence of chronic alcohol abuse in patients
      with chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2636997
TI  - [Physiopathology of the short bowel: apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - A 54 years old white woman and a 38 years old white man with short-bowel disease
      are reported. Both of them were submitted to surgical procedures for urinary
      oxalate calculi. They presented malabsorption syndrome with steatorrhea and
      severe malnutrition. The patients received parenteral nutrition. The woman had
      also cholelithiasis and acute pancreatitis. The clinical and laboratory data are
      presented and the pathophysiology of short-bowel disease with emphasis on bile
      salts depletion, the effect of bile salts on colon oxalate absorption, and
      intestinal loss of water is commented. The management of short-bowel disease and
      the use of cholesteramine and the supplementary diet is discussed.

PMID- 2636998
TI  - [Proceedings of the 3d scientific meeting of the Institute for Tropical Medicine
      of Sao Paulo. 16-18 October 1989. Abstracts].

PMID- 2636999
TI  - Decreased high-affinity epidermal growth factor receptors in psoriatic epidermis.
AB  - Using 125I-EGF the distribution of EGF receptors in psoriatic epidermis was
      autoradiographically examined. Binding sites of 125I-EGF (20 ng/ml) were mainly
      located at basal and suprabasal cells in normal and uninvolved psoriatic
      epidermis, whereas they were located at spinous cells as well as at basal and
      suprabasal cells in affected psoriatic epidermis. Binding of 125I-EGF (1 ng/ml),
      on the other hand, was observed in normal and uninvolved psoriatic epidermis but
      not in affected psoriatic epidermis. The majority of EGF receptors in affected
      psoriatic epidermis were featured by low affinity for EGF.

PMID- 2637000
TI  - Coronary arteriovenous fistula with vasospastic angina.
AB  - A 50-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of chest pain. Twenty-four
      hour ECG recording demonstrated ST-segment depression and elevation at the time
      of spontaneous angina. During treadmill exercise test, the patient developed
      chest pain with ST-segment depression in leads V4 to V6. After the administration
      of nifedipine (10 mg), the patient was able to reach up to the maximum predicted
      heart rate without anginal symptoms and ST-T changes. Coronary arteriogram
      demonstrated 50% stenosis at the proximal portion of the left anterior descending
      artery (LAD) and two small fistulas originated from LAD to pulmonary artery.
      Spasm was induced at the proximal portion of LAD by the hyperventilation. If
      patients with coronary arteriovenous fistula (CAVF) have symptoms, elective CAVF
      ligation has been recommended. However, this case suggests that coronary spasm
      could be one of the cause of angina pectoris in patients with CAVF. Elective CAVF
      ligation must be carefully indicated in CAVF patients with angina pectoris.

PMID- 2637001
TI  - Culture of dispersed hair follicle cells from plucked out hairs without a feeder
      layer.
AB  - Dispersed hair follicle cells from plucked out hairs have been successfully grown
      on collagen type IV without a biological feeder layer. The optimal calcium
      concentration for the culture of these cells was also studied and decided to be
      0.3-0.5 mM. In this calcium range and on collagen type IV, colony formation and
      colony growth were best and big colonies with a paving stone-like cell
      arrangement were formed. The availability of such cultured cells for the
      treatment of missing skin is proposed instead of cultured epidermal keratinocytes
      which have been commonly used for wound dressing.

PMID- 2637002
TI  - [Undergraduate dental education: a survey].
AB  - This survey of recently qualified dentists indicates that their undergraduate
      education had not prepared them adequately for private practice. In certain
      identified disciplines the teaching was considered to be wanting, whilst in
      others it had been over-emphasised. It can also be concluded that too much time
      was spent on certain clinical or technical procedures and that ways and means
      will have to be found to improve the teaching of practice management and
      comprehensive patient care. Finally, various disciplines in which refresher
      courses are apparently required, have been identified.

PMID- 2637003
TI  - The effect of maize starch on setting time of vinyl polysiloxane putty impression
      materials.
AB  - Maize starch is widely used as a glove lubricant, and the belief is commonly held
      that it is responsible for retarding the setting reaction of vinyl polysiloxane
      putty impression material (VPPIM). In contrast, our research demonstrated
      experimentally that maize starch glove lubricant (MSGL) did not inhibit but
      significantly (P less than 0.05) accelerated the setting reaction of VPPIM.

PMID- 2637004
TI  - Recommendations on radiographic procedures.

PMID- 2637005
TI  - Intracerebral stimulation of the seventh cranial nerve in the rat. Effects on
      cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
AB  - The effect of the intracerebral stimulation of the seventh cranial nerve was
      studied in anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats. The stimulation was
      carried out at the genu level by inserting a micropipette according to known
      stereotaxic coordinates. In 9 experiments, the cerebrospinal fluids pressure
      increased significantly 0.92 to 1.05 cm H2O above basal level after the
      stimulation of the same point on the left and right sides of the brain, without
      changes in mean arterial blood pressure. This response was interpreted as a
      sudden increase in cerebral blood volume produced by the dilatation of cerebral
      blood vessels. The section of the right greater superficial petrosal nerve
      abolished the increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure after stimulation of the
      right side, while the response to stimulation of the left side was similar to the
      one observed in control animals. Consequently, the neurogenic vasodilation
      produced by intracerebral stimulation of the seventh cranial nerve in the rat
      seems to be mediated by a functional Chorobski-Penfield pathway running with the
      greater superficial petrosal nerve.

PMID- 2637006
TI  - [Coronary angioplasty: efficacy of the new low profile balloon catheters].
AB  - New low profile balloon catheter have allowed the indication of percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for more complex lesions. We report our
      initial experience with these systems in 50 out of 101 patients (50%) who
      underwent a PTCA from March 15 to May 15, 1989 in "Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
      Cardiologia". Mean age was 58.6 +/- 10.4 years and most of the patients were male
      (78%). We dilated 54 lesions. Single vessel disease was the case for 84% of the
      patients. As for the localization of the lesions in the coronary arteries, 56% of
      the lesions were in the proximal or mid segments of the coronary arteries and the
      mean diameter stenosis pre-PTCA was 84 +/- 10.2%. Left ventricular function was
      normal in 60% of the patients. Primary success rate (per patient) was 95% and the
      coronary stenosis was crossed in all the cases. The mean inflation number was 2.7
      +/- 0.6 per patient, the mean highest pressure was 8 +/- 1.15 atm and the mean
      maximum time of inflation was 86.1 +/- 29.6 sec. The mean residual stenosis was
      15.2 +/- 10.6%. There was only one major complication, namely an acute myocardial
      infarction of the lateral wall. There were no emergency CABG surgery or deaths.
      We conclude that the new low profile balloon catheters have broadened the
      indication for PTCA in more complicated lesions, showing a high rate of primary
      success (95%), but did not increase the number of procedural complications
      (2.5%).

PMID- 2637007
TI  - [Acute pulmonary edema due to dysfunction and/or rupture of the papillary muscles
      in patients with coronary insufficiency. Surgical results].
AB  - Acute mitral regurgitation due to severe papillary muscle dysfunction or rupture
      has a poor clinical outcome and often requires an emergency surgical procedure.
      Pulmonary venous congestion generally occurs as an end-stage event and in these
      patients surgery is often postponed or even not considered. We studied 14
      consecutive patients with coronary artery disease that suffered acute pulmonary
      edema soon after mitral regurgitation was diagnosed; they were 8 (57%) male and 6
      (43%) female with mean age 60-8 years (49 to 69 years). Five patients had an
      acute myocardial infarction and 9 had an old infarction or stable angina.
      Surgical treatment was indicated to all patients: mitral valve replacement or
      reconstructive procedure (annuloplasty) was the only procedure in 2 patients and
      was associated to coronary artery revascularization in the other 12. Two patients
      (14.3%) with acute myocardial infarction died in hospital; the remaining 12
      (85.7%) had hospital discharge and did well in the late follow-up period. We
      concluded that this high-risk group of patients is particularly suitable for
      surgical management since medical treatment carries a very poor prognosis.

PMID- 2637008
TI  - [Myocardial dysfunction secondary to persistent tachycardia].
AB  - This study demonstrates the presence of variable degrees of reversible
      ventricular dysfunction in five patients with incessant atrioventricular
      tachycardia (IAVT) submitted to surgical ablation of the anomalous pathway. The
      patients were three females and two males, with age ranging from four to 39 years
      (mean 15.2). Preoperative EKG presented persistent tachycardia with narrow QRS
      and RP greater than PR in every case. The P wave was negative in leads D2, D3,
      AVF from V2 to V6. The 24 hours Holter monitoring demonstrated IAVT rhythm with
      few sinus beats. The heart rate variated from 140 to 190 bpm (mean 158 bpm). The
      echocardiogram ejection fraction ranged from 33% to 59% (mean 49.6%). The left
      ventricular diastolic diameter varied from 47 to 66 mm (mean 53.8). The chest X
      ray showed moderate heart enlargement in two patients and mild enlargement in
      one. All the patients were refractory to isolated or associated antiarrhythmic
      drugs. Postero-septal anomalous A-V pathway (with exclusively slow retrograde
      conduction, was demonstrated by electrophysiologic study. After surgery every
      patient was asymptomatic without medication. Permanent sinus rhythm with heart
      rate of 62 to 100 bpm (mean 78.4 bpm) in a four months to two years follow-up.
      The postoperative echocardiogram ejection fraction ranged from 63% to 81% (mean
      71.6%) and the left ventricular diastolic diameter was 42 to 57 mm (mean 48.2
      mm). The heart area was normal in four patients and mildly increased in one
      patient. Thus, persistent increase in heart rate induces variable degrees of
      reversible myocardial dysfunction.

PMID- 2637009
TI  - [Analysis of the mechanical properties of the left ventricle in patients with
      aortic valve disease].
AB  - The morphological and functional aspects of the left ventricle (LV) were assessed
      by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization performed simultaneously in 41
      patients. Eleven were normal (N), 14 had aortic stenosis (AS) and 16 had aortic
      regurgitation (AR). Of the 14 patients with AS, eight were in New York Heart
      Association (NYHA) functional class I and II (ASA group) and six were in NYHA
      functional class III and IV (ASB group). Of the 16 patients with AR, seven were
      in NYHA functional class I and II (ARA group) and nine in functional class III
      and IV (ARB group). In the ASA group normal values of the LV function were
      obtained because of the development of an adequate hypertrophy that in
      normalizing the systolic stroke was able to keep a suitable function. In the ASB
      group there was a reduction of the LV function due to an increase of the systolic
      stroke and to the reduction of the contractile muscle state. Thus, in the whole
      AS group we found an inversed relation between the ejection fraction and the
      systolic stroke. In the ARA group we found a normal cardiac function as
      consequence of an adequate development of the LV dilation and hypertrophy.
      Despite the find of reduction of the contractile state, the systolic stroke
      normalizing was capable to keep the cardiac function at normal values. The ARB
      group presented an important depression of the cardiac function due the increase
      of the systolic stroke and to the decrease of the contractile state of the
      cardiac muscle.

PMID- 2637011
TI  - Ethical guidelines and principles of practice for Catholic nursing and midwifery
      personnel.

PMID- 2637010
TI  - [Mitral and tricuspid valvuloplasty with balloon catheterization in the same
      procedure. A case report].
AB  - Percutaneous mitral and tricuspid balloon valvuloplasty was realized in the same
      procedure using a double lumen exchange catheter that could accommodate two guide
      wires and two balloons (19 mm and Trefoil 3 c 10 mm--Schneider) with simultaneous
      insufflation. Hemodynamically successful was accomplished as evidenced by a
      decrease in mean mitral gradient from 34 mmHg to 1 mmHg and a decrease in mean
      tricuspid gradient from 5 mmHg to 3 mmHg. These results were confirmed by serial
      Doppler echocardiographic studies and by correspondent reduction in symptoms.

PMID- 2637012
TI  - Partial pulpotomy in carious permanent molars.

PMID- 2637013
TI  - Histologic evaluation of the effect of different cutting techniques on
      pulpotomized teeth.

PMID- 2637014
TI  - The effectiveness of a prebrushing mouthrinse in reducing supragingival plaque
      and gingivitis in single-use and extended-use trials.

PMID- 2637015
TI  - Influence of enamel cavosurface configuration on marginal leakage in Class V
      composite resin restorations.

PMID- 2637016
TI  - Mercury penetration into the pulp of teeth restored with amalgam.

PMID- 2637017
TI  - [Antibacterial properties of two conventional and two high copper dental
      amalgams].
AB  - Two conventional and two high copper dental amalgams (Non gamma 2) has been
      investigated for their antibacterial properties. The high copper dental amalgam,
      Ana 2000 possessed a very small range of antibacterial propertie against Lac.
      acidophilus and Staph. epidermidis, while other amalgams found to have no
      antibacterial activity against the ten tested microorganism strains.

PMID- 2637018
TI  - [Investigation of depression using Beck depression inventory in dentistry
      students].
AB  - The aim of this study is to investigate the depression prevalence using Beck
      Depression Inventory between the students attending to the first and last classes
      of Dentistry Faculty. We expected to find low depression prevalence in the first
      class students and high depression prevalence in the last class students. In the
      study, we have Beck Depression Inventory which included twenty one sentences to
      84 Dentistry Faculty students. The results were evaluated by the psychiatrist. In
      conclusion, expected consequences were supported. We found that depression
      percentage was above 50% among Dentistry Faculty students.

PMID- 2637019
TI  - [Effect of various polishing techniques on restorative resin discoloration].
AB  - The color stability of the composite filling material (Adaptabond-Hybrid)
      polished with different techniques -pumice-brush, sof-lex XT, adaptic polish-was
      tested by reflectance spectrophotometry. Samples were dipped in tea-coffee
      staining solution for the periods of 1, 2 or 4 weeks. All the samples were better
      than the group polimerized with celluloid matrix strip. No significant difference
      were found between the groups pumice-brush, sof-lex XT and adaptic polish for the
      periods 1, 2 and 4 weeks.

PMID- 2637020
TI  - [Influences of remelting on physical properties of denture base metal alloys].
AB  - This research was designed in order to evaluate the mechanical properties, such
      as tensile strength, compressive strength, surface hardness and the elongation
      and reduction percentages of the length, of the metal specimens prepared from
      first, second and third generation castings of a denture base metal. The results
      revealed only a proportional decrease on surface hardnesses of the specimens
      casted from first, second and third meltings. While the other properties of all
      specimens had showed no significant differences between themselves, it was
      concluded that the denture base metals could be melted and used again at least
      three times.

PMID- 2637021
TI  - [Oral hygiene in complete denture wearing patients].
AB  - This study was done to determine the oral hygiene status of 104 patients wearing
      complete dentures, by modified Schubert-Schubert Index. These patients who were
      aged 28--76 were classified according to prosthesis wearing periods, such as 1--5
      years, 6--10 years, 11--15 years and more than 15 years and assessed the oral
      hygiene status of them related to their prosthesis wearing years. In the second
      part of this study, a part of patients were given the oral hygiene education by
      means of brochures. After these patients became accustomed to their new complete
      dentures, old and new oral hygiene status of the patients were evaluated
      statistically. As a result, as the prosthesis wearing periods increased, oral
      hygiene levels decreased.

PMID- 2637022
TI  - [Long term effects of surgical and non-surgical periodontal treatment. 1.
      Attachment level changes].
AB  - The long term effectiveness of modified Widman flap and subgingival curettage
      techniques were evaluated in 21 patients who have chronic periodontitis.
      Individual acrylic reference plates and a color coded WHO probe were used for
      attachment level measurements. Attachment level changes which were determined in
      3 rd, 6th, and 9th months calculated as percentage gain or loss of initial
      attachment level and compared statistically. Initially shallow pockets showed
      loss of attachment in both techniques. There was significant attachment gain in
      initially moderate and deep pockets. Accordingly, attachment gain occurred at
      facial, interproximal and oral surfaces with both techniques. It can be concluded
      that if the effective plaque control would be maintained post operatively,
      subgingival curettage is the first choice of method in the treatment of
      periodontal pockets.

PMID- 2637023
TI  - [Effect of light exposure time on hardness of visible light cured composites].
AB  - In this article effect of light exposure time on hardness of visible light cured
      composites with different microfiller ratios were investigated. For this purpose
      specimens with heights 1, 2, 3 mm and 6 mm in diameter were prepared. During the
      preparation of the specimens, half of the specimens were cured with visible light
      for 40 seconds and the other half for 60 seconds. Surface hardness values were
      measured from the top and bottom of the specimens immediately after the light
      source was removed with Barcol Hardness tester. Surface hardness were also
      measured 24 hours and 7 days later. Results were statistically evaluated.

PMID- 2637024
TI  - [Effects of various oral rinses on the pathogenities of bacterial plaque].
AB  - For the chemical control of bacterial plaque, various oral rinses have been
      suggested. Oral rinses which have been used widely in dentistry for the treatment
      of periodontal disease were tested in this study. We investigated the effects of
      4 national and 1 foreign commercially available oral rinses. Our study was headed
      to compare these oral rinses with CHx solution which has been accepted as a "+"
      control material. At the end of this study CHx was found to be the only effective
      solution. From those of tested, only Heksoral, a national brand, oral rinse and a
      foreign originated Veadent had very limited anti plaque effects.

PMID- 2637025
TI  - [Comparative clinical study of modified Widman flap and incisional curettage
      techniques].
AB  - In this study modified Widman flap and incisional curettage techniques were
      compared on ten patients who had symmetrical defects with moderate pocketlevels.
      (5-6 mm) Different techniques were applied on different segments of upper
      anterior teeth of the patients. At the end of the observation period of three
      months inter and intra group comparisons were made biometrically according to the
      following parameters: PI (Loe-Silness) GI (Silness-Loe), pocket depth level,
      gingival fluid flow rate, gingival margin position and attachment level. Results
      of this study showed that, there was no difference between two techniques. It may
      be proposed to apply incisional curettage technique on the patients with moderate
      pocket depth.

PMID- 2637026
TI  - [Schwannoma (neurilemmoma): a case report].
AB  - Neurilemmoma, neurofibroma and neuroma are benign neoplasms of nerve tissue.
      These arise from components of the peripheral nerves. They are extremely rare
      within the jaws. Schwannoma or neurilemmoma may occur along the route of any of
      the peripheral cranial or sympathetic nerves. The source of origin is thought to
      be the schwann cells. Its appearance in oral and paraoral regions is not rare.
      Treatment is surgical and the prognosis is excellent. It has no tendency toward
      recurrence. Our schwannoma case is found noteworthy because of its localisation
      and subsequent complications and is presented to your concern.

PMID- 2637027
TI  - [Myxofibroma of the mandible].
AB  - In this article, a rare case of large myxofibroma of the mandible has been
      presented. The odontogenic myxoma originated from the mesenchym ise benign and
      can be arised from dental papilla, dental follicle or the periodontal ligament.
      Myxoma is mostly located in maxilla or mandible and accompanied by an unerupted
      tooth and can be seen in the second or third decade of the life. It is painless
      and uncapsulated and the growth of tumor is slow. Since it is uncapsulated,
      recurrence is about 25%. Myxoma can be confused radiologically with benign or
      malign lesions of jaws which are radiolucent in nature. Curretting, cauterization
      and resection are methods of treatment and the prognosis is good.

PMID- 2637028
TI  - [Oral findings in dyskeratosis congenita (a case report)].
AB  - Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare genokeratosis and characterized by, A) Reticular
      dermal atrophy and telangiectatic pigmentation, B) Distrophies of the nails, C)
      Oral leukokeratosis. In this article, a 22 year old male patient with
      Dyskeratosis congenita was presented and oral findings were discussed.

PMID- 2637029
TI  - [In vitro investigation of Gutta-percha amounts in different root obturation
      techniques].
AB  - Several obturation techniques and obturation materials are developed in order to
      fill the root canals completely. It was necessary to fill the root canals with
      solid and semisolid materials due to the unproduction of an ideal root canal
      sealer. The well known material that is being used, for this purpose today is
      gutta-percha. Single cone techniques, lateral condensation techniques and
      thermoplastic gutta-percha enjection techniques are used with sealers and without
      sealers in single rooted 30 teeth. And than, the amount of gutta-percha were
      evaluated by mean of herizontally taken section from 3 different levels of root
      canals. Finally the gutta-percha enjection techniques found to contein more gutta
      percha amount in all three section levels than the single cone techniques and
      laterally condancation technique.

PMID- 2637030
TI  - [Evaluation of skeletal structures in individuals with malocclusion].
AB  - This study was performed on 50 female and 45 male subjects with orthodontic
      malocclusions. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between
      sagittal and vertical growth patterns of the cranio-facial complex. The sample
      was divided into six groups, (class I, II, III type and neutral, deep and open
      type) according to the ANB angle and Jarabak rate. As a result, the anterior and
      posterior facial heights were significantly smaller in the girls than in the
      boys. The relationship between the sagittal jaw interrelation and different
      vertical growth patterns of the face was not significant. It has also found that
      the discrepancy of the sagittal jaw relation was mainly caused by protrusive or
      retrusive position of the mandible relative to the cranial base.

PMID- 2637031
TI  - [Parallax technics].
AB  - Regarding radiologic interpretation, parallax determines the different x-ray
      appearance of the same objects from various exposuring directions. In the present
      study the horizontal and vertical shift sketch method is used. This study is
      carried out on 31 patients admitted to Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department.
      After recording the location of impacted teeth to the special forms, surgical
      intervention is performed. The susceptibility of this study is found 100 per.
      cent. Only in one mesio-dens case we had an conflict. This finding is also being
      discussed. The sophisticated details of the method is being described.

PMID- 2637032
TI  - [Evaluation of the occlusal plane in dentulous and edentulous subjects].
AB  - The occlusal plane is an important factor in stability and esthetic of dentures.
      The location of the occlusal plane in complete dentures is a controversial
      subject. The occlusal plane in complete denture has often been oriented
      anteriorly to fulfill esthetic and posteriorly to Camper's line. However,
      recently the methods used for locating the occlusal plane appear to be less
      limiting. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the different concepts
      of occlusal plane. A roentgenographic cephalometric investigation was conducted
      to compare the position of the occlusal plane of the artifical teeth with that of
      the natural teeth which existed before the remaining teeth were extracted.

PMID- 2637033
TI  - [Electromyographic evaluation of different types of obturators constructed after
      maxillary resections].
AB  - Our investigation included 6 patients who had undergone extensive surgery for
      eradication of neoplasms of the maxillae. Their surgical defects were similar and
      they had natural teeth on the unresected side. Two types of obturators were
      constructed for each patient, one being hollow-bulb and the other buccal flange.
      The hollow-bulb obturators had closed nasal sections extending as far superiorly
      as possible into the anterior and lateral aspects of the defect. Buccal flange
      obturators were constructed without closed hollow sections. Our study was
      designed to compare these obturators electromyographically. When the results were
      evaluated statistically, it was concluded that buccal flange obturators were
      superior to hollow-bulb obturators in stabilization and function.

PMID- 2637034
TI  - [Effect of disinfection on linear and dimensional stability of impression
      materials].
AB  - Given the potential for transfer of pathogenic microorganisms from dental
      impressions, a method for surface disinfection of impressions is needed to
      prevent spread of infection by way of impressions and casts made from them. The
      effects of disinfectant solutions on the impression materials linear and
      dimensional stability to prevent viral infections are investigated in this
      article. For this purpose, irreversible hydrokolloid and silicon rubber base
      impression materials and five disinfectant solutions were used. No apparent
      linear and dimensional change could be detected after 30 minute immersion in any
      of the disinfectants tested.

PMID- 2637035
TI  - [Effects of various prosthodontic strengtheners on fatigue behaviour of acrylic
      resins].
AB  - The fatigue behaviour of acrylic sheet specimens containing reinforcers were
      investigated. Three different kinds of reinforcers namely, stainless steel,
      aluminum reinforcer and three flex wire were used as strengtheners in acrylic
      resin sheets. The tests were carried out on alternating bending fatigue testing
      machine specially designed to test sheet specimens. By applying static and
      dynamic bending moments of any desired magnitude within the permissible capacity
      likits of the machine the fatigue lives of the specimens were determined.
      Experimental results showed that stainless steel strengtheners had a significant
      positive effect on the fatigue behaviour of acrylic resin.

PMID- 2637036
TI  - [SEM investigation of the effects of various fluoride preparations on dentin
      surface].
AB  - Fluor preparations are effective agents to remove dentinal hypersensitivity. In
      this study the effects of %4 NaF, Bifluoride 12 and diamine silver fluoride
      (Saphoride) on dentin surface is evaluated with SEM. Prepared dentin surface was
      covered with smear layer and different crystal forms were observed on the dentin
      surface.

PMID- 2637037
TI  - [Speech intelligibility in various types of obturators constructed after
      maxillary resections].
AB  - Six patients who had undergone partial maxillary resection for the removal of
      oral neoplasms were studied. For each patient two types of obturators were made
      one being buccal flange and the other hollow-bulb. Speech evaluations were made
      under three conditions: 1- with the hollow-bulb 2- with the buccal flange and 3-
      with no obturator. Speech evaluations were made both audiovisually and from tape
      recordings. In both audiovisual and tape recorded speech evaluations, the buccal
      flange obturator produced speech which was significantly superior to speech with
      hollow-bulb obturator.

PMID- 2637038
TI  - [Surface treatment of castings. Adjustment, finishing, grinding and polishing].

PMID- 2637039
TI  - [The small restoration. Theoretical principles for success].

PMID- 2637040
TI  - [Material aspects of technics for porcelain inlays and onlays].

PMID- 2637041
TI  - Binding of lanthanum and gadolinium ions to concanavalin A studied
      calorimetrically at 25 degrees C.
AB  - The interaction between Concanavalin A (ConA) and the lanthanide ions La3+ and
      Gd3+ has been studied calorimetrically at 25 degrees C. The measurements were
      carried out at a pH of 4.5, where the protein exists prevailingly as a dimer.
      Calorimetry allows the direct determination of the binding enthalpy and the
      evaluation of both the apparent association constant, and the apparent free
      energy and entropy. Three groups of data were collected. The first concerns the
      interaction of the 'native' protein, i.e., fully metallized with Mn2+ and Ca2+,
      with the lanthanides. The second concerns the interaction of the completely
      demetallized protein with La3+ and Gd3+. Finally, the affinity of each complex
      was tested for the specific sugar alpha-methylmannopyranoside. The analysis of
      the thermodynamic parameters obtained, led to the following conclusions: 1) a
      specific site, named S3, exists on the protein for the lanthanides, distinct from
      the S1 site of the transition metal and from the S2 site, specific for calcium.
      There is only one S3 site per protomer when the protein has Mn2+ in S1 and Ca2+
      in S2. Moreover, there is no appreciable competition for S1 and S2 from the
      lanthanides. The 'native' protein, metallized with La3+ or Gd3+, is a fully
      functional protein. 2) The demetallized protein (ApoCon A) has at least two sites
      per protomer for the lanthanides. The hypothesis is that, besides the S3 site,
      the lanthanides, in the absence of Mn2+, can also occupy the S1, but not the S2,
      site. The protein metallized only with gadolinium ion is completely inactive
      toward the interaction with the mannoside. The same happens when, along with
      gadolinium, only calcium or manganese is present. Hence, in the absence of the
      transition metal in S1 or of calcium in S2, the protein is not in the
      conformation suitable to interact with its specific substrate.

PMID- 2637042
TI  - Effect of intercalative binding compared to external binding on Z/B equilibrium
      of poly d(GMe5C) using fluorescent oxazolopyridocarbazoles as probes.
AB  - Using the fluorimetric determination of the binding isotherms in combination with
      circular dichroism, we have investigated the effect of the binding of the
      intercalating chromophore oxazolopyridocarbazole (OPC) to poly d(GMe5C) on B/Z
      equilibrium, compared to the effect of the external binder OPC derivative pentyl
      2-OPC. The intercalating OPC appears to be very efficient in reversing left
      handed poly d(GMe5C) into the right-handed conformation, according to a
      cooperative mode. For each OPC molecule intercalated into the B form, 7 base
      pairs were switched from the Z to B conformation. In contrast, the binding of the
      external binder pentyl-OPC resulted in a limited Z to B transition, involving the
      switch of 1.4 base pairs from the Z to B conformation. Moreover, OPC appears much
      more efficient than pentyl-OPC in inhibiting both the extent and kinetics of the
      salt-induced B/Z transition. At low drug to DNA ratio (D/P = 1/50), a 7-fold and
      1.5-fold inhibition of the B/Z transition kinetics occurs in the presence of OPC
      and pentyl-OPC, respectively. These features are discussed in terms of the
      difference existing between the entropic contribution in the DNA binding of
      intercalating agents, compared to external binders.

PMID- 2637043
TI  - Preparation of a functional, highly selective polymer by molecular imprinting. A
      demonstration with L-p-aminophenylalanine anilide as a template molecule allowing
      multiple points of attachment.
AB  - The technique of molecular imprinting was tested using various phenylalanine
      derivatives. It could be shown that polymers obtained by imprinting with L-p
      aminophenylalanine anilide gave best recognition of the original L-form, with
      separation factors (alpha) above 8, on applying racemic mixtures to the polymer
      obtained and present in a HPLC column. We believe that these results are due to
      multiple points of attachment that are possible between print or template (guest)
      molecules and the formed polymer (host).

PMID- 2637044
TI  - Recognition in cell adhesion. A comparative study of the conformations of RGD
      containing peptides by Monte Carlo and NMR methods.
AB  - Many of the proteins that mediate cell adhesion processes processes-fibronectin,
      fibrinogen, vitronectin, von Willebrand factor, osteopontin, laminin and various
      collagens--contain the amino acid sequence Arg-Gly-Asp. Short peptides that
      include this sequence have been shown to inhibit the interactions of cell
      adhesion proteins with their receptors and to have dramatic effects on
      developmental processes involving cellular recognition. In order to determine
      which conformations are accessible to Arg-Gly-Asp containing peptides, we
      analyzed tri-, tetra- and pentapeptides using molecular mechanics and Monte Carlo
      methods, and studied the solution conformations of the pentapeptide Gly-Arg-Gly
      Asp-Ser using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The Monte Carlo method was
      used to: (a) identify the low energy conformations of the peptides and (b)
      evaluate their thermodynamic properties. In the case of the pentapeptide Gly-Arg
      Gly-Asp-Gly, the four stable conformations include three with reverse turns and
      one open structure. The conformations found in this analysis are compatible with
      the nuclear magnetic resonance (nuclear Overhauser effect) data.

PMID- 2637045
TI  - The invisible Class IV restoration.
AB  - Advances in bonding technology have allowed the dentist to create truly esthetic
      restorations. However, some clinical situations still present difficult esthetic
      challenges. A common area of difficulty is the maxillary Class IV, where the
      interface between restorative material and tooth structure is frequently visible.
      Using a combination of composite resins, the authors present a technique for
      solving this problem to create esthetic, natural-looking Class IV restorations.

PMID- 2637046
TI  - Crown recontouring using a new polishable hybrid composite material.
AB  - Visible light cured hybrid composite materials are assuming an increasingly
      important role in esthetic dentistry because they offer the combination of a high
      degree of polishability together with clinically proven durability and fracture
      resistance. Further, some hybrid materials may be used both anteriorly and
      posteriorly. Thus they are termed "universal" composite materials. The purpose of
      this paper is to demonstrate two cases of esthetic conservative anterior crown
      reconstruction and a posterior composite restorative technique using a newly
      introduced polishable hybrid material (Prisma APH, L. D. Caulk Co., Milford, DE).

PMID- 2637047
TI  - Clinical evaluation of porcelain laminate veneers: a four-year recall report.
AB  - The following is a clinical evaluation of custom laboratory processed porcelain
      laminates for the conservative treatment of the discolored dentition--a four-year
      recall report.

PMID- 2637048
TI  - The hidden value of esthetic dentistry.

PMID- 2637049
TI  - Evaluation of surface finish of microfilled resins.
AB  - Five microfilled resin restorative materials were evaluated for ease of polish
      and surface finish. Ease of finish was evaluated subjectively; surface smoothness
      with a profilometer. In addition, scanning electron microscope examinations were
      conducted to evaluate the structural composition of the microfills. No difference
      was found in ease of finish, but surface smoothness varied among the five
      products. The SEM evaluation revealed that four of the products had a
      heterogeneous composition while the fifth appeared to be a homogeneous microfill.

PMID- 2637050
TI  - [Haematological investigation of patients attending an oral medicine clinic in
      the Dental Faculty, University of Iceland, 1987-1988].
AB  - The present communication reports preliminary findings of haematological
      investigations carried out on patients attending an oral medicine clinic in the
      University of Iceland over a two year period. Patients have been referred to this
      newly-established clinic with candidosis, aphtous ulceration, sore tongues,
      burning mouth syndrome and other miscellaneous conditions. Many were investigated
      for underlying causes for their oral disorder. A high proportion of patients
      (33/45: 73%) referred for haematological investigation had abnormal findings
      largely related to a deficiency of iron (21/45: 47%). Most of these reported
      improvement in their oral discomfort after a course of iron tablets. Only two
      patients had abnormally reduced erythrocyte counts but a further 19 (42%) were
      found to have sideropaenia. Diabetes was diagnosed in two patients and one
      previously unknown case of megaloblastic anaemia was also discovered. The results
      were sufficiently encouraging to warrant continuing the clinic and collection of
      further data.

PMID- 2637051
TI  - [The dental state of old-age pensioners resident in homes for the elderly and
      long-stay geriatric units in Reykjavik].
AB  - In 1984 the dental state was clinically investigated in a random sample of 400
      old-age pensioners, 67 years or older, who were either inmates of old people's
      residential or nursing homes or long-term patients in geriatric departments of
      the hospitals in Reykjavik. Decayed, missing and filled teeth were recorded in
      accordance with criteria suggested by WHO. Of the participants 10% (27 males and
      13 females) were dentulous with a mean number of 9.9 teeth. The mean number of
      remaining teeth in dentate subjects was higher in the mandible than in the
      maxilla. The mean number of remaining teeth per person decreased with increasing
      age and was higher in males than females in 4 out of 5 age groups. The teeth most
      commonly retained were the canines and lateral incisors in the mandible and
      central incisors and canines in the maxilla. Only 0.8% of the sample had greater
      than or equal to 10 teeth in each dental arch.

PMID- 2637052
TI  - [Implantation of collagen coated hydroxyapatite particles. A clinical
      histological study in humans].
AB  - In this study, histologic behaviour of collagen coated hydroxylapatite particles
      implanted in human periodontal osseous defects has been analyzed. This material
      was surgically implanted in four patients, and reentry and block biopsies were
      carried out 4 and 6 months later. The histologic results demonstrate that this
      material is well tolerated by surrounding tissues, not eliciting an inflammatory
      reaction. At four months, the hydroxylapatite particles appear encapsulated by a
      very cellular connective tissue and at 6 months are found in direct contact with
      osteoid and mature bone. This material acts as a filler material, being fully
      biocompatible and stimulating an osseoconductive reaction of the adjacent
      alveolar bone.

PMID- 2637053
TI  - [Epidemiological study of periodontal disease in an Oviedo school population].
AB  - 1,276 young people, between 6-20 years old, representing the urban school
      population from Oviedo (Spain) were evaluated by the Community Periodontal Index
      of Treatment Needs (C.P.I.T.N.). From this population: 1. 66.1% were found to
      have bleeding on probing, without evidence of attachment loss (gingivitis), or
      presence of local irritants. This population represented a treatment need of
      improving oral hygiene. 2. 29.6% had moderate attachment loss (probing pocket
      depths between 4-5 mm.) and/or presence of local irritants. They were determined
      to need scaling and root planing. 3. 0.7% had probing pocket depths higher than 6
      mm., which requires a more complex specialized type of therapy. Based on these
      treatment needs, the number of treatment hours was determined, estimating that it
      would be necessary to spend 1649 hrs. to diagnose and treat this detected
      periodontal conditions. 93% of this time could be provided by dental auxiliary
      personnel. The therapeutic needs were higher in males and clearly augmented with
      age.

PMID- 2637054
TI  - [Effects of laser radiation on the periodontium. An animal model approach.
      Effects of usual radiation dosage].
AB  - Twenty four albino mice of forty days old were selected. Twelve forty days old
      albino mice were irradiated with a Helium-Neon laser source, dose of 10.50566
      Jul/cm2. They were divided in two groups according to time of animal sacrifice
      (immediately after irradiation and ten days after). As control were used twelve
      mice using the same time as the experimental groups, but without radiation.
      T.E.M. ultrathin sections showed alteration only in the conjunctiva and in the
      bone tissues, but not in the epithelial tissue. The bone showed two osteocyte
      population according to their response to irradiation. The first population
      showed characteristic comparable with the controls, and the second showed
      alterations suggestive of a degenerative process. The connective tissue also
      showed two fibroblasts populations, the first showed signs of a big synthesizing
      activity, and the second, degenerative signs. The first fibroblast population
      appeared in the animals sacrificed immediately after irradiation.

PMID- 2637055
TI  - [Clinical and clinico-histological markers in chronic destructive adult
      periodontitis].
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the significance and interrelationship of
      clinical parameters and their association with histologic changes in advanced
      destructive periodontitis. 158 patients with PDI greater than 4 (Ramfjord) were
      selected, evaluating the size, contouring, bleeding, consistency, colour and
      gingival pain. Epithelial ulceration of soft periodontal pockets were also
      evaluated. The results showed a statistically significant association between
      purplish colour and gingival fibrosis and advanced stage of the disease. Gingival
      bleeding on probing was the most important clinical parameter in advanced phases
      of the disease, either alone or in association with other parameters such as the
      presence of epithelial ulcerations. The Periodontal Disease Index (Ramfjord) has
      proven effective in the evaluation of generalized patterns of disease.

PMID- 2637056
TI  - Transurethral ureterorenoscopic ureteral stone removal in 100 patients.
AB  - A total of 102 transurethral ureterorenoscopic stone manipulations were performed
      on 100 patients with ureteral stones. Among the 81 successful procedures, stones
      were removed using a stone basket under ureterorenoscopic control in 12 (14.8%),
      after ultrasonic disintegration in 58 (71.6%), and stone fragments were allowed
      to be spontaneously passed after ultrasonic disintegration in 11 (13.6%). Owing
      to improvements in available instruments, transurethral ureterorenoscopic removal
      of ureteral stones will become an important procedure to endourologists. This
      report describes transurethral ureterorenoscopic removal of ureteral stones in
      100 patients.

PMID- 2637057
TI  - Upper lumbar disc herniation.
AB  - Herniations of the upper lumbar disc have often been overlooked due to a
      relatively low incidence we had 457 lumbar disc surgeries from January 1978 to
      June 1987. Twenty-two of them were of the upper three lumbar discs. We analyzed
      these patients according to their clinical syndromes, radiological findings and
      surgical results. The characteristic features of anterior thigh pain from upper
      lumbar disc herniation were different from the more commonly seen fourth and
      fifth lumbar disc herniation which resulted in sciatica. The incidence of cauda
      equina syndrome was relatively high in our series (36%). All the 22 cases had
      correlated X-ray findings. Satisfactory operative results for upper lumbar disc
      herniation were achieved in 20 of 22 (90%).

PMID- 2637058
TI  - [Prognostic nutritional index in hepatobiliary surgery].
AB  - Malnutrition has long been recognized as a potential source of increased
      morbidity and mortality in patients with various disorders, including those
      undergoing hepatobiliary surgery. To elucidate the role of malnutrition in
      postoperative complications in hepatobiliary surgery, the nutritional status of
      73 patients was evaluated with the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) devised by
      Dr. Mullen. PNI was calculated based on the following parameters: albumin,
      transferrin, triceps skin folds and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DH). DH
      was performed with four skin antigens: candida, trichophyton,
      streptokinase/streptodornase and PPD. Based on the results the patients were
      stratified into two groups, a low-risk group with PNI less than 40 and a high
      risk group with PNI greater than or equal to 40. Complications occurred in 10 of
      34 patients (29%) in the low-risk group and in 15 of 39 patients (38%) in the
      high-risk group. There were 2 deaths in the latter and none in the former group,
      the difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that PNI fails to
      predict postoperative complications in hepatobiliary surgery patients. Either the
      formula of PNI, which is derived from gastrointestinal surgery patients, is not
      applicable to patients undergoing hepatobiliary surgery, or factors other than
      nutrition are involved in the development of postoperative complications in
      hepatobiliary surgery.

PMID- 2637059
TI  - Appendicitis during pregnancy.
AB  - Twenty-four pregnant women with acute appendicitis received exploratory
      laparotomy during an 8-year period. Abdominal pain accompanied with nausea and
      vomiting were the most common symptoms. Abdominal tenderness and rebounding pain
      were the most reliable physical signs. Leukocytosis with WBC count greater than
      15,000/cu mm and granulocytes greater than 87% and prolonged symptomatic duration
      were indications that appendiceal perforation might have occurred. A McBurney's
      incision and spinal anesthesia were preferred for appendectomy during pregnancy.
      In cases of uncomplicated appendicitis, tocolytic agents and antibiotics were not
      routinely used. Premature labor occurred in 21% of patients during postoperative
      period.

PMID- 2637060
TI  - [Cleft lip and cleft palate in the Craniofacial Center, Chang Gung Memorial
      Hospital: incidence, sex, seasonality and topographic distribution].
AB  - Of 2963 patients registered at the Chang Gung Craniofacial Center, 1755 patients
      (906 males and 849 females) who did not have any previous surgery were carefully
      delineated according to cleft side, involvement of primary or secondary palate
      and severity of cleft. Cleft lip and palate (43.88%) was the most common cleft,
      cleft palate (30.88%) the second, while cleft lip (25.24%) the least. More males
      were found in cleft lip group or cleft lip and palate group, and more females in
      the cleft palate group. Regarding clefts involving both primary and secondary
      palates, the cleft of both palates was usually complete, but when the clefts
      involved either the primary or secondary palate, the cleft was usually
      incomplete. With regards to the laterality of unilateral cleft lip and/or palate,
      the left side was affected more than right side. With regard to seasonal
      variation, cleft palate patients showed the highest incidence from August to
      October and the lowest incidence from November to January. Cleft lip or cleft lip
      and palate patients showed the highest incidence from November to February but no
      obvious difference in the rest of the months. Topographic distribution disclosed
      that more patients were domiciled in the area north to Hsien-Chu, especially the
      urban Taipei area.

PMID- 2637061
TI  - [Vertical root fracture--case report and clinical evaluation].
AB  - It is observed at the Dental OPD that some of the patients suffer from toothache
      are due to tooth fracture. Of the various types of tooth fracture, it is noted
      that vertical root fracture of molars which have never undergone endodontic
      treatment has rarely been reported. It is suggested that x-ray examination is the
      best diagnostic tool as it would show a certain section of the abnormally large
      root canal. This will indicate a fracture in the root. As the fractured root is
      mostly very poor in prognosis, the tooth in question should be extracted or it
      can be treated with root amputation or hemisection to eradicate the fractured
      root. Three cases of vertical root fracture are reported. The intent of this
      paper is to probe such cases, the means of diagnosis, and their treatments in
      clinical practices. Dental colleagues are thus advised to take into consideration
      the possibility of vertical root fracture whenever patients complain about
      toothache without any apparent cause.

PMID- 2637062
TI  - Lipid cell tumor of the ovary associated with endometrial adenocarcinoma--a case
      report.
AB  - Presented here is a case of a 54-year-old woman with a lipid cell tumor of the
      ovary associated with endometrial adenocarcinoma. Lipid cell tumor of the ovary
      is a rare tumor. From the previous literature, there are only four cases reported
      to be associated with endometrial adenocarcinoma. The history and the
      pathological findings will be presented along with the review of the literature.

PMID- 2637064
TI  - Esthetic and emotional factors in immediate denture construction.
AB  - Some patients delay the extraction of infected teeth because of the fear and
      dread of becoming edentulous. In immediate denture service, the humiliating
      edentulous period is eliminated. An immediate denture is defined as a "denture
      constructed for insertion immediately following the removal of the natural teeth"
      and is desirable and indicated for a majority of patients who lose their
      remaining teeth. This article discusses techniques and materials used in the
      preparation of immediate dentures.

PMID- 2637063
TI  - Dental bacteremia and its relationship to bacterial endocarditis: preventive
      measures.
AB  - This article indicates that using local degerming agents in conjunction with
      traditional antibiotics prevents dental bacteremia more effectively than either
      procedure alone. In many patients at risk for endocarditis who practice home-care
      procedures than can produce bacteremia from gingival bleeding, daily antibiotic
      prophylaxis is impractical and contraindicated. This article discusses an
      effective method to control daily bacteremia with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash.
      The article also attempts to identify patients at risk, determine the degree that
      they are exposed to potentially bacteremic situations, and encourage an
      aggressive team approach of physician and dentist to protect such patients
      adequately. Recommendations to prevent bacteremia are offered to supplement
      traditional antibiotic regimens.

PMID- 2637065
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of chronic orofacial pain medications.
AB  - Pharmacologic intervention with nontraditional analgesics such as
      antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and ergot alkaloids, is often useful in the
      management of chronic pain disorders, including those in the orofacial region.
      The side effects of these drugs are different and often more severe than the
      analgesics commonly prescribed in dental practices and their prescription by
      those without advanced training in the area of chronic pain management is not
      recommended. This article will review the mechanism of action, efficacy, and
      toxicity of some of the more commonly prescribed chronic pain medications.

PMID- 2637066
TI  - Ovarian hormones and oral health: pregnancy gingivitis.
AB  - The most common oral manifestation of increased levels of ovarian hormones is an
      increase in gingival inflammation with an accompanying increase in gingival
      exudate. Although plaque has been identified as the major etiologic agent of
      gingivitis, there are a number of known situations that exacerbate the condition.
      It is well-documented that pregnancy, puberty, menstrual cycle, and oral
      contraceptives all have been coupled with transient, self-limiting periods of
      gingivitis. A common feature these conditions share is an elevation in the plasma
      concentration of estrogens and progestins. This article will review the basic
      physiology of the estrogens and progestins and discuss the possible role these
      hormones play in the gingivitis occurring during pregnancy or oral contraceptive
      usage.

PMID- 2637068
TI  - [Trends in orthodontics].

PMID- 2637067
TI  - An overview of Gly-Oxide liquid in control and prevention of dental disease.
AB  - Removal of dental plaque is the generally accepted method of preventing and
      controlling periodontal disease. Several studies have identified bacterial plaque
      as the primary etiologic factor in periodontal disease. However, many individuals
      have difficulty in mechanically removing plaque or may have physical limitations
      that hinder their ability to effectively brush and floss. Consequently, in recent
      years, the search for an agent to remove or inhibit dental plaque has
      intensified. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the
      effectiveness of various agents in removing or inhibiting plaque. In its
      Technical Report No. 26, the Federation Dentair Internationale provides a
      comprehensive overview of the efficacy of antibiotics, antiseptics, chemical
      agents, irrigation, pastes, and slow release devices in plaque removal and
      inhibition. Addy has suggested that investigation of oxygenating mouthrinses as
      antiplaque agents deserves attention because of their potential ability to affect
      the anaerobes responsible for periodontal disease. The purpose of this article is
      to provide an overview of the role of one oxygenating agent, carbamide peroxide
      in glycerol solution, in the prevention and control of periodontal disease.

PMID- 2637069
TI  - [Analgosedation as an adjuvant during surgery under local anesthesia].
AB  - Twelve systemically healthy patients each (ASA risk groups 1-2) who required oral
      surgery under local anesthesia received the short-acting benzodiazepin Midazolam
      for analgosedation as well as the analgesics Pentazocin or Piritramid. Both i.v.
      medications are suitable as adjuvants for local anesthesia since neither
      clinically relevant respiratory and circular depression nor major sleepiness were
      observed.

PMID- 2637070
TI  - [Acute necrotizing bone destruction of the maxillary and mandibular midline area
      in HIV infection cases].
AB  - An HIV positive patient with extensive destructions in the midline area of
      maxilla and mandible is presented. The diagnosis had to differentiate between
      rapidly progressing periodontitis, lethal midline granuloma, specific
      inflammation, and tumors. Course of the disease and histological workup led to
      the diagnosis of rapidly progressing periodontitis. The relationship between
      midline granuloma and immune deficiency should be noted.

PMID- 2637071
TI  - [Experience with evacuable maxillary sinus endothesis for orbital and maxillary
      trauma].
AB  - Results with a deflatable anatomically designed Endothesis for the reduction of
      fractures of the antral walls, especially the orbital floor. For the treatment of
      the fractures of the antral walls, especially of the extended fractures of the
      orbital floor, after repositioning through the maxillary sinus, treatment is
      necessary which supports the maxillary sinus and which, being effective in all
      directions, protects the ciliated epithelium and guaranties the drainage of
      secretions. After anatomical preexaminations three differently large hollow
      models for the maxillary sinus made of thin-walled silicon were developed. These
      "Endotheses" were implanted through a facial window into the maxillary sinus and
      are to be filled by way of nasal drain with contrast fluid. 51 patients were
      subjected to clinical, x-ray and, in selected cases, endoscopic post-control.

PMID- 2637072
TI  - [Treatment of midfacial fractures with bicoronal incisions].
AB  - During the period 1985 to 1987 twelve patients with central or centrolateral
      midfacial fractures were operated via a bicoronal approach at the university
      hospital for oro- and maxillofacial surgery in Wurzburg. All fractures were
      treated with the Wurzburg titanium mini-plates. Esthetic and functional results
      were very satisfactory, since this type of incision offers good access to the
      site of surgery without causing surgery induced scars in the visible area.

PMID- 2637073
TI  - [Control of the re-epithelialization of skin defects and burns].
AB  - In an experimental study an attempt was made to compare the effect of the
      tetrachlorodekaoxygen anion complex (TCDO) with an aqueous KCl/CaCl2 solution of
      a defined molar concentration in hydrogel on the basis of skin defects,
      irradiated skin defects, and necrectomized burns of the skin of the back of naked
      euthymic guinea pigs. The wound healing of the irradiated skin defects and the
      necrectomized burns was found to be generally delayed. The use of the Kcl/CaCl2
      solution in hydrogel, however, brought about a faster repair of the defects than
      the application of TCDO.

PMID- 2637074
TI  - [Technique and results of a one-stage procedure combining endosseous implantation
      (TPS) and classical preprosthetic surgery in the mandible].
AB  - Relative ridge augmentation procedures often provide a limited improvement in
      denture retention, due to advanced resorption of the alveolar ridge and loss of
      vertical bone height. The alternative treatment, i.e. integration of endosseous
      implants, leaves the mobile soft tissues uncapable of bearing a denture; this
      requires additional mucosal procedures. To avoid multiple operations we have
      combined the integration of frontal endosseous implants with the classical
      relative ridge augmentation procedure in one stage. While implantation, on the
      one hand, improves multidimensional denture retention, total sulcoplasty with
      split skin and mucosal grafts, on the other, provides a firm and strong covering
      of the ridge and a wider soft tissue area for denture support.

PMID- 2637075
TI  - [Mucosa-saving conservative maxillary sinus surgery with periostium-based facial
      bone coverage].
AB  - Two hundred and seven patients treated with various techniques of maxillary sinus
      surgery were followed up. Although this was a retrospective study the results
      seem to demonstrate that the more conservative surgical approaches are more
      favorable in terms of impaired sensitivity and pain in the maxillary sinus than
      the formerly practiced radical CALDWELL-LUC procedure. In some cases
      postoperative pain was improved by neurolysis and reconstruction of the facial
      bone wall.

PMID- 2637076
TI  - [Articular disk degeneration in the TMJ].
AB  - Arthroscopic, macroscopic and histological signs of degenerative changes in the
      articular disc were found in 228 temporo-mandibular joints from corpses. In this
      way it was possible to identify a degenerative development series. Three
      preferred sites are typical of degenerative metaplastic processes: antero-lateral
      in the fibrocartilaginous section, lateral at the transition between
      fibrocartilaginous and bilaminar section and postero-central in the bilaminar
      zone. The beginning of a degenerative process was never detected in other
      sections of the disc. Degeneration commences in the fibrocartilaginous section
      with fragmentation of the collagen fibres, destruction of interzellular substance
      and loss of collagen fibres proceeding from the cranial surface. This leads to
      thinning, rupture and, finally, to dehiscence. In the bilaminar zone the
      degeneration develops in the caudal section of the cranial lamella. It leads to
      ganglia formation due to mucoid liquefaction. After tearing of the cranial
      lamella the caudal lamella thins down until it finally ruptures. Dehiscence thus
      occurs dorsally, too.

PMID- 2637077
TI  - [Pneumatization of the articular eminence of the TMJ. A case report].
AB  - A pneumatized articular eminance may be a chance finding in some panoramic
      radiographs. Although this anatomic variation has no pathologic significance, it
      should be radiographically verified prior to joint surgery.

PMID- 2637078
TI  - [Clinical experience with different modes of preoperative radiotherapy in
      advanced carcinomas of the tongue and the floor of the mouth].
AB  - In a controlled prospective study of 90 patients with locally advanced but
      operable epidermoid carcinomas (T2/T3N0-3M0) of the tongue and the floor of the
      mouth underwent 3 types of preoperative radiation: 1.5 x 5 Gy; 2.15 x 2 Gy and
      3.5 x 2.5 Gy. The preoperative radiation led to a marked decrease of local
      recidives and to a lengthening of the recidive-free interval respectively. The
      type of preoperative radiation 5 x 5 Gy seemed to have the most favourable
      results. Otherwise the preoperative radiation had no advantages in regard to a
      better prevention of regional metastases and because of that there is no
      indication for it.

PMID- 2637079
TI  - [Results with the use of the SCC antigen in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral
      cavity].
AB  - The serum concentration of squamous-cell-carcinoma antigen (SCC) and
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 51 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the
      oral cavity were compared to those of 53 patients with non-malignant disorders of
      the head and neck. The sensitivity found for SCC was only 24%, but was much
      higher than for CEA. SCC could be a valuable tool in follow-up monitoring of
      patients treated for squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity.

PMID- 2637080
TI  - [Critical evaluation of the treatment-dependent prognosis index TPI based on the
      "prospective DOSAK study on squamous cell carcinomas of the lips, oral cavity and
      oropharynx"].
AB  - The "Treatment Dependent Prognostic Index" (TPI), which has been published by the
      authors in 1982 as a result of a retrospective observational study of the DOSAK
      (German-Austrian-Swiss Association for Head and Neck Tumors), is submitted to a
      critical review. For this purpose a sample of 1485 patients representing the
      "Prospective DOSAK-Study on Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Lips, the Oral Cavity
      and the Oropharynx" were classified according to TPI. 13 TPI groups exhibited
      greater than or equal to 20 patients and were suitable for calculation of
      observed survival and comparison to their TPI prognoses. In 10 of 13 TPI groups
      observed and predicted survival are almost identical. 3 TPI groups show a
      considerable lack of correspondence between observation and prognosis. In
      general, the analyses revealed a high prognostic validity of TPI in its
      substantial parts. A further improvement of TPI by taking several tumor sites
      into consideration seems possible and will be a subject of future investigations.

PMID- 2637081
TI  - [Side effects of dissolved and lyophilized cisplatin in the treatment of 133 head
      and neck tumors].
AB  - The authors have studied the side effects of a lyophilized and a dissolved
      cisplatin preparation in 133 patients with head and neck tumors. After
      intraarterial treatment (30 mg/24 hours) with dissolved cisplatin no nausea was
      observed, while treatment with lyophilized cisplatin was followed by nausea in
      rare cases (33%). Systemic treatment with dissolved cisplatin (50 mg/die) was
      associated with vomiting far less frequently (37%) than lyophilized cisplatin
      (90%). Metoclopramide was found to reduce these side effects.

PMID- 2637082
TI  - [Aspects of systemic analgesia in patients with incurable oral cancer].
AB  - When pain occurs in the final stage of a tumor disease, the administration of
      analgetic drugs in effective dosages may often be the most important treatment
      measure. In the years 1982 to 1987 a total of 83 oral cancer patients from our
      clinic died, 16 of them during their last stay in hospital. These histories have
      been evaluated in retrospective. Central and peripheral analgesics and
      neuroleptics had been applied. 25% of the patients required no analgetic drugs.
      Prediction of the analgesic dosage required was impossible, because of the
      variables tumor expansion, localization, lymph node involvement and the treatment
      provided. Individual analgesia using low-dose oral morphine on a step by step
      scheme remains indispensable.

PMID- 2637083
TI  - [Pedaudiologist's opinion on the time of surgery for cleft lip, jaw and palate].
AB  - The problems in deciding when to operate on patients with cleft lips, jaws and
      palates are, among others, due to the susceptibility of these children to
      disorders of tubal pneumatization, inflammations of the middle ear and, thus, for
      recurring or long-term conductive hearing impairment. Consideration of these
      aspects in selecting the time of surgery has gained great importance since it has
      become possible for pediatric otologists and pedaudiologists to establish a
      clearcut diagnosis of the conditions in the middle ear and of auditory
      malfunctions.

PMID- 2637084
TI  - [Mathematic principles for lip reconstructions].
AB  - Anthropometric measurements of the orofacial region were performed in 240
      probands of 6 different age groups. The mean width of the orifice of the mouth
      was approximately equal to the interpupillary distance. The normal length of the
      lip arch was 6.6 cm and increased by a factor of 1.5 (10 cm) with the lips
      stretched. From these measurements a mathematic equation was derived and
      represented as a diagram. Thus, the amount of tissue required for the
      reconstruction of lip defects can be readily assessed.

PMID- 2637085
TI  - [Evaluation of a mandibular copper wire osteosynthesis after 60 years of
      function].
AB  - The case of a patient is described in whom an osteosynthesis of the mandible was
      performed using copper wire about 60 years ago. The findings as well as the
      results obtained by SEM and ESMA are presented and discussed.

PMID- 2637086
TI  - [Unilateral hypertrophy of the coronoid process associated with facial asymmetry.
      Case report].
AB  - A rare case of unilateral coronoid process hypertrophy associated with limitation
      of mouth opening, deviation of the mandible to the affected side and facial
      asymmetry is reported. The importance of a thorough preoperative clinical and
      radiological examination is stressed. The resection of the coronoid process via
      an intraoral approach and the subsequent physiotherapy led to a good functional
      and aesthetic result.

PMID- 2637087
TI  - [Oral submucosal pseudosarcomatous nodular fasciitis. Case report].
AB  - A case of enoral submucosal pseudosarcomatous fasciitis is described to
      demonstrate the possible localisation of this lesion in the oral cavity and
      correlated diagnostic problems. It is a rapid, local invasive growing, self
      limiting tumor which seldom exceeds a diameter of 1-2 cm. Malign transformation
      and metastatic spread did not occur when the tumor was excised. A simple surgical
      excision is the adequate treatment. The knowledge of this lesion seems to be
      important for different-diagnostic exclusion of malignant mesenchymal tumors and
      to prevent in this way a too extended surgical therapy.

PMID- 2637088
TI  - [Results after allogenic grafting of hemimaxillary nose modules in animal
      experiments under cyclosporin A immunosuppression].
AB  - In a rabbit model defects were reconstructed with allogenic transplants of
      microvascular, reanastomosed hemimaxillary nose moduls between white New Zealand
      and black Holland rabbits using cyclosporin A immunosuppression. Good functional
      and esthetic reconstructions with biological graft integration were observed. The
      animals survived up to 105 days without acute rejection responses. The
      histological work-up demonstrated mild rejection responses only in the outer
      skin.

PMID- 2637089
TI  - [Growth of oral epithelia in cell groups in vitro. Approaches and possible
      methods].
AB  - Various possible methods and own experimental approaches to the production of an
      autogenous, two-layer epithelialdermal replacement of the mucous membrane are
      reported. The results of the cultivation of human mucosal epithelia in vitro are
      presented and the basic requirements this material should meet are discussed.

PMID- 2637090
TI  - [Comparison of the biological tolerance of titanium and titanium alloys in human
      gingiva cell cultures].
AB  - Mirror-finished solid specimens of pure titanium and the titanium alloys Ti-6Al
      4V as well as Ti-5Al-2.5Fe showed no effects on the growth behavior and cell
      morphology of human gingival epithelial cell and fibroblast cultures. The growth
      of the cells contacting all three materials was uninhibited. SEM revealed growth
      of fibroblasts on the surfaces of the specimens, too. No differences could be
      found between the biocompatibility of titanium alloys and that of pure titanium.
      The formation of a stable surface oxide layer providing resistance to corrosion
      may be decisive.

PMID- 2637091
TI  - Psychological aspects of obstetrics and gynaecology.

PMID- 2637092
TI  - Epidemiology of insulin dependent diabetes before age 20 in Wisconsin, with
      particular reference to seasonality.
AB  - Physicians in the State of Wisconsin were contacted by mail and asked to report
      all cases of diabetes in patients under 20 yr diagnosed between 1 July 1982 and
      30 June 1984 in order to study factors associated with seasonality in insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Wisconsin's population is fairly homogeneous
      and is primarily middle socioeconomic class, small-town or rural, and of northern
      European Caucasian descent. The incidence of IDDM in winter was higher than in
      summer during the first year of the study, similarly to results of other studies.
      However, there was no significant winter peak in diagnosis during the second
      year. When monthly incidence rates from both years were combined, the increased
      evidence of IDDM in winter vs. summer was evident in males, but not in females.
      There appeared to be a spike in the number of new cases of IDDM in the first year
      of the study which was more evident in males. Such a spike is consistent with
      spikes in the incidence of IDDM occurring about the same time in Europe and in
      North America. The percentage of patients with antibody titres to Coxsackie virus
      and mycoplasma pneumoniae diagnosed during the first winter's peak were equal to
      those in nondiabetic controls. The distributions of HLA DR types of patients
      diagnosed in winter were no different from diabetics diagnosed in other seasons.
      The distribution of HLA DR types (5% DR2, 55% DR3, 82% DR4 and 38% DR3DR4) were
      similar to those of other groups of Caucasian subjects with IDDM. Also similarly
      to other studies of IDDM, 14% of the patients had thyroid microsomal antibody
      titers. The results of this study support the previously-advanced idea that
      winter might precipitate overt carbohydrate intolerance in individuals in whom
      insulin cell destruction is already well established (Diabetes, 36, 265-268,
      1987). If this is true, studies of seasonality in IDDM might not be informative
      about the causation of IDDM.

PMID- 2637093
TI  - Modification of prostaglandin synthesis in washed human platelets and cultured
      bovine aortic endothelial cells by glycosylated low density lipoprotein.
AB  - Glycosylation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is known to be increased in
      diabetic patients. Recent studies have demonstrated that glycosylated (glc-) LDL
      contributes to the acceleration of atherosclerosis in diabetes. In the present
      study, we evaluated the effect of glc-LDL prepared in vitro on platelet
      aggregation and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) production in washed human platelets and on
      6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) production by cultured bovine
      aortic endothelial cells. After preincubation of washed platelets with glc-LDL or
      control LDL, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and TxB2 production were
      measured. Control LDL enhanced the platelet aggregation rate and TxB2 production
      in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Glc-LDL showed significantly greater
      enhancement of those platelet functions than control LDL. On the other hand,
      while 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production was stimulated by control LDL in a time- and
      dose-dependent manner, glc-LDL significantly reduced the stimulatory effect of
      control LDL on 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production. These results suggest that
      modification of prostaglandin synthesis in platelets and endothelial cells by
      glycosylated LDL may lead to platelet hyperaggregation and thrombus formation in
      diabetes.

PMID- 2637094
TI  - The haematocrit value in diabetic patients with ischaemic stroke.
AB  - During a 3-yr period, 238 patients with acute ischaemic stroke were admitted to
      the medical department of Mubarak teaching hospital, Kuwait. One hundred patients
      had diabetes, (42%), including 55 females, and 45 males. Compared with non
      diabetics, no significant difference was found in age, sex, prevalence of
      hypertension, heart disease, atrial fibrillation, transient ischaemic attacks or
      in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. Plasma glucose on admission was
      significantly higher in diabetics (14.6 +/- 5.7) compared with non-diabetics (6.1
      +/- 1.2 mmol/l) p less than 0.0001. Haematocrit (HCT) was also significantly
      higher in diabetics (43.17 +/- 5.75) than in non-diabetics (41.20 +/- 5.85) p
      less than 0.046. Diabetics had higher mortality (21%) than non-diabetics (10%) p
      less than 0.05. Severe disability was also more frequent in diabetics (23%) than
      in non-diabetics (10.8%) p less than 0.05. Diabetic men had significantly higher
      HCT (45.7 +/- 5.2) than non-diabetic (43.1 +/- 4.1) p less than 0.04. Diabetic
      women had also higher HCT (41.1 +/- 6.2) than non-diabetic (38.8 +/- 5.8), but
      this was not statistically significant. Compared with age (+/- 2 yr) and sex
      matched diabetic patients with other clinical problems, diabetic stroke patients
      had significantly higher plasma glucose (14.6 +/- 5.7) than non-stroke patients
      (11.8 +/- 3.7 mmol/l) p less than 0.01. Hct was also significantly higher in
      diabetic stroke patients (43.17 +/- 5.75) compared with other diabetic patients
      (41.04 +/- 4.3) p less than 0.04.

PMID- 2637095
TI  - Effects of first and second generation sulphonylureas on cardiotoxicity of
      strophanthidin in rabbits.
AB  - The effects of the first generation sulphonylurea compound gliclazide and the
      second generation sulphonylurea compound glipizide on strophanthidin toxicity was
      investigated in rabbits. The sulphonylurea pretreated animals were intravenously
      infused with 23 mumol/kg strophanthidin until the appearance of the first
      ventricular ectopic beat and continued thereafter until the appearance of
      ventricular fibrillation. The first generation sulphonylurea gliclazide
      increased, while the second generation sulphonylurea glipizide decreased the
      strophanthidin toxicity in a dose dependent manner. It was concluded that instead
      of first generation sulphonylureas, second generation sulphonylureas must be
      preferred in cardiac glycoside treated diabetics, when sulphonylurea treatment is
      necessary.

PMID- 2637096
TI  - Getting ready for clinic.

PMID- 2637097
TI  - The good life in southern California.

PMID- 2637098
TI  - OSHA gets heavy around the waste.

PMID- 2637099
TI  - Coronary artery stenosis in patients with valvular heart disease.
AB  - 144 patients with valvular heart disease (VHD) underwent selective coronary
      angiography. Significant coronary artery stenosis was found in 26% of the
      examined patients. Diagnostic accuracy of some clinical indexes was analysed in
      this group. Most useful in predicting the presence of significant coronary
      narrowing in patients with VHD were increased cholesterol level and the presence
      of arteriosclerosis in lower limbs. Patients over 40 years who have both these
      indicators should have coronary angiography performed prior to surgical
      treatment.

PMID- 2637100
TI  - The development of symptomatology and functional condition in patients with
      negative or minimal findings on coronary vessels after 5 to 10 years.
AB  - The authors compared two groups of men: the group with minimal sclerotic wall
      changes (n = 18) and the group with a normal coronary angiographic finding (n =
      32). All the examinations were repeated after 5 to 10 years (mean 8.4 years). The
      two groups did not differ in the occurrence of the main IHD risk factors,
      complaints, kind and amount of principal drugs and working history. No
      statistically significant differences were found between the groups in the
      reasons for discontinuing bicycle ergometric test or in the exercise ECG finding.
      The two groups studied did not differ in the mean values of limiting metabolic
      and cardiologic parameters (oxygen consumption, lactate, pulse rate, RPP index)
      either. The conclusion can be made that in the functional and clinical prognosis
      the group of symptomatic men with minor sclerotic wall changes does not differ
      practically from individuals with completely normal coronary angiography.

PMID- 2637101
TI  - Cellular immune response in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Cell-mediated immune responsiveness was evaluated in 8 patients with dilated
      cardiomyopathy (CDM). The percentage of blood OKM1 (monocytes), OKT3 (T-cells),
      OKT4 (helper cells), OKT8 (suppressor cells) and Leu7 (NK) positive cells
      remained within the normal range whereas the percentage of Leu11 (NK) and OKIa1
      (Ia determinant) positive cells was found decreased. The NK cell cytotoxicity was
      significantly lowered. The ConA-suppressor cell activity was found increased
      while the responsiveness of lymphocytes to ConA decreased. Taken together, no
      consistent numerical changes in lymphocyte subsets were observed in patients with
      CDM, however, some functional deficiencies which may play a role in the
      pathogenesis of CDM were detected.

PMID- 2637102
TI  - Valvular regurgitations in healthy young people.
AB  - Using colour Doppler flow imaging technique (CDFI) 153 young healthy volunteers
      (80 M, 73 W) aged 23.9 +/- 1.4 years were studied for the prevalence and
      characteristics of regurgitations in morphologically normal valves. Regurgitation
      in normal pulmonary valve was found in 67.4%. Mid- to end-diastolic pulmonary
      regurgitation prevailed with the jet of predominantly central type, with the mean
      maximal jet length (DJmax) = 1.1 cm and the mean proximal jet width = 0.3 cm.
      "Physiological" mitral regurgitation was registered in 39.3%, with DJmax = 1.3
      cm, mean maximal left atrial systolic dimension at the moment of maximal
      regurgitation (DLAmax) = 4.2 cm and with LJmax/DLAmax ratio of 0.3. Tricuspid
      regurgitation was present in 54%, with DJmax = 2.1 cm. Aortic regurgitation was
      found in 1.3% only. Authors propose diagnostic criteria to differentiate
      regurgitations in normal valves ("physiological" regurgitations) from
      pathological ones.

PMID- 2637103
TI  - A new method of plastic surgery of the right ventricular outflow tract and
      pulmonary artery in experiment.
AB  - A new method of plastic surgery of the right ventricular outflow tract and the
      pulmonary artery without use of extracorporeal circulation (occlusion of main
      arteries) was tested in experiments carried out in 28 dogs. The method involves
      previous suture of a patch to the site selected for plastic surgery and, using an
      instrument designed by the authors, excision of the necessary part of the
      ventricular wall and pulmonary artery. The instrument consists of two handles,
      similar to those of pincers, and working on a pivot, with oval cavities on the
      inner sides of its elongated grasping jaws. The tip of lower jaw features a
      sloping edge to enable perforation of the outer wall of the heart. By pulling
      together the handles, connected with a spring, the jaws close excising the
      appropriate part of the heart. The depth of insertion of the jaws into the heart
      cavity's controlled by means of a graded scale on the outer side of the upper
      jaw. Using this technique it is possible to perform surgery even of extensive
      myocardial defects quickly, safely, with virtually no trauma and minimal loss of
      blood, and to remove large segments of the hypertrophic myocardium while
      retaining intracardiac circulation, without the need for extracorporeal
      circulation.

PMID- 2637104
TI  - Maloalcoholic fermentation by immobilized Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
AB  - Cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe TMB 1138, which are capable of metabolizing
      malate, was immobilized in calcium alginate gel to carry out maloalcoholic
      fermentation. Four milliliters of cell suspension containing about 2.0 X 10(7)
      cells were entrapped in 16 ml of sodium alginate solution in order to prepare 2%
      Na-alginate (w/v) gel bead. After activation by incubating at 28 degrees C for 24
      h in grape juice, 300 beads of immobilized cells were inoculated into the
      fermentation medium. After fermentation was proceeded at 25 or 28 degrees C for
      24 h by shaking, it could metabolize L-malate completely and the total acidity
      was also reduced. Under the same condition for batch fermentation, it was found
      that the utilization of L-malic acid was over 97% for the first 7 days in
      fermentation medium, 85% for the first 4 days in grape juice and 87% for the
      first 4 days in wine. Furthermore, for the continuous fermentation in wine, the
      conversion of L-malic acid reached 92% in 24 h and could be maintained at 75% in
      the following 9 days.

PMID- 2637105
TI  - Production of dodecanedioic acid from n-dodecane by yeasts.
AB  - In order to develop a process for production of dodecanedioic acid (DC-12) as
      starting materials for the chemical industry, a n-dodecane assimilating and DC-12
      producing yeast was isolated from Taiwan soil. The taxonomical characteristics of
      this newly isolated yeast were examined and it was identified as Candida
      tropicalis NTU-512. The newly isolated strain was improved successively by NTG
      mutagenesis. A high potency DC-12-producing mutant 91 which showed slight growth
      both in DC-12 and n-dodecane enrichment media was isolated. The DC-12
      productivity of mutant 91 reached 3,326 mg/I by shaking culture at 30 degrees C
      for 72 h. This figure is 2.5-fold that of the parent strain (1,310 mg/I).

PMID- 2637106
TI  - [Detection of HIV antibody and antigen].
AB  - A total of 75 specimens (45 sera, 17 CSF and 13 stool) was collected from 65
      participants (39 AIDS, 14 high risk group and 12 laboratory personnel) and HIV
      antibody and antigen were detected. Twenty sera and 16 CSF submitted by AIDS
      patients showed positive antibody reactions in both ELISA and Western blot assay,
      whereas, antibody was not detected in the sera and the CSF obtained from high
      risk group or laboratory personnel. An overall of 21% (10/48) positive rate was
      found in the specimens submitted by AIDS patients for HIV antigen detection by
      ELISA. The positive rates of HIV antigen in sera, CSF and stool specimen from the
      AIDS patients were 30% (6/20), 13% (2/16) and 17% (2/12), respectively.

PMID- 2637107
TI  - [Splenectomy in hematologic diseases. Indications, technics and early results. A
      retrospective study of 1095 cases].
AB  - Since July 1st, 1958, we have operated 1095 patients with some hematological
      disease. We review the chief currently accepted surgical indications for
      splenectomy (Hodgkin's disease no longer being one of them, or seldom so), and we
      communicate our results pertaining to the immediate postsurgical period.
      Mortality and morbidity have been 1.36% and 3.28%, respectively. In over 95% of
      cases, there have been no complications. The low incidence (1.36%) of infection
      related complications was partly due to the important number of splenic drains
      placed. High quality results can only be achieved when tight collaboration exists
      between hematologists, radiologists and surgeons.

PMID- 2637108
TI  - [Technical and tactical development in antireflux surgery. What is left for the
      surgeon?].
AB  - Clinical research, increasingly objective diagnoses, tactical and technical
      progress have eventually led to the modification and improvement of antireflux
      surgery, although this evolution has not been without errors due to
      misinterpretation, faulty indications and methods. Conservative management has
      changed to include a whole gamut of pharmacological treatments, which have
      consistently tended to reduce indications for surgery--often rightly so, but
      doggedly at times. The present paper presents a review of our methods since the
      first fundoplication was performed, in 1955. Further achievements and adaptation
      of our methods to the different types of functional and organic reflux are
      discussed. The efficacy of surgery with predictable risk, good results and few
      side effects, even in the long run, permit us to make a case for this indication
      in a series of situations, where surgery is the sole logical solution for a less
      distressing life, as well as for avoiding dangers linked with irreversible
      organic complications. Methods and casuistics (over 2,000 personal cases) are
      illustrated in the course of this presentation.

PMID- 2637109
TI  - [Clinical, neurophysiologic and therapeutic remarks from anatomic data on the
      pudendal nerve in some cases of perineal pain].
AB  - Clinical observations in patients suffering from positional perineal pain have
      led us to performing an anatomical study of the pudendal nerve in order to
      demonstrate compression of this nerve trunk by elements likely to compress it in
      the sitting position. Thus we observed that the falciform process of the
      sacrotuberous ligament may act in this way. Besides helping us to understand the
      clinical symptoms, this anatomical study allowed choosing the technique we found
      most appropriate for the anatomical conditions observed out of the various
      neurophysiological examinations described in the literature. Lastly, we describe
      the surgical technique that allows releasing the trunk of the pudendal nerve
      under an operating microscope.

PMID- 2637110
TI  - [Dumbbell neurogenic tumors. 5 cases (4 thoracic, 1 lumbar)].
AB  - Benign in more than 90% cases, dumbbell neurogenic tumors are rare. It was 3
      thoracic schwannome and 1 thoracic ganglioneuroma and 1 lumbar schwannoma are
      reported. In 2 cases complete removal was performed by thoracotomy, in another
      case thoracic removal was incomplete with leateag of spinal fluid, laminectomy
      was necessary 3 months later and in a third case laminectomy was performed first
      because of paraplagia and thoracotomy one month later. In lumbar case a two ways
      procedure in 3 weetes space permitted complete removal, a monoparesia and
      sphincters troubles, regressive spontaneously in 5 months, complicated first
      performed laminectomy. Schwannome and benign neurofibroma are the most frequent
      tumors. Latero vertebral situation in chest radio or in abdominal ultrasonography
      must induce neurogenic tumors diagnosis. Myelography or tomodensitometry confirms
      intraspinal extension when osseous signs are present on vertebral radiographies.
      In thoracic localization a one stage combined resection gives the lowest
      morbidity. In lumbo-sacral localization tumoral large size requires a combined
      approach, which can be performed in a single stage. Recklinghausen's association
      in neurofibroma (4 to 16%) exposes to malign evolution risk (12 to 13%).

PMID- 2637111
TI  - [Is the ultrasonic dissector an advance? Apropos of 70 hepatectomies].
AB  - The aim of this retrospective study was to determinate whether the ultrasonic
      dissector (U.S.D.) is a major advance over existing methods in hepatic surgery.
      Between 1983 and 1989, we performed 70 hepatectomies "reglees". Twenty seven
      patients were operated because of benign lesions and 43 patients because of
      malignant tumours. Transparenchymal approach using "Kellyclasy" or digitoclasy
      with control of the hilar vessels was carried out 39 times. U.S.D. was used 31
      times. No mortality was observed during operating time or post-operative period.
      The postoperative morbidity was not attributable to the use of the U.S.D. On the
      whole, U.S.D. has modified neither the amounts of blood loss nor the duration of
      hilar clamping. However the use of U.S.D. presents 3 advantages: it allows
      sometimes to perform hepatectomy without pedicular clamping, it makes easy the
      transparenchymal approach of the large vascular and biliary structures, and it is
      useful in hydatic cyst surgery. Although the U.S.D. is not indispensable to carry
      out hepatectomy, it improves intraparenchymal control of vessels and biliary
      ducts, making therefore hepatic resection easier.

PMID- 2637112
TI  - [Computerized study of the functional results of a 2nd toe transfer in finger
      mutilation].
AB  - In a series of 157 transfer cases, 73 were carried out in 58 patients using the
      second toe. 55 transfer operations were performed on the long toes versus 18 on
      the big toe. Indications are discussed on the basis of an original classification
      of amputations. Among tested parameters, sensitivity and mobility statistically
      correlated with 17 factors. Of statistical import were age, sensitivity to cold,
      duration of ischemia, partial exclusion of fine pinch. Significant mobility
      factors were industrial accident, the surgeon's experience, the number of
      nutrient arteries, the reconstruction level, and the amputation score.

PMID- 2637113
TI  - [Mesenchymatous tumor of the spermatic cord with late recurrence in the
      retroperitoneal space. Apropos of a case].
AB  - The reported case is characterized by the original tumor site as well as by the
      recurrence site; by the slowly evolutive nature of the lesion over nine years
      from the time of surgical tumor excision to relapse; and by histological
      variations raising a nosological problem. Our clinical, anatomopathological and
      therapeutical observations are based on the characteristics of the case as well
      as published data. We only traced 5 cases in the literature of spermatic cord
      tumors with retroperitoneal localization. The progressive histologic polymorphism
      of these tumors compels us to raise the question of the very nature of this
      neoplasm: liposarcoma or malignant mesenchymoma. The potential clinical and
      histologic outcome of mesenchymal tumors of the spermatic cord cause us to
      propose direct orchidectomy and surveillance of the retroperitoneal space
      throughout the evolution of the process, even far off into the future.

PMID- 2637115
TI  - The diagnostic use of the second oscillatory potential in clinical
      electroretinography.
AB  - Of all the electroretinogram (ERG) components (a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory
      potentials) only one oscillatory potential, OP2, was found to be significantly
      correlated with the absolute intensity of the flash stimulus (i.e., the intensity
      of the stimulus irrespective of the state of retinal adaptation). Our finding was
      further confirmed in single cell recordings of lateral geniculate unit activity
      in rabbits in which peak time of OP2 was found to correlate better with the
      geniculate activity. For these reasons we have identified OP2 as the "intensity
      coding" oscillatory potential of the ERG. In order to investigate if this new
      feature could have some clinical significance, we examined photopic ERGs recorded
      from patients affected with various retinopathies. In most instances the peak
      time of OP2 paralleled that of the b-wave, that is, in the ERG with delayed b
      wave the peak time of OP2 was also delayed, while in ERGs with normal b-wave peak
      time the peak time of OP2 was also normal. However, in some conditions
      (especially in cone-rod diseases) a delayed OP2 was found in ERGs with normal b
      wave peak times.

PMID- 2637114
TI  - An international standard for electroretinography.
AB  - An international standard procedure for electroretinography (ERG) has finally
      been established. It represents a minimum protocol to record five basic signals
      (rod response, scotopic maximal response, oscillatory potentials, single-flash
      cone response, 30-Hz flicker response). Individual laboratories may continue to
      do additional or specialized procedures, but the hope is that all laboratories
      will include "standard" responses in their routine protocols so ERG data can be
      compared throughout the world for patient care and for research.

PMID- 2637116
TI  - Retinitis pigmentosa and inner retina. Functional study by means of oscillatory
      potentials of the electroretinogram.
AB  - The alterations of the inner retina in retinitis pigmentosa have been described
      in previous papers less often than the external retina alterations, both from the
      electrophysiological and morphological point of view. The oscillatory potentials
      (OPs) of the electroretinogram (ERG) are a good tool to investigate the inner
      part of the retina because of the deep anatomical location of their generators.
      We studied the photopic OPs in a group of 25 subjects affected with retinitis
      pigmentosa and compared them with other ERG components to obtain information
      about the functional damage of the inner retina. The OPs were recordable in 9
      patients. No analogies were found with the inheritance modes. No relationship was
      found between OPs and 20 Hz ERG photopic response which was still present in a
      consistent number of eyes when OPs were no longer recordable. Such finding can be
      interpreted as an expression of inner retinal damage paralleling the
      photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium impairment.

PMID- 2637117
TI  - Sensitivity distribution in the central and midperipheral visual field determined
      by pattern electroretinography and harmonic analysis.
AB  - To investigate the value of the extrafoveal pattern electroretinogram for
      evaluation of local retinal defects, electroretinographic responses to contrast
      reversal stimulation were recorded at various locations in the central and
      midperipheral retina. Normal values were established in 20 eyes, and spatial
      selectivity at different retinal eccentricities was determined in four eyes. The
      response amplitude was found to decrease steeply from the fovea until about 12
      degrees eccentricity and to decline only slowly thereafter. For central
      stimulation a clear attenuation for coarser patterns was observed. At 20 degrees
      and at 30 degrees eccentricity the spatial tuning function exhibited a bandpass
      characteristic, with the maximum amplitude shifting to lower spatial frequencies.
      Despite the relatively low peripheral amplitudes a satisfactory signal to noise
      ratio of the second harmonic responses can be obtained by Fourier analysis, which
      improves clinical applicability. The comparison of sensitivity in the upper and
      lower retina revealed a considerable asymmetry, with responses in the upper
      retina approximately 20% higher. No significant difference, however, was found
      when the temporal or nasal retina was stimulated. The reproducibility of these
      results is high enough to encourage clinical studies. A case of retinal venous
      branch occlusion exemplifies the applicability of this technique in eccentric
      fundus lesions.

PMID- 2637118
TI  - The effect of diphenylhydantoin on the electroretinogram.
AB  - Acute administration of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) in rabbits produces a significant
      increase in the amplitude of the a-wave. A marked increase in the amplitude of
      the b-wave is also noted but the time course is slower than that for the a-wave.
      While in controls the oscillatory potential (OP) recordings essentially consist
      of three major types, recordings taken after DPH injection consist of one major
      OP (OP2), which appears to be a result of the fusion of the original OP2 with
      another OP produced by the DPH injection. A similar blend of OPs was also seen in
      ERGs recorded from three human subjects on DPH therapy.

PMID- 2637119
TI  - The electrooculogram: a refinement of the method.
AB  - The measurement of the light rise of the corneoretinal potential in the clinical
      routine depends critically on the constancy of the eye movements made by the
      subject. To verify to what extent the variability of the Arden ratio can be
      explained by the variability of these eye movements, an infrared scleral
      reflection technique was applied in order to monitor eye position and
      electrooculogram simultaneously. The data obtained in 10 normal subjects show
      that not only is the variability reduced substantially by correction for the
      actual eye movement, but also the routine procedure gives a systematic
      underestimation of the ratio. Monitoring eye movements makes available the use of
      eye movements of arbitrary size (e.g., optokinetic nystagmus), allowing for
      application of the method in uncooperative subjects such as children.

PMID- 2637120
TI  - Double-flash electroretinography in human eyes.
AB  - A tri-color Ganzfeld stimulator with light-emitting diodes as light sources is
      used to study the suppression of the second electroretinographic response in
      human eyes to double-flash stimulation. The mechanism suppressing the a- and b
      waves of the response to the second (test) flash has a scotopic spectral
      sensitivity to the first (conditioning) flash. Responses to mild test stimuli are
      more sensitive to suppression by a conditioning flash than responses to strong
      test stimuli.

PMID- 2637121
TI  - Electroretinography and electro-oculography to localize abnormalities in early
      stage inflammatory eye disease.
AB  - Electrophysiological investigations were performed in patients with inflammatory
      eye disease characterized by the presence of vitreous cells. The eyes were
      classified into four categories on the basis of fluorescein angiography: 1) no
      fluorescein leakage from retinal vessels, 2) fluorescein leakage from peripheral
      retinal vessels, 3) fluorescein leakage from the disc or macular vessels, and 4)
      fluorescein leakage from retinal vessels associated with pigment epithelial and
      choroidal changes. The electro-oculogram light rise was abnormally increased in
      the eyes in category 1, but it progressively declined for those in the other
      categories. The ratio of the b-wave (postreceptoral component) and a-wave
      (receptoral component) of the flash electroretinogram was unchanged in all
      categories, but the electroretinographic amplitudes progressively declined from a
      somewhat supernormal level in category 1 to subnormal in the other categories.
      Thus, in inflammatory eye disease, changes in the electrical potentials arising
      in the pigment epithelium and photoreceptors are the earliest detectable signs.
      Some biochemical changes in the choroid, pigment epithelium, and the
      photoreceptors appear to take place before any pathological changes in these
      structures or in the retinal vessels are detectable by ophthalmoscopy or
      fluorescein angiography.

PMID- 2637122
TI  - The electroretinogram in Stargardt's disease and fundus flavimaculatus.
AB  - A retrospective study was performed comparing the ERG results of 15 patients with
      Stargardt's disease and fundus flavimaculatus. Patients with fundus
      flavimaculatus had "fish-tail" lesions with or without macular changes, while the
      Stargardt's group had macular atrophy without fish-tail flecks. The mean visual
      acuity was 20/200 for the Stargardt's patients compared with a mean of 20/80 for
      the fundus flavimaculatus patients. The Stargardt's photopic and scotopic
      amplitudes were respectively 33% and 34% of normal, while the fundus
      flavimaculatus values were less impaired at 58% and 64% of normal.

PMID- 2637123
TI  - [Uptake of 5-hydroxy-tryptophane by platelets in hypertensive patients and their
      children].

PMID- 2637124
TI  - [The effects of inherited susceptibility and life style on essential
      hypertension].
AB  - A case-control study of hypertension of 140 pairs indicated that inherited
      susceptibility and harmful life style were quite important risk factors in
      increasing the development of hypertension. The effects could be taken place by
      their interaction. Changing life style could be taken as one of the significant
      measures for preventing hypertension among population with inherited
      susceptibility.

PMID- 2637126
TI  - [Genetic styles in hypertension].

PMID- 2637125
TI  - [A preliminary study on the correlation of nutritional factors and blood pressure
      in the regions of Shanxi, Zhejiang and Guangxi].

PMID- 2637127
TI  - [Changes in cardiac function in early hypertension and the effects of diltiazem].

PMID- 2637128
TI  - [Effects of nimodipine on blood pressure and cardiac function in hypertensive
      patients].

PMID- 2637129
TI  - [Right ventricular diastolic functional changes in hypertension].

PMID- 2637130
TI  - [A quantitative study of pulmonary artery systolic pressure in patients with
      tricuspid regurgitation using continuous wave Doppler].
AB  - Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was assessed with simultaneous
      continuous wave Doppler echocardiography (CW) and cardiac catheterization (CATH)
      in 33 cases. There was a close correlation between CW-estimated peak pressure
      gradient of tricuspid regurgitation (TRPGp) and CATH-measured PASP (r = 0.96, P
      less than 0.0001). Excellent correlation (r = 0.96, P less than 0.0001) between
      CW-estimated PASP and CATH-measured PASP was also obtained. The derived
      regression equation was PASP = TRPGp + 1.33 kPa. When the patients had relative
      or pathologic pulmonic stenosis, the regression equation was corrected by
      pulmonary artery pressure gradient (PAPG). The regression equation became PASP =
      TRPGp + 1.33-PAPG.

PMID- 2637131
TI  - [Right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction estimated by two-dimensional
      echocardiography].
AB  - The right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction (RVEF) obtained from two
      dimensional echocardiography and from right ventricular angiography were compared
      in 20 patients with congenital heart disease. Single plane area-length method of
      apical four-chamber view was used to estimate echocardiographic right ventricular
      volumes and single plane right anterior oblique projection was used to calculate
      angiographic right ventricular volumes. The results showed that right ventricular
      volumes estimated by echocardiography correlated highly with that calculated by
      angiography, the correlation coefficients of end-diastolic volume, end-systolic
      volume and stroke volume were 0.983, 0.976, 0.973 respectively. Echocardiographic
      RVEF also correlated strongly with angiographic RVEF (r = 0.992, P less than
      0.001), and there were no significant difference between the two methods (P
      greater than 0.05). CONCLUSION: two-dimensional echocardiography can be used to
      accurately estimate right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction.

PMID- 2637132
TI  - [Hemodynamic changes before and after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty].

PMID- 2637133
TI  - [A quantitative study of the infarcted myocardium and its correlation with the
      clinical manifestations].

PMID- 2637134
TI  - [Plasma TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha content and their ratio in myocardial infarction
      patients].

PMID- 2637135
TI  - [Basic research on endomyocardial biopsy].
AB  - To determine the risk of biopsy in different parts of heart and the artifacts of
      histomorphology, right heart endomyocardial biopsy in eight dogs were done. The
      result showed no tamponade occurred even 53 pieces of heart muscles were got from
      right ventricular free wall. In contrast, biopsies on right atrial free wall had
      higher risk in causing tamponade. It was confirmed by autopsy and histomorphology
      that endomyocardial biopsy could cause heart muscle damage. The artifacts caused
      by biopsy of normal beating heart muscle include: contraction bands (21.8%),
      widen of intracellular space (100%), interstitial edema (78%) and interstitial
      bleeding (53%). The results of the patients of right ventricular endomyocardial
      biopsy may provide practical value in the application of endomyocardial biopsy.

PMID- 2637136
TI  - [Effects of pulse excimer laser radiation on the human left ventricular wall].

PMID- 2637137
TI  - [Hemodynamic changes in the decompensated heart during left ventricular assist
      using a diaphragmatic pneumatic pump].
AB  - Hemodynamic changes, including right cardiac output (RCO), mean aortic pressure
      (mAOP), mean left atrial pressure (mLAP), left ventricular end systolic pressure
      (LVESP), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), LV dp/dt, systolic
      pressure time index (SPTI), diastolic pressure time index (DPTI) and endocardial
      viability ratio (EVR) were monitored in the model of acute left ventricular
      failure of eight dogs, when assist flow ratio was 40%, 60%, 80% respectively. The
      results showed that left ventricular assist with the pump improved the
      circulatory status and underperfused subendocardial muscle of the decompensated
      left ventricle.

PMID- 2637138
TI  - [An electron microscopic study of the morphologic changes in the endothelium in
      experimental atherosclerosis in pigeons].

PMID- 2637139
TI  - [An experimental study of the effects of "sheng mai lotion" on subacute cardiac
      toxicity induced by adriamycin].

PMID- 2637140
TI  - Environmental mineral particles correlated with smoking, emphysema and lung
      cancer.

PMID- 2637141
TI  - Determination of benzene, toluene and 1,3-butadiene in cigarette smoke by GC-MDS.
AB  - An analytical procedure was devised for the determination of selected gas phase
      constituents in cigarette smoke utilizing capillary gas chromatography and mass
      selective detection (GC-MSD); the MSD was used in the selective ion monitoring
      mode (SIM). The gas of freshly generated mainstream smoke was analyzed via a 10
      port gas sampling valve on a puff-by-puff basis. Benzene, toluene, and 1,3
      butadiene were found in the range of 6-73, 5-88, and 16-75 micrograms/cigarette,
      respectively. The gas phase of sidestream smoke was trapped in methanol using 3
      midget impingers at -78 degrees C. Benzene in sidestream smoke was found in the
      range of 490-840 micrograms/cigarette; toluene and 1,3-butadiene levels were
      1,090-1,690 and 300-470 micrograms/cigarette, respectively. Environmental tobacco
      smoke (ETS), sampled in a smoke-filled bar, was analyzed using the cold trap
      method. The concentrations of benzene and toluene in this indoor air were found
      to be 26-36 and 41-80 micrograms/m3, respectively, while 1,3-butadiene was
      present at 3.3-4.5 micrograms/m3.

PMID- 2637142
TI  - Reanalysis of lung cancer mortality in a National Cancer Institute Study on
      "Mortality among industrial workers exposed to formaldehyde".
AB  - The analysis of an historical cohort study of mortality among individuals
      occupationally exposed to formaldehyde by Blair et al. (2) in 1986 failed to
      allow properly for the Healthy Worker Effect and to evaluate time integrated
      exposure and length of exposure simultaneously. In our reanalysis of the same
      data we find a risk for lung cancer, increasing with increasing cumulative
      exposure to formaldehyde.

PMID- 2637143
TI  - Metabolism of inhaled butadiene to monkeys: comparison to rodents.

PMID- 2637144
TI  - Neoplastic lesions induced by 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice.
AB  - 1,3-butadiene (CAS No. 106-99-0) was evaluated for carcinogenicity and chronic
      toxicity by inhalation exposure in B6C3F1 mice because of its high production
      volume, widespread exposure of workers, and the lack of carcinogenicity and
      toxicity data (NTP Report #228, 1984). Butadiene (BD) had long been considered to
      have low toxicity. The long-term studies established that BD is a potent mouse
      carcinogen with multiple organ carcinogenicity (Huff et al. 1985; Melnick et al.
      1988). This paper presents morphological descriptions and illustrations of the
      neoplastic lesions induced by 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice.

PMID- 2637145
TI  - Building related illness involving formaldehyde and other volatile organic
      compounds.
AB  - A large percentage of the occupants in a 96,000 ft2 office building were
      suffering multiple adverse health symptoms continuing and/or reoccurring for over
      4 years. The symptoms were believed to be the result of building related illness.
      Detailed indoor air quality and product emission studies realed the presence of
      formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds contamination primarily resulting
      from furniture constructed of pressed wood products (formaldehyde source) and a
      chemical deodorizer (volatile organic compound source).

PMID- 2637146
TI  - A toxikinetic model for simulation of benzene metabolism.
AB  - People exposed to benzene, an important industrial solvent and a common
      pollutant, can develop aplastic anemia and leukemia. The objectives of this study
      were to develop a physiological model for the metabolism of benzene, based on
      studies in laboratory animals, and to use this model to predict benzene
      metabolism in people to concentrations near the current permissible exposure
      limits. Model simulations predicted that for 8-h inhalation exposures to below 10
      ppm, hydroquinone metabolites would predominate. Hydroquinone is associated with
      pathways leading to the formation of the putative toxic metabolite, benzoquinone.
      Lower levels of muconic acid, a marker for the putative toxic metabolite,
      muconaldehyde, were predicted. At concentrations above 10 ppm, detoxification
      metabolites such as the phenyl conjugates predominate. Predictions of benzene
      metabolism in humans based on our physiological model may have important
      implications for risk assessment. Because there may be preferential production of
      a putative toxic metabolite at low exposure concentrations, linear extrapolation
      of toxicity observed at high concentrations may underestimate risk at low
      exposure concentrations.

PMID- 2637147
TI  - Effect of repeated benzene inhalation exposures on subsequent metabolism of
      benzene.
AB  - Benzene is a known human leukemogen and animal carcinogen. To better assess the
      risks associated with benzene exposure, it would be helpful to determine whether
      repeated inhalation exposures would affect the metabolism of benzene. The purpose
      of these experiments was to determine if exposure of F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice to
      600 ppm benzene, 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 3 weeks, would affect the subsequent in
      vivo metabolism of inhaled [14C]benzene.

PMID- 2637148
TI  - Biomonitoring after controlled exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
AB  - A rough estimation of the amounts of tobacco smoke components taken up by active
      and passive smoking suggests that, in the case of passive smoking, gas phase
      constituents in ETS are of greater relevance than particle-bound substances.
      Since this aspect is of importance for the risk evaluation of passive smoking, it
      was decided that it should be investigated further in a series of exposure
      studies with human volunteers. The ETS exposure conditions were characterized by
      measuring tobacco smoke components such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides
      (NOx), nicotine, formaldehyde, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (N
      nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK),
      benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and particulate matter in the air of the exposure room. The
      biomonitoring covered carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), thioethers and mutagenic activity
      in urine. These parameters were compared to those observed after controlled
      active smoking. It was found that urinary thioether excretion increased in non
      smokers after extremely high ETS exposure. This effect could be attributed to gas
      phase ETS components. Urinary mutagenicity was not measurably increased in non
      smokers under these conditions. This indicates that in passive smoking, as
      opposed to smoking, the gas phase might be more important in terms of possible
      effects than the particulate matter. It would, therefore, be misleading to make
      extrapolations based on the burden of smoking to establish the burden of passive
      smoking.

PMID- 2637149
TI  - Parameters influencing carbon monoxide kinetics.
AB  - Carbon monoxide exchange via the lungs can be satisfactorily described by
      mathematical models. More complex models allow consideration of various
      parameters influencing this process. Particularly for special situations like for
      high risk groups or for extreme environments such a model can be used
      successfully.

PMID- 2637150
TI  - The role of histopathology in the evaluation of risk of lung cancer from
      environmental tobacco smoke.
AB  - Current clinical practice for treating lung cancer does not provide adequate
      histopathological evaluation for the clear distinction between primary and
      metastatic neoplasia. Reliance on such clinical diagnosis jeopardises the
      scientific validity of many epidemiological studies designed to assess the risk
      of inhalation of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).

PMID- 2637151
TI  - Exposure of rats and hamsters to sidestream smoke from cigarettes in a subchronic
      inhalation study.
AB  - A 90-day feasibility study was performed in which rats and hamsters were exposed
      to the sidestream smoke of cigarettes. The only histopathological changes
      observed were hyperplasia and metaplasia of the epithelium covering the dorsal
      nasal turbinate bones in rats. These effects were reversible within 90 days.

PMID- 2637152
TI  - Cigarette smoke induces DNA adducts in lungs of rats after inhalation.

PMID- 2637153
TI  - Comparison of 3 methods of exposing rats to cigarette smoke.

PMID- 2637154
TI  - Risk modelling: which models to choose?
AB  - Using as examples excess lung cancer mortality in coke oven workers and lung
      tumor induction in rats by inhalation of diesel engine emissions or cadmium
      chloride aerosol, the maximum likelihood estimate and the upper limit of risk
      were determined using a set of conventional risk models. The additional safety
      offered by going to the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval when deriving
      a unit risk value was found to be less than a factor of 5 in all but one case,
      and usually much less than 2. It is concluded that the selection of an adequate
      model is the most critical step in risk assessment, and that an additional safety
      factor may be required to allow for a better protection of the public in case
      models other than the most conservative ones come into use.

PMID- 2637155
TI  - Limitations of epidemiology in assessing cancer risk from environmental sources.
AB  - There is much discussion on how to define an "acceptable risk" for a population
      typically exposed to low doses of environmental carcinogens. One proposal claims
      that all risks which are not "observable" should be considered acceptable (e.g.
      BYRD/LAVE 1987). It is demonstrated for example in cancer deaths due to
      environmental carcinogens that, for methodological reasons the acceptance of this
      criterion means the toleration of considerable health risks for society. From a
      preventive point of view methods of extrapolation seem to be more appropriate to
      handle "living with the uncertainty".

PMID- 2637156
TI  - Carcinogenic risk assessment: some comparisons between risk estimates derived
      from human and animal data.
AB  - Carcinogenic risk assessment may be based on epidemiological as well as
      experimental data; the aim of the present study is to compare these two
      procedures and to verify the efficiency of some animal bioassays for the
      prediction of tumor incidence and relative risk in man. The predictability
      obtained from animal models has been found to be fairly consistent with the data
      obtained from epidemiological studies.

PMID- 2637157
TI  - Issues in conducting a cancer risk assessment using epidemiologic data: arsenic
      as a case study.
AB  - Using human data to extrapolate cancer risks at ambient levels of airborne
      pollutants avoids the uncertainty due to interspecies differences, but introduces
      other uncertainties. The unusually extensive data relating lung cancer to
      occupational inhalation of arsenic provide examples of 3 uncertainties: the
      extrapolation from partial to full lifetime risks, from high to low doses, and
      between populations with differing smoking habits.

PMID- 2637158
TI  - Inhalation hazards from airborne particulates evaluated by in vitro cyto- and
      genotoxicity testing: a long-term study over a period of 14 years (1975-1988)
      from a highly industrialized area.
AB  - 26 samples of airborne particulates collected between 1975 and 1988 in the highly
      industrialized Rhine-Ruhr region were analyzed for cytotoxic and genotoxic
      activity. Samples were extracted by organic solvents and quantitatively
      transferred to dimethyl sulfoxide for tissue culture experiments. Cytotoxicity
      testing of samples revealed a dose related loss of cell viability of mouse and
      human macrophages as well as an impairment of phagocytosis. We observed a
      reduction of "plating efficiency" of rodent and human lung cell lines induced by
      extracts. In the presence of extracts we found an inhibition of DNA synthesis,
      alterations of cell cycle progression and diminished cell growth of rodent,
      primate and human tissue culture cells. Genotoxic potency of extracts caused dose
      dependently an induction of "sister chromatid exchanges" in human lymphocyte
      cultures, Chinese hamster cell line V 79 and human type II pneumocytes of line A
      549. Furthermore, we observed by extracts "chromosomal aberrations" in human
      lymphocyte cultures and a strong "enhancement" of malignant cell transformation
      of SV40-infected Syrian hamster kidney cells.

PMID- 2637159
TI  - Reversible fraction of airway resistance in healthy children of areas with
      different levels of atmospheric pollutants.
AB  - Reversible fraction of airway resistance (delta Raw) has been defined as the
      difference between airway resistances (Raw) before and after inhalative treatment
      with ipratropium-bromide (Atrovent) aerosols in healthy subjects. We examined
      delta Raw in children between 6-8 years of age living in areas with different air
      qualities. We found small but statistically significant (p less than 0.1) greater
      delta Raw for children of higher polluted areas. This could indicate that
      children of polluted areas possessed higher bronchial smooth muscle tone.

PMID- 2637160
TI  - Reversibility of clearance impairment after subchronic test toner inhalation.
AB  - In a chronic study of a test toner in F-344 rats an impairment of alveolar
      clearance and increased toner retention were observed at the high and, to a
      lesser degree, at the middle exposure level throughout the study. The objectives
      of the present study were: 1. To investigate the nature and the time course of
      test toner and surrogate tracer alveolar clearance and toner retention behaviour
      following a subchronic exposure interval. 2. To investigate the dependence of the
      response upon the pulmonary burden of the test toner.

PMID- 2637161
TI  - Lung response to test toner upon 2-year inhalation exposure in rats.
AB  - SPF F-344 rats were exposed 6 h/day 5 days/wk for up to 24 months to a special
      test toner at 0, 1, 4 and 16 mg/m3 or TiO2 at 5 mg/m3, or SiO2 at 1 mg/m3, by the
      inhalation route. The animals were kept for an additional 6 weeks in filtered
      air. Surviving animals were sacrificed at 25.5 months after start of exposure.
      Life-span and causes of death were independent of treatment and in accordance
      with published values. No evidence for systemic toxicity or any upper-respiratory
      system effects were found in the toner-exposed groups. The incidence of lung
      tumors was comparable in the control, 3 toner and TiO2-exposed groups. An
      incidence of 18%, combined benign and malignant tumors was observed in the quartz
      treated rats. A slight to moderate degree of fibrosis was observed at the toner
      high exposure level in all animals, while a very slight degree of fibrosis was
      noted in 20% of the animals at the toner middle (4 mg/m3) exposure level. The
      fibrogenic potency of the test toner was calculated to be comparable to TiO2. No
      pulmonary changes were seen at the toner low (1 mg/m3) and environmentally most
      relevant exposure level.

PMID- 2637163
TI  - Pulmonary function changes in rats after chronic and subchronic inhalation
      exposure to various particulate matter.

PMID- 2637162
TI  - Reversibility of biochemical and cytological alterations in broncho-alveolar
      lavagate upon cessation of dust exposure.
AB  - The objectives of the present study were: 1. To investigate the nature and time
      course of the biochemical and cytological changes following acute and subchronic
      exposure intervals. 2. To investigate the dependence of the response upon the
      pulmonary burden of the test material. Alveolar clearance measurements were
      performed in parallel and are presented in a separate poster (1).

PMID- 2637164
TI  - Investigation on the carcinogenic effects of various cadmium compounds after
      inhalation exposure in hamsters and mice.
AB  - The inhalation of cadmium chloride aerosols induced lung carcinomas in rats (3).
      Subsequently, CdCl2 was classified as probably carcinogenic in humans (2). Thus
      the Cd compounds CdCl2, CdSO4, CdS and CdO were investigated for their
      carcinogenic potencies in the lungs of hamsters and mice. The same experiment was
      conducted by GLASER et al. with rats (1).

PMID- 2637165
TI  - Quantification of proliferative lesions in hamster lungs after chronic exposure
      to cadmium aerosols.
AB  - The development of proliferative areas in the lungs of Syrian golden hamsters was
      studied after chronic inhalation of cadmium oxide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium
      chloride or cadmium sulfate. Lung tissue from randomly selected animals in each
      group was evaluated by morphometric histopathologic techniques. Estimation of the
      volumetric ratio of proliferative areas within the lungs of exposed animals
      showed significantly different extents of these lesions in dependence on the
      respective cadmium compound administered. The most severe changes were observed
      after inhalation of cadmium oxide and cadmium sulfide. Lesions were mainly found
      in the peribronchial region of the lung. Electron microscopic analysis of these
      proliferative areas revealed that they were composed of ciliated and Clara cells.
      From its histophatologic appearance this of lesion was qualitatively comparable
      in all hamsters which had been treated with the different cadmium compounds.

PMID- 2637166
TI  - Ultrastructural observations in hamster and rat lungs after chronic inhalation of
      cadmium compounds.
AB  - Long-term inhalation of CdCl2 at concentrations as low as 12.6 micrograms Cd/m3
      causes development of lung tumors in rats (4). No information, however, was
      available on the chronic carcinogenicity of CdO, CdS and CdSO4 which are
      especially relevant to the occupational area. In the present joint study of the
      Fh-ITA and the Fh-IUCT, rats and hamsters were exposed to CdCl2, CdSO4, CdO and
      CdS in a chronic inhalation carcinogenicity set-up (2, 3). The goal of the
      ultrastructural investigation was to compare inflammatory reactions and fibrotic
      lesions, as well as epithelial alterations occurring in the species under study.
      The present communication focusses especially on observations obtained from male
      and female hamsters and rats chronically exposed to CdO. In addition, we report
      preliminary results from a short-term inhalation study with CdO.

PMID- 2637167
TI  - Comparative long-term animal inhalation studies using various particulate matter:
      objectives, experimental design and preliminary results.

PMID- 2637168
TI  - Effect of long-term inhalation of N-nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) and SO2/NOx in
      rats.
AB  - This report focusses on preliminary results of a long-term inhalation assay with
      N-nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) at low concentrations. Chronic inhalation of 1 ppm
      of NDMA (4 h/day, 5 days/week) was found to be toxic in rats and diminished life
      expectancy by about 8 months compared to the control group. Mostly tumors of the
      nasal region (25/36) were observed. Inhalation of 0.2 ppm of NDMA lead to a high
      tumor yield in rats (20/36). At a concentration of 0.04 ppm (= 0.12 mg/m3 in air)
      3 tumors of the nasal region have been found until now. In addition, a combined
      inhalation study of other air pollutants SO2 or NOx together with NDMA at the 0.2
      ppm level is being performed. Tumors of the nasal region have been observed in
      the groups with SO2 + NDMA and NOx + NDMA as well as with NDMA alone. Differences
      in tumor response of the groups treated with NDMA alone or in combination with
      SO2/NOx cannot be assessed yet. The additional treatment with the air pollutants
      SO2 or NOx has not affected the body weight gain or any other observable
      parameters of the life quality of the rats.

PMID- 2637169
TI  - SEM analysis of injuries induced in the trachea of rat by inhalation of sodium
      combustion products.

PMID- 2637170
TI  - Regional population risk evaluation for multiple inhalation hazards.
AB  - An approximative cartographic estimation method for individual and population
      risk values has been developed and tested. The absolute and relative weights of
      multiple inhalation hazards were computed in a regionally differentiated way for
      the city of Hamburg (FRG).

PMID- 2637171
TI  - Acute inhalatory mass ammonia intoxication with fatal course.

PMID- 2637172
TI  - Determination of concentration-time-mortality relationships versus LC50s
      according to OECD guideline 403.
AB  - The effect of decreasing the number of animals on the accuracy of estimated
      concentration-time-mortality relationships and the LC50 values derived from these
      was investigated by means of simulation methods. Studies of NH3, Cl2, H2S, and
      COCl2 were made using 5 rats per sex per group. Mortality rates were analysed in
      500 new data sets obtained by randomly removing 4 rats/sex/group from the
      original data sets. It was concluded that the concentration-time-mortality
      relationship and the LC50 values can be determined over a 5-10-fold time range
      using one rat/sex/group. The resulting 5 and 95 percentiles compare favourably
      with the 90% confidence limits when determining a LC50 according to OECD
      guideline 403. When using concentration-time-mortality relationships, additional
      information can be obtained which can be used in inhalation hazard risk
      assessment.

PMID- 2637173
TI  - Animal experimental model for studying respiratory and cardiovascular parameters
      in unanaesthetized rabbits.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to examine the reproducibility of measurements of
      respiratory and cardiovascular functions in unanaesthetized rabbits. Observed
      coefficient of variations (CV) and hence the reproducibilities of different
      measurements in the present study were highly comparable to values reported for
      anaesthetized rabbits. So it could be concluded that anaesthetization is not a
      prerequisite to study respiratory and cardiovascular function in rabbits.

PMID- 2637174
TI  - A new small animal inhalation facility: design and performance.
AB  - A new inhalation facility is described which allows any combination of up to 72
      rodents ranging in size from the mouse to the guinea pig to be exposed
      simultaneously. Typically for aerosols of MMD 1.5 microns the initial lung
      deposit in the rat is 0.05 to 0.07% of the total amount of material used and the
      coefficient of variation between animals is 15 to 20%.

PMID- 2637175
TI  - The metabolic behaviour of uranium octoxide bearing residues after their
      deposition in the rat lung: the implications for occupational exposure.
AB  - This paper describes the metabolic behaviour in rats of uranium inhaled as a U3O8
      bearing residue. The biokinetic behaviour of uranium in workers has been
      predicted by combining the transfer rates to blood in rats with mucociliary
      clearance rates obtained from human volunteers exposed to other aerosols. It is
      concluded that chest monitoring will be of value for assessing acute and chronic
      intakes of the residue below the proposed annual limit (6 x 10(3) Bq) whilst
      urinary excretion data should be interpreted with caution.

PMID- 2637176
TI  - The efficacies of pure LICAM(C) and DTPA for enhancing the elimination of
      plutonium-238 and americium-241 from rats after their inhalation as nitrate.
AB  - After the inhalation of 238Pu and 241Am as nitrate, the repeated administration
      of DTPA is far superior to that of LICAM(C) for enhancing their elimination from
      the body. The therapeutic efficacies of these chelating agents are however
      similar after intravenous injection of 238Pu as citrate. It is concluded that
      DTPA should remain the agent of choice for treating persons contaminated
      internally with transportable forms of these actinides.

PMID- 2637177
TI  - Estimating equivalent human concentrations of no observed adverse effect levels:
      a comparison of several methods.
AB  - Four methods for intra- and inter-species dose extrapolation for inhalation
      reference doses are discussed. Dichloromethane is used as an example to
      illustrate quantitative differences in the methods. The methods include a
      procedure recommended by the U.S. EPA in 1980, 2 approaches to using
      physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) models that depend on the extent of
      knowledge of the values of physiological parameters, and a proposed method based
      on the concepts inherent to PB-PK models but requiring significantly less data on
      physiological parameters.

PMID- 2637178
TI  - Dosimetric equivalence of tar deposition in rodents and man.
AB  - It has proved very difficult to produce cancer in laboratory animals following
      the inhalation of tar from cigarette smoke. Amongst other factors, this may be
      due to the dose that animals get in comparison to humans. Data reported here
      suggest that the average dose to the bronchial region of the lung, estimated
      using radiotracer techniques, may be a factor of 4 lower. The local dose to the
      carinal is also discussed; this may be lower still.

PMID- 2637179
TI  - The effect of fibre durability on the hazard potential of inhaled chrysotile
      asbestos fibres.
AB  - Inhaled chrysotile asbestos fibres undergo mineralogical and morphological
      changes in the lung. Published evidence and interim results from new experiments
      form the basis for a dosimetric model for such non-durable fibres.

PMID- 2637181
TI  - Solo dentists: national survey of overhead costs.

PMID- 2637180
TI  - Early retirement--don't let debt chain you to the dental chair.

PMID- 2637182
TI  - The malpractice case you can do nothing to prevent.

PMID- 2637183
TI  - The best dentist you can be: the Pankey experience, Part I.

PMID- 2637185
TI  - Leadership and its place in your practice.

PMID- 2637184
TI  - Chemical sterilization in the dental office.

PMID- 2637186
TI  - Perio referrals: a specialist's view of current trends.

PMID- 2637187
TI  - Follow-up contact--a sure-fire marketing technique.

PMID- 2637189
TI  - Turf wars.

PMID- 2637188
TI  - Flurbiprofen--a new NSAID.

PMID- 2637190
TI  - Eight steps to the optimum practice.

PMID- 2637191
TI  - The best dentist you can be: the Pankey experience, Part II.

PMID- 2637192
TI  - NSAIDs: analgesics plus?

PMID- 2637193
TI  - Design for patient comfort.

PMID- 2637194
TI  - Hiring the best.

PMID- 2637195
TI  - 10 tips for leasing office space.

PMID- 2637197
TI  - Getting patients on your side.

PMID- 2637196
TI  - Financing your future.

PMID- 2637198
TI  - Five ways to build a stronger practice.

PMID- 2637199
TI  - One answer to the auxiliary shortage.

PMID- 2637201
TI  - Anatomy of a fire sale.

PMID- 2637200
TI  - Enthusiasm and confidence play a major role.

PMID- 2637202
TI  - Achieving team success.

PMID- 2637203
TI  - The dentist-inventor's guide to product marketing.

PMID- 2637204
TI  - Targeted for burglary.

PMID- 2637205
TI  - Bungling burglars and criminal capers.

PMID- 2637206
TI  - Dental mismemes (mistruths).

PMID- 2637207
TI  - Dentists and patients share the rewards of esthetic dentistry.

PMID- 2637208
TI  - Internal marketing strategies for esthetic dentistry.

PMID- 2637209
TI  - Physical properties of calcium hydroxide and glass-ionomer base and lining
      materials.
AB  - Compressive, diametral tensile and flexural strengths, moduli of elasticity, pH,
      and acid solubility values were compared for six calcium hydroxide cements, seven
      glass-ionomer cements, and one calcium aluminate cement. Results indicated that
      the glass-ionomer materials were generally stronger than the calcium hydroxide
      liners. Prisma VLC Dycal showed the lowest value for modulus of elasticity and
      the least acid solubility. The glass-ionomer materials were initially acidic,
      reaching a final pH between 5.4 and 7.3, whereas the calcium hydroxide and
      calcium aluminate cements were strongly alkaline at all time intervals.

PMID- 2637210
TI  - Comparison of direct and indirect methods for analyzing wear of posterior
      composite restorations.
AB  - The vast majority of recent clinical research involving wear analyses of
      posterior composite resin restorations have used either the direct evaluation
      method (USPHS) or the indirect cast comparison (Leinfelder) method. However,
      there has never been any established correlation of the two wear scales. The
      objective of this study was to determine the amount of wear for the USPHS alfa
      bravo transition on the basis of cast comparison data. Clinical wear data were
      collected over five years by both the direct method and the indirect method.
      Three materials were used involving a total of 221 restorations in 61 patients.
      Each restoration was evaluated at baseline, six months, one, two, three, and five
      years by each method. Then, for those restorations which underwent a transition
      from an alfa to a bravo clinical rating, the absolute wear at the transition was
      determined by averaging the indirect ratings just before and just after the
      transition. The mean wear corresponding to the alfa-bravo transition was 192 +/-
      60 microns. Because of the large width of the alfa category up to the alfa-bravo
      transition, extensive early changes and high initial wear rates cannot be
      detected by the USPHS system.

PMID- 2637211
TI  - Water sorption of plasticized denture acrylic lining materials.
AB  - The objective was to characterize water sorption of plasticized denture acrylic
      lining materials, with determination both of uptake and diffusion coefficient
      (D). Feasibility was investigated first for simple binary mixtures of poly(methyl
      methacrylate), PMMA, and various phthalate plasticizers prepared by radiation
      polymerization of methyl methacrylate/plasticizer solutions. These were shown to
      be tractable when samples were saturated with water and then characterized in
      desorption measurements. Plasticizers were found to decrease the uptake of water.
      This decrease was attributed to the hydrophobic nature of the plasticizers and
      also to their ability to fill microvoids in PMMA which, in their absence, would
      be available to water. Values of D increased monotonically with increasing volume
      fractions of plasticizer. It appeared that values of D increased more rapidly in
      cases where large proportions of plasticizer resulted in samples which were above
      their glass transition temperature, Tg, at the temperature of testing water
      sorption. Desorption measurements were extended satisfactorily to a model system
      made from poly(ethyl methacrylate) powder, methyl methacrylate, and dibutyl
      phthalate, which was polymerized with a conventional redox initiator. Water
      desorption results were compared with various proprietary materials which were
      also characterized with respect to Tg and, cursorily, to composition.

PMID- 2637212
TI  - Long-term sealing properties of amalgam restorations: an in vitro study.
AB  - Conventional and high-copper Class V amalgam restorations showed leakage after
      seven months' storage in artificial saliva and thermal-stressing. The rate of
      marginal microleakage was not significantly affected by the application of a
      Copal varnish after this period. At the 14-month storage and thermal-stressing
      period, all varnished and unvarnished high-copper restorations and the varnished
      conventional amalgam restorations showed significantly improved sealing
      properties in the occlusal wall compared with the seven-month period. The
      unvarnished conventional amalgam restorations appeared to have reached their peak
      sealing level by seven months under the conditions of this experiment. No
      significant improvement in the sealing properties of either the conventional or
      high-copper amalgam restorations was achieved after the 14-month period by the
      application of Copal varnish.

PMID- 2637213
TI  - Viscosity of dental waxes by use of Stokes' law.
AB  - The rheological properties of dental waxes control their fabrication procedures
      and are dominated by their temperature dependence. Indeed, it is their rapid
      change in deformability with temperature which enables them to be used. Some
      measure of flow rate is therefore needed for characterization and quality
      control. A modified Stokes' method is proposed which allows measurement of an
      analogue of Newtonian viscosity and is suited to routine use in the range 10(4)
      10(10) Pa.s, and which leads naturally to a determination of the activation
      energy for the process. This activation energy is of the order of 700 kJ/mole at
      low stress.

PMID- 2637214
TI  - Effects of water, speed, and experimental instrumentation on finishing and
      polishing porcelain intra-orally.
AB  - Previous studies indicated that porcelain can be polished smoother than glazed
      porcelain with instruments suitable for intra-oral use. This study evaluated
      several experimental instruments and materials to determine if polishing could be
      done more efficiently. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the
      surface texture produced by different combinations of experimental instruments
      applied with high and moderate speed, wet and dry, to porcelain disks. No
      sequence matched the polished standard. However, the optimum surface texture was
      obtained with diamond instruments (with progressively smaller particle sizes)
      used at a moderate speed with water, followed by a 30-fluted carbide bur at high
      speed and dry, then diamond polishing paste on a webbed rubber cup. In all
      polishing sequences tested, the best results were obtained with each individual
      instrument when diamond instruments were used at moderate speed wet, and when
      carbide instruments were used at high speed dry.

PMID- 2637215
TI  - Ultrastructural pulmonary changes in mice exposed to aerosolized Periodontal Pack
      Powder.
AB  - An electron microscopic study was undertaken to investigate pulmonary
      ultrastructural changes in mice following exposure to an aerosolized Periodontal
      Pack Powder (PPP), and to determine if the asbestos fiber, which contains 7% PPP,
      is respirable. One hundred and sixty-five animals were used in this study.
      Seventy-two of the animals were exposed to the powder twice weekly for a minimum
      of two weeks and a maximum of four weeks. Fifty animals were exposed to the PPP
      (without asbestos), with the same exposure sequence used. Forty-three animals
      served as nonexposed controls. Randomly selected groups of exposed and control
      mice were killed at designated intervals between two and 12 weeks. Microscopic
      examination of the lungs revealed early interstitial pneumonia. These changes
      were seen in both treatment groups. Late changes included a generalized
      resolution of the pneumonia (seen in both treatment groups) with residual diffuse
      interstitial fibrosis, persistence of asbestos fibers within the tissue, and
      early asbestos body formation (seen only in animals exposed to asbestos
      containing PPP). This study documents that the asbestos in Periodontal Pack
      Powder is both respirable and potentially pathogenic. Dentists who have used this
      product could conceivably be a population at risk for pulmonary fibrosis and/or
      obstructive airways disease.

PMID- 2637217
TI  - Notice of triplicate publication.

PMID- 2637216
TI  - Influence of food-simulating solvents on resin composites and glass-ionomer
      restorative cement.
AB  - The specific aim of the study was to determine the effect that food-stimulating
      solvents have on varyingly constituted resin composites and glass ionomer.
      Samples were stored in food-simulating liquids (FSL) (in increasing order of
      solubility parameter): Heptane, 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% aqueous ethanol
      solutions for 0, 1, 3, 7, 18, and 30 days at 37 degrees C prior to Knoop Hardness
      measurements. Measurements were made on both the unpolished matrix-rich surface
      and the polished filler-rich surface. Multifactorial analysis of variance
      revealed significant differences in hardness among materials, surface finish,
      solution, storage time, and all of their interactions. The average hardness of
      the polished surface was higher than that of the unpolished surface. Resin
      composites with similar matrix chemistry tended to behave similarly in FSL. Resin
      with Urethane DMA matrix were found to be significantly more susceptible to FSL
      than were those with the BisGMA matrix. Glass ionomer behaved differently in FSL
      compared with composites, due to differences in matrix chemistry, the nature of
      the bond between filler and matrix, and its susceptibility to dehydration.

PMID- 2637218
TI  - Changes of leukotrienes in rabbits subjected to tourniquet shock.
AB  - Rabbits were used as a traumatic shock model, and the right femoral root was
      fastened tightly with a tourniquet for human children for 24 hours. The amounts
      of LTB4, LTD4 and LTE4 in the blood and muscle were measured just before
      unfastening and 3, 6 and 12 hours after unfastening. After unfastening, the
      rabbits showed a gradual decline of blood pressure, and one died 7 hours after
      unfastening. LTB4 levels in the blood and muscle were within the levels of the
      control rabbits throughout the experimental period. On the contrary, LTD4 levels
      in the blood increased just before and 6 and 12 hours after unfastening. LTD4
      levels in the muscle also increased at the fastened site just before and 3 and 6
      hours after unfastening. LTE4 levels in the blood increased 3 hours, and those in
      the muscle 3 and 6 hours after unfastening. These results suggest that peptide
      leukotrienes may contribute to the pathogenesis of traumatic shock.

PMID- 2637219
TI  - Control of the activity of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
      in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - When isolated rat hepatocytes were cultured in the medium containing 0.5 mM
      clofibrate (dissolved in ethanol) for 6 hours, the activity of branched-chain
      alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKADH) complex in the cells increased to more
      than two times that of control cells. Immunochemical determination with an anti
      BCKADH IgG revealed that the activity increase occurred without increase in the
      enzyme amount. On the contrary, BCKADH activity in control cells (cultured in the
      presence 0.4% ethanol) decreased to two-third the initial activity at the end of
      6-hour incubation whereas the activities of other enzymes tested were practically
      unaltered either in control or in clofibrate-treated cells. When the control cell
      extract was incubated with rat liver protein phosphatase, the BCKADH activity
      increased near to that of clofibrate-treated cells, but the same treatment of
      clofibrate-treated cell extract produced practically no increase in the activity.
      These observations indicate that clofibrate addition brought about the increase
      of BCKADH activity through activation-inactivation mechanism based on
      dephosphorylation-phosphorylation, and that this mechanism might function on
      liver BCKADH complex in vivo as a short term control of the activity in some
      conditions.

PMID- 2637220
TI  - Measurement of atmospheric radon daughter concentrations at the campus of
      Fukushima Medical College.
AB  - Radon daughter concentrations in outdoor and indoor air were measured at the
      campus of Fukushima Medical College. Radon daughters in the air were sampled with
      a flow rate of 20 L/min through a glass fiber filter or a membrane filter, and
      the decay of activity on the filter was analyzed with two types of technique,
      i.e., the gross-beta one-count method using a G.M. tube and the alpha
      spectroscopic method using a semiconductor detector. The present paper describes
      principles and techniques of the measurement in detail.

PMID- 2637221
TI  - The effect of variation in thermomechanical compaction techniques upon the
      quality of the apical seal.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of compactor design,
      alterations in rotational speed and modification to the basic technique of
      thermomechanical compaction on the quality of the apical seal produced by gutta
      percha and sealer cement. The integrity of the apical seal achieved using two
      different configurations of compactor, rotational speeds of 8000 and 16,000
      rev/minute and a hybrid technique which combined thermomechanical compaction with
      lateral condensation were compared with conventional lateral condensation. The
      same brand of gutta-percha and type of sealer were used throughout the
      investigation. A cleared tooth technique that allowed the three-dimensional
      assessment of Indian ink leakage was employed. Instrument fracture, a problem
      experienced in some other investigations, did not occur with either design of
      compactor used. Apical dye leakage was found to be a relatively frequent
      occurrence with each variation in obturation technique studied, including that of
      lateral condensation of cold gutta-percha and sealer. The results showed no
      significant difference in the mean degree of leakage for each of the groups or in
      the proportion of specimens that showed leakage (P greater than 0.1). The
      advantages of the hybrid method of root canal obturation were discussed.

PMID- 2637222
TI  - An in vitro comparison of ultrasonic and conventional methods of irrigant
      replacement.
AB  - The effectiveness of irrigant replacement in fine canals was compared using three
      sizes of irrigating needle and an ultrasonic method. The results showed that
      irrigant replacement became progressively less effective towards the apex
      regardless of the method of irrigation or needle size. With conventional methods,
      irrigation performance varied with the size of needle and volume of irrigant.
      With the ultrasonic method results depended on irrigation time, but was
      independent of irrigant flow rate through the handpiece, the size of the canal or
      the file size.

PMID- 2637223
TI  - A comparison of one versus two appointment endodontic therapy in teeth with non
      vital pulps.
AB  - A clinical study using upper central incisors was carried out to evaluate the
      incidence of postoperative pain after root canal preparation by the double-flared
      technique. Sixty teeth with necrotic pulps from 48 patients whose ages ranged
      from 12 to 65 years were prepared and filled in either one or two appointments.
      No difference was observed in the incidence of postoperative pain between the two
      groups.

PMID- 2637224
TI  - Dentinal tubules at the root ends of apicected teeth: a scanning electron
      microscopic study.
AB  - Two groups of teeth, one of which contained teeth of known age, were examined by
      scanning electron microscopy to ascertain the presence of a potential pathway for
      leakage at the root ends of apicected teeth. At a point approximately 3 mm from
      the apex, a level chosen as being typical for apicectomy, and half-way between
      the root canal and the dentine-cementum junction, there were found to be, on
      average, 27,000 tubules per mm2. Older teeth also displayed large numbers of
      tubules. Close to the dentine-cementum junction, an area which may communicate
      with the root canal even in the presence of a retrograde root filling, an average
      of 13,000 tubules per mm2 were found.

PMID- 2637225
TI  - Dens invaginatus with an open apex: a case report.
AB  - A severe case of dens invaginatus is described on an upper central incisor that
      was associated with a discharging sinus tract. The outer pulp chamber contained
      vital tissue while the inner one contained necrotic material. Root canal
      treatment was carried out with long-term calcium hydroxide dressings to induce
      apical closure. The canal system was subsequently filled and the tooth followed
      up for 4 years.

PMID- 2637226
TI  - Bilateral cracked teeth: a case report.
AB  - This report presents a case of undiagnosed, cracked, bilateral, maxillary molars.
      Both teeth were non-carious and unrestored. Failure to diagnose the initial
      cracks resulted in further splitting, and finally complete vertical fractures.
      The problem of diagnosis is highlighted and the treatment of the cracked tooth to
      prevent its fracture is discussed.

PMID- 2637227
TI  - Apical penetration by a root canal irrigant: a case report.
AB  - A case is reported in which apical penetration by a root canal irritant occurred.
      The clinical manifestations are described and the case management discussed.

PMID- 2637228
TI  - Shaping of simulated root canals in resin blocks using files activated by a sonic
      handpiece.
AB  - A total of 180 simulated root canals in clear resin blocks with various lengths
      and degree of curvature were prepared by either Heliosonic, Rispisonic or Shaper
      files activated by a sonic handpiece. Each file type was used to prepare 60
      canals employing an in/out, circumferential filing motion. The efficacy of the
      sonic handpiece and the three file designs were assessed by instrumentation time,
      deformation and fracture of instruments and loss of working distance. The shape
      of the prepared canals was assessed by direct observation and from composite
      photographic prints produced by super-imposing negatives of the canals obtained
      before and after preparation. Overall, canal shaping with the Rispisonic and
      Shaper files was rapid and efficient whilst that with the Heliosonic files was
      slower and ineffective. With each file type, prepared straight canals displayed a
      continuously tapering form that was narrowest at their end-point. The majority of
      curved canals prepared with Heliosonic files were hourglass in shape whilst the
      majority prepared with the Rispisonic and Shaper files were tapered. Zips and
      elbows were only created with Rispisonic and Shaper files in those canals with
      very short, acute curves. Under the conditions of this study the use of
      Rispisonic and Shaper files activated by a sonic handpiece proved a satisfactory
      method of shaping simulated root canals in resin blocks.

PMID- 2637229
TI  - A comparison of the ability of K-files and Hedstrom files to shape simulated root
      canals in resin blocks.
AB  - A total of 50 simulated root canals in clear resin blocks with various degrees
      and positions of curvature were prepared by either K-files or Hedstrom files.
      Each file type was used to prepare 25 canals employing an in/out circumferential
      filing motion. The efficacy of the files was assessed by instrumentation time,
      deformation and fracture of instruments, and loss of working distance. The shape
      of the prepared canals was assessed by direct observation and from composite
      photographic prints produced by superimposing negatives of the canals obtained
      before and after preparation. Overall, canal shaping with Hedstrom files was
      quicker and more effective. Both file types prepared straight canals in an
      appropriate manner but the majority of prepared curved canals were hourglass in
      shape. In general, K-files created zips which were wider and thus more pronounced
      than those produced by Hedstrom files. Wide 'danger zones' were also regularly
      created. The location of the aberrations depended largely on the original shape
      of the canal and in particular on the position of the beginning of the canal
      curve. Under the conditions of this study, the manipulation of K-files and
      Hedstrom files in a simple in/out circumferential filing motion proved an
      unsatisfactory method of shaping simulated curved root canals in resin blocks.

PMID- 2637230
TI  - Capacitance effect of rubber gloves on electric pulp testers.
AB  - Electric pulp testers (EPTs) are widely used to assess tooth pulp vitality. With
      many unipolar EPTs the electrical circuit is completed through the operator.
      Since dentists now routinely wear rubber gloves, these might be expected to
      provide electrical insulation, and therefore to break the circuit. The objective
      of this investigation was to define the electrical effect of wearing rubber
      gloves. Two battery-powered unipolar EPTs were examined using a digital storage
      oscilloscope with an input impedance of 1 M omega. The probe tip was connected
      directly to the positive input lead of the oscilloscope. Three conditions were
      tested: (i) with the conductive handle connected directly to the negative input
      lead; (ii) with the ungloved operator holding the negative input lead in one hand
      and the conductive handle of the EPT in the other; and (iii) holding the
      conductive handle in a gloved hand. While the two EPTs produced different
      patterns of voltage spike, for each there was no difference between conditions
      (i) and (ii). However, when the conductive handle was held in a gloved hand
      (condition iii), there was a reduction in peak negative voltage and a change in
      wave form with positive overshoot. The alteration in wave form could be
      reproduced by substitution of the operator's gloved hand with a capacitance of 47
      pF. These results support the hypothesis that a rubber glove acts partly as a
      capacitor in series with the electric pulp tester, and will alter the performance
      of EPTs unless the glove is bypassed electrically.

PMID- 2637231
TI  - The incidence of postoperative pain after canal preparation of open teeth using
      two irrigation regimes.
AB  - This study was carried out to evaluate the incidence of postoperative pain in 68
      patients requiring root canal therapy. The teeth studied contained non-vital
      pulps and each had an existing open communication between the root canal and the
      oral cavity. Solvidont irrigating solution and medication paste were used on a
      group of 36 patients, while a second group of 32 patients had sterile isotonic
      sodium chloride2 (SISC) as the canal irrigant; no medicament was used on the
      second group. Three out of 36 patients (8 per cent) had mild discomfort following
      the use of Solvidont irrigant and paste. In the SISC group, 10 out of the 32
      patients (31 per cent) complained of pain ranging from moderate discomfort to
      severe pain with associated swelling of soft tissues. Statistical analysis showed
      that the incidence of postoperative pain was high when the root canals of open
      teeth were not medicated.

PMID- 2637232
TI  - Polydam--polythene sheet, a practical alternative to rubber dam for patients
      allergic to rubber compounds.
AB  - An alternative to rubber dam is required to ensure nasopharyngeal protection
      during endodontic procedures on patients who are allergic to rubber compounds.
      The use of polythene sheeting as a practical alternative is described,
      illustrated and discussed.

PMID- 2637233
TI  - A personal view of oral myofunctional therapy in Britain.

PMID- 2637234
TI  - Macroglossia: clinical considerations.
AB  - Macroglossia is a multifactorial condition that is almost always associated with
      a space-occupying mass of the tongue. The usual treatment is surgical resection.
      The typical medical conditions that lead to macroglossia have been described. The
      orofacial myologist should be alert to the presence of possible pathology of the
      tongue during orofacial examination, and refer suspected instances of
      macroglossia to an appropriate medical resource for definitive diagnosis and
      treatment.

PMID- 2637235
TI  - Diagnostic and operative arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint.

PMID- 2637236
TI  - Lower pole divergence of kidney: a new surgical technique to prevent recurrent
      renal calculus.
AB  - Gravity and natural position of the kidney have emerged as important factors in
      the nucleation, growth and postoperative recurrences of renal stones. A new
      operation technique is described to alter the position of the kidney, hence
      countering all obstacles to urinary flow. Recurrence of stones after the new
      operation (8.1%) were compared with controls (15.0%). Recurrence rates revealed
      from history data at two years (15-28%) and life-time recurrences deduced
      therefrom (25-80% or more) were used for comparison. Postnephropexy figures were
      5.97% and 10-25% respectively. It strengthened our belief that to check
      inevitable postoperative recurrences, this new operation should be applied
      whenever open surgery is performed for nephrolithiasis.

PMID- 2637237
TI  - Female urinary incontinence treated by transvaginal urethral closure and
      suprapubic catheter.
AB  - A new technique for transvaginal closure of the urethra and placement of a
      suprapubic catheter in 4 patients with total urinary incontinence gave excellent
      results with all patients remaining dry and accepting the suprapubic catheter.
      Suspension of the invaginated, closed urethra by sutures, passed through the
      bladder, is believed to reduce the risk of inadequate healing of the urethra.
      However, extreme obesity and extensive fibrosis of the periurethral tissue
      especially with adhesions to the pubic bone are contraindications to the
      transvaginal approach.

PMID- 2637238
TI  - Continent sigmoid bladder after cystectomy: 20 years' experience.
AB  - Twenty years' experience in the substitution of an isolated sigmoid segment after
      radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma is described. The indication for surgery
      was isolated, non-transitional cell bladder cancer. The isolated sigmoid segment
      is placed longitudinally in the isoperistaltic direction. The study is made up of
      73 cases. This operation does not make the procedure more radical since it does
      not increase survival for this illness. However, in relation to other bladder
      substitution methods, it guarantees a better quality of life after the operation.

PMID- 2637239
TI  - Treatment of vas deferens large defects.
AB  - Based on the experience of 12 vas deferens reconstructions in 8 patients with
      iatrogenic (post-herniotomy in infancy) vasa lesions the authors conclude that in
      the majority of such cases the length of vas defects renders direct
      vasovasoanastomosis either impossible or too risky, due to tension. To solve the
      problem the methods of extraanatomical (sub- and suprapubic) vas rerouting were
      elaborated that allow to shorten the vas length necessary for anastomosing by 9
      14 cm. Combined with various crossover techniques, and vasoepididymostomy if
      necessary, the method proved valuable in most cases of extensive mono- and
      bilateral vasa deferentia lesions. The experimental data on vas segment
      transplantation obtained in rats show poor results in the homotransplantation
      group while autotransplants survive in 70% and provide vas patency restoration in
      40%. No experimental proof in favour of endoprosthesing of vas grafts is
      obtained.

PMID- 2637240
TI  - Intraglomerular embolization by tubular cells.
AB  - Intraglomerular embolization by tubular epithelial cell is a rare artefact found
      in needle biopsy specimens. The authors have observed this phenomenon in five out
      of 300 renal biopsy cases. Tubular epithelial cells, were present in the
      glomerular capillaries (in two cases) or in the capillaries and within the
      glomerular urinary space (in three cases).

PMID- 2637241
TI  - Isoenzymes of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in urine of patients with acute
      renal failure after intoxication.
AB  - Activity of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was determined and
      basic clinical studies were carried out in oliguric, polyuric phases and
      restoration to health in patients with acute renal failure due to intoxication.
      At the same time, enzyme separation into isoenzymes A and B was achieved by
      column ion-exchange chromatography and by electrophoresis. This was done in
      urines from 9 patients and a control group of 10 persons who had no contact with
      toxic substances. The contribution of particular isoenzymes in total activity was
      determined by the "batch-wise" method with DEAE-52 cellulose. Significant
      differences were discovered in thermostability of NAG isoenzymes which may be
      utilized in nephrological diagnosis.

PMID- 2637242
TI  - Treatment planning for an older adult: a pilot study.

PMID- 2637243
TI  - Inhibitory effect of paraquat on biotransformation of halothane in rabbit liver
      microsomes.
AB  - Microsomal fractions were prepared from the liver of rabbits to investigate the
      effects of paraquat (methyl viologen) on generation of metabolites of halothane
      under the optimal aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Halothane (CF3CHClBr) is
      known to undergo oxidative and reductive biotransformation in the hepatic mixed
      function oxidase system including cytochrome-P450 reductase and cytochrome P450.
      The results showed that paraquat inhibited generation of metabolites of halothane
      under these conditions. Generation of the aerobic metabolite, trifluoroacetic
      acid (CF3COOH), and anaerobic metabolites, 2-chloro-1, 1, 1-trifluoroethane
      (CF3CH2Cl) and 2-chloro-1, 1-difluoroethylene (CF2CHCl), were inhibited 50% by
      4.96 mM and 35.3 mM paraquat, respectively. Possible mechanisms were speculated
      on to account for the inhibitory effects: one being the impaired formation of
      halothane-cytochrome P450 complex by addition of paraquat, and the other the
      diversion of electrons from cytochrome-P-450 reductase to generate active
      paraquat radicals. It is concluded that paraquat inhibits NADPH-dependent
      biotransformation of halothane catalyzed in mixed function oxidase system.

PMID- 2637244
TI  - Serum soluble interleukin 2 receptor in patients with IgA nephropathy.
AB  - Serum soluble interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2 R) was determined by the ELISA method
      in 29 cases of IgA nephropathy and 50 healthy controls. The results showed that
      the value in IgA nephropathy cases was significantly higher than that in healthy
      controls. Furthermore, among the cases of IgA nephropathy, the value was
      significantly higher in the groups with hypertension, elevated serum IgA and
      depressed creatinine clearance than in that of the corresponding controls. These
      findings suggest that serum soluble IL-2 R can serve as a prognostic index of IgA
      nephropathy.

PMID- 2637245
TI  - A pharmacological study of veratrine-induced hyperthermia in the rat: a model of
      neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
AB  - Stereotaxic microinjection of veratrine (50 micrograms in 1 microliter of saline)
      into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus of rats which were intraperitoneally
      pretreated with haloperidol (1 mg/kg), significantly elevated body temperature
      (1.4 degrees C above normal body temperature) and produced abnormal behaviors.
      This microinjection also facilitated turnover of dopamine and serotonin in the
      regions of the thalamus and hypothalamus. Hyperthermia induced by haloperidol
      plus veratrine was significantly inhibited by systemic administration of
      serotonin antagonists (cyproheptadine 10 mg/kg, ritanserin 3 mg/kg). These
      findings suggest that hyperthermia in neuroleptic malignant syndrome is due to
      the dominant effect of serotonin in the thermoregulatory center either by
      blocking the dopamine receptor or by enhancing the serotonin secretion.

PMID- 2637246
TI  - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nosocomial infections in the
      surgical ward and operating room.
AB  - In this study 214 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from clinical
      specimens on the surgical ward from 1983 to 1988 and in addition, 62 airborne
      strains were collected in the operating room. Highly methicillin-resistant
      strains of S.aureus (H-MRSA, MIC greater than 100 micrograms/ml) not detected in
      1983 showed a significant increase in frequency by 1987 accounting for about 60%
      of MRSA (MIC greater than or equal to 12.5 micrograms/ml). Countermeasures
      instituted in 1987 such as the use of disinfectant chlorhexidine alcohol
      significantly decreased the frequency of MRSA and H-MRSA isolates in 1988. In our
      study of coagulase type, MRSA type IV strains were predominant until 1984,
      whereas after 1986 type II was prevalent. All airborne strains collected in the
      operating room were methicillin-sensitive S.aureus, with type VII currently
      epidemic. We therefore concluded that cross infection with MRSA took place on the
      surgical ward rather than in the operating room.

PMID- 2637247
TI  - Metal hypersensitivity in dentists: a patch test study.
AB  - Patch test of dental alloys was conducted on dentists in the Department of
      Prosthetic Dentistry, Hiroshima University School of Dentistry. The positive rate
      of the first patch test in the test group was 47.1%, and that in the control
      group was 10.0%, showing a large difference between the two groups. Furthermore,
      a second patch test was conducted on those who showed a positive response
      together with pustular or follicular reaction. As neither positive response nor
      pustular or follicular reaction was observed in the second patch test, the
      results were regarded as negative. Only a very slight difference in the positive
      rate could be observed when the results of the two tests were combined. The
      results of the present study suggest that the possibility is small for dentists
      to develop metal hypersensitivity in normal clinical practice.

PMID- 2637248
TI  - The effect of phorbol esters on cell growth and epidermal growth factor receptor
      modulation in a human gastric carcinoma cell line TMK-1.
AB  - Tumor promoting phorbol esters, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and
      phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), significantly enhanced the growth of human
      gastric cancer cell line TMK-1, whilst activating protein kinase C. The time
      course of 125I-epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding to TMK-1 cells after TPA
      treatment showed a decrease in the number of EGF receptors on TMK-1 cells within
      3 hr. Autophosphorylation of EGF receptor decreased in accordance with the
      decrease of EGF binding by TPA treatment. Scatchard plot analysis of TMK-1 cells
      after TPA treatment showed that high affinity EGF receptor disappeared at 3hr but
      the number of EGF receptors increased at 24 hr. These findings suggest that tumor
      promoting phorbol esters stimulate the cell growth through activation of protein
      kinase C and modification of EGF receptor of human gastric cancer cell line TMK
      1.

PMID- 2637249
TI  - The effects of fenitrothion emulsion (organic phosphorous pesticide) and its
      degraded solution on mice.
AB  - Experiments were carried out to examine the effects of degradation products on
      mice. Fenitrothion (MEP) emulsion, a kind of an organic phosphorous insecticide,
      adjusted to pH 8, pH 10, and pH 14 were degraded by exposure to natural sunlight.
      Physiological saline, an untreated MEP emulsion, and the three degraded solutions
      were prepared as experimental chemicals and were administered subcutaneously at a
      dosage of 0.1 ml/10 g body weight (BW) into the backs of pregnant mice once a
      day, from the 3rd to the 15th fetal day. Each dose included 20, 40, or 90 mg/kgBW
      of MEP and several degradation products of MEP. LD50 was determined according to
      Behrens' method. The mean fetal body weights of 18th day of pregnancy in 40 and
      90 mg/kgBW of MEP of the pH 8 degraded solution were 1.09 and 1.16 g,
      respectively, significantly lower than that of untreated MEP emulsion (1.27 g).
      Further, LD50 values of the three kinds of degraded solutions were 60-120
      mg/kgBW, much lower than that of the untreated MEP emulsion (410 mg/kgBW). These
      results indicate that the degradation products of MEP emulsion degraded by the
      exposure of sunlight have an influence on both adult and fetal mice.

PMID- 2637250
TI  - Effect of OK-432 on the lymphnode metastasis of MCA-sarcoma cell lines: a new
      therapeutic approach.
AB  - The two unique highly metastatic MCA-sarcoma cell lines have been established by
      the present authors. The inoculation of 1153Ln, one of the cell lines, either
      into footpad or subcutaneously on the back of syngeneic mice resulted in the
      development of metastasis exclusively in almost all lymphnodes of the body. We
      evaluated the therapeutic effect of a streptococcal preparation, OK-432, on the
      lymphnode metastasis. Two KE per mouse of OK-432 were injected intratumorally
      (it) at 4, 7 or 10 days after the footpad inoculation of 1153Ln. OK-432 injected
      it at 7 days after tumor inoculation showed an inhibition of the lymphnode
      metastasis. Histological findings indicated that the proliferation of lymphoid
      cells in the drainage node was most prominent in mice treated with OK-432 at 7
      days after the tumor inoculation. A combined treatment of it and intraperitoneal
      (ip) injections of OK-432 significantly reduced lymphnode metastasis as compared
      with that of ip injection alone. This can be attributed to the fact that the
      activated lymphocytes induced by it-injected OK-432 exhibited a potent
      antimetastatic activity together with general administration (ip) of OK-432 given
      after surgical removal of the tumor. Low dose of total-body irradiation (TBI),
      known to augment the antitumor potential of tumor-bearing animals together with
      general application of OK-432, showed synergistic action in inhibiting tumor
      growth. Overall results suggest that the better antitumor effect of OK-432 can be
      anticipated by combination of the agent itself and with other means.

PMID- 2637252
TI  - [Re-examination of the masticatory function of the first permanent molar].
AB  - The biting force of the first permanent molar, from children in the first grade
      of elementary school to adults in their seventies, was measured in 1959 and in
      1987. Comparison between these two sets of data showed no significant difference
      in each age. The biting force of the second milk molar of kindergarteners aged
      from 4 to 5 years old, showed a decrease of nearly 5 kilograms on the average and
      in particular. The number of the children whose biting force was less than 15
      kilograms increase. There was a negative correlation between the depth of the
      periodontal pocket of every kind of tooth and the biting force, and the average
      of the correlation coefficient was about minus 0.3. Especially, there was
      negative correlation between the depth of the periodontal pocket of the first
      permanent molar of patients in their forties and their biting force.

PMID- 2637251
TI  - Rubidium (Rb) treatment of rats: biological effects and implications for
      psychiatry.
AB  - Experiments were carried out on rats in order to find out the implications for
      psychiatry of the basic biological effects of rubidium (Rb). The forced swimming
      test (FST), used to evaluate the effects on rats of treatment with Rb, was
      conducted after 1 or 3 mEq/kg Rb was given chronically or subacutely. The weight
      of rats treated with 1 or 3 mEq/kg Rb, once daily, was observed daily for two
      weeks. Rb levels in the blood and brain of rats treated with Rb chronically or
      subacutely were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The rectal
      temperature was observed at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min after injections of
      1 or 3 mEq/kg Rb. The increase in the mean body weight of treated rats was almost
      the same as that of the control. The rectal temperature in rats treated with Rb
      showed a hyperthermic response. With both the 1 and 3 mEq/kg Rb treatments, Rb
      levels in the brains were significantly higher in the chronic experiments than in
      the subacute experiments. The experiments conducted to determine the effect of
      chronic and subacute treatment of Rb are hereafter termed 'chronic experiment'
      and 'subacute experiment' respectively. Almost the same significant difference
      was also observed in the Rb levels in the blood. In the FST, a decrease in the
      mean immobility time was not observed in either the subacute or the chronic
      experiments. Thus, antidepressant effects, as judged from the FST, were not
      observed although Rb did actually accumulate in both brain and blood.

PMID- 2637253
TI  - [Mandibular movement and electromyogram investigation of normal occlusion and
      reversed occlusion before and after correction of over jet].
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to understand how the mandibular movement
      and myofunction in reversed occlusion, approach to normal occlusion after the
      correction of over jet. The experiment was carried out in 30 normal and 26
      reversed occlusion school children patients who were classified into 3 groups by
      morphological analysis. A K6 diagnostic system was used. It recorded muscle
      activity of maximum clenching, free way space, path of closure, and the maximum
      velocity of opening and closing mandibular. And recorded a condylar test at the
      same time. Reversed occlusion classified 3 groups: upper and lower incisor had
      improper inclinations (D group, 19%), construction bite possible but recognized
      back and forth discrepancy between maxilla and mandibular (FS group, 50%),
      discrepancy larger than FS group and construction bite not possible (S group,
      31%). Toward upper forth group indicated 77% and toward upper back group
      indicated 23% in normal occlusion. As for reversed occlusion the former indicated
      92% and the latter indicated 8%. Differences in connection with orthodontic
      appliance and period of treatment were not so large. Back and forth mandibular
      movement, as measured by a condylar test, was greater for reversed occlusion than
      for normal occlusion, but this value tended to decrease after orthodontic
      treatment. In reversed occlusion, maximum opening, free way space, maximum
      velocity of opening and closing and muscle activity of rest position didn't show
      significant difference (p less than 0.05) among each group before and after the
      correction of over jet. Temporalis and masseter activity of maximum clenching,
      except temporalis among the D group, approached the values for normal occlusion.
      In the S group, muscle activity of maximum clenching with a cotton-roll, was
      lower before treatment, but approached to data in normal occlusion. These results
      prove that improvement of over jet in reversed occlusion, by ordinary orthodontal
      diagnosis and treatment plan, quasi-normalizes mandibular movement and muscle
      activity in reversed occlusion.

PMID- 2637254
TI  - [Investigation of an electromyogram and a mandibular movement in prognathia of
      mixed dentition compared with normal occlusion].
AB  - A quantitative analysis of EMG activity in temporal and masseter muscle and of
      mandibular movement was performed in prognathia (n = 20) and normal (n = 30)
      occlusion. EMG recordings were analyzed during rest position, maximal clenching
      and maximal clenching with a cotton-roll. Mandibular movement was examined for
      path of closure, amount of freeway, maximal velocity of jaw opening and closing,
      condylar test and amount of maximal vertical jaw opening. The results of the
      investigation revealed the following. Normal occlusion and prognathia were
      classified into two groups by path of closure. One group was going toward the
      upper front and another toward the upper back. The former was indicated in 77% of
      normal occlusion and 65% of prognathia cases examined. Amount of freeway space
      was the same in both groups. Maximal velocity of jaw was significantly (p less
      than 0.05) faster for prognethia than for normal occlusion. Condylar test was
      significantly (p less than 0.05) greater for prognathia than for normal
      occlusion. Temporal muscle activity was greater for normal occlusion than for
      prognathia. During maximal clenching, temporal muscle activity was greater than
      masseter activity in the normal occlusion. A tendency toward negative correlation
      was found between temporal muscle activity during maximal clenching and the
      mandibular plane angle, facial height and gonial angle. The same tendency was
      found between masseter muscle activity and the mandibular plane angle, facial
      height, ramus-height and gonial angle. These results prove that it is important
      to examine muscle activity and mandibular movement to make treatment planning.

PMID- 2637255
TI  - [Characterization of fatty acid composition in the cytoplasmic membrane of
      Streptococcus mutans].
AB  - The present study was performed to investigate the role of the fatty acid
      composition of cytoplasmic membranes in bacterial differentiation and the
      appearance of cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans. Bacterial fatty acid
      composition was effective for differentiation of Streptococcus mutans from the
      other oral streptococci. The composition obtained from the reference strains and
      the clinical isolates involved five groups and was useful as a rapid screening
      index for Streptococcus mutans. Compositional changes in membrane lipids played
      important roles in synthesis and secretion of extracellular glucosyltransferase
      for Streptococcus mutans. A characteristic property of Streptococcus mutans,
      resistance to 40% sucrose in the medium, is ascribable to compositional changes
      in membrane lipids, especially the glycolipids, of Streptococcus mutans.

PMID- 2637256
TI  - [Application of cephalometric study of the rest position to diagnosis of reversed
      occlusion cases].
AB  - A cephalometric study of reversed occlusion in the rest position was performed.
      Materials consisted of cephalograms which were taken from 20 Japanese with
      reversed occlusion Study was made of the 2 dimensional changes in cephalograms
      before and after treatment, in order to determine its value for the estimation of
      the mandibular position after treatment of reversed occlusion, for therapeutic
      purposes, and also its value as a rotational element in preparation of Ricketts'
      V.T.O. Superimposed cephalometric tracings were made in the pretreatment and
      posttreatment rest positions. Using these, the method was evaluated for current
      use in analysis. The superimposition of tracings enabled estimation of the
      mandibular position and habitual position with an accuracy of 80% (16/20 cases).
      Coincidence of posttreatment mandibular position and pretreatment rest position
      was obtained in all adult cases. Utilization of the rest position for preparation
      of Ricketts' V.T.O. made it possible to estimate the growth direction and the
      mandibular position with an accuracy of 65%. Superimposition of pretreatment rest
      position and posttreatment habitual occlusal position led to coincidence of
      V.T.O. 84% of the time. Case analysis by means of Rakosi's functional analysis
      was effective for the determination of the relative therapeutic difficulty and
      the therapeutic approach. Utilization of the rest position, in addition to Kim's
      ODI and APDI values proved to be capable of determining the exact therapeutic
      plan at a probability of 70%. The above results revealed that the preoperative
      rest position was effective, not only for functional analysis, but also for the
      estimation of the therapeutic goal for adult cases and of the first stages
      completion (at the overjet correction) for young cases.

PMID- 2637257
TI  - [Color shades of visible light-cured composite resins].
AB  - The color of visible light-cured composite resins was examined by a dental color
      meter. The color shade guide was used as reference material in this study. The
      color difference value ranged from 5.5 to 11.0, suggesting that the color of
      composite resins is out of range of the shade guide.

PMID- 2637258
TI  - Internal porosity in denture base resin polymerized by microwave irradiation.

PMID- 2637259
TI  - [Clinical observation of bruxism-induced wear facets and the influence of wear
      facets on masticatory function].
AB  - The wear facets produced 10 years ago were compared with the present ones in a 35
      year old patient with bruxism. The electromyographic data of 10 years ago were
      also compared with the current data. Current mandibular kinesiograph data were
      also measured. The total area of the present wear facets was increased
      approximately 2.3 times those of 10 years ago in the upper teeth, and
      approximately 2 times in the lower teeth. However, the number of current wear
      facets of the upper and lower teeth was reduced, compared to that of 10 years
      ago. The Gothic arch tracing revealed a difference of about 1 mm between the
      centric occlusion and the centric relation. The patient had a unilateral balanced
      occlusion and a grinder-type chewing pattern. The free-way space, was in a normal
      range, approximately 2 mm. The raw electromyographs during sponge chewing 10
      years ago differed from the present findings, although the chewing rhythm was the
      same.

PMID- 2637260
TI  - [Classification of crown forms. Morphological interrelationship between upper
      central incisors and facial forms].
AB  - The interrelationship between tooth forms and facial outlines is represented in
      multivariate linear combinations. Principal Component Analysis was used in this
      study as an expression of morphological features. Measured data on the tooth and
      the face could be classified into 4 types by the first and second principal
      components of multivariate analysis. Of the 117 subjects, the largest group of 33
      (28.9%) had of oval faces and were Class III for the face and Class II for the
      teeth, respectively. Of the 117 subjects, 36 showed morphological similarity
      between teeth and face.

PMID- 2637261
TI  - [Principal component analysis of the masticatory motion path during gum chewing].
AB  - This study examined the characteristics of masticatory motion path using
      multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis was selected as the method
      and various important results were revealed as follows; Approximately 70% of the
      information describing gum chewing motion was explained by three principal
      components. From factor loading, the first principal component explains back and
      forth movement from the end of the opening phase to the closed position, the
      second principal component explains left to right movement at the onset of the
      mouth opening phase, and the third principal component explains left and right
      movement at about the position of maximum opening. Using scatter diagrams
      combining the first and second principal components, as well as the first and
      third principal components, we were able to recognize delicate differents among
      the subjects, but to the different strokes of any subject, characteristic
      patterns were emerged.

PMID- 2637262
TI  - Estimation of the root surface area from one-dimensional observation.
AB  - We studied the possibility of estimating the root surface area from measurements
      of various points on extracted teeth using multiple regression analysis, and
      found that this method might be applied clinically.

PMID- 2637263
TI  - [A treated case of anterior teeth crowding accompanied with periodontal disease].
AB  - On a 23-year-old woman who came to our hospital for anterior teeth crowding
      accompanied with severe periodontal tissue disease, from which she wanted to be
      recovered within 2 years, as cc, treatment of the paradental disease was
      performed for a year, then 55/44 were extracted and length discrepancy was
      improved in a year according to the edgewise method. Both these treatments
      removed all of the inflamatory symptoms such as local bleeding, drainage, etc,
      which had been noted before treatment, leading to normally functional occlusion.
      X-ray didn't reveale alveolar crest and or root resorption following the
      orthdontic tooth movement but, there is rather a considerable elevation of the
      alveolar line of the 2 1 1 2 region.

PMID- 2637264
TI  - [Effects of sealing of dentinal tubules of root canal wall with Ag (NH3)2F (3.8%)
      solution].
AB  - In this study, in order to determine a method for obtaining a good reaction, the
      reactive products of 3.8% Ag (NH3)2F, using formalin as a reducing agent, were
      studied. Saforide RC was used as the 3.8% Ag (NH3)2F solution and 10% neutral
      formalinsolution was used as a reducing agent. The silver mirror test and
      reaction products on the root canal wall were investigated under the scanning
      electron microscope, along with observation of dye penetration using a
      stereoscopic microscope. Reaction of periapical tissue to the materials was
      studied histologically in dogs. In the natural reduction group, less amounts of
      reactive products were seen, and sealing of the dentinal tubules of the root
      canal wall was inadequate. In the formalin reduction group, large amounts of
      reactive products were found, and the dentinal tubules of the root canal wall
      were sealed. CaF2, Ag3PO4, Ag2O and Ag were identified as reactive products. In
      the natural production groups, obstruction was present but incomplete. In
      Formalin groups, dye osmosis obstruction was recognized. No harmful action of the
      solution on the surrounding tissue of the dog's tooth was recognized.

PMID- 2637265
TI  - [Experimental pathological study on the regeneration process of the tissue around
      periodontally diseased roots in beagle dogs. 2. Light and electron microscopic
      observations on the regenerated connective tissue attachment following flap
      surgery].

PMID- 2637266
TI  - [Attempt of periodontal chemotherapy by topical application of Ofloxacin].

PMID- 2637267
TI  - [Effects of phenolic dental medicaments on arachidonic acid metabolism and their
      antiinflammatory action].

PMID- 2637268
TI  - [Compression and diametral tensile strength of light-curing type denture base
      resin "Triad"].

PMID- 2637269
TI  - [Water-sorption, solubility and abrasion-resistance of light-curing type denture
      base resin "Triad"].

PMID- 2637270
TI  - [Transverse strength of repairs with light-curing type denture base resin
      "Triad"].

PMID- 2637271
TI  - [Bacteriological study of gingivitis in pubertal children. 1. Examination of
      subgingival microflora cultivable on selective media].

PMID- 2637272
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of a posterior composite resins].

PMID- 2637273
TI  - [Fungicidal effectiveness of ultraviolet light].

PMID- 2637274
TI  - [Clinical study on the reproducibility of standardized dental radiographs].

PMID- 2637275
TI  - [Clinical evaluation on application of hydroxyapatite implant in periodontal
      surgery. Observation for six months].

PMID- 2637276
TI  - [Sjogren syndrome with symptoms of polymyositis. Investigation of a case and its
      treatment].

PMID- 2637277
TI  - [Preliminary survey of current status of dental hygienists and their professional
      awareness in Japan].

PMID- 2637278
TI  - [Histo-pathological studies on regeneration process of the periodontal tissues
      following flap surgery. 1. Light microscopic findings of epithelial and
      connective tissue reattachment on the denuded dentin surfaces].

PMID- 2637279
TI  - [Histo-pathological studies on regeneration process of the periodontal tissues
      following flap surgery. 2. Ultrastructural findings of the epithelial and
      connective tissue reattachment on the denuded root surfaces].

PMID- 2637280
TI  - [Experimental periodontal disease with surgical pocket preparation].

PMID- 2637281
TI  - [Application of the Sm-Co magnets to MTM].

PMID- 2637283
TI  - [Influence of experimental palatal plate on tongue and mandibular movements
      during articulation].

PMID- 2637282
TI  - [Gingival hyperplasia associated with taking of calcium antagonists used as
      antianginal drug].

PMID- 2637284
TI  - [Purification and properties of cell wall lytic enzyme produced by Staphylococcus
      aureus].

PMID- 2637285
TI  - [Experimental pathological study on the regeneration process of the tissue around
      periodontally diseased roots in beagle dogs. 1. Light and electron microscopic
      observations on the regenerated epithelial tissue following flap surgery].

PMID- 2637286
TI  - Relationship of strength and precision in shooting activities.

PMID- 2637287
TI  - Time estimation performance before, during, and following physical activity.
AB  - An experiment is reported which evaluated performance on a 10-sec unfilled time
      interval estimation task before, during, and after physical work on a cycle
      ergometer at relative intensities of 30 and 60% VO2max. Results from eleven
      healthy male subjects revealed a significant increase in time estimation
      variability and a decrease in the mean estimated time intervals during exercise
      compared to non-exercise phases. These findings are part of a growing body of
      evidence which indicates that exercise and its severity has a substantive impact
      on perceptual and cognitive performance, particularly the ability to synchronize
      and anticipate the timing of events.

PMID- 2637288
TI  - Effects of nutrition conditions on relationships between anaerobic threshold and
      lactate threshold.

PMID- 2637289
TI  - Neurobehavioural disturbances in workers engaged in high-pressure spray painting.
AB  - A battery of neurobehavioural tests consisting of reaction time (simple and
      choice), tweezer dexterity, hand precision, and memory (forward and backward)
      were administered to a group of painters before and after their work schedule to
      provide a quantitative assessment of the possible behavioural changes. Their
      responses on five affective measures, e.g., headache, mental freshness,
      forgetfulness, sleepiness, and general good health were also collected on visual
      analogue scales. Analysis of variance indicated significant deterioration of
      performance on reaction time (choice), tweezer dexterity (accuracy), hand
      precision (accuracy), and memory (backward) in the painters by the end of their
      work-shift. Significant deleterious effects were also noted on headache, mental
      freshness, and sleepiness. The degree of deterioration of their performance on
      these tests as also of the affective measures were found to be associated with
      the duration of exposure.

PMID- 2637290
TI  - A head-model reconstruction based upon photogrammetric data from Sri Lankan adult
      males relevant to the design of headgear.
AB  - Due to the large variability in heads and faces in one population, the standard
      anthropometric dimensions of the head, measured from anatomical landmarks alone,
      may not suffice for the design of fitting headgear, e.g., helmets. To provide
      adequate data of the shapes and contours of the head to the designer, appropriate
      head models sculptured using comprehensive head dimensions, must be developed.
      This paper describes (a) a procedure of collecting comprehensive anthropometric
      data of the head using a photogrammetric method and (b) a simple sculpturing
      technique to reconstruct a head model of the user population.

PMID- 2637291
TI  - Evaluation of lighting conditions in relation to visual comfort in workplaces of
      weavers in a textile mill.
AB  - The present investigation was undertaken to examine the lighting conditions in a
      weaving shed and also to assess visual comfort of the weavers and their visual
      preferences to the lighting levels. A light meter was used for measurement of the
      illuminances. Comfort vote cards and preference vote cards were administered on
      almost all the weavers (N = 95). The results indicated that the illumination
      levels were very low compared to the Indian Standard (1966) or IES standard
      (1973). A substantial proportion of the weavers had no visual comfort at work and
      expressed their preferences for higher illumination levels for comfort, safety,
      and optimum work performance. The results have been discussed and appropriate
      measures have been suggested for improved lighting in a cost-effective manner.

PMID- 2637292
TI  - Observation methods of human behavior--from research experiences in Papua New
      Guinea.
AB  - Time study of human activity in field surveys was reviewed. Then a technique to
      estimate energy expenditure of each activity from continuous heart-rate
      monitoring was presented and applied to our large quantity of time data collected
      in lowland Papua New Guinea.

PMID- 2637293
TI  - Effects of high-rise living on physical and mental development of children.
AB  - Effects of high-rise living on infants' development were investigated in 1987
      1988 in a high-rise residential area in Tokyo, using questionnaires on the daily
      behaviors of a total of 1,045 infants, completed by mothers and kindergarten
      teachers. Infants of high-rise living showed a delayed independence in
      fundamental daily customs compared with those of low-rise living. This could be
      ascribed to an over-attachment of mothers of high-rise living with their infants
      resulting from a reduced number of outings.

PMID- 2637294
TI  - Health-related behavior of people living in a community which experienced a rapid
      population decrease.
AB  - The authors firstly intended to observe the longitudinal effect of rapid decrease
      and aging of population, which was triggered by the closing of a coal mine in a
      small island, Takashima (Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan), on the health and behavior
      of local people. Our initial research objective was, however, re-directed toward
      practical ways to develop health promotion, because of the increasing expectation
      of people toward better health.

PMID- 2637295
TI  - [Chemiluminescence and phagocytic reactions of human nuclear leukocytes incubated
      with Streptococcus sanguis].
AB  - This experiment was designed to determine the role of indigenous organisms in
      gingival inflammation of the oral cavity, The test bacteria consisted of 3
      strains of Streptococcus sanguis isolated from plaque at the gingival margin and
      grown in sure culture. These strains were subsequently designated as A, B and C.
      Peripheral nuclear leukocytes were isolated from 5 test subjects with clinically
      healthy gingiva. Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and phagocytic functions of
      the 3 strains were measured, with the following results obtained. The mean peak
      value of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence following stimulation for strain A
      was 80.8 in the presence of serum, 38.8 in the presence of inactivated serum, and
      20.5 in the absence of serum. For strain B it was 82.3 in the presence of serum,
      6.4 in the presence of inactivated serum, and 2.5 in the absence of serum. For
      strain C it was 68.1 in the presence of serum, 65.3 in the presence of
      inactivated serum, and 8.3 in the absence of serum. In the absence of plasma
      strains A and B showed slight phagocytosis. In strain C, however, no phagocytosis
      was noted. In the presence of inactivated serum phagocytosis was increased
      strains A and B, but no phagocytosis was noted in strain C. In the presence of
      blood. phagocytosis was increased in strains A and B, but no phagocytosis was
      noted in strain C.

PMID- 2637296
TI  - [Phagocytosis, intracellular killing and interleukin 1 production of
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes in human periodontal diseases].
AB  - The role of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) as a primary protective cell
      in periodontal diseases has been well recognized. Functional abnormalities of
      PMNL chemotaxis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of some types of
      periodontitis. However, no consistent correlation with other PMNL functions has
      been reported. In the present study, phagocytosis and intracellular killing
      (oxidative product formation) of the PMNL from the patients with various forms of
      periodontal disease were evaluated by flow cytometry. Moreover, interleukin 1 (IL
      1) production by the PMNL was determined by means of the enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with monoclonal antibodies against rIL-1 alpha and
      rIL-1 beta. In order to examine these functions of peripheral (p-PMNL) and/or
      gingival crevicular PMNL (g-PMNL), 15 patients with localized juvenile
      periodontitis (LJP), 13 patients with generalized juvenile periodontitis (GJP)
      and 52 patients with adult periodontitis (AP) served as subjects. About 50% of
      the patients in LJP and GJP group exhibited depressed p-PMNL phagocytosis. While
      only a minimal number of the AP patients and no healthy subjects showed any
      reduction of p-PMNL phagocytosis. The reduction of phagocytosis was not related
      to the clinical periodontal status, and no detectable improvement of p-PMNL
      phagocytosis could be observed after periodontal therapy. In addition, it was
      suggested that complement receptors on the p-PMNL might be closely related with
      the reduction. Compared to p-PMNL, g-PMNL from the same individual have a lower
      phagocytic capacity in all subjects. However, no significant difference in g-PMNL
      phagocytosis could be demonstrated among three patient groups. Incremental
      oxidative responses in p-PMNL were observed in LJP, GJP and AP patients without
      any significant difference being found among these three groups. The increased
      rate of oxidative product formation was related to the clinical periodontal
      status, and it followed that periodontal therapy had significant effect on the
      improvement of this p-PMNL function. In IL-1 production assay of PMNL, a
      significant amount of IL-1, especially IL-1 beta, was observed in g-PMNL, but not
      in p-PMNL. The g-PMNL of the patients was found to produce greater amounts of IL
      1 alpha and IL-1 beta than did the healthy controls. In addition, IL-1 production
      of p-PMNL was induced by the stimulation with some pathogenic bacteria including
      Bacteroides gingivalis. These results suggest that impaired PMNL phagocytosis may
      contribute to the early onset of periodontal deterioration in some young
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2637297
TI  - [Effects of the soft diet on the periodontium and the leukocyte functions of the
      beige mouse].
AB  - The Chediak-Higashi (C-H) syndrome in man and certain animals including the beige
      mouse in a genetic disorder (autosomal recessive disease) characterized by
      partial oculocutaneous albinism, photophobia, recurrent infections and defective
      leukocyte function manifested by the presence of abnormally large lysosome-like
      organelles in granule-containing cells. The oral manifestations that have been
      reported include severe gingivitis, ulcerations, and early, severe, periodontal
      break-down. The beige mouse is analogous to the C-H syndrome in man. This study
      was conducted determine the effects of diet (soft diet) on the periodontium and
      leukocyte functions of beige mice by observing the periodontium and the activity
      of the cells. Beige mice and their heterozygous male littermates (hetero mice)
      were used at the age of 4-24 weeks and the lower jaw and neutrophils, macrophages
      and lymphocytes were used. There was no significant difference histologically
      between the beige mice and hetero mice at the age of 24 weeks when that were fed
      a hard diet. But, when they were fed the soft diet for 4 weeks, bone resorption
      was seen in the beige mice, but not in the hetero mice. All tested cell
      activities of the beige mice were significantly lower than those of the hetero
      mice. The above findings, suggest that there was a correlation between the
      decreased activity of the inflammatory cells and bone resorption in the mice fed
      the soft diet.

PMID- 2637298
TI  - [Ultrastructural study of initial attachment by human fibroblast-like cells on
      tooth roots in vitro].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the longitudinal effect of
      demineralized treatment of root surfaces on initial attachment, growth and
      differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblast-like cells in vitro.
      Cementum and dentin fragments were prepared from intact extracted human teeth for
      orthodontic reason. The root fragments of one group were not demineralized. Those
      of the other groups were demineralized by either citric acid (pH = 1.0, 3 min) or
      EDTA (pH = 7.4, 30 min). Plastic sheets served as controls. Human periodontal
      ligament fibroblast-like cells were incubated on root fragments and plastic
      sheets. After incubation, the root fragments and plastic sheets were examined by
      electron microscopy. The collagen fibers were exposed to the root surface by
      demineralized root surface. The exposed collagen fibers showed an effect on the
      cell attachment and growth, and the cells produced collagen fibers in the extra
      cellular space of the root surface. Demineralization of dentin fragments were
      more strongly affected in cell attachment, growth and differentiation than
      demineralization of cementum fragments. Citric acid demineralization of dentin
      fragments had a greater effect on cell attachment, growth and differentiation
      than EDTA demineralization of dentin fragments. The results suggest that citric
      acid demineralization of dentin fragments may provide the most effective dental
      surface for the establishment of connective tissue attachment after periodontal
      treatment.

PMID- 2637299
TI  - [Immunohistological study of wound healing in periodontal tissue of rats.
      Distribution of fibronectin and laminin after flap operation].
AB  - This study describes the distribution of fibronectin and laminin in periodontal
      tissue of rats after a flap operation. After full thickness flaps were raised,
      the roots were surgically exposed and planed. Animals were sacrificed at 12
      hours, and 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days after the wounding. The block specimens
      were fixed in formalin, decalcified with EDTA, made into serial paraffin
      sections, and examined after hematoxylin and eosin staining, after Masson
      trichrome staining and by indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of
      fibronectin and laminin. After the wounding, fibronectin was detected in the
      fibrin clot, and the migratory epithelial cells crossed over this fibrin clot (12
      hours-5 days). Fibronectin was deposited heavily in the granulation tissue. When
      the gingival connective tissue had matured, fibronectin diminished (5-14 days).
      On the root surface, a layer of fibronectin was present in the region where
      connective tissue fibers were oriented parallel to the root surface, while no
      fibronectin was seen at the site of reattachment of the regenerated collagen
      bundle (14-56 days). Laminin was present in the basement membrane of normal
      epithelium and blood vessels, but was absent from the internal basal lamina.
      After the wounding, laminin was absent from the basement membrane zone of the
      distal site of the migrating epithelium (1-3 days). Upon completion of wound
      reepithelialization at 5-7 days after wounding, laminin reappeared throughout the
      basement membrane except the internal basal lamina. These results suggest that
      fibronectin may be important in the regeneration of epithelium, connective tissue
      and connective tissue attachment during repair by functioning as an extracellular
      provisional matrix for migrating cells. On the other hand laminin may be
      important in maintaining the normal epithelium.

PMID- 2637300
TI  - [Histopathological study on qualitative changes in gingival collagen fibers for
      experimental periodontitis in rats. Remodeling of type I and III collagens
      detected by the Picrosirius-polarization method].
AB  - The objective of this study was to demonstrate the movement of type I and III
      collagens accompanying gingival inflammatory destruction. Experimental marginal
      periodontitis was induced by a calculogenic diet and a high-sucrose diet with
      feces in 3-week-old Wistar rats. We observed the changes in the interdental
      periodontium histopathologically by using the picrosirius-polarization method and
      an electron microscope. 1. After 5 weeks of eating the calculogenic diet, mild
      gingivitis was found. A small number of inflammatory cells consisting of
      neutrophils were seen. At the 2nd week, a variety of bone resorptions of alveolar
      crests began to appear. At the 10th week, an epithelial downgrowth was observed.
      At the 64th week, migration of epithelial attachment to half of the apex and a
      high degree of inflammatory cell infiltration of plasma cells could be seen. 2.
      Observations under the polarization microscope showed that interdantal horizontal
      fibers became coarse and type I collagen decreased but at the middle type III
      increased. However when the horizontal fasciculus were newly formed, type I was
      always dominant. Between interdental horizontal fibers and the alveolar crest,
      type III was increased. 3. Under the electron microscope microfibrils were found
      around adjacent degraded fibroblasts at the locations where collagen fibrils were
      destroyed and disappeared. In contrast, at the locations detached from
      inflammatory cell infiltration small bundles of microfibrils were seen. It is
      suggested that at the areas of destructive collagen structures the relative
      increase in type III and the appearance of microfibrils were caused by the
      reduction of type I. At the same time at the sites of detachment from the
      lesions, complete growth of type III and the appearance of microfibrils were
      found and were considered to be newly formed juvenile collagen structures.
      Moreover it is concluded that a balance proceeds with the qualitative changes in
      the types of collagen fibers involving breakdown and new formation.

PMID- 2637301
TI  - [Role of heparitinase in the initial stage of gingival inflammation].
AB  - For the purpose of elucidating the effect of heparitinase in gingival tissue,
      paper strips were inserted in the gingival sulcus of a dog and were treated with
      heparitinase (experimental group), an enzyme-free solution (control group) or
      inactivated enzyme (control group) for 20 minutes once a day in order to
      determine the pathohistological changes in the periodontium after 3, 10 and 14
      days. No marked difference was noted between the 3-day enzyme-treated group and
      the control groups, but for the 10-day and 14-day enzyme-treated groups,
      enlargement of the intercellular epithelium, neutrophil infiltration and
      inflammatory cellular infiltration, mainly of neutrophils, in the subepithelial
      connective tissue were observed. Examination of the effect of a tracer, 3H
      Dextran, on the permeability of the epithelium to heparitinase revealed
      incorporation of 3H-Dextran by the enzyme-treated group at about 2 times as much
      as that by the control group, and there were more silver particles indicative of
      3H-Dextran according to autoradiographic findings. Determination of the
      intratissue location of bacterium-derived heparitinase by the fluorescent
      antibody technique revealed fluorescence positivity on the gingival sulcus
      epithelial side but not on the oral epithelial side, and that it was more
      frequent in the region of the enlarged intercellular area of the upper layer of
      the gingival sulcus epithelium. These results suggest that bacterium-derived
      heparitinase present in the epithelium of the gingival sulcus of a dog lowered
      the defense competence peculiar to the epithelium and elevated of the
      permeability epithelium to bacterium-produced substances, leading to its
      involvement in the onset of gingival inflammation by decomposing heparan sulfate,
      an inter-cellular epithelial matrix.

PMID- 2637302
TI  - [Confidence region of alveolar bone level on xeroradiography].
AB  - Dental radiographs can be important for examination, evaluation and diagnosis of
      periodontal disease, and they have been widely used by dentists. However,
      discrepancies between radiographs and existing clinical periodontal tissue have
      been found. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between
      the existing alveolar bone level on a Xeroradiograph and the root surface area
      covered with a periodontal ligament. Alveolar bone blocks from human skulls
      (total 34 teeth) and 60 patients (total 165 teeth) were used for this study. Each
      human skull bone block was taken Xeroradiograph under three types of conditions.
      165 teeth from patients with severe periodontal disease were taken Xeroradiograph
      by a parallel method. The following equation was used for measuring the teeth on
      the Xeroradiograph. alpha = Root area supporting the existing alveolar bone/Root
      area from periapical to C-E junction x 100 The root surface area of each of the
      teeth extracted from bone blocks and of the extracted teeth from patients were
      measured by the membrane technique and calculated as follows: beta = Root surface
      area covered with periodontal ligament/Root surface area x 100 There was no
      significant difference in equation alpha calculated on three types of
      Xeroradiographs in the human skull. Significant positive correlations between
      alpha and beta were obtained, and an empirical regression line was constructed to
      estimate the ratio of the root surface area covered with periodontal ligament
      from the existing alveolar bone level on the Xeroradiograph. The results suggest
      that the ratio of the area of periodontal ligament to the root surface area given
      by these methods provides useful data for examination, diagnosis and evaluation
      of periodontal disease.

PMID- 2637303
TI  - [The interproximal periodontal pocket and its measurement].
AB  - Periodontal probing is the most important examination to determine the presence
      and severity of periodontal lesions. In the interproximal contact areas, probing
      depth is not accurate because there are some errors in angulating the probe. The
      purpose of this study was to establish the correct probing method in these areas.
      Therefore a new interproximal periodontal probe was developed. It eliminated the
      errors which arise from angulating a probe. The effectiveness of the 8-point
      method which uses both a conventional probe and the new type interproximal one
      was determined. The results were as follows: 1. 20 human dry skulls were selected
      to indicate the necessary angle at which a probe could reach the center of the
      interproximal contact area. Approximately 30 degrees was needed in molars. This
      was the most popular angle for measurement in these places. 2. 12 periodontal
      patients were selected to determine the errors in probing depth between a
      conventional probe and the new type interproximal one when a probe angulated 30
      degrees. The average error was 0.56 mm, indicating that the new type
      interproximal probe must be used when a probe was angulates 30 degrees. 3. 19
      periodontal patients who received a flap operation were selected to determine the
      effective probing method which could predict the alveolar bone defects in the
      interproximal contact areas. Measurement of 3 points (bucco-mesial or distal line
      angle, linguo-mesial or distal line-angle and center of mesial or distal) could
      estimate the form of interproximal bone defects. 4. 45 periodontal patients were
      selected to determine the condition of interproximal periodontal pockets. Marked
      periodontal damage was present not only at the center of interproximal contact
      areas but also in the other sites. These results suggest that the new
      interproximal periodontal probe is a reasonable instrument for angled probing in
      the interproximal contact areas, and the 8-point method is the most effective one
      to reveal the periodontal condition in detail.

PMID- 2637304
TI  - [Basic studies on CaO-P2O5-MgO-SiO2-CaF system glass ceramics. 2. Ultrastructural
      study on interface between culture cells and glass ceramics].
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine biocompatibility of glass ceramics and
      adhesion of cultured cells to glass ceramics. Four established cultured cell
      lines, human fibrosarcoma cells (HT-1080), human gingival carcinoma cells (Ca9
      22), human osteosarcoma cells (NY) and mouse osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1), were used.
      For phase-contrast and electron microscopic observation they were cultured on
      substrates of glass ceramics or polystyrene coverslips as a control. The results
      obtained were as follows. Glass ceramics caused neither cellular degeneration nor
      death, as revealed by phase-contrast microscopy. By transmission electron
      microscopy an amorphous structure similar to the basal lamina was observed at the
      interface between the substrates and Ca9-22, and between glass ceramics and NY. A
      similar structure sometimes existed between the substrates and MC3T3-E1. On the
      other hand HT-1080 showed no such structure. The findings suggest that the
      biocompatibility of glass ceramics was satisfactory. Furthermore, from the
      clinical point of view it seems to be possible to close the material-tissue
      interface with epithelial, fibrocytic and osteocytic cells.

PMID- 2637305
TI  - [Autoradiographic studies on the metabolism of gingival glycosaminoglycans in
      experimental periodontitis].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in glycosaminoglycans
      (GAGs) of the gingiva during a period of experimental periodontitis induced by
      placing a silk ligature below the gingival margin of dog molars. Incorporation of
      3H-glucosamine into the gingiva was determined autoradiographically. The gingiva
      was collected at 0, 7, 21, 60 and 90 days and cultured in vitro in the presence
      of 3H-glucosamine. The autoradiographs showed a predominantly epithelial location
      of the silver grains in all gingival epithelia. The location was intercellular in
      all epithelia. The results suggest greater 3H-glucosamine incorporation by the
      epithelium compared with the connective tissue and markedly more rapid metabolic
      turnover of epithelial GAGs.

PMID- 2637306
TI  - [Group therapy for periodontal disease. 1. Practical application of CPITN and the
      effects of group therapy].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the oral conditions in bakery workers
      (473 subjects) in addition to the screening system of O'Leary and CPITN, designed
      for rapid recording of the level of periodontal treatment needs, and to evaluate
      the periodontal treatments, managed by professional cleaning (scaling) and oral
      hygiene instruction. The assessment of the prevalence and severity of periodontal
      disease and resultant treatment needs in this group showed the characteristics of
      chronic periodontal disease in an advanced stage in persons aged 25-29 and 50-54.
      228 patients were selected for treatment for nine months and examined accurately
      for their periodontal condition. 137 patients continued the following group
      therapy three times and were reevaluated. Following the group therapy, the oral
      hygiene status and subjective symptoms of bleeding were improved in all groups,
      the effectiveness of the treatment on sextants, scoring cord three, four, showed
      markedly high. To achieve the treatment with few individual appointments, it is
      necessary to increase our knowledge of how these groups live, depending on the
      diversity of life style and the differences in ethnic consciousness.

PMID- 2637307
TI  - [Morphological study of periodontal tissues in the initial stage of periodontal
      disease. Part 1. Application of a morphological measurement and a system for
      evaluating the periodontal status].
AB  - The functional aberration of occlusion, based on the morphology of the alveolar
      process, causes chronic irritation of the periodontium in addition to the
      concomitant effect of other local environment factors. This investigation was
      designed to study the role of morphological characteristics in the periodontal
      disease process. The periodontal health of 22 subjects was recorded by clinical
      and roentgenological measurements of the loss of periodontal tissue. The criteria
      for this selection were no loss of or a crowding of adjoining teeth and no
      disharmony in occlusal contact. Morphological data were measured around the
      premolars and molars of lower jaws on the study models individuals, in bucco
      lingual width of the alveolar bone in relationship to the width of the crown and
      the sagittal figure of the Spee curve etc. by using a three-dimensional analyzer.
      The subjects were categorized as Type II when the records indicated a ratio of
      the crown width/bone width of 1/1.2. Types I and III, depended on a greater and
      smaller ratio, respectively. Type W symbolized the alveolar process, of which the
      interproximal bone showed a considerable curvature mediodistally. Type F showed a
      flat pattern. The sagittal figure of the Spee curve was divided into four
      patterns: Pattern A or B, when the cusp of the canine and first premolar leveled
      over or on the occlusal plane; Pattern C, when the cusp of the canine leveled
      over and the first premolar under the occlusal plane, and Pattern D, when all
      cusps, canine, premolar and molar, were under the occlusal plane. The distance
      from the occlusal plane to the deepest point of the Spee curve was divided into
      four groups: Pattern a, when the distance was 0-1.0 mm, Pattern b, 1.1-2.0 mm,
      Pattern c, 2.1-3.0 mm and Pattern d, 3.1-4.0 mm. These results suggest that the
      morphological evaluation is a useful diagnostic indicators on a rational basis.
      The morphological characteristics might be related to the presence of periodontal
      disease and allowed to speculate the pathological changes in established stage,
      and also to the response to periodontal treatment in the initial stage of
      periodontal disease.

PMID- 2637308
TI  - [Morphological study of periodontal tissues in the initial stage of periodontal
      disease. Part 2. Analysis of morphological measurement and status of periodontal
      disease].
AB  - The morphological characteristics of periodontal tissue in periodontal disease
      have been interpreted differently by a number of clinical observers. Many have
      reported that the malposition and functional malocclusion of teeth is injurious
      to the periodontium. We reported in Part I that a system for evaluating
      periodontal status was developed for the diagnosis and management of the
      interproximal area at the initial stage of bone resorption. The patient group
      consisted of 36 adults, from 21 to 55 years of age. The severity score
      represented the calculated loss of periodontal support tissues: loss of alveolar
      bone, evaluated roentgenologically, bone level and pattern in vertical and
      horizontal form, periodontal pocket and gingival inflammation. Because poor oral
      hygiene and other factors caused swelling by gingival inflammation, we obtained
      study specimens from patients with chronic periodontal disease after a few tooth
      brushing instructions, and scalings during initial therapy in order to detect
      initial and established pathological changes in periodontal tissue. The purpose
      of this study was to clarify the relationship between periodontal disease status
      and morphological diagnostic indicators and different degrees of harmony and
      disharmony in the lower jaw. In all age groups the average percentage of bone
      loss and intraosseous defects tended to be higher in the groups categorized as
      Type III and Type F, and in the area that showed a very deep concave Spee curve
      to the occlusal plane in Pattern D. We considered that these morphological
      characteristics might be of secondary importance for diagnosis. Oral local
      factors were the primary extrinsic factor in the pathogenesis of horizontal and
      vertical interproximal bone absorption in the area of the premolars and molars.

PMID- 2637309
TI  - [Relationship between pocket reduction and plaque control in initial treatment].
AB  - It has been suggested that plaque control is important in periodontal treatment.
      This study used O'Leary's plaque control record (PCR) to investigate the
      influence of plaque control in initial treatment. Thirty patients (18 men and 12
      women, mean age 46.7 years) were selected for this study. The results were as
      follows: The mean pocket depth was reduced from 3.19 mm (at the first
      examination) to 2.11 mm (at re-evaluation). Mean pocket depth of 3 mm or more at
      the first examination was reduced from 4.09 mm to 2.43 mm. The mean number of
      times plaque control instruction was given to reduce the PCR 10% or less was 3.8.
      The quantity of pocket reduction was significantly greater in the group that
      underwent instructions to reduce the PCR 10% or less 4 times or less compared
      with the group that underwent instructions 5 times or more. The group whose mean
      PCR was 10% or less from the time 10% or less at the first time to re-evaluation,
      had significantly greater pocket reduction than the group with 20% or more. There
      was no correlation between pocket reduction and PCR at the first examination and
      bone loss scores obtained from X-ray films.

PMID- 2637310
TI  - [Histopathological and clinical studies of acute necrotizing ulcerative
      gingivitis and evaluation of treatment].
AB  - We report the clinical data, light and electron microscopic findings, therapy and
      clinical course of three cases treated for acute necrotizing ulcerative
      gingivitis. The following results were obtained. 1. An ulcerous lesion was
      observed in the gingiva of all three cases, with case I also showing a depressed
      lesion in the ulcerous region. 2. In all three cases, the gingival sections
      displayed ulceration and showed fibrin deposition and neutrophil infiltration on
      the surface of the ulcerous region. Congested blood vessels and neutrophil
      infiltration also were observed in the connective tissue beneath the ulcerous
      region. 3. Many microorganisms, fibrin, cell debris, and enlarged intercellular
      spaces of the epithelium were seen on the surface on the ulcerous region. 4.
      Localized treatment, mainly plaque control, was found to be effective clinically
      and histopathologically.

PMID- 2637311
TI  - [A morphological study of the cranial base and dentofacial structure of Japanese
      with Angle Class II, div. 1 malocclusion--as compared with American white with
      Angle Class II, div. 1 malocclusion].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to clarify the morphological differences of Angle
      class II, div. 1 malocclusion between Japanese and American Caucasians by
      comparing their cranial base and dentofacial morphology. Materials were lateral
      cephalograms of 61 Japanese (30 males: mean age 12y3m and 31 females: mean age
      12y10m) and 67 American Caucasians (27 males: mean age 13y6m and 40 females: mean
      age 13y) with Angle class II, div. 1 permanent dentition. Results were as
      follows: 1. The anterior cranial base length in Japanese with Angle class II,
      div. 1 malocclusion was significantly shorter than that of American Caucasians.
      2. The maxillary length in Japanese with Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion was
      significantly shorter than that of American Caucasians. 3. Less than SNA, less
      than SNB and less than ANB showed no significant difference between Japanese and
      American Caucasians with Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion. 4. The whole
      mandibular length in Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion of Japanese males and
      American males showed no significant difference. But the mandibular body length
      of Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion in Japanese females was significantly
      shorter than that of American ones. 5. No significant difference was observed in
      gonial angle when the two groups were studied. 6. As compared with American
      Caucasians, the backward rotation of the mandible was evidently observed in
      Japanese with Angle class II, div. 1 malocclusion.

PMID- 2637312
TI  - [Longitudinal study on average craniofacial growth of skeletal C1. III girls in
      late adolescent period. Possibility of early orthognathic surgery].
AB  - The growth increments of Skeletal C1. III face during late adolescent period were
      investigated to estimate the possibility of earlier application of orthognathic
      surgery. Twenty C1. III Japanese girls, all requiring orthognathic surgery were
      investigated. Twenty C1. I girls were used as the control. The materials used in
      this study were lateral cephalometric X rays which were longitudinally taken at
      the age of 14 and 17 years respectively. Results were as follows: 1. The mean
      increments of maxilla and mandible showed no significant difference between C1.
      III and C1. I after the pubertal growth peak. 2. Ossification stage of the 3rd
      middle phalanx and the radium could be used as the maturity indicators for
      mandibular growth. Those were more reliable than the appearance timing of the
      menarche. Results are considered to be useful information for determining the
      timing of orthognathic surgery for Skeletal C1. III cases.

PMID- 2637313
TI  - [Effects of bite raising on fine structure of condylar cartilage in rats].
AB  - The present study was investigated the response in the early stage and the
      adaptability in the maturation stage of condylar cartilage, when the bite was
      raised at the molars so that the mandible was continuously displaced
      posteroinferiorly during the developmental stage. 3-week-old male SD rats were
      used in this study. Amount of the bite raising was approximately 1 mm at the
      bilateral first and second molars. The short-term (1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks) and long
      term (8, 12 and 16 weeks) effects were histologically examined by electron and
      light microscopy. 1. On examining the short-term effects, at 2-3 weeks the
      thickness of the maturative and hypertrophic zones was markedly reduced, and the
      ratio of cartilaginous cell layer was increased in the fibrous zone and decreased
      in the hypertrophic zone. Light microscopy revealed a reduction of the cell count
      in the maturative and hypertrophic zones at 2 weeks, an irregularity of cell
      arrangement at 3 weeks and a cell-less layer in some areas at 4 weeks. From these
      findings and the anatomical structure, it is presumed that the brackets exerted a
      compressive force on the condylar cartilage. 2. Short-term electron microscopic
      observation disclosed a vacuole-like structure in the cartilaginous matrix and
      some vacuolation of cell at 3 weeks. This seems to suggest the inhibited growth
      of mandibular condylar cartilage in the short-term. 3. Throughout the long-term,
      the thickness and ratio of the cell layer was reduced in the maturative and
      hypertrophic zones and were increased in the fibrous zone. Light microscopy
      revealed a decrease in the cell count and poor trabecular formation in the
      hypertrophic zone. These seem to suggest that, under the present experimental
      conditions, the mandibular condylar cartilage is also affected by long-term
      elevation. 4. Long-term electron microscopic observation disclosed in the
      hypertrophic zone the cells that rather morphologically resembled cells existing
      in the maturative zone. Disturbance of normal calcification was also observed.
      These seem to indicate that the growth of mandibular condylar cartilage tended to
      be inhibited in long-term. The above results suggested that continuous bite
      raising in juvenile rats caused a compressive force to the condylar cartilage,
      inhibited the growth relatively fast and continued to exert its effect for a long
      time, though the effect is diminished with time.

PMID- 2637314
TI  - [Postoperative evaluation of mandibular prognathism corrected by sagittal
      splitting osteotomy].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to examine short-term postoperative stability of
      mandibular prognathism subjected to the surgical-orthodontic treatment. Eight
      skeletal Class III patients (7 females and 1 male) corrected by sagittal
      splitting ramus osteotomy after preoperative orthodontic treatment. The stable
      occlusions at six months after the orthognathic surgery were evaluated.
      Cephalometric radiographs and cephalometric laminagraphs were used as materials.
      The results were as follows: 1) Surgical changes: Pogonion was repositioned by
      9.8 mm in an average. Overjet was increased of 9.1 mm in an average. Condyles
      were displaced antero-inferiorly in 3 cases. 2) Changes during intermaxillary
      fixation: Antero-superior rotation of the proximal segments were found. Region of
      chin moved inferiorly. Upper and lower incisors were inclined lingually.
      Variation of lower incisor inclination was larged. Condyle was displaced. 3)
      Changes from immediately before the release of intermaxillary fixation to the
      first month thereafter: Anterior-displacement of pogonion and antero-superior
      rotation of the proximal segment were found. Upper and lower incisors were
      inclined labially and lingually, respectively. Overjet was decreased. 4) Changes
      from the 1st to the 6th month after the release of intermaxillary fixation:
      Antero-superior rotation of the proximal segment and anterior displacement of
      pogonion were found to a slight extent. Upper incisor presented labial
      inclination and condyle tended to return to its preoperative position. The above
      results revealed that the aspect of relapse presented different changes between
      intermaxillary fixation period and after the release thereof. It was suggested to
      be ascribable to the setting up of the posterior margin of the distal segment in
      a position susceptible to the influence of soft tissues at skeletal fixation and
      to the extension of medial pterygoid muscle adherent to the distal segment.
      Therefore, appropriate retention of Class III elastics after the release there of
      were judged to be useful as countermeasures against relapse. In order to obtain
      postoperative stability, appropriate positioning of the proximal segment and
      countermeasures to the stress of medial pterygoid muscle during operation remain
      to be required further.

PMID- 2637315
TI  - [The pain response of the tooth caused by placement of a labial archwire].
AB  - The incidence of pain and discomfort response of tooth caused by placement of a
      labial archwire was studied. The pain response was assessed in four degrees of
      pain index (score 0: no discomfort, score 1: discomfort, score 2: mild pain,
      score 3: severe pain). Materials consisted of 84 males and females with the
      permanent dentition from 10 years to 41 years. Results were as follows: 1) Of the
      84 cases, 95.24 percent of them suffered from pain (mild pain: 26.19%, severe
      pain: 69.05%). 2) There was no significant difference in the pain response among
      the under 12 year old group, the 13 to 19 year old group and the over 20 year old
      group. 3) There was no significant difference in the pain response among the
      three kind of labial arch wire (0.014", 0.012" nickel titanium alloy wire and
      0.015" braided wire). 4) The pain response was statistically higher in the female
      than in the male. 5) The pain response was observed in 8.75 percent of cases
      immediately after placement of archwire, and 31.25 percent 2 hours later, 41.25
      percent by the end of the day. In 18.75 percent the pain response was observed
      next day. 6) Cases were sorted into 4 groups according to their highest score. In
      the severe pain group, the mean value of the severe pain response was 3.57 days,
      that of the mild pain response was 5.74 days and that of the discomfort response
      was 6.26 days. In the mild pain group, the mean value of the mild pain response
      was 3.68 days, and that of the discomfort response was 4.46 days.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2637316
TI  - [High construction bite activator treatment of anterior crossbite in mixed
      dentition].
AB  - We reported two cases of functional Class III malocclusion with a skeletal
      tendency in mixed dentition, treated by applying an activator with a high
      construction bite beyond the freeway space. A high construction bite,
      approximately 8 to 10 mm between upper and lower incisor edges was employed. By
      increasing the vertical separation of the construction bite to a specific range,
      the high construction bite intensified the activation of the myotatic reflex in
      the muscles of mastication as well the passive tension in the stretched perioral
      muscles through the viscoelastic properties. (Furthermore, the tension which was
      generated passively from the stretched perioral soft tissues, such as tendon and
      skin, would join the force). In these two cases, we could efficiently use the
      active and passive tension of the muscles by using an activator of this type, and
      gain the effective orthodontic force clinically.

PMID- 2637317
TI  - [Relationship between an inclination of mandibular plane and a morphology of
      symphysis].
AB  - In order to investigate the relationship between inclination of mandibular plane
      and morphology of symphysis, 225 adult subjects' cephalograms were measured.
      Measurements of the mandibular and facial morphology were: SN-MP, gonial angle,
      SNA, SNB, SNP, ramus angle, SN-GN, L1 to MP, U1 to L1 angle, overbite, and
      overjet. Measurements of the symphysis were: thickness of symphysis, length of
      symphysis, height of symphysis, grade of mental protrusion, inclination of
      symphysis, curve of symphysis, and sectional area of symphysis. From these
      measurements, the inclination of mandibular plane and morphology of symphysis
      were compared. Then the following results were found: 1. There is negative
      correlation between mandibular plane angle (SN-MP angle) and thickness of
      symphysis at point B. There is more negative correlation between mandibular plane
      angle and thickness of symphysis at the apex. 2. There are no correlations
      between mandibular plane angle and thickness of symphysis at the base. 3. There
      is positive correlation between mandibular plane angle and height of symphysis.
      There is positive correlation between mandibular plane angle and length of
      symphysis. 4. There is positive correlation between mandibular plane angle and
      grade of mental protrusion. 5. There is a slightly positive correlation between
      mandibular plane angle and inclination of symphysis. There is a slightly positive
      correlation between mandibular plane angle and curve of symphysis. 6. There are
      no correlations between mandibular plane angle and sectional area of symphysis
      (bone volume of symphysis).

PMID- 2637318
TI  - [Longitudinal changes in the dentition of the deciduous reversed bite using
      plaster casts].
AB  - It is known that some of the deciduous reversed bite cases are corrected
      spontaneously by themselves. No decisive conclusion, however, has been achieved
      so far as to what morphological characteristics the self corrected cases have.
      The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine whether the difference
      between the self corrected group (n) and the non-self corrected group (r) exists
      at their initial examination or if it occurs as a result of changes in occlusion.
      The materials used in this study were the serial plaster casts of 29 Japanese
      girls with the deciduous reversed bite at their first visit and these were
      measured with the three dimensional measurement system. The following results
      were obtained: 1. Characteristics of the initial examination with the n group:
      Overjet (-) and overbite in the n group were smaller than in the r group. The
      arch length and the perimeter of the maxillary dentition in the n group were
      longer, and the area of the incisive bone (U-C) was wider than in the r group.
      Moreover, the upper and lower canines in almost all of the n group cases were not
      touching each other and did not restrict mandibular movement, resulting in easy
      attrition for the deciduous anterior dentition. 2. Longitudinal changes in the n
      group: Mean change of this group showed a decrease in overbite caused by the
      attrition of the deciduous central incisors and the continuous eruption of the
      maxillary second deciduous molars. Overjet also decreased, because of an increase
      in the maxillary anterior arch length and of backward movement in the mandibular
      dental arch. Individual changes were much alike in mean changes in almost all of
      the measured items. Arch width between canines in the maxilla and arch length in
      the mandible decreased in some cases, suggesting that a discrepancy would occur
      when the permanent incisors erupt. 3. Longitudinal changes of the r group: Mean
      changes showed that overbite decreased in the same pattern as the n group, but
      overjet did not change and the mandible did not show backward movement. The
      reason was that overbite in this group was deeper than in the n group at the
      initial examination. Moreover, deciduous molar to molar width became wider to
      compensate the decrease in the arch length and the perimeter. Individual changes
      showed that some of the r group cases had a tendency to improve, but some became
      worse.

PMID- 2637319
TI  - [Morphological feature and incidence of TMJ disorders in mandibular lateral
      displacement cases].
AB  - In the malocclusion with mandibular lateral displacement (MLD), it is difficult
      to establish the functional occlusion by orthodontic means. The careful diagnosis
      brings us to recognize that MLD condition is the rule rather than the exception.
      In order to examine the characteristics of the cranio-facial morphology in the
      cases with MLD, the posteroanterior cephalograms were analyzed. Furthermore, the
      incidence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (joint sound and joint pain)
      were examined clinically. The results were as follows: 1) Occlusal plane and
      mandibular plane (the plane running through the anti-gonialnotch bilaterally)
      inclined superiorly toward the mandibular displaced side. 2) The position of
      mandibular head shifted to the opposite direction of the mandibular displaced
      side. 3) The symptoms of TMJ disorders were found in 65.0% of patients with MLD,
      and more frequently at the TMJ of mandibular displaced side. Considering the
      evidences, the symptoms of TMJ disorders were much detected and occlusal
      deviation was found in MLD, it is suggested that mandibular dysfunctions derived
      from occlusal problems relate to the appearance of MLD. Since both the mandibular
      plane and the occlusal plane revealed the similar changes in response to
      mandibular deviation, it is considered that the condition of MLD as skeletal
      problem may be induced by the functional lateral shift of mandibular position
      come from occlusal interference during growth period. The deviation of mandibular
      head may relate to the appearance of TMJ disorders in MLD. Therefore, it is
      important to recognize the adequate mandibular position prior to occlusal
      reconstruction, and the vertical dimension control of the occlusal plane is
      necessary for improving the condition of TMJ and establishing the functional
      occlusion in the cases with MLD.

PMID- 2637320
TI  - [Assessment of dentofacial growth changes using quadrilateral analysis].
AB  - This study was investigated to demonstrate the normal standards of the
      quadrilateral analysis and thereafter to clarify the mode of growth change by
      assessment of skeletal, dental and soft tissue proportion by the means of
      quadrilateral analysis. The materials used in this study consisted of
      cephalograms of 30 girls with normal occlusion. Cephalograms were taken
      longitudinally from first year grade of elementary school to third year grade of
      middle high school. For the group of each year grade, mean facial diagram, mean
      values of conventional cephalometric analysis and those of quadrilateral analysis
      were made, and compared and discussed for each other. The results were as
      follows: 1) The mandible grows forward with the decrease of gonial angle and
      forward rotation of mandibular plane. 2) In quadrilateral analysis, both jaws
      grow proportionally to the 6 year grade of elementary school, and after then
      mandible grows more forward than maxilla. 3) Though occlusal plane tended to
      rotate counterclockwisely to the palatal plane, it fell at right angle with A'B'.
      4) Upper centrals tended to incline labially to the cranial base from first year
      grade to 6 year grade of elementary school and after that stage it remained
      stable. Lower centrals varied to third year grade of elementary school, but after
      that stage it remained stable. 5) Distances of upper and lower incisors to A'B'
      showed comparatively constant increase after the full eruption of permanent
      incisors. 6) Distance of nose tip to A'B' increased the most in the soft tissue
      landmarks. Subnasale soft pogonion line was considered to be effective base line
      of soft tissue profile because the angle with A'B' was stable along the growth
      and the distances of that to upper and lower lips were stable.

PMID- 2637321
TI  - [Stabilized position of incisors after orthodontic treatment on reversed
      occlusion cases with skeletal imbalance. Application of quadrilateral analysis].
AB  - This study was made to evaluate the position of the incisors after orthodontic
      treatment on reversed occlusion cases with skeletal imbalance and to establish
      norms of the upper and lower central incisors on the quadrilateral (quadrilateral
      analysis) as the orthodontic treatment objectives through lateral cephalograms.
      The materials used for this study consisted of twenty-eight posttreatment lateral
      cephalograms which were taken at more than 2 years after active treatment, and
      twenty lateral cephalograms which were taken from young-adult females with normal
      occlusion. The treated samples were of twenty-eight females which were over 14
      years old and had reversed occlusion with less than 2 degrees of ANB angle at
      first examination. These samples were divided into two groups: one consisted of
      17 cases females with more than 0 degree of ANB angle and the other of 11 cases
      with less than 0 degree of ANB. And 11 cases which were treated with multi
      bracket appliance alone were selected from the treated samples in order to
      examine the morphological changes during orthodontic treatment. The results were
      as follows: 1. In the treated sample the mean profile showed protrusion of the
      soft pogonion and had slightly forward position of the upper lip and the lower
      lip, but the outline from the subnasale to the soft pogonion coincided with that
      of the normal occlusion sample. 2. The ANB angle of the treated sample was
      smaller than that of the normal occlusion sample so that the mandible of the
      treated sample was prognathic. 3. The overjet of the treated sample revealed
      normally in spite of this skeletal disharmony because of compensation by labial
      inclination of the upper incisors and lingual inclination of the lower incisors.
      The stronger this skeletal imbalance was, the more the upper incisors inclined
      labially. But the Ll-Mp showed no difference between the groups which had more
      than 0 degree of ANB angle and that which less than 0 degree of ANB. 4. The edges
      of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors always were at a certain place
      from A'B' line not undergoing an effect of the jaw relationship, and the edge of
      the mandibular central incisor placed at 8 mm in front of A'B' line. 5. In the
      treated sample the mandibular central incisor positioned at 1 mm above the
      occlusal plane. 6. Occlusal plane-A'B' angles in the treated and the normal
      occlusion samples were revealed about 90 degrees.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2637322
TI  - [Individual growth study of the effects of chin cap force to the mandible].
AB  - This study was undertaken to investigate a certain regulation of the chin cap
      force to a growing human mandible, especially with regard to the effect on the
      growth amount and timing by means of allometric relation between stature and
      craniofacial complex. Materials were consisted of roentgencephalograms which had
      been taken from fifteen Japanese females with skeletal class III malocclusion and
      records of time length of chin cap use and stature. The results were as follows:
      1. Chin cap had a great influence on mandible during the preadolescent and
      adolescent periods (P less than 0.01). 2. What was most influenced by orthopedic
      force was intercondylar width, followed by mandibular length, intergonial width,
      mandibular body length, and ramus height. 3. Restraint of growth was found in
      mandibular length, mandibular body length, and ramus height, but on the other
      hand acceleration of growth in intercondylar width and intergonial width was also
      found. In conclusion, it would be possible to say that if it is used propertly,
      chin cap therapy can be effective within certain limits for skeletal class III
      malocclusions in view of restraint and acceleration of mandibular growth.

PMID- 2637323
TI  - Further characterization of tetracycline's quantitative binding to dentin.
AB  - Unerupted human third molar crown segments were used to measure the change in the
      concentration of 3H-tetracycline that occurs when it moves across dentin from
      pulpal to occlusal surfaces. When 1.25, 2.5, and 5 x 10(-5) M 3H-tetracycline
      were filtered across dentin, binding increased by 21, 51, and 69%, respectively.
      When the same concentrations of 3H-tetracycline were preloaded onto crown
      segments and eluted with 1.1 x 10(-3) M nonradioactive tetracycline, the
      percentage of elution of 3H-tetracycline was not significantly different over
      time. When preloaded 3H-tetracycline was displaced by diffusion with water or 1.1
      x 10(-3) M nonradioactive tetracycline, there were no significant differences.
      There was a significant difference between the rate of displacement of 1.25 x 10(
      5) M 3H-tetracycline and the other two preloaded concentrations when 5.8 x 10(-4)
      M 3H-tetracycline/tetracycline was used as the eluant. These data suggest that
      the binding of 3H-tetracycline to dentin was concentration dependent and that 3H
      tetracycline binds nonspecifically and reversibly.

PMID- 2637324
TI  - A comparison using macroradiography of canal shapes in teeth instrumented
      ultrasonically and by hand.
AB  - Forty teeth with severely curved canals were divided into two groups and the root
      canals were prepared either ultrasonically or with hand instruments. Canal shapes
      were compared qualitatively and quantitatively using subtraction
      macroradiography; this allowed the pre- and postinstrumented canal shapes to be
      viewed on the same print. The times to carry out instrumentation and the
      incidence of elbows were recorded. In addition, the following measurements were
      taken from the radiographs using a digitizer: apical and coronal areas, distance
      of elbow from canal curvature, change in width at elbow and 0.5 mm apical to it,
      and apical transport width. Subjective evaluation revealed that no difference was
      apparent between the methods as to the places where the dentin was removed; both
      instruments exhibited unequal dentin removal along the canal length with more
      removal occurring coronally. The quantitative results indicated an absence of
      differences in the following: the time of instrumentation, the incidence of
      elbows, the distance of elbow from the point of curvature, the change in width at
      the region of the elbow, and the apical transport width. These findings indicated
      that ultrasonic files behaved similarly to hand instruments when used in a filing
      action.

PMID- 2637325
TI  - Vertical root fractures in curved roots under simulated clinical conditions.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of vertical root
      fractures in the mesial roots of extracted human mandibular molars that were
      endodontically prepared by hand or ultrasonic instrumentation and obturated with
      laterally condensed gutta-percha and sealer using finger and hand spreaders. One
      hundred twenty mesiofacial canals were prepared by hand or ultrasonic
      instrumentation. After placing the teeth in a simulated alveolus, they were
      obturated by laterally condensing gutta-percha and sealer with B-finger or D11T
      hand spreaders. Teeth were obturated using forces in the range of 1 to 3 kg or
      4.5 to 7.5 kg. Three teeth obturated with the D11T hand spreader using 7.0 to 7.3
      kg of force demonstrated vertical root fractures. The results suggest that in
      vitro the range of forces reported as most commonly used by endodontists to
      laterally condense gutta-percha (1.0 to 3.0 kg) and those of a higher magnitude
      up to 4.9 kg are safe and will not result in vertical root fractures of mesial
      roots of mandibular molars.

PMID- 2637326
TI  - Apical sealing efficacy of two reverse filling techniques versus cold-burnished
      Gutta-percha.
AB  - The apical seal produced by the cold-burnished gutta-percha method and two
      amalgam reverse filling techniques was investigated in an in vitro study using 36
      extracted human single-rooted teeth. Following root canal obturation, 27 teeth
      were divided into three experimental groups and each group was subjected to one
      of the three following filling techniques: (a) cold-burnishing of gutta-percha;
      (b) amalgam reverse filling; and (c) amalgam reverse filling in conjunction with
      cavity varnish. The remaining nine teeth served as controls (4). The teeth were
      placed in methylene blue dye for a period of 1 wk, after which they were
      retrieved, washed, sectioned, and the apical dye penetration measured. The
      results showed that amalgam with cavity varnish demonstrated less dye penetration
      than the other experimental groups. The difference was statistically significant
      (p less than 0.0001).

PMID- 2637327
TI  - Tubular permeability to calcium hydroxide and to bleaching agents.
AB  - Recent reports of clinical cases suggest that cervical root resorption may follow
      bleaching of endodontically treated teeth. Inflammatory root resorption may be
      arrested by placement of calcium hydroxide into the root canal. The dentinal
      tubules are assumed to be a possible route of action for both agents. pH Values
      of the medium surrounding the tooth after placement of bleaching agents and
      calcium hydroxide within the root canals were determined in this study. Thirty
      extracted single-rooted human teeth were divided into three equal groups. The
      pulp cavity of the experimental teeth was filled with either bleaching agents or
      calcium hydroxide. In the control group it was left empty. Dipping in paraffin
      sealed the access cavity and the apical foramina and isolated the teeth except at
      the cervical root surface. The teeth were placed in vials containing distilled
      water and the pH of the medium was measured after 1 h, 3 days, and 7 days
      following renewal of the medium. The level of the pH in the first group
      increased, indicating that the bleaching agents leaked from the root canal to the
      medium surrounding the teeth. The pH in other two groups did not change
      noticeably. The results suggest that bleaching agents may leak from the root
      canal toward the periodontal tissues but calcium hydroxide does not alkalinize
      the medium surrounding the teeth. Leakage of the bleaching agents through dentin
      may, therefore, be considered as a possible etiological factor that initiates an
      inflammatory process around the teeth that may be followed by cervical root
      resorption.

PMID- 2637328
TI  - pH values of pulp-capping agents.
AB  - Calcium hydroxide has been used extensively in dentistry. Few investigators have
      reported the pH values of pulp-capping agents containing calcium hydroxide. The
      purpose of this study was to evaluate pH levels of eight pulp capping agents
      containing calcium hydroxide. The results indicate that the pH values of five
      capping agents tested are neutralized by the dentin wall, but that three of these
      capping agents are not neutralized.

PMID- 2637329
TI  - Cellulose fibers from endodontic paper points as an etiological factor in
      postendodontic periapical granulomas and cysts.
AB  - Histological sections of eight periapical granulomas and cysts developing after
      conventional endodontic therapy and displaying faintly hematoxylinophilic,
      birefringent foreign bodies were investigated by light and polarization
      microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and chemical
      analysis. In addition to a variably dense mononuclear infiltrate, the granulomas
      and cysts revealed varying amounts of giant cells associated with the
      birefringent foreign bodies. These structures were identified as cellulose
      fibers, most probably originating from endodontic paper points, which in our
      opinion can be held responsible for the initiation and perpetuation of chronic
      postendodontic periapical lesions.

PMID- 2637330
TI  - Effectiveness of ultrasonics and calcium hydroxide for the debridement of human
      mandibular molars.
AB  - This study evaluated the ability of ultrasonics and calcium hydroxide to remove
      pulp tissue debris from the mesial root canals of human mandibular molars. All
      teeth were instrumented using a standard filing technique and irrigated with an
      equal volume of 2.6% sodium hypochlorite before the application of the
      experimental debridement methods. Debridement comparisons were made of both
      instrumented and uninstrumented controls at the 3-mm and 1-mm levels of the
      canals and isthmuses. Statistical analysis showed no differences among the
      experimental groups or the instrumented controls in the canals at either level or
      isthmuses at the 3-mm level. In the isthmuses at the 1-mm level, no differences
      were found among the experimental groups, but they were all significantly cleaner
      than the instrumented controls. These results indicate that calcium hydroxide and
      ultrasonics are equally effective in debriding the root canal system, and that
      both are significantly better than standard instrumentation alone in the
      isthmuses at the 1-mm level.

PMID- 2637331
TI  - Trigeminal neuralgia in a patient with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - The incidence of trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis is low;
      however, the association of the two can present a difficult diagnostic problem to
      the unsuspecting practitioner. Certain characteristics of trigeminal neuralgia in
      patients with undiagnosed multiple sclerosis can lead to a diagnosis of the
      disease.

PMID- 2637332
TI  - Treatment considerations in dens invaginatus.
AB  - Dens invaginatus has numerous and complex forms. Nonsurgical and surgical root
      canal therapy was performed on a permanent maxillary lateral incisor with this
      condition. Satisfactory radiographic healing was evident at the 2-yr recall
      appointment. Suggestions are made for future treatment of cases of this type.

PMID- 2637333
TI  - Hemodynamic regulation of the dental pulp in a low compliance environment.
AB  - Pulpal hemodynamic regulation has been investigated in experimental animals using
      133Xe washout, 15-microns radioisotope-labeled microsphere injection, and
      intravital microscope methods. Three distinct types of pulp blood flow reductions
      were observed. Type I was characterized by reduction in response to direct
      stimulation of the sympathetic nerve; intraarterial infusion of norepinephrine, 5
      HT, or prostaglandin F2 alpha; and indirect stimulation of the sympathetic nerve.
      The Type II response, an initial increase in flow followed by a decrease, was
      observed with isoproterenol, prostaglandin E2, substance P, and bradykinin. This
      biphasic flow response is caused by the low compliance environment of the tooth
      and may play a role in pulp inflammatory processes. The Type III response follows
      administration of histamine and is characterized by a gradual decrease in pulpal
      blood flow.

PMID- 2637334
TI  - Immunohistochemical observation on neuropeptides around the blood vessel in
      feline dental pulp.
AB  - Recent advances in immunohistochemistry have revealed the distribution of various
      neuropeptides in several mammalian dental pulps. These neuropeptides are
      substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide, and neuropeptide Y. Nerve fibers showing immunoreactivity for these
      neuropeptides are mainly localized around the pulpal vessels, but some are apart
      from the blood vessel. The distribution of substance P-, neurokinin A-, and
      calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing nerve fibers is very similar; it
      appears that these three neuropeptides may be contained in the same nerve fibers.
      Denervation experiments indicate that substance P-, neurokinin A- and calcitonin
      gene-related peptide-containing nerve fibers originate from the trigeminal
      ganglion and that neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers come from the superior
      cervical ganglion. However, the exact origin of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      containing fibers still remains unknown. These immunohistochemical data indicate
      that neuropeptides localized around the blood vessel may play a significant role
      in the regulation of the blood flow in the dental pulp.

PMID- 2637335
TI  - Stereomicroscopic evaluation of canal shape following hand, sonic, and ultrasonic
      instrumentation.
AB  - This study evaluated the root canal shape after using sonic, ultrasonic, and hand
      instrumentation on the mesial canals of extracted human mandibular first and
      second molars. One-hundred and five mesial roots were randomly divided into six
      experimental groups and one untreated control group of 15 roots each. The
      following instrumentation techniques were evaluated in the experimental groups:
      hand instrumentation with K-Flex files, sonic instrumentation with the Endostar
      5, sonic instrumentation with the Sonic Air MM 3000, and ultrasonic
      instrumentation with the Cavi-Endo unit. Each technique was directly compared
      with each other. The mesial roots were instrumented alternating the techniques
      between the buccal and lingual canals in each group so that a direct comparison
      could be made. All canals were instrumented to a size corresponding to a #30 K
      Flex file 1 mm from the anatomical apex. The roots were then sectioned
      perpendicular to the long axis so the apical and middle thirds could be evaluated
      with the stereomicroscope for canal shape. The control group was sectioned and
      examined without instrumentation. A significantly more regular shape was obtained
      at both levels with hand instrumentation than was obtained with either sonic or
      ultrasonic techniques. The comparisons between the sonic and ultrasonic
      techniques showed significantly better shapes were obtained with the Sonic Air MM
      3000 instrument.

PMID- 2637336
TI  - The effects of steam sterilization and usage on cutting efficiency of endodontic
      instruments.
AB  - The effects of steam sterilization and usage on sharpness were evaluated on #25
      endodontic files. Files were used to instrument 1, 5, and 10 molars. Control
      groups determined the effect of steam sterilization alone on cutting efficiency
      of unused files. A cutting efficiency test was performed on an apparatus that
      compares sharpness of files when used in linear motion. Scanning electron
      microscopic analysis was performed in each group. Significant differences were
      found between experimental files used to instrument 1 molar and those used for 5
      or 10 molars. The difference in cutting efficiency between the second and third
      experimental groups was not significant, indicating that most of the decrease in
      sharpness occurred with use between one and five molars. No significant
      difference was found between the control groups, indicating no decrease in
      cutting efficiency by sterilization alone. The scanning electron microscopic
      analysis supported the statistical data.

PMID- 2637337
TI  - Bypassing gutta-percha root fillings with an automated device.
AB  - Endodontic retreatment using Canal Finder K files and chloroform was performed in
      106 gutta-percha-obturated, curved root canals, 71 in vitro and 35 in vivo. The
      minimum time taken to bypass the obturation in a single root canal was 3 s and
      the maximum time 95 s. The mean times were 19 and 27 s in the two in vitro groups
      and 32 s in the in vivo group. Eighty-nine percent of the root canals which had
      been obturated short were bypassed apically in vivo. Root canal curvature was
      well maintained in all but two root canals. In these two cases apical
      transportation occurred. Breakage of files occurred three times in vitro, but
      this did not prevent the completion of bypassing with new files. These results
      are attributed to the mode of action of the Canal Finder system, which makes it
      an efficient root canal pathfinder. The advantages of the suggested technique are
      discussed in light of the clinical considerations of endodontic retreatment.

PMID- 2637338
TI  - Lymphoma: an unusual oral presentation.
AB  - A lymphoma which was originally diagnosed as an inflammatory process is reported.
      A brief review of lymphoma's etiology, predilection for the oral cavity, and
      similarities to inflammation is presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the
      premise that an initial benign diagnosis may not be accurate and that monitoring
      patients is essential in any disease entity whether benign or malignant.

PMID- 2637339
TI  - A structural and ultrastructural study of a fused tooth.
AB  - A fused mandibular lateral incisor and canine tooth were examined histologically
      at various levels. A composite reconstruction of the fused mass was compiled and
      the vascular supply indicated. Light microscopic examination revealed a common
      pulp chamber and discrete root canals. In the interstitium between the root
      canals an irregular type of secondary dentin was found. This was characterized by
      numerous vascular spaces and was termed "vasodentin." A notable feature of the
      histological examination was the paucity of odontoblasts in the interstitial root
      canal wall of the minor root canal, while the odontoblast layer was continuous
      throughout the remainder of the tooth. A theory is presented for the formation of
      fused teeth.

PMID- 2637340
TI  - Marketing the dental hygiene program. A public relations approach.
AB  - Since 1980 there has been a decline in dental hygiene enrollment and graduates.
      Marketing dental hygiene programs, a recognized component of organizational
      survival, is necessary to meet societal demands for dental hygiene care now and
      in the future. The purpose of this article is to examine theories on the
      marketing of education and to describe a systematic approach to marketing dental
      hygiene education. Upon examination of these theories, the importance of
      analysis, planning, implementation, and evaluation/control of a marketing program
      is found to be essential. Application of the four p's of marketing-
      product/service, price, place, and promotion--is necessary to achieve marketing's
      goals and objectives and ultimately the program's mission and goals. Moreover,
      projecting a quality image of the dental hygiene program and the profession of
      dental hygiene must be included in the overall marketing plan. Results of an
      effective marketing plan should increase the number of quality students
      graduating from the dental hygiene program, ultimately contributing to the
      quality of oral health care in the community.

PMID- 2637341
TI  - Manager's guide to reducing dental hygiene turnover.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of dental hygiene turnover and
      provide managers with strategies for preventing and reducing turnover. Employee
      turnover is a problem which affects dental health care delivery and the health of
      the public. Employee turnover is costly to work settings and creates a stressful
      working environment which has an impact on professional-client relationships. To
      reduce or prevent turnover in a private practice setting, office managers must be
      informed about the causes and effects of this problem and be able to implement
      solutions. Some strategies managers can use to reduce turnover are hiring
      employees who have the same goals as the organization; improving the working
      climate; rewarding longevity; encouraging the active participation of all staff
      members in office management; improving office communication; and providing
      opportunities for self-growth, recognition, and greater responsibilities.

PMID- 2637342
TI  - Marketing the dental hygienist as a manager in oral health care settings.
AB  - In 1985, the ADHA, in response to the changing health care environment,
      identified six roles for the future of dental hygiene. The administrator/manager
      role, one of the six, is an expansion of dental hygiene skills to facilitate the
      provision of quality oral health care. Oral health care settings require
      personnel trained in management to accomplish practice-related goals and
      objectives. Dental hygiene is preparing individuals to assume managerial roles to
      fill this health care need. This paper discusses the skills and knowledge level
      required to assume managerial roles and strategies for marketing the dental
      hygienist as a manager.

PMID- 2637343
TI  - Managerial role development of the dental hygienist in initial patient
      interactions.
AB  - In 1985, the American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) identified six roles
      for the future of dental hygiene: change agent, health promoter/educator,
      clinician, researcher, consumer advocate, and administrator/manager. As part of
      the role definition implicit in the identification of these roles, dental
      hygienists must enlarge their view of themselves as clinicians and realize the
      importance of these six roles in total patient care. The purpose of this paper is
      to focus on the dental hygienist's managerial role in initial patient
      interactions and to identify skills essential to manage this responsibility. This
      paper also examines different teaching strategies that could be used by dental
      hygiene educators to enhance managerial role development.

PMID- 2637344
TI  - Future practice plans of U.S. and Oklahoma dental seniors.

PMID- 2637345
TI  - The influence of function on the development and correction of malocclusions.

PMID- 2637346
TI  - [Role of muscle spindle afferents in the control of jaw-closing muscle activity].
AB  - In order to understand how muscle spindle afferents contribute to the control of
      jaw-closing muscle activity, the following two experiments were performed in the
      urethane anesthetized rabbits; 1) EMG activities of the masseter muscle during
      chewing a test strip were compared before and after the trigeminal mesencephalic
      tract (Mes V) lesion. The Mes V, where the ganglion cells of jaw-closing muscle
      spindle afferents are located, was lesioned by thermal cauterization. Since the
      cells lying around the Mes V may also be damaged, it is possible that the effects
      of lesioning may partly be ascribed to the destruction of these cells. In order
      to circumvent this problem, kainic acid was injected into the Mes V one week
      before the lesioning. 2) Unit discharges were recorded from the Mes V during
      passive jaw-opening and during chewing a test strip. The response of these units
      to suxamethonium (SCh) administration was also examined. The results were as
      follows; 1) In the animals with the Mes V lesion, the facilitatory response of
      the masseter muscle during chewing the test strip was significantly reduced on
      the side ipsilateral to the Mes V lesion, while the contralateral masseteric
      activities were not affected. 2) The Mes V units were classified as the primary
      and secondary spindle afferents depending on the responses to SCh administration.
      During chewing, the Mes V units showed discharges locked to a certain phase of a
      single masticatory cycle. They were classified into 4 types, depending on the
      time relation between unit discharges and the jaw movement; 1) those fired
      predominantly on the jaw-opening phase, 2) those fired on the jaw-closing phase,
      3) those excited at the beginning of both-jaw opening and power phases and 4)
      those fired within the period of the masseteric burst. The firing frequency of
      the third type units increased during the jaw-closing muscle burst induced by
      application of the test strip between the opposing molars. They were sensitive to
      SCh administration and supposed to be the primary spindle afferents. It is
      concluded that the muscle spindles of jaw-closing muscles (presumably primary
      endings) contribute to the enhancement of jaw-closing muscle activities during
      chewing.

PMID- 2637347
TI  - [Mechanism of hypercalcemia associated with malignancy: interactions between
      induction of hypercalcemia and autonomous growth in VX2 cancer cells].
AB  - Hypercalcemia is one of well-recognized paraneoplastic syndromes and occurs
      occasionally in patients with oral cancers. Because bone is the richest source of
      calcium in the body, it has been proposed that humoral bone resorbing factors
      which are released by tumors are responsible for the pathogenesis of
      hypercalcemia. In the present study, partial purification and identification of
      bone resorbing humoral factors were carried out employing VX2 squamous cell
      carcinoma which has been known to induce hypercalcemia in rabbits. In addition,
      extra- and intra-cellular mechanisms which are operating to confer autonomous
      growth on VX2 cancer cells were also studied. VX2 carcinoma induced marked
      hypercalcemia not only in rabbits but also in nude mice in parallel with tumor
      enlargement. Administration of indomethacin (INDO), a prostaglandin (PG)
      synthesis inhibitor, before onset of the hypercalcemia prevented an elevation of
      serum calcium levels and growth of the tumor. INDO, however, failed to decrease
      serum calcium levels and tumor growth when administered after development of the
      hypercalcemia and tumor enlargement. These results indicate that not only PGs but
      other humoral factors are involved in the pathogenesis of the hypercalcemia seen
      in VX2 cancer-bearing animals. VX2 cancer cells in culture retained their
      cancerous phenotypic properties, synthesized PGE2, PGF2 alpha and 6-keto PGF1
      alpha and secreted highly levels of PGE2, a powerful bone resorber, into the
      culture medium in a time- and cell density-dependent manner. The culture
      supernatants also contained a trypsin- and heat-sensitive bone risorbing factor
      (BRF) with a molecular weight of approximately 20kD. BRF was presumed to be
      similar to parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) from its biological and
      biochemical behaviors. Both PGE2 and PTHrP promoted VX2 cell growth, thus
      suggesting that these two substances are autocrine growth factors for VX2 cells.
      Calcium stimulated VX2 cell growth and secretion of PGE2 and BRF (PTHrP) in a
      concentration-dependent fashion. Stimulation of VX2 cell proliferation by PGE2
      and PTHrP was closely correlated with a transient elevation of intracellular free
      calcium ion ([Ca2+]i). [Ca2+]i elevated transiently in response to PGE2 and PTHrP
      was shown to be supplied by influx of extracellular free calcium ion ([Ca2+]e)
      through calcium channel present in plasma membrane. Involvement of protein kinase
      C in autocrine growth stimulation of VX2 cells by PGE2 and PTHrP was unclear.
      These results demonstrate that PGE2 and PTHrP secreted by VX2 cancer cells not
      only induce hypercalcemia but promote VX2 cell growth as autocrine growth
      factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2637348
TI  - [Development of new type plastics air turbine handpiece for dental use].
AB  - The noise generated by the metal air turbine handpiece employed in dental
      practice is considerable and attended with predominant high frequency components.
      Therefore, investigation of the noise generation mechanism and development of a
      silent air turbine handpiece was only a matter of course. In addition, the metal
      air turbine hardpiece is comparatively heavy and its production cost is high.
      From this point of view as well, production of a light air turbine handpiece at
      low cost is also desirable. In order to overcome the objections to the metal air
      turbine handpiece, appropriate plastics materials were employed wherever
      possible. In this study, the number of revolutions, noise level, frequency
      analysis, start pressure and weight of newly produced plastics handpieces and
      metal handpieces were examined and compared. The following results were obtained:
      1. The number of revolutions of single-nozzle type air turbine handpieces encased
      in plastics housings and fitted with metal turbine rotors was higher than that of
      all-metal air turbine handpieces. The noise level of the former tended to be
      lower. 2. The number of revolutions of multi-nozzle type air turbine handpieces
      encased in plastics housings and fitted with turbine rotors with plastics turbine
      blades was almost equal to that of similar metal handpieces, with the noise level
      tending to be lower. 3. In the case of handpieces fitted with turbine rotors with
      dynamic balance, the number of revolutions was high and the noise level was low.
      This indicated that dynamic balance was a factor affecting the number of
      revolutions and noise level. 4. Narrow band sound frequency analysis of single
      nozzle type air turbine handpieces showed a sharp peak at the fundamental
      frequency which was the same as the number of revolutions multiplied by the
      number of rotor turbine blades. It is thought that the noise from air turbine
      handpieces was aerodynamic in origin, being generated by the periodical
      interruption of steady air flow by rotor turbine blades. 5. The start pressure of
      plastics handpieces was almost equal to that of metal handpieces. 6. The weight
      of plastics handpieces was 20%-50% of that of metal handpieces. The present
      results indicate that it is possible to produce a new type of light, silent and
      aesthetical air turbine handpiece.

PMID- 2637349
TI  - [Central afferent projections from the rat sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
      muscles. A study using transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase].
AB  - Primary afferent fibers from the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles were
      transganglionically labeled with HRP, using rats anesthetized with urethane. All
      labelings were found ipsilaterally; retrogradely labeled cells were located in
      the C2 to C4 spinal ganglia, and transganglionic labelings in the C1 to the
      rostral C6 spinal segments and in the medulla oblongata. Labeled terminal fields
      were the lamina VI, the central cervical nucleus and the ventral horn in the
      cervical spinal cord, and in the medulla oblongata, many labeled fibers projected
      to the lateral (Cul) and medial cuneate nuclei (Cum), with a few of them
      projecting to the vestibular nucleus and the intermediate nucleus of Cajal. In
      the lateral cuneate nucleus, the terminal field was located in the medial portion
      at rostral levels, but it gradually shifted laterally as traced caudally; in the
      medial cuneate nucleus, the terminal field was located rostrally in the
      dorsolateral portion, but caudally in the ventrolateral portion. Although the
      sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles displayed a similar afferent projection
      pattern, the projection from the former muscle differed from that of the latter
      in the following respects: 1) Levels of projections to the spinal ganglia and the
      cervical spinal cord were located slightly more rostrally. 2) The terminal field
      in the lamina VI was located slightly more medially. 3) In the ventral horn, the
      sternocleidomastoid muscle afferents projected rostrally to the dorsomedial
      portion and caudally to the ventrolateral portion, but the trapezius muscle
      afferents projected solely to the ventrolateral portion at more caudal levels. 4)
      The terminal fields in the external cuneate nucleus were more extensive. 5) The
      projection area in the rostral medial cuneate nucleus was located slightly more
      medially, and projection to the ventromedial portion of the caudal medial cuneate
      nucleus and that to the intermediate nucleus were considerably fewer.

PMID- 2637350
TI  - [Localization and gustatory responsiveness of cortical taste area in the
      hamster].
AB  - Mapping of evoked potentials on the cortical surface following electrical
      stimulation of the chorda tympani and the glossopharyngeal nerve, and anodal D.C.
      stimulation of the tongue indicated that the cortical taste area (CTA) was
      located in the dysgranular insular cortex just dorsal to the rhinal fissure near
      the middle cerebral artery in the hamster. Bilateral lesion of the CTA attenuated
      or disrupted the conditioned taste aversion that had been acquired
      preoperatively. This fact suggests that the CTA plays a role in some cognitive
      processes of taste. Experiments using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport
      of wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase showed that the CTA
      received inputs from the contralateral CTA, amygdala, thalamic taste area and the
      pontine taste area, and that neurons in the CTA (chiefly in layer V) sent axons
      to the contralateral CTA, amygdala, and the thalamic, pontine and bulbar taste
      areas. Responses of 87 CTA neurons to the four basic taste stimuli were recorded
      in urethane-anesthetized hamsters. Majority of the CTA neurons (85%) existed in
      the dysgranular insular cortex. Neurons responding best to sucrose tended to be
      located rostrally, those to NaCl caudally, and those to HCl were distributed
      evenly in the CTA. Judging from the breadth of responses to the four tastes and
      across-neuron correlation coefficients, responsiveness of neurons in layer V is
      more narrowly tuned than in layers II-IV and VI.

PMID- 2637351
TI  - [Role of the soft palate in respiration: an electromyographic study in the dog].
AB  - The present study investigates the nature of tensor veli palatini muscle (TVP)
      and levator veli palatini muscle (LVP) as accessory respiratory muscles. In the
      first part of the study, the relation between the muscles' activities as revealed
      by EMG activities and respiration rhythm was analysed under various combinations
      of partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the arterial blood. Furthermore, the effect
      of sodium cyanide (NaCN) perfused through the carotid sinus was examined. During
      resting breathing, no EMG activity was recorded from either muscle. In
      hypercapnic or hypoxemic conditions produced by rebreathing, TVP exhibited a
      phasic EMG activity during inspiration. LVP showed a phasic EMG activity during
      expiration in hypoxic conditions (PaO2 less than 40 mmHg). NaCN perfused
      bilaterally through the carotid sinus induced the phasic EMG activities similar
      to those observed in hypercapnia and/or hypoxemia. TVP was more sensitive to NaCN
      than LVP. The second part of the study examined specific roles of the muscles in
      altered states of breathing. At the time of onset of LVP activity induced by
      rebreathing, the oral proportion of airflow markedly increased. On the other
      hand, TVP activity greatly increased in amplitude when negative pressure was
      applied to the upper airway. The results suggest that both muscles are accessory
      respiratory muscles and are regulated by chemogenic inputs including those from
      the carotid body; TVP is an accessory inspiratory muscle that contributes to the
      maintenance of upper airway patency, and LVP is an accessory expiratory muscle
      that increases the portion of expiratory airflow through the oral cavity.

PMID- 2637352
TI  - [A clinical study on the relationship between chewing movements and masticatory
      muscle activities].
AB  - Chewing movement is one of the most important functional and physiological jaw
      movements, and it is coordinated by the three elements of the functional
      occlusion system (teeth, TMJs and masticatory muscles). However, the relationship
      between chewing movement and these elements has not been clarified. The purpose
      of this study was to investigate the relationship between chewing movement and
      the activity of the masticatory muscles which directly control jaw movements. 25
      subjects with normal stomatognathic function, 5 patients with MPD syndrome
      (muscle dysfunction group) and 5 patients with unilateral TMJ internal
      derangement (TMJ dysfunction group) were selected. 6 gums with different hardness
      were used as the test bolus. Sirognathograph Electromyograph Analysing System was
      used to simultaneously record chewing movements and electromyograms of the right
      and left masseter, anterior temporal, posterior temporal and anterior belly of
      digastric muscles. Using the analysing software which was developed for this
      study, chewing movements and muscle activities were analysed. The results were as
      follow; A. In normal subjects 1. Gum hardness influenced durations of the closing
      and occluding phases, maximum opening and closing speed, opening degree and
      deviation of opening and closing path. 2. Gum hardness influenced muscle
      activities except of the time factors of digastric bursts. 3. Durations of the
      closing and occluding phases were found to be related with the elevator muscle
      activities. Maximum closing speed was related with the masseter and anterior
      temporal muscle activities. Deviation of closing path was related with the
      anterior and posterior temporal muscle activities. B. In abnormal subjects 1. The
      changes mainly observed in the muscle activities were found to be significantly
      different between the muscle dysfunction group and normal group. Similarly, the
      changes mainly observed in the chewing movements were different between the TMJ
      dysfunction group and normal group. 2. When compared with the relationships in
      normal subjects, changes were observed in the relationships for closing movement
      in the muscle dysfunction group. In contrast, changes were observed in the
      relationships for opening movement in the TMJ dysfunction group. From the
      results, close relationships were found between chewing movements and muscle
      activities, and were characteristically influenced by stomatognathic dysfunction.

PMID- 2637353
TI  - [Clinical study on the relationship between chewing movements and
      temporomandibular joint abnormalities].
AB  - Chewing movements are accomplished by the harmonious function of the
      stomatognathic system. Therefore, TMJs play important roles in chewing movements.
      Recently, significant findings on TMJ abnormalities have been obtained from many
      studies. However, the relationship between chewing movements and TMJ
      abnormalities remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine how TMJ
      abnormalities were reflected in chewing movements. Incisor point movements during
      chewing (chewing pattern) were investigated in 150 abnormal and 25 normal
      subjects using Sirognathograph Analysing System. Abnormal subjects were composed
      of 45 patients with anterior disk displacement with reduction (reciprocal click),
      20 patients with anterior disk displacement without reduction (closed lock), 50
      patients with osteoarthrosis and 35 patients with MPD syndrome. Analysis of
      condylar movements during chewing were also performed in 9 normal and 20 abnormal
      subjects. The results were as follow; 1. Subjects with TMJ abnormalities tended
      to show abnormal chewing patterns when chewing at their non-abnormal sides. 2.
      TMJ abnormality of each different type tended to show its respective
      characteristic chewing pattern. 1) Subjects with osteoarthrosis and reciprocal
      click without condylar posterior dislocation tended to show deviation of the
      turning point to the non-chewing side, with a convex opening path in the frontal
      plane and a lack of anteroposterior width in the sagittal plane. This finding was
      associated with the limitation in movement of the abnormal-side condyle. 2)
      Subjects with reciprocal click with condylar posterior dislocation tended to show
      a concave opening path and reversed or cross-over patterns in the frontal and
      horizontal planes, respectively. This finding was associated with the movement of
      the abnormal-side condyle in the medio-anterior direction during the initial
      phase of opening. 3) Subjects with closed lock without condylar posterior
      dislocation tended to show deviation of the turning point to the non-chewing
      side, with a concave opening path in the frontal plane and a lack of
      anteroposterior width in the sagittal plane. This finding was associated with the
      severe limitation in movement of the abnormal-side condyle. 4) Subjects with
      closed lock with condylar posterior dislocation characteristically tended to show
      reversed or cross-over patterns in the horizontal plane. This finding was
      associated with the movement of the abnormal-side condyle in the medio-anterior
      direction during the initial phase of opening. However, this movement was smaller
      than that of the reciprocal click. 3. Subjects with MPD syndrome showed chewing
      patterns similar to those of normal subjects. From the results, close
      relationships were found between chewing movements and TMJ abnormalities.

PMID- 2637354
TI  - [Effects of hydrostatic pressure on proliferation and expression of the
      differentiated phenotype of cultured chondrocytes derived from rabbit
      craniofacial complex].
AB  - To investigate the effects of mechanical forces on the growth of cartilages of
      the craniofacial complex, chondrocytes isolated from nasal septal cartilage
      (NSC), spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS), and mandibular condylar cartilage
      (MCC) were cultured and exposed to hydrostatic pressure in vitro. Following
      results were obtained. 1. By application of the pressure, DNA synthesis increased
      in NSC and SOS (150% of control by 50 g/cm2, 1 min), but not so much in MCC in
      the medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). On the other hand, GAG
      synthesis increased in SOS (140% of control by 50 g/cm2, 2 min.) and MCC (160% of
      control by 100 g/cm2, 5 min), but decreased slightly in NSC in the same
      condition. The stimulations in DNA and GAG syntheses reached maxima 20-22 hr and
      24-27 hr respectively after the application of the pressure. These stimulatory
      effects of the hydrostatic pressure on DNA and GAG syntheses could be found when
      cultured chondrocytes were in a multilayer stage. 2. It has been reported that
      addition of FCS at a concentration of 10% increases DNA synthesis in these
      chondrocytes preincubated in medium containing 0.3% FCS. The application of the
      pressure 2 min before the addition of 10% FCS potentiated the increase by FCS of
      DNA synthesis in NSC (130% of control), but not so much that in SOS and little
      that in MCC. 3. When the pressure was applied on these cells 2 min before
      addition of parathyroid hormone (PTH; 10(-7) M), this mechanical stimulation
      potentiated the increase by PTH of GAG synthesis in MCC (130% of control), but
      not so much that in SOS, and little that in NSC. Moreover, the intracellular cAMP
      level which was increased just after the addition of PTH also became higher by
      the application of the pressure. 4. These potentiation by the hydrostatic
      pressure in the cases of the addition of FCS and PTH diminished when intervals
      between application of pressure and addition of these factors were more than 10
      min. These findings suggested that mechanical forces have influences on the
      growth of cartilages in craniofacial complex and that these effects are mediated
      by factors contained in serum.

PMID- 2637355
TI  - Presurgical oral orthopedic appliances for infants with cleft lip and palate.

PMID- 2637356
TI  - Disruptive behavior during dental treatment of uncooperative children.
AB  - This study examines the pattern of behavior of children referred to the Liverpool
      Dental Hospital for previous lack of cooperation during dental treatment. During
      a normal treatment session a proportion of these patients refused to allow
      treatment to proceed. Comparisons were made of the behavioral profiles obtained
      from detailed observation of treatment by videotape recordings between children
      who refused or accepted treatment with a comparison group of children. Refusers
      were characterized by behavior, which prevented treatment from continuing, e.g.,
      closing their mouths and by weeping. Increased levels of restlessness and verbal
      complaints were not found in the refusers compared with the other children who
      received treatment.

PMID- 2637357
TI  - Psychomotor skills and incentive as predictors in a children's toothbrushing
      program.
AB  - Sixty-four children, four to twelve years of age, were seen in a pediatric dental
      clinic for routine dental examinations. Prior to dental treatment subjects were
      administered tests of visual-motor development and dental knowledge. Children
      were randomly assigned to a toothbrushing-instruction (individual training in
      horizontal scrubbing) or no-instruction group. Within each group, subjects were
      assigned to an incentive (promise of a special prize for brushing well) or no
      incentive condition. Plaque score measurements and toothbrushing skills
      evaluations were performed at the initial appointment and at a one-week follow
      up. Brushing skills were predicted by visual-motor skills and by dental
      knowledge. Level of visual-motor development predicted the likelihood of missing
      fewer oral areas, while brushing incentive was found to affect overall
      improvement in plaque removal regardless of instruction. Instruction affected
      improvements in brushing the more difficult molar teeth and lingual surfaces
      specifically.

PMID- 2637358
TI  - Root canal treatment in necrotic primary molars.
AB  - Fifty-three patients (27 boys and 26 girls) with necrotic primary teeth received
      root canal treatments with a paste consisting of KRI-1 paste and pure calcium
      hydroxide powder with one drop of formocresol. All cases were followed
      clinically, radiographically and some histologically at 6, 12 and 17 to 24 months
      postoperatively. All cases were clinically and radiographically successful.

PMID- 2637359
TI  - Socio-economic risk factors for gingival disease in children.
AB  - The present investigation was undertaken to detect children at risk of gingival
      disease. Two hundred and eighty-five French 7-year-olds were examined. The lesion
      was evaluated with regard to socio-economic status in relation with the mean
      gingival index. The findings show that we can define a principal risk group,
      children of migrant workers.

PMID- 2637360
TI  - The mythology of the killer deciduous canine tooth in southern Sudan.
AB  - In Southern Sudan it is a commonly held belief that the unerupted deciduous
      canine tooth is injurious to the health of infants and that it causes diarrheal
      diseases. The teeth are therefore often removed by native extractors in an
      attempt to alleviate the symptoms of these dangerous diseases. This study
      examined the prevalence of this practice among babies presenting at a hospital,
      and examined the health status of the infants involved. The 90 infants in the
      study had all had at least one deciduous tooth removed, and the great majority
      were suffering from dehydration, caused by various abdominal diseases. It is
      clear that an educational campaign aimed at reducing the prevalence of this
      practice is required.

PMID- 2637361
TI  - An ectopically impacted premolar with a radiolucent defect.
AB  - This is a case report of an ectopically impacted, mandibular left second
      premolar. Radiographically the tooth was observed to have a large radiolucency in
      the crown. The surgical, orthodontic and restorative management of the case is
      presented with a brief literature review. The histological report substantiated
      the previous literature by confirming that the defect was not carious.

PMID- 2637362
TI  - Release of the serum immunosuppressive factor by monocytes in patients with
      Crohn's disease.
AB  - We investigated the in vitro immunosuppressive effect of the sera and the culture
      supernatants of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from patients
      with Crohn's disease. Sera from Crohn's disease markedly suppressed the
      proliferative response of mouse spleen cells, compared with sera from ulcerative
      colitis, intestinal tuberculosis and normal controls. The culture supernatants of
      the adherent mononuclear cells from Crohn's disease showed a remarkable
      suppressive effect (96 +/- 1%), while the culture supernatants of the non
      adherent mononuclear cells had no suppressive activity (-10 +/- 16%). The culture
      supernatants of the adherent and non-adherent mononuclear cells from normal
      controls had no suppressive activity. The fractionization of the culture
      supernatants of the adherent cells from the Crohn's disease patients demonstrated
      that the fractions with high suppressive activity had similar or identical
      biochemical properties to the serum immunosuppressive fractions which has been
      reported previously. These results indicate that monocytes may release the serum
      immunosuppressive factor in Crohn's disease. This factor may contribute to the
      depression of the immune reactivity in the mucosal lesion and to the persistence
      of the stimulation of abnormal immune response in the intestinal wall.

PMID- 2637363
TI  - Cathepsin D-like activity in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Cathepsin D-like activity was measured in the sera of 62 patients with active
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 9 patients with progressive systemic
      sclerosis, 9 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and 18 with
      glomerulonephritis with nephrosis syndrome. The in vitro and in vivo effect of
      corticosteroid treatment on enzyme activity was also investigated. Cathepsin D
      like activity appeared measurably in the sera of all patient groups but not in
      controls. The highest values were found in SLE patients. The increase in serum
      activity correlated with renal involvement. In vivo corticosteroid treatment
      significantly decreased serum activity in all groups except in systemic sclerosis
      patients. In vitro prednisolone treatment decreased enzyme activity in a dose
      dependent manner. Determination of serum cathepsin D-like activity seems to be
      useful in the establishment of diagnosis and prognosis of SLE. Cathepsin D may be
      of pathogenetic significance in autoimmune disease especially in SLE.

PMID- 2637364
TI  - Re-evaluation of the phagocytic respiratory burst in the physiological or
      inflammatory state and in aging.
AB  - We studied the differences in oxygen metabolite generation, using a
      chemiluminescence (CL) assay, in peripheral blood phagocytic cells from various
      donors including healthy young volunteers, patients with acute or chronic
      inflammation, pregnant women, and elderly persons. The CL response of
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) after stimulation with serum-opsonized zymosan
      was increased in patients with acute inflammation due to infection and in
      pregnant women as compared with that in controls. Monocytes from those patients
      also showed a slight increase of the CL response. In contrast, CL of monocytes
      from patients with chronic inflammation (Crohn's disease patients) and elderly
      persons was significantly enhanced, whereas that of their PMN remained in the
      range of control values. The significance of these results was discussed.

PMID- 2637365
TI  - [Bacteriological and immunological studies on the mechanism of development of
      periapical lesion. Immunobiological activities and localization in periapical
      lesion of the cellular components from Bacteroides buccae].
AB  - It has been strongly suggested that the periapical lesion develop as a result of
      immunopathological response to continuous antigenic stimulation. Bacteria from
      root canal systems might be most important pathogenesis capable of inducing
      immunological reactions in periapical tissue. The purpose of this study,
      therefore, was clarify the immunological potentials of Bacteroides buccae (B.
      buccae) which was frequently isolated from root canals with chronic periapical
      lesion. Biological activities of B. buccae cellular components, such as
      lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and cellular protein were investigated on the
      enhancement of monocytes migration induction of interleukin 1 (IL-1) production,
      mitogenicity and polyclonal B cell activation. The localization of
      immunocompetent cells and B. buccae in human chronic periapical lesions were
      examined by biotin-avidin-horseradish peroxidase method, and peroxidase
      antiperoxidase methods using monoclonal antibodies. Following results were
      obtained. 1. On the lymulus lysafe clotting activity and Shwarzman activity of B.
      buccae LPS were about half of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). 2. Both
      LPS and 38K protein preparations from B. buccae enhanced the activity of human
      peripheral monocytes migration and induced IL-1 production. 3. It was found that
      mitogenicity of LPS from B. buccae on splenocytes of BALB/c and BALB/c nu/nu mice
      was weaker than that of 38K protein, however mitogenicity on thymocytes were not
      shown in both preparations. 4. The polyclonal B cell activation on splenocytes of
      BALB/c nu/nu mice by B. buccae were remarkably induced by 38K protein, but LPS
      showed less activity elicit than 38K protein. 5. It might be suggested that the
      both LPS and 38K protein of B. buccae may depend on the activities of macrophage
      and lymphocytes. 6. Antigenic substance of B. buccae were found most commonly
      engulfed materials within macrophage and intercellular space in connective
      tissue. 7. Dense accumulation of T and B lymphocytes were observed gathering
      around the phagocytic macrophage (foam cell), the number of B lymphocytes around
      the macrophage was greater than that of T lymphocytes. 8. These findings
      indicated that both LPS and 38K protein from B. buccae have a wide regulation
      function of immunobiologic responses. Therefore, it was suggested that both LPS
      and 38K protein from B. buccae may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of
      periapical lesion.

PMID- 2637366
TI  - [Ultrastructural studies of initial calcification of mouse fetal parietal bone in
      vitro].
AB  - The parietal bone fragment (1.5 mm square) extracted from murine fetal calvaria
      (periosteum was removed) in the latter stage of gestation was cultured in alpha
      MEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum over 10-day period, and the initial
      calcification site was subsequently examined utilizing both electron microscopy
      and histochemical methods. At the initial calcification site, the so-called
      "matrix vesicle" (width 100 nm), derived from osteoblasts which induce matrix
      formation, and the larger vesicular structures (width 100-600 nm) which
      originated from degenerated or dead cells were observed. Additionally dead
      osteoblast-like cells phagocytosing bone crystals participated in bone nodul
      formation. In the border region between the degenerated or disrupted cells and
      the functioning cells, multilamellar structures (mainly composed of
      phospholipids) were frequently observed. Concurrently it was concluded that there
      is a possibility of partial deposition of calcium salts on the surface of the
      above mentioned cells under some circumstances. Through selective
      decalcification, it was determined that bone trabecule was formed by fusion of
      respective bone noduli and degraded collagen fibrils which filled the intervening
      spaces. From the above results, it was evident that both the matrix vesicles
      derived from functioning osteoblast, and the vesicular structures derived from
      the degenerated or dead cells concurrently phagocytosing spicules and collagen
      fibrils were involved in the initial calcification process of the membranous bone
      in vitro.

PMID- 2637367
TI  - [Arthrographic study on temporomandibular joint sounds. The relationship between
      morphology of articular disk and style, timing of temporomandibular joint
      sounds].

PMID- 2637368
TI  - [Dental health examination in infancy and early childhood. Part 1. The results of
      questionnaires].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to find the characteristic nursing environments of
      children in order to confirm the methods of the dental health examination in
      infancy and early childhood. So questionnaires were performed. The subjects were
      436 children, 218 boys and 218 girls, who had undergone successively both dental
      healthy examinations at the age of 1.5 and 3 years. The following results were
      obtained: 1. Concerning occupation, 63% of their fathers were office workers, and
      75% of their mothers had no occupation. More than 90% of parents were both at the
      age of 20's or 30's. 2. Eighty percent of the children was nursed by their
      mothers in the daytime at the age of both 1.5 years and 3.5 years. 3.
      Abnormalities during the gestational period were present in about 1/3 pregnant
      women, but were mild in most cases. About 20% had abnormalities at the time of
      deliver; however, less than 5% showed abnormal courses thereafter. The mean birth
      weight was 3,104.6 g, which is lower than that in Japan. 4. Breast feeding was
      most highly observed at the age of 3 months; 80% took baby food at the age of 6
      months; milk intake was markedly increased at the age of 12 months. 5. Concerning
      kinds of all between-meal snacks, sweet snacks were slightly increased, showing
      more variety in food. However, a consciousness of oral hygiene in parents seemed
      to show a favorable tendency on the data on regularity, number and place of
      eating snacks. 6. Although a majority of the children used a toothbrush after the
      age of 1.5 years, 50% and 25% of the children did not brush teeth every day at
      the age of 1.5 years and 3.5 years, respectively. Therefore the author recognized
      the necessity of health guidance and aftercare.

PMID- 2637369
TI  - [Dental health examination in infancy and early childhood. Part 2. The results of
      dental survey and screening of dental caries].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the caries
      incidence, oral environment at the age of 1.5 years and the prevalence of the
      caries at the age of 3.5 years in order to establish the methods of dental health
      surveys on infants and to prevent dental caries. Oral health examination and
      caries activity (Cariostat) test were performed on 436 children successively
      undergoing dental health examinations of 1.5-year-old and 3-year-old children,
      and the following results were obtained: 1. Concerning the condition of dental
      caries prevalence, percentages of children with dental caries, mean deft and mean
      defs were 10.6%, 0.36 and 0.68 at the age of 1.5 years and 67.2% 4.43 and 8.41 at
      the age of 3.5 years, respectively. 2. According to dental surfaces, the mesial
      proximal surface and lingual surface of primary central incisor in the upper jaw
      showed a high defs rate of 4.6% at the age of 1.5 years. At the age of 3.5 years,
      the occlusal surface of primary second molar in the lower jaw, the mesial
      proximal surface of primary central incisor in the upper jaw and the occlusal
      surface of primary second molar in the upper jaw had defs rates as high as over
      35%. 3. Concerning the condition of occlusion, normal occlusions and deep
      overbites appeared at almost the same frequencies occupying about 70% of overall
      occlusions. 4. A risk of dental caries became higher when the body weight at
      birth was higher, eruption occurred earlier, a fissure in the enamel of primary
      was deeper, Cariostat pH was lower, and/or no interdental spaces between primary
      incisors in the upper jaw; therefore the author recognized the necessity of
      individual health guidance and aftercare.

PMID- 2637370
TI  - [Formation of calcium phosphate crystals in pseudophysiological solution by SiC
      Whisker reinforced glass ceramics. Effect of Phosvitin on nucleation].
AB  - The effect of the phosphorylated protein, phosvitin, on the formation of the
      calcium phosphate crystal was examined in metastable calcium phosphate solution.
      Addition of glass ceramics caused consumption of hydrochloric acid, as a result
      of the dissolution of metal oxides. The activities of dissolution and nucleation
      were both high in the case of CPS-SiC. Phosvitin affected only the nucleation
      process, not the dissolution process. The decrease of phosvitin concentration
      after the addition of materials demonstrated adsorption of phosvitin by the
      material surface. The thermodynamic stability of solution after several days
      maintained equilibrium against tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and especially against
      octacalcium phosphate (OCP). From these results, it is concluded that glass
      ceramic implants have potential to stimulate hydroxyapatite formation, even in
      the presence of matrix substances.

PMID- 2637371
TI  - [The roles of macrophage on the mechanism of development of periapical lesion.
      The response of macrophage stimulated with bacteria isolated from infected root
      canals].
AB  - It has been proposed that bacteria in infected root canals are most important
      agents to pathogenesis of the periapical lesion. The aim of the present study was
      to examine the roles of macrophage on the mechanism of development of periapical
      lesion. Therefore the influences of bacteria isolated from infected root canals
      to macrophage functions and the effects of products from macrophage stimulated
      with bacterial components to periodontal tissue were investigated. In this study,
      sonic extracts prepared from Bacteroides buccae predominantly isolated from root
      canals were tested for its capacity of induction of chemotaxis and production of
      prostaglandin E2 and collagenase from human peripheral monocyte. Furthermore
      prostaglandin E2, collagenase production and alkaline phosphatase activity of
      fibroblasts from human periodontal ligament (HPLF), pulp (HPF) and gingiva (Gin
      1) stimulated with macrophage conditioned medium (MCM) stimulated with B. buccae
      sonic extracts were examined. The results obtained were as follows. The sonic
      extract of B. buccae showed capacity to induce macrophage chemotaxis directly and
      by activation of serum complement, and the serum activated with sonic extract of
      B. buccae was more active than the serum activated with LPS of Salmonella
      typhimurium. Prostaglandin E2 production of macrophage was increased when the
      cells were stimulated by sonic extracts of B. buccae, but collagenase activity.
      toas not increased. MCM stimulated with sonic extracts of B. buccae fot 48 hours
      strongly induced PGE2 and collagenase production from HPLF and HPF, at the same
      time sonic extract showed the similar capacity of induction of the PGE2
      production of MCM. But, HPF stimulated with sonic extract showed the low activity
      of induction of the PGE2 production. On the other hand, Gin 1 cell produced a few
      amount of the PGE2 when it was stimulated with MCM, but not produced collagenase.
      Alkaline phosphatase activity of HPLF and HPF had been inhibited by addition of
      MCM stimulated with B. buccae sonic extract.

PMID- 2637372
TI  - [Mechanical characteristics of ultrasonic device for root canal treatment].
AB  - Recently, many studies have demonstrated the superiority of the ultrasonic
      devices in endodontic treatment, while other reports did not recognize the
      advantage of the ultrasonic instrumentation over hand instrumentation. This
      disagreement in opinion might be due to the fact that the mechanical
      characteristics of ultrasonic devices have not been clarified. Therefore, some
      factors which might contribute to the mechanical characteristics of ultrasonic
      device for root canal treatment were examined. These factors were: (a) applied
      force on file; (b) angle of connector; (c) position of substrate material being
      cut; (d) filing speed; and (e) resonance of file. These factors were examined by
      measuring the cutting depth on acrylic wafer using the cutting efficiency testing
      apparatus. This apparatus with a push-pull stroke approximately 4 mm in length,
      was propelled the root canal instruments in linear motion. The filing speed was
      adjusted to 100 strokes per minute. The results were as follows: 1. The greater
      load was given to the file, the higher was the cutting ability of ultrasonic
      device. But cutting efficiency of #15, #25 and #35 files were inhibited over the
      load of 50, 60 and 70g each. It was considered that the adequate load for filing
      utilized ultrasonic device was #15:50g, #25:60g and #35:70g. 2. The file attached
      to the angled connector had a cantilevered vibration. And the cutting ability was
      effected by connector angle. The 120 degree-type connector was more effective
      than straight type (180 degree-type connector). 3. Substrate materials were made
      deeper cut when it was applied against the vibrating direction of the file than
      were applied at right angle to vibrating direction of the file. 4. Cutting
      efficacy of ultrasonic device was evaluated under the conditions as filing speed
      of 25, 50 and 100 strokes/min by comparing each ratio of cutting depth per total
      number of filing strokes after 20 minutes. The ultrasonic vibration showed
      tighter cutting ability when this ultrasonic device was operated 25 strokes/min.
      5. Cutting efficiency of two methods was examined under the same amplitude. One
      was to set up the file length slightly shifted from the resonance point and to
      give the amplitude to file using resonance phenomenon. The other was to set up
      the file length of nonresonance condition and to give the amplitude by power
      supplying from the device. The latter showed higher cutting ability without the
      risk of the file fracture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2637373
TI  - [Effects of trigeminal stimulation on the vagal ambiguus neurons].
AB  - To elucidate the relationship between trigeminal stimulation and vagal ambiguus
      nucleus, effects of trigeminal stimulation on the changes infiring pattern of
      neurons in the ambiguus nucleus were examined. Unit discharges from the ambiguus
      nucleus in cats were recorded using a glass micropipette containing fast green
      FCF, and the microelectrode position was assertained histologically after the
      experiment. The analysis of unit discharges was performed with an ATAC-450
      microcomputer. There were three types of neurons in the ambiguus nucleus from the
      view-point of effect of trigeminal stimulation: neurons for which firing was
      accelerated by trigeminal stimulation, neurons for which firing was decreased by
      trigeminal stimulation and neurons indifferent to trigeminal stimulation. These
      findings suggest that trigeminal stimulation modifies the neuronal firing pattern
      and consequently causes changes in vagal outflow, finally evoking the Reilly
      phenomenon in oral medicine.

PMID- 2637374
TI  - [Fixation effect of phospholipids using tannic acid. Part 1: Artificial lung
      surfactant].
AB  - In order to study the preservation of phospholipids in specimens for electron
      microscopic study, two procedures were compared; routine double fixation with
      glutaraldehyde followed-by osmium tetroxide and fixation with a mixture of tannic
      acid-glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, utilizing both glass slide
      smear and ultrathin section methods, using artificial lung surfactant (mainly
      composing of phospholipids). The following results were obtained. (1) In routine
      double fixation with glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide, although the lamellar
      structure, mainly composed of phospholipids, was often visualized, prefixation
      with mixed tannic acid-glutaraldehyde always resulted in a lamellar structure
      with a regular periodicity and good contrast. (2) The saturated phospholipid was
      better preserved with acetone dehydration than with alcohol dehydration. (3)
      Depending on the outcome of the first fixation, there was extensive loss of
      phospholipids during the process due to alcohol dehydration and propylene
      infiltration. (4) When the specimens were fixed with osmium tetroxide prior to
      tannic acid treatment, the multilamellar structure of the bilayer was usually
      irregular. Moreover, if the specimens were fixed with osmium tetroxide without
      tannic acid, phospholipid preservation was not good. From the above results, it
      became, apparent that prefixation by a mixture of tannic acid-glutaraldehyde
      followed by osmium tetroxide postfixation and dehydration by acetone was the most
      appropriate method for preserving saturated phospholipids and thus a stable
      ultrastructure of phospholipids an lamellar will obtained.

PMID- 2637375
TI  - [Development of electroforming apparatus for coronal restoration].
AB  - As dental technologies become highly developed, techniques have been more
      diversified. From as aspect of prosthodontic practice, both esthetic and
      functional requirements are emphasized for coronal restoration and consequently,
      these should be considered in the routine procedure. In fabrication of coronal
      restorations, metal, porcelain and resin are commonly used, and there exists the
      various disadvantages for metal cast method due to complicated processes by using
      different dental materials. Therefore, an electroforming apparatus was developed
      by us to replace the conventional procedure by a cathode rotary system. It was
      applied for coronal restorations to allow an electroforming directly on a working
      model. An experiment was successfully conducted to apply for a veneer crown on
      abutment tooth of upper central incisor on plaster model. The results were
      obtained as follows, 1. It was become possible to construct a metal framework by
      the electroforming. 2. Metal framework can be constructed on the same working
      model without a duplication of it. 3. The combined system for cathode rotation
      and liquid circulation could shorten the electroposition time, and allows a high
      current density extending to 50 A/dm2.

PMID- 2637376
TI  - [A study on the effects of the physical load of instructors during ice skating
      camp].
AB  - The present study was conducted to estimate the effects of the physical load of
      instructors during ice skating camp. The subjects were 9 instructors aged from 20
      to 24. To discover measures to relieve the physical load, we measured 1) urinary
      excretion of catecholamine (noradrenaline; NA, adrenaline; A), 17-OHCS,
      creatinine and nitrogen; N each day, 2) subjective symptoms of fatigue three time
      a day (morning, after skating, and at night), 3) nutrient intakes, 4) performed a
      time study and 5) measured the heart rate during skating instruction. The main
      results obtained were as follows: 1) The mean heart rate during skating
      instruction was 98.4-113.1 beats/min. 2) Urinary excretions of NA, A, and 17-OHCS
      were observed to have increased gradually during skating camp. The values of NA,
      A and 17-OHCS in the skating camp period were significantly higher than those of
      daily life. Subjective symptoms of fatigue were also increased gradually. The
      construction of symptom clusters was of the I-dominant type (I greater than III
      greater than II) at each point. 3) Intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein and
      fat during the skating camp period were higher in comparison with those of daily
      life. 4) Urinary-N and creatinine levels during the skating camp period showed no
      changes. N-intake/urinary-N of the skating camp period tended to be higher than
      that of daily life. 5) In the time study, mean energy consumption was 3300-3400
      kcal/day. The mean time of skating instruction was 218-227 min. The sleeping time
      was observed to have decreased gradually.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2637377
TI  - [A study using a food-frequency questionnaire--simultaneous discrimination of
      dietary patterns of anemic and hyperlipemic women].
AB  - A survey investigating the intake frequency of various foods and eating habits
      was made by a special form of structured questionnaire. Those who answered the
      questionnaire were 184 women aged from 40 to 59 living in a rural district in
      Kyoto Prefecture. They were divided into three blood groups according to the
      contents of hemoglobin (Hb) and serum cholesterol (T-CHO) as follows: Group A
      (Anemia): Hb less than 12 g/dl and T-CHO less than 220 mg/dl Group B (Normal): Hb
      greater than or equal to 12 g/dl and T-CHO less than 220 mg/dl Group C
      (Hyperlipidemia): Hb greater than or equal to 12 g/dl and T-CHO greater than or
      equal to 220 mg/dl As far as the intake frequency of each food and the eating
      habits of the three blood groups are concerned, there wasn't any notable
      difference. However, when the statistical method called "quantification theory
      II" was applied using the blood groups as the objective variable and the 27 items
      in the food frequency questionnaire, as well as the obesity index, as explanatory
      variables, it was found that the dietary patterns were different among the three
      blood groups. The result was that 68% of women in group A were discriminated
      correctly, as were 55% in group B, and 83% in group C. The analysis of the data
      from food frequency questionnaires by the "quantification theory II" statistical
      methods seems to be useful to reveal dietary patterns.

PMID- 2637378
TI  - [A study of factors in medical insurance records associated with participation in
      health examinations].
AB  - Factors in medical insurance records of two groups classified as participants and
      nonparticipants in a multiphasic health examination (MHE) conducted in a rural
      town in Kyoto prefecture were compared. The purpose of this study was to clarify
      how the conditions of medical care influenced the participation in the MHE. The
      factors were days of consultation, total insurance points and days of
      consultation classified by specific disease and the area of the medical facility.
      Participants were examined at least once in 1987-1988 and nonparticipants were
      never examined in the corresponding period. The data were obtained from the
      medical insurance records of outpatients for the period from April 1986 thru
      March 1987. The medical care bills of 170 males and 201 females aged 30-69 were
      randomly sampled from National Health Insurance records (unit = family), and
      those of 55 males and 88 females aged 70 and over were from the Medical Service
      for the Aged (unit = person). These samples were about one forth of target
      population respectively. Both older participants and older nonparticipants of
      both sexes had more consultation days and more total insurance points than the
      corresponding younger subjects. Nonparticipants of both sexes aged 70 and over
      had more consultation days and more total insurance points than participants;
      female nonparticipants aged 50-69 had slightly more consultation days and those
      aged 30-49 also had more insurance points. Nonparticipants tended to have
      previous medical care for hypertension or ischemic heart disease, which the MHE
      is responsible for discovering.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2637379
TI  - [On the usefulness of the Benn index for obesity of school children compared to
      the Kaup index and the Rohrer index].
AB  - The criteria of a good obesity index derived from height and weight are that (1)
      it should be highly correlated with weight, but independent of height and (2) it
      should be highly correlated with any reasonable obesity measures like skinfold
      thickness or body density. We examined the usefulness of the Benn index relative
      to the traditional indices, the Kaup index and the Rohrer index, based on the
      above criteria. The subjects were 1200 students (600 boys and 600 girls) in the
      9th grade of 6 junior high schools in and around the city of Morioka, Iwate in
      1985. Three weight-for-height indices for each grade were calculated by the
      longitudinal data of their heights and weights from the 1st to the 9th grades. As
      a result, the Benn index was found to best fit the criteria. So, we would like to
      recommend the use of the Benn index as the screening measure for obesity in
      school children.

PMID- 2637380
TI  - [Circadian rhythm and stress in the elderly: a study using salivary cortisol
      levels as an indicator].
AB  - Biological response to stress was studied in the healthy elderly by fluctuations
      of their circadian rhythms using salivary cortisol levels as an indicator. Social
      activities per se may not be stressors, but may serve as a "eustress" to the
      elderly when they are in good health because their rhythm is maintained.
      Concerning the occupations of the subjects, the rhythms of elderly watchmen
      showed no disturbance when they slept for three hours between 23:00 and 2:00.
      However, those who were unable to sleep showed disturbed rhythms. We concluded
      that disturbance of a rhythm that has been established on the basis of being
      active during the day time and sleeping at night could be a stressor to the
      elderly rather than stress due to working as a guard.

PMID- 2637381
TI  - [A socio-medical study of adult diseases related to the life style of Chinese in
      Japan].
AB  - This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between life style
      factors and adult disease for Chinese living in Japan. The mortalities of major
      cancers and other major diseases of Chinese in Japan were compared with those of
      Japanese by calculating Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) for the Chinese using
      death rates in the Japanese population the standard. The life style data on
      smoking, drinking and dietary habits for Chinese in Japan were collected by self
      administered questionnaire surveys, and age-adjusted proportions were calculated
      with the truncated world population as the standard. Then the corrected indexes
      on life style for Chinese in Japan were compared with those of Japanese. The
      results are summarized as follows: 1. The mortality rates of heart disease,
      diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disease, liver cirrhosis, rectum cancer, liver
      cancer (both sexes), lung cancer (females), breast cancer and cerebrovascular
      disease (females) for Chinese in Japan were higher than those for Japanese, but
      the rates of stomach cancer, pancreas cancer (both sexes), uterus cancer
      (females) and cerebrovascular disease (males) were lower than those for Japanese.
      2. The prevalence of current smokers for Chinese males in Japan was lower than
      that of Japanese, and that of females was higher than that of Japanese. The
      prevalence of non-smokers for Chinese males was higher than that of Japanese, and
      that of females was lower than that of Japanese. 3. Although the prevalence of
      regular drinkers for Chinese of both sexes in Japan were lower than that of
      Japanese, the prevalence of heavy drinkers who drank over 80 ml of ethanol every
      day for Chinese males was higher than that of Japanese males. 4. Significant
      differences were not found in the prevalences of frequent consumers of meat,
      milk, eggs, fish, other vegetables and food using oil between cooks and non-cooks
      of Chinese of both sexes in Japan. 5. The age-adjusted prevalences of frequent
      meat and milk consumers for Chinese in Japan were higher than those of Japanese
      in both sexes, but those of frequent pickled vegetable and MISO soup consumers
      were lower than those of Japanese. The dietary pattern of Chinese in Japan was
      different from that of Japanese with intakes of much fat and less salt. 6. It is
      assumed that the mortalities due to adult disease for Chinese in Japan are
      related to their heavy drinking and to their dietary habits.

PMID- 2637382
TI  - [Changes in trace-element concentrations after intravenous injection of an
      essential trace-element preparation for parenteral use in rats].
AB  - This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of intravenous
      injection of an essential trace-element preparation (TE-5) on iron, zinc, copper
      and manganese concentrations, and blood biochemical and hematological parameters
      in rats. The rats were treated by intravenous injection of TE-5 for 7 days and
      the following results were obtained: 1) Neither a 0.04 nor a 0.4 ml/kg/day
      injection of TE-5 affected the iron, zinc, copper and manganese concentrations in
      tissues. 2) At a higher dose (1.2 ml/kg/day), iron concentrations in liver and
      spleen, zinc concentrations in liver, kidney, tibia and plasma, copper
      concentrations in heart, kidney and whole blood, and manganese concentrations in
      brain, heart, spleen, kidney, femoral muscle, tibia and whole blood increased. 3)
      At the highest does (4 ml/kg/day), all rats died and iron, zinc, copper and
      manganese concentrations in tissues increased remarkably. 4) With injections of
      TE-5 (0.04-1.2 ml/kg/day), hemoglobin, hematocrit, alkaline phosphatase activity
      and blood urea nitrogen decreased slightly. These results suggest that iron,
      zinc, copper and manganese concentrations, and blood biochemical and
      hematological parameters are maintained at doses up to 0.4 ml/kg/day of TE-5, but
      that doses higher than that destroy homeostasis.

PMID- 2637383
TI  - [Changes of alveolar macrophage plasminogen activator in rats exposed to nitrogen
      dioxide].
AB  - In order to clarify the role of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the development of lung
      injury, male Wistar rats were exposed continuously to 0.3 or 5.0 ppm NO2 for 10,
      20, 30, 60 and 90 days, and alveolar macrophages and lavage fluid obtained by
      bronchoalveolar lavage were examined. The results were as follows: 1) The number
      of alveolar macrophages increased significantly in response to NO2 exposure.
      Throughout the whole test period, the largest number was obtained in the group
      exposed to 5.0 ppm, followed by the group exposed to 0.3 ppm, and then by the
      control group. 2) The plasminogen activator (PA) released from alveolar
      macrophages was increased dose-dependently by NO2 exposure. The activities were
      significantly high in the groups exposed for 10 to 20 days at each concentration,
      and then slightly decreased at 30 days. Thereafter, activity showed a tendency to
      increase, reaching the maximum level on the 60th day of exposure. 3) Similarly,
      the fibrinolytic activity in the lavage fluid was increased dose-dependently by
      NO2 exposure. The maximum activity was noted on the 10th day of exposure,
      followed by a rapid decrease up to the 30th day, and a slight rise again between
      the 60th and 90th day. 4) In the group exposed to 5.0 ppm NO2, total protein in
      the lavage fluid increased, and the elastase inhibitory capacity (EIC) per
      milligram of protein decreased. In the group exposed to 0.3 ppm NO2, however, no
      difference from the control group was noted. These results revealed that the
      alveolar macrophages were affected and increased PA activity as a result of
      exposure to as little as 0.3 ppm NO2. This was shown to result in an increase of
      the fibrinolytic activity in the alveoli, leading to damage to the lung tissue.
      This evidence may explain the morphological findings of the appearance of
      emphysematous change in the lungs of rats exposed to low levels of NO2. For the
      detection of the effect of NO2 on the lung tissue, PA appears to be a more
      sensitive indicator than EIC.

PMID- 2637384
TI  - Study on digestibility and energy availability of daily food intake by the
      Japanese. Part 2. Horse mackerel and milk.
AB  - Four male Japanese students were fed a semisynthetic diet including rice and
      whole egg as protein for seven days (basal-diet period), and in the following
      seven days milk and then, for seven days, horse mackerel were added at the
      expense of part of the corn starch and sugar in the basal diet (test-diet
      period). Urine and feces were collected throughout all periods and the contents
      of protein, fat and energy in these extra were determined. The results obtained
      were as follows: 1) Digestibility of protein was 97.3 +/- 4.1% for milk and 96.8
      +/- 2.8% for horse mackerel. 2) Digestibility of fat was 96.7 +/- 1.9% for milk
      and 98.6 +/- 2.6% for horse mackerel. 3) The ratio of the total available energy
      to intake energy (Net Energy Availability) was 92.5 +/- 2.9% for milk and 88.4 +/
      5.2% for horse mackerel.

PMID- 2637385
TI  - [Studies on stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) fed a high-fat
      and high-cholesterol diet--effects of salt intake on serum lipoprotein and
      apolipoprotein metabolism].
AB  - Recently, food intake in Japan has been characterized by an increase in fat
      intake, especially animal-fat intake and the maintenance of excess salt (sodium
      chloride) intake. It is generally accepted that the increase in fat intake is
      closely related to atherosclerosis, and excess salt intake is a high risk factor
      for the development of hypertension and cerebrovascular lesions. So far, in
      almost all reports, the increase in fat intake and excess salt intake have been
      studied independently, and there have been few reports on the combined effects of
      these two factors. Taking the above things into consideration, it would seem to
      be very interesting to investigate the effect of excess salt intake on lipid
      metabolism. In this paper, we studied the effects of excess salt intake on
      lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolisms, using stroke-prone spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and normotensive Kyo: Wistar rats (WKY) as model
      animals. The results obtained were as follows: A significant increase in the
      concentration of serum total cholesterol (TC) was observed in SHRSP and WKY, when
      the rats were given a regular diet (CE-2, Clea Japan Inc.) and 1% sodium chloride
      solution (1% NaCl) as drinking water for 4 weeks. This was accompanied by a
      tendency toward increases in the concentrations of serum apolipoproteins in both
      strains. These results suggest that excess salt intake could accelerate the
      production of serum total lipoproteins in SHRSP and WKY, when the rats are fed a
      regular diet. Next, 1% NaCl and a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFC diet)
      were simultaneously given to SHRSP and WKY for 6 weeks. The effects of
      simultaneous administration on lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolisms were
      compared with those of HFC feeding. One percent NaCl did not markedly affect
      hypercholesterolemia in WKY, while it induced more marked hypercholesterolemia in
      SHRSP that was associated with extreme elevations of serum TC and the atherogenic
      index (A.I.). This deleterious effect of 1% NaCl in SHRSP was due to drastic
      elevations of cholesterol contents in the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL),
      intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL)
      fractions. This was also associated with marked increases in apo B contents in
      the VLDL, IDL and LDL fractions and significant increases in apo E contents in
      the VLDL and IDL fractions. These results indicate that 1% NaCl induced much
      larger increases in serum atherogenic beta-lipoproteins in SHRSP.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2637386
TI  - An adult case of psychogenic alopecia universalis.
AB  - A 39-year-old male with psychogenic alopecia universalis is reported to be a rare
      adult case. There are two characteristic features which are the reactive
      depressive state and hair loss on the head, eyebrows, axilla and genital organ.
      Discussions on the psychogenesis of these findings are as follows: The first is
      that the psychic escape from social life may be represented as the hair loss. And
      the second is that the depressive and anxious states as a result of his suffering
      from the initial alopecia areata which brought him changes in the physical image
      exaggerate the skin findings which lead to alopecia universalis.

PMID- 2637387
TI  - Neurosis from the viewpoint of DIS (Diagnostic Interview Schedule).
AB  - We examined the relationship between clinical and DIS-Lifetime diagnoses given
      independently on 106 psychiatric patients clinically diagnosed as suffering from
      neurosis. They had many coexisting DIS diagnoses, and some of them had no DIS
      diagnosis. The key to the coexistence relationships in DIS diagnosis was a major
      depressive episode, and the subjects were classified into four types by the DIS
      coexistence relationships; Type I: 28 cases (26.4%) had coexisting diagnoses
      belonging to anxiety disorders or somatoform disorders, in addition to a major
      depressive episode. They were suffering from clinically severe neurosis
      accompanied by borderline personality disorder. Type II: 30 cases (28.3%)
      belonged to anxiety disorders or somatoform disorders without a major depressive
      episode without anxiety disorders or somatoform disorders, and had clinically
      depressive neurosis or depressive episode with less distortion of the
      personality. Type IV: 30 cases (28.3%) were other than Type I-III, and were
      clinically similar to symptomatic neurosis.

PMID- 2637388
TI  - A physiological marker for assessing anxiety level in humans: frontal midline
      theta activity.
AB  - The distinct theta rhythm in the frontal midline area during performance of
      mental tasks has been designated as Fm theta. Sixteen male university students
      who failed to show any appearance of Fm theta in 3 consecutive days were given
      diazepam 5 mg, amobarbital 80 mg, methylphenidate 15 mg and placebo, in a double
      blind, crossover design. Scores were made on the state anxiety scale of STAI;
      EEGs were recorded before and during performance of an arithmetic addition. The
      test was repeated twice: before and one hr after drug administration. Fm theta
      appeared following the drug administration even in those who had never shown the
      appearance of Fm theta, and the appearance time of Fm theta increased in the
      following order: diazepam greater than amobarbital greater than placebo greater
      than methylphenidate. The scores of STAI decreased in the same order. The speed
      of performed tasks was increased by methylphenidate and placebo, but decreased by
      amobarbital and diazepam. These results suggest that relief from anxiety might be
      reflected in the appearance of Fm theta and that Fm theta might be a useful tool
      to measure the anxiety level in humans.

PMID- 2637389
TI  - Psychological intervention can partly alter P300-amplitude abnormalities in
      schizophrenics.
AB  - In the present study, we investigated whether psychological interventions can
      alter P300-abnormalities, specifically enhancing reduced P300-amplitudes, in
      schizophrenics. A three-tone discrimination task was employed for recording
      P300s, in which psychological intervention to facilitate target detection was
      performed through delivering a buzzer sound one second after each designated
      target tone that informed its occurrence. This procedure was done exclusively
      during the third and fourth sessions among the six sessions in total. When the
      data for all the patients were analyzed as a whole, no significant change was
      observed. However, when the patients were broken down into two groups based on
      the P300-amplitudes in the first and second sessions, significant effects of the
      intervention emerged. The group with smaller P300-amplitudes showed a significant
      increase in P300-amplitudes as well as improved performance levels during and
      after the intervention sessions. On the contrary, the group with larger P300
      amplitudes displayed a significant decrease in P300-amplitudes in these sessions.
      Interestingly, the above results were consistent with the subjective difficulty
      changes experienced by the patients through the sessions. Overall, the above
      results indicate that psychological interventions can partly enhance reduced P300
      amplitudes in schizophrenics.

PMID- 2637390
TI  - A clinical case of Klinefelter's syndrome with various psychiatric symptoms.
AB  - We present here a clinical case of Klinefelter's syndrome with various
      psychiatric symptoms. A 60-year-old male showed delusions of persecution,
      poisoning, and reference, auditory, visual and somatic hallucinations, depressive
      state and memory disturbance. These clinical symptoms except for memory
      disturbance were the characteristic clinical features of psychiatric symptoms in
      some cases of Klinefelter's syndrome reported so far. There has been no reported
      case of Klinefelter's syndrome showing memory disturbance. The memory disturbance
      of the present case is regarded as an amnestic organic brain syndrome (DSM-III)
      due to Klinefelter's syndrome.

PMID- 2637391
TI  - Jerk-locked averaging and somatosensory evoked potential in tricyclic-induced
      myoclonus: a case report.
AB  - The authors describe a case of tricyclic-induced myoclonus in a 41-year-old
      depressed woman showing spike activity on electroencephalogram. The results of
      jerk-locked averaging and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) are presented. No
      jerk-related cortical spikes and enlarged evoked potentials were observed. These
      findings suggest that tricyclic-induced myoclonus may not be associated with
      excitability in the transcortical pathways detectable by SEP.

PMID- 2637393
TI  - Proceedings of the 11th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Biological
      Psychiatry. March 24-25, 1989, Tokyo. Abstracts.

PMID- 2637392
TI  - Effects of zopiclone on sleep spindles studied with an improved waveform
      recognition method.
AB  - The effects of zopiclone on sleep spindles were analyzed in six normal volunteers
      by using an improved waveform recognition method. The appearance rate of spindles
      during stage 2 of NREM sleep showed a significant increase on the drug night,
      which returned to the baseline on the withdrawal night. The mean duration of
      spindles was significantly prolonged on the drug night. No definite changes were
      observed in the average spindle frequency. The mean amplitude of spindles had a
      tendency to decrease on the drug night. On the withdrawal night, the mean
      amplitude decreased significantly compared with that of the baseline. Our results
      indicate that zopiclone is one of the spindle enhancing drugs, and that its
      property resembles that of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2637394
TI  - Proceedings for the 14th meeting of the Japanese Society of Sleep Research. June
      16-17, 1989, Tokyo. Abstracts.

PMID- 2637395
TI  - [Orocraniofacial changes in young subjects with cystic fibrosis].
AB  - Cystic Fibrosis is a lethal genetic disorder affecting the respiratory, gastro
      intestinal, exocrine end reproductive systems. From the orthodontic point of
      view, respiratory changes are of great interest. In fact, cephalometric tracings
      and cast analysis on 20 subjects with Cystic Fibrosis have revealed changes at
      the orofacial structures, strictly related to the respiratory dysfunctions. They
      can be summarized as: mesial shifting of the maxilla, dimensional increase of the
      mandibular body, ovoidal upper arch with a deeper palatal vault, tapering or
      trapezoidal lower arch. Even if causes can be hardly distinguished from effects,
      the role of the juvenile oral breathing in these cases seems to be any way
      undeniable with statistically significant results.

PMID- 2637397
TI  - [Nasomaxillary protrusion. 1].
AB  - The Authors suggest, throughout this work, the clinical usefulness of selecting
      on the basis of an accurate symptomatological clinical analysis and an head-film
      assessment, a particular variety of malocclusions called naso-maxillary
      protrusions (N.M.Ps.), transversally distributed in different skeletal and dental
      classes. After having defined the general characteristics, the Authors take under
      examination the anatomical bases which constitute them, trying to single out,
      above all, the intrinsic mechanism of compensation of such malocclusions.

PMID- 2637396
TI  - [Lingual appliances].
AB  - We have considered all the tongue brackets in trade, and we have analyzed their
      quality and their defects on the grounds of our clinic experience. Tongue
      brackets must have small gingival occlusion dimension and fine thickness, while
      its breath must be compatible with rotation control. Finally we can say that
      there are no really effective tongue brackets in trade.

PMID- 2637398
TI  - [Nasomaxillary protrusion. 2].
AB  - In note 1 we outlined the morphological characteristic typical of the anterior
      and middle base of the cranium and of the nose-maxillary system which constitute
      the anatomical substrate of the naso-maxillary protrusions. We also tried to
      specify the intrinsic mechanisms of compensation of such a malocclusion. These
      give a relevant amount of clinical information, particularly on the prognostic
      significance and the therapeutical possibilities allowed by the cranio-facial
      growth. Such a clinical approach into the interceptive, orthodontic and surgical
      orthodontic therapy of the N.M.Ps is demonstrated by the cases presented in the
      II note.

PMID- 2637399
TI  - [Cephalometry in modern orthodontic diagnosis].
AB  - By this work, the author wanted to simplify concepts and extrapolate the useful
      elements for an easy understanding of the problems relating to the cephalometric
      data. He establishes the primary objectives that must be held into consideration
      in every cephalometric analysis. He analyses widely the problems connected to the
      skeleton, to the teeth, to the soft tissues and their interrelations. He
      completes his work supplying precise indications of extraction therapy into wrong
      occlusion in which prevail alveolus-dental discrepancy.

PMID- 2637400
TI  - [Epidemiological survey of caries occurrence in school age children].
AB  - In this paper a sample of 242 subjects has been examined in order to verify the
      frequency and diffusion of dental caries in some Elementary school of the Pavia
      district. The analysis of the outcomes obtained have showed substantial
      differences between this district and others formerly examined. However a
      significant decrease of DMF index has been noticed owing to notable work of
      information made by the teaching-staff. The need of an advertising campaign
      carried out by specialized staff is emphasized.

PMID- 2637401
TI  - [Statistical survey of malocclusion in school age children].
AB  - The authors describe the results of a research aiming to define the frequency of
      malocclusion in a sample of 242 subjects frequenting the Prymam School in the
      Pavia district. At the same time relation between caries and malocclusion have
      been researched. The importance of habit and bottle-feeding in producing
      malocclusions is emphasized. The Authors point out the improvement of frequency
      of malocclusions in comparison with the previous researches.

PMID- 2637402
TI  - [Use of titanium alloys in orthodontics].
AB  - The Authors review the story of orthodontic alloys and show some clinical
      application of new titanium alloys.

PMID- 2637403
TI  - [Documentation of orthodontic clinical cases. Photography in orthodontics. 2].
AB  - We have analysed the bases of information about the feasibility of orthodontic
      photography. After giving details about the photographic equipment and the field
      lighting we gave a thorough description of the operative modalities of intra and
      extraoral photos. We have given special emphasis to the framing phase which is of
      great importance for successful photograms. This is important both for projection
      and setting together of case display. Eventually the most frequent mistakes are
      pointed out. A useful dialogue for daily clinical practice is given hereby.

PMID- 2637404
TI  - [Mandibular dysfunction syndrome: relation to orthodontics].
AB  - The authors, on the basis of a neuro-muscular and occlusal examination of the
      mandibular dysfunctional syndrome, take in account the malocclusions which may
      favour the uprisal of such a syndrome. The authors then describe their own
      therapeutic approach through the use of an occlusal splint which takes advantage
      of the periodontium started inhibitory reflexes.

PMID- 2637405
TI  - [Cephalometric clinical evaluation of the efficiency of the bimetric Wilson
      arch].
AB  - In this work a clinical and cephalometric research has been made among 82
      orthodontic cases treated by the method of the bimetric wire of Wilson. We have
      already had an objective cephalometric confirmation of the clinical results.

PMID- 2637406
TI  - [Hemifacial microsomia and mandibulofacial dysostosis: cephalometric study].
AB  - This article describes the dental skeletal and aesthetic features that
      characterize Mandibulo-facial dysostosis and Hemifacial microsomia. Each patient
      has been studied with three different cephalometric analysis in the laterolateral
      projection. The data are fully reported and discussed. Particular emphasis is put
      on the differences and correlations between the two syndromes from the point of
      view both of morphology and physiopathology.

PMID- 2637407
TI  - [Statistical evaluation of the "measure of concordance" between Angle
      classifications and the ANB angle].
AB  - In a sample of 177 subjects 6 to 15 years of age, with various types and degrees
      of malocclusions, the A.A. measured, with statistical methods, the agreement
      between Angle and Ballard classifications. The result was a disagreement between
      the two classifications for Class I and Class II malocclusion and some agreement
      between the two classifications for Class III malocclusion. The applied
      discriminant function was not able to classify observations in a better way.

PMID- 2637408
TI  - [Oral hygiene motivation in orthodontic patients].
AB  - The task of the present study has been to verify experimentally if prolonged
      motivation may produce better oral hygienic conditions in orthodontic patients.
      Applying oral hygienic index modified, gingival index and saliva lactobacilli's
      concentration count, the A.A. obtained encouraging data evaluating the motivated
      subjects situation versus control group.

PMID- 2637409
TI  - [Dental age and skeletal age: correlation study].
AB  - Authors looked for a correlation between dental and skeletal age, to simplify
      diagnosis, considering 116 subject's panoramic and carpal radiography. Results
      unfortunately show that is impossible to estimate skeletal maturation by dental
      analysis only.

PMID- 2637410
TI  - [Dysfunctional pathology from "true" and "de facto" mutilation of the dental
      arches].
AB  - The mutilations of the dental arches for agenesia, extractions or trauma and
      because of ankylosis, caries can be the cause of the disorders of the
      stomatognatic system. These problems are in relation with the time of the
      disfunction, the skeletal type and the interarches relationship. The pathogenetic
      factors are secondary to the amount and the direction of the dislocations or the
      entrapment of the lower jaw. The treatment planning can provide the closure of
      the spaces or the reopening. These procedures are demonstrated by two treated
      cases with TMJ disorders.

PMID- 2637411
TI  - [Deep bite].
AB  - The author emphasizes that the overbite is a component of a lot of malocclusions,
      but he thinks that it doesn't exist standard values of overbite for all the
      people. The value would adapt to the patient's feature. He analyses dental
      movements, for the overbite correction, and skeletal features that allow them or
      not. The author suggests an overbite classification that depends on functional
      noise, skeletal noise, clinical noise and aesthetics noise. At least, it's
      underlined that this malocclusion must ever be overcorrected, and it's taken in
      consideration that differences between physiologic recovery and relapse.

PMID- 2637412
TI  - International Workshop on Oral and Gastrointestinal Candidosis: From Pathology to
      Therapy. Munich, May 27, 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2637413
TI  - Incidence of oral candidosis.
AB  - Although it is well known that both yeasts in general and Candida albicans in
      particular are frequently found in the oral cavity of ill and even of healthy
      individuals, the definite incidence of oral candidosis is far from being clear.
      Today it is, however, possible to assess the frequency of oral candidosis in a
      country indirectly, judging from the frequency of prescription of drugs for this
      indication. Data thus obtained indicate a remarkable increase of the frequency of
      the disease during the last decade. While polyenes are still prescribed for oral
      candidosis about as often as ever, the prescription of azoles has gained more and
      more importance.

PMID- 2637414
TI  - [Histochemical properties of secretory granules and fine structure of terminal
      portion in the Japanese Macaque labial gland].
AB  - The terminal portion of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) labial gland was
      examined ultrastructurally and histochemically. The results obtained are as
      follows. 1) The Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata has the upper and the lower
      labial glands, which can be described as a compound tubulo-acinar gland. 2) The
      terminal portion of the labial gland appears to be consisted of the mucous acini
      and the demilunes when examined with the light microscope. 3) The secretory
      granules containing in the glandular cells of the mucous acini and the demilunes
      are negative with napthol yellow S, ninhydrin-Schiff and DMAB nitrite. 4) The
      secretory granules containing in the glandular cells of mucous acini stain
      intensely with PAS, alcian blue (pH1.0, 2.5, 3.5), colloidal iron and PA
      methenamine silver, while those of demilunes are negative with alcian blue
      (pH1.0). The glandular cells of demilune with the PA-methenamine silver method
      shows weak positive granules and positive granules which are limited to the hallo
      of them. 5) In the mucous acini the mucous granules are ejected from glandular
      cells by the process of exocytosis. 6) The myoepithelial cell can be seen in the
      terminal portion. This cell surrounds the acini with long processes. These
      findings suggest that the glandular cells of the demilune have the granules
      containing mucopoly saccharides and a small quantity of protein in addition to
      the mucous granules, although the terminal portion of the Japanese macaque labial
      gland is nearly composed of mucous cells.

PMID- 2637415
TI  - [Preliminary studies on phagocytosis of cultured mouse peritoneal macrophage
      exposed to anti-inflammatory agents].
AB  - The effect of anti-inflammatory agents, indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid, and
      dexamethasone on phagocytosis of cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages was
      studied. Peritoneal macrophages, obtained from CBA/N mice were cultivated on
      plastic dishes (35mm in diameter) with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
      supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Phagocytosis, as determined by uptake
      of Latex particles into the macrophages were suppressed by treatment with
      indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid or dexamethasone. The level of suppression by
      dexamethasone was greater than by indomethacine or acetylsalicylic acid. The
      similar inhibition of phagocytosis by these agents was observed with elicited
      macrophages, obtained from the mice treated with 3% thioglycollate medium.

PMID- 2637416
TI  - [Temporary restoration using light-cured resin].
AB  - In spite of various problems involved in chemically cured resin (self-curing
      resin), e.g., irritability, and heat and shrinkage at polymerization, it has
      traditionally been the material of choice in the production of temporary
      restorations. However, light-cured resin, which does not have the disadvantages
      of chemically cured resin, has recently been developed and applied to clinical
      treatment. The present study was conducted to examine the clinical application of
      light-cured resin to temporary crowns. Two types of light-cured resin and one
      type of chemically cured resin were examined for their mechanical properties. The
      properties involved in handling and setting, and the methods of producing crowns
      were also studied. The results were as follows: 1) In the tensile strength test,
      there was no significant difference between the two types of light-cured resin,
      i.e., Triad and Unifast LC. The tensile strength of Unifast, a chemically cured
      resin, was slightly greater than the others, the difference being significant. 2)
      The Vickers hardness test showed no significant differences between the three
      types of resin. 3) The mechanical properties of Triad were not influenced by
      differences in the curing unit (the unit for general oral use or exclusive use)
      used for polymerization. 4) The test of setting properties revealed that Unifast
      LC needed longer than Unifast from the 2nd through the 4th clinical stage. In
      particular, Unifast LC required about 2.5 times the duration needed by Unifast at
      the 2nd stage in the tray method. 5) The heat generation test showed that the
      exothermic temperature in Unifast was significantly higher than in the two types
      of light-cured resin. 6) Heat generation associated with light curing was noted
      during the use of a light-curing unit for oral use.

PMID- 2637417
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of sulphur in the liquid of some dental cements].
AB  - The ceramometal restoration with porcelain margin have been clinically applied to
      provide accuracy and esthetics. But, we experienced the cases that the color of
      the labial marginal area of ceramometal restoration turned dark. Then, the crown
      was removed and observed. And it was found that the cement color had been changed
      black. As the result of the ultimate analysis of this cement by means of X ray
      microanalyzer, some elements; Al, P, S, Ca, Ni and Zn, were detected. As the
      inclusion of sulphur in commercially available cements was suspected the
      quantitative analysis of sulphur in the liquid of glass ionomer cement and
      polycarboxylate cement were done by means of inductively coupled plasma
      spectrometer. And following results were obtained that sulphur was included 5437
      micrograms/ml in the liquid of glass ionomer cement, and 2147 micrograms/ml in
      the liquid of polycarboxylate cement, respectively. From the above, it is
      suspected that sulphur reacts on dental metal and causes tooth and gingival
      discoloration.

PMID- 2637418
TI  - [Investigation of people's attitudes and reactions towards oral malodour. A
      preliminary survey conducted on dental hygienics students].
AB  - As part of the study on the prevention of oral malodour, people's attitudes and
      reactions towards oral malodour were investigated in this study. As a preliminary
      survey, investigation was made by questionnaire on a total of 179 students at
      three dental hygienics schools in November 1988. The findings are as follows: 1.
      Of the total number of the students questioned, 47% sometimes feel uneasy about
      their own oral malodour, while 35% have never thought about it. Only 6% have been
      told they had oral malodour. 2. Although 98% of the respondents felt sick when
      they became aware of another person's oral malodour, 53% of them told the other
      person of their discomfort when the person with oral malodour was a parent,
      brother, sister, or a very close friend. 3. About half (52%) of the students
      said, they practice the prevention of oral malodour by brushing their teeth, and
      50% like to use mouthwashes. Of the total, 88% wished to know whether they had
      oral malodour or not. 4. Overwhelming majority knew of mouthwashes through TV
      commercials and advertisements in magazines, 80% of those could name any one of
      the tradenames of the mouthwashes. 5. These findings indicated that dental health
      education on oral malodour and mouthwashes would be important in future.

PMID- 2637419
TI  - [Relationship among child, protector and operator at the training-room. The
      peculiar character of external behavior].
AB  - We have studied the external behaviors of the child, protector and operator at
      the dental care room from the aspects of the child's characteristic features and
      operator's characteristic features and the protector's degrees of anxiety. The
      courses from that the child and protector had entered the training-room with the
      operator till the child began to brush his teeth in the room were divided into
      four steps, so their external behaviors were investigated at each step. The
      conclusions were: 1. When compared the protector who had entered the dental care
      room with the child and had not entered, the former's degrees of anxiety were
      higher than the latter. 2. The child who had entered the dental care room with
      the protector had more negative behaviors than the child had entered by himself.
      3. The children classified as the 'dependent, standard and independent type' by
      the characteristic features had equal rates of that their protectors had entered
      the dental care room. And they had the degrees of negative behavior equally. The
      protector's degrees of prompt were most in the children classified as the
      independent type. 4. When the protector had not entered the dental care room, the
      operator's degrees of prompt during the transfer from the waiting room to the
      training-room were more than the other steps. 5. When the protector had entered
      the dental care room, on the operator classified as the standard type by the
      characteristic features the degrees of prompt during the transfer from the
      waiting room to the training-room and in the room were more than the other steps.
      On the other side the operator classified as the stable type had more prompt in
      the entrance.

PMID- 2637420
TI  - [Experimental study on the effect of replantation of immature permanent teeth on
      the periapical and periodontal tissues].
AB  - Replantation and semi-rigid fixation were performed on canine immature permanent
      teeth, and one week after replantation the teeth were treated by root filling
      with calcium hydroxide. The root apex and periodontium of the teeth with
      replantation were examined for changes regularly during the experiment by
      microradiographic, fluorescence microscopic, polarizing microscopic and X-ray
      observation of undecalcified horizontal continual ground sections. The results
      obtained were as follows: 1) Immediately after replantation, root formation was
      observed, but its formation was found to cease at a relatively early time. No
      site of the root showed any inflammatory resorption. 2) The dentine of the teeth
      with replantation was narrow, and the whole tooth substance showed discoloration
      due to penetration of calcium hydroxide. 3) the periodontal space surrounding the
      teeth with replantation was decreased daily by new bone actively formed from the
      alveolar bone proper and by a thin cementum layer added on the periodontal
      surface. This change occurred from one week after replantation. 4) The width of
      the periodontal space of the teeth with replantation, which had been wider than
      that of a control tooth, was increased and decreased daily at the cervix and root
      apex and the central part of the root, respectively. 5) Collagen fibers of the
      periodontal membrane were present in the periodontal space of the teeth with
      replantation, together with regeneration of the periodontal membrane that had
      been cut by extraction. 6) There were no changes due to replantation in the two
      teeth adjacent to the tooth with replantation or the lateral jaw.

PMID- 2637421
TI  - [Electron microscopic studies of fine structure on the oral spirochetes].
AB  - Of the strains isolated from periodontitis patients in this laboratory, seven
      pure cultures with different characteristics were subjected to a scanning
      electron microscope and transmission electron microscope (negative staining, thin
      section and freeze-etching method were employed) for the cell morphology
      investigations. The following results were obtained; 1) Cells were thin, long and
      twisted to make thme spirals. Some differences were observed in cell length and
      width, even though in a same isolated strain. 2) It was obvious that the basic
      cell structure of oral spirochetes consisted of the following seven parts; i.e.,
      outer envelope, axial fibrils, main body, cytoplasm, nucleous structure,
      ribosomes and fine fibrils. 3) The specific structures, which should be called
      tubulous and/or ring-like structures, were shown in certain strains. They
      obviously located at the cell surface of oral spirochetes. 4) Outer envelope,
      which locates at the most outside layer of the cell, composed with two membranous
      structures holding one fine granular structures in it, and fold completely the
      main body and axial fibrils. 5) It was noted that the one end of axial fibrils
      locating at the space between outer envelope and main body fused with main body
      resulting in formation of a specific disk-like structure. 6) The surface of the
      main body was double-layered membranous structures. 7) Nucleous structure,
      ribosomes, and fine fibrils which were slender than axial fibrils were in the
      cytoplasm.

PMID- 2637422
TI  - [The influence of disinfectants on colloidal impression materials and dental
      stones].
AB  - In view of prophylaxis against hospital infections, following tests were
      performed: Two kinds of alginate impression materials (ALGIACE and Aligix-S) and
      two kinds of agar impression materials (CARTRIILLOID and RUBBERLLOID) were
      immersed for 30 minutes in the following six kinds of disinfectants; 0.1%
      benzethonium chloride (benzethonium), 1% chlorhexidine gluconate (hexidine), 1%
      chlorhexidine gluconate added with surfactants (hexidine surfactant), 1% sodium
      hypochlorite (hypochlorous acid), 2% glutaraldehyde (glutaral) and 1%
      formaldehyde (formalin). Changes in size of the impression materials with time
      were then measured. Three kinds of dental stones (SHIMOMURA DENTAL PLASTER, NEW
      PLASTONE and SURSTONE) were infused into the impression surfaces after treatment
      with disinfectants, and the surface roughness and hardness of the yielded
      surfaces of the samples were measured. The results obtained are as follows: 1) As
      to ALGIACE, although the rates of changes in size lay within the range of +/-
      0.3% when immersed in hexidine, hexidine surfactant and hypochlorous acid, the
      infusion of either one of SHIMOMURA DENTAL PLASTER, NEW PLASTONE or SURSTONE into
      the impression showed an effect on the stone surface. 2) As to Algix-S, the rate
      of changes in size lay within the range of +/- 0.3% when immersed in all the
      disinfectants, and the influsions of NEW PLASTONE and SURSTONE after immersing in
      benzethonium, hexidine surfactant and glutaral gave a slight effect on the stone
      surface. 3) As to CARTRILLOID, the rates of change in size lay within the range
      of +/- 0.3% except for the immersion in hexidine; the influsion of SHIMOMURA
      DENTAL PLASTER into the impression, the influsion of NEW PLASTONE after immersing
      in benzethonium and formalin and the influsions of NEW PLASTONE and SURSTONE
      after immersing in glutaral gave a slight effect on teh stone surface. 4) As to
      RUBBERLLOID, the rates of changes in size lay within the range of +/- 0.2% when
      immersed each disinfectant; the influsion of SHIMOMURA DENTAL PLASTER after
      immersing in hypochlorous acid and that of either one of SHIMOMURA DENTAL
      PLASTER, NEW PLASTONE or SURSTONE after immersing in benzethonium, glutaral and
      formalin gave a slight effect on the stone surface.

PMID- 2637423
TI  - [Cognition for visual perception of a student apprentice of dental hygiene to the
      presence of a parent beside the dental chair for dental treatment. The study of
      cognitive style and personality traits].
AB  - With a view to knowing how the dental hygienist looks at and makes cognition of a
      mother who is kept standing by her child just receiving his dental treatment,
      cognition from visual perception was examined, by dental hygienist apprentice.
      Possible difference in scene cognition process according to different cognition
      style of these subjects was also analyzed from the elements of eye-movement. On
      the basis of the results of a YG character test performed together, cognition
      styles and personality traits were examined additionally. The results obtained
      were as follows: 1. From the number of total scanned sites upon the observation
      of test movie, 9 and 6 subjects having reflective cognition style and impulsive
      cognition style, respectively could be divided out of all 43 subjects. 2. When
      the mother's countenance turned from calmness to uneasiness, the reflective style
      group showed increased gaze at the mother's face. 3. When the mother's
      countenance turned from calmness to uneasiness, the impulsive style-group showed
      especially increased gaze at the child's face, with a tendency to gazing
      obviously biased toward his face. 4. The reflective style-group tended to have
      visual scanning strategies by which it observes each of the sites under test
      movie, while always contrasting them. 5. The impulsive style-group tended to have
      visual scanning strategies by which it observes one of the sites under test movie
      and then the other. 6. Compared with the reflective style-group, the impulsive
      style-group showed personality traits such as less depression, low general
      activity and weak initiative. 7. The above results revealed that a subject having
      impulsive cognition style found a difficulty in taking a wide view of the
      situation in which its mother is just present in the treating room and was easily
      put under visual influence of any change in its mother's countenance.

PMID- 2637424
TI  - [Fractionation of the salivary cellular elements by Percoll density gradient
      centrifugation and the distribution of oral malodour precursors].
AB  - Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) are the cause of oral malodour. VSC are produced
      from thiol and disulphide contained in the salivary cellular elements. However,
      the distributions of thiol and disulphide have not yet been elucidated in the
      salivary cellular elements. Hence, Percoll density gradient was employed in this
      study to fractionate the cells, and the distributions of thiol and disulphide
      were also studied. The intact squamous cells distributed in upper layer fraction
      (density: less than or equal to 1.051 g/ml) separated by Percoll density gradient
      centrifugation, the cells were 40 to 50% of the salivary cellular elements. The
      degraded cells, which were out of shape or lost nucleus, distributed in middle
      (density: 1.051-1.076 g/ml) and lower layer fractions (density: greater than or
      equal to 1.076 g/ml). The density of cells was also found to increase in process
      of the cell degradation. The 24 hour incubation study of saliva showed that the
      intact cells decreased markedly, and the degraded cells increased in middle layer
      fraction. It was indicated that cell degradation was very slow in saliva.
      Disulphide and thiol of VSC precusors distributed with high concentration in
      lower layer fraction of high density. On the basis of the results high density
      cells might accumulate on the tongue dorsum for long time and be the major source
      of VSC precusors.

PMID- 2637425
TI  - [Reset of masticatory rhythm evoked by stimulation of the cortical masticatory
      area].
AB  - The rhythmical jaw movement can be evoked by repetitive electrical stimulation of
      the cortical masticatory area in various animals. However, the relationship
      between evoked jaw movement and each stimulus pulse applied to the cortical
      masticatory area has not been clarified. The present study examined the effects
      of each stimulus pulse for evoked masticatory rhythm in urethan anesthetized
      rabbits. The repetitive electrical stimulation applied to the cortical
      masticatory area not only evoked rhythmic jaw movement but reset the rhythmic
      cycle. The application of stimulus pulses till about 70 msec after starting point
      of the cycle in 4.1 Hz stimulation and till 50 msec in 8.2 Hz stimulation did not
      reset the cycle length. After these non resetting time, the first stimulus pulse
      reset the cycle length, and the following any stimulus pulse did not reset the
      cycle length. When the stimulus pulse reset the cycle length, the length from the
      applied point of stimulus to the end of cycle was stable: about 184 msec in 4.1
      Hz stimulation and 199 msec in 8.2 Hz stimulation. Therefore, the length of basic
      cycle would be about 250 msec (184 msec + 70 msec = 254 msec in 4.1 Hz
      stimulation, 199 msec + 50 msec = 249 msec in 8.2 Hz stimulation). This basic
      cycle length coincided with the shortest cycle length of the rhythmical jaw
      movement evoked by the most effective stimulation of the cortical masticatory
      area.

PMID- 2637426
TI  - [Nutritional requirements for oral Treponema].
AB  - Oral Treponema is still difficult to cultivate in vitro because of lacking of our
      knowledge about what they require for growth. The aim of this study was to find
      what were the nutritional requirements for them. Treponema denticola, T.
      vincentii, and T. socranskii were cultivated in various broths to seek which
      fractions of tryptone and rabbit serum, or serum proteins were stimulatory.
      Treponemal growth was assessed by turbidity readings. It was obvious that a
      weakly negative-charged peptide isolated from tryptone with molecular weight of
      about 800 daltons was stimulatory. However, further characterization of this
      peptide was failed, since the yield of the final fractions was too low to be
      identified with the conventional methods. The results on rabbit serum
      fractionated by a liquid chromatograph showed that serum proteins with molecular
      weight of 150,000 daltons were also stimulatory for T. denticola. Among the
      commercially available serum proteins, human and bovine ceruloplasmin gave good
      results. They could substitute for rabbit serum in the growth of T. denticola and
      T. vincentii.

PMID- 2637427
TI  - The human immunodeficiency virus epidemic: a focus on infection control
      practices.

PMID- 2637428
TI  - Research in temporomandibular disorders.

PMID- 2637429
TI  - [Ferritin levels in blood serum and mononuclear cells of peripheral blood in
      lymphatic neoplasms of low and medium degrees of malignancy].
AB  - Ferritin levels in blood serum and mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood were
      determined in 60 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (group I), and 31
      patients with other lymphomas of the low and medium degree of malignancy (group
      II). Significantly higher blood serum and mononuclear cells ferritin was found in
      the examined patients than in 54 healthy individuals. Particularly high ferritin
      levels were seen in blood serum of patients of group II in whom clinical stage of
      the disease was high. Moreover, moderate correlation of ferritin content in
      mononuclear cells and absolute leucocytosis was found in group I. This parameter
      correlated well with the percentage of poorly differentiated cells (group II).

PMID- 2637430
TI  - [Results of combined therapy in patients with nonseminomatous testicular tumors].
AB  - The results of multidrug therapy of 44 male patients with non-seminomatous
      testicular tumours are discussed. The diagnosed tumours were of all stages of the
      clinical advances and were treated with combined chemotherapy (surgery and PVP
      regimen). Thirty two patients (73%) are followed up between 7 and 103 months and
      survived, complete remission is noted in 29 patients (66%) including 6 patients
      who survived over 5 years. Symptoms of the tumour are found in 3 patients. Twelve
      patients (27%) died. The treatment did not produce life-threatening
      complications. The obtained results have been compared with those reported by
      other authors.

PMID- 2637431
TI  - [Bacterial urinary infections in acute leukemia].
AB  - Hundred thirty patients with the acute leukemia were examined. Bacterial urinary
      infections were detected in 34% of the examined patients, statistically more
      frequently in women. Decreased response to the inflammatory process is noted in
      leukemic patients with the urinary infections. Non-stable clinical symptoms,
      multiple changes in the normal laboratory findings in both the urine and blood
      serum may suggest urinary infection which should be confirmed by the urinary
      cultures. The most frequent causes of the urinary infections are various species
      of gram-negative bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae similarly to non-leukemic
      patients with urinary infections. Reinfections and superinfections were seen in
      some patients but the latter were more frequent in the acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia.

PMID- 2637432
TI  - [Kaposi's sarcoma ].
AB  - A case of Kaposi's sarcoma in a 86-year female farmer is presented in view of the
      epidemiological data, currently changed biology of Kaposi's sarcoma, and its
      importance related to an association with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS). In this particular case, the clinical course of the disease was very
      rapid with skin lesions on the upper and lower extremities and on mucous
      membranes of the oral cavity and epiglottis. Immunologic disorders caused
      afebrile pneumonia, prolonged healing of the post-traumatic wound and fracture of
      the shaft of the radius and ulna. Progressive cachexia and weakness have led to
      the loss of the waking ability and self-care.

PMID- 2637433
TI  - [Signs of steroid myopathy in a group of patients with asthma undergoing
      continuous steroid therapy].
AB  - The 35 patients with bronchial asthma undergoing continuous steroid therapy were
      examined in order to reveal any signs of steroid myopathy. More than 80% of
      patients complained of muscle weakness. In the physical examination the motor
      function was correct in the majority of patients. Muscular enzymes and blood
      electrolytes were normal. EMG has shown typical myopathic changes In over 80% of
      patients. The diagnosis of subclinical steroid myopathy was based mainly on EMG
      examination. This myopathy was independent of sex, age, dose an duration of
      therapy.

PMID- 2637434
TI  - [Hyperreactivity of the bronchial tree in patients with hay fever before and
      after immunotherapy].
AB  - Immunotherapy with Pollinex was performed in 46 patients with hay fever.
      Hyperreactivity of the bronchi determined with inhalation histamine test was
      noted in 36% of the patients. Histamine test was positive in 24% of patients
      treated with Pollinex. The difference was statistically insignificant.

PMID- 2637435
TI  - [Effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on bronchial reactivity in patients with
      asthma].
AB  - The results of studies on the effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on the
      bronchial reactivity in a group of 10 patients with atopic bronchial asthma are
      discussed. The patients received 800 mg of cimetidine daily for 6 days and, after
      a three-day interval, 300 mg of ranitidine daily for a further 6 days. Bronchial
      reactivity was determined with the histamine test, according to Spector and Farr,
      before the administration of each drug and on the third and sixth days of each
      course of the treatment. A comparison of the effect of cimetidine and ranitidine
      on the bronchial reactivity in the same patients revealed that a 3-day exposure
      to each of the two drugs, cimetidine enhanced bronchial reactivity to a greater
      extent than ranitidine; the difference between the action of the two drugs being
      statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Bronchial reactivity was found to
      increase significantly after a 6-day treatment with each of the drugs but no
      statistically significant differences were noted comparing the effect of these
      drugs.

PMID- 2637436
TI  - [New possibilities of treating acute angioedema caused by C1-inhibitor
      deficiency].
AB  - The authors discuss diagnostic difficulties in 12 cases of hereditary
      angioneurotic edema due to C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH deficiency). Emphasis is
      on the treatment of the acute attacks with intravenous infusions of C1-inhibitor
      concentrate (Boehring, West Germany). This proved to be a very efficient and safe
      therapy, leading to a prompt disappearance of all clinical symptoms. Throughout
      12 months following the infusions, indices of the liver function remained within
      the normal range, and anti-Hbs and anti-HIV tests were negative.

PMID- 2637437
TI  - [Usefulness of Multitest CMI for the measurement of cell-mediated immunity in
      patients with bronchial asthma].
AB  - Cell-mediated immunity has been measured in vivo in 30 patients with allergic
      infectious bronchial asthma with the use of Multitest CMI (Merieux). A decrease
      in the immunological reactivity has been showed in the asthmatic patients. It was
      expressed by means of the arithmetic mean value of the positive reactions, and
      was particularly significant in patients who require long-term corticotherapy.
      The obtained results suggest that Multitest CMI is a new, valuable device in the
      diagnosis and monitoring the treatment in asthmatic patients.

PMID- 2637438
TI  - [Radioimmunologic tests in children with pruritus and with a combination of
      pruritus and allergic respiratory disease].
AB  - Radioimmunological tests were carried out in 180 children with pruritus and 167
      children with pruritus and allergic respiratory diseases. Difference between
      these groups was statistically insignificant in case of food allergy. Results of
      RAST were more often positive in case of respiratory allergy in the patients with
      pruritus and coexisting allergic respiratory diseases than in patients with skin
      involvement only. Reaction was more intense and allergy polyvalence measured with
      RAST was higher. All differences were statistically significant (p less than
      0.001 or 0.01). Mean IgE levels was higher in children of all age groups in case
      of pruritus coexisting with allergic respiratory diseases.

PMID- 2637439
TI  - [Wegener's disease, Wegener's granuloma in 12 observed cases].

PMID- 2637440
TI  - [Administration of levamisole to children with kidney disease exacerbation caused
      by recurrent respiratory infections].
AB  - Levamisole (2.1-3.1 mg/kg twice a week) was administered to 6 children aged
      between 20 months and 6.5 years for 1 to 4 months. All children suffered form the
      renal diseases exacerbation (nephrotic syndrome and pyelonephritis--2 children,
      lipoid nephrosis and pyelonephritis--2 children, pyelonephritis with glomerular
      reactions--1 child, recurrent pyelonephritis--1 child) due to recurrent
      respiratory infections levamisole improved both clinical and biochemical
      parameters of renal disease. Subsequent respiratory infections were milder and
      less frequent. Transient decrease in thrombocyte count was seen in 4 children
      after 2-8 weeks of therapy with levamisole. An increase in AspAT and (or) AlAT
      was noted in 2 children after 1-2 months of therapy. Levamisole was withdrawn in
      2 children after 30 days due to an increase in AspAT activity, prolongation of
      blood clotting time and thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2637442
TI  - [The detection of vision disorders in children and adolescents depends on
      nurses].

PMID- 2637441
TI  - [Q fever in a 5-year-old girl].
AB  - The first case of Q fever in Poland in a 5-year girl is presented. A girl is
      inhabitant of the Lublin region where this disease is of endemic character. Q
      fever was diagnosed on the base of the clinical examinations and serological
      tests. The course of the disease was acute. Doxycycline and lincomycin were
      given. A short time lapse between the treatment and eradication of Coxiella
      burnetii antigen indicates rather spontaneous recovery.

PMID- 2637443
TI  - [Screening tests for detecting disorders of the visual system in children and
      adolescents 6 to 18 years old. Instructions for nurses].

PMID- 2637444
TI  - [The problems of the carcinogenic action of food].

PMID- 2637445
TI  - [The professional aspirations of the alumnae of a medical school].

PMID- 2637446
TI  - [The level of knowledge and of the medical behavior of women in cancer
      prevention].

PMID- 2637447
TI  - [The status of the nurse in Denmark].

PMID- 2637449
TI  - [Malignant hyperthermia].

PMID- 2637448
TI  - [The risk factors for diseases of the circulatory system].

PMID- 2637450
TI  - [Controlling roaches in hospitals and living environments].

PMID- 2637451
TI  - [The postgraduate education of industrial nurses].

PMID- 2637452
TI  - HRP-labeled masticatory neurons in the rat trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus: a
      light and electron microscopic study.
AB  - The neurons innervating the muscles of mastication were labeled retrogradely with
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP) which was injected into each muscle of mastication
      of the rats. The TMB-HRP labeled neurons were for light microscopic and DAB-HRP
      labeled neurons for electron microscopic study. Many HRP-labeled mesencephalic
      neurons were observed in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (TMEN) after HRP
      injection in jaw-closing muscles (JCM). On the other hand, no labeled neurons
      were found following the application of HRP to the lateral pterygoid and the
      anterior belly of the digastric muscles, with the exception of a very few from
      the mylohyoid muscle. The latter three muscles were jaw-opening muscles (JOM).
      The mesencephalic neurons of each JCM in the TMEN were rather randomly
      distributed, although they were concentrated more in the caudal region of this
      nucleus. These neurons were typically unipolar, with spherical to oval perikarya.
      Each neuron had a single process which coursed caudolaterally to join the
      mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve. Ultrastructurally, mesencephalic
      masticatory neurons had a rather regular nucleus locating either centrally or
      eccentrically in the perikaryon, which is rather plump. The cytoplasm was endowed
      with very well developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
      Neurofilaments, varying in number, intermingled mostly with the Golgi apparatus
      in the cytoplasm. Somatic spines were frequently observed; however, synapses
      abutting upon the soma were few. Macula adherens-like structures were
      occassionally encountered in the contact zone between two cells.

PMID- 2637453
TI  - Multiple effects of honokiol on catecholamine secretion from adrenal chromaffin
      cells.
AB  - The molecular mechanism of honokiol, extracted from the bark of Magnolia obovata,
      was studied using bovine adrenal chromaffin cells as a model system. Honokiol
      inhibits catecholamine secretion induced by carbachol and DMPP and that induced
      by exposure to high K+ and Ba2+ but to a lesser extent. The inhibitory effects of
      trifluoperazine and honokiol on carbachol-, high K(+)- and Ba2(+)- induced
      secretion were not additive. The results suggest that honokiol interferes with
      the interaction between the acetylcholine receptor and its agonists and that
      honokiol may also affect the steps in exocytosis after intracellular calcium has
      been raised, possibly at the site(s) where calmodulin acts.

PMID- 2637454
TI  - Advance warning.

PMID- 2637455
TI  - OSHA regulations protect employers and employees.

PMID- 2637456
TI  - Continuing commitment.

PMID- 2637457
TI  - Case #8. Erythema multiforme.

PMID- 2637458
TI  - [The prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia among the workers of a meat-packing
      plant complex].
AB  - An attempt was made to study the incidence of gout and hyperuricemia among the
      workers of the Moscow meat-packing plant exposed to high food purine loads. Using
      extensive clinical material (535 men and 1121 women) the authors established that
      gout was diagnosed 33 times more often in men of this plant than in the muscular
      population of other towns of the country. Moderate hyperuricemia was revealed in
      every second of the examinees. Marked hyperuricemia was noted 1.8 times more
      often, it being 3.4 times more often in men working at this plant as compared to
      the whole muscular population of the country. There was a direct dependence of
      the level of hyperuricemia in men working in this industry on their service
      record. The levels of moderate hyperuricemia in all groups of men and in some
      groups of women directly depended on the amount of daily purine loads. Marked
      hyperuricemia among the examined men is a factor of risk in the development of
      load and among the examined women an indicator of risk (i. e. warning) of
      possible metabolic changes which require an adequate dietetic and therapeutic
      correction.

PMID- 2637459
TI  - [The importance of arthroscopy and guided biopsy of the knee joint in gout].
AB  - The authors studied the arthroscopic picture of the knee joint in 50 male
      patients, 40 of whom had a genuine gout and 10 a doubtful one. A high diagnostic
      significance of arthroscopy was emphasized, it rose with the use of a
      morphological analysis of samples of synovial membrane and villi obtained by
      means of target biopsy, microscopy and chemical identification of urate.

PMID- 2637460
TI  - [Glomerulonephritis in rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - Results of a light optics morphological study of kidney biopsy material in 20
      patients with rheumatoid glomerulonephritis supplemented by the data of
      immunofluorescent and electron microscopic diagnosis have been presented. All
      round morphological investigation of biopsy material is the only proof for the
      presence of a renal lesion in 1/4 of the patients.

PMID- 2637461
TI  - [The surgical treatment of the elbow joint in rheumatoid arthritis patients].
AB  - Preliminary assessment of early and late synovectomies of the elbow joint in
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was made on the basis of combined examination of 48
      patients with RA (23 patients from the USSR and 25 patients from Finland). All
      the patients were subjected to synovectomy of the elbow joint, early surgical
      interventions being conducted in the Finnish group and the late ones in the
      Soviet group. Every patient was examined one year after the operation, pain
      disappeared in about 7/10 of the patients. Late synovectomy proved effective in
      3/5 of the cases. Surgical treatment of late classes of elbow joint arthritis
      made a favourable effect on the function of the hand as a whole and its capacity
      for self-service. A more lengthy observation is required to make a comparative
      assessment of early and late synovectomies of the elbow joint.

PMID- 2637462
TI  - [The current status of the problem of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart
      defects].

PMID- 2637463
TI  - [A clinical assessment of whole blood chemoluminescence in juvenile rheumatoid
      arthritis].
AB  - A considerable rise in indices of chemoluminescence (CL) of the whole blood in
      children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis was noted. A correlation of CL with
      clinico-laboratory indices of the disease activity was revealed. The highest
      level of CL was observed in the articulovisceral form and in the maximum degree
      of the disease activity. There was a significant difference in CL intensity in
      the minimum degree of the disease activity and remission of the pathological
      process.

PMID- 2637464
TI  - [The role of circulating immune complexes in children with rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - The content of circulating immune complexes (CIC) was determined in 120 children
      with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Of this number 24 children were included into the
      group with rheumatoid uveitis. For comparison a group of 33 children with
      arthritis of various genesis was examined. Determination of CIC showed that in RA
      children exhibited a high level of IC in the blood and the synovial fluid
      depending on the activity of the process, the presence of visceral manifestations
      and spread of the articular affection. Rheumatoid uveitis was not accompanied by
      any marked deviations in immunological indices as compared to an articular form
      of rheumatoid arthritis. An increased content of CIC in children with arthritis
      of various genesis allows one to consider that in rheumatoid arthritis its
      determination is of no diagnostic value though a considerable rise in their
      content is a prognostically unfavourable sign in this disease.

PMID- 2637465
TI  - [The interleukin-1 activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients].
AB  - In 25 healthy subjects and 47 patients with RA production of interleukin-1 was
      studied. Increase in the production of interleukin-1 in the supernatants of
      nonstimulated monocyte cultures was observed in RA patients and more frequently
      in patients with high activity of the inflammatory process.

PMID- 2637466
TI  - [The prognosis of the course of Reiter's disease with the use of
      histocompatibility antigens].
AB  - Histotyping of 158 patients with Reiter's disease and 583 healthy donors was
      made. Detection of patients with this association of antigens helps timely
      diagnosis of the disease and appropriate preventive measures.

PMID- 2637467
TI  - [The development of rheumatology in Donetsk Province].

PMID- 2637469
TI  - Palladium-silver: the alloy of the future.

PMID- 2637468
TI  - [The detection of B-lymphocyte alloantigen in patients with rheumatism and
      rheumatic heart defects].
AB  - The article presents the results on finding beta-lymphocytes marker with the aid
      of monoclonal antibodies in 96% of Moscow population and its absence in other
      groups of patients. These data are correlated with the results of international
      findings.

PMID- 2637470
TI  - CDT today: guidelines for the complete denture specialty practical examination.

PMID- 2637471
TI  - Balancing your budget.

PMID- 2637472
TI  - Is inhalation therapy noxious to the ciliated nasal epithelium?
AB  - It is well known from in vitro studies that the functional state of the ciliary
      epithelium is temperature-dependent. The ciliary beat is irreversibly arrested
      above about 40-45 degrees C. We exposed 30 volunteers to inhalation therapy with
      hot moist vapour of about 50 degrees C. The functional state of the nasal mucosa
      was assessed by counting ciliary beat frequency and the percentage of dead and
      vital ciliated cells from a vital cytological sampling of the nose before and
      after treatment. The percentage of vital cells was the same whereas the ciliary
      beat frequency rose significantly. It is discussed that in the mucosal layer
      temperatures are not as high as in the inhaled vapour due to the air-conditioning
      capacity of the nose.

PMID- 2637473
TI  - The relationship between body posture and pressure in occluded maxillary sinus of
      man.
AB  - One of the most common symptoms in sinusitis is pain over the infected cavity
      increasing when the patient is bending forward or lying down. It is commonly
      thought that this increase in pain is a result of increased pressure in the
      paranasal cavities when bending forward. In this investigation we have found that
      changing the body position from sitting to recumbent or even to "head between
      knees" gives a manometrical pressure rise in the sinus that is too small to cause
      a pressure-mediated pain. The pain is probably caused by a dilation in the blood
      vessels of the infected mucosa when the patient is bending forward or lying down.

PMID- 2637474
TI  - Clinical study on bacteria detected in the upper and lower respiratory tracts in
      patients with sinobronchial syndrome.
AB  - The authors examined bacteria to confirm the pathogenesis of sinobronchial
      syndrome (SBS). There were several theories such as the pus-descending, the pus
      ascending, the coinciding theory and so on. Detection of bacteria was performed
      in SBS patients, empyema patients with no lower respiratory disease, and healthy
      adults. Considering SBS bacteriologically from the obtained results, the authors
      consider that internal infections of aerobic gram-negative bacteria of the normal
      flora mainly including Haemophilus influenzae possibly develop in two directions,
      downward and upward (into nasal cavities) from the pharynx, and so the
      pathogenesis of SBS might not be explained satisfactorily by either the ascending
      or the descending theory alone.

PMID- 2637475
TI  - Sublabial rhinotomy in the management of sinonasal inverted papilloma.

PMID- 2637476
TI  - Acinic cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity: a case report.

PMID- 2637477
TI  - Better sleep with dilated nose.

PMID- 2637478
TI  - [Occurrence of nitrates and nitrites in certain frozen fruits, jams, stewed fruit
      and fruit-vegetable juices for children and in certain types of bee honey].
AB  - Nitrates and nitrites were evaluated spectrophotometrically by the method of
      Griess reaction, with previous reduction of nitrates to nitrites in a column
      filled with cadmium dust. The content of nitrates in frozen fruit (strawberries,
      black and red currant and plums) ranged from 2.50 to 57.38 mg KNO3/kg, with the
      highest content in garden strawberries. In cherry, strawberry, black and red
      currant jams the concentrations were from 6.30 to 97.38 mg KNO3/kg, the highest
      content was in cherry jam. In plum jam nitrates were found in low amounts from
      11.65 to 12.09 mg/kg. In "Bobofrut" juices the nitrate content was higher than in
      the above products, ranging from 26.37 to 182.75 mg KNO3/kg. Nitrite content in
      all these groups of products was low, not exceeding 1 mg NaNO2/kg, with the
      exception of plum jam where the maximal value was found 1.65 mg NaNO2/kg. In
      stewed fruit and herb syrups and in honey nitrates ranged from 1.0 to 94.5 mg
      KNO3/kg. Nitrite content ranged from 0.17 to 1.92 mg/kg in herb syrups, from 0.0
      to 1.20 mg/kg in stewed fruit, and from 0.0 to 0.40 mg NaNO2/kg in honey. The
      study showed that higher levels of nitrates were present as a rule in vegetable
      juices. However, the found concentrations were not harmful to the health of
      children, although this is possible in the case of carrot juice, especially when
      kept at room temperature for 24 hours.

PMID- 2637479
TI  - [Content of cadmium and lead in berries and seed fruits].
AB  - By the method of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) the content of cadmium and
      lead was determined in 217 samples of various fruits from an agricultural region.
      The purpose of the work was a preliminary trial for establishing whether under
      similar conditions of cultivation environment it would be possible to demonstrate
      differences in the ability of accumulating cadmium and lead in relation to the
      type and species of fruit-bearing plants. Berries were found to contain higher
      amounts of both elements than grain fruits. The mean values of these elements
      were for berries from 0.012 to 0.077 mg Cd/kg and from 0.04 to 0.15 mg Pb/kg, and
      in grain fruits these values were from 0.007 to 0.008 mg Cd/kg and from below
      0.02 to 0.02 mg Pb/kg. The greater ability of Cd and Pb cumulation by berries may
      be due to the well known ability of this type of fruit to accumulate also other
      mineral components, such as Ca, Fe, P, Mg, K, and among these Ca and Fe are known
      to reduce the toxicity of Cd and Pb.

PMID- 2637480
TI  - [Metals in muscles, liver and kidney of slaughtered animals from the northern
      region of Poland, 1985].
AB  - The content of cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, manganese and iron was determined in
      muscle tissue of 361 hogs, 59 cattle, 20 rabbits, 19 geese and 19 ducks, in the
      liver of 355 hogs and 55 cattle, and in the kidneys of 352 hogs and 56 cattle
      slaughtered in the northern region of Poland in 1985. The mean values obtained
      related to wet weight (mg/kg) for the muscle tissue of hogs, cattle, rabbits,
      geese and ducks were: 0.021, 0.018, 0.018, 0.033 and 0.024 Cd, 0.13, 0.12, 0.18,
      and 0.11 Pb; 0.69, 0.98, 0.97, 3.7 and 4.0 Cu; 20, 23, 18, 11 and 9.1 Zn; 0.11,
      0.11, 0.15, 0.25 and 0.16 Mn, and 11, 22, 15, 30 and 26 Fe, respectively. In the
      liver of hogs and cattle the content was: 0.059 and 0.10 mg Cd/kg, 0.20 and 0.20
      Pb, 5.8 and 15 Cu, 40 and 35 Zn, 1.2 and 1.5 Mn, and 64 and 53 Fe. Among all of
      the samples examined only in one case the tolerance limit for Pb was exceeded in
      the kidney of hogs, e.g. it was 1.1 mg/kg.

PMID- 2637481
TI  - [Determination of trichothecenes in cereals].
AB  - A simple method is described of identification and determination of
      deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and T-2 toxin in
      cereals. Chloroform-ethanol extracts were purified in columns filled with active
      charcoal, aluminium oxide and celite and were analysed by the method of thin
      layer chromatography. The results were evaluated exposing fluorescent
      trichothecene derivatives to ultraviolet light, after they had been obtained on a
      chromatographic plate with aluminium chloride and sulphuric acid. The
      detectability of the method for various toxins was: DON--37, NIV--100, DAS--50,
      and T-2 toxin--100 mcg/kg.

PMID- 2637482
TI  - [Determination of certain pesticides, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium ions,
      sulphates, urea and chlorides in surface and underground water and in certain
      agricultural products. VI].
AB  - The subject of this study was determination of the residue of pesticides
      (lindane, methoxychlor, and chlorfenvinphos) nitrates, ammonium ions, sulphates
      and urea in surface waters and underground waters and in potatoes in 11
      localities in the eastern part of the Province of Szczecin in 1987. The
      pesticides were determined by gas chromatography, while nitrates, nitrites,
      ammonium ions, sulphates and urea by spectrophotometry, chloride--by
      precipitation. The obtained results showed that contamination of surface and
      underground waters with these pesticides was below the permitted value. The
      concentration of nitrate nitrogen exceeded the permitted in Poland level in 15%
      of underground water samples. These samples were taken from wells in private
      farms. Nitrites were demonstrated in all of the samples of surface waters and 78%
      of underground water samples. The highest concentration of nitrite nitrogen was
      in the well of a private farm. The concentration of ammonium nitrogen exceeded in
      22% of underground water samples the permitted value. Sulphates were detected in
      all water samples, but their concentrations were not exceeding the permitted
      level. In none of the analysed potato samples these pesticides were demonstrated.
      On the other hand high levels of nitrates and nitrites were found.

PMID- 2637483
TI  - [Effect of various cadmium doses in the diet on the body of growing rats].
AB  - Studies were carried out on the effect of various cadmium doses, which were given
      to growing rats in diet. A 42-day biological experiment was carried out on male
      growing Wistar rats. The animals divided into groups were given diets containing
      cadmium in amounts of 50, 100 and 200 ppm and diet with no adding cadmium. The
      diets contained 20% of protein in equal amounts from wheat gluten and casein. It
      was demonstrated that cadmium had a significant influence on diet intake and
      growth of rats. The absorption from diets containing 50, 100 and 200 ppm of
      cadmium was about 30 to 48%. The more cadmium was absorbed, the most was in blood
      and rat liver. Anaemia was noted in animals, which were given diets with cadmium.
      Rats had a low level of haematocrit and haemoglobin in plasma. It was shown that
      cadmium intake caused a significant decrease in plasma albumin concentration and
      increase of plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase
      activity.

PMID- 2637484
TI  - [Toxic action of carbendazim on aquatic animals].
AB  - The toxic effect of carbendazim was studied using as biologic indicators,
      Lebistes reticulatus Peters, Asellus aquaticus Racov and Daphnia magna
      (Cladocera) in the Laboratory of Human Epidemiology and Ecology in Rzeszow. The
      experiments were done in crystallizers of from 150 ml capacity for Aselius to 250
      ml for young Lebistes and in tubes of 30 ml capacity for Daphnia. Each experiment
      was done in triplicate with 10 animals in each repetition. The observation of
      carbendazim toxicity was carried out after 1, 2, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 96 hours and
      after 5, 6 and 24 days. The method used for this purpose had been evolved by the
      Institute of Metereology and Hydrology in Wroclaw. For all tested aquatic
      organisms in acute toxicity tests of carbendazim (LC50) confidence intervals were
      calculated for various concentrations of the solution and time spent by the
      organisms in toxic environment. The study showed that carbendazim was practically
      non-toxic for young Lebistes and Asellus. The detailed results are presented in
      tables I, II and III.

PMID- 2637485
TI  - [Level of health knowledge in children completing elementary education].
AB  - The results are presented of an inquiry study carried out in children in the 8th
      classes of elementary schools and considerable differences were found in the
      levels of practical health knowledge related to sex, urban and rural environment.
      Differences were found also related to the educational level of the parents. A
      correlation was demonstrated between the health knowledge level and the progress
      made in school, behaviour in school, and declared level of the child's adaptation
      to school and domestic environment. The equivocal effect of health knowledge
      level on the declared health behaviour is discussed.

PMID- 2637486
TI  - Adenotomy under general anesthesia.
AB  - Experience obtained from adenotomy (AT) under general anesthesia using Ketamin
      hydrochloride (Ketalar, Narkamon) in children are presented in this paper. The
      authors had used intramuscular premedication with Prothazin, Dolsin and Atropin
      at the first stage, then they shifted to oral administration of a combination of
      Diazepam, Theadryl and Atropin. Ketamin may be applied intravenously in the
      dosage of 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg of body weight in most children. Where it is not
      possible, a triple dose into the muscle is used. A total of 2,266 AT were
      performed. About 70% of patients were calm during the operation, once a suspected
      aspiration was considered but it was not confirmed. The main contribution of the
      method is 100% amnesia of the surgery made. The procedure is a compromise between
      a requirement for minimal traumatization of the child's psyche by the
      intervention and the resources available, particularly the need of personnel at
      the majority of otorhinolaryngo-logical departments nowadays.

PMID- 2637487
TI  - Elastin powder produced for cosmetic purposes does not affect formation of
      granulation tissue.
AB  - A suspension of elastin powder that is produced for cosmetic purposes has been
      applied on open skin wounds made in rats. Elastin particles (diameter smaller
      than 0.1 mm) prepared by extraction of bovine nuchal ligament with alkali had no
      effect on wet weight and dry weight of granulation tissue formed in the wound
      within 6 days. Hydroxyproline content which indicates collagen content of the
      granulation tissue was not also changed.

PMID- 2637488
TI  - Animal model of anxiety: effect of acute diazepam treatment in the older adult
      genetically hypertensive rats of Koletsky type and in the older adult rats of
      Wistar strain.
AB  - The experiments were performed in the older adult (10-14 months of age)
      normotensive rats of Wistar strain and in the genetically hypertensive rats which
      developed Koletsky; the experiments were performed in both sexes. The behavior of
      control and diazepam treated rats were traced in the holeboard and in the
      elevated plus-maze. In the control animals when compared to the normotensive rats
      of both sexes show increase in total time of locomotor-exploratory activity in
      holeboard. In control animals the lowest level of directed exploration was found
      in the genetically hypertensive males. The control genetically hypertensive males
      show also the highest aversion towards open space and hight in the elevated plus
      maze. Diazepam increases directed exploration in the genetically hypertensive
      rats of both sexes; directed exploration in the normotensive rats is not
      influenced by diazepam or this drug caused decrease. Diazepam shows no effect in
      between-session habituation of directed exploration in the normotensive rats of
      both sexes; in the genetically hypertensive rats under diazepam treatment instead
      of between-session habituation of directed exploration there appears in the
      second session elevation of directed exploration. Diazepam treatment alleviates
      in the first session aversion towards open space and hight in the elevated plus
      maze only in the genetically hypertensive rats of both sexes and in the
      normotensive males. In the second session statistically significant alleviation
      of aversion towards open space and hight was attained in both strains of rats, in
      both sexes and under the both doses of diazepam. Considering the different
      markers of aging, stress plasma corticosterone and/or diazepam induced
      hypothermia show tighter age dependence in the genetically hypertensive rats than
      in the normotensive rats of Wistar strain. On the other hand, the effect of
      diazepam on aversion towards open space and hight show closer age dependence in
      the latter type of rats.

PMID- 2637489
TI  - Inhibition of multiple molecular forms of human brain acetylcholinesterase by
      different types of inhibitors.
AB  - The inhibition of soluble human AChE and its molecular forms following the
      electrophoretic separation in polyacrylamide gel to four in vitro inhibitors was
      studied. Also I50 constants pointing on inhibitory concentration responsible of
      50% inhibition have been determined as its negative decade logarithm (pI50).
      Molecular AChE forms were determined to be of various sensitivity. Those of
      higher molecular weight showed the maximum sensitivity to the action of all
      inhibitors used. Of them, the most efficient was O-pinacolyl
      methylfluorophosphonate which showed the fluctuation of pI50 values from 9.20 to
      6.39. Tacrin was the lesser inhibitor (pI50 values ranging from 5.57 to 3.80).
      The comparison of mean pl50 values of individual forms with experimentally
      measured value for AChE without electrophoretic separation pointed on a good
      correlation. The in vitro inhibition of soluble human brain AChE correlated well
      with the toxicity of substances tested in vivo in rat. The obtained results are
      remarquable in that various AChE molecular forms should have a different
      physiologic functions each, and they confirm the cerebral AChE inhibition is of
      crucial significance for the toxic effect of various inhibitors.

PMID- 2637490
TI  - [Salivary IgA levels in a group of drug dependent patients].
AB  - The authors briefly recall the oral defense factors, particularly the IgAs, and
      by a clinical research on normal and drugs HIV positive and negative addicts,
      seek a possible correlation between the above mentioned conditions and the IgAs
      concentrations. The impossibility in establishing such a correlation and the
      drugs addicts IgAs/carions incidence ratio's data, emphasize the complexity of
      the IgAs connected problems.

PMID- 2637491
TI  - [Adenocarcinoma of the minor salivary glands].
AB  - After a review of literature, some clinical and histological features of
      adenocarcinomas of minor salivary gland are remarked. Two cases of
      adenocarcinomas are reported.

PMID- 2637492
TI  - [Dental education of parents in the prenatal period].
AB  - The aim of this study is to reveal level of knowledge of dental education of
      expectant parents. The group under observation is not sufficiently informed on
      this subject, particularly regarding the role of fluoride, on the correct
      pediatric technique of oral hygiene, and alimentation. In conclusion the authors
      hope for a better motivation on the part of expectant parents during the prenatal
      period.

PMID- 2637493
TI  - [Correlation between chronological age and dental age in orthognathodontic
      patients].
AB  - The authors found in their sample a very good conformity between chronological
      age and dental age.

PMID- 2637494
TI  - [Frequency of clinical orthognathodontic changes found in a group of grown
      subjects in oriental Sicily].
AB  - The authors have leaded an epidemiologic study in a group of 305 young adults
      males and females in order to value the frequency of static and dynamic
      malocclusion and symptoms of the A.T.M. dysfunctions.

PMID- 2637495
TI  - [Evaluation of lateral norms of facial biotype in a group of young patients with
      hypodontia].
AB  - In a group of 620 patients prevalence of tooth agenesis correlated to jaw
      relationship was studied. Skeletal patterns of the patients with the tooth
      agenesis were diagnosed by means of lateral cephalograms according to Ricketts,
      Jarabak, Riedel and Cagliari School analysis. The prevalence of Class Ist
      skeletal relationship and skeletal deep-bite appeared to be significantly more
      frequent in patients with hypodontia.

PMID- 2637497
TI  - [Dissolution of silver-based alloys under dynamic conditions and its relation to
      cytotoxicity (in vitro)].
AB  - Dissolution of eight silver-based alloys for small casting was investigated under
      dynamic conditions that accelerated abrasive particle wear. The extract was
      separated into filtrate and sediment with a 0.22 micron cellulose acetate filter
      and added to cell culture to study cytotoxicity. Dissolution of silver exhibited
      the highest dissolution into the extract in the alloys tested. Tin was eluted
      from six alloys, and indium from five alloys. Following filtration with a 0.22
      micron filter, silver, tin and indium were not detected in the filtrate. Zinc was
      also eluted from all of the alloys, ranging from 5.073 ppm to 29.52 ppm. The
      amount of zinc in the filtrate was one fifth to tenth of that of the extract.
      Copper was eluted from two alloys. The amounts of copper in the filtrate and
      extract were similar. The extract was most cytotoxic, while the filtrate was also
      cytotoxic except for after one day extraction. The present results demonstrate
      that extraction under dynamic conditions appears to be useful for investigation
      of metal corrosion and cytotoxicity in vitro.

PMID- 2637496
TI  - [Plasmatic value curves of mepivacaine in plexal anesthesia of the upper jaw, the
      spine of Spix and intraligamentary].
AB  - To extend previous, studies, the authors analyzed plasmatic values of mepivacaine
      5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes following administration of the drug. Three routes
      of administration were used: intraligamentary, plexal, at the supramaxillary
      level and troncular, into the Spix spine. The results of the present study
      suggest that absorption of mepivacaine varies from patient to patient, depending
      on individual factors as hepatic metabolism of the drug.

PMID- 2637498
TI  - [Plaque accumulation (S. mutans) in various dental restorative materials and
      fluoro-resins (in vitro)].
AB  - The quantities of in vitro accumulated plaque (S. mutans), cultured in 5% sucrose
      BHI broth, to the surface of PMMA, Co-Cr alloy, porcelain, PTFE, PCTFE, Composite
      PCTFE, and detachment time as an indicator of plaque retaining capacity, were
      measured. The former increased with the increase in surface roughness on all
      materials, except for the Co-Cr alloy, and with contact angles, which suggests
      that hydrophobic interaction may play an important role for formation of plaque
      on materials. By contrast, the quantities of accumulated plaque, cultured in 5%
      sucrose BHI broth containing synthetic saliva constituents, to the surface of
      various materials, also increased with the increase in surface roughness, but
      decreased with values of contact angles, which suggest that the effect of
      hydrophobic interaction on forming plaque to materials seems to be weakened by
      constituents of synthetic saliva.

PMID- 2637499
TI  - [Visible-light cured resin. Selection of reducing agent amine, its appropriate
      amount and effect on physical properties].
AB  - Studies were done to improve the physical properties, especially degree of
      conversion of visible-light cured resin (VLCR), and accordingly to lower its
      water sorption and solubility in water. Trial products of VLCR were prepared
      using various kinds of amine, reducing agent, and the photoinitiator to be mixed
      with cyclophosphazene monomer, 4 PN-(TF)1-(EMA)7. As amines ethyl-p
      dimethylaminobenzoate (DMAB), methacryloxyethyl-p- dimethylaminobenzoate (DMAB
      EMA) and methacryloxyglycidyl-p-dimethylaminobenzoate (DMAB-GMA) were used. Of
      their set products immersed in water and MeOH, their water sorption, solubility
      in water, MeOH sorption and solubility in MeOH were examined. The resin with DMAB
      EMA used was preferable, showing comparatively small solubility. Next, VLCR, with
      various amounts of DMAB-EMA mixed, 0.5-5.0 in mol ratio to photosensitizer (CQ +
      DB), and of their set products water sorption, solubility in water, MeOH
      sorption, solubility in MeOH, THF sorption and their mechanical properties after
      immersion in water were examined. Immersion of the resin products in water and
      MeOH for 30 days, lowered the solubility in water and MeOH to a minimum at the
      mixing ratio of 3.0 in mol ratio. Solubility in MeOH (HPLC) became minimum at 2.0
      in mol ratio, and at less than 2.0, the photosensitizer and monomer were
      dissolved, while at more than 2.0, the photosensitizer and DMAB-EMA were
      dissolved. THF sorption decreased in accordance with the increase in the mixed
      amount of DMAB-EMA, became almost constant at more than 3.0 in mol ratio. The
      compressive strength of set product after immersion in water for 7 days increased
      in accordance with the increase of the mixed amount of DMAB-EMA, while the
      transverse strength also increased up to 2.0 in mol ratio. The optimum reducing
      agent to be mixed with VLCR was DMAB-EMA, and the mixing ratio should be 2.0-3.0
      in mol ratio to photosensitizer.

PMID- 2637500
TI  - [Dental resin for restoration with unsaturated polyester resin used as base
      material. Effect of catalyst, accelerator and subaccelerator on working time,
      setting time and peak temperature].
AB  - The fatal demerit of resin materials which causes a marginal sealing defect or
      marginal fracture is hard to eliminate. A series of studies seeking for dental
      resin for restoration having no polymerization shrinkage, applying polyester
      resin used as base resin. This study was conducted to promote the improvement of
      composite resin, in which the author examined the composition with catalyst,
      accelerator and subaccelerator having preferable working time, setting time and
      peak temperature which is not clear, so as to obtain the fundamental data. In
      accordance with the increase in the amount of catalyst, accelerator and
      subaccelerator added, peak temperature showed a tendency to increase. Contrarily,
      working time and setting time showed a tendency to decrease. The composition
      showing preferable working time, setting time and peak temperature, is as
      follows: to the base resin, polyester with 38 wt% of shrinkage inhibitor mixed,
      catalyst by 1.0 wt%, accelerator by 0.50 wt% and subaccelerator by 0.02 wt% were
      added. The trial product of composite resin a 70 wt% of surface-treated glass
      beads added showed a working time of 2.3 minutes, setting time of 9 minutes and
      peak temperature of 57.0 degrees C, approximately the same values as of
      commercial composite resin.

PMID- 2637501
TI  - [Fracture toughness of human enamel].
AB  - The fracture toughness (KIC) of human enamel was examined by means of Indentation
      Microfracture Method (IM method). The IM method was a simple, efficient and
      economical means to obtain KIC of human enamel. Judging from the relationship
      between load and crack size, a median crack occurred in the range of 2.45-5.88 N,
      and KIC was hardly affected by the difference of surface roughness. KIC of a 58
      year-old man's teeth was 0.61 MPam1/2 in 1 and 0.77 MPam1/2 in 7 and the
      difference was significant (P less than 0.01). KIC differed much from the
      direction of the indenter pressed to enamel rods and the KIC of the direction of
      enamel rods axis I was markedly higher than that of others. In the 58-year-old
      man's 1, KIC was 0.61 MPam1/2 in the direction of enamel rods axis V, 0.66
      MPam1/2 in the direction of H and 0.84 MPam1/2 in the direction of I, and the
      difference was significant (P less than 0.01). The values for a 10-year-old man's
      permanent teeth was slightly higher but showed a similar inclination to the 58
      yer-old man's teeth.

PMID- 2637502
TI  - [Disintegration of visible light-cured composite resins caused by long-term water
      immersion].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to clarify a cause of disintegration of composite
      resins by long-term immersion in distilled water. Three kinds of visible light
      cured composite resins (Heliosit, Plurafil Super and Visio Dispers) and one
      conventional composite resin (Clearfil F II) were prepared as the specimens with
      a 20 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness. These specimens were immersed in distilled
      water at 37 +/- 1 degree C for 3 years. These specimens were analysed and
      observed by a comprehensive multi analyzer and scanning electron microscope. The
      other hand residues in distilled water were analysed by infrared (IR) and nuclear
      magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. The surface layer of all four composite
      resins showed signs of disintegration. The composite resins with abundant
      dissolved substances had disintegrated markedly, and such disintegration occurred
      deep inside the specimens. In IR and 1H-NMR spectra of dissolved substances, two
      visible light-cured composite resins (Heliosit and Plurafil Super) could be
      detected unreacted monomers, but one visible light-cured composite resin (Visio
      Dispers) and one conventional composite resin (Clearfil F II) could not be
      detected them. In 1H-NMR spectra of dissolved substances of all four composite
      resins, new signals not composed originally were observed. The progress of
      disintegration were demonstrated clearly. The dissolved substances were shown as
      the disintegrated substance between resin matrixs and silane coupling agents. It
      is suggested that the disintegration of composite resins by long-term water
      immersion is derived from hydrolysis.

PMID- 2637503
TI  - [Effect of vibration for the rheology of some luting cements].
AB  - Vibrant load is known to be effective to thin the film thickness of various
      luting cements. In this study, a vibrator which can change various conditions
      such as frequency, form of wave were made, and the changes of viscosity, film
      thickness and bond strength were tested statistically. Furthermore, the most
      effective condition for the slurry of some luting cements (i.e. domestic two zinc
      phosphate cements, one polycarboxylate cement and one glass ionomer cement) were
      investigated. The results obtained were as follows. 1) When vibrant load was
      applied to the slurry of cement in the setting process, the rise in viscosity was
      apt to be slower than the same case of static load. 2) The effect of vibration
      appears in the early sixty seconds especially, and the effect varied with the
      kind of cement, frequency or form of wave. 3) Vibration was also effective for
      the increase of compressive strength and of bond strength.

PMID- 2637504
TI  - [Relation of surface texture of fine finishing diamond point for composite resin
      and polished surface of composite resin].
AB  - Distribution of diamond grain size of seven fine finishing diamond points was
      measured by a digital image analyzer. Also influence of diamond grain size of
      fine finishing diamond points on finished surface of two types of visible light
      cured composite resins (semihybrid type and submicron filler type) were
      investigated. Diamond grain size was almost from 10 to 100 microns 2 in area.
      Diamond grain size was closely related to the surface roughness of semihybrid
      type composite resin, although it was not related to that of submicron filler
      type composite resin. Surface roughness of a submicron filler type composite
      resin finished at a low speed was less than that at a high speed. Grain size of
      diamond point and revolution speed may play an important role in surface texture
      of composite resin.

PMID- 2637505
TI  - [Some properties of various composite resin inlay products].
AB  - Several problems associated with materials and clinical techniques are pointed
      out for posterior composite resin restoration. One of the solutions to these
      problems is the application of the indirect composite resin inlays. Three kinds
      of products for composite resin inlay are being marketed at present. We examined
      the mechanical properties, surface roughness and radiopacity for each product.
      Inlay/Onlay (Ivoclar), Brilliant D.I. (Coltene) and CR Inlay (Kuraray) were used
      in this study, and composite resin inlays were fabricated in accordance with the
      manufacturers' instructions. The highest values of mechanical properties after
      immersion in water for 24 hours are shown below: table; see text The mechanical
      properties of the composite resin inlay, subjected to thermal cycling at 4
      degrees C and 60 degrees C for 3 minutes each for 5,000 cycles, tended to
      decrease in comparison with those immersed in water for 24 hours. Inlay/Onlay
      showed the smallest surface roughness (Ra), i.e. the best smoothness value below:
      table; see text The radiopacity was highest for Inlay/Onlay with Brilliant D.I.
      and CR Inlay being successively lower.

PMID- 2637506
TI  - Work patterns of Texas women dentists.

PMID- 2637507
TI  - Practice management and third party payment plans.

PMID- 2637508
TI  - The demographics of dental manpower in Texas.

PMID- 2637509
TI  - [Fluoride intake in a community with low fluoride concentration in drinking
      water].
AB  - The fluoride content of representative samples of the drinking water and diet of
      the inhabitants of Tshikundamalema (Republic of Venda, southern Africa) was
      determined according to the potentiometric method of fluoride analysis. The mean
      daily intake of fluoride of the inhabitants was compared with the recommended
      daily intake of fluoride, as advocated by the Mayo Clinic (USA). Despite the low
      fluoride ion concentration ([F-]) of the drinking water (less than 0.05 mg/l),
      there exists an optimum to above optimum (3,54-5,32 mg F-) daily intake of
      fluoride for the adults in Tshikundamalema. The main source of fluoride intake
      was from beer and green leafy vegetables. The intake of fluoride for the children
      in Tshikundamalema is sub-optimal (0.598 mg F-/day).

PMID- 2637511
TI  - Premedication in dentistry.

PMID- 2637510
TI  - Densitometric evaluation of intra-oral radiographic film-processing solution
      combinations.
AB  - In order to determine the effect of seven film processing solutions on the
      quality of the radiographic image produced on three intra-oral speed group D
      radiographic films, an aluminium step-wedge was used as a phantom and the films
      exposed under standardized conditions. Processing was carried out, using each of
      the seven processing solutions in strict accordance with the manufacturers'
      recommendations. The processed films were subsequently subjected to densitometric
      evaluation and the data pertaining to base plus fog, radiographic contrast,
      density and relative film speed, for each film-processing solution combination,
      were tabulated. The best combination proved to be that of Flow X-ray film and
      Kolchem processing solution.

PMID- 2637512
TI  - Instructions to patients receiving new dentures.

PMID- 2637513
TI  - Glass ionomers and discoloration: a comparative study of the effects of tea and
      coffee on three brands of glass ionomer dental cement.
AB  - This study was undertaken to compare the in vitro discoloration of 3 brands of
      glass ionomer dental cement, Chemfil, Fuji Type II, and Ketac-Fil. Forty-eight
      specimens of each brand were prepared. Sixteen specimens of each brand were
      placed in tea, coffee and, as a control, water. Discoloration was evaluated by
      means of reflection spectrophotometry at 2, 4, 8, and 16 wk. Analysis of the data
      indicated that most discoloration occurred during the first 2 wk of immersion in
      the staining media and a little further discoloration took place between 2 and 16
      wk (p less than 0.05). Tea discoloured glass ionomer more than did coffee (p less
      than 0.05) and Fuji Type II discoloured the most, Ketac-Fil the least whilst the
      discoloration of Chemfil lay between these two (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2637514
TI  - Racial classification in dental literature: is it always necessary?
AB  - The purpose of the present study is to describe and analyse the use of terms
      (black, coloured, white, indian, african and non-white) that classify people for
      research purposes along racial lines. All scientific articles published in the
      Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa, from Jan 1979 to Dec 1988,
      were reviewed. Of the 493 articles covered, 92 made use of one or more of the
      terms, and 10 (11 per cent) either explained, defined, referenced and/or
      justified their use, while 09 per cent of the articles did not do so. Based on
      these reviews, it may be concluded that the use of these terms is not always
      necessary or justified and can reinforce thinking in racial rather than in social
      and behavioural terms. The unjustified usage of racial variables may limit our
      theoretical perspectives and lead us into questionable research.

PMID- 2637515
TI  - Chronic maxillary sinusitis resulting from displacement of impression material
      into the maxillary antrum: a case report.

PMID- 2637516
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a South-African high-copper alloy.

PMID- 2637517
TI  - [Natural teeth as oral health indicator].
AB  - It is considered viable to plane an improvement in the oral health status of a
      population. To do this requires the involvement of clinical indicator in the
      establishment of a system of oral health care. These indicators must be
      objective, reproducable, sensitive and specific in there epidemiological
      application. There is an international consensus that for the joung, caries
      serves as a well definer indicator, while for adults the remaining functional
      teeth (or the edentulous state). Appropriate strategies achievable within a
      specified period of time for the maintenance of oral health must be established
      on a national, regional or territorial basis.

PMID- 2637518
TI  - [Caries decline and changing pattern of dental therapy].
AB  - The most striking feature of some industrialized countries is a dramatic
      reduction of the prevalence of dental caries among school-aged children. As a
      result, teeth are being retained longer than before and it is possible that the
      incidence of caries--especially root caries--is increasing. It is an error of
      judgement that dentistry becomes simplier. With the increase of life span there
      will be an increase of needs for restorative dentistry in the older age groups of
      the population. The dentist of the future has to be a flexible practitioner who
      has had a broader based education.

PMID- 2637519
TI  - [Progression and stagnation of caries].
AB  - When carious lesions are forming, it is possible that they progress rapidly, but
      slow progress up to complete stagnation also may occur. Which mode of development
      prevails depends on the demineralization potential in the oral cavity, but also
      on remineralizing factors. Infrequent sugar pulses and careful plaque removal
      diminish the cariogenic forces; stagnation of lesion formation and preservation
      of integrity are favoured by ample salivary secretions, high mineral content of
      the diet and lifelong frequent availability of small amounts of fluoride.

PMID- 2637520
TI  - [Risk of periodontitis--etiology and assessment].
AB  - Highly pathogenic microbiota, mixed infections and opportunistic species are the
      major etiological factor in periodontal diseases, the progression is then
      modified by known or unknown host factors. Selection of periodontitis-risk
      individuals is in most cases difficult. Nevertheless epidemiologic data of 2263
      subjects show clearly risk age groups (45-54 year and older) and risk teeth.
      Patients at risk age and risk teeth have to be followed up carefully. The
      individual risk for deep pocketing and/or attachment loss can be detected on the
      basis of bleeding after treatment, rapid attachment loss (greater than 1-2 mm/yr)
      and trends in colonization/recolonization of pathogenic subgingival flora.

PMID- 2637521
TI  - [Changes in clinical diagnosis].
AB  - Historical view of diagnostic reveals a permanent change which depends on epochs
      of social development. Physicians relationship with patients in the age of
      scientifical and technical revolution is liabel to special influences which are
      discussed and admits of conclusions for clinical diagnosis in dentistry.

PMID- 2637522
TI  - [Maxillary orthopedic intervention in an adult].
AB  - Dependent on psychological and physiological advantages of an orthodontic therapy
      with removable appliances in an early stage of dentition, difficulties,
      spezifities and disadvantages of orthodontic treatment in adults are represented.
      Possibilities of an useful engagement will be suggested.

PMID- 2637523
TI  - [Acceptance of the dental care for the elderly and old people].
AB  - By way of introduction, there is represented the value of oral health in view of
      the well-being and physical powers of aged persons. Rfefering to literary
      findings and own test results, the psychosocial problems which have to be
      considered in the stomatological attendance of aged citizens are analysed. In
      this connection, there are defined especially those factors wich have a positive
      or negative influence, respectively on the demands of aged citizens as to the
      attendence. Concluding, there is put emphasis on the tasks which arise in the
      field of education, instruction, continued professional training and medical
      care.

PMID- 2637524
TI  - [Effects of the altering claims to treatment on the dentist's profession].
AB  - A genuine commitment to Health for All (HFA) in the European Region implies that
      there must be a new approach to health. It presupposes a change of emphasis in
      favour of health promotion and disease prevention, the appropriate use of
      resources, optimum management of health institutions, and a reorientation in the
      planning, training and utilization of health professionals. The well-known recent
      changes in oral disease patterns combined with the overall economical constraints
      in the health sector call for integrated, coordinated planning of preventive and
      treatment services for oral health, as well as for appropriate manpower
      production. The effect of these changes in the oral health status will force
      dentists to perform work previously left to the specialists, and for which their
      training is deficient, and others will shift to perform tasks for which their
      training and experience are inappropriate and excessive. However, experiences
      have shown that it is not enough just to change the dental curriculum.
      Educational goals of teaching objectives should also include a strong element of
      behavioural sciences aimed at motivating not only the students, but also the
      teachers, to develop a philosophy based on the premise that the ultimate goal of
      the dental profession is to be responsible for and to provide the highest
      possible level of oral health for each individual in the society.

PMID- 2637525
TI  - [Professional scientific disponibility and ethic competence of the dentist of
      future].
AB  - With respect to the epidemiologic, methodologic, and conceptional changes in
      stomatology, to the demographic and sociologic changes in the population, and
      with regard to the structural and organisatoric conditions of dental care in GDR,
      there are made proposals for main principles of teaching and education: 1.
      increase of biological comprehension of the oral phenomena, 2. individualization
      of common strategies of dental care as a scientific field for the students, 3.
      teaching of broadspread knowledges of basic sciences of medicine and stomatology
      as foundation of development of a high professional ethos.

PMID- 2637526
TI  - [Dentist's continued professional training and development].
AB  - A high level of qualification is the most important factor for the increase of
      common labour capacity. The pregraduate and graduate education of the dentist in
      GDR is regulated according to present and future need. Actually the accent must
      be put on postgraduate teaching of dentists.

PMID- 2637527
TI  - [Bullet injuries in the maxillary-facial range. Report on experiences of
      treatment of 60 patients at the Gondar College of Medical Sciences in Ethiopia].
AB  - A report on the management of 60 patients with missile injuries to the soft and
      bony tissues of the maxillofacial region is given. The period between the injury
      and the beginning of the treatment was on the average 2.2 days. There were 15
      penetrating, 36 perforating and 9 avulsive wounds. A primary wound closure was
      carried out after gentle debridement of the soft and bony tissues and the using
      of the bone suturing as the only method of fixation. In 4 cases the secundary
      wound closure was performed following an open wound management. There was a
      primary wound healing in 31 patients. The 22 cases of disturbed wound healing
      partly associated with osteomyelitis occurred frequently in patients suffering
      from perforating wounds who came to the the hospital more than 4 days following
      the injury.

PMID- 2637528
TI  - [Development of ambulant maxillary surgery and relation to surgical treatment
      within general stomatology].
AB  - The development of operative efficiency of an outpatient department of
      maxillofacial surgery was analyzed. From the proportion of the general dental
      surgical responsibility and from the results of an inquiry about the criteria of
      the surgical treatment in general stomatology, conclusions are derived for the
      postgraduate training.

PMID- 2637529
TI  - [Dependence of bleeding provocation on the probing force for diagnostics and
      progress evaluation of inflammatory periodontal diseases].
AB  - The suitability of bleeding provocation in the gingival sulcus in dependence on
      the probing pressure is examined as an early sign of gingivitis. In preliminary
      tests it has been found that the individual exertion in probing is varying
      strongly between the examiners but the intraindivudual force application varies
      only slightly. During the force application of 0.3 N or 0.6 N corresponding to a
      inflammatory signs of colour and form change of the gingiva. The symptoms had
      been classified into SBI, PBI and GI indices. With a probing force of 0.3 N
      considerably less gingival units are diagnosed diseased than by determination of
      colour and form change. Only with increased force application of 0.6 N
      corresponding to a pressure of 227 N/cm2 the bleeding symptom represents an early
      diagnostic sign. To determine the therapeutical success by an examiner the
      correlations of bleeding reductions are maintained.

PMID- 2637530
TI  - [Influence of preventive measures on caries increase in preschool children].
AB  - By means of a longitudinal study in which only tablet fluoridation was applied
      the carioprotective effect of complement measures in comparison to a test group
      has been investigated. A further reduction of caries increase of over 60% occurs
      by complex preventive programmes.

PMID- 2637531
TI  - [Juveniles' education for oral health. 1. Juveniles' position to health of teeth
      and stomatological care in children].
AB  - About one forth each of juveniles aged between 12 and 16 years which have been
      questioned in a written form to the topic of health declare a particular positive
      attitude towards a healthy way of live or a negative attitude towards dental
      health. The compliance of juveniles to dental care is influenced both by sex,
      age, achievements at school, family, group integration and their motivation
      structure and by paedodontics care.

PMID- 2637532
TI  - [Work hygiene study on dust from processing of Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys in the
      dental laboratory].
AB  - The work hygienical limit rates are with processing of Gisadent NCA and KCM
      essentially exceeded without a suited exhaustion at the working place. The
      efficiency of napkin and protection shield is limited. An effective exhaustion
      device is required.

PMID- 2637533
TI  - [Receptor functions of the mouth mucosa and their influence by prosthetic
      therapy].
AB  - The oralstereognostic and muscular-motoric ability of patients wearing different
      removable partial dentures was examined with the aid of different testbodies. As
      shown by the results the lingual-dental shill of patients was improved by
      dentures and denture adaptation was mainly dependent on the age of the person and
      not on extrusion.

PMID- 2637534
TI  - [Report on experiences with a one-year action at the Gondar College of Medical
      Sciences in Ethiopia. 3. Influence of diabetes mellitus on the teeth supporting
      apparatus].
AB  - Systemic diseases--like diabetes mellitus--are able to injure the local and
      common resistance of an organism. Therefore we must expect a more intensive and
      severer progress of gingivitis and periodontitis in diabetic patients in
      comparison with a non-diabetic control-group. On the Gondar College of Medical
      Sciences in Northwest-Ethiopia are investigated 77 Insulin-obliged diabetics and
      312 persons for control by means of the plaque-Index, the Oral-Hygiene-Index
      simplified. The DMF/T-Index and the Gingivitis-respectively Periodontal-Disease
      Index for evaluation of the oral health situation. The comparison shows that the
      diabetic group has a moderate higher Plaque-pictures of gingivitis or
      periodontitis. This confirms our opinion that the diabetes mellitus is a risk
      factor for the development of periodontal diseases. Therefore patients with
      diabetes mellitus should perform a very intensive care for mouth-hygiene.

PMID- 2637535
TI  - [Application of information technology in orthodontics. 2. Application of a
      proportional databank system for the realization of a computer assisted patient
      record system].
AB  - The presently existing microcomputer technology makes the realization of a
      computer assisted patient record system possible in the practice of orthodontics.
      Advantages and disadvantages of the application of the software used were
      examined and statements concerning practical pertinence were formulated.

PMID- 2637536
TI  - [Relationships between dysgnathias, mode of formation of the sound S and abnormal
      deglutition].
AB  - In this study it is tried to clear how much there exist correlations between
      sigmatisms and abnormal deglutition of patients with dysgnathias. It was found of
      535 patients of an orthodontic department that abnormal swallowing of patients
      with dysgnathias having a sigmatism with a probability of error of 1% appears
      highly significantly more often than of patients with dysgnathias without
      sigmatism. With nearly 50% of persons with sigmatism in the same time showing a
      dysgnathia may be expected an abnormal mode of deglutition. Relationship between
      abnormal swallowing and sigmatisms is with 76.47% especially high at "protruding
      of the lower jaw", followed by "open bite" with 75%, then "extendet overjet" with
      47.78%, whereas at "lack of room" this relationship may be observed at 35.42% of
      the cases.

PMID- 2637537
TI  - [Some reflections on orthodontic treatment of adult patients from social point of
      view].
AB  - Starting from a statistical inquiry of 141 adult patients with anomalous set of
      teeth author comments on problems of late dental treatment. The therapeutical
      responsibility of orthodontists in cases of late treatment is emphasized. In
      taking decisions on therapy social points of view are to be taken into
      consideration.

PMID- 2637538
TI  - [Annual mass examinations to epidemiology of dysgnathisms of city children
      attending creches].
AB  - In a period of twelve years (1975-1986) the children of the group 2(6)/12-3 years
      old were investigated in the creches of Berlin-Mitte district. The frequency of
      dysgnathisms is constant nearly 50%. In contrary to this the frequency of caries
      has decreased continuously. It is necessary to treat habits as soon as possible.
      Unfavourable cases of habits strengthen the tendency to dysgnathisms. In cases
      the tendency can not removed by preventive management, the treatment of temporary
      teeth by functional orthodontic management should be required.

PMID- 2637539
TI  - [Investigations of stomatologic lighting equipment].
AB  - 12 types of stomatologic lighting equipment were investigated with regard to
      their specific luminous intensity. The examination of the thermal radiation of
      the lighting equipment included subjective evaluations. Conclusions were drawn in
      order to improve the lighting.

PMID- 2637540
TI  - [A comparative study of the main components of the nucleolus in different
      populations of rat trophoblast cells during differentiation. I. The nucleoli of
      the trophoblast cells in the labyrinth section of the placenta].
AB  - The nucleolus undergoes some steps of structural transformation during
      differentiation of the labyrinth trophoblast cells. Primarily (on day 13 of
      gestation) the nucleolar components become rather disjoined. The nucleolus is
      composed of a loose net of strands of granulofibrillar and dense fibrillar
      components bearing fibrillar centers (FCs). Strands are separated by large
      lacunae. This rare-occurring type of nucleoli is replaced on the next (14th) day
      by the nucleolonemal type and later--by the compact nucleolar type. FCs with
      dense fibrillar component strands become extended into the masses of
      granulofibrillar component. Such transformations of nucleolar structure seem to
      be an expression of a fast-proceeding differentiation of the labyrinth
      trophoblast cells.

PMID- 2637541
TI  - [A comparative study of the main components of the nucleolus in different
      populations of rat trophoblast cells during differentiation. II. The nucleoli of
      the trophospongium cells, the glycogen cells and the secondary giant cells].
AB  - A comparative study was performed of the arrangement of different nucleolar
      components during differentiation of trophoblast cell populations in the
      junctional zone of placenta (glycogen cells and trophospongium) and in the
      secondary giant cells. Each cell type is characterized by specific interrelation
      of nucleolar components. Some glycogen cells show signs of segregation of
      nucleolar components: strands of nucleolar components with fibrillar centers
      (FCs) are displaced to the periphery of the nucleolus and contact with the
      perinucleolar chromatin. Large reticular nucleoli in trophospongium cells contain
      many FCs which are gathered into several "chains" by strands of dense fibrillar
      component. Such a "chain" has also been found in nucleoli of secondary giant
      cells, with greater number of FCs in each "chain". Relationship between the
      arrangement of nucleolar components and the level of cell differentiation is
      discussed.

PMID- 2637542
TI  - [The cytoskeletal organization of epithelial cells in culture].
AB  - Cytoskeleton organization of cultured normal epithelial cells (epithelium of
      newborn mouse kidney, mouse and rat hepatocytes) was studied using electron
      microscopy of platinum replicas. These cells in culture were firmly connected
      with each other and formed multicellular islands. Pseudopodial activity was
      observed only at the free edges of marginal cells of the islands. Cytoskeleton in
      the vicinity of such active edges included several structurally different zones.
      The most peripheral zone contained dense actin meshwork. More inner "sparse" zone
      contained loose actin filament network. Next zone in the same direction was the
      lamella proper. It contained individual microfilaments and their bundles or
      meshwork patches. Microtubules and intermediate filaments were also present in
      the lamella proper. The characteristic feature of the central (endoplasmic)
      region of the marginal cells of the islands was the presence of the submembranous
      microfilament sheath. Microfilaments in the sheath were densely packed.
      Individual fibers were visible along a significant distance. The inner cells in
      the epithelial islands had no zonal organization of the cytoskeleton. The
      endoplasmic microfilament sheath occupied the whole dorsal cell surface in these
      cells. Different epithelia studied here had some variations in the relative width
      of cytoskeletal zones. The organization of cytoskeleton in the epithelial cells
      has many features in common with that in fibroblasts. Possible mechanisms of
      establishment of the zonal cytoskeletal organization in both the cell types are
      discussed.

PMID- 2637543
TI  - [Disorders of the actin cytoskeleton in transformed epithelial cells].
AB  - The actin cytoskeleton of 8 transformed epithelial cell lines was studied using
      electron microscopy of platinum replicas. Seven of these lines belonged to the
      IAR series of rat liver epithelial cells, being at different stages of neoplastic
      progression. One cell line (FBT) was derived from the epithelium of bovine fetal
      trachea. The extent of actin cytoskeleton alteration in cell lines studied has
      been shown to correlate with other signs of neoplastic transformation. Among
      various actin-containing cell structures (microfilament bundles, actin meshwork
      at active edges, cell-cell adherence junctions, and endoplasmic microfilament
      sheath) the latter was the most sensitive to transformation. The loosening of the
      sheath and the alteration of its fine structure were observed in all the cell
      lines. The degree of these changes increased in the following order: FBT; non
      tumorigenic IAR lines; IAR lines transformed in vitro; IAR lines obtained from
      the latter by single or double selection in vivo. The alteration of sheath was
      the only disturbance of actin cytoskeleton in FBT cells, whereas in other groups
      of epithelial cell lines some other changes occurred. These involved disruption
      of actin-containing intercellular junctions, the cell polarization accompanied by
      progressive shortening of length of the cell active edge containing actin
      meshwork, and disappearance or reorganization of microfilament bundles.

PMID- 2637544
TI  - [The morphological characteristics of the chondriome of human lymphoblastoid
      cells producing the human immunodeficiency virus].
AB  - The mitochondrial complex condition of continuous CEMT4 cell line infected by the
      human immunodeficiency virus has been investigated. The mitochondrial morphology
      of these and of intact cells was similar in great extent, though several changes
      were observed. For example, mitochondrial profiles with multiple dichotomous
      branches and anastomosis cristae were noted in the former. These changes resulted
      in the augmentation of the inner membrane square of mitochondrion. The formation
      of mitochondrial clusters connected with special junctions was a very
      characteristic part of the infected cell. Contacts were seen to be formed between
      the outer membranes neighboring profiles. These contacts look as X-like little
      bridges, or net-like or plate-like structures. The mutual transition of all these
      structures was observed using goniometer adapter. As has been shown by the three
      dimensional reconstruction of mitochondrial junction zones, this area is
      presented by a single mitochondrion being structurally very complicated and very
      large in size compared to the neighbouring ones.

PMID- 2637545
TI  - [An electron microscopic study of neuronal development in organotypic cultures of
      the anlage of the cerebral cortex from a human embryo].
AB  - Data are provided on cytodifferentiation of the cerebral cortex cultured cells
      taken from 10-12 week old embryos of man. It is shown that low differentiated
      neuroblasts well survive in culture for 21 days. Mature granular cells and middle
      pyramidal neurons are revealed in cultures. The number of morphological criteria
      may testify to the maturity of neurons: the presence of the Nissl substance,
      differentiation of dendrites and axons; the presence of various types of
      synapses. The absence of myelinized fibres testifies to the insufficient maturity
      of the cultures, that is probably associated with employing the low
      differentiated nervous tissue for cultivation and with insufficient cultivation
      period.

PMID- 2637546
TI  - [Dynamics of left ventricular contraction in patients with myocardial infarction
      after hospital rehabilitation, assessed by Doppler echocardiography].
AB  - The reported study was carried out in 30 men with myocardial infarction. In all
      cases after completion of rehabilitation treatment in hospital the exercise test
      was done on cycle ergometer and echocardiographic examination was performed (TM,
      2D and Doppler). The patients were divided into two groups depending on the size
      of the necrotic zone (limited or extensive infarction in ECG) and physical
      fitness (low and high) determined by means of the PCW-170 test. In such formed
      groups certain left-ventricular contraction parameters (PEP, PEPI, LVET, LVETI,
      PEP/LVET, CO) were calculated by means of Doppler echocardiography. It was found
      that after hospital rehabilitation the patients with extensive myocardial
      infarction had significantly lower values of LVETI, SV, CO and higher PEP/LVET
      value in relation to patients with limited infraction zone, which suggested worse
      left-ventricular contraction. Moreover, patients with lower physical fitness had
      worse left ventricular contraction activity (significantly lower values of LVET,
      LVETI, SV, CO, and higher value of PEP/LVET) than patients with better fitness.
      Thus the indices describing the left-ventricular contraction activity calculated
      by means of Doppler echocardiography correlated well with fitness and infraction
      zone size. The method of Doppler echocardiography is useful for determination of
      left-ventricular contraction activity after myocardial infraction and for
      programming of exercises during rehabilitation treatment in hospital.

PMID- 2637547
TI  - [Bacterial endocarditis in clinical and echocardiographic observations].
AB  - Twenty-one patients with infectious endocarditis are reported. The diagnosis was
      based on finding of at least three clinical symptoms and signs, including
      systemic manifestations, cardiovascular signs such as the appearance of a new or
      changing symptoms of cardiac failure, episodes of embolism and abnormalities in
      laboratory investigations and features of valvular involvement by the
      inflammatory process, principal changing endocardium image was evidence of an
      active inflammatory process. The aetiological factors, diagnostic difficulties,
      therapeutic results and the usefulness of echocardiography in the diagnosis of
      infectious endocarditis are discussed.

PMID- 2637548
TI  - [Comparison of the chemical composition of bile calculi in the gallbladder and in
      bile ducts].
AB  - After a brief survey of the literature and description of the methods of the
      study the results are presented of macroscopic, microscopic and chemical analysis
      of bile calculi obtained during operations from the gallbladder and bile ducts
      from patients with cholelithiasis. The results showed that cholesterol was the
      main component of the calculi and that age and sex had no effect on the chemical
      composition of the calculi: no significant differences were found in the
      composition of the gallbladder calculi as compared to the calculi from the bile
      ducts.

PMID- 2637549
TI  - [Late results of Horton's headache treatment using peripheral stimulation].
AB  - The effects were assessed of peripheral stimulation (chemical acupuncture and
      electroacupuncture) on the character of pain and duration of remission in 48
      patients with Horton's headaches. A direct analgesic effect was obtained in about
      48% of cases, and a prolongation of the time interval without pain was 2 to 21
      times longer than the duration of the longest interval without pain before the
      treatment with acupuncture in about 40% of cases. In some cases, despite absence
      of a direct analgesic effect, prolongation of remission was obtained.

PMID- 2637550
TI  - [Difficulties in diagnosing immunologically determined disease syndromes].
AB  - A case of amyloidosis is presented in a man aged 21 years, discussing the
      diagnostic difficulties in immunologically-determined syndromes, and considerable
      serious consequences of their inappropriate treatment. On the margin of this case
      important problems are discussed connected with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,
      rheumatic fever and amyloidosis.

PMID- 2637551
TI  - [A rarely observed cause of renal artery stenosis and subsequent arterial
      hypertension].
AB  - An atypical and very rare case of renovascular hypertension is described.
      Hypertension was caused by compression of the renal artery by a crus of the
      diaphragm.

PMID- 2637552
TI  - [Idiopathic rupture of the common femoral artery].
AB  - A patient is reported in whom idiopathic rupture of the common femoral artery
      occurred as a result of atherosclerotic lesions. Surgical treatment included
      implantation of vascular prosthesis. The patient died after 23 days from
      pulmonary complications, despite well developed blood flow to the leg and well
      healed wound.

PMID- 2637553
TI  - [Asymptomatic gallbladder perforation].
AB  - A case is reported of a retroperitoneal tumour developing after perforation of
      gallbladder containing calculi. The disease pattern was due to asymptomatic
      course of the perforation, which occurrence is as a rule a dramatic outcome of
      cholecystitis.

PMID- 2637554
TI  - [Renal fistula as preparation for ureteral reconstruction].
AB  - A female patient is described in whom during caesarean section the lower segment
      of the left ureter was injured with development of ureterovaginal fistula and
      left-sided hydronephrosis. The creation of temporary renal fistula by
      percutaneous renal puncture removed the urine from the hydronephrosis and made
      possible delaying of ureteral reconstruction for 3 months.

PMID- 2637555
TI  - [Realization of vocational and the profession-ethical responsibility of dentists
      and mechanics].

PMID- 2637556
TI  - [Experimental evaluation of Alginat-impression materials: surface and
      reproduction of details].

PMID- 2637557
TI  - [Light devices for photopolymerization of dental plastics].

PMID- 2637558
TI  - [Comparison of dental plasters].

PMID- 2637559
TI  - [Basic-technological procedures in dental mechanics].

PMID- 2637560
TI  - [Occupational diseases of stomatological vocational groups in special regard to
      dental technicians].

PMID- 2637561
TI  - [Cooperation of head dental technician and head stomatological nurse in
      dentistry].

PMID- 2637562
TI  - [Analysis of prosthetic care in the GDR and resulting demands for continued
      training in the present and in the future].

PMID- 2637563
TI  - [Theory and practice of the mechanically processable glass ceramics in model
      tests].

PMID- 2637564
TI  - [Significance of fixed devices in orthodontic therapy. Selected treatment
      remedies].

PMID- 2637565
TI  - [Modifications of the Klammt-elastic-open-activator. 1. Introduction].

PMID- 2637566
TI  - [Significance, construction and function of memory for "Working- and controlling
      process information in dental labs"].

PMID- 2637568
TI  - [Study group, "Dental mechanics". Work pattern and position].

PMID- 2637567
TI  - [Working place extractor to increase occupational health protection].

PMID- 2637569
TI  - [Clinical and technological experiences of application of complete ceramic
      bridges].

PMID- 2637570
TI  - [Work and construction forms for dental technicians].

PMID- 2637571
TI  - [Planning material need in the laboratories for stomatological technics on the
      basis of material consumption].

PMID- 2637572
TI  - [Application of minicomputers for improvement of stomatological care. Part 2].

PMID- 2637573
TI  - [Medical school training for dental technicians with hearing defect as a
      professional rehabilitation].

PMID- 2637574
TI  - Update in gastritis and related disorders.

PMID- 2637575
TI  - Reflux gastritis.
AB  - Examination of biopsies from post-operative stomachs led to a realisation that a
      hitherto poorly documented histological picture was consistently found in
      patients with entero-gastric reflux. This "reflux gastritis" is characterized by
      foveolar hyperplasia, oedema and vasodilatation in the lamina propria, and a
      paucity of acute and chronic inflammatory cells. The severity of reflux gastritis
      is significantly related to high bile acid levels in fasting gastric juice and to
      a high pH-possibly reflecting alkaline reflux. Of further interest, reflux
      gastritis scores are inversely related to H. pylori positivity. We have
      demonstrated that DU patients, who are almost universally H. pylori positive
      preoperatively, develop a H. pylori negative reflux gastritis following
      operations that permit entero-gastric reflux, but not after highly selective
      vagotomy. The disappearance of H. pylori in reflux is likely to be a consequence
      of disruption of the mucus-bicarbonate barrier and the bile and acid intolerance
      of the organism. Recognition of reflux gastritis is important for the
      histopathologist in providing an explanation for marked foveolar hyperplasia in
      the absence of an inflammatory cell infiltrate. This appearance has frequently
      been interpreted as pre-malignant dysplasia instead of the simple regenerative
      change that it represents. It is also important for the clinician in providing a
      correlate with symptomatology, and for predicting those patients who are most
      likely to benefit from restorative (bile-diverting) surgery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2637576
TI  - [Lymphocytic gastritis].
AB  - Lymphocytic gastritis is a new histopathological entity characterized by a dense
      lymphocytic infiltration of the gastric surface and pit epithelium. The diagnosis
      relies upon lymphocyte counts which are always far beyond the values obtained in
      other types of gastritis. The clinical presentation of lymphocytic gastritis is
      characterized, in the majority of cases, by weight loss and anorexia.
      Endoscopically it corresponds to a complex pattern of enlarged rugae and often
      eroded (aphthoid) nodules. Our studies have shown a close correlation between
      lymphocytic gastritis and diffuse or corporeal varioliform gastritis. On the
      contrary, there is no relationship between lymphocytic gastritis and antral
      varioliform gastritis which exhibits heterogeneous histological features.
      Lymphocytic gastritis is a chronic disease which can evolve over long periods; it
      can however cure spontaneously (about half of the cases) after a delay of one to
      two years. The aetiology and pathogenesis are unknown. The histological
      similarity with coeliac disease suggests a possible role of immunological
      factors.

PMID- 2637577
TI  - Morphological evidence of Campylobacter pylori pathogenicity in chronic gastritis
      and peptic ulcer.
AB  - Campylobacter pylori (CP) were found in 84% of 384 patients with chronic
      gastritis and in none of 49 subjects without inflammation. CP were present in
      similar percentages among patients with active (90%) or healed peptic ulcer
      (84%), as well as in non-ulcerous dyspepsia complicated by gastritis (91%).
      Cytoplasmic vacuolization and swelling of foveolar-superficial cells with
      adhering bacteria, micropapillae and microerosions were commonly found in CP
      infected mucosa. In 100 cases with gastritis both intraepithelial granulocytes
      and epithelial lesions were prominent features of heavily CP-infected antral
      mucosa. The occurrence of some cases with abundant, adhering CP but lacking
      epithelial lesions is in keeping with the different ability of various CP-strains
      to produce cytotoxins. In 16 of 19 children with type B chronic gastritis
      antibacterial therapy eradicated CP. This was followed by resolution or striking
      improvement of gastritis and disappearance of epithelial lesions. These data
      provide further morphological evidence of direct cytotoxic activity of CP toward
      gastric mucosal cells.

PMID- 2637578
TI  - [Anatomo-pathological classification of gastric tumors].
AB  - Pathological classification of gastric tumours. The authors propose a
      pathological classification of gastric tumours based on topography of lesions.
      The tumours are related to their origin and localization in the gastric wall:
      mucosal, extramucosal and metastatic. Among the mucosal tumours, the most
      frequent are benign polyps, mostly of the hyperplastic type. The classification
      of mucosal malignant tumours (adenocarcinomas) is dual: macroscopic and
      microscopic. From the macroscopic point of view, the authors recommend Borrman's
      classification for invasive cancer and Murakami's classification for early
      cancer. At the microscopic level, they suggest Lauren's classification in
      intestinal and diffuse forms or Ming's classification in expanding and
      infiltrating types. The decreasing incidence of gastric adenocarcinomas in
      Western countries has artificially increased the relative frequency of gastric
      lymphomas. The differential diagnosis with reactive lymphoid hyperplasias may
      sometimes be troublesome for the pathologist. Among extramucosal tumours, the
      most frequent are stromal tumours, formerly called leiomyomas and
      leiomyosarcomas; most are benign. The criteria of malignity are: tumour size,
      focal necrosis, hypercellularity and mitotic index. The metastatic tumours are
      mostly melanomas and mammary carcinomas.

PMID- 2637579
TI  - [Gastric metaplasia and dysplasia. Relationship to cancer].
AB  - The histogenesis of gastric cancer is still hypothetical. A major difficulty in
      attempting to define the different steps of gastric carcinogenesis is the great
      confusion of terminology concerning the epithelial abnormalities, such as
      metaplasia and dysplasia. The author proposes the following definitions.
      Metaplasia is the transformation of a normal tissue into another normal tissue
      with different structure and functions. Hyperplasia is characterized by an
      increased number of cells but without modification of tissue organization.
      Neoplasia is a tissue neoformation linked to an excessive cell proliferation.
      Dysplasia, in gastric pathology, is an acquired abnormality of cell
      multiplication implicating evolution toward malignity but with phenotype
      expression confined only to the epithelium. Based on strict morphological
      criteria, the diagnosis of dysplasia leads to the diagnosis of intra-epithelial
      carcinoma, which is important for the preventive treatment of gastric cancer.

PMID- 2637580
TI  - Cell renewal and cancer risk of the stomach: analysis of cell proliferation
      kinetics in atrophic gastritis.
AB  - We examined cell proliferation kinetics of gastric mucosa in 28 patients affected
      by chronic atrophic gastritis by means of autohistoradiography of biopsies
      incubated with tritiated thymidine. The results have been compared with those
      obtained from 12 patients with normal gastric mucosa. In chronic atrophic
      gastritis, patients showed a proliferative pattern similar to controls. The
      remaining patients had an increased number of replicating cells together with an
      expansion of the proliferative compartment towards the surface of the mucosa.
      These results suggest that in chronic atrophic gastritis, as far as cell
      proliferation is concerned, two subgroups of patients with two different levels
      of risk of developing gastric cancer exist. The first one, showing an expansion
      of the proliferating area, probably is at higher risk. As a matter of fact, such
      an abnormality expresses an alteration of cell growth control similar to that
      observed in preneoplastic conditions of the colon and in gastric mucosa of
      animals treated with carcinogenic substances.

PMID- 2637581
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia in children: conditioning
      with cyclophosphamide and total lymphoid irradiation.
AB  - We used preparative regimens consisting of cyclophosphamide and total lymphoid
      irradiation in 4 children with severe aplastic anemia undergoing allogeneic bone
      marrow transplantation. All 4 children engrafted successfully in spite of the
      number of donors exposed in the previous blood components transfusion. Three of 4
      transplanted children have survived for 390 days, 540 days, and 1,235 days
      respectively. One child died of graft-versus-host disease related sepsis. The
      actual survival rate was 75% at one year. Further efforts must be aimed at the
      elimination of graft-versus-host disease and the control of fatal infections.

PMID- 2637582
TI  - Development of auditory brainstem evoked response in normal Chinese children.
AB  - The average brainstem evoked potentials elicited by auditory click stimuli were
      recorded from 144 normal Chinese children including the age groups of newborns, 6
      weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 to 5 years, 5 to 10 years and 10 to
      15 years. The auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were analyzed for peak
      latencies, interpeak latencies and wave configuration in each group. The
      latencies of the wave components decreased with age. The auditory function
      related to peripheral transmission (PT) and central (brainstem) transmission (CT)
      was shown to mature at different rates. PT reached the adult pattern around the
      age of 3 months; whereas CT matched that of adult until or soon after 1 year of
      age. In addition, the waveforms of ABR display an independent course for
      development. By 6 months of age, the adult configuration replaces the infantile
      response. Longitudinal follow-ups on several subjects paralleled the transverse
      data. It is estimated that the first one year of life is the critical period for
      the development of auditory function postnatally, both peripheral and central
      pathways. ABR is a very reliable test to show the maturational changes of
      auditory and brainstem function.

PMID- 2637583
TI  - Facioscapulohumeral type spinal muscular atrophy: report of a case.
AB  - A case of muscular weakness and atrophy with a facioscapulohumeral distribution
      is described in this report. The neurogenic origin, as judged from the results of
      laboratory studies, is discussed. The diagnosis and classification of the spinal
      muscular atrophy syndrome are also discussed. Facioscapulohumeral type spinal
      muscular atrophy is thought to constitute a distinct form of spinal muscular
      atrophy.

PMID- 2637584
TI  - Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation: report of a
      case.
AB  - We describe a case of "hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal
      fluctuation". The three-year-old girl had idiopathic progressive dystonia for 4
      months. She had most of the characteristics described by Segawa in 1976 (small
      age of onset, marked diurnal fluctuation, predominant limb involvement, and
      dramatic relief of symptoms with small doses of L-dopa) except that there is no
      known family history. Her symptoms disappeared the second day after receiving L
      dopa 20mg/kg/day. Dystonia would resume with the same speed if L-dopa was
      withdrawn. We have followed this case for more than one year till now. There is
      no dystonia or side-effect of drug at present. It is probably a sporadic case.
      The correct diagnosis and treatment is important for this kind of patient.

PMID- 2637585
TI  - [Gilles de la Tourette syndrome associated with epileptiform discharges: report
      of three cases].
AB  - This report presents the clinical observation of 3 cases of Gilles de la Tourette
      Syndrome (GTS) with epileptiform discharge of electroencephalogram (EEG). During
      the past 2 years (1986-1987), 8 cases of GTS were diagnosed in the pediatric
      department of National Taiwan University Hospital. Three of them presented
      epileptiform discharges. Diffuse bilateral parieto-occipital spikes in waking and
      light sleep periods were noted in case 1, who was a 10-year-old girl. Case 2 was
      a 9-year-old boy, his EEG showed sporadic spikes over right fronto-central area
      during light sleep. In case 3, a 6-year-old boy, frequent sharps and spikes
      appeared in left centro-temporal area in waking and sleep EEG. Case 3 had
      received antiepileptic therapy. The EEG recovered to normal, the symptoms of the
      involuntary movement became more prominent. All of the 3 cases improved
      significantly after haloperidol monotherapy. Based on the clinical observations
      and literature review, we noted that the incidence of epileptiform discharge in
      GTS was higher than that in nonepileptic normal population. Although some authors
      suggested that a seizure state possibly play a subtle role in the genesis of
      Tourette's symptoms, this inference was not supported by our experience. We
      observed that haloperidol was effective to this syndrome with or without
      epileptiform discharge. Therefore, antiepileptic agents, which might alter the
      metabolism of dopamine, was not recommended for treating GTS patients.

PMID- 2637586
TI  - [A study of insertional length of umbilical artery catheters in newborns].
AB  - To correlate the neonatal body measurements that best predict insertional length
      of the umbilical artery catheter (UAC), we performed this study with two separate
      parts. In part I, we collected 120 cases with indication for umbilical artery
      catheterization from Mackay Memorial Hospital during December 1986 to November
      1987. They were randomly divided into 4 groups and in each group the internal
      catheter length of UAC was calculated with formula of: Gr. 1. 3 birth weight (BW)
      (Kg) + 9 (cm), Gr. 2. suprasternal notch to public symphysis length (SSL) (cm),
      Gr. 3. 1/3 total body length (TBL) (cm), Gr. 4. shoulder to umbilicus length
      (SUL) + 2 (cm). The accuracy was 90% in BW group, 90% in TBL group, 70% in SSL
      group and 70% in SUL group respectively, and there was no statistical difference
      between any two groups. However, BW and TBL formula were clinically more
      practical than the other two (SUL and SSL). In part II of our study, out of 120
      cases we selected 63 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) cases with catheter
      tips placed between the 7th and 9th thoracic vertebra. Correlation coefficients
      (rs) between inserted length of UAC and each of the four parameter (BW, TBL, SSL,
      and SUL) were shown to have statistically significant correlation. There was no
      statistical difference among those correlation coefficients. Modified regression
      equations derived from BW, SSL, TBL and SUL were 1.7BW (kg) + 2 (cm). 2. SSL
      (cm). 3. 1/3 TBL (cm) + 0.5 (cm). 4. SUL (cm) + 1 (cm). Further study would be
      necessary for establishing a more widely adaptable equation.

PMID- 2637587
TI  - [Balloon occlusion descending aorta angiography in patients with patent ductus
      arteriosus].
AB  - Twenty-seven patients, aged 2 months to 3 years, underwent thoracic aorta
      angiography with balloon inflation during right heart catheterization and
      cineangiography. The balloon-tipped catheter was manipulated either from the
      right ventricle to main pulmonary artery and then through patent ductus
      arteriosus (PDA) or from the right ventricle through ventricular septal defect
      (VSD) to ascending aorta and to mid-thoracic aorta where the balloon was fully
      inflated with carbon dioxide. After satisfactory positioning of the inflated
      balloon, contrast medium was administrated via power injector with a volume of
      1.5 ml/kg and a flow rate of 10 ml/sec. Cineangiograms of left lateral projection
      were obtained. The blood was seen clearly from the thoracic aorta to aortic arch,
      and also through the PDA to pulmonary vessels. On the late films, left heart
      chambers were also opacified. Areas of anatomic interest were well visualized in
      20 cases of isolated PDA, three of PDA with VSD, two of infantile coarctation of
      aorta with PDA and VSD, two of tetralogy of Fallot with severe pulmonic stenosis
      and PDA. This procedure is simple and effective in visualizing the PDA and also,
      in many occasions, other associated cardiac anomalies. Conventional left heart
      catheterization and cineangiography could thus be omitted in some cases of
      congenital heart diseases. There were no untoward complications observed during
      and after the procedure. This technique is useful especially in critically ill
      infants.

PMID- 2637588
TI  - Septo-optic dysplasia: report of a case.
AB  - A female infant presented with poor feeding, hypotonia, prolonged jaundice,
      seizure and wandering nystagmus. A case of septo-optic dysplasia was proved by
      demonstrating the absence of septum pellucidum, small optic discs and
      hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction at the age of three months. It is stressed
      that a diagnosis of septo-optic dysplasia must be entertained in infants who
      present with prolonged jaundice and hypoglycemia, particularly when rotatory
      nystagmus is associated.

PMID- 2637589
TI  - Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome: Report of two cases.
AB  - Two young children with a history of diarrhea, for one and two days respectively,
      were admitted to our hospital due to high fever and conscious disturbance.
      Disseminated intravascular coagulation, abnormal hepatic and renal functions, and
      metabolic acidosis were noted as well. Both patients developed shock soon after
      arrival and expired within one day after admission. Their serum ammonia levels
      were normal, and their blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures also brought
      negative results. Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome was diagnosed by
      their clinical manifestation and laboratory data. We also discussed their related
      problems.

PMID- 2637590
TI  - [Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis with large vegetation and emboli: report of a
      case].
AB  - A 12-year-old boy with infective endocarditis caused by staphylococcus aureus is
      reported. The patient suffered from intermittent high fever for 10 days. Physical
      examination revealed a grade II/VI systolic murmur at apex, conjunctival
      petechiae, and Janeway lesions over palms and soles. Three sets of blood culture
      were done immediately, and staphylococcus aureus was grown from all.
      Echocardiograms showed an increased thickness of anterior mitral leaflet, and a
      vegetation with 2.2 cm in diameter was found in left atrium. Aortograms revealed
      total occlusion of abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery. Emergent
      operation of abdominal aorta was done, a bacterial embolus was taken out,
      measuring 5-6 cm in length. Seven days after operation, cerebral hemorrhage
      occurred, and the patient expired 8 more days later.

PMID- 2637591
TI  - [Primary hypoparathyroidism with basal ganglia calcification: report of a case].
AB  - A 3 years old boy was admitted due to recurrent attacks of tetany and carpopedal
      spasm since one and a half years of age. The tetany lasting for 1-2 minutes in
      each episode was often preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection and
      occurred 2-3 times a month. Both birth and family history were unremarkable.
      Physical findings showed mild psychomotor retardation with positive Chvostek
      sign. Laboratory examination revealed hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and low
      serum parathyroid hormone level. EEG showed abnormal tracing with increased slow
      waves. Head CT Scan demonstrated symmetrical calcification in the basal ganglia
      region. The clinical features and laboratory findings were consistent with
      hypoparathyroidism. The mechanism of calcium deposit in the basal ganglia still
      remains unclear. Tetany, muscle cramping and seizures secondary to hypocalcemia
      are the most common neurologic signs which respond quickly to calcium
      replacement. Subsequent supplemental therapy resolved movement disorders and
      mental retardation. If early treatment prior to the tetanic episodes is
      instituted in a patient with hypoparathyroidism, it may prevent the development
      of complications such as intracranial calcifications, cataract and permanent
      retardation.

PMID- 2637592
TI  - [Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula: analysis of five cases].
AB  - The records of 5 patients with congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula,
      diagnosed by echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, angiocardiography and
      confirmed by cardiac surgery between 1982 and 1988, were studied. Their ages
      ranged from 3 months to 13 years. Among them, 3 were asymptomatic; one developed
      congestive heart failure shortly after birth, and was treated with digoxin and
      furosemide. Another patient had exertional dyspnea and fatigue. A grade 3-4/6
      continuous murmur was heard over the right or left lower sternal border in four
      patients; only a pansystolic murmur was heard over the left lower sternal border
      in the remaining one patient. All the five patients had right coronary
      arteriovenous fistula terminating into the right ventricle. All received cardiac
      surgery. Direct epicardial ligation of the fistula was performed in one patient.
      The rest four cases required cardiopulmonary bypass and suture closure through
      the right ventricle by direct suture of the orifice in one patient, and Dacron
      patch closure in other three patients. No postoperative complications occurred in
      all patients. In conclusion, since the operation was quite safe, if patient had
      significant shunts and/or clinical symptoms, surgical correction should be
      considered.

PMID- 2637593
TI  - A clinical evaluation of sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of pediatric
      infections.
AB  - We have treated 42 episodes of pediatric infections with sulbactam/ampicillin
      since 1987. Included were 9 cellulitis, 9 urinary tract infections, 5 cervical
      lymphadenitis, 4 meningitis, 2 thoracic empyema, 2 osteomyelitis, 2 sepsis, 1
      furuncle, 1 perianal abscess, 1 dental abscess, 1 peritonsillitis, 1
      salmonellosis, 1 shigellosis, 1 peritonitis, 1 suppurative thyroiditis, 1
      infective endocarditis. Responsible pathogens were Escherichia coli in 8,
      Staphylococcus aureus in 6, Hemophilus influenzae in 2, Streptococcus pneumoniae
      in 3, Streptococcus viridans in 2, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 1, Bacteroides
      fragilis in 1, Salmonella D1 in 1, Shigella sonnei in 1, Klebsiella pneumoniae in
      1, Enterobacter agglomerans in 1, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in 1, Enterobacter
      cloacae in 1, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus in 1, and polymicrobial
      infection in 4 cases. Thirty-nine out of 41 (95%) clinically evaluable patients
      cured and all (34/34) bacteriologically evaluable patients eradicated their
      pathogens after treatment with sulbactam/ampicillin. Side reactions were seen in
      five patients; one maculopapular skin rash, one hemolytic anemia, two diarrhea,
      and one liver function impairment plus leukopenia. All these reactions were
      transient and did not require interruption of therapy. These results indicate
      that sulbactam/ampicillin is safe and effective in the treatment of common
      pediatric infections beyond the neonatal period.

PMID- 2637594
TI  - [A survey of giardiasis in an asylum for mentally retarded children].
AB  - A 10-year-old mentally retarded girl from an asylum in northern Taiwan was
      diagnosed to have giardiasis with malabsorption syndrome at the Department of
      Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital in 1983. A survey for giardiasis
      in 239 children living in the same asylum was therefore performed. Stool
      specimens were collected from all children, and giardia was examined
      simultaneously by formalin-ether concentration method and polyvinyl alcohol
      preservation followed by Trichrome stain. Forty one cases (17.2%) of giardiasis
      were detected by the former method while 48 cases (20.1%) by the latter method.
      Abnormally low stool trypsin activity was found in 38 of the 42 cases (90.5%)
      tested and the activity returned to normal in 50% of patients after successful
      treatment. Endoscopic examination and intestinal biopsy of upper gastrointestinal
      tract were performed in 12 cases. Among them, 4 were found to have nodular
      lymphoid hyperplasia, lymphoid hyperplasia in 7, and increased mononuclear cell
      infiltration in lamina propria in 7. Forty patients were treated with
      metronidazole 250 mg three times a day for 5 days. Follow-up stool examinations
      revealed that 12 children (30%) still passed giardia in their stools 4 months
      after treatment. Reinfection and inadequate sensitivity of the initial screening
      test may be used to account for such a high rate of treatment failure.

PMID- 2637595
TI  - IgG subclass deficiency in children with recurrent infections.
AB  - Serum IgG subclasses and IgG, IgA and IgM were measured in 35 patients with
      frequent infections and unusually severe infections, 45 normal children were
      compared. There is no significant difference between the geometric means of two
      age-matched groups (p greater than 0.05) and the proportion of low IgG subclass.
      We detected 9 cases with low IgG subclass in our selected patients, but we have 6
      cases with low IgG subclass in our normal population without symptoms. For the
      low IgG subclass cases, total IgG level remain at normal age-related values, no
      IgA deficiency was found in our 78 cases. It is not uncommon to find low IgG
      subclass in Chinese children, but their significance is still questioned in our
      study. Larger number of cases should be collected and antibody response to
      antigen should be the goal for further study in Chinese children.

PMID- 2637596
TI  - [Appendicitis in children: clinical observation in 88 surgical cases].
AB  - From February 1983 to December 1987, appendectomy was done in 106 children for
      the presumptive diagnosis of appendicitis with or without perforation at VGH
      Taichung. Subsequent pathological findings confirmed suppurative appendicitis in
      53 patients (48.1%), and perforated appendicitis in 37 patients (34.9%). There
      were 18 (17.0%) normal appendices. The age of patients ranged from 2 to 14 years,
      with an average of 8.9 years. Only 9.1% of the patients were under 5 years of
      age. The perforation rate was 62.5% in children under 5 years of age, and 59.4%
      in children 5 to 8 years old, both of them had a higher incidence than children
      over 8 years of age (27.1%, P less than 0.05). The mean duration of symptoms was
      76.2 hours in children with perforated appendicitis, which was significantly
      longer than that in children with suppurative appendicitis (28.7 hrs, P less than
      0.05). The use of triple combination of antibiotics in the treatment of
      perforated appendicitis has been proved to significantly decrease the incidence
      of postoperative wound complications. Early diagnosis, prompt surgical
      intervention, and recognition and treatment of residual septic foci were proved
      appropriate means of treatment of appendicitis.

PMID- 2637597
TI  - Neonatal lupus erythematosus: report of one case.
AB  - A female newborn of SLE mother developed transient typical discoid-like lupus
      skin lesions over her face soon after birth and had severe relapse with
      generalized spreading following an episode of upper respiratory tract infection
      at 50 days of age. Blood picture showed anemia, transient thrombocytopenia and
      high ESR. Cardiac echo disclosed small ASD with minimal TR. Both EKG and 24 hrs
      EKG monitor presented normal findings. Serological studies at the early relapse
      stage of this disease showed increased serum ANA, IgA and IgM level with normal
      IgG and decrease of C3 and C4. Both Ro(SSA) and La(SSB) antibody systems were
      positive in mother but only positive for La(SSB) antibody system in this baby.
      The alpha-anticardiolipin antibody was negative. We suggest that the Ro(SSA)
      and/or La(SSB) antibody systems may play a role in the pathogenesis of neonatal
      lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2637598
TI  - [Menkes' kinky hair disease: report of one case].
AB  - A male infant, 2-month-old, was delivered normally at term. He weighed 3.0 Kg and
      was stated to be quite well until convulsion was presented at the age of 1 month.
      The convulsion was complex partial seizure in character. Physical examinations
      showed body weight 2.7 Kg (less than 3 percentile), body temperature 35.7 degrees
      C, opisthotonic in posture, staring of eyes and unawareness of the outside
      environment. His hair appeared sparse, coarse and light yellowish color.
      Laboratory examinations showed normal hemogram and cerebrospinal fluid data. Low
      serum copper (10 mg/dl), ceruloplasmin (13.5 mg/dl) and hair copper (9.73 ppm)
      were found. The EEG revealed paroxysmal sharp waves with phase reverses at right
      temporal and occipital area. Fundus examination showed bilateral optic atrophy.
      Microscopic examination of the hair showed pili torti (twisting) of the hair. The
      baby was persisted in hypothermia, poor activity and poor weight gain. The
      convulsion was poorly controlled and progressed in opisthotonus. The baby died of
      unknown cause at 3 months of age.

PMID- 2637599
TI  - [Achalasia: report of two cases].
AB  - The first case, a two-month-old female infant, had frequent vomiting since 5 days
      of age. Dilated esophagus with narrowed distal end was noted on barium meal
      study. Panendoscopic examination revealed dilated esophagus and a pin-head sized,
      stenotic lumen at 15 cm from the incisor. Under the impression of esophageal
      stenosis, gastrostomy was performed for feeding. Esophagogram made at 6 months of
      age demonstrated good patency of the esophagus without stenosis and gastrostomy
      was subsequently closed at the age of 1 year. Unfortunately, swallowing
      disturbance had bothered her intermittently since. Barium esophagogram and
      panendoscopy made 8 years later again revealed distal esophageal obstruction with
      dilated proximal esophagus. The second case was a two and half year old boy who
      suffered from frequent regurgitation of undigested food for 6 months. Dilated
      esophagus with narrowing of the lower end of esophagus was noted on barium meal
      study. After admission, panendoscopic examination revealed the esophagus was very
      narrow at 25 cm from incisor and the proximal esophagus was dilated. The
      esophageal dilatation with mercury-weighted bougies was performed intermittently.
      At present he is doing well, and a barium meal study showed adequate esophageal
      emptying.

PMID- 2637600
TI  - [Schizencephaly: report of one case].
AB  - This article presents a 4-year-old boy who suffered from weakness of the right
      extremities since birth. Physical examination revealed mild mental retardation
      and right spastic hemiplegia. No seizures were noted. A brain CT scan showed
      bilateral clefts along Sylvian fissures, more marked on the left side, which
      communicated with the lateral ventricle. The septum pellucidum was absent. There
      was an evident squaring of the frontal horns. The CT findings were consistent
      with the diagnosis of schizencephaly. When a patient with mental retardation and
      spastic hemiplegia or diplegia fails to show a history of perinatal cerebral
      insult, the possibility of schizencephaly should be considered. In that case, a
      brain CT scan is a rapid and accurate diagnostic tool.

PMID- 2637601
TI  - [Pulmonary plasma cell granuloma: report of one case].
AB  - Pulmonary plasma cell granuloma is very rare in pediatric field. Most of them are
      asymptomatic, and are usually found to have lung tumor accidentally by chest X
      ray examination. The granuloma is characterized by the proliferation of plasma
      cells along with other mesenchymal elements. We report a case of 10-year-old boy
      who suffered from dry cough, pale face and body weight loss for a long time.
      Chest X-ray and CT scan revealed a lung tumor which was proved to be plasma cell
      granuloma after wedge biopsy. He was regularly followed up at OPD with stationary
      status. He may receive surgical resection in future.

PMID- 2637602
TI  - Urinary tract infections in children.
AB  - From January 1981 to December 1987, 346 children with urinary tract infections,
      proved by urine culture, were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Mackay
      Memorial Hospital. The ratio of male to female was 3.0 in children below 2 years,
      and 0.8 in children above 2 years, of age. The urine specimens were collected
      from suprapubic punctures in 281 cases (81.2%). Fever was the most common
      clinical manifestation. In children below two years old, other common symptoms
      and signs were body weight loss or poor gain, feeding problems, diarrhea,
      irritability, jaundice, and abdominal distension. In older children, urinary
      frequency, dysuria, enuresis, loin and abdominal pain were frequently found.
      Hematuria and edema were occasionally noted in all age groups. Microscopic
      examination of 329 centrifuged urine specimens revealed: 256 cases (77.8%) had
      more than 5 leukocytes per high power field, 233 cases (70.8%) had more than 10
      leukocytes. Three hundred and seventy positive urine cultures were obtained from
      these patients. E. coli was isolated in 273 cases (73.6%), followed by Klebsiella
      spp., 34 cases (9.2%); Proteus spp., 27 cases (7.3%); Enterococcus, 21 cases
      (5.7%); Enterobacter spp., 9 cases (2.4%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 8 cases
      (2.2%); Citrobacter spp., 7 cases (1.9%); Morganella morganii, 6 cases (1.6%);
      Acinetobacter spp., 6 cases (1.6%); etc. Candida albicans was isolated from three
      patients. Two organisms were isolated in 26 cultures; 3 organisms, in 3, and 4 in
      1.

PMID- 2637603
TI  - Clinical analysis of infants of diabetic mothers.
AB  - The clinical spectra of 82 infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) encountered in the
      past 15 years are presented. The perinatal mortality rate was 6.1%, The observed
      morbidities of the 78 live-born IDMs were: large for gestational age, 35.9%;
      prematurity, 12.8%; small for gestational age, 12.8%; respiratory distress,
      17.9%; low Apgar score, 6.4%; nerve injury, 2.6%; hypoglycemia, 10.3%;
      hyperbilirubinemia, 28.2%; polycythemia, 12.8%; hypocalcemia, 5.1%; hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy, 3.8%. Furthermore, 15.9% (13/82) of these infants suffered from
      congenital malformation, a rate nearly 10 times higher than that of the general
      neonatal population born in this hospital. In comparing sugar control during
      organogenesis, the mothers who had malformed infants had significantly higher
      fasting plasma glucose level than the mothers who had normal infants (P less than
      0.05). Since tight control of maternal diabetes is mandatory to reduce the
      prevalence of mortality and malformation of the IDMs, we suggest that there is an
      urgent need to improve health education and supervision before and during
      pregnancy in all diabetic women.

PMID- 2637605
TI  - Mastitis neonatorum.
AB  - Eleven cases of neonatal mastitis diagnosed at National Taipei College of Nursing
      Health Center, since 1983, have been reviewed by chart retrospectively. All 11
      cases occurred in full-term infants 1-4 weeks postnatally. Female predominated
      with male: female ratio of 1: 1.75. The mastitis of these cases were confined to
      unilateral side and did not spread systemically. Gram stain smear of the purulent
      material got from aspiration, incision or spontaneous rupture of abscess were
      attempted in ten cases and Gram positive cocci were observed in nine of whom pus
      culture yield staphylococcus aureus later in eight. We feel Gram stain is one of
      the rapid and useful diagnostic method. Treatment was given by appropriate
      antibiotics parenterally followed by surgical incision or drainage when
      fluctuation was present. The prognosis of neonatal mastitis is excellent. In
      general, these our clinical observation are similar to those described in the
      literatures since 1950s.

PMID- 2637604
TI  - [Renal involvement in anaphylactoid purpura with particular reference to serum
      immunoglobulin].
AB  - Eighty-eight children of anaphylactoid purpura were studied in the Department of
      Pediatrics from September 1979 to September 1987. Fifty-one children without
      renal involvement recovered rapidly. Seven children with hematuria or proteinuria
      and fourteen children with both manifestations recovered fully within six weeks
      also. Two patients with hematuria and proteinuria recovered two months and four
      months, respectively, after diagnosis. Ten children had persistent hematuria and
      proteinuria lasting for more than six months; of these five children recovered
      and four improved; one child died of intracranial hemorrhage and severe
      infection. Nephrotic syndrome was noted in five children. Most of them (greater
      than 80%) had persistent proteinuria more than six months. Incidence of renal
      involvement was correlated with age. Older children especially those of more than
      nine years old had a higher incidence rate (p less than 0.005). Serum
      immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were significantly
      elevated in 44.7% and 36.4% of patients respectively, but neither influenced the
      incidence of renal involvement or prognosis of renal disease. Elevated serum IgA
      and IgE levels in acute stage were significantly reduced in 100% and 83% of
      children when they were followed in convalescent stage (p less than 0.05). The
      role of IgE deserves further study. Antinuclear antibody was positive in two
      children without nephritis. Hypertension was noted in fifteen children, all with
      renal involvement. Hypertension appears to be a good indicator for renal
      involvement. Antistreptolysin O titer was elevated in 31.7% of children, but had
      no significant correlation with incidence of renal involvement.

PMID- 2637606
TI  - Complex partial status epilepticus: report of one case.
AB  - Complex partial status epilepticus (CPSE) has rarely been reported in children.
      We experienced a 5-year-old girl having had an abrupt onset of complex partial
      seizure with a fluctuating state of consciousness and aphasia.
      Electroencephalogram revealed repetitive epileptiform discharges originating from
      bilateral temporal and parieto-occipital regions over the background of diffuse
      continuous slow activity. Computerized tomography of the brain showed mild
      atrophy without focal lesions. All the other studies including bacteriology,
      virology, toxicology and metabolic screening were unremarkable. Intravenous
      administration of diazepam was ineffective for recovery of consciousness level
      and cease of seizure activity. A lasting control of the status was not achieved
      until intravenous phenytoin and oral carbamazepine were added for one more weeks.
      Paroxysmal attacks of periodic apnea with subsequent hyperpneic movements
      occurred the fourth month after the onset of illness. She regained language on
      rehabilitation program. Unfortunately, the patient had recurrence four months
      later despite medication. Finally, she died of aspiration pneumonia and status
      epilepticus eleven months after the onset of the disease. Compared with the other
      previously documented cases of prolonged complex partial status epilepticus, this
      case is notable for its unusual, complicated and severe symptomatology and long
      duration (three more months) with poor prognosis.

PMID- 2637607
TI  - Cyclosporin in the treatment of severe aplastic anemia: report of one case.
AB  - According to recent reports, cyclosporin (CsA) has been proven to be a cure for
      some patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA). The use of CsA to treat SAA is
      based on both experimental and clinical evidences showing that this disease is
      sometimes caused by immune-mediated mechanisms. This report describes a fourteen
      year-old boy who recovered from SAA after being treated with CsA, together with
      to a lesser extent prednisolone. In June of 1986, when he failed to improve after
      receiving six months of corticosteroid treatment, CsA was introduced. Following
      three weeks of CsA therapy no further blood transfusion was needed. Danazol was
      added on the 28th day of CsA therapy. On the 105th day the blood counts began to
      improve, and on the 375th day bone marrow aspirate revealed normal hematopoiesis.
      Along with these improvements, however, some side effects from the CsA treatment
      were observed. These included: hirsutism, hypertension and gingival hyperplasia,
      all of which eventually subsided on tapering and finally terminating CsA. For the
      time being, no side effects have been observed in the six-months period since CsA
      was stopped and the patient is leading a normal life.

PMID- 2637608
TI  - [Double aortic arch: report of one case].
AB  - A case of double aortic arch is reported. The male patient, 11-month-old, had
      breathed with a constant stridor since his birth and had frequent attacks of
      respiratory tract infection and dyspnea. The child was admitted because of
      restlessness, fever, stridor and cough. Dyspnea with cyanosis appeared later, and
      required intubation and mechanical ventilation. After then, three attempts to
      extubate the infant were made, but failed. A double aortic arch was suspected by
      bronchogram, esophagogram, and confirmed by cardiac catheterization. Through a
      left thoracotomy, the smaller left arch and the ligmentem arteriosum were divided
      to relieve the obstruction of trachea from the compression of the vascular ring.
      Postoperative convalescence was normal. Symptoms of double aortic arch vary with
      the degree of obstruction of the trachea and esophagus, ranging from mild to life
      threatening respiratory obstruction and apnea. Inspiratory stridor, dyspnea, and
      wheezing, which are accentuated with feeding, crying, or respiratory infections,
      are characteristic clinical findings. The diagnosis is established by aid of an
      esophagography. Left thoracotomy, with division of the smaller aortic arch, is
      the only satisfactory treatment.

PMID- 2637609
TI  - [Hypoplastic left heart syndrome due to aortic and mitral atresias: report of one
      case].
AB  - A three-day-old female infant was transferred to the Pediatric Intensive Care
      Unit with chief presenting problems of progressive change of cyanosis and
      respiratory distress. Physical examination revealed tachypnea, acrocyanosis,
      hepatomegaly, undetectable pulse of extremities and oozing over the place of
      venous puncture. Chest roentgenograms revealed slight cardiomegaly; other X-rays
      were within normal limits. Complete electrocardiograms showed right axis
      deviation and right ventricular hypertrophy. Because of an impression of neonatal
      sepsis, the patient was put in an incubator with oxygen and antibiotics were
      given. Persistent anuria appeared associated with sighs of cardiac and renal
      failure; the ventilator was applied; dopamine and lasix were also given.
      Unfortunately, the cyanosis worsened progressive. Despite several attempts at
      resuscitations, the infant expired eight hours later. Pathology disclosed the
      heart size as normal; hypoplasia of ascending aorta as 0.4 cm in diameter; a PDA
      with 1 cm in diameter; a diminutive bean-sized left ventricle; hypertrophy of
      right ventricle and atresias of aortic and mitral valves. There was no evidence
      of septicemia.

PMID- 2637610
TI  - Echocardiographic changes following balloon valvuloplasty in valvular pulmonic
      and aortic stenosis.
AB  - Nineteen patients with pulmonary valvular stenosis and two with aortic valvular
      stenosis, aged 20 days to 12 years, were studied before and after balloon
      dilatation valvuloplasty (BDV) by M-mode, 2-D, pulsed wave (PW) and continuous
      wave (CW) Doppler, and color flow mapping echocardiography. In those with
      pulmonary stenosis, a dome-shaped valve was found in 16(84%) of 19 cases before
      BDV, and the valve remained dome shaped only in 4(27%) of 15 after procedure (P
      less than 0.001). Restricted valve motion which was noted in 18(95%) of 19 before
      BDV, persisted only in 2(13%) of 15 after procedure (P less than 0.001).
      Thickening of the pulmonic valve and poststenotic dilatation of the main
      pulmonary artery stayed almost unchanged. The pressure gradient across the
      pulmonic valve measured by cardiac catheterization and CW Doppler agreed well (r
      = 0.862). Echocardiographic evidence of pulmonary regurgitation was detected in
      1(25%) of 4 patients before, and 7(50%) of 14 after BDV. In two patients with
      aortic stenosis, the echocaardiograms showed the valve was thickened and dome
      shaped. Following BDV, echocardiographic evidence of mild aortic regurgitation
      was observed only in one patient who had had such a regurgitationn before BDV.
      The diameter of the valve annulus measured on 2-D echo and angiocardiograms
      correlated well (r = 0.912), and it stayed unchanged following BDV. It is
      concluded that 2-D and Doppler echocardiographic examinations proved to be useful
      in the measurement of valve annulus, delineation of stenotic semilunar valves and
      monitoring of the efficacy of BDV.

PMID- 2637611
TI  - An analysis of risk factor and survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia.
AB  - To study the survival and prognostic factor of childhood acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia, 78 newly-diagnosed cases between January 1982 and June 1987 in National
      Taiwan University Hospital were reviewed and analyzed. They were stratified into
      two groups, i.e. standard-risk (SR) and high-risk (HR), according to their pre
      treatment leukocyte count and age. Following induction therapy, 97% of the SR
      patients and 80% of the HR patients attained complete remission. In the SR group,
      the 2- and 3-year failure-free survival rates were 37% and 24%, with a median
      survival of 16 months. In the HR group, failure-free survival at the second and
      third year were 11% and 4%, respectively, with a median survival of 5.3 months.
      Three factors are strongly related to induction failure, i.e. high leukocyte
      counts (greater than 50*10(9)/1), massive hepatomegaly and large lymph nodes.
      Univariate analysis of failure-free survival showed six variables with
      significant detrimental effects on eventual outcomes, i.e. high leukocyte counts
      (greater than 50*10(9)/1), meningeal leukemia, marked lymphadenopathy, age
      younger than 2 years and older than 10 years, massive hepatomegaly (greater than
      6 cm), and high LDH level (greater than 800 u/1). However, statistical survival
      models should also determine the joint effects of the prognostic factors so that
      the relative importance of each factor can be assessed. High initial leukocyte
      count, disclosed by multivariate analysis, was the single most important factor
      detrimental to the continuance of complete remission (P = 0.0004). Preliminary
      results also revealed poor compliance and early relapse in this study. Possible
      causes of early failure are discussed. Conceptual education for family members,
      as well as management with effective cytoreductive therapies are urgently needed.

PMID- 2637612
TI  - [Degenerative changes in neutrophils as an indicator of neonatal sepsis].
AB  - Detection of the degenerative changes of neutrophils (D.C.N.) including
      vacuolization and toxic granulation in peripheral blood smear can be of value in
      identifying neonates with infection. A prospective study of 264 neonates who
      required septic work-ups in the first month of life was conducted. Thirty
      neonates were proved to have sepsis subsequently. The accuracy of the degree of
      the D.C.N. to predict neonatal sepsis was assessed. Vacuolization and/or toxic
      granulation in neutrophils varied from 0% to over 50%/100 neutrophils scanned.
      The higher the degree of D.C.N. the greater was the like-hood of sepsis. The
      positive predictive accuracy and specificity increased with the degree of D.C.N.
      from 24.7% to 100% and 70% to 100% respectively, but the sensitivity decreased
      accordingly. When D.C.N. was less than 10% the chance of sepsis was less than 5%.
      Most of newborns dying of proven sepsis had higher percentage of D.C.N.. These
      findings suggest that degree of D.C.N. may be associated with the outcome of the
      patients. This simple test can be performed easily in all hospital; it does not
      require special laboratory facilities and provide a valuable adjunct in early
      detection of severity and outcome of the neonates with sepsis.

PMID- 2637613
TI  - Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: report of one case.
AB  - Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a complex stem cell disorder and its
      occurrence in childhood is quite uncommon. A 6-year-old girl with pancytopenia
      was presented. There is no nocturnal hemoglobinuria or other symptoms of chronic
      hemolysis. Bone marrow examination revealed mild hypocellularity initially, and a
      tentative diagnosis of aplastic anemia was made. This patient received
      conventional therapy with uneventful course. Two consecutive episodes of
      hemolytic transfusion reaction were noted and positive sugar water test and Ham,s
      test lead the clue of PNH. The literature on the clinical manifestation,
      pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of PNH is reviewed briefly.

PMID- 2637614
TI  - Spontaneous focal intestinal perforation in prematurity: report of three cases.
AB  - Three premature neonates with a localized perforation of the intestine, but not
      associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or gastrointestinal anomaly are
      reported. The birth weight of these babies was around 1500 g and they exhibited
      striking similarities in the clinical course. Before laparotomy, NEC was firstly
      impressed. Abdominal distension, refusal of feedings, poor activity and
      respiratory distress were the major manifestations. Pneumoperitoneum was all
      detected before operation. The perforate site was terminal ileum in one and
      anterior cecum in the other two babies. The gastrointestinal tract was otherwise
      normal. The first case received segmental resection of the perforation with end
      to end anastomosis and the other two underwent ileostomy. Bacteria was discovered
      from the peritoneal fluid in the second and third cases, including E. coli,
      Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The postoperative
      course was complicated with wound infection and adhesion ileus in two patients.
      Rectal suction biopsy in the second and third cases showed normal histology.
      Until present all three patients were uneventful. We concluded that premature or
      very low birth weight infants with spontaneous, localized gastrointestinal
      perforation and peritonitis had milder course than NEC, and if promptly diagnosed
      and treated, the prognosis is excellent.

PMID- 2637615
TI  - Neonatal hypermagnesemia: report of one case.
AB  - A female baby was born prematurely to a pre-eclampsic mother at our hospital. The
      mother had received fifty grams of magnesium sulfate intravenously within the
      forty-six hours prior to the delivery. This neonate suffered from severe
      respiratory distress, hypotonia, and hyporeflexia immediately after birth. She
      recovered completely after receiving low setting ventilatory support for twelve
      hours and intravenous calcium gluconate supply. All laboratory data were within
      normal limits except transient metabolic acidosis and elevated serum magnesium
      level to 2.28 mmol/L of the cord blood. The serum magnesium level dropped to 1.17
      mmol/L at 12 hours of age. She tolerated oral feeding within the first day with
      no obervable neurological sequelae at the follow-up examination. Hypermagnesemia
      was judged to be the cause of the newborn's clinical presentation.

PMID- 2637616
TI  - Dyskeratosis congenita preceded by severe aplastic anemia: report of one case.
AB  - Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare hereditary disease which usually manifests with
      skin hyperpigmentation, nail dystrophy, and leukoplakia of the mucous membrane
      (triad). This report describes a six-year-old boy with severe aplastic anemia who
      was later diagnosed to have dyskeratosis congenita. His unusual presentation was
      pancytopenia followed by leukoplakia of the tongue, hyperpigmentation of the skin
      and dystrophy of the nails. Treatment with horse anti-human lymphocyte
      immunoglobulin (ALG) for his aplastic anemia was not effective.

PMID- 2637617
TI  - [Multiple intestinal hemangioma: report of two cases].
AB  - Hemangioma of the small intestine is a rare disease which is sometimes very
      difficult to diagnose because of its anatomical location. This report concerns
      two cases of multiple intestinal hemangiomas treated surgically. The first case
      was a four-year-old boy who suffered from recurrent abdominal pain and
      progressive hemorrhage from the gastrointestinal tract for four months. The
      character of his abdominal pain was non-specific. On physical examination, whole
      abdominal tenderness was evident. Serial laboratory and radiological
      examinations, including abdominal sonogram, barium enema, Tc-99m pertechnetate
      scan, upper gastrointestinal series failed to reveal abnormality. Multiple
      intestinal hemangiomas were found at exploratory laparotomy. The second case was
      a new-born suffering from fetal ascites. Abdominal sonogram, barium enema,
      voiding cystourethrography were performed without significant findings, and the
      diagnose of multiple intestinal hemangiomas was proved by laparotomy. In both,
      symptoms improved after segmental resection of the bowels. The purpose of this
      paper is to draw attention to the possibility of intestinal hemangioma as a
      source of recurrent abdominal pain, tarry stool or ascites in children.

PMID- 2637618
TI  - [Duplication of the alimentary tract: report of three cases].
AB  - Three cases of duplications of the alimentary tract are presented. Case 1 was a 5
      month-old male baby. He was admitted due to copiously painless rectal bleeding.
      Tc-99m pertechnetate scanning revealed unusual tubular and spherical lesions.
      Laparotomy findings were that a tubular ileal duplication m assured 100cm or so
      in length and communicated with ileal lumen by its distal orifice. Moreover,
      there were 2 spherical duplications like ping-pong ball in morphology located in
      neighboring mesentery. Case 2 was a 2-day-old male newborn. He was admitted
      because of persistent bilious vomiting on his second day of life. Plain film x
      ray revealed dilated stomach and scanty bowel gas. Laparotomy finding was that a
      cystic duplication measured 1.5cm in length which located in and obstructed the
      lumen of proximal jejunum. Also there was a distal orifice of duplication in
      communication with jejunal lumen. Case 3 was a 4-year-and-4-month-old boy who
      admitted after intermittently non-projectile vomiting for a period of 1 1/2 year.
      Sonography showed a calcification lesion at right upper quadrant of abdomen.
      Panendoscopy saw a refraction at second part of duodenum. The findings of
      laparotomy were that 2 tumor masses laid upon gastrocolic ligament. One was
      ossified soft tissue (gastrocolic ligament) with 1.5 x 1 x 0.8cm3 in size, and
      the other was cystic duplication of transverse colon in contact with beneath
      mesocolon. All duplications of 3 cases were lined with ectopic gastric and small
      intestinal mucosa, and ulcerative lesion was found in case 3 only. All lesions
      were resected and removed with good results.

PMID- 2637619
TI  - [Status epilepticus induced by prolonged immersion in hot herb bath: report of
      one case].
AB  - A 6-year-old girl with cerebral palsy developed conscious disturbance and
      generalized convulsion after one-hour hot herb drug bath. Physical examination on
      admission revealed rectal temperature 41 degrees C, hot skin, respiration 46/min,
      regular heart beat 98/min, BP 130/60 mmHg, Glascow coma scale 4 (E2M1V1), soft
      and flat abdomen, no hepatosplenomegaly, no skin rash, no focal neurological
      sign, increased generalized muscle ton. Laboratory data showed CBC: WBC 20400
      cumm (Neutrophils 31%, Lymphocytes 69%), Hb 11.6gm%, ESR 11 mm/hr, arterial blood
      gas: PH 7.077, PO2 43mmHg, PCO2 57.1mmHg, HCO3- 16 mEq/L, BE-11.5mEq/L, serum
      sodium 143 mEq./L, potassium 5.2 mEq/L, chloride 101 mEq/L, free calcium ion
      3.8mg%, GOT 63IU/L, GPT 263 IU/L, amylase 193 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase 388
      IU/L, LDH 1245 IU/L, CPK 677 IU/L, total bilirubin 0.8 mg/dl, direct type 0.1
      mg/dl, BUN 18 mg/dl, Glucose 35 mg/dl. Urinalysis revealed proteinuria( ) trace
      hematuria and pyuria, but no cast. Lumbar puncture is within normal limits.
      Bacteriology including blood and CSF are normal. Multiple organ failure was noted
      at that time. Intensive cooling methods were performed including central and
      peripheral cooling. We used luminal and valium to control the seizure. Condition
      didn't improve. Afterwards cardiopulmonary arrest developed. Patient expired 8
      hours after admission despite of resuscitation. Heat stroke in infancy and
      childhood is different from that in adulthood. The predisposing factors are high
      ambient temperature, dehydration, very young baby, sweat gland dysfunction, or
      ectodermal dysplasia. Definition of heat stroke includes 1) rectal temperature
      above 41 degrees C, 2) behavioral change, 3) warm skin, wet or dry.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2637620
TI  - [Readmission to International Pediatric Association: a review and perspective].
AB  - The Pediatric Association of the Republic of China, which was founded in 1960 for
      the promotion of child health care, research and teaching as well as of
      friendship among pediatricians, entered the International Pediatric Association
      (IPA) in May, 1961. This Association actively participated in the 10th to 13th
      International Congresses of Pediatrics (ICP) held in Lisbon 1962, Tokyo 1965,
      Mexico City 1968 and Vienna 1971, respectively. It also sent a group of delegates
      to the Ist Asian Congress of Pediatrics, organized by the Association of
      Pediatric Societies in South East Asian Region (APSSEAR), held in Manila in 1974.
      Regretably, this Association was forced out of IPA in October 1973, and APSSEAR
      in 1974, simply because that the pediatric society of Mainland China had been
      admitted to the IPA. The members of the Association continued working hard and
      strived for the excellence in clinical pediatrics. Our members were encouraged to
      attend the international meetings regardless of membership problems. Some
      international meetings were organized and held in Taiwan attracting many experts
      and investigators from abroad. In July 1989, this Association was readmitted to
      the IPA under the name of "Chinese Taipei", likewise in Olympics, during the 19th
      ICP, held in Paris. Also granted was the right of voting. Re-admission to the
      APSSEAR was also approved. With gratitude and rejoice, we commemorate the return
      to International arena. It is hoped that more expert advices and friendship will
      come from IPA, WHO, UNICEF, and some member countries. They may help us update
      clinical practices, and engage in more important surveys and research programmes,
      such as the international surveys on pediatric education, expanded programmes for
      immunization, and global accident prevention programmes. They may also help us
      achieve our unfulfilled tasks, such as pediatric subspecialization, renovation of
      the births registration system, founding of children's medical centers and health
      insurance coverage among children. We are now in a better position to advocate
      the child health care in Taiwan, hoping that health for all including children
      will be achieved by the year 2000.

PMID- 2637621
TI  - Focal glomerulosclerosis manifested with nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - To assess the long-term outcome for nephrotic children with focal
      glomerulosclerosis, 23 patients were studied. Twenty were male and three female;
      the mean age at onset was 7.2 +/- 4.0 years. Twenty of the 23 children had focal
      segmental glomerulosclerosis, and the other 3 showed focal global sclerosis in
      renal biopsy specimens. Hypertension (11/23) and hematuria (9/23) were frequent
      clinical features. Glycosuria (4/23) was occasionally noted. Of the patients
      studied 13 were initial steroid responders and 10, steroid nonresponders. The
      mean duration of follow-up for the entire group was 4.7 +/- 4.0 years (ranging
      from 1 to 13.5 years). From the total study group, 13% had renal deaths; 13% had
      decreased creatinine clearance, but not end-stage renal disease; 35% had
      persistent proteinuria; and 39% were in remission. None of the three patients
      with focal global sclerosis developed chronic renal failure. The data suggest
      that for children with focal glomerulosclerosis, clinical outcome is not too
      pessimistic. Except for glycosuria, no clinical or morphologic features were
      predictive of the development of chronic renal failure, in this study.

PMID- 2637622
TI  - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: report of one case.
AB  - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is a rare disease that sometimes leads
      to sudden death in young people. In this report, we describe our experience with
      diagnosis and treatment of a case of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.

PMID- 2637623
TI  - Dandy-Walker syndrome: follow up of an unoperated case and her identical twin.
AB  - A child who had the Dandy-Walker syndrome along with her healthy twin sibling
      were followed regularly for a period of 2 years. Both of the twins had normal
      development regarding the fine motor movements and social adaptation. The main
      neurological defect on the affected twin was a severe hearing loss clinically and
      reduced responses on auditory brainstem evoked potential examination. We present
      this rare instance in which Dandy-Walker syndrome involved discordantly in only
      one of a set of identical twins.

PMID- 2637624
TI  - [Congenital right diaphragmatic eventration manifested with pleural effusion.
      Report of one case].
AB  - A 2,980-gram female infant was born to a 25-year-old mother at the gestational
      age of 34 weeks with the chief problems of asphyxia and respiratory distress.
      Prenatal sonogram at 34th week of gestation showed significant pleural effusion,
      mediastinal shift, polyhydramnios and large for date. Soon after birth, she was
      put on intubation and ventilator therapy. Physical examination revealed poor
      chest wall excursion. Breathing sound was markedly decreased over the right lung
      field. Abdomen was soft and slightly distended with the liver palpable 0.5 cm
      below the right costal margin and 2 cm below the xyphoid process. Arterial blood
      gas with patient breathing 100% oxygen revealed severe acidosis and carbon
      dioxide retention. The first chest film showed right pleural effusion. Chest tap
      was performed, and 90 cc serosanguineous fluid was aspirated. The white cells of
      the effusion were 1,971 with lymphocyte predominant. No microorganism or
      malignant cell was found. Severe respiratory distress and cyanosis persisted
      inspite of these managements. Follow up chest film at the age of 11 hours
      revealed the right chest was occupied by intestinal loops. A thoracotomy was
      performed with the impression of right diaphragmatic hernia. The operation
      findings included a very redundant membranous portion of diaphragm formed a large
      sac containing the liver and some bowel loops, the lower lobe of the right lung
      collapsed and was located high in the posterior chest cavity. Diaphragmatic
      plication and excision were done with transient improvement of the skin color.
      The baby's condition deteriorated and expired at the age of 25 hours despite of
      postoperative vasodilator and ventilator therapies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2637626
TI  - From Marrakesh to molars.

PMID- 2637625
TI  - [Congenital megacolon presented as fecaloma and urinary tract infection. Report
      of one case].
AB  - A 5-month old boy was admitted with urinary tract infection. While doing the
      voiding cystogram, the bladder was found to be pushed to the right side by a soft
      tissue mass. Through CT scan examination, the mass revealed to be a fecaloma.
      Through rectal suction biopsy and barium enema study for megacolon, it was proved
      to be a case of congenital megacolon. A pull-through operation for megacolon was
      carried out. He recovered quickly, and was discharged 10 days later. We make this
      report in order to discuss this rare presentation which may occur in congenital
      megacolon.

PMID- 2637627
TI  - [Effects of intravenous injections of lidocaine on hemodynamics and catecholamine
      levels during endotracheal intubation in infants and children].
AB  - It is known that during anesthesia, administering medication and endotracheal
      intubation often cause stress for the patient which induces sthenia of the
      endocrinal system as well as changes in hemodynamics, sometimes leading to
      further systemic complications. Various changes in hemodynamics caused by
      endotracheal intubation in infants and children were studied, including
      tachycardia and increased blood pressure. Changes in catecholamine levels in
      blood plasma and in cardiovascular parameters were observed, with patients
      divided into two groups for comparison. Anesthesia of nitrous oxide-oxygen
      enflurane was administered to both groups. The second group, however, received
      intravenous injections of lidocaine in addition to the anesthesia. The results
      are summarized as follows. 1) Epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations in
      the plasma rose significantly following endotracheal intubation, then diminished.
      2) Dopamine concentrations in the plasma reached maximum levels in 1-3 minutes
      following intubation, then gradually diminished. 3) Following administration of
      nitrous oxide-oxygen-enflurane, increases in RPP were suppressed both immediately
      following intubation and one minute after intubation. From this study, it is
      clear that stimulation caused by endotracheal intubation in infants and children
      triggers instant sthenia in the functions of the sympathetic nervous-medulla
      glandulae suprarenalic systems. The results also indicate that systemic
      complications during the induction of general anesthesia may be due to an
      increased secretion of endogenous catecholamines. These results further suggest
      that an intravenous injection of lidocaine is not effective in suppressing the
      increase of catecholamines in the plasma during endotracheal intubation. The
      intravenous injection of lidocaine, however, inhibits tachycardia and also
      inhibits the increase in blood pressure often caused by endotracheal intubation,
      and also serves to reduce the general oxygen demand in the cardiac tissue.

PMID- 2637629
TI  - [Gustatory information processing in rat medullary solitary tract nucleus].
AB  - 1. The present experiment aimed at examining the possibility that the taste
      sensitive neurons with similar taste-sensitivity are preferentially innervated by
      common driving neurons whose taste-selectivity is also similar. 2. A pair of
      glued electrodes was inserted into the unilateral solitary tract nucleus (NTS) of
      the rat, and simultaneous recordings were made in neuron pairs responding to the
      four basic taste stimuli. The spike response density (RD) of each neuron during
      tastant stimulation was determined. Correlation coefficients of spike occurrence
      were calculated for each neuron pair during application of tastants and distilled
      water, and also during spontaneous background activity. The frequency of
      correlated discharge (FC) of a neuron pair was measured as the area of the peak
      appearing on the cross-correlogram (CC). The FC value was divided by the RD value
      to calculate the weight of the correlated discharges in the output of each neuron
      (WC value). 3. Eleven pairs showed peak formation on the CC constructed during
      tastant stimulation, while in other 11 pairs no peak formation was found. The
      cross-correlation-positive group with peak formation was composed of 18 NaCl-best
      (responding most vigorously to NaCl) and 4 HCl-best neurons, while the negative
      group without peak formation included 9 NaCl-best, 9 HCl-best, and 4 sucrose-best
      neurons. From the cross-correlation negative group without peak formation the
      probability to pick up by chance two neurons responding most strongly to the same
      taste quality was calculated to be 0.367. 4. In 7 cross-correlation-positive
      pairs out of 11, both of the component neurons were NaCl-best, giving 7/11 =
      0.636. 5. In the cross-correlation-positive pairs the best taste of one of the
      component neurons was often (13 NaCl-best and 2 HCl-best, 15/22 = 0.681)
      identical to the taste quality giving the highest probability of correlated
      discharge, i.e., the highest FC value, in the neuron pair. 6. There were 5 cross
      correlation-positive pairs (5/11 = 0.455) in which both of the component neurons
      were NaCl-best and the FC value was highest during NaCl stimulation. 7. The CCs
      constructed during water application showed peak formation in all the pairs which
      gave positive cross-correlation following stimulation with tastants, while all
      the pairs with negative cross-correlation during tastant stimulation never gave a
      detectable peak during water application. 8. In 3 pairs of the cross-correlation
      positive group, the CCs constructed during spontaneous background activity
      without application of any liquid showed a small peak.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2637628
TI  - [Changes in concentrations of nerve- and muscle-related proteins during
      reinnervation of slow and fast muscles].
AB  - The concentration of the nerve-related (gamma-enolase) and muscle-related (beta
      enolase and creatine kinase of B type) proteins was measured in the rat sciatic
      nerve and the muscles; soleus (SOL), a typical slow-twitch muscle, and extensor
      digitorum longus (EDL), a typical fast-twitch muscle. The nerves and muscles were
      subjected to experimental manipulation of their innervation. 1. Nerve-related
      protein, gamma-enolase. The concentration of gamma-enolase in the distal part of
      the transected sciatic nerve was decreased in 2 weeks to about 10% of normal.
      When the sciatic nerve was sutured immediately after the transection, the
      concentration of gamma-enolase recovered in 34 weeks to a level of about 62.8% of
      normal. 2. Fast muscle-related protein, beta-enolase. The concentration of the
      beta-enolase in the SOL and the EDL was reduced after sciatic nerve transection.
      When the sciatic nerve was sutured immediately after complete transection, the
      concentration of beta-enolase of SOL and EDL became almost equal on the 34th
      week. After cross union of the nerves innervating the SOL and EDL muscles, the
      concentration of the beta-enolase were almost equal on the 20th post-operative
      week in the both muscles, and reversed on the 34th week. The beta-enolase
      concentrations in the SOL and EDL muscles innervated by the TTX-perfused sciatic
      nerve were reduced to 72.3% and 70.4%, respectively. Continuous electrical
      stimulation of the sciatic nerve reduced the beta-enolase concentration in the
      EDL to 51.8% of normal, but did not affect the SOL significantly. 3. Slow muscle
      related protein, creatine kinase of B type (CK-B). After complete severance of
      the sciatic nerve the CK-B concentration showed a marked increase in the both
      muscles. When the sciatic nerve was sutured immediately after transection, the CK
      B concentration on the 34th week was about 35.3% in the SOL and close to normal
      in the EDL. On the 34th week after cross union of the nerves innervating the SOL
      and EDL muscles, the CK-B concentration was reduced to about 41.1% in the SOL,
      while it was increased to about 111% in the EDL. On the 20th week after self re
      union of the nerves innervating the SOL and EDL muscles, the CK-B concentration
      in the EDL recovered the normal level, but in the SOL muscle it was increased
      significantly. 4. It appears that the measurement of the concentration of gamma
      enolase, beta-enolase and CK-B can provide valuable informations on the recovery
      course of skeletal muscles after nerve injury.

PMID- 2637630
TI  - [Resemblance of nonmetrical trait of tooth crown among siblings and between
      parents and children].
AB  - An elaborate observation and comparative study was made on the degree of
      resemblance among siblings, and parents and their children employing, as a means
      of investigation, the tooth crowns of the plaster casts of upper and lower jaws
      obtained from the inhabitants of Kamiina District, Nagano Prefecture. The
      comparisons were made between the right and left sides of an individual and also
      free pairs of individuals taken at random. To reach a decision on the degree of
      resemblance, the following factors were utilized: the degree of resemblance,
      interfamily correlation, and the percentage of heredity. Genealogies were also
      taken into consideration in some cases of tooth crowns. The main point of the
      results of this study is that the degree of resemblance among siblings, parents
      and their children differs according to the kind of tooth crown. 1. The degree of
      resemblance was most remarkable in the case of the following four morphological
      peculiarities the labial relief of incisors (I1, I2), shovel shaped incisors
      (I1), basal tubercle (C'), and mesial interstitial tubercle (P1). 2. Not so much
      as the four morphological peculiarities mentioned above but still considerable
      was the degree of resemblance on the singular tubercle of the Carabelli tubercle
      (M1), protostylid (M1), sixth cusp (M1), etc., and the tetracuspid type of the
      second lower molars, basal tubercle (I1). These were followed by the interstitial
      tubercle (P2) and the tricuspid type of the second upper molar with only a slight
      difference. 3. Resemblance of the basal tubercle (I2), Carabelli tubercle (M2),
      protostylid (M2), sixth cusp (M2), reduction of the upper lateral incisor, or
      Metacone reduction (M2) was rarely observed. 4. Resemblance between the permanent
      teeth of a mother and the deciduous teeth of her child was also rare, except the
      shovel shaped ones. 5. Generally, the degree of resemblance decreased in the
      following order: between the right and left sides, between siblings, between
      parents and their children, and finally, among unrelated pairs. Most outstanding
      was the resemblance between the right and left sides.

PMID- 2637631
TI  - [Cariogenicity of Propionibacterium acnes, Streptococcus intermedius and
      Streptococcus mutans in germ-free rats].
AB  - A comparative study has been made on the cariogenic potentials of
      Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 11828, Streptococcus intermedius OE-1 and
      Streptococcus mutans OZ-1. The strains of P. acnes and S. intermedius have
      chondroitinase activity. As metabolic end-products, the P. acnes strain produces
      mainly a weak acid, propionic acid, whereas strong lactic acid is the main
      product of the strains of S. intermedius and S. mutans. Five germ-free rats were
      used for infection with each bacterial strain. The rats were fed with a 25%
      sucrose diet for 100 days and then sacrificed. The upper and lower molars were
      used for the determination of the smooth surface caries score. The right upper
      and lower jaws were used for the preparation of sections which were employed for
      the determination of the fissure caries score and microradiography. The left
      upper and lower jaws were decalcified and used for the preparation of thin
      sections for staining with Gram's, hematoxilin eosin, Mallory's, alcian blue-PAS,
      silver and toluidine blue stain. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The
      recoveries of infected cells in the specimens obtained by swabbing the oral
      cavities were in the order of 10(4) CFU/mg wet weight regardless of the strains
      injected. 2. Macroscopically, the P. acnes strain decalcified to a lesser extent
      some of the enamel surfaces of the lower molars. However, the S. intermedius
      strain produced mainly the fissure caries of the lower molars. The S. mutans
      strain destroyed the enamel extensively, resulting in the induction of rampant
      carious lesions. 3. The caries scores of smooth surface determined by Keyes's
      method were 19.4 +/- 7.8, 46.8 +/- 5.8 and 118.4 +/- 15.4 in the rats infected
      with the strains of P. acnes, S. intermedius and S. mutans, respectively. The
      fissure caries score determined by the modified Konig's method were 8.5, 22.3 and
      36.5 in the sections prepared from the rats infected with the strains of P.
      acnes, S. intermedius and S. mutans, respectively. 4. Microradiography revealed
      no translucent area in the enamel and dentine of the P. acnes-infected molars,
      while in the S. intermedius-infected molars translucent areas were found at the
      dentino-enamel junction neighboring the bottoms of some fissures. The S. mutans
      infected molars showed extensive translucent areas over the enamel and dentine of
      all of the molars. Even defects of the enamel and dentinal areas were observed in
      some of the molars. 5. The decalcified tooth sections were stained in a similar
      manner irrespective of the type of organisms used to infect them.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2637633
TI  - [Color and discoloration of dental alloys with low noble metal content].
AB  - Diffused reflectance of dental casting alloys with low noble metal content by the
      spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere was used to determine the color of
      the alloy and the tarnish in 0.1% Na2S solution, to study whether or not the
      tarnish can be affected by the nobility and the microstructure of the alloy. The
      alloys which had a high atomic ratio of Au + Pt + Pd + In + Zn to Ag had higher
      tarnish resistance. However the alloys which had high content of In showed two
      phases, but these alloys had high tarnish resistance. This suggests that alloys
      which have only a small difference of nobility between the compound and the
      matrix, and in which the low tarnish resistance area is small, may have a high
      tarnish resistance.

PMID- 2637632
TI  - [Salivary microbial flora of mentally retarded persons with rumination].
AB  - The salivary microflora of institutionalized mentally retarded persons with
      chronic rumination was investigated, especially emphasizing the occurrence of the
      aciduric microorganisms such as mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and yeasts. 10
      of those subjects together with 10 control subjects resident in the same
      institution were selected at random. The control subjects were mentally retarded
      but without rumination. Samples of saliva were collected about 2 hours after
      lunch. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Dental caries was more prevalent
      and advanced in those ruminating than the control subjects. 2. The mean salivary
      pH-value in the ruminating subjects was significantly lower than the control
      subjects. 3. The proportional distribution of the genera or species of salivary
      microorganisms cultivated on the blood agar plates was similar for both the
      ruminating and non-ruminating subjects. The only difference was observed in the
      genus of Actinomyces, which was less frequently isolated from the ruminating
      subjects. 4. Mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and yeasts recovered from their
      respective selective media were significantly predominant in those ruminating
      compared with control subjects. 5. Positive correlations among the cell count of
      mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and yeasts were found in the ruminating
      subjects. The yeasts isolated were classified exclusively into Candida albicans.
      6. The results described above suggest that long-lasting acidic milieu in the
      oral cavities of the ruminating subjects favors the proliferation of mutans
      streptococci, lactobacilli and yeasts, resulting in the prevalence of dental
      caries in those subjects.

PMID- 2637634
TI  - [Large odontoma of the left maxilla: report of a case].
AB  - An odontoma is a tumor in which both epithelial and mesenchymal cells exhibit
      complete differentiation and is comosed of enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp
      tissue. Three types are complex odontoma, compound odontoma and cystic odontoma.
      The case reported here is a relatively large complex odontoma which was found in
      the left maxilla of a 23-year-old male.

PMID- 2637635
TI  - [Salivary calculus of the parotid gland: report of a case].
AB  - We reported a case of parotid sialolithiasis. A man, aged 72, complained of
      swelling of the left buccal region accompanied by a sensation of inflammation. On
      diagnosis of sialolithiasis of the parotid gland, a surgical operation was
      performed with a small incision in the left cheek region. About one month after
      the operation, a salivary calculus was discharged spontaneously from the left
      buccal region. He recovered satisfactory without the formation of a parotid
      salivary fistula. Morphological observation on the salivary calculus was carried
      out using the scanning electron microscope (SEM).

PMID- 2637636
TI  - [A survey of 700 cases of blood alcohol when driving. Medicolegal considerations
      and legal aspects].

PMID- 2637637
TI  - [Current data on fragile X syndrome. Reflections on 60 original cases].

PMID- 2637638
TI  - [Questions about fragile X syndrome and mental retardation. Clinical and
      therapeutic aspects].

PMID- 2637639
TI  - [Space and time in psychiatry. III. Qualitative study on temporality in
      depressive states].

PMID- 2637640
TI  - [Natural ambiant radioactivity and cancer].
AB  - Measures made in France have showed that gamma radioactivity and indoor radon
      concentration were more important in country with granitic soil. As long as radon
      was more particularly admitted to be inducer of broncho-pulmonary cancer by
      inhalation, epidemiologic inquires were made. The results do not reveal any
      excess death caused by cancer in these countries selected because of their
      granitic soil.

PMID- 2637641
TI  - [Rapid analysis of plastic materials for pharmaceutic use].
AB  - The use of plastic materials as containers for pharmaceuticals implies the
      knowledge of previous data and the constancy of their composition. These data and
      migration studies are acquired in the development phase and are the ground line
      in routine control. The molecular size distribution and the identification of
      principal additives are determined by gel permeation chromatography. Infra red
      spectrometry is applied to the determination of relative proportions of monomers
      in copolymers; HPLC and GLG head space are suitable for the identification of
      additives and for the studies of stability.

PMID- 2637642
TI  - [Synthesis and pharmacologic study of diethyl N-palmitoyl glutamate].
AB  - The diethyl N-palmitoyl glutamate (DEEPGt) was synthesized by the mixed
      anhydrides method and pharmacologically studied; hypothermy, sedation,
      myorelaxation and antagonism of the pentetrazole (PTZ) convulsions were obtained
      in mice. The haloperidol catalepsy's potentiation coming with oral dyskinesias
      were observed on rats. It seems, in the light of this pharmacological
      exploration, that DEEPGt penetrates easily in the brain and develops an anti
      glutamatergic activity. It is probably the slow liberation of N-palmitoyl
      glutamic acid (PGt) from the DEEPGt which amplifies its anti-PTZ activity and
      could be interesting against the memory impairing action of all the glutamatergic
      antagonists which are actually considered as the possible next generation of
      antiepileptic and neuroprotecting drugs.

PMID- 2637643
TI  - [Flavonoids of 3 cultivars vine leaves, Vitis vinifera L. var. tinctoria
      (Alicante, Carignan, Grand noir). Value in chemical control].
AB  - Three flavonoids were isolated and identified from the leaves of 3 cultivars vine
      Vitis vinifera L. var. tinctoria (Alicante, Carignan and Grand noir): hyperin,
      isoquercitrin and quercetin 3-O-beta-D glucuronic acid. TLC analytic control and
      HPLC determination are proposed in this paper.

PMID- 2637644
TI  - [Assay of plasma isosorbide dinitrate and its metabolites after oral
      administration of immediate and delayed-action forms].
AB  - This paper describes a kinetic comparative study of plasma concentrations of
      isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and its mononitrate derivatives (2-ISMN or 5-ISMN)
      after oral administration of a sustained release form of ISDN or a (non)
      sustained release form of 5-ISMN. The blood extracts determinations were
      performed by electron capture gas chromatography which is an accurate and
      sensitive method suitable for the quantitation of concentrations in the nanogram
      per ml range. The results are in good agreement with those of the literature. The
      standard form of 5-ISMN is rapidly absorbed. The Tmax value is approximately 1H
      with a corresponding Cmax value close to 400 ng/ml. For the sustained release
      drugs, the Tmax increases to 6H and Cmax is nearly half the 5-ISMN standard form
      value. Considering the administered dose, it seems better to use 5-ISMN than
      ISDN. For a long lasting treatment of angina pectoris and ischaemic cardiac
      diseases, both forms can be used.

PMID- 2637645
TI  - [Effect of cisplatin on healthy human renal tubular cells and cancerous cells in
      culture].
AB  - An in vitro comparative cis-platin cytotoxicity was evidenced in human renal
      normal and tumoral cultured cells. Cytotoxic effect was estimated at membrane
      level by intracellular enzymatic markers release into culture medium and nuclear
      level by ADN synthesis inhibition after 3H thymidine incorporation. These results
      show a more intensive activity of cis-platin in normal tubular cells than in
      tumoral ones.

PMID- 2637646
TI  - [Plants in New Caledonia. Iridoids from Scaevola montana Labill].
AB  - Five iridoids have been isolated from the aerial parts of Scaevola montana
      Labill., namely loganin, sylvestroside III, sylvestroside III dimethylacetal,
      cantleyoside and cantleyoside dimethylacetal. Their structures have been
      elucidated on the basis of their spectral data, mainly chemical ionisation mass
      spectrometry and 1H-NMR spectroscopy.

PMID- 2637647
TI  - [Tricyclic antidepressants and therapeutic monitoring. An experience with
      trimipramine].
AB  - Now it is not possible to choose an efficacious dosage of trimipramine when
      measuring serum drug concentrations. At once those measurement are useful to
      assure the long term surveillance of the treatment. That's why we propose to
      define a personal therapeutic interval that allows to limit the area in which the
      drug concentrations must be found.

PMID- 2637648
TI  - [Contribution to the pharmacodynamic study of Pycnocomon rutifolium (Vahl.)
      Hoffmanns. and Link. Analgesic activity and antipyretic activity].
AB  - We have tested the analgesic and antipyretic activity of the aqueous extract
      obtained from Pycnocomon rutifolium for various stimulations. Previously we have
      made a phytochemic screening and an assay of acute toxicity.

PMID- 2637649
TI  - [Synthesis and anticonvulsive activity of some new bisubstituted 1,3,4
      oxadiazoles and 1H-1,2,4-triazoles].
AB  - The synthesis of 7 new 2-[(2-alkoxy-3-methoxyphenyl) methyl]-5-arylamino-1,3,4
      oxadiazoles by cyclisation of the corresponding thiosemicarbazides is described.
      Some of these were tested for anticonvulsant activity. The compound 2-[(2-butoxy
      3-methoxy phenyl) methyl]-5-phenylamino 1,3,4-oxadiazole has shown significant
      anticonvulsant potency. A few new 3-phenyl-5-[(2-alkoxy-3-methoxy phenyl) methyl]
      1H-1,2,4 triazoles have also been synthesized.

PMID- 2637650
TI  - [Synthesis of potential metabolites of a barbiturate containing two branched side
      chains].
AB  - The two branched side chains of 5-(3-methylbutyl)-5-(2-methylpropyl)-barbituric
      acid present a tertiary carbon atom, which can be oxidized in vivo by hepatic
      enzymes. Potential metabolites of this compound are synthesised: the gamma
      hydroxy metabolite can be oxidized directly by CrO3 while the beta-hydroxy
      metabolite can only be prepared by hydration of a double bond. This beta
      hydroxybarbiturate then undergoes an alcoholysis leading to an allophanyl-gamma
      lactone, which is hydrolysed into a carboxylic lactone, which can give a lactone
      by decarboxylation. On the other hand, a beta-gamma-dihydroxymetabolite is
      synthesised by double hydration of two double bonds using two different methods.
      A spirobilactone can also be synthesised from this dihydroxy compound.

PMID- 2637651
TI  - [Polyphenolic glycosides from Cistus creticus L. leaves].
AB  - Five flavonoids: kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D
      glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-rutinoside, myricetin 3-O-alpha-L
      rhamnopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside and one coumarin:
      esculin have been isolated from the leaves of Cistus creticus. Their structures
      have been elucidated on the basis of their spectral data mainly mass spectrometry
      (DCI) and 1H NMR.

PMID- 2637652
TI  - [Quantitative anti-inflammatory and analgesic structure-activity relationship of
      2-amino-3-ethoxycarbonyl thiophene derivatives].
AB  - Quantitative structure activity relationships of 2-amino-3-carboxylic acid ethyl
      ester thiophene derivatives are described. These compounds exhibit a weak anti
      edema activity and a more significant analgesic activity relative to
      acetylsalicylic acid and oxyphenylbutazone. The application of statistical
      analysis has shown that for analgesic activity, lipophilic parameters and molar
      refractivity seem to be the parameters giving the best explanations of variances
      of biological data for eight compounds, the lipophilicity exhibits a degree of
      correlation of 81.9% regarding anti-inflammatory activity.

PMID- 2637653
TI  - [Neurologic complications of HIV infection and drug abuse].

PMID- 2637654
TI  - [Cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS].
AB  - A retrospective study was made of the cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT)
      diagnosed since 1985 in patients with AIDS. In the period studied, out of a total
      of 70 patients with AIDS, 13 (18.5%) were diagnosed with CT. In eight cases (11%)
      CT was the first illness indicating AIDS. The clinical, neuro-radiological and
      serological findings were analyzed. Also the response to treatment with
      pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. Although the rate of mortality from CT has been
      very low among our patients, relapses have been frequent, even in patients who
      were on maintenance treatment with pyrimethamine, and in the medium term the
      prognosis is made more gloomy by the appearance of other opportunistic
      infections.

PMID- 2637655
TI  - [Tuberculous meningitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].
AB  - A series composed by 13 patients suffering Tuberculous Meningitis (TM) and
      Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is reported. The characteristics of the
      disease are compared with those obtained from a control group. TM reached a
      frequency of 18% in the first 66 patients with AIDS and neurologic disorders
      attended by the authors. The male/female ratio was 12:1. There was lesser
      frequency of headache in the group with TM and AIDS, but there was a greater
      frequency of lymph nodes, anemia, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia and elevated
      ESR that in the control group. These differences were statistically
      significative. Parabolic and hyperbolic correlations were found between the
      number of cells and the albumin or glucose concentration in the CSF (and also
      between the later two parameters) of the patients with TM and AIDS. The treatment
      was very efficacious, but the proper duration and the long-term results of the
      therapy are unknown due to the difficult follow-up.

PMID- 2637656
TI  - [Neurologic and neuropsychologic manifestations in asymptomatic HIV positive
      subjects. Results of the first year follow-up].
AB  - Neurologic alterations were noted as important early from the description of the
      AIDS epidemic. At present, there is evidence that the Human Immunodeficiency
      Virus can be the aetiologic agent of the AIDS dementia complex. The natural
      history of this disease is not well known. Various longitudinal studies have been
      undertaken to assess the appearance of neurologic and neuropsychologic
      alterations in seropositive patients. Until now the results show that
      asymptomatic seropositive patients have not significant alterations. We are
      studying seropositive asymptomatic patients with haemophilia. The results of the
      first year of the study indicate that these patients, taken all together, have
      not significant alterations. However, neuropsychologic and subtle neurologic
      alterations were found in 3 patients (21%). If these findings are also observed
      in other similar studies, these group II "asymptomatic" patients will must be
      reclassified, with probable changes in management and prognosis.

PMID- 2637657
TI  - [Respiratory function in fur-processing workers].
AB  - Forty women employed as furriers in the fur processing industry and a group of 31
      control workers were examined. A higher prevalence of chronic respiratory
      symptoms was found among the furriers than among the controls. The differences
      were statistically significant for chronic cough and sinusitis (P less than
      0.01). The highest prevalence in furriers was found for chronic cough (50%),
      sinusitis (30%), followed by dyspnea (25%), nasal catarrh (20%) and occupational
      asthma (5%). A large number of workers complained of acute symptoms during work
      shift. Statistically significant mean acute reductions in ventilatory capacity
      over the workshift were recorded for FVC (-4.1%), FEV1 (-5.2%) and FEV50 (-6.3%).
      The furriers demonstrated significantly lower mean measured pre-shift values for
      FVC and FEV25 (P less than 0.05) when compared with the predicted. Pre-shift
      administration of 40 mg of Intal considerably diminished acute ventilatory
      capacity over the work shift.

PMID- 2637658
TI  - [Familial poisoning by carbon monoxide with different ECG changes].
AB  - The paper presents the poisoning of a family of three by carbon monoxide, caused
      by incomplete combustion of butane gas in a central heating system, with various
      disturbances in conduction and ishaemic changes in the ECG. The father, mother
      and son were poisoned. The father had increased amylase activity in urine (507
      i.u./L) and, a COHb concentration of 4.8%. An ECG registered a temporary block of
      the left branch of the His bundle and a negative T wave in the III lead, which
      continued for about two weeks. The mother had a COHb concentration of 6% and an
      extended PQ interval, whereas the son had 8.5% of COHb in the blood and a
      transient incomplete block of the right branch of the His bundle. After treatment
      with pressurised pure oxygen, the symptoms of poisoning disappeared, COHb
      concentration fell to below 1% and the ECG registered an improvement. During
      treatment the patients also received an infusion of piracetam.

PMID- 2637659
TI  - Glycogen in the muscles of rats poisoned by metal ions.
AB  - Glycogen was determined in the skeletal muscles of rat after exposure to several
      salts of mercury, cadmium, zinc, copper, molybdenum, lead, cobalt and manganese.
      Treatment with these metals depleted muscle glycogen except in the case of copper
      and zinc. The causes and significance of the changes involved are discussed.

PMID- 2637660
TI  - [Changes in the blood composition in workers exposed to solvents containing
      benzene].
AB  - Testing of blood elements was carried out on a sample of 51 semiskilled workers
      employed in a sewing machine dye-works and exposed to the effect of solutions
      containing benzene for a period of 11.8 years. The sample consisted of 17 men and
      34 women, the average age being 35 years. Up to 1981 values of benzene in the
      solution were under the maximal allowable concentration (MAC). From 1981 the
      injurious agents and their homologues were no longer present in the solution. The
      results of testing show a significant drop in the number of leukocytes in workers
      exposed to the effect of benzene for a long period of time. Comparison of blood
      components was carried out in the same workers during 1981 and 1986. It was found
      that after exposure to the solution containing benzene ceased (although under
      MAC), the number of elements of all blood components increased, particularly the
      values of erythrocytes and thrombocytes (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01
      respectively).

PMID- 2637661
TI  - [Chronic obstructive lung diseases due to organic dust exposure].
AB  - A group of female workers occupationally exposed to cotton, hemp, flax, spices,
      soy, tea, coffee and furs was included in the study. The highest prevalence of
      chronic respiratory symptoms and diseases and greatest changes in ventilatory
      capacity were due to exposure to hemp and flax aerosols. The development of
      respiratory impairment can be impeded by control of the working environment and
      preventive medical examinations.

PMID- 2637662
TI  - [Possible mechanisms of nonspecific respiratory effects in certain types of
      occupational exposure].
AB  - A summary is made of the author's research related to non-specific respiratory
      effects of certain types of occupational exposure. Possible mechanisms of such
      effects are a) repeated mechanical lesions of the mucous membrane in the
      bronchial part of the respiratory tract, e.g. in prolonged exposure to dusts, b)
      disturbance in the process of clearance of the alveoli and respiratory pathways,
      resulting in increased tendency to infection, and chronic damage (manganese), and
      c) induced hyperreactivity of the bronchi with symptoms of bronchial asthma and
      faster reduction in ventilatory lung function in relation to the expected fall
      with regard to age. The possible significance of combined exposure to aerosols of
      solid particles of small aerodynamic diameter and gaseous irritants is
      emphasized. By adsorption on dust particles the gaseous irritants of the upper
      part of the respiratory tract are carried deep into areas not usually penetrated,
      where, because adsorption is a reversible bond, they are released and can cause a
      local irritative effect. When evaluating the registered damage the role of other
      environmental factors should be kept in mind, particularly the habit of smoking,
      because of the possible supplementary and occasionally synergistic effect.

PMID- 2637663
TI  - [Ventilatory function of the lungs in Brac stone cutters].
AB  - The study aims at assessing whether occupational exposure to Brac limestone,
      which contains a minute amount of silica, induces disorders of ventilatory
      capacity. It included 71 male workers employed in a stone saw-mill and 134
      controls. The ventilatory functions VC, FEV1, FEV 1% VC, MEF25, MEF50 i MEF75
      were examined, and the values analysed in respect to smoking habit. Variance
      analysis established a homogenous distribution of VC parameters, while others
      were heterogeneously distributed. This can be explained by smoking habit as
      assessable factor, and not by exposure to limestone dust. It is assumed that the
      production of Brac limestone in the stone saw-mill does not cause disorders in
      ventilatory function.

PMID- 2637664
TI  - [Disorders of the cervical spine and the upper extremities and occupations].
AB  - A chronological review of damage to the spine and upper extremities associated
      with work was carried out in a sample of 120 retired disabled workers.
      Examination of risk factors for cervicobrachial syndrome (CBS) showed that the
      forced, bent position of the body at work contributed significantly to the
      frequency of the disease, particularly in women (70.0% against 38% in controls P
      less than 0.01). The lifting of heavy loads was also frequently observed in women
      with CBS (12% compared to 6% in the control group (P less than 0.05). Repeated
      movements during work were claimed by 52.9% of the males and 80% of the females
      with CBS and by only 41.4% of the males and 50% of the females without it (P less
      than 0.01). The heaviest load lifted by subjects with CBS at work exceeded
      significantly that of control subjects. It is considered that there is a causal
      link between excessive burden and the occurrence of CBS in women. For early
      diagnosis of CBS, tiredness, pain in the cervical spine, reduced strength in the
      hands and poor ability to endure manual work are signs to be looked for. Early
      recognition of disease, improved working conditions and recreation can help
      prevent the disease or slow down its progress.

PMID- 2637665
TI  - [The shoulder "moment" and work on video terminals].
AB  - The positioning of the subject's arms during work with video display terminals
      was observed employing biomechanical model construction based on anthropometric
      data concerning the subject's height and total body mass. Segmental masses were
      determined for each subject under study and a biomechanical model corresponding
      to the working arm positioning, i.e. to the neutral position, medium working
      position and the position with arms stretched out, was formulated. Ergonomic work
      analysis, realized by quantifying the work weight based on arm position during
      work showed that more effort is required with the arms stretched out than in the
      neutral position.

PMID- 2637666
TI  - [Changes in the anterior segment of the eye in workers in the coke manufacturing
      industry].
AB  - An investigation carried out of eye disorders in workers employed in the
      manufacture of coke demonstrated a high percentage of changes in the anterior
      segment of the eye. Registered symptoms such as conjunctival hyperemia,
      pinguecula, pigmentation and conjunctivitis were most probably connected with
      specific work and exposure to coal dust and irritants. In workers exposed for
      less than two years there were no changes in lacrimal secretion. In those working
      for 2-7 years excessive hypersecretion dominated, and after a longer period of
      exposure the majority of workers had hyposecretion.

PMID- 2637667
TI  - [Psychoneurotic disorders in construction workers separated from their family].
AB  - The study aimed at establishing a correlation between building-site workers
      living apart from their families in a company's lodgings, and the development of
      psychic disturbances in their behaviour. The results showed that the type of
      lodgings did not correlate with the development of psychic disturbances. It was
      found that younger and unmarried workers living in company's accommodation were
      more prone to exhibiting those symptoms than workers of the same age living with
      their families. Neurosis and psychosis were equally present in both groups of
      workers regardless of the type of living quarters. The results seem to be logical
      as psychic disturbances also tend to develop in stable social environments. This
      should make one aware of the importance of predisposition for the development of
      psychic disturbances in any form of community however protective it may be.

PMID- 2637668
TI  - [Arterial hypertension in workers exposed to occupational noise].
AB  - A study was carried out in three groups of workers of comparable anthropometric
      characteristics who were exposed to various levels of noise at the workplace.
      Among the workers from the textile industry (a jute weaving mill) who worked in
      exposure to the noise intensity of 90-102 dB the prevalence of arterial
      hypertension was much higher than in those who were exposed to the noise levels
      within permissible limits.

PMID- 2637669
TI  - [Varicosities of the lower extremities in workers in positions requiring
      continuous standing or sitting positions].
AB  - An epidemiological study of the prevalence of varicose veins of lower extremities
      was carried out in an industrial population of 434 men and 345 women. A
      statistically significant (p less than 0.05) association between the varicose
      disease and duration of work was found in all groups of workers, except for women
      sitting at work. Decrease in the prevalence of varicose veins after 20 years of
      employment may be explained at least partly, by the factor of self-selection in
      the industry. However, there was no difference in the prevalence of varicose
      veins between workers standing and those sitting at work.

PMID- 2637670
TI  - Ileocolonoscopy in seronegative spondylarthropathy.
AB  - A prospective endoscopic and histologic study of terminal ileum and colorectum in
      211 patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy revealed macroscopic
      inflammatory lesions varying from erythema to superficial erosions in 30% of the
      patients and microscopic inflammation in 61%. Two types of inflammation were
      observed: an acute inflammation resembling an infectious enterocolitis and a
      chronic inflammation. In idiopathic reactive arthritis both types of inflammation
      were equally present, whereas chronic inflammation predominated in patients with
      ankylosing spondylitis. In 32% of patients with chronic inflammation, the lesions
      particularly resembled early Crohn's disease. Repeat ileocolonscopy on 19
      patients demonstrated a parallel evolution of joint symptoms and histologic
      lesions. All patients with acute inflammation went into clinical and histologic
      remission, whereas lesions persisted in patients with Crohn-like inflammation. In
      patients with chronic inflammation, remission and persistence were observed
      equally. This study identified a group of patients with seronegative
      spondylarthropathy which, even in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms,
      showed evidence of gut inflammation, probably inducing an increased gut
      permeability with transgression of the oral tolerance and absorption of
      provocative antigens into the circulation. It is also possible that both diseases
      reflect a common underlying process.

PMID- 2637671
TI  - Core-peripheral temperature gradient as a guide to therapy in shock.

PMID- 2637672
TI  - A comment on the CDC study of nonsexual household transmission of AIDS and on
      Cameron's correction to that study.

PMID- 2637673
TI  - A morphometric and histologic study of the scalp in psoriasis. Paradoxical
      sebaceous gland atrophy and decreased hair shaft diameters without alopecia.
AB  - A histologic study was designed to evaluate the pilosebaceous unit of the scalp
      in nonpustular patch- and plaque-stage psoriasis. Punch biopsy specimens from
      involved and uninvolved areas of 28 patients were sectioned in a horizontal plane
      for qualitative and quantitative study. All samples were evaluated in a blind
      mode, and data were analyzed for statistical significance. There was no evidence
      for alopecia of any type. Sebaceous gland atrophy was a frequent concomitant in
      the psoriatic lesion, with probable down-sizing of the hair follicle and thinner
      hair shafts. Paradoxical sebaceous gland atrophy and down-sized hair follicles in
      psoriasis may be due to possible inhibiting effects of yet unidentified factors
      produced by the epidermal lesion.

PMID- 2637674
TI  - Psychiatry: mindless or brainless, both or neither?
AB  - After a period marked by one-sided emphasis on psychodynamics and social issues,
      or what could be called "brainless" psychiatry on account of its relative neglect
      of cerebral processes, we are witnessing an opposite trend towards extreme
      biologism or "mindless" psychiatry. The pendulum has swung periodically from one
      to the other of these reductionistic positions throughout the history of
      psychiatry. The author argues that neither brainless nor mindless psychiatry can
      do justice to the complexity of mental illness and to the treatment of patients.
      Psychiatry's distinguishing feature as a clinical discipline is its equal concern
      with subjective experience, or the mind, and with the body, including brain
      function, which together constitute a person, a psychiatrist's proper focus of
      inquiry and intervention. Moreover, a person, viewed as a mindbody complex, is in
      constant interaction with the environment. It follows that both study of mental
      illness and clinical practice need to take into account the psychological, the
      biological and the social aspects. These three aspects are not mutually reducible
      and are indispensable for the understanding and treatment of the individual
      patient. Such a comprehensive, biopsychosocial approach provides an antithesis to
      the reductionistic viewpoints and, in the writer's opinion, is both practically
      and theoretically most satisfying.

PMID- 2637675
TI  - Intricacies of blood pressure measurement: reexamining the rituals.
AB  - Critical care clinicians are often frustrated when blood pressure values derived
      via direct monitoring methods (i.e., arterial lines) do not "correlate" with
      values obtained via indirect methods (e.g., auscultatory). Precious time has been
      spent attempting to troubleshoot monitoring systems and ascertain why these
      discrepancies exist. Greater insight into the intricacies of blood pressure
      monitoring reveals that both direct and indirect methods are subject to many
      external and physiologic influences that have the ability to significantly affect
      the value ultimately accepted as the "true" blood pressure. Direct blood pressure
      monitoring is influenced by normal physiologic changes in the pressure pulse
      configuration as it travels to the periphery, as well as by properties of the
      external monitoring system. Indirect monitoring is also influenced by a variety
      of factors, and may be unreliable in the very clinical situations where it is
      used the most. Finally, the relationship between blood pressure and blood flow,
      particularly in critically ill patients, suggests that it is unreasonable to
      expect that pressures obtained by direct monitoring methods will be the same as
      those derived by indirect methods that are flow dependent.

PMID- 2637676
TI  - Clinical use of topographic brain electrical activity mapping in psychiatry.
AB  - The authors report clinically relevant results from topographic brain electrical
      activity mapping of patients undergoing psychiatric evaluation. Topographic
      methods are discussed and compared with electroencephalographic (EEG) and evoked
      potential (EP) techniques. Suggestions are made for using topographic analysis of
      EEG and EP data in clinical psychiatric practice.

PMID- 2637677
TI  - Induced condylar growth in a patient with hemifacial microsomia.
AB  - Hemifacial microsomia is a congenital abnormality which results in progressive,
      three-dimensional facial asymmetry in the growing child. Functional appliance
      therapy was instituted in an 11 year, 7 month old boy with hemifacial microsomia
      in order to determine if symmetry could be re-established by promoting
      masticatory muscle function on the affected side, thereby stimulating bone growth
      in the affected condyle over and above what would occur without any treatment
      intervention. Removable functional appliance therapy, and later, unilateral
      Herbst appliance therapy, produced a dramatic change in the condylar growth on
      the affected side. Herbst therapy has the advantage over a removable functional
      appliance in that patient acceptance is much greater. Lack of patient compliance
      may be the primary cause of the variable results obtained with functional
      appliances in hemifacial microsomia cases as reported in the literature.

PMID- 2637678
TI  - Antiphospholipid antibodies: a risk factor for occlusive ocular vascular disease
      in systemic lupus erythematosus and the 'primary' antiphospholipid syndrome.
AB  - Seven cases of occlusive ocular vascular disease affecting retinal and choroidal
      vessels were found among 84 consecutive patients with raised levels of
      anticardiolipin antibodies attending the lupus arthritis clinic at St Thomas's
      Hospital from 1985 to 1987. Six patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
      and one with a 'primary antiphospholipid syndrome' had occlusive ocular vascular
      disease affecting a variety of vessels. This gives a prevalence of occlusive
      ocular vascular disease of 8% in this subgroup of patients, significantly higher
      than the 0.5-2.0% previously reported in patients with SLE. Four of these
      patients also suffered from cerebrovascular disease, supporting the previously
      documented association between occlusive ocular vascular disease and central
      nervous system disease in SLE. Additionally, other features of the
      antiphospholipid syndrome were frequently present. These findings suggest that
      patients with SLE and raised anticardiolipin antibodies have a higher risk of
      developing occlusive ocular vascular disease than has been previously reported.

PMID- 2637679
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of morphine following administration by the buccal route.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of morphine administered via the buccal route as a
      controlled release formulation were assessed after the administration of three
      different doses and found to be linear in the dose range 10-30 mg. The plasma
      concentrations of morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide demonstrated
      considerable inter-subject variation and conclusions could not be drawn regarding
      their pharmacokinetics. These large differences may reflect not only variability
      in buccal absorption, but may have resulted from the preparation dissolving in
      saliva, followed by absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2637680
TI  - "Occult" hydrocephalus in children.
AB  - The authors describe 32 children between 2 and 15 years of age who had
      hydrocephalus that was only clinically manifest late in life. The clinical
      picture of these children did not suggest an obvious increase in intracranial
      pressure; instead, the presenting signs were rather nonspecific and included
      macrocrania, mild psychomotor retardation, unsteady gait, increased muscle tone
      and deep tendon reflexes in the lower limbs, impaired ocular movement, epilepsy,
      and endocrine dysfunction. Their histories suggest the possible causes of the
      ventricular dilation in about one third of the cases were: perinatal hemorrhage,
      leptomeningitis, neurofibromatosis, and untreated aneurysm of the great vein of
      Galen. In 20 patients, however, no positive anamnestic findings were reported. CT
      scan revealed triventricular dilation in more than half of the cases;
      tetraventricular dilation was present in 6 patients, and biventricular dilation
      in the remaining subjects. All children underwent CSF shunting, which resulted in
      complete recovery in all but 2 cases. The most frequently recorded surgical
      complication was post-operative subdural effusion (7 subjects), which required
      surgical treatment in only 2 cases.

PMID- 2637681
TI  - Dynamic condylar screw: a new device. A preliminary report.
AB  - The dynamic condylar screw (DCS) is a new implant engineered by the AO/ASIF Group
      for use in management of proximal and distal femoral fractures. This device has
      some technical advantages over the AO condylar blade plate. In a prospective
      study we reviewed the use of the DCS in the treatment of supracondylar fractures,
      intertrochanteric fractures, subtrochanteric fractures, nonunions, and malunions
      in 18 patients (19 femora). The results are based on an average follow-up of 9
      months. Seventeen femurs went on to clinical and radiological union with good
      functional results. There were two failures because of delayed unions.

PMID- 2637682
TI  - Imipramine and alprazolam treatment of lactate-induced acute endogenous distress
      in nonhuman primates.
AB  - The authors studied the response of 10 macaque monkeys to administration of
      sodium lactate, a panicogenic agent used in human panic disorder research, after
      treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine, the
      triazolobenzodiazepine alprazolam, or placebo. Both drugs effectively blocked the
      lactate-induced acute endogenous distress responses that had been reliably
      observed in the monkeys before drug treatment. Only alprazolam significantly
      reduced the occurrence of conditioned situational anxiety responses observed in
      the home cage. The alprazolam monkeys appeared to be sedated compared to the
      imipramine and placebo groups, and tremor and temporary exacerbation of anxious
      behaviors were observed during alprazolam withdrawal.

PMID- 2637683
TI  - Association of left-handedness with ventricle size and neuropsychological
      performance in schizophrenia.
AB  - Left-handed schizophrenic patients showed lateral ventricular enlargement and
      generally poorer performance on intelligence and neuropsychological tests
      compared with right-handed schizophrenic patients. These results suggest that
      left-handed schizophrenic patients have more cerebral dysfunction than right
      handed schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2637684
TI  - Substituting diagnostic services. New tests only partly replace older ones.
AB  - Hospitals' patterns of ancillary service use were examined to determine whether
      new technologies replace older, more outmoded technologies, and to explore the
      factors associated with adoption of newer services and abandonment of older
      services. Annual inpatient use of five pairs of ancillary services was measured
      for 1978 through 1980 at 63 hospitals in five regions. The diagnostic test pairs
      consisted of one well-established diagnostic test and one newer service that
      could largely substitute for the older one and included (1) oral cholecystogram
      and gallbladder ultrasound; (2) brain scan and computed tomographic head scan;
      (3) skull roentgenogram and brain scan; (4) bone survey and bone scan; and (5)
      blood type/cross and type/screen. Use of gallbladder ultrasound increased
      significantly after its adoption, with small decreases in the use of oral
      cholecystogram, its paired test. For the other newer tests examined, increased
      use was not accompanied by significantly decreased use of the paired older
      service. The strongest predictors of change in patterns of test use were hospital
      size, number of residencies, occupancy, urban location, and the proportion of
      specialists on staff. We conclude that diffusion of new diagnostic services
      occurs gradually and often without concomitant decrease in older, outmoded
      services; new services generally seem to complement rather than substitute for
      older ones. Larger hospitals with a greater teaching commitment make a faster
      transition to the use of new technologies and the abandonment of older ones.

PMID- 2637685
TI  - Oestradiol 17 beta-glucuronide increases tight-junctional permeability in rat
      liver.
AB  - By using rat liver perfusion under one-pass conditions with a single pulse of
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the biliary output of HRP was used as an indicator
      of paracellular permeability change caused by the cholestatic compound oestradiol
      17 beta-glucuronide (E17G). Since E17G reduced bile flow, we have also used,
      during the assessment of junctional permeability after E17G treatment, the
      choleretic compound taurodehydrocholate to enhance bile flow back to control
      levels. At both low and restored bile flow rates, the acute administration of
      E17G (3.4 mumol) increased the HRP peak height, thereby indicating that one of
      the hepatotoxic actions of E17G is to increase the permeability of hepatic tight
      junctions. The action of E17G in affecting bile acid secretion and biliary volume
      are also explored.

PMID- 2637686
TI  - Clinical support for eliminating the nursing diagnosis of knowledge deficit.
AB  - An investigation of the appropriateness of the use of the nursing diagnosis,
      Knowledge Deficit, in specific clinical instances and examination of the
      diagnosis in light of validation criteria provided clinical support for
      eliminating it. The authors conclude that Knowledge Deficit falls outside of the
      boundaries of the discipline and that the label encourages nurses to focus
      attention on the promotion of knowledge as an entity rather than addressing a
      behavior related to the patients' lack of information. Removal of Knowledge
      Deficit from The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (1986) taxonomy
      would force nurses to use other diagnostic labels.

PMID- 2637687
TI  - Facial fracture tolerances revisited.

PMID- 2637688
TI  - Acute terminal aortic thrombosis in an uncontrolled diabetic.

PMID- 2637689
TI  - Pediatric procedures: do parents want to watch?

PMID- 2637690
TI  - Changes in urethral resistance after surgery for stress urinary incontinence.
AB  - Seventy women with stress urinary incontinence underwent simultaneous voiding
      urethrocystometry using microtip transducers and an 8-channel recorder, before
      and three to twelve months after either the modified Burch (48/70) or the
      modified Pereyra (22/70) retropubic urethropexy. Increase in urethral resistance
      (p less than 0.005) was more marked following the Pereyra procedure (0.042 +/-
      0.039 to 0.07 +/- 0.061) and 30 percent experienced postoperative voiding
      difficulties, compared with the Burch procedure (0.035 +/- 0.029 to 0.055 +/-
      0.03) where 20 percent experienced postoperative voiding difficulties. Of those
      patients who voided without a detrusor contraction prior to surgery (35/70), in
      50 percent a detrusor contraction component developed to their voiding mechanism
      postoperatively (p less than 0.05) and overcame the increased urethral resistance
      with no postoperative voiding difficulties. In the remaining 50 percent a
      detrusor contraction failed to develop during postoperative voiding and 90
      percent of them demonstrated reduced flow rates and increased use of Valsalva
      maneuver, and needed prolonged postoperative bladder drainage prior to resumption
      of spontaneous voiding (p less than 0.005). Inability to develop a detrusor
      contraction during voiding in face of increased urethral resistance promoted by
      the incontinence surgery provided a suitable explanation for post surgery voiding
      difficulties in 20 to 30 percent of patients.

PMID- 2637691
TI  - Coronary artery-left ventricle fistula.

PMID- 2637692
TI  - Denied more than his donuts.

PMID- 2637693
TI  - Soft-tissue tumors of the hand and wrist of children.
AB  - We report 23 children with soft-tissue tumors of the hand and wrist. Tumors of
      blood and lymph vessel origin accounted for nine patients; giant-cell tumors of
      tendon sheaths and tumoral calcinosis occurred in four patients each and soft
      tissue chondroma in three. Synovial osteochondromatosis and aggressive
      fibromatosis were each represented by one patient. Finally, there was one child
      with a malignant soft-tissue tumor, an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the hand.
      Hand and wrist ganglia were excluded. Imaging methods used in investigating hand
      and wrist lesions are discussed but plain radiography remains the first and often
      only examination necessary.

PMID- 2637694
TI  - Aboriginal and white births in Western Australia, 1980-1986. Part I: Birthweight
      and gestational age.
AB  - This article describes the distributions of birthweight and gestational age of
      all singleton Aboriginal and white live-born infants in Western Australia for the
      period 1980-1986. At early gestational ages, the mean birthweight was greater for
      Aboriginal infants. However, after 34-weeks' gestation for male infants and 32
      weeks' gestation for female infants, the pattern was reversed. More Aboriginal
      infants were of low birthweight--male Aboriginal infants, 9.8%; male white
      infants, 4.0%; female Aboriginal infants, 12.4%; and female white infants, 4.6%,
      this excess only occurred in term (37- to 41-weeks' gestation) and post-term (42-
      to 52-weeks' gestation) infants. The birthweight distributions for Aboriginal and
      white infants were similar in preterm infants, but at term and beyond Aboriginal
      infants tended to be lighter. Preterm (fewer than 37-weeks' gestation) births
      were more common among Aborigines (male Aboriginal infants, 16.0%; white male
      infants, 6.8%; female Aboriginal infants, 15.9%; and female white infants, 6.0%).
      Thus, it seems that the distributions of both birthweight and gestational age in
      Aboriginal infants are shifted downward compared with those for white infants.
      Aboriginal infants normally may be smaller and more likely to be born earlier
      than are white infants as well as having a definite shift towards pathological
      growth retardation at term and beyond.

PMID- 2637695
TI  - Cerebrovascular accident and myocardial infarction associated with
      anticardiolipin antibodies in a young woman with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - A 26 year old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus, including malar rash,
      photosensitivity, and arthritis, developed a cerebrovascular accident and acute
      myocardial infarction. High titres to antinuclear factor, anti-DNA antibodies,
      positive Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, and anticardiolipin
      antibodies were found in her serum. A possible association between the presence
      of anticardiolipin antibodies and the two major thrombotic events is discussed.

PMID- 2637696
TI  - Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

PMID- 2637698
TI  - Experience with intradermal antigenic tests and immunotherapy in bronchial
      asthma.

PMID- 2637697
TI  - Ligneous conjunctivitis involving the cervix. Case report.

PMID- 2637699
TI  - An 'unpleasant' aspect of dentistry.

PMID- 2637700
TI  - Subsensitivity to the cough-depressant effects of opioid and nonopioid
      antitussives in morphine-dependent rats: relationship to central serotonin
      function.
AB  - The present study was designed to determine whether morphine-dependent rats have
      a decreased sensitivity to the cough-depressant effects of both opioid and
      nonopioid antitussives. Morphine dependence was induced by treatment with
      morphine-admixed food (0.5 mg/g of food) for 7 days. The cough reflex was induced
      by application of electrical stimulation to the tracheal mucosa by the puncture
      electrode-induced cough method. The cough-depressant effect was evaluated as the
      antitussive ED50 calculated by the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon. The effects
      of both opioid (morphine and dihydrocodeine) and nonopioid (dextromethorphan and
      noscapine) antitussive drugs were diminished in morphine-dependent rats. The
      values of ED50 of these antitussive drugs in morphine-dependent rats were about 3
      fold higher than those in control rats. A significantly lower number of serotonin
      receptors was found in the brainstem of morphine-dependent rats (Bmax: 2.88 +/-
      0.32 pmoles/mg protein) than in controls (Bmax: 4.93 +/- 0.50 pmoles/mg protein).
      It is possible that the decreased sensitivity to both opioid and nonopioid
      antitussive drugs, in terms of the depression of the cough reflex, in morphine
      dependent rats may be due to changes in the number of serotonin receptors.

PMID- 2637701
TI  - Effect of misoprostol on fat malabsorption in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2637702
TI  - Older populations, aging individuals and health for all.
AB  - Family planning and reduced infant mortality have led to an explosion in the
      number of elderly people. There are already 300 million people aged 65 and over
      and by the year 2000 there will be over 400 million, two-thirds or more of them
      in the developing countries. Great gaps still exist in our knowledge of health
      and disease in the elderly, of how best to prevent or treat illness among them,
      and of how to care for those who become dependent. Although the precise impact of
      aging on societies awaits clarification, governments will undoubtedly have to
      develop social and health policies so as to adapt equitably to the forces of
      change.

PMID- 2637703
TI  - Maternal mortality in China.
AB  - Within 10 years of the establishment of the People's Republic, maternal mortality
      in China had fallen by 98%. High values, however, persist in the less developed
      parts of the country.

PMID- 2637704
TI  - Family planning in the Sudan: a pilot project success story.

PMID- 2637705
TI  - Balance in family planning.
AB  - Family planning has been so effective in Singapore that a risk exists of there
      being too few young people to sustain the country's economy in the twenty-first
      century. Relaxation of birth control policies and immigration laws offers hope
      that this problem will be averted.

PMID- 2637706
TI  - A film about teenage pregnancy.

PMID- 2637707
TI  - Epidemiology, anthropology and health education.
AB  - Epidemiology gives only a partial picture of a health problem. Without a
      knowledge of social, cultural, and economic conditions as well, one can fall into
      farcical errors in designing interventions.

PMID- 2637709
TI  - A museum for health and fitness.

PMID- 2637708
TI  - Understanding instructions for oral rehydration therapy.
AB  - Oral rehydration mixtures are readily available in rural Kenya, but the
      instructions that accompany them are not always clear. Mothers will understand
      such instructions more readily if they explain the principles of oral rehydration
      and describe in a logical way the sequence of procedures to be followed.

PMID- 2637710
TI  - Ears to hear.

PMID- 2637711
TI  - On course for better health care.
AB  - Advances are reported in the quantity and quality of training given to health
      workers in the countryside of China's Hunan Province. Here, as elsewhere in
      China, the steps being taken should lead to significant improvements in rural
      health services.

PMID- 2637712
TI  - A village health worker programme in Nigeria.
AB  - A study was made of the training and performance of village health workers near
      Lagos, and of the management of the scheme to which they belonged. Among the
      deficiencies observed were inadequate drug control and poor record-keeping.
      Nevertheless, the scheme led to a significant extension of primary health care
      coverage.

PMID- 2637714
TI  - Fellowship evaluation--by whom?

PMID- 2637713
TI  - Training for primary health care.
AB  - New courses in health services studies have been launched at Helsinki University.
      They offer undergraduates a chance to study this subject to degree and doctoral
      standards without previous medical training of any kind.

PMID- 2637715
TI  - Conflict in health systems.
AB  - The causes and nature of conflict in health systems are examined, and ways of
      minimizing it are suggested. Prominent among these are the adoption of integrated
      management and the recognition of people's rights and aspirations. Machinery for
      settling disputes should also be in place.

PMID- 2637716
TI  - The road to health.
AB  - This article is published as a tribute to Professor Thomas McKeown, the eminent
      epidemiologist, who died in 1988 aged 75. In it the author urges that the spread
      of services comprising primary health care be arranged in strict order of
      priority. Since improvements in nutrition have a particularly profound effect on
      health they should be the primary aim of developing countries.

PMID- 2637718
TI  - Balancing acts for health.

PMID- 2637717
TI  - Health and development.

PMID- 2637719
TI  - HIV--to test or not to test?

PMID- 2637720
TI  - Youth and health--the moral dimension.

PMID- 2637721
TI  - World Health Day 1989 in Finland.

PMID- 2637722
TI  - Hospitals for primary health care.

PMID- 2637723
TI  - Towards community involvement in health development.

PMID- 2637724
TI  - Community psychiatry in Bahrain.

PMID- 2637725
TI  - Maternal health services in the marketplace.

PMID- 2637726
TI  - Efficiency of leprosy control programmes.

PMID- 2637727
TI  - Obstacles to community participation in health care.

PMID- 2637728
TI  - Mental public health in the continuing education of psychiatrists.

PMID- 2637729
TI  - Smoking by student nurses and their teachers in Italy.

PMID- 2637730
TI  - Rural maternity hospitals in China.

PMID- 2637731
TI  - New needs in health management.
AB  - National health development policies demand the building of operational and
      management capacities. A WHO study has identified key requirements in these areas
      and has found that few countries are in a position to meet them.

PMID- 2637732
TI  - Risk groups and risk areas.
AB  - The risk approach to health management usually relates to groups of people. An
      alternative method is to concentrate on the areas at risk, which may sometimes be
      more useful in decision-making.

PMID- 2637733
TI  - More health care for the same money.
AB  - Vast scope exists in the USSR for improving the quantity and quality of hospital
      services without raising expenditure. Increased freedom for administrators and
      financial incentives for health workers are major keys to progress in this field.

PMID- 2637734
TI  - Senegal moves nearer the goals of Alma-Ata.

PMID- 2637735
TI  - Rediscovering lost vocations.

PMID- 2637736
TI  - Towards the measurement of community participation.
AB  - A description is given of the initial stages in the development of a methodology
      for assessing community participation in health schemes. A study in Nepal
      indicates that the approach adopted will be useful to planners who wish to
      evaluate involvement in primary care programmes.

PMID- 2637737
TI  - More power to the people.

PMID- 2637738
TI  - [Fossal modelling and tripodal research].

PMID- 2637739
TI  - [The problem of retreatment].

PMID- 2637740
TI  - [Surgical treatment of gingival recession].

PMID- 2637741
TI  - [Epulis bone lesions].

PMID- 2637742
TI  - [Mixed restorations: a simple method].

PMID- 2637743
TI  - Interiors ... the final frontier.

PMID- 2637744
TI  - Computerizing the office requires timely use of advanced features.

PMID- 2637745
TI  - Assigning duties to one person reduces infection control errors.

PMID- 2637746
TI  - Staff members must work harder to compensate for cancellations.

PMID- 2637747
TI  - Assistants discover essential drug information in the PDR.

PMID- 2637748
TI  - Preparing for emergencies helps staff react in organized manner.

PMID- 2637749
TI  - Identification of some impurities in fenoprofen calcium.
AB  - Some impurities in Fenoprofen calcium has been identified using mainly gas-mass
      method. These impurities are by-products of the synthesis.

PMID- 2637750
TI  - Formulation factors influencing the release of clonazepam from a carbopol
      hydrogel.
AB  - A study of formulation factors influencing the release of clonazepam from a
      Carbopol hydrogel through a cellulose nitrate membrane impregnated with lauryl
      alcohol was performed using two diffusion cell assemblies. The formulation
      variables were the cosolvent effects of propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol
      of different molecular weights in aqueous solutions of various composition. The
      gel formulation phenomenologically behaves as a zero-order release system,
      although the diffusion controlled mechanism may also be operative. The results
      showed that both methods were practically equivalent in terms of drug release
      profile and total drug released allowing the best formulation to be found.

PMID- 2637751
TI  - Synthesis of some pyrazoline and isoxazolin derivatives as possible fungicides.
AB  - 1-Acetyl/aroyl-3-methyl-4-substituted anilido-5-aryl pyrazolines and 3-methyl-4
      substituted anilido-5-aryl isoxazolines were conveniently prepared from synthon,
      4-aryl-3-substituted anilido but-3-en-2-ones in presence of hydrazine
      hydrate/hydrazides and hydroxylamine hydrochloride respectively. All the
      compounds have been assayed against Cephalosporium sacchari and Helminthosporium
      oryzae and found remarkably active. Two species of aquatic fungi viz. Saprolegnia
      parasitica and Achlya orion responsible for fish mycoses were tested and also
      found remarkably active.

PMID- 2637752
TI  - Diffusion of ketoprofen from coprecipitates through a non porous lipidic
      membrane.
AB  - The effect of inclusion with beta-cyclodextrin or hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin
      on the diffusion kinetics of Ketoprofen through a non porous lipidic membrane was
      analyzed starting from different dermal bases: a Carbopol gel, o/w emulsion and a
      fatty ointment. A constant diffusive gradient was achieved with the included
      forms at each concentration of the active principle in the vehicle. This suggests
      that the complex controls the diffusable form, according to its stability
      constant. The following sequence was observed for the diffusion rate: Carbopol
      gel greater than o/w emulsion greater than fatty ointment appears to depend
      mainly on the membrane/vehicle partition coefficient.

PMID- 2637753
TI  - Cathepsin L activity in alveolar macrophages of rats: response to cigarette
      smoke.
AB  - Cathepsin L activity was quantitated in alveolar macrophages (AMs) and
      bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from Sprague-Dawley rats exposed through the
      nose only to fresh mainstream smoke from University of Kentucky reference
      cigarettes (2Rl), and in AMs and BAL fluid of room control (RC) and sham control
      (SH) animals. Activity was determined with the methylcoumarylamide substrate,
      benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Arg-4-methyl-7-coumarylamide (Z-Phe-Arg-NMec). Total
      activity of cysteine proteinases in AM homogenates towards Z-Phe-Arg-NMec was
      measured by determining inhibition with E-64 (0.5 microM), a specific inhibitor
      of this class of enzymes. The activities of cathepsin B and L towards the
      substrate were differentiated by use of the diazomethane inhibitor, Z-Phe-Phe
      CHN2 (0.01 microM), which selectively inhibits cathepsin L at this concentration.
      We found that cathepsin L activity was significantly elevated in AMs of animals
      exposed to 10 puffs of cigarette smoke, twice a day, 7 days/wk for 22 wk (1,620
      +/- 870 units/mg protein) as compared with cells from RC (420 +/- 150) and SH
      (550 +/- 160) animals. Cathepsin B activity was also increased in AMs from
      animals exposed to cigarette smoke (2,360 +/- 890) as compared to RC (930 +/-
      170) and SH (1,020 +/- 70) animals. Cathepsin L and B activity was also present
      in unconcentrated BAL fluid, but levels did not differ significantly among the
      three groups. The results demonstrate that AMs contain significant levels of
      cathepsin L activity as measured with methylcoumarylamide substrates, and that
      activity increases in cells from rats exposed to cigarette smoke in amounts
      comparable to those inhaled by a healthy 70-kg human smoker using 20 cigarettes a
      day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2637754
TI  - Hypoxia stimulates the release by bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells of an
      inhibitor of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell growth.
AB  - The proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) seen in hypoxic pulmonary
      hypertension is a poorly understood phenomenon but may involve endothelial cell
      (EC)-SMC interaction. Using bovine pulmonary artery cells, we examined the effect
      of O2 tension and the role of EC or media conditioned by EC (ECCM) on SMC
      proliferation. We found no difference in SMC proliferation under 3%, 10%, and 20%
      O2. EC, co-cultured with SMC in 3% O2, inhibited SMC proliferation consistently
      by about 40% (versus SMC exposed to hypoxia but not to EC). In normoxia, the
      degree of inhibition was dependent on EC:SMC ratio. In separate experiments,
      media from EC exposed to 3% or 20% O2 had a mitogenic activity of 24% and 42%,
      respectively (compared to 100% mitogenic activity with 5% FCS), on serum-deprived
      SMC. On the other hand, when SMC were stimulated to grow with FCS, an inhibitory
      activity (IA) from ECCM on SMC proliferation was observed and was significantly
      greater in hypoxic versus normoxic ECCM (40% versus 21%, respectively). Amicon
      concentration showed that the IA was contained in the less than 10 kD fraction of
      ECCM. Preliminary characterization of this IA indicates that it is unlike any of
      the known inhibitors of SMC growth, such as lactic acid, prostaglandin
      derivatives, or heparan sulfate. We conclude that hypoxia causes pulmonary artery
      EC to release a unique inhibitor of SMC growth.

PMID- 2637755
TI  - Dynamics of intercellular communication and differentiation in a rapidly
      developing mammalian airway epithelium.
AB  - A considerable body of data suggests that gap junctions represent channels that
      facilitate intercellular communication, thereby modulating growth and
      development. However, direct quantitative evidence supporting such a
      structure/function relationship is limited. This study has identified a new model
      in the rapidly developing tracheal epithelium of infant ferrets wherein gap
      junction prevalence and intercellular transfer of a fluorescent, low molecular
      weight dye, epithelial cell incorporation of tritiated thymidine, and progressive
      ciliation of the epithelium have been characterized. This developmental pattern
      provides favorable conditions for the study of relationships between gap
      junctions, intercellular translocation of chemical signals, and cell growth and
      differentiation in a mammalian airway epithelium with a minimum of experimental
      intervention.

PMID- 2637756
TI  - Comparison of smoker and nonsmoker lavage fluid for the rate of association with
      neutrophil elastase.
AB  - Cigarette smoking may impair the lung antiprotease screen. To test this
      hypothesis, the lung lining fluid from 10 smoking and 9 nonsmoking individuals
      was evaluated for its ability to inhibit neutrophil elastase and porcine
      pancreatic elastase. To eliminate the possibility of concentration- or
      purification-induced artifact, unconcentrated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was
      used for all experiments. Smokers did not differ significantly from nonsmokers in
      the antigenic alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) concentrations (0.67 +/- 0.04
      versus 0.73 +/- 0.09 nmol alpha 1AT/mg protein), in the neutrophil elastase
      inhibitory capacity (NEIC) (0.59 +/- 0.03 versus 0.52 +/- 0.05 nmol NEIC/mg
      protein), or in the porcine pancreatic elastase inhibitory capacity (PPEIC) (0.36
      +/- 0.03 versus 0.42 +/- 0.05 nmol PPEIC/mg protein). In contrast, when the
      PPEIC/NEIC ratio was evaluated, smoker lung lining fluid exhibited a relative
      defect (0.64 +/- 0.06 smokers versus 0.80 +/- 0.05 nonsmokers, P less than 0.05).
      In agreement with the smokers' defect in the PPEIC/NEIC ratio, the kinetics of
      association (Ka) of lung lining fluid for neutrophil elastase was 0.38 +/- 0.3 x
      10(7) M-1 s-1 from smokers and 0.58 +/- 0.05 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 from nonsmokers (P
      less than 0.002). Thus for a given amount of neutrophil elastase, smoker lung
      lining fluid took approximately 1.5 times longer to inhibit neutrophil elastase.
      These findings suggest that cigarette smoking is associated with a subtle defect
      in the antiprotease screen of the lower respiratory tract, recognizable by time
      dependent measures of anti-neutrophil elastase function.

PMID- 2637757
TI  - Choline transport by lung epithelium.
AB  - The uptake of [3H]choline was investigated using isolated perfused rat lungs and
      primary cultures of granular pneumocytes isolated by tryptic digestion of rat
      lungs. Metabolic products were separated from free choline by chloroform:methanol
      extraction and column chromatography. Tissue-associated [3H]choline increased
      progressively in the perfused lung, and estimated mean intracellular
      concentration at 2 h was 12 times the extracellular concentration (5 microM).
      Choline uptake was inhibited by ventilation with CO and by perfusion with the
      choline analog, hemicholinium-3 (HC-3). Isolated granular pneumocytes also
      accumulated choline against a concentration gradient by an energy-dependent
      process. The concentration for half-maximal uptake, after correction for the
      diffusion component, was estimated at 18 +/- 4 microM (mean +/- SE; n = 3), and
      the estimated maximal rate of uptake was 213 +/- 44 pmol/min/microliter cell
      water. HC-3 inhibited uptake by approximately 50% at a concentration of 10(-4) M.
      There was no effect on uptake when Na+ in the medium was replaced by Li+ or N
      methylglucamine+. These results indicate that granular pneumocytes possess a
      transport system that results in accumulation of choline against a concentration
      gradient. The characteristics of uptake indicate that this system is similar to
      the low affinity choline transport system of other organs.

PMID- 2637758
TI  - The role of basal cells in attachment of columnar cells to the basal lamina of
      the trachea.
AB  - The mechanism by which basal cells play a role in attachment of airway epithelium
      to the basal lamina has not been determined. Our hypothesis is that basal cells
      form a structural bridge between columnar cells and the basal lamina via
      hemidesmosomes, the cytoskeleton, and desmosomes. To evaluate this hypothesis, we
      determined the percentage of the columnar cell surface area associated with
      attachment to the basal lamina and the basal cell in tracheal epithelia of
      different heights. Tracheas from mice, hamsters, rats, bonnet monkeys, cats, and
      sheep were prepared for electron microscopy by standard techniques. The height of
      the epithelia ranged from 8.6 microns in the hamster to 56.8 microns in the
      sheep. The number of basal cells/100 microns ranged from 3.4 in the hamster to
      21.4 in the sheep. The percentage of the basal lamina covered by basal cells
      increased from 32.6 in the hamster to 94.7 in the sheep. In the shorter epithelia
      of the hamster, 32% of the columnar cell attachment to the basal lamina was
      indirect through basal cells, and in the taller epithelia of the sheep, 92% of
      the columnar cell attachment was by this means. Conversely, the percentage of
      columnar cell surface in contact with the basal lamina decreased from 67.4% in
      the hamster to 5.3% in the sheep. These data demonstrate that basal cells play a
      role in attachment of columnar epithelium to the basal lamina by presenting a
      surface area for cell-to-cell attachment, thus acting as a bridge between
      columnar cells and the basal lamina.

PMID- 2637759
TI  - Characterization of the sequence of the normal alpha-1-antitrypsin M3 allele and
      function of the M3 protein.
AB  - Alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT), a highly pleomorphic 52 kD glycoprotein,
      functions chiefly as the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase. Of the known
      alpha 1AT variants, greater than 95% in the U.S. Caucasian population are those
      of the "normal" M family, including M1(Ala213), M1(Val213), M2 and M3, with M3
      the least common of the group. Quantification of the functional capacity of the
      M3 protein as an inhibitor of neutrophil elastase demonstrated a Kassociation for
      neutrophil elastase of 10.1 +/- 1.5 x 10(6) M-1 s-1, a value comparable to the
      common normal M1(Val213) alpha 1AT. To define the nucleotide sequence of the M3
      gene, the five coding exons of the alpha 1AT gene of an M3 homozygote were
      amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and cloned into the plasmid vector
      pUC19. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the alpha 1AT M3 gene differs from the
      alpha 1AT M1(Val213) gene by a single base substitution (Glu376 GAA----Asp376
      GAC) and from the alpha 1AT M2 gene by a single base substitution (His101 CAT---
      Arg101 CGT). To establish the consistency of the alpha 1AT M3 genotype among
      individuals identified by isoelectric focusing of serum to have the M3 phenotype,
      analysis of genomic DNA of 16 individuals by means of allele-specific
      amplification revealed that residues 101 and 376 were Arg and Asp, respectively,
      in all M3 alleles, while residue 101 was His in all M2 alleles and residue 376
      was Glu in all M1 alleles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2637760
TI  - [Pharmacologic, surgical and infiltration of botulin toxin treatment in
      blepharospasm].
AB  - The response to different therapeutic methods was evaluated in a series of 264
      patients with blepharospasm. The most effective drug therapy were anticholinergic
      agents, which resulted in the initial improvement of symptoms in 20% of treated
      patients. There was improvement in isolated cases treated with levodopa,
      dopaminergic agonists, neuroleptics, benzodiazepines and tricyclic
      antidepressants. Bilateral avulsion of the facial nerve was carried out in 29
      patients; 27 of these (93%) improved. Spasms relapsed in 22 cases, after a mean
      period of 12 months. Myectomy of the orbicular muscle was performed in 8
      patients. In only 2 cases some improvement was obtained. One hundred and fifty
      one patients were treated with infiltrations of botulinum toxin A in the
      orbicular muscle. 78% of cases improved. The mean duration of the benefit of each
      injection was 9.2 weeks. The most common secondary effects were local (ptosis,
      diplopia) and transient.

PMID- 2637761
TI  - [Language analysis in Alzheimer's disease].
AB  - The evaluation of language in 27 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 34
      normal control individuals disclosed abnormalities in all the patients. An
      aphasic profile was found, although it was difficult to adscribe to any definite
      form of aphasia, as, while abnormalities were characteristic of transcorticalism,
      they also were of anomic type; this suggests a specific AD profile. This type of
      language abnormality did not correlate with patient's age or sex, the months of
      evolution of the disease, the years of schooling, or the age at the onset of the
      disease. There was, however, a close correlation with the degree of dementia.

PMID- 2637762
TI  - [Anterior choroid artery syndrome. Study of 3 cases].
AB  - Three cases of anterior choroid artery are reported, representing 0.80% of all
      strokes admitted to our Service in the last 3 years. Their clinical features were
      manifold and only motor involvement was common to the 3 patients, although with
      varying intensity and topography. In one case there was pure motor hemiparesis.
      Only one patient had sensory impairment, whereas none had defects in the fields
      of vision. In the 3 patients, CT showed the characteristic hypodense image
      limited to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, whereas EEG was normal in
      the 3 patients. The clinical outcome was very satisfactory in one patient and
      fair in the other two, with persisting sequelae which did not prevent an
      autonomous lifestyle.

PMID- 2637763
TI  - [Indications for cerebral implants in Parkinson disease].

PMID- 2637764
TI  - [Late recovery of macular vision in cortical blindness].

PMID- 2637765
TI  - [Orthostatic tremor: a peculiar essential tremor].

PMID- 2637766
TI  - [Aplastic anemia caused by carbamazepine].

PMID- 2637767
TI  - [Acoustic neurinoma and disease of the contralateral nerve pair V].

PMID- 2637768
TI  - [Genetic counseling in Duchenne muscular dystrophy].

PMID- 2637769
TI  - [Tongue paralysis of neoplastic origin].
AB  - Tongue paralysis are often underestimated, particularly when isolated or having a
      chronic course. Sometimes, its early recognition may lead to the diagnosis of a
      tumor process, favorably modifying its course. We have retrospectively analyzed
      13 cases of tongue paralysis of neoplastic etiology. In a woman, the paralysis
      was due to a lesion of the corticobulbar pathway whereas in the remaining 12, the
      alteration occurred in the hypoglossal nerve, particularly at extrabulbar
      intracranial and cranial base tract (10 cases). The clinical picture was due to
      the primary tumor in 9 patients, and due to bone or leptomeningeal metastases in
      the remaining four cases. In five cases, the lesion of the XII cranial nerve was
      essential for the diagnosis of the neoplasm or the neoplastic recurrence and in
      four cases, it was the only affected cranial nerve.

PMID- 2637770
TI  - [Occipital condyle syndrome: presentation of a case].
AB  - We present the clinical features and radiologic findings of a patient with the so
      called occipital condyle syndrome (OCS). This clinical picture is originated by
      the selective metastasization of one of the condyles of the occipital bone. As it
      was shown in our case, this syndrome may be the presenting feature of a systemic
      neoplasm. The occipital condyle syndrome must be suspected in front of any
      patient with the binomial intense unilateral occipital pain that exacerbates with
      palpation and turning the neck and ipsilateral hemilingual paralysis. We briefly
      discuss the differential diagnosis of this condition. As conventional radiologic
      studies may show no abnormalities, plain X-ray examination and computed
      tomography must selectively study the region of the foramen magnum. The
      importance of the diagnosis is beyond academic interest; early radiotherapy, as
      it was the case of our patient, may lead to a substantial symptomatic
      improvement.

PMID- 2637771
TI  - [The "crutch paralysis" affects not only the brachial nerves].

PMID- 2637772
TI  - [Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in the health region of Alcoy: influence of
      the blood group].

PMID- 2637773
TI  - [Individual II R root implants].

PMID- 2637774
TI  - [Interception of some lateral deviations].

PMID- 2637775
TI  - [Oromaxillofacial osteogenic sarcoma].

PMID- 2637776
TI  - [Use and abuse of antiseptics in endodontics].

PMID- 2637777
TI  - [Electroencephalographic effects of induction by sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate in
      children].

PMID- 2637779
TI  - [Retrograde intubation in an infant with Pierre Robin syndrome].

PMID- 2637778
TI  - [Severe cardiac decompensation: value in the early hours of a combination of
      amrinone and dobutamine].
AB  - Ten patients with severe chronic heart failure (class III and IV of the NYHA
      classification) received treatment for severe heart failure with dobutamine (10,
      then 15 micrograms.kg-1.min-1), then with dobutamine combined with amrinone (7.5,
      then 10 micrograms.kg-1.min of each). Used alone, dobutamine improves cardiac
      performance (cardiac index from 1.8 +/- 0.24 l.min-1.m-2 to 2.65 +/- 0.44 l.min
      1.m-2). These results are further improved when amrinone is associated with
      dobutamine. Blood pressure increases with dobutamine and no decrease is recorded
      when amrinone is introduced, despite a gradual decrease in systemic arterial
      resistances. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure shows a significant decrease only
      when the strongest dose of the combined drugs is used. However, this positive
      effect is counterbalanced by an increase in pulse frequency. Side effects, be it
      on the blood count (platelets count reduced from 255,600 +/- 3974 mm-3 to 207,400
      +/- 3380 mm-3 with no clinic sign) or cardiovascular activity (one case of
      premature ventricular contraction; one case of transient junctional rhythm), do
      not require the suspension of treatment. Thus, the dobutamine-amrinone
      combination treatment seems a promising one.

PMID- 2637780
TI  - [A non-ruptured subcapsular hematoma of the liver during pre-eclampsia].

PMID- 2637781
TI  - [Recommendations concerning the monitoring of patients during anesthesia. Societe
      Francaise d'Anesthesie et de Reanimation].

PMID- 2637782
TI  - Enamel proteins: their ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry.

PMID- 2637783
TI  - Antimicrobial action of natural substances on oral bacteria.
AB  - The antimicrobial action of natural substances was investigated in vitro against
      oral bacteria including Streptococcus sp., Actinomyces sp., Actinobacillus sp.,
      Bacteroides sp., Capnocytophaga sp., Eikenella sp., Fusobacterium sp. and
      Propionibacterium sp. Among the natural substances tested, hinokitiol was the
      most inhibitory to oral bacteria. Cinnamon bark oil, papua-mace extracts, and
      clove bud oil in spice extracts were also inhibitory against many oral bacteria.
      Egg white lysozyme exhibited antimicrobial action against the periodontitis
      associated bacteria.

PMID- 2637784
TI  - Ultrastructure of initial calcification on exposed human pulp applied with
      autogenous dentin fragments.
AB  - Initial calcification in human dental pulp has been studied with electron
      microscopy in 20 human teeth over a period of 21 days following pulp exposure and
      capping with autogenous dentin fragments. Five days after operation, dentin
      fragments were surrounded by degeneration cells and inflammatory cells.
      Occasionally a macrophage that had phagocytosed a dentin fragments was observed.
      Fourteen days after operation, osmiophilic needle-like crystalline structures
      were found in spherical bodies in the collagen fibrils or on the dentin surface.
      Ca and P were detected in these needle-like crystalline structures by energy
      dispersive X-ray analysis. They tended to increase in size and to fuse together
      to form mineralizing globules with the passage of time. Initial calcification
      around the dentin fragments developed various patterns, including spherical
      bodies in the collagen fibrils and direct apposition of needle-like crystals on
      the dentin fragments.

PMID- 2637785
TI  - Ultrastructure of basal cell adenoma in the parotid gland.
AB  - Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland was studied with electron microscopy. The
      cells constituting this tumor were divided into three types of epithelial cells;
      ductal, myoepithelial, and squamous cells. The ductal cells, which were polygonal
      and cuboidal in shape, formed a sometimes distinct lumen. Glycogen were
      recognized in the cytoplasm of these cells. The myoepithelial cells appeared as
      plasmacytoid cells which contained abundant microfilaments. The squamous cells
      were characterized by the presence of well-developed tonofilaments and
      desmosomes. However, no secretory cells could be found, although small, electron
      dense granules were detected in the cytoplasm of the ductal cells. The granules
      were unlike secretory granules in their size, number and location. In
      consideration of the presence of secretory and myoepithelial cells, we reviewed
      previously reported literature and discussed the identification of secretory
      granules. From our and other reported results, we tentatively concluded that the
      electron dense granules described as secretory granules are not intrinsic
      secretory granules. Further, we suggested that the cell types and the
      histogenesis of basal cell adenoma are analogous to those of both pleomorphic and
      clear cell adenomas.

PMID- 2637786
TI  - An experimental study of osteogenesis in explants of rat dental pulp, periodontal
      ligament, bone marrow and muscle cells in vitro.
AB  - Cells of dental pulp, periodontal ligament, bone marrow and muscle derived from
      the same rat were cultured in vitro. Outgrowth of cells from these four explants
      were examined using phase-contrast microscope, light microscope and scanning
      electron microscope. Furthermore, cell lengths were measured randomly from SEM
      photographs and growth curves were plotted by calculating cell numbers. These
      cells had different morphology in both shape and length. The bone marrow cells
      showed the most rapid proliferation rate followed by muscle, periodontal ligament
      and most slowly in dental pulp cells.

PMID- 2637787
TI  - Quantitative and morphological studies of the trabecular bones in the condyloid
      processes of the Japanese mandibles; changes due to aging.
AB  - The structure of bone changes with advancing age. In order to observe changes in
      the trabecular bone structure of the mandibular condyloid process and their
      relationship to age, the mandibular condyloid process and third lumbar vertebra
      were extracted from cadavers from several age groups, and changes in trabecular
      bone structure due to age were compared. Comparison of the trabecular bones of
      the lumbar vertebra and condyloid processes from single cadavers by age revealed
      a clear reduction in trabecular bone density and width in the lumbar vertebra
      accompanying advancing age. In the condyloid process in contrast no major changes
      were observed; it appears that the effects of aging are slight.

PMID- 2637788
TI  - Reduction of redundant shadows using new rotational panoramic radiograph "PM 2002
      CC".
AB  - Rotational panoramic radiography has diagnostic limitations caused by redundant
      shadows of the mandibular ramus or the cervical vertebrae. This study compared
      the appearances of redundant shadows in the PM 2002 CC, a new rotational
      panoramic radiograph, and the popular Orthopantomograph OP 5. Redundant shadows
      caused by the mandibular ramus and superimposed on the opposite molar and ramus
      regions, were carefully analyzed. A considerable difference was observed with
      respect to x-ray beam alignment. Since the rotational axis of the OP 5 was in the
      region medial to and behind the third molars, the mandibular ramus created a
      shadow between the x-ray tube and the rotational axis throughout the period of
      projection. On the other hand, the rotational axis of the PM 2002 CC was located
      outside and behind the mandibular ramus during the early stage of projection and
      with further shifting moved to the region medial to and in front of the
      mandibular ramus. Accordingly, in the PM 2002 CC, the mandibular ramus was
      superimposed on the opposite side as a real image and ghost image. The appearance
      of redundant shadows was influenced by differences in the position of the
      mandibular ramus in relation to the rotational axis of the x-ray beam. The PM
      2002 CC reduced redundant shadows by significantly decreasing the scanning sphere
      through which x-ray beams from the opposite side project the mandibular ramus.
      Furthermore, altering the positions of the dry mandibular bone used in the
      experiments, such as the inclination of the occlusal plane or anterior and
      posterior shifts, caused greater reduction of redundant shadows in the PM 2002 CC
      than in the OP 5. Further appearances of redundant shadows caused by metallic
      wire, plates or bone screws used for the jaw reconstruction were also
      significantly reduced in the PM 2002 CC.

PMID- 2637789
TI  - Experimental adhesive sealing agents reduce marginal microleakage around amalgam
      restorations--an in vitro pilot study.

PMID- 2637790
TI  - Marginal gingival recession--etiology, prognosis, treatment and prevention.

PMID- 2637791
TI  - Vertical dimension--Part I.

PMID- 2637792
TI  - Vertical dimension--Part II.

PMID- 2637793
TI  - Pharmacological evaluation of five novel dexamethasone heneicosoic (21) acid
      derivatives.
AB  - Five novel dexamethasone 21-oic acid derivatives (DM-I, II, IV, V and VI) were
      prepared from dexamethasone in accordance with the antedrug concept and their
      local anti-inflammatory activities and systemic untoward effects were evaluated
      through steroid receptor binding study, cotton pellet granuloma bioassay and
      acute pharmacological studies. The acetonide derivatives, DM-V and DM-VI, were
      found to possess much stronger affinities to glucocorticoid receptors than the
      acid ester derivatives, DM-I and DM-II, in vitro. In in vivo experiments, locally
      applied DM-V and DM-VI exerted potent inhibitory activity against granuloma
      formation; DM-I and DM-II also produced moderate granuloma inhibitory activity in
      spite of their weak affinity to the receptors. DM-II, DM-V and DM-VI manifested
      less systemic effects than dexamethasone, prednisolone and DM-I, such as thymus
      involution, suppression of plasma corticosterone and gluconeogenesis in the
      liver. Among the five compounds, DM-V could be exemplified as a potentially
      useful antedrug for topical or local application, since it has anti-inflammatory
      potency approaching that of the more traditional steroid prednisolone, but it
      does not have the systemic adverse effects.

PMID- 2637794
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of dactimicin in rats.
AB  - Dactimicin is a new pseudo-disaccharidic aminoglycosidic antibiotic produced by
      Dactylosporangium matsuzakiense. The aim of the present research was to evaluate
      the pharmacokinetics of dactimicin intramuscularly administered, at the dosage of
      20 mg/kg, in male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average b.w. of 200-220 g.
      Dactimicin levels were assessed by using a microbiological method (agar
      diffusion) employing Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as test organism. Samples were
      collected immediately before and 0.25, 0.50, 1, 1.15 and 2 h after drug
      administration. The mean peak serum level, reached after 15 min, was 33.6
      micrograms/ml (range 30.3-40 micrograms/ml); T1/2 beta was 0.42 h; extrapolated
      AUC was 26.8 mg h/l.

PMID- 2637795
TI  - Glycogen medium, antitrichomonal drug activity in vaginal liquids.
AB  - The amount of glycogen in vaginal liquids decreases with Trichomonas vaginalis
      and this is connected with T. vaginalis activity in specimens. A glycogen
      hydrolysed casein medium ("glycogen medium") added to vaginal liquid is a valid
      maintenance medium for T. vaginalis and therefore enables a direct test for
      antitrichomonas drugs to be performed.

PMID- 2637796
TI  - Percutaneous ibuprofen therapy with Trauma-Dolgit gel: bioequivalence studies.
AB  - The plasma and tissue kinetics of ibuprofen after topical application of 5%
      Trauma-Dolgit gel were determined in two bioequivalence studies. In eight
      patients, high ibuprofen concentrations, largely within the therapeutic range,
      were found in subcutaneous tissue, tendon, muscles and joint capsule. In plasma,
      however, very low concentrations (decimal exponents below the therapeutically
      relevant plasma ibuprofen level even after repeated application) were found in
      nine volunteers. Based upon the comparison of oral and topical ibuprofen forms,
      the test preparation was found to be bioequivalent and, from a kinetic viewpoint,
      safe and effective.

PMID- 2637797
TI  - Effects of metformin therapy on plasma amino acid pattern in patients with
      maturity-onset diabetes.
AB  - Plasma amino acid concentrations and metformin levels were measured by high
      performance liquid chromatography in a group of diabetic patients on therapy with
      the biguanide drug. Diabetic patients treated with metformin showed higher
      concentrations of plasma glutamate, asparagine, alanine, methionine and
      tryptophan, and lower levels of ornithine in comparison with normal subjects, and
      higher levels of alanine when compared to diet-treated diabetic patients. No
      correlation emerged between amino acid concentrations and metformin dose or
      plasma concentration. It is concluded that besides the various metabolic
      abnormalities that are known to occur during metformin treatment, patients on
      therapy with metformin also show multiple changes of plasma amino acid pattern.

PMID- 2637798
TI  - [Solubility of dental alloys in saliva].
AB  - Five dental probationers each of the clinical courses for prosthodontics
      manufactured maxillary cast partial dentures from 7 nickel-bearing alloys
      according to given guidelines. Prior to insertion as well as after 20 min, and in
      some cases 3 h, resting secretion saliva samples were collected and analyzed for
      their nickel contents with the aid of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) using
      a graphite tube. Further saliva samples were collected following the insertion of
      plates inactivated in lactic acid and saline, and after intensive polishing and
      reinsertion. 20 min after insertion the salivary nickel levels were above the
      blank value. After 3 h they decreased to the blank value again. The solubility
      behavior in saliva of the alloys studied was in accordance with the results
      obtained in corrosion tests in vitro.

PMID- 2637799
TI  - [Comparison of mechanical and three-dimensional electronic axiography].
AB  - Three-dimensional electronic recording of the condylar path is a reliable
      technique for diagnosis of internal TMJ. Since three-dimensional imaging of
      dislocations or repositioning movements of the TMJ is diagnostically important
      but complicated to provide, three-dimensional electronic recording systems are
      superior to simple mechanical recording techniques. In diagnostically complicated
      cases the working diagnosis should be confirmed either by electronic recording of
      the functional movements of the lower jaw or by non-invasive imaging techniques.
      In our opinion this is very important in all those cases, in which an anterior
      repositioning splint is supposed to establish a physiological disk-condyle
      relationship. In view of the great variability of eccentric-posterior and centric
      anterior dislocations of the disk and the difficulties of available examination
      techniques, this modified clinical approach should be given priority among all
      screening techniques for internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint.

PMID- 2637800
TI  - [Effects of orthodontic treatment on individual caries risk parameters].
AB  - Systemic and microbiological caries risk factors were assessed in 49 children and
      adolescents, age 11-14. The subjects were divided into three groups with similar
      age profiles. At the time of investigation members of test group 1 (n = 19) were
      receiving orthodontic therapy with removable appliances. Members of test group 2
      (n = 15) were treated with fixed appliances and the control group (n = 15) had
      not been subjected to any kind of orthodontic treatment at all. The results
      demonstrate, that patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances
      harbor significantly more salivary S. mutans and therefore are at a higher
      microbiological risk to develop caries than patients being treated with removable
      appliances or individuals receiving no orthodontic treatment at all.

PMID- 2637801
TI  - [Periodontal alterations in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes].
AB  - The periodontal status and the DMF status of 51 non-insulin dependent patients
      treated on an inpatient basis for diabetes (Type II) were assessed and correlated
      with the specific clinical findings and parameters of diabetes. Oral hygiene (as
      determined by means of the plaque index) as well as caries frequency showed no
      correlation with Type II diabetes. A significant correlation, however, was found
      according to the Trend Test between the loss of attachment and the increase in
      the blood glucose levels. Consequently, a direct correlation between diabetes and
      the periodontal condition can be assumed.

PMID- 2637802
TI  - [Investigations of the reproducibility of some material tests for amalgams].

PMID- 2637803
TI  - [Densitometry of the bony structures of the human TMJ].
AB  - Four millimeter sagittal section of 65 formalin-fixed human TMJs were prepared.
      The X-rays of these specimen were evaluated numerically in a densitometer. The
      distribution of bone material and densities in condyle and fossa led to a
      classification of condylar and fossa types. In 48 specimen a combination of
      increased density of the condyle on the facial aspect with a thin bony lamella in
      the roof of the fossa, which either shows high density or very little material of
      low density, a so-called parchment fossa, was observed. The varying degrees of
      density as a function of mechanical stresses are discussed. The transfer of
      forces in the human TMJ during mastication exposes the superio-anterior or
      superio-facial segments of the condyle and the posterior slope of the articular
      tubercle to loading forces, while at the same time the roof of the fossa remains
      free of load.

PMID- 2637804
TI  - [Risks and benefits of polymeric inlays].
AB  - Class I inlays were produced according to the direct method using six white light
      cured composite, one inlay material and one veneer acrylic. They were subjected
      to extraoral heat treatment at 125 degrees C for 150 s. In addition, heat-cured
      inlays were produced according to the indirect method. In all cases heat
      treatment resulted in a considerable increase in transverse strength and modulus
      of elasticity as well as a material specific decrease in the specimen volume
      between 0.15% and 1.05%, and it facilitated finishing. With one exception heat
      treated and heat-cured inlays could be inserted without open margins; even 5000
      threshold load cycles of 500 N failed to cause marginal defects. However, these
      inlays also had no open margins when inserted without previous heat treatment.
      While in the case of four materials this resulted in no measurable reduction in
      fatigue strength, it reduced this value to a maximum of 100 N in three materials.
      Swelling of the polymeric inlays due to high water absorption resulted in
      extensive enamel cracks with one of the materials tested.

PMID- 2637805
TI  - [Studies on the mechano-electronic measurement of tooth mobility].
AB  - The correlations between dynamic and quasi-static mechano-electronic measurements
      of tooth mobility were investigated in more than 1500 teeth. The two methods
      correlate quite well with the conventional classification (in Germany). On the
      other hand, there is no correlation between dynamic and quasistatic mechano
      electronic measurements. Nevertheless distinctive signs and periodontal findings
      could be verified by mechano-electronic evaluation of tooth mobility.

PMID- 2637806
TI  - [Temporary acrylic crowns and bridges--particular considerations of the
      periodontium].
AB  - Dentists generally fail to recognize the importance of the correct construction
      and finishing of acrylic temporary restorations from the periodontologic point of
      view. The potential traumatic effect of these restorations on the gingiva is
      rarely considered. A survey of 1000 dentists in Western Germany revealed some
      common errors. The results are compared with the clinical requirements for
      temporary restorations.

PMID- 2637807
TI  - [Wetting of various restorative materials].
AB  - The mechanisms of varying degrees of plaque accumulation on restorative materials
      have not been fully clarified yet. Apart from surface morphology, interface
      phenomena between restorative material, saliva and microorganisms have been
      discussed. In this study a digital tensiometer was used to determine the degree
      of wetting of various restorative materials with natural saliva. The veneering
      material Dentacolor exhibited the highest degree of wetting, followed by dental
      porcelain and electrolytic gold. The non-precious metals displayed the lowest
      degrees of wetting. These in vitro results have been compared with the clinical
      behavior of the materials studied. A critical discussion is given.

PMID- 2637808
TI  - [Effects of caries-preventive fluoride gels on dental ceramics].
AB  - The effects of several fluoride gels on ceramic surfaces (Dicor, Optec, Biodent
      ceramic and Vita VMK) were tested by SEM and by means of an electrical stylus
      instrument. After 10 min exposure time an acidulated gel (Oral-B Fluoride-Gel)
      showed a significant effect, whereas the effect of two non-acidulated gels (Elmex
      Gelee, Blend-a-med Fluoride Gel) was not significant. After 24 h exposure time,
      Elmex and Blend-a-med gel showed an effect, too.

PMID- 2637809
TI  - [Plaque-accumulation on galvano-ceramic crowns].
AB  - 48 patients treated with galvano-ceramic crowns and bridges were evaluated as to
      their plaque indices according to Silness and Loe (PI) and their papillary
      bleeding indices (PBI) according to Muhlemann. The mean values of PI and PBI were
      determined for all teeth as well as for defined groups of teeth: sound teeth,
      teeth with galvano-ceramic crowns and other restorative materials. Galvano
      ceramic crowns showed the least plaque accumulation. Their PI was lower than the
      PI of sound teeth. Resin-veneered crowns and full cast crowns exhibited
      significantly higher PI-values in the posterior area. Crowned teeth had a higher
      PBI than sound teeth, but galvano-ceramic crowns showed lower PBI-values than
      crowns of other restorative materials.

PMID- 2637810
TI  - [Hi-Ceram and marginal gingiva: a clinical study].
AB  - The past few years have seen great efforts in prosthodontics to find a way of
      replacing the metal portion necessary in the construction of ceramic veneer
      crowns by nonmetallic anorganic materials. As a result, various novel procedures
      for the production of fully mineral crowns have been developed. Among these, the
      Hi-Ceram system has attained particular attention. In a clinical study the
      reactions of the marginal gingiva to Hi-Ceram have been compared to those to
      ceramometallic crowns.

PMID- 2637811
TI  - [Creep of amalgam fillings under clasp rests].
AB  - A clinically realistic experiment was set up to obtain information on the amount
      of vertical settling of clasp rests in amalgam restorations under functional
      loading. Mesioocclusal cavities were prepared in 16 lower molar specimens cast in
      brass. The cavities were filled with amalgam and provided with a mesial rest
      seat. A constant load of 100 N was applied via a simplified (experimental) saddle
      to a cobalt-chromium E-clasp cast to the saddle. The duration of the load
      corresponded to 160 days of clinical function. The chronological course of
      vertical displacement was analyzed mathematically. According to this result the
      process can be divided into three components: settling immediately upon load
      initiation (mean value 96 microns, transition creep (mean value 25 microns) and
      creep ata constant rate (mean value 15 microns). The mean overall vertical
      displacement of the rests was 136 microns, the maximum value 287 microns. These
      findings suggest that vertical settling of a clasp rest into its seat in an
      amalgam restoration may eventually result in significant changes in occlusion and
      may almost completely exhaust gingival resilience.

PMID- 2637812
TI  - [Development of occlusion and function during 2 years following the insertion of
      partial dentures].
AB  - The development of occlusion and function after the treatment with removable
      partial dentures was continuously observed during a period of 2 years. The high
      ratio of clinical symptoms in patients without subjective feeling of functional
      disorders was remarkably reduced one week after insertion of the dentures, but
      nearly reached the original value during the control period. In about 70% of all
      free-end partials nonocclusion was found.

PMID- 2637813
TI  - [Dimensional behavior of six light-cured veneer acrylics].
AB  - During irradiation light-cured veneer acrylics underwent shrinking by 2.2 to
      4.8%. In operation, the temperature in the irradiation chambers of the light
      units increased up to a maximum of 87 degrees C. The coefficients of thermal
      expansion a20/100 of the acrylics ranged between 49.2 and 72.2 x 10(-6)/K.
      Dimensional changes of the acrylics due to high polymerization contraction and/or
      due to a different thermal behavior than that of the metal framework may produce
      stresses in the bond system and possibly promote a deterioration of metal
      retention.

PMID- 2637814
TI  - [Results of physiotherapy for patients with myofacial dysfunction].
AB  - The methods and results of physiotherapy in the treatment of 200 patients with
      myofacial pain are described. The first step in this treatment consists of
      exercises to enhance body awareness. This is followed by mobilization of the
      entire locomotor system and manual massages for muscle relaxation. Subsequently
      coordinated physical exercises are performed to train complex movement patterns
      of masticatory, facial and trunk muscles. 127 patients (64%) could be cured by
      means of physiotherapy and behavioral guidance alone, another 53 patients (27%)
      with additional bite plane therapy.

PMID- 2637815
TI  - [Value of bite-guard splints for dysfunctions of the masticatory system].
AB  - Based on a clinical post-treatment evaluation of 184 patients, the value of bite
      guard splints in the treatment of dysfunctions of the masticatory system was
      assessed. The results clearly showed that successful results (83-89%) could be
      achieved, if the indications were considered with differentiation. Intracapsular
      joint diseases could be successfully treated with bite-guard splints, while other
      treatment concepts had to be applied for myalgia, bruxism and condylar
      displacement or dislocation.

PMID- 2637816
TI  - [Comparative post-treatment evaluation of patients with pain-dysfunction
      syndrome].
AB  - It was the objective of this study to evaluate the effects of the changes
      assessed by clinical functional analyses before and after treatment on the
      subjective symptoms of 234 patients with TMJ disorders and facial pain. The
      results showed that the numbers of tender muscles and the changes in interincisal
      opening are more closely correlated with the subjective discomfort of the
      patients than the extent of interocclusal clearance or deviation during jaw
      opening.

PMID- 2637817
TI  - [Arrangement of the stomatognathic coupling system in the cranium].
AB  - Interindividually the stomatognathic coupling system is coordinated with the base
      of the skull with relative consistency. This observation allows the gearing
      parameters of the posterior guidance to be determined with the aid of
      conventional axiography. Thus, the curvature of the individual anterior guidance
      can be assessed for reconstructive purposes and the coordination of the anterior
      and posterior guidance can be generally estimated by means of functional
      analysis. Thus, the simple, commonly used diagnostic methods of functional
      analysis can be applied for the biomechanically harmonic coordination of the
      anterior and posterior guidances in reconstructive treatment and functional
      analysis.

PMID- 2637818
TI  - [Comparative studies on the morphology of the curvature of the protrusive paths
      in anterior and posterior teeth].
AB  - The occlusal surfaces of 20 class I probands were recorded during protrusion with
      an electronic profilograph. Using a circular template, a definite radius could be
      attributed to each of the recorded curvatures. The radii and angles determined
      relative to the occlusal plane showed characteristic regularities. Thus, the
      radii of the anterior teeth are longer than those of the posterior teeth. The
      longest radius was generally found for the canines. The same tendency, although
      less pronounced, was observed with the angles. These phenomena can be explained
      by the fact that the masticatory system involves both "biting" and "grinding".
      Evolutionary and embryological theories have also been included in the
      discussion.

PMID- 2637819
TI  - [Perioperative treatment of patients with chronic TMJ diseases].
AB  - The concept of perioperative diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic TMJ
      disease has been confirmed by a follow-up examination of ten female patients
      after surgical treatment. Eight of the ten patients were pain-free after
      observation periods of 3 to 20 months. Following an initial bite-guard splint
      therapy, instrumental functional analysis, MR tomography and arthrographic
      visualization of dynamic movement profiles are indispensable. The results have
      also shown that, depending on the intraoperative finding, a postoperative splint
      therapy should be performed for six months.

PMID- 2637820
TI  - [Surgical corrections of mandibular forced bites].
AB  - A forced bite results in displacement of the mandible and malposition of the
      condyles. The terminal hinge position is a useful point of reference in treatment
      planning for the surgical correction of forced bites, since it is, among others,
      independent of the occlusion. Thus, it provides an ideal condyle-fossa relation.

PMID- 2637821
TI  - [Effects of projection errors on the pantographic diagnosis of TMJ dysfunction].
AB  - Extraoral recording methods are bound to produce geometric projection errors.
      Mirror projections of the curvatures on both sides are a particular problem in
      clicking joints, thus complicating diagnosis. With the aid of magnetic resonance
      tomography it has been demonstrated in clinical examples that misinterpretations
      of the recordings can be avoided by means of computer-supported measuring systems
      providing accurate projection error correction. Furthermore, it is important that
      diagnosis be based not only on the usual sagittal plane recordings but also on
      additional information from the horizontal and frontal planes. Magnetic resonance
      tomography is then used to confirm the eccentric disc luxation established with
      the aid of the electronic recordings.

PMID- 2637822
TI  - [Etiology of eccentric-posterior and centric-anterior displacements of the
      articular disc].
AB  - 40 patients with suspected intraarticular soft tissue displacement have been
      examined clinically and with the aid of electronic recording methods. The disc
      position has been verified by means of magnetic resonance tomography. Based on
      these results and on functional as well as anatomic considerations the
      development of various forms of articular disc displacement is discussed. Within
      the pathogenetic considerations particular attention must be paid to the role of
      dysfunctional excessive mouth opening and the loosening of the posterior cranial
      attachment of the disc on the base of the skull. This attachment is subjected to
      individual variations. An intact posterior cranial attachment of the articular
      disc via the superior stratum of the bilaminar zone at the base of the skull may
      result in an eccentric posterior displacement under existing dysfunctional loads.
      On the other hand, lack of repositioning forces due to a weak or loosening
      attachment may favor the development of centric anterior types of displacement.

PMID- 2637823
TI  - [Forms of eccentric posterior displacement of the articular disc].
AB  - The temporomandibular joints of 40 patients with suspected intraarticular soft
      tissue displacement have been examined clinically and with the aid of electronic
      recording methods. The disc position has been verified by means of magnetic
      resonance tomography. The results demonstrate that Farrar's reciprocal clicking
      noises, interpreted as an anterior displacement of the articular disc, are not
      pathognomonic for the presence of a centric anterior displacement, but may also
      be associated with eccentric posterior disc displacement. Non-invasive imaging
      procedures show them as posterior displacements of the articular disc in
      eccentric mandibular positions. Eccentric posterior disc dislocation out of the
      joint space is associated with reciprocal clicking, i.e. an initial or terminal
      dislocation click during opening and a terminal repositioning click during
      closure. Centric anterior dislocation, on the other hand, was not found to be
      associated with terminal joint clicking during opening.

PMID- 2637824
TI  - [Instant-picture motography in dentistry].
AB  - In technical applications instant-picture motography is used for recording motion
      traces. The process involves a photographic pulse light procedure based on the
      Polaroid instant-picture technique. Its applications include, among others, robot
      motion analysis in developing ergonomic workplaces and, recently, functional
      diagnosis in dentistry. The advantages lie in the touch-free representation of
      mandibular movements involving minimal recording weight. Functional disorders can
      be detected immediately. The results obtained provide a first information basis
      for the dentist to decide on the proper treatment concept. The experiments on the
      diagnostic and therapeutic utilization of the recorded border movements have not
      been concluded yet.

PMID- 2637825
TI  - [Pilot study on the clinical use of instant-picture motography].
AB  - Articulator experiments using instant-picture motography (Bumann et al. 1988)
      have shown that the extent and form of mandibular border movements can be
      recorded with a coefficient of variation of less than 5% in a "model", when
      recorded close to the axis. Within the framework of the pilot study the
      reproducible accuracy of +/- 2 degrees was within the range of the adjustment
      accuracy of the articulators, as compared with the Meyer reference system (1986).
      It is not until the evaluation of a large-scale clinical study that we will know
      if programming individually adjustable articulators is permissible or not.

PMID- 2637826
TI  - [Effects of different articulator adjustments on motography traces].
AB  - In an articulator model the accuracy and conclusiveness of instant-picture
      motography has been studied. After correction for projection errors, system
      accuracy was found to be better than +/- 2 degrees in all projections.

PMID- 2637827
TI  - [Error sources in recording three-dimensional mandibular movements. An in vitro
      study using the V-type stereognathograph].
AB  - The instrument-induced measurement errors in V-type stereognatography have been
      analyzed. An optical bench was used as a measurement apparatus. In measuring not
      too small movement distances, the linearity errors remained within acceptable
      limits. The variations in linearity due to calibration errors were almost
      negligible. In practical applications, the stereognatography proved to be
      insensitive to external factors such as type of illumination, room temperature
      and voltage fluctuations. Factors affecting the effectiveness of the projection
      error correction system, such as tilting of the filter, different sites of
      measurement of the six optoelectronic canals, and mandibular protrusion during
      mediotrusive movements, might be reduced by slight modifications of the
      measurement system.

PMID- 2637828
TI  - [Studies on the reliability of axiographic recordings using the SAS system].
AB  - The objective of this study was to compare the differences in the electronic
      axiographic tracings within one axiographic examination and the differences
      between two axiographies, with respect to the reliability of their length,
      curvature and inclination values. 22 patients with varying degrees of TMJ
      dysfunction were examined using the SAS system after Meyer/Dal Ri. The results
      indicated a high degree of reliability within one axiography, but a remarkably
      reduced reliability when comparing two axiographies. In both comparisons maximal
      mouth opening was significantly less reliable than protrusive and lateral
      movements, irrespective of whether these movements were occlusally guided or TMJ
      guided. No significant differences could be found between occlusally and TMJ
      guided movements and between patients with different functional status values
      (Helkimo dysfunction index 0 and 1 as against 2 and 3).

PMID- 2637829
TI  - [Problems of mandibular position diagnosis using paraocclusal mechanicpneumatic
      axiography].
AB  - Based on mechanical axiographic examinations of 117 test persons with normal
      masticatory functions, the reproducibility of the recordings was assessed at 0.2
      mm +/- 0.14 mm with maximum deviations of about 0.8 mm. The reproducibility of
      the protrusion tracings was 7 degrees +/- 7 degrees at 1 mm of protrusion
      (maximum: 37 degrees) and 2 degrees +/- 2 degrees at 5 mm of protrusion (maximum:
      11 degrees). The diagnostic assessment of the positions of the mandible is
      complicated by the fact that asymmetrical deviations on the right and left may
      result in errors in the interpretation of distances and directions of deviation.

PMID- 2637830
TI  - [Studies on the technique of articulator mounting with semiadjustable
      articulators].
AB  - "Roll-mounting" and mounting in inverted articulators have been examined.
      Approximately reproducible results were observed in all articulators.

PMID- 2637831
TI  - [Repositioning latero-lateral cephalometric films in terminal hinge position].
AB  - Latero-lateral cephalometric films of the mandible in maximum intercuspation
      should be repositioned in centric relation to avoid misinterpretation in the VTO.
      A technique involving the combined use of articulator-mounted study models and a
      cephalometric analysis allows the center of rotation to be accurately determined
      for VTO.

PMID- 2637832
TI  - [Pain from a psychological point of view].
AB  - Psychosocial factors play a decisive part in the development of chronic pain.
      They have an effect on the success of treatment, even when signs of a physical
      disease are present. There are, however, no common personality features or any
      characteristic forms of psychic disorders that could be demonstrated in these
      patients. Hypothetical explanations for the correlations between psychic factors
      and chronic pain, and various psychological modes of treatment are presented.
      Indications for the detection of risk patients are given.

PMID- 2637833
TI  - [Relationships between occlusal guidance in laterotrusion and jaw relation].
AB  - This study was an attempt to clarify the relationships between antero-posterior
      jaw relations and lateral excursive patterns. The age of the 538 patients studied
      ranged from 12 to 30 years. Although it was impossible to draw any general
      conclusions, some trends could be revealed: 1. The results suggest a relationship
      between angle class and the lateral excursive pattern. 2. Group-function
      occlusion was observed to occur twice as often in patients over 20 years of age
      than in younger persons, more often than not these had cuspid guidance. 3. The
      percentage of group-function occlusion increased in proportion with the degree of
      cuspid abrasion and the age of the patients.

PMID- 2637834
TI  - [Differences of clinical and axiographic function parameters in patients with
      skeletal Class II and Class III anomalies].
AB  - 21 young individuals with skeletal and dental class II-relationships were
      compared to an analogous group of class III individuals as to their mandibular
      range of motion. The measurements of clinical movements in pro- and laterotrusion
      as well as the lengths of axiographic tracings showed a significantly reduced
      capacity of motion in the class III group. Because all examined individuals
      exhibited undisturbed TMJ-function or, at most, had mild symptoms (Helkimo
      indexes 0 or 1), the reported findings cannot be interpreted as signs of
      pathology, but seem to demonstrate the broad range of normality.

PMID- 2637835
TI  - [Biophysical properties of the articular disc tissue and their functional
      evaluation].
AB  - Acoustic methods (measuring the speed of sound) and separate measurements of the
      density of 10 fresh, unfixed discs at the anterior, central and posterior band
      were used to determine the module of elasticity. The values of 2634 to 3217 N/mm2
      demonstrate the high resistance of the articular disc to elastic deformation. The
      consequences relating to the function, dysfunction and treatment of internal
      derangements are discussed.

PMID- 2637836
TI  - [Macro-anatomical studies on the palpability of the lateral inferior pterygoid
      muscle].
AB  - In order to diagnose muscular dysfunction associated with the lower pterygoid
      muscle common intraoral palpation techniques require this muscle to be touched
      with the fingertip or a probing instrument. A macro-anatomical study using heads
      of humans has been done to demonstrate morphometrically the origin of the M.
      pterygoideus lateralis inferior in relation to neighbouring structures. In a
      majority of cases intraoral palpation of the lower pterygoid muscle is probably
      impossible.

PMID- 2637837
TI  - [Morphofunctional studies of the masticatory apparatus].
AB  - Biophysical studies of the orofacial system require a profound knowledge of the
      development and morphology of the skull. The skull is the result of phylogenetic
      and ontogenetic evolution. A great number of multifarious factors have effects on
      the growth of the skull. In animal experiments the effects of some of these
      factors on pre- and postnatal craniofacial growth as well as the resulting
      maintenance of the functional balance have been analyzed. These basic research
      findings will be a contribution to our understanding of the factors influencing
      and controlling maxillocranial growth and will aid us in evaluating their
      inherent laws.

PMID- 2637838
TI  - [Defect rate of disposable gloves after longer treatment duration].
AB  - Following 472 dental treatments the disposable gloves worn by dental assistant
      staff were examined for perforations. 73% of polyvinyl chloride glove pairs had
      at least one defect. Therefore these gloves hardly meet the requirements of the
      regulations for the prevention of accidents in relation to the tightness of
      gloves to liquids. 24% of the latex glove pairs lacked tightness. These values
      correlate with those found for dentist's gloves. For both types of materials the
      incidence of defects increases significantly with treatment duration. Since
      visual checks only detected one third of the perforations, longer term use of
      disposable gloves for several treatments can not be recommended.

PMID- 2637839
TI  - [Experience with composite filling materials for posterior teeth].
AB  - Currently the discussion about the use of composite materials for posterior teeth
      is controversial. Although practiced by many dentists, the method has not been
      universally accepted. The function of this filling material is impaired by its
      insufficient wear resistance and polymerisation shrinkage, and improvements of
      clinical application are the only means to prevent marginal gap formation and
      early secondary caries. In view of these shortcomings all dentists should use
      composite materials for posterior teeth only in carefully selected indications.

PMID- 2637840
TI  - [Fatigue strength and marginal adaptation of composite fillings].
AB  - Threshold load tests have shown that the fatigue strength of Class I composite
      fillings may be increased up to 150 N by the application of a base material. This
      effect varied only with the consistency of the composite, not with the type of
      base material used. However, differences were found in the depths at which losses
      of marginal adaptation occurred: where glass ionomer cement base (polyalkenoate)
      was used, marginal leakage demonstrated by pigment penetration tests stopped at
      the interface between filling and base, while in those cases where phosphate
      cement was used as base material, pigment penetration was shown to extend down to
      the floor of the cavity. Mesiodistal sections through Class II MOD restorations
      with the same combinations of materials after 24 hours of storage in pigment
      solutions and without loading revealed that a close marginal fit in the area of
      the cervical step can be obtained with the use of glass ionomer cement as base
      material. In contrast to this observation the use of phosphate cement as base
      material is associated with marginal leakage down to the area of the floor of the
      cavity in about one half of the restorations.

PMID- 2637841
TI  - [Studies on the incidence of caries in 6- to 48-month old infants].
AB  - Caries distribution was examined in 275 children aged 6-48 months in the region
      of Giessen. By means of a parents questionnaire we were able to get some
      information about the nutrition of infants, oral-hygiene and combined prophylaxis
      against caries and rickets. The quota of naturally healthy dentition falls from
      95% (13-24 months) to 74% (25-36 months). The dft-value increases from 0.1 to 0.6
      and the dfs-value from 0.1 to 0.9 at the same groups of age. The quota of healthy
      teeth were higher at those children, who were breast-fed for longer than 3 months
      and who received an over 12 months long combination of rickets and caries
      prophylaxis with fluoride-/vitamin D-tablets. 1-2 year old children had only some
      caries-lesions at the upper-jaw-incisors. Fissure caries was first found at more
      than 2 years-aged children.

PMID- 2637842
TI  - [First results on the volumetric behaviour of osseous transplants after an
      avascular and reanastomosed transfer].
AB  - In this follow-up study the height of avascular and microsurgically reanastomosed
      osseous transplants serving for mandibular reconstruction is compared. For
      analysis a new computer-assisted method is applied which evaluates the plane of
      the transferred bone. As a result, it is revealed that the reanastomosed bone
      exhibits the better shape consistency than the avascular flap.

PMID- 2637843
TI  - [Value of electronic measuring instruments for optimizing functional TMJ
      diagnosis].
AB  - In order to get additional information about the significance of electronic
      axiographic recordings in TMJ-diagnosis, 34 patients, who showed 47 clicking
      TMJs, were examined by use of an electronic axiographic instrument (SAS-system).
      The frequency of the detected findings emphasize the value of electronic
      axiographic devices for differential diagnosis. In detail the following
      conclusions could be drawn: examination of different types of movement is
      recommended because clicking must not exist in all types, recording in more than
      one plane is necessary in order to detect the (prevailing) plane of dislocation,
      a magnification of tracings provides addition information concerning different
      types of clicking.

PMID- 2637844
TI  - [Development of plasma extravasation in the dental pulp].
AB  - Recent studies suggest an active participation of postcapillary venules in
      inflammatory plasma extravasation. Intravital microscopic studies of rats'
      incisors show that Evans blue allows the demonstration of plasma extravasation in
      the dental pulp. This process takes place in the postcapillary venules, as can be
      seen from the staining of the interstice. Rather than depending on hydrodynamic
      pressure mechanisms, inflammatory plasma extravasation seems to be subjected to a
      direct regulation of vascular permeability.

PMID- 2637845
TI  - [Computer-supported basic documentation system (Gottingen System) for the
      interdisciplinary facial cleft clinic].

PMID- 2637846
TI  - [Stress, anxiety and audio-analgesia in dental treatment measured with the aid of
      biosignals].
AB  - Fear of dental treatment is undoubtedly widespread. In the present study this
      fear, the "stress phenomenon", has been investigated. So-called biosignals were
      used to demonstrate the factual presence of these "anxiety conditions"; it has
      been found that they are increasing at the beginning of treatment and reach peak
      levels during certain much feared procedures. Moreover, it has been demonstrated
      that audio-analgesia may reduce anxiety and stress.

PMID- 2637847
TI  - [Integration of pyrolized bone graft material in major bone defects].
AB  - In a clinical post-treatment evaluation during the past 3 years the wound healing
      of bone defects after substitution with a pyrolized xenogenic bone graft was
      observed in 90 patients. In most cases we found that wound healing was impaired
      and that the material did not show any osteointegration. As a result,
      inflammatory reactions of the bone with loss or demarcation of the bone graft
      occurred. Although some authors have reported a stimulation of osteogenesis after
      implantation of pyrolized bone graft, we cannot confirm their view.

PMID- 2637848
TI  - [Is resection still a timely procedure in the treatment of keratocysts?].
AB  - Between 1977 and 1987 a total of 31 patients with keratocysts were treated at the
      maxillofacial surgery department of the University of Cologne. In two patient
      groups with 11 major mandibular cysts each, two different approaches were used:
      mandibular resection in one, and enucleation following previous fixation of the
      cyst epithelium with Carnoy's solution in the other group. The fact that only one
      recurrence was observed in the second group, gives us reason to recommend this
      safe and, for the patient, unstressful procedure.

PMID- 2637849
TI  - [Time-tested procedures for the surgical closure of palatal perforations].
AB  - Time-tested procedures for the surgical closure of palatal perforations are
      reported. Apart from local flap procedures emphasis is being placed on the
      possible applications of lingual flaps and temporal muscle flaps in the closure
      of a perforated palate.

PMID- 2637850
TI  - [Optoelectronic volumetric method for facial soft tissue edemas].
AB  - The methods used up to now for the quantification of facial edemas fail to
      provide accurate volumetric measurements. The optoelectronic method presented
      allows, for the first time, a reproducible monitoring of preventive measures
      (e.g. treatment studies) based on the total volumes in facial swelling
      conditions.

PMID- 2637851
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of the quality of amalgam and polymer filling materials
      after various periods of function. A study of servicemen of the German armed
      forces].
AB  - A total of 354 amalgam and 123 polymer fillings in 50 soldiers were subjected to
      a post-treatment evaluation to obtain information on the life of plastic
      fillings. This study was performed using a simplified procedure based on the
      evaluation of margins, anatomic design, surface condition as well as (in polymer
      fillings) color. 45.5% of the single-surface and 67.9% of the multisurface
      amalgam fillings as well as 53% of the polymer fillings were in need of remaking.
      The quality of the fillings decreased with increasing age. Thus, only 12% of the
      newer (less than 4 years) but 30.8% of the older (greater than 4 years) amalgam
      fillings had the poorest ratings.

PMID- 2637852
TI  - [Studies on the course of polymerization shrinkage of self-cured and light-cured
      composites].
AB  - The dilatometer method was used to study the linear polymerization shrinkage of
      five different composite filling materials which, although of similar
      composition, are available in both the self-curing and the light-curing form. The
      shrinkage of these materials has been recorded for 5 minutes after setting was
      initiated. While rapid length changes occurred in the light-cured materials
      usually within the irradiation period of 20 seconds, the process of
      polymerization shrinkage lasted longer in the self-cured materials, extending
      beyond the period of observation. After 5 minutes linear polymerization shrinkage
      varied between 1.1 and 1.8%.

PMID- 2637853
TI  - [Prospective study on the mercury uptake of dental students. Part 1: Increase in
      mercury excretion during simulated training].
AB  - It was the goal of this study performed in two subsequent technical courses of
      operative dentistry to find out if the first "professional" contact of dental
      students with amalgam resulted in a increased mercury excretion. At six different
      points in time urine analyses using (flame-free) cold vapor nuclear absorption
      spectroscopy were performed. At the first measurement, prior to working with
      amalgam, the median values were at 0.53 micrograms Hg/g creatinine (summer term
      88) and 1.46 micrograms Hg/g creatinine (winter term 88/89). At the end of the
      course the median values have increased to 2.49 micrograms Hg/g creatinine
      (summer term 88) and 2.56 micrograms Hg/g creatinine (winter term 88/89). In the
      subsequent vacations the Hg values in the students' urine clearly decreased.

PMID- 2637854
TI  - [In vitro studies on the quality of proximal margins of Cermet fillings in
      posterior teeth].
AB  - Since Cerment-cement has been recommended also for Black's Class II cavities in
      posterior teeth, it was the goal of this study to compare its marginal adaptation
      with that of amalgam after alternating thermal loads. Black's Class II cavities
      were prepared in extracted premolar teeth and filled with amalgam or Cermet.
      Three different application techniques were used for the Cermet fillings: 1.
      syringe only, 2. syringe and amalgam plugger, 3. individual occlusal plugger.
      Before and after alternating thermal loads the proximal margins were studied by
      SEM using replicas. The poorest results were found in the Cermet fillings applied
      with the syringe only. In the other three groups the results were comparable.
      These findings suggest that cermet cement should not be applied with exclusive
      use of the syringe, but should always be additionally adapted with a plugger.

PMID- 2637855
TI  - [Question of curative anesthesia].
AB  - As a method for keeping a tooth pulp vital that has undergone inflammatory
      alterations, curative anesthesia is controversial. Generally accepted ideas on
      the mechanism of action and on therapeutic concepts are lacking. Animal
      experiments using Laser Doppler flowmetry and intravital microscopy are to
      demonstrate that, under defined conditions, local anesthesia may reduce the
      effects of neurogenic pulpitis. A therapeutic recommendation, however, cannot be
      given.

PMID- 2637856
TI  - [Medicamental reduction of salivation with a plaster containing scopolamine in
      restorative prosthetics].
AB  - The transcutaneous therapeutic system Scopoderm TTS seems to be a method for
      short-term medicamental reduction of salivation among selective group of
      patients.

PMID- 2637857
TI  - [Comparative study of very high speed dental films].
AB  - Two new periapical films (Agfa Dentus M 4, Dupont Super Dozahn HS) were evaluated
      in comparison to Kodak-Ultraspeed and -Ektaspeed films. Dentus M 4 proved to be
      the fastest film available. Though higher sensitivity results in less contrast,
      faster films can in most cases be used with the advantage of maximal dose
      reduction.

PMID- 2637858
TI  - Luxation injuries to permanent teeth -- a retrospective study of etiological
      factors.
AB  - Trauma to permanent teeth with luxation injuries often leads to clinical
      treatment problems. Traumatic injury patients in local clinics are often limited
      in number. The aim of this investigation was to retrospectively study the
      etiological factors in luxation injuries to permanent teeth in relation to sex,
      age, time of year and diagnosis. A total of 108 files from patients, aged 6 to 19
      years, with 196 teeth with luxation injuries, were collected. The maxillary
      central incisors represented 70% of all teeth injured and 70% of the teeth
      belonged to children between 8 and 12 years of age. Falls (34%) and bicycle
      riding (30%) were the most frequent reasons for trauma, followed by sports (14%)
      and assaults (13%). Boys were more often involved in trauma. Girls were as often
      involved in sports accidents as boys. Subluxation was the most frequent diagnosis
      (77%), followed by extrusion, intrusion, exarticulation and lateral luxation.
      Accidents were reported most frequently during spring and early summer. A slight
      increase was also noted during autumn.

PMID- 2637859
TI  - A histobacteriological assessment of nonvital teeth after ultrasonic root canal
      instrumentation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate and discuss the bactericidal effect of
      ultrasound when applied in the root canal of teeth with necrotic pulp and
      periapical lesions. Twenty newly extracted teeth were instrumented with an
      ultrasonic unit and K-files using 0.5% sodium hypochlorite as irrigating
      solution. Compacted debris and micro-organisms were frequently observed in the
      apical region and in dentinal tubules of the root canal wall. Overinstrumentation
      that sometimes occurred led to contamination of the periapical lesions with micro
      organisms and debris from the root canal.

PMID- 2637860
TI  - Vertical crown-root fracture of the mandibular first primary molar in a one-year
      old child.
AB  - A vertical crown-root fracture of the mandibular first primary molar in a 21
      month-old child is presented. The mandibular primary first molar was fractured
      vertically and split into 2 pieces. The tooth fracture had not been noticed for
      about 5 months after the accident, and the tooth was left without any treatment.
      The pulp tissue of the mesial root maintained its vitality, but the distal root
      was nonvital.

PMID- 2637861
TI  - Long-term paresthesia following inadvertent forcing of sodium hypochlorite
      through perforation in maxillary incisor.
AB  - During endodontic retreatment of a maxillary central incisor, a midroot buccal
      perforation was created, and sodium hypochlorite was inadvertently forced through
      the perforation into surrounding tissue. The consequences of this incident
      included immediate severe pain and swelling, with the subsequent development of a
      fistula, and in the long term (15 months), paresthesia of the floor and ala of
      the nose and the infraorbital area.

PMID- 2637862
TI  - Enamel hypoplasia of a maxillary central incisor.
AB  - This article describes a case of a permanent central incisor with enamel
      hypoplasia. A 7-year-old patient had suffered an injury in a car accident when
      she was 2 1/2 years old. The maxillary right central deciduous incisor was lost
      in the accident. At the time of examination a fistula was present buccally to the
      maxillary right permanent incisor, which had erupted only 3 mm into the mouth.
      The maxillary left central incisor had erupted fully. After clinical and
      radiographic examination the lost deciduous incisor was found in the bone
      buccally to the permanent incisor. The deciduous tooth was extracted surgically,
      the fistula healed and the gingiva became normal. The permanent incisor had a 3
      mm-wide zone of hypoplastic enamel on the buccal surface of the crown.

PMID- 2637863
TI  - Proceedings of the National Working Conference on Research in Health and
      Behavior. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, May 15-17, 1988.

PMID- 2637864
TI  - Smoking.

PMID- 2637865
TI  - Health policy.

PMID- 2637866
TI  - Research and practice in health psychology.

PMID- 2637867
TI  - Child health psychology.

PMID- 2637868
TI  - [The adenoidal child. Orthodontic and otorhinolaryngological correlations. 1].

PMID- 2637869
TI  - [Increase in electrical potential induced by composite fillings].
AB  - There are increasingly reports on sensitivity to pressure on teeth filled with
      composite resins in the days following the filling, a fact that has induced the
      Authors to carry out a research "in vitro" and "in vivo" in order to study
      variations of the electrical potential of teeth filled with composite materials.
      The study has shown that this potential varies considerably in intensity
      according to the product used for tests in vitro and in vivo, probably due to
      polimerization defects of the material. These are the first results of a study
      which will be further extended and which highlights new and so far unknown
      aspects of widely used filling materials.

PMID- 2637870
TI  - [Dismorphism. Long face syndrome. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations].
AB  - The Authors consider the main clinical aspects that characterize the Long Face
      Syndrome. In the more serious cases, where it is the global presence of the
      several elements which concur to the increase of the vertical facial dimension,
      it is suitable a precise diagnostic checking to the three-dimensional surgical
      correction to realize in one time. The Authors, in the treated cases, emphasize,
      on the one hand, besides the traditional cephalometry, the importance of the
      counter-party analysis of Enlow and, on the other, they emphasize the use of the
      present imaging means like CT and MR to the structural evaluation of the
      dysmorphism in the muscular and skeletal components. From the surgical aspect the
      Authors emphasize the favourable results obtained associating the surgical
      expansion of the upper maxilla with autogenous osseous graft to the traditional
      maxillary osteotomies, that favours: 1) the increase of the transverse diameter,
      to the orthognatodontic correction of the crossbite; 2) the correction of the
      nasal respiratory insufficiency; 3) the precise definition and the correction of
      the vertical dimension of the upper maxilla.

PMID- 2637871
TI  - [Structural changes in the jaws. Differential diagnosis].
AB  - In this work the Authors have considered the causes of changes in the structure
      of maxillary bones. They have also discussed the available diagnostic means
      useful to make a correct diagnosis and the importance of a right differential
      diagnosis of the causes in order to have a better treatment.

PMID- 2637872
TI  - [Bacterial enzymatic activity in the oral cavity].
AB  - The research is intended to get knowledge of some enzymatic activity of
      Actinomyces Israeli bacteria isolated from the mouth of several subjects and it
      shows how such bacterium can give rise to erosive phenomena of the enamel of the
      teeth and also to infections of the periodontal through a process causing the
      formation of a cloudy halo in the cultures.

PMID- 2637873
TI  - [Psychological analysis of the elderly patient. 2].

PMID- 2637874
TI  - Aspects of the formation of dental health behaviours in early childhood.

PMID- 2637875
TI  - Information gain at reduced exposure time using a prototype video-enhancement
      device.
AB  - An experimental imaging device based on analogue video-enhancement was evaluated
      by comparing the information yield of three different screen/film radiographic
      combinations with that from conventional viewing methods. Twenty radiographic
      images of variable density for each screen/film combination were produced by
      exposing a test object for between 0.1 and 6.6 s and examined by 10 observers in
      two trials. Perceptibility curves were generated from the data to measure the
      information yield of each system. Multiple non-parametric t tests demonstrated no
      loss of information with the experimental device in the diagnostically useful
      exposure range (15-60 impulses). In addition, this range was extended, with the
      faster film/screen combinations, to lower exposures (8-12 impulses), suggesting
      that the device also has the potential to reduce radiation exposure.

PMID- 2637876
TI  - Marginal bone in periodontal disease: an evaluation of image quality in panoramic
      and intra-oral radiography.
AB  - Five observers assessed the panoramic and full-mouth (14 periapical and four
      posterior bitewing) radiographs of 20 patients each for the ability to interpret
      and measure the marginal bone level. The image quality of each site was
      classified as excellent, acceptable or unacceptable. Depiction errors affecting
      interpretability and measurability were also noted. In the upper arch, the
      frequency of uninterpretable and non-measurable sites was almost equal for
      panoramic and periapical radiography. Image quality was better with periapical
      radiography in the lower arch. In the posterior regions of both arches, more
      sites could not be measured from panoramic compared with bitewing radiographs.
      Due to overlapping the distal surface of the maxillary canine and the mesial
      surface of the first maxillary premolar could often not be interpreted in either
      panoramic or periapical radiographs, but infrequently in the bitewings. In the
      lower arch, the most frequent depiction error was inadequate density in the
      incisor region of panoramic radiographs. On the basis of these results, we
      proposed that in clinical practice the panoramic radiograph can be supplemented
      with individually selected periapicals. In epidemiological studies, the panoramic
      radiograph should be combined with a premolar bitewing radiograph.

PMID- 2637877
TI  - Layer thickness in rotational panoramic radiography: some specific aspects.
AB  - It is customary to define the thickness of the image layer in rotational
      panoramic radiography along the central ray of the X-ray beam. This results in
      calculated values which overestimate its thickness, especially in regions where
      the central ray deviates markedly from orthogonality. A supplementary definition
      is proposed which considers layer thickness in a direction perpendicular to the
      central plane of the image layer. This provides values which may be more easily
      related to the thickness of the object being radiographed. A mathematical
      approximation for calculations involving the supplementary definition is
      described and illustrated with numerical examples.

PMID- 2637878
TI  - Impact of a continuing education programme for teachers of dental radiology.
AB  - Continuing professional education is recognized as an important mission of
      contemporary dental schools. Research has shown that innovative methods of course
      delivery result in increased impact of continuing education efforts as measured
      by change in behaviour of the participants in their own workplaces. A case study
      is reported which describes the Carolina Institute of Dental Radiology Education.
      This 2-week intensive course for dental radiology instructors is offered by the
      University of North Carolina School of Dentistry. A survey of participants
      indicated that significant improvements in the radiology programmes supervised by
      the participants occurred following their attendance at the Institute.

PMID- 2637879
TI  - Dentinal dysplasia type I: a report of four cases.
AB  - Dentinal dysplasia type I is a relatively uncommon condition and four cases are
      described. The radiographic features in these patients are somewhat different to
      those reported in other cases in that anterior teeth appeared to be less affected
      than posterior, and tooth loss was less prevalent. These findings support the
      proposal that the characteristics of dentinal dysplasia type I can be divided
      into two subgroups.

PMID- 2637880
TI  - Degenerative temporomandibular joint disease in a young violinist.
AB  - A case is reported of degenerative joint disease in the right mandibular condyle
      of an 11-year-old boy, apparently due to violin playing.

PMID- 2637881
TI  - Covert foreign body simulating neoplasm.
AB  - An incidental radiographic finding in a 17-year-old woman aroused suspicions of
      neoplasia. However at operation it was found to be due to an unusual calcified
      foreign body lodged in the posterior nares.

PMID- 2637882
TI  - A novel panoramic artefact.
AB  - A case is presented of a phantom tooth in the anterior maxilla on a panoramic
      radiograph which proved to be an artefact due to poor positioning.

PMID- 2637883
TI  - A novel processing artefact.
AB  - A processing artefact is described that is similar in appearance to the tractor
      tread (or herringbone) pattern seen on an intra-oral dental radiograph that has
      been exposed the wrong way round in the mouth.

PMID- 2637884
TI  - Bitewing radiographs of children taken with and without a film-holding device.
AB  - To help minimize radiation exposure, all dental radiographs must yield maximum
      diagnostic information. Film-holding devices have been recommended as a means of
      improving the diagnostic yield. Our study compared the diagnostic quality of
      bitewing radiographs of children taken with and without the aid of a film-holding
      device. 1014 bitewing radiographs (sizes 0, 1, 2) were taken of 338 children
      (aged 5-11 years) by senior dental students. Bitewing tabs were used for 554
      radiographs and a film-holding device for the remainder. Diagnostic quality was
      calculated for each radiograph by dividing the number of non-overlapped contacts
      by the total number present. Both overall mean diagnostic yield and mean
      diagnostic yield for each size of film were found not to be significantly
      improved by use of the film-holding device. Position of overlapped contacts on
      each size of film was not equally distributed (P less than or equal to 0.01)
      among the contacts present. For size 0 and 1 films, overlap was most frequent
      between the maxillary first and second primary molars and for size 2 films
      between the maxillary first permanent molar and second primary molar/second
      bicuspid.

PMID- 2637886
TI  - Treatment planning for the overdenture.

PMID- 2637885
TI  - Pharmacologic management of the geriatric dental patient.

PMID- 2637887
TI  - Toluidine blue: its significance and application in dentistry.

PMID- 2637888
TI  - Dental root resorption revisited: a case report.

PMID- 2637889
TI  - Bevel-oriented mandibular injections: needle deflection can be beneficial.

PMID- 2637890
TI  - Local anesthetic failure: diagnosis and management strategies.

PMID- 2637891
TI  - Florid osseous dysplasia with sequestra.

PMID- 2637892
TI  - Bulky maxillary central incisor.

PMID- 2637893
TI  - A five-canal mandibular molar: clinical relevance of complete nonsurgical
      endodontic treatment.

PMID- 2637894
TI  - Reaction to diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl) used as a local anesthetic.

PMID- 2637895
TI  - Encountering rapidly progressive periodontitis.

PMID- 2637896
TI  - Have you been called upon to be an expert witness? A sample letter to the
      complaining patient.

PMID- 2637897
TI  - [Dental treatment needed for the people in 156 Bangkok slums].
AB  - The survey of the dental treatment needed for the slum people in Bangkok was part
      of the mobile public health service program under the Bangkok Community
      Development Project, Ministry of University Affairs which was proposed by the
      Bangkok Representatives, Prachakorn Thai Party which aimed to provide the needed
      dental service to the slum people. There was a limited amount of time to carry
      out the survey, because the main purpose of the project was to provide the
      services, the survey data was obtained without any affect to the service time.
      From 156 slums and 40 primary schools in Bangkok 19,333 cases received the
      services. It was found that 15,681 cases needed scaling, 42,183 teeth needed
      filling and 36,923 teeth needed extractions. The Prevalence of tooth decay was
      4.1 teeth per person. The clinician could carry out this survey without the need
      for high technical skill in Dental public health. This kind of data was enough
      for planning the dental service program. By doing this kind of work, we would
      have more information for improving our dental profession. The good and up to
      date data would bring us the unity in our dental profession.

PMID- 2637898
TI  - [Metronidazole: application in periodontal disease].
AB  - Metronidazole is effective against certain anaerobic infections such as
      Bacteroides gingivalis and Spirochetes with clinical signs of rapidly progressive
      periodontitis and refractory adult periodontitis. The use of Metronidazole in
      adjuvant with scaling, root planing, and personal oral hygiene instruction caused
      a significant improvement of the periodontium.

PMID- 2637899
TI  - Fibrous dysplasia of jaws in Thais.
AB  - A clinico-radiologic-histologic review of fibrous dysplasia of the jaw in ninety
      one Thai patients were studied. The lesions showed a slight predilection for
      females and for the maxilla. The mean age of patients was about 22 years. From
      available radiographic findings in 11 cases, 9 cases showed radiolucent lesions
      with ground glass appearance and 7 out of these cases had an ill defined border.
      Two out of 11 cases had mixed radiolucent radiopaque lesions and one of these had
      a well-defined border. Histologically, approximately half of the cases showed
      features of metaplastic woven bone in fibrous stroma. The peak incidences of
      woven bone and osteoid substance were between the ages of 11 and 20 years but for
      lamella bone only, the incidence was increased to the age of 31 and 40 years. The
      stromal component of each individual case showed variable amounts of fibroblasts,
      collagen fibers, vascularization and giant cells.

PMID- 2637900
TI  - [Radiographs and tooth roots in maxillary sinus].
AB  - Roentgenographic observations in 19 cases of tooth roots displacement to the
      maxillary sinus using 4 technics of periapical, topographic, Waters and panoramic
      projection. It was indicated that, 1). Left maxillary first molar root was forced
      into the antrum more frequently than the roots of other teeth. 2). Roots were
      displaced into sinus more frequently in males than females. 3). To identify the
      root, panoramic and topographic were helpful projection. Waters projection was of
      little or no value, for the root fragment. However it is useful in that it may
      provide indirect confirmatory evidence of an antral perforation and reveals the
      presence of sinus infection.

PMID- 2637901
TI  - [Oral health studies of the public health midwifery and nursing students before
      and after dental treatments].
AB  - The purpose of this research was to explore the oral health of the Public Health
      Midwifery and Nursing students of 1987-1988. Fiscal year Budget, totally 107. All
      were females, age between 17-21 years up. Methods and criteria used in this study
      were those described in the second edition of the World Health Organization
      Manual, Oral health survey-Basic Method (1977). The survey was divided into 2
      parts. The first part was surveyed before oral health instruction and dental
      treatment, while the second part was survey after having got one year of oral
      health instruction and dental treatment. Results revealed that the components
      influenced upon dental services of 1 the second group were the family income per
      month and their over confidence of having saved from dental caries. For the above
      reasons, the second group students took the chance to refer that they did not
      want to have their dental services in every 12 months. For the first part the
      Mean DMFT were 2.97, while the Mean DMFS were 6.40 surface per person. The second
      part had their Mean DMFT 3.37, DMFS 6.87 surface per person. The total mean
      average of DMFT, DMFS of the first part valued less than the second group 0.40
      and 0.47. The student caries status and the periodontal status were different
      from each other in the statistical values. Even though the dental caries got
      treatment, mostly both groups still needed for 1-surface fillings. For the
      periodontal disease, it was found out that the first part got soft debris 100%,
      while the second part had only 71%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2637902
TI  - Effect of folic acid on human oral epithelium in vitro.
AB  - The cytomorphological effects of folic acid were studied using in vitro
      established human oral epithelium. It was demonstrated that a concentration twice
      that used clinically (200 micrograms/ml) did not induce marked cytotoxic reaction
      in the cultured cells. The most pronounced changes were observed in cultures
      exposed to 200 micrograms/ml folic acid both in primary culture and subculture.
      The cultures displayed areas of degenerating cells showing oedema and increased
      translucency of the cytoplasm, flattened cells with distinct tonofilaments and
      atypical mitotic figures. Identical changes were found in cultures exposed to 50
      and 100 micrograms/ml folic acid but to a lesser extent than in 200
      micrograms/ml. These changes indicated that folic acid increased the number of
      cells undergoing terminal differentiation. From this study we suggested that
      folic acid when applied topically may play a role in local stimulation of
      epithelial cell differentiation leading to enhanced healing of oral ulcers.

PMID- 2637903
TI  - [A case report of root resorption treatment].
AB  - A case report of endodontic surgery of maxillary left lateral incisor with
      external root resorption which perforated the root canal was presented. The cause
      of this abnormality was due to chronic inflammation. The patient had the history
      of pain and swelling. After root canal filling by thermoplasticized warm gutta
      percha technique, the resorption defect and the apical apex were filled with
      amalgam via a surgical approach. The patient remained asymptomatic 8 months
      later, radiographic appearance revealed a sign of bone repair.

PMID- 2637904
TI  - [Prolong bleeding after extraction from green pit venom].
AB  - A case of prolonged socket bleeding after extraction is reported to have been
      caused by a recent green pit viper snake bite. The snake is a common tropical
      creature. Several cases bitten are seen in general medical clinic yearly. Pain
      and local symptoms lead most patient to doctor's attention; while coagulopathy,
      the other clinical features are usually not being aware of. The 66-year-old
      patient who had been bitten by the snake a day earlier, of having tooth
      extraction was referred to Rachaburi Hospital Dental clinic of having post
      extraction delayed haemostasis. A routine heamostasis as of gel foam with
      adrenalin pack and vitamin K injection was unsuccessful. Further laboratory
      investigations confirmed that he had hypofibrinogenemia as the pathogenic cause.
      Fresh frozen plasma was administered, haemostatis was satisfactory within 24 hrs.

PMID- 2637905
TI  - [Effects of anti-Bacteroides gingivalis (Bg), and anti-Actinobacillus
      actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) antibodies on Bg and Aa].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of anti-Bacteroides
      gingivalis (Bg) and anti-Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) antibodies on
      Bg and Aa respectively. Bg and Aa were resistant to complement-mediated
      bactericidal activity, and killing by PMN. However a significant reduction in CFU
      of Bg and Aa was found when these bacteria were incubated with the antibodies and
      not agitated. This would suggest that the antibody was capable of aggregating or
      phagocytizing, but not killing, these bacteria when complement and PMN were
      added. Moreover the antibodies had no effect on bacterial proliferation. Anti Aa
      antibody also had no effects on killing of Aa or PMN infiltration in
      experimentally established periodontal pockets in dogs.

PMID- 2637906
TI  - [Changes in microvascular patterns following the periodontal flap surgery].
AB  - Serial changes in the microvascular pattern beneath the inner epithelium and in
      the periodontal connective tissue attachment on the upper incisors in adult
      mongrel dogs, were studied by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the
      process of reconstructing the vascular architecture following mucoperiosteal flap
      surgery. In the early stage of wound healing, capillaries beneath the epithelium
      in the marginal gingiva were transformed into glomeruli, in the course of the
      predominantly elongation type of angiogenesis. At the junctions, newly formed
      sinusoidal vessels were formed in the course of predominantly sprouting type of
      angiogenesis, and anastomosed with vasculatures between the flap and the
      periodontal membrane. In these newly formed vessels, vascular glomeruli in the
      marginal gingiva and newly formed sinusoidal vessels at the coronal side of the
      junctions were transformed into a capillary network beneath the inner epithelium
      accompanying the epithelization. At the apical side of the junctions, newly
      formed sinusoidal vessels showed a series of changes to cope with alterations of
      the tissue environment accompanying connective tissue attachment, but the
      vasculatures established after surgery showed a dense and irregular arrangement
      compared with the control side. These results show that the attachment mechanism
      obtained by wound healing differ from the original one.

PMID- 2637907
TI  - [Fundamental study of a local drug delivery system by means of intracanal
      medication. Influence of iontophoresis on the periphery of the root surface].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new system of drug delivery to
      periodontal pocket by means of intracanal dressing and additional iontophoresis
      in vitro. Forty extracted human teeth with a single root were used. After the
      root canal was prepared endodontically, the periphery root apex was painted with
      the Silux system (3 M Co.) to close the apical foramen. Each tooth was planted
      into an agar block. Three drugs (zinc iodide-iodine, penicillin G. potassium,
      minocycline HCl) were used (Table 1), and 50 microliters of each drug was
      injected into an individual root canal. Then a cathodic current (3 mA x 40 min)
      was applied using an automatic current volte regulater (PAV-200, Jooko Co.) with
      a platinum wire electrode inserted in the root canal (Fig. 1). The degree of
      drugs diffusion in the agar around teeth was estimated by individual color
      reactions zinc iodide-iodin test for starch, penicillin G. potassium test for
      phosphomolybdic acid, minocycline HCl test for ferric chloride). And also, the
      effects of root planing and etching by Quick Jet (Yosida Co.) on the root surface
      were evaluated in the same way. The results were as follow: 1. The degree of
      diffusion by intracanal electrical medication was greater in the cervical third
      area than the middle and apical third. 2. Several small areas stained by the iodo
      starch color reaction were observed around the cervical root surface where
      greater diffusion was observed. 3. Many dentinal tubules were observed on a
      limited root surface where root planing and Quick Jet, were employed caused
      greater diffusion. 4. The results suggest the new delivery system for management
      of the microorganisms by intracanal medication and additional iontophoresis.

PMID- 2637908
TI  - [Effects of periodontopathic bacterial components on phagocytic activity of rat
      peritoneal macrophages. Examination using ELISA].
AB  - This study examined the phagocytic activity of rat peritoneal resident
      macrophages to determine the movement of macrophages in local inflammation in
      periodontal disease. We studied phagocytic activity by enzymelinked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) and used the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase soluble complex (PAP;
      soluble immune complex) as a marker in. We also determined the basic conditions
      of this examination and studied the effects of bacterial components and the
      supernatants of sonicated periodontopathic bacterias. We obtained the number of
      applied macrophages, the concentration of PAP to use and the incubation time. The
      phagocytic activity of macrophages was enhanced significantly by the bacterial
      components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and muramyldipeptide (MDP). Phagocytic
      activity was also enhanced by the addition of the supernatant of sonicated
      Bacteroides gingivalis at 40 micrograms/ml (concentration of protein) and
      significantly suppressed at 320 micrograms/ml. Moreover, activity was
      significantly enhanced by the supernatant of sonicated Capnocytophaga suputigena
      at 40 micrograms/ml and 160 micrograms/ml, and suppressed by the supernatant of
      Fusobacterium nucleatum at a low concentration of protein (5 micrograms/ml).
      These results suggested that LPS of gram-negative bacteria's endotoxicity and MDP
      on pivotal structure of peptidoglycans, which are bacterial cell surface
      components, exerted an effect on phagocytic activity. It was further indicated
      that the phagocytic activity of macrophages varied with the effects of each
      periodontopathic bacteria.

PMID- 2637909
TI  - [Periodontal tissues and sex hormones. Effects of sex hormones on metabolism of
      fibroblasts derived from periodontal ligament].
AB  - Sex hormones are closely related to the onset and progression of periodontal
      disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sex hormones on
      the metabolism of human periodontal ligament cells. Human periodontal ligament
      cells and gingival fibroblasts were prepared from 7 donors with normal gingiva.
      17 beta-estradiol and progesterone were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company.
      The effects of sex hormones on cell morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity,
      cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, collagen synthesis and non-collagenous protein
      synthesis were investigated. The results were as follows: 1. Periodontal ligament
      cells showed osteoinductive-like cells in the cell morphology and alkaline
      phosphatase activity. 2. DNA synthesis was stimulated by 17 beta-estradiol and
      progesterone in the presence of 5% fetal calf serum. 3. Collagen synthesis was
      inhibited by 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone, while non-collagenous protein
      synthesis was inhibited by 17 beta-estradiol and low concentrations of
      progesterone. 4. The addition of serum into culture medium was necessary to
      induce the basic metabolism of human periodontal ligament cells. It was
      demonstrated that sex hormones are closely related to the metabolism of human
      periodontal ligament cells.

PMID- 2637910
TI  - [Application of beta-tricalcium phosphate to periodontal therapy. Part 1.
      Fundamental studies and biological tests of beta-TCP prepared by mechanochemical
      method].
AB  - Physical, chemical, biological and implant tests on calcium phosphate prepared by
      the mechanochemical method with wet milling were performed to determine their
      applicability for periodontal therapy. 1. Materials synthesized by the new method
      had a stoichiometric ratio of Ca/P = 1.50 and a density of 3.70 g/cm3 and
      coincided with the standard pattern of beta-TCP (ASTM Card) very well. 2. The
      surface structure of dense type sintered at 1,100 degrees C showed fewer fine
      pores than the dense type sintered at 1,050 degrees C. The surface structure of
      the porous type sintered at 1,050 degrees C showed finer pores, except for a
      continuous large pore than the porous type sintered at 1,000 degrees C. 3.
      Specific conductivity tests should higher solubilities of the porous type than of
      the dense type in pure water, and of materials sintered at low temperature than
      at high temperature. 4. Cytotoxicity studies with V-79 cells showed no
      significant differences from the controls, and other biological tests revealed no
      abnormalities. 5. At three and six weeks after implantation in muscles, all of
      beta-TCP was enclosed with collagen fiber. The porous type of beta-TCP was almost
      completely fused to cranical bone in rabbits three weeks after implantation. The
      dense type of beta-TCP was completely fused to cranical bone six weeks after
      implantation. From these results, it can be concluded that beta-TCP prepared by
      the new method is of high purity and biocompatibility. Consequently beta-TCP is
      expected to be effective in clinical use.

PMID- 2637911
TI  - [Topical chemotherapy of chronic periodontitis using controlled-release insert
      containing ofloxacin (PT-01) without root planing].
AB  - Topical chemotherapy of periodontal disease using several drug delivery systems
      (DDS) is currently being attempted. PT-01 is a DDS which consists of fast- and
      sustained- release parts containing ofloxacin as an antibacterial agent. Since PT
      01 was found to sustain the antibacterial effect for 7 days in a periodontal
      pocket, it was used tor periodontal patients without root planing or scaling in
      this study. PT-01 and a placebo were applied to two separate and opposite pockets
      of 46 patients, once a week from the first visit (week 0) to week 3. The clinical
      parameters (plaque index, gingival index, tooth mobility, bleeding on probing,
      pus discharge, and probing depth) were evaluated from weeks 0 to 4. At the end of
      the test (week 4), global improvement at the two sites was assessed. The clinical
      parameters and the global improvement of the PT-01 and placebo-treated sites were
      compared statistically. All parameters at the PT-01 sites except for tooth
      mobility showed much greater improvement than at the placebo sites. The global
      improvement of PT-01 sites was also significantly greater than that of the
      placebo sites. No side effects could be seen in patients treated with PT-01.
      These results indicate that topical chemotherapy using PT-01 could be effective
      and safe for periodontal therapy.

PMID- 2637912
TI  - [Application of local drug delivery system to periodontal therapy. 5. Clinical
      and microbiological effects of TC film application in furcation involvements].
AB  - Two molars having furcation grade II involvements were selected from each of six
      patients with periodontal diseases. One molar received a local application of
      tetracycline immobilized cross-liked collagen film four times at one-week
      intervals (TC film-treated group) and the other received no treatment (non
      treated group). The clinical and microbiological effects were, as follows, 1.
      Throughout the experimental period, no significant differences in pocket depth,
      attachment level, bleeding on pocket probing, periotron unit, gingival index and
      plaque index were noted between the TC film-treated group and the non-treated
      group. 2. One week after TC-film application, the treated group showed
      significant decreases in the density of microorganisms and the proportion of
      spirochetes compared with the non-treated group. The results revealed the
      insufficient effectiveness of the local application of TC film by itself for the
      treatment of teeth having furcation grade II involvements.

PMID- 2637913
TI  - [Retrograde apicoectomy. Development of a new technique and its clinical
      application].
AB  - We developed a new technique instead of usual retrograde apicoectomy for cases in
      which apical lesions appear after prosthetic treatment. The technique is as
      follows. After treatment of the apical area by raising a flap, part of the labial
      bone is removed and the labial surface of the root is exposed. Then the labial
      part of the root is removed and the root canal is opened. After that, the
      residual carious dentin is removed completely. At the final stage, the open root
      canal is filled with tooth adhesive and low viscosity composite resin (Clearfil
      SC). This technique is indicated for cases in which the crown restoration is not
      removed for some reasons and treatment from apical side is not possible. This
      technique is clearly the last choice, but many teeth will remain.

PMID- 2637914
TI  - [Experimental study of periodontal tissue regeneration. Changes in the
      periodontium after tooth implantation with and without periodontal ligament].
AB  - The role of the periodontal ligament in periodontal tissue regeneration was
      evaluated. The materials included bilateral upper 1st premolars and lower 2nd,
      3rd, and 4th premolars of 11 adult Beagle dogs, aged from 3 to 6 years. Before
      implantation, the right teeth were extracted and kept for a period of more than 3
      months in "a solution for reserving teeth". The left teeth on the other hand,
      were extracted and soon implanted thus retaining the periodontal ligament into
      the newly created bone cavities prepared in the right edentulous areas. At the
      same time, the right reserved teeth were implanted into the left tooth sockets.
      Implanted teeth were periodically observed macroscopically, radiographically, and
      histologically for a 6-month period. Macroscopical observation showed good
      clinical repair in the bilateral sides of the tooth implantation with and without
      a periodontal ligament. After a 6-week experimental period, radiographic
      observations of the implanted lower right teeth having a periodontal ligament
      revealed lamina dura-like findings. Histopathological investigation revealed
      ankylosis and root resorption on the left side, where the reserved teeth without
      a periodontal ligament were implanted. But regeneration of the periodontal tissue
      complex, which consisted of the gingiva, alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal
      ligament, was generally observed in the implanted right teeth having a
      periodontal ligament. These results suggest that the periodontal ligament cells
      play a significant role in periodontal tissue regeneration.

PMID- 2637915
TI  - Doctors' dilemma.

PMID- 2637916
TI  - National health insurance: cure or curse?

PMID- 2637917
TI  - Electrologists and blood-borne infections.

PMID- 2637918
TI  - A Jewish view of abortion.

PMID- 2637919
TI  - Correlation between adolescent nutrition during pregnancy and outcome of low
      birth-weight babies.
AB  - Fifty pregnant teenagers were chosen from four maternity clinics in the Tampa Bay
      area and followed from first visit to delivery. They were assessed for
      nutritional status based on routine standards and counseled, if needed. Weight of
      baby, Apgar score, and duration of hospital stay were noted and tabulated
      according to weight gain as either adequate or inadequate. Results based on 44
      patients for whom adequate data were available revealed five of 13 patients with
      inadequate weight gain and two of 31 with adequate weight gain delivered low
      birth-weight babies. These statistically significant results suggest a
      correlation between poor maternal nutrition and low birth-weight babies.

PMID- 2637920
TI  - Phobologophobia.

PMID- 2637921
TI  - Patient confidentiality: legal ramifications.

PMID- 2637922
TI  - Ab urbe condita.

PMID- 2637923
TI  - The wheel always turns.

PMID- 2637924
TI  - Recognition and management of personality styles and disorders in dental
      practice.

PMID- 2637925
TI  - Is dentist satisfaction with office design related to who designed the office?

PMID- 2637926
TI  - Patient preferences for selecting a dentist.

PMID- 2637927
TI  - Retail dentistry--who seeks care and why?

PMID- 2637928
TI  - COPE to success.

PMID- 2637929
TI  - Team-centered group practice--development and evolution.

PMID- 2637930
TI  - Behavioral and clinical concerns for the geriatric dental patient.
AB  - Treatment of older adult patients involves more than clinical competence. A
      working knowledge of the nature of this population is crucial if impediments to
      care are to be removed. Medical status, psychological status, socioeconomic
      level, current drug regimens and mobility contribute to the successful pursuit
      and delivery of dental care. Misconception on the part of the practitioner can
      easily reinforce barriers to care rather than remove them. Today's dentist has an
      obligation to contribute to the maintenance of the patient's quality of life, not
      just their dentition.

PMID- 2637931
TI  - Glass ionomer cements: an update.

PMID- 2637932
TI  - A profession with a future.

PMID- 2637933
TI  - Tritiated thymidine incorporation and the development of an interstitial lesion
      in the bronchiolar-alveolar regions of the lungs of normal and complement
      deficient mice after inhalation of chrysotile asbestos.
AB  - Inhaled asbestos causes the proliferation of bronchiolar-alveolar epithelial and
      interstitial cells in rats and mice 19 to 72 hours after a single 5-hour
      exposure. This condition is associated with rapid macrophage accumulation and
      development of an interstitial fibrotic lesion at alveolar duct bifurcations. In
      an attempt to define the mechanisms mediating asbestos-induced cell proliferation
      and fibrogenesis, we studied mice exposed to chrysotile asbestos for five hours.
      The mice were normal (strain B10.D2/nSn)(C5+) and a congenic strain (B10.D2/oSn),
      deficient in the fifth component of complement (C5-). We knew that the latter
      exhibit a depressed asbestos-induced macrophage response and wanted to learn
      whether the depressed response correlated with measurements of cell proliferation
      and progression of an interstitial lesion. Sections of first alveolar duct
      bifurcations were prepared for light microscopic autoradiography and
      ultrastructural morphometry at varying times after animal exposure to asbestos.
      In sham-exposed C5+ and C5- animals, less than 1% of epithelial and interstitial
      cells of the terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts incorporated tritiated
      thymidine (3H-TdR) at any time after exposure to asbestos. Between 19 and 72
      hours after exposure, epithelial and interstitial cells in both strains of mice
      exhibited significantly increased levels of 3H-TdR incorporation. The response
      decreased by eight days postexposure, and 3H-TdR incorporation was normal one
      month after exposure. Similarly, morphometry showed that both the C5+ and C5-
      asbestos-exposed mice exhibited significant increases in the volume density of
      epithelial and interstitial cells 48 hours after exposure. However, one month
      after exposure, the normal C5+ asbestos-exposed mice developed a fibrotic lesion,
      whereas the C5- asbestos-exposed animals were no different from sham-exposed C5-
      controls. The depressed macrophage response in the C5- animals does not appear to
      change the early mitogenic response to asbestos but may be central to the
      apparent attenuation of fibrogenesis.

PMID- 2637934
TI  - Nitrogen metabolism in man under hypokinesia and physical exercise.
AB  - Experimental studies of hypokinetic physiology are generally based on the
      assumption that diminished muscular activity (progressive reduction of number of
      steps per day) is hostile to animal and human organisms, since the entire animal
      kingdom has been formed in a high motor activity environment, which left its
      imprint on the evolution, structure, function and behavior of living organisms.
      It has been suggested that physical exercise may be used to prevent changes in
      man's nitrogen metabolism under hypokinesia. Thus, the aim of this study was to
      evaluate the effect of physical exercise in attenuating nitrogen metabolic
      changes under hypokinesia of 90 days in twelve healthy men aged 19 to 23 years.
      They were divided into two groups with six men in each. The control group was
      subjected to pure hypokinesia, that is, without the use of any preventive
      measures, and the experimental group was submitted to combined hypokinesia and
      physical exercise with energy expenditure of about 500 kcal. For the simulation
      of the hypokinetic effect the men were kept under an average of 500 steps/day.
      The caloric value of their diet was about 2400 kcal/day and 2600 kcal/day for the
      control and experimental groups, respectively. Total nitrogen, urea nitrogen,
      nitrogen ammonium salts, nitrogen of free amino acids, creatine, creatinine, as
      well as vitamins C, B1 and 4-pyridoxic acid excretion were measured in urine.
      Hypokinesia induced a negative nitrogen balance, which was most pronounced in the
      control group. The excretion of the other nitrogeneous compounds, vitamins,
      creatine, and creatinine was also increased. Physical exercise had only a limited
      effect on nitrogen metabolism. We concluded that diminished muscular activity
      induced a marked increased excretion of nitrogen; at the same time it was
      revealed that physical exercise cannot be used to counteract effectively the
      development of adverse reactions of nitrogen metabolism under hypokinetic
      conditions.

PMID- 2637935
TI  - MPTP-induced Parkinson-like disease in sheep: clinical and pathologic findings.
AB  - Eight ewes, divided into two groups based on age, with group 1 7-8 and group 2 1
      3 years old, respectively, were administered 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intravenously (IV) at cumulative doses of 2.0 to 34.6
      mg/kg body weight. Two group 1 sheep, given cumulative doses of 2 and 8.5 mg/kg,
      developed persistent severe neurologic signs of body stiffness and rigidity,
      paucity of movement, intention body tremors, and abnormal body posture and stance
      similar to those signs in MPTP-induced disease in people and primates. After
      their acute onset, these persistent signs were nonprogressive up to the
      observation period of 32 days post infusion. None of the younger ewes had
      persistent neurologic symptoms at equivalent cumulative doses (9.0 mg/kg). The
      only pathologic changes were microscopic lesions in the central nervous system,
      consisting of bilaterally symmetrical neuronal chromatolysis and necrosis limited
      to the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. These lesions were found in two
      persistently affected and two younger sheep, suggesting age-based differences in
      dose response and the threshold of clinical expression of disease. Serum MPTP
      half-life was 11 days. Thus sheep exposed to MPTP could be an alternative model
      to the primate for the comparative study of clinical, pathologic, and biochemical
      mechanisms in MPTP neurotoxicity and Parkinson's disease in people.

PMID- 2637936
TI  - Effect of low-calorie diets on metabolism of man under hypokinesia.
AB  - It has been suggested that a low-calorie diet is more adequate than a high
      calorie diet for men under hypokinesia (diminished muscular activity). Thus, the
      aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a low-calorie diet on the
      metabolism of twelve physically healthy men aged 19 to 24 years under 90 days of
      hypokinesia. They were divided into control and experimental groups of men
      according to the composition and food value of diet: the control group of men
      received a food-value diet of 2648 kcal/day and the experimental group a diet
      with energy value of 1900 kcal/day. For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect
      both groups of men were kept under an average of 500 steps/day. The metabolism of
      nitrogen, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins and energy was determined.
      Hypokinesia had a considerable effect on metabolism, the intensity of which was
      related to the composition of the diet received. This applies most emphatically
      to protein metabolism. The most pronounced changes were observed in the
      experimental group of men: changes in nitrogen balance were unreliable, free
      amino acids excretion in urine was diminished and protein assimilation was
      apparently unchanged. We concluded that the low-calorie diet was more adequate
      for man under conditions of diminished muscular activity conditions than the high
      calorie diet.

PMID- 2637937
TI  - Brochures--a product of the times.

PMID- 2637938
TI  - Recent decisions modify prior holdings.

PMID- 2637939
TI  - Dental leaders discuss recruitment, retention of dental team.

PMID- 2637940
TI  - Symposium on ischemia-reperfusion in skeletal muscle. Toronto, September 10,
      1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2637941
TI  - The effect of ischemia-reperfusion derived oxygen free radicals on skeletal
      muscle calcium metabolism.
AB  - This study investigated the contribution of cytotoxic oxygen-derived free
      radicals to the skeletal muscle injury seen in a rat hindlimb tourniquet model
      after ischemia and reperfusion. The free radical scavengers superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were used as biologic probes to detect free radical
      activity, while Ca2+ uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was used to measure
      subcellular muscle function. Anesthetized rats received SOD (2 mg/kg IV) plus CAT
      (3.5 mg/kg IV, n = 6 treated group) or saline alone (4 ml/kg, n = 6 control
      group) 5 min before unilateral hindlimb tourniquet ischemia of 3 hr duration. SOD
      and CAT were conjugated to polyethylene glycol to increase their plasma half
      life. After 19 hr reperfusion, muscle from ischemic and non-ischemic lower legs
      of each rat was excised and homogenized. Skeletal muscle SR was isolated by
      differential centrifugation and ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake by SR was then measured
      with dual wavelength spectrophotometry and a calcium-sensitive dye. In control
      rats, Ca2+ uptake velocity by SR from ischemic muscle was reduced by 48% compared
      with contralateral non-ischemic muscle (p less than .001). Rats pretreated with
      SOD + CAT showed a less severe (27%) reduction in Ca2+ uptake velocity by SR from
      ischemic muscle. Thus, SOD + CAT significantly (p less than .01) reduced the
      dysfunction of SR Ca2+ transport seen in this tourniquet ischemia model. These
      results strongly implicate the involvement of oxygen-derived free radicals in
      abnormal Ca2+ transport observed in skeletal muscle after ischemia and
      reperfusion.

PMID- 2637942
TI  - The impact of energy depletion on skeletal muscle.
AB  - Changes in the skeletal muscle adenine nucleotide pool during prolonged periods
      of normothermic ischemia, followed by reperfusion are a result of an exaggerated
      breakdown to lipid soluble precursors, the degree of reactive hyperemia, and
      activities of the salvage and direct pathways for resynthesis. We show that the
      degree of breakdown of ATP, ADP and AMP, is time dependent, and with restoration
      of circulation there is washout of these lipid soluble precursors, and no
      resynthesis of ATP. We demonstrated a relationship between the loss of energy
      during ischemia, and the degree of resultant necrosis, suggesting that a limit on
      the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions during reperfusion in reducing the
      extent of necrosis may exist.

PMID- 2637943
TI  - Participation of the complement system in ischemia/reperfusion injury.
AB  - Reperfusion of ischemic skeletal muscle is associated with an early infiltration
      of WBC, a process mediated by locally generated chemotactic factors. We present
      evidence that selective activation of the alternative complement cascade occurs
      in response to skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury. Complement activation
      may result in the generation of peptides which are chemotactic for neutrophils,
      and the formation of molecular complexes which injure cell membranes.

PMID- 2637944
TI  - Ischemia-reperfusion and cell membrane dysfunction.
AB  - One to 3 hours of partial skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion in dogs and rats
      causes cell membrane depolarization. Intracellular levels of adenosine
      triphosphate remain normal, suggesting that direct membrane injury rather than
      electrogenic pump failure occurs. Membrane depolarization can be prevented by
      superoxide dismutase and catalase, or by neutrophil depletion. Oxygen free
      radicals may be one type of mediator causing membrane damage, and it appears that
      leukocytes release these toxic species.

PMID- 2637946
TI  - The role of fibrinolysis during reperfusion of ischemic skeletal muscle.
AB  - Skeletal muscle is unique in its ability to tolerate relatively long periods of
      ischemia without demonstrable damage following reperfusion. Prolonged ischemia,
      however, has been associated with muscle necrosis and poor recovery of function.
      Using a rabbit model of hind limb ischemia, periods of ischemia of 1, 2, 3, and 5
      hours were studied. Whereas almost complete recovery was seen after 1 or 2 hours
      of ischemia, a progressive loss of function is seen with increasing ischemic
      interval. In addition, within the 5 hour group, up to 40% of preparations did not
      recover function during reperfusion, with no Doppler signals audible over the
      pedicle. In these, microscopic thrombi was demonstrated histologically. Thus it
      appears that the "no reflow" phenomenon plays a major role after prolonged
      (greater than 4 hrs) ischemia. In order to evaluate the effect of fibrinolytic
      drugs on the "no reflow" phenomenon, urokinase was infused prior to reperfusion,
      and after 5 hours of ischemia, in a separate group of animals. All of these
      reperfused without any evidence of "no reflow". We conclude that reperfusion
      injury may have two major components: the "no reflow" phenomenon secondary to
      poor reperfusion, and cellular injury resulting from reperfusion itself. Infusion
      of fibrinolytic agents during the initial phases of reperfusion may have a
      salutory effect in preventing the "no reflow" phenomenon. It is likely, however,
      that attempts at effective and safe retrieval of ischemic tissue will necessarily
      have to address both mechanisms.

PMID- 2637945
TI  - Role of heparin in reducing skeletal muscle infarction in ischemia-reperfusion.
AB  - Heparin continues to be recommended in the clinical management of limb ischemia
      to prevent extension of distal vascular thrombosis and increased rates of limb
      loss. However, heparin may also be responsible for reduced skeletal muscle
      injury. Although its mechanism of action has not been fully evaluated, we have
      investigated the ability of heparin to minimize skeletal muscle injury associated
      with the ischemia-reperfusion syndrome in an in vivo canine gracilis muscle
      model. Our findings demonstrated a significant reduction in the amount of
      skeletal muscle infarction, microvascular permeability, and H+ ion accumulation
      cumulation after preischemic heparinization. Diffuse intravascular coagulation
      also has been observed in observed in this model which may be prevented or
      reduced by the anticoagulant properties of heparin when administered prior to
      ischemia. However, heparin's protective effect may be independent of its
      anticoagulant activity. Heparin is a polycomponent drug with non-anticoagulant
      properties which may serve to reduce cellular injury during ischemia and
      reperfusion in several different ways. Microvascular injury is decreased by the
      restoration of normal intimal negative charge and through the binding and
      resultant inactivation of histamine, bradykinin and other vasoactive amines.
      Heparin inhibits the complement cascade which is known to determine ischemic
      infarct size. Other factors of importance in determining the extent of skeletal
      injury include neutrophil activation, chemotaxis, enzyme release, and free oxygen
      radical generation, all of which are decreased or modulated by heparin. Heparin
      is a complex substance and much more remains to be learned about its
      anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant properties as well as its protective effects
      on skeletal muscle injury in ischemia-reperfusion syndrome.

PMID- 2637947
TI  - Hypothermia and controlled reperfusion: two non-pharmacologic methods which
      diminish ischemia-reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle.
AB  - The mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury in skeletal muscle remain
      controversial. We have previously reported two non-pharmacologic methods to
      salvage skeletal muscle from I-R injury, post-ischemic hypothermia and controlled
      reperfusion. In all experiments, both canine gracilis muscles were subjected to
      six hours of ischemia followed by one hour of reperfusion. Controlled reperfusion
      was achieved by partially occluding one gracilis artery to limit the rate of
      reperfusion blood flow to its pre-ischemic rate, while the contralateral artery
      was allowed to perfuse freely at a normal rate. Post-ischemic hypothermia was
      achieved by cooling one gracilis muscle to 21 degrees centigrade (hypothermic
      reperfusion) after 5 hours of warm ischemia, while the opposite gracilis muscle
      was maintained at ambient temperature (normothermic reperfusion). Both methods
      resulted in a significant diminution in muscle infarct and edema. The mechanisms
      by which this is accomplished are currently unknown, but may be related to a
      diminished inflammatory response to ischemia. This review of these methods
      suggests that the hyperemic rate of reperfusion blood flow is a significant
      factor in the pathophysiology of post-reperfusion edema, and that significant
      control of skeletal muscle reperfusion injury may be achieved by limiting the
      rate of reperfusion blood flow or by applying post-ischemic hypothermia.

PMID- 2637949
TI  - Ventilation-perfusion matching in the lateral decubitus position.

PMID- 2637948
TI  - Contractile and metabolic function following an ischemia-reperfusion injury in
      skeletal muscle: influence of oxygen free radical scavengers.
AB  - Skeletal muscle contraction and metabolism was evaluated using an in vivo, intact
      autoperfused canine hindlimb model during 7 hours of reperfusion following 4
      hours of complete ischemia, with and without bolus administration of superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) at the start of reperfusion. Contractile
      tension of paw dorsiflexion during reperfusion demonstrated small but
      statistically non-significant increases of recovery towards pre-ischemic baseline
      with SOD/CAT (i.e. 43% +/- 10 vs 32% +/- 9 with muscle-stimulated tetanic
      tension). Oxygen utilization by the hindlimb rose during reperfusion from a
      baseline in the control group of 2.4 +/- 0.3 ml 02/min to 5.4 +/- 1.1 during the
      first 10 minutes and plateaued at 3.5 +/- 1.3 by the first hour with no
      differences in the SOD/CAT group. Lactate clearance was prompt (increase from a
      pre-ischemia value of zero to 0.93 +/- .14 mM/min by 5 minutes and return to near
      zero by 1 hour in controls) exhibiting no sustained anaerobic metabolism and was
      not affected by SOD/CAT. These finding demonstrate irreversible loss of 60-70% of
      skeletal muscle contraction with preservation of aerobic metabolic capacity at
      225% of basal activity. Bolus administration of SOD/CAT at the start of
      reperfusion offered no significant improvement in metabolic or contractile
      function. These observations, in a model simulating the in vivo setting,
      necessitate evaluating alternate ischemia reperfusion conditions and modified
      free-radical inhibitor protocols before any clinical benefit can be assumed.

PMID- 2637950
TI  - Monitoring of neuromuscular function.
AB  - Clinical monitoring of neuromuscular function can be accomplished by either
      measuring the evoked mechanical or EMG response of a skeletal muscle via an
      accessible motor nerve. The pattern of motor nerve stimulation varies from
      supramaximal single repeated stimuli at a specified frequency to tetanic
      stimulation, posttetanic single stimuli at the pretetanic frequency, and train-of
      four stimuli at 2 Hz. The response to relaxants is unpredictable in the
      population at large and more so in pathologic states. This makes monitoring of
      the muscle response to motor nerve stimulation extremely valuable and helpful.
      The train-of-four technique of measurement has proved to be valuable not only as
      a reliable clinical tool to measure the response to relaxants and monitoring
      recovery, but also as a research tool for studies of old and new neuromuscular
      blocking drugs. Evoked responses and clinical criteria for adequate recovery from
      muscle relaxants should complement each other. The more criteria fulfilled, the
      better and safer the conclusion that the patient has recovered from clinical
      neuromuscular blockade.

PMID- 2637951
TI  - A 5 year audit of cardiac arrests at Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital.
AB  - There were 347 cardiac arrests analysed over a 5 year period. 180 patients were
      successfully resuscitated and 61 eventually left hospital. Patients with
      thromboembolic disease, renal failure, stroke, neoplasia, head injury and
      septicemia did badly. No patient with liver failure who arrested left hospital.
      The need for intubation at the arrest was associated with an increased mortality.
      Patients who developed ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia were more likely
      to survive than patients who developed asystole. Our discharge outcome of 18%
      compares favourably with all previous studies.

PMID- 2637952
TI  - Mortality in the surgical intensive care unit--the role of sepsis and organ
      failure.
AB  - Study of admissions to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at King Khalid
      University Hospital in Riyadh was carried out from 1982 to 1987. There were 1149
      surgical admissions, of whom 96 patients died (mortality rate 8.3%). Eighty-six
      patients died of multisystem and organ failure (MSOF). Sepsis appeared to be the
      ultimate cause of death in 54 patients of the organ failure group (62.8%). Twenty
      four percent of this group had positive blood cultures, and 57% had more than one
      positive culture site. Gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci were the
      predominant organisms with only two positive anaerobic cultures. In this study
      the risk for developing sepsis starts at the age of 50, otherwise our data
      confirm previous studies on the influence of sepsis and MSOF on mortality in
      SICU. Recommendations for future improvement in patient's care and investment in
      antibiotic research are made.

PMID- 2637953
TI  - Propofol versus thiopentone for induction of anesthesia in patients undergoing
      outpatient surgery.
AB  - Investigation was carried out on 40 females undergoing dilation and curettage or
      laparoscopy on outpatient basis. All patients were premedicated with pethidine
      and atropine. In 20 patients, anesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol 2
      mg/kg (Group I), and in the other 20 patients thiopentone 4 mg/kg was used (Group
      II). Prior to induction of anesthesia, 80 mg of lignocaine (4 ml of 2%) was
      injected intravenously to be followed by the induction agent. No pain followed
      the injection of propofol or thiopentone and smooth induction of anesthesia was
      achieved within 60 seconds. Injection of suxamethonium 100 mg and tracheal
      intubation was then performed and anesthesia was maintained with 66% N2O in O2
      supplemented by suxamethonium drip. In the thiopentone group, SBP decreased after
      induction and tracheal intubation was followed by a significant increase of SBP
      and HR. In the propofol group, both SBP and HR decreased after induction and
      tracheal intubation was also followed by an increase of SBP and HR. However, the
      increase of SBP was less than that observed in the thiopentone group and the
      increase of HR was not significant when compared to the control value. At the end
      of surgery and cessation of anesthesia, recovery was scored. After 10 minutes,
      all patients in the propofol group were awake and initiated conversation while 12
      patients of the thiopentone group were still sleepy. The results suggest that
      propofol may be preferred to thiopentone for induction of anesthesia in
      outpatient surgery.

PMID- 2637954
TI  - Effect of suxamethonium, pancuronium, neostigmine and halothane on serum
      cholinesterase activity.
AB  - Serum cholinesterase (Ch E) estimations were done in 30 healthy Nigerians
      scheduled for elective surgical procedures and were studied in two groups. Half
      of the patients were given general anesthesia using a muscle relaxant technique
      and the other half had halothane as the main anesthetic. Suxamethonium reduced Ch
      E by 9%, pancuronium by 25% and neostigmine by 58% compared to preinduction
      levels. Halothane reduced Ch E by 7% and 15% at 10 minutes and 24 hours
      postanesthetic respectively, compared to preinduction levels. The normal control
      value of Ch E in 30 healthy Nigerians was on the lower side of the normal range,
      observed mostly in Caucasians.

PMID- 2637955
TI  - Gas plasma sterilization: innovation in practice.

PMID- 2637956
TI  - [Changes in the neural conduction in spinal muscular atrophy of the Kennedy
      type].
AB  - Sensory conduction velocity of median and sural nerves was examined in 6 patients
      with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) of Kennedy type. In all patients, except the
      youngest one, slight slowing of sensory conduction velocity and marked decrease
      of potential amplitude was observed. These changes might suggest that the Kennedy
      type of SMA differs from another types of SMA and, may be, does not fit into
      "pure" motoneuron disease.

PMID- 2637957
TI  - [Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS)-
      correlations with clinical studies].
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials were studied in 50 patients with clinically
      reliably confirmed diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in various disease stages. In
      a part of these patients the study was repeated after 3 years. The latency
      changes, amplitude changes and shape abnormalities of the obtained N9, N13 and
      N20 responses were evaluated. The authors discuss the observed changes of these
      potentials in relation to clinical findings and analyse the evolution of
      potential changes during the disease.

PMID- 2637958
TI  - [Evaluation of the evoked potentials in various acquired polyneuropathies
      (Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic recurrent polyneuropathy). Preliminary
      report].
AB  - In 15 patients with acquired polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic
      recurrent polyneuropathy) the conduction velocity was measured in the peripheral
      nerves of the upper and lower extremities, the latency of the F wave was
      determined, and the somatosensory evoked potentials were assessed stimulating the
      median enerve and posterior tibial nerve. The abnormalities were assessed in the
      parameters of the obtained somatosensory evoked potentials comparing them with
      the changes of F wave and the velocity of conduction in peripheral nerves. The
      sensitivity and usefulness of these methods in acquired polyneuropathies are
      discussed.

PMID- 2637959
TI  - [Atypical clinical image of myopathy with abnormal mitochondria (MAM) in our
      cases].
AB  - Two peculiar cases of mitochondrial myopathy are presented. In the first case the
      diagnostic difficulties are discussed stressing especially the differentiation of
      the myopathy from myasthenia. In the second cases polyneuropathy signs were
      evident, which is extremely rare in this myopathy.

PMID- 2637960
TI  - [Simultaneous measurement of conduction velocity in the neural sensory and motor
      fibers during segmental stimulation].
AB  - The study concerned the method of investigation of upper extremity nerves which
      makes possible a simultaneous measurement of the conduction velocity in the motor
      and sensory fibres over the whole length of the nerve. Recording of responses was
      based on the use of surface electrodes which are safe, less painful for the
      patient, and provide sufficiently great responses without the necessity of using
      the averaging technique. Owing to simultaneous responses from the motor and
      sensory fibre from several stimulation sites along the nerve the localization of
      injury and its type are easier to establish. The method is less time-consuming
      than the conventional one and may be used by technicians.

PMID- 2637961
TI  - [Effect of diazepam on visual potentials evoked by reversible checkerboard
      pattern].
AB  - Visual potentials evoked by means of reversible checkerboard pattern were studied
      in 12 healthy subjects, 5 patients with probable multiple sclerosis and 3
      patients with photosensitive epilepsy before and after intravenous injection of
      10 mg of Valium. The most characteristic feature was lowering of the amplitude of
      the evoked visual potentials (in 75%) which appeared as a rule between 30 seconds
      and 4 minutes after Valium injection. Prolongation of Pmax latency was observed
      less frequently (in 65%) and this change was of low grade. In nearly half the
      cases sings of synchronization appeared with development of late multiphasic
      components of the visual evoked potential. No significant difference was noted in
      the effect of Valium on the latency and amplitude of the visual evoked potentials
      between healthy subjects and patients. The possible mechanisms of diazepam action
      on the conduction in visual pathways are discussed.

PMID- 2637962
TI  - [F-wave studies in spinal muscular atrophy].
AB  - For checking the hypothesis on increased excitability of the spinal motor neurons
      in patients with spinal muscular atrophy the F wave was analysed in 12 patients.
      The hypothesis has been confirmed, but increased excitability of motor neurons is
      not equally pronounced in all motor nuclei of the spine.

PMID- 2637963
TI  - [Surgical treatment of intracranial arachnoid cysts].
AB  - The results of surgical treatment in 21 cases of intracranial arachnoid cysts,
      mostly in adults, are reviewed. There were 19 supratentorial and 2 infratentorial
      cysts. In all but one supratentorial cyst cases epileptic seizures were the major
      clinical presentation. CT scan was helpful in the diagnosis in most cases. In 7
      patients CT-cisternography was performed and in 3 cases a connection of cyst
      cavity to intracranial cerebrospinal fluid space was demonstrated. The cysts were
      treated surgically in different ways including craniotomy for fenestration of
      cyst wall, resection of cyst wall and neighbouring cerebral structures or cyst
      peritoneal shunting. In some cases successive surgical treatment was necessary
      since the initial surgery proved to be unsuccessful. The authors believe that the
      best results were achieved by cyst removal with resection of cerebral structures
      being the source of epileptic discharges under intraoperative
      electrocorticographic control. The regression or diminished intensity of seizures
      can be achieved in this way. The fenestration of cyst alone leads to cyst
      recurrence. Cyst-peritoneal shunting usually did not lead to significant
      reduction of cyst size and delayed complications caused this kind of treatment to
      be uneffective. The significant number of infectious complications in all
      surgical treated cases of arachnoid cysts suggest the need for avoiding operation
      in asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic cases.

PMID- 2637964
TI  - [Location of cerebral aneurysms and arteriospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage].
AB  - On the basis of an analysis of 314 patients with aneurysms situated
      supratentorially the authors tried to establish a possible correlation between
      the location of the aneurysm and the frequency, intensity and extent of this
      spasm. Similarly as in the reports of other authors it was not possible to find a
      correlation between the location of the aneurysm and arteriospasm. Only the group
      of 28 patients with multiple aneurysms showed the highest percent of most intense
      and most extensive arteriospasm, which was particularly evident within the first
      three days after haemorrhage. In the period from the 4th to the 6th days after
      the last subarachnoid haemorrhage the lowest proportion of angiograms with
      arteriospasm was noted in patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicating
      artery. In this group diffuse bilateral arteriospasm was significantly more
      frequent than in the remaining groups.

PMID- 2637965
TI  - [Subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown etiology].
AB  - A group of 73 patients is described in whom diagnostic procedures failed to
      demonstrate the source of haemorrhage. In this group 92% of patients were in good
      clinical condition after the episode (I and II clinical group). In only one
      patient with angiographically demonstrated diffuse vasospasm in one cerebral
      hemisphere signs of focal brain damage developed leading to death. The remaining
      95.9% of patients left the hospital in good condition, without focal signs.
      During follow-up in two (3.2%) out of 62 patients with known condition a
      recurrence of subarachnoid haemorrhage developed. Most patients were in good
      condition, fully fit up to 3 years after the haemorrhage. In summary, the authors
      stress a mild course of subarachnoid haemorrhage of unknown aetiology, good
      prognosis as to return of full fitness, and relatively low risk of development of
      focal brain damage or death from haemorrhage.

PMID- 2637966
TI  - [Effect of stimulation of the spinal cord on phasic and tonic reflexes in
      patients with central motor neuron damage].
AB  - Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a method enabling the control of increased
      muscle tonus to be achieved in various spinal cord injuries.
      Polyelectromyographic (PEMG) methods were used for neurophysiological assessment
      of the degree of cord damage and persistent spinal reflexes as well as
      supramedullary influences. The analysed material comprised 40 PEMG records in 19
      patients with spastic paraparesis or paraplegia after cord injury, cord tumour or
      multiple sclerosis. In 15 cases tentative epidural cord stimulation was done and
      11 patients received implantation of a system for long-term stimulation. In most
      cases the epidural electrodes were implanted below the damaged segment, usually
      in the thoracic part of the cord. Before and after SCS beginning PEMG was done
      with a 16-channel Mingograph Siemens Elema with simultaneous recording of the
      responses from the symmetric muscles: quadriceps, semitendinous, adductor
      femoris, anterior tibialis and triceps surae. The effect of SCS was analysed on
      exteroceptive and proprioceptive reactions during testing of knee and ankle
      reflexes, and on the response of the muscles to vibration. In most patients a
      reduction was observed of the intensity of tendon reflexes, particularly the
      spread of the reflex to the contralateral extremity was no longer seen. The
      vibration reflex had a tonic character persisting in 48% of the studied muscles,
      even in patients with clinically complete transsection of the cord. The change of
      the character of monosynaptic reflexes and the presence of the vibration reflex
      suggest that SCS modifies the proprioceptive segmental spinal reactions.

PMID- 2637967
TI  - [Somatosensory potentials evoked by stimulation of the median nerves recorded
      during the operation from the surface of the cerebral cortex in patients with
      temporal lobe epilepsy].
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials obtained by stimulation of the median nerve were
      analysed. The potentials were recorded from 237 points of exposed cortex in 34
      patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with epileptogenic focus in the left lobe in
      17 cases, and in the right lobe in 17 cases. Only N 20 and P 20 responses were
      analysed, considering potentials with amplitude above 0.3 uV. No response was
      obtained from 40.7% of points on the right side, and from 48.7% points on the
      left. On the right side negative potentials prevailed (56.8%) and on the left
      side positive potentials were more frequent (32.8%). A characteristic feature of
      the recorded potentials was their low amplitude and shorter latency of the
      positive deflection in which they differed from the potentials evoked from the
      primary sensorimotor cortical representation of the hand. The authors put forward
      the hypothesis that the recorded potentials are generated by secondary sensory
      areas and sensory representation in the external cortex of the temporal lobes.

PMID- 2637968
TI  - [Diagnostic difficulties in acute viral encephalitis associated with mental
      disorders (a case of acute catatonia in herpes simplex encephalitis)].

PMID- 2637970
TI  - Practice brochures.

PMID- 2637969
TI  - [Late growth of supratentorial meningioma after radiotherapy of cerebellar
      tumor].
AB  - The authors report a case of supratentorial meningioma of the brain developing
      after radiotherapy for cerebellar astrocytoma. On the basis of a survey of the
      literature and own speculations the authors try to demonstrate a cause-and-effect
      relationship between radiotherapy and meningioma development.

PMID- 2637971
TI  - Alternate modes of practice. Part 1. Acupuncture.

PMID- 2637972
TI  - The designer smile.

PMID- 2637973
TI  - Million dollar smile.

PMID- 2637974
TI  - Spread the word.

PMID- 2637975
TI  - Anatomy of a crisis.

PMID- 2637976
TI  - Treatment objectives met in crowded Class II dental with deep overbite.

PMID- 2637977
TI  - [Comparative histopathologic analysis of osteogenic sarcomas before and after
      initial chemotherapy].
AB  - We performed comparative histopathologic analysis of sections from diagnostic
      biopsy and surgical material obtained after antineoplastic chemotherapy. The
      sections were taken from 20 osteogenic sarcomas found in children and adolescents
      aged from 3 to 17. Chemotherapy used between samplings was based mainly on
      Adriamycin, and in four cases Methotrexate. Most frequent changes in histologic
      structure of the tumours after chemotherapy included further development of
      necrosis, a reduction of the structural homogeneity of the tumours and
      enhancement of cellular polymorphism. In many tumours we found enhancement or
      development of abilities to form cartilaginous foci. We did not observe
      maturation of the neoplasm induced by chemotherapy in the form of the development
      of highly differentiated bony tissue. The above-mentioned changes could be
      defected 3 to 4 weeks after chemotherapy initiation.

PMID- 2637978
TI  - [Cytologic prints of primary and metastatic melanomas. Preliminary report].
AB  - In 15 cases of melanoma (10 primary tumours and 5 metastatic ones) imprint
      examination was performed intraoperatively. In one case the material was non
      diagnostic. Out of the remaining 14 cases six tumours consisted of epithelioid
      cells, one--spindle-shaped and seven were of mixed structure. Typical
      characteristics of the imprint included cellular dispersion, polymorphism,
      presence of binuclear and giant cells as well as intranuclear cytoplasmic
      inclusions. There features are the same as those described in other cytologic
      studies of these neoplasms. The imprints method turned out to be useful as an
      accessory and complementary study intraoperative histopathologic examination.

PMID- 2637979
TI  - [Sclerosis and fibrosis of the bone marrow in lung and gastrointestinal tract
      cancers].
AB  - The authors analyzed the incidence of pathologic lesions of the bone marrow in
      the form of sclerosis and fibrosis in patients with lung and gastrointestinal
      tract (gastric, pancreatic, hepatic and bile duct) carcinomas. In the analysis of
      argentaffin and collagen fibres in the bone marrow we used Kundel's score
      modified by Bauermeister. The results obtained in the studied group were compared
      with the bone marrow of persons without neoplastic diseases and other disorders
      that might have affected the bone marrow. It was found that in patients with
      neoplastic disease and fibrosis of the bone marrow were quite frequent
      disturbances.

PMID- 2637980
TI  - [Pulmonary bone marrow embolism in nonselected autopsy material].
AB  - We analyzed the incidence of bone marrow emboli of the pulmonary arteries in
      nonselected autopsy material involving 620 cases. We evaluated the incidence of
      these emboli, age, sex, underlying disease and microscopic picture. It was found
      that bone marrow emboli of the pulmonary arteries occurred in 7% of cases, most
      frequently in patients aged from 50 to 69 years and they were located in the
      medium and small-lumen arteries. It was found that bone marrow emboli of the
      pulmonary arteries may complicate posttraumatic bone fractures, costal and
      sternal fractures in the course of reanimation as well as malignant neoplasms and
      shock.

PMID- 2637981
TI  - [Neoplastic metastases in the bone marrow from cancers of the digestive system
      (stomach, pancreas, liver and gallbladder].
AB  - The authors analyse the incidence of metastases into the bone marrow in
      carcinomas of the stomach, pancreas, liver and gallbladder. Specimens from the
      bone marrow taken were by trephine biopsy from the sternum, ala ossis ilii and
      spine. Metastases into the bone marrow were found in carcinomas of the stomach,
      pancreas and gallbladder but not in hepatic carcinoma. Neoplastic metastases were
      most frequent in adenocarcinoma of the stomach.

PMID- 2637982
TI  - [Necrosis of the bone marrow].
AB  - The authors analyzed the incidence of necrosis of the bone marrow in nonselected
      autopsy material. The studies included 419 cases of various disease types.
      Necrosis of the bone marrow was found in 83 cases (19.8%). It was most frequently
      observed in patients with neoplastic disease of the hematopoietic and lymphatic
      systems (26.3%) and malignant neoplasms of different origin (21.9%). In 40% cases
      necrosis of the bone marrow were accompanied by neoplastic metastases into the
      hematopoietic tissue, and thrombotic changes in the blood vessels occurred in
      22.9% of these cases. Our results point to a fairly frequent occurrence of
      necrosis of the bone marrow, especially in the course of neoplastic disease.

PMID- 2637983
TI  - [Lymphocytic aggregations in the bone marrow: their occurrence and morphologic
      analysis].
AB  - We analyzed the morphology and incidence of aggregations of mature lymphocytes of
      the bone marrow in the autopsy material of 425 cases excluding disorders of the
      hematopoietic and lymphatic systems. We found that lymphocytic aggregations
      occurred in 21.1% cases. There were two morphologic types of lymphocytic
      aggregations of the bone marrow, namely lymphoid follicles and infiltrates. It
      was shown that the incidence of lymphoid nodules of the bone marrow increased
      with age and that the structures were more frequent in women. We pointed to the
      significance of lymphocytic aggregations presence in the bone marrow in
      differentiating with malignant infiltrations of the lymphatic system involving
      the bone marrow.

PMID- 2637984
TI  - [Ultrastructural evaluation of mast cells in food allergy].
AB  - In this paper we described the fine structure changes observed in mast cells from
      patients with food allergy. We studied material from 7 patients with allergy for
      the eggs and flour. Biopsies were obtained from the gastric mucosa, duodenum and
      rectum after the allergic provocation. Ultrastructural examination revealed mast
      cells mainly in the submucosa near the blood vessels. Mast cells had
      ultrastructural changes characteristic of degranulation. These facts suggest that
      there is correlation between mast cells and food allergen.

PMID- 2637985
TI  - [Fibrolipoma of the testis].
AB  - This report deals with a very uncommon benign testicular tumour, fibrolipoma.
      Orchidectomy was followed by the removal of the lymph nodes from the region of
      external iliac vessels. No recurrence appeared during 6-year follow-up.

PMID- 2637986
TI  - [A case of adrenal cortex adenoma with hormonal activity].
AB  - A case of adenoma of the adrenal cortex accompanied by Conn's syndrome has been
      described. Its enormous size and interesting microscopic structure draw our
      particular attention.

PMID- 2637987
TI  - 26th Congress of the European Society of Pediatric Radiology. Dublin, Ireland,
      24.-26. May 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2637988
TI  - [Stereo-motography in dentistry--registration of mandibular movement].

PMID- 2637989
TI  - [Motography--the immediate picture system of the initial functional diagnosis].

PMID- 2637990
TI  - [Hygiene demands on the care of office materials].

PMID- 2637991
TI  - [Cutting with laser rays. Will dental treatment change in the future?].

PMID- 2637992
TI  - [Chronic apical periodontitis].

PMID- 2637993
TI  - [Fear and dental apprehension among school-age children in a rural district].
AB  - The article deals with the relationships between general fear, clinical dental
      anxiety, and self-reported dental anxiety. 157 elementary school children aged 10
      13 participated in the investigation. The children answered Corah's Dental
      Anxiety Scale (CDAS), and Dental Tension Scale (DTS), constructed for the
      investigation by the present author. The first of three DTS questions is "Are you
      afraid of going to the dentist?" (DTS1). 155 children were given scores for
      clinical behavior (KAB in text and tables). 118 children, aged 10-12, also
      answered a shortened version of the Geer Fear Scale (GFS), scoring 15 to 60 in
      the direction of increasing general fear. CDAS and DTS have been dealt with
      earlier. There was weak but significant correlation between clinical behavior and
      self-reported dental anxiety. There were no direct associations between general
      fear and clinical or self-reported dental anxiety. However, there was a
      significant correlation between general fear and self-reported dental anxiety for
      the girls who showed signs of clinical anxiety. The results give support to DTS1
      being a valid measure of the overall state dental anxiety.

PMID- 2637994
TI  - [Family income, demand and use of dental health care among Norwegian adult
      population 1983-1987].
AB  - The aim of this study was to describe changes in demand and utilization of dental
      services according to family income among adults in Norway from 1983 to 1987. The
      analysis was performed on two sets of national data, which were representative of
      the Norwegian population aged 20 years and above. The sample size was 1,289
      individuals in 1983 and 1,166 individuals in 1987. The data were analyzed
      according to a two-part model. The first part determined the probability of
      whether the consumer had demanded the services or not during the last year. The
      second part estimated how expenditure depended on income, given some expenditure.
      Family size, number of teeth present, age, gender and education were entered into
      the analysis as control variables. For edentulous people, and people with few
      remaining teeth, there were marked differences in demand and utilization of
      dental services according to family income both in 1983 and in 1987. During this
      period, there has been an increase in demand, while utilization has stayed
      constant. In the population as a whole, the turnover of dental services has
      increased by the equivalent of 80 "dentists' years work" from 1983 to 1987 due to
      the increase in demand.

PMID- 2637995
TI  - [Continued reduction of incidence of caries among children and young adults in
      USA].
AB  - The article presents data from National Institute of Health on the prevalence of
      dental caries in 5-17 year olds in 1986-87 in USA. The data were compared with a
      previous study from 1979-80. Almost 50% of the children had no caries experience
      in 1986-87 compared with 36% in 1979-80. The DMFS data showed a reduction of
      about 36%, the mean for 1979-80 and 1986-87 being 4.77 and 3.07, respectively.
      The survey results showed that decay on the smooth surfaces of teeth, the
      surfaces that benefit most from fluoride, is disappearing. Today, two-thirds of
      caries is found on the occlusal surfaces of teeth. In Norway, the percentage of 5
      year-olds without caries experience and mean DMFT in 12- and 18-year-olds have
      been registered since 1984. The American data are therefore not easily comparable
      with the situation in Norway. However, the mean DMFS values in 18-year-olds is
      hardly less than 13, whereas the average DMFS value of US 17-year-olds in 1986-87
      was 8.04. The NIDR survey did not address the question of what is causing the
      decline in dental caries. The most likely reason is the widespread use of
      fluoride and in particular use of fluoride dentifrices. Fluoride dentifrices were
      introduced on the American marked in the 1950s, and in Norway in 1971. It is
      speculated that a further decline in dental caries may be expected also in
      Norway.

PMID- 2637996
TI  - The need for operative dentistry services: projecting the effects of changing
      disease patterns.
AB  - The declining incidence of caries in children and adolescents has caused
      speculation that there will soon be a great reduction in need for restorative
      services among adults. This study used recent dental epidemiological data,
      population estimates, and numerous alternative assumptions to calculate the hours
      of adult operative dentistry treatment need in the US in 1972, 1990, and 2030.
      According to those calculations, the total hours of need were about 125 million
      in 1972. In 1990 and 2030, the projected hours of need were determined to be
      about 150 million and 192 million, respectively.

PMID- 2637997
TI  - Surface characteristics of glass-ionomer cements when treated with cavity
      varnish.
AB  - Two glass-ionomer cements were evaluated. Sixty molds were prepared, 20 with a
      lining cement, 20 with a base cement, and 20 with a control cement. The samples
      were tested for hardness; the glass-ionomer materials proved to be significantly
      harder than the control.

PMID- 2637998
TI  - Caries diagnosis within restored teeth.

PMID- 2637999
TI  - [Effect of air pollution and socioeconomic conditions on the incidence of chronic
      and recurrent respiratory infections in school children].
AB  - Basing on information from questionnaires distributed to 4007 children of an age
      range from 5 to 15 years living in regions of different air pollution an analysis
      of incidence of upper airway diseases and socio-economic conditions of their
      families was carried out. The authors conclude that air pollution effects
      incidence of respiratory diseases. Children from highly polluted regions (Zabrze,
      Zdzieszowice) have higher incidence of respiratory infections than children from
      less polluted regions. Socio-economic factors also have an effect on incidence of
      respiratory infections in children. Children from well situated families have
      lower incidence indexes. Boys develop respiratory disorders more frequently than
      girls.

PMID- 2638000
TI  - [Comparative analysis of basic spirometric parameters recognized by different
      authors as normal values for the same individuals].
AB  - Basic spirometric parameters (VC, FEV1, MVV) were recorded in 60 people (30 males
      and 30 females) without ventilatory disturbances. These results were compared
      with the normal values of Berglund, Kory, Cournand, Morris and Nikodemowicz. A
      statistical analysis was carried out using the differential test. The results
      differed significantly between each other. The most stable parameter that did not
      differ was FEV1. This may be an argument for calculating IMBC rather than
      recording maximal ventilatory response.

PMID- 2638001
TI  - [Skewed shape of the maximal expiratory flow volume curve and bronchoscopic signs
      of lower airway collapse in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].
AB  - We compared endoscopical signs of airway collapse seen during tidal breathing
      with the shape of the maximal-expiratory flow volume curve and selected
      functional parameters in 16 cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (COPD). Depending on localization of airway collapse the group was divided into
      two. 12 patients with central collapse involving the trachea and main stem
      bronchi formed group A. The remaining 4 patients with peripheral collapse (lobar
      and segmental bronchi) formed group B. In the former group the MEFV curve had a
      characteristic biphasic shape. The shape of this curve in the group B patients
      was more curvilinear. In group A patients an increase of Raw, TGV and fall of
      FEV1 was seen which could not be demonstrated in group B. The biphasic shape of
      the MEFV curve seems to be characteristic of airway collapse, but due to a small
      number of patients included we can not assess the specificity of it in diagnosing
      airway collapse.

PMID- 2638002
TI  - [Two cases of foreign bodies in the bronchi].
AB  - Two cases of endobronchial foreign bodies are presented. One was diagnosed early
      enough for effective treatment and prevented irreversible damage of the
      respiratory system. The other was misdiagnosed for many years and led to
      permanent damage to the pulmonary tissue.

PMID- 2638003
TI  - [Pulmonary and central nervous system tuberculosis without changes in the
      cerebrospinal fluid].

PMID- 2638004
TI  - The effects of forceps delivery on facial growth.
AB  - Postnatal growth of the face is a composite function of genetic and environmental
      factors. A sudden traumatic insult due to the use of forceps at birth could have
      long-term effects which could detrimentally influence growth and development.
      This study examines the development of the skeletal and dental components of
      forceps vs. non-forceps-delivered patients. The association between delivery
      methods as related to TMJ problems, bruxism, posterior crossbites, and molar arch
      width differences was evaluated in 16 forceps-delivered and 29 naturally
      delivered patients. Results showed no statistically significant difference
      between delivery method and TMJ problems, posterior crossbites, bruxism, or molar
      arch width. It was noted that the non-forceps group had a higher incidence of
      posterior crossbite and narrower molar arch width. The forceps-delivered group
      had a higher percentage of bruxism and TMJ pain and/or noise. It was also noted
      that the small sample size may have influenced the statistical relationships.

PMID- 2638005
TI  - The prevalence of furcation foramina in primary molars.
AB  - Accessory canals in the furcation region of primary molars provide pulpal
      periodontal communications which have important clinical implications. This study
      of 75 extracted primary molars using dye penetration under vacuum suction showed
      that 42.7% have foramina located within the furcation region. There were no
      significant differences in the prevalence between the first and second primary
      molars. However, in the second primary molar series most of these foramina were
      located on the root surfaces within the furcation region, rather than in the
      immediate area of root division. The high prevalence of accessory canals in the
      furcation region of primary teeth indicates the need for greater clinical
      consideration during endodontic and periodontal management.

PMID- 2638006
TI  - Oral trauma in adolescent athletes: a study of mouth protectors.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of mouth protector use, as
      well as the amount and type of oral trauma associated with and without mouth
      guard wear in adolescent athletes. Coaches' perceptions and regulations involving
      the use of mouth protectors also were examined. Interviews were collected from
      2470 junior and senior high school football players with all oral trauma being
      documented, regardless of the sport during which the injury occurred. Nine per
      cent of all players suffered from some form of oral injury while another 3%
      reported a loss of consciousness. Seventy-five per cent of the injuries occurred
      while not wearing mouth guards, and of this total 40% occurred during baseball
      and basketball. Fifty-six per cent of all concussions were suffered while not
      wearing mouth guards. Despite the ability of mouth protectors to significantly
      help reduce oral injuries, trauma related to sports is more prevalent than
      previously reported. This study supports the recommendation of mandatory mouth
      guards in baseball and basketball.

PMID- 2638007
TI  - Association of taurodontism with hypodontia: a controlled study.
AB  - Although taurodontism has been reported in many syndromes which also feature
      hypodontia, there have been no previous investigations on the prevalence of
      taurodontism in patients with hypodontia. Using a novel biometric method for the
      assessment of taurodontism, we found that 34.8% of 66 patients with hypodontia
      had at least one mandibular first permanent molar which showed taurodontism
      compared to only 7.5% of a control group without hypodontia. The trait may be
      seen both unilaterally and bilaterally and is most frequently seen in patients
      with multiple missing teeth. The results indicate that clinicians should be
      alerted to the possibility of taurodontism with its accompanying clinical
      difficulties in patients with hypodontia.

PMID- 2638008
TI  - Effect of the birth process on the neonatal line in primary tooth enamel.
AB  - The neonatal line is a histologic landmark in primary tooth enamel corresponding
      to the event of birth. The average width of the neonatal line (NNL) in primary
      tooth enamel of 147 children was measured. In children with normal birth
      histories the width of the NNL was found to be 11.9 +/- 4.8 microns. It was wider
      (18.6 +/- 5.7 microns) in children born by difficult operative delivery and
      thinner (7.6 +/- 1.5 microns) in children born by Caesarean section. The data
      suggest that concomitant with the change from intrauterine to extrauterine
      environment, the birth process itself also contributes to the width of the NNL.

PMID- 2638009
TI  - Prepubertal diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome in a patient with taurodontic
      teeth.
AB  - A 9-year, 10-month-old male presented for dental treatment planning for multiple
      missing permanent teeth. Panoramic radiographs revealed taurodontic permanent
      first molars and primary second molars. The patient was of slim build with a long
      lower body and moderately long fingers. Because of the presence of taurodontic
      teeth, chromosomal analysis was done and revealed 47,XXY - Klinefelter syndrome.
      Patients with meso- or hypertaurodontic teeth who do not have a syndrome known to
      be associated with taurodontic teeth should be considered for chromosome analysis
      because of the high association of taurodontic teeth with X-chromosome aneuploidy
      syndromes.

PMID- 2638010
TI  - Developmental orofacial deficits associated with multimodal cancer therapy: case
      report.
AB  - Multimodal cancer therapy for pediatric head and neck tumors may be associated
      with significant developmental orofacial morbidity. This report details these
      effects in a child (C.I.) diagnosed at 2.5 years of age with a rhabdomyosarcoma,
      primary to the left buccinator. This case is of interest as C.I. has an
      unaffected identical twin (D.I.) for comparative study. Both were assessed by
      comparing panoramic radiographs and lateral and frontal tracings of cephalometric
      radiographs obtained at 8.25 years of age. C.I. had multiple dental anomalies
      which included agenesis, ectopia, crown malformation, and root malformation. Root
      malformation, ectopia, and agenesis were restricted to the left dentition,
      whereas crown malformation was noted bilaterally. C.I. had a generalized
      craniofacial skeletal hypoplasia relative to D.I. in all three planes, growth
      defects were greater on the side of the tumor, and the mandible was affected more
      than the nasomaxillary complex.

PMID- 2638011
TI  - Records, charting, and problem areas in documentation: Part II.

PMID- 2638012
TI  - [Modified lateral condensation (microbiological analysis)].
AB  - In order to ascertain the presence of endodontobacterial flora, an in vivo
      microbiological study on fifty human teeth with necrotic pulp and periapical bone
      destruction, is submitted. The study verifies elimination of bacteria through a
      technique for the preparation of root canals. Results of this research ratify the
      presence of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, as well as the means to inhibit
      them. That will allow performing obturation under optimal conditions, thus
      increasing assurance of success in the endodontic therapy.

PMID- 2638013
TI  - [Making a mernetic root seal].
AB  - Sixty permanent human teeth, all with straight, accessible root canals were
      analyzed in vitro in order to compare the sealing capacity of three different
      instrumentation and obturating techniques, namely: Obtura system, sonic and
      ultrasonic techniques, and modified lateral instrumentation and condensation
      technique. Root canals were instrumented and obturated according to guidelines of
      each technique. Three layers of varnish were then applied, except on a 1 mm area
      around the apical foramen. The pieces were immersed in 5% methylene blue, making
      sure that the apical foramen kept in contact with the solution. Next, they were
      introduced in an incubator for a 48-hour period, at a temperature of 37 degrees
      C. Longitudinal sections were subsequently cut and observed on the stereoscopic
      microscope. Penetration values of the dye in each specimen were obtained by means
      of a micrometric slide. These were analyzed in a computer by the Student T
      method, yielding a value of P greater than 0.5, meaning there is no statistical
      difference in the comparison of the three techniques under study.

PMID- 2638014
TI  - [Drugs in endodontics].

PMID- 2638015
TI  - [Standard of domiciliary care and hygienic habits of patients with prostheses].
AB  - By means of an enquiry on the standard of domiciliary dental care and hygienic
      habits of patients with prostheses the authors examined a total of 102 patients.
      They were divided into groups with natural teeth, removable dentures and fixed
      dentures which were their main interest. Patients with fixed dentures clean their
      teeth twice a day, only 18% clean their teeth for more than 2 minutes. The
      majority of patients prefer hard tooth-brushes. Other means than tooth paste are
      used by few: 36% of the patients reported massage, 7% irrigation, nobody uses a
      dental thread. Before prosthetic treatment 14% of the patients were examined by a
      periodontologist, 13% of the patients are invited to attend regular check-ups of
      prosthetic appliances. The hygienic standard is thus still inadequate. It is
      important to improve the motivation of patients for oral hygiene and intensify
      preventive periodontological and prosthetic cooperation.

PMID- 2638016
TI  - [Dislocation of a retained wisdom tooth into the sublingual space].
AB  - The author describes the treatment of a tooth dislocated into soft tissues,
      complications which developed during extraction of a retained lower third molar.

PMID- 2638017
TI  - Joining forces to build a strong base.

PMID- 2638018
TI  - Risks and benefits.

PMID- 2638019
TI  - OSHA proposes infection control regulation changes.

PMID- 2638020
TI  - [Desmoplastic fibroma. Differential diagnosis of a periapical lesion from
      endodontic failure].
AB  - Treatment of endodontically involved teeth requires accurate diagnosis of the
      clinical pulpal condition to determine the primary cause of pathosis. The case
      presented shows the differential diagnosis between a desmoplastic fibroma and a
      failure of a misdiagnosed endodontic treatment. The initial direction of
      treatment should had never been the endodontic therapy but local surgical
      curettage of the lesion.

PMID- 2638021
TI  - [Nonsurgical endodontic treatment of an invaginated canine].
AB  - We present a case of a maxillary canine with a dens invaginatus treated
      successfully. The patient had pain, swelling and a sinus tract coming from the
      inmature apex of the canine. The canals were enlarged and cleaned and the main
      canal was filled with Calcium Hydroxide to allow the root development. Seven
      months later, the patient was asymptomatic and the tooth was obturated with
      guttapercha. One year later it was confirm the success in the treatment.

PMID- 2638022
TI  - [Comparative study of the antimicrobial effect of various cavity liners used in
      conservative dentistry].
AB  - We have compared the microbiological activity of the following cavity liners:
      Life, Dycal II, Calcipulpe, Pure calcium hydroxide and Cavitec; against five
      different bacterial strains: Veillonella parvula, Bacteroides fragilis,
      Peptococcus s.p., Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus beta hemolytic: The
      results demonstrate the higher antimicrobial activity of the manufactured cavity
      liners with calcium hydroxide base in comparison with the pure calcium hydroxide.

PMID- 2638023
TI  - A retrospective study of 40 victims of crotalus snake bites. Analysis of the
      hepatic necrosis observed in one patient.
AB  - Forty patients with a diagnosis of snake bite were studied at the Infectious and
      Parasitic Disease Service of the Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu. Thirty were
      males and 10 females, ranging in age from 16 to 70 years. All were farm laborers
      and 35 of them were bitten in the lower limbs. Two of the 9 patients seen more
      than 6 hours after the bite died. The low mortality rate (5%) observed could be
      explained by the early care provided, by the use of appropriate doses of anti
      crotalus serum, parenteral hydration, urine alkalinization with sodium
      bicarbonate and induction of osmotic diuresis with a mannitol solution.
      Anatomopathological examination of one of the patients who died revealed
      extensive hepatic necrosis. The authors discuss the possibility of the effect of
      a factor of snake venom in the genesis of hepatic necrosis and in the increased
      transaminase levels.

PMID- 2638024
TI  - A case of transient organic brain syndrome during quinine treatment.

PMID- 2638025
TI  - [Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Brazil].

PMID- 2638027
TI  - [Dens in dente (various cases)].

PMID- 2638026
TI  - [Fluoride versus the profession].
AB  - Topical application of fluoride is the most frequently used procedure by those
      persons interviewed about the different methods employed in the prevention of
      dental decay in children. Of all the ways of administering fluoride,
      professionals consider as the most effective the fluoridization of drinking water
      and the least effective that of fluoridization of salt. Among the most common
      advice given by the professional to his patients is to prescribe a fluorinated
      tooth paste, this behavior being commonest amongst the youngest dental surgeons.
      Over half of the professionals do not prescribe fluoride supplement with
      vitamins. If they do this, the most important issue to consider is the child's
      age. The most appropriately applied criteria regarding the start of a diet
      containing fluoride supplement--according to the interviewees--correspond to
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2638028
TI  - [Local anesthetics (LA). Mechanisms of action (2)].

PMID- 2638029
TI  - [Anomalies of the upper lateral incisor].

PMID- 2638030
TI  - [Odontogenic myxoma: report of a case].
AB  - The odontogenic myxoma is an uncommon tumor of the jaws. It occurs mainly on
      posterior mandible and affecting patients aged between second and third decade.
      This paper calls about an unusual case on a 57 years-old female patient. It
      appeared after extraction of lower bicuspid tooth. It was enucleated by curettage
      and has developed no recurrence up to this date.

PMID- 2638031
TI  - [Evaluation of maintenance therapy in patients treated in 1986 and 1987 by the
      periodontal service of the University of Chile Dental School].
AB  - It was determined if Periodontic students of the years 1986 and 1987 indicated
      periodical maintenance care in their patients treated of Periodontal disease. 598
      cards were revised. 130 of them showed the indication of maintenance care. These
      patients received registered letters for controlling. Only 20 of them complied. A
      clinical examination was made: Radiographic control wasn't made because there
      wasn't a radiographic Kardex of old radiographies of previous years.

PMID- 2638032
TI  - [Dental photography: overview].
AB  - Photography is important in everyday dentistry. Using acquired skill it is
      possible for anyone to produce a reasonable clinical photograph. To obtain good
      results it is necessary to be aware of the controlling factors: the lens, camera,
      lighting direction, length of exposure and the type and color balance of the
      film. The following text should help the clinician to choose equipment best
      suited to his/her practice.

PMID- 2638033
TI  - [Fundamentals of diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and prevention of root caries].
AB  - We have analyzed the principles for the diagnostic of root caries and its
      etiology. We have defined preventives and restoratives measures that the general
      practitioner or the specialist can indicate. We discussed the results and
      prognostic effects of these procedures.

PMID- 2638034
TI  - [Transitory global amnesia. Analysis of our group].
AB  - Syndrome of transitory global amnesia characterized by suddenly appearing and
      isolated disorder of the short-time memory is a manifestation of dysfunction of
      structures of the hippocampus-fornix system, dorso-medial nuclei of the thalamus
      and mediobasal areas of temporal lobes. Histories, clinical pictures and results
      obtained from auxiliary examinations were in detail analyzed in seven patients
      with the above diagnosis at the Department of Neurology in Hradec Kralove and
      possible etiology of the disease was considered.

PMID- 2638035
TI  - [Contribution of spectrophotometry of the cerebrospinal fluid in the rational
      treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage].
AB  - In connection with antifibrinolytic therapy of subarachnoid hemorrhage which
      reduces, especially at the acute stage, the risk of repeated bleeding, more
      frequent incidence of other serious complications was observed, i.e. late
      ischemic neurological deficiency. As this complication is prognostically serious
      and therapeutical effects are not satisfactory its prevention is necessary, which
      includes administration of antifibrinolytic drugs for a limited time period. Such
      period may be determined by means of dynamic study of hemoglobin degradation
      products in the liquor using liquor spectrophotometry.

PMID- 2638036
TI  - [Circulatory disorders in the vertebrobasilar drainage area].
AB  - The authors refer to the clinical symptoms and auxiliary investigation results in
      50 out-patients monitored for vascular cerebral disease in attempt to make a
      reliable diagnosis of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. The computerized brain
      tomography (CT) and ultrasound vascular investigation though being highly
      reliable in routinely diagnosing ischaemia of carotid drainage, are of lesser
      informative value in respect with structures of posterior cranial fossa. The
      considerable risk of cerebral infarction onset in patients with vertebrobasilar
      insufficiency in history is mandatory for more efforts as to the etiopathogenetic
      management of such casualties.

PMID- 2638037
TI  - [Longitudinal monitoring of electroencephalographic findings in patients with
      transitory ischemic attacks].
AB  - A total of 6 patients with clinical symptoms of transitory ischaemic seizure is
      referred to, in them the electroencephalographic findings were monitored
      longitudinally. The importance of early first registration is emphasized in
      accord to the detectory percentage of pathologic findings, and their long term
      post-clinical persistency is reported.

PMID- 2638038
TI  - [Transient ischemic attacks in the carotid drainage area].
AB  - The 63-membered total of patients is referred to with clinical signs of transient
      ischaemic attacks (TIAs) in carotid supplied area in account to the risky
      factors, results of selective auxiliary testing methods as well as the disease
      prognosis providing harmful occurrence of cerebral palsy completed.

PMID- 2638039
TI  - [Disorders of conductivity in motor nerve fibers in compressive and traumatic
      lesions in the ulnar nerve (evaluation using 6 stimulation indices)].
AB  - The disordered velocity was reported in motoric neural fibres to have occurred in
      50 traumatic ulnar lesions mainly with wrist disorders, and in 69 compressive
      lesions with maximum disorders on elbow region. Most pronounced were changes
      localized distally at the portion which included also the velocity on both the
      motoric plate and muscle. The maximum pathologic changes were detected on the
      longer portion studied and mainly on motoric neural ulnar fibres in both groups
      of the forearm due to the lesser value divergence. As to the traumatic lesions,
      pathologic changes were more expressed and greater in number than those
      compressive ones.

PMID- 2638040
TI  - [The effect of corticoid injections in relation to the duration of the disease
      and distal motor latency in the carpal tunnel syndrome].
AB  - The treatment of CTS (carpal tunnel syndrome) with Kenalog 40 is reported in 184
      hands. Its effect is evaluated 1 week, 1 and 3 mos after the first and the second
      injections, respectively. As stated in the wrist, the effect occurred well and
      rapidly, though being temporary. It lasted more than 3 mos in about 57% of cases.
      No expressed difference between injection effects was stated in both DML-normal
      and-pathologic and SCT-related subjects. Another finding consisted in that there
      was no significant difference in effects between the first and the second
      injections in any of observance intervals in either normal or DML pathologic
      subjects. Authors recommend to repeat injections immediately in relapsing
      disorders. Of relatively high occurrence were both the normal EMG and DML
      findings in subjects with long-term SCT symptoms. The lesser number of patients
      (cases of muscular atrophy with serious EMG changes) is directly admitted to
      surgery. The majority of patients is treated well with injections, and surgery is
      presumed only when conservative treatment becomes inefficient.

PMID- 2638041
TI  - [Correlation of Doppler echocardiography and EEG findings in stenotic processes
      in the carotid arteries].
AB  - Results obtained from EEG examination and Doppler sonography in a group of 155
      patients were studied and special attention was paid to ischemic cerebral lesions
      in stenotic processes in carotid arteries. Pair correlations of individual
      factors were statistically analyzed using a computer, i. e., results obtained
      from EEG, Doppler sonography, patients' age and final diagnosis. High statistical
      mutual dependence of both the methods was found which may be explained by the
      functional approach pursued in both the procedures. The contribution of both the
      methods to rapid and considerate diagnosis of vascular cerebral lesions is
      emphasized here.

PMID- 2638042
TI  - [Significance of EEG findings in administering anticonvulsant drugs to adults
      with compensated epilepsy which began in childhood].
AB  - Significance of EEG findings for prognosis of further development in paroxysm is
      evaluated in this work in adult epileptic patients suffering from seizures which
      appeared in their childhood. The assessment is based on EEG made during the
      active phase of the disease and in the time when fits were compensated.
      Seizureless condition after discontinued medication was observed only in a group
      of patients with secondary type of epilepsy. We suppose these patients should
      remain under control since two thirds of them showed diffuse nonspecific changes,
      which means 50% risk of recurrence of seizures after discontinuation of drug
      therapy. When medication continued, 55% of patients remained without any fits, of
      this number in 21.6% seizures recurred on the average within seven years after
      experimental discontinuation of drug therapy in spite of frequently normal EEG
      findings. The fact that the group of compensated patients without medication did
      not include those with primarily generalized seizures can be explained by their
      good conditions observed even in their childhood and for this reason most of them
      were not treated in the Anti-Paroxysmal Centre.

PMID- 2638043
TI  - [Health status of workers exposed to styrene used in the manufacture of glass
      laminates].
AB  - A group of 37 workers exposed to styrene used in the plastic mass manufacture was
      investigated. No damage of the hepatic parenchyma, hematopoiesis or other
      internal affection was proved; irritative styrene effects were, however,
      observed, skin was attacked and higher genetic risk was evidenced. From the
      viewpoint of neurotoxicology, pseudoneurasthenic syndromes, predominantly
      inhibitory, could be seen, which was proved also by electroencephalography;
      higher incidence of lesion findings was also found in the risk group. Slight
      neuropathies of distal type, sensitive-motor, not dependent on the length of
      exposure were found by electromyography. Abnormalities in electrophysiological
      examinations appear earlier. The results obtained are significant for further
      preventive follow-up of persons under exposure.

PMID- 2638044
TI  - [Lithium in the prevention of affective disorders: 20 years' experience].
AB  - Long term preventive lithium administration results are referred to with the
      manifestation of a full effect in 23% affective illness-related patients. In 70%
      of patients, the occurrence of side-effects including those initial ones was
      stated in no but 40% patients in the course of long term lithium-prophylaxis.
      This fact testifies about the decrease in number of side-effects during the
      treatment with lithium. Most frequent side-effects were tremors and diarrhea. No
      serious renal complications were observed, except the onsets of tardive
      dyskinesis in on patient after the combined administration of chlorprothixene,
      amitriptyline and lithium. In three patients, the distant relapses were observed
      without discontinuation of therapy after the 10-year-lasted successful lithium
      prophylaxis. In accord to the long term experience, the authors estimate 0.4
      mmol/l lithemia level to be the minimal effective one. They believe the lithium
      is a reliable thymoprophylactic agent, though in accord with them the other
      substances with larger therapeutic spectrum are to be searched as well as
      predictors of an effective lithium-prophylaxis.

PMID- 2638045
TI  - Report of the U.S. Delegation to assess recent changes in Soviet psychiatry.

PMID- 2638046
TI  - The stress of being a dentist and why you don't have to take it!

PMID- 2638047
TI  - Are Texas dentists burned out?
AB  - Burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced
      personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who do "people work" of
      some kind. Health care providers, including dentists, are at high risk for
      burnout because their occupation often requires intense interaction with fearful,
      demanding patients on a daily basis. The purpose of this study was to assess the
      prevalence of burnout among Texas dentists using a standardized measurement
      device, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Dentists attending the 1989 Texas
      Dental Association Annual Session were surveyed using the MBI. The respondents'
      results were analyzed and compared to each other as well as to the norms of
      medicine and to society (human service workers nationwide). Among the Texas
      sample, male dentists scored significantly higher for emotional exhaustion and
      depersonalization than did female dentists. When compared to the norms of medical
      workers, Texas dentists scored higher burnout in the depersonalization subscale,
      but lower burnout for personal accomplishment. The Texas sample again scored
      lower for burnout in the personal accomplishment subscale when compared to
      societal norms. At no time did the Texas sample fall into the high range of
      experienced burnout as defined by the survey instrument. Texas dentists did not
      appear "burned out" as a group and actually demonstrated an increased sense of
      personal accomplishment in their profession.

PMID- 2638048
TI  - [Effect of physical exertion on respiratory airflow and airway resistance in
      patients with chronic bronchitis].
AB  - In a group of 30 men aged 44-60 years with chronic bronchitis the effect of
      physical effort was assessed on the value of airways resistance and expired air
      flow. Physical effort was noted to increase the air flow and decreases airways
      resistance in most cases of chronic bronchitis. A significant negative
      correlation was demonstrated between the TGV value and the flow-volume value, and
      changes of air flow after effort in chronic bronchitis patients depended on the
      resting TGV value.

PMID- 2638049
TI  - [Cytogenetic studies of families with reproductive failure].
AB  - Cytogenetic analysis carried out in 209 patients with reproduction failure
      demonstrated chromosomal aberrations in 6 married couples. In 5 of these cases
      balanced translocations were found, and in one case 45,X/46,XX cell mosaicism was
      present. The proportion of abnormal karyotypes in the group was 5.7% per one
      couple and was only slightly lower than the mean frequency of chromosomal
      aberrations calculated by the authors in cases of reproduction failures diagnosed
      in other cytogenetic laboratories in Poland-6.7%. The identical frequency of
      aberrations in married couples with a history of 2 or 3 or more abortions
      indicates the necessity of carrying out cytogenetic investigations already after
      two spontaneous abortions.

PMID- 2638050
TI  - [Analysis of selected constitutional and environmental factors in patients with
      atopic dermatitis].
AB  - In 156 children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis retrospective analysis was
      carried out for establishing the effect of constitutional and environmental
      factors on the process of development and clinical course of this disease. It was
      demonstrated that the type of feeding during infancy was related to the beginning
      of the first symptoms. The onset of atopic dermatitis was earliest and most
      frequent in children with a history of only brief breast-feeding (up to 2 months)
      or fed with cow milk formulas since birth. Breast-feeding during 2-6 months
      delayed the onset of atopic dermatitis by about 2 months in relation to the
      former group. The effect of environmental factors manifested itself also as
      exacerbation of skin changes after contact with house dust, animal hairs,
      feathers and other antigens (fish food, contact with plants). At the same time
      positive results were observed of point tests with these allergens. A significant
      effect of the constitutional factor on the development of atopic dermatitis
      included familial occurrence of atopic diseases (mostly atopic dermatitis). Only
      12.8% of the studied children had no family history of atopy.

PMID- 2638051
TI  - [Comparison of the incidence of various developmental anomalies in Kielce during
      the years 1970-1971 and 1986-1987].
AB  - The environmental conditions in Kielce in the years 1970-1971 and 1986-1987 and
      the incidence of developmental anomalies in newborns in these periods were
      compared. The incidence of these anomalies in Kielce was similar in the periods
      1970-1971 and 1986-1987, and it resembled the values reported in literature.

PMID- 2638052
TI  - [Malignant neoplasms in autopsy specimens and the magnesium level in the soil of
      the communities of Grodek and Tykocin].
AB  - Morphological and statistical analysis was done of deaths caused by neoplasms in
      the populations of the communities Grodek and Tykocin on the basis of autopsies
      carried out in the years 1982-1986. The content of magnesium was determined also
      in the arable layer of soil in these communities. The proportion of deaths from
      malignancies in the analysed autopsy material was nearly threefold higher in the
      Grodek community (27.67%) than in the Tykocin community (9.87%). The Grodek
      community had nearly twice as much (49%) sandy soils with low magnesium content
      as the Tykocin community (24%). The prevailing malignancies in the Grodek
      community were in males aged 51-60 years mainly in the digestive tract (61.3%)
      and respiratory system (22.3%). Histological structure was in most cases that
      adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinomas.

PMID- 2638053
TI  - [Morgagni-Stewart-Morel syndrome in a young man].
AB  - A 32-year-old man is reported with the Morgagni-Morell-Stewart syndrome with
      hypertension, diabetes, obesity, emotional lability, irritability and thickening
      of the internal lamina of the frontal bone in radiogram, which is the
      phatognomonic sing for the syndrome. The syndrome is rarely observed in men.
      Hormonal determinations showed increased serum concentrations of prolactin and
      thyrotropic hormone.

PMID- 2638054
TI  - [Hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with disseminated intravascular
      coagulation].
AB  - A 20-month-old girl is reported who had the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome
      associated with disseminated intravascular clotting syndrome (DIC). Attention is
      called to the necessity of early recognition of the early activation phase of DIC
      in view of indication to heparin treatment of this syndrome.

PMID- 2638055
TI  - [A case of meningioma in the area of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
      coexistent with spindle-shaped aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery].
AB  - A fairly rare case of coexistence of intracranial meningioma with aneurysm is
      reported. Scant reports in the literature point out that the lessons are situated
      of the unilaterally, and the decrease of intracranial pressure after removal of
      the expanding lesion causes subarachnoid haemorrhage, even it the aneurysm had
      not ruptured before the operation. This suggests that both lessons should be
      managed at one step.

PMID- 2638056
TI  - [Medical education. I].

PMID- 2638057
TI  - [Digitalis--selected problems and controversies].
AB  - Atrial was undertaken of assessment of the usefulness and the place of digitalis
      glycosides in the treatment of chronic congestive cardiac failure, in myocardial
      infarction and in mitral stenosis. There is no consensus of opinions of the
      effectiveness of digitalis treatment in cases of cardiac failure which is due to
      lack of uniformity of qualification of patients for studies and absence of
      accepted universally haemodynamic parameters of the effectiveness of the positive
      inotropic action of these glycosides. The usefulness of these glycosides in
      patients with cardiac failure and paroxysmal or stable atrial fibrillation and
      ventricular tachycardia is unquestionable. Digitalis is effective in the
      treatment of mild cardiac failure, but is ineffective in its IV stage (NYHA).
      There is still a controversy on the use of digitalis glycosides in acute
      myocardial infarction with associated myocardial failure. In acute myocardial
      infarction digitalis glycosided should not be used, with the exception of cases
      with coexistent supraventricular arrhythmia and ventricular tachycardia. It is
      still difficult to establish unequivocally the effect of digitalization of
      patients after acute phase of myocardial infarction and after discharge from
      hospital on further survival. The future place of digitalis glycosides in the
      treatment of cardiac failure will depend on the results of studies comparing them
      with new positive inotropic drugs. The place of digitalis glycosides in the
      treatment of haemodynamic cousegnences of mitral stenosis, but they are useful in
      supraventricular arrhythmias during mitral stenosis, and for alleviation of right
      ventricular cardiac failure.

PMID- 2638058
TI  - [Enhancement of bite-wing radiographs by digital image processing].
AB  - Extracted premolars with an initial approximal caries were subjected to
      radiographic and histological examination. Radiographs were taken with the
      rectangular technique as used for bite-wing radiographs. Digital image processing
      was found to enhance the image information so that the border of caries lesions
      as well as histological structures, Retzius lines and Hunter Schreger stripes,
      within the body of the lesions were well defined. This helps to distinguish
      initial caries from depressions in the tooth surface.

PMID- 2638059
TI  - [Orthodontic treatment of adults].
AB  - Orthodontic treatment of adults has become an integral part of orthodontic
      routine. Adults can only be treated with fixed appliances. The amount of force
      and the resulting moments need careful calculation. The factors listed below
      distinguish orthodontic treatment of adults from that in juveniles: (1) Preceding
      periodontal treatment is a sine qua non. It should also accompy orthodontic
      treatment. (2) A growth effect can no longer be expected. (3) Bite opening can
      only be achieved by intrusion and torque of incisors. (4) Skeletal disharmonies
      invariably need surgical correction. (5) Treatment time is considerably longer.
      (6) Motivation of adult patients is much higher. (7) Therefore, oral hygiene is
      not a problem. (8) The cosmetic appearance is an important factor, which is best
      taken care of by ceramic or lingual brackets. (9) Final adjustment of occlusion
      should be done with gnathologic positioners. (10) Adult treatment should only be
      done by orthodontists trained and experienced in modern fixed appliance use.

PMID- 2638060
TI  - [A new concept for preparing lyophilized cartilage and its use in patients with
      dentogenous cysts--preliminary report].
AB  - Under sterile conditions human costal cartilage is explanted, stripped of
      perichondrium, deep-frozen and lyophilized for 72 hours. Then single grafts are
      packaged and gas sterilized. 8 hours before implantation grafts are rehydrated in
      an antibiotic solution. 19 extensive dentogenous cysts were packed with
      lyophilized bruised cartilage. Healing was uncomplicated in all cases. A
      definitive assessment of ossification is not yet possible.

PMID- 2638061
TI  - [Prevention of caries and periodontal disease--a pilot study in 2 Tyrolean
      kindergartens].
AB  - In a pilot study in 2 kindergardens, the Austrian Prevention Program was tested
      for efficacy. Information about a balanced nutrition, motivation and instructions
      for effective oral hygiene and fluoride treatment were taken care of by specially
      trained kindergarden nurses. Inspite of initial differences between urban and
      rural children, plaque and bleeding indexes were significantly reduced in both
      groups. The incidence of new caries lesions was extremely low.

PMID- 2638062
TI  - [Computer tomography of the TMJ versus clinical and instrumental analysis of
      function].
AB  - Data obtained by computer tomography of the TMJ were compared with those of
      clinical and instrumental analyses of function. 25 females and 37 males aged
      between 19 and 47 years (mean age, 24.8 years) were examined. None of the
      patients complained of functional problems subjectively, but clinical analysis of
      function showed several signs of stomatognathic dysfunction to be present.
      Results of CT did not correlate with those of clinical and instrumental analysis.

PMID- 2638063
TI  - [Tooth bud transplantation in non-inflammatory recipient tissue].
AB  - This investigation provides evidence showing the significance of recipient tissue
      inflammation for the prognosis of wisdom bud transplantation. Transplantation of
      wisdom buds has become an established method for preserving masticatory function
      after extraction of first molars. Previous investigations showed that the time
      interval between the extraction of the first molar and the implantation of the
      bud tooth at its site was important for the success of transplantation. The
      present study indicated that complete epithelialisation of the external wound was
      a much more significant factor for the success of transplantation than a defined
      time interval between the 2 procedures.

PMID- 2638064
TI  - [Advances in dental psychology].
AB  - A comprehensive concept of dental psychology to prevent compensate and reduce
      anxiety is presented. This concept is based on psychiatric, psychosomatic and
      psychological techniques which can be handled by practicing dentists. Integrated
      into dental treatment, it should give every anxiety-plagued patient a chance of
      undergoing dental treatment within a reasonable time and with comparatively few
      problems for both himself and the dentist.

PMID- 2638065
TI  - [Chlorhexidine in the treatment of root canal infection and its sequels].
AB  - The plaque inhibitor chlorhexidine digluconate was used for intra- and transcanal
      irrigation in the endodontic treatment triad for periapical lesions
      (circumscribed, diffuse, fistulating, cystic, suspected cystic lesions). 50
      patients were followed up by clinical and standardized radiologic studies. In
      another 18 patients microbiologic criteria were also used. 16 root canals showed
      pretreatment infection with mixed aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Mechanical
      preparation of the root canals with or without extension of the foramen and
      triple irrigation with 0.5% chlorhexidine digluconate produced clinical relief of
      symptoms (49 pts.), sterility (14 of 18 pts.) and reduction of the size of
      periapical lesions (12 pts.). At a mean follow-up of 24 months 30 patients have
      so far shown complete restitution of periapical bone.

PMID- 2638066
TI  - [Critical evaluation of the relations between onset and outcome of treatment in
      the management of mesial bite].
AB  - In patients with mesial bite the outcome of treatment by chin caps and/or
      Frankel's functional appliance was evaluated. Of 30 patients with Angle class III
      anomalies pre- and posttreatment telemetric films and models were reviewed.
      Patient were subdivided in 2 groups: Group I with deciduous teeth on their
      pretreatment films (ID) and group II with permanent teeth on their pretreatment
      films (IP). In group I (ID) patients treatment produced more extensive skeletal
      modifications than in group II (IP) patients, who had shown severer abnormalities
      before treatment. In group I (ID), the modifications obtained by treatment
      appeared to be more persistent than in group II (IP). Patients in group I (ID)
      showed reduction of the gonion angle, shortening of the ramus, reduction of the
      SNB and SNPog angles and increase of the ANB angle. In group II these parameters
      were not substantially improved. Overbite and overjet readings were ideal in
      group I (ID). Signs of dental compensation were seen in both groups.

PMID- 2638067
TI  - [Conditions of the gingiva around endosteal implants with attached and unattached
      mucosa].
AB  - The condition of the peri-implant mucosa is critical for the long-term success of
      endosteal implants. 111 endosteal implants (IMC and Branemark) were examined to
      see whether peri-implant gingival attachment to bone and peri-implant
      inflammatory reactions correlated with implant stability. A direct relation was
      found exist between peri-implant mucosal attachment and pocket depth around
      implants, while the severity of peri-implant inflammatory reactions did not
      correlate with implant stability. But this might be explained by the relatively
      short implant residence of 5 years at the time of the follow-up study.

PMID- 2638068
TI  - [Alternative filling methods for premolars and molars].
AB  - Extensive research and development work produced tooth-colored filling materials
      for premolars and molars which, although their indications are limited, provide
      for satisfactory treatment of cavities. But on account of their special
      properties these materials are unlikely to replace amalgam altogether. This would
      need products of a different nature. Currently available materials are at best
      complementary, but cannot be regarded as a true alternative.

PMID- 2638069
TI  - [Anticaries effectiveness of D(+)-galactose].
AB  - The influence of different galactose concentrations on the cariogenic effect of
      Streptococcus mutans (strains: DSM 20381 and DSM 20523) in a sucrose diet (33%)
      was examined in an animal experiment. The treated Wistar rats were free of
      pathogenic germs at the beginning of the experiment. The experimental conditions
      were approximately in accordance with the "Consensus statement" of the American
      Dental Association. The sides of the teeth, the amount of film, the abrasion of
      the chewing surfaces, the amount of surface and fissure caries and the animals
      general condition were evaluated. The anticaries effectiveness of galactose is
      dependent on its concentration: 5.0% galactose reduces the amount of caries on a
      high significance level, lowers the abrasion of the chewing surfaces, possibly
      because of the increased amount of serum calcium related to this galactose
      concentration, and diminishes the amount of film. 1.5% galactose prevents caries
      significantly and strongly reduces the amount of film; 0.5% galactose reduces the
      amount of caries non-significantly, but diminishes the amount of film. The effect
      is based on the property of galactose to occupy the receptors of the pellicle
      (layer of glycoprotein on the tooth enamel), hence the adherence of specific
      germs (for example, Streptococcus mutans) ceases in whole or in part.

PMID- 2638070
TI  - [Whole blood, chemiluminescence in patients with periapical granuloma].
AB  - Spontaneous and mannozyme-induced whole blood chemiluminescence was studied in 14
      patients with chronic periapical granuloma. Investigations were performed before
      surgery and 7 days as well as 3 months after apicectomy. Spontaneous
      chemiluminescence was significantly higher in patients versus normal controls.
      The elevated spontaneous chemiluminescence decreased significantly after surgery.
      Results indicate that, in these patients, granulocytes are in a metabolically and
      functionally activated state in vivo.

PMID- 2638071
TI  - [Bone resorption at the entry of osseointegrated implants--a biomechanical
      phenomenon. Finite element study].
AB  - Using finite element analysis, osseointegrated implants exposed to physiologic
      stresses were examined for the occurrence of stress concentrations at the site of
      implant entry into bone and factors affecting such stress concentrations were
      looked for. Qualitative and quantitative alterations of stresses around
      endosseous implants were computed for different implant sizes, implant materials
      and cortical thicknesses. The following factors were found to be important for
      reducing peak stresses in cortical bone: Cylindrical implants are preferable to
      conical implant shapes. Large implant diameters provide for more favorable stress
      distributions. Implant materials should have a modulus of elasticity of at least
      110,000 N/mm2. Slipping between implants and cortical bone is desirable.

PMID- 2638072
TI  - [Abrasion of composites with poppy seed].
AB  - Specimens of Lumifor, Brilliant Lux, Heliomolar, Estilux posterior, Visiomolar
      and Occlusion were abraded with poppy seed. Material loss was least pronounced
      for Occlusion and Visiomolar followed by Brilliant Lux, Estilux posterior,
      Lumifor and Heliomolar. Differences in surface roughness varied as a function of
      the investigation technique.

PMID- 2638073
TI  - [Prevalence of root caries in women].
AB  - An epidemiological study involving 764 women aged from 25 to 64 years revealed at
      least one carious and/or filled root surface in 40% of all subjects. The number
      of teeth and tooth surfaces affected by root caries continuously increased with
      age. Prevalence has tripled after the age of 45. By contrast, the risk of caries
      shows no dependence on age. The highest root caries prevalence is found in the
      molars of the mandible and in the canines of the maxilla; the lowest attacked
      tooth type is in the lower incisors. Root caries is most frequently found on all
      buccal surfaces of molars in the mandible and on the oral surfaces of molars in
      the maxilla.

PMID- 2638074
TI  - [Effects of different sterilizing techniques on osseous regeneration of grafted
      lyophilized cartilage].
AB  - The suitability of variably sterilized lyocartilage grafts as potential bone
      substitutes was investigated in animal experiments with special attention to
      configurational stability. In 3 Beagles corticocancellous implant beds were
      prepared by box-type ostectomies and lyophilized costal cartilage blocks
      sterilized with X-rays,ethylene oxide gas and beta-propriolactone solution were
      placed into them. Implants sterilized with X-rays and beta-propriolactone
      appeared to be unsuited for recontouring facial bone defects, since they showed
      complete loss of configuration after a follow-up time of 125 and 230 days,
      respectively. By contrast, cartilage implants sterilized with ethylene oxide gas
      retained their configuration after no less than 328 days. In light of these
      results, methods for sterilizing other biomaterials should be re-considered.

PMID- 2638075
TI  - [Multiple keratocysts suggesting the presence of Gorlin-Goltz syndrome: report of
      3 patients in a family].
AB  - A family of 3 patients with Gorlin-Goltz syndrome is described. Although the
      classical basal cell lesions were absent, the diagnosis was clear. The importance
      of early detection and regular long-term follow-ups is discussed.

PMID- 2638076
TI  - [Management of primary teeth].
AB  - Primary teeth need as careful attention as the permanent dentition. But the
      anatomy and small size of the deciduous teeth as well as the child's attitude
      towards the dentist and its acceptance of dental treatment constitute special
      problems. Patient acceptance need not be a problem, if the child is properly
      motivated for treatment.

PMID- 2638077
TI  - [Sassouni analysis--validation of normal values].
AB  - Analysis of cephalometric films may be problematic because of the variability of
      the reference planes used. This variability can, however, be reduced by using
      multiple reference planes, as was suggested by Sassouni. The films of 489
      untreated children were analysed to validate the normal values recommended by
      Sassouni and to establish normals for a central European population. While this
      analysis did not confirm all of Sassouni's normal values, it corroborated his
      impression that the values do not significantly change with growth.

PMID- 2638078
TI  - [Role of intraligamentous blocks in dentistry].
AB  - In more than 2,000 documented cases intraligamentous blocks were found to be an
      attractive and uncomplicated alternative to dental anesthesias available to date.
      Given adequate practice and used with discrimination, this patient-friendly
      method produces a fairly good local effect which is sufficient for all of the
      usual dental treatments requiring no more than 20 to 40 minutes. Most of them can
      be done without any appreciable wait and with no more than 0.2 to 0.5 ml of the
      anesthetic solution so that intraligamentous blocks are an excellent solution for
      problem patients, e.g. those with cardiac and circulatory instability, etc.

PMID- 2638079
TI  - [Secondary prevention of mesial bite in infants with maxillary clefts by
      correcting early deciduous prenormal incisors].
AB  - A new application of the inclined plane principle for the management of mesial
      bite in a child aged 14 months is reported. It was of interest to note that,
      inspite of the presence of Robin's sequence associated with cleft palate and
      postnormal mandible and inspite of posteriorly directed stresses on the mandible
      generated by sucking, the deciduous incisors were prenormal at the very time of
      their eruption. In light of the growth arresting effect of palatal clefts the
      authors emphasize the importance of regular orthodontic care in cleft patients
      beyond early orthodontic treatment throughout dental development in order to
      prevent the occurrence of developmental anomalies.

PMID- 2638080
TI  - [Causation of stomatitis during cytostatic chemotherapy for head and neck
      tumors].
AB  - In a prospective trial involving 17 patients with head and neck tumors an attempt
      was made to relate the occurrence of stomatitis during cytostatic chemotherapy to
      changes in the resident microbial population, if any. Of the 17 patients who
      received the same cytostatic regimen, 10 developed stomatitis after a mean
      interval of 12 days. Smears were taken of the 2 patient subgroups (with and
      without stomatitis) at the onset of treatment and after comparable intervals
      during treatment and compared to those of a normal control group. Pretreatment
      smears did not show any quantitative or qualitative differences in the aerobic
      and anaerobic microbial spectrum between the 3 subgroups examined. During
      treatment patients developing mucositis were found to show a statistically
      significant multiplication of pathogens, while the other 2 groups still did not
      differ from one another. Together with the direct cytostatic effect of
      chemotherapy, proliferation of pathogens in the oral cavity appears to contribute
      to the development of stomatitis.

PMID- 2638081
TI  - [Intra-oral block anesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve].
AB  - One of the landmarks for intra-oral block anesthesia of the inferior alveolar
      nerve is the occlusal plane. But to our knowledge, 7 different definitions of the
      occlusal plane have been reported in the literature. Depending on the definition
      chosen, different results may be obtained. We tried to find the most useful
      definition by measuring macerated mandibles. Our investigations suggest that the
      occlusal plane is best defined by the following 3 points: the buccal cusps of the
      first and second lower molars on the side of the injection and the buccal cusp of
      the second lower premolar on the contralateral side.

PMID- 2638082
TI  - [Effectiveness of power toothbrushes].
AB  - Three power toothbrushes with different mechanical principles (blend-a-dent
      master-vertical oscillating system, blend-a-dent medic electric elliptical
      oscillating system, interplak-contra-rotationsystem of the bristle-tuft) and a
      conventional hand toothbrush were investigated in 60 oral hygiene-motivated
      persons in a three-month-study. Efficiency was tested by two parameters (plaque
      index, papillary-bleeding index) under statistically identical conditions. The
      study showed no major differences in efficiency between the power toothbrushes
      and the manual toothbrush. --For the whole study the power toothbrush with an
      elliptical oscillating system showed the best results. --Power toothbrushes are
      not more effective in plaque removal than a manual toothbrush. The great
      statistical variation of the investigated parameters in each group shows that an
      optimal brushing technique was more important than the choice of a certain
      toothbrush. --The investigation of the interproximal areas showed that a
      toothbrush alone is not effective enough. The additional use of dental floss
      and/or interdental cleaners for optimal oral hygiene is essential.

PMID- 2638083
TI  - [The physical end of a so-called sickle-shaped tooth].
AB  - The author had the unique opportunity of surgically exposing a socalled sickle
      shaped tooth, righting and aligning it with an orthodontic appliance in a patient
      then aged 6 years and 9 months and extract this tooth 32 years and 7 months
      later. The history and further evolution of this patient suggest that the
      development of a socalled sickle-shaped tooth, which this patient no doubt had,
      need not necessarily involve a traumatic factor. The displacement of such a tooth
      as well as the curvature of its root, which was still evident in this patient,
      appeared to have a genetic basis.

PMID- 2638084
TI  - [Effect of food on fluoride bioavailability].
AB  - The bioavailability of fluoride (F) is not known to be reduced by any food except
      for milk and milk products. Their effect on F bioavailability can, however, be
      reduced or altogether abolished by the ingestion of solid food. Solid food intake
      also enhances the extraction of F from poorly soluble compounds like CaF2. The
      reduction of F availability by milk is thought to be attributable to binding of F
      as milk curdles in the stomach. Improved utilization of F by solid food intake
      may be explained by the prolonged retention of the chyme in the upper
      gastrointestinal tract, which would leave more time for F to be released from
      curdling products and bound forms as e.g. CaF2. Simultaneous intake of F and food
      produces lower serum F levels; these are, however, sustained longer than in
      fasted subjects. The lower peak levels may well reduce the risk of enamel
      mottling, while the prolonged serum F levels may produce sustained F
      concentrations in the oral cavity by salivary F erection. These would prevent
      caries.

PMID- 2638085
TI  - [Long-term outcome of functional treatment for high double-sided condylar
      fractures].
AB  - The conservative procedures widely used to treat fractures of the condylar neck
      seem to provide positive short-term benefits, but on long-term observation the
      results sometimes are not consistent with the early prognosis. We observed a
      patient (adult female) from the time of the accident for a period of 7 years. The
      patient suffered from a high double-sided fracture of the condylar neck combined
      with a multiple fracture in the frontal region of the mandible. The treatment
      plan was: 1. primary osteosynthesis of the fracture in the frontal-region, 2.
      intermaxillary fixation for 14 days, 3. functional post-operative treatment using
      monoblock. Up to the first month it looked like a normal recovery. However, after
      three months the expected recovery became questionable. After 7 years it was
      obvious that the recovery had reached its peak between 3 months and 1 year after
      the operation. The patient experienced chronic pain and progressive loss of
      function. Such results are unsatisfactory and new operative procedures using
      osteosynthesis have to be developed.

PMID- 2638086
TI  - [Ionomeric vitreous cement for retrograde root filling].
AB  - In an in vitro study the sealing properties of materials commonly used for
      retrograde filling of apicectomized teeth were investigated in extracted teeth
      and compared with those of ionomeric vitreous cement. Materials tested included: 
      -Heat-sealed guttapercha; --Guttapercha + phosphate cement; --Amalgam; -
      Standardized ceramic pins (Ulm system); and --Ionomeric vitreous cement. Sealing
      was established by methylene blue perfusion. Seals produced by heat-sealed
      guttapercha, guttapercha + phosphate cement and non-gamma-2 amalgam were found to
      be inferior to those obtained with ionomeric vitreous cement and standardized
      aluminium oxide ceramic pins.

PMID- 2638088
TI  - [Transverse dimensional stability of whole jaw models of different materials].
AB  - Whole jaw models of 6 different materials were examined for their transverse
      dimensional stability. Under standardized conditions impressions were made of a
      mandibular phantom with 4 stylized crown stumps using the double mix-spray
      technique with additively cross-linking silicon. Of these, test models were
      prepared and measured using the original model as reference. The high-strength
      dental stones Die Keen and Fuji Rock showed the highest dimensional stability. On
      account of their shrinkage during polymerization, the epoxy resins Blue Star E
      and Metapox as well as Blue Star P, a polyurethane, were found to have smaller
      transverse stump interspaces. Data for electroplated silver models were between
      those for dental stones and plastic materials.

PMID- 2638087
TI  - [Fixed appliances current state of the art].
AB  - Recent advances in fixed appliances are reviewed and discussed. These include
      cosmetically more appealing brackets (ceramic, lingual); new wires (nickel
      titanium and titanium-molybdenum alloys); new biomechanical approaches (accurate
      computation of forces and torques according to Burstone resulting in the use of
      new mechanical concepts); experiences in the treatment of transplanted teeth made
      in the past 15 years; new approaches to the orthodontic finish (implementation of
      Andrews' "six keys to normal occlusion" with straight wires, accurate positioning
      of brackets, and gnathological positioners). Cases will be demonstrated.

PMID- 2638089
TI  - [Effects of myofunctional disorders on occlusion following surgery for mesial
      bite].
AB  - In a follow-up study of 24 patients with mesial bite operated on at the
      Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Innsbruck Medical
      School, relations between the outcome of sagittal splitting and myofunctional
      disorders were investigated. Orofacial imbalances of variable extent were found
      to be present in 16 of the patients followed up. Effects of myofunctional factors
      on occlusal position, occlusion, overbite and overjet are reviewed. Five patients
      with particularly severe myofunctional disorders underwent detailed logopedic and
      myofunctional evaluation. Results are presented. As myofunctional factors may
      profoundly affect the late results of surgery, it is concluded that patients with
      myofunctional disorders should undergo adjuvant myofunctional rehabilitation
      before or at least after surgery in order to prevent relapses.

PMID- 2638090
TI  - [Reconstruction of upper and lower jaw defects by microsurgical bone grafting].
AB  - Indications for microvascular bone grafts in maxillo-facial surgery are defined.
      Surgical procedures at the main donor sites for upper and lower jaw
      reconstructions, vascularized iliac bone grafts and scapular flaps, are
      described. Applications are demonstrated in various cases. Vascularized growth
      plate transplantation for reconstructing hemifacial microsomia introduces new
      possibilities. Microsurgery is a safe method with a high success-rate (94%) and a
      low morbidity at the donor site.

PMID- 2638091
TI  - [Can inferior alveolar nerve lesions be avoided during sagittal splitting?
      Anatomy, surgical technique and neurological aspects].
AB  - The overriding principle in surgery should always be "nihil nocere". This is
      particularly true for maxillofacial surgery and assumes critical importance in
      orthognathic operations in which the prevention of motor and sensory nerve
      lesions should have priority. Considering that orthodontic surgery is
      increasingly done in an ever growing number of situations, it is obvious that
      this issue has become central to the decision-making process in each and every
      case. This contribution is designed to review the basic anatomy, to outline a
      useful surgical management concept and present the results obtained with it.

PMID- 2638092
TI  - [Anatomy of the atrophic mandible. 1. The location of the mandibular canal in the
      atrophic mandible].
AB  - 43 atrophic left hemimandibles were divided by 6 saw cuts made between the mental
      foramen and the third molar to analyze the location of the mandibular canal.
      Mandibles were classified by the severity of alveolar absorption using Atwood's
      classification and changes in the distances of the mandibular canal from the
      superior and inferior borders of the mandibular body were correlated wit the
      degree of atrophy. Measurements were obtained with a digitizer and a computer and
      results were analyzed statistically. The following statistically significant
      observations were made: The distance of the mandibular canal to the external
      lingua and buccal cortical layers did not change with increasing atrophy, but
      remained remarkably constant. By contrast, highly significant changes in the
      distance of the mandibular body were found to be present. These were more
      pronounced at the superior than at the inferior border. The changes seen were
      consistently most severe at the level of the first molar. Prior to surgical
      interventions involving an atrophic mandible the location of the mandibular canal
      should invariably be identified by imaging techniques such as orthopantomography,
      telemetric X-rays, tomographies, CT and MRI, if indicated, in order to avoid
      injuries of the inferior alveloar nerve and preclude forensic consequences.

PMID- 2638093
TI  - [Predictive potential of a microbiological caries activity test in preschool
      children--2-year results].
AB  - In a clinical trial the predictive potential of a microbiological screening test
      for identifying patients with increased caries activity was evaluated. Within a
      period of 2 years microbiological data and caries increments were found to
      correlate well. Of the results in 113 preschool children, only 4 proved to be
      false negative, i.e. only 4 children were wrongly allocated to a non-risk group.
      As the test is easily handled, it is excellently suited both for group and
      individual screening programs.

PMID- 2638094
TI  - [Human gingival fibroblast cultures for biological intra-oral material testing].
AB  - Cell cultures are useful screening methods for biocompatibility tests, as they
      provide information on the effects of test material on their metabolism. Primary
      cultures of human gingival fibroblasts play a special role, because they are
      organ-specific and because their metabolic state is virtually the same as that of
      in vivo cell material. Their characteristic growth pattern makes them excellent
      candidates for testing toxicity and stimulatory factors. Four methods were used
      for validating the data obtained. Possibilities of culturing these highly
      specialized cells are shown, techniques for assessing the cytotoxicity of test
      materials are presented and discussed.

PMID- 2638095
TI  - Responses to the change in the environment in pairs of male rats genetically
      selected for activity level.
AB  - Laboratory Wistar strain rats were genetically selected for high (+A) and low (
      A) activity level. In thirteen pairs of adult males of the 23rd filial generation
      reactions to changes in the external environment were studied. The animals were
      housed in breeding cages four each. Two parallel studies were conducted: in pairs
      simultaneously placed into a novel environment (NOV), empty cages of the same
      dimensions as the home cage (HC), in the second, behaviour of the second pair
      that remained in the HC, after removal of two cage-mates, was tested. Once a
      minute, for a period of one hour, the type of activity was recorded and noted
      whether it was an element effected in contact with the partner or without any
      contact. The animals +A and -A differed in the frequency of various types of
      activity and immobility, in the ratio between behavioural manifestations shown in
      or without contact as well as in the response to the type of modified
      environment. To changes in the situation, whether removed cage-mates from the HC
      or placed into NOV +A animals reacted with a high wave of environment exploration
      which gradually habituated. -A rats equally responded with exploration but on a
      lower level. In +rats we recorded more frequently exploration without contact
      with the partner in HC and NOV in comparison with -A, more frequent grooming,
      less immobility in contact and with no contact. Between +A partners there was a
      greater number of contacts in NOV than in HC whereas in the -A group the
      incidence of contact did not differ between HC and NOV. ANOVA revealed the
      influence of factors of genetics and environment and interaction in several
      behavioural categories. The simple and in time economical method demonstrated the
      possibility of use for the detection of differences between +A and -A lines even
      at relatively small changes in the external stimulatory situation.

PMID- 2638096
TI  - Alcohol consumption and rates of personal violence (suicide and homicide).
AB  - The present study examined the association between alcohol consumption and rates
      of personal violence (suicide and homicide) over regions within a nation.
      Although suicide rates were higher in regions with a higher per capital
      consumption of alcohol, other social variables were also found to be associated
      with both alcohol consumption and suicide rates, such as divorce rates and inter
      region migration. Thus, it appears that alcohol consumption may be but one index
      of a broader sociocultural dimension that is associated with regional rates of
      suicidal behavior.

PMID- 2638097
TI  - Some general properties of neuronal responses in the human brain during
      perception of semantically meaningless visual stimuli.

PMID- 2638098
TI  - Differences between self-assessed depressive symptoms in fully and partially
      hospitalized non psychotic patients diagnosed according to the Levine-Pilowsky
      inventory.

PMID- 2638099
TI  - Variability of heart rate in students before examinations.

PMID- 2638100
TI  - Experience with Santa Ana Dexterity Test in field evaluation of workload.

PMID- 2638101
TI  - Behavioural effects of N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethyl)aziridine--a mescaline
      derivative.

PMID- 2638102
TI  - Carbamazepine abolishes epileptic after-discharges induced by entorhinal
      stimulation in rats.

PMID- 2638103
TI  - Effects of carbamazepine and phenobarbital on kainic acid-induced model of
      psychomotor seizures during ontogenesis in the rat.

PMID- 2638104
TI  - Reaction time--stimulus intensity contingency and autonomous reactivity to mental
      stress.

PMID- 2638105
TI  - 31st Annual Psychopharmacology Meeting. Jesenik Spa, January 1989.

PMID- 2638106
TI  - Longitudinal study of the effect, tolerance and undesired side effects of
      injection haloperidol decanoate applied in different psychiatric indications.

PMID- 2638107
TI  - Sulpiride in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders.

PMID- 2638108
TI  - Plasma level of lithium in rats treated subchronically with lithium and tricyclic
      antidepressants.

PMID- 2638109
TI  - Comparative study of levoprotiline and amitriptyline in endogenous depressions.

PMID- 2638110
TI  - Position of levoprotiline in the treatment of acute endogenous depression.

PMID- 2638111
TI  - Levoprotiline--function regulator of food and satiety centres?

PMID- 2638112
TI  - Comparison of effect of levoprotiline and dosulepine on cardial functions.

PMID- 2638113
TI  - Contribution to the water wheel test for evaluation of antidepressants in mice.

PMID- 2638114
TI  - Specification of 3H-imipramine bindings on human platelets and in rat
      hypothalamus.

PMID- 2638115
TI  - Infusions of maprotiline in depressive out-patients.

PMID- 2638116
TI  - Comparison of the side effects of tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants in
      old age depression.

PMID- 2638117
TI  - Preliminary experience with the treatment of depression by bright light.

PMID- 2638118
TI  - Double blind comparison of alprazolam with dosulepine in endogenous depression.

PMID- 2638119
TI  - Immunomodulator adamantylamide dipeptide antagonizes benzodiazepine-induced rota
      rod deficit in mice.

PMID- 2638120
TI  - Animal model of anxiety: effect of diazepam in the rats with cholinergic
      supersensitivity and reduced turnover-rate of brain norepinephrine.

PMID- 2638121
TI  - The effect of flunitrazepam on the process of verbal learning.

PMID- 2638122
TI  - Biochemical pharmacological profile of migraine prophylactics of pizotifen type.

PMID- 2638123
TI  - Effects of tacrine derivatives on the behaviour of laboratory rats.

PMID- 2638124
TI  - Effects of tetrahydroaminoacridine (tacrine) derivatives and physostigmine in
      convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol.

PMID- 2638125
TI  - [Neuronotrophic interactions in the developing inner ear].
AB  - In the developing inner ear, the existence of a neuronal death and of a
      peripheral target-derived trophic effect on the embryonic cochleovestibular
      neurons is described. We investigate the molecular vector(s) of such
      neuronotrophic influences on the cochleovestibular neurons, particularly the
      nerve growth factor (NGF) which is a good candidate since receptors for this
      trophic factor are described in the embryonic inner ear. In 12 day-old rat
      embryos, we demonstrate the release of an NGF-like activity by the otic vesicle
      and the effect of this trophic factor on the survival and the neuritogenesis of
      the cochleovestibular neurons. We suggest an important role for NGF in the
      neuronal stabilisation of the cochleovestibular ganglion and the invasion of the
      otic vesicle by the neurites. The study of the neuronotrophic interactions in the
      inner ear is then applied on more mature auditory neurons. In the 5 day-old rat
      cochlea, we also show the release by the central and the peripheral targets of a
      trophic activity allowing the survival of the afferent auditory neurons. These
      neuronotrophic factors may play an important role in the secondary degeneration
      of the auditory neurons following an injury of the Corti's organ or of the
      central target. The effect of NGF is also investigated on these neurons and we
      demonstrate that NGF has a neuritogenic but not a survival promoting effect on
      the 5 day-old rat afferent auditory neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2638126
TI  - [Development of the auditory threshold during the first months of life related to
      modifications of the physiology of the external auditory canal].
AB  - A study realised among 60 children by means of a probe tube microphone allowed us
      to determine the mean ear canal resonance by the newborn and the young children.
      This is noticeably less than the adult one. The ear canal reaches its adult
      physiology after one year, so it implies a somewhat different auditory
      sensibility by the newborns than by the adults, particularly in the 2000-4000 Hz
      range. We suggest that the A.B.R. wave I latency and thresholds modifications
      during children's first year of life are (at least partially and in the majority
      of cases) an ear canal physiological variation effect and that different
      calibrations should be used for newborns screening test and for adults purposes.

PMID- 2638127
TI  - [Provoked acoustic emissions. Results in the newborn infant].
AB  - Fifty-four children (104 ears) were examined by the basal echo test technique
      (Evoked acoustic emissions). The value as screening test is discussed.

PMID- 2638128
TI  - [Original survey and analysis method of the vestibulo-ocular transfer using the
      microcomputer. Contribution to the diagnosis of vestibular pathology].
AB  - This report presents a new and well-tolerated technique that quickly tests the
      labyrinthic system by moving the head, via a helmet mounted on a servo controlled
      torque motor, with a sinusoidal stimulus small enough (10 to 15 degrees of
      amplitude) to avoid the triggering of quick phases. A personal PC (Olivetti M24)
      digitizes the amplified and filtered eye and head movement data for storage and
      analysis. Compared to the low frequency patterns of stimulation by the sinusoidal
      acceleration test (SHA), our procedure, because of the reduced mass of inertia,
      investigates the bandwidth of frequencies corresponding to those normally
      incurred during natural movements. For each of 14 normal persons, 1 patient with
      Meniere's disease and 2 with a history of labyrinthic trauma, the phase
      difference of the eye position relative to the head and the gain are computed.
      The mean phase lag of 180 degrees, from 0.1 Hz to 2.5 Hz, in the normal group
      maintains steady gaze during head rotation in significant opposition to the phase
      lag, varying at 1 Hz from 264 to 354 degrees, of the patients with vestibular
      disorders. The phase lag is the most reliable parameter in detecting vestibular
      dysfunction and its correct determination can be made in a few minutes, at
      physiological frequencies, by our low-cost simplified method.

PMID- 2638129
TI  - Evaluation of balance function in peripheral vestibular disorders.
AB  - The functional influence upon overall balance function induced by a peripheral
      vestibular disturbance is evaluated by positioning, rotatory and posturographic
      testing. The information does not contribute to the diagnostic labelling of a
      patient (as e.g. Meniere's disease, etc), but it is of primary importance in the
      determination of a logical and adequate treatment and so for rehabilitation
      treatment. Some important items are reviewed.

PMID- 2638130
TI  - [Hearing aids with distorsion].
AB  - The authors recall how reinforcements of fundamentals and first harmonics
      produced by differential sounds in old amplifier tube hearing aids were
      discovered. The authors report the evolution and principles of devices using
      compensation and coded signals, in order to select low frequency information of
      the "with distorsion hearing aids". The continuous support of Paul Hennebert in
      this scope is emphasized.

PMID- 2638131
TI  - [Deafness of the aged person: possibilities for rehabilitation].
AB  - After recalling the etiopathology of presbyacousis, the author analyzes the
      otological causes regarding the social isolation of the elderly. He describes his
      ideas of assuming an optimal audiophonological take over.

PMID- 2638132
TI  - [Osseous reconstruction in microsurgery of the middle ear].
AB  - The authors report their technique and results about the use of bone allografts
      in tympano-ossicular reconstruction. They use a mixture of bone dust and fibrin
      sealant for repairing small bone defects. Furthermore, the results of cavity
      reconstruction techniques with hydroxylapatite and tricalcium phosphates are
      compared.

PMID- 2638134
TI  - [Immotile cilia syndrome--ultrastructural deviations of the nasal cilia].
AB  - This study deals with a transmission electron microscopic examination of the nose
      cilia. Dyskinetic or dysfunctional cilia result clinically in the immotile-cilia
      syndrome. Differentiation between congenital and acquired anomalies is important.
      An early diagnosis as part of the therapeutic approach should be considered.

PMID- 2638133
TI  - [Davis grafts in the treatment of chronic suppuration of hollowed-out cavities].
AB  - A surgical technique in suppurative cavities is reported. Epithelial Davis grafts
      are used to stimulate the epidermization process in radical cavities.

PMID- 2638135
TI  - Incidence and etiology of rhinosinusitis in children.
AB  - The authors discuss the incidence of chronic rhinosinusitis in children. From the
      study of 196 CT-scans, there follows that as well the ethmoidal as the maxillary
      sinuses are involved in the young child. In older children, however, the
      incidence of maxillary sinusitis is more frequent. The etiology of chronic
      rhinosinusitis is discussed stressing the importance of general factors such as
      environmental factors, congenital and acquired abnormalities and the influence of
      drugs, as well as of local factors such as again environmental factors,
      malformations, and upper respiratory infections. Most of these factors are
      discussed following personal studies.

PMID- 2638136
TI  - [Nasal endoscopic approach to sinus diseases].
AB  - The endoscopical endonasal surgery is in vogue. Today it has become a functional
      surgery. A thorough knowledge of the endonasal anatomy is difficult but
      essential. The antral ostium is reached after infundibulotomy, from which starts
      the inspection of the locoregional pathology.

PMID- 2638137
TI  - [The branchial region and its proper role in the morphogenesis of the neck].
AB  - The branchial apparatus is a keystone in the embryonic arrangement of the neck
      region. However the developing cervical region is also under the influence of the
      fundamental metamerism of the body--the formation of sonites-, which gives origin
      to the cervical spine, the prechordal space and the anterior cervical area. The
      developmental history of the cranial portion depends on the connection between
      these two distinct systems of segmentation.

PMID- 2638138
TI  - [HPLC determination of tetramethylpyrazine in human serum and its pharmacokinetic
      parameters].
AB  - An HPLC method for the determination of tetramethylpyrazine in serum and
      application of this method to tetramethylpyrazine deposition studies in human
      body were described. Tetramethylpyrazine was extracted from alkalinized serum
      with dichloromethane using methaqualone as internal standard. A RP mu-Bondapak
      C18 (10 microns) column fitted with a variable-wavelength UV spectrophotometer
      operated at 280 nm was used. The mobile phase was methanol-water (58:42). The
      detection limit of the method was 0.0174 microgram/ml serum. Assay linearity was
      shown over the range of 0.0291-5.816 micrograms/ml serum with a regression
      coefficient of 0.9999. The extraction recovery was 99.84% and no interference was
      found from endogenous compounds, metabolites of parent drug or other commonly
      used drugs. For the serum concentration following oral administration of
      tetramethylpyrazine capsules to healthy volunteers (n = 6), the best fit was
      found to be with a two compartment open model. After administration of 174.5 mg
      dose, the pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: Tp = 0.5102 h, Cmax = 3.114
      micrograms/ml, AUC = 5.893 mg/L.h, T1/2 (Ka) = 0.1508 h, T1/2 (alpha) = 0.4855 h,
      T1/2 (beta) = 2.894 h, C1 = 15.7 L.h-1, Vc = 17.70 L, V = 66.77 L. The results
      imply that tetramethylpyrazine is absorbed rapidly, distributed widely in the
      body, and also eliminated at a fairly rapid rate.

PMID- 2638139
TI  - [Synthesis of isoflavones as cardiovascular drug].
AB  - On the basis of the chemical structure of daidzein, a series of isoflavones have
      been synthesized. The intermediates, 7-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-isoflavone(V) and 7
      hydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone(IX) were prepared by condensation of corresponding
      desoxybenzoin with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal. 7-Methoxy-2-methyl-4'
      hydroxyisoflavone (VII) was also prepared from desoxybenzoin IV by reacting with
      acetic anhydride and anhydrous sodium acetate and followed by hydrolysis.
      Compounds I1-5 were obtained by Mannich reaction and compounds II1,2 III1,2 were
      obtained by etherification of corresponding isoflavones. All compounds were
      tested for resistance to hypoxia in mice and I1-3, I5, II1 and III2 were shown to
      have significant effect. Compound I1 and I5 were also found to increase coronary
      blood flow.

PMID- 2638140
TI  - [Chemical studies of flower buds of Tussilago farfara L].
AB  - We have studied the flower buds of Tussilago farfara L. collected from Yulin
      county Shaanxi Province and have isolated a new terpenoid compound I with the
      composition C23H34O5, M+ 390.2416, mp 100-101 degrees C. On basis of physical and
      chemical properties and spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, 1H-1H
      COSY, 13C-1H-COSY DEPT, EI-MS, FAB-MS, HR-MS) and X-ray, the structure of I has
      been elucidated as a novel sesquiterpenoid compound, which is named farfaratin.

PMID- 2638141
TI  - [The structure of versicolactone D].
AB  - The extracts of Aristolochia versicolar S.M. Huang root afforded a new dimeric
      sesquiterpene lactone, versicolactone D, with a novel skeleton. Its structure was
      established by spectroscopic methods, mainly X-ray and 2D-NMR.

PMID- 2638142
TI  - [HPTLC scanning determination of 6 flavonoids in 166 Rhododendron species].
AB  - This paper reports a quantitative determination in the contents of flavonoids in
      Rhododendron leaves by HPTLC scanning method. The methanol extract of each sample
      was spotted on a HPTLC silica gel plate (E. Merck F254) alongside with standard
      substances. Using the upper layer of petroleum ether (60-90 degrees C)-ether
      formic acid (62:31:7) as developing solvent I, farrerol, kaempferol and quercetin
      were well separated. The spots were determined by a single wavelength (366 nm)
      TLC-scanner, Camag model 76510. The same plate was then further developed by
      developing solvent II:7 ml of the lower layer of chloroform-methanol-water
      (7:3:1) plus 0.5 ml of formic acid to separate polystachoside, quercitrin and
      hyperoside. The densitometric determination of each spot was also carried out
      with the same scanner. The contents of 6 flavonoids in the leaves of 166
      Rhododendron species were thus determined.

PMID- 2638143
TI  - [Infrared spectrometry determination of polymorphic form C in mebendazole].
AB  - Mebendazole displays polymorphism. There are three polymorphic forms (A, B and C)
      which were identified by means of IR and X-ray diffraction techniques. Procedures
      have been worked out to determine the amount of the polymorphic form C in pure
      mebendazole and in tablets. The sample (30 mg) and internal standard (K3Fe(CN)6,
      6 mg) were mulled in 0.25 ml of mineral oil and placed between KBr plates
      separated by a 0.1 mm lead spacer. The spectra were recorded by the absorbance
      mode between 850-800 cm-1 and 2150-2050 cm-1. Both of the base lines are the
      horizontal line from 2140 cm-1 peak valley and from 842 cm-1 peak valley. The
      values of the absorbance difference were measured at 834 and 842 cm-1, 2114 and
      2140 cm-1 respectively. The percent content of the polymorphic form C was
      calculated by the method of internal standard. This analytical approach is simple
      and the results are satisfactory.

PMID- 2638144
TI  - [Morphological and histological studies of Chinese Ephedra mahuang. I. Seven
      species produced in north China].
AB  - The Chinese drug Ma Huang, Herba Ephedrae, is well known in the East and West.
      The botanical origin specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (1985 edition)
      includes the dried herbaceous stems of Ephedra sinica Stapf, E. equisetina Bunge
      and E. intermedia Schrenk ex Mey. A survey of the botanical origin of this drug,
      however, revealed that other Eqhedra spp. are also used in certain districts in
      China. In order to find means for the identification of drugs derived from
      different plant origins, it is necessary to make a comparative study of the
      morphology and histology of all the Eqhedra spp. growing in China. In this paper,
      the morphological and histological characters of the crude drugs derived from the
      Eqhedra spp. chiefly growing in north China, viz. E. sinica Stapf, E. equisetina
      Bunge, E. intermedia Schrenk ex Mey., E. qrzewaskiistaqs E. monosperma Gmel. ex
      Mey., E. fedtschenkoae Pauls, and E. regeliana Florin are described, compared and
      illustrated with line drawings. It is discovered that the following characters
      are useful for their differentiation, viz. (1) the presence, shape and height of
      cuticular papillae of the stem; (2) the presence, amount and arrangement of
      sclereids at stem-nodes; (3) vessels and tracheids with bordered pits and spiral
      thickenings, tracheids with bordered pits and reticulate thickenings, and xylem
      parenchyma cells with reticulate thickenings, (4) the ratios of longitudinal and
      transverse diameters of stomata on the epidermis of stem and leaf. Observation
      with scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the perforations of the end
      walls of vessel element in Eqherda spp. are bordered. It is also found that the
      degree of lignification of fibres and medullary cells of the herbaceous stems is
      related to the positions and diameters of the stems. It is therefore unsuitable
      as a diagnostic feature for the differentiation of Eqhedrra species.

PMID- 2638145
TI  - [Effects of epostane on chorio-trophoblast, co-culture of embryos with
      endometrium and corpora lutea in vitro].
AB  - Effects of epostane on human trophoblast cells, co-culture of mouse embryos with
      endometrium and guinea pig corpora lutea were studied in vitro. Human chorio
      trophoblast cells were obtained from induced abortion (2-2.5 months of
      pregnancy). The tissue was incubated in control medium or in medium containing
      epostane. The results indicated that epostane at a concentration of 50
      micrograms/ml could injure the human trophoblast cells and its function.
      Obviously damaged cells were observed at the concentration of 100 micrograms/ml.
      The cells were degenerated with pyknotic nuclei and sometimes only cell fragments
      were found. Guinea pig corpora lutea produced progesterone in vitro. In the
      incubation medium of the control group, the total luteal progesterone increased
      linearly with the prolongation of incubation during the first 30 min of
      incubation. The addition of hCG at concentration of 10 IU/ml clearly accelerated
      progesterone production. Epostane at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml could
      significantly inhibit both basic and the hCG-stimulated luteal production of
      progesterone. Epostane at concentrations of 50 and 100 micrograms/ml showed no
      inhibitory effect on mouse embryos and endometrium in vitro.

PMID- 2638146
TI  - [Study of the efficiency and stability of harringtonine encapsulation in whole
      phospholipid vesicle from human erythrocyte membrane].
AB  - The whole phospholipid of human erythrocyte membrane was used to prepare small
      unilamellar vesicles (SUV) of harringtonine by reversed phase evaporation
      combined with sonication scattering method. The percentage of harringtonine
      encapsulation and its stability were also studied. The results showed that the
      concentration of phospholipid and its degree of oxidation were the main
      influencing factors. The percentage of harringtonine encapsulation under our
      experimental conditions reached 21.5%. Stability test showed that the rate of
      leakage of harringtonine from liposome was 7.3% when stored at 4 degrees C for
      two months.

PMID- 2638147
TI  - [Advances in research on the chemistry of saponins in Bupleurum].

PMID- 2638148
TI  - Serum neopterin levels in liver cirrhosis.
AB  - Neopterin is a pyrazino-pyrimidine compound which is biosynthesized by
      macrophages. Increased concentrations of neopterin have been reported in
      conditions causing a stimulation of cellular immunity, such as viral and other
      infections, graft versus host disease, autoimmune disease and different
      malignancies. Recently, urinary neopterin levels have been found increased in
      patients with acute viral hepatitis and NANB chronic hepatitis. In the present
      study, neopterin serum levels have been measured in 23 cirrhotic patients (6 HBV
      related, and 17 cryptogenetic cirrhosis, 7 of them occurring in alcoholic
      subjects) and in 24 normal subjects. Mean values of serum neopterin were
      significantly increased in cirrhotics (3.92 +/- 3.28 ng/ml versus 1.24 +/- 0.51
      ng/ml in controls, p less than 0.01). Serum neopterin values were not found to be
      significantly different in cirrhotics assessed in three different clinical
      classes according to Child's classification and in cirrhotics with and without
      serological findings of active disease. In fact, in cirrhotic patients, serum
      neopterin levels did not correlate with the values of serum AST, ALT, ALP, GGT
      and gamma-globulin. These data show that increased levels of serum neopterin
      occur in cirrhotic patients, but there is no relation between serum neopterin
      values and the activity or the clinical severity of the disease. The results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that activated macrophages are involved in all
      stages of liver cirrhosis irrespective of its aetiology.

PMID- 2638149
TI  - Induction of 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase and activation of ribonuclease in
      tamoxifen treated human breast cancer cell lines.
AB  - In the present study the intracellular activity of oligoadenylate synthetase and
      ribonuclease have been evaluated in two human breast cancer cell lines treated
      with tamoxifen, a well known antiestrogenic drug. Increased levels of
      oligoadenylate synthetase and enhanced ribonuclease activity have been found in
      the cultures of CG5 cell line treated with concentrations of tamoxifen inhibiting
      cell growth. In the experiments with the EVSA-T cell line we found neither an
      antiproliferative effect nor an increased oligoadenylate synthetase and
      ribonuclease activity. It is likely that these enzymes are involved in the
      mechanisms by which this drug acts as an antiproliferative agent.

PMID- 2638151
TI  - No-scalpel vasectomy: the transfer of a refined surgical technique from China to
      other countries.

PMID- 2638150
TI  - 1989 program & abstracts. Tenth International Conference on Calcium Regulating
      Hormones. Eleventh annual meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral
      Research. Joint meeting. September 9-14, 1989, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

PMID- 2638153
TI  - Use of anesthesia in California.

PMID- 2638152
TI  - Preliminary evaluation of REALITY, a condom for women to wear.

PMID- 2638154
TI  - Pharmacologic considerations in the training of dentists in anesthesia and
      sedation.

PMID- 2638155
TI  - Cardiovascular influences of nitrous oxide in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Cardiovascularly compromised outpatients undergoing minor elective oral surgical
      or dental care have not frequently received the anxiolytic and analgesic benefits
      of nitrous oxide ostensibly because of the reported likelihood of sympathetic
      nervous stimulation and possible exacerbation of hypertension or cardiac
      complication. Recent studies, though, have shown that the hemodynamic effects of
      nitrous oxide are negligible and possibly even beneficial. The present study was
      conducted to determine the cardiovascular effects of nitrous oxide and nitrogen
      (as control gas) in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and its normotensive
      Wistar-Kyoto counterpart (WKY). SHRs exposed to nitrogen did not exhibit any
      significant change in SBP or HR, but SHRs exposed to nitrous oxide exhibited a
      generally concentration-related reduction in both SBP and HR. WKYs, however,
      displayed reductions in SBP and HR when exposed to either nitrous oxide or
      nitrogen. These findings indicate a difference in the hemodynamic responses of
      SHRs and WKYs to nitrous oxide and nitrogen. The specificity and mechanism of the
      nitrous oxide effects in hypertension were not determined in this study, however,
      these findings do indicate that nitrous oxide does not exacerbate hypertension in
      normal or hypertensive rats.

PMID- 2638156
TI  - A comparison of transcutaneous PO2 in patients sedated with diazepam-fentanyl or
      midazolam-fentanyl.
AB  - Fifty oral and maxillofacial surgery patients undergoing outpatient surgical
      removal of third molars under intravenous conscious sedation comprised the study
      group. All patients received 1 microgram/kg of fentanyl prior to receiving either
      diazepam or midazolam. The results show no statistically significant differences
      in blood pressure or pulse over time between the two groups, nor was there a
      statistically significant difference between the transcutaneous PO2 responses of
      the groups. However, a statistically significant time effect as well as a group
      by time interaction was present. Both groups show respiratory depression at the 8
      and 10-minute time intervals. The use of supplemental oxygen and monitoring of
      respiration is recommended with the use of these drug combinations.

PMID- 2638157
TI  - Odontalgia mimicking trigeminal neuralgia.
AB  - Proper diagnosis of facial pain is complex and requires careful evaluation of
      several organ systems. When patients fail to respond to firstline therapy, a
      complete differential diagnosis is essential for the prevention of mistreatment
      or overtreatment. A case is presented in which multispecialty cooperation
      resulted in successful treatment of chronic pain which had not responded to
      aggressive primary medical therapy.

PMID- 2638158
TI  - [Geriatric institutions. From vision to action].

PMID- 2638159
TI  - Origin, training, and subsequent practice location of Scotland's General and
      Community dentists.
AB  - In view of the continuing concern, in the United Kingdom (UK) and many other
      countries, over the maldistribution of dental manpower and the far-reaching plans
      now being contemplated to correct existing imbalances, it was felt to be
      necessary to document the current situation in Scotland. This study set out to
      identify the origins, place of training, and subsequent practice locations of
      Scotland's General and Community dentists. A questionnaire was sent to a list of
      all General Dental Practitioners (GDPs) and Clinical Community Dental Officers
      (CCDOs) in Scotland. The final response rate was 72%. 85% of respondents had
      received the majority of their secondary school education in Scotland, and a
      total of 92.5% of respondents had received their undergraduate dental training at
      one of the three Scottish dental schools. Factors elicited as being associated
      with practice location choice included school of dental training, location of a
      dentist's original home and relatives, and, to some extent, market forces in
      terms of "demand for dentists" in some areas in Scotland.

PMID- 2638160
TI  - [Patient classification and standards for nursing quality (II). Documentation of
      patients' need for nursing care as an administrative tool for personnel policy].

PMID- 2638161
TI  - Orientation guide for head nurses in a decentralized setting.
AB  - Because head nurses will utilize the same orientation guide within the Division
      of Nursing, more consistency in management will be realized between sections and
      inpatient and outpatient units within the hospital.

PMID- 2638163
TI  - Endorsement of the NANDA taxonomy.

PMID- 2638162
TI  - Atelectasis/pneumonia: prevention for the abdominal surgical patient.

PMID- 2638164
TI  - Intraoperative radiotherapy.

PMID- 2638165
TI  - Shock: managing the septic syndrome in patients with cancer.
AB  - The septic syndrome remains a major clinical challenge in the management of
      patients with cancer. Significant advances have resulted in some improvement in
      outcome, but mortality remains high. Cancer patients with sepsis must be treated
      aggressively, and empiric antibiotic therapy, as well as early transfer to an
      intensive care unit (where invasive monitoring can be undertaken), may prove
      lifesaving. Though we have stressed early diagnosis and treatment, these issues
      only address part of the problem: the septic syndrome should also be considered a
      potentially preventable condition. Meticulous attention to measures designed to
      prevent infection in immunocompromised patients is perhaps even more important;
      such measures are sometimes overlooked. Cancer patients are fragile, and they
      should always be thought of as potential hosts for serious infection. Only with a
      combination of vigilance at preventing infection as well as early intervention
      once infection is established can the bleak statistics of the septic syndrome be
      improved.

PMID- 2638166
TI  - [Combination of maxillary and mandibular inclination in children with skeletal
      Class I, II and III relationship].
AB  - This study was performed on a sample of 70 cases with skeletal class I, II and
      III relationship. The angles of maxillary and mandibular inclination were
      measured by the Schwarz's method. The mean values of the measurements
      investigated, the distribution of the inclination directions, the combination of
      maxillary and mandibular inclination and priority in the inclination degree of
      inclusion were determined. It was found that 51.43% of the patients had the
      maxillary retroinclination and 88.57% the mandibular retroinclination. The
      maxillary anteinclination (61.53%) was dominant in cases with class III
      malocclusion only. The combination of the retroinclination of both jaws (47%) was
      the most frequent finding followed by the maxillary anteinclination and
      mandibular retroinclination (30%). In comparison with the maxilla, the mandible
      dominated in the degree of inclination in 80% of cases.

PMID- 2638167
TI  - [Some anthropometric facial characteristics in children of Prokuplje].
AB  - The authors investigated anthropometrically the facial growth in 7 to 14 years
      old school children from Prokuplje. The analysis included about 3500 children of
      both sexes (boys-1953), and girls-1823). This paper presents the results of the
      following facial diameters: facial height (N-Gn), bizygomatic (Zy-Zy) and
      bigonial distance (Go-Go), and gonial angle. It was observed that facial
      dimensions investigated increased gradually in all age groups and both sexes. In
      the late childhood growth of the facial diameters showed some decrease. The
      facial height and bigonial diameter increased almost equally in both sexes. The
      sexual dimorphism was registered in favour of the male sex up to 10 years. It was
      also established that is more expressed for the facial height and bigonial
      distance. Finally, children from Prokuplje showed lower values in some
      investigated measurements compared with their contemporaries from other
      localities in the Nis area.

PMID- 2638168
TI  - [Cephalometric and tomographic evaluation of the treatment results of Class II
      division 1 obtained by elastic activator].
AB  - A group of 10 patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion was treated by an
      elastic activator for 11 months in order to achieve an orthopaedic improvement in
      the anteroposterior jaw relationship. Another group of 8 untreated patients with
      the same malocclusion served as a control group. Both groups involved the
      patients between 8 and 10 years of age. A comparative cephalometric and
      tomographic study prior to the treatment and after completion of the treatment
      revealed the following results: an improvement in the occlusal relationships due
      to both skeletal (an anterior mandibular displacement and an increase in the
      mandibular length) and dentoalveolar changes; it was possible to produce a growth
      stimulation of the mandibular condyle associated with a translation of the
      glenoid fossa by using an elastic activator; there was a direct correlation
      between the effects of the treatment and the age period of the patients (mixed
      dentition).

PMID- 2638169
TI  - [Dynamics of the cranial base angle changes during the second trimester of the
      normal intrauterine growth and development].
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate dynamics of the cranial base angle
      changing during the second trimester of the normal intrauterine growth and
      development. The material consisted of 35 fetuses, both sexes, derived from
      artificial abortions of the uncomplicated pregnancies, gestational ages from the
      14th to the 23rd week. Measurements of the cranial base angle were assessed from
      tracings of lateral cephalometric radiographs. It was found that cranial base
      angle decreased with the age for about 2.25 degrees per week; from 160 degrees in
      the 14th week to 140 degrees in the 23rd week. However, significant individual
      variations of the cranial base angle changes also existed. Thus, among the 99% of
      fetuses investigated, angle of the cranial base decreased from about 2.00 degrees
      to 2.50 degrees per week.

PMID- 2638170
TI  - [Dynamics of the sagittal cranial base changes during second trimester of normal
      intrauterine growth and development].
AB  - The aim of the present study was an estimation of dynamics of changes in anterior
      (NS) and posterior (SBa) cranial base lengths, during the second trimester of
      normal intrauterine growth and development. Material was consisted of 40 fetuses,
      gestational ages 14th to 23rd week, both sexes, derived from artificial abortions
      in uncomplicated pregnancies. The investigation was performed on the standardised
      lateral cephalometric radiographs. Results showed that anterior and posterior
      cranial base had almost equal rates of growth during the period investigated
      (approximately 1.8 mm per week). The posterior cranial base demonstrated greater
      individual variability during growth than the anterior one. Consequently, length
      of the anterior cranial base (NS) may be used as a confident predictor of the
      gestational age.

PMID- 2638171
TI  - [A cephalometric study of mandibular growth pattern in twins].
AB  - Cephalometric method was used in the study of the growth pattern of the mandible
      in a sample of 40 twin pairs, 20 monozygotic and 20 dizygotic. Zygizity diagnosis
      of the twins was determined on the basis of the similarity method as well as on
      the serological investigations. For this investigation sum of the angles of
      Bjork's polygon (NSAr + SArGo + ArGoMe) was used as well as percentage
      relationship between posterior and anterior facial heights (SGo/NMe). Both, the
      Bjork's polygon and percentage relationship of the anterior and posterior facial
      heights were calculated. Intra- and interpair comparisons between monozygotic and
      dizygotic pairs were calculated. It was concluded that genetic factors played an
      important role in the control of the type of mandibular growth.

PMID- 2638172
TI  - [A cephalometric planning in team treatment of different types of Class III
      malocclusion].
AB  - The technique of cephalometric reconstruction, used by Henderson, is described.
      The method of reconstruction is illustrated in three cases with the following
      types of Class III malocclusion: maxillary orthognathism and mandibular
      prognathism; maxillary retrognathism and mandibular orthognathism; and maxillary
      retrognathism; and mandibular prognathism.

PMID- 2638174
TI  - [Use of the computer in dentistry].
AB  - The author summarized the basic principles, forms, functions and possibilities of
      a modern computer use in dentistry.

PMID- 2638173
TI  - [Biomechanical aspect of closing median diastema with a segmental arch].
AB  - Before orthodontic movement of the tooth it is necessary to analyze the
      anticipated system of forces. On an example of closing diastema between the upper
      central incisors with a segmental arch an analysis of the force and the moment
      which are manifested in the course of disactivation of apparatuses has been done.
      Prior to that biomechanical analysis enables planning and construction of a fixed
      orthodontic apparatuses so that the possibility of the unwanted movement of the
      teeth is avoided.

PMID- 2638175
TI  - [A study of genetic influence on the cranial base variations in cases with
      cleidocranial dysostosis].
AB  - The purpose of the present study was an investigation of the hereditary influence
      on the shape and size of the cranial base in cases with cleidocranial dysostosis,
      in an attempt to contribute to an improved understanding of the syndrome. The
      sample consisted of 32 patients with cleidocranial dysostosis. Out of these 32
      cases, 21 were affected members of 7 families and 11 sporadic cases. Quantitative
      and qualitative types of study were performed on the lateral skull radiographs.
      The first part of study involved a metric analysis of the angle NSBa and lengths
      of the anterior (N-S) and posterior (S-Ba) parts of the cranial base as well as
      the total length of the cranial base (N-Ba). The second part of this study
      involved a superimposition of the cranial base as well as its parts (pituitary
      fossa, anterior and posterior clinoid processus, dorsum sellae and the part of
      clivus facing the endocranium) in both the family and sporadic cases in order to
      assess the degree of similarity between them. In the first part of study a
      comparison was made between sample with syndrome and a control sample consisting
      of normal cases of adequate sex and age. Significance of differences between the
      samples was calculated by using t test. It was found that the sample with
      syndrome demonstrated significantly lower mean values of N-S, S-Ba and N-Ba
      dimensions. The mean value of NSBa angle was lower in the sample with syndrome
      but there was no significant difference. Following this, cases with the syndrome
      were divided in two groups: familial and sporadic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2638176
TI  - [Gnathometric changes in examinees with and without early findings of crowding--a
      longitudinal study].
AB  - The longitudinal sample of children of both sexes (31 without crowding and 39
      with crowding) has been investigated to examine the influence of clinically
      estimated findings in the deciduous dentition in the volume of jaw growth as well
      as in the occurrence of some malocclusions in the mixed dentition. The children
      were examined for the first time at the age of 4.5 and again 3 years later. The
      results have pointed out the following: there was no essential difference in the
      volume of transversal and sagittal jaw growth in reference to early findings; in
      both groups the significant enlargement of transversal and sagittal dimensions
      was recorded; mean of the width of the upper dental arch are significantly higher
      in the group without crowding in primary dentition; mean of the length of the
      upper dental arch are somewhat higher in the examinees with early findings of
      crowding at the first examination, namely in the examinees without early finding
      of crowding at the second examination; mean of the overjet are somewhat higher in
      the group with early finding of crowding; distribution of the examinees in the
      mixed dentition according the orthodontic diagnosis does not show essential
      differences in regard to early finding; the largest number of the examinees in
      the mixed dentition shows the symptoms of the primary crowding regardless of the
      earlier findings; only 29.1% examinees without early finding of crowding,
      maintain the same characteristic in the mixed dentition; in the 26.4% examinees
      with early finding of crowding, there comes to the spontaneous loss of the
      primary symptoms during the change of teeth namely to the transfer to the group
      with no crowding.

PMID- 2638177
TI  - [Growth changes of some craniofacial dimensions].
AB  - A longitudinal investigation was done on the sample of 14 children, both sexes
      between seven and ten years of age. Lateral cephalometric roentgenograms, taken
      once a year under the same conditions, were used for this analysis. It was found
      that SNA angle decreased, and SNB angle increased during the growth period
      investigated. The maxillary plane inclination increased and the mandibular plane
      inclination decreased during this period. According to the Bjork's poligon
      analyses anterior growth rotation was found. All the linear measurements
      investigated increased with the age, but statistically significant difference was
      found only for the length of maxillary base and the upper face height.

PMID- 2638178
TI  - [A longitudinal study of craniofacial growth in five cases with surgically
      repaired unilateral complete cleft lip and palate].
AB  - The aim of this longitudinal study was to cephalometrically assess growth changes
      of the craniofacial system in five cases with completed unilateral cleft of lip
      and palate, aged 8-11 years. Two types of study were performed: a)
      superimposition of cephalometric tracings of the lateral skull radiographs in two
      growth stages; b) metric analysis of SNA, SNB, NSAr, SArGo, ArGoMe angles, as
      well as S-Go:N-Me percentages. On the basis of the results obtained from this
      study, it was found posterior growth rotation in 4 out of 5 cases, bimaxillary
      rethrognathism, and a decrease of the SNA and an increase of the SNB angles
      during the growth period investigated.

PMID- 2638179
TI  - Triclosan: a safety profile.
AB  - Triclosan (2, 4, 4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether), an antimicrobial agent,
      has been used extensively for 20 years in consumer products, principally in
      deodorants, soaps and other dermatological preparations. Recently, the use of
      triclosan has been extended to oral health care products such as dentifrices.
      This paper reviews safety information, both pre-clinical and clinical studies,
      from the literature, data submitted to the Antimicrobial I OTC Review Panel and
      unpublished work from the Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of the Colgate
      Palmolive Company. The data spans acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic
      toxicity; mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, reproduction/teratology and
      pharmacokinetics. Results of these studies show that triclosan is well tolerated
      by a variety of species including man. In clinical studies with triclosan in
      solutions and dentifrices, a steady state was reached by day 7 with blood levels
      in the parts per billion (ppb) range and urine as the main route of excretion.
      Based on these studies, triclosan can be considered safe for use in dentifrice
      and mouthrinse products.

PMID- 2638180
TI  - Salivary and plaque triclosan levels after brushing with a 0.3%
      triclosan/copolymer/NaF dentifrice.
AB  - The concentration and elimination rate of triclosan in saliva was assessed as
      part of a six week clinical study which evaluated the antiplaque efficacy of a
      0.3% triclosan/PVM/MA copolymer/NaF dentifrice. On day one of the study the
      concentration of triclosan in whole saliva was determined at various times after
      dentifrice use for both the triclosan/PVM/MA copolymer/NaF and placebo dentifrice
      groups. The results indicated that the salivary triclosan levels ranged from 19.7
      micrograms/ml at 5 minutes to 1 microgram/ml at 2 hours after use of the 0.3%
      triclosan dentifrice. The triclosan elimination curve for saliva exhibited a mono
      exponential decline with a half-life of 26 minutes. The plaque content of
      triclosan, one hour after dentifrice use, which was determined at the end of the
      study, was found to be relatively high (25 micrograms/g) compared to that seen in
      saliva at the same time (6.2 micrograms/ml). It was concluded that the 0.3%
      triclosan/PVM/MA copolymer/NaF test dentifrice provided effective delivery and
      bioavailability of the antiplaque agent, triclosan. This was based on the
      relatively high salivary and plaque triclosan levels observed and the concomitant
      reduction in plaque formation seen at the end of the study.

PMID- 2638181
TI  - Toothpastes containing 0.3% and 0.5% triclosan. I. Effects on 4-day plaque
      regrowth.
AB  - Triclosan has been added to toothpaste formulations, alone or with zinc salts, to
      reduce plaque regrowth. The most encouraging results have been obtained with
      triclosan/zinc formulations particularly at the higher concentrations of one or
      both agents. Formulations containing 0.2% triclosan alone have shown less promise
      and the aim of this study was to measure plaque regrowth over 4-day periods with
      the use of 0.3% and 0.5% triclosan toothpastes with and without the addition of a
      copolymer, polyvinyl methyl ether maleic acid (PVM/MA) and to compare the
      findings with a conventional fluoride/anionic detergent based toothpaste and a
      0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse. The method was a no oral hygiene randomized 6
      times crossover study using the toothpaste slurry rinsing method. Plaque was
      recorded by a plaque index and by area. Three of the four triclosan toothpastes
      reduced plaque regrowth significantly compared with the placebo, with no
      significant differences among the triclosan toothpastes. Plaque scores were
      always significantly lower with the chlorhexidine mouthwash compared to all
      toothpastes. The results suggest that at 0.3% to 0.5% triclosan alone or with a
      copolymer toothpaste may be a benefit to oral hygiene, but whether this is
      sufficient to affect gingival health requires further clinical evaluation.
      Further research would also appear indicated to determine optimal levels for the
      copolymer concentrations in toothpastes.

PMID- 2638182
TI  - Toothpastes containing 0.3% and 0.5% triclosan. II. Effects of single brushings
      on salivary bacterial counts.
AB  - For antimicrobials such as chlorhexidine antiplaque activity appears due to
      persistence of considerable antimicrobial action in the mouth. The substantivity
      of antimicrobial compounds can be evaluated by measuring the magnitude and
      duration of salivary bacterial counts following a single exposure. Such data has
      been shown to correlate with plaque inhibitory properties of antimicrobial
      compounds. This study measured the effects of single brushings with 0.3% and 0.5%
      triclosan with or without PVM/MA copolymer in toothpastes on salivary bacterial
      counts in 14 young adults. The results were compared with single rinsing with a
      0.2% chlorhexidine solution, water and a single brushing with a commercial
      fluoride toothpaste. The study was a 7 cell cross-over design, randomized using a
      7x7 latin square design. Chlorhexidine produced large and significant reductions
      which persisted to the 7 hour measurement time with no indication of count
      recovery at this time. The triclosan pastes containing the copolymer produced
      significant reductions which did not persist beyond 5 hours and evidence of
      bacterial count recovery with a paste containing triclosan but no copolymer
      (increments) was apparent after 30 minutes. The water and control paste produced
      no significant effects on counts. Intertreatment comparisons showed the
      chlorhexidine rinse more effective than all other preparations in all time
      periods. Some of the triclosan toothpastes containing the copolymer produced
      significantly greater effects compared to water or the control paste at some, but
      not all time periods. There was little difference between the triclosan pastes
      with the copolymer. Nevertheless, the duration and magnitude of salivary
      bacterial count reductions seen with the triclosan toothpastes may explain the
      plaque inhibition effect.

PMID- 2638183
TI  - The effectiveness of two test dentifrices on dental plaque formation: a 1-week
      clinical study.
AB  - A 1-week, double-blind clinical study was conducted to compare the effects on
      plaque formation of two test dentifrices with a placebo dentifrice. Male and
      female adult subjects received an oral prophylaxis and were randomly allocated to
      three study groups. The subjects used the dentifrice three times daily and were
      examined for the presence of plaque after seven days. The results indicated that
      one of the two test dentifrices, containing 0.3% triclosan, 2% of a copolymer,
      and 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in an insoluble sodium metaphosphate
      abrasive system, significantly reduced plaque formation by 16% when compared to
      the placebo dentifrice.

PMID- 2638184
TI  - Effect of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer on plaque formation:
      a 6-week clinical study.
AB  - A 6-week, double-blind, clinical study was conducted to determine the effect on
      plaque formation of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2% of a copolymer
      of methoxyethylene and maleic acid as compared to a placebo dentifrice. Ninety
      one male and female adult subjects with baseline Quigley-Hein Plaque Index scores
      of 1.5 or greater were entered into the study. Eighty-six subjects completed the
      entire 6 weeks of the study. Subjects were initially stratified into two balanced
      groups using their baseline Plaque Index score and each group was then randomly
      assigned to the use of one of the two test dentifrices. All subjects received an
      oral prophylaxis at the start of the study. Subjects were given either the
      triclosan/copolymer dentifrice or the placebo dentifrice and a soft-bristled
      toothbrush for home use and were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily
      (morning and evening) for 1 minute at each toothbrushing. At the end of the 2, 4
      and 6 weeks' use of their assigned dentifrice, the subjects had their teeth
      evaluated for plaque formation. The results indicated that the group assigned to
      the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice had 11.89%, 11.83% and 20.01% less plaque
      formation after 2, 4 and 6 weeks' use of the dentifrices, respectively, than the
      group assigned to the placebo dentifrice. All reductions in plaque formation were
      statistically significant at the 97% level of confidence or greater. The effect
      was more pronounced on the tooth surfaces that had the heaviest plaque
      formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2638185
TI  - The effect of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer on plaque
      formation and gingivitis: a 14-week clinical study.
AB  - One hundred eighteen male and female adult subjects were entered into a 14-week,
      double-blind clinical study to compare the effect of a dentifrice containing 0.3%
      triclosan and 2% of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid on plaque
      formation and gingivitis. The subjects were stratified into two balanced groups
      according to baseline plaque scores. They then received an oral prophylaxis and
      were assigned to the use of either a placebo dentifrice or the
      triclosan/copolymer dentifrice for the next 14 weeks. After 6 weeks' use, the
      triclosan/copolymer dentifrice provided a 21.34% statistically significant (99%
      level of confidence) reduction in supragingival plaque deposits, as compared to
      the placebo dentifrice. The triclosan/copolymer dentifrice also provided a 5.49%
      reduction gingivitis after 6 weeks' use, as compared to the placebo dentifrice.
      This reduction was not statistically significant. After 14 weeks' use, the
      triclosan/copolymer dentifrice provided a 38.80% statistically significant (99%
      level of confidence) reduction in supragingival plaque deposits, as compared to
      the placebo dentifrice. The dentifrice containing triclosan and copolymer also
      provided 50.72% statistically significant (99% level of confidence) reduction in
      gingivitis, as compared to the placebo dentifrice. When tooth surfaces with the
      highest degree of plaque formation (i.e. Quigley-Hein score greater than or equal
      to 3) were examined at 6 weeks, the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice provided a
      42.92% statistically significant (99% level of confidence) reduction in
      supragingival plaque deposits, as compared to the placebo dentifrice.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2638186
TI  - Tumor spread in unilateral optic glioma. Study report No. 2. North American Study
      Group for Optic Glioma.
AB  - We describe 106 cases with unilateral optic nerve gliomas confined initially to
      the orbit. Thirty-four have been observed without biopsy or excision, 28 had a
      biopsy and 44 had complete excision of the glioma. Data on these cases were
      collected from 21 academic centers and comprise the second report by a recently
      formed study group. Some of the cases have been previously reported, but the
      present study extends their follow-up. The cases have been analyzed with regard
      to the certainty of diagnosis, the basis for unilaterality, the type of excision,
      duration of follow-up and growth of the tumor. We addressed three related
      questions. Can even the most sophisticated neuroimaging and histological
      techniques reliably detect the cranial extent of an optic glioma? Is the tumor
      often enough unifocal in one nerve so that excision has a reasonable chance to
      effect a cure? What percentage of untreated unilateral optic gliomas eventually
      spread to the chiasm? While this is an ongoing study, data collected to date seem
      to indicate that most tumors are unicentric and that only infrequently do they
      invade the chiasm (4 of 106 cases).

PMID- 2638187
TI  - The 1988 Jansson memorial lecture. The performance of the 'idiot-savant':
      implicit and explicit.
AB  - 'Idiots-savants' are people of low intelligence who have one or two outstanding
      talents such as calendrical calculation, drawing or musical performance. Such
      people are mostly male and occur with high frequency among the autistic
      population. Do they perform their amazing feats because of an outstanding memory
      or do they draw on some faculty of reasoning to help them? Although they cannot
      easily make clear how they carry out their tasks by using speech, experiments
      reveal that they follow simple rules which they use to aid them in recalling
      correct dates and sequences in classical music. It has been said that they cannot
      abstract but this turns out not to be true: all can abstract to some degree and
      some are more at home with abstract than with concrete material. Whatever else is
      true of these handicapped but gifted people their gift becomes apparent at an
      early age and is apparently not improved by practice. Perhaps the most important
      conclusion from work with these groups is that their gifts force us to think
      again about the concept of general intelligence. How far is it possible to have
      low intelligence and yet be an outstanding musician or artist? Speculation on
      this idea may force us to revise our concepts of intelligence, neuropsychology
      and handicap.

PMID- 2638188
TI  - A diagnostic model and a test to assess word-finding skills in children.
AB  - There has been a diagnostic gap in the assessment of word-finding disorders in
      children. Although research in this area has continued to document strong
      correlations between word-finding skills and low reading achievement, dyslexia,
      language disorders, learning disabilities, and stuttering there have been no
      formal standardised measures for the assessment of word-finding skills in
      children. The purpose of this paper is to present: (1) a diagnostic model for the
      assessment of word finding; (2) a literature review that supports this model; (3)
      a formalised measure, the Test of Word Finding (TWF), which executes this
      diagnostic model for children. The assessment model includes variation in
      stimulus context (multiple naming sections); incorporates indices traditionally
      used to define word-finding problems in adults and children (accuracy, response
      time, response analysis and secondary characteristics); and provides for a
      comprehension assessment of naming errors. Components of this model are discussed
      with respect to stimulus context, target word frequency, nature of the target
      word and facilitating cues.

PMID- 2638189
TI  - An investigation of maternal interaction with phonologically disordered children
      as compared to two groups of normally developing children.
AB  - This study looked at the verbal interaction between mothers and their offspring
      with phonological disorders (age 3;6-5;1 years) who otherwise had language
      development within normal limits. This interaction was compared to two groups of
      mothers with children who were developing all aspects of language normally. There
      were eight subjects in each of the three groups: the phonologically disordered
      children (PDC), a group matched for age and language ability (AMG) and a group of
      children under 3 years (YCG) with age appropriate phonological development. Audio
      tapes were transcribed and percentage frequencies of certain verbal behaviours in
      both adult and child were calculated. The mother-child interaction of the
      phonologically disordered group was found to differ significantly from that of
      the peer group and more closely to resemble that of the younger normally
      developing children and their mothers.

PMID- 2638190
TI  - Speech therapy for psychogenic voice disorder: a survey of current practice and
      training.
AB  - A survey of speech therapists in the United Kingdom showed that they usually
      undertook the treatment of psychogenic voice disorders. Their pre-qualification
      education had provided advice that was usually reflected accurately in the
      experience they gained in practice, though during their education about a third
      had lacked any opportunity to treat or observe psychogenic voice disorders. The
      appropriate duration of treatment appears to be in doubt. At present, speech
      therapists acquire many of the psychological skills required for treatment after
      qualification. There is a substantial need for post-qualification courses,
      although more practical instruction on psychological treatment might
      advantageously be incorporated in initial education.

PMID- 2638191
TI  - The substituent effect on complex formation between alpha-trypsin and para
      substituted benzamidinium ions: a thermodynamic study.
AB  - 1. Dissociation constants, Ki, were determined spectrophotometrically by
      measuring the absorbance at 410 nm, using N alpha-benzoyl-D,L-arginine-para
      nitroanilide (Bz-D,L-Arg-Nan) as substrate. The Ki values for the complexes of
      alpha-trypsin with each of the para-derivatives of the benzamidinium ion -NH2, 
      CH3, -H, -F, -Cl, -Br, -COOEt, and -NO2 were measured at six temperatures (8, 15,
      20, 25, 29 and 33 degrees C), in order to determine the thermodynamic parameters
      delta G0, delta H0, delta S0, and delta C0P for complex formation. 2. The
      standard enthalpy change (delta H0) was constant (-12.45 kcal/mol) and all other
      parameters were also negative. The large negative values obtained for the
      standard heat capacity change (delta C0P) suggest that the process occurs with a
      conformational adaptation in the enzyme structure. 3. The apparent partial
      specific volumes of free alpha-trypsin and alpha-trypsin bound to benzamidinium
      ion indicated that there is a decrease of approximately 0.10 cm3/g in the enzyme
      volume when the inhibitor binds. This contraction is consistent with the release
      of about 130 water molecules per enzyme molecule.

PMID- 2638192
TI  - Effect of posture and physical activity on urinary protein excretion by patients
      with glomerular proteinuria diseases.
AB  - The rate of urinary protein excretion (Uprot.V) was evaluated in 20 patients with
      massive proteinuria caused by various histopathological types of glomerular
      disease. Measurements were made during five consecutive periods: period A
      (overnight bed rest) and periods B, C, D and E corresponding to normal everyday
      upright physical activity. Mean Uprot.V was significantly lower during period A
      (8.2 +/- 1.3 mg/min, mean +/- SEM) than during all the periods of physical
      activity (11.8 +/- 1.8 mg/min). For 5/20 patients, physical activity induced a
      mean percent increase of 340 +/- 200% and for 11 an increase of 51 +/- 7% was
      observed. Only in 4 patients was the rate of urinary protein excretion unaffected
      or decreased on the average by -20 +/- 9% during physical activity.

PMID- 2638193
TI  - Sequential noninvasive assessment of left ventricular size, regional wall
      thickness and function during 3 hours of coronary artery occlusion and
      reperfusion: differential effects of reflow in dogs with small vs large areas at
      risk.
AB  - 1. The present study was undertaken to determine noninvasively the sequential
      changes in left ventricular (LV) size, wall thickness and regional contractile
      function occurring during 3 h of proximal left anterior descending coronary
      artery occlusion (CAO), and their modification by reperfusion (REP) over a 7-day
      period. 2. Twenty, closed-chest, anesthetized dogs underwent CAO for 3 h and were
      reperfused for 7 days. Hemodynamics (aortic, LV pressure, LV dP/dt) and regional
      LV function were measured sequentially during CAO and reperfusion. The animals
      were killed at 7 days and infarct size was measured using the triphenyl
      tetrazolium-chloride technique. Regional function (systolic fractional area
      change, FAC) was measured in 40 LV segments of 5 two-dimensional echo short-axis
      planes (8 segments per section). 3. At three hours of CAO, 14 dogs developed
      extensive areas of akinesis or dyskinesis in more than 6 segments (Group I, large
      risk area), whereas 6 dogs developed akinesis or dyskinesis in 6 segments or less
      (Group II, small risk area). Four dogs died between 12 and 48 h after REP in
      Group I and none of Group II died. Recovery of regional function after REP was
      significantly different between Groups I and II: in hypokinetic segments, FAC
      improved from 16.7 +/- 0.9% (mean +/- SEM) at 3 h of CAO to 25.4 +/- 3.2% at 24 h
      and to 34.9 +/- 2.0% at 7 days (66.3 +/- 3.4% of baseline) after REP in Group I;
      in Group II, FAC increased from 16.6 +/- 1.5% at 3 h of CAO to 48.5 +/- 7.4% at
      24 h and to 52.4 +/- 1.6% (92.7 +/- 2.8% of baseline) at 7 days after REP. In
      akinetic/dyskinetic segments, FAC increased from -9.2 +/- 2.4% at 3 h of CAO to
      8.2 +/- 2.6% at 72 h and to 8.3 +/- 3.2% (15.1 +/- 5.8% of baseline) at 7 days of
      REP in Group I; in Group II, FAC rose significantly from -7.6 +/- 1.6% at 3 h of
      CAO to 39.9 +/- 7.3% at 24 h and to 50.8 +/- 4.3% (89.2 +/- 4.9% of baseline) at
      7 days after REP. There was a significant inverse correlation between the
      magnitude of compensatory hyperkinesis in the nonischemic wall and the extent of
      hypokinesis at 60 min (r = -0.82, P less than 0.001), but this correlation was
      less significant at 24 h (r = -0.64, P less than 0.01), 72 h (r = -0.53, P less
      than 0.02), and 7 days (r = -0.50, P less than 0.05) after REP.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2638194
TI  - Plasma folate and vitamin B12 levels in beta-thalassemia heterozygotes.
AB  - Plasma folic acid and vitamin B12 levels of 21 heterozygous beta-thalassemic
      patients from Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil did not differ from those of
      family member controls or of controls matched for age, sex and socioeconomic
      status. All values were within the normal range for folic acid (3-17 ng/ml) and
      vitamin B12 (200-950 pg/ml). A highly significant positive correlation (P less
      than 0.01) between folic acid and B12 levels was observed both in thalassemic
      patients (r = 0.93) and in the controls (r = 0.97).

PMID- 2638195
TI  - Correlation of postural and pathological findings in a modified four-vessel
      occlusion model of rat forebrain ischemia.
AB  - 1. The Pulsinelli preparation has largely simplified and avoided the
      complications of other models of brain ischemia in the rat. We present here
      modifications which improve the Pulsinelli preparation, based on a new and
      atraumatic technique for arterial clamping. Effective cauterization of vertebral
      arteries was obtained using a modified pyrographic device. Histopathological
      results demonstrate that the modified method was capable of reproducing the
      features of transient forebrain ischemia reported in the literature. 2.
      Consistent postural changes were induced by the ischemic insult. The intensity
      and interhemispheric symmetry of brain damage correlated well with the occurrence
      and maintenance of postural alterations throughout the ischemic period as well as
      with the duration of the latter.

PMID- 2638196
TI  - Circulating immune complexes in sickle cell-beta zero thalassemia.
AB  - A serum fraction from patients with sickle cell-beta zero thalassemia prepared by
      treatment with polyethyleneglycol showed increased amounts of C1q-precipitable
      immune complexes, i.e., 216 micrograms/dl (range, 141-266 micrograms/dl) vs 181
      micrograms/dl (range, 152-228 micrograms/dl) for controls (P less than 0.05), as
      well as increased amounts of protein. Levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4 and factor
      B in the same fraction were within the normal range.

PMID- 2638197
TI  - Reduction of interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 production by patients with advanced
      cancer.
AB  - 1. The concentrations of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) produced
      in the supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from patients
      with advanced cancer were measured to identify some of the causes of the
      immunological impairment characteristic of malignant disease. 2. Mononuclear
      cells obtained from 19 cancer patients were stimulated to produce IL-1 and IL-2
      and compared with those of healthy controls. A severe reduction of both IL-1 and
      IL-2 activity was observed. 3. There was no correlation between the lower number
      of OKT4+ cells observed in these patients and the levels of IL-2 production. The
      removal of monocytes did not bring IL-2 levels to normal. Impaired IL-2
      production could not be restored to normal by addition of IL-1. 5. These results
      suggest that exogenous IL-1 and IL-2 may be useful in cancer immunotherapy.

PMID- 2638198
TI  - Demonstration of anti-bradykinin compounds in callus cultures of Mandevilla
      velutina.
AB  - Calluses from stems and leaves of Mandevilla velutina were grown in culture for
      30, 45 and 60 days. Thin-layer chromatography of ethyl acetate extracts of
      calluses from stems of M. velutina revealed the presence of 6 compounds. Two of
      them had RF values identical to those of the anti-bradykinin (BK) compounds
      MV8609 and MV8610 previously isolated from the natural plant. The ethyl acetate
      extract (20 to 80 micrograms/ml) from stem callus culture antagonized in a
      concentration-dependent and reversible manner contractions caused by BK (0.1-1000
      nM) in the isolated rat uterus. The extracts obtained from calluses cultured for
      30, 45 and 60 days were about 79-, 63- and 31-fold more potent, respectively, in
      antagonizing BK than the crude extract obtained from the rhizome of the plant.

PMID- 2638199
TI  - Late eosinophil mobilization induced by PAF-acether in the pleural cavity of
      rats.
AB  - In view of the rapid degradation of PAF in biological fluids, this study was
      designed to determine if late eosinophil infiltration induced in rats by PAF was
      derived from its direct chemotactic action. A significant and selective 5-fold
      increase in the pleural eosinophil counts was detected 24 h after intrapleural
      PAF injection. The transfer of 6-h PAF washings to the pleural cavity of
      recipient rats also induced a 3-fold selective accumulation of eosinophils. The
      protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide abolished the pleural eosinophil
      migration and the generation of transferable chemotactic activity when
      administered to donor but not to recipient rats. These findings suggest that a
      secondary protein mediator accounts for the late eosinophil mobilization induced
      by PAF.

PMID- 2638200
TI  - Gossypol affects the responsiveness of isolated rat myometrium and vas deferens.
AB  - The effects of gossypol on responsiveness of both rat myometrium and vas deferens
      were analyzed. In myometrial strips, gossypol (1-30 microM) produced rightward
      displacements of the cumulative concentration-response curves to acetylcholine,
      bradykinin and oxytocin, accompanied by reductions in maximal responses. Gossypol
      (30 microM) also completely abolished the contractions induced by field
      stimulation of the rat vas deferens. The IC50 values for gossypol against agonist
      induced myometrial contractions and field-stimulated vas deferens contractions
      were similar, ranging between 13 and 18 microM. These results provide additional
      evidence that gossypol exerts a direct and irreversible inhibition of the
      contractility of both male and female reproductive organs.

PMID- 2638201
TI  - Some behavioral effects of the pesticide amitraz.
AB  - Acute oral administration of the pesticide amitraz at the doses of 60 and 100
      mg/kg (N = 10 per group) significantly decreased the rearing frequency of rats
      observed in an open field to 8 +/- 8 and 5 +/- 5, respectively, when compared to
      28 +/- 5 for control rats treated with vehicle only. The same doses of amitraz (N
      = 10 per group) increased duration of immobility to 80 +/- 50 and 113 +/- 64 s,
      respectively, when compared to 113 +/- 64 s for the controls. Acute oral
      administration of amitraz (20, 60 or 100 mg/kg, N = 10 per group) significantly
      increased the convulsive threshold dose of rats for strychnine, picrotoxin and
      pentylenetetrazole. Amitraz administered ip to mice at the doses of 20, 60 and
      100 mg/kg (N = 10 per group) significantly increased sleeping time in a dose
      dependent manner to 96 +/- 26, 120 +/- 29 and 198 +/- 58 min, respectively, when
      compared to 45 +/- 15 min for control mice treated with vehicle only. These
      results indicate that amitraz produces a depressant effect on the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 2638202
TI  - Effect of cisplatin on glomerular hemodynamics.
AB  - 1. The effects of cisplatin on renal microcirculation were evaluated in euvolemic
      Munich-Wistar rats submitted to micropuncture. Nine rats received a single dose
      of cisplatin (6 mg/kg, ip), and 6 control rats received the same volume (0.3 ml)
      of 150 mM NaCl 4 days before the measurements. 2. Cisplatin administration
      induced non-oliguric acute renal failure by decreasing glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR) from 0.96 +/- 0.05 to 0.33 +/- 0.04 ml/min (P less than 0.05) and by
      increasing urinary volume from 3.3 +/- 0.3 to 12.4 +/- 2.2 microliters/min (P
      less than 0.05). 3. Cisplatin administration decreased single nephron GFR from
      34.2 +/- 2.1 to 20.1 +/- 2.3 nl/min (P less than 0.05) due to a reduction in both
      glomerular plasma flow from 106 +/- 9 to 61 +/- 6 nl/min (P less than 0.05) and
      transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference from 31 +/- 1 to 27 +/- 1 mmHg (P
      less than 0.05). An increase in arteriolar resistances, mainly afferent
      arteriolar resistance from 2.5 +/- 0.2 to 4.7 +/- 0.5 x 10(10) dyn.s.cm-5 (P less
      than 0.05), was observed. The glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient was
      unchanged.

PMID- 2638203
TI  - Effects of intrauterine undernutrition on the renal function of the progeny.
AB  - The progeny of rats submitted to 50% food restriction during a) the first 11 days
      of pregnancy (R1 group) and b) the entire period of pregnancy (RT group) was
      studied for renal function. After birth, the litter was left with the mother for
      28 days and allowed free access to food and water until the experimental time,
      which occurred 3 months after birth. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal
      plasma flow (RPF) and urinary flow (V) decreased significantly in both the Rl and
      RT groups when compared to control rats (C) (GFR = 4.44 +/- 0.12 and 4.26 +/-
      0.17 vs 6.95 +/- 0.25, and RPF = 19.06 +/- 0.57 and 12.59 +/- 0.60 vs 24.64 +/-
      1.18). However, net acid excretion calculated per ml GFR was maintained or even
      stimulated (AB = 12.63 +/- 0.44 and 8.31 +/- 0.29 vs 7.9 +/- 0.85). The results
      show that a definite impairment of glomerular hemodynamics is demonstrable 3
      months after birth in the progeny of mothers submitted to severe food restriction
      during pregnancy, even when the progeny have been on a normal diet for 2 months
      after suckling.

PMID- 2638204
TI  - Effect of urea on the mechanical and electrical activity of the perfused rat
      heart.
AB  - The mechanical and electrical activities of Langendorff perfused isolated hearts
      from albino female rats were studied before and after the addition of 17 mM urea
      to the medium. The effect of urea on the osmolarity of the perfusing solution was
      evaluated by also carrying out the measurement in 17 mM saccharose. The rate of
      the spontaneously beating hearts did not change after urea or saccharose
      treatment. However, urea promoted a decrease in the left ventricle isovolumic
      systolic pressure and a reduction of the total QRS amplitude. Saccharose did not
      alter mechanical or electrical characteristics. Although the concentration of
      urea which reduced systolic isovolumic pressure development and altered the ECG
      is well below that required to modify protein conformation in vitro, our results
      suggest that its action could be at the sarcolemmal level.

PMID- 2638205
TI  - Pain in the head and neck; where does it come from?

PMID- 2638206
TI  - Sensitivity, specificity, and the predictive value of facial electromyographic
      data in diagnosing myofascial pain-dysfunction.
AB  - Studies have shown uniformly that myofascial pain-dysfunction/temporomandibular
      (MPD/TM) patients have higher electromyographic (EMG) activity in the head-neck
      muscles than do non-MPD/TM subjects. However, no attempt has been made to use
      facial EMG data in diagnosing MPD/TM conditions. This paper explicates four
      concepts that can, in principle, serve to guide individual diagnosis using EMG
      data. It then reports an experiment in which resting facial EMG data were
      acquired from MPD patients and control subjects, and it evaluates preliminarily
      the diagnostic utility of the EMG information. The conclusion is offered that
      diagnosis via EMG is sufficiently promising to justify additional research.

PMID- 2638207
TI  - The effect of experimental anesthetization of the temporomandibular joint
      superior cavity on bite force discrimination.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether bilateral experimental sensory
      impairment of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), as induced by injecting 1.5 ml
      of two percent mepivacaine into the superior cavity of the TMJs would alter the
      subject's ability to discriminate among differences in their bite force.
      Assessment of bite force was measured isometrically, using the strain gauge
      scale, and isotonically, using the mechanical swing beam scale. Resistance forces
      of 500 and 1000 gms were selected as standards. For each task, subjects were
      given a series of paired resistance settings, one at a time, the first of each
      pair being the standard resistance and the second being a comparator resistance
      of some greater amount. Subjects reported whether biting against the comparator
      resistance was equal to, greater than, or less than the standard resistance. This
      procedure of paired comparisons was continued until the subject's threshold of
      discrimination (difference limen value) between two biting forces was
      established. The results revealed that the subject's ability to discriminate
      differences in their bite force, either isometrically or isotonically, was not
      significantly (p greater than 0.05) affected following anesthetization of the
      superior cavity of the TMJs. These findings suggest that the sensory receptors
      within the TMJ capsules are not significantly involved in the detection of forces
      that play a role in monitoring biting force.

PMID- 2638208
TI  - The relationship between craniomandibular dysfunction and malocclusion in white
      children with unilateral cleft lip and cleft lip and palate.
AB  - An epidemiologic study was conducted on white children with unilateral cleft lip
      and cleft lip and palate to investigate the relationship between craniomandibular
      dysfunction and malocclusion. The results showed no statistically significant
      correlations between each clinical sign and symptom of craniomandibular
      dysfunction and each type of malocclusion. When the definitional symptoms of
      craniomandibular dysfunction were aggregated, a statistically significant
      correlation was found only with anterior crossbite. Anterior crossbite, in most
      of the subjects with cleft lip and cleft lip and palate, is associated with
      skeletofacial growth disturbances. It is suggested, therefore, that the
      relationship between skeletofacial pattern and craniomandiubular dysfunction be
      investigated.

PMID- 2638209
TI  - A multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation and treatment of temporomandibular
      joint and cervical spine dysfunction.
AB  - This article presents a multidisciplinary approach to the management of
      temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and cervical spine dysfunction in a heterogeneous
      population of patients. A methodology for the systematic evaluation and treatment
      of patients is outlined; case histories are used to illustrate the workings of
      the model. A study to assess the efficacy of treatment was performed on 27 female
      and three male adult patients. Results indicated that patients achieved an 87%
      recovery rate at discharge with an 83% success rate six months after discharge. A
      control study was undertaken using 16 female and three male adults to establish
      indications for TMJ occlusal splint therapy in patients who present with
      questionable TM dysfunction. The multidisciplinary model presented in this
      article provides a system of patient evaluation and treatment that can be easily
      adopted by clinicians involved in a team approach to TMJ and cervical spine
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2638210
TI  - Postoperative physical therapy in temporomandibular joint arthroplasty.
AB  - This article offers an approach to rehabilitation of the temporomandibular joint
      (TMJ) following arthroplastic intervention. Surgical repair is recommended in
      selected chronic cases where symptoms are refractory to previous nonsurgical and
      surgical management. The surgical procedures and rehabilitation guidelines
      discussed include plication and menisectomy (with and without implant),
      costochondral graft, and total joint replacement.

PMID- 2638211
TI  - Reliability and validity of a pressure threshold meter in recording tenderness in
      the masseter muscle and the anterior temporalis muscle.
AB  - The reliability and validity of an algometer pressure threshold meter (PTM) was
      evaluated on 45 individuals, 25 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with
      craniomandibular dysfunction. Tenderness upon palpation was measured at six
      points located on the masseter muscle, the anterior temporal muscle, and on the
      zygomatic arch. The validity of the PTM was evaluated by comparison of the PTM
      values obtained by one examiner with the finger palpation score obtained by
      another examiner (Part 1). A statistically significant correlation between PTM
      values and finger-palpation scores was found at all of the points recorded (p
      less than 0.05). A statistically significant difference between PTM values was
      obtained for the symptom-free group and the patient group. The reliability of the
      PTM was evaluated at six points by repeated recordings at each marked point (Part
      2). High reliability coefficients (r = 0.79-0.94) were found at all the points.
      The study also showed that if the points were located with a certain inaccuracy
      (1.0 mm less than x less than 2.6 mm), the reliability coefficients were still of
      the same magnitude. The PTM can be recommended for evaluation of pressure pain
      thresholds in the masticatory system in clinical and experimental studies.

PMID- 2638212
TI  - Mandibular limitation due to enlarged pterygoid process and calcification of the
      medial pterygoid muscle. A case report.

PMID- 2638213
TI  - Does Eagle's syndrome always require operative intervention for treatment? Two
      case reports.

PMID- 2638214
TI  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome complicating the management of TMJ
      symptoms. A case report.

PMID- 2638215
TI  - Postsurgical myofascial pain resolved with dry-needling. Treatment protocl and
      case report.

PMID- 2638216
TI  - Progressive remodeling of an osteoarthritic condyle postoperative corono
      condylotomy. A case report.

PMID- 2638217
TI  - [Zuckerkandl tubercle of the thyroid gland (anatomo-surgical study: preliminary
      considerations)].
AB  - The presence of tubercle of Zuckerkandl (TZ) of the thyroid gland has been
      investigated in 20 specimens obtained from patients died from diseases not
      concerned to the cervical area. The project mas undertaken to elucidate the
      presence and the role of TZ as normal anatomical landmark. Special attempt has
      been paid to the relationships of the TZ with parathyroid gland and recurrent
      laryngeal nerve and the branches of the inferior thyroid artery. The tubercle was
      constantly found on the postero-medial surface of the thyroid lobe which showed
      constant relations with the branches of the inferior thyroid artery, superior
      parathyroid gland and recurrent laryngeal nerve. The outcomes of this preliminary
      report prove that TZ is an useful anatomical landmark to detect both superior
      parathyroid gland and laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery.

PMID- 2638218
TI  - [Solitary and multiple thyroid nodular pathology (results of 1,300 surgical
      interventions)].
AB  - To evaluate the results of single and multinodular thyropathies surgical
      treatment, 1.300 cases operated on from january 1974 to december 1987 were
      reviewed. 842 patients (64.7%) were female; the average age was 41 +/- 2.4 year.
      Thyroid pathology was represented by solitary nodule in 643 cases (49.4%);
      multinodular goitre in 559 cases (43.0%) (377 euthyroid, with multinodular
      lesions extended to the entire gland; 182, hyperthyroid); retrosternal goitre in
      78 cases (5.9%); recurrent goitre in 20 cases (1.5%). The patients underwent to:
      total thyroidectomy (525 cases); subtotal thyroidectomy (132 cases); total
      lobectomy (322 cases); subtotal lobectomy (321 cases). Post-operative follow-up
      (clinical exam; T3, T4, TSH, calcemia and phosphatemia) was performed at 3, 6,
      12, 18 and 24 months after surgery). The overall mortality was 0.13 percent (two
      deaths, respectively after total = 0.1% and subtotal thyroidectomy = 0.7%).
      Immediate postoperative complications were: recurrent palsy (9 cases: 0.6%; acute
      respiratory failure with temporary tracheostomy (10 cases: 0.7%);
      hypoparathyroidism (3 cases: 0.2%). Late sequelae (1-3 year) were: recurrent
      nerve palsy in 7 patients (0.5%); hypoparathyroidism in one case (0.07%). 46
      patients (34.8%) which underwent subtotal thyroidectomy were hypothyroid to T3,
      T4, TSH tests (1 year). Such sub-clinic pathology required levo-thyroxin
      treatment. New concepts on the pathogenesis of multinodular goitre (growth
      autonomy of goitre human tissue; the lack of levo-thyroxin therapy to prevent
      relapses after subtotal thyroidectomy) and the results drawed from the revision
      of this series seems confirm the indication to lobectomy for solitary "cold"
      nodules and thyroidectomy for treatment of normo and hyperthyroid multinodular
      goitre.

PMID- 2638219
TI  - [Our experience on the use of the antireflux prosthesis by the Angelchik method
      (personal contribution of 26 cases)].
AB  - The Angelchik prosthesis was used in 26 cases of gastroesophageal reflux disease
      resistant to medical therapy. The operations were crowned with success in 24
      cases out of 26 (92.3%), with complete disappearance of reflux. The procedure
      failed in two cases: the prosthesis was removed in one case due to postoperative
      acute haemorrhagic gastritis with a subsequent positive outcome; in this patient
      the Angelchik ring had been removed as a precaution. Failure in the second case,
      a patient with oesophageal stenosis and a short oesophagus, was due to
      mediastinal migration of the prosthesis. In this latter case, a successful
      duodenal bypass was created with antrectomy and a long Roux-en-Y anastomosis. The
      only intraoperative complication in the patient sample was a splenectomy for
      rupture of the splenic capsule. Postoperative complications not directly related
      to the prosthesis were perforation of a duodenal ulcer not diagnosed
      preoperatively and treated with raphia without impairing the functional efficacy
      of the ring, one case of pulmonary embolism and one case of cardiac infarction,
      all resolved with medical therapy. In all, the prostheses were removed in 3 cases
      out of 26 (11.5%). In addition to the two cases already described, the prosthesis
      was removed in one patient one year after the operation at the patient's specific
      request for "psychological" reasons. Migration of the prosthesis occurred in four
      cases of severe oesophageal stenosis with a short oesophagus, in three of which
      the prosthesis functioned perfectly even in the intrathoracic site. At follow-up
      examinations there was radiological disappearance of the hiatal hernia in 20
      cases out of 25. In one case there was no hernia even before the operation, and
      in four cases there was a short oesophagus with severe oesophagitis. Owing to the
      very easy performance of the operation together with its unquestionable
      antireflux efficacy, in our opinion three reliable indications emerge, namely:
      (i) in elderly patients at high surgical risk; (ii) in obese, brachytypical
      patients; and (iii) in the presence of severe oesophagitis, even with a short
      oesophagus.

PMID- 2638220
TI  - [Fournier syndrome (description of 2 clinical cases)].
AB  - The Authors describe two cases of Fournier's syndrome, a rare disease consisting
      in gangrene of the scrotum, penis skin and perineum, stressing the importance of
      construction of an intestinal diversion for healing this unusual condition.

PMID- 2638221
TI  - [Practice of conservative dentistry. Survey of 500 Bas-Rhin dentists].

PMID- 2638222
TI  - [A new instrument for dental use. A CO2 guided wave laser].

PMID- 2638223
TI  - [Choice of functional radiographic equipment].

PMID- 2638224
TI  - [The outcome of teeth after endodontic treatment. Two clinical cases].

PMID- 2638225
TI  - [Who's afraid of protective gloves? Some practical solutions to resolve a complex
      problem].

PMID- 2638226
TI  - [The liberated dentist and her continuing education].

PMID- 2638227
TI  - [Comparative study of enamel permeability to different laser sources. (Scanning
      electron microscope study of effects)].

PMID- 2638228
TI  - [Surgical laser in dentistry in 1989].
AB  - After many years of microscopie, cellular and molecular studies, the use of Laser
      rays progressively developed in dentistry. This therapeutical "tool" is now well
      established in numerous dental fields: cariology, pathology of oral mucosa,
      periodontics... The Europeans have great advance in this research area and
      current progress is the clear proof of their work efficiency.

PMID- 2638229
TI  - [Endosseous implantology].

PMID- 2638230
TI  - [The effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on gingival inflammation with an elevated
      bacterial plaque index].

PMID- 2638231
TI  - [Ergonomics: its raison d'etre. Approaches and reflections].

PMID- 2638232
TI  - [The color of natural teeth].

PMID- 2638233
TI  - [The difficult road to complete dentures].

PMID- 2638234
TI  - [Chlorhexidine mouthwash in the treatment and prevention of stomatitis in the
      aged denture wearer].

PMID- 2638235
TI  - [Evaluation for preprosthetic surgery].

PMID- 2638236
TI  - [Indications for preprosthetic surgery].

PMID- 2638237
TI  - [Preprosthetic surgery: technology and technics].

PMID- 2638238
TI  - [Tooth aging and removal of a broken endodontic instrument].

PMID- 2638239
TI  - [A simplified automated instrument for thermal treatment: the Micro Plasma
      System].

PMID- 2638240
TI  - Visual function in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - 126 patients with multiple sclerosis and normal visual acuity were submitted to a
      battery of tests of visual function. The investigation included visual evoked
      potential, contrast sensitivity by three methods, and a segment of the Farnsworth
      Munsell 100 Hue test. 22 of the patients gave a history of unilateral acute optic
      neuritis and in these the abnormalities were greater in degree. Contrast
      sensitivity emerged as the most useful test and was abnormal in 92.2% of eyes.
      Visual evoked potential was delayed in 35.6% and colour vision was abnormal in
      less than a third. In general, contrast sensitivity was depressed at all
      frequencies and most of the abnormalities could be identified by testing at a
      single frequency of 4 cycles/degree.

PMID- 2638241
TI  - Acute bilateral optic neuritis.
AB  - This paper presents the case study of six patients suffering from acute bilateral
      optic neuritis simultaneously manifested in both eyes. The clinical picture and
      the full laboratory investigation failed to establish a real cause of the
      disease. Finally the lack of general neurological symptoms and the good prognosis
      of the disease after a two year follow-up is stressed.

PMID- 2638242
TI  - Pigmentary dispersion syndrome subsequent IOL implantation in P.C.
AB  - Excessive iris trauma during cataract surgery with or without IOL implantation
      and intermittent contact between the lens implant and the iris in the post
      operative period may give rise to a pigment dispersion syndrome that can, in some
      cases, lead to a pigmentary glaucoma. This communication examines possible causes
      of the syndrome and the precautions to be undertaken in order to reduce its
      incidence.

PMID- 2638243
TI  - The permeability of the corneal epithelium of Graves' ophthalmopathy as
      determined by fluorophotometry.
AB  - The function of the corneal epithelium was evaluated in 30 patients with Graves'
      ophthalmopathy in whom no signs of corneal disease were observed. This function
      was evaluated by determining the permeability values of the corneal epithelium
      for fluorescein using fluorophotometry. The permeability values of the patients
      were compared with those of 46 healthy individuals. A significant increase in the
      permeability values was seen in 11 (37%) patients and in two (4%) controls (p
      less than 0.05). The difference in the mean permeability values between patients
      en controls was statistically significant (0.053 nm/sec. +/- 0.043 SD and 0.038
      nm/sec. +/- 0.017 SD, respectively, p less than 0.05). No relation was found
      between the permeability values of the corneal epithelium and the NOSPECS
      classification or the duration of the disease. There was a tendency for increased
      permeability values in patients having an exophthalmos larger than 20 mm.
      (correl. coeff. = + 0.3, p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2638244
TI  - Red glasses and visual function in retinitis pigmentosa.
AB  - As a consequence of animal reduction of the light regimes have been tried on
      patients with retinitis pigmentosa. The trials have been very limited and have
      not given reason for hope that such reduced light therapy may be beneficial.
      However, RP patients trying red glasses have reported acute subjective
      improvement of their visual function. It was the purpose of this study to try to
      document the reports more objectively. Five visual functions were tested with and
      without red glasses with the following results: 1. Visual acuity and contrast
      sensitivity. For one volunteer a small reproducible improvement was found. 2.
      Color vision. In most cases deterioration was found of already deficient color
      vision. 3. Visual fields. For volunteers with relatively preserved vision no
      difference or slight deterioration was found. For the other volunteers slight
      improvements were found. 4. Intraocular light scatter. No differences were found.
      5. Dark adaptation. Improvements were found when the glasses were used as
      adaptation aid according to the method of Trendelenburg (rod function). For cone
      function no difference was found upon continuous wearing of red glasses. IN
      CONCLUSION: use of red glasses does not seem to be of great benefit as a rule. On
      the other hand, apart from the reduction in color discrimination no serious
      disadvantages seem to be inherent in their wear by RP patients.

PMID- 2638245
TI  - The wide-angle pattern electroretinogram. Relation between pattern
      electroretinogram amplitude and stimulus area using large stimuli.
AB  - Pattern electroretinograms (PERGs) were recorded from two normal human subjects
      in response to various spatial frequencies and stimulus areas. The maximum
      stimulus area was 75 degrees x 86 degrees which was achieved by using a standard
      TV monitor and a reduced viewing distance. The amplitude of the PERG increased
      with area in an approximately logarithmic fashion over the range investigated.
      The explanation relates to non-linearities of the stimulus, the retinal image and
      neural processing. The wide-angle PERG may be useful in the assessment of retinal
      diseases affecting the mid-peripheral inner retina, such as diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2638246
TI  - Low oxygen prevents epithelial overgrowth of corneas in long-term organ culture.
AB  - Forth human corneo-scleral rings and 40 whole corneas with scleral rim were
      preserved in organ culture for up to six weeks in either normal (20%) or low (6%)
      oxygen concentration in the gas phase of the culture. Decreasing the oxygen
      prevented epithelial invasion of the inner side of the cornea without adversely
      affecting the condition of the endothelium. It is suggested that lower oxygen
      level might improve corneal preservation in organ culture.

PMID- 2638247
TI  - Sympathetic denervation hypersensitivity of the iris in ocular hypertension.
AB  - Sympathetic denervation hypersensitivity of the iris was assessed in 51 patients
      with ocular hypertension and 36 age- and sex-matched control subjects.
      Significantly increased pupillary dilatation in response to topically-applied
      0.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride, suggesting sympathetic denervation
      hypersensitivity of the iris, was present in the ocular hypertensive group (p
      less than 0.003). The effects of autonomic nerve function on aqueous dynamics are
      reviewed, and the association between autonomic dysfunction and ocular
      hypertension is discussed.

PMID- 2638248
TI  - [Dental conditions in elderly patients. 1].

PMID- 2638249
TI  - [Bilateral chronic luxation of the mandible. Clinical case].
AB  - The pathogenesis and treatment of the long standing dislocation of the mandible
      is showed by the Authors. A case of four months duration in a young man is
      presented. The reduction was accomplished manually under intravenous anaesthesia
      and relaxant drug. By the means of a digital electromyography a survey of the
      masticatory muscle before and after reduction was done. The normalisation of
      masticatory function was closed followed by improvement of electromyographic
      results.

PMID- 2638251
TI  - [Black hairy tongue. Clinical case].

PMID- 2638250
TI  - [Three-dimensional computerized tomography of jaw injuries].
AB  - The clinical use of three-dimensional computed tomography in diagnosis and
      planning treatment of maxillofacial injuries is described. Technical details have
      been discussed through the description of two cases.

PMID- 2638252
TI  - ["Characterized" removable orthodontic appliances].
AB  - The Author presents the results of a research done on 750 children, treated with
      removable appliances. The opportunity of characterizing the appliances, using a
      particular color, putting in the resin writings, drawings, slides, chosen by the
      patient, increases children cooperation. The measured increase in cooperation
      hours, is variable from 10% to 35%, depending from the treatment stage.

PMID- 2638253
TI  - [Odontogenic cysts. A case of keratocysts].
AB  - The Authors, after a clinic and diagnostic classification of keratocysts,
      described a case of keratocyst treated by surgical enucleation.

PMID- 2638254
TI  - [Calcium hydroxide in endodontic therapy. 1].

PMID- 2638255
TI  - [Antibiotic therapy of bacterial infections of the oral cavity].
AB  - More than 300 commencial bacterial species may be found in the oral cavity. Other
      microorganisms, such as mycoplasms, mycetes, protozoa and viruses are present as
      well. The virulency of the saprofites and additional contamination by outside
      microorganisms are factors determining the development of infectious process in
      the oral tissues. Moreover, streptococci and anaerobes are the most frequent
      aetiology agents. The antibiotic therapy should comply with the general treatment
      criteria, on the one hand, and should be specific for these microorganism, on the
      other. The penicillines (ampicillin, bacampicillin and especially amoxycillin)
      process pharmacokinetic properties which make them a favorable choice for
      treatment. These drugs are effective in case of streptococcal infections, with
      cariogenic processes involvement and dissemination (endocarditis,
      glomerulonephritis). Other, frequently used drugs are spiramycin, erythromycin,
      josamycin and myocamycin that are selectively taken up by the oral tissues and
      present in large quantities in the saliva. The macrolides have a large spectrum
      of action on microorganisms normally found in the oral cavity. Lincosamides
      (lincomycin and clindamycin) are active on anaerobes and are drugs of choice for
      treatment of staphylococcal osteomyelitis. Tetracycline therapy is restricted
      usually to parodontite cases caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and
      Capnocytophaga. In conclusion, the choice of antibacterial therapy should be
      based on the bacterial aetiology, as well as on the intrinsic drug
      characteristics (pharmacokinetic, side effects, toxicity etc.).

PMID- 2638256
TI  - [Neoplasms of the parotid space. Therapeutic guides].
AB  - The Authors report about 161 neoplasms of the parotid space observed in the ten
      year period since 1977 to 1987. With the exception of carcinomas and
      mucoepidermoid tumors, always to be treated by total parotidectomy, for the
      remaining pathology of the gland either neoplastic or not neoplastic as well as
      the extra salivary tissues diseases, the Authors suggest a conservative surgical
      treatment, in respect of the facial nerves and of the salivary tissue not
      directly involved.

PMID- 2638257
TI  - [Hippocratic oath and the deontology of dentistry].
AB  - After an historical briefly mentioning to Hippocrates' oath and the one of the
      German dentist (1880), this paper considers article n. 32 of the italian
      Constitution and the physician's responsibility, not only from the deontological
      aspect, but also with particular reference to the patient's rights which lead to
      the obligation of consensus. The Authors conclude looking forward to a special
      deontological code for dental graduates as soon as possible.

PMID- 2638258
TI  - [Impressions in metal-ceramics. Senile maxillary anterior teeth].

PMID- 2638259
TI  - [Dimensional stability of model materials for fixed partial dentures].

PMID- 2638260
TI  - [Are dental laboratories pharmaceutical ventures?].

PMID- 2638261
TI  - Global changes in caries prevalence and dental manpower requirements: 1.
      Assembling and analyzing the data.
AB  - A Joint Working Group of the WHO and FDI was formed in 1981 to investigate the
      dramatic decrease in caries in children and young people that had been observed
      in a number of industrialized countries in the 1970s. The results of this
      investigation are reported in this series of 3 articles. Part 1 describes the
      assembly and analysis of all available data on oral health, sugar consumption,
      fluoride availability and other preventive programmes from 20 selected countries.
      These data showed that nine developed countries had achieved substantial
      reductions in caries (25-60%) in 5- and 12-year-old children. The most probable
      reasons will be examined in Part 2, where it will be concluded that the single
      most important factor was the availability of fluoride toothpaste. The possible
      effects on dental manpower needs of a declining caries incidence will be
      discussed in Part 3.

PMID- 2638262
TI  - Treatment of the worn dentition: 2.
AB  - This is the second of two articles concerning the practical techniques involved
      in reconstruction of the worn dentition. Part 1 discussed approaches to managing
      occlusion, and practical techniques for restoring worn anterior teeth. This
      second article will describe the procedures involved when both anterior and
      posterior teeth are worn, and then give a guide to the management of the short
      clinical crown.

PMID- 2638263
TI  - Aggravated loss of tooth structure.
AB  - Self-inflicted tooth modification other than ritual mutilation practised in some
      countries is a rare occurrence. The author reports a case of aggravated loss of
      tooth structure where a patient has contributed to loss of tooth structure by the
      novel method of adjusting his natural teeth with a 'knife'. Subsequent management
      of the case is discussed.

PMID- 2638264
TI  - Surgical and orthodontic management of compound odontoma.
AB  - Practitioners should always consider the possibility of an odontoma when the
      eruption of teeth is delayed. The authors report an example of compound odontoma
      associated with delayed eruption of incisor teeth, and describe the surgical and
      orthodontic management of the case.

PMID- 2638265
TI  - Measurement of temperature generated by visible-light-cure lamps in an in vitro
      model.
AB  - The dental pulp is vulnerable to cavity preparation and restoration procedures.
      This vulnerability may be a result of the temperature rise generated by those
      procedures. When visible-light-cure lamps are used to place composite
      restorations, they cause the temperature in the pulp to rise. This study measured
      the temperature rise recorded when six visible-light-cure lamps were tested for
      20- and 60-second exposure times. They were also tested in conjunction with an
      air current passed along the face of the lens in order to lower the temperature.
      Analysis of the data indicates that the lamps do cause a temperature rise within
      the pulp chamber--a higher rise the longer the lamp is used. Dentin thickness is
      important, and air lowers the temperature generated.

PMID- 2638266
TI  - Effects of sliding velocity on the coefficients of friction in a model
      orthodontic system.
AB  - Four arch wire alloy products were evaluated against 400- or 600-grit finished
      stainless steel contact flats at 34 degrees C under prevailing atmospheric
      conditions. Six relative velocities (10, 1.0, 0.1, 5 x 10(-2), 5 x 10(-3), and 5
      x 10(-4) mm/min) were evaluated as many as three times each in order to simulate
      a range of sliding motion which approaches the mean rate of tooth motion--that of
      2.3 x 10(-5) mm/min. Measurements of the static and kinetic coefficients of
      friction were rather invariant for the stainless steel and nickel titanium arch
      wire products. In contrast, a slight increase and a definite decrease of both
      coefficients occurred for the cobalt-chromium and the beta-titanium arch wire
      products, respectively. On the presumption that tooth motion routinely occurs
      over a wide range of sliding rates, the stainless steel couple produced the
      lowest and the most consistent coefficients of friction, whereas the beta
      titanium wire on stainless steel flats produced the highest and the most erratic
      coefficients of friction. These observations should prevail whenever the film
      layer of saliva breaks down at, for example, the contact points of arch wire and
      bracket wings.

PMID- 2638267
TI  - Comparison of release of mercury from three dental amalgams.
AB  - Mercury release from dental amalgams has generated considerable concern in recent
      years and is the subject of this study. Specimens of one admixed high-copper
      amalgam (Contour), one lathe-cut low-copper amalgam (SDI), and a new tin- and
      copper-free amalgam claimed to be non-mercury-releasing (Composil) were evaluated
      for release of mercury when incubated in purified water at 37 degrees C.
      Measurement of mercury was done by cold-vapor atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry, and the amount released was expressed as micrograms/cm2/24 hr.
      Study was conducted over a four-week period. Results show that Contour and SDI
      released similar insignificant amounts (mean release of less than 0.1
      microgram/cm2/24 hr) compared with Composil (mean release of 41.0
      micrograms/cm2/24 hr). The difference in release by Composil compared with that
      by Contour and SDI is highly significant (P less than 0.001). The implications of
      chronic release of mercury from dental amalgams are discussed. Long-term release
      studies are in progress.

PMID- 2638268
TI  - Surface permeability and degradation of dental composites resulting from oral
      temperature changes.
AB  - The surface changes in dental composites caused by thermal cycling and different
      temperatures were evaluated by use of silver nitrate to stain the surface layers.
      Rapid temperature change resulted in the formation of layers within the surface
      which may have resulted from microcracking. Slow rates of change increased the
      depth and rate of diffusion of silver nitrate. Determination of the temperature
      changes at the surface of a restoration in the mouth indicated that in vivo
      temperature change is more likely to increase the depth of diffusion of oral
      fluids than to cause microcracking of the surface.

PMID- 2638269
TI  - Dissolution of metallic mercury in artificial saliva and eleven other solutions.
AB  - Dissolution of metallic mercury immersed in various solutions for one, three,
      seven, and 14 days was investigated by flameless atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. Solutions used in this study were artificial saliva, compounds
      of the four groups forming the artificial saliva (inorganic salts, amino acids,
      vitamins, other organic compounds) wholly or in part, 0.9% NaCl solution (saline
      solution), Ringer's solution, and distilled water. Artificial saliva showed a
      level of mercury dissolution seven times higher than that of saline or Ringer's
      solution. A large amount of dissolution, similar to that in artificial saliva,
      was found in the solution of the other organic compounds (containing glutathione)
      and in a solution containing only glutathione. Mercury dissolution in the
      solution of vitamins was small. There was a similarity in dissolution amounts
      between the solution of inorganic salts and that of amino acids. Glutathione
      played a major role in the dissolution of mercury.

PMID- 2638270
TI  - The wear of enamel when opposed by ceramic systems.
AB  - The wear of enamel when opposed by different ceramic systems was investigated by
      use of an artificial oral environment. Cerestore, Dicor, and Ceramco discs were
      opposed by recently extracted natural teeth. The samples were exposed to 300,000
      defined masticatory cycles under physiologic conditions. It was found that the
      wear mechanisms for Cerestore and Ceramco porcelains were similar, but were
      distinctly different from that of Dicor. The total volume loss of enamel was 50%
      less when opposed by Dicor, than when opposed by either the Cerestore or Ceramco
      porcelains. None of the samples had any external shade applied to their surfaces.

PMID- 2638271
TI  - Low-silver amalgam restorations: a two-year clinical evaluation.
AB  - A clinical survey of amalgam restorations made with four proprietary alloys with
      low-silver and high-copper contents was followed during a two-year period,
      according to USPHS criteria. With the exception of one alloy, the marginal
      integrity was found to be very satisfactory. All the restorations lost their
      superficial luster in a short period of time.

PMID- 2638272
TI  - Technical note: antimicrobial action of glass-ionomer lining cement on S. sanguis
      and S. mutans.
AB  - There are a number of glass-ionomer lining cements available to the profession.
      It is generally agreed that the glass-ionomer cements demonstrate reasonably good
      biocompatibility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial
      activity of six glass-ionomer cements on S. sanguis and S. mutans. Forty-eight
      plates of TSA-SRBC (10%), each with 3.0-mm-diam. wells, were divided into two
      groups (1 and 2) of 24 each. Group 1 was inoculated with S. sanguis (10558) and
      Group 2 with S. mutans (6715-13 w.t.). Each well was filled with 4.0 mg of one of
      the following liners: Glassic (A), Shofu lining cement (B), GC lining cement (C),
      Ever Bond (D), Gingiva Seal (E), and Ketac Bond (F); the empty wells served as
      control. Plates were incubated under microaerophilic conditions at 37 degrees C,
      and checked daily over seven days for inhibition zones. Average inhibition zones
      (mm) at 7 days were as follows: Group 1-1A = 10.00, 1B = 7.83, 1C = 18.50, 1D =
      13.00, 1E = 8.67, and 1F = 9.33; Group 2-2A = 3.08, 2B = 10.25, 2C = 12.75, 2D =
      15.58, 2E = 8.83, and 2F = 3.20. All control wells were 0.0 GC liner and Ever
      Bond showed significantly greater overall inhibition of microbial growth than did
      other tested liners (p less than 0.5). A one-way ANOVA and SNK test showed that
      all tested liners were significantly more toxic toward S. sanguis than toward S.
      mutans (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2638273
TI  - Influence of fillers on the water sorption of composites.
AB  - The main objectives of this work were to characterize the water sorption of
      dental composites in terms of water uptake, diffusion coefficients (D), and
      polymer content, and to study how these parameters are influenced by the nature
      of the filler and the presence of 4-META (4-methacryloxy ethyl trimellitic
      anhydride). Four anhydrous composites--(1) tribasic calcium phosphate (TCP 50%)
      and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDM), (2) silanated lithium aluminum
      silicate (SS, 75%) and TEGDM, (3) barium sulfate [BaSO4 (70%) and poly(methyl
      methacrylate) (PMMA)], and (4) silane-coated barium glass (SBG) (75%)--and PMMA
      were employed in the water-sorption studies at 37 degrees C. The effect of 5% 4
      META on the diffusion and uptake of water was studied at 37 degrees C. The data
      conformed approximately to Fick's laws of diffusion. The values of D were found
      to be significantly smaller with SS, suggesting an effective coupling. Polymer
      contents in the latter two composites were determined by incineration of the
      samples to constant weight. The uptake of water by the filled specimens was about
      two-fold that which would be expected on the basis of the PMMA content. These
      filled specimens took nearly twice as much water as unfilled PMMA. An additional
      amount of water is perhaps accommodated at the interface between the filler and
      PMMA matrix. The D values for water in filled specimens were considerably larger
      than those in the unfilled specimens. It appears that the filler-matrix interface
      provides paths of facile diffusion similar to grain boundary diffusion.

PMID- 2638274
TI  - Elastic constants of three Ni-Cr dental alloys at room and elevated temperatures.
AB  - Dental porcelains are fused to metals at elevated temperatures. Therefore, the
      development of stress that affects the stability of porcelain-fused-to-metal
      (PFM) systems may be influenced by the temperature dependence of the elastic
      constants of both materials. The sonic resonance technique was used to determine
      the elastic moduli for three nickel-based dental alloys. In addition to room
      temperature data, the temperature dependencies of the Young's modulus (Y) and the
      shear modulus (G) were determined up to 600 degrees C (873 degrees K). The
      measured values for the resonant frequencies decreased with increasing
      temperatures, which resulted in correspondingly low moduli. The decrement of the
      elastic constants over the temperature range considered is less than 10%. The
      change of Poisson's ratio as a function of temperature for the alloys considered
      is presented in this paper.

PMID- 2638275
TI  - Rheological properties of topical fluoride gels.
AB  - The rheological properties of several commercial topical fluoride gels were
      studied. For that purpose, we investigated hysteresis loops under standard
      conditions, equilibrium values, apparent viscosities as a function of shear rate,
      rate of thixotropic recovery, and the influence of temperature. The rheological
      equilibrium values, treated by the Power Law and the Cross Equation, show very
      important differences. Five gels show pseudoplastic behavior; seven have
      thixotropic properties. For the risks of fluoride gel toxicity to be lowered,
      high pseudoplasticity seems most desirable for the first group; for the
      thixotropic gels, a combination of yield value (very high viscosity at rest), the
      presence of a static yield value (very fast decrease in viscosity at very low
      shear rates), and both fast and high thixotropic recovery after destruction seems
      ideal. Positive and negative, as well as practically no, influence on rheological
      properties can be noted when the temperature changes.

PMID- 2638276
TI  - Antibacterial properties of five dental amalgams: an in vitro study.
AB  - The antibacterial activity of five commercially available amalgams (Cupromuc,
      Dispersalloy, Fluoralloy, Predalloy, and Synalloy) against two bacterial species
      frequently isolated from dental plaque and caries (Actinomyces viscosus and
      Streptococcus mutans) was studied by use of a modification of the method of
      Orstavik (1985). All amalgams displayed some antibacterial properties. This
      antibacterial activity was amalgam- and bacteria-dependent. Cupromuc and
      Fluoralloy were the most active, and the non-gamma 2 amalgams showed intermediate
      activity. Combined with mechanical and biological properties, these differences
      should be taken into account when one is choosing an amalgam for clinical use.

PMID- 2638277
TI  - Corrosion of dental copper, nickel, and gold alloys in artificial saliva and
      saline solutions.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to study the tarnish and corrosion of three
      commercial copper alloys, three experimental copper alloys, two nickel alloys,
      and one high-gold alloy by exposing the specimens for four weeks to artificial
      saliva and saline solutions. Half of the specimens were brushed, and the
      solutions were changed regularly. The copper-based and the beryllium-containing
      nickel alloys exhibited significant surface alterations after exposure to either
      solution. The potential of elevated release of ions to the oral cavity and to the
      target organs by some of the investigated alloys should be considered if dental
      usage of these alloys is to be extended.

PMID- 2638278
TI  - Flexural activation and de-activation responses of orthodontic wires in single
      tooth, occlusogingival corrections.
AB  - An experimental design was developed to simulate the processes of the activation
      in flexure of a wire segment to engage an occlusogingivally-malposed tooth and
      the correction of that malalignment. Independent, controlled parameters,
      clinically referred, were wire material, mesiodistal bracket width, and inter
      bracket distance. Full-cycle, activation/de-activation diagrams were generated
      for 96 specimens. Each load-deflection diagram was in five segments. Slope
      discontinuities occurred at the states of disappearance and reappearance of
      "second-order" clearances at the support sites. Ratios of the slopes of the
      diagrams above these discontinuities to their counterparts beneath the
      discontinuities were typically between 2:1 and 4:1. A segment of the diagram was
      distinct at the initiation of de-activation, and was related to the reversal of
      frictional forces at the supports. Generalizing, in some cases activation may not
      eliminate the cited clearances; in others, clearances may be negligibly small in
      the passive states. Apparently, analyses should ordinarily recognize the
      segmented formats of the activation and de-activation plots. In comparisons of
      activation with de-activation plots within the individual diagrams, differences
      in quantified properties for the cobalt-chromium- and nickel-titanium-alloy wires
      were sufficient to suggest further study toward an objective of predicting de
      activation behavior from outcomes of an activation analysis.

PMID- 2638279
TI  - Mechanical properties and filler fraction of dental composites.
AB  - Several mechanical properties of experimental composites and an unfilled resin
      were studied. The dynamic Young's modulus was measured with a non-destructive
      dynamic method. The Young's modulus and also the transverse strength were
      determined statically by means of three-point bending. The hardness was studied
      by means of Wallace indentation depth measurements, and in vitro wear resistance
      was assessed under stress-bearing conditions. An exponential regression of the
      results measured for each property as a function of the volumetric filler
      fraction was appraised. An excellent correlation was found with each property.
      This exponential mixture rule is proposed for the study of the mechanical
      properties of isotropic dental composites.

PMID- 2638280
TI  - Metallurgical aspects and corrosion behavior of yellow low-gold alloys.
AB  - Three copper-free type III yellow low-gold alloys (Ag-Au-In-Pd-Zn) were
      investigated. Microstructural analysis was performed with x-ray diffraction,
      light microscopy, and an electron x-ray micro-analysis. The electrochemical
      behavior of the alloys was tested with standard potentiodynamic techniques in
      0.9% saline solution and an artificial saliva and compared with that of a
      traditional high-gold alloy. The three alloys turned out to be two-phase mixtures
      of a fcc (matrix) and a bcc (island) phase. The yellow color, present in spite of
      the low-gold content, was caused by the disordered Pd-In, island-type structure.
      An additional third structure was seen after etching. However, no distinct phase
      could be correlated with it. The corrosion behavior for the experimental alloys,
      based on cyclic polarization, can be considered acceptable in both electrolytes
      used, but is inferior to that of the control alloy.

PMID- 2638281
TI  - Properties of a glass-ionomer/resin-composite hybrid material.
AB  - A small percentage of the liquid resin used in commercial dental composites was
      added to the liquid used in a commercial glass-ionomer restorative in order to
      produce a fluoride-containing hybrid restorative-type material that would adhere
      to dentin while being stronger, less brittle, and less sensitive to desiccation
      in the oral cavity than glass ionomer. Compressive strength, yield strength,
      elastic modulus, fracture toughness, and tensile strength were analyzed for this
      hybrid, light-cured material. In addition, the solubility in water, adhesion to
      dentin, and surface roughness were also examined in vitro. The results suggest
      that the early (one-hour) mechanical properties of the hybrid material exceed
      those of glass ionomer. In addition, the brittleness and solubility of the
      material are less than those of commercial glass ionomer, while adhesion to
      dentin is unaffected. Most importantly, surface crazing, a documented problem
      with some glass ionomers when they become desiccated, is alleviated with this
      hybrid formulation.

PMID- 2638282
TI  - A comparison of four endodontic vibratory systems.

PMID- 2638284
TI  - The use of nonrigid connectors following periodontal therapy.

PMID- 2638283
TI  - Radiographic asepsis in endodontic practice.

PMID- 2638285
TI  - Patient assessment during the initial interview for removable prosthodontic
      treatment.

PMID- 2638287
TI  - Pins and intracoronal retentive features for multisurface amalgam restorations.

PMID- 2638286
TI  - Double-blind evaluation of duration of dentin sensitivity reduction by fluoride
      iontophoresis.

PMID- 2638289
TI  - The IMS cassette: a new system for the management of instruments in the dental
      office.

PMID- 2638288
TI  - Behavior management of the child dental patient by general dentists in Nebraska:
      attitudes and practices.

PMID- 2638290
TI  - Effectiveness of potassium oxalate treatment on dentin hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2638291
TI  - Abnormal eruption paths of maxillary canines.

PMID- 2638292
TI  - Antibiotic therapy: improving the odds for success.

PMID- 2638293
TI  - Orthodontic brackets and inactivated stabilizing wire in space maintenance.

PMID- 2638294
TI  - Endodontic treatment of a "ridiculous" maxillary premolar: a case report.

PMID- 2638295
TI  - An unusual case of stained roots of unerupted third molars.

PMID- 2638296
TI  - [Concentration of selenium and vitamin E in the serum of women with malignant
      genital neoplasms and their family members].
AB  - Lower concentrations of selenium and vitamin E were found in the serum of 50
      women with malignant neoplasms of the genitals as compared with the
      concentrations in 55 healthy women family members of the patients living with
      them in common households. The degree of concentration decrease of these
      substances in the serum depended on the location of the tumour, and in cases of
      cervical neoplasms was 28% for selenium and 12% for vitamin E of the values in
      controls while in cases of ovarian neoplasms it was 34% and 37% respectively and
      in endometrial tumours it was 40% and 23% respectively. The third studied group
      comprised 36 healthy subjects not belonging to the families of the patients. The
      highest concentrations of selenium and vitamin E were found in the serum in the
      third group of women. The results suggest that various family factors not
      analysed in this study affect the concentrations of selenium and vitamin E in the
      serum of women with malignant neoplasms of genitals and in their family members.

PMID- 2638298
TI  - [Morphological semen changes in Chlamydia trachomatis infection].
AB  - Semen was examined in 150 men patients of the Andrology Clinic for demonstration
      of Chlamydia trachomatis and for analysis of the effect of this infection on
      semen quality depression. A correlation was noted between the degree of infection
      (large number of organisms per field of vision) and such changes as
      cryptozoospermia, azoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia,
      oligoasthenozoospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia. Of interest was a high
      proportion of infection (56%) with Ch. trachomatis in this group.

PMID- 2638297
TI  - [Dynamic assessment of hemostasis after gynecological operations. I. Effect of
      gynecological operations on hemostatic function].
AB  - In 50 patients operated on from various gynaecological indications the
      haemostasis system was monitored determining its parameters before and 2 hours
      after the operation and again after 5 days. Besides routine tests of platelet
      related haemostasis, clotting system and fibrinolysis the fibrinolytic activity
      was assessed in dynamic tests after venous stasis. The obtained results confirmed
      the presence of a tendency for development of the disseminated intravascular
      clotting syndrome with associated fibrinolysis activation immediately after the
      operation. On the fifth day a tendency was noted for thromboembolic complications
      which was prevented by increased synthesis of plasminogen activator in the
      vascular wall. The study confirmed the usefulness of prophylactic doses of
      heparin in patients with presence of risk factors. In the light of own
      investigations and a survey of the pertinent literature the authors suggest that
      simultaneous administration of small subcutaneous doses of heparin and
      application of intermittent compression would be the most adequate method of
      thrombosis prevention after operations in the small pelvis.

PMID- 2638299
TI  - Decentering of I.O.L.

PMID- 2638300
TI  - Ocular tumours--some newer and controversial aspects.

PMID- 2638301
TI  - Envelope method of insertion of disc I.O.L.

PMID- 2638303
TI  - Pattern of paediatric ocular problems in north India.
AB  - In this study, 3,490 children were examined to know the pattern of ocular
      problems in children in this part of the country. It showed that heritable
      diseases were quite prevalent, i.e., 41.49%. In this group refractive error,
      nasolacrimal duct block, and primary squint were most common, while in the non
      heritable group various types of conjunctivitis, trauma, foreign bodies,
      blepharitis and nutritional diseases were most prevalent.

PMID- 2638302
TI  - Uniocular proptosis in children.
AB  - A retrospective study on 80 children with uniocular proptosis has been done. Of
      these 57 had orbital lesions, 19 had periorbital lesions and 4 had intracranial
      lesions. The clinical, radiological and pathological aspects as well as the
      management of these conditions are discussed.

PMID- 2638304
TI  - School eye health appraisal.
AB  - School children form an important large target group which must be screened
      adequately for early detection of eye diseases and prevention of blindness. A
      total approach in a school eye health programme must include teacher orientation
      and health education of children in addition to screening for eye diseases. The
      ocular morbidity pattern in 5135 school children of Jodhpur is discussed in this
      paper and it is hoped that it will be an indicator to all eye care agencies to
      help plan their priorities in the delivery of school based eye care.

PMID- 2638305
TI  - The hypotensive effect of verapamil eye drops on ocular hypertension.
AB  - Verapamil eye drops (0.125%) were prepared in phosphate buffer (pH7). Ten
      patients with unilateral (5 cases) or bilateral (5 cases) ocular hypertension
      received the drug topically three times daily for two weeks. A significant
      reduction in the mean ocular tension was observed in 6 right eyes at the end of
      the first (4.5 mm Hg Schiotz) and second week (7 mm Hg Schiotz) and in 9 left
      eyes at the end of the second week (6.7 mm Hg Schiotz). The reduction in tension
      was minimal (1 mm Hg Schiotz) in the eyes with normal initial values. The
      systolic and diastolic blood pressured dropped by 12.8 mm Hg and 4.0 mm Hg in the
      first week and by 11.2 mm Hg and 5.4 mm Hg in the second week respectively. There
      was also a reduction in the mean pulse rate by 7 beats and 13 beats in the first
      and second week of therapy. These observations indicate persistent hypotensive
      effect of topical Verapamil on ocular hypertension and some amount of systemic
      absorption of the drug from eye.

PMID- 2638306
TI  - Tear film flow and stability in normal Indian subjects.
AB  - Tear film flow and stability studies were carried out in healthy population by
      Schirmer's test-1 and tear film break-up-time (BUT) measurements, respectively.
      The mean BUT observed was 13.87 +/- 4.79 seconds; however, in 22 percent of cases
      the values of BUT were even less than the lowest values laid down by various
      workers, from the Western countries. Maximum dry spots were located in the
      temporal quadrant.

PMID- 2638307
TI  - VER in optic neuritis.
AB  - A prospective study was carried out on 27 patients with optic neuritis. Besides
      detailed clinical examination, visual evoked responses (VER) were studied
      utilising the checker board pattern reversal and flash stimuli. The recording
      with the 30 minute check size was found to be the most consistent both for the
      controls and the patients. Flash evoked VER was most useful in determining the
      wave form in cases with severe disruption of the visual pathways. Neither the
      implicit time nor the amplitude of the VER could be directly correlated to the
      visual acuity changes or other clinical parameters. Implicit time offered a more
      reliable criterion for evaluation as compared to the amplitude in patients with
      optic neuritis. The VER recording helps in serial follow-up of a patient and can
      indicate previous attacks suffered by the patient.

PMID- 2638308
TI  - Cyst of ectopic (choristomatous) lacrimal gland.
AB  - A rare case of cyst of an ectopic lacrimal gland in the bulbar conjunctiva is
      reported in a 40 year-old-man. The clinical presentation histopathology,
      differential diagnosis and treatment of this choristomatous lacrimal ductal cyst
      (Group IV according to Bullock's classification) is described.

PMID- 2638309
TI  - Atypical lymphoid hyperplasia (lymphoid tumour of indeterminate nature) of orbit-
      a case report.
AB  - Atypical lymphoid hyperplasia, a rare variety of orbital tumour occurring in a 60
      year old male patient is presented with review of literature with special
      relation to its diagnostic and prognostic difficulties.

PMID- 2638310
TI  - Warthin's tumour of the eye lid.

PMID- 2638311
TI  - Primary intraorbital meningioma and schwannoma--a rare association.
AB  - Primary intraorbital meningioma and Schwannoma are rare tumours. For them to
      occur concurrently, or one following soon after another should be considered a
      curiosity. We present a 40 year old male who reported with proptosis of the right
      eye and a meningioma was removed surgically. Within 3 months symptoms recurred
      and a schwannoma was removed at surgery from the same site. Interesting features
      of the lesion are presented and discussed.

PMID- 2638312
TI  - Anton syndrome and cortical blindness due to bilateral occipital infarction.

PMID- 2638313
TI  - Acrodermatitis enteropathica--a case report.
AB  - Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare disease affecting infant girls. The skin
      in these cases develop rashes which start as vesicles and then dries to form
      erythematous squamous psoriasiform type of lesions. Dystrophy of nails and
      alopecia with loss of eye lashes and eye brows is also seen. Low serum zinc level
      is found in these patients and is thought to be the cause of this disease.

PMID- 2638314
TI  - Bilateral traumatic intra orbital optic nerve transection--case report.

PMID- 2638315
TI  - Atypical Wilson disease--a case report with CT scan.
AB  - A case of atypical Wilson disease is being reported. Possible mechanism of the
      process, diagnostic features and CT appearance of brain is described. Early
      detection and therapy with copper chelating agents result in neurologic and
      performance improvement of patients.

PMID- 2638316
TI  - Bilateral posterior lens dislocation in Marfan's syndrome.
AB  - Complete dislocation of the lens is a rare feature of Marfan's Syndrome. We
      observed four cases of bilateral complete posterior dislocation of the lens in
      established cases of Marfan's Syndrome over a one year period. An ophthalmologist
      may encounter infrequently, unilateral posterior dislocation in one eye and
      ectopia lentis in the other, but bilateral spontaneous posterior dislocation is
      rare. All our cases had associated vitreous degeneration with vitreous herniating
      into the anterior chamber. The pathogenesis of complete posterior dislocation in
      Marfan's Syndrome is discussed.

PMID- 2638317
TI  - Phaco-emulsification aspiration procedure: an evaluation.
AB  - The results phaco-emulsification aspiration procedure have been evaluated in 50
      cataract patients, by observing the final visual acuity achieved and astigmatic
      error induced, along with incidence of various operative and post-operative
      complications. Majority of the patients who did not have serious preoperative
      complications achieved good vision. The procedure has proved to be equally
      effective for cataracts occurring in the younger age group.

PMID- 2638318
TI  - Diagnostic tests for meningitis--a dilemma.

PMID- 2638319
TI  - XXVI National Conference Indian Academy of Pediatrics Agra 12th to 15th October,
      1989.

PMID- 2638320
TI  - Standard nomenclature and definitions for expressing neonatal morbidity: a plea
      for uniformity.

PMID- 2638321
TI  - A comparative study of glycine fortified oral rehydration solution with standard
      WHO oral rehydration solution.
AB  - The safety, efficacy and acceptability of glycine-fortified oral rehydration
      solution (ORS) was compared with that of standard WHO-ORS in a controlled
      randomized trial. Fifty male infants with acute, watery, non-cholera diarrhea
      were studied. Glycine-fortified ORS at a concentration of 111 mmol/L (8.4 g/L)
      was used. The electrolyte and glucose concentrations of both the solutions was
      identical. The proportion of successfully treated patients was 92%. There were
      two failures in each group. Both solutions were found to be equally safe in
      correcting and maintaining the hydration status and in correcting hyponatremia
      and hypokalemia. The acceptability and efficiency of the solutions were also
      comparable. Addition of glycine does not add to the efficacy of conventional WHO
      ORS, therefore offering no additional advantage but adds to the cost of
      production.

PMID- 2638322
TI  - Clinical significance of serum and cerebro spinal fluid bilirubin indices in
      neonatal jaundice.
AB  - To assess the value of unbound bilirubin (UB) and saturation index (SI) in serum
      and CSF as indicators of Kernicterus, we studied 50 icteric neonates (serum
      indirect bilibrubin (IB) greater than or equal to 7 mg/dl) and 20 controls (IB
      less than 7 mg/dl) during the first week of life. Serum and CSF were obtained
      simultaneously in all neonates. Of 36 neonates with IB greater than 12 mg/dl 19
      had evidence of kernicterus. UB was estimated by Sephadex gel filtration and SI
      by salicylate displacement technique. Positive correlation (r = +0.85) was
      obtained between serum and CSF UB levels. There was a significant difference (p
      less than 0.05) between mean serum and CSF UB levels in kernicterus and non
      kernicterus neonates (kernicterus serum UB = 0.71 +/- 0.22) mg/dl, CSF UB = 0.16
      +/- 0.06 mg/dl: non-kernicteric serum UB = 0.40 +/- 0.10 mg/dl, CSF UB = 0.10 +/-
      0.03 mg/dl). A critical serum UB level 0.5 mg/dl and a danger zone of CSF UB (0.1
      to 0.15 mg/dl) was observed in presence of kernicterus. Neonates with kernicterus
      and 30% non-kernicteric had serum SI greater than or equal to 8. Mean values of
      serum and CSF SI were comparable in all neonates. The serum and CSF UB and SI,
      and the mean percentage cross over of UB from serum to CSF when statistically
      compared were not significantly influenced by risk factors.

PMID- 2638323
TI  - Proximate principle and energy content of human milk in well-nourished urban
      mother.
AB  - Milk samples from 54 well-nourished urban mothers between the age of 18-36 years
      were studied. The birth weight of infants ranged between 2.5 to 3.9 kg at full
      term. The mean (g or Cal/100 ml) lactose (6.51), protein (1.08), fat (4.48) and
      energy contents (74.83) of milk was on par with the well-nourished mothers of
      developed countries. The milk fat content observed was higher than that reported
      in under nourished mothers from developing countries.

PMID- 2638324
TI  - Intra-abdominal lymphatic cysts in children.
AB  - Ten children with intra abdominal lymphatic cysts operated in the last 8 years
      are reported. They formed 0.50% of all pediatric surgical admissions and 33.3% of
      all intra-abdominal cystic lesions. The mean age was 5 1/2 years and the male
      female ratio was 1:1. Half the cysts were in the mesentery and 30% in the
      omentum. The other 2 cysts were located at unusual sites. Two children having
      mesenteric cysts presented as abdominal emergencies. Three of them were wrongly
      diagnosed and treated for tuberculous ascites before laparotomy. Four mesenteric
      cysts were excised along with the adjoining intestinal segment, and one was
      drained by tube marsupialisation. All 3 omental cysts and the two cysts at
      unusual sites were excised in toto. There was no mortality or morbidity.

PMID- 2638325
TI  - Knowledge of mothers regarding immunization in a high coverage area--need for
      strengthening health education.
AB  - One hundred mothers of 'fully' immunized 12-24 month old children were
      administered a schedule to elicit knowledge regarding immunization. The mean age
      of the mothers was 27.05 years. Knowledge regarding vaccine availability was
      good, except in case of measles. A much lower proportion were aware of correct
      doses and intervals. Only DPT was reported to produce side-effects by a majority.
      The hypothesis that in a high coverage area, mothers would be armed with more
      specific immunization information was not borne out.

PMID- 2638326
TI  - Electrophysiological studies (MNCV, H-RL) in full-term newborn babies.
AB  - Twenty-five full-term newborns and their mothers constituted study subjects.
      Mothers were subjected to weight and height measurements, as well as, serum
      albumin and hemoglobin estimations. Offsprings were subjected to measurements of
      weight, crown heel length and head circumference along with motor nerve
      conduction velocity (MNCV) and H-reflex latency (H-RL). The MNCV was found to be
      significantly lower in growth retarded (FT-IUGR) babies compared to appropriately
      grown babies (FT-AGA) whereas H-RL was similar in both FT-IUGR and FT-AGA babies.

PMID- 2638327
TI  - Vitamin K for the newborn--old avenues revisited.

PMID- 2638328
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins in meningitis.

PMID- 2638329
TI  - CSF glutamic oxalacetic transaminase levels in CNS infections.

PMID- 2638330
TI  - Safety of "short stay" regimen for repair of inguinal hernias in children.

PMID- 2638331
TI  - Eosinophilic granuloma with cord compression.

PMID- 2638332
TI  - Vitamin D dependent rickets with alopecia.

PMID- 2638333
TI  - Neonatal scurvy.

PMID- 2638334
TI  - Argininemia.

PMID- 2638336
TI  - Missed opportunities in immunization.

PMID- 2638335
TI  - Appearance of intracranial tuberculoma during therapy of tuberculous meningitis.

PMID- 2638337
TI  - Complications of intravenous therapy.

PMID- 2638338
TI  - BCG, DPT & OPV immunization.

PMID- 2638339
TI  - Calculus biliary tract disease in beta-thalassemia trait.

PMID- 2638340
TI  - [Noncariogenic sweeteners and prevention of dental caries].

PMID- 2638341
TI  - [Dentinal hypersensitivity. Comparative study of amine fluoride paste and
      strontium chloride paste].

PMID- 2638342
TI  - How dietary restriction retards aging: an integrative hypothesis.

PMID- 2638343
TI  - The growth, development and education of Finnish twins: a longitudinal follow-up
      study in a birth cohort from pregnancy to nineteen years of age.
AB  - The growth, development and vocation of 289 twins in a one year birth cohort
      beginning during pregnancy and followed up to the age of 19 years was compared
      with that of 11,623 singletons and two sets of controls matched either by
      maternal factors only or by these and perinatal morbidity, all from the same
      cohort. The twins were more often pre-term and small for their gestational age,
      and had more often suffered from perinatal asphyxia, neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia
      and hypoglycemia. They had learned to walk without support later than the
      singletons and the controls matched only by maternal factors, but this difference
      did not exist between the twins and the controls also matched by perinatal
      morbidity. The same kind of result was found when studying the number of words
      spoken at the age of one year and physical growth at the ages of 1 and 14 years.
      The twins did not differ significantly from the singletons during their
      compulsory nine years of primary and secondary schooling. According to the
      national registers of vocational choices, the twins had applied for admission to
      further education courses less often than the singletons or their controls
      matched only by maternal factors, but not when compared with the controls also
      matched by perinatal morbidity. Logistic regression analysis revealed numerous
      perinatal or environmental factors having an adverse effect on educational
      achievements, but the twin situation itself was not shown to have adverse
      effects. About half of the same-sex twin pairs and one seventh of the opposite
      sex pairs had chosen the same vocation, compared with just over 10% similarity
      between the twins and their controls.

PMID- 2638344
TI  - Plasma concentrations of insulin like growth factors (IGF-)I and IGF-II in dwarf
      and normal chickens of high and low weight selected lines.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of hormones related to growth and development were
      determined in normal and in dwarf chickens from lines selected for high or low
      juvenile body weight. In young (51 days of age) chickens, plasma concentrations
      of insulin like growth factor (IGF-) I were lower in the low than high weight
      lines and were reduced in dwarf compared with in normal birds. However, no
      differences in plasma concentrations of IGF-I were observed between adults from
      low and high growth lines. Plasma concentrations of IGF-II were lower in the low
      growth line irrespective of age and, also were reduced in dwarf birds. No line
      differences were observed with either thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3).
      Dwarf chickens had reduced plasma concentrations of T3 but not T4. Correlations
      between and amongst hormone concentrations and body weights were observed. The
      present studies provide evidence for a role of IGF-I, IGF-II and T3 in poultry
      growth.

PMID- 2638345
TI  - Growth of whole body and organs of growing rats during feed restriction and
      subsequent realimentation.
AB  - Fifty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats (average body weight 70.6 +/- SD 11.6 g) were
      divided into two equal groups. One group was fed a 17% protein (N x 6.25) diet ad
      libitum for 42 d (Control). The second group was fed the same diet at 60% of the
      intake of the Control group for 14d (Restricted) and ad libitum for the remaining
      28 d. Three rats per group were euthanized on d 1 and five rats per group on d 7,
      14, 21, 28, and 42 and weights of the body, heart, spleen, liver, kidneys,
      epididymal fat, empty stomach, large and small intestines, and length of the left
      femur were recorded. The empty stomach, large and small intestines were dried to
      constant weight at 65 degrees C and assayed for crude protein content. Body
      weight, feed efficiency, weights of the heart, liver and epididymal fat were
      significantly reduced, while relative weight of the stomach and crude protein
      content of the small intestine were significantly increased in the restricted
      group during the period of feed restriction. Body and organ weights, however,
      compensated and caught up with control values within 14 d of feed rehabilitation
      and, by 28 d of realimentation, body weight, heart, liver and stomach weights
      were significantly greater in restricted than in control rats. Femur length was
      reduced by feed restriction, but continued to increase during restriction and
      realimentation. Gastrointestinal tract segments were less affected by feed
      restriction and responded more quickly to realimentation than the whole body.

PMID- 2638346
TI  - Effects of H-2 haplotype and gender on the lifespan of A and C57BL/6 mice and
      their F1, F2, and backcross offspring.
AB  - The effects of H-2 type and gender on the lifespan of A and C57BL/6 mice and
      their F1, F2, and backcross offspring were studied. The proportion of mice
      remaining alive, percent survivors, was calculated at monthly intervals for each
      mating group. Statistical analyses of these survival data showed that, in
      agreement with studies from other laboratories, C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice lived
      significantly longer than A (H-2a) mice. When the survival curves for A and
      C57BL/6 backcross and F2 offspring were analyzed to test for the presence of an H
      2 effect on mouse lifespan, no statistically significant association was
      detected, although a trend toward increased 10th decile survivorship among female
      H-2a mice was noted. The mice used in this study were also evaluated for the
      presence of an effect of gender on lifespan. Female mice of the A strain, and F1,
      F2, and backcross groups, but not the C57BL/6 mice, exhibited significantly
      longer lifespans when compared with their male counterparts. Thus these data show
      a significant gender effect, but only a trend towards an H-2 effect, on the
      lifespan of A and C57BL/6 mice and their F1, F2, and backcross offspring.

PMID- 2638347
TI  - Quantitating the effect of cystic fibrosis on linear growth by mathematical
      modelling of longitudinal growth curves.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a systemic disorder that may compromise linear growth in
      childhood, but quantitating this effect requires accurate mathematical models for
      normal growth. Anthropometric measurements on a cohort of 37 CF patients were
      analyzed using the growth model of Preece and Baines (1978) which reduces
      longitudinal height data to 6 quantitative parameters. When parameter means for
      CF females (n = 19) were compared to the reference population in the Harpenden
      growth study, the overall difference was significant (p less than 0.05).
      Examination of the derived biological parameters revealed 12-month and 14-month
      delays in age at take off and peak height velocity, respectively, indicating that
      the pubertal growth spurt in female patients is delayed. Mean ages at take off
      and peak height velocity were delayed 9 months in the CF males (n = 18). These
      results reaffirm the observation that CF females experience greater morbidity in
      later childhood and adolescence than males, and illustrate a quantitative
      approach that should facilitate further examination of CF and the efficacy of
      different treatment modalities on the disease process in both sexes.

PMID- 2638348
TI  - Quantitating the effect of cystic fibrosis on linear growth by mathematical
      modelling of longitudinal curves: appendix.

PMID- 2638349
TI  - Duration of paternal alcohol consumption does not influence offspring growth and
      development.
AB  - Three groups of male mice consumed liquid alcohol diets containing 25%, 10% or 0%
      ethanol derived calories (EDC) ad lib. Two additional groups were pair-fed to two
      of these groups, one to the 25% EDC group and one to the 10% EDC group. This pair
      feeding procedure was performed on an individual basis creating a dyad in which
      each individual in the pair received the same amount of calories but the source
      of the calories for alcohol varied. Males were bred to non-treated females after
      1-2, 3-4 or 6-7 weeks of consumption. Male fertility was not affected by alcohol
      consumption. Offspring sired by alcohol consuming males did not differ from
      either ad lib or pair-fed controls in litter size, birth weight or weight at
      weaning regardless of duration of paternal alcohol consumption. These results
      indicate that neither duration of paternal alcohol consumption nor alcohol
      induced undernutrition affects these gross morphological parameters in offspring.

PMID- 2638350
TI  - Detection of brain damage: neuropsychological assessment in a Spanish speaking
      population.
AB  - We developed a neuropsychological battery for assessment of cognitive processes
      that was standardized in 150 neurologically intact subjects from different
      socioeducational levels in Mexico City (Ostrosky et al., 1985, 1986). The present
      study was designed to explore the capacity of this neuropsychological battery to
      discriminate a brain-injured population from a normal one. Thirty-four patients
      attending the neurological service of two hospitals institutions in Mexico City
      were studied. The reasons for going to the hospital included both neurological
      and neuropsychological symptoms. The group was divided into two subgroups: twenty
      four patients who showed brain damage confirmed by brain scans, and ten patients
      with a normal brain scan. A control group of 19 normal subjects was also studied
      and paired with the other groups by sex, age and sociocultural level. The results
      show that the neuropsychological battery was able to recognize 83.3% of the
      patients with scanographically confirmed brain damage: the total percentage of
      successful diagnosis was 88.2% and there were no false positives. These results
      indicate that neuropsychological assessment is a powerful diagnostic procedure
      that also evaluates the patient's cognitive-behavioral activity and can help to
      predict the possibilities for rehabilitation and return to work.

PMID- 2638351
TI  - Topographic mapping and habituation of event related EEG alpha band
      desynchronization.
AB  - Habituation of alpha wave suppression to an external auditory signal was studied
      using computer assisted EEG quantification procedures. Topographic maps of alpha
      amplitude were constructed from multiple electrode placements for seven healthy
      adults. The EEG preceding and following 10 standard or habituating stimuli, and 1
      novel or sensitizing stimulus, was spectrally analyzed and stored as color
      amplitude maps. Individual and group composite maps were read-out and comparisons
      in alpha amplitude were made across stimulus conditions. The initial standard
      stimulus produced a sharp reduction in alpha amplitude whereas the 10th trial had
      no appreciable effect on spontaneous EEG activity. The novel stimulus immediately
      restored alpha desynchronization. The colormaps permitted easy visualization and
      quantification of the process of habituation and sensitization of the alpha
      rhythm.

PMID- 2638352
TI  - Activity of cortical and caudatal neurons accompanying instrumental prolongation
      of the extension phase of reaching in rats.
AB  - Activity of 38 cortical and 59 caudatal neurons was examined in 11 rats trained
      to push, with one forepaw, a hinged vertical partition accessible through a
      narrow horizontal tube. The rats had to overcome blockade of the operandum
      lasting from 0 to 130 ms. Periresponse histograms (+/- 512 ms around the onset of
      a series of reaching movements) showed that reach-related phasic and series
      related tonic excitation prevailed in motor cortex and caudate nucleus,
      respectively, while inhibitory activity changes did not differ between the two
      structures. Perireach histograms (+/- 196 ms around onset of successful or
      unsuccessful displacements of locked or free operandum) showed that excitation of
      cortical neurons was related to amplitude and duration of the extension but no
      significant activity peaks corresponded to the sudden release of the movement
      blockage. Similar, but less expressed, changes were found in caudate neurons. It
      is concluded that the rats learned to prolong the extension phase of reaching but
      that the movement continued to be preprogrammed and independent of proprioceptive
      or other sensory feedback.

PMID- 2638353
TI  - Cerebral somatosensory potentials evoked by posterior tibial nerve stimulation:
      lateralization and relation to handedness in left-handed normal subjects.
AB  - Somatosensory potentials evoked by stimulation of the right and left posterior
      tibial nerves were studied in left-handed normal subjects. Hand preference was
      assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory; a laterality score (Geschwind
      score) was calculated for each subject. Hand skill was assessed by the peg moving
      task. The mean amplitude of the N1 wave from the right cerebral cortex was found
      to be significantly larger than that from the left cerebral cortex. In the
      subjects without familial sinistrality, there was no statistically significant
      difference between the evoked potentials from the right and left sides. In the
      subjects with familial sinistrality, the mean amplitude of the N1 wave from the
      right cerebral cortex was found to be significantly larger than that from the
      left cerebral cortex. There was an inverse relationship between the
      lateralization quotient (LQ) for the N1 wave and left-hand preference. The
      amplitudes of the P1, N1, and P2 waves from the right cerebral cortex were
      positively linearly correlated with left-hand preference. There was an inverse
      relationship between LQ for the P1 and N1 waves and the right-hand skill. The
      left-hand skill was not correlated with LQ for the evoked potential. The LQs for
      the P1 and N1 waves were negatively linearly correlated with the difference
      between the right and left hand skills (right minus left peg moving times). The
      amplitudes of the P1 and N1 waves from the left cerebral cortex were found to be
      inversely related to the right hand skill. There was no relationship between the
      evoked potential amplitudes from the right cerebral cortex and left hand skill in
      the total sample. It was concluded that the stronger sensory feedback for the
      somatomotor foot area within the right cerebral cortex would contribute to left
      footedness in left-handers; the asymmetric organization of the somatosensory
      potentials evoked by stimulation of the right and left PTNs correlates with hand
      preference and skill, but in an unexpected manner.

PMID- 2638354
TI  - The relationship between neuropsychological and late component evoked potential
      measures in chronic alcoholics.
AB  - The relationships between event-related potential (ERP) measures and
      neuropsychological measures were investigated in a group of 39 male alcoholics
      and 22 age-matched male controls. Late component ERP measures such as N1, Nd, and
      P3 components and neuropsychological measures of perceptual-motor function,
      semantic and figural memory and verbal abstracting functions were included in a
      correlational analysis. No significant correlations between N1 amplitude or
      latency and neuropsychological tests were obtained. However, visual Nd amplitude
      correlated significantly with perceptual-motor tests and figural memory scores in
      the alcoholics. Significant correlations were found in alcoholics for visual P3
      amplitude at PZ and delayed figural memory scores and two of the perceptual-motor
      tests. No significant correlations were obtained among the controls. These data
      indicate that significant relationships exist between some neuropsychological and
      ERP measures but that these relationships are restricted to measures of
      perceptual-motor functioning and to delayed figural memory.

PMID- 2638355
TI  - [The dye laser: experimental and clinical results in subretinal macular
      neovascularization].
AB  - The tunable dye laser provides now a large assortment of monochromatic
      wavelengths that allow selective targeting on individual tissues in the retina,
      according to in vitro studies showing extinction coefficient of ocular pigments
      (xanthophyllic pigment, rhodopsin, melanin, lipofuschin, hemoglobin) for
      different laser wavelengths. Confluent heavy and juxtafoveolar laser burns in
      eyes of cynomolgus monkeys showed, after 38 days, similar lesions in all the
      wavelength studied (green, red, yellow, orange) at the level of the
      choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane, pigment epithelium and photoreceptor's
      layers. However, the inner retina layers were discretely more damaged with yellow
      and orange than with green and red. In clinical approach, the effects of these
      different wavelength haven been compared in human eyes presenting with subfoveol
      new vessels and disciform age-related macular degeneration. After healing, the
      scar was similar biomicroscopically, and on fluorescein angiography with all
      wavelengths studied (green, red, yellow, orange). In conclusion, dye laser seems
      to be efficient and easily tunable for photocoagulation in macular area.

PMID- 2638356
TI  - [The development of stereoscopic vision in the first months of life].
AB  - Dynamic random dot patterns generated on a TV screen by a special pattern
      generator are proven to be adequate stimuli for testing stereopsis. The
      registration of transient visual evoked cortical potentials (VECP) to these
      random dot stimuli offers objective proof of stereopsis. Using different
      disparities in older people a typical amplitude behaviour in the dynamic random
      dot stereo VECP with maximum amplitudes to medium sized disparities was found.
      Compared to 20 adults and 30 children with normal vision, in 26 children with
      negative TNO- and Titmus-tests for stereoscopic vision treated for strabismus no
      dynamic random dot stereo VECPs could be recorded. The development of
      stereoscopic vision in the first 12 months of life was investigated in five
      babies. First positive components in the dynamic random dot stereo VECP could be
      found in the 4th to 6th months of life in all children. From these results the
      assumption, that stereoscopic vision develops in later childhood, must be revised
      in favour of a much earlier period of infancy.

PMID- 2638357
TI  - [New technics of examining the central visual field].
AB  - The examination of the central visual field with the help of automatic or semi
      automatic field analyser leads to a great number of false negative or false
      positive results. Therefore, we tried to develop two modified perimetric
      techniques: they allow a continuous variation of light intensity and a
      quantitative recording of relative scotomas. For the investigation we can use a
      well-known card-grid. By a new arrangement of the gitter lines, it is possible to
      analyse nerve fiber scotomas. The results of these new perimetric techniques
      distinguish themselves by the fact that they can be swiftly executed and are
      helpful for detecting small central and paracentral scotomas.

PMID- 2638358
TI  - [Automated perimetry and macular diseases].
AB  - The macular programs of computerized perimetry are very useful for the functional
      quantitative assessment of all kinds of maculopathy and for monitoring their
      clinical evolution. They often help the ophthalmologist in making decisions
      concerning critical situations.

PMID- 2638359
TI  - [Macular threshold after ECCE and posterior chamber IOL implantation].
AB  - In the present paper, the macular threshold after ECCE and posterior chamber
      intraocular lens implantation, was studied in an effort to determine the time
      period needed for full postoperative recovery of macular function. We evaluated
      22 eyes in 20 patients who underwent extracapsular cataract extraction and
      posterior chamber IOL implantation. There were 12 men and 8 women between the
      ages of 40 and 62 years with mean age of 53 years. Postoperative visual field
      testing was performed within the central 4 degrees with an automated static
      perimeter (Humphrey Visual Field Analyser), using a macular threshold test
      pattern. It has been established that central retinal sensitivity in pseudophakia
      shows a postoperative decrease and consequently recovers to almost normal levels
      within one month. The exact cause of this reduction remains under discussion and
      further control mainly with fluorescein angiography is necessary.

PMID- 2638360
TI  - [C-wave changes in macular diseases].
AB  - C-wave and ERG records have been taken from patients with juvenile macular
      degeneration, cone dysfunction syndrome, non exudative macular degeneration and
      from patients who have taken hydroxychloroquine for more than a year. The study
      of these recordings showed that in juvenile macular degeneration the involved
      area might be larger than ophthalmoscopically visible. In cone dysfunction
      syndrome the prolonged latence implicit time can serve as a further diagnostic
      sign of the disease. In non exudative macular degeneration there is more
      extensive R.P.E. involvement than usually believed and finally in
      hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, the C-wave is a better criterion to monitor the
      disease than ERG.

PMID- 2638361
TI  - [Follow-up of early diabetic maculopathy by angiography and fluorophotometry].
AB  - We evaluated prospectively for 12 months 22 patients with late-onset diabetes
      mellitus and minimal retinopathy by fluorescein angiography and fluorophotometry.
      The study showed that early retinopathy changes were not permanent or invariably
      progressive, but may regress. Microaneurysm gradings worsened in 24%, improved in
      14% and remained stabilized in 62%. Capillary closure worsened in 33%, improved
      in 10% and remained stabilized in 57%. The evolution of early diabetic
      maculopathy is slow and irregular, and this study has shown that vitreous
      fluorophotometry must be included when short follow-up periods of up to 12 months
      are considered. Finally, eyes with higher fluorophotometry values at entry showed
      significantly more deterioration during the 12-months follow-up period (p less
      than 0.05).

PMID- 2638362
TI  - [The role of the choroid in diabetic maculopathy].
AB  - The damage of the choroidal membrane may be differently interpreted in diverse
      stages of diabetic retinopathy. As a general rule, the macular edema seems much
      more related to a retinal than to a choroidal alteration. However, during the
      evolution, some pathological patterns seem to be linked with the choroidal
      alteration.

PMID- 2638363
TI  - [Quantification of the foveolar zone in normal and diabetic patients].
AB  - The AA studied the foveolar avascular zone (FAZ) in diabetic patients using
      digital image processing (512 x 521) and comparing different methods of
      measurements. The results obtained from eighteen diabetic patients and twelve
      healthy nondiabetic controls were compared. Each patient was submitted to
      fluorescein angiography. The foveal avascular zone was quantified both,
      digitalized or by manual procedure. The different methods of analysis are
      compared and the results presented.

PMID- 2638364
TI  - [Hereditary juvenile dystrophy of the macula in a large family from Epirus].
AB  - The authors present a clinical, epidemiologic and genetic study of juvenile
      macular dystrophy (Stargardt's disease) in a large kindred from Epirus in Greece.
      The family tree consists of 372 individuals spanning six generations over more
      than a century. 257 are direct descendants of the founding couple. Nineteen
      individuals were found to suffer from Stargardt's disease, thirteen of whom are
      still alive today. Segregation analysis of the data showed that in this pedigree,
      the disease is transmitted with the autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.

PMID- 2638365
TI  - [Pulsatile arterial macroaneurysm: management with argon laser photocoagulation].
AB  - Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs) represent wall dilatations of the retinal
      arteries most commonly found in elderly, hypertensive women. They are usually
      asymptomatic, non pulsatile, spontaneously resolving entities. However visual
      loss may occur secondary to macular edema, exudate and hemorrhage. We present a
      case of a pulsatile RAM of a 58 year old, hypertensive, one eye woman suffering
      progressive visual loss. She was immediately treated with indirect laser
      photocoagulation. Eight weeks later there was a prominent resolution of both
      edema and hard exudates with an impressive increase of the visual acuity. Since
      indications for photocoagulation and treatment modalities remain uncertain we
      present the case to emphasize the necessity of immediate treatment of special
      cases.

PMID- 2638366
TI  - [Macular syndrome in choroidal cavernous hemangioma: the role of laser
      treatment].
AB  - On the basis of a series of case with natural history of choroidal cavernous
      hemangioma (21 cases with follow-up of up to 13 years) the authors suggest a
      classification of macular syndromes (types I, II and III) in choroidal cavernous
      hemangioma. They also suggest that partial barrage of the tumor can be sufficient
      to arrest or prevent further V.A. impairment.

PMID- 2638367
TI  - [Optic disk and choroidal coloboma].
AB  - Most of the optic nerve head abnormalities are clinically innocuous, but
      sometimes they can cause significant symptoms and lead to visual disturbance, or
      even to visual loss; optic pists can cause defects in the visual fields, not
      necessarily explicable by the serous maculopathy, that is the most important
      complication associated with optic pits. Our purpose is to present a case of an
      optic pit with sensory macular detachment associated with a choroidal coloboma
      located at a distance of two optic disc diameters from the optic nervehead. This
      finding to our knowledge has not been previously reported.

PMID- 2638368
TI  - [Laser treatment of macular subretinal neovascularization in angioid streaks].
AB  - The authors examined 17 eyes with macular subretinal neovascularization in
      angioid streaks treated by direct laser photocoagulation. Two eyes were treated
      with dye laser (590 nm), two with blue-green argon, three with green argon and
      ten with red krypton laser. At twelve-month follow-up, the visual acuity was of
      0.21, a statistically significant decrease respect to the presenting vision. Poor
      functional results are due to the frequent recurrences of neovascularization.

PMID- 2638369
TI  - [Functional consequences of focal photocoagulation in diabetic macular edema].
AB  - We studied the iatrogenic effect of focal photocoagulation in the treatment of
      diabetic macular edema in 74 eyes followed from 1 to 6 months. We measured visual
      acuity, Amsler test and static perimetry, before and after photocoagulation. In
      the same periods we obtained retinographies. One month after photocoagulation
      visual acuity was the same or better in 97.2% of the patients followed and after
      six months in 95.5%. Hard exudates diminished or disappeared in 48.5% of the
      patients in the first month, in 77.2% in the third month and in 82.4% of the
      patients followed during six months. In the analysis of static perimetry we found
      that 33% of the patients showed absolute scotomas, 40% of the patients showed
      relative scotomas related to photocoagulation areas. The exploration with Amsler
      test showed that 9% of the patients had absolute scotomas and 41% relative
      scotomas.

PMID- 2638370
TI  - [Senile macular degeneration: surgical management and histopathologic features].
AB  - Choroidal neovascularization often complicates senile macular degeneration; argon
      and krypton laser photocoagulation are very useful to stop visual acuity decrease
      caused by extrafoveal choroidal neovascular membrane (NVM) in a large group of
      patients. Unfortunately, in a large number of cases, NVM causes haemorrhagic
      serous detachment, disciform scar and, sometimes, vitreous hemorrhage. In these
      patients it is impossible to perform laser treatment. A three ports pars-plana
      vitrectomy has been performed for the treatment of intravitreal hemorrhage in a
      case of haemorrhagic disciform lesion and in two cases of extensive subretinal
      haemorrhage secondary to subretinal NVMs. Posterior pole focal retinotomies have
      been created to remove the NVMs in order to prevent further hemorrhages; an
      internal tamponade has been performed and the retinotomies closed with
      endophotocoagulation or endocryo. The specimen of the membranes, stained for
      light microscopy, have been studied. During the months of follow-up (9 months) no
      subretinal membrane no retinal detachment developed but fibrosis at the
      retinotomy sites led to traction on the macula. The functional aim of this
      surgery is limited to the restoration of a clear vitreous and to a reduction in
      the diameter of the central scotoma in the cases of a recent subretinal
      haemorrhage.

PMID- 2638371
TI  - [Age-related macular degeneration after retinal detachment surgery].
AB  - We studied a group of 157 patients who had retinal detachment surgery in one eye
      with successful anatomical reattachment and a fellow eye without a retinal
      detachment. In a group of 7 out of 8 patients who had a retinal detachment that
      included the macula and who underwent surgery, we found that the development of
      macular degenerative changes was much less pronounced in the operated eye than in
      the fellow, control eye. In a group of 3 patients who had retinal detachment
      without macular involvement, the appearance of macular degenerative changes
      appeared to be rather symmetric in the operated and in the fellow eye. The
      presence of a circling buckle did not appear to have an influence on the ARMD
      changes. It appears that the presence of a macular detachment is a factor in
      modifying the natural history of age-related macular degeneration. The diminution
      of signs of ARMD could be related to a degree of atrophy in the retinal pigment
      epithelium occurring after a retinal detachment with the macula off.

PMID- 2638372
TI  - [Threshold testing of the macular area in glaucoma].
AB  - The purpose of this study has been to verify whether threshold testing of the
      central area with a common automated perimeter could detect glaucomatous damage.
      We selected 31 eyes of 31 patients with primary open angle glaucoma free from
      defects within the central 5 degrees of the field and 32 eyes of 32 age-matched
      normal subjects. They underwent the Macula Threshold Test of the Humphrey Field
      Analyzer using white and blue targets. Statistical analysis of the results
      obtained showed that threshold sensitivities to both white and blue targets were
      significantly depressed in glaucomatous eyes (t = 2.44, p = 0.018 and t = 12.59,
      p less than 0.001 respectively), but only blue thresholds distributed really
      differently in glaucomatous and normals. Sensitivities to blue stimuli related to
      age only in normals (r = 0.58; p = 0.0005), while in glaucomatous they were
      related to cup/disc ratios (r = 0.70, p less than 0.0001 for horizontal C/D; r =
      0.52, p = 0.0027 for vertical C/D). These results suggest that it is possible to
      detect early central functional disturbances from glaucoma using an automated
      perimeter and its built-in color filters.

PMID- 2638373
TI  - Clinicoepidemiological profile of kala azar patients in Delhi.
AB  - Search for livelihood makes many people move from kala azar endemic areas to
      metropolitans like Delhi from where indigenous cases have not been reported.
      During 1986-1989, 211 laboratory confirmed kala azar cases were detected in
      Delhi. Of these 202 (95.73 per cent) were from Bihar and remaining nine (4.27 per
      cent) belonged to Uttar Pradesh. Younger age groups were affected more and
      maximum cases (54.02 per cent) were in the age group of 5-15 years. Male:female
      ratio was 2:1. Fever (100 per cent) along with mass in abdomen (99.05 per cent)
      were the major presenting complaints. Splenomegaly was seen in all the patients
      whereas hepatomegaly was a feature in 184 (87.20 per cent) cases. Response to
      sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) was variable and number of injections
      administered reached upto 80 in some (23) cases. All 37 patients responded to
      pentamidine after two full courses of SAG failed to bring about any clinical and
      parasitological cure.

PMID- 2638374
TI  - Quantitative grading of Leishmania donovani amastigotes related to age of kala
      azar patients.
AB  - Out of 370 Leishman Donovan bodies positive bone-marrow smears, maximum belonged
      to grade 1 + (42.4 per cent) and the least to grade 5 + (1.6 per cent). Persons
      belonging to 0-20 years age group were found in be statistically more susceptible
      to Leishmania infection as compared to persons above 20 years of age (P less than
      .01). The disease was least common in persons above 40 years (3.5 per cent) of
      age. Parasite load was found to be highest in 0-20 years group irrespective of
      grades of leishmania infection. Grade 5 + infection was found to be rare (1.6 per
      cent) and confined to 0-20 years age group. Males suffered from the disease
      predominantly (69.2 per cent) as compared to females (30.8 per cent).

PMID- 2638375
TI  - Filariasis and malaria sera from Orissa lack HTLV-III antibody reactivity.
AB  - Reports exist indicating a correlation between seropositivity for human T
      lymphotrophic virus (HTLV) antibodies and certain parasitic infections in some
      parts of the world. In 274 filariasis and 119 malaria sera examined from Orissa,
      none was reactive in a test for anti-HTLV-III antibodies.

PMID- 2638376
TI  - Knowledge, attitude and beliefs about measles and vaccination coverage in a rural
      area.
AB  - In the present study an attempt was made to collect data on the attitude, belief
      and customs of mothers regarding occurrence of measles among children in a rural
      area in Jammu region. Their views on the various aspects of the disease have been
      highlighted in this article. Simultaneously an effort was also made to evaluate
      the vaccination coverage of measles vaccine in the study area 2 1/2 years after
      its introduction into the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). This study
      brings out the scope of health education in the eventual goal of eradicating
      measles in the country.

PMID- 2638377
TI  - Intensification of measles vaccination coverage.
AB  - Better coverage of susceptibles with measles vaccine has clear demonstratable
      impact on disease incidence. Education and strong motivation of implementors and
      community at large and improvement in other managerial and administrative support
      actions for the programme are considered essential to boost up measles
      immunisation coverage. It is therefore, expected that with well planned and
      sustained implementation of country wide campaign of measles immunisation, the
      disease can be brought under control. This needs strong will, determination and
      urgency for well planned and sustained actions if we have to achieve desired goal
      -"IMMUNISATION FOR ALL BY 1990". The efforts required for achieving the targets
      are discussed in this paper.

PMID- 2638378
TI  - Incidence of hepatitis B antigen in Mangalore.
AB  - A random survey of 360 patients suffering from hepatitis and 90 patients
      suffering from suspected glomerulonephritis was carried out for HBs Ag by micro
      ELISA method. One hundred and twenty-four positive results were obtained in case
      of hepatitis, out of which 76 (35.19 per cent) were males and 48 (33.33 per cent)
      were females. The highest prevalence of HBs Ag was found in the age group of 21
      30 (62.5 per cent) followed by 31-40 (46.15 per cent) and least between 11-20
      (11.11 per cent). Comparatively it was found more common in Hindus followed by
      Muslims and Christians. All 90 cases of glomerulonephritis were negative for HBs
      Ag. A comparative study of ELISA test with CIEP in detection of HBs Ag was done
      in all ELISA positive samples. ELISA was found far more sensitive than CIEP.

PMID- 2638379
TI  - Cockroaches as vectors of pathogenic bacteria.
AB  - One hundred and thirty two cockroaches of species Blattella germanica--96 from
      hospital ward (test group) and 36 from residential areas (control group) were
      caught during Nov. 1985 to Nov. 1986. A variety of pathogenic and non-pathogenic
      bacteria were isolated from test and control group of insects. Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, and Micrococci were
      isolated only from the test group of cockroaches. A high percentage (98.95 per
      cent) of test cockroaches were found to be carriers of various microorganisms as
      compared to the control group (80.55 per cent), the difference being
      statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Quantitative analysis in this
      study revealed that higher number of microorganisms are carried by test group of
      insects in the hospital environment. This, thereby suggests that these insects
      can play an important role in the etiology of hospital acquired infections.

PMID- 2638380
TI  - Role of synthetic pyrethroids in vector control.
AB  - The role of synthetic pyrethroids in vector control has been reviewed in the
      light of available literature. Various reports on field and laboratory trials
      indicate the safety and effectiveness of synthetic pyrethroids against vectors of
      public health importance without any untoward effect on non-target organisms. The
      prospects of these insecticides in the vector control have been discussed with
      cautious optimism.

PMID- 2638381
TI  - Village scale trial of deltamethrin against mosquitoes.
AB  - A village scale trial of Deltamethrin (K-othrin), formulated as a 2.5 per cent
      wettable powder and applied as a residual spray at a dosage of 25 mg/m2, was
      carried out against both anopheline and culicine mosquitoes, in Vikas Nagar
      village, Loni PHC, Distt. Ghaziabad (U.P.) in the month of August, 1985.
      Deltamethrin was found to be effective in reducing the overall vector population
      for about 10 to 12 weeks. Contact bio-assays also indicated that the insecticide
      has a residual life of about 12 weeks both on mud and cement plastered surfaces.
      No mortality was observed in bioassays against airborne effect of the insecticide
      sprayed on the walls. Twenty-four hour survival rate of the vector population was
      observed to be below 50 per cent upto 8 to 10 weeks. Observations indicated
      excito-repellent effect on mosquitoes forcing exodus from treated areas.

PMID- 2638382
TI  - Larvivorous fishes in controlling mosquito breeding from draw wells.
AB  - Culex quinquefasciatus have been found to breed in about 29 per cent of the wells
      in semi-urban area and 14 per cent of the wells in rural areas of Varanasi at one
      time or other. Majority of such wells are used-ones. Effectiveness of Poecillia
      reticulata, Esomus danrica and Trichogaster fasciatus in controlling well
      breeding is evaluated in the present study with successful results.

PMID- 2638383
TI  - Chigger mite infestation of small mammals in a feral biotope of a public park
      area of south Delhi.
AB  - Examination of Bandicota bengalensis (8) and Suncus murinus (4) trapped in a
      feral biotope of a public park area of south Delhi revealed presence of the known
      scrub typhus vector Leptotrombidium (L.) deliense, the suspected vector
      Gahrliepia (S.) ligula and Gahrliepia (Walchia) sp. of chigger mites, on them.
      The epidemiologically important population indices (chigger infestation rate-CIR
      and incidence rate--1R) were estimated. The overall CIR of the three mite species
      on the hosts was 2.83 mite/host, and that of L. deliense on B. bengalensis and S.
      murinus was 1.62 and 0.25 respectively, whereas that of G. ligula was 0.50 on
      both the host species. The overall 1R was 66.66 per cent being 62.5 per cent for
      B. bengalensis and 75.0 per cent for S. murinus. Incidence of L. deliense on B.
      bengalensis was higher (62.5 per cent) than on S. murinus (25.0 per cent),
      whereas IR of G. ligula was higher (50.0 per cent) on S. murinus than on B.
      bengalensis (25.0 per cent). The Chi square test of independence has shown that
      these chigger species are not host specific, but are rather habitat specific.
      Chiggers were absent on Mus platythrix from a habitat about 40 meters away from
      the B. bengalensis and S. murinus collection sites. The high CIR value for scrub
      typhus vector L. deliense (1.62) warrant investigations on natural infection
      rates of R. tsutsugamushi in the chiggers and screening of local human population
      for the infection.

PMID- 2638384
TI  - An action research in the delivery of primary health care through community based
      distribution.

PMID- 2638385
TI  - Salmonella farmsen (13, 22: z : 1,6)--a rare serotype isolated for the first time
      in India.

PMID- 2638386
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic study of apical and intracanal resorption.
AB  - Apical radicular and intracanal surfaces of extracted teeth with apical lesions
      were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of
      apical and intracanal resorption areas varied with the presence of a granuloma or
      a cyst. Teeth bearing granulomas showed an apical resorption centered on the main
      foramina whereas the hard tissue underlying a cyst showed little or no
      resorption. Intracanal resorption was always marked in the apical third and more
      scattered in the middle and cervical third. The resorption disrupted the
      anatomical structures.

PMID- 2638387
TI  - Bacteriological comparison of ultrasonic and hand instrumentation of root canals
      in dogs.
AB  - This study compared the effectiveness of hand and ultrasonic instrumentation for
      removing a standardized inoculum of pigmented Serratia marcescens from the root
      canal system of premolars in dogs. Forty-four premolars from nine beagle dogs
      were divided into two experimental groups of 20 and 24 teeth, respectively. The
      experimental teeth were inoculated with approximately 10 colony-forming units of
      S. marcescens. After the bacterial were allowed to colonize for 1 wk, the
      experimental teeth were instrumented with either hand instruments or the Cavi
      Endo device. The teeth were extracted, crushed, and assayed for recoverable
      colony-forming units of S. marcescens. Statistical comparisons of the ratio of
      inoculated to recovered colony-forming untis were made. The results indicated
      that the difference between the positive controls and the experimental groups was
      significant. There was no significant difference between the two instrumentation
      groups.

PMID- 2638388
TI  - Vertical root fracture and root distortion: effect of spreader design.
AB  - The incidence of vertical root fractures and the amount of root distortion
      created during lateral condensation of gutta-percha with either D11 spreaders or
      B-finger pluggers were evaluated in vitro. Fifty-five extracted human, single
      rooted teeth were instrumented using the step-back flare technique. Ten teeth
      served as positive controls (obturation to the point of fracture) and five teeth
      as negative controls (prepared but not obturated). Strain gauges were attached to
      the root surfaces. In the experimental group, 20 teeth were obturated using a D11
      spreader and 20 with a B-finger plugger. Recordings were made of root distortion
      (expansion) created during obturation. Then, after sectioning the teeth, root
      surfaces of obturated samples were examined for fractures under the scanning
      electron microscope. Only the more tapered spreader, the D11, produced vertical
      root fractures, although very few in number. Also, the D11 spreader caused
      greater root distortion than did the B-finger plugger.

PMID- 2638389
TI  - Thermal effects of continuous wave CO2 laser exposure on human teeth: an in vitro
      study.
AB  - The thermal effects of continuous wave carbon dioxide laser irradiation on human
      teeth were investigated. Internal temperature changes were monitored by means of
      electrical thermistors implanted within the pulp chambers of 20 extracted,
      unerupted human molar teeth. One-hundred test exposures at various powers and
      durations were obtained. Linear regression/correlation analysis of the data
      suggests a direct relationship between the independent variable, exposure energy
      (joules), and the dependent variable, internal temperature, under the conditions
      of this study.

PMID- 2638390
TI  - Evaluation of the controlled placement of injected thermoplasticized gutta
      percha.
AB  - Ninety extracted human teeth with a single canal and a large patent foramen were
      obturated by one of three methods after placement of a master gutta-percha cone
      and sealer. The apical seals were evaluated by ink penetration. Statistical
      analysis of the results indicated that the group obturated with the high
      temperature injected thermoplasticized technique (Obtura) had an apical seal
      comparable to the group obturated by lateral condensation. The group obturated
      with the low-temperature injected thermoplasticized technique (Ultrafil) produced
      an apical seal significantly better than the other two techniques.

PMID- 2638391
TI  - Molar access: shape and outline according to orifice locations.
AB  - This study was designed to relate, in molars, the access outline on the occlusal
      surface to the canal orifices. The occlusal surfaces of maxillary and mandibular
      molars were photographed and prints made. The crowns were then sectioned at the
      level of the pulpal floor to expose the canal orifices. Transparent photographs
      of the orifices were taken and projected on the occlusal photograph; the orifice
      locations were marked directly on the print. Orifice location demonstrated a
      fairly regular pattern relative to the occlusal surface in all four molar groups.
      The resulting outline scribed from the orifices tended to be centered
      mesiodistally on the crown of each group and did not extend to the marginal
      ridges. The results indicate that classic access drawings are too far mesial.

PMID- 2638392
TI  - Unusual case of silver cone disintegration.
AB  - An unusual case of silver cone disintegration associated with progressive root
      resorption is reported. The use of the scanning electron microscope and the
      electron microprobe provided evidence of different states of corrosion in two
      remaining silver cones. Light microscopic examination showed the presence of
      silver particles apparently released from the disintegrated or progressively
      corroded cones in the surrounding tissues. The possible interaction between such
      silver accumulations or their chemical combinations with other elements and the
      tissue is discussed.

PMID- 2638393
TI  - Nonsurgical endodontic treatment of a tooth with double dens in dente.
AB  - A case of "double" dens in dente with an open apex and periapical lesion is
      reported. Nonsurgical endodontic treatment was performed. The canals were
      medicated for 5 months with calcium hydroxide before obturation with combined
      sectional and thermoplasticized warm gutta-percha. Follow-up revealed an
      asymptomatic patient and a reduction in size of the periapical lesion.

PMID- 2638394
TI  - Epileptogenic cerebral vascular malformations and MRI.
AB  - The results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed in 67 patients with
      cerebral vascular malformations (35 arteriovenous malformations [AVM], 29 cryptic
      malformations, 11 venous angiomas and 2 associated lesions) were studied
      retrospectively after the patient population was divided into epileptics [25] and
      non-epileptics [42]. Several criteria were determined for each type of
      malformation in the two groups. They included patient's age, site of the
      malformation in relation to the cortex, size of the malformation, presence of a
      perilesional high-intensity signal on T2-weighted sequences and evidence of
      recent haemorrhage. Epileptogenic AVMs seemed to be more superficial and more
      often associated with a perilesional parenchymatous high-intensity signal on T2
      weighted sequences than non-epileptogenic malformations. Epileptogenic cryptic
      malformations were closer to the cortex, larger, and specifically but rarely
      associated with changes in signal of the adjacent brain tissue on T2-weighted
      sequences. The few angiomas associated with epilepsy were, paradoxically, located
      in the cerebellum.

PMID- 2638395
TI  - Epilepsy and brain tumours in children.
AB  - Although epilepsy is one of the clinical manifestations of brain tumour in one
      out of three children, such tumours are only found in 1 to 2% of epileptic
      children explored. When epilepsy reveals the tumour, the latter is benign in 9
      out of 10 cases: usually an astrocytoma, an oligodendroglioma or a mixed
      oligoastrocytic tumour. These tumours accounted for 84% of benign tumours of the
      cerebral hemispheres among children treated by surgery in our department at the
      Enfants Malades hospital, Paris; 76% of them had been revealed by epileptic
      seizures. Among other lesions responsible for epilepsy were 2 cavernous angiomas
      and 6 thrombotic angiomas. Brain tumours were located in the temporal lobe in
      almost one half of the cases. The type of epileptic attack was variable, but
      complex partial seizures were the majority (47%). Several types were associated
      in 30% of the cases. Surgery was the only treatment in view of the very low
      recurrence rate. In 80% of the case, removal of the tumour was sufficient to
      suppress epilepsy. 71% of the children operated upon have an IQ of more than 80;
      77% have normal schooling.

PMID- 2638396
TI  - Fluoride levels in infant formulas.
AB  - The fluoride content of several brands of infant milk formulas were determined to
      approximate that available in the water used in its preparation. It was also
      found that the public water supply contains a mean fluoride content of 0.379 ppm.
      The daily fluoride intake derived from infant milk formulas in a fluoridated
      community is discussed in relation to the recommended dosage.

PMID- 2638397
TI  - Anatomical considerations for mandibular anesthesia in patients with hemifacial
      microsomia.
AB  - Hemifacial microsomia is a congenital abnormality of the structures derived from
      the first and second branchial arches. The severity of this disorder is variable
      and affects the anatomical landmarks essential for establishing the proper
      pathway for needle insertion prior to deposition of the local anesthetic solution
      to attain regional mandibular anesthesia preparatory to dental procedures. This
      paper describes normal anatomical considerations for regional anesthesia in the
      mandibular arch, deviations in normal anatomy found in patients with hemifacial
      microsomia, the rationale for suggesting modifications to standard techniques for
      mandibular anesthesia in patients with this disorder, and presents ways for the
      dentist to achieve anesthesia (analgesia) on the affected side of the mandibular
      arch in patients with hemifacial microsomia.

PMID- 2638398
TI  - Pin and screw retained palatal prostheses in cleft palate patients.
AB  - This article reviews the rationale and technical procedures for pin and screw
      retained palatal prostheses. These prostheses provide a useful treatment modality
      for cleft palate patients requiring two stage palatal repair, obturation for a
      large fistula, or single stage repair requiring palatal expansion in the presence
      of an unerupted primary dentition. Additionally, dental arch alignment can be
      achieved through the incorporation of an expansion screw device in the
      prosthesis. Post insertion problems of air and fluid leakage around the
      prosthesis, inflammation of the tissue underneath the prosthesis and possible
      damage to unerupted teeth have been observed, but are rare occurrences in
      properly selected cases.

PMID- 2638399
TI  - Aneurysmal bone cyst of the mandible.
AB  - A case report of aneurysmal bone cyst of the mandible in a seven-year-old boy
      which caused the destruction and loss of the bony crypt around the tooth germ and
      displacement of the unerupted tooth is presented. This unusual dental findings
      have not been previously reported in the dental literature.

PMID- 2638400
TI  - Bilateral symmetrical fusion of primary and permanent mandibular lateral incisors
      and canines.
AB  - A case is presented where there is bilateral symmetrical fusion of the mandibular
      lateral incisors and canines involving the primary and permanent dentition. The
      etiology and treatment of the anomaly are discussed.

PMID- 2638401
TI  - [Endodontic anatomy of lower premolars--apropos of 669 cases].
AB  - Six hundred sixty nine human mandibular first and second premolars were collected
      (extracted) and studied. We made roentgenographic studies, sections of extracted
      teeth. Comparisons with the findings of other investigators were made in regard
      to the number of roots and number of root canals (in different tables).

PMID- 2638402
TI  - [Conservative dentistry: from teaching to practice].

PMID- 2638403
TI  - [Magnetic resonance imaging and dentistry].
AB  - At the present time, the research in and the utilization of magnetic resonance
      imaging in odontostomatology remains limited. It appeared interesting to access
      the advances made in this technic and to attempt an evaluation of the longrange
      perspectives of MRI in this field. In order to more clearly understand the images
      produced by this technic, the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance are
      summarized, followed by an account of the principle applications with respect to
      the buccal cavity and the temporo-mandibular joints. Studies showing the
      influence of different alloys used in dentistry on the quality of the nuclear
      magnetic images remain for the moment, rather limited. MRI of the oropharyneal
      area permits a glimpse of interesting perspectives such as the detection of
      tumorous lesions or the visualization of meniscus of the TMJ. Nevertheless, three
      factors constitute considerable obstacles in the broad utilization of MRI in the
      field of odontostomatology: the time lapse of image production, the relatively
      limited special resolution and finally the prohibitive cost of examinations.

PMID- 2638404
TI  - [Guided teaching with the Philips 6/6 method].
AB  - Complementary to the didactic lecture, the guided teaching system enables the
      students to formulate and resolve one or more problematic cases specific to the
      topic. The application of the PHILIPS 6/6 inter-active non-directive method,
      allowed us through the teaching of a simple subject (the rubber dam in
      restorative dentistry) to emphasize the multiple performances of group dynamics
      as applied to dental education.

PMID- 2638405
TI  - [Esophagogastric junction pressure as a indicator of function following vertical
      gastroplasty in morbid obesity].

PMID- 2638406
TI  - [Influence of food intake on electrogastrography].

PMID- 2638407
TI  - [Gastroscopy findings of pyloric motility].

PMID- 2638408
TI  - [Clinical significance of 24-hour monitoring of gastrointestinal pH and
      motility].

PMID- 2638409
TI  - [Pressure in the small intestine in Hirschsprung's disease].

PMID- 2638410
TI  - [Study of human colonic motility and secretion during mechanical stimulation by
      recording the intraluminal pressure and potential difference].

PMID- 2638411
TI  - [Duodenoscopic measurement of Oddi's sphincter pressure in congenital biliary
      atresia].

PMID- 2638412
TI  - [Various factors influencing the motility of the esophagogastric junction].

PMID- 2638413
TI  - [Gastric motility and mucosal hemodynamics in rats].

PMID- 2638414
TI  - [Effect of PYY on gastrointestinal motility in conscious dogs].

PMID- 2638415
TI  - Effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist on motility of the isolated guinea-pig
      colon.

PMID- 2638416
TI  - [Effect of CCK on the large intestine].

PMID- 2638417
TI  - [Experimental study on continuity of colonic motility in conscious fasting dogs].

PMID- 2638418
TI  - [Experimental study of intestinal motility following conservative sphincterotomy
      of the anus].

PMID- 2638420
TI  - [Value of Holter monitoring and the electrocardiographic exercise test in the
      diagnosis of silent ischemia after myocardial infarction].
AB  - In 75 patients 24-hour ecg monitoring value was compared with exercise test in
      diagnostics of postinfarction silent ischemia. Results compatibility of both
      comparing examinations was 79% with regard to only painless ischemia (p less than
      0.001) and 91% to both estimated painless or painful episodes (p less than
      0.001). Painless ischemia was observed during ecg Holter monitoring and exercise
      test respectively in 39% and 35% of examined patients (NS) and/or with the angina
      respectively in 44% and 53% (p less than 0.01). 24-hour ecg monitoring and
      exercise test are of a comparable value in diagnosis of postinfarction silent
      ischemia, whereas in diagnostics of jointly estimated painless or painful
      ischemia the exercise test is a more sensitive examination than ecg Holter
      monitoring.

PMID- 2638419
TI  - [Late results of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with heart failure and
      biopsy proven myocarditis].
AB  - Late results of 6-month immunosuppressive therapy (prednisone from 1.5 mg/kg b.w.
      and azathioprine 2 mg/kg b.w.) simultaneously performed with a conventional
      treatment were analyzed in 20 patients with heart failure of unknown origin and
      bioptic diagnosed myocarditis. Average patients' age was 33.8 +/- 10.7 years,
      mean disease duration--7.8 month, mean left ventricular ejection fraction--25.9
      +/- 8.9%. Follow up period was at least 24 months in all patients. 1 patient died
      before the end of therapy. After 6-month immunosuppressive therapy improvement
      was stated in 10 patients (50%)--group A, stable disease course in 3 (15%)--group
      B and deterioration in remaining 6 (30%)--group C. After the next 18 month
      conventional therapy as many as in 8 of 10 group A patients deterioration was
      observed, further improvement (EF increase from 17% to 43%) in 1 female patient
      and a stable disease course in the another female. Of 3 group B patients in 1
      further improvement was observed and a stable course in 2 remaining. Of 6 group C
      patients 4 died, 1 underwent cardiac transplantation, 1 female patient is still
      alive, but does not put herself to control examinations. Early improvement after
      6-month immunosuppressive treatment does not prejudge the later prognosis.

PMID- 2638421
TI  - [Activitrax--a pacemaker with a regulated rhythm rate].
AB  - In 10 patients: 7--with the complete atrioventricular block and 3 with the sick
      sinus syndrome the rate responsive activity sensing pacemaker--Activitrax was
      implanted. Significant increase of rheographically measured cardiac output in a
      course of rate responsive pacing in comparison with on demand constant frequency
      rate stimulation was stated during treadmill exercise tests performed 6 and 12
      weeks after a pulse generator implantation.

PMID- 2638422
TI  - [Comparative investigation of cardiac output using impedance rheography and
      invasive methods].
AB  - Authors performed comparative measurements of cardiac output using the impedance
      rheography and Fick's method in healthy men (6) reaching the value of correlation
      coefficient 0.88 and in patients with acquired cardiac defects (n = 21; r =
      0.68). Authors also compared cardiac output values measured at rest and during
      exercise by means of thermodilution and rheographic methods in patients with
      heart failure (n = 9). Correlation coefficient was respectively 0.92 and 0.81.

PMID- 2638423
TI  - [Effects of isometric exercise on left ventricular function assessed with
      polycardiography in patients with early type I diabetes].
AB  - 15 patients with controlled type 1 diabetes lasting up to 24 months underwent the
      study. The control group consisted of 22 healthy men. Noninvasive examinations
      were carried out at rest and during a 3-minute isometric exercise of a load equal
      to 30% maximal effort. Rest systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP)
      were almost the same in both groups. Also exercise peak SBP and DBP did not
      significantly differ in examined groups. Rest PEP/LVET ratio were significantly
      lower in diabetics (means = 0.313 vs means = 0.348 in the control group; p less
      than 0.002). Peak isometric exercise PEP/LVET ratio significantly increased to
      0.333 in diabetics, comparing with its rest value, whereas significantly
      decreased to 0.333 in the control group. Results indicate increased resting left
      ventricular contractility in patients with early, type 1 diabetes and impairment
      of a left ventricular adaptation for the isometric exercise in comparison with
      the control group.

PMID- 2638424
TI  - [Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function in patients with early
      type I diabetes].
AB  - M-mode, resting echocardiographic examination has been performed under 2-D
      control in 19 patients (mean age-26 years) with controlled, type 1 diabetes
      lasting up to 2 years (D group). The control group (C) consisted of 20 healthy
      men (average age-25 yrs). Greater cardiac index has been stated in D group (p
      less than 0.05). Left ventricular systolic function parameters such as: ejection
      fraction, percentage of fractional shortening and a mean rate of circumferential
      shortening indicate greater contractility in D patients. Left ventricular mass
      also has been significantly greater (p less than 0.04) and the total peripheral
      resistance significantly lowered (p less than 0.05) in the D group. Stated
      alterations in left ventricular function and structure are probably due to
      adaptation for increased peripheral flow.

PMID- 2638425
TI  - [Autonomic regulation of the circulatory system in early type I diabetes].
AB  - In the group of 16 men with controlled, type I diabetes lasting up to 24 months,
      simple tests for assessment of autonomic regulation of the circulatory system
      such as a deep breathing test, Valsalva's manoeuvre and a tilt trial have been
      performed. Variations of systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as heart
      rate have been studied. The control group consisted of 22 young, healthy men.
      Rest heart rate has been significantly increased prior the all tests but its
      alterations during deep breathing have been significantly decreased in diabetics
      (EM index mean = 1.44 vs 1.74 in the control group; p less than 0.01). Also
      Valsalva's index has been significantly increased in them (1.67 vs 1.42; p less
      than 0.02). Significant reduction of a delay index at the early tilt test period
      has been stated in diabetics (1.31 vs 1.57; p less than 0.01) as well as
      significant lowering of diastolic blood pressure in 1st and 5th minute of a tilt
      test. Performed tests indicate that even short duration of diabetes changes the
      autonomic regulation of the circulatory system due to inequality of para- and
      sympathetic system tones and/or the early autonomic neuropathy.

PMID- 2638426
TI  - [A case of primary cardiac myosarcoma].
AB  - The case of the very rare, primary malignant neoplasm of a cardiac origin was
      presented. Authors discussed diagnostic difficulties and clinical symptoms of a
      disease.

PMID- 2638427
TI  - [Membranous subvalvular aortic stenosis--echocardiographic image].
AB  - There were presented 19 cases of membrane subvalvular aortic stenosis.
      Echocardiographic diagnosis was proved by the cardiac catheterization and/or
      intraoperatively. It was discussed the usefulness of echocardiography (especially
      2-DE and Doppler method) in diagnosis of this cardiac defect.

PMID- 2638428
TI  - [Possibilities of echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamic disorders in
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - In a group of 59 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy relationship between
      echocardiographic parameters (interventricular septal thickness, left ventrical
      diastolic diameter, presence of SAM, distribution of hypertrophy) and certain
      hemodynamic measurements (diastolic compliance, left ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure, intraventricular pressure gradient, mean wall thickness and left
      ventricular mass index) were assessed. Substantial elevation of left ventricular
      end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP greater than 20 mmHg) was significantly more
      prevalent among patients with small left ventricular diameter and gross septal
      hypertrophy. Extensive ventricular hypertrophy (Maron type III) was not
      characterized by any distinctive hemodynamic pattern. Presence of SAM reaching
      interventricular septum was indicative of left ventricular outflow obstruction.

PMID- 2638429
TI  - [Photogrammetric methods of measuring coronary artery stenosis].

PMID- 2638430
TI  - [Use of photogrammetry for evaluating the effectiveness of percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty].
AB  - In 16 patients which underwent PTCA of a right or left coronary artery, analysis
      of coronarographic image using the stecometer (a precise instrument measuring
      background coordinates) was performed. Segment of a coronary artery in which PTCA
      was performed, was estimated in projections: RAO 30 degrees and LAO 60 degrees
      with a cranial 30 degrees-45 degrees view before and after the procedure.
      Totally, 72 arteriograms were evaluated. Measurements data were processed by a
      computer under a written program. Obtained results were presented digitally as a
      coordinates list and graphically as automatically plotted by Digigraf, drawings
      in the scale of 10:1 or 20:1. Obtained results were convergent with the hitherto
      applied method of coronary arteries stenoses approximate assessment.

PMID- 2638431
TI  - [Are there correlations of hormonal activity in pheochromocytoma and serum as
      well as erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations in patients with
      pheochromocytoma].
AB  - Interrelationship between serum Na+, K+ concentrations and the excretion of
      norepinephrine (NA), epinephrine (A) in the urine was studied in 69 patients aged
      15-69 with pheochromocytoma (PH), and between serum Na+, K+ concentrations and
      serum NA, A levels in 53 patients. Furthermore, in 15 patients correlation
      between Na+, K+ concentrations in erytrocytes and serum NA, A levels was
      estimated. Na+ and K+ concentrations were determined using photometric analysis,
      NA and A excretion in the urine using fluorometric method and in blood by
      radiometry. Hypokalemia and hyponatremia were stated in 22% and 19% of patients
      with PH, respectively. Only in patients with electrolytic disorders correlation
      of serum as well as erythrocyte Na+ concentrations with serum NA level and
      between serum K+ and A concentrations were proved. In the part of studied
      patients with PH, the NA and A excess induced disorders of electrolytic
      homeostasis.

PMID- 2638432
TI  - [Risk of developing coronary disease in relation to the level of education and
      type of work in a male population of Warsaw factories. I. Evaluation of the
      relation of the level of education and analyzed risk factors of coronary
      disease].
AB  - 5426 males aged 40-59 of 14 Warsaw factories underwent the study to evaluate the
      relationship between coronary artery disease risk factors and education levels.
      Greater mean body mass, total cholesterol level and greater mean value of Rose's
      coefficient were significantly more frequently observed in men with secondary and
      university education. Persons with technical or elementary education have been
      significantly more frequently smoking cigarettes and overweighted.

PMID- 2638433
TI  - [Risk of developing coronary disease in relation to the level of education and
      type of work in a male population of Warsaw factories. II. Relation of the type
      of work and analyzed risk factors of coronary disease].
AB  - The relation of developing coronary artery disease risk factors to the taking a
      post were assessed. 5438 males aged 40-59 underwent the study. Significantly
      greater mean body mass, total cholesterol level, diastolic blood pressure and
      risk coefficient by Rose were stated in the group of office workers, whereas in
      the group of factory workers the percentage of overweighted men and smokers was
      significantly more frequently observed.

PMID- 2638434
TI  - [Risk of developing coronary disease in relation to the level of education and
      type of work in a male population of Warsaw factories. III. Evaluation of the
      relation of the level of education and type of work and changes in the degree of
      risk during the conduction of a prevention program].
AB  - There was analyzed acceptation degree of popularized preventive rules according
      to the education level and the taking a part. Significant netto lowering of mean
      body mass, both blood pressures and values of multivariable logistic function
      (MLF) was obtained in the intervention group in comparison to the control one
      among mean with the elementary education. While in the group of persons with the
      secondary and university education lowering of mean body mass in persons with
      initially stated overweight, mean number of smoked cigarettes and the risk
      coefficient by Rose was obtained in the intervention group in comparison to the
      control one. Similarly, lowering of Rose's risk coefficient was observed in the
      intervention group of office workers in comparison to the central one, and
      significant netto lowering of mean body mass, systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure and multivariable logistic function (MLF) in the group of workers.

PMID- 2638435
TI  - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of aortic dissection].
AB  - Basing on own experiences we present abilities and limitations of
      echocardiography in diagnosis and differentation of aortic aneurysms and
      dissections. Utilization of all ultrasound methods, especially adaptation of
      different projections for respective aortic segments visualization allows in the
      majority of cases to establish the proper diagnosis, and in the case of the
      aortic dissection to determine its extension and localization.

PMID- 2638436
TI  - [Prevalence of coronary disease risk factors in the male population 40-59 years
      of age from the housing complex "Czechow" in Lublin].
AB  - There was studied randomly selected approximately 10% sample of population of
      males aged 40-59 from the housing estate "Czechow" in Lublin. Authors assessed
      the level of coronary artery disease (CAD) basic risk factors as well as a
      percentage of persons with a high risk of developing CAD. The study was extended
      by determinations of plasma HDL--cholesterol, glucose and uric acid
      concentrations. Mean total cholesterol concentration (220.4 mg/dl) as well as the
      frequency of hipercholesterolemia occurrence (15.4%) were significantly higher in
      comparison with their values in male populations of Warsaw and Southern Poland.
      Mean systolic (134.2 mm Hg) and diastolic (87 mm Hg) blood pressures as well as
      frequency of hypertension occurrence (22.7%) were comparable with results of two,
      above mentioned, epidemiological studies. We stated the lower percentage of
      current tobacco smokers (52.2%). The overweight of 115% or more was stated in
      22.2% of persons. Very high percentage of men of low physical activity was stated
      (51%). Higher level of respective risk factors reflected in individual score of
      CAD risk coefficient fixed on 5 points and being higher than in other studies of
      different Poland regions populations.

PMID- 2638437
TI  - [Dopamine beta-hydroxylase in disorders of blood pressure regulation].

PMID- 2638438
TI  - [Present problems of the Blindness Prevention Section of the Polish
      Ophthalmologic Society].

PMID- 2638439
TI  - [The most frequent causes of loss and impairment of vision].
AB  - The authors analysed 1000 personal records of visually disabled persons of the
      1st and 2d disability groups taking into consideration the causes which led to
      the loss of vision or its handicap. It was established that the most frequent
      cause of disability were: high myopia (26.7%), diseases of the retina and uvea
      (18.5%), senile cataract (16.3%), glaucoma (10.3%), optic nerve atrophy (8.8%),
      congenital anomalies (4.9%), corneal diseases (4.8%), diabetes (4.3%), injuries
      (3.3%) and retinal detachment (2.1%).

PMID- 2638440
TI  - [Experimental studies of the role of the adrenergic system in the development of
      the bioelectric response of the retina and visual cortex. 1. Introduction].
AB  - Presented are the results of the up-to-date clinical, pharmacological and
      electrophysiological works concerning the influence of the autonomic system on
      the visual processes. Particular attention is called to the role of the
      adrenergic system on formation of the electroretinographic curve and the visual
      evoked potentials. Presented is also the evaluation of the value of examination
      of the vegetative system for the knowledge of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of
      some pathological conditions of the visual organ having their cause in the range
      of the sympathetic system.

PMID- 2638441
TI  - [Diagnostic value of electrophysiologic studies in diabetics in our experience].
AB  - Twenty two patients (44 eyes) with diabetes of the type I aged 18-60 were
      examined. Duration of diabetes--at least 10 years. Performed were routine
      ophthalmological, general medical and electrophysiological examinations (EOG,
      ERG, with registration of oscillatory potentials, visual evoked potentials). It
      was evidenced that the most accurate method demonstrating the disturbances of the
      retinal function--independently of the visual acuity, fundus changes and other
      signs and complications--are the oscillatory potentials. Evoked visual potentials
      enable us in a majority of cases to evidence the central and subclinical
      disturbances of the optic nerve.

PMID- 2638442
TI  - [Color vision in patients with juvenile onset diabetes mellitus].
AB  - A considerable dependence was revealed between the occurrence of disturbances of
      color vision and the advancement of diabetic retinopathy. The examination of
      color vision represented in a great part the degree of the functional damage of
      the cones, a damage which was a consequence of increasing vascular changes at the
      eye fundus.

PMID- 2638443
TI  - [Cryotherapy of vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy].
AB  - The authors present the results of treatment in 51 patients with vitreous
      haemorrhage in the course of diabetic retinopathy by application of a
      transconjunctival scleral cryoapplication. In the result of clinical observations
      it was concluded that this method was successful in the majority of the patients.

PMID- 2638445
TI  - [Intraocular lenses in patients with diabetes mellitus].
AB  - Presented are personal experiences concerning the application of artificial
      intraocular lenses in patients with diabetes and cataract. Operated were patients
      aged 50-76 years in whom implantation of an artificial lens of Alcon or Cilco was
      performed either to the anterior or posterior chamber. During the qualification
      for surgery eliminated were patients with proliferating retinopathy, with
      rubeosis iridis (with or without secondary glaucoma) and with juvenile diabetes.
      In 16 patients the obtained visual acuity was 0.8-1.0, in one female patient 0.5;
      in the remaining 2 persons the visual acuity amounted 0.2 and 0.3. These patients
      exhibited a simple exudative retinopathy with a macular oedema and after surgery
      they were subjected to a laser therapy. Observation of our material showed that
      qualifying diabetic patients for cataract extraction and taking into
      consideration the over mentioned contraindications one can obtain good results
      similar as in other patients with cataract.

PMID- 2638444
TI  - [Photocoagulation in diabetes mellitus--our results].
AB  - Fifty six diabetic patients aged 25-74 were under ophthalmological control in the
      period 1984-87. The mean time of duration of diabetes amounted 14 years. In 29
      persons diabetes was insulinodependent and in the remaining insulino-independent.
      In 11 eyes the fundus exhibited diabetic changes with characteristics of
      angiopathy, in 43 eyes--of exudative retinopathy and in 58 eyes of proliferative
      retinopathy. Photocoagulation with a xenon-arc lamp of the diabetic changes was
      performed in all the patients. In dependence of the extent of the changes one
      used either a focused or a panretinal photocoagulation. In the majority of cases
      one could stop the progress of the diabetic changes on the fundus and preserve a
      fair visual acuity.

PMID- 2638446
TI  - [Long-term immunosuppressive treatment of sympathetic ophthalmia].
AB  - The authoresses present the results of treatment of 5 patients with sympathetic
      ophthalmia caused by injury of the eye. In 3 patients the removal of the excited
      eye and several years lasting conservative treatment--between others by
      immunosuppressive compounds--led to the arrest of the inflammatory process and
      enabled to preserve a good visual acuity in the saved eye. In 2 persons the
      function of either eye however could not be saved.

PMID- 2638447
TI  - [Preventive laser coagulation of the retina in children with uveitis].
AB  - Presented are cases of proliferative uveitis in which a laser coagulation of the
      retina has been performed in order to separate the fibrous changes. The
      authoresses discuss 2 groups: treated without coagulation and with the use of an
      argon laser coagulation. They see better anatomical and functional results in
      group in which prophylactical coagulation has been performed. They draw on this
      basis the conclusion that it should be used earlier, before the complications
      which hinder this operation come forth.

PMID- 2638448
TI  - [Keratoconus. I. Various epidemiologic data].
AB  - Two hundred and fifty three patients with keratoconus (161 men and 92 women) have
      been observed in the period 1968-1988. Selected epidemiological data are
      presented; between others: the distribution in Poland, education of the patients,
      the time of onset and the time of diagnosis of the condition.

PMID- 2638449
TI  - [Keratoconus. II. Coexisting diseases and theories on its etiology and
      pathogenesis].
AB  - Data from 100 enquiries on the keratoconus are discussed. Bronchial asthma and
      genetic diseases of allergic origin have been revealed in 36% of patients,
      neurological disorders in 60%, hormonal disorders in 13%, habitual rubbing of the
      eyes in 40%, autographism in 58%. An influence on the development of keratoconus
      may have vasomotor disturbances and other factors, for example extended wearing
      of contact lenses causing periodical increases of the intraocular pressure in
      patients with a weaked central corneal area.

PMID- 2638450
TI  - [Lateral geniculate bodies in humans--analysis of development].
AB  - Macroscopial and microscopial analysis of development of the lateral geniculate
      bodies was performed in 32 human brains of persons of various age. Their presence
      was revealed in all the cases. Observation of the histopahtological specimen
      showed---in contradistinction to the results of experimental animal
      investigations found in the world's literature--a lack of influence of the light
      stimulus on the stratification of structure of the lateral geniculate body in
      humans.

PMID- 2638451
TI  - Making medical schools' activities relevant to the local community.

PMID- 2638452
TI  - Nutrition in medical education. Proceedings of a seminar. September 15-16, 1988,
      Port Stephens.

PMID- 2638453
TI  - San Diego Workshop on Nutrition in Medical Education. The Third International
      Symposium on Clinical Nutrition. San Diego, April 27-29, 1987. Proceedings.

PMID- 2638454
TI  - Enabling physicians to be nutrition educators and counsellors.

PMID- 2638455
TI  - Objectives for nutrition in the medical curriculum.

PMID- 2638456
TI  - Teaching clinical decision analysis: implications for nutritional assessment
      management.

PMID- 2638457
TI  - Methods and models for introducing nutrition into the medical curriculum.

PMID- 2638458
TI  - [The new titanium wires: mechanical characteristics and therapeutic indications].
AB  - In recent years, orthodontic therapy has been able to make use of a rich, new
      generation of materials: titanium arches (Sentalloy- Nitinol-Beta Titanium)
      represent one of the most interesting acquisitions in this field. The Authors,
      have studied the most important mechanical characteristics in order to define
      elective clinical application.

PMID- 2638459
TI  - [Evaluation of dental age using qualitative radiographic analysis. 2].
AB  - The Authors evaluated the stage of growth of seven left mandibular teeth and
      their eruption sequence on 157 op. The growth accomplishment happened earlier in
      this study as compared to others. Males showed one year gap compared to females
      in reaching the full dental growth, identified by the apex closure.

PMID- 2638460
TI  - [An orthodontic operative area plan].
AB  - An orthodontic operative zone plan is presented, carried out with a rational
      distribution in the space of different operative structures. Described are
      orthodontic units of new conception and the various equipment and accessories
      used for the development of professional activity. After analysing the ergonomic
      principles upon which this plan is inspired, the layout is described and the
      advantages found are documented.

PMID- 2638461
TI  - [Clinical picture and orthodontic-surgical therapeutic problems in treatment of
      Class II division 1 dento-skeletal malformations].
AB  - In the present study different types of Class II, Division 1 malocclusions have
      been taken under consideration. First of all, have been analysed the main
      etiopathogenetic factors which are the causes of an anomalous development of the
      Maxillo-Facial complex. It has been pointed out the clinical characteristics of
      these malformations, necessaries for a careful therapeutical program. The
      Authors, therefore, in the first face describe the principal orthodontic
      problematics to tackle, in the second face they describe the surgical techniques
      mostly used to correct the Class II malocclusions; finally it has been pointed
      out the role of the orthodontic post-operative treatment, to improve the
      occlusion and the rehabilitation of the neuromuscular system after correcting
      maxillo facial skeleton alterations. Three cases are presented for this kind of
      malformation, treated with the various surgical techniques on the ground of the
      different kinds of clinical variants.

PMID- 2638462
TI  - [A case of open bite].
AB  - The Authors describe the classification of the malocclusion by Angle, and
      considerate one open byte case, may be caused by extrusion of first lower right
      molar, describing orthodontic treatment for his correction.

PMID- 2638463
TI  - [The use of an intermediate splint in surgical correction of facial asymmetry].
AB  - Facial asymmetries often presents maxillary and mandibular involvement. The
      surgical repositioning of the maxilla in three planes of space is a must that
      guarantees the achievement of good function and skeletal symmetry. The Authors,
      looking for a more precise and correct way to quantify the maxillary movements,
      suggest to use an acrylic splint that guarantees the reproduction of the skeletal
      movements decided during the treatment planning procedures. The technique
      proposed, that is based on a very precise work during the model surgery, offers,
      as reported by the authors, good results and a significant reduction in surgery
      time.

PMID- 2638464
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of a new mouthwash during orthodontic therapy].
AB  - The purpose of this clinical study was to value the efficacy of a new mouthwash
      (Oradyne-Z), with an antiseptic agent, alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium
      saccarinate, against the formation of bacterial oral plaque, in patients during
      orthodontic treatment. The test procedure was based on observation of 24 subjects
      (male and female, aged 14 to 50) and divided into 3 equal groups (group A, B and
      C) during orthodontic therapy. In six (6) weeks, the first group (A), used
      Oradyne-Z mouthwash, the second group used a placebo solution (B) ant the third
      (C), used Chlorhexidine mouthwash. The comparison of the results obtained in this
      clinical and statistical study, confirms the efficacy of Oradyne-Z and
      chlorhexidine solutions, against supra-gengival plaque. On the contrary no
      specific result about antiseptical effects, was observed against subgengival oral
      plaque. The reduction of gengival clinical indices and periodontal pocket dept,
      was only connected to the scaling and root-planning treatment.

PMID- 2638465
TI  - [Comparison of the commercial-functional characteristics of various brackets].
AB  - The object of the scientific research from the Authors, has been to carry out
      research into a pertaining to the technology of marketable goods about three
      types of brackets of Roth system, today on the market. These brackets have been
      used for refined function of position of the tooth into the three planes of the
      space for obtaining a correct occlusion, the material and the technical
      shrewdness used in the construction of this connecting, have been considered in
      functional sense too.

PMID- 2638466
TI  - [Malignant neoplasms and potentially malignant hyperplasia in children and
      adolescents from material at the Department of Pathomorphology, Institute of
      Mother and Child during 1978/79-1983].
AB  - 531 cases of malignant neoplasms and potentially malignant hyperplasia in
      children and adolescents diagnosed in the Department of Pathomorphology,
      Institute of Mother and Child between 1978/79 and 1983 are presented. Only
      patients treated in this hospital were included into the study. The most common
      diagnoses were neuroblastoma (68 cases), rhabdomyosarcoma (62 cases),
      nephroblastoma (56 cases), osteogenic sarcoma (47 cases), non-Hodgkin lymphoma
      (41 cases). Besides neoplasms most typical for childhood and adolescence the rare
      less typical cases were also seen.

PMID- 2638467
TI  - [Measurement of blood pressure in children aged 0 to 2 years by four indirect
      methods].
AB  - In 75 children aged 0 to 2 years 104 blood pressure measurement have been
      performed by palpation, auscultation, ultrasound and sphigo-oscillographic
      method. It has been found that sphigo-oscillographic and ultrasound method are
      the most reliable and adequate for children below 2 years of age. The sphigo
      oscillographic method shows higher and the method of palpation and auscultation
      lower values of systolic blood pressure than the ultrasound one. Hypertension has
      been detected in 7% of the investigated children.

PMID- 2638468
TI  - [Neonatal blood aldosterone].
AB  - Postnatal aldosterone levels have been studied in 13 newborns from birth to the
      end of the 3rd day of life. The examinations were performed in children in whom
      blood samples were collected frequently for the clinical reasons (mostly because
      of suspected serologic incompatibility). Aldosterone level was measured by
      radioimmunoassay in the mixed cord blood and then at 2, 6, 12, 48, 72 hours after
      birth. Aldosterone concentration in the cord blood was 0.35 ng/dl and rapidly
      increased to 0.79 ng/dl during the first two hours after birth. The same value
      was obtained at the 6th hour of life. The mean aldosterone concentrations were
      0.85 ng/dl at the 12th hour, 0.89 ng/dl at the 24th and 48th and 0.85 at the 72nd
      hour of life. Postnatal variation of aldosterone levels differs from previously
      investigated variations of glucocorticoids levels.

PMID- 2638469
TI  - [Functional status of the bronchial tree in infants with gastroesophageal
      reflux].
AB  - Airway resistance (Raw) and functional residual capacity (FRC pl) were determined
      by plethysmography in 17 children aged 3 to 12 months. Gastroesophageal reflux
      was diagnosed on the ground of longterm monitoring of esophageal pH or the X-ray
      examination of the stomach. No elevated airway resistance was found. In 41% of
      the cases FRC (per kg of body weight) was increased. This indirectly indicates
      the diminished small airways patency.

PMID- 2638470
TI  - [Atypical dermatomycoses in children as seen in personal observations].
AB  - 15 cases of cutaneous fungal infection in children with nontypical clinical
      findings have been presented. The fungal infections simulated other skin diseases
      particularly atopic dermatitis in 6 cases, diaper dermatitis in 4 cases and in
      single cases psoriasis, impetigo, purpura, eczema and exudative multiforme
      erythema. Mycotic examinations have confirmed the fungal character of lesions.
      The specific treatment resulted in the complete cure of the skin lesions.

PMID- 2638471
TI  - [Adipose tissue distribution in children with excess body weight and possible
      complications of obesity. I. Evaluation of an index (waist to hip circumference)
      in children with simple obesity].
AB  - Distribution of the fat tissue has been estimated in 94 children with simple
      obesity and in 100 children with normal parameters of the somatic development.
      The relation of waist measurement (at the navel level) to the hip measurement (at
      the level of sacral bone) (p/b) was evaluated. This ratio was higher in the group
      of the obese than in the normotensive children. Higher values of the waist
      measurement can indicate an excessive fat tissue deposition in the epigastrium.
      This is a poor prognostic factor as it indicates the greater risk of
      complications of obesity. This children should be followed up.

PMID- 2638472
TI  - [Antilymphocyte globulin in the treatment of acquired aplastic anemia].

PMID- 2638473
TI  - [Familial lymphohistiocytosis with erythrophagocytosis].

PMID- 2638474
TI  - [A case of alloimmune thrombocytopenia in a newborn].

PMID- 2638475
TI  - Guest nurse researchers in healthcare agencies: different priorities, different
      goals.
AB  - The changing climate in healthcare agencies and institutions of higher education
      impacts on clinical nursing research. Roles and responsibilities of nursing
      service organizations for the approval and conduct of nursing research in
      clinical agencies and those of nurses seeking guest researcher status are
      proposed. Problems encountered often by both in the process are analyzed.
      Clarification and understanding of the goals and priorities of each enables
      nurses in clinical settings and academically based researchers to collaborate
      more productively, avoid unnecessary conflict, and promote clinical nursing
      research.

PMID- 2638476
TI  - Is the ANA guilty of paternalism in its guidelines on withdrawing or withholding
      food and fluid?
AB  - The ANA Committee on Ethics's Guidelines on Withdrawing or Withholding Food and
      Fluid (1988) delineates those circumstances under which withholding is normally
      permissible. The Guidelines direct nurses to respect the wishes of competent
      adults. What of adults who are considered incompetent? Can they make decisions to
      refuse food and fluids? The Guidelines ask nurses to judge patient competence and
      the merit of the reasons behind the decisions. This suggests paternalism. A more
      appropriate role of the nurse might be to focus on helping the patient to make a
      decision, rather than on the merit of the decision itself.

PMID- 2638477
TI  - In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer dilemmas.
AB  - A relatively new and rapidly expanding technology for the production of viable
      offspring is in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer. The ethical issues
      surrounding this technology--the status of the embryo, cryopreservation, and the
      selection of IVF recipients--are explored. These issues and the resulting
      dilemmas need to be examined by each individual nurse as the unique needs of IVF
      couples are a challenge to the nursing profession. Many questions arise regarding
      the role of the nurse in this new dimension of health care.

PMID- 2638478
TI  - Professional ethics and patients' rights: past realities, future imperatives.
AB  - The nature and application of professional ethics in relation to patients' rights
      is not always clearly understood by healthcare professionals. As a result,
      patients' rights are not always respected or upheld in a way that they ought to
      be. An undersirable consequence of this has been that patients have suffered
      otherwise avoidable harms. The issue of professional ethics and patients' rights
      is one of concern to all healthcare professionals. It is of particular concern to
      nurses since they are the ones who are often caught in situations involving
      abuses of patients' rights. This paper briefly examines the failure of
      professional ethics to prevent patients' rights' abuses in healthcare contexts.
      It also makes recommendations on how the nursing profession could respond to this
      problem.

PMID- 2638479
TI  - Implementation of a self-health project by baccalaureate students.
AB  - With increasing evidence that life-style is an important influence on health,
      three nursing faculty members at the University of Minnesota implemented a
      learning project to enable students to assess, plan, and evaluate their own life
      styles. The goal was to have the students attempt to make positive changes. As
      part of a "health concepts" nursing course, students became much more aware of
      social, economic, environmental, and cultural factors that either enhanced or
      detracted from their ability to achieve their ideal life-styles. The students
      responded favorably to this assignment because of the potential benefits of
      investing in themselves while pursuing the rigorous program leading to a nursing
      degree.

PMID- 2638480
TI  - Ethical dilemmas and AIDS: nursing issues regarding rights and obligations.
AB  - Nurses and other health professionals deal with many ethical dilemmas daily. The
      AIDS epidemic has generated enormous controversy affecting the care and treatment
      of persons with HIV infections. As the epidemic spreads, the ethical issues
      become more apparent. The AIDS situation highlights the precarious balance
      between individual rights and the public welfare, patients' rights, and the
      rights of nurses and their professional obligations. Ethical questions have also
      been raised concerning equal rights to healthcare resources. The AIDS epidemic
      has caused hysteria among members of our society, including some people in the
      nursing profession. Implications for nursing practice and education are outlined
      to help nurses to make ethical rather than emotional decisions.

PMID- 2638481
TI  - AIDS and confidentiality.
AB  - AIDS has created many challenges for those who provide care for AIDS patients.
      One major challenge has been the request of many public officials for healthcare
      professionals to abandon the traditional view of confidentiality and to reveal
      AIDS patients' names. This ethical dilemma is explored and some ethical theories
      are presented as possible resolutions. The conclusion presented is that
      healthcare professionals must recognize that the power of the healthcare system
      over an AIDS patient is immense. Therefore, healthcare professionals must make a
      commitment to protect the patient's right to privacy by preventing any
      unauthorized disclosure at all costs.

PMID- 2638482
TI  - [Intestinal parasites in children under 5 years of age living in Recife].

PMID- 2638483
TI  - [An attempt to treat skin ulcer caused by Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis
      with ketoconazole].

PMID- 2638484
TI  - [Uncommon mechanisms of sudden death in chronic chagasic patients--report of 3
      cases].
AB  - The case reports of three patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy with
      unusual mechanisms of sudden death are presented. It was unexpected in two of
      them, one by infarction and the other by bronchopneumonia after gut infarction
      without mesenteric vessel obstruction. The third had cardiac failure and her
      expected sudden death was due to cardiac tamponade after spontaneous right
      ventricular rupture.

PMID- 2638485
TI  - [Prevalence of first permanent molar loss in 6 to 12-year-old students of both
      sexes in Ribeirao Preto].
AB  - The authors study the prevalence of lost of the first permanent molars in 6 to 12
      years old schoolchildren of medium and low social-economic levels, in both sexes,
      from Ribeirao Preto, SP., on right and left hemiarcs, and both maxilars. The
      results indicate that teeth los was significantly higher in females, and in both
      sexes the teeth lost was higher in the lower maxilar. No differences were also
      observed between hemiarchs.

PMID- 2638486
TI  - [Prevalence of eye loss. 2. Study of age variables and correlation with etiology,
      sex and ophthalmic surgery].
AB  - The authors present and discuss the results of a survey on prevalence of atrophy
      or absence of the eye considering the variable age and its correlations with
      etiology, sex and ophthalmologic surgery, realized on patients submitted to
      prosthetic treatment at the Ocular, Prosthesis Section of the Maxillo-Facial
      Prosthesis Dept of the Dentistry School, University of Sao Paulo.

PMID- 2638488
TI  - Factors that influence the in vitro synthesis of extracellular insoluble
      polysaccharides of human dental plaque.

PMID- 2638487
TI  - [High temperature investments. 1. Evaluation of some physical properties].
AB  - An evaluation of linear dimensional alterations of normal and hygroscopic setting
      of 3 phosphate-bonded investments and gypsum-bonded investments was made. The
      phosphate-bonded investments were processed with 100, 75, 50 and 25% special
      liquid. We investigated the maximum temperatures tolerated by the investments, in
      relation to the normal setting reactions. To evaluate expansion of normal and
      hygroscopic setting an electronic palpater was used, with the investments
      confined. The temperatures of the thermal reactions were detected by a digital
      thermometer. We confirmed that the CERAMIGOLD and HI-TEMP investments, processed
      with 75% special liquid, presented a greater linear expansion than the normal
      settings. The HI-HEAT presented less expansion than the normal setting and
      greater linear expansion than the hygroscopic setting. The MULTI-VEST tolerated
      the highest temperature during the evaluation.

PMID- 2638489
TI  - ["In vitro" analysis of root dentin permeability during endodontic instrument
      use, as a function of change of instruments and number of times used].
AB  - The increase of dentinal permeability is a very important issue related to root
      canal disinfection. Beside the auxiliary substance used for the
      chemical/mechanical preparation, time and type of instruments were also
      considered. Based on these facts, we have studied the percentage of dentinal
      penetration of a stain (Patent blue V), in recently extracted teeth. By this way,
      areas of tooth hemisection and dentinal stain penetration could be assessed. Two
      different brands of type Kerr files (kerr and Maillefer) and a type K-Flex file
      were used for root canal preparation. They were used with the Endo PTC as an
      auxiliary chemical substance. The number of time used by each file was also
      considered. Results have shown no significant statistical differences of
      percentage of dentin stained, when different instruments were used. Less stain
      penetration could be observed when an increase of instrument action was placed,
      mainly observed in the apical area and tooth hemisection.

PMID- 2638490
TI  - [Radiographic interpretation of experimentally produced bone lesions in dry human
      mandibles. 2].
AB  - Bone defects comparable to clinical situations were simulated in a group of dry
      human jaws, using stell fissure and round burs of different sizes. The closen
      areas were previously photographed, radiographed and used as control. The bone
      defects were also photographed and radiographed in each stage of the experiments.
      A radiograph was always taken as a contrast. The final results were: the
      contrasting "mesio-distal" destruction on part of the interradicular septal only
      became evident when in reached the internal surface of the tongue and/or inner
      ear cortices; the manifestation of radiographics images of the artefacts confined
      to the cortex bone depended directly on the depth and amplitude of the same; the
      defects produced into the alveolar edge did not present any X-ray alterations
      that could be perceived on the level of the architectural pattern of the
      cancellous bone. However, one could detect at least the image of a growing
      rupture of the cortex of the alveolar edge; the use of a varying kilovoltages did
      not influences the appearance, or lack of it, of the bone defects.

PMID- 2638492
TI  - Mechanical resistance of extensive amalgam "restorations" anchored with the aid
      of threaded pins and amalgapins.
AB  - This study dealt with laboratory tests (oblique force application of 45 degrees
      to check the fracture strength), in order to compare two types of dentin pins:
      threaded metallic TMS Whaledent pins and amalgapins. It was used multiple number
      of these elements, with or without thermal cycling. The statistical analysis has
      indicated a highly significance difference between these pins, where the
      amalgapins provide to be more efficient than the steel one. As the resistance
      with the use of 3 or 4 amalgapins are similar, is up to the professional to
      choose the number of pins. It was also observed that the use of 2 or 3 steel pins
      had the same results. In this study it was observed that almost all of the
      specimens were able to resist to oblique load of more than 70 kgf. This value is
      higher than any force occurring in the mouth (HELKINO & INGERVALL 10). Hence, the
      results in vitro indicate that extensive amalgam restorations may well work in
      the oral cavity. Clinical studies must be conducted in order to check if really
      these mastication, since it is practically impossible to duplicate these natural
      condition in a laboratory environment.

PMID- 2638493
TI  - [The activities of the infant in the nursery of the School of Nursing of the
      University of Sao Paulo: a proposal for a program of stimulation].

PMID- 2638491
TI  - [Prevalence of eye loss. 3. Study of surgical variations and their correlation
      with etiology and sex].
AB  - The authors present and discuss the results of a survey on the prevalence of
      atrophy or absence of the eye considering the variable surgery and its
      correlation with etiology and sex, realized on patients submitted to prosthetic
      treatment at the Ocular Prosthesis Section of the Maxillo-Facial Prosthesis
      Department of the Dentistry School, University of Sao Paulo.

PMID- 2638494
TI  - [The insertion of the nurse into the work market place--some considerations].
AB  - The present study makes some considerations on nurse's insertion in work field.
      It rises some data on the increase of employment in health sector, as well as
      seeks to identify some determinants of this increasment. It brings up some
      informations on nurse's manpower, the absorption of nursing professional ad the
      ability of generating employment. Finally, the study identify some trends
      perceived in the absorption of the professional nurse.

PMID- 2638495
TI  - [Education for health: the client as the subject of action].
AB  - The author make some considerations on the education for health based on the
      health-illness process view-point, where the significance of education is
      different in the traditional education and in the historical materalism context.

PMID- 2638496
TI  - [Qualitative research: the systematization of the generating topics and group
      technics].
AB  - This study describes the systematization of generating themes into social
      representations, followed by group works with interventions that go through the
      stages of identification, domestication, relearning and performance
      redefinitions.

PMID- 2638497
TI  - [Focusing the administrative exercise within the whole of nursing functions].
AB  - Within the hospital context, the nurse cannot avoid the administrative function,
      even though this is a controversial issue in Brazilian nursing. To focus on the
      problem, in the present study we set out to identify the set of functions of
      nurses working on the admission floors and to determine the distribution of
      administrative functions according to their bureaucratic and non-bureaucratic
      characteristics. The data were collected at four admission units by intermittent
      observation of work performed by nurses in 1985. The following set of functions
      were identified: administration (62.5%), patient assistance (19.2%), teaching and
      research (3.8%), functions that could be delegated to others (6.8%) and personal
      (7.6%). The administrative functions were classified into bureaucratic and non
      bureaucratic with a respective distribution of 77% and 23%. The study indicates
      that the administrative function is one of the elements defining the nurse's
      profile, even though the authors believe that this function should be better
      oriented.

PMID- 2638498
TI  - [1st Sao Paulo meeting of teachers of Pediatric Nursing].
AB  - The authors report the "I Encontro Paulista de Docentes de Enfermagem
      Pediatrica". They show components of the pediatrics nursing curriculum and the
      results of the discussions accomplished in this event.

PMID- 2638499
TI  - [The general principles of drug administration and nursing actions].
AB  - The authors analyse the responsibility of the nurse during the administration of
      drugs and solutions. Three aspects are approached: the ethic aspects of
      professional attitudes, scientific and iatrogenic.

PMID- 2638500
TI  - [The patient with arterial hypertension under outpatient treatment. The influence
      of variables, the knowledge of the complications of the disease and the
      expectations regarding nursing care (III)].
AB  - This study analysed the knowledge about complications of arterial hypertension
      and influence of some variables. The population constituted of eighty patients.
      The stroke and infarct were the complications from hypertension related. The
      knowledge about hypertension most related was causes of disease and its
      complications. The expectancy about nursing care was to obtain orientation on the
      disease.

PMID- 2638501
TI  - [Nursing care for the tetanus patient in the intensive therapy unit].

PMID- 2638502
TI  - [The administrative structures of nursing services].

PMID- 2638503
TI  - [The activities of the nurses on hospital infection control committees in the
      hospitals of the city of Sao Paulo].
AB  - The purpose of this work was to determine the activities in which the nurses of
      the Hospital Infection Control Committee (HICC) in the hospitals of the City of
      Sao Paulo are involved and to identify the conditions favorable and unfavorable
      to their adequate performance. This study is justified by the fact that the
      nurse's work in the HICC is directly responsible for the obtaining of reliable
      rates of hospital infection as well as for their control and reduction.

PMID- 2638504
TI  - [Nursing practice in the ICU and the health context].

PMID- 2638505
TI  - [The curriculum of the nursing degree course and the national health policy].

PMID- 2638506
TI  - [Trachoma in Niger (results of a sample survey in the department of Tahoua)].
AB  - A preliminary study on the prevalence of trachoma in Niger was carried out in the
      southern part of the Tahoua department in January 1987. 325 persons were
      examined. 60.6% were found to have trachomatous lesions, 36.9% clinically evident
      and evolutive lesions, 3.7% serious and severe forms and 1.2% suffered from
      triachiasis. The program in the fight against blindness that is currently being
      organized in Niger therefore has to take trachoma, that is, avoidable blindness,
      into account.

PMID- 2638507
TI  - [Trachoma in the department of Zinder (Niger)].
AB  - Trachoma is still a major health problem in the ZINDER Department, the historical
      capital located in the mideastern part of the country. A prospective study
      carried out on almost 800 subjects between the ages of 0 and 20 reveals that the
      prevalence of trachoma varies between 28% in the cities to 68% in the rural
      areas. This represents an average prevalence of almost 50% in the age group
      considered. This rate is sharply increasing when compared with that recorded 20
      years ago (15 to 25%). A program to fight the disease is more than ever
      necessary.

PMID- 2638508
TI  - [Prevalence of blindness in Niger].
AB  - The population of Niger is 6 million, mostly located in the rural areas. The last
      ophthalmological survey carried out in 1983 reveals a 3 to 8% prevalence of
      blindness, according to the department considered, that is, an average prevalence
      of 2.6% in the country. This survey reveals that 85% of the causes of blindness
      can be avoided (cataracts-infections). These figures fully justify the
      implementation of a national program to fight blindness.

PMID- 2638509
TI  - Pterygium in a Libyan village.
AB  - The prevalence of pterygium was estimated in a Libyan village. There seems to be
      an association between pterygium and cicatricial trachoma, poor housing
      conditions and Herbert's Pits in this population.

PMID- 2638510
TI  - Chlamydial serology in uveitis.
AB  - Ninety seven sera, 53 from patients with Acute Anterior Uveitis and 44 from age
      and sex matched controls were tested for antichlamydial antibodies employing a
      recently developed technique of ELISA. Higher positivity of 27.0% was recorded in
      controls as against 17.0% in patients. The difference was statistically
      insignificant. All the subjects had trachoma at stage II-IV. Age and sex did not
      seem to influence the findings in both, the cases and controls. Through this
      study, the role of Chlamydia in the etiology of A. A. U. is not ascertained.
      Further studies are recommended.

PMID- 2638511
TI  - [Campaign against hypovitaminosis in Mauritania].
AB  - Since 1973 and 1983's droughts, different studies have proved that xerophthalmia
      is a public health problem in Mauritania. With the collaboration of different
      N.G.O.'s, Mauritanian Health Ministry has elaborated a program against
      xerophthalmia. In this paper, the authors relate this fight since 1987; methods,
      limits and future.

PMID- 2638513
TI  - CDT today: a new year, a new program.

PMID- 2638512
TI  - [Ocular pathology in West Cameroon].
AB  - In a study carried out in West Cameroon Province where 1749 patients were
      involved, the author aimed at studying the ocular pathology of this area. This
      was all the more important because the province was not equipped before with any
      department of Ophthalmology. It appeared from this study that infectious and
      inflammatory diseases of the anterior segment of the eye and of the eye-lids are
      by far the most widespread. Then come the refraction defects. Ocular traumas come
      next, in third position, then cataracts. The other eye diseases are less common
      in this area.

PMID- 2638514
TI  - CDT today: what are we doing?

PMID- 2638515
TI  - Infection control procedures in the dental laboratory.

PMID- 2638516
TI  - Why don't "they" listen?

PMID- 2638518
TI  - Dental technology education: accreditation of dental technology schools.

PMID- 2638517
TI  - Principles of organization in a commercial dental laboratory.

PMID- 2638519
TI  - CDT today: guidelines for the orthodontic specialty practical examination.

PMID- 2638520
TI  - Interaction and selection of therapeutic agents in the elderly: NSAIDs and the
      ageing kidney.
AB  - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent a commonly used class of
      therapeutic agents in rheumatic disorders, especially in our elderly population.
      Although their mechanism of anti-inflammatory action may be multifarious, global
      prostaglandin blockade, especially in the elderly, is responsible for many of the
      recognized adverse effects. Complications of NSAID gastropathy represent the most
      serious adverse effect, its frequency becoming an alarming health problem.
      Various nephrotoxicity syndromes seen with NSAID use in the elderly are less
      prevalent and less often recognized. Commonest is reversible, hemodynamically
      mediated renal insufficiency due to prostaglandin blockade. Potential differences
      among NSAIDs are reviewed in light of the concept of compartmentalized renal
      prostaglandin blockade. A framework is developed for the clinical application of
      these potential differences, especially in the treatment of elderly patients.
      Along a continuum of increasing risk factors for NSAID nephrotoxicity or
      increasing NSAID dose, there likely exists an intermediate therapeutic window
      where differences among NSAIDs are most relevant.

PMID- 2638521
TI  - Efficient macrophage isolation of human immunodeficiency virus from peripheral
      blood leukocytes from healthy seropositive individuals: implications for cell
      tropism.
AB  - We investigated the efficiency of HIV isolation from the PBL of 23 healthy, HIV
      seropositive individuals with high (600-700/mm3) CD4+ T cell counts.
      Cocultivations of patients' PBL with allogeneic T lymphocyte blasts or monocytes
      were performed. T lymphocyte blasts allowed recovery of 4/23 (17%) HIV isolates,
      whereas monocytes allowed recovery of 12/23 (52%) isolates. Monocyte cultures
      sustained release of viral antigen for up to 70 days. Nine of the viral
      isolations could be accomplished only with this monocyte coculture technique. To
      determine the in vivo source of the macrophage-tropic HIV isolates we separated
      PBL from 5 of these 9 patients into T lymphocyte and monocyte fractions by cell
      sorting; then, we analyzed the fractions by PCR to amplify HIV proviral DNA. In 4
      out of 5 patients studied HIV-1 proviral DNA was detected only in T lymphocytes
      but not in monocytes, although the virus was isolated exclusively by monocyte
      coculture technique. In the remaining patient, HIV DNA was found to be present in
      both T cells and monocytes. Thus, HIV can be more efficiently isolated in healthy
      seropositive individuals by coculture of their PBL with normal monocytes rather
      than T cell blasts. Of note, the most common in vivo source of viral isolates
      which preferentially infect monocytes in vitro ("macrophage-tropic strains") is
      the circulating CD4+ T lymphocyte.

PMID- 2638522
TI  - Genetically modified endothelial cells in the treatment of human diseases.

PMID- 2638523
TI  - Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia: definition of two groups based on plasma
      triglyceride levels.

PMID- 2638524
TI  - Cloning and expression of human arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase.
AB  - Because of the predominance of 15-lipoxygenase activity in airway epithelium and
      because of the known biological activities of 15-lipoxygenase metabolites, we
      have initiated detailed studies of this enzyme. The enzyme was isolated to
      homogeneity from eosinophil-enriched leukocytes. Using oligonucleotide probes, we
      isolated a full-length cDNA encoding 15-lipoxygenase from a human reticulocyte
      cDNA library. The clone is immunologically related to leukocyte 15-lipoxygenase
      and has been expressed in mammalian cells. Demonstration of active catalytic
      function is further proof of the authenticity of the isolated clone. The
      predicted amino acid structure shares significant sequence similarity with other
      lipoxygenases in certain regions. This extends our earlier observation that the
      lipoxygenases form a family of enzymes. Furthermore, the conservation of amino
      acid residues in select regions suggests a role in enzymatic activity. The
      availability of a clone for 15-lipoxygenase should prove useful in studying the
      structure and function of the enzyme, the regulation of 15-lipoxygenase gene
      expression, and the comparison of 15-lipoxygenases from various cells and
      tissues.

PMID- 2638525
TI  - Automated DNA sequencing methods for detection and analysis of mutations:
      applications to the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.

PMID- 2638526
TI  - Molecular characterization of a type II collagen defect in spondyloepiphyseal
      dysplasia.

PMID- 2638527
TI  - Translocation of cytosolic components of neutrophil NADPH oxidase.

PMID- 2638528
TI  - Regulation of the human interleukin-3 gene.

PMID- 2638529
TI  - The oxidative metabolism of estradiol: inhibition by cimetidine.
AB  - Cimetidine, a histamine H2 antagonist, is known to interfere with the metabolism
      of exogenous drugs by binding to cytochrome P450. We examined the possibility
      that cimetidine might also inhibit the cytochrome P450-dependent
      biotransformation of endogenous compounds such as steroid hormones. Utilizing a
      radiometric assay and normal male volunteers, the acute effect of intravenous
      cimetidine (300 mg loading dose followed by 50 mg/hr) was determined. The extent
      of 2-hydroxylation of estradiol was reduced by 25% from 29.6 +/- 4.4% (mean +/-
      SEM) before, to 22.9 +/- 4.0% during cimetidine infusion (n = 8; p less than
      0.0005). Following oral cimetidine (800 mg b.i.d.) for 2 wk, estradiol 2
      hydroxylation was decreased by 40% from 31.7 +/- 2.3% to 19.7 +/- 2.4% (n = 9; p
      less than 0.0001) but 16 alpha-hydroxylation of estradiol was unaffected.
      Concomitantly, the urinary excretion of 2-hydroxyestrone was decreased by 25% (p
      less than 0.002) and the serum estradiol concentration was increased by 20% (p
      less than 0.04). In contrast, ranitidine, a second generation H2 receptor
      antagonist, had no effect on estradiol hydroxylation following 150 mg b.i.d. for
      2 wk. The inhibition of estradiol 2-hydroxylation and the increase in serum
      estradiol concentrations caused by cimetidine administration may help to account
      for the symptoms of hyperestrogenization reported in long-term cimetidine
      therapy.

PMID- 2638530
TI  - Cellular basis of autoantibody production in old mice.

PMID- 2638531
TI  - Regulation of LDL receptor mRNA levels in human lymphocytes by functional demand
      and ambient sterols.
AB  - Mitogenic stimulation increases lymphocyte LDL receptor gene expression.
      Increases are dependent on protein synthesis, not explained by altered mRNA
      stability and subject to negative feedback regulation. Furthermore, transcription
      occurs for at least 24 hr and requires ongoing protein synthesis. Depletion of
      putative endogenous pools of cholesterol that regulate cellular sterol metabolism
      cannot account for the increase in LDL receptor gene expression caused by
      mitogenic stimulation. Mitogen-stimulated cells always contain substantially
      higher levels of LDL receptor messenger RNA than corresponding resting cells.
      Mitogenic stimulation thus provides a signal that increases LDL receptor gene
      expression over and above that predicted from the concentration of exogenous
      sterols. These studies, therefore, indicate that LDL receptor transcription is
      modulated by signals transduced during cellular activation as well as by negative
      feedback from regulatory sterols.

PMID- 2638532
TI  - [Effect of activated monocytes on the growth of cloned granulocytic progenitor
      cells].
AB  - The humoral effect of resting and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) preincubated
      normal monocytes on granulocytic progenitor growth in double diffusion chamber
      culture (CFU-dG) was assayed. The activation of monocytes by PMA was confirmed in
      NBT reduction test (increased formazan content) and by enhanced superoxide anions
      production compared with resting cells. The activatory and inhibitory effect of
      monocytes on granulocytic colony formation was cell-concentration dependent. The
      maximal CFU-dG growth promoting effects was seen at 5 X 10(4) of resting
      monocytes, whereas PMA-treated cells exerted their optimal stimulatory activity
      at lower cell number (2.5 X 10(4)). Further increase of monocyte concentration
      resulted in diminished CFU-dG proliferation. It is shown that the decline of
      colony count at high monocyte number was caused by indomethacin-dependent
      inhibitors.

PMID- 2638533
TI  - [Adenosine deaminase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia].
AB  - The activity of adenosine deaminase was determined in the cerebrospinal fluid in
      children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in various phases. It was found that
      an evident rise of this activity occurred during leukaemic meningeal involvement
      as compared with the initial phase the disease or with the first complete
      remission. After an episode of recurrent cerebrospinal leukaemia the activity of
      the enzyme was also higher than during the first complete remission. Such high
      values as during meningeal leukaemia were not found in inflammatory cerebrospinal
      fluid which suggests that determinations of this enzyme could be useful for
      differentiation of leukaemic infiltrations in the central nervous system against
      lymphocytic meningitis.

PMID- 2638534
TI  - [Long-term follow-up of children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia after
      splenectomy].
AB  - On the ground of follow-up extended over many years the effectiveness was
      analysed of splenectomy in 93 children with idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Good and
      very good results of splenectomy were achieved in 84.95% of the cases treated
      surgically, in 15.05% no remission developed. In 27 splenectomized children
      recurrences appeared from 1 to 18 years after splenectomy. In 77.8% of cases the
      recurrences were transient, while in the remaining children qualified into the
      group with absent remission recurrences persisted throughout the whole follow-up
      period. In 3 children with unsatisfactory result of splenectomy accessory spleen
      was removed during repeated laparotomy, in two of them cure was obtained. No
      greater complications connected directly with the operation were noted. Severe
      viral and bacterial infections from 2 to 3 years after splenectomy developed in 3
      children (3.23%) in 2 cases they were the cause of death (2.15%). Of decisive
      importance for good prognosis in children with this disease treated by
      splenectomy was normalization of platelet count immediately after the operation,
      preoperative disease duration not longer than 12 months, age below 10 years at
      the time of splenectomy, female sex, and spleen-liver index over 3.4.

PMID- 2638535
TI  - [Properties of hemoglobin in ozone-exposed hemolysates of erythrocytes].
AB  - The objective of the paper was to investigate the changes in haemoglobin
      properties under the influence of ozone on haemolysates of erythrocytes. The
      detailed analysis of experiments permitted to draw the following conclusions: 1.
      Haemoglobin in the presence of ozone is transformed into methaemoglobin in a
      biphasic process. 2. In ozone exposed haemolysates of erythrocytes the
      haemoglobin had other properties: an increase in affinity for oxygen and a
      decrease of the hem-hem interaction coefficient.

PMID- 2638536
TI  - [Radiotherapy instead of second-line chemotherapy in patients with Hodgkin's
      disease in partial remission after treatment with cytostatics].
AB  - Radiotherapy was given to 32 patients with Hodgkin's disease (clinical stage IIA
      IIIA) in whom chemotherapy given as the first treatment produced partial
      remission or minimal regression with disappearance of all systemic symptoms (27
      cases) or recurrence developed after earlier treatment with cytostatic agents (5
      cases). For a more accurate determination of the extent of lesions before
      radiotherapy in 24 cases laparotomy was done with splenectomy. Radiotherapy given
      in place of a second course of chemotherapy led in 24 cases (75%) to complete
      remission lasting from 8 to 62 months, mean 23.2 months. Twenty-one patients are
      still in continuing remission. These results point to the usefulness of
      considering the possibility of using radiation energy for the treatment of
      patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease (phase IIP-IIIP) in whom cytostatic
      drugs given as a first-line therapy failed to produce complete remission after 4
      6 treatment courses, but caused some regression of symptoms with disappearance of
      systemic signs.

PMID- 2638537
TI  - [Diagnostic evaluation of HLA sera obtained as a result of cooperation between
      the Institute of Hematology and blood donation stations].
AB  - The aim of the cooperation between the Laboratory of Leucocyte and Platelet
      Immunology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Donation Stations was typing of
      anti-HLA sera from the blood of pregnant women. During 18 months of this
      cooperation 477 sera were studied. In 255 sera (53.1%) lymphocytotoxic antibodies
      were demonstrated and their specificity was determined. The types anti-HLA sera
      will be used for determination of HLA antigens in blood donors donating blood in
      the Stations. The results of these determinations, technical problems and
      conclusions drawn from this cooperation are discussed. Continuation of this
      cooperation will contribute to further limitation of the import of anti-HLA sera.

PMID- 2638538
TI  - [Leukocyte doubling time as a prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia].
AB  - The authors present clinical analysis of 57 patients with chronic lymphocytic
      leukaemia, observed during the first three stages of the disease according to Rai
      classification. The analysis of the presented material has confirmed the clinical
      and prognostic value of this classification, but at the same time has shown
      differences of clinical course of the disease in particular patient. There was no
      sex neither age effect on the clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
      The authors confirmed that leukocyte doubling time is a very useful prognostic
      factor in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

PMID- 2638539
TI  - [Phagocytic activity of platelets in patients with pneumonia].
AB  - In 22 patients with pneumonia the per cent of phagocytizing platelets and the
      phagocytosis index of the platelets were determined before treatment and in 14
      patients this was done after treatment. Before treatment the per cent of
      phagocytizing platelets was 1.37%, on average, and after treatment it was 1.20,
      and it was thus much lower than in the control group X 2.33. The phagocytosis
      index before treatment was 1.39 on average, and after treatment it was 1.28,
      while in the control group it was 1.54. The obtained results seem to indicate
      that in pneumonia platelets participate in the antibacterial processes and the
      lungs as a thrombopoietic organ contribute to this phenomenon.

PMID- 2638540
TI  - [Peripheral blood phagocyte count and ultrastructure of neutrophils in patients
      with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism].
AB  - The study was carried out in 80 women with hyperthyroidism (40 with Graves
      Basedow disease and 40 with hyperactive nodular goitre) and in 30 women with
      primary hypothyroidism. In the group with hyperthyroidism the total leucocyte
      count and the absolute count of neutrophils in peripheral blood were lower than
      in controls. In the group hypothyroidism the absolute count of monocytes was
      higher than in controls. In both studied groups ultrastructural changes were
      noted in the cytoplasm of neutrophils.

PMID- 2638541
TI  - [Value of the LEN (LISS-enzyme) technic in detection of alloantibodies to
      erythrocytes].
AB  - The reported study was done for assessment of the value of the enzymatic
      technique LSE/LISS Spin Enzyme proposed by Odell et al. using a solution of NaCl
      of low ionic strength (LISS) for detection of incomplete alloantibodies to
      erythrocytes, especially those from the Rh system. The results of the study
      demonstrated that the LSE test, called by the authors LEN (LISS-Enzyme) is a
      sensitive and specific method comparable in its effectiveness to the two-step
      papain test (2-Pap) used widely in this country. In routine studies the LEN
      technique is simple, easy and rapid. Washing of papain treated erythrocytes is
      not necessary. The time from enzyme addition to erythrocytes to result reading is
      about 15 minutes, that is it is four times shorter than the time in the 2-Pap
      technique (60 minutes). A significant was the preparation of one type of
      erythrocyte suspension in LISS solution for two tests: enzymatic and
      antiglobulin, carried out in parallel. For these reasons the LEN test may be
      recommended in place of 2-Pap for detection and identification of antibodies. It
      is also a practical methods for matching test in place of the one-step papain
      test. The LEN test should be widely introduced in laboratories of
      transfusiological immunology in this country. Attention is called ti various
      technical details necessary for obtaining of unequivocal and reproducible
      results.

PMID- 2638542
TI  - [Anti-M antibodies in the pathogenesis of hemolytic disease of the newborn].
AB  - Two cases are presented of serological fetomaternal incompatibility in the MNSs
      group system diagnosed for the first time in Poland. Anti-M antibodies of the
      mother caused in one newborn haemolytic disease with acute anaemia requiring
      blood transfusions. In the other newborn clinical signs of the disease failed to
      appear despite a positive direct antiglobulin test. The results are presented of
      immunohematological studies calling attention to difficulties connected the
      diagnosis of haemolytic disease of the newborn caused by anti-M antibodies. This
      problem is discussed more extensively in the light of available literature.

PMID- 2638543
TI  - The sensory projections to the frontal association cortex in the dog.
AB  - Afferents to the frontal association cortex (FAC) from structures involved in
      olfactory, visual and auditory functions were studied in 37 dogs using the method
      based on the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Separate
      injections to FAC or to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) showed that sensory
      afferents could reach FAC by two channels: by direct cortico-cortical projections
      and via MD. The olfactory input originating in the primary and secondary
      olfactory cortex run to FAC through both transcortical and subcortical pathways,
      while some subcortical structures, such as the anterior olfactory nucleus and
      olfactory tubercle, send abundant afferents to FAC only via MD. The visual
      projections taking their rise from a few separated areas of the visual
      association cortex reach FAC only transcortically. Most significant subcortical
      projection to FAC from the lateral geniculate nucleus, were transmitted via MD.
      On the contrary, auditory information was sent to FAC mainly through direct
      cortico-cortical pathways originating in the auditory association areas. Auditory
      input related by MD was very weak and originated from a limited region of the
      some cortex. Thus, independently from the way of transmission, auditory and
      visual projections terminated always in the dorsal zone of FAC, whereas the
      olfactory projection terminated in its ventral zone.

PMID- 2638544
TI  - The inhibitory components in the responses of the lateral suprasylvian area
      neurons to moving stimuli in cats.
AB  - The inhibitory components in the neuronal responses of the cat's lateral
      suprasylvian area (LSA) to moving bright and dark stimuli were investigated. The
      LSA neurons could be divided into two groups. Neurons of the first group (33%) do
      not reveal spatial displacement of the inhibitory zones and show displacement of
      the discharge centers in the receptive field only for one polarity of contrast of
      moving stimuli, either brighter or darker than the background. The second group
      (67%) contained the neurons which showed a spatial displacement of the inhibitory
      components and discharge centers in the receptive field for either polarity of
      contrasts of the moving stimuli. Tested with stationary flashing stimuli, the
      majority of neurons in both groups had overlapping ON-OFF discharge regions
      within their receptive fields. The results obtained with moving stimuli of
      different speeds and with the masking method suggest the rebound origin of the
      inhibitory responses in LSA neurons.

PMID- 2638545
TI  - Effect of after-discharge EEG patterns on performance and latency of the
      conditioned avoidance response in hippocampally kindled cats.
AB  - The relation between different EEG after-discharge patterns and memory retrieval
      of the conditioned avoidance response was studied in 8 hippocampally kindled
      cats. The after-discharge patterns were classified into 5 basic EEG types. The
      relation was analyzed in three different situations: A, at the conditioning
      stimulation onset, B, at the conditioning stimulus termination, and C, when
      conditioning stimulus onset and termination were studied within the same type of
      EEG pattern of after-discharge. The moment of presentation of the conditioning
      stimulus was determined by the type of EEG after-discharge pattern. Significant
      relation was observed between reflex performance and type II and III EEG AD
      types. The type II (4.5-12/s spiking activity) was associated with a greater
      proportion of positive responses if presented on the uniform background of EEG
      after-discharge patterns. During the type III pattern (EEG dysrhythmia), there
      were more negative than positive responses in all the three experimental
      situations, especially if the type III EEG pattern was observed at the time of
      conditioned stimulus termination. The latency of reflex performance measured in
      the experimental condition C (the same pattern of EEG during conditioning
      stimulus onset and termination) was longer during the type II EEG pattern of
      after-discharges than the latencies found during type III EEG activity and in the
      control group. During type III pattern associated with greatest proportion of
      response failures there was, however, no increase of reflex latencies. The
      results suggest differential effect of different EEG after-discharge patterns on
      memory retrieval of the well established conditioned avoidance response in cats.

PMID- 2638546
TI  - Diversity of kindling effects: EEG manifestations in cats during kindling in the
      hippocampal formation.
AB  - The formation and subsequent development of after-discharges (ADs) and
      spontaneous interictal spikes was investigated in a group of ten kindled cats.
      The electrodes used for electrical stimulation and EEG recording were located in
      various parts of the hippocampal formation: in the hippocampal gyrus, dentate
      gyrus, subiculum and entorhinal cortex. The animals were stimulated once daily
      with 1 s trains of 50/s electric pulses. The choice of stimulating electrodes,
      stimulating currents and, in some cases, monitoring of the stability of
      stimulating conditions was aided by recording hippocampal field potentials evoked
      by intrahippocampal electrical stimulation. A subgroup of 5 cats was stimulated
      at AD threshold or near threshold currents of constant intensity. The following
      patterns of AD development were observed: (i) a long lasting initial phase of
      stable, a few second-long ADs with subsequent development, culminating in
      prolonged ADs and complex partial or secondary generalized tonic clonic seizures,
      after 80-120 days of kindling; (ii) stable pattern of brief ADs (0.3-1.5 s
      duration) during 120 days of kindling; (iii) gradual development of initially
      brief ADs (about 5 s) into longer lasting ADs (about 35 s) associated with
      complex partial seizures, during 220 days of stimulation. Spontaneous interictal
      spikes developed in this subgroup after 16-15 days of kindling. The second
      subgroup of 5 animals was subjected to stimulation with gradually increasing AD
      subthreshold currents. In two animals of this subgroup spontaneous EEG discharges
      of isolated spikes and clusters of high frequency spikes appeared in the
      stimulated hippocampal gyrus after 10 days of kindling. Apart from the diversity
      of after-discharge development patterns the results indicate relative
      independence of the processes underlying formation of the spontaneous interictal
      spikes and after-discharges.

PMID- 2638547
TI  - Influence of environmental temperature and photoperiod on temporal structure of
      sleep in corvids.
AB  - A survey is presented of the author's own investigations on the effects of
      ambient temperature and photoperiod on sleep in corvids. Daily sleep patterns of
      rook, Corvus frugilegus and magpie, Pica pica have been studied
      electrographically under natural ambient conditions of light and temperature. The
      daily amount of total sleep time (TST) was positively correlated with night
      duration, whereas the proportion of TST spent in paradoxical sleep (PS) was
      strongly reduced in low ambient temperature (Ta). The mean duration of sleep
      cycle was found to be positively correlated with Ta. The temporal structure of PS
      in contrast to that of slow wave sleep (SWS) underwent dramatic changes due to
      cold exposure. In cold PS episodes appeared randomly throughout the night. The
      systematic trend observed in nocturnal distributions of SWS did not vary
      significantly when Ta changed from thermoneutral to moderate cold. This study
      provided indirect support for the view that PS in birds, like in mammals, is
      associated with inhibition of thermoregulatory responses.

PMID- 2638548
TI  - The role of body turn-brightness associations in the effect of scopolamine on
      response-to-change in the rat.
AB  - We explored further the different effects of anticholinergics on response-to
      change in the passive and active tests. We hypothesized that body turn-brightness
      associations are formed in the active but not in the passive test, where the
      turns were prevented by transparent partitions blocking maze arm entrance. This
      difference might account for the resistance of the active test performance to
      anticholinergic drugs. To examine this idea, the passive test conditions were
      modified so that body turns were possible. However, scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg)
      interfered with response-to-change performance to the same extent as observed
      previously in the typical passive test procedure. Thus, body turn-brightness
      associations are not the source of resistance of active test performance to
      cholinergic receptor blockade.

PMID- 2638549
TI  - Brightness discrimination and reward strategy in the rabbit.
AB  - Two groups of rabbits were trained on a brightness discrimination task. A two
      choice discrimination apparatus was used. By means of food reward one group of
      rabbits was trained to open the darkest gate, the other was trained to open the
      brightest gate. The second group learned significantly faster than the first one.

PMID- 2638550
TI  - [Stafne bone defect, a rare clinical case].
AB  - The AA. report a case of Stafne's bone defect describing its clinical and
      radiographic features and touch on etiopathogenesy, incidence and diagnosis.

PMID- 2638552
TI  - [Electrophysiology of the cell. 2. Action potentials].
AB  - In the sphere of re-examination cellular electrophysiology, the authors propose
      again the action's potential concepta of celle about a point of view prevalently
      electric.

PMID- 2638551
TI  - [Electrophoresis or iontophoresis in dentistry. 2. Theoretical aspects].
AB  - The Authors, in this second note of study about odontoiatric ionophoresis, define
      the theoretical side of the ionophoretic separation method.

PMID- 2638553
TI  - [Hallermann-Streiff syndrome].
AB  - Hallermann-Streiff syndrome is a second branchial arch defect with significant
      ophthalmologic, dental and craniofacial findings. These anomalies provide a
      difficult management and treatment situation for both the restorative dentist and
      orthodontist and maxillo-facial surgery.

PMID- 2638554
TI  - [Radiographic registration of cranial posture].
AB  - The AA, have would report consideration pertinent to individualize and to the
      radiographic registration of the head posture to value the craniocervical angle.

PMID- 2638555
TI  - [Electrophysiology of the cell. 3. The electrical component in cellular
      metabolism].
AB  - The Authors succiently summarize a few elements of cellular electrophysiology in
      the sphere of influence's study of the electric stimuli on the replacement
      calcium in the peripheric feed-back of the bony structures.

PMID- 2638556
TI  - [Principles of the function and use of Zonarc].
AB  - The Authors analyze the rx computer system, called Zonarc, and they compare it
      with like diagnostic systems drawing a positive conclusion.

PMID- 2638557
TI  - [Surgical treatment for a rare dental impaction].
AB  - The authors have would, in this work, report a clinic story of dental anomaly
      inclusion for incidence.

PMID- 2638558
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics. 2. Methods of identification and quantification of drugs in
      peripheral tissue].
AB  - The authors examine different methods about the quantitative and qualitative
      analysis of medicine in biological tissue.

PMID- 2638559
TI  - [Bone regeneration. 2. Bone forming and physically stimulating materials].
AB  - The Authors make a review of literature about many bone-reparing materials.
      Besides phisic and phisic-chemist methods are treated. These methods favour the
      bone garrison.

PMID- 2638560
TI  - Combined effects of shiftwork and environmental hazards (heat, noise, toxic
      agents).
AB  - The paper deals with the results of studies or discussions concerning the problem
      of nightwork combined with other adverse working conditions. Special emphasis is
      laid on the untoward effect of high temperature during nightwork, as well as on
      noise and exposure to chemicals. It is shown that there is no substantial
      influence of heat stress on the circadian rhythm of adrenaline excretion under
      sitting working conditions with the subject performing a difficult mental task at
      warm climates up to 30 degrees C BET. Shiftwork and noise induce independent
      different effects which can be explained in terms of activation for shiftwork and
      in terms of tension for noise. The combination of both adverse exposures is
      therefore partly subtractive but partly additive as night work and noise
      negatively affect daysleep. Practical experience in the field of combined effects
      of shiftwork and chemical agents is lacking, but theoretical speculations lead to
      the conclusion that there may exist a time of day dependence of some chemicals,
      used at workplaces.

PMID- 2638561
TI  - [Comparative determination of the lead concentration in the air in a working
      environment using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and the spectrophotometry
      method].
AB  - The x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and the spectrophotometric method were used
      to determine lead concentrations in the air of an auto repair shop. The
      calibration of the x-ray spectrometer was performed with known concentrations of
      water solutions of Pb(NO3)2 on filter paper. Samples were prepared by filtration
      of measured volumes of air. The lead amounts determined were below the maximum
      permissible concentrations. The results obtained with the spectrophotometric
      method are also given showing discrepancies between 10 and 30 per cent if
      compared with the results of x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.

PMID- 2638562
TI  - [Lacrimal hyposecretion in women working with video terminals].
AB  - Tests of vision and lacrimal secretion were performed as part of a general
      medical check-up among women employed at video-terminals in a bank. The tests
      were taken by three groups of 100 employees each. The first group consisted of
      full-time (eight hours) employees, the second of those working part-time (the
      time spent at a video-terminal daily was never less than two hours of continuous
      work) and a third group of control subjects having different clerical jobs but
      working in the premises with video-terminals. Diminished lacrimal secretion was
      most often present among full-time workers (20 per cent). A statistically
      significant difference in lacrimal secretion was observed between the first and
      the second group of examinees. There was no significant difference between the
      second group and the controls.

PMID- 2638563
TI  - [Disability and arthrotic changes in the lower extremity].
AB  - From a sample of occupationally disabled persons who had retired because of a
      disease of the locomotive system 48 men and 22 women with pronounced arthrotic
      changes in lower extremities were selected for the study. A comparative group,
      which was matched to the experimental one by age (53.8 +/- 4.2 years) and sex,
      consisted of occupationally disabled persons who had rheumatic complaints, but no
      arthrotic changes in the lower extremities. All the subjects in the study were
      given a questionnaire to answer and underwent a clinical examination and an X-ray
      of the locomotive system. Marked symptoms of arthrosis were manifest in those
      aged 46 +/- 6 years. Besides occupation (coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis occurred
      more frequently among unskilled (54.2%) and skilled (25%) workers) a major risk
      factor were injuries (37.1% as against 5.7% in the comparative group). At
      clinical examination men complained much more often of spontaneous pain in the
      hip joints (60% as against 22.3% in women), whereas women more often complained
      of painful movements (63.6% as against 45.8% in men). The objective symptoms of
      gonarthrosis, crepitations and restricted movements in the first place, were
      present in men and women alike. The relative body mass (RBM), expressed as
      percentage of decline from ideal was, particularly among women, a significant
      risk factor for the occurrence and development of coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis.
      As much as 50% of the women with arthrosis had RBM higher than 140%, and another
      40% had RBM between 120 and 140%. In the comparative group the respective
      percentage was 27.3% (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2638564
TI  - [Skin reactivity to grass pollen and the mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in
      the prick-test using 2 types of allergen preparations].
AB  - The reliability of prick testing with allergen preparations produced in
      Yugoslavia was assessed by comparison to the internationally accepted ones
      (Pharmacia Diagnostica) of 100,000 BU activity. The following allergens were
      used: the mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in 107 subjects, and grass pollens:
      Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Phleum pratense and Secale cereale in 39
      subjects. The clinical significance of the response was assessed in relation to
      the skin reaction to the negative control solution and positive histamine control
      (in concentration of 1 mg/ml). The results indicate that the allergen extract of
      Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (3000 PNU/ml) produced in Yugoslavia does not
      provoke skin reactions comparable to those provoked by the standardized extract
      of 100,000 BU in contrast to the grass pollen allergens, with the exception of
      Poa pratensis, which evokes equivalent skin reactions. Thus grass pollen
      allergens are reliable extracts and can be applied with good confidence in
      routine work. The need to set more rigorous criteria for assessing skin prick
      reactions, when domestic, unstandardized products are used, emerged as a result
      of this study.

PMID- 2638565
TI  - [Manifestations of glue sniffing in secondary school students].
AB  - The habit of glue sniffing among pupils has been noted recently. Most sniffers
      are experimental consumers who seek pleasure and conditional paradise through
      glue sniffing. An epidemiological investigation carried out in three secondary
      schools in Rijeka, by means of a questionnaire, showed that among 2254 pupils,
      aged 14-18 years, 15.2 per cent of the boys and 11 per cent of the girls were
      sniffers. According to the results of the investigation the pupils who sniffed
      were more inclined to take up smoking or drugs than those who did not sniff (p
      less than 0.005). Among the boys who sniffed only 14.7 per cent were non-smokers.
      The percentage of non-smokers among the girls was 15.2.

PMID- 2638566
TI  - Occupational exposure to organic solvents causing chronic tubulointerstitial
      nephritis.
AB  - We describe a patient with a history of ulcerative colitis and long-standing
      occupational exposure to organic solvents. Over a follow-up period of almost four
      years he had progression of tubulointerstitial damage documented by two kidney
      biopsies. We propose that long-term exposure to organic solvents can lead to the
      development of chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. We describe experimental
      evidence that supports our conclusion.

PMID- 2638567
TI  - Retinal emboli after open heart surgery.

PMID- 2638568
TI  - Membranous nephropathy associated with sarcoidosis. Response to prednisolone.

PMID- 2638569
TI  - This and that: on color and catecholamines.

PMID- 2638570
TI  - Pregnancy does not cause systemic lupus erythematosus to worsen.
AB  - To evaluate risk for exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during
      pregnancy, we prospectively evaluated 80 pregnant women with SLE for
      manifestations of disease activity. Fifty-three of these women were not taking
      prednisone at the time of conception. Disease activity was scored in 4 ways:
      global assessment, prednisone therapy, cumulative number of organ systems with
      abnormalities, and display of abnormalities of each organ system. No patient
      received prophylactic therapy to prevent disease exacerbation. Thrombocytopenia,
      proteinuria, and hypocomplementemia were the most common abnormalities and were
      usually attributable to the pregnancy complications of preeclampsia and
      anticardiolipin antibody syndrome rather than to SLE. If all possible
      abnormalities were attributed to SLE, disease exacerbation occurred in less than
      25% of all patients; if only SLE-specific abnormalities were counted, disease
      exacerbation occurred in less than 13%. Worsening of SLE is uncommon in
      pregnancy, and prophylactic prednisone therapy is unnecessary.

PMID- 2638571
TI  - Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation: treatment by rotational manipulation.
AB  - We describe the case of a patient with a lumbar disc herniation who underwent a
      course of side posture manipulation. Despite the appearance of an enormous
      central herniation on the CT scan, the patient improved considerable during only
      2 wk of treatment. The disparity which so commonly exists between radiological
      and clinical findings is depicted in this case. Further, it is emphasized that
      manipulation has been shown to be an effective treatment for some patients with
      lumbar disc herniation. While complications of this form of treatment have been
      reported in the literature, such incidents are rare.

PMID- 2638572
TI  - When passion displaces logic.

PMID- 2638573
TI  - Reversible cardiac dysfunction associated with interferon alfa therapy in AIDS
      patients with Kaposi's sarcoma.

PMID- 2638574
TI  - Simultaneous Streptococcus pneumoniae, Giardia lamblia and Campylobacter pylori
      infection: an adult presentation of X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia.
AB  - Primary X-linked (Bruton's) hypogammaglobulinaemia is uncommon. It usually
      presents clinically within the first two years of life--typically after the age
      of three months when maternal IgG is exhausted. Its diagnosis in middle life is
      exceptional. The presentation of the condition as a triple infection in a middle
      aged man therefore seemed worthwhile reporting, as effective and safe
      prophylactic immunotherapy is now available.

PMID- 2638575
TI  - Vaginal birth after cesarean section: is suspected fetal macrosomia a
      contraindication?
AB  - The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' "Guidelines for vaginal
      delivery after a previous cesarean birth" include a precautionary statement
      regarding estimated fetal weight of more than 4000 g. To evaluate the validity of
      this restriction, we conducted an analysis of the outcomes of 301 trials of labor
      with birth weights equal to or greater than 4000 g. In the birth-weight range of
      4000-4499 g, 139 of 240 patients (58%) delivered vaginally. In the group with
      birth weights exceeding 4500 g, 26 of 61 patients (43%) delivered vaginally. When
      compared with 1475 trials of labor with birth weights under 4000 g, no
      significant differences in perinatal or maternal morbidity were found. Comparison
      with a control group of 301 women with no previous uterine surgery who delivered
      macrosomic infants also demonstrated no significant differences in perinatal or
      maternal morbidity. The medical literature does not support elective cesarean
      section for suspected fetal macrosomia in nondiabetic women, and based on our
      experience, there appears to be no reason for treating previous-cesarean mothers
      differently.

PMID- 2638576
TI  - When the cure is care. Simplifying care.

PMID- 2638577
TI  - Acrodermatitis enteropathica with normal serum zinc levels: diagnostic value of
      small bowel biopsy and essential fatty acid determination.
AB  - We report a patient with acrodermatitis enteropathica and a normal serum zinc
      level in whom the diagnosis was confirmed by plasma phospholipid fatty acid and a
      small bowel biopsy response to oral zinc therapy. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is
      a rare autosomal recessive condition of zinc deficiency characterised by chronic
      diarrhoea associated with failure to thrive, periorificial dermatitis and
      alopecia, susceptibility to infections and behavioural changes. Diagnosis is
      usually established by reduced serum zinc levels (classical acrodermatitis
      enteropathica). Paneth cell abnormalities on electron microscope of a small bowel
      biopsy can be supportive. A few cases with the typical picture of acrodermatitis
      enteropathica without hypozincaemia (variant acrodermatitis enteropathica) have
      been described. The diagnosis of variant acrodermatitis enteropathica to date has
      been based on an entirely empiric, but nonetheless convincing clinical response
      to oral zinc therapy. Laboratory aids to diagnosis have been lacking.

PMID- 2638578
TI  - Women in medical specialty societies. An update.
AB  - The question of whether women are joining medical specialty societies at the same
      rate as their male counterparts has not been studied. A questionnaire was mailed
      to 48 medical specialty societies representing the 37 specialties listed in the
      Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the U.S., 1986 Edition. The
      response rate was 79%. Twenty organizations were able to identify the sex of
      their members, including the 7 specialty societies that represent the 6 most
      frequently chosen specialties of women physicians. Only in the American
      Psychiatric Association and the American Academy of Family Physicians was the
      enrollment of potential female members equivalent to that of male members. If the
      medical specialty societies do not address the issue of women being
      underrepresented in their societies, they will lose a large potential resource of
      leadership, participation, and financial support. More important, the societies
      will not be truly representative of their specialties.

PMID- 2638579
TI  - Action stat! Abdominal stab wound.

PMID- 2638580
TI  - Psychiatric labels.

PMID- 2638581
TI  - Successful therapeutic intervention in a schizophrenic patient with
      blepharospasm.

PMID- 2638582
TI  - Mianserin-induced restless legs syndrome.
AB  - Restless legs syndrome was observed in three patients receiving mianserin. The
      symptoms resolved when the treatment was discontinued or reduced.

PMID- 2638583
TI  - Transient trade or permanent profession?

PMID- 2638584
TI  - Double-stranded RNA excess in human hematological malignancies.

PMID- 2638585
TI  - Again about bone marrow necrosis: particular diagnostic aspects.

PMID- 2638586
TI  - Surgical decompression for thoracic outlet syndrome.

PMID- 2638587
TI  - [Benign intracranial hypertension. A blind alley].

PMID- 2638589
TI  - [Aphasia of deep localization].
AB  - A neurolinguistic and cerebral computed tomography (CT) study was carried out in
      60 patients with aphasia. Fourteen had predominant subcortical involvement. Six
      of these showed involvement of the basal ganglia (5 with thalamic involvement),
      with small mass effect and small volume (less than 5 ml). The type of aphasia in
      this group was not uniform; it was remarkable, however, that initially there was
      mutism or initially non fluid language which soon became fluid in one half of the
      patients. Repetition and partially or totally preserved comprehension, together
      with dysarthic, dysprosodic and hypophonic abnormalities, were very common. The
      latter even had a more prolonged course than aphasic abnormalities. All the
      lesions in the remaining 8 patients had greater volume and were paracapsular in
      topography; 5 patients behaved as global aphasia (with a mean calculated volume
      of 23.7 ml), and the remaining 3 showed fluid aphasia, with an intermediate size
      (15 ml).

PMID- 2638588
TI  - [Orally administered lisuride in the treatment of complex fluctuations of motion
      in Parkinson disease].
AB  - Oral lisuride associated with the previous therapy (levodopa plus inhibitor) was
      given to 15 patients with complex fluctuations of mobility that were not
      controlled with usual therapy. In contrast with previous studies using this drug,
      in the present trial several lisuride doses (5-10 administrations) were
      distributed throughout the day. This therapeutic strategy permitted a greater
      control of the fluctuations, a significant reduction of the block hours and the
      disappearance or attenuation of biphasic dyskinesia and off dystonia. It is
      considered that the use of multiple doses of lisuride permits better therapeutic
      results than its usual administration schedule (3-4 times a day). Oral lisuride
      associated with levodopa may provide a definite improvement in motor function in
      patients with significant functional impairment. The general tolerance was very
      good using concomitant domperidone therapy.

PMID- 2638590
TI  - [Myoclonus as a manifestation of respiratory encephalopathy].
AB  - The triad of mental abnormalities, neurologic disorders and abnormal
      electroencephalogram is central to respiratory encephalopathy. The development of
      myoclonus has been considered as a sign heralding the development of generalized
      seizures and coma. A patient with chronic bronchitis is reported in whom
      myoclonus was the predominant symptom. Myoclonus was generalized, symmetrical and
      synchronic, and electroencephalographic correlation was shown, with diffuse
      polyspike-high potential wave discharges coincident with myoclonus. Remarkably,
      they promptly responded to low doses of diazepam, with disappearance of clinical
      neurologic and electrical findings. These have not subsequently relapsed although
      the patient is not receiving specific therapy. The risk of the administration of
      diazepam was weighted against other specific drugs (clonacepam, pyracetam) which
      are probably better tolerated. The interest in the quicker response of diazepam
      prevailed. We propose the inclusion of myoclonus secondary to respiratory
      encephalopathy in the classification of myoclonic disorders.

PMID- 2638591
TI  - [Deep venous thrombosis related to cranioencephalic injury].
AB  - The clinical onset of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is very variable and the
      causes that may lead to its development are also quite numerous. Although
      characteristic CT diagnostic signs have been described, in most cases only
      nonspecific findings are present and angiography is required to confirm the
      diagnosis. The prognosis is variable. Classically, the mortality is high when the
      deep venous system is involved. We report a male with CVT involving Galen's vein
      and its major tributary vessels, who had a favorable outcome with heparin therapy
      and drugs for cerebral edema. We discuss the etiologic factors in this patient,
      the characteristic neuroradiologic findings, and their evolution during the
      course of therapy.

PMID- 2638592
TI  - [Brachial amyotrophy as a late complication of electric trauma].

PMID- 2638593
TI  - [Phenytoin ophthalmoplegia].

PMID- 2638594
TI  - [Antiphospholipid antibodies in neurology. Reality or fiction?].

PMID- 2638595
TI  - [Malignant astrocytic glioma of the brain in adults: histologic criteria
      determining its classification, diagnosis and prognosis].
AB  - Eighty-three malignant supratenorial astrocytic gliomas in adult patients were
      evaluated. The patients underwent surgery and radiotherapy. To establish their
      influence on survival, 10 histological variables were evaluated (degree of
      cellularity, polymorphism, predominant cell type, nuclear atypia, mitotic index,
      vascular proliferation, endothelial hyperplasia, glomeruloid formations,
      lymphocytic infiltration, necrosis and pseudofences). Two definite levels of
      aggressivity were found (anaplastic astrocytoma and multiform glioblastoma) with
      statistically significant differences in survival (p less than 0.025). They were
      diagnosed on the basis of the presence or absence of necrosis. In the absence of
      this parameter, vascular phenomena, cellularity and nuclear atypia were found to
      be valid for the differentiation of the two mentioned groups.

PMID- 2638596
TI  - [Abnormal movements of vascular origin].
AB  - Three patients with hemichorea and ten with dystonia of vascular origin are
      reported. Five were secondary to ischemic infarcts, two to lacunar infarcts,
      three to intraparenchymal hematoma, and in the remaining three the type of lesion
      could not be determined. The patients with chorea, as opposed to those with
      dystonia, presented abruptly immediately after the stroke, and had a regressive
      evolution and good therapeutic response. The type of dyskinesia was not useful to
      identify the precise localization of the lesion or to determine its nature. In
      addition, in 5 patients multiple lesions were found and 5 had release of archaic
      reflexes or cortical atrophy in CT; this shows the importance of the overall
      functional impairment and focal lesions in the genesis of dyskinesia. There were
      sensory deficits in 7 patients. In 2 patients lesions were not found in the CT in
      spite of the presence of previous hemiparesis; this suggests that this technique
      has limitations to discover focal cerebral lesions in patients with focal or
      hemicorporal dyskinesia.

PMID- 2638597
TI  - [Essential tremor in the elderly: incidence in hospital admissions for non
      neurologic reasons].
AB  - The frequency of essential tremor (ET) was determined in 102 unselected elderly
      patients aged 65 or over (average 73.9 +/- 9.1) admitted to the medical and
      surgical wards of a general hospital for non-neurological conditions. Patients
      bearing potential causes for symptomatic tremor were excluded. ET was observed in
      10 individuals (9.8%) and in one a previously unrecognized Parkinson's disease
      (PD) was detected. The frequency of the ET increased linearly by age groups up to
      the age of 80 to decrease thereafter. In 30% of the cases the tremor did not
      involve the limbs, five had pathologically enhanced physiological tremor, one had
      type 2 ET and in one other a type 3 ET was combined with tremor of the head. No
      case had previously consulted because of the tremor and a positive family history
      for this was found in only 2 cases. In the overall group, a 4.9% affirmed to have
      a relative with tremor and in a further 3.9% a specific diagnosis of PD had been
      established in at least one relative. The occurrence of ET in first-degree family
      members was considerably lower, with a history of ET found in 1.5% out of 197
      parents, 0.8% of 473 brothers and sisters and 0.3% out of 277 living sons and
      daughters. Our study indicates that a positive family history for tremor is
      commonly encountered in the general population, and a high percentage of elderly
      individuals may themselves exhibit ET albeit mild enough usually as not to
      warrant neurological consultation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2638598
TI  - [Hemangioma of the vertebrae: contribution of magnetic resonance to its study].
AB  - Vertebral hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor predominantly involving the
      dorsolumbar spine. Although most of these tumors are asymptomatic, they may
      result in radiculopathy and/or compressive myelopathy. Plain X-ray films and
      computed tomography (CT) generally permit the diagnosis by showing characteristic
      images with hypertrophic bone trabeculation in the vertebral body. We report
      three patients with vertebral hemangioma in which CT was diagnostic. Magnetic
      resonance (MR) with low intensity field was inferior to CT for the suggestion of
      the diagnosis of hemangioma, but had a better definition for subarachnoid space
      obliteration and spinal cord compression.

PMID- 2638599
TI  - [Chordoma of the 3d ventricle without extradural implantation].

PMID- 2638600
TI  - [Lacunar-type cerebral infarct and ambulatory neurologic care].

PMID- 2638601
TI  - Changing organizational structures.

PMID- 2638602
TI  - Marketing models. Children's Memorial Hospital. A case study.

PMID- 2638603
TI  - Product-line management for nursing. A new framework for service.

PMID- 2638604
TI  - The professional nurse/case manager in changing organizational structures.

PMID- 2638605
TI  - Regulatory agencies--an impetus for change.

PMID- 2638606
TI  - Nursing resource management.

PMID- 2638607
TI  - Implementation of strategic business units.

PMID- 2638608
TI  - Structural adaptation of organizations. Issues and strategies for nurse
      executives.

PMID- 2638609
TI  - Program administration: a product-line approach.

PMID- 2638610
TI  - The marketing of health care.

PMID- 2638611
TI  - Marketing models. Baylor Health Care System. A case example.

PMID- 2638612
TI  - [Corrosion of a dental acrylic resin by alkaline peroxide used for cleaning].
AB  - Some clinical observations have brought the authors to suspect a corrosion of
      acrylic resins by an alcaline peroxide (Steradent) proposed as a denture
      cleanser. By way of a laboratory simulation they have shown that standardized
      samples of Lucitone 199 are corroded by the main active agents issuing from
      Steradent: oxygen and a high level of alcalinity. A daily use of Steradent can
      thus badly affect the physical properties of denture acrylic bases.

PMID- 2638613
TI  - [Esthetic IMZ implant for a central incisor].
AB  - Replacement of a missing incisor with an osseo-integrated implant, presents a
      difficult prosthetic problem for the practitioner because of the obliqueness of
      the implant and its diameter smaller than the tooth to be reconstructed.
      Therefore, a topographic and aesthetic pre-estimation is highly desirable. The
      patient whose treatment is described hereafter, presents large diastemas
      permitting to set the missing tooth in several locations. The various options are
      simulated on a study model and recorded by a silicone or resin index. This index
      is cut out so that the implant site is clearly defined and it presents a guide
      rod indicating the direction of the alveolar bone. The optimal site is selected
      during the surgical procedure with the most favorable index depending on the
      residual bone. After the implant is released, the location impression, is taken
      using asymmetric transfer allowing a strict positioning of the implant's replica
      and its thread. In order to prevent the making of a triangular-shaped crown, a
      false transfixed core removable is built over the intramobile component of the
      IMZ as well as pa periodontal ring. The latter is independent and maintained by
      the intramobile component. It compensates the difference in diameter between the
      implant and the natural tooth to be reconstructed. Its finely polished but
      asymmetric internal aspect prevents the rotation of the device. The volume of
      this device is controlled by a silicone index made on the preestimation model.
      Both pieces are cast in gold and assembled on the implant with a positioning
      indes. Parallel proximal grooves increase the friction of the core and a ceramo
      metal crown is built in the conventional fashion. It is temporally cemented, and
      periodically removed and cleansed. The absence of gingical sulcus provides an
      aesthetic result similar to a bridge component.

PMID- 2638614
TI  - [The Optec hsp procedure. Concepts and laboratory fabrication].
AB  - Feldspatic porcelains are usually material in cosmetic dentistry, but they cannot
      be used without a reinforcement system. Aluminous or metallic frames produce a
      strong internal specular reflexion, which destroys the deep natural appearance of
      teeth. Inspired from glass ceramic industry, the concept of strengthening in
      Optec hsp is induced by a high level of micro-crystalline dispersion, spread in
      the material. Micro-crystals increase strength by division of stresses and
      improve the scattering of light as we observe in the natural tooth. The
      laboratory method is based on routine technics of porcelain building. No special
      equipment, or high temperature are necessary for producing, laminate veneers,
      inlays, onlays, crowns, and tree units anterior bridges.

PMID- 2638615
TI  - Influences of airflow in the upper airway upon phasic hypoglossal and phrenic
      activities: afferent pathways.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to examine the afferent mechanisms for
      phasic hypoglossal and phrenic responses to airflow changes in the upper airway
      (UAW). An isolated UAW was produced in decerebrate, unanesthetized, vagotomized,
      paralyzed and ventilated cats. Activities of both the hypoglossal and phrenic
      nerves were monitored at hyperoxic (FETCO2 greater than 0.80) normocapnia (FETCO2
      = 0.04-0.05). As inspiratory airflow passing through the UAW, hypoglossal
      activity enhanced significantly while phrenic discharge reduced (p less than
      0.01). After bilateral denervation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN),
      enhancements of hypoglossal activity in response to the same level of airflow
      were much lower whereas reduce in phrenic discharge was eliminated. Combined with
      sectioning of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN), augmentation of hypoglossal
      response to airflow was even higher. This increase in hypoglossal activity with
      airflow changes was not discerned when the trigeminal ganglion (TGG) was further
      destroyed. These results suggest that airflow changes in the UAW, which was
      sensed by the receptors in the SLN, GPN, and TGG, produce an increase in
      hypoglossal discharge and a decrease in phrenic burst. Increase in hypoglossal
      activity in response to airflow change in the UAW may relate to keeping a patent
      UAW.

PMID- 2638616
TI  - Practical approaches to scientific presentation.
AB  - Oral presentation differs from written presentation in that listening audience
      has a limited time to comprehend the subject matter. Speakers in scientific
      meetings use slides to facilitate transfer of information, because methods and
      results are best explained using drawings, figures, and tables. Schematic
      drawings, tables, and figures that appear in print usually contain too much
      detail to suit oral presentation. Presentation slides should allow the audience
      to grasp the contents quickly. Good slides attract attention, invite retention
      and cross language barriers. Regardless of language and style used, oral
      scientific presentation emphasizes information transfer, explanation of complex
      matters in the simplest possible way, and logical sequence; all of these can and
      should be learned by every scientist.

PMID- 2638617
TI  - Effect of electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve on respiratory
      modulated facial nerve activity in cats.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the response of respiratory
      modulated facial nerve to electrical activation on the superior laryngeal nerve
      (SLN). The experiments were performed on fifteen cats which were anesthetized
      with pentobarbital, vagotomized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated. The
      animals were maintained at different levels of carbon dioxide in hyperoxia.
      Parameters of electrical stimulation were 20 Hz of frequency, 0.5 mSec of
      duration and a variety of intensity (30, 50, 100 and 150 microA). Facial activity
      increased significantly (P less than 0.05) in response to SLN activation. This
      augmentation of facial discharge was proportional to the intensity of electrical
      activation on the SLN. Phrenic response to SLN stimulation was either decreased
      or not changed. Total duration of respiratory cycle after activation of the SLN
      was increased. The results showed that facial activity may play a role in the
      regulation of nasal resistance.

PMID- 2638618
TI  - Pressure-dependent tissue bleeding in cutaneous flap during nitroprusside
      infusion in the dog.
AB  - The present study was designed to determine whether arterial pressure or blood
      flow contributes to the reduction in tissue bleeding (TB) during sodium
      nitroprusside (SNP) induced hypotension. We performed the experiment in dogs with
      sinus denervation and vagotomy to minimize reflex intervention. The Group 1 of
      Series I experiment consisted of 6 dogs with the measurements of systemic
      arterial pressure (SAP) and femoral arterial flow (Q). The SAP was deliberately
      lowered from a control level of 145.3 mmHg to 100, 80 and 60 mmHg with iv SNP
      infusion of various doses. The SNP-induced hypotension was accompanied by
      decreases in Q and vascular resistance. In Group 2 (n = 6), the SAP was decreased
      from control to 100 and 60 mmHg by SNP infusion and TB was collected from an
      incised skin flap over the medial thigh. The total amount of TB over a period of
      20 min was decreased from 20.2 +/- 0.5 ml at 100 mmHg to 13.4 +/- 0.5 ml at 60
      mmHg (P less than 0.001). This series of experiment demonstrated that a decrease
      in SAP from 100 mmHg to 60 mmHg reduced TB by 33.7%, while Q by only 17.4%. In
      the Series II experiment, we controlled the hindlimb Q and perfusion pressure
      (Pa) by a roller pump. At an initial constant Q (14.4 ml/min) the Pa averaged
      99.7 mmHg and the TB amounted to 18.2 +/- 1.6 ml/20 min. SNP infusion decreased
      Pa to 58.6 mmHg and TB to 13.8 +/- 0.8 ml/20 min (P less than 0.01). The Q was
      then increased to 37.2 ml/min to elevate Pa (99.5 mmHg) during SNP infusion.
      Surprisingly, TB at this condition averaged 18.9 +/- 2.1 ml/20 min, a value not
      different from the control (P greater than 0.5). After the SNP infusion was
      stopped, Pa was elevated to 137.0 mmHg at the same Q (37.2 ml/min). The amount of
      TB at this condition was greatly increased to 48.6 +/- 2.9 ml/20 min (P less than
      0.001). The results indicate that SNP decreases SAP, hindlimb Q, vascular
      resistance and TB in dogs with baroreceptor denervation. The data obtained from
      the studies of the constant Q perfusion with and without SNP suggest that the
      major determinant of tissue bleeding is blood pressure instead of blood flow.

PMID- 2638619
TI  - The pattern reversal VEP in short-gestation infants on taurine or taurine-free
      diet.
AB  - The visual evoked potential to flash stimulation has been studied in premature
      infants for many years. There have been no studies of the response to pattern
      reversal stimuli during the pre-term period, however. Twenty babies all born
      prematurely between 32 and 35 weeks post menstrual age had pattern reversal
      visual evoked potentials recorded on at least two occasions between the ages of
      32.5 and 52 weeks post menstrual age with the first recording prior to reaching
      40 weeks post menstrual age. The stimulator consisted of a small hand-held
      television with a 55 x 40 mm screen, and responses were averaged by a Cadwell
      5200 averager. The check size was 7 X 7 mm and the contrast was 78%. The
      stimulator was held at a distance of 20 cm from the eyes. The angular subtense of
      the TV screen was 15.3 degrees X 11.31 degrees. On each occasion flash visual
      evoked potentials were obtained for comparison, as were flash electroretinograms
      recorded with a DTL electrode. The infants were randomly assigned to receive
      breast milk substitute with or without taurine. Pattern reversal responses
      consisted of a positive component with a mean latency of 320 msec at 32.5 weeks
      post menstrual age. The negative relationship between age at recording and the
      latency of the major positive component of the pattern reversal visual evoked
      potential was significant at p less than 0.0001. There was no apparent difference
      in the visual responses of the two groups.

PMID- 2638620
TI  - Retinal and retinocortical times to pattern stimulation in amblyopic children.
AB  - In order to determine whether in amblyopes retinal conduction delays contribute
      to the cortical measureable delays in the visual evoked cortical potential
      (VECP), peak latencies of the pattern electroretinogram (ERG) are measured in
      amblyopic children. The results are compared with those of the normal fellow eyes
      and those of a healthy control group. Simultaneously the latencies in the VECP
      are recorded and the determination of the retinocortical times is performed.
      Statistically retinal b-wave (Q) and a-wave (P) of the pattern ERG of amblyopic
      eyes do not show significant delays of peak latency. In retincortical times,
      however, there are significant prolongations. During occlusion therapy
      retinocortical values of normal fellow eyes are also delayed in comparison with
      the control group. A pathological conduction delay of visual information on the
      retinal level up to the generators of the pattern ERG can thus be excluded in
      amblyopia. The total latency delay in the VECP of amblyopes consists solely in a
      prolongation of retinocortical times.

PMID- 2638621
TI  - The topography of the P1 component of the flash visual evoked response.
AB  - The scalp topography of the P1 component of the human flash visual evoked
      response was investigated by means of the biologic brain mapping system. Thirty
      subjects, ranging in age from 21 to 84 years, had flash visual evoked responses
      recorded using the standard 10-20 electrode positions referred to a balanced
      noncephalic reference. The subjects were divided by age into three groups: young,
      middle and old. A P2 component was recorded over the occipital region for all
      three groups and a frontal negative component was found to occur concurrently
      with the P2 occipital component. Neither the young or the middle age groups
      showed an identifiable P1 component. However this component was clearly present
      in the older group at 76 msec. The distribution of this component was more
      widespread anteriorly than the P2 component. In both the middle and the older age
      groups an earlier frontal negative component was present at around 75 msec; no
      such component was recordable in the young. This work suggests that the
      development of the P1 component during middle age is preceded by the development
      of a frontal negative component of around the same latency.

PMID- 2638622
TI  - Pattern visual evoked potentials and pattern electroretinograms in
      hypothyroidism.
AB  - This study reports the pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP) findings in 10
      patients with idiopathic hypothyroidism. Eight of these patients also had pattern
      electroretinography (PERG) performed and six were additionally seen after
      treatment with thyroxine. Only one patient had definitely abnormal PVEPs at the
      time of initial recording. PERGs at this time were of abnormal latency and
      subnormal amplitude. Following treatment with thyroxine the patient became
      euthyroid. Repeat electrodiagnostic testing now showed both PERGs and PVEPs
      within the normal range, having markedly improved in both latency and amplitude.
      This suggests that the PVEP delay was probably secondary to reversible central
      retinal dysfunction.

PMID- 2638623
TI  - A comparative study of visual evoked potentials and of retinal nerve fiber layer
      photography in neuropathies of the optic nerve.
AB  - The degree of retinal nerve fiber loss within the papillomacular bundle in optic
      neuropathies was evaluated from red-free fundus photographs. Visual evoked
      potentials were obtained from pattern reversal with variable check sizes. A
      semiquantitative scale was used for the estimation of nerve fiber loss and
      amplitude reduction of the visual evoked potentials. A significant correlation
      was found between both. However, a few patients showed rather well-preserved
      visual evoked potentials with an atrophic nerve fiber layer. Possibly a small
      number of invisible remaining fibers are able to sustain nearly normal visual
      evoked potentials. On the other hand, some patients had abnormal visual evoked
      potentials in the presence of a normal nerve fiber layer. We conclude that
      evaluation of the nerve fiber layer of the papillomacular bundle without
      functional testing of the optic nerve is not sufficient to predict degree of
      foveal integrity.

PMID- 2638624
TI  - Visual evoked potential abnormalities in chiasmal lesions.
AB  - Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from 38 patients
      with lesions affecting the chiasmal area. Lesions were confirmed by computer
      tomography and all patients had ophthalmologic examination. VEPs to full-field
      stimulation (0-16 degrees r) were compared with those obtained with half-field
      stimulation. Changes in VEPs were seen as a nonrecordable or attenuated P 100
      (abnormal amplitude ratio) or as a prolonged P 100. Analysis of the records
      showed that temporal half-field stimulation (crossed fibers) yielded a higher
      rate of abnormal responses (80%) than full-field stimulation (66%). The most
      frequent abnormality in the former stimulation was a nonrecordable P 100 (42%)
      and in the latter an abnormal amplitude ratio of P 100 (41%). When the uncrossed
      fibers were stimulated with the nasal half-field, abnormalities were detected in
      32% of responses. Lesions in the region of the sella turcica were also associated
      with a high incidence of delayed responses (39% of patients when crossed fibers
      were stimulated). However, the magnitude of the delays was smaller (1-32 ms)
      compared with delays in patients with demyelinating disease. Findings of this
      study show that half-field stimulation assists in the interpretation of responses
      to full-field stimulation. In addition, half-field stimulation can reveal
      abnormalities that are not detected with full-field stimulation.

PMID- 2638625
TI  - Effects of intravitreal perfusion with dopamine in different concentrations on
      the DC electroretinogram and the standing potential of the albino rabbit eye.
AB  - The direct current electroretinogram and the standing potential were recorded
      from both eyes of 23 albino rabbits during intraocular perfusion of one of the
      eyes, which was vitrectomized, with a physiologic reference solution (PHS). PHS
      was then replaced by a test solution containing dopamine dissolved in PHS. The
      fluids were subsequently alternated (PHS-dopamine-PHS). During irrigation with
      0.25-0.5 mM dopamine (11 rabbits) the c-wave amplitude was 140% higher (p less
      than 0.001) and during irrigation with 25 mM dopamine (6 rabbits) 85% lower (p
      less than 0.01) than it was during the corresponding initial perfusion with PHS.
      The simultaneously recorded b-wave amplitude was reduced (0.25-0.5 mM: -22%, p
      less than 0.001; 25 mM: -69%, p less than 0.001) and the SP level increased (0.25
      0.5 mM: +2375 microV, p less than 0.01; 25 mM: +2530 microV, p less than 0.05)
      compared with the values obtained during the corresponding preceding irrigation
      with PHS. Thus the changes in the b- and c-wave amplitudes during perfusion with
      dopamine were dependent on the concentration of the drug. In the contralateral
      control eye (23 rabbits) the c-wave amplitude was 21% higher (p less than 0.001),
      the b-wave amplitude 14% higher (p less than 0.001) and the standing potential
      1007 microV higher (p less than 0.001) during intravitreal perfusion with
      dopamine in the other eye than during the preceding irrigation with PHS in that
      eye, possibly as a result of increasing dark adaptation.

PMID- 2638626
TI  - Pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
AB  - We recorded the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) to small (0.8 degree) and very
      large (15 degrees) check sizes in normal subjects, in patients with early-stage
      glaucoma, and in patients with ocular hypertension. In glaucoma, the PERG
      amplitude was reduced. This reduction was more prominent for a check size of 0.8
      degree as compared with 15 degrees stimuli and for high (16/s) as compared with
      low (7.8/s) reversal rates. Using a discriminant analysis of the amplitudes for
      two different check sizes, we could distinguish the normal and the glaucoma
      groups with a specificity of 96% and a sensitivity of 91%. Of the ocular
      hypertension patients, 43% were classified as pathologic by the discriminant
      analysis. Thus multivariate analysis of the PERG may increase its diagnostic
      value.

PMID- 2638627
TI  - Pattern electroretinogram recorded by skin electrodes in early ocular
      hypertension and glaucoma.
AB  - Diagnostic value of transient pattern electroretinogram (PERG), recorded by skin
      electrodes, was compared with Goldmann perimetry in cases of ocular hypertension
      and glaucoma. According to the assumption that the PERG mostly reflects activity
      of the retinal ganglion cells, and histological evidence that 30-50% atrophy of
      the retinal ganglion cells is necessary to cause defects in visual field, we
      wanted to assess if i) this method could be more sensitive in detecting early
      glaucomatous damage than routine Goldmann perimetry in eyes with normal or only
      borderline elevated intraocular pressure in the time of PERG recording (first
      group of patients), and ii) how the PERG amplitude corresponds to ganglion cell
      loss, expected in the eyes with already detectable initial glaucomatous visual
      field defects, according to Goldmann II/2 isopter, with normal or borderline
      elevated intraocular pressure in the time of PERG recording (second group). In
      the group with no visual field defects subnormal amplitude of the major positive
      component of the PERG, N1-P1, was detected in three of 30 eyes (10%), while in
      the group with initial visual field defects N1-P1 amplitude was subnormal in 6 of
      11 eyes (54%). The amplitude of the major negative PERG component, P1-N2, was
      found normal in all eyes of the first group and subnormal in 5 eyes (45%) of the
      second group.

PMID- 2638628
TI  - Steady-state pattern electroretinogram in insulin-dependent diabetics with no or
      minimal retinopathy.
AB  - Steady-state pattern electroretinogram (PERG) in response to sinusoidal gratings
      (1.7 c/deg spatial frequency; 9 x 9 deg field size) temporally modulated
      (sinusoidally) at 8 Hz were recorded in 40 insulin-dependent diabetics and 28 age
      matched normal subjects. Visual acuity was greater than or equal to 20/20 in all
      40 patients; 31 (62 eyes) showed no sign of retinopathy and nine (18 eyes) showed
      a few microaneurysms on fluorescein angiography. Insulin-dependent diabetics
      showed a significant reduction in the PERG mean amplitude as compared with age
      matched control subjects (one-way analysis of variance: p less than 0.0001).
      Significant differences were observed between normals and diabetics without
      retinopathy (Scheffe test: p less than 0.0001), normals and diabetics with early
      retinopathy (Scheffe test: p less than 0.0001), no retinopathy and early
      retinopathy patients (Scheffe test: p less than 0.05). In diabetics without
      retinopathy multifactorial analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of
      age of onset of the disease (p less than 0.01) and an interaction effect between
      age of onset and duration (p less than 0.001) on PERG amplitude. These results
      suggest a possible use of the steady-state PERG to detect early macular
      dysfunction in insulin-dependent diabetics.

PMID- 2638629
TI  - Clinical and electrophysiological findings in three patients with toluene
      dependency.
AB  - We recorded the electrophysiological findings of three patients with toluene
      dependency who developed visual disturbance. In five of six eyes the peak latency
      of the pattern visual evoked cortical potential was prolonged as compared with
      that of normal subjects. The amplitude and the latency of the a-wave of the
      electroretinogram were decreased in five of the six eyes and prolonged in four.
      Those of the b-wave in patients were less affected than the a-wave: in one of six
      eyes the amplitude of the b-wave was decreased and in two the b-wave latency was
      prolonged. The amplitudes of the oscillatory potentials were decreased in three
      of six eyes. The electroretinogram was investigated in one patient and showed
      little increase in amplitude during light stimulation, so that a lowered light
      peak to dark trough ratio was obtained. Our findings suggest that any part of the
      visual pathway, including the distal part of the retina and retinal pigment
      epithelium, might be impaired by the chronic inhalation of toluene vapors.

PMID- 2638630
TI  - Does retention of order require verbal labelling?
AB  - Older and younger adults attended to lists of either pictures or words presented
      one at a time. At the end of each list, they attempted to recall the serial
      position of each member of the list. There was a pronounced effect of primacy. No
      recency was observed, however, except when the very last item was tested first.
      The usual pictorial superiority effect was abolished when pictures were drawn
      from a conceptually homogenous set. It was reinstated when pictures were
      conceptually distinctive. Number of errors on pictures was highly correlated with
      the judged similarity of the items in a list. The younger subjects' performance
      uniformly exceeded that of the older ones; but chronological age failed to
      interact with any experimental variable. The results imply that pictures need not
      be verbally labelled in order for their serial positions to be retained.

PMID- 2638631
TI  - Performance in relation to age and educational level: a monumental research.
AB  - A battery of cognitive and sensory-motor tests was given to a large number of
      French railway operatives ranging in age from the 20s to the 50s, and to trainees
      in their teenage years. The adults were divided into 5-year age ranges each of
      which was further divided into two levels of attainment in primary education.
      Declines of performance with age from the early 20s onwards occurred in all
      tests. It was most marked for tasks requiring complex muscle coordination or
      secondary memory, and least for digit span and sensory-motor tasks requiring
      simple responses. Educational attainment showed to greater advantage in the
      cognitive than in the sensory-motor tests. A factor analysis indicated that, with
      few exceptions, the factor structure remained constant throughout the adult age
      ranges and at both educational levels. Performance by the trainees was less in
      some tests and greater in others than that of adults in their 20s. The data
      provide a unique factual contribution to knowledge of age changes during the
      middle years.

PMID- 2638632
TI  - Validity of a short form of the category test in relation to age, education, and
      gender.
AB  - Data for 289 subjects participating in an ongoing study of neuropsychological
      test performance were used to evaluate the relationship between age and
      prediction of performance on the long form of the Halstead-Reitan Category Test
      (CAT) from a short form developed by Calsyn, O'Leary, and Chaney (1980). The
      major questions were whether: (a) age, education, or gender would add to
      prediction of long (Y) from short form scores (X); (b) regression equations would
      be different for older and younger groups; (c) percent variance accounted for in
      long form scores by short form scores would be larger for younger as opposed to
      older subjects. For these relatively healthy subjects, prediction based on the
      short form was not enhanced in a clinically significantly manner by adding age,
      education, and gender as predictors. Regression equations for older and younger
      groups differed in intercept values but not in slopes. Percent variance accounted
      for in long form scores from short form scores did not differ when separate
      equations were used for younger and older subjects.

PMID- 2638633
TI  - Dissociation of learning and performance deficits in aged mice.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine whether an age-related learning
      deficit would occur in a complex visual discrimination task and whether the
      learning impairment could be separated from performance deficits. The study also
      sought to determine whether treatment with an inhibitor of protein synthesis,
      anisomycin, would impair learning in this task. Two age groups (7-10 mo; 27-30
      mo) of C56BL/6j mice were given training in a five-choice, simultaneous, visual
      discrimination task. Errors, freezing, avoidances, and response latencies were
      recorded. Results revealed that the difference in errors between the two groups
      disappeared during the middle part of training whereas the difference in the
      performance measures persisted until the end of training. Anisomycin caused
      increased errors in the adult but not the old mice. These results indicate that
      old mice can learn a discrimination task as well as adults but the rate of
      learning is slower, whereas their physical performance on the task is
      persistently inferior to adult mice.

PMID- 2638634
TI  - P3 latency and symbol digit performance correlations in aging.
AB  - Relationships among age, P3 latency, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)
      performance were investigated for 172 subjects ranging from 20 to 79 years. Age
      related increases in P3 latency were most evident for older normal subjects
      (greater than 55 years) and for a subset of subjects with low physical fitness
      levels, but were negligible for a subset of subjects with high physical fitness
      levels. A similar relationship was found between age and SDMT. P3 latency and
      SDMT performance were significantly correlated for older subjects with low
      fitness levels but not for young (less than 55 years) subjects or subjects with
      high fitness levels. Partial correlation analyses indicated a significant
      relationship between P3 latency and SDMT performance that was independent of age.
      These results agree with previous studies suggesting that P3 latency provides a
      sensitive measure of age- and/or health-related processes affecting CNS function
      and cognitive performance. Careful attention to nonpathologic subject variables
      and use of age-adjusted norms are important considerations for clinical use of P3
      latency.

PMID- 2638635
TI  - Nimodipine ameliorates aging-related changes in open-field behaviors of the
      rabbit.
AB  - The open-field behavior of old rabbits (32-50 months) was compared to that of
      young-controls (3 months). Old rabbits engaged in less grooming and rearing
      behaviors and were more active than young controls. The old rabbits demonstrated
      a pattern of ambulation which did not indicate a preference for any particular
      area of the open-field. In contrast, young rabbits exhibited a very stereotypic
      pattern of exploration in the open-field, engaging in relatively low levels of
      ambulation confined to the area near the sides of the open-field. Old rabbits fed
      a diet which included 860 ppm nimodipine showed behaviors in the open-field which
      closely approximated those of the young-controls. Nimodipine-treated rabbits made
      fewer crossings and more rears and grooms than the old controls. These results
      indicate that very specific aging-related changes occur in the open-field
      behaviors of rabbits, and that nimodipine effectively reverses these aging
      associated changes. These data are consistent with previous studies that have
      shown improvements in open-field behaviors by old rats receiving nimodipine.

PMID- 2638637
TI  - The effects of age and environmental familiarity on adults' spatial problem
      solving performance: evidence of a hometown advantage.
AB  - A coordination of perspectives problem was presented to young, middle-aged, and
      elderly adults in two spatial settings. In a novel spatial array, elderly adults
      were less accurate than the other groups under both perspective-taking and mental
      rotation instructions, and mental rotation was more difficult than perspective
      taking for the elderly adults. In contrast, there were no differences between age
      groups or between perspective-taking and mental rotation when the problem was
      presented using locations in the subjects' hometown. An explanation based on
      working memory demands was suggested for these results.

PMID- 2638636
TI  - The effects of color and preretinal aging on embedded figures test performance: a
      failure to replicate.
AB  - This study examined the hypothesis that preretinal aging may adversely affect
      performance in older adults. The relationship between preretinal aging and a
      perceptual variable (i.e., color) was also explored. Under standard testing
      procedures, the (a) normal, (b) light-attenuated, and (c) simulated aged
      performance of 90 young women was compared to the performance of 30 elderly
      women, using two forms (colored or noncolored) of the Embedded Figures Test
      (EFT). Results revealed that young women performed significantly better than
      elderly women on all measures, suggesting that neither the simulation of
      preretinal aging nor color was a significant factor in EFT performance. Inasmuch
      as the present study failed to replicate Ball and Pollack (1989), the critical
      age-related factors in cognitive/perceptual performance have yet to be
      identified.

PMID- 2638638
TI  - Age differences in the vulnerability of facial recognition memory to proactive
      interference.
AB  - A facial recognition memory task was administered to 16 young subjects (age range
      18-30) and 28 elderly subjects (age range 63-83). A continuous recognition
      paradigm was used, in which subjects were instructed to identify the repeated
      faces in an ongoing series of faces presented on a video monitor screen. A signal
      detection analysis of the data revealed a mild recognition memory deficit in the
      elderly, due mainly to an increase in false positives during the second half of
      the test session. This age-specific increase in late-session false alarms may be
      a result of increased sensitivity of the aged subjects to proactive interference
      from previously presented faces. Increasing the length of the delay between the
      initial and repeat presentation of a face decreased recognition accuracy in both
      groups, but the young subjects were more sensitive to the delay interval effect
      than the elderly. Multiple presentations of faces produced a comparable
      improvement in the recognition accuracy of both young and old subjects. The
      elderly subjects exhibited a more liberal response bias than the young subjects,
      indicating that impaired memory task performance of the aged subjects cannot be
      attributed to a more conservative test-taking strategy.

PMID- 2638640
TI  - [Phototherapy of psoriasis of the scalp. Results in 21 patients treated with a
      special portable ultraviolet rays lamp].
AB  - The presence of hair hampers the performance of photo- and photochemotherapy and
      blocks the efficacy of exposure to sunlight in patients affected by scalp
      psoriasis. A portable source of ultra-violet rays was tested on 21 patients: the
      device is equipped with a special comb which, by separating the hair, partially
      overcomes the protective shield formed by the latter. The light source's physical
      parameters were experimentally evaluated and it is worth noting the high
      concentration of UVB in the emission spectrum. No topical or systemic drugs were
      used during treatment. A complete remission of dermatosis was achieved in 6
      cases, a marked improvement in 11 (50-95%), and a slight improvement in 4 (20
      30%). The source used was found to be efficacious especially in those forms of
      slight to medium psoriasis of the capillitium; it was handy and easy to use
      making it suitable for home use.

PMID- 2638639
TI  - Serum creatine kinase activity after isometric exercise in premenopausal and
      postmenopausal women.
AB  - The study was designed to examine the response of women of different ages to
      exercise-induced muscle damage. Twenty-four women were placed into 3 groups: a
      postmenopausal group (POST) of 6 women aged 52.8 (2.1) years [mean (SD)] who were
      at least 2 years without menses; a premenopausal group (PRE) of 10 women aged
      43.6 (2.2) years with regular menstrual cycles of 27 (2) days; and a young (YNG)
      group of 8 women aged 24.6 (3.5) years with regular cycles of 31 (4) days. Serum
      17 beta-estradiol measures were taken to confirm menopausal status. Three-month
      diaries were used to determine regular cycles. Subjects performed 40 maximal
      isometric knee extensions with a work:rest ratio of 10:20 seconds. Serum creatine
      kinase activity (CK), muscle soreness (MS), and maximal isometric strength (MVC)
      were assessed 24 hours prior to, immediately prior to, and 6, 24, 48, and 72
      hours after exercise. Subjects experienced significant (p less than .01)
      increases in CK and MS, and significant decrements in MVC, with peak changes at
      24 or 48 hours. Thus, isometric exercise caused slight muscle damage and muscle
      weakness. No significant differences among the groups were found for any measure
      (p greater than .05). Thus, estrogen does not seem to serve as a factor in
      protecting the muscle from damage due to moderate isometric exercise.

PMID- 2638641
TI  - [1% econazole hair-shampoo in the treatment of pityriasis capitis; a comparative
      study versus zinc-pyrithione shampoo].
AB  - On the basis of the assumption that Pityrosporum ovale is an important pathogenic
      factor in the aetiology of Pityriasis simplex capitis (dandruff), the Authors
      intended to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of econazole (1% hair-shampoo)
      in the treatment of this scalp disease. Dandruff could be considered a problem
      more from a cosmetic than from a medical point of view; for this reason a
      conventional anti-dandruff hair-shampoo containing zinc-pyrithione was selected
      as a control. In this open controlled study, seventy patients suffering from
      different forms of Pityriasis simplex capitis were enrolled at the 1th
      Dermatological Institute, University of Milan, and randomly assigned to the
      econazole and zinc-pyrithione treatment groups, respectively. At the end of the
      four-weeks treatment (two applications/week) a marked decrease in signs (scaling,
      seborrhea, erythema) and symptoms (burning, itching) was observed in both groups.
      Regarding the antifungal efficacy, econazole hair-shampoo was slightly better
      than control. General evaluation on tolerability and cosmetical patterns was
      favourable for both formulations.

PMID- 2638642
TI  - [Effect of etretinate treatment on fluidity and lipid composition of the
      erythrocyte membrane in patients with psoriasis].
AB  - The effect of etretinate (Ro 10-9359) treatment, at low daily dose (0.3 mg/kg),
      on erythrocyte membrane and physico-chemical state in psoriatic patients has been
      studied. The results have shown that etretinate induces a significant increase of
      erythrocyte membrane fluidity, as shown by a decrease of fluorescence
      polarization. In fact the values of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH)
      fluorescence polarization were significantly decreased after therapy in
      comparison with the values observed at the beginning of the study. The
      modifications of membrane fluidity were associated with modifications of lipid
      composition. In fact the study of membrane composition has revealed a decrease of
      the cholesterol to protein ratio and slight but not significant changes of
      phospholipid fatty acid composition.

PMID- 2638643
TI  - [Skin metastasis of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Description of a clinical
      case].
AB  - Skin metastasis of digestive tumors is rarely encountered. In this paper the
      Authors describe a 60 years old patient who developed a submental skin metastasis
      from esophageal adenocarcinoma. A short literature review this unusual
      pathological event is also given.

PMID- 2638644
TI  - [Eosinophilic folliculitis (Ofuji's disease)].
AB  - The authors report a case of recurrent folliculitis occurring in a 31 year old
      man. Histologic examination revealed an inflammatory cell infiltration composed
      predominantly of eosinophils. The Authors hypothesize that these features are
      consistent with a diagnosis of Ofuji disease and review the main characteristics
      of this rare clinical entity.

PMID- 2638645
TI  - [Acro-osteolysis with hereditary sensory ulcero-mutilating neuropathy. Apropos of
      an atypical case].
AB  - The authors report an acroosteolysis case with sensory radicular ulcero
      mutilating neuropathy. The differential diagnosis are discussed and the case is
      presented as an intermediate form between the congenital sensory neuropathy, type
      II, according to Otha classification, and the non-progressive, sporadical sensory
      neuropathy.

PMID- 2638646
TI  - [Cystine in the treatment of vitiligo].
AB  - The paper reports the results of a trial to assess the therapeutical use of
      cystine followed by sun exposure in 31 patients suffering from vitiligo of
      different durations. An improvement was obtained in some cases but it was not
      statistically significant (P = 0.115) when compared to repigmentation which
      occurred in a control group of 28 patients treated with sun therapy alone. Even
      the best results, obtained in young patients and in macules on the face and upper
      limbs, were not cosmetically satisfactory. Possible mechanisms of action are
      discussed and the results are considered in relationship to the different
      parameters of the disease.

PMID- 2638647
TI  - [Sun light (not only UV light), melanoma, skin tumors ... and ethics].

PMID- 2638648
TI  - Expecting too much from spirometry!

PMID- 2638649
TI  - Hydrogen peroxide release by OKIa1 (anti DR--monoclonal antibody) resistant
      alveolar macrophages in tuberculosis.
AB  - Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) triggered hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) release from
      alveolar macrophages and corresponding blood monocytes were studied as a whole,
      in active tuberculosis, inactive tuberculosis (treated), non-tuberculous lung
      disease patients and normal individuals. Irrespective of the study subjects, the
      alveolar macrophages produced less H2O2 than the corresponding blood monocytes.
      The alveolar macrophages that were resistant to OKIa1 (Anti-DR monoclonal
      antibody and complement treatment) produced an increased level of H2O2 than the
      control ascites and complement treated alveolar macrophages. Moreover, such
      increase in H2O2 release was not seen with peripheral blood monocytes; more than
      90% monocytes were OKIa1 resistant population. These OKIa1 resistant alveolar
      macrophages are probably important in their metabolic, microbicidal and the
      immunological functions.

PMID- 2638650
TI  - Pleuropulmonary complications of staphylococcal pulmonary infection in children.
AB  - A series of 44 cases of staphylococcal pulmonary infection in children is
      reported. Their clinical features and characteristic roentgenological
      manifestations have been discussed.

PMID- 2638652
TI  - Importance of smoking index for assessing lung damage by lung function tests.
AB  - A total of 89 smokers of age varying between 15-52 years were assessed for lung
      function forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second
      (FEV1) ratio of FEV1 and FVC as FEV1% and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR),
      before smoking (BS) and 30 min after smoking (AS). All the above lung function
      tests were reduced in smokers in comparison to those of age-matched non-smokers.
      Further, when observed test values of lung function were tabulated according to
      smoking index (SI), it was noted that reduction of lung function increased with
      SI.

PMID- 2638651
TI  - How useful is the FEV1%?
AB  - The ability of the forced expiratory volume for 1 second expressed as a
      percentage of the forced vital capacity (FEV1%) in identifying early airway
      narrowing was compared with that of the forced expiratory flow in the middle half
      of the forced vital capacity (FEF 25-75%), in two populations, young smokers and
      subjects with allergic rhinitis who are known to have early airway narrowing.
      FEV1% appears to be more sensitive, in differentiating these groups and in
      identifying abnormality. Among smokers, FEV1% detected abnormality in 19% while
      FEF 25-75% only in 7% and among the allergic subjects the former detected
      abnormality in 25% while the latter only in 19%. In longitudinal studies, the
      decline in pulmonary function in smokers is identified almost equally well by
      both parameters. Critical ratios (t) were 2.85 and 3.86 after 1 to 2 years and
      7.32 and 3.97 after 3 to 4 years for FEV1% and FEF 25-75% respectively. A high
      degree of correlation exists between these two measurements in all the subjects.
      These findings indicate the usefulness of FEV1% in the detection of early airway
      narrowing and are of special interest to those engaged in a busy clinical
      practice, as the FEV1% is a quicker measurement to make, than the FEF 25-75%.

PMID- 2638653
TI  - Patterns of recovery of pulmonary functions in severe acute bronchial asthma.
AB  - The recovery of pulmonary function were studied in fifty patients of acute
      bronchial asthma receiving a standard therapeutic regime. Sixty-two per cent of
      patients had achieved 50% of their total improvement in peak expiratory flow rate
      (PEFR) within 24 hours (fast responders) as against slow responders. Duration of
      asthma, characteristics of present exacerbation, mean pulse rate and presence of
      pulsus paradoxus on admission did not differ in fast and slow responders. The
      rise in PEFR within 4 hours of starting treatment was highly significantly
      correlated with a higher PEFR at 24 hours and a faster recovery. The mean
      arterial PaCO2 was higher (P less than 0.02) in slow responding group and they
      were slightly older (P less than 0.01), had lower mean FVC (P less than 0.01),
      mean FEV1 (P less than 0.02) and PEFR (P less than 0.001). The mean PaO2 of less
      than 80 mm Hg at 48 hours was more common in those with delayed recovery of PEFR.

PMID- 2638654
TI  - Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis in interstitial lung diseases--a 7
      year experience.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in 89 patients with diffuse
      interstitial lung disorders of varied aetiology and 19 normal control subjects
      over a period of 7 years. Alveolar macrophage was the predominant cell in BALF in
      normal control subjects. Increased neutrophils were found in BALF in patients
      with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) and fibrosing alveolitis associated
      with collagen vascular diseases. BALF lymphocytosis was seen in patients with
      chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, sarcoidosis, miliary tuberculosis,
      silicosis and carcinomatosis. Diagnosis of alveolar microlithiasis was made in
      one patient with the help of BALF examination. One patient developed anaphylactic
      reaction to the topical xylocaine solution and there was no mortality with the
      procedure.

PMID- 2638655
TI  - Neck swelling and mediastinal widening in a child.

PMID- 2638656
TI  - Primary chondrosarcoma of heart.

PMID- 2638657
TI  - Primary fibrosarcoma of heart.

PMID- 2638658
TI  - Pulmonary paragonimiasis in childhood--a cause of recurrent haemoptysis and
      pneumonia.
AB  - A 2-year-old Manipuri girl had haemoptysis and a chest roentgenogram disclosed
      diffuse-infiltrates in the right lung. Microscopic examination of sputum and
      morning gastric aspirate showed numerous golden-brown, operculated ova, and
      microscopic examination of stool specimens confirmed these ova to be those of the
      lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani. She responded favourably to bithionol therapy
      and was asymptomatic and growing normally during follow up for one and half
      years.

PMID- 2638659
TI  - Necrobiotic pulmonary nodule leading to pyopneumothorax in a case of rheumatoid
      arthritis--a rare clinical presentation.
AB  - A 49-year-old male patient, an active case of sero positive rheumatoid arthritis
      involving multiple joints with bilateral necrobiotic pulmonary nodules is
      presented. Initial symptoms were of progressively increasing dyspnoea. The nodule
      in the right lung subsequently cavitated leading to pyopneumothorax. The
      diagnosis of rheumatoid lung was confirmed by post-mortem.

PMID- 2638660
TI  - External jugular, internal jugular and subclavian venous thrombosis with
      pulmonary thromboembolism and myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2638661
TI  - Osler-Rendu-Weber disease presenting as recurrent haemoptysis.
AB  - A young adult male with a short history of recurrent haemoptysis due to vascular
      malformation of right lung is presented. Lesion was not visible in the chest
      radiograph, nor on bronchography. CT-scan of thorax, however, showed a bunch of
      circinate opacities in the upper lobe of the right lung. Histopathological
      examination of the resected lung tissue confirmed the diagnosis.

PMID- 2638663
TI  - Evaluation of dyspnoea.

PMID- 2638662
TI  - Immunoglobulin status of geriatric pulmonary tuberculosis patients of Himachal
      Pradesh.
AB  - Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA & IgM) levels were estimated in 50 bacillary cases of
      geriatric pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and 25 healthy controls of comparable age
      group by single radial immunodiffusion technique. All Igs were raised in PTB
      cases, the rise being directly proportional to the radiological extent of
      disease. Exudative cases had more marked rise compared to patients with
      productive and fibrotic lesions. Those cases of PTB having associated COPD (28
      cases), showed less marked increase in Igs and with treatment, Ig levels
      declined, the decline was slower in cases having associated COPD.

PMID- 2638664
TI  - Correlation of lung function tests with dyspnoea scale, 12 minute walking test
      and visual analogue scale in patients with COPD.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema were studied in an
      attempt to evaluate clinical methods for rating dyspnoea. Whereas the Medical
      Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale and the 12-minute walking test showed good
      correlation with pulmonary function tests, the visual analogue scale (VAS) did
      not. When the dyspnoea scales were compared with one another, the MRC scale and
      the VAS and the MRC scale and 12 minute walking test showed good correlation with
      one another.

PMID- 2638665
TI  - Comparative study of capillary and arterial, blood gas values in plastic and
      glass syringes at various intervals in normal and asthmatic subjects.
AB  - Fifty-six normal healthy subjects and forty-four patients with bronchial asthma
      were subjected to capillary and arterial blood gas analysis. Arterial blood
      values were measured immediately and at two and four hours interval after storing
      the samples between 0-4 degrees C using glass and plastic syringes. It was
      observed that PO2 of arterial blood was significantly higher (P less than 0.001)
      than capillary PO2 values, while material of syringe and time interval of
      analysis did not make any significant alteration. PCO2 and pH values in arterial
      samples at various intervals and in different syringes were comparable in normal
      as well as in asthmatic subjects.

PMID- 2638666
TI  - Diagnostic significance of pleural fluid eosinophilia during initial
      thoracocentesis.
AB  - A prospective study of pleural fluid eosinophilia (PFE) during initial
      thoracocentesis in 162 patients of pleural effusion was undertaken to determine
      its value in establishing an etiological diagnosis. Eighteen of the 162 cases
      showed pleural fluid eosinophilia (PFE), twelve could not be labelled with any
      definitive etiology even after extensive investigations, four belonged to the
      para-pneumonic group and resolved with treatment. Of the 32 patients with
      malignancy, PFE was seen in a single case of pleural mesothelioma. None of the
      patients with tuberculosis, empyema, systemic lupus erythematosus or amoebiasis
      had PFE. These findings suggest that PFE seen at initial thoracocentesis favours
      a benign diagnosis, with a rare chance of malignancy. Tuberculosis is unlikely in
      such patients.

PMID- 2638667
TI  - Transbronchial lung biopsy in diffuse lung disease--a study of 28 cases.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with diffuse lung disease underwent transbronchial lung
      biopsy during fibreoptic bronchoscopy. In 26 patients (93%) adequate tissue was
      obtained. Of these 26 biopsies specific diagnosis was possible in 20 (76%); a
      further 2 had non-specific inflammatory changes and a third, who was clinically
      normal, had normal lung. The inclusion of these cases raises the yield to 88%.
      The conditions most frequently seen were interstitial fibrosis (35%) and
      granulomatous diseases (31%). Three patients (11%) had procedure related
      pneumothorax; only one required a chest tube. This is a high yield, safe
      procedure and should be used more widely in India.

PMID- 2638668
TI  - Rifampicin induced non-responsiveness to steroids in bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2638669
TI  - Congenital bronchial cyst.
AB  - A case of congenital bronchial cyst in a young female is reported. Relevant
      literature has been reviewed.

PMID- 2638670
TI  - Corrosive pyloric stenosis--a report of two cases.
AB  - Two unusual cases of post corrosive pyloric stenosis in adults are reported. Both
      the cases were diagnosed clinically and confirmed by barium meal examination.
      Patients were discharged following anterior gastrojejunostomy. Follow-up
      examination did not reveal any problem. However, both of them are undergoing
      regular dilatation for the associated oesophageal stricture.

PMID- 2638671
TI  - Spontaneous pneumothorax complicating rheumatoid lung disease.
AB  - This case report describes the pleuro-pulmonary involvement in a young patient
      with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of one and half year duration. The early
      involvement of lung interstitium in a 27-year-old male and development of
      pneumothorax were the unusual features. The various aspects of rheumatoid lung
      disease (RLD) and its clinical significance were briefly discussed.

PMID- 2638672
TI  - Fibrosing mediastinitis--a rare cause of superior vena caval obstruction.
AB  - A rare case of fibrosing mediastinitis, possibly of tuberculous etiology, causing
      superior vena caval obstruction is presented. The diagnosis was based on clinical
      features of superior vena caval obstruction, chest radiography, phlebography and
      mediastinal calcification in absence of definite mass lesion on CT-scan of
      thorax. The disease followed a relatively benign non-progressive course over next
      nineteen months of follow-up.

PMID- 2638673
TI  - Pulmonary training facilities in medical colleges in India.

PMID- 2638674
TI  - Quantity and quality of breast milk in malnourished mothers.

PMID- 2638675
TI  - Health services in urban India.

PMID- 2638676
TI  - The molecular basis of thalassemias.

PMID- 2638677
TI  - Splenectomy in children with sickle cell disease and thalassemia.
AB  - A number of Saudi children (31) with sickle cell disease and thalassemia
      underwent splenectomy: 12 for frequent blood transfusions, 15 for chronic
      hypersplenism (most of whom were also the recipients of periodic blood
      transfusion) and 4 for splenic abscess. The mean age of splenectomy was 8.8 years
      (8 months-18 years). Eight patients had sickle cell disease, 14 beta-thalassemia
      and 9 had sickle cell thalassemia. All patients received prophylaxis against
      pneumococcal infection. There was one postoperative death most probably due to
      sepsis. Sixteen of those who required frequent preoperative blood transfusions
      needed no more transfusions, while in 7 the need for transfusions decreased
      significantly (p less than 0.05). For those with hypersplenism, there was a
      significant postoperative increase in total hemoglobin (P less than 0.001), RBC
      (P less than 0.001) and platelet counts (p less than 0.02); and a substantial
      decrease in reticulocyte counts (p less than 0.05). The common post splenectomy
      complications were chest infection and a brief episode of pyrexia, but without
      undue morbidity. The study establishes a definite place for splenectomy in a
      selected population of children with sickle cell disease and thalassemia.

PMID- 2638678
TI  - Determinants of infant and child mortality in rural Haryana.
AB  - To identify the individual and household level variables associated with
      increased risk of mortality, 159 infant and 50 child deaths (cases) and equal
      number of age matched live infants and children (controls) and their families
      were studied in a rural area of Haryana. The social, economic, educational and
      environmental characteristics of the case and control families were similar.
      Increased risk of infant and child mortality was associated with maternal age
      less than 20 and more than 30 years, birth order 4th or higher, unclean cord care
      at the time of child birth, failure of breast feeding during the first 3 months
      of age, lack of immunizations, and previous infant or child death(s) in the
      family (Odds ratio greater than 2; P less than 0.05-0.01 by X2 test). An emphasis
      on the interventions directed at control of the above mentioned variables may
      prove most helpful in reducing infant and child mortality in a rural area.

PMID- 2638679
TI  - Non invasive continuous anterior fontanel tension monitoring in neonates.
AB  - Anterior fontanel tension (AFT) has been shown to reflect the intracranial
      pressure (ICP). A new transducer was designed for AFT measurement which overcomes
      the problems of replacement in subsequent use. Using the transducer AFT was
      monitored noninvasively over extended periods in about 200 normal and sick
      neonates. The results indicate that the technique can be used to identify
      elevated pressure due to different disease conditions and it has a potential to
      help in understanding physiological and pathological mechanisms causing
      alterations in the normal cerebrospinal dynamics. Further studies are underway to
      establish the full potentials of the technique.

PMID- 2638680
TI  - Knowledge and attitude among child development project officers towards breast
      feeding.
AB  - A study was conducted to determine the knowledge and attitude about breast
      feeding (BF) amongst child development project officers (CDPOs) working in
      Integrated Child Development Services Scheme. A semi structured pretested
      questionnaire was administered. It was found that majority of respondent had
      correct knowledge about feeding of colostrum, age of initiation of breast feeding
      and introduction of semi-solid foods. Majority of CDPOs had the knowledge that
      consumption of dry fruits, milk and desi ghee would increase that breast milk
      secretion. The percentage of subjects who were aware that BF should be
      discontinued if mother is suffering from illness like breast cancer (48%)
      tuberculosis (57%), malaria (67%) and Diarrhoea (84%). There is need of
      continuing education of CDPOs for updating their knowledge.

PMID- 2638681
TI  - Granulocytic sarcoma preceding acute myeloblastic leukemia.

PMID- 2638682
TI  - Cutaneous aspergillosis.

PMID- 2638683
TI  - Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

PMID- 2638684
TI  - Breast feeding practices in Jalandhar.

PMID- 2638685
TI  - Can management strategies alter the course of diabetic nephropathy?
AB  - End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is a common consequence of diabetic nephropathy
      (DN). DN is the major cause of death in patients with IDDM, accounting for
      greater than 40% of deaths with this form of diabetes. There is no clearly
      documented therapeutic technique that will prevent or reverse progressive renal
      damage in IDDM. While pancreatic transplantation and "cure" of diabetes in
      experimental animals may be associated with some histological reversal of renal
      pathology, this has not been documented in humans. Most studies agree that once
      diabetic renal disease is present (as documented by proteinuria), progression is
      inevitable, albeit the rate of progression may be altered by different
      therapeutic methods. There is considerable hope that "tight metabolic control"
      will prevent the initial damage that leads to DN and ESRD, but evidence remains
      inconclusive. There is some evidence that careful monitoring for microalbuminuria
      will allow for very early detection of damage and alterations in therapy. Our
      studies have documented a decrease in both morbidity and mortality in IDDM in
      patients who have been competitive athletes, suggesting that promotion of
      physical fitness may be a valuable means of delaying progression of renal disease
      while control of BP delays progression. Early detection and aggressive therapy is
      recommended. Some studies utilizing diets low in sodium and/or protein appear
      beneficial but more studies are needed before pediatric application.

PMID- 2638686
TI  - Long term prognosis: juvenile onset IDDM in Japan.
AB  - The incidence of IDDM in children in Japan was found to be approximately 6 out of
      100,000 in the child population of 6 to 15 years old. This prevalence is very low
      compared with those in Caucasian countries. Therefore, the history of management
      of childhood diabetes in Japan is short compared with that of western countries.
      Three studies which were carried out in Japan are reported and discussed in this
      report. The complications and prognosis of Type-1 Diabetes in Japan concluded as
      follows, 1) The long-term outcome of childhood diabetes was very poor. 2) The
      prevalence of microvascular complications were strongly related to the age of
      patients and the duration of diabetes. 3) The prevalence of retinopathy was
      dependent on the degree of diabetic control. But now, in Japan, we are using the
      intensive insulin therapy universally for childhood diabetes, and during recent
      ten years, the management and education of patients progressed rapidly.
      Therefore, the prognosis of childhood diabetes in Japan will improve.

PMID- 2638687
TI  - Summer camps for diabetic children in Beijing of China.
AB  - The first summer camp for diabetic children was held in 1984 in Beijing. Since
      then we have held summer camp every year, the last summer camp was the fifth camp
      in 1988. The purpose of summer camps for diabetic children are to train the
      patients and increase the skills of diabetics self-control practice. The
      recreation activities are also important for their good communication and
      psychological adaptation. The campers of camps were 28-35 diabetic children,
      totally 154 participants consisting of 73 boys and 81 girls. Most of the children
      were 10-14 years old. The staffs include pediatricians, nurses and others. The
      ratio of campers with staffs were 2.7-3.2. The session of the camps were always
      of five days length. The characters of activities in camps were all the
      arrangements must be for diabetic children, included planning diet, insuring the
      urine sugar exam, insulin injection before each meal, and give some lectures for
      training the managed skills of diabetes, meanwhile the recreation programs and
      exercise were also a consisting portion of activations. The summer camps were
      beneficial for diabetic children. They learned many useful techniques of diabetes
      and their capacity of life adaptation were increased, and the self-confidence
      enhanced their future daily life.

PMID- 2638688
TI  - Psycho-social aspects of children and adolescents with diabetes.
AB  - The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, a life-long disease with many possible
      complications, has a dramatic impact upon the entire family, precipitating a
      state of "shock". The psychological problems in diabetes should be divided in 3
      periods: at diagnosis (other diseases or tension existing in the family and not
      related to diabetes, socio-economic state); initial adaptation period (acceptance
      to be "different", adjustment to rules of control such as daily injection of
      insulin, self blood glucose monitoring or urine testing, changing of nutritional
      habits, etc.), and long term coping (self-image, family dynamics, social
      activities, school achievements, vocational rehabilitation and continuing
      compliance. Counselling of the psychological problems is an ongoing need and is
      best delivered when the treating team included psychologists and social workers.

PMID- 2638689
TI  - Definition and classification of diabetes.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is a state of absolute or relative insulin deficiency leading
      to hyperglycemia and profound changes in the body lipids and proteins. The World
      Health Organisation (WHO) classification of diabetes distinguishes between:
      insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), non-insulin dependent diabetes
      mellitus (NIDDM) and malnutrition related diabetes mellitus (MRDM). In childhood
      the overwhelming majority is due to an autoimmune betacell disease leading to
      IDDM.

PMID- 2638690
TI  - The challenge of childhood diabetes mellitus in India.
AB  - The prevalence of DM is about 0.4/1000 children with a lower incidence in the
      rural areas. Children comprise 3-5% of the total diabetics. A study of 55
      pediatric cases of DM (1980-84) showed that only 22 (40%) had ketoacidosis on
      admission. Ten (18.2%) had onset of illness before 4 years of age. HLA antigen
      studies in childhood IDDM have shown a positive linkage disequilibrium with Bw21
      (RR-12.7), and DR3 (RR = 16.6). Prevalence of islet cell antibodies (ICA) was
      30.9% (n = 110) as compared with 0.8% in controls. Antibodies against Coxsackie
      B2 virus were increased (75.5% vs 46.4% in controls). The C-peptide content was
      substantially low. Malnutrition related DM occurs in adolescents in some parts of
      India. It is characterized by moderate hyperglycemia, low serum glycerol,
      relative insulin insensitivity, and pancreatic malformation/calcification in
      about 1/4 of subjects. There is no association with HLA antigens or ICA, and the
      precise etiology is unclear. Mortality was 3.6% in patients admitted in our
      hospital but is higher in other regions due to poverty and relative lack of
      health care facilities.

PMID- 2638692
TI  - Initial clinical management of childhood diabetes.
AB  - An appropriate guideline of clinical management of childhood diabetes is outlined
      with principle of management, which is divided into four steps mainly planning,
      program, goals and monitoring of management. A basic philosophy on goals of care,
      multi-disciplinary team approach and an intimate partnership building between
      care team members and patients with their families, based on true trust and
      respect, should be taken into proper consideration from the beginning of
      therapies. Balanced pragmatism, compromised between patient's lifestyle demands
      and medical ideal control, is emphasized with a sensible practicality.

PMID- 2638691
TI  - Initial signs and diagnosis of diabetes--special considerations of Oriental
      patients.
AB  - Hyperglycemia and other metabolic derangements resulting from absolute or
      functional deficiency of insulin are accompanied by typical signs and symptoms of
      diabetes. The clinical signs and the findings of hyperglycemia over 200 mg/dl
      should establish a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. An oral glucose tolerance test
      (O-GTT) is rarely necessary for diagnosis of diabetes in a child. A small
      proportion of children, however, present less severe symptoms, and may require an
      O-GTT. Approximately 14% of IDDM children were in coma at diagnosis in Tokyo, and
      11 onset deaths (0.94%) were observed among the 1172 newly diagnosed IDDM cases
      in Japan. A significant decline in the onset mortality, however, has been
      observed in the past 20 years in Japan in association with the improvement of
      early management of childhood diabetes. The clinical distinction of IDDM from
      NIDDM is often difficult in diabetic children of Oriental origin without obesity.
      Japanese IDDM can be divided into two forms, abrupt and slow onset forms, but
      they may be essentially the same disease. There was no difference in the
      frequency of being tested positive for circulating ICA between the two groups of
      the patients. But a difference in the frequency of HLA DR4 and DRW9 was noticed
      between the two groups. Clinical features of 107 children with NIDDM were studied
      and about 75% of these cases were obese. All of them can be detected by routine
      urinalysis for glucose. Diet and exercise therapy in most of the newly diagnosed
      patients resulted in remission but some of them may require insulin or an oral
      hypoglycemic agent to get better glycemic control.

PMID- 2638693
TI  - Monitoring of diabetes in children.
AB  - There is increasing evidence to show that a high degree of metabolic control in
      diabetes mellitus delays and reduces the severity and incidence of the
      microvascular complications of diabetes. The goals of appropriate therapy for
      diabetes should hence include an all-out effort to achieve as near normal
      metabolism as possible but it should be individualized accordingly. In actual
      practice it is difficult to achieve "good" control especially in diabetic
      children without attendant hypoglycaemia and its sequelae. Diabetic control is
      difficult to define in clinical terms, and the maintenance of metabolic control
      in diabetes involves a complex interaction of pathological, physiological,
      psychological, familial, social and environmental variables. The aims in insulin
      dependent diabetic children is to ensure optimal emotional and physical health of
      the child or adolescent. The various modalities available for monitoring or
      assessment of diabetic control shall be discussed.

PMID- 2638694
TI  - Nutrition and insulin dependent diabetes in the young: general approaches.
AB  - The so called diabetic diet, with a high intake of protein and fat, grown up in
      order to gain a better glycemic control, can be responsible for long term
      impairment of macro-angiopathic complication. For this reason many paediatric
      diabetologists, according to recent Dietary Allowances, recommend to diabetic
      children and adolescents a diet with the following characteristics: A variable
      total energy intake based on energy need High content of starch, particularly
      rich in soluble fibres Protein content lower than usual intake Increased mono and
      polyunsaturated fats.

PMID- 2638695
TI  - Diet therapy among young diabetics in the Philippines.
AB  - There is an increasing incidence of diabetes among children in the Philippines
      where the adult prevalence rate is 4%. The approach to treatment follows
      conventionally accepted principles of diet, exercise, orals/insulin, education
      and rehabilitation. Attempts at standardizing diet for these juvenile diabetics
      is plagued by variables that keep on influencing the diet of people who come from
      many islands with different ethnic backgrounds. These variables include (i)
      Parentage, (ii) Age, (iii) Height/frame/weight, (iv) Activities, (v)
      Socio/economic/cultural, (vi) Diagnosis/control/complications, (vii) Who treats
      the patient, (viii) Drugs in use, (ix) Educational resources, (x)
      Motivation/compliance/morale, (xi) Monitoring capabilities, (xii) Team support.
      Camp exemplifies the ideal insofar as the handling of diet therapy is concerned.
      But this has to be effectively translated into the everyday life of the diabetic
      youngster if it is to be of any help at all. The aims are (i) to get the
      overweights down to normal weight (ii) the underweights up to normal weight (iii)
      the normal weights to keep within the range of normal weight--all with the least
      changes in their established lifestyle, hopefully maintaining healthy metabolic
      balance and providing for proper growth and development. We propose that diet was
      made for diabetics and not diabetics for diet.

PMID- 2638696
TI  - Diabetes education for the family, patient and paramedical staff.
AB  - Diabetes education should fulfill definable objectives and be provided in an
      orderly way to match the child and family's ability and readiness to learn. The
      main aims of education are (1) gaining an understanding of diabetes (2)
      developing practical skills in care (3) acquiring attitudes of optimism and self
      confidence (4) acquiring detailed knowledge of management and (5) developing the
      ability to make management decisions. Families can respond to education as they
      overcome their initial shock and grief. Their ability to learn is enhanced by
      professional support in the anxious task of assuming responsible care for their
      child. It is helpful to involve all the family and both parents so they can
      support each other, share responsibility and enjoy the satisfaction of
      contributing to their child's good health. The child after infancy, should
      participate in care as much as he is able, and is consistent with his
      developmental stage. People learn in different ways and it is helpful to have
      different teaching methods available: individual learning, group discussion,
      reading material, visual aids and seminars. For the older child and teenager,
      camps enhance self-esteem and reinforce learning and allow the family to profit
      by their own experience. Paramedical staff should meet regularly to maintain
      their competence and ensure that teaching is consistent.

PMID- 2638697
TI  - Diabetic education, special consideration of Oriental patients.
AB  - The important of patient education program in the management of diabetes has been
      widely recognized. We studied to find out in general what the patients and their
      parents know about diabetes and their self-care by using a questionnaire. Then,
      the diabetic education was given by one-to-one basis to every patient. Thirty
      four insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus attended the diabetic the clinic at
      Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok age ranged from 4 to 22 years with peak age at 11 to 15
      years. Male to female ratio was l:i. Majority came from low socioeconomic
      families. 23.5 percent were from separated families, one patient lived with
      neither her mother nor father. Only one patient had home glucose monitoring.
      Fourteen cases (41.2%) had been hospitalized with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
      over the past year, however, there was no statistically significant difference
      between admission with DKA and low socioeconomic status. In addition to insulin,
      there were 8 patients taking herbs to cure diabetes. Only 6 patients were able to
      follow their meal plan and only one case ever used the food exchange list. Most
      patients accepted being diabetic and attended the clinic regularly mainly to get
      financial supports. The situation in our country is different from that in the
      western countries as the patients are low in literacy and socioeconomic status. A
      well-planned educational programme is essential to cater to the need to the
      oriental patients.

PMID- 2638698
TI  - [Examination of the TMJ. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in dentistry].

PMID- 2638699
TI  - [Evaluation of a school brushing education program].

PMID- 2638700
TI  - [Effect of subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine on polynuclear neutrophil
      activity].

PMID- 2638701
TI  - [An orthodontic expert system for the general practitioner. What? Why? When?].

PMID- 2638702
TI  - [A zirconium ceramic bracket].

PMID- 2638704
TI  - Apartheid and health care.

PMID- 2638703
TI  - [Patient motivation in orthognathic surgery].

PMID- 2638705
TI  - Critical evaluation of conventional abdominal closure with single-layer closure
      in adult and elderly.
AB  - Two different techniques of abdominal closure, conventional and single-layer,
      were studied on comparative basis in 55 cases each. Single-layer closure was
      found to have definite advantage over conventional closure as regards operating
      or healing time, feasibility, ease and postoperative morbidity. Single-layer
      closure took 8-10 minutes in comparison to 18-20 minutes required by conventional
      method. Incidence of burst abdomen was found to be 3.6% in the former and 7.27%
      in the latter. In only one case of conventional closure incisional hernia
      occurred whereas none occurred in case of single-layer closure. Moreover
      complications of scar and delayed healing were less in single-layer closure.

PMID- 2638706
TI  - Acid base balance in seriously ill surgical cases and its prognostic
      significance.
AB  - Acid base changes are common in surgical patients. The present study was
      conducted in 50 seriously ill surgical patients over a period of 56 hours. A wide
      range of pH was observed with 72% observations outside the normal limits.
      Alkalosis was observed in 44% of total observations while acidosis was noted in
      28%. A higher mortality was seen in cases with alkalosis.

PMID- 2638707
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology in diagnosis of cervical
      lymphadenopathies.
AB  - Four hundred and forty-four patients with cervical lymphadenopathies without any
      consideration for age and sex were subjected to fine needle aspiration biopsy
      cytology. The results were compared with those of histological sections. In
      tuberculous lymphadenitis, pyogenic lymphadenitis, Hodgkin's disease and
      leukaemic infiltration of lymph nodes 100% correct diagnosis was made; it was
      98.4% in metastatic carcinoma, 97% in non-specific lymphadenitis and 92.3% in non
      Hodgkin lymphoma. An overall 96.2% correct diagnosis was made by fine needle
      aspiration biopsy cytology technique.

PMID- 2638708
TI  - Multiple auto-immune disorders in a single family.

PMID- 2638709
TI  - Intranasal dermoid cyst.

PMID- 2638710
TI  - Current understanding of the pathogenesis of shock.

PMID- 2638711
TI  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

PMID- 2638712
TI  - [Partially buried connective tissue grafts for gingival recession: clinical
      results apropos of 22 cases].
AB  - A connective tissue graft technique described by Langer and Langer for treating
      gingival recession was attempted in 22 clinical cases using connective tissue
      above. 100% root coverage was obtained where only 3 mm of recession existed, 94%
      when recession was 3 to 5 mm and 58% root coverage occurred where recession was
      greater than 6 mm. This technique was compared with the classical technique of
      free gingival grafts and the connective tissue graft technique for covering
      exposed root surfaces proposed by Nelson.

PMID- 2638713
TI  - [Ultrasonic cleaning with iodized polyvidone: apropos of a case].
AB  - Satisfactory results in case of Rapidly Progressive Periodontitis were obtained
      utilizing ultrasonic cleansing (Odontoson) with polyvidone (Betadine).
      Radiographic evidence of bone repair was noted in several clinical sites.

PMID- 2638714
TI  - [Sociodemographic and economic evaluation of periodontal care providers under a
      preliminary plan].
AB  - A prospective epidemiologic survey performed over a three months period was done
      in association with the Health Insurance Fund of Lyon, France. The major
      objectives of this study were to evaluate the credentials of practitioners
      prescribing periodontal therapy under the health plan. 72.9% of the dentists
      received their dental diploma within the last 5 years and were predominantly
      male. None of the practitioners were specialists. Apparently, periodontal therapy
      represented only 10% of the treatment prescribed by the dentists surveyed.

PMID- 2638715
TI  - [Bleeding on probing. Significance--consequences].
AB  - Bleeding on probing is one of the techniques for evaluation of the periodontal
      pocket tissues condition. Bleeding, leading sign of inflammation inside the
      connective tissue, is a critical factor for pocket depth measurements, and with
      other variable factors prevents making reproducible measurements. With the
      concept of periodontal disease with asynchronous bursts of activity and period of
      remission, has appeared the necessity to determine and even to predict the
      presence of destructive activity just as it occurs in a particular site in order
      to set up a selective therapy. Many authors investigated for a correlation
      between destructive activity and bleeding on probing. At the present time, the
      development of manual or electronic probes provides a useful diagnostic aid for
      the clinician in daily practice as well as the researcher in longitudinal
      studies.

PMID- 2638716
TI  - A five year study of neonatal hypoglycaemia in Toa Payoh Hospital (1984-1988).
AB  - A total of 18,611 live births from 1984 to 1988 in Toa Payoh Hospital were
      screened for neonatal hypoglycaemia. 102 neonates developed hypoglycaemia which
      was asymptomatic in 83% of cases. Of the 91 neonates whose medical records were
      still available, all had at least a high risk factor for the development of
      hypoglycaemia. Infants of diabetic mother (IDM) that were also more than 4 kg
      birth weight had the highest risk of developing hypoglycaemia. 82% of these
      hypoglycaemic neonates developed hypoglycaemia within the first 4 hours of life.
      Since so many of them had asymptomatic hypoglycaemia, screening of high risk
      neonates must be stressed.

PMID- 2638718
TI  - Estimation of quantal dose response of drugs by the Spearman-Karber method: a
      computer program written in BASIC.
AB  - Quantal-dose response is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology. The
      best known variables are the median effective dose and the median lethal dose.
      These are measured according to the frequency of dichotomous response of the
      subjects being studied. The Spearman-Karber method is a simple and convenient
      algorithm to evaluate these indices. A highly portable computer program in BASIC
      language is also included for the convenience of computation.

PMID- 2638717
TI  - Glucose-galactose malabsorption--a report in a Chinese family.
AB  - Glucose-galactose intolerance is a rare form of monosaccharide malabsorption. We
      report a Chinese family with 2 affected male children. They presented with watery
      diarrhoea since birth and the diarrhoea improved only after the offending
      carbohydrates were withdrawn from the diet.

PMID- 2638719
TI  - Acute appendicitis in Singapore children--some clinical aspects.
AB  - This retrospective study of 132 patients less than 12 years of age with
      Appendectomy done for Acute Appendicitis showed histological confirmation in 106
      patients (80.3%) and a "negative appendix" rate of 19.7%. The appendix was
      perforated in 31 patients (23.5%). In those patients with confirmed Acute
      Appendicitis, males predominate (1.7 males: 1 female) and the peak incidence was
      in those 9 years of age or more. Abdominal pain was present in all patients
      except a 13 month old infant. Abdominal tenderness was also elicited in all
      patients except one. Fever was present in 83 patients (78.3%), vomiting in 82
      patients (77.4%) and diarrhoea in 19 patients (17.9%). There were 2 deaths in
      this review, giving a mortality rate of 1.9%. Postoperative complications include
      wound infection (13.2%), pelvic abscess (0.9%), ileus (0.9%) and adhesion
      obstruction (0.9%).

PMID- 2638720
TI  - Febrile convulsion--a clinical survey and a review of its current concept of
      management.
AB  - Between February 1986 to November 1986, 335 cases of febrile convulsion were
      admitted to the paediatric ward, Tan Tock Seng Hospital. The study revealed 87
      cases (26%) were complex febrile convulsion and 73 cases (21.8%) were recurrent
      febrile convulsion. 51 patients with complex febrile convulsion and 32 patients
      with recurrent febrile seizures were put on long term phenobarbitone. The number
      of patients with recurrent and complex convulsion was big. The role of
      anticonvulsant prophylaxis is reviewed and its efficacy discussed.

PMID- 2638721
TI  - Transient tricuspid insufficiency of the newborn: two case reports and short
      annotations.

PMID- 2638722
TI  - Comparison between the development of Malaysian and Denver children.
AB  - 126 Malay children from higher income families were followed-up regularly from
      birth to six years of age in the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. Their
      developmental performance was compared to that of Denver children. Generally,
      Malaysian and Denver children appear to be similar in their development during
      the first six years of life except for some minor differences in the personal
      social, language and gross motor sectors. Malaysians appear to be slower in self
      care but more advanced in "helping around the house", "playing interactive games"
      and in "separating from mother". They were slightly slower in gross motor
      function during the first year of life but more advanced during the second year
      of life. However, they were slightly more advanced in language development. The
      differences in development between the two groups of children are discussed and
      it is concluded that the differences can partly be explained by differences in
      socio-economic or cultural differences between the two groups of children.
      However, the influence of genetic factors cannot be dismissed.

PMID- 2638723
TI  - 2d International Symposium on Schistosomiasis. 2d National Meeting on
      Schistosomiasis. Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 22-27 October 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2638724
TI  - Control of schistosomiasis in the Gezira.
AB  - For the control of schistosomiasis in irrigated agricultural schemes, the
      inhabitants must have:- 1) Enough potable water. 2) Latrines. 3) Proper health
      education to motivate the community to participate in the control. 4) Proper
      diagnostic facilities. 5) Proper available chemotherapy. 6) Focal mullusciciding.
      7) If possible trial of biological and environmental methods of control.
      Following the above methods, we could reduce the prevalence of schistosomiasis
      from over 50% to about 13%. The important achievement, is the improvement of the
      health of the community; therefore more production and reduced morbidity and
      mortality.

PMID- 2638725
TI  - [Competitive behavior of Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila-
      laboratory studies].
AB  - Observation about cohabitation among B. glabrata and B. tenagophila revealed a
      greater vulnerability of B. tenagophila population during the process of
      competition when its density was severely decreased in 12 trials, moderate in 2
      trials. It was higher than B. glabrata in only one trial. Some snail water
      chemical parameters analysed such as pH, alkalinity, conductivity and oxygen
      dissolved, and the viability rate of batch of eggs didn't give subsidy to explain
      the competition mechanism. The newly-born survival, in the situation of
      cohabitation, was low for both species. This reveals the existence of intra and
      interspecific competitive interaction. The fertility rate reduction of B.
      tenagophila during the cohabitation was considered as a cause of its exclusion.
      One of the factors that seems to have influenced the fertility rate was a
      possible wrong crossing.

PMID- 2638726
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni surface proteins.

PMID- 2638727
TI  - Regulation of gene expression in the Schistosoma mansoni female.
AB  - The maturation of females of S. mansoni is a process which depends on the
      presence of male parasites. Preliminary results indicated that the males may
      secret hormones, possibly steroid or steroid-like compounds, which regulate the
      expression of genes directly connected to events pertaining to oogenesis. Because
      the eggs are important agents in the pathology of schistosomiasis, it is of
      interest to elucidate the biochemical events associated to this developmental
      stage. The present work describes the efforts to characterize proteins which
      regulate the expression of a gene encoding a major protein precursor of egg
      shells and which is only transcribed by adult females. It is hoped that the
      receptor for the male hormone will be detected among these regulatory proteins.

PMID- 2638728
TI  - Effects of irradiation and tunicamycin on the surface glycoproteins of
      Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - The cercarial glycocalyx and schistosomulum surface contains a number of
      glycoproteins which are expressed in very variable amounts within a parasite
      population. Tunicamycin inhibits glycoprotein synthesis of schistosomula if the
      parasites are incubated for 24 hr with the drug (10 micrograms ml-1). An
      unexpected increase in lectin binding to the parasite surface was observed but no
      other changes were detected. Schistosomula treated in this way did not develop in
      the host past the lung stage. Ultraviolet irradiation (400 microW min cm-2) also
      inhibited glycoprotein synthesis. Synthesis of other proteins, and in particular
      heat shock proteins, were also inhibited. Sera from mice (NIH strain) infected
      with irradiated cercariae contained antibodies which bound to normal
      schistosomula with lower affinity than to irradiated parasites. This is evidence
      that irradiation modifies the surface and secreted glycoproteins of
      schistosomula, so they are processed in a different way to normal glycoproteins
      by the host's immune system. The effects of irradiation on heat shock protein
      synthesis may allow the parasite to release a variety of proteins and
      glycoproteins in abnormal conformations. This may explain the enhanced
      immunogenicity of irradiated cercariae.

PMID- 2638729
TI  - Resistance of schistosomes to hycanthone and oxamniquine.
AB  - Genetic crosses between phenotypically resistant and sensitive schistosomes
      demonstrated that resistance to hycanthone and oxamniquine behaves like a
      recessive trait, thus suggesting that resistance is due to the lack of some
      factor. We hypothesized that, in order to kill schistosomes, hycanthone and
      oxamniquine need to be converted into an active metabolite by some parasite
      enzyme which, if inactive, results in drug resistance. Esterification of the
      drugs seemed to be the most likely event as it would lead to the production of an
      alkylating agent upon dissociation of the ester. An artificial ester of
      hycanthone was indeed active even in resistant worms, thus indirectly supporting
      our hypothesis. In addition, several lines of evidence demonstrated that exposure
      to hycanthone and oxamniquine results in alkylation of worm macromolecules. Thus,
      radioactive drugs formed covalent bonds with the DNA of sensitive (but not of
      resistant) schistosomes; an antiserum raised against hycanthone detected the
      presence of the drug in the purified DNA fraction of sensitive (but not of
      resistant) schistosomes; a drug-DNA adduct was isolated from hycanthone-treated
      worms and fully characterized as hycanthone-deoxyguanosine.

PMID- 2638730
TI  - [Bacterial endocarditis].

PMID- 2638731
TI  - [Prophylaxis and treatment of infectious endocarditis].

PMID- 2638732
TI  - [Bacterial endocarditis and periodontal disease].

PMID- 2638733
TI  - [Embryology of the skin and the oral mucosa].

PMID- 2638734
TI  - [Instrumentation of root canals with ultrasound].

PMID- 2638735
TI  - [Odontogenic maxillofacial infections. Surgical treatment].

PMID- 2638736
TI  - [Current state of organ transplantation in Poland].

PMID- 2638737
TI  - [Chronic hepatitis--problems of treatment].

PMID- 2638738
TI  - [Differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in elderly
      patients].

PMID- 2638739
TI  - [The effect of pharmacologic agents on transperitoneal elimination of low
      molecular compounds during peritoneal dialysis].

PMID- 2638740
TI  - [Comparison of the cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin and epirubicin by an in
      vitro test].
AB  - In a group of 34 tumours representing 9 various human neoplasms the cytotoxic
      activity was compared of doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and epirubicin (Farmorubicin)
      in vitro. The method was based on measurements of the degree of inhibition of 3H
      uridine incorporation in a suspension of cells of the tumour incubated with the
      cytostatic agent as compared to the activity in the control group. In 7 cases
      (21%) the tumours were sensitive to both agents, 26 tumours (76%) failed to
      respond to either drug. In one case the tumour responded only to epirubicin (3%)
      which suggests a probable incomplete cross-resistance between both cytostatics. A
      positive correlation between increased concentration of the drugs used in this
      experiment and the increase of the cytostatic effect in the group of tumours
      sensitive in vitro suggests the necessity of raising the dosage of less toxic
      epirubicin in clinical trials.

PMID- 2638741
TI  - [Formation of mixed colonies by progenitor cells of chronic myeloid leukemia
      cultured in vivo].
AB  - The clonal growth of multipotential progenitor cells of chronic myeloid leukemia
      (CML) in diffusion chamber implanted into peritoneal cavity of neutropenic and
      anemic rats was assessed. CML precursors formed in methylcellulose culture
      enriched with medium conditioned by phytohemagglutinin activated lymphocytes
      mixed neutrophilic-erythroid colonies, in number significantly higher then normal
      cells. Mixed colonies produced by CML cells, in contrast to the normal
      precursors, contained also macrophages, eosinophils and megakaryocytes. We
      conclude that modified diffusion chamber culture technique may be a suitable tool
      for multipotential progenitor study in CML.

PMID- 2638742
TI  - [Factors determining the presence and predicting the development of diabetic
      retinopathy].
AB  - In a group of 329 diabetics aged 35-56 years with diabetes duration 1-30 years
      134 cases were found diabetic retinopathy (40.7%). After 7 years funduscopy was
      repeated in 136 out of 248 patients and 50 new cases of retinopathy were
      disclosed. After multivariate analysis it was found that retinopathy was
      associated most closely with diabetes duration, while arterial hypertension was
      most surely predicting during 7 years future retinopathy, particularly in the
      case of higher level of glycosylated haemoglobin at the final examination.

PMID- 2638743
TI  - [Does hyperthyroidism occur in acute intermittent porphyria?].
AB  - During an attack of acute intermittent porphyria clinical signs appear
      characteristic of hyperthyroidism. For assessing thyroid function in 40 patients
      with this type of porphyria (22 during attack and 18 during remission) the
      determinations were done of serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and
      thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by radioimmunoassay, calculating also the index
      of free thyroxine (IFT4) by means of the test of resin T3 uptake. During the
      attack of porphyria the mean T4 level was increased (p less than 0.05), normal T3
      and TSH values were normal, and IFT4 level non-significantly decreased. These
      results suggest raised level of thyroxine-transporting protein. During remission
      the levels of T3 and T4 were within normal range, but TSH level was raised
      without statistical significance, while the level of IFT4 was significantly
      decreased (p less than 0.01). The results of the investigations suggest the
      conclusions that in this type of porphyria no hyperthyroidism is present during
      porphyria attack and in remission.

PMID- 2638744
TI  - Manpower training, development and utilisation in primary oral health care. A
      suggested approach for Nigeria.
AB  - The author has looked at the importance of training development and utilization
      of front-line oral health workers of various types due to the role they play
      within the programme for the total health care of the nation. The author feels
      that primary oral health care should, therefore, be developed and made an
      integral part of primary health care, an approach from which most nations,
      especially developing ones, stand to gain.

PMID- 2638745
TI  - [Prevention of infectious complications in children's temporary and permanent
      teeth].
AB  - The importance of temporary and the first permanent teeth in children is no
      longer demonstrated nowadays. In some clinical situations, the only therapeutic
      attitude is to remove the tooth. Preventative methods such as detection and
      treatment, are the only ways to avoid infection and its complications.

PMID- 2638746
TI  - Age, sex and ethnic trends in tooth loss due to caries.

PMID- 2638747
TI  - [Asepsis and vigorous antisepsis against infectious disease transmission in the
      dental office].
AB  - Therapeutic acts often surgically practised in the dental office can lead to the
      transmission of infectious diseases such as A.I.D.S. To prevent this, the authors
      propose guideline base acts for antisepsis and asepsis. In conclusion, the
      authors exhort for an integration of these antiseptic acts in the efficient
      working of the dental office for an effective prevention of these infectious
      diseases in the area.

PMID- 2638748
TI  - Prevalence of dental caries among the 15-year old Zimbabweans.

PMID- 2638749
TI  - The system of dental record keeping and utilization of record information in
      Tanga region, Tanzania.

PMID- 2638750
TI  - Oral health in children attending church-affilitated schools in northern
      Cameroon. Tooth development and dental caries.

PMID- 2638751
TI  - [Importance of the biopsy in dental practice. 1].
AB  - Biopsy is a valuable aid in oral clinical diagnosis; it consists of obtaining a
      specimen of living tissue in order to study its structure, both macro and
      microscopically. This procedure makes it possible to confirm or deny a diagnosis,
      as well as to determine the nature and characteristics of the lesion and to
      establish a final diagnosis. Oral biopsy is a simple procedure, which in most
      cases can easily be performed by the odontologist. Indications and
      contraindications are relative. In general terms, the following criteria are
      candidates for biopsy: suspicious lesions present in the area, any tissue removed
      for any reason, and positive exfoliative cytology. As to contraindications, it is
      usually advisable to avoid biopsies on necrotic areas, as well as incisional
      biopsy of pigmented lesions. Methods most often used for obtaining a biopsy
      include: excisional, incisional and transoperatory, always following certain
      principles for obtaining a representative specimen.

PMID- 2638752
TI  - [Oral health education for expectant mothers].
AB  - Current tendency in education for oral health centers on identifying high-risk
      groups, in order to offer them proper attention as to preventive measures. As a
      specific strategy toward such ends, the authors propose performing a program of
      education for oral health during the gestation period, which may enable women to
      prevent oral diseases both in themselves and their babies.

PMID- 2638753
TI  - [Radiology of the temporomandibular joint].
AB  - Different radiological techniques have been developed through the years within
      the realm of studies on the temporomandibular joint, which have implemented
      significant improvements in diagnosis by professionals in stomatology. Some of
      the most modern radiographical techniques, such as computerized tomography (CT)
      or magnetic resonance image (MRI) are not yet regularly used in our country for
      the diagnosing of temporomandibular dysfunctions. However, it is quite possible
      that in the near future, this type of techniques may be more widely handled, with
      resultant benefits for ailing patients.

PMID- 2638754
TI  - [Pregnancy].

PMID- 2638755
TI  - [Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of two capping materials: in vitro cell culture
      study].
AB  - Evaluation of the biocompatibility of a crown reconstruction material in vivo on
      human teeth by histologic observation of pulpal reactions is a long lasting and
      expensive procedure. Before to start it, a first examination can be done by
      testing the material on cell cultures. If the used culture cells contain
      antibiotics, it is necessary to combine these tests with a bacteriologic
      examination of the tested material. Two calcium hydroxide containing materials
      for dentin-pulp capping, were submitted to cytotoxicity tests using human pulpal
      fibroblasts cultures. The cytotoxicity of one over the two materials could be
      related to its lability and bacterial contamination.

PMID- 2638756
TI  - [Importance of muscular pathology in differential diagnosis of tooth pain].
AB  - Pain can be something hazy and the way it occurs can make the practitioner doubt.
      Some toothaches are treated with root canal therapy or removal of the tooth (or
      teeth) when be etiology is myofacial pain dysfunction (MPD). This implies the
      need of a proper differential diagnosis between myofacial pain dysfunction and
      root canal pathology.

PMID- 2638757
TI  - [Ocular manifestations of dental disease (apropos of one case)].
AB  - Dental infections are able to produce ocular diseases by direct metastatic reflex
      or allergic pathways. Generally, these diseases quickly heal after a symptomatic
      local treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications associated to
      an etiologic therapy in order to eliminate the dental infection and the allergic
      hypersensitivity. The dental surgeon has a key position by promptly establishing
      a proper diagnosis and an efficient local treatment: the prognosis depends on
      these factors.

PMID- 2638758
TI  - [Titularization].

PMID- 2638759
TI  - Anticardiolipin antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: fundamental
      studies on the conditions for antigen-application and specificity of the assay.
AB  - We have established an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
      anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) using standard sera obtained from the Rayne
      Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital (London, U.K.). In this study, we compared
      several fundamental requirements for the assay with the standard assay as a
      reference, such as conditions for antigen application and test samples using our
      patients' samples. In addition, the specificity of our assay and cross
      reactivities of aCL were also evaluated. In the standard assay, the concentration
      of antigen was optimal in the range of 30-100 micrograms/ml. The antigen-coating
      temperature was optimal at 4 degrees C for 16 hours. The method based on rapid
      evaporation of CL-ethanol solution can be used instead of the standard method. On
      the other hand, there was no significant difference in the results between
      physical conditions of the antigen (CL-ethanol solution vs. CL-micelles), between
      washing solutions (saline vs. PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20) and between test
      samples (sera vs. plasma). The aCL activity in our patients' samples was almost
      completely inhibited by pre-incubation of sera with either CL or phospholipid
      reagent for activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Interestingly, the aCL
      activity of the lupus anticoagulant was negative, but aCL-positive samples were
      also absorbed by the reagent for APTT. No inhibition of the aCL activity,
      however, was observed when patients' sera were preincubated with ss-DNA.

PMID- 2638760
TI  - A new quantitative method for measuring oxygen extraction fraction by positron
      emission tomography: theory and simulation studies.
AB  - A mathematical method has been developed by which the cerebral extraction
      fraction of oxygen (OEF) administered in a bolus can be quantitatively measured
      and compared with a previously established method by Mintun et al. Successive
      injection of three tracers are required: 15O-labeled O2 as a test tracer, a
      diffusible tracer as a reference tracer and also as a flow tracer, and a tracer
      for cerebral blood volume (CBV). No decay correction or calibrations between head
      and arterial measurements are required. Simulation studies have shown that the
      calculated OEF values are less sensitive to measurement errors in CBV, cerebral
      blood flow, partition coefficient, time shift effect and tissue inhomogeneity
      than in the previous method.

PMID- 2638761
TI  - Effects of swimming exercise at two different water temperature on hepatic lipid
      and lipoprotein levels in experimental fatty liver rats.
AB  - The present study was aimed at demonstrating the effects of exercising in water
      at two different temperatures on lipid-lipoprotein metabolism in experimental
      fatty liver rats. The rats were fed a high fat, high cholesterol (CHL) diet for 6
      weeks, then returned to standard chow. The fatty liver rats were then divided at
      random into three groups, two for swimming in 20 degrees C (20SWG) and 30 degrees
      C (30SWG) water, 5 days/week, 30 min/day for 6 weeks, and a sedentary control
      group (SG). The concentrations of serum triglyceride (TG) and CHL were
      significantly lower (p less than 0.01) in both the 20SWG and 30SWG than in the
      SG. The serum concentration of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-CHL was
      clearly less in the 20SWG than in the SG (p less than 0.05) or the 30SWG (p less
      than 0.01). Compared to the SG, the two swimming groups had significantly lower
      levels (p less than 0.01) of low density lipoprotein (LDL)-CHL. The LDL-CHL in
      the 30SWG was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than that in the 20SWG.
      There were no significant differences among the three groups in high density
      lipoprotein (HDL)/CHL. However, the ratio of HDL to CHL was over 10% greater in
      the two swimming groups than in the SG. Hepatic CHL ester and TG were
      significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in the 20SWG than in the SG. These results
      indicate that swimming in water at the lower temperature was more stimulating to
      lipid-lipoprotein metabolism in fatty liver than swimming in the higher
      temperature water.

PMID- 2638762
TI  - Critical period of brain development in learning caused by lead exposure in rats.
AB  - Three groups of rats (group a, b and c) with high and stable avoidance, and low
      variability, named Tokai High Avoiders (THA) strain. (a) via placenta from the
      13th day of gestation, through maternal milk during lactation and per os after
      weaning (group Pb-gestation), (b) through maternal milk during lactation and per
      os after weaning (group Pb-birth), (c) per os after wearing (group Pb-weaning).
      The pre- and postnatal lead exposure induced apparent delays in speed of learning
      acquisition and broke the uniformity in avoidance rate in both males and females.
      Postnatal lead exposure caused slight delays in speed of learning acquisition in
      males alone. In the post wearing period defect in learning due to lead exposure
      could be observed in both males and females. No apparent difference was present
      in the development of pups among the lead exposed groups and control. From these
      results, it could be deduced that the most sensitive period of brain development
      in learning affected by lead exposure was the pre- and early postnatal period in
      the rat.

PMID- 2638763
TI  - Interpretation of pathophysiology by laboratory data (1). Graphic display of
      data, static pattern.
AB  - We have been performing the following studies over the past several years: 1)
      Conversion of the data of blood chemistry to a standard deviation index (SDI) as
      a common scale to offset differences due to measuring conditions. 2) Static
      global display of all the various SDI values at a single time-point on a radar
      chart for each patient (static radar chart). 3) Dynamic display of the
      pathophysiology of each patient by a radar chart (dynamic radar chart), and by a
      serial line graph using colors. 4) Automatic, quantitative and objective
      interpretation of the pathophysiology of each patient with our program at an
      adequate time-point selected on the dynamic display graphs. 5) Scrutiny of the
      interpreted results in comparison with the clinical course and data for other
      examinations. The present report includes details of 1), and 2).

PMID- 2638764
TI  - Interpretation of pathophysiology by laboratory data (2). Graphic display of
      data, dynamic pattern.
AB  - In order to display the pathophysiology of a patient more efficiently and
      adequately than in the static radar chart presented in the first report, a
      dynamic radar chart and serial line graphs using colored lines were presented. A
      dynamic radar chart prepared as described particularly in this report, shows the
      whole data of a patient along with the time course of illness by the space-saving
      "overlapped-drawing". Moreover serial line graphs are employed for items
      important for the understanding of a patient's pathophysiology or for items which
      show obscure change due to overlapping in the dynamic radar chart. Although this
      line graph is space-occupying it reveals more clearly the changes of data
      throughout the entire course of a patient's disease. In this second report the
      dynamic presentation of data and its interpretation, were presented for nine
      cases. This was done more efficiently and adequately than in the cases described
      in the first report where the display and interpretation of pathophysiology of a
      patient was made using merely the data of a single point.

PMID- 2638765
TI  - An experimental study on reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament using
      the medial meniscus.
AB  - The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) was experimentally reconstructed using the
      medial meniscus and preserving its posterior attachment in 70 rabbits. Time
      course changes in the transferred meniscus were studied macroscopically,
      histologically and biomechanically to evaluate the validity of the meniscus as a
      substitute in ligament reconstruction. Observation of the transferred menisci for
      144 weeks revealed that the fibrocartilage cells and the matrix of the
      transferred menisci were not completely replaced, especially in the central part.
      Blood circulation of the transferred meniscus was relatively abundant at the
      invasion site of the synovial tissue, particularly its attachments where the
      transferred meniscus was attached to the femur and tibia, whereas the central
      part was deficient in blood circulation. The mechanical strength of the
      transferred meniscus was about 26% of that of the PCL on the control side, and
      was not related to the period of time after the operation. Therefore,
      reconstruction of the PCL using the medial meniscus alone was considered
      questionable from the viewpoints of strength, slow absorption and replacement in
      clinical applications. This procedure, however, is still useful for augmentation
      of acute PCL tears.

PMID- 2638766
TI  - Acid secretory effect of extracted guinea-pig gastrin on isolated guinea-pig
      parietal cells.
AB  - It was confirmed that histamine, cholinergic drugs and gastrin separately produce
      acid secretory effects of isolated parietal cells. However, the acid secretory
      response of isolated parietal cells to gastrin stimulation is known to be weaker
      than that to histamine or cholinergic drugs, which is different from the acid
      secretory response found in vivo studies. Tetragastrin and pentagastrin were less
      potent than histamine and carbachol in stimulating acid secretion in our previous
      study performed using parietal cells isolated from guinea-pigs. In this study,
      the effect of gastrin extracted from the pyloric antrum of the guinea-pig on
      parietal cells isolated from the guinea-pig was investigated based on the
      assumption that the acid secretory response of isolated parietal cells to gastrin
      stimulation will be especially good if gastrin isolated from the same species is
      used.

PMID- 2638767
TI  - Limitations in calculating left ventricular volume by two dimensional geometry-
      an exised canine heart study.
AB  - The left ventricle was removed from 76 dogs and was cast in silicone, in vitro,
      under three fixing pressure levels to simulate various end-diastolic pressures.
      This cast was designated as a silicone cast. The waxen cast was constructed by
      adding attachments which protrude inside the LV cavity, such as the papillary
      muscles and trabeculae carneae to the silicone cast. The cast volumes were
      compared with the volume calculated by the area-length method, including
      ellipsoid and paraboloid models, and by Chapman's method in which silhouettes of
      the silicone casts projected on 4 planes were used. Under a lower fixing
      pressure, the volume of papillary muscles and trabeculae carneae accounted for
      about 35% of the LV volume which was independent of either size of heart or
      weight of the dog. This ratio was reduced at higher fixing pressure levels. The
      relationship between the cast volume and the volume calculated by the silhouette
      method was linearly proportional. However, the deviation increased with higher
      fixing pressure levels and with larger ventricular volumes in all calculation
      methods, indicating the shape of the left ventricle cannot be represented by any
      ideal symmetrical spherical model. The calculated volume agreed with its
      corresponding cast volume with an error of less than 10% if either the fixing
      pressure level was below 5 mmHg, or the volume was less than 50 ml.

PMID- 2638768
TI  - A clinical study of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Fifty patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were
      initially treated with corticosteroids. Seven patients had an excellent response
      (normal platelet count after therapy), 17, 18, and 8 had a good response (normal
      platelet count during therapy), fair response (improved platelet count during
      therapy) and poor response (no improvement), respectively. Nine patients, who had
      a fair or poor response to the corticosteroids, were splenectomized. Five of the
      9 had an excellent response to splenectomy. The other four patients were then
      treated with azathioprine. Three of the four responded well to the
      immunosuppressive therapy. The effectiveness of three main therapies for chronic
      ITP was confirmed in the present study. Especially, it indicated that splenectomy
      can be considered for relatively young patients who show a fair to good response
      to corticosteroids. Of the 6 patients with acute ITP, 5 had an excellent response
      to corticosteroids, and 1 recovered without therapy.

PMID- 2638769
TI  - Heart murmurs in low birth weight infants.
AB  - This study is based on 315 infants in different prematurity stages who were
      patients in the Special Care Unit for Preterm Infants at the First City Hospital,
      Sofia. Heart murmurs were observed in 98 infants. The clinical observations and
      investigations can be grouped as follows: 1) murmurs due to late closing or
      reopening of ductus arteriosus; 2) murmurs in patients with anemia; 3) murmurs in
      patient with anemia; and 4) accidental murmurs. The study is focused on the high
      percentage of heart murmurs in low-birth weight infants during the post
      adaptation period.

PMID- 2638770
TI  - Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis undetected by routine school urinalysis: a
      case report.
AB  - A twelve year old girl with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is
      reported. First symptoms of renal failure developed in August 1987 just five
      months after a routine school urinalysis which detected no abnormalities. The
      patient developed end stage renal failure within 2 months of onset. Continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was introduced to manage the renal failure,
      and open renal biopsy was performed simultaneously in order to elucidate the
      underlying renal disease in this patient. Microscopic examination of the biopsy
      specimen demonstrated marked formation of crescents in about 90% of the
      glomeruli, and some of the glomeruli were already sclerotic. Granular depositions
      of IgG(trace), IgA(1+), IgM(3+), properdine(3+), Clq(3+) and C3(3+) were observed
      by immunofluorescence staining. A definite diagnosis of rapidly progressive
      glomerulonephritis was made as the cause of renal failure in this patient. It was
      suggested that open renal biopsy is useful in diagnosing the underlying kidney
      disease of end stage renal failure in cases where the clinical course is
      relatively short.

PMID- 2638771
TI  - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in a diabetic patient with renal
      insufficiency and ventricular aneurysm.
AB  - A diabetic patient with renal insufficiency and a giant ventricular aneurysm was
      treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). No apparent
      exacerbation of the patient's cardiovascular function was observed after starting
      CAPD therapy, although his ejection fraction remained low and his angina attacks
      persisted. It is suggested that CAPD therapy has no deleterious effects on the
      cardiovascular system of patients with ventricular aneurysms, and that the
      benefits outweigh the risks.

PMID- 2638772
TI  - [Cancer of the surgically treated stomach].
AB  - Results of examinations and treatment of 49 patients with carcinoma of the
      operated stomach were analyzed. The operations had been previously performed for
      carcinoma, polyposis and ulcer disease. Results of the surgical treatment of such
      patients were shown to depend on terms of detection of the tumor growth. So, the
      patients who had had surgical interventions of the stomach should be
      systematically observed at dispensaries.

PMID- 2638773
TI  - [Methods of surgical treatment of common bile duct obstruction].

PMID- 2638774
TI  - [End-to-end anastomosis in right-sided hemicolectomy].
AB  - The authors made an analysis of the nearest and long-term results of treatment of
      139 patients subjected to right-sided hemicolectomy with different variants of
      ileotransversoanastomoses. Best results were obtained after end-to-end
      enterocolostomy.

PMID- 2638775
TI  - [A foreign body in the lung of many years duration complicated by hemorrhage].

PMID- 2638776
TI  - [Gastrectomy with pancreatoduodenal resection in patients with cancer of the
      stomach].

PMID- 2638777
TI  - [Acute cholecystitis complicated by hemorrhage].

PMID- 2638778
TI  - [Local necrotic typhlitis].

PMID- 2638779
TI  - [Significance of philosophical aspects of the normal and pathologic state in
      medical practice].

PMID- 2638780
TI  - [Spontaneous rupture of the retroperitoneal veins].

PMID- 2638781
TI  - [Idiopathic gangrene of the penis].

PMID- 2638782
TI  - [Cystic anomalies of the external bile ducts in children].
AB  - Observations of 44 patients aged from 20 days to 15 years were used for making a
      classification of cystic anomalies of bile ducts. The method of choice for the
      operative intervention is creation of cystoduodenoanastomosis with resection of
      the gallbladder. A stable effect in remote terms of treatment can be obtained by
      endoscopic sanitation of the zone of cystoduodenoanastomosis.

PMID- 2638784
TI  - [Isolated rupture of the duodenum in a child].

PMID- 2638783
TI  - [Value of alpha adrenergic blocking agents in the complex treatment of
      hydronephrosis in children].
AB  - Results of a pharmacotest with phentolamine show that in hydronephrosis patients
      the amplitude of contractions of the ureter became 3 times greater, the
      tonometrical index was 2 times greater, the basic pressure became 2 times less.
      The including of adrenoblocking agents into the complex treatment of patients
      with functional obstruction of the ureteropelvic system facilitated considerable
      dilatation of the calyceal-pelvic system. Plastic operations were performed in 21
      patients.

PMID- 2638785
TI  - [Floating spleen simulating abdominal tumor in a child].

PMID- 2638786
TI  - [Incarceration of the colon and omentum in a defect of the left cupula of the
      diaphragm after plastic surgery in diaphragm relaxation].

PMID- 2638787
TI  - [Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in children].

PMID- 2638788
TI  - [The effect of changes in the rate of gastric emptying on the development of
      dumping syndrome after vagotomy].
AB  - Under analysis were results of the stomach emptying rate in 85 patients with
      duodenal ulcer not earlier than 6 months after vagotomy. The dumping-syndrome
      took place in 47 of them. It was shown that when studying the dumping-syndrome
      the investigation of the evacuatory function of the stomach must be performed
      when patients are in vertical posture. Of main significance in the appearance of
      dumping-syndrome was the accelerated emptying of the stomach during the first 10
      min after the test breakfast.

PMID- 2638789
TI  - [A complex method of regional barotherapy of Raynaud's disease at a specialized
      polyclinic unit].
AB  - A comparative analysis of combination of local decompression and the impulse
      complex-modulated electromagnetic therapy for patients with the Raynaud disease
      has shown the expediency of this method giving good immediate results. The method
      proposed gives an additional curative effect consisting in the improvement of
      regional and capillary blood circulation after 10 sessions, as a rule, and may be
      recommended for wide use under conditions of polyclinic.

PMID- 2638790
TI  - [Trigger mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of autologous transfusion of UV
      irradiated blood (membranotropic effect on erythrocytes and thrombocytes)].
AB  - The article sums up numerous investigations of the authors on studying different
      parameters of membrane-dependent properties of erythrocytes and thrombocytes
      after UV irradiation of blood samples, mixing of irradiated and nonirradiated
      blood, transfusions of UV-irradiated auto blood. It was shown that membranotropic
      action of UV-irradiated blood and transfusion of UV-irradiated blood are
      responsible for rheological and hemostatic properties of blood.

PMID- 2638791
TI  - [Pedicled osteo-cartilaginous autoplasty of defects of the femoral head].

PMID- 2638792
TI  - [Nonspecific spontaneous pneumothorax in emergency surgery].

PMID- 2638793
TI  - [Function of the myocardium after revascularization and the patency of coronary
      shunts].
AB  - The article analyzes the contractive function of the myocardium in 149 patients
      after operation of a single aortocoronary shunt (25 patients), mammaro-coronary
      shunts with mechanical anastomosis (109 patients) and with manual distal
      anastomosis (15 patients). Patency of the aorto-coronary shunts was 72%, mammaro
      coronary shunts with direct distal anastomosis - 83.5%, with the end-to-side
      anastomosis - 88.8%. The myocardium function was improved in patients with patent
      shunts. In patients with incompetent shunts further deterioration of the
      contractive function of the left ventricle myocardium was noted. It was pointed
      out that the development of myocardium infarction in the zone of the coronary
      artery operated upon is not always accounted for by a shunt thrombosis.

PMID- 2638794
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of acute intestinal obstruction in cancer of the colon].

PMID- 2638795
TI  - [Spontaneous rupture of the bladder].

PMID- 2638796
TI  - [Combined modality treatment of paronychia].

PMID- 2638797
TI  - [Hemorrhagic complications caused by heparin therapy].
AB  - The article deals with complications resulting from the application of heparin.
      An analysis of 92 case histories is given where hemorrhages made their appearance
      due to noncorrect administration of heparin. Recommendations are given for
      purposeful therapy of these complications and their prophylactics.

PMID- 2638798
TI  - [Radiologic features of respiratory distress syndrome].
AB  - An analysis of roentgenograms of 50 patients with a respiratory distress-syndrome
      has shown that roentgenosemiotics of this complication discloses alterations of
      permeability of pulmonary and bronchial capillaries, drainage of liquid from the
      interstice and alveoli, hemodynamics in the microcirculation link of the lesser
      circulation circle. A classification of the respiratory distress-syndrome is
      proposed which includes 3 stages and a period of involution of the process.

PMID- 2638799
TI  - [Clinico-roentgenologic diagnosis of large and giant lipomas of soft tissues].
AB  - Under analysis were clinico-roentgenological data of 53 patients with large and
      giant lipomas. The authors emphasize difficulties of clinical diagnosis of such
      lipomas and high resolving power of roentgenography of soft tissues.

PMID- 2638800
TI  - [Errors in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries of the distant
      phalanges of the fingers].
AB  - Errors in diagnosis and tactics of treatment of diseases and traumas of distal
      phalanges of fingers are analyzed. Measures of prevention are proposed.

PMID- 2638801
TI  - [Airocontamination in dental practice: specific risks and means of prevention].

PMID- 2638802
TI  - [Traditional physical means of sterilization].

PMID- 2638803
TI  - [Disinfection in 1989. Proven technics].

PMID- 2638804
TI  - [Hygiene and disinfection in the surgical area].

PMID- 2638805
TI  - [Asepsis in the practice of dental specialties].

PMID- 2638806
TI  - [Asepsis in oral surgery. Applications in implantology].

PMID- 2638807
TI  - [Hepatitis B: the dentist, the operatory, the patient].

PMID- 2638808
TI  - [The fight against air contamination in the dental office: wearing masks].

PMID- 2638809
TI  - Variability of tooth eruption in cattle.
AB  - Absolute and relative ages of incisor and canine eruption were recorded in 152
      Holstein-Friesian and 154 Limousine X Hungarian Fleckvieh cows kept under
      commercial circumstances. While significant difference was found only between the
      emergence of the first incisor relative to the canine, a broader comparison of
      several breeds as published by a variety of authors put the findings within the
      right context. Results of a discriminant analysis suggested that the absolute
      ages of tooth eruption are heavily influenced by the environment. Typological
      inferences may be made studying tooth eruption ages relative to each other. In
      archaeozoology, aging based on modern toothwear analogies may be biased by these
      two inseparable effects.

PMID- 2638810
TI  - Study of the toxin-producing ability of Pasteurella multocida in mice.
AB  - Cell-free sonicated extracts and broth cultures of Pasteurella multocida strains
      of pig origin were examined for their lienotoxicity in mice. P. multocida strains
      represented capsular types A and D with or without dermonecrotoxic (DNT) activity
      in the guinea pig skin test. Mouse lienotoxicity test was suitable for
      determining the toxigenicity of P. multocida strains only when bacterium-free
      extracts were tested. In that case both toxigenic type A and D strains were
      lethal to intravenously inoculated mice and caused a remarkable reduction in
      spleen mass when sublethal doses were used. The extracts of atoxic strains were
      not lethal and induced splenic hyperplasia. By testing viable cells no
      correlation was demonstrable between toxin production and virulence of P.
      multocida to mice. In one experiment the concentrated sterile culture fluids of a
      toxigenic type D P. multocida and a toxigenic B. bronchiseptica strain were
      compared. The former caused deaths and splenic atrophy among mice, while the
      latter was nontoxic and induced slight hyperplasia of the spleen. This fact
      indicates that P. multocida secretes its toxin into the culture fluid.

PMID- 2638811
TI  - Interaction of T-2 fusariotoxin and monensin in broiler chickens infected with
      Coccidia.
AB  - Field observations suggest that coccidiosis is a common cause of death in broiler
      chicken flocks fed diets containing sufficient amounts of ionophore antibiotics
      (monensin, narasin, etc.) and contaminated with mycotoxins, particularly with T-2
      fusariotoxin. To study this phenomenon, broiler chickens fed diets containing
      different amounts of T-2 toxin and free from monensin, or containing a preventive
      dose (100 mg/kg of feed) of monensin, were infected experimentally with coccidian
      oocysts. In all groups fed a diet containing monensin plus T-2 toxin severe
      clinical symptoms of coccidiosis (blood-stained faeces etc). occurred. Deaths and
      retarded growth depended on the toxin dose and were considerable. The body mass
      gain of chicks fed a diet containing monensin and T-2 toxin but not infected with
      coccidia was inferior to that of groups fed diets which contained either monensin
      or T-2 toxin (experiment 2). On the basis of these findings a negative
      interaction of the two compounds is assumed. This seems to be supported by the
      results of experiment 3, i. e. the finding that the lethal dose of narasin, a
      compound closely related to monensin both in chemical structure and mechanism of
      action, proved to be much lower (LD50 = 102 mg/kg body mass) for chickens fed a
      diet supplemented with T-2 toxin than for the control chickens (LD50 = 176 mg/kg
      body mass). The present results suggest that the feeding of diets severely
      contaminated with T-2 toxin may alter the anticoccidial efficacy of monensin.

PMID- 2638812
TI  - Lipid metabolism and low molecular weight solute uptake in Ascaridia galli.
AB  - Adult Ascaridia galli, an intestinal nematode parasite of fowl, reveals a large
      variety of complex lipids such as phospholipids containing choline, ethanolamine,
      inositol, serine and glycerol. Lysophospholipid species, vinyl ether phospholipid
      (plasmalogen), neutral acylglycerols, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids
      are also present. Sugar-containing lipids, such as cerebrosides, sulphatides and
      gangliosides are abundantly present. Female parasites contain more lipids,
      particularly acylglycerols and phospholipids. Acylglycerols, phosphatidyl
      choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and glycolipids incorporate a large amount of
      radiolabelled precursor substrate in A. galli. The presence of important enzymes
      of lipid biosynthesis like glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate
      dehydrogenase and hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase as well as an enzyme of
      lipid ester hydrolysis, triacylglycerol lipase is detected in the parasite. These
      enzymes show subcellular distribution patterns and Michaelis-Menten kinetic
      characteristics comparable with that from rat liver homogenate. Studies on the
      uptake of labelled precursor molecules for lipid biosynthesis, glucose, acetate
      and palmitate show that the parasites can take up the isotopes readily in a time
      dependent manner, showing substrate saturation kinetics, dependence upon Na ions,
      and can be inhibited by the presence of the bile salts sodium cholate and sodium
      deoxycholate. The substrate affinity constant (Kt) and maximum apparent velocity
      of glucose uptake in A. galli were found to be 9.09 mM and 26.67 mM per 100 mg
      tissue dry weight per min at 37 degrees C.

PMID- 2638813
TI  - Non-O:1 Vibrio cholerae bacteremia.

PMID- 2638814
TI  - Spinal cord compression by extramedullary hematopoietic tissue in a thalassemic
      patient: prompt effect of radiotherapy.
AB  - As described in the literature, spinal cord compression by extramedullary
      hematopoietic tissue rarely occurs in thalassemic patients. Laminectomy and/or
      radiotherapy are the main approaches. We report on a patient with thalassemia
      intermedia who developed paralysis of both lower extremities due to the
      compression of the spinal cord by extramedullary hematopoietic tissue.

PMID- 2638815
TI  - [Identification of cell types in periodontal pockets with scanning electron
      microscopy].
AB  - Sixteen teeth from patients with advanced periodontal disease were processed with
      the direct fixative technique for observation with a Scanning Electron Microscope
      in order to test the adequacy of this technique and to observe the components of
      the tooth wall of the periodontal pocket. Different cell populations are
      described emphasizing the appearance of intact neutrophils. The results suggest
      that this fixative method may be an improvement on the conventional techniques
      for SEM.

PMID- 2638816
TI  - [Histological study of idiopathic gingival melanosis].
AB  - Idiopathic gingival melanosis was studied from a histological viewpoint.
      Structural data obtained with light, transmission and scanning electron
      microscopy were correlated. Marked pigmentation, of the epithelium, fundamentally
      in basal strata, was observed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed three
      different cellular patterns, distinguishable on the basis of the surface
      configuration of the apical membrane.

PMID- 2638817
TI  - [Microbiological changes in subgingival flora after treatment with amoxicillin
      clavulanic acid].
AB  - The association amoxicillin-clavulanic acid can be employed as an alternative to
      the usual antibiotic therapy of periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to
      determine subgingival microbial changes in 33 patients with periodontitis after
      using amoxicillin (500 mgrs.-t.i.d.) and clavulanic acid (125 mgrs.-t.i.d.) for 5
      days. It resulted clinically in a decrease of both gingival index and plaque
      index (not significant) and microbiologically in absence of the main bacterial
      pathogens found pretreatment, such as Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides
      intermedius, Eikenella corrodens and Actinomyces sp., although it was not able to
      eliminate Actinobacillus asinomycetemcomitans from a juvenile periodontitis and
      from a prepuberal periodontitis patient. Atibiotic susceptibility testing showed
      that all bacteria tested were sensitive to this antibiotic. Although this short
      term study shows good microbial response of main periodontal pathogens, long term
      studies are necessary to assess the effect of this antibiotic in periodontitis
      therapy.

PMID- 2638818
TI  - [Bone loss in an urban juvenile population in Oviedo].
AB  - Periodontal bone loss in 126 individuals between 9 and 20 years of age was
      screened radiographically by means of 2 standarized interproximal bite-wings
      radiographs. This group was selected from a population of 1253 young people
      according to the criteria of "having one or more probing pocket depths equal or
      higher than 4 mm". "Bone loss" was measured when the distance from the CEJ to the
      alveolar crest was greater than 2 mm per cent of this sample had bone loss, being
      more prevalent in females (34.3%) than in men (18.75%). Vertical defects
      predominated in the mesial aspect of mandibular first molars. Only one individual
      had radiographic features typical of localized juvenile periodontitis,
      representing 0.7% of the selected sample and 0.007% of the population studied.

PMID- 2638819
TI  - [Application of the Ivory separator in dental restoration].
AB  - The Ivory widener is practical, quick and without deleterious effects on dental
      and gingival tissues. It allows a gradual and reproducible effect, good
      visibility of the operatory field and a better access to the dental cavity with
      saving of healthy tissue.

PMID- 2638820
TI  - [Oral manifestations in tuberous sclerosis. Report of 3 cases].
AB  - We present three cases of Tuberous Sclerosis, studying its oral manifestations
      and suggesting that dental pits are clinical markers of diagnostic interest in
      the paucisymptomatic forms of the syndrome.

PMID- 2638821
TI  - [Dental equilibration by selective grinding or occlusal adjustment].
AB  - Oclusal adjustment or selective grinding is an operative procedure that must be
      diagnosed and well planned before making in the patient the clinical steps. Thus
      it's critical to make the diagnosis and treatment planning by means of casts
      mounted on semiadjustables articulators, over which is necessary to work first.
      Remember that the oclusal adjustment is an irreversible media of dental
      structures substraction that can be made as a unique type of treatment before the
      operative dentistry and prostodontics. The elimination of the symptoms are the
      goal of the treatment, and a step that can't be avoided after an ortodontic
      treatment.

PMID- 2638822
TI  - [A new technic for bleaching teeth].

PMID- 2638823
TI  - [Efficacy of the CO2 laser in partial glossectomies].
AB  - In the present work, the authors show their experience in tongue surgery with Co2
      laser. Two different kinds of partial glosectomies were made in several cases,
      CO2 laser was used on the right side, and conventional methods on the left side
      as a comparative group. Histological studies were made between both sides, in
      order to find differences in normal hemostasy and tissue response.

PMID- 2638824
TI  - [Relationship of DMFS and DF indexes and saliva characteristics of cariogenic
      significance].

PMID- 2638825
TI  - [Radioprotective effect of ascorbic acid on oral structures in patients with
      cancer of the head and neck].
AB  - It is considered the radioprotective effect of ascorbic acid in patients with
      head and neck cancer. It is observed a reduction of yatrogenic effects over oral
      structures secondary to radiotherapy. It is recommended the oral administration
      of ascorbic acid in this type of patients.

PMID- 2638826
TI  - [Anguish, ambivalence and transference, three psychoanalytic phenomena found
      during pedodontic care].
AB  - Three psychological phenomena are detected during dental attention. Their
      characteristics are studied and a strategy is performed to adapt three pedodontic
      patients to dental attention. The three patients presented great resistance to
      pedodontics dental attention. The method to overcome the resistance to dental
      attention due to anguish is to establish a good relation-ship between the dentist
      and the patient, a good management of the ambivalent feeling of the child and the
      elimination of the phenomenon of transference.

PMID- 2638827
TI  - [Influence of high copper dental amalgam on various components of immune
      response].

PMID- 2638828
TI  - [Removable partial denture. 1. Evaluation of the partially edentulous patient].

PMID- 2638829
TI  - [Prophylaxis guidelines for maxillofacial osteoradionecrosis].

PMID- 2638830
TI  - [Tumors of the oral cavity. Mechanisms of immune system identification].

PMID- 2638831
TI  - [Report on fluoride].

PMID- 2638832
TI  - [The most frequently used implant materials in the oromaxillofacial area].

PMID- 2638833
TI  - [Microscopic innervation and nerve receptors of the lingual mucosa].

PMID- 2638834
TI  - [Progressive systemic sclerosis with polydontia. Report of an unusual case].

PMID- 2638836
TI  - [Malignant bone tumors of the jaw. Metastasis of breast adenocarcinoma to the
      lower jaw. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 2638835
TI  - [Children's anxiety in the dental situation].

PMID- 2638837
TI  - [Josamycin in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis].

PMID- 2638838
TI  - [Neoplasms of the floor of the mouth].

PMID- 2638839
TI  - [Dentist faced with cervicofacial adenopathies. Diagnostic orientation].

PMID- 2638840
TI  - [Dentures for children].

PMID- 2638841
TI  - [The surface of various files of quadrangular, triangular and rhomboidal section
      using scanning electron microscopy].
AB  - Using a scanning electron microscope, 45 new files were examined, taken at
      random, of 5 different brands, of 3 different calibres and with rectangular,
      triangular and rhomboidal sections. Various defects were observed in the surface
      of all of them, such as adhered metallic fragments, burrs, deformed teeth, pores
      and ridges. These defects were more evident on the smaller diameter files of
      those studied and on those of triangular or rhomboidal section.

PMID- 2638842
TI  - [Results of an oral hygiene education campaign in a group of soldiers in two
      Granada garrisons].

PMID- 2638843
TI  - [Comparative analysis of two ceramic surfaces: feldsparic and Dicor].

PMID- 2638844
TI  - [Ingestion of foreign bodies during endodontic treatment].
AB  - In this article a review is done about the diagnostic and therapeutical process
      that must be followed in case of an accidental ingestion or aspiration of a
      foreign body in the odontostomatologic practice.

PMID- 2638845
TI  - The effect of mixing method on void formation in elastomeric impression
      materials.
AB  - This study compared an automixed elastomer with five hand-mixed elastomeric
      impression materials by counting the number of voids at a predetermined site
      using 6 X magnification. Although no samples were free of voids, automixing
      produced substantially fewer voids than hand mixing.

PMID- 2638846
TI  - Interaction of gloves and rubber dam with a poly(vinyl siloxane) impression
      material: a screening test.
AB  - Polymerization inhibition of poly(vinyl siloxane) impression materials has been
      reported with the use of latex gloves. This study evaluated the effect on
      polymerization of a poly(vinyl siloxane) impression material in both direct and
      indirect contact with 25 brands of latex gloves, two brands of vinyl gloves, and
      two weights of rubber dam. Use of all but one of the latex products (96%)
      resulted in inhibition of polymerization with direct contact. Forty percent of
      the latex gloves tested inhibited polymerization with indirect contact. The vinyl
      gloves tested had no effect on polymerization. The implications of inhibited
      polymerization were discussed.

PMID- 2638847
TI  - Management and treatment planning for the elderly edentulous patient.
AB  - Approximately 70% of the elderly population in the United Kingdom are edentulous,
      and their prosthetic status has been recognised as poor. Treatment standards need
      to be improved, but this is often difficult with the elderly person, who may
      present with a combination of unfavourable features. It is essential to develop
      an understanding of the limitations of such patients. Particular attention must
      be given to specific treatment planning, including modifications to standard
      design principles, together with the establishment of effective communication.

PMID- 2638849
TI  - The structure and microstructure of dental porcelain in relationship to the
      firing conditions.
AB  - A scanning electron microscope and heating microscope are used to visualize the
      microstructure of dental porcelain during fabrication and demonstrate the
      relationships of the porcelain firing conditions to the translucency and hue of
      the completed restoration. The firing cycle, temperature, rate of temperature
      rise, holding time, and cooling time influence the distribution of the sintering,
      glass, and crystal phases in the microstructure of the porcelain. Observing the
      changes of fritted porcelain and opacifiers as they progress through the firing
      cycle demonstrates how the quality of the final ceramic restoration is largely
      dependent on the firing conditions chosen.

PMID- 2638848
TI  - The influence of different thicknesses of dentin porcelain on the color reflected
      from thin opaque porcelain fused to metal.
AB  - Gold and nickel-chromium alloys were used as substrates for one shade of fused
      porcelain. Chroma characteristics were compared between samples with opaque
      thicknesses of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm. Thicknesses of 0.1 to 0.5 mm of dentin
      porcelain fused on each of the thicknesses of opaque porcelain were measured.
      Perceptible color differences were found for most of the samples, and all nongold
      alloy samples showed such changes.

PMID- 2638850
TI  - Dentistry in space.

PMID- 2638851
TI  - Duty to refer.

PMID- 2638852
TI  - Oral effects of smokeless tobacco--update.

PMID- 2638853
TI  - Clinical, radiographic, SEM evaluation and assessment of microleakage of Class II
      composite restorations.
AB  - The influence of incremental or bulk filling techniques, and reapplication of
      unfilled resin (impregnation) to the margins with an enamel bonding agent, on
      marginal adaptation was evaluated in Class II composite restorations by clinical,
      radiographic, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dye penetration techniques.
      Cavities were prepared in 80 extracted permanent posterior teeth. All cavity
      walls were treated with polyacrylic acid for 10 seconds. The enamel was etched
      for 1 minute, rinsed, dried, and lined with Scotchbond. Forty cavities were
      filled by increments of P30 and 40 cavities in bulk. The margins of the
      restorations of 20 teeth in each group were re-etched for 30 seconds and Concise
      Enamel Bond reapplied. The clinical scores were excellent for all restorations.
      Radiographic examination showed twice as many bubbles in the incrementally filled
      restoration than in the group filled in bulk. In 53 teeth, a radiolucent area
      between the dentin and the restorative material was found. After sectioning, this
      area was found to correspond to a hard material. The SEM revealed excellent
      margins in the groups of teeth that were impregnated with an unfilled resin,
      whereas 13 teeth without impregnation showed defective margins. The dye
      penetration, as a test for marginal leakage, was minimal at the occlusal surface
      of all teeth. At the cervical surface, 10.5% of the impregnated teeth showed
      severe dye penetration compared to 18% of the nonimpregnated teeth. No
      correlation was found between dye penetration at the cervical surface and the
      thickness of the residual enamel in this area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2638854
TI  - Evaluation of the Max titanium alloy retentive pins.
AB  - This study evaluated the Max 017 retentive pin (.019 in./.48 mm) and its twist
      drill (.017 in./.43 mm) along with the Max 021 pin (.024 in., .61 mm) and its
      twist drill (.021 in./.53 mm), in relation to shoulder stop position, space
      between the end of the pin and the end of the channel and the development of
      cracks in dentin adjacent to pin channels. A total of 20 non-carious human molar
      teeth were used, 10 for each size pin. Four pins were placed in each tooth for a
      total of 40 of each size pin. An air turbine contra-angle was used at 1,200 rpm
      to prepare all channels and seat all pins. Results showed that with the 017 pins,
      only 14 pins out of 40 (35%) were completely seated with the shoulder stop
      against dentin, while the 021 pins had 36 out of 38 (95%) of the shoulder stops
      completely seated. There was a significant difference in the two groups. Cracks
      were seen adjacent to only one pin. Space between the end of the pin and the end
      of the channel for the 017 pins whose shoulder stops were seated was an average
      of .55 mm, while the 021 pins had an average of .14 mm.

PMID- 2638855
TI  - Adjunctive uses of topical antimicrobial mouthrinses.

PMID- 2638856
TI  - Chemotherapeutic mouthrinses as an adjunct in the initial phases of periodontal
      treatment.

PMID- 2638857
TI  - [Morphometric study of changes in the submandibular gland of aging rats. 2.
      Ducts].
AB  - A decrease in rat submandibular gland parenchyma could be observed with
      increasing age, consequent to an apparent increase in the proportion of
      intralobular ducts. Signs of acinar atrophy were noted with nuclei of smaller
      volume. A great variety of nuclear sizes and shapes was also observed. The blood
      vessels were smaller, and the connective tissue was increased. These histological
      data were confirmed in part by application of the technique of Chalkley. The
      granulous duct cell height is smaller in old animals.

PMID- 2638858
TI  - [Effects of dehydration on voluntary consumption of rehydration solution in
      rats].
AB  - The solutions preference and the body mass variations during rehydration was
      analyzed in dehydrated rats. The dehydration was provoked by hydroprivation
      during 72 hours. The results shows a sodium chloride specific appetite, mainly in
      the initial part of the rehydration, and hypo, and isotonic sodium chloride
      solutions preference. The sodium chloride, and glicose solutions treatment was
      better than other solution in the body mass recovery.

PMID- 2638859
TI  - [Hawley appliance and its clinical use].
AB  - The authors presented considerations on the Hawley appliance, describing its main
      characteristics and modifications. It is also showed the advantages of its use,
      as well as its main indications: a) slight tooth inclinations and rotations; b)
      extrusion of posterior teeth; c) space maintener and d) as retention after
      orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 2638860
TI  - Potential problems associated with maxillary complete denture opposing mandibular
      bilateral distal-extension partial denture.

PMID- 2638861
TI  - "Dental health habits of elderly Hispanic-Americans" study published.

PMID- 2638862
TI  - [Changes in the mineral content of the cementum insertion of dentoalveolar fibers
      of the periodontal ligament produced by orthodontic forces].

PMID- 2638863
TI  - [Clinical case. The biomechanics of molar uprighting for the general dentist.
      Segmented technic].

PMID- 2638864
TI  - [Stomatological atlas. Viral infection].

PMID- 2638865
TI  - [Comparison of the effectiveness of an anterior deprogramming splint and a total
      deprogramming splint on temporomandibular joint dysfunction].

PMID- 2638866
TI  - [Variations in form and number of root canals in posterior teeth].

PMID- 2638867
TI  - UVB-induced pigmentation in hairless mice as an in vivo assay for topical skin
      depigmenting activity.
AB  - Several reports have demonstrated that exposure to ultraviolet light elicits
      increased pigmentation in the skin of the Skh:HR2 mouse. We have reexamined this
      model to assess its potential as a screen for compounds with skin-depigmenting
      activity. The application of the previously reported ultraviolet light-B (UVB)
      doses led to marked necrotic damage to the skin which greatly diminished the
      usefulness of the model for drug testing. We have modified this model by exposing
      the mice to a progressively increasing dose of UVB that promotes pigmentation
      with a marked reduction of skin irritation. Furthermore, for compound evaluation,
      we preselected only those mice which developed signs of increased pigmentation
      after the first week of UVB exposure. This was critical for any meaningful
      compound evaluation, since only about 50% of the mice eventually showed signs of
      increased pigmentation with UVB. Our modifications make it possible to use this
      model for evaluating new compounds with skin-depigmenting activity. The validity
      of this method has been examined with a number of compounds including
      hydroquinone, 4-hydroxyanisole, kojic acid and all-trans retinoic acid, all with
      known depigmenting activity.

PMID- 2638868
TI  - A new model: bipediculated dorsal flap of hairless rat for cutaneous blood flow
      evaluation.
AB  - To study the influence of cutaneous blood flow upon the transdermal penetration
      of drugs, an original in vivo model, the bipediculated dorsal flap (BDF) of the
      hairless rat is described. This model is constituted by a dorsal cutaneous muff
      on both sides of the spinal column. The blood circulation was maintained
      symmetrically on both skin insertion pedicles. Two radiotracers, 86Rb and 201Tl
      (respective half-lives: 18 and 3 days), known to measure nutritional blood flows,
      are compared in this model. In the back skin, over and under the flap, mean blood
      flow (expressed as percentage of injected dose per gram skin) was similar with Rb
      (9.5 +/- 3.1) x 10(-2) and Tl (10.2 +/- 2.1) x 10(-2). Equivalent values were
      obtained in BDF skin (non ligated pedicle): Rb (8.4 +/- 1.3) x 10(-2), Tl (9.5 +/
      2.7) x 10(-2). In BDF skin, cutaneous blood flow was lower by 70-91% in the
      ligated pedicle (compared to the nonligated) for both radioisotopes. Identical
      86Rb and 201Tl distributions suggest the use of 201Tl for further experiments of
      cutaneous blood flow.

PMID- 2638870
TI  - International Symposium on Itch: Basic and Clinical Aspects. May 17-19, 1990,
      Stockholm, Sweden. Abstracts.

PMID- 2638869
TI  - Effect of antihistamines on argon laser-induced cutaneous sensory and pain
      thresholds and on histamine-induced wheal and flare.
AB  - A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of the analgesic and
      antihistaminic effects of four commonly used antihistamines (terfenadine,
      antazoline, diphenhydramine and cimetidine) was performed. Wheal and flare areas
      after histamine skin prick and sensory and pain thresholds induced by cutaneous
      argon laser irradiation were determined. Terfenadine, antazoline and
      diphenhydramine significantly reduced wheal and flare after histamine skin
      pricks. Only diphenhydramine increased the pain threshold to noxious cutaneous
      laser stimulations (22%) with a concomitant reduction of histamine wheal (61.5%)
      and flare (52.8%). The sensory threshold was not affected significantly. The
      antihistaminic and analgesic effects were not related.

PMID- 2638871
TI  - Temporomandibular arthroscopy. Some current concepts.
AB  - This article presents the current status of diagnostic and therapeutic
      temporomandibular arthroscopy. A brief resume of conditions treated and
      techniques used is surveyed. An indication to the future direction of
      temporomandibular arthroscopy is also presented.

PMID- 2638872
TI  - A heat and pressure cured composite inlay system: a clinical evaluation.
AB  - A clinical review was made of 92 Isosit composite inlays that had been inserted
      in the mouth for a period ranging from seven months to four years four months.
      The direct clinical examination, the indirect model and colour slide examination
      showed that only one inlay did not satisfy the USPHS (modified) criteria for a
      functioning restorative system.

PMID- 2638873
TI  - The interface between bone, soft tissue, and dental implants.
AB  - The normal healing responses of soft tissues and bone to injury, including the
      sequence of cellular activity, are presented. The nature of the attachment of the
      implant to the biological tissues may be either poorly differentiated fibrous
      tissue or direct anchorage in vital bone (preferred). Attachment by a highly
      differentiated periodontal ligament is presently not possible. The gingival seal
      has been found to be similar to that around the natural tooth. Commercially pure
      titanium is one of the best materials to use in terms of its biological
      compatibility with bone; polymers, carbons and controlled surface, i.e. active
      bioglasses, are also satisfactory. A porous low modulus coating is useful. Design
      of the implant and force transfer, as well as surgical treatment are among the
      important factors that determine how the interface will develop.

PMID- 2638874
TI  - The effects of conservative treatment on temporomandibular joint sounds and
      mandibular deviation during opening and closing movement of the mandible.
AB  - This study was undertaken to examine changes in temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
      sounds and mandibular deviations on opening and closing movements subsequent to
      conservative treatment of twelve patients presenting with mandibular dysfunction.
      A comparison of synchronous records indicated that two thirds of TMJ sounds were
      directly related to minor deviations in the path of movement of the mandible on
      opening and closing. TMJ sounds decreased significantly following flat plane
      splint therapy in all types, qualities and positions of sounds with the exception
      of those occurring near occlusal contact and those of a soft character. TMJ
      sounds related to minor mandibular deviations decreased significantly in all
      types, qualities and position of sounds except those of a soft nature. Fast
      Fourier Transform analysis of joint sounds consistently present before and after
      treatment revealed that the dominant frequencies were at the lower end of the
      acoustic range and that hard clicks have dominant frequencies higher than soft
      clicks.

PMID- 2638875
TI  - Comparison of surface smoothness of restorative resin materials.

PMID- 2638877
TI  - Variability of lamp characteristics in dental curing lights.

PMID- 2638876
TI  - Insights and innovations.

PMID- 2638878
TI  - The "walking" bleach technique.

PMID- 2638879
TI  - An instrument for opening contact areas for interproximal finishing.

PMID- 2638880
TI  - [Agenesis of the first permanent molar. Five clinical cases].
AB  - The paper describes five clinical cases of first molar agenesis without any
      syndrome signs, emphasising the importance of orthpantomography for correct early
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2638881
TI  - [Comparative study of the surface microhardness of two photopolymerizible RBCs].
AB  - Knoop microhardness of the RBC P50 was compared with that of the P30 previously
      examined. Both materials seem to have similar properties, but P50 proved superior
      in both mean and maximum figures.

PMID- 2638882
TI  - [Orthodontic-surgical treatment of impacted canines. Clinical and therapeutic
      aspects of disimpaction].
AB  - An attempt was made to classify the various positions assumed by included canines
      in order to identify the most appropriate treatment. The surgical phase is
      indubitably decisive for correct repositioning. The possible corrective
      techniques are described together with several useful ideas for use in the
      exposure phase in order to facilitate the procedure and minimal subsequent
      orthodontic work, while ensuring maximum stability of both tooth and periodontal
      tissue at the end of the repositioning.

PMID- 2638883
TI  - [Ectopic eruption of permanent molars. 1. Report of 9 clinical cases].
AB  - The etiopathogenetic causes of the ectopic eruption of permanent molars are
      described and nine clinical reports are presented using models and roentgenogram
      in the first part of the article.

PMID- 2638884
TI  - [Direct consent: right to medical information].
AB  - Current theoretical approaches to the consent of the entitled are established via
      an extensive review of the literature. The validity, form and limitations of
      consent are examined as is the relationship between consent and culpable crime.
      The paper concludes by emphasising the patient's right to information.

PMID- 2638885
TI  - [Analysis of determining factors and indications in dental care: the fearful
      young patient].
AB  - The importance of demonstrating the dentist's understanding and consideration of
      the child's fear in shown.

PMID- 2638886
TI  - [Compromised function of the masticatory apparatus in juvenile rheumatoid
      arthritis].
AB  - A clinical and epidemiological study was conducted on a sample of 30 J.R.A.
      patients in order to identify the signs and symptoms of masticatory dysfunction.
      Helkimo's indices were used to quantify the data obtained. The incidence of
      masticatory dysfunction was significantly high as was confirmed by comparison
      with a random sample of healthy adolescents. The most common signs were
      alterations in the quality of mandibular movement, pain on muscle palpation and
      joint crepitus. The symptoms included spontaneous pain during mastication and
      tension headache with obvious psychobehavioural implications. The importance of
      early orthognathodontic intervention to reduce the sequelae of the joint damage
      became evident as did the role of the dentist in the framework of a broader and
      more specific multidisciplinary approach.

PMID- 2638887
TI  - [Different therapies in 2 cases of hyperdivergent monozygotic twins].
AB  - An interesting case of hyperdivergent homozygotic twins is examined. Both
      required dental treatment involving extractions: in one case of 15, 25, 35, 45
      and in the other of 16, 26, 36, 46. The inherent problem is examined in the light
      of the extreme similarity of the twins.

PMID- 2638888
TI  - [Retention of deciduous teeth in the dental arch and eruption of permanent teeth.
      Nine clinical cases].
AB  - The paper describes the aetiopathogenetic causes of the persistence of deciduous
      teeth in the arch with a report on nine clinical cases of ankylosis. It is
      important to evaluate the overall problem because malocclusion damage may require
      lengthy orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 2638889
TI  - [A proposed standard integrated method of orthodontic photographic
      documentation].
AB  - A standard photographic method for orthodontic practice is suggested and
      integrations with respect to other pathological and paraphysiological conditions
      proposed.

PMID- 2638890
TI  - [Supernumerary teeth].
AB  - The Authors present and discuss a clinical case with 4 supernumerary teeth.

PMID- 2638891
TI  - [A Diskimplant surgical technic. First clinical results].
AB  - A new implantation system (Diskimplant) is examined and clinical results in 26
      patients considered after two years.

PMID- 2638892
TI  - [A case of histiocytosis X with primary localization in the mandible].
AB  - A personally observed case of histiocytosis X triggers a discussion of the
      prognostic aspects and therapeutic prospects for this disease.

PMID- 2638893
TI  - [Presence of temporomandibular dysfunction in young adults. First results].
AB  - The prevalence of temporomandibular joint internal disorders in young adults is
      studied. A significative prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders in 20%
      of subjects, with a higher incidence in female, was observed.

PMID- 2638894
TI  - [Transposed and retained teeth].
AB  - A clinical case of dental transposition and inclusion is described and discussed.

PMID- 2638895
TI  - [Disturbances of craniofacial growth in cleft lip and palate. Local and general
      factors].
AB  - The Authors describe and analyze the anomaly of the cranio-facial growth in cleft
      lip and palate patients and emphasize the importance of proper surgical timing.

PMID- 2638896
TI  - [A case of unilateral multiple agenesis].
AB  - A case of monolateral multiple congenitally missing permanent teeth
      orthrodonticallq treated in the first Dept. of Orthodontics, Dental Hospital,
      Univ. of Turin is presented.

PMID- 2638897
TI  - Making a start on marketing.

PMID- 2638898
TI  - How to do anything better!

PMID- 2638899
TI  - Safeguard your reception efficiency.

PMID- 2638900
TI  - An emergency service for all?

PMID- 2638901
TI  - First impressions count.

PMID- 2638902
TI  - Dealing with the dilemma.

PMID- 2638903
TI  - Photography as a practice promoter.

PMID- 2638904
TI  - Poisoning among children.

PMID- 2638905
TI  - Posyandu: a community based vehicle to improve child survival and development.

PMID- 2638906
TI  - Reaching the unreached.

PMID- 2638907
TI  - Milk tolerance among malnourished school children in Malaysia.
AB  - 1,256 malnourished children, aged seven to ten years, were selected for study,
      575 from Kuala Langat, 416 from Wilayah Persekutuan and 265 from Ulu Selangor.
      Ninety-three percent of the children were from low socioeconomic groups with
      large family size, and most of their parents had only primary or no formal
      education. During the study period, children in Kuala Langat received daily milk
      supplementation for five days per week, those in Wilayah Persekutuan for two days
      per week, while those in Ulu Selangor did not receive any milk supplementation.
      The study shows that a majority of the malnourished primary school children liked
      to drink milk and that milk intolerance was not a problem among them.

PMID- 2638908
TI  - Changes in the coefficient variations of live birth weight in Japan, 1969-1985.
AB  - The present study was conducted on changes in the coefficient variations of live
      birth weight and in the proportion of singleton live birth weight by gestational
      age using vital statistics compiled by the Japanese government from 1969 to 1985.
      The coefficient variations of live birth weight declined between 1969 and 1977-78
      and then increased. The coefficient variations of live birth weight were affected
      by the percentage of low birth weight infants. The decline in the coefficient
      variations depends on the decrease of low birth weight infants, while the
      increase in the coefficient variations depends on the increase of low birth
      weight infants. Recently, the proportion of low birth weight infants has
      increased in Japan. Perinatal mortality rates, which indicate the level of
      maternal and child health, have decreased annually.

PMID- 2638909
TI  - The impact of the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme in north India.

PMID- 2638910
TI  - Serum TSH, FT3, and FT4 levels in inhabitants of an endemic goiter area in China
      supplied iodized salt for twenty-five years.
AB  - The thyroid function and TSH concentration of villagers in an endemic goiter area
      in China where iodized salt had been supplied for twenty-five years were
      surveyed. We found that the serum FT3 and TSH (IRMA) levels of villagers were
      higher and the FT4 levels was lower than those of the controls, which suggested
      that the inhabitants of the endemic goiter area had subclinical hypothyroidism
      based on the ultrasensitive method for TSH assay. Therefore, we suggest that the
      best biochemical techniques for monitoring the iodized salt prophylaxis program
      and the physiological response of villagers to iodine are measurements of serum
      TSH level and FT4 level periodically.

PMID- 2638911
TI  - The need for a participatory conservation programme for the reduction of noise
      exposure to Thai female workers.
AB  - Hearing loss induced in thirty female workers because of exposure to continuous
      noise was studied in a plastic bag plant in Samutprakarn Province, the largest
      industrial zone in Thailand. The sound level in this plant was 98.5 dBA., 94.0
      dBA. and 93.0 dBA. in the weaving, winding and warping sections, respectively.
      Results of an audiometric test showed a significant relationship between high
      noise level and hearing loss at frequency 4,000 Hz. A questionnaire survey found
      that a relatively high number of workers had various symptoms such as: 76.7%
      general fatigue, 70% headache, 63.3% ear distension and 56.7% vertigo. Concerning
      the usage of ear protective devices, it was found that 80% of the workers have
      never used such devices, 16.7% occasionally used them, and 3.3% have always used
      cotton wool to reduce the high noise level. Their reasons for non-use of ear
      protective devices were 1) not provided by the employer (86.7%), 2) not necessary
      (83.3%), 3) accustomed to the noise (63.3%), 4) nobody uses (56.7%), and 5) no
      loud noise (16.7%). These results point to the need for improving the work
      conditions and welfare services of the workers at this plant. Also, hearing
      conservation programmes can be instituted in developing countries through
      cooperation among the safety inspectorate, the employer and the workers.

PMID- 2638912
TI  - Chronic leg ulceration with livedoid vasculitis, and response to oral ketanserin.
AB  - We report a patient with a 6-year history of recalcitrant painful ulceration of
      both lower legs, diagnosed as being due to livedoid vasculitis. The lesions
      healed rapidly and remained healed on treatment with oral ketanserin.

PMID- 2638913
TI  - Great toe-nail dystrophy.

PMID- 2638914
TI  - I alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases intracellular free calcium in murine B16
      melanoma.
AB  - Vitamin D3 and its active metabolite I alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (I alpha-25
      (OH)2D3) have been reported to play a role in melanogenesis. Physiological
      concentrations of I alpha-25-(OH)2D3 were found to acutely elevate intracellular
      free calcium (using Fura 2) in B16 primary (Io) cells. Membrane phosphoinositide
      turnover was unaffected by I alpha-25-(OH)2D3. The rise in intracellular free
      calcium was entirely dependent on extracellular calcium and was not mimicked by
      vitamin D3. However, in neither B16-Io nor B16-F1 melanoma cells did vitamin D3
      or I alpha-25-(OH)2D3 increase melanin production.

PMID- 2638915
TI  - Molluscum contagiosum virus types in genital and non-genital lesions.
AB  - The endonuclease digest patterns of viral DNA from 48 genital and 45 non-genital
      molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) lesions were examined. The overall ratio of
      MCVI to MCVII was 3.23:1. There was no predominance of either MCV type in genital
      lesions. No obvious morphological differences were seen between MCVI and MCVII
      lesions. MCVII was not found in any patient under 15 years old.

PMID- 2638916
TI  - Free fatty acids and sterols in human eccrine sweat.
AB  - The lipid content of human sweat was determined in thermally induced sweat
      collected over a Vaseline or silicone barrier placed on the skin (clean sweat)
      and in sweat scraped from the skin surface without a barrier coating (scraped
      sweat). Lipids were extracted from concentrated sweat samples into
      chloroform:methanol and estimated by thin-layer chromatography in conjunction
      with photodensitometry. Scraped sweat contained 4 to 10 times more lipid than
      clean sweat and included cholesterol sulphate and ceramides resembling those
      found in the stratum corneum. In contrast, clean sweat contained only small
      amounts of free fatty acids and sterol. A marked individual and daily variation
      in sweat lipid content was also noted. The study indicates the importance of
      avoiding epidermal contamination when collecting sweat and the usefulness of our
      sweat collection method.

PMID- 2638917
TI  - [Biometry of the inferior vena cava (subrenal segment): dissection of 100
      recently deceased subjects].
AB  - The vena cava inferior in its infra-renal part is a selective place to set on
      anti-thrombosis devices. The biometry of 100 fresh, adult cadavers interested the
      useful and real lengths, the diameters on several levels and on the corresponding
      part of the aorta, the end of the iliac venae and the origin of the iliac
      arteriae . The useful length of the vena cava inferior is 96 mm in mean, and its
      real diameter is 17 mm, on the middle of the infra-renal part.

PMID- 2638918
TI  - Further observations on the vascular system of the gallbladder in man.
AB  - The authors present an experimental study of the vascularization of the
      gallbladder, which was conducted by means of corrosion casting technique. Casts
      of the vessels of all calibers of 20 gallbladders were prepared. Our observations
      concern the morphology of the arteries and the veins of the gallbladder, the
      architecture of the fine vessels of the microcirculation, the vascular
      communications between the gallbladder and the proximal part of the liver and,
      also, the vessels of the latter.

PMID- 2638919
TI  - [Stress and quantification of pressures borne by the hip in unilateral support in
      the sagittal plane. I].
AB  - Thanks to the works of Pauwels, the pressures sustained by the hip during
      unilateral weightbearing in the frontal plane are now well known and have given
      rise to a number of surgical applications. Considered as negligible by Pauwels,
      the sagittal plane has been little studied; in fact, with Pauwels' methodology,
      but taking into account the muscular moments, it appears that the forces exerted
      in the sagittal plane are far from being negligible and vary, according to the
      phase of weightbearing, from once the weight of the body (weightbearing on the
      sole) to two and a half times the weight of the body (weightbearing on the heel).

PMID- 2638920
TI  - [Anatomy of the naso-labial muscles and the mesethmoid in labiomaxillary cleft. A
      new surgical approach of cheiloplasty].
AB  - The authors analyse the role of the ectomesenchyme in facial organogenesis, and
      the biology of fetal and infant cephalic development, supply valid arguments for
      the application of new principles in cheiloplasty for labial or labiomaxillary
      clefts. Instead of dermatoplasty alone, the procedure involves anatomically
      selective muscle reconstruction of the nasolabial confines, a structure that is
      predominantly muscular. Cheilomesethmoidoplasty of the transverse and nasolabial
      muscles of the orbicularis of the upper lip is therefore a totally valid
      procedure. This procedure has applied by the authors in 36 cases.

PMID- 2638921
TI  - [Changes in the pressure borne by the hip during the phase of unilateral support
      in locomotion. II].
AB  - Adopting the methodology that we have just described, our study completes that of
      Pauwels in that we take into consideration the pressures sustained by the hip not
      only in the frontal plane but also in the horizontal and sagittal planes during
      the phase of unilateral weightbearing when walking. Thanks to the work of Braune
      and Fischer (1) the forces exerted on the hip are now well known and are
      represented by the weight of the body, the muscular forces and the dynamic forces
      generated by walking. From these data, we have been able to quantify the
      pressures sustained by the hip in each plane during the different phases of
      unilateral weightbearing when walking (weightbearing on heel, sole and toes).

PMID- 2638922
TI  - [Distribution of the vascular network of the adenohypophysis of the rat].
AB  - From various experiments it has been suggested that the blood flow to the
      different parts of the adenohypophysis is not the same. By developing the
      peroxidase activity of the red and white blood cells we have obtained a
      satisfactory image of the distribution of the intrahypophysial vessels, which
      indicate that the organization and distribution of these vessels varies from one
      portion to another in the pars distalis. On the lateral portion of the gland
      vascular routes are irregular, whilst in the media zone they run in a sagittal
      plane. Between the above-mentioned portions, on either side of the edge of the
      pars intermedia, a rich vascular network extending along the dorsal limit, which
      is fed by the long portal vessels and by numerous smaller vessels from the
      ventral vascular chain of the pars intermedia and neural lobe, is observed.

PMID- 2638923
TI  - Restriction endonucleases from microorganisms isolated in Brazil: an isoschizomer
      of HaeIII from a thermophilic Bacillus sp.
AB  - 1. The isolation and characterization of a restriction endonuclease from a
      thermophilic strain of Bacillus is described. 2. The enzyme recognizes the
      palindromic sequence 5'...GGCC...3' as determined by PEI-cellulose chromatography
      of pancreatic DNAse and snake venom phosphodiesterase digestion products of
      labelled DNA fragments, analysis of restriction digests and direct sequence
      analysis. 3. The enzyme, denominated BspBR, is an isoschizomer of HaeIII and
      BspRI.

PMID- 2638924
TI  - Regulatory mechanisms of blood lactate production during exercise in man.
AB  - During cycloergometric exercise at progressively increasing loads, blood lactate
      concentration increased about 12-fold. Pyruvate concentration decreased initially
      (for loads of 50-75 W), increased with loads of 75 to 125 W and then decreased
      again until the end of exercise. The malate concentration increased abruptly
      between 50 and 75 W, followed by a slow decline; citrate increased about nine
      fold as the exercise load was increased to 125 W and then fell sharply. Thus, the
      production of lactate during low-intensity exercise seems to occur by the "mass
      action effect" caused by enhanced glycolysis, whereas with moderate loads the
      glycolysis rate is very much reduced and most of the lactate production seems to
      involve the action of the malate-aspartate shuttle. For high-intensity exercise,
      both mechanisms appear to participate in lactate production.

PMID- 2638925
TI  - Infarct-sparing effect of propranolol in an occlusion-reperfusion dog model.
AB  - 1. To test the hypothesis that early pharmacological protection of the ischemic
      myocardium can enhance the effects of late reperfusion, 32 mongrel dogs were
      submitted to 6 h of left anterior descending coronary (LAD) occlusion and 18 h of
      reperfusion. 2. Arterial pressure and ECG were monitored. Area at risk was
      determined with methylene blue during coronary occlusion. Myocardial infarct
      size, measured with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and by planimetry, was
      reported as percent of the area at risk of necrosis. 3. Ten dogs received no
      treatment and were used as controls (Group I); Group II (9 dogs) and Group III
      (13 dogs) received 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg propranolol, iv, respectively, 30 min after
      LAD occlusion. 4. The hemodynamic effects of propranolol were not significantly
      different among groups during ischemia or reperfusion. Area at risk was similar
      in the 3 groups. 5. Following reperfusion, salvage of ischemic myocardium was 13
      +/- 3% of area at risk in Group I, and 18 +/- 8% (Group II) and 25 +/- 5% (Group
      III) in propranolol-treated animals. The differences between Groups I and II or
      II and III were not significant. However, preservation was significantly greater
      in Group III than in Group I (P less than 0.05). 6. Therefore, early propranolol
      administration during ischemia improves the effects of subsequent reperfusion.

PMID- 2638926
TI  - Effect of differences in binocularity on perceived absolute distance.
AB  - 1. Using a 0.9 x 4.0 m visual alley, perceived absolute distance was studied in
      four groups of subjects: binocular, cross-eyed, monocular, and induced-monocular
      individuals. 2. A power function between the different physical and perceived
      distances was adjusted and the relative and absolute errors made by the observers
      were calculated. Despite a tendency to overestimate distance in the monocular
      group, no significant differences were detected among groups. 3. The data suggest
      that, under natural-cue conditions, binocularity is not a determining factor for
      the perception of absolute distance.

PMID- 2638927
TI  - Increased susceptibility of detelencephalated rats to audiogenic seizures induced
      by microinjection of bicuculline into the inferior colliculus.
AB  - 1. The participation of telencephalic forebrain structures in the induction of
      audiogenic seizure (AGS) susceptibility and in the behavioral expression of AGS
      was investigated in rats. 2. Rats that were initially susceptible (N = 12) or non
      susceptible (N = 28) to audiogenic seizure were surgically detelencephalated. 3.
      A unilateral microinjection of a low dose (30 pmol) of the GABA antagonist
      bicuculline methiodide (BM) was applied to the inferior colliculus (IC) before
      the animals were exposed to a 120-dB acoustic stimulus. 4. All susceptible rats
      still exhibited all components of audiogenic seizure after removal of the
      telencephalon. 5. After BM microinjection, a higher incidence (66% vs 41%) and
      shorter latencies (6-20 s vs 9-55 s) of occurrence of tonic seizures were
      observed in the detelencephalated non-susceptible rats when compared to non
      operated non-susceptible rats (N = 12). 6. These results suggest that the
      induction of the behavioural expression of audiogenic seizures is subserved by
      brain stem neuronal networks but does not require the telencephalon and that
      telencephalic structures may exert control over audiogenic seizures by inhibiting
      IC cells through GABAergic neurons.

PMID- 2638929
TI  - Effect of the intake of an exclusive sucrose diet on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
      in rats.
AB  - 1. To test the effect of a sucrose diet on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, 20 male
      Wistar rats were fasted and 20 were maintained exclusively on a sucrose diet ad
      libitum for 66 h. After 42 h, acetaminophen (1 g/kg) was administered through an
      orogastric tube to 10 fasted animals and to 10 animals on the sucrose diet, or
      intraperitoneally to the remaining animals. Animals were killed 24 h later and
      blood was collected for the measurement of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase
      activity and the liver was removed for macroscopic and microscopic examination.
      2. Plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly lower
      (P less than 0.001) in all animals maintained on the sucrose diet. Macroscopic
      examination revealed parenchymatous necrosis in 90% (18/20) of the fasted animals
      but in none of the animals fed sucrose. Microscopic examination confirmed the
      macroscopic findings and permitted the detection of liver necrosis in one
      additional fasted animal. 3. We conclude that ingestion of a sucrose diet
      protected the animals from the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen regardless of
      the route of administration of the drug.

PMID- 2638928
TI  - Thin-section and freeze-fracture study of post-mortem changes in dog myocardium.
AB  - 1. Fragments of dog hearts submitted to 1, 6, 10, 24 and 48 h of autolysis at 20
      degrees C were studied with freeze-fracture and thin-section techniques under the
      transmission electron microscope. 2. The freeze-fracture replicas revealed
      maximal reduction in the mean number and clustering of intramembrane particles at
      6 h post mortem, indicating irreversible cellular damage. However, signs of
      lethal damage (intramitochondrial amorphous dense bodies) were not observed in
      thin sections of the same material. 3. The present study indicates that signs of
      irreversible damage similar to that occurring in in vivo ischemic alterations can
      be detected earlier by the freeze-fracture technique than by the thin-section
      technique.

PMID- 2638930
TI  - Hypertonic saline reverses bupivacaine-induced depression of rabbit Purkinje
      fiber depolarization Vmax.
AB  - The present study describes the effect of a hypertonic increase in sodium
      chloride concentration on electrophysiological parameters. Membrane
      depolarization was recorded from rabbit Purkinje fibers superfused with warm,
      aerated Tyrode solution. An amount of 5% NaCl above that in normal Tyrode
      solution (HyNaCl, 344 mOsm) was added to the bathing medium for 30 min,
      significantly increasing the maximal rate of depolarization (Vmax +15% vs -7% for
      control), with minor effects on other parameters. When bupivacaine was superfused
      over the preparation for 30 min either in normal Tyrode or in HyNaCl, Vmax was
      significantly decreased (33% and 15%, respectively). HyNaCl protected the cardiac
      tissues from the depressive effect of 0.5 microgram/ml bupivacaine. We suggest
      that the infusion of hypertonic saline in intact animals may prove effective in
      preventing or reversing the cardiodepressant effect of bupivacaine.

PMID- 2638931
TI  - Inhibition of formaldehyde-induced arthritis by a purified fraction prepared from
      Wilbrandia (cf) verticillata which contains novel norcucurbitacin glucosides.
AB  - The anti-inflammatory activity of a purified fraction of the rhizome of
      Wilbrandia (cf) verticillata, which contains two novel norcucurbitacin
      glucosides, is reported. The increase of vascular permeability induced by acetic
      acid in mice (N = 5) was inhibited 69% and 90% by 50 and 100 mg/kg of the
      purified fraction, po (P less than 0.01). Acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg/kg), po,
      inhibited the response by 62% under the same conditions (P less than 0.05). The
      purified fraction (100 mg/kg, po) also significantly inhibited paw swelling in
      the rat formaldehyde-induced arthritis model on 8 of 10 days and reduced the
      swelling by 63% on day 10. Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, ip) was more effective than
      the extract under the same conditions. These data partially characterize the anti
      inflammatory activity of the purified fraction from this plant which is used in
      Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of arthritis and related disorders.

PMID- 2638932
TI  - Alterations in rat carbohydrate metabolism induced by canatoxin as a probable
      consequence of primary hypoxia.
AB  - 1. Canatoxin, a protein displaying lipoxygenase-activating properties isolated
      from Canavalia ensiformis seeds, induces hypoxia and hyperglycemia in male rats.
      2. Liver glycogen, blood glucose and lactate levels were measured in male and
      female rats after canatoxin (50 mU, iv) injection. Increased levels of serum
      glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity were used as an indicator of hepatic
      injury. 3. There was no sex-related difference observable during canatoxin
      induced hypoxia but male and female rats did show different patterns of metabolic
      change and hepatic injury after toxin administration. Increased blood glucose and
      lactate levels, liver glycogenolysis and hepatic injury were observed in male
      rats while female rats showed only hypoglycemia and glycogenolysis. 4.
      Pretreatment of male rats with either glucose, diazepam or hexamethonium
      abolished both the hypoxia and hepatic injury and the metabolic alterations
      produced by toxin injection. 5. The results suggest that the metabolic
      alterations and hepatic injury detected after canatoxin injection may be a
      consequence of primary hypoxia.

PMID- 2638933
TI  - Anti-inflammatory properties of new bioisosteres of indomethacin synthesized from
      safrole which are sulindac analogues.
AB  - The anti-inflammatory activities of new compounds (I, II, III and IV) synthesized
      in 30% overall yield from the abundant natural product safrole, the principal
      chemical constituent of the oil of sassafras (Ocotea pretiosa, Lauraceae), were
      determined in mice. The synthesis of these new indenyl-acetic acids (I and II)
      and indenyl-propionic acids (III and IV) was based on the minimal structural
      features of non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents of the aryl- or
      heteroarylcarboxylic acid group. The compounds exhibited potencies 4- to 10-fold
      less than that of indomethacin in inhibiting carrageenan-induced hindpaw edema.
      In contrast, like sulindac, all the new compounds were more potent than
      indomethacin in antagonizing writhing pain and increased vascular permeability
      caused by acetic acid. The results confirm the anticipated bioisosteric
      relationship between these synthetic derivatives, designed as sulindac analogues,
      and the classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, indomethacin.

PMID- 2638934
TI  - Modulatory effects of adrenergic agonists on testosterone secretion from rat
      dispersed testicular cells or Percoll-purified Leydig cells.
AB  - 1. Freshly dispersed testicular interstitial cells as well as Percoll-purified
      Leydig cells were studied in vitro in order to evaluate the effect of adrenergic
      agonists on testosterone (T) secretion. 2. Epinephrine and phenylephrine did not
      change the rate of T release under basal conditions in freshly dispersed
      interstitial cells, but enhanced it during human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
      stimulation. Norepinephrine and clonidine had no effect on T secretion. 3. In
      contrast, in Percoll-purified Leydig cells epinephrine increased T release both
      under basal and hCG-stimulated conditions. 4. These data demonstrate that
      neurotransmitters may participate in T secretion from isolated Leydig cells.

PMID- 2638935
TI  - [Drugs in Belgium. Current status and perspectives].
AB  - Problems connected with the use and abuse of licit or illicit drugs, causing
      dependency, are related to the pharmacological characteristics of the substance,
      to psychological traits of the user and to the social context. Hard drugs use
      such as heroin addiction concerns 8 to 10,000 people; alcohol abuse, 300,000.
      Nevertheless, some other data are worrying: 6% of high school students have
      occasionally tried cannabis, appropriate prescription and use of minor
      tranquillizers are problematic. At least 12% of IV drug addicts are HIV
      seropositive. Assistance and care must be available in multiple programs and
      performed by specialized teams in outpatient and inpatient facilities. They are
      insufficiently developed and funded. Treatment is effective but long-lasting,
      expensive and stabilization rate is low (30%). Prohibition exists and is supposed
      to reduce availability; preventive programs are to be developed among the public,
      educational and health professionals. Epidemiologic evaluations, toxicologic
      assessments, biological as well psychosocial research, have to be promoted.

PMID- 2638936
TI  - [Folliculogenesis and embryo transfer in ruminants].
AB  - In ruminant embryo transfer development, the limiting step remains the
      superovulation of the donor: using both PMSG and pituitary extracts, the
      superovulatory response is variable. In our research unit, FSH and LH were
      purified until homogeneity. Superovulatory treatment includes the administration
      of pure FSH the day following the preovulatory LH pulse and an administration of
      an LH/FSH mixture in the middle cycle. This biphasic stimulation of
      folliculogenesis allows superovulatory response with more and higher quality
      embryos.

PMID- 2638937
TI  - [Various aspects of the medical treatment of newborn infants with heart disease].
AB  - Some aspects of the medical treatment of newborns with congenital heart disease.
      The outcome of new-born babies with critical congenital heart disease has
      dramatically improved over the last 25 years. Better understanding of the
      abnormal hemodynamic situations and thus more appropriate intensive care
      decisions, increased accuracy of the diagnosis obtained by color-doppler and
      echocardiography and improved surgical and anesthetic skills and technics, are
      the main factors of these better results. The authors describe the benefits of
      prostaglandin infusion in situations where anatomic anomalies prevent the
      parallel foetal circulation to change into a serial circulation system: severe
      stenosis or atresia of right or left cardiac valves, transposition of great
      vessels. Another example of improved medical treatment concerns balloon
      valvuloplasty. This new technic offers a valuable alternative to surgery in cases
      of severe isolated stenosis of aortic or pulmonary valves in the neonatal period.

PMID- 2638938
TI  - [Surgery of congenital cardiopathies].
AB  - Based on their experience, the authors are demonstrating that early surgery of
      cardiac abnormalities is justified. This has become possible, during the last few
      years, because of a better understanding of cardiac anatomy, metabolism and
      function in the small child. Results are showing that 75% of operated children
      are leading a normal life. Further improvements have to be pursued with as final
      objective the prevention of cardiac abnormalities.

PMID- 2638939
TI  - [Original endosseous implant therapy to resolve the problem of posterior
      unilateral or bilateral edentulousness of the upper jaw].
AB  - An increased pneumatization of the maxillary sinus and an important alveolar
      crest resorption usually means a contra-indication to any endosteal implantation
      unless a grafting of the maxillary sinus is attempted. As early as 1986, a
      scanner analysis was performed over 200 patients to scrutinize a new anatomical
      approach of the tubero-pterygoid junction. The maxillary bone, especially the
      tuberosity is extremely spongious and fragile. On the other side the tubero
      pterygoid junction at the boundary of the palatal bone and the two pterygoid
      wings presents a limited site but essentially cortical, very secure to assure the
      primary stability of a Branemark implant. The scanner X-ray enhances the tubero
      pterygoid junction and allows to reposition it in the three planes. It mainly
      consists of superimpositions of computerized coronal and axial tomographs. The
      scanner computer is providing the right pathway from the tuberosity to the
      pterygoid process.

PMID- 2638940
TI  - [Anatomy of the maxillary and mandibular retromolar area: effect on complete
      dentures. 2. The mandibular retromolar region].
AB  - Some confusion exists in the anatomical description of the mandibular retromolar
      area. The anatomical terms of retromolar area, papilla, tubercle, trigone,
      triangle, fossa, dimple, are often confused in the literature. This article
      specifies the terminology as well as the anatomical organization of this area,
      the use of which in prosthodontics is the subject of scholastic discussions, in
      full dentures. This clinical examination based on a precise anatomical knowledge,
      will determine the participation of the support area and its structures bordering
      this area. Compression of the lingual nerve by the base of the prosthesis in his
      area, must always be considered as a possible etiology, pain complain involving
      the territory of this nerve.

PMID- 2638941
TI  - [Applications of biofeedback in dental practice].
AB  - "Electromyographic biofeedback", or biological retroaction, used as a training
      process, concerns numerous medical specialties, and in a wider sense, to
      dentistry. Based on several studies, this article explains the various
      indications of this method in our discipline, stressing particularly the effect
      of electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of cranio-mandibular disorders,
      emphasizing the different modes of application (in-patient or ambulatory). Acting
      at two levels, stress reduction and inducing relaxation of contracted muscles,
      electromyographic biofeedback occupies an excellent place in everyday practice.
      Finally, considering the results of their own study, of the particular type of
      relation instituted by the treatment and its role in the care and monitoring of
      the patient, the authors emphasize a major indication: the treatment of cranio
      mandibular disorders of non-organic origin.

PMID- 2638942
TI  - Dietary and nutritional counseling in the prevention and control of oral disease.
AB  - Diet, nutrition, and oral health are intimately interlinked. Oral tissues, like
      all tissues in the body, are diet- and nutrition-dependent. The diet provides the
      food chemicals that are converted into health and life-sustaining nutrients by
      metabolic processes. Much has been learned of the food sources, biochemical
      properties, metabolic functions, and the physiological, physical, and
      psychological consequences of insufficient or excessive availability of these
      nutrients. Enough has been learned of the interdependence of diet, nutrition, and
      dental disease to warrant including diet and nutrition counseling as an integral
      part of a total dental care program. This article will discuss various oral
      diseases caused by nutritional deficiencies and review some of the types of
      counseling necessary to control and prevent oral disease.

PMID- 2638943
TI  - Pediatric oral premedication: changes in the patterns of administration and
      safety.
AB  - Fear of pain and of the unknown have long been recognized as major reasons for
      dental therapy avoidance. Add to this possible parental interjections of fear and
      avoidance of unfamiliar environments and the young patient is prepared for a
      difficult experience. Enter the dentist, whose trepidation for the ensuing
      encounter and whose possible negative feelings may lead to a breakdown of mutual
      confidence. Patient management is a major reason for the specialty of pediatric
      dentistry. The dentists that deal with pediatric and special patient populations
      have had increasing difficulty in providing sedative services for the individuals
      that need this management modality. The purpose of this article is to review the
      reasons for the utilization of chloral hydrate hydroxyzine as the predominant
      oral premedication regimen and review factors relating to the safety of its use.

PMID- 2638944
TI  - MBA in a box: the closest thing to a practice that manages itself.
AB  - For years, practitioners have attempted to be both clinician and businessman.
      This report illustrates how a new practice management approach, the MBA in a Box,
      makes this possible.

PMID- 2638945
TI  - Esthetics in periodontics: covering denuded root surfaces using free gingival
      grafts without citric acid, Part II: a report on 14 teeth in 10 patients.
AB  - Part I of this series described the history and reviewed various techniques of
      free gingival graft usage without citric acid. Part II of this series on
      periodontics describes 10 successful case reports.

PMID- 2638946
TI  - Standardization in dental photography.
AB  - In recent years, the esthetic awareness of both patients and dentists has been
      heightened. Cosmetic dentistry has taken great strides forward. Research is
      focusing on newer and stronger dental materials and on products that are
      esthetically acceptable. As appearance has become more important, the
      photographic recording and evaluation of dental procedures has come to be
      regarded as part of the practitioner's armamentarium. It is no longer possible to
      fully judge operating success by the use of explorers and radiographs alone.
      Restorations that may be acceptable by these standards can perhaps still fail by
      visual or photographic standards. This article will discuss the variables and
      limitations involved in dental photography.

PMID- 2638947
TI  - Are you prepared? Just checking.

PMID- 2638948
TI  - Clinical management of dentinal hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2638949
TI  - Comparison of two commercially available chlorhexidine mouthrinses: I. Staining
      and antimicrobial effects in vitro.
AB  - Several commercially produced chlorhexidine rinses are now available. These
      formulations vary in concentration and recommended regimens of use. One
      formulation, a 0.1% chlorhexidine rinse, anecdotally has been reported to not
      produce the characteristic dental staining. The aim of this study was to compare
      the 0.1% formulation with a 0.2% commercially produced chlorhexidine rinse for
      staining and antimicrobial effects in vitro. Tea staining of tooth and acrylic
      specimens exposed to the two rinses at various dilutions was measured over a 5
      day period. Minimum inhibitory dilutions of each product against standard test
      bacteria were determined by agar dilution. The 0.1% product produced no staining
      of specimens greater than that noted with controls. At equivalent concentrations,
      the 0.2% product produced heavy staining of specimens. The antimicrobial effect
      of the two products was similar but the overall profile for the 0.1% preparation
      suggested activity derived from ingredients other than chlorhexidine. The results
      suggest that the chlorhexidine in the 0.1% rinse was partly or completely
      inactivated and, although staining may not occur in vivo, the formulation would
      have a much reduced antiplaque action.

PMID- 2638950
TI  - A comparison of two systems for measuring water fluoride ion level.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of measurements of
      fluoride ion concentrations as determined by the Orion fluoride meter and
      electrodes (Orion models SA 720 meter, 94-09, 90-01-00, and SA 720 meter, Orion
      Research Incorporated, Laboratory Products Group, Boston, MA) and to reference
      electrodes with a digital meter and the Hach colorimeter (DR100 colorimeter, Hach
      Company, Loveland, CO). Three groups of drinking water samples were collected
      simultaneously from each of 53 elementary schools in Oxford County, Ontario,
      Canada. Samples in Groups 1 and 2 were analyzed for fluoride at the University of
      Western Ontario using the colorimetric method and the specific ion electrode
      system respectively. Samples in Group 3 were analyzed at the Ontario Ministry of
      the Environment laboratories; these results were used as the "gold standard." The
      overall results of the study suggest that with proper calibration the colorimeter
      system may be a valid, reliable, and affordable tool for fluoride analysis in the
      dental office.

PMID- 2638951
TI  - The degree of enamel erosion by five different kinds of fruit.
AB  - It could be expected that the degree of enamel erosion by different fruits
      containing different kinds of organic acids, or different ratios of acids, and
      other different chemical components, will vary. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the degree of enamel erosion by different kinds of fruits (by
      determining the depths of enamel removed at different stages) over a period of 40
      minutes. Statistically significant differences (p less than 0.05) were found
      among the slopes of apricot and that of grape, guava, apple, and orange. The
      results demonstrated that the degree of enamel erosion (etch depth) over a six
      minute period had the following sequence: apricot more than grape and guava more
      than apple and orange; while over a 40-minute period the degree of etch depth was
      grape greater than apricot greater than guava greater than apple greater than
      orange. The degree of enamel erosion initiated by a fruit juice, as marketed, was
      about 5-8 times higher than that of the fruit (minced fruit juice). It also
      became clear that the degree of enamel erosion by different fruits depended on a
      combination of factors, such as the pH, amounts, and ratios, as well as the types
      of organic acids and other chemical components present in the fruits.

PMID- 2638952
TI  - Phase II rehabilitation of the temporomandibular joint dysfunction patient.
AB  - Treatment of pain and dysfunction of the craniomandibular apparatus commonly
      follows one of two courses, not necessarily independent of each other. In many
      patients, treatment involves both appliance and non-appliance modalities. A
      thorough and careful diagnostic evaluation of the patient will help the dentist
      to select the proper modality of treatment. Following successful Phase I therapy,
      the patient is now prepared for Phase II therapy, a more definitive treatment
      stage. The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with the rationale
      and principles underlying the stabilization and rehabilitation direction of Phase
      II therapy, emphasizing the prosthodontic and orthodontic perspectives.

PMID- 2638953
TI  - Knowledge, attitude, and outlook toward dentistry: their affect on sealant use
      and other related variables.
AB  - The dentist's knowledge about sealants, his attitude about the efficacy, safety,
      and cost effectiveness of sealants, and his general outlook towards dentistry as
      a profession were examined in a recent nationwide study of sealant use. Thirty
      five hundred general dentists and 500 pediatric dentists were surveyed by a mail
      questionnaire with a response rate of 37.6% for generalists and 61.2% for
      pediatric dentists. Numerous moderate correlations were found. Both groups'
      Knowledge and Attitude scale scores were moderately correlated with sealant use
      as measured by the respondents' estimation of the percentage of their patients,
      age 18 and under, receiving sealants. Moderate correlations for both dentist
      groups also surfaced between Attitude and Knowledge as well as Attitude and
      Outlook but not between Knowledge and Outlook. Attitude in both groups correlated
      moderately with respondent scales entitled Preventive Orientation, Patient
      Influence, and Auxiliary Factors. For generalists, knowledge also correlated
      moderately with Sealant Awareness and Patient Influence while, for pediatric
      dentists, knowledge correlated moderately with Patient Influence only. While
      there was no significant difference between generalist and pediatric dentist
      outlook scale scores, pediatric dentists showed a significantly more positive
      attitude and greater knowledge about sealants than did generalists. It was
      suggested, therefore, that improvement of practitioners attitude and knowledge
      about sealants might influence sealant use.

PMID- 2638954
TI  - Comparison of two commercially available chlorhexidine mouthrinses: II. Effects
      on plaque reformation, gingivitis, and tooth staining.
AB  - Several chlorhexidine mouthwashes are now produced commercially but which differ
      in concentration and regimen of use. This study compared a 0.1% formulation with
      a 0.2% formulation for effects on plaque reformation, development of gingivitis,
      and tooth staining. The investigation was a single blind cross-over design
      employing 14 volunteers with a high standard of oral hygiene and gingival health.
      The rinses were used twice a day during two 19 day periods using the regiments
      recommended by each manufacturer and as a replacement for mechanical oral hygiene
      practices. A baseline zero plaque score was obtained at the beginning of each
      period with a 16-day washout allowed between the two periods. Parameters of
      gingival inflammation were scored at baseline and then, together with plaque and
      tooth stain scores, at 12 and 19 days. All indices of gingival inflammation and
      plaque were significantly increased at days 12 and 19 with the 0.1% mouthwash
      formulation. Little evidence of tooth staining was noted with the 0.1%
      formulation. The 0.2% mouthwash produced the characteristic staining noted with
      most chlorhexidine preparations. Based on the findings of this study and a
      previous laboratory investigation, it is concluded that the reduced antiplaque
      activity of the 0.1% formulation resulted from inactivation of chlorhexidine
      within the product rather than from the reduced dose of chlorhexidine used.

PMID- 2638955
TI  - The preventive management of extensive caries induced by self-administered
      medications: a case report.
AB  - The cariogenic properties of simple sugars are less well appreciated than those
      of sucrose. The clinical features of an adult patient who presented with
      extensive caries of unknown etiology are described. The predominant etiologic
      factor was prolonged usage of self-administered mineral supplements containing
      lactose. The preventive management strategies are described, and an approach to
      dietary counselling for patients using unusual self-administered medications is
      outlined.

PMID- 2638956
TI  - Controlled fluoridation benefits after 14 years of implementation.
AB  - Two identical dental examinations were conducted in Lincoln, Nebraska to evaluate
      the dental health of public elementary and high school subjects before and after
      the community water supply had been fluoridated to an ideal level. All the
      subjects were examined clinically and radiologically. In 1984, 398 dental records
      from a similar 1964 survey were reanalyzed to develop standard epidemiological
      tables and demographic information. Two hundred forty-nine student subjects were
      examined in 1984. The results of this study were tabulated for the primary teeth,
      permanent teeth, and the total dentition. When considering permanent teeth, the
      1964 pre-fluoridation student subjects had an average of 5.51 decayed, missing,
      and filled teeth (DMFT); and an average of 10.27 decayed, missing, and filled
      surfaces (DMFS). In contrast, the 1984 post-fluoridation student subjects, had an
      average DMFT of 2.51 and an average DMFS of 3.76.

PMID- 2638957
TI  - Correlation between Volpe-Manhold calculus index scores and actual calculus area.
AB  - Although the Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index (VMI) is used frequently in clinical
      trials, it is not clear how representative this index is of the actual tooth
      surface area covered with calculus. This study correlated the mean VMI and mean
      calculus area, as measured objectively by using computer-assisted planimetry, in
      40 subjects with a wide range of calculus deposition. The resulting statistically
      significant (p less than 0.05) correlation coefficient of .93 indicates a strong
      correlation between the VMI and mm2 calculus area, confirming the suitability of
      this index for use in calculus clinical trials.

PMID- 2638958
TI  - Effect of fluoride-containing chewing gum on remineralization of carious lesions
      and on fluoride uptake in man.
AB  - The remineralization effect of chewing gum containing fluoride (F) was studied on
      natural carious lesions. Maxillary acrylic appliances carrying the carious enamel
      sections were worn by three subjects. After 3 days of chewing 15 sticks of
      fluoride gum (Fluogum, containing 0.113 mg F/stick sweetened with
      xylitol/sorbitol), there was a significant reduction in both lesion depth and in
      the size of the body of the lesion (p less than 0.001). Exposure of carious
      lesions to 3 days in an oral environment without fluoride supplement reduced the
      size of the body of the lesions by an average of 5% (p less than 0.05). Chewing
      one or two sticks of the gum for 15 minutes raised the salivary-fluoride
      concentration to a peak of 1.13 ppm 5 minutes after chewing one stick, and raised
      the concentration to 2.73 ppm 10 minutes after chewing two sticks. The area under
      the curve of salivary-fluoride concentration versus time obtained following
      chewing one and two sticks were 0.78 h.microgram/ml and 1.89 h.micrograms/ml,
      respectively. There was a high positive correlation (r = 0.78) between the saliva
      flow and elimination of fluoride. Plaque fluoride level increased 1.7 fold
      following chewing two sticks of gum (p less than 0.05). The effect of chewing two
      sticks (a dose of 0.226 mg F) on plasma fluoride level was negligible, an
      indication of the safety of chewing gum regimen. More work is needed to document
      the cariostatic efficacy of a fluoride-containing chewing gum.

PMID- 2638959
TI  - Tissue conditioners containing poly (butyl methacrylate) powder. I. Viscoelastic
      properties of homopolymer/plasticizer mixture.
AB  - The viscoelastic properties of new experimental tissue conditioners which consist
      of synthesized poly (butyl methacrylate) PBMA and a liquid of aromatic-ester
      plasticizer, without alcohol, were investigated to evaluate the effects of the
      molecular weight of polymer. The master curves of storage modulus G', dynamic
      viscosity eta' and loss tangent tan delta were constructed from the viscoelastic
      data at different temperatures. The effects of the molecular weight of polymer on
      the viscoelastic properties G' and tan delta were observed particularly, in a low
      frequency range. However, the dynamic viscosity eta' was not very sensitive to
      the molecular weight. These results suggest that PBMA produces more desirable
      properties for tissue conditioners, and that it is possible to manufacture new
      materials without alcohol.

PMID- 2638960
TI  - Effect of monomer structure on the mechanical properties of light-cured composite
      resins.
AB  - The effects of monomer structure on the mechanical properties of visible light
      cured composite resins based on the seven types of aromatic dimethacrylates were
      investigated. The results of this study suggested that the mechanical properties
      of the composite resins were dependent upon the chemical structure of the
      dimethacrylate monomers employed. The composites based on dimethacrylates with
      hydroxy groups showed a relatively significant decrease in flexural strength,
      elastic modulus, and compressive proportional limit under wet conditions. The
      segmental mobility of dimethacrylate monomers considerably influenced the nature
      of cured composites. Bis-GMA-F-based composite showed superior mechanical
      properties to a conventional Bis-GMA-based material. The SEM observation of
      fractured surfaces revealed that failure mainly occurred through the resin matrix
      of the composite resins.

PMID- 2638961
TI  - Corrosion and tarnish of dental silver-based alloys in 0.1% Na2S and Ringer's
      solutions. (Part 1) Electrochemical study.
AB  - The corrosion behavior of three silver-based alloys, Ag-Sn-Zn, Ag-In, and Ag-Pd
      Cu, were investigated by potentiodynamic anodic polarization analysis and the
      polarization resistance method in 0.1% Na2S and Ringer's solutions. The corrosion
      activity of the Ag-Sn-Zn alloy was higher in Ringer's solution than in the 0.1%
      Na2S solution. In contrast, the corrosion rate of the Ag-Pd-Cu alloy was
      approximately 500 times higher in the 0.1% Na2S solution than in Ringer's
      solution. The results show that the generally accepted concept that tarnish is
      merely a surface discoloration due to the deposition of insoluble products is
      inadequate. The alloy discolors while being severely attacked in the presence of
      sulfides. For the Ag-In alloy, the corrosion activity in the 0.1% Na2S solution
      was as high as in Ringer's solution. These silver-based alloys exhibit different
      electrochemical activities in different solutions. The test solutions for
      corrosion tests must be carefully chosen for each alloy system through a
      screening test to replicate the predominant corrosion reaction proceeding in the
      oral environment.

PMID- 2638962
TI  - Creep and rupture of dental amalgam under bending stress.
AB  - The bending creep of six different dental amalgams was continuously measured up
      to 30 days under different static loads. All six amalgams induced creep rupture
      within 30 days under 9 kgf of static load and some of them did under the lower
      static load. The high copper amalgams resisted for a longer period of time
      compared to the low copper amalgams. The admixed high copper amalgam had the
      highest creep value at rupture under the same load, which indicates that this
      amalgam is more flexible under continuous loading than the other amalgams. The
      rupture time was approximately proportional to the reciprocal of the creep rates
      and the rupture time drastically increased as the creep rate decreased. This
      result basically explains and supports the previously reported correlation
      between the compressive creep during a specific period of time and the marginal
      fracture of amalgam restorations.

PMID- 2638963
TI  - Transient and residual stresses in dental porcelains as affected by cooling
      rates.
AB  - The development of either transient or residual stress in a slab of dental
      porcelain during cooling was simulated by use of a super-computer. The
      temperature dependences of the elastic modulus, the thermal expansion
      coefficient, and the shear viscosity, and the cooling rate dependence of the
      glass transition temperature, Tg, were considered in this calculation. Internal
      stress and viscoelastic creep were computed for several cooling rates. Calculated
      results display stress profiles which agree reasonably well with reported
      measured profiles in quenched, tempered glasses. The calculated residual surface
      stress, sigma, could be fit by the following empirical formula, sigma =
      kl2(q/q0)n, q is the cooling rate, q0 is a reference cooling rate and l is the
      half-thickness of the porcelain. The method by which residual stress develops is
      also discussed. This discussion suggests a method for strengthening of the
      porcelain by the development of high-compressive residual stress on the surface.

PMID- 2638964
TI  - Creep on a composite resin in water.
AB  - The compressive creep test of a composite resin (0-3.5 kg/mm2 stress levels) was
      conducted in water for 500 h. Linear regressions were obtained between the creep
      strains and the compressive stress levels at various hours. It is possible to
      predict the creep strain of the composite from the regression when it reaches
      water absorbed equilibrium after 500 h. The stress of the hygroscopic expansion
      was calculated from the linear regressions. The maximum stress due to the
      hygroscopic examination of the composite was 0.74 kg/mm2 at equilibrium of the
      water absorbed of the composite. The linear regressions at several compressive
      stress levels were obtained within 30-50 hr in the strain-log time diagrams.

PMID- 2638965
TI  - [Concise schematic review of the fundamental bases of occlusal morphology].

PMID- 2638966
TI  - [Epidermolysis bullosa. Dental and periodontal manifestations].

PMID- 2638967
TI  - [Epidemiology of caries in the Marne].

PMID- 2638968
TI  - [Antiviral therapy: current possibilities and future perspectives].

PMID- 2638969
TI  - [Comparative "in vivo" study of the action of a toothbrush].

PMID- 2638970
TI  - [Pathology of the 6-year molar].

PMID- 2638971
TI  - [Medicolegal identification by craniofacial examination and examination of the
      teeth].

PMID- 2638972
TI  - [A two-year plan for the French Agency for the Fight against AIDS . Interview by
      Chantal Baudin].

PMID- 2638973
TI  - [AIDS information: a pilot structure].

PMID- 2638974
TI  - [F.D.I./W.H.O. mixed working group].

PMID- 2638976
TI  - [Role of the head and neck examination in the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency
      virus].

PMID- 2638975
TI  - [Disinfection: an active research].

PMID- 2638977
TI  - [Kaposi's sarcoma].

PMID- 2638978
TI  - [W.H.O. epidemiological surveys in oral health].

PMID- 2638979
TI  - [Hepatitis B: a new vaccine].

PMID- 2638980
TI  - [Pathologic studies of pituitary changes with hypertensive hemorrhage].
AB  - The pituitarism of 20 deaths from hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage at different
      periods were studied pathologically. No matter where the location of
      intracerebral hemorrhage may be, and how much the content of hemorrhage may
      involve, usually there are some changes in pituitary could be observed. Early
      period of the cerebral hemorrhage show the expansion, congestion and edema
      interstitial venous sinus of anterior pituitary; after then empty bulb
      degeneration of anterior spongy degeneration and necrosis etc may be taken place.
      The pathologic changes of pituitary is induced by the following three factors: 1.
      Blood penetrates into cerebral ventricle and pituitary. 2. Blood mass was formed
      after hemorrhage--increment in intracerebral pressure pressed by cerebral
      herniation. 3. The disturbance caused by cerebral blood circulation after
      cerebral hemorrhage makes the pituitary primary plexus obstructed and pituitary
      destroyed.

PMID- 2638981
TI  - [Natural history of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. A 1-7 year follow-up
      study of 74 cases].
AB  - 74 cases of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were followed up for a
      period of 1 to 7 years, most of them had been examined by CT-scan and/or cerebral
      angiography. The life-table method was used to determine the cumulative survival
      rate and cumulative recurrence rate. The mortality rates in both acute and
      chronic stages and the re-bleeding rate were found to be essentially similar to
      those of other series of SAH admitted to a tertiary care center as were reported
      in the Chinese and world literature. Hypertension was probably a risk factor for
      SAH. The incidence of diabetes mellitus in the present series was significantly
      higher than that found in the same age groups of general population in Shanghai,
      which fact deserves further evaluation. The clinical characteristics of the
      patients in the acute stage were not found to be related to their outcome.

PMID- 2638982
TI  - [Hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage with intraventricular hemorrhage--50 clinical
      cases and 6 pathoanatomy cases].
AB  - 50 cases of hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage (HPH) complicated by
      intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) were studied by the vertical position typing
      method with comparison between findings CT results and patho-anatomy of 6 cases.
      HPH with IVH were typed into five types: IV type, 2V type, IV+3V type, 2V+3V
      type, total V type. Research the relation between the three ways intruding
      verticle and position of HPH. Study the average of survive period in HPH with IVH
      and prognosis. The prognosis of IV+3V type is the best and 2V type os the worse.

PMID- 2638983
TI  - [A study of reaction time in 120 patients with brain tumor, traumatic
      intracranial hematoma, cerebrovascular disease and epilepsy].
AB  - A study of the simple reaction time (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT) in 120
      patients classified into 4 groups with brain tumor, traumatic intracranial
      hematoma, cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and epilepsy respectively was reported.
      The results were summarized as follows. 1. The SRT in the 4 groups were all
      significantly prolonged as compared with normal subjects. 2. Among the four
      groups, the CVD group revealed the most severe disfunction, while the epilepsy
      group showed the least. 3. There was a positive correlation between the extent of
      the cerebrovascular lesion and the prolongation of type SRT. 4. Lesions in the
      basal ganglia might also cause a delay of the occurrence of the reaction. 5.
      Lesions involving both the frontal and parietal lobes resulted in remarkably
      longer reaction time than those in other cerebral regions. 6. The phenomenon of
      lateralization of the brain function was not reflected in the SRT and CRT of the
      four groups of the examined patients.

PMID- 2638984
TI  - [EEG analysis of healthy adults in the highlands of Xining].
AB  - An EEG analysis of 400 healthy adults in Xining, Qinghai Province, about 2260
      meters above the sea level was made. A comparison of the data with those obtained
      from a healthy group of adults in the Beijing flatlands was carried out. It was
      found that (1) the incidence of abnormal EEG of the examinees in Xining was
      higher (32.25%) than that in Beijing, (2) the index in Xining was lower than that
      in Beijing, (3) the slow waves occurred more frequently in the Xining group, (4)
      the spikes were seen in 9.25% of the examined subjects and the sharp waves in
      3.0% of the examined subjects in Xining, and (5) the physiological reactions were
      not so sensitive in the Xining group.

PMID- 2638985
TI  - [Correlation of SPECT, EEG and CT in patients with epilepsy. A preliminary
      report].
AB  - Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were performed in 14 patients
      with epilepsy. Among 6 patients with GTC, five had no focal abnormalities in EEG
      and CT scan, SPECT also showed no changes of regional cerebral perfusion. In
      another one patient EEG was normal, CT scan showed hypodensity in right frontal
      area, SPECT showed decreased regional cerebral perfusion in right frontotemporal
      area. AVM in frontal lobe was found at operation. In 3 patients with complex
      partial seizures and 5 patients with complex partial seizures and GTC, SPECT
      showed regional cerebral perfusion coincided with the area of focal epileptic
      form discharges in EEG. In one patient with complex partial seizures and GTC EEG
      showed right antero-temporal focal sharp wave discharges, discrete calcification
      in superior suprasella cisterna on CT, SPECT showed decreased regional perfusion
      in right temporal area, pathological examination revealed hematoma in right
      temporal lobe. SPECT is useful for localizing epileptogenic foci in epileptics.

PMID- 2638986
TI  - [Clinical studies and ultrastructure in myotonic dystrophy].
AB  - The results of clinical and ultrastructural observation on the affected skeletal
      muscles in myotonic dystrophy are reported. The patients were five males and four
      females, aged 24-51 years. The symptoms were classical, there are myotonia,
      muscular atrophy, weakness and other multi-systemic symptoms, etc.
      Electromyography shown myotonic response. The major features under electron
      microscope were as follows. The partial sarcomeres shown lysis; there are the
      sarcoplasmic pads, sarcoplasmic masses; the muscular nuclear are proliferous and
      its intrude. The posterior membrane of synapse are simplism, etc. The
      correlations between these ultrastructural changes and pathogenesis were
      discussed.

PMID- 2638987
TI  - [A molecular biology technique for the brain--preparation of genomic DNA from the
      brain].
AB  - A simplified method for preparing genomic DNA at and human brain has been
      established. The procedure includes the following steps: (1) mincing and
      homogenizing in SSC-EDTA, (2) solubilizing in high concentration detergent (2%
      SDS or Triton X-100), (3) digesting with proteinase K and RNase A, (4) extracting
      with phenol-chloroform, (5) finally dialyzing the sample against TE. This method
      could result in a threefold increase in yield with advantages of simplification
      and time-saving. The DNA obtained by this method is of a size over 30 kd, and is
      suitable for the molecular biological and molecular genetical study of brain.

PMID- 2638988
TI  - [In vivo inspection of Wallerian degeneration. MRI studies].
AB  - 11 cases of infarction with Wallerian Degeneration studied by Magnetic Resonance
      Imaging. It showed that MR Imaging is a very useful method to inspect Wallerian
      degeneration in vivo after cerebral infarction and provides a new way to study
      neural pathways. T2-Weighted Images can demonstrate the degenerated pyramid tract
      and the extent of the degeneration. T1-Weighted Images can demonstrate structural
      changes clearly such as the atrophy of the cerebral peduncle.

PMID- 2638989
TI  - [Analysis of electromyographic findings in 37 cases of thyrotoxicosis].
AB  - The EMG findings of 100 skeletal muscles in 37 cases of thyrotoxicosis are
      reported. The abnormal short duration motor unit potentials occurred in 78% of
      examined muscles and in 45% of these muscles, the incidence of polyphasic
      potentials increased. These abnormalities were in agreement with myopathic lesion
      exactly. EMG examination is a secure and sensitive method to find impaired
      muscles. The wide effects of large amount of thyroxin on muscle's metabolism may
      result in myopathic abnormalities of EMG.

PMID- 2638990
TI  - [Analysis of 38 cases with epilepsy in forensic psychiatric evaluation].
AB  - Analysing 38 cases with epilepsy in forensic psychiatric evaluation shown that
      violence behavior were frequently seen, especially significant difference in
      psychomotor epilepsy in comparison with the other typical epilepsy (0. 01), and
      that epileptic psychopathy were frequently seen in intermission. Authors dealt
      with criminal responsibility in epileptic psychopathy.

PMID- 2638991
TI  - [The relation of the patient's condition and outcome of drug maintainance therapy
      in schizophrenia (analysis of the curative effect in 324 cases)].
AB  - Cf, the methodology and diagnostic standard of 12 collaborative units about
      "Epidemiological investigation" of 1982, we traced to investigate the relation
      between the patients' condition outcome and drug maintain therapy of 324 cases
      with schizophrenia in community. The investigative result showed the cure rate of
      insisting on taking medicine group was 25.21%, the effective rate was 97.48%, the
      cure rate of irregular taking medicine groups was 6.63%, the effective rate was
      68.37%, there was remarkable difference between the cure rate and the effective
      rate in two groups. Otherwise we also compared the patients, condition of
      insisting on taking drug groups with during investigation. We found there was no
      remarkable change that showed insisting a drug maintain therapy out the hospital
      to the curative effect of the disease to possess on important meaning. The
      pattern also compared the curative effect of a time onset of disease group and
      many times. There was no remarkable difference about the statistical analysis of
      the curative effect among each group. It showed me never lose confidence to the
      patients. We should treat actively them.

PMID- 2638992
TI  - [Affective disturbances in patients with breast cancer].
AB  - 40 cases of breast tumor (cancer group 20 cases, benign tumor group 20 cases)
      hospitalized from October, 1986 to April, 1987 were investigated by interview,
      HAMD, SCL-90 and so on. Results showed that 10 cases met diagnostic criteria of
      organic affective syndrome defined by DSM-III. The morbidity of depression among
      all cases was 25 per cent, but the morbidity of depression in breast cancer group
      was higher than in benign tumor group. Causes of depression in breast cancer were
      analysed. Authors consider that causes of depression are not relating to
      operation on breast, but probably relating to biological and psychosocial
      factors.

PMID- 2638993
TI  - [An epidemiologic survey of mental diseases in Xinjiang].
AB  - Using the methods and diagnostic criteria described in a manual book for
      epidemiological survey on mental diseases in 12 regions, we carried out a survey
      on a sample of 4974 urban and rural Uygur residents in Xinjiang. The survey
      showed that the general prevalence rate of mental diseases was 6.23% and that of
      schizophrenia 2.21%. The rates were much higher in rural areas than in urban
      areas. The related data were preliminarily discussed and a comparison with the
      results if surveys on other minorities in the country was made.

PMID- 2638995
TI  - Graduated compression hosiery--new standard specifications.

PMID- 2638994
TI  - [Saliva phenobarbital concentration in epileptics].
AB  - The concentrations of phenobarbital were measured in saliva-serum pairs obtained
      simultaneously from 33 epileptics by RIA. The mean concentration of phenobarbital
      in saliva was 3.2 +/- 1.78 micrograms/ml, in serum was 11.75 +/- 7.4
      micrograms/ml, the mean saliva-to-serum ratio for phenobarbital was 0.27 +/-
      0.08. The results suggested that saliva concentration of phenobarbital was found
      to be correlated closely with the total serum level (R = 0.7922, P less than
      0.01). The high correlation between saliva and serum concentrations supports the
      use of saliva measurement in epileptics. The simplicity and convenience of saliva
      collection and its noninvasiveness make it represent serum concentration of
      phenobarbital as an efficient monitoring method.

PMID- 2638996
TI  - [Do root canal filling materials enter dentin tubules?].
AB  - After removal of the smear layer all root filling materials tested were able to
      infiltrate dentin tubules. With the cement types studied, filled dentin tubules
      were found even at a distance of 100 microns from the root canal. The
      infiltration of the dentin tubules now explains the outstanding results of
      pigment penetration tests. The question, if the smear layer is to be removed or
      not, can now be answered "yes".

PMID- 2638997
TI  - [Habit patterns in the use of the manual toothbrush. 1].
AB  - It is the goal of this study to quantitatively assess the habit patterns of
      toothbrushing. In the course of nine sessions such variables as force, duration,
      technique (scrubbing, rotating, or sweeping) as well as the sequence of brush
      positions and the number of changes of brushing sites were determined in 85 men
      and women, who were neither motivated nor instructed to maintain oral hygiene.
      The "force of habit" was an unexpectedly dominant factor, the least variations
      being observed in the brushing technique. On the other hand, a comparison of the
      degrees of habit of patients with and without acute or chronic brush-induced
      lesions (gingival recession, Stillman's clefts, wedge-shaped defects) revealed
      that patients with gingival recessions had the highest degree of habit.
      Consequences of clinical relevance are pointed out.

PMID- 2638998
TI  - [Revision of the "prognosis of supporting structures in the second dentition"
      after Trankmann and Raufmann].
AB  - A prognose of the support zone of the permanent dentition, introduced by
      Trankmann and Raufmann in 1983, has been investigated. The results of the
      investigations confirm fundamentally the correlations set up by the authors. It
      is pointed at restrictions in connection with the reliability of these method of
      prognose.

PMID- 2638999
TI  - [Etiology of gingival recessions].
AB  - About every third patient of our department suffers from gingival recessions (g.
      r.): 1980, 1985, 1986, 1987 altogether 1039 patients from 4022. People at the age
      of 20-25 years are mainly affected: 44.4% of these patients in the age-group of
      20-25 years suffer from g. r., 28.3% of patients suffering from l.P.a. are 20-25
      years old. Patients diseased with g. r. (N = 60) show functional disturbances
      (79% at the 1st bicuspid, 72% at the 2nd bicuspid) during their occlusion
      movements to a great extent. Patients afflected by g.r. (N = 20) show in
      comparison to healthy people a smaller diameter of the canin's apical basis both
      in upper and lower jaw, a smaller circumference of the alveolar crest as well as
      an upper canin-crown which is turned out from the teeth arcus in a more labial
      direction. Prevention of g. r. involves individual oral health education to
      protect the vestibular gingiva from chronic brushing-trauma, an early follow-up,
      and a functional adjustment.

PMID- 2639000
TI  - [Corrosion testing of palladium alloys with the aid of anodic potentiodynamic
      polarization].
AB  - The corrosion resistance of five palladium alloys has been tested by means of
      anodic potentiodynamic polarization before and after different heat treatment
      procedures. The results show a marked reduction in the corrosion resistance of
      the Pd Ag, Pd Cu and Pd Au materials as against high gold alloys. Within the
      group of the Pd alloys the Pd Au materials showed the highest resistance to
      corrosion. Correlations with the thermal pretreatment procedure applied could not
      be demonstrated.

PMID- 2639001
TI  - [Effect of Mo content and pH value on the corrosion behavior of Ni-20Cr-Mo dental
      alloys].
AB  - The results showed that the resistance against pitting corrosion in an acid
      milieu was dramatically improved by increasing the Mo content, while in a neutral
      milieu the pitting potential Ep remained unchanged. Remarkably, a Mo-content of
      more than 6 wt. % resulted in a further reduction in the pitting corrosion
      potential Ep, when pH 2 has been exceeded. A similar behaviour has been observed
      with the critical pitting potential Ec: Ec is also reduced at pH values between 3
      and 7. To avoid pitting corrosion in the clinically relevant pH range of 4 to 7,
      a pitting resistance equivalent (PRE) of at least 43 is required.

PMID- 2639002
TI  - [Studies on the compressive strength of ceramic veneers].
AB  - Ceramic veneers were constructed following either a chamfer or a shoulder
      preparation (with rounded internal line angles). In laboratory tests both veneer
      forms displayed adequate compressive strengths. A beveled incisal finish line
      proved to be slightly superior to complete incisal coverage.

PMID- 2639003
TI  - [Compressive strength of metal-ceramic occlusal veneers].
AB  - Ceramometallic specimens, circular in section, of varying thickness and
      manufactured by means of different procedures, have been tested to destruction of
      the ceramic layer under a once-through continuously increasing force at defined
      points. Identical specimens were used to determine the number of load cycles
      under increasing continuous stress of 430 N until the ceramic layer failed. The
      fatigue strength increased with the thickness of the metallic layer and was
      further increased by a high inherent strength of the ceramic layer. In
      restorations with only a thin metallic layer (foil crowns) and/or low strength
      values of the metal (electroplated ceramic crowns) an overall thickness of the
      layers of more than 1.5 mm is recommended in the occlusal area to avoid premature
      failure.

PMID- 2639004
TI  - [Qualitative studies on the surface crystallization of dental glass ceramics
      (Dicor)].
AB  - The crystallization of enstatite at the surface of Dicor glass during
      'ceramization' is proved by electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Microprobe
      measurements demonstrate a loss of potassium and an uptake of calcium in the
      outer region of the glass-ceramic after ceramization due to an ion exchange
      between glass and ceramization investment. This investment consists of gypsum and
      leucite. A thermal analysis reveals the decomposition of gypsum in the range of
      the ceramization temperature. Calcium diffuses into the surface of the glass
      while simultaneously potassium leaves the glass. The altered composition allows
      the crystallization of enstatite.

PMID- 2639005
TI  - [Effects of the mode of ceramization on the compressive strength of Dicor crowns.
      A laboratory study].
AB  - The critical compressive strength of cast glass-ceramic samples with a
      standardised shape was evaluated as a function of the ceramization temperature.
      The maximum critical compressive stress was obtained under conditions prescribed
      by the manufacturer. After under- and overceramization by only 6 degrees C, as
      well as after repeated ceramization, the critical compressive strength was
      decreased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) by about 13-24%.

PMID- 2639006
TI  - [Studies on the closeness of the marginal fit of Ceraplatin crowns].
AB  - The clinical success of crowns is determined by their accurate marginal fit. The
      marginal defects of 20 finished Ceraplatin crowns, manufactured by 10 different
      laboratories, were recorded after cementing on working casts and the original
      preparations. The findings demonstrated that the margins of Ceraplatin crowns
      were insufficient under clinical conditions.

PMID- 2639007
TI  - [Comparative studies on different full and veneer-ceramic crowns].
AB  - Under quasi-clinical conditions, Dicor, Hi-Ceram, Ceraplatin and PFM (porcelain
      butt margin) crowns with ceramic shoulders manufactured by commercial
      laboratories for the same metal master die were examined for marginal defects
      under the electron microscope. With equal cementing conditions and points of
      measurement for all crowns, the PFM crowns were found to be significantly
      superior to the other crown types. However, this result becomes relativistic in
      view of the great statistical variances involved.

PMID- 2639008
TI  - [Cervical discrepancies and closeness of marginal fit of full cast crowns in
      correlation with the luting agent used].
AB  - In an in-vitro study 75 extracted teeth were prepared with a chamfer and a 12
      degree convergence angle. After corrective impression taking and preparation of
      the dies accurately fitting caps were made of "Stabilor G" alloy. The marginal
      defects were measured at 4 points on each tooth under the light-microscope before
      and after cementing with three different luting agents. Before cementation the
      mean values and standard deviation of the cervical discrepancies were 105 +/- 43
      microns. The crowns fixed by means of zinc oxyphosphate cement (Harvard)
      exhibited marginal defects of 142 +/- 33 microns, those fixed with Fuji-Ionomer
      type I glass polyalkenoate cement had 159 +/- 20 microns, and the crowns cemented
      with Ketac-Cem had 127 +/- 6 microns. After exposing the specimens to thermal
      cycling, additional data on the sealing capacity of these cements could be
      obtained which showed zinc oxyphosphate cement to have the most favorable
      properties.

PMID- 2639009
TI  - [Frequency spectrum and integral value of electromyographic recordings of the
      masseter and temporal muscles in correlation with muscle length].
AB  - In 15 children and 15 adults the influence of muscle length on the EMG-recordings
      of the anterior temporal and superficial masseter muscles was investigated.
      Myoelectric activity was measured by surface electromyography during maximal
      clenching in habitual occlusion. The quantitative EMG analysis was performed by
      means of a computer program which allowed calculation of a) the integrated value
      and b) the mean frequency of the power spectrum (MPF) from the raw signal after
      Fourier transformation. Muscle length was determined with the aid of lateral
      cephalometric films. Using a correlation analysis this investigation revealed the
      following results: Under standardized functional conditions short muscles work
      with a higher activity and a higher MPF than long muscles. In children as well as
      in adults muscle activity and MPF show close negative correlations with the
      parameter "muscle length". These relations are directly proportional.

PMID- 2639010
TI  - [Biofeedback as a part of the treatment of mandibular dysfunctions].
AB  - 50 patients were treated with analogous acoustic EMG biofeedback in 5 sessions of
      20 minutes each. 75% of the patients experienced improvement both of the clinical
      signs and their subjective symptoms. It is emphasized that 1. biofeedback
      training with acoustic analogous EGM biofeedback may support successful treatment
      of mandibular dysfunctions and 2. stress reduction and pretreatment with bite
      planes may increase the probability of successful treatment.

PMID- 2639011
TI  - [Axial compressive strength of amalgam fillings in correlation with cavity
      preparation].
AB  - Different types of cavities were prepared in 96 model teeth: simple preparations
      without ledges and with Amalgapins, slots or a post; proximal box preparations
      with an occlusal ledge, and box preparations with or without Amalgapins or slots.
      The amalgam fillings were subjected to axial load by means of a Zwick machine
      until the filling or the tooth fractured. RESULTS: --Occlusal ledges and box
      preparations allow high load values. --Surprisingly high loads can be placed on
      simple preparations without ledges but with a post. --Preparations without ledges
      but with Amalgapins or slots rate lowest. --In box preparations and preparations
      with ledges, Amalgapins or slots fail to offer any significant increase in
      compressive strength.

PMID- 2639012
TI  - [Combined application of magnetic resonance imaging and electrognathography for
      TMJ diagnosis].
AB  - Based on the case of one patient with persistent TMJ disorders a method is
      described where the use of electrognathographic measurements allows the
      localization of particularly interesting functional TMJ positions for magnetic
      resonance imaging. This method renders morphological TMJ alterations of
      functional importance more easy to detect.

PMID- 2639013
TI  - [Development of the dental arch and the palate from a prosthodontic point of
      view].
AB  - The replacement of missing teeth by a fixed restoration in the juvenile dentition
      presents various problems. One of them is that the growth and development of the
      entire masticatory organ continues until around the 18th year of age. It was the
      goal of a longitudinal study to find out when a fixed tooth replacement can be
      used in an adolescent without impairing the final development of the jaw bones.
      For this reason the transverse and sagittal dimensions of the dental arches of
      male adolescents aged 14 to 18 years were measured every year, and the palatal
      surfaces were measured in the first and last year of the study. The values
      determined for the dental arches remained constant. The mean values and
      deviations revealed no significant differences. From a prosthodontic point of
      view the development of the dental arches and the palate may be considered as
      concluded.

PMID- 2639014
TI  - [Alveolar bone density under crowns, bridges and natural teeth without artificial
      crowns].
AB  - In an attempt to settle the moot question if alveolar bone density decreases
      under dental bridges, we determined bone density (bone volume, BV) in 60
      interdental spaces of 30 mandibular or maxillary segments by histology and
      morphometry. Moreover we measured the thickness of the cribriform lamina. Our
      investigations included segments with healthy teeth and ones with splinted teeth,
      crowns or three-unit dental bridges. The results actually confirmed a decrease in
      bone volume under bridges compared to normal teeth in maxillary samples, whereas
      no differences in bone volume could be found in the mandibular samples. We could
      not demonstrate any correlations to age or sex up to 48 years.

PMID- 2639015
TI  - [Interdisciplinary investigations on the criticism of the term 'anesthesia
      dolorosa'].
AB  - 3291 patients with facial pain and/or complaints in the orofacial region were
      examined from 1972-1988 by both the maxillofacial surgeon and the neurologist at
      the departments of maxillofacial surgery and psychosomatic medicine of the
      Zentrum fur Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferkrankheiten of the University of Munster. Only
      27 cases of genuine trigeminal neuralgia could be found in those 17 years. At the
      same time, however, 31 patients presented with anaesthesia dolorosa after various
      operations on the fifth cranial nerve. Referring to the criteria set up by
      Marxkors and Muller-Fahlbusch (1981) these findings were based on psychosomatic
      diseases. Thus, any indication for an operation on the trigeminal nerve should be
      very carefully reconsidered.

PMID- 2639016
TI  - [Compression joint as a differential diagnosis in chronic facial pain].
AB  - "Costen's syndrome" is generally used to label chronic pain in the periauricular
      region. This article presents the results of a post-treatment evaluation of 50
      patients, 25 of whom were referred to hospital with Costen's syndrome indicated
      in the diagnosis. As a result of this study it is proposed that the term
      "compression joint" be used instead of "Costen's syndrome". The importance of
      proper diagnostic procedures is pointed out.

PMID- 2639017
TI  - [Facial pain--dysfunction of the neck joints].
AB  - The etiopathogenesis of headache (cephalalgia) is multifactorial and has not been
      definitely clarified yet. One of the most frequent causes of this type of pain
      are disorders in the area of the neck joints such as locking of joints in passive
      or active movements or conditions affecting the segmentally arranged muscles.
      Manual mobilization of the affected joint structures or, possibly, a therapeutic
      nerve block is the most helpful treatment measure.

PMID- 2639018
TI  - [Pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of the styloid syndrome].
AB  - The styloid or Eagle's syndrome is a uncharacteristic pain and dysfunction
      syndrome of the head and neck. Symptoms, differential diagnosis, etiology and
      pathogenesis are discussed. 9 cases are presented with special consideration of
      the operative treatment, 6 cases were treated via an extraoral, 3 via an
      intraoral incision. Along with the intraoral approach one major complication, a
      thrombosis of the internal carotid artery, was observed. After one extraoral
      approach a minor complication, a temporary irritation of the hypoglossic and
      lingual nerves, occurred.

PMID- 2639019
TI  - [Dysesthesia and anesthesia of the mandibular nerve following dental treatment].
AB  - An inquiry to all practising dentists of Schleswig-Holstein and Cologne was
      performed to estimate the incidence of long time lingual nerve damage. 50 cases
      were reported and analyzed according to findings and causes. Further on the
      Cologne inquiry took into consideration 43 injuries of the n. alveolaris
      inferior. The results of the study allow a statement on the necessity to inform
      the patient before the operation.

PMID- 2639020
TI  - [Pain symptoms and the consumption of analgesics of emergency dental care
      patients].
AB  - The histories and clinical findings of 1000 emergency dental care patients have
      been documented and evaluated. The majority of these patients had pain symptoms
      of varying duration and genesis. In a high percentage of the cases analgesic
      therapy was provided using combined preparations. The indication for emergency
      dental care of pain patients is discussed.

PMID- 2639021
TI  - [Method for the objective assessment of inferior alveolar nerve lesions].
AB  - Our presented modified method of registration of somatosensory evoked potentials
      enables us to measure the extent of large nerve injuries in an objective and
      quantitative way.

PMID- 2639022
TI  - [Follow-up of patients with atypical facial pain].
AB  - 100 patients with abnormal pain in the facial area have been examined and
      questioned about their symptoms and the preceding therapy. At the time of this
      study the patients already had a history of pain of about five years. Since no
      cause could be discovered for the pain, treatment was limited to symptomatic
      relief using injections of long-acting local anesthetics or carbamacepine.
      Generally, both methods resulted in a relief of the symptoms.

PMID- 2639023
TI  - [Therapeutic concept of the University of Ulm for the treatment of neuralgiform
      facial pain].
AB  - The therapy of chronic facial pain poses an interdisciplinary problem. Since 1984
      the therapeutical plan of Ulm University was developed in such a way that the
      intensity of pain and the location as well as former treatments are accommodated.
      The therapeutical steps don't interfere among one another. In the first four
      years 204 patients were treated with this scheme. A freedom or at least a
      reduction of pain was achieved in 187 patients.

PMID- 2639024
TI  - [Quality control in dental radiography].

PMID- 2639025
TI  - [Significance of radiation exposure in dental radiography].
AB  - Radiation exposure must be evaluated in relation to quality improvement. Film
      contrast can be improved by limiting the exposed area to the film format; a
      beneficial side effect is the decrease in scatter radiation. Since a monthly
      evaluation of the x-ray equipment is now mandatory, the incidences of excessive
      skin exposure can be evaluated and eliminated. The newly developed technology of
      electronic radiologic diagnosis without film on a monitor promises a further
      reduction of radiation dose in the future.

PMID- 2639026
TI  - [Influence of occlusion on head posture during prolonged phases of clenching].
AB  - The influence of divergent splint-adjusted maximum intercuspation on head posture
      during prolonged phases of clenching was studied in five subjects. During
      clenching in maximum intercuspation profound changes of head posture were
      observed, if intercuspation was not harmonized with an upright posture of head
      and body. Since the interrelation between occlusion and head posture is
      established a comprehensive approach of orthopedic, physiotherapeutic, and dental
      measures, in particular for the therapy of myoarthropathy patients with cervical
      spine symptoms seems appropriate. Occlusal corrections and determination of
      occlusal relations must always be made or at least checked in the upright relaxed
      patient with the head straight.

PMID- 2639027
TI  - [Photopolymer shrinkage and its interaction with cavity liners].
AB  - Comparative in vitro trials concerning the problem of cavity liners detaching
      from the floor of the cavity when combined with photopolimerizable filling
      material demonstrated that gap formation occurred only if slowly setting glass
      ionomer cement was used. No such effect was seen with fast setting glass ionomer
      cement or phosphate cement. Gap formation is due to the curing process of slowly
      setting glass ionomer cement.

PMID- 2639028
TI  - [Phonognathography in TMJ diagnosis].
AB  - A pilot study examined the frequency spectrum of TMJ-sounds, in particular
      clicking. A profound difference was observed between articular movement noises
      and clinical clicking. The frequency spectrum of normal movements is clearly
      different from the one observed for clicking. Therefore phonognathography might
      be an additional diagnostic tool to elucidate the reasons for individual clicking
      phenomena with Fourier analysis.

PMID- 2639029
TI  - [In vivo retention of KOH soluble and firmly bound fluoride in demineralized
      dental enamel].
AB  - Cylindrical enamel blocks with initial carious lesions were treated for one hour
      with Duraphat or Fluor-Protector. After removal of the fluoride varnishes the
      enamel blocks were kept in the mouths of 3 probands for 5 days. Plaque was
      allowed to accumulate on half of the enamel cylinders, while the other half was
      kept clean. Part of the enamel cylinders were retained as fluoridated controls.
      Compared with Duraphat the application of Fluor-Protector resulted in a
      significantly higher uptake of KOH soluble and firmly bound fluoride. During the
      5 days of the experiment the amount of KOH soluble fluorides decreased in both
      groups. In the presence of plaque the fluoride loss was higher. The amount of
      firmly bound fluoride increased both in the plaque covered and in the clean
      enamel. The durable cariostatic effect of fluoridated varnishes seems to be due
      to the slow dissolution of Ca F2-like precipitates on the enamel surface and the
      concomitant fluoride uptake in the underlying demineralized enamel.

PMID- 2639030
TI  - [RadioVisioGraphie--system for film-free intraoral radiographs].
AB  - RadioVisioGraphie, an electronic system that allows taking intraoral radiographs
      without film and developing time, was evaluated in comparison to conventional
      dental films (Ultraspeed D, Kodak). The RVG-system proved to be much more
      sensitive and capable of displaying a wider object range than film.

PMID- 2639031
TI  - [Identifiability of the periodontium in panoramic radiographs].

PMID- 2639032
TI  - [Digital image processing in the radiographic diagnosis of caries].
AB  - Used with x-ray films of entire teeth, digital image processing renders visible
      not only the contours of initial carious lesions but even histological enamel
      structures. In over 90% of those cases in which the lesions were deeper than one
      third of the enamel thickness at least the Hunter-Schreger lines were visible.
      This improvement in the informative value of x-ray images facilitates the
      therapeutic decision making process.

PMID- 2639033
TI  - [Application of digital image processing techniques in cephalometry].
AB  - Digital image processing methods were applied to cephalometric analysis.
      Conventionally taken x-rays were captured by the aid of a video-camera. Digital
      processing was done using the IPS-System (Kontron). The resulting average error
      of the method at this stage of development was comparable to that of the
      traditional method using a light box.

PMID- 2639034
TI  - [3-D reconstruction for assessing the morphology of craniofacial structures].
AB  - The diagnostic value of 3-D reconstructions from axial CT scans in evaluating
      craniofacial structures was analyzed on the basis of a selected orthodontic
      patient group. The results showed that, for the first time, a three-dimensional
      analysis of the craniofacial relationships could be obtained which was not a mere
      spatial evaluation of the morphological structures. The specific application of
      this imaging procedure in detailed evaluations of complex dysmorphias and
      asymmetries seems to be justified.

PMID- 2639035
TI  - [Improved measuring instruments for endodontic radiography].
AB  - Fine steel instruments used for the radiographic length measurement of root
      canals are not always imaged clearly enough on the x-ray film, due to lacking
      absorption of radiation. Although silver points have a higher radiopacity, they
      lend themselves less to practical use, since they are too soft, tend to bend
      easily and fail to convey any sense of touch. Improved measuring instruments made
      from a hard gold alloy combine the elastic properties of steel and the
      radiopacity of silver and can be recommended for routine application in length
      measurement radiographs.

PMID- 2639036
TI  - [Micromorphology of the approximal contact surfaces and the occlusal abrasion
      facets of human permanent teeth].
AB  - The surface of the approximal contact area of human permanent teeth is--although
      evenly abraded--scattered with excavations of about 30-40 microns maximal width.
      Similar observations were made on occlusal facets.

PMID- 2639037
TI  - [Life age and tactile as well as nociceptive thresholds of the teeth].
AB  - The sensibility of the epicritic (= tactile) and protopathic (= nociceptive)
      functions of the teeth decreases with advancing age. This has been demonstrated
      by simultaneously evaluating the minimum threshold shock duration after low
      temperature stimuli (thermal threshold of pain) and the number of errors in wire
      thickness comparison tests (tactile sensibility). By contrast, the reparative
      processes in the elderly are dominated by delayed reaction type patterns, while
      in younger persons early reaction type patterns are prevailing.

PMID- 2639038
TI  - [Problem of compliance from a clinicians point of view].
AB  - Dental treatment can only be successful in the long run if the patient cooperates
      with the dentist. A sound dentist-patient relationship is the basic prerequire
      for patient compliance. This will influence the organisation in the dental office
      as well as the course of treatment. Each patient should be seen as an individual
      and not as a treatment case. The resulting additional work can be only be coped
      with if qualified dental staff is available.

PMID- 2639039
TI  - [Compliance from the patients point of view].
AB  - This report describes some difficulties with compliance from the patient's point
      of view, in particular with reference to maintaining good oral hygiene. It tries
      to find recommendations which might improve compliance.

PMID- 2639040
TI  - [Non-compliance and treatment need--a legal controversy].
AB  - The question of compliance does not at all touch upon the legal disease concept
      insofar as this leads to treatment.

PMID- 2639041
TI  - [Automatic dose-dependent exposure control of dental X-rays].

PMID- 2639042
TI  - [Adhesives and their adhesive strength on nickel-free cobalt chromium alloys].

PMID- 2639043
TI  - [Reoperation of root amputation with titanium pin].
AB  - A clinical follow-up of 238 patients confirmed the good results of root
      amputation with titanium pin for apical closure. An analysis of reoperations
      because of failure of primary surgery rendered similarly good results. Therefore
      the use of a titanium pin will not impair the success of secondary surgery for
      root amputation which shows good results most of the time anyway.

PMID- 2639044
TI  - [SEM studies on root canal preparation using ultrasound].
AB  - The root canals of 35 extracted mandibular incisors were instrumented with the
      ultrasonic-system alone or in combination with hand instruments. Hand
      instrumentation was compared with ultrasonic instrumentation. Following
      instrumentation the teeth were prepared for SEM examination. It was concluded
      that hand instrumentation using reamers was superior to ultrasonic debridement.
      After initial preparation and finally shaping with hand instruments the
      ultrasonic device shows good efficiency in cleaning straight root canals.

PMID- 2639045
TI  - [Determining organ doses in the uterus during dental x-ray examinations].
AB  - It was the goal of this study to determine the uterine exposure to radiation
      during dental x-ray examinations and to assess the inherent radiation hazard to
      the fetus. The mean organ dose for the most common examination procedures was
      found to be 0.4 muSv (0.004 mrem) per radiograph. This figure may be reduced by a
      factor 2 when the patient wears a protective apron that meets the requirements of
      the German industrial standard DIN 6813. According to these results, dental
      radiography--of all diagnostic radiography procedures--involves the least
      radiation risk to the fetus. Based on ICRP's (International Commission on
      Radiation Protection) considerations on radiation risk and on the assumption of a
      linear dose-response relationship it may be concluded that there cannot be one
      case in a million pregnant women exposed to a uterine dose of 0.2 muSv where a
      fatal event has to be assumed.

PMID- 2639046
TI  - [Antimicrobial efficacy and alkalizing effect of different calcium hydroxide
      compounds].
AB  - This publication compares the alkalizing effect of various calciumhydroxide
      compounds and their antimicrobial efficacy. In these experiments aqueous
      calciumhydroxide suspensions demonstrate the comparably highest alkalization
      combined with a profound longacting antimicrobial action. At relatively minor
      alkalization the examined calciumhydroxide cement caused a less profound, but
      also consistent inhibition of bacterial growth. Samples of calciumhydroxide
      containing liners, fillers, and synthetic compounds, although showing a marked
      alkaline reaction themselves, did, however, not or almost not cause an
      alkalization of the environment or an inhibition of bacterial growth.

PMID- 2639047
TI  - [The course of treatment and compliance].

PMID- 2639048
TI  - [Reducing anxiety in the course of dental treatment].
AB  - After studying the literature we developed a questionnaire which was handed out
      to 200 of our patients to elucidate the causes of anxiety and to find out,
      whether and in how far if was possible to reduce this anxiety. In 73% of our
      patients the fear was mostly due to unpleasant earlier experience. It was
      possible to reduce the anxiety in all cases and to completely eliminate it in 63%
      by building confidence. We presented the anxiety reduction program employed for
      this purpose.

PMID- 2639049
TI  - [The patient--his anxiety and his assessment of the dentist as variables in the
      compliance model].
AB  - The publication concerns the relationship between the two variables "patient
      anxiety" and "assessment of the dentist by the patient". Two instruments were
      used: the German versions of the "Dental Anxiety Scale" and the "Dental Belief
      Survey". The answers of 383 patients, age 18 to 80 years, demonstrated that both
      tests are highly age dependent. There is no difference between males and females
      in either test in the overall population nor in the individual age categories.
      Patient anxiety and assessment of the dentist by the patient show a highly
      significant correlation.

PMID- 2639050
TI  - [Recall rate criteria in a periodontal office].
AB  - It was the objective of this study to identify parameters which influence the
      rate of recall. In 1987 a total of 845 recall treatments were given to 372
      patients. Recorded variables were quality of oral hygiene, papilla bleeding
      index, and number of teeth with pockets greater than 3 mm. These results plus the
      number of capped teeth were related to the recall rate. Bad oral hygiene and a
      correspondingly higher papilla bleeding index require a more frequent recall.
      However, these variables show little influence on the number of teeth with deep
      pockets. A higher recall rate in patients with bad oral hygiene cannot always
      prevent gingivitis, but progression of the disease into periodontitis and loss of
      attachment.

PMID- 2639051
TI  - [Comparative studies on periodontal indexes with particular to the Periotest
      method].
AB  - 40 patients from both gender were examined to determine if there is a correlation
      between periodontal indices and periotest values. As a result we were able to
      show that the pocket depth correlates with the periotest values for all tooth
      groups. On the other hand SBI correlates with the periotest values only for the
      premolars in upper and the front in lower jaw.

PMID- 2639052
TI  - [Efficacy of a PVP-iodine compound on selected pathogens of the oral cavity in
      vitro].
AB  - The study was designed to test the efficacy of a PVP-iodine antiseptic agent on
      potentially pathogenic oral bacteria. A 0.5% concentration of the test compound
      was sufficient to inhibit the growth of 7 out of 8 tested strains. Only
      bacteroides gingivalis continued to grow during exposure to a 0.5 and 1%
      concentration of the test compound. Quantitative suspension experiments
      demonstrated that the onset of action occurred within five minutes. Quantitative
      suspension experiments with protein loading resulted in a lower efficacy of the
      tested agent. Results indicate that the tested compound may be recommended as an
      oral disinfectant.

PMID- 2639053
TI  - [Immunohistochemical detections of intermediary filaments in periodontal
      structures and other soft tissue in oral cavity].

PMID- 2639054
TI  - [Gingival recession in young adults after intensive oral hygiene?].

PMID- 2639055
TI  - The role of proteoglycans in collagen gel contraction by human gingival
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Fibroblasts generated from biopsies of normal gingiva contract collagen gels to a
      significantly greater extent than do fibroblasts generated from chronically
      inflamed gingiva. The present study demonstrates that proteoglycans play a major
      role in gel contraction, and that cells from the two sources differ greatly in
      their ultrastructural features and their capacity to synthesize proteoglycans.
      Fibroblasts from normal gingiva contained more rough endoplasmic reticulum and
      mitochondria, and they were more well-spread than cells from chronically inflamed
      gingiva. We observed a fine granular electron-dense lamina of material especially
      prominent around the cell processes and on the surface of the collagen fibrils.
      This material appears to be rich in proteoglycans since it stained with ruthenium
      red, a dye that binds to proteoglycans, and labeled in cultures incubated for 1
      or 4 hr in medium containing 35S-sodium sulfate. Proteoglycans have the capacity
      to bind matrix components to one another and to cells, and thereby play a major
      role in gel contraction. Normal fibroblasts have a significantly greater capacity
      to synthesize proteoglycans, as manifested by label incorporation, that do cells
      from inflamed tissue, and this may account for their greater capacity to contract
      collagen gels in vitro.

PMID- 2639056
TI  - [Relevance of the Periotest as a function of root shape and cross-section].
AB  - In the laboratory extracted teeth were provided with an artificial periodontal
      ligament. Subsequently periotest values were measured around the complete
      circumference of the crown. When plotted in a graph the relationship between root
      cross-section and damping value can be demonstrated. At the present level of
      knowledge only comparative measurements, in particular in teeth with low
      periotest values, seem reliable.

PMID- 2639057
TI  - [Diagnostic relevance of OPG and full-mouth X-ray and intraoperative findings].
AB  - During surgery the distance between cemento-enamel junction and alveolar limbus
      as well to the lowest point of the bony defect was measured for 617 tooth
      surfaces with a periodontal millimeter probe to study the usefulness of OPG and
      full-mouth X-ray for the detection of periodontal bony defects. The results of
      different operators did not show any significant differences. Therefore the
      method of evaluation might be considered reproducible. The average difference
      between intraoperative measurement and OPG measurement was -0.6 mm and -1.4 mm
      for the full-mouth X-ray. 50.9% of measurements on the full-mouth X-ray and 59.7%
      of measurements on the OPG were within the limit of 1 mm. In correlation with the
      intraoperative measurements the OPG was slightly less reliable for the SZG value
      at 31 and 41. In the other areas OPG and full-mouth X-ray showed the same
      correlation with the intraoperative findings. However, on the OPG 13.9% of
      intraoperatively examined tooth surfaces could not be evaluated since the cemento
      enamel junction was not visible. By comparison the failure rate for the X-rays
      was only 5%. One may therefore conclude that the OPG is of basic usefulness for
      periodontal X-ray diagnosis, but that additional individual images will be
      required, since in a considerable percentage of the images the periodontal bone
      loss is not clearly visible.

PMID- 2639058
TI  - [Influence of increased glucose concentrations on the metabolism of gingival
      fibroblasts].

PMID- 2639059
TI  - [Technology and progress in conservative dentistry].
AB  - In a synopsis different possibilities for the use of tooth colored restorations
      as replacements for amalgam fillings are described and discussed: composite resin
      fillings, indirect or direct composite resin and ceramic inlays.

PMID- 2639060
TI  - [Technology and progress in orthodontics].
AB  - As in other areas of dentistry, too, technological progress has resulted in new
      developments for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in orthodontics. The use
      of new technologies is focussed on two main areas: the use of new materials and
      methods in the treatment with fixed appliances, and the use of electronic data
      processing in diagnosis, particularly in cephalometry.

PMID- 2639061
TI  - [Profilometric studies on the surface reproduction of dental impression
      materials].
AB  - The reproduction of elastic impression materials is described with a laser
      technique. This technique allows a quantitative evaluation without touching and
      deforming the surfaces. Although it is possible to measure differences,
      clinically relevant differences between several elastomere and one hydrocolloid
      material are not found.

PMID- 2639062
TI  - [Filling cysts with type 1 bone collagen].
AB  - The good properties of bovine bone collagen type 1 for filling of bony defects
      was demonstrated in 56 cysts of the alveolar bone in 52 patients. 49 cysts
      (approx. 87%) healed without irritation. 8 months postop. complete reossification
      of the defects had been achieved in 20 (approx. 36%) of the cysts. Further 32
      defects (approx. 57%) were markedly reduced. The discussion will compare the
      advantages of bone collagen and other materials.

PMID- 2639063
TI  - [Ablative effect of an Er:YAG laser on enamel and dentin].
AB  - The effectiveness of a pulsed infrared Er:YAG laser beam at a wavelength of 2.94
      micron in removing hard tooth structure was studied. The defects produced by the
      laser beam were evaluated quantitatively and morphologically as a function of
      energy and pulse frequency. The use of this instrument allows the efficient
      removal of enamel and dentin while sparing the surrounding tissues.

PMID- 2639064
TI  - [Clinical verification of measuring accuracy of an electronic apex localizer].
AB  - Root canal length was determined with an electronic apex locator in 253 root
      canals and compared to the results obtained by radiographic length determination.
      After electronic measurement the tip of the instrument only in 56.6% was 0-1 mm
      from the roentgenographic apex. The electronic device gave better results after
      pulpectomies than in nonvital cases. Even worse results were obtained in revision
      cases.

PMID- 2639065
TI  - [Questionable method for determining root canal lengths].
AB  - Apart from radiographic methods, the use of electronic devices for determining
      root canal lengths is widespread. Based on physical considerations and simple in
      vitro tests the basic principles of endometry are discussed. Since the
      electrochemical processes at the electrodes are incalculable, the measured result
      is fortuitous. As an alternative to the radiographic determination of root canal
      lengths endometry must be rejected.

PMID- 2639066
TI  - [Periotest method for diagnosis of marginal inflammations].
AB  - Using traditional recognized parameters, 271 periodontal cases were examined to
      determine the degree of inflammation and attachment loss. The values were
      compared to the Periotest-instrument. The correlation between the two methods
      concerning the inflammatory process was significant to insignificant. The
      discrepancy can be ascribed to the variation in the periodontium as well as
      individual patient variation.

PMID- 2639067
TI  - [Possibilities and limitations of Caridex System as an alternative to
      conventional caries removal].
AB  - Exclusive use of chemo-mechanical Caridex-Caries removal system allows only in a
      few cases sufficient removal of caries. In histological investigation 108 of 120
      cavities (90%) treated with the Caridex-system showed residual caries. In 92
      cavities (77%) remaining bacteria could be observed. Whereas if combination of
      Caridex and spoon excavator was used in 25% respectively 23% a better caries
      removal as in case of using a spoon-excavator alone respectively a round bur was
      obtained. Scanning microscope examination of cavity wall after treatment with
      Caridex showed an increased roughness of the dentin surface. Therefore a superior
      shear bond strength of bonding and composite materials can be expected.

PMID- 2639068
TI  - [Electromagnetic articulography (EMA) studies on orofacial movement functions].
AB  - For judging the influence of orofacial motor functions on the development and
      function of the dentoalveolar system objective methods are required.
      Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA) is a new device based on an inductive
      measuring principle. Using miniature receiver coils placed on the tongue dorsum
      or the velar margin, movements of multiple points on orofacial structures in the
      midsagittal plane can be recorded. The application of EMA on the examination of
      tongue and velum motor activity during speech production and deglutition is
      demonstrated. First results of sagittal tongue movement during swallowing in
      normals are reported. Examples from current studies, using EMA in the field of
      tongue dysfunction, orofacial motor coordination and velopharyngeal closure are
      demonstrated and the possible perspective of EMA-application is discussed for
      dental research and functional treatment of CLP-patient.

PMID- 2639069
TI  - [Incidence of bacteremia following extractions--a double blind study on local
      disinfection using chlorhexidine].
AB  - In a randomised double-blind study the incidence of bacteremia after two minutes
      mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine 0.1% followed by tooth extractions was
      registered. A significant reduction of bacteremia could not be observed in
      comparison with mouth rinsing with physiological saline solution. Tooth
      extractions always require the preventive administration of antibiotics to
      patients known with high risk of endocarditis.

PMID- 2639070
TI  - [Health consciousness and oral hygiene of the aged in homes and hostels].
AB  - Two hundred inhabitants of rest- and nursing homes--on an average age of 81 years
      -have been interrogated into their laymen's knowledges of dentistry, their
      habitual dental hygienics, and their opinion about dental treatment. The majority
      of these senior probands did not realize any connection between an insufficient
      dental hygiene and the origin of both caries and periodontal disease. They
      considered the oral hygiene being a matter of bodycare, not of medical
      prevention. The actual status of the teeth and the evaluation of the present
      dentures distinctly indicate that dental care to the old people needs to be
      greatly improved.

PMID- 2639071
TI  - Utilization of tropical foods: roots and tubers.

PMID- 2639072
TI  - Utilization of tropical foods: trees.

PMID- 2639073
TI  - The role of calcium in preventive dentistry.

PMID- 2639074
TI  - TMJ disorders: investigating the dilemma.

PMID- 2639075
TI  - Chairside asepsis.

PMID- 2639076
TI  - Antibiotics may pose dangers for contraceptive users and expectant mothers.

PMID- 2639077
TI  - Instrument savvy.

PMID- 2639078
TI  - Controlling infection in the dental office: the role of the dental assistant.

PMID- 2639079
TI  - Nitrous oxide sedation--not a "laughing" matter.

PMID- 2639080
TI  - Temporomandibular joint dysfunction--diagnosis and management.

PMID- 2639081
TI  - The role of the dental assistant in mixing polyacrylate cement.

PMID- 2639082
TI  - Dental amalgam: reason for concern, yes, for condemnation, no.

PMID- 2639083
TI  - [Idea of "hardening" of casting alloys].

PMID- 2639085
TI  - [Interim concerns. Laboratory finished quality pays off].

PMID- 2639084
TI  - [Clinical and dental technical procedures with full ceramic bridges].

PMID- 2639086
TI  - [Groove-shoulder-pin attachments. Modelling of first importance].

PMID- 2639087
TI  - [Investigation of substance loss of gold, non-precious metal, and palladium-based
      alloys].

PMID- 2639088
TI  - [Immediate cast prosthesis--a means of maintaining oral structure].

PMID- 2639089
TI  - [Groove-shoulder-pin attachments. Thoughts on preparation by milling].

PMID- 2639090
TI  - [Light-curing composite materials to blocking of wax models].

PMID- 2639091
TI  - [Posterior restorations of ceramics. Tips for systematic sequence of procedures].

PMID- 2639092
TI  - [Soft lining materials. Standard determination. Fall 1989].

PMID- 2639093
TI  - [Impressions for metal-ceramics. Youthful maxillary anteriors].

PMID- 2639094
TI  - [Some tips and tricks on theme of intraoral photography].

PMID- 2639095
TI  - Marketing and costing your cosmetic dental services.

PMID- 2639096
TI  - Profiles of success: consistency spawns expansions.

PMID- 2639097
TI  - Five misconceptions about computers.

PMID- 2639099
TI  - Staff salaries and benefits: national and regional survey.

PMID- 2639098
TI  - Should I be a personal service C corporation?

PMID- 2639100
TI  - Ten tips for keeping good employees.

PMID- 2639101
TI  - Infection control through instrument management.

PMID- 2639103
TI  - Practice valuation: protecting your asset.

PMID- 2639102
TI  - Planning a new, low-cost dental office. I.

PMID- 2639104
TI  - Common tax planning mistakes.

PMID- 2639105
TI  - Planning a new, low-cost dental office. II.

PMID- 2639106
TI  - Establishing a fee schedule.

PMID- 2639107
TI  - The best dentist you can be: the Pankey experience. III.

PMID- 2639108
TI  - Root caries: a rationale for treatment.

PMID- 2639109
TI  - A comfortable mouth is a day to day concern.

PMID- 2639110
TI  - Capitation--an alternative payment system for the treatment of children in the
      general dental service.
AB  - The Health Departments' recent proposals for the new GDP contract include
      capitation payment for children's dental care. Manchester University's Dental
      Health Services Research Unit has been running a clinical trial of such a scheme
      for the last three years on behalf of the Departments and the BDA. The results of
      this scheme will be of major importance to the decision about any new payment
      system. This article describes the trial project, and reports some preliminary
      findings.

PMID- 2639111
TI  - Orofacial manifestations in the rheumatic diseases.
AB  - Rheumatic diseases will often affect the temporomandibular joint, but other
      orofacial tissues may also show manifestations. This article, based on a lecture
      given at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Bath, is intended to
      help the dental practitioner recognize and treat these symptoms.

PMID- 2639112
TI  - Treatment of the worn dentition. 1.
AB  - This is the first of two articles concerning the practical techniques involved in
      reconstruction of the worn dentition. The authors describe some of the procedures
      available and assess the appropriateness of 'conformative' versus 'reorganized'
      approaches to the occlusion. They continue by describing some practical aspects
      of reconstructive work. Part 2 will look at other practical techniques.

PMID- 2639113
TI  - Medical emergencies in dental practice: an update on drugs and the management of
      acute airway obstruction.
AB  - In response to interest from readers the authors provide an update of their 1986
      papers on coping with medical emergencies in dental practice. In particular they
      review drug regimes and the technique of cricothyroidostomy.

PMID- 2639114
TI  - The use of a glass ionomer cement in the treatment of initial carious lesions.
AB  - The preventive resin restoration has become an accepted dental procedure, but,
      more recently, glass ionomer has been suggested as a material suitable for this
      technique. The advantages of glass ionomers, such as bonding to enamel and
      dentine, and fluoride release, are considerable, but the disadvantages, such as
      poor wear resistance, may make them unsuitable for restorations in occlusal
      contact. The author discusses the use of glass ionomer cements in the treatment
      of initial carious lesions.

PMID- 2639115
TI  - Hairy leukoplakia: a new clinical entity.
AB  - Recent advances in therapy mean that prompt diagnosis of AIDS can prolong the
      life of those infected. Hairy leukoplakia is a new clinical entity that is one of
      the early signs of HIV seropositivity, and the GDP is well placed to recognize
      this lesion and refer patients on for treatment. In this second article in the
      twice-yearly Aids Commentary series the author describes how to diagnose this new
      condition, and the treatments that are available.

PMID- 2639116
TI  - The transcranial radiograph. The diagnostic difference between 'corrected' vs
      'uncorrected' films.
AB  - This article explains the advantages and limitations of the transcranial
      radiograph. The use of the Submental Vertex Radiograph to obtain the proper
      angulation of the central ray of the x-ray beam is covered in a step by step
      manner. It goes on to explain the difference between "Corrected" and
      "Uncorrected" films. It is the author's hope that this article will help improve
      the practitioners in-office radiographic technique through the use of the TCD and
      corrected transcranials, thus improving the diagnostic information he obtains.
      This will lead to more appropriate therapy for the orthopedic/orthodontic and the
      Temporomandibular Dysfunction patient.

PMID- 2639117
TI  - The Lynn Maxilla Rotator Combination Appliance and Lynn Archial Face Bow.
AB  - This combination orthopedic traction appliance offers a new dimension in treating
      long faced, mouth breathing patients, who generally exhibit pre-maxillary
      gingival excess and lip incompetency or a short upper lip. The dynamics of
      excessive clockwise growth can be reversed if the physical pressures placed on
      the craniofacial skeletal tissues are reversed. In many instances extraction
      therapy or orthognatic surgery may be unnecessary to achieve acceptable occlusion
      and facial esthetics. Dr. Ullrich Teuscher, M.D., D.M.D., of Zurich, Switzerland
      published an article in the American Journal of Orthodontics in 1978, which
      addressed a growth related traction treatment of Class II facial patterns. This
      appliance expands on this concept with important modifications. There are many
      causes of a "long face". One of the primary causes, however, is upper airway
      compromise. This may be a result of enlargement of the tonsils, adenoids, nasal
      tubinates, nasal polyps, hemangiomas, allergies, nasal septal deviations, nasal
      floor narrowing, etc. In our Westernized society of "non-chewing" youths (most
      fast or processed food we eat today is practically pre-chewed or per-digested),
      the orofacial musculature is lacking in functional use. This condition further
      enhances the lack of full facial development because the necessary forces
      transmitted from the masticatory musculature to the facial skeleton are lacking.
      Therefore, if a person has tendencies toward a narrow-face, nasal vault, etc.,
      there is no chance that nature's inherent counterbalancing forces will have any
      positive effect in resolving the airway compromise by producing wide or broad
      dental arches, because these forces do not exist anymore as a result of no
      necessity to chew food. The purpose of this paper is not to study the etiology of
      upper respiratory compromise, but rather to suggest a possible treatment
      alternative which sequentially counteracts the undesirable forces placed on the
      craniofacial skeleton by the aforementioned pathologies or environmental
      conditions.

PMID- 2639118
TI  - The bone biopsy chamber: an improved method of collecting osseous tissue.
AB  - The bone biopsy chamber (BBC) has been developed for implantation in bone to
      permit the serial biopsy of osseous tissues to study osseointegration. This
      device improves the currently available methodology for studying the
      implant/osseous interfacial zone by providing a means of collecting osseous
      samples for microscopic evaluation in the least invasive manner, and without
      euthanization or en bloc resection. The advantages of the BBC were verified
      through its implantation in the tibia of five young adult Flemish Giant rabbits
      and the serial collection of osseous samples. Following the recommended surgical
      procedures to implant the BBC and obtain osseointegration, osseous samples were
      collected from the five rabbits at 30-, 60-, and 90-day test periods for
      histologic evaluations. Bone specimens were embedded in preparation for staining
      using modified goldner trichrome, toluidine blue, and gallocyanin. Each of the
      sections demonstrated clear evidence of biocompatibility, the different cellular
      components and stages of osteogenesis, and that osseous tissue biopsies were
      possible using this device.

PMID- 2639119
TI  - Immunohistologic analysis of the inflammatory infiltrates associated with
      osseointegrated implants.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies was used in an avidinbiotin immunoperoxidase
      technique to provide an immunohistologic analysis of the inflammatory infiltrates
      in the gingiva of osseointegrated implants. A total of 27 gingival and 13
      interimplant specimens was obtained from 13 patients. Eighteen of the gingival
      specimens were clinically healthy, while nine showed overt signs of clinical
      inflammation (GI = 2 or 3). All specimens showed some degree of inflammation
      histologically, although the size of the inflammatory infiltrate was much greater
      in the clinically inflamed specimens. There was no significant difference in the
      proportion of T (50% to 60%) or B (40% to 50%) lymphocytes in either group. The
      CD4:CD8 ratio also showed no significant difference: 1.6:1 in the healthy group
      and 2.0 in the inflamed group. Similar ratios were also found in the infiltrates
      of the interimplant tissue. The immunohistologic analysis suggests that the
      gingival lesion associated with these implants is a stable, well-controlled
      response.

PMID- 2639120
TI  - Bone response to plasma-cleaned titanium implants.
AB  - Glow-discharged titanium implants, with a presumed high surface energy, and
      conventionally prepared and sterilized titanium implants were inserted in the
      rabbit tibia and femur. The removal torque and histology were compared after 6
      weeks in situ. No qualitative or quantitative differences were detected for
      implants with different preoperative preparation. The results indicate that the
      conventional implant treatment described is sufficient to give a surface
      condition with similar early healing responses as those observed with glow
      discharge-treated implants.

PMID- 2639121
TI  - Comparative evaluation of chewing function with removable partial dentures and
      fixed prostheses supported by the single-crystal sapphire implant in the Kennedy
      Class II partially edentulous mandible.
AB  - Differential chewing function with removable partial dentures (RPDs) and fixed
      prostheses supported by the single-crystal sapphire implant was evaluated in five
      subjects with Kennedy Class II partially edentulous mandibles by means of
      electromyography. Rehabilitation with the single-crystal sapphire implant
      resulted in regular chewing patterns with a low variation coefficient and higher
      activity of chewing-side masticatory muscles compared to RPD rehabilitation. This
      difference in chewing function between the two rehabilitation modalities could be
      the result of differences in stability of occlusion and neurophysiologic feedback
      systems.

PMID- 2639122
TI  - Osteogenesis of the mandible associated with implant reconstruction: a patient
      report.
AB  - A patient report is presented illustrating bone growth of the posterior mandible
      associated with a fixed implant reconstruction of the Branemark type. In this
      instance, the mandible had grown vertically approximately 3 mm and was causing
      discomfort beneath the cantilever sections of the prosthesis because of gingival
      impingement between the restoration and the bony mandible. The literature
      relative to osteogenesis associated with osseointegrated implants is reviewed.

PMID- 2639123
TI  - Radiologic examination for location of the mandibular canal: a comparison between
      panoramic radiography and conventional tomography.
AB  - Panoramic radiography was compared with conventional tomography as techniques for
      visualizing the mandibular canal. Tomography gave a significantly clearer image
      of the canal at and 1 cm posterior to the mental foramen, while no differences
      were found between the methods 2 cm posterior to the mental foramen. Thus,
      tomography could be of great value in locating the mandibular canal before
      implant surgery in edentulous mandibular posterior segments.

PMID- 2639124
TI  - In vivo fracture of a basket-type osseointegrating dental implant: a case report.
AB  - Complete circumferential fracture of a basket-type implant 12 months
      postrestoration is described.

PMID- 2639125
TI  - [Esthetic judgement and standards in orthodontics].

PMID- 2639126
TI  - [Radiculo-dental cyst developing in the sinus].

PMID- 2639127
TI  - [Effect of local immunotherapy on the production of secretory salivary
      immunoglobulins in gingival inflammation].

PMID- 2639128
TI  - [Periodontal disease and patients at risk].

PMID- 2639129
TI  - [Previsualization and dental esthetics].

PMID- 2639130
TI  - [Periodontal therapy in 1989].

PMID- 2639131
TI  - [Some solutions to everyday problems].

PMID- 2639132
TI  - Localization of metastases from medullary thyroid carcinoma using different
      methods.
AB  - We analyzed the efficiency of three different noninvasive methods in the
      localization of recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Nine patients (six
      females and three males) with biochemical evidence of disease after primary
      surgery were subjected to 131I anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) antibody,
      131I meta-iodo-benzylguanidine (MIBG), and computed tomography. Another female
      patient, in biochemical remission for six years after initial surgery, was also
      studied using the same methods. Three of the ten patients had negative results
      with all three methods (including the patient in remission). The other seven
      patients showed abnormal uptake of labeled anti-CEA antibody in various
      localizations; only two of these patients had a corresponding pathological image
      by computed tomography and only one by 131I MIBG. These preliminary results
      suggest that 131I anti-CEA scanning may be the most sensitive noninvasive method
      for the localization of MTC recurrences.

PMID- 2639133
TI  - A preliminary evaluation of calcitonin and PDN-21 as tumor markers for lung
      cancer. EORTC Lung Cancer Working Party.
AB  - Immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) can be ectopically secreted by lung cancer cells
      and has been proposed as a tumor marker for bronchial neoplasms. Since PDN-21
      (katacalcin or the carboxyl-terminal flanking peptide of the calcitonin gene) and
      CT are cosecreted in normal subjects and in patients with medullary thyroid
      carcinoma (MTC), we sought to determine the potential utility of PDN-21 as a
      tumor marker for lung cancer. We measured carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neurone
      specific enolase (NSE), iCT, and PDN-21 in 119 to 378 healthy subjects, 88 to 91
      patients with benign pulmonary disease, and 249 patients with advanced lung
      cancer (108 small cell lung cancers and 141 other forms). Tumor marker
      specificity was satisfactory: the percentage of increased values (greater than
      the 95th percentile of normal subjects) in patients with benign pulmonary
      diseases varied from 9% (NSE, PDN-21) to 12% (CEA). PDN-21 was a more sensitive
      marker for lung cancer than iCT: the percentage of increased values was 44% for
      PDN-21 versus 19% for iCT, and 51% versus 23% for the subgroup of patients with
      small cell lung cancer (SCLC). PDN-21 concentrations were increased in 69 (34%)
      of 202 patients with a normal iCT level, whereas iCT concentrations were
      increased in only six (4%) of 139 patients with a normal PDN-21 level. However,
      markedly elevated concentrations of the two markers generally occurred in the
      same patients and the correlation between the two markers was significant (rs =
      0.60; P less than 0.01). PDN-21 provided complementary information to that from
      the classical markers NSE and CEA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2639134
TI  - Transcriptional regulation of the human calcitonin gene: a progress report.
AB  - We have applied DNA transfer techniques to study the transcriptional regulation
      of the calcitonin (CT) gene in a C-cell line (TT) derived from a human medullary
      thyroid carcinoma. TT cells were transfected with a fusion gene containing the CT
      gene promoter and 5'-flanking DNA attached to the promoter-less growth hormone
      gene (reporter). We quantitated the reporter gene product to monitor
      transcriptional activation by the CT promoter and deletion mutants of the 5'
      flanking DNA. We found that the proximal CT promoter which includes the DNA
      sequence from +1 to -129 bp upstream from the CT transcription start site did not
      induce transcription in C-cells or in NIH 3T3 cells. The attachment of additional
      5'-flanking DNA, extending up to -1460 bp enhanced transcription up to twelvefold
      in TT cells but had no effect on transcription in 3T3 cells. Deletion of a
      sequence located at -1290 to -820 bp on the CT 5'-flanking DNA abolished the
      transcription of the reporter gene. Attachment of the DNA sequence located
      between -1333 to -731 to the fusion gene, containing the CT promoter (+1 to -129)
      and the reporter gene, restored transcription of the reporter gene in TT cells.
      We conclude that an enhancer of CT transcription, which is active in C-cells but
      not in 3T3 cells, is located between -1290 and -820 of the CT 5'-flanking DNA.

PMID- 2639136
TI  - Changing practice: strategies for corrective action.

PMID- 2639135
TI  - Evolutionary pathways of the calcitonin (CALC) genes.
AB  - Recombinant DNA techniques have made it possible to establish the structure of
      various genes encoding polypeptide hormones. Comparison of nucleotide sequences
      of the calcitonin (CALC) genes in man has revealed surprising similarities and
      variations. These findings and the homologies among the sequences in different
      species offered an opportunity for speculation about relationships between these
      genes and about their evolutionary origin. The first gene (CALC-I) directing the
      synthesis of calcitonin (CT) or CT gene-related peptide (CGRP) comprises six
      exons and gives rise to two mRNAs by an alternative RNA-processing mechanism. The
      homology between CGRP and CT reflects their common origin. The human genome
      contains a second gene (CALC-II) that is structurally related to the CALC-I gene.
      The CALC-II RNA transcripts do not appear to be differentially processed, as only
      preproCGRP-II mRNA and not preproCT-II is detected. The first and second CT/CGRP
      genes probably have evolved from a common ancestor gene early in evolution.
      Meanwhile, a third genomic locus containing nucleotide sequences highly
      homologous to exons 2 and 3 of both CALC genes was detected and probably
      generated by duplication of a part of CALC-II. This locus is not likely to encode
      a CT- or CGRP-related polypeptide hormone. The CALC genes and this last (pseudo)
      gene are located on the short arm of chromosome 11. Recently, islet- or
      insulinoma-amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) was isolated as a major constituent of
      amyloid present in human insulinoma and in pancreatic islet amyloid in noninsulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus. IAPP shows 46% amino acid sequence homology with
      human CGRP-II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2639137
TI  - Quality assurance activities.

PMID- 2639138
TI  - QA: behavioral responses to change.

PMID- 2639139
TI  - Changing practice as a result of a collaborative staff--student QA experience.

PMID- 2639140
TI  - Management structures to facilitate practice changes subsequent to QA activities.

PMID- 2639141
TI  - Maintaining quality in clinical research and evaluation: when corrective action
      is necessary.

PMID- 2639142
TI  - Improving practice in ambulatory care: development of an ambulatory nursing QA
      program.

PMID- 2639143
TI  - Comparison of normal versus heparinized saline for flushing infusion devices.

PMID- 2639144
TI  - Effecting a change in nursing practice: pressure ulcer prevention.

PMID- 2639145
TI  - A comprehensive QA structured transport system: a qualitative and quantitative
      approach to improving patient care.

PMID- 2639146
TI  - A survey of educational needs of nurses regarding QA.

PMID- 2639147
TI  - Implementing corrective action plans with power.

PMID- 2639148
TI  - Multi-phase treatment consultation outline.

PMID- 2639149
TI  - Space maintenance with the Garcia-Godoy appliance.

PMID- 2639150
TI  - Practice management with spreadsheets.

PMID- 2639151
TI  - Effects of activator treatment on Class II, division 1 malocclusion.

PMID- 2639152
TI  - Edgewise bioprogressive Herbst appliance.

PMID- 2639153
TI  - 1989 JCO orthodontic practice study. 1. Trends.

PMID- 2639154
TI  - Myofascial trigger points.

PMID- 2639155
TI  - Reproximation and recontouring made simple.

PMID- 2639156
TI  - Effect of arthroscopic temporomandibular joint surgery on articular disk
      position.
AB  - This study used magnetic resonance imaging to assess disk-condyle relationships
      before and after arthroscopic surgery. Disk positions relative to condyles were
      found to be generally unchanged, despite the greater range of opening. Clinical
      findings were positive symptomatic changes with improved interincisal openings in
      11 of 12 patients (92%). The results suggest that the clinical success of
      arthroscopic surgery as a treatment modality does not occur as a result of disk
      repositioning or recapturing.

PMID- 2639157
TI  - Effects of canine versus molar occlusal splint guidance on nocturnal bruxism and
      craniomandibular symptomatology.
AB  - The use of interocclusal orthopedic appliances is the most common method for
      managing nocturnal bruxism and associated craniomandibular symptoms. Yet there is
      no consensus on the mechanism of action or best design for optimal clinical
      results. Posterior disocclusion through canine or anterior guidance is believed
      to be a key feature. The purpose of this study was to compare a canine versus
      molar guidance appliance in eight chronic bruxist patients. The appliances were
      used for 10 to 14 nights. The two appliances provided nearly equivalent effects
      on nocturnal bruxism in seven of eight subjects. Clinical examination and
      subjective pain ratings did not differ with the two guidance patterns. These
      results question the common assumption that canine guidance is a critical design
      feature for the management of nocturnal bruxism and associated craniomandibular
      symptoms.

PMID- 2639158
TI  - Effect of serotonin antagonists on patients with atypical facial pain.
AB  - The effect of the serotonin antagonist iprazochrome was studied in 30 patients
      with atypical facial pain and 10 control nonpain volunteers. The aim of the study
      was to investigate the effect of a single dose of iprazochrome and of its short
      term administration in patients with chronic pain. Twelve of the 30 patients
      reported increased pain, 16 reported no effect, and two reported pain relief for
      some hours after taking iprazochrome. None of the controls reported any effect
      from iprazochrome. Four of the 12 patients who reported increased pain also
      reported increased pain in distant organs, especially in the joints. A hypothesis
      of the mechanism is presented and a possible use of iprazochrome as a diagnostic
      tool is suggested.

PMID- 2639159
TI  - TMJ arthroscopy--a preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation protocol.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to familiarize the specialist with surgical
      arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint and to present a preoperative and
      postoperative rehabilitation protocol for patients undergoing this increasingly
      popular procedure. Clinical uses of arthroscopy are listed, and the criteria for
      arthroscopic intervention are described. The rationale for a comprehensive
      rehabilitation program is discussed in view of anatomic, neurologic, and
      functional relationships between the craniomandibular and craniocervical regions.
      Next, a preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation protocol is presented along
      with therapeutic goals for each phase of care. The timing and sequence of the
      protocol is intended to be a general guide, since modifications will be necessary
      depending on the extent of disk and supportive ligament damage as well as
      individual responses to rehabilitation.

PMID- 2639160
TI  - Association of occlusal variables among refined TM patient diagnostic groups.
AB  - One hundred ninety-six TMJ patients differentiated into five diagnostic groups
      (disk displacement with reduction [n = 40], disk displacement without reduction
      [n = 14], TMJ osteoarthrosis with a history of past locking [n = 32], TMJ
      osteoarthrosis without a history of past locking [n = 30], myalgia only [n = 80])
      were compared with 222 nonpatient controls for specific occlusal variables. The
      patient groups could not be differentiated according to the absence of RCP-ICP
      slide per se, crossbite, or symmetry of RCP contacts. Among males with reducing
      disk displacement, Class I was less common and Class II division 1 was more
      common than in controls. Asymmetric RCP-ICP slides and a combination of
      unilateral RCP contact and no clinically visible RCP-ICP slide were more
      prevalent in women with reducing disk displacement. Large RCP-ICP slides,
      asymmetric slides, and anterior open bite were associated with osteoarthrosis,
      but this study could not state if these associations were etiologic or secondary.
      Totally asymptomatic controls were characterized by a lack of anterior open bite,
      small symmetric RCP-ICP slides (greater than 0 less than 1 mm), and bilateral
      occlusal contact in RCP. By comparing a control group to well-defined patient
      diagnostic groups rather than according to symptoms, selective occlusal variables
      appear more closely associated with some TMJ disorders than indicated in past
      studies with less specific populations.

PMID- 2639161
TI  - An unusual presentation of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.
AB  - A case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with increased bone density on
      radiographic presentation but a normal histologic appearance of dense trabecular
      bone is presented. Peculiar to this case of fibrous dysplasia was that treatment
      took place relatively late in the patient's life.

PMID- 2639162
TI  - [Granuloma or cyst? The unknown chronic periapical lesion].
AB  - The periapical lesions, granuloma and cyst, are being dealt with in modern
      scientific articles. The ethiology, whether it be infectious, traumatic, physical
      or chemical, is reviewed and mention is made of the fact that pulpal necrosis or
      gangrene is a prerequisite for these chronic proliferous lesions. According to
      epidemiological studies, the granuloma is observed more often than the cyst and
      the cyst more often in the upper jaw bone. Furthermore, certain teeth show a
      particular susceptibility to one or the other of these lesions. An x-ray is not
      sufficient to assure the appropriate clinical diagnosis. Electrophoresis and
      histopathology does, however, allow one to do the same. Acting as an
      immunological entity, the granuloma is less of an immunological irritation than a
      local defense protective barrier.

PMID- 2639163
TI  - [Techniques in the use of new sealing agents in the prevention of dental caries].
AB  - The prevention of pit and fissure caries by the use sealants has been a part of
      dentistry for at least the last ten years. As a result of recent studies, a
      certain number of characteristics relative to this technique need to be
      evaluated. The purpose of this article is to assist the practitioner in the use
      of this new material and even more so to let the practitioner understand the
      technical aspects related to applying sealants. A review of the literature on the
      efficiency of sealants and their short or long term retention rates has been done
      in the past and is not a component of this article. The originality of the review
      of literature, in this instance, rests with the fact that is will allow the
      reader to better understand the technique and the choice of materials when
      applying sealants.

PMID- 2639164
TI  - [Oral manifestations of anorexia nervosa].
AB  - The oral manifestations of anorexia nervosa are presented with the help of
      published articles from the last fifteen years. After a brief history of the
      disease, the epidemiology and etiology are dealt with in detail. The clinical,
      systemic and oral symptoms are described. Finally, the various systemic,
      psychological and dental treatments are discussed.

PMID- 2639165
TI  - [Computerized dental tomography: technique with indications for future use].
AB  - This article relates to the technique of computerized tomography. New indications
      for this technique are described and especially those used in implantology.
      Several axial and coronal sections are presented.

PMID- 2639166
TI  - Self-psychology's contributions to understanding stress and implications for
      nursing.

PMID- 2639167
TI  - Stress-related gastrointestinal disorders.

PMID- 2639168
TI  - Asthma and stress.

PMID- 2639169
TI  - Stress and stressors in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2639170
TI  - Diabetes and stress across the life span.

PMID- 2639171
TI  - Analysis of the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 2639172
TI  - Cultural complexity: the hidden stressors.

PMID- 2639173
TI  - Trauma care nursing: issues and challenges.

PMID- 2639174
TI  - Multiple-system trauma: nursing implications.

PMID- 2639175
TI  - Concept clarification: theoretic and clinical validation of trauma nursing
      diagnoses.

PMID- 2639176
TI  - Trauma triage: a nursing model.

PMID- 2639177
TI  - Multiple trauma: survival after the Golden Hour.

PMID- 2639178
TI  - Posttrauma responses: potential for nursing.

PMID- 2639179
TI  - Trauma nursing: opportunities for learning.

PMID- 2639180
TI  - Organ and tissue donation: a nurse's final act of care.

PMID- 2639181
TI  - Trauma nursing research: the state of the art revisited.

PMID- 2639182
TI  - Penetrating trauma: critical interventions in an urban trauma setting.

PMID- 2639183
TI  - Registered nurses in the prehospital environment.

PMID- 2639184
TI  - [Dental anomalies and eruption problems].
AB  - Abnormalities of the dental system can disturb dental and periodontal
      architecture. Anatomical factors and teeth eruption play a main role in these
      disturbances. The aim of this paper is to describe clinical examples of these
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2639185
TI  - [Orthodontic and periodontal considerations for labially placed canines in cleft
      lip and palate].
AB  - Clefts can present themselves at any time after the eruption of the permanent
      teeth. The authors describe methods for managing these defects which include both
      orthodontic movement and periodontal therapy. The treatment differs depending on
      the dimension of the clefts and its location.

PMID- 2639186
TI  - [Autotransplantation of immature teeth and treatment planning].
AB  - The early treatment plan will improve the longevity of patients with agenesies,
      endodontic and periodontal problems. The surgical technic = autotransplantation
      of germs is helpful and efficient. Indications, modalities of treatment and
      results are presented here in a 4 years follow up.

PMID- 2639187
TI  - [Autotransplantation: technic and long-term results].
AB  - Dental transplantation can be a useful and efficious technic. It was first
      described by Ambroise Pare and the authors have had over 12 years success and
      failures enough to present clinical cases and illustrations of the surgery and
      the orthodontic treatment. Success depends essentially on the right indication,
      the time and the exact methodical technic, reproducible in a treatment plan.

PMID- 2639188
TI  - [Posterior bite collapse. 1. Etiology and diagnosis].
AB  - The posterior Bite Collapse is a sequelae of advanced break down. The presence of
      periodontal inflammation and loss of osseous support can induce teeth migration
      in a direction partially imposed by occlusal forces. Posterior Bite Collapse
      often causes mesial drifting of the posterior teeth and flaring of the anterior
      segments. It may be aggravated by early loss of teeth that are not replaced, by
      malocclusion or by a neuro muscular disorder.

PMID- 2639189
TI  - [Crown lengthening by orthodontic extrusion. Principles and technics].
AB  - Forced Eruption by orthodontic means is an effective way of managing subgingival
      caries and root fractures at the level of the osseous crest or below. It allows
      the dentist to construct restorations on otherwise hopeless teeth and maintains
      the biologic distance between the apical portion of the junctional epithelium and
      the alveolar crest.

PMID- 2639190
TI  - [Periodontal response to orthodontic treatment].
AB  - Monkeys bicuspids were subjected to experimental periodontitis inducing pockets
      with bifurcation involvement. Light continuous extrusive and intrusive forces
      were then applied on these bicuspids. The extrusive forces were applied on 3
      monkeys; bone apposition was obtained. The intrusive forces were applied on 4
      monkeys after pocket surgery and careful root surface scaling. A meticulous
      hygiene program was then maintained. In these conditions new attachment was
      gained through intrusion.

PMID- 2639191
TI  - [Aspects of distribution of plasma cells at the advancing front of the lesion in
      chronic periodontitis: a quantitative ultrastructural study].
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the distribution of plasma cells within the
      soft tissue walls of interdental deep pockets from patients with adult (AP) and
      juvenile/post-juvenile (JP/PJP) periodontitis. Biopsies from 20 patients and 3
      control volunteers were examined: 5 with treated AP, 5 with untreated AP, 5 with
      treated JP/PJP and 5 with untreated JP/PJP. No plasma cells were seen within the
      epithelium from any of the biopsies examined, and they were very sparse within
      the connective tissue from the control specimens. In all the pathological
      specimens examined there was marked tissue destruction. The percentage density of
      plasma cells tended to be statistically significantly higher in JP/PJP than in
      AP, and in untreated than in treated lesions. The statistical analysis showed
      also that plasma cells were more abundant in a layer deep to the neutrophils
      lining the basement membrane. Plasma cells were also more abundant in areas of
      extensive histological inflammation. The plasma cells were often degenerate and
      such degeneration appeared more evident in JP/PJP and in areas of connective
      tissue devoid of vascular tissue. These findings appear to indicate an
      association between increase of collagen destruction and increase in plasma cell
      percentage density. This may relate in turn to an increase in penetration and/or
      virulence of components of the subgingival plaque following an increase in tissue
      permeability. The scarcity of Russell bodies within the plasma cells would
      suggest that immunoglobulin production and secretion are normal.

PMID- 2639192
TI  - [Use of human epithelial cultures in mucogingival surgery].
AB  - A clinical technique utilizing autologous cultured epithelial cells in vestibule
      deepening operations is described. Epithelial cells from oral mucosa were grown
      in tissue culture on a feeder layer, released from their flasks and placed with
      the basal side up on the recipient beds. The cultured cells induced rapid healing
      of the wound, which was free of pain and contractions. The greatest advantage of
      this technique is that there is no size limitation on wounds that can be covered
      by cultured epithelial cells.

PMID- 2639193
TI  - [Histological study of periodontal healing of surgically displaced human teeth].
AB  - Mandibular incisors had to be extracted on a 52 years old patient. The aim of
      this investigation was to study, the periodontal healing of teeth surgically
      displaced after bone resections (alveolar, buccal and apical). 3 years later, the
      teeth were extracted and treated for microscopic observation. No new attachment
      was seen on the curetted roots, except where the periodontal ligament had been
      preserved. The concept of cellular sociology was suggested to explain the sites
      of radicular resorption. An hypothesis was then put forward: epithelial
      formations present in the periodontal ligament are not of an embryologic origin
      (Malassez debris) but are issued from the migration of epithelial cords during
      new formation of the junctional epithelium.

PMID- 2639194
TI  - [Cyclosporin and gingival hyperplasia: apropos of three clinical cases].
AB  - Three cases of extensive gingival hyperplasia associated with long-term
      cyclosporine therapy are presented. Following periodontal therapy, the patients
      have been maintained well for 15 months. The authors attempt to explain the etio
      pathology of gingival hyperplasia following the use of immunosuppressant drugs.
      They stress the need for better understanding of this phenomenon among physicians
      who prescribe cyclosporine.

PMID- 2639195
TI  - [0.1% chlorhexidine mouthwash for gingival inflammation in diabetic adults:
      double blind study].
AB  - The effects of a program of 0.1% chlorhexidine mouthrinse was studied on diabetic
      adult patients with periodontal disease. The experimental group consisted of 19
      diabetic patients on the chlorhexidine regime, while the control group of 21
      patients used a placebo mouthrinse. The effects were measured utilizing the
      plaque index, gingival index and pocket depths. The results showed a significant
      improvement in gingival inflammation and pockets depths in the experimental
      (chlorhexidine) group.

PMID- 2639196
TI  - [Radiographic evaluation in periodontology: development of technics].
AB  - The recent development of digital imaging techniques for the analysis of dental
      radiographs provides an improved method for quantifying subtle changes in
      alveolar bone. The major application of this methodology appears to be in
      clinical trials.

PMID- 2639197
TI  - Toward an era of relapse prevention in chemical dependency: what can dentistry do
      to help?

PMID- 2639198
TI  - [Recent progress in alternatives to toxicity tests. 2. Tissue culture using
      mammalian fetuses].

PMID- 2639199
TI  - [Use of primary cultured hepatocytes for toxicology].
AB  - Toxicological studies using primary cultured hepatocytes were reviewed. Primary
      cultures of mature hepatocytes retain many liver functions and various hormonal
      responses for long term. Therefore, this system overcomes various limitations of
      another in vitro system using liver. Toxicological studies using primary cultured
      hepatocytes showed high correlation to in vivo studies, for example, in vitro
      screening of inducible chemicals of hepatitis, and unscheduled DNA synthesis
      activity, etc. But there still remain some shortcomings, for example, rapid loss
      of cytochrome P450 and other drug metabolizing enzymes. A number of attempts to
      modify culture conditions resulted in long term maintenance of these enzymes.
      Recently Guzelian and colleagues established that using matrigel coated dishes,
      primary cultured hepatocytes expressed highly and maintained cytochrome P450 and
      other specific genes for long periods like in vivo. In the future study using
      cultured hepatocytes, if it can culture more long term or subculture as
      maintenance liver functions, not only rodent hepatocytes but also human
      hepatocytes are more useful for toxicological assessments and screening of drugs
      for liver diseases.

PMID- 2639200
TI  - [Recent progress in alternatives to toxicity tests. 4. Cultured renal epithelial
      cells].

PMID- 2639201
TI  - Reduction of conjugation capacity in isolated perfused livers: a method of in
      vitro toxicity testing.

PMID- 2639202
TI  - [Problems of species specificity in toxicity evaluation. 1. Rats].

PMID- 2639203
TI  - [Problems of species specificity in toxicity evaluation. 2. Dogs].

PMID- 2639204
TI  - [Problems of species specificities in toxicity evaluation. 3. Monkeys].

PMID- 2639205
TI  - [Problems of species specificity in toxicity evaluation. 4. Species specificity
      in physiological functions].

PMID- 2639206
TI  - [Problems of species specificity in toxicity evaluation. 5. Species specificity
      in pharmacokinetics].

PMID- 2639207
TI  - [Recent progress in technology of toxicity testing. 1. Image processing devices].

PMID- 2639208
TI  - [Recent progress in technology of toxicity testing. 2. Devices for general
      toxicity tests].

PMID- 2639210
TI  - [Recent progress in technology of toxicity testing. 4. Tests on sensory
      functions].

PMID- 2639209
TI  - [Recent progress in technology in toxicity testing. 3. Tests on circulatory
      functions, with special reference to the study of the functions at a cellular
      level].

PMID- 2639211
TI  - [Recent progress in technology in toxicity testing. 5. Preparation and
      application of drugs].

PMID- 2639212
TI  - [Recent progress in alternatives to toxicity tests. 1. Significance of
      alternatives to acute toxicity tests].

PMID- 2639213
TI  - [Evaluation of surgical methods in the treatment of retinal detachment during the
      years 1979-1987].
AB  - The authors present the results of treatment by conventional methods of patients
      with retinal detachment in the period of 9 years. Reattachment of the retina was
      achieved in 78.3% of cases. The use of indirect funduscopy with a binocular
      ophthalmoscope for an intraoperative localization of the retinal holes as well as
      for their control and the intensity of cryopexy became a factor which increases
      the efficacy of the surgical treatment of retinal detachment.

PMID- 2639214
TI  - [Proceedings of the 17th Retinology Symposium. Mragowo, 28-29 April 1989. I].

PMID- 2639215
TI  - [Comparative results of the past and present surgical treatment of retinal
      detachment].
AB  - Compared are the surgical methods and postoperative results of retinal detachment
      surgery used in the years 1976-1980 and in the last 7 years. In the last years
      89.7% of favourable results have been achieved and this is a much better result
      than 58.6% in the former period.

PMID- 2639216
TI  - [Surgical treatment of retinal detachment with and without puncture of the
      subretinal space].
AB  - Proposed are indications for a drainage of the subretinal space on the basis of
      results of 345 retinal detachment operations with and without evacuation of the
      subretinal fluid. These indications are dependent on the recognition of the so
      called prognostical factors unfavourable for the surgical treatment of retinal
      detachment.

PMID- 2639217
TI  - [Cerclage of the eyeball: indications and results].
AB  - One hundred and seventy five cerclage operations had been performed in the last 5
      years; this was 85 times connected with an extrascleral invagination, Paufique's
      pocket was applied in 3 cases of macular holes and additionally in 3 cases an
      injection of SF6 gas was used. The operation was performed in 5 aphakic eyes and
      in 71 myopic eyes. Cerclage had been used 94 times as a first approach, in 15
      cases it was a reoperation. Cerclage with an extrascleral implant had been used
      in 81 cases (in 15 cases as a reoperation). Reattachment of the retina was
      attained in 127 cases (73.7%). The most frequent cause of failure was the
      impossibility of finding the hole or an intense vitreoretinopathy.

PMID- 2639218
TI  - [Cerclage of the eyeball with silicone sponge as a successive procedure in severe
      retinal detachment].
AB  - Examined were eighty nine eyes operated for recurrent retinal detachment which
      were subjected--as an ultimate intervention--to cerclage by means of a silicone
      sponge with diathermocoagulation of the sclera and with evacuation of the
      subretinal fluid. In part of the patients one performed additionally a laser
      coagulation of the retina, scleral cryopexy, intravitreal injection of SF6 gas as
      well as a posterior vitrectomy. Reattachment of the retina followed in 65 eyes
      (73%).

PMID- 2639219
TI  - [Evaluation of a hard silicone implant in the surgical treatment of retinal
      detachment].
AB  - In the period 1980-1987 82 patients with retinal detachment were treated
      surgically with the use of a hard silicone implant and a tightening band. A
      favourable result in the form of retinal reattachment and improvement of the
      visual functions was achieved in 76% of patients.

PMID- 2639220
TI  - [Results of the surgical treatment of retinal detachment by scleral buckling
      using the Lincoff-Kreissig balloon].
AB  - Fifty patients with retinal detachment were treated by invagination of the sclera
      with a Lincoff-Kreissig balloon and transconjunctival cryopexy. Reattachment was
      achieved in the early period in 88% and in the late one in 80%.

PMID- 2639221
TI  - [Evaluation of silicone sponge implant in the surgical treatment of retinal
      detachment].
AB  - In the period 1980-1987 158 adult patients with retinal detachment were operated
      by modified Schepens' method with the use of a silicone sponge implant. A
      favourable result of operation--as well from the anatomical as functional point
      of view--was achieved in 145 patients (91.8%).

PMID- 2639222
TI  - [Evaluation of the methods of surgical treatment of retinal detachment with
      perforation of the posterior pole based on 10 years' clinical data].
AB  - In the period 1978-1987 20 eyes were operated for retinal detachment with a hole
      in the posterior pole. Various surgical methods were applied with a preponderance
      of the extrascleral surgery in 1978-1985. In cases of existence of a hole at the
      posterior pole reattachment of the retina was achieved in 63.7%. Instead in cases
      of a hole at the posterior pole and at the periphery the reattachment of the
      retina was observed in 55.6%. In the years 1985-1987 after application of
      endotamponade with a gas and a laser photocoagulation the percentage of a cure
      increased (3 cases--3 reattachments).

PMID- 2639223
TI  - [Evaluation of the surgical treatment of retinal detachment in children. Personal
      data].
AB  - Twenty nine children aged 8-18 years with retinal detachment were treated in the
      period 1980-1987. The cause of detachment was in 27 cases injury and in 2 cases
      rupture of a congenital retinal cyst. In the majority of cases the detachment was
      connected with a dialysis at the ora serrata and comprised two quadrants of the
      fundus' periphery. The operation in 25 children consisted on implantation of a
      silicone sponge. A hard silicone implant situated intrasclerally with a band
      round the globe was used in 3 persons. A cerclage of the eye ball with a silicone
      sponge was performed only in one child. In 25 children the retina reattached
      after operation.

PMID- 2639224
TI  - [Effectiveness of the methods of surgical treatment of retinal detachment during
      the years 1983-1987].
AB  - The authors made an analysis of the surgical methods in 94 cases of retinal
      detachment. In 36 cases it was a cerclage, in 44 an episcleral implant. In 8
      patients invagination of the sclera was performed, in 3 photocoagulation as a
      separate intervention and in 3--cerclage with a simultaneous episcleral implant.
      Reattachment of the retina was achieved in 69.1% of cases.

PMID- 2639225
TI  - Frequency dependence of the suppressive effects of vibration on atherosclerosis
      in the rabbit.
AB  - Whole-body vibration suppresses the development of atherosclerosis in the rabbit
      (Oki and Matoba, 1987). The present study was designed to clarify whether the
      effect of vibration on atherosclerosis depends on the frequency of vibration.
      Longitudinal vibrations at a frequency of 30 or 60 Hz was applied to 12 New
      Zealand white rabbits for 12 weeks. The gradual decrease in body weight and blood
      hematocrit in the vibration groups with time were parallel to the changes in the
      controls. The rate of increase in serum lipid concentrations induced by a
      cholesterol-rich diet was significantly suppressed in the vibration groups, as
      compared to the controls. This may be due to the vibration and not the diet. The
      aortic wall was thinner at 60 Hz than at 30 Hz, whereas the ratios of trace
      metals (Ca/Mg and Zn/Cu) in the aortic tissues were smaller at 30 Hz. The area of
      plaque formation in the intima was smaller at 60 Hz than at 30 Hz (p less than
      0.05). Thus, the suppressive effect of vibration on the development of
      atherosclerosis in the aorta may be greater at a frequency of 60 Hz than at 30
      Hz. Vibration may play an important role in lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2639226
TI  - Surgical management of residual gastric cancer.
AB  - From 1966 to 1985, 2130 patients with gastric cancer were admitted to our
      surgical department. Among these cancers, gastric cancer following partial
      gastrectomy for benign gastroduodenal lesion were present in 22 (1%) patients.
      The original pathology was gastric ulcers in 64% (14 patients), duodenal ulcers
      in 23% (5 patients), combined gastric and duodenal ulcers in 9% (2 patients), and
      leiomyoma of the gastric cardia in 4% (1 patient). Fourteen patients were
      reconstructed by Billroth II, 7 by Billroth I, and one had an esophagogastrostomy
      after a proximal gastrectomy. The cancer in 19 (86%) patients was resected and 3
      (14%) could not be resected. Only 2 (9%) were early cancer, 20 (89%) were
      advanced cancer including 11 (50%) with Borrmann type 3. A higher proportion of
      positive lymphnode metastasis was observed for residual gastric cancer (84%) than
      for primary gastric cancer (49%). The overall 5-year survival rate was 32%, with
      a 5-year survival rate of 45% for those who underwent curative resection.

PMID- 2639227
TI  - Cerebral artery blood flow velocity waveforms in normal and small for dates
      fetuses.
AB  - Middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood flow velocity waveforms were recorded by a
      pulsed Doppler system in normal and small for dates (SFD) fetuses. Eighty four
      normal growth fetuses and 15 SFD fetuses were studied between the 28th and 40th
      gestational week. The flow velocity waveforms were analysed to determine the
      resistance index (RI = peak systolic velocity minus end diastolic velocity/peak
      systolic velocity). The results obtained were as follows: 1. The mean values of
      RI in the MCA had a peak of 0.802 +/- 0.049 at 32-33 gestational weeks and
      decreased gradually to a level of 0.686 +/- 0.087 at 40 gestational weeks. 2. In
      8 asymmetrical SFD fetuses, the RI values for the MCA were below the normal range
      (mean -1.5 SD) in 6 cases and normal in 2 cases. 3. The RI values for MCA in all
      7 symmetrical SFD fetuses were in the normal range.

PMID- 2639228
TI  - Therapeutic and staging operations for endometrial carcinomas.
AB  - A staging error can lead to a treatment failure in the management of patients
      with malignant diseases. The actual progression of endometrial carcinoma was
      postoperatively examined in twenty patients with clinical stage II disease
      classified by FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics)
      criteria. In seven of 20 patients (35%), extrauterine lesions were revealed at
      surgery. These seven stage-up tumors included three grade 3 endometrioid cancers,
      three uterine papillary serous carcinomas (UPSC) and one grade 2 endometrioid
      tumor with deep myometrial invasion. The sites of the extrauterine lesions were
      determined. The grade 2 cancer was associated with parametrial invasions and
      positive pelvic lymph nodes. One grade 3 endometrioid tumor and two UPSCs had
      positive periaortic lymph nodes. Omental involvements were revealed in one grade
      3 cancer and two UPSCs, indicating that the pattern of spreading of endometrial
      cancer with a malignant histology is similar to the spreading of ovarian cancer.
      Since the both endometrium and ovarian surface epithelium have a common
      histologic origin in the early embryonic stage, a similar biological
      characteristics of these tumors are suggested. From the results, it is
      recommended that a radical hysterectomy with periaortic lymph node dissection,
      omentectomy and peritoneal washing cytology be performed for endometrial cancer
      with a malignant histology or deep myometrial invasion to obtain the actual
      staging which is necessary for maximal curative potential.

PMID- 2639229
TI  - Development of a microwave-induced hyperthermia system with multiple applicators.
AB  - A hyperthermia system which has been developed for clinical use is described.
      Five helical coil applicators operating at the microwave frequency of 2450 MHz
      were used for inducing hyperthermia in superficial tumors to the depth of
      approximately 5 cm in regions of extreme curvature (i.e. extremities, breasts,
      head and neck) by superimposing several beams from the multiple applicators. The
      microwave generators were controlled by a microcomputer governed by temperature
      measurements from thermocouple probes inserted into the tissue. This system was
      evaluated with respect to the local specific absorption rate (SAR) of the
      electromagnetic energy for two agar gel phantoms. The relationship of temperature
      versus depth in four patients was measured with 2-4 applicators (total, 250-600
      Watt). Up to May, 1989, 70 patients with superficial tumors, esophageal cancer
      and carcinoma colli had been treated with radiotherapy combined and local
      hyperthermia using this system.

PMID- 2639230
TI  - Detection of human malignant melanoma with gallium-67 citrate and N-isopropyl-(I
      123) p-iodo-amphetamine.
AB  - Using N-isopropyl-(I-123)p-iodo-amphetamine (I-123 IMP) and gallium-67 citrate,
      it was possible to detect human malignant melanomas. I-123 IMP imaging was
      helpful in detecting melanomas occurring in the legs and arms, and the 4 hour
      image was better than the 1 hour image. Moreover, while gallium scintigraphy more
      clearly detects human malignant melanoma, I-123 IMP allows for the detection of
      human malignant melanoma within 1 hour after administration.

PMID- 2639231
TI  - [Changes in the TMJ in the intrauterine and extrauterine period of life].
AB  - The aim of this work is the study of hte prenatal and postnatal development of
      the human temporomandibular joint. Ten of human embryos and fetuses and six joint
      of young children were sectioned sagittally and frontally, decalcified where
      necessary and stained using Mallory and Cajall-Callengo techniques. At the
      eighteen gestational week the condylar blastema became evident, the temporal
      blastema appeared later. At the twenty-second week all the structure of the joint
      were present, but the morphogenesis was not completed as one could observe from
      the preparations the Meckel's cartilage. A key observation from the study of
      features and embryos was that the condylar cartilage wasn't uniformly distributed
      on the condylar surface bur it was located in posterior-lateral area. At birth
      TMJ showed some characteristics typical of this period such as : a flat temporal
      component a disc with blood vessels and a condyle with connective-vascular
      channels. These characteristics will disappear later in the life at about 3-5
      years.

PMID- 2639233
TI  - [Role of the lip-bumper in nonextraction orthodontic therapy: clinical
      statistical study].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphologic and dimensional
      changes of lower arch that might occur in patients undergoing treatment with the
      lip-bumper. After a brief examination of the clinical applications of lip-bumper,
      we report the results of a research concerning 20 children in the mixed dentition
      period. The effect of this simple orthodontic appliance has been an expansion of
      the mandibular dental arch, with a real increase of arch length and transverse
      dimension. Therefore the lip-bumper can be used in non-extraction treatment of
      malocclusion, in order to obtain a space recovery in lower arch.

PMID- 2639232
TI  - [Cephalometric evaluation of soft tissue in orthodontic treatment planning].
AB  - The starting point of an orthodontic treatment is represented by a complete and a
      correct diagnosis. Therefore the Authors investigated the need of a soft tissue
      analysis that is related to the University of Connecticut cephalometric analysis.
      The authors emphasize the importance of the vertical, horizontal and angular
      index in some patients with values different from the normal values. The soft
      tissue and esthetic data allow to finalize the orthodontic treatment to the
      esthetic improvement (besides occlusal) for the patients needs.

PMID- 2639234
TI  - [Lingual appliances. 3].
AB  - We have introduced the set-up methodology and the ideal arc setting in our
      brackets laying studies in order to eliminate the complications connected with
      the shape of the tongue surface. The teeth have been put in the final position by
      means of the set-up. So you can always, during the treatment, establish the right
      connection between the teeth and the composite placed between the bracket base
      and the tongue surface of the teeth, and choice the right high to avoid teeth
      brackets and bracket-bracket premature touch.

PMID- 2639235
TI  - [Cephalometric postural parameters and dental malocclusion].
AB  - The role of the cephalometric analysis in the diagnosis of the posture in the
      orthodontic patient results from the analysis on 204 cases with different types
      of malocclusion. Four parameters cranio-cervicals are used and the results are a
      very large frequency of anterior posture of the head and neck, especially in
      Class II skeletal and in the dolicofacial type. The importance of this analysis
      is evident for the treatment approach.

PMID- 2639236
TI  - [Epidemiology of intra and extracapsular masticatory dysfunction in the period of
      growth].
AB  - A clinical and epidemiological investigation was performed on 3 sample groups of
      adolescents with rheumatoid arthritis, vertebral scoliosis and recurring
      headaches in order to analyse the connections between their pathology and the
      signs and symptoms of mandibular dysfunction. The anamnestic and objective data
      were reviewed with the aid of the Helkimo indices and compared to data on a non
      selected control group of comparable age. The most statistically significant
      signs encountered were point on impaired mandibular mobility and tenderness of
      the masticatory muscles. The high incidence of parafunctions indicated the
      behavioural substrate. This study underlines the need for early diagnosis,
      preventive identification of subjects at risk and interdisciplinary cooperation.

PMID- 2639237
TI  - [Loss of upper central incisor: an orthodontic solution to a clinical case].
AB  - The authors show an orthodontic closing spaces solution in twelve year old
      subject, after loss of central maxillary incisor with an aesthetic and functional
      result satisfactory.

PMID- 2639238
TI  - [Clinico-histological evaluation of surgical orthodontic treatment for fused
      teeth].
AB  - Seeking an evaluation pattern for periodontal wounds following the surgical
      section of two fused teeth healing, the authors caused in an animal a similar
      lesion. After that, they valued the undergoing to pressure or traction
      periodontal re-organizing and the histological-clinical data showed a tissues
      favourable repair.

PMID- 2639239
TI  - [Evaluation of dental age using qualitative radiographic analysis 1].
AB  - The authors analyzed 157 OP taken from growing subjects evaluating either the
      stage of development, or the maturity index of the seven left mandibular teeth.
      The dental age of each subject has been related to chronological age.

PMID- 2639240
TI  - [Additive mentoplasty as a corrective operation for profile and labial posture].
AB  - The restoration of well-balanced, harmonious facial aesthetics is one of
      principal aim to be reached with orthodontic treatment. In some cases it is
      advisable to take into consideration the opportunity of resorting to alternative
      treatments, integrative or substitutive of orthodontics. In this work, the case
      presented is that of a young patient, affected by labial incompetence and a
      profile out of proportion, who underwent an operation for chin augmentation. The
      required diagnostics and clinical estimates that have supported this surgical
      indication in alternative to orthodontics are discussed. In conclusion, the
      postoperative results obtained are presented and the aesthetic and functional
      advantages attained by the operation are defined.

PMID- 2639241
TI  - [Biomechanics or orthodontic treatment of tooth rotation].
AB  - The correction of dental rotation associated with a lingual or buccal version is
      possible to obtain with the action of a force system that is: consistent or
      inconsistent. The authors investigated a mandibular right second bicuspid rotated
      positively with its distal surface to the buccal. They decided to correct this
      rotation by using a consistent force system formed by a force and a moment
      applied to center of resistance (long axis in the occlusal view) and in lingual
      direction. It's possible to obtain in a consistent force system with the
      utilization of a straight wire or a "cantilever beam". The Authors decided to
      correct this rotation by using a cantilever beam of 017x025 wire with a vertical
      loop hooked over a heavier 021x025 wire between the first and the second molars.
      With an inconsistent system it's necessary to include a box loop so it is
      possible to make a variation and insert the wire from teh anterior or posterior
      just to obtain a consistent force system.

PMID- 2639242
TI  - [Theoretical-practical limits on the use of the kinesiograph in clinical
      practice].
AB  - The kinesiograph is very useful for the discovery of the kinesiology about
      incisive teeth area, but provides only indirect information about molar and TMJ
      area, and under no circumstances it is possible to have a look at complex
      anatomical structures.

PMID- 2639243
TI  - [Principles for the preparation of the access cavity in teeth].
AB  - In this article the general principles and techniques for the preparation of the
      endodontic access cavity are presented. Problems encountered during preparation
      are discussed more thoroughly, as are problems encountered while trying to locate
      the canal orifice(s). Instructions are given to prevent failure during this stage
      of endodontic treatment.

PMID- 2639244
TI  - [New techniques in endodontics. An overview].
AB  - Recently new instruments and methods have been developed in endodontics to clean,
      prepare and fill the root canal. In this article the new preparation-methods en
      techniques with the accompanying instruments will be discussed.

PMID- 2639245
TI  - [Use of medicaments in endodontic treatment].
AB  - An overview is given of the use and misuse of medicaments during endodontic
      treatment. The use of formaldehyde containing products in endodontics should be
      avoided. Sodium hypochlorite is the medicament of choice for irrigation and
      disinfection of the root canal, while calcium hydroxide is advised as inter
      appointment root canal medication. There is no need for root filling materials
      with medicaments like paraformaldehyde and corticosteroids.

PMID- 2639246
TI  - [Root canal filling].
AB  - Making an adequate root canal filling, a biocompatible and hermetically sealing
      filling just to the apical constriction, is a relatively difficult and time
      consuming task. A variety of materials and techniques are available. In this
      article an overview is given of some well-known materials and techniques. It is
      concluded that those techniques have to be selected on which the dentist can rely
      and with which he gets consistently radiographically adequate root fillings and
      clinically favourable results. The choice of root filling in practice will depend
      on the nature and shape of the canal to be treated. For this reason it is advised
      that the dentist masters several techniques.

PMID- 2639247
TI  - [Endodontics in immature teeth].
AB  - In case of an exposed pulp, the endodontic treatment of an immature tooth is
      directed to preservation of the vitality of the pulp, for reason of either the
      completion of the root genesis or the inducement of an apical constriction. The
      state of the pulp dictates the choice of treatment, which are, in order of most
      to least desired, pulp capping, vital (partial) pulpotomy and extirpation
      followed by obturation after an apexification procedure.

PMID- 2639248
TI  - [Complications in root canal therapy].
AB  - Several factors prior to, during and after treatment may complicate root canal
      therapy. In this article several of these complications are discussed together
      with their possible solutions to these problems.

PMID- 2639249
TI  - [Endodontic treatment of deciduous teeth].
AB  - Methods and materials used in endodontic treatment of the deciduous teeth are
      discussed, in relation to the state of the pulp at the time of treatment.

PMID- 2639250
TI  - [Root resorption and endodontic treatment].
AB  - Some types of tooth root resorption respond favourably to endodontic treatment.
      Sometimes compromising factors demand particular treatment approaches and
      techniques. These will be described, in connection with their genesis.

PMID- 2639251
TI  - [Relationship between endodontium and periodontium].
AB  - In this article the effect of periodontal disease and therapy on the dental pulp
      is discussed together with a brief description of the development and treatment
      modalities of hypersensitive teeth. In addition a problem-orientated description
      is given of the differential diagnosis of perio-endo lesions and the implications
      of the perio-endo relationship for treatment.

PMID- 2639252
TI  - [Pain, flare-ups and failures in root canal therapy].
AB  - In this overview the incidences and causes of pain, flare-ups and failures that
      occur after root canal therapy are discussed. Infection is considered the most
      important single, underlying determinant of the many factors that may cause pain
      and failures. Therefore, strict adherence to recognized therapeutic principles of
      shaping, disinfection and filling, in addition to proper aftercare, is of
      importance to diminish postoperative sequelae.

PMID- 2639253
TI  - [What to do about toothache?].
AB  - This article deals with the emergency treatments for various endodontic pain
      complaints and for those that can mimic such complaints. A table outlining the
      presented pain complaints and therapies is added as a summary.

PMID- 2639254
TI  - [Indications for surgical endodontics].
AB  - In the last decade the number of absolute indications for periapical surgery (no
      alternative, except for extraction) is increasing. In an increasing number of
      clinical situations periapical surgery has to be considered as a kind of ultimum
      refugium-therapy to save the tooth. Because of this shift the percentage of
      success of the surgical procedure has decreased. Moreover, the degree of
      difficulty of the treatment is increasing by a dorsal shift with regard to the
      teeth to be treated.

PMID- 2639255
TI  - [Need and quality of endodontic treatment].
AB  - In the literature, the need of endodontic treatment appears to be studied
      radiographically by looking for the frequency of apical radiolucencies. Dependent
      on the age of the subjects, one percent to almost ten percent of all teeth and
      one third to two thirds of all subjects are found to show apical osteolysis. The
      outcome of endodontic treatment is also assessed to be rather poor, in view of
      the findings that one third to one half of the endodontically treated teeth show
      apical rarefactions. Of even more teeth the root canal fillings are assessed to
      be 'unacceptable'. Confirmation of this kind of findings for the Netherlands
      needs further study.

PMID- 2639256
TI  - [Disorders of the temporomandibular joint. 1. Concept and classification].
AB  - The nature and causes of pain and disturbances of the temporomandibular locomotor
      system are subjects of controversy. The strategy of management of
      temporomandibular disorders considerably depends on the basic approach to the
      problem. Analysing craniomandibular pain and dysfunction in terms of general
      pathology of synovial joints has major consequences for the terminology and
      classification of these disorders. In this article, general synovial joint
      pathology forms the basis of the classification of the most common disorders of
      the mandibular locomotor apparatus. Based on this classification, a frame for the
      management of temporomandibular disorders is presented.

PMID- 2639257
TI  - [Disorders of the temporomandibular joint. 2. Diagnosis and strategies for
      management].
AB  - Management of temporomandibular disorders should be based on a thorough clinical
      and radiographic examination, leading to a specific diagnosis. Contributing
      factors should be detected and the aim of the treatment should be clear. The
      initial treatment is focussed on the management of acute symptoms, explication of
      the nature of the disorder and of the impact of contributing factors. Depending
      on the stage of osteoarthrosis and internal derangement, several treatment
      modalities may be considered. This article provides practical guidelines for
      determining the strategy for management of temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis
      and internal derangement.

PMID- 2639258
TI  - [Treatment of craniomandibular dysfunction by general practitioners].
AB  - A general practitioner diagnoses--after a screening--the patient who suffers from
      a dysfunction. Then he has to decide whether to advise either a further treatment
      on the basis of basic knowledge of the most frequent TMJ-dysfunctions or to refer
      to other disciplines. In the treatment by the general practitioner a careful and
      thorough screening is of primary importance. Finally, the therapy by means of a
      'splint' often yields good results.

PMID- 2639259
TI  - [Myoarthropathies of the masticatory system. Diagnosis].
AB  - Guidelines are presented for the diagnosis of myoarthropathy of the masticatory
      system. Attention should especially be paid to the history of the patient and the
      importance of a careful clinical inspection.

PMID- 2639260
TI  - [Myoarthropathies of the masticatory system. Primary treatment and occlusal
      therapy].
AB  - An overview is presented of the etiology and treatment of myoarthropathies of the
      masticatory system. Emphasis is placed on the proper use of occlusal splints.

PMID- 2639261
TI  - [Physiotherapy and muscle dysfunction].
AB  - This article gives information about the role of the physiotherapist on the
      patient with a craniomandibular dysfunction, caused by a masticatory muscle
      dysfunction. The approach of the physiotherapist is discussed and information
      about the relevant etiological factors and symptoms are described. The diagnostic
      procedure and therapeutic possibilities are considered next to the
      multidisciplinary approach.

PMID- 2639262
TI  - [Prevalence study of oral mucosal lesions in 300 patients].
AB  - Intraoral examination was performed in 300 consecutive patients, who attended the
      Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Free University Hospital,
      Amsterdam. In 89% of the patients one or more oral mucosal lesions were observed.
      Fordyce's spots, coated tongue, leukoedema, melanin pigmentation, frictional
      keratosis, and morsicatio buccarum were the most frequent occurring lesions.

PMID- 2639263
TI  - [Lesions of the oral mucosa].
AB  - Representative data were gathered about the prevalence of mucosal lesions in
      Dutch adults (15-74 years old). The reliability of the observation methods was
      moderate. Some data were not usable for this reason. Only a low percentage of
      people without a denture, had a mucosal lesion. About 60% of the people with a
      denture had hyperaemia of the palatine mucosa. A flabby ridge exists in 34% of
      the 35-54 year olds and in 51% of the 55-74 year olds with such a prosthesis.

PMID- 2639264
TI  - [Bleaching of vital teeth].
AB  - In this paper the development of techniques to remove intrinsic vital stains are
      summarized. The mechanism of chemical agents is described as well as the nature
      of the stain and its treatment. Finally a rationale for selecting patients for
      treatment and its prognosis is presented and discussed.

PMID- 2639265
TI  - [Orbital cellulitis after a dental infection].
AB  - Blindness as a complication of a dental infection is rare. A nineteen-year-old
      male is presented with an apical abscess, leading to a maxillary sinusitis,
      orbital cellulitis and an imminent cavernous sinus thrombosis.

PMID- 2639266
TI  - [Quality of dental radiographs. A sample from 52 general practices].
AB  - To assess the quality of dental radiographs in general practice, 1000 radiographs
      in 52 practices were collected and evaluated. The radiographs were judged by two
      examiners using standard series of X-ray film, showing different degrees of the
      nine different types of errors studied. Furthermore, the diagnostic quality was
      assessed; if the diagnostic value was poor, the cause was registered. Only 3.1%
      of the investigated radiographs met all the criteria, and the quality of 13.4%
      was found to be poor. The main causes were filmpositioning, density and errors in
      the category 'residual'. It also appeared that a combination of errors in one
      radiograph, which were individually not very serious, resulted in an unacceptable
      radiograph.

PMID- 2639267
TI  - [Administration of local anesthesia by dental hygienists. A survey in The
      Netherlands].
AB  - In 1987 100 dental hygienists, members of the Dutch Dental Hygiene Association
      have received a questionnaire (response: 73%) about administration of local
      anesthesia. Fifty-five respondents worked in a general practice setting. The
      results showed that the need for administration of local anesthesia is very
      limited.

PMID- 2639268
TI  - [Knowledge of dental treatment in the Dutch population].
AB  - A survey in an at random sample of 18-66 years old persons was conducted in the
      Netherlands to assess knowledge of dental treatment possibilities. The results
      show that 29% has an inadequate level of knowledge, 54% a moderate level and 17%
      a good level. With regard to the dental subjects, it turns out that knowledge was
      good on preventive items while a poor knowledge score was found on items of oral
      surgery and aesthetic dentistry. People without a dentist, with lower income and
      occupation have less knowledge than people that report having a dentist, a higher
      income and a higher occupation. The occupation has the largest effect on the
      knowledge score.

PMID- 2639269
TI  - [Burden and power. 3. Problems of dental patients].
AB  - For many people a dental visit is a burden, for some a too heavy one. Reasons for
      either or not making dental visits are considered. Many regular dental attenders
      are not very interested in their teeth and in many persons avoiding a dentist a
      disinterest in the teeth is absent. The behavior during dental treatment seems
      largely to be influenced by pain, feelings of defenselessness, absence of social
      support and of coping abilities.

PMID- 2639270
TI  - [Complaints about dentists].
AB  - Complaints against dentists can be lodged with the Dutch Dental Association. A
      content analysis was made of complainers' letters received in the years 1983
      1986. Two third of the complaints concern dental treatment-especially crowns and
      bridges and careless behavior, 20% are about fees, 9% about communication and
      information and 3% are complaints from other dentists. Of all complaints at least
      30% are rooted in a faulty communication between dentist and patient. Complaints
      about fees have strongly diminished, complaints about a second opinion have
      increased significantly. Most cases are resolved informally. Almost half of the
      complaints officially delt with is (partially) substantiated. Redressment of done
      injustice often is the imposed sanction, sometimes combined with a warning.
      Reprimande, suspension or expulsion are seldomly imposed. The authors stress the
      importance of prevention of complaints by better informing patients as well as
      more openness on dealing with complaints.

PMID- 2639271
TI  - [Dental anxiety in edentulous patients].
AB  - In this investigation 113 patients with full upper and lower dentures filled in a
      dental anxiety questionnaire, developed from Corah's dental anxiety scale for
      edentulous subjects. Relations of this anxiety questionnaire with denture
      satisfaction, age and sex of the patient and with number of years of
      edentulousness were found.

PMID- 2639272
TI  - [Nationwide survey in the Netherlands (Leot-Project). 7. Dental prostheses].
AB  - Data are presented about the prevalence of full and partial dentures and dental
      bridges in the adult population of The Netherlands. Furthermore, the quality of
      full dentures and the resorption of the jaws were studied. Differences were found
      between the social classes (a higher percentage of people with dentures in the
      lower classes) and between the various regions of the country (more denture
      wearers in the Northern region). Only a low percentage of the full dentures met
      all the quality requirements. This can be possibly explained by the fact that
      resorption of the lower jaw was severe in a majority of the cases.

PMID- 2639273
TI  - [Natural dentition of the elderly. An occlusal concept].
AB  - Treatment of the impaired dentition of the elderly has to be focused on
      maintaining the strategic natural teeth. This means not necessarily the
      preservation of all teeth. At least a minimal functional level should be
      preserved.

PMID- 2639274
TI  - [Dental service for nursing home residents in The Netherlands. An inquiry into
      access].
AB  - An inquiry was carried out among the management of all nursing homes in the
      Netherlands in order to determine their residents' access to dental service.
      Results showed an availability of dental care by a dentist for nearly all nursing
      home residents, at least in case of dental emergency.

PMID- 2639275
TI  - [Dental service for nursing home residents in The Netherlands--the present
      situation].
AB  - In order to establish adequate dental care for nursing home residents it is
      important to gather information about the present situation. For that purpose a
      questionnaire was sent to dentists who were involved in this field of dentistry.
      The results indicate that dental care for nursing home residents has to be
      improved. In order to attain this improvement the dental service for nursing home
      residents should be better organized and research should be carried out with
      regard to the specific problems arising in treating these patients.

PMID- 2639276
TI  - [Cosmetic dentistry].
AB  - A nationwide dental survey was carried out in The Netherlands. One of the
      objectives of the study was to assess the objective and subjective need for
      cosmetic dentistry in the Dutch adult population. A stratified sample of 2784
      dentate persons, aged 15 to 74 years, participated in the study. The esthetics of
      anterior teeth and bicuspids in upper and lower arches were assessed by the
      dental examiners as well as by the examinees. Analyses of the data showed that
      15.8 to 62.6 percent of the people in the age-range form 15 to 74 years was in
      need for cosmetic dental care, according to the dental examiners. Based on the
      patient's opinion (subjective need) these percentages varied between 17.5 and
      40.4 percent. The discrepancy between the objective and subjective assessment in
      the percentage of people in need for cosmetic dental care increased with age. The
      results indicate that there is a need for cosmetic (restorative) dentistry in The
      Netherlands.

PMID- 2639277
TI  - [Dental research in The Netherlands universities].
AB  - An overview is presented of the funding system for research of the dental schools
      in The Netherlands and current programs of scientific research in dentistry. The
      government encourages to focus on selected topics of research, performed by
      networks of various disciplines.

PMID- 2639278
TI  - [Preventive treatment of high caries-risk patients].
AB  - In most patients dental caries can be prevented by the frequent application of
      low concentrations of fluoride (toothpaste), in addition to restricted intake of
      sucrose, especially of between-meals snacks. In this paper the antimicrobial
      treatment against S. mutans with chlorhexidine gel and with chlorhexidine varnish
      is outlined. In patients treated with overdentures and in periodontally treated
      patients these antimicrobial treatments resulted in a strong caries reduction.

PMID- 2639279
TI  - [Hypertrophy of the inferior labial frenum].
AB  - Hypertrophy of the inferior labial frenum, which is present in approximately 8%
      of the population, can give rise to prosthodontic or periodontal problems. In
      contrast to hypertrophy of the superior labial frenum, there is no relation to
      orthodontic problems. The indications for extirpation of a hypertrophic inferior
      labial frenum are discussed.

PMID- 2639280
TI  - [Electromyography and craniomandibular disorders].
AB  - Electromyography is a useful tool in the screening of craniomandibular disorders
      and in the evaluation of the treatment.

PMID- 2639281
TI  - [Interaction between food texture and dental health].
AB  - The consistency is one of the sensoric properties of a food item and forms the
      origin of texture. The texture of a food item can be distinguished in hardness,
      toughness, stickiness, juiciness and chewability. The consistency of food items
      may influence dental health. It is suggested that hard food cleans the teeth. The
      chewing pattern depends on the texture of the masticated food. Hard and tough
      food require a more horizontal movement of the lower jaw, contrary to soft and
      tender food which mainly require a vertical movement. An adequate food texture
      contributes to the acceptability and the preference of food.

PMID- 2639283
TI  - [Edentulous patients visiting a dental ombudsman. Their questions and problems].
AB  - Data are presented of 321 edentulous patients (women 67%), mean age 65 years, who
      visited a dental ombudsman in the period September 1980-May 1987. Many of these
      patients had several complaints: 41.5% three and more. Many of the problems (134
      patients) are behavioural and psychological by nature. The majority of the
      patients (65%) ask for advice during the consultation. One may get the impression
      that this group of patients has had these problems already for a longer period
      and that they feel that a general practitioner can't help them effectively. For
      this special group of patients a dental ombudsman may serve as a useful mediator.

PMID- 2639282
TI  - [Dental characteristics and orthodontic treatment need of the Dutch adult
      population].
AB  - In this article the results are presented of a nationwide representative study of
      dental anomalies in the group of 15-74 years Dutchmen. Also the subjective and
      objective need of orthodontic treatment in the age group 15-34 years is
      described. The principal findings are: of the 15-19 years olds, 27% is treated
      with orthodontic appliance; general practitioners performed 45% of these
      orthodontic treatments; --unsatisfied with the position of the front teeth is 25%
      of the 15-34 year old; an objective need for treatment is found in 39% of this
      age group; in 14% there is both an objective and a subjective need for treatment;
      both the subjective and objective need of orthodontic treatment is greater in the
      group of persons who were treated in the past than in the group of persons who
      never were treated.

PMID- 2639284
TI  - REM sleep latency and morbidity risk of affective disorders in depressive
      illness.
AB  - The relationship between rapid eye movements (REM) sleep latency and morbidity
      risks for affective illness in first-degree relatives of affectively ill probands
      was investigated in 122 patients suffering from primary major depressive disorder
      (74 unipolars, 48 bipolars) according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Sleep
      EEG scoring was done blind to the clinical diagnosis of the probands and their
      relatives, and the evaluation of morbidity risks for affective illness in first
      degree relatives was done using Stromgren's method with age correction. A
      logistic regression analysis was performed to describe the proportion of
      affectively ill relatives as a function of variables recorded in 122 probands
      with primary major depression. Our analysis demonstrates an inverse relationship
      between REM sleep latency and the risk for depressive disorder in the families of
      affectively ill probands. These results suggest the possibility that common
      pathophysiological factors may be involved in the hereditary predisposition to
      affective illness and in the shortening of REM sleep latency in some depressed
      patients.

PMID- 2639285
TI  - Results of the 8 a.m. dexamethasone suppression test constitute a suitable tool
      for confirming the diagnosis of melancholia. A test unaffected by the variations
      in the bioavailability of dexamethasone.
AB  - This prospective study was conducted in order (1) to examine which
      postdexamethasone cortisol value i.e., 8 a.m., 4 p.m. or peak cortisol - is most
      suitable as a laboratory test to help confirm the diagnosis of melancholia and
      (2) to investigate the influence of the dexamethasone levels in the results of
      the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). To this end we administered the DST to
      48 controls and 115 depressed inpatients categorized according to DSM-III. The 8
      a.m. and 4 p.m. dexamethasone levels were determined in 100 subjects. We found
      that an 8 a.m. postdexamethasone cortisol value greater than or equal to 3.5
      micrograms/dl was of the most significant diagnostic value in order to separate
      melancholia from normal controls and/or minor depressives. The 8 a.m. and 4 p.m.
      dexamethasone values did not differ between healthy controls, minor and severely
      depressed patients. Although cortisol nonsuppressors exhibited significantly
      lower dexamethasone values, the predictive value of the DST for melancholia was
      not affected by the large variation in the bioavailability of dexamethasone.

PMID- 2639286
TI  - Changes in strain-specific urine odors of mice due to bone marrow
      transplantations.
AB  - The change in strain-specific urine odors which appears after bone marrow
      transplantations was systematically examined in mice in order to demonstrate an
      influence of the hematopoietic system on urinary chemo-signals. Four mice were
      trained in a Y maze to discriminate two fully allogeneic mouse strains via their
      urine odors. Urine samples obtained from three inbred strains, from syngeneic
      reconstituted mice, and from allogeneic reconstituted chimeras were combined in a
      number of 'transfer of training' tests. The strain-specific urine odors of the
      recipients were changed by a fully allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Since this
      change could not be found in syngeneic reconstituted mice, we concluded that it
      was caused by the graft. Experiments partly failed to demonstrate donor- and
      recipient-specific components in the urine odor of the chimeras.

PMID- 2639287
TI  - Serum concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones in a group of depressed men.
AB  - Levels of circulating total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), total
      triiodothyronine TT3 and thyrotropin (TSH) were determined in 27 men with
      unipolar major depressive disorder ages 24-50, mean +/- SEM 36.9 +/- 2.9 years,
      and 38 healthy controls (HC) ages 20-50, mean +/- SEM 34.2 +/- 3.1 years. No
      significant differences were observed between HC and depressed men with regard to
      TT4 and FT4. Mean TT3 levels were lower, and mean TSH levels higher in depressed
      patients than in HC, p less than 0.05 for both, compatible with possible
      subclinical primary hypothyroidism in depressed patients. Consistent with this,
      an inverse correlation between basal TSH values and TT3 (r = -0.38, p less than
      0.05) was noted in depressed but not in HC subjects.

PMID- 2639288
TI  - Protective effect of the calcium entry blocker, nimodipine on cerebellar
      organotypic cultures submitted to anoxia.

PMID- 2639289
TI  - Nimodipine applied immediately after anoxia protects cerebellar cells in culture
      against injury.

PMID- 2639290
TI  - [Effect of short-term ischemia on the ultrastructure of the Ammon's horn of the
      hippocampus in Mongolian gerbils. II. The electron-microscopic image of the
      synapses in the early post-ischemic period].

PMID- 2639291
TI  - [Effect of ischemia on the ultrastructure of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system
      in rats].
AB  - The aim of this work was to elucidate the postischemic changes appearing in
      hypothalamic secretory nuclei (n. supraopticus and n. paraventricularis) and
      neurohypophysis in rats which underwent the incident of clinical death. The
      ultrastructural organization of secretory neurons and their axons in the
      neurohypophysis was investigated two weeks and one month after the insult. SO and
      PV neurons showed an increased number of polymorphic lysosomes, lipid droplets as
      well as an abundance of cytoskeleton elements, i.e., neurotubules and
      neurofilaments. Some astrocytic processes in the neuropil were swollen. Synaptic
      endings on SO and PV neurons had a normal ultrastructure. An increased number of
      lysosomes and dense bodies was observed in some axons and pituicytes in the
      neurohypophysis.

PMID- 2639292
TI  - [Electron-microscopic changes in neurosecretory nuclei of the rat hypothalamus
      after total ischemia in short-term clinical death].
AB  - Hypothalamic neurosecretory nuclei of rats in which short-term clinical death was
      experimentally induced, were examined electron-microscopically. Material for
      studies was taken two weeks after resuscitation of animals following 5 min
      cardiac and respiratory arrest. Application of aldehyde fixatives with Alcian
      blue as well as fixatives containing tannic acid revealed numerous additional
      ultrastructural features not visualized in routine electron microscopy. The
      obtained results are indicative that short-term cerebral ischemia in rats results
      in ultrastructural abnormalities in neurosecretory hypothalamic nuclei, which
      appear after 2 weeks survival. These are electron microscope exponents of reduced
      secretory function, increased number of lysosomal structures and changes in
      cytoskeleton organization. They are accompanied by abnormalities in axoplasm and
      myelin sheaths. The authors consider those structural abnormalities as exponents
      of delayed irreversible metabolic changes of nerve cells.

PMID- 2639293
TI  - [Effect of ischemia on the gigantocellular nucleus in rats].
AB  - The gigantocellular region of the reticular formation of the brain stem of rat
      was studied two weeks and one month after complete, 5-min ischemia. Edematous
      changes affected some large neurons, especially their dendrites, as well as some
      astrocytes. An increased number of polymorphic lysosomes and lipid droplets was
      observed in large neurons. Some of them exhibited an abundance of cytoskeleton
      elements, i.e., neurotubules and neurofilaments. These ultrastructural changes
      persisted one month after the ischemic incident.

PMID- 2639294
TI  - [Clinico-morphologic correlations in cerebral infarction after recurrent
      hemorrhage].
AB  - Clinical-morphological analysis of cases in which, in the course of vasogenic
      necrotic brain lesion, hemorrhagic foci appeared within the infarcted area, was
      performed. The material comprised 355 cases with encephalomalacia (223 women and
      123 men). The patients died at age between 39 and 96 years. In the clinical
      picture a sudden onset of the disease prevailed, with hemiparesis or hemiplegia
      associated in 216 cases with disturbances of consciousness. The course of the
      disease was in general progressive. Only in 30 patients improvement of clinical
      state was observed. The time of survival varied from several hours to several
      weeks. Most patients (140) died in the first week in deep cerebral coma or state
      of decerebration. In nine cases clinical symptomatology of herniation and
      secondary hemorrhages into the brain stem was found. A sudden onset and violent
      course of the disease resulted in a diagnosis of primary hemorrhage with
      penetration to the subarachnoid space or ventricular system in 32 patients. Only
      in six cases was a secondary hemorrhage into the primary infarction diagnosed
      clinically. Hemorrhagic malacia was most frequently (in 255 cases) located in
      region vascularized by the middle cerebral artery and very seldom, the basilar
      artery or cerebellar arteries. Malacia was accompanied by considerable brain
      edema. This was particularly intense in extensive infarctions and persisted even
      in cases with considerable long survival. In 45 cases secondary hemorrhagic foci
      were found within brain stem. The morphology of the infarction foci was variable
      in most cases. Independently to fresh unreactive diffuse necrosis, sometimes
      areas with various advancement of resorption and organization processes were
      observed in the same case. Both in areas of fresh reactionless malacia and of
      advanced macrophage-glial disintegration, or even in areas of advanced
      gliomesodermal organization, stand-like or spherical hemorrhages could be seen
      merging sometimes into extensive pools. The morphology of hemorrhagic foci was
      largely dependent on their size and localization. The hemorrhagic foci located
      close to the depth of the cortical sulci very often destroyed the cortex and
      white matter, and penetrated to the subarachnoid space (141 cases). In was
      usually almost impossible to detect the source of bleeding within the
      necrotically changed area. The resorption reaction at the edge of extensive
      hemorrhagic foci was in general minimal. A lesion of the vessel wall, caused by
      stasis of long duration, resulting from disorders of the vascular function in the
      course of defficient blood supply and ischemic brain edema are considered the
      main causes of bleeding into the pale infarction.

PMID- 2639296
TI  - Mandibular fractures.

PMID- 2639295
TI  - Do lipid changes influence the density of aging human brain myelin.

PMID- 2639297
TI  - Comparison of two methods for the small-scale extraction of DNA from subgingival
      microorganisms.
AB  - Two methods were compared for the extraction of DNA from small numbers of
      bacterial cells. The first method involved lysis of cells with SDS in the
      presence of proteinase K, treatment with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide
      (CTAB) and precipitation of DNA with isopropanol. In the second method, DNA was
      extracted by treatment of the cells with guanidine hydrochloride (GHCl) and
      precipitated with ethanol. Thirty strains of representative gram positive and
      gram negative species were included in the study. Preparations derived from
      confluent growth on one-quarter of the surface of agar plates and from 10(8)
      cells were subjected to each extraction procedure and analyzed for their content
      of DNA, RNA and protein. The suitabilities of the resultant DNA for restriction
      enzyme digestion and biotin-labelling by a random primer technique were also
      assessed. In general, the CTAB method yielded greater amounts of DNA than the
      GHCl procedure. RNA was present in most preparations of both types, but in
      amounts detectable only by agarose gel electrophoresis. The latter technique also
      revealed that DNA was not excessively sheared by either procedure. Protein was
      detected in some CTAB and GHCl preparations, but was not consistently associated
      with one or the other method. DNA obtained by both methods could be digested by
      the restriction enzyme EcoR I. In addition, biotin-labelled DNA probes prepared
      from CTAB and GHCl preparations were capable of hybridizing with homologous
      target DNA fixed to nitrocellulose. Since the CTAB method was consistently
      successful in recovering DNA from preparations containing 10(8) cells, it may be
      more suitable for the direct treatment of single colonies taken from primary
      isolation plates or plaque samples.

PMID- 2639298
TI  - "Reverse" DNA hybridization method for the rapid identification of subgingival
      microorganisms.
AB  - A "reverse" hybridization method is described, in which whole chromosomal DNA was
      extracted from 10-20 colonies of "unknown" strains in pure culture and labelled
      with digoxigenin by a random primer technique. DNA probes were prepared from a
      total of 23 strains and hybridized with targets containing 100 ng purified,
      denatured DNA from 38 reference strains fixed to nitrocellulose. 21/23
      digoxigenin-labelled DNA probes successfully detected all members of the
      homologous species present on filters. Probes to Fusobacterium nucleatum strains
      364 and MG detected 3/4 and 1/4 members of this species, respectively; 13/23
      probes were 100% specific, but cross reactions between 10 probes and DNA targets
      from closely related, heterologous species occurred in 15/834 possible instances.
      False-positive reactions that occurred between closely related species were,
      however, easily distinguished and did not prevent the accurate identification of
      probe strains. Digoxigenin-labelled probes were capable of detecting 100 pg of
      homologous DNA. The reverse hybridization procedure allows identification or
      grouping of a large number of isolates within 3 days and provides a more
      economical means of characterizing subgingival isolates than predominant
      cultivable techniques and conventional phenotypic testing. This method could be
      adapted for the direct identification of microorganisms in subgingival plaque
      samples.

PMID- 2639299
TI  - Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to common protein epitopes on the cell
      surface of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were prepared against a cell surface antigen
      which cross-react between Streptococcus mutans (serotypes c, e and f) and
      Streptococcus sobrinus (serotypes d and g). Two of the MAb also recognise a
      determinant on the surface of Streptococcus cricetus (serotype a). The common
      antigen shared between S. mutans and S. sobrinus was demonstrated by Western
      blotting to be about 200 kD in size. This antigen is shared not only by the cell
      surfaces of serotypes a, c, d, e, f and g, but also by the major cell surface
      antigen of S. mutans of 185 kD and another of 150 kD. These MAb identify all but
      one mutans type of streptococci and can be utilised as analytical reagents.

PMID- 2639300
TI  - Detection of immunodominant antigens of periodontopathic bacteria in human
      periodontal disease.
AB  - Sonicated whole cell extracts and outer membrane proteins (OMP) from Bacteroides
      gingivalis and Veillonella parvula were analysed by the immunoblot technique
      using sera from 103 patients with various forms of periodontal disease and from
      31 control subjects. B. gingivalis sonicate contained 12 major bands (75-14 kDa)
      of which the 46, 27 and 14 kDa antigens reacted more frequently with sera from
      adult and young adult patients with severe periodontitis compared with sera from
      controls and mild periodontitis patients. The OMP of B. gingivalis contained 6
      main antigens of 75, 57, 51, 46, 35 and 19 kDa m.w. The 46 kDa antigen reacted
      predominantly with sera from both groups of patients with severe periodontitis.
      V. parvula sonicate contained 11 antigens (76-13 kDa) of which the 76 kDa antigen
      reacted more frequently with sera from controls and patients with mild
      periodontitis than with sera from patients with severe periodontitis. Conversely,
      antibodies to the 39 kDa antigen (absent from OMP) were specifically associated
      with severe periodontitis. Further monitoring of antibody responses to the 46, 27
      and 14 kDa antigens of B. gingivalis and 39 kDa antigen of V. parvula may be of
      importance for the assessment of severity of human periodontal disease.

PMID- 2639301
TI  - Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in saliva from children with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The quantitative distribution of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in saliva
      of insulin-dependent diabetic children was compared with a group of healthy
      children and related to the metabolic control of the disease. The study group,
      consisting of 94 boys and girls (age 4-19) with type 1 diabetes was matched by
      sex and age with a non-diabetic control group. Stimulated whole saliva was
      collected and flow rate, buffer capacity and the levels of mutans streptococci
      and lactobacilli were analysed in all children. In the diabetic group, total
      salivary proteins and glucose content of saliva were determined. Data on caries
      experience were recorded from the dental cards of all children. There were no
      difference in the distribution or number of mutans streptococci between the
      groups, but significantly (p less than 0.05) lower levels of lactobacilli were
      found among the diabetic children. The number of lactobacilli was positively
      correlated (p less than 0.05) to glucose concentration in saliva. There was no
      difference in the prevalence of caries between the groups. The present findings
      suggest that the dietary treatment of young insulin dependent diabetics gives
      rise to a reduced number of lactobacilli in saliva but does not affect the mutans
      streptococci.

PMID- 2639302
TI  - The capacity of subgingival microbiotas to produce volatile sulfur compounds in
      human serum.
AB  - Hydrogen sulfide is formed by the subgingival microbiotas of periodontal pockets.
      The capacity of these microbiotas to form various volatile sulfur compounds in
      human serum was studied. Bacterial samples from nine deep periodontal pockets
      were incubated for 7 days in human serum and the amounts of volatile sulfur
      compounds and the degradation of serum proteins were determined. Hydrogen sulfide
      was the predominant volatile sulfur compound, but also methyl mercaptan was
      formed in significant amounts. Only traces of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl
      disulfide were detected. There was an extensive degradation of the serum
      proteins. In most of the reaction mixtures hydrogen sulfide reached highly toxic
      levels.

PMID- 2639303
TI  - Streptococcus mutans, not detected?
AB  - The growth of Streptococcus mutans was followed for three years in 24 healthy 12
      17 year-old children, who were selected for the study on the basis of
      undetectable levels of salivary S. mutans. The saliva samples were cultured by a
      dip-slide method based on mitis-salivarius agar supplemented with sucrose and
      bacitracin. At the final occasion, additional examination of plaque and saliva of
      10 children using TSY20B agar was performed. During the 3-year study period, S.
      mutans was found in saliva samples from 15 children on one or more of the 4 test
      occasions, suggesting that most 'S. mutans negative individuals' were those in
      whom S. mutans could not be temporarily detected. The additional examination of
      plaque did not increase the number of 'S. mutans-positive individuals'.

PMID- 2639304
TI  - The distribution of trypsin-like enzyme activity in cultures of a virulent and an
      avirulent strain of Bacteroides gingivalis W50.
AB  - The distribution of trypsin-like enzyme activity was studied in 48- and 72-h
      batch cultures of Bacteroides gingivalis W50 and an avirulent variant (W50/BE1)
      of the parent strain. Activity was measured at pH 7.4 in cells, the extracellular
      vesicle (ECV) and soluble extracellular protein (EP) fractions recovered by
      ammonium sulphate precipitation from spent growth medium. Both organisms produced
      cell surface and extracellular vesicles, but whilst strain W50 produced more ECV,
      W50/BE1 yielded more of the EP fraction by weight. Whole cultures of W50
      displayed a three-fold greater trypsin activity than those of W50/BE1. However,
      90% of the total enzyme activity of W50 cultures was associated with the
      particulate fraction (cells and ECV totalled), whereas this fraction accounted
      for only 10-30% of the total for W50/BE1. Unlike W50/BE1, the specific activities
      of W50 cells and ECV rose in 72-h cultures. Conversely, cultures of W50/BE1
      displayed an increase in the yield and specific activity of the EP fraction.

PMID- 2639305
TI  - Interdisciplinary treatment of a post-orthodontic orthognathic patient with
      unanticipated mandibular jaw growth.

PMID- 2639306
TI  - The orthognathic occlusal relator system and technique.

PMID- 2639307
TI  - [Normal aging--causes, consequences].
AB  - Genetic mechanisms influence the aging process. The DNA-repair influences the
      longevity of a species, and the DNA molecule may be altered by free radicals.
      Cellular degeneration because of aging occurs in subpopulations of cells, and
      leads to age changes in the tissues, organs and the whole organism. There is a
      hierarchy in the way functional capacity declines in old age. Normal and
      pathological changes are difficult to distinguish in old age. Multi organ failure
      may lead to vague disease manifestations. In old individuals there is often
      degenerative age changes in many vital organs, but no definite cause of death
      found by autopsy. In order to improve the functional ability, individual training
      is one strategy, the other is to adjust the environments to improve the coping
      ability despite of disease and old age.

PMID- 2639308
TI  - [Dental caries in the elderly. 1. Prevalence and risk factors].
AB  - This article reports declining edentulousness and caries risk among elderly in
      good general health. Recurrent caries in the cementum is the prevalent type of
      lesion. Caries risk is highest in mandibular molars and lowest in mandibular
      front teeth. Elevated caries risk in the elderly may be associated with a delay
      in the oral sugar clearance. The reason may be a decline in salivary glandular
      function, for which risk factors are: 1. being a female; 2: suffering from
      hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, or uncontrolled diabetes; and 3. using
      neuroleptics, ataraxica, beta-blocking agents and L-dopa. Delayed oral sugar
      clearance may also result from less efficient chewing and swallowing caused by a
      general decline in motoric functions. Topical use of fluorides affects caries
      progression directly, and has therefore a greater potential for effectiveness in
      elderly caries risk subjects than precautions aiming at controlling plaque and
      sugar time.

PMID- 2639309
TI  - [Dental caries in the elderly. 2. Root caries. Symptoms and treatment
      guidelines].
AB  - Guidelines for treatment of root surface caries in the elderly are presented.
      Caries susceptibility of these surfaces may be reduced by the absorbtion of
      fluoride and other minerals from the oral fluids. Early signs of root caries are
      a matte appearance and a softening of the root surface. Discoloration and cavity
      formation appear later. Insufficient filling margins on the root and the cemento
      enamel junction are typical sites for root caries development. Early diagnosis
      through thorough clinical examination is important, since preventive treatment of
      primary root caries lesions has a better long term prognosis than restorative
      treatment. Glass-ionomers are a natural choice for the restoration of root caries
      lesions. Fluorides are efficient for root caries prevention in the elderly dental
      patient. An annual caries increment exceeding 2 lesions is considered indicative
      of a reinforced prophylactic program; when exceeding 5 lesions, the patient
      should be examined after a few months, to ascertain stop in caries progression.

PMID- 2639310
TI  - [Oral surgical treatment in elderly patients. 1].
AB  - A survey is presented on the basic principles of oral surgery in ageing and aged
      patients. This paper deals with the preoperative evaluation of the patient,
      followed by a presentation of the most important geriatric diseases with special
      surgical implications.

PMID- 2639311
TI  - [Oral surgical treatment in elderly patients. 2].
AB  - A survey is presented on the basic principles of oral surgery in ageing and aged
      patients. Problems of local anesthesia are taken up and relevant surgical
      procedures in the elderly presented. Some essential pathophysiological factors
      are pointed out, related to the ageing process and with bearing upon surgical
      treatment in old people generally.

PMID- 2639312
TI  - [Health care workers and fear of infection].

PMID- 2639313
TI  - [Health care workers demonstrate reservations in working with colleagues who are
      HIV-positive].

PMID- 2639315
TI  - [AIDS information for mentally retarded persons].

PMID- 2639314
TI  - [AIDS seen from a woman's perspective].

PMID- 2639316
TI  - Glass-ionomer cements in dental practice: a national survey.
AB  - Certain characteristics of glass-ionomer cements would appear to make them
      desirable dental materials; however, many practitioners are reluctant to use them
      because of reports of postoperative sensitivity. The members of the Academy of
      Operative Dentistry were surveyed in order to assess quantitatively and
      qualitatively the use of glass-ionomer cements in their practices, as well as the
      incidence and nature of postoperative sensitivity. The following data were
      collected: 1) the past and present use of glass-ionomer cements, 2) reasons for
      disuse of glass-ionomer cements, 3) products which are or have been used, and 4)
      the incidence of and resolution of postoperative sensitivity. The results are
      presented and discussed. An interesting secondary finding identified that zinc
      phosphate when used as a luting agent may contribute to postoperative sensitivity
      more often than is appreciated.

PMID- 2639317
TI  - Rubber dam usage among practicing dentists.
AB  - This study reports on a survey administered to graduates of the State University
      of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine concerning usage of and
      attitudes toward the rubber dam. Differences in both reported usage and attitudes
      were found between graduates who had received minimal rubber dam training and
      those who had received more intensive training. Those with graduate training
      reported more frequent use of the dam than those with no graduate training;
      however, overall reported usage of the rubber dam was quite low. Comments
      provided by some respondents suggest that in the educational process a greater
      emphasis should be put on the reasons for using the dam rather than placement
      technique.

PMID- 2639318
TI  - Effect of retarder on compression set of an addition silicone.
AB  - Use of a retarder with a light-bodied addition silicone according to the
      manufacturer's recommendations increased the working time but resulted in poorly
      fitting crowns fabricated from these impressions. The compression set of the
      retarded mixes at the recommended time of removal was 3.2% compared with 0.08%
      for the nonretarded control. Increasing the time for removal by one minute
      resulted in a satisfactory compression set of 0.19%. It is recommended that if a
      retarder is used with an addition silicone, the correct time of removal should be
      determined by the compression set.

PMID- 2639319
TI  - Histological study of an acid red caries-disclosing dye.
AB  - When 20 extracted teeth were examined histologically after using a 1.0% acid red
      caries-disclosing dye before excavation of carious dentin, 25% showed the
      presence of bacteria in the dentin. The use of a solution of 1.0% acid red in
      propylene glycol to identify infected dentin will greatly decrease but not
      completely eliminate the changes of viable bacteria remaining in a cavity
      preparation.

PMID- 2639320
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of approximal contacts in Class 2 composite resin
      restorations: a clinical study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop an accurate and reproducible intraoral
      method of measuring the distance between two teeth, and to conduct a clinical
      pilot study of the effect of placement of a class 2 posterior resin restoration
      upon this intertooth dimension. A Kaman Sciences KD-2611 noncontact displacement
      measuring system with a 1U unshielding sensor, based upon the variable resistance
      of eddy current, was used for the intraoral measurement. Seven patients requiring
      conservative interproximal restorations (initial placements or replacements) on
      the premolars were selected. Addition silicone impressions were taken of the
      posterior quadrants from which low-fusing metal (Cerrolow-136) casts were made.
      Composite resin copings constructed on modified rubber dam clamps were fabricated
      for the restoration and adjacent teeth upon these metal casts. Aluminum targets
      and Plexiglas holders for the sensor were attached to the bow of the rubber dam
      clamp with light-activated composite resin. Quantitative measurements of
      intertooth distance were made preoperatively, postoperatively, and at one-week
      and 4 1/2-month recalls after placement of class 2 composite resin restorations
      for 11 teeth. Four unrestored premolars served as a control. The data were
      tabulated and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. The results indicated
      that the mean postoperative intercoping distance for restored teeth increased
      after a multiple wedging technique had been applied during restorative procedure.
      At the one-week recall, these distances had decreased. The 4 1/2-month
      measurements showed a further decrease with an average loss of 15 microns from
      the preoperative baseline.

PMID- 2639321
TI  - Screening panoramic radiographs in children: prevalence data and implications.
AB  - The purpose of this paper was to review the rationale for the radiographic
      screening of asymptomatic pediatric patients and to report the prevalence of
      selected pathologic and developmental conditions using panoramic radiographs.
      Three observers participated in this retrospective study that utilized panoramic
      radiographs from 849 subjects, aged 3-9 years, chosen randomly from the School of
      Dentistry treatment records of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
      Findings indicated that 2.4% of the subjects had supernumerary teeth, 7.8% were
      missing permanent teeth, 9.1% had ectopic eruption, 0.1% had radiolucencies of
      the jaws, and 0.1% had radiopacities of the jaws. These prevalences are discussed
      in light of recent evidence concerning the risk/benefit ratio of the panoramic
      radiograph. We conclude that the panoramic radiograph is a poor projection for
      screening the dental needs of asymptomatic healthy children; alternative
      screening protocols should be examined.

PMID- 2639322
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a restoration containing fluoride: two-year results.
AB  - Fluoride-containing restorations were placed on the distal surface of primary
      second molars to evaluate their effectiveness in controlling caries on the mesial
      surface of the approximating permanent first molars. A half-mouth study design
      was used with the control primary second molars in the same arch, either restored
      with amalgam or left sound. After two years, radiographs of 56 pairs of permanent
      first molars in 48 children were evaluated independently by three examiners blind
      to whether they were examining study or control surfaces. In 15 matched pairs,
      the study restoration had the effect of preventing a carious lesion on the mesial
      surface of a permanent first molar. In six matched pairs, the study restoration
      had the effect of not preventing progression of a carious lesion on the mesial
      surface of a permanent first molar. In 35 matched pairs, there was no effect
      observed. At the two-year evaluation, the study restorations with added fluoride
      controlled caries progression significantly on the adjacent mesial surfaces of
      permanent first molars when compared to the controls using the Sign test (P less
      than 0.05).

PMID- 2639323
TI  - A controlled study of the association of various dental anomalies with hypodontia
      of permanent teeth.
AB  - Although hypodontia, or oligodontia, is one of the most common human dental
      anomalies observed, there have been few studies on the association of other
      anomalies occurring with it. The present investigation of 1032 patient records
      found that 65.7% of patients with hypodontia showed ankylosis of primary molars
      compared to only 1.5% of control children (P less than 0.001). In addition,
      taurodontism of the mandibular first permanent molar was observed in 34.3% of
      hypodontia cases compared to 7.1% in the controls (P less than 0.001). Other
      dental anomalies significantly associated with hypodontia include enamel
      hypoplasia (11.9%, P less than 0.01) and conical incisors (8.9%, P less than
      0.01). In contrast, there were significantly more impacted teeth in control
      children compared to the hypodontia group. The results indicate that for patients
      with missing permanent teeth, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of
      these associated anomalies and their accompanying clinical implications.

PMID- 2639324
TI  - Mineral deficiency in the pathogenesis of enamel hypoplasia in prematurely born,
      very low birthweight children.
AB  - Although it is well known that enamel hypoplasia commonly is observed in
      prematurely born, very low birthweight (VLBW) children, its pathogenesis is not
      understood clearly. One likely mechanism may be related to mineral deficiency,
      which may be diagnosed as radiological demineralization of the long bones. In
      this study, we compared the cortical area of the humerus as measured from
      neonatal radiographs in 31 VLBW children with enamel hypoplasia and 14 VLBW
      children without enamel hypoplasia. The results showed that children with enamel
      hypoplasia had a lower mean cortical area of 10.1 +/- 1.9 mm2 compared with 13.9
      +/- 1.4 mm2 in children without enamel hypoplasia (P less than 0.001). It was
      also found that intubated children with a lower cortical mass may be more
      predisposed to develop localized enamel hypoplasia caused by the laryngoscope (P
      less than 0.001).

PMID- 2639325
TI  - Effect of chemotherapy on dental maturity in children with hematological
      malignancies.
AB  - Dental maturity or dental age was determined in 44 children with hematological
      malignancies treated with chemotherapy. No significant difference was observed
      between the chronological and dental age in children treated with chemotherapy
      compared to healthy controls. With regard to the number of erupted permanent
      teeth, no significant differences could be found between the two groups. The
      results indicate that chemotherapy given to children with hematological
      malignancies did not interfere with dental maturity or eruption of permanent
      teeth.

PMID- 2639326
TI  - Fluoride concentrations in whole saliva following use of fluoride tablets and a
      rinse.
AB  - This clinical investigation is comprised of two studies. The first monitored the
      oral clearance of fluoride following the use of an oral rinse and two types of
      tablets: one that was chewed, swished, and swallowed, and another that was
      allowed to dissolve undisturbed at a specific site in the oral vestibule.
      Fluoride from the rinse and tablets exhibited similar rapid clearance patterns
      with a mean concentration of 1.2 ppm or less within 1 hr and returned to baseline
      concentrations within 24 hr. Data from the second study indicated fluoride was
      distributed unevenly to various areas of the mouth from the slowly dissolving
      undisturbed tablet. Information concerning oral clearance of fluoride may be used
      to rationalize various treatment regimens.

PMID- 2639327
TI  - Effect of calcium lactate in erosion and S. mutans in rats when added to Coca
      Cola.
AB  - Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats, 22 days of age, were divided randomly into three
      groups of 12 each and housed in a programmable feeder. The three experimental
      groups received either Coca-Cola (CC), Coca-Cola with calcium lactate (CC-CaL),
      or distilled water. The programmable feeder was set to deliver 17 equal volumes
      of fluid per day with each feeding period lasting between 80-90 min. All groups
      were given Diet MIT 305 in one premeasured amount per 24 hr period (ad libitum).
      The pH of the CC with calcium lactate was adjusted to match the CC without
      calcium lactate by the addition of citric and phosphoric acids. The test period
      lasted five weeks. Each week, the food and fluid consumed and the weight gain
      were measured. Erosion of the teeth was scored by the method of Restarski et al.
      (1945). ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference in the amount of
      erosion among groups. A Newman-Keuls analysis showed that the mean erosion score
      of the CC group was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than that of the CC
      CaL and distilled water groups (54.2 +/- 0.12; 0.0275 +/- 0.0123; 0.132 +/-
      0.070, respectively). There was no significant difference in erosion between the
      CC-CaL and distilled water groups. There was no difference in the amount of food
      and fluid consumed among the group of rats. In conclusion, calcium lactate added
      to CC resulted in significantly reduced tooth erosion in rats.

PMID- 2639328
TI  - ABO blood group incompatibility and primary tooth discoloration.
AB  - A case report of discolored anterior primary teeth is presented. Medical history
      and clinical findings suggest an etiology of hemolytic anemia and jaundice
      secondary to ABO blood group incompatibility. There are no previous reports of
      tooth discoloration resulting from ABO blood group incompatibility.

PMID- 2639329
TI  - Microabrasion of human enamel in vitro using hydrochloric acid and pumice.
AB  - The rubbing application of a hydrochloric acid-pumice mixture has been advocated
      for the removal of fluorotic-like areas of permanent teeth. However, there have
      been no previous reports as to the amount of enamel removed during this process.
      The objective of this project was to measure the amount of enamel lost during
      successive rubbing applications of an 18% HCl-pumice mixture. Nine extracted
      permanent molars were mounted in die stone, and each was subjected to 10
      sequential 5-sec rubbing applications of an 18% HCl-pumice mixture. After rubbing
      for 5 sec, the teeth were rinsed with water for 10 sec and then thoroughly dried.
      Enamel loss was measured to the nearest micron utilizing a measuring microscope
      with 3-dimensional digital stage positioning. Measurements were taken at the
      consistent x,y coordinates of three points on the tooth surface after each
      application. The change in the z coordinate, representing the spatial change in
      the location of the enamel surface, was recorded for each point after each
      application on the tooth. Regression analysis revealed enamel loss of 12 microns
      after the initial application, and an average of 26 microns of enamel loss after
      each successive application. The regression coefficient was significant at P less
      than 0.001.

PMID- 2639330
TI  - Standards for temporomandibular evaluation in the pediatric patient.

PMID- 2639331
TI  - Standards for management of the pediatric patient with acute pain in the
      temporomandibular joint or muscles of mastication.

PMID- 2639332
TI  - Standards for long-term management of the pediatric patient who manifests
      temporomandibular joint or masticatory muscle pain and dysfunction.

PMID- 2639333
TI  - [Experimental S.E.M. study of surface conditions of various denture base
      materials. 1].

PMID- 2639334
TI  - [Design and test of a computerized record and reference model for oral
      pathology].
AB  - Data compiled during a retrospective revision of biopsies performed in the area
      of oral histopathology at ENEP Zaragoza for a period of four years, were
      processed through a computerized recording, filing and reference model,
      evidencing its feasible application in a national reference center of oral
      pathology.

PMID- 2639335
TI  - [Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2639336
TI  - [Clinical diagnosis of the temporomandibular joint].

PMID- 2639337
TI  - [Plants used in Mexico for treatment of oral diseases].
AB  - This paper presents an inventory of 167 plants traditionally employed in Mexico
      for the treatment of ailments of stomatologic origin.

PMID- 2639338
TI  - [The human side of business].
AB  - This article condenses some psychological and social concepts that should be
      understood in order to undertake any type of enterprise. This is fundamental
      factor in dental practice. An aid is hereby presented for the dentist to
      understand and apply this type of insights, which are usually kept apart from a
      technical activity such as odontology. Success of an enterprise depends on the
      quality of services rendered (in a service institution) as well as on concurrence
      of the different factors making up the enterprise; in this respect, the human
      side is a vital essence of our structure.

PMID- 2639339
TI  - [Clinical diagnosis of pulp diseases].

PMID- 2639340
TI  - [Modified sagittal osteotomy of the ascending ramus for treatment of
      prognathism].
AB  - A retrospective study of 331 orthognatic interventions on the mandible was
      performed; a total of 528 osteotomies were practiced, on which personal
      modification of the intraoral sagittal technique of the ascending branch of the
      mandible was implemented on 134 patients, both pediatric and adult, within the
      period 1983-1988. This paper describes surgical technique and modifications to
      Obwegesser's sagittal osteotomy, as well as the advantages gained by such
      procedure, which the author considers ideal for the reduction of mandibular
      prognatism in its four variants.

PMID- 2639341
TI  - [Transposition of retained canines using the Mollin technic].
AB  - After a brief description of Dr. Mollin's technique, the article reports the case
      history of a twelve year-old girl on whom transposition of retained canines was
      performed by such procedure.

PMID- 2639342
TI  - [Clinical presentation of joint pain and patient evaluation].

PMID- 2639343
TI  - [Tonsillitis].
AB  - The tonsils, paired structures which protect the pharynx, are frequently the
      target of infections, most often in pediatric patients. Etiology of tonsillitis
      may be viral (Adenovirus) as well as bacterial (Corynebacterium diphtheria, among
      others). Clinically, the disease may manifest congestive disturbance and
      exudative membranes, it may have local or systemic complications, and its
      treatment is symptomatic.

PMID- 2639344
TI  - [Cleidocranial dysostosis].
AB  - Cleido-craneal dysostosis is an alteration of the skeleton, of unknown etiology.
      Its symptoms include abnormalities in the clavicles and craneum and it affects
      men as well as women indistinctly. The present article discusses a case history
      and its treatment.

PMID- 2639345
TI  - [Odontogenic infection in pregnancy].
AB  - In stomatology, odontogenous infections are the clinical pictures with the
      highest potential of complications. A brief analysis of the immunitarian system
      in the materno-fetal relationship is presented; some considerations of the
      maternal response to odontogenous infection are discussed, with treatment
      alternatives.

PMID- 2639346
TI  - [Different types of tooth preparation for placement of ceramic veneers].
AB  - Lately the porcelain laminate veneer in the fore-upper sector of the mouth, has
      gained popularity due to the multiple advantages that it has shown, therefrom the
      purpose of describing the different reduction techniques according to the
      function of the laminate restauration. We describe the instruments that will be
      used and the sequence that should be carried on during the different types of
      reduction, classifying them in three large groups according to the anomaly
      presented by the elements to be restored.

PMID- 2639347
TI  - [Technic for recovery of instruments fractured in the root canal, using
      cyanoacrylate cement (in vitro)].
AB  - A technique for retrieving and extracting mental fragments from root canals is
      presented, in which adhesives of cyanoacrylate esters are applied by dripping
      through hypodermic needles with their bevel edges previously trimmed in two
      sharp, angled slopes to facilitate cutting through the dentine around the metal
      fragment imbedded in the root canal, and prepared with high and low-speed
      funneled burrs. Besides being simple to handle, this technique has the advantage
      of employing equipment which is easy to acquire and construct.

PMID- 2639348
TI  - [Diagnosis of orodentomaxillary disease in students with mixed dentition in the
      city of Toluca].
AB  - A study was undertaken on 1,474 school children of either sex, aged six to 12,
      from the community of Toluca, Mexico State, selected by dual-stage conglomerate
      sampling, both from rural and urban areas. Data registered included teeth with
      caries, lost teeth and filled cavities for permanent dentition, and teeth with
      caries, extracted or obturated teeth in the case of primary dentition.
      Periodontal health status was evaluated according to World Health Organization
      criteria, and conditions of occlusion were graded according to Angle's
      classification.

PMID- 2639349
TI  - [Objective evaluation of the masseter and temporal muscles in treatment of Class
      III occlusion with the monoblock. Initial results].
AB  - On ten patients, aged four to 12, with class III functional occlusion,
      simultaneous electromyographic activity in the masseter and temporal muscles,
      under conditions of centric occlusion and maximal voluntary contraction, was
      recorded for 30 seconds. Recording of electromyographic activity was repeated 15
      days after initiating treatment with a monoblock device. Results show a lowering
      of the electrical activity of the aforementioned muscles and, indirectly, of
      their mechanical capacity during contraction, which may be due to a distention of
      seid muscles by action of the monoblock. We hereby postulate that, in the muscles
      under study, a larger previous length results in a lower force of contraction,
      and such conditions pose a risk of muscular insufficiency.

PMID- 2639351
TI  - Dental hygiene training and employment in the Canadian forces.

PMID- 2639350
TI  - [The importance of the biopsy in dental practice. 3].
AB  - Biopsy is a valuable aid in oral clinical diagnosis; it consists of obtaining a
      specimen of living tissue in order to study its structure, both macro and
      microscopically. This procedure makes it possible to confirm or deny a diagnosis,
      as well as to determine the nature and characteristics of the lesion and to
      establish a final diagnosis. Oral biopsy is a simple procedure, which in most
      cases can easily be performed by the odontologist. Indications and
      contraindications are relative. In general terms, the following criteria are
      candidates for biopsy: suspicious lesions present in the area, any tissue removed
      for any reason, and positive exfoliative cytology. As to contraindications, it is
      usually advisable to avoid biopsies on necrotic areas, as well as incisional
      biopsy of pigmented lesions. Methods most often used for obtaining a biopsy
      include: excisional, incisional and transoperatory, always following certain
      principles for obtaining a representative specimen.

PMID- 2639352
TI  - Code of Ethics of the Canadian Dental Hygienists' Association.

PMID- 2639353
TI  - Dental hygiene: the consequences of a feminized profession.

PMID- 2639354
TI  - A comparison of empathy scores among dental hygiene educators, graduates and
      students.

PMID- 2639355
TI  - The definition of panic attacks, Part I.
AB  - Phenomenological data are presented for panic attacks and non-panic anxiety in
      159 patients. Anxiety episodes of sudden onset tend to have greater severity,
      more symptoms, and shorter duration and some distinctive cognitive features. This
      cluster of features emerged from the analysis as characteristic of the panic
      attack. There were no differences between situational and spontaneous attacks nor
      are attacks occurring in depressed patients different from those in-patients who
      suffered from anxiety disorders. The ideas characteristic of normal anxiety are
      directed towards ordeals in the future. It is the immediacy of the anxious
      cognitions of imminent death, collapse or becoming insane that are characteristic
      of panic attacks. A definition of panic attacks is suggested.

PMID- 2639356
TI  - The phenomenological study of 90 patients with panic disorder, Part II.
AB  - This paper examines the nosological and aetiological relationships of panic
      disorder to the anxiety states and depression. The phenomenology is detailed from
      an unbiased sample of 90 cases selected, on the basis of meeting positive
      criteria for panic disorder, from 3 series of consecutive cases. Panic attacks
      were found to be only quantitatively distinct from non-panic anxiety. Truly
      spontaneous attacks, not preceded by anxiety-provoking cognitions, were uncommon.
      No unique association with agoraphobia was seen, other anxiety states and
      depression being common. Social phobia and generalized anxiety often preceded the
      development of panic disorder, as did some cases of agoraphobia. Depression was
      usually non-specific and secondary when only DSM-III MDE criteria were used.
      Significant neurotic traits were found, particularly anxiety, dependency and poor
      sexual adjustment. Panic disorder has multiple causal factors only one of which
      is a genetic tendency for panic attacks. While important therapeutically, panic
      attacks should not be given the primary place in diagnosis.

PMID- 2639357
TI  - Medically unexplained physical symptoms, somatization disorder and abridged
      somatization: studies with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.
AB  - This paper reviews recent research that used the Diagnostic Interview Schedule
      (DIS) to characterize medically unexplained symptoms and their clustering in
      clinical and community populations. While the type of symptom(s) differed little
      across samples, the distribution of a less restrictive construct of somatization
      ('abridged' somatization) showed interesting differences across the various
      groups. The authors propose that in view of its relatively high prevalence,
      abundant psychiatric comorbidity and the simple and unintrusive nature of the
      assessment, use of the abridged construct may have practical value particularly
      when exploring psychopathology among medical and community populations.

PMID- 2639358
TI  - Development models: concepts, theories, and variations.

PMID- 2639360
TI  - Role of the nurse in the privatization of hospitals.

PMID- 2639359
TI  - Cancer pain relief.

PMID- 2639361
TI  - [Organic mental disorders].

PMID- 2639362
TI  - [Symptomatic psychoses].

PMID- 2639363
TI  - [Schizophrenia].

PMID- 2639364
TI  - [Neuroses].

PMID- 2639365
TI  - [Mental health surveys].

PMID- 2639366
TI  - [Surveys of the status of health services].

PMID- 2639367
TI  - [Emergency medical services].

PMID- 2639368
TI  - [Epilepsy].

PMID- 2639369
TI  - [Personality disorders].

PMID- 2639370
TI  - [Psychotherapy].

PMID- 2639371
TI  - [Psychophysiological tests].

PMID- 2639372
TI  - [Social rehabilitation].

PMID- 2639373
TI  - [Psychotropic drugs].

PMID- 2639374
TI  - [Manic-depressive psychoses].

PMID- 2639375
TI  - [Liaison psychiatry].

PMID- 2639376
TI  - Intentional replantation of endodontically treated mandibular incisor with
      endodontic-periodontic involvement.

PMID- 2639377
TI  - Tooth realignment utilizing magnetic forces.

PMID- 2639378
TI  - 'Delusion of world destruction' (Wetzel). Comparative study between Japan and
      West Germany.
AB  - It has been said that the delusion of world destruction (Weltuntergangserlebnis)
      in schizophrenia is closely related to Christian culture, and is less frequent in
      Oriental than in Western countries. Schizophrenic inpatients with delusions of
      world destruction treated at the Universitats-Nervenklinik, Tubingen, FRG, were
      compared with corresponding inpatients at Keio University Hospital and allied
      hospitals in Japan. As a result, in West Germany, there were 7 (4.7%) patients
      with delusions of world destruction among 150 schizophrenic patients, accounting
      for 5.3% of all 131 patients with some delusion. In Japan, 5 (2.8%) of 178
      schizophrenic patients had such delusions, accounting for 3.0% of all 166
      patients with some delusion. There was no statistically significant difference
      between the two countries. These incidences were similar to those reported by
      Kranz (5, 3 and 8% in 1886, 1916 and 1946, respectively) and by Huber and Gross
      (5.8%). Accordingly, it seems that, although the delusion of world destruction,
      as a form of world catastrophe, is rare, it occurs among schizophrenic patients
      at a rather constant incidence, irrespective of the culture or area.

PMID- 2639379
TI  - Identifying the components of facial emotion and schizophrenia.
AB  - Schizophrenics, anxiety neurotics, and nonpatient control subjects were asked to
      identify the emotion expressed in partial (upper-middle-lower) and full facial
      expression of four negative emotions: sadness, fear, anger and disgust. Groups
      did not differ in the ability to identify emotions from partial facial
      expressions, however, schizophrenics were significantly poorer than anxiety
      neurotics and controls in identifying emotions from full facial expressions.

PMID- 2639380
TI  - Comparison between personality disorder diagnoses in DSM-III and DSM-III-R:
      reliability, diagnostic overlap, predictive validity.
AB  - 97 nonpsychotic consecutive day patients were diagnosed by the axis 1 and 2 in
      the DSM-III and DSM-III-R system, and their treatment response during their stay
      was measured by the Health Sickness Rating Scale. The interrater reliability was
      equally good for both diagnostic systems. On axis 1, there were only minor
      differences between DSM-III and DSM-III-R. On axis 2, the frequency of
      schizotypal disorder was reduced by 40% and the frequency of histrionic disorder
      by two-thirds. The number of schizoid disorders increased from zero to five. Of
      the DSM-III schizotypals who lost this diagnosis in DSM-III-R (n = 8), 4 got a
      new diagnosis of schizoid personality and 4 maintained their borderline
      diagnoses. In DSM-III-R there was a sharper demarcation between patients with
      severe and nonsevere personality disorder with regard to treatment outcome,
      indicating an increased validity of these categories. There was also a sharper
      demarcation between borderline versus histrionic and schizotypal, and between
      schizotypal and schizoid diagnoses.

PMID- 2639381
TI  - Electrodermal activity as a predictor of schizophrenic relapse.
AB  - Electrodermal activity and self-report of affect were recorded from schizophrenic
      patients with their relative absent and present, at index admission and on two
      subsequent occasions after discharge. It was hypothesised that it would be
      possible to discriminate at index admission patients who relapsed in the
      subsequent 2-year period from those who remained well, and that these differences
      would be stable over time and independent of illness episode. The former
      hypothesis was supported in part, but not the second. The results did not support
      electrodermal hyperactivity as a stable, enduring vulnerability marker.

PMID- 2639382
TI  - A musical assessment of psychiatric states in adults.
AB  - In music therapy, joint musical improvisation of therapist and subject provides
      the framework for a spontaneous and intimate, non-verbal interaction. This study
      shows that such an interaction can be used to reveal the subject's capacity for
      emotional contact with another person, the nature of this contact and how well it
      is sustained. We examine the musical interaction in first music therapy sessions
      using a model of analysis specially developed for this study. A comparison
      between 15 schizophrenics, 15 depressed patients and 15 clinically normal
      controls revealed significant differences. The findings, which take into account
      subjects' musical background and perceptual functioning, have implications for
      the diagnostic use of music therapy in adult psychiatry.

PMID- 2639383
TI  - Psychosocial factors in women who undergo cholecystectomy. A case-control study.
AB  - Thirty women admitted to hospital for cholecystectomy were compared with a
      healthy community control group. Univariate comparisons showed that patients had
      significantly more social problems, manifested greater psychological distress and
      reported poorer social support. Logistic multiple regression analysis indicated
      that patient status was best predicted by manual occupational class and the
      interaction between employment and presence/absence of young children. The
      findings are discussed within the framework of illness behaviour.

PMID- 2639384
TI  - Multiple serial lycanthropy. A case report.
AB  - A case is described who exhibited lycanthropy during an acute psychotic illness.
      During a short period she experienced herself as four different species of
      animal, an occurrence not previously reported. The phenomenon of lycanthropy is
      most appropriately regarded as a delusion, but the abnormal subjective experience
      is stressed, not just the falsely-held belief.

PMID- 2639385
TI  - Long-term esthetic dentistry.

PMID- 2639386
TI  - Replacement of defective Class I amalgam restorations with stratified glass
      ionomer-composite resin materials.

PMID- 2639388
TI  - The esthetic motif in research and clinical practice.

PMID- 2639387
TI  - High-strength porcelain bonded restorations: anterior and posterior.

PMID- 2639389
TI  - Esthetic dentistry and ethics.

PMID- 2639390
TI  - An in vitro device for predicting clinical wear.

PMID- 2639391
TI  - Porcelain veneers: report of a clinical case.

PMID- 2639392
TI  - Police seek identity of homicide victim.

PMID- 2639393
TI  - Mandibular laminate provisionalization.

PMID- 2639394
TI  - Why not prevention?

PMID- 2639395
TI  - The single denture.

PMID- 2639396
TI  - Scanning electron micrographic analysis of the effect of bleaching solutions on
      fluorosed enamel.

PMID- 2639397
TI  - Hydrochloric acid removal of brown fluorosis stains: clinical and scanning
      electron micrographic observations.

PMID- 2639398
TI  - Economical iontophoresis for dentistry.

PMID- 2639399
TI  - A survey of bottled water usage by pediatric dental patients: implications for
      dental health.

PMID- 2639400
TI  - The effects of patient anxiety on the cardiovascular stress of dentists.

PMID- 2639401
TI  - The air-water syringe: contamination and disinfection.

PMID- 2639402
TI  - Modifications of growth dynamics and ultrastructure after helium-neon laser
      treatment of human gingival fibroblasts.

PMID- 2639403
TI  - Fluoride release from two composite resins.

PMID- 2639404
TI  - The effect of heat on the surface hardness of light-activated composite resins.

PMID- 2639405
TI  - A simplified feeding appliance for the infant with a cleft lip and palate.

PMID- 2639406
TI  - Alopecia areata as a potential adverse effect of orthodontic appliances: a case
      report.

PMID- 2639407
TI  - Abnormal mandibular posture.

PMID- 2639408
TI  - Anesthetizing the anterior palatine nerve through the maxillary tuberosity.

PMID- 2639409
TI  - Clinical performance of one microfilled and two hybrid anterior composite resins.

PMID- 2639410
TI  - Overhang of Class V composite resin restorations from hygroscopic expansion.

PMID- 2639412
TI  - The custom-fitted athletic mouthguard for the orthodontic patient and for the
      child with a mixed dentition.

PMID- 2639413
TI  - Evaluation of an air-operated tooth dryer.

PMID- 2639411
TI  - Root resection and separation of multirooted teeth: a 10-year follow-up study.

PMID- 2639414
TI  - Microwave irradiation of contaminated dental casts.

PMID- 2639415
TI  - Instrument aspiration.

PMID- 2639416
TI  - Etched porcelain restorations for patients with microdontia.

PMID- 2639417
TI  - A clinical trial of four light curing posterior composite resins: 9-month report.

PMID- 2639418
TI  - Bone loss in the permanent dentition as a result of improper orthodontic elastic
      band use: a case report.

PMID- 2639419
TI  - Radiopacity enhancement of an experimental vinyl polysiloxane impression
      material.

PMID- 2639420
TI  - A photographic study of the facial profiles of southern Chinese adolescents.

PMID- 2639421
TI  - [Borderline case treatment in tooth retention by transdental fixation 1].

PMID- 2639422
TI  - [Upper canine-facial fistula--case report].

PMID- 2639423
TI  - [Comparison of temperatures when using various diamond drills].

PMID- 2639424
TI  - [Light curing composite resins--technic for cemented temporary restorations].

PMID- 2639425
TI  - [Biomechanical and physiological processes as cause of internal displacement with
      adhesion].

PMID- 2639426
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2639427
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopy of accuracy of fit of three esthetic crowns].

PMID- 2639428
TI  - [Action of epinephrine and norepinephrine in 2% lidocaine solution on
      hemodynamics. 2. Ultrasonic cardiographic study].

PMID- 2639429
TI  - A better way.

PMID- 2639430
TI  - There is relief from boredom and burnout.

PMID- 2639431
TI  - Partners in practice.

PMID- 2639432
TI  - Explore the land down under.

PMID- 2639433
TI  - Apply infection control to all patients.

PMID- 2639435
TI  - Case # 12. HIV-associated gingivitis.

PMID- 2639434
TI  - Setting our standards through education.

PMID- 2639436
TI  - Hygienist solves dental dilemma.

PMID- 2639437
TI  - Patients, dentists, co-workers and you.

PMID- 2639438
TI  - Handwashing fights disease.

PMID- 2639439
TI  - [Openings, localization and measurement].

PMID- 2639441
TI  - [Preparation of canals for lateral condensation].

PMID- 2639440
TI  - [Hand instruments].

PMID- 2639442
TI  - [Biomechanics of the open apex].

PMID- 2639443
TI  - [Endodontic retreatment].

PMID- 2639444
TI  - [Solid and semisolid materials].

PMID- 2639446
TI  - [Lateral condensation].

PMID- 2639445
TI  - [Plastic materials].

PMID- 2639447
TI  - [Three dimensional obturation of the root canal system].

PMID- 2639448
TI  - [Diffusion].

PMID- 2639449
TI  - [Mechanical obturation].

PMID- 2639450
TI  - [Importance of the lateral canal].

PMID- 2639451
TI  - [Provisional obturation].

PMID- 2639452
TI  - Peculiar characteristics of the insertion area of the masseter muscle in rats.
      Scanning electron microscopic study.
AB  - The structure of the bone surface of the insertion area of the masseter muscle
      was studied in 20 albinus Wistar rats. Specimens were fixed in a modified
      Karnovsky solution and treated according to the technique described by LESTER et
      alii and examined in a JEOL scanning electron microscope, JSM-P15. The results
      showed that the insertion area of the masseter muscle of rats presents a smooth
      surface covered by thick layers of calcified collagen fibers. In adjacent areas
      of the lower edge of the mandibular angle an irregular surface with bone
      reabsorption and foraminae was observed. The vascular foraminae measure from 30
      to 50 microns in diameter and the distance between them ranges from 200 to 460
      microns. Osteocyte lacunae were seen at the surface and their measures range from
      18 to 25 microns in diameter, which were surrounded by collagen fiber bundles of
      longitudinal disposition.

PMID- 2639453
TI  - [Surface roughness of investment samples and their metal castings].
AB  - Three phosphate bonded investments and three calcium type were studied observing
      the influence of investment on the final cast surface roughness. Increased
      dilution also incremented roughness for the phosphate investments. Between the
      two types of investments there was only significant difference concerning two
      specific commercial brands, but there were differences in the same type of
      investment among these different brands.

PMID- 2639454
TI  - [Facial prognathism and its relation to the cranial base in Brazilian children
      with Class I malocclusion].
AB  - The objective of this work was to study the degree of the facial prognathism,
      considering the relationships between the SNA and SNB angles with the saddle
      angle (NSAr and NSBa). The sample consisted of eighty cephalometric
      roentgenograms, taken in lateral norm, of Brazilian white children, forty boys
      and forty girls, with both dental and skeletal, class I malocclusions, with ages
      between 9 years and 2 months old and 13 years and 7 months old. Data were
      statistically analysed and the sample was divided in three groups considering the
      mean value and the standard deviation of the NSAr angle. Sixteen subjects (seven
      boys and nine girls, 20 percent of the sample) presented an NSAr angle that was
      smaller than 119.5 degrees (x - 1s); twenty subjects (forteen boys and six girls,
      25 percent of the sample), showed an NSAr angle more than 127.5 degrees (x + 1s)
      and forty-four subjects (nineteen boys and twenty-five girls, 55 percent of the
      sample) had an NSAr angle value between 119.5 and 127.5 degrees (x +/- 1s). The
      results led to the following conclusions: 1. There is a negative correlation,
      statistically significant between the saddle angle (NSAr and NSBa) with the SNA
      angle in subjects with class I malocclusions. An NSAr or NSBa angle higher than
      the mean value plus one standard deviation, it is associated with of the maxilla
      retrognathism and contrariwise. 2. There is a negative correlation, statistically
      significant between the sadle angle (NSAr and NSBa) with the SNB angle in
      subjects with malocclusions. An NSAr or NSBa angle higher than the mean value
      plus one standard deviation, it is associated with the mandible retrognathism and
      contrariwise. 3. The normal values of the SNA and SNB angles for an individual
      and the degree of the facial prognathism should be determined individually, since
      that the values of these angles might be affected for cranial base morphology.

PMID- 2639455
TI  - [Variation in enzymes in radiated ocular globes of dogs. Use of low doses and
      thermoluminescent dosimetry].
AB  - The authors are worried about the effect of X radiation the abtainment of intra
      oral radiographies and in the own the equipment for thermoluminescent dosimetry
      they proposed to realise the study when they irradiated the dog's eye ball to
      check the possible alterations in the enzymesystems after irradiation time, they
      could relate the effects of the low doses radiation that reach in the patient's
      eye during the routine radiographic exam. The determination of the dose radiation
      was realized with thermoluminescent dosimeter which has high sensibility and this
      are the enzymes that were studied: Glutathione Reductase, Glucose-6-Phosphatase
      Dehydrogenase, N-Acetyl Hexosaminidase e Acid Phosphatase.

PMID- 2639456
TI  - ["In vitro" analysis of the dentin permeability of the apical third of the root
      as a function of changes in auxiliary chemicals used in instrumentation].
AB  - We analyzed the possible percentage variations of dentinal penetration of the
      methylene blue solution in the apical third, in human teeth pulled out, after
      it's preparation, utilizing files type K-Flex, and five auxiliary chemical
      substances. Results have shown that there is a significant difference among the
      percentage of the dye penetration and among the auxiliary chemical substances
      used for the chemical-mechanic preparation. We can also prove true that, for
      apical region, the Endo PTC was the one that showed the greatest percentage of
      penetration.

PMID- 2639458
TI  - Stereophotogrammetric evaluation of the dental interproximal contacting area with
      amalgam restorations. Use of matrices and matrix holders. Part II. Mandibular
      first molar.
AB  - The authors, as a sequence of a previous research, dealt with a morphological
      study, by means of level curves, of the lower first molar (mesial surface). This
      study based on dental amalgam reconstructions used two different types of
      interproximal cavity preparations; one type was related to the modern or
      conservative preparation and the other was related to the conventional cavity
      preparation. Two types of matrix holders were utilized as well as copper rings.
      In this project the contacting interproximal areas and adjacent structures were
      observed stereophotogrammetrically. As in the previous study, the models used
      were obtained from patients with good occlusal anatomical functional conditions
      and mounted in a semiadjustable articulator. The procedures for restorations
      followed the prescribed technique for these cases as far as the selection of the
      material, placement of the matrices, condensation pressure, etc, were concerned.
      The reconstruction of the serial slices, through level curves, were able to show
      the location of the contacting area for each matrix used, although it is
      necessary to stress that the original tooth contour has never been restored.

PMID- 2639457
TI  - [Absorption capacity of different brands of paper points].
AB  - The absorption ability of paper points of different brands was assessed "in
      vitro". All points showed absorbing ability higher than 100 per center their own
      weight, but differences in moistening rate were detected among brands.

PMID- 2639459
TI  - [Thumbsucking and malocclusion--presentation of a clinical case].
AB  - The digital sucking habit have been significantly related with the malocclusions.
      These problems can be observed as in the deciduous and mixed as in the permanent
      dentition. Frequency, length, and intensity of the habit generate as a
      consequence: anterior open bite, retrusion of the mandible, protrusion of the
      maxilla, excessive overjet, labial version of the upper incisors, uprighting of
      the lower incisors, posterior cross bites, sometimes associated to a ogival
      palate, diastema between the upper incisors, and any others facial
      characteristics. According to various authors, when the habit persist for an
      extended period after the age of four years, is considered how malocclusion
      cause. In this case is requered the professional interference. The presentation
      of this study has the objective to show the clinic conduct for preventive
      orthodontics in face to cases who exhib harmful habits.

PMID- 2639460
TI  - [Correction of facial disharmony using mandibular bone grafts].
AB  - The case of a patient affected by maxillary retrognathism associated with
      mandibular prognathism, is described. The patient was operated in our service
      after being studied in the multidisciplinary clinics. It is determined to use a
      mandibular bone graft in order to make use of the same surgical area, avoiding,
      in that way, maxillary retrodisplacement and additional aggressions to the
      patients, which should be caused by the act of taking a fragment of the crest of
      the iliac bone. The patient presents a wholly favorable evolution.

PMID- 2639461
TI  - [Counseling and cognitive behavior therapy as a part of integrated treatment for
      TMJ dysfunction and chronic orofacial pain].
AB  - Dysfunction of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and chronic orofacial pain are not
      separate clinical entities, but keep close relations within them and interchange
      symptoms. Need of treatment for this picture is higher to requirement, since it
      is autoperpetuating, it does not cure by itself and grows worse progressively;
      trends to be chronic. There are risk factors such as cranio-facial skeletal
      structure, psychosomatic predisposition and emotional load. It is necessary to
      approach the treatment with a holistic criterium, based on an integral
      therapeutical diagnosis. Cognitive behavioral therapy and Counseling are very
      important therapeutical methods of emotional tension and must be part of
      managerial baggage of the expert professional in these problems.

PMID- 2639462
TI  - [Enamel resistance to acid dissolution. Its relation to cariogenic activity].
AB  - Relationship existing between enamel resistance (by developed colorimetric
      technique) and previous experience of caries and with further incidence, at a
      term of a year, was studied in schoolchildren aged 6, 8, 10 and 12 years. The
      study comprised 336 children in 1985-1986 period and 385 children in 1985-1987
      period. Non significant positive correlation was found between values of
      colorimetric test and previous experience of caries; but, certainly, positive
      correlation was found with further incidence on permanent dentition. It is
      concluded that colorimetric test is useful for the selection of children with a
      very susceptible enamel, as well as for the prognosis of cariogenic activity
      valued together with other parameters.

PMID- 2639463
TI  - [Denture stomatitis: epidemiological study of 6,302 patients with removable
      dental prostheses].
AB  - This research was performed with the purpose of being acquainted with the
      frequency of onset of subprosthetic stomatitis in a large group of individuals
      and to determine some causal variables derivative of personal customs and habits
      of using prosthesis. The universe of study was represented by all the patients
      carrier of denture-plate for six months or more, who attended to 36 stomatologic
      clinics during a period of three uninterrupted weeks. A total of 6,302
      individuals was examined and 2,952 of them were recorded as affected by
      subprosthetic stomatitis, for a rote of 46.84%; corresponding 50.47% to female
      sex and 39.96% to male sex. The most involved decade of life was that of 30
      years, for 49.8%, and higher affection was observed in individuals using
      prosthesis with acrylic base, accounting for 48.45%. The largest amount of
      lesions, 63.04%, corresponded to clinical grade I. Of the individuals who
      estimated at the beginning of using fixed prosthesis, that such prosthesis were
      suitable and well fitted, 47.14% presented alterations. Of the individuals
      examined, 83.38% had the habit of sleeping with prosthesis, and 51.07% of them
      was affected by lesions.

PMID- 2639464
TI  - [Disease of the first permanent molar in Cuban children. An epidemiological
      problem].
AB  - The condition of first permanent molars in a cohort of children born in Cuba,
      during the week comprised from March the 1st. to 7, 1973, is presented now when
      they are 11 years old. Maxillary teeth presented a better conservation level than
      mandibular teeth. Non valuable differences were found in the condition of teeth
      of one or another hemiarch. It was found that 80.9% of the children had one or
      more molars affected by caries.

PMID- 2639465
TI  - [Influence of age, duration of smoking habit and cigarette consumption on
      keratinization indexes of the oral mucosa].
AB  - In order to determine influence of habit of smoking black cigarettes on rhythm of
      cell maturity of the mucosa of palate and cheeks, cytologic samples of such
      regions were taken to 52 male individuals, who were smokers since more than five
      years ago, older than 40 years and who at the time of the clinical examination
      did not present evidences of any type of lesion. The samples were compared with
      those from a control group comprising non-smoker individuals, but with the same
      characteristics. The samples were obtained by scraping cheeks and palate with a
      wooden spatula, and were fixed with ethyl alcohol and stained by Papanicolaou's
      technique. Observations were performed at a light microscope. Microscopic fields
      for cell counting were selected at random. More than 300 cells per patient were
      evaluated taking into account their morphology and characteristics of staining
      affinity. Within the studied variables, that of smoking years was the most
      influencing on modifications of cell keratinization indexes in the buccal mucosa
      of healthy smokers (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2639466
TI  - [Dropouts from orthodontic treatment. Factors which cause it].
AB  - Dropout of orthodontic treatment is something common in our services, but up to
      here, its possible causes have not been determined, therefore, a study is
      performed to a group of patients who had deserted from "La Vigia" Teaching
      Stomatologic Clinics, Department of Orthodontics, and who was on admission during
      1981 and 1982. It was found that 18.9% of the patients on admission had
      interrupted treatment. A questionnaire related to possible causes of dropout was
      applied to the group and the most common causes for given up to treatment were
      detected: the patient was poorly motivated and lack of information on some
      important aspects of treatment on the part of the orthodontist.

PMID- 2639467
TI  - [Radiographic examination in pediatric dentistry and orthodontics].

PMID- 2639468
TI  - [Extraction of premolars in orthodontics: a therapeutic alternative?].

PMID- 2639469
TI  - [The community and orthodontics. 2. Index of priorities for orthodontic
      treatment. I. High risk in orthodontics].

PMID- 2639470
TI  - [Muscular activity: morphology and facial development in Class II syndrome].

PMID- 2639471
TI  - [Clinical presence of third molars and its relation to frequency of loss of first
      and second permanent molars].

PMID- 2639472
TI  - Protecting your health and your practice.

PMID- 2639473
TI  - Zero (0) concept for health and health care.

PMID- 2639474
TI  - The use of mercury in dentistry.

PMID- 2639475
TI  - Potential problems related to trace anesthetics in the dental office.

PMID- 2639476
TI  - Smoking and health: its importance to dentists.

PMID- 2639477
TI  - [Transformation of a lateral incisor to a central incisor with a ceramometal
      crown].
AB  - To change a maxillary lateral incisor into a central incisor by using a ceramo
      metallic crown, it is required to schedule a rational plan of treatment. All the
      different pre-prosthetic (orthodontic, periodontic, and endodontic) and
      prosthetic steps are described and justified. In order to achieve a compromise
      between esthetic and a stable periodontium the mesial profile of emergence of the
      ceramic should be conceived to prevent any overcontour.

PMID- 2639478
TI  - [The deciduous tooth: therapeutic choices].
AB  - Deciduous tooth diagnostic and treatment plan put a specific problem down.
      Therapeutical choice depends, not only of the child general health, but also of
      the deciduous tooth physiological period, its pathology, and the young child
      cooperation. Complexity of deciduous tooth biological cycle gives necessary, for
      the pedodontist, accuracy and a good clinical sense.

PMID- 2639479
TI  - [Maxillofacial prosthesis].
AB  - The purpose of constructing prosthesis to restore post-surgical deformities of
      the jaws and the face is to enable such patients to cope better with the
      difficult process of rehabilitation. Patients with post-surgical maxillofacial
      defects are presented in this article to illustrate how prosthodontic restoration
      could improve their functional or cosmetic disability.

PMID- 2639480
TI  - [A case of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor].

PMID- 2639481
TI  - [Analysis of some iatrogenic injuries during manual endodontic treatment].
AB  - Some of various iatrogenic diseases, during manual endodontic treatments, are
      analysed, from detailed clinical instances. Discussion leads to insist upon some
      classical and original ways of prevention. From general point of view, it is
      unavoidable to realize with gentleness, never forcing, endodontic proceedings.
      Deep perception of internal dental morphology is quite necessary and must be
      respected during treatment. Besides, histo-pathological modifications of parietal
      dentine have to be known, not only from intellectual but also from tactile point
      of view. Each practitioner will progressively improve.

PMID- 2639482
TI  - [Apical electrical resistance: parametric study of its variations].
AB  - In this study 31 clinical cases were compared and a statistical analysis was
      realized based on variations of apical resistance points quantified in ohms. For
      each case the pulpal pathology and the type of irrigants used were systematically
      reported in a table. The electronic endodontic measures which are
      radiographically controlled, result from a numeric conversion of electrical
      signals. This numerization facilitates the memorization of the resistances
      measured at the sulcus and during endodontic root canal preparation. Analysis of
      the means and the standard deviations emphasizes the lack of reliability of
      precalibrated electronic devices or individually standardized instruments, used
      to measure the working length. This study also shows an ohms drop at the apical
      constriction, depending on the electrochemical pathological conditions of the
      canal or of the periapical area.

PMID- 2639483
TI  - [Diazepam (valium) in premedication. Experimental findings].
AB  - The anxiolytic and analgesic effects of 10 mg of orally administered diazepam
      (Valium) were assessed on 10 volunteers. The electrodermal activity was recorded
      during two experimental sessions while cutaneous electrical stimulations were
      administered to the subjects. On one hand, the anxiolytic activity of diazepam
      could be observed by a decrease of both autonomic nervous system and anticipatory
      activities. On the other hand, an increase of the pain threshold could be shown
      under diazepam by lower responses to the stimulations. These results confirm that
      diazepam can be useful in anxious patients undergoing dental procedures.

PMID- 2639484
TI  - [Reproducibility of natural head posture and its implication in the organization
      of craniofacial architecture].

PMID- 2639485
TI  - [Craniomandibular dysfunction].

PMID- 2639487
TI  - [Orthodontic relapse and centripetal drift].

PMID- 2639486
TI  - [Electrognathography. Diagnostic and therapeutic role in craniomandibular
      dysfunction].

PMID- 2639489
TI  - [One way can conceal another].

PMID- 2639488
TI  - [Prediction of the mesio-distal plane of impacted canines and premolars using
      orthopantomography].

PMID- 2639490
TI  - ["Robot portrait" of CECSMO students].

PMID- 2639491
TI  - [New concepts in orthodontic treatment of cleft palate].

PMID- 2639492
TI  - [Acute apical abscess: emergency treatment].
AB  - The author discusses the different philosophies concerning the emergency
      treatment of the acute apical abcess, proposing the corresponding attitudes in
      this case: immediate transradicular drainage, complete chemo-mechanical cleaning
      of the root canal and closing the access to the root canal as soon as possible.
      In the most serious situations we can make an incision for drainage through the
      soft tissues. Pain and infection control.

PMID- 2639493
TI  - [Odontogenic cysts and their embryological relations].
AB  - In this revision article it is explained by the authors the etiology of the
      odontogenyc cysts as well as their relationship with the embriology of teeth.

PMID- 2639494
TI  - [Autotransplantation of teeth].

PMID- 2639495
TI  - [Epidemiological survey of dental caries in primary schoolchildren in Condeixa
      Nova during 1986/87].
AB  - An epidemiological survey on the prevalence of dental caries was carried out
      among the population of the primary schools in the municipality of Condeixa-a
      Nova. A total of 716 children from both sexes, 6-13 years old, was involved,
      being comparatively higher the number of boys. The values of CPO which we found
      were not high, being of great interest on the component of carious teeth without
      treatment (lack of professionals? lack of motivation?). It was verified that the
      CPO index was rather higher among girls than among boys.

PMID- 2639496
TI  - [Prevalence of oligodontia in a sample in a private orthodontic clinic].

PMID- 2639497
TI  - [Organizational aspects of the School of Oral Medicine in Portugal].

PMID- 2639498
TI  - [Clinical diagnosis in dentistry. Apropos of a case of lymphoma].
AB  - Taking into account this clinical case, the authors made a research into
      lymphomas. They made point of proving how important the clinical history, the
      knowledge o the oral pathology and the multidisciplinary investigation by the
      different medical specialties are, as well as of emphasizing the importance of
      the Stomatologist to the valuation and solution of medical problems.

PMID- 2639499
TI  - [Treacher-Collins syndrome].
AB  - Because of two clinical cases, the authors, present a review of the literature.
      The wide variance in expression that allows for different clinical forms of the
      condition has led to erroneous interpretations of some cases, which have been
      described as separate entities. Franceschetti and Klein have emphased this
      phenotypic variability.

PMID- 2639500
TI  - [Craniofacial polyostotic fibro-osseous dysplasia. (1) A clinical case].
AB  - Taking the opportunity of a richness of clinical and radiological manifestations
      from an uncommon pathology, the authors present a case on polyostotic bony-
      fibrous displasia with a large envelopment of the facial-skull massif, and
      outstand the role of the stomatologist as member of a multidisciplinary medical
      team and the successful therapheutical result achieved through the surgical
      intervention performed.

PMID- 2639501
TI  - [An exercise in endodontic evaluation].
AB  - Presentation of one written exercise in endodontics done by the students of the
      fourth year of the graduation in Dental Medicine at the School of Dental Medicine
      of Lisbon in 1986/87.

PMID- 2639502
TI  - Report of Committee to Study Dental Assistant Shortage in Rhode Island.

PMID- 2639503
TI  - Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials in cerebral ischemia: an
      experimental model.
AB  - We have studied Mongolian gerbils using somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP)
      recordings before, during and after an ischemic event. In six experimental
      animals, cerebral ischemia was reproduced by clamping both carotid arteries for
      ten minutes. Two recordings were made during this period at 4' and 8'. An
      additional four recordings were made after removal of the clamp at 4', 8', 12'
      and 20'. Four animals were utilized as a control group, and were subjected to the
      identical experimental protocol, with the exclusion of carotid artery clamping.
      During ischemia we observed an evident alteration of the SEP recordings in the
      experimental animals, and a more or less rapid recovery during the post-ischemic
      period. This experimental model may be useful for the monitoring and the
      evaluation of the evolution of cerebro-vascular damage during the post-ischemic
      period.

PMID- 2639504
TI  - [Boundary cerebral infarct in a case of essential thrombocythemia].
AB  - We describe a case of essential thrombocythemia in a patient with a mild heart
      failure. The only clinical manifestation consisted of neurologic symptoms.
      Cerebral CT was able to show boundary zone infarcts. A possible pathogenetic
      mechanism for the unusual clinical and radiological finding is proposed.

PMID- 2639505
TI  - [Electrophysiologic follow-up (brainstem acoustic evoked potentials and visual
      evoked potentials) in chronic uremic patients treated with various therapeutic
      protocols].
AB  - The aim of our study was to evaluate the possibility of recording also sub
      clinical alterations of the Central Nervous System during chronic uremia by means
      of the study of Pattern-Reversal Visual Evoked Potentials (P-R V.E.Ps) and
      Brainstem Acoustic Evoked Potentials (B.A.E.Ps), to study their behaviour in
      answer to different kinds of treatment and follow their possible modifications
      during the time. With this purpose the uremic patients were divided into
      therapeutic groups: only dietetic and pharmacological treatment, conventional
      hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration, peritoneal dialysis and well functioning kidney
      transplant. A first record of Evoked Potentials was made in 1985 and the values
      were compared with those obtained by an homogeneous control group. The same
      patients were evaluated 3 years later and the two records results were compared.
      In both cases the most important percentage of altered values were found in the
      group under only dietetic and pharmacological treatment, the less important in
      the transplanted patients and these data were stable at the follow-up. So that
      Evoked Potentials are a good test in chronic uremia and the best therapy able to
      hinder the alterations of Central Nervous System arising during chronic renal
      failure would seen to be kidney transplant.

PMID- 2639506
TI  - Community reintegration of SCI persons: problems and perceptions.
AB  - A survey of 222 SCI patients treated by the Southeastern Michigan Spinal Cord
      Injury System was conducted to explore some key issues involving community
      reintegration problems. These patients had been discharged from the
      rehabilitation facility an average of 18 months. The 62 respondents (28%) did not
      differ from nonrespondents on demographic and health status variables and were
      considered representative of the total patient population. Important findings
      included the following: 1) 30% were noncompliant with prescribed medication, 2)
      25% had not received all equipment prescribed during initial rehabilitation, 3)
      45% indicated their current residence was not completely accessible, 4) 73% were
      dependent on others for transportation, 5) 8% were currently working, compared to
      39% employed prior to injury 6) 47% indicated transportation problems as the main
      obstacle to their adjustment to SCI. The problems identified prevented the SCI
      patients from increasing their presence in the community, thereby preventing them
      from exposing obstacles and improving the opportunities available to them.

PMID- 2639507
TI  - Ethics and rehabilitation--how to develop your ethical awareness.
AB  - The professional responsibility of nurses is to help patients achieve an optimal
      quality of life. The ANA Code for Nurses (1976) mandates that nurses are
      advocates for patients. Some of the challenges that this mandate poses for nurses
      are addressed in this article. Interest in the unique issues of rehabilitation
      ethics is increasing, and nurses need to take the responsibility of obtaining
      training in ethics. Strategies to achieve this are discussed and an "Ethical
      Seminar Outline" is provided. This increase in ethical awareness will define to
      patients and the general public the nurse's professional role. It will also give
      nurses the tools they need to be the advocates the patients need in these complex
      times.

PMID- 2639508
TI  - Multiple colonization of the upper respiratory tract of Papua New Guinea children
      with Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
AB  - Nasal secretions from Papua New Guinea children were cultured using selective
      agents, to determine the prevalence of multiple colonization for both S.
      pneumoniae and H. influenzae. 29.5% of 156 and 53% of 93 carriage positive
      subjects harbored more than one type of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae
      respectively. Of 95 strains of pneumococci isolated from multiply colonized
      children, 40% were relatively resistant to benzylpenicillin. In more than one
      half of the children in this group both penicillin sensitive and resistant
      serotypes coexisted. Significantly more penicillin resistant pneumococci were
      isolated from children with ready access to primary and regional health care
      services. Among H. influenzae the prevalence of multiple isolations due to
      nonencapsulated variants only, and encapsulated plus nonencapsulated organisms
      was similar. The commonest biotypes were types I, II, III and V, and each was
      similarly associated with multiple carriage.

PMID- 2639509
TI  - Schistosomiasis control program in the People's Republic of China: a review.

PMID- 2639510
TI  - Thailand Expanded Program on Immunization: a ten-years review of coverage and
      impact on EPI target diseases.
AB  - The national immunization coverage in Thailand for all types of vaccine has been
      steadily increasing since 1978, when the EPI was formally launched. The coverage
      in 1987 was 96% for BCG, 75% for DPT, 74% for OPV, and 60% for TT. Measles
      vaccine, which started only in late 1984, had the lowest coverage, 51%, in 1987.
      During the period 1982-1987, the drop-out rates between the first and third dose
      of DPT and OPV decreased dramatically from 69% to 13% and from 42% to 13%
      respectively. Sampling surveys of immunization coverage showed higher coverage
      for DPT and OPV than those from reporting in all regions, especially in the
      capital city which has a high concentration of the private health sector. Only
      the northeastern region had less coverage from surveys than from reporting.
      Following the launch of EPI, the disease incidence demonstrated a clearly
      downward trend for diphtheria, poliomyelitis, and measles, while in the case of
      pertussis and neonatal tetanus, slower of still fluctuating declines were
      observed. The reported age-specific incidences per 100,000 population in 1986 for
      children 0-4 years were as follows: 4 for diphtheria, 0.9 for poliomyelities, 180
      for measles, 14 for pertussis, and 10 for tetanus.

PMID- 2639511
TI  - Primaquine induced hemolysis in a Thai soldier.

PMID- 2639513
TI  - [Oral aphthae].
AB  - The Authors present a modern treatment of the Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers (R.A.U.)
      with antibiotics, C vit. and intestinal flora as prophylaxis, with laser against
      pain and with cortisone to depress the immunitary origin of disease. They briefly
      analyze some clinical cases.

PMID- 2639512
TI  - [Pathology of the oral cavity in A.I.D.S. patients (etiological, epidemiological,
      clinical and preventive aspects of HIV infection)].
AB  - Some diseases of the mouth cavity can be considered as initial indication of
      infection from the HIV virus. The authors have made some specialist dentistry
      examinations in certain drug using patients, hence at risk, which present under
      laboratory examination a positive reaction to the HIV virus. HIV as a result can
      be corrected with these lesions.

PMID- 2639514
TI  - [Oral surgery and histologic reports: the incidence of various diseases in
      eastern Sicily].
AB  - According to the histological exams executed from January 1975 to June 1988, the
      authors assessed the frequency in the years, in the sex and in the decades and of
      the pathology surgery executed. For simplicity of graphic representation, the
      authors subdivided the pathologies in nine groups: phlogistic trial, cysts,
      epulis, leukoplakia and precancerous lesion, epithelial tumor, connectival tumor,
      vascular tumor and osseous tumor. With the voice "other" we consider some
      neoplasies which are not numerous and which are not differently classificable.
      According to the present statistics numerous operations are excluded like
      dysodontiasis, dental embedding, fractures, supernumerary teeth and so on. The
      authors ascertained on elevated frequency of cysts and of osteitis of maxillary
      bone caused by an inadequate and late treatment of the cavity. During the passing
      of the years the incidence of phlogistic trial is particularly reduced while the
      cysts presented a notable increase. Comparison of leukoplakia was exceptional
      while among the tumors predominate the epithelial tumors one. According to the
      presented information the Authors come to an end hoping a more preventive
      sensibility of people and dentistries.

PMID- 2639515
TI  - [Gingival hyperplasia from calcium antagonists].
AB  - The Authors have studied a sample of forty-four patients suffering from
      cardiovascular pathology treated with calcium-antagonist. They have evaluated the
      incidence and clinical-histological characteristics of gingival hyperplasia.

PMID- 2639516
TI  - [Evaluation of a method for determination of the occlusal plane in complete
      dentures].
AB  - The Authors have experimentally verified Monteith's mathematical formula validity
      for determination of occlusal plane in edentulous patients in order to realize
      some complete dentures. They have held the inquiry on two groups of patients:
      group A, edentulous patients that need a complete denture for first time (ex
      novo); group B, patients that before had a complete denture and regretted a short
      aesthetic and functional adaptation. The results obtained for every patient
      confirm mathematical formula validity and show the importance of a correct
      determination of occlusal plane in edentulous patients for construction of
      complete dentures.

PMID- 2639517
TI  - [Determination of the vertical dimension using the Slavicek method in 6 cases of
      complete denture rehabilitation].
AB  - The vertical dimension of occlusion in complete denture cases can be established
      with different techniques; one of these includes the use of a lateral cephalogram
      and its analysis. Accurate indications of the amount of the vertical dimension
      can be obtained through anatomical reference points. The method that we describe
      can be performed on mounted costs more easily than on patients at the dental
      chair. We report the data of six clinical cases in which the method has been
      used: the results, clinically analyzed, seem to be good, functionally and
      aesthetically.

PMID- 2639518
TI  - [Use of G.I.C. as a cavity liner. Clinical experience].
AB  - The authors have examined the effects of the C.V.I. used as liners in the V Black
      classes in fillings made by restorative material on the right-hand dental
      maxillary arch of five patients, comparing them to the left-hand dental maxillary
      arch on some subjects affected by the some lesions and filled with the some
      procedure but using as liner a calcium hydroxide material submitting the all
      treated teeth to a sensitivity tests. On the basis of such clinical experience
      the Authors conclude that the use of the C.V.I. as liner shows, compared to the
      calcium hydroxide, the characteristic to be chemically bonded to the dentin and
      mechanically through the eching to the composite restorative material as well as
      the bio-mimetic characteristic property towards the dentin.

PMID- 2639519
TI  - [Pathogenesis of cervical erosion in relation to intensity of force applied
      during toothbrushing].
AB  - The authors have reported about the different dental erosions in depth detected
      in the right and left side of dental arch. The authors have considered the
      relation about dental erosions and the muscular strength applied by hand and arm.

PMID- 2639520
TI  - [Tetracycline discoloration].
AB  - The authors present the last news on the link between tetracycline and teeth hard
      tissues, on the diagnosis of teeth discromy and an overview on the most recent
      bleaching vital technics; they analyze some clinical cases.

PMID- 2639521
TI  - [Cephalometric study of the results of orthodontic treatment of Class III
      malocclusion].
AB  - It's carried out a research on 60 children, 32 boys and 28 girls, taken from 5-12
      of age, affected by Class III malocclusion. All of cases was subdivided in four
      groups on the ground of the age of orthodontic treatment beginning. Two
      teleradiographs of each patient were examined, one at the beginning and one at
      the conclusion of the treatment. About the results reported on the boards, were
      expressed some considerations on the effects of Class III malocclusions treatment
      as they result at the cephalometric analysis, in comparison with the starting
      situation of lack of balance. In every case is pointed out the significance of
      interception and a more favourable behaviour of cephalometric data in the groups
      with a earlier beginning of treatment.

PMID- 2639522
TI  - [Bad habits and dysgnathia: epidemiological study].
AB  - The authors refer about an epidemiological survey in 651 children in the school
      age. The aim of study is to investigate about the frequency of the bad habits and
      the pathogenetic relations between these and the development of the dento-maxillo
      facial deformities. They point out an incidence of these bad habits in the 35,48%
      with a predominance of mouth breathers (45,45%). After they discuss the necessity
      of an early detection of anomalous neuromuscular attitudes.

PMID- 2639523
TI  - [Epidemiological study of the frequency of caries and malocclusion in school-age
      children].
AB  - The authors have made an epidemiological survey on a population in the school-age
      group, with the aim to evaluate the right incidence of the decay and dysgnathias
      and about the possible ethiopatogenetic relationship between these two
      pathologies. The results are very close to other similar researches.

PMID- 2639524
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of total pulverosity produced by manipulation of some
      alginates: toxicological implications].
AB  - The authors studied the total dust formation resulting from handling of same
      alginate materials to estimate the health hazard for the odontoiatric workers.
      Some new alginate materials resulted less dusty, even though keeping a potential
      dangerousness because the their high contents of crystobalite.

PMID- 2639525
TI  - [Color science in shade determination for ceramometal].
AB  - The authors in this study analyse some elements of color science, necessary to an
      adequate shade choice for ceramo-metal systems. Some light's physical properties,
      such as reflection, refraction and metamerism, light sources, contrast's effects
      can determine a change of real color shade. Adoption of some practice devices
      allows an appropriate porcelain shade selection for give to final crowns a
      naturalness' character in armony with patient's dentition.

PMID- 2639526
TI  - [The free subepithelial connective tissue graft].
AB  - After a description of advantages and disadvantages of traditional surgical
      techniques for the correction of gingival retractions, a new surgical techniques
      is indicated: the subepithelial connective tissue graft. The latter technique is
      assessed and described in detail and its relative efficacy in comparison with the
      traditional techniques is emphasized.

PMID- 2639527
TI  - [Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws: histological evaluation of a case of cemental
      periapical dysplasia].
AB  - The authors describe one case of periapical cemental dysplasia, a fibro-osseous
      lesion of the jaws. In this case, the definition dysplasia does not have an exact
      histological relationship: in fact, there are no atypical cells, but mature cells
      with alteration of form, volume and organization, without any inclination to
      uncontrolled growth.

PMID- 2639528
TI  - [Red lesions of the oral mucosa as early manifestations of squamous cell
      carcinoma].
AB  - Red lesions of oral mucous membranes may have various aetiology, but we must
      never forget, that among them, there is also the so-called erythroplachia, the
      oral variation of the better known and mainly genital form of Queyrat, which is
      one of the most typical examples of cancer in situ (c.i.s.).

PMID- 2639529
TI  - [Oral lichen planus: a possible precancerous lesion].
AB  - An case of epidermoid carcinoma coexisting on lichen planus is presented. After
      same clinical and histologic characteristics; orals lichen planus developing in
      carcinoma are examinated. In conclusion the authors explain an own monitoring's
      plain for the check in these patients.

PMID- 2639530
TI  - [Diet analysis and correlation of food cariogenicity and DMF].
AB  - The authors evaluate the distribution of the intake of some fundamental foods in
      diet of 6-11 years-old school children group. The authors evaluate proteinic,
      lipidic and glycidic components of diet and total calories. Besides the authors
      calculate the alimentary cariogenicity in relation to DMFT/dmft.

PMID- 2639531
TI  - [Sonic and ultrasonic instruments for endodontics. 1. Overview].
AB  - Remembering at the common aim for every endodontic treatment, the authors
      underline that is basal to clean and shape the root canal. The authors describe
      technical and anatomical handicaps existing in this stage and discriminate
      between traditional instruments and endosonic instruments. They also remember the
      advantages of ultrasonic joined with mechanical smoothing of the canal; after
      they make clear some concepts of wave physics to clarify the terms utilized in
      this study. Moreover they discriminate endosonic sets in sonic and ultrasonic
      devices. The authors conclude their study thinking that the endosonic way in
      endodontics is the synthesis of physical, chemical and biological effects.

PMID- 2639532
TI  - [Sonic and ultrasonic instruments for endodontics. 2. Operative sequence and
      clinical advantages].
AB  - The authors describe the differential characteristics between sonic and
      ultrasonic endodontic devices: the former type is pneumatic and uses the air
      coning from the odontoiatric chair that gives to the endodontic instrument only a
      lateral way of swinging. The latter type changes the ultrasonic activity coming
      from piezoeletric phenomena into swinging mechanical energy (operating at 25
      KHz). The authors specify the characteristics of endodontic instruments and
      explain their operating ways, demonstrating that reaming by endosonic instruments
      increases effects of hypochlorite. They also describe the operating train,
      pausing on the opportunity that the root canal should be manually probed,
      measured and reamed up to a diameter that gives sufficient space to the file
      vibration. They conclude listing the advantages that gives the correct use of
      sonic and ultrasonic devices; they also augur that with their use endodontics
      could have a greater diffusion.

PMID- 2639533
TI  - [Indications for the use of fibrobronchoscopy in oral surgery].
AB  - Fibrobronchoscopy, first used in pneumology with a diagnostic and therapeutic
      purpose, has been recently used in the therapy of "difficult intubations". After
      trismus, complex fracture, serious maxillofacial malformations and wide
      neoplasia, classic nose--orotracheal intubation through direct laryngoscopy may
      turn out difficulty. Some years ago blind intubation was used, which was
      stressing for the operator and very dangerous for the patient. In the most
      serious cases, tracheotomy was used. Thanks to flexible fibroscopes of suitable
      lenght and reduced diameter, nosetracheal intubations guided by fibroscope can be
      carried out today. Remembering the indications about fibrobronchoscope use in
      oral surgery, the Authors describe tre method they have used. They also underline
      the facility of this technique which allows to carry out a sure and not traumatic
      intubation without resorting to lisive medicines without producing lacerations or
      tumefactions in laryngotracheal mucosa.

PMID- 2639534
TI  - Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy. 1. A preliminary report on a new technique.

PMID- 2639535
TI  - [Assistance of tax advisors in business and liquidation problems in dental
      practice].

PMID- 2639536
TI  - [Single support of atrophic edentulous mandible with endosseous implants.
      Modified method of implantation with Ledermann titanium plasma-coated screw
      implants (TPS)].
AB  - In contrast to the usual technique of Ledermann to implant four TPS-implants in
      edentulous mandibles a modified method with only two implants is described. The
      advantages of taking only two implants are the easier implantation technique, the
      lower costs, and especially a better dynamic of the full denture. In connection
      with a round bar most of the pressure produced by the masticatory muscles is
      taken by the mucosae and almost no eccentric forces effect on the implants. This
      technique should only be applied combined with a denture in the edentulous upper
      jaw. Strictly regarding the range of indications our rate of failure with two
      implants is not higher than with the usual method described by Ledermann.

PMID- 2639537
TI  - [Diseases of the masticatory system as possible causal factors in infertility].
AB  - In this study 36 subfertile patients between 25 and 43 years, in whom
      asymptomatic bacteriosperms with a concentration of 10(5)/ml or higher could be
      shown despite an antibiotic directed therapy in which no count reduction was
      observed, were examined in the Dept. for Dental Prosthetics. A lot of intraoral
      foci were found, which got eliminated. Intra-operational bacterial specimens were
      taken and evaluated by a special diagnostic technique in the Dept. of
      Microbiology. It was shown, that the bacterial spectrum of the intraoral
      specimens and the spermiograms were identical. 6 months after completion of the
      dental therapy and intensive oral hygiene instructions a new andrological
      examination was performed. Two thirds of the spermiograms were already sterile. A
      direct causal relationship between dental primary diseases and asymptomatic
      bacteriosperms, which probably leads to subfertility, must be concluded.

PMID- 2639538
TI  - [Effect of light cured sealants for occlusal surfaces on discoloration and plaque
      accumulation on removable partial dentures].
AB  - According to increased surface hardness and decreased solubility, as revealed in
      laboratory tests, an improved surface-quality of denture-base polymers after
      glazing with light-polymerized acrylic coating materials could be expected.
      However, in the present clinical study on 150 dentures half-side treated with
      light activated coating materials, already after 3 months of use the coated
      denture-halfs showed more frequently discolouration and increased
      plaqueaccumulation in comparison with the uncoated control-sides. Scanning
      microscopic examination revealed an increasing roughness of the glazed surfaces
      during period of use.

PMID- 2639539
TI  - [Temperature determination of root surfaces in manual and mechanical preparation
      of root canals].
AB  - In in vitro studies it was determined which temperatures develop on the root
      surface using different root canal preparation techniques. 62 teeth were filed
      manually, by conventional mechanic technique and by ultrasonic driven
      instruments. Practicing manual and mechanic filing critical temperatures for the
      cell structures of the desmodont did not develop. Ultrasonic and ultrasonic--like
      instruments, however, develop high temperatures on the root surface so that the
      cooling effect of the irrigation liquid after each instrumentation is not
      sufficient and a continuous irrigation during filing is indicated.

PMID- 2639540
TI  - [Microbiological test for determination of caries relevant germs].
AB  - To judge the individual caries activities of a patient it is important to know
      besides certain characteristics of the saliva, the number of salivary agents
      causing caries. Here is represented a respective test process which is at the
      same time practicable, simple and profitable.

PMID- 2639541
TI  - [Cementable and adhesive pulpal pins as alternatives to self-threading screws].
AB  - Self-threading retentive pins are to be disputed in case of the possible dentinal
      damage in form of cracks and craze patterns. For a short time two new pin systems
      are offered on the german market. The essential retention shall be attained by
      cementing or otherwise by gluing in the pin channel. It is obvious that the
      promised elimination of cracking and crazing stands in opposition to a
      significantly reduced retention in the dentin, compared to self-threading
      systems. A general dispensation of self-threading pins is therefore not to be
      recommended.

PMID- 2639542
TI  - [Animal experimental studies of periodontal implants of compact macroporous and
      phycogenic HA-ceramic granules].
AB  - Four different macro- and microporous, compact bone implant materials were used
      in minipigs for the periodontal treatment of infrabony defects. The results
      showed, that the compact materials had minimal osteogenic potential, where as the
      macroporous materials, especially the phycogenic HA-granules with connecting
      microporosities showed an intensive osteointegration and appositional reaction.

PMID- 2639543
TI  - [Bactericidal effects of antiseptic gypsum].
AB  - In tests with plaster models we inspected the antibacterial effect of the dental
      plasters Dento-rock and Dento-dur. The results show, that models consisting of
      plaster that contains Chloramin T 80 were free of bacteria, even when produced
      from bacterial contaminated alginate impressions. After separation of the plaster
      models from the alginate impressions, a bactericide effect could be traced to a
      layer of 220 microns below the surface of the alginate. By using dental plaster
      of the tested types, it is therefore possible to eliminate the risk of a
      bacterial infection through plaster models, without any extra investing in time
      or labor. There is no sign of a negative influence of chloramin on physical
      parameters of the tested plasters.

PMID- 2639544
TI  - [Initial periodontal treatment].

PMID- 2639545
TI  - [Root canal preparation using Excimer laser beams].
AB  - An in vitro investigation of root canal preparation on extracted human teeth by
      308 nm Excimer Laser radiation was performed. It could be demonstrated that a
      secure and effective root canal preparation is possible by Excimer Laser
      radiation. SEM investigations on axially splitted roots showed root canal walls
      free of smear layer or any other soiling. The dentin-tubuli where open and free
      of clogging. There was no case of via falsa or overinstrumentation.

PMID- 2639546
TI  - [Torque measurement of self-threading bone screws. Test procedure for new
      surgical screws].
AB  - Different systems of self-cutting screws are tested by a measuring instrument to
      test the torsional strain. Modern methods of measuring techniques are applied to
      get results of the torsional force and the torque by screwing into the bones. To
      get a self-cutting screw system several methods of biomechanical properties must
      be applied. A variety of quality tests, of biomechanical screws, are used, before
      performing the operations, that flaws may be detected.

PMID- 2639547
TI  - [Cervico-approximal "Sofort" polishing of amalgam fillings. Optimizing filling
      quality].
AB  - Results from SEM-evaluation indicates that finishing the gingivoproximal part of
      freshly restored amalgam restorations with interproximal finishing strips (fine
      and x-fine grits) produces an improvement in marginal integrity and surface
      smoothness. For clinical success the procedure requires both only moderate
      trimming of the proximal cavity margin and using a fast setting spherical alloy.
      In case of admixture or lathecut alloys the interproximal finishing within the
      first 25 minutes after trituration causes an unwelcome roughness of the
      restorations surface texture and is therefore contraindicated.

PMID- 2639548
TI  - [Indications of influence of the Swiss system for school dental care on later
      dentist-patient relations].
AB  - In Switzerland private practitioners carry out the school dental service for 2/3
      of the about 850,000 5-16 years old pre-school and schoolchildren by contract
      with their community. In some bigger towns nearly 200 dentists are full-time
      employed at school dental clinics for the care of the remaining third of the
      children. In consequence of the success of preventive measures integrated into
      the school dental service the number of painful and stressful treatments has
      decreased. Therefore, the number of anxious children can decrease, too. As an
      example, in 1960, conservative treatment was 80% of the total work done by the
      school dental clinic of Basel, in 1986, may be assumed to have only 21%. A
      diversity of facts indicates that modern school dental service and improved oral
      health influences positively the later adult's dental behavior as well as his
      expectancies from the dentist with regard to preventive care.

PMID- 2639549
TI  - [Changes in axiographic patterns in orthodontic treatment. A comparison of
      findings in upper and lower early displacement pre- and two month post
      operation].
AB  - It has been shown that electronic axiographic tracings of patients 2.5 months
      after a surgical advancement of the maxilla by Le-Fort-I osteotomie changed only
      slightly in comparison to preoperative tracings. The sagital opening path as well
      as the sagital protrusive path showed alterations in curvature. On the other hand
      sagital split osteotomie with consecutive advancement of the mandible influenced
      axiographic patterns profoundly. We found almost regularily shortenings of the
      tracings and often loss of curvature.

PMID- 2639550
TI  - [Defect prosthesis following total upper jaw resection].
AB  - Using the method described, a defect prosthesis can be fastened with the help of
      operatively prepared retention sites and transnasal anchorage after total upper
      jaw resection. The technical process of manufacture is outlined and the result
      demonstrated in photographs.

PMID- 2639551
TI  - [Glove + glove = protective glove?].
AB  - Based on the results of his investigation into the imperviousness of medical
      gloves the author proved, whether it is possible to obtain more safety by wearing
      two gloves each hand.

PMID- 2639552
TI  - [Failure of conduction anesthesia in the mandible].

PMID- 2639553
TI  - [Temporalis muscle flaps for coverage of intraoral defects following radical
      surgery for oral carcinoma].
AB  - The use of the temporalis muscle flap for reconstruction of intraoral defects is
      not a new procedure. In the oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic of Thessaloniki
      we have been using this muscular flap for the last three years. The results from
      the application of this method showed that the use of the temporalis muscle flap
      is preferable in comparison with the forehead skin flap which we were using in
      the past for the reconstruction of intra-oral defects left behind after excising
      large malignancies of the mouth and jaws.

PMID- 2639554
TI  - [In vitro study of causes of radiation caries].
AB  - 50 impacted third molars were surgically removed and each tooth was divided in
      half. One half of each tooth was irradiated with 60 or 120 Gy. Exposure to
      irradiation did not affect the hardness of enamel or dentin.

PMID- 2639555
TI  - [Mouth antrum communication].

PMID- 2639556
TI  - [Recording occlusal indicators. Introduction to occlusal surface materials and
      roughness].
AB  - The quality of 4 foils, 6 papers and 4 tapes being used for marking occlusal
      contacts are examined. The influence of surface material and the roughness of
      surfaces are demonstrated. Indicators on plastics colour best, those on ceramics
      worst. As a rule unpolished surfaces show better results than those being
      extremely polished. Foils are the most exact markers. But they are less apt for
      smooth surfaces of ceramics and amalgam as well as for the rough surface of gold
      alloys. In those cases thin articulating papers have preference.

PMID- 2639557
TI  - [Periodontal aspects of care of partially edentulous jaws].
AB  - After an initial periodontal therapy to reduce bleeding a pocket depth and after
      reaching an AOI below 30% it is possible to make an apical reposition-flap. It is
      apt to supragingivalize the margins of restorations of fractured teeth or in case
      of subgingival lesions or preparation margins. In combination with a good recall
      system thus the prognosis of periodontal treatment can be optimized.

PMID- 2639558
TI  - [Diagnosis of luxation-fracture of mandibular condyle].
AB  - Based on an unusual case of bilateral mandibular condyle fracture the diagnostic
      problems are described. If conventional X-ray, panorama-tomograms and bilateral
      tomograms of both temporomandibular joints do not exactly show the fracture
      dislocation and the relation of the fragments CT scans should be taken.

PMID- 2639559
TI  - [Root canal filling with the Endotec instrument. Study of temperature development
      and wall integrity].
AB  - In vitro studies with the Endotec instrument showed apical seal only using a
      technique which differs from the manufacturer's instructions. Clinical
      application may effect thermal injury to the periodontium.

PMID- 2639560
TI  - [Does treatment of supine patient actually present a greater sensitivity to
      pain?].

PMID- 2639561
TI  - [Dentist and law (1). The duty to provide care].

PMID- 2639562
TI  - [Emergency series. 14. Respiratory disturbances].

PMID- 2639563
TI  - [Emergency series. 15. Metabolic disturbances].

PMID- 2639564
TI  - [New oral plate].

PMID- 2639565
TI  - [Dentist and law (2). Duty to inform].

PMID- 2639566
TI  - [Dental depot or export business. Dentist under stress].

PMID- 2639568
TI  - [Drug laws are also for the dentist].

PMID- 2639567
TI  - [Diamond finishing of guide planes].

PMID- 2639569
TI  - [Emergency series. 17. Consciousness disturbances].

PMID- 2639570
TI  - [Dentist and law (3). Duty to document].

PMID- 2639571
TI  - [Caries removal: Caridex or drilling?].

PMID- 2639572
TI  - [Emergency series. 18. Injury by the dentist].

PMID- 2639573
TI  - [How can the intangible value of the practice be determined?].

PMID- 2639574
TI  - [Amalgam fillings from the toxicological viewpoint].

PMID- 2639575
TI  - [GRS-biofeedback--technic for treatment of anxiety and pain control].

PMID- 2639576
TI  - [When is orthodontic treatment of deciduous teeth needed?].

PMID- 2639577
TI  - [Hotly debated: Ketac-Cem and its secondary effects].

PMID- 2639578
TI  - [Experience with fissure sealing].

PMID- 2639579
TI  - [Electronic data processing and video display text].

PMID- 2639580
TI  - [Crown and root fractures in permanent teeth].

PMID- 2639581
TI  - [Surgical treatment of teeth and alveolar process injured in accidents].

PMID- 2639582
TI  - [Anterior tooth loss in adolescent dentition--therapeutic possibilities from
      prosthetic viewpoint].

PMID- 2639583
TI  - [Deciduous tooth injuries].

PMID- 2639584
TI  - [New perspectives on EDP use in dental practice].

PMID- 2639585
TI  - [Herskovits double blade implant system].

PMID- 2639586
TI  - [Thermal condensation of gutta-percha: an "in vitro study"].

PMID- 2639587
TI  - [Composite resins. Composition and properties. Classification].

PMID- 2639588
TI  - [Resective periodontal surgery].

PMID- 2639589
TI  - [Temporomandibular joint (a review of diagnosis)].

PMID- 2639590
TI  - T3-toxicosis and T4-toxicosis in a schizophrenic patient: report on a rare case.
AB  - This paper reports on T4-toxicosis, observed in the patient, who had previously
      fallen into a state of T3-toxicosis. In T4-toxicosis of this case, reverse T3
      remarkably increased in concentration and T3 decreased in it. This case seems the
      very interesting one of which T4-toxicosis was followed by T3-toxicosis, and
      makes researchers consider about the mechanism why T3-toxicosis and T4-toxicosis
      are formed of, and about the relation between schizophrenia and those
      hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2639591
TI  - [Mechanisms of the pulmonary congestion in ligature strangulation (VIII)].
AB  - The authors observed the localization of adrenaline, noradrenaline and histamine
      in the walls of splenic and renal blood vessels of ligature strangulated guinea
      pigs by autoradiography and immunocytochemistry, and measured the 3H-adrenaline
      and 3H-noradrenaline contents of the spleen et al.'s tissues of the guinea-pigs
      sacrificed by ligature strangulation. In both the experimental and control
      groups, some silver grains were observed in the endothelial cells of splenic
      central arteries, splenic trabecular veins, splenic venous sinuses and renal
      interlobular arteries after 3H-adrenaline administrations. In the ligature
      strangulation, the reactions of histamine exclusively demonstrated in the Weibel
      Palade bodies of the splenic central arterial endothelial cells. By radioassay,
      the 3H-adrenaline contents of splenic and renal tissues were more than the
      control groups. From the above-mentioned facts, adrenaline-induced constrictions
      of splenic central arteries, splenic trabecular veins and splenic venous sinuses
      were recognized.

PMID- 2639592
TI  - [Clinical evaluation and tissue distribution of CA125 in patients with pleural
      effusion].
AB  - CA125 in serum and pleural effusion was measured in 51 patients with malignant
      effusion and 38 patients with benign effusion, and the tissue distribution of
      CA125 was investigated by immunohistochemical technique. The 51 malignant
      effusions were secondary to primary lung cancer. The 38 benign effusions were
      taken from 23 patients with tuberculous pleurisy, 9 patients with empyema, 5
      patients with congestive heart failure and one patient with nephrosis. In the
      mean level and the positive rate of serum CA125, no significant difference was
      shown between primary lung cancer and tuberculosis or the other benign diseases.
      The mean level of CA125 in pleural effusion of primary lung cancer was
      significantly higher than that in pleural effusion of tuberculosis (p less than
      0.01), and showed a tendency to increase compared to that in pleural effusion of
      the other benign diseases (p less than 0.1). The mean level of CA125 in pleural
      effusion of tuberculosis was significantly lower than that in the other benign
      diseases (p less than 0.02). The positive rate of CA125 in malignant effusion was
      43.1% and the diagnostic specificity of it was 86.7%. CA125 was detected in
      carcinoma cells and activated mesothelial cells in pleural effusion and
      mesothelial cells of normal pleural tissue by immunohistochemical staining. These
      results suggest that the measurement of CA125 in pleural effusion is useful for
      differential diagnosis of the malignant effusion from the benign effusion and
      that CA125 in pleural effusion of pleuritis carcinomatosa is produced by not only
      carcinoma cells but also activated mesothelial cells.

PMID- 2639593
TI  - [Medico-legal investigations on 26 cases of accidental death in medical
      practice].
AB  - Records indicate that during the period of 24 years and 3 months (Jan 1963-Mar
      1987) Department of Legal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
      conducted medico-legal investigations on accidental death of 26 cases in total
      which occurred in process of medical practice, including 24 judicial autopsies
      and 2 cases by documentary investigations (clinical anamnesis, clinical diary and
      testimony records). The breakdown of judicial autopsy cases is following. 1) Age
      and sex of decedents by accident: One year and downward-2 cases (male 2), Teens-8
      cases (male 3, female 5), Twenties-4 cases (male 1, female 3), Thirties-5 cases
      (male 1, female 4), Forties-3 cases (male 3, female 1), Fifties-3 cases (male 2,
      female 1), Sixties and Seventies-1 case (male) respectively. 2) Causes of
      accident: Making injection 17 cases (penicillin, procaine, isozol, vaccine etc.,
      male 7, female 10), operation 3 cases (adenoidectomy, push back of the cleft
      palate, curettage of the nucleus, male 2, female 1), stomach biopsy 1 case
      (male), blood transfusion (air embolism, female), and erroneous diagnosis 2 cases
      (male 1, female 1). 3) Some remarks to be taken account in performance of
      medicolegal activities were stated for the adequate investigation.

PMID- 2639594
TI  - [Evaluation of the results of fibrinolytic treatment of acute ischemia of the leg
      caused by thrombosis in arteriosclerosis].
AB  - The paper presents the results of fibronolytic treatment, with streptokinase, of
      acute ischaemia in the lower extremities caused by arterial thrombosis in the
      course of atherosclerosis. Improvement of blood supply in the extremities in
      consequence of the therapy was recorded in 60 patients (84.5%); there was no
      improvement in 11 patients (15.5%). The performed statistical analysis of the
      established results indicated that there was a statistically significant
      dependence between the obtained results and the degree of ischemia, coexistence
      of diabetes and arterial hypertension, as well as the time elapsing from the
      onset of ischaemia to the commencement of the treatment.

PMID- 2639595
TI  - [Effect of tourniquet ischemia of the arm on changes in selected parameters of
      muscle metabolism].
AB  - Pneumatic cuff with manometer has become a routine apparatus being applied in
      surgery of the hand. Ischaemia of the upper extremity procured by means of
      pneumatic cuff with controlled pressure maintained for 30 minutes to 2 hours and
      20 minutes appeared to be safe. The following enzymes were studied: lactic
      dehydrogenase (LDH) creatine kinase (CPK), aldolase and total protein as well as
      its electrophoretic decomposition, moreover seromucoid and also 9 selected
      glycoproteins. There were changes indicating metabolic disturbances during the
      time from the 3 rd h. upon the removal of the cuff to as late as the third 24
      hours inclusive. Significant deviations were disclosed with regard to the rise in
      levels of: creatine kinase, alpha 1 and alpha 2 globulins, protein of acute phase
      (inflammatory)--seromucoid and 5 glycoproteins as well as a drop in albumins
      level. The rise in the value of metabolic enzymes was more significant when the
      application of the cuff was longer than 1 hour. A similar behaviour was observed
      in some of the selected glycoproteins qualified to the acute phase proteins. In
      patients, in whom the cuff was applied for 2 hours or longer, there were
      transient side effects of ischaemia, which under proper management terminated
      without traces. In own material neither local nor general permanent changes were
      noted after imposed ischaemia, which is ample evidence that the technique of
      ischaemia used in the cited time compartments is safe and useful in surgical
      procedure involving the extremities particularly the upper ones. Nevertheless,
      disclosed deviations in a number of metabolic parameters show that some injury to
      ischaemic tissues is found to take place.

PMID- 2639596
TI  - [Evaluation of the effect of treatment with FIBS preparation on the clinical
      state and various parameters of the immune system in patients with uveitis].
AB  - The study material comprised 60 patients treated at the Clinic of Ophthalmology
      PMA in Szczecin, in the years from 1981 to 1984 due to uveitis. In the patients
      routine laboratory examinations were performed and extended by additional ones in
      the direction of diseases being of rheumatoidal type, tuberculosis,
      toxoplasmosis, diabetes and focal infections. All the patients had rosette tests
      of E, EA, EAC prior to treatment and after 30 days of therapy. The patients were
      divided at random into 2 groups with 30 persons each. Apart from typical
      treatment for uveitis the group I was given the FIBS preparation. The clinical
      picture failed to reveal any significant differences between the groups of
      patients. It was observed that the count of lymphocytes T and B in the peripheral
      blood was disturbed. After the applied treatment changes were recorded in the
      count of lymphocytes T and B, the shiftings in the group of patients, having been
      treated with FIBS, were marked more distinctly, particularly in the count of
      lymphocytes T.

PMID- 2639597
TI  - [Variability of the course of the posterior cerebral artery in humans].
AB  - The aim of the paper has been to perform studies on the variation involving the
      course of the posterior cerebral artery in man. It has been intended to find out
      whether there is any relation between the course of artery and its branches
      depending on the sex and the side of the cerebral hemisphere. The use of binding
      anatomical terminology was designed to verify and update the nomenclature of
      vessels in this arterial area. The studies were carried out on 102 encephalons
      stemming from 47 males and 55 females, whose average age was 55.5 and 59.8 years
      respectively. Prior to the investigations the vessels were injected with
      polymerizing resins. The posterior cerebral artery and its branches were prepared
      anatomically. The obtained results of measuring the vessels were elaborated
      statistically. No sexual dimorphism was revealed with regard to origin and course
      of the posterior cerebral artery. No differentiation concerning the course of
      vessels in the right and left hemispheres was recorded. The greatest variation
      was shown by the angles, at which the vessels branched off. Cases of hitherto
      undescribed anatomical variants of the cerebral arteries, branches of posterior
      cerebral artery, were disclosed.

PMID- 2639598
TI  - [Variability of the course of the anterior cerebral artery and its branches in
      humans].
AB  - The objective of the paper was to find out whether there is any connection
      between the course of the anterior cerebral artery and its branches depending on
      the sex and the side of the hemisphere. The investigation covered 102 brains, 47
      females and 55 males. The average age was 59.7 and 55.5 years respectively. The
      organ was examined after having been injected with polymerizing resins with red
      lead as contrast medium. Radiological examinations were carried out in some
      selected cases. The anterior cerebral artery was prepared anatomically. The
      obtained results of measuring the vessels were subjected to statistical analysis.
      Sexual dimorfism was disclosed with regard to origin and the course of anterior
      cerebral artery. Larger number and diameter of branches were recorder in the left
      hemisphere. The greatest variation was displayed by the angles, at which the
      vessels were seen to branch off. Gross variation of the course of anterior
      cerebral artery made it impossible to differentiate the definite types of
      vascularization of the cerebral hemispheres. Hitherto undescribed variants of the
      branches of the anterior cerebral artery were observed.

PMID- 2639599
TI  - [Effect of selected physico-chemical parameters on changes in ascorbate oxidase
      and ceruloplasmin activities].
AB  - The paper presents the results of kinetic studies covering the reactions with the
      participation of two enzymes belonging to the group of "blue oxidases"--ascorbate
      oxidase and ceruloplasmin. Using variable physico-chemical parameters of
      reactions such as: temperature, presence of denaturizing factors, various
      substrates, it was possible to draw conclusions as to the structure and mechanism
      of reactions catalyzed by these enzymes. The following findings were established:
      1. Ceruloplasmin is characterized by the absence of quarternary structure and
      lesser substrate specificity as compared with ascorbate oxidase. 2. The mechanism
      of reactions catalyzed by ceruloplasmin and ascorbate oxidase is different,
      probably due to the fact that there is no typical active centre binding the
      substrate in ceruloplasmin. 3. The application of variable parameters of physico
      chemical reactions in the kinetic studies facilitates the description of the
      structures of enzymes and the mechanism of reactions being catalyzed by them.

PMID- 2639601
TI  - [The effectiveness of studies at the Department of Stomatology of the Pomeranian
      Medical Academy].
AB  - The suitability for studying is defined by the percentages of students finishing
      the study in relation to those who commenced it. Since the number of students
      changes during the study in respective years, the true picture of efficiency
      cannot be made out on the basis of graduation index without taking into account
      the on-time graduation. The authors carried out analysis of 6 cycles of studies
      accomplished by students of stomatology at the Pomeranian Medical Academy over
      the period of 10 years. Percentage was calculated for punctual and non-punctual
      finishing of studies as well as the percentage of students who joined or left the
      respective cycle. As a result of the investigations it was found out that during
      the analyzed 6 cycles of studies the highest efficiency index--54.9% (the
      punctuality being taken into consideration) was achieved in cycle V in the years
      1980/1985; the lowest--17.9% in cycle III in the years 1978-1983. In cycle VI of
      studies the efficiency of studying was hardly 20.3% with the highest index for
      graduation being 69.7%. The greatest changes in the number of students are
      observed during the II year of studies.

PMID- 2639600
TI  - [Spermatogenesis and maturation of spermatozoa in rats exposed to lead].
AB  - The performed investigations have covered the effect of lead on the course of
      spermatogenesis, and on maturing and stored spermatozoa in epididymis. Moreover,
      the effect of this element, exerted on spermatozoa under in vitro conditions, has
      been evaluated. For intravital investigations the rats were given lead acetate
      during the period of 1 and 3 spermatogenesis, and throughout 1 seminiferous
      epithelium cycle. It has been disclosed that there was a delayed spermiation as
      well as release of immature spermatogenic cells in the tubules of testis. A
      transient weakening of 3 beta-HSD activity was seen to occur in the interstitial
      gland, whereas decreased concentration of testosterone was recorded in the blood.
      Changes observed in epididymis were decidedly more pronounced. A drop in the
      number of spermatozoa in the duct lumen as well as intensified phagocytosis of
      abnormal reproductive cells, and also reduced activity of SDH, particularly LDH,
      were revealed. The lead was found to handicap also the conduction in the
      autonomous nervous system of epididymis, which was evidenced by the absence of
      the duct wall tension and by the relaxed AChE and MAO activities. The
      spectrophotometric examinations have shown that the lead was accumulating to a
      considerable degree in epididymis, and in insignificant amount in the testis. The
      described changes within reproductive system kept increasing with the
      prolongation of the experiment. The detected minor changes in testis and markedly
      stronger in epididymis are likely to result from the direct, toxic action of the
      lead upon the epididymis. The in vitro examinations have demonstrated that
      spermatozoa live shorter in the presence of lead acetate, which supports the view
      that it exerts cytotoxic effect on the cells in question.

PMID- 2639602
TI  - [Use of cancellous bone and periosteal transplants in primary and secondary cleft
      palate during a change in dentition].
AB  - A group of patients that was selected jointly with orthodontists consisted of 25
      subjects, aged 8-16 years, having undergone operation for the cleft of primary
      and secondary palate, with left jaw defect. The patients had correct bites with
      good cure prognosis. Cancellous bone and periosteal flap taken from the wing-like
      portion of ilium were grafted into their jaw defects. After 1 year the alveolar
      process continuity was obtained in 23 patients (92%) and in the remaining ones
      the resorption of the graft was recorded. Reconstruction of the alveolar process
      was visible in radiographs, and eruption of canine tooth through the graft was
      evidenced in 40% of cases. No satisfactory results were obtained as regards the
      closure of naso-palatine fistula and the total underpadding of the alar base.

PMID- 2639603
TI  - Comparative study between total gastrectomy and subtotal gastrectomy for
      treatment of gastric cancer.
AB  - The authors present a comparative study between subtotal and total gastrectomy
      with and without lymphadenectomy, analysing the morbidity and mortality as well
      as survival of the different groups, relating them to the site of the tumour and
      TNM staging. Two hundred and nine patients operated on for carcinoma of the
      stomach were analysed, 158 of whom corresponded to retrospective studies, 72
      subtotal gastrectomies and 79 total gastrectomies with a mean 5-year survival of
      16.66 and 16.76 months respectively. A comparison is made with the prospective
      group of 51 patients to whom total gastrectomy plus resection of the spleen and
      body and tail of the pancreas was performed, associated with regional
      lymphadenectomy relating lymph node spread with tumour location. The mortality
      rate for the three groups was 11.1% for subtotal gastrectomy, 11.1% for total
      gastrectomy and 7.8% for total gastrectomy plus lymphadenectomy. The mean
      survival rate in months shows no difference for stage I and is greater after
      gastrectomy plus lymphadenectomy in the remainder: 37.5% for stage II, 26.7% for
      stage III and 21.6% for stage IV. The cause of the difference is analysed and it
      is concluded that gastrectomy associated with lymph node resection performed by a
      trained team is the technique of choice for gastric cancer.

PMID- 2639604
TI  - [Importance of lymph node excision in the surgical treatment of gastric
      carcinoma].

PMID- 2639605
TI  - [Reconstructive procedure after total gastrectomy].

PMID- 2639606
TI  - [The mechanical stapler in the reconstructive phase of total gastrectomy].

PMID- 2639607
TI  - [Endoscopic follow-up of patients operated of cancer of the stomach].

PMID- 2639608
TI  - [Direct exeresis of adenoma of the parathyroid glands].
AB  - The only therapy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is total surgical removal
      of all parathyroid tissue responsible for hypersecretion. The biggest difficulty
      for such treatment is the preoperative differential diagnosis between simple
      parathyroid adenoma (incidence up to 85-90% of PHPT) and diffuse gland
      hyperplasia (incidence up to 50% of PHPT). Total removal of all parathyroid
      tissue is not only needless if the aetiology of the syndrome is a simple adenoma,
      but moreover it is responsible of a completely unnecessary and deeply disabling
      hypoparathyroidism. It is therefore of the utmost importance to make any
      preoperative effort for an accurate aetiological diagnosis, and to try the exact
      localization of the eventually responsible adenoma with all modern diagnostic
      tools. In spite of any preoperative effort very often the resolution of such
      problem must be relied to the surgical exploration of all sites of possible
      hyperplastic gland, with intraoperative hystological study of multiple biopsies.
      But only a relative help comes from peroperative biopsy, because it is not so
      easy to reach intraoperatively an hystological certainty in discriminating
      between hyperplastic and adenomatous tissue on fresh specimens. In the case
      report a single adenoma of the right lower parathyroid was localized
      preoperatively with combined researches, mainly with echography, and its surgical
      removal demonstrated curative at all. The massive lithiasis of left residual
      kidney was then successfully treated by shock waves. Echography can give
      therefore a relevant help in preoperative diagnostics of a parathyroid adenoma;
      is foreseeable its useful employment also intraoperatively, avoiding so an
      extensive bilateral dissection of all parathyroid sites, responsible of
      postoperative scarring that hinders any postoperative morphological control and
      makes dangerous any neck reintervention.

PMID- 2639609
TI  - [Minimal carcinoma of the stomach. Observations on the histogenesis of gastric
      carcinoma].
AB  - A six case series of "minute gastric cancer", with maximum dimension of less than
      5 mm., is presented by the authors. All these cases were studied clinico
      pathologically by endoscopy and preoperative biopsy and were controlled by
      detailed pathological examination of the operative specimens, specially in order
      to assess the incidence of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia of the gastric
      mucosa. Histogenetically the authors appreciate a relation between intestinal
      metaplasia of the gastric mucosa and the intestinal type of the gastric cancer,
      in according to the Lauren classification. This relation is not evident between
      intestinal metaplasia and diffuse histological type of gastric cancer. Mucosal
      dysplasia is the alteration most often found in the gastric mucosa of patients
      with gastric cancer. Dysplasia of the gastric mucosa should be considered the
      most important factor related to the development of the gastric cancer.

PMID- 2639610
TI  - [Vascular compression syndrome of the duodenum. Diagnostic and therapeutic
      update].
AB  - Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is an uncommon clinical condition. A case of
      duodenal vascular compression and a review of the literature are reported in
      order to clarify the pathophysiology of the disease. Diagnostic values of
      hypotonic duodenography and angiography are emphasized. Although, the
      significance of long-term pH monitoring and gastric emptying for preoperative
      study and its importance in follow-up after the surgical treatment are evaluated.

PMID- 2639611
TI  - [The role of blood transfusion on the postoperative morbidity of tumors of the
      colon and rectum].
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that perioperative blood transfusions in
      patients with colo-rectal cancer may be related to a poor p.o. prognosis. Blood
      transfusions have been reported to exert an immunosuppressive action thus
      representing a risk factor of p.o. septic complication. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 100
      patients were investigated retrospectively (60 M. and 40 F., mean age 61.7 yrs,
      range 18-86). Location of the tumour was rectum in 49 cases, sigmoid in 33,
      descending colon in 9 and ascending colon in 9. Dukes' staging of the tumour was
      A in 16 cases, B in 34, C in 30, D in 20. 61% of the patients received blood
      transfusions, before the operation in 10, during the operation in 13, after the
      operation in 16. 22 patients received blood transfusions before, during and after
      the operation. P.o. septic complications were then correlated to number and
      timing of blood transfusions, sex and age of the patients, location of neoplasm,
      Dukes' staging, surgical technique, severe anemia and malnutrition. RESULTS: P.o.
      septic complications were observed in 25 patients, without significative
      correlation with patients sex and age, site and staging of the tumour, surgical
      technique, preoperative anemia and/or malnutrition. A statistically significative
      increase in the incidence of septic complications was observed only in transfused
      patients compared to non transfused (34% vs. 10.3% - X2 = 5.62, p less than
      0.01). This was noted regardless the presence of advanced disease, location of
      the tumour, surgical technique employed. The increased incidence of septic p.o.
      complications was observed even comparing transfused to non-transfused grouped
      accordingly to the different factors considered in the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2639612
TI  - [Inflammatory pseudotumor of the ileus: clinical contribution].
AB  - Inflammatory pseudotumor is a rare benign lesion; the lung and conducting airways
      can be the seat where is often localized. The ileal localization, reported at
      present, can be defined unique. In our case was very difficult to perform a right
      diagnosis cause the absence of pathognomonic symptoms. Surgical procedure too was
      not able to resolve the diagnostic problem: in fact macroscopically the lesion
      seemed an ileal carcinoma or Crohn's disease. Only the microscopical examination
      with the individuation of Russell's bodies, macrophages and other inflammatory
      cells can perform the right diagnosis.

PMID- 2639613
TI  - [The role of the environment in postoperative infections].
AB  - The infections are a common complication after surgical procedures, ranging from
      wound to peritoneal infections. The authors compared the results, in terms of
      wound infection, of the same equipment in two hospitals, one of which of modern
      concept. They analysed 1202 operations equally distributed between the two
      hospitals classifying them in four kinds of operations: I (clean), II (clean
      contaminated), III (contaminated), IV (septic). The difference, with less
      infections in the new hospital, appeared to be already evident if the global
      results were considered. Considering instead each kind of operations the
      difference was not statistically meaningful only in the clean operations. The
      role of antibiotic prophylaxis brought a modest improvement, also statistically
      not meaningful. Many authors in the past reported different results in terms of
      wound infections especially if the role of the environment was considered.
      Gillquist for instance, reported a reduction of wound infections after clean
      operations that was not present in the research of Bergman and Leissner. The
      great importance of the environment in preventing wound infections appear clearly
      in this research, together with the concept that many other factors play an
      important role.

PMID- 2639614
TI  - [Possibility of using intracavitary perfusion hyperthermia in the treatment of
      gastric cancer: an study of its local and systemic effects].
AB  - The selective lethal effect of heat on neoplastic cells has been demonstrated by
      several experiments "in vitro" and "in vivo". In this paper the authors report
      their experience on endocavitary-hyperthermic perfusion of the stomach, performed
      with a hyperthermic-perfusion system invented and built by them. 12 rabbits were
      submitted to hyperthermic perfusion of the stomach at 42.5 C for a period of 50
      minutes under general anesthesia. Three other rabbits were treated with
      normothermic perfusion for a further control. Rectal temperature was monitored
      during perfusion and gastric pH was evaluated after treatment by a gastrectomy.
      Neither death nor major complications were observed during and after treatment
      and physiologic functions were maintained. Animals were sacrificed at different
      times from the treatment and macroscopic and microscopic exams of the principal
      organs were performed. Edema of the gastric wall was present in rabbits killed
      after a short time from treatment, while it was absent in animals sacrificed
      after a longer time; in these animals normal aspect of gastric glands and no
      fibroblastic activity was evident. The authors consider the possibility of
      employing this treatment in curing advanced gastric cancer, eventually associated
      with hyperthermic perfusion of abdominal cavity.

PMID- 2639616
TI  - [Preoperative levels of CA 125 and risk factors in adenocarcinoma of the
      endometrium].
AB  - Preoperative serum CA 125 levels were measured in 61 patients with various FIGO
      stage endometrial adenocarcinoma and they were compared with stage of disease,
      grading and pelvic lymph nodes involvement. Serum CA 125 levels in excess of 35
      U/ml were detected in 19 patients (31.1%): circulating levels exceeding 65 U/ml
      were also found in 15 patients (24.5). Rising concentrations were associated with
      increasing stages. Grading and lymph nodes involvement were correlated with the
      presence of elevated serum levels (more than 65% for grade two or three and more
      than 80% in patients with positive lymph nodes). Preoperative high concentrations
      of CA 125 suggest the presence and the probability of advanced endometrial
      cancer. The cases with elevated CA 125 serum levels seems to be a higher risk for
      extrauterine tumor progression and lymphatic space invasion: the preoperative
      presence of the antigen imposes an accurate intraoperative surgical staging and a
      careful follow-up for preventing recurrence or metastases.

PMID- 2639615
TI  - [Prognosis factors in epithelial tumors of the ovary].
AB  - 87 patients treated for epithelial ovarian carcinoma between 1975 and 1986 were
      evaluated intensively. In all cases the original operation was followed by
      surgical reassessment to evaluate the result of adjuvant therapy and to study the
      cases without apparent disease. The actuarial survival rate after 3 years, by
      Kaplan-Meier calculation, demonstrated 73.5% survival in patients with negative
      second-look versus 32% in presence of positive reassessment (P less than 0.01).
      Surgical reexploration and histologic study were negative in 34 cases (39%).
      Original stage, histotype, histological grading, peritoneal washing and age of
      patients were considered for prognostic evaluation of the tumor. The absence of
      residual tumor (RT) at first surgery resulted in complete response after adjuvant
      therapy in 70.8% of women, versus 25.8% with RT greater than 2 cm (P less than
      0.01). Negative second-look appears the most important prognostic factor for the
      evaluation of epithelial ovarian cancer (P less than 0.001).

PMID- 2639617
TI  - [Frequency of multiple pregnancies in various Italian regions: 1955-1983].
AB  - The trend in frequency of multiple birth in Italy has been analyzed on the basis
      of the number of single and multiple births, according to age and regions,
      published annually by the Central Institute of Statistics. The rates and ratios
      of twin and triple or more pregnancy were computed for region, children sex and
      calendar period. Specific and standardized rates by maternal age are presented
      here too. Between 1955 and 1983 the frequency of multiple births declined from
      12.6/1000 to 9.6/1000 deliveries. The downward trend was constant till the late
      70's, when multiple pregnancy rates flattened out, being constant till the early
      80's. This was largely attributable to decreasing trend in dizygotic multiple
      pregnancies, the monozygotic rates were generally constant over the considered
      period. Rates of triple births decreased slightly till the early 70's and
      increased in relative and absolute terms from late 70's on, thus if in the
      quinquennium 1955-1959 only 1 out of 99 multiple births was a triplet, this ratio
      increased to 1 out of 70 in 1980-1983. There was no noticeable variation in the
      North/South multiple birth frequency ratio, which was constantly about 0.7.
      Similarly the national trends were generally reproduced in various regions, the
      regional differences were largely attributable to differences in dizygotic
      multiple pregnancy rates.

PMID- 2639618
TI  - [Cancer of the prostate].

PMID- 2639619
TI  - [Radical prostatectomy in cancer of the prostate. Preliminary adjuvant therapy
      and previous considerations].
AB  - We report our early results in the treatment of nonmetastatic prostate cancer
      (stages A, B, C) by radical surgery. All but two patients classified as stage A1
      received adjuvant treatment with hormone blockade using LH-RH analogues and an
      antiandrogen for a period of two to six months. A favorable local response was
      observed in almost all patients. Adjuvant therapy achieved reduction of prostate
      size and most of the cases could be staged down from the initial clinical staging
      to fall within the indication of radical surgery, including stage C2 tumors
      reclassified as local tumor stage C1 or lower. Staging lymphadenectomy prior to
      radical prostatectomy revealed multiple lymph node involvement in 3 patients who
      were consequently not submitted to radical surgery. In the remaining 14 cases,
      definitive postsurgical staging revealed minimum invasion of the capsule without
      seminal vesicle involvement (stage C1) in only two cases with A2 and B2 tumor in
      the initial staging. There were no operative deaths and morbidity was scant. Some
      modifications aimed at enhancing exposure of the surgical field and thereby
      reducing complications are described. Although a longer patient follow-up is
      warranted, to date all patients are alive and no local recurrence or distant
      metastases have been observed.

PMID- 2639620
TI  - [Usefulness of transurethral resection in cancer of the prostate].
AB  - We reviewed the records of 292 patients with prostatic cancer who had been
      submitted to transurethral resection (TUR) to elucidate the role of endoscopic
      surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. Re-staging TUR permits
      differentiation between stage A1 and A2 tumors. Of 20 patients classified as
      having stage A1 tumors, 4 were reclassified as A2 tumors and benefitted from
      subsequent radical therapy. Endoscopic surgery permitted correction of ureteral
      obstruction in those with advanced prostatic cancer. In 9 patients with
      obstructive anuria, percutaneous nephrostomy combined with TUR of the trigone and
      placement of a double-J catheter achieved ureteric patency; 22% of the patients
      were alive at 5 years. In 18 patients with obstructive anuria from prostatic
      cancer (4 stage C, and 14 stage D), TUR of the trigonal angle and placement of a
      catheter for internal diversion combined with hormone therapy (9 cases) achieved
      a drop in creatinine levels (9 cases) and a mean survival of 2 years. Patient
      quality of life was good and no hospitalization was required. TUR affords a fast
      and safe solution in patients with bladder obstruction from acute (33 cases; 18
      stage C and 15 stage D) or chronic (219 patients with advanced prostatic
      adenocarcinoma, and 16 with transitional cell carcinoma of prostate) urinary
      retention. In 103 cases, we utilized a technique similar to that employed for
      resection of benign prostatic hypertrophy; vesicoureteral "funneling" was
      performed in 132 cases, and a urethral prosthesis was placed in 5. Our results do
      not corroborate the role ascribed to TUR in tumor dissemination. Of 113 patients
      submitted to TUR, 38% presented late metastases (mean 33 months). In 80% of the
      cases, TUR succeeded in eliminating bladder obstruction between 1 to 96 months
      (mean 21 months), with a very low operative mortality rate (0.8%) and a 44%
      survival rate for a mean follow-up of 3 years.

PMID- 2639621
TI  - [Is the use of transurethral resection adequate in the therapy of carcinoma of
      the prostate?].
AB  - Following a brief discussion of the different factors that assigned only a
      palliative role to transurethral resection, a procedure considered applicable in
      the advanced stages of prostate carcinoma, it is suggested that in the light of
      current knowledge and the experience of many urologists relative to resection, as
      well as the possibilities afforded by currently available instruments,
      transurethral resection should, in certain cases, aim at surgical cure and
      complete removal of all cancer tissue should be attempted. Patients are described
      in whom only urethral "funneling" was performed, others in whom resection aimed
      at creating a wide concave and regular prostate lodge leaving the capsular tissue
      exposed, and those who underwent subradical resection of prostate. In view of the
      fact that sub-radical resection of the prostate does not significantly increase
      morbidity and mortality in comparison with simple transurethral resection of
      prostate hyperplasia, this technique is proposed as a valid alternative in
      patients with prostatic carcinoma who either refuse or are unamenable to open
      radical prostatectomy.

PMID- 2639622
TI  - [Transurethral resection and cancer of the prostate, an up-to-date view].
AB  - Current urological literature, which is mainly concerned with radical prostate
      surgery and new modalities of hormone therapy, seems to focus little interest on
      the indications and techniques of transurethral resection in patients with
      prostatic cancer. However, transurethral surgery still remains a procedure
      frequently resorted to in those patients in whom the indications and techniques
      warrant a critical evaluation. The reasons for performing endoscopic surgery
      (64%) and the complications observed in 50 consecutive cases that had been
      treated by the author are analyzed herein and the literature reviewed.

PMID- 2639623
TI  - [Immunotherapy with transfer factor in hormone-resistant metastasized carcinoma
      of the prostate].
AB  - Fifty-six patients with metastatic hormone-resistant carcinoma of prostate (stage
      D3) were submitted to immunotherapy with a monthly intramuscular injection of
      predominantly specific transfer factor (TF) produced in vitro. Patient follow-up
      ranging from 1 to 8 years revealed completed remission was achieved in one
      patient, partial remission in 6, and there was no progression of the metastatic
      disease in 14 patients. The mean patient survival was 17 months, higher than the
      survival rates reported elsewhere. No negative side effects ascribable to the
      treatment regimen were observed. All the foregoing findings, particularly the
      absence of side effects, provide encouraging data on this treatment modality.

PMID- 2639624
TI  - [Value of bone gammagraphy and pain in the follow-up of carcinoma of the
      prostate].
AB  - We reviewed 382 bone scans from 161 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma
      submitted to scintigraphic evaluation over the period 1980 to 1988. Each patient
      had a mean of 2.37 bone scans (1 to 9 scans). Seventy-three patients had positive
      scans (64 initially and 9 in the course of patient follow-up). Sixty-four
      presented bone pain (56 initially and 8 in the course of the disease). The
      remaining 17 patients were asymptomatic throughout follow-up; however, bone
      metastasis was undemonstrable. In our view, pain is a reliable indicator of the
      appearance or progression of bone metastasis. Routine follow-up bone scans are
      unnecessary in patients with positive or negative scintiscans who remain
      asymptomatic.

PMID- 2639625
TI  - Prolongation of heart allograft survival in course of donor specific antigen and
      alloserum treatment in the rat.
AB  - Different cell subpopulations involved in the induction of immune enhancement of
      the heart graft survival in rats differing across the major histocompatibility
      barrier has been studied. Cells devoid of class II antigens on their surface,
      e.g. erythrocytes, platelets, and thymocytes have been found ineffective, whereas
      subpopulations rich in class II antigens were found to be highly effective in
      induction of specific unresponsiveness when combined with donor specific
      alloserum. Our results suggest that class II antigens take part not only in
      induction of rejection response but may be also responsible for generation of
      specific unresponsiveness towards donor antigens.

PMID- 2639626
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation in Polish conditions. Method for removal of red cells
      from the transplant in the case of major blood group incompatibility.
AB  - A modified polysaccharide-ditrizoate gradient centrifugation method is described.
      One hundred ml aliquots of marrow mixed 1:1 with medium is layered on 70 ml of
      polysaccharide-ditrizoate solution of specific density 1.077 in 5 x 19 cm flasks
      and centrifuged at 400 x g for 20 minutes at 20 degrees C. Interphase cells are
      collected and used for the transplant. The procedure is closed which reduces the
      danger of contamination, simple and takes between 2 and 3 hours. Two allogeneic
      HLA-identical transplants were performed using this technique and both resulted
      in full hematopoietic reconstitution and long term survival.

PMID- 2639627
TI  - Assessment of the viability of haemopoietic cells in the livers of mouse fetuses
      stored at 4 degrees C. Comparison of various methods of testing their usefulness
      for haemopoietic transplantation.
AB  - The usefulness of three different tests available in experimental haematology for
      the assessment of the viability of fetal liver cells obtained from murine fetuses
      kept in refrigerator at 4 degrees C was compared. The usefulness of these cells
      as potential transplants for haemopoiesis reconstitution was assessed in the test
      with trypan blue, in the test based on clonal growth of GM-CFU in agar, and in
      the test of the splenic colony forming ability of CFU-S. Fetuses kept in
      refrigerator at 4 degrees C tested 16 hours after circulation arrest contained
      still about 70% of the initial number of the haemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S). The
      proportion of committed cells belonging to the granulocyto-monopoiesis line (GM
      CFU) decreased at the same time to about 25% of the initial number, and was a
      sensitive indicator of hypoxia of the studied organ. The test for the viability
      of the cells based on the use of trypan blue gave results reflecting better the
      changes in the number of CFU-S than GM-CFU cells.

PMID- 2639628
TI  - The evidence of a null allele in the esterase D in the Polish population.
AB  - The existence of the allele EsD degree in mother and her child, expressed
      phenotypically as EsD 2-0 and EsD 1-0 has been found. The enzymatic activity was
      reduced to about 50 per cent of the normal values of these phenotypes.

PMID- 2639629
TI  - Association of HLA-DR antigens with the development of cytotoxic antibodies in
      patients on dialysis.
AB  - Association between DR antigens and the occurrence of cytotoxic alloantibodies
      was studied in 251 patients on dialysis. Patients awaiting their first kidney
      graft were DR typed, and periodically investigated for the presence of
      alloantibodies. According to the observed peak panel reactive antibodies (PRA)
      the patients were divided into 3 groups: A, non-sensitized, B, moderately
      sensitized, and C, highly sensitized. The antigen DR3 was more frequent in
      sensitized (groups B + C) than in non-sensitized (group A) patients. This
      difference was significant on the level of P = 0.003, (Pcorr = 0.02). The antigen
      DR2 was more frequent in highly sensitized (group C) than in moderately
      sensitized (group B) patients with P = 0.002, not significant after correction
      for the number of investigated antigens.

PMID- 2639630
TI  - T lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with chronic active hepatitis B virus
      infection characterized by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Peripheral blood T lymphocytes and T cell subsets were analyzed in 19 patients
      with chronic active hepatitis B virus infection. The T cell subpopulations were
      defined by indirect immuno-fluorescence using monoclonal antibodies, and
      additionally, natural killer cell activity against K 562 human erythroleukemic
      cell has also been defined. All investigated patients have possessed nearly
      identical clinical and biochemical signs of disease, but on the basis of T
      lymphocyte subpopulations they could be divided into two groups: low CD4/CD8
      ratio group and normal or high CD4/CD8 ratio group. Mechanism responsible for
      such differences remains hypothetical but it seems reasonable to propose
      different protocol for immunomodulatory treatment of patients in both groups.

PMID- 2639631
TI  - Antigen detected on normal human B lymphocytes by BR31 monoclonal antibody--the
      nature of the antigen and its functional properties.
AB  - Monoclonal BR31 antibody reacts with a subpopulation of B lymphocytes from normal
      human blood and tissue. The paper shows that the antigen recognized by BR31 is a
      protein or at least depends on protein synthesis for its expression. BR31 mAb
      does not cause spontaneous proliferation of B cells. However, it greatly enhances
      proliferation of normal tonsil B cells in response to SAC and PMA. No
      costimulation was observed when the cells were cultured in the presence of BR31
      mAb and anti-Ig or BCGF. It was also found that there is a subpopulation of B
      cells which is able to proliferate with SAC or PMA only in the presence of BR31
      mAb.

PMID- 2639632
TI  - Outline features for chemical induction of delayed hypersensitivity.
AB  - The present paper attempts to set bounds for a qualitative and quantitative
      evaluation of immune-responses towards cellular mechanisms, as a tool for
      toxicological studies. It makes a plain distinction between the assessment of
      skin irritation and skin sensitization evoked by chemical haptens. Three well
      known predictive methods to test delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity were used to
      elicit the reactions, either by epidermal patches or intradermal injections. The
      skin responses were scored according to the measurements of the oedema and
      erythema area. Hence, the specificity of the skin reaction was performed to
      verify the presence of possible cross-reaction amongst the chemical components
      used. These straightforward experimental features allow a more precise
      characterization of the cell-mediated reaction, nowadays, widely scattered
      amongst a few standardized technics or government reports. It may by concluded
      that the present work would help to separate an immunological response from other
      occurring phenomena.

PMID- 2639633
TI  - Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a on PHA-induced lymphocyte
      proliferation.
AB  - P. aeruginosa Exotoxin A induced a dose dependent suppression of PHA-stimulated
      human lymphocyte proliferation. The suppressor effect was not reversed by
      interleukin 2 (IL-2) added to the culture medium. Expression of IL-2 receptors
      (IL-2R) on PHA-blasts a well as their ability for IL-2 binding were decreased by
      Exotoxin A. Kinetic studies of IL-2 production showed that IL-2 activity was
      still present in cultures of lymphocytes activated for 72 hours with PHA and
      Exotoxin A. In contrast, supernatants of lymphocyte cultures activated with PHA
      and Exotoxin A for 18 hours had low activity of IL-2. Hence, Exotoxin A probably
      could decrease the utilization of IL-2 due to either inhibition of IL-2R
      expression or suppression of their ability for IL-2 binding.

PMID- 2639634
TI  - Transplantable mouse 16/c mammary adenocarcinoma as a model in experimental
      cancer therapy. II. Modification of tumor-host interactions by therapeutic
      procedures.
AB  - The influence of therapeutic procedures on tumor--host interactions was analysed
      using 16/c mouse mammary adenocarcinoma model system. After partial removal of
      tumor burden the growth enhancement of remnant tumor mass was observed.
      Pretreatment of the host either with cyclophosphmide or X-rays resulted in
      enhancement of experimental metastasis formation. Unexpectedly, such a procedure
      caused the growth delay of the primary subcutaneous tumor. The possible
      mechanisms of observed phenomena are discussed.

PMID- 2639635
TI  - Transplantable mouse mammary adenocarcinoma 16/c as a model in experimental
      cancer therapy. III. Sensitivity to antitumor drugs.
AB  - On the basis of biological characteristics of murine transplantable mammary
      adenocarcinoma 16/c, experimental conditions optimal for chemotherapeutic
      experiments were defined. Sensitivity of primary tumor and lung metastases to the
      treatment with drugs used in breast cancer therapy: cyclophosphamide, 5
      fluorouracil and adriamycin was confirmed. These drugs were significantly more
      effective in combination than when administered as monotherapy. Antimetastatic
      but not antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil could be potentiated by using albumin
      microspheres as a carrier. Usefulness of the tumor model system in experimental
      chemotherapy is discussed.

PMID- 2639636
TI  - Potentiation of cyclophosphamide-induced enhancement of experimental metastasis
      by splenectomy.
AB  - Role of spleen in CY-induced enhancement of experimental lung metastases of Lewis
      Lung Carcinoma LL2 cells was studied. Reconstitution with spleen cells abolished
      the enhancing effect of CY. Conversely, removal of spleen in CY treated mice
      caused about two-fold increase in the number of metastases. In addition in
      splenectomized mice, the effect of CY was augmented.

PMID- 2639637
TI  - Effect of erythromycin treatment on specific immunologic response in mice.
AB  - Six week old Swiss mice were sensitized by subcutaneous injection of 10(7) sheep
      red blood cells without adjuvant. One hour after sensitization, the mice were
      treated with erythromycin lactobionate for ten days. The minimal (15 mg/kg/day)
      and maximal (57 mg/kg/day) doses clinically used were assayed. The daily dose of
      erythromycin was administered intraperitoneally, in two injections, one every 12
      hours. The kinetics of delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, measured by means
      of the foot-pad test, was evaluated by challenging different groups of fourteen
      mice with an eliciting dose of 10(8) SRBC injected into the foot-pad on days 1,
      2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 after sensitization. Total and 2-mercaptoethanol
      resistant haemagglutinating antibody titres were determined in sera obtained from
      mice immediately after measuring the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction.
      Treatment with maximal erythromycin dose gave rise to a significant enhancement
      of the cellular immune response, and also to an acceleration of the humoral
      antibody response. On the other hand, treatment with minimal erythromycin dose
      gave rise to a slight depression of the immune cellular response and also to a
      depression of the antibody production at the beginning of the humoral response.

PMID- 2639638
TI  - TFX modulates the immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide on antibody
      production in mice.
AB  - This study is a continuation of our previous work demonstrating the potentiating
      activity of TFX on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. Mice primed with
      TFX subsequently received cyclophosphamide and antigen and their B cell responses
      were evaluated with an aid of antigen-specific and reverse plaque forming cell
      assay. Cyclophosphamide-dependent inhibition of immunoglobulin synthesis was
      significantly stronger in mice pretreated with TFX than in controls. However, the
      synergistic immunosuppressive action of TFX with cyclophosphamide was evident
      only when polyclonal but not specific humoral response was studied.

PMID- 2639640
TI  - Protection of mice against vaccinia and herpes simplex virus infection by
      Propionibacterium acnes.
AB  - Heat-killed cell suspension of several Propionibacterium acnes strains were
      prepared and studied for their protective activity in viral infection of mice and
      immunomodulating properties. Majority of the strains caused marked spleen
      enlargement in the treated mice. These changes persisted for several weeks. Only
      some of the tested strains enhanced significantly primary humoral immune response
      against sheep red blood cells. There was no increase, however, in neutralizing or
      hemagglutination-inhibition antibody production against vaccinia virus in mice
      treated with Propionibacteria. No evidence in the increase of spleen lymphocytes
      migration inhibition of mice infected with vaccinia virus and treated with P.
      acnes or in hypersensitivity reaction to oxazolone have been found. Significant
      resistance enhancement of mice pretreated with P. acnes against vaccinia virus or
      herpes simplex virus type 1 infection was observed. Activity of Propionibacteria
      depended on the applied strain, dose and scheme of administration.

PMID- 2639639
TI  - The effect of Corynebacterium parvum in influenza infected mice.
AB  - This paper is the continuation of earlier studies on the effect of the killed
      suspension of Corynebacterium parvum in influenza virus infected mice. Our
      investigation showed the normalized effect of these drugs on disturbed function
      of cell mediated immunity during experimental influenza infection especially in
      phagocytic and bactericidal activity of granulocytes. The present experiments
      concern the explanation of these infection mechanisms. Intraperitoneal injection
      of Corynebacterium parvum stimulated spleen index. Foot pad test is higher than
      in comparatively treated BCG group. The pathomorphological analysis of the
      spleen, thymus and peritoneal lymph nodes points out to the multiplication of
      multiple lymph nodes sinus cells. Generally, C. parvum possessed protective
      effect in experimental influenza infection. We tested the following parameters:
      phagocytic and bactericidal activity of granulocytes, liberation of leukocytes
      migration inhibition factor (LIF).

PMID- 2639641
TI  - The model of allergic encephalomyelitis of nonacute, phase course.
AB  - Allergic encephalomyelitis characterized by relapses and remissions was induced
      in chickens. The contents of M and G immunoglobulins in the serum was observed to
      increase at disease attacks and to decrease at its remissions. Similar
      correlation--though not so clear cut was noted with antitrypsin level. The
      usefulness of this model in pharmacotherapeutic investigations is discussed.

PMID- 2639642
TI  - Thymic non-lymphoid cells cultured for transplantation purposes.
      Immunostimulatory effect on ataxia telangiectasia peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells.
AB  - The analysis of various methods of thymic non-lymphoid cells (TNLC) culture in
      vitro was performed. The TNLC obtained in culture of small thymic fragments in
      Eagle's minimal essential medium with 30% of fetal calf serum have been found to
      be biologically active as indicated by their ability to enhance proliferative
      activity and Il-2 production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from
      ataxia telangiectasia patients.

PMID- 2639643
TI  - Large granular lymphocyte lymphocytosis with neutropenia: a case report.
AB  - A case of large granular lymphocyte lymphocytosis with neutropenia was studied as
      evidenced by peripheral lymphocytosis of cells having typical morphology and
      profound neutropenia. Surface markers analysis revealed that almost all cells
      were CD8+ and their subpopulation DR+. The cells had strong spontaneous and
      inducible suppressor functions in vitro. Moreover, their ADCC activity was strong
      but NK activity very weak.

PMID- 2639644
TI  - [Stomatitis in the pediatric age group].
AB  - The AA. describe the most common stomatitis in childhood.

PMID- 2639645
TI  - [Gingival hyperplasia associated with the therapeutic use of nifedipine: review
      of clinical cases].
AB  - The AA., starting point for some clinical cases occurred to their observation,
      deal with gingival hyperplasia by calcium-antagonists, showing that, not with
      standing the unlike aetiology, the clinical and histological picture is like the
      anticonvulsive or immunedepressor gingivitis.

PMID- 2639646
TI  - [Functional verification of palatoplasty using two different technics, using
      spectroacoustical analysis of the voice].
AB  - The authors present the final conclusions of a comparative study performed on a
      population of 26 patients, who underwent palatoplasties following the Push-Back
      and modified Longebeck techniques. The functional results of these two metodiques
      have been compared by the spetroacustic analysis of the voice.

PMID- 2639647
TI  - [Cranial base in patients with cleft lip and palate].
AB  - The AA. discuss the problem of morphology of cranial base in children with cleft
      lip and palate, using a cephalometric appraisal. They record the data from 28
      patients with cleft and from 30 normal children; the linear dimensions from
      nasion to sella and sella to basion are significantly reduced in the cleft lip
      and palate group, while cranial base angulation doesn't differ between the cleft
      sample and the control group.

PMID- 2639648
TI  - [Marcus Gunn phenomenon. "Jaw winking"].
AB  - The A.A. describe the clinical characteristics of the Marcus Gunn phenomenon, and
      delineate the main etiopathogenetic hypotheses, as well management therapeutics.

PMID- 2639650
TI  - [Oromaxillofacial aspects of Marfan's syndrome].
AB  - The authors consider the most important features of Marfan syndrome particularly
      regarding oro-maxillo-facial defects.

PMID- 2639649
TI  - [Electrophysiology of the cell. 1. Overview].
AB  - The Authors summarize very concisely and in a very simple way, the ionic
      characteristics and the importance of the ionic and electric exchanges, in
      general, in the cellular membrane and structures.

PMID- 2639651
TI  - [Electrophoresis or iontophoresis in dentistry. 1. Colloidal solutions].
AB  - The authors in this first note give an elementary definition about the generality
      of the chemical solution in a first phase of study on dentistry ionophoresis.

PMID- 2639652
TI  - [Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome)].
AB  - The A.A. outline the familial dysautonomia describing its natural history,
      etiology, pathology and the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic principles.

PMID- 2639653
TI  - [Russel-Silver syndrome: aspects of odontomaxillofacial significance].
AB  - The Russel-Silver Syndrome has been described in all general aspects and
      specifically on the odonto-maxillo-facial point of view. Our aim is that the
      improvement of the therapy will lead at a better mode of life of these patients.

PMID- 2639654
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics. 1. Introduction].
AB  - The authors give general concepts about pharmacokinetic before the application of
      ionophoresis to odontology.

PMID- 2639655
TI  - Early relapse following bilateral sagittal split advancement.
AB  - Early relapse following bilateral sagittal split advancement (BSSA) was assessed
      by evaluating the cephalograms of 47 patients. The records were assigned to
      either screw fixation (SF: n = 25) or wire osteosynthesis (WF: n = 22) groups and
      subdivided if additional Le Fort I osteotomy was performed. 9 skeletal parameters
      were evaluated. The results showed that there were relatively minor differences
      between the screw and wire osteosynthesis groups in the first 6 weeks following
      surgery. Relapse of 11 percent and 22 percent was recorded respectively but this
      difference was not statistically significant. Relapse was not correlated with the
      preoperative mandibular plane, altered posterior facial height, gonial angle or
      changes in gonial arc radius in either group. A clear association between
      condylar displacement and relapse tendency was not expressed. This suggests that
      whilst condylar position remains important, early postsurgical relapse is due to
      multifactorial influences.

PMID- 2639656
TI  - A method of recording condylar movements and joint sounds.
AB  - A commercial tracking system has been adapted within the University of Melbourne,
      which is designed to track the movement of infra-red light emitting diodes
      (LEDs). The movement of the diodes was recorded by photosensimetric recording
      devices, and sent to a data recorder, then to a differential amplifier, and the
      signal stored on magnetic tape, or viewed on a cathode ray oscilloscope, or
      plotted on a chart plotter or an X-Y plotter. The equipment was used to track the
      movement of LEDs, which were secured to a lower arch face bow, which was in turn
      secured to the teeth via a universal joint, and an acrylic clutch. A method was
      established in a preliminary study, enabling recording of condylar movements in
      the sagittal plane, and results were presented for four subjects. Subsequently,
      condylar movements and joint sounds were recorded concurrently for two of these
      four subjects.

PMID- 2639657
TI  - Space closure and incisor alignment in the mandibular arch following first
      premolar extraction without appliance therapy.
AB  - Changes in the mandibular arch were evaluated in 32 cases of lower first premolar
      extraction without appliance therapy. There was a mean reduction in the
      irregularity index and extraction space of 52 percent and 45 percent
      respectively. Intercanine distance increased in 65 percent of the cases whilst
      intermolar distance decreased in 63 percent of the cases. Clinical improvement in
      the crowding of lower incisors and closure of the extraction space was
      contributed by the distal movement of the canines and the mesial movement of the
      molars.

PMID- 2639658
TI  - Stanley Wilkinson oration.

PMID- 2639659
TI  - Alignment of buccally displaced canines following premolar extractions: archwire
      or natural alignment?
AB  - The alignment times of buccally displaced maxillary canines following first
      premolar extractions were studied in 2 groups. The control group (n = 28)
      comprised of cases where no appliances were used while the experimental group (n
      = 28) had Begg brackets bonded on the upper teeth in conjunction with Sentalloy
      archwire. The imbrication indices (I.I.) of all canines were recorded for both
      groups prior to extraction and every 5 days after extractions until the canines
      aligned. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the
      alignment rate at 30 days and 60 days between the 2 groups. However, the
      alignment rates at 90 and 120 days were both significantly faster in the
      experimental compared to the control group (p less than 0.01). While the
      alignment rates at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days in the experimental group followed a
      plateaued curve, the alignment rates in the control group followed a cusped
      curve. The results indicated that a 2 months self-alignment period following
      premolar extractions would be justified in most cases before banding.

PMID- 2639660
TI  - A clinical comparison of different powder: liquid ratios of two glass ionomer
      cements on the retention of orthodontic molar bands.
AB  - The clinical significance of adding 50 percent more powder to a standard mix of
      two glass ionomer luting cements was assessed. Failure rates (loose bands) were
      recorded over a 12 month period and removal of cement was subjectively assessed
      at the time of band removal. There was no significant difference between Fuji I
      standard and heavy mix or between Ketac Cem standard and heavy mix. Cement
      deposits at band removal were always on enamel surfaces. The heavier mix of each
      cement was far more difficult to remove, and may have significance in restorative
      dentistry. There were no cases of enamel demineralisation around the margins of
      bands at the time of band removal.

PMID- 2639661
TI  - Hypodontia in the permanent dentition: a study of its prevalence in Malaysian
      children.
AB  - An investigation of the prevalence and distribution of hypodontia was carried out
      in Malaysian children between the ages of five to fifteen years. Hypodontia
      occurred in 2.8 per cent of these children. A greater number of females were
      found to have hypodontia, the ratio of affected females to males is 1.6:1. The
      teeth most frequently missing were the maxillary lateral incisors followed by the
      mandibular lateral incisors, then the mandibular second premolars. The aetiology
      of the condition is discussed. It is noteworthy that studies showing the lower
      second premolars to be most commonly missing have younger subjects. This suggests
      delayed development of these teeth in some individuals.

PMID- 2639662
TI  - Impact of ketoconazole on the metabolism of prednisolone.
AB  - The impact of ketoconazole (200 mg for 7 days) on the kinetics of oral prednisone
      and intravenous prednisolone and on the apparent activity of the 6 beta
      hydroxylase was investigated in 10 healthy volunteers. The ratio of urinary 6
      beta-OH-cortisol/17-OH-corticosteroids declined by greater than 50% and the
      urinary excretion of 6 beta-OH-prednisolone decreased more than twofold in all
      subjects. The decline of the activity of the 6 beta-hydroxylase was associated
      with impaired metabolic and renal clearances of total and unbound prednisolone.
      The ratios of the AUCs of prednisolone/prednisone after oral prednisone and
      intravenous prednisolone were independent of the administration of ketoconazole,
      suggesting that the enzymes responsible for the interconversion of prednisolone
      in equilibrium prednisone were not affected by ketoconazole. Thus ketoconazole
      inhibits 6 beta-hydroxylase and increases the exposure of the body to the
      biologically active unbound prednisolone after oral prednisone or intravenous
      prednisolone.

PMID- 2639663
TI  - Importance of trigger sensitivity to ventilator response delay in advanced
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with respiratory failure.
AB  - We examined mechanisms of ventilator asynchrony and noncapture in a typical
      ventilator-dependent patient who failed numerous attempts at weaning. As trigger
      sensitivity was decreased within its usual range, a marked and progressive
      ventilator response delay occurred which was associated with erratic changes in
      functional residual capacity as well as dyspnea and tachypnea. This phenomenon
      varies among ventilators and underscores the importance of understanding
      technical differences between them. Appropriate ventilator selection is as
      important as mode selection when attempting to wean patients with advanced
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2639664
TI  - Drainage of seromas after latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap breast
      reconstruction.

PMID- 2639665
TI  - An unusual case of causalgia. Relevance to recent hypothesis on mechanism of
      causalgia.
AB  - Intravenous regional sympathetic block with guanethidine caused only limited
      improvement in a patient with longstanding causalgia. Lumbar sympathetic block
      with phenol also had little direct effect on the pain but completely abolished
      associated allodynia and vasomotor signs. Following sympathectomy the response to
      subsequent guanethidine blocks was enhanced. This improvement persisted even
      after 8 months when there was some return of the previous allodynia and vasomotor
      signs (to involve a smaller area than previously). The case would appear to have
      implications for a recently proposed hypothesis concerning the mechanism of pain
      in causalgia.

PMID- 2639666
TI  - Cellular resuscitation, basic science, and the future of emergency medicine.

PMID- 2639667
TI  - Unintentional dural puncture and prophylactic epidural blood patch in obstetrics.

PMID- 2639669
TI  - Force system developed by V bends in an elastic orthodontic wire.
AB  - The force system generated by a simple V bend in a straight wire was studied by
      means of the principles for small deflection of a beam and a model developed for
      the description of the forces and moments. The relationship between the size of
      the bend and the interbracket position on the force system developed is analyzed
      and discussed in relation to clinical problems. The parallel between positioning
      of a V bend and the "geometries" developed between a straight wire and angulated
      brackets is drawn. Four principally different force systems could be developed by
      the V bend and a method for the predetermination of the force systems is
      provided. The general principles are exemplified for wires with different moduli
      of elasticity, varying materials, and cross-sectional dimensions. Stainless steel
      and beta titanium (TMA) wires in dimensions of 0.16 inch and 0.017 x 0.025 inch
      are given as examples.

PMID- 2639668
TI  - Surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses.
AB  - This is a retrospective study of the outcome of surgical procedures in patients
      who were Jehovah's Witnesses. Over a 75-month period, 58 Jehovah's Witness
      patients had 78 surgical procedures at the Vancouver General Hospital. Three
      patients had preexisting anaemia of less than 100 g.L-1 haemoglobin.
      Postoperative haemoglobin concentration decreased below 50 g.L-1 in three
      patients. One patient had a postoperative haemoglobin of 34 g.L-1 (haematocrit
      10.1 per cent) and survived. One patient died from uncontrollable postoperative
      haemorrhage. Perioperative morbidity was not uncommon, including significant
      hypotension (eight cases), cardiac arrhythmias (six), myocardial ischaemia
      (three), excessive bleeding (four), postoperative nausea or syncope (four), and
      wound or urinary tract infection (four).

PMID- 2639670
TI  - The effects of small plate osteosynthesis on postoperative radiotherapy.
AB  - Small plate osteosynthesis is becoming increasingly popular in reconstruction
      following ablative surgery for oral malignancies. In those cases where
      postoperative radiotherapy is to be included in the treatment it has been
      suggested that these plates may cause problems such as dose enhancement and
      tumour shielding and should therefore be removed prior to the radiotherapy. A
      physical method is described to assess the anticipated radiation dose changes at
      the tissue/plate interface both behind and in front of the plate. As a result of
      this assessment certain recommendations are made.

PMID- 2639671
TI  - Concurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous nephropathy.
AB  - Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous glomerulonephropathy are two
      entities that may result in the nephrotic syndrome. Two young women exhibited
      concurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and focal segmental membranous
      nephropathy on renal biopsy. Although the lesions were severe, both patients had
      asymptomatic proteinuria, normal renal function, and a benign clinical course.
      The concurrence of these glomerulopathies may portend a more benign clinical
      course than expected for a patient presenting with either lesion alone.

PMID- 2639672
TI  - Problem fracture in Paget's disease of bone.

PMID- 2639673
TI  - Labial adhesions after genital herpes infection.

PMID- 2639674
TI  - Outcomes of extremely-low-birth-weight infants between 1982 and 1988.
AB  - Infants with birth weights under 750 g are disproportionately represented in
      perinatal mortality and morbidity rates. We reviewed the outcomes of 98 infants
      delivered at our perinatal center between July 1982 and June 1985 (period 1)
      whose lengths of gestation were 20 or more weeks and whose birth weights were
      under 750 g, and compared them with the outcomes of 129 such infants born between
      July 1985 and June 1988 (period 2). The frequency of cesarean section increased
      from 12 to 19 percent between the two periods. During the entire six-year period,
      12 percent of the infants with birth weights under 500 g were intubated, as
      compared with 28 percent of those between 500 and 599 g, 60 percent of those
      between 600 and 699 g, and 90 percent of those between 700 and 749 g. The
      frequency of endotracheal intubation increased between the two periods only for
      infants with birth weights above 500 g (P less than 0.02). Despite more
      aggressive treatment, survival did not change, although the mean time to death
      among infants transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit increased from 73
      to 880 hours. Among all live-born infants with birth weights under 750 g, the
      rate of survival was 20 percent during period 1 and 18 percent during period 2,
      but 48 and 43 percent of those transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit
      survived in the two periods reviewed. Neonatal morbidity also did not change.
      Among survivors at a corrected age of 20 months, 4 of 18 born during period 1 and
      7 of 14 born during period 2 had moderate-to-severe neurodevelopmental
      impairment. When all live-born infants of less than 28 weeks' gestation were
      considered, only 8 percent of those born at 23 weeks survived, as compared with
      16 percent of those born at 24 weeks, and 53, 63, and 72 percent of those born at
      25, 26, 27 weeks, respectively. Thus, despite a tendency to perform more cesarean
      sections and active resuscitations, no improvement in the survival of babies with
      lengths of gestation below 25 weeks or birth weights under 750 g was observed.
      The probability of survival is very poor if the length of gestation is less than
      24 weeks or the birth weight less than 600 g.

PMID- 2639675
TI  - Nonvalidated food allergy tests.

PMID- 2639676
TI  - Lead poisoning during home renovation.

PMID- 2639677
TI  - Brain perfusion defect size in SPECT predicts outcome in cerebral infarction.
AB  - The results of previous reports on the usefulness of brain perfusion single
      photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in predicting the outcome of patients
      with acute cerebral infarction are conflicting. We therefore studied brain
      perfusion in 64 patients with a single supratentorial infarction. Contradictory
      to previous results the perfusion defect volume estimated from transversal and
      coronal slices correlated significantly with both presenting clinical findings
      and outcome. Although the clinical status at admission also correlated well with
      outcome, there was a subgroup of patients in which the favourable outcome was
      predicted only by SPECT and not by physical or any other examination at
      admission.

PMID- 2639678
TI  - More about U wave.

PMID- 2639679
TI  - Growth chart design.

PMID- 2639680
TI  - Inactivation of carboxypeptidase Y by mutational removal of the putative
      essential histidyl residue.
AB  - Carboxypeptidase Y is a serine carboxypeptidase assumed to contain a catalytic
      triad similar to the serine endopeptidases. On the basis of the homology between
      various serine carboxypeptidases His-397 is suspected to be part of the catalytic
      triad. To test this it was exchanged with Ala and Arg by site-directed
      mutagenesis of the cloned PRC1 gene. The catalytic efficiency of the mutant
      enzymes were reduced by a factor of 2 X 10(4) and 7 X 10(2), respectively,
      confirming the key role of His-397 in catalysis. Treatment of Ala-397-CPD-Y with
      Hg++ or CNBr, hence modifying Cys-341 located in the vicinity of the active site
      abolished the residual activity of the enzyme, indicating an additional
      involvement of this residue in catalysis.

PMID- 2639681
TI  - A 39 kD barley seed protein of the serpin superfamily inhibits alpha
      chymotrypsin.
AB  - A 39 kD protein has been extracted from barley flour with 0.1 M monothioglycerol
      at pH 5.0 and purified by (NH4)2SO4-precipitation, anion exchange and molecular
      sieve chromatography. It is an N-terminally blocked, non-glycosylated, single
      chain protein present in at least two molecular forms of isoelectric points 5.18
      and 5.22. The amino acid composition and partial sequence analysis reveal a
      relationship to barley endosperm Z protein which belongs to the serpin
      superfamily. The 39 kD protein inhibits alpha-chymotrypsin while little or no
      effect could be demonstrated on trypsin, subtilisin, proteinase K, S. aureus V8
      protease, thermolysin or two malt thiol endoproteinases. The 39 kD protein is
      immunochemically related to the major protein component in beer.

PMID- 2639682
TI  - Primary structure of carboxypeptidase III from malted barley.
AB  - The primary structure of malt carboxypeptidase III has been determined. The
      enzyme is a single N-terminally blocked polypeptide chain containing 411 amino
      acid residues. The sequence of these amino acid residues was deduced from
      analysis of fragments of the polypeptide chain obtained by chemical cleavages
      with either cyanogen bromide or hydroxylamine and by enzymatic cleavages with
      either trypsin, S. aureus V8 protease or proteinase A from yeast. A glycosylated
      asparagine was found in position 71. The determined sequence was 97% homologous
      with the amino acid sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence of a gene
      coding for a wheat protein postulated to be a carboxypeptidase. The malt
      carboxypeptidase III sequence showed 34% homology with the amino acid sequence of
      the single-chain carboxypeptidase Y, and about 25% homology with the combined A-
      and B-chains of malt carboxypeptidase I and II as well as wheat carboxypeptidase
      II.

PMID- 2639683
TI  - [Introduction to occlusion].

PMID- 2639684
TI  - [Treatment of complex fractures of the middle third of the face].

PMID- 2639685
TI  - [What is the specific and nonspecific bacterial plaque hypothesis?].

PMID- 2639686
TI  - [Dense hydroxyapatite in periodontal defects].

PMID- 2639687
TI  - [Actinomyces. Its relation to dental plaque--root caries--actinomycosis].

PMID- 2639688
TI  - Effect of sorbitol sweetened breath mints on salivary flow and plaque pH in
      xerostomic subjects.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a sorbitol sweetened breath
      mint on salivary flow and plaque pH in subjects suffering from xerostomia. The
      breath mints effectively increased whole and parotid salivary flow rates during a
      10-minute test period. Additionally, the mints reduced the acidogenic effect of a
      10% sucrose rinse, as measured by changes in plaque pH. This change was
      presumably caused by the sialogogic action of the mints. The efficacy of sorbitol
      sweetened breath mints as a palliative, and possibly therapeutic aid for
      individuals with xerostomia compares favorably with the results of an earlier
      study similarly testing the effects of sorbitol sweetened chewing gum.

PMID- 2639689
TI  - Comparison of two light cured reline systems.
AB  - Two commercially available visible light cured reline materials and curing units
      were compared by in vitro tests. Flexural strength, impact strength, stain
      resistance, and blanching were measured. Triad VLC Reline Material used with the
      Triad II Curing Unit (Triad system) exhibited superior properties when compared
      to Astron LC used with the Astron XL curing unit (Astron system). When alternate
      combinations of materials and curing units were tested for strength and stain
      resistance (measure of completeness of cure), the Astron XL curing unit was
      unable to completely cure Triad VLC Reline Material.

PMID- 2639690
TI  - Review of bacterial plaque in the pathogenesis of caries and periodontal
      diseases.

PMID- 2639691
TI  - Dietary control of dental plaque.

PMID- 2639692
TI  - Clinical and morphological features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Korean
      patients.
AB  - Thirty three cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCMP) were reviewed to
      estimate the relative frequencies of the subtypes of HCMP and to clarify whether
      there is any racial difference in clinical and morphological features of HCMP.
      The diagnosis was made by echocardiography, cardiac catheterization and left
      ventriculography. Twenty four patients underwent coronary angiogram. Numbers of
      cases by the types of HCMP were 20 (61%) with asymmetrical septal hypertrophy
      (ASH), 11 (33%) with apical hypertrophy (APH) and 2 (6%) with midventricular
      hypertrophy (MVH). Mean ages of the patients with APH, ASH and MVH were 54, 46
      and 31 years respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (p
      less than 0.05). The giant negative T wave on electrocardiogram was seen in 4
      patients (20%) of ASH and 5 patients (45%) of APH. On echocardiogram mean ratio
      of interventricular septal to left ventricular posterior wall thickness was 1.9
      in ASH, 1.2 in APH and 1.6 in MVH, and the differences were statistically
      significant (p less than 0.05). All patients with APH showed "spade of ace"
      deformity in left ventriculography. Coronary angiograms were normal in all
      patients who had the procedure. Our study showed high frequency of APH of which
      characteristics were similar to those of the Japanese type APH.

PMID- 2639693
TI  - Immunoradiometric assay of human proinsulin and partially processed proinsulin
      with use of monoclonal antibody and streptavidin-biotin labeling.
AB  - The sensitive and specific immunoradiometric assay is described for human
      proinsulin and its intermediate peptides (65-66 split and 32-33 split
      proinsulin). We developed a monoclonal antibody-based two-site immunoradiometric
      assay with use of streptavidin-biotin labeling. The detection limits of the
      assays lie in the range of 0.5-2.0 pM. In the proinsulin assay proinsulin cross
      reacted 66% with 65-66 split proinsulin but not with insulin or 32-33 split
      proinsulin. In the assay of 65-66 split proinsulin it does not cross-react with
      insulin, proinsulin or 32-33 split proinsulin. In the 32-33 split proinsulin
      assay it cross-reacted 84% with proinsulin and 60% with 65-66 split proinsulin.
      The precision (C.V.) of the assays was less than 15% over the various
      concentration. The mean concentrations of insulin, proinsulin, 65-66 split
      proinsulin and 32-33 proinsulin in eight young male subjects in the fasting state
      were (pM +/- S.E.M.) 20 +/- 3.6, 2.3 +/- 0.3, undetectable (less than 1.0) and
      2.1 +/- 0.7 and at the maximum reached during an oral glucose tolerance test, 150
      +/- 26, 9.9 +/- 1.4, 3.8 +/- 0.6 and 19.7 +/- 6.0 respectively.

PMID- 2639694
TI  - In vitro immunohistochemical localization of S-phase cells by a monoclonal
      antibody to bromodeoxyuridine.
AB  - Bromodeoxyuridine, an analogue of thymidine, can be detected by means of
      monoclonal antibodies and utilized as a marker of the S-phase of the cell cycle.
      In vitro immunohistochemical application of the BrdU/anti-BrdU-MAb method permits
      a quantitative assessment of the proliferative activity of a tissue as well as
      the direct location of the actively replicating cells in histological sections.
      In this paper, a method for the detection of the labeling index of S-phase cells
      in normal and neoplastic tissues with in vitro BrdU labeling and standard
      immunohistochemical techniques using anti-BrdU-MAb and avidin-biotin peroxidase
      complex is described. We have employed this method in 47 human solid tumor
      samples, including squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck and cervix uteri,
      adenocarcinomas and malignant lymphomas, and also evaluated the possible
      application of the BrdU labeling index to estimate the cycling S-phase cells in
      neoplastic cell populations. In our data, the in vitro labeling index varied
      greatly in an individual case (3.56-29.2%) and from an area to an area within the
      same case. Squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck showed higher LI than
      those of the cervix uteri. A case of metastatic carcinoma to the lung from ductal
      carcinoma of the breast had the highest LI (29.2%), in contrast to the low LI
      (3.6%) in the primary ductal carcinoma of breast.

PMID- 2639695
TI  - Acardiac twins--an analysis of 10 cases.
AB  - The pathological characteristics of the acardiac fetus were studied based on 10
      autopsy cases. These cases were collected during a 13-year period at Seoul
      National University Hospital. All 10 fetuses were monochorionic twins, and six of
      them were male. Externally normal co-twins survived in five cases and died
      perinatally in three cases. The gestational period of these acardiacs ranged from
      20 to 33 weeks. All of them showed a growth arrest of a fairly wide spectrum.
      Four cases belonged to acardius anceps, five were acardius acephalus, and one was
      acardius amorphus. Nine out of 10 cases were holoacardius, whereas one was
      hemiacardius with a vestigial heart tube present. Characteristic artery-to-artery
      anastomoses were demonstrated in all cases where examination was possible. The
      umbilical cords of the acardiacs often consisted of only two vessels, i.e., one
      umbilical artery and one umbilical vein, and these vessels were directly attached
      to the arteries and veins of the normal co-twins on the placental surface. The
      vascular system of the acardiac fetuses was simplified, providing only inflow and
      outflow pathways through common iliac vessels and vitelline vessels. When the
      head part was preserved (acardius anceps), the facial features were
      indistinguishable, particularly in the midfacial region, which resulted in a
      characteristic holoprosencephalic malformation of the brain in two out of four
      cases. Normal eyeball structure was not noted in any of these cases. The oral
      cavity and tongue were rarely recognized. Once the head part was absent (acardius
      acephalus) there was a wide variation of thoracic organ development. Hypoplastic
      lungs were seen in three cases, and they were connected to the trachea. A
      tracheoesophageal fistula was seen twice. The gastrointestinal tract was the most
      common feature of these acardiac monsters. However, it often lacked some
      portions, such as a stomach, midgut or part of a large intestine. The kidneys,
      testes and other parts of the urinary system were other common constituents of
      the acardiacs.

PMID- 2639696
TI  - Patience helps deal with patients.

PMID- 2639697
TI  - Office communication is necessary for staff to maintain motivation.

PMID- 2639698
TI  - Good inventory control increases overall production, lowers costs.

PMID- 2639700
TI  - Effective sealant placement requires isolation of the tooth from moisture.

PMID- 2639699
TI  - Being organized and informed speeds process of dental insurance claims.

PMID- 2639701
TI  - How to handle the unexpected.

PMID- 2639702
TI  - Collecting fees requires participation from both business and clinical staff.

PMID- 2639704
TI  - Caught in the flames.

PMID- 2639703
TI  - Assistants should use caution when handling silver amalgam.

PMID- 2639705
TI  - Good customer service skills benefit both the patient and the practice.

PMID- 2639706
TI  - A caring, friendly attitude eases the fears of anxiety-ridden patients.

PMID- 2639707
TI  - [Activator treatment in cases of disturbed growth].
AB  - The authors presents 17 malocclusions cases treated with activator appliances.

PMID- 2639708
TI  - [Combined technic].

PMID- 2639709
TI  - [Emergencies in pedodontics].
AB  - This paper describes several emergencies in pediatric dentistry, its prevention,
      diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2639710
TI  - [Bioprogressive therapy simplified].
AB  - With the usage of the new wire compositions, Hilgers introduces a simplification
      of the Bioprogressive Therapy, which the author analyzes in it's different
      aspects for the extraction therapy.

PMID- 2639711
TI  - [AIDS and oral manifestations].
AB  - This paper is the transcription of the course of Dr. Jens Pindborg, from Denmark,
      on the Ateneo Argentino de Odontologia, November 1988. The author provides
      current information on AIDS, epidemiologic factors, etiology, clinical and oral
      manifestations, associated diseases and treatment. Special emphasis are made in
      candidiasis lesions, gingival disease, oral viral Hairy leukoplakia and Kaposi's
      sarcoma.

PMID- 2639712
TI  - [Adherence test in relation to caries activity].
AB  - The amount of streptococcus mutans in saliva has been suggested as a way of
      estimating caries activity (Klock; Krasse, 1979; Newbrum et al 1984; Sabelli,
      1985; Thylstrop; Fejerskov, 1988). This study was carried out no evaluate the
      relationship between an adherence test (formation of streptococcus mutans
      colonies which allows to group individuals according to level of risk) with the
      caries activity was determine in 137 children and samples of saliva (0.1 ml) were
      obtained from each of them. They were processed in mitis salivarius sucrose al 37
      degrees C. during 48 hours. According to the reaching each child caries activity
      was recorded as percentage of non-active caries in the mean values in each group
      were statistically analyzed using Kramer's extension of Duncan's test.
      Significant differences were found only between high and low level risk groups.
      In the care of extreme groups the test seems to be valuable form estimation of
      caries activity.

PMID- 2639713
TI  - [Remineralization].

PMID- 2639714
TI  - [Reasons for one-visit endodontic treatment].

PMID- 2639715
TI  - [Orofacial neurilemmoma].

PMID- 2639716
TI  - [Dental resorption in teeth reimplanted after avulsion].

PMID- 2639717
TI  - [A skull with articulated mandible].

PMID- 2639718
TI  - [Comparison of subgingival plaque buccally and interdentally localized during 3
      week experimental gingivitis in humans].
AB  - During 21 days of abolished oral hygiene and developing gingivitis the microbial
      changes were studied in buccal and interdental sites. The subgingival plaque of 6
      dental students was analyzed by darkfield microscopy. The microbiota found in
      interdental sulci showed a higher complexity than that of buccal sites. Buccally
      and interdentally there was a significant increase in the total number of
      microorganisms between days 0 and 21. Yet, the development of gingivitis was
      slower in the buccal than in the interproximal sites. For all bacteria, but
      specially for more disease-associated morphotypes the accumulation rate was
      higher interdentally than buccally.

PMID- 2639719
TI  - [Microbiological findings of subgingival plaque during long-term experimental
      gingivitis in humans].
AB  - During six month of abolished oral hygiene and concomitant development of
      gingivitis, the buccal subgingival microbiota was studied by darkfield microscopy
      as well as by cultural methods. Five dental students gave written informed
      consent and participated in this trial. In darkfield microscopy there was a slow
      reduction in the proportion of coccoid forms concomitant with an increase in the
      proportion of rods, while spirochetes were rarely detected during the entire
      experimental period. However, the cultural data revealed a decrease of the Gram
      positive facultative and an increase of the Gram-negative anaerobic
      microorganisms after 6 months of abolished oral hygiene. The bacteriological data
      show, that in buccal sites--even after 6 months of abolished oral hygiene--the
      subgingival microflora reflects a population typical only for an initial lesion.

PMID- 2639720
TI  - [Long-term use of fluoride lacquer in preventive care of school children in area
      of basic care].
AB  - The spread of caries in the city of Rostock was studied from 1979 to 1988 in
      pupils from classes 1 to 8 where the fluoride varnish application three times a
      year (Duraphat) was the most important caries prophylaxis measure. All children
      were included in the evaluation, even those who had entered the school for the
      first time during the study period and had not had any prior prophylactic
      treatment. A special study was also made in a single class in the 1st and 6th
      years, respectively, to compare varnish application by cotton swabs with barrel
      ampoule injection. A significant reduction in caries was registered in all age
      groups. The application with barrel ampoule injection proved to be more
      economical and practical than the cotton swab application. On the whole Duraphat
      fluoride varnish reasserted its importance in caries prophylaxis and can be
      regarded as extremely well suited for individual and collective prevention.

PMID- 2639721
TI  - [Results of 3-year study of toothbrushing with a fluoride amine gel].
AB  - 265 6-year-old children were investigated over a period of 3 years. In the test
      group, 6 toothbrushing exercises and 25-30 controlled applications of Elmex Gelee
      were carried out yearly. The effect was analyzed by oral hygiene, caries
      frequency, caries intensity, and caries increase. The improvement of the oral
      hygiene index according to Silness-Loe was 30% and can be characterized as highly
      statistically significant (p less than 0.001). The inhibition of caries increase
      related to the surface (delta DMF-S) was 53% in the case of caries with substance
      loss and was also highly significant.

PMID- 2639722
TI  - [Clinical comparison of newly introduced toothbrush with two presently available
      toothbrushes].
AB  - The cleansing effect of a newly introduced toothbrush, which is characterized by
      a thin, permanently elastic neck for reduction of abrasion pressure and an
      especially flat brush head, was clinically compared with two tested toothbrushes.
      Under identical experimental conditions, 30 subjects tested all three
      toothbrushes. Plaque was determined by the plaque index for toothbrush studies.
      On the whole, no significant differences were demonstrable with regard to the
      cleansing effect among the toothbrushes. Reduction of abrasion pressure,
      therefore, does not have a negative effect on the cleansing effect of these
      toothbrushes.

PMID- 2639723
TI  - Induction of protein kinase C translocation and cell differentiation in ML-1
      human myeloblastic leukemic cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming
      growth factor-beta, or tetradecanoylphorbol acetate.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta, like 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, induce differentiation of ML-1 human
      myeloblastic leukemia cells along the monocyte path. As measured at 5 min
      following exposure of the cells to either of these agents, extensive
      translocation of protein kinase C from the cytosolic to the membrane fraction
      occurred. A correlation was observed to exist between protein kinase C
      translocation, cell differentiation, and cessation of cell growth induced by
      transforming growth factor-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

PMID- 2639724
TI  - Glutathione, glutathione S-transferases, and related redox enzymes in Adriamycin
      resistant cell lines with a multidrug resistant phenotype.
AB  - Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC) selected by exposure to Adriamycin
      (doxorubicin) express an approximate 2.5-fold (ARN1) or 13-fold (ARN2) resistance
      to the drug with various degrees of cross-resistance to other anthracyclines,
      vinca alkaloids, and epipodophyllotoxins. Because the redox cycling of the
      quinone moiety of Adriamycin is known to produce oxidative stress, however, an
      analysis of glutathione (GSH) and related enzyme systems was undertaken in the
      wild-type and selected resistant cells. In ARN1 and ARN2, superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) and catalase activities were slightly decreased, intracellular GSH and GSH
      reductase were essentially unchanged, and total GSH peroxidase, glutathione S
      transferase (GST), and DT-diaphorase activities were slightly elevated. In each
      case there was no stoichiometric relationship between degree of resistance and
      level of activity. GST isozymes were purified from each cell line by HPLC GSH
      affinity column chromatography. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and western
      blot immunoreactivity against a battery of GST isozyme polyclonal antibodies
      determined that both the resistant and sensitive cells expressed isozymes of the
      alpha, pi, and mu classes (alternative murine nomenclature: M1, M2, M3). Of
      significance, both ARN1 and ARN2 cell lines expressed a unique alpha subunit
      which was absent from the parent FLC cell line. This isozyme presumably accounted
      for the increased GSH peroxidase activity (cumene hydroperoxide as substrate)
      found in ARN1 and ARN2 and may play a role in the small incremental resistance to
      melphalan found for both resistant lines. Expression of the isozyme was not
      stoichiometric with respect to degree of resistance. The presence of this isozyme
      may contribute to the resistant phenotype or may be the consequence of a more
      general cellular response to oxidative stress.

PMID- 2639725
TI  - Expression of a multidrug resistance gene in blast crisis of chronic myelogenous
      leukemia.
AB  - Three of four patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis were
      found to express the multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene in their blast cells.
      Expression of the MDR1 gene may contribute to the poor response of these patients
      to chemotherapy.

PMID- 2639726
TI  - Distribution, oxygenation, and clonogenicity of macrophages in a murine tumor.
AB  - Transplantable murine tumors, such as the squamous cell carcinoma growing in C3H
      mice, include a significant proportion of normal cells. The nature of these
      cells, their locations relative to the blood supply, their oxygenation status,
      and ability to incorporate 3H-thymidine were examined by sorting cells staining
      positive or negative with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat antimouse
      IgG. Of the cells that were recovered from this tumor, 39% +/- 19 (n = 25) were
      IgG+ cells, and this percentage was independent of tumor sizes greater than 0.2 g
      and less than 1 g. Cells staining positive (i.e., containing the Fc receptor for
      the IgG molecule) were diploid, non-clonogenic cells. More than 95% of the cells
      that bound the antibody rapidly phagocytosed latex microspheres, indicating that
      the host cells in the tumor were primarily macrophages. The negative-staining
      cells were more than 90% near-tetraploid. Macrophages were distributed randomly
      through the tumor cord. Both tumor cells and macrophages incorporated 3H
      thymidine, with greater incorporation by larger cells close to the functional
      tumor blood vessels. Conversely, in cells distant from the blood supply, binding
      of the hypoxia probe misonidazole was enhanced in both macrophages and tumor
      cells, and the rates of metabolism of misonidazole were similar for both.
      Removing macrophages prior to plating tumor cells in vitro had no obvious effect
      on tumor cell viability after treatment of mice with x-rays or Adriamycin.

PMID- 2639727
TI  - Exploring multidrug resistance using rhodamine 123.
AB  - Accumulation of the dye rhodamine 123 was characterized by fluorescence in murine
      leukemia P388 cells and the Adriamycin-resistant subline, P388/ADR. Dye uptake by
      P388 cells was a slow, temperature-sensitive process, and involved binding at
      relatively hydrophobic and heterogeneous loci. Dye uptake by P388/ADR cells was
      temperature-insensitive, a steady state was quickly achieved, and the
      fluorescence emission spectrum suggested a relatively hydrophilic dye-binding
      site. Treatment of P388/ADR cells with verapamil resulted in enhanced
      accumulation of dye at hydrophobic loci. The fluorescence studies suggest that
      this dye may not reach the cytoplasm of P388/ADR cells, a result which may have
      implications with regard to the mechanism of multidrug resistance.

PMID- 2639728
TI  - Comparison of the conversion of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and 5
      methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolates and tetrahydrofolates
      in human colon tumors.
AB  - Four hr infusions i.v. of [6RS]5-formyltetrahydrofolate ([6RS]5-CHO-H4PteGlu; 500
      mg/m2) and [6RS]5-methyltetrahydrofolate ([6RS]5-CH3-H4PteGlu; 500 mg/m2) were
      compared for their relative effects on expansion of pools of 5,10
      methylenetetrahydrofolates (CH2-H4PteGlun) and tetrahydrofolates (H4PteGlun) in
      two human colon adenocarcinoma xenografts in mice. Expansion of these pools by
      253-661% of control and increase in predominance of di-, tri-, and tetra
      glutamate species were observed during [6RS]5-CHO-H4PteGlu infusion. In contrast,
      only modest pool size expansion (148-164% of control) and limited modulation of
      polyglutamate species were detected in four tumor lines during infusion with
      [6RS]5-CH3-H4PteGlu. The data suggest that [6RS]5-CH3-H4PteGlu is less effective
      than [6RS]5-CHO-H4PteGlu as a precursor for pools of CH2-H4PteGlun and H4PteGlun
      in colon tumors.

PMID- 2639729
TI  - Effects of tiazofurin on globin and proto-oncogene expression in K562
      erythroleukemia cells.
AB  - Tiazofurin (2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide, NSC 286193) is a
      synthetic nucleoside inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. This agent
      has recently been shown to induce differentiation of human leukemia cell lines.
      In the present study, we have monitored the effects of tiazofurin on
      differentiation and proto-oncogene expression in K562 erythroleukemia cells.
      Tiazofurin induced K562 cell hemoglobin production in a concentration-dependent
      manner. This induction of a differentiated phenotype was also associated with a
      loss of proliferative capacity. In contrast to the reversible effects of hemin on
      induction of K562 cell hemoglobin synthesis, the effects of tiazofurin were
      irreversible. Northern blot analysis of K562 cells treated with 10 microM
      tiazofurin demonstrated the accumulation of alpha- and gamma-globin mRNA. The
      results also demonstrate that there was little if any effect of tiazofurin on
      levels of c-myc, c-myb, or c-abl mRNA. Furthermore, there were no detectable
      changes in Ki-ras, Ha-ras or N-ras expression at the mRNA and protein levels in
      tiazofurin-treated K562 cells. These findings suggest that tiazofurin induces
      changes in levels of globin transcripts but has little if any effect on c-myc, c
      myb, c-abl, or c-ras gene expression in K562 cells.

PMID- 2639730
TI  - Oligosaccharide differences in the DF3 sialomucin antigen from normal human milk
      and the BT-20 human breast carcinoma cell line.
AB  - The murine monoclonal antibody DF3, prepared against a membrane-enriched fraction
      of a human breast carcinoma, recognized high molecular weight mucin-like
      glycoproteins from normal human milk and breast carcinoma cell lines. Although
      the epitope recognized appeared to be a peptide segment, recognition was altered
      by neuraminidase, suggesting carbohydrate contributions to antigen recognition.
      Examination of DF3 antigen isolated from normal human milk and the BT-20 human
      breast carcinoma cell line showed significant oligosaccharide differences. DF3
      antigen from BT-20 cells contained three major oligosaccharides, the peanut
      agglutinin-binding disaccharide Gal beta 1,3GalNAc, which is the carbohydrate
      component of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen, and its mono-(NeuAc2,3Gal beta
      1,3GalNAc and/or Gal beta 1,3(NeuAc alpha 2,6)GalNAc) and disialylated
      (NeuAc2,3Gal beta 1,3(NeuAc alpha 2,6)GalNAc) derivatives. In contrast, the DF3
      antigen from normal human milk contained the tetrasaccharide Gal beta 1,4GlcNASc
      beta 1,6(Gal beta 1,3)GalNAc as its major neutral oligosaccharide and also
      sialylated derivatives of the tetrasaccharide, including a monosialo derivative
      (Gal beta 1,4GlcNac beta 1,6(NeuAc alpha 2,3Gal beta 2,3)GalNAc and/or NeuAc
      alpha 2,3Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta 1,6 (Gal beta 1,3)GalNAc). These results suggest
      the possibility of carcinoma-associated alterations in O-linked oligosacchardes
      of cell surface sialomucins and in the activity of the beta 1,6-glucosaminyl
      transferase involved in mucin biosynthesis.

PMID- 2639731
TI  - [AIDS and the oral cavity].
AB  - The oral cavity is the site for a number of diseases associated with an infection
      of the human immunodeficiency virus. Often the oral lesions may appear before the
      establishment of an AIDS diagnosis; and occasionally, the diagnosis may depend
      solely on the oral manifestations. The most commonly reported oral infections are
      those caused by Candida albicans and the herpes simplex virus. Hairy leukoplakia,
      a newly described lesion, may also be of viral origin. Kaposi's sarcoma is the
      most frequently reported oral malignancy in patients with AIDS. Oral squamous
      cell carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas have also been reported.

PMID- 2639732
TI  - [Access cavity preparation for mandibular incisors with suspected two canals].
AB  - One of the common reasons for endodontic failure is incomplete root canal
      obturation. According to previous studies, about 10-45% of all lower incisors
      have two canals. The purposes of this study were: 1. determine the incidence of
      double canals in the lower incisors among Chinese; 2. evaluate the usefulness of
      X rays for locating double canals in the lower incisors; and 3. propose a method
      of access cavity preparation for lower incisors when double canals are diagnosed.
      One hundred lower incisors were collected and checked by dental X ray,
      mesiodistally, buccolingually and at a 30 degrees mesial shift, in order to
      determine the incidence of double canals and evaluate their images on film. In
      addition, a method for drawing the pathway of the double canals from the apex to
      the incisal edge, as a reference for access cavity preparation, was proposed. The
      results of this study showed that 36 out of the 100 lower incisors had double
      canals and only two of them had two separate apical foramina. Clinically, when
      the X ray image of the lower incisor canal is obscure or missing at the middle
      third of the root, it is best to extend the access cavity to the incisal edge in
      order to find the lingual canal.

PMID- 2639733
TI  - Hardness tests in highly filled composite resins.
AB  - The hardness of seven proprietary, light-cured, posterior composite resins was
      evaluated by three different hardness testers: the Knoop hardness tester, the
      Barcol indenter and the Rockwell 15T hardness meter. Specimens were measured
      after light-curing and 24-hour immersion in 37 degrees C water. Barcol hardness
      numbers ranged from 79.2 to 85.0. The Rockwell 15T hardness data had a range from
      73.3 to 80.3 and the Knoop hardness numbers varied from 39.9 to 79.0. Relatively
      small variations were determined between results of Barcol hardness numbers and
      Rockwell 15T hardness data. Great variation was revealed in the results from
      Knoop hardness numbers. According to the dimensions of the indentations, the
      results of Barcol and Rockwell hardness represent the bulky part of tested
      composites rather than superficial hardness. Knoop hardness testing is found to
      be relatively feasible and a suitable measurement for the determination of
      superficial hardness of highly filled composite resins.

PMID- 2639734
TI  - [Posterior maxillary osteotomy for preprosthetic surgery--case report].
AB  - When the space created by missing mandibular posterior teeth is not filled for a
      long period of time, elongation of the opposite dentoalveolar segments of the
      maxilla is usually demonstrable. This condition introduces difficulties in later
      prosthetic restoration. There are many ways to be used in the solution of the
      problems dependent upon the severity of elongation. When the elongation is
      severe, in order to gain sufficient interarch space for prosthetic resotration,
      extraction of those teeth is usually inevitable. However, as an alternative,
      posterior maxillary osteotomy was adopted in the present study to intrude the
      clongated segment to the functional position in harmony with the occlusal plane
      and to maintain tooth vitality. From observation of 15 cases of severely
      elongated maxillary posterior teeth, it is concluded that favorable results with
      good prognosis, can be achieved by using posterior maxillary osteotomy as a
      procedure.

PMID- 2639735
TI  - [The vector analysis of the anteroposterior relationship among the apical bases
      and the incisors].
AB  - Using the lateral cephalometric radiographs, the points A, B, maxillary incisor
      tip (U) and mandibular incisor tip (L) were projected onto the Frankfort
      horizontal plane and the projected points were defined as a, b, u and 1,
      respectively. According to the principle of the vector analysis, the vector
      formula ab - ul = au - bl can always stand irrespective of how the locations of
      the points a, b, u and 1 vary. The vectors ab, ul, au and bl represent the
      anteroposterior linear relationship between the upper jaw and the lower jaw, the
      upper incisor and the lower incisor (overjet), the upper jaw and the upper
      incisor, and the lower jaw and the lower incisor, respectively with reference to
      the FH plane. The lateral cephalometric radiographs taken from a total of 863
      class I subjects, including 422 males and 441 females, were submitted for the
      study. The four vector values were obtained from the tracing of each radiograph
      and the mean values were computed according to sex and age. If a positive value
      was given to the vector ab, it denoted that point "a" was anterior to point "b",
      while a negative value denoted that "a" was posterior to "b". Both sexes of the
      subjects were divided according to their ages into junior primary (JP, 6-8
      years), senior primary (SP, 9-11 years), junior high (JH, 12-14 years), and
      senior high (SH, 15-18 years) groups. No substantial or significant mean
      difference of each vector between the males and the females in each age group was
      noted. The mean values of the vector ab were 7.4, 6.8, 6.1 and 4.7 mm in JP, SP,
      JH and SH groups, respectively with the male and the female data pooled together.
      This indicates that there was a gradual catching up tendency of mandibular versus
      maxillary growth. The mean values of the vector ul were 1.4, 2.8, 2.9 and 2.8 mm
      in each successive age group, respectively showing that the overjet was rather
      constant with age except in the youngest group. The corresponding mean values
      were -0.4, -3.9, -5.2 and -6.1 mm for the vector au and -6.3, -8.0, -8.4 and -8.0
      mm for the vector bl in JP, SP, JH and SH groups, respectively. The data indicate
      that both upper and lower incisors were relatively more upright in the youngest
      group when compared with the other age groups. In the remaining groups the upper
      incisors exhibited a tendency of gradual labial tipping with age, whereas the
      lower incisors kept stable in the procumbency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2639736
TI  - Minor oral surgery for the general practitioner--the extraction of roots.

PMID- 2639737
TI  - Dental clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2639738
TI  - [TMJ examination in patients with underlying rheumatic diseases].
AB  - Within this scope of a diagnostic study 50 patients with underlying rheumatic
      disease and temporomandibular joint symptoms were examined in the rheumatological
      and oral-maxillofacial surgery specialty. About half of the patients with
      inflammatory rheumatic disease showed a primary temporomandibular arthritis,
      about half of which had radiological findings of advanced stage of arthrosis
      deformans. Therapeutical particularities of the treatments of primary
      temporomandibular arthritis are shown.

PMID- 2639739
TI  - [Nerve dysfunctions following mandibular surgery on an outpatient basis].
AB  - The extent and reversibility of any functional impairment of the inferior
      alveolar and lingual nerves are important criteria for establishing the
      indication for microsurgical reconstruction. Postoperative dysfunctions were
      observed by 31.4% of 384 patients operated in the posterior segment of the lower
      jaw. In more than half of these cases the dysfunctions disappeared after 8 weeks.
      After 6 months the remission tendency was very slight. After a mean 4 years
      following operation 6% of the patients reported subjective disorders. Impaired
      functions were demonstrated objectively in 11.4% of the cases. The phenomenon of
      adaptation seems to play an important part. Only 2 patients would have desired
      further surgical treatment.

PMID- 2639740
TI  - [Modified vise for shaping free reanastomosed bone grafts].
AB  - A modified vise allowing easy handling and safe performing of bone grafts is
      described. Experience has shown it to be a valuable tool for handling
      microsurgically reanastomosed bone grafts, because the essential nutritive zones,
      the vascular and soft tissue areas, are protected from mechanical damage. Thus,
      even multiple osteotomies can be safely and easily performed.

PMID- 2639741
TI  - [Bioabsorbable poly(L-lactide) osteosynthesis plates and screws for the fixation
      of zygomatic bone fractures].
AB  - Ten unstable zygomatic bone fractures were treated with osteosynthesis plates and
      screws made of bioabsorbable poly(l-lactide) (PLLA). This study has shown that
      our PLLA plates and screws guarantee stable osteosynthesis of zygomatic bone
      fractures for an adequate period of time and allow undisturbed healing of the
      fracture. Bioabsorption takes more or less 18 months. Thus, a second operation
      for removal of the osteosynthesis material is avoided.

PMID- 2639742
TI  - [Anatomy of the anterior serratus flap].
AB  - The vascular territory of the serratus anterior muscle was investigated by
      injection studies in cadavers. The overlying skin and the ribs were stained only
      partially. The skin gets its blood supply by so called rami cutanei laterales
      originating from the intercostal system. The serratus fascia and the muscle can
      be transplanted safely on its pedicle, the thorakodorsal vessels. The main
      indication are the muscle transplantation for reconstruction of facial paralysis
      and as gliding tissue.

PMID- 2639743
TI  - Orbital protrusion index in Treacher-Collins syndrome: a tool for determining the
      degree of soft-tissue damage.
AB  - The relationship of measurements of the intercanthal width (en-en), the biocular
      width (ex-ex) and both eye fissures (ex-en), constituting the orbital protrusion
      index ex-ex x 100 (en-en) + (en-ex, r) + (en-ex, l) was used to analyze
      preoperative morphological developments in the orbits of 23 patients with
      Treacher Collins syndrome. The index permitted distinction between mildly and
      severely defective orbits, based on the degree of defective measurements and
      variations in relative sagittal positions. Optimal index values (mean, 94.0) were
      seen in 11 subjects with a slightly different sagittal level between the inner
      and outer commissures of the eye fissures, which created slightly protruding but
      still normal soft-tissue relief. The eye fissures in seven patients were
      moderately reduced in length. Orbits with higher indices (mean 98.1) (12
      subjects) showed less differences in level between the two commissures of the eye
      fissures, producing a flattening in the surface relief. Eye fissure length was
      markedly subnormal in all patients.

PMID- 2639744
TI  - [Studies on the reaction of the maxillary sinus mucosa to trauma].
AB  - In an animal experiment the middle face of sheeps was fractionated. The reaction
      of the maxillary mucosa was histologically examined in determined temporal
      intervals and compared with the reactions of the mucosa of sinus maxillary in man
      after an accident with fractures in the middle face. In contrast to other authors
      it could be proved unambiguously that the maxillary mucosa of the sheep as well
      as the maxillary mucosa in man react with a reparative curable inflammation after
      fractures in the middle face. Therefore a sanitation because of inflammation
      prophylactic reasons is not indicated.

PMID- 2639745
TI  - [Late sequelae of severe injuries to the viscerocranium: clinical, radiographic
      and CT findings].
AB  - After 1 to 7 years the late results of the surgical treatment of 21 patients with
      partly severe viscerocranial fractures have been evaluated by means of clinical
      as well as radiographic and CT examinations (with special thin sections and
      reconstructions). In demonstrating fractures and hemorrhages or mucosal swelling
      in the sinuses CT was found to be superior--except for fractures of the floor of
      the orbita and the nasal bone. Clinical dysfunctions and disorders included among
      others impaired eye motility (5), optic nerve lesions (2), bone prominences (14;
      predominantly at the orbital margins, in one case resulting in severe deformity
      of the face), dental and functional masticatory disorders (10), sinus problems
      and headache (11). The number of fractures that could be demonstrated by
      radiography and CT was reduced from 336 to 186, and that of fragment dislocations
      even to less than a quarter of the original figure. Apart from mucosal swelling
      and 2 hemorrhages, the sinuses--although in some cases severely injured--were
      well pneumatized again.

PMID- 2639746
TI  - [Results of magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) in 100 temporomandibular joints].
AB  - The results obtained by MRT of 100 temporomandibular joints in 12 probands with
      healthy dentitions and 38 patients are reported. The findings were dominated by
      dislocations of the articular disk. Diagnosis of this condition presented no
      difficulties, as the interarticular disk can be well differentiated from the
      adjoining bone structures and the bilaminar zone. The high quality of the soft
      tissue images renders MRT a valuable procedure completing other examination
      methods such as panoramic or Schuller radiographs for diagnosis of TMJ diseases.

PMID- 2639748
TI  - Immunological recognition.

PMID- 2639747
TI  - [Malignant melanomas of the head and neck area].
AB  - Today's treatment methods have less effect on the prognosis of malignant
      melanomas in the primary tumor stage, irrespective of their localization, than
      certain prognostically important factors related to the tumor and the tumor
      patient. In a validation study the dominating prognostic value of tumor thickness
      after Breslow (1975) and the patient's gender as two independent factors is
      confirmed. The retrospective comparative treatment studies on the effects of
      elective lymph node dissection (ELND) and the extent of excision on prognosis are
      based on the separate evaluation of male and female patients grouped according to
      tumor thickness classes (0.76 to 1.5, 1.51 to 3.0 and greater than 3.0 mm). The
      results confirm what was to be expected according to more recent views on the
      pathology of melanomas (Balch et al. 1987), i.e. that regionally preventive
      radical measures, particularly elective lymph node dissection, have a positive
      effect only in a limited intermediate stage of development. Thus, it was only in
      a small patient group of men with melanomas of the tumor thickness class 1.5 to
      3.0 mm that there was, both in relation to the total number of patients (n = 123)
      and to the group of head and neck melanomas (n = 30), a prognostic difference of
      26% or, respectively, 44% to the favor of lymph node dissection. All other male
      patients as well as the female patient group exhibited better survival rates
      after removal of the primary tumor without subsequent elective lymph node
      dissection. Based on own studies and the critical consideration of published
      treatment studies, a number of recommendations for differentiated treatment
      according to acknowledged prognostic criteria (stage-specific therapy!) are
      given.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2639750
TI  - Positive and negative selection of T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2639749
TI  - T-cell repertoire and thymus.

PMID- 2639751
TI  - Control of cell growth and differentiation during early B-cell development by
      stromal cell molecules.

PMID- 2639752
TI  - Molecular mechanism for immunoglobulin double-isotype expression.

PMID- 2639753
TI  - Cellular stages and molecular steps of murine B-cell development.
AB  - Development of B cells in fetal liver occurs in one synchronous wave and involves
      probably no more than four critical divisions. This leads us to suggest that the
      main pool of proliferating progenitors that replenish the peripheral B-cell pool
      are progenitors before Ig gene rearrangement, that the four Ig gene
      rearrangements (DH to JH, VH to DHJH, VK to JK, and V lambda to J lambda) might
      occur in four critical divisions, and that a stromal-cell-dependent phase of pre
      B development in which all rearrangements are made is succeeded by a stromal-cell
      independent phase of sIG+ pre-B-cell maturation to mature mitogen-reactive B
      cells. We speculate on the molecular nature of the tightly controlled steps of Ig
      rearrangements during pre-B-cell development that might involve the pre-B-cell
      specific genes Vpre-B and lambda 5 and the B-lineage-specific gene mb-1 in
      interactions with stromal cells.

PMID- 2639754
TI  - Growth and selection of B cells in vivo.

PMID- 2639756
TI  - A new effector mechanism for antibodies: catalytic cleavage of peptide bonds.

PMID- 2639755
TI  - Immunochemical and crystallographic studies of antibody D1.3 in its free, antigen
      liganded, and idiotope-bound states.

PMID- 2639757
TI  - Structural and functional aspects of HLA class II glycoproteins and the
      associated invariant chain.

PMID- 2639758
TI  - Comparison of orthorhombic and monoclinic crystal structures of HLA-A2.

PMID- 2639759
TI  - T-cell recognition of superantigens: inside or outside the groove?

PMID- 2639760
TI  - Antigen-binding function of class II MHC molecules.

PMID- 2639761
TI  - Studies on the nature of physiologically processed antigen and on the
      conformation of peptides required for interaction with MHC.

PMID- 2639762
TI  - Structural intermediates in the reactions of antigenic peptides with MHC
      molecules.

PMID- 2639764
TI  - Binding of self-antigens to Ia molecules.

PMID- 2639763
TI  - Structural analysis of a peptide-HLA class II complex.

PMID- 2639765
TI  - Molecular studies of human response to allergens.

PMID- 2639766
TI  - T-lymphocyte recognition of a membrane glycoprotein.

PMID- 2639767
TI  - B- and T-cell recognition of influenza hemagglutinin.

PMID- 2639768
TI  - Structural features of peptides recognized by H-2Kd-restricted T cells.

PMID- 2639769
TI  - A peptide derived from the alpha-helical region of class I MHC blocks CTL
      engagement of the class I MHC molecule.

PMID- 2639770
TI  - Developmental approach to pediatric neurogenic dysphagia.
AB  - The approach to children with neurogenic dysphagia is unique due to their
      development, growth, and behavior. Multiple streams of development (cognitive,
      oral-motor, fine and gross motor) have direct and indirect effects on feeding.
      Provision of an appropriate feeding program requires that the multiple needs,
      abilities, and disabilities of each child be assessed and managed appropriately.

PMID- 2639771
TI  - Complications following esophageal atresia repair.

PMID- 2639772
TI  - Mobility of the upper esophageal sphincter in relation to the cervical spine: a
      morphologic study.
AB  - If the posterior part of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) were to lag behind
      due to the presence of dense tissue strands between the sphincter and the
      prevertebral ligament, as suggested in the literature, it would be impossible to
      use the larynx as a radiographic indicator of the location of the UES at
      intraluminal pressure measurements. The goal of this investigation was to study
      UES behavior during induced movements in autopsy specimens and to search for
      dense fibrous strands between the UES and the prevertebral fascia. Histologic
      studies of frozen sections and paraffin sections showed a loose fatty tissue in
      the prevertebral space. There were no dense connective tissue strands. Autopsy
      specimens were used in experiments mimicking the laryngeal/UES elevation during
      swallowing. The results of this study indicate that the larynx and the UES move
      as one entity. When one is attempting to register the UES movement during
      swallowing, the laryngeal skeleton can therefore serve as a radiographic
      indicator of the UES movements.

PMID- 2639773
TI  - Pulmonary consequences of aspiration.
AB  - Aspiration can lead to serious pulmonary disease and occasionally death.
      Substances aspirated commonly include bacteria or gastric contents or both, but
      may be as unusual as diesel oil or a variety of foreign bodies. Pulmonary
      symptoms range from a subtle cough, wheezing, or hoarseness to severe dyspnea or
      asphyxiation. We discuss the mechanism of pulmonary disease caused by aspiration
      as well as the appropriate treatment.

PMID- 2639774
TI  - Causes of neurogenic dysphagia.

PMID- 2639775
TI  - Videofluoroscopy in the rehabilitation of swallowing dysfunction.
AB  - Videofluoroscopy and cineradiography have been used for decades to examine the
      gastro-intestinal tract and specifically the oropharynx. Recently,
      videofluoroscopy has been described as being useful for identifying the cause of
      aspiration. This paper describes how videofluoroscopy may be used for treatment
      planning in rehabilitation. This unique application of videofluoroscopy is the
      product of efforts on the part of the author and her colleagues at The Good
      Samaritan Hospital-Johns Hopkins Swallowing Rehabilitation Program, which was
      launched in 1980. The rationale for using videofluoroscopy for rehabilitation,
      the implementation of videofluoroscopy for rehabilitation, and indications for
      using specific rehabilitation techniques during videofluoroscopy will be
      discussed.

PMID- 2639776
TI  - Electromyography of the muscles of oropharyngeal swallowing: basic concepts.
AB  - Electromyography (EMG) has a valuable role in the evaluation of swallowing and
      its disorders, because it can assess the activity of individual muscles.
      Electromyographic kinesiology is a method for examining the physiology of
      swallowing. Analysis of individual myoelectric potentials is a technique for
      studying the integrity of the motor unit. This paper introduces the concepts of
      the motor unit, explains basic principles of EMG, and explores their relevance to
      the study of oropharyngeal swallowing. Several cases are presented to illustrate
      how EMG contributes to clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2639777
TI  - Laser therapy for head and neck tumors.

PMID- 2639778
TI  - From a dentist who's been there: 11 tips for starting your own practice.

PMID- 2639779
TI  - Going for two: combined degree programs offer unique opportunities.

PMID- 2639780
TI  - Contracts, covenants, and the courts: understanding some basics of dentistry and
      the law.

PMID- 2639781
TI  - Internal marketing and the young professional. A user-friendly marketing plan.

PMID- 2639782
TI  - Associateships and the equity ownership approach.

PMID- 2639783
TI  - Trans-illumination of caries without radiographic evidence.

PMID- 2639784
TI  - Dentists' advertising. Patient welfare or caveat emptor.

PMID- 2639785
TI  - Effect of a desensitizing dentifrice on dentinal hypersensitivity.
AB  - The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a dentifrice with
      2% dibasic sodium citrate in poloxamer 407 in decreasing dentinal
      hypersensitivity. The test toothpaste was compared with a control toothpaste
      containing 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a 6-week double-blind clinical
      trial. A total of 75 hypersensitive teeth were examined in the test group, while
      100 hypersensitive teeth were in the control group. Changes in hypersensitivity
      levels were monitored after 6 weeks, using thermal, chemical and mechanical
      stimuli. At the end of 6 weeks, the test dentifrice was not significantly more
      effective than the control in decreasing dentinal hypersensitivity. Of the
      stimuli used, cold was the most effective in eliciting a hypersensitive response,
      followed by chemical stimulation and air. Heat and toothbrushing caused the least
      discomfort.

PMID- 2639786
TI  - A simple model for evaluating relative toxicity of root filling materials in
      cultures of human oral fibroblasts.
AB  - Standardized test tubes filled with freshly mixed root filling materials (AH26,
      CRCS, N2, Kloroperka NO, ZOE cement and 2 experimental cements, ECI and ECII)
      were transferred into tissue culture flasks. Normal human oral fibroblasts were
      seeded in the flasks. Morphological cell changes were studied up to 15 days after
      seeding. The size of cell-free zones around the test tubes and the total cell
      number per culture flask were calculated after 5, 10 and 15 days. The findings
      showed N2 cement to be by far the most toxic material at all observation periods,
      whereas no toxic reactions could be seen in relation to tubes filled with
      Kloroperka NO. Compared with the 5-day observation period, some cell recovery was
      observed around test tubes with AH26 and ECII, whereas almost full cell recovery
      was found around test tubes with CRCS, ZOE and ECI. It was concluded that the
      present model, which allows long-term observations of human cellular reactions to
      dental materials, can be used as a simple and relatively cheap screening test for
      initial toxicity testing of dental materials.

PMID- 2639787
TI  - Supra-alveolar periodontal healing of auto- and allotransplanted teeth in
      monkeys.
AB  - Although intra-alveolar healing of allotransplanted teeth often shows
      pathological changes due to rejection of the tooth graft, previous clinical
      findings seem to indicate that the supra-alveolar part of the allografts heals
      differently, which is of significant prognostic value. The aim of the present
      study was to determine the healing of the cervical part of the periodontium of
      auto- and allotransplanted mature teeth in monkeys. In 4 adult, immunologically
      unmatched, green vervet monkeys 16 mature permanent maxillary and mandibular
      incisors were extracted, endodontically treated and either auto- or
      allotransplanted; 8 untreated neighbouring incisors served as controls. Block
      biopsies including part of the tooth and the adjacent vestibular tissues were
      obtained after a healing period of 8 weeks. The biopsies were decalcified in EDTA
      and embedded in Epon. In semi-thin section (1.5 microns) the morphology of the
      supra-alveolar periodontal tissues was analysed in the light microscope. The
      orientation of the connective tissue fibres close to the root surface was found
      to be more parallel to the root surface of allotransplants compared with
      autografts, while in the control teeth the fibres were generally oriented
      perpendicular to the root surface. Resorption of the root was seldom found in the
      supra-alveolar portions of any of the transplanted teeth. The junctional
      epithelium had migrated slightly apically onto the root surfaces of
      allotransplanted teeth. The gingival connective tissue adjacent to
      allotransplanted teeth showed a significantly increased number of lymphocytes
      compared with autografts and controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2639788
TI  - Evaluation of alternatives to chloroform in endodontic practice.
AB  - Chloroform is used in endodontics for plasticizing gutta-percha points and for
      facilitating removal of gutta-percha root canal fillings in need of re-treatment.
      Adverse health effects from exposure to chloroform have been reported, and to
      improve occupational health, it would be advantageous if a less hazardous solvent
      could replace chloroform. In this study, methylene chloride, methyl chloroform,
      tetrahydrofuran, xylol and eucalyptol were tested for their capacity to dissolve
      or soften gutta-percha points compared with chloroform. The effect of the test
      solvents was assessed by measuring the depth of penetration of a small indentor
      of fixed weight and shape into a gutta-percha disk covered with the test solution
      for various time periods. Chloroform showed the most pronounced effect, followed
      by methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, and methyl chloroform. When both
      occupational health and gutta-percha solvent capacity were considered, methyl
      chloroform seemed to be an interesting alternative to chloroform.

PMID- 2639789
TI  - Use of an electronic apex locator in the treatment of teeth with incomplete root
      formation.
AB  - An electronic apex locator was used to determine length and control apical bridge
      formation in the treatment of teeth with incomplete root formation. Measurements
      were taken in 10 teeth in which apexification therapy had just started and in 11
      teeth where the formation of the apical barrier was considered to be complete. In
      the beginning of the apexification therapy, when the apical foramen was still
      open, endometric measurements gave incorrect results in all instances. After
      apical closure had occurred and definite obturation of the root canal seemed
      possible, the apex locator in all teeth gave correct results and complete
      agreement was obtained between the radiographs and the electronic tests. Even in
      teeth in which complete apical closure could not be obtained, the results of
      electronic measurements were correct. Electronic apex locators may be used as
      auxilliary devices in controlling apical hard tissue closure in the treatment of
      teeth with incomplete root formation.

PMID- 2639791
TI  - Treating the root canal system.

PMID- 2639790
TI  - Pulpal response to an anhydrous glass ionomer luting cement.
AB  - This investigation was designed to study the pulpal responses to Aquacem, an
      anhydrous glass ionomer luting cement, and to compare the results with those
      previously obtained for a conventional glass ionomer luting cement, Chembond. The
      study was carried out according to the BSI (1980) recommendations for testing
      restorative materials in vivo. Aquacem caused more pulpal inflammation than the
      control material, Kalzinol, though by an indirect mechanism. The statistical
      model demonstrated a significant association between bacterial presence within
      the experimental cavity and pulpal inflammation. The type of restorative material
      has no direct association with the degree of inflammation, but the model suggests
      that it exerts an indirect influence via its antibacterial properties and hence
      its influence on microbial microleakage.

PMID- 2639792
TI  - Issue of safe dental radiography.

PMID- 2639793
TI  - Endodontic access cavity: concepts and design.

PMID- 2639794
TI  - [Mixed radiolucent and radiopaque lesions of the mandible].

PMID- 2639795
TI  - [Aphthae of the oral cavity. 1].

PMID- 2639796
TI  - [TMJ and rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical study].
AB  - A clinical and epidemiological investigation was performed on a sample of
      randomly selected rheumatic patients in order to identify the prevalence of signs
      and symptoms of mandibular dysfunction. The collected data were used to calculate
      the Helkimo Anamnestic and Clinical Dysfunction Index. Signs of dysfunction were
      found in all the subjects (except one) and were significantly commoner in women
      than in men (p less than 0.01). The commonest clinical findings were: sound from
      the TMJ (crepitus or grating noise), impaired mandibular mobility, tenderness to
      palpation of the masticatory muscles. The comparison with a sample of a non
      selected control-group was statistically significant (p less than 0.001).
      Contemporary radiographic examination demonstrated in many cases extreme
      resorbtion and remodelling of the condyle, increase of joint space and erosion of
      the fossa, otherwise reduced joint space and sclerosis, depending on superimposed
      degenerative arthritis (usually more painful). The survey showed a significant
      incidence of structural as well as functional involvement of TMJ in RA and
      suggested a more careful diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

PMID- 2639797
TI  - [The Caridex system for removal of caries. SEM observations].
AB  - The Authors observed at the SEM the surface of the dentine treated with the
      Caridex system, comparing it with the one of cavities prepared with traditional
      systems. The use of chemo-mechanical system consents to obtain a more indented
      and cleaned surface, even if more or less covered by mineralized deposits that
      can be removed with the use of a detergent for cavities. It results a surface
      particularly proper to the use of adhesives fillings materials.

PMID- 2639798
TI  - [Class V cavities for composites. New preparation principles].
AB  - The aim of this study is to establish with the help of a computer a new type of
      Class V cavity that would ensure minimal marginal gap of restoration work using
      restorative resins. Comparison of computer graphics has shown that the ideal
      Class V cavity for restorative resins is cone-like with the apex or smaller base
      pointing towards the pulp and the walls slightly convex towards the free surface
      of the cavity. To prepare this sort of cavity new specular-type burrs are
      required.

PMID- 2639799
TI  - [Pseudopathology of hemostasis in dental practice].
AB  - The authors demonstrate, with a 66 patients research, that also when laboratory
      tests on hemostasis indicate pathology like XII factor penia, disfibrinogenemy,
      lupus (Lac), pyastrinopenia, we manage pseudopathology. In these cases
      haemostasis is completely normal, even after surgery, like tooth extraction.

PMID- 2639800
TI  - [Intraoral electrical resistance in various facial types].
AB  - Authors value the resistance given from biological tissues in brachifacial,
      mormofacial and dolicofacial patients to know current intensity used during
      orthodontic therapy for bone remodelling. This study shows that a thicker
      biological structure gives more resistance to the current flow than other
      tipologies.

PMID- 2639801
TI  - [Brown tumor of the upper jaw. Surgical-rehabilitation problems].
AB  - The Authors describe etiology, pathogenesis and main clinical aspects of brown
      tumors in patients with chronic renal failure. Then, by presenting two cases of
      patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and brown tumors of upper maxillary
      bone, they report the measures to be applied for the surgical treatment and
      prosthetic management of these patients. In both cases the patients have been
      undergone a radical resection of a brown tumor of the palate. After maxillectomy
      have been successfully applied at first an interim obturator prosthesis and then,
      approximately three months later the definitive obturator prosthesis.

PMID- 2639802
TI  - [Maxillo-mandibular fracture outcome. Therapeutic program].
AB  - The ill-consolidated outcomes of the maxillo and jaw fractures often show ill
      positions of the mandible and/or of the jaw in the three space-levels. In order
      to program a suitable surgical correction of such pathologic pictures it is
      necessary to make a cephalometric test and a gnathologic one. The result of these
      tests will guide the therapeutical choise which will be either the re-opening of
      the surgical treatment to be effected through the usual osteotomy of the
      mandible.

PMID- 2639803
TI  - [Coordination of office management. 2].

PMID- 2639804
TI  - [Ultrasonics in endodontics. Light microscope study].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to study the efficacy of an endodontic cleansing
      procedure to remove the pulp and the dentin from the root canal system with a new
      endodontic instrument proposed by J.M. Laurichesse, the Shaper.

PMID- 2639805
TI  - [The adenoidal child. Orthodontic and otorhinolaryngological correlations. 2].

PMID- 2639806
TI  - [Cephroxadine--a new antibiotic. Clinical experience].
AB  - Cephroxadine is an orally active cephalosporin of third generation. The most
      important characteristics are: 1) bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition during
      active multiplication; 2) wide spectrum of action, including Gram+ and Gram-
      bacteria and also penicillinase and beta-lactamase producers; 3) possibility of
      oral administration, quick assimilation and daily moderate dosage (500 mg/12 h).
      This antibiotic was tested on 71 patients to prevent and resolve dental pre-and
      post-operating infections. In all tested cases Cephroxadine was very effective
      and resolved well symptoms on second day, generally. Moreover no patient had any
      collateral effect to justify interruption of therapy.

PMID- 2639807
TI  - [Post extraction osteomyelitis. Report of a case].
AB  - A case of osteomyelitis with a typical sequestrum of the alveolar bone, occurred
      three months after the extraction of the corresponding tooth, is reported.
      Although the pathologic process is related with the extraction, it was not
      possible to clear up any well-known pathogenetic mechanism which are described in
      the literature.

PMID- 2639808
TI  - [Normality and pathology of the interdental papilla].
AB  - Interdental papilla is the portion of gingiva between two adjacent teeth. It has
      only recently been correctly described by Cohen. Before this interdental papilla
      was considered only a gingival trait roughly pyramidal in shape. Furthermore, for
      a long time, the interdental gingiva function was seen only as deflection of
      interproximal food debris. Now it is clear that the physiology of the papilla is
      more complex, that it is a biologic barrier to protect deep periodontal tissues.
      So it's very important to respect papilla integrity during all dental practice
      and it may be important to keratinize, by interproximal brushing the col to
      increase its resistance. Besides, during periodontal disease, the interproximal
      gingiva changes its morphology and histology, so that it's very useful to analyze
      it to obtain an exact clinical evaluation of disease.

PMID- 2639809
TI  - [Office association. With whom, where, how, when].

PMID- 2639811
TI  - Capitalize on your unique qualities.

PMID- 2639810
TI  - The other side of the story.

PMID- 2639812
TI  - Retain key staff members.

PMID- 2639813
TI  - Holding the line on rising costs.

PMID- 2639814
TI  - Drug, operatory costs are rising.

PMID- 2639816
TI  - Que Pasa?

PMID- 2639815
TI  - Keep your practice secrets secret.

PMID- 2639817
TI  - Diagnose the need.

PMID- 2639818
TI  - The "paperless" dental office.

PMID- 2639819
TI  - Effectively handling medical emergencies.

PMID- 2639820
TI  - Answers to your most-asked questions about asepsis.

PMID- 2639821
TI  - Larger staffs and higher salaries for multi-dentist practices.

PMID- 2639822
TI  - Avoiding IRS penalties.

PMID- 2639823
TI  - Modern dental equipment is a sound investment.

PMID- 2639824
TI  - Buy or lease?

PMID- 2639825
TI  - Amalgam in modern dentistry.

PMID- 2639826
TI  - The management of craniofacial pain in a pain relief unit.
AB  - Craniofacial pain can be one of the more intractable problems that presents to
      the GDP. One management route can be referral to a specialist pain relief unit,
      where the facilities and expertise will be available for diagnosis, counselling,
      drug management and invasive therapy. In this article the authors describe the
      results achieved at one such unit, over a one-year period, for a group of 34
      craniofacial pain sufferers. At the end of the year 30 patients reported total or
      partial relief from their pain.

PMID- 2639827
TI  - A mandibular fracture triggering trigeminal neuralgia.
AB  - The authors describe a case in which an elderly patient, who had previously been
      treated for trigeminal neuralgia, developed a subsequent fracture of the mandible
      at the site of a further trigger point. This presented difficulty in management
      of the case, and the necessary treatment is reviewed.

PMID- 2639828
TI  - Hereditary white sponge naevus.
AB  - The authors report two cases of white sponge naevus in the same family, where the
      condition had clearly been inherited by the daughter from her mother. The
      positive family history aided correct diagnosis of this entirely benign lesion.

PMID- 2639829
TI  - Osseointegrated implants--principles and practice: 1. Osseointegration and
      surgical techniques with the Nobelpharma implant system.
AB  - In this series of three articles the authors describe some of the principles and
      practice of osseointegrated implants. Part 1 gives a detailed description of the
      surgical techniques required to establish osseointegrated implant fixtures (with
      special reference to the Branemark system). The article then gives guidance on
      patient selection and treatment planning. Part 2 will go on to consider
      prosthetic rehabilitation using osseointegrated implant fixtures. Part 3 will
      conclude the series by presenting a number of case studies.

PMID- 2639830
TI  - The use of natural spontaneous tooth movement in the treatment of malocclusion.
AB  - The natural mechanisms of eruption, mesial migration, soft tissue pressure and
      occlusal forces can be used by the dentist to treat malocclusion in the growing
      child. The author describes how planned extractions of deciduous and permanent
      teeth can be employed to resolve crowding, promote spontaneous alignment, and
      avoid centreline displacement.

PMID- 2639832
TI  - Lasers in dentistry.

PMID- 2639831
TI  - Global changes in caries prevalence and dental manpower requirements: 2. The
      reasons underlying the changes in prevalence.
AB  - A Joint Working Group of the WHO and FDI was formed in 1981 to investigate the
      dramatic decrease in caries in children and young people that had been observed
      in a number of industrialized countries in the 1970s. The results of this
      investigation are reported in this series of three articles. Part 1 described the
      assembly and analysis of all available data from 20 selected countries. Nine
      developed countries showed substantial++ reductions in caries. The most probable
      reasons for these reductions will be examined here. These included: widespread
      exposure to fluoride in the form of fluoridated water, fluoride supplements and
      fluoridated toothpaste; the provision of preventive dental health services;
      increased dental awareness through organized education programmes; and ready
      access to dental services. Comparison with Japan, which has not experienced a
      similar reduction in caries, indicates that the single most important factor was
      the availability of fluoride toothpaste. The possible effects on dental manpower
      needs of a declining caries incidence will be discussed in Part 3.

PMID- 2639833
TI  - Complete dentures for the elderly.
AB  - The treatment of the elderly edentulous patient offers a challenge to the
      practitioner. The provision of complete dentures for this group of people may be
      difficult and time consuming, and success is not always attainable. It is
      important to recognize that any changes made to existing prostheses should be
      made gradually, in order to allow the patient to adapt.

PMID- 2639834
TI  - A giant submandibular sialolith: management and complications.
AB  - A case of a 55-year-old man with an unusually large asymptomatic stone (3.5 x 2.0
      x 2.0 cm) lying in the Wharton's duct is presented.

PMID- 2639835
TI  - Unexplained losses of enamel on upper incisor teeth.
AB  - Consumption of low pH drinks has been steadily increasing, resulting in a number
      of instances of dental erosion. Such cases can easily be mistaken for attrition,
      abrasion or development abnormality, delaying proper treatment. In the example
      reported here the authors describe how differential diagnosis and dietary
      analysis were used to identify erosion as the cause of enamel loss, and the
      subsequent successful management of the case.

PMID- 2639836
TI  - Physical and mechanical properties of anterior and posterior composite
      restorative materials.
AB  - The physical and mechanical properties of two photo-cured anterior filling
      materials and a photo-cured posterior filling material have been compared with
      those of a conventional-cure resin composite. The properties of these materials
      were found to be dependent on their matrix resin compositions, filler contents,
      and filler particle sizes. One material with a low (50%) inorganic filler content
      of small particle size (0.04 micron) was found to have a lower mechanical
      strength with significantly higher water sorption and solubility characteristics
      than more heavily filled materials. A new hybrid photo-cured anterior composite
      with a smaller filler particle size was found to have comparable sorption and
      solubility behavior but a tensile strength superior to that of a conventional
      cure composite. The superior properties of the new photo-cured systems are
      thought to result from their hybrid composite structures and the smaller filler
      particle sizes.

PMID- 2639837
TI  - One-dimensional color order system for dental shade guides.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to re-arrange the master Bioform shade guide into a
      long-range one-dimensional color system based upon color difference. Although
      most shade guides may show local order when arranged according to hue, long-range
      order has not been established. However, shade guide arrangement according to a
      logical color order would be an advantage to the user. The first step in
      determining the color order was to measure the color of the shade guide teeth. A
      methodology was developed for measuring the color by use of a reflectance
      spectrophotometer. The precision of measurement was determined to be equal to CIE
      L*a*b* delta E of 0.5. Spectra were obtained and converted into CIE L*a*b* and
      Munsell notation. The measured colors of the Bioform shades ranged from a Munsell
      hue of 0.9 Y to 3.5 Y; a value of 6.6 to 7.8; and a chroma of 1.9 to 4.1. The
      teeth were then arranged visually from light to dark. The correlation coefficient
      between the visual ranking and color difference was 0.95. There was an inverse
      correlation between visual ranking and Munsell value, with a correlation
      coefficient of 0.90. Therefore, the sequence according to color difference
      provided the better agreement with visual perception.

PMID- 2639838
TI  - In vitro color change of composite-based resins.
AB  - The adsorption of staining materials to resin restoratives was considered to be
      influenced by the physico-chemical properties of the resin-based monomers. To
      study the effects of the surface characteristics of resins on staining, we
      prepared five visible-light-cured experimental resins without fillers. Staining
      of these resins was colorimetrically measured. The staining solutions used were
      the Oil Orange and the Food Red 3 solutions. With the Oil Orange solution, the
      materials with higher hydrophobicity showed higher staining. With the Food Red 3
      solution, the materials with higher water sorption showed higher staining.

PMID- 2639839
TI  - Effect of water and artificial saliva on mechanical properties of some denture
      base materials.
AB  - Two artificial saliva samples selected on the basis of being chemically and
      physically similar to natural saliva were used as saturation media so that we
      could investigate their effects on mechanical properties of four denture-base
      materials, and the results were compared with the effect of water on the same
      materials. Diffusion coefficients in the more viscous saliva were different from
      those in water but, in general, mechanical properties were similarly affected in
      all liquids, indicating that the aqueous phase of the artificial medium was a
      major factor influencing the results.

PMID- 2639840
TI  - New dynamic corrosion test for dental materials.
AB  - A new laboratory technique has been developed in an effort to simulate the
      deterioration processes occurring in dental amalgam restorations while they are
      exposed to attack by the oral environment and simultaneously subjected to biting
      forces during mastication. This combined mechanical wear and corrosion action may
      be one of the major contributors to the degradation of dental amalgam
      restorations. The technique provides the capability of varying and measuring
      electrochemical and mechanical parameters during a sliding-wear process in a
      corrosive environment. A high-copper dental amalgam was selected and tested to
      demonstrate the applicability of the method in evaluating and studying the
      effects of the combined action of wear and corrosion processes on dental
      materials. For the particular amalgam material tested in the present study, it
      was found that sliding-wear significantly lowered its corrosion potential and
      increased corrosion rates by at least one order of magnitude.

PMID- 2639841
TI  - Mercury content of amalgam restorations.

PMID- 2639842
TI  - Microleakage comparison in opaque and transparent matrix systems.

PMID- 2639843
TI  - Durability of dental burs following multiple sterilization cycles.

PMID- 2639844
TI  - The effect of warming local anesthetic solutions prior to injection.

PMID- 2639845
TI  - The effect of ORA-5 on recurrent aphthous ulcers.

PMID- 2639846
TI  - [Antinociceptive profile of clonidine: experimental study in rats using electric
      stimulation of the dental pulp].

PMID- 2639848
TI  - Essence of the beautiful face.

PMID- 2639847
TI  - [Gow-Gates block for beginners].
AB  - The study was carried out with two groups of 49 patients to evaluate the
      incidence of failures and re-injections when the blockade of the mandibular nerve
      was carried out according to Gow-Gates by untrained young dentists. Such an
      incidence was compared to that of the blockade of the inferior alveolar nerve by
      the same dentists trained for this specific task. Both the observed failures and
      re-injections in the Gow-Gates blockade progressively decrease and disappear,
      theoretically, after 50 blockades, while they remain almost constant in the
      inferior alveolar nerve blockade. The induction of the blockade was more
      prolonged after the Gow-Gates blockade (9 minutes) compared to the inferior
      alveolar nerve blockade (7 minutes). The pain induced by the injection, that due
      to the anesthetic and that experienced during the subsequent surgery were lower
      after the Gow-Gates blockade.

PMID- 2639849
TI  - Temporomandibular joint diagnosis.

PMID- 2639850
TI  - Elastodontics: a case report.

PMID- 2639851
TI  - Case report: craniofacial pain - skeletal Class II previous retraction
      orthodontics.

PMID- 2639852
TI  - Herbst appliance therapy related to the mandibular plane angle.

PMID- 2639853
TI  - Orthodontic diagnosis. Part 3: Soft tissue.
AB  - This is the third of a five part article that outlines orthodontic diagnosis for
      the dental practitioner. Within this journal issue is a complimentary "Yellow
      Card". The card can serve as an examination record and study guide. This article
      describes orthodontic diagnosis at the soft tissue level of treatment. The reader
      must refer to previous publications of this series of articles. Parts 1 and 2
      detail orthodontic diagnosis at the skeletal and dental levels of treatment.

PMID- 2639854
TI  - Lynn bio-sagittal an enhanced orthopedic mechanical traction device.

PMID- 2639855
TI  - Influence of number and distribution of occlusal cantilever contacts on closing
      and chewing forces in dentitions with implant-supported fixed prostheses
      occluding with complete dentures.
AB  - Axially directed closing and chewing forces were measured in patients with
      mandibular fixture-supported cross-arch bilateral posterior two-unit cantilever
      fixed prostheses occluding with maxillary complete dentures. Eight miniature
      strain-gauge transducers mounted in the maxillary denture enabled registration of
      local and total forces over the entire prosthetic restoration simultaneously. In
      "basic occlusion," with simultaneous occlusal contacts on all occluding units,
      closing and chewing forces were distally increasing. Infraoccluding the first
      cantilever unit bilaterally approximately 100 microns resulted in decreased total
      closing and chewing forces over the cantilever segments, but did not influence
      the leverage at the cantilever joint distal to the distal retainers.
      Infraoccluding the second cantilever units approximately 100 microns caused a
      pronounced reduction of both the total closing and chewing forces over the entire
      prosthetic restoration as well as over the cantilever segments, and also resulted
      in a marked (50%) decrease in the leverage at the cantilever joints. Causes of
      the force and leverage reductions and some clinical considerations are discussed.

PMID- 2639856
TI  - Influence of external administration of epinephrine on bone regeneration.
AB  - The effect of local administration of epinephrine was tested in a rabbit
      experimental model. Identical commercially pure titanium implants were inserted
      in the right legs of New Zealand white rabbits after pretreatment with
      epinephrine; the left legs served as controls. This acute administration of
      epinephrine was shown to have no significant impact on the incorporation of the
      implant as measured after 7 weeks.

PMID- 2639857
TI  - Implant surgical template for partially edentulous patients.
AB  - A stable and dimensionally accurate surgical template provides a precise and
      stable reference for implant placement in the partially edentulous patient.
      Implant location and axis can be rigidly controlled with calibrated channels
      incorporated into the template.

PMID- 2639858
TI  - Parallelism of hollow-cylinder ITI implants: an experimental study.
AB  - Site preparation for oral implants is a delicate surgical procedure. In the ITI F
      type and Bonefit implant systems, two cylindrical burs are available. Experiments
      were performed to verify the clinical experience that the longer bur is more
      accurate in defining the direction of implants. Several preparations were made in
      six human femur heads. The purpose of the experiments was to investigate the
      difference in parallelism between preparations made with the standard cylindrical
      bur and the bur with the long shaft. The results showed that the bur with the
      longer shaft was preferred for obtaining an accurate direction and parallelism of
      the implants.

PMID- 2639859
TI  - Combined use of bone grafts and Branemark fixtures in the treatment of severely
      resorbed maxillae.
AB  - Bone grafts from the hip in combination with Branemark self-tapping fixtures have
      been used to rehabilitate patients with extremely resorbed maxillae. Experiences
      and results from the first ten consecutive cases have been analyzed to form the
      basis for further use of the method. Eight of 57 fixtures placed have been lost
      to date. Surgical complications, including exposure of the bone transplant, have
      occurred in three patients. The method should be used with caution, and cases
      should be meticulously chosen to exclude those who do not have proper motivation
      to endure the long-lasting and demanding surgical and prosthetic procedures
      required. The combined use of implants and transplants should not be used
      routinely until a long-term evaluation of the method and results has been made.

PMID- 2639860
TI  - Dental professional's role in monitoring and maintenance of tissue-integrated
      prostheses.
AB  - The long-term success of an implant-supported prosthesis is dependent not only on
      osseointegration of the implant to the surrounding osseous structures, but also
      the integrity and health of the surrounding peri-implant tissues. This paper
      defines and discusses the dental professional's role in (1) examining and
      assessing the peri-implant tissues (2) providing clinical maintenance protocols,
      and (3) recommending effective home-care instructions for a patient with implant
      supported prostheses.

PMID- 2639861
TI  - Location of the mandibular canal: comparison of macroscopic findings,
      conventional radiography, and computed tomography.
AB  - Four mandibular specimens were radiographically examined bilaterally to locate
      the mandibular canal. The following radiographic techniques were used: periapical
      and panoramic radiography, hypocycloidal tomography, and computed tomography
      (CT). The distance from the crest of the alveolar process to the superior border
      of the mandibular canal was measured in millimeters on all radiographs. The
      specimens were then sectioned, and the location of the mandibular canal (as
      measured on contact radiographs of the sections) was compared with measurements
      made on the other radiographs. The results showed that CT gave the most accurate
      position of the mandibular canal and is therefore probably the best method for
      preoperative planning of the implant surgery involving the area close to the
      mandibular canal.

PMID- 2639862
TI  - Numerical investigations of the influence of implant shape on stress distribution
      in the jaw bone.
AB  - The stress distribution generated in the surrounding jaw bone was calculated and
      compared for different types of dental implants (cylindrical, conical, stepped,
      screw-shaped, hollow cylindrical) by means of the finite-element method. Both a
      fixed bond and a pure contact without friction between implant and bone were
      considered as interface conditions. The results demonstrate that different
      implant shapes lead to significant variations in stress distributions in the
      bone. In particular, implant surfaces with very small radii of curvature
      (conical) or geometric discontinuities (stepped) imply distinctly higher stresses
      than smoother shapes (cylindrical, screw-shaped). Moreover, a fixed bond between
      implant and bone in the medullary region (as may be obtained with a bioactive
      coating) will be advantageous for the stress delivered to bone, since it produces
      a more uniform stress distribution than does a pure contact.

PMID- 2639863
TI  - [Tooth-mandible-displacement complex].

PMID- 2639864
TI  - [Tooth mobility after orthodontic multiband treatment].

PMID- 2639865
TI  - [Different applications of various wire alloys in fixed appliance technic].
AB  - Steel, beta-Titanium and NiTi archwires (0.016 inch) as well as twisted steel
      wires (0.0175 inch) were subjected to a bending test. The results were presented
      graphically. Steel (Tru-Chrome), beta-Titanium (TMA), the twisted steel wires and
      only one NiTi wire (Nitinol) showed linear force-deflection-diagrams. The other
      NiTi alloys showed a curved line with a constant force in the middle part. The
      superelastic wires delivered the same initial force, whether 2 or 4 mm activated.
      The larger the deformation the longer became the range with a constant force
      (superelasticity). With an activation of 1 mm a conventional force deflection
      diagram was found. The steel wire (Tru-Chrome) showed the steepest curve,
      followed by TMA, Nitinol, some superelastic wires, Twistflex and Respond as well
      as Pentacat. The last two wires showed an identical diagram. The NiTi-alloy
      Sentalloy yellow was comparable to Wild Cat, Sentalloy blue to Respond. Some
      examples of the application of the different arch wires in patients are
      presented.

PMID- 2639866
TI  - [Stress distribution in the periodontal ligament induced by orthodontic forces.
      Use of finite-element method].
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the stress levels induced in the
      periodontal tissue by orthodontic forces using the three-dimensional finite
      element method. The three-dimensional finite element model of the lower first
      premolar was constructed on the basis of average anatomic morphology and
      consisted of 240 isoparametric elements. Principal stresses were determined at
      the root, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligament (PDL). In all loading cases for
      the buccolingually directed forces, three principal stresses in the PDL were very
      similar. At the surface of the root and the alveolar bone, large bending stresses
      acting almost parallel to the root were generally observed. During tipping
      movement, stresses nonuniformly varied with a large difference from the cervix to
      the apex of the root. On the other hand, in case of movement approaching
      translation, the stresses induced were either tensile or compressive at all
      occlusogingival levels with some difference of the stress from the cervix to the
      apex. The pattern and magnitude of stresses in the periodontium from a given
      magnitude of force were markedly different, depending on the center of rotation
      of the tooth.

PMID- 2639867
TI  - [Qualitative and quantitative determination of settling-effect of positioner
      therapy].

PMID- 2639868
TI  - [Dentobasal correction of mandible with a bilateral bisagittal split].
AB  - The combination of conventional sagittal splitting [Obwegeser 1955] with a
      sagittal osteotomy of the mandibular basal bone placed mesial to the mental
      foramen, which is made possible after the separation of the anterior
      dentoalveolar segment, enables a correction in the transverse, sagittal and
      vertical planes of the basal and dentoalveolar segments of the mandible.

PMID- 2639869
TI  - Dentine-removing characteristics of an ultrasonically energized K-file.
AB  - This in vitro study evaluated the pattern of dentine removal when an
      ultrasonically energized file (Cavi-Endo-size 25 file) was applied to flat
      surfaces of dentine under standardized conditions. The influences of power
      setting, interfacial force between file and dentine, direction of file
      oscillation and operator-assisted movement were examined. Impressions of the
      instrumented surfaces revealed characteristic patterns consisting of a series of
      oblique crests, each one parallel to the next and separated by a constant
      distance along the line of contact with the file. Determination of height, width
      and separation of these crests with a Reflex microscope aided objective
      assessment. The simplest pattern was formed when the energized file was held
      against the dentine (power setting = 1; interfacial force = 30 g). Increasing the
      power setting to 8 caused deeper troughs over the apical 5 mm. The width of the
      crests corresponded to the taper of the file except at the apical tip where the
      crests were relatively wider. However, increasing the interfacial force to 60 g
      reduced the efficiency of the apical part of the file. The superimposition of
      operator-induced movement greatly increased the extent of dentine removal,
      resulting in a tapering groove with a persistent crestal pattern. Oscillation of
      the file perpendicular to the dentine surface had a significantly greater
      influence on dentine removal, producing a deeper groove than was obtained with
      oscillation parallel to the surface. These findings may be of relevance in aiding
      controlled root canal preparation when using the Cavi-Endo instrument.

PMID- 2639870
TI  - Capacity of anaerobic bacteria enclosed in a simulated root canal to induce
      inflammation.
AB  - In an effort to simulate the infected dental root canal, bacteria were enclosed
      in polyethylene tubes that were subcutaneously implanted into rats. Four
      different bacterial combinations, selected from nine oral species, were tested.
      The contents of 144 inoculated and implanted 'root canals' were analysed after 2
      and 4 weeks of implantation. Bacteroides, Streptococcus, Actinomyces and
      Fusobacterium were inoculated in low numbers but dominated the mixed flora at the
      end of the experiment. The bacteria-filled tubes induced inflammation of the rat
      tissue at the implant opening ('foramen'). It is confirmed that mixed bacterial
      populations survive, show succession and develop within an enclosed environment.
      Such florae cause significant inflammation at the interface with the host
      tissues.

PMID- 2639871
TI  - One visit apicectomy technique using calcium hydroxide cement as the canal
      filling material combined with retrograde amalgam.
AB  - A prospective study was set up to evaluate a one-visit apicectomy technique.
      Calcium hydroxide cement was used as the root canal filling material. The calcium
      hydroxide cement set rapidly and clearly revealed the position, size and outline
      form of the root canals at the level of resection. This facilitated preparation
      of the apical cavities to a depth of 3 mm. Each cavity was varnished before
      placement of the amalgam. Sixty-eight patients (93 teeth) were included in the
      study. Five patients (8 teeth) were lost to follow-up. The success rate, based on
      clinical and radiographic examination after a minimum of 2 years, was 91.8 per
      cent.

PMID- 2639872
TI  - Sealing ability of amalgam used as a retrograde root filling in endodontic
      surgery.
AB  - A dye penetration technique was used to investigate the sealing ability of
      amalgam retrograde root fillings in vitro. A factorial design was employed to
      determine the effect of amalgam fillings of 1, 2 and 4 mm in length with and
      without prior filling of the canals with gutta-percha. The results were compared
      with a group of teeth filled with laterally condensed gutta-percha alone and
      another with laterally condensed gutta-percha plus root resection but with no
      retrograde filling. It was concluded that increasing the length of the amalgam
      filling did not improve the seal, that prior filling of the canal did not improve
      the seal, that retrograde root fillings were no worse than laterally condensed
      gutta-percha alone and that root resection of teeth filled with laterally
      condensed gutta-percha without retrograde filling was no worse than those filled
      with laterally condensed gutta-percha without root resection or retrograde root
      filling.

PMID- 2639873
TI  - Sealing ability of materials used as retrograde root fillings in endodontic
      surgery.
AB  - The sealing ability of retrograde root fillings of amalgam plus cavity varnish,
      EBA cement, glass ionomer cement, light-cured composite resin, dentine bonding
      agent, and light-cured composite resin plus dentine bonding agent were compared
      with laterally condensed conventional root fillings. A dye penetration technique
      was used to assess microleakage and it was concluded that none of the materials
      produced a perfect seal but that glass ionomer cement, light-cured composite
      resin, light-cured composite resin plus dentine bonding agent and dentine bonding
      agent alone produced better seals than conventional laterally condensed gutta
      percha, amalgam plus cavity varnish and EBA cement.

PMID- 2639874
TI  - Digital image analysis for the diagnosis of periapical bone lesions: a
      preliminary study.
AB  - Digital image analysis techniques enable the problem of examiner variability to
      be circumvented, and can be used to develop quantitative descriptions of bone
      lesions. This study investigated a method for describing periapical bone lesions.
      An edge-detection technique was developed for application to routine periapical
      radiographs. Most periapical bone lesions appear radiographically as dark areas
      compared with the surrounding tissues. The digital imaging process resulted in an
      outline resembling the contour of the image of the lesion present. This contour
      could be successfully projected on to the original image with only limited
      operator assistance. Processing of the image resulted in increased definition of
      the structures present, with considerable noise reduction. The result was a
      simplified diagnostic examination process that promised a high degree of
      objectivity in periapical bone lesion detection. It is concluded that the results
      encourage further development of image processing techniques suitable for the
      definitive detection and diagnosis of periapical bone lesions.

PMID- 2639875
TI  - Comparison of peri-implant stresses transmitted by four commercially available
      osseointegrated implants.

PMID- 2639876
TI  - Lawyers' reasoning and scientific proof: a cautionary tale in forensic
      odontology.

PMID- 2639878
TI  - Age assessment based on translucent dentine.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between age and
      the area of translucent dentine (TA) at root apex, and to compare these findings
      with those obtained by using the methods of Bang & Ramm and of Johanson. The
      material consisted of 500 teeth, 50 of each tooth type, molars excluded. For
      statistical analyses an XT microcomputer and SPSS/PC regression programme were
      used. The correlation between age and ATD varied from 0.83 to 0.57 for different
      types of teeth. In stepwide multiple regression analyses ATD was preferred to
      other types of measurement of the translucency. The factors (ATD) and sex
      contributed significantly to the regression for some types of teeth. Regression
      analyses using several factors according to Johanson's method resulted in a
      stronger correlation for most teeth, while the method of Bang & Ramm resulted in
      a weaker correlation except in the case of mandibular first premolars.

PMID- 2639877
TI  - Fracture potential of the mandible.

PMID- 2639879
TI  - 1989 JCO orthodontic practice study. Part 2. Practice success.

PMID- 2639880
TI  - Orthodontic office design. Stand-up consultation areas.

PMID- 2639881
TI  - Removal of white spot lesions by controlled acid-pumice abrasion.

PMID- 2639882
TI  - Clinical use of silicone elastomer appliances.

PMID- 2639883
TI  - 1989 JCO orthodontic practice study. Part 3. Practice growth.

PMID- 2639884
TI  - Cephalometric evaluation of bioprogressive therapy in the treatment of overbite.

PMID- 2639885
TI  - Morphology of interdentally stripped enamel one year after treatment.

PMID- 2639886
TI  - Finished cases and their faces.

PMID- 2639887
TI  - Simplified Bass appliance.

PMID- 2639888
TI  - Air-rotor stripping and proximal sealants. An SEM evaluation.

PMID- 2639889
TI  - How to fine-tune your hiring process.

PMID- 2639890
TI  - Internal root resorption from palatal invaginations.

PMID- 2639891
TI  - Increasing maxillary arch length with a modified Herbst appliance.

PMID- 2639892
TI  - Optimal mouth position for magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular
      joint disk.
AB  - Optimal mouth positioning for magnetic resonance imaging of the TMJ is
      controversial. This study evaluates the closed mouth position and partial-open
      mouth position for diagnostic accuracy of anterior displacement of the disk.
      Sixty-two joints were considered abnormal in at least one position. In the
      positive joints, the closed mouth position sequences were all abnormal and
      diagnostic, while 34% of partial-open mouth position sequences were falsely
      normal. It was found that the closed mouth position provides higher diagnostic
      accuracy for disk displacement, although optimal examinations include imaging in
      both positions.

PMID- 2639893
TI  - Interrater reliability in masticatory muscle palpation.
AB  - Muscle palpation is an important procedure in screening for TM disorders and
      assessing results of treatment outcome studies, but interpretation of response
      may be subjective and vulnerable to examiner bias. Masticatory muscle palpation
      scoring was evaluated with respect to interrater agreement on 31 myofascial pain
      dysfunction patients participating in a medication study. Two clinicians
      independently palpated the temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication, and
      related head and neck musculature on three different occasions over the 6-week
      period of the study. Standardization of palpation technique and initial protocol
      for interpretation of subject response were discussed prior to the first
      examination. Further clarification and reinforcement of examination methodology
      and scoring were carried out prior to the second examination, 1 week later.
      Another 5 weeks passed, with no further standardization, before the third and
      last examination. A behaviorally anchored scoring system (0 to 3) was used to
      rate response to palpation. Results indicate that two investigators can achieve a
      fair degree of reliability when carefully standardized, further interrater
      standardization can result in higher reliability, and reliability can be
      maintained over at least a 5-week period of time.

PMID- 2639894
TI  - Perception of jaw position during different conditions.
AB  - The perception of jaw position, measured as the ability to produce a
      predetermined mandibular posture repetitively, was recorded under different
      experimental conditions. A control group of asymptomatic subjects was tested
      before and after anesthesia of the TMJs and after fatigue of the masticatory
      muscles. Groups of patients with craniomandibular disorders of arthrogenic or
      myogenic origin were also tested. None of the experimental variables affected
      position perception, and the patient groups did not differ from each other or the
      normal group in perception of jaw position. The possible clinical value of such
      recordings in differential diagnosis is therefore open to question.

PMID- 2639895
TI  - Design and construction of a pressure algometer.
AB  - A handheld pressure algometer is described for the measurement of pain-pressure
      thresholds. This instrument has a range of measurement of 0 to 16 N/cm2 and can
      be modified by changing contact points or springs. Technical specifications, a
      schematic diagram, application examples, and information concerning construction
      material availability are provided.

PMID- 2639896
TI  - Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and surgical findings in patients with
      meniscal perforation.
AB  - Advancement of surgical techniques has made it necessary to accurately diagnose
      internal derangements. Arthrography and computerized tomography have been used to
      diagnose the majority of temporomandibular joint disorders; however, these
      methods have had their disadvantages. Magnetic resonance imaging utilizing
      surface coils has greatly improved the ability to diagnose meniscus abnormalities
      without using interarticular injections or ionizing radiation. Ninety-two
      patients (184 joints) were evaluated by means of magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI). Thirty-one patients (39 joints) were diagnosed as having meniscus
      perforation. Retrospective reviews of 15 patients (20 joints) with a perforated
      meniscus diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging preoperatively demonstrated a
      65% correlation between the radiographic diagnosis and the surgical findings.

PMID- 2639897
TI  - [Retinal pigment epithelial detachment].
AB  - The vast majority of cases of AMD involve widespread disease with visible
      neovascularization, "occult" neovascularization, and serous as well as
      hemorrhagic detachments of the RPE. Accurate interpretation of the clinical and
      fluorescein angiographic findings in PEDs is difficult. The most noteworthy
      problem is the recognition of the presence and extent of associated
      neovascularization. Definitive guidelines for laser photocoagulation treatment of
      these PEDs have not yet been established. Large-scale, sophisticated clinical
      trials are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of laser treatment for this
      important manifestation of exudative AMD. Until these investigations are
      completed, certain cases of PEDs may be selected for laser treatment by one of
      three treatment techniques. A grid pattern photocoagulation to a serous PED may
      be carried out when there is no demonstrable or suspected underlying SRN and
      there is persistence and progression of the detachment with associated visual
      decline. Total photocoagulation of the PED which is suspected of having
      neovascularization can also be carried out if the fovea can be spared. Finally,
      photocoagulation of extrafoveal neovascularization beneath or at the margin of a
      PED can be performed in an attempt to obliterate the neovascularization, resolve
      the exudative manifestations, and stabilize or improve the vision. Only
      experienced retinal specialists who are well trained in the recognition of the
      complex clinical and fluorescein angiographic features of PEDs should attempt to
      treat these unusual and complicated cases.

PMID- 2639898
TI  - [Retinal pigment epithelial tears after photocoagulation in age-related macular
      degeneration].
AB  - Retinal pigment epithelial tears after photocoagulation for subretinal new
      vessels complicating age related macular degeneration were observed in 20
      patients between 1980 and 1988. The patients, 4 males and 16 females, aged from
      60 to 86 years (mean: 72.5) were followed up between 12 and 53 months (mean: 21
      months). Laser photocoagulation was performed for directly visible lacy
      subretinal new-vessels (6 cases) or vascularized pigment epithelial detachment
      (10 cases) or both lesions associated (4 cases). Krypton laser (17 cases), blue
      green argon laser and/or orange dye laser (625 nm) (3 cases) were applied in one
      (9 cases) to four sessions. Retreatment (11 cases) was performed for persistent
      subretinal new-vessels (3 cases) or recurrences (4 cases) or appearance of a
      pigment epithelial detachment after photocoagulation for isolated SRNV (4 cases).
      The tear was observed on fluorescein angiography 10 to 180 days after the last
      session. It was preceded by occurrence of subretinal hemorrhages, increase in
      size of the PED or newly formed PED. It appeared on the border of the PED (16
      cases) usually temporally, or on the immediate border of the laser scar (4
      cases). Further evolution was rapidly defavorable with dramatic impairment of
      vision and constitution of fibrovascular scar in the macular area. Only 4 eyes
      progressed to flat atrophic scars after retreatment and retained useful central
      vision (0.1 to 0.2). Factors which could explain this complication following
      laser treatment of age related macular degeneration are discussed.

PMID- 2639899
TI  - [Screening of early color vision loss in diabetic patients].
AB  - Colour vision defects have been claimed to appear in diabetes before any
      retinopathy is visible. In the present study diabetic patients and non diabetic
      control subjects were screened with two different colour vision tests which
      include both red-green and blue-yellow parts, and are suitable for quantitative
      analysis of scores. The Lanthony 40 Hue test and the Tokyo Medical College-
      T.M.C. tables were used to assess colour vision in 106 diabetic (50 insulin
      dependent and 56 non insulin dependent) patients and in 99 non diabetic control
      subjects. Diabetic patients without visible retinopathy, familiar colour vision
      defects and/or lens changes, had significantly higher scores than control
      subjects in both eyes. The differences were more evident in non insulin dependent
      patients. Statistical analysis showed that early loss of colour vision was
      correlated with age and duration of diabetes for older patients, while
      correlation with glycosylated hemoglobin was moderately positive only for younger
      patients. Both tests (especially the Lanthony 40 Hue) resulted to be highly
      specific and could be used for the clinical study of colour vision losses in
      diabetic patients.

PMID- 2639900
TI  - [Photocoagulation treatment in hemorrhagic branch vein occlusion involving the
      macula. A new approach].
AB  - Hemorrhagic infarction of the inner retinal layer in vein occlusion disables the
      ophthalmologist from placing the photocoagulation at the "usual" level of the
      pigment epithelium. On the other hand, resorption of the photocoagulation energy
      by hemoglobin gives the change of placing coagulation in the inner retinal layer
      with complete destroying of the retinal capillaries. The not affected part of the
      macula in branch vein occlusions can thus be prevented from being destroyed by
      the chronic edema. A photocoagulation barrier is placed between the macula and
      the affected side. The unavoidable destruction of parts of the nerve-fiber-layer
      has to be taken into account. If therapy does not start too late, excellent
      results can be obtained.

PMID- 2639901
TI  - Qa-12--a novel determinant of activated T and B lymphocytes.
AB  - Investigation of the antigenic phenotype of activated lymphocytes using the
      broadly cross-reactive mAb 6.3.4 revealed two phenotypic alterations as compared
      with the resting lymphocytes. The Qa specificity Qa-m208 disappears after lectin
      activation of Qa-m208-positive T lymphocytes. Analysis of Q7 and Q9 transfectants
      expressing the Qa-2 polypeptides shows that Qa-m208 is an epitope of the Qa-2
      antigen. Because the Qa-2 antigens are still expressed on T lymphoblasts which
      have lost Qa-m208, changes of the Qa-2 molecules occur and result in the loss of
      certain epitopes. The second phenotypic change that we observed is the appearance
      of a novel specificity, Qa-12. Its expression is induced by lymphocyte activation
      and it is expressed on lymphoblasts of both T and B cell origin. The presence of
      this novel non-ubiquitous antigenic specificity is determined by the Tla region.

PMID- 2639902
TI  - Signal transduction via MHC class II antigens on B lymphocytes.
AB  - The role of the MHC class II antigens in the activation of resting human B
      lymphocytes (B-Go) was examined with respect to both early and late events in the
      activation process. The (Ca2+)i induced by anti-IgM was enhanced in the presence
      of, or following pre-incubation with, an anti-MHC class II DR antibody (D1.12).
      Pre-incubation with a sepharose conjugated antibody (Seph.-D1.12) augmented the
      proliferation of B-Go in response to a sub-optimal concentration of anti-IgM. The
      2D PAGE profile of B-Go differed from that of in vivo activated B lymphocytes.
      The 2D PAGE profile of B-Go activated by Seph.-D1.12 was not identical to the
      profile of B-Go activated by either anti-IgM or PMA. These data suggest that the
      activation of B-Go via the class II antigens shares part of the pathway of anti
      IgM induced activation but does not follow an identical pathway.

PMID- 2639903
TI  - Organization of the AKR Qa region: structure of a divergent class I sequence,
      Q5k.
AB  - We established the organization of the AKR Qa region and determined the sequence
      of the Q4 and Q5 genes. Restriction mapping and genomic Southern blot analysis
      revealed that the AKR strain codes for only three H-2K homologous genes in this
      region. The AKR Q5 gene is not homologous to the Q5 gene of the C57BL strain, but
      is presumably allelic to the Q5 gene isolated from Balb/c. The organization and
      structure of the AKR Qa family is virtually identical to the Qa genes of the C3H
      mouse. The AKR Q5 gene, in contrast to other H-2K homologous Qa region genes,
      codes for a typical transmembrane region, and upon transfection into BHK cells, a
      1.6 kb Q5 transcript is detected.

PMID- 2639904
TI  - H-2Kb transfection of B16 melanoma cells results in reduced tumourigenicity and
      metastatic competence.
AB  - The metastatic B16 mouse melanoma shows a low cell surface expression of H-2Kb
      and H-2Db class I antigens on cells of both the high-metastatic line B16-F10 and
      the low-metastatic line B16-F1. Similarly, newly generated clones of these lines,
      having different metastatic properties, all express low levels of major
      histocompatibility antigens. One of these clones, the high-metastatic F10.9, was
      transfected with H-2Kb genes to generate H-2Kb-expressing transfectants. The
      resulting clones showed reduced tumourigenicity and a low metastatic phenotype.
      Unlike the parental cells, H-2Kb-positive transfectants are potent inducers and
      sensitive targets of H-2Kb-restricted syngeneic cytotoxic T cells. Immunization
      of mice with H-2Kb-positive transfectants conferred protection against a
      subsequent challenge with Kb-positive transfectants but had only a small effect
      on growth and metastatic spread of parental cells.

PMID- 2639905
TI  - NK sensitivity, H-2 expression and metastatic potential: analysis of H-2Dk gene
      transfected fibrosarcoma cells.
AB  - We have used the 3-Methylcholanthrene induced T-10 fibrosarcoma tumour cell
      system (H-2b xH-2k)F1 to elucidate the possible correlation between metastatic
      potential, expression of individual H-2 antigens and susceptibility to NK cells.
      Transfection of the non-metastatic and NK sensitive IC9 cells (Db+, Dk-, Kb-, Kk
      ) with the H-2Dk gene, altered the metastatic phenotype of the parental cells,
      yet had no effect on the susceptibility of these tumour cells to lysis by NK and
      did not elicit a specific CTL response in syngeneic hosts. Variants of the
      metastatic and NK resistant IE7 clone (Db+, Dk+, Kb-, Kk-), lacking H-2Dk, were
      selected by treatment with monoclonal anti H-2Dk antibodies and complement. These
      variants were sensitive to NK and poorly or non metastatic. Retransfection of
      'Dk' 'loss' variants with the H-2Dk gene, resulted in the isolation of several
      clones expressing a wide range of metastatic phenotypes but maintained
      sensitivity to NK. These results indicate that the H-2D region of the MHC and or
      closely linked genes may be involved in the complex interrelationship between
      target susceptibility to NK and metastasis.

PMID- 2639906
TI  - Cloning and characterization of a polymorphic class I MHC gene in the AKR
      lymphoma K36.16.
AB  - Cancers are the result of somatic heritable changes in certain genes. The AKR
      leukaemia K36.16 has been extensively studied in our laboratory. When compared to
      normal AKR thymocytes, the K36.16 tumour cells do not express the H-2Kk antigens
      and have an unexpected antigenic determinant that could be detected by anti-H-2Dd
      monoclonal antibodies. To understand the molecular mechanisms that could be
      responsible for these changes, we have compared the genomic composition of the
      class I MHC genes in the K36.16 tumour cells to that of normal AKR lymphocytes. A
      unique polymorphic 2.6-kb Hind III fragment was detected in DNA obtained from the
      K36.16 tumour cells after hybridization with a 3'-gene-coding H-2 probe. This
      fragment is not present in DNA of normal AKR lymphocytes. In an effort to further
      understand the mechanism underlying the nature of this MHC gene polymorphism, we
      have cloned and sequenced this Hind III fragment. When compared with the reported
      sequences of a number of mouse class I MHC genes, the nucleotide sequence of this
      polymorphic Hind III fragment is similar to that of a reported Tla gene.

PMID- 2639907
TI  - Transfection of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II genes
      causes tumour rejection.
AB  - Many human and mouse tumours do not express MHC class II antigens and have
      reduced levels of class I antigens. Because of the requirement for class I and/or
      class II antigen for antigen presentation to Th and Tc cells, these phenotypes
      may enable tumour cells to 'escape' the host's immune response. Experiments
      presented here are designed to assess the role of MHC class I and class II
      antigens in tumour immunity, and to overcome the MHC class I- or class II
      negative phenotype. When transfected with the syngeneic H-2Db gene, the MHC
      antigen-negative 402AX teratocarcinoma expresses high levels of H-2Db antigen.
      402AX/Db cells are rejected by MHC allogeneic and some MHC syngeneic 402AX
      susceptible mice, however the fully syngeneic strain of origin (129) remains
      tumour-susceptible. Induction of MHC class I gene products on class I antigen
      negative embryonal carcinoma cells therefore increases tumour immunogenicity in
      some hosts, but not in the fully syngeneic mouse. In an attempt to enhance
      antigen presentation of tumour-associated antigens to Th cells, MHC class I
      antigen-positive SaI (KkDd) sarcoma cells were transfected with syngeneic A alpha
      k and A beta k genes to generate Iak-expressing tumour cells. SaI/Ak cells are
      efficiently rejected by syngeneic A/J (KkDd) mice, while untransfected SaI cells
      are lethal. Induction of MHC class II antigen expression on the class I antigen
      positive SaI sarcoma therefore completely abrogates malignancy.

PMID- 2639908
TI  - Evidence that derivation of the adenocarcinoma LT85 predated establishment of the
      H-2km2 mutation in a C3Hf colony of mice.
AB  - The adenocarcinoma LT85 was chemically induced in a mouse from a C3Hf colony
      shown subsequently to be inbred for a gene conversion-like mutation at the H-2K
      locus, characterized by a clustered four nucleotide substitution in exon 3. The H
      2K phenotype of LT85, however, more closely resembles that of C3H rather than the
      mutant strain now designated C3Hf H-2km2. We cloned and sequenced the H-2K gene
      from this tumor to determine whether (i) LT85 might carry a tumor-associated
      somatic reversion of the H-2Kkm2 germline mutation of (ii) the tumor was induced
      in a mouse that was genetically H-2k rather than H-2km2. Our analysis confirmed
      that the LT85 H-2K allele is identical throughout the entire coding region to C3H
      H-2Kk. To exclude the possibility of a somatic reversion by recombination, we
      used an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to the region altered in H-2k to show
      that the C3Hf genome lacks the necessary coding information to reverse the H
      2Kkm2 mutation through a sequence exchange with another class I locus. Since it
      is unlikely that multiple independent point mutations would account for
      restoration of this stretch of H-2Kk sequences, the tumor was probably
      established in a mouse carrying a normal H-2Kk allele, possibly at a point prior
      to the establishment of the H-2Kkm2 mutation as a homozygous trait within the
      C3Hf colony.

PMID- 2639909
TI  - Functional studies of H-2k-like epitopes on DTIC treated and untreated L1210 (H
      2d) clones.
AB  - Following 'in vivo' treatment with 5-(3-3'-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4
      carboxamide (DTIC), murine leukemic cells acquire new antigenic specificities not
      detectable on parental cells and responsible for the rejection of the tumour by
      syngeneic hosts. 'In vivo' and 'in vitro' experiments pointed out an
      immunological cross reactivity between DTIC treated and untreated lines.
      Furthermore, specific CTLs raised against DTIC treated L1210 tumour cells (H-2d)
      were cytotoxic for H-2k target cells. The aim of this study is to investigate
      whether the H-2k cross reactivity displayed by L1210/DTIC is related to the drug
      treatment rather than due to an antigen already present in the parental line and
      maintained after treatment. Cloned cells from L1210, obtained by limiting
      dilution 'in vitro', were recloned 'in vivo' and then treated with DTIC.
      Syngeneic and allogeneic CTLs raised 'in vitro' against parental and treated
      clones showed lytic activity against H-2k target cells. Treated and untreated
      clones were then checked for the presence of H-2k-like determinants using
      monoclonal antibodies. One of these, HB-53 (IgG2bKkDk) was highly positive with
      all the clones tested in binding assay using iodinated Fab anti-mouse Ig,
      fluorescence and FACS analysis. Others displayed a low reactivity against both
      treated and untreated clones without significant differences. After neuraminidase
      treatment of two clones (D and D/DTIC), the H-100.5 (anti H-2Kk)-reactive epitope
      was dramatically exposed on the DTIC tumour cells but not on the parental clones.
      These data suggest that the H-2k cross reactivity is related to the presence of a
      TAA that is maintained after treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2639910
TI  - Novel human MHC class I genes are expressed by tumour cell lines representing
      embryonic and extraembryonic tissues.
AB  - The expression of HLA class I(-like) genes was studied in two human developmental
      tumour cell lines representing embryonic (Tera-2) and extraembryonic (Jeg-3)
      origins. Neither cell line expresses polymorphic HLA-A, -B, -C antigens as
      determined by standard serological typing. Tera-2 cells express the HLA class I
      like T cell system A (TCA) determinants; Jeg-3 cells are TCA negative. Northern
      blot analysis using an HLA class I alpha 3 domain specific probe revealed
      markedly reduced levels of HLA class I(-like) transcripts in both cell lines,
      which can be upregulated in Tera-2 cells by incubation with gamma interferon
      (gamma IFN). Immunoprecipitation studies with a large panel of HLA class I/beta-2
      microglobulin (beta 2m) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), detect low quantities of
      regular HLA class I heavy chains that are not associated with beta 2m on the
      surface of Tera-2 cells. In contrast, Jeg-3 cells express significant amounts of
      cell membrane beta 2m associated molecules of 41 and 45 kilodalton (kD).
      Screening of a Tera-2 cDNA library, yielded 30 clones that hybridize to a full
      length HLA class I cDNA probe. Sixteen have been characterized and represent HLA
      class I sequences, consistent with the haplotype of Tera-2. A similar screening
      of a Jeg-3 cDNA library isolated clones representing a single novel HLA-C-like
      sequence; this probably codes for the 45 kD cell surface molecules of Jeg-3. The
      41 kD molecule may be encoded by the HLA-6.0 gene since this is constitutively
      expressed in Jeg-3 cells.

PMID- 2639911
TI  - Modulation of MHC gene expression in human breast carcinoma cells by hormones.
AB  - Products encoded by the class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes
      serve as restriction molecules which enable T cells to generate an immune
      response to specific antigens. Recently, many investigators have demonstrated the
      importance of class I antigens in enabling the host to regulate tumor growth in
      vivo. In this report, we have studied the regulation of HLA genes by hormones in
      human breast cancer cell lines. Eight lines were studied. Using HLA locus
      specific DNA probes, the level of HLA-A and HLA-B specific mRNAs were found to be
      underrepresented in six of these cell lines when compared to an epithelial cell
      line derived from a normal lactating breast. Moreover, the expression of class I
      MHC mRNA in these cells correlated well with the level of chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase (CAT) activity detected after the introduction of exogenous HLA
      CAT DNA-constructs. It was also found that HLA expression in some of the breast
      carcinoma cell lines could be modulated by the addition of hormones. Hence, HLA
      mRNA expression in the cell line MCF-7 was enhanced by the addition of estrogen;
      but was down-regulated in the presence of dexamethasone. Conversely, for T-47D
      cells, HLA expression was suppressed by progesterone. These results indicate that
      hormones could have an influence on the expression of HLA genes and may therefore
      indirectly be involved in the regulation of tumor growth by the host's immune
      system.

PMID- 2639912
TI  - MHC class I and II antigens on gastric carcinomas and autologous mucosa.
AB  - The expression of HLA class I and II antigens was analysed in 30 primary gastric
      carcinomas, 27 autologous lymph node metastases and 25 autologous gastric
      mucosae. We used an immune alkaline phosphatase technique on cryostatic sections
      and mAbs directed against HLA class I monomorphic determinants, HLA-B locus
      specific products and HLA-DR, -DP and -DQ molecules. In addition HLA class I
      genes were analysed in tumour tissue and compared by Southern blots with the RFLP
      from autologous mucosa using locus-specific HLA probes. Finally the infiltrating
      mononuclear cells were studied on gastric tumours and adjacent mucosa with mAbs
      defining CD4, CD8 and CD11b differentiation antigens. The results obtained showed
      that three out of 27 primary gastric carcinomas completely lack HLA-ABC antigens
      (10%). In addition, two primary tumours presented a variable expression. The
      remaining 22 tumours presented a homogeneous positive HLA class I expression.
      Interestingly, when the autologous mucosa was analysed, only 12 out 25 specimens
      were homogeneously stained with mAbs against HLA class I antigens, suggesting
      that this tissue may lack the expression of HLA antigens before becoming
      malignant. Indeed, the majority of the gastric carcinomas studied presented a
      higher HLA-ABC antigenic expression than autologous mucosa. Finally, the HLA
      expression observed in the primary tumour was similar to that observed in
      autologous metastases. As a second part of the study we have found a direct
      relationship between the expression of HLA-DR antigens in mucosa and the
      intensity of inflammatory infiltration. This relationship was not maintained in
      the tumour tissue. In the mucosa the CD4-positive T cell was the predominant
      lymphocyte, while it was CD8 in the HLA-DR-positive tumours. Finally the RFLP of
      class I genes did not show any differences in any of the cases when compared with
      autologous mucosa. We included in these studies DNAs from HLA class I-negative
      tumours, HLA positive and HLA-B-negative ones.

PMID- 2639913
TI  - The effect of reinforcing fibres in composite resins.
AB  - This paper evaluates recent research into the use of fibres as a reinforcing
      matrix for composite resin in different clinical situations.

PMID- 2639914
TI  - Hypo-hyperdontia in an Irish population.
AB  - The records of 3,056 orthodontic patients, for whom adequate orthopantomogram
      radiographs were available, were examined to assess the prevalence of hypo
      hyperdontia. The level of 0.45% was in line with previous studies. However, only
      131 patients were eligible to be assessed for congenital absence of third molars.
      It may be that if a more mature sample were examined, the actual prevalence might
      be higher than the quoted figure.

PMID- 2639915
TI  - Dentigerous cyst due to mesiodens: report of two cases.
AB  - Two rare cases of dentigerous cysts arising from mesiodens are presented. The
      pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and management of this condition are
      discussed.

PMID- 2639917
TI  - Recommendations for radiographic procedures. FDI Commission on Dental Products.

PMID- 2639916
TI  - Fluoridation of water supplies in Ireland--1978-1987.
AB  - Following the enactment of the Health (Fluoridation of Water Supplies) Act, 1960,
      one hundred and ninety five public water supplies have been fluoridated in the
      Republic of Ireland during the period 1964-1987, serving more than 60% of the
      population. The effectiveness of fluoridation in Ireland, as determined by the
      level of fluoride ion in the various water distribution systems throughout the
      country during the period 1978-1987, was investigated. Under the Health
      (Fluoridation of Water Supplies) Act, 1960, it is a mandatory requirement to
      obtain a monthly sample for each fluoridated water scheme, and to have the
      fluoride ion concentration determined by distillation test by the public analyst.
      In this study the percentage of available results varied from 64 for 1978 to 94
      for 1987. The fluoride levels of these monthly samples are shown as a percentage
      of the available results. Out of 16,095 monthly distillation tests, 7,578 (47%)
      were within the recommended range of 0.8-1.0 p.p.m., with 5,877 (37%) below 0.8
      p.p.m. 2,640 (16%) of the readings were greater than 1.0 p.p.m.

PMID- 2639918
TI  - Surgical correction of vertical maxillary excess during adolescence.
AB  - The timing of orthognathic surgery for the correction of dentofacial deformities
      is controversial. The expected predictable response to treatment in a young adult
      patient with vertical maxillary excess is illustrated by a case report. The
      concerns of the patient were addressed both morphologically and psychosocially.
      Postponing treatment for this group of patients until growth has finally
      stabilized may have far-reaching consequences, although the risk of outgrowing
      the correction is minimized. A retrospective study of 20 adolescents who had
      surgical impaction of the maxilla is reported.

PMID- 2639919
TI  - Complications of orthognathic surgery: a comparison between wire fixation and
      rigid internal fixation.
AB  - This retrospective review compares the results of using rigid internal fixation
      (RIF) and wire fixation for orthognathic surgery patients. The records of two
      groups of demographically similar patients who underwent comparable surgery,
      performed by the same four attending surgeons at the same institutions during the
      same time period (1983 to 1986), were evaluated for complications and
      unanticipated treatment results. The most striking finding of this study is the
      general similarity between the two groups. However, differences in frequency of
      excessive weight loss and persistent restriction of mandibular opening suggest a
      benefit from early mobility of the mandible that comes with RIF. Because there
      was no concomitant increase in complications or unexpected results of treatment,
      the introduction of RIF for orthognathic surgery may offer patients some
      potential advantages.

PMID- 2639920
TI  - Nasal anatomy and maxillary surgery. II. Unfavorable nasolabial esthetics
      following the Le Fort I osteotomy.
AB  - The Le Fort I osteotomy is among the most commonly performed orthognathic
      surgical procedures for correction of skeletal dysplasias. Numerous authors have
      described unfavorable nasal and labial changes following maxillary surgery, such
      as widening of the alar bases of the nose, upturning of the nasal tip, flattening
      and thinning of the upper lip, and downturning of the commissures of the mouth.
      These postoperative changes in nasolabial morphology are secondary to alterations
      in the regional anatomy following skeletal repositioning, cartilaginous
      resectioning, muscular retraction, and the resultant effects of these procedures
      on the overlying skin and subcutaneous tissues. In part I of this series a
      systematic method of evaluation and a detailed anatomic description of the
      nasolabial region were presented. This paper presents a series of cases with
      unfavorable nasal changes following Le Fort I osteotomies, analyzes each case in
      detail, and discusses the possible etiologies. Part III of this series will
      present techniques for handling of the skeletal, cartilaginous, and
      musculofascial components of the nasomaxillary region during the Le Fort I
      procedure to improve nasofacial esthetics and avoid unfavorable results.

PMID- 2639921
TI  - Profilocephalometric analysis: a combination of the cephalophotometric and the
      architectural-structural craniofacial analyses.
AB  - A number of cephalometric analyses are presently being used in the assessment of
      dentofacial deformities. These cephalometrics are mostly based on hard tissue
      assessment alone, although a few methods using soft tissue only or partially hard
      and partially soft tissues exist. Most of the analyses use angular and linear
      measurements, although some are based mainly on measurements of relationships.
      When the various cephalometric analyses are compared, considerable inconsistency
      comes to light; so much so, that cephalometrics sometimes cannot be considered as
      a primary diagnostic tool. A combination of two relationship analyses, one based
      on soft tissue assessment and one based on hard tissue assessment, incorporating
      the craniofacial complex, is presented to provide a higher degree of diagnostic
      accuracy. This combination analysis is based on only a few critical hard tissue
      landmarks of the cranial base that are used for the total assessment of the
      facial hard, dental, and soft tissues. This has eliminated inappropriate
      landmarks and lines that existed in each of the original analyses. The
      cephalophotometric and architectural-structural craniofacial analyses have been
      adjusted accordingly and renamed the profilocephalometric analysis.

PMID- 2639922
TI  - Planning orthognathic surgery with three-dimensional models.
AB  - Computerized imaging to provide the perspective of the third dimension is helpful
      for preoperative evaluation and has been introduced for a variety of indications.
      Calculated from original computerized tomographic scans, deformities in skeletal
      and soft tissue profiles can be visualized on a television monitor. A method of
      fabricating three-dimensional skeletal models that can be used for planning
      orthognathic surgery has been developed. Mandibular and maxillary surgical
      movements can be simulated exactly, and osteosynthesis materials can be chosen,
      adapted, and prepared to save time intraoperatively.

PMID- 2639923
TI  - Association between craniofacial morphology and fiber-type distributions in human
      masseter and medial pterygoid muscles.
AB  - Numerous experimental studies and clinical anecdotal evidence demonstrate a close
      interaction between masticatory muscle function and skeletal form. The purpose of
      this study was to determine whether a relationship existed between histochemical
      characteristics of human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles and cephalometric
      measurements of the 11 subjects from whom specimens were collected. Muscular
      specimens were obtained at the time of corrective surgery through incisions made
      to expose the mandibular ramus. Histochemical analysis was used to determine the
      size and distribution of fiber types. Angular and linear measurements were
      obtained from lateral cephalometric radiographs taken 1 week prior to surgery.
      Linear regression analysis revealed one significant negative correlation between
      ramus length and the percentage of Type I fibers in the medial pterygoid muscle.
      However, the results of this study do not support the hypothesis that a
      relationship exists between facial type and selected histochemical
      characteristics.

PMID- 2639924
TI  - Nasal anatomy and maxillary surgery. III. Surgical techniques for correction of
      nasal deformities in patients undergoing maxillary surgery.
AB  - This is the third part of a three-part series about the influence of maxillary
      surgery on the nose. In part I a systematic description of the esthetic
      evaluation of the nasofacial region on an anatomic basis was presented and
      discussed. In part II select cases that illustrated various unfavorable
      nasolabial changes following Le Fort I osteotomies were presented. Based on the
      principles presented in parts I and II, part III describes specific surgical
      techniques for patients undergoing maxillary surgery to (1) prevent unesthetic
      nasolabial changes; (2) concomitantly correct pre-existing nasal deformities; and
      (3) identify patients in whom secondary rhinoplasty should be considered.

PMID- 2639925
TI  - Profile changes following anterior subapical osteotomy in Chinese adults with
      bimaxillary protrusion.
AB  - Nineteen adult Chinese patients, aged 18 to 28 years, who sought treatment for
      bimaxillary protrusion were treated with combined maxillary and mandibular
      anterior subapical osteotomy and the extraction of one premolar in each quadrant.
      Intraoral cephalograms were taken pretreatment and an average of 19.8 months
      posttreatment. Significant cephalometric soft tissue changes (P less than .01)
      included increase at the nasolabial angle, reduction of both the upper and lower
      lip protrusions, lengthening of the upper lip, and decrease in the interlabial
      gap. The predictable success and the fact that these improvements in facial
      profile usually can be achieved in as little as 3 to 9 months make this mode of
      addressing bimaxillary protrusion a viable alternative to orthodontic treatment
      of adult patients with bimaxillary protrusion.

PMID- 2639926
TI  - Short-term and long-term soft tissue profile changes after mandibular
      advancements using rigid fixation techniques.
AB  - This study was designed to describe short- and long-term soft tissue profile
      changes that follow surgical advancement of the mandible, to provide a database
      for prediction of facial changes following surgery. A number of hard and soft
      tissue landmarks were identified on serial cephalometric tracings of 31 patients.
      The long-term data (x = 14.0 months postsurgery) showed that changes in soft
      tissue landmarks overlying the skeletal structures followed their hard tissue
      counterpart in a 1:1 ratio in the horizontal direction. Horizontal hard to soft
      tissue landmark changes between mandibular incisor and lower lip, however, were
      found to be different; the average ratio was 0.43:1.00. Short-term data (x = 2.7
      months postsurgery) showed soft tissue changes to be stable when compared to long
      term changes.

PMID- 2639927
TI  - Esthetic corrections in cases of orthognathic surgery.
AB  - When orthognathic surgery is performed to produce functional improvement of the
      maxillomandibular complex, additional esthetic corrections to harmonize facial
      proportions are often necessary as well as desired by the patient. Simultaneous
      profile corrections occur with orthognathic surgery, but rhinoplasty requires a
      second intubation after the correction of the maxillomandibular complex. In the
      case of an asymmetric facial deformity, a two-stage procedure is recommended
      because positioning of the soft tissues is more easily planned after the jaws
      have healed and are functioning in their new positions. Several examples of soft
      tissue changes and their respective orthognathic procedures are described.

PMID- 2639928
TI  - Stomatognathic function of patients who seek orthognathic surgery to correct
      dentofacial deformities.
AB  - To determine the craniomandibular functional status of patients who seek
      orthognathic surgery, 48 adults with various dentofacial deformities were
      examined, and the functional parameters of the patients were compared with those
      of a normal population. The relationship between function and morphology was also
      studied. The method of study included a clinical examination of dysfunction, an
      evaluation of the number and intensity of occlusal contacts, a kinesiographic
      analysis of mandibular movements at the incisors, an evaluation of ramal and
      condylar vertical symmetry by means of dental rotational panoramic radiography,
      and an examination of profile and frontal cephalograms. Results of the
      examinations showed that the patients seeking orthognathic surgery showed
      craniomandibular functional patterns different from those of the normal group or
      healthy population. However, because no significant correlations were found among
      specific morphologic and functional characteristics and dysfunctional status
      (with the exception of condylar asymmetry, the maximal deviation of a maximal
      opening-closing movement defined on the sagittal plane, and the inclination of
      the maxillary central incisor in relation to the anterior cranial base), no clear
      cause-effect relationship was proved.

PMID- 2639929
TI  - Orthodontic space closure of the edentulous maxillary first molar area in adults.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the dental and periodontal changes
      associated with orthodontic space closure of edentulous maxillary first molar
      areas in adults. The sample consisted of 20 quadrants from 18 patients. The
      pretreatment and posttreatment records included study casts, lateral
      cephalometric radiographs, and periapical or panoramic radiographs. Space closure
      averaged 5.3 mm. Eleven quadrants showed complete space closure, and nine
      quadrants averaged 1.0 mm of remaining space. Vertical bone loss averaged 1.2 mm
      mesial to and distal to the second molar and 0.6 mm distal to the second
      premolar. Although 60% of the quadrants showed less than or equal to 1.5 mm of
      bone loss, the maximal bone loss reached 4.0 mm mesial to, and 5.0 mm distal to,
      the second molar. Although space closure should be considered a potential
      solution in the absence of the first permanent molar, alveolar bone loss and
      space opening can be common sequelae to this procedure.

PMID- 2639930
TI  - Oropharyngeal disorder resulting in dysphagia.

PMID- 2639932
TI  - Giant-cell ("temporal") arteritis.

PMID- 2639931
TI  - Fluoride supplementation and the concentration of fluoride in ground water from
      eastern and southern Maryland.

PMID- 2639933
TI  - Dentistry, competition and the antitrust laws. Finding opportunities and avoiding
      "Alamos".

PMID- 2639934
TI  - Demineralization resistance of cavity varnish, bonding agent, and variation in
      gingival line angle.

PMID- 2639935
TI  - Dietary fluoride supplements for Massachusetts' children--the role of the
      dentist.

PMID- 2639936
TI  - Injection pressure of anesthetics using 30-gauge needles with or without side
      perforation.
AB  - A testing bench was designed and constructed to simulate resistance by living
      tissues to the injection of dental anesthetics. A full series of pressure
      measurements were made on that bench using 30-gauge dental needles: (a) without
      side perforation; (b) with side perforation; and (c) with side perforation, the
      axial perforation being clogged at the tip of the needle. The results obtained in
      this physical model suggest that (a) the injection pressure at the tip of the
      needles is essentially the same whether there exists a side perforation on the
      needle wall or not and (b) when the axial perforation is clogged, the anesthetic
      solution can flow into the tissues through the side perforation under
      approximately the same pressure as that measured with unclogged needles. The
      latter result may be of special interest for intraosseous and intraligamentary
      (periodontal ligament) injections.

PMID- 2639937
TI  - Comparison of two ultrasonic units in shaping simulated curved canals.
AB  - The effects of ultrasonic instrumentation on the preparation shape of curved
      simulated canals were investigated. Measurements of the displacement amplitudes
      of the files were made to examine the possible relationship between displacement
      amplitude and the cutting ability of the file. Twenty-five simulated canals in
      clear resin blocks were instrumented using a Cavi-Endo unit at a power setting of
      1 with differing times of instrumentation and with water as irrigant. Another
      group of 25 canals received similar treatment but were instrumented with an Enac
      unit at a power setting of 1. The canal shape and the incidence of elbow
      formation were evaluated using various measurements taken from photographic
      prints of the canals. All canals exhibited unequal removal along the canal with
      more removal occurring coronally. The Enac group exhibited a higher incidence of
      elbows which occurred further apically than those in the Cavi-Endo group. There
      was no significant difference between groups in the amount of apical canal
      enlargement. Coronally, the Enac appeared to cut significantly better. The Enac
      also caused significantly greater apical deviation and change in width. In both
      units more elbows were formed following instrumentation, with less flexible files
      having smaller displacement amplitudes.

PMID- 2639938
TI  - Pulpal hemodynamics and interstitial fluid pressure: balance of
      transmicrovascular fluid transport.
AB  - The net rate of fluid movement across the microvascular endothelium is governed
      by hydrostatic and protein osmotic pressures operating on each side of the vessel
      wall. These basic forces regulating the pulpal transmicrovascular fluid exchange
      are the same as in other tissues. However, the pulp is special in regard to its
      enclosement between rigid dentin walls, implying low interstitial compliance. In
      addition, the pulp has a relatively low perfusion pressure. In the low compliant
      pulpal interstitium, even a modest rise in net filtration will favor a relatively
      large increase in interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) which opposes further
      filtration. This will result in a minimal increase in interstitial fluid volume
      and, theoretically, any dilution of interstitial protein concentration is not
      possible. Thus, an increase in vessels' permeability to protein in this low
      compliant system must be balanced by a further rise in IFP, unless a washout of
      proteins takes place by raised lymph flow. However, a significant increase in IFP
      may seriously impede pulpal blood flow both by raising venous vascular resistance
      and secondarily by reducing pulpal perfusion pressure. The most important edema
      preventing mechanisms in tissues with low compliance, as the dental pulp, seems
      to be a rise in IFP which initiates increased lymph flow and washout of proteins.

PMID- 2639939
TI  - Direct pharmacological action of vasoactive substances on pulpal blood flow: an
      analysis and critique.
AB  - An adequate blood supply to the dental pulp is essential to the health of the
      tooth; therefore, there have been a number of efforts to study pulpal blood flow
      and the factors which influence it. However, blood flow to the dental pulp is
      relatively inaccessible and apparently quite low. Consequently, it is difficult
      to obtain accurate flow measurements, partly owing to methodological difficulties
      with the small size of the tissue and its enclosure within rigid walls. In this
      study, the effects of locally applied vasoactive substances and their specific
      antagonists on pulpal blood flow have been examined by laser Doppler flowmetry.
      It is the purpose of this article to examine, in-depth, the involvement of
      endogenous vasoactive substances in the regulatory mechanism of blood flow within
      the dental pulp and expand our knowledge of pulpal microcirculatory hemodynamics.

PMID- 2639940
TI  - Vascular architecture of cat pulp using corrosive resin cast under scanning
      electron, microscopy.
AB  - Vascular casts of cat premolar pulps in various stages of growth were made by
      injection of low-viscosity resin into the pulpal blood vessels. Examination under
      a scanning electron microscope revealed that, in the young pulp, the main
      arterioles ascend in the center of the pulp and venules run along the side of the
      root canal space. The subodontoblastic vascular plexus of the pulp could be
      distinguished by its characteristic three layers: 1. the terminal capillary
      network located in the odontoblastic layer; 2. a second layer of the capillary
      network which is composed of pre- and postcapillaries running parallel to each
      other; and, finally, 3. the venular network which has a lattice type appearance.
      The pulp cavity is reduced in size with age (maturation stage), in which the
      characteristic three vascular layers are changed into a one-layer coarse terminal
      capillary network which converges directly with the main venules. At this stage
      the blood vessels, especially the main venules, are also fewer in number.

PMID- 2639941
TI  - An in vitro method for longitudinal evaluation of toxicity of endodontic sealers.
AB  - An in vitro method for longitudinal evaluation of root canal sealers was
      developed and applied. A newly introduced cell culture chamber was used to
      evaluate the cytotoxic effects of test samples immediately after mixing and for
      an extended period of time thereafter. A ranking of the test materials, based on
      their cytotoxicity, was allowed by the method.

PMID- 2639942
TI  - Spontaneous apical closure of an avulsed immature incisor.
AB  - Apical closure of nonvital teeth can be achieved by appropriate endodontic
      intervention. A case is reported in which apical maturation appears to have
      occurred without treatment and in the presence of sporadic drainage from a sinus
      tract stoma.

PMID- 2639943
TI  - Sodium hypochlorite injection into periapical tissues.
AB  - Sodium hypochlorite is a useful adjunct to endodontic therapy but it must be
      confined to the root canal. A case of periapical injection of hypochlorite with
      untoward sequellae is presented.

PMID- 2639944
TI  - The use of bone imaging to detect a periapical lesion of endodontic origin.
AB  - This article reports the detection of a lesion of dental origin in the mandible
      of a 41-yr-old male patient during a routine bone scan used as a follow-up to
      cancer therapy. Unfortunately, more than 1 yr passed before the patient's signs
      and symptoms became severe enough for a definitive diagnosis to be made. A
      comprehensive dental examination is indicated for patients with positive bone
      scans in the area of the oral cavity. The use of bone imaging can be recommended
      to complement the dental examination of high risk patients with suspected
      metastasis or when all routine dental diagnostic measures are inconclusive.

PMID- 2639945
TI  - Endodontic endosseous implants: case reports and update of material.
AB  - Two cases are presented with 5-yr follow-ups in which Vitallium endodontic
      implants were used successfully to improve the crown-root ratio of central
      incisors compromised by trauma. A review of recent developments in endodontic
      implant materials and designs indicates that new materials should provide greater
      biocompatibility and retention.

PMID- 2639946
TI  - Obturation quality utilizing ultrasonic cleaning and sealer placement followed by
      lateral condensation with gutta-percha.
AB  - The quality of canal obturation utilizing ultrasonic or hand instrument sealer
      placement followed by lateral condensation with gutta-percha was investigated.
      This in vitro study using the mesial roots of human mandibular molars showed the
      ultrasonic method of sealer placement resulted in a more thorough coverage of
      canal walls than when the sealer was placed with hand instruments. The difference
      was statistically significant (p less than 0.005). Ultrasonic sealer placement
      may be safely and effectively utilized when obturating a complex root canal
      system.

PMID- 2639947
TI  - Reduction in tooth stiffness as a result of endodontic and restorative
      procedures.
AB  - Endodontically treated teeth are thought to be more susceptible to fracture as a
      result of the loss of tooth vitality and tooth structure. This study was designed
      to compare the contributions of endodontic and restorative procedures to the loss
      of strength by using nondestructive occlusal loading on extracted intact,
      maxillary, second bicuspids. An encapsulated strain gauge was bonded on enamel
      just above the cementoenamel junction on both the buccal and lingual surfaces,
      and the teeth were mounted in nylon rings leaving 2 mm of root surface exposed.
      Under load control, each tooth was loaded at a rate of 37 N per s for 3 s and
      unloaded at the same rate in a closed loop servo-hydraulic system to measure
      stiffness. A stress-strain curve was generated from each gauge prior to
      alteration of the tooth and after each procedure performed on the tooth. Cuspal
      stiffness, as a measure of tooth strength, was evaluated on one of two series of
      sequentially performed procedures: 1. (a) unaltered tooth, (b) access
      preparation, (c) instrumentation, (d) obturation, and (e) MOD cavity preparation;
      or 2. (a) unaltered tooth, (b) occlusal cavity preparation, (c) two-surface
      cavity preparation, (d) MOD cavity preparation, (e) access, (f) instrumentation,
      and (g) obturation. Results on 42 teeth indicate that endodontic procedures have
      only a small effect on the tooth, reducing the relative stiffness by 5%. This was
      less than that of an occlusal cavity preparation (20%). The largest losses in
      stiffness were related to the loss of marginal ridge integrity. MOD cavity
      preparation resulted in an average of a 63% loss in relative cuspal
      stiffness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2639948
TI  - Changes in the physical properties of the Ultrafil low-temperature (70 degrees C)
      thermoplasticized gutta-percha system.
AB  - Three tests were used to obtain a basic understanding of the changes taking place
      in the physical properties of the Hygienic Ultrafil system. The materials studied
      were raw gutta-percha, gutta-percha points, and the two Ultrafil materials Blue
      (firm set) and White (regular set) gutta-percha. In the first test a differential
      scanning calorimeter was used to determine melting points; two crystalline forms
      were observed in the dental materials and only one crystalline form in the raw
      gutta-percha. In the second test a magnetic bearing torsional creep apparatus was
      used in which the rates of crystallization were observed. The differences seen in
      the induction times of the crystallization are related to the amount of
      mastication of the gutta-percha. Mastication in this usage is the manufacturers
      process of mixing the raw gutta-percha with its other components. The gutta
      percha is masticated slightly in the points and considerably more in the Ultrafil
      material. Ultrafil exhibits longer periods of time required to induce nucleation
      at any specific temperature due to the increased mastication. Melting points were
      also decreased with increased mastication. In the third test a dilatometer was
      used to observe isothermal volumetric shrinkage of the materials during
      crystallization. When the Ultrafil material was compared with the gutta-percha
      points, the blue material had approximately the same amount of shrinkage, 2.6%;
      the white material shrank slightly less, 2.2%. The raw gutta-percha being 100%
      polymer had the greatest amount of shrinkage, 4.6%.

PMID- 2639949
TI  - Microleakage of temporary restorations in complex endodontic access preparations.
AB  - The microleakage allowed by three temporary restorative materials used for the
      sealing of teeth with both endodontic access and multisurface cavity preparations
      was measured and evaluated. Extracted human incisor, canine, and premolar teeth
      with extensive carious involvement were prepared and restored with either Cavit,
      IRM, or TERM. Microleakage was measured by a fluid filtration technique at
      various time intervals and after thermal stress. The results indicated that the
      TERM restorations provided excellent seals and were statistically superior to
      Cavit and IRM for restoring complex endodontic access preparations. The IRM
      restorations demonstrated significantly greater microleakage after thermal
      stress, while the Cavit restorations were deemed clinically unacceptable because
      of extensive cracks, expansion, and extrusion from the tooth preparations. These
      defects were not observed with the IRM and TERM restorations.

PMID- 2639950
TI  - Cytotoxicity against various cell lines of lipopolysaccharides purified from
      Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Veillonella isolated from infected root canals.
AB  - The cytotoxicity against two mesenchymal cell lines, L-929 and WI-38, and two
      epithelial cell lines, KB and HeLa S-3, of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) purified from
      strains of Bacteroides gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Veillonella
      parvula isolated from infected root canals was investigated. The inhibition of
      cell growth by these LPS's was considerable for mesenchymal cell lines, but mild
      for epithelial cell lines. The cytotoxic effect of F. nucleatum LPS was the
      greatest and that of B. gingivalis LPS was the least.

PMID- 2639951
TI  - Systemic distribution of 14C-labeled formaldehyde applied in the root canal
      following pulpectomy.
AB  - The systemic distribution of 14C-labeled formaldehyde which had been placed in
      the root canals of the canines of cats following pulpectomies was studied using
      liquid scintillation counting and wholebody autoradiographic technique.
      Radioactive 14C which had been placed in the canals was found in the plasma 30
      min after the root canal procedure. The recovery of systemic 14C radioactivity
      increased with time. In addition, it seemed that approximately 3% of the dose
      placed in the teeth was excreted in the urine within 36 h. Whole-body
      autoradiograms indicated extensive concentration of 14C radioactivity in tissues
      other than those analyzed with the liquid scintillation technique.

PMID- 2639952
TI  - The validity of using simulated root canals as models for ultrasonic
      instrumentation.
AB  - The validity of using simulated root canals in resin blocks for evaluating the
      effects of ultrasonic root canal instrumentation was examined. Curved canals in
      resin blocks and in natural teeth were ultrasonically instrumented using the Cavi
      Endo unit at power setting 1. Canal shapes were compared qualitatively and
      quantitatively from photographs and subtraction macroradiographs of simulated
      canals and teeth, respectively. The following measurements were taken: apical and
      coronal areas, changes in width at the elbow and at 0.5 mm apical to the elbow,
      and apical transport width. Qualitatively, there did not appear to be any
      differences in the manner of removal of material along the length of the canal in
      both test models. Quantitatively, there was a similarity in the following: areas
      of canal walls removed, the incidence of elbows, the change in width at the
      region of the elbow, and the apical transport width. The lack of differences
      showed that the ultrasonic file cut in a similar fashion in both test models and
      indicated that simulated canals are valid models for evaluating the effects of
      ultrasonic instrumentation.

PMID- 2639953
TI  - Influence of entrapped air on the accuracy of leakage studies using dye
      penetration methods.
AB  - Entrapped air can inhibit dye penetration resulting in failure to demonstrate
      existing voids. A new approach to study dye penetration was developed in which
      the entrapped air was evacuated before the dye was introduced. This method was
      compared with the regular technique of passive dye diffusion. Uniformly prepared
      root canal specimens were filled with AH26. Two different sizes of standardized
      voids were created in the specimens. Specimens were either immersed passively in
      2% methylene blue for a week or placed in a chamber with 100 mtorr absolute
      pressure, after which the dye was introduced while the vacuum was maintained.
      Leakage was measured stereomicroscopically. Controls with no voids showed
      insignificant external leakage. Passive dye penetration resulted in incomplete
      filling of the voids regardless of size of the voids, whereas vacuum dye delivery
      resulted in complete filling of the voids. Results of this study suggest that
      entrapped air produces artifacts in passive immersion technique; therefore, the
      sample should be evacuated prior to the dye introduction in order to demonstrate
      the full extent of void in future dye penetration studies.

PMID- 2639954
TI  - Apical closure in the presence of pulpal necrosis: report of two cases.
AB  - This article reports apical closure in two cases in which necrotic pulps were
      present and no endodontic treatment was performed prior to closure. Possible
      mechanisms for the occurrence are suggested.

PMID- 2639955
TI  - A diagnostic case involving an incisive canal cyst.
AB  - An incisive canal cyst was misdiagnosed as an endodontic lesion. The patient's
      chief complaint was pain on mastication with increasing intensity for the last 2
      days. The single original periapical radiograph revealed a well-circumscribed
      radiolucency related to the apex of the maxillary right central incisor. The
      patient was referred with a request for endodontic therapy. A subsequent angled
      radiograph revealed an interroot location of the lesion, and pulp testing showed
      a normal response. The patient was then referred for surgical treatment.
      Following removal of the lesion, the histopathologic examination confirmed the
      diagnosis of an incisive canal cyst. One-year follow-up showed complete healing
      and maintained tooth vitality, and the patient was asymptomatic.

PMID- 2639956
TI  - A microleakage study of temporary restorative materials used in endodontics.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the sealing properties
      of various temporary restorative materials used in standard endodontic access
      preparations by using a newly introduced fluid filtration method. The materials
      tested were Cavit, Cavit-G, TERM, glass ionomer cement, zinc phosphate cement,
      polycarboxylate cement, and IRM. Extracted human incisor, canine, and premolar
      teeth were used, and each tooth served as its own control by testing for
      microleakage prior to access preparation. Following access preparation, cotton
      pellets were placed in the pulp chamber so that the space remaining for the
      restoration was 4 mm. Immediately after placement of the restoration, the teeth
      were immersed in Ringer's solution and incubated at 37 degrees C. Microleakage
      was measured after various time intervals. The results indicated that Cavit,
      Cavit-G, TERM, and glass ionomer cement provided leakproof seals during the 8-wk
      testing period, while leakage was observed in 4 of the 10 teeth restored with
      zinc phosphate cement. IRM and polycarboxylate cement were the least effective of
      the materials tested for preventing microleakage.

PMID- 2639957
TI  - An in vitro comparison of five root canal length measuring instruments.
AB  - Several new root canal length measuring instruments (RCLMI) have recently been
      introduced claiming superiority over older systems. The purpose of this study was
      to compare five models of these instruments with respect to their accuracy under
      a given set of specified conditions. The five RCLMI tested were: the, Exact-a
      pex, the Endocater, the Neosono-D, the Apex Finder, and the Sono-Explorer, Mark
      III. The conditions tested were the accuracy of the instruments in determining
      the working length, the consistency of measurement following canal
      instrumentation and with conductive gutta-percha points in place, and the
      operation of the RCLMI in the presence of fluids frequently found in root canals
      during endodontic treatment. An in vitro model was used to test these
      instruments. A set of 20 teeth was tested using the conditions specified above.
      All data were compared using the mean difference from the actual canal length of
      the teeth. The results indicated that there were no significant differences among
      measurements derived from the five instruments, under the specified conditions.
      There was a slight variation of the measurements by all instruments when they
      were used following instrumentation and with the use of conductive gutta-percha
      points. When fluids were present in the canals, the reliability of the RCLMI
      depended on the electrical conductivity of the fluid tested. The poorest results
      were obtained when either sodium hypochlorite or blood were present in the
      canals.

PMID- 2639958
TI  - The penetration of smear material into dentinal tubules during instrumentation
      with surface-active reagents: a scanning electron microscopic study.
AB  - Thirty freshly extracted, single-rooted anterior teeth were used. They were
      divided into three groups and instrumented conventionally with #10 to 50 K files.
      During instrumentation, the K files in the first group were moistened with saline
      solution, in the second group with 50% sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate solution,
      and in the third group with Sulfapon (sodium salt of sulfonated condensation
      product of ethylen oxide with a fatty acid) solution. After the experimental
      procedure the specimens were examined in a scanning electron microscope to
      observe packing of smear material into dentinal tubules. Results showed the
      surface-active reagents cause the deeper penetration of the smear material into
      the dentinal tubules. These findings support the hypothesis that the phenomenon
      of the packing of smear material into the dentinal tubules is by capillary action
      and fluid dynamics.

PMID- 2639959
TI  - Experimental bacterial anachoresis in dog dental pulps capped with calcium
      hydroxide.
AB  - The pulps of 36 permanent dog teeth were mechanically exposed and capped with
      Dycal, calcium hydroxide powder mixed with saline, or Teflon. At 2, 14, and 28
      days postoperatively, nine teeth treated with the materials were extracted
      (treated control teeth): A suspension of streptococci was then injected
      intravenously. Twenty-four h later the dogs were killed and both the 27 treated
      teeth (experimental group) and 6 unoperated control teeth were removed in tissue
      blocks. Tissue sections were examined for the presence of bacteria, hard tissue
      formation, inflammatory cell response and necrosis. Bacteria were not observed in
      the unoperated and treated control teeth or in three of four teeth capped with
      Teflon for 29 days. In all the remaining specimens colonies of gram-positive
      cocci were found.

PMID- 2639960
TI  - A comparison of four root canal filling techniques.
AB  - This study compared the apical seal produced by four obturation techniques. Sixty
      four extracted human teeth were prepared and obturated using lateral condensation
      of gutta-percha that was either unmodified or was dipped in chloroform,
      eucalyptol, or eucapercha paste. After storage in normal saline and 0.02% azide
      solution at 37 degrees C for 200 days, the teeth were immersed in India ink for
      48 h. The most coronal extent of leakage of India ink into the canal was then
      determined. Significantly more apical leakage occurred in the eucapercha group
      than in the other three groups. All other comparisons were equivalent. The
      results suggest that modification of the gutta-percha master cone with solvent
      does not improve the apical seal in vitro. If modification is desired, then
      dipping the master cone in either eucalyptol or chloroform produces an apical
      seal superior to that achieved with eucapercha.

PMID- 2639961
TI  - Resection of a sapphire endodontic stabilizer due to perforation of the maxillary
      sinus: report of a case.
AB  - A case is presented which involved resection of a sapphire endodontic stabilizer
      in a maxillary cuspid. This was necessary due to its perforation of the maxillary
      sinus. The implant was not readily identifiable upon viewing the preoperative
      radiograph and could only be resected using a diamond bur. Because of its limited
      degree of radiopacity, the use of sapphire as a material for endodontic
      stabilizers may be questioned from a diagnostic standpoint.

PMID- 2639962
TI  - Continuing education.
AB  - A large, representative sample of licensed dental hygienists practicing in the
      United States was surveyed by ADHA regarding dental hygiene demographics, office
      characteristics, supervision and practice behavior, infection control practices,
      utilization of medical and dental histories, and continuing education. This paper
      presents the continuing education portion of this survey and specifically
      explores relationships among descriptive variables such as dental hygienists'
      ages, types of practice, membership in ADHA, continuing education courses
      attended, and interest versus need in continuing education course attendance.
      Results indicate that continuing education participation is most likely for
      dental hygienists under 25 years of age and who are working over 30 hours per
      week in a speciality office which employs seven or more staff members.
      Comparisons among dentist, dental hygienist, and dental assistant participation
      were made for selected continuing education topics. According to the respondents,
      more dental hygienists than dentists or dental assistants have participated in
      continuing education courses on blood pressure measurement, aseptic technique,
      AIDs, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Dental hygienists perceived a need for
      attendance by all dental personnel in selected continuing education programs.

PMID- 2639963
TI  - Attitudes of dental hygienists toward continuing education.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess attitudes of dental hygienists toward
      continuing education (CE) in two states: Kentucky, a state with mandatory
      continuing education (MCE), and Virginia, a state without MCE. A self-designed,
      13-item, attitudinal questionnaire was sent to a random sample of licensed
      hygienists in Kentucky and Virginia. Of the 400 hygienists surveyed (200 in
      Virginia and 200 in Kentucky), 246 questionnaires were returned for an overall
      response rate of 61.5%. Data analyses reveal that the majority of respondents
      from Kentucky and Virginia believe that dental hygienists have a professional
      obligation to improve their knowledge and skills through participation in
      continuing education, and that participation in CE contributes to personal self
      esteem and confidence. However, the behavior of Virginia respondents seems to be
      in conflict with their attitudes, since the majority of Virginia respondents on
      the average had earned an extremely small number of CEUs in the last two years
      compared to the majority of Kentucky respondents who had earned a large number of
      CEUs. Generally, Kentucky dental hygienists responded more often in the
      affirmative than Virginia respondents regarding CE, particularly in areas of
      mandatory continuing education and benefits of CE. Results of this study indicate
      that mandated CE does not negatively influence attitudes of dental hygienists
      toward CE, since Kentucky respondents had more positive attitudes toward CE while
      Virginia respondents had less positive or more unformed attitudes toward CE.
      Therefore, increased exposure to CE through MCE may result in more favorable
      attitudes of dental hygienists toward continuing education.

PMID- 2639964
TI  - An articulation model to increase student enrollment in a dental hygiene program.
AB  - Models to increase student enrollment have been presented accessing both
      community college and university systems. While these approaches identify certain
      potential student consumers, the secondary and postsecondary student has not been
      considered as a viable recruit for baccalaureate degree programs. The purposes of
      this paper are to (1) present a model to access secondary students with entry
      level skills using a partnership agreement; (2) establish a mechanism where
      dental aides are provided with opportunity for advanced placement; (3) provide
      ladder educational steps for advancing motivated and qualified health
      professionals; and (4) provide criteria for statewide development and sources of
      potential external funding for statewide implementation. This articulation model
      is an example of one method to increase student enrollment in both associate and
      baccalaureate degree programs utilizing an established statewide secondary
      vocational program.

PMID- 2639965
TI  - Relationship between educational level of dental hygienists and their perceptions
      regarding postcertificate/postassociate degree programs.
AB  - A survey was mailed to a stratified random sample of 357 licensed dental
      hygienists residing in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming. The
      purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between degree held and
      practitioner perceptions regarding the need for, interest in, and content and
      structure of postcertificate/postassociate programs leading to a bachelor of
      science in dental hygiene degree (BSDH). Responses were received from 250
      practitioners (70%), which were evenly distributed among the five states.
      Respondents were asked to record their level of agreement with a series of
      statements pertaining to postcertificate/postassociate dental hygiene education
      using a five-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly
      disagree." The findings indicated a significant correlation existed between
      degree held and practitioner perceptions regarding (1) the need for
      postcertificate/postassociate dental hygiene programs, (2) the testing of
      potential students for clinical competency, (3) granting academic credit for work
      experience, and (4) the provision of flexible attendance and scheduling options.
      There was no significant correlation between degree held and practitioner
      perceptions regarding (1) a required core curriculum with individualized
      specialty areas of study or (2) a baccalaureate in another or related discipline
      offers more career options than a BSDH.

PMID- 2639966
TI  - Are you a laggard?
AB  - Continuing education is an accepted and expected practice in dentistry today.
      Professional responsibility dictates contemporary knowledge be utilized in our
      patient treatment. As society becomes more health conscious, demands are being
      made for mandated participation in continuing education. For continuing education
      to be of value, it must present information and experiences that address both the
      needs of the adult learner and the profession. A variety of learning activities
      should be accepted for continuing education credit. Of the identifiable types of
      active practitioners, the laggard presents the most substantial problem.
      Mandatory education is one proposed method of drawing the laggard back into the
      life-long learning arena.

PMID- 2639967
TI  - Caring for cancer patients in the general dental office.
AB  - Modern therapeutic modalities and emphasis on early detection have made oral
      cancer a treatable, and in many cases, a curable disease. The role of the dentist
      in cancer patient management is two-fold. Early detection of oral lesions during
      routine dental examination has been shown to be a significant factor in cancer
      diagnosis. The dentist's other role comes after cancer treatment, specifically
      therapeutic radiation. Ionizing radiation can have permanent effects on both hard
      and soft tissues. Prescription and use of fluoride gel in topical applicators can
      aid in assuring oral health for post-cancer patients.

PMID- 2639968
TI  - Roll out the red carpet: the dentists are here!

PMID- 2639969
TI  - Volunteer overseas service: one dentist's experiences.

PMID- 2639970
TI  - Marketing your dental practice.

PMID- 2639971
TI  - A.B.C.'s periodontics. "L" is for level of compliance.

PMID- 2639972
TI  - Peer assistance within the dental community--where do we go from here?

PMID- 2639973
TI  - Erythema multiforme, potential complicating factor in dental therapy.
AB  - Erythema Multiforme, (E.M.) is an interesting dermatologic disease which has oral
      manifestations. It presents a diagnostic dilemma because the oral cavity has the
      ability to produce varied manifestations. The range of possible etiologies fo
      oral disease is immense. Therefore, the dentist must have a differential
      diagnosis for all oral lesions. The following case report represents a
      differential diagnosis problem which hampered routine dental therapy. The oral
      soft tissue lesions needed to be managed before the endodontic therapy could be
      completed.

PMID- 2639974
TI  - Case report of a reactive gingival epulis with an unusual sequel.

PMID- 2639975
TI  - [Therapeutic effectiveness of lidocaine in patients with ventricular arrhythmias
      estimated relative to measurements of drug concentration in serum].
AB  - Therapeutic effectiveness of lidocaine intravenous infusions preceded by an
      initial intravenous dose was studied in 29 patients with ventricular arrhythmias
      in a course of ischemic heart disease admitted to CCU. Clinical effects were
      evaluated in correlation with obtained lidocaine concentrations and basic
      pharmacokinetic parameters. Regression of cardiac arrhythmias was stated in 23
      patients (79.3%), inclusive of all acute MI cases. Partial therapeutic effect was
      observed in 4 patients (13.8%) and no effect in 2 (6.9%). In 12 patients (52.2%)
      with stated regression of ventricular arrhythmias the full therapeutic effect was
      observed after initial dose administration. Serum drug concentrations were above
      the lower limit of the therapeutic range in all cases. Side effects were observed
      in 3 cases with high serum lidocaine levels caused by impaired drug metabolism or
      elimination due to the patient's clinical state. Correlation between the infusion
      rate and obtained stationary condition of drug concentration within therapeutic
      range seemed to be highly effective in management of ventricular premature beats
      caused by acute myocardial ischemia but less effective in cases of ischemic and
      postinfarction cardiomyopathy with heart failure.

PMID- 2639976
TI  - [Cardiac trans-esophageal pacing: significance of systemic damping of artifacts
      from stimulating impulses for ECG trace recordings recorded from a pacing trans
      esophageal electrode. III].
AB  - Utilization of diagnostic abilities of the cardiac trans-esophageal pacing is
      related to necessity of obtaining the readable and stable ecg tracing from a
      pacing electrode. For that reason to evaluate the value of an electronic artifact
      suppression circuit of a pacing impulse from oesophageal ecg recording authors
      compared quality of obtained recordings using a new method with a traditional
      one. Trans-esophageal cardiac pacemaker SP-5 made by OBR, Temed, Zabrze was used.
      Atria and ventricles were stimulated using a constant pacing cycle length and a
      single programmable impulse. In 58 persons ecg transoesophageal recordings were
      compared during atrial pacing, and in 45 during ventricular one. Quality of
      obtained ecg recordings was estimated using 4-degree scale of which first three
      degrees comprised recordings the esophageal pacing electrode by a traditional
      method were unfit for diagnostic interpretation. As opposed to the pacing
      electrode allowed to obtain recordings with quality of which was suitable for
      diagnostic interpretation in all patients. Obtained results indicate on, thanks
      to the new recording circuit, existence of conditions to substantial extension of
      diagnostic abilities of transoesophageal cardiac pacing.

PMID- 2639977
TI  - [Twenty-four hour automatic recording of blood pressure and cardiac rhythm in
      patients with borderline hypertension].
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of 24-hour automatic
      recording of blood pressure and cardiac rhythm in patients with borderline
      hypertension. The study was performed in 50 patients aged 38.8 +/- 13.1 using the
      Del Mar Avionics device. Mean time of recordings was 21.3 hours, and the mean
      number of blood pressure measurements per one patient was 52.4. Great
      fluctuations of systolic blood pressure (from 92.1 +/- 12.6 to 191 +/- 37.0 mm
      Hg) and diastolic one (from 57.3 +/- 11.4 to 118.9 +/- 13.8 mm Hg) were observed.
      Mean systolic blood pressure (125.6 +/- 10.6 mm Hg) was significantly lower than
      the mean value of last three ambulatory measurements (141.9 +/- 9.8; p less than
      0.001). Also mean diastolic pressure was lower than that obtained in the out
      patient clinic (84.7 +/- 9.7 vs 91.9 +/- 3.2 mm Hg; p less than 0.001). Mean
      heart rate during the day was 86.2 +/- 10.7 and at night 69.7 +/- 10.5 beats per
      minute. Ventricular and/or supraventricular cardiac arrhythmias were observed in
      14 (28%) of examined patients. Results of the study indicate, that 24-hour
      automatic blood pressure recording is the valuable method, affording
      possibilities for more precise estimation of blood pressure and its 24-hour
      fluctuations in patients with borderline hypertension.

PMID- 2639978
TI  - [Implantation of an automatic cardioverter-defibrillator--case report].
AB  - Authors present a case of a female patient with abundant attacks of rapid
      ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, frequently resuscitated,
      who received an automatic cardioverter--defibrillator (AICD)--Ventak 1520 (CPI).
      Sooner 5-month pharmacotherapy with attainable drugs was deceptive. Operative and
      postoperative period was uncomplicated. During late 24-month follow-up 27 times a
      shock was delivered by the implanted cardioverter. Full patient's recovery was
      observed.

PMID- 2639979
TI  - [Cor triatriatum with mitral incompetence--contribution to diagnosis and
      therapy].
AB  - Authors presented difficulties in diagnosis of the cor triatriatum with the
      mitral incompetence in 34 years old female patient. Diagnosis was based on two
      dimensional and doppler echocardiographic examinations and then
      angiocardiographically proved. Therapy consisted in resection of the
      fibromuscular intraatrial septum and implantation of the St. Jude mitral
      prosthetic valve.

PMID- 2639980
TI  - Class attitudes of dental hygiene students toward their education.

PMID- 2639981
TI  - AIDS: an overview for the dental practitioner.

PMID- 2639982
TI  - [Possibilities of extraoral fixation of replanted teeth].

PMID- 2639983
TI  - [Case of supernumerary molar in upper third molar area].

PMID- 2639984
TI  - [Dental fluorosis from repeated fluoride use].

PMID- 2639985
TI  - [Endometric canal length determination in endodontics--indications, uses,
      limits].

PMID- 2639986
TI  - [Methods of removal of cemented temporary restorations].

PMID- 2639987
TI  - [Frequency of sigmatisms in different dysgnathias].

PMID- 2639988
TI  - [Influence of different mouthwashes on plaque removal and salivary glucose
      concentration].

PMID- 2639989
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2639990
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopical study of differently worked amalgam fillings].

PMID- 2639991
TI  - [Action of epinephrine and norepinephrine in 2% lidocaine solution on
      hemodynamics. 1. Circulatory parameters, myocardial contraction suppression, and
      cerebral blood supply].

PMID- 2639992
TI  - [Tooth retention in extreme cases by transdental surgical fixation (2)].

PMID- 2639993
TI  - [Influence of preparation and margin finishing on accuracy of fit of intracoronal
      gold restorations].

PMID- 2639994
TI  - [Tooth aplasia--two cases of multifactorial genetic system].

PMID- 2639996
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2639995
TI  - [Modification of growth dynamics and ultrastructure of human gingival fibroblasts
      after treatment with an helium-neon-laser].

PMID- 2639997
TI  - [Basic concepts. Basics of treatment room layout].

PMID- 2639998
TI  - [Oximetric determination of analgesic dosage with nalbuphine and midazolam in
      dental practice].

PMID- 2639999
TI  - ["Gold coloring" of denture bases with titanium nitride].

PMID- 2640000
TI  - [Main criteria for clinical prognosis of dental implants (3)].

PMID- 2640001
TI  - [Comparison of amalgam micro fissures with use of resin lacquer and two acrylic
      compatible cavity lacquers].

PMID- 2640002
TI  - [Adult orthodontics supplementary to restorative measures (2)].

PMID- 2640003
TI  - [Periodontal treatment--overview (2)].

PMID- 2640004
TI  - [Disinfectability of radiographic film].

PMID- 2640005
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2640006
TI  - [Dental pellicle (1). Ultrastructural variety as expression of complex formation
      and maturation].

PMID- 2640007
TI  - [So-called problem patient with craniofacial pain syndrome].

PMID- 2640008
TI  - [Functional analysis of a surgical-prosthetic treated prognathism--10-year
      results (1)].

PMID- 2640009
TI  - [Periodontal mask--required aid for periodontally friendly prosthesis].

PMID- 2640010
TI  - [Single tooth replacement with aid of osseointegration--a modified surgical
      prosthetic procedure].

PMID- 2640011
TI  - [Glass-ionomer cement].

PMID- 2640012
TI  - [Margin of cemented galvano-ceramic crowns].

PMID- 2640013
TI  - [Development of a program for computer-assisted teleradiograms].

PMID- 2640014
TI  - [Morphology of interdental tooth surfaces and their effect on plaque removal].

PMID- 2640015
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2640016
TI  - [Fear of amalgam--way out of a dilemma].

PMID- 2640017
TI  - [Ambulatory treatment under anesthesia by seated dentists in a local hospital].

PMID- 2640018
TI  - [Utilization possibilities of ceramic reconstruction materials. 1. Direct ceramic
      inlay (Dicor)].

PMID- 2640019
TI  - [Removal of discoloration of devitalized front teeth].

PMID- 2640020
TI  - [Tissue reaction of mandible under loading of complete denture].

PMID- 2640022
TI  - [Intraoral photography--basic equipment and technic].

PMID- 2640021
TI  - [Adult orthodontics--specific notice of the choice of biomechanics for
      adolescents and adults].

PMID- 2640023
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2640024
TI  - [Non-contamination--basics of infection prevention in the dental office].

PMID- 2640025
TI  - [Polishability of fiber strengthened resins for provisional crowns and bridges].

PMID- 2640026
TI  - [Mechanical surveillance of patients during dental therapy].

PMID- 2640027
TI  - [Implants from wearer's viewpoint. Pilot study].

PMID- 2640028
TI  - [Utilization possibilities of ceramic reconstruction materials. 2. Inlays and
      ceramic facings in indirect procedures (Mirage)].

PMID- 2640029
TI  - [AIDS. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Oral manifestations].

PMID- 2640030
TI  - [Dental hypersensitivity: its treatment].

PMID- 2640031
TI  - [Gangrenous ulceration in a diabetic patient].

PMID- 2640032
TI  - [Combined endodontic-periodontal lesions. Comprehensive focus].

PMID- 2640033
TI  - [Radiographic and histological study of a case of apexification in a human
      molar].
AB  - A case of apexification in a lower right second molar is described. Radiographs
      demonstrate apical closure with a different morphological pattern from that of
      the lower left second molar. Following extraction, after 15 months, serial
      histologic sections show calcified tissue obturating the apical foramen, well
      adapted to the initial dentin and cementum walls. Inside some small areas
      containing connective tissue with capillaries can be observed. The histologic and
      radiographic observations indicate that apical closure occurs as a result of
      differentiation of periodontal apical cells.

PMID- 2640034
TI  - [Suggestions to improve dentist-endodontist collaboration].
AB  - Referrals from the general dentist to the endodontist are in some occasions
      complicated with lack of proper communication among dentist-patient-specialist,
      resulting in the loss of confidence or even the patient. Suggestions to improve
      this communication are discussed, which will provide the patient a higher
      confidence in the indicated endodontic treatment and a better dental service. It
      will also enhance the prestige of the general dentists' and specialists'
      practice.

PMID- 2640035
TI  - [Developmental radicular groove as a cause of endodontic failure].
AB  - A clinical case of apical injury on an upper lateral incisor with endodontical
      and surgical failures in its treatment is presented. Extraction of the incisor
      and its study at the stereoscopic microscope showed the existence of a
      developmental groove running from the cingulum to the end of the root,
      establishing a communication between the crevice and the apical part of the
      tooth. Bacterial infection through the groove could provide an explanation for
      treatment failure.

PMID- 2640036
TI  - [Nonsurgical retreatment in a case of a radiolucent apical lesion].
AB  - We present a case of failure that was helpful solved without surgical endodontic
      treatment. We don't achieve clinical success besides endodontic treatment was
      twice remade. Finally we decided to put a temporary filling with calcium
      hydroxide and wait until apical radiolucency disappear and complete our treatment
      with gutta-percha, sealer and lateral condensation.

PMID- 2640037
TI  - [Dentinopulpar organ: biological basis of clinical response to Ca(OH)2
      application].
AB  - We have studied the changes presented by mediate and immediate roentgenographic
      images of indirect pulp capping and pulpotomies. In the cases of indirect pulp
      capping it was observed an increase of radiolucidity in the places occupied by
      Ca(OH)2, and sclerotic dentin was present. In pulpotomies, it was found the
      dentin bridge, which thickness increases with time. The radiolucidity of pulp
      chamber occupied by Ca(OH)2 was greater in the long time treatment. The
      radiopacity of non-vital dentin of walls and floor chamber was increased too. It
      has suggested that Ca++ ion would have migrated from its place and probably would
      take part in the synthesis of sclerotic dentin, independently of the vitality of
      the tissue.

PMID- 2640038
TI  - [Socioprofessional conduct in dentistry. Analysis of ionizing radiation risk in
      dental offices].
AB  - Randomly selected dental surgeries were visited with the aim of measuring the
      level of irradiation used in each. Both in the city of Bilbao, and in the
      province of Vizcaya, doses were found to be lower than those advised. Even so,
      the importance for these professionals to adopt preventive, protective measures
      needs to be emphasized.

PMID- 2640039
TI  - [Radico-diagram: a technic for study of tooth root].
AB  - The use of a simple measuring system such as the root diagram provides us with
      information about the morphology and the inclination of the roots of dental
      pieces. This system applied on x-rays taken with accurate and adequate techniques
      facilitates and enables one to study extensive groups of the population with
      common or divergent ethnic features and their subsequent comparative analysis.

PMID- 2640040
TI  - [Local anesthetics (LA). Adverse reactions from the use of LA (IV)].
AB  - Most common and significant adverse reactions directly attributable to the
      administration of local anesthetics which occur in dental practice are discussed.
      Both most severe systemic reactions--uncommonly found--and local reactions--of
      lesser importance--are reviewed. Tolerance, subtoxic doses and general toxicity
      of these drugs, as well as toxicity on specific organs are studied, as too are
      the prophylactic and therapeutic measures which need to be adopted according to
      the particular case. It is mandatory for the dental surgeon to have available
      equipment for resuscitation--mask and reservoir bag for assisted ventilation-
      equipment for fluid infusion, adrenaline, steroids, antihistamines, airways and
      suction equipment.

PMID- 2640041
TI  - [Local anesthetics and choice (5)].
AB  - The choice of local anesthetic should never be a routine matter but must be
      chosen as a result of a wide knowledge of the properties of the different local
      anesthetics. Detailed knowledge of the anatomical region to be treated and
      previous planning of the objectives to be achieved will serve as an indication
      for the most useful anesthetic solution in each case. Only a critical attitude
      will help us to choose--from the wide variety of drugs available--the most
      appropriate anesthetic according to the particular situation.

PMID- 2640042
TI  - [Serum concentration of bile acids and portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients.
      Possible correlations].
AB  - For the detection of mild liver disease (acute viral hepatitis, chronic
      persistent hepatitis, fatty liver) serum bile acids levels have not proved to be
      superior to transaminases or other common liver tests with almost similar
      sensitivity and/or specificity. Indeed it has been possible to show in patients
      with compensated cirrhosis of the liver that the serum bile acids concentration
      is related to the degree of intrahepatic shunts and that there was a significant
      relationship between the fasting serum bile acids and the intrinsic clearance of
      ICG. Measurement of serum bile acids appear to be more sensitive for detection of
      cirrhosis than commonly used tests. The elevation of bile acids concentration in
      cirrhotic patients is thought to result from a reduced hepatic clearance and/or
      from portosystemic shunting. In order to determine the role of serum bile acid
      estimation in the indirect assessment of portal hypertension, fasting and two
      hour postprandial serum bile acids concentration were measured in 36 patients
      with liver cirrhosis, classified according to Child-Pugh's criteria. Real time
      ultrasonography, esophagogastroscopy and static liver scintigraphy of the liver
      were carried out in all patients. The size of esophageal varices, the portal vein
      and its related structure, the nuclear criteria were graded according to the
      common methods. Between the clinical findings, splenomegaly, was noted and
      graded, though the size of spleen does not correlate well with the level of
      portal pressure. In our patients a good correlation (p less than 0.001) existed
      between the two hour postprandial bile acids concentration and ultrasonographic
      findings of portal hypertension. Fasting serum bile acids (SBA) were
      significantly higher in severe than in mild liver cirrhosis according to Pugh's
      criteria (p less than 0.001). In conclusion we think that SBA concentrations have
      a great prognostic value in assessment of major complications (upper
      gastrointestinal hemorrhage particularly). The reduced liver blood flow, for
      intra-and extrahepatic porto-systemic shuntings, is probably the main cause of
      reduced hepatic clearance of bile acids.

PMID- 2640043
TI  - [Myxedema of the heart: clinical aspects, echocardiography and physiopathologic
      considerations].

PMID- 2640044
TI  - [Endocrine changes of the liver in the cirrhotic alcoholic: analysis of circadian
      rhythms of anteriopituitary, adrenocortical, and gonadal hormones].
AB  - Circadian rhythms of anteropituitary (ACTH, HGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL),
      adrenocortical (cortisol, aldosterone, DHEA-S), and gonadal (testosterone, 17
      beta-estradiol, progesterone) hormones were investigated in a group of male
      patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver, compared with group of male
      clinically healthy subjects. Each group consisted of six subjects. After a period
      of ten days of synchronized life conditions, venous blood samples were drawn
      every four hours during a whole day, the subjects resting in constant supine
      position. The plasma hormonal levels were determined by radioimmunoassay method.
      The results, analyzed by "cosinor" method, show a significant (p less than 0.05)
      circadian rhythm only for cortisol, aldosterone, and DHEA-S in the cirrhotic
      patients, while the control group exhibits a statistically significant (p less
      than 0.05) circadian rhythm for all hormones, except for 17 beta-estradiol. These
      data support the evidence of serious abnormalities in the biological time
      structure of anteropituitary and gonadal hormones in alcoholic cirrhosis of the
      liver, while the adrenalcortex seems to maintain its own intrinsic circadian
      rhythmicity. On the basis of these results, the authors discuss the main
      mechanisms of the chronobiological hormonal abnormalities in alcoholic cirrhosis
      of the liver. Further investigations in this area may provide new insights into
      hormonal mechanism responsible for the endocrine abnormalities in the alcoholic
      cirrhosis of the liver.

PMID- 2640045
TI  - IgG subclass deficiency and recurrent respiratory infections in children.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the humoral immunity of children with
      recurrent respiratory tract infections. Fifty-seven (17 female, 40 male)
      children, aged from 1.1 to 12.0 years were evaluated, after 1 month from the last
      infectious disease. The total number of children with IgG subclasses deficiency
      was 29/57 with the following IgG deficiency distribution: IgG1 = 2 children, IgG2
      = 13 children, IgG3 = 4 children, IgG4 = 25 children. Moreover, 13 children with
      IgG4 deficiency showed low levels of other (one or more) IgG subclasses. It is
      probable that these low IgG subclasses levels are an important immunological
      abnormality of these children.

PMID- 2640046
TI  - [Treatment of Behcet's syndrome with colchicine].
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of colchicine in
      the treatment of Behcet's syndrome. Ten patients suffering from Behcet's syndrome
      were selected for this purpose. The patients were treated with 1 mg/day of
      colchicine associated with 1 mg of betametasone during the initial florid phase
      of the disease. After the acute phase, betametasone was withdrawn. The patients
      were observed for a period ranging from 5 to 23 months. Biochemical and
      immunological parameters were measured at time 0 and every month in order to
      monitor the disease and the possible side effects of colchicine. All patients had
      a satisfactory control of the disease without showing any toxic effect.

PMID- 2640047
TI  - Symptomatic treatment of osteoarthrosis with two different oral preparations of
      naproxen.
AB  - A new oral Naproxen retard preparation (750 mg once daily) was compared with a
      standard commercial formula (375 mg BID) in a population of 60 patients affected
      by osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. An assessment was made of the effects
      on the clinical parameters, inflammation indexes (ESR, PCR, urinary
      hydroxyproline) and general tolerance parameters after one month of treatment.
      Once the steady state had been reached, no significant differences were observed
      even 24 h after the administration of a single 750 mg dose of Naproxen retard as
      compared with the administration of two 375 mg doses of standard Naproxen taken
      every 12 hours. Both treatments induced a similar improvement in the clinical and
      laboratory parameters and were shown to be equally safe. However, tolerance at a
      gastro-enteric level was, better with the retard preparation.

PMID- 2640048
TI  - [Effect of a combination of heparin-glucuronylglucosaminoglycan for topical use
      in modification of pain in osteoarthritis of the knee].
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of a Heparin
      Glucuronilglucosaminoglycane association for external use in patients affected
      with painful osteoarthritis of the knee. The cutaneous pain threshold and
      subcutaneous tissue thickness at periarticular level were chosen as parameters
      for evaluation. In a previous experimental study, they proved to be reliable
      indexes of pain-related alterations of sensitivity and trophism. These parameters
      were measured in basal conditions and after 10, 20 and 30 days respectively of
      therapy consisting in 3 daily administrations of the drug. The measurements were
      also repeated 30 days after the interruption of the treatment. The cutaneous pain
      threshold and the subcutaneous tissure thickness underwent an increase and a
      decrease respectively in comparison with basal values in all the determinations
      performed. These increases and decreases were statistically significant
      throughout the whole period of treatment and remained significant even after the
      interruption of the drug administration (significant levels between p less than
      0.04 and p less than 0.001). The possible mechanisms of such effects were
      examined, according to the pharmacological characteristics of the drug and the
      pathophysiology of pain and inflammation.

PMID- 2640049
TI  - [Evaluation of the effectiveness and tolerability of gliquidone in the treatment
      of diabetes mellitus type II].
AB  - The effectiveness of treatment with gliquidone, a second generation
      sulphonylurea, was assessed for six months in 40 type II diabetic outpatients
      with poorly metabolic control (fasting plasma glucose greater than 180 mg/dl,
      HbA1c greater than 8%). After one-month therapy a good metabolic control was
      accomplished, which has been further increased over the following months (p less
      than 0.01 in comparison between glycemic profiles) with normalization of
      glycosylated hemoglobin values. No significant statistical changes have been
      reported in insulin and both fasting and after meal C-peptide levels. Results
      have been attained with low incidence in hypoglycemic reactions and an overall
      good tolerability of the compound.

PMID- 2640050
TI  - Decline of circulating immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis: patients treated
      with tiopronine.
AB  - Fifteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with tiopronine, a new
      slow-acting drug, and various serological parameters were assessed before the
      onset and after two-month treatment. The latex test titres decreased, and there
      was a significant fall in the levels of IgA-containing circulating immune
      complexes in parallel with a depletion of plasma complement breakdown products.

PMID- 2640051
TI  - Does intravenous streptokinase therapy facilitate the formation of anti-heart
      antibodies in acute myocardial infarction?
AB  - Streptokinase (SK), a nonenzymatic protein produced by group C beta haemolytic
      streptococci, is a potent antigen. It is used worldwide as a thrombolytic agent
      in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Specific antiheart
      antibodies (AHA) have been found with a significantly high incidence in patients
      with AMI, and after streptococcal infection as a result of stimulation by
      constituents of the group A streptococci antigenically cross-reactive with
      sarcolemmal portion of the muscle fiber of the heart. Since there may be partial
      antigenic identity of group C streptococcal membranes with membranes isolated
      from group A streptococci, we have designed a prospective study to evaluate the
      incidence of serum AHA (and of other organ-specific and non-organ-specific
      antibodies) in 36 patients with AMI, 14 of whom treated with SK. AHA, of IgG
      class, were of the sarcolemmal-subsarcolemmal type, and did not fix complement.
      They were found in 4/36 patients already on admission; of the 32 patients
      negative, none developed AHA later, on days 7, 15 and 21 of hospitalization, also
      after treatment with SK (in 14 cases). There was no significant difference either
      within or between the two SK-treated and non-SK-treated groups also with regard
      to the incidence of organ-specific and non-organ-specific autoantibodies. These
      findings do suggest that the intravenous SK therapy does not facilitate the
      formation of AHA in AMI.

PMID- 2640052
TI  - [Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: description of a case].
AB  - A case of anti-phospholipids auto-antibodies syndrome is reported; it was an
      unusual expression of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The patient is a 38
      years old woman, with a history of recurrent peripheral thrombosis, pulmonary and
      cerebral embolism, thrombocytopenia, abortions; moreover she suffered from
      arterial hypertension, and headache. Features of onset, with several episodes of
      relevant clinical severity and the long period without clinical and laboratory
      hallmarks of SLE suggest a serious caution in the diagnosis of "pure" anti
      phospholipids auto-antibodies syndrome.

PMID- 2640053
TI  - [A method for identification of liver cirrhosis of alcoholic etiology].
AB  - There is a significant association between the pro capita alcohol consumption and
      cirrhosis mortality rate. Cirrhosis usually develops after years of excessive
      drinking, although in many alcoholic men it never develops, even after decades of
      drinking. The admission of large amounts of alcohol beverages is very difficult
      for many patients. This is a serious problem. In order to make easier the
      diagnosis in those patients, the authors have studied a composed, arbitrary score
      for alcoholism risk. The diagnosis with only laboratory findings was worse than
      that with an additional alcoholism risk score, in 48 cirrhotic patients with
      doubtful history of alcoholic etiology. The alcoholic risk score was based on
      presence/absence of: 1) car driving or working accidents; 2) familiar or love
      problems; 3) alcoholic relatives; 4) other alcohol-correlate disease; 5) job
      type.

PMID- 2640054
TI  - [Effects of fructose-1,6-diphosphate in patients with chronic ischemic heart
      disease. Echocardiographic study].
AB  - The effects of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) on cardiac activity were studied in
      20 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Each patient received
      intravenously, in two different days, a single dose of FDP 20 g and placebo,
      according to a cross-over study design. Immediately prior to and ten minutes
      following each dosing, patients underwent an echocardiographic assessment. The
      comparison of pre- and post-treatment readings indicates that the diasto-systolic
      difference of left ventricular dimension increased by 10% after FDP (p less than
      0.01). Similarly the increment of interventricular septum thickness increased by
      16% (p less than 0.01) and that of posterior left ventricular wall thickness by
      19% (p less than 0.01). In contrast the changes recorded after placebo treatment
      were far from being significant. These data indicate that the acute
      administration of a single dose of FDP may improve the cardiac performance in
      patients with chronic ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2640055
TI  - [Home self-control of child and adolescent diabetics].
AB  - The authors report their experience on evaluating metabolic control at home in 63
      (36 female, 27 male) diabetic children and adolescents (age: 13.6 +/- 4.6 years;
      duration of disease: 2 months to 14.8 years). The diabetic children who regularly
      measured capillary blood glucose 2 or more times for day had a better metabolic
      control if compared with diabetics who measured glycemia less than 2 times for
      day and did not measure glycosuria (HbA1c: 8.5 +/- 1.9% vs 9.8 +/- 2.0; p less
      than 0.01). Our results confirm that home blood glucose monitoring is necessary
      to improve long-term metabolic control in diabetic children. In 28 of the
      diabetic who did not practice home diabetes monitoring, a significant improvement
      of metabolic control was observed after 12 months of home blood urine glucose
      monitoring (9.9 +/- 8.0 +/- 1.2; p less than 0.001). During pubertal development
      metabolic control is worse. In fifteen diabetic children followed longitudinally
      from prepubertal to pubertal period a significant increase of HbA1c values was
      observed (7.9 +/- 2.0% vs 9.0 +/- 1.8; p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2640056
TI  - [Oral leukoplakia. Current concepts and analysis of the term in the Spanish
      language].
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to carry out an analysis of the term leukoplakia
      since its introduction in 1877 and to expose the most accepted concepts and
      present classification within specialists. For this purpose attention will be
      paid to definitions established in the international seminary developed in Malmo
      City, Sweden, in June 1983. A group of observations on present status of research
      and diagnostic methods and its limitations to pre-establish when a lesion of this
      type is going to evolve toward malignancy, is included. An important part of this
      paper is devoted to the linguistic analysis of leukoplakia and leukoplasia
      expressions. An extensive argumentation demonstrating the systematic impropriety
      in the Spanish Language of translating the English term "leukoplakia as
      leukoplasia, is presented. There is in Spanish the accurate translation, given by
      the expression leukoplakia, which is not only the adequate one for the exactness
      of its translation but also the one more conceptually adjusted to contemporary
      definition universally accepted, that is to say, a white plaque. Finally, a
      comment on importance of incorporates to our language the exact translation of
      scientific words, not only to fit it to present science, but also to a better
      fulfillment of its function in allowing the communication within Latin American
      researches themselves and with the world scientific community, is exposed.

PMID- 2640057
TI  - [Open bite: orthodontic prosthetic surgical treatment. Presentation of a case].
AB  - A patient with anterior open bite is studied. Treatment and technique selected
      for the surgical correction of his deformity is described. It is stated that on
      account to the socialist character of our medical assistance, this treatment is
      within reach of any patient requiring it. Finally, emphasis is made on the fact
      that control after surgery is as important as a right selection and performance
      of the technique used for the prevention of relapses.

PMID- 2640058
TI  - [Streptococcus mutans: its relation to cariogenic activity].
AB  - This research was carried out with the purpose of learning about relationship
      between degree of infection by Streptococcus mutans in saliva and prevalence of
      caries and further incidence in a one year term. A total of 931 children aged 2-3
      years of Havana City and Sancti Spiritus Province, and 10 different series of
      school children aged 6-12 years of both provinces, with a total of 848 children,
      were studied. A direct significant relationship between degree of infection by S.
      mutans and prevalence of caries (percentage of affected children and co/COPD
      index) was found in the groups under study. Likewise, in the relationship between
      previous degree of infection and incidence of caries, differences were
      significative in children aged 2-3 years and in six of the 10 series of school
      children, with a correlation (r) of 0.216. It is analyzed that despite that
      degree of infection by Streptococcus mutans is the parameter with higher
      correlation with cariogenic activity, its predictive value is not enough by
      itself, therefore, a joint valuation with other parameters also related to
      cariogenic activity is required, in order to be able to reach necessary validity
      in the prognosis.

PMID- 2640059
TI  - [Function of antiseptics in reducing post-extraction bacteremia].
AB  - A descriptive, transversal, prospective and comparative study was carried out,
      during six months, at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, "Saturnino Lora"
      Teaching Provincial Hospital, Santiago de Cuba, in order to detect effect of
      irrigating the gingival sulcus region with 1% chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine
      on incidence of bacteremia in comparison with control solution (saline solution).
      It is proved that the irrigation of gingival sulcus with an antiseptic solution
      is a useful element as complement of antibiotic prophylaxis in patient with risk
      of undergoing bacterial endocarditis. The 92 microorganisms isolated post
      exodontia were examined against eight antibiotics and produced results supporting
      the use of penicillin and macrolides in the prophylaxis of infectious
      endocarditis.

PMID- 2640060
TI  - [Prevalence of malignant oral neoplasms in the Celia Sanchez Clinicosurgical
      Hospital from 1982 to 1985].
AB  - Malignant tumors of the oral cavity rebound on the organism of the affected
      patients, because it is the open door of the digestive apparatus and any
      alteration of it, involves nutritional status. Besides oral cavity is easy to
      approach for its examination, importance of early detection of such neoplasias
      for the patient moves us to review 13,267 reports of biopsies from the Department
      of Pathologic Anatomy, "Celia S++anchez" Clinicosurgical Hospital; 50 of such
      biopsies present diagnosis of malignant neoplasia of the oral cavity and are
      selected in order to know prevalence (0.37%), the most frequent locations
      (tongue, 50%), most affected age (sixth to seventh decades of life), sex
      (prevalence of male sex, 80%), and also to contribute to the widest knowledge and
      to the development of the plan for the early detection of oral cancer carried out
      by the Ministry of Public Health.

PMID- 2640061
TI  - Topographical analysis of subcortical vertex-like activities evoked by ipsi- and
      contralateral multimodal sensory stimulation in man.
AB  - A topographical analysis of the mesencephalic, thalamic and forebrain vertex-like
      activities evoked by ipsi- and contralateral somatic (SVA), visual (VVA) and
      auditory stimuli (AVA) was made in patients with electrodes implanted for
      diagnoses and treatment. Typical SVA, VVA and AVA recorded from a nonspecific
      polysensory system (NSS) were mainly bilateral and with similar latencies.
      Typical AVA to only contralateral stimuli were frequent at the ventrolateral
      thalamus and striatum level. In contrast, bilateral VA with different latencies
      and VA evoked only by ipsilateral stimuli were rare and mainly localized at the
      edge of the NSS. Within the NSS, typical VA to ipsi- and contralateral stimuli
      showed different cerebral distribution patterns according to the sensory modality
      stimulated, i.e. SVA showed amplitudes in response to contralateral stimuli
      smaller than to ipsilateral stimuli at the mesencephalic level, larger amplitudes
      in response to contralateral than to ipsilateral stimuli at the thalamic level
      and had equal amplitudes in response to contralateral and ipsilateral stimuli in
      the forebrain regions. VVA showed amplitudes in response to contralateral stimuli
      equal to those in response to ipsilateral stimuli at the mesencephalic, thalamic
      and forebrain levels. AVA showed amplitudes in response to contralateral stimuli
      equal to those in response to ipsilateral stimuli at the mesencephalic level, had
      amplitudes of contralateral responses larger than those of ipsilateral responses
      at the thalamic level and showed different amplitude combinations in the
      forebrain regions.

PMID- 2640062
TI  - Unilateral topical cortical application of penicillin: electrographic aspects. A
      new complement to an old model.
AB  - In 7 cats 800 IU of penicillin were applied diffusely over one hemisphere on the
      exposed neocortex. After 40 min all animals showed bilateral and synchronous
      burst discharges with a higher amplitude at the hemisphere where the penicillin
      had been applied. These data fill a gap in the literature concerning feline
      generalized penicillin epilepsy, in which penicillin is applied bilaterally on
      the exposed neocortex.

PMID- 2640063
TI  - Comparison of the toxicity of p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) administered to male F344
      rats orally or by the inhalation route.
AB  - The organ distribution and toxicity of p-DCB were compared in rats after either
      inhalation or oral administration. Male F344 rats were exposed to 500 or 125 ppm
      for 24 hr in a whole body inhalation chamber (H and L groups) or received a
      single dose of 300 mg/kg by gavage (PO group). The concentrations of p-DCB in the
      serum, liver, kidney and fatty tissues were measured by gas chromatography at
      intervals during and up to 24 hr after the treatment. Peak serum values for the L
      and H groups were lower than in the PO animals, but the organ/serum distribution
      ratios of p-DCB tended to be higher, in some cases markedly, in rats receiving
      the inhalation treatment. Significant increases in the levels of blood urea
      nitrogen, hepatic glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvate
      transaminase and significant decreases in the levels of serum total cholesterol
      were observed only in the inhalation groups. Microscopically, the appearance of
      numerous eosinophilic droplets, together with swelling and desquamation of the
      proximal tubular epithelium of the kidney was especially noteworthy in H and L p
      DCB treated groups. Thus, both biochemical and histopathological abnormalities
      induced by p-DCB were more pronounced in rats administered the compound by the
      inhalation route.

PMID- 2640064
TI  - Acute toxicity tests on 113 environmental chemicals.
AB  - Acute toxicity tests on 113 environmental chemicals were conducted by the order
      of the Japanese government agencies. the LD50s or LC50s for 23 household
      chemicals, 11 medical drugs, 10 drug additives, 20 food additives, 13 industrial
      chemicals, 14 environmental pollutants, 12 agricultural chemicals and 5 organic
      solvents are presented together with the major toxic signs and symptoms and
      macroscopic changes in tissues. These toxicity data will be useful as an
      information source for regulatory purposes and also for prediction of the
      potential for acute toxicity of a wide variety of new chemicals.

PMID- 2640065
TI  - Damage to DNA strand and the effects of anticancer drugs.
AB  - Cancer chemotherapy is, in a sense, similar to the treatment of infectious
      disease with antibiotics. The main mechanism of action is on DNA and its
      precursor, and in the process that anticancer drugs exert the effect on cancer
      cells, the cells always have abnormal metabolism or destruction of DNA. The main
      cellular target of most alkylating agents, or anticancer antibiotics is DNA,
      however, among the anticancer drug newly synthesized, there are some compounds
      which exert the action on DNA. Quinocarmycin, KT6149, which is a derivative of
      MMC, YM534, which possesses a platelet agglutinating activity, and MCNU, a
      nitrosourea compound were studied on the anticancer activity and on damage to DNA
      strand, and it was found that the lethal effect was deeply concerned with single
      strand scission of DNA.

PMID- 2640066
TI  - Functional characteristics of tumor vessels: selective increase in tumor blood
      flow.
AB  - This experiment was carried out to elucidate how tumor microcirculation differs
      from that of normal tissues. Pressure-flow relationship was examined in normal
      rat tissues, uninvolved tissues in tumor-bearing rats, transplanted AH109A solid
      tumors, and primary tumors induced by 3-methylcholanthrene. Tumor blood flow was
      measured by the hydrogen clearance technique. The blood pressure was elevated by
      continuous iv infusion of angiotensin II. Elevation of blood pressure produced a
      several-fold increase in tumor blood flow without increasing blood flow in normal
      tissue and uninvolved tissue in tumor-bearing rats. The increase was selective to
      tumor tissues as long as the mean arterial blood pressure remained under about
      150 mmHg. The lower the resting tumor blood flow, the greater the increase in the
      flow was at induced hypertension. There were no significant differences in the
      resting blood flow and in the rate of flow change at induced hypertension between
      the intramuscularly transplanted tumor, the intrahepatically transplanted tumor,
      and the sc transplanted tumor. These results indicate that the delivery of
      systemically administered anticancer drugs could be selectively enhanced in tumor
      tissues by induced hypertension.

PMID- 2640067
TI  - Tumor induction in mice administered neonatally with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.
AB  - 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine was given subcutaneously to neonatal ICR mice, and animals
      were observed for one year. The tumors of lung and liver, malignant lymphoma, and
      other tumors were induced. In the mice given DMH 30 mg/kg of body weight, two
      mice developed colonic tumor, and the incidence of colonic tumor was low.

PMID- 2640068
TI  - [Conservative treatment of ascites in patients with cirrhosis of the liver].

PMID- 2640069
TI  - [Myocardial infarction in women and men under 45 years of age].
AB  - In recent years an increase has been observed in the incidence of myocardial
      infarction in patients aged under 45 years, males and females. In the period 1982
      1986 in hospital 587 patients were treated for myocardial infarction, among them
      393 men (67%) and 194 women (33%), with 55 men (14%) and 12 women (6.2%) aged
      under 45 years. The type, location, clinical course of infarction, complications,
      mortality and posthospital clinical course during from several months to several
      years were analysed. The incidence was compared with data in literature, presence
      of risk factors (occupation, smoking, lipid metabolism, stresses and taking of
      oral contraceptive agents by women) was analysed.

PMID- 2640070
TI  - [Isolated so-called "alone" atrial fibrillation].
AB  - A 49-year-old man with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was studied in hospital for
      detection of the cause of arrhythmia and was qualified into the group of the so
      called alone atrial fibrillation, with healthy cardiovascular system. He was
      treated successfully with amiodarone++. This type of atrial fibrillation occurs
      in only 6% of cases of atrial fibrillation, but is possible occurrence should be
      taken into consideration in differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2640071
TI  - [Surgically treated esophageal perforation caused by metal esophagoscope].
AB  - A case of oesophageal perforation is described occurring during oesophagoscopy
      carried out in search for a foreign body. After several hours of observation the
      hole in the oesophagus was closed with sutures. The postoperative course was
      complicated with posterior mediastinitis and suture failure. After active
      aspiration drainage and broad spectrum antibiotics the patient was cured.

PMID- 2640072
TI  - [Lyell's syndrome].

PMID- 2640073
TI  - [Clinical course of the recurrent form of the Guillain-Barre-Strohl syndrome].
AB  - A case of recurrent Guillain-Barre-Strohl syndrome was observed in a girl aged 7
      years. The child was cured.

PMID- 2640074
TI  - [Difficulties in establishing the cause of sudden death of a 2-year-old child
      with thymus hyperplasia].
AB  - In the reported case the authors discuss the possible role of thymomegaly in the
      pathological mechanism of sudden death explaining the observed clinical changes
      (fainting and cardiac murmurs) as due to pressure exerted by the enlarged thymus
      on the heart and airways. Sudden death was preceded by ingestion of amidoquine
      tablet and slight trauma to the head.

PMID- 2640075
TI  - [Tumor of the parapharyngeal space].

PMID- 2640076
TI  - [Practical aspects of intracolonoscopic polypectomy].
AB  - Modern views are presented on endoscopic treatment of colonic polyps stressing
      the superiority of the method over surgical treatment used previously. The
      factors limiting the possibility of use of the endoscopic method are: the size,
      the configuration and the number of polyps. However, the extent of these
      limitations is small. The importance of histological examination of the removed
      polyp for the tactics of postoperative management is emphasized and a programme
      is proposed for oncological supervision after coloscopic polypectomy.

PMID- 2640078
TI  - [Application of a computer in clinic, technic and management].

PMID- 2640077
TI  - [Development of special continued professional training for the special dental
      technician].

PMID- 2640079
TI  - [Secretary--right hand of the manager].

PMID- 2640080
TI  - [Presentation of a milling appliance for dental technic].

PMID- 2640081
TI  - [Air extractor for the working place of a dental technician].

PMID- 2640082
TI  - Aging at the molecular, cellular and organism level. Symposium held on the
      occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Gerontological Institute of Friedrich
      Alexander University of Erlangen-Nurnberg. 3rd June 1989, Nurnberg, F.R.G.

PMID- 2640083
TI  - In vitro cultures of trabecular meshwork cells of the human eye as a model system
      for the study of cellular aging.
AB  - Cells from the human trabecular meshwork providing a drainage system for the
      outflow of aqueous humour in the eye were isolated and propagated in monolayer
      culture. Following serial subcultivation of the primary cultures, there was a
      gradual decline in the fraction of dividing cells with increasing population
      doubling level (PDL) resulting finally in growth cessation and disintegration of
      these 'senescent' cultures. The number of population doublings was at most 20.
      Senescent cultures revealed reduced glycosaminoglycan synthesis rates (as
      measured by [14C]glucosamine incorporation) with a relative decrease of
      hyaluronic acid and increase of heparan sulfate. Medium-supplied (exogenous)
      hyaluronic acid enhanced hyaluronic acid synthesis of trabecular meshwork cells
      cultured in a defined, serum-free medium. Ascorbic acid (25-200 micrograms/ml),
      which is found in very high concentration in the ocular aqueous humour,
      stimulated hyaluronic acid synthesis of confluent cultures, also. The functional
      significance of decreased hyaluronic acid (and elevated heparan sulfate)
      synthesis in the process of cellular aging in vitro (and in vivo?), as well as
      the importance of hyaluronic acid for the structural integrity and functional
      activity of the trabecular meshwork were discussed.

PMID- 2640084
TI  - Ophthalmological aspects in patients with Werner's syndrome.
AB  - In ten of 18 eyes from nine patients with Werner's syndrome, cataract surgery was
      complicated by wound dehiscence and its consequences: peripheral anterior
      synechiae (4), secondary epiretinal gliosis (4), cystoid macular edema (3) in the
      framework of Hruby-Irvine-Gass syndrome, unplanned filtering bleb (2), and post
      operative anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (1). Additionally, corneal
      endothelial decompensation occurred in eight eyes. In view of the fibroblasts'
      reduced growth potential, we suggest small surgical incisions, extracapsular
      cataract surgery using phacoemulsification, intraocular irrigation solutions
      protecting corneal endothelium, nonabsorbable single knot sutures not removed
      before 1 year after surgery, and no local or systemic use of cortisone.

PMID- 2640085
TI  - SEM studies on age related changes in the surface structures of rat hairs.
AB  - In albino rats of four age groups (male and female; 1, 6, 12 and 36 months)
      telogen hairs of the back were investigated in scanning electron microscopy at
      defined locations. The length of the cuticular 'scales' as well as the thickness
      of the hair shaft decreased significantly in the 36 month group of both sexes. In
      addition the scales of this group had irregular contours, cracks and spindle
      shaped inclusions.

PMID- 2640086
TI  - Blood coagulation factors in the elderly.
AB  - To investigate causes of the age-dependent increase of thromboembolic events,
      plasma coagulation parameters were determined in healthy elderly blood donors in
      comparison with young, and elderly diseased blood donors. Partial thromboplastin
      and thrombin clotting times were slightly shortened, whereas prothrombin and
      reptilase clotting times were unaltered. Plasma concentration of clotting factors
      like F I, VII, VIII: C, X, HMW-kininogen and prekallikrein were increased,
      whereas the coagulation inhibitor antithrombin III was decreased. Concerning
      fibrinolysis, plasminogen and alpha-2-antiplasmin were not affected by age, but
      plasminogen activators in the euglobulin fraction were lower. This shift in the
      pattern of coagulation factors favors enhanced fibrin formation and delayed
      fibrinolysis in the elderly. Higher intermediary products demonstrate that
      activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis happen more often in elderly healthy
      people. Together with blood stasis and vessel wall damage, this shift of the
      hemostatic balance contributes to a higher incidence of thromboembolic disorders
      in the aged.

PMID- 2640087
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of diuretics in geriatric patients.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics of three diuretics (furosemide, spironolactone, and triamterene)
      were investigated in 70 geriatric patients. Comparing the data with the
      corresponding values of young healthy volunteers, mean plasma concentrations of
      furosemide and spironolactone (and peak concentrations of triamterene) were
      markedly higher in the geriatric patients. Different concomitant diuretic therapy
      (hydrochlorothiazide vs. piretanide) seems to influence the kinetic parameters of
      triamterene and its active metabolite in the geriatric patients. In elderly
      patients reduction or correction of the dosage seems to be necessary for all
      three diuretics investigated in our studies.

PMID- 2640088
TI  - Erythrocyte membrane changes associated with nutrition and aging--the role of
      plasmalogens.
AB  - Fatty aldehyde dimethylacetals (DMA) derived from human plasma and red cell
      plasmalogens of 20 female and 20 male donors, aged 70 years and over, and of 17
      younger ones (12 male, 5 female), were measured as part of total phospholipid
      fatty acid methyl esters and DMA. There were no statistically significant changes
      in the hexadecanal DMA fractions of erythrocyte membranes with respect to donor
      age. In contrast, small degrees of correlation, though statistically significant,
      indicate a stochastic decline with donor age of erythrocyte octadecanal DMA and
      of plasma-derived hexadecanal DMA and octadecanal DMA levels. It is concluded
      that in the context of age-related changes not only the plasmalogen content of
      biomembranes has to be considered. Because of the sensitivity of plasmalogens to
      autoxidation, effects of oxidative damage and defense on membrane architecture,
      the degree of plasmalogen domain formation with its implication on membrane
      functions and the mechanisms regulating membrane turnover have to be also
      assessed.

PMID- 2640089
TI  - Examination and diagnosis of common craniomandibular disorders.
AB  - The disorders of the craniomandibular complex are often a combination of
      disorders of the temporomandibular joint itself as well as the orofacial and neck
      muscular. A definitive diagnosis and subsequent treatment plan can only be
      reached by gaining sufficient information to allow a decision as to which
      components of the craniomandibular complex, and to what extent, are contributing
      to the patients problem. A systematic approach to an examination procedure
      commencing with a simple screening evaluation is discussed, which, when followed,
      will allow a differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2640090
TI  - Applied materials engineering for orthodontic wires.
AB  - In Australia, the history of materials engineering for orthodontic wires is
      generally related to the development of the Begg appliance. Therefore, until
      recently, it has helped in the search for light resilient forces produced by fine
      high-tensile stainless steel wires. Recently there has been added the desire to
      include wires of a low modulus of elasticity which also produce light forces but
      in larger diameter rectangular wires. There have been three periods of
      development, namely, up to and including the Second World War, up to Dr Begg's
      passing, and subsequently. A general metallurgical background for archwire
      selection and use is given including the following considerations: stiffness,
      flexibility, zero stress relaxation, formability, resiliency, high yield
      phenomena, and wire fracture and crack propagation; and how some of these may be
      evaluated by the fingers.

PMID- 2640091
TI  - Morphometry of neural structures in the mouse periodontal ligament mesial to the
      mandibular first molar.
AB  - The periodontal ligament mesial to the mandibular first molars of three mice was
      analysed stereologically between the alveolar crest and the tooth apex. Ultrathin
      tissue sections were collected at statistically predetermined intervals, 50 and
      200 microns apart, examined in the TEM and quantified using standard point
      counting procedures (Gundersen et al. 1988). Findings include evidence that, in
      the mouse, some unmyelinated axons arise from myelinated axons and that
      anatomically discrete arrangements of unmyelinated axons occur in the apericytic
      wall sections of postcapillary-sized venules. Morphometric data indicate that
      unmyelinated axons constitute approximately 95 percent of all periodontal axons.
      The greatest relative proportion of myelinated axons is the bone third of the
      ligament, at depths between 600 and 800 microns, where the ratio of unmyelinated
      to myelinated axons is 5:1. Ultrastructurally, the ligament contains a variety of
      anatomically discrete neural structures in juxtaposition to periodontal blood
      vessels. These structures include nerve endings contiguous with K-cells,
      partially exposed terminal axons, preterminal and terminal axons protruding into
      the vessel lumina, and lamellated receptors. Mitochondria-rich terminals and fine
      nerve endings approximated pericytes in the walls of postcapillary-sized venules
      and arteriovenous anastomoses. Typically, these neural structures were
      characterised by the presence of an associated oxytalan fibre meshwork. This
      study also provides quantitative parameters for axon distribution within the
      ligament.

PMID- 2640092
TI  - Permanent dentition occlusion in Chinese, Indian and Malay groups in Malaysia.
AB  - This survey outlines the proportion of the various features of occlusion in the
      permanent dentition of the three ethnic races, Chinese, Malay and Indian in
      Malaysia. The mean age of the high school children surveyed was 16.4 years. The
      Chinese and Malays had almost similar distribution of the different types of
      occlusion. There was a significantly higher prevalence of Class III occlusion
      among the Chinese and Malays as compared to the Indians. In addition, an edge to
      edge incisor relationship seemed to be a norm in the Chinese (54%) and Malays
      (50%) whilst the overjet of between 2-4 mm and the overbite of between 1/3 to 2/3
      was more normal to Indians (50%). A crowded dentition was also a norm for the
      three races.

PMID- 2640093
TI  - Sex determination by reference to dental plaster casts of young adults.
AB  - Dental plaster casts of young Caucasians were examined by dentists with the
      objective of determining the sex of the subjects from whom they were taken. The
      first hypothesis tested was that dentists cannot distinguish the sexes, and
      second, that dentists cannot distinguish between the sexes from such an
      examination. The results of both tests were consistent with chance findings.
      However, half of the casts were perceived by 75 percent of dentists as being of a
      specific sex, which suggested that dentists shared some unfounded prejudices. It
      is concluded that dentists cannot differentiate sex by inspection alone of the
      general form and presentation of shape and size of dentate arches.

PMID- 2640094
TI  - New products and rumors of new products.

PMID- 2640095
TI  - Fracture of the upper end of the femur is not associated with familial fracture
      disposition.
AB  - Based on the population of the city of Malmo, Sweden, we performed a
      retrospective cohort study. By choosing patients who had fractures of the upper
      end of the femur in the 1950s as an indication of senile osteoporosis, and by
      studying the roentgenographic records of their children from the 1950s and on we
      concluded that this type of osteoporosis is not a condition that is aggravated in
      certain families. Offspring of parents who had a hip fracture in the 1950s are
      not more prone to have fractures than a control group.

PMID- 2640096
TI  - The pathological plica in the knee. Results after arthroscopic resection.
AB  - Fifty-three consecutive patients were treated for a symptomatic plica
      mediopatellaris of the knee joint with arthroscopic resection of the plica. Forty
      six patients were followed up 43 months after the operation. Preoperatively, 40%
      of the patients had anterior knee pain on exertion, and 60% had mechanical
      symptoms. The symptoms were preceded by a knee trauma in 50% of the patients. The
      overall results after arthroscopic resection were satisfying, with 80% excellent
      or good results according to the Lysholm score, and 59% of the patients were
      completely free of symptoms. The presence of chondromalacia of the patella or
      femoral condyles or malalignment of the patella did not worsen the results. It is
      concluded that arthroscopic resection of a pathological plica mediopatellaris
      generally gives good results, even if other pathology of the knee joint is
      present.

PMID- 2640097
TI  - Pulmonary resuscitators and cross contamination prevention. The risk of cross
      contamination.

PMID- 2640098
TI  - [Compression resistance in premolars with OM cavities and palatally excavated
      cusps when obturated].
AB  - Along this work, we study the salvage of resistance to pression of teeth with OM
      cavities and with an excavated top of the palate, when we obstruct it. We use
      composed resin or glass cement to fill up the excavated top in order to recover
      the outline of the OM cavity and we obstruct it with composed resin or combining
      glass cement with composed resin. Because any significant difference has been
      found between both kind of obstruction.

PMID- 2640099
TI  - [Resistance recovery of prepared teeth obturated with different materials].
AB  - We have compared the endurance recuperation to the fracture of class II cavities,
      OM and MOD, filled with amalgam or composite resin. The composite resin
      recuperates the tooth endurance in the MOD cavities and in the OM cavities. The
      teeth with small OM cavities filled with amalgam recuperate their endurance to
      the original compression but the teeth with MOD cavities filled with this
      material don't recuperate it.

PMID- 2640100
TI  - [Evaluation of in vitro adhesion of cariogenic microorganisms to enamel and
      dental filling materials].
AB  - The adhesive ability of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces
      viscosus-naeslundii on enamel, amalgam and composite of microparticle and small
      particle are studied "in vitro". The selective mediums used for the three micro
      organisms are, respectively, Rogosa agar, M.S.B. and C.F.A.T. The lower adherence
      is showed by bacterias of Lactobacillus genus. S. mutans and A. viscosus
      naeslundii show similar adherence properties between them. The greatest adherence
      was obtained in composites, being S. mutans the bacteria with a greatest level of
      adherence to the composites of small-particle, and A. viscosus-naeslundii the
      bacteria with more adherence to the ones of micro-particle. The adherence on
      amalgam was slightly lower than the adherence on enamel.

PMID- 2640101
TI  - [Morphology of cracks in enamel surface produced experimentally using high and
      low temperature].
AB  - A scanning electron microscope study was made to study the morphological changes
      in the human enamel surface produced by low and high temperatures. Cracked dental
      enamel was observed when the teeth were exposed at low and high temperatures.
      When the time of exposition was increased, there are more enamel cracks which may
      be considered as enamel fractures.

PMID- 2640102
TI  - [Oral manifestations in the abused child].
AB  - In this essay the authors study a problem which has been considered a "social
      illness" pediatric the one about child abuse, talking under the oral
      manifestations point of view. In this way due to the relative frequency of this
      appearance, the odontopediatric, must known before a traumatism orofacial, the
      possible existence of child abuse.

PMID- 2640103
TI  - [Case of Gorlin syndrome].
AB  - In this paper we report a Gorlin's syndrome in a patient, who was first diagnosed
      as a case of a large odontogenic keratocyst. Posterior analysis demonstrate the
      presence of other keratocyst in the maxilla and in the mandible, as well as
      lumbar scoliosis, lack and malformation of ribs, calcification of the brain
      sickle and folicles of 8 mm of diameter in the right ovary. The possible presence
      of nevoid basal cell carcinomas will be also considered.

PMID- 2640104
TI  - [Embryonic development of the teeth].
AB  - Embrionary evolution of the tooth in the rat continues four times very clearly.
      The first of them or "dentair esbozo" it takes place about the 16th day. The
      second one of them or "caperuza time" between the 17th and 18th day. The third
      one of them or "bell time" it takes place 19th, 20th and 21th days. At the end
      the fourth one of then or "of resolution" it takes place the 22 and first of the
      afterborn days.

PMID- 2640105
TI  - [Descriptive epidemiological study of personal factors in relation to chronology
      of tooth eruption].
AB  - We are made 730 inquirys about mothers to study the age in the teething begin to
      relationship with personal details. The issue shows a light relation in the
      advance teething with tall, weight, beginning the walking and female sex, and we
      have not shown relation with the nursing.

PMID- 2640106
TI  - [Prevalence of tooth discoloration from tetracycline in a school population].
AB  - We have made a transversal study in a population of 910 scholars from Madrid with
      the purpose of knowing the prevalence to tetracycline-stained, and we have found
      a 3.11% of children affected. We have referred study by age, sex, socioeconomic
      level and dental caries.

PMID- 2640107
TI  - [Comparative study of two Arcon articulators with different transference face
      bows].
AB  - This paper is about the possible influence that the use of two different face
      archs on the transference of the upper model, should have in the later regulation
      of the semiadjustable articulator Arcon type.

PMID- 2640108
TI  - [Endodontic treatment of the fourth canal].
AB  - This article points out that autonomous apical outlets of the fourth canal of
      upper molars are much more frequent than commonly thought. This is all the more
      reason for maximum commitment on the dentists part to research and
      instrumentation.

PMID- 2640109
TI  - [World Dental Organization. What is its function? How is it organized?].

PMID- 2640110
TI  - [Local anesthetic emergencies in the dental office].

PMID- 2640111
TI  - [A method for studying the Bennet angle using computerized axial tomography].
AB  - We present a method for the measure of the real BENNET angle by C.T. We think
      this radiology technique is very profitable for the research of the T.M.J.
      functional Anatomy.

PMID- 2640112
TI  - [Hardness of various composites affected by Streptococcus mutans culture].

PMID- 2640113
TI  - [Congenital anomalies of the tongue in Spanish students].

PMID- 2640114
TI  - [Evaluation of the ICT using graphic and plastic registration. Experimental study
      of 25 cases].

PMID- 2640116
TI  - [Indications and contraindications for traction of impacted canines].

PMID- 2640115
TI  - [Configuration of tripodal occlusal support of triturated surface fillings.
      Importance and procedure].
AB  - The importance to proportionate stability to restoring teeth is analyzed and it
      is described and original and simple process to obtain tripod like supports to
      the occlusal restorations that affect areas of intercuspal contact, what
      proportionate certain clinical advantages.

PMID- 2640117
TI  - [Ectopic replantation of teeth].

PMID- 2640118
TI  - [Psychological factors in prolonged dental treatment].

PMID- 2640119
TI  - Esthetics & ethics.

PMID- 2640120
TI  - Wettability of elastomeric impression materials: effect of selected surfactants.
AB  - This study evaluated seven classes of 65 impression materials for the effect of
      selected surfactants on contact angle values for high-strength stone. Uniform
      surfaces of the materials were treated with a surfactant, and stone samples were
      poured on each impression material surface. The samples were sectioned and
      photographed for measurement of the advancing contact angles. Statistical
      analysis supported four conclusions: No significant difference was found between
      the two surfactants. Both surfactants were significantly better than the control
      (water). Polyether impression materials were superior in wettability to the other
      elastomeric impression materials tested. With respect to contact angle, two
      distinct groups of impression materials emerged. Reversible hydrocolloid (47.7 +/
      1.5), irreversible hydrocolloid (36.8 +/- 8.8), and polyether (45.8 +/- 7.6)
      formed a hydrophilic group. A hydrophobic group consisted of the polysulfide
      (62.6 +/- 10.1), poly(vinyl siloxane) (71.1 +/- 12.3), condensation-reaction
      silicone (74.1 +/- 11.0), and polyethene (75.9 +/- 14.6) materials.

PMID- 2640121
TI  - Fixed prosthodontics centric relation registration technique using resin copings.
AB  - The registration of an accurate centric relation is one of the most critical
      steps in a prosthodontic rehabilitation, yet it sometimes is an uncertain
      procedure. A technique using resin copings, each supporting an occlusal contact,
      is presented. By careful, selective addition of resin, the centric relation
      recording can be controlled. The technique requires a pattern of abutments to
      provide stability, and is, therefore, primarily applicable to fixed
      prosthodontics. Nonetheless, it is versatile enough to accommodate a variety of
      clinical situations.

PMID- 2640122
TI  - Microwave energy polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base resin.
AB  - Several physical property tests were conducted to compare microwave energy and
      conventional hot water bath polymerization techniques. The two methods of
      polymerization produced similar dimensional accuracy in complete denture bases.
      No differences were found in transverse strength, Knoop hardness, density, and
      residual monomer content of resin test strips. Comparable strength was found
      between microwave-polymerized and autopolymerized repairs of resin test strips.
      No porosity was observed in complete or removable partial denture bases
      polymerized by either technique. The Knoop hardness of microwave-polymerized
      removable partial denture bases was found to be slightly lower near the metal
      framework.

PMID- 2640123
TI  - Demineralization resistance and tensile bond strength of four luting agents after
      acid attack.
AB  - Resistance to acid demineralization provided by luting agents adjacent to enamel
      was evaluated for four different luting agents: composite resin, glass ionomer,
      polycarboxylate, and zinc phosphate cement. Cement solubility and enamel
      demineralization after acid attack at pH 3.0 were measured radiographically and
      calculated using computer-aided design. Tensile bond strength of a miniature
      crown seated on an accurately prepared preparation was evaluated after acid
      attack using an Instron instrument. Crown retention after 12 days was greater for
      the polycarboxylate (2,000 kg/m2) than the zinc phosphate cement (500 kg/m2).
      Crown retention for the glass ionomer (1,100 kg/m2) and composite resin luting
      agent (1,400 kg/m2) were similar statistically after 21 days of acid exposure.
      Cement washouts for zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate were similar, and were
      greater than either glass ionomer or composite resin luting agent. The amount of
      demineralization related to cements was, from greatest to least: zinc phosphate,
      polycarboxylate, composite resin, glass ionomer. Fluoride release was concluded
      to be initially effective in reducing enamel solubility in spite of cement
      solubility.

PMID- 2640124
TI  - Recording of masticatory mandibular movements and velocity by an optoelectronic
      method.
AB  - In an assessment of the reproducibility of three-dimensional masticatory
      movements by an optoelectronic method, the tests conducted on the same
      individuals at different times produced results that were almost identical.
      However, some significant differences were found in the mandibular movement
      parameters when the subjects chewed different foods. This was mainly reflected in
      a longer opening time and higher values for the traversed 3D distance during
      mastication of chewing gum compared to peanuts. A movement analysis system was
      linked with a computer, and a program was developed for analysis of chewing
      parameters including mandibular velocity and dimensions. A reference system
      compensated for head movements. Every step in the recording procedure-
      calibration, collection, processing and presentation of the data--can be
      automatically controlled by the computer. The method proved to be precise and
      accurate in repeated recordings and apparently suitable for objective
      posttreatment and long-term evaluation of chewing performance.

PMID- 2640125
TI  - Crisis--what will you do?

PMID- 2640126
TI  - Comparison of glazed and polished dental porcelain.
AB  - Many ceramists advocate polishing, rather than glazing, to control the surface
      luster of metal ceramic restorations. There is concern that compared to a natural
      glaze, the polished surface might have inferior properties. This study compared
      apparent fracture toughness (Kc) and stainability of a commercially available
      metal ceramic system with either a glazed or polished surface finish. The
      indentation technique was used for Kc determinations and colorimetry measurements
      of specimens immersed in a coffee solution for staining. Higher fracture
      toughness values were found for the polished specimens. No differences were
      detected in the staining characteristics.

PMID- 2640127
TI  - Comparison of the Panadent Quick Analyzer and Analog Selector systems.
AB  - The use of pantographic tracings of mandibular movements is an important aspect
      of clinical diagnosis and treatment planning in prosthodontics. This study
      compared an average value system using a Quick Analyzer and computer-generated
      analogs to an Analog Selector, a device developed as an alternative method for
      determining the amount of laterotrusive movement and condylar inclination using a
      lateral interocclusal check record technique. The Quick Analyzer system produced
      more accurate and more consistent recordings than the Analog Selector. Both
      methods can be considered as excellent tools for teaching, diagnosis, and
      treatment planning.

PMID- 2640128
TI  - Detecting silver-containing metal ceramic alloys that discolor porcelain.
AB  - Dental laboratories need an internal method to detect silver-containing metal
      ceramic alloys that stain porcelain. A fiberoptic colorimeter, calculations, and
      data describe Ag-vapor staining in standard CIE (1976) L*a*b* color space. The
      color difference value (CDV) of delta L*, delta a*, delta b*, and delta E* for
      porcelain before and after firing with Pd-Ag alloy, Au-Pt-Pd alloy, and control
      groups were calculated from L*, a*, and b* values. The CDV for all groups showed
      a more translucent (-delta L*) porcelain after the second firing. The CDV of
      porcelain disks exposed to Pd-Ag alloy showed an intense yellow (+ delta b*)
      stain with slight "greening" (-delta a*). The disks exposed to the Au-Pt-Pd group
      showed a slight yellow (-delta b*) stain. The delta b* values for the Pd-Ag group
      were significantly different from the other groups. This color shift (+ delta b)
      was clearly observed with the unaided eye.

PMID- 2640129
TI  - Matters relating to tooth sizes in Kenyan and British subjects.
AB  - The mesio-distal widths of teeth and the breadth of the dental arches were
      measured on study casts of twenty young Kenyan African males and twenty young
      male British adults in Belfast, Northern Ireland. All subjects had normal
      occlusion. Measurements were repeated for reproducibility testing which proved
      satisfactory. With the exception of the lower central incisor, all the Kenyan
      teeth were larger than their Caucasian counterparts, but only the differences
      relating to the premolar and molar teeth reached the level of statistical
      significance. The lower arch breadths measured between the first premolars and
      between the first permanent molars proved significantly greater in the Kenyan
      group. In the upper arch, the mean premolar breadth was greater but the
      difference in molar breadth was not statistically significant. This finding
      relates to the diminished buccal overjet in the Kenyan subject.

PMID- 2640130
TI  - Antero-posterior location of the mental foramen in Nigerians.
AB  - The location of the mental foramen in the horizontal plane was studied in 604
      oblique lateral radiographs of the mandible. The foramen was related to the apex
      of the second premolar root in 55.63 percent of the radiographs, while 26.99
      percent occurred in the interdental space between the first and second premolars.
      Location between the roots of the second premolar and first molar was observed in
      12.25 percent while relationship to the roots of the first molar was found in
      3.30 percent. Location around the apex of the first premolar accounted for 1.66
      percent. Only one foramen (0.17 percent) was found mesial to the first premolar.
      The radiographs of the right and left sides were available for 277 patients. The
      location of the mental foramen was asymmetrical in 12.3 percent of these
      patients, the right foramen being more frequently located posteriorly than the
      left foramen. The prevalence of asymmetrical location of the foramen was more
      frequent in females in whom it occurred in 53 percent.

PMID- 2640131
TI  - Knowledge, practices and dental health among rural Tanzania children.
AB  - 399 rural Tanzanian standard two pupils with a mean age of 10.9 years were
      dentally examined and interviewed. DMFS and defs were 0.7 and 0.5 respectively;
      gingival bleeding was present in 44% of the sites. Daily habits of the majority
      appeared satisfactory. Eight percent of the children displayed half of the caries
      amount.

PMID- 2640132
TI  - Odontogenic carcinoma arising from ameloblastoma.
AB  - A case of odontogenic carcinoma of the mandible is reported. Clinical and
      microscopic evaluations of the case are suggestive of a specific diagnosis of
      ameloblastic carcinoma. The case occurs at a lower age than previously reported
      for ameloblastic carcinoma. There has been no recurrence three years following
      treatment with a combination of surgery and radiotherapy.

PMID- 2640133
TI  - Oral health status of employees in sugar and sisal estates in Tanzania.
AB  - Adults aged 25-54 years residing in a sugar and a sisal estate in Tanzania were
      examined dentally. The mean DMFT score for sugar cane cutters, clerical employees
      and sisal plant workers was 3.5, 3.1 and 2.0 respectively. Plaque, calculus and
      gingival bleeding were observed in 53-98%, 45-79% and 13-30% of the surfaces
      examined, respectively. It is concluded from this study that, in the age groups
      of Tanzanians studied, most teeth are lost as a result of caries.

PMID- 2640134
TI  - Solubility of Pd in gamma 1 and its effect on the gamma 1 to beta 1
      transformation in dental amalgam.

PMID- 2640135
TI  - Effects of noble metals on the corrosion behavior of dental amalgam.

PMID- 2640136
TI  - Studies of vertebrate tooth mineralization. Insights from studies of
      dentinogenesis imperfecta type II.

PMID- 2640137
TI  - The clustering of sucrose-metabolizing genes on the chromosome of Streptococcus
      mutans.

PMID- 2640138
TI  - The effect of therapy on the healing response to experimentally-induced vertical
      root fractures in beagle dogs.

PMID- 2640139
TI  - [Importance of the laboratory in presurgical planning for implant candidates].

PMID- 2640140
TI  - [Repositioning of reinvestment models on the articulator in correct occlusion].

PMID- 2640141
TI  - [Pre and postsurgical occlusal rehabilitation in Class III patients].
AB  - It shows how to plan pre and post surgical rehabilitation in a Angle Class III
      orthognathic surgery patient and the use of temporary pre-surgical restorations
      to establish and fix the mandible in its new position in habitual occlusion and
      vertical dimension from the same day of surgery.

PMID- 2640142
TI  - [The features of the 3' terminal sequences of the 18S rRNA gene from silkworm
      Attacus ricini].
AB  - The 3' terminal sequence of the gene for 18S rRNA of silkworm Attacus ricini have
      been sequenced. Comparison of this sequence with the 18S rDNA of silkworm Bombyx
      mori, Drosophila melanogaster, rat and the 16S rDNA of E. coli has shown that
      there is a remarkable homology between them. Moreover, the stem and loop
      formation of 3' regions of these rDNAs are very similar. There is a conservative
      EcoR1 site in the 3' region of these rDNAs. These results may contribute to the
      understanding of the functions of the 3' end of 18S rDNA in protein synthesis, in
      proceeding of rRNA precursor, and to the understanding of the evolutionary
      relation of rDNAs.

PMID- 2640143
TI  - [Rapid destroying of mRNAs in disaggregated Dictyostelium cells and effect of
      antibiotics].
AB  - Nogalamycin can inhibit RNA synthesis in both aggregated and disaggregated
      Dictyostelium discoideum cells. Cycloheximide and puromycin are effective in
      blocking translation. The late mRNAs, specific for the multicellular stage,
      degrade rapidly in disaggregated Dictyostelium cells. Nogalamycin or actinomycin
      D and daunomycin protect some of these mRNAs. Cycloheximide stabilizes all of the
      mRNAs, Puromycin, however, does not protect the mRNAs from destroying. These
      results imply that the rapid degradation of the late mRNAs during cell
      differentiating does not depend on nuclease or protein synthesis de novo.

PMID- 2640144
TI  - [Detection of sickle cell gene by analysis of amplified DNA sequences].
AB  - This paper describes a technique of DNA amplification in vitro and its
      application on detection of sickle cell (Hb S) gene. Genomic DNA was
      microextracted from dried blood specimen of the first patient with sickle cell
      trait in China. Target DNA sequence was amplified by the polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) with the primers beta 1 (5'-ACACAACTGTGTTCACTAGC-3') and beta 2
      (5'-CAACTTCATCCACGTTCACC-3') that primed amplification of an 110-base-pair (bp)
      segment of beta globin gene. The amplified DNA was digested with a restriction
      endonuclease Mst II, which has a recognition site at codon 6 in the normal beta
      globin gene, and cleaved the normal amplified beta globin DNA into two fragments
      of 54bp and 56 bp which was as an overlap band in agarose gel electrophoresis,
      while the 110bp fragment amplified from DNA of sickle cell mutation remained
      uncleaved owing to a single base substitution (A----T) at codon 6 in the
      mutation. DNA amplification method is rapid, sensitive and simple, and does not
      require radioactive probes. Besides, the PCR amplification can be carried out on
      the DNA extracted from dried blood samples. So the technique is very useful for
      gene diagnosis and carrier screening of genetic disease.

PMID- 2640145
TI  - [A preliminary investigation of human chromosomal fragile site 3p14 using
      scanning electron microscopy (SEM)].
AB  - A preliminary scanning electron microscopical observation on the most common
      human chromosomal fragile site 3p14 of the peripheral lymphocytes was reported.
      It was shown that chromatid break or gap at 3p14 observed under SEM may be a sign
      of under-packing of DNA filaments and the possibility of various packing-patterns
      might be in existence. The result of the present work might be of significance in
      the understanding of natures of breaking or gap of chromatid and may be of help
      to the study of the mechanisms of chromosomal fragile site formation.

PMID- 2640146
TI  - [Psychological aspects of orthodontic treatment].
AB  - Psychical factors are often contributory determinants of success or failure of
      treatment. The orthodontist should therefore dispose of basic psychological
      knowledge to give his patients help in an entire sense. The psychosocial impact
      of malocclosion should represent a major factor in the decision to obtain
      treatment, because what is most important in terms of psychosocial response to
      malocclusion is not the absolute degree of disfigurement that results from
      malocclusion, but rather how the individual perceives and evaluates the esthetic
      effects of these dentofacial problems and their orthodontic correction.

PMID- 2640147
TI  - [Xerostomia: the computerized gamma camera in diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
      Report of a case].
AB  - A 36-year old, white, married female referred an episode of acute parotitis 7
      years ago, with the appearance of progressive impairment of saliva secretion
      during the last 3 years and, in the last few weeks, a 4-cm nodule in the left
      parotid gland. The computerized gamma-camera (CGC) examination after i.v. sodium
      (99mTc)-pertechnetate showed abnormally increased blood perfusion of the gland
      (corresponding to the nodule region), with virtually no concentration of the
      tracer in the salivary glands. A new scanning upon lemon juice (citric)
      stimulation was indistinguishable from that previously taken. A therapy with
      citric fruit, local massage and i.m. betamethasone (5 mg every 3 days) was
      instituted for 3 weeks. New CGC examination showed disappearance of the nodule,
      increased concentration of the tracer in salivary glands and satisfactory
      response to the citric stimulation. The clinical diagnosis of chronic
      inflammatory disease of the salivary glands was made; the response to therapy was
      considered excellent. Also, CGC scanning proved to be a simple and reliable
      method for salivary gland examination.

PMID- 2640148
TI  - [Periodontal disease in patients with aplastic anemia. Report of a case].

PMID- 2640149
TI  - [Effects of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash (Placos M.R.) as a means of plaque
      control in patients with surgically treated periodontal disease. A pilot study].

PMID- 2640151
TI  - [Provisional restorations].

PMID- 2640150
TI  - [Primary prevention].

PMID- 2640152
TI  - [Functional analysis of occlusion. Dental movement in the adult patient].

PMID- 2640153
TI  - Further characterization of drug-sensitivity and cross-resistance profiles of
      cloned cell lines of Adriamycin-sensitive and -resistant P388 leukemia.
AB  - The drug-sensitivity and cross-resistance profiles of cloned cell lines of
      Adriamycin-sensitive and -resistant P388 murine leukemia have been further
      characterized. A range of drug sensitivity that was more than 50,000-fold was
      observed for Adriamycin-sensitive cells; the most potent cytotoxic agent was the
      Adriamycin analog, 3'-(3-cyano-4-morpholinyl)-3'-deamino adriamycin, and the
      least active compound was vinblastine. Adriamycin-resistant cells, which express
      the multidrug resistance phenotype, were cross-resistant to the DNA topoisomerase
      II interactive drugs: actinomycin D, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, etoposide, and
      4'-(9-acridinyl-amino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide, to the vinca alkaloids:
      vincristine and vinblastine, and to colchicine but not to the Adriamycin analog,
      3'-(3-cyano-4-morpholinyl)-3'-deamino adriamycin or the alkylating agent,
      melphalan. These findings are consistent with other studies suggesting that 3'-(3
      cyano-4-morpholinyl)-3'-deamino adriamycin acts as an alkylating agent. Studies
      with DNA topoisomerase II interactive agents, including mitoxantrone, the DNA
      intercalator, and etoposide, the epipodophyllotoxin, showed that, as with
      Adriamycin, cytotoxicity correlated closely with the formation of DNA double
      strand breaks.

PMID- 2640154
TI  - Activity of cyclosporin A and a non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin against
      multidrug resistant leukemic cell lines.
AB  - Cyclosporin A (CsA) has been shown to increase the sensitivity of multidrug
      resistant (MDR) cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Although the concentration of
      drug required to produce this effect is clinically achievable, the use of this
      drug would be hampered by significant immunosuppression. We report a comparison
      of the effects of 11-methyl-leucine cyclosporin (11-met-leu CsA), a non
      immunosuppressive homolog to the parent drug, on MDR cell lines. Both
      cyclosporins sensitized resistant cell lines to doxorubicin, including P388
      murine leukemia and GM 3639 human T-cell leukemia. The action of the cyclosporins
      was more pronounced with resistant cells than with sensitive ones. 11-Met-leu CsA
      was less potent than, but equally effective as, the parent drug. Both agents
      increased the intracellular accumulation and retention of doxorubicin in MDR
      cells. The sensitization caused by the cyclosporins was independent of their
      effects on cyclophilin, calmodulin, and protein kinase C. Furthermore, there were
      no differences in the binding of labelled CsA to MDR cells compared to the
      binding to sensitive cells, suggesting that P-glycoprotein was also not the
      molecular site of action. These studies demonstrate that a non-immunosuppressive
      cyclosporin can modulate multidrug resistance and suggest its further evaluation
      for use in clinical trials.

PMID- 2640155
TI  - Variable regulation of sensitivity to retinoic acid-induced differentiation in
      wild-type and retinoic acid-resistant HL-60 cells.
AB  - The initial cell association and metabolic conversion of retinoic acid (RA) by HL
      60 cells in serum-free, transferrin/insulin-supplemented, RPMI 1640 medium was
      greater than or equal to 10-fold greater than in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10%
      fetal bovine serum (FBS). This was paralleled under the serum-free conditions by
      10-fold greater sensitivity to RA-induced differentiation, which was partially
      reversed by the addition of purified bovine serum albumin to the same
      concentration present in 10% FBS. In serum-free HL-1 medium, HL-60 cell
      sensitivity to RA-induced differentiation was approximately 250-fold less than in
      serum-free RPMI 1640 medium but, in this comparison, there was little difference
      in RA cell association or metabolism. A greater than 200-fold RA-resistant HL-60
      subline had RA cell-association and metabolism rates similar to those of wild
      type cells under all culture conditions. No significant qualitative differences
      in the high performance liquid chromatography elution patterns of polar
      metabolites were observed under any circumstances. These results indicate that
      inherent cellular properties, not associated with gross differences in RA uptake
      or metabolism, primarily determined the relative sensitivity or insensitivity of
      HL-60 cells to RA-induced differentiation but that RA responsiveness was markedly
      regulated by extracellular factors, one of which, serum albumin, appeared to act
      by decreasing the initial cell association and metabolism of RA, whereas other,
      as yet unidentified exogenous factors, may have acted independently of these
      functions.

PMID- 2640156
TI  - Correlation of inhibition of adhesion of large cell lymphoma and hepatic
      sinusoidal endothelial cells by RGD-containing peptide polymers with metastatic
      potential: role of integrin-dependent and -independent adhesion mechanisms.
AB  - Murine RAW117 large-cell lymphoma cells that show organ preferences of metastatic
      colonization were selected. We examined the role of adhesive systems in
      determining the organ preference of metastasis using cell lines of low (RAW117-P)
      and high (RAW117-H10) liver-metastatic potential. Highly metastatic H10 cells
      adhered at higher rates than low metastatic P cells to target organ microvessel
      endothelial cells, and these interactions were partially inhibited by RGD
      containing polymers but not by small peptides such as GRGDS or GRGES. The most
      effective polymers, such as (GRGDS)4 and GRGDS(GRGES)2GRGDS, significantly
      inhibited H10 cell adhesion but had less effect on P cell adhesion to target
      liver sinusoidal endothelial cell monolayers or on P cell or H10 cell adhesion to
      bovine aortic endothelial cell monolayers. The (GRGDS)4 polymer reduced the rate
      of H10 liver sinusoidal endothelial cell adhesion to that of P cells in the
      absence of inhibitors, suggesting that the quantitative difference in adhesion of
      H10 cells versus P cells to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells may have been due
      to integrin-like molecules. Other RGD-containing polymers, such as
      (GRGES)2(GRGDS)2, GRGES(GRGDS)2GRGES, or (GRGES)4, were less effective,
      suggesting that the secondary structure of the polymers may be an important
      consideration. A peptide from the B1 chain of laminin (YIGSR) or its homopolymer,
      (YIGSR)4, had no effect on endothelial cell adhesion, consistent with the lack of
      differential laminin adhesion seen with various RAW117 cell lines. The results
      suggest that integrin-related molecules may play a role in the organ specificity
      of endothelial cell adhesion seen with RAW117 tumor cells.

PMID- 2640158
TI  - The Fifth International Magnesium Symposium. Kyoto, 8-12 August 1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2640157
TI  - Detection of a single base mutation in the human dihydrofolate reductase gene
      from a methotrexate-resistant cell line using the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - To test the utility of the polymerase chain reaction in identifying single base
      mutations in a gene known to give rise to an altered enzyme and drug resistance
      phenotype, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line resistant to methotrexate, with
      a known single base mutation (Srimatkandada et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264:3524,
      1989) was examined. Poly A+ RNA was used for cDNA synthesis with reverse
      transcriptase, deoxynucleoside triphosphates, and 5 microM 3' primer that anneals
      outside the coding region of the human dihydrofolate reductase. The RNA:DNA
      hybrid was used as a template for the polymerase chain reaction with the addition
      of a 5' primer and Thermus aquaticus (Taq)I DNA polymerase. These primers flank
      the coding region of the human dihydrofolate reductase and define a region of 650
      bases. The polymerase chain reaction was carried out for 40 cycles resulting in
      full length transcripts in microgram amounts clearly visible by ethidium bromide
      staining on agarose gels. DNA was isolated by standard methods, and double
      stranded DNA was sequenced by the chain-termination method using TaqI DNA
      polymerase. A single point mutation was discovered at position 91 (T----C)
      resulting in a substitution of serine for phenylalanine at codon 31, as
      determined previously by classical cDNA cloning and sequencing. Sequence analysis
      indicated that this base transition resulted in the loss of Eco RI and Xmn I
      sites and the gain of a HinfI site in the cDNA, which were confirmed by
      restriction digests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640159
TI  - An electrophysiological investigation of the spatial distribution of attention to
      colored stimuli in focused and divided attention conditions.
AB  - In the present experiment ERPs were recorded to colored stimulus bars (red or
      blue) which were randomly presented at one out of eight different spatial
      locations on a visual display. The locations were situated on a hemi-circle
      around the fixation point, with four locations lying in each visual half-field.
      The subjects were instructed to attend to one stimulus location (the most
      peripheral left or right location: the relevant location) in a focused attention
      condition and to all four locations within the same visual half-field in a
      divided attention condition, and were instructed to respond to stimulus bars in
      one color presented at the relevant location(s). In the focused attention
      condition, spatial attention resulted in early positivity in the P1 latency range
      (ca. 100-175 ms), followed by a prolonged negativity in the N1, P2, and N2
      latency range (ca. 175-350 ms). These effects generalized to locations in the
      same visual half-field as the relevant location. The effect of attending and
      responding to the target color consisted of a number of different effects. An
      early anterior positivity, occipital negativity was observed for the relevant
      location and for locations in the same visual half-field as the relevant
      location, but not for the locations in the opposite visual field. A later central
      negativity (N2b) appeared to be confined to the relevant location and one
      location adjacent to it. Finally, a late parietal positivity (P3b) was
      exclusively evoked by target stimuli at the relevant location. In the divided
      attention condition, the ERPs evoked by stimuli presented at each of the four
      locations within the relevant visual half-field showed increased early positivity
      (enhancing P1 amplitude) as compared to the ERPs to stimuli in the opposite
      (irrelevant) visual half-field. The early color selection effect was also found
      to all stimuli within the relevant half-field, but the N2b component was evoked
      both by stimuli within the relevant half-field and by stimuli at the location in
      the irrelevant half-field closest to the midline. The P3b was present to target
      stimuli at the three most lateral positions within the relevant half-field but it
      was absent to the relevant location closest to the midline. The data suggested
      that the attentional spotlight encompassed at least approximately 2 degrees in
      the focused attention condition, and an efficient selection by visual half-field
      in the divided attention situation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2640160
TI  - Event-related perturbations in an electrophysiological measure of auditory
      function: a measure of sensitivity during orienting?
AB  - The effects of salient foreground stimuli in evoked potentials to weak background
      probe stimuli were examined in situations requiring passive observation or
      discriminative judgments of foreground tone stimuli. The background probe stimuli
      consisted of a continual train of weak acoustic stimuli presented at a rate of
      about 40 stimuli per second. Under such conditions, a 40-Hz steady-state rhythm
      (SSR) is established, which has been proposed to consist of the algebraic
      summation of individual middle-latency components evoked by stimuli in the train.
      The 40-Hz SSR was averaged over trials and extracted from the composite event
      related potential signal using narrow-band digital filtering, for continuous
      examination of latency and amplitude during the course of the period immediately
      preceding and following the foreground stimulus. The foreground stimulus was
      followed by a brief period (peaking at about 200 ms) during which the latency of
      response to the background probe stimuli was reduced. The extent of this latency
      reduction was in proportion to the magnitude of the simultaneous slow-wave ERP
      responses and, to a lesser extent, heart rate responses. It is proposed that the
      results may reflect a transient period of sensitization during orienting, at a
      presumably early level in the auditory system, and that the method thus offers a
      means for determining the extent and temporal course of such effects.

PMID- 2640161
TI  - The effects of smoking on the mood, cardiovascular and adrenergic reactivity of
      heavy and light smokers in a non-stressful environment.
AB  - Following a period of overnight deprivation, 58 smokers participated in a 90-min
      laboratory assessment in which they viewed a non-stressful movie and smoked two
      0.5-mg nicotine-containing cigarettes. The first cigarette was given to all
      subjects following 25 min of adaptation and baseline. The next cigarette was
      provided at their request, which occurred 9-12 min later. "Heavy" and "light"
      smokers were grouped according to their average morning cotinine values, which
      fell above or below 250 ng/ml, respectively. The results showed that, relative to
      their baseline, heavy and light smokers experienced about the same level of post
      smoking change in blood nicotine, heart rate and blood pressure. However, heavy
      smokers showed a significantly greater delta from baseline in post-smoking
      measures of epinephrine, norepinephrine, tension reduction and increase in vigor
      enhancement. A strong and consistent correlation was observed between post
      smoking increases in epinephrine, tension reduction and increased vigor.

PMID- 2640162
TI  - An IBM-PC and Commodore 64 microcomputer-based system for elicitation and
      recording of eyeblink reflexes.
AB  - The eyeblink reflex is well suited for the study of habituation, sensitization,
      reflex modification and classical conditioning in humans. A microcomputer-based
      system for elicitation and recording of the eyeblink reflex is described. The
      system consists of three functional units: (1) an air-pressure bottle and
      pressure-reducing valves for delivery of air puffs to the eye in order to elicit
      the eyeblink reflex, and a CBM 64 computer for presentations of auditory stimuli
      in conjunction with air puffs; (2) a pair of light-emitting diodes and photocells
      placed in a pair of goggles placed on the subject for detection of eyeblinks; (3)
      an IBM-compatible personal computer, equipped with the ASYSTANT + software for
      eyeblink data acquisition and overall control of experiment and parameters. The
      system is presently in use in our laboratory, and technical details about the
      system can be obtained by writing to the first author.

PMID- 2640163
TI  - A critical assessment of cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2640164
TI  - Radiographic measurements of intervertebral foramina of cervical vertebra in
      forward and normal head posture.
AB  - Forward head posture has long since been associated with a number of clinical
      problems treated by the fields of physical therapy and dentistry. The consistent
      and longstanding difficulty in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions
      has been a lack of a clear understanding of the anatomical and biomechanical
      conditions that underly forward head posture. It has been reported that there is
      a narrowing of the cervical interspaces in forward head posture with the greatest
      change being between C4-5 and C5-6. These observations were made by viewing
      lateral radiographic films, yet the size of the foramina can only be viewed using
      oblique views. This study used oblique radiographic views of the intervertebral
      foramina to determine if there is a difference in the size of the intervertebral
      foramina in the forward head posture versus the normal head posture. The
      intervertebral foramina of the cervical vertebra were found to be larger in the
      forward head posture from levels C3 to T1. These results conflict with previous
      observations, suggesting that additional research is needed to assist in
      determining the underlying mechanisms responsible for the pain associated with
      forward head posture.

PMID- 2640165
TI  - Speculative explanation of scalenus peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome after
      TMJ arthroplasty.
AB  - This essay gives information gathered in two reported cases in which secondary
      craniocervical and upper extremity small vessel entrapment developed after the
      completion of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthroplasty procedure. A
      clinical hypothesis has been proposed addressing the etiology of the pain
      syndrome. From the information studied, the cause would seem to be related to
      biomechanical changes that were cervical adaptations in response to the loss of
      the vertical dimension in the TM joint and the resulting alteration of the
      occlusal plane. This pain phenomenon appeared to be best treated with a
      comprehensive multidisciplinary program. With a combination of medical, dental,
      and physical therapy work, a resolution of the biomechanical and musculoskeletal
      dysfunctions can be achieved.

PMID- 2640166
TI  - Analysis of condylar path inclination and incisal guidance.
AB  - A sample of 50 stomatognathic system dysfunction syndrome patients were analyzed
      in terms of the anterior discluding path in relation to the condylar path
      inclination, the condylar-incisal and incisal-APo angles, and the distance in
      millimeters between the latter and the interincisor angle employing cephalometric
      outlining. The present results reveal that the difference between the inclination
      of the incisal and condylar trajectories is smaller than that reported by other
      authors for normal occlusion samples. The lower incisor lies beyond the APo line
      in 25% of the sample, not conforming to the accepted standards. There was no
      significant difference between the present ratios and those reported by other
      authors for normal samples.

PMID- 2640167
TI  - Intermaxillary relationship with the aid of a modified axiography.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to relate a methodology for using an adjustable
      articulator with the help of axiography. Axiography revealed the true rotation
      axis, which allowed the cast of the mandible to be mounted without losing the
      established reference plane. In doing so, the new position of the mandible was
      stabilized with the aid of a reposition splint, which proved to be very
      successful.

PMID- 2640168
TI  - Long-term results of surgical intervention on the temporomandibular joint.
AB  - Between 1973-1987, 40 patients (51 joints) underwent 71 surgical procedures on
      the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Indications for surgery included painful TM
      dysfunction, not alleviated by conservative treatment of at least 12 months'
      duration, or complete anterior disk dislocation not responding to conservative
      treatment for three to six months. The incidence of surgical treatment in the
      period 1983-1987 was 4.1% in a group of 679 patients. The mean follow-up is 5.8
      years (range 1-15 years). At the follow-up examination (37/51) 72.5% of the
      treated joints appeared to have an excellent or good result; however, 14/51
      joints had one or more reoperations (= 14/40 patients: 35%). The first surgical
      procedure on the TMJ resulted in an excellent or good result in 29/51 (57%)
      joints: 6/14 (= 42.9%) high condylectomies; 5/8 (= 62.5%) high condylectomies
      with a plication procedure; 15/24 (= 62.5%) plication procedure only; 2/2
      silastic implants. After one or more reoperations, these figures improved to
      10/14 (71%) high condylectomies, 7/8 (87.5%) high condylectomies with a plication
      procedure, 17/24 (70.8%) plication procedures. Radiographic changes, including
      flattening of the condyle, lack of condylar contour, erosion, sclerosis,
      subcondral cysts, and osteophytes were seen in all (16/16) patients in which a
      high condylectomy was performed. Out of 22 joints in which only a disk
      repositioning and plication procedure was performed, only 4/22 showed
      radiographic changes. The radiographic status was not correlated to the clinical
      picture at the time of the follow-up examination.

PMID- 2640169
TI  - Suprabulbar palsy with pseudankylosis of the mandible: review and report of three
      cases.
AB  - Neonates with suprabulbar palsy present as extremely difficult and complex cases
      requiring the expertise of many different professionals over an extended period
      of time. The experience gained from the patients presented may serve as a guide
      for diagnosis and treatment for other patients with this problem. Precise early
      diagnosis is paramount to eventual levels of recovery and function attained.

PMID- 2640170
TI  - Discovery of a myofascial trigger point in the buccinator muscle: a case report.

PMID- 2640171
TI  - Disk reconstruction with temporalis fascia: a case report.

PMID- 2640172
TI  - Temporomandibular joint arthritis in a patient with Sjogren's syndrome: a case
      report.

PMID- 2640173
TI  - Determining normal bolus size for thin liquids.
AB  - In order to define a suitable volume of barium to be delivered to patients during
      the radiographic evaluation of pharyngoesophageal function during swallowing,
      three different age groups of nondysphagic volunteers were studied. Subjects
      randomly swallowed boluses of water, barium, and Coca-Cola. The size of a normal
      thin liquid bolus was 21 ml (SD +/- 5 ml). We intend to include this information
      to compare different bolus sizes in cineradiographic examination of patients with
      swallowing complaints.

PMID- 2640174
TI  - Psychogenic dysphagia and globus: reevaluation of 23 patients.
AB  - Despite warnings against attributing dysphagia to psychological causes, the
      diagnoses of "psychogenic dysphagia" or "globus hystericus" have been previously
      applied to 13% of patients referred to the Johns Hopkins Swallowing Center. This
      paper reports the results of reevaluation of 23 patients previously diagnosed as
      having symptoms of psychogenic origin. The Swallowing Center evaluation
      documented an explanation for symptoms in 15 (65%). No cause of dysphagia could
      be documented in eight patients. All five patients with the "globus sensation"
      had a documentable abnormality of swallowing. Overall, nine patients had
      esophageal pathology, while six had pharyngeal disease. Five had structural
      lesions constricting the lumen, while 10 had motor dysfunction of either the
      pharynx or esophagus. Review of the referral records of these patients indicates
      the quality of prior evaluation for patients previously labeled as having a
      swallowing disorder of psychogenic origin is variable, and that once attribution
      of symptoms to psychogenic causes is made, the diagnosis is rarely reconsidered.
      We conclude that attribution of the diagnosis of psychogenic dysphagia should be
      made with caution, and only after thorough evaluation. Any change or progression
      of symptoms should prompt a careful re-evaluation.

PMID- 2640175
TI  - Using the Fleming index of dysphagia to establish prevalence.
AB  - The Fleming index of dysphagia was used to determine the prevalence of dysphagia
      in patients in a long-term, neuropsychiatric medical center. Prevalence varied by
      section, with the ventilator-dependent patients having the highest rate and the
      chemical-dependent patients having the lowest. The Fleming index appears to be a
      quick and useful instrument to identify patients who are at risk of dysphagic
      complications, but further reliability and validity studies are needed to
      demonstrate its utility.

PMID- 2640176
TI  - Pharyngeal transit time: assessment with videofluoroscopic and scintigraphic
      techniques.
AB  - The swallowing function of 31 normal and dysphagic subjects between the ages of
      39 and 79 was tested with both videofluoroscopy and scintigraphy. Pharyngeal
      transit times for the pair of tests were compared. A statistically significant
      correlation of 0.66 was found. Normal pharyngeal transit time was under 1.2 s
      with either method, but mean values for scintigraphy were slightly longer than
      those for videofluoroscopy.

PMID- 2640177
TI  - Graphic representation of pharyngeal wall motion during swallow: technical note.
AB  - Movements of the pharyngeal wall were measured at 12 transverse levels, on
      consecutive cineradiograms obtained during swallowing of thin, liquid barium, in
      a single nondysphagic volunteer. By graphic representation of these measurements
      on the IBM personal computer, it was possible to analyze in detail pharyngeal
      motor activity in terms of displacement of the pharyngeal wall. The contraction
      created a fairly steep narrowing of the lumen. The peristaltic wave was more
      difficult to analyze. Movements of the pharyngeal wall in posteroanterior
      projection gave good information about the constrictors. Although this technique
      has several inherent methodologic difficulties, its use may expand our knowledge
      of pharyngeal peristalsis.

PMID- 2640178
TI  - Efficacy of rehabilitative management of dysphagia.
AB  - Efficacy of treatment for dysphagia in medically stable patients was defined as a
      reduction in the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia was
      diagnosed by radiographic and/or laboratory analysis and was identified by
      retrospective chart review. Two groups of treated patients (48 without and 13
      with a history of aspiration pneumonia) were compared to a group of untreated
      patients. There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence
      of aspiration pneumonia in the treated groups, but both treated groups were
      subject to significantly less aspiration pneumonia than the untreated group.
      Measures of severity indicated that even mildly dysphagic patients were at risk
      for the development of aspiration pneumonia, and even severely dysphagic patients
      responded to rehabilitative management of their swallowing problems. Efficacy of
      treating swallowing was demonstrated, and a general outcome criterion for
      treatment was proposed.

PMID- 2640179
TI  - Functional evaluation of gastric transplants used in esophageal reconstruction.
AB  - Gastric transplants using the Akiyama method were used to treat esophageal
      carcinoma in 12 patients. Endoscopic examination, prolonged manometry (greater
      than 30 min), and 24 h pH monitoring were performed postoperatively to evaluate
      functional results. All patients could swallow without difficulty at the time of
      examination and had no dysphagia, regurgitation, heartburn, or sensation of
      abdominal fullness. Histologic examinations of residual esophagus showed
      microscopic esophagitis in 5 patients. Percentage of time that pH less than 4 was
      42.6 +/- 10.9% (mean +/- SEM) and median pH was 4.3 +/- 1.0. The manometric
      examination showed no 'esophageal-like' peristaltic waves, but synchronous
      contractions were demonstrated in 9 patients, gastric type activity in two
      patients, and no activity was detected in one patient. We conclude that retained
      gastric peristaltic function is not a prerequisite for a good clinical outcome
      for swallowing and that despite vagotomy, the stomach continues to produce enough
      acid to maintain an acidic pH.

PMID- 2640180
TI  - Timing of videofluoroscopic, manometric events, and bolus transit during the oral
      and pharyngeal phases of swallowing.
AB  - The aims of this study were to evaluate and quantify the timing of events
      associated with the oral and pharyngeal phases of liquid swallows. For this
      purpose, we recorded 0-20 ml barium swallows in three groups of volunteers using
      videoradiographic, electromyographic, and manometric methods. The study findings
      indicated that a leading complex of tongue tip and tongue base movement as well
      as onset of superior hyoid movement and mylohyoid myoelectric activity occurred
      in a tight temporal relationship at the inception of swallowing. Two distinct
      general types of normal swallows were observed. The common "incisor-type" swallow
      began with the bolus positioned on the tongue with the tongue tip pressed against
      the upper incisors and maxillary alveolar ridge. At the onset of the "dipper
      type" swallow the bolus was located beneath the anterior tongue and the tongue
      tip scooped the bolus to a supralingual location. Beginning with tongue-tip
      peristaltic movement at the upper incisors, the two swallow types were identical.
      Swallow events that occurred after lingual peristaltic movement at the maxillary
      incisors showed a volume-dependent forward migration in time that led to earlier
      movement of the hyoid and larynx as well as earlier opening of the upper
      esophageal sphincter in order to receive the large boluses that arrived sooner in
      the pharynx during the swallow sequence than did smaller boluses. The study
      findings indicated that timing of swallow events should be considered in
      reference to both swallow type and bolus volume. The findings also indicated an
      important distinction between peristaltic transit and bolus clearance.

PMID- 2640181
TI  - Effects of dentition status and personality on masticatory performance and food
      acceptability.
AB  - Missing natural teeth have been associated with a reduced acceptability for the
      taste and texture of hard foods as well as with an increase in the perceived
      difficulty of chewing these foods. The present study examined the role of the
      personality variables extroversion and anxiety in modulating the relationship
      between dentition status, masticatory performance, taste preference, texture
      preference, and perceived ease of chewing of an easy-to-chew food (pot roast) and
      a more difficult-to-chew food (raw carrots). Healthy adult men, participants in
      the Veterans Administration Dental Longitudinal Study, were examined. Results
      indicated that with increased age there was a tendency for texture acceptability
      to increase for the easy-to-chew food. Masticatory and swallowing performance
      were diminished in persons with artificial dentition, and these individuals also
      perceived an increase in the difficulty of chewing raw carrots. There was a
      significant association of anxiety, but not extroversion, with masticatory and
      swallowing performance.

PMID- 2640182
TI  - New technique for acquiring three-dimensional orofacial nonspeech movements.
AB  - A new video-based motion analysis system is described that permits acquisition of
      kinematic patterns from multiple structures (upper lip, lower lip, and jaw),
      movement patterns to be captured in three dimensions, and acquisition of non
      speech orofacial movement patterns without restricting natural head motion. The
      importance of acquiring three-dimensional lip and jaw movements during nonspeech
      (e.g., oral opening-closing and chewing motions) movements is emphasized.

PMID- 2640183
TI  - Role of saliva in esophageal function and disease.

PMID- 2640184
TI  - Relationship between saliva production and oropharyngeal swallow in healthy,
      different-aged adults.
AB  - We have evaluated the possible relationship between major salivary gland fluid
      secretion rate and characteristics of the oral phase of swallowing in 35
      different-aged, healthy men and women. All subjects displayed normal function of
      the parotid and submandibular glands and oral swallow patterns on ultrasound
      evaluation that were comparable to previous reports. In this study group we found
      no significant relationships between salivary flow rates (unstimulated,
      stimulated) and any oral swallow measure. Evidence of a subtle, age-related oral
      motor change (multiple hyoid and tongue gestures) was seen but swallow duration
      times did not show a linear relationship to age. This study demonstrates that
      healthy individuals, despite a wide range in their salivary gland fluid secretory
      capacity, are generally similar in the characteristics of their oropharyngeal
      swallow.

PMID- 2640185
TI  - Preliminary observations on the effects of age on oropharyngeal deglutition.
AB  - Swallows of 4 bolus volumes (1, 5, 10, 20 ml) were examined in three groups of
      subjects: 6 subjects 20-29 years of age, 12 subjects 30-59 years of age, and 6
      subjects 60-79 years of age. A simultaneous manometric and videofluoroscopic data
      collection protocol permitted measurement of bolus transit, temporal aspects of
      the oropharyngeal swallow, and pharyngeal peristalsis. Statistically significant
      effects of increasing bolus volume were oral transit of the bolus head
      (decreased) and duration of cricopharyngeal opening (increased). Five measures
      were significantly changed with increasing age: duration of pharyngeal swallow
      delay (increased), duration of pharyngeal swallow response (decreased), duration
      of cricopharyngeal opening (decreased), peristaltic amplitude (decreased), and
      peristaltic velocity (decreased).

PMID- 2640186
TI  - Dynamic aspects of lingual propulsive activity in swallowing.
AB  - This investigation concerned the effect of different bolus volumes on the
      characteristics of lingual propulsive activity in swallowing. Young normal
      subjects were asked to perform dry swallows and swallows of 5, 10, and 15 ml of
      water. Tongue activity was recorded by tracking multiple gold pellets affixed to
      the tongue, utilizing the specialized research capabilities of the X-ray
      Microbeam facility at the University of Wisconsin. The major differences were
      between dry and liquid swallows, with dry swallows showing smaller range of
      movement, higher tongue position at the initiation of lingual propulsive
      activity, a slightly different direction of motion, a humped or flat rather than
      grooved cross-sectional contour of the tongue, lower peak velocity of motion, and
      slower progression of activity from tongue blade to dorsum. Within the 5-15 ml
      range of liquid bolus volumes, fewer consistent differences were found as a
      function of bolus size, and some marked individual differences in swallowing
      patterns were seen. Data are presented on normal within-subject variability in
      swallowing, with discussion of the possible contribution of sensory assessment of
      bolus size to the modification of oral and pharyngeal characteristics of
      swallowing.

PMID- 2640187
TI  - Bolus position at swallow onset in normal adults: preliminary observations.
AB  - A "delayed swallowing reflex/response" (i.e., when the swallow reflex is not
      triggered when the bolus passes the back of the tongue at the anterior facial
      arch) Logemann has been widely accepted as an abnormality. Careful review of the
      literature supports the premise that a "delayed swallowing reflex/response" may
      in fact be a variation of normal. This paper describes swallowing in normal
      adults. We report the videofluoroscopic measurements of bolus position at the
      onset of swallow. A radiopaque marker was affixed to the anterior facial arch and
      the distance between the head of the bolus and the anterior facial arch was
      measured at the onset of swallow. A statistically significant proportion of
      swallows (22 of 30) occurred after the head of the bolus passed the anterior
      facial arch. This finding suggests that there may be diverse sites for
      elicitation of the swallowing response/reflex rather than a single site (i.e.,
      the anterior facial arch). The relevance of this finding to treatment using
      thermal stimulation is discussed, as is the versatility of the normal pharynx.

PMID- 2640188
TI  - Pharyngeal function after carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - Neurologic deficiencies, with special reference to pharyngeal function, were
      studied prospectively in 12 patients before and after they underwent carotid
      endarterectomy. Pharyngeal function was monitored with cineradiography. Five
      patients developed pharyngeal dysfunction: defective closure of the laryngeal
      vestibule, epiglottic dysmotility, and pharyngeal constrictor paresis 1 week
      postoperatively. In 2 patients this dysfunction remained, while in 3 it had
      resolved 4 weeks after the operation. Pharyngeal dysfunction was more common in
      patients with preoperative minor stroke and a temporary perioperative carotid
      shunt and in patients with a long operation time. The registered transient
      pharyngeal dysfunction may be due to manipulation of the cervical structures
      including the vagus nerve and the pharynx or due to cerebrovascular damage during
      the operation. Our findings support careful monitoring of postoperative oral
      finding in patients at risk.

PMID- 2640189
TI  - Assessment of benign esophageal stricture dilated by balloon using liquid
      scintigraphy.
AB  - Benign esophageal strictures with a diameter of less than 10 mm were dilated by
      balloon catheter in 15 patients. Liquid esophageal transit scintigraphy was
      performed before, the day after, and 3 weeks following dilatation. Before
      treatment the mean esophageal transit was 38 s (range, 8.0-120). The day after
      dilatation the mean transit time was 20 s (range, 7.5-120), which differed
      significantly (p less than 0.01) from the pretreatment value. At the 3 weeks
      check-up, the mean transit time was 16 s (range, 4.5-120), which did not differ
      (NS) from the result obtained the day after treatment. Thus, esophageal liquid
      transit improves rapidly and lasts for at least 3 weeks. Improvement in
      esophageal liquid transit did not always accord with the clinical outcome after
      dilatation, which was significantly (p less than 0.05) related to the
      postdilatation stricture width as measured radiographically.

PMID- 2640190
TI  - Limited value of overhead films in esophageal studies.
AB  - In 200 barium examinations of the esophagus, the routine use of three overhead
      films made no substantive contribution to better diagnosis. These data suggest
      that except as requested by the fluoroscopist, overhead films may be omitted from
      esophageal studies.

PMID- 2640191
TI  - How I do it: examination of the patient with dysphagia.
AB  - Difficulty in swallowing is not an uncommon symptom. Approximately 10,000 persons
      choke to death every year in the United States, and at least 50% of patients in
      nursing homes have some difficulty eating or drinking. Dysphagia will become an
      increasing problem as the population continues to age, as more intensive
      resuscitative measures are applied, and as more aggressive head and neck surgery
      is performed. The practicing radiologist should be familiar with the examination
      technique and interpretation of swallowing studies.

PMID- 2640192
TI  - Dysphagia in tetanus: evaluation and outcome.
AB  - A 72-year-old man who contracted tetanus after a puncture wound presented with
      severe dysphagia in association with trismus, risus sardonicus, and nuchal
      rigidity. We describe his medical course and outcome, including repeated
      videofluoroscopic barium swallow examinations. We emphasize the value of
      videofluoroscopy for examining and managing dysphagia in patients with tetanus,
      in both the acute and chronic stages of this rare illness.

PMID- 2640193
TI  - Crohn's disease of the esophagus.
AB  - Esophageal involvement in patients with Crohn's disease is uncommon. Histologic
      proof is rarely obtained by means of endoscopic biopsies. Moreover, the natural
      history of this condition and its response to therapy are largely unknown. We
      report a case of biopsy-proven esophageal Crohn's disease, which presented with a
      stricture of the distal third of the esophagus and was successfully treated by
      progressive endoscopic dilatation.

PMID- 2640194
TI  - Pulp canal obliteration after Le Fort I osteotomy.
AB  - A longitudinal study of 51 patients was carried out to determine the frequency of
      pulp canal obliteration (PCO) after Le Fort I osteotomy for the correction of
      dentofacial anomalies and to analyse pre- and peroperative factors influencing
      the development of PCO. PCO developed in 14 (2.3%) of 617 maxillary teeth
      followed for an average period of 28 months (range 11-59). The highest frequency
      of PCO was demonstrated in canines (6.0%) and premolars (4.4%). Total PCO was
      present in 9 teeth and partial PCO in 5 teeth. PCO was more frequent among teeth
      adjacent to a vertical interdental osteotomy than in teeth with no relation to a
      vertical osteotomy (p less than 0.0001). Change in blood supply after the
      operation was suggested to be responsible for PCO, although it might have been
      effected by the combined surgical and orthodontic treatment. Long-term follow-up,
      including periapical radiographs, of teeth with PCO is suggested, as pulp
      necrosis may develop many years after surgery.

PMID- 2640195
TI  - Dentin induction by implants of autolyzed antigen-extracted allogeneic dentin on
      amputated pulps of dogs.
AB  - Implantation of autolyzed antigen-extracted allogeneic (AAA) dentin matrix
      gelatin powder caused homeoinduction on amputated dental pulps. This event began
      with migration of spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells into the cavity on the
      amputated pulp. This was followed by proliferation of undifferentiated large
      cells concomitantly with vascular invasion and attachment of spindle-shaped cells
      and large cells to the AAA dentin. The adhering cells differentiated into
      osteodentinoblasts and/or preodontoblasts to form osteodentin matrix and
      predentin respectively. Osteodentinocytes and odontoblasts, then, formed
      osteodentin and tubular dentin. The healing of pulp dressed with inactivated AAA
      dentin using guanidine HCl was delayed. These results suggested that AAA dentin
      matrix powder may have chemotactic and mitogenic activity for undifferentiated
      mesenchymal cells and may provide a suitable scaffolding for fixation of these
      cells. Compartments of microenvironment formed by AAA dentin and the enveloping
      hard substances may play some role in differentiation into odontoblasts.

PMID- 2640196
TI  - Antibiotics in exudate from periapical lesions in dogs.
AB  - Forty-eight periapical lesions were induced in the mandible of dogs.
      Subsequently, the dogs were given a single intramuscular injection of either
      benzylpenicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin or clindamycin. The antibiotic
      concentration in serum and exudate from the periapical lesions was measured. The
      highest concentration of benzylpenicillin in serum (4.3 micrograms/ml) was
      obtained 30 min after the injection and in exudate (1.8 micrograms/ml) 60 min
      after injection. The highest concentration of erythromycin in serum (0.8
      microgram/ml) was reached after 120 min and in exudate (0.6 microgram/ml) 240 min
      after the injection. The highest concentration of clindamycin in serum (2.3
      micrograms/ml) was obtained 120 min after the injection and in the exudate (2.2
      micrograms/ml) after 240 min. The highest concentration of lincomycin in serum
      (4.2 micrograms/ml) was noted 120 min after the injection and in exudate (4.5
      micrograms/ml) 240 min after the injection. The results of this study indicated
      that the sampling method used might be suitable for analyzing the concentration
      of antibiotics in a clinical situation.

PMID- 2640197
TI  - Inflammatory resorption: untreated, arrested, prevented.
AB  - Three human replantation cases are presented wherein the results are in accord
      with the literature concerning inflammatory resorption and calcium hydroxide
      therapy. The cases unintentionally simulate a designed experiment wherein the
      control case received no treatment and the other 2 were subjected to independent
      variables such as obturation in the hand and the timing of the calcium hydroxide
      therapy. The untreated case resulted in loss of the tooth, while manipulation of
      variables in the other two resulted in retention.

PMID- 2640198
TI  - Case of mistaken identity: periapical cemental dysplasia in an endodontically
      treated tooth.
AB  - A case of a patient with a history of root canal treatment and re-treatment and a
      persistent periapical radiolucency is reviewed. Following surgery, biopsy
      material was submitted and diagnosed as periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD). With
      careful diagnosis, PCD should be readily differentiated from endodontic pathosis,
      thus avoiding unnecessary root canal treatment. In this case, surgery was
      necessary to rule out other inflammatory disease or benign odontogenic entities.

PMID- 2640199
TI  - Elevated blood serum levels of epidermal growth factor in some patients with
      gastric cancer.

PMID- 2640200
TI  - [Anti-thyroid autoantibodies in children with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus].
AB  - The study was aimed at the assessment of frequency of occurrence of thyroid
      antimicrosomal and antithyreoglobuln autoantibodies in children with insulin
      dependent diabetes and healthy control children. The occurrence of thyroid
      autoantibodies was analyzed with respect to the age and sex of children and the
      duration of the disease. The studied group was composed of 199 children of age
      between 2 and 17 years with insulin-dependent diabetes. Control group included
      100 healthy children. Thyroid autoantibodies were determined by using a solid
      phase radioimmunoassay. Antimicrosomal antibodies were detected in 35% of
      diabetic children, but only in 1% of healthy children. Neither in diabetic nor in
      control children the occurrence of antithyreoglobulin antibodies was significant.
      The frequency of occurrence of antimicrosomal antibodies was not related to age
      of children or the duration of diabetes. The occurrence of these antibodies was
      significantly more frequent in girls (in 70% of cases) than in boys (30% of
      cases).

PMID- 2640201
TI  - [Organization and results of mass screening for congenital hypothyroidism in
      newborn infants in the Cracow province].
AB  - Screening for congenital hypothyroidism has been carried out in 69,286 newborn
      children born in the region and city of Krakow in the years 1985-1988. Fourteen
      cases of congenital thyroid insufficiency were detected indicating the incidence
      of 1:4816 in this region. In 25 newborns (incidence of 1:1979) a transient
      hyperthyreotropinemia was diagnosed. It was concluded that the main reason of the
      appearance of an elevated TSH level in newborns of this region seems to be the
      deficiency of iodine in the diet and/or environment.

PMID- 2640202
TI  - [Changes in aldosterone and cortisol secretion and serum thyroxine levels in
      patients with active urolithiasis].
AB  - The changes in calcemia and calciuria levels following low calcium diet have been
      studied in 35 patients with active urolithiasis and in 20 healthy subjects. Blood
      serum concentrations of thyroxine, cortisol and aldosterone in basal conditions
      as well as cortisol and aldosterone following stimulation with synacten were
      determined in addition. The levels of calcemia and calciuria (2.56 +/- 0.015
      mmol/l and 4.70 +/- 0.41 mmol/10 mmoles of creatinine, respectively) were found
      to be significantly higher in patients with active urolithiasis than in healthy
      subjects. In addition, in patients with urolithiasis the basal blood serum
      concentrations of thyroxine and aldosterone were significantly higher than in
      healthy subjects, while the reactivity of cortisol and aldosterone secretion to
      synacten stimulation was normal. The results obtained suggest the participation
      of the described hormonal aberrations in the pathogenesis of active urolithiasis.

PMID- 2640203
TI  - [An immunoenzyme method of determining serum levels of anti-microsomal
      antibodies].
AB  - Content of microsomal antigen and thyroid peroxidase activity have been compared
      in preparations of thyroid microsomal membranes obtained by three different
      methods following thyroidectomy performed because of Graves' disease or nontoxic
      goiter. It was demonstrated that the microsomal membrane preparations originating
      from the thyroid tissue obtained following operation of goiter in Graves' disease
      are characterized by several times bigger content of microsomal antigen than
      those obtained after operation of nontoxic goiter. A sensitive ELISA method has
      been devised for the determination of microsomal autoantibodies in blood serum.
      The results obtained by this methods were found to be well correlated (r = 0.67)
      with those obtained with RIA kits manufactured by Serono. The level of antibodies
      in blood serum was determined in patients with thyroid disorders and the results
      were compared with those obtained in a group of patients with autoimmune diseases
      not associated with the thyroid and in healthy blood donors. The occurrence of
      antimicrosomal autoantibodies was demonstrated in 90.3% of patients with
      untreated Grave's disease, in 89% of patients with Hashimoto disease, and in
      17.7% of patients with toxic goiter. Low titre of antimicrosomal autoantibodies
      was found in only small percentage of patients with nontoxic goiter (7.7%) and in
      patients with autoimmune diseases of nonthyroid origin.

PMID- 2640204
TI  - Bitnet: implications and applications for orofacial myology.

PMID- 2640205
TI  - Orofacial myofunctional factors at ages six and eight.

PMID- 2640206
TI  - Program evaluation in orofacial myology: implications for monitoring patient
      improvement, profitability of service and marketing your practice.

PMID- 2640207
TI  - Epithelial exclusion and tissue regeneration using a collagen membrane barrier in
      chronic periodontal defects: a histologic study.

PMID- 2640208
TI  - Esthetic modifications in periodontal therapy.

PMID- 2640209
TI  - Exposing adequate tooth structure for restorative dentistry.

PMID- 2640210
TI  - Immediate implant placement into extraction sites: surgical and restorative
      advantages.

PMID- 2640211
TI  - Pantographic lip expansion and bone grafting for ridge augmentation.

PMID- 2640212
TI  - Use of a copper band to enhance the retention of periodontal dressing on solitary
      teeth.

PMID- 2640213
TI  - Preventive dentistry--beyond plaque control.

PMID- 2640214
TI  - Forced eruption: alteration of soft tissue cosmetic deformities.

PMID- 2640215
TI  - Shortened dental arch: a therapeutic concept in reduced dentitions and certain
      high-risk groups.

PMID- 2640216
TI  - Regeneration of furca bone using Gore-Tex periodontal material.

PMID- 2640217
TI  - [Sorsby's pseudo-inflammatory macular dystrophy: laser treatment].
AB  - In 1949, Sorsby described a familial fundus disease with progressive visual loss
      and bilateral hemorrhages and exudates of the posterior pole. The dystrophy,
      whose inheritance was apparently autosomal dominant, was called pseudo
      inflammatory macular dystrophy because of extensive macular lesions that could
      suggest a post-inflammatory change. The ophthalmoscopic signs include the
      presence of diffuse drusen-like deposits with extensive changes of retinal
      pigment epithelium and focal atrophy of the choriocapillaris, particularly in the
      posterior pole. Some eyes grow subretinal neovascularization, which appears
      associated to retinal edema, deep hemorrhages and hard exudates. These cases
      ultimately result in a disciform macular scar. Atrophy of peripheral fundus is
      typical of advanced stages. We present the case of three sisters whose fundus
      lesions resembled Sorsby's pseudo-inflammatory macular dystrophy. In two of them,
      where there was a great suspicion of macular subretinal neovascularization, the
      laser treatment seemed to positively condition the course of the disease. In our
      opinion, even though a generalized atrophy of the choroid and retina cannot
      probably be avoidable, laser treatment can delay the loss of central vision, by
      blocking the capillaries from leaking, thus preventing secondary destruction from
      bleeding and fibrosis.

PMID- 2640218
TI  - [New occult choroidal vessels in age-related macular degeneration].
AB  - We studied the clinical characteristics and the natural course of occult
      choroidal new vessels (CNV) in 78 eyes with age-related macular degeneration
      (AMD). Cases were included in 2 groups characterized respectively by ill-defined
      subretinal ooze (group 1) and serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium
      (RPE) with adjacent areas of mottled pigmentation (group 2). Both these forms of
      occult CNV showed to have a slower evolution compared to the classic CNV
      occurring in AMD, but they also led to disciform scar and severe visual loss.
      Occult CNV of group 2, contrary to those of group 1, were often multifocal and
      extrafoveal. They had a greater tendency to hemorrhages and a faster and less
      gradual progression to fibrovascular scarring and visual loss. Fluorescein
      angiography showed choroidal filling delay in the macular region of 47% of eyes
      of group 1. A perfusion defect of the macular choroid could be the basis of the
      low perfusion pressure and the consequent low activity of CNV with the
      angiographic pattern of ill-defined ooze.

PMID- 2640219
TI  - [Retinal pigment epithelial changes related to central serous retinopathy].
AB  - Thirty nine patients (7 females, 32 males) with central serous retinopathy (CSR)
      have been followed up for 1.6-17.0 years (mean 9.6 +/- 4.2). Eleven eyes had
      laser therapy, 7 during the initial attack, 4 at the time of the recurrent CSR.
      In the initial fluorescein angiograms pigment epithelial (PE) changes other than
      the leaking point were observed in 21 eyes (54%). Comparison of the serial
      photographs taken during the follow-up period using a red filter (600 nm, Wratten
      No. 25) showed progression of PE changes in 25 eyes (64%). In most eyes PE
      changes remained, however, mild. More pronounced PE atrophy developed in 10 eyes
      (26%), and a disciform lesion in 1 eye. The latest visual acuity was 0.5 or
      better in 35 eyes (90%).

PMID- 2640220
TI  - [Laser treatment of subretinal macular neovascularization in pathologic myopia].
AB  - The authors evaluated retrospectively 100 eyes with pathological myopia and a
      macular subretinal neovascular membranes (SRNV) which was treated with direct
      laser photocoagulation. Argon green, krypton red and orange dye (590 nm) laser
      were used to treat, respectively, 19, 63 and 18 eyes. The follow-up period was of
      12 months. Mean initial visual acuity was 0.33 and mean final visual acuity was
      0.31, with no statistically significative difference between them. One or more
      recurrence was observed in 44% of the eyes. Recurrences could be treated in 80%
      of cases. At the end of the follow-up period SRNV had disappeared in 83 eyes and
      extended into the foveola in the remaining 17.

PMID- 2640221
TI  - [The macula in Adamantiades-Behcet disease].
AB  - Adamantiades-Behcet disease is a well known clinical entity in the Mediterranean
      area. Signs and complications in these patients, arising from the macular area,
      are often overlooked for a prolonged period of time, because they are masked by
      the inflammatory signs of the anterior segment and/or the vitreous. Although
      blindness, in most cases, is the result of the optic disc atrophy, the macular
      alterations--as a sequelae of inflammation--are responsible for the low visual
      acuity. The authors in a retrospective clinical study of the last 100 consecutive
      cases of A-B disease, studied these macular alterations in detail. Their findings
      are also described in detail. Therapeutic modalities center around treatment with
      steroids, Cyclosporine A, and argon laser application. The results obtained from
      a long follow-up period are discussed.

PMID- 2640222
TI  - [Does cataract surgery with lens implantation influence the course of age-related
      macular degeneration?].
AB  - To evaluate the influence of cataract surgery with posterior chamber lens
      implantation on preexisting macular degeneration we divided 60 eyes of 54
      patients in a group with 1) preoperative non exudative macular degeneration (50
      eyes/47 patients) and 2) preoperative exudative macular degeneration (10 eyes/9
      patients). Postoperatively, we found in the first group a visual improvement in
      64%, an unchanged vision in 28%, and a deterioration in 8% of the cases. In the
      late postoperative course all eyes showed a visual acuity at least as
      preoperative values (6 eyes). In the second group, vision improved in 30%,
      remained unchanged in 30%, and deteriorated in 40% immediately after surgery. In
      2 of these 4 cases vision showed no improvement even in the late postoperative
      period. A sudden increase of subretinal fluid in the macular region due to the
      operation trauma seems to be responsible.

PMID- 2640223
TI  - [Can argon laser photocoagulation control senile macular degeneration?].
AB  - This study comprises 20 eyes with age related macular degeneration and subsequent
      subretinal neovascular membranes in which green argon laser photocoagulation was
      performed. After a follow-up ranging from 3 to 36 months (mean follow-up period
      14.5 months), 7 (35%) of these eyes kept on having visual loss, 9 (45%) of them
      retained the initial vision and 4 (20%) improved (2 lines or more). Despite the
      small number of cases we consider our results quite encouraging and this specific
      therapy could be performed even on the purpose to obtain the minimum possible
      final central scotoma.

PMID- 2640224
TI  - [Argon-green laser photocoagulation in the treatment of cystoid macular edema
      secondary to branch vein occlusion].
AB  - The present study evaluates the use of argon-green photocoagulation in the
      absorption rate of macular oedema and the visual recovery of patients suffering
      of branch venous occlusion of non-diabetic aetiology. Twenty patients suffering
      from branch venous occlusion and angiographically proven cystoid macular oedema
      were entered in this prospective study; they were randomly divided in two equal
      groups and were treated with photocoagulation 1-4 months after the onset of the
      disease. Patients in the first group were treated according to the clinical
      regime with focal and scattered photocoagulation which was applied over the
      affected area. Patients in the second group were photocoagulated so as to reduce
      the blood flow of the afferent arteriole to a volume that can be drained away by
      the diseased efferent venule. All patients were carefully followed-up for 6-24
      months, particularly for the degree of macular oedema and their visual status. We
      discuss the clinical observations and present our results.

PMID- 2640225
TI  - [Choroidal melanoma and suspected naevi in diabetics].
AB  - Eight choroidal melanomata and 3 suspected naevi were observed in 11 diabetics.
      One xenon-arc treated tumor was followed up for 7 years; two tumors had
      Strontium90 radioactive plaque brachytherapy and their follow up was 3 years and
      6 years.

PMID- 2640226
TI  - The effects of hypoxemia with progressive acidemia on fetal renal function in
      sheep.
AB  - In order to determine the effects of fetal hypoxemia on renal blood flow,
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urethral and urachal urine output, we
      examined the effects of 3 h maternally-induced (9% O2, 3% CO2, 88% N2) fetal
      hypoxaemia on 10 chronically-instrumented fetal sheep between 127-135 days of
      gestation. Fetal arterial pH fell significantly during the second and third hours
      of hypoxia and this coincided with a significant increase in fetal arterial blood
      pressure (P less than 0.05). During the second hour of hypoxia, with mild
      acidaemia, fetal GFR decreased significantly and then, during the third hour,
      fetal GFR, urethral and total urine output were significantly elevated. During
      the 2-h recovery period urachal and total, but not urethral urine output, were
      significantly elevated (P less than 0.05). The data suggested that the increase
      in GFR and urine output measured during the third hour of hypoxia and the
      recovery period may reflect a pressure diuresis.

PMID- 2640227
TI  - Perinatal onset of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the lamb.
AB  - Hepatic gluconeogenesis does not occur in the unstressed fetal sheep. After
      birth, in addition to glycogenolysis, the newborn lamb must eventually initiate
      gluconeogenesis to maintain glucose homeostasis. The regulation and time course
      of this transition have not been defined. We studied six animals in an acute
      preparation before and after delivery to determine hepatic lactate and glucose
      uptake, hepatic gluconeogenesis from lactate, and plasma catecholamine and
      cortisol concentrations. After a priming dose, continuous infusion of
      [14C]lactate provided tracer substrate for calculations of gluconeogenesis in the
      fetus and then for ten hours after delivery in the newborn lamb. The radionuclide
      labelled microsphere method was used to measure hepatic blood flow. Appreciable
      gluconeogenesis was not present during the fetal period. Following delivery, the
      newborn lambs began to produce significant quantities of glucose from lactate at
      6 h of age (1.37 +/- 0.84 mg.min-1.100 g-1 min-1 x 100 g-1 liver), when
      gluconeogenesis from lactate accounted for 22% of hepatic glucose output. Despite
      the onset of gluconeogenesis, postnatal lambs had blood glucose concentrations
      that remained less than fetal levels of 23.4 +/- 12.1 mg/dl for the duration of
      the 10-h study. Plasma norepinephrine concentration was 1380 +/- 1145 pg/ml in
      the fetus and fell by 2 h after birth. Plasma epinephrine concentrations were
      highest at 15 min after birth (205 +/- 262 pg/ml), but remained quite low for the
      remainder of the study. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not vary over the
      course of study, ranging from 40 to 50 ng/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640229
TI  - Calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmography during quiet and active
      sleep in lambs.
AB  - Respiratory inductive plethysmography provides a noninvasive method of measuring
      breathing patterns. Calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmography requires
      calculation of gain factors for ribcage and abdomen transducers utilizing 2
      breathing patterns with different ribcage and abdomen contributions and tidal
      volume measured by either spirometry or integrated pneumotachography. The purpose
      of this study was to determine if respiratory inductive plethysmography can be
      calibrated to provide accurate measurements during quiet and active sleep in
      lambs. We used a least squares linear regression calibration technique with
      breaths selected from quiet sleep and active sleep to calculate gain factors in 6
      tracheostomized lambs. Validation of gain factors was performed by comparing
      tidal volumes obtained simultaneously by respiratory inductive plethysmography
      and pneumotachography during quiet sleep and active sleep. Tidal volume
      differences between respiratory inductive plethysmography and pneumotachography
      on validation runs of 15 consecutive breaths each revealed 90% of validation
      breaths within +/- 20% during quiet sleep and 82% of validation breaths within +/
      20% during active sleep. These data provide evidence that respiratory inductive
      plethysmography can be calibrated to allow breathing pattern measurement during
      sleep.

PMID- 2640228
TI  - Effect of thyroidectomy on cardiovascular responses to hypoxia and tyramine
      infusion in fetal sheep.
AB  - Fetal sheep were thyroidectomized at 80 days' gestation and reoperated at 118-122
      days for insertion of vascular catheters. The effects of hypoxaemia and
      intravenous tyramine infusion on plasma catecholamine concentrations, blood
      pressure and heart rate were then determined in experiments at 125-135 days'
      gestation. Age matched intact fetuses were also studied. Thyroidectomy was
      associated with increased concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline and
      dopamine in some thoracic and abdominal organs, increased noradrenaline
      concentrations in the cerebellum, and decreased adrenaline concentrations in the
      hypothalamus, cervical spinal cord, and superior cervical and inferior mesenteric
      ganglia. Arterial pressure was significantly lower in the thyroidectomized
      fetuses (34.0 +/- 0.15 mmHg) than in intact fetuses (44.7 +/- 0.2 mmHg; p less
      than 0.001). In contrast, plasma noradrenaline concentrations were significantly
      higher in the thyroidectomized fetuses (2.04 +/- 0.25 ng/ml) compared to the
      intact fetuses (0.99 +/- 0.08 ng/ml; P less than 0.001). In the intact fetuses
      there was a significant increase in plasma noradrenaline concentration and blood
      pressure during hypoxaemia, and bradycardia at the onset of hypoxaemia. In
      contrast, in the thyroidectomized fetuses hypoxaemia did not cause significant
      change in plasma catecholamine concentrations, blood pressure or heart rate.
      Infusion of tyramine produced a 1.9-fold increase of plasma noradrenaline in
      thyroidectomized fetuses compared to a 9.2-fold increase in the intact fetuses (P
      less than 0.05). Tyramine infusion caused a similar proportional increase of
      blood pressure in both thyroidectomized and intact fetuses. Heart rate decreased
      during the tyramine-induced hypertension in the intact fetus, but increased in
      the thyroidectomized fetuses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640230
TI  - Lung vascular permeability changes in lambs with hyaline membrane disease.
AB  - To investigate the mechanism of pulmonary edema in hyaline membrane disease
      (HMD), lymph from the efferent duct of the mediastinal lymph node was collected
      in premature lambs before and after delivery by cesarean section. Mean lymph flow
      in 7 lambs with histologically verified HMD increased progressively over 4 h
      after delivery to 3 times the fetal value, while lymph flow in 7 lambs without
      HMD increased to 3.5 times at 1 h and decreased thereafter. At 4 h after birth,
      lung lymph flow was significantly higher in lambs with HMD than in lambs without
      HMD (0.70 +/- 0.15 (SEM) vs 0.43 +/- 0.07 ml.h-1.kg-1). Lymph/plasma
      concentration ratio for small endogenous protein fractions (effective molecular
      radius, 3.6 and 3.8 nm) was significantly higher in lambs with HMD than in lambs
      without HMD at 2-4 h. Postmortem extravascular lung water was significantly
      higher in lambs with HMD (6.1 +/- 0.5 vs 4.3 +/- 0.3 ml/g dry lung weight). It is
      concluded that lung water is high in lambs with HMD, which appears to be a result
      both of delayed absorption of fetal lung liquid and increased permeability of the
      pulmonary exchange vessels.

PMID- 2640231
TI  - Chronic vascular catheters in growing piglets.
AB  - Chronic vascular catheterization of growing piglets is problematic because the
      animals grow rapidly and disrupt each others catheters when housed together. We
      successfully maintained chronic arterial and venous catheters in growing piglets
      for the first two months of life using the Vascular-Access-Port, a totally
      implantable catheter system. Two Vascular-Access-Ports (one venous and one
      arterial) were surgically placed in each of ten, 3-7 days-old piglets. Nine
      piglets survived the perioperative period, and for eight piglets the ports were
      successfully used for experimental purposes to infuse drugs, monitor arterial
      blood pressure and obtain blood samples for approximately two months. During this
      period the piglets averaged an eight-fold increase in body weight. This technique
      of chronic vascular catheterization is useful for experiments employing
      conscious, growing animals.

PMID- 2640232
TI  - A case of questionable ethics, or fulfilling professional responsibility.

PMID- 2640233
TI  - Informed consent in law and medicine: autonomy v. paternalism.

PMID- 2640234
TI  - Should expert testimony be required in disciplinary proceedings against dentists
      accused of malpractice or incompetency?

PMID- 2640235
TI  - How to handle a surprise OSHA inspection: a legal background and guide for the
      dentist-employer.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to enlighten the dentist-employer of his legal
      rights and the options and procedures available to him when confronted with an
      OSHA inspection. Armed with legal precedence regarding OSHA's authority for
      administrative searches, the dentist-employer can make a knowledgeable decision
      whether to insist on a valid search warrant as a prerequisite to allowing such an
      inspection. If and when OSHA does inspect, the dentist will be aware of the
      constitutional and statutory limits on the scope of the inspection.

PMID- 2640236
TI  - Failure to timely diagnose periodontal disease--the legal standard of care.

PMID- 2640237
TI  - Guide to the law for practitioners of dentistry and medicine. Part I: The system
      of law. Chapter 2: The legal system of the United States.

PMID- 2640238
TI  - A state-by-state look at the standard of care in dental malpractice cases.

PMID- 2640239
TI  - Patient arbitration agreements: are they worth the paper they're written on?
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to present to the dentist the effectiveness of
      arbitration as an alternative to the court system and as a partial solution to
      the dental malpractice crisis. Emphasis will be placed on the advantages and
      disadvantages in utilizing dental service arbitration agreements in one's
      practice.

PMID- 2640240
TI  - Dentists' attitudes toward mandatory screening of dental personnel for infectious
      diseases and the continued practice of infected dental personnel.
AB  - The issues surrounding mandatory screening of dental personnel for infectious
      diseases and the rights of infected dental personnel to continue to practice are
      beginning to receive greater attention. In order to examine Maryland dentists'
      attitudes on these issues, a mail survey of all Maryland dentists was conducted.
      Approximately half of all respondents favored mandatory screening for acquired
      immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis for any dental personnel with
      direct patient contact. The majority of respondents did not believe that dentists
      or auxiliaries with AIDS or hepatitis should be permitted to treat patients.
      Approximately 31% of the respondents favored continued practice for dentists with
      hepatitis, while 21% believed dentists with AIDS should be allowed to continue to
      treat patients. In general, more recent graduates were less likely to favor
      mandatory screening and were more likely to favor the continued practice of
      infected dentists. Additionally, those respondents who were willing to treat
      patients with AIDS or hepatitis were less likely to favor mandatory screening and
      more likely to favor the continued practice of infected dental personnel. It is
      important for the profession to begin a dialogue to determine if there is a need
      for criteria for mandatory screening and guidelines for the continued practice of
      infected dental personnel.

PMID- 2640241
TI  - Surgical retrieval and histologic evaluation of an endosteal implant: a case
      report with clinical, radiographic and microscopic observations.
AB  - An uncommon opportunity to study an endosteal implant after four months of normal
      healing is presented. After placement of titanium plasma-spray-coated, apical
      vent implants in the mandibular molar area, a 55-year-old female reported
      discomfort around one implant. This implant was removed, despite normal healing,
      because of continued symptomatology. Radiologic findings, and remission of
      symptoms after surgical removal, supported the possible etiologic mechanism of
      canal roof compression. Histologic preparation and imaging of the specimen
      permitted the evaluation and measurement of the bone growth between the apical
      vents and bone apposition against the internal vent surfaces. The bone growth was
      fiber bone, well-mineralized, and occupied 33.8% of the area within the implant
      perimeter. The bone apposition against the titanium coating was intimate, and
      41.1% of the internal vent surfaces were covered with bone ingrowth. The presence
      of bone healing sufficient to absorb the loads of prosthetic abutment
      reconstruction is supported by these histologic and histometric findings.

PMID- 2640242
TI  - Clinical management of failing dental implants: four case reports.
AB  - Two-stage, endosseous dental implants have become a clinically acceptable
      treatment modality for the restoration of function and esthetics in edentulous
      areas. One system (Biotes, Nobel-pharma) currently has full approval from the ADA
      for use in full edentulous cases, while several other systems have provisional
      approval. Several professional journals and lay magazines have published
      information about implants, and this has stimulated interest on the part of both
      the dentist and the patient. Many different brands of implant systems are now
      available for the clinician to utilize, and the manufacturers of these implants
      have established training programs designed to teach both the generalist and the
      specialist the correct placement and restoration of their particular implants.
      With an increase in the number of implants being placed, it is inevitable that
      the number of complications will likewise rise. While current implant literature
      is replete with information concerning the concept of osseointegration, success
      rates, and examples of restorative techniques, there is very little information
      available on guidelines for patient evaluation and selection, clinical
      maintenance homecare, or treatment considerations for system failure. It is
      conceivable that an implant that was correctly placed and exhibited all the
      criteria for success at the time of surgical exposure may develop problems
      subsequent to restoration. Since the investment for the patient is significant in
      terms of time, finances, and trust in the practitioner(s), the periodontist may
      be called upon to intervene in such cases to improve the prognosis. The purpose
      of this paper is to present four case reports that illustrate several treatment
      modalities for the clinical management of implant problems that developed at the
      time of, or following, exposure.

PMID- 2640243
TI  - Case report using scanning electron microscopy and EDAX (Energy-dispersive
      Analysis of X-rays) to study the tissue surrounding a subperiosteal implant after
      repeated surgery.

PMID- 2640244
TI  - Implant-tissue interface: a case history.

PMID- 2640245
TI  - Effects of an air-powder abrasive system on plasma-sprayed titanium implant
      surfaces: an in vitro evaluation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to conduct an in vitro evaluation of the effects of
      an air-powder abrasive system, commonly used in clinical dentistry for
      periodontal maintenance, on the surfaces of plasma-sprayed titanium dental
      implants. Twenty-eight plasma-coated titanium implant specimens were divided into
      a sterile water-treated control group and an air-powder-abrasive-treated test
      group. All specimens were subjected to three different in vitro testing
      conditions and post-treatment evaluations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM):
      (1) Topographical features of implant surfaces were studied before and after
      direct exposure to the abrasive; (2) biocompatibility of treated implant surfaces
      was evaluated and compared with those of control specimens via in vitro
      fibroblast attachment studies; and (3) the attachment of a common oral microbe to
      the implant surface and its subsequent removal by exposure to the air-powder
      abrasive were also evaluated. Results indicate that exposure of implant specimens
      to the air-powder abrasive for various periods resulted in only slight changes in
      surface topography, i.e., rounding of angles and edges of the plasma-spray
      coating and occasional surface pitting. Examination by SEM and a statistical
      comparison of the difference between the mean numbers of attached fibroblasts
      between control and test groups revealed no statistical significance. In both
      specimen groups, fibroblasts exhibited uniform attachment over the entire implant
      surface. A comparison of test and control groups demonstrated 100% removal of
      bacteria from the surfaces of test specimens exposed to the air-powder abrasive
      and approximately a 75% removal from control specimens exposed to sterile water.

PMID- 2640247
TI  - Quantitative study on the interface between bone tissue and Blade-vent implants
      using the image processing system.
AB  - Undecalcified histopathologic sections of two titanium blade-vent implants (which
      had survived for five years in a dog) were made, and image analyses of the bone
      implant interface were determined. One implant was inserted conventionally in the
      right mandible, and the other was inserted shallower than usual in the left
      mandible, so that the shoulder was located at the same level as the residual bone
      ridge. Using an image analysis technique, we observed, on the deeper implant, a 0
      56% rate of bony contact around the implant and a 71-84% rate of bone-vent
      occupancy in the vents. With the shallower implant, a 0-46% rate of bony contact
      and a 26-60% rate of bone-vent occupancy were observed. When the two implants
      were compared, the deeper implant showed relatively higher bony contact and bone
      vent occupancy than its less-submerged control in the five-year study.

PMID- 2640246
TI  - Longitudinal clinical efficacy of Core-Vent dental implants: a five-year report.
AB  - During a five-year period (1982 to 1987), 1732 Core-Vent dental implants were
      consecutively placed in upper and lower edentulous and partially edentulous jaws
      of male and female patients. Of the 1732 implants placed, 1605 were uncovered
      after the 3-6-month healing time. Any non-osseointegrated implants were removed,
      and the stable implants were put into function. No significant difference in
      osseointegration rate or maintenance of osseointegration between upper and lower
      jaws in either totally or partially edentulous patients was observed. Over 96% of
      the 1605 implants achieved and maintained osseointegration during this time.

PMID- 2640248
TI  - Effects of "wettability" of biomaterials on culture cells.
AB  - New objectives of the development of biomaterials in recent years include how to
      control surface characteristics of materials and the attachment of cells to
      implant sites. This study clarified the effect of "wettability" of materials on
      culture cells, with wettability being expressed by the contact angle of the
      material to the water. First, low-temperature plasma treatment was administered
      so that samples of the same materials and shapes could be obtained, differing
      only in wettability. The contact angles at the surfaces of the samples and their
      surface roughness were then measured, and surfaces were analyzed by ESCA. For
      clarification of the biological response of the cell to wettability, attachment
      of connective tissues and epithelial-tissue-originated established cell lines to
      the material and its cell spreading were investigated in each test sample. As a
      result, it was found that the contact angle of each material used in the
      experiment affected both the cell attachment and spreading rates; thus,
      wettability of biomaterials is considered to be an important parameter of
      biological effect at the cell level.

PMID- 2640249
TI  - [Receptor-related ligands].

PMID- 2640250
TI  - [Physical and chemical receptors].

PMID- 2640251
TI  - [Clinical immunology and DNA diagnosis].

PMID- 2640252
TI  - [Oncogenes and DNA diagnosis].

PMID- 2640253
TI  - [Basic molecular biological technics necessary in DNA diagnosis].

PMID- 2640254
TI  - [Basic information necessary for DNA diagnosis].

PMID- 2640255
TI  - [DNA diagnosis of infections].

PMID- 2640256
TI  - [Miscellaneous application of DNA diagnosis].

PMID- 2640257
TI  - A modified method for the determination of aluminium-gel in vaccine.
AB  - The conventional method of aluminium analysis, described in the Biological
      Preparation Standard for Animals, was found to give erroneous results in the case
      of vaccine containing aluminium-gel as an adjuvant. This is because of incomplete
      decomposition of the gel and unsettled reaction system for the determination. But
      these problems were settled definitely. Heating on a direct fire for 15 min, by
      which temperature of the content attained 115-120 degrees C at atmospheric
      pressure, allowed the gel to complete decomposition and the result came to close
      the theoretical value. And a constant result by the decomposition itself was
      obtained with 2 volumes of nitric acid against 1 volume indicated in the standard
      method. Quantitative reaction of the gel-decomposed solution did hold in range of
      about 0.75-2.0 micrograms aluminium per ml. Use of acetate buffer solution for
      dilution of the decomposed solution following by sampling in 2 volumes of the
      dilution into the reaction mixture made the variation to the least as compared
      with the water-dilution following by 1 volume sampling indicated in the standard
      method. By these modified conditions, we succeeded in reducing the relative error
      and the coefficient of variation to less than +/- 5% and +/- 2% respectively.

PMID- 2640258
TI  - Effect of chlorpromazine on transmigration of mitochondrial aspartate
      aminotransferase in rat liver.
AB  - Cholestatic liver injury was experimentally induced in rats by administration of
      chlorpromazine (CPZ). The peak activity of mitochondrial aspartate
      aminotransferase (AST) released in serum was found to precede the peak of total
      AST activity. The liver mitochondria obtained from rats treated with CPZ was
      fractionated into two subfractions: one containing the intermembrane space, and
      the other containing the matrix and the membranes. As a results, the relative
      activity of AST in the intermembrane space was significantly increased at 12 h
      after CPZ administration. This result suggests that mitochondrial AST, which is
      dominantly located in the mitochondrial matrix, transmigrated to the
      intermembrane space via the inner membrane under the effect of CPZ
      administration.

PMID- 2640259
TI  - Serological comparison of Kagoshima and Chuzan viruses of Palyam serogroup
      orbivirus isolated in Japan.

PMID- 2640260
TI  - Survival of microfilariae released in vitro by the filarial worm, Dipetalonema
      viteae.

PMID- 2640261
TI  - [Cordocentesis--a new diagnostic approach in modern perinatology].
AB  - Between March 1987 and May 1988 by the technique of percutaneous ultrasound
      guided biopsy, 154 chordocenthesis in 117 pregnant women were carried out. The
      indications were: suspected genetic hematologic disease (7), rapid karyotyping
      (36), maternal infection (14), Rh-isoimmunization (42), possible fetal
      biochemical disease (18). The procedure was simple, the duration in the last 100
      interventions less than 5 minutes. No severe maternal or fetal complications,
      such as spontaneous abortion, pre-term delivery, or fetal death, except 5
      transient fetal bradycardias, were observed.

PMID- 2640262
TI  - [Lecithin in the amniotic fluid in the determination of fetal lung maturity].
AB  - A prospective study involved 90 patients divided into groups of high risk and
      risk pregnancies, which matched in age, parity and gestational age. Two methods
      for the amniotic fluid phospholipid analysis were compared. The value of lecithin
      was measured by the two phase UV enzyme method and the lecithin/sphingomyelin
      (L/S) ratio was determined by Gluck's method. The correlation of lecithin and the
      L/S ratio with gestational age did not prove statistically significant. No
      correlation was found between the lecithin concentration and L/S ratio on the one
      hand and the occurrence of the respiratory distress syndrome on the other. The
      increase of RDS in high risk pregnancies was not statistically significant. The
      lecithin concentration determination appeared to be a more specific method (37%)
      than the L/S ratio (19%), and the predictive value of the negative test also
      proved to be higher (94%) in relation to the L/S ratio (89%).

PMID- 2640263
TI  - [The surface of the syncytiotrophoblast in the human placenta at term in relation
      to the sex of the neonate].
AB  - A stereological analysis was performed on 30 human term placentas. Surface
      density and total surface of the whole syncytiotrophoblast and its specially
      differentiated parts (alpha and beta zones, syncytial knots) were measured with
      regard to the sex of the newborn. The values of stereological variables are
      higher in placentas of female newborn children, but differences are not
      statistically significant. The placental index was defined by macroscopic
      measuring of the weight of fetus and placenta. It was considerably higher in male
      (7.92 +/- 0.27) than in female (7.15 +/- 0.18) newborn children, P less than
      0.025.

PMID- 2640264
TI  - [Reconstruction after radical vulvectomy].
AB  - From 1981-85, 29 patients with vulvar cancer were operated on. In 19 patients
      transplants and the transposition and rotation of local flaps were used. Merely
      in two patients was there minimal dehiscence and the average period of
      hospitalization amounted to 29 days.

PMID- 2640265
TI  - [The effect of segmental epidural analgesia on the duration of labor in spastic
      dystocia].
AB  - In 77 parturients, owing to spastic distotia, the labour was conducted in
      continuous epidural analgesia, while in the control group of parturients with the
      same diagnosis (N = 32), the intramuscular use of pethidine and diazepam was
      repeatedly applied. The epidural catheter was placed at the 2-3 cm dilated
      cervix. Carticain with or without fentanyl was used as a local anaesthetic. The
      average duration of labour from the beginning to the 2-3 cm cervical opening was
      9.3 hours in the group of epidural analgesia applied parturients and 4.3 hours in
      the control group. The continuation of labor in the examined group lasted 3.7
      hours and in the control group 12 hours. The difference is significant (p less
      than 0.01). A spontaneous vaginal delivery in the examined group was recorded in
      77.9% women. There were 14.3% cesarean sections in the examined and 46.8% in the
      control group. A protracted labour was a significantly more frequent indication
      (p less than 0.01) for such a termination of labour in the control group.

PMID- 2640266
TI  - [Health risks in intrauterine contraception].
AB  - From 1968 till 1987, 8514 first insertions of different IUDs were performed; 7315
      IUD users were regularly followed-up. In 4269 cases non-medicated and in 3046
      cases medicated IUDs were inserted. All women were classified according to age,
      parity and the number of previous abortions. In the women analysed only one
      cervical perforation was found 3 months after the insertion of TCu 380 Ag
      (secondary perforation). In the group of non-medicated IUD users till the cut off
      date (February 29, 1988) 377 (8.8%) pregnancies were registered of which 10 were
      ectopic; at the same time there were 104 (2.4%) cases of PID. In the group of
      medicated IUD users 160 (5.3%) pregnancies with 11 ectopic and 90 (3.0%) cases of
      PID were observed. According to the age of users, in the group of women in their
      teens pregnancies appeared more often than in the older users, independent of the
      type of the IUD used. This difference was statistically significant (p less than
      0.05). The highest percent age of PID was registered in mulliparous medicated IUD
      users: the difference in the PID appearance in nulliparous and multiparous
      medicated IUD users has also shown a statistical significance. Gross cumulative
      rates after 10 years of use fo non-medicated IUDs were 12.5 for pregnancy and 4.6
      for PID, and after 15 years 14.6 and 6.2, respectively. For medicated IUDs after
      10 years of use these rates were 9.4 for pregnancy and 8.3 for PID.

PMID- 2640267
TI  - [Surgical treatment of symmetrically developed uterine abnormalities].
AB  - Retrospectively 75 patients having undergone metroplasty for symmetric uterine
      anomalies were analysed. The main indication for operation was recurrent
      abortions and preterm deliveries (63 women) and primary sterility (12). Adnexal
      pathology which required microsurgical repair was present in 52 (57%) patients.
      The most frequent uterine malformations were uterus septus and subseptus (51),
      uterus bicornis (23) and uterus arcuatus (1). All metroplasties were performed
      according to the Bret-Palmer technique modified by authors. Indication for
      metroplasty was based on hysterosalpingography, laparoscopy and hysteroscopy in
      doubtful cases. Prior to metroplasty, 63 patients had 189 spontaneous abortions
      and 6 preterm deliveries without a living child, while 12 patients were primarily
      sterile. After operation 68 (90.4%) patients became pregnant and 65 (86.6%) of
      them delivered 92 healthy children. Pregnancy in 3 (4.0%) patients ended with
      repeated spontaneous abortions, while 7 (9.4%) remained sterile.

PMID- 2640268
TI  - [Intrauterine extraction of intrauterine devices using the BMK-2 extractor of our
      design].
AB  - The so-called "lost" IUD's cannot be removed by common vaginocervical traction.
      The author extracts them by the intrauterine BMK-extractor (Instrumntalia,
      Zagreb) of his own construction. There were 150 extractions with no complication,
      performed by the use of the BMK-2 extractor in period from August 1, 1985 to
      December 31, 1988.

PMID- 2640269
TI  - [Evaluation of severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ detected by directed
      biopsy].
AB  - Eighty women with Papanicolaou smears groups IIIa and IIIb and an abnormal
      colposcopic picture, where colposcopic biopsy pathologic results showed severe
      dysplasia or carcinoma in situ, were analyzed. Severe dysplasia was found in 51
      (63.7%) and carcinoma in situ in 29 (36.2%)cases. By using methods of a
      definitive diagnostic value, in cases of severe dysplasia, the early diagnosis
      was confirmed in 24 (47.1%) cases, in 14 (27.4%) cases carcinoma in situ was
      detected, in 3 (5.9%) moderate dysplasia, in 2 (3.9%) mild dysplasia, and in 8
      (15.7%) cases benign histologic changes were found. Carcinoma in situ detected by
      colposcopy-directed biopsies was confirmed, after a definitive diagnostic
      procedure, in 24 (82.8%) cases, in 3 cases (10.3%) severe dysplasia was found and
      in 2 (6.9%) cases there were benign histologic changes. The results suggest that
      carcinoma in situ and severe dysplasia are vulnerable lesions which can be
      transformed into a lower grade or even completely disappear by directed biopsies.
      Such an evolution is significantly more to be expected within the population with
      an abnormal colposcopic picture if lesions cover not more than one fourth of the
      cervical circumference.

PMID- 2640270
TI  - [Urologic complications after radical hysterectomy].
AB  - From 1981-1984, in cases of the carcinoma of the cervix uteri, 174 radical
      abdominal and 29 radical vaginal hysterectomies were performed. Prior the
      surgery, there were 6.4% of pathologic urograms in the patients. After it,
      applying the Wertheim method, temporary hydronephrosis was recorded in 32.5%,
      lasting hydronephrosis in 9.8%, and fistulas in 2.5% of patients. Lasting
      complications developed also several year following the treatment. Subsequent
      surgery due to urologic complications included 19 patients having been treated by
      a combined therapy, surgery and radiation. More complications were observed after
      combined therapy applied in 58.6% of cases.

PMID- 2640271
TI  - [Primary ovarian cancer].
AB  - Out of 108 patients treated for primary ovarian cancer from 1984 to 1986, 76%
      suggested adnexal changes, while malignancy was suspected only in 35% of them.
      The first symptoms appeared in 51.8% of patients up to three months before the
      establishment of the diagnosis. In the two thirds of them the disease was in the
      III or IV stage. Histologically, epithelial tumours were most frequent (86.1%),
      mostly (51.6%) moderately differentiated. Surgery ranged from hysterectomy with
      adnexectomy and omentectomy (58.3%) to explorative laparotomy with biopsy. Later
      intervention included chemotherapy in 62%, chemotherapy and radiotherapy in
      15.7%, and radiotherapy alone in 14.8% of patients. Too short a time has elapsed
      since the treatment started to predict a 5-year survival, but the 2-year survival
      for all patients amounts to 38.9%.

PMID- 2640272
TI  - [Methylprednisolone as an antiemetic in the chemotherapy of ovarian cancer].
AB  - The authors examined the antiemetic effect of methylprednisolone (Lemod Solu) of
      the firm "Upjoh" in 35 patients with ovarian cancer in the course of the
      cisplatinum therapy. The control group comprised 15 patients with the same degree
      of ovarian cancer spreading in whom metoclopramide was used as the antiemetic.
      The antiemetic effect of methylprednisolone was found in the three fifths of
      patients having received the preparation from the first cisplatinum therapy cycle
      and in more than half of those in whom methylprednisolone was included in the
      second or third cisplatinum therapy cycle. The antiemetic effect of
      methylprednisolone proved to be significantly better than that of metoclopramide
      whose antiemetic effect was recorded in one fifth of the patients.

PMID- 2640273
TI  - [Primary multiple malignancies in the same organ].
AB  - The authors describe two cases of multiple malignancies of the same organ as an
      extremely rare finding in the group of multiple malignomas. One case related to
      adenocarcinoma endometrii and carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri, the other to
      adenocarcinoma and sarcoma of the uterine corpus.

PMID- 2640274
TI  - [Tubal pregnancy carried to the 27th week].
AB  - A 22-year-old primigravida in the 26/27 weeks of pregnancy with tubal pregnancy
      is presented. Clinical and ultrasound examinations indicated ectopic pregnancy;
      emergency laparotomy was performed. Intraoperatively, the tubal pregnancy with a
      ruptured hole was revealed. Typical salpingectomy was carried out. Histology
      confirmed tubal pregnancy. The postoperative course was normal.

PMID- 2640275
TI  - [Pefloxacin in the treatment of septicemia, purulent meningitis and
      salmonellosis].
AB  - Thirty two patients (16 female and 16 male), ranging in age from 13 to 80 years,
      were treated with pefloxacin (Abactal) at The Clinic of Infectious Diseases and
      Febrile Conditions. Pefloxacin was applied parenterally in 21 patients with
      serious infections. 15 of the cases had the signs of verified septicemia, i. e.
      bacteriemia; 5 patients developed purulent meningitis, i. e. meningoencephalitis;
      and in one patient bronchopneumonia occurred. Isolated causative agents
      (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria), were
      sensitive to pefloxacin. In 11 patients with enterocolitis Abactal was also
      included in the treatment because of the increasing occurrence of the resistance
      of Salmonella spp. to various chemotherapeutics and excellent "in vitro" effects
      of pefloxacin to those multiple-resistant species. Salmonella virchow was
      isolated from the stools of 6 patients. Salmonella enteritidis from 3 patients,
      Shigella sonnei from one, and in one case the causative agent was not identified.
      Pefloxacin was applied per os or parenterally in the dosage of 800-1200 mg in the
      period from 5-9 days. In all the patients (100%) eradication of the causative
      agents found in stools was done as early as the third or fourth day of the
      therapy. There were no adverse effects.

PMID- 2640276
TI  - [Laboratory procedures in the processing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid].

PMID- 2640277
TI  - [The significance of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in non
      specific urethritis].
AB  - 184 urethral swabs from patients with unspecific urethritis were taken.
      Ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated with 86 (46.74%), and mycoplasma hominis with
      26 (14.13%) patients. In the control group of 156 examinees u. urealyticum was
      isolated in 43 (27.56%), and m. hominis in 13 (8.33%) cases. U. urealyticum with
      patients was isolated in a significantly larger number than with the control
      group (p less than 0.05) which shows possible part of this mycoplasma in the
      etiology of unspecific urethritis.

PMID- 2640278
TI  - [Hemodynamic and anatomic characteristics of the normal Mitroflow biological
      valve--in vivo determination using 2-dimensional echocardiography].
AB  - In order to evaluate two-dimensional and Doppler echo-characteristics of normally
      functioning Mitroflow pericardial bioprosthesis (MPB) in aortic (AVR) and mitral
      (MVR) position, 26 patients were examined in their fifth postoperative week. None
      had clinical evidence of MPB disfunction. Echo contour of different parts of MPB,
      leaflet thickness and position of their coaptation line were assessed. Also, end
      systolic and end-diastolic diameters with subsequently calculated percentage of
      left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening, were measured. Peak systolic
      velocity (Vmax) for AVR and peak diastolic velocity for MVR, pressure gradient
      (PG) and pressure half time were measured by continuous wave Doppler. Presence,
      extent and origin of MPB regurgitation were estimated by colour flow mapping.
      Echo contour of MPB leaflets, stents and sewing ring were smooth and without
      irregularities. Leaflet coaptation line was always in the middle between two
      adjacent stents and leaflet thickness was always less than 4 mm. LV function was
      good in all patients. Vmax for AVR = 1.8 +/- 0.54 m/sec, and for MVR = 1.4 +/-
      0.41 m/sec; p greater than 0.01. PG for AVR = 14 +/- 9 mmHg, and for MVR = 8 +/-
      5 mmHg; p greater than 0.01. Pressure half time was 80 +/- 17 m/sec. Mild
      regurgitation was found in 3 (25%) patients with AVR, in 2 (15%) patients with
      MVR and in all of them it was of transvalvular origin. Hemodynamic and anatomic
      parameters of normally functioning MPB in aortic and mitral position, obtained by
      two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, should have important potential
      value for diagnosing it's dysfunction and thus for long term follow-up of these
      patients.

PMID- 2640279
TI  - [Arterial hypertension in old age].

PMID- 2640280
TI  - [Psychodynamics and psychotherapy (a new approach) in chronic urticaria].

PMID- 2640281
TI  - [Arterial aneurysms].
AB  - In a group of 63 patients with 81 arterial aneurysms the author analysed the
      etiology, morphology, location, clinical diagnosis and treatment. Arterial
      aneurysms are not so rare phenomenon in vascularly pathology, most of them there
      are atherosclerotic etiology (62%), abdominal location (49%), symptomatology and
      clinical findings depends from location, size and complications. Ehosonography
      with clinical findings, especially for aneurysms of abdominal aorta, are certain
      diagnostic procedures. The method of the treatment of such patients is only
      surgical, but the optimal method is the aneurysmectomy or resection of the
      aneurysm with the reconstruction of the artery.

PMID- 2640282
TI  - [New serological tests for toxoplasmosis].
AB  - Several methods for serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis were introduced in the
      practice during the few last years. These methods improved the detection of
      specific IgM antibodies and circulating toxoplasma antigens. This article
      presents the following methods: ELISA, SUDS, ELIFA, WESTERN-IMMUNOBLOTTING, IgM
      ISAGA and CIA.

PMID- 2640283
TI  - [New aspects in the treatment of pain in patients with carcinomas].
AB  - The object of this paper is to give a review of a) physiologic and psychologic
      effects of cancer pain; b) the etiology and possible mechanisms of cancer pain;
      c) the basic principles of its management. This paper also describes some
      different modes of pharmacological treatments of cancer pain with special
      reference to the oral and epidural use of morphine.

PMID- 2640284
TI  - [Radiologic findings in the gastro-duodenum in patients without epigastric
      disorders].

PMID- 2640285
TI  - [Characteristics and results of treatment of breast carcinoma at the surgical
      department of the Dr. Nika Labovic Medical Center in Ivangrad].
AB  - We have presented all the pathologic formations on breast treated in our service,
      with the special accent given to malign formations, the number of which is
      indisputably growing. The systematical prevention and the early detection of the
      disease were not done in time what is most important for the prognosis and
      success of treatment. All patients are postoperatively directed to radiation and
      cytostatic therapy.

PMID- 2640286
TI  - [The public health sequelae of smoking (on the occasion of World Health Day)].
AB  - In occasion of The World Day of Health a short review on public and health
      consequences of smoking is given here. The author makes comments on health and
      economic consequences of smoking. Particularly there are presented researching
      results of smoking habit at health workers who are employed in clinics and
      institutes of University-medical centre and among students of Medical,
      Stomatology, Pharmacy faculty and High medical school in Sarajevo.

PMID- 2640287
TI  - [C-reactive protein values].
AB  - According to our research, C-reactive protein is powerful separator between
      bacterial and viral infections. For this case the best discriminative value is 40
      mg/l. A more serious bacterial infections are usually followed by a higher
      concentration of CRP in serum, but its serial determination presents truly the
      improvement of bacterial infect, otherwise it is happening spontaneously or under
      the influence of adequate therapeutica.

PMID- 2640288
TI  - [Personal experience in the treatment of peptic ulcer in childhood].
AB  - Cases of peptic ulcer among children are not as rare as we usually think. In
      treating cases with complications, operative treatment should be preferred
      securing the natural anatomic structure and physiology of the stomach and
      duodenum. In cases of perforation we made sutures with or without excision. Those
      cases with the onset of bleeding were treated by ligation of the blood vessel if
      the bleeding could not be controlled otherwise. Therapy of preventing the
      occurrence of peptic ulcer should be conducted by those patients who are highly
      susceptible, as well as by those who peptic ulcer, following the disappearance of
      complication.

PMID- 2640289
TI  - [A rare open injury of the rectum].
AB  - Complicated injuries of the extraperitoneal part of the rectum, communicated with
      the injuries of sacrum, great injuries of the soft tissues following with
      abundant bleeding, are very difficult injuries. Above mentioned case, regarding
      to the way of the injury, good surgical treatment and good result, is out
      contribution in the treatment of the injuries of the sigmoid colon, rectum and
      anus.

PMID- 2640290
TI  - [Vitrectomy in florid proliferative diabetic retinopathy].
AB  - In 11 eyes out of 7 patients, vitrectomy was performed for progressive
      proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The indication for vitrectomy was as follows:
      (1) macular traction with fibrovascular proliferation on the disk; (2)
      progressive proliferation with vitreous hemorrhage; (3) fibrovascular
      proliferation on the disk in spite of intensified scattered photocoagulation. 3
      eyes were operated a second time, 1 needed a third vitrectomy after nonresolving
      hemorrhage. Visual acuity increased after vitrectomy in 9 eyes. In 4 eyes new
      proliferations on the disk occurred. After an observation period of 1 year, 7
      eyes show a stable course.

PMID- 2640291
TI  - X-shaped macular dystrophy with flavimaculatus flecks.
AB  - Two families showed a retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy characterized by an X
      shaped yellowish macular lesion and numerous flavimaculatus retinal flecks. Nine
      members were variously affected. The condition was bilateral, had a dominant
      inheritance and started in middle age with a slow-developing macular lesion.
      Visual functions were often minimally disturbed for 2 or 3 decades. The
      flavimaculatus flecks which differed in number appeared only as secondary
      phenomena yet increased in number and size. At the onset of the disease, the ERG
      and EOG as well as colour vision were normal and became altered only in the
      course of a very slow process.

PMID- 2640292
TI  - In vivo measurement of human lens aging using the lens opacity meter.
AB  - Lens aging has been measured in vivo using a new instrument: the lens opacity
      meter 701 (Interzeag, Schlieren, Switzerland). Statistical analyses have been
      performed to verify the occurrence of the phenomenon, the sex differences and the
      reproducibility of the obtained results. The findings demonstrate an increase in
      the light scattering in the normal lens with aging, which is similar in both
      sexes. The instrument detects this process and the measurements have a high
      degree of reproducibility.

PMID- 2640293
TI  - Histopathology findings following retinal tack implantation.
AB  - For the first time this report describes the histopathological findings 2 months
      after retinal-tack implantation in a human eye. A stainless-steel tack was
      implanted to seal a small retinal tear during vitrectomy because of severe
      proliferative diabetic retinopathy in a 38-year-old man. By gross examination the
      enucleated eye showed a total retinal detachment except at the site where the
      tack had been implanted. Histologically a fibrovascular tissue proliferation
      arising from the choroid had grown into the adjacent retina at the tack site. No
      inflammatory reaction, pigment epithelium proliferation or glial-cell
      proliferation attributable to the tack were observed.

PMID- 2640295
TI  - Infection control. Furnishings and equipment.

PMID- 2640294
TI  - Investigations on contractile properties of retinal pigment epithelial cells.
AB  - We have investigated the contractile properties of human and bovine retinal
      pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in culture. In collagen gels, RPE cells sent out
      processes which were able to retract the gels. In a glycerinated model of
      contraction, RPE cells contracted and aggregated into clusters in response to the
      addition of ATP to the media. This contraction was very likely mediated by
      contractile proteins which are arranged in circumferential microfilament bundles
      in RPE cells. SDS-PAGE analysis of the RPE cell cytoskeletal elements showed
      protein bands of 200 kD and 43 kD, probably heavy-chain myosin and actin,
      respectively; in human RPE, cells bands of 58 kD and 52 kd, representing
      intermediate filament subunits, were evident; in bovine cells the 58-kD band was
      observed.

PMID- 2640296
TI  - Pit and fissure sealants. One technique facilitating the application of sealants.

PMID- 2640297
TI  - Radiographs and the periodontal patient.

PMID- 2640298
TI  - Dental implants and the partially edentulous patient. Diagnosis and treatment
      planning.

PMID- 2640299
TI  - Inadvertent general anaesthesia following oral premedication in the dental
      office. A case report.

PMID- 2640300
TI  - Infection control. Survey of dental health care workers.

PMID- 2640301
TI  - Law of the difficult patient.

PMID- 2640302
TI  - The law and the small town dentist. How is it regarded?

PMID- 2640303
TI  - Rubber dam clamp cushion. Its use as protection.

PMID- 2640304
TI  - An endodontist's point of view.

PMID- 2640305
TI  - Recapping of disposable dental syringe needles: also a transparent face shield
      barrier.

PMID- 2640306
TI  - Cardiovascular collapse in the dental chair. A case report.

PMID- 2640307
TI  - Primary non-Hodgkins lymphoma of maxillary sinus. Report of a case.

PMID- 2640308
TI  - How to be a dental witness.

PMID- 2640309
TI  - Dental advice on the telephone. What do you do when you say "hello".

PMID- 2640310
TI  - Comprehensive dentistry. Removing the financial barriers.

PMID- 2640311
TI  - Hepatitis B, dentistry and the law.

PMID- 2640312
TI  - Chemical characterization and biologic properties of lipopolysaccharide from
      Bacteroides gingivalis strains W50, W83, and ATCC 33277.
AB  - The chemistry and selected biological activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from
      Bacteroides gingivalis strains W50, W83, and ATCC 33277 were compared, as well as
      the role of this molecule as a mediator of selected inflammatory responses.
      Chemically, the LPSs consisted of 47-58% Lipid A, 5-10% carbohydrate, 0.05% 3
      deoxy 2-octulosonic acid, 0.3% heptose, 3.8-5.2% hexosamine, and 2% phosphate.
      Rhamnose represented the dominant sugar (26-36%), with lesser amounts of glucose
      (18-34%), galactose (18-25%), mannose (9-12%), glucosamine (7-11%), and
      galactosamine (2-5%). The major fatty acids were: 13-methyl-tetradecanoate (42
      45%), 3-OH-heptadecanoate (21-23%), hexadecanoate (16-19%), and 12-methyl
      tetradecanoate (6-8%). SDS-PAGE and sodium deoxycholate-PAGE revealed the LPS to
      be a smooth chemotype. Differences in migration patterns between the virulent and
      avirulent strain LPSs also occurred. C3H/HeN macrophages (Mo) exposed to 1
      microgram/ml of LPS released 3.2-4.2 ng of prostaglandin E (PGE)/ml of
      supernatant, representing 236-278% of control. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity in
      C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ Mo exposed to 50 micrograms of LPS/ml was 382-724% and 270
      300% of control, respectively; similar Mo exposed to 10 micrograms of LPS/ml
      released 1.6-2.0 ng and 0.3-0.5 ng of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/ml of
      supernatant, respectively. Maximum TNF release in C3H/HeN Mo occurred in response
      to 50 micrograms of LPS/ml, and was sustained for up to 96 hours. These results
      suggest that LPS from the B. gingivalis strains stimulate cytokine production
      from Mo which, in turn, may play a role in orchestrating the inflammatory
      response for the development of periodontal diseases.

PMID- 2640313
TI  - Effects of periodontopathic bacteria on IL-1 and IL-1 inhibitor production by
      human polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
AB  - The effect of heat-killed periodontopathic bacteria on the production of
      interleukin-1 (IL-1) and an IL-1 inhibitor by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils
      (PMN's) was examined. Peripheral blood was obtained from 18 healthy volunteers
      and the PMN's were separated using dextran sedimentation and Ficoll-Paque density
      gradient centrifugation. The PMN's (5 x 10(5) cells/well) were cultured in serum
      free media with or without heat-killed periodontopathic bacteria. Four gram
      negative periodontopathic bacteria were used; Bacteroides gingivalis FDC 381,
      Bacteroides forsythus FDC 338, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4 and
      Fusobacterium nucleatum FDC 263. The non-oral Fusobacterium mortiferum ATCC 25557
      was used as a control organism. IL-1 activity was assayed using thymocyte
      proliferation. The non-oral organism F. mortiferum stimulated IL-1 production by
      PMN's, in contrast none of the periodontopathic bacteria stimulated IL-1 release
      although the bacteria themselves had an IL-1 enhancing effect. Following
      fractionation of the periodontopathic bacteria stimulated PMN supernatants, an IL
      1 inhibitory fraction was identified. These results may illustrate a further
      mechanism by which periodontopathic bacteria may evade the protective effect of
      PMN's and may also suggest a regulatory role for PMN's in chronic inflammatory
      periodontal disease.

PMID- 2640314
TI  - Surface appendages, hemagglutination, and adherence to human epithelial cells of
      Bacteroides intermedius.
AB  - Four types of morphologically distinct surface appendages were found on oral
      strains of Bacteroides intermedius. These appendages, designated as A, B, C, and
      D, were different in size, with diameters of 1-2 nm, 12 nm, 8 nm, and 5 nm,
      respectively. Twenty different strains were examined by electron microscopy and 5
      strains, 5, 17, 27, 113, and 25611, were selected to be representative of the
      different appendages encountered. Type A appendages were thin filaments
      peritrichously arranged on the cell surface and were associated mainly with
      Strains 5, 113, and ATCC 25611. Type B appendages were present on all 5 strains
      but these structures were scarce (i.e., less than or equal to 3 per organism).
      Type C appendages were associated exclusively with Strain 17. Type D appendages
      were present mainly on Strain 27. Hemagglutination activity of these organisms
      and their ability to adhere to human buccal epithelial cells were also tested.
      Strain 17, which possessed Type C appendage (uncommon to the other strains),
      agglutinated strongly with 5 different species of erythrocytes and adhered avidly
      to human buccal epithelial cells. The other strains, possessing different types
      of appendages, showed considerable variation in hemagglutination activity and
      adherence properties. Correlation between these surface appendages and adherent
      functions was speculated.

PMID- 2640315
TI  - Electrophoretic analysis of ureases in Streptococcus salivarius and in saliva.
AB  - Experimental conditions were established for the extraction, electrophoresis and
      detection of urease isoenzymes from Streptococcus salivarius. Thiol
      concentrations were critical and ureases from different strains varied in ease of
      dissociation. A characteristic pattern was obtained for 30 ureolytic S.
      salivarius strains isolated from; saliva (6), dental plaque (12), artificial
      dental plaque (6) and non-oral sources (6), and also for a ureolytic
      Streptococcus bovis from artificial plaque. One non-oral S. salivarius strain had
      ureases with slightly slower mobility. The electrophoretic pattern and mobility
      of ureases extracted from human mixed salivary bacteria were identical to those
      from S. salivarius except for an additional set of urease bands from unknown
      species of bacteria. There were no ureases from saliva matching those from
      Staphylococcus epidermidis--a contributor to ureolysis in artificial plaque. We
      conclude that there is considerable biochemical homogeneity among S. salivarius
      ureases and possibly other ureolytic streptococci. In saliva, urea is metabolized
      mainly by streptococcal ureases.

PMID- 2640316
TI  - Plasmids in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains isolated from
      periodontal lesions of patients with rapidly destructive periodontitis.
AB  - Several strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans newly isolated from
      periodontal lesions of patients with rapidly destructive periodontitis were all
      shown to possess identical plasmid profiles consisting of 4 plasmids. The largest
      plasmid, 20 MegaDalton (MDa), was also found in reference strains. Two different
      methods were used for isolation of the plasmids; the large 20 MDa plasmid (pHRP1)
      was found using the Kado and Liu method only. The 3 small plasmids of 7.0, 5.2
      and 4.0 MDa (pHRP2, pHRP3, pHRP4), respectively, were seen using the Birnboim and
      Doly method. These plasmids are so far to be regarded as cryptic; no phenotypical
      characters have been linked to their presence. The large 20 MDa plasmid was found
      in all strains examined, and may be a genotypical marker for the A.
      actinomycetemcomitans species.

PMID- 2640317
TI  - Purification and characterization of glycylprolyl aminopeptidase from Bacteroides
      gingivalis.
AB  - A glycylprocyl aminopeptidase from cell extracts of Bacteriodes gingivalis 381
      was purified 1058-fold by hydrophobic adsorbent, HPLC anion exchange, and HPLC
      gel filtration column chromatography. The final enzyme preparation was
      homogeneous with a molecular weight of 75,000 daltons by SDS-PAGE, and the
      isoelectric point was 6.2. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 8.0, and the enzyme
      activity was inhibited by DFP Ni2+ and Hg2+.

PMID- 2640318
TI  - Salivary levels of putative cariogenic organisms in patients with eating
      disorders.
AB  - The present study examined the hypothesis that women with eating disorders
      associated with a history of chronic vomiting can be characterized by a salivary
      flora with high levels of aciduric organisms, such as, mutans streptococci,
      lactobacilli and yeast. Three groups of female subjects were studied: vomiting
      bulimics (G1; n = 14), and comparison groups selected for high Streptococcus
      mutans (G2; n = 13), and low S. mutans levels (G3; n = 12). The prevalence and
      levels of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and yeast tended to be higher in
      bulimics than in non-bulimics. The bulimics had significantly higher levels and
      higher prevalence of Streptococcus sobrinus than the non-bulimics. A high S.
      sobrinus colonization may be a marker for a history of vomiting in bulimia.

PMID- 2640320
TI  - [Present status and the future prospect of the psychiatric day care].

PMID- 2640319
TI  - The occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides gingivalis,
      Bacteroides intermedius and spirochaetes in the subgingival microflora in
      relation to the early onset of periodontitis in a group of adolescents.
AB  - Subgingival samples were obtained from mesial and distal surfaces of first molars
      in 100 subjects aged 14 years at baseline. Sites were monitored at 6-monthly
      intervals for clinical loss of attachment. Six subjects showed greater than 1 mm
      loss of attachment at one site 18-24 months later. Further samples were obtained
      from these sites together with a comparison sample from the contralateral site
      and equivalent sites in a matched control subject. Actinobacillus
      actinomycetemcomitans was more frequently isolated from sites following loss of
      attachment, but it was also found in one comparison site and one control subject.
      Bacteroides gingivalis was found in only one subject at a site which subsequently
      experienced loss of attachment. A higher median proportion of spirochaetes was
      observed in sites after diagnosis of loss of attachment. The median proportion of
      Bacteroides intermedius was higher at both the baseline and 12-month examinations
      in subjects who subsequently lost attachment. Further work is required to
      substantiate the differences which preceded diagnosis of loss of attachment.

PMID- 2640321
TI  - [The current status and the ideal of postgraduate psychiatric training].

PMID- 2640322
TI  - [Stereognathograph--optoelectronic device for mandible movement recording].
AB  - The authors have presented the structure and potentiality of application of a new
      optoelectronic device called stereognathograph recording the function of
      mandibular condyles. The meter circuit of this device is placed on the sick's
      head and connected with the mandible's teeth by means of a peridental splint. It
      enables to record mandible's movements and in the view onto the horizontal and
      pterygoid plane and determine the mandibular condyles' position in relation to
      the chosen reference point in terms of measurable numerical three-dimensional
      quantities. Furthermore this device enables to designate the axis of rotation of
      mandibular condyles as well as to designate Bennet's angle and pterygoid angle
      precisely for individual setting of the SAM-2 articulator.

PMID- 2640323
TI  - [Comparative examination of some physical properties and structure of alloys with
      nickel as the matrix].
AB  - Three alloys with nickel as the matrix: "Microstom 1"--produced by Polish
      People's Republic, "Gisadent NCA"--produced by GDR and "Wiron-88"--produced by
      German Federal Republic have been subjected to the comparative examinations.
      Metallographic examination have been carried out beside fluidity, macrohardness,
      hardness and Vickers microhardness. Basing on the examinations' results the
      initial estimation of the new elaborated polish alloy called "Microstom-1" has
      been performed and it has been recommended first for phantom works after casting
      and porcelain hot covering practices is polished up and then for clinical work in
      order to gain experiences also in this sphere.

PMID- 2640324
TI  - [Comparative examinations of Micromed-1-04 alloy fluidity with other Co-Cr-Mo
      alloys].
AB  - The purpose of this work was to compare fluidity of Micromed-1-04 alloy with
      other Co-Cr-Mo alloys. The examinations performed have demonstrated that Micromed
      1-04, Remanium G-Weich, Super Fluid alloys have similar fluidity superior to the
      fluidity of Nichrominel and Magnum H-75 alloys.

PMID- 2640325
TI  - [Antelocation of mandibular disc. 2. Clinical examination of patients with
      reverse clicks].
AB  - 119 sick who revealed clicks in mandibular joint during shifting downwords and
      adduction of mandible i.e. so called reverse dicks. It was possible to eliminate
      the clicks in the mandibular joint in a new therapeutic positioning of the
      mandible in 52 patients among these sick. These sick have been examined in
      details and treated. Algetic syndrome of dysfunction symptoms has also been found
      in 31 sick (60%) beside reverse clicks in the mandibular joint. The
      roentgenograms of mandibular joint have demonstrated various kinds of
      disturbances in the positioning of mandibular condyles in the greatest nodulation
      of the teeth in 50 sick (96.2%). The initial treatment by means of occlusion
      splints and/or temporary partial dentures in a new three-dimensional position of
      the mandible eliminating clicks in mandibular joint has been performed in all 52
      sick. Follow-up examinations performed in 38 sick after 3-9 months of using the
      splints or temporary prosthetic restoration have demonstrated that complete
      elimination of the clicks in the mandibular joint has been gained in 29 persons
      under examination (75.3%) and in case of the remaining 9 sick (33.7%) these
      clicks have only significantly been diminished. From the examinations performed
      it follows that performing of initial prosthetic treatment is necessary in the
      sick with reverse clicks.

PMID- 2640326
TI  - [Examination of the influence of selected drugs administered orally on amount of
      saliva excreted and pocket fluid as well as on patients' feeling during
      stomatological treatment].
AB  - The influence of pyralgin, acenol, hydroxizinum and scopolan administered orally
      on the amount of the saliva excreted and pocket fluid as well as one the
      patients' feeling during stomatological treatment has been examined by the dual
      blind test method. The examinations haven't proved any significant influence of
      these drugs on the excretion of the saliva and pocket fluid of a statistical
      importance; these drugs, however, have reduced the painfulness of the operations
      depending on hard dental tissues processing. Among the drugs applied Pyralgin has
      proved to be the most useful drug for patients premedication before
      stomatological treatment.

PMID- 2640327
TI  - [Prosthetic treatment by fixed dentures as an aspect of dental caries prophylaxis
      and periodontal diseases].
AB  - The application of the new, more rational clinical and laboratory management
      methods of the fixed dentures performance in the Prosthetics Department in Gdansk
      is the aim of the paper. The methods and materials take dental caries prophylaxis
      and parodontium protection into consideration and they are based on: grinding
      limiting and application of partial crowns for installation instead of normal
      cost crowns; in the partial crowns there were used such composite materials as:
      Evicrol, Izopast, Izosit and others. Recently ABC preparation (Adhesive-Bridge
      Cement) has also been used. The range of the partial crowns described application
      is various; they are applied not only in the anterior segments but also in the
      lateral parts of the dental arch. Wearing fixed dentures together with abiding by
      the hygienic regime is the common element of all modern, accurate and also
      careful for the dental tissues and noninvasive for the parodontium methods of
      treatment by fixed dentures.

PMID- 2640328
TI  - [Physicochemical examination of materials used for dentures for elaboration of
      individual composition of acrylic plastics].
AB  - It has been found that materials for dentures are obtained from poly (methyl
      methacrylate) as the basic component. Basing on the identification analysis of
      foreign acrylic plastics used for performing denture plates and literature and
      patent investigations a production technology of individual material calle Akpol
      S has been elaborated. Series of physicochemical comparative examinations of this
      composition and the foreign materials with regard to the requirements of ISO 1567
      international standard have been carried out. It has been found that this
      material is comparable with the plastics of this type commonly used with regard
      to physicochemical features; a it also meets the requirements of the standard.

PMID- 2640329
TI  - [Changes in kinetic system of the mastication organ in patients with pterygoid
      dental losses in the mandible].
AB  - 100 patients with pterygoid dental losses in the mandible randomly selected from
      the group of 900 patients have been examined. The material under examination has
      been divided into two groups (according to Kennedy's classification). I group-
      the persons with both-sided pterygoid dental losses, II group--the persons with
      one-sided pterygoid dental losses. Presence both extraoral and intraoral changes
      of the mastication organ in both groups as well as SSZ dysfunction symptoms has
      been analysed. The results obtained have proved that pterygoid losses essentially
      influence the presence of extraoral changes and less so the presence of intraoral
      changes. The span and type of dental losses have influenced the frequency of the
      presence of such changes as: cheeks' retraction, intensifying of nasolabial
      sulci, lowering of vertical dimension of the bottom face segment, attrition of
      teeth, presence of diastems in the maxilla and mandible, enlargement of the
      resting mouth silt etc. SSZ dysfunction symptoms have been found in 64% of the
      persons under examinations; intensification of these symptoms was positively
      greater in the patients with asymmetric losses, i.e. with one-sided losses. The
      examinations carried out demonstrate the need of all pterygoid dental losses
      restoration, particularly one-sided losses in the prophylaxis of mas-dysfunction
      generation.

PMID- 2640330
TI  - [Application of therapeutic laser in treatment of the selected chronic illnesses
      of the oral cavity].
AB  - Clinical observations on therapeutic laser applications in treatment of the
      selected chronic illnesses of the oral cavity have been presented by the authors
      in the paper. Obtaining satisfactory results in most of the patients treated
      seems to confirm laser-therapy usefulness in stomatology as well. Fast regression
      of the pathological changes during treatment of chronically recurrent aphthae and
      simplex herpes as well as diminution in sufferings in most patients with
      trigeminal neuralgia just after single irradiation are worthy of particular
      notice.

PMID- 2640331
TI  - [Comparative study of the level of health education of primary and secondary
      teachers].
AB  - A study was carried out on the health education level among primary and secondary
      school teachers in the municipality of Artemisa, in relation with the prevention
      of the most frequent oral diseases. So, a sample representing 60% of the universe
      under study was surveyed. An assessing method was established rating sanitary
      education levels as good, deficient and poor. Comparisons were made among the
      different groups--by age, sex, educational level, and negative points which
      influenced most on the rating in connection with the health education levels.
      Finally, it is concluded that the health education level is deficient for the
      largest percent of the group under study.

PMID- 2640332
TI  - [Relation between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus].
AB  - A study is made of a group of 67 persons with diabetes mellitus, over 15 years of
      age, in order to know the presence and severity of periodontal disease, in
      relation with degree of oral hygiene, age, duration of the course and degree of
      metabolic control of diabetes. It was shown that 85.1% of the cases had some form
      of the periodontal disease, the most frequent of which being advanced
      periodontitis (34.3%). 100% of the patients had an inadequate oral hygiene. Lack
      of metabolic control, age and degree of oral hygiene correlated positively with
      the severity of periodontal disease.

PMID- 2640333
TI  - [Inflammatory cells and periodontal disease].
AB  - A study was made of 71 patients treated by means of surgery in the Department of
      Periodontology of the Provincial Stomatological Clinic of Santiago de Cuba during
      the September-November 1983 quarter. Gum samples were taken and preserved in 10%
      formalin. Forty-eight hours later they were processed in the Department of
      Pathological Anatomy of the Saturnino Lora Clinica-surgical Hospital, in order to
      observe the intensity of inflammation and the number of cells, classified as
      scarce, moderate and severe. Also, the epithelial changes were analyzed. The
      results achieved reveal that lymphocytes and plasmocytes were observed in a
      larger percent, whereas acanthosis was the most frequent change in the
      epithelium.

PMID- 2640334
TI  - [Evaluation of a group of finished orthodontic patients treated with the Poussin
      technic. Eismann method].
AB  - A study was carried out of 73 patients of the Clinic of Orthodontics of the
      Faculty of Stomatology of Havana, treated with the Poussin technique and
      discharged. 31 of them had Class I Syndrome, 30 Class II Syndrome and 12 Class
      III Syndrome. The initial and final models of each patient were subjected to the
      Eisman method. In this way, the changes occurred after finishing the treatment
      were determined individually. When analyzing the results it was observed that at
      the onset of the treatment 91.8% ranked in groups III, IV and V (with moderate,
      severe and very severe affections), while at the end all the patients were in
      groups I and II (no affections and mild affections).

PMID- 2640336
TI  - [Sequelae to fractures of the zygomatic complex. 2].
AB  - A descriptive, longitudinal, prospective and synthetic study was carried out in a
      five-year period (1981-1985), during which surgical treatment was provided for
      520 patients with a zygomatic fracture diagnosis in the Maxillofacial Surgery
      services of the Saturnino Lora Surgical and Clinical Hospital in Santiago de
      Cuba. It was shown that sequelae occurred in 9.42% of the patients with this
      affection, that the aesthetic, ofthalmological, and neurological complications
      were the most frequent, and that the reconstructive procedure with autogenous
      materials was the most universal and effective for their treatment. In this
      connection, conclusions were drawn.

PMID- 2640335
TI  - [Analysis of 520 zygomatic fractures. 1].
AB  - A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study in carried out in a five-year
      period (1979-1983), during which treatment was provided for 520 patients with a
      zygomatic fracture diagnosis in the Maxillofacial Surgery services of the
      Saturnino Lora Surgical and Clinical Hospital. It was shown that Group III and IV
      zygomatic fractures are the most frequent and unstable, and that the latter ones
      are linked with the magnitude and direction of the displacement and especially
      with the duration of the course. The single reduction techniques are the most
      commonly used (76.5%), mainly Lothrop technique. It was found that those
      fractures for longer than seven days require combined reduction-contention
      techniques, except for Groups II and V. The combined management most commonly
      used was the Lothrop-Dingman. For frontozygomatic disjunction fractures 3
      therapeutica variants were employed, according to the associated displacement and
      the postoperative stability. The contention means and method more commonly
      applied were the Foley catheter and the Jaraba-Kiviranta technique, respectively.

PMID- 2640337
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of ameloblastoma].
AB  - In the light of current knowledge, a discussion is made on 10 patients with
      ameloblastoma operated on in Josina Machel General Hospital, in the People's
      Republic of Angola. This tumor, which has a high incidence in that country, can
      be operated on in spite of the shortage of a vailable resources, by means of an
      autogenous graft. Age, sex, location, course of the disease, and results in this
      group of patients are discussed.

PMID- 2640338
TI  - [Results of treatment of cancer of the lip].
AB  - A study was carried out in Sancti Spiritus Province in the 1984-1986 period about
      the results of the treatment of lip cancer. Male patients were the most affected
      by lip cancer (CIE 8-140) in our series. The place of the tumor was predominantly
      the lower lip (p less than or equal to 0.001). Surgical treatment was used in
      96.8% of the cases and the cuneiform (wedge-shaped) exeresis was the most
      commonly used method in the early stages of the disease (T1 y T2). Castanon
      keloplasty was the reconstructive procedure used in 18.7% of the patients. Local
      sepsis was present in 31.2% of the patients undergoing surgery, occurring most
      frequently in upper lip tumors.

PMID- 2640339
TI  - [Determination of saliva pH in periodontal disease patients and a control group].
AB  - We studied saliva sample of 134 persons of both sex; including healthy persons
      and patients with periodontal disease. We researched the saliva's pH variations
      and found Lie at alkali pH in the patients with periodontal disease and different
      saliva pH between men and women.

PMID- 2640340
TI  - [Therapeutic aspects of functional pathology of edentulous patients with
      temporomandibular osteoarthritis].
AB  - We reviewed the fundamentals aspects for diagnosis of temporomandibular joint
      (TMJ) osteoarthritis and its treatment in edentulous patients with the following
      objectives: to eliminate the inflammatory process, to obtain neuromuscular
      mandible centricity and to decrease the traumatic effects in the TMJ. We used
      occlusal splints and dentures that allowed the stabilization of intermaxillary
      relations in centric areas when it was harmonized the maximum intercuspidation
      and the muscular centric position. We described, also the treatment and in our
      opinion the neuromuscular intermaxillary relations are the start point to obtain
      definitive stability for the oral rehabilitation in edentulous patients.

PMID- 2640341
TI  - [Importance of radiographic study in diagnosis of temporomandibular pathology].
AB  - The X-ray survey is an important complement in the diagnosis of the
      temporomandibular pathology, anyone be the modality of it. The complexity of the
      articular structure origins difficulties in order to obtain an objective analysis
      of them, and the presence of radio-transparent articular elements is another
      factor attempting against the radiological study. This X-ray survey must be
      realized by experimented professional in an multidisciplinary equipment in the
      temporomandibular management.

PMID- 2640342
TI  - [Therapeutic aspects of condylar disc subluxation of temporomandibular joint].
AB  - We described therapeutical aspects for treatment of moderated temporomandibular
      subluxation of the joint disc, with emphasis about the concepts of reduction and
      immobilization of traumatology, previous to the functional rehabilitation. We
      used a technique in 14 patients that were previously diagnosed clinical and
      radiographically, and within the diagnostic procedures we estimated
      temporomandibular disturbances as an important factor in pre and post treatment
      to obtain articular stabilization.

PMID- 2640343
TI  - [Planning in orthognathic surgery].
AB  - This paper's objective is to show in a simple and short way the most important
      facts on which maxillo-facial surgeons base the treatment planning of
      orthognathic surgery.

PMID- 2640344
TI  - [Cephalometry in maxillofacial surgery].
AB  - This paper, makes some references about precisions on base of cephalometric
      analysis making special emphasis of different tracings that maxillo-facial
      surgeon must know.

PMID- 2640345
TI  - [Orthognathic surgery of the middle facial third, overview].
AB  - This paper shows a short history of what has been the beginning of the middle
      third face orthognathic surgery and the most frequently technics that are used on
      maxillo-facial surgery.

PMID- 2640346
TI  - [Surgery of the temporomandibular joint].
AB  - This paper describes the author's experience of the surgical technics of
      different pathologies of TMJ, along 34 years of professional works.

PMID- 2640347
TI  - [Maxillofacial traumatology. Use of rigid osteosynthesis fixation with plates].
AB  - This paper analyses plates gives us to make osteosynthesis of lower jaws
      fractures, and also the absolute and relatives indications.

PMID- 2640348
TI  - [Grafts in maxillofacial surgery].
AB  - Here we take a look to the graft in maxillofacial surgery, and its describes
      cases or fields where they can be useful or they can mainly be applied. We
      analyse two different technics.

PMID- 2640349
TI  - [Maxillofacial surgery and pathology].
AB  - This paper mentions the importance of the detail knowledge of pathology that a
      maxillofacial surgeon has to know previous planning and treatment of surgery.

PMID- 2640350
TI  - [Salivary glands and maxillofacial surgery].
AB  - In this paper a brief and general review was made of the different pathologies
      that affect the salivary glands, as well as the emphasis of the role of the
      maxillofacial surgeon in the search, diagnosis and treatment of these
      pathologies.

PMID- 2640351
TI  - [Civil responsibility of the dentist].

PMID- 2640352
TI  - [2 amalgam formulation mechanisms with high copper alloys].
AB  - Two high copper-containing amalgam alloys, one of them gas atomized and the other
      water atomized were used to study the reaction mechanism with mercury. Normal and
      subtrituration time were used. The observations of structures and evaluation of
      compressive strengths allowed the understanding of two different mechanisms of
      reaction.

PMID- 2640353
TI  - [Tumor pathology of the cervico-facial region. Clinical and therapeutic aspects.
      (Review of 2,490 cases)].
AB  - A review of the surgical cases treated at Plastic and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit
      of Hospital Egas Moniz (Lisbon) is done. The 2490 patients with head and neck
      Tumors operated upon, account for 23% of our work, but only 22% of them were
      malignant; Also uncommon the 236 cases of odontogenic tumors found. We present
      our concepts about the multi-disciplinary approach and the unified amputation
      reconstruction therapy, presenting some case reports.

PMID- 2640354
TI  - [Cytogenetic analysis of the effects of selected 2d generation cytostatics
      (iproplatin and oxoplatin) on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro].
AB  - Cytostatic effect of Iproplatinum (CHIP, cis-dichlorotrans-dihydroxy-bis
      isopropylaminoplatinic complex) and Oxoplatinum (oxo-Pt, cis-diamin-dichloro
      trans-dihydroxyplatinic complex) is studied as influencing genetic structures of
      in vitro human peripheral lymphocytes. Both mentioned substances are classed as
      prospective cytostatics with satisfactory effect on various tumors, and both
      undergo now preclinical tests in our country. They are supposed to cause less
      undesired side effects in comparison with previous preparation of this range-
      cisplatinum (cis-DDP; Platidiam). The genotoxicity of both substances is examined
      using the short-term test (72 hrs.), which means a cultivation of raw human
      peripheral blood modified according to Macek (1965). To set the testing scheme,
      five concentrations of substances (0, 5, 12, 60 and 120 mumol.l-1) were selected
      as well as three time intervals of action of a substance (3, 6 and 24 hrs.) prior
      the expiration of cultivation time, i.e. before the mitotic cycle stop in c
      metaphase. Concentrations were determined estimating cisplatinum's dosage to
      patients. The concentration value 120 mumol.l-1 responds in theory to a single
      therapeutic dose administration of Platidiam. However, in praxis this
      concentration is never achieved in organism (resp. protein-binding effect). In
      accordance with mice LD50 values, both the Iproplatinum and Oxoplatinum showed
      experimentally 10 times less toxicity than cis-DDP. Cytogenetic changes were
      evaluated by microscopy in peripheral lymphocytes (predominantly the occurrence
      of chromosome abnormalities in metaphase), and mitotic activity was as well
      identified.

PMID- 2640355
TI  - [Cytotolerance of bioceramics in cell culture studies].
AB  - Biological effects of ceramic implant material of Czechoslovak make prepared on
      the basis of alumina were studied here. The material was proved to be quite inert
      both toward epithelioid Hep-2 cells and toward L-line fibroblastoid cells in
      experiments with nonspecific application, i.e., in cell cultures.

PMID- 2640356
TI  - [The effect of a diet containing long-chain fatty acids on the formation of
      insoluble elastin in the rat aorta].
AB  - The paper deals with the influence of long-chain fatty acids on the formation of
      insoluble elastin in vivo. Oil isolated from the sea fish named flounder has been
      chosen as the source of those long-chain fatty acids. The diet containing the
      flounder oil was administered to pregnant rat females. The influence of fatty
      acids on the formation of insoluble elastin was evaluated according to the
      percentage changes of insoluble elastin in the aortas of newborn rats and to the
      changes of the amount of desmosine cross-links in isolated elastin. The
      administration of the diet with long-chain fatty acids causes no changes in the
      content of elastin in the aortas of the new-born rats, meanwhile the amount of
      desmosine increases considerably. The results on the aortas of new-born rats
      shown here are in good agreement with the changes on the aortas of 3-month-old
      rats published in a previous paper.

PMID- 2640357
TI  - [Regeneration of auto- and isografts of submandibular glands in the brain of
      laboratory mice. I. Morphologic evaluation of the healed graft using light
      microscopy].
AB  - The mouse granular convoluted tubules of submandibular gland of laboratory mouse
      are releasing a range of biologically active peptides (renin, neural growth
      factor and others) into both the saliva and blood circulation, the males
      producing it in a larger extent than females. Recently, several from respective
      peptides were identified to be endogenous ones and brain-related. The present
      work was aimed to utilise submandibular gland/SMG auto- and isotransplants
      regenerating in murine brain as a possibly local source of peptides.
      Experimentally, the newborn and juvenile matured white A breeded mice of both
      sexes were used. Glandular grafts were grafted into brain parenchyma or CSF
      spaces. Laboratory animals have then been perished during the first 6 weeks after
      transplantation, and the transplants so acquired evaluated as serial frontal
      sections embedded in paraffin and H.E. stained by light microscopy. Also cryocate
      sections were incubated in order to detect the presence of alkaline phosphatase
      (AP) and succinic dehydrogenase/(SDH). It was stated experimentally that both
      mentioned SMG grafts underwent the survival and development intracerebrally. Some
      first regressive changes were gradually replaced by glandular proliferation and
      lobular neomorphogenesis having been more pronounced in osotransplants. The
      proliferative period was characterized by cellular mitoses, multiplication of
      duct-like and terminal tubulous structures of newly formed glandular lobules.
      Partially, the isotransplants display the transformation of proliferation stage
      into that of cellular cytodifferentiation followed by gradual appearance of
      striated ducts, acini and even granular convoluted tubules on the 5th week after
      transplantation. Also the reoccurrence of enzyme activities in the transplant
      parenchyma after their initially total disappearance is testifying of both
      proliferation and cytodifferentiation developed gradually. During the first days
      of implantation, the revascularization of grafts occurs, those being high in AP
      endothelial activity of vessels newly formed. This is to conclude that higher
      proliferative intensity of isotransplants and their exclusive cytodifferentiation
      demonstrate that an undifferentiated murine SMG which can develop itself
      ontogenetically is more effective graft than a SMG differentiated fully. On the
      next stage, the development of glandular grafts will be studied with more delay
      after transplantations. Also the enzyme implementation of new parenchymatous
      components is to be elucidated. Further experimentation is planified as to
      influencing intracerebral SMG graft development with administration of hormones
      and isoproterenol to laboratory animals.

PMID- 2640358
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopy of corrosion preparations of the vascular beds of
      organs in laboratory rats].
AB  - A corrosion casting method of the vascular bed of rat's organs using injection of
      methyl metacrylate resin was described. The casts were photographed in scanning
      electron microscope Tesla BS 300. Microphotographs of vascular bed casts of
      selected organs demonstrate the contributions and possibilities of scanning
      electron microscopy for the investigation of three-dimensional architecture and
      topographical relations of blood microcirculation in organs.

PMID- 2640359
TI  - [Histochemical detection of enzymes in the spinning glands of spiders].
AB  - The spider's spinning apparatus equipped with numerous glands of several types
      appears to be a suitable model for studying tissues which produce large amounts
      of fibrillar proteins. Heterogeneous glandular system is of special benefit for
      study of the function of different enzymes taking part both in the synthesis and
      the degradation of mentioned proteins. It is evident that the activity of the
      enzyme is dependent not only on the physiologic condition or a certain phase of
      spider's life cycle, but it is also given by the type of gland, i. e., defined by
      the structure and properties of protein to be emitted. Histochemical study of
      enzymes brings some new and more precise views on the spinning apparatus
      function. Also a participation of individual gland types in some definite
      spider's life period is so indicated as well as it is convenient for better
      understanding biologic function of structures performed by spider.

PMID- 2640360
TI  - [The visual evoked response at the onset of structural movement].
AB  - Stimulation by means of moving the structure in the visual field is used to
      produce visual evoked responses (VER) only rarely. The authors attempted to
      verify the fact how VER to the movement depended on some stimulation parameters
      and to compare them with VER to the most frequently used stimulation method, i.
      e. reversal. Horizontally moving black and white vertical stripes were used with
      special frequency 2.3 cycles/deg on the screen. It was found that at least 3s
      interval between two stimuli (between the end of the preceding and onset of the
      following movements) was necessary and sufficient period of the moving was about
      100 ms. Resultant VER are then a reaction on the onset of the movement and are
      characterized mostly only by marked negative peak with latency being 140 to 200
      ms. Opposite to reversal VER, those to the onset of the movement were obtained
      just in 87.5% of the persons examined (n = 40), in five cases, however, the
      response to the onset of the motion was higher than that to reversal VER
      amplitudes were in the latter case highest in the unipolar lead from the right
      occipital region with the rate of the structure movement being 42 to 84 mm/s.

PMID- 2640361
TI  - [Chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes in workers occupationally
      exposed to styrene].
AB  - We performed the investigation of the number of chromosomal aberrations in the
      peripheral blood lymphocytes of 13 women--workers occupationally exposed to
      styrene. Our set consisted exclusively of women in the age span from 23 to 54
      years. Nine of the workers were smokers, 4 of them did not smoke. The control
      group was represented by 6 women working in the offices of the same factory. The
      clinical investigation of both the groups of women was performed at the Clinic of
      occupational diseases. The common physical check-up was combined with the
      hematological and biochemical tests including the assessment of the mandelinic
      acid level in the urine. Also the styrene concentration in the working place was
      measured by the help of the Regional hygiene center. The average working day's
      concentration of styrene was found to be 225 +/- 89 mg.m-3 ranging from 83 to 366
      mg.m-3. From hte total number of 1220 cytogenetically investigated cells in the
      group of higher risk in 31 of them (2.54% AB.C.) the chromosomal aberration were
      found. In 27 cases (2.21%) the structural aberrations were involved; mostly the
      chromatid breaks and four times the chromosomal breaks were present. Four cells
      were laden by the numeric aberrations (type of 4n). Moreover, there was also
      checked the number of gaps (total of 9 gaps; 6 of chromatid, 3 chromosomal ones)
      and the number of satellite association of chromosomes (total of 87). The number
      of chromosomal aberrations in the exposed group is statistically significantly
      higher when compared with the control group (1.17% of AB.C.). Due to the
      restricted volume of the set our results cannot be taken as a confirmation of the
      relevant factory to be a working place with the higher exposition to genotoxic
      agents. Nevertheless, concerning the upper limit of spontaneous aberrations in
      the unladen population reaching maximally 2% we must consider our results to
      witness the increased occupational hazard.

PMID- 2640362
TI  - [Methods of treating experimental Neguvon poisoning and a comparison of their
      effects].
AB  - The effect of conventional antidotal therapy of oral intoxication due to
      organophosphorus insecticide Neguvon in male mice is compared to the effect of
      peritoneal dialysis. As a dialysate, the combination of ACHE reactivator with
      atropine, distilled water and ACHE preparation has been used. In order to
      evaluate treatment results, the clinical course of intoxication and the increase
      of blood ACHE activity inhibited with perorally Neguvon were investigated. The
      highest increase in activity of inhibited blood ACHE has been stated by the
      peritoneal dialysis with ACHE preparation. Furthermore, the effects of two
      dialysates were compared. The first one consisted in ACHE reactivator with
      atropine, and the second one in ACHE preparation, respectively. The ACHE
      containing dialysate showed better therapeutical results. The mentioned
      acetylcholinesterase is stated to be inhibited through the treatment with 50% of
      Neguvon dosage applied to the experimental animals. Thus the actual dose of
      Neguvon inducing proper intoxication was reduced to its half amount.

PMID- 2640363
TI  - [Use of multidimensional data analysis in the processing of results from a
      gerontological study].
AB  - Relationship between the examined signs were searched for in a group of 428
      persons selected in retirement dormitories in the East-Bohemian Region by means
      of cluster analysis of variables and factor analysis of chosen quantities. The
      stage of physical health, self-sufficiency, activity, adaptation, idea of the
      stay in the dormitory and cooperation with the staff are associated one with
      another. The age and data concerning social situation prior to entering the
      pensioners' dormitory (living conditions, education, occupation) have probably no
      direct effect on main characteristics of persons living there.

PMID- 2640364
TI  - [Geriatric dentistry: where do we stand today?].

PMID- 2640365
TI  - [The elderly patient in private practice].
AB  - The aim of this study was to get an overview on therapeutic measures and recall
      compliance of elderly patients treated in a private dental office. Data regarding
      the dental treatment und prosthodontic rehabilitation were collected from a total
      of 429 patients who were 65 years old and older (average: 75.8 years). 94
      patients (23%) were edentulous and had dentures in both jaws, whereas 335
      patients still had remaining teeth in one or both jaws. Only 8 patients had a
      full complement of teeth. 239 patients (55%) had complete oral rehabilitation.
      Few fixed partial prostheses and mainly removable partial und complete dentures
      were inserted. 190 patients did not get new reconstructions, because 1) they did
      not need it, or 2) they did not want it. In some cases, existing prostheses could
      be adapted or repaired. Almost all patients with remaining teeth were in need of
      periodontal treatment. 54% of them underwent periodontal therapy. Maintenance
      care was supported by regular recall. 65% of the patients appeared regularly
      according to their individual interval. A strong correlation could be established
      between regular recalls, the extent of rehabilitation and the number of remaining
      teeth.

PMID- 2640366
TI  - [Dental care of the elderly. An inquiry on the status of dental welfare in the
      old age and nursing homes as well as in the geriatric medical clinics of Basel
      Stadt and Basel-Land cantons].
AB  - 63 old people's and nursing homes, and 7 geriatric health clinics from the
      cantons of Basel-Stadt and Basel-Land were surveyed to determine their current
      level of dental care. The results regarding the old people's homes and nursing
      homes are in line with those obtained in the Franscini (1984) survey of 113 homes
      for the aged in Zurich: only a few isolated institutions conducted dental
      examinations and administered treatment, and only a few of them employed a dental
      hygienist to instruct and supervise the oral hygiene of the residents. A mere
      three geriatric health clinics and one old people's home in Basel-Stadt have a
      dental care unit. The nursing personnel is largely responsible for maintaining
      the pensioners' oral hygiene although these employees have received insufficient
      or no training for such work. The replies received indicate that an improvement
      in dental care is urgently needed, especially in the old people's homes and
      nursing homes, with absolute priority to be given to the promotion of oral
      hygiene.

PMID- 2640367
TI  - [Geriatric dentistry: TI 2000. A report on a pilot course of dental-gingival
      prevention for geriatric caregivers].

PMID- 2640368
TI  - [Geriatric dentistry. The plans and intentions of the Swiss Dental Society.
      Interview by Kurt Venner].

PMID- 2640369
TI  - [Geriatric dentistry in the Canton of Bern].

PMID- 2640370
TI  - [Geriatric dentistry in the Canton of Zurich].

PMID- 2640371
TI  - [Case of cleft palate].
AB  - The present paper briefly outlines the pathogenesis of cleft palate and proposes
      a classification system for cleft palate since both are considered essential for
      the understanding and assessment of its sequelae. The Authors describe one case
      of cleft palate. Cleft palate patients present functional and aesthetic
      alterations in the maxillomandibular area that often require prosthetic
      correction. Given the features of these malformations therapy and rehabilitation
      should be programmed as soon as possible after birth and the plastic surgeon
      should be informed of the factors that cause the malformations and influence the
      growth of such patients.

PMID- 2640372
TI  - [Gingival changes in pregnancy].
AB  - Pregnancy represent a particular sistemic condition able to induce, because the
      tissutal metabolism is upset, an increase replay of the gingival tissues, caused
      by local factors as plaque and tartar. In this study are described effects
      determined from the increment ormone on the periodontal tissues, the alterations
      of the salivar components in pregnancy and the therapy to follow to reach as soon
      as possible the recovery.

PMID- 2640373
TI  - [Restoration of dentoperiodontal unit in cervical carious lesions].
AB  - The Authors study the issues of conservative periodontal treatment in therapy of
      carious lesions adjacent gingivae. They say again with one accord with others
      Authors the importance of the attainment of the extrasulcular cavity margins.
      They show the resolution of some cases.

PMID- 2640374
TI  - [Logical sequence of orthodontic planning: evaluation of T.M.J. in an orthodontic
      check-up].
AB  - The Author after having reviewed the causes that in the past have been
      responsible of the neglecting of mandibular dysfunction in children, points out
      the need of TMJ evaluation during the orthodontic check-up to this purpose he
      suggests to employ a screening questionnaire and a clinical examination; further
      exams would be required only when the diagnosis points out a dysfunction or when
      the child shows a functional problem or a malocclusion a risk.

PMID- 2640375
TI  - [Cephalometric study of a group of grown subjects with normal static and dynamic
      occlusion].
AB  - The Authors have leaded a cephalometric study on a sample of eleven subjects at
      the end of the growth with normal static and dynamic occlusion. They have
      employed cephalometric Gianni's, Cagliari's Ricketts' analysis integrated with
      the evaluation of the soft tissues according to Holdaway. The eleven subjects of
      the sample, selected according to a normal static and dynamic occlusion,
      presented a sagittal skeletal harmony and a tendency to brachyfacial biotypology
      and a light concave profile.

PMID- 2640377
TI  - [Use of psychological evaluation in orthodontics].
AB  - The Authors have checked the behavioural and psychological differences between co
      operate e not co-operate patients emploing three psychodiagnostic tests in
      diagnostic phase. While in order to appraise the standard of patient's compliance
      during the terapeutical phase, the Authors have planed a variable of co-operation
      list.

PMID- 2640376
TI  - [Tensile test evaluation of some properties of orthodontic wires].
AB  - Six orthodontic wires were compared by uniaxial tensile testing. Among all the
      wires compared, Nitinol showed the lowest elastic modulus followed by the TMA
      wires.

PMID- 2640378
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of a posterior photopolymerizing composite: results 4 years
      after application].
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine clinical results of class I and class II
      composite restorations of forty two posterior teeth, considering pulpal vitality,
      dentinal sensitivity, marginal integrity, contact areas, color, gingival
      irritation and secondary decay. The restorations were evaluated over a four-year
      period. The results are considered satisfactory both from a chemical-physical and
      biological point of view. The Authors wish to outline the importance to improve
      the operative technique to minimize the disadvantages of these materials and to
      obtain better results. The Authors propose to carry out a later control to
      confirm these results.

PMID- 2640379
TI  - [Histologic changes in human periodontal tissue after transplantation of teeth
      with completely formed roots].
AB  - Authors present the histological evolution of the periodontal tissues after
      complete-root teeth transplantation in human. They point out that there is a
      great distinction between the histological and clinical results. It is difficult
      to obtain the neoformation of a normal periodontal ligament. In spite of the
      histological failure, they obtained a good clinical result: there fore the
      complete-root tooth transplantation must be considered an acceptable surgical
      procedure.

PMID- 2640381
TI  - Intravenous sedation.

PMID- 2640380
TI  - [Atraumatic sutures in dentistry. Evaluation of physical parameters].
AB  - Some specimens of atraumatic sutures have been tested in order to evaluate their
      effective mechanical properties. The results showed that the needle-thread joint
      was the weakest portion.

PMID- 2640382
TI  - The effects of 30% nitrous oxide on auditory evoked middle latency responses.
AB  - The effects of 30% nitrous oxide on auditory evoked middle latency responses
      (MLR) were studied in 11 healthy volunteers. The evoked potentials were averaged
      from electroencephalograms following stimulation by 2048 clicks at 10 Hz and of
      0.5 ms duration. Latencies and amplitudes of the Pa-Nb wave were measured and
      compared with the control values. The mean amplitude after inhalation of nitrous
      oxide for 30 minutes nitrous oxide was 54.2 +/- 23.9 (SD) % of control value.
      This decrease was recognised as statistically significant (P less than 0.05).
      Latencies of the Pa-Nb wave did not alter during the inhalation of nitrous oxide.
      The results show that 30% nitrous oxide slightly suppressed the auditory cortex.

PMID- 2640383
TI  - An experimental study of the colour changes in composite resins.
AB  - The composite resins are the most frequently materials employed in restorative
      odontology. One of the shortcomings is the colour stability. Several workers have
      reported that colour changes can be considerably avoided with use of photo
      polymerized composite resins. However, the present investigation demonstrates
      that several agents, such as coffee, tea and cola, stain photo-polymerized
      composite resin samples. The maximum staining was observed in the case of coffee
      followed by tea, cola being the less chromatic agent of the three.

PMID- 2640384
TI  - HIV and the dental undergraduate.
AB  - Reasons are offered as to why it is imperative that the dental undergraduate is
      familiar with all aspects of AIDS. The epidemiology of the disease is discussed,
      as are methods of transmission of the virus. A classification is given of the
      clinical presentation of HIV infection. The classification is based on the system
      put forward by the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta. A brief resume is given
      of laboratory diagnosis in HIV infection, and of the risk of health care workers
      contracting the disease. The precautions recommended for use in dentistry as
      proposed by the Centers for Disease Control are quoted in full. Finally mention
      is made of the treatment and control of AIDS.

PMID- 2640385
TI  - [Cotton roll or rubber dam in endodontic treatment?].
AB  - In a clinical-microbiological study of the bacterial flora on deep areas of
      carious dentine in deciduous and permanent human teeth the aseptic rubber dam
      technique was given preference to remove successive samples of dentine from the
      cavity floors. The application of the rubber dam made it possible to establish
      and maintain a surgically clean field of operation and were an effective
      safeguard against contamination through seepage of saliva.

PMID- 2640386
TI  - [Design aspects of selected function areas in outpatient departments of
      stomatology].
AB  - From the point of a designer view recommendations to conscious design of the
      working environment in stomatological care departments were presented.

PMID- 2640387
TI  - [Application of lasers in dentistry. Fundamentals of laser material processing in
      dentistry].
AB  - In connection with laser material processing in technical areas since the
      invention of laser technology it has been attempted to clear the way for the
      application of laser beams in the clinic itself and within dental technology. It
      has given a clear view of the fundamentals of the mechanisms of the laser
      interaction in laser material processing. In view of the first results of laser
      treatment of nonprecious and precious dental alloys, the possibilities of the
      application of lasers in the dental laboratory has been illustrated.

PMID- 2640388
TI  - [Clinical-experimental examinations on phonetic function in edentulous patients
      and after insertion of total prostheses measured by the S-sound realization].
AB  - Lose of teeth and therapy by prosthesis interfering with the oral sectors that
      are necessary for S-sound articulation have an important influence on S-sound
      realization. Hitherto, the resulting S-sound changes used to be evaluated only
      from a subjective point of view. The application of a complex measuring technique
      for S-sound analysis permitted to determine the influence of the upper and lower
      jaw plates on S-sound formation by experiments. In another series of experiments,
      it was shown that edentulous patients are not able to pronounce the typical S
      sound which, however, builds up again immediately after a total prosthesis is
      inserted. It then stabilizes further within a three-months period of adaptation.

PMID- 2640389
TI  - [Influence of antiseptic measures on the flora of the oral cavity. 2. In vivo
      examinations].
AB  - For prophylactic antisepsis of the oral cavity 12 antiseptic solutions and 4
      antiseptically acting tablets were examined in vivo. A total of 720 samples were
      evaluated after indirect contact sampling and 80 after direct contact sampling.
      After the evaluation of the in vivo findings the following antiseptic agents can
      be recommended for prophylactic antisepsis of the oral cavity in stomatological
      practice: the 0.2% chlorhexidine solution, the 0.1% aqueous solution of Tosyl
      chloramid-Sodium, and Sulfachin.

PMID- 2640390
TI  - [The treatment of periodontal bone pockets with "Ilmaplant-R1"].
AB  - A method of treating periodontal bone pockets with the use of tricalcium
      phosphate ceramic is presented. Between September 1987 and February 1988
      "ilmaplant-R1" was implanted in 30 bone defects of 12 patients in combination
      with flap operations. On the basis of results achieved in its application, this
      implantation material can be recommended by us, provided that its indication is
      observed.

PMID- 2640391
TI  - [Apprentices as objects group of the stomatological care in occupational health].
AB  - Undoubtedly the age group 15-19 years shows in population surveys a high caries
      risk. Therefore a systematical dental care programme was carried out. Analysing
      that programme, the goal for full restoration of dental health and further
      control of the apprentices was achieved only incompletely. For that reason more
      research is required. Conclusions are as follows: Annual examination, more care
      by examining dentist, full restoration of dental health in most of the
      apprentices and leaving school children.

PMID- 2640392
TI  - [Analysis of the hygienic situation at dental working places in the district of
      Potsdam].
AB  - In 1987 five-hundred-forty-eight dental working places, where 556 dentists are
      employed, had been checked by the county hygiene inspections under direction of
      the district hygiene inspection in compliance with hospital-hygiene aspects. The
      results of hygienic check-ups are unsatisfactory because of a lack of hygienic
      knowledge or carelessness of the dental staff. An intensive discussion about
      hygienic problems among dentists has started as a reaction to the check-ups.

PMID- 2640393
TI  - Feminizing genitoplasty: one-stage genital reconstruction in congenital
      adrenogenital syndrome.
AB  - Complete one-stage genital reconstruction was made in five children with
      congenital adrenogenital syndrome. Removal of the cavernous body of the clitoris
      was made by preservation of the glans with its vascular and neural supply. The
      lesser lips of the pudendum were fashioned from the skin of the penis and the
      prepuce. During the same operation, the vaginal orifice was created by the
      inversion of an U-shaped flap taken from the perineum into the introitus vaginae.
      There were no surgical complications. The patients recovered with good cosmetic
      results. It is necessary to regularly dilate the new vaginal orifice.

PMID- 2640394
TI  - Motility, haemodynamics and responsibility to vasoactive agents after
      revascularization of autotransplanted small intestine segments in the dog.
AB  - Functional and haemodynamic changes occurring after revascularization of an
      autotransplanted small intestine segment were studied in acute experiments
      performed in 10 dogs under pentobarbital anaesthesia. Intestinal motility and
      mesenteric blood flow of the segment were measured with intraluminal pressurized
      balloon and electromagnetic flowmeter, respectively. The time-course of
      observations was divided, according to the findings, into three main periods
      (phases 1 to 3). In the initial phase (1) the bowel exhibited very slight
      spontaneous motility which was found to increase moderately but significantly
      after denervation and isolation of the graft still left in situ before
      transplantation (phase 2). After declamping of anastomoses of the retransplanted
      graft (which was protected by cooling to 4 degrees C after being removed from the
      body) a short period (approximately 2 min) of reactive hyperaemic flow increase
      was observed in association of vigorous bowel movements lasting for a more
      prolonged (approximately 15 min) period of time (phase 3a and 3b). Reactivity of
      the retransplanted vasculature as compared to the denervated control revealed a
      marked relative shift in adrenergic balance, tested by dopamine, to the
      vasoconstrictor range, but it showed no change in responses to general
      haemodynamic or haemorheologic interventions, tested by veratrine and
      pentoxifylline, respectively. However, the basic levels of blood supply
      (controlled also by thermography) and systemic blood pressure remained unaltered
      after transplantation. Regarding the critical role of functional changes
      immediately after transplantation in determining the survival of bowel grafts,
      these observations may contribute to a more effective monitoring of surgical
      interventions.

PMID- 2640395
TI  - Ventral spondylodesis: basic method in the treatment of cervical spine injuries.
AB  - Ventral spondylodesis or ventrofixation is the most important surgical method for
      the treatment of severe cervical spine injuries accompanied by instability. Its
      wide indications include fracture-dislocations, compression fractures of the
      vertebral body, injuries to the disc, luxations, 'tear drop fractures' as well as
      "hangman's fractures". The essential parts of its technique: previous reduction
      by traction, anterior cervical approach, removal of the injured parts of
      vertebral body and disc(s), replacement by corticocancellous bone graft with
      subsequent plate-screw fixation. The authors performed in their Institute nearly
      100 operations of this type, in a 10-year period of which; detailed account is
      given. Good results of surgery can be expected only by ensuring adequate
      technical conditions and professional knowledge, performing the operations in
      centres having sufficient experience.

PMID- 2640396
TI  - Intensive treatment and prognosis of patients with sepsis of gynaecological
      origin.
AB  - The treatment of 16 patients with severe sepsis of gynaecological origin admitted
      to the Institute of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy of Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
      Medical University, Szeged between 1980 and 1985 is reported. According to the
      scoring system described by Elebute and Stoner, based on the clinical and
      laboratory findings typical of the septic state, efforts have been made to assess
      the severity of sepsis and to give prognostic sings for the chances of survival.
      The species and incidence of pathogenic agents isolated from different discharges
      of the patients are also reported. As a result of the complex intensive care only
      3 died of the 16 female patients with severe sepsis.

PMID- 2640397
TI  - Change of tissue temperature of the uterine cervix during double freezing.
AB  - The tissue temperature of the uterine cervix was measured at a distance of 5 mm
      from the cryoprobe by using the double-phase freezing technique. It was
      established that by this method a deeper cold effect and tissue necrosis can be
      achieved than by one-phase freezing. In view of the linear extension and the
      extension in depth of CIN, as well as of its fairly frequent localization in the
      transformational zone, the method is mainly suitable for curing minor CIN lesions
      of young patients.

PMID- 2640398
TI  - Cryotherapy during pregnancy.
AB  - Benign cervical alterations causing complaints in 44 pregnant women were cured by
      cryosurgery in all three trimesters of their pregnancy. Recovery resulted in 41
      cases after a single and in three extensive chondylomatous changes, after two
      treatments. The painless out-patient treatment did not influence pregnancy and
      the course of delivery. Cryosurgery has advantages over traditional surgical
      interventions, or using chemical caustic agents and it can be applied throughout
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2640399
TI  - [Primary veloplasty: surgical technic].

PMID- 2640400
TI  - [Dental education in Venezuela].

PMID- 2640401
TI  - [Clinical and radiographic evaluation of deciduous molars with necrotic pulp
      treated with two concentrations of formocresol].
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate clinically and radiographically
      primary molars with necrotic pulps treated with two different formocresol
      concentrations (full-strength formocresol and 20% dilution of formocresol). A
      total of 50 cases were evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months after the treatment. There
      were not significant statistical differences in the results obtained between both
      concentrations; therefore it can be conclude that the 20% dilution of formocresol
      represent a satisfactory treatment for primary molars with necrotic pulps. Due to
      this findings is possible to assure that this procedure in easy, reliable and
      cheap; and also is possible to apply to all ages and socioeconomic label.

PMID- 2640402
TI  - [Oral manifestations of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) dysfunction].

PMID- 2640403
TI  - The effect of ethanol on rat vas deferens.
AB  - The effect of ethanol (3.9-390 mM) on resting tension of vas deferens, isometric
      contractions produced by field stimulation of the vas deferens and on the
      contractions produced by neurotransmitters, acetylcholine (ACh 0.55-55 mM),
      noradrenaline (NA 0.058-580 microM) and 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT 0.25-250 microM)
      was studied in rat vas deferens to see if ethanol modified neurotransmission and
      muscle contraction in this preparation. The results showed that ethanol had no
      significant effect on resting tension of the muscle, but reduced the contractions
      produced by field stimulation and by neurotransmitters. It was concluded that
      ethanol modifies neurotransmission in the rat vas deferens preparation, by
      reducing the contractions produced by field stimulation and by depolarizing
      agents.

PMID- 2640404
TI  - The determination of urinary fluoride/creatinine ratio (Q) in monitoring fluoride
      intake.
AB  - Linear correlation (r = 0.6811, p less than 0.001) was found between the 24 hour
      urinary excreted fluoride quantity and fluoride/creatinine ratio (Q) of the
      morning urine sample of 21 school children living in a children's home in
      Hungary. The mean value of fluoride/creatinine ratio (Q) in groups of children
      from eight different parts of Hungary, also showed linear correlation (r =
      0.9720, p less than 0.001) with the measured fluoride concentration of drinking
      water. The urinary fluoride/creatinine ratio (Q) seems sufficiently informative
      for controlling fluoride intake in the course of caries preventive field studies.

PMID- 2640405
TI  - The effects of clonidine on the kidney function in the anesthetized dog.
AB  - Studies were performed to determine the mechanism by which the antihypertensive
      agent clonidine increased urine flow. The response of the kidney has been
      examined in four combinations. The parameters of renal function have been
      compared during volume expansion by 1.5-2.0% body weight Ringer solution. In the
      control animals, volume expansion by 2% body weight, resulted in a slight
      increase in sodium excretion and urine flow. In 10 anesthetized dogs 1.0
      microgram/kg/min of clonidine infused i.v. during 30 minutes (the total amount of
      clonidine infused was 30 micrograms/kg) decreased the arterial blood pressure
      from 136 +/- 13 mmHg to 127 +/- 12 mmHg and elevated urine flow from 2.95 +/-
      1.65 ml/min to 4.34 +/- 1.77 ml/min while the urine osmolality diminished from
      399 +/- 107 mosm/l to 265 +/- 90 mosm/l and the glomerular filtration remained
      constant. In 5 animals 0.1 microgram/kg/min of clonidine was infused into the
      left renal artery (this dose is corresponding to the renal fraction of the
      cardiac output) without any effects in the left kidney. 1.0 microgram/kg/min of
      clonidine infused directly into the left renal artery produced vasoconstriction
      in the ipsilateral kidney, decreased the glomerular filtration rate and the urine
      flow. By contrast in the right kidney the urine flow rose without hemodynamic
      changes, and the urine osmolality became hypoosmotic compared to the plasma. In
      ten dogs 1.0 microgram/kg/min of clonidine and 1 mU/kg/min of arginine
      vasopressin were infused intravenously. The vasopressin infusion superimposed on
      the clonidine could not inhibit the increase of the urine excretion, and the fall
      of the urine osmolality. The results suggest that the clonidine increases the
      renal medullary blood flow possibly via a direct mechanism, decreases the
      sympathetic outflow to the kidney and via an indirect pathway, mediated by the
      renin-angiotensin system. The renal medullary flow increase produces a washout of
      the medullary osmotic gradient, and the water reabsorption diminishes.

PMID- 2640406
TI  - Effects of stimulus parameters on cardiovascular responses to medullary
      stimulation in the cat.
AB  - The results of this study indicated that when stimulus intensity, pulse frequency
      and train duration were varied the basic topography of the cardiovascular
      responses to medullary stimulation did not change, but was merely increased or
      diminished in magnitude. Pressor responses were usually obtained in conscious
      cats, and also narcosis produced reversal effect on rare occasions. It is
      suggested that the reversal in cardiovascular responses is probably locus
      specific, and the medullary loci yielding reversal effect are more limited than
      those eliciting consequently pressor responses.

PMID- 2640407
TI  - Active and passive immunization against luteinizing hormone in pigs.
AB  - Active immunization of four adult pigs with highly purified porcine luteinizing
      hormone (pLH)--using method of multiside intradermal injections--has been
      performed and resulted in the production of specific antibodies. Immunization
      caused prolongation of estrous cycle to 47-49 days in two gilts and to 26 days in
      the other ones. Obtained anti-pLH pig serum was administered intravenously to 40
      day pregnant gilt during 5 days (10 ml of serum, twice daily). Blood plasma
      progesterone (P4) concentrations decreased significantly from 8-13 to 2-4 ng/ml
      after two days of infusion and remained at this level for the next 5 days.
      Administration of this anti-pLH pig serum to gilt in the luteal phase of the
      estrous cycle caused the inhibition P4 to undetectable amounts. The different
      results were found after the passive immunization of 40 day pregnant gilt with
      rabbit anti-pLH globulin preparation (5 days, equivalent to 3 ml of original
      undiluted serum, twice daily). Although after two days of infusion P4
      concentration decreased, in the next days P4 level slowly increased to
      pretreatment concentrations. The data suggest the possibility of specific anti
      pLH antibody production in pigs by using active immunization, and the repeated
      utilization of such obtained antiserum in the same species for the inhibition of
      corpus luteum (CL) function.

PMID- 2640408
TI  - Parallel changes in brain tissue blood flow and mitochondrial function during and
      after 30 minutes of bilateral forebrain ischemia in the gerbil.
AB  - Forebrain ischemia was induced in Mongolian gerbils by bilateral occlusion of the
      common carotid arteries for 30 minutes. These animals do not have a complete
      circulus arteriosus Willisii. Mitochondria were prepared from the forebrain
      tissue at the end of the 30 minutes occlusion period as well as at different time
      points after the release of the occlusion. Tissue blood flow in the forebrain was
      also determined by measuring the brain tissue accumulation of 14C-iodoantipyrine.
      Tissue blood flow in the forebrain decreased from a control level of 1.43 +/-
      0.03 ml/min/gr to 0.13 +/- 0.03 ml/min/gr by the 30th minute of ischemia,
      increased to 1.12 +/- 0.25 ml/min/gr after 5 minutes of reflow, but decreased
      again to 0.41 +/- 0.07 ml/min/gr after 1 1/2 hours of reflow. Oxygen consumption
      rate of mitochondria prepared from the forebrain (glutamate + malate as
      substrates in the presence of ADP) was 98 +/- 13 nmoles O2/min/mg protein in
      control animals, decreased to 61 +/- 9 nmoles O2/min/mg protein after 30 minutes
      of occlusion, recovered to 106 +/- 9 nmoles O2/min/mg protein during the first 30
      minutes of reperfusion. During extended reperfusion, mitochondrial respiratory
      activity declined reaching 20 +/- 5 nmoles O2/min/mg protein after 5 1/2 hours of
      reperfusion. Respiratory control ratio of the mitochondria (relative increase of
      respiration upon addition of ADP) was 9.2 +/- 1.3 in control animals, 7.0 +/- 1.5
      after 30 minutes of carotid occlusion, 9.0 +/- 1.2 after 30 minutes of
      reperfusion, and 5.8 +/- 0.8 after 5 1/2 hours of reperfusion. Superoxide
      dismutase activity of the forebrain mitochondria was 5.10 +/- 0.7 I.U./mg protein
      in control animals, decreased to 3.3 +/- 1.6 I.U./mg protein after 30 minutes of
      occlusion and remained at this level throughout the reperfusion period. These
      data confirm earlier reports that deterioration of mitochondrial function may
      contribute to the development of ischemic and post-ischemic brain tissue damage.
      It also appears possible that postischemic damage of mitochondrial function
      develops secondary to postischemic deterioration of tissue blood flow.

PMID- 2640409
TI  - Quantity of DNA in the organs of adult Swiss male mice after AET and MEA
      treatment.
AB  - Adult Swiss male mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2
      aminoethylesothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET) or cysteamine hydrochloride
      (MEA) in a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight. In the thirtieth, sixtieth or ninetieth
      minute after the injection, the animals were killed and the deoxyribonuclein acid
      content in 100 mg of fresh tissue of testes, spleen and liver, was measured. DNA
      was extracted from the organs by means of Burton's method, which is based on the
      estimation of deoxiribose content in the colour reaction with diphenylamine. The
      injection of AET and MEA did not distinctly influence the DNA content in the
      organs of mice. Statistically significant differences among the groups of mice
      were not observed compared to the controls, in mice treated with the compound, a
      decreasing tendency in the quantity of the DNA in the organs was found only.

PMID- 2640410
TI  - [Women, crime and mental disorders in the province of Buenos Aires].
AB  - A clinical research was carried out in order to typify the main characteristics
      of female delinquency within the frame of reference of mental patients from the
      Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The material was collected at the Prison
      Service of the said Province by their Forensic Psychiatry Laboratory. The
      experience covered a 20-year period. So that the reader be given basic references
      some previous considerations deal with female delinquency in general, and
      delinquency among female mental patients as well. The research was split into two
      courses of action: The first one was a comparative analysis between male and
      female offenders ranking among mental patients. The second one aimed at plotting
      out the principal features to be found among insane female offenders if compared
      to non-insane female offenders. The following parameters were taken into account:
      number of patients, type of offense, age, education, maternity, and relapse.

PMID- 2640411
TI  - [Process and phasic psychoses according to ICD-9 classification].
AB  - 101 in-patients were diagnosed according to the ICD-9 and the Frankfurt (FC)
      classifications. The latter classification used the glossary of the AMDP system,
      and the Andreasen scale (SANS). 94% of the FC process psychoses were diagnosed as
      schizophrenia according to ICD-9 and 78% of the atypical phasic psychoses (FC) as
      schizoaffective schizophrenia (ICD-9). On the other hand, only 55% of the ICD-9
      schozophrenias could be classified as a FC process psychosis. The results confirm
      the assumption that the ICD-9 classification is not helpful in distinguishing
      phasic from non-phasic psychoses. Advantages of a classification based on phasic
      or non-phasic course are mentioned. Finally it is emphasized that the
      operationalization of concepts (either classic or new), the polydiagnostic, and
      the use of international glossaries (like the AMDP system) are an unavoidable
      step for the development and extension of the psychiatric research in Latin
      America.

PMID- 2640412
TI  - [The symptoms questionnaire for problem detection in adults].
AB  - This questionnaire has been designed considering transcultural differences. Its
      validation includes an approximately 400-patient sample, with their relatives as
      control sample population. Such populations come from General Health Centers
      located in Colombia, India, the Philippines, and Sudan. In each area, different
      cut-off points were used on the calculation of sensitivity and specificity. This
      instrument is currently used in different parts of the world: It is demonstrating
      to be valuable and sensitive a tool for identifying mental disorders among
      individuals seeking treatment at General Health Services. At the same time, it is
      being used in a training manual for Psychiatry primary care workers. Even though
      the instrument does not diagnosticate, it nonetheless identifies individuals
      suffering from psychological disrupting symptoms. Both its simplicity and high
      sensitivity help in a practical approach to Psychiatry primary care strategies.

PMID- 2640413
TI  - [Decrease of catatonic schizophrenia in patients hospitalized in 1984 in
      comparison to 1964].
AB  - It has been suggested that manifestations of mental illnesses have been changing
      during the last decades. Thus, the catatonic form of schizophrenia is scarcely
      observed nowadays and should be about to disappear. Changes in both catatonic
      schizophrenia prevalence, and catatonic symptoms are analyzed according to
      revisions dated 1964, and 1984, of the clinical records to be found at the
      Psychiatric Clinic, University of Chile. A diminution of schizophrenia catatonic
      forms in 1984 records was found out when comparing with 1964 records. A
      diminution of catatonic symptons--usually associated to severe forms of
      schizophrenia--was also noticeable. In both groups, however, such variations have
      no relation whatever with the extent of the evolutive period prior to
      institutionalization.

PMID- 2640414
TI  - [Adaptative strategies of Toba Indian migrants in the Greater Buenos Aires area].
AB  - A 11-family sample is presented. All adults therein are Toba Indians, born in
      Colonia Chaco, Province of Chaco, Argentina. They are now living in poorer
      districts of the Northern sector of the Greater Buenos Aires. The first migrant
      group arrived in B.A. in 1969 and settled down in shantytowns (villas miseria).
      Their substituting the district (barrio) for the shantytown points out their
      longing for a change in their situation. Their current situation, however, could
      be summed up as an underpaid suboccupation, with precarious dwelling, scarce food
      and clothes, deficient medical care, and a schooling system divorced from their
      own daily life. Subsistance strategies this Toba group has adopted are quite
      similar to the strategies other marginal or subaltern groups resort to.

PMID- 2640415
TI  - [Prevalence of cigarette smoking in psychiatric patients].
AB  - In opinion of the WHO, AIDS and smoking are the two major epidemies, and smoking
      is the most important avoidable risk for health. According to epidemiological
      studies, smoking is a relevant risk factors connected to different types of
      cancers, as well as respiratory, cardiovascular, and mother-infant pathologies.
      In Chile 7% of the death toll can be blamed on smoking. The present information
      about cigarette consumption was obtained from the clinical record of 297 in
      patients, discharged from the Psychiatric Clinic, University of Chile, between
      the year 1983 and the year 1985. Prevalence of smoking is 66.7%, with no
      difference per sex. 9.6% patients smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day. The
      prevailing clinical diagnoses are: Drug addiction (alcoholism excluded), 96.6%;
      schizophrenia, 81.7%; and alcoholism, 73.2%. Smoking is associated to a
      background of alcohol abuse, 78.9%, as well as other drug abuses, 89.7%: In other
      words, this is a statistically significant difference. In this study, it was
      found out that psychiatric in-patients were smoking more heavily than the general
      population--41%, and more heavily than somatic in-patients as well--42%.

PMID- 2640416
TI  - [Feeding behavior, obesity and physiologic mechanisms].

PMID- 2640417
TI  - [The use of spare time and personality].
AB  - This paper intends a comparative analysis of personality traits likely to be
      found in two groups of subjects, namely people happy, or unhappy with the use
      they make of their spare time. The random-selected, quota sampling sample
      involved 300 Argentine subjects (37% male subjects, 63% female subjects) aged 15
      to 22, from different social-economic levels. All subjects were living in the
      city of Buenos Aires. The technique of profile analysis for 2 independent groups
      was applied. Once the hypothesis of parallelism was refuted, it was decided that
      the simple variance technique should be resorted to. From the 16 variance
      analysis performed (i.e. one for each personality factor), statistically
      significant differences--with a 5% risk level--were found out among the groups as
      regards the following factors only: Factor C (Emotional instability, or Ego
      weakness-Higher ego strength), Factor H (Threctia-Parmia), Factor O (Untroubled
      adequacy-Guilt proneness), and Factor Q4 (Low ergic tension-High ergic tension).

PMID- 2640418
TI  - [Upper premolars: study of the number of roots and their canals].
AB  - The number of roots and cannals were observed and studied in upper bicuspids. For
      the study of the root cannals was used a diafanization technique. The results
      were prosessed by stadistic analysis and compared with those published. By the
      observation, in this work, was stated that the first upper bicuspid has one root
      and two cannals in the most of the cases. This situation was confirmed by
      stadistic analysis. Conclusions were extracted refering them to the clinical
      application.

PMID- 2640419
TI  - Intranasal administration of deferoxamine to iron overloaded patients.
AB  - We examined the effect of intranasal administration of deferoxamine on iron
      excretion in seven patients with iron overload secondary to chronic transfusion
      therapy. Deferoxamine was administered in doses of 0.75 to 3.0 gm given over 12
      hours in a variety of dosing schedules. There was a probable, though not
      significant, dose response relationship between the amount of iron excreted and
      the dose administered. The amount of iron excreted was 10%-15% of that obtained
      using the same dosage of deferoxamine given by the subcutaneous route over the
      same time period. Hourly administration was more effective than less frequent
      administration. Addition of taurodeoxycholate to deferoxamine did not increase
      its absorption as measured by the levels of iron excretion. Side effects were few
      and consisted mainly of mild nasal irritation and a bad taste in the mouth. Nasal
      administration of deferoxamine may be a useful adjunct to iron chelation in
      patients receiving chronic transfusion therapy, particularly in those who are
      noncompliant with parenteral means of administration.

PMID- 2640420
TI  - 8th Congress of SEP. European Society of Pneumology. European Pediatric
      Respiratory Society. University of Freiburg (FRG), September 10-14, 1989.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2640421
TI  - Hypocalcification and hypoplasia in primary teeth of pre-school children from
      different ethnic groups in South Africa.
AB  - A study was completed in 1985/86 which examined the dental health of pre-school
      children from different ethnic groups and communities in South Africa: rural
      black, urban black, urban colored, urban Indian, and urban white. Enamel defects
      were recorded in primary teeth by use of the HHI, an index developed to measure
      hypocalcification and hypoplasia of enamel. The findings showed that colored
      children had the greatest number of enamel defects. The teeth most commonly
      affected were the maxillary anterior teeth and mandibular molar teeth. It is
      suggested that further epidemiological studies utilizing the HHI should be
      undertaken in pre-school children, especially from developing countries, to gain
      more information on the causes of enamel defects in the primary dentition and the
      possible use of such findings to predict nutritional health of individuals.

PMID- 2640422
TI  - Prevalence of developmental defects of tooth enamel (DDE) in a pediatric hospital
      department of dentistry population (1).
AB  - This paper reports the first part of a three-part study of developmental defects
      of tooth enamel in a pediatric hospital population. The dental records of 8411
      children who were discharged from the Department of Dentistry at the Royal
      Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, between 1960 and 1987 were divided
      into an experimental group of 7518 patients comprising 25 groups of medical
      conditions, and a control group of 893 children who had dental disorders only.
      The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of hypoplastic and severe
      opacity developmental defects of tooth enamel (DDE), in children and adolescents
      with major medical disorders, and to compare the prevalence with that in the
      control group of normal children. The prevalence figures obtained for the
      different medical conditions in this study agreed generally with those of other
      recent investigators. The high prevalence of defects found in Rubella Embryopathy
      children (81.8%) and in children with Prematurity alone (56.5%) is surprising,
      whereas the prevalence of 27.9% defects in Clefts of Lip and Palate and 26.4%
      defects in Clefts of Lip and Alveolus are probably well below the true
      prevalence. The control group prevalence was 9.3%, which is higher than in some
      other studies of 'normal' children. A pediatric hospital is a most useful source
      of fully documented medical and dental histories for the investigation of
      possible relationships between medical disorders and developmental defects of
      tooth enamel. The control group prevalence was 9.3%, which is higher than in some
      other studies of normal children. A pediatric hospital is a most useful source of
      fully documented medical and dental histories for the investigation of possible
      relationships between medical disorders and developmental defects of tooth
      enamel.

PMID- 2640423
TI  - Developmental defects of enamel in Chinese girls and boys in Hong Kong.
AB  - The FDI (DDE) Index--with some modifications and a re-designed recording sheet-
      was used to determine the prevalence of the different types of developmental
      defects of enamel. The public water supply contained 1.0 ppm when the children
      were bron and 0.7 ppm at the time of the examinations. All surfaces of the teeth
      of 460 female and 484 male, 12-year-old, Chinese children were examined after the
      teeth had been cleaned and dried. Mouth prevalences for all types of opacities,
      hypoplasia, and discoloration were 99.6%, 82.8%, and 16.6%, respectively. There
      was no apparent statistically significant difference between girls and boys.
      However, a statistically significant difference was seen between the sexes for
      white patches (p less than 0.05), missing enamel (p less than 0.05), and
      horizontal grooves (p less than 0.01). There were 811 (85.7%) children with more
      than 13 teeth affected by opacities, and 417 (44.2%) children had more than four
      teeth affected by hypoplasia. The most common defect was the diffuse white patch,
      and the least common was the vertical groove. There were 189 (39.0%) boys with
      between four and 12 teeth affected by more than two types of defect per tooth.
      White lines were the most difficult defect to diagnose reproducibly. Intra
      examiner reproducibility for all other defects achieved levels of "almost
      perfect" and "substantial" by calculation of the Kappa coefficient.

PMID- 2640424
TI  - Hypocalcification and hypoplasia in permanent teeth of children from different
      ethnic groups in South Africa assessed with a new index.
AB  - A new descriptive index, the HHI (hypocalcification-hypoplasia index), is
      described for comparing enamel defects in groups of people. The index was used in
      a study completed in 1986, in which 1251 11-year-old children from different
      ethnic groups resident in South Africa were examined: 210 rural black, 203 urban
      black, 206 urban colored, 426 urban Indian, and 206 urban white. The index can be
      used as a screening examination, and the results from these different ethnic
      groups are presented.

PMID- 2640425
TI  - Enamel fluoride in relation to severity of human dental fluorosis.
AB  - The aim of this study was to test whether the concentrations of fluoride in
      fluorotic human enamel are related to the degree of severity of dental fluorosis
      classified according to the index described by Thylstrup and Fejerskov. Teeth
      representing the entire spectrum of human dental fluorosis were analyzed.
      Fluoride concentrations were determined by serial acid-etching from surface to
      interior of blocks of enamel cut from each tooth. Fluoride was measured by ion
      electrode and calcium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed
      that the pattern of distribution of fluorotic enamel is similar to that described
      for normal enamel. Increasing severity of fluorotic lesions was associated with
      increasing concentrations of fluoride throughout the enamel. It is concluded that
      although further studies are required to establish the relative contribution of
      fluoride which may be taken up posteruptively by fluorotic enamel, the findings
      support the hypothesis that the TF index reflects increasing exposure to fluoride
      during tooth development.

PMID- 2640426
TI  - Changes in dental fluorosis following an adjustment to the fluoride concentration
      of Hong Kong's water supplies.
AB  - In June, 1978, the fluoride concentration in Hong Kong water supplies was reduced
      from 1.0 to 0.7 mg/L. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine whether,
      as a result of this minor adjustment, a consequent reduction in the prevalence
      and severity of dental fluorosis came about, and (2) to determine whether dental
      fluorosis develops during enamel secretion and primary mineralization or during
      the maturation stage of enamel development. Dental fluorosis was assessed by
      Dean's community fluorosis index (CFI) on upper central incisors in 2382 children
      aged from 7 (exposed to 0.7 mg/L only) to 13 years. The children were selected
      from four districts served with drinking water by four different water treatment
      stations. Differences in the distributions of dental fluorosis scores across ages
      were significant in all districts. The susceptibility to fluoride was assessed
      statistically through a series of analyses whereby the fluoride concentration in
      the drinking water (both coincident with enamel secretion and periods of enamel
      maturation) was correlated with CFI. It was concluded (1) that CFI values were
      reduced following a minor adjustment to the fluoride concentration in drinking
      water, (2) that dental fluorosis develops during the maturation stage of enamel
      development, (3) that the development of dental fluorosis may occur over a period
      of 16 to 24 months, commencing from 12 to 32 months following enamel secretion,
      and (4) that Dean's index is a suitable instrument for monitoring the effects on
      dental fluorosis of minor adjustments to the fluoride concentration in drinking
      water.

PMID- 2640427
TI  - Relationship of dental caries and fluorosis to fluoride supplement history in a
      non-fluoridated sample of schoolchildren.
AB  - A random sample of 206 Michigan children, aged from 9 to 13, were examined for
      fluorosis from a larger group of 2038 children participating in a dental project.
      Clinical examinations included caries data (DMFS) and assessment of fluorosis by
      use of the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF). Separate examiners were used
      for each index. The response rate of a questionnaire mailed to parents to gather
      information on residence histories, use of fluoride supplements, and antibiotics
      was 78%. The prevalence of fluorosis was about 20% among the respondents. Of the
      4868 tooth surfaces examined, 9.2% were affected by fluorosis. In all cases,
      dental fluorosis was judged as mild, with most occurrences on the posterior
      teeth. No instances of moderate or severe fluorosis were found. The caries
      experience of respondents was 1.69 +/- 2.73 DMFS. Caries experience does not
      appear to be significantly related to income, education, or fluoride supplement
      use. Approximately 52% of respondents were reported to have taken fluoride
      supplements with various degrees of consistency. Parents' education was
      positively related to both prevalence of fluorosis (odds ratio = 2.2) and use of
      fluoride supplements (odds ratio = 2.7). No significant relation was revealed
      with evidence of fluorosis and use of supplements. This study shows a relatively
      mild level of dental fluorosis in a sample of children from a non-fluoridated
      area. Dental fluorosis in this group does not appear to be related to use of
      fluoride supplements or differences in caries experience.

PMID- 2640428
TI  - Use of fluoride by young children and prevalence of mottled enamel.
AB  - The prevalence of mottled enamel in the permanent dentition of children
      participating in a fluoride (F-) program at the dental school of the Vrije
      Universiteit (Amsterdam) was investigated in a study utilizing the Thylstrup
      Fejerskov (TF) index. The randomly chosen children received a F- regime
      considered optimal by the Dutch Advisory Committee for Prevention of Oral and
      Dental Diseases. From the children examined (n = 83; 49 boys and 34 girls; mean
      age, 13 years and 5 months), 74% exhibited mottled enamel in a slight to moderate
      degree. More teeth were affected and the degree of mottling was higher when
      children started to use F- at an earlier age. Unintentional ingestion of
      toothpaste containing 0.15% F- during frequent toothbrushing in combination with
      the daily intake of F- tablets before the age of four may explain the high
      prevalence of mottled enamel. After these treatments, F- concentrations in plasma
      of young children can reach values which can directly affect the developing tooth
      germ.

PMID- 2640429
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of trypsin-treated enamel from fluorosed rat molars.
AB  - Fluoride-induced pitting and porosity of teeth have long been observed, but
      little progress has been made in determining their origin. We have observed, in
      the trypsin-treated surfaces of enamel, pits that disappear on completion of
      maturation, following the removal of the protein matrix and full mineralization.
      Since these pits were considered to be similar to those seen in fluorotic teeth,
      this scanning electron microscope (SEM) study was undertaken to determine the
      effect of fluoride on these transient developmental pits during enamel matrix
      maturation. A group of 20 eight-day-old rats was given daily intraperitoneal
      injections of NaF (20 mg/kg [9 mg F-/kg] body weight) for five days. Twenty
      control animals received intraperitoneal injections of isotonic saline. Maxillary
      and mandibular molars were dissected from the 13-day-old animals, washed in HEPES
      buffered (Ca2+/Mg2+) free basal medium, Eagle's (BME), incubated in 3%
      trypsin/BME for 5-10 min at room temperature, then indirectly sonicated in BME
      for 2-4 min. Clean crowns were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde for three hr,
      dehydrated, critical-point-dried, and sputter-coated for SEM. Pits in the
      surfaces of developing enamel were observed in all groups. In control teeth, the
      pitting was restricted to the cervical margin, whereas in teeth from the fluoride
      treated animals, pits were observed on some cuspal surfaces in addition to the
      cervical margin. These results confirmed that pits in trypsin-treated surfaces of
      developing enamel are a transient developmental event and showed that, in the
      presence of a high dose of fluoride, the maturation of enamel is modified with
      retention of the pits.

PMID- 2640430
TI  - Enamel hypomineralization viewed from the pattern of progressive mineralization
      of human and monkey developing enamel.
AB  - Microradiograms and their computer-aided image analysis of ground sections of the
      developing enamel of human permanent third molars and monkey permanent teeth
      (Macaca fuscata) indicate that the mode of progressive mineralization of enamel
      is completely different between the matrix formation and maturation stages.
      During the former stage, the enamel matrix is slightly mineralized. During the
      latter stage, which takes a much longer period than the previous stage, the
      increase in the secondary mineralization takes place first slightly, from the
      surface toward the inner layer, and then heavily, from the inner layer toward the
      surface. The narrow outer layer mineralizes very slowly during the middle and
      late stages of maturation, but finally achieves the highest mineralization of the
      entire enamel layer. The very narrow innermost layer mineralizes slowly without
      expanding its width. The former three processes seem to be under the direct
      control of the ameloblasts. Hypoplastic areas which appear during the matrix
      formation stages are not necessarily accompanied by hypomineralization.
      Dysfunction of the cells immediately after the completion of matrix formation
      appears to cause hypomineralization throughout the entire width of matrix except
      for the innermost layer. Disorders of the cells occurring during the middle
      and/or the late stage of maturation--due to chronic metabolic disturbances, such
      as fluorosis--induced hypomineralization localized mainly at the outer layer. The
      hypomineralized enamel is not necessarily accompanied by hypoplasia. The process
      of enamel mineralization is not necessarily fully synchronized with that of tooth
      eruption. Therefore, the narrow outer layer, especially in the fissure and
      cervical regions, is sometimes hypomineralized even after the teeth have erupted
      normally.

PMID- 2640431
TI  - Ultrastructure and composition of enamel in human dental fluorosis.
AB  - Materials used in this work were 13 permanent molars exhibiting dental fluorosis
      (between 5 and 9 on the Thylstrup-Fejerskov scale, 1978) obtained from adults
      (aged 20-40 years) living in regions with 3.5 ppm fluoride in the water supplies.
      Small but deep occlusal caries lesions necessitated extraction. Light and
      polarized microscopic, microradiographic, electron microscopic, and electron
      probe- and ion-micro-analytical studies were made. Enamel surfaces were generally
      cloudy to opaque, with several pits or defects of various sizes and degrees of
      brown-staining. An extensively hypomineralized area extended from the inner
      enamel to the surface layer, which was mineralized to a high degree. The
      hypomineralized area contained sparsely arranged, flattened, hexagonal crystals
      with either perforated centers or defects extending from the perimeter and
      indicating either no or low fluoride content. The highly mineralized surface
      layer, however, was composed of many large, flattened, hexagonal crystals and
      extremely small, irregularly shaped crystals. Both types were free of central
      perforations and defects. A high fluoride concentration was determined in the
      highly mineralized surface layer. These findings suggest that the hypomineralized
      area undergoes caries-like changes in terms of crystal dissolution and that the
      highly mineralized surface layer contains hydroxyapatite and fluoridated
      hydroxyapatite, or fluorapatite, or both.

PMID- 2640432
TI  - X-ray micro-analysis of the mineralization patterns in developing enamel in
      hamster tooth germs exposed to fluoride in vitro during the secretory phase of
      amelogenesis.
AB  - The developing enamel from three-day-old hamster first maxillary (M1) molar tooth
      germs exposed to fluoride (F-) in vitro was analyzed for its mineral content by
      means of the energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis technique. The aim of this
      study was to obtain semi-quantitative data on the F(-)-induced
      hypermineralization patterns in the enamel and to confirm that the increase in
      electron density observed in micrographs of F(-)-treated enamel (Lyaruu et. al.,
      1986, 1987b) is indeed due to an increase in mineral content in the fluorotic
      enamel. The tooth germs were explanted during the early stages of secretory
      amelogenesis and initially cultured for 24 hr in the presence of 10 ppm F- in the
      culture medium. The germs were then cultured for another 24 hr without F-. In
      order to compare the ultrastructural results directly with the microprobe data,
      we used the same specimens for both investigations. The net calcium counts
      (measurement minus background counts) in the analyses were used as a measure of
      the mineral content in the enamel. The aprismatic pre-exposure enamel, deposited
      in vivo before the onset of culture, was the most hypermineralized region in the
      fluorotic enamel, i.e., it contained the highest amount of calcium measured. The
      degree of the F(-)-induced hypermineralization gradually decreased (but was not
      abolished) in the more mature regions of the enamel. The unmineralized enamel
      matrix secreted during the initial F- treatment in vitro mineralized during the
      subsequent culture without F-. The calcium content in this enamel layer was in
      the same order of magnitude as that recorded for the newly deposited enamel in
      control tooth germs cultured without F-.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640433
TI  - Macroscopic and scanning electron microscopic appearance and hardness values of
      developmental defects in human permanent tooth enamel.
AB  - Defects present in 12 human permanent teeth were classified on the basis of their
      macroscopic appearance as hypoplasia (three teeth), diffuse opacities (three
      teeth), white demarcated opacities (one tooth but two defects), or yellow
      demarcated opacities (five teeth but six defects). The hardness values and SEM
      appearance of the defective enamel were determined after the teeth were sectioned
      through the lesion(s) and were distinctive for each type of defect. The thin
      enamel of the hypoplastic lesions was either opaque (with reduced hardness
      values) or translucent (with near-normal hardness values and sometimes a change
      in prism orientation external to an incremental line). The enamel of the diffuse
      and demarcated opacities was of normal thickness. The changes in the macroscopic
      and SEM appearance, and the reduced hardness values of the diffuse patchy
      opacities, were restricted to the outer 150 microns of the enamel. The demarcated
      opacities varied in position and depth, and in places had a clearly marked
      boundary with the adjacent normal enamel. Hardness values were related to color
      change, with yellow lesions being softer than white. Although prism direction was
      normal within demarcated opacities, prism outlines were less distinct. The
      findings suggest that temporary and permanent dysfunction of ameloblasts can
      occur in both secretory and maturation phases, influencing the final appearance
      of the lesion.

PMID- 2640434
TI  - Developmental disturbances of the rat molar induced by two diphosphonates.
AB  - Very few reports have been published about the effects of diphosphonates on the
      cells and tissues of developing teeth. The present study was designed to
      investigate possible morphological changes in ameloblasts and odontoblasts and
      relate these changes to defects in the enamel surface of erupted teeth. Young
      rats were injected subcutaneously with single or multiple doses of HEDP or Cl2MDP
      (10 mg P/kg b.w.). Light microscopic examination of developing maxillary first
      molars showed that single injections of HEDP or Cl2MDP induced subameloblastic
      cysts between the secretory ameloblasts and the developing enamel. The
      ameloblastic lining of the cysts contained numerous calcified deposits. A few
      days after injection, hypoplasias were seen in the enamel in areas previously
      occupied by cysts. In the erupted teeth, scanning electron microscopic
      examination revealed enamel hypoplasias which were mainly localized on the mesial
      sides of the cusps. In addition to the previously mentioned disturbances,
      multiple injections resulted in more extensive cysts, some of which contained non
      mineralized enamel matrix. Inhibition of the mineralization of dentin and
      alveolar bone was also noticed.

PMID- 2640435
TI  - Ultrastructure of spindles and tufts in human dental enamel.
AB  - A transmission electron microscope (TEM) study was made of spindles and tufts as
      identified in the light microscope, from samples prepared by selected-area argon
      ion-beam thinning. Spindles in human dental enamel were found to be continuous
      with dentinal tubules across the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) and usually
      appeared at the DEJ as electron-lucent, empty channels nearly circular in cross
      section. The spindles were found to cross prism boundaries, branched rarely, and
      some were occasionally found to be occluded or partially occluded with small
      needle-like crystals (approximately 5 nm width and approximately 70 nm length),
      granular material (approximately 1.5 nm diameter) and/or amorphous material. Near
      the DEJ, the majority of spindles had a diameter less than 2 microns, while in
      the prismatic enamel away from the DEJ, spindles with a diameter greater than 2
      microns were generally found. Spindle varicosity was characterized by an
      enlargement of their diameter. Tufts started at the DEJ and were not associated
      with dentinal tubules. Two types of ultrastructure were observed in the TEM: (i)
      disrupted regions of enamel incorporating large voids (up to approximately 0.1
      microns in diameter), or, more commonly, (ii) channels within the enamel occluded
      or partially occluded, with small needle-like crystals and granular and/or
      amorphous material similar to that found in the enamel spindles. It was concluded
      that spindles and tufts represent areas of hypomineralization with increased void
      volume and partial remineralization.

PMID- 2640436
TI  - Ectopic tooth enamel. An SEM study of the structure of enamel in enamel pearls.
AB  - Eighteen human molars with enamel pearls ranging in diameter from 0.8 to 2.7 mm
      were sectioned, acid-etched, and processed for SEM observation. In addition to
      pearl enamel, the specimens contained crown enamel for comparison. All pearls
      were of the composite type. The enamel layer reached maximal thicknesses of
      between 0.3 and 0.7 mm opposite the tip of the dentinal cone. The enamel
      structure was normal, but more variable and irregular than crown enamel. The
      prism course was often irregular throughout the whole thickness of enamel.
      Distinct Hunter-Schreger bands were absent. Prisms and interprism were
      occasionally difficult to identify as separate entities. The packing of crystals
      seemed to be less tight in pearl enamel. The scarcity of Retzius lines was
      attributed to the method of preparation. Prism cross-striations with a
      periodicity ranging between 1.3 and 4.5 microns were frequently encountered. A
      superficial prism-free zone with a regular 1.7-2.5-microns striation was present
      in localized regions of many pearls. The formation time of a medium-sized pearl
      was calculated to be about 11.5 months. A variety of cross-cut prism
      configurations was observed. Occasional hypoplastic lesions and hypomineralized
      areas were encountered. In conclusion, pearl enamel possesses most of the
      structural attributes of crown enamel, but in general its organization seems to
      be less orderly. Enamel pearls represent developmental disturbances in position
      and timing more than in structure.

PMID- 2640437
TI  - Proceedings of the Symposium and Workshop on Developmental Defects of Enamel.
      February 23-25, 1988. Rotorua, New Zealand.

PMID- 2640438
TI  - Occurrence of ectopic pregnancy among women with recurrent spontaneous abortion.
AB  - Ectopic pregnancy is a major health problem accounting for about 10% of all
      maternal mortality. To determine whether patients with a history of recurrent
      spontaneous abortion (RSA) have a higher frequency of ectopic pregnancy than the
      general population, the obstetrical histories of 630 patients with a diagnosis of
      RSA from two centers were studied. Thirty-eight of 376 USA women, (10%) and 10 of
      193 British women (5%) previously had suffered an ectopic pregnancy. These data
      provide an overall prevalence of 9% for ectopic pregnancy among patients who
      recurrently abort. The total number of pregnancies was 1,716 in the USA group and
      in the British group was 1,270, for a total of 2,986 including live births,
      stillbirths, abortions, hydatidiform moles, and ectopic pregnancies. In the US
      series, 45 of the 1,716 pregnancies were ectopic. If these women had the same
      relative proportion of ectopic pregnancies as the general population, there
      should have been 20.6 ectopic pregnancies. This represents a 2.2-fold increase in
      patients with a history of RSA. There was no association between pregnancy order
      and occurrence of ectopic pregnancy. The prevalence of known risk factors for
      ectopic pregnancy in patients with a history of ectopic pregnancy was PID, 3%;
      tubal surgery, 20%; and used IUD, 3%. Seventy-four percent of the women had no
      identifiable risk factor. These results suggest a comorbidity for ectopic
      pregnancy and RSA which may indicate shared etiologies.

PMID- 2640439
TI  - Evaluation of circulating anti-sperm antibodies in fertile and patient
      populations.
AB  - Several reports have demonstrated the presence of anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) in
      infertile populations; however there is a paucity of information regarding ASA in
      fertile populations. The purpose of this study was to establish objective
      criteria for the interpretation of the Immunobead Binding Test (IBT) based on
      values obtained from fertile individuals. Sera from 20 fertile couples (n = 40)
      were assayed by using a modification of the IBT previously described by Clarke et
      al. An initial lower limit of binding for positivity (lower limit) of 14% was
      used based upon the mean value for each isotype plus 2 standard deviations (SD)
      of 4 negative control sera assayed 4 to 7 times each. One-way ANOVA or chi-square
      analyses were used to analyze these data. There was no difference in percent
      immunobead binding between males and females in the fertile population (P greater
      than 0.1); therefore the data were pooled. Percent binding for fertile controls
      was: IgG, 21.7 + 31.9% (mean + SD); IgA, 19.5 + 25.8%; IgM, 16.9 + 14.9%. Initial
      analysis indicated no significant difference (P greater than 0.10) in percent
      binding between fertile and infertile individuals. The corresponding frequency of
      positive values (for at least one isotype) using a 14% lower limit was 23/40
      (57.5%). This was not significantly different (P greater than 0.1) from the
      frequency observed in the patient population (140/242, 57.8%). New lower limits
      of positivity for each isotype were established based upon the mean plus 2 SD
      from the fertile control data: IgG, 85.4%; IgA, 71.1%; IgM, 46.7%.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640440
TI  - Sperm antibodies after intraperitoneal insemination of sperm: a preliminary
      report.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that intraperitoneal insemination of sperm induces the
      expression of anti-sperm antibodies a prospective study was designed. Fifteen
      women undergoing intraperitoneal insemination (with or without oocyte transfer)
      were studied with 11 women having evaluation of anti-sperm antibodies. Sperm
      antibodies were detected by the immunobead test prior to intraperitoneal
      insemination and after each treatment cycle. Two criteria were used to assess
      positivity: the first based upon negative controls and the second based upon the
      evaluation of 20 fertile control couples. Using the first criteria, of 11 of the
      women undergoing IPI for the first time, 7 were initially negative and 4 were
      initially positive for at least 1 isotype. After treatment, 3 additional patients
      were positive (for a total of 7) and 4 patients remained negative. This
      alteration in sperm antibody frequency was not different (P = .4) as determined
      by the Fisher's Exact Test. Four of the 11 patients underwent a second cycle of
      IPI. All 4 patients were negative prior to the first treatment and 3 were
      negative prior to the second treatment. Subsequent to the second exposure, all 4
      of these women were positive for at least 1 isotype. This shift in frequency
      distribution after 2 cycles was significant (P = .01). The frequency of antisperm
      antibodies for the same 11 patients was evaluated by using fertile control values
      as the basis of positivity. Two patients (18%) were positive for anti-sperm
      antibodies prior to intraperitoneal insemination. There was no change in the
      frequency of positivity after 1 cycle of IPI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640441
TI  - Recent advances in cancer research: drug targeting without the use of monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Cancer research in drug targeting has focused on the use of monoclonal antibody
      conjugates of drugs. This paper discusses the use of ligand conjugates of drugs
      to deliver to receptors on cancer cells. We have used transferrin coupled to
      adriamycin, and report these conjugates specifically bind and kill cancer cells
      in culture. Our studies of the mechanism show targeted plasma membranes are
      compromised for NADH ferricyanide reduction, and targeted cells lose diferric
      transferrin reductase activity. These results indicate that the binding of
      transferrin-adriamycin conjugates to transferrin receptors on either isolated
      plasma membranes or viable tumor cells causes an inhibition of redox reactions
      that are essential for growth. Since transferrin receptors are endocytosable,
      ligand-drug conjugates also are delivered to the interior of targeted cells where
      other mechanisms of killing can be employed. This novel method of drug delivery
      circumvents the need for monoclonal antibodies, and more investigation of the
      system may allow a controlled clinical study of its effectiveness.

PMID- 2640442
TI  - Symposium on Immunological Obstetrics. Indianapolis, Indiana, August 18-20, 1989.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2640443
TI  - Alteration in platelet count during early pregnancy in the mouse.
AB  - Published reports of pregnancy associated thrombocytopenia in mice have utilized
      the Quackenbush strain. The inability of some laboratories to verify this
      observation in other mouse strains prompted us to report our findings by using
      Swiss Albino ICR mice. In Exp. 1, pregnant and pseudopregnant mice were bled
      prior to mating (time 0) and daily on day 1 (vaginal plug) through day 7. In Exp.
      2, media from 24 hr cultures of 2-cell mouse embryos or media from unfertilized
      oocytes were injected into splenectomized mice. Animals were bled at time 0
      (before injection) and at 30, 60, and 120 min after injection. In Exp. 3,
      splenectomized mice were treated with either media from 2-cell stage embryos or
      with media supplemented with synthetic platelet-activating factor (PAF: 0.05, 0.1
      or 0.2 micrograms). Animals were bled as in Exp. 2. Platelet numbers were
      determined in duplicate from each blood sample by using a hemacytometer. In Exp.
      4, antagonist (SRI 63-441) or vehicle was administered to mated mice on days 1
      through 4 of pregnancy. Animals were examined on day 8 to determine number of
      developing conceptuses. In Exp. 1-3, data were analyzed by using ANOVA for
      repeated measures, and in Exp. 4 data were analyzed by chi-square analysis. In
      Exp. 1, there was a treatment x time interaction (P less than .06) due to
      transient thrombocytopenia in pregnant but not pseudopregnant mice.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640444
TI  - MLTIDOSE: a multiple-dose simulation program for linear systems characterized by
      exponential functions.
AB  - MLTIDOSE is a multiple-dose simulation program for use on IBM PC (and compatible)
      computers. It assumes dose-independent disposition and absorption (i.e., a linear
      system) and simulates blood concentration-time profiles (over a range of times or
      at specific times) upon administration of any combination of intravascular (i.v.)
      (bolus and/or intermittent constant rate infusions) and extravascular (e.v.)
      doses of fixed or variable size, administered at fixed or variable intervals.
      Input requirements include pharmacokinetic parameters obtained following single
      dose administration (entered from the keyboard or from a data file). Options for
      printing data to files (e.g., ASCII and DIF) for further use are also provided.

PMID- 2640445
TI  - Comparison between panoramic and periapical radiography in the diagnosis of
      periapical bone lesions.
AB  - The diagnostic accuracy of panoramic and periapical radiography was compared by
      five oral radiologists who assessed the periapical status of 117 teeth evenly
      distributed throughout the jaws with a 50% probability that either an osteolytic
      or sclerotic lesion was present. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis
      demonstrated no overall significant difference between panoramic and periapical
      radiography. However, for sclerotic lesions and for all lesions on maxillary
      premolars and mandibular molars periapical radiography was significantly superior
      (P less than 0.001); it was also superior for osteolytic lesions in the maxilla
      as well as for the lesions on mandibular premolars but with a smaller significant
      difference (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 2640446
TI  - Follicular cysts of mandibular third molar teeth: radiological evaluation of
      enlargement.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that follicular (dentigerous) cyst enlargement arises from
      impeded tooth eruption, data from standardized Orthopantomographs of 30
      uninfected, wholly intracortical cysts associated with mandibular third molar
      teeth were analysed. Cyst areas were measured with a computer-aided image
      analyser (Magiscan 2, Joyce Loebl, Gateshead, UK). Two size categories, small and
      large, each comprising 15 cases, were distinguished. These were correlated with
      the radiographic variables of cyst relationships to tooth crown, and angulation
      and nature of impaction of associated tooth. Cyst enlargement is most active in
      the third and fourth decades of life. Smaller cysts were associated with teeth
      impacted against adjacent tooth or bone, whereas larger cysts developed
      predominantly from horizontally angulated teeth intruded endosteally. These
      findings lend support to the haemodynamic concept of follicular cyst enlargement
      linked with dysfunctional eruptive forces.

PMID- 2640447
TI  - A method to maintain a constant magnification factor throughout the exposure of
      rotational panoramic radiographs.
AB  - The magnification factor can be held constant throughout the exposure of a
      panoramic radiograph by maintaining the physical centre of rotation equidistant
      from the central plane of the image layer. This may be accomplished with computer
      controlled movement patterns while the effective centre of rotation follows a
      path selected to provide an optimal projection of the jaws. Theoretical
      considerations for creation of a constant magnification factor are presented and
      the practical implementation of the technique in a commercially available device
      (OrthOralix SD, Philips, Monza, Italy) is described. This technique minimizes
      distortion in panoramic radiographs and makes horizontal measurements possible in
      certain selected cases.

PMID- 2640448
TI  - The effect of system parameters on resolution in rotational panoramic
      radiography. A mathematical analysis.
AB  - The unsharpness in rotational panoramic radiography is the combined effect of
      motion unsharpness, screen-film unsharpness and geometrical unsharpness. A
      computer program was written to calculate the noise equivalent passband (Ne) from
      the modulation transfer function (MTF) of each of the three sources of
      unsharpness in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions for a typical
      panoramic machine. Effects on system resolution resulting from changing the size
      of the focal spot, the screen-film combination, the width of the beam, and the
      effective projection radius were computed and the interaction of the various
      parameters was evaluated. Data of this type is essential for evaluation of system
      performance and for optimizing the operation of panoramic systems.

PMID- 2640449
TI  - Analysis of submandibular gland sialograms in Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - We report here the sialographic appearances of the submandibular gland in both
      primary and secondary Sjogren's syndrome (SS). In order to compare these with
      those of the parotid gland, we defined new criteria for the staging for SS based
      on the degree of depiction of the peripheral ducts. In 24 out of 74 cases the
      submandibular sialogram showed more advanced, destructive disease compared with
      the parotid. This study suggests that although SS involves the parotid gland
      first, it progresses in the submandibular gland more rapidly.

PMID- 2640450
TI  - Massive frontal pyomucocele: a case report.

PMID- 2640451
TI  - Three-year root caries increments: an analysis of teeth and surfaces at risk.
AB  - Seven hundred and ninety-six adult subjects (mean age 39.9 years) received visual
      tactile examinations for root caries over a three-year period. All subjects were
      employed or the spouses of employees and resided in fluoride-deficient
      communities on Long Island, New York. Incremental caries data were analyzed to
      provide descriptive information about the susceptibility of individual teeth and
      surfaces to root caries. Molars were most prone to root caries/fillings, followed
      in decreasing order by premolars, canines and incisors. While canines and
      incisors had a nearly identical increment, since there are half as many canines
      as incisors in a mouth, canines are actually twice as susceptible to root
      caries/fillings. Facial surfaces comprised 53 percent of the increment followed
      by distal, lingual and mesial surfaces. Approximately 70 percent of the DFS for
      facial and lingual surfaces were fillings, compared to approximately 50 percent
      for mesial and distal surfaces, suggesting that part of the increment for facial
      lingual surfaces may be treated abrasion areas rather than caries.

PMID- 2640452
TI  - Effects of furosemide on the oral cavity.
AB  - Furosemide, a potent loop diuretic, has been reported to cause xerostomia, a
      sensation of oral dryness. We obtained urine and salivary secretions from five
      normal males after oral intake of either 0.5 mg/kg body weight of furosemide or
      placebo. The experimental treatment resulted in a five-fold increase in urinary
      output. In contrast, analysis of salivary secretions indicated there were no
      significant differences in flow rates, total output, total protein, or Na+, K+,
      or Cl- concentrations following drug or placebo. Subjectively, xerostomia was
      experienced 10 times more frequently after ingestion of furosemide. These data
      suggest that, in vivo, furosemide had a greater effect on the kidney than on the
      salivary gland and that the sensation of oral dryness is not solely a function of
      the quantitative salivary output.

PMID- 2640453
TI  - Methodological issues relative to the quantification of root surface caries.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the effect upon the quantification of
      root surface caries (RSC) of (1) the separation of the disease into its discrete
      clinical phases, (2) the confounding caused by the presence of restored abraded
      surfaces, and (3) the decision rule formulated for dealing with lesions and
      restorations which involve both crown and root. It was found that the apparent
      prevalence of RSC varied widely depending upon arbitrary decisions as to what
      stages of the disease were included in the measurement scheme. The addition of
      restorations (confined to the root) greatly enlarged the various disease
      measures, but probably also introduced some degree of error since there are
      several indications from the data and the clinical patterns of affected surfaces
      which suggest that some of the restored surfaces were formerly abraded rather
      than carious. The inclusion of lesions and restorations involving both root and
      crown produced another conspicuous increment in all disease measures, which is a
      cause for concern given that these components are included in some studies and
      ignored in others. These findings serve as the basis for several recommendations
      for future prevalence and incidence studies of RSC.

PMID- 2640454
TI  - Clinical profiles of individuals with and without root surface caries.
AB  - As part of a collaborative multidisciplinary investigation of root surface caries
      (RSC), 273 subjects (median age = 57) were clinically evaluated for coronal
      caries, debris, calculus, gingivitis, periodontal pocketing, recession, abrasion,
      as well as RSC. The entire study group was divided into three subgroups: (1)
      subjects whose exposed root surface were without lesions or restorations (non
      diseased individuals, n = 43); (2) subjects whose exposed root surfaces had one
      or more lesions and may or may not have had restorations (diseased individuals, n
      = 110); (3) subjects with one or more restorations but no lesions, since it was
      not known whether these restorations were preceded by RSC or abrasion the disease
      status of these individuals was unclear (n = 120). A comparison of Subgroup 1
      (unequivocally non-diseased) and Subgroup 2 (unequivocally diseased) revealed
      that subjects without RSC had more teeth, less coronal caries, less recession,
      less debris, less calculus, less gingivitis, and more abrasion. We infer that the
      common factor underlying most if not all of the subgroup differences is oral
      hygiene which must therefore be a major disease determinant.

PMID- 2640455
TI  - Practice building with brochures.
AB  - Practice brochures are used by many dentists as a means of attracting patients to
      the office and providing them information. Creating an effective brochure
      requires careful selection of content, clear writing, and attractive format.
      Effective distribution is also essential if the brochure is to accomplish its
      purpose. A survey of practices using brochures revealed interesting findings on
      these various aspects of the practice brochure as a marketing tool.

PMID- 2640456
TI  - Informed consent in dentistry.
AB  - This paper analyzes the concept of informed consent in dentistry from a
      bioethical and philosophical perspective. It is the author's contention that
      informed consent, as presently used in daily practice, might be illusory at best.
      After analyzing the concept in general to derive a philosophical underpinning,
      this basis is applied to common dental scenarios in order to illustrate an
      approach that is respectful of the patient's autonomy and that can achieve a
      truly meaningful informed consent.

PMID- 2640457
TI  - The HIV-infected dental professional. A challenge to law, ethics, and the dental
      profession.
AB  - This article explores the legal and ethical dilemmas posed when a dental
      professional becomes infected with the AIDS virus. The author addresses existing
      ethics policies of professional associations, the importance of evaluating the
      risk of exposure to patients, informed consent, and regulatory issues. The paper
      also considers practical problems and employment status.

PMID- 2640458
TI  - Ways of assessing practice performance.
AB  - Management of a dental practice is challenging. The implementation of a
      management control system will improve practice performance. This system consists
      of planning practice goals and objectives, gathering information about the
      practice activity related to the planned goals and objectives, and taking
      corrective actions to remedy deviations from the practice plan. Three types of
      control, preventive, concurrent, and feedback, are presented with an application
      to the dental practice. Within each type of control a variety of administrative
      functions are discussed, such as financial analysis, employee supervision, and
      quality assurance.

PMID- 2640459
TI  - Practical implications of incentive systems are utilized by dental franchises.
AB  - The success of any dental practice depends, among other factors, on the critical
      role of staff employees. In order to encourage desired staff behaviors, incentive
      systems can be designed for employee dentists, assistants/hygienists and
      managers. A survey of dental franchises was conducted in 1987 for the purpose of
      examining their incentive control systems. The specific incentives employed by
      these dental franchises for their employees are analyzed. The implications of
      these incentive systems used by dental franchise organizations for all dental
      practices are then discussed.

PMID- 2640460
TI  - Getting it off your chest. Who's at risk?

PMID- 2640461
TI  - Characteristics of synaptic input to three classes of sympathetic neurone in the
      coeliac ganglion of the guinea-pig.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings from sympathetic neurones in the isolated coeliac
      ganglion of guinea-pigs have been used to define the synaptic input to three
      subtypes of neurone, classified on the basis of their discharge during maintained
      depolarizing current as phasic neurones, neurones with prolonged after
      hyperpolarizations (LAH), and tonic neurones. 2. The three classes of neurone
      were distributed characteristically in different parts of the ganglion. 3.
      Passive membrane properties differed between the three neurone types. Mean input
      resistance was highest in phasic neurones and was inversely related to the size
      of the prolonged calcium-activated potassium conductance in LAH neurones. Mean
      input time constant was highest in tonic neurones, because of significantly
      higher cell capacitance. 4. Phasic and LAH neurones usually received one
      suprathreshold ('strong') as well as several subthreshold excitatory synaptic
      potentials (ESPs) from the ipsilateral splanchnic nerve. In general, the
      amplitude and number of splanchnic inputs were greater, and the occurrence of two
      strong inputs more common, in phasic than in LAH neurones. The input to tonic
      neurones was small and usually subthreshold, even with supramaximal splanchnic
      stimulation. In a few (mostly tonic) neurones lying close to the midline, small
      ESPs were evoked by contralateral splanchnic stimulation. 5. Antidromic action
      potentials were evoked in more than half of all neurones by high voltage coeliac
      nerve stimulation. In addition, multiple small subthreshold ESPs were recorded in
      virtually all tonic neurones (99%) on coeliac nerve stimulation. In contrast,
      coeliac stimulation rarely evoked a few very small ESPs in LAH neurones (9%), but
      no synaptic response in phasic neurones. 6. In about half of the tonic neurones
      tested (but no phasic or LAH neurones), small ESPs were evoked by stimulation of
      the intermesenteric nerve. 7. Slow depolarization elicited by repetitive
      activation of splanchnic and coeliac nerve trunks, at voltages supramaximal for
      the fast cholinergic responses, were recorded from about half of both phasic and
      tonic neurones, but only one of twenty-four LAH neurones. These responses
      commonly faded during subsequent trials, so that it was difficult to characterize
      them. 8. The data indicate that the three broad groups of coeliac neurone,
      classified on the basis of their voltage- and calcium-dependent potassium
      conductances, receive different patterns of synaptic input. The differences may
      be related to the three major functions of vasoconstriction, motility and mucosal
      secretion in the small intestine.

PMID- 2640462
TI  - Modulation of the delayed rectifier K+ current by isoprenaline in bull-frog
      atrial myocytes.
AB  - 1. The effects of isoprenaline (ISO) on the calcium current (ICa) and delayed
      rectifier K+ current (IK) were examined using a tight-seal whole-cell voltage
      clamp technique in single cells from bull-frog atrium to examine the ionic
      mechanism(s) of catecholamine-induced action potential shape changes. 2. The
      effects of ISO on the action potential were dose-dependent. Very low doses (5 x
      10(-9) M) prolonged the action potential. Higher doses (10(-6) M) of ISO
      increased the plateau height, but shortened the action potential by accelerating
      the early repolarization phase. 3. ISO increased IK and ICa in a dose-dependent
      fashion. Both of these effects were blocked by a beta-receptor antagonist,
      propranolol (3 x 10(-7) M). In contrast IK1, the inwardly rectifying K+ current,
      was not changed significantly by ISO. 4. The ISO-induced increase in IK was
      observed in the presence of CdCl2 (3 x 10(-4) M), indicating that this effect is
      not due to a Ca2(+)-activated potassium current. 5. The reversal potential of IK
      in normal Ringer solution (-83 +/- 2 mV) was not significantly changed by ISO.
      Thus, stimulation of the Na(+)-K+ pump and a consequent hyperpolarizing shift in
      EK are not responsible for the increase in IK. 6. In the presence of ISO (10(-6)
      M) the steady-state activation curve (n infinity) for IK was consistently shifted
      to more negative values (by approximately 10 mV). The activation and deactivation
      kinetics of IK were also changed by ISO: activation was accelerated, deactivation
      was slowed. These ISO-induced changes in IK result in an increase in IK at
      voltages corresponding to the plateau of the action potential. 7. ISO (10(-6) M)
      increased ICa dramatically, approximately 6-fold at 0 mV. At the same time, the
      time constant of ICa inactivation decreased significantly (34 +/- 4 ms control;
      23 +/- 4 ms ISO). 8. These results confirm that low doses of sympathetic agonists
      acting via beta-receptors increase ICa. Relatively high doses of beta-receptor
      agonists increase both ICa and IK, but these two effects appear to be generated
      by different biophysical mechanisms. 9. These dose-dependent changes in ICa and
      IK can explain the observed ISO-induced changes in action potential shape. At
      doses of approximately 10(-8) M ICa is increased, resulting in a more depolarized
      plateau and small lengthening of the action potential.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2640463
TI  - Effect of active pre-shortening on isometric and isotonic performance of single
      frog muscle fibres.
AB  - 1. We studied the effects of shortening history on isometric force and isotonic
      velocity in single intact frog fibres. Fibres were isometrically tetanized. When
      force reached a plateau, shortening was imposed, after which the fibre was held
      isometric again. Isometric force after shortening could then be compared with
      controls in which no shortening had taken place. 2. Sarcomere length was measured
      simultaneously with two independent methods: a laser-diffraction method and a
      segment-length method that detects the distance between two markers attached to
      the surface of the fibre, about 800 microns apart. 3. The fibre was mounted
      between two servomotors. One was used to impose the load clamp while the other
      cancelled the translation that occurred during this load clamp. Thus, translation
      of the segment under investigation could be minimized. 4. Initial experiments
      were performed at the fibre level. We found that active preshortening reduced
      isometric force considerably, thereby confirming earlier work of others. Force
      reductions as large as 70% were observed. 5. Under conditions in which there were
      large effects of shortening at the fibre level, we measured sarcomere length
      changes in the central region of the fibre. These sarcomeres shortened much less
      than the fibre's average. In fact, when the load was high, these sarcomeres
      lengthened while the fibre as a whole shortened. Thus, while the fibre-length
      signal implied that sarcomeres might have shortened to some intermediate length,
      in reality some sarcomeres were much longer, others much shorter. 6. Experiments
      performed at the sarcomere level revealed that isometric force was unaffected by
      previous sarcomere shortening provided the shortening occurred against either a
      low load or over a short distance. However, if the work done during shortening
      was high, force after previous shortening was less than if sarcomeres had
      remained at the final length throughout contraction. The correlation between the
      force deficit and the work done during shortening was statistically significant
      (P = 0.0001). 7. Interrupting the tetanus for 0.5-3.0 s did not reverse the
      effects of shortening on isometric force; at least 5-10 min of rest were required
      before force recovered completely. 8. Sarcomeres accelerated during the period of
      shortening under constant load, indicating that the sarcomeres became
      progressively stronger. However, the acceleration was less than that predicted
      from the force-velocity relation applicable at each of the sarcomere lengths
      transversed during shortening. 9. Velocity of shortening appeared to be much more
      sensitive to previous shortening than isometric force. 10. Results obtained with
      the diffraction method were the same as those obtained with the segment
      method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2640465
TI  - Evidence by calorimetry for an activation of sodium-hydrogen exchange of young
      rat skeletal muscle in hypertonic media.
AB  - 1. The rate of energy dissipation associated with Na(+)-H+ exchange in isolated,
      superfused soleus muscles from young rats was measured with an isothermal
      microcalorimeter during quasi-stationary states of oxidative metabolism. 2. Under
      normal physiological conditions, amiloride, an inhibitor of the Na(+)-H+ exchange
      across plasma membranes, had no measurable effect on the specific rate of muscle
      heat production (E); the ouabain-suppressible part of E was identical whether
      amiloride was absent or present. 3. E was increased under hyperosmotic conditions
      and the difference with respect to control (excess E) was proportional to the
      degree of hyperosmolarity of the superfusate. It was 48% of basal E during a +100
      mosM stress (with no change of extracellular Na+ concentration, Na+o). Inhibition
      of Ca2+ release into the sarcoplasm with sodium dantrolene (10(-5) M) or
      tetracaine (5 x 10(-5) M) suppressed a substantial part (65 and 53%,
      respectively) of the steady-state excess E (1.2 mW (g wet weight)-1) induced by
      the +100 mosM stress. Practically 100% of excess E was suppressed in the nominal
      absence of extracellular sodium (Na+o = 0, Li+ substitution) or under 15 mM-Na+o,
      and excess E was enhanced when Na+o was increased (hyperosomolarity by addition
      of Na2SO4 instead of sucrose). 4. Under hyperosmotic conditions, amiloride at the
      5 x 10(-7) M concentration had no effect on excess E whereas at 10(-4) M it
      induced a significant decrease of excess E. The absolute effect of 10(-4) M
      amiloride was -0.34 mW (g wet weight)-1 (equal to 28% of the excess E due to a
      +100 mosM-sucrose stress and to 14% of the excess E due to a +100 mosM-Na2SO4
      stress). It was left unaltered in the presence of dantrolene and was independent
      of the way the +100 mosM stress was obtained (i.e. 100 mM-sucrose or 50 mM
      Na2SO4). It was suppressed at Na+o = 0-15 mM and could be mimicked by guanochlor,
      another potent inhibitor of Na(+)-H+ exchange. In the presence of 10(-4) M
      amiloride, the ouabain-suppressible E was significantly reduced. In the presence
      of ouabain, amiloride had no effect. 5. Muscle tissue space available to
      [3H]inulin was measured in parallel experiments. It was 23.3% under control
      conditions and 30.6% after a 2 h exposure of the muscle to a +100 mosM-Na2SO4
      stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2640464
TI  - The binocular input to cells in the feline dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
      (dLGN).
AB  - 1. Cells in the A laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus receive their
      primary innervation from either the contralateral (A) or ipsilateral (A1) eye.
      This paper provides evidence concerning the responses they give to visual
      stimulation of what is commonly regarded as the ineffective or non-dominant eye.
      It also examines the contribution of the corticofugal input to these responses.
      2. Cells were identified and classified according to their responses to
      stimulation of the dominant eye receptive field. This was then occluded and the
      corresponding location in the non-dominant eye field stimulated by a moving bar.
      Out of fifty-seven cells examined forty-three (75%) gave a response to
      stimulation of the non-dominant eye. There was no obvious difference between the
      effects on X and Y cells in these experiments. 3. In most cases (thirty-seven)
      the response involved an inhibition of the resting discharge level, but three
      cells gave a mixed excitatory and inhibitory response and three a pure excitatory
      response. All the responses were weak and only revealed by prolonged periods of
      averaging (20-100 trials). 4. Ionophoretic application of the GABA antagonist N
      methyl-bicuculline (NMB) blocked the visually elicited inhibitory effects and in
      most cases (twenty-seven out of thirty-two tested) revealed an excitatory
      response. Out of a further eight cells previously unresponsive to the non
      dominant eye, NMB application revealed excitatory responses in three. 5.
      Increasing background discharge levels and cell excitability by ionophoretic
      application of either acetylcholine or the excitatory amino acid, quisqualate,
      did not eliminate inhibitory responses and did not reveal excitatory responses.
      We suggest that the visually driven non-dominant eye suppression of the
      background discharge involves a GABA-mediated inhibitory input which masks an
      underlying excitatory input. 6. An excitatory non-dominant eye response could
      potentially derive from the influence of the corticofugal projection. However,
      removal of the corticofugal input by aspiration of areas 17 and 18 did not reduce
      either the excitatory or the inhibitory components of the response. 7. In the
      absence of corticofugal input all cells tested (fourteen) exhibited a non
      dominant eye response and all studied during NMB application (eleven) gave an
      excitatory response. The primary effect of removing the corticofugal input
      appeared to involve the loss of a 'damping' influence on the excitatory and
      inhibitory responses, such that they were more easily revealed. The significance
      of these findings is discussed.

PMID- 2640466
TI  - Synaptic potentials evoked in cat dorsal spinocerebellar tract neurones by
      impulses in single group I muscle afferents.
AB  - 1. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by impulses in single group
      I muscle afferents were recorded intracellularly in dorsal spinocerebellar tract
      (DSCT) neurones in the spinal cords of anaesthetized cats. 2. In the same
      experiments, electrotonic membrane properties of DSCT neurones were measured
      using the voltage response of each cell to a brief intracellular current pulse.
      3. Single group I fibre EPSPs were found to exhibit a large range of amplitudes,
      from 210 microV to 3.4 mV. All of these EPSPs exhibited uniformly rapid rise
      times, in contrast to the wide range of time courses exhibited by group I a EPSPs
      recorded in motoneurones. 4. Electrotonic analysis of DSCT neurones indicated
      that the time constants of these cells ranged from 5.9 to 18.2 ms, with an
      average value of 10.9 ms. 5. Current pulse responses of the majority
      (approximately three-quarters) of DSCT neurones were well described by a simple
      cable model. Equivalent dendritic cable lengths were calculated for DSCT neurones
      and found to have an average value of 1.0 space constants, which is considerably
      less than that calculated for motoneurones. 6. Application of the simple cable
      model of DSCT neurones demonstrated that the rapid rise-times of single group I
      EPSPs can be explained by a substantial somatic input to these cells. However, in
      addition to this strong somatic component, there may also be a contribution from
      dendritic synapses which prolong the initial decay phase of these EPSPs. The
      final decay of single fibre EPSPs in DSCT neurones is explained simply by the
      passive membrane time constant of these cells.

PMID- 2640467
TI  - Breath-by-breath estimate of alveolar gas transfer variability in man at rest and
      during exercise.
AB  - 1. Breath-by-breath (BB) oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer (VO2 and VCO2) at the
      mouth, together with respiratory pattern, were determined over sequences of 100
      consecutive breaths in six subjects at rest and during cycloergometric exercise
      (75 W). 2. BBVO2 and VCO2 at alveolar level were calculated taking the changes of
      pulmonary gas stores throughout each single ith breath into account. This
      requires knowledge of the alveolar volume at the beginning of the breath (VA.i
      1), which cannot be directly measured on a BB basis at present. Therefore a
      constant nominal value, ranging from 0 to 5 l, was attributed to VA,i-1. 3. It
      was found that: (i) all nominal VA.i-1 values employed for the estimate of steady
      state alveolar gas exchange yield the same average value but greatly reduce BB
      variability with respect to gas exchange as determined at the mouth; (ii) no
      unequivocal criterion was identified to select the appropriate VA.i-1 value; and
      (iii) the apparent kinetics of alveolar VO2 after work onset may be influenced by
      the VA.i-1 value selected for the calculation, and by the change in lung volume
      at the onset of exercise. 4. It was concluded that: (i) as long as VA.i-1 cannot
      be measured for each single breath, 'true' alveolar gas exchange remains elusive;
      hence, (ii) it is not possible to establish the extent to which the alveolar gas
      exchange variability depends on physiological phenomena using available methods.

PMID- 2640468
TI  - Small diameter myelinated afferents produce vasodilatation but not plasma
      extravasation in rat skin.
AB  - 1. Antidromic stimulation of the rat saphenous nerve at intensities sufficient to
      excite small myelinated (A delta) fibres but not unmyelinated (C) fibres produced
      evidence of a transient increase in skin blood flow in the saphenous nerve
      territory. The magnitude and time course of the vasodilatation depended on the
      number and frequency of stimuli delivered to the nerve. 2. There was no evidence
      of an accompanying plasma extravasation. 3. The results suggest that A delta
      afferent fibres are involved in axon reflex/axon response reactions as well as
      unmyelinated (C) afferent fibres.

PMID- 2640469
TI  - Effects of vagal stimulation and applied acetylcholine on pacemaker potentials in
      the guinea-pig heart.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were made from pacemaker cells lying in the sino
      atrial node of guinea-pigs. 2. Low-frequency vagal stimulation slowed the rate of
      generation of pacemaker action potentials; high-frequency stimulation stopped the
      generation of action potentials. 3. During vagal stimulation the rate of
      diastolic depolarization was reduced with the action potential otherwise
      unchanged: when the heart stopped the membrane potential of pacemaker cells
      settled to a value positive of the maximum diastolic potential. 4. In contrast,
      added acetylcholine caused membrane hyperpolarization and shortened the duration
      of action potentials. 5. The effects of both added acetylcholine and vagally
      released acetylcholine were abolished by hyoscine. 6. It is suggested that
      neurally released acetylcholine acts to change the balance between inward and
      outward current flow during diastole by modifying the properties of existing
      voltage-dependent channels. In contrast added acetylcholine appears to activate a
      different set of receptors which increase the potassium conductance of pacemaker
      cells.

PMID- 2640470
TI  - Sensations evoked by intraneural microstimulation of C nociceptor fibres in human
      skin nerves.
AB  - 1. Seventy-one C polymodal nociceptors supplying glabrous and hairy skin in limbs
      of awake human volunteers were identified on the basis of cutaneous stimulus
      response characteristics recorded intraneurally by microneurography (MNG). The
      large majority of such units were primarily detected during intraneural
      microstimulation (INMS) on the basis of subjective quality and cutaneous
      localization of evoked painful sensation. Electrophysiological studies were
      supplemented with rigorous psychophysical testing during microstimulation
      delivered at intraneural C recording sites. 2. The conduction velocity of single
      C nociceptor units could be shown to become transiently slowed following
      repetitive INMS at threshold intensity for conscious sensation. Such 'marking'
      witnessed that particular C units, identified by recording, had been effectively
      activated during INMS and psychophysical testing. 3. Cognitive attributes of
      sensations evoked from C recording sites by INMS at threshold intensity for
      perception were estimated psychophysically for subjective quality, temporal
      attributes and localized projection. There was remarkable matching of
      physiological unit type (C polymodal nociceptor) with subjective quality of
      evoked sensation (dull or burning pain). Further, there was remarkable spatial
      matching of receptive field of given C nociceptors with projected field of the
      pain sensation evoked from the C recording site by INMS delivered at threshold
      intensity for conscious sensation. 4. Dissociated A nerve fibre blocks caused by
      compression-ischaemia did not abolish the sensation of burning pain projected to
      hairy skin, evoked by INMS delivered at C recording sites. 5. While the double
      matching of (a) subjective quality and spatial localization with (b) objective
      physiological unitary type and receptor location, coupled with the results of A
      blocks, provide evidence that C nociceptor fibres can be fairly selectively
      activated during INMS, the results also attest that C polymodal nociceptors from
      human skin evoke delayed dull or burning pain, accurately projected to a defined
      locus in skin, even after spatial summation is reduced to a minimum.

PMID- 2640471
TI  - Ca2(+)-activated K+ channels in human B lymphocytes and rat thymocytes.
AB  - 1. Previous evidence for the existence of Ca2(+)-activated K+ channels in
      lymphocytes comes from measurements using voltage-sensitive dyes and from tracer
      flux studies. We have now directly measured these channels in human tonsillar B
      lymphocytes and rat thymocytes in single-channel recordings from cell-attached
      and excised patches. 2. In cell-attached recordings, intracellular Ca2+ was
      raised by either ionomycin or replacement of external Ca2+ following incubation
      in Ca2(+)-free medium. Indo-1 measurements during the Ca2(+)-replacement
      technique showed that [Ca2+]i rose from approximately 90 to 260 nM. Both
      techniques activated two channels of approximately 25 and 8 pS (slope conductance
      at 0 mV applied, with 140 mM-K+ in the pipette). Over 90% of patches displayed
      this activity, indicating a high density of these channels in the membrane. 3.
      Both channels reversed near the K+ equilibrium potential with either KCl or
      potassium aspartate in the pipette, when the cells were bathed in normal or high
      K+ saline. Therefore, these channels are selective for K+. 4. The larger channel
      was studied in more detail. It displayed inward rectification in symmetrical K+
      solutions. The open-channel probability was weakly dependent on membrane
      potential. 5. Ca2(+)-dependent K+ channels were also recorded from excised,
      inside-out membrane patches. The threshold for activation was 200-300 nM [Ca2+i].
      6. Patch excision altered some characteristics of IK(Ca). Channels were activated
      in fewer than 50% of patches and the main conductance level was approximately 34
      pS (at -80 mV). The duration of single-channel events was shorter than in cell
      attached patches; kinetic analysis suggested that this was due to the loss of an
      open state in excised patches. 7. We conclude that B and T lymphocytes have K(+)
      selective channels which are activated by internal [Ca2+] in the physiological
      range and which will influence the membrane potential during cell activation.

PMID- 2640472
TI  - Receptor-purified, Bolton-Hunter radioiodinated, recombinant, human epidermal
      growth factor: an improved radioligand for receptor studies.
AB  - We report an assessment of the applicability of the Bolton-Hunter method to the
      radioiodination of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Recombinant human EGF (hEGF)
      could be radioiodinated successfully by this method, whereas murine EGF could
      not. Bolton-Hunter 125I-labeled hEGF was compared with commercial 125I-labeled
      hEGF prepared by the chloramine-T radioiodination method. Neither radioligand was
      sufficiently pure for a detailed characterization of the purportedly
      heterogeneous pattern of binding of EGF to its receptors. A procedure based on
      receptor adsorption was thus developed for repurification of the Bolton-Hunter
      125I-labeled hEGF. This provided a much purer radioligand suitable for detailed
      studies of receptor-binding heterogeneity.

PMID- 2640473
TI  - Desensitization and recovery of prostaglandin-stimulated adenylate cyclase
      activity in a murine virus-induced T lymphoma cell line BL/VL3.
AB  - Prolonged (16 h) preexposure to prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) of cells from a murine
      virus-induced T lymphoma cell line BL/VL3 provoked, in their membranes, a dose
      dependent reduction of PGE1-mediated adenylate cyclase stimulation. Smaller (but
      significant) decreases of helodermin- and isoproterenol-mediated stimulations
      were also observed. After a 16 h incubation of these cells with 1 microM PGE1,
      that reduced by 85%, the PGE1-mediated adenylate cyclase stimulation in
      membranes, 50% of the PGE1 response recovered after 2 h of PGE1 withdrawal from
      the incubation medium. Over the following 2-24 h time interval, further recovery
      was limited. Protein synthesis was required for this resensitization mechanism of
      functional PGE1 receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase, as judged by the
      inhibitory effects of cycloheximide.

PMID- 2640474
TI  - Identifying speech acts from contextual and linguistic information.
AB  - We conducted an experiment to examine the comprehension of interrogatives such as
      Could you make the pencil roll?, which can be intended as yes-no questions, as
      directives to perform an action, or as both. Clark (1979) has claimed that the
      comprehension of such sentences is governed by, among other things, the answer
      obviousness rule; that is, listeners are more likely to interpret such a sentence
      as a question if the question posed is nonobvious to the speaker. One purpose of
      the present experiment was to test Clark's claim. A second purpose was to begin
      identifying the types of contextual information listeners use in comprehending
      speech acts. The final purpose was to provide data relevant to the controversy
      about whether listeners evaluate the syntactically direct, literal meaning of a
      sentence in the course of arriving at a syntactically indirect interpretation. We
      found that listeners follow an answer obviousness rule, utilize their knowledge
      of objects and the actions they allow as context for sentence interpretation, and
      do sometimes evaluate the syntactically direct reading of a sentence before
      arriving at an indirect speech act.

PMID- 2640475
TI  - The acoustic vowel space of modern Greek and German.
AB  - The spectral characteristics of vowels in Modern Greek and German were examined.
      Four speakers of Modern Greek and three speakers of German produced four
      repetitions of words containing each vowel of their native language. Measurements
      of the fundamental frequency and the first three formats were made for each vowel
      token. These measurements were then transformed into log frequency ratios and
      plotted as points in the three-dimensional auditory-perceptual space proposed by
      Miller (1989). Each vowel token was thus represented by one point, and the points
      corresponding to each vowel category were enclosed in three-dimensional target
      zones. For the present corpus, these zones differentiate the five vowels of
      Modern Greek with 100% accuracy, and the fourteen vowels of German with 94%
      accuracy. Implications for the distribution of common vowels across languages as
      a function of vowel density are discussed.

PMID- 2640476
TI  - [The monocyte-macrophage system in Hodgkin's disease].
AB  - Hodgkin's disease (HD) is considered as a tumor of the lymph nodes histologically
      characterized by a variety of cell types, resembling a nonspecific inflammatory
      reaction. The Reed-Sternberg cells present in the granuloma are considered
      neoplastic due to cytogenetic alterations, tissue culture properties and
      heterotransplantability. They originate from a macrophage-derived interdigitating
      reticulum cell. The lymph node is an immunologic organ and its alterations reveal
      qualitative and/or quantitative defects of the immune system. These are observed
      in HD at very early stages even with a minimum of lymph node involvement.
      Considering HD as a neoplasm of the monocyte-macrophage system, our objective was
      to investigate the functional capability of peripheral blood monocytes
      transformed into macrophages in vitro. The phagocytic and lytic activities were
      evaluated by the generation of toxic oxygen metabolites as due to an excessive
      production of PGE-2. This defect could be corrected by cyclo-oxygenase
      inhibitors. The defect was present at very early stages of HD and persisted even
      during prolonged continuous complete remissions. We also found a defect in the
      ingestion of candida which could not be modified by drug treatment, indicating
      the existence of a global dysfunction of the phagocyte. Presently, more than 90%
      of HD patients respond to specific therapy and remain in prolonged remission,
      being considered "cured". This fact may contribute to the diminished number of
      reports in relation to the biology of the monocyte-macrophage system in this
      disease.

PMID- 2640477
TI  - [Lymphocyte imbalance in autoimmunity].
AB  - A subset of normal peripheral B lymphocytes expresses a T surface antigen
      recognized by monoclonal CD5. They form rosettes with mouse erythrocytes (MRBC).
      Other studies suggest that these B cells may have regulatory and helper
      properties. An expanded subset of lymphocytes forming MRBC was demonstrated in
      the peripheral blood of 31 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients (14.4 +/-
      2.8%) compared with normal controls (4.3 +/- 1.4%) and patients with tuberculosis
      (6.4 +/- 1.7%). Increased MRBC values correlated with disease severity.
      Investigation of cell surface antigen expression was attempted with enriched
      sedimented fractions using several monoclonal antibodies and immunofluorescent
      staining. Complete inhibition of MRBC formation was obtained with monoclonal
      antibodies against CD5, CD3 and CD8 while partial inhibition was observed with
      anti-Ia and no activity with CD4 and CD10 antibodies. Indirect evidence supports
      the concept that antilymphocyte antibodies cause T and B cell depletion and
      dysfunction. Sera from 12 patients with SLE and 28 with leprosy (LL) were
      analyzed for antibodies to lymphocytes in the microcytotoxicity assay: 87% of SLE
      and 57% of LL were positive. Lymphocytotoxic activity towards each cell type of a
      panel with 98 different HLA antigens was essentially the same and most sera were
      not specific for either T or B cells. Lymphocytotoxic sera from SLE and LL
      contained antibodies which inhibited MRBC formation.

PMID- 2640478
TI  - [C3 and IgG Fc receptors of granulocytes in human pathology].
AB  - Blood neutrophils and their bone marrow cell progenitors have membrane receptors
      for C3 and for the Fc portion of IgG. To test possible changes in the expression
      of those receptors associated to diseases we studied: a) blood of 31 and bone
      marrow of 9 normal individuals; b) blasts of 29 patients with acute myeloblastic
      leukemia; c) bone marrow of 8 patients with severe bacterial infections. The
      receptors were evaluated by rosette techniques: Saccharomyces C3 and sheep
      erythrocyte specific IgG antibody. Dried droplet stained smears were used to
      count rosettes of cells at different stages of maturation. The studies disclosed
      the following: a) these receptors are detected in progressively increasing
      percentage of cells throughout the differentiation steps of the granulocytic
      series; receptor for C3 is depicted as starting in promyelocytes, and receptor
      for Fc in myelocytes; the percentage of bone marrow neutrophils expressing these
      receptors is lower than that of blood neutrophils; b) in acute myeloblastic
      leukemia, blasts frequently express receptors normally found at more mature
      levels of differentiation which is an expression of nucleocytoplasmic
      asynchronism; there is good correlation between the FAB classification and the
      expression of these receptors; c) in severe bacterial infections, the receptors
      are found at earlier stages and in a higher proportion of cells at early
      maturation steps, marking a shift to the left in the expression of receptors.

PMID- 2640479
TI  - [Neutrophil-dependent inflammatory reactions in systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - We studied the possible role of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) aggregation in
      Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) by the capacity of sera from 32 lupus patients
      to induce in vitro normal PMN aggregation. Neutrophil aggregating activity (NAA)
      in this group was significantly greater than that found in 8 inactive SLE
      patients and in 8 controls. In patients with SLE, there was a positive
      correlation between disease severity and the quantitative measure of NAA. High
      levels of NAA were particularly characteristic of central nervous system SLE.
      These data suggest that the formation of intravascular leukoaggregates may
      contribute to morbidity in SLE. Normal PMN increase their spontaneous superoxide
      anion production (0.21 nmol/min 10(7) PMN) when stimulated with sera from SLE
      patients. Lupus PMN also show an enhancement of 100% in superoxide production in
      vitro when stimulated with lupus sera. When N formyl methionine leucyl
      phenylalanine (FMLP) was used, lupus PMN showed an O2-production of 2.1 nmol/min
      10(7) which is 5-fold the response of normal PMN stimulated by FMLP. Our results
      show the existence of seric factors in SLE patients that can stimulate O2
      production by PMN. Lupus neutrophils show an increased response to membrane
      stimuli such as FMLP, capable of triggering the respiratory burst. Lupus
      neutrophils appear more responsive membrane stimuli such as FMLP, capable of
      triggering the respiratory burst. Lupus neutrophils appear more responsive to
      membrane stimuli. The seric and the cellular factors seem to indicate an
      increased rate of superoxide production by PMN in SLE patients, which can be
      relevant to vasculitis and tissue damage.

PMID- 2640480
TI  - [Isolation and characterization of immune complexes associated with malignant
      tumors and leprosy].
AB  - We are dedicated to the study of circulating immune complexes (CIC) associated
      with different diseases: malignant tumors, leprosy and rheumatoid arthritis.
      Immune complexes were evaluated by various methods: 125I-Clq binding assay, 125I
      IgG binding test, 125I-bovine conglutinin binding assay and polyethylene glycol
      precipitation test (3.5% and 2.5%). Techniques for the isolation and splitting of
      CIC in their components were performed in sera from patients with tumors and with
      leprosy. These methods consisted in the combination of CIC with protein A
      followed by elution with different buffers. CIC splitting techniques were first
      applied on immune complexes formed in vitro (BSA-aBSA, OVA-aOVA). The analysis of
      CIC fractions was done by SDS-PAGE, immunoelectrophoresis and immunoblotting
      techniques. Results were as follows: CIC levels correlated with active stages of
      disease, decreasing during remission so that CIC detection can be useful to
      evaluate response to treatment. The isolation and splitting of immune complexes
      into their components resulted in the obtention of immunologically active
      fractions, especially in sera from patients with gastrointestinal and breast
      cancer and with leprosy.

PMID- 2640481
TI  - [Immunologic studies in thalassemia major].
AB  - It is accepted that the immune alterations in patients with thalassemia major
      (TM) are secondary to the continuous transfusion-related antigenic stimulation
      together with iron overload. We evaluated the immune status of TM patients and
      found quantitative alterations in the distribution of peripheral blood lymphocyte
      subpopulations as well as functional alterations in natural killer (NK)
      cytotoxicity, B-cell differentiation, T-cell immunoregulation and phagocyte
      functional activities. TM patients, 10 years old or younger, have a lymphocyte
      profile and phagocytic activity similar to normal controls. Non-splenectomized
      thalassemic patients, older than 10, present lymphocytosis due to an increase in
      B lymphocytes and with splenectomy the T-CD8+ lymphocytes increase. With respect
      to phagocytes, the capacity to ingest candida is preserved while the candidacidal
      activity and the generation of toxic oxygen metabolites during the respiratory
      burst are diminished, and are inversely proportional with age and serum ferritin
      concentration, that is, older in age and higher in iron overload, more profound
      are the phagocyte dysfunctions. The altered B-cell function, the dysfunction of T
      immunoregulatory cells and the defective NK activity observed in TM patients were
      independent of the age of the patients and they were observed even in children
      younger than 10 years old and in general are attributed to blood transfusions.
      Moreover, there are some alterations that thalassemic carriers can express such
      as a defect at the level of NK and at B-cell function regulations, suggesting a
      possible genetic origin. Although complex, TM constitutes a human model that
      allows the dissection of specific immune defects, involving multiple factors, and
      can provide a better comprehension of how this complex immunoregulatory system
      works.

PMID- 2640482
TI  - [Lymphocytic, phenotypic and functional studies in primary immunodeficiencies].
AB  - In this report we present the leukocyte phenotypic analysis of 64 cases of
      primary immune deficiencies (PID). Functional studies related to lymphocyte
      activation (CD25 (Tac) antigen expression and response to exogenous IL2) as well
      as immunoregulatory pathways (spontaneous suppressor activities and suppression
      by soluble factors) were also considered taking immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM
      (IDHM) as model. The study of mononuclear cell populations with monoclonal
      antibodies allowed the characterization of defined phenotypes. In common variable
      immunodeficiency, B cells were present in normal percentages. In sex-linked
      agammaglobulinemia there was a lack of B lymphocytes and normal distribution of
      regulatory populations. These results point out the difference between these two
      entities despite their clinical and infective similarities. Excess of cells
      expressing CD38 antigen (NV: 4 +/- 2) were found in: predominantly cell mediated
      immunodeficiency (PCMI): 38 +/- 20; ataxia telangiectasia: 25 +/- 8, hyper-IgE
      syndrome: 24 +/- 13; Di George syndrome (DGS): 24 +/- 9, chronic mucocutaneous
      candidiasis: 15 +/- 7. The increased expression of this antigen was correlated
      with the presence of compromised cellular immunity. The DGS presented the lowest
      level of CD8 cells (6 +/- 5; NV: 21 +/- 7). In two patients with IDHM, the
      phenotypic profile was similar to that found in PCMI (low CD3 cells, low CD4/CD8
      ratio and elevated CD38 cells). The depressed proliferative response to PHA
      demonstrates a cellular immune defect. In both patients we found a low expression
      of CD25 antigen in stimulated cells. Moreover, the addition of exogenous IL2
      decreased the proliferative response to PHA in a dose-dependent fashion,
      suggesting that the cells expressing the CD25 antigen have suppressor
      capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640483
TI  - [Interaction of immune complexes and their leukocyte receptors: regulation by the
      complement system and by cyclophosphamide].
AB  - During the course of this investigation we have studied different aspects related
      to the interaction between immune complexes (CI) and their cellular receptors for
      the Fc-fragment of IgG (RFc gamma). Our first approach was to demonstrate that
      the alternative pathway of complement is the main one responsible for the CI
      dissociation from their receptors of human peripheral mononuclear cells. This
      modulatory effect was studied throughout the functional restoration of antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity (CCCDA), which is a mechanism susceptible to Cl
      inhibition. The results suggest that the levels of circulating Cl do not
      necessarily correlate with the tissue damage they produce. Secondly, we have
      demonstrated that cyclophosphamide (Cy), which is a potent immunomodulating drug
      which has been used for the treatment of diseases characterized by high levels of
      Cl, enhances the capacity of the mononuclear phagocytic system to remove IgG
      particulate complexes in mice. Finally, we have described a nonspecific cytotoxic
      system triggered by Cl against different target cells, through a mechanism that
      involves the reactive metabolites of O2.

PMID- 2640484
TI  - [Asymmetric IgG antibodies. Structural, immunochemical and biological studies].
AB  - Studies of our laboratory have shown that the coprecipitating antibodies are IgG
      molecules which possess an asymmetric structure due to a carbohydrate group
      present in only one of the Fab regions of the molecule. The combination of the
      corresponding antibody site with antigen is sterically hindered by the
      carbohydrate group, and as a consequence, the molecule is functionally univalent.
      As no aggregation of the antibody takes place, effector immune mechanisms such as
      complement fixation, phagocytosis, clearance of antigen, etc. are not triggered.
      However, since nonprecipitating antibodies can firmly combine with antigen, they
      act in a competitive way when they are mixed with precipitating antibodies of the
      same specificity. It has been demonstrated that hybridomas synthesize both
      symmetric and asymmetric molecules indicating that precipitating and
      nonprecipitating antibodies are elaborated by the same cellular clone.
      Nonprecipitating antibodies do not precipitate the antigen but they are able to
      agglutinate sheep red blood cells sensitized with the specific antigen. Because
      red blood cells of sheep and of many other animal species possess a membrane
      receptor for aggregated Fc, agglutination of sensitized sheep red cells by
      nonprecipitating antibodies is a consequence of a mixed mechanism in which one
      Fab and the Fc fragment of the IgG molecule participate. In animals immunized
      with soluble antigens, the nonprecipitating antibody represents 10-15% of the
      total. Higher concentrations have been observed when the inoculated antigen is
      particulate. In cows infected by B. aortus and in humans infected by T. cruzi,
      the percentage of nonprecipitating antibody ranges between 30-70% of the total
      antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640485
TI  - [The lymphoid system and protein deficiency. Differentiation in the thymus and
      Peyer's patches].
AB  - A: Thymuses from protein deprived rats present: 1) a significant decrease in the
      absolute number of thymic cells bearing the CD5 phenotype (OX19+), as well as Thy
      1.1 (OX7+). The predominant cell population was the one containing TdT (terminal
      deoxynucleotidyl transferase) as a sole marker: 2) in severely protein deprived
      rats followed by refeeding during 9 and 21 days, the existence of a small
      population of cells containing TdT as a sole marker. The TdT+W3/13+ cell
      population was restored but the CD4+ subpopulation (W3/25+) exists in lower
      numbers than in the age-matched controls. B: Severe protein deficiency at
      weaning, led to the presence in the Peyer's patches of very immature B-cells
      mostly c mu+OX7s mu-. Protein refeeding reinitiated the differentiation process
      as follows: 1) c mu+OX7+s mu- c mu-OX7-s mu+ as in the normal Peyer's patches; 2)
      however, switching of sIgM to sIgA-bearing cells was altered; 3) a low absolute
      number of W3/13+ and W3/25+ T-cells (CD4+) was found. C: Oral tolerance to
      dextrin evolved due to antigen specific CD8+ T-cells (found in Peyer's patches,
      mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen) and could be transferred to normal recipients.

PMID- 2640486
TI  - [The effect of activated lymphocytes on cardiac contractility].
AB  - Activated lymphocytes may have potent biologic effects outside the frame of the
      immune system. In these studies we analyzed the interaction of activated normal
      human lymphocytes and/or soluble products of lymphocyte activation on the
      contractile activity of isolated rat atria. The results indicate that
      phytohemagglutinin activated lymphocytes of the CD4 phenotype exert a positive
      inotropic effect on spontaneously beating atria. This effect is linked to steps
      of lymphocyte activation that precede cell division. Soluble factors released to
      the supernatant of stimulated lymphocytes can substitute for the intact cells.
      Interleukin-2 (IL-2) appears to be an important component of the active
      supernatants, as their activity can be reduced by monoclonal anti-IL-2 or by
      preincubation of the heart tissue with monoclonal anti-IL-2 receptor (anti-Tac).
      Highly purified IL-2 was active at 10 units/ml. In order to induce a positive
      inotropic effect at lower doses of natural or recombinant IL-2 (2-3 units/ml),
      synergic factors were required (2 x 10(-6) M arachidonic acid, AA, or Ca
      ionophore A 23187). Indirect evidence indicates that IL-2 exerts its biologic
      effect by turning on the phosphoinositide cycle and activating protein kinase C
      in the heart tissue target. It is postulated that similar mechanisms may be
      activated in inflammatory myocardiopathies or during the treatment of cancer with
      massive doses of IL-2.

PMID- 2640487
TI  - [Manoalide: a new phospholipase A2 inhibitor of marine origin with potential
      immunoregulatory effect].
AB  - Manoalide, a non-steroidal sesterterpenoid isolated from a marine sponge, is a
      potent analgesic and antiinflammatory compound. Manoalide inhibits phospholipase
      A2 from extracellular sources (snake venoms, bee, etc.), the release of
      arachidonic acid from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes as well as calcium
      mobilization. This suggests that the anti-inflamatory effect might be caused by
      the regulation of eicosanoid biosynthesis. The macrophage plays a major role in
      the immune response and the inflammatory process, it has the capacity to
      synthesize and secrete arachidonic acid oxygenation products derived from both
      cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase catalyzed pathways, and has been used extensively
      to study the effect of inhibitors of phospholipases, cyclooxygenase and
      lipoxygenase enzymes. Our results demonstrate that Manoalide modified the release
      of arachidonic acid and its further metabolism into prostaglandins and
      leukotrienes in mouse cultured peritoneal macrophages stimulated by phorbol
      myristate acetate, calcium ionophore A23187 and zymosan. Since eicosanoids have
      been shown to cause pain, we studied the possibility that the analgesic effect of
      Manoalide might be correlated with a decrease of eicosanoid release in vivo. The
      fact that Manoalide reduced both zymosan-induced peritoneal writhing in the mouse
      and the synthesis of both 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alfa and leukotriene C4
      suggests that the analgesic effect of Manoalide is at least in part linked to the
      inhibition of eicosanoid production in vivo. Since it has been shown that
      eicosanoids have immunoregulatory functions, a future possibility is that a
      phospholipase A2 inhibitor such as Manoalide may prove useful to investigate the
      biological role of eicosanoid metabolites on the immune function.

PMID- 2640488
TI  - [Evaluation of the mechanisms regulating endolymph pressure in the internal ear.
      II].
AB  - The endolymphatic sac is called an inner ear kidney according to its canalicular
      structure. Three types of the endolymphatic absorption mechanism and their
      influence on the endolymphatic pressure were described.

PMID- 2640489
TI  - [Melanoma of the nasal cavity treated at the Cracow Otolaryngological Clinic].
AB  - In the years 1966-80 9 patients with mucosal melanoma of the nasal cavity were
      examined at the Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University in Cracow. Four
      patients were treated by radical surgery. The possibilities of radical treatment
      and chances of lengthening patients' lives depending on the tumor advance were
      discussed.

PMID- 2640490
TI  - [Cancer of the larynx in women].
AB  - A group of 143 women with larynx cancer operated upon in ENT Clinic of Medical
      Academy in Poznan during the years 1946-87 was described. The statistical
      analysis was performed as regards to age, localization, clinical stage, surgery,
      five years survival, occupation and tobacco smoking. The results were compared
      with those of 2184 larynx cancer men treated in the same time. Women constituted
      6.1% surgically treated population. The number of women with larynx cancer
      continually increased. The age 21-40 prevailed. The glottic part of the larynx
      was the most affected. The percentage of women in II clinical stadium was higher.
      Five years survival rate was the same in both groups. Any type of occupation in
      the women group prevailed. Women like men were strong tobacco smokers.

PMID- 2640491
TI  - [Evaluation of complications after surgical treatment of cancer of the larynx].
AB  - The surgical complications in a group of 1712 laryngeal cancer patients treated
      during the years 1981-87 in ENT Clinics of Cracow, Poznan, Warsaw and Lublin were
      described. The most dangerous were bleedings and the most frequent wound and
      tracheo-+-bronchial infections and pharyngo-cutaneous fistulas++, after radical
      neck dissection however the paralysis of sublingual and accessory nerves and of
      brachial plexus. The predisposing factors were: diabetes, lung and heart
      diseases, late stage of cancer, extent of surgery and tumor infections.

PMID- 2640492
TI  - [Difficulties in the diagnosis of intracranial expansive processes coexisting
      with sinusitis and otitis].
AB  - Differential diagnosis between the sino- and otogenic brain complications and
      tumor is the most difficult task in otology and neurosurgery. These difficulties
      are even greater in purulent intracranial complications of sinusitis and otitis
      giving the same symptoms as cerebral tumors. The illustrative case reports were
      described.

PMID- 2640493
TI  - [Prognostic value of the study of direct bone conduction in patients with
      otospongiosis].
AB  - The actual "early" improvement of hearing thresholds following stapedectomy were
      measured in 100 patients with otospongiosis by use of direct (intraoperative
      promontory bone stimulation) and conventional bone conduction audiometry prior to
      surgery. The direct bone conduction technique was usually more predictive in
      hearing improvement following stapedectomy than conventional bone conduction
      audiometry. The direct bone conduction seems to be a superior method for
      assessing hearing in patients with severe otospongiosis compared with
      conventional bone conduction which does not reflect actual cochlear reserve.

PMID- 2640494
TI  - [A nomogram of vestibular pendular stimulation in guinea pigs].
AB  - Vestibular pendular test was performed in 20 guinea pigs of various sexes and
      weights 250-300 g. The total sum of deviations on the right and on the left was
      105-164. According to the standard deviation we have accepted the minimal norm 94
      and maximal 183. Taking into consideration this norm we have elaborated the
      nomogram for the quantitative reaction to pendular excitation. There were 6
      positions from 0.7 to 1.2 deviations for sec. and total sum from 94 to 183. The
      results in guinea pigs were in contrast with those in men. The guinea pig
      vestibular organ is more susceptible for high-rate excitation (17-12
      degrees/sec2) and of minor susceptibility in lower rate of acceleration (12-0
      degrees/sec2).

PMID- 2640495
TI  - [Relation between hearing acuity and individual diurnal rhythm of body
      temperature].
AB  - The author examined the circadian rhythm of body temperature and acuity of
      hearing in two groups each of 15 persons. The highest acuity of hearing was
      discovered in the night when the body temperature was the lowest. The lowest
      acuity of hearing was in the day with the highest body temperature.

PMID- 2640496
TI  - [Chronic hereditary nephritis with hearing loss (Alport's syndrome)].
AB  - Two generations of one family with Alport syndrome were studied. The observation
      proved that women do transmit the disease, but men have signs more developed. As
      symptoms of the disease were pathological changes of chronic interstitial
      haemorrhagic pyelonephritis associated with bilateral hearing loss of cochlear
      type. In patients with pronounced hearing impairment (in the spiral organ) the
      kidney pathology was not advanced and the course of the illness rather mild. We
      believe that patients with kidney pathology should have their hearing examined as
      routine proceeding because hearing impairment is frequently associated with
      kidney pathology as in Alport's syndrome and other diseases. This coincidence may
      help in diagnosis, choice of treatment and prognostic evaluation.

PMID- 2640497
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of the sinusoidal caloric test].
AB  - The aim of this work was the results comparison in Proctor-Dix and Fitzgerald
      Hallpike tests. The examinations were performed in 22 normal and in 34 patients
      with vestibular syndromes. In ENG recordings the symetricity was evaluated as
      well as the feeling of dizziness and vegetative symptoms. The pendular trial was
      made during the caloric nystagmus in two above mentioned methods. The sinusoidal
      Proctor-Dix test was more sensible than classic test and easy for patients. In
      some instances the cold excitation fails to provoke the reaction in sinusoidal
      test in spite of reaction in classic test. The pendular trial in Proctor-Dix test
      is difficult to obtain.

PMID- 2640498
TI  - [A case of giant cell tumor of the temporal bone and the region of the
      temporomandibular joint].
AB  - The giant-cell tumor in temporo-mandibular joint region and of temporal bone in
      38 years old woman was described. The CO60 therapy was recommended with any
      success in tumor regression.

PMID- 2640499
TI  - Prenatal care, infant birthweight and infant mortality in Puerto Rico.
AB  - This study purports to analyze selected demographic and socio-economic correlated
      of prenatal care in Puerto Rico. Also, the relationship between prenatal care and
      infant birthweight and mortality is examined. The data was obtained from the 1986
      live birth and death certificates. Three indicators of adequacy of prenatal care
      were utilized in the analysis: number of prenatal care visits, trimester in which
      this care began and the "Kessner Index". The findings of the study revealed that
      prenatal care in Puerto Rico has improved both in terms of early care and in
      continuity, since 1980. Great geographical differences in adequacy of prenatal
      care were observed throughout the Island. Prenatal care varies considerably among
      different population subgroups. Inadequate prenatal care was more frequent among
      adolescent, unwed and high parity mothers as well as among those of the lowest
      socio-economic strata. Furthermore, these groups had the highest proportion of
      low birthweight babies and their offsprings, the highest mortality rates. The
      statistical evidence obtained from this study suggests that this is in part due
      to the inadequate prenatal care received by these mothers.

PMID- 2640500
TI  - Nutritional practices among elderly Puerto Ricans: gender considerations.
AB  - Four hundred and sixty six non-institutionalized seniors, 65 years of age and
      over comprise the sample. The questions pertaining to the specific topic are made
      up of 17 items: 9 related to background information and 8 relating to nutritional
      practices. It is part of a larger study of the socio-demographic characteristics
      of this population. Structured interviews were carried out from September 1984 to
      September 1985. The tests of significance were those of Kendall's Tau B and
      Cramer's V. The most statistically significant structural variables were those of
      education and income. Interestingly, those elderly utilizing food coupons had
      less complete meals than those not participating in the program. This has
      implications for social and public policy, and the enhancement of nutrition
      education and intervention.

PMID- 2640501
TI  - Isolation and characterization of an utero-active compound from Agave americana.
AB  - Crude extracts of Agave americana contain two utero-active compounds. One of
      these, tentatively named "Fraction B", has been purified to chromatographic
      homogeneity. Its pharmacological actions are similar to those of acetylcholine.
      However its chromatographic and electrophoretic mobilities are different. Some
      chemical properties of fraction B are compatible with the structure of an acyl
      derivative of choline different from acetylcholine.

PMID- 2640503
TI  - 11th Annual Research Forum. Abstracts.

PMID- 2640502
TI  - Evaluation of a regionalized perinatal care system through linked infant birth
      and death certificates: Puerto Rico 1980-84.
AB  - The birth weight-specific neonatal mortality rates for Puerto Rico are among the
      highest rates reported in the United States. Furthermore, since 1979, Puerto
      Rico's neonatal mortality rate has been higher than the neonatal mortality rate
      for blacks in the United States. Since the proportion of births less than 2,500
      grams has remained relatively unchanged in the past 10-15 years in Puerto Rico
      and in the continental United States, those findings suggest problems of either
      access or quality of the neonatal care in Puerto Rico. Therefore, we used linked
      infant birth-death certificates from 1980 through 1984 to evaluate the
      regionalization of perinatal health services operating on the island. We found
      that 41.6% of all births less than 1,500 grams were delivered at hospitals
      without Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). In addition, delivery at hospitals
      with NICUs did not confer a survival advantage for infants less than 2,500 grams.
      The lack of survival advantage in most hospitals with NICUs persisted after we
      adjusted simultaneously for birth weight, Apgar score at 5 minutes, and history
      of pregnancy complications. We conclude that the regionalization plan operating
      on the island needs reevaluation and recommend that preventive measures at the
      primary, secondary, and tertiary levels be implemented.

PMID- 2640504
TI  - [Medical science, ethics and freedom. Apropos of Resolution 01/88 of the National
      Health Council].

PMID- 2640505
TI  - [Premature rupture of membranes and its relation to infection in newborn
      infants].
AB  - The authors made a retrospective analysis of 136 cases of premature rupture of
      membranes (RPM) to check for the presence of neonatal infection, anoxia, and
      prematurity according to the latency period between rupture of membranes and
      parturition. Neonatal infection due to RPM has been the cause of 8.8% of
      clinically and laboratorily confirmed cases; in 6.6% of the cases, laboratorial
      confirmation was not possible. Neonatal infection was not influenced by the
      latency period between RPM and parturition. Maternal symptoms of infection were
      more frequent in the group with latency period longer than 24 hours and there was
      a significant relationship between maternal infection symptoms and neonatal
      symptoms. Prematurity and anoxia were detected in 20% of the cases, but no
      relation to RPM was observed.

PMID- 2640506
TI  - [Primary hyperparathyroidism: clinical and laboratory spectrum].
AB  - The authors analyze clinical and laboratorial features of 13 patients with
      surgically confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Among them, 8 presented
      renal lithiasis, 7 had bone disease, and 2 had both. All patients were
      hypercalcemic and had elevated serum carboxyterminal levels of PTH. The
      aminoterminal portion of the PTH was above the normal range in 9 patients and
      inappropriately high for the level of serum calcium in other two. The c'AMP was
      elevated in 7/8 patients. Hypophosphatemia was detected in 8/11 patients. Among
      the lithiasic patients, hypercalciuria was found in only 3. Five patients were
      submitted to an oral calcium load test which detected no intestinal
      hyperabsorption of calcium (IH) secondary to HPT in any of them. The rate of
      elimination of stones/patient/year was 1.7 before the establishment of HPT
      diagnosis. Despite the presence of renal lithiasis, hypercalciuria and IH were
      not common findings in HPT patients. Serum calcium and urinary c'AMP were the
      best screening tests for the diagnosis of HPT in this series. The diagnosis
      should be further confirmed determining the PTH.

PMID- 2640507
TI  - [Sensitivity profile of 147 strains of S. aureus isolated from patients in
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis].
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus is reported to be the most common organism to cause
      peritonitis in continuous ambulatorial peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Staphylococcal
      nasal carriage is frequently seen in these patients. The authors studied the
      sensitivity of S. aureus strains isolated from CAPD patients and some close
      family contacts. Susceptibility of 147 strains of S. aureus to 23 antimicrobial
      agents were determined based on 348 samples. All strains tested were susceptible
      to vancomycin. Penicillin resistance was found in nearly all strains. Resistance
      to rifampicin was seen in just 5% of the strains. A high rate of resistance to
      ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and also to cotrimoxazole, gentamicin, and
      tobramycin were observed. Cephalosporins and some aminoglycosides (amicacin and
      netilmicin) have a good in vitro bactericidal activity anti-S. aureus. Knowledge
      of the susceptibility profile of bacteria frequently isolated at a given hospital
      ward will provide the basis for a more effective empirical antibiotic treatment
      in such ward.

PMID- 2640508
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of blood loss in liposuction].
AB  - This study was performed in 15 female patients submitted to suction lipectomy as
      an isolated procedure, to establish blood loss in the procedure. A wide variation
      of blood-to-fat ratios was observed (17 to 59%) with a mean blood loss in
      lipoaspirates of 34 +/- 3%. Internal blood losses occurring in the first 72 post
      operative hours were as important as or more important than external losses, and
      responsible for a mean 7% fall in the level of hemoglobin. Internal blood losses
      occurred between 72 hours and the 7th to the 10th post-operative days and were
      responsible for a mean 3% fall in the level of hemoglobin. Blood losses occurring
      in this study were demonstrated to be greater than usually assumed. Some
      prophylactic measures are recommended to provide for a safer treatment of these
      patients: an iron supplementation during the pre-operative period; careful
      clinical and laboratorial screening for bleeding disorders and for the intake of
      drugs that can interfere with coagulation; use of smaller-diameter cannulas for
      aspiration, auto-transfusion when aspirating in excess of 1,000 ml, and limiting
      the aspiration to 1,500 ml.

PMID- 2640509
TI  - [The experience of the Resting Home at the Center for Integral Women's Health
      Care of the State University of Campinas, Brazil].
AB  - The CAISM--Center for Integral Women's Health Care, of the Unicamp--State
      University of Campinas created a low complexity unit called a "Resting Home"
      according to the model adopted by other tertiary care centers in Brazil and in
      other countries. With 35 beds, the Resting Home staff includes two registered
      nurses, one social worker, and one occupational therapist. The institution admits
      women who have a high risk of acute complications of pregnancy or who require
      frequent check-up, mothers of premature babies under care in neonatal units who
      require their mother's breast feeding, and gynecological cancer patients who are
      in the process of staging and final diagnosis, or who are under frequent sessions
      of radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The common characteristic is that all of them
      need to go frequently to the outpatient services of the hospital, they live far
      away from the hospital, and they cannot afford rapid and easy transportation from
      their homes. The Resting Home offers them lodging and food, and a minimum of
      comfort (occupational therapy, TV, reading) at a cost that is only a small
      fraction of the cost of an inpatient. The authors present the statistics for the
      first 31 months of operation.

PMID- 2640510
TI  - [Tetany secondary to hypokalemia].
AB  - The authors describe a case of tetany not related to the common causes of this
      clinical symptom, such as hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and alkalosis. Severe
      hypokalemia secondary to the use of diuretics was detected; its correction
      reverted the symptoms.

PMID- 2640511
TI  - [Bacteriologic study of abscesses caused by bites of snakes of the genus
      Bothrops].
AB  - The bacterial flora of 99 cases of abscesses following Bothrops snakebite were
      analysed. They corresponded to 61.1% of all snakebite abscesses observed in 1030
      patients attending the Hospital de Doencas Tropicais de Goiania in Goias, Brazil,
      from January 1984 to April 1988. An exsudate sample of each abscess was examined
      by Gram stain, culture and susceptibility tests. The Gram negative bacillis,
      Morganella morganii, Escherichia coli and Providencia sp were the most frequent
      bacterias isolated. They were identified in 44.4%, 20.2% and 13.1% of the samples
      respectively. This flora was similar to those described in snake mouth and venom
      by other researchers. Based on the results of the susceptibility tests the
      authors suggested the use of chloramphenicol for the treatment of those abscesses
      which do not respond to simple drainage.

PMID- 2640512
TI  - Potential infectivity of blood from HBsAg asymptomatic carriers due to the
      presence of HBV-DNA and comparison with other markers of HBV infection.
AB  - Serum samples from 356 HBsAg positive asymptomatic carriers, which were titrated
      by reverse passive hemagglutination, were analysed for the presence of HBV-DNA,
      HBsAg and IgM anti-HBc. The samples were divided in three classes, according to
      the titers of HBsAg and IgM anti-HBc and the distribution of HBV-DNA and HBsAg
      among these classes was studied. In the high titer class of HBsAg, 65% of samples
      have one or both markers against only 19% in the low titer class. From the total
      of 356 samples, 121 gave positive results for IgM anti-HBc (33.9%). From these,
      38.9% of HBV-DNA and 47.9% of HBeAg were observed, whereas in samples with
      absence of IgM anti-HBc, 18.3% and 16.6% were respectively found. A higher
      frequency of agreement between all these markers was found in the class of high
      titers of HBsAg; however, HBV-DNA was detected in the low titer class of HBsAg
      and little or no IgM anti-HBc, showing potential blood infectivity even in HBsAg
      positive borderline samples.

PMID- 2640513
TI  - [Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in 2 communities of Rwanda (Central Africa)].
AB  - We collected dry blood specimens from two rural areas in Rwanda, that were tested
      for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii through the Direct Agglutination technique.
      50% of the adults in both communities had antibodies to T. gondii. The Ngenda
      (NGD) population apparently acquired antibodies at a later stage of its life
      (only 12% were positive at 14 years of age). The Nyarutovu (NVU) population
      already showed a 31% positivity at the same age. We would like to point out the
      pathogenic role played by toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and the need of new
      studies about the epidemiology of the disease as well as the transmission
      mechanism in Rwanda.

PMID- 2640514
TI  - [Infection by Clonorchis sinensis in Asian immigrants in Brazil. Treatment with
      praziquantel].
AB  - Fifteen adult patients with assymptomatic infection due to Clonorchis sinensis,
      diagnosed by coprological examination, were studied. They all came from Asia
      (twelve from Taiwan, two from South Korea and one from Hong Kong) and were
      examined at the Adolfo Lutz Institute and the Department of Infectious Diseases,
      School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Six patients
      were women and nine men. All studied patients were admitted to hospital and
      treated with praziquantel (60 mg/kg). Previous to treatment and on the 15th, 30th
      and 60th days after praziquantel administration, patients were submitted to
      quantitative stool examinations, according to Kato-Katz's technique and to
      hematological and biochemical serum analysis. After a 60 day follow-up nine
      patients (60%) were negative for C. sinensis eggs in stools. Those not cured
      after praziquantel administration (six patients, 40%) revealed a sharp decline in
      faecal elimination of C. sinensis eggs.

PMID- 2640515
TI  - Cyclophosphamide effect on coccidioidomycosis in the rat.
AB  - Cocidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis, endemic in arid areas of the American
      continent. The rat was employed as an experimental host, since it had been shown
      to reproduce human lesions and present a chronic course of disease with
      granulomas mainly restricted to lungs. Given the influence of immunosuppressive
      therapy on the clinical course of human coccidioidomycosis, we studied the effect
      of cyclophosphamide (CY) in the experimental rat model. Accordingly, animals were
      inoculated with 400 Coccidioides immitis arthroconidia of the Acosta strain, by
      intracardiacal route. As single CY doses failed to alter the course of disease,
      three schedules were used: A) 4 daily doses of 20 mg/kg each, prior to C. immitis
      inoculation; B) 4 similar daily doses after infection; and C); 6 doses of 20
      mg/kg each, given from day +1 to +4 then on days +8 and +9, post infection (pi),
      taking day 0 as the time of fungal inoculation. The first two schedules inhibited
      antibody formation up to day 28 pi, without modifying cellular response to
      coccidioidin as measured by foodpad swelling. Initially, there was greater fungal
      spread than in controls receiving C. immitis alone, which proved self-limiting in
      the latter. In contrast, schedule C led to 55% mortality with both humoral and
      cellular response abrogation, accompanied by extensive C. immitis dissemination.
      Histology disclosed significant alterations, such as the persistence of primary
      infection sporangia, corresponding to the acute stage of coccidioidomycosis in
      the absence of granuloma development. Therefore, the observed depression in
      cellular immunity seems responsible for the lack of inflammatory reaction capable
      of restricting sporangia proliferation in tissues which, in turn, enhances
      pathogen spread and mortality rate.

PMID- 2640516
TI  - Mediastinal and pulmonary entomophthoromycosis with superior vena cava syndrome:
      case report.
AB  - The first case of mediastinal and pulmonary entomophthoromycosis with superior
      vena cava syndrome is reported. The patient presented with a history of edema of
      the face, neck and upper limbs as well as collateral circulation in the anterior
      wall of the chest. Histological examination of tissue from mediatinum revealed a
      granulomatous reaction with microabscesses surrounded by eosinophilic amorphous
      material and with broad hyphae in the center. Culture was not performed because a
      preliminary diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma was made. Surgical
      correction of the obstructed area was performed and the patient was successfully
      treated with potassium iodide. The authors propose that mediastinal
      entomophthoromycosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of diseases
      causing superior vena cava syndrome in tropical and sub-tropical regions. This
      case enlarges the spectrum of clinical manifestations of the zigomycosis caused
      by Entomophthoraceae.

PMID- 2640517
TI  - [The dental findings in elderly retirement home pensioners].
AB  - General health, oral status, and personal oral hygiene of institutionalized and
      non-institutionalized elderly people were compared. Hospitalized patients
      revealed less favorable results. Of 202 residents of a nursing home (average age
      81), most required daily assistance. More than half of these elderly were
      edentulous, one third were partially edentulous, and only 10% had almost a full
      complement of teeth. 60% of the edentulous had upper and lower complete dentures.
      21% of the partially edentulous had removable partial dentures. Dental hygiene
      was poor in most cases. In 60 patients, actual dental and prosthodontic treatment
      was modest when compared to treatment needs. Due to a compromised health status,
      aged patients often do not receive comprehensive oral rehabilitation. Therefore,
      professional dental hygiene and daily dental care must be incorporated into
      nursing home routines, in order to prevent further tooth loss as a result of
      caries and periodontal disease.

PMID- 2640518
TI  - [The reliability of axiographic tracings].
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the within- and between-session reliability
      of axiographic tracings. 22 patients with different degrees of TMJ dysfunction
      were examined using the SAS system. Within one and between two axiographies,
      respectively, the most frequent evaluation according to an index assignment was
      "very good". However, when tracings between two axiographies were compared the
      evaluations "extensive", "low", or "none" could be found in a considerable number
      of cases. These findings indicate a loss of reliability of irregularities between
      two axiographies. Testing of differences in reliability between different types
      of movement showed no significant effects.

PMID- 2640519
TI  - [Periodontology and orthodontics. The commonalities, limits and prospects].

PMID- 2640520
TI  - [The greatness and danger of medicine].

PMID- 2640521
TI  - [Descriptions and comparative changes of modifications on ultrastructure of cocci
      and bacteridium of saliva under "in vitro" influence of sparse and dense
      solutions of chlorhexidine di-gluconate].
AB  - In our investigation we have studied and analysed the modifications on the
      ultrastructure of the cocci and bacteridium of saliva under "in vitro" influence
      of sparse and dense solutions chlorhexidine di-gluconate. We noticed that the
      sparse solutions of the drug revealed ruptures of the cellular wall and of the
      cellular membrane as well as "plasmoptysis" and "plasmolysis". The protoplasm,
      showing a general coagulation, damage of the cytoplasmic membrane and the
      cellular wall and in concentrations of 1% and 2% we observed a disorganisation of
      the nuclear chromatin.

PMID- 2640522
TI  - [Width relationship between upper and lower anterior teeth].
AB  - This study deals with the relationship which exists between upper and lower
      anterior teeth. Measurements for the width of the upper central incisor, six
      upper anterior teeth and the six lower anterior teeth were drawn from 98 couple
      of casts taken from 50 female and 48 male age range 22-27 years old. Our results
      showed: A) A significant statistical difference exists between male and female
      regarding the width of upper and lower anterior teeth. B) There is no a
      statistical significant difference between these two groups regarding the width
      of the upper central incisor. C) There exists a relationship of 1.3 between upper
      and lower teeth. D) A relationship of 6.1 between upper anterior teeth to central
      upper incisor. E) A relationship of 4.7 between lower anterior teeth to upper
      central incisor.

PMID- 2640523
TI  - [Laboratory technique for the construction of the stabilisation splint].
AB  - Occlusal splints have been very often used in dentistry as a treatment modality
      for patients with craniomandibular disorders. They can be built directly in the
      mouth or indirectly in the laboratory. The purpose of this study was to present
      an indirect method for the construction of the stabilisation splint. The casts
      were mounted on a semi-adjustable Whip-mix articulator with face bow. After
      waxing up, the splint model was adjusted in respect to the desired occlusal
      contacts, in centric relation. The splint model was converted to acrylic using
      the method as for the construction of dentures and was finally adjusted in the
      mouth.

PMID- 2640524
TI  - [Effect of chewing training on the postural position of the mandible].
AB  - The aim of this project was to study possible effects of chewing gum training on
      the postural position of the mandible. The material consisted of 11 male and 14
      female dental students which were divided in to an experimental and a control
      group. The subjects were thoroughly informed about the experiment and
      participated voluntarily. The participants were in good health had a complete
      natural dentition and had no complaints of mandibular dysfunction. They started
      chewing-gum training, one hour daily, for one month. The chewing-gum used for
      this experiment was the resin obtained of the bark of the mastiche tree grown in
      the greek island Chios which was selected because of its hardness in chewing. In
      every registration, free way space was measured 4 times with the phonetic method
      and the mean value was estimated at 5 different occasions. (15 days before the
      start of the experiment, the day the experiment started before and after half an
      hour chewing training, and at the end of the experiment, after one month
      systematic chewing training, one hour daily, free way space was measured again
      before and after half an hour chewing training. The results of this clinical
      experimental work indicate: 1) Systematic chewing training does not have any
      effect on the mandibular postural position of the mandible. 2) Fatigue of the
      stomatognathic system musculature, caused by half an hour chewing training, very
      significantly alters the mandibular postural position as it doubles free way
      space. A possible clinical use of these findings is that free way space does not
      correlate with the rate of use of the stomatognathic system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640525
TI  - [An analysis of the composition and evaluation of Pb impurities of four root
      canal sealers, Grossman's type, made in Greece].
AB  - The properties and the biocompatibility of root canal sealers, depend on the
      composition and the purity of their constituents. Four root canal sealers made in
      Greece are claimed to correspond to the formula proposed by Grossman. The lack of
      quality control on the production of these materials provided evidence for a
      systemic composition analysis and an evaluation of their Pb impurities. The
      analytical methods chosen were X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic absorption
      spectroscopy (AAS). According to the results of the study none of the tested root
      canal sealers agrees with Grossman formula, which was identified in the control
      sealer. The levels of the Pb were found significantly elevated (80-510 ppm)
      compared to the control (2 ppm). All these findings indicate the need for the
      establishment of quality control and the development of strict specifications for
      the manufacturing of root canal sealers.

PMID- 2640526
TI  - [Oral leukoplakia. A clinicopathologic study of 190 cases].
AB  - In this study an attempt was made to correlate the causative factors of
      leukoplakia. Histologic criteria helped for the classification of our cases in
      three groups according to widely accepted standards. As final result it is that
      smoking and excess use of alcoholic drinks could be involved as causative agents.
      The clinical appearance of the leukoplakia lesions with their histological type
      is also correlated.

PMID- 2640527
TI  - [Study in SEM of the number and size of the main and accessory foramens of the
      first lower premolars].
AB  - The authors in this study have been used the apexes, 4 mm in length, from 93
      first lower premolars, from patients over 45 years old. All specimens were
      prepared for SEM visualization. It was found that in 84.95% of them there was
      present at least one accessory foramen. All accessory foramens has a diameter
      less than 100 microns, with a mean value 52 microns. Also in a 74.19% of the 93
      teeth, there was present a second main foramen. These foramens had a diameter
      more than 100 microns, with a mean value 368 microns. Finally it was found that
      when an extra main foramen was present, the mean value of the diameter remained
      the same and not smaller than that of the teeth with one main foramen. This may
      be of a significant clinical value, because this means that the pulp takes extra
      volumes of blood from these extra foramens.

PMID- 2640528
TI  - [Denture cleansing and denture stomatitis. Clinical investigation].
AB  - Three hundred patients with complete dentures were examined, to find out if there
      exists a relationship between denture cleansing and denture stomatitis
      prevalence. The study revealed that: 1. Denture stomatitis prevalence was 46%. 2.
      Mechanical means for denture cleansing were used by 84.67% of all patients,
      chemical means for denture cleansing were used by 5.33% and a combination of
      mechanical and chemical means by 10%. 3. Dentures with satisfactory cleanliness
      were used by 50.33% of the whole sample of patients and dentures with
      unsatisfactory cleanliness by 49.67% of all patients. 4. There exists a strong
      significant relationship (p less than 0.001) between dentures with unsatisfactory
      cleanliness and denture stomatitis prevalence. 5. There exists no significant
      relationship (p less than 0.05) between methods for denture cleansing and denture
      stomatitis prevalence.

PMID- 2640529
TI  - [Epidemiological study on dental caries among children in Amaliada Ilias city].
AB  - The subject of this study is to define the degree and the incidence of attact of
      dental caries. For this purpose 599 children were examined aged between 6-12
      years. The examination and the recording of the sample was according to the
      criteria of WHO. The study has shown that the attact of dental caries is high in
      dmfi and DMFI 2.88 and 1.59.

PMID- 2640530
TI  - [General diseases and dysfunction of the stomatognathic system].
AB  - There are two cases of general diseases [progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) and
      nasopharyngeal cancer], which assumes with dysfunction of the stomatognathic
      system. The authors which are aware of all above made an extensive reference of
      the details of these diseases and in relation with the dysfunction of the
      stomatognathic system. The conclusion of this paper is the important role of
      clinical consideration for the differential diagnosis of similar cases.

PMID- 2640531
TI  - [Clinicostatistical study of the reasons for placing and replacing restorations].
AB  - This article presents the results of a clinical study conducted in the department
      of Operative Dentistry of the University of Athens. The reasons for placing and
      replacing restorations, the restorative material used, patient's age and sex,
      teeth and surfaces involved and age of replaced restorations were the variables
      studied in 1520 restorations. The results revealed that 53.2% of the restorations
      were placed for the first time. 92.6% of the new restorations were placed due to
      primary caries. Secondary caries were the reasons for the 35% of the replaced
      with amalgam restorations. Secondary caries and color mismatch were the reasons
      for the 25% and 23.2% respectively of the replaced with composite restorations.

PMID- 2640532
TI  - [Problems in the root canal treatment of premature teeth with open apex].
AB  - The root canal treatment of pulpless teeth with open apex was always a problem in
      the field of endodontics. On occasions, various techniques have been used for the
      hermetic sealing of these teeth, and finally, the method of root canal filling
      with calcium hydroxide and CMCP (camphorous para mono chlorophenol) was adopted.
      This method was considered to be the most biological, and as it was proved the
      influence of calcium hydroxide, closing of the apex was achieved by various types
      of tissues. In this study we describe the problems that arise in such cases, as
      well as the various treatments. Finally cases of children who came for therapy in
      the clinic of Endodontics will be presented.

PMID- 2640533
TI  - [The reliability of electrical and thermal pulp tests. A clinical study].
AB  - A clinical study was conducted to assess the reliability of electrical and
      thermal pulp tests and to correlate the results with the true pulp status, as
      this was proved after the access opening, as well as to determine which clinical
      factors might be associated with the tests reliability. The results showed that
      pulp tests are reliable in a high grade and that there is no significant
      difference in their reliability.

PMID- 2640534
TI  - [Root canal volume].
AB  - In this research we used 180 noncarious teeth, 15 from each kind, in which we cut
      the anatomic crown. After that we weighted the roots, each group separately,
      before and after the root canal obturation with the technique of lateral
      condensation of gutta percha and Grossman's sealer. The difference of the two
      weights represent the overload of the tooth after obturation. Then using
      mathematical rules we configured out the mean volume of the root canal of each
      group and the mean value of the diameter of the orifice of the canal of each
      group of teeth.

PMID- 2640535
TI  - [In vivo study of the analgesic action of different methods and drugs in
      endodontics].
AB  - In order to treat the acute pulpal pain of the emergency patient, there are
      different methods and medicaments in the clinical practice. The aim of this study
      was to investigate the efficacy of variant treatment methods and medicaments used
      clinically to manage acute pulpal pain. The material of this method consisted of
      100 patients who came in the clinic of endodontics of Athens university, with
      symptoms of acute pulpitis. The patients were divided in three groups. In the
      first group the carious dentin was excavated without exposuring the pulp and a
      cotton pellet with eugenol or comphorted p-chlorophenol was placed in the cavity.
      In the second group the carious dentin was also removed, a small pulp lesion was
      made and the same medicaments were placed in the cavity. In the third group
      pulpotomy was performed and the same drugs were placed in the cavity. The results
      indicated that the method of pulpotomy was the most effective one for pain
      alleviation. Furthermore eugenol was proved to be more effective as a sedative
      drug than comphorted p-monochlorophenol.

PMID- 2640536
TI  - [Auriculotemporal syndrome in patient with prostatic secondaries to the cervical
      vertebrae and neck lymph nodes].
AB  - Auriculotemporal syndrome is characterized by flushing sweating and
      hypersensitivity in the temporal, parotid and preauricular area during
      mastication. The syndrome is a rare complication after 1) injuries in this area,
      2) parotidectomy, 3) surgery of fractures of the temporomandibular articulation
      4) neoplasms of the parotid gland. It usually appears a few days to 1-2 years
      after the appearance of the above mentioned causes. A case of auriculotemporal
      syndrome in a 70 year old man with metastatic Ca from the prostate to the
      cervical vertebrae and neck lymphnodes is reported. On this occasion, the
      literature is reviewed and emphasis is given in pathogenesis and treatment of the
      syndrome.

PMID- 2640537
TI  - [Diuretic and body-weight effects of lightly mineralized waters].

PMID- 2640538
TI  - [Rhythms and depression].

PMID- 2640539
TI  - [Current facts about depression].

PMID- 2640540
TI  - Bioavailability of total iron from meat, spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) and meat
      spinach mixtures by anaemic and non-anaemic rats.
AB  - 1. Bioavailability of Fe from beef, spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) and their
      mixtures was studied using anaemic and non-anaemic rats by haemoglobin
      regeneration efficiency (HRE) and apparent Fe absorption in two trials. 2. The
      initial haemoglobin levels of severely anaemic, mildly anaemic and non-anaemic
      rats were 63, 88 and 113 g/l, respectively. The Fe level in diets was about 30
      mg/kg. All other nutrients equalled or exceeded the requirement of the growing
      rat. 3. The spinach Fe was well utilized by the rats with average HRE of 0.41,
      0.53 and 0.36, and apparent Fe absorptions averaging 0.48, 0.59 and 0.37 for the
      severely anaemic, mildly anaemic and non-anaemic animals respectively. 4. Beef Fe
      was efficiently used by rats as reported by others. Average HRE were 0.42, 0.51
      and 0.44, and average apparent Fe absorptions were 0.44, 0.47 and 0.46 for the
      severely anaemic, mildly anaemic and non-anaemic rats respectively. 5. When the
      percentage of meat Fe was increased from 0 to 25, 50, 75 or 100 of the dietary
      Fe, HRE and apparent Fe absorption were not increased significantly. A meat
      enhancement effect on total Fe absorption, reported by others for non-haem-Fe,
      did not occur in the present experiment. 6. Negative correlation coefficients
      between initial haemoglobin and HRE (r -0.79), and initial haemoglobin and
      apparent Fe absorption (r -0.73) were seen with the rats fed on dietary Fe from
      FeSO4.7H2O. This was not seen with the rats fed on dietary Fe from beef or
      spinach. 7. The Fe absorption pattern for the different Fe sources is evidence
      for a third Fe pool, a pool made up of highly soluble inorganic Fe salt, in
      addition to haem-Fe and non-haem-Fe complex pools. FeSO4.7H2O is not in the same
      gastrointestinal pool as non-haem-Fe complex such as spinach Fe. A suggested
      mechanism of absorption is discussed.

PMID- 2640541
TI  - The etiology of tumor plop in a patient with huge right atrial myxoma.
AB  - In a patient with a large atrial myxoma, the phonocardiographic timing of the
      tumor plop has been correlated with the two-dimensional echocardiographic motion
      pattern of the cardiac mass. The tumor plop occurred at the time when the mass
      stopped its diastolic forward motion into the ventricle and made a strong impact
      on the interventricular septum and right ventricular posterior wall. Occurrence
      of tumor plop may require a large mass or long enough tumor stalk to allow the
      impact of the mass on the ventricular wall.

PMID- 2640542
TI  - Myelofibrosis in primary myelodysplastic syndromes: a clinico-morphological study
      of 10 cases.
AB  - We describe 10 cases of primary myelodysplastic syndrome in which marrow fibrosis
      was striking at presentation. All the cases showed trilineage dysplasia with
      increased megakaryopoiesis and marked reticulin fibrosis. Significant
      organomegaly was notably absent. This association has hitherto not been
      highlighted and it is important to distinguish these cases from those of
      idiopathic myelofibrosis with which they may be confused. Furthermore, their
      comparatively long survival distinguishes these cases from those previously
      described as acute myelodysplasia with myelofibrosis and malignant
      myelosclerosis. The pathogenesis of fibrosis in these cases may be related to
      disordered megakaryopoiesis and the platelet-derived cytokines that may be
      released. The treatment of these fibrotic cases remains problematical and further
      investigation is required.

PMID- 2640543
TI  - Negative Haemoccult test in malignant and premalignant lesions of the colon.
      Validation of the Haemoccult test with total colonoscopy.
AB  - To date, no published report on a trial has provided sufficiently strong evidence
      of the accuracy of the Haemoccult Test assessed by false-negative error, and
      validated on the basis of a complete colonoscopy of all patients. Total
      colonoscopy (up to the cecum) was performed on 534 patients whose stools had been
      tested for occult blood. The results of the colonoscopy were classified as
      follows: --expected continual bleeding (target lesions: carcinoma, polyps greater
      than or equal to 10 mm) --intermittant bleeding (polyps less than 10 mm, colitis,
      etc.), and --no source of bleeding. Results were regarded as false-negative in
      patients who were found to have a target lesion (carcinoma, polyp greater than or
      equal to 10 mm) following a negative Haemoccult test. Apart from positive and
      negative prognostic values, sensitivity and specificity were taken into account
      as characteristics for the quality of the test. Following a positive Haemoccult
      test result 46 of the 534 patients were found to have polyps greater than or
      equal to 10 mm and 22 carcinomas; following negative Haemoccult test results 31
      patients were found to have polyps measuring greater than or equal to 10 mm in
      diameter and 2 carcinomas. On the basis of the chosen classification a false
      negative Haemoccult result was established in 8.6% and a false-positive result in
      4.3%. The Haemoccult test showed a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 93% in
      patients with target lesions or patients without a source of bleeding.

PMID- 2640544
TI  - Seasonal and mood independence of low basal prolactin secretion in premenopausal
      women with seasonal affective disorder.
AB  - To test hypotheses of opposing roles of dopamine and serotonin in prolactin
      secretion in seasonal affective disorder, the authors determined basal serum
      prolactin concentrations for premenopausal women, eight with and 14 without
      seasonal affective disorder, in late afternoon during the follicular phase of the
      menstrual cycle (and a subgroup during the luteal phase) in winter and summer.
      Despite their significantly higher Hamilton depression scale scores in winter
      than in summer, the patients had significantly lower prolactin concentrations
      than the control subjects in both seasons. These results suggest that low
      prolactin secretion may be a trait characteristic in seasonal affective disorder.

PMID- 2640545
TI  - "Disappearing" endotracheal tube following meconium aspiration: a possible
      solution to the problem.

PMID- 2640546
TI  - Age of death of parents of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: data from a middle
      class sample.
AB  - To test the observation that was made in a largely nonwhite, lower socioeconomic
      class clinic sample that parents of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) had
      an earlier age of death than control parents, we determined parental age of death
      in 499 patients with RA and 491 controls (381 with osteoarthritis and 110 with
      fibromyalgia). Patients and controls were largely white (greater than 94%) and
      had a mean education level greater than 12 years. Parents did not differ in
      survival time or age of death at the 0.05 level, but parents in our series lived
      6 years longer than those studied in the lower socioeconomic community.

PMID- 2640547
TI  - Sudden infant death syndrome--the "ANZ factor".

PMID- 2640548
TI  - Incidence of hepatotoxicity in children receiving isoniazid chemoprophylaxis.

PMID- 2640549
TI  - Routine cholesterol surveillance in childhood.
AB  - Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, and
      there is reason to believe that it begins in childhood. Evidence is accumulating
      that early diagnosis and treatment of hypercholesterolemia, a major coronary risk
      factor, can markedly reduce the incidence of atherosclerotic heart disease in
      later life. A pediatric group practice consisting of six pediatricians and a
      pediatric nurse practitioner performed a cholesterol surveillance study of 6500
      children between 3 and 18 years of age. Parents and patients were counseled
      regarding other coronary risk factors, and the American Heart Association diet
      was recommended. According to the results of the study, 1251 children (19%)
      exceeded the acceptable 90th percentile for cholesterol and that 143 of 299
      significantly hypercholesterolemic children (48%) had no family history of
      premature myocardial infarction or known hypercholesterolemia. The current
      recommendation is that only those children from high-risk families should be
      screened for an elevated cholesterol level. The authors conclude, as a result of
      this study, that all children older than 3 years of age should have a cholesterol
      test and that advice regarding avoidance of high-risk coronary life-style
      behaviors should be a routine part of pediatric anticipatory guidance.

PMID- 2640550
TI  - Sterility assurance based on validation of the sterilization process using steam
      under pressure. Committee on "Microbial Purity". F.I.P. (International Federation
      of the Pharmaceutical Industries)
AB  - The F.I.P. has long been involved in the practical aspects of microbial quality
      in pharmaceuticals. This report deals with steam sterilization. A group of
      European experts from official laboratories and pharmaceutical industries has
      compiled this text which successively reviews the different pharmacopeias,
      defines some essential sterilization concepts and parameters, reviews the current
      approaches to steam sterilization and advises, for each of them, practices in
      validation and in-process control.

PMID- 2640551
TI  - The syndrome of seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3 PE
      syndrome): a unique form of arthritis in the elderly? Report of 4 additional
      cases.
AB  - We describe 4 elderly patients who presented with peripheral seronegative
      inflammatory polyarthritis with pitting edema. All of these patients had a
      spontaneous benign evolution of their disease within 9 to 18 months. None
      developed erosions or relapse after prolonged followup. This particular pattern
      of arthritis in elderly patients might represent a separate benign clinical
      entity among inflammatory arthritis in aging patients.

PMID- 2640552
TI  - Image formats: five years after the AAPM standard for digital image interchange.
AB  - The publication of AAPM Report No. 10 was the first attempt to standardize image
      formats in the medical imaging community. Since then, three other groups have
      formed (CART--the Scandinavian collaboration for Computer Assisted Radiation
      Therapy treatment planning; ACR-NEMA, a collaboration whose purpose is to
      formulate a standard digital interface to medical imaging equipment; and COST B2
      Nuclear Medicine Project a European collaboration whose purpose is to define a
      format for digital image exchange in Nuclear Medicine). The AAPM format uses key
      value pairs in plain text to keep track of all information associated with a
      particular image. The radiation oncology community in the U.S. has been defining
      key-value pairs for use with CT, nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance (MR)
      images. The COST B2 Nuclear Medicine Project has also adopted this format and
      together with the Australian/New Zealand Society of Nuclear Medicine Technical
      Standards Sub-Committee which has also adopted this format, has defined an
      initial set of key-value pairs for Nuclear Medicine images. Additionally, both
      ACR-NEMA and CART have been defining fields for use with the same types of
      images. The CART collaboration has introduced a database which is available
      electronically, but is maintained by a group of individuals. ACR-NEMA operates
      through committee meetings. The COST B2 Nuclear Medicine Project operates through
      electronic (and postal where necessary) mail. To insure a consistent set of field
      names in such a rapidly developing arena requires the use of a server rather than
      a committee. Via a server a person would inquire if a particular field had been
      defined. If so, the defined name would be returned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2640553
TI  - Monitoring treatment in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
AB  - We report results of monitoring treatment in 41 patients with congenital adrenal
      hyperplasia controlled over 0.3-13.1 years using standard auxological techniques
      alone. Doses of glucocorticoid (15-25 mg/m2/day) and mineralocorticoid (0.15
      mg/m2/day) replacement were determined initially using biochemical indices and
      thereafter adjusted according to surface area. Monitoring was solely directed at
      maintaining a 50th centile height velocity for chronological age. Of 41 patients,
      32 were referred after the newborn period. Nearly half of these patients were
      either overtreated or undertreated before their referral. Of the nine treated
      from birth, all but one were in good control and only two have had a second
      hospital admission. Present height standard deviation scores (SDS) for
      chronological age range from -1.60 to -0.26. Height SDS for bone age were
      compared with midparental heights in 33 patients: 15 treated with early emphasis
      on growth had a height prognosis exceeding midparental values; patients who had
      experienced appreciable prior overtreatment or undertreatment fared less well. In
      the long term management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia correction of salt
      loss is of primary importance. Doses of glucocorticoid required in addition to
      mineralcorticoid replacement should be continuously assessed and adjusted to
      maintain a normal growth velocity. This is most conveniently achieved by
      standardising replacement doses on surface area.

PMID- 2640554
TI  - Successful treatment of a harlequin fetus.
AB  - We report the prolonged survival of a harlequin fetus who was treated with
      intensive supportive measures, emollients, and oral etretinate.

PMID- 2640555
TI  - Generalized sarcoidlike granulomas with systemic angiitis, crescentic
      glomerulonephritis, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Report of an autopsy case.
AB  - A 19-year-old woman showed rapidly progressive renal and respiratory failure and
      died after a short clinical course. The autopsy revealed that death was due to
      crescentic glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage. The intrathoracic lymph
      nodes, lungs, kidneys, and other organs contained numerous epithelioid
      granulomas, some of which had foci of central coagulative necrosis. The aorta,
      its major branches, and small- to medium-sized vessels of various organs also had
      multiple areas of granulomatous angiitis. This is, to our knowledge, the first
      report of such autopsy findings. A discussion of the etiopathogenesis of the
      disease is presented.

PMID- 2640557
TI  - The nursing shortage: time for action.

PMID- 2640556
TI  - The treatment of anal cancer.

PMID- 2640558
TI  - The nursing shortage: time for action!

PMID- 2640559
TI  - Spontaneous phosphatidylcholine transfer by collision between vesicles at high
      lipid concentration.
AB  - The transfer kinetics of [3H]-1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine ([3H]POPC)
      and 1-palmitoyl-2-(pyrenyldecanoyl)phosphatidylcholine (PyrPC) from POPC small
      unilamellar vesicles were examined at 37 degrees C with lipid concentrations
      ranging from 0.1 to 40 mM. The rate of [3H]POPC transfer was determined by
      analyzing the movement of this lipid from charged donor to neutral acceptor
      vesicles. The rate of decay of the ratio of the intensity of pyrene excimer
      fluorescence to that from the pyrene monomer (E/M) upon addition of an unlabeled
      vesicle population to a population containing PyrPC was used to evaluate PyrPC
      transfer. For both lipids, the kinetic data are best described by a model which
      assumes that transfer occurs by vesicle collisions as well as by desorption from
      the bilayer. For [3H]POPC, the off-rate constant is 0.014 h-1 while the
      collisional rate constant is 0.0016 mM-1 h-1. PyrPC has an off-rate constant of
      0.023 h-1 and a collisional constant of 0.0015 mM-1 h-1. These numbers were
      calculated by assuming the rate of interbilayer transfer to be negligible
      relative to that of intervesicular transfer. The large transfer fluxes in the
      high vesicle concentration range where the collisional process dominates suggest
      that spontaneous transfer may be of importance in membrane biogenesis.

PMID- 2640560
TI  - Edematous response caused by [Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin, a B2 receptor antagonist,
      is due to mast cell degranulation.
AB  - [Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin caused hind-paw edema and degranulation of isolated
      peritoneal mast cells in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with
      diphenhydramine/methysergide or compound 48/80 completely suppressed the
      edematous response caused by [Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin, whereas bradykinin
      induced hind-paw swelling was only partially inhibited by diphenhydramine and
      methysergide pretreatment; the residual response was significantly further
      depressed by [Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin. Neither the bradykinin- nor [Thi5,8,D
      Phe7]bradykinin-induced edematous response was significantly affected by aspirin
      or BW755C. The mast cell degranulation caused by [Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin and
      bradykinin was inhibited by gangliosides but not by heparin. These results
      suggest that the edematous response elicited by [Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin was
      mainly due to the actions of mediators released by the degranulation of mast
      cells. Unlike bradykinin, [Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin was devoid of a direct
      exudation-promoting effect but exerted an antagonistic effect on the direct
      effect of kinin. If the influence of mast cells degranulation could be minimized,
      [Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin could be used as a tool to evaluate the role of kinin
      in the edematous response in inflammation.

PMID- 2640562
TI  - Autoxidation of methyl linoleate initiated by the ozonide of allylbenzene.
AB  - Allylbenzene ozonide (ABO), a model for polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
      ozonides, initiates the autoxidation of methyl linoleate (18:2 ME) at 37 degrees
      C under 760 torr of oxygen. This process is inhibited by d-alpha-tocopherol
      (alpha-T) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). The autoxidation was
      followed by the appearance of conjugated diene (CD), as well as by oxygen-uptake.
      The rates of autoxidation are proportional to the square root of ABO
      concentration, implying that the usual free radical autoxidation rate law is
      obeyed. Activation parameters for the thermal decomposition of ABO were
      determined under N2 in the presence of radical scavengers and found to be Ea =
      28.2 +/- 0.3 kcal mol-1 and log A = 13.6 +/- 0.2; kd (37 degrees C) is calculated
      to be (5.1 +/- 0.3) X 10(-7) sec-1. Autoxidation data are also reported for
      ozonides of 18:2 ME and methyl oleate (18:1 ME).

PMID- 2640561
TI  - Characterization of plasma-stabilized liposomes composed of
      dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and oleic acid [published errtum appears in
      Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989 Sep 29;163(3):1539].
AB  - We have previously reported that small unilamellar liposomes (d less than or
      equal to 200 nm) composed of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and oleic acid can
      be stabilized by incubating with normal human plasma (Liu and Huang, Biochemistry
      1989, in press). The stabilized liposomes were very stable even under relatively
      harsh conditions such as extreme pH, high salt and trypsin treatment.
      Fluorescence depolarization of diphenylhexatriene showed that the stabilized
      liposome had a high microviscosity in the lipid core, which did not decrease even
      after the majority of proteins were removed by trypsin. These data suggest that
      plasma proteins inserted into the lipid bilayer are probably responsible for the
      stabilization activity. After i.v. injection into mouse, stabilized liposomes
      showed a relatively low affinity to liver and spleen as compared to a
      conventional liposome composition.

PMID- 2640563
TI  - [Acute and subacute toxicity of antineoplastic Pt(II) and Pt(IV) coordination
      compounds in laboratory rodents].
AB  - After single i.v. administration of cis-diammine-platinum(II)-lactate cis
      diammine-platinum(II)-lactate, L cis-diammine-platinum(II)-dilactate trans
      dihydroxy-cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum(IV), the LD50 values have been calculated
      to range between 80 and 130 mg/kg in mice, and between 22 and 45 mg/kg in rats.
      The LD50 of cis-DDP amounted to 17 mg/kg and 6.6 mg/kg, respectively. Likewise,
      the compounds have been found to be about 3 to 5 times less toxic than the
      standard cis-DDP when administered daily for 5 consecutive days. Since the
      kidneys, the bone marrow, the lymphatic tissue and the intestinal tract have been
      proved to be the main target organs, the profile of the toxic action of the
      Pt(II)-complexes seems to be similar to that of cis-DDP. Additionally, the Pt(IV)
      compound has been found to be toxic to the pancreas, the liver and the salivary
      glands. With regard to the antineoplastic activity the more soluble lactates of
      cis-DDP showed a smaller therapeutic index compared to cis-DDP.

PMID- 2640564
TI  - Prokaryotic triterpenoids. A novel hopanoid from the ethanol-producing bacterium
      Zymomonas mobilis.
AB  - Among the triterpenoids of the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis a novel hopanoid, 32
      oxobacteriohopane-33,34,35-triol beta-linked via its primary hydroxy group to
      glucosamine, has been isolated as a minor compound.

PMID- 2640565
TI  - 18,21-Anhydroaldosterone and derivatives.
AB  - 18,21-Anhydroaldosterone 8, 18,21-anhydro-19-noraldosterone 9, and 3 alpha, 5
      beta-tetrahydro-18,21-anhydro-19-noraldosterone 13, which may be present in acid
      processed urine, were prepared by cleaving their 20-ketal derivatives 2, 3, and
      12 with hot mineral acid. Compounds 8 and 9 were also made by direct dehydration
      of aldosterone 5 and 19-noraldosterone 10 in good yield. The reverse ring opening
      of 8 to 5 could be carried out in moderate yield with an acetic acid-acetic
      anhydride-perchloric acid mixture, while an analogous ring opening of 9 gave only
      a poor yield of 10.

PMID- 2640566
TI  - Synthesis and evaluation of non-steroidal mechanism-based inactivators of 3 alpha
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
AB  - Two non-steroidal mechanism-based inactivators for 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSD) of rat liver have been synthesized: 1-(4'
      nitrophenyl)-2-propen-1-ol (I), and 1-(4'-nitrophenyl)-2-propyn-1-ol (II). Both
      of these compounds inactivate homogeneous 3 alpha-HSD in a time- and
      concentration-dependent manner only in the presence of NAD+. Analysis of the
      pseudo-first-order inactivation data gave a Kd of 1.2 mM for the allylic alcohol
      and a t1/2 (time required to promote a 50% loss of enzyme activity) for the
      enzyme of less than 10 s at saturation. Similar inactivation studies with the
      acetylenic alcohol gave a Kd of 1.5 mM and a t1/2 for the enzyme of 9.9 min at
      saturation. The allylic alcohol and acetylenic alcohol are oxidized
      stereoselectively by the enzyme, yielding a Km of 2.0 mM and a Vmax. of 0.58
      mumol/min per mg for the allylic alcohol and a Km of 0.75 mM and a Vmax. of 0.29
      mumol/min per mg for the acetylenic alcohol. Effective partition ratios
      (kcat./kinact.) are low for both alcohols: for the allylic alcohol, 5.3; and for
      the acetylenic alcohol, 141. H.p.l.c. indicates that the Michael acceptors 1-(4'
      nitrophenyl)-2-propen-1-one (III) and 1-(4'-nitrophenyl-2-propyn-1-one (IV) are
      the products of the enzymic oxidation of the corresponding alcohols. The latter
      compound (IV) was trapped as its monothioether adducts before h.p.l.c. analysis.
      The Michael acceptors III and IV inactivate the 3 alpha-HSD in the absence of
      NAD+ at a rate too high to accurately measure and titrate the enzyme in a
      stoichiometric manner. Enzyme inactivated by I and NAD+, II and NAD+, III or IV
      is not re-activated by gel filtration or dialysis, implying a stable covalent
      bond has been formed between the enzyme and the inactivators. A screen of five
      other HSDs, and two aliphatic alcohol dehydrogenases, indicates that alcohol I is
      a selective inactivator of rat liver 3 alpha-HSD. It is concluded that 3 alpha
      HSD generates non-steroidal alkylating agents (III and IV) that potently
      inactivate the enzyme with low effective partition coefficients. This report of
      non-steroidal mechanism-based inactivators of 3 alpha-HSD may provide a precedent
      for the development of related compounds to act as suicide substrates of other
      HSDs.

PMID- 2640567
TI  - Quantification, isolation and structural determination of bradykinin and
      hydroxyprolyl-bradykinin in tumor ascites.
AB  - The presence of kinins in ascitic tumor fluids from rodents and human patients
      was identified and quantified. In bioassay, kinin content was found to be 1 to 40
      ng/ml, and by enzyme immunoassay, 0.6 to 2.5 ng/ml. In particular, a high kinin
      content, 40 ng/ml, was found in the ascites of a gastric cancer patient by
      bioassay. Purification of this kinin in the ascites from the gastric cancer
      patient was performed by ethanol precipitation, gel filtration and reversed-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two peaks (peak A and peak B)
      showed kinin activity. Peak A did not correspond to either bradykinin or other
      known kinins, such as lysyl-bradykinin and T-kinin, whereas peak B corresponded
      to bradykinin. Peak A contained 8 amino acid residues from bradykinin minus one
      proline plus an additional hydroxyproline. Sequence analysis of peak A showed
      that the proline at the third amino acid residue of bradykinin was replaced by
      hydroxyproline. The retention time of peak A on reversed-phase HPLC was exactly
      the same as that of synthetic hydroxyprolyl3-bradykinin (Hyp3-bradykinin) but was
      distinguishable from des-Pro3-bradykinin. Thus, these results demonstrate for the
      first time the presence of Hyp3-bradykinin in mammalian system.

PMID- 2640569
TI  - [Ion pair HPLC determination of p-aminobenzoic acid as an impurity in procaine
      and procainamide hydrochlorides].
AB  - A simple, specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method
      for the determination of p-amino benzoic acid (PABA) as impurity in procaine and
      procainamide hydrochlorides has been developed. The compounds were
      chromatographed on reversed phase C-18 using water-methanol-acetonitrile solvent
      system containing sodium lauryl sulphate ion-pair reagent.

PMID- 2640568
TI  - [Dalargin in the prevention of acute postoperative pancreatitis].
AB  - In the experiment on 200 rats with acute pancreatitis, it was revealed that in
      administration of dalargin at a dose of 10 mg/kg of the mass, the activity of
      xanthinoxidase and lipid peroxidation in the pancreas was suppressed, at the same
      time, the activity of trypsin, amylase and transamidinase in the blood serum
      decreased. In 48 patients, who underwent the intravenous administration of
      dalargin at a dose of 50 mg/kg at operation on the pancreas and after it, the
      incidence of acute postoperative pancreatitis development decreased 4.16-fold
      when compared to the use of protease inhibitors, and 2.4-fold when compared to
      the use of fluorouracil.

PMID- 2640570
TI  - Spectrophotometric determination of procaine hydrochloride by means of iron (3+)
      4-aminobenzohydroxamic acid complex.
AB  - A rapid, simple and reproducible method is presented, for the determination of
      procaine hydrochloride in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations containing also
      corbadrine or caffeine. The method is based on the conversion of procaine into
      the corresponding hydroxamic acid which reacts with iron (III) forming a complex
      of violet colour stable at pH 2.0, with a maximum absorption at a wavelength of
      540 nm, and with molar absorptivity (epsilon = 0.43 X 10(3) l mol-1 cm-1). The
      minimum detectable amount was 1.47 X 10(-4) M/l, and Lambert-Beer law is obeyed
      in the range 2.93 X 10(-4) - 4.106 X 10(-3) M/l. By the application of Bent
      French method it has been established that the stoichiometric ratio of 4
      aminobenzohydroxamic acid and iron (3+) in the complex is 3:1. No interference
      with degradation product of procaine (4-aminobenzoic acid) was observed.

PMID- 2640571
TI  - Influence of drug loading on coated beads release using air suspension technique.
AB  - Spherical granules were prepared by loading a drug such as Indobufen on 40-45
      mesh non-pareil seeds using air suspension coating technique (Wurster process,
      Uniglatt). The drug was added by spraying a formulated aqueous dispersion onto
      inert granules in different amounts employing two drug particle sizes with
      different surface areas. Then all active beads were coated with different
      thicknesses of polymeric film using the same fluid bed employed for loading the
      drug. The coatings were applied from aqueous dispersions (pseudolatex) of ethyl
      cellulose (Aquacoat ECD-30). In this system the drug diffusion is governed by the
      intrinsic pore network of the membrane. The finest drug particle size gave the
      fastest drug release rates. Moreover, the lowest drug loadings on inert granules
      resulted in the slowest drug release. Nevertheless thicker film coats involved a
      delay of drug release. Further preparations were made to evaluate the influence
      of changing the seed size to 25-30 mesh, loading the same amount of the drug and
      obtaining the increased surface are of the individual bead. In order to improve
      the drug release profile, the effect of changing diethylphthalate to the more
      water-soluble triethylcitrate and the addition of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
      or polysorbate 80 were also evaluated. In this case the drug diffusion is
      controlled by dissolution of a part of membrane leaving small channels of polymer
      coating.

PMID- 2640572
TI  - [Treatment of a basal and dental Class II malocclusion in mixed dentition, with
      functional appliances and extraoral traction].
AB  - The case of class II basal and dental malocclusion described is still under
      treatment but has already produced outstanding results. In fact the treatment
      adopted made it possible to halt and correct a bad habit of lower lip
      interposition in a very short time.

PMID- 2640573
TI  - [Premature unilateral exfoliation of a deciduous canine. Report of a case].
AB  - This is a case report of a patient in mixed dentition with 2nd class
      malocclusion, and early loss of deciduous cuspid tooth. The harmful effects on
      the growth and development of normal occlusion are emphasized.

PMID- 2640574
TI  - [Possibility of cephalometric superimposition on a single point after Steiner,
      Ricketts and Cervera].
AB  - Following a brief introduction to the various methods of cephalometric
      superimposition proposed by different authors and school, the paper examines
      Cervera's system of cephalometric superimposition on a single point. The letter
      identified a single point, OcC point (Cervera's occlusal point), as the primary
      fulcrum from which to perform a correct cephalometric superimposition in order to
      examine the patient's anticipated growth. It is clear that initial
      anthropological interest, which was focused on the anterior cranial fossa, has
      gradually moved down to the lower third of the face, the anatomo-functional
      region in which the functions of the stomatognathic apparatus are mainly
      performed.

PMID- 2640575
TI  - [Results of a dental screening in a group of students in 3 Codogno (Milan)
      elementary schools in the 1986-87 school year].
AB  - The results of a dental screening performed on 582 pupils from 6 year old to 10
      year old are presented. The data texted were: oral hygiene degree, decayed milk
      teeth, decayed permanent teeth, dental and facial anomalies in accordance with
      W.H.O. classification, Geneve 1977. The classes where pupils brush their teeth at
      least one time a day, show best oral hygiene conditions than the others.

PMID- 2640576
TI  - [Fractures of the mandibular condyle in the pediatric age group. Clinical
      considerations and therapeutic procedures].
AB  - The paper analyses the post-traumatic pathology of the T.M. joint in patients in
      a dynamic growth phase with reference to prognostic and therapeutic factors.
      After a critical review of the literature, the lack of a common viewpoint and the
      importance of personal experience are underlined.

PMID- 2640577
TI  - [Cleidocranial dysostosis. Presentation of a clinical case].
AB  - After presenting the aetiopathogenetic, clinical, radiological and therapeutic
      aspects of cleidocranial dysostosis syndrome, a case is reported. The patient, a
      boy of 14, was the subject of examination since birth.

PMID- 2640578
TI  - [Treatment of a case of articular dysfunction with orthodontics and prosthesis].
AB  - A case of intracapsular pathology with myalgia has been solved by mandibular
      repositioning. Having identified the new mandibular position, it was made
      definitive with provisional prostheses and programmed sectorial orthodontics.
      Slavicek plates and programmed splints were used for orthodontic movements.

PMID- 2640579
TI  - Epidemiology and leadership in public health.

PMID- 2640580
TI  - Mortality analysis--some new uses for old indicators.

PMID- 2640581
TI  - Chronic disease reports in the morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR).

PMID- 2640582
TI  - Field epidemiology training in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East.

PMID- 2640583
TI  - Types of epidemiological studies in Peruvian biomedical journals.

PMID- 2640584
TI  - A footnote to our article on retinoblastoma.

PMID- 2640585
TI  - Clinical trials referral resource. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 2640586
TI  - Recruitment and retention.

PMID- 2640587
TI  - Introduction: how bad is the shortage?

PMID- 2640588
TI  - Long-term solutions. A view from the top: an organizational perspective.

PMID- 2640589
TI  - Recruitment. The shortage is a two-sided equation: supply and demand.

PMID- 2640590
TI  - One hospital's solution--make every nurse a recruiter.

PMID- 2640591
TI  - Retention. Calculating the cost of turnover.

PMID- 2640592
TI  - Retention. Nurses who leave nursing.

PMID- 2640593
TI  - Retention. What satisfies nurses enough to keep them?

PMID- 2640594
TI  - Retention. Staffing and scheduling.

PMID- 2640595
TI  - Retention. A look at self-scheduling.

PMID- 2640596
TI  - Long-term solutions. Recruiting the best and the brightest into nursing.

PMID- 2640597
TI  - Performance evaluations.

PMID- 2640598
TI  - Making performance appraisal work.
AB  - There are many facets to the job of employee appraisal. To make each facet as
      meaningful to the employee as possible may require new approaches. Implementing
      an appraisal system requiring employee participation through tracking systems
      will initially demand more of your time, but it can provide you and your
      employees with a process designed to keep performance on track and progress
      toward specific developmental goals on target. Once systems are in place and
      employees are tracking for success, one of your most essential responsibilities
      may have become an enjoyable process.

PMID- 2640600
TI  - The manager's challenge.

PMID- 2640599
TI  - Staying clear of the law.

PMID- 2640601
TI  - Choosing a performance appraisal system.

PMID- 2640602
TI  - Developing and implementing a Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale System: the
      Brook Lane Psychiatric Center experience.

PMID- 2640603
TI  - Peer review--why and how to do it.

PMID- 2640604
TI  - Psychological preparedness.

PMID- 2640605
TI  - Making peer review work in the emergency setting: the Johns Hopkins Hospital
      experience.

PMID- 2640606
TI  - Using performance appraisal to shape the nursing division.

PMID- 2640607
TI  - Influence of municipal discharge and water courses upon the state of sea costal
      water contamination in Gulf of Gdansk.

PMID- 2640608
TI  - Sanitary state of the sea coastal waters on the basis of bacteriological and
      physical-chemical examinations carried out in 1986 and 1987.

PMID- 2640609
TI  - Smoking habit in fishermen and seafarers.

PMID- 2640610
TI  - Clinical and psychological examinations of the most frequent psychosomatic
      diseases among seamen.

PMID- 2640611
TI  - Personality factors and the behaviour patterns in seamen suffering from ulcer
      disease.

PMID- 2640612
TI  - Evaluation of the psychical state of deck crew seamen with long period of service
      at sea.

PMID- 2640613
TI  - Changes in the state of health of seamen induced by their working environment.

PMID- 2640614
TI  - Allergic reactions in deep-sea fishermen caused by contact with cuttlefish.

PMID- 2640615
TI  - Changes of elastic-viscous properties of muscles of seamen during a cruise.

PMID- 2640616
TI  - State of knowledge about AIDS among seamen as well as the spreading of HIV in
      this occupational group.
AB  - In the period from March 1, 1987 until October 31, 1988, 873 seamen were examined
      on HIV and questioned on their state of knowledge on AIDS. A questionnaire with 7
      questions on AIDS and 6 important features of the seamen was statistically
      evaluated. This evaluation showed the following results: 22% of all persons
      questioned had already had venereal diseases. Seamen from the so-called "Third
      World" were more frequently affected than Europeans which points to a lack of
      preventions. Younger seamen under 30 years of age were more frequently affected
      than older ones (no experience, carelessness). Venereal diseases in seamen
      decreased gradually. This may be due to the rising awareness of the risk of AIDS.
      37% of the persons examined use condoms during sexual intercourse. Ship officers
      and container crews use condoms more frequently (better information or
      precaution, lack of time for going ashore). An increase of use of condoms was
      stated. 79% of all seamen questioned knew what the word AIDS means. Europeans,
      ship officers and younger seamen were better informed than the other groups. 42%
      had printed information leaflets on board their ships. 55% of European vessels
      had leaflets on board. The ways of transmission of AIDS were only known to 66% of
      all seamen questioned. Only 55% knew that AIDS cannot be cured. The comparison
      between two periods of questioning in 1987 and 1988 shows the following: Venereal
      diseases decreased slightly. The use of condoms increased. The state of knowledge
      on AIDS improved considerably. Crews of container vessels are generally better
      informed on AIDS than crews of other kinds of vessels. Out of 873 seamen who were
      tested on AIDS 5 (0.57%) were HIV-positive, among them 2 Africans and 3 persons
      from West Europe. All differences given are significant (range of significance
      ...0.001-0.05).

PMID- 2640617
TI  - The organization and functioning of health services for crews of deep-sea fishing
      vessels.

PMID- 2640618
TI  - The state of the circulatory system in hard working dockers in 1975-1976 and 1987
      1988 (ECG evaluation by means of the Minnesota Code 1982).

PMID- 2640619
TI  - Simulated saturated divings and the ability to estimate the time elapsed.

PMID- 2640620
TI  - About a case of human hepatic distomatosis.

PMID- 2640621
TI  - Comparison of three methods for the determination of carboxyhaemoglobin in blood.

PMID- 2640622
TI  - Immunological recognition.

PMID- 2640623
TI  - Interleukin-2 receptor beta chain: molecular cloning and functional expression of
      the human cDNA.

PMID- 2640624
TI  - Immune dysfunctions and activation of natural killer cells in human IL-2 and IL
      2/IL-2 receptor L-chain transgenic mice.

PMID- 2640625
TI  - Regulation of the biological effects of IL-4 on murine T and B cells.

PMID- 2640627
TI  - Signal transduction through interleukin-5 receptors.

PMID- 2640626
TI  - Interleukin-6 receptor and a unique mechanism of its signal transduction.

PMID- 2640628
TI  - Immunologic tolerance within the B-lymphocyte compartment: an adult tolerance
      model.

PMID- 2640629
TI  - Structural patterns in anti-DNA antibodies from MRL/lpr mice.

PMID- 2640630
TI  - [Application of the finite element method in analysis of the tensions state in
      hard tissues of the teeth].
AB  - The principles of the finite element method (FEM) that is useful in analysis of
      the tensions state in hard tissues of a healthy and a filled tooth have been
      presented in the paper. Both algorithms and assumptions of FEM have been given
      that enables the investigators concerned to utilize the method individually.

PMID- 2640631
TI  - [Labial flaps in reconstruction of lower lip].
AB  - The authors present the evolution of the lower lip reconstruction by labial
      flaps. Some details of the operation technique and the range of indications for
      this type of plastic operation have been discussed.

PMID- 2640632
TI  - [Lingual thyroid. Description of one case].
AB  - A case of a part of thyroid tissue dislocation to the base of the tongue in a 36
      year-old patient with euthyreosis has been described.

PMID- 2640633
TI  - [Endodontic treatment as an iatrogenic factor].
AB  - Basing of the clinical observations iatrogenic complications connected with
      endodontic treatment of the teeth have been discussed by presenting 5 cases
      chosen.

PMID- 2640634
TI  - [Symptoms of the failure of the biological mechanism of teething. Symptomatology
      of the primary teeth's reinclusion].
AB  - Symptoms of the primary teeth's reinclussion are presented as an example of the
      failure of the biological mechanism of teething. Ethiology and pathogenesis of
      these disturbances have not been explained yet. In this situation complete and
      systematic description of the symptoms divided into clinical, radiological and
      histological symptoms can make the comparison with similar nosological entity
      easier and can bring the solution of anomaly's pathogenesis closer.

PMID- 2640635
TI  - [Hyperplasia of gingivae in the course of incomplete form of Melkersson-Rosenthal
      syndrome].
AB  - A case of incomplete Melkersson-Rosenthal (s. M-R) syndrome manifesting itself by
      the lower lip and cheeks' mucous membrane oedema and hyperplasia of gingivae has
      been described. Histopathological examination of the cheeks has demonstrated
      disseminated, perivascular inflammatory infiltrations of sarcoid type, whereas
      massive infiltration composed nearly exclusively of plasmatic cell has dominated
      in segments of gingivae. Electron microscopic examination has demonstrated
      increased migration of the cells resembling lymphocytes through the epithelium
      towards the surface and progressive morphological changes leading to the
      disintegration both lymphocytar cells and plasmatic ones and symptoms of
      interstitium fibrotic processes.

PMID- 2640636
TI  - [Estimation of the parodontium state in seven-year-old children by means of CPITN
      Index of parodontium medicinal needs].
AB  - The purpose of the work was to estimate the parodontium Medicinal Needs of seven
      year-old children from the capital city of Warsaw and province by means of CPITN
      index. Parodontium state in 180 children has been examined: 60 children from
      Warsaw (a big town), 60 children from Sulejowek (a small town) and 60 children
      from Wiazowna commune (a village). Each group under examination was composed of
      30 girls and 30 boys. A calibrated probe suggested by WHO has been used for the
      purposes of the examinations. The data obtained during the examinations have been
      entered in the chart designed by WHO; they estimate 6 sextants in the oral cavity
      of a child: healthy (H) designated by 0 code, bleeding (B)--by 1 code, existence
      of dental calculus (C)--by 2 code. In case of the index teeth absence, the
      sextant has been excluded from the examinations (X). The estimation of
      parodontium medicinal needs in 7-year-old children has demonstrated that 40.5% of
      the children have healthy parodontium (H) and doesn't need any treatment;
      bleeding existed in 59% of the children; dental calculus (C) has been found in 1
      child (0.5%). Medicinal needs is restricted to the improvement of the oral cavity
      hygiene (TN1) in 59% of the children and to the improvement of the oral cavity
      hygiene and dental calculus removing (TN2) in 1 child. Medicinal needs are
      identical for the children of both sexes, they differ considerably according to
      the environment. Action of oral cavity nursing care should include 32% of the
      children from a large town, 77% of the children from a small town and 70% of the
      children from a village.

PMID- 2640637
TI  - [Usefulness of radiological examinations in the diagnosis of supernumerary
      teeth].
AB  - Existence of the supernumerary teeth has been found in 39 persons at the age of 8
      to 69. There were 61.6% of the cases at the age when dentition exchange takes
      place and 38.4% of the cases during maturity. Clinical and radiological
      examinations have been carried out in these patients. The radiograms obtained
      have been found useful in detection, description and treatment of this dental
      anomaly.

PMID- 2640638
TI  - [Methods of medium discretization and characterization of the elastic features of
      hard dental tissues].
AB  - The method of characterization of the elastic features of tooth tissues and
      certain materials for filling of tooth defects is described. The method is useful
      in the calculation of tensions. Principles of discretization of the surfaces of
      cross-sections of teeth are discussed, and quantitative examples are included
      explaining the mode of finding of extreme values of tensions.

PMID- 2640639
TI  - [Tuberculosis of jaw bones].
AB  - The authors report three cases of isolated tuberculous foci of jaw bones and
      stress the increase in the prevalence of tuberculosis in last years. The process
      had a protracted course and was associated with isolated or multiple pus
      discharging fistulae. In all cases the final diagnosis was based on the
      histological examination of scrapings from the pathological lesions. In one case
      establishing of correct diagnosis was very difficult since the initial laboratory
      investigations and microscopic examination of cells from the pus and sputum
      failed to demonstrate specific changes. Only later histological examination
      during repeated exacerbations demonstrated tuberculosis. The treatment with
      tuberculostatic agents made possible achieving of improvement.

PMID- 2640640
TI  - [Management of patients after maxillofacial injuries complicated with respiratory
      disturbances].
AB  - On the basis of the clinical material of the I Department of Faciomaxillary
      Surgery, Silesian Medical Academy in Zabrze covering a period of 10 years the
      authors discuss the problem of respiratory disturbances developing in patients
      after faciomaxillary injuries associated, sometimes, with injuries to other
      organs. Among 3706 patients with these injuries in 29 cases it was necessary, due
      to respiratory disturbances, to ensure first the patency of airways, in 26 cases
      tracheotomy was done and in 3 cases prolonged intubation was applied.

PMID- 2640641
TI  - [Use and evaluation of X-ray films produced by WZF Foton for occlusal
      radiograms].
AB  - Sensitimetric properties are described of X-ray films for taking occlusal
      radiograms: Dental DX, RF-42, Ultra-Speed, XR-11 KS (XM). The film Dental DX was
      estimated on the basis of examination of a skull specimen and clinical material.
      The sensitivity of the film Dental DX was 400% higher than that of the generally
      used RF-42 film.

PMID- 2640642
TI  - [Malocclusions in children with black tartar].
AB  - The author studied the prevalence of occlusal anomalies in children with black
      tartar treated in the Mother and Child Institute Branch in Rabka. The prevalence
      of these anomalies in these children was lower than in children without this
      tartar. In boys this difference was highly significant statistically, while in
      girls the difference was lower and not significant statistically. In boys with
      black tartar the prevalence of occlusal anomalies was 14% lower and in girls
      about 4% lower.

PMID- 2640643
TI  - [Activity of certain salivary enzymes in school children exposed to excessive
      concentrations of lead and cadmium].
AB  - The purpose of the study was assessment of the effect of an environment
      contaminated with heavy metals on the activity of certain enzymes of mixed
      saliva. The activity was determined of total acid phosphatase and phosphatase
      resistant to tartrate and formaldehyde, alkaline phosphatase, alanine and
      aspartate aminotransferase, and alpha-amylase. The studied material comprised 110
      saliva samples obtained from three groups of children aged 8 years. Group I of 21
      children lived in Szopienice, group II of 30 children lived in Miasteczko
      Slaskie. In both these localities the children were exposed to mean daily
      concentrations, above the permitted ones, mainly of lead compounds, in lower
      degree to cadmium and zinc compounds. Environment contamination in Szopienice was
      greater than in Miasteczko Slaskie. Group III of 59 children living in Lubowice
      served as controls. In that town the permissible concentrations of these
      compounds were not exceeded. Statistical analysis of these results showed that
      the activity of total acid phosphatase in groups I and II, that is in the
      contaminated areas, was highly significantly greater than in the control group.
      The activity of alkaline phosphatase was raised only in the saliva in group I. No
      differences were found in the activity of alpha-amylase and aminotransferases.

PMID- 2640644
TI  - [Age and content of certain mineral components in permanent teeth].
AB  - The chemical composition of the teeth is determined during its development,
      however, in the postdevelopmental period changes of inorganic components are
      possible, which have an important effect on the morphology, structure and
      chemical composition of teeth. Using the method of X-ray fluorescence the levels
      of Ca, P, Cl, S, K and Zn were determined in hard tissues of 218 permanent non
      carietic teeth from all dental groups. The correlation between these various
      elements in the teeth and the age of the subjects, whose teeth were taken for the
      investigations, was expressed with the correlation coefficient r of Pearson. The
      significance of the correlation was analysed using Students t test. In case of
      significant correlation equations of regression were determined for predicting
      the expected value of the level of a given element in teeth for a given age. No
      significant differences were noted in the levels of Ca and P in relation to age.
      The levels of S, K and Zn rose with age, while the chloride content was
      decreasing.

PMID- 2640645
TI  - [Combination of plastic and orthognathic procedures, for the surgical correction
      of the hemifacial microsomia].
AB  - This syndrome is made up of a constellation of congenitally malformed facial
      structures which arises from the first and second branchial arches. A case of
      hemifacial microsomia, with the physical characteristics of unilateral left
      underdevelopment of the external and middle ear, mandible and zygoma is
      presented. The treatment took place in two stages: Firstly the auricle was
      reconstructed with the method of tissue expander and silicone frame and secondly
      the mandibular prognathism and laterognathism with sagittal splitting was
      corrected. We present our case and the results that have been gained by combining
      the modalities of plastic and orthognathic surgery.

PMID- 2640646
TI  - [X-ray analysis of calculi from human salivary glands].
AB  - In this study calculi from human submandibular salivary glands were examined with
      the method of fluorescence and diffraction of X-rays, as well as the
      radiocrystallographique method. Beside the already known substances, a
      significant amount of iodine was found. It is the first time that iodine is found
      as component of calculi of the human salivary glands. The patients history
      (thyroid glands etc) didn't give an explanation for the presence of iodine.

PMID- 2640647
TI  - [Alterations in the size, shape and position of the condylar surfaces in the
      orthopantomograph. In vitro study].
AB  - Although the orthopantomograph has some disadvantages comparing with other
      techniques in the study of the TMJ, is useful sometimes for visualization of
      extensive osseous changes of the condyles. This study was done in order to study
      the exact site of the radiographic representation of the condylar surfaces in the
      orthopantomograph and to evaluate the degree of alteration of their size and
      shape. In two dry skulls (one edentulous and the other with complete dentition) a
      lead foil was placed in each one of the five surfaces of the condyles. The
      orthopantomographs were taken and the site of the radiopaque lead foil was
      evaluated for the radiographic representation of each surface. Also the degree of
      the alteration of the size and shape of the condylar surfaces was determined by
      the calculation of the two dimensions of each surface, in the skull and in the
      radiograph. The results of this study showed that all five condylar surfaces are
      contributing for the radiographic image of the condyle and always in an exact
      position each of them. The greatest distortion of the size and shape is taken
      place in the upper surface of the condyle and finally that the orthopantomograph
      cannot give us exact and accurate representation of the shape or the morphology
      of the condyle.

PMID- 2640648
TI  - [Primary melanoma of the oral cavity].
AB  - Melanoma most often develops in the skin; usually at the site of a preexisting
      nevus. It is quite rare in the oral cavity and the maxilla is the most common
      location there. It appears that males between 60 and 70 years old are affected
      more often than females. The etiology is unknown. However the melachromatic nevus
      and the color of the skin are considered predisposing factors. Based on clinical
      and histologic criteria it is classified in three categories. Unfortunately the
      frequency of the occurrence of each category into the mouth separately, is
      inversely proportional to the prognosis. The 5 year survival rate of intraoral
      melanoma does not exceed 5-9%. The treatment of melanoma is surgical and
      comprises radical excision of the lesion and radical neck dissection.
      Radiotherapy and chemotherapy do not seem to contribute to the treatment. We
      present our experience of two patients with melanoma of the maxilla. In one case
      submandibular lymphadenopathy had already been established and a radical neck
      dissection was performed. In the other case subtotal maxillectomy was performed
      with intraoral approach.

PMID- 2640649
TI  - [Fracture of the styloid process].
AB  - The fracture of the styloid process is relatively rare. Most times the fracture
      is not obvious due to the lack of severe injuries, and remains without diagnosis
      and symptoms. It may be the result of other causes than that of injury in the
      head and neck region. The presenting case is of interest because of the referred
      symptoms.

PMID- 2640650
TI  - [Le Fort I osteotomy and its variations in applied clinical practice].
AB  - In this article the Le Fort I osteotomy and its variations are described and the
      cases where they are indicated are referred too. The surgical technique, the
      diagnostic documents and the evaluation of this skeletal abnormality are also
      discussed extensively. The author's personal experience out from own cases (some
      of which are showed here) is expressed.

PMID- 2640651
TI  - [Intraoral embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma].
AB  - The embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is a very rare entity particularly when it occurs
      intraorally. We are reporting such a case in a 16-month old child.

PMID- 2640652
TI  - [Residual deformities corrected by combined craniomaxillofacial procedures].
AB  - We present a case that have been involved in a severe traffic accident, with the
      following residual deformities in the Craniomaxillofacial region: Absence of the
      major part of the frontal bone which had been fractured and its small remained
      (infected) fragments removed by the neurosurgeons and an open bite, as a result
      of mal-united jaw fractures, due to inadequate primary treatment because
      confrontation of more serious and life threatening injuries imposed precedence.
      The open bite was corrected by bimaxillary orthognathic surgery (Le Fort I and
      sagittal splitting) and the residual absence of the frontal bone was
      reconstructed by onlay split rib-grafts. We present the accomplished results.

PMID- 2640653
TI  - [The role of orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery in the treatment of severe
      dentoskeletal anomalies].
AB  - So far the majority of patients with severe dento-facial discrepancies is been
      treated unfortunately in our country either by orthodontics or by surgery alone.
      Either way the improvement of dental occlusion and facial esthetics is far behind
      in excellence because of the nature and peculiarities of these malocclusions.
      Four cases of patients with severe dento-skeletal anomalies are presented in this
      paper two of which were treated by orthodontics and the other two by surgery
      alone. The diagnostic data of each patient before and right after the treatment
      procedure are described in detail with special emphasis in the cephalometric
      analysis of the lateral x-ray. The type, the problem and the treatment results in
      every one of these patients is followingly discussed and criticized. The clear
      distinction of the possibilities and limitations of both orthodontic and surgical
      methods compulsively imposes the need for close cooperation and coordination of
      the two specialties for the successful approach of these discrepancies.

PMID- 2640654
TI  - [Isolated fractures of the zygomatic arch].
AB  - Out of 245 cases of zygomatic complex fractures which have been treated during
      1978-1987, 20 were isolated zygomatic arch fractures. The analysis of the cases
      showed that the causing factors had been direct violence due to fight, sport and
      traffic accidents. It had been proved that these fractures are not very rare.
      Evaluation and treatment must be in time. Reduction of the fracture with the
      Ginestet hook and the Gillies method offer the most promising therapeutic results
      as it has been showed through this study.

PMID- 2640655
TI  - [Determination of absorbed doses of radiation during lateral cephalometric
      radiography].
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the absorbed doses of radiation in skin
      and deeper tissues as well as in critical organs, in vitro. For this purpose were
      used: a Siemens Orthoceph-10 cephalometric unit; a tissue equivalent Phantom
      head, type Rando; 43 thermoluminescencent dosimeters (T.L.D.), rare earth screens
      type, Siemens titan ZHS and Dupont Cronex-4 films 24 x 30 cm. Of the 43 T.L.D. 21
      were places on the skin head, face and neck surface and 22 were places in deeper
      tissues and organs, and the exposure parameters were: 77 Kvp, 12 mA and 0.8 sec.
      The results of this study showed that: 1. doses on the left side towards focus
      were greater than the right side. 2. surface skin doses were ranged between 0.10
      to 0.21 mGy. 3. Doses in deeper tissues or organs were varied and depended on the
      location and the consistency of tissue and were greater than the surface skin
      doses. Comparing our results with the results of other studies we can conclude
      that dose reduction to patient, can be achieved with use of rare earth screens in
      combination with fast speed film and the use of low exposure parameters.

PMID- 2640656
TI  - [An histologic and histochemical study of arteries in the stroma of oral squamous
      cell carcinoma].
AB  - A microscopical study of 175 oral squamous cell carcinomas demonstrated that 12%
      of the tumors showed small arteries in their stroma. The arteries occurred most
      frequently around the infiltrative border of the tumors. Focal intimal thickening
      was a common feature, while duplication of the internal elastic lamina or
      obliteration of the lumen appeared more rarely. The intimal thickenings consisted
      mainly of glycosaminoglycans, a fact supporting the hypothesis that they
      represented early atherosclerotic lesions. On the contrary, the duplication of
      the elastic lamina could be attributed to age-related changes. The complete
      closure of the lumen was brought about by a tissue rich in sulphated
      glycosaminoglycans; the uncertain pathogenetic mechanisms of endarteritis
      obliterans probably accounted for the development of this tissue.

PMID- 2640657
TI  - [The use of autogenous rib bone grafts in maxillofacial surgery].
AB  - In this clinical work an extensive report pertaining to the use of autogenous rib
      bone grafts is made and the surgical technique and the cases where they are
      applied are discussed as well. The text is framed by the pictures of patients in
      whom the ribs have been applied. Everything related to the result of these grafts
      is discussed and the results and observations out of twelve patients are referred
      too.

PMID- 2640658
TI  - [Combined orthognathic surgery for fractures reduction, in mandibular prognathic
      patients].
AB  - Fractures of the facial skeleton require immediate reduction, in order to avoid
      functional and esthetic disorders. But in cases where the patient had already a
      facial deformity such as prognathism, a combination with sagittal splitting
      osteotomy operation is indicated, for reduction of the fracture and the deformity
      as well, in one stage. We present two such cases, with satisfactory results.

PMID- 2640659
TI  - [Recording of the temporomandibular joint movements with a computer].
AB  - In the present paper after a review of the international literature about the
      possibilities of recording the movements of the mandible with electromechanical
      devices, as well as the possibilities of computers to analyse the data, we
      describe our own electromechanical device which gives the possibility of direct,
      quick and accurate recording and projection on a monitor the movements of the
      mandible.

PMID- 2640660
TI  - [Combined cystectomy of the ramus with sagittal split osteotomy in mandibular
      asymmetry].
AB  - A case of typical mandibular asymmetry, probably caused by the development of a
      primordial cyst in the right ramus of the mandible, is presented. The one stage
      operation performed, which enabled the enucleation of the cyst and the
      simultaneous correction of the asymmetry, is described and the case discussed.

PMID- 2640661
TI  - [Myxoma of the mandible. Report of a case].
AB  - Myxoma is a benign tumor of the jaws of mesenchymal origin. A case of such a
      lesion of the mandible is reported, which was treated by peripheral ostectomy
      through an oblique-buccal incision, with satisfactory functional and aesthetic
      results.

PMID- 2640662
TI  - [Incidence of nutrient canals in hypertensive patients with alveolar bone loss. A
      radiographic study].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of the appearance of
      nutrient canals in periapical radiographs of the mandibular anterior region of
      hypertensive patients with alveolar bone loss. A total of 220 patients were
      examined, 120 patients exhibited hypertension and radiographic signs of alveolar
      bone loss, where 100 patients did not. The results of the present study showed
      that: 1. The incidence of the appearance of the nutrient canals is much greater
      in the hypertensive patients with alveolar bone loss (58.33%) than in the
      nonhypertensive patients without alveolar bone loss (54%). 2. In hypertensive
      patients with alveolar bone loss, nutrient canals are seen more frequent in
      females (59.01%) than in males (57.62%). 3. The number of nutrient canals
      increases with severity of alveolar bone loss.

PMID- 2640663
TI  - [Indications for the surgical management of macroglossia in children].
AB  - Macroglossia means long or large tongue. Since it is difficult to establish
      clinical criteria for assessment of the size of the tongue, usually it is related
      to the size of the mandible. We present the indications for the surgical
      management of macroglossia in children and we discuss the results after the
      Becker operation. We also present the results in relation to the preservation of
      taste, the mobility of the tongue, the restoration of normal speech, disturbances
      of sensitivity, as well as the timing for the operation.

PMID- 2640664
TI  - [Emergency care in maxillofacial injuries].
AB  - We present the methodology of the emergency care in maxillofacial injuries,
      mainly the preservation of vital functions and the control of the general
      condition of the patient. Definitive care will follow the emergency care
      measures.

PMID- 2640665
TI  - [Role of three dimensional computed tomography in the decision of the therapeutic
      plan in craniomaxillofacial surgery].
AB  - The three-dimensional computerized tomography (3D-CT) gives the possibility of
      recomposing the 3D features, using the data pictures of successive slices of
      ordinary computerized tomography. In this paper we present the 3D-CT technique,
      as well as representative cases of patients with fractures and residual
      deformities in the craniomaxillofacial area. We also discuss the way the 3D-CT
      helped in the therapeutic evaluation. Moreover the pictures taken with this
      technique are compared with other diagnostic methods used in this area. In
      conclusion the present paper shows the significance of the 3D-CT both in the
      accurate diagnosis and in the pre-operative evaluation of severe maxillofacial
      problems.

PMID- 2640666
TI  - [Determination of absorbed doses of radiation in patients during
      orthopantomography].
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the absorbed doses of radiation in the
      skin region of temporomandibular joint (T.M.J.) maxillary sinus, parotid gland,
      body of mandible and thyroid gland during orthopantomographic examination. For
      this purpose were used a siemens orthopantomograph-OP2, Palomex OY: 75 KVp, 15 mA
      and 15 sec; 47 male patients about the same age, weighing and height who were
      selected from the oral Diagnosis Clinic of Athens University, and had indication
      for orthopantomographic examination. The calculation was performed with
      thermoluminescent dosimeters (T.L.D.) which were calibrated by a known source of
      Co60 before use. Dosimetry were calculated in T.L.D. detector Model 2000 A-2000 C
      Harshaw Chemical Co. and the results of calculations were the following: 1. Dose
      above 0.35 cGy received the parotid and the thyroid region. 2. Dose below 0.35
      cGy received the T.M.J., maxillary sinus and body of mandible region. 3. Doses on
      the right side were greater than the left side.

PMID- 2640667
TI  - [Soft tissue profile changes following mandibular rami osteotomies].
AB  - Rami osteotomies used to correct mandibular prognathism and retrognathism is a
      well known fact that produce also changes at the shape and position of the soft
      tissues. These changes in the relationship of hard tissue to soft tissue are
      reported as well as predicting formulas. All these information can be used as a
      guide in planning orthognathic surgery once their limitations is well understood.

PMID- 2640668
TI  - [Diagnosis of deep head and neck infections with the aid of CT-scanning: report
      of a case].
AB  - A case with masseteric and temporal abscess formation is reported in which the
      use of CT-Scanning is demonstrated. We believe that CT is a valuable adjunct in
      confirmation of the presence of an abscess in the deep head and neck spaces and
      for CT guided aspiration of purulent material, in order to have the possibility
      of a culture prior to the drainage of the abscess.

PMID- 2640670
TI  - [Cervicofacial actinomycosis. Report of a case].
AB  - Actinomycosis is a relatively rare chronic granulomatous infection, which is
      characterized by the formation of abscesses which tend to form fistulas.
      Anatomically is classified according to the location of the lesions in
      cervicofacial, pulmonary and abdominal form. We present a case of cervicofacial
      actinomycosis and its treatment, emphasizing on the difficulty of the diagnosis
      of the lesion.

PMID- 2640669
TI  - [The submasseteric abscess as a complication of the semi-impacted wisdom tooth
      infection].
AB  - The submasseteric abscess is a serious problem related with the semi-impacted
      mandibular wisdom-tooth infection. Especially severe complications are long-term
      trismus and osteomyelitis of the mandibular ramus. Treatment must be radical and
      depends on the stage of the infection (acute or chronic, early or mature).
      Important remains the preventive extraction of the responsible third molar.

PMID- 2640671
TI  - [Efficiency of the Thai processing solution in clinical practice].
AB  - The project was designed to study the efficiency of the Manual Processing
      Solution produced by Department of Radiological Technology, Tropical Medicine,
      Mahidol University. (Product Solution). It was divided into 2 parts. 1) to
      determine the numbers of satisfactory radiographs that could be produced before
      degradation of the solution occurred. 2) to compare the diagnostic quality of 150
      radiographs processed by the Product Solution and Kodak Solution. It was
      indicated that in view of 50 radiographs processed during the experiment, the 120
      ml. Product solution seem to be capable of processing radiographs of satisfactory
      quality for five days. Clinical comparison between 150 radiographs developed by
      the two solutions using difference developing time was indicated equal
      radiographic quality of both solutions during the developing time between 2-4
      minutes.

PMID- 2640672
TI  - Influence of pH on intestinal fluoride transport in vitro.
AB  - The effect of pH on intestinal fluoride (F) absorption was investigated in vitro
      using isolated segments of dog jejunum in a 2-chamber system. The pH of the
      mucosal buffer was varied in the range 6.5-8.2, and F concentration in the range
      0.11-1.1 mM (2.1-21 ppm F). The serosal buffer was held constant at pH 7.5. No
      effect of pH within this physiological range was observed on F transport across
      the intestinal segment. Much lower pH values on the mucosal side inhibited F
      transport, but this appeared to be secondary to toxic effects on the epithelium,
      including an inhibition of water transport. Within the range tested, no evidence
      was found supporting the concept that F transport across intestinal epithelium
      occurs as the undissociated hydrogen fluoride (HF).

PMID- 2640673
TI  - [Relationship between the width of maxillary central incisors and philtrum].
AB  - Size of central incisors is a significant factor in selection of anterior teeth
      for all types of dentures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
      relationship between the width of maxillary central incisors and philtrum. The
      average width of the central incisors and philtrum observed in male subjects were
      8.510 mm. (right), 8.516 mm. (left) and 14.105 mm. Those in female subjects were
      8.280 mm. (right), 8.293 mm. (left) and 12.271 mm. There was a significant
      difference (p less than 0.05) in size between the width of each central incisor
      and philtrum for either male or female subjects. However, there was a direct
      correlation between the width of the central incisors and philtrum in these 200
      subjects (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2640674
TI  - [Burning mouth syndrome].
AB  - Burning mouth syndrome is an intraoral pain disorder, stinging and/or itching
      sensation of the tongue or oral mucous membranes. Numerous causes have been
      suggested, including local factors such as candidiasis and denture trauma,
      systemic factor such as nutritional deficiencies, diabetes and climacteric,
      xerostomia, miscellaneous conditions such as psychogenic factors. A systematic
      approach for the success in diagnosis and treatment is included history taking,
      complete mouth examination and laboratory investigation.

PMID- 2640675
TI  - [Combined simple technic of local anesthesia].
AB  - Combined Simple Technic of Local Anesthesia, 2% of Lidocaine HCl 1.8 CC. was use
      in the Dental Clinic of Ubol Hospital & Mobile dental unit, for more than 20
      years. All lower teeth could be extracted in 3 minutes, faster than the
      Mandibular N: Block only, the side effect, complication, and post extraction pain
      were found to be the same. The results showed markedly improvement of the
      efficiency of the Dental Services.

PMID- 2640676
TI  - Cariogenic potential of commonly consumed food stuffs by South Kanara children.

PMID- 2640677
TI  - Relationship of naturally occurring serum immunoglobulins level with caries
      status.

PMID- 2640678
TI  - Talon cusp in primary lateral incisor: report of a case.

PMID- 2640679
TI  - Cariogenic potential of commonly consumed tuckshop snacks.

PMID- 2640680
TI  - Management of periapical rarefaction in non-vital permanent anterior tooth with
      Ca(OH)2 root canal dressing.

PMID- 2640681
TI  - Intelligibility of speech in repaired cleft cases as related to timing of palatal
      repair.

PMID- 2640682
TI  - Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in primary and permanent teeth at
      varying fluoride levels.

PMID- 2640683
TI  - [Serological diagnosis of Campylobacter jejuni infections].
AB  - Antibody level to Campylobacter in 28 sera of patients of whom Campylobacter
      infection was confirmed by germ isolation from feces was tested. The
      investigation was performed using passive haemagglutination technique and as
      antigens heated and acid glycine extraction prepared from homologous and
      reference strains. For the method used the heated antigen proved to be superior.
      Out of 28 tested patients of whom 92.8% were children, 8 sera were positive, 9
      doubtful and 9, derived mainly from neonates (0-14 month of age), were negative.

PMID- 2640685
TI  - What is . . . concept mapping?

PMID- 2640684
TI  - [Preliminary studies of the effect of steroid hormones on skin bacteria in
      vitro].
AB  - It results from studies on skin hormones that some of steroid hormones reach high
      concentrations on skin surface mainly during a course of acne vulgaris. Our
      studies indicate that the activity of hormones on skin bacteria can be multiform.
      Nineteen hormones of analytical grade of purity were tested. They were derived
      from different firms of synthesized in the Department of Endocrinology of the
      Pharmacology Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow. Bacterial strains
      tested in this study were isolated from normal skin flora. The majority of the
      compounds tested in this study showed different reactivity toward Staphylococcus
      aureus as well as Staphylococcus epidermidis and anaerobic diphtheroids+ and
      sometimes aerobic ones.

PMID- 2640686
TI  - How to write your first book.
AB  - Many doctors have, at some time or other, the idea of writing a book. This
      article considers some of the practical problems involved, including dealing with
      publishers, the formulation of a book proposal, writing individual chapters and
      desirable features of computer software.

PMID- 2640687
TI  - Reading habits of house-staff: what, where and why.
AB  - As in-training evaluations often comment that house-staff do not read enough
      about cases, this study looked at the reading habits of internal medicine
      students and house-staff to assess whether they were reading about cases. All 38
      trainees at a major teaching hospital were surveyed with a questionnaire.
      Overall, the house-staff read 8.7 hours/week, of which half is spent reading
      about cases. They read around approximately half of the cases they see. The more
      senior house-staff use journals and one major textbook; the medical students use
      only textbooks. The reading is done mainly at home, except by the senior
      residents who spent a quarter of their reading time in the library. The major
      reasons why the house-staff read are to prepare for presentations or for rounds
      with the attending physicians. These results suggest that contrary to what we
      anticipated, house-staff do indeed read about the cases they see on the wards.

PMID- 2640688
TI  - Effective in-training evaluation.
AB  - Effective in-training evaluation can significantly enhance learning for both
      undergraduate and postgraduate medical students. The importance of ongoing
      assessment must be understood and supported by clinical teachers, and their
      involvement in effective evaluation requires time and effort. In-training
      evaluation can be both informal and formal and embrace a wide variety of methods.
      Self-evaluation by students should be emphasized as an important part of the in
      training evaluation process. Clearly stated educational objectives, understood by
      both teachers and students, are essential. The use of constructive and supportive
      feedback adds considerably to clinical learning. Fair and forthright evaluation
      is of special importance when dealing with poor student performance.

PMID- 2640689
TI  - Lecture note-taking, learning and recall.
AB  - Note-taking by students is generally seen as an integral and essential part of
      the process of learning from lectures. Here we review the literature on the
      efficiency of students' note-taking and the extent to which they actually learn
      as a direct or an indirect result of taking notes. Attention is also paid to the
      relevance of research in this area to modern lecturing practice and to the
      problems of researching in the area.

PMID- 2640690
TI  - Scheduling lectures in a teaching hospital.
AB  - A modelling technique has been devised that can be used to assist in scheduling
      lectures for medical students in teaching hospitals. The model takes into account
      the various clinical commitments that are faced by students and the fact that
      some of these commitments have a fixed timetable while others are relatively
      flexible. A simple model is framed for the conflict caused by a particular
      lecture period in terms of the number of commitments which clash. A computer
      program has been written that produces graphical output illustrating the effects
      of various scheduling options. The output from the computer program can be used
      by decision-makers to examine different options for scheduling lectures and also
      to explore the effects of rescheduling other clinical activities where there is
      flexibility so to do.

PMID- 2640691
TI  - Medical students with personal problems--can departments of general practice
      help?
AB  - The final day of the Leeds general practice attachment now includes an informal
      interview during which a member of the academic staff has the opportunity to
      uncover personal problems in medical students, or to follow up possible
      difficulties identified by a general practice tutor. Of 271 students interviewed
      in this way, 19 were felt to have problems which could adversely affect their
      personal life or their career at that time. Three students were referred to the
      medical school administration for follow-up and support in future attachments.
      The general practice attachment with its opportunities for intensive and
      personalized teaching provides a good opportunity to screen students, albeit
      informally, for personal difficulties and educational problems.

PMID- 2640692
TI  - The way ahead: teaching with simulated patients.
AB  - This article is written to try and convince the 'sceptics' that teaching with
      simulated patients is the way ahead in medical education. It describes in part,
      the method used in the General Practice Unit at the University of Leicester and
      attempts to explain how it feels and what it means to be a simulated patient.

PMID- 2640693
TI  - The medi-drama as an instrument to teach doctor-patient relationships.
AB  - This paper reviews an experience of the Curriculum Development Group of the
      College of Family Physicians of Canada in describing the doctor-patient
      relationship and its value in the clinical process. It proposes the use of a medi
      drama or multi-scene script encompassing a broad range of bio-psycho-social
      ethical issues as a practical tool to teach the doctor-patient relationship.
      Principles for conducting a medi-drama are presented, as are the advantages of
      this experiential teaching modality. An example of a specific script developed
      along the theme of Adult Children of Ageing Parents is described, and an
      evaluation of its usefulness in teaching the doctor-patient relationship is
      presented from feedback from seven different family medicine residency or faculty
      development groups. Finally, examples of the breadth of topics that can be
      generated from a single medi-drama are presented.

PMID- 2640694
TI  - Medical information processing skills: guide posts to clinical assessment.
AB  - This is a review of the skills involved in processing medical information in
      order to solve medical problems. The review starts by describing recognized
      stages in problem solving then moves on to offer practical suggestions on how to
      obtain medical information, how to record it, and how to present it.

PMID- 2640695
TI  - Do you know? An opportunity to assess how up-to-date you are with the medical
      education literature.

PMID- 2640696
TI  - [Studies of the effect of gentamicin on the kidneys of healthy young rats. I.
      Effect of gentamicin on serum urea and creatinine levels and urinary protein
      levels in experimental animals].
AB  - Gentamicin was given to rats in the doses and intervals equivalent to those used
      in the patients. It has been established that the dose of 3 mg/kg/day did not
      affect the urea and creatinine plasma levels. The doses of 6 and 12 mg/kg/day for
      10 consecutive days caused an increase of urea and creatinine plasma levels,
      proteinuria, erythrocyturia and cylindruria which were statistically significant.
      These changes were directly dose related and subsided after drug withdrawal.

PMID- 2640697
TI  - [Studies of the effect of gentamicin on the kidneys of healthy young rats. II.
      Studies of renal parenchyma of experimental animals in the light and electron
      microscopy after gentamicin load].
AB  - Gentamicin was given to rats in the doses and intervals equivalent to those used
      in patients. This resulted in the morphologic changes in the animal kidneys. The
      severity of them was directly related to the dose of antibiotic. The morphologic
      changes--vacuolar degeneration in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule,
      the inflammatory infiltrates in the interstitial tissue and the increased number
      of lysosomes with myelinic structures as well as mitochondrial oedema, the
      increased number of peroxysomes in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules
      indicate the toxic influence of gentamicin on the proximal tubule. The
      disappearance of the morphologic and functional changes after the withdrawal of
      gentamicin indicates reversibility of them.

PMID- 2640698
TI  - [Adipose tissue distribution in children with excessive body weight and the
      possibility of development of complications of obesity. II. Positive family
      history in relation to arteriosclerosis risk factor and the constitutional type
      of obesity in children].
AB  - 98 children with simple obesity were investigated. The prevalence of
      cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, coronary heart disease including heart
      infarction, disturbances of the cerebral circulation) and diabetes in parents and
      relatives of the obese children have been evaluated. The relation between the
      type of obesity (androidal, gynoidal) and the prevalence of the above
      complications in the family history was assessed. No correlation between the type
      of obesity and the mentioned diseases was observed.

PMID- 2640699
TI  - [Developmental differences among various infant groups--methodological
      suggestions concerning the evaluation of their physical development].
AB  - The developmental differences of the selected group of infants were investigated
      as compared with the normal biologic development development of term infants
      appropriate-for-gestational age. The proposals of the methodical assessment of
      the physical development of the different groups of infants were presented.
      Preterm newborns and newborns with intrauterine malnutrition should be referred
      to the separate active counseling groups because of the differences in the
      dynamics of the development. Special reference standards--other than those for
      term newborns--should be applied. It seems necessary to introduce the concept of
      the absolute age for the assessment of the preterm babies to compare groups of
      infants of the same chronologic age (which is a rule in the assessment of the
      growth later on). To fulfill the 2nd postulate the obstetricians and
      neonatologists should record the morphologic features of the neonates as well as
      the exact gestational age (in weeks) and not the age category only.

PMID- 2640700
TI  - [Physical development of children and adolescents of the Gdansk- Sopot-Gdynia
      region aged 8-19 years].
AB  - The current basic somatic features of children and adolescents aged 8 to 19 years
      from the investigated region were presented. 12,276 persons were included into
      the study. Two parameters were assessed--height and body weight. Part of the
      results were compared with the results of the study performed 10 years ago. No
      acceleration has been observed.

PMID- 2640701
TI  - [Psychosocial factors in the development of anorexia nervosa].

PMID- 2640702
TI  - [Effect of smoking during pregnancy on the development of the fetus and newborn
      infant].

PMID- 2640703
TI  - [Possibilities of using impedance rheography in pediatrics].

PMID- 2640704
TI  - [Light-cured glass ionomer cements].
AB  - An attempt at improving the properties of glass-ionomer cements is represented by
      the incorporation of light-cure resin systems. This produces materials which have
      mechanical properties and moisture sensitivity superior to those of present glass
      ionomer cements. Such hybrid materials cure by two different mechanisms:
      polymerization and salt formation. In particular, the early mechanical properties
      and water sensitivity of the materials are improved due to the formation of a
      polymer matrix. The tendency to undergo surface crazing during desiccation is
      also reduced. Three commercially available products are shortly described.

PMID- 2640705
TI  - [Cariologic aspects of orthodontic treatment].
AB  - An almost linear correlation between plaque accumulation and caries lesion
      development has been demonstrated in orthodontic patients. Nevertheless, the
      present fluoride agents and regimens are sufficient to prevent lesion development
      to such an extent that filling therapy is not required. An increased prevalence
      of white spot demineralization on the buccal surfaces in orthodontically treated
      individuals may on the other hand represent an aesthetic problem. Fig 5
      summarizes a series of experiments on the effect of fluoride on lesion
      development during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. Whereas daily
      rinsing with a neutral fluoride solution (0.2% NaF) inhibits lesion development
      by about 60%, a fluoride solution (0.6% F) at pH 1.9 inhibits lesion development
      completely under the same experimental conditions. The hypothesis is that the
      acidic fluoride solution induces an acid resistant layer of calcium fluoride-like
      material on the enamel surface and/or a large depot of fluoride for release
      during cariogenic challenges. A fluoride solution at low pH may be recommended
      for prevention of lesion development during treatment with fixed orthodontic
      appliances.

PMID- 2640706
TI  - [The role of psychological variables in the development of somatic diseases-
      proposal of the integrational model].
AB  - The author discusses three groups of the distinguishable results of
      investigations which confirm the relationship between psychological factors and
      the development of the somatic diseases such as: changing situations, personality
      and temperamental factors, and behaviour pattern A. The author quotes data
      indicating that perceptional and emotional patterns together with associated
      patterns of the physiological responses may play an important role among
      personality and temperamental variables. Integrational model includes, besides
      psychological variables, other (biological) risk factors. Hypotheses concerning
      the mechanism mediating between these variables and the development of the
      disease are also discussed.

PMID- 2640707
TI  - [Methods of defense against anxiety and self concept of patients with leukemia].
AB  - Comparison of the level of anxiety with advice in threatening situations was
      studied in the leukaemia patients. The tests involved 60 patients (32 man, 28
      woman), mean age 42 years. Anxiety level was established with the aid of a 10
      grade scale of self-score of anxiety--Self Cognition by Cattell--and self-concept
      by ACL Gough's (Adjective Check List). Analysis of the results have shown, that
      the highest level of anxiety leads to disintegration self-concept, while
      repression technique of anxiety reduction leads to compensation self-concept.
      Both play a role in adaptation process. Psychotherapy of such patients aim at
      decreasing the level of anxiety and neutralization to negative changes in self
      concept of the patients.

PMID- 2640708
TI  - [Professional and daily living activities of patients after treatment of
      Hodgkin's disease].
AB  - Hundred patients with diagnosed malignant granuloma were tested with the aid of a
      questionnaire and partially structured interview during control examination at
      the out-patient clinic of the Institute of Oncology, Division in Gliwice. Types
      and conditions of activity undertaken after therapy were assessed. An analysis
      included 89 patients who returned to everyday activity. Half of the patients
      undertaken their occupation while the remaining patients--other types of
      activity. Undertaken activity was usually less physically overloading than those
      before the disease. Patients returned to their activities mainly within the first
      three months and between the first and the second year after therapy. It was
      found also that readaptation depended on the psychophysical and social
      conditions.

PMID- 2640709
TI  - [Attitude to work of patients after myocardial infarction, not accepting medical
      recommendations].
AB  - The study aimed at determining the influence of non-acceptation of diagnosis and
      physicians recommendations on job attitude in survivors after myocardial
      infarction. Sixty men after the acute myocardial infarction have been examined
      with Attitude to Illness Questionnaire by Wrzesniewski and with the questionnaire
      on the information on job attitude. The obtained results have lead to a
      conclusion, that patients after myocardial infarction--who dies not accept the
      diagnosis and physicians recommendations--have less adequate information on the
      illness and rarely expect help. Moreover, the patients show greater occupational
      satisfaction, high motivation and more positive relation to the personnel and job
      circumstances.

PMID- 2640710
TI  - [Psychological evaluation of postoperative pain and its significance for
      treatment].
AB  - The results of tests applied to two groups of the patients who underwent elective
      surgeries are being discussed. The patients were selected with the aid of J.C.
      Raven's Intelligence Quotient, H.J. Eysenck's Personality Inventory, J. Taylor's
      Personality Scale, and Spielberg's S.T.A.I. The patients were operated at the
      Casualty and Orthopaedic Surgery Department of the Surgical Institute, Military
      Academy of Medicine. Postoperative analgesia was achieved with i.m. pethidine (1
      mg/kg b.w.) in the group of 30 patients with low intensity of neurosis and
      anxiety while the group of 60 patients with high level of neurosis and anxiety
      required three different techniques: pethidine (dose as above) intravenously,
      electric stimulation and placebo stimulation. The following tests were applied to
      all patients before surgery and on the three postoperative days: 1) evaluation of
      anxiety level, 2) determination and detection of pain points, 3) pain intensity
      determination, 4) determination of the dose of analgetic agent required for pain
      abolishment. Other factors determined included: 1) efficiency of both electric
      and placebo efficacy, 2) analgesic drug dose vs. pain intensity, 3) pain vs.
      anxiety ratio. The obtained results indicated that considerable oscillations of
      the emotional tension are observed in both pre- and postoperative periods.
      Intensity of pain and its compliance to the treatment are closely related to the
      level of anxiety. Psychological examination performed in patients preoperatively
      enables to foresee the postoperative pain intensity and to plan the course of
      therapy.

PMID- 2640711
TI  - [New trends in using psychology in medicine].

PMID- 2640712
TI  - [Psychological sequelae of abdominal stoma and the value of informing the
      patients and their families].
AB  - Results of investigations carried out in a 500-person group of patients with
      stoma and their practical applications are discussed. 1. Despite operational
      shock, the majority of patients is able to adopt to the new situation and develop
      different life-style. 2. Rehabilitation facilities pre-operational management and
      provides an information on stoma before surgery. Postoperative management should
      consider psychosocial aspects of the stoma. 3. An important role in
      rehabilitation process play: preparation of the patients' families before the
      surgery including information on the diagnosis, prognosis and planned therapy. 4.
      Persons who underwent the same surgery and continue active life may favourably
      contribute to the postoperational care of patients with stoma. Activity of so
      called patients clubs plays also positive role.

PMID- 2640713
TI  - [Comparative light microscopy study of periapical and pulpal response to
      different stimuli (1)].
AB  - A comparative study of pulpal and periapical responses to pulpal exposure and
      electric stimulus. In this report we communicate the changes found in the pulp
      and supporting tissues.

PMID- 2640715
TI  - [Incipient carious lesions and their histological characteristics, in teeth of
      Mexico city residents].
AB  - Twelve tooth sections from young Mexico City patients with incipient caries-like
      lesions, were examined through polarized light microscope and lightening media.
      According to size, lesions under study were classified as "late" in occurrence.
      Their median depth was 450 microns: their surface area measured an average
      breadth of 63 microns; the body of the lesion was 310 microns, and the dark zone,
      73 microns. The translucid area was detected in 83% of the sections. In 41% of
      the teeth, well-mineralized laminations were observed within the body of the
      lesion. Further studies on a larger number of cases is vehemently recommended, in
      order to understand better the characteristics and variations of incipient and
      latent lesions in our general population.

PMID- 2640714
TI  - [Transmission of pathogenic microorganisms and control of infectious disease in
      the dental office].
AB  - The present work underlines the importance of adequate hygiene in odontological
      practice, through three basic factors: the dentist, the patient and the
      environment, in as much as sufficient risks exist as to justify taking all
      pertinent measures to counteract.

PMID- 2640716
TI  - [Problems of overhanging approximate amalgam fillings].
AB  - The authors summarize findings pertaining to overhanging approximate amalgam
      fillings and associated problems. They describe the most frequent causes of
      incorrect preparation of amalgam fillings, Black's class II, and their incidence
      in common dental practice. From data in the literature ensues that overhanging
      fillings on molars and premolars are an important secondary factor in
      inflammation of the periodontium. Insertion of an adequate approximate amalgam
      filling and its finish after hardening is one of the basic preventive measures in
      marginal periodontopathies.

PMID- 2640717
TI  - [Experience with treatment of dentition difficilis of the third molars].
AB  - In the course of 10 years the authors treated 1900 patients with dentition
      difficilis of the third molars. They preferred extraction of the tooth. They
      administered antibiotics to health subjects only when the extraction of the tooth
      was difficult and in perimandibular inflammations and in patients where general
      condition called for this treatment.

PMID- 2640718
TI  - [Treatment of difficult opening of the mouth by redressment].
AB  - In 228 patients treated at the Second Stomatological Clinic on account of
      difficult opening of the mouth after failure of rehabilitation treatment surgical
      treatment--redressment had to be used. In two patients it was necessary to
      amputate the muscular processus of the mandible and to eliminate adhesion. The
      authors describe the method of one-stage redressment which they perform under
      general anaesthesia and myorelaxation during short-term hospitalization of the
      patient. They evaluate this method in indicated cases as very satisfactory as it
      has an immediate and permanent therapeutic effects.

PMID- 2640719
TI  - [Risk of transmission of hepatitis B at a dental department. (Review)].
AB  - The authors present a general characteristic of hepatitis B and its possible
      transmission at a dental department. They draw attention to the analogy in the
      mechanism of transmission of hepatitis B and AIDS. In the prevention they
      emphasize the urgency to use surgical gloves.

PMID- 2640720
TI  - [Problems of work incapacity of ambulatory patients at the Second Stomatological
      Clinic, Faculty Hospital with Policlinic, Pekarska, Brno].
AB  - The authors analyze the development of work incapacity in ambulatory patients
      treated in 1979-1987 by sex, age and period of work incapacity. They used graphic
      illustrations of time series with a regression line which indicates a rising or
      declining trend of work incapacity. The analysis revealed that the work
      incapacity has, with the exception of men aged 15-24 years, a rising trend in
      particular in women. According the authors this can be partly explained by
      changes and extension of therapeutic activities in ambulatory surgeries. Certain
      reserves are also in the planning of therapeutic procedures and control activity.

PMID- 2640721
TI  - [Excessive filling of the root penetrating into the mandibular canal].
AB  - The author describes an incorrect therapeutic procedure involving excessive
      filling of a root penetrating into the mandibular canal as a complication of
      treatment of root canals.

PMID- 2640722
TI  - [Adjustment of postextraction positional changes of molars].
AB  - The author focused his attention on orthodontic adjustment of the consequences of
      loss of the first permanent molars, a frequent complication during dental
      treatment. After evaluation of the results he concludes that by treatment with
      fixed appliances he achieved more reliable results within a shorter time than by
      removable appliances which were ineffective in many patients.

PMID- 2640723
TI  - [Review of Lyme's borreliosis].

PMID- 2640724
TI  - [Occurrence of gingival recession].

PMID- 2640725
TI  - [Effects of adenoids in orthodontics].

PMID- 2640726
TI  - [Control of pain and anxiety in pedodontics].

PMID- 2640727
TI  - [Justification of an electronic addition to the Axio-Quick kinematic arch].

PMID- 2640728
TI  - [Lymphocytes and macrophages in adult chronic periodontal disease.
      Immunohistochemical study. 1. Quantification and distribution by lesion
      topology].

PMID- 2640729
TI  - [Lymphocytes and macrophages in adult chronic periodontal disease.
      Immunohistochemical study. 2. Analysis of cellular reactions].

PMID- 2640730
TI  - [Nutrition and oral health in gerodontology].
AB  - Nutrition has got a great influence on oldness phenomena. That is why people of
      age need to keep a prudent and equilibrated nutrition, what is achieved by a
      regulated diet. A bad nutrition increases the risk in certain clinic situations
      and overfeeding can have terrific effects because it may desequilibrated the
      metabolism. The food of an ancient person requires a special attention: it must
      be soft and easily chewed. They do not tolerate abundant meals and radical
      changes on daily diet must be avoided. In the present work we analize the
      nutrition on an ancient person, its characteristics and nutritional requirements,
      as good as the nutritional effects on the edentale patient.

PMID- 2640731
TI  - [Evaluation of the activity of F.IUL/86 dentifrice against Streptococcus mutans].

PMID- 2640732
TI  - [Melanoma localized to the parotid].

PMID- 2640733
TI  - [Elderly edentulous complete denture wearers].

PMID- 2640734
TI  - [Transverse epidemiological study of caries in a rural child population in
      Cuenca].
AB  - We have explored a school-children population (6-7 years old--1st of EGB--) in
      the Health Area of Motilla del Palancar (Cuenca). In these early age, 20% of the
      children show dental caries in permanent teeth; plaque index by Quigley-Hein is
      2.00, finding that plaque index is superior in permanent teeth than temporary
      teeth. We detect cariogenic dietetic habits. Desired minimum oral hygiene level
      (one tooth-brush a day) appeared in 23.5% of the examined population.

PMID- 2640735
TI  - [Teeth in literature].

PMID- 2640736
TI  - [Panoramic radiography: value and limitations].

PMID- 2640737
TI  - [Natural microbial control of crickets populations (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae:
      Scapteriscus borellii): regulation of populations aggregated in time and space].
AB  - From 1983 through 1988, a total of 1,762 collections, containing 31,312
      individuals of the mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii, were made, principally in
      the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Collections were found to fit a negative binomial
      distribution both as whole and when divided into monthly collections. In these
      collections, an iridovirus, a entomogenous nematode, and the fungi Metarhizium
      anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces sp., and Entomophtora sp., were
      found to be agents of natural mortality, although usually as endozootics and
      relatively rarely as epizootics and panzootics. As a group, these diseases were
      also distributed in a binomial negative. These data suggest that the temporal and
      spatial aggregations of the mole crickets, produced by high rates of migration
      among suitable habitats, are adaptations to outbreaks of epidemics, which also
      serve as mole cricket population regulators. These ideas are develop and derived
      from simple mathematical models of population change.

PMID- 2640738
TI  - [Histochemical detection of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans in the
      respiratory mucosa of albino rats during estrous cycle, pregnancy and
      puerperium].
AB  - In this work we attempted to detect, with histochemical methods, the possible
      modifications in the mucus of the respiratory mucosa of albino female rats during
      estral cycle, pregnancy and puerperium. Based on its results, it was possible to
      conclude that: a--There were no modifications in the nature of the epithelial and
      supraepithelial mucus during the studied periods: b--The Alcian Blue staining
      from lamina propria is absent during pregnancy and present during puerperium.

PMID- 2640739
TI  - [Personal and professional characteristics of women dentists in RSA].
AB  - Dentistry is a relatively new occupation for females in the RSA. Female dentists
      have particularly increased since 1975. Currently, approximately 11.4 per cent of
      the dental labour market consists of female dentists. Present student intakes
      indicate that the number of female dentists will increase to approximately 20.9
      per cent within the next five years. Personal and professional characteristics of
      female dentists were determined by means of a survey of 55 female dentists on the
      Register of the South African Medical and Dental Council. Replies were received
      from 36 of the women, representing a response rate of 65 per cent. Female
      dentists are relatively young, married, their spouse mainly also in a
      professional occupation, and have at least two children. Factors which may have
      an special impact on professional activities include marital conflict due to
      interpersonal relationships, interaction of the mother and wife role on
      occupation, and lapse in service due to pregnancy. The results of this study
      indicate that female dentists are in general professionally and intellectually
      active in service. Female dentists are more inclined to private practice.
      Unmarried females are, as expected, professionally more active on a full-time
      basis in comparison to married females which are proportionally more active on a
      part-time basis. The respondents are mostly of the opinion that the dental
      profession provides sufficient occupational satisfaction to justify a
      professional identity for female dentists.

PMID- 2640740
TI  - Eruption effects of microdontia--a case report.
AB  - A patient presented at the Department of Orthodontics, Medunsa Dental Hospital,
      complaining of "crooked teeth". On clinical examination it was evident that
      several teeth were unerupted. The absence of a normal eruption pattern of certain
      teeth as well as delayed eruption of others, resulted in a malocclusion.

PMID- 2640741
TI  - [Attitude of South African dentists and final year dental students to
      advertising].
AB  - Advertising or promotion comprises two aspects: the advertising message and the
      advertising medium. Since both aspects are viewed differently by various
      professions, including the dental profession, the current investigation was
      carried out to ascertain the attitude of South African dental practitioners.
      Although it was found that the majority of dentists were against the advertising
      of new practices and re-advertising of existing practices, the majority of the
      final year dental students of 1986 were in favour. Both groups, however, were
      against unlimited advertising and also preferred professional cards to press,
      radio and television as the medium of communication.

PMID- 2640742
TI  - Social characteristics and oral health behaviour of families in Riverlea.
AB  - Planning of community health programmes requires a comprehensive "community
      diagnosis" as its basis, taking into account a complex range of health related
      factors. The family and particularly the mother play a crucial role in oral
      health. Thus, the social context, the source and extent of health information, as
      well as their oral health behaviour, can determine the mothers' function in
      promoting oral health. This study examined the social characteristics and oral
      health behaviour of families in Riverlea. One hundred and fifty seven mothers
      were interviewed in their homes using a structured questionnaire. The results
      reveal a picture where the percentage of 'broken' or single mother families is
      high. There is overcrowding in the homes combined with a low level of education
      and employment in mainly non-skilled, low-paid jobs. The utilisation of existing
      dental services was poor despite the fact that 43 per cent of the families are
      members of medical aid schemes. Almost one third of the mothers were edentulous.
      Although cost and other factors were cited as barriers for not 'going to the
      dentist', most of the respondents have a symptomatic approach to oral health
      which might be responsible for poor utilisation. The 'lay referral system' for
      obtaining information was common and teachers played a role in this process. The
      study identified various factors that adversely affect the process of development
      of good oral health and related behaviour in the home environment. Schools and
      supportive community networks as well as outside organizations could be enlisted
      to take part in the efforts to overcome the barriers identified and improve the
      situation.

PMID- 2640743
TI  - [Bayes' formula used for diagnosis of causalgia].
AB  - 285 patients complain for pain in the oral mucosa. 92 patients characterized the
      pain as causalgia. The informations from the history taken were estimated by
      Bayes' formula. The results from this study showed there is possibility to be
      causalgia the pain in the oral mucosa characterized as burning, smarting or both
      of them.

PMID- 2640744
TI  - [The incidence and treatment effect on headache in patients with craniomandibular
      disorders].
AB  - After a short review of the recent literature on headache the close relationship
      between headache and craniomandibular disorders was studied. In a total of 116
      patients with craniomandibular disorders in the Stomatognathic Physiology Clinic
      of the Dental School of the University of Athens, 73 patients (62.9%) were found
      suffering from headache. In most of the patients the headache subsided after the
      treatment.

PMID- 2640745
TI  - [Incidence of fainting during the procedure of a simple extraction].
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of fainting during the
      procedure of a simple extraction in healthy individuals and the probable
      difference in its incidence and expression in relation to sex and age. Nine
      hundred eighty-nine healthy patients were examined (491 men and 498 women). From
      our results it was concluded that the incidence of fainting during a simple
      extraction is extremely low. It was not found statistical significance between
      faint and it's relation to sex and age.

PMID- 2640746
TI  - [Odontogenic cysts of the jaws. A clinicostatistical study].
AB  - In this paper a retrospective clinicostatistical study of 508 cases of
      odontogenic cysts of the jaws treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
      Surgery of the University of Athens during the last ten years 1977-1987 is
      undertaken, in order to evaluate their frequency and other aspects of clinical
      and therapeutic interest. These 508 odontogenic cysts represent 78.7% of the
      total number of cysts of the jaws treated in the same period in our department
      which means that the frequency of odontogenic cysts is still high. In regards to
      the incidence of each variety of odontogenic cysts, radicular cysts were found to
      have the highest frequency (59.6%), followed by the residual cysts (28.4%) and
      dentigerous cysts (12%). A higher incidence of odontogenic cysts in males (65.3%)
      than in females was also found, a fact which accords with that of other authors.
      The age distribution for patients with radicular cysts was the 3rd decade, for
      patients with residuals cysts the 6th decade and for patients with dentigerous
      cysts the 2nd decade. The majority of radicular and residual cysts was located in
      the maxilla whereas dentigerous cysts were more frequently located in the third
      molar mandibular area. Intraoral painless swelling was the most important
      clinical finding (74.6%). Radiologically the most frequent finding was that of a
      radiolucent area surrounded in 96.2% of our cases by a continuous radiopaque
      line. All these lesions were treated either by enucleation and apicoectomy of the
      teeth or by enucleation and extraction of the teeth followed by primary closure
      of the surgical cavity. In two cases of dentigerous cysts a two stage operation
      was performed. The results were highly satisfactory.

PMID- 2640747
TI  - [Apicoectomies in molars].
AB  - The apicoectomy in molars is a well accepted, though not so popular, method for
      the treatment of molars with chronic inflammatory periapical disease. This paper
      is about the indications as well as the surgical technique of the operation. The
      procedure is connected with very good clinical results and no serious
      complications, therefore is suggested for wider clinical application.

PMID- 2640748
TI  - [Reproduction of Japanese encephalitis virus in human glioma cells, 118MGC:
      inhibitory effect of host factor(s)].
AB  - Japanese encephalitis viruses (JEV) were well propagated in human glioma cells,
      118MGC until the first 24 hrs after virus infection. However, after 24 hrs, virus
      growth rate was quickly reduced. This unusual pattern of virus growth was
      different from the cases in others cells, e.g. IMR-32, Vero and C6/36 cells. The
      fact that actinomycin-D retained the high yields of JEV in 118MGC cells suggests
      that some suppressing factors against JEV replication are produced in MGC cells.
      Interestingly, culture fluids of 118MGC cells indicated inhibitory effect to JEV
      reproduction, but other culture fluids from several cell lines had no effect.
      This inhibitory effect of the MGC-culture fluids was lost by heat-treatment at 60
      C. In addition, the infectivity of JEV was rapidly decreased by the incubation
      with MGC-culture fluids. These findings suggest that 118MGC cells produce and
      secret some inhibitory factors against JEV replication.

PMID- 2640749
TI  - [Evaluation of the monomaxillary anchored skeletal activator in the management of
      distal occlusion with protrusion].
AB  - We have evaluated the monomaxillary anchored skeletal activator with a single or
      double Adams clasp (0.7-0.8 mm) on the upper first permanent molars and second
      premolars, which reduces the palatal arch, paralingual, sublingual and
      milohioidal wings and the lower incisor groove as far the acrylate horseshoe. The
      patients were required only to wear the appliance during sleep and to perform the
      exercises recommended by I. Antolic and J. Rant.

PMID- 2640750
TI  - [Role of tooth extractions in orthodontics].
AB  - Extraction therapy can be applied only under strict observation of indications.
      It requires thorough knowledge of the laws governing the migration of teeth after
      extraction, the normal development of the orofacial system and normal eruption of
      teeth. Careless extractions performed without thorough prior analysis cause
      irreparable harm instead of improving the situation. In the majority of cases
      extraction must be followed by appliance therapy to achieve controlled closure of
      the spaces, align the teeth in the dental arch and restore proper occlusion. The
      mode and extent of this treatment must be planned at the outset.

PMID- 2640752
TI  - [Calling the irregular patients--way of practice or helplessness of the social
      orthodontics?].
AB  - Analysis of a group of 954 patients receiving orthodontic treatment showed that
      46.1% had kept their appointments regularly, 32.1% had been sent one reminder,
      15.8% two, 4.4% three, 1.2% four and 0.4% had received five reminders. In
      patients receiving reminders the results of treatment were often less favourable
      or could not be evaluated. The authors conclude that reminders, though useful, do
      not appreciably improve the patient's collaboration. They feel that uncooperative
      patients should be required to pay a part of the treatment costs, and recommend
      regular attendance for follow-up to be used as the criterion.

PMID- 2640751
TI  - [Spontaneous regulation of crowding in the region of canines after the extraction
      of premolars].
AB  - Crowding in the dental arch is an indication for planned extraction of the
      appropriate teeth, provided that this is accomplished on time. The authors
      describe a case where extraction of both upper premolars was to be followed by
      treatment with a monomaxillary plate. After the extraction the patient was unable
      to attend for further treatment. When he returned three month later, spontaneous
      regulation had already occurred. The final outcome is illustrated by photographs.

PMID- 2640753
TI  - [Gingival recession, root caries and its prevalence].
AB  - In our study 150 referred patients were assessed for the presence of gingival
      recession and root caries. The mean age of the patients was 40 +/- 9 years. On
      average they failed 6.8 teeth. Gingival recession was present in all patients,
      with mean value of 55.5% denuded dental root surfaces, the most frequently
      expressed on buccal root surfaces. Number of denuded dental root surfaces
      increases with patient's age. The root caries lesion was found in 75% of
      patients. Patients had on average 5.7 treated and untreated caries lesions. The
      number of root caries lesions increases with age of the patients as well. The
      mean Index of total root caries was 9.4%. Most frequently root caries of lower
      molars and premolars was found, mostly on the buccal surfaces, rather than on
      approximal and lingual surfaces.

PMID- 2640754
TI  - [Root canal measurement].
AB  - We have analysed the filling length in 495 teeth, the length of which was
      measured with various methods routinously used in practice today. Significantly
      better fillings of root canals after pulpectomy were observed in the group, in
      which the length of canals was measured with odontometer, in comparison with the
      group, in which the lengths were measured with the tactile sense method (P less
      than 0.01), and with the group, in which the length was measured with
      preoperative radiogram only (P less than 0.05). The odontometric method resulted
      in statistically significant reduction of overfilled teeth in comparison with the
      x-ray measurement and with the radiogram made with the instrument in the root
      canal (P less than 0.01).

PMID- 2640755
TI  - [Dental and pulpal pain].
AB  - Sensory capacity of pulpo-dentinal complex depends on the site, different density
      and functional diversity of nerve fibers in the dental pulp. In the dentin and
      dental pulp only the pain is provoked regardless of the kind of irritant. But the
      pain can be expressed by several forms of appearance.

PMID- 2640756
TI  - [Causes and treatment of hypersensitivity in tooth root].
AB  - The review article describes aetiology and treatment of dental root
      hypersensitivity. The three main theories of pain transduction from the exposed
      dentin surface to pain receptors in dental pulp are described. In addition,
      therapeutic compounds used to stimulate reparatory dentin formation and
      mineralization of peritubular dentin are described as well. The application of
      resins and adhesives on exposed dentin root surfaces is advocated in cases of
      chronic hypersensitivity. Finally, the authors emphasize the need for correct
      oral hygiene and early orthodontic treatment, if indicated, to prevent gingival
      recession and hypersensitivity of exposed root surfaces.

PMID- 2640757
TI  - [Post-radiation caries].

PMID- 2640758
TI  - [Use of drugs at reanimation in dental suite].
AB  - The authors suggest the way of reanimation in dental suite, with special regard
      on the use of medicamental part of the equipment. They explain the use of drugs
      in the case of colaps, hypersensitivity to local anesthetic and other drugs so as
      in the case of cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2640759
TI  - [Reanimation in dental suite with the aid of "Modulade Doctor" or "Modulade
      Oxygen"].
AB  - The authors suggest the way of reanimation in dental suite with the special
      regard on the use of "modulade doctor" and "modulade oxygen", as well, as with
      other equipment. They suggest the necessary equipment in dental suits for
      successful reanimation and their maintenance.

PMID- 2640760
TI  - [Oral health in SR Slovenia].
AB  - Results of oral health epidemiological survey (using WHO assessment forms) which
      was conducted in SR Slovenia in the year 1987 are presented. The study population
      consisted of 1623 persons aged 6, 12, 15, 18, 35-44 and over 65 years. The survey
      included 10 towns. The results showed the prevalence of dental caries in the SR
      Slovenia population to be very high (93.6% in 12-yr olds). The mean decayed,
      missing and filled teeth (DMFT) scores was 5.1 at age 12-yr. Assessment of the
      periodontal status showed calculus to be the predominant disorder in the age
      groups 18 and 35-44 yr.

PMID- 2640761
TI  - [Prevalence of dental caries in native and immigrant inhabitants of Ljubljana].
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to find out the prevalence of dental caries
      among adolescent and adult inhabitants of Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. 1692 randomly
      selected subjects were examined in the age groups 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65
      years. Of all subjects there were 4.9% edentulous. In this research DMFT index
      was used in 1609 dentate persons. 28 teeth were considered. The prevalence of
      dental caries is very high among the citizens of Ljubljana, already at the age of
      15 there is 98.3%. Mean DMFT values were found to increase with age, from 9.8
      teeth at the age of 15 to 22.9 teeth at the age of 65. The mean number of missing
      teeth (M) increases with age as well, from 0.5 tooth at the age of 15 to 14.9
      teeth at the age of 65. The mean number of decayed teeth (D) and filled teeth (F)
      decreases after the age of 35 due to greater number of missing teeth. Women have
      more decayed teeth in the age of 15 and 25, they also have more missing teeth
      after the age of 25, women have in all age groups more filled teeth and a higher
      mean DMFT values in comparison with men. Immigrant inhabitants had in majority of
      aged groups more decayed and more missing teeth, less filled teeth and a lower
      mean DMFT values in comparison with native inhabitants. The biggest difference
      was in the age group of 25, where immigrant men were the worst group. On the
      other hand immigrant inhabitants had greater number of healthy teeth in all aged
      groups in comparison with the native inhabitants.

PMID- 2640762
TI  - [Clinical aspects of root surface caries].
AB  - The present epidemiologic data indicate that root caries increases with age.
      Since the number of people in old age categories of population is increasing,
      root caries may be expected to become more and more common. This prediction is
      supported also by the anticipated increase in tooth longevity due to the
      declining caries prevalence in children and adolescents. Thus root caries is
      likely to become one of the problems in dentistry. Our present knowledge of root
      caries is insufficient and more research is needed into every aspect of the
      disease.

PMID- 2640763
TI  - [The frequency of root caries in Slovenia].
AB  - In the pilot study carried out in 1989 in Slovenia 410 persons of both sexes aged
      above 30 were examined. It was found out, that primary root caries was present in
      41.9%, secondary root caries in 5.6% and root fillings in 18.8% of examined
      persons. More root caries was found in persons consuming more carbohydrates and
      having bad mouth hygiene.

PMID- 2640764
TI  - [Effect of cerebral noradrenaline and dopamine depletion on spontaneous and
      amphetamine-stimulated motor activity in rats].
AB  - Selective depletion of rat brain noradrenaline and dopamine by 6-hydroxidopamine,
      30-60 days after cisterna magna microinjection, reduced nocturnal spontaneous
      locomotor activity by 40%. This treatment also reduced by 90% the excitatory
      effect of amphetamine on locomotion. Disulfiram and FLA-63, selective inhibitors
      of dopamine-B-hydroxilase, depleted by 70% the noradrenaline content of striatum
      and brain cortex, without changes of dopamine concentration in the same areas.
      These rats showed a reduced spontaneous locomotor activity and a blockade of
      amphetamine stimulating activity. In conclusion, our results give support to the
      hypothesis of brain noradrenaline having a major role on the control of locomotor
      activity of rodents.

PMID- 2640765
TI  - [Stable recombinants of bacteriophage M13 and plasmid pBR322].
AB  - Two recombinants between the phage M13 and the plasmid pBR322 were isolated,
      analyzing the plasmid content of over one hundred colonies obtained by
      transduction. The study of the structure of both recombinants indicates that a
      fragment of the M13 genome has been integrated to pBR322. In both cases, the
      fragment contains a part of the phage replication region inserted either in the
      vicinity or within the pBR322 replicon. The fact that the phage and plasmid
      replicons seem to be involved in the recombination event suggests that it is
      helpful when the replication begins. So far it has not been possible to isolate a
      recombinant taking the whole genomes of pBR322 and M13. This is, undoubtedly, due
      to the instability of the recombinant molecule.

PMID- 2640766
TI  - [Variable cycle avoidance program: systematic variation of the probability of a
      programmed noxious stimulus].
AB  - Six albino rats were exposed in three groups to different values of T (a
      repetitive time cycle at the end of which an electric shock occurs with a
      specified probability in absence of a first response), (V.g.: P(E-/R) = .75 and
      .10) on different weeks. When occurs at least one response on each T cycle it has
      a probability to delete the shock equal to P(E-/R) that changed on different
      weeks from .50 to .10. In this way, as the Bayesian probability system indicate
      for exclusive events, Pk = P(E-/R) - [P(E-/R) x P(E-/R)] was the effective
      probability of shocks when at least one response occur on each T cycle and Pm =
      P(E-/R) - [P(E-/R) x P(E-/R) x P(1rst Response)] is the modulated probability of
      shocks when a first response occur on some T cycles. The results indicated that
      T/Pk (the mean interval between shocks before the experimental session) nor T/Pm
      (The mean interval between shocks after the experimental session when the subject
      responds), or its inverse, are reductional continua that explains monotonically
      ordered changes of the response rate or the mean total number of responses. As a
      consequence T and P must be dissociated. On the other hand, corrected response
      rate (Total responses minus Total first responses/minute) is a direct and
      monotonically increased function of Pk and of 1/T. In this sense is the increased
      probability with which noxious stimuli impinge on the behavior stream and the
      time reduction between stimuli, that separated, sustain responding.

PMID- 2640767
TI  - [Preselection of Aspergillus niger strains for citric acid production].
AB  - The aim of this work was to develop methods for the make a rapid selection of
      major Aspergillus niger strains in citric acid production. A relationship between
      culture appearance and productivity was established also, a solid medium was
      designed. This medium showed early a good level of citric acid production by
      assayed strains. The result obtained are confirmed by ordinary submerged culture.

PMID- 2640768
TI  - [Estimation of the menarcheal age in a longitudinal study: comparison of
      methods].
AB  - Menarcheal age was assessed in 164 girls followed longitudinally for six years,
      belonging to Caracas upper social strata. The retrospective, prospective and
      "Status Quo" methods were used; age was recorded as the recalled date, the mid
      interval interpolated date and the age at examination; and called "real" age
      (RA), "interval" age (IA) and "visit" age (VA). Means were calculated and medians
      estimated using the Logit method. Means of differences between RA and VA and
      between IA and VA were similar: 0.4 years approximately and significantly greater
      than the corresponding mean between RA and IA (0.2 years), thus mid-interval and
      RA mean menarcheal ages were similar. Values ranged from 12,866 to 12,341 with a
      standard deviation of one year. Mean menarcheal "visit" age was significantly
      later than both IA and RA means. Median menarcheal VA using the "Status Quo" and
      the Logit methodologies, was 12,337 +/- 0.028, similar to "real" age, and has
      been chosen for further analysis and correlations. The results are consistent
      with the low menarcheal age values reported for Venezuela.

PMID- 2640769
TI  - Dysfunction in myoplasmic Ca(2+) homeostasis in neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2640770
TI  - [Temporomandibular joint. 2].

PMID- 2640771
TI  - [Endodontic-periodontal relations].

PMID- 2640772
TI  - Excessive dietary selenium to primiparous sows and their offspring. I. Influence
      on reproduction and growth.
AB  - The effect of high dietary selenium (Se) on the reproductive performance, growth
      and health in pigs was examined. Addition of 0 to 16 mg Se per kg feed to sows
      and their piglets up to nine weeks of age did not cause any manifest toxic
      effect. None of the sows died due to the Se treatment. The piglets were all
      fullborn and showed no macroscopic abnormalities. The treatment did not influence
      neither the number of liveborn and stillborn piglets in the litter, nor the
      survival of the piglets until 9 weeks of age. The weight of the whole litter at
      birth was unaffected by the Se supplementation, while there was a significant
      difference in body weight of the piglets at 9 weeks of age. The weaned pigs
      receiving 8 or 16 mg Se per kg feed had a reduced feed intake. As the feed
      utilization was unaffected by treatment, these pigs had a significantly lower
      weight at 9 weeks of age.

PMID- 2640773
TI  - Histopathological changes in canine allergic contact dermatitis patch test
      reactions. A study on spontaneously hypersensitive dogs.
AB  - The histopathology of allergic patch test reactions in dogs with spontaneous
      allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was investigated. Epidermal necrosis was
      present in half of the biopsies and neutrophilic granulocytes were present within
      epidermis in these biopsies as well as in some of the biopsies without necrosis.
      Spongiosis was only occasionally observed. Dermal infiltration with neutrophilic
      granulocytes and oedema was found in all biopsies while the number of lymphocytes
      was small. The results may indicate a different secretion of or responsiveness
      towards cytokines in canine ACD compared to ACD in man where epidermal necrosis
      is not a characteristic feature and where the predominant inflammatory cell is
      the lymphocyte. It is anticipated that histopathological investigation of patch
      test reactions in dogs will not be helpful in discriminating between allergic and
      toxic patch test reactions.

PMID- 2640774
TI  - Organophosphate poisoning of Atlantic salmon in connection with treatment against
      salmon lice.
AB  - Three incidents with high mortality in Atlantic salmon after trichlorfon
      treatment against salmon lice are described. All 3 incidents occurred at water
      temperatures of 12 degrees C or higher. The mean brain acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE) activity of dead fish was less than 20% of normal activity, while
      survivors showed mean activities of 22-61% of normal levels. Dichlorvos residues
      in muscular and liver tissues ranged from nondetectable levels to 0.2
      micrograms/g tissue. The strongest inhibition of brain AChE was found in
      association with the highest dichlorvos residues. Substantial AChE-inhibition
      was, however, also found in samples in which dichlorvos residues could not be
      detected. AChE-determination was found to be more reliable than residue analysis
      for the diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning in salmon.

PMID- 2640775
TI  - Investigation on trichothecene-stimulated lipid peroxidation and toxic effects of
      trichothecenes in animals.
AB  - Three experiments were performed with mice intoxicated with trichothecene
      contamined feed or directly into the stomach. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by
      the TBA value from liver samples, but since such a test seldom provided reliable
      results, lipid hydroperoxides and total carbonyl were also analyzed. The
      formation of aldehydes and ketones was compared in vivo and in vitro. The same
      investigations were conducted on chickens, rainbow trouts and numerous fur
      animals suspected of chronic intoxication by trichothecenes. The vitamin A
      concentration was used as a parameter to detect alterations caused in chickens by
      trichothecenes. Our investigation provided evidence that lipid peroxidation is
      associated with trichothecene poisoning. The T-2 toxin, even in small
      concentrations, seems to induce strong lipid peroxidation. When DON and 3-AcDON
      were given together at a dosage of 180 micrograms/kg feed, 1 week's feeding
      caused clear lipid peroxidation in mice. Particular attention should be paid to
      the fact that mycotoxins may already be present in the feed before any experiment
      is conducted.

PMID- 2640776
TI  - Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of medetomidine in dogs and influence of
      anticholinergics.
AB  - A total of 10 laboratory beagles was used to determine the cardiovascular and
      respiratory effects of medetomidine. The effects of atropine sulphate and
      glycopyrrolate on heart rate were also observed. Xylazine was included as a
      positive control. Medetomidine induced initial hypertension followed by a longer
      lasting hypotensive period. Evident bradycardia with second degree
      atrioventricular blocks and decrease in respiratory frequency was observed.
      Atropine sulphate and glycopyrrolate transiently abolished the bradycardic effect
      of medetomidine. Xylazine exhibited a similar cardiovascular and respiratory
      pattern to medetomidine.

PMID- 2640777
TI  - Mycosis in the stomach compartments of cattle.
AB  - During a period of 22 months, 9.7% (23 out of 238) of the cattle necropsied at
      the Department of Veterinary Pathology had mycotic affections in the stomach
      compartments. The various stomach compartments were affected in the following
      pattern: omasum: 15 cases, rumen: 10 cases, reticulum: 8 cases and abomasum: 6
      cases. In 5 of the animals mycotic affection was also found in other organs of
      which the liver was most often involved. Out of the 23 cases described, a primary
      diagnosis of mycosis was only established in 5 cases. In the remaining 18 cases
      the mycotic infection was regarded as being of a minor importance in the total
      necropsy result. Macroscopically and histologically the mycotic processes could
      be grouped into acute, subacute or chronic affections. In 20 cases only one type
      of inflammation was present, in the remaining cases combinations were found.
      Identification of the infective agent was performed by immunological staining of
      hyphal structures in tissue sections. Members of the Zygomycetes were found to
      predominate as causative fungi. Aspergillus fumigatus was found to have a
      propensity for infecting the terminal gastric compartments, whereas the
      Zygomycetes were found regularly in all compartments. Candida spp. were only
      found in 1 case. Predisposing factors for developing systemic mycosis are
      discussed. Among these especially the use of antimicrobial drugs, other diseases,
      metabolic disturbances and stressors in the post parturient period seem to be
      important.

PMID- 2640778
TI  - Retained placenta in cattle: the effect of treatment or nontreatment on puerperal
      diseases and subsequent fertility.
AB  - In order to examine the effect of treated and untreated retained placenta (RP) on
      fertility and on the occurrence of puerperal and fertility diseases, the records
      of 248 cows with RP were examined: 199 cows were treated with intrauterine
      tetracycline or systemic therapeutics, and 49 were left untreated. One hundred
      and ninety-six herd mates without RP served as controls. The fertility of the
      cows with RP was lower than that of the controls. The effect of treatment on
      fertility was neither beneficial nor harmful. The untreated cows with RP seemed
      to be treated more often for endometritis and repeat breeding than either the
      treated animals or the controls. Mastitis within 1 week after calving was more
      common in both groups of RP cows than in the controls. Most cases of mastitis in
      the treated RP group could be diagnosed at the time of RP treatment.

PMID- 2640779
TI  - The effect of active immunization of ewes against androstenedione on lambing rate
      and production.
AB  - Active immunization of sheep of the Dala breed against androstenedione caused a
      mean increase in number of lambs born (live-born and stillborn) of 0.29 (p less
      than 0.01). In yearlings the difference was 0.43 lambs (p less than 0.01) and in
      older ewes 0.23 lambs (p less than 0.1). Five of the older immunized ewes gave
      birth to quadruplets while none in the control group gave birth to more than 3
      lambs. In older ewes there was an increase in the number of stillborn lambs. In
      young immunized ewes the mean ewe production, registered as total live weight of
      lambs in the autumn, was 11.3 kg higher than in control animals. This difference
      was however not significant (p less than 0.1).

PMID- 2640780
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii in large domestic animals in Denmark. A preliminary report.
AB  - By microscopic examination of toluidine blue O stained autopsy lung imprints
      Pneumocystis carinii was shown in 6 calves out of 160 (3.8%), in 1 sheep out of
      28 (3.6%) and in 8 pigs out of 119 (6.7%). This is the first report of
      Pneumocystis carinii in calves, sheep and pigs in Denmark.

PMID- 2640781
TI  - Plasma lipids in normal cows around partus and in cows with metabolic disorders
      with and without fatty liver.
AB  - Free fatty acids, cholesterol and phospholipids in plasma were studied from 6
      weeks before to 6 weeks after calving in 16 normal multiparous cows. The same
      plasma lipids were studied the day after calving in 20 normal primiparous cows.
      Ten of these were fed according to standards and the other 10 were overfed the
      last 3 weeks prepartum. The plasma lipids were also analysed in 16 cows with left
      displacement of the abomasum and fatty liver, and in 16 cows with ketosis with no
      or only slight fat infiltration of the liver. In the normal cows there was a rise
      in FFA-level and a reduction in cholesterol and phospholipids from 6 weeks before
      to the day after calving. Thereafter there was a reduction of FFA-level and rise
      in cholesterol and phospholipids. Increased feed intensity had no effect on
      plasma lipids at calving. The level of the plasma lipids in cows with fatty liver
      differed very much from the amounts in normal cows at corresponding time from
      calving. Cows with ketosis had high FFA-level but the amount of cholesterol and
      phospholipids differed very little from normal cows.

PMID- 2640782
TI  - The signs of pancreatic degenerative atrophy in dogs and the role of external
      factors in the ethiology of the disease.
AB  - A questionnaire was sent to 109 owners of German Shepherds suffering from
      pancreatic degenerative atrophy (PDA) and to 186 owners of German Shepherds with
      no known history of PDA. Owners were asked questions about their dogs
      adolescence, e.g. rate of growth, diseases and training. Detailed questions about
      feeding, intestinal and skin problems were also asked. In the questionnaire for
      PDA-dogs questions were divided into two parts: before and after the onset of PDA
      signs. Based on this study no specific early signs of PDA or causative factors
      could be found. The role of stress as a triggering factor could not, however, be
      totally excluded. The frequency of typical signs of PDA was outlined and also
      some signs not previously reported as typical PDA-signs were noted.

PMID- 2640783
TI  - Inverse age resistance to experimental Babesia divergens infection in cattle.
AB  - Two groups of calves, 1.5-2 and 7-11 months old respectively, and dairy cows were
      inoculated i.v. with 3 x 10(7) erythrocytes infected with Babesia divergens. High
      parasitaemia, fever and other clinical signs of babesiosis occurred among adult
      animals. A very low parasitaemia and a slightly increased body temperature but no
      other symptoms occurred in calves. these findings substantiate the conclusion
      that there exists an inverse age resistance against Babesia divergens. The
      kinetics of B. divergens IgG antibody formation were similar in all age groups.
      Consequently this antibody response was not the factor determining the
      development of the primary parasitaemia and thus the inverse age resistance
      phenomenon. However, age is not necessarily the only factor involved in the
      clinical expression of babesiosis. The kinetics of antibody formation was not
      associated with the intensity of the parasitaemia. In fact only about half the
      animals had a demonstrable parasitaemia although the antibody responses were
      similar in all age groups.

PMID- 2640784
TI  - Effects of systematic influences and intramammary infection on differential and
      total somatic cell counts in quarter milk samples from dairy cows.
AB  - Effects of bacteriological status, stage of lactation, parity and season of
      sampling on differential and total somatic cell counts were estimated in quarter
      milk samples taken from 39 dairy cows. Log somatic cell count was affected by the
      bacteriological status of the quarter, as well as by the bacteriological status
      of adjacent quarters. Differential cell counts were affected by presence or
      absence of pathogens in the quarters themselves, but not by the bacteriological
      status of the adjacent quarters. Log somatic cell count was clearly affected by
      stage of lactation, due mainly to physiological variation, but possibly also
      accentuated by variation in infection rates throughout lactation. With the
      exception of early lactation, little physiological variation throughout lactation
      was detected for differential cell counts. Presence of infections seemed to have
      some indirect effect on trends throughout lactation as regards percentages of
      granulocytes and monocytes. Variation in somatic cell counts due to parity could
      be explained by variation in infection rates, rather than being physiologically
      determined.

PMID- 2640785
TI  - Potential of differential somatic cell counts as indicators of mastitis in
      quarter milk samples from dairy cows.
AB  - Bacteriological status, somatic cell counts and proportions of lymphocytes,
      granulocytes and monocytes were determined in 1,659 quarter milk samples from 39
      dairy cows. Discriminant analysis was performed in order to assess the ability of
      total and differential somatic cell counts and combinations of total somatic cell
      count and each of the differential cell counts, to discriminate between infected
      and pathogen-free quarters, as well as between quarters infected with minor
      pathogens and quarters infected with major pathogens. Total somatic cell count
      classified 82.9% of all quarters correctly with respect to bacteriological
      status. Differential somatic cell count was less effective than total somatic
      cell count in discriminating between infected and pathogen-free quarters, as well
      as between quarters infected with minor vs. major pathogens. Combination of total
      and differential somatic cell counts did not improve the rate of correctly
      classified quarters. Inclusion of demographic data into the discriminant function
      increased the number of quarters correctly classified, mainly through an increase
      in the proportion of correctly classified infected quarters.

PMID- 2640786
TI  - Pregnancies from bovine oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro.

PMID- 2640787
TI  - [Satellite cells of normal and dystrophic muscle].
AB  - The structure, the ultrastructure and the number of myonuclei and satellite cells
      in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and in control muscles were compared in order to
      determine the possible changes in the satellite cells population. The bioptical
      fragments were obtained from 16 healthy (control) and from 16 dystrophic male
      children from 12 to 96 months of age. The biopsies were embedded in paraffin and
      in Durcupan and the sections were stained with ematossilin-eosin, P.A.S. for the
      light microscope observation and with uranil-acetate and lead-citrate for the
      electron microscope study. Moreover the semithin sections were stained according
      to the method of Ontell (1974) that is specific for the satellite cells
      identification. The morphological aspects of the dystrophic muscles are the same
      previously reported by other authors. The quantitative analysis of the myonuclei
      and satellite cells in control and dystrophic muscles was carried out on five
      random sections of each biopsy. The whole number of nuclei (myonuclei and
      satellite cell nuclei) and the number of the satellite cells nuclei were
      evaluated and the mean values in controls and dystrophic muscles were compared
      with the t Student test. The obtained results show that: 1) in the control
      muscles the satellite cells number is nearly the same in all ages considered; 2)
      in the dystrophic muscles the satellite cells number is in a statistically
      significant way greater than in control muscles and show a moderate trend to
      increase with aging; 3) in the dystrophic muscles the whole number of nuclei
      (myonuclei and satellite cells) is greater than in control in a statistically
      significant way and this increase is due to the number of satellite cells.

PMID- 2640788
TI  - [Post-natal maturation of the retina in the albino rat. I. The pigment
      epithelium].
AB  - The Authors studied the postnatal development of the retinal pigment epithelium
      in the albino rat, in order to elucidate its morphological and functional
      evolution, correlated to the numerous functional roles played in Vertebrates
      (Scheme 1). At birth, epithelial cells show few cytoplasmic organules and the
      apical surface provided of small depressions. From the third to the fifth
      postnatal day the first apical microfolds surround the depressions. From the
      seventh to the ninth day inner segments develop, whilst the apical surface of the
      epithelial cells is covered by many finger-like microfolds. During the eleventh
      postnatal day the buds of the outer segments and many lamellar microfolds can be
      demonstrated. During the sixteenth day the retina reaches its adult morphology.
      It is therefore well-evident that birth, similarly to many other Vertebrates, is
      not the last step, but only a moment, in the development of the retina: this
      process is completed only during postnatal life, when environmental light is able
      to stimulate every ocular structure.

PMID- 2640789
TI  - [Ultrastructure of the myocardial junctions of the chick embryo at an early stage
      in the organogenesis of the heart].
AB  - The ultrastructural features of the myocardiocyte junctional systems have been
      studied in the heart right myocardium of 6 day chick embryos in order to analyze
      the relationships between the spatial arrangement of the myocardial fibres and
      the formation of the myocardiocyte junctions. The myocardiocytes are remarkably
      branched, joined in small fibres to form a loose network with large intercellular
      spaces and appear well differentiated, rich in organelles, myofibrils and
      glycogen. Adherent-type junctions and well differentiated desmosomes are
      detectable at the level of the termino-terminal contacts between myocardiocytes,
      where the plasma membranes appear more or less complicately interconnected; nexus
      type junctions are seen in the latero-lateral contact regions. The results
      indicate that already at an early stage of the heart organogenesis the myocardium
      intercellular junctions are similar, on the whole, to those described in the
      adult, so that they would not seem to be transitory or modifiable structures. The
      changes in the spatial orientation of the myocardial fibres, which take place
      after the 6th incubation day, could be allowed by the network-like arrangement of
      the primitive myocardium and presumably conditioned by the blood flow in the
      developing heart.

PMID- 2640790
TI  - [Study on the longitudinal changes of the dental caries attack patterns of young
      child patients in pedodontic clinic, School of Dentistry, Ohu University].
AB  - The status of dental caries prevalence in the child patients, having visited the
      pedodontic clinic of Ohu University Dental Hospital, was surveyed longitudinally
      for 2 years (between 3 and 5 years of age) or 3 years (between 2 and 5 years).
      Also the dental caries attack patterns used at the dental health examination in
      infants aged 3 years, were investigated longitudinally. The surveyed child
      patients were 132 boys and 143 girls who had 20 deciduous teeth in their mouth
      through the surveyed period. The results were as follows: 1. The dental caries
      prevalence rate in the child patients was high at each age. 2. B and C caries
      attack patterns showing extensive caries increased remarkably at 3 or 4 years of
      age, and O patterns decreased with advanced age. 3. The child patients having no
      change in the caries attack patterns for 3 years decreased about 70%, and the
      severe type group transmitted to C caries attack patterns increased with advanced
      age. 4. Most of O caries attack patterns at 2 years of age changed to other
      patterns between 3 and 4 years of age, and they were few at 5 years.

PMID- 2640791
TI  - [A case of greater auricular nerve autologous nerve grafting for inferior
      alveolar nerve injury by mandibular fracture].
AB  - The results of peripheral nerve repair have been greatly improved in the last few
      years following the introduction of micro-surgery and increased application of
      free autologous nerve transplants. In the field of oral surgery, a rich
      experience has been made in plastic and reconstructive repair. The inferior
      alveolar nerve is endangered by a series of mandibular fractures, with fracture
      lines running along the nerve canal. For plastic repair of the inferior alveolar
      nerve, we interpose an autologous transplant from the greater auricular nerve.

PMID- 2640792
TI  - [Long-term observation of two post-treatment cases with an impacted maxillary
      central incisor corrected by orthodontic treatment].
AB  - This article describes long-term observation of two post treatment cases with an
      impacted maxillary central incisor corrected by orthodontic treatment. [Case 1]
      Age at first examination: 11 years and 1 month. Chief complaint: Retarded
      eruption of a maxillary right incisor and crowding of teeth. DIAGNOSIS: No
      skeletal problems were identified. Crown axis inclination of the impacted tooth
      showed 104.0 degrees. Root axis inclination showed 87.0 degrees. Treatment plan:
      [formula; see text] extraction, traction of the maxillary right incisor, edgewise
      method. Treatment time: 4 years and 3 months. [Case 2] Age at first examination:
      8 years and 8 months. Chief complaint: Retarded eruption of a maxillary left
      incisor. DIAGNOSIS: No skeletal problems were identified. Crown axis inclination
      of the impacted tooth showed 112.0 degrees. Root axis inclination showed 88.0
      degrees. Treatment plan: Traction of maxillary left incisor, edgewise method.
      Treatment time: 5 years and 6 months. The findings were as follows; 1) When the
      active treatment was finished, no pulp necrosis nor any resorption of root or
      alveolar bone was found in the two cases. 2) At present, the crown axis
      inclination is restored to normal in both cases. 3) The impacted maxillary
      central incisors were treated to the normal position in the dental archs, and the
      condition and the tissues around are good. The foregoing results, we are sure,
      can be an important traction of the impacted maxillary central incisor.

PMID- 2640793
TI  - [A case of a so-called congenital tooth appeared in maxilla].
AB  - The congenital teeth are not only classified by Massler et al. as a natal tooth
      that has erupted at birth and a neonatal tooth that erupts at neonatal period,
      but also divided into a normal deciduous tooth and a supernumerary tooth. The
      congenital teeth are mostly found in the mandibular anterior region, but
      extremely rare in other regions. The authors met a rare case, that had a so
      called congenital tooth in the maxillary anterior region, which was a
      supernumerary and fused tooth. The case was a boy patient, 4 months of age, who
      visited the pedodontic clinic, of Ohu University Dental Hospital, with the
      complaint of ruber and swelling of the maxillary anterior gum pad, October 17th
      in 1986. By oral inspection of the dental radiogram and his past history, the
      authors found a odontoid material in the swelled gum pad and diagnosed it as a so
      called congenital and supernumerary tooth. The tooth was extracted. The extracted
      tooth was investigated histopathologically. It had the v-shaped incisula at the
      middle of its edge, and seemed as if two teeth had coalesced. The serial
      preparations by the labio-lingual section showed no partition, such cementum as
      to divide the enamel, the dentin and the pulp near the incisula. Therefore it was
      diagnosed as fused tooth correctly. In the labial surface of the root formed
      about a third root length, the thickness of the cellular cementum was observed.
      It was considered as a physiological reaction to no support of the alveolar bone
      and to the excess mobility of the tooth. The prognosis after its extraction was
      good, and all normal deciduous incisors appeared in his mouth, 7 month later.

PMID- 2640794
TI  - [Jaw and perioral reflexes elicited by tooth tapping in the cat].
AB  - The reflex responses elicited by tapping the maxillary canine were studied in 12
      adult cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Short (4-8 msec) and long (14-22
      msec) latency responses were recorded from both efferent nerves innervating a
      digastric muscle and an inferior portion of perioral muscles. These two responses
      were also observed from a single fiber teased from the efferent nerve as two
      successive groups of spike discharges. The long-latency responses from the
      digastric and the perioral muscle were both elicited by a light tooth tapping and
      disappeared at about the same time following infiltration of local anesthetic
      over the tap-stimulated tooth root or following inhalation of ether narcosis. The
      long-latency responses from the above muscles may be, therefore, elicited by the
      same sensory information of the periodontal afferent, and have a common reflex
      center.

PMID- 2640795
TI  - [Dental radiographic survey of rapidly progressive periodontitis].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of rapidly progressive
      periodontitis (RPP) by radiographic evaluation in patient at the department of
      conservative dentistry, Ohu University hospital during two years from 1987 to
      1988. The survey was conducted on 370 patients. The radiographic evaluation was
      done by the method of Schei. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The number
      of RPP patient was eight. The prevalence of RPP in all patients and periodontitis
      patients were 2.1%, 6.0%, respectively. RPP patients consisted of 4 females and 4
      males. 2. The age of RPP patients ranged from 34 to 41 (mean age 37.5) years old.
      3. The number of affected and missed teeth ranged from 4 to 19 (mean 12.1), 0 to
      23 (mean 8.0), respectively in RPP patients. 4. Severe alveolar bone loss (more
      than 50%) was observed in the teeth except canine.

PMID- 2640796
TI  - [Discriminant analysis concerning the background factors of dental caries
      prevalence in young child-patients visiting the pedodontic clinic of Ohu
      University Dental Hospital].
AB  - In order to get the appropriate clinical information for dental caries
      prevention, 38 boys and 30 girls who visited the pedodontic clinic of Ohu
      University Dental Hospital were surveyed for 3 years, they ranged from 2 to 5
      years of age. They had all deciduous teeth and were classified into 4 groups,
      desirable, light, moderate and severe, on the basis of the longitudinal changes
      of the dental caries attack patterns, after 1 year and 3 years, which is used at
      the dental health examination of 3-year old children in Japan. The relationships
      between the groups and the investigations from documents of their past history,
      health and usual condition of living at their first visit to the hospital were
      analysed by means of discriminant analysis of the first class of Hayashi's
      quantifying theory. The results were as follows: 1. O caries attack patterns at 2
      years of age transmitted to all caries attack patterns except B patterns at 3
      years, and O caries attack patterns at 3 and 4 years never transmitted to C
      patterns at 5 years. 2. The desirable group having no change in the caries attack
      patterns was 64.7%, at 2 to 3 years, but was 25.1% and decreased markedly at 2 to
      5 years. The severe group transmitting to C caries attack patterns was 17.7% at 2
      to 3 years, but was 42.6% and increased remarkably at 2 to 5 years.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640797
TI  - [Physiologically active substances in the oral excreta produced by honey bee-
      effects of royal jelly on silkworm].
AB  - The effect of royal jelly on the growth, development, weight of a cocoon and the
      number of eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was tested by the use of artificial
      diets. The growth and developmental speed of the silkworm were quickened by
      addition of royal jelly. The number of eggs increased markedly by the feeding of
      raw royal jelly but not of boiled royal jelly.

PMID- 2640798
TI  - [Epithelial dysplasia and invasive carcinoma of oral cavity showing punctation
      and atypical vessels].
AB  - We have experienced epithelial dysplasia and invasive carcinoma of oral cavity,
      showing punctation and mosaic like atypical vessels confirmed by usual
      photographing. Case 1: 42-year-old man. After resection of tongue leukoplakia,
      the punctation appeared in the distal region of resected wound. Pathological
      findings were epithelial dysplasia, and expansion of capillaries in the stromal
      papillae were close to the surface. Case 2: 55-year-old woman. Punctation and
      mosaic like atypical vessels were recognized in the buccal mucosa, extending from
      the gingival carcinoma. Pathological findings were epithelial dysplasia and
      carcinoma in situ in punctation, and early invasive carcinoma in mosaic. There
      were irregularly expanded capillaries in the stromal papillae being close to the
      surface at both mosaic and punctation area. Although punctation, atypical vessels
      and mosaic are the colposcopic findings of uterine cervical cancer, these
      findings may become diagnostic point of early oral cancer.

PMID- 2640799
TI  - [Lipoma in the lower lip: report of a case].
AB  - Lipoma, well-circumscribed tumors of mature adipose tissue, are one of the
      commonest encountered benign neoplasms. In the oral cavity, lipomas almost always
      occur in the cheek, tongue, and floor, but rarely in the lips. In this paper a 73
      year old woman with lipoma in the right lower lip and cases of lipoma in the oral
      regions that have been reported in Japan are discussed. Her past history was
      diabetes mellitus and the others had no abnormalities. The specimen was a
      spherical, encapsulated, soft, bright-yellowish mass measuring 1.5 x 1.0cm.
      Microscopically, the tumor consisted of matured adipose tissue histological
      diagnosis of the tumor was simple lipoma. Six months postoperatively there is no
      sign of recurrence.

PMID- 2640800
TI  - [Pulsatile flow in an elastic circular tube. 1. The application of the finite
      Hankel transforms to the equations for the flow].
AB  - The finite Hankel transforms are applied to the linealized equations of motion
      for the pulsatile flow in an elastic circular tube. In this paper, the time
      dependency of the pressure is the known function which is represented by Fourier
      series expansion. The Fourier transforms are applied to the quantities of the
      axial components of the pressure and flow velocities, and the finite Hankel
      transforms are applied to the radial components of them. It is shown that the
      solutions of the flow velocities are adequate forms for computer calculation.
      Using the Fourier series coefficients given by the data of the pressure in time,
      we can calculate the flow pattern in the steady state.

PMID- 2640801
TI  - [Modelling: improper use of instruments].

PMID- 2640802
TI  - [Use of wax in dental technology].

PMID- 2640803
TI  - [Clinical investigation of the Caridex System].

PMID- 2640805
TI  - [Pulp chamber: perforations repaired with gutta percha].

PMID- 2640804
TI  - ["Murata city project"].

PMID- 2640806
TI  - [Access flap for apical lesions].

PMID- 2640807
TI  - [Work organization in endodontics].

PMID- 2640808
TI  - [Psychological approach to the infection problem].

PMID- 2640809
TI  - [Clinical study of two disinfectants].

PMID- 2640810
TI  - [Microwaves for sterilization of surgical instruments].

PMID- 2640811
TI  - [Principal causes of endodontic failure].

PMID- 2640812
TI  - [Construction of the "Sander" double plate].

PMID- 2640813
TI  - [Radiology risk: legal aspects and patient protection].

PMID- 2640814
TI  - [What to do when an instrument breaks in the canal].

PMID- 2640815
TI  - [University of Amsterdam "connection"].

PMID- 2640816
TI  - [Conservative treatment of the pulp in young patients].

PMID- 2640817
TI  - [Esthetic-preventive conservation of first molars in mixed dentition].

PMID- 2640818
TI  - [Psychodontics in obturator wearers].

PMID- 2640819
TI  - [Various orthodontic technical applications with the "combined PEM"].

PMID- 2640820
TI  - [Bacterial plaque leading to improved oral hygiene].

PMID- 2640821
TI  - [Traumatic reimplantation].

PMID- 2640822
TI  - [Evaluation over time of four cases with reduced osseous support].

PMID- 2640823
TI  - [Lesions of the submucosal anatomical structure].

PMID- 2640824
TI  - [Hemorrhage: operative problems].

PMID- 2640825
TI  - [Lesions which involve the tooth].

PMID- 2640826
TI  - [Lesions of the hard supporting tissue].

PMID- 2640827
TI  - [Complications of tooth extraction].

PMID- 2640828
TI  - [Prosthetic solutions with osseointegrated implants].

PMID- 2640829
TI  - [Postextraction inflammatory processes of the hard tissue].

PMID- 2640830
TI  - [Risk factors in operating].

PMID- 2640831
TI  - [Dentist and emergency medicine].

PMID- 2640832
TI  - [Morphologic study of the pulp chamber].

PMID- 2640833
TI  - [Radiographic reports after extraction].

PMID- 2640834
TI  - [Use of aluminous porcelain for crowns without metal support].

PMID- 2640835
TI  - [Subepithelial connective tissue graft].

PMID- 2640836
TI  - [Importance of electrophysiological examination].

PMID- 2640837
TI  - [Don't overlook the neuromuscular examination].

PMID- 2640838
TI  - [Kinematic examination of mastication].

PMID- 2640839
TI  - [Many indications from radiographic examination].

PMID- 2640840
TI  - [Causes of pain and clinical examination].

PMID- 2640841
TI  - [Silver amalgam: clinical and commercial analysis].

PMID- 2640842
TI  - [Silver amalgam. Trituration, condensation and manipulation].

PMID- 2640843
TI  - [Endodontic analysis of the anatomy of lower premolars].

PMID- 2640844
TI  - [Development of polyurethane laboratory models].

PMID- 2640845
TI  - [Solutions to esthetic problems].

PMID- 2640846
TI  - [Clinical study of two monozygotic twins].

PMID- 2640847
TI  - [Proceedings of the regional meetings of the Japanese College of Cardiology].

PMID- 2640848
TI  - [Clinical implication of transesophageal echocardiography].

PMID- 2640849
TI  - [Evaluation of left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery
      disease: a radionuclide angiographic study].

PMID- 2640850
TI  - [Assessment of prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy by myocardial scintigraphy].

PMID- 2640851
TI  - [A case of concealed WPW syndrome with three different reciprocal tachycardias].

PMID- 2640852
TI  - [A 11-year-old boy of idiopathic accelerated idioventricular rhythm].

PMID- 2640853
TI  - [Two cases of idiopathic nonsustained ventricular tachycardia possibly due to
      triggered activity: successful treatment with verapamil].

PMID- 2640854
TI  - [Assessment of prognosis of patients with ventricular tachycardia: role of the
      underlying heart disease].

PMID- 2640855
TI  - [A case of WPW syndrome complicated with congestive heart failure and atrial
      fibrillation].

PMID- 2640856
TI  - [Diagnosis of stenotic lesion of left coronary artery by transesophageal Doppler
      echocardiography].

PMID- 2640857
TI  - [Coronary artery aneurysm: report of three cases].

PMID- 2640858
TI  - [Pulmonary embolism precipitated after swimming: report of a case of spontaneous
      resolution].

PMID- 2640859
TI  - [Results of coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with spastic angina
      pectoris].

PMID- 2640860
TI  - [Indication and assessment of coronary artery bypass grafting].

PMID- 2640861
TI  - [Continuous infusion of isosorbide dinitrate in intractable rest angina pectoris:
      report of a case].

PMID- 2640862
TI  - [Hypereosinophilic syndrome: report of a case].

PMID- 2640863
TI  - [A case of acute myocarditis immunologically studied with monoclonal antibody].

PMID- 2640864
TI  - [Clinical pictures and echocardiograms of three cases of severe myocarditis].

PMID- 2640865
TI  - [Histology and echocardiographic findings of acute myocarditis].

PMID- 2640866
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatments of prosthetic valve endocarditis].

PMID- 2640868
TI  - [Surgical treatment of aortic regurgitation associated with infective
      endocarditis].

PMID- 2640867
TI  - [Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis: report of two cases].

PMID- 2640869
TI  - [Clinical study of patients undergoing surgical treatment for infective
      endocarditis].

PMID- 2640870
TI  - [Systemic lupus erythematosis presenting a peculiar clinical course: report of a
      case].

PMID- 2640871
TI  - [Therapeutical problems of aortic regurgitation associated with Behcet disease].

PMID- 2640872
TI  - [Successful Bentall's procedure for annulo-aortic ectasia in a patient with
      abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy].

PMID- 2640873
TI  - [Peculiar Doppler echocardiograms showing mitral regurgitation: report of a
      case].

PMID- 2640874
TI  - [Diastolic rapid filling in mitral regurgitation].

PMID- 2640875
TI  - [Mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation with complete preservation of
      mitral apparatus].

PMID- 2640876
TI  - [Long-term managements of patients with coronary artery bypass grafting].

PMID- 2640877
TI  - [Surgical indications for mitral valve disease in the aged].

PMID- 2640878
TI  - [Surgical treatment of mitral valve prolapse].

PMID- 2640879
TI  - [Selection of surgical procedures for mitral stenosis determined with
      echocardiography].

PMID- 2640880
TI  - [Long-term follow-up in patients with mechanical aortic valve prosthesis].

PMID- 2640881
TI  - [Clinical pictures of mitral chordal rupture].

PMID- 2640882
TI  - [A case of right-sided obstructive cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2640883
TI  - [Differentiation of ischemic cardiomyopathy from dilated cardiomyopathy by
      analysis of early diastolic time intervals].

PMID- 2640884
TI  - [Developmental changes in a case of cardiac amyloidosis: diagnostic value of
      serious echocardiographic methods].

PMID- 2640885
TI  - [Estimation of non-rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation by Doppler
      echocardiography].

PMID- 2640886
TI  - [A case of severe cardiac failure due to myocardial stunning].

PMID- 2640887
TI  - [Effects of valve replacement on left ventricular function in aortic valve
      disease].

PMID- 2640888
TI  - [Influence of elevation of lower extremities on the left ventricular function in
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and essential hypertension].

PMID- 2640889
TI  - [Follow-up study of open heart surgery with IABP].

PMID- 2640890
TI  - [Alcohol-induced coronary spastic angina associated with myocardial bridge: a
      case report].

PMID- 2640891
TI  - [Relation with vasospasm and membrane currents in isolated vascular smooth muscle
      cells].

PMID- 2640892
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of the breast: a statistical evaluation of
      accuracy based on 1,080 cases.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the breast is a minimally invasive and
      low-cost method. In this study we reviewed our experience on a total of 1,080
      cases. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value were calculated. The causes
      of error were examined and we concluded that accuracy improves when aspirations
      are done by the cytopathologist himself and fixing and staining procedures are
      immediately performed in a specialized laboratory.

PMID- 2640893
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of 'normal' urothelium in patients with infiltrating
      bladder carcinoma.
AB  - 'Normal' dome biopsies from 20 cystectomies for infiltrating bladder carcinomas
      were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All cases showed
      alterations ranging from minimal changes to numerous pleomorphic microvilli, and
      were classified according to Herd and Jacobs. The SEM findings and grades were
      correlated with dome histology and the results were quite good. However, in our
      opinion, the Herd and Jacobs classification and subclassifications are poorly
      reproducible without morphometric analysis. Nevertheless the SEM study is useful
      to strengthen the diagnosis of dysplasia/carcinoma in situ in 'healthy'-looking
      urothelium.

PMID- 2640894
TI  - Cyanamide and its calcium form: do they differ with respect to their action on
      the liver cell? Experimental study in the rat.
AB  - Cyanamide is a drug frequently used as aversion therapy in chronic alcoholism. A
      chronic hepatocytic lesion induced by cyanamide has been described by a member of
      our team over the last few years. It consists of distinctive cytoplasmic
      inclusion bodies, similar to those observed in Lafora's disease. The inclusion
      body-bearing liver cells resemble the ground-glass hepatocytes observed in type B
      viral infections. This hepatocytic lesion is predictable and reproducible in the
      rat liver. The high frequency of alcoholic patients with inclusion bodies
      observed in Spain is striking in contrast with the scarcity of cases published
      abroad. The medicine commonly used in Spain contains plain cyanamide, while
      Temposil used in Canada and Dipsan used in Scandinavia contain its calcium form
      (calcium carbimide). In an attempt to discover if the chemical nature of the drug
      is an important determinant in the development of the lesion, the present study
      was carried out using groups of Wistar rats. One group received cyanamide and the
      other one calcium carbimide. The drug was placed in the stomach via a cannula,
      daily, at a dose of 16 mg/kg body weight, for 25 weeks. The characteristic
      inclusion bodies were only found in the group receiving plain cyanamide.

PMID- 2640895
TI  - Carcinoid tumors with focal mucin production.
AB  - 50 carcinoid tumors of different locations in the gastrointestinal and
      respiratory tracts were examined histochemically for mucin production. Isolated
      discrete aggregates of mucosubstances were identified in a large number of cases
      (46% of all carcinoid tumors, ranging from 53 to 36% in different organ
      locations). Acidity and composition of mucosubstances (sulfomucin vs. sialomucin
      contents) in carcinoids were not different from those described in their
      corresponding locations. These data support numerous other observations that
      point to a common stem cell precursor for both enterochromaffin and mucus
      secreting epithelial cells in gastrointestinal and respiratory tract mucosal
      membranes. A shared endodermal derivation is favored over a separate
      neuroectodermal origin for the chromaffin cell system.

PMID- 2640896
TI  - Discrimination between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma of the
      thyroid: preoperative validity of cytometry on aspiration smears.
AB  - The aim of our study was to evaluate the validity of the quantitative analysis of
      nuclear features on aspiration smears in the distinction between follicular
      adenoma and follicular carcinoma. Karyometric and DNA features, including the
      nucleolar count, were evaluated on the cytologic material of 28 cases; the values
      were in general slightly higher in the carcinomas than in the adenomas, with
      overlap between the two diagnostic groups. By plotting the two most discriminant
      and least correlated parameters against each other and by drawing two straight
      lines (one perpendicular to the axis representing the mean of the major nuclear
      diameter at the 9-microns point, the other perpendicular to the axis of the
      percentage of nucleolated cells at the 75% point), we obtained two regions: a
      rectangle delimited by the two axes and the two lines containing 86% of adenomas,
      and the remaining part of the plane containing 79% of carcinomas. The validity of
      this approach was tested in 32 new cases not included in the original bivariate
      classification: accuracy 87%; sensitivity 86%; specificity 88%; predictive value
      of adenoma 88%; predictive value of carcinoma 85%. In conclusion, a simple
      cytometric method, i.e., the combined evaluation of the mean of the major nuclear
      diameter with the percentage of nucleolated nuclei, allows a substantial
      distinction to be made between follicular adenoma and carcinoma.

PMID- 2640897
TI  - [Allergic reactions to orthodontic materials and a protocol for the management of
      patients].
AB  - Performing orthodontic treatment in patients presented with history of allergy is
      not frequent, but still not unusual. It is absolutely necessary that the
      orthodontist realizes the possibility of patient's hypersensitivity towards the
      various orthodontic materials, especially the ones which contain nickel.
      Information regarding previous allergic reactions, reference of the patient for
      epicutaneous patch testing and modification of the treatment plan are important
      components of the proper management of such patients in the orthodontic practice.

PMID- 2640898
TI  - [Relationship between upper dental arch width and other dimensions of the head
      and face].
AB  - The relationship between upper dental arch width and some dimensions of the face
      and head in children 10-12 years of age (177 children with normal occlusion, 59
      with Class II div. 1, 35 with Class II div. 2 and 27 with Class III) was examined
      in this study. Although different dimensions of the face and head and the upper
      dental arch width were found to be significantly correlated in children with
      normal occlusion, this relationship is not found to be strong enough in children
      with different categories of malocclusion. No significant diagnostic elements
      were found having general application during treatment planning.

PMID- 2640899
TI  - [Maxilla in harmonious face. A cephalometric study in adult Greeks].
AB  - The purposes of the above research work were to describe a) the normal size of
      the maxilla and b) the normal sagittal and vertical position of the upper jaw and
      to define a) the relationship between the sagittal and vertical maxillary
      position and b) the way in which the variables concerning the size and position
      of the maxilla correlate in the harmonious faces with normal occlusions. The
      material of this study consisted of 276 lateral cephalographs of an equal number
      of adult Greeks (147 males and 129 females) with normal Angle/Class I occlusion
      and harmonious face. Five variables were measured (one linear, ANS - PNS and four
      angular, S-N-ANS, S-N-A, N-S-ANS and N-S-A). Maximum, minimum and mean values as
      well as standard deviations of each of the above variables were calculated. The
      range of each variable was divided into three groups (15% low, 70% medium and 15%
      high values). The qualitative relationship was then studied between the following
      couples of variables: S-N-ANS and N-S-ANS, S-N-A and N-S-A, S-N-ANS and ANS-PNS,
      S-N-A and ANS-PNS and lastly S-N-A and S-N-ANS. Factorial analysis of
      correspondences were finally carried out (Benzecri 1973, 1980) which made
      possible the identification of the way in which the selected variables were
      correlated. The main results researched were: 1) The maxilla in males is bigger
      in size. 2) There was not any difference of the sagittal and vertical maxillary
      position referring o the anterior cranial base between the sexes. 3) The sagittal
      position of anterior nasal spine is analogous to A point position. 4) Three
      different types of the maxilla were found within the normal range based on the
      selected variables. a) Type A2 was characterised by the medium values of the
      variables. b) Type A1 was characterised by small upper facial height and high
      values of forward position of points A and ANS. c) Type A3 was exactly the
      opposite of the A1 characterised by big upper facial height and low values of
      forward position of the ANS and A points.

PMID- 2640900
TI  - Enhanced contractile response to noradrenaline and calcium influx in thoracic
      aorta isolated from dietary magnesium deficient rats.
AB  - Dependency on extracellular calcium influx in contractile response to
      noradrenaline has been investigated in the thoracic aorta isolated from dietary
      magnesium (Mg) deficient rats. Adult male Wistar rats were fed with a Mg
      deficient diet (0.001% Mg) for 30 days, together with control groups (0.07% Mg).
      The contractile response to noradrenaline in the thoracic aortas from Mg
      deficient rats was significantly greater than that in the controls. However,
      there were no significant differences between control and Mg deficient rats in
      the contractile response to high potassium. The rate of 45Ca uptake induced by
      noradrenaline was greater in Mg deficient rat aortas than in the controls, but
      that induced by high potassium showed no significant differences between control
      and Mg deficient rats. Calcium entry blockers (verapamil and nifedipine) caused a
      concentration-dependent depression of the noradrenaline-induced contraction. The
      aortas from Mg deficient rats were more sensitive to these drugs than were those
      from the controls. These results suggest that the noradrenaline-induced
      contraction depends much more on extracellular calcium influx in Mg deficient
      rats than in the controls.

PMID- 2640901
TI  - Correlations between magnesium and heavy metals in blood and sixteen tissues of
      rabbits.
AB  - Spearman correlations between magnesium and heavy metals (lead and cadmium) were
      investigated in blood and 16 tissues of four groups of rabbits receiving
      different diets: I (controls), II (water with 9.66 mumols/litre of lead), III
      (atherogenic), and IV (atherogenic + 9.66 mumols/litre of lead). On days 1, 42
      and 172 of the experiment there were no significant correlations between
      magnesium and lead in rabbit blood. After 25 weeks, among the 16 tissues studied
      only liver presented a significant positive correlation (P less than 0.01)
      between magnesium and lead. Correlations between magnesium and cadmium were
      significantly positive (P less than 0.01) in lung, liver, adrenal gland and
      spleen. It is thus possible that a rise in magnesium in tissues with high
      metabolic activity serve to combat the harmful effects of an increase in these
      heavy metals.

PMID- 2640902
TI  - Protective effect of severe magnesium deficiency on Plasmodium chabaudi
      infection.
AB  - Mice were fed for 30 days on purified diets containing 50 (severely Mg deficient
      diet), 100 (moderately Mg deficient diet) and 1300 mg/kg (control diet). An
      additional group raised on stock UAR diet was also used for the experiment. The
      mice were maintained on the experimental diets for 12 days before being
      inoculated with P. chabaudi. Infection evolved similarly in mice fed the control
      purified diet, moderately Mg deficient diet and the stock diet whereas the
      severely Mg deficient diet induced a 50% decrease in malarial infection as shown
      by the decrease in the percentage of parasitized red blood cells (RBC). In
      control mice, RBC Mg values increased significantly during P. chabaudi infection;
      however RBC Mg values were significantly lower in Mg-deficient than in control
      animals.

PMID- 2640903
TI  - Maternal magnesium intake and pregnancy outcome.
AB  - The magnesium intakes of 513 women towards the end of the first trimester of
      pregnancy were calculated from a record of food consumption for one week.
      Magnesium intake was found to be correlated with weight, length, and head
      circumference at birth as well as length of gestation up to a threshold of around
      3200 g birthweight. Of the seven elements found to be significantly associated
      with these outcomes of pregnancy, magnesium was third in order of significance,
      after sodium and chloride. A subsample of mothers were given a supplement which
      provided 100 mg/day of magnesium during the second and third trimester: there was
      no effect on the outcome of pregnancy, suggesting that any influence of magnesium
      was confined to the first trimester or before. A maternal magnesium intake of 300
      mg/day was compatible with observed optimum birthweight, length and head
      circumference.

PMID- 2640905
TI  - Abstracts of the 3rd Hungarian Magnesium Symposium. Kazincbarcika, 27-28 June
      1989.

PMID- 2640904
TI  - Delayed metabolic changes after strenuous exertion in trained young men.
AB  - Twenty apparently healthy, young male volunteers, aged 18-25 (mean 19.3, SD 1.4)
      years received a 6 months standardized, graded outdoor physical training and were
      screened for serum magnesium concentration (S-Mg), serum calcium concentration (S
      Ca), serum aspartate amino transferase (S-AST), serum alanine amino transferase
      (S-ALT), serum creatine kinase activity (S-CK), other laboratory variables,
      weight, and VO2 ml.kg-1.min-1 [corrected] (VO2 max), before a 70 km march, as
      well as at 1, 24 and 72 h and 18 days after. Maximal aerobic power, body weight,
      haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum creatinine, total protein and albumin remained
      unchanged throughout. Immediately after the march, S-Mg did not change, S-AST, S
      ALT and S-CK rose, but the rise was not statistically significant, while small
      but significant rises in S-Ca (P less than 0.05, Student's t-test) and serum
      cholesterol (P less than 0.01) normalized at 24 h. At 72 h after the march, a
      significant fall in S-Mg was found (P less than 0.01), together with a second
      significant rise in S-Ca (P less than 0.05). After 18 days, with no intervening
      marches or dietary changes, S-Mg remained significantly lowered (P less than
      0.05), mean S-ALT and S-CK became significantly raised for the first time (P less
      than 0.001 and P less than 0.01 respectively), whereas S-Ca normalized.
      Concomitantly, for the first time there was now a significant rise in blood sugar
      (P less than 0.001), serum triglycerides (P less than 0.01), and a second rise of
      serum cholesterol (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640906
TI  - Role of cadmium and magnesium in pathogenesis of idiopathic dilated
      cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2640907
TI  - Dental and periodontal disturbances due to magnesium deficit.
AB  - Experimental results in female rats with marginal magnesium deficiency a and
      clinical results in over 100 female tetanic patients suggest the deleterious
      influence of magnesium on oro-facial tissues.

PMID- 2640908
TI  - Adverse reactions to drugs.

PMID- 2640909
TI  - Testing for allergy to antibiotics.

PMID- 2640910
TI  - Accessible magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - The cost of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is driven by magnetic field
      strength. Misperceptions as to the impact of field strength on performance have
      led to systems that are more expensive than they need to be. Careful analysis of
      all the factors that affect diagnostic quality lead to the conclusion that field
      strength per se is not a strong determinant of system performance. Freed from the
      constraints imposed by high-field operation, it is possible to exploit a varied
      set of opportunities afforded by low-field operation. In addition to lower costs
      and easier siting, we can take advantage of shortened T1 times, higher contrast,
      reduced sensitivity to motion, and reduced radiofrequency power deposition. These
      conceptual advantages can be made to coalesce onto practical imaging systems. We
      describe a low-cost MRI system that utilizes a permanent magnet of open design.
      Careful optimization of receiving antennas and acquisition sequences permit
      performance levels consistent with those needed for an effective diagnostic unit.
      Ancillary advantages include easy access to the patient, reduced claustrophobia,
      quiet and comfortable operation, and absence of a missile effect. The system can
      be sited in 350 sq ft and consumes a modest amount of electricity. MRI equipment
      of this kind can widen the population base than can access this powerful and
      beneficial diagnostic modality.

PMID- 2640911
TI  - Disability, physician consultation, and use of prescription medications in a
      population-based study of headache.
AB  - In a population-based telephone interview survey of 9,380 residents aged 12 to 29
      yr in Washington County, Maryland, who reported having had a headache, 60% of
      females and 41% of males had had one or more headaches during the previous week;
      14.4% of females and 6.0% of males in the study group had consulted a physician
      in the previous 12 months for a headache problem. The likelihood of consulting a
      physician differed according to the type of headache. Subjects with headache
      during the week before the interview meeting the criteria for certain migraine or
      certain mixed tension--migraine were twice as likely as subjects with all other
      types of headaches to consult a physician during the previous 12 months. Females
      with tension headache were considerably more likely than males with the tension
      headache to have consulted a physician during the previous 12 months. On the
      other hand, males with migraine headache during the previous week were more
      likely than females with migraine to consult a physician. Disability (defined as
      being absent from school or from work for all or part of the day) was relatively
      common among those subjects with a headache during the previous week (13.7% of
      females and 7.9% of males). However, even among those reporting disability as a
      result of their headache during the previous week, only 31% of females and 18% of
      males reported consulting a physician during the previous 12 months.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640913
TI  - Preservatives in the vehicle of naloxone: pharmacological effects.
AB  - The pharmacological activity of the preservatives methyl and propyl
      hydroxybenzoate, until recently components of the vehicle of naloxone (Narcan),
      was investigated in vitro. This vehicle produced reversible, concentration
      dependent relaxation of guinea pig trachea, not mediated via adrenergic or
      cholinergic receptors, prostanoid activity or phosphodiesterase inhibition.
      Sensitivity of the tissue to calcium-induced contraction was decreased. In single
      isolated rat hepatocytes, surface receptor stimulation elicits repetitive
      transient rises in intracellular free calcium measured with the photoprotein
      aequorin. The vehicle reversibly inhibited these transients. These observations
      suggest that the effect of hydroxybenzoates may be mediated via a perturbation of
      intracellular calcium-related processes.

PMID- 2640912
TI  - Catecholamine metabolism in recurrent hereditary polyserositis. Pathogenesis of
      acute inflammation: the retention-leakage hypothesis.
AB  - Recurrent hereditary polyserositis (RHP), also known as familial Mediterranean
      fever, is a genetically-determined disease characterized by paroxysmal attacks of
      peritonitis, pleuritis, arthritis or inflammation of other serous membranes. We
      have previously suggested that the pathogenesis of this disease seems to be
      related to abnormal catecholamine metabolism. This study compares the plasma and
      urine catecholamine profile in patients with RHP during different clinical states
      to that in controls. In RHP there were lower plasma and higher urine dopamine
      levels in the asymptomatic state and during attacks, while norepinephrine levels
      remain unchanged. However, plasma epinephrine was significantly lower in the
      asymptomatic state but markedly higher during attacks. The urine epinephrine
      values in both situations were similar but significantly lower than in controls,
      suggesting abnormal renal excretion of epinephrine. The urine metanephrine was
      markedly elevated in the asymptomatic state compared to controls, but remained
      unchanged during the attacks, again suggesting defective renal clearance of
      metanephrine. Metaraminol infusion, which induces attacks in RHP patients, was
      associated with an increase in plasma dopamine and epinephrine (but not
      norepinephrine); yet the urinary levels of dopamine, epinephrine and metanephrine
      remained the same, confirming the dissociation between the plasma and urinary
      levels of these catecholamines, probably due to abnormalities in the renal
      clearance mechanism. We postulate that this dissociation leads to retention of
      these amines in the plasma which may subsequently leak through the serous
      membranes (the target organs) and incite an acute inflammatory process.
      Colchicine, the only known drug that protects against disease attacks, reduces
      the plasma levels of these amines, and thus may act by preventing retention that
      leads to leakage and subsequent inflammation.

PMID- 2640914
TI  - Annulate lamellae in normal allo-activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes.

PMID- 2640915
TI  - [Survey on oral hygiene performance among dental patients in the Taiwan area].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the level of understanding and the
      importance placed on oral hygiene (i.e. frequency, time, tools, and attitude
      towards hygiene with respect to age, sex, and education or socioeconomic status)
      among dental patients in Taiwan. A total of 748 questionnaires (380 males and 368
      females) was obtained, the chi square test was used to analyze the statistical
      significance of the results. The results showed a statistically significant
      correlation between oral hygiene habits and the following 1) onset of tooth
      brushing as associated with sex and age; 2) frequency of toothbrushing as
      associated with age, education or socioeconomic status; 3) timing of brushing as
      associated with age and sex; 4) duration of toothbrushing and age; and, 5)
      flossing and age. Mean initial toothbrushing age was found to be 4.69 years of
      age and mean toothbrushing frequency was 2.42 times per day. Of the dental
      patients investigated, 47.5% did employ dual cleansings after meals and before
      bedtime. The average toothbrushing time was 1 minute and 53 seconds and brand
      preferences existed for toothpastes, rather than toothbrushes. It is suggested
      that dental health education on when to begin brushing a child's teeth and how to
      form good oral hygiene habits should be provided and reinforced along with
      periodic assessments of the tooth cleaning tools used for oral hygiene.

PMID- 2640916
TI  - [Observation and identification of porcelain teeth color].
AB  - Selection of proper porcelain shade and color matching to the natural dentition
      is continuously one of the most perplexing and frustrating factors in fixed
      prosthodontics. A total of 4172 porcelain restorations were collected and
      categorized according to the Vita Lumin shade guide and the author's view point.
      After calculating and summing up the data, we found the most frequently used
      color is reddish-brown, and the least frequently used color is grey-brown. The
      results suggested a reference of porcelain shade for each tooth. The ability of
      the dentist in shade selection was not as predicted. Only 50% correct answers
      were obtained and 19.4% gave completely wrong answers. So we suggest that our
      data of porcelain color could be used as a reference. Another suggestion is that
      dentists should have color training in school and it should be a core course of
      prosthetic dentistry.

PMID- 2640917
TI  - [Solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on fresh and formalin fixed tissue: a
      biochemical approach].
AB  - Debridement of the root canal system has long been recognized as the critical
      phase of success in endodontic therapy. Because of the morphological complexity
      of most root canals, complete removal of the pulp tissue during the mechanical
      preparation of these root canals is often impracticable. Sodium hypochlorite is
      thus currently favored by most endodontists as the routine irrigant on account of
      its antimicrobial action and its capacity to dissolve fresh tissue together with
      necrotic tissues. Formocresol is another common medicament for endodontic
      treatment and is usually used for pulpotomy, pulpectomy and intracanal
      medication. Nevertheless, it was empirically believed that formocresol may
      interrupt the action of sodium hypochlorite in the dissolution of residual
      tissue. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to testify whether
      formocresol can substantially retard the solvent action of sodium hypochlorite by
      comparing the effectiveness of 5% sodium hypochlorite on fresh and formalin-fixed
      tissues. Connective tissue from the abdominal wall of Sprague-Dawley rats was cut
      into pieces weighing 0.05 g and measuring about 2 x 10 x 10 mm. A total of 20
      pieces of tissue were collected and divided into two groups: 10 pieces were used
      immediately as the fresh-tissue group; the other 10 pieces were fixed in 10%
      formalin for 7 days as the fixed-tissue group. Each group was then immersed in 5
      ml of 5% sodium hypochlorite for 60 seconds, and 1 ml was aspirated from each for
      assay. Dialysis was performed using 2 liters of double distilled water for a
      period of 4 hours with the water changed hourly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640918
TI  - Evaluation of the peri-implant membrane induced around ceramic dental implants in
      dogs: a transmission electron microscopic study.
AB  - A description of the supporting tissues of single-crystal sapphire implants which
      had functioned for twelve months is reported. The tissue was recovered at
      autopsy. The peri-implant membrane was formed by the action of mastication forces
      on the implants and consisted of three non-mineralized connective tissue layers.
      Layer I was composed of collagen fibers. These fibers were oriented parallel to
      the implant surface. Layer II lacked collagen fibers. This layer was composed of
      connective tissue materials. Layer III was covered by osteoclasts or osteoblasts.
      This layer was composed of collagen fibers which radiated to the bone surface.
      The collagen fiber bundles did not run from the implant fibers to the bone
      fibers. This peri-implant membrane formed only a hammock-like supporting
      mechanism. These findings suggest that the implant had been encapsulated by the
      peri-implant membrane, which failed to distribute masticulation stress to the
      peripheral tissues. One year after implantation of single-crystal implants, the
      tissue-implants interface was observed. Non-mineralized connective tissue layers
      (a "peri-implant membrane") existed at all implant interfaces. The origin of this
      structure and the role of a peri-implant membrane are discussed.

PMID- 2640919
TI  - Regeneration of periodontal tissues following experimentally induced
      periodontitis in rats: a comparison of sucrose-rich and conventional diets.
AB  - The purpose of the present study is to elucidate influences of diet on
      periodontal regeneration following experimental periodontitis in rats. S-D rats
      were divided into two groups, which were fed either a conventional diet (group A)
      or a sucrose-rich diet (group B). Experimental periodontitis was produced by
      placement of elastic bands between maxillary molar teeth. After one week, the
      elastic bands were removed and the animals were sacrified by perfusion fixation
      with formalin immediately, 1, 3, or 5 days, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 weeks after
      the removal. Sections of the teeth and surrounding tissue were examined by light
      microscopy. Three days after the removal, in both groups, granulation tissues
      with many inflammatory cells were covered by epithelial cells; the attachment
      site to the root surface was located more apically than the cemento-enamel
      junction. Distinct periodontal pockets were formed by five days after the removal
      in group A. In group B, the infiltrations of inflammatory cells were more
      prominent than in group A. Six weeks after the removal in both groups, an
      epithelium which resembled long junctional epithelium rather than pocket
      epithelium became thicker. Eight weeks after the removal, the findings were
      similar to those of six weeks in group A. However, a severe inflammatory cell
      concentration was found in group B. These results suggest that periodontal wound
      healing is markedly influenced by diet, and that this experimental system is
      useful for studying dynamic changes in both pocket and long junctional epithelia.

PMID- 2640920
TI  - Clinical, microbiological and immunological studies of post-juvenile
      periodontitis.
AB  - The present study includes the clinical, microbiological and immunological
      examinations of 2 patients with post-juvenile periodontitis. Bacteroides
      intermedius was the predominant isolate from periodontal pockets with post
      localized juvenile periodontitis. Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus
      and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were detected in samples from
      periodontal pockets with post-generalized juvenile periodontitis. IgG antibody
      levels to B. gingivalis were significantly higher in the patients than these of
      periodontally healthy group. Spirochetes, including Treponema denticola, were
      found at very high frequencies in all samples from the patients.

PMID- 2640921
TI  - Shape and number of the roots of the permanent molar teeth.
AB  - One hundred ninety-eight mandibular first molars, 198 mandibular second molars,
      and 122 mandibular third molars, extracted from 99 Indian skulls were examined
      for the number of dental roots. The number of mandibular molar roots is increased
      by the appearance of the distolingual root, accessory lingual root, and
      bifurcation of the mesial root. The bifurcation of the mesial root was
      investigated in teeth in which it was more than 1/3 and less than 1/3 (apical
      bifurcation) of the root length. The following results were obtained. The numbers
      of the roots including apical bifurcation of the mesial root were 2, 3 and 4 in
      72.7%, 26.8% and 0.5%, respectively, of the first molars; 1, 2 and 3 in 17.7%,
      76.8% and 5.6%, respectively, of the second molars; and 1, 2 and 3 in 16.4%,
      77.1% and 5.8%, respectively, of the third molars. The numbers of dental roots
      excluding apical bifurcation of the mesial root were 2 and 3 in 99.0% and 1.0%,
      respectively, of the first molars; 1, 2 and 3 in 17.7%, 81.8% and 0.5%,
      respectively, of the second molars; and 1, 2 and 3 in 16.4%, 77.1% and 5.8%,
      respectively, of the third molars.

PMID- 2640922
TI  - [Dentofacial morphology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients].
AB  - Sleep apnea syndrome is a condition characterized by recurrent interruption of
      breathing during sleep. Triad of symptoms for the disease are insomnia, daytime
      sleepiness and snoring. Recently, the patients complained of these symptoms have
      progressively increased. And so serious attention has been given to investigate
      the entity of this new clinical syndrome in medical and dental aspects. Three
      types of sleep apnea are classified; central, obstructive and mixed type. Most of
      patients identified this syndrome include obstructive or mixed types of sleep
      apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea has been presumed to have close relationships with
      obesity, micrognathia, retrognathia, tonsillary hypertrophy, tongue hypertrophy
      and so on. This study was designed to evaluate the characteristics of the
      dentofacial morphology in the obstructive, included mixed, sleep apnea syndrome
      (OSA) patients. The samples consisted of 25 adult male patients (average age of
      48 years 2 months) with OSA as diagnosed by the division of respiratory disease,
      department of internal medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital. One
      lateral radiographic cephalogram with the teeth in occlusion and the recording of
      somatic measurements, body weight and height, were obtained for each patient at
      visiting our orthodontic clinic. On the lateral cephalograms of whole samples, 10
      angular and 6 linear measurements were carried out. Simultaneously, the body mass
      index (BMI) was assessed for each patient. Based on the cephalometric and
      somatometric measurements, the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea was
      discussed in association with the obesity and dentofacial morphology. Results
      were summarized as follows: 1. The body mass index (kg/m2) ranged between 21.0 to
      45.7, with a mean value of 31.0 for OSA patients. Of whom, 3 patients were mildly
      obese (25 or more of BMI) and 12 patients severely obese (exceeding 30 of BMI).
      2. Compared with normal control samples, the means of cephalometric variables of
      whole samples showed the tendency of micrognathia, large gonial angle, protruded
      maxilla and large cranial base. 3. By principal component analysis, it was
      revealed that the components for the shape and position of the mandible were of
      more importance in OSA patients than controls. 4. Discriminatory analysis
      clarified significant differences in dentofacial morphology between 12 obese and
      13 non-obese patients. 5. The dentofacial morphology in non-obese patients were
      characterized by retrognathia, micrognathia, large gonial angle and small
      maxilla. In accordance with previous reports, the patients with OSA were
      presented the tendency of obesity and micrognathia. Furthermore it was revealed
      that particularly in non-obese OSA patients the morphological abnormalities might
      be the major contributor to the pathogenesis of sleep apnea.

PMID- 2640923
TI  - [Changes and stability of the cant of occlusal plane following orthodontic
      treatment].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of the cant of occlusal
      plane during and after orthodontic treatment. Materials consisted of lateral
      roentgenocephalograms of 42 patients treated with full brackets system.
      Cephalograms were taken at following 4 stages; the beginning of orthodontic
      treatment, the beginning of retention, the end of mechanical retention and 3
      years after the end of retention. Measurements were done at following angles and
      distance. 1. SN--occlusal plane angle 2. palatal plane--occlusal plane angle 3.
      mandibular plane--occlusal plane angle 4. Xi point--occlusal plane distance The
      results were as follows: 1. The SN-occlusal plane angle tended to decrease as
      time passed, although the pattern of the changes was different among Cl. I, Cl.
      II and Cl. III groups. 2. The changes of the occlusal plane mainly occurred
      within the limit of alveolar process. 3. Extension line of the occlusal plane
      tended to be close to the Xi point as time passed. 4. When the SN--occlusal plane
      angle was changed largely during the orthodontic treatment, it tended to relapse
      more after treatment.

PMID- 2640924
TI  - [Changes in the microvascular pattern of the periodontal ligament in an
      experimental tooth extrusion].
AB  - Forty eight adult cats were employed to investigate the serial changes of
      vascular patterns of the periodontal ligament on tooth extrusion. The right upper
      canines have been successively extruded (initial load 40 gr) with a open coil
      spring. The experimental periods were set on 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks respectively.
      On each experimental period, the microvascular casts of the periodontal ligament
      and alveolar bone around the experimental tooth were prepared for the scanning
      electron microscopy, utilizing the acrylic plastic injection method (Taniguchi
      and Ohta, et al. 1952 and 1955). And the serial sections of the surrounding
      tissues of the experimental tooth were made. In order to elucidate the mode of
      the tooth movement, the load of applied force and the distance of extrusion were
      measured. Results obtained were as follows: 1. The experimental tooth was
      extruded rapidly during first two weeks. The speed reduced gradually afterwards.
      2. The new vascularization was seen around the apex first, then widely spread in
      the periodontal ligament. And the remarkable trabecula-shaped bone formation were
      observed around the venous networks of the root apex after two week period. 3.
      The tissue reactions after the tooth extrusion delayed in comparison with the
      movement of the tooth. 4. Although the tissue reactions of the root apex of the
      extruded tooth were originally similar to the one in the transverse tooth
      movement, slight differences were found in timing of the tissue change and shape
      of the capillary network. The findings of the tissue change showed that the light
      force was indicated in extrusion of the tooth. And the range of action of the
      force applied should be limited in orthodontic clinic.

PMID- 2640925
TI  - [Changes in the microvascular pattern of the periodontium in an experimental
      tooth movement].
AB  - The purpose of the present investigation was to observe changes in the
      microvasculature related to the reorganization of periodontal tissue during tooth
      movement and to evaluate the role of periodontal vasculature. The experimental
      study, employing cats, was done by injection of acrylic resin into the
      microcirculatory system of the periodontal membrane to make visible
      vascularization and remodeling of the alveolar bone structure when orthodontic
      force was placed on a tooth. 1. Pressure side New blood vessels arose from pre
      existing vessels, entered resorption lacunae, connected with each other, and
      formed the vascular layer for alveolar bone resorption, covering the bone
      surface. The blood vessels of the root side around the degenerate tissue
      initially had spear-like ends because of imperforation, but the vessels gradually
      became interconnected, forming capillary loops, and encircling the degenerate
      tissue. This vascular layer for capillary-loop formation and the inner
      circumferential vascular layer for alveolar bone resorption were completed after
      3 weeks. Newly formed blood vessels ran into the resorption lacunae and formed
      two networks. The networks enhanced metabolic activities such as resorption by
      multinuclear giant cells and the proliferation of osteoblasts and fibroblasts,
      resulting in regeneration of the periodontal membrane. 2. Tension side The
      vascular pattern on the crest area in the controls showed a two-layered structure
      with one vascular network on the root side and one on the alveolar bone side.
      After 1 week, the latter was stretched to the former, forming a canopy-like
      structure, and causing the two-layered structure to disappear. The canopy-like
      structure disappeared with time, and vascularization occurred at the sites of
      bone formation and fibroblast proliferation. These vascular changes seemed to
      contribute to the regeneration of the periodontal membrane. Blood vessels
      responded rapidly to the environmental changes in the periodontal membrane,
      adjusting their morphology to functional changes, and these vascular changes
      preceded the deposition or resorption of bone.

PMID- 2640926
TI  - [Effect of anterior-lateral mandibular displacement occurring in lateral
      roentgenocephalometry at the open mouth position on the linea measurements].
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of mandibular
      displacement occurring in lateral roentgenocephalometry at the open mouth
      position and of the resulting changes in the projected sites on linea
      measurements of the mandible. With use of a brachicephalic young (corresponding
      to age 7) and a dolichocephalic adult human dried mandible, lateral
      roentgenocephalograms taken under different conditions with angles and distances
      varied, simulating clinical lateral roentgenocephalometry at the open mouth
      position, were compared and studied. The results were as follows: 1. Displacement
      from 5 mm to 30 mm perpendicular to the central X-ray caused unfixed changes,
      presumed to be human errors in measuring, in the following ranges; brachicephaly:
      0-1.4%, dolichocephaly: 0-0.9%. 2. As angles of rotation perpendicular to the
      central X-ray increase from 0 to 10 degrees clockwise, significant reduction in
      inverse proportion to the increase in angles of rotation were found; Cd-Gna:
      brachicephaly: 1.3%, dolichocephaly: 0.9-1.4%; Go-Gna: brachicephaly: 1.6-3.3%,
      dolicocephaly: 1.4-2.2%. However, unfixed changes in the following ranges were
      found for Cd-Go; brachicephaly: 0.5-2.3%, dolicocephaly: 0.6-1.2%. 3. Increase in
      angles of rotation counterclockwise also showed a similar tendency to that in
      clockwise rotation.

PMID- 2640927
TI  - [Biodegradable ceramic as a bone graft substitute followed by orthodontic tooth
      movement].
AB  - This study was performed to evaluate the histological changes during remodelling
      of autogenous PMCB (particulate marrow and cancellous bone) and TCPC (beta
      tricalcium phosphate ceramic) when transplanted into the jaw bone defects, and
      also to investigate the possibility of orthodontic tooth movement on them. Twenty
      dogs were used in this study. Following extraction of the upper 2nd and 3rd
      incisors, or only the 2nd incisor, maxillary alveolar bones were resected
      bilaterally. Autogenous PMCB obtained from the ilium and TCPC (Synthograft,
      Miter, Inc. U.S.A.) were grafted in each resected area. Nine dogs were sacrificed
      without applying the orthodontic force, whereas the rest of dogs were sacrificed
      after applying orthodontic force. Sectional arch wire with open coil spring was
      placed between the upper 1st incisors for tooth movement. Applications of
      orthodontic force were started anywhere from the 2nd to the 8th week following
      the grafting and continued for different experimental periods. Sections of
      maxillary bone including the grafted areas were prepared for light microscopy. It
      was observed that Synthograft area showed better organization than the bone graft
      area initially. However, later around the 8th week, both graft materials were
      well organized. The Synthograft was well accepted by the host tissue. The
      Synthograft filled area reconstructed the bony architecture more similar to the
      alveolar bone than the bone graft area. In addition, the radiological findings
      also showed orthodontic tooth movement through the PMCB and the Synthograft
      areas. Capability of orthodontic tooth movement at the Synthograft areas without
      any undue result is of significant clinical value. Thus in view of above points
      in conclusion it is suggested that, TCPC is a competent substitute for PMCB in
      filling up alveolar bone defects, even, in cases where orthodontic tooth movement
      is desirable.

PMID- 2640928
TI  - [Morphological study on open bite patients].
AB  - The purpose of the present study is to investigate the morphological features of
      open bite patients who have also disharmony of anteroposterior relations between
      maxilla and mandible. Lateral head films of 40 adult females with open bite were
      used. The samples were classified into three groups by ANB angle. Three groups
      were as follows. 1. Type I open bite (12 subjects, 1 degree less than or equal to
      ANB less than or equal to 4.5 degrees). 2. Type II open bite (13 subjects, ANB
      less than 4.5 degrees). 3. Type III open bite (15 subjects, ANB less than 1
      degree) The normal samples was the longitudinal data of females in our
      department. Skeletal and dental variables were calculated and compared norm
      versus type I open bite, type I open bite versus type II open bite and type I
      open bite versus type III open bite, respectively. The following results were
      obtained. 1. Disharmony of the vertical dimensions in type I open bite was mainly
      due to long anterior lower facial height which was accompanied by large gonial
      angle as compared with norm. 2. There were no difference in anteroposterior
      position of the maxilla and nasal floor in all three open bite groups. 3. There
      were no difference in anterior and posterior facial height between type I and
      type II open bite. However, type II open bite showed the backward rotation of the
      mandible accompanied by over eruption of upper first molars. 4. Type III open
      bite showed longer anterior lower facial height which was caused by excessive
      mandibular growth than type I open bite. 5. Upper incisors showed labial
      inclination as compared with norm in all three open bite groups. However, lower
      incisors showed labial inclination in type II open bite and lingual inclination
      in type III open bite as compared with type I open bite. As a result, the inter
      incisal angle was small in type II open bite and large in type III open bite as
      compared with type I open bite. These results suggested that the dentoalveolar
      factors were large in type II open bite and the skeletal factors were large in
      type III open bite as compared with type I open bite.

PMID- 2640929
TI  - [Effect of two stage corticotomy on maxillary protraction].
AB  - For the purpose of clarifying the effects of two stage corticotomy on maxillary
      protraction, experimental studies by using of 5 male Japanese monkeys (Macaca
      fuscata) were performed. Results from cast analysis, roentgenographic
      cephalometry and histological examinations were as follows. I. In experimental
      groups that received two stage corticotomy with maxillary protraction, apical
      base of maxillary bone protruded markedly. II. In control groups that maxillary
      protraction was applied without corticotomy, sutured area around maxilla seemed
      to be influenced by orthopedic force. However, hardly any influence from
      orthopedic force was seen in experimental groups. III. In both groups individual
      teeth of upper dental arch hardly moved. IV. After two stage corticotomy, no
      circulatory disturbance in maxillary bone except for reactive inflammation of
      pulp in anterior teeth and vacuolar degeneration in anterior teeth and posterior
      teeth was seen, and periodontal tissue remained almost unaffected. This suggested
      that corticotomy should be performed carefully, especially in anterior apical
      base of maxillary bone.

PMID- 2640930
TI  - [Application of the finite element method to craniofacial growth analysis. 4.
      Three-dimensional application of tensor analysis].
AB  - The purpose of this study is the 3-dimensional application of finite element
      method to analyze the craniofacial growth. In our previous studies, 2-dimensional
      finite element method was applied to analyze and to predict the craniofacial
      growth. In case of 2-dimensional application, the normal and shear strains were
      given by the displacements u, v that were linear functions of coordinates x, y.
      In the 3-dimensional case, six strain components are required to obtain the
      extension ratio and the directions of three-principal axes. In this study, for
      the 3-dimensional application, four-noded, pyramidal elements were used and
      twelve 3-dimensional elements were constructed. Materials were longitudinal
      frontal and lateral cephalometric X-rays of 4 males and 4 females from 7 to 10
      years with normal occlusions. 3-dimensional coordinates of each nodal points were
      calculated by transforming 2-dimensional coordinates on the frontal and lateral
      cephalometric X-ray films. Coordinates of the nodal points at 7 years were
      standards against that results of the finite element method from 8 to 10 years
      were obtained. They were subjects of the analysis that elements equivalent to the
      cranial base, the maxillary portion, the maxillary alveolar portion and the
      posterior pharyngeal portion. Summarized results were as follows. 1. It was
      observed that the similar figured extension of the anterior cranial base element.
      2. The posterior cranial base element extended to right, anterior and upwards
      direction. 3. On the maxillaly elements, especially, lateral extensions appeared.
      4. The element of the posterior pharyngeal portion extended to left and downwards
      direction. 5. The elements of the maxillary alveolar portion extended to
      downwards directions. From the above, the directions of transformation of the
      elements that are selected with voluntary nodal points can be observed.
      Therefore, 3-dimensional tensor analysis is a method of great significance for
      obtaining new findings of the craniofacial growth.

PMID- 2640931
TI  - [Apical root resorption of maxillary central incisors following orthodontic
      treatment].
AB  - This research shows the relationship between orthodontic treatment and apical
      root resorption. The latest edgewise appliance with a pre-adjusted bracket
      (Alexander method) was used in the present experimentation. Examination by
      roentgen cephalometry and intraoral radiography was performed before and after
      the maxillary central incisors had been moved orthodontically. The conclusion is
      that there was no significant difference among the grade 0, 1, 2 and 3 of apical
      root resorption in the change of long axis inclination of the maxillary central
      incisors. But there was a significant difference among the grade 0, 1, 2 and 3 of
      root resorption in the distance of the apical root movement. The most apical root
      resorption was observed when the apical root was moved lingually.

PMID- 2640932
TI  - [Repositioner of external fragment of mandibular ramus (ramus repositioner) in
      sagittal split ramus osteotomy of mandible].
AB  - In sagittal ramus split osteotomy of the mandible, rigid internal fixation of the
      fragments with screws has become one of the main fixation techniques. This screw
      fixation has the advantages to reduce the period of intermaxillary fixation which
      is unpleasant for patients. On the other hand, it is necessary that the condyles
      are exactly positioned to the glenoid fossa after surgical correction. Incorrect
      repositioning of the mandibular ramus will induce serious problems, e.g. relapse
      caused by mandibular movement, pain of temporomandibular joint, occlusal
      dysfunction, etc. Some surgeons make efforts to avoid the problems by various
      methods. Postoperative radiographs are one of the procedures, which taken while
      the patient is on the operating table. Various appliances are also used for the
      purpose of repositioning ramus at operation. We have devised a simple appliance
      that allows the surgeon to be sure that the position of the external fragments of
      the mandibular ramus will be precisely established. We named this appliance
      "ramus repositioner". It consists of 1.2 mm orthodontic wire in diameter, cold
      cure acrylic resin and titanium mini-plates. It is fabricated and tried to fit
      prior to the operation. At operation, both ends of its orthodontic wire are
      inserted into the tubes on the buccal surfaces of the maxillary first molars. The
      positions of the mandibular ramus involved condyles are recorded by mini-plates
      on this appliance with its exclusive self-tapping screws preoperatively. Then the
      appliance is removed and mandible is splitted. After splitting, the appliance is
      replaced with the screw hole landmarks that tapped before.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640933
TI  - [Study of bone remodeling mechanism induced by mechanical stress. Differentiation
      of osteoclasts induced by compressive force in newborn rat cultured long bone].
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to reveal the mechanism of differentiation
      of osteoclast (OC) induced by mechanical stress in long bone cultivation of new
      born rats. A long bone was loaded with 30 gf of continuous compressive force and
      cultured for 5 days in CO2 incubator. Numbers of OC increased in the long bone
      were counted after H-E staining and compared with the control. The study was
      dealt with the effects of recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNF alpha),
      recombinant interleukin-1 beta (rIL-1 beta), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the co
      cultivation of osteoblast (OB) originated from new born rat calvariae, as to
      differentiation of OC. Since the bone remodeling was interacted with OB and bone
      marrow (BM) cells, the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) was also
      investigated for OB in co-cultivation with BM cells originated from new born rat
      long bones. In the region of diaphysis of a long bone loaded with compressive
      force, the bend of trabecular bones was noticed after 3 days incubation. Also,
      the enrichment of monocyte-macrophage (Mo-M phi) lineage cells was noticed along
      the trabecular bones. After 5 days incubation, the increase of the number of OC
      was specifically recognized. The increase of the number of OC was shown in
      medullary cavity of the long bone by addition of rTNF alpha to the culture
      medium, but any synergistic effect was not shown with the treatment of rTNF alpha
      and compressive force to the increase of the number of OC. Furthermore, the
      increase of the number of OC induced by compressive force did not suppressed by
      addition of anti-TNF serum. Under the treatment of rIL-1 beta or PGE2, OC
      slightly increased in the long bone when loaded by compressive force, but the
      treatment of indomethacin did not suppress it completely. However, the increase
      of OC in the long bone loaded by compressive force was clearly inhibited in co
      cultivation with OB. On the other hand, the activity of ALPase of OB was markedly
      abated in co-cultivation with BM cells. These results indicated that the
      mechanism of differentiation of OC induced by mechanical stress was different
      from that induced by the general inflammation. Results also indicated that it was
      controlled mainly by the factor(s) or interaction between BM cells and OB and was
      associated with Mo-M phi lineage cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2640934
TI  - [Changes of the chewing movements following the correction of anterior reversed
      occlusion in children].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional changes following the
      orthodontic treatment of anterior reversed occlusion in children. Samples consist
      of 94 children with anterior reversed occlusion as the experimental group and 34
      children with normal incisor occlusion as the control group. Experimental samples
      were classified into 3 groups according to the erupting stages of incisors. Among
      them, a group of the permanent incisor dentition was divided into 2 groups, one
      was a "Shift group" showing functional mandibular movement from the centric
      relation to intercuspal position and the other was a "non-shift group" showing no
      such functional movement. In the experimental group, 28 patients showed the
      correction of anterior reversed occlusion orthodontically. Mandibular movements
      were recorded during gum chewing on all subjects by using Sirognatho Analysing
      System II. Mandibular movement was examined as to the cycle time and the chewing
      movement on the horizontal plane. The results were as follows: 1. The chewing
      cycle was irregular in samples of reversed occlusion. 2. Samples of reversed
      occlusion with deciduous incisors and of normal occlusion were equivalent in the
      cycle time. 3. The chewing cycle was more longer in samples of reversed occlusion
      with maxillary deciduous and mandibular permanent incisors than those of normal
      occlusion. 4. The chewing cycle was longer in the Shift group than in the normal
      group. But it was not longer in the Non-shift group than in the normal group. 5.
      The chewing movement of the Shift group showed type-1, 2, 3 rather than type 4.
      But the non-shift group showed type-4 more than type-1, 2, 3. 6. The chewing
      cycle became more regularized after the correction of anterior reversed
      occlusion. 7. The chewing cycle was shortened in the Shift group after the
      correction of anterior reversed occlusion. 8. The chewing movement of type-1 and
      type-4 were decreased after the correction of anterior reversed occlusion. In
      conclusion, the correction of anterior reversed occlusion by orthodontic method
      provides improvements of not only the morphological incisor occlusion but also
      the functional mandibular movements.

PMID- 2640935
TI  - [Observation on calcification of necrotic tissue in pressure side of periodontal
      membrane incident to experimental tooth movement].
AB  - In an orthodontic point of view, it is said that necrotic tissues cause a
      standstill of tooth movement until they disappear and that term of the standstill
      is related to the size of the necrotic tissues. Although remodeling processes of
      a periodontal membrane in compressed area were reported as series of phenomena
      like degeneration, coagulative necrosis, calcification and histiolysis, there is
      no direct evidence that the necrotic tissue is really calcified. The purpose of
      this study is to clarify histologically whether the necrotic tissues in the
      periodontal membrane are calcified or not and to know when appearance and
      disappearance of the calcification occur during an experimental tooth movement.
      Twenty eight rats were used for this study. For the experimental tooth movement,
      the orthodontic elastics were inserted into the interproximal space between the
      maxillary right 1st and 2nd molars during 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days respectively
      (Waldo's method). The periodontal tissues were observed on undecalcified sections
      by vital staining in which oxytetracycline (3 mg/kg), alizarin red (8 mg/kg) and
      calcein (0.8 mg/kg) were applied as well as by contact micro radiography (CMR).
      Findings were as follows: 1) After 2 days of tooth movement, a part of the
      periodontal membrane in compressed area showed fluorescence by vital staining and
      was radiopaque by CMR. This means that the necrotic tissues are really calcified
      at least after 2 days of experimental tooth movement. 2) After 7-14 days no
      calcified tissue could be found in the periodontal membrane. The calcified
      tissues may disappear under processes of resorption in this area.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2640936
TI  - [Case of skeletal open bite treated with orthognathic surgery, with special
      reference to morphological and functional analysis of the tongue].
AB  - Malfunction and abnormal posture of the tongue has been thought to be one of
      etiological factors for skeletal open-bite at length. In this study, an adult
      female patient with anterior open-bite is reported, who has been treated by means
      of posterior maxillary osteotomy and has obtained a good occlusion and profile,
      which is stable throughout the retention period. Electromyography was obtained
      from the tongue muscles by surface electrodes and the tongue muscle activity
      during deglutition was measured before and after surgery. The tongue posture was
      also analyzed on the basis of the roentgen cephalogram with the mandible at the
      rest position. Larger tongue muscle activities during swallowing was revealed
      compared to the control subjects. In addition, anteriorly and superiorly
      positioned tongue was seen in the initial stage. The amplitudes of the tongue
      muscle had decreased and tongue posture had shifted posteriorly and inferiorly
      following surgery, which approximated to the those observed in the control
      subjects. These improvements of the abnormal activity and posture of the tongue
      and the stability of occlusion after surgery confirmed that posterior maxillary
      osteotomy is an effective surgical operation for the anterior open-bite patients
      in terms of prognosis.

PMID- 2640938
TI  - Zeta potential of oral bacteria (Streptococci).
AB  - This study was carried out to examine whether oral bacteria can be treated
      electrochemically in the same manner as colloid particles. The zeta potentials
      for 13 Streptococcus strains incubated in trypticase soy broth (TSBY) and heart
      infusion broth (HIB) were determined in 1/30 M phosphate buffer solution of pH
      7.0 by standard microelectrophoresis. The zeta potentials for the Streptococci
      showed a wide range of values from -28.7 mV to -2.1 mV in TSBY and from -28.5 mV
      +2.0 mV in HIB. The zeta potential was useful in determining the potential
      structure of the bacterial cell as living colloid, especially Streptococcus.

PMID- 2640937
TI  - Non-invasive measurement of the deep temperature of the temporomandibular joint
      region.
AB  - This study was carried out to non-invasively measure the deep temperature of the
      temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region at rest and after 100 opening and closing
      movements of the mandible. Using a transcutaneous probe, we performed deep
      thermometry by the zero-heat-flow method. A RAM-Pack recording system was
      employed, and the data were processed by and stored in a microcomputer. In 20
      normal male subjects, no differences were observed in the deep temperature of the
      right and left TMJ regions at rest and after exercise. However, in patients with
      temporomandibular disorders, the deep temperature of the symptomatic joint was
      higher than that of the asymptomatic joint. The difference, however, gradually
      decreased to normal with occlusal splint therapy. Thus, it is clear that the deep
      temperature of the TMJ region provides useful information about inflammation of
      the TMJ.

PMID- 2640939
TI  - Calcification of the permanent first molars observed in panoramic radiographs.
AB  - We investigated the development (calcification) stages of the permanent first
      molars of Japanese children by classifying them into 14 stages by the criterion
      of Moorrees, et al., using 11,167 panoramic radiographs, 5,759 of boys and 5,408
      of girls, between the ages of 2 years 0 months and 14 years 11 months. The
      following information was obtained from calculations of the average chronological
      ages for the development stages of these teeth. 1) The development of first
      molars was earlier in girls than boys. This was particularly true during the
      middle phase of development. 2) A first molar on one side developed at the same
      rate as its counterpart on the other side, regardless of differences in sex or
      arch. 3) In both boys and girls, the development of the mandibular first molars
      was about one month earlier than that of the maxillary first molars at each
      stage. 4) When these results were compared with those of Nolla, Moorrees and
      Haavikko, who pioneered this field of study, it was clear that the development of
      the teeth in Japanese is different from that in Caucasians. 5) We made charts of
      the development of the first molars in Japanese which can be applied in routine
      clinical practice.

PMID- 2640940
TI  - Increased remineralization of subsurface enamel lesions with molybdenum
      treatment.
AB  - The present study was conducted to determine the effect of high molybdenum (Mo)
      concentration on fluoride (F) uptake and remineralization of subsurface lesions
      utilizing acid cyclic methods in vitro. Bovine enamel with artificial subsurface
      lesions were treated with test solutions containing 1,000 ppm F (NaF) with and
      without 1,000 ppm Mo at pH 7.0. F uptake was analyzed using a microdrilling
      technique and remineralization was evaluated by polarized light microscopy. The
      results indicate that addition of 1,000 ppm Mo in a 1,000 ppm F solution modestly
      increases F uptake and promotes remineralization of subsurface lesions compared
      with 1,000 ppm F alone. These findings suggest that a high level of Mo may
      enhance the remineralizing activity of F in subsurface bovine enamel lesions in
      vitro.

PMID- 2640941
TI  - Morphological characteristics of the teeth of Newar children.
AB  - The morphology of the teeth of Newar children was investigated in order to
      determine racial characteristics of the teeth in comparison with those of
      Japanese. The results were as follows. 1) The incidence of a C type labial
      surface pattern on the maxillary incisors was greater in Newars than Japanese for
      both the maxillary central and lateral incisors. 2) The total incidence of shovel
      shaped and semi-shovel-shaped maxillary incisors was greater than 80% in
      Japanese, although at most about 25% in Newars. 3) The incidence of interstitial
      tubercles on the maxillary premolars in Newars was less than in Japanese. 4) The
      incidence of the cusp of Carabelli on maxillary first molars was greater in
      Newars than in Japanese. 5) Although the incidence of protostylids on the
      mandibular first molars was less in Newars than in Japanese, the incidence of the
      + type occlusal groove pattern was higher in Newars. Even though four-cusp
      mandibular first molars were more common in Newars than in Japanese, the
      incidence of a sixth cusp was lower in Newars. Also, the incidence of a sixth
      cusp was lower in Newars. Also, the incidence of medial of medial lingual
      accessory tubercles was slightly higher in Newars than in Japanese. Examination
      of the Newar teeth confirmed previous findings that they are racially Caucasoid,
      although they have some similarities with Japanese.

PMID- 2640942
TI  - Dynamic responses in adult and infant monkey craniums during occlusion and
      mastication.
AB  - Using occlusion without food as a basis, this study elucidated the dynamic
      responses and associated buffer mechanisms in the monkey cranium and its
      component bones during mastication. In addition, investigations were carried out
      on the relationship of these factors to the growth and development of the
      cranium. Using strain gauges, the masticatory buffer capacity and dynamic
      responses in the bone were investigated from the standpoint of the magnitude and
      direction of strain in the individual bones of the cranium. Compared with the
      occlusion without food, there were greater stresses during mastication in the
      bones of both the masticating and non-masticating sides of the cranium. These
      stresses were greater when masticating hard than soft foods, and greater in the
      cranium of the adult than infant monkey. On the masticating side of the cranium,
      the buffer effect to masticatory forces in the adult cranium was carried out by
      the inherent form of each bone in response to the firmness of the food, while in
      the infant cranium it was carried out by the entire cranium independent of the
      firmness of the food. On the non-masticating side of the cranium in both the
      adult and infant craniums, the zygomatic arch, temporal bone, and the bones of
      the temporomandibular joint region balanced the masticatory forces of the
      masticating side of the cranium, and played an important role in buffering these
      forces. The direction of the principal strain arising in the bones of the infant
      cranium corresponded to the direction of growth and development of the respective
      bone. However, in spite of the fact that large strains were observed in each bone
      on the non-masticating side during mastication of hard foods, the strains were
      very small on this side during mastication of soft foods. Consequently, it is
      necessary to masticate hard foods in order to promote the growth and development
      of the cranial bones. Viscoelasticity in the cranial bones could be explained by
      a three-element model.

PMID- 2640943
TI  - Fine structure of cartilage elastic system fibers, in particular those of the
      mandibular condyle.
AB  - Light microscopy of the mandibular joint tissues from fetal mice show a
      distribution of fibrillar structures in the articular fibrous capsule covering
      the condylar head. Further SEM and TEM studies were conducted on autoclaved
      xiphoid and mandibular condylar processes of the fetuses for observation of the
      elastic system fibers in these cartilaginous tissues. SEM showed that non
      collaginous fibers branched and united to form a complicated network in the
      cartilage. A fine structure study on diameter distribution of the fibers
      indicated elastogenesis in the differentiating cell layer and fiber maturation in
      the articular surfaces and calcification layer, thus suggesting a sequential
      development, growth, and degeneration of the cellular and fibrillar components in
      the cartilage, as well as bidirectional cell differentiation in the growing
      mandibular joint. A further TEM study on these autoclaved connective tissues
      showed the elastic system fibers in the network to be composed of fine
      microfibrils and amorphous elastin. The elastic fibers in the condylar cartilage
      were a loose network having many tortuous main and oblique elastic fibers, and
      coiling oxytalan fibers.

PMID- 2640944
TI  - [The impacted canine in orthodontics].
AB  - The Authors after statistic elaborations about 6343 cases of impact tooth treated
      in Division of Odontostomatology and Maxillo-Face Surgery Regional Hospital
      "Umberto 1." of Ancona from 1974 to 1988 pay attention about the impact canine.
      They explay about the operative protocol that they divided in orthodontic and
      surgery times, emphatised the scrupulous execution of protocol to take a final
      success.

PMID- 2640945
TI  - [Role of soft tissue in orthodontic diagnosis. 2].

PMID- 2640946
TI  - [Multidisciplinary approach to repositioning of impacted upper canines].
AB  - In this paper, the Authors present epidemiology, ethiopatology, diagnosis and
      treatments elements of the impacted canines. Furthermore they describe the
      different surgical techniques needed for the exposure of these teeth.

PMID- 2640947
TI  - [Infection control in orthodontics: infective agents and modality of
      transmission. 1].
AB  - Adequate attention to prevention of cross-contamination in dental operatory is
      largely ignored by orthodontists. This occurs for two principal reasons. The
      first one is that orthodontic patients, usually children, are erroneously
      considered a low-risk population. The second one is that orthodontic procedures
      are usually considered nontissue invasive and not able to produce contamination
      of staff, patients or instruments. Nevertheless, since 1972, we know that we can
      find HBsAg in saliva too and moreover we cannot exclude to see blood in the mouth
      of our patients during orthodontic procedures. Furthermore the high volume of
      patients that orthodontists see every day and the possibility to treat
      orthodontically adult patients, take the risk of cross-contamination in
      orthodontic at the same level of other dental practices. The aim of the Authors
      is to sensitize orthodontists to the risk of cross-contamination giving the
      latest data of prevalence of hepatitis, tuberculosis and AIDS in adolescent
      population.

PMID- 2640948
TI  - [Kinesiologic and neurologic basis of asymmetry].
AB  - Ciclical motory trajectories with crossed scheme, tend to develop according to
      helicoidal schemes, and their morphologies are determined by such configurations
      which constitute a functional necessity of the organism. Anatomical structures,
      even if they have hereditary matrices which are created by the philogenetic
      adjustment mould themselves ontogenetically on the ground of functional
      experiences. They adapt themselves to operative situations which are peculiar to
      each subject. The asymmetrical growths fit in such a context.

PMID- 2640949
TI  - [Use of the Frankel functional regulator in Class II, div. 1].
AB  - Frankel's Fr is an activator particularly suitable in malocclusions of II/1 Class
      in the age of growth. Such device can be also utilized in combination with the
      fixed multibands therapy in such a way as to connect the effects of the
      morphofunctional modifications, gettable with activator during the growth of the
      (effects) maxillary-mandibolar set, to orthodontic ones, of the fixed equipment
      employed in a successive stage for the perfecting of occlusive connection. For
      this reason the AA. analyze the applications of Frankel's FR in the treatment of
      the II/1 Classe in the age of growth. The Authors present three clinical cases,
      the first is resolved through functional therapy with Frankel's FR, while in the
      second and third cases at first is made use of functional therapy with FR and
      afterwards is made use of multi-bands therapy according to Edgewise's technique.

PMID- 2640950
TI  - [Autotransplantation of tooth germs].
AB  - During the routine orthodontic examination of a 8-year-4-month old female, it was
      found that the upper right canine and premolars were missing. The anamnesis
      revealed that their buds had been surgically removed after a trauma when she was
      6 years old. The lower incisors were slightly crowded. Since the age of the
      patient would not permit a fixed prosthetic restoration in the next few years, it
      was decided to attempt an autogeneic transplant of the lower first premolars to
      replace the upper right canine and premolars too.

PMID- 2640951
TI  - [Joint locking in the orthodontic patient: etiopathology, diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - The role of the orthodontist in the diagnosis and specially in the active
      treatment of the patients with locking is very important. In the present study,
      after the analysis of the most frequent etiologic factors, are presented the
      diagnostic fundamental components of the dysfunction. Furthermore, are
      illustrated, with some consequent, the therapeutic steps of the orthopedic
      approach, the occlusal emergency splint, the orthodontic treatment, in order to
      obtain the occlusal stability in the new interarches relationship.

PMID- 2640952
TI  - [Asymmetrical distalization of upper molars with magnets. A clinical case].
AB  - The treatment of a patient with an asymmetric malocclusion (class II, division I-
      subdivision) was presented. The treatment involved the use of repelling magnets
      for the distalization of the upper right molar which was in a class II
      relationship. A fixed "Nance" appliance attached to the second premolars was used
      for anchorage. Magnets are relatively easy to insert, are well tolerated, and
      they can distalize molars rapidly without significant loss of anchorage. No
      cooperation was required during the distalization phase of treatment and the
      second premolar distalized spontaneously once the "Nance" appliance was removed.

PMID- 2640953
TI  - [Histological evaluation of tooth movement using immunocytochemical research].
AB  - A new immunocytochemical methodology has been applied to value the proliferation
      in the periodontal tissue following experimental tooth movement. Orthodontic
      tooth movement has been obtained in Guinea pigs by a coil sporing, and a
      proliferation marker administrated "in vivo"; the proliferation marker used is
      Bromodeoxyuridine, a thimidine analogue which is taken up by DNA synthesizing
      nuclei, and afterwards intensified by two monoclonal antibodies, where the second
      is FITC coniugated. Instead of some technical difficulties, the results are
      encouraging for further development.

PMID- 2640954
TI  - [Tongue, a natural orthodontic appliance "for better or for worse"].

PMID- 2640955
TI  - [The tongue: a complex muscular unit].

PMID- 2640956
TI  - [Dynamic and postural changes in the tongue: influence on facial growth].
AB  - The Authors examine the effect of the tongue's postural and dynamic modifications
      on facial grow. Some clinical cases are presented.

PMID- 2640957
TI  - [Orthodontic treatment and periodontal problems. 2].
AB  - The Authors intend to show the relationship existing between orthodontic
      treatment and periodontal disease. Particularly they evaluate the effects
      produced by the orthodontic correction of the position of the teeth and,
      moreover, they suggest a clinical approach in order to prevent and treat
      mucogingival disease.

PMID- 2640959
TI  - Problems of drug dependence. Proceedings of the 51st annual scientific meeting of
      the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence. Keystone, Colorado, June 1989.

PMID- 2640958
TI  - [Orthodontic treatment and periodontal problems. 3].
AB  - The Authors examine the possibility of resolving periodontal problems through
      orthodontic treatment and particularly: intrusion, extrusion, molars uprighting
      and tooth movement into infrabony defect, in order to reduce or eliminate the
      lesions. Finally they discuss methods and duration of the contention in these
      patients.

PMID- 2640960
TI  - Nicotine abstinence effects.

PMID- 2640961
TI  - Anxiogenic effects of drug withdrawal.

PMID- 2640962
TI  - Caffeine abstinence effects in humans.

PMID- 2640963
TI  - Behavioral assessment of subtle drug abstinence effects: overview and discussion.

PMID- 2640964
TI  - Implication for research of the 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act.

PMID- 2640965
TI  - Urine screening: what does it mean?

PMID- 2640966
TI  - The effects of a drug testing program in the Navy.

PMID- 2640967
TI  - Legal aspects of urine screening.

PMID- 2640968
TI  - Drug screening in the workplace: use, abuse and implications.

PMID- 2640969
TI  - Major initiatives in alcoholism research: current questions, future answers.

PMID- 2640970
TI  - Neurobehavioral teratogenicity of gestational cocaine exposure.
AB  - Gestational cocaine exposure has an impact on a number of behavioral and
      physiological measures examined during the neonatal to weaning age period.
      Notable effects of early cocaine exposure include a disruption in cognitive
      function, along with a profile of DA alterations. Observed physiological
      differences do not appear to be restricted, however, to the DA system, or even
      the nervous system. Such data may have important implications regarding the
      prognosis for future development of human offspring exposed gestationally to
      cocaine.

PMID- 2640971
TI  - Identification of metabolites of CP-55,940 formed in-vitro by mouse livers.

PMID- 2640972
TI  - The immune system and morphine dependence.

PMID- 2640973
TI  - Naltrexone discrimination in morphine-treated monkeys.

PMID- 2640974
TI  - Biologically active conformer for fentanyl and its derivatives.

PMID- 2640975
TI  - A new hypothesis on the mechanism of morphine's effect on the pupil.

PMID- 2640976
TI  - Inpatient vs. outpatient cocaine abuse treatments.

PMID- 2640977
TI  - Outcomes of cocaine-dependence treatment.

PMID- 2640978
TI  - Carbamazepine treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone maintenance patients
      with dual opiate-cocaine addiction.
AB  - The cocaine epidemic of the past decade is undermining the efficacy of methadone
      maintenance (MM) treatment. In an open clinical trial, 12 MM patients addicted to
      cocaine were offered carbamazepine (CBZ) as a pharmacological adjunct in the
      treatment of cocaine dependence. Patients reported mild opiate withdrawal
      symptoms after initiation of CBZ treatment. Methadone serum trough (MST) levels
      taken before CBZ were compared with levels taken 7-10 days later, with an average
      decrease in MST levels of 60%. Patients (6) who continued on CBZ (average 144
      days) reported a reduction in cocaine use, documented by random urine drug
      screens. Non-completers (6) who did not continue on CBZ (average 17 days) had no
      change in cocaine use.

PMID- 2640979
TI  - A laboratory procedure for evaluation of pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence.

PMID- 2640980
TI  - Social impact of crack dealing in the inner-city.

PMID- 2640981
TI  - Cocaine and heroin use by methadone maintenance patients.

PMID- 2640982
TI  - The prevalence and self-reported consequences of cocaine use.

PMID- 2640983
TI  - Characteristics of non-referred cocaine abusing mothers.

PMID- 2640984
TI  - Amplitude modulated frequency response during acute cocaine intoxication in
      rabbits.

PMID- 2640985
TI  - Buprenorphine suppresses cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys.

PMID- 2640986
TI  - Effect of intravenous infusion and oral self-administration of cocaine on plasma
      and adrenal catecholamine levels and cardiovascular parameters in the conscious
      rat.

PMID- 2640987
TI  - Rate altering effects of magnesium on cocaine self-administration.

PMID- 2640988
TI  - Binding of [3H]GBR 12935 in the striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus
      accumbens and olfactory tubercle of rat.

PMID- 2640989
TI  - Microdialysis studies of psychostimulants.

PMID- 2640990
TI  - Evidence of pharmacological tolerance to nicotine.

PMID- 2640991
TI  - In utero exposure to cocaine and the risk of SIDS.

PMID- 2640993
TI  - Induction and loss of acute tolerance to the cardiac chronotropic effect of
      cocaine in humans.

PMID- 2640992
TI  - Evaluation of cognitive skills in ethanol- and cocaine- dependent patients during
      detoxification using P300 evoked response potentials (ERPs).

PMID- 2640994
TI  - Effects of the combination of cocaine and marijuana on the task-elicited
      physiological response.

PMID- 2640995
TI  - Peregrinations among drugs of dependence: Nathan B. Eddy Memorial Award lecture.

PMID- 2640996
TI  - Cocaine attenuates opiate withdrawal in human and rat.

PMID- 2640997
TI  - Teen Addiction Severity Index (T-ASI): clinical and research implications: a
      preliminary report.

PMID- 2640998
TI  - Attention problems in first grade and shy and aggressive behaviors as antecedents
      to later heavy or inhibited substance use.

PMID- 2640999
TI  - Degree of familial alcoholism: effects on substance use by college males.

PMID- 2641000
TI  - A tale of three cities: risk taking among intravenous drug users.

PMID- 2641001
TI  - Diagnostic agreement between DSM-III and DSM-III-R dependence disorders.

PMID- 2641002
TI  - In their own words: drugs and dependency on New York City's streets.

PMID- 2641003
TI  - Outpatient maintenance/detoxification comparison of methadone and buprenorphine.

PMID- 2641004
TI  - Time course of repeated naloxone challenge after single morphine doses in humans.

PMID- 2641005
TI  - Evaluation of the abuse potential of picenadol.

PMID- 2641006
TI  - Pavlovian conditioning to morphine in opiate abusers.

PMID- 2641007
TI  - Acute opioid physical dependence in humans: maximum morphine-naloxone interval.

PMID- 2641008
TI  - HIV risk behavior: antisocial personality disorder, drug use patterns, and sexual
      behavior among methadone maintenance admissions.

PMID- 2641009
TI  - Primary medical care for IVDU's: a model for future care.

PMID- 2641010
TI  - HIV-infected i.v. drug users in methadone treatment: outcome and psychological
      correlates--a preliminary report.

PMID- 2641011
TI  - Mode of HIV transmission among seroconverted intravenous drug users (IVDUs): 1987
      and 1988 cohort study.

PMID- 2641012
TI  - Developmental decline in infants born to HIV-infected intravenous drug-using
      mothers.

PMID- 2641013
TI  - Does fear of AIDS affect behavior of addicts?

PMID- 2641014
TI  - Demographic, behavioral and clinical features of HIV infection in NYC intravenous
      drug abusers.

PMID- 2641015
TI  - Psychiatric symptoms in HIV test consenters and refusers.

PMID- 2641016
TI  - Addict beliefs about access to HIV test results.

PMID- 2641018
TI  - Genesis of New York City's experimental needle exchange program: getting a
      denigrated group on the government agenda.

PMID- 2641017
TI  - Needle obtainment and cleaning habits of addicts.

PMID- 2641019
TI  - Substance use and receipt of treatment in persons with recent spinal cord
      injuries.

PMID- 2641020
TI  - Human aggressive and non-aggressive responding during acute tobacco abstinence.

PMID- 2641021
TI  - Effects of controlled nicotine doses upon punished and non-punished responding in
      humans.

PMID- 2641022
TI  - Methadone maintenance: high rate of other substance use disorders and
      relationship to psychiatric comorbidity.

PMID- 2641023
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis seroepidemiology in New York
      City intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs).

PMID- 2641024
TI  - Stress and emotional distress as possible co-factors in the development of AIDS
      in a sample of intravenous drug users.

PMID- 2641025
TI  - Intravenous heroin use: its association with HIV infection in patients in
      methadone treatment.

PMID- 2641026
TI  - Time course of detection of 6-acetylmorphine in urine after heroin
      administration.

PMID- 2641027
TI  - The effects of 0.8 g.kg ethanol on cerebral metabolism and mood in normal
      volunteers.

PMID- 2641028
TI  - A dose run-up and safety evaluation of nalmefene HCl in human volunteers.

PMID- 2641029
TI  - The Cocaine Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ): its construction and predictive
      utility.

PMID- 2641030
TI  - Use predicts treatment outcome, not opiate dependence or withdrawal.

PMID- 2641031
TI  - Buprenorphine treatment of cocaine abuse.

PMID- 2641032
TI  - Marijuana and alcohol effects on mood states in young women.

PMID- 2641033
TI  - Microanalysis of ethanol-induced disruption of body sway and psychomotor
      performance in women.

PMID- 2641034
TI  - The Carrier Addiction Severity Index for Adolescents (CASI-A).

PMID- 2641035
TI  - Differential anxiety symptoms in cocaine vs. alcoholic patients.

PMID- 2641036
TI  - Precarious dilemmas: mobilizing blacks against AIDS.

PMID- 2641037
TI  - Effects of triazolam (TZ) on matching-to-sample (MTS) performance in humans.

PMID- 2641038
TI  - Human multioperant responding: effects of triazolam.

PMID- 2641039
TI  - Combination of naloxone with buprenorphine in humans.

PMID- 2641040
TI  - Needle-sharing patterns as a predictor of HIV seroprevalence among New York City
      intravenous drug users (IVDUs).

PMID- 2641041
TI  - Profile of opioid withdrawal in newly hatched chickens.

PMID- 2641042
TI  - Synthesis of fentanyl analogs.

PMID- 2641043
TI  - Indomethacin antagonizes the effects of ethanol: effect of route of
      administration.

PMID- 2641044
TI  - Assessment of the abuse potential of methocarbamol in primates.

PMID- 2641045
TI  - Studies on the stereoselective synthesis of cis-3-methylfentanyl.

PMID- 2641046
TI  - Structural requirements for nicotinic antagonists in the CNS.

PMID- 2641047
TI  - Diels-Alder reactions of new N-formylmorphinan-6,8-dienes.

PMID- 2641048
TI  - The effect of methadone in vitro on natural killer (NK) activity.

PMID- 2641049
TI  - Rat pups exposed to morphine in utero.

PMID- 2641050
TI  - Progress toward the synthesis of potential affinity ligands for the analgesic
      cannabinoid receptor based on CP-55,244.

PMID- 2641051
TI  - Neural connectivity in the descending pain pathway.

PMID- 2641052
TI  - Synthesis of exo and endo mecamylamine analogs for nicotinic antagonism in the
      CNS.

PMID- 2641053
TI  - Biological evaluation of compounds for their physical dependence potential and
      abuse liability. XIII. Drug Testing Program of the Committee on Problems of Drug
      Dependence, Inc.

PMID- 2641054
TI  - Dependence studies on new compounds in the rhesus monkey, rat and mouse (1989).

PMID- 2641055
TI  - Animals in research on addictive and mental disorders: foundation of the quest
      for knowledge.

PMID- 2641056
TI  - NIDA's Medication Development Program--1989.

PMID- 2641057
TI  - A schema for evaluating methadone maintenance programs.

PMID- 2641058
TI  - [Suppurative pseudo-lithiasic canaliculitis].
AB  - The affection is often undiagnosed at the first stage. The second stage is
      characterized by a chronic suppurative canaliculitis with intra-canalicular
      concretions involving in many cases the lower canaliculus. Our 6 cases have been
      treated by a posterior canaliculotomy, a microsurgical evacuation of the
      concretions and a lacrimal tubing. It is not a fungal infection but a bacterial
      disease due to Actinomyces. Surgical treatment is very effective.

PMID- 2641059
TI  - [Short, medium and long-term post-operative complications in 150 patients
      undergoing penetrating keratoplasty after one year].
AB  - The authors present post-operative complications in 150 cases of penetrating
      keratoplasties, after at least one years' interval. The analysis of results shows
      a predominance, at short term, of seidal and hypertony, at medium term, by reject
      and hypertony. Long term complications show a predominance of cataract and
      astigmatism. Some complications are common to many cases. Nevertheless, this
      surgery, while not devoid of complications, permits important functional
      recuperation in a good number of cases (71.2%).

PMID- 2641060
TI  - [Endothelial effects of radial keratotomy in a non-human primate].
AB  - The study of the endothelial repercussion of radial keratotomy has been done on
      33 corneas of 21 non human primates, using Scanning Electronic Microscope.
      Various lesions has been observed; the relationship between these lesions and the
      surgery parameters have been studied. One can conclude that the lesions are
      constant; their severity is related to the number and the depth of the incisions;
      as for their evolution, they do not seem to worsen with time during the
      experimental study (1 hour to 18 months).

PMID- 2641061
TI  - [A new in vitro test of endothelial viability. Vital staining using Janus green
      with spectrophotometric analysis of the color extract].
AB  - A new in vitro technique has been developed to measure by simple photometry the
      amount of Janus Green extracted with absolute alcohol from isolated corneas after
      vital staining. The amount of stain corresponds to the percentage of damaged
      endothelial cells and is a reliable parameter of endothelial viability. More
      rapid and easier to perform than the usual cell counting of devitalized cells
      this technique may be used to study the endothelial damage induced e.g. by
      experimental surgery, intraocular solutions, IOL material, cornea storage
      solutions.

PMID- 2641062
TI  - [Epikeratophakia. Apropos of 30 cases].
AB  - We have studied our results of 15 epikeratophakias for aphakia, 13 for myopia, 1
      for a keratoconus and 1 for a bullous keratopathy. We have about the same
      anatomic and functional results as they have in the Nation Wide Study published
      by Mc Donald in 1987. We have 86% anatomic success and 14% failure for the myopes
      and the aphakics; 87% of the aphakic patients achieved within 1 or 2 lines of
      their preoperative corrected visual acuity at one year post-op; 91% of the myopes
      achieved their corrected visual acuity at three months.

PMID- 2641063
TI  - [Retinal detachment following posterior capsulotomy using a YAG laser].
AB  - This work analyzes 9 cases of retinal detachment occurred after posterior
      capsulotomy with Yag laser. No relationship has been found between the timing of
      the Yag capsulotomy after cataract extraction, and seriousness or precocity of
      the retinal detachment. The size of the capsulotomy does not seem to play a main
      part either. The study shows the part of the posterior capsule and the importance
      of associated risks (myopia, peripheral degenerative lesions, previous retinal
      detachment in the fellow eye). The role of the Yag laser treatment seems
      doubtful.

PMID- 2641064
TI  - [Surgical treatment of idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane].
AB  - Forty consecutive eyes with macular pucker were treated surgically with a
      vitrectomy and dissection of the epiretinal membrane; 28 eyes (70%) obtained a
      final visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The most common complication was a
      cataract which developed in the post-operative period.

PMID- 2641065
TI  - [Non-traumatic retinal detachment in children under 15 years of age].
AB  - In less than fifteen years old children, thirty nine non traumatic retinal
      detachments are reported. Their poor prognosis is attributed to the late
      diagnosis, the early age occurrence, the combination with an ocular pathology
      (congenital aphakia--myopia--hereditary vitreoretinal degeneration) present on
      the first examination. Prophylaxis of the fellow eye is recommended in order to
      avoid the alarming occurrence of bilateral detachment.

PMID- 2641066
TI  - [Post-traumatic retinal detachment in children under 15 years of age].
AB  - In less than 15 years old children 33 post-traumatic retinal detachments were
      operated during these last four years (postocular wound retinal detachment with
      or without intraocular foreign body, post contusion retinal detachment). A very
      close posterior pole monitoring of these high risk eyes is mandatory to prevent
      late diagnosed retinal detachments. The post-contusion retinal detachment surgery
      good results are quite opposite to the bad results of the postocular injury
      retinal detachment with intraocular foreign body and secondary proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy. These retinal detachment severity must lead to a strict
      prophylactic laser therapy of all the traumatic eyes.

PMID- 2641067
TI  - [Medical treatment of severe uveitis].
AB  - 135 patients with chronic uveitis were observed and 23 had therapeutic problems
      by their severity. The corticoid treatment method, always used in a first time,
      is studied. When there is corticoresistance, corticodependance or absolute contra
      indications, the immunosuppressive drugs are used with reduced doses to avoid an
      AIDS. The corticoid bolus, the plasma exchange and colchicine are adjuvant
      treatments. Cyclosporin A brings large hopes but its use is now limited by
      necessity and serious side effects. Serious uveitis does not answer to a unique
      therapeutic protocol. The treatment must be adaptable and surgery decided in
      time.

PMID- 2641068
TI  - [Follow-up care of a bilateral nasal catheter. Incident management].
AB  - A review of the follow-up care of the silicone intubation is analysed. Details
      are given for the management of complications such as: vanishing of the probe,
      exteriorization, splitting of the canaliculus... A scheme of post-operative
      history is given, with consideration of tentative treatments.

PMID- 2641069
TI  - [Immunosuppressive treatment of Behcet's syndrome. Long-term results].
AB  - We present middle and long-term results of cyclophosphamide and procarbazine
      therapy of Behcet's uveitis. Of 45 patients, 20 were followed for 1-4 years (14
      successful cases, 5 satisfactory results with regression of inflammatory signs
      but no functional improvement, 1 failure), 17 for 5-10 years (9 successes, 5
      satisfactory results, 3 failures), and 8 for 11-16 years (2 successes, 2
      satisfactory results, 4 failures). The high percentage of success (over 55%)
      could be attributed partly to the early onset of therapy and may be partly to the
      choice of drugs.

PMID- 2641070
TI  - [Plasmapheresis and acute attacks of uveitis].
AB  - Our study concerns the effects of plasma exchange in acute attacks of posterior
      or total chronic uveitis. The treatment undertaken in 10 patients consisted of 8
      plasma exchanges in a 2 weeks period, associated with a corticosteroid and
      immunosuppressive therapy. Immediately after the plasma exchanges, there was a
      significant improvement in visual acuity and a decrease in inflammatory activity
      in most patients (70%). Plasma exchange seems to be an interesting adjuvant in
      the difficult treatment of some uveitis.

PMID- 2641071
TI  - [Prognosis in idiopathic retinal periphlebitis. Apropos of 14 cases].
AB  - Fourteen patients (26 eyes) suffering from idiopathic retinal periphlebitis were
      followed during a mean time of 6 years (2 to 11 years). At the first examination,
      five eyes presented with irreversible loss of vision (tractional retinal
      detachment, neovascular glaucoma). At the end of follow-up, the visual acuity was
      inferior to 0.1 in 6 eyes, between 0.1 and 0.5 in 7 eyes, superior to 0.6 in 13
      eyes. In 70% of cases, initial visual acuity was maintained or ameliorated. New
      vessels were present in association with significant capillary closure in 18 eyes
      (70%). Cystoid macular edema appeared in 7 eyes (27%). Steroid therapy, or
      immunosuppressants in few cases, were usefull to suppress intraocular
      inflammation. Laser photocoagulation was performed in 18 eyes in order to prevent
      or reduce ocular neovascularization; beneficial results were obtained in 13 eyes.

PMID- 2641072
TI  - [Intratumoral blood pools and prognosis of malignant uveal melanoma treated with
      enucleation].
AB  - In a retrospective study about 59 globes enucleated because of a malignant
      melanoma, the presence of intratumoral blood lakes was recognized 18 times
      (30.5%). The construction of survival curves demonstrated this indicator to be
      statistically significant towards the prognosis. The other significant parameters
      were the cell type, the mitotic activity, the state of the sclera and the tumor
      volume. The relationships between these different factors were studied.

PMID- 2641073
TI  - [Evaluation of retinal function following central serous retinopathy and diffuse
      epithelial retinopathy].
AB  - The so called "benign" central serous retinopathy is associated in healed forms
      with frequent and troublesome visual function impairment. The abnormalities are
      still more severe after diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy. Snellen visual
      testing is relatively imprecise index of visual function, so it does not permit
      to appreciate the subtle visual disturbances experienced by these patients. We
      evaluated visual function disability with static automatized perimetry and
      contrast sensitivity in 30 patients with diffuse epitheliopathy in a cicatricial
      phase. Colour vision was also evaluated by 16 patients after central serous
      retinopathy. The results of this study are examined and discussed.

PMID- 2641074
TI  - [Retinal protection using glasses filtering short wave lengths in patients with
      hereditary degenerative diseases. First electrophysiologic results].
AB  - The electrophysiological action of the ORMA RT glasses filtering the short and
      middle wavelengths are exposed through the first results of this work by
      retinitis pigmentosa patients. In 90% of the tested patients A.E.R.G. and V.E.P.
      are improved.

PMID- 2641075
TI  - [Hereditary maculopathy in typical retinitis pigmentosa. Apropos of 40 cases].
AB  - The authors have studied the hereditary mode of transmission of 40 maculopathy
      associated to typical pigmentary retinopathy. The genealogic tree was established
      for each case along with a complete exam. The three types of modes found were:
      12.5% dominant autosomal, 15% recessive autosomal, 72.5% sporadic. The authors
      discussed the different mode of hereditary transmission in a family of three
      generations. They point out the difficulties of the genetic investigations and
      concluded that the maculopathy doesn't have a specific transmission mode in the
      typical retinitis pigmentosa.

PMID- 2641076
TI  - [Hereditary paracentric inversion of chromosome 3].
AB  - A complete uveal dysgenesis with absence of the anterior chamber and fixed
      mydriatic pupil was observed in the left eye of a boy. His younger sister and his
      father, and also the right eye of the patient showed similar but more discrete
      anterior uveal alterations. All three persons present some facial peculiarities.
      They are also heterozygous for a paracentric inversion of the short arm of
      chromosome 3. Four other cases with this chromosomal aberration were found in the
      literature, none with eye anomalies.

PMID- 2641077
TI  - [Pars plana phacoemulsification. Technics, indications and results].
AB  - Pars plana phacoemulsification allows cataract extraction through a 3 mm
      posterior sclerotomy. The indications of these technics are the combined cataract
      vitrectomy, the cataracts on vitrectomised eyes and cataracts on eyes filled with
      silicone oil. The alteration of corneal endothelium is very reduced with the
      endocapsular pars plana phacoemulsification. After the emulsification, the
      capsular bag is extracted with a microforceps through the pars plana. It is also
      possible to save the anterior capsule to reduce corneal alteration during
      endocular surgery. We present the indications and the advantages of these
      technics.

PMID- 2641078
TI  - [Trephination using an Excimer laser].
AB  - We compared histologically and ultrastructurally donor buttons and recipient beds
      trephined mechanically with those trephined by the Excimer laser at 193 nm. The
      laser allowed for superior cutting precision and perfect centering. This non
      contact method obviated the need for any pressure or suction during trephination,
      thereby eliminating problems associated with distortion of corneal topography. We
      studied wound healing after penetrating keratoplasty with mechanical and laser
      trephination in an animal model. The laser did not adversely affect wound healing
      processes.

PMID- 2641079
TI  - [Implantation in severe myopia cataract].
AB  - Based upon biometric and statistical analysis of 163 eyes (26 mm or longer), it
      appears that high myopia cataract occur all the earlier as the eye is long; on
      average, these were operated on ten years earlier than cataracts in the general
      population. Extra-capsular extraction and intercapsular implantation were
      generally used. Pre and post-operative complications are remarkably rare for such
      abnormal eyes. After a mean period of 22 months, detachment of the retina was
      observed in 1.84% of patients and secondary capsulotomy performed in 8%. Because
      they prevent secondary capsular opacification and anterior vitreous propagation,
      it appears that such barrier-type implants should be systematically placed.
      Current large-diameter implants allow for vitreoretinal observation. Based upon
      this patient population, a formula for implant power calculation specific to high
      myopia has been elaborated. The desired degree of refraction varies with age and
      patient activity.

PMID- 2641080
TI  - [Complications of Stableflex anterior chamber intraocular lens implants. Apropos
      of 150 cases].
AB  - Stableflex (ORC) is a PMMA anterior chamber intraocular lens with closed and
      flexible loops permitting the philosophy of "one size fits all" in 90% of the
      eyes. Late complications lead to marketing interruption in the USA in July 1987.
      In a review of 150 cases, we study the occurrence of complications: corneal
      decompensation (4.5%), iridocorneal angle modification, cystoid macular edema
      (6.7%), explantation (n = 6). These observations suggest implications of
      physiopathological mechanisms which are examined.

PMID- 2641081
TI  - [Spontaneous bilateral lens luxation].
AB  - Spontaneous luxation of lens is a rare ocular disease. There are three forms:
      hereditary, great myopia and senile cataract. The authors report on a senile
      cataract case: the posterior luxation in the second eye occurs three months after
      the first. After temporary intraocular pressure elevation, there are no
      complications 8 years later.

PMID- 2641082
TI  - [Congenital coralliform cataract].
AB  - off members of one family, three women and three men, distributed in two
      generations, were affected by a coralliform cataract. Two of them have congenital
      retinoschisis, and five of them are with strabismus. Visual acuity is between
      1/60 and 2/10. Low vision is due not only to the lens opacities, but also to
      congenital malformations of the retina.

PMID- 2641083
TI  - [Study of abduction in congenital, acquired, and pseudo-paralysis of the 6th
      nerve].
AB  - The clinical study of abduction can be completed by the electro-oculographic
      recording of saccades with stop on for each saccade with back movement. Several
      deficits of abduction are studied: Vlth nerve palsy, unilateral or bilateral
      Stilling-Duane syndrome, Vlth nerve pseudo-palsy in child esotropia with manifest
      latent nystagmus. The diagrams show the restriction or the absence of abduction
      and allow to follow up the spontaneous or post-surgical recovery.

PMID- 2641084
TI  - [Benign isolated 6th nerve paralysis in children. Developmental aspects apropos
      of 9 new cases].
AB  - Benign isolated VI nerve palsy in children is a rare but now well-established
      clinical entity. The diagnosis is essentially an exclusion one. We report nine
      additional cases. The evolution is discussed, with reference to the literature.

PMID- 2641085
TI  - [Oculomotor equilibrium and aviation activities].
AB  - A good oculomotor equilibrium warrants flight safety. It is indeed directly
      linked with depth vision an may decompensate, causing a deficit or a diplopia. It
      is therefore very important to screen pilots carefully and to have periodical
      examinations to check the oculomotor equilibrium.

PMID- 2641086
TI  - [Interocular accommodative disparities: asymmetry and/or paresis?].
AB  - Description of interocular accommodative disparities about 3 cases of young
      patients, whose occupations require an excellent stereopsis in near vision. Is is
      a paresis, an asynergy or a constitutional asymmetry? In order to delimit this
      pathology, the accommodative power of each eye has been measured on a reference
      population including 100 subjects aged 20 to 35 years. The suitable correction of
      this anomaly, allows an exact compensation and the recovery of a normal
      functional comfort.

PMID- 2641087
TI  - [Etiologic diagnosis of oculomotor paralysis by computerized tomography: a
      statistical approach. Apropos of 472 cases].
AB  - Among 4,538 neuroradiology cases gathered at the NOHC of the XV-XX, an oculomotor
      paralysis is the 3rd (37.65%) clinical circumstances justifying a computerized
      tomography (directional plane by the neuro-ocular plane or PNO). The
      interpretation of the investigations requires to index them in 7 groups of items,
      therefore a computerized access follows (cross-sorting data). The injury of the
      VI overcomes (39.61%) followed by the one of the III (33.68%), and the IV
      (6.35%). In spite of limitations, the study puts forward and debates about
      etiological frequencies sometimes different from those in the literature.

PMID- 2641088
TI  - [Oculomotor paralysis of endocrine origin. The value of x-ray scanning].
AB  - The X-ray scanning symptoms of dysthyroidal ophtalmopathy are so typical that
      they are enough to make the diagnosis in most of cases. Their determination
      through the FEMEN system increases the sensitivity of the method. The
      investigation of 60 cases of oculomotor palsies with a FEMEN score greater than
      10 confirms that they are certainly or probably subsequent to an endocrinopathy
      in 93% ot the cases.

PMID- 2641089
TI  - [Oculomotor paralysis in disseminated lupus erythematosis].
AB  - The inferior oblique isolated damage in the systemic lupus erythematosus is being
      described. The ocular palsies are few and exceptionally isolated. Few studies
      have been published on the damage topography which can relate to micro-infarcts,
      or focal vasculitis. The involvement is either central or peripheral. The
      diagnosis by NMR is more reliable than by TDM.

PMID- 2641090
TI  - [Oculomotor nerve paralysis secondary to dural carotido-cavernous sinus fistula].
AB  - Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas are an uncommon cause of oculomotor nerve
      palsies. These fistulas are fed by meningeal branches of the internal carotid
      and/or external carotid arteries. They occur spontaneously, and have symptoms
      less severe than those of direct carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. The authors
      report 5 observations of oculomotor nerve palsy consecutive to these fistulas;
      diagnostic, physiopathogenic and therapeutic problems are discussed.

PMID- 2641091
TI  - [Nuclear magnetic resonance study of oculomotor alterations in multiple
      sclerosis].
AB  - The authors employing N.M.R. have studied 18 patients affected by M.S. with
      oculomotor alterations. In 16 cases a relation between location of the lesions
      and clinical features has been documented; in 2 cases with subclinical paralysis
      N.M.R. has not documented macroscopic lesions in the brainstem: the presence of
      multiple lesions in the cerebral white matter however is indicative of
      supranuclear centers involvement.

PMID- 2641092
TI  - [Difficulties in the surgical treatment of hyperthyroid myopathy].
AB  - Surgery can help patients affected with Graves' myositis. This surgery is very
      delicate because it is performed on muscles modified with retractile sclerosis
      transforming muscular fibers into fibrous and rigid strings. The surgical
      treatment must be decided with endocrinologists. Many surgical stages are usually
      necessary. Reunion procedures must be chosen, while unpredictable muscular
      resections must be banished.

PMID- 2641093
TI  - [Value of the Carlson-Jampolsky operation in total paralysis of the 6th nerve.
      Apropos of 10 cases].
AB  - We used the Carlson-Jampolsky operation in 10 total paralysis of lateral rectus.
      Post-operatively 8 had no horizontal deviation in the primary position and had 20
      to 25 degrees of abduction. There was limitation of adduction caused by the large
      medial rectus recession. In 2 cases a very moderate vertical deviation was
      present in the primary position.

PMID- 2641094
TI  - [Surgical results in traumatic 6th nerve paralysis].
AB  - Authors distinguish complete sixth nerve palsies needing a supply procedure and
      incomplete palsies needing a classic procedure. Results in the second group are
      satisfactory. In case of complete palsies, the objective consists in obtaining
      primary gaze rectitude.

PMID- 2641095
TI  - [The treatment of total and consolidated 6th nerve paralysis by transplantation
      using the Hummelsheim technic].
AB  - Surgical cure of total and definitive lateral recti paralysis by muscular
      transplantation technique according to Hummelsheim seems unjustly accused to be
      responsible for anterior segment ischemia. Eighteen operations of this kin have
      been performed without any complications and with results that can be considered
      as satisfactory. Transplantation itself must not exceed 1/4 or at the most 1/3 of
      the vertical muscles and must imperatively be associated to a weakening of the 2
      medial recti.

PMID- 2641096
TI  - [Surgery of 6th nerve paralysis. 74 cases].
AB  - 85% of abducens palsies recover spontaneously; then their surgical treatment has
      not to be hastened. However many non regressive cases are frequently observed.
      Whatever they may be, partial or complete, uni or bilateral, always they give a
      great functional handicap which warrants a surgical care. The analysis of 74
      successive cases allows to reveal some rules concerning the operative plan. In
      that respect the electro-oculographic recording often provides many essential
      informations. The recovery of a normal oculo-motor balance is usual in
      monolateral paresis. In bilateral complete palsies, in spite of muscle
      transposition procedures, we can only expect to reduce torticollis and to restore
      the ocular alignment in primary position, but abduction remains always impaired
      or fully impeded.

PMID- 2641097
TI  - [Surgical treatment of sequelae of oculomotor paralysis of the 4th, 6th, and 3d
      cranial nerves].
AB  - The writers analyse the operative results of 43 cases of oculo-motor paralysis
      aftermaths of the 4th, 6th and 3rd cranial pairs treated since 1985. The applying
      of muscular puckering, associated with a controlled or kept tenotomy, of muscular
      transplant, of "Fadenoperation" and of oblique surgery, allowed to obtain good
      results with suppression of diplopia, at least in the facing and in the lower
      glance, attenuation of ocular torticollis, disappearing of the ocular deviation,
      and restitution of a fusion area in primary position, within a more or less
      extended zone of space.

PMID- 2641098
TI  - [Oculomotor surgery in Parinaud's syndrome].
AB  - The authors report the result of surgery on a case of Parinaud's syndrome with a
      torticollis chin down of the Alajouanine type (the flexion of the head was used
      to allow an elevation of the eyes; from this position, depression was possible).
      A Fadenoperation on both medial recti aimed to suppress the convergence spasms. A
      resection of both superior recti aimed to substitute for the flexion of the head.
      The results clearly showed that it is possible to improve the oculo-motricity in
      a gaze palsy by substituting surgery for the compensatory reflexes. A
      Fadenoperation which does not destroy the previous parallelism in the primary
      position is a good indication for any convergence spasm.

PMID- 2641099
TI  - [Surgical treatment of the Marcus-Gunn syndrome. Indications and results. Apropos
      of 15 cases].
AB  - Fifteen cases of jaw-winking blepharoptosis treated, are reported, to suggest the
      management of the surgical methods. The degree of the ptosis, the eyelid
      retraction, the surgical procedures are reviewed. Patients with a wild retraction
      required a levator muscle resection. Patients with a moderate or severe
      retraction required an unilateral levator denervation with frontalis suspension.
      In this case, the most satisfactory surgical results were obtained with
      unilateral levator denervation on the affected side compared with a bilateral
      frontalis suspension with fresh autogenous fascia. Then, the surgical procedure
      seems to depend especially on the eyelid retraction.

PMID- 2641100
TI  - [Psychological factors and strabismus].
AB  - The purpose of this article is to understand the importance of psychological
      factors in the occurrence of Squint. Two psychologists have given their advise
      the understanding of interactions between failure in Squint and Children
      psychology. On 550 children 40 were studied during two years. We noted associated
      psychosomatics diseases and family factors.

PMID- 2641101
TI  - [Oculomotor disorders and enlargement of the extraocular muscles].
AB  - Aetiologic conditions for enlargement of extra ocular muscles are graves'
      orbitopathy, acute or subacute myositis as a subgroup of inflammatory orbital
      pseudotumor, and sometimes lymphoid or metastatic tumor. The distinction of these
      aetiologies can be made on clinical versus CT Scan or IRM grounds with two
      different patterns of oculomotor disfunction. Restrictive extensibility, which
      found expression in the antagonist field, is typical of grave's myopathy,
      sequelae of subacute myositis or acute myositis of the superior oblique.
      Deficiency of the enlarged muscle's contractibility is typical of a recent and
      transient myositis involving a rectus muscle or of a rare tumor of an extraocular
      muscle.

PMID- 2641102
TI  - [Use of nerve division in oculomotor paralysis].
AB  - Sectors have a double interest in an extraocular muscle palsy: to avoid the
      diplopia and to aid the reeducation of palsied muscles. Patient can alternatively
      wear the two types of glasses with sectors. Authors decrease sector's size when
      motility improves. They are stopped if regression, and in other cases, patients
      can wait surgical time with maximum comfort. Clinical examples are presented: VI,
      III and IV cranial nerve palsies and generalized diplopia.

PMID- 2641103
TI  - [Bilateral paralysis of the 3d cranial nerve. Miller-Fisher syndrome].

PMID- 2641104
TI  - [The role of beta-ray therapy in the treatment of choroidal and ciliary body
      melanomas].
AB  - 100 cases of uveal melanomas, were treated with 106RU 106RH beta-brachytherapy,
      between June 1983 and September 1987. 82 eyes having a follow-up superior or
      equal to 12 months, were analysed. 13 of these 82 eyes have been enucleated. 4
      patients have died. 3 have at this time, hepatic dissemination. The first 43
      patients were analysed at the 18th month after irradiation. The majority of
      tumors with initial thickness inferior to 5 mm had a regression superior to 50%,
      at the 18th month. The majority of tumors with initial thickness superior to 5
      mm, had a regression inferior to 50%, at the same time. Functional results have
      also been noticed in this series of 43 eyes, and were satisfactory.

PMID- 2641105
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies and uveal melanomas].
AB  - The authors, who have succeeded since 1976 in cultivating cells of ocular
      melanoma in continuous lines report the different stages for producing specific
      monoclonal antibodies. They particularly insist on the demonstration, through
      radioimmunoassay, of the specificity of marked monoclonal antibodies, on the
      immunohistochemical study and on biodistribution. From these data, an
      immunotherapy protocol has been perfected and starts being applied to human
      beings.

PMID- 2641106
TI  - [Prognosis and treatment of retinoblastoma. 105 cases treated at the Curie
      Institute].
AB  - We reviewed 105 cases of retinoblastoma treated in our institution between 1977
      et 1981. We statistically analyse the prognosis according to various factors and
      we compare our results with the results of the other authors. We discuss the
      therapeutic modalities and the results.

PMID- 2641107
TI  - [Heredity in Stargardt disease and fundus flavimaculatus].
AB  - Many features allow to assert that Stargardt disease and fundus flavimaculatus
      are the one and same disease: clinically and functionally, macular and
      perimacular lesions present an absolute identity "Pure" fundus flavimaculatus
      does not exist the two affections can be found in a same pedigree (5 cases) a
      patient presenting one of these diseases can develop a more complete form (7
      cases). The disease is usually and more often inherited as an autosomal recessive
      than an autosomal dominant fashion (5 cases out of 96 genealogies) with variable
      expressivity particularly for "flavimacular" lesions. The frequency of the
      disease is 1/6,670 inhabitants. There are two genes or more in charge of the
      disease.

PMID- 2641108
TI  - [Associated forms of hereditary chorioretinal degeneration].
AB  - A retrospective study of 324 cases of chorioretinal heredodegeneration of all
      kinds shows an associated pathology in 44% of cases. These associated anomalies
      point out the need of a complete physical examination, a familial inquest keeping
      in mind genetic counseling. They are a good model for a high resolution
      cytogenetic study to find microdeletions which can allow to precise the genome's
      map.

PMID- 2641110
TI  - [Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy].
AB  - 233 personal cases of leber's optic neuropathy have been analyzed by the authors
      in order to present clinical symptoms, evolution and genetic aspects. A group of
      23 patients, in which 7 presented the disease and the others were asymptomatic
      members of families with the disease, was analyzed on evaluation of abnormalities
      of evoked visual responses; An other similar group, in repartition of subjects,
      was analyzed on frequency of cardiovascular abnormalities. The results have been
      analyzed and discussed about the role of predictive symptoms in diagnosis of the
      acute phase of the disease.

PMID- 2641109
TI  - [An unusual polymalformation syndrome: "CHARGE association" with unilateral
      "morning glory syndrome"].
AB  - Report of a case of the "CHARGE association" including bilateral papillary
      coloboma, with an aspect of "morning glory syndrome" on one side. Clinical
      features of the "CHARGE association" are described; pathogenesis is likely
      involving cells of neural crests. Discussion, in this field, of the ocular and
      systemic abnormalities associated with "morning glory syndrome".

PMID- 2641111
TI  - [Long-term observations in Adamantiades-Behcet disease].
AB  - During a period of more than 30 years, 34 patients suffering from the
      Adamantiades-Behcet disease have been examined and followed between at least one
      year till 16 years. Different treatments have been administered and particularly
      the immunodepressors with good results, but about all patients became drug
      dependents. Long-term observations concerning the ocular and general evolution of
      the disease are presented and discussed. Some patients have been operated for a
      cataract without any inconvenience.

PMID- 2641112
TI  - [Value of vitrectomy in intermediate uveitis and Behcet's disease with hyalitis.
      A study of 400 cases].
AB  - Can vitrectomy help to understand the vitreous role in intermediate uveitis and
      Behcet's disease with vitritis without retinal detachment? 400 vitrectomies were
      decided because of vitreous changes but, over all, if macular changes were seen
      clinically or on the angiogram in 58 Behcet's disease and 342 intermediate
      uveitis including 59 children cases. Visual acuity, clinical, angiographical and
      visual field controls, recurrences, reduction of the medical treatment and growth
      were followed during 1 to 9 years. The vitrectomy products were compared to those
      of other inflammatory origin vitreous, the both representing 149 cases.
      Vitrectomy at the early stage of only posterior interface changes prevent the
      macular edema but this one is irreversible. The preexisting angiographical
      lesions have not regressed but they are generally quiet. The RD incidence is
      lower even if it is possible after vitrectomy, in 1.2% of the cases (1% in late
      vitrectomies). Recurrences and further medical treatment are reduced. This
      psychological point of view is important. Thus, vitrectomy at alone posterior
      interface change stage avoid ocular complications. Its pathogenic role in
      intermediate uveitis is not demonstrated; it seems more a secondary than a
      primary process.

PMID- 2641113
TI  - [The practice of electrophoresis of lacrimal proteins in routine ophthalmology].
AB  - Our Area is a privileged place in the lacrymal pathology studying. We study 286
      patients with possible dry eye syndrome (552 tear electrophoretic drawings
      analysed). Our method is based on Lioted S works. It adds the centrifugation and
      floating proteins collecting stage. Our analysis emphasizes the good laboratory
      results reproduction, the good agreements between clinical and immunologic tests
      in 4 pathological groups. Included in our daily ophthalmologic practical for 3
      years, the tear proteins electrophoresis find its opportunity in the difficult
      dry eye syndromes diagnosis.

PMID- 2641114
TI  - [A new method in the analysis of vitreous fluorophotometry. Results in early
      diabetic retinopathy].
AB  - New methodology to analyze posterior vitreous fluorophotometry (PVF) data is
      described. Values for D, fluorescein vitreous diffusion coefficient and P,
      permeability of the blood retinal barrier (BRB) to fluorescein are obtained. D
      was found to be significantly greater in diabetic patients with minimal
      retinopathy compared with either controls or patients with no retinopathy. P
      values were not significantly different between diabetic patients and controls or
      between diabetic subgroups, confirming the absence of breakdown of the BRB, as
      assessed by PVF, in early diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2641115
TI  - [Surgical indications in unilateral superior oblique paralysis].

PMID- 2641116
TI  - [Efficacy and tolerance of dipivephrin].
AB  - The effects and the tolerance of dipivephrin have been studying during 6 months,
      in 30 glaucomatous or ocular hypertensive patients. The pressure decrease was
      29.4%. Three patients were excluded because of undesirable side effects. The
      tolerance was appreciate good or excellent in the 27 other patients.

PMID- 2641117
TI  - [Ocular damage caused by industrial lasers. Apropos of 3 accidents].
AB  - We report three cases of ocular injury caused by industrial lasers when safety
      precautions are not observed. These three cases concern engineers working in a
      research institute and using YAG laser alignment procedure. Damages observed are:
      a) Macular hole; b) Subretinal hemorrhage; c) Intravitreous hemorrhage. An
      absolute central scotoma occurred in two cases.

PMID- 2641118
TI  - [Corneal toxicity of cytarabine. Apropos of a case].
AB  - A 4 1/2 year old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed corneal
      toxicity while receiving courses of chemotherapy once a month (standard doses of
      vincristine, cyclophosphamide or teniposide, always associated with cytarabine
      and asparaginase). Symptoms began after 18 courses of treatment and consisted of
      ocular pain, foreign body sensation, blurred vision, bilateral conjunctival
      hyperemia. The symptoms appeared during the course of chemotherapy and decreased
      before the following course. Symptomatic treatment appeared to be effective.
      Ocular toxicity of antineoplastic agents and particularly cytarabine is
      discussed.

PMID- 2641119
TI  - [Experimental and clinical study of conjunctivo-scleral tolerance of PTFE
      (Goretex) sutures compared to polyglactine (Vicryl)].
AB  - The authors report a study of the modifications observed with sutures of PTFE
      (Goretex) and polyglactin (Vicryl) at the level of the sclera and the
      conjunctival. Inflammatory cells are fewer with PTFE both in the rabbit eyes (14
      cases) from 3 to 110 days and in the human eye in a clinical study of 28 cases.

PMID- 2641120
TI  - [Comparison of phacoemulsification and manual extracapsular extraction of the
      lens].
AB  - In a prospective study, 60 patients have been operated on for cataract either
      with phacoemulsification or with manual extracapsular extraction of the lens. All
      the patients received the same type of PMMA intraocular lens. Visual results and
      incidence of angiographic cystoid macular edema were similar in both groups. The
      mean endothelial cell loss was 10.7% with phacoemulsification and 7% with manual
      extracapsular extraction.

PMID- 2641121
TI  - [Mixed photoreceptor dystrophy. Apropos of two cases].
AB  - Two observations of cone-rod dystrophy are reported. It's about two brothers. The
      transmission way is not defined. The extinction of the scotopic ERG and the final
      threshold of the rod in dark adaptation shows the rod participation in this
      disease. In this case, the characteristics of the progressive cone dystrophy
      (photophobia, achromatopsia, visual capacity loss, respect of the peripheric
      visual field, alteration of the photopic ERG) are seen. Fundus examination and
      angiography are discussed and reported to the vitreofluorometry.

PMID- 2641122
TI  - [Breakdown of the blood-retino-vitreal barrier after photocoagulation].
AB  - The degree of breakdown of the blood-retino-vitreal barrier after Argon laser
      photocoagulation, and the possibility of preventing it by topical or oral
      administration of indomethacin, have been investigated in a study involving 58
      eyes of 29 rabbits. Protein levels in the vitreous, as determined by
      densitometry, were four times higher in photocoagulated than in non
      photocoagulated eyes (p less than 0.005). Neither topical nor oral administration
      of indomethacin was successful in preventing post-photocoagulation breakdown of
      the blood-retino-vitreal barrier at the dosages employed.

PMID- 2641123
TI  - [Diabetic papillopathy and bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy].
AB  - A 16 year old juvenile diabetic presented with a diabetic papillopathy (D.P.).
      Visual impairment is known to be minimal in D.P. Our patient presented with all
      clinical features of diabetic papillopathy (disk oedema, massive leakage).
      Evolution toward poor visual acuity in one eye, and visual field defect in the
      other eye is unusual. We discuss relationship between D.P. and anterior ischemic
      optic neuropathy.

PMID- 2641124
TI  - [Objective evaluation of contrast sensitivity by visual evoked potentials].
AB  - The Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) is ore often determined by a
      psychophysical method. To obtain an objective measurement of CSF, we used steady
      state Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) with a real time technique. Contrast levels
      are higher for thresholds determined by VEP technique. Correlation between
      psychophysical and objective methods is quite good.

PMID- 2641125
TI  - ["Bell clappers" with "ophthalmologic alarm". Apropos of 2 cases of colloid cysts
      of the 3d ventricle].
AB  - We report two cases of third ventricle colloid cyst in atypical adult's
      neurological descriptions, tracked down by ophthalmologist, proved by computed
      tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. We describe physio-pathological
      mechanism and dwell on different ophthalmological events of exceptional
      occurrence with those benign tumours and on ophthalmological investigation's
      importance in case of persisting and unexplained headache. We conclude with
      spontaneous clinical course, and neurological surgery's efficacy on
      hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2641126
TI  - [Intraocular pressure ten weeks after cataract surgery].
AB  - The effect of phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction on the
      intra-ocular pressure is analysed for several intra-operative factors. The mean
      intraocular pressure is significantly reduced ten weeks after the operation in
      comparison with the preoperative intraocular pressure. This reduction of the
      intraocular pressure is most significant for eyes with preoperative ocular
      hypertension and those eyes where leakage of the aqueous humour was evidenced
      during the immediate postoperative period.

PMID- 2641127
TI  - [Radial keratotomy. Apropos of 204 surgically treated eyes].
AB  - 20 months ago, 204 eyes have been operated for radial keratotomy. 175 cases of
      myopia varying from 2 to 6 diopters and 29 cases from 6.5 to 10 diopters. In
      addition to their myopia 39 cases had a myopic astigmatism. We did only 8 radial
      incisions with the diamond knife for all the cases of simple myopia and an optic
      center of 3 and 3.5 mm. The depth of the incisions was 95 to 100% of the value of
      the thickness of the cornea measured with the pachymeter at the optic center of
      the cornea and this after study of the cornea measurements. We obtained good
      results between 2 and 4 diopters with sometimes some residual myopia between 5
      and 6 diopters. An additive correction for the myopia cases having more than 6
      diopters is to be expected. No perforation was done, several patients have had an
      anterior chamber reaction treated with corticoids and antibiotics eye drops and
      we didn't notice any noteworthy complication except an hypercorrected astigmatism
      secondary to a transitory hypertonia and a case of +1.5 of hypermetropia. Even
      the results are not always perfects the patients are glad not to wear eye glasses
      anymore.

PMID- 2641128
TI  - [Pseudo-exfoliative fibrillopathy in eastern Algeria. Epidemiologic and
      statistical study].
AB  - The systematic examination of 1440 patients of more than 40 years old divided
      into two groups of 607 hospitalised patients and 833 consultants has revealed the
      exceptionally high frequency of the pseudo-exfoliative disease in the East of
      Algeria. In fact this syndrome is find in 25% of the cases. The analysis relates
      the different epidemiology criteria: age, topography, geographic factors and
      biomicroscopic characters. The association to the glaucoma of this syndrome forms
      the subjects of a study which details particularly its frequency, its different
      clinical forms, the factors of the intraocular pressure and the evolution under
      treatment. The authors have compared this study to those wHich have been
      described in literature.

PMID- 2641129
TI  - [Semi-rigid permeable contact lenses. Our experience with extended wear].
AB  - In a study concerning 124 eyes, we have considered the frequency of superficial
      deposits on gas-permeable contact lenses in extended wear. On the whole this is
      not a serious problem when a regular and complete upkeep is made. The new
      materials made with fluor have proven to be superior to materials made with
      silicones.

PMID- 2641130
TI  - [Heredity of granular corneal dystrophy (Groenouw I)].
AB  - Up-to date settlement, after 34 years, of a huge pedigree of 1391 individuals of
      which 77 were affected. The dominant autosomal mode of inheritance is confirmed.
      Nevertheless, discovery of an incomplete penetrance. The offspring of two
      affected individuals suggest that the heterozygotes and the affected homozygotes
      are identical. So an intermediate mode of inheritance would be excluded.

PMID- 2641131
TI  - [Familial agenesis of the lacrimal glands and ducts].
AB  - Authors report three cases of hereditary malformation of excretory lacrymal
      system, two children and their father. One of the two children have a lacrymal
      fistula. A surgical treatment was successful.

PMID- 2641132
TI  - [Hereditary chorioretinal degeneration and nephronophthisis. The role of Senior
      Loken syndrome].
AB  - Systematic clinical ocular examinations completed by electrophysiological studies
      were performed on fifty-five children with nephronophthisis. Twenty children, all
      under ten years of age, had tapetoretinal degeneration, either pure in fourteen
      cases (Senior-Loken syndrome), either associated with extra-oculorenal
      abnormalities in six cases (bones, liver, neurology). Twelve older children had a
      normal examination. Twenty-three children had a normal clinical examination, but
      non evolutive alterations of ERG.

PMID- 2641133
TI  - [Variations in the level of S antigen auto-antibodies and their relation to the
      development of retinitis pigmentosa (autosomal recessive genetic form)].
AB  - A group of 40 patients with retinitis pigmentosa (autosomal recessive) were
      studied. The levels of soluble retinal antigen (S antigen of human origin) auto
      antibodies were measured by means of the enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay. The
      results obtained were compared with those of a control population of 100 healthy
      subjects (p less than 0.001). A statistically significant correlation (r = 0.451,
      p less than 0.01) was observed when comparison was made between the anti-S levels
      and the time elapsed from the moment of retinitis pigmentosa diagnosis.

PMID- 2641134
TI  - [The progeny of the two protan and deutan families described by Franceschetti and
      Klein (1949, 1956), one generation later. Genealogy, color vision and genomic
      DNA].
AB  - The progeny of the couple of which the husband was protanope and the wife
      deuteranope (Franceschetti, 1949) has been examined (3 generations) in 1986 and
      1987. This couple had 4 children, of which 3 sons are deutan and 1 daughter, a
      double carrier, is phenotypically normal. This girl, in her turn and in exemplary
      fashion, has 3 children: 1 daughter, being simple carrier, is phenotypically
      normal, 1 son is protan and 1 son deutan. The study of the genomic DNA of 3
      normal subjects reveals the presence of two genes responsible for green and one
      gene responsible for red; the genomic DNA of a protanomalous subject shows a
      modification of the gene for red, while that of two deuteranopes shows absence of
      genes responsible for green. The descent of the second couple in which the
      husband was deuteranope and the wife protanope (Franceschetti and Klein, 1956) is
      exclusively of female sex. Therefore it comprises only phenotypically normal
      persons.

PMID- 2641135
TI  - [Electroretinographic problems in the diagnosis of diseases of the cones and
      macula].
AB  - From series of clinical cases, the authors expose how ERG is an essential element
      for the diagnosis of cone dysfunction with or without macular involvement. They
      show that to obtain an accurate diagnosis, precise proceedings must be chosen,
      using stimulation technics correctly selected. They study the advantage of focal
      or wide stimulations, of the level of the intensity of the stimulation and of the
      different colored filters. They propose a proceeding for adults examination. For
      young children, they discuss the advantages and limits of a particular
      proceeding.

PMID- 2641136
TI  - [Ocular electrophysiologic study of patients with a family history of diabetes].
AB  - The electrofunctional alterations in a group of non diabetic patients with
      diabetic familiarity are considered. A high percentage of electrofunctional
      abnormalities was found in these patients as compared with fundus eye changes and
      blood glucose metabolic imbalances.

PMID- 2641137
TI  - [Diagnosis of hereditary retinopathies in the dog. The value of fluorescein
      angiography and electrophysiology].
AB  - The diagnosis of the hereditary ocular diseases is a very actual question. These
      affections are divided in two parts: congenital diseases, abiotrophies. The dog
      that the practitioner has to examine will be: sometimes a puppy, sometimes an
      adult. In the puppy the diagnosis will be easy in the case of a congenital
      disease, it will be more difficult in the case of an abiotrophy. In the adult the
      practitioner will be hesitating between an hereditary or an acquired disease. In
      all the cases, the diagnosis of the posterior segment diseases and of the
      amaurosis will be made easier by the data of the fluoresceinic angiography and
      the electrophysiology (ERG and VEP).

PMID- 2641138
TI  - [Current treatment of simple retinal detachment. Advantages and inconveniences of
      permanent and temporary scleral buckling compared with gas expansion of the
      retina].
AB  - Limited cryopexy followed by attachment to the sclera of a small, cylindrical
      silicone sponge at the site of the tear leads in most cases to a prompt reduction
      of any non-complicated rhegmatogenous detachment. As a rule, no drainage of the
      subretinal fluid is necessary. If an inflatable silicone balloon is used in lieu
      of a permanent tampon, the short-term result may be the same; renewed tension of
      the vitreous bands which caused the tear may lead, however, to a redetachment in
      the long term. Intravitreal injection of an insoluble gas (mostly perfluoro
      propane or hexafluorure ) may also be used to close up the tear, while cryopexy
      or photocoagulation are to be applied to seal its borders. After resorption of
      the gas the vitreous bands will again be under tension, and the risk of a
      recurrence appear. The fact that the vitreous chamber must be entered entails, on
      the other hand, some risks of its own.

PMID- 2641139
TI  - [Prevention of retinal detachment. Whom to treat?].
AB  - Natural history of retinal detachment (RD) studies on clinical exam of 200
      patients revealed that RD, is the consequence of multiple risk factors preparing
      to PVD. This phenomenon depends therefore from peculiar background, patient's
      age, and opportunistic traumatism. The best prophylaxis would be represented by a
      mean of inducing PVD without retinal damage. Since no possibilities are present
      right now, retinopexy or surgical mechanical action are used as prophylactic
      methods. Results are discussed in this paper based on long-term-follow-up of 300
      patients.

PMID- 2641140
TI  - [Treatment of choroidal neovascularization in degenerative myopia].
AB  - Choroidal neovascularization is quite frequent in degenerative myopia. If the
      neovascularization is near the center, a krypton laser photocoagulation can be
      effected. If they reach the center, no photocoagulation should be effected. We
      report here our results in the treatment by krypton laser and describe a simple
      technic for the determination of the exact position of the foveola, that can be
      displaced in degenerative myopia.

PMID- 2641141
TI  - [Eye injuries due to pellet guns. Apropos of 7 cases].
AB  - The authors expose a series of seven cases of ocular trauma due to pellet guns.
      First, they describe the different kinds of lesions, their treatment, and their
      development. Then, they study the prognostic points, the mechanism of the
      secondary complications, and the therapeutic conduct to adopt in front of this
      type of perforating injuries with non-magnetic intraocular foreign body. They
      insist on the severity of this type of ocular trauma, and on the necessity of a
      modification of the law concerning pellet guns.

PMID- 2641142
TI  - [Dipivefrin: its mechanism of action, clinical efficacy and good tolerance].
AB  - Dipivefrin (DPE) is the first prodrug in general use in ophthalmology. We will
      discuss the metabolism of DPE to epinephrine within the eye, and the efficacy and
      safety of DPE in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure. In addition, we
      will address the incidence of adverse systemic effects, ocular tolerance and
      allergy, and the ocular hypotensive efficacy when DPE is used alone or in
      combination with other antiglaucoma medications.

PMID- 2641143
TI  - [Ophthalmology and standardization].
AB  - The standards are the references for quality and safety of materials, instruments
      and devices in ophtalmological use. The French standardisation association,
      "Association Francaise de Normalisation" (AFNOR), drafts his standards in
      connection with the concerned professionals. The ophthalmologists are concerned
      by standards of diagnostic and therapeutic instruments, intraocular and orbital
      implants, contact lenses, spectacle frames and glasses, and ocular protectors.

PMID- 2641144
TI  - [Floppy eyelid syndrome. 5 cases].
AB  - First described in 1981, the floppy eyelid syndrome is characterized by loose
      upper lids that evert spontaneously and chronic papillary conjunctivitis. We
      present five patients with this syndrome and illustrate the distinctive clinical
      findings.

PMID- 2641146
TI  - Morphology and morphometry of male gonad in diabetes.

PMID- 2641145
TI  - [Morphologic evaluation of the effect of long-term administration of ammonium
      fluoride on the seminiferous epithelium and epididymis in the rat].
AB  - Male rats were subjected to 9-month-long exposure to ammonium fluoride. The
      performed evaluation covered the seminiferous epithelium and epididymis. The
      greatest changes in animals used in the experiment were observed in epididymis. A
      small number of spermatozoa were seen in the lumen of ductus epididymis, while in
      the epithelial cells there were increased phagocytic processes, providing a proof
      that injured reproductive cells were eliminated from the genital tract.

PMID- 2641147
TI  - [Effects of combined administration of alcohol and tobacco on the ultrastructure
      of ventricular cardiomyocytes in rats].
AB  - Ultrastructural changes of rat ventricular cardiomyocytes after ethanol and
      tobacco tar was investigated. Lesions was found in mitochondria, endoplasmic
      reticulum and amount of the glycogen. This changes was more pronounced in males
      then in females. Negative influence are correlated to time of experiment.

PMID- 2641148
TI  - [Experimental studies of the effects of estradiol and thyroxine on the fascicular
      layer of the adrenal cortex].
AB  - We studied the effects of estradiol and thyroxine on the secretory function of
      the adrenal gland cortex in castrated female rats. We evaluated steroidogenesis
      on the basis changes in histochemical reaction to lipids and corticosterone blood
      concentrations in adrenal and peripheral veins obtained from RIA studies. It was
      found that estradiol stimulated or inhibited the synthesis of corticosterone in a
      dose-dependent manner. In contrast thyroxine alone or combined with estradiol
      (irrespective of the dose) enhanced steroidogenesis in the adrenal glands of
      castrated female rats.

PMID- 2641149
TI  - [Multiple lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid gland. Case report].

PMID- 2641151
TI  - [Basal cell epithelioma of the lip. Analysis of 42 cases].
AB  - Basal cell epithelioma of the lip. An analysis of 42 cases. The authors carried
      out a histopathological and epidemiological study of 42 basal cell epitheliomas
      of the lip. Both sexes were equally affected (male to female ratio 0.9:1) but the
      females were significantly older than the males (mean age: 70.7 years vs 62.3
      years respectively). The incidence in the province of Trieste was 1.44%... for
      males and 1.46%... for females. More than 80% of the lesions (35 cases) consisted
      in solid forms, but there were also 4 cheratotic basal cell epitheliomas, 1
      fibrosing epithelioma and 1 basosquamous epithelioma. In 2 of the males there was
      a recurrence a year after the surgical exeresis and in 6 cases another
      epithelioma was synchronous or metachronous to the lip epithelioma. Despite the
      fact that in 3 cases invasion of the muscular wall was noted and in another case
      the neoplasm had infiltrated and eroded the left nostril and the lower part of
      the septum, no patient died from the tumour nor were any metastasis observed.

PMID- 2641150
TI  - [Neuropathology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].
AB  - Neuropathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The Central Nervous System
      (CNS) has been examined at autopsy in 60 patients who died of AIDS in a 6-year
      period in our hospital. Most of the patients were intravenous drug abusers, the
      mean age was of 34 years, with a high prevalence of males. Neurologic symptoms
      were present in 62% of patients, while histologic lesions have been observed in
      51 cases (85%). Opportunistic infections were found in 27 patients, the commonest
      being T. gondii (12) and Cytomegalovirus (7); Progressive Multifocal
      Leukoencephalopathy was observed in 2 cases. HIV-associated lesions included 21
      cases of Multifocal Giant Cell Encephalitis (MGCE), 15 of Progressive Diffuse
      Leukoencephalopathy (PDL) and 7 cases of Vacuolar Myelopathy. Primary CNS
      lymphoma was noted in 8 patients and secondary deposits were observed in 3 cases.
      Simultaneous CNS lesions by more than one pathogen were frequently encountered.
      The main pathogenetic mechanisms for characterization of all the lesions and
      their relationship with clinical features of the disease are discussed. It is
      supposed that MGCE and PDL represent two different patterns of HIV
      encephalopathy.

PMID- 2641152
TI  - [Squamous carcinoma of the lip. Review of 98 cases].
AB  - Squamous lip carcinoma. A review of 98 cases. Ninety-eight new cases of squamous
      lip carcinoma (87 males and 11 females), diagnosed over a 10 year period at the
      Institute of Pathological Anatomy of the University of Trieste were studied from
      an epidemiological point of view and in relation to their biological behaviour.
      The overall incidence was equal to 6.67%... in males and 0.73%... in females,
      with a male to female ratio of 9.2:1. The distribution of the cases can be
      directly correlated to age: the incidence in the 80-84 age group among males was
      3 times greater than that in the 60-64 age group and 4 times greater than that in
      the 55-59 age group. Among females the highest number of cases occurred from 85
      years of age upwards. The relative frequency of the carcinoma for each of the 3
      epithelial surfaces was 46.9% for skin lesions (46 cases) and 50% (49 cases) for
      those on the vermilion, while the carcinoma originated in the internal mucosa in
      just 3 cases. In 11 cases the tumour had originated on the upper lip (8 males and
      3 females, male to female ratio 2.6:1) and 6 of these were skin tumours. The
      relative frequency of skin neoplasms of the lip was 38.8% for 1978-81, 43.3% for
      1982-85 and 64% for 1986-87. A study of the age specific incidence showed that
      the maximum number of cases occurred in the 75-84 age group (8.37%) for vermilion
      carcinomas and in patients over 85 (7.69%) for skin of lip carcinomas. In 17
      patients the tumour was already infiltrating at the first biopsy (13% of skin
      carcinoma and 23% of carcinomas arising on the mucosa), and in 9 cases there were
      metastasis to the laterocervical nodes and/or salivary glands. In 14 patients the
      tumour recurred. From a study of the autopsies on the 27 patients who died it
      emerged that in 18 cases (66.6%) there was no tumour, nor was there any local
      infiltration or metastasis, while in 4 cases the tumour was still present and
      infiltrating the surrounding tissue. In 4 other cases the primary tumour was no
      longer present but metastasis and/or infiltration had developed. Associations
      with one or more malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity or the upper
      aerodigestive tract were noted in 9 cases.

PMID- 2641153
TI  - [Behavior of estrogen and progesterone receptors in intracranial meningioma].
AB  - Observation on value of estrogen and progesterone receptors in intracranial
      meningiomas. The authors take into consideration twenty intracranial meningiomas
      reperted in patients that differ for age, sex and histological pattern of the
      lesions, for value receptor content and their variability with mentioned
      variants. They report receptors contents of meningiomas and its variability with
      age and histological pattern.

PMID- 2641154
TI  - Experimental acute renal congestion in rat: histological observations.
AB  - An experimental model of acute and total venous stasis has been realized in
      kidney of rat by division of the renal vein. Different grades of histological
      damage have been observed, from initial interstitial edema with only degenerative
      changes in tubular epithelium to its final necrosis. On the contrary glomeruli
      appear less involved.

PMID- 2641155
TI  - [Mixed ovarian germinal neoplasia: adult embryonal carcinoma and dysgerminoma
      with trophoblasts].
AB  - Malignant mixed germ cell tumor of the ovary: embryonal carcinoma and
      dysgerminoma with trophoblastic cells. A case of ovarian neoplasia in a 19-years
      old woman is described showing mixed germ cell tumor patterns. The main component
      is a solid embryonal carcinoma with mainly syncytial-like, highly anaplastic
      cells, displaying diffuse CK-immunoreactivities and scattered PLAP-positive
      cells. Many CK- and beta-HCG-positive syncytiotrophoblastic and intermediate
      trophoblastic cells are present. A second component is a dysgerminoma with
      lymphoid stroma and diffuse PLAP-cytomembrane immunoreactivities: rare cells, to
      be identified as intermediate trophoblast cells, are CK- and strongly beta-HCG
      positive. Many syncytiotrophoblastic cells with a brisk CK- and beta-HCG
      positivities are also noted. The embryonal carcinoma component is metastasized to
      the controlateral ovary, uterus and omentum. A complete immunohistochemical
      analysis is recommended to properly diagnose germ cell neoplasias of the ovary
      both for descriptive and prognostic-therapeutic purposes. The very rare presence
      in the same ovarian tumor of mixed patterns as adult embryonal carcinoma and
      dysgerminoma with trophoblastic cells, is stressed.

PMID- 2641156
TI  - [Myxoid liposarcoma and pleomorphic liposarcoma: cyto-histological correlations].
AB  - Myxoid liposarcoma and pleomorphic liposarcoma: cito-histological correlations. A
      correlative cytologic and histologic study of a myxoid liposarcoma of the
      shoulder in a 72 year-old man and a pleomorphic liposarcoma observed in the
      retroperitoneum of a 84 year-old woman, are presented. A preoperative FNAB
      cytology performed in both cases showed necrotic material containing spindle
      stellate shaped cells, interspersed in a myxoid matrix, with rare classical
      monovacuolated lipoblasts and fragments of plessiform vessels were seen in the
      first and scattered pleomorphic and multinucleated cells, with prominent nucleoli
      and numerous atypical mitosis in the second. A malignant mesenchimal spindle
      cells tumor, with myxoid matrix and pleomorphic cells, consistent with
      liposarcoma, respectively were suspected. Gross and histological specimens
      confirmed the cytological suspect. Authors discuss main cyto-histological
      differential diagnoses of myxoid tumors, and point out the importance and a
      correct differentiation between myxoid liposarcoma and intramuscular myxoma. The
      cytologic appearance of pleomorphic liposarcoma is similar to histologic type and
      therefore the problem of a differential diagnosis with soft tissue tumors is
      analogous. When mono or plurivacuolated lipoblasts are absent, differential
      diagnosis between pleomorphic histiocytoma and liposarcoma is impossible.
      Nevertheless this is not a important problem at cytological level because both
      tumors have a had prognosis and must be treated with radical surgery. Definition
      of correct histologic type will be more suitable on histologic specimens.

PMID- 2641157
TI  - [Carcinoma of the bladder with pseudosarcomatous stroma. Presentation of a case].
AB  - Carcinoma with pseudosarcomatous stroma of the bladder. Case report. We report a
      case of transitional cells carcinoma of urinary bladder with pseudosarcomatous
      stroma in a 54 years old male. The patient was admitted in hospital owing to
      recidivous haematuria events for about 3 months. Three urine samples were sent
      for cytological studies that showed the presence of transitional neoplastic
      cells. Subjected to a cystoscopic examination the patient revealed a roundish
      peduncled bladder formation of about 3.5 cm. in size. Hence three bladder lesion
      biopsies were done. The histological sections obtained pointed out the existence
      of two cellular populations: the first one presented roundish or lengthened,
      pluristratified cells arranged in solid nests, with transitional morfology and
      high atypias; the other population had sarcomatoid features characterized by
      lenghtened cells with hyperchromic nuclei. The two populations were mixed up and
      there were sometimes carcinomatous areas that merged into sarcomatoid areas.
      Chondroid areas were also observed. We diagnosed a G3 transitional cells
      carcinoma with pseudosarcomatous stroma. The lesion, after literature review,
      results to be somewhat rare and not easily interpretable since it may be confused
      with carcinosarcoma. The rarity of this case and the problems of differential
      diagnosis connected with it urged us to this pubblication along with a short
      review of literature.

PMID- 2641158
TI  - [Primary teratocarcinoma of the pineal region].
AB  - Primary Teratocarcinoma of Pineal Region. A case of a 12 year old boy admitted
      for intracranial hypertension of sudden onset has been reported. CT scanning and
      MR showed a triventricular hydrocephalus due to a space-occupying lesion of the
      pineal region. Tonic-clonic fits of the upper limbs and Parinaud syndrome were
      followed by loss of consciousness. Intervention I: ventriculo-peritoneal shunt
      with sampling of CSF and assay for beta-HCG, alpha FP and CEA, which proved
      negative. Cytology for neoplastic cells in cerebrospinal fluid was negative.
      Intervention II: grossly total removal of the tumor. This was followed by partial
      remission of Parinaud syndrome, total remission of the hypertensive symptoms and
      discharge on day 12. The 3 cm. whitish-pink tumor of rubbery consistency proved
      on histological examination to be a teratocarcinoma. The patient was further
      submitted to chemioterapy and irradiation but died 7 months after the second
      intervention. This is a rare tumor, much more than teratoma of the pineal gland,
      which is relatively frequent. It is interesting histologically because of the
      presence not only of chondroid and mesenchymal portions but also of
      adamantinomatous rudiments and of epithelial zones resembling embryonal carcinoma
      of the testis.

PMID- 2641159
TI  - [Criteria of anatomo-physiological evaluation of the conditions of the prosthetic
      substrate and a review of the classification of edentulous mouth].
AB  - The criteria for the assessment of the conditions of the mouth for the needs of
      prosthetic treatment are presented and the classifications of edentulous mouth
      used as yet are surveyed.

PMID- 2641160
TI  - [Results of treatment with ionophoresis of posttraumatic changes of
      temporomandibular joints with an apparatus of own design].
AB  - The authors used ionophoresis applied with an apparatus of own design in 32
      patients with posttraumatic changes in the temporomandibular joints. In 24 cases
      xylocaine and in 8 cases hydrocortisone were used. In 27 cases disappearance of
      pain was achieved and complications were not observed. The apparatus of own
      design was applied also for analgesia for operations on the middle ear through
      the external meatus, and in the treatment of ear buzzing and otalgia of unknown
      origin.

PMID- 2641161
TI  - [Justification of the needs and a trial of establishing of the principles of
      prophylaxis of functional disturbances in the stomatognathic system].
AB  - The author indicates a dramatic rise in the number of patients with signs of
      dysfunction of the masticatory system which are one of the main social problems
      in modern stomatology. Including of dysfunction signs into the range of periodic
      stomatological examinations is postulated, and the principles of prevention of
      these disturbances are described. For the realisation of these aims it would be
      indicated to organize special scientific units, to introduce proper training of
      students and dentists as well as medical students, and to set up specialization
      in this branch of stomatology. In the treatment, especially in cases complicated
      with headaches and pain of the eyes, ears, spine and muscles in the vicinity, and
      with trigeminal neuralgia, a far reaching cooperation is needed of highly
      specialized stomatologists with the specialists from other branches of medicine.

PMID- 2641162
TI  - [Studies on the incidence and possibility of collective treatment of certain non
      occlusal parafunctions in elementary school children].
AB  - A study was carried out on the incidence and possibility of collective treatment
      of non-occlusal parafunctions in 216 elementary school children aged 7-14 years.
      Two objectively detectable non-occlusal parafunctions were analysed: nail-biting
      and pencil-biting. The study included four meetings during which the fingernails
      and pencils were inspected in all children and a talk was given, explaining the
      harmfulness of motor habits in the masticatory system, and the children with
      these habits were told to replace them with other non-harmful movements as
      habits. Among 216 children 131 (60.6%) had such non-occlusal parafunctions with
      nail-biting in 51.9% of them, and pencil-biting in 31%. In 22.2% both habits were
      found. During the third control visit the overall incidence of both parafunctions
      was found to be decreased, from 60.6% to 37.9%. Elimination of nail-biting was
      obtained in 37.5% of cases, and pencil-biting in 64.2%, with the proportions of
      treated children varying in various classes. The study showed that nail-biting
      and pencil-biting are widely spread habits in the studied population and that
      collective treatment of these parafunctions is possible.

PMID- 2641163
TI  - [Effect of local application of NaF on the content of calcium, phosphorus and
      fluorine in young dental calculus].
AB  - The purpose of the study was determination of changes in the content of calcium,
      phosphorus and fluorine in young dental calculus developing in vivo in case of
      not using a rinsing solution of 1% NaF or after its use. The studied material
      comprised tartar deposited on a foil fastened to the lower incisor in 6 women
      aged 23-28 years. They were divided into two groups of 3 women in each, one of
      the groups had a high tendency for mineralization of tartar, while in the other
      group this tendency was small. The study was carried out in two stages. In the
      first, control, stage at the time of foil wearing the women rinsed mouth with a
      placebo solution, in the experimental stage they used 1% sodium fluoride solution
      for this purpose. The analysis of the superficial distribution of various
      elements showed a greater density of impulses in the case of calcium and
      fluorine, and lower density in the case of phosphorus in the deposits formed in
      the experimental stage as compared to the control stage. Using X-ray
      microanalysis a statistically significant rise was found of the concentration of
      calcium and fluorine, and reduced content of phosphorus in the deposits formed
      after NaF application. The per cent in weight of fluorine in young supragingival
      tartar from the control stage was 0.2-3.1, while in the experimental stage it
      rose to 3.0-27.7. The statistical analysis showed that the rise of fluorine
      content in tartar in cases with low tendency for mineralization of tartar (group
      II) was statistically significantly higher than in the group with a high tendency
      for tartar development (group I). The Ca/F ratio calculated on the basis of the
      results in the control stage was 1.35 to 2.68. After application of fluoride
      rinsing solution this value rose to 1.96 to 4.34 in the studied women.

PMID- 2641164
TI  - [Epidemiology of Salmonella infections in the Lithuanian Soviet Republic and
      organizational principles in their prevention].
AB  - The epidemiological analysis of salmonella infection in Lithuania in the last 10
      years is presented. Data are shown concerning unequal spread of infections
      depending on the region, the incidence in relation to age, occupation. The
      aetiological structure of the organism and other parameters of the
      epidemiological process are discussed calling a particular attention to the
      analysis of factors and conditions determining the spread of salmonelloses among
      mammals, birds and humans, and the organizational principles of control and
      prevention of these infections.

PMID- 2641165
TI  - [The search for a viral etiology of myocarditis].
AB  - The results are presented of serological tests by the neutralization method for
      antigens of Coxsackie B group, and by the haemagglutination inhibition method for
      three types of parainfluenza and sporadic influenza virus in 529 patients with
      myocarditis. In 7 cases the virus was isolated from stools. Virus aetiology of
      the disease was confirmed in 23.4% of cases, on average. Raised levels of
      antibodies to Coxsackie B antigens were found more frequently than the levels of
      antibodies to parainfluenza viruses. Seroconversion was more frequent in
      infections by parainfluenza type 3 than type 2. During an influenza epidemic in 5
      cases raised levels of antibodies to the epidemic-causing strain were observed.

PMID- 2641166
TI  - [The temperamental basis of personality and the degree of tuberculosis
      progression and its treatment in epidemiological studies].
AB  - Using a Sheet of personality Self-estimation of Le Senne eight subgroups were
      isolated from a group of patients with sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis,
      and analogous subgroups were isolated from healthy subjects which served as
      control subgroups. By the inquiry method and by the Test of Sentence Completion
      IG the clinical form of tuberculosis, degree of pulmonary tissue damage, extent
      and location of pulmonary lesions, and the intensity of conflict areas were
      determined. The statistical analysis showed that no temperament type was an
      epidemiological barrier protecting the organism against invasion by and
      development of M. tuberculosis. As compared to other temperament types the
      sentimentalists showed most intense conflict areas which was reflected in
      antituberculosis treatment. Attention is called to the usefulness of
      psychological testing for epidemiological studies on tuberculosis and to the
      necessity of their more widespread use in the programmes of postgraduate studies.

PMID- 2641167
TI  - [Results of blood pressure measurements depending on the place and method of
      measurement in individuals with normal blood pressure and borderline
      hypertension].
AB  - The analysis of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure measurements in
      2 positions (sitting, standing) X 2 subsequent measurements (order) X 2 places
      (right, left arm) was performed on the basis of the Pol-Monica I screening
      conducted in 1984 yr. There were 1309 examined men and 1327 women aged 35-64 yrs.
      The mean values of 2 measurements taken in the sitting position on the right arm
      were used for division of the total sample into 7 categories: 1. normotension, 2.
      borderline systolic hypertension, 3. borderline diastolic hypertension, 4.
      borderline systolic-diastolic hypertension, 5. systolic hypertension, 6.
      diastolic hypertension, 7. systolic-diastolic hypertension. For each sex X blood
      pressure category the 4-way mixed ANOVA was calculated: persons as random effect
      and position, order and place as fixed effects. The effects and variance
      components were estimated and tested. The effects of position, order and persons
      and interaction position X persons, places X persons and position X persons X
      places were significant for both sexes, all BP categories for SBP as well as DBP
      measurements.

PMID- 2641168
TI  - [Trauma and poisoning in children and adolescents in Poland from 1980-1985 in the
      light of data on hospitalization. I. Hospitalization of children and adolescents
      in Poland for trauma and poisoning according to demographic features].
AB  - The frequency of hospitalization of children and adolescents for traumas and
      intoxications in Poland in the years 1980-1985 was analysed on the basis of data
      obtained from the All-Polish Study of General Morbidity. Trauma and intoxications
      were the causes of about 16% of all hospitalizations in the age group 0-19 years.
      In the age group 15-19 years they were the most frequent causes of hospital stay.
      In all age groups the indices of hospitalization of children and adolescents in
      Poland were lower than in other countries. The most frequent causes of
      hospitalization for trauma and intoxication were in boys superficial lesions and
      contusions, and in girls--intoxications. In both sex groups fractures of
      extremities, cranial trauma and burns were frequent causes of hospitalization.
      Boys were hospitalized more frequently than girls, and this difference increased
      with age. No significant differences were found between children and adolescents
      from urban and rural areas in the total hospitalization rates, but some
      differences were noted between these areas in groups with various diagnoses.

PMID- 2641169
TI  - [Trauma and poisoning in children and adolescents in Poland from 1980-1985 in the
      light of data on hospitalization. II. Territorial differences in hospitalization
      of children and adolescents in Poland for trauma and poisoning].
AB  - The differences between various provinces in the frequency of hospitalizations of
      children and adolescents in Poland in the years are presented. The data were
      obtained from the All-Polish study of General Hospital Morbidity. The provinces
      with the highest hospitalization rates included those of Walbrzych, Jelenia Gora,
      Suwalki, and the lowest rates were in the Province of Gdansk and Province of
      Rzeszow. A relationship was noted between the number of hospitalized patients and
      the duration of hospital stay--with longer hospitalization in the areas with low
      number of such cases.

PMID- 2641170
TI  - [Trauma and poisoning in children and adolescents in Poland from 1980-1985 in the
      light of data on hospitalization. III. Hospital mortality of children and
      adolescents in Poland from trauma and poisoning].
AB  - The hospital mortality of children and adolescents hospitalized for traumas and
      intoxications in Poland in 1980-1985 is discussed. Only 20% of deaths due to
      these causes occurred in hospitals, the remaining deaths were on the scene of
      accident or in the home of the patient. The hospital mortality was similar in
      boys and girls although the frequency of hospitalization for trauma and
      intoxication was twice as high in boys as in girls. The main causes of death in
      hospital were cranial trauma, spinal fractures, internal organ injuries, burns
      and poisoning. With the exception of poisoning these causes produced a higher
      mortality in hospital of young individuals from rural areas than those from urban
      centres. Without respect to the place of residence nearly 40% of hospital deaths
      occurred on the first day in hospital.

PMID- 2641171
TI  - [Utilization of beds for monitoring infectious diseases in a hospital department
      not adapted for treating patients with infectious diseases].
AB  - The utilization of beds and their non-utilization because of epidemic-emergency
      causes and other causes were analysed in the period from February 1988 to January
      1989 in a hospital department for observation and infectious diseases under
      conditions not intended for treatment of patients with communicable diseases From
      20 to 30% of beds could not be utilized due to the necessity of treatment under
      conditions of isolation. The utilization of beds was higher in the period from
      October to May, and lower in the period from June to September.

PMID- 2641172
TI  - Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in England and Wales 1982
      1984.

PMID- 2641173
TI  - Guidelines for the testing of chemicals for mutagenicity. Committee on
      Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment.

PMID- 2641174
TI  - The diets of British schoolchildren. Sub-committee on Nutritional Surveillance.
      Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy.
AB  - 1. Statistical analysis and interpretation 1.1 This Report deals with the dietary
      habits of British schoolchildren and the contribution made by school meals in
      1983. Since then many Local Education Authorities have introduced active policies
      to encourage healthy eating, accompanied in the last 4 years by health promotion
      campaigns, in the light of the publication of the COMA Report on Diet and
      Cardiovascular Disease in 1984, and other reports on diet and health. 1.2 Data
      are presented on the food and nutrient intakes of a representative sample of
      British schoolchildren measured by a 7-day record. Most food and some nutrient
      intakes were not normally distributed and median values are given in the tables
      of results. Interpretation and commentary are restricted to findings which
      achieved statistical significance (p less than 0.05) by parametric analyses. No
      non-parametric statistical analyses were attempted but data are given in detail
      in the tables and for those wishing to examine them further, the computer
      database of the survey is also available through the National Data Archive. Full
      documentation of the database may be obtained from the Social Survey Division of
      the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, (OPCS) London. 2. Foods consumed
      2.1 The main sources of dietary energy in the diets of British schoolchildren
      were bread, chips, milk, biscuits, meat products, cake and puddings. Almost all
      children in the survey recorded consumption of chips, crisps, cakes and biscuits.
      Boys recorded more chips consumed than girls along with more milk, breakfast
      cereals and baked beans; girls recorded more fruit consumed and more girls drank
      fruit juice than boys. Yogurt, fizzy drinks and sweets were more popular among
      younger children. Older children recorded consumption of more tea and coffee
      (para 9.2). 2.2 Scottish primary school children appeared to have a distinctive
      dietary pattern. They recorded higher median consumption of beef, soups, milk,
      cheese, sausages, chocolates and sweets and lower median consumption of cakes,
      biscuits, puddings, potatoes, and in particular, of vegetables of all kinds than
      children in the other regions of Great Britain (paras 9.3.2, 9.4.2, 9.5.2,
      9.6.2). 2.3 Chips and milk were the two major items of the diets which varied
      most with social class and other socio-economic variables. Higher median chip
      consumption was recorded among social classes IV and V (para 9.3.3, 9.4.3, 9.5.3,
      9.6.3), children with unemployed fathers, children from families receiving
      Supplementary Benefit (paras 9.3.5, 9.4.5, 9.5.5, 9.6.5), children taking school
      meals and those older children who ate out of school at cafes etc (para
      8.4.2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2641175
TI  - [Assessment of irritation potential of newly developed temporary filling material
      using hamster cheek pouch].

PMID- 2641176
TI  - Calmodulin immunocytochemistry in rat incisor enamel organ through its life
      cycle.
AB  - The enamel organ of the growing rat incisor was perfusion-fixed with a mixture of
      formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde and processed for indirect immunogold labeling of
      calmodulin on post-embedded ultrathin sections. Throughout the zones of
      presecretion, secretion, and maturation of enamel, specific protein A-immunogold
      labeling was localized on polyribosomes and those attached to endoplasmic
      reticulum, mitochondria, nuclear chromatin, phagolysosomes, and cytoplasm
      adjacent to the plasma membrane, and tonofilaments associated with desmosomes of
      ameloblasts and cells of outer layer of enamel organ. Golgi membranes, condensing
      vacuoles, secretion granules, primary lysosomes, and micropinocytotic coated
      vesicles were hardly labeled. In the presecretion zone, the basal lamina of the
      preameloblasts and the matrix vesicles and collagen fibrils of the predentin
      matrix were not immunoreactive. Tomes' process of secretory ameloblast and
      adjacent enamel crystals were labeled. In addition to the above immunoreactive
      structures, some phagolysosomes, ferritin granules, and the cytoplasm of the
      ruffled border zone of maturation ameloblast contained immunogold particles. In
      control sections incubated with either protein A-gold complex alone, or antiserum
      preabsorbed with an excess of calmodulin and protein A-gold complex, only a few
      gold particles were observed to be randomly associated with the tissues. These
      results indicate that calmodulin is present in the cells of the enamel organ
      through all stages of amelogenesis. Its wide distribution is consistent with its
      involvement in various cytoplasmic functions.

PMID- 2641177
TI  - [Three-dimensional observations of human teeth; simulation of enamel prisms].

PMID- 2641178
TI  - [Effect of hypotensive anesthesia induced by sodium nitroprusside and
      trimethaphan on hemodynamics, carotid artery and oral tissue blood flow].

PMID- 2641180
TI  - [Acoustic characteristics of Japanese/p, b,t, d, k, g, r/in duration and
      transition of the second-formants].

PMID- 2641179
TI  - [Three dimensional ultrastructure of the chondrocytes in the growth cartilage].

PMID- 2641181
TI  - [Surgical correction of open bite with simultaneous maxillary and mandibular
      operation].

PMID- 2641182
TI  - [Management of general anesthesia for a patient suffering from I-cell disease].

PMID- 2641183
TI  - [Changes in the root of the mandibular first molar with the growth of rats.
      Relationship of occlusal function].

PMID- 2641184
TI  - [Primitive feeding reflexes of premature infant].

PMID- 2641185
TI  - [Clinical evaluation on maxillary vestibuloplasty with free buccal mucosal
      graft].

PMID- 2641186
TI  - [Causes of relapse in the lower anterior crowding during mechanical retention
      after orthodontic treatment].

PMID- 2641188
TI  - [Morphological study of calculus deposits on full and partial dentures. II.
      Structure and composition of early calculus deposits formed on resin plates].

PMID- 2641187
TI  - [Ultrastructural investigation of a mechanism of physiologic root resorption of
      deciduous teeth. 2. Roles of fibroblasts, cementoblasts, and mononuclear
      phagocytes in resorption of teeth and periodontal ligament].

PMID- 2641189
TI  - [Trial and clinical application of a new simple apparatus for dental arch
      measurements. Investigation on ability of dental arch form observations].

PMID- 2641190
TI  - [Anthropological study of the head and face of adult male Filipinos].

PMID- 2641191
TI  - [Three dimensional ultrastructure of the chondroid bone cell on the upper
      pharyngeal jaw in the fish, Cichasoma nigrofasiatumum].

PMID- 2641192
TI  - [Case of lingual abscess].

PMID- 2641193
TI  - Cheilitis glandularis: report of a case affecting the upper lip.
AB  - Cheilitis glandularis is a rare disorder characterized by swelling of the lip
      with hyperplasia of labial salivary glands, typically in the lower lip of adult
      males. A definitive cause and treatment for this disorder have not yet been
      established. Herein is reported a case of cheilitis glandularis affecting the
      upper lip with nodules, treated by surgical excision with good post-surgical
      results.

PMID- 2641194
TI  - [A nonspecific immunostimulant effect with Cantastim on the cellular and humoral
      immune responses in mice evaluated by in vivo and in vitro tests].
AB  - The stimulatory effect was evaluated, of an ethanol extraction obtained from a
      pathogenic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa type XV. It was noted that this
      extract, commercially known as "Cantastim" has mitogenic effects in vitro for
      mouse lymphocytes, but not for those of humans or of guinea pigs. It activates
      the cytostatic functions of macrophages. It is thermoresistant, nonimmunogenic
      and it is not allergic. A low amount of proteins and carbohydrates are contained
      in this extract, but it contains over 80% phospholipids. It has a transient
      stimulating effect of the cytotoxic effects of NK cells, and it also activates
      the synthesis of antibodies from the IgM and the IgG classes. It probably
      stimulates the expression of receptors for PHA in the membrane of T lymphocytes,
      and retards the development of the Ehrlich ascites tumour, protecting at the same
      time the animals from severe infections with conditionally pathogenic germs.
      These data suggests that "Cantastim" is a potent immunomodulating agent that
      could be used successfully in the fight against certain chronic diseases with a
      bacterial or neoplastic etiology of humans.

PMID- 2641195
TI  - [Experimental study on the influence of various dental luting cements on the
      crown elevation during cementation].
AB  - Cementing manipulation is an important final step in adapting crown prosthesis to
      various oral environments. Preventing elevation of full cast crowns during
      cementation and improving adaptability of the margin after cementation are
      especially critical. The purpose of this article is twofold: 1) To clarify the
      relationship between the viscosity of dental cement and the extent of crown
      elevation, with special attention to viscosity changes occurring in various
      cement materials during the hardening process. 2) To study the effects on
      cemented-crown elevation of the space created between the abutment tooth and the
      crown, which may be partly related to dental cement behavior during cementation.
      A total of 4 cement materials was used: Elite Cement 100 as a zinc-phosphate
      cement, Super Bond C & B and Chemiace as MMA-resin cements containing 4-META, and
      Panavia EX as a phosphoricester cement. Viscosity was measured by means of MR-3
      Soliquidmeter with a cone and plate system (Reheology Engineering). A brass
      material was processed to experimental crowns cemented to abutment teeth of
      brass. Crown elevation was measured by comparator (Measurescope Model II, Nikon).
      In addition, effects of the resistance of dental cement during cementation on
      crown elevation were studied for the sake of a comprehensive understanding of the
      elevation phenomenon. 1. Changes in dental-cement viscosity during the hardening
      process 1) Elite Cement 100 demonstrated the highest initial steady flow
      coefficient of viscosity. It was followed by Super Bond C & B, Chemiace, and
      Panavia EX, in that order. The t-test revealed significant differences among
      these cement materials (significance taken to be 1%). 2) As experimental
      temperature increased, the viscosity of all tested cement materials increased
      with progressive hardening. 3) With the passing of time, changes in torque, which
      represents a change pattern in viscosity, indicated that the tested cement
      materials have different viscosity-change patterns during the initial setting
      period. 4) From a clinical viewpoint, Super Bond C & B and Elite Cement 100 had
      very limited working time, whereas Chemiace and Panavia EX had relatively long
      working time. 2. Elevation after cementation of experimental crowns 1) For Elite
      Cement 100, mean elevation was 334microns, for Super Bond C & B 281 microns, for
      Chemiace 164microns, and for Panavia EX 130microns. The t-test revealed
      significant differences among these cement materials (significance taken to be
      1%). 2) In all the cement materials tested, with a reliability of 99%, sequential
      correlation was observed between crown elevation and steady flow coefficient of
      viscosity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2641196
TI  - [Studies on anaerobic infection in oro-maxillary region--rapid diagnosis by gas
      liquid chromatography and antibiotic susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria].
AB  - Subject material for this study was pus collected from patients with purulent
      inflammation in the oro-maxillary region. Direct gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
      analysis was made, bacterial isolation and identification were carried out, and
      comparisons were made with results from GLC analysis and anaerobic isolates in a
      PYG medium. In addition, antibiotic susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria were
      examined. Results 1. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 85 of 100 cases of
      obstructive abscesses. Of the 85, 49 were cases of mixed infection involving both
      anaerobic and aerobic bacteria; and 64 cases were involved with more than 2
      species of anaerobic bacteria. Of the 184 strains of anaerobic isolates, 53 were
      Bacteroides sp. and 51 were Peptostreptococcus sp. The 2 groups accounted for
      more than half of the isolates. 2. Group A, in which no VFA was detected,
      accounted for 17 out of 100 cases. Group B, in which acetic acid was detected,
      accounted for 20 cases; and Group C, in which butyric acid was detected,
      accounted for 20 cases; and Group D, in which iso-valeric acid was detected,
      accounted for 8 cases. Direct GLC analysis revealed iso-caproic and caproic acids
      in the 35 cases constituting Group E. 3. Whereas the percentage of anaerobic
      bacteria was 64.7% in Group A and 60% in Group B, significantly higher
      percentages were noted in Group C (95%), Group D (100%) and Group E (100%). The
      following species were isolated as major member in the groups; Group A-
      Streptococcus intermedius, Group B--Peptostreptococcus micros, Group C-
      Fusobacterium nucleatum, Group D--Bacteroides gingivalis, and Group E-
      Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. 4. In all cases, the sum of VFA produced in the
      PYG medium by anaerobic isolates was classified into Group A' to E'. Ratios of
      agreement between VFA as revealed by direct GLC and VFA as revealed by PYG.GLC
      were as follows: Group A-A'; 47.1%, Group B-B' and C-C'; 45%, Group D-D'; 87.5%,
      and Group E-E'; 62.9%. 5. In Group B, no propionic acid was detected. The 2 cases
      in which acetic acid occurred in a concentration greater than 14 x 10(-4) meq/ml
      belonged to Group B'. In Group C, no isobutyric acid was detected; and the 5
      cases in which butyric acid was detected in a concentration of more than 7 x 10(
      4) meq/ml belonged to Group C'. Varelic acid was not detected in Group D; and 7
      out of the 8 cases in which iso-valeric acid, irrespective of concentration, was
      detected belonged to Group D'.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2641197
TI  - [Fluoride contents in tea and Sakura-shrimp in relation to other inorganic
      constituents].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to determine the fluoride contents of shrimp and of
      tea samples obtained from Shizuoka prefecture which is famous for tea products
      area and fishery market and to examine the relations between fluoride and other
      mineral contents, such as calcium, magunesium and phosphorus. Fluoride contents
      in tea produced in this area have been reported by Matsuura and Kokubu and other
      investigators, but more recent data are scarce. Samples were taken from a kind of
      shrimp known as Sakura-shrimp and from 4 kinds of commercial tea (coarse tea, 2
      kinds of green tea and refined green tea). After having been dried and powdered,
      1g of each sample was reduced to ashes at 550 degrees C for 10 hours with Ca(OH)2
      as a fluoride fixative. Fluoride was distilled from each ash sample at about 140
      degrees C with HClO4, and about 200 ml of distillate was collected from each
      sample. Fluoride contents were determined by means of ion-specific electrode.
      Calcium and magnesium contents were determined by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry, and phosphorus contents were determined by Chen, Toribara and
      Warner's method. Total fluoride contents of the samples were as follows: 61.73ppm
      in shrimp, 180.16ppm in coarse tea, 72.62ppm and 89.02ppm in the 2 kinds of green
      tea, and 71.11ppm in refined green tea. More than 99% of the total fluoride was
      obtained from 150ml distillate of each sample. Calcium contents were extremely
      high in shrimp (21,822ppm) and 2,106-2,693ppm in tea samples. Magnesium contents
      were highest in shrimp (3,088ppm) and lowest in coarse tea (1,333ppm).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641198
TI  - [Clinical study of the correlation between bad breath and subgingival
      microflora].
AB  - A dark field microscopic examination of subgingival microorganisms and gas
      chromatographic analysis of volatile sulphur compounds were employed to
      investigate the role of subgingival microflora in the production of bad breath.
      Subjects (11 female, 13 male; aged 24 to 61) were divided into the following 2
      groups on the basis of apparent bad breath by the olfactory judgement; bad breath
      group (group B, n = 13), and no bad breath group (group N, n = 11). A gas tight
      syringe was employed to withdraw 5 ml mouth air samples, which were injected
      directly into the gas chromatograph. Volatile sulphur compounds produced in mouth
      air were analyzed by gas chromatograph to determine volumes of CH3SH. Subgingival
      plaque samples were taken with sterilized paper points from the deepest site of
      probing depth in each subjects. The samples were examined by means of dark field
      microscopy and 100 bacteria in randomly selected fields were classified on a
      percentage basis into one of the following morphological categories: (1)
      spirochetes, (2) motile rods, (3) filaments, (4) fusiforms, (5) straight rods,
      and (6) coccoid cells. Total cell counts per 1 ml were calculated from bacterial
      counts of each categories. Comparison of 2 independent means from each groups
      were carried out by Wilcoxon's rank sum test for nonparametric values.
      Correlations of bacterial data with CH3SH values in mouth air were determined by
      means of Spearman rank correlation cofficient. Results were as follows; 1.
      Significant differences existed in the microbial flora between the 2 groups:
      percentage of spirochetes and motile rods in group B were significantly higher
      than those in group N (p less than 0.01). Total cell counts of group B were
      significantly greater than group N, and there were statistically significant
      differences (p less than 0.01). 2. CH3SH values in mouth air had positive
      correlations with the percentage of spirochetes, the percentage of motile rods,
      and total cell counts. These results are consistent with the view that
      subgingival microorganisms play a certain role in the production of bad breath.
      Moreover, it was suggested that spirochetes and motile rods are related to the
      mechanism of bad breath production.

PMID- 2641199
TI  - [High resolution electron microscopy of the crystalline structure in
      remineralized enamel].
AB  - The present work was designed to elucidate crystallographic changes in enamel
      that had been demineralized in a 0.01 M acetate buffer (pH 4.0) for 2 days at 50
      degrees C and then remineralized in a solution containing 1 mM Ca, 0.6 mM P, and
      0.05 mM F for 1 or 2 weeks at 37 degrees C. The demineralized and remineralized
      enamel samples were observed by means of high-resolution electron microscopy,
      electron-probe analysis, and small area X-ray or electron diffraction. Before
      remineralization, demineralized enamel had been composed of sparsely arranged
      apatite crystals with either a central perforation or lateral surface defects or
      both. Measurements of crystalline (001) planes indicated that crystals in
      demineralized enamel were significantly larger than those in intact enamel, thus
      suggesting that crystal growth had taken place during demineralization. Small,
      newly formed, hexagonal crystals occurred in remineralized enamel. In some cases,
      precipitation of such small crystals together with localized enamel-crystal
      regrowth restored central perforations and lateral defects. A number of the
      small, newly formed crystals and preexisting enamel crystals aggregated to form a
      group with a roughly hexagonal outline. After the growth and fusion of these
      grouping crystals, a large, regular-hexagonal crystal formed. Such various kinds
      of lattice defects as edge dislocation, small-angle grain boundary, and lattice
      displacement were frequently detected in fusing crystal boundaries. Prolonging
      remineralization duration seemed to reinforce these lattice defects. Electron
      probe and X-ray diffraction studies led to the assumption that the large
      hexagonal crystals were fluoroapatite. These results indicate that
      remineralization of demineralized enamel proceeds through several stages,
      including formation and growth of new crystals and regrowth of preexisting enamel
      crystals.

PMID- 2641200
TI  - [Craniofacial morphology of parents with cleft lip and palate children].
AB  - In order to elucidate their cranial and facial morphological features, frontal
      and lateral cephometric analysis was made of parents of 86 children with cleft
      lip with or without cleft palate [CL (P)] and 14 children with cleft palate (CP).
      Similar analysis was made of 30 control male and female volunteers who
      demonstrated no maxillofacial anormalies and had no blood relatives affected by
      CL(P) or CP. In addition, discriminative analysis was performed. Results (1)
      Maximum cranial breadth values in the 4 parent groups, both father groups [CL(P)
      F, CP-F] and mother groups [CL(P)-M, CP-M] were lower than those in controls.
      Differences were significant in the CP-F and CP-M groups. The shapes and sizes of
      the cranial base, however, in all parent groups showed no distinct difference
      from those in the control group. (2) Inner canthal distance and maximum piriform
      aperture breadth in all parent groups and outer canthal distance, zygoma breadth,
      and maxillary alveolar base breadth in the CL(P)-F, CL(P)-M, and CP-M groups were
      all greater than those in controls. The differences were significant in the case
      of inner canthal distance and maximum piriform aperture breadth in the CL(P)-F
      group and in both inner and outer canthal distances and maximum piriform aperture
      breadth in the CL(P)-M group. (3) SNA angle in all parent groups was slightly
      greater, but occlusal plane angle and maxillary incisor angle were smaller than
      those in the control group. Significant difference was noted in occlusal plane
      angle in the CL(P)-F group. In all parent groups, depth values at various upper
      facial points in the lateral aspect of hard tissue tended to be greater and
      height values smaller than those of the control group. (4) In all parent groups,
      upper facial height, upper labial thickness, upper labial bending degree, and
      anterior nasal angle in the lateral aspect of the upper facial soft tissue tended
      to be smaller and upper labial height greater than those in the control group. A
      distinct difference between subjects and controls was observed in upper labial
      height in the CL(P)-F and CL(P)-M groups and in upper labial bending degree in
      the CP-F and CP-M groups. (5) Although no distinct difference was observed
      between controls and the parent groups in terms of facial angle and SNB angle,
      mandibular plane angle and gonial angle were relatively large and incisor axial
      angle was small in the parent groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2641201
TI  - [Statistical study of epulis, especially in general pathology].
AB  - This report contains a statistical study of 874 cases of epulis diagnosed by the
      Department of Pathology of Tokyo Dental College from 1966 to 1986. 1. Of the 874
      cases, 344 were epulis fibrosa, 217 were epulis granulomatosa, 78 were epulis
      fibromatosa, 74 were epulis fibrosaosteoplastica, 51 were epulis hemangiomatosa,
      43 were epulis fibrosa teleangiectaticum, 15 were epulis cementoplastica, 14 were
      epulis osteomatosa, 3 were congenital epulis, 2 were giant cell epulis, and 1 was
      epulis cementomatosa. 2. As has been reported in other literature, there is a
      marked tendency for this condition to occur in females (331 male cases and 539
      female cases). 3. Our data indicate a higher occurrence rate in people in their
      fifties, although the occurrence rates were similar in people in their twenties
      and in people in their sixties. 4. The epulis was observed most frequently in the
      maxillary incisor region.

PMID- 2641202
TI  - [Study on gypsum hardener].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to search for an appropriate condition for
      shortening the treatment time of gypsum hardener, Plaster Aid. In order to keep
      the increased strength of plaster with this new hardener, compressive strength
      and dimensional change in various conditions of heating temperature, heating time
      and drying time were examined. The following results were obtained. 1. High
      compressive strength was maintained in the condition of 70 degrees C of heating
      temperature, with more than 15 minutes of heating time and more than 15 minutes
      of drying time. In this condition up to 90 minutes could be saved in comparison
      with the conventional method. 2. Plaster models had a tendency to shrink in the
      condition of 70 degrees C of heating temperature.

PMID- 2641203
TI  - [Experimental studies on properties of mouth protector: evaluation of various
      materials dynamic energy absorption test with electrical shock sensor].
AB  - During contact sports, mouth protectors are very effective in protecting teeth
      from traumatic forces, which are usually great enough to fracture teeth or at
      least to damage their supporting structures. In addition, they reduce the force
      transmitted through the temporomandibular joint to the base of the skull.
      Athletes select mouth protectors from various view points, that is, energy
      absorption, comfortable seating, retention, durability, speech facility, lack of
      taste, and cleanliness. In this study, the physical properties of various highly
      polymerized compound materials were investigated in an attempt to select a
      suitable material for use as a mouth protector and to develop a new relevant
      mechanical test. Dynamic energy absorption tests were performed by positioning a
      specimen on the board and allowing a 12.7 mm diameter steel ball to fall from a
      predetermined height and measuring by electrical shock sensor. The following
      results were obtained: 1. Materials such as Rabaron S 371 C, Exaflex, Flexicon
      and Sorbosene (soft type), indicated highest value of energy absorption rate. 2.
      As the thickness of inner materials increased the energy absorption rate also
      increased and the logarithmic decrement decreased.

PMID- 2641204
TI  - [Surface accuracy of hydrophilic impressions. 1].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine detail reproducibility and surface
      roughness of stone models made from silicone, polysulfied rubber, alginate and
      agar impression materials using stainless steel test block (ISO). In addition,
      the influence of artificial saliva was studied. The following results were
      obtained: 1. Silicone impression materials showed the best detail reproducibility
      of all materials. 2. When artificial saliva was dropped on the stainless steel
      test block, hydrophilic silicone impression material showed the best detail
      reproducibility. 3. In the test using artificial saliva, alginate and agar
      impression materials showed better surface roughness, but poorer detail
      reproducibility than silicone impression ones. 4. Hydrophilic silicone material
      indicated the highest detail reproducibility, and the lowest surface roughness in
      the test using artificial saliva.

PMID- 2641205
TI  - Clinical occurrence and virulence testing of coagulase-negative staphylococci.
AB  - A total of 650 coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains of miscellaneous
      clinical origin were isolated and identified during a 7-year-period. In all kinds
      of samples Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequently found species. In
      wounds the incidence of haemolytic species (S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S.
      haemolyticus, S. simulans, S. warneri) was 79.3%. Among strains derived from male
      genitals (urethra, semen, etc.) S. epidermidis and S. simulans predominated. Only
      8.2% of the strains were found not to harbour resistance determinants, while 63%
      proved to be multiply resistant. Only the incidence of resistance to oxacillin
      and first and second generation cephalosporins was low (12.8, 14.9 and 4.5%,
      respectively). Vancomycin was the only drug effective against all strains.
      Extracellular slime was produced by 42.2% of the strains. The frequency of slime
      positivity among isolates causing clinical infection was twice as high as among
      contaminations. Slime production seems to be a stable characteristic of the
      isolates. The comparison of two methods used for detection of slime factor showed
      that incubation in test tube in Tryptone Soya Broth, or its application to
      microtiter plates evaluated by photometry are of equal diagnostic value.

PMID- 2641206
TI  - Trial without catheter following acute retention of urine.
AB  - A total of 60 patients with acute urinary retention were studied to establish
      whether a trial without a catheter was justified and to identify subgroups of
      patients most likely to benefit from this practice. The patients were randomly
      allocated to 3 groups; the catheters were removed either immediately after the
      bladder was emptied, or 24 or 48 h later; 17 patients urinated satisfactorily
      after removal of the catheter. Re-establishment of micturition was not associated
      with the length of history or severity of symptoms of prostatism, with age or the
      presence of urinary tract infection. The mean retained volume of urine in
      patients with a satisfactory result was 786 ml and 1069 ml in the failures. Of
      the 34 patients with retained volumes of less than 900 ml, 15 were successful in
      re-establishing micturition compared with 2 of 26 of those with retained volumes
      greater than 900 ml. The time of catheter removal was not important. The 17
      successful patients were reviewed 6 months later. None reported further urinary
      retention; 6 had required prostatectomy for severe symptoms, 6 had minor symptoms
      and 5 were symptomless. It was concluded that a trial without a catheter is
      worthwhile, since 11 of 60 patients had not required surgery, but it should be
      avoided in patients with a residual volume exceeding 900 ml.

PMID- 2641207
TI  - Influence of the extracellular glutamate concentration on the intracellular
      cyst(e)ine concentration in macrophages and on the capacity to release cysteine.
AB  - Cell culture experiments with approximately physiological amino-acid
      concentrations show that a 3- to 5-fold elevation of the extracellular glutamate
      concentration causes a substantial decrease of the intracellular cysteine and
      glutathione content of murine peritoneal macrophages. Our experiments show,
      moreover, that murine peritoneal macrophages, human peripheral blood monocytes,
      and murine fibroblastoid cells (L-cells) consume cystine and release cysteine
      into the extracellular space. This process was found to be markedly suppressed in
      all three cell types by a 3- to 5-fold increase of the extracellular glutamate
      concentration. Possible implications of these effects for the pathogenetic
      mechanism of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are discussed.

PMID- 2641208
TI  - Tracheostomy in the intensive care unit: a safe alternative to the operating
      room.
AB  - Severely injured patients frequently require endotracheal intubation, either by
      the nasotracheal (NT) or orotracheal (OT) route, for airway control and/or
      ventilatory support. If intubation is required for more than two to four weeks,
      an elective tracheostomy is usually indicated. Transferring these patients to the
      operating room is difficult, and it impairs their continued monitoring and care.
      Over a period of 48 months at our institution, 74 patients had tracheostomy done
      in the intensive care unit (ICU) by a surgical resident (PG2 level) assisted by a
      chief resident or attending faculty member. Local anesthesia was supplemented
      with intravenous sedatives, and operating room technique was used, with complete
      surgical instrument pack and adequate lighting. There were no deaths from the
      procedure. There were no complications specifically attributed to the performance
      of tracheostomy in the ICU, though one patient each suffered tracheitis,
      tracheostomy tube dislodgement, and tracheomalacia. Tracheostomy in the ICU
      avoids the risks of moving these patients with all their monitoring and infusion
      lines, and saves operating room time and charges. Trained surgical personnel
      using adequate instruments and lighting can safely perform a tracheostomy in the
      intensive care unit.

PMID- 2641209
TI  - The perinatal paradox: doing more and accomplishing less.

PMID- 2641210
TI  - [Effects of prospidin on the development of pulmonary metastases of Lewis tumors
      in rats in regard to changes in the level of extracellular calcium].
AB  - The effect of prospidin on Lewis lung carcinoma spreading under hyper- and
      hypocalcemia was studied. At early stages, increased extracellular calcium level
      was associated with inhibition of tumor dissemination to the lungs; however,
      later, colony growth was stimulated. Extracellular calcium level was shown to
      modulate the antitumor and antimetastatic effect of prospidin.

PMID- 2641211
TI  - Forced subarachnoid air in transsphenoidal excision of pituitary tumors (pumping
      technique)
AB  - Inversion and prolapse into the sella of the superior capsule and the diaphragma
      sellae is the only condition that warrants, at least macroscopically, radical
      removal of tumors with suprasellar extension operated on via the transsphenoidal
      route. If this does not occur spontaneously, air can be introduced into the
      subarachnoid space through a lumbar spinal catheter to produce forced dissection
      of the suprasellar cisterns and collapse of the tumor capsule ("pumping
      technique"). This method permits complete removal of the neoplastic tissue. In a
      series of 124 transsphenoidal operations for tumors with suprasellar extension,
      spontaneous descent of the capsule occurred in only 26 cases. Forced dissection
      using air distension of the cisterns was carried out in 88 cases, with complete
      success in 56 cases, partial success in 20, and no effect in 12. There were no
      complications or unwanted side effects in any patient.

PMID- 2641212
TI  - Effects of ultrasonic flea collars on Ctenocephalides felis on cats.
AB  - Ultrasonic flea collars marketed by 2 companies were evaluated for their ability
      to reduce flea numbers on cats with experimentally induced flea (Ctenocephalides
      felis) infestations. The sound output of the collars was evaluated both before
      and after use to ensure that the collars were functional. Each brand was
      evaluated on 5 cats for a 7-day period. Collars generated peak frequencies of 40
      kHz and 80 to 92 dB sound pressure level at 10 cm. An average of 98.6 and 97.4%
      of the fleas were still on the cats after treatment and control periods,
      respectively. The ultrasonic flea collars were ineffective in reducing flea
      numbers on these cats.

PMID- 2641213
TI  - Presentation of manuscripts for publication in The British Journal of Surgery.

PMID- 2641214
TI  - Disclosure of HIV antibody status: behavioral and mental health correlates.

PMID- 2641215
TI  - How black and Latino community organizations respond to the AIDS epidemic: a case
      study in one New York City neighborhood.

PMID- 2641216
TI  - AIDS and women: remaining ethical issues.

PMID- 2641218
TI  - Innovative educational strategies and recommendations for AIDS prevention and
      control.

PMID- 2641219
TI  - Perspectives on AIDS in Africa: strategies for prevention and control.

PMID- 2641217
TI  - Personal service workers: a critical link in the AIDS education chain?
AB  - Based on the hepatitis B experience in these PSW occupations, it is possible to
      transmit HIV through instruments, materials, and equipment used by PSWs. However,
      PSWs include a group of people that may be overlooked when planning and
      conducting AIDS education programs because they do not fit into a well defined
      and apparent risk category as other health care workers. Educators should be
      cognizant of the need to address this issue in terms of prevention of HIV
      transmission and proper infection control procedures for PSWs. Educational
      programs need to be tailored to specific PSW occupations because of their
      occupational differences. Concern for the potential transmission of HIV through
      acupuncture, electrology, tattooing, and cosmetology is evident at local, state,
      and national levels. Anecdotal stories have reported clients purchasing their own
      electrolysis and acupuncture needles and combs and scissors. Barber shops have
      declined to shave clients because of their concern over HIV transmission. PSWs
      need to be concerned with reducing the potential to transmit all infectious
      diseases, including hepatitis B and HIV. In the current climate of "AIDS phobia,"
      PSWs need to be able to assure their clients that they can provide valued
      personal services in a safe manner.

PMID- 2641220
TI  - Prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection among adolescents: the
      interplay of health education and public policy in the development and
      implementation of school-based AIDS education programs.

PMID- 2641221
TI  - Charleston declaration on AIDS education, counseling and prevention.
      International Society for AIDS Education, Second International Conference on AIDS
      Education, August 2-4, 1988, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.

PMID- 2641222
TI  - Responding to AIDS: ten principles for the workplace.

PMID- 2641223
TI  - AIDS education for family planning service providers.

PMID- 2641224
TI  - The First International Interdisciplinary Course on AIDS.

PMID- 2641225
TI  - AIDS education in Brazil.

PMID- 2641226
TI  - Coalition for AIDS education in east Tennessee.

PMID- 2641227
TI  - Mobilizing against AIDS in southwest USA.

PMID- 2641228
TI  - The health outreach team: taking AIDS education and health care to the streets.

PMID- 2641229
TI  - Ambiguities and scares in educational material about AIDS.

PMID- 2641230
TI  - To embrace the messenger: connections in three plays about AIDS.

PMID- 2641231
TI  - An evaluation of AIDS prevention brochures for university women and men.

PMID- 2641232
TI  - Targeting AIDS through information, education, and communications programs:
      implications for Africa and the Caribbean.

PMID- 2641233
TI  - San Francisco AIDS Foundation offers consulting programs.

PMID- 2641234
TI  - The Citizens Commission on AIDS: a leadership response to the AIDS crisis.

PMID- 2641235
TI  - The AIDS quilt: a powerful educational tool.

PMID- 2641236
TI  - AIDS exhibition at the National Museum of Health & Medicine.

PMID- 2641237
TI  - Public health students' knowledge of AIDS: implications for HIV-related training
      needs.

PMID- 2641238
TI  - Towards an AIDS information strategy for Zimbabwe.

PMID- 2641239
TI  - Designing interventions to prevent HIV-1 infection by promoting use of condoms
      and spermicides among intravenous drug abusers and their sexual partners.
AB  - This paper summarizes the results of a 2-day workshop to identify the most
      effective educational strategies to promote use of condoms and spermicides for
      preventing heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 virus from intravenous drug abusers
      (IVDA) to their steady, nonintravenous drug abusing (NIVDA) sexual partners.
      Representatives from health departments, drug abuse treatment centers, academic
      institutions, service organizations, and the community discussed issues relating
      to population characteristics, educational strategies and recruitment techniques.
      A consensus document that identifies the most effective recruitment and
      intervention strategies was developed. Recruitment issues include locations,
      recruitment targets, anticipated difficulties, and ethical considerations. The
      majority of workshop participants agreed that an intervention should target the
      couple (both IVDA and NIVDA). Intervention concerns encompass obtaining trust,
      maintaining participation, and identifying guidelines to maximize program impact.

PMID- 2641240
TI  - Factors associated with hospital workers' reactions to the treatment of persons
      with AIDS.
AB  - This article reports on how the increasing number of AIDS patients is having a
      significant impact on the delivery of healthcare services. Healthcare workers
      need to learn how to provide medical care for persons with AIDS as well as how to
      interact with and relate to them. Workers who have accurate information regarding
      the transmission of AIDS report more positive responses. In addition to didactic
      educational efforts hospital workers need explicit education on the psychosocial
      issues related to AIDS including such issues as fears of contagion,
      homosexuality, and death anxiety. Ethnic and cultural differences of both the
      AIDS population and healthcare workers must be addressed to relieve feelings of
      risk, stress, and discomfort. Each healthcare setting must determine the most
      effective means to educate all levels of staff on a continual basis.

PMID- 2641241
TI  - Methods for the reduction of AIDS social anxiety and social stigma.
AB  - A cognitive-social model is proposed for the study of AIDS social attitudes.
      Features of the ambivalent (fear and compassion) public belief system toward PWAs
      are outlined and ways to increase altruism and reduce fear are specified. Three
      studies are reported using cognitive-social methods for the reduction of AIDS
      social anxiety and social stigma. Study 1 found that cognitive inoculation and
      abbreviated group desensitization equally reduced AIDS social anxiety measured by
      a verbal scale. One form of brief group desensitization was superior to basic
      factual, counterphobic inoculation in reducing desire for social restriction of
      persons with AIDS (PWAs). In Study 2 subject improvisational role playing of PWAs
      increased positive attitudes toward PWAs and desire for altruistic actions but
      did not reduce measured fear. Knowledge of AIDS was negatively correlated with
      AIDS social anxiety and desire for patient restriction. AIDS social anxiety was
      negatively correlated with altruism and positively correlated with homophobia. In
      Study 3, three forms of experimenter-guided mastery imagery reduced AIDS social
      anxiety and increased AIDS altruism. Results of these studies may have relevance
      to reducing high-risk contagious behavior, as well as to reducing AIDS social
      stigma and social anxiety. A componential model of AIDS education is described.

PMID- 2641242
TI  - Development of an instrument to measure attitudes toward acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome.
AB  - The AIDS Attitude Scale (AAS) was developed to measure attitudes toward acquired
      immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among college students. In phase one, 67 items,
      determined by an expert panel to have content validity, were randomly ordered and
      administered to 164 student volunteers in a large southern university. Fifty-four
      individual items that correlated significantly (p less than .001) with the total
      attitude scores were retained for the final version of the scale. In phase two,
      the revised scale was administered to 135 student volunteers to determine its
      internal reliability (alpha = .96). Females and older students (21 and over) were
      significantly more tolerant about AIDS than males and younger students.
      Preliminary factor analysis revealed three factors explaining approximately 45%
      of the variance in response patterns; they related to proximity with people with
      AIDS, moral issues, and social welfare issues. Uses of the instrument in
      attitudinal studies, program planning, and evaluation are discussed.

PMID- 2641243
TI  - AIDS and drug use: breaking the link. Citizens Commission on AIDS for New York
      City and northern New Jersey.

PMID- 2641244
TI  - The effect of terminology on public consciousness related to the HIV epidemic.
AB  - Language, as a reflection of culture, not only mirrors the concepts of the
      society in which it is employed, but also shapes the consciousness of the people
      who communicate with it. Recently acquired terminology related to AIDS has had a
      dramatic effect upon American perceptions and traditions. Current suggestions
      that the term "HIV infection" be used as a substitute for "AIDS" when referring
      to the epidemic we currently face validly demonstrate the impact that semantics
      have upon accurately raising consciousness regarding the magnitude of a problem.
      People involved in AIDS/HIV instruction should take these concerns into
      consideration when presenting the AIDS issue.

PMID- 2641245
TI  - The National AIDS Information Clearinghouse.

PMID- 2641246
TI  - School boards and HIV prevention education for youth.

PMID- 2641247
TI  - NSBA publishes report on the need for AIDS education.

PMID- 2641248
TI  - NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service established.

PMID- 2641249
TI  - Who hasn't heard about AIDS?
AB  - This article analyzes who among the general population has not heard about AIDS
      despite intensive educational programs and widespread media attention about the
      syndrome. The data are drawn from a survey of the general public's knowledge,
      attitudes, and behavior toward AIDS in May-July, 1987 to establish a baseline for
      future educational interventions and to identify groups in need of special
      educational efforts. A total of 1540 interviews were conducted in Chicago and the
      surrounding six-county metropolitan area with adults between the ages of 18 and
      60 in a two-stage cluster sample designed to compare blacks, whites, and
      Hispanics. Of the 1540 respondents, 49 (3.2%) had never heard of AIDS.
      Contingency table and logistic regression analyses indicated that lower
      educational levels and being Hispanic or Asian predict not having heard about
      AIDS. The results suggest the need for programs and intervention strategies that
      consider the special characteristics of these populations.

PMID- 2641250
TI  - A preliminary investigation using drama in community AIDS education.
AB  - This investigation assessed the impact of drama on AIDS-related knowledge and
      beliefs of selected individuals in a university community. Subjects were 136
      members of the audience attending two performances of "As Is," the award-winning
      drama by William Hoffman depicting the illness and inevitable death of a
      homosexual man with AIDS. The investigation used a pretest-posttest design in
      which subjects completed a survey instrument before and immediately after the
      performance. No changes in AIDS-related beliefs were detected as a result of the
      play. However, knowledge decreased slightly. A linear multiple regression
      analysis determined variables that contributed significantly to variation in
      pretest knowledge about AIDS. Pretest knowledge scores were high, particularly in
      terms of modes of transmission. However, some confusion was evident concerning
      the concept of casual contact. Though subject responses on a pretest tolerance
      index generally indicated tolerant beliefs toward people with AIDS, substantial
      concerns were evident among a minority of subjects. More definitive research is
      needed to examine the impact of drama as a medium for affecting knowledge and
      beliefs about AIDS and other complex, emotion-laden health education issues.

PMID- 2641251
TI  - AIDS fears and homophobia among rural nursing personnel.
AB  - Attitudes and concerns about AIDS of 144 nursing personnel attending conferences
      on AIDS in rural central Pennsylvania were assessed. Participants were
      knowledgeable about AIDS but wished to learn more and wanted additional training.
      Most were moderately worried about contracting AIDS, and a sizeable percentage
      showed irrational fears. AIDS fears centered around fear of casual-contact
      transmission and transmission through intimate contact. Participants held
      generally negative views of gay men and lesbians, and few had personal knowledge
      of gay people. Homophobic attitudes correlated significantly with AIDS phobias,
      suggesting that feelings about gay men may influence the nature of medical care
      that AIDS patients who are gay might receive.

PMID- 2641252
TI  - Mental health care providers: the need for AIDS education.
AB  - Mental health care providers completed a set of measures assessing their
      attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs concerning AIDS. Those surveyed were aware of
      the main transmission routes but were excessively concerned about casual contact.
      Most indicated that they are not competent to deal with AIDS patients and would
      prefer not to care for them. The majority favored client testing and segregated
      programs for HIV-infected persons. Additional AIDS-related education and staff
      support are needed to overcome irrational beliefs and prejudice.

PMID- 2641254
TI  - ISAE elects officers and council members.

PMID- 2641253
TI  - A bridge to treatment: the needle exchange pilot program in New York City.
AB  - The needle exchange pilot program in New York City is one element in a spectrum
      of drug prevention and treatment modalities under way to slow the spread of the
      human immunodeficiency virus. The program's aim is to help us learn about the
      addict behaviors that spread the AIDS virus, including whether needle exchange
      can help reduce the frequency or eliminate those behaviors. Thus far, its primary
      value for clients lies in drug counseling and referral to treatment. Where an
      active IV drug user has taken the first step in changing the direction of his or
      her life by seeking treatment, needle exchange has been a significant means of
      helping keep that change in focus. Because of its value in helping change, and
      save, the lives of intravenous drug users and their sex partners and children, it
      should be expanded, and should be considered for adaption by other communities
      according to their needs as one relatively small element in a comprehensive AIDS
      prevention program.

PMID- 2641256
TI  - AZT benefits HIV-positive asymptomatic people: new hope, new challenges.

PMID- 2641255
TI  - The Community Research Initiative of New York.

PMID- 2641257
TI  - The Third International Conference on AIDS education, September 10-13, 1989,
      Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

PMID- 2641258
TI  - International Society for AIDS Education 1989 resolutions.

PMID- 2641259
TI  - Comments on quantified neurophysiology--problems and advantages.

PMID- 2641260
TI  - Improved accuracy of MEG localization in the temporal region with inclusion of
      volume current effects.
AB  - We studied the magnetic field maps generated by six dipoles in the temporal
      region of a plastic skull filled with conducting gel. The data were processed
      with two mathematical models. One, using Biot-Savart's law, considered only the
      magnetic field generated by a localized current dipole, and the other considered
      a dipole in a sphere and included volume current effects. The contribution of
      volume current effects to the MEG maps was significant. The localizing capability
      of MEG improved from an average distance of 2.9 cm to 0.9 cm when volume current
      effects were considered.

PMID- 2641261
TI  - Waves earlier than P3 are more informative in putative subcortical dementias: a
      study with mapping and neuropsychological techniques.
AB  - Thirty subjects (normal controls, patients with putative subcortical dementia and
      non-demented patient controls) were studied using advanced neurophysiological (16
      scalp-electrode positions, computer-assisted brain electrical activity mapping,
      auditory oddball paradigm) and neuropsychological techniques. Our study suggests
      that waves earlier than P3 (N1, P2 and N2) are all correlated with global
      measures of cognitive functions. They are, however, differentially correlated
      with specific measures of cognitive functions, N1 and P2 with mental speed and N2
      with short-term memory. The abnormalities of these waves (earlier than P3) may be
      an electrophysiologic marker of dementia in patients with putative subcortical
      states.

PMID- 2641262
TI  - Quantitative VEP analysis in children with cortical visual impairment.
AB  - Children with cortical visual impairment (CVI) usually have a typical clinical
      presentation. However, in some cases, it may be useful to have confirmatory
      evidence based on objective electrophysiologic information. To achieve this, we
      examined some mathematically derived parameters constructed from 20 channel
      visual evoked potential (VEP). A group of 30 children diagnosed with CVI by
      clinical and CT findings was compared to a normal control group of 52 children.
      Each recorded VEP was mathematically transformed using Hjorth's source
      derivation, to reduce reference contamination and enhance local features. The
      area under the response curve, computed for each channel within a fixed time
      window, was used as a measure of the response activity at that channel. These
      areas were then used to construct several parameters ("R values") describing
      ratios of activities between different recording electrode areas. Some of these
      ratios provided good separation between patient and control groups, especially
      for children older than 5 years of age; in particular CVI patients were found to
      have a low occipital-to-parietal activity ratio. This finding, together with the
      observed age independence of the R values in the normal population, their ease of
      computation and possible physiological interpretability, suggest that R values
      could be used as confirmatory diagnostic measures.

PMID- 2641263
TI  - Generation of human EEG by a combination of long and short range neocortical
      interactions.
AB  - A theory of neocortical interactions is developed involving both local delays
      (PSP rise and decay times) and global delays due to finite velocity of action
      potentials in corticocortical fibers. The theory is based on plausible
      assumptions regarding input/output relations in neocortical columns and realistic
      neural parameters. The simultaneous existence of short wavelength waves
      propagating away from multiple epicenters and long wavelength standing waves due
      to global boundary conditions is predicted. Both phenomena appear to have
      dominant oscillation frequencies in the general range of observed EEG phenomena
      in humans. A mechanism by which removal of diffuse input from the reticular
      formation may cause an abrupt drop in EEG frequency (as in the transition from
      the awake to sleeping state) is postulated.

PMID- 2641264
TI  - EEG asymmetries may be affected by cranial and brain parenchymal asymmetries.
AB  - The plagiocephaly index, an index that reflects an underlying anatomic asymmetry
      of the brain, was assessed in ten schizophrenic patients and its values were
      correlated with the lateral distribution of quantitatively evaluated EEG. The
      correlations between the index and alpha power at F7 were significant, positive
      for frontal asymmetry (frontal bulging) and negative for occipital flattening. We
      then studied ten normal subjects in an attempt to illuminate the contribution of
      several cephalic and cranial variables to the imbalance of alpha-afterdischarges
      (AD) of VEP recorded at O1-O2. The asymmetry index of AD was computed and
      correlated with asymmetries of CT-derived measures of occipital bone thickness,
      occipital lobe width, mastoid area, and sulcal asymmetry (the asymmetry of
      intraparietal sulcus location from the longitudinal fissure). With the exception
      of the sulcal variable all measures significantly covaried with alpha AD. These
      findings caution that it may be important to determine cranial and brain
      parenchymal asymmetries where brain laterality is pertinent to studies of EEG.

PMID- 2641265
TI  - Bilateral alpha distribution and anatomic brain asymmetries.
AB  - The parieto-occipital (PO) index of the VEP alpha-afterdischarge (AD) was
      assessed bilaterally in normal subjects in three successive sessions separated by
      one-three weeks with two within-session retests. Correlations between PO values
      and asymmetries of occipital and parietal width, mastoid area, basal angle,
      cephalic, and plagiocephaly indices were established in simple correlation and
      stepwise multiple regression analysis. Occipital width, notably in the right
      hemisphere correlated reliably with the PO index in relaxed wakefulness and the
      vigilance task. The population having normal and reversed occipital brain width
      is predicted to have different parieto-occipital AD distribution. Some errors of
      lateral EEG measurements introduced by slant cranial deformity are discussed in
      order to call attention to the fact that anatomy-related lateral EEG changes may
      masquerade as cognition-related asymmetries.

PMID- 2641266
TI  - Human intracerebral potentials associated with target, novel, and omitted
      auditory stimuli.
AB  - We recorded late auditory potentials from lateral and medial regions in the
      frontal, temporal and parietal lobes of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
      implanted with horizontal depth electrodes. Tone sequences were presented in
      three tasks: 1) auditory target detection in a tone sequence, 2) target detection
      with interspersed novel stimuli, and 3) detection of stimulus omissions. At
      frontal sites, potentials to targets showed a triphasic response with peak
      latencies around 200, 270 and 350 ms. At temporal sites, potentials consisted of
      a generally positive 285 ms peak which was sometimes accompanied by a negative
      peak at 200 ms or at 400 ms. At parietal sites, potentials were generally
      triphasic with latencies of about 230, 300, and 370 ms. At most sites, potentials
      evoked by novel stimuli had shorter latencies than those evoked by targets. The
      frontal and parietal potentials were either absent or strongly attenuated during
      stimulus omissions. The results lend further support to the multiple generator
      hypothesis of late potentials and suggest that some of the cerebral sources of
      the late potentials are stimulus dependent while others are not.

PMID- 2641267
TI  - Localization of multiple dipoles: mathematical programming approaches.
AB  - Although there has been progress in EEG and evoked potential analysis, the
      identification of underlying neural activity has eluded researchers despite its
      importance. This paper introduces the application of mathematical programming
      techniques to the "inverse" problem of three-dimensional localization of brain
      activity from scalp potentials. Preliminary computer experience with these
      optimization methods reported herein, yields encouraging results on simulated
      data and points new directions for research.

PMID- 2641268
TI  - Magnetoencephalographic comparison of cortical sensorimotor extrema evoked by
      flexion of index finger and thumb.
AB  - A seven sensor array (6 sensors equally spaced on a 4 cm dia. with 1 sensor at
      the center) was used to differentiate two close sensorimotor sources (voluntary
      movements of right index finger and right thumb). Magnetic field amplitude data
      was analyzed from a single-session recording (single sensor-array location). The
      sensor array was positioned to record the peak magnetic field amplitude (an
      extremum) of one or both digits (analyzed at 145 ms after the electromyogram). An
      extremum was obtained by plotting a topographic field map and also by
      mathematical interpolation (both) from the seven-sensor amplitudes while at a
      fixed location. This method of analysis graphically showed digit extrema
      separation in all subjects over the negative extrema and thus separation of the
      neural generator populations at this specific time. Statistical significance of
      the seven sensor amplitudes was examined by null hypotheses testing. The digit
      extrema separation (over the negative extrema) was influenced by errors primarily
      due to noise, signal-to-noise ratio = 6 +/- 2.4, and the subjects' variability in
      digit flexion. This analysis eliminated sensor array position error and minimized
      the analysis time to a single session. From the plotted distribution of extrema
      pertaining to a particular flexion (same subject), obtained from repeated
      sessions, a mean extrema location for each digit was determined. In this manner,
      a separation between the digit extrema was demonstrated. The mapped distribution
      also provided a clear display of the error in plotting extrema locations. For
      both digits the error in mapping extrema locations (negative only) was 0.9
      cm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641269
TI  - Hemi-field pattern visual evoked potentials: a comparison of display and analysis
      techniques.
AB  - Three methods for analyzing the spatial organization of visual evoked potentials
      were compared. Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials were obtained from a
      single subject under three viewing conditions: stimulation of the left, right,
      and both visual fields. The scalp distribution of the VEP to 1 deg checks was
      displayed using three recording and analysis techniques: a conventional
      horizontal occipital array of electrodes, topographic mapping, and 3-dimensional
      evoked potentials. All three techniques revealed "paradoxical" lateralization of
      P100. The relative merits of each technique are discussed.

PMID- 2641270
TI  - Computerized electroencephalography in the evaluation of early dementia.
AB  - In elderly patients presenting to an ambulatory practice with complaints of
      cognitive disturbance, early dementia must be differentiated from depression. The
      present paper describes the application of standard electroencephalography and
      evoked potential testing (EEG/EP) and computerized electroencephalography with
      evoked potential mapping (CEEG/EPM) in the analysis of 64 elderly patients
      complaining of cognitive disturbance. Although previous reports have claimed a
      sensitivity level of up to 80% for EEG in demented patients, it appears that a
      lower sensitivity (37% for EEG alone and 61% for EEG/EP) may be expected at the
      time of early presentation according to the present study. No EEG/EP
      abnormalities were detected in patients with depression. In demented patients,
      CEEG/EPM was abnormal in 85% (46 of 54) of cases compared to 10% (1 of 10) of
      cases with depression. Specific information was obtained from EEG/EP studies that
      helped differentiate the various causes of dementia in three cases. In CEEG/EPM
      studies, a pattern of relative suppression of alpha activity or suppressed
      auditory P300 amplitude in the posterior parietal regions was observed in 11 or
      23 (48%) patients with Alzheimer's disease and 2 of 31 (6%) patients with other
      forms of dementia. None of the depressed patients demonstrated such changes.
      Based on the present study, it appears that computerized techniques may hold
      promise as an adjunct to standard EEG evaluation of patients with mild cognitive
      change in whom diagnosis of dementia or depression is in doubt. Although standard
      EEG rarely demonstrates characteristic changes that may help differentiate causes
      of dementia, CEEG/EPM appears to demonstrate, on occasion, abnormalities in the
      posterior temporal and parietal regions in patients with a diagnosis of probable
      Alzheimer's disease and rarely in other forms of dementia or depression.

PMID- 2641271
TI  - The role of cachectin/tumor necrosis factor in AIDS.

PMID- 2641272
TI  - Cancer and the human chromosome (Part 1).

PMID- 2641273
TI  - Aeromonas spp. in foods: a significant cause of food poisoning?
AB  - From a total of 563 samples of various foodstuffs purchased from retail outlets
      in the Reading area 287 were found to contain mesophilic Aeromonas spp. The types
      of sample which were most frequently contaminated were poultry (79.3%) and offal
      (84.3%). Of three media compared for their efficiency in recovering Aeromonas
      spp. after enrichment in alkaline peptone water, Difco Aeromonas was the most
      efficient. Cytotoxin was produced by approximately 50% of the A. hydrophila and
      A. sobria strains but by none of A. caviae strains. It is concluded that both raw
      and cooked foods are potential sources for infecting human beings with Aeromonas
      spp.

PMID- 2641274
TI  - Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from vacuum-packed cooked ring
      sausages.
AB  - The bacterial populations of the surface layer and the centre of 15 spoiled
      vacuum-packed cooked ring sausages were characterized. About 95% of the total
      bacterial population in the surface layer and 55% at the centre were lactic acid
      bacteria. Another large bacterial group at the centre consisted of Bacillus spp.
      The lactic acid bacteria on the surface and at the centre were quite similar.
      Atypical streptobacteria, i.e. homofermentative psychrotrophic lactobacilli, were
      a major group of lactic acid bacteria in the surface layer of the spoiled
      sausages. Three main homofermentative groups could be observed on the basis of
      different carbohydrate patterns. Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria belonged
      mainly to genus Leuconostoc. The proportion of leuconostocs in the spoiled
      sausages was also quite large. They could be divided into three main groups on
      the basis of different carbohydrate fermentation patterns. The lactic acid
      bacteria population of spoiled cooked ring sausages thus seemed to be
      heterogeneous. The strains isolated resembled strains observed by other workers
      in meat and meat products.

PMID- 2641275
TI  - Growth and activity of Shewanella putrefaciens isolated from spoiling fish.
AB  - A total of 101 cultures of H2S-producing organisms isolated from spoiling cod was
      studied. All cultures were identified as Shewanella putrefaciens. Two groups were
      distinguished on the basis of pattern of trimethylamine oxide reduction
      determined by conductance measurement, generation time at 25 degrees C and salt
      tolerance. The S. putrefaciens cultures were further characterized in a number of
      model experiments in order to examine the spoilage activity under various
      conditions. A good correlation between bacterial counts, detection time in
      conductance measurements and production of trimethylamine and off-odour was
      found. There were no differences in spoilage potential between strains of S.
      putrefaciens, and neither initial level of inoculum nor batch of cod used as
      substrate influenced the levels of bacterial count corresponding to a certain
      production of trimethylamine and off-odour.

PMID- 2641276
TI  - A survey on the microbiological quality of various cheeses in Turkey.
AB  - A survey was made at the retail level in the Erzurum, Erzincan and Van markets to
      study the microbial characteristics of pickled white cheese, Erzincan (Savak)
      Tulum cheese and Van herby cheese, the most typical cheeses of Turkey.
      Significant variation was found in their microbiological quality. Microbiological
      analysis revealed the presence of extremely high numbers of total bacteria,
      faecal streptococci, other microorganisms including coliforms, Staphylococcus
      aureus, yeast and mould, lipolytic and proteolytic microorganisms and lactic acid
      bacteria. A statistical relationship between the number of microorganisms and
      variety of cheese type was investigated.

PMID- 2641277
TI  - Protein phosphorylation systems in postmortem human brain.
AB  - Protein phosphorylation systems regulated by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate
      (cyclic AMP), or calcium in conjunction with calmodulin or
      phospholipid/diacylglycerol, have been studied by phosphorylation in vitro of
      particulate and soluble fractions from human postmortem brain samples. One
      dimensional or two-dimensional gel electrophoretic protein separations were used
      for analysis. Protein phosphorylation catalyzed by cyclic AMP-dependent protein
      kinase was found to be highly active in both particulate and soluble preparations
      throughout the human CNS, with groups of both widely distributed and region
      specific substrates being observed in different brain nuclei. Dopamine-innervated
      parts of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex contained the phosphoproteins
      previously observed in rodent basal ganglia. In contrast, calcium/phospholipid
      dependent and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphorylation systems were
      less prominent in human postmortem brain than in rodent brain, and only a few
      widely distributed substrates for these protein kinases were found. Protein
      staining indicated that postmortem proteolysis, particularly of high-molecular
      mass proteins, was prominent in deeply located, subcortical regions in the human
      brain. Our results indicate that it is feasible to use human postmortem brain
      samples, when obtained under carefully controlled conditions, for qualitative
      studies on brain protein phosphorylation. Such studies should be of value in
      studies on human neurological and/or psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2641278
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and cellular distribution of rat chromogranin B
      (secretogranin I) mRNA in the neuroendocrine system.
AB  - The mRNA of rat secretory-vesicle protein chromogranin B is abundant in brain,
      adrenal medulla, and anterior pituitary. The primary translation product
      predicted from the cDNA sequence of this 2,337-nucleotide transcript corresponds
      to a hydrophilic 655-residue protein preceded by a signal peptide. Both termini
      of the mature 75-kD protein show extensive similarity to other chromogranins; the
      more variable internal region is characterized by glutamic acid clusters and
      numerous pairs of basic residues. In rodent brain, mRNA accumulation starts
      around embryonic days 13-14 and peaks by postnatal day 20. In situ hybridization
      in brain sections shows that the mRNA is enriched in the hippocampal formation,
      the endocrine hypothalamus, the olfactory system, and in anatomically distinct
      structures in the pons-medulla.

PMID- 2641279
TI  - Cholinoceptive properties of human primordial, preantral, and antral oocytes: in
      situ hybridization and biochemical evidence for expression of cholinesterase
      genes.
AB  - In addition to their well-known involvement in neuromuscular junctions and in
      brain cholinergic synapses, cholinergic mechanisms have been implicated in the
      growth and maturation of oocytes in various species. Functional acetylcholine
      receptors were electrophysiologically demonstrated in amphibian and mammalian
      oocyte membranes, and activity of the acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme,
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was biochemically measured in the exceptionally big
      oocytes of the frog Xenopus laevis. However, biochemical methods could not reveal
      whether AChE was produced within the oocytes themselves or in the surrounding
      follicle cells. Furthermore, this issue is particularly important for
      understanding growth and fertilization processes in the much smaller human
      oocytes, in which the sensitivity of AChE biochemical measurements is far too low
      to be employed. To resolve this question, a molecular biology approach was
      combined with biochemical measurements on ovarian extracts and sections. To
      directly determine whether the human cholinesterase (ChE) genes are
      transcriptionally active in oocytes, and, if so, at what stages in their
      development, the presence of ChE mRNA was pursued. For this purpose frozen
      ovarian sections were subjected to in situ hybridization using 35S-labeled human
      ChE cDNA. Highly pronounced hybridization signals were localized within oocytes
      in primordial, preantral, and antral follicles, but not in other ovarian cell
      types, demonstrating that within the human ovary ChE mRNA is selectively
      synthesized in viable oocytes at different developmental stages.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641280
TI  - Neuron-specific enolase and its mRNA are highly expressed in large congenital
      nevi: a study using immunocytochemistry, biochemical assay, and in situ
      hybridization.
AB  - The malignant transformation of congenital nevocellular nevi, both large and
      small, is controversial and presents problems in management. The size of the
      lesion is taken to indicate potential malignant transformation, but this is an
      arbitrary scale. A more reliable biological indicator is needed to help predict
      the lesions at risk. Following the localization of neuron-specific enolase to
      most cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system and their neoplasms (including
      benign and malignant melanocytic lesions), it has been suggested that its level
      is related to tumor activity. In a prospective trial, the presence of neuron
      specific enolase immunoreactivity, its concentration, and gene expression in
      nevus cells were studied in 31 congenital melanocytic nevi of various sizes (1.5
      cm to bathing trunk) using immunocytochemistry, biochemical assay, and in situ
      hybridization. Twenty-five of the 31 congenital nevi were immunoreeactive to
      neuron-specific enolase antiserum, with stronger immunostaining in the larger
      lesions. There is an apparent linear relationship between the size of the nevi
      and the level of neuron-specific enolase (expressed as nanograms per milligram
      protein). Neuron-specific enolase mRNA was highly expressed in most of the large
      congenital nevi (greater than 15 cm in diameter), as revealed by autoradiography
      following in situ hybridization. Our results show that neuron-specific enolase
      and its mRNA are expressed to a greater extent in large congenital nevi compared
      with the smaller lesions. This might prove to be a useful indicator of those
      lesions at risk of malignant transformation.

PMID- 2641281
TI  - Improvement of the rotating frame experiment by detection of residual Z
      magnetization: a 31P MRS study of metabolite levels in a Meth-A sarcoma.
AB  - The radio frequency field (B1) gradient of a surface coil can be used to obtain
      spectra from a series of sample regions which experience different B1 field
      strengths. We previously reported that the sensitivity of this method, known as
      the surface coil rotating frame experiment (SCRFE), can be enhanced by applying a
      composite pulse immediately after signal acquisition to sample residual Z
      magnetization which is normally undetected. Initially this modified SCRFE was
      used to obtain spatially resolved spectra across a B1 gradient of a factor of
      2.5. Here we demonstrate the extension of this method to map phosphorylated
      metabolites across a B1 gradient of a factor of close to 5. Computer simulations
      were used to evaluate the performance of the composite pulse, and to assist in
      analyzing the data. The method was used to obtain 31P spectra in vivo from
      various tissue layers within and beneath a murine Meth-A tumor. The spectra
      differentiated between metabolite levels in tumor tissue and underlying skeletal
      muscle. Metabolic heterogeneity within the tumor itself was also evident.

PMID- 2641282
TI  - Potential artefacts from overlying tissues in 31P NMR spectra of subcutaneously
      implanted rat tumours.
AB  - 31P spectra of rat tumours obtained with surface coils are shown to include skin
      signals of varying intensity. As reported previously by Stubbs, M., Rodrigues L.
      M., and Griffiths, J. R., (NMR in Biomedicine 1, 50-55, 1988) three hepatomas
      (rapidly growing Morris hepatoma 7777 and slow growing 9618A, and the UA
      hepatoma) had negligible phosphocreatine (PCr) or creatine (Cr) in acid extracts
      but frequently had PCr signals in surface coil spectra. Prolactinomas and mammary
      adenocarcinomas, which had significant PCr and Cr in extracts, showed higher
      PCr/NTP ratios in spectra taken in vivo than in extracts. A phantom for studying
      skin signals in vivo is described. A glass sphere of typical tumour size (3-4 mL)
      is implanted subcutaneously in the rat. Variations in skin signal with pulse
      duration are demonstrated with this phantom. The factors that could contribute to
      skin artefact in 31P tumour spectra include: (i) the relative concentrations of
      metabolites in skin and tumour; (ii) the skin thickness, which depends on the
      implantation site and rat size; (iii) skin invasion by the tumour; (iv) coil
      design (solenoid coils and Faraday shields are unlikely to eliminate this
      problem); (v) pulse repetition times; (vi) pulse duration and other NMR
      parameters. Careful attention to these factors could reduce skin artefacts.

PMID- 2641283
TI  - A 13C NMR study on fluxes into the Krebs cycle of rabbit renal proximal tubular
      cells.
AB  - Suspensions of rabbit renal proximal tubular (PCT) cells were incubated with [2
      13C] and [3-13C]pyruvate. The perchloric acid extracts of the cell pellets were
      examined by 13C NMR. All experiments showed that enriched lactate, alanine,
      glutamate, and glutamine were the main metabolic intermediates, and that
      enrichment to a minor extent was found in the glutamate residue of glutathione
      (GSH). From these experiments, it could be deduced that PCT cells show a highly
      glycolytic activity, whereas enrichment of glucose exhibits gluconeogenesis. The
      estimation by 13C NMR of the ratio of the flux into the Krebs cycle via pyruvate
      carboxylase to the flux via pyruvate dehydrogenase is discussed. From incubations
      with 10 mM 13C-labelled pyruvate, we calculated from the relative enrichments of
      the glutamate carbon atoms that the ratio of pyruvate carboxylase to pyruvate
      dehydrogenase is 1.44 +/- 0.04 in rabbit renal proximal tubules.

PMID- 2641284
TI  - Broadband proton decoupling in human 31P NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - The limited chemical shift dispersion of in vivo 31P NMR spectra obtained at the
      relatively low field strengths used for human applications is the cause of poor
      spectral resolution. This makes it difficult to obtain accurate quantitative
      information from overlapping resonances, and interesting resonances may be
      obscured. At 1.5 T unresolved 1H-31P couplings contribute significantly to the
      linewidth of in vivo 31P NMR resonances. Therefore, proton decoupling can improve
      spectral resolution substantially, resulting in better resolved resonances and
      more reliable quantitative information. In this work it is shown that well
      resolved resonances of glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine and
      phosphoethanolamine are obtained in 1H decoupled 31P NMR spectra of human muscle,
      brain, and liver. In spectra of the human heart it has been possible to resolve
      the myocardial Pi signal from the signals of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate from blood.
      With surface coils it is difficult to achieve broadband decoupling over the
      entire sensitive region of the coil by using conventional decoupling sequences.
      This problem has been overcome by applying a train of frequency modulated
      inversion pulses to achieve proper decoupling despite B2 inhomogeneity. Broadband
      1H decoupling of 31P NMR spectra was possible without exceeding specific
      absorption rate guidelines.

PMID- 2641285
TI  - 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the normal human brain: approaches using
      four dimensional chemical shift imaging and phase mapping techniques.
AB  - The use of four-dimensional chemical shift imaging to monitor phosphorus
      metabolites within the human brain is illustrated. Saturation effects are
      described, and acquisition conditions are discussed in relation to quantification
      and sensitivity. The effects of magnetic field variations on spectral parameters
      are assessed and the use of a field mapping technique is illustrated.

PMID- 2641286
TI  - Characterization of the transport of the nonelectrolyte dimethyl
      methylphosphonate across the red cell membrane.
AB  - We have refined the method for measuring the equilibrium exchange of the neutral
      phosphoryl compound dimethyl methylphosphonate across the human red cell membrane
      using 31P NMR spectroscopy. Using this improved technique we measured a
      permeability coefficient of dimethyl methylphosphonate of 9.47 +/- 1.01 X 10(-5)
      cm s-1 at a concentration of 164 mM, at 25 degrees C. The transport at 25 degrees
      C was not saturable up to a concentration of 600 mM and was not inhibited by 4,4'
      diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic acid, p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid, copper
      ions or phloretin, or by thiourea or urea at 16 degrees C. The permeability was
      enhanced by butanol and phloretin.

PMID- 2641287
TI  - Surface coil single-pulse localization in vivo via inhomogeneous surface spoiling
      magnetic gradient.

PMID- 2641288
TI  - 31P NMR study of the impact of dietary manipulation on tumor metabolism and
      response to methotrexate.
AB  - The effects of nutritional manipulation and subsequent chemotherapeutic treatment
      upon growth and metabolism of a transplanted rat rhabdomyosarcoma were
      investigated by in vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy. Nutritional manipulation was
      accomplished by administration of a protein deprived diet containing no protein
      and 75.5% glucose. After 5 days the protein deprived rats (PD rats) were
      nutritionally replenished with a normal protein diet containing 27% protein and
      47.3% glucose. Twenty-four hours after nutritional replenishment the PD rats and
      continuously well-fed controls (NP rats) received methotrexate (MTX, 30 mg/kg,
      i.p.). 31P NMR spectroscopy of the tumors 24 h after MTX administration showed a
      decreased ratio of nucleoside triphosphates to inorganic phosphate (referred to
      as 'ATP/Pi ratio') in PD rats in contrast to an unchanged ATP/Pi ratio in the NP
      controls. At the time of MTX administration the PD rats had a significantly lower
      tumor pH than the NP group (6.75 +/- 0.03 [SEM] vs 6.95 +/- 0.04; p less than
      0.02). Tumor response in the PD group was significantly (p less than 0.01)
      enhanced compared to the NP group. These findings indicate that a period of
      dietary protein deprivation combined with a high glucose load and followed by
      nutritional replenishment impairs tumor metabolism. The altered metabolic status
      is expressed by acidification of the tumor and distinct changes in ATP/Pi ratio
      and appears to relate to an enhanced susceptibility to MTX chemotherapy.

PMID- 2641289
TI  - Injury and recovery of the liver from preservation assessed by 31P NMR
      spectroscopy: the contrast between preservation with Collins' solution and
      Ringer's lactate solution.
AB  - The biochemistry of hepatic injury and recovery from preservation for
      transplantation was studied in rat liver perfused in vitro with erythrocytes. ATP
      and its metabolites, inorganic phosphate (Pi) and pH were quantitated as often as
      every 2.5 min by 31P NMR spectroscopy during preservation and recovery. Release
      of the hepatocellular enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase V (LDV) and aspartate
      aminotransferase (AST) were also measured. The duration of preservation with
      Collins' solution, the standard clinical preservative, affected the rate of
      recovery of ATP and monophosphate esters (MP), which include AMP + IMP, and the
      final recovery of Pi, but not of ATP. The difference between Collins' and
      Ringer's lactate solution, a poor preservative, became more apparent as
      preservation time increased. The differences included (1) pH at the end of
      preservative infusion; (2) pH between 0 and 2.5 min of reperfusion; (3) the MP
      increase (AMP + IMP) at the end of 13 h of preservation; (4) rate of recovery of
      ATP after preservation; (5) final ATP recovery during reperfusion; (6) LDV after
      13h of preservation. These biochemical differences between good and poor
      preservation form a rational basis for prediction of liver failure after
      transplantation and for tests of the quality of new preservatives.

PMID- 2641290
TI  - 31P and 13C NMR studies of isolated perfused hematopoietic cells from leukemic
      mice.
AB  - The myeloproliferative leukemic virus (MPLV) induces within 2-3 weeks a massive
      infiltration of the adult mouse liver by hematopoietic leukemic cells. Since the
      metabolism of the infiltrated organ might be correlated with an interaction of
      two cell populations, it was decided to study the isolated hematopoietic cells
      separately. The metabolism of these cells embedded in an agarose gel and perfused
      with labeled substrates was investigated using 31P and 13C NMR. Using [1
      13C]glucose as precursor, sequential 13C NMR spectra showed that the
      hematopoietic cells were able to store glucose as [1-13C]glycogen and to
      metabolize it through the glycolytic pathway to give [3-13C]lactate as sole end
      product. The liver neoglucogenic substrates: [2-13C]pyruvate and [3-13C]alanine
      are not metabolized by these cells. This suggests that the tricarboxylic acid
      cycle was not efficient. To investigate further the glycolytic properties of the
      cells, 10 mM sodium azide was added to the medium containing [1-13C]glucose. When
      compared to the aerobic conditions, a 40% decrease of nucleotides (0.10 vs 0.17
      mumole NTP/10(9) cells), a degradation of [1-13C]glycogen and an increase of ca
      35% of the glycolytic rate were observed. The analysis of 13C NMR spectra of the
      perfusates at the end of the perfusion indicates a total conversion of [1
      13C]glucose into [3-13C]lactate and [3-13C]pyruvate under anaerobic conditions.
      These results permit a better understanding of the metabolism of the perfused
      leukemic livers which are extensively infiltrated by these hematopoietic cells.

PMID- 2641291
TI  - A selective excitation/B0 gradient technique for high-resolution 1H NMR studies
      of metabolites via zero-quantum coherence and polarization transfer.
AB  - A new method for selective observation of scalar coupled metabolites by either
      zero-quantum coherence transfer or polarization transfer with concurrent water
      suppression in a single acquisition was developed. Gaussian shaped RF pulses were
      used to selectively generate multiple-quantum and zero-quantum coherence in the
      metabolite of interest, single quantum (including water) and double quantum
      coherences were then dephased under the influence of a B0 field gradient and the
      surviving zero-quantum coherence was converted to observable metabolite signal.
      The duration of the gradient application and the frequency and angle of the final
      selective read pulse determined whether a polarization transfer or a coherence
      transfer signal was observed. Water suppression factors of around 8000 were
      achieved which allowed operation of the receiver at high gain levels resulting in
      greatly improved signal to noise in the metabolite spectra. The CH3 and CH
      resonances of lactate in a mouse brain homogenate were selectively edited and the
      method was also applied to selective editing of ethanol.

PMID- 2641292
TI  - Volume-selective water-suppressed proton spectra of human brain and muscle in
      vivo.
AB  - Volume-selective water-suppressed proton spectra were recorded from live human
      brain and muscle at 1.5T by combining a stimulated echo acquisition mode pulse
      sequence for localization and two saturation pulses for water suppression (Frahm
      et al., SMRM Abstracts, 1987). Metabolite signals were observed in voxels of size
      4-64 cm3. Signals from -CH3 and beta-CH2 of N-acetylaspartate, =N-CH3 and =N-CH2
      of phosphocreatine/creatine, -N(CH3)3 of choline and inositol protons were
      visible in the brain spectra from normal subjects. Differences in metabolite
      levels were observed between gray and white matters of brain from their water
      suppressed spectra. Peaks from =N-CH3 of phosphocreatine/creatine and -N(CH3)3 of
      choline and carnitine were present in normal muscle spectra along with several
      resonances from fatty acyl chains.

PMID- 2641293
TI  - 1H NMR of plasma for detecting cancer. The effect of trauma on linewidths.
AB  - The specificity of detecting cancer using the methyl and methylene linewidths in
      the 1H NMR spectrum of plasma has been examined for patients with brain tumors.
      Apparently healthy controls are distinguished from patients with metastatic brain
      tumors or malignant primary intracranial neoplasms, although the amount of
      overlap with the latter group precludes the use of the method as a diagnostic
      tool. Furthermore, patients with benign primary intracranial neoplasms are not
      distinguished from those with malignant primary brain tumors, and non-tumor
      neurological patients with traumatic head injury are not distinguished from
      cancer patients. Surgical treatment of neurological patients results in a
      significant narrowing of the 1H NMR bands of interest, particularly for patients
      initially exhibiting broad lines. The narrowing persists for at least 3 weeks.
      This effect of surgical or other trauma on the 1H NMR linewidths indicates that
      the method is unsuitable for assessing the efficacy of surgical treatment of
      cancer.

PMID- 2641294
TI  - 1H NMR studies on protein binding of histidine, tyrosine and phenylalanine in
      blood plasma.
AB  - The binding of histidine (His), phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) to
      macromolecules in blood plasma and serum has been investigated by high resolution
      1H NMR spectroscopy. In single pulse and spin-echo spectra of quality control
      bovine serum and normal human plasma, there are no resonances in the chemical
      shift range to high frequency of delta = 5.3 ppm when measured in the pH* (meter
      reading, uncorrected for the presence of 2H2O) range 3 to 8.5. On acidification
      of the plasma to pH* less than 2.5, resonances from His and Phe are observable.
      In plasma from patients with Wilson's disease, weak signals from His and Tyr are
      seen in spin-echo spectra at pH* 7.6, but increase in strength on acidification
      and signals from Phe appear at pH* 1.8. Addition of standard solutions containing
      Tyr, His and especially Phe and Trp to plasma at neutral pH* results in poor
      recovery of their expected signal intensity in spin-echo spectra. Addition of 2 M
      urea to bovine plasma at pH* 4.5 results in the appearance of Phe signals. These
      data are consistent with Phe and Tyr (and to a lesser extent His) being bound in
      or to a macromolecular structure at neutral pH from which there is relatively
      slow exchange with the free solution environment. Experiments with model
      solutions suggest that serum albumin has a high capacity for binding aromatic
      amino acids (stabilized by hydrophobic interactions) at neutral pH and this is
      responsible for the NMR-invisibility of Tyr and Phe in blood plasma.

PMID- 2641295
TI  - 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of chronic cerebral infarction in rats.
AB  - The chronological changes in the pattern of 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy
      (MRS) associated with cerebral infarction were studied in rats. 31P MRS of
      chronic infarction (1 month after induction of infarction) clearly showed a
      pattern distinct from that of normal brain. In chronic infarction, the relative
      phosphomonoester (PME) level was found to be significantly higher and relative
      phosphocreatine (PCr) level significantly lower compared to normal brain. The
      intracellular pH and the relative inorganic phosphate (Pi) level did not show any
      significant differences. Histological examination indicated that the 31P MRS
      pattern of chronic infarction reflects gliosis.

PMID- 2641296
TI  - An NMR blood test for cancer: a critical assessment.

PMID- 2641297
TI  - NMR study on [1-13C]glucose metabolism in the rat brain during hypoxia.
AB  - The metabolism of [1-13C]glucose in the rat brain during hypoxia was investigated
      by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Male Wistar rats, weighing 100-120g, were anesthetized
      with ketamine (50 approximately 75 mg/kg i.p.) and ventilated mechanically with a
      mixture of 30% oxygen, 69.5% nitrogen and 0.5% halothane. [1-13C]glucose (250
      mg/kg) was infused twice, at 10 minute intervals, through the femoral vein. For
      the control group (n = 4), the oxygen concentration of the inspiratory gas was
      maintained at 30% by vol throughout the experiments. For the hypoxia group (n =
      6), the oxygen concentration in the inspiratory gas was reduced to 6-7% (93-94%
      nitrogen) and maintained for 30 min following [1-13C]glucose infusion. 13C NMR
      spectra were measured by a gated proton-decoupling method without a nuclear
      Overhauser effect. The [1-13C]glucose infusion gave apparent signals of the C1
      carbon in the alpha- and beta-anomers of [1-13C]glucose at 92.7 and 96.7 ppm,
      respectively. Signals of the C2, C3 and C4 carbon atoms in glutamate and/or
      glutamine (glx) also appeared at 55, 27 and 34 ppm, respectively. The intensity
      of glx-C2 and glx-C3 signals increased later than that of glx-C4. The time lag
      between the different glx signals may reflect the turnover rate of the TCA cycle.
      Under the hypoxic condition, the signal of C3 carbon in lactate appeared at 21
      ppm and increased. The alpha-glucose signal diminished during hypoxia, whereas
      the beta-glucose signal kept its intensity. The difference in changes of the
      signal intensity between alpha- and beta-glucose suggests that alpha-glucose is
      consumed more than beta-glucose in the hypoxic brain.

PMID- 2641298
TI  - Broad resonance-edited 31P spectra obtained with a single radiofrequency channel.
AB  - The broad phosphorus resonance of isolated perfused liver can be removed by
      selective presaturation with a DANTE pulse train. The use of the DANTE pulse
      allows the broad resonance to be removed without the use of multiple RF channels
      or the ability to switch the observation channel from low to high power.

PMID- 2641299
TI  - Biochemical consequences of reflushing hypothermically-stored liver with fresh
      cold perfusate. Studies on rat liver using 31P NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - The metabolic response of the rat liver to flushing and reflushing with
      Marshall's solution at pH 7.2 or pH 7.8 has been studied by 31P nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy. The changes in intracellular pH, inorganic phosphate, ATP
      and phosphomonoesters have been determined from the 31P spectra. We show that the
      intracellular pH at any stage of the flushing protocol is largely independent of
      the pH of the medium when using these solutions. However, we demonstrate that
      there are differences between the efficiency of the two solutions in respect of
      the rates of hydrolysis of ATP and accumulation of phosphomonoesters. There were
      also differences in the response of the livers upon reflushing--those livers
      reflushed at pH 7.2 resynthesized ATP from a lower initial concentration to
      achieve ATP concentrations similar to those restored in livers reflushed at pH
      7.8. These trends were mirrored in the responses of the phosphomonoester peaks
      (which contain a contribution from AMP). We conclude that short-term control of
      liver metabolism during hypothermia is possible by use of solutions of different
      pH, but that for longer-term storage, other approaches may be necessary to
      maintain metabolic integrity.

PMID- 2641300
TI  - Linear drive birdcage coil for 23Na human head studies at 1.5 T.
AB  - Progress in the development of non-proton NMR applications in medical research
      has been hampered by the generally low sensitivity of these nuclides as well as
      the lack of instrumentation readily available for studying these spins. For
      example, custom head coils suitable for sodium imaging of the human head are
      either not available or very expensive, making research startup costs high or
      impossible. Herein the detailed design and construction of a research 23Na head
      coil for MRI imaging is presented. 23Na NMR images collected with the coil are
      presented as well as a discussion of design modifications for other nuclides.

PMID- 2641301
TI  - Broadband proton decoupled natural abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy of humans at
      1.5 T.
AB  - The feasibility of broadband proton decoupled in vivo 13C NMR spectroscopy of
      humans at 1.5 T was explored. A dual surface coil set-up was used, comprising a
      circular 13C coil and a butterfly 1H decoupling coil placed at one third of its
      width away from the body. A calibration procedure was introduced to evaluate the
      specific absorption rate (SAR) in any gram of tissue for the inhomogeneous
      decoupling field generated by a surface coil. For the WALTZ-4 sequence it was
      demonstrated that broadband decoupled spectra of both subcutaneous adipose and
      underlying muscle or liver tissue could be obtained at 1.5 T without exceeding
      recommended maximum SAR values. Broadband decoupling caused an additional
      resolution enhancement ascribed to the removal of (1H-13C) long range couplings.
      Broadband proton decoupled spectra of subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained
      in less than 10 min showing highly resolved and intense signals of fully relaxed
      carbon spin systems of triacylglycerols. Broadband proton decoupled 13C NMR
      spectra of calf muscle showed several resonances for metabolites resolved from
      triacylglycerol signals (e.g. C1-C5 of glycogen, C4 of histidine, aromatic and
      carbonyl carbons of aminoacids and N linked carbons of ethanolamine, choline and
      creatine). With an acquisition time of 20-30 min, the C1 glycogen signal was
      observed with a root mean square signal-to-noise ratio of about 15. Not only the
      glycogen C1 signal but also its C2-C6 signals could be monitored in dynamic
      studies. Finally broadband proton decoupled 13C spectra were obtained with
      signals from liver tissue (notably the carbons of glycogen).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641302
TI  - 31P NMR spectroscopic and near infrared spectrophotometric studies of effects of
      anesthetics on in vivo RIF-1 tumors. Relationship to tumor radiosensitivity.
AB  - Mice with subcutaneous RIF-1 tumors were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital
      (PB) or ketamine plus acepromazine (KA) before acquisition of in vivo 31P nuclear
      magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra from tumors. The area of the inorganic phosphate
      resonance was significantly greater (relative to phosphomonoesters or the alpha
      phosphate resonance of nucleoside triphosphate) in spectra obtained under PB
      anesthesia, suggesting that the hypoxic fraction of the tumor increased following
      PB anesthesia. In vivo near-infrared laser spectroscopy directly demonstrated
      that tumor oxyhemoglobin was reduced by more than 20% following PB but was not
      significantly affected by KA. Total hemoglobin (tumor blood volume) was reduced
      by 11% following PB anesthesia, but was not significantly affected by KA. Tumor
      growth delay induced by gamma-irradiation was shorter when tumors were irradiated
      under PB anesthesia than when irradiated under KA, showing that PB anesthesia had
      a radioprotective effect. These studies demonstrate that both the 31P NMR and
      near infrared methods can detect metabolic or physiological changes associated
      with an increase in tumor radioresistance (i.e., an increase in the
      radiobiological hypoxic fraction).

PMID- 2641303
TI  - Alpha interferon approved for AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

PMID- 2641304
TI  - Progress in understanding Kaposi's sarcoma.

PMID- 2641305
TI  - How can I detect a tumor in spite of breast implants?

PMID- 2641306
TI  - Decline in radiotherapy spells decline in thyroid cancer.

PMID- 2641307
TI  - Epidemiology of ovarian cancer.
AB  - What factors influence a woman's chances of developing or avoiding ovarian
      cancer? Because early diagnosis is so difficult and this disease is usually
      diagnosed only in the late stages where treatment usually fails, physicians and
      women are becoming increasingly interested in answering this question. As a
      result of two studies conducted over the last fifteen years, certain risk factors
      have been identified, showing that a woman has a greater chance of developing
      ovarian cancer if she is white, married, has a family history of the disease, has
      no children or has a history of difficulty in conceiving, and has menopausal hot
      flashes. Chances of developing the disease are also greater in women who have a
      primary breast or colon tumor. Clinical conditions were utilization of these risk
      factors may contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality of ovarian
      cancer are suggested.

PMID- 2641308
TI  - Cola and cough syrup used to determine abnormal drug metabolism.

PMID- 2641309
TI  - Helping patients cope with cancer.
AB  - Oncologists and oncology nurses are in a unique and important position to help
      patients cope with the many stressful aspects of cancer. Oncology professionals
      can provide tremendous help to patients and their families by: 1. Being aware of
      the emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and social problems that patients and their
      families commonly experience as they adjust to cancer; 2. Encouraging patients to
      communicate freely about their current problems and their fears for the future;
      3. Listening to these concerns and providing information about the normalcy of
      these reactions; 4. Providing specific suggestions for coping, when needed, based
      on knowledge of the successful coping efforts of others; 5. Making referrals to
      mental health professionals when these more limited interventions fail to provide
      sufficient help. We summarize reactions and difficulties that are common among
      cancer patients at six stages of the disease and we suggest interventions that
      may be helpful to patients as they cope with and adjust to these difficulties.

PMID- 2641310
TI  - Clinical trials referral resource. Prostate cancer.

PMID- 2641311
TI  - New PET technique improves detection of estrogen status of breast cancers.

PMID- 2641312
TI  - Adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: is 5-FU effective without MeCCNU.

PMID- 2641313
TI  - Alpha interferon: just as effective in low dosages.

PMID- 2641314
TI  - Key new findings in the Surgeon General's 1989 report on smoking.

PMID- 2641315
TI  - IL-2/TIL therapy: more effective for advanced melanoma.

PMID- 2641316
TI  - Ifosfamide approved for treatment of testicular cancer.

PMID- 2641317
TI  - Report on the Public Participation Hearings, National Cancer Advisory Board.

PMID- 2641318
TI  - Wives have increased cancer risk if husbands smoke.

PMID- 2641319
TI  - FDA approves wider use of aerosolized pentamidine to prevent pneumocystis
      pneumonia.

PMID- 2641320
TI  - Surgical management of cranial base tumors: a report on 91 patients.
AB  - Most cranial base tumors are now treatable by surgery because of recent advances,
      including the precision of modern diagnostic and interventional radiology. In the
      past two years, the authors have treated 91 patients with tumors involving the
      cranial base; over 60% were malignant. Most patients underwent a combined
      intracranial-extracranial procedure for tumor removal with immediate
      reconstruction. The complication rate was under 10% and most patients (more than
      80%) are tumor-free in follow-up of 2-24 months. While cranial base surgery is
      now established as a field of surgical oncology, its true benefit to patients
      with tumors in this location, measured in five and 10-year tumor-free survival,
      cannot yet be determined.

PMID- 2641321
TI  - NCI and ACS launch American Stop-Smoking intervention study.

PMID- 2641322
TI  - Four studies support adjuvant treatment of women with node-negative breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2641323
TI  - Cancer of the opposite breast: what risk from radiation therapy?

PMID- 2641324
TI  - Care of the patient with advanced cancer: a course for clinical medical students
      at Oxford.
AB  - The objectives and content of a five-day course for final-year medical students
      at a palliative care unit in Oxford are described. The principal tutors comprise
      a physician, a psychiatrist, and a senior nurse. A philosopher, two chaplains, a
      bereavement officer, and a family practitioner also take part. Topics include
      pain and symptom management, psychosocial care, teamwork, and ethics. The
      sessions vary in structure from didactic lecture to group work. In addition to
      the acquisition of new knowledge, the course gives the students an opportunity to
      examine their own feelings in relation to cancer and the care of the dying.
      Although this is stressful, the course is highly regarded.

PMID- 2641325
TI  - The right to die: the euthanasia discussion in The Netherlands.
AB  - Euthanasia is becoming an accepted procedure in The Netherlands. It can be a
      dignified way to end a life if administered only after a voluntary, well
      considered request of long duration by a person undergoing unbearable suffering.
      Discussion of the patient's condition, technicalities, and judicial consequences
      with the next of kin, attendants, a pastor, and another physician is a necessary
      prelude. As defined in The Netherlands, euthanasia must bring about death, be
      implemented by another person, and be in response to an explicit request by a
      patient.

PMID- 2641326
TI  - Educational role of cancer pain rounds.
AB  - Lack of appropriate physician education is one of several reasons for the
      recognized deficits in cancer pain management. This article describes the
      educational role of a weekly meeting, "Cancer Pain Rounds," attended by a
      multidisciplinary team of health professionals skilled in cancer pain management
      and student physicians caring for inpatients with cancer. Educational benefits
      occur in three spheres including factual information concerning assessment,
      treatment, and attitude issues, legitimization of the cancer pain problem, and
      role modeling. This type of educational experience will hopefully improve cancer
      pain management.

PMID- 2641327
TI  - Early detection of breast cancer: compromise guidelines for a primary care
      setting.

PMID- 2641328
TI  - A report of two smokeless tobacco surveys and associated intervention strategies
      among Utah adolescents.
AB  - Smokeless tobacco is an increasingly popular substance, especially among male
      adolescents. We determined the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use and evaluated
      selected factors associated with it among 8,902 students in grades 7 through 12
      in the Davis County, Utah, School District. The students responded anonymously in
      their classrooms to a 16-item self-reporting questionnaire. Results indicated
      that smokeless tobacco usage was predominately a male phenomenon in all grades
      and schools, as illustrated by prevalence rates "within the past week" for junior
      high school students (male: 15.0%; female: 1.1%). Modal responses regarding
      users' source of supply revealed "friends" as the leading source for junior high
      students (43.1%) and direct purchase for senior high students (62.2%). Peer usage
      or nonusage of smokeless tobacco was found to be directly and proportionately
      correlated with smokeless tobacco users' participation in the school activity
      designated "sports" for both junior high (39%) and senior high school students
      (36.2%). Subsequently, clinical evaluation of high school male athletes was
      undertaken. To our surprise, the rate of lesion detection among members of this
      group, previously judged to be the subjects most likely to use smokeless tobacco,
      fell far short of the anticipated rate. We believe the reason for the low rate
      may be the result of numerous efforts to educate students and coaches, the
      reinforcement of existing tobacco use policies by the Davis County School
      District, and the reiteration to smokeless tobacco vendors of the terms of the
      Utah laws relative to smokeless tobacco sales. This health-endangering behavior
      deserves a concerted educational thrust by health professional, parents, and
      teachers, with emphasis on prevention.

PMID- 2641329
TI  - Attributions of responsibility in adolescent cancer patients and their parents.
AB  - Attributions of responsibility have been shown to be important determinants of
      illness behavior in adults. This study examines the salience of attributional
      judgements among adolescents with cancer. Patients and their parents were
      categorized according to their attributions of responsibility for the cause of
      and solution to the adolescent's health problems into one of four attributional
      models. Of the four possible models, only two were represented: the medical and
      compensatory. Only 37.5% of parent/child pairs were concordant for model choice.
      Patients whose attributions conformed to those of the compensatory model sought
      more information (F = 5.1, (P = .03), were satisfied with the information
      supplied (F = 3.5, P = .07), and expressed the belief that a greater percentage
      of prescribed medications needed to be taken if a cure was to result (F = 4.1, P
      = .05). Side effects were more often experienced by patients whose responsibility
      attributions exemplified the medical model (F = 5.09, P = .03). Model concordance
      did not relate to parent/child agreement on health-related beliefs, patient age,
      sex, or compliance measures (P greater than .05). No relationship was found
      between parent-child model concordance and patient's self-reported medication
      compliance. The present data do not support the notion that attributions of
      responsibility for cause and solution of cancer should be important targets of
      interventions designed to increase medication compliance among cancer patients.

PMID- 2641330
TI  - NCI Cancer Education Grant Program: vague promises of nourishment for budding
      creativity.

PMID- 2641331
TI  - Educational problems of medical students in Turkey.

PMID- 2641332
TI  - Value of attitude questionnaires for assessing oncology teaching of medical
      students: experience of Fondation Bergonie, Bordeaux.
AB  - The importance of psychosocial aspects of cancer and cancer patients is now well
      recognized, but the means for teaching them to medical students and for assessing
      this teaching are not yet well established. The use of attitude questionnaires
      appears helpful after our experience over five years among more than 100 students
      observed during a four-month hospital course. After reviewing this experience we
      suggest ways to improve such questionnaires and to better include their use in a
      general assessment of teaching according to well-determined objectives. Such an
      assessment is necessary for improving education of medical students and for
      increasing their abilities to better meet the needs of future patients.

PMID- 2641333
TI  - Oncology as part of the vocational training of general practitioners in The
      Netherlands.
AB  - In 1986 an educational program in Oncology for General Practitioners was
      developed at the University of Amsterdam. This program will be implemented within
      the general practitioners' vocational training. In this program the various goals
      of the general practitioner have been categorized: prevention; diagnosis by the
      general practitioner; diagnosis by the specialist; therapy; and guidance and
      care. All these goals have been further subdivided in more concrete skills to
      give form to the various aspects of the task of the general practitioner. These
      skills have been related to the different types of cancer. A number of related
      skills will be illustrated in the program for a specific type of tumor. Hence, a
      so-called basic educational program is formed. The various basic educational
      programs, in which different types of tumors are used for illustration, consist
      of program-units of 90 minutes. Relevant aspects of specific types of malignancy,
      which are not dealt with in the basic educational program, will be added to the
      basic educational program as supplements.

PMID- 2641334
TI  - The AACE and the GME: potential partners in the quest for quality education.

PMID- 2641335
TI  - Construction of clinical algorithms for educational programs.
AB  - Clinical algorithms have been used successfully in a variety of health care
      settings to assist health care professionals in the diagnosis and management of
      medical problems. In addition to their clinical applications, algorithms also
      serve as an instructional resource by themselves and when used in conjunction
      with other educational methodologies. A recommended algorithm development process
      is described for cancer educators who wish to take advantage of the unique
      contribution clinical algorithms can offer for their educational programs.
      Algorithm design conventions are reviewed and specific writing suggestions are
      offered for the guidance of educators who want to design their own clinical
      algorithms. Objections to clinical algorithms can often be attributed to a
      misunderstanding of their proper role, which is to facilitate, not dictate, the
      decision process and guide the application of management logic. Clinical
      algorithms are a valuable instructional resource that can be used in a wide range
      of educational settings from self-instruction units to the design of lecture
      presentations.

PMID- 2641336
TI  - An educational program for oral cancer detection.
AB  - The Virginia oral cancer screening program provides a unique educational
      opportunity for undergraduate dental and medical students to enhance their skills
      in oral diagnosis and biopsy technique. During this week-long trip to underserved
      areas of the state, an average of 761 patients are examined and 44 biopsies
      performed. Approximately 31% of all the biopsies done since 1972 have been
      diagnosed as either a premalignant or malignant lesion. The value of this program
      to both the students and the patients is discussed.

PMID- 2641337
TI  - Helping students respond to stressful interactions with cancer patients and their
      families: a pilot program.
AB  - This pilot program was designed to help medical students improve their ability to
      respond to the psychological needs of cancer patients and their families. Third
      year students on the hematology/oncology rotation were offered a series of
      seminars dealing with the psychological and social impact of cancer on patients
      and their families. The goal of these seminars was to help the students develop
      working knowledge, understanding, and skills for dealing with cancer patients and
      families. The seminars used didactic input, videotaped interactions, and guided
      discussion. Experienced counselors, with the help of an oncologist, led the
      seminars. Findings from this pilot program suggest that medical students can
      benefit from specific training in the psychosocial aspects of cancer.

PMID- 2641338
TI  - Family member cancer prevalence reported by university students taking a cancer
      prevention course.
AB  - Genealogical health histories were studied to determine the prevalence of family
      cancer in students taking an Ohio State University (OSU) cancer
      prevention/education class. One hundred twenty students enrolled in the spring
      1987 Health Education class, "How to Avoid Dying from Cancer . . . Now and Later"
      reported a positive family cancer history. Survey forms indicating a cancer
      history were selected for use in this study. Cancer incidence and total cancer
      deaths were calculated for male and female populations. Male cancer incidence
      reported for fathers was 12%, paternal grandfathers 27%, and maternal
      grandfathers 25%. Female cancer incidence rates were lower than those reported in
      the male population. Cancer occurrences include 16%, 11%, and 21%, for mother,
      paternal grandmother, and maternal grandmother, respectively. In the study
      population, male (33%) and female (28%) cancer mortalities were reported as the
      leading cause of death. Frequent occurrences of skin and gastrointestinal cancer
      in males and breast cancer in females were noted. Family experiences with cancer
      are believed to stimulate student enrollment in OSU's cancer prevention program.
      Class promotion and design will be restructured to reflect the significance of a
      family cancer history. We believe this will provide a more effective means of
      generating the student's motivation to adopt cancer prevention activities.

PMID- 2641339
TI  - The "peer review" system needs to be changed.

PMID- 2641340
TI  - Euthanasia.

PMID- 2641341
TI  - Formulation of teaching/learning objectives useful for the development and
      assessment of lessons, courses, and programs.

PMID- 2641342
TI  - Nutrition education curriculum at the University of Nevada School of Medicine.
AB  - This article describes a developing nutrition education curriculum for the
      University of Nevada School of Medicine, a small and progressive, community-based
      medical school. The curriculum has been planned to reflect the longitudinal,
      interdisciplinary, and comprehensive integration of nutrition into new required
      and existing courses so that timely delivery of knowledge and development of
      skills will occur in the basic science years followed by direct application in
      the clinical clerkships. The availability of the "Nutrition and Cancer Education
      Objectives" is timely and provides overall direction and curricular goals for the
      simultaneous development of nutrition-cancer education. The coordination of the
      four-year curriculum of the entire medical school can be specifically targeted
      for the incorporation of this needed information synergistically at a most
      opportune time.

PMID- 2641343
TI  - Nutrition and cancer education objectives of the American Association for Cancer
      Education.

PMID- 2641344
TI  - Toward the identification of CME content needs for primary care physicians.
AB  - While continuing medical education (CME) has been accepted as effective in
      changing the clinical behavior of participants, there is still uncertainty as to
      the most effective method of determining content that is practice relevant and
      clinically important to an identified population of participating physicians.
      This article proposes a model for developing a knowledge examination that can be
      administered to CME audiences to detect deficiencies of knowledge that will be
      helpful in CME program planning. It further proposes that such an instrument be
      based upon the following assumptions: (1) that core competencies can be
      identified by content specialists; (2) that the relevance to practice can be
      determined by reviewing practitioners who represent the target audience (content
      and face validity); (3) that eight management stages should be sampled by the
      instrument to assure that all management areas of clinical practice are included;
      (4) that the test items be tested and retained, revised, or discarded according
      to the results of item analysis (validity); (5) that test items should be written
      to represent application and problem-solving use of knowledge; (6) that medical
      problems for which test items are written should be selected on the basis of
      potential for improving mortality or morbidity. For example, in the case of
      cancer, most would agree that colorectal cancer represents an area where better
      application of current concepts would result in improved mortality rates. With
      use of a test instrument constructed on the basis of these assumptions, it should
      be possible to sample what physicians need to know that is relevant to their
      practices--the proactive model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641345
TI  - Medical students' reactions to a hospice preceptorship.

PMID- 2641346
TI  - AIDS: public response to a telephone information system.
AB  - This article reports on Roswell Park Memorial Institute's experience with a
      taped, telephone information system in the dissemination of informational and
      educational messages to the public concerning cancer and AIDS. This system, known
      as CAN-DIAL, has serviced over 400,000 callers since its inception in 1973. A
      series of tape recorded messages concerning AIDS was introduced in 1984. This
      study compares and contrasts basic demographic data on approximately 100,000
      callers for cancer and AIDS information for the period 1984 to 1988. Results
      demonstrate CAN-DIAL to be a well-received, responsive, and efficient means of
      educating the public about cancer and AIDS.

PMID- 2641347
TI  - Influence of various extracellular matrix components on the behavior of cultured
      chick embryo dermal cells.
AB  - Dermal cells isolated from the back of 7-day chick embryos were cultured on
      homogeneous two-dimensional substrates consisting of one or two extracellular
      matrix components (type I, III or IV collagen, fibronectin and several
      glycosaminoglycans: hyaluronate, chondroitin-4, chondroitin-6, dermatan or
      heparan sulfate). The effect of these substrates on cell behavior was compared
      with that of culture dish polystyrene. Three parameters of cell behavior were
      examined: cell proliferation and patterning, spreading (cell surface) and
      locomotion (velocity and directionality). Data were collected by sequential
      microphotography and analyzed by computer assisted morphometry. Types I and III
      collagen, hyaluronate and heparan sulfate had a slowing down effect on cell
      proliferation and patterning. The inhibitory effect of type I collagen was also
      detected in mixtures with glycosaminoglycans. The other components had no effect.
      While the smallest spreading was observed on fibronectin substrate, the largest
      was recorded on chondroitin-6 sulfate and heparan sulfate. The slowest velocity
      of locomotion was measured on fibronectin, types I and IV collagen and a mixture
      of type I collagen and chondroitin-6 sulfate. The fastest speed was recorded on
      chondroitin-4 sulfate. These effects are discussed in view of our knowledge of
      the role of the dermis in the development of skin and cutaneous appendages, and
      in the light of the morphogenetically related microheterogeneous distribution of
      collagens, fibronectin and various glycosaminoglycans in the developing skin.

PMID- 2641348
TI  - Postnatal development of the occipito-tectal pathway in the rat.
AB  - The postnatal development of the occipito-tectal pathway was studied by making
      single injections of 3H-leucine into the striate cortex of rats ranging in age
      from newborn to postnatal day 50 (P50). After these injections, the earliest age
      at which autoradiographic labeling was found in the ipsilateral superior
      colliculus (SC) was P4. Two main stages were recognized in the development of the
      occipito-tectal pathway. In the first stage, from P4 to P9, the silver grain
      pattern over the SC was suggestive of axonal labeling. The label was tangentially
      and radially exuberant involving the prospective stratum opticum, the adjacent
      part of the stratum griseum superficiale and also the strata intermediale. A
      rough topographic order in the projection existed at least from P6. The second
      stage, from P9 to P17, was characterized by the ingrowth of axonal arbors into
      the collicular strata superficiale and by the disappearance of the tangentially
      exuberant projections. Quantitative estimations of the degree of tangential
      exuberancy of the projection showed that it underwent a reduction of almost 50%
      from P7 to P17. By P17, the radial and tangential patterns of termination of the
      occipito-tectal pathway appeared virtually mature. No projections to the
      contralateral SC were observed at any age. The results of the present study
      indicate that the mature topographic pattern of the occipito-tectal projection is
      attained through two separate steps which may involve a number of different
      mechanisms. In the first step, occipital axons grow orderly -although in an
      exuberant manner- towards their roughly appropriate tectal locations, remaining
      to a large extent confined to the collicular white matter. In the second step,
      further refinement of the topographic map is achieved both by selective growing
      of terminal arbors into tangentially restricted regions of the tectal surface,
      and, by retraction of tangentially exuberant projections.

PMID- 2641349
TI  - Individual migration of mesentodermal cells in the early embryo of the squid
      Loligo vulgaris: in vivo recordings combined with observations with TEM and SEM.
AB  - In the translucent preorganogenetic embryo of the squid Loligo vulgaris a
      population of single cells between the ectodermal layer and the yolk syncytium
      can be studied continuously in vivo during migration to the vegetal hemisphere of
      the egg. The results from 2 different preparations are reported: 1. An intact
      embryo served to view locomotive cell behavior through the translucent ectoderm
      with undisturbed cell-substrate interactions. 2. In an embryo a patch of ectoderm
      was microsurgically removed thereby exposing migrating cells to direct
      observation and experimental manipulation. In vivo time lapse
      microcinematographic recordings for 22 h (in 1.) and 10 h (in 2.) revealed the
      following: cell migration is neither directional nor dependent on the presence of
      the ectodermal layer (in 2.). Although the migrating cells primarily use the
      syncytial surface as a substrate for locomotion, under natural conditions they
      also adhere to the basal ectodermal surface as revealed by TEM and SEM. Migration
      rates were 18.3 +/- 12.6 mu/h in 1. Locally directed cell migration was observed
      in a group of cells in 1. which were involved in a process of aggregation, the
      latter being probably related to precocious formation of organ primordia. A
      preliminary note has appeared previously (Segmuller and Marthy, 1984).

PMID- 2641350
TI  - Chondrogenesis of mandibular mesenchyme from the embryonic chick is inhibited by
      mandibular epithelium and by epidermal growth factor.
AB  - This study documents the role of mandibular epithelium and epidermal growth
      factor (EGF) in the initiation, maturation and maintenance of Meckel's cartilage
      using percent 3H-thymidine-labelled cells as an index of proliferative activity
      and distribution of labelled cells, chondrocyte size and relative amount of
      extracellular matrix as indices of chondrogenesis. Mandibular mesenchyme from
      embryos of H.H. stages 18, 22, 25 was cultured for 2 to 10 days (a) unseparated
      from mandibular epithelium, (b) in isolation, or (c) after recombination with
      mandibular epithelium in the presence or absence of 5-40 ng/ml EGF. Epithelium
      delayed both initiation of chondrogenesis and maturation of already formed
      cartilage. The 3H-thymidine-labelling index was reduced in cartilage that
      differentiated in the presence of mandibular epithelium. Epithelium influenced
      the timing of mesenchymal differentiation (a) by delaying cytodifferentiation
      through prolonging high levels of proliferation, and (b) by directly affecting
      differentiation itself. EGF, especially at 10-20 ng/ml, affected both
      proliferation of mesenchyme and chondrogenesis in mesenchyme cultured with or
      without epithelium. All observed effects of epithelium on intact tissues could be
      duplicated by exposing isolated mesenchyme to EGF at 10 ng/ml, i.e. a role for
      EGF in chondrogenesis is suggested.

PMID- 2641351
TI  - Organelle distribution in chick neuroepithelial cells: effects of colchicine and
      cytochalasin B.
AB  - The intracellular distribution of mitochondria, cytoplasmic inclusions and rough
      endoplasmic reticulum cisternae of chick neuroepithelial cells was investigated
      at neurulation stages 6, 8, 10 and 12. These neuroepithelial cells were
      subdivided into three zones: apical, median and basal and the distribution
      percentages of distribution of these organelles were obtained. Mitochondrial
      distribution was related to the energy supply that mitochondria provide for
      apical microfilament contraction. Cytoplasmic inclusions were distributed
      preferentially in the apical zone of the neuroepithelial cells during the four
      stages. Rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae were homogeneously distributed in
      the three zones at stages 10 and 12, but at stages 6 and 8 there are more
      elevated percentages of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the apical zones than in
      the other zones. Experimental treatments with colchicine and cytochalasin B does
      not modify the patterns of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae
      but alters the distribution of cytoplasmic inclusions. Finally, there is a
      correlation in the normal neurulating neuroepithelial cells between the
      distributions of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum distribution and
      between the distributions of mitochondria and cytoplasmic inclusions
      distribution. This relationship is retained in the treated neuroepithelial cells.

PMID- 2641352
TI  - Detection of sex-specific proteins in chick embryo gonads and mesonephros:
      effects of estradiol benzoate or tamoxifen on their expression.
AB  - Gonadal and mesonephric protein patterns from 19 day old normal chick embryos
      were investigated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under
      these conditions, several sex-specific polypeptides were detected. As concerns
      gonadal extracts, four sex-specific polypeptides, all restricted to the cytosol,
      were present in the testis, whereas three sex-specific polypeptides, two
      localized in the cytosol, the other being membrane-bound, were identified in the
      ovary. Among the ovary-specific polypeptides two proved to be estrogen-dependent.
      They appeared in the left testis of embryos after early estradiol benzoate
      treatment and their expression was reduced in the ovary after early exposure to
      the antiestrogen, tamoxifen. Mesonephros extracts of both sexes also differed in
      their protein composition since three additional polypeptides (one in both the
      cytosolic and membrane fractions, the others in the cytosol) not found in females
      were found to be present in males. None appeared to be affected after either
      estradiol or tamoxifen treatment.

PMID- 2641353
TI  - Primordial germ cell proliferation in the salamander Pleurodeles waltl: genetic
      control before gonadal differentiation.
AB  - PGC counts were carried out on larvae of Pleurodeles waltl (urodele amphibia)
      issued from standard, monosexual male and monosexual female offspring while the
      genital ridges were settling. During this period, which is characterized by a
      zero mitotic index (and is therefore called the Po period), and which lasts from
      stage 35 to stage 41, no PGC proliferation occurs. A statistical analysis
      indicated that PGC counts per larva are sex genotype independent and that
      offspring may be divided into three groups with average PGC counts of 96.9, 51.0
      and 31.1, respectively. A fourth group with an average of 18.3 PGCs has been
      identified using experimental larvae reared at 30 degrees C from stage 30. The
      PGC count of 96.9 would result from at least three mitotic cycles. Before the Po
      period, germ cells are not identifiable. A hypothesis concerning genetic control
      of PGC proliferation before Po was deduced from this analysis.

PMID- 2641354
TI  - Culture on basement membrane does not reverse the phenotype of lens derived
      mesenchyme-like cells.
AB  - Definitive epithelia suspended within type I collagen gel give rise to
      individual, freely migrating cells that express the mesenchymal phenotype. They
      become elongate in shape, invade collagenous matrices and develop abundant RER.
      We investigated whether mesenchyme-like cells that derive from lens epithelia
      retain the mesenchymal phenotype or revert to epithelial phenotype when cultured
      on basement membrane (BM). Mesenchyme-like cells placed on top of BM gel or lens
      capsule BM retain the elongate, bipolar morphology of mesenchymal cells. They
      migrate individually along and into the BM matrix. Mesenchyme-like cells on or in
      BM ultrastructurally resemble true mesenchymal cells. They extend pseudopodia and
      filopodia, exhibit a circumferential actin cortex, and contain well developed
      RER. Mesenchymal products, such as type I collagen, continue to be expressed. We
      conclude that the phenotype of mesenchyme-like cells derived from definitive
      epithelia is stable even in or on matrix known to promote the epithelial genetic
      program. Their behavior, thus, is similar to that of true (secondary) mesenchymal
      cells in the embryo.

PMID- 2641355
TI  - Pre- and postnatal aminopeptidase activities in the rat brain.
AB  - Research concerning the functional role of brain peptides is performed, in part,
      by studying peptidase enzymes which might be involved in brain peptide processing
      or inactivation. Aminopeptidase (AP) activity has been proposed as a candidate
      regulator of the degradation of these peptides. In this paper, changes in Lys-
      and Leu-aminopeptidase activities in rat brain hemispheres, cerebellum and
      medulla were examined in 20 day fetuses and one day postnatal subjects.
      Aminopeptidase activities were studied by measuring the rate of hydrolysis of the
      artificial substrates Lys- and Leu-2-naphthylamides (fluorimetrically detected in
      triplicate). Both enzyme activities increase from the last fetal stage up to the
      first day of birth in all the brain areas examined except for the case of Leu-AP
      activity in the medulla. It is suggested that these activities play a part in the
      neurochemical changes that take place during rat brain maturation, possibly by
      regulating the activity of several neuroactive peptides.

PMID- 2641356
TI  - Effect of metronidazole on platelet aggregation.
AB  - The effects of metronidazole on platelet aggregation induced by several agonists
      were studied on guinea pig and human platelet-rich plasma. Metronidazole (0.25
      2.5 mg/ml) showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on in vitro aggregation of
      platelets from either source induced by adenosine-5-diphosphate (ADP), platelet
      aggregating factor (PAF), epinephrine, collagen or convulxin (extracted from
      Crotalus durissus terrificus venom). Total or partial inhibition was also
      detected in metronidazole pre-treated guinea pig platelet-rich plasma when
      challenged with PAF or ADP 45 and 135 min after oral treatment, respectively.
      This inhibition was both dose and time dependent.

PMID- 2641357
TI  - Sex-related canatoxin-induced blood glucose alterations in the rat.
AB  - 1. The present study was designed to characterize sex-related canatoxin-induced
      blood glucose alterations in rats. 2. Chronic administration of canatoxin (50 mU,
      ip, daily for 3 days) induced hypoglycemia in female rats (N = 6) (-36.54 +/-
      3.24%, P less than 0.05). The response of pregnant rats (N = 8) was similar to
      that observed for male rats (+29.57 +/- 4.70%). 3. Administration of canatoxin
      did not modify blood glucose levels of gonadectomized male or female rats.
      Similarly, pretreatment of intact male or female rats with human chorionic
      gonadotropin (40 IU/kg, im) blocked the effect of canatoxin on blood glucose
      levels. 4. Gonadal steroid replacement (testosterone, 10 mg/kg, im) for
      gonadectomized male rats did not reverse the inhibition of canatoxin-induced
      blood glucose alterations, whereas pretreatment of intact female rats (N = 6)
      with testosterone (10 mg/kg, im) significantly attenuated the canatoxin-induced
      hypoglycemia. 5. These data indicate that the blood glucose alterations produced
      by canatoxin in rats are under hormonal regulation.

PMID- 2641358
TI  - Functional characteristics (EEG) of the thalamo-telencephalic projections of
      toads.
AB  - Electrical or chemical (carbachol) stimulation of the dorsal thalamus of
      anesthetized and conscious toads induced synchronization (increased number of
      spindles and increased amplitude of the waves) in the electric tracing (EEG) of
      the telencephalon. This alteration was accompanied by mydriasis and greater
      behavioral alert in conscious animals. No recruitment response was observed in
      anesthetized toads. The present findings were compared to those obtained by
      stimulating the nonspecific thalamus of mammals and reptiles. Even though the
      data available at present do not demonstrate the existence of a system with the
      morphological characteristics of the reticulo-thalamo-cortical system of mammals
      in anurans, the functional data presented here suggest this possibility.

PMID- 2641359
TI  - Replacement rate of free fatty acids in fasted rats adapted to a high-protein
      diet.
AB  - 1. Free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization during fasting was measured in cats fed a
      meat diet (63% protein, 18% fat, 6% carbohydrate, w/w) or a carbohydrate-rich
      diet (15% protein, 10% fat, 70% carbohydrate), and in rats adapted to a high
      protein, carbohydrate-free synthetic diet (70% casein, 8% fat) or a balanced
      synthetic diet (66% carbohydrate, 17% casein, 8% fat). 2. Fasted cats and rats on
      the high-protein diet showed reduced rates of plasma FFA increase. Their blood
      glucose was unchanged but higher than that of controls fed a carbohydrate-rich
      diet after fasting for 24 (rats) or 48 h (cats). 3. The steady-state rate of
      plasma FFA replacement was determined with 1-[14C]-palmitate in fed and fasted
      rats with plasma FFA levels ranging from 0.30 to 1.45 mumol/ml adapted to the
      high-protein or to the balanced diet. Under these dietary conditions, the FFA
      replacement rates were linearly related to the concentration of plasma FFA.
      However, the slope of the regression line was steeper for the rats on the high
      protein diet. Thus, for the same concentration of plasma FFA, replacement rates
      for rats adapted to the high-protein diet were higher than for controls. 4. These
      data indicate that the higher rates of FFA replacement required in situations
      demanding an increased supply of FFA for animals on high-protein regimens are
      attained with smaller increases in plasma FFA concentration.

PMID- 2641360
TI  - Breathing pattern during pharmacological activation and blockade of the
      intermediate area of the ventrolateral surface of the cat medulla.
AB  - The present study analyzes the respiratory pattern of chloralose-(50-60 mg/kg,
      iv) anesthetized cats treated with Nembutal (NE) (30 mg/ml), glycine (GL) (200
      mg/ml) or leptazol (LE) (200 mg/ml) topically applied to the intermediate area of
      the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata in a volume of 20 microliters.
      Application of NE and GL produced a decrease in ventilation (approximately 24%)
      and tidal volume (approximately 25%) suggesting that the intermediate area
      facilitates respiratory drive and inhibits the inspiratory off-switch mechanism.
      These results are consistent with the view that intermediate area is necessary
      for the central chemosensitivity to CO2. The topical application of LE produced
      an increase in inspiration time (12.5%), expiration time (20.8%) and tidal volume
      (7%). The increased tidal volume caused by LE is compatible with its action as a
      GL antagonist.

PMID- 2641361
TI  - Impairment of the renal tubular acidification kinetics by lithium.
AB  - We studied the kinetics of HCO3- reabsorption in the middle proximal (MPT) and
      distal convoluted tubules (DCT) by measuring continuously intratubular pH with Sb
      microelectrodes in stopped-flow microperfusion (HCO3-, 30 mM Ringer) experiments.
      Male Wistar rats (240-280 g) were injected ip with LiCl (4 mEq kg-1 day-1) for 4
      days (Li) and were compared to controls (C). Steady-state pH increased in MPT
      from 6.64 +/- 0.02 (57) to 6.89 +/- 0.02 (45), mean +/- SEM (number of
      measurements) on tissue from 13 rats in each group, and from 6.87 +/- 0.05 (30)
      to 7.08 +/- 0.01 (63) in DCT. HCO3- reabsorption decreased from 1.32 +/- 0.08
      (57) to 0.96 +/- 0.04 (45) nmol cm-2 s-1 in MPT and from 0.85 +/- 0.07 (30) to
      0.45 +/- 0.04 (63) in DCT. These data indicate that lithium affected the
      acidification mechanism in MPT and DCT, probably through an impairment of the
      Na(+)-H+ antiport in both tubular segments.

PMID- 2641363
TI  - Microbiologic studies on the periapical and periodontal abscesses of Egyptian
      patients.

PMID- 2641362
TI  - Effect of exercise training during pregnancy: maternal and fetal responses of the
      rat.
AB  - Pregnancy duration, offspring number, body weight gain per day, as well as
      offspring body and heart weights were studied in pregnant Wistar rats subjected
      to exercise training at relative work loads of 60, 70, 80 or 90% of maximum
      oxygen consumption (VO2max) (N = 6 for each group). Pregnancy duration, offspring
      number and heart weight of the rats subjected to exercise during pregnancy were
      not different from the control group not subjected to exercise training. Body
      weight gain per day of pregnant rats subjected to exercise was 4.64 +/- 0.21,
      4.79 +/- 0.22 and 4.72 +/- 0.12 g, respectively, for work loads of 70, 80 or 90%
      of VO2max. This decrease of body weight gain per day was significantly different
      (P less than 0.05) from the control group (5.69 +/- 0.22 g). The offspring body
      weight decreased in the rats submitted to work loads of 70, 80 and 90% of VO2max
      (5.30 +/- 0.05, 5.34 +/- 0.02 and 5.24 +/- 0.01 g, respectively) by comparison to
      the control group value (5.73 +/- 0.07 g). These results suggest that only
      intense exercise could impair body weight gain in pregnant rats and their
      offspring.

PMID- 2641364
TI  - The validity of electronic root length measurement in teeth with different
      preoperative conditions.

PMID- 2641365
TI  - Various anatomic configurations encountered in palatal root canals of maxillary
      molars--clinical and radiographic study.

PMID- 2641366
TI  - Scanning of the major salivary glands by using scintigraphy after radiotherapy.
AB  - Five patients suffering from cancerous lesions in oral and pharyngeal areas, were
      studied in this research and in comparing with two normal cases. The major
      salivary glands were indirectly exposed to irradiation where the patients
      receiving a radiation therapy which is Cobalt(60). Scintigraphy was performed for
      both patients and normal cases to visualize the functional capacity and activity
      of the salivary glands following the high radiation doses. It was found from the
      results that the dynamic and static scintigrams of the salivary glands which were
      in the field of irradiation appeared faint in visualization and delayed in
      perfusion. Also an increase in concentration of the radiotracer 99m Tc
      pertechnetate in the gland after physiologic stimulation. This attributed to
      fibrosis and dysfunction in the glands as a results of the previous irradiation.

PMID- 2641367
TI  - A scanning electron microscopic study of exfoliated malignant oral epithelial
      cells.
AB  - Investigators disagree regarding the value of exfoliative cytology in the
      diagnosis of oral cancer. The objective of the present study was to examine
      exfoliated oral epithelial cells from malignant lesions of the oral mucosa by
      means of Scanning electron microscope (S. E. M.) in order to determine whether
      SEM surface characteristics might be useful and specific to predict more
      accurately the nature of these lesions. Twenty cases of squamous cell carcinomas
      of non keratinized sites of the oral mucosa (Cheek and floor of the mouth) were
      selected for this study. Exfoliated cells were collected by scraping by means of
      modified Ayre's spatula and spread over a standard glass microscope slide for
      light microscope examination, while those for SEM were spread evenly on a plastic
      square (1 cm2) cut from a polyester sheet of Melinex "O" (Firket 1966). Altered
      tissue architectures and cell surface architectures were demonstrated in
      malignant oral lesions. Bizarre cell forms often showing an absence of close cell
      cell contact relationships were seen. The observed cell surface patterns were
      apparently not related to the degree of keratinization when compared to normal
      surface patterns of corresponding areas of oral mucosa studied in a previous
      work. These changes appeared to some extent to be related to the clinical
      diagnosis and to the degree of epithelial atypia observed by the lesions. In
      conclusion the observations made in this study demonstrate that surface
      structural differences exist between exfoliated cells from malignant lesions of
      the oral mucosa and those from corresponding normal non keratinized sites and
      that the SEM might be of a diagnostic value.

PMID- 2641368
TI  - [Oroantral communications. The gold foil method].
AB  - The Authors propose the method of the golden leave to close oro-antral
      communications. The main advantages offered by this technique are the following:
      1) marked reduction of the previously observed loss of vertical height of the
      alveolar bone (7-8% of the original values); 2) the post-operative phase is, most
      of the time, uneventful.

PMID- 2641369
TI  - [Caridex--conscious sedation association. A new approach in pedodontics].
AB  - Psycological approach and analgesia are very important in paediatric dentistry.
      Sometimes the first is not enough and it is necessary the use of pharmacological
      methods. They are represented with sure and useful technique like "relative
      analgesia" with N2O/O2. The use of Caridex method is also very good in operative
      paediatric dentistry because there is not the necessity of local anesthesia with
      injection and the use of burns and drills. The AA. have connected together these
      two methods, and they present some very interesting clinical reports. With
      Caridex it's possible to remove only decayed dentine saving so the healthy
      dentine and reducing fear and stress in very young children. The association with
      relative analgesia permits to do a very early and global therapy in children also
      very young (24-36 months). The AA. have obtained a reduction of hemotivity, of
      odontogenous stress, and last but not least with this method there is the
      opportunity to avoid the general anesthesia.

PMID- 2641370
TI  - [Neuromuscular relaxation and CCMDP. 1].

PMID- 2641371
TI  - [Multiple osteomas of the maxillary sinus. Presentation of a case].
AB  - This case report concerns a case of multiple osteomas of the maxillary sinus
      which probably arise from flogosis and discusses the clinical features. The
      review of the literature on the histogenesis of these rare lesions remains
      controversial and it is still difficult to formulate a precise definition.

PMID- 2641372
TI  - [Osteoreproductive materials. Experimental evaluation].

PMID- 2641373
TI  - [Intermittent locking. Clinical case].
AB  - The Author reports a case of chronic closed lock of TMJ treated by inferior
      repositioning appliance. In management of internal derangement is useful to
      perform a diagnostic follow up using tomographic images of TMJs before and during
      treatment. In this way you can drive the splint therapy and set a new position of
      the mandible up in the better way.

PMID- 2641374
TI  - [Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Presentation of a clinical case].
AB  - The interest we see in oral pathology about Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is not
      strictly related to the association with neoplasms of the syndrome but, first of
      all, to the high frequency of macroglossia in the patients affected. In fact this
      pathologic situation, setting up since birth, can strongly modify the growth of
      teeth and facial skeleton. Therapy consists in a partial glossectomy. After this
      reducing is advised a contention applied to the chin.

PMID- 2641375
TI  - [Anomalies of the frenulum: frenulectomy].

PMID- 2641376
TI  - [Jaw cysts. Differential diagnosis].
AB  - The authors examine the problem of differential diagnosis in maxillary cysts. In
      the clinical case considered, it is described the surgical procedure performed.

PMID- 2641377
TI  - [Dima: a solution for many implant problems].
AB  - The Authors point out the importance of a preliminary detailed examination on
      cases where an intrabone implanthology operation is necessary. The patient is
      examined from a neuromuscolar point of view, then a stereognatograph is used to
      check his chewing function. The subject is carefully examined under the profile
      of his individual characteristics by means of a print which reveals the drawing
      of the bone's profile under the area of the tooth and the perforation of the
      cutting edges exactly at the right point and in the direction desired by the
      dentist.

PMID- 2641378
TI  - [Oral mucosa and hormonal stimulation during the menstrual cycle].
AB  - This study valued by Eosinophilic Index (EI) or cellular maturation index the
      behaviour of oral mucosa cells undergoing stimulus of hormones during menstrual
      cycle, as well as vaginal cells according to a supposition by several Authors.
      Specimens by scraping of oral mucosa cells in female patients selected by
      standards of regular menstrual cycle and absence of any oral pathology or dental
      prosthesis, actually showed EI changes according to cycle stage and rate of
      hormonal effect probably. On the other hand, specimens by scraping or oral mucosa
      cells in male patients showed constant EI rates during monthly cycle. Being
      statistical study not significant because of little series of specimens--it's
      difficult to select a lot of women and to control them during their whole
      menstrual cycle working in a small surgery! -, yet Authors confirm results of
      previous studies by different Authors. If the relationship between cellular
      maturation of oral cells and effect of hormones during menstrual cycle resulted,
      it could be possible further on to investigate, for example, the behaviour of
      epithelial cells being in any periodontal pocket undergoing stimulus of female
      hormones.

PMID- 2641379
TI  - [Bleaching of teeth. The "White Smile" technic].

PMID- 2641380
TI  - [Carcinoma of the oral cavity. Clinical case and surgical technic].

PMID- 2641381
TI  - [Red area on the dorsum of the tongue. Report of a case].

PMID- 2641382
TI  - [Extrusive therapy and periodontal alignment. Considerations and indications. 2].
AB  - The Authors report some clinical cases treated with orthodontic forced eruption,
      periodontal surgery and prosthetic rehabilitation. The theoretic first part of
      this work was published on Dental Cadmos no. 9/87.

PMID- 2641383
TI  - [Articulators and face bows. A simplified classification].

PMID- 2641384
TI  - [Impacted canines. epidemiological evaluation].
AB  - The results are reported of an epidemiologic research carried out on 205 patients
      which presented bad occlusions. We found that 9.27% of the patients presented
      inclusions of canine teeth, that female subjects were more affected by the
      inclusion than male subjects, and that inclusions were more frequent at the level
      of the upper jaw.

PMID- 2641385
TI  - [Normal human gingiva. In vitro observations].
AB  - By comparing human embrional gum fragments cultivated in vitro using the
      technique of Wolff and Haffen with adult gum fragments, the advantages of the
      fetal gum are evident; and this could serve as a point of departure for an
      analysis of the differentiation and the cytophysiology of this structure, which
      is still not very well known.

PMID- 2641386
TI  - [Computerized record. Medico-legal aspects].

PMID- 2641387
TI  - [Ambulatory emergencies in children's dentistry. 1].

PMID- 2641388
TI  - [T-Scan tracing of the arches. Computerized analysis].
AB  - This work deals with a quality control of the dental arch reconstructing software
      developed for T-Scan. We have developed an original system that employs computer
      controlled optical acquisition of data. This system behaves satisfactorily
      following our metodology.

PMID- 2641389
TI  - [Use of nimesulide in orthognathic surgery of the jaws].
AB  - The aim of this clinical study was to value the antiphlogistic and analgesic
      efficiency of Nimesulide on 40 patients suffering from facial anomalies and
      subjected to corrective surgery with many facial osteotomies (Le Fort 1, sagittal
      osteotomy of mandibular ramus sec. Obwegeser-Dal Pont). Nimesulide was effective
      in reducing post-surgery oedema and spontaneous and caused pain. Besides it was
      of easy assumption and well suffered from the major part of the patients
      subjected to this kind of surgery.

PMID- 2641390
TI  - [Stylalgia or Eagle syndrome. Report of a case].
AB  - "Stylalgia" or "Eagle's syndrome" is a cervico-facial pain caused by
      mineralization of stylohioid complex. Anatomical, embryological, clinical and
      therapeutical features of the syndrome are discussed and a case report is
      presented.

PMID- 2641391
TI  - [Discussion on AIDS at the annual world congress of the F.D.I].

PMID- 2641392
TI  - [Conscious ketamine neuroleptanalgesia in oral surgery].
AB  - The AA. describe an intravenous out-patient anaesthesia, utilized in oral
      surgery; it is called "conscious ketamina-neuroleptanalgesia". This original
      technique produces a heavy sedation of the patients without losing their
      consciousness and their capacity to collaborate; infact the verbal contact with
      the patient is maintained through the period of sedation. In this technique the
      use of local anesthetics is not suitable because analgesia is enough.

PMID- 2641394
TI  - [Proceedings of the 1st National Symposium on the Control of Pests and Vectors.
      Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 15-18 November 1988].

PMID- 2641395
TI  - [Use of bacteria in the control of medically important diptera].

PMID- 2641393
TI  - [Sedation in ambulatory minor oral surgery: sublingual triazolam].
AB  - In a random trial on 40 patients undergoing extraction of the third lower molar
      0.125 mg of triazolam were administered sublingually to 20 patients and placebo
      (lactulose solution 66.7%) to 20 patients. The sedative and amnesic effect
      rapidly appeared after triazolam while the anxiolytic effect was less pronounced.
      The recovery of psychomotor functions measured by standard psychomotor tests
      occurred rapidly and all patients were discharged after about 120 min from the
      end of the surgery. The judgment of the surgeon was positive as far as the
      anxiolytic and relaxing effects of triazolam was concerned. The patients treated
      with triazolam moreover appreciated the sedation induced by the drug. No
      cardiocirculatory complication was observed and the patients showed a
      considerable stability from the circulatory stand point. The results show that
      triazolam may represent a safe alternative to the use of other anxiolytic and
      sedative drugs in the minor surgery of the oral cavity.

PMID- 2641396
TI  - Genetic manipulations in auto-induced protoplasts of Bacillus thuringiensis.

PMID- 2641397
TI  - [Use of bacterial insecticides for the control of Culicidae and Simuliidae in Rio
      Grande do Sul].

PMID- 2641398
TI  - The in vitro effect of methylmercuric chloride on superoxide dismutase activity
      of pig platelets.
AB  - Incubation of the suspension of washed pig platelets with methylmercuric chloride
      (MeHg) caused decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at the
      concentrations of MeHg 10(-5)-10(-4) mol/l. We also observed the increase of
      enzyme activity at low concentrations of MeHg (10(-7)-10(-6) mol/l). MeHg affects
      the SOD activity similarly to other mercurials which are known to react with
      sulfhydryl groups, and differentially influence enzymatic systems.

PMID- 2641399
TI  - A rapid HPLC method for plasma and serum mexiletine determination and its use in
      therapeutic drug monitoring.
AB  - A HPLC method for the determination of mexiletine in human plasma and serum is
      described. Serum or plasma after addition of mexiletine and internal standard was
      extracted with diisopropyl ether. The extract was then evaporated and dissolved
      in the mobile phase. An aliquot of the solution was chromatographed on a reversed
      phase C8 column. The peaks were detected by UV (214 nm) at room temperature. The
      limit of detection of mexiletine was approximately 0.02 mg/l of plasma or serum.
      The validity of the method is discussed and compared with other methods.

PMID- 2641400
TI  - [Automatic re-utilization of capillary dialysis].
AB  - The possibility of multiple use of Cuprophan capillary dialyzers reutilized with
      our own method with a help of an automatic apparatus produced according to our
      own constructive assumptions was evaluated. The experiments were carried out
      using capillary dialyzers of the Organon Technika firm, Andante H.F. type with 8
      mu thickness of a Cuprophan capillary++ membrane and a dysfusion surface of 0.8
      m2. Complete sterility of the regeneration process and full wash of the
      disinfectant (formaldehyde extract) were observed before reusing of the dialyzer.
      The clearance of creatinine did not lower when the regenerated dialyzers were
      used. During the first use of the dialyzer it was 105.8 +/- 8.9 ml/min, and
      during the sixth one--105.5 +/- 9.8 ml/min. In a group of 24 patients first
      dialyzed using dialyzers only once and then after 4 months' dialyzing with
      dialyzers used at least 6 times and again after 4 months' of further dialyzing
      using a dialyzer only once, remarkable changes of the concentration of urea,
      creatinine, hydrogen carbonates, fibrinogen, the hematocrit indicator, the amount
      of hemoglobulin, the number of hematocytes, blood platelets and the weights of
      the patients in blood serum were not observed. Differences in the before
      mentioned indicators between the group of patients dialyzed with a multiple used
      dialyzer and group of 7 persons dialyzed at the same time with a dialyzer used
      only once were not observed. During 1075 dialyses made using reutilized dialyzers
      negative phenomena which might be connected with multiple use of dialyzers were
      not observed in patients. The authors come to the conclusion that the automatic
      reutilization of their own method does not lower the efficiency of hemodialysis,
      lowers the risk of the first use syndrome and is well tolerated by patients which
      with simultaneous lowering the costs of dialysis as is much for multiple use of
      dialyzers.

PMID- 2641401
TI  - [Morphologic studies of the reaction of the subcutaneous connective tissue in
      rats to implantation of porous ceramics].
AB  - In the authors carried out testing of the porous ceramics Al2O3 biocompatibility.
      Comminuted ceramics with an average graining 3.5 were inserted subcutaneously in
      suspension of physiological salt in rats. The animals were killed after 7, 15,
      30, 60 and 180 days. Histologic testing of the skin together with the subcutis in
      the place of the ceramics' powder injection as well as testing of the internal
      organs was carried out. It was observed that already after 30 days the connective
      tissue reaction became stable and did not change until the end of the experiment.
      A connective tissular capsule 120-160 mu depth of collagenous fibre and some
      fibroblasts of the correct structure came into existence around the inserted
      ceramics' powder. In the course of the whole experiment neither macrophages nor
      great foreign bodies were observed. Accumulation of the ceramics' molecules and
      RES reactions were not observed in the internal organs. The tested ceramics in
      characterized by high tissular biocompatibility.

PMID- 2641402
TI  - A silastic prosthesis for total replacement of the middle-ear ossicular chain,
      its acoustic properties and clinical application.
AB  - The authors designed and made a prosthesis for total replacement of the middle
      ear ossicular chain (TORP) from Silastic MDX 44-516. A great advantage of this
      substitute is that it can easily be modified to a prosthesis for partial
      replacement of the middle-ear ossicular chain (PORP). The transfer properties of
      the PORP type prosthesis were verified by using an electroacoustic model
      measurement. Very good anatomical and functional results were obtained in the
      clinical testing of both types of middle-ear substitutes. No undesired reactions
      to the implanted polymer were observed.

PMID- 2641403
TI  - [Polymer materials for biomedical use obtained by radiation methods. III.
      Radiation cross-linking of acrylamide and N-vinylpyrrolidone].
AB  - The course of the radiation formation of hydrogels in aqueous solutions of
      acrylamide and N-vinylpyrrolidone was investigated on the base of gel-sol
      analysis. Using relations from Inokuti's equation as a test of crosslinking
      mechanism it was pointed out that creation of gels takes place according to
      classical mechanism e.g. through four-functional joining points. In the systems
      containing oxygen gel formation results from simultaneous crosslinking and
      degradation. On the base of swelling measurements of gels (ROCH method) the
      yields of radiation processes were calculated. Using a method of pulse radiolysis
      the absorption spectra of macroradicals were recorded, their structures discussed
      and the rate constants of crosslinking estimated.

PMID- 2641405
TI  - Mucus and related topics.

PMID- 2641404
TI  - [Polymer materials for biomedical use obtained by radiation methods. IV. The
      therapeutic system for local release of prostaglandins].
AB  - The suitability of a radiation crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone++ as a
      therapeutical system for local prostaglandin monitoring has been studied. The
      effect of the dose and dose rate of ionizing radiation and of the time of heating
      the matrix on the content of gel fraction and the degree of hydrogel swelling was
      determined. The dimensions of a polymer network as dependent on the parameters of
      the process were calculated. For a chosen way of obtaining the therapeutical
      system, the release of prostaglandin F2 alpha in vitro was also estimated.

PMID- 2641406
TI  - Is gastro-intestinal mucus an ion-selective barrier?
AB  - The mucus layer at the epithelial surface seems to be responsible for the
      formation of a microclimate in which the concentrations of H+, K+, Na+, and Cl-
      are rather constant. It is possible that this is not due simply to an unstirred
      layer effect, but also to a higher diffusion resistance of mucus. Flux
      measurements revealed that sodium and potassium permeabilities in mucus are 50%
      lower than those in saline. Dilution and biionic diffusion potentials indicated a
      higher relative permeability of mucus for sodium and potassium than for chloride.
      Thus mucus represents a diffusion barrier, slightly more permeable for cations
      than for anions.

PMID- 2641407
TI  - Local anaesthesia of the trachea and mucus secretion.
AB  - We have tested whether two local anaesthetics, in the lumen of cat trachea in
      vivo, would block the stimulation of mucus secretion by parasympathetic nerves
      without altering its stimulation by a cholinergic drug. Lignocaine, 4.3-43 mM
      (0.1-1%) in Krebs-Henseleit, increased the output of mucus macromolecules. It
      abolished secretion in response to vagus nerve stimulation, but also diminished
      the effect of 5 microM pilocarpine. Tetrodotoxin, 50 microM, abolished vagal
      control of secretion without inhibiting pilocarpine's action or changing resting
      secretion. Though lignocaine blocks nerve-mediated secretion, its action is not
      simply on nerve conduction. In contrast, the effect of tetrodotoxin may be
      restricted to the blocking of nerves.

PMID- 2641408
TI  - The dependence of size and functional properties of pig gastric mucus on the
      isolation method used.
AB  - The size of isolated gastric mucin is substantially larger if proteolysis is
      rigorously excluded during the isolation procedure by inclusion of proteinase
      inhibitors with or without guanidinium chloride. Pig gastric mucin isolated in
      0.2 M NaCl (without proteinase inhibitors) so25,w, 33S, Mr approximately 2 x
      10(6) has consistent physical and chemical properties, retains the gel-forming
      properties of the native mucus secretion and is readily susceptible to
      proteolysis although it has undergone proteolytic "nicking" during isolation.
      Gastric mucins isolated in proteinase inhibitors with guanidinium chloride are of
      larger size so25,w, 41-110S but precipitate from solution at gel-forming
      concentrations. Reduction of all these gastric mucin preparations with either 0.2
      M mercaptoethanol or 10 mM dithiothreitol produced subunits of size in the region
      of Mr approximately 5 x 10(5). Gel filtration studies also showed that reduced
      mucin subunits prepared from gastric mucins isolated in guanidinium chloride
      could reassociate to form larger subunits of size approximately Mr approximately
      2 x 10(6). The dependence of gastric mucin size on the isolation procedure is
      discussed.

PMID- 2641409
TI  - Goblet cell mucin in human foetal colon, its composition and susceptibility to
      enzyme degradation: a histochemical study.
AB  - This work is part of an investigation into G. I. mucin susceptibility to enzyme
      degradation in normal and disease states. Formalin-fixed/paraffin embedded foetal
      (14-23 weeks) and neonatal colonic tissue was stained for mucins (neutral, N- and
      O-acylated sialomucins and sulphomucins) and PNA, UEA1, and Limax flavus. Enzymes
      tested: neuraminidases, alpha- and beta-galactosidase (E. coli and B. testis),
      beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, alpha-fucosidase, single or in sequence, with and
      without prior neuraminidase treatment and followed by the stains. Acid mucins
      predominate throughout foetal life, sulphation occurs at 14 weeks and O-acylated
      sialomucins at 23 weeks. PNA and UEA1 are seen in traces or not detected. The
      mucin profile at birth is similar to the adult. Colonic mucins are susceptible to
      neuraminidase which abolishes Limax staining. The glycosidases effect on PNA is
      seen only with prior neuraminidase treatment and is particularly marked with beta
      Gal(BT) in Neu----beta-Gal----beta-N-AcetylGlc than with beta-Gal (EC).
      Fucosidase with prior neuraminidase treatment has effect on UEA1 (decreases) and
      PNA (increases) affinities. Neuraminidase is essential as a first step in the
      process and by using beta-galactosidases EC and BT it was possible to show
      different PNA binding affinities. Preliminary data demonstrate the feasibility of
      this histochemical approach to the study of colonic mucins and forms the basis
      for further studies in the adult.

PMID- 2641410
TI  - Studies on mucus biosynthesis in the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Mucin biosynthesis in the rat gastrointestinal tract was measured by following
      the incorporation of radioactive precursors, [3H] glucosamine, [3H] galactose and
      [3H] serine. The radioactive mucin was isolated by a combination of equilibrium
      centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient and gel-filtration or, by papain
      digestion and removal of digested peptides by dialysis. Radioactive precursors
      were incorporated into mucin by stomach, duodenum and colon in vivo and by
      stomach in organ culture in vitro. In the latter, incorporation was approximately
      20-fold greater than in vivo, over 6 h. In all cases lower molecular weight non
      mucin glycoprotein, of the same buoyant density as mucin, became radioactively
      labelled (non-dialysable) and usually accounted for the majority of the
      incorporated radioactivity. Acetylcholine, dibutyryl cAMP and secretin stimulated
      radioactive incorporation into both gastric mucin and non-mucin components with
      acetylcholine and dcAMP stimulating specifically [3H] glucosamine into gastric
      mucin. Using these conditions no stimulation of incorporation into gastric mucin
      of all three radioactive precursors could be obtained with topical PGE2. In some
      biosynthesis studies by others, methods used to precipitate radioactive mucins do
      not distinguish between mucin and lower sized material. This study points to the
      need for a reappraisal of existing methods using radioactive isotopes to study
      mucin biosynthesis.

PMID- 2641411
TI  - Disulphide bonds and the 118,000 Mr glycoprotein of human intestinal mucin.
AB  - Purified intestinal mucins from eight normal subjects (N) and six patients with
      cystic fibrosis (CF) were compared for: (1) their content of free thiol groups (
      SH) and disulphide bonds (S-S), (2) their immunoreactivity in a specific enzyme
      linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the disulphide-bound 118,000 Mr glycoprotein and
      (3) their content of 118 kDa glycoprotein. Results showed considerable
      variability in the S-S/-SH content of individual mucin preparations but no
      differences were observed between N and CF samples. In the ELISA, all mucins were
      found to have identical antigenic determinants with the same affinity for the
      anti-118 kDa glycoprotein antibody but marked differences (ranging from 0.2 to
      120,000 ng mucin) were observed in their relative immunoreactivities, indicating
      variable numbers of antigenic determinants. In general, CF mucins appeared to
      react more strongly in the immunoassay than N mucins. By SDS/polyacrylamide-gel
      electrophoresis under reducing conditions and densitometric analysis of Coomassie
      blue-stained gels, differences (up to six-fold) were also detected in the amount
      of 118 kDa glycoprotein in individual mucin preparations. However, this did not
      appear to be the cause of the variations in mucin immunoreactivity because not
      all strongly antigenic mucins contained large amounts of 118 kDa glycoprotein.
      Thus, accessibility of the 118 kDa glycoprotein to the antibody or the number of
      functional antigenic determinants within the 118 kDa glycoprotein may vary among
      different mucin preparations. The greater antigenicity of CF mucins may therefore
      reflect changes in their macromolecular conformation or in their 118 kDa
      glycoprotein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641412
TI  - Placental protein 14 (PP14) content and immunosuppressive activity of human
      cervical mucus.
AB  - Extracts of cervical mucus contain measurable levels of placental protein 14
      (PP14), a protein known to suppress proliferative responses of human peripheral
      blood lymphocytes. Such extracts have been shown to exert suppressive activities
      on allogeneically stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes in a dose-dependent
      manner. However, there was no correlation between the PP14 content of cervical
      mucus samples and their suppressive activities. Such activity could not be
      removed from the extracts by dialysis, suggesting high molecular weight
      mediators. These results indicate that there may be an immunosuppressive factor
      in human cervical mucus which functions to protect inseminated sperm in a
      potentially immunologically hostile environment in the female reproductive tract.

PMID- 2641413
TI  - The mucilage secreted by roots and its possible role in cell-cell recognition for
      the adhesion of fungal pathogens to root surfaces of Zea mays L.
AB  - The outer cells of the roots of plants secrete a mucilage which lubricates the
      root and keeps it moist. The mucilage is secreted from the Golgi apparatus in
      vesicles which fuse at the plasma membrane. In maize roots a complex of at least
      three polysaccharides and glycoproteins are formed, some of which have a large
      proportion of fucose in their composition. The synthesis of these compounds can
      be readily monitored because fucose can be easily identified, and especially
      because exogenous fucose is not catabolized but is incorporated intact into the
      polymers. The synthesis of the polymers seems to be initiated in the endoplasmic
      reticulum in conjunction with polyprenoid oligosaccharides that contain fucose.
      Lipid-oligosaccharides of nine sugar residues can be obtained from the membrane
      preparations of the root cells. These compounds are polyprenyl diphosphate
      derivatives. A GDP-fucose:polyprenyl phosphate transfucosylase occurs in the
      endoplasmic reticulum, whereas fucosyl transferase that transfers fucose to a
      polymer occurs mainly in the Golgi apparatus. The indirect evidence suggests that
      oligosaccharides of polyprenyl diphosphate compounds are transferred to proteins,
      elaborated in the Golgi apparatus, and large molecular weight polysaccharides are
      finally exported as the mucus. Part of the mucus is acidic and in some respects
      resembles pectin. The presence of fucose in such large quantities in maize root
      mucilage suggested that this might have some significance for the recognition of
      these plants by parasitic root fungi. The adsorption of mucilage by pathogenic
      fungi was investigated with two types of fungi, a highly specialized ectotrophic
      root-infecting fungus, e.g. Phialophora radicicola and a vascular wilt fungus
      capable of attacking a great variety of tissues, e.g. Fusarium moniliforme. The
      adsorption of radioactively labelled and fluorescently labelled polymers by the
      pathogenic fungi was investigated. The character and proportion of fungal
      surfaces present in vitro were standardised by the production and semi
      synchronous germination of populations of conidia. Changes in appearance of
      fungal walls, present before and after germination, were examined
      ultrastructurally. There was polyanionic material on hyphal but less on conidial
      surfaces of the ectotrophic root-infecting fungi. In contrast this material was
      present to similar extents on both hyphal and conidial surfaces of F.
      moniliforme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2641414
TI  - Gastrointestinal mucus gel rheology.
AB  - Mucus secretions from human and pig stomach; pig duodenum and pig colon have the
      same viscoelastic gel structure, as determined by mechanical spectroscopy. These
      mucus gels are readily solubilised by proteolysis or reduction with thiol agents
      but are stable with an unchanged mechanical spectra following exposure to pH 1-8,
      bile, bile salts and hypertonic 2 M NaCl. Gels of the same mechanical spectra and
      stability are reproduced by concentration of the isolated mucins purified free of
      protein, DNA and lipid (less than 1%). A direct correlation is observed between
      percentage of total mucin in polymeric form in the mucus secretion and its gel
      quality. The mechanical spectra of proteolytically digested mucus, together with
      the resistance of mucus to denaturing agents suggest carbohydrate-carbohydrate
      interactions are involved in gel matrix formation. Pig submaxillary mucin forms
      model gels with the same viscoelastic gel structure as other gastrointestinal
      gels. Wide variations in the composition and length of the carbohydrate chains of
      mucins do not affect the gel-forming properties.

PMID- 2641415
TI  - Donnan mechanism of mucin release and conditioning in goblet cells: the role of
      polyions.
AB  - Mucin, the principal polymeric species in the mucus matrix, is condensed inside
      secretory granules and undergoes massive swelling upon exocytosis. Mucin swelling
      is governed by a Donnan equilibrium. However, the effect of polyions such as
      soluble proteins on the swelling of mucin granules has not been investigated. The
      experiments reported here were designed to evaluate the effect of albumin on
      swelling kinetics of mucin granules exocytosed from respiratory goblet cells in
      culture. The kinetics of swelling was monitored by video-microscopy. The
      diffusivity of newly released mucins, in the presence of different concentrations
      of serum albumin, was evaluated using the expression: D = r2f/tau where tau is
      the characteristic time of the swelling, and rf is the final equilibrium radius
      of the swollen granule. Preliminary results indicate that serum albumin at
      concentrations of 10(-7) M, which are equivalent to those found in the bronchial
      mucus of asthmatic or cystic fibrosis patients, can produce up to a 90% decrease
      in the diffusivity of newly released mucins. Albumin is commonly present on the
      surface of the respiratory mucosa, and its concentration is increased in asthma
      and other bronchial inflammatory diseases. The evidence presented here shows that
      soluble proteins can strongly modulate the rate of swelling of newly released
      mucins, as predicted by Donnan equilibrium. Since swelling is a critical
      determinant of mucus rheology, the concentration of plasma proteins on the mucosa
      could play an important role in the regulation of the rheological properties of
      mucus. Also, the characteristically thick mucus found in chronic bronchial
      inflammatory diseases could be at least partially explained by the high levels of
      albumin found in the airways of these patients.

PMID- 2641416
TI  - Pressor responsiveness to vasopressin in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The present study was designed to find out whether pressor responsiveness to
      vasopressin (AVP) is altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in
      comparison with their normotensive controls (WKY). Blood pressure and heart rate
      changes after injection of graded doses of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 ng of AVP
      (Calbiochem) i.v. were compared in 9 conscious, unrestrained spontaneously
      hypertensive (SHR) and 11 normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, chronically
      instrumented with venous and arterial catheters. The threshold dose necessary to
      elicit a significant increase in blood pressure and reduction of heart rate was
      lower in WKY than in SHR. At each dose level the blood pressure elevation
      persisted for a longer period in WKY than in SHR. Bradycardia was greater in WKY
      than in SHR both in absolute terms and in relation to the blood pressure
      increase. Thus, the results reveal diminished pressor responsiveness to moderate
      doses of AVP in SHR in spite of suppressed reflex bradycardia. It is suggested
      that the peripheral action of AVP on the vascular system is attenuated in SHR.

PMID- 2641417
TI  - Sialic acid at the surface of myocardial cells during embryonic development.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that the reduction of automaticity during the embryonic
      development of chick ventricular myocytes is correlated with the number of sialic
      acid residues at the cell surface. The major findings were twofold. First, the
      sialic acid content of ventricular tissue fragments declined during the period
      between 4 and 17 days of development; however, when a 26% reduction of cell
      surface area was taken into account, the surface density of sialic acid at 7 and
      17 days was not significantly different. Second, the sialic acid content of
      ventricular cell aggregates (after 3 days in gyratory culture) increased during
      the same two-week period. On the surface of these cells, the density was
      significantly greater at 17 days than at 7 days, even after a 17% increase in
      cell surface area had been taken into account. When the developmental increase in
      sialic acid content was compared with a concomitant decline in aggregate beat
      rates, we calculated a correlation coefficient of 0.85. Thus, while there could
      be some relationship between aggregate automaticity and sialic acid content,
      there appears to be no such correlation for fragments of chick ventricle.

PMID- 2641418
TI  - Spreading of epileptic afterdischarges between entorhinal cortex and hippocampus
      in acute experiments and the kindling model of epilepsy in the rat--comparing
      different methods of analysis.
AB  - Spreading of epileptiform activity in the central nervous system is one of the
      fundamental problems in epileptology. The patterns of spreading of after
      discharges in the hippocampus and entorphinal cortex were studied in acute
      experiments and using the kindling model of epileptogenesis. Three methods were
      used to determine the time relations between EEG signals from different brain
      areas; visual inspections, average amount of mutual information (AAMI) and phase
      spectrum method. The analysis methods used are adequate for quantification of the
      degree of coupling between different EEG signals during an afterdischarge, but
      should be used jointly since different signal features are taken into
      consideration by different methods. During an afterdischarge only at the
      beginning the focal area is clearly leading the other brain areas; thereafter the
      pattern becomes more complex.

PMID- 2641419
TI  - Correlations of neuronal spike discharges of VL neurons during spontaneous firing
      and during the activity evoked by peripheral stimulation.
AB  - The temporal relations between simultaneously recorded neurons of the nucleus
      ventralis lateralis (VL) of cat thalamus were studied. The interaction and the
      functional connections between individual VL neurons are described. This was
      achieved with an application of cross correlation techniques. The response
      patterns of different individual neurons to somatic sensory and photic stimuli
      were also analyzed. For the purpose of classifying neurons as thalamocortical
      relay cells (T-C) and non relay cells (N-C) which do not project to the motor
      sensory cortex antidromic cortical stimulation was used. This stimulation was
      also used as conditioning one when proceeded peripheral stimuli. To analyze the
      nonspecific specific interactions upon single neurons conditioning photic stimuli
      were applied. The results show that T-C neurons are antidromically excited from a
      wide cortical areas and that the functional interaction between T-C neurons is
      mediated by a shared input from common sources. It is further postulated that N-C
      cells interposed between relay neurons subserve the functions of gating units
      modifying the neuronal network of lateral ventral nucleus of the thalamus.

PMID- 2641420
TI  - Specific binding properties of 125I-apamin in various structures of the rat
      central nervous system.
AB  - The properties of 125I-apamin binding with rat central nervous system slices were
      analysed in vitro using computerized densitometric autoradiography. Scatchard
      analysis performed for the data of binding experiments in rat brain and spinal
      cord demonstrates that apamin binds to a single class of non-interacting binding
      sites in all investigated structures. The dissociation constant values (KD) were
      similar in all investigated structures (31-38 pM). The maximal binding capacity
      (Bmax) was observed in the structures of limbic olfactory system (30 fmol/mg
      protein), the lowest in brain white matter (0.5 fmol/mg protein). It is concluded
      that the observed pattern of 125I-apamin binding might represent the topography
      of a class of Ca2+ dependent K+ channels in the rat central nervous system.

PMID- 2641421
TI  - Computer assisted quantitative densitometric analysis of 125I-apamin binding
      sites in the central nervous system.
AB  - The binding sites for 125I-monoiododerivative of apamin in the central nervous
      system of rat, guinea-pig, chicken and frog were analysed and compared by
      computer assisted quantitative densitometric autoradiography on X-ray film. The
      highest level of binding sites in the rat and guinea-pig brain was found in the
      limbic-olfactory system and in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. In
      the chicken brain apamin binds preferentially to the tectum opticum and nuclei
      isthmi. In the frog brain no specific apamin binding sites were found. The role
      of presented topography for apamin binding sites is discussed in relation to
      neurotoxic properties of apamin.

PMID- 2641422
TI  - Gastric emptying of liquids in patients with peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the rates of gastric emptying of water,
      saline and a 20% glucose solution in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers.
      In all subjects, gastric emptying was fastest after administration of the saline,
      slower with water and the slowest with glucose. Significant statistical
      differences (p less than 0.05) in emptying rates between normal subjects and the
      group with duodenal ulcer were seen when water and saline but not glucose were
      used. We conclude that inhibitory effects of the osmotic receptors are not
      changed in gastric and duodenal ulcer patients. However, the emptying rates were
      higher when osmotic stimulus was withheld.

PMID- 2641423
TI  - Effect of stimulation of the vagus nerves and vagotomy on myoelectric activity of
      small bowel.
AB  - Experiments have been done on conscious dogs (6 animals) to study vagal
      influences on small bowel motility. First group (3 dogs) was prepared with
      gastric and esophageal fistulas, the second group (3 dogs) with gastric fistulas.
      Both groups had monopolar silver electrodes placed along small bowel. Stimulation
      of vagus with sham feeding (SF) increased MMC period of about 21%. Insulin and
      2DG infused intravenously increased MMC period at lower dose range and in high
      doses induced fed-like pattern of motility. Supradiaphragmatic vagotomy done in
      the second group animals does not change significantly fasted as well as fed
      motility pattern. These data suggest that central and peripheral vagal input is
      required for inhibition MMC activity and development fed motility pattern.

PMID- 2641424
TI  - Effect of fatty acid chain length and saturation on formation of the acylenzyme
      complex by the isolated aortic enzyme fraction.
AB  - Formation of acylenzyme complexes between the protein fraction isolated from pig
      thoracic aortas and palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidic
      acid, was studied. The reaction brings about transformations of the periodically
      variable sinusoidal function of the enzyme absorbancy (energy level) depending on
      the kind of substrate utilized. Different changes in the enzyme energy level in
      the elementary process are induced by the saturated and polyunsaturated fatty
      acids and by oleic acid as demonstrated by the intermediate course of the
      function for oleylenzyme. The reaction rate constants were calculated and their
      negative curvilinear dependence upon molecular weight of the substrates has been
      shown. The differences in the acyl-enzyme reaction course and preferences are
      discussed with respect to the arterial metabolism and different accumulation of
      lipids.

PMID- 2641425
TI  - [Spacing of permanent incisors and its influence on the available space for
      mandibular canines and premolars].
AB  - The report analysed differences between deposal space in segments I2-M1 measured
      from mesioaproximal surface C to mesioaproximal surface M1, measured by Moyers's
      method and by predictable width of teeth crowns C, P1 and P2 established by
      correlation method with known value sum of lower incisors with significance of
      75% at 158 subjects both sexes with mixed dentition. In regard to spacing of
      incisors subjects are distributed in three groups: normal spacing of incisors,
      crowding of incisors and the spaces between incisors. Differences among
      predictable widths of crowns C, P1 and P2 and desposal space in segments I2-M1
      evaluated by two methods show statistically significant differences at groups
      with crowding of incisors and the spaces between the incisors. Moyers's method of
      measuring desposal space for position C, P1 and P2 in dental arch is not
      convenient for the effect of evaluation of premature loss of deciduous teeth from
      resistance zone on the loss of the space in dental arch at mentioned spacing of
      incisors.

PMID- 2641427
TI  - [Step-back method for intracanal preparation with multiple length determination
      of the tooth root canal].
AB  - A procedure of intracanal preparation of a cuneiform with cervical extension
      using a step-back technique is described. The length of the root canal is
      determined by multiple electric measurement. First, the initial measurement of
      the canal length (I1) is performed. The measured length is then transferred to
      the initial extender (No. 15), whereafter extirpation of the pulp and removal of
      circumpulpal dentin begin. Then the extender NO. 20 is reduced by 1 mm, and the
      extender No. 25 by 2 mm. When the canal have been narrowed and bent, further
      extenders are used to additionally reduce the working length by 1 mm more. When
      the pulp has been extirpated, the second canal length measurement (12) is
      performed, then starting to form the canal. In phase 1, the apical third from the
      initial (IAF) to the leading file (MAF) is treated and the cervical extension of
      the canal prepared by a bur drill. In further instrumentation, each next file is
      reduced by 1 mm of the measured canal length (12), thus shaping the canal by
      filling, using a step-back method. Files according to Hedstrom should be used
      thereby. Shaping of the canal is completed by a file by four numbers greater than
      the leading (MAF) one.

PMID- 2641426
TI  - [Calcium hydroxide cements in an in vivo study].
AB  - Great caution is required when choosing materials coming into direct contact with
      pulpal tissue. The aim of this study was to assess the connective tissue
      tolerance to Cap-cap and Cinacal, clinically used for pulp capping, in
      experimental animals. On the basis of tissue reactions around implanted material
      specimens at intervals of 2, 14 and 28 days after application, the two materials
      were found to belong to a group of biocompatible materials. Marked infiltration
      with inflammatory cells around Cap-cap specimens during the first few days after
      injection pointed to irritative feature of the material as compared to Cinacal,
      possibly attributable to eugenol, a Cap-cap constitutive component.

PMID- 2641428
TI  - [Residual caries and prosthetic treatment].
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which residual caries causing
      pulpal lesions may affect the prosthetic treatment success. Two hundred and
      twenty-three teeth were observed prior to prosthetic grinding and 15 months after
      the prosthetic appliance cementation. Study subjects were divided into three
      groups: group I consisting of 75 intact teeth, group II including 95 teeth where
      old fillings were removed, and group III with 53 teeth where old fillings were
      not removed prior to grinding for prosthetic treatment. Results showed pulp to be
      affected by disease in 24 or 10.76% of cases in total. Intact teeth were affected
      in 5 or 6.67% of cases, and those with replaced fillings in 8 or 8.24% of cases.
      These results were statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Differences
      in pulp damage between the group with removed fillings and that where the
      existing fillings were not removed, and between the group where fillings were not
      removed and that of intact teeth, were statistically significant (P less than
      0.05), suggesting that undetected residual caries under old fillings should be
      added to the known and described causes leading to failure of prosthetic dental
      treatment. Therefore, it appears quite desirable to replace old fillings prior to
      prosthetic treatment of the teeth.

PMID- 2641429
TI  - [Relationship between Wharton's duct, lingual nerve and hypoglossus nerve].
AB  - Surgical interventions in the submandibular and the sublingual region require a
      thorough knowledge of the relationship between Wharton's duct, the lingual and
      the hypoglossus nerve. Between the above named elements certain discrepancies and
      imprecisions can be observed in the literature concerning their relationship. On
      these grounds we took it as the goal of our research to study the relationship
      between Wharton's duct and the consequent nerves on 40 human specimens of the sub
      mandibular salivary gland with their surrounding structures of the neck.
      Analyzing the taken material, we arrived at the following conclusions: On the
      external side of the hypoglossus muscle we observe going from the top: the
      lingual nerve, Wharton's nerve, the anterior processus of the gland and the
      hypoglossus nerve. On the anterior edge of the hyoglossus muscle the relationship
      changes so that, looking from the top down, we have: Wharton's duct, the lingual
      nerve, the anterior processus of the gland and the hypoglossus nerve.

PMID- 2641430
TI  - Effects of Nd: YAG low power laser irradiation on the ulnar nerve.
AB  - In our previous study, we have shown that low power laser irradiation of the
      stellate ganglion produces a rise in temperature in the bilateral facial skin. To
      clarify the mechanism behind this phenomenon, irradiation was performed on the
      ulnar nerve at the elbow joint. The sensation felt during irradiation was
      reported by the subjects. Changes in temperature of the hand dorsum were
      thermographically recorded. The evoked peripheral autonomic surface potentials
      (PASP) were also recorded. 77.3% of the subjects reported sensation changes in
      the hand; the temperature rose in both hands in 3 out of 5 subjects. The PASPs
      did not show marked changes in latency or amplitude. It is suggested that the
      effects of the irradiation are brought about mainly through the stimulation of
      the central nervous system.

PMID- 2641431
TI  - Effect on the action potential of the low power Nd: YAG laser as irradiated
      directly to the nerve.
AB  - The present paper reports our studies of changes in the compound action potential
      after Nd: YAG laser irradiation of the rat's sciatic nerve. The nerve on one side
      was exposed and irradiated by Nd: YAG laser directly. The temperature of the
      irradiated nerve was also measured. 1) Under 100 mW irradiation the compound
      action potential and the temperature of the surface of the sciatic nerve did not
      show a detectable change. 2) Under 300 mW irradiation the compound action
      potential showed an increase in amplitude, and shortening in latency. A negative
      after-potential appeared within 30 secs of irradiation. The temperature on the
      sciatic nerve rose by 3 degrees C during the irradiation. 3) Under 500 mW
      irradiation the compound action potential decreased gradually in amplitude and
      ultimately disappeared. The temperature on the sciatic nerve reached more than 47
      degrees C.

PMID- 2641432
TI  - Holoprosencephaly: report of a case.
AB  - This is a case report of a patient suffering from holoprosencephaly associated
      with median cleft lip and palate who was treated in our clinic. The present
      patient was introduced to our hospital at the age of three months. We suspected
      holoprosencephaly on the basis of the peculiar facial structure. Lip plasty was
      performed because the holoprosencephaly of the patient would be of the least
      severe type capable of surviving a long time, and because of the parents' concern
      about the esthetic aspect. The modified Tennison's method was used. The patient
      is under follow-up observation at our hospital.

PMID- 2641433
TI  - Structural analysis of phleboliths and salivary calculi.
AB  - Three phleboliths and ten salivary calculi in the submandibular duct were studied
      with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computer aided microanalyser (CMA).
      The surface of the phleboliths was rather even with some irregularity. According
      to their surface structure the salivary calculi were divided into three types:
      the rock-like type, the granular type, and the globular type. The phleboliths
      were classified into two types according to their cut surface: the calcified-core
      type, and the uncalcified-core type. The core structure was similar to the
      surface structure in the calcified-core type of phleboliths, but in the salivary
      calculi the core structure was different from the surface structure in that the
      cut surface of the core was an accumulation of circular or polygonal structures
      forming a honey-comb pattern which was surrounded by small projections
      distributed radially. On the basis of these results some etiological factors of
      phleboliths and salivary calculi are discussed.

PMID- 2641434
TI  - Study on supernumerary teeth in the maxillary anterior area in children. 1.
      Clinical analysis.
AB  - This is a study of supernumerary teeth in the maxillary anterior area in
      children. More than 60,000 child patients were examined. The 842 supernumerary
      teeth in the maxillary anterior area, found in a total of 682 children, were
      analyzed clinically. The incidence of supernumerary teeth was 1.12%. The male
      female ratio was 3 to 1. Supernumerary teeth found were single and multiple
      types, with a ratio of 3 to 1. The eruption direction was normal (51.2%),
      inverted (36.2%) or horizontal (7.6%). Approximately 65% were found impacted in
      the maxilla.

PMID- 2641435
TI  - Incidence of cleft lip and/or palate in Aichi prefecture. Comparison of the
      incidence in Aichi prefecture (1982-1987) with those data of other districts in
      Japan.
AB  - To determine the incidence of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in Aichi prefecture,
      485,085 infants born between Jan. 1, 1982, and Dec. 31, 1987, were investigated.
      385 infants (0.154%) were found to have these abnormalities; approximately
      1.54/1000 live births. Of these infants the number of CL, CLP, and CP was 152
      (34.0%), 212 (47.4%), and 83 (18.6%), respectively, (including 1981). These data
      were compared with those of other prefectures in Japan. The incidence of cleft
      lip and/or palate in Aichi prefecture was close to the mean for the whole
      country.

PMID- 2641436
TI  - Epidemiological investigation on cleft palate patterns and sexual difference.
AB  - Sexual difference in severity of the cleft palate was studied in 179 patients. An
      appreciable correlation was found between the severity of cleft and sex: more
      females showing higher levels of severity, and no sexual difference existing in
      less severe cases. The results of our current investigations suggested close
      correlation between the pathogenic factors and sex in the above patients with
      cleft palate.

PMID- 2641437
TI  - Two cases of simple bone cyst suspected of being odontogenic tumors.
AB  - We report here two cases of simple bone cyst suspected of odontogenic tumors. The
      first case, a 17-year-old female, was introduced to our department by a dental
      practitioner because of a large radiographic defect of the bone. The patient had
      no subjective symptoms. The defect extended between 3 and the ascending ramus,
      and had multilocular radiolucency associated with bone expansion. The
      Marsupialization and curettage of the defect were performed. One year after the
      surgery, the defect was filled with new bone. The second case, a 14-year-old
      male, complained of occlusal pain in the anterior mandible. Irregular and
      unilocular radiolucency was seen radiographically in 4 + 2. The biopsy suggested
      an ossifying fibroma. Extirpation and curettage of the lesion were performed. Ten
      months after the surgery, the bone expansion disappeared.

PMID- 2641438
TI  - [Evaluation of masticatory efficiency and the analysis of occlusal pattern
      factors using computer image processing method].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the newly developed computer-assisted
      image processing method. We applied this method for the evaluation of masticatory
      efficiency and the analysis of occlusal pattern factors: the number and the size
      of occlusal contact areas, the number of and the size of the projected facets. We
      compared this new method with our conventional one which is the simplified
      particle counting method using a sieve and measuring the occlusal pattern factors
      with a planimeter. The results were as follows: 1. It is possible to count the
      number of particles within an optional range of size with the new method. 2. The
      new method may be used with minimum error for the measurement of occlusal pattern
      factors. We believe that this newly developed computer-assisted image processing
      method can be put to practical use for clinical evaluation of masticatory
      efficiency and analysis of occlusal pattern factors.

PMID- 2641439
TI  - [Experimental studies of the effect of direct electric micro-current on the
      healing processes of bone defects].
AB  - As a procedure to accelerate healing of the bone defect, the electric micro
      current has attracted much attention in the field of clinical application and
      experimental research. However, investigation of the calcifying process and
      comparison of the elements of the newly formed bony callus have not yet been
      carried out. In order to get deeper understanding of the callus formation and
      calcifying process in bone defects, this experiment aimed at comparing the
      healing processes of bone defects in the rabbit humerus between stimulated and
      non-stimulated control group. The bone specimens were surgically removed, on the
      4th postoperative day and 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th postoperative weeks. The
      specimens were examined by the use of the computer aided microanalyser, the
      energy dispersive spectrometer, and the scanning electron-microscope (JCMA-733).
      Histological examination was also made. In the stimulated group, on the 4th day,
      Ca and P of low concentration were observed around the inner periosteum
      indicating initiation of the calcification with callus formation. On the 1st week
      Ca and P were distributed diffusely in the bone defect. On the 2nd and 3rd weeks,
      the bone defect was almost filled with new bony callus and the calcification
      became more intense. After the 4th week, the distribution and concentration of Ca
      and P in the bony callus were similar to those of the surrounding cortical bone.
      Furthermore, the molar ratio of Ca/P of the new bony callus was much greater in
      the stimulated group than in the control group, and was rather similar to the
      molar ratio of Ca/P in the surrounding cortical bone. The results showed that the
      electric micro-current facilitated not only callus formation but also
      calcification, thus shortening the healing period of the bone defect.

PMID- 2641440
TI  - [Experimental study on the cleft lip and palate. VIII. Induction of cleft palate
      in Wistar rats by vitamin A].
AB  - We tried to induce cleft palate in Wistar rats by injecting Vitamin A. We
      injected Vitamin A into the stomach of females when they were pregnant on the
      eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh day. We them sacrificed them to observe the
      fetuses while they were still pregnant on the eighteenth-twentieth day. The
      results showed that a high rate of cleft palate could be induced by injecting 5
      10 x 10(4) I.U/kg of Vitamin A during pregnancy on the tenth day.

PMID- 2641441
TI  - [Longitudinal study of dental arch forms, with special reference to normal and
      malocclusions].
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to investigate the developmental changes of
      dental arch forms by using longitudinal materials. The data was derived from
      dental casts and roentgenographic cephalograms collected from a longitudinal
      growth study of Japanese children from the age of 5 to 15 years. The materials
      were divided into three groups of occlusion at the time that the children had
      full permanent dentitions as follows; normal occlusion group (N-group; N = 19),
      Angle's class I crowding group (CR-group; N = 11), Angle's class II malocclusion
      group (CL2-group; N = 7). In addition, members of these groups were classified
      into three developmental stages as follows; deciduous, mixed and permanent
      dentition. The developmental changes in dental arch forms were analyzed from
      metrical measurements of dental casts and roentgenographic cephalograms. The
      measurements, such as dental arch lengths, widths, amount of interdental space or
      crowding, mesiodistal crown diameters, overjet and overbite, were obtained from
      dental casts, and those of incisor inclination angles and ANB angles were from
      roentgenographic cephalograms. Finally, principal component analysis was
      performed to clarify the developmental changes of dental arch forms in the series
      of longitudinal data. The results were as follows; 1. A method was devised for
      drawing dental arch forms directly from dental casts using compasses, sliding
      calipers and rulers. 2. Dental arch lengths and widths of the CR-group were
      uniformly smaller from the deciduous to permanent stages than those of the N
      group. 3. The CL2-group showed nearly the same sizes of arch lengths and widths
      as the N-group at the deciduous stage. Nevertheless, these dimensions of the CL2
      group increased considerably and showed larger sizes of arch lengths and widths
      than the N-group in mixed and permanent stages except in the case of maxillary
      arch widths. 4. The sum of mesiodistal crown diameters of the CR-group were quite
      similar to those of the N-group in all three stages. On the other hand, the CL2
      group tended to be larger in both arches than the N-group in all stages. 5. So
      far as the deciduous stage is concerned, the amount of interdental space was
      significantly larger in the N-group than in the other two groups. 6. Throughout
      all stages, there were no significant differences in the maxillary central
      incisor inclination angles among the three groups, while the CR-group tended to
      show lingual inclination of the mandibular central incisor compared with the
      other two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2641442
TI  - [Survey on oral and maxillofacial injuries in contact sports and diffusion of
      mouthguards].
AB  - Recent reports have shown an increase of oral and maxillofacial injuries caused
      by sports activities. In European and American countries, mouthguards are the
      popular measure against these injuries. The purpose of this study was to survey
      the rate of incidence of oral and maxillofacial injuries caused by contact
      sports, the diffusion and the evaluation of mouthguards and the interest in
      mouthguards in Japan. Questionnaires were sent to 244 Rugby football teams in
      Aichi prefecture and 27 American football teams in the Tokai area. We received
      replies from 153 Rugby football teams and 17 American football teams, and the
      results were as follows: 1) The rate of incidence of oral and maxillofacial
      injuries was 239 players out of 4721 players, which means 5.1% in Rugby football
      and 22 players out of 428 players, which means 5.1% in American football. 2) The
      diffusion of mouthguards was 20 out of 153 teams in Rugby football and 16 out of
      17 teams in American football. And most of them are using commercially available
      mouthguards. 3) Almost all teams were not satisfied with their mouthguards and
      complained of speaking difficulties, discomfort and easy dislocation. 4) Almost
      all teams desire the improvement of mouthguards. 5) Teams with no experience of
      mouthguards were very much interested in the use of mouthguards but they do not
      have enough information about mouthguards. 6) We have to enlighten players and
      their instructors about mouthguards and diffuse the use of mouthguards more
      positively to contact sports players.

PMID- 2641443
TI  - [Epidemiological investigation of cleft lip and/or palate. II. Incidence of cleft
      lip and palate among Japanese babies in Gifu prefecture 1986 to 1987].
AB  - Since 1981 we have been conducting investigations in Aichi Prefecture where our
      institution is located in close cooperation with Medical Association of
      Obstetrics-Gynecologists and member physicians of the Midwives Association. In
      addition, we surveyed 111 institutions in Gifu Prefecture for the patient who was
      delivered from January 1, 1986 to December 31, 1987 to learn the incidence and
      type classification of cleft lip and/or palate in the general population Gifu.
      Consequently, we acquired the date of 20667 newborns. It was found as a result
      that 35 babies had these abnormalities and that ratio of the birth of such
      newborns was one for 590.5 deliveries. Among 35 cleft infants 12 (34.3%) with
      cleft lip and palate, 5 (14.3%) cleft palate. Looking at the estimates from the
      results of our investigation, the annual number of newborns with these disease in
      the Gifu Prefecture was 41.6 to 41.9 in 1986, 33.5 to 33.6 in 1987 with 95
      percent confidence limits.

PMID- 2641444
TI  - [Significance of the occurrence of Aeromonas of various biotypes in the Third
      World].
AB  - In investigations carried out in the refugee camps of the Polisario (South
      Algeria), in the neighbourhood of the inhabitants of the waste disposal sites of
      Cairo and in the Ayoun el Atrous and Nema (Mauritania) regions also in the Bida
      and Minna hospitals. Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas spec. were repeatedly
      found in the investigated material. Therefore, it was of particular interest for
      us to investigate this type of organism.

PMID- 2641445
TI  - [Water studies of inhabitants of refuse disposal sites in Cairo. 1].
AB  - In two waste disposal sites in Cairo, drinking water samples from springs,
      drinking vessels and kitchens were investigated. Total germ count lay seldom
      below one thousand and ten million pro ml. Apart from various faecal germs,
      Aeromonas hydrophila was also found. The high occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases
      among the inhabitants of the waste disposal sites can be traced with certainty to
      the extremely bad drinking water quality.

PMID- 2641447
TI  - Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphic evidence of ischemia in a patient with
      angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriogram: significance of thallium-201
      washout analysis.
AB  - We present a patient who had anginal pain and an abnormal exercise
      electrocardiogram but a normal coronary arteriogram. We thought that myocardial
      ischemia was responsible for this symptom in view of the exercise left
      ventriculogram, exercise thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy and effect of
      nitroglycerin on the anginal pain. The left ventriculogram at rest was normal but
      exercise worsened the entire left ventricular wall motion. Exercise thallium-201
      myocardial images showed minimal reduction of radio-activity in the anterior,
      apical, antero-lateral and postero-lateral wall. Myocardial thallium-201 washout
      analysis revealed washout abnormalities all over the left ventricular myocardium
      similar to those of triple vessel disease, supporting the exercise left
      ventriculographic finding. Myocardial thallium-201 washout analysis as well as
      the visual method should be performed in patients with angina pectoris and normal
      coronary arteriograms.

PMID- 2641446
TI  - Quantification of area and percentage of infarcted myocardium by single photon
      emission computed tomography with thallium-201: a comparison with serial serum CK
      MB measurements.
AB  - In order to quantify the size of the infarcted myocardium, two kinds of data
      processing techniques were applied to single photon emission computed tomography
      (SPECT) with thallium-201 and its clinical reliability was evaluated by comparing
      it with the infarct sizing procedure with the serial serum creatine kinase-MB
      measurements in 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction. After maximum-count
      circumferential profile analysis, short axis images were reformatted into an
      unfolded surface map and a bull's eye view map. The SPECT-determined infarct size
      was defined as the area or the percentage of hypoperfused myocardium of which the
      profile count was less than the mean minus 2SD derived from 8 normal subjects.
      The infarct area was calculated from the number of pixels with an abnormal count
      and expressed in an unfolded surface map. The percentage was calculated from the
      number of abnormal profile points and displayed in a bull's eye view map. A high
      linear correlation was observed between the enzymatically determined infarct size
      and the infarct area or the percentage (r = .947, r = .872, respectively),
      despite underestimations in 2 patients with accompanying right ventricular
      infarction and overestimations in 2 patients with prior anterior infarction.
      Moreover, a close negative correlation was found between the left ventricular
      ejection fraction and the infarct area or the percentage (r = .836, r = .821,
      respectively). Thus, the semiautomatic techniques for processing thallium-201
      SPECT images might contribute to the quantitative estimation and display of
      infarcted myocardium and have high clinical reliability.

PMID- 2641448
TI  - Two cases of hamartoangiomyomatosis with characteristic scintigraphic findings.
AB  - Hamartoangiomyomatosis is a rather rare pulmonary disease which occurs in young
      to middle-aged women. The chief complaint of this disease is dyspnea. The chest X
      ray findings of this disease are such complicated features as reticular,
      reticulogranular, miliary and honeycomb-like shadow. A pulmonary perfusion
      scintigram was prepared with a scinticamera after intravenous injection of 10 mCi
      of Tc-99m MAA. The anterior image showed a remarkably reduced bilateral pulmonary
      blood flow, especially in the middle and lower areas of the lungs. In the upper
      portions, the blood flow remained relatively sufficient. The posterior and
      lateral images also gave similar findings. In two cases of
      hamartoangiomyomatosis, pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy was successful in
      identifying the characteristic findings of the disease.

PMID- 2641449
TI  - Ga-67 scintigraphy in chromomycosis.
AB  - We examined an interesting case of chromomycosis that had a characteristic Ga-67
      accumulation. This patient had had widespread chromomycosis skin lesions for 8
      years. We performed Ga-67 scintigraphy in an attempt to obtain additional
      information on the site and extent of the lesion. Ga-67 scintigraphy revealed not
      only all subcutaneous nodules but also an unsuspected enlarged lymphnode and a
      visceral lesion. This case indicates that Ga-67 scintigraphy is a very useful
      method to use in detecting the site and extension of chromomycosis, especially in
      the nodal and the visceral lesions, and sometimes might help in differential
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2641450
TI  - Positron emission tomography using pyruvate-1-11C in two cases of mitochondrial
      encephalomyopathy.
AB  - Positron emission tomography (PET) using pyruvate-1-11C was carried out to
      investigate the in vivo metabolism of pyruvate in the brains of patients with
      mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and Leigh's disease. Two epileptic patients were
      studied as control subjects. Radioactivity was eliminated from the brain tissue
      of the epileptic patients soon after injection of pyruvate-1-11C. PET images of
      mitochondrial encephalomyopathy patients showed an increase in radioactivity in
      the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus, with elimination of
      radioactivity being slower than that of epileptic patients. One patient with
      Leigh's disease showed similar PET images. PET using pyruvate-1-11C is useful for
      the evaluation of mitochondrial energy metabolism in the brain.

PMID- 2641451
TI  - Gallium-67 citrate imaging for the assessment of radiation pneumonitis.
AB  - In order to evaluate its usefulness in the assessment of radiation pneumonitis,
      gallium-67 citrate (67Ga) imaging was performed before and after radiation
      therapy (RT) on 103 patients with lung cancer. In 23 patients with radiation
      pneumonitis detected radiographically, abnormal 67Ga uptake in sites other than
      tumors was found in all post-RT 67Ga lung images. Three patterns of uptake were
      found: (A), focal uptake corresponding to the RT field (n = 10); (B), diffuse
      uptake including the RT field (n = 4), and (C), diffuse uptake outside the RT
      field (n = 9). The area of 67Ga uptake was consistent with that of interstitial
      pneumonitis as revealed histopathologically in 7 cases. 67Ga uptake in pattern
      (C) was an indicator of poor prognosis for the patients with radiation
      pneumonitis. 67Ga uptake in the patients with reversible pneumonitis disappeared
      with steroid therapy. Sixteen (20%) of 80 asymptomatic patients, in whose chest
      radiographs there was no finding of radiation pneumonitis, showed transient 67Ga
      uptake. These were considered to occur in the subclinical radiation pneumonitis.
      These data suggest that 67Ga imaging is more sensitive than chest radiography in
      the detection of radiation pneumonitis and is useful in the assessment of the
      extent and clinical course of radiation pneumonitis.

PMID- 2641452
TI  - Factor analysis of multigated cardiac blood pool scintigram for the measurement
      of left ventricular ejection fraction.
AB  - Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was measured by factor analysis (FA) of
      multigated cardiac blood pool scintigram in 38 consecutive patients, and compared
      with that measured by the variable ROI method (EFVROI) with automated left
      ventricular contour detection. FA was automatically performed without operator
      intervention with a success rate of 100%. The correlation of EF with EFVROI was
      significant in the group of 22 patients with normal wall motion (r = 0.65, p less
      than 0.001), and the entire group of patients (r = 0.70, p less than 0.001), but
      not significant (p = 0.19) in the group of 16 patients with abnormal wall motion.
      In conclusion, left ventricular ejection fraction can be estimated by factor
      analysis of MUGA in patients with normal wall motion.

PMID- 2641453
TI  - Scintigraphic imaging of a case of congenitally corrected transposition of the
      great vessels and an adult case of single atrium and single ventricle.
AB  - We report on the clinical utility of radionuclide angiography and gated blood
      pool single emission computed tomography (gated blood pool SPECT) in two patients
      having congenital heart disease. Both conventional equilibrium radionuclide
      angiography and gated blood pool SPECT demonstrated the connection of the great
      vessels with both ventricles in a 15-year-old male patient with a congenitally
      corrected transposition of the great vessels. In particular, the latter procedure
      could provide very useful information about the ventricular morphology and
      inversion which is important for diagnosing this disorder. The second case is an
      extremely rare 42-year-old female patient with a single atrium and single
      ventricle. She underwent first-pass and multiple gated blood pool angiography
      from the anterior, right and left oblique views. The combination of these
      scintigraphic techniques revealed an insufficiency in anatomical correlations
      among the single atrium, atrioventricular valve, single ventricle and the great
      vessels in addition to the connection of superior vena cava with the single
      atrium, and the atrioventricular valve. Thus, conventional equilibrated
      angiography from multiple views and gated blood pool SPECT seems to be very
      reliable not only for anatomical evaluation but also for clinical course
      observation in patients with complicated congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2641454
TI  - A large myxoma of the right atrium demonstrated by thallium-201.
AB  - A rare case of right atrial myxoma in which thallium-201 gave a good delineation
      of the tumor was presented. In this case, the feeding arteries were seen to be
      highly developed on coronary arteriogram. The amount of blood containing thallium
      201 supplied to the tumor through the feeding arteries was so great that the
      tumor was considered to be visualized by thallium-201 imaging.

PMID- 2641455
TI  - Hepatic carcinosarcoma demonstrated by Ga-67 scintigraphy.
AB  - A case of a primary hepatic carcinosarcoma, a very uncommon liver tumor in
      adults, demonstrated by Ga-67 scintigraphy, was reported. The liver image showed
      a lesion of low activity in the left lobe of the liver, whereas the Ga-67 image
      showed a moderate accumulation in the lesion detected by the liver scan and
      further indicated a high accumulation extending downwards from the hepatic
      lesion. An autopsy revealed that the huge abdominal tumor was composed of
      hepatocellular carcinoma and malignant mesenchymoma in the left hepatic lobe and
      in the lower part of the tumor, respectively. The Ga-67 image demonstrated these
      two different histological components of the tumor.

PMID- 2641456
TI  - Cerebral blood flow, oxygen and glucose metabolism with PET in progressive
      supranuclear palsy.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen metabolic rate and cerebral glucose
      metabolic rate were measured with positron emission tomography (PET) in four
      patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Decreased blood flow and
      hypometabolism of oxygen and glucose were found in both subcortical and cortical
      regions, particularly in the striatum including the head of the caudate nucleus
      and the frontal cortex. The coupling between blood flow and metabolism was
      preserved even in the regions which showed decreased blood flow and
      hypometabolism. These findings indicated the hypofunction, as revealed by
      decreased blood flow and hypometabolism on PET, both in the striatum and the
      frontal cortex, and which may underlie the pathophysiological mechanism of motor
      and mental disturbance in PSP.

PMID- 2641457
TI  - Usefulness of pinhole collimator in differential diagnosis of metastatic disease
      and degenerative joint disease in the vertebrae; evaluation by receiver operating
      characteristics (ROC) analysis.
AB  - In order to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of pinhole collimator (PHC) imaging
      combined with an X-ray for vertebral metastasis, our prospective study has
      employed receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis in 21 patients, 11
      with osseous metastasis and 15 with degenerative joint disease in the lumbar
      vertebrae. PHC imaging provided better anatomic information on the extent of
      99mTc-MDP accumulation. PHC vertebral scintigraphy had a considerable impact on
      the decision-making process, although with variations and not very satisfactory
      results among the physicians with little experience. Our study suggests that PHC
      imaging and X-ray film are useful in differentiating between osseous metastasis
      and degenerative joint disease in the vertebra.

PMID- 2641458
TI  - 111In (III) uptake by inflammatory and normal tissues.
AB  - Tissue distributions of 111In (III) in the rats bearing granuloma, inflammatory
      tissue induced by turpentine oil, were compared with those of 67Ga. The results
      showed that indium-111 resembles 67Ga in the manner of uptake by inflammatory and
      normal soft tissues. The effect of cold-InCl3 on 111In (III) uptake showed that
      transferrin is not involved in the uptake of 111In (III) into inflammatory
      tissues but is involved in the uptake into liver and spleen.

PMID- 2641459
TI  - Assessment of hepatic excretory function in chronic liver disease by
      hepatobiliary scintigraphy.
AB  - Hepatobiliary scintigraphy was performed in 23 normal subjects and 47 patients
      with chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis; n = 27, liver cirrhosis; n = 20)
      to evaluate its availability as a test of liver function. After intravenous
      administration of Tc-99m N-pyridoxyl-5-methyl-tryptophan, the data were acquired
      for 60 min and the time-activity curves of ROIs (the heart and liver) were
      generated. In two compartment model simulation, the early blood clearance rate
      (kl), late blood clearance rate (km), hepatic uptake rate (ku) hepatic excretion
      rate (ke), and hepatic excretion T 1/2 were calculated. There was no significant
      difference in those four k values in normal and chronic hepatitis. However, in
      liver cirrhosis each of them, except km, was lower than in normal subjects. The
      kl value correlated closely with the indocyanine green plasma clearance test,
      whereas the ke and T 1/2 values were closely correlated with the level of serum
      bilirubins. Only hepatobiliary scintigraphy showed the excretory function of the
      liver quantitatively and the ke value was helpful in detecting hepatic excretory
      dysfunction early in chronic liver disease before serum bilirubins increased.

PMID- 2641460
TI  - Preparation of a fine powder of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose suitable for
      inhalation to diagnose lung diseases by means of PET.
AB  - Fine 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18FDG) powder was obtained by adding
      diethyl ether into a methyl alcohol solution of 18FDG and other sugar as seed.
      When micronized particles of sodium N-acetyl-neuraminate (Neu5Ac-Na) were used as
      seed crystals, particles containing 18FDG were obtained and 80% of them were
      smaller than 10 microns in size. More than 60% of these crystals were 4-6 microns
      in size. In a preclinical study of forced inhalation in a dog, the 18FDG fine
      powder was mainly distributed in the trachea. The radioactivity in the trachea
      then increased once and a gradual decrease followed. The radioactivity was
      transferred into the blood and radioactivity incorporation into the heart was
      observed. After a normal volunteer inhaled 18FDG dry powder aerosol, the
      radioactivity was found in the respiratory tract and the peripheral area of the
      lung by means of PET. Absorption and in vivo dynamics of the 18FDG were also
      analysed.

PMID- 2641461
TI  - Gallium-67 SPECT image in gastric lymphoma.
AB  - Gastric non-Hodgkin lymphoma was unexpectedly detected by gallium-67 scanning in
      initial staging of the lesions. Single photon emission computed tomography was
      very useful in determining the accumulation site and indicating further
      appropriate examinations.

PMID- 2641462
TI  - Serodiagnosis of cancer, using porcine antigens recognized by human monoclonal
      antibody, HB4C5.
AB  - Antigens, recognized by human monoclonal antibody (HB4C5) generated from a lung
      cancer patient, were found to occur in porcine pancreas. The antigens-I and -II
      were purified from crude trypsin of porcine pancreas, only by Mono Q column
      chromatography, and were eluted at 260 and 300 mM NaCl in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer,
      pH 7.4, respectively. These antigens differed from trypsin in molecular weight,
      elution pattern from the Mono Q column, and their reactivity with HB4C5. The
      molecular weights of the two antigens were almost the same at around 35000. These
      were used for serodiagnosis with an assay system based on 96-well immunoplates.
      The reactivities of antigens-I and -II with various sera were similar. When the
      reactivity of IgG in serum with antigen-II was measured, absorbance at 415 nm in
      the case of normal and lung cancer patients was 0.178 +/- 0.056 and 0.492 +/-
      0.136 (p less than 0.005). The rates of positive reaction in ovary, larynx,
      uterus, lung and liver cancers were more than 50%, but the rates in stomach and
      breast cancers were less than 30%. Positive reaction was hardly detected in
      pancreas cancer and normal controls.

PMID- 2641463
TI  - Patients in biotechnology. I. Interleukin patent applications.

PMID- 2641464
TI  - Combined treatment of autoimmune MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice with cholera toxin plus
      irradiation. Combined treatment of autoimmune MRL/l mice.
AB  - MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/1) mice spontaneously develop autoimmune diseases like
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) from 2 months of age, accompanied by massive
      lymphadenopathy. Such mice of 2 months of age were treated with 1 microgram
      cholera toxin (CT) every 7 days and/or with 400 rad of one-shot 60Co irradiation.
      CT treatment alone markedly improved nephritis as evaluated by proteinuria and
      moderately suppressed lymphadenopathy and anti-DNA antibody production, while
      irradiation alone prominently improved lymphadenopathy but showed little effect
      on both nephritis and anti-DNA antibody production. On the other hand, when mice
      were treated with the combination of CT plus irradiation, autoimmune nephritis as
      well as anti-DNA production and lymphadenopathy were almost completely inhibited.
      Taken together, each agent exerts the improvement effect at the different points
      from each other in an abnormal immunological circuit displayed in MRL/1 mice.
      This kind of combined treatment may be applicable to the clinical use for
      autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 2641465
TI  - Topographic EEG mapping in cerebrovascular disease.
AB  - Topographic EEG based on the power spectral data were correlated with cortical
      CBF and CMRO2 which were provided by positron emission tomography (PET) in
      patients with cerebral infarction. Delta and theta activities correlated
      negatively with CBF and CMRO2 whereas alpha activity correlated positively. For
      delta activity, both absolute (AP) and relative power (RP) showed significant
      correlation with CBF and CMRO2. For alpha activity, RP showed closer correlation
      with CBF and CMRO2 than did AP. The z-scores for these power data also showed
      significant correlation with the PET data although the degree of correlations did
      not improved even with the z-score. Topographic EEG images including AP, RP and
      their z-score maps well corresponded with the PET images: z-score maps were
      considered to be useful tool in topographical extraction of the features of the
      EEG power data.

PMID- 2641466
TI  - Advances in neuromagnetic instrumentation and studies of spontaneous brain
      activity.
AB  - Rapid progress in neuromagnetic technology has been achieved during the past two
      years with the introduction of a method for accurately indicating magnetic sensor
      locations with respect to a head-based coordinate system and the advent of
      refrigerator-cooled sensors and larger arrays of sensors. These make possible the
      real-time monitoring of evoked activity at several widely separated locations
      over the scalp, thus revealing sequential activity in, e.g., sensory-motor tasks.
      Arrays of magnetic sensors also provide sufficient information to locate the
      sources of spontaneous activity, such as alpha rhythm. The locations of discrete
      generators (alphons) of individual alpha spindles is now possible with an array
      of 14 sensors. Mapping techniques with a 5-sensor system have revealed
      preferential suppression of alpha activity within certain regions of the
      occipital lobe to tasks involving mental comparisons of abstract figures. These
      studies provide evidence that the machinery of visual cortex is involved in
      mental imagery.

PMID- 2641467
TI  - Estimation of large scale neocortical source activity with EEG surface
      Laplacians.
AB  - Relationships between neural current sources recorded at different spatial and
      temporal scales are considered. A number of computer simulations using a three
      concentric spheres model of the head are used to illustrate relationships between
      distributed neocortical sources at the macrocolumn scale and resulting scalp
      potentials. Computer simulations also illustrate the advantages of calculating
      surface Laplacians which are more sensitive than potentials to local sources.
      Surface Laplacians of interictal, epileptic spikes and auditory evoked potentials
      (including P300) are presented as examples of this sensitivity.

PMID- 2641468
TI  - Intracerebral dipole sources of EEG FFT power maps.
AB  - The described method opens a way to compute intracerebral source localizations of
      ongoing EEG activity. A sine-cosine diagram of the Fourier-transformed data is
      constructed for each frequency point, forming a "FFT constellation" of entries.
      Into the FFT constellation of each diagram, a straight line is fitted which
      produces the least squared deviation sum between the original entry positions and
      their orthogonal projections onto that line. The map landscape described by the
      voltages between the projected positions ("FFT approximation") is the least error
      compromise landscape of all possible landscapes during the paradigmatic cycle of
      the given FFT frequency. The map thus constructed can be used in the usual dipole
      source localization procedures. There is one for each FFT frequency point. The
      squared forward solution of the fitted dipole source and the squared FFT
      approximation map are "power maps" which are very similar to the original power
      map. For an average-reference power map with two peaks, the source tends to lie
      between the peaks; a power map with one peak might show closely neighboring
      maximal and minimal potential values in the FFT approximation, indicative of a
      tangential source close to the surface.

PMID- 2641469
TI  - Choice of the reference for EEG mapping in the newborn: an initial comparison of
      common nose reference, average and source derivation.
AB  - The instantaneous amplitude of different EEG patterns found in a 36 week newborn
      baby were mapped by isopotential display, using 3 different references. We found
      that in certain cases, the nose reference recalculated average and source
      derivations give the same results. If the different EEG activities on the skull
      have too an high amplitude, and are not in phase opposition, the average
      reference differs from the zero potential of the common reference. In this case,
      the nose may be a better reference. However, it is possible that under other
      conditions high amplitude activity contaminates the nose, rendering the other
      references as better choices. From these preliminary results, we recommend the
      simultaneous display of maps obtained with the different references, and the
      comparison of the maps with the tracings for topographic studies in babies. It is
      absolutely necessary to record at least two polygraphic derivations to be able to
      recognize the sleep stages in which the analyses were performed. The eyes
      movement lead lets us to see if the EEG activity contaminates the face with
      multiple displays. It is then possible to decide which reference system is most
      appropriate.

PMID- 2641471
TI  - Neuromagnetic investigation of synchronized spontaneous activity.
AB  - We present an overview of the investigations on Synchronized Spontaneous Activity
      (SSA) in the somatosensory and visual modality. The novelty of the stimulation
      paradigm and of the off-line data analysis, as well as the capability of the
      neuromagnetic technique to localize and follow in time the generators responsible
      for the SSA are used to characterize SSA and to study the underlying spontaneous
      activity. Synchronization of alpha and mu rhythms have been recognized and
      studied. The possibilities opened by the technique are discussed.

PMID- 2641470
TI  - Functional imaging of brain responses to repetitive sensory stimulation: sources
      estimated from EEG and SPECT.
AB  - This study examined the effect of modality of stimulation on two measures of
      cerebral function: (a) the scalp distribution of sensory evoked potentials and
      (b) the cerebral distribution of radiolabelled HMPAO. Steady-state stimulation in
      the auditory, somatosensory or visual modality was presented to six subjects.
      Scalp potentials were measured from a distribution of electrodes, and the
      radiopharmaceutical was injected through an indwelling intravenous catheter
      midway through the stimulation/recording session. Equivalent dipole sources
      estimated from the spatial distribution of the scalp potentials were found to be
      consistent with regions of high HMPAO uptake as imaged by Single Photon Emission
      Computed Tomography (SPECT).

PMID- 2641472
TI  - Spatiotemporal analysis of alpha frequency components with the ERD technique.
AB  - EEG data from 30 channels were recorded during movement and reading tasks and
      analyzed in the three frequency bands 6- 8 Hz, 8-10 Hz and 10-12 Hz. For each
      frequency band, the ERD (event-related desynchronization) was quantified and
      displayed in the form of time courses and maps. The results show that the ERD
      pattern varies with the frequency component analyzed. In general, upper alpha
      components (10-12 Hz) demonstrate a short-lasting, task-specific and localized
      ERD; the ERD of lower alpha components is long-lasting (greater than 1 sec) and
      widespread. The ERD can be interpreted as a sign of cortical activation, whereby
      desynchronization of upper alpha components may reflect more task-specific
      processes, and desynchronization of middle and lower alpha components may be
      related to the level of expectancy and attention.

PMID- 2641473
TI  - Stability of source estimates in rolandic spikes.
AB  - The interictal spike discharges present in rolandic epilepsy has a dominant
      horizontal dipolar topography, centered near the rolandic area. In order to
      examine the generator configuration of this focus, we investigated the variation
      of spike topography in 20 children with rolandic epilepsy of childhood by the
      dipole localization method (DLM). A quantitative measure ("stability index" or
      SI) of the degree of source fluctuation was devised, based on the consistency of
      the source parameters (location, direction and magnitude) over contiguous time
      points. A high SI was associated with overlapping source locations and parallel
      directions over many time points, while a low SI was seen with poor and variable
      solutions. At the peak and trough of the spike, the corresponding sources were
      found to have different locations. If the patients were separated into those with
      and without neurological findings, the mean times at which stable sources existed
      were significantly different: 35 and 150 ms respectively after the spike apex.
      Further, the group without abnormal neurological findings tended to have higher
      values of SI. These results suggest that such stability analysis allows
      measurement of the spatial and temporal extents of source estimates. These
      results further support the hypothesis that the topographic behaviour of a spike
      focus is closely associated with its clinical characteristics.

PMID- 2641474
TI  - Dynamic functional topography of cognitive tasks.
AB  - Improved neuroelectric recording and analysis tools are yielding increasingly
      specific information about the spatial and temporal features of neurocognitive
      processes. Such tools include recordings with up to 125 channels, digital signal
      processing techniques, and correlation of neuroelectric measures with anatomical
      information from magnetic resonance images. These tools, and their application to
      the study of cognitive functions, are presented in this paper.

PMID- 2641475
TI  - Eigenvectors and eigenfunctions in spatiotemporal EEG analysis.
AB  - As a supplement to the article "An Eigenfunction Approach to the Inverse Problem
      of EEG" by Hjorth and Rodin in Brain Topography, 1988, 1 (2): 79-86, this paper
      discusses in greater detail the interrelations between the concepts of EEG sample
      vector, eigenvalue and eigenvector. It also describes how the method for
      assigning locations to uncorrelated EEG basic waveforms named eigenfunctions can
      be further developed by normalizing the EEG samples to unity global field power
      before computation of covariance. This enhances local persistence as a feature
      for revealing low-amplitude activity of possible diagnostic significance, even in
      the presence of more dominant activity.

PMID- 2641476
TI  - The reference problem and mapping of coherence: a simulation study.
AB  - Four techniques are applied to record EEG signals: bipolar recording, referential
      recording, common average reference recording and source derivation. For the
      interpretation of EEG parameter maps knowledge of the properties of the applied
      recording technique is essential. Bipolar recordings are not discussed in this
      paper. The application of reference and common average reference recording has
      the disadvantage of an unknown reference potential. This disadvantage is much
      larger with the use of source derivation because every electrode signal has its
      particular reference signal. This must be taken into consideration when coherence
      estimations are made. With actual EEG records the influence of the reference
      cannot be determined unambiguously. However, simulation studies enable some
      essential conclusions. In this paper by means of autoregressive processes EEG
      signals with given power and coherence properties were simulated and different
      recording situations using the same data set were reconstructed. The essential
      result is that computation and mapping of coherences yield the most reliable
      results when reference recording is used. However, measures to ensure a low
      reference signal must be taken.

PMID- 2641477
TI  - Data reduction of multichannel fields: global field power and principal component
      analysis.
AB  - Electroencephalographic data recorded for topographical analysis constitute
      multidimensional observations, and the present paper illustrates methods of data
      analysis of multichannel recordings where components of evoked brain activity are
      identified quantitatively. The computation of potential field strength (Global
      Field Power, GFP) is used for component latency determination. Multivariate
      statistical methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) may be applied to the
      topographical distribution of potential values. The analysis of statistically
      defined components of visually elicited brain activity is illustrated with data
      sets stemming from different experiments. With spatial PCA the dimensionality of
      multichannel data is reduced to only three components that account for more than
      90% of the variance. The results of spatial PCA relate to experimental conditions
      in a meaningful way, and this method may also be used for time segmentation of
      topographic potential maps series.

PMID- 2641478
TI  - Inter- and intra-individual probability maps in EEG cartography by use of
      nonparametric Fisher tests.
AB  - The three types of non-parametric permutation Fisher tests have been applied to
      inter-individual group studies and further to intra-individual multiple EEG
      recording sequences, providing computations of EEG probability maps testing two
      ordinal hypotheses. Two examples of previous group studies with "EEG local
      cerebral activation" are given: mental computation in a group of 20 controls and
      caffeine effects versus placebo in a group of 10 controls. For the intra
      individual study, two successive recordings of 2.3 min eyes closed (EC1 and EC2),
      obtained at 50 min intervals, were compared by paired exact permutation Fisher
      tests (over 15 or 42 synchronous EEG sequences). These tests were applied to
      descriptive spectral parameters: RMS and % amplitudes, mean frequencies,
      resonance coefficient, for raw unfiltered EEG and delta, theta, alpha, alpha 1,
      alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 frequency bands. Two hypotheses were tested for each of
      the computed 31 parameters, providing two probability maps indicating if the
      parameter was greater or lower in the first EEG recording or in the second. The
      second EEG sequence, EC2, was "EEG activated" compared to the first sequence EC1
      if the following were present: decreased amplitudes mainly in raw EEG, low
      activity and alpha bands; increased frequencies mainly, in raw EEG, delta and
      beta 1 fast activities; increased fast activity percentages; decreased
      coefficient of resonance. The effect of choice of reference was also evaluated:
      probability maps for a frontal reference were different than other probability
      maps obtained after computation of average reference or source
      derivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641479
TI  - Interdependence of EEG signals: linear vs. nonlinear associations and the
      significance of time delays and phase shifts.
AB  - To investigate the degree of interdependence of EEG signals, we have to use
      signal analysis methods. Three of these are described and their performance is
      compared: the cross-correlation (coherence and phase), the average amount of
      mutual information (AAMI) or the normalized AAMI, also called transmission
      coefficient T, and the correlation ratio h2 that is a general measure of
      nonlinear fit between any two signals. The three methods were applied to
      simulated and real signals in order to put in evidence how nonlinear
      relationships may affect differently these three measures of association. The
      nature of the interdependence between EEG signals is not characterized only by
      the degree of association, but also by the corresponding phase relationship. A
      basic question is whether such a phase shift can be interpreted as a transmission
      delay. However, a fundamental problem is that a phase shift may be difficult to
      interpret in terms of a biophysical model. A procedure is described in order to
      solve this problem. This involves computing the phase spectrum between the pair
      of signals, estimating the gain of the corresponding linear transfer function and
      the associated minimum phase. By subtracting the minimum phase from the phase
      spectrum, a corrected phase function can be obtained. From the slope of this
      phase function, a transmission delay can be estimated. This procedure is
      illustrated by applications to simulated and real EEG signals. It is demonstrated
      that from phase shifts we may estimate transmission delays between at least
      certain classes of EEG signals. In this way we can asses, unambiguously, how the
      transmission of information between different brain sites develops.

PMID- 2641480
TI  - Application of singular value decomposition to topographic analysis of flash
      evoked potentials.
AB  - Singular value decomposition is a robust numerical method for decomposing a
      matrix of multichannel EEG or EP data into a sharply reduced set of features with
      corresponding waveform, amplitude, and spatial vectors. In 19 normal subjects
      aged 19 to 40 years, the three largest features computed by the SVD algorithm
      accounted for 93-98 percent of the total variance of the averaged flash-evoked
      potential. There was good separation of major brain areas as well as clustering
      of related electrode sites. Orthogonal rotation of the three spatial vectors is
      essential to see clustering of brain areas across subjects. Three-dimensional
      display showed the regular presence of orthonormal occipital, frontopolar, and
      vertex spatial vectors. Since the spatial feature vectors cluster tightly and yet
      are orthonormal, statistical comparison of patients with normal control groups
      will be facilitated.

PMID- 2641481
TI  - Dynamics of brain electrical activity.
AB  - In addition to providing important theoretical insights into chaotic
      deterministic systems, dynamical systems theory has provided techniques for
      analyzing experimental data. These methods have been applied to a variety of
      physical and chemical systems. More recently, biological applications have become
      important. In this paper, we report applications of one of these techniques,
      estimation of a signal's correlation dimension, to the characterization of human
      electroencephalographic (EEG) signals and event-related brain potentials (ERPs).
      These calculations demonstrate that the magnitude of the technical difficulties
      encountered when attempting to estimate dimensions from noisy biological signals
      are substantial. However, these results also suggest that this procedure can
      provide a partial characterization of changes in cerebral electrical activity
      associated with changes in cognitive behavior that complements classical analytic
      procedures.

PMID- 2641482
TI  - Preoperative localization of nonpalpable breast lesions.

PMID- 2641483
TI  - Quality control in mammography: The American College of Radiology's Mammography
      Screening Accreditation Program.

PMID- 2641484
TI  - Volatile metabolites of some barley storage molds.
AB  - Volatile metabolites from Penicillium species grown on barley were concentrated
      by adsorption on Tenax and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry. Of the compounds identified from Penicillium
      aurantiogriseum, P. verrucosum and P. viridicatum, 3-methyl-1-butanol (MB),
      styrene (S) and 1-octen-3-ol (OO) were prominent while smaller amounts of 2
      pentylfuran (PF), 3-methylanisole (MA), 2-(2-furyl)pentanal (FP) and 2-ethyl-5
      methylphenol (EMP) were detected. P. coprophilum produced MB, S, PF, MA, FP, EMP
      and 2-methylacetophenone. Possible biosynthetic pathways are discussed.

PMID- 2641485
TI  - ELISA with enzyme amplification for sensitive detection of staphylococcal
      enterotoxins in food.
AB  - A highly sensitive amplified ELISA in microtitre plates for the detection of
      staphylococcal enterotoxins compared favourably with a commercially available
      kit. The amplified ELISA demonstrated a reduced effect of the food sample matrix
      and an ease of handling. Using the amplified ELISA, the influence of different
      parameters (pH, time, temperature, re-extraction, concentration procedure) on the
      recovery efficiency and assay reliability was tested on foods implicated in food
      poisoning outbreaks as well as on spiked foods containing low levels of
      enterotoxins.

PMID- 2641486
TI  - Predicting microbial growth: the consequences of quantity of data.
AB  - Having developed a mathematical model of the growth responses in a laboratory
      medium of salmonellae (mixed inoculum of Salmonella thompson, S stanley and S.
      infantis) as affected by pH level, NaCl concentration and storage temperature,
      the consequences of systematic removal of data has been examined. Three
      dimensional plots of fitted response surfaces for the whole data set and the data
      reduced by three strategies highlighted differences between models and
      illustrated the consequences of using insufficient data. The risk of an erroneous
      model was demonstrated.

PMID- 2641487
TI  - Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in dairy products by the reversed
      passive latex agglutination (SET-RPLA) kit.
AB  - The SET-RPLA is a commercially available kit for the detection of staphyloccal
      enterotoxins in foods. Previous reports have shown that non-specific reactions
      occur on use of the kit with cheeses and thereby restrict its use. In this study
      a variety of dairy products were tested and non-specific reactions were found to
      be associated with those products rennetted during manufacture. These reactions
      can be obviated by addition of 10 mM sodium hexametaphosphate to the diluent
      provided in the kit, without affecting the ability to detect staphyloccal
      enterotoxins in dairy products. The sensitivity of the SET-RPLA was demonstrated
      to be 0.25 ng/ml.

PMID- 2641488
TI  - The effect of beta-sitosterol on spore germination and germ-tube elongation of
      Aspergillus niger and Botryodiplodia theobromae.
AB  - The effect of beta-sitosterol on spore germination and prevention of elongation
      of germ-tube of Aspergillus niger and Botryodiplodia theobromae was studied. The
      antifungal activity of the compound showed a percentage inhibition, of the fungal
      spore germination, of about 40% at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml while
      inhibition on the elongation of germ-tubes was as high as 65% at the same
      concentration. The ED50 for inhibition of germ-tube elongation in A. niger was
      about 31 micrograms/ml. The role of the compound in disease resistance is
      discussed.

PMID- 2641489
TI  - Rapid identification of Salmonella from poultry meat products by using 'Mucap
      Test'.
AB  - A study was made in order to improve a new Salmonella identification test (Mucap
      Test) in which umbelliferone is released, giving a blue fluorescent light under a
      Wood lamp, after contact with Salmonella colonies. The study concerned 354
      colonies, previously isolated from 55 poultry meat samples. Two enrichment media
      [Tetrathionate Bile Broth (TBB) and Rappaport Vassiliadis (RV)] and two isolation
      media [Brilliant Green Agar (BGA) and Desoxycholate Agar (DA)] were used, and the
      results of the test obtained respectively with each association were compared.
      The sensitivity was consistently good, but the specificity of the test was
      generally poor. The best association seemed to be RV/DA which gave 85%
      specificity, against 39% for TBB/BGA, 58% for TBB/DA, and 77% for RV/BGA. The
      predominant genera responsible for false-positive results were Pseudomonas and
      Proteus Providencia.

PMID- 2641490
TI  - Toxin production by strains of Aeromonas hydrophila grown in laboratory media and
      prawn puree.
AB  - Toxin production by four strains of Aeromonas hydrophila grown at 30 and 37
      degrees C in two laboratory media and prawn puree was studied. Three different
      cell lines were used to test for cytotoxic activity, haemolytic activity was
      tested against rabbit and guinea pig erythrocytes, proteolytic activity was
      assayed with azo-casein and enterotoxic activity using the suckling mouse assay.
      Results showed reduced cytotoxic and haemolytic activities in prawn puree
      compared with the two media, but in most cases increased proteolytic activity. No
      enterotoxic activity was observed in prawn puree although it was occasionally
      detectable in both laboratory media.

PMID- 2641491
TI  - The microbial ecology of tape ketan fermentation.
AB  - The growth of fungi, yeasts and bacteria was followed during the fermentation of
      tape ketan. The tape was prepared using samples of Indonesian ragi as inoculum.
      Fermentation was characterized by the dominant growth of Amylomyces rouxii and
      Candida pelliculosa (10(5)-10(7) cfu/g), and a lesser contribution from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hansenula anomala grew to a limited extent during some
      fermentations. Bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Acetobacter contributed also
      to the fermentation, producing populations up to 10(5) cfu/g. Ragi was the main
      source of microorganisms involved in the fermentation. Tape fermented by
      inoculating pure cultures of Amylomyces rouxii and the yeasts, either
      individually or as mixtures, was not of typical quality, indicating the
      importance of bacteria in the overall fermentation.

PMID- 2641492
TI  - Drug resistance and lecithinase activity of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from
      buffalo milk.
AB  - Two-hundred-and-seven samples of raw buffalo milk and 60 samples of pasteurized
      buffalo milk were screened for presence of Yersinia enterocolitica. The
      prevalence of Y. enterocolitica was found to be 24.1% in raw milk, however, no
      isolation could be made from the pasteurized milk samples. Cold enrichment in
      trypticase soy broth and alkali treatment methods were followed in this study.
      The majority of the isolates (62%) were found sensitive to all the antibiotics
      used and only a few (16%) were resistant to two or more than two antibiotics. The
      incidence of Y. enterocolitica showed seasonal variations. Incidence was much
      higher (25-50%) during the winter season as compared to the summer (0-17%). The
      incidence of lecithinase production was high (40-50%) in Yersinia isolates
      resistant to one or two antibiotics.

PMID- 2641493
TI  - Effect of temperature on hemolysin production in Aeromonas spp. isolated from
      warm and cold environments.
AB  - The effect of growth temperature on the hemolysin production in 97 Aeromonas
      isolates was studied. Only 9% of the isolates obtained from low-temperature
      sources such as refrigerated foods, drinking water and trout aquaculture were
      able to produce high hemolysin titers (titer greater than 128) at 37 degrees C
      compared with 65% of the isolates from warm sources such as human clinical cases
      and warm water aquaculture (p less than 0.001). In contrast, 61% of the low
      temperature isolates were producing high hemolysin titers at 10 degrees C while
      only 24% of the isolates from high temperature sources produced high titers at
      this temperature (p less than 0.05). Hemolytic activity could decrease markedly
      during longer (48 h) incubation at 37 degrees C. Some of the filtrates from
      growth at 37 degrees C and 10 degrees C were tested for enterotoxin-like activity
      in the suckling mice test. Of the culture filtrates produced at 37 degrees C, 40%
      of A. hydrophila were positive for enterotoxin-like activity, irrespective of
      hemolysin titer. Of A. sobria 88% of the filtrates with high hemolytin titers and
      none of the low-titer filtrates were enterotoxigenic. Due to a high mortality
      rate of mice injected with filtrates produced at 10 degrees C the enterotoxic
      effect of these filtrates could not be established. Autoagglutination after
      boiling was observed in 31% of the clinical isolates and 2% of the strains of
      environmental origin.

PMID- 2641494
TI  - Shelf-life of vacuum-packed cooked ring sausages at different chill temperatures.
AB  - Microbiological and sensory changes in 313 vacuum-packed cooked ring sausages
      from 28 different production runs and stored at 2, 4, 8 or 12 degrees C were
      monitored as a function of time. The sensory scores started to decrease at a
      level of approx. 10(7) lactobacilli/g. The judges began considering the samples
      unfit for human consumption when the lactobacilli counts were between 10(7) and
      10(8) cfu/g; above a level of 10(8) cfu/g most of the samples were deemed unfit.
      At 2 degrees C, however, spoilage did not always seem to be microbiological, and
      four out of six different production runs were deemed unfit without any marked
      increase in microbial counts. In such cases, the judges described the sensory
      defects as a 'musty' rather than a sour aroma and taste. The sausages were deemed
      unfit when the lactobacilli were in a stationary growth phase which was
      considerably later than the point when the bacterial counts exceeded 10(7) cfu/g.
      The mean length of this delay was 30, 19, 16 and 7 days at 2, 4, 8 and 12 degrees
      C, respectively. The average shelf-lives were 55, 43, 29 and 17 days at 2, 4, 8
      and 12 degrees C, respectively. The dependence of shelf-life on temperature can
      be formulated as follows: Shelf-life = 10(1.835 - 0.048 X temperature) The
      maximal shelf-life of this product, including nonmicrobiological spoilage, is
      assessed as approx. 10-11 weeks. A lactobacilli count greater than 10(7) cfu/g
      indicates that either the spoilage process has started or the product is already
      spoiled. When the lactobacilli count exceeds 10(8) cfu/g it is highly probable
      that the sausage sample is unacceptable.

PMID- 2641495
TI  - 1H magnetic resonance of human tumours. Analysis of the transverse relaxation of
      the methylene protons using continuous distributions of relaxation times.
AB  - In tumours, the decay of 1H transverse magnetization (relaxation profile) of the
      methylene resonances is usually not a single exponential. The conventional sum-of
      exponentials approximation often leads to several solutions which fit the
      experimental data; choosing one solution over another is highly subjective. We
      have therefore analyzed transverse relaxation data for the methylene resonance of
      lipids in human tumours, assuming a continuous distribution of relaxation times.
      We have studied 89 colon tumours (27 with metastasis), 12 'normal' colon tissues,
      40 breast tumours (24 with metastasis) and 13 malignant lymph nodes. All were
      primary tumours and the patients had received no previous treatment. Two
      continuous distribution approximations were tested. The two-parameter lognormal
      distribution provides a simple representation of the relaxation profile. The
      constrained regularization method (Contin) complements and extends the lognormal
      approach. The average T2 values, mean value of T2, whether derived from the
      lognormal or the Contin approximations, are consistent and comparable. Tumour and
      'normal' colon tissue taken from the same patient show important differences in
      relaxation behaviour. A considerable broadening of the lognormal distribution,
      with mean value of T2 shifted to shorter values, is observed for the colon
      tumours. This is verified by the constrained regularization method. The 'normal'
      colon tissues are usually characterized by a single, relatively narrow
      distribution, while tumours show one or more broad peaks. A substantial
      broadening of the distribution of relaxation times is observed in colon tumours,
      whether metastasized or not. A similar broadening is noted for breast tumours and
      malignant lymph nodes, although the range is slightly less than for colon
      tumours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641496
TI  - Perturbation of homogeneous magnetic fields by isolated single and confocal
      spheroids. Implications for NMR spectroscopy of cells.
AB  - Analytical expressions for the magnetic potential and the magnetic field strength
      vector in cells modelled as isolated confocal prolate and oblate spheroids have
      been derived. The important results which emerged from the analysis are that the
      magnetic field in the central spheroid, in a series of confocal spheroids, is
      always uniform; but its magnitude depends upon the orientation of the spheroids
      relative to the external field. Therefore, the NMR line-shape derived from an
      internal solute in a population of sparsely distributed spheroids, with random
      orientation of the members, is a superposition of Lorentzians; the resulting
      'complicated' line shape may often appear to be Gaussian. This spectral
      phenomenon is at least part of the explanation for the non-Lorentzian character
      of NMR line-shapes in the spectra of many biological samples. Quantitative
      analysis of the NMR line-shape of an appropriate intracellular solute can in
      principal yield the orientational distribution of a dilute suspension of cells of
      uniform size and shape.

PMID- 2641497
TI  - Further evidence that the narrow 1H magnetic resonance signals from malignant
      cells do not arise from intracellular lipid droplets.
AB  - 1H magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy of intact viable malignant cells yields
      high resolution spectra from lipid. In previous studies we have provided evidence
      that these signals are generated by neutral lipid located in the plasma membrane
      in unique domains. We show that intracellular lipid droplets do not contribute to
      the MR signal. Two malignant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines, EOT and its
      parental line WT were studied. The EOT cells have a more highly resolved lipid
      spectrum than the WT, a result which correlates with slightly increased levels of
      triglyceride in highly purified plasma membranes. The intracellular lipid
      droplets of both lines were quantified using both fluorescence and electron
      microscopy but no significant differences were observed. Together these results
      provide evidence that narrow 1H MR signals from malignant cells arise from
      neutral lipid in the plasma membrane, rather than from intracellular lipid
      droplets.

PMID- 2641498
TI  - 31P NMR spectroscopic study of bioenergetic changes in radiation-induced
      fibrosarcoma-1 after radiation therapy.
AB  - The effects of localized gamma-irradiation on the in vivo 31P NMR spectra of RIF
      1 tumors grown subcutaneously in C3H/HeN mice have been examined before and
      during the week after treatment. Increases in the ratio of phosphocreatine (PCr)
      to inorganic phosphate (Pi) and in tumor pH, and decreases in the ratio of Pi to
      the beta phosphorus resonance of the nucleotide triphosphates (beta NTP) were
      observed in irradiated tumors. The time course of changes in the 31P spectrum
      following treatment was the opposite of the pattern during untreated growth, and
      the magnitude and duration of the changes increased with increasing radiation
      dose, decreasing clonogenic cell survival and increasing growth delay. To examine
      the possibility that nontherapeutic systemic effects of the tumor irradiation
      were responsible for the changes observed, a number of animals bearing two tumors
      were examined. One tumor on each mouse was selectively irradiated. Changes in
      tumor volume, Pi/beta NTP, PCr/Pi, the ratio of phosphomonoesters to beta NTP,
      and tumor pH were all significantly different in the treated compared to the
      untreated tumor on each animal, indicating that these changes in 31P NMR spectra
      were a response to radiation therapy and not a systemic response to radiation
      toxicity.

PMID- 2641499
TI  - Characterization of the spleen by in vivo image guided 31P magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Image localized 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the spleen was performed
      in six normal volunteers, 13 patients with splenomegaly due to haematological
      malignancies, and two patients with benign causes of splenomegaly. The malignant
      disorders had elevated phosphomonoesters (PME) compared to controls, probably due
      to increased turnover of membrane phospholipids, with variable alterations in
      high energy phosphates. There appeared to be no relationship between grade of
      malignancy and relative PME peak area. An overlap in spectral characteristics
      between the benign and malignant cases of splenomegaly existed. Serial studies in
      a patient with high grade lymphoma receiving combination chemotherapy showed
      changes in phosphorus spectra, with an increase in the phosphodiester/beta
      adenosine triphosphate ratio.

PMID- 2641500
TI  - Oncogene may be an important prognostic factor in breast cancer and ovarian
      cancer.

PMID- 2641501
TI  - A prescription for peaceful death--a physicians' group examines care of the
      terminally ill.

PMID- 2641502
TI  - Tamoxifen approved for premenopausal women with advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 2641503
TI  - Managing the side effects of cancer and cancer treatment. Proceedings of a
      roundtable discussion. Palm Springs, California, February 18, 1989.

PMID- 2641504
TI  - Restoration of prostaglandin E2-producing splenic macrophages in 89Sr-treated
      mice with bone marrow from Corynebacterium parvum primed donors.
AB  - Administration of Corynebacterium parvum (CP), 56 mg/kg ip to CBA/J mice effected
      the induction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) producing macrophages (M phi) in the
      bone marrow and the spleen. Maximal release of PGE2 from M phi cultured in vitro
      with calcium ionophore A23187 for 2 h was reached by marrow M phi removed on 5
      days after CP (450 ng/mg cell protein), and by splenic M phi 9 days after CP (400
      ng/mg). Neither M phi population, however, yielded more than 6.0 ng/mg
      leukotriene C4. To assess ontogenic relationships mice were depleted of bone
      marrow and blood monocytes by iv injection of the bone-seeking isotope, 89Sr. CP
      was given at several points before or after bone marrow cell depletion. PGE2
      production by splenic M phi harvested on day 9 after CP was profoundly impaired
      when CP was administered either concurrently with or 3 days after 89Sr. When CP
      was administered 1, 3, 5, and 7 days before 89Sr, however, the induction of PGE2
      producing M phi in the spleen was unaffected. To determine whether bone marrow
      cells from CP-injected donors can restore PGE2-producing splenic M phi (PGSM) in
      89Sr-mice, recipient mice which had and had not received CP 3 days after 89Sr
      were transfused with 5 x 10(6) syngeneic bone marrow cells from donor mice
      prepared at varying intervals after CP administration. The results clearly
      indicate the capacity of bone marrow cells harvested on either day 1 or 2
      following CP to restore PGSM in CP-primed, but not unprimed, recipients.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641505
TI  - The ailments of cancer registries: a proposal for remedial education.
AB  - A study on the ailments of cancer registries, manifested by inaccuracies in data
      collection and delays in data retrieval, is presented. The etiology is identified
      as the lack of educational foundation for physicians and medical students. The
      symptoms are caused by the distance between physicians and the cancer registry.
      Investigations were carried out by error analysis, problem identification, and
      comparative and contrast studies. Pathogenesis is described on the basis of lack
      of bondage between the medical record system and the cancer registry. Educational
      remedies starting from the patients, medical students, and physicians are
      prescribed. Newly designed data collection forms that can form a secure link
      between the hospital medical record and the cancer registry are presented. It is
      hoped that physicians will perceive the cancer registry not as a burden of
      paperwork, but as a valuable tool to study cancer, and see it as a reflection of
      their achievements in cancer control.

PMID- 2641506
TI  - Effectiveness of video instruction in educating teenagers about the health risks
      of smokeless tobacco use.
AB  - Smokeless tobacco use, especially among adolescents, appears to have gained
      increased recent popularity. A resurgence in the use of this product was
      identified in the mid-1970s. Surveys in the United States have documented that
      between 8% and 30% of all high school males are regular users of smokeless
      tobacco products. Investigators have identified specific clinical lesions
      associated with smokeless tobacco use that appear most frequently as wrinkled
      mucosal surfaces with delicate white stria. Such lesions have been termed
      smokeless tobacco keratoses. Gingival inflammation and periodontal inflammation
      have also been associated with the use of this product. The purpose of the
      current investigation was to determine the effectiveness of a specific
      intervention aid, video instruction, for providing teenagers with information
      concerning the health risk of smokeless tobacco use. The video provided new
      information to students and appeared to be an effective tool for student health
      education. It is, however, unclear at this point how well the information will be
      retained or whether or not viewing the videotape will encourage the student to
      reconsider the habit and decrease the likelihood that he or she will begin or
      continue it. These aspects and the long-term impact of the video instruction need
      to be addressed by a longitudinally designed study and future research on
      smokeless tobacco use among teenagers.

PMID- 2641507
TI  - Evaluation of the effects of cancer education on knowledge, attitude, and
      behavior of university undergraduate students.
AB  - Reviews indicate that multiple predisposing factors such as knowledge, attitudes,
      and values significantly influence health-related practices and lifestyle. Some
      predispositions, such as basic knowledge about and attitudes toward cancer, are
      conducive to change through education. This study has investigated the effects of
      cancer education on the knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores of students
      concerning cancer prevention. A quasiexperimental design using pretests and
      posttests was the design of choice. The undergraduate students served as the
      experimental group and enrolled in an elective course entitled "The Nature of
      Cancer." Another group of students enrolled in the elective course "Sex
      Education" and served as a control group for one semester. A battery of
      instruments consisting of cancer prevention attitudes, knowledge, and behavior
      was used to measure the dependent variables. The findings, using a split-plot
      model for repeated measure data, revealed significant improvements in attitude,
      knowledge, and behavior scores for the experimental group over the control group.

PMID- 2641508
TI  - Changing college students' lifestyles in favor of cancer prevention: a case
      study.
AB  - This article describes a case study in the examination of cancer risk reduction
      behavioral strategies chosen by 272 college students enrolled in the 1987 "How to
      Avoid Dying from Cancer ... Now and Later" course. The four most commonly
      selected cancers chosen by these students--breast, colon/colorectal, skin, and
      lung cancer--and the corresponding self-reported success of the various
      strategies are reported. The three most successful strategies were breast self
      examination, use of sunscreen lotions, and increased awareness of breast cancer.
      We concluded that the potential of using behavioral self-contracts to induce
      lifestyle change in favor of cancer prevention is both cost-effective and
      practical.

PMID- 2641509
TI  - Smoking history and attitudes of nurses at a large tertiary care facility.
AB  - A study of the smoking behavior of nurses working at a large tertiary care
      facility with a major cancer program was conducted to address the issue of
      smoking in the health care professional. The study focused on the attitudes of
      nurses regarding cigarette smoking, their personal smoking behavior, their
      perception of the role of health care providers as behavioral models for
      patients, and their perception of the impact of a patient or professional smoking
      in a health care setting. Over 500 surveys were distributed to nurses at the
      facility and the response was analyzed by the demographic characteristics of the
      nurses and the areas of the facility in which they worked. Results of the study
      address several considerations. The prevalence of smoking among nurses and the
      association with specific demographic characteristics are compared to women in
      the general population. The nurse's perception of the profession's role as
      behavioral model for the patient is measured and analyzed for impact on personal
      smoking behavior. Future smoking cessation programs can be designed for nurses
      based on these findings. Specific target populations can be identified for
      special assistance in antismoking efforts.

PMID- 2641510
TI  - Attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about mammography among women over forty years
      of age.
AB  - In this study, the relative impact of health beliefs and physician request in
      predicting previous mammography experience among women over age 40 was examined.
      Responses from a sample of 201 women were analyzed using multiple regression
      techniques. The variable that accounted for the largest proportion (56%) of
      variance between women who had a mammogram or intended to and those who had not
      had the test and did not intend to was physician request for mammography. Women's
      perceptions about the benefits of mammography and perceived barriers were also
      significant, but the relative strength of these variables was low. Among women
      who had been asked by a physician to have a mammogram, 89.6% had done so, while
      only 10.4% of women who had not been asked to have a mammogram had done so.
      Implications for cancer education are discussed.

PMID- 2641511
TI  - A dental cancer education program: oral care for the cancer patient.

PMID- 2641512
TI  - Effect of estrogens on gonadotropins and growth hormone secretion in Turner's
      syndrome and pure gonadal dysgenesis.

PMID- 2641513
TI  - [Serum levels of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in
      patients with diabetes mellitus].
AB  - Blood serum levels of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, calcium, magnesium and
      inorganic phosphate have been measured in basal condition and following
      intravenous administration of calcium in 31 patients with diabetes of type I, in
      31 patients with diabetes of type II and in 29 healthy subjects. The level of 25
      hydroxy cholecalciferol was measured in all these patients in basal condition
      only. It was found that the basal calcitonin level was significantly higher in
      patients with both types of diabetes than in healthy subjects. The administration
      of calcium caused a significantly higher increase in the blood calcitonin level
      in patients with type I diabetes than in those with type II diabetes. It was
      found in addition that in women with type II diabetes blood serum level of
      parathyroid hormone was significantly higher than that in men suffering from
      diabetes of the same type, suggesting the participation of some sex-related
      factor in the pathogenesis of the abnormal parathyroid level in these patients.

PMID- 2641514
TI  - [Selected indicators of calcium-phosphate metabolism in patients with diabetes
      mellitus].
AB  - The changes in blood serum concentrations of calcium, magnesium, inorganic
      phosphate, total activity of alkaline phosphatase and the activity of its bone
      fraction, as well as urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, hydroxyproline and
      oxalate have been measured in 31 patients with insulin-dependent (type I)
      diabetes, in 31 patients with non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes and in 29
      healthy subjects in the condition of low-calcium diet. The elevated urinary
      excretion of calcium, phosphate, hydroxyproline and oxalate, lowered blood serum
      level of magnesium, and increased total and bone fraction activities of alkaline
      phosphatase were found in diabetic patients. The urinary excretion of calcium and
      hydroxyproline, and the activity of bone fraction alkaline phosphatase were
      significantly higher in patients with type II diabetes than in those with type I
      diabetes. It was concluded that there is a significant relation between the state
      of metabolic normalization of diabetes and the degree of biochemical aberrations
      concerning calcium-phosphate metabolism.

PMID- 2641515
TI  - The cross-reactivity of antithyroglobulin autoantibodies with porcine eye muscle
      plasma membrane antigen.

PMID- 2641516
TI  - [Morphometric studies of the parotid gland of rats after bilateral gonadectomy
      and after gonadectomy and administration of mesterone].
AB  - The influence of bilateral gonadectomy on the secretory segments of the partoid
      gland in male rats was investigated. The changes in the section area of cell
      nuclei, secretory cells, serous vesicles as well as in the mean number of cells
      in the vesicles were statistically analyzed. Eleven-day gonadectomy caused a
      statistically significant increase of the mean section area of cell nuclei,
      secretory vesicles and cells. Eight-day mesterone treatment in the dose of 2
      mg/kg of body mass does not eliminate the changes caused by gonadectomy but
      results in the further increase of the mean section area of cell nuclei and
      secretory vesicles, as well as in the increase of cells in the vesicles.

PMID- 2641517
TI  - Pattern of leukemias: a ten-year incidence study of 242 cases.
AB  - This paper presents an analysis of data collected from 242 cases of acute and
      chronic leukemia observed during a 10-year period. The incidence of childhood
      leukemia was 26.45%. In the present series, it was 35.95% for ALL, 21.9% AML,
      38.4% CML and 2.89% CLL. The incidences of ALL and CML were found comparable to
      other series from Bombay. The geographical variations in the pattern of leukemias
      as observed in India are discussed.

PMID- 2641518
TI  - Socio-demographic features of cannabis and heroin abuse in Bombay.
AB  - A study of socio-demographic features of 680 cannabis and heroin addicts showed
      that the factors like, age, religion, family structure, peer groups and the easy
      availability of these drugs contribute to the problem of addiction.

PMID- 2641519
TI  - Immunotherapeutic modulation of intraperitoneal adhesions by Asparagus racemosus.
AB  - The hypothesis that macrophages appear to play a pivotal role in the development
      of intraperitoneal adhesions and that modulation of macrophage activity,
      therefore, is likely to provide a tool for prevention of adhesions, was tested in
      the present study. Effect of Asparagus racemosus, an indigenous agent with
      immunostimulant properties, was evaluated in an animal model of intraperitoneal
      adhesions induced by caecal rubbing. Animals were sacrificed 15 days following
      surgery. The peritoneal macrophages were collected to assess their activity. At
      the same time, peritoneal cavity was examined for the presence of adhesions,
      which were graded. A significant decrease was observed in the adhesion scores
      attained by animals receiving Asparagus racemosus. This was associated with
      significant increase in the activity of macrophages (70.1 +/- 2.52), compared to
      that in surgical controls (53.77 +/- 10.8). These findings support our hypothesis
      and provide a novel approach for the prevention and management of post-operative
      adhesions.

PMID- 2641520
TI  - Continuous passive motion for prevention and rehabilitation of knee stiffness--(a
      clinical evaluation).
AB  - This is a study of 43 knees in 42 patients, in whom a continuous passive motion
      was used to prevent stiffness of the knee and to assist restoration of a range of
      motion for a variety of disorders of the knee joint. CPM was given for an average
      of 6 hours daily in split sessions for a total duration of 3 weeks. Various
      clinical parameters were maintained and a scoring system was designed. It was
      observed that CPM caused little or no pain and elicited excellent patient
      compliance. There was a rapid subsidence of edema and effusion and a shorter
      hospital stay. 83% of cases had excellent or good results. There were no adverse
      effects, but there were a few minor complications. The study revealed that CPM is
      a valuable component of the therapeutic programme for preventing knee stiffness
      and aiding the speedy restoration of joint function without compromising healing
      of tissues.

PMID- 2641521
TI  - Ureteral involvement in stage I xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis--(a case
      report).
AB  - A case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (Stage-I: Nephric) with ureteral
      involvement is described. The patient had undergone right nephrectomy with the
      working diagnosis of calculus pyonephrosis and non-functioning kidney.
      Histopathological examination of the nephrectomy specimen revealed
      xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis confined to the kidney and non-contiguous
      involvement of ureter. Post-operative recovery was uneventful and there had been
      no evidence of disease recurrence till one year's follow-up.

PMID- 2641522
TI  - A filarial worm in the wall of a cystic teratoma of the ovary--(a case report).

PMID- 2641523
TI  - Peritoneal encapsulation of small bowel--(a case report).
AB  - Peritoneal encapsulation is a rare congenital anomaly. Its occurrence in a female
      and association with intestinal obstruction are even rarer features which were
      present in the reported case.

PMID- 2641524
TI  - Cervical thymic cyst--(a case report).

PMID- 2641525
TI  - Spontaneous oesophageal perforation--(a case report).

PMID- 2641527
TI  - Lochiauria: a new entity--(a case report).
AB  - Passage of menstrual blood only in the urine is termed as menouria, which is due
      to a supraisthmic utero-vesical fistula. Passage of lochia in the urine, instead
      of through the cervix has not been described in the literature. A case is
      described, and has been labelled lochiauria.

PMID- 2641526
TI  - Neonatal colonic perforation with low anorectal anomaly--(a case report).

PMID- 2641528
TI  - Hydatid disease of the thyroid gland--(a case report).
AB  - Hydatid disease of the thyroid gland, presenting as a solitary thyroid nodule, is
      being reported below. Pre-operative investigations, including thyroid isotope
      scanning and aspiration of the nodule, did not help in establishing the diagnosis
      which was later confirmed by histological examination. Post-operative
      investigations revealed it to be an isolated involvement of the thyroid gland.

PMID- 2641529
TI  - Paratesticular myxoliposarcoma--(a case report).
AB  - A rare case of paratesticular myxoliposarcoma spreading to the inguinal region
      forming satellite nodules, hence clinically mimicking a metastatising testicular
      malignancy is reported. Its prognostic factors are discussed.

PMID- 2641530
TI  - Differential susceptibility of haemolysin-sensitized erythrocytes to complement
      mediated cytotoxicity: a biological manifestation of the relationship between
      antibody availability and complement fixation.
AB  - The influence of the concentration of membrane-bound antibody on the
      susceptibility of individual human erythrocyte populations to complement-mediated
      haemolysis has been examined using cold competition analysis. It was observed
      that under conditions where complement is limiting, the relative susceptibility
      of erythrocytes to complement lysis is dependent on the availability of
      sensitizing antibody, even when all target red cells possess sufficient membrane
      antibody to permit maximal lysis in the presence of excess complement.
      Furthermore, preliminary evidence is presented which suggests that, where the
      availability of complement is limiting, sensitized blood group A erythrocytes are
      more susceptible to complement lysis than are sensitized group B cells. Taken
      together the data indicate that the quantity, and possibly the distribution, of
      the membrane antibody dictates the relative susceptibility of erythrocytes to
      complement haemolysis.

PMID- 2641531
TI  - Determination of anti-elastin peptide antibodies in normal and arteriosclerotic
      human sera by ELISA.
AB  - We adapted a highly sensitive and reproducible ELISA technique for the
      determination of anti-elastin peptide antibodies of IgG type AEAb-IgG) and IgM
      type AEAb-IgM) in human sera. The determination was performed in the sera of 265
      normal and diseased persons. The pathologies studied included obliterative
      arteriosclerosis of the legs, ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus,
      type IIb and IV hyperlipoproteinemia and hypertension. No clearcut correlation
      could be found between AEAb and age. In contrast, in arteriosclerotic patients
      and especially in obliterative arteriosclerosis of the legs and ischemic heart
      disease, the concentration of AEAb-IgG was significantly increased. The AEAb-IgM
      showed no change in the studied diseases. Both types of AEAb were decreased in
      type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. Anti-elastin antibodies may be involved in the
      pathomechanisms of the above diseases and the determination of antibody
      concentrations may be of some help in obliterative arteriosclerotic diseases.

PMID- 2641532
TI  - The effect of calcium channel blocking on immune capacity of cardiovascular
      patients.
AB  - Calcium channel blocking drugs are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular
      diseases. In vitro these drugs have been shown to block mitogen-induced
      lymphocyte proliferation. Their possible immunosuppressive effect has been tested
      especially in combination with cyclosporine A. In the present work, the effect of
      the calcium channel blocking drug verapamil on immune functions of cardiovascular
      patients was studied. The changes in leukocyte subpopulations, mitogenic
      responses and immunoglobulin production were determined during a three-month
      therapy. A significant increase in suppressor/cytotoxic cell number was detected
      and a decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio, although the values were still within normal
      range. The responses to T and B cell mitogens remained unchanged. No significant
      decrease could be detected in immunoglobulin production either, despite minor
      changes in IgM. Our results indicate that the immunologic effects of verapamil at
      therapeutic doses are of little clinical significance.

PMID- 2641533
TI  - Experimental allergic alveolitis after inhalation of mouldy hay.
AB  - Guinea pigs were exposed by inhalation to an aerosol of dust from mouldy hay or
      cell bound bacterial endotoxins. Pulmonary histology and free lung cells were
      evaluated 24 hr after exposures lasting from one day to five weeks. In animals
      exposed to mouldy hay, there was a progressive increase in the number of
      macrophages and neutrophils and after three weeks a sharp increase in
      lymphocytes. Following endotoxin exposure, neutrophils increased greatly in
      number with one day's exposure but after longer exposures, numbers differed
      little from normal, suggesting adaptation. Histopathology of lungs from animals
      exposed to mouldy hay demonstrated the presence of alveolar cell infiltrates and
      early granulomas, that were similar to allergic alveolitis (AA). This model for
      AA could be used both to assess the importance of different agents in mouldy hay
      and to evaluate the risk of AA from new kinds of organic dusts.

PMID- 2641535
TI  - Rapid detection of hepatitis B virus using a haemagglutination assay in an
      ultrasonic standing wave field.
AB  - A haemagglutination test for Hepatitis B virus has been expedited by increasing
      cell-cell contact through concentrating antibody-coated erythrocytes in an
      ultrasonic standing wave field. The reactants used were taken from a commercially
      available Hepatitis B surface antigen screening kit, which is commonly employed
      in hospital laboratories and blood banks to screen human sera. When performed in
      microwells, as prescribed in the kit, positive and negative reactions were
      discernible after 30 min. However, with the ultrasonic technique these reactions
      can be distinguished within 5 min.

PMID- 2641534
TI  - Isotype distribution and serial levels of antibodies reactive with dietary
      protein antigens in dermatitis herpetiformis.
AB  - Using a sensitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), a significantly increased
      prevalence (p less than 0.001) of serum antibodies reactive with wheat gliadin,
      bovine milk or ovalbumin has been demonstrated in 75% (33/44) of adult patients
      with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), compared with healthy adults. There was no
      significant difference in the prevalence of antibodies (79%) in patients on a
      gluten-free diet or not on a gluten-free diet (72%). These serum antibodies
      reactive with gliadin, milk and ovalbumin were of the IgG isotype. However, IgA
      anti-gliadin antibodies were also detected in DH patients, but only in patients
      who were not on a gluten-free diet. In contrast, IgA anti-milk antibodies were
      also detected in DH patients irrespective of whether the patient was on a gluten
      free diet. In DH patients, antibodies reactive with ovalbumin were often
      restricted to the IgG4 subclass and antibodies reactive with bovine milk antigens
      (notably casein) were distributed predominantly in both IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses,
      a similar IgG isotype distribution to that observed in healthy individuals.
      However, anti-gliadin antibodies in DH patients showed no predominant IgG4
      subclass restriction. IgG4 anti-ovalbumin antibodies and IgG4 and/or IgG2 anti
      casein antibodies persisted for up to 4 yr without fluctuation, irrespective of
      whether DH patients were on a gluten-free diet.

PMID- 2641536
TI  - Longitudinal study of the specific humoral and cellular response to Toxoplasma
      gondii in a patient with acquired toxoplasmosis.
AB  - Specific cellular and humoral response to Toxoplasma were evaluated during a 2 yr
      follow up in a patient with acquired infection. Antibodies were titrated using
      conventional serological tests and analyzed by western blot technique. Analysis
      of the patterns obtained with IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies allowed a clear
      differentiation between acute and chronic stages of infection. Determination of
      lymphocyte subsets showed an important increase in the number of CD8 suppressive
      cells at the acute phase whereas CD4 cells remained within the normal range.
      Lymphocyte proliferation to Toxoplasma antigen was detectable one month after the
      onset of clinical symptoms and remained constantly positive. These results
      indicate that western blot analysis of antigens recognized by antibodies and
      determination of lymphocyte subsets may be helpful in the characterization of the
      infectious stage of acquired toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2641537
TI  - [Quantitative evaluation of the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in malignant
      melanoma of the skin: is it a new prognosis index?].
AB  - Nucleolar Organizer Region-associated proteins (NORs) have been evaluated on
      paraffin sections of a series of cutaneous malignant melanomas, stage IA at the
      time of the initial diagnosis. A significant difference (P less than 0.001) was
      found between the numbers of AgNORs in the cases which developed metastases and
      those without metastases: increasing values of AgNORs representing increased risk
      of metastases.

PMID- 2641538
TI  - [Nodular sclerosing adenosis (adenosis tumor) of the breast. An immunohistologic
      study particularly in reference to the relationship with radial cicatrix and to
      the differential diagnosis with tubular carcinoma].
AB  - The clinical and pathologic findings of four cases of palpable sclerosing
      adenosis of the breast, called "adenosis tumor", are reported. Adenosis tumor is
      a rare lesion that clinically and sometimes histologically is misinterpreted as
      mammary carcinoma. In our study, adenosis tumor was detected in four women of 35
      39 years (average 37 years). All cases were treated by local excision. None of
      the lesions had recurred at follow-up, 1-3 years later. Microscopically the most
      frequent growth pattern was classical sclerosing adenosis. Other findings were
      epitheliosis, collagenous spherulosis, microcysts, apocrine metaplasia and radial
      scars. Only in one case were detected foci of lobular carcinoma in situ. With
      immunoperoxidase staining, the proliferating cells stained positively for
      cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and actin, revealing epithelial and myoepithelial
      differentiation. Coexpression of actin, S-100 protein and GFAP was detected in
      numerous stromal myofibroblast-like cells. In sclerosing adenosis and in radial
      scar the tubules were surrounded by a continuous intact basement membrane
      composed of type IV collagen, whereas in tubular carcinoma basement membranes are
      almost entirely absent.

PMID- 2641539
TI  - The fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of masses in major salivary glands. Cyto
      histological correlations in 65 cases.
AB  - In this study the authors report data regarding 65 cases of FNAC in major
      salivary glands masses, in which this method provided specific and sensitive data
      for the presence or absence of tumors, though in a more limited way, in order to
      precise the oncological type. In the routine use of the method it is possible to
      appreciate its high versatility and accuracy; this is a great aid in the
      indispensable mutual understanding between the surgeon and the pathologist. All
      this brings a more rational "management" of the patients, considering that the
      eventual surgical demolition in this region must be pondered taking also the
      functional, aesthetic and psychologic effects induced into account.

PMID- 2641540
TI  - [Craniometaphyseal dysplasia. Description of a clinical case].
AB  - The case of a 1 year and five month-old male infant with craniometaphyseal
      dysplasia is reported. Several clinical examinations showed weight and height
      greater than 97%.

PMID- 2641541
TI  - [Type-III acrocephalosyndactylia (Saethre-Chotzen syndrome). Description of 2
      cases].
AB  - The acrocephalosyndactylia III is a syndrome, which follows an autosomal dominant
      mode of inheritance, characterized by premature fusion of the cranial sutures in
      association with mild cutaneous syndactyly. The authors describe two cases
      recently come to their observation and point out the usefulness of the imaging
      diagnostics (CT, MRI) in finding anomalies specific of this affection.

PMID- 2641542
TI  - [Progressive pseudorheumatoid arthropathy in childhood (late spondylo-epiphysial
      dysplasia with progressive arthropathy). Description of a case].
AB  - The progressive pseudorheumatoid arthropathy of childhood is a very rare disorder
      that follows an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, and which can be framed
      in the group of the spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda. This affection is
      characterized by specific radiological anomalies and by clinical signs resembling
      an inflammatory disease, with the normality of the routine laboratory studies.
      The authors describe a case recently come to their attention.

PMID- 2641543
TI  - [Bilateral kidney dysplasia with ascites in premature newborn infant].
AB  - The case refers to a premature newborn with anhydramnios and related foot
      malformations, renal dysplasia (Potter II-IV) and marked ascites. Hypoplasia of
      one umbilical cord artery was also found. Renal dysplasia according to Potter
      classification was difficult to be assessed being a borderline case between grade
      II and IV. The mother underwent methimazole and oestroprogestin treatment in the
      first period of pregnancy.

PMID- 2641544
TI  - [Type-II orofaciodigital syndrome. Description of a case].
AB  - There are at least four different types of Oro-facial-digital syndromes. The
      features of type II are bilateral polydactyly of hands, peculiar face with normal
      skin, hair, and intelligence. It is due to an autosomal recessive gene. We report
      a case of Oro-facio-digital syndrome in a four year old girl with a peculiar face
      and polydactyly of hand and feet, born from normal non consanguineous parents.
      Her mother was pregnant at the time of observation and came for an evaluation of
      the recurrence risk. The pregnancy was monitored by ultrasonography.

PMID- 2641545
TI  - [Acute disseminated histiocytosis X. Presentation of a case].
AB  - The AA. report a case of acute, diffuse histiocytosis X with an unfavourable
      course observed in a child of 33 months. The histological diagnosis, formulated
      on the basis of specimen taken from a skin nodule, was confirmed by
      ultrastructural observation of Birbeck bodies in the cytoplasm of proliferating
      Langerhans cells.

PMID- 2641546
TI  - Isolated metastasis to the gallbladder of a malignant melanoma of the skin.
      Report of a case.
AB  - A case of single, polypoid metastatic malignant melanoma of the gallbladder is
      described. The differential diagnosis with primary malignant melanoma and
      undifferentiated carcinoma is discussed.

PMID- 2641547
TI  - [Heterotopy of gastric glands in the submucosa of the stomach].
AB  - Heterotopic gastric glands in the submucosa of the stomach is underestimated
      condition. It is still controversial whether the lesion is caused by inflammation
      or maldevelopment. Pathologists must recognized this entity and distinguish it
      from adenocarcinoma in biopsies. The case of a 37 year old man, unusual as to the
      appearance of local growth, is reported.

PMID- 2641548
TI  - Malignant cellular blue nevus with true nodal metastases.
AB  - A case of malignant blue nevus initially misdiagnosed as cellular blue nevus with
      atypia is reported: the correct diagnosis was established after the onset of true
      nodal metastases. Diagnostic criteria in this difficult field of dermatopathology
      are examined and their limits discussed in view of the not rare pitfalls reported
      in literature.

PMID- 2641549
TI  - How to evaluate medical laboratories.

PMID- 2641550
TI  - Clinical significance of systolic hypertension.

PMID- 2641551
TI  - Prognosis following acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2641553
TI  - Implications of cellular molecular biology to the management of cancer.

PMID- 2641552
TI  - Diabetes mellitus: prognostic implications of certain complications.

PMID- 2641554
TI  - HIV testing.

PMID- 2641555
TI  - ACLI AIDS committee report.

PMID- 2641556
TI  - AIDS: the continuing problem.

PMID- 2641557
TI  - Recognition and treatment of AIDS.

PMID- 2641558
TI  - Clinical course of the most common malignancies.

PMID- 2641559
TI  - Dizziness and perceptual style.
AB  - This study tested the hypothesis that patients suffering from non-organic
      ('psychogenic') dizziness would score higher on Witkins' frame dependence test
      than a group of dizzy patients with peripheral organic damage. A computerized
      version of the portable rod and frame test was administered to a group of 10
      chronic ENT patients with peripheral vestibular disease, 10 ENT patients with no
      detectable organic problems and 10 non-dizzy controls. Contrary to the
      hypothesis, the psychogenic group had less frame-dependent error than the
      peripheral group and less (though not significantly so) than the normal group.
      Four of the psychogenic group had very low frame dependence scores. The
      experience of dizziness may not be necessarily related to anxiety proneness and
      may be a function of an inhibitory autonomous perceptual style as well as one
      overly dependent on external cues.

PMID- 2641560
TI  - Depression after surgery for breast cancer. Comparison of mastectomy and
      lumpectomy.
AB  - The impact of the loss of the breast in women undergoing surgical treatment for
      breast cancer is subordinated to the confrontation with the diagnosis of a
      malignancy in causing depression. The equal distribution of depression in
      mastectomy and in lumpectomy patients supports the hypothesis that it is the
      confrontation with the potentially lethal outcome of the diagnosis which is
      decisive in causing depression. The grief reaction following mastectomy has two
      components: a depressive reaction to the loss of the breast and an anticipatory
      grief for anticipation of the potentially lethal outcome. Psychosocial
      therapeutic support in breast malignancy must give priority to coping with the
      diagnosis of cancer over the loss of the breast.

PMID- 2641561
TI  - Management of self-mutilation. Confrontation and integration of psychotherapy and
      psychotropic drug treatment.
AB  - The management of diverse types of self-mutilation is discussed with a particular
      emphasis on the selective use of open confrontation of the dissimulating patient
      with the self-inflicted nature of the lesions. Integration of psychotherapy with
      psychotropic drug treatment in self-mutilating patients is a necessity.

PMID- 2641562
TI  - Prediction of physical indisposition with the help of a questionnaire for
      measuring denial and overcompensation.
AB  - A questionnaire for assessing feelings of 'weakness' (the feeling of resentment,
      dependency, anxiety and vital exhaustion) as well as aggression and activity was
      presented to two groups of healthy men (n = 202 and 178, respectively). One group
      underwent self-evaluation by means of questionnaires and an interview. In the
      other group self-evaluation and evaluation by the partner were measured using
      questionnaires during two assessments with an interval of 6 months. The construct
      validity of the scales corresponded to that of an earlier study on acute
      myocardial infarct (AMI) patients. The reliability (internal consistency) of the
      scales was less satisfactory compared to the study on AMI patients. The congruent
      validity of the scales measuring experience of weakness appeared to be good. The
      method of score comparison for assessing denial of weakness and overcompensation
      (by means of aggression and activity) turned out to be reasonably valid, at least
      for the scales measuring weakness. Analysis of the predictive value of the
      derived scores for denial and overcompensation led to the finding that the men
      who reported more physical complaints 6 months after completion of the defence
      list had a higher mean denial score than the men who reported fewer somatic
      complaints after 6 months. This confirms the hypothesis that denial of one's own
      emotional condition in the long run leads to an increase in (reporting) somatic
      complaints.

PMID- 2641563
TI  - Use of imipramine in children with intractable asthma and psychiatric disorders:
      a warning.
AB  - Imipramine is an established treatment for anxiety in adults. Some evidence also
      exists that it may be beneficial in children. Because of the frequent co
      occurrence of anxiety and affective symptomatology in asthmatic children, a pilot
      study was undertaken to obtain clinical observations on the effects of imipramine
      on symptoms of asthma as well as those of separation anxiety and depression in
      children suffering from intractable asthma. The pilot trial was terminated
      because of medical complications after 6 patients participated.

PMID- 2641564
TI  - Suicide by related kidney donors following the recipients' death.
AB  - Two cases of suicide by related kidney donors following graft rejection and the
      death of the recipients are reported. It is concluded that psychiatric screening
      of the donor before transplantation is necessary in order to obtain information
      about past psychopathology, ambivalence involved in donating the kidney,
      psychological style, characteristic defenses and behavioral repertoire used to
      cope with anxiety and disappointed life circumstances. The data are necessary to
      assess the donor's capability of accepting a possible failure of the
      transplantation procedure. A psychiatric evaluation after transplantation is
      indicated following graft rejection and death of the recipient to assess the
      development of depression and suicidal potential of the related donor.

PMID- 2641565
TI  - [Basic principles of dentistry: basics of wound study (5)].

PMID- 2641567
TI  - [Prevention as new viewpoint of concept of practice].

PMID- 2641566
TI  - [Teaching and learning. Advice from students and faculty].

PMID- 2641568
TI  - [Dental assistant and computer. Role of dental assistant in TV analysis and
      treatment simulation with the computer].

PMID- 2641569
TI  - [Protection: one-time gloves against disease?].

PMID- 2641570
TI  - [Basic principles of dentistry. Basics of wound study (6)].

PMID- 2641571
TI  - [Nutrition advice from dental viewpoint].

PMID- 2641572
TI  - [Correct manner with patients can be learned. Significance of psychological
      knowledge in practice].

PMID- 2641574
TI  - [Basic principles of dentistry. Basic wound study (VII)].

PMID- 2641573
TI  - [German Work Group for Hygiene in Dental Practice: real and interesting
      recommendations for the dental assistant].

PMID- 2641575
TI  - [Working at chairside with a dental assistant in examination and treatment
      planning].

PMID- 2641576
TI  - [Intensive periodontal continuing education course for dental assistants and
      dental hygienists].

PMID- 2641577
TI  - [Productive communication with patients, colleagues and the chief].

PMID- 2641578
TI  - [Amalgam problem. Patient--dental team--environment].

PMID- 2641579
TI  - [Swiss dental hygienist. A job presents itself].

PMID- 2641580
TI  - [Orthodontics and child patients. Associations of orthodontists with children].

PMID- 2641581
TI  - [Applied psychodontics in three-sided treatment--dentist--patient--dental
      assistant (3)].

PMID- 2641582
TI  - [Prevention of infection by hand hygiene (1)].

PMID- 2641583
TI  - [Basic principles of dentistry. Basics of wound study (4)].

PMID- 2641584
TI  - [What parents want to know].

PMID- 2641585
TI  - [Plaque and its results].

PMID- 2641586
TI  - [Breaking in the computer].

PMID- 2641587
TI  - [Prevention of infection by hand hygiene (2)].

PMID- 2641588
TI  - [Comparison of material information. 1. Caries and periodontal disease
      prevention].

PMID- 2641589
TI  - [Oral hygiene materials in India].

PMID- 2641590
TI  - [Tooth color blending of clasps].

PMID- 2641591
TI  - [Preparation of an implant supported removable partial denture using spark
      cutting].

PMID- 2641592
TI  - [Preparation of esthetic full ceramic single-tooth restorations (3)].

PMID- 2641593
TI  - [From natural rubber to elastomer--practical experience with permanent soft
      resins for positioner].

PMID- 2641594
TI  - [Spherical segment finished portion for occlusal surface model].

PMID- 2641595
TI  - [Cadmium-free prosthesis materials].

PMID- 2641597
TI  - [Common errors in problem areas of bridge and their objective prevention].

PMID- 2641596
TI  - [Future of dental care].

PMID- 2641598
TI  - [Lingual protrusion bolt].

PMID- 2641599
TI  - [New way of precision preparation of galvanically silvered tooth post models].

PMID- 2641600
TI  - [Gingival mask for envelopment information in preparation of crowns].

PMID- 2641602
TI  - [Esthetic correction of discolored front teeth with ceramic veneers].

PMID- 2641601
TI  - [Modified preparation procedures for composite inlays of Isosit-IO].

PMID- 2641603
TI  - [Overview of various prosthetic base lining materials and their classification
      from viewpoint of material science (1)].

PMID- 2641604
TI  - [Systematic color analysis--basic preparation for esthetic results].

PMID- 2641605
TI  - [Angular swivel bolt].

PMID- 2641606
TI  - [Newly developed opal ceramic and its clinical introduction with consideration of
      refraction indexes. 3. Advances and use].

PMID- 2641607
TI  - [Elastic finishing apparatus and positioner].

PMID- 2641608
TI  - [Measurable changes of heat expansion coefficient of dental porcelain in specific
      baking methods].

PMID- 2641609
TI  - [Electrode leads--an added tool for an induction erosion instrument for rotating
      copper electrodes].

PMID- 2641610
TI  - [Preparation of esthetic full ceramic single-tooth (1)].

PMID- 2641611
TI  - [Illumination in front teeth].

PMID- 2641612
TI  - [Esthetic ceramic restorations with Wieland's ceramic technic and Shofu opal
      ceramic (1)].

PMID- 2641613
TI  - [Special removable retainers (1)].

PMID- 2641614
TI  - [Precision attachment Duolock].

PMID- 2641615
TI  - [Bit holder--tool for rational cutting for friction pins with spark cutting
      apparatus].

PMID- 2641617
TI  - [Special removable retainers (2)].

PMID- 2641616
TI  - [Preparation of esthetic full ceramic single-tooth restorations (2)].

PMID- 2641618
TI  - [Gentamicin and amikacin nephrotoxicity: comparative study in patients with
      initially normal renal function].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the nephrotoxic potential of amikacin
      (AK) and gentamicin (GM) in patients (pts) with normal renal function at the
      beginning of the treatment (Tx) in an open comparative and prospective trial.
      Nephrotoxicity (NFTX) was defined as a blood creatinine (Cr) increase of at least
      50% from the basal (normal) level, or an increase to higher than normal level
      during, at the end or after Tx. Peak and trough blood GM and AK levels were
      determined at 72 h of Tx to make proper adjustments in dosing. The two groups
      (GM, n = 27 and AK, n = 38) were similar in population composition, underlying
      pathology and infectious process requiring antimicrobials. Patients in the GM
      group tended to be older (mean age, 56 years) than the AK (mean age, 48 years) p
      NS; the latter had received more frequently aminoglycoside Tx (69 vs 11%) p less
      than 0.0005. The GM group received a comparatively lower dose than the AK (x =
      2.87 mg/k/d and 16 mg/k/d respectively) but duration of Tx was similar. Fifteen
      of 27 pts receiving GM (56%) and 7 of 38 receiving AK (18.2%) developed NFTX, p
      less than 0.004. Five pts in the GM group (18.5%) and 2 in the AK (5.2%) had
      clinical NFTX. The difference in NFTX persisted after age adjustment. There were
      no intra or inter group significant differences between pts with or without NFTX.
      In conclusion, in pts with initial normal renal function gentamicin was
      significantly more nephrotoxic than amikacin.

PMID- 2641619
TI  - [Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty in 6 patients].
AB  - We performed a percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty in 6 patients with
      severe mitral stenosis, aged 21 to 50 years. The mitral valve gradient decreased
      from 14.7 +/- 4.9 to 6.3 +/- 4.0 mmHg, p = 0.03. Mitral valve area increased in 5
      patients (0.92 +/- 0.23 to 2.32 +/- 0.26 cm2, p = 0.04). One patient developed a
      transient cerebral ischemic attack without sequelae and mild mitral
      insufficiency. The diameter of the mitral annulus as measured by echocardiography
      was 48.5 +/- 8.1 mm, significantly larger than that reported in other series. The
      curvature of the transseptal needle was selected after an echocardiographic view
      of the inferior vena cava and atria from the subcostal window. This allowed a
      successful procedure in all patients regardless of cavity size.

PMID- 2641620
TI  - [Obese women of high and low socioeconomic status diet composition and serum
      levels of lipoproteins].
AB  - We studied plasma lipoproteins in 2 groups of 50 women each, one with a high (A)
      and the other low socio-economic status (B). Age, caloric intake, energy output
      and weight for height relation were comparable in both groups. A significant
      difference was found in plasma levels of triglycerides (A = 138.9 vs B = 104.8
      mg/dl), total cholesterol (A = 226.9, B = 178.8 mg/dl) and HDL cholesterol (A =
      43.9, B = 50.7 mg/dl). Differences in diet may explain this findings since the
      protein and fat intake was higher in group A than in group B and fat from animal
      sources predominated in group A (72%) as compared to B (28%). No significant
      difference was found in the relation of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids
      in both groups.

PMID- 2641621
TI  - [Surgery of evolving myocardial infarction].
AB  - Limitation of infarct size has been proven to improve the prognosis in patients
      with recent myocardial infarction (MI). Emergency coronary bypass surgery may be
      used for this aim. We operated on 44 such patients within 15 days of onset of MI.
      Operation was done within 6 hr in 11 patients and later on in the other 33, due
      to post infarction angina or incomplete MI. One patient died in the perioperative
      period. Thirty nine patients were followed at a mean of 33 months: 2 have angina,
      one dyspnea and the rest is asymptomatic. We believe that bypass surgery is an
      effective treatment in selected patients with recent MI.

PMID- 2641622
TI  - [Constrictive pericarditis: diagnostic aspects and surgical results in 23 cases].
AB  - We reviewed the clinical data on 23 patients operated on for constrictive
      pericarditis. Mean age was 35 years and 17 were males. The chief complaint was
      dyspnea (87%). Outstanding physical findings were venous hypertension (96%),
      hepatomegaly (78%), ascitis (57%), pulsus paradoxus (57%) and Kussmaul sign
      (43%). The ECG, although always abnormal was non contributory. Chest X ray
      findings included cardiomegaly (48%) and pericardial calcification (35%). Half of
      the cases showed pericardial thickening and abnormal septal motion on M mode
      echocardiography. An equalization of diastolic pressures and the dip and plateau
      sign was confirmed at cardiac catheterization in all cases. The etiology could be
      established in only 6 patients (tuberculosis 3, traumatic 2 and septic 1).
      Surgical mortality was 9% (2 patients). Follow up was available on 10 patients at
      a mean of 35 months, 9 in functional class I and 1 in FC II.

PMID- 2641623
TI  - [Percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty prior to major abdominal surgery].
AB  - A 73 year old woman with severe aortic stenosis, functional class III, developed
      obstructive jaundice. A percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty was performed and the
      peak gradient decreased from 80 to 22 mmHg while the cardiac index increased from
      1.83 to 2.22 l/min/m2 and the aortic valve area from 0.30 to 0.63 cm2. One week
      later, cholecystectomy, and common duct drainage was performed with no
      complications. Thirteen months later the patient remains functional class I with
      echographic findings supporting a continuous success of the aortic valvuloplasty.
      This patient illustrates one of the possible indications for percutaneous balloon
      valvuloplasty for severe aortic stenosis.

PMID- 2641624
TI  - [Acute plasma cell leukemia].
AB  - Plasma Cell Leukemia is a very rare form of plasmocytic dyscrasia, whose clinical
      and pathological characteristics warrant its recognition as a distinct subentity.
      We report the case of a 60 years old man who presented a rapidly fatal acute
      plasma cell leukemia, with multiple osteolytic lesions, hipercalcemia, renal and
      cardiac failure.

PMID- 2641625
TI  - [The teaching hospital].
AB  - The teaching hospital is essential for Medical schools. Careful selection of
      students and a faculty with a commitment of teaching are very important.
      Development of a critical attitude and care for ethical principles should always
      be present. The acquisition of high technology should be considered a means for
      academic development rather than a purpose in itself. A national accreditation
      process is an important step towards achieving these goals in all teaching
      centers. A stronger cooperation between universities and national health
      authorities is urgently needed to avoid deviations in postgraduate training that
      are observed today.

PMID- 2641626
TI  - [The university hospital and the affiliated teaching hospital].
AB  - University hospitals and affiliated teaching hospitals have been operating in
      Chile for many years. A critical analysis of advantages and disadvantages of
      these institutions is necessary including a standardized national examination of
      graduates trained in each kind.

PMID- 2641628
TI  - [Recommendations for spirometry reports].

PMID- 2641627
TI  - [Cryptosporidiosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].

PMID- 2641629
TI  - [Ecologic dynamics of infectious diseases. I. Seasonal variations].
AB  - We studied the incidence of typhoid fever, hepatitis, poliomyelitis, scarlet
      fever, pertussis and measles from 1954 to 1984 as reported in the yearly records
      of diseases subjected to compulsory notification. Autocorrelation functions and
      Fourier analysis were used to study incidence fluctuation. Seasonal variations
      related in all cases to pathogenic factors were found for all diseases. Air borne
      transmission was related to a peak incidence in spring and enteric transmission
      in summer. Person to person transmission and crowding at school are noted as
      factors influencing the incidence pattern of hepatitis and scarlet fever.

PMID- 2641630
TI  - [Ecologic dynamics of infectious diseases. II. Periodic recurrence of epidemics].
AB  - The incidence of hepatitis, mumps, poliomyelitis, scarlet fever, pertussis and
      measles from 1954 to 1984 was studied from the annual records of infectious
      diseases. Fluctuations were evaluated by Fourier analysis. Periodic recurrency
      was detected for poliomyelitis, scarlet fever, pertussis and measles and was
      likely for mumps. The asynchronic fluctuation of the proportion of cases and
      susceptible individuals is considered to be the origin of this phenomenon.
      Observed fluctuations corresponded to those predicted by the models.

PMID- 2641631
TI  - Comprehensive and interpretative radiology of middle ear malformations.
AB  - Radiological aspects of middle ear malformations based on the study of 31
      observations should be correlated with the modalities of normal and abnormal
      morphogenesis. This is particularly the case for malformations of the ossicles,
      which can be classified according their precise branchial origin. Facial nerve
      malformations, dysgenesis of the footplate and atresia of the external auditory
      meatus is discussed in relation to normal events of middle ear morphogenesis.
      Standard histochemical procedures and study of radioactive sulphur uptake in the
      mouse embryo permit to characterize some factors of middle ear ossicles
      formation. Study of correlations between radiological features and experimental
      results reveal that the important factors are: the chronology of morphogenesis;
      the organization of branchial structures; the patterns of neural crest cells
      migration; the influence of environmental factors. Furthermore, teratologic
      features obtained in animals models can be correlated with human syndromes.

PMID- 2641632
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic study of dibenzazepines in humans].

PMID- 2641633
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism conference 1987].

PMID- 2641634
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ipriflavone in humans. II].

PMID- 2641635
TI  - [Changes in the metabolism of a pyrido(1,2 a)pyrimidine derivative, CH-150, under
      the effects of 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital in microsome fractions in
      rats, studied by liver perfusion method].

PMID- 2641636
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of Chinoin-123 in rats, dogs and humans].

PMID- 2641637
TI  - [Metabolism of para-bromomethamphetamine in the rat].

PMID- 2641639
TI  - Review of use of statistics in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and
      Hygiene for January-December 1988.
AB  - A statistical review of all 201 scientific articles published during the calendar
      year 1988 in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene was made to
      determine the type of study published by the journal, the level of statistics
      that was employed by the published articles, and the extent of common statistical
      errors. Sixty-five (32%) of the articles were classified as experimental, with
      most of the remaining observational studies classified as cross-sectional in
      design. A reader with the knowledge of only simple descriptive statistics would
      be able to understand 60% of the statistical procedures used in the published
      papers. Knowledge of the usual components of a single semester course in
      introductory statistics increases understanding to 91% of the techniques used. It
      was determined that 148 (73.5%) of the 201 articles had at least 1 detectable
      statistical error; most of these errors involved improper documentation or
      application of statistical hypothesis testing. The most common descriptive
      statistical error was the misuse of the concepts of "standard deviation" and
      "standard error" which was found in greater than 20% of the articles. Examples of
      each of the common statistical errors seen are given with suggestions for
      improvement.

PMID- 2641638
TI  - [Effect of MAO inhibitors on impeding synaptosomal withdrawal and on dopamine
      metabolism in rat and human brain].

PMID- 2641640
TI  - Radical curative activity of a new 8-aminoquinoline derivative (CDRI 80/53)
      against Plasmodium cynomolgi B in monkeys.
AB  - An analogue of primaquine, N1-(3-acetyl-4-5-dihydro-2-furanyl)-N4-(6-methoxy-8
      quinolinyl) 1,4-pentanediamine, CDRI Code 80/53), has been evaluated for anti
      relapse activity against sporozoite induced Plasmodium cynomolgi B infection in
      rhesus monkeys. The compound has shown 100% curative anti-relapse activity at
      1.25 mg/kg x 7 day dose schedule, thereby giving a primaquine index of 0.8. The
      compound is currently under Phase-I clinical trials.

PMID- 2641641
TI  - Methemoglobin toxicity and hematological studies on malaria anti-relapse compound
      CDRI 80/53 in dogs.
AB  - Methemoglobin toxicities of primaquine and compound N1-(3-acetyl-4-5-dihydro-2
      furanyl)-N4-(6-methoxy-8-quinolinyl) 1,4-pentanediamine, CDRI Code 80/53, have
      been compared in beagles. Primaquine administration at 3 mg/kg for 7 days
      produced significantly high (P less than 0.001) methemoglobinemia and the levels
      increased 10.55-fold. Compound 80/53 at 3.75 mg/kg x 7 days produced a marginal
      increase in methemoglobinemia (3.24-fold; P less than 0.02). The methemoglobin
      formed by primaquine administration was 3.65-fold (P less than 0.001) higher than
      that formed after administration of compound 80/53. There was no significant
      change in other hematological parameters and liver function tests.

PMID- 2641642
TI  - Protective immunity against Brugia malayi infective larvae in mice. I. Parameters
      of active and passive immunity.
AB  - Protective immunity against infective larvae of Brugia malayi was studied in
      different strains of mice using various sources of antigens. The following
      strains of mice were susceptible to infective larvae development for 2 weeks
      after primary ip challenge: BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, C3H/NeN, C3H/HeJms, C57BL/6Jms, and
      DDD. In comparison to gerbils, BALB/c mice developed stronger resistance to
      infective larvae after immunization with irradiation attenuated larvae or with
      killed microfilariae (mf). However, killed mf failed to enhance resistance in
      C3H/HeJ mice, although C3H/HeN mice were strongly protected and C3H/HeJms mice
      were protected to a lesser degree by this antigen. Extracts of mf with phosphate
      buffered saline and sodium dodecyl sulfate both induced high levels of resistance
      in BALB/c mice. Transfer of resistance from BALB/c mice immunized with attenuated
      infective larvae to naive mice was accomplished at a high level at protection
      with nylon wool nonadherent spleen cells (T cells) but not with adherent cells
      treated with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement. In contrast, sera from immunized
      mice were much less protective.

PMID- 2641643
TI  - Heightened anti-filarial immune responsiveness in a Haitian pediatric population.
AB  - The immunological consequences of exposure to filarial infection were examined by
      cross-sectional serological studies. Serum samples from 121 pediatric patients
      (18 months-15 years of age) were analyzed in parallel with a panel of sera from
      adults residing in the same area of Haiti. Parasite antigen specific IgG and IgE
      levels were determined by ELISA. IgG levels in children were significantly
      elevated in humoral immunoreactivity to Brugia pahangi extracts compared to
      adults. In addition, anti-filarial IgG levels in amicrofilaremic children were
      significantly greater than in microfilaremic children. In contrast, IgG levels in
      adults were equivalent independent of microfilaremic status. Anti-filarial IgE
      levels in sera from both children and adults were low in comparison to that of a
      subject with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia and were unrelated to clinical
      status. No correlations were found between humoral responses and age, sex, or
      degree of parasitemia. Sera from amicrofilaremic children and, to a lesser
      extent, adults recognize more antigens, particularly those of high molecular
      weight (greater than 55 kDa), than sera from microfilaremic patients.

PMID- 2641644
TI  - Differential recognition of Loa loa antigens by sera of human subjects from a
      loiasis endemic zone.
AB  - Somatic antigens of Loa loa adult worms with molecular weights of 15-180 kDa were
      identified by Western blot analysis using sera from 3 categories of
      parasitologically and clinically defined subjects from a loiasis endemic zone.
      Sera of occult, amicrofilaremic (OL), and 'resistant' individuals with no
      clinical signs of infection (R) reacted with an antigen of 160 kDa; sera of
      highly microfilaremic individuals (ML) did not. ML sera strongly reacted with an
      antigen of 18 kDa which was recognized only weakly or not at all by OL and R
      sera. At higher dilutions, OL sera only reacted with antigens at 23 and 160 kDa
      and ML sera reacted with antigens at 18 and 23 kDa, whereas R sera reacted with
      antigens at 23, 42, 54, 70, 100, and 160 kDa. These data suggested that R sera
      contained a higher concentration of antibodies which reacted with denatured,
      nitrocellulose-bound antigens. The IgG4 isotype predominated for all groups of
      sera, while IgG3 antibody responses were observed only with R sera. IgG1
      antibodies were seen in all groups but reacted with fewer antigens than IgG4
      antibodies, and no IgG2 antibody responses were detected. Sera against Brugia
      malayi, Wuchereria bancrofti, Onchocerca volvulus, and Dirofilaria immitis cross
      reacted with somatic antigens greater than 70 kDa, whereas none reacted with Loa
      loa antigens less than 23 kDa.

PMID- 2641645
TI  - Fasciola hepatica:Sp2/0 (helminth:myeloma) hybridoma expressing parasite antigen.
AB  - Cells from adult Fasciola hepatica were fused with cells from a murine BALB/c
      myeloma Sp2 line. The hybrid cells were grown in HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin,
      and thymidine) medium, cloned and subcloned, and shown to express parasite
      antigen for 1 year after fusion. Expression of parasite antigen was demonstrated
      by the following: 2 histogram flow cytometric analyses, in which a population of
      hybrid cells in the population of 7 month cultured hybrid cells showed 57% more
      fluorescence when treated with an anti-F. hepatica serum followed by anti-rabbit
      immunoglobulin G coupled to fluorescein isothiocyanate as compared with the same
      hybrid cells washed and treated with normal rabbit serum; Sp2 myeloma cells
      treated with an anti-F. hepatica serum or normal rabbit serum followed by
      fluorescein-labeled anti-rabbit IgG had the same negative fluorescence; BALB/c
      mice immunized with PBS-washed cells from a subclone of these hybridomas
      developed anti-F. hepatica antibodies (shown by the Falcon assay screening test
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay); and antibodies recognized an F. hepatica
      antigenic polypeptide of 57,000 Mr in a Western immunoblot. These
      helminth:myeloma hybrids expressed murine host markers, further confirming the
      hybrid nature of this cell line. F. hepatica cells alone, like their Sp2 fusion
      partners, die in HAT supplemented medium by 9 days of culture. F. hepatica:Sp2
      hybridomas have been grown continuously in HAT medium for greater than 1 year.

PMID- 2641646
TI  - An epidemic of Vibrio cholerae el tor Inaba resistant to several antibiotics with
      a conjugative group C plasmid coding for type II dihydrofolate reductase in
      Thailand.
AB  - Between June and October 1982, Vibrio cholerae el tor Inaba phage type Russian
      13, resistant to ampicillin (Ap), chloramphenicol (Cm), colistin, neomycin (Nm),
      kanamycin (Km), gentamicin (Gm), trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), and
      tetracycline (Tc), was isolated from 31 children with diarrhea at a hospital in
      Samutsakorn, Thailand. Thirty of these children were less than 2 years of age and
      were admitted to a single pediatric ward. Seventeen of the cases, infected with
      V. cholerae (MARV) resistant to several antibiotics, were admitted to the
      hospital for non-gastrointestinal illnesses; these children developed diarrhea
      and positive cultures for MARV 1-greater than 10 days after admission. The
      majority of cases occurred in September, when the attack rate in the patient
      population in 1 pediatric ward was 11.5%. During this period, MARV with the same
      characteristics was isolated from water used for bathing in a reservoir on the
      pediatric ward where most of the cases occurred. MARV was not isolated from
      adults with diarrhea at the hospital. No further MARV infections occurred at the
      hospital after the water reservoir had been drained and disinfected. V. cholerae
      isolates from children and water contained a conjugative incompatibility group C
      plasmid of 100 megadaltons (mDa) encoding resistance to Ap, Cm, Nm, Km, Gm, TMP
      SMZ, and Tc. This plasmid hybridized with a DNA probe for genes encoding Type II
      dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). As far as we know, this is the first report of
      MARV with V. cholerae that contained genes coding for Type II DHFR.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641647
TI  - Hepatitis B and HIV in Sudan: a serosurvey for hepatitis B and human
      immunodeficiency virus antibodies among sexually active heterosexuals.
AB  - A serosurvey was conducted in Port Sudan and Suakin, Sudan in October and March
      1987 to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with the
      transmission of hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and
      syphilis among sexually active heterosexuals on the coast of Sudan. A total of
      536 subjects, including 202 female prostitutes, 95 long-distance truck drivers,
      103 soldiers, 72 Ethiopian refugees, and 54 Sudanese outpatients, were enrolled
      in the study. Seventy-eight percent (202/259) of the female study subjects were
      engaged in prostitution, and 57% (157/277) of the men admitted to prior sexual
      relations with prostitutes. Serologic markers for hepatitis B and syphilis were
      detected in 68% and 17% of the entire study population, respectively. In
      contrast, antibody to HIV-1 was detected in none of the 536 sera tested. Risk
      factors found to be independently predictive of hepatitis B infection by
      multivariate analysis included prostitution, positive serology for syphilis, and
      a history of anti-schistosomal therapy. The absence of HIV-1 infection among the
      prostitutes enrolled in this study is in marked contrast to the current AIDS
      epidemic in neighboring sub-Saharan countries, suggesting that HIV-1 has not been
      widely introduced on the coast of Sudan. The high prevalence of serologic markers
      to hepatitis B and syphilis, however, indicates a potential for HIV-1 in this
      region.

PMID- 2641648
TI  - Histological parameters useful in the identification of multiple bloodmeals in
      mosquitoes.
AB  - Culex nigripalpus females were given double and, in 2 cases, triple (interrupted)
      bloodmeals separated by various intervals. Mosquitoes given single meals served
      as controls. Using Azan-stained serial paraffin sections, we could identify
      multiple meals separated by 1-72 hr in 44 of 53 cases (84.6%). Among the
      histological parameters of importance in the identification of double and triple
      bloodmeals are the peritrophic membrane secreted around each bloodmeal, the plug
      which forms between the anterior and posterior midgut, the layer of heme which
      forms as a bloodmeal is digested, and remnants of the pupal meconium and/or pupal
      pharate adult peritrophic membranes. The parameters we have identified will help
      determine the incidence of double bloodfeeding in wild populations which, in
      turn, should enhance our understanding of the transmission of pathogens by
      mosquitoes.

PMID- 2641649
TI  - Key-booster system: a theory in nursing intervention for the terminally-ill
      patient.

PMID- 2641650
TI  - Nursing--nature, roles, functions and scope of practice in PHC.
AB  - The paper has presented a general description of the nature and characteristics
      of nursing in PHC as well as the broad roles, functions and tasks of a nurse
      practitioner in PHC. The description parallels that of CHN which shares the same
      concepts, principles and methodologies advocated by the PHC approach to health
      care delivery.

PMID- 2641651
TI  - Time experience among the elderly: implication for nursing.

PMID- 2641652
TI  - Factors affecting weight change among children below six years old enrolled at
      the nutrition program of a selected social action center in Metro-Manila.

PMID- 2641653
TI  - [Paget's degeneration of the juxta-alveolar portion of the mandible in subjects
      with generalized osteoporosis. Clinical study].
AB  - After the description of the etiopathogenetic aspects and of the pathologic
      anatomy lesion more typical of the Paget's disease, the A.A. describe a
      interesting case of the mandible's degeneration in a patient with chronic
      osteoporosis. The patient does not masticate. The treatment has been to
      remodelling of the mandible. We made a scrupulous check of laboratory research
      and the radiographical, biological and histological reports to exclude
      osteosarcoma and gigantic cells tumour.

PMID- 2641654
TI  - [Dysfunction of the stomatognathic system: nosological classification].
AB  - To identify subtypes of functional disorders of stomatognathic system is a valid
      aid in order to render an appropriate treatment plan and prognosis. A
      classification of neuromuscular disorders and internal derangements of TMJ
      proposed by Evaersole is reviewed. The data obtained on a sample of patients with
      disfunction are presented.

PMID- 2641655
TI  - [Prophylaxis of carious disease. Outline of dietetic and pharmacological
      prophylaxis].
AB  - The authors schematically describe the possibility of specialistic sanitary
      intervention in prevention, primary secondary and tertiary. They, furthermore,
      discuss of the real possibility of dietetical and pharmacological prophylaxis
      with special regard to the proper use and on the mechanism of action of fluorine
      and other chemical antiplaque agents.

PMID- 2641656
TI  - [Medico-legal aspects of dental implantology].

PMID- 2641657
TI  - [Orthopantomography and status X].

PMID- 2641658
TI  - [Mandibular metastatic localization of pulmonary adenocarcinoma: our experience].

PMID- 2641659
TI  - [Electromagnetic fields and their importance in the physiology and trophism of
      the cell and tissues].

PMID- 2641660
TI  - [Histological aspects of craniofacial growth].
AB  - The authors describe three main kinds of craniofacial growth: endochondral,
      apositional and sutural. Hystological aspects of growth are discussed.

PMID- 2641661
TI  - [Epidemiological study of the dental status of a group of elderly patients in
      geriatric departments of provincial hospitals].
AB  - The AA, in their study have weigh the oral health in a group of institutionalized
      old subjects showing a nearly constant parodontal disease, a high persistence of
      infected roots, a high caries incidence; all that takes away again a low level of
      oral health.

PMID- 2641662
TI  - [Control of pain in dentistry. 1. Etiopathology of pain syndrome and methods of
      control].

PMID- 2641663
TI  - [Cardiotoxicity of local anesthetics: dynamic electrocardiogram study].
AB  - Twenty-two cardiopathic patients (mean age 54.4 +/- 9.9 years) underwent dynamic
      electrocardiography during tooth extraction under local anesthesia (mepivacaine
      hydrochloride 2% plus adrenalin 1:200.000). Heart rate (p less than 0.001),
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p less than 0.001) significantly increased
      during tooth extraction returning to values near to basal level in the recovery
      period. No patients showed significant changes in ST segment. One patient with
      chronic atrial fibrillation presented an increase in ventricular rate (180
      beats/min) and appearance of premature ventricular beats, spontaneously
      regressed. In conclusion, in cardiopathic patients dental operations by local
      anesthesia with vessel constriction it is possible, provided estimated clinical
      conditions of patients.

PMID- 2641664
TI  - [Relations between oral flora and drug therapy].

PMID- 2641665
TI  - [The use of calcitonin in therapy of periodontitis. 1. Recent findings on the
      mechanism of action].

PMID- 2641666
TI  - Relationship between number of asbestos bodies in autopsy lung and pleural
      plaques on chest X-ray film.
AB  - We investigated the relationship between number of asbestos bodies and pleural
      plaques. Using sodium hypochrolite, we examined 400 autopsy lungs and could
      detect 71 cases whose asbestos bodies were significantly high. We checked pleural
      plaques on chest x-ray films of these 71 cases and compared the exact plaque at
      autopsy. By the criteria of Askergren and Szamosi, we classified these into three
      groups (probable, definite, definite with calcification). This classification is
      consistent with the pleural plaques found at autopsy. Cases whose pleural plaques
      were definite (thick) had many more asbestos bodies than indefinite cases. As for
      occupational histories, there were 23 cases who worked in Japanese Naval
      shipyards before and during World War II, 14 others in various shipyards, and 14
      others who also had a history of asbestos exposure. These 51 patients died more
      than 30 years after the first asbestos exposure. Twenty had no definite asbestos
      exposure.

PMID- 2641667
TI  - Multiple births and maternal risk of breast cancer.
AB  - Data from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a large nationwide population
      based case-control study conducted in the United States in 1980-1982, were
      analyzed to investigate whether pregnancies ending in a multiple birth affect the
      risk of subsequent breast cancer. The cases were 3,918 parous women who were aged
      20-54 years and newly diagnosed with breast cancer; controls were 4,047 parous
      women selected randomly from the same geographic areas as the cases. Multiple
      births were reported by 118 cases and 161 controls. After adjustment for other
      reproductive variables, having a multiple last birth was found to be protective
      against breast cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43
      0.85), whereas having a multiple birth prior to the last birth was not (OR =
      1.11, 95% CI 0.79-1.57). To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first
      investigation to report such a protective effect, and thus the finding warrants
      replication. One mechanism that might account for the effect involves the
      increased output of alpha-fetoprotein by multiple fetal livers.

PMID- 2641668
TI  - Analysis of the weights of infants of Bangladeshi origin attending two clinics in
      Tower Hamlets.
AB  - The weights of 220 infants of Bangladeshi origin attending two clinics in the
      London Borough of Tower Hamlets were analysed at birth, 6 months and 18 months of
      age. The weights were compared first with the Tanner-Whitehouse standards derived
      from English children and then with Indian data from the infants of well-to-do
      families. The mean weights of the infants of Bangladeshi origin were below the
      British Tanner-Whitehouse 50th centiles, approximating to the 25th centile
      values. As the means were similar to those reported from well-nourished Indian
      infants, it is unlikely that the Bangladeshi infants were undernourished. The
      reported weights of well-nourished Indian infants appeared to be a more
      appropriate reference for the infants of Bangladeshi origin than the Tanner
      Whitehouse values. However the Tanner-Whitehouse charts can be used, but with
      their 25th, 10th and 3rd centile lines being taken to read 50th, 25th and 10th
      centiles, respectively. Significantly more boy than girl infants were brought to
      one of the clinics.

PMID- 2641669
TI  - Hair shafts in epidermoid cysts.
AB  - 17 cases of epidermoid cysts with vellus hairs in their lumen are reported. The
      clinical diagnosis was usually cysts. In 12 cases the lesions were solitary and
      in 5 they were multiple, small and closely set. Microscopically, the findings of
      the wall were those of the epidermoid cyst containing in their lumen hair shafts
      of lanugo size. The solitary variety of these cysts can be considered as the
      solitary counterpart of the eruptive vellus hair cyst. Problems of differential
      diagnosis are discussed.

PMID- 2641670
TI  - Lipid peroxidation of human granulocytes (PMN) and monocytes by iron complexes.
AB  - Because the phagocytic function of non-stimulated human polymorphonuclear
      granulocytes (PMN) is impaired after incubation with either polynuclear Fe(III)
      or Fe(II), we decided to study lipid peroxidation of PMN and monocytes by these
      iron complexes. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid
      reactive substances and fluorescent compounds. In this study we report that
      monocytes, isolated in the standard way (EDTA-mediated detachment), release
      significantly more thiobarbituric acid reactive substances after incubation with
      iron than PMN. Monocytes, however, isolated without EDTA release the same amount
      after incubation with iron as PMN. The iron complexes shown to impair phagocyte
      function also stimulated the peroxidation of membrane lipids. Ascorbic acid in
      high concentrations enhanced iron-induced lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation
      induced by ferrous ascorbate (1:20) could be inhibited by catalase, the iron
      chelators deferoxamine and transferrin, and the hydroxyl radical scavenger
      thiourea. Mononuclear complexes (ferric citrate 1:20) did not impair granulocyte
      function and did not induce lipid peroxidation. Our results suggest that impaired
      phagocyte function in patients with iron overload may be due to non-transferrin
      bound iron-mediated peroxidation of membrane lipids. However, the lowest amount
      of ferrous ascorbate (1:20) capable of inducing lipid peroxidation (50 microM)
      was significantly higher than that which impaired phagocyte function (10 microM).

PMID- 2641671
TI  - Hydration of hydrogel contact lenses during hydrogen peroxide disinfection.
AB  - Some hydrogel contact lenses are susceptible to changes in hydration when soaked
      in hydrogen peroxide solutions of acidic pH. This study uses a hand refractometer
      to assess the water content of four Hydrocurve Elite hydrogel contact lenses
      during prolonged hydrogen peroxide disinfection. A 3-week period of soaking in
      peroxide solution lead to a decrease in contact lens water content from 50% to
      approximately 30%. Full rehydration of the lenses occurred over a period of 2
      days, using one rinse and two changes of the recommended sodium thiosulfate
      neutralizing solution.

PMID- 2641672
TI  - Treating the dying patient.

PMID- 2641673
TI  - Hematocrit changes after uncomplicated percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty.

PMID- 2641674
TI  - Insurability of the psychiatrically ill or those with a past history of
      psychiatric disorder. The Position of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.

PMID- 2641675
TI  - Herpes zoster following spinal surgery.
AB  - The onset of most cases of herpes zoster is usually sudden and unexpected. A
      precipitating factor is seldom obvious. Depressed cellular immunity or an
      underlying neoplasm are found in only a small number of patients. The
      relationship between trauma and reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus is
      uncertain and most of the published cases follow trivial external injury.

PMID- 2641676
TI  - Prospective clinical evaluation of the use of compression plates and screws in
      the management of mandible fractures.
AB  - A prospective evaluation was made of 71 patients with 102 mandible fractures
      managed with rigid internal compression plate and screw osteosynthesis and
      allowed to function immediately following surgery. An analysis of the data
      reveals that this method of internal fixation is an effective and predictable
      alternative for the treatment of fractures of the mandible.

PMID- 2641677
TI  - Health, nutrition and aging: a focus on prevention.

PMID- 2641678
TI  - Fluid and cation changes during head-out immersions in 25 degrees and 35 degrees
      C water.
AB  - To compare fluid and ion changes during cold (25 degrees C) and thermoneutral
      head-out immersion (HOI) 9 men were studied under 4 resting conditions lasting 3
      h: 2 in 35 degrees C and 2 in 25 degrees C water. At each temperature, subjects
      consumed 250 ml of either water or a 7% glucose polymer solution every hour to
      evaluate possible differences in fluid composition. Plasma volume increased by
      3.9% for 35 degrees C and decreased by 9.7% for 25 degrees C HOI after 3 h. Urine
      flow increased significantly during HOI, but there were no differences between
      water temperatures (35 degrees C: 8.37 +/- 0.44; 25 degrees C: 9.55 +/- 0.57
      ml.min-1). Free water clearance and urinary sodium excretion were also elevated
      during HOI, but water temperature did not alter the magnitude of the response. No
      HOI-induced kaliuresis was noted. Finally, there was a significant cold-induced
      increase in serum potassium and sodium, but this reflected largely the decrease
      in plasma volume. In sum, differences in water temperature seemed to have minimal
      influence on fluid and cation changes, an indication that immersion is the
      primary stimulus. Whether greater differences would be noted with colder water
      remains to be determined.

PMID- 2641679
TI  - [Autograft of the adrenal medulla to caudate nucleus as Parkinson disease
      treatment: long-term clinical evaluation].
AB  - This work presents the long-term evolution (12-27 months) of the patients with
      adrenomedullary autotransplants to the caudate nucleus for the treatment of
      Parkinson's disease. Sixteen men and 6 women, mean age of 49.9 years, received
      brain implants of their own adrenal medulla using the procedure of Madrazo et al.
      (1). Nineteen of the transplanted patients suffered idiopathic Parkinson's
      disease and 3 of them parkinsonism. Before surgery 20 patients were on L-dopa and
      suffered collateral signs due to the drug. The degree of severity of their
      disease was evaluated pre and postoperatively, with and without medication, in
      their "on" and "off" periods, using the international scales of Schwab and
      England, Hoehn and Yahr, Madrazo, and the UPRS, and was documented by videotape.
      Biochemical analyses were made of lumbar and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid, and
      neuropsychological and neurophysiological evaluations were performed before and
      after surgery. In some patients, the location and viability of the adrenal
      medullary implants were demonstrated by brain scintigraphy using 131-I
      metaiodobenzylguanidine, a chromaffin specific radiopharmaceutical. The clinical
      evaluations of 18 autotransplanted patients (4 died) showed their significant
      functional recovery both in their "on" and "off" periods, that for the first
      patients operated has remained stable for 27 months. Also, their response to L
      dopa improved allowing the reduction of their postoperative doses of medication
      to 30% of their preoperative requirements, with the disappearance of the
      collateral effects of the drug.

PMID- 2641680
TI  - Potential therapeutic uses of interleukin-1.

PMID- 2641681
TI  - The therapeutic potential of interleukin-1 beta in the treatment of chemotherapy-
      or radiation-induced myelosuppression and in tumor therapy.
AB  - In vivo administration of rHuIL-1 beta selectively enhanced the recovery from
      granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia caused by sublethal irradiation or 5-FU
      treatment. Granulopoiesis and thrombopoiesis were stimulated by rHuIL-1 beta in a
      dose-dependent manner at doses ranging from 0.1 to 100 micrograms/kg. In this
      study, we have observed IL-1 to induce at least two distinct types of
      hematopoietic growth factors in vivo, namely GM-CSF and a thrombopoietin-like
      factor. Various kinds of CSFs alone did not stimulate colony formation of
      primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells obtained from 5-FU treated mice.
      However, the pretreatment of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells with IL-1
      in vitro or in vivo for 5 days accelerated the recovery of a cell population
      which respond to several types of CSFs. These data suggest that IL-1 may be
      useful clinically to enhance the recovery of granulocytes and platelets in
      myelosuppressed patients. In addition, we observed that rHuIL-1 beta is directly
      cytostatic for certain tumor cells in vitro. Intratumoral or subcutaneous
      injection of rHuIL-1 beta caused regression of a subcutaneous murine sarcoma by
      augmenting host antitumor responses. Together with the profound effects on
      hematopoiesis, these results point to potentially important uses of IL-1 beta in
      treatment of disease.

PMID- 2641682
TI  - The effect of recombinant interleukin 4 upon protein kinase activities associated
      with murine and human B lymphocyte plasma membranes.
AB  - Exposure of plasma membranes isolated from high density resting murine B cells to
      recombinant IL-4 in the presence of gamma-[32P]-ATP promoted phosphorylation of a
      protein of Mr = 42,000. The 42 Kd protein kinase substrate could be detected in
      membranes prepared from low density B cells following a 24 h culture with
      lipopolysaccharide, but not in membranes prepared from B cells exposed to LPS for
      48 h. Treatment of the cells with LPS resulted in the appearance of a number of
      new membrane-associated phosphoproteins. Treatment with the cytokine also
      resulted in the disappearance of a protein kinase substrate of Mr = 30,000 from
      phosphoprotein profiles of membranes prepared from cells exposed to LPS for 24 h.
      The 42 Kd structure appears to be a protein kinase substrate rather than
      possessing intrinsic phosphotransferase activity as judged from experiments
      employing 8-azido-gamma-[32P]-ATP as a photoaffinity label. No 42 Kd species was
      detectable using this reagent. Experiments employing identical protocols failed
      to reveal any enhanced or diminished phosphorylation of membrane-associated
      proteins in human peripheral blood B cells or in human B lymphoma cell lines.

PMID- 2641683
TI  - Protein kinase C is not involved in secretion by permeabilized human neutrophils.
AB  - The generally accepted sequence of intracellular signal transduction involves:
      (1) cell surface receptor-ligand interactions; (2) activation of G-proteins; (3)
      activation of phospholipase C, leading to inositol phosphate (IP3), and
      diacylglycerol production; (4) parallel mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ by
      IP3, and; (5) activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by diacylglycerol and Ca2+,
      leading to; (6) cellular responses. Human neutrophils appear to utilize this
      cascade, at least in general, and some, but not all, elements of the
      intracellular signal cascade known to be operating in intact cells also function
      in permeabilized cell systems. We have previously shown that permeabilized
      neutrophils can be induced to secrete lysosomal enzymes in response to elevated
      levels of Ca2+ alone and this secretion can be synergistically enhanced by the
      presence of guanine nucleotides. We now show that Ca2+, in the presence and
      absence of guanine nucleotides, can stimulate the production of soluble inositol
      phosphates. Furthermore, neomycin, a putative inhibitor of phospholipase C, can
      block Ca2(+)-induced secretion. These data thus suggest a role for phospholipase
      C activity or its products in the transduction process. The next enzymatic
      activity 'downstream' is PKC. Consequently, we looked at the role Mg-ATP, one of
      the substrates of PKC, plays in degranulation by permeabilized neutrophils, We
      found no obligatory role for this nucleotide in the secretory process. We then
      looked at the activity of oleoyl-acetyl-glycerol (OAG), a synthetic
      diacylglycerol and PKC agonist, on degranulation. We found that OAG was largely
      additive with Ca2+. Another PKC agonist, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), also
      did not display notable synergy. Finally, inhibitors of PKC activity were not
      capable of blocking secretion, either in the presence or absence of guanine
      nucleotides. Thus, while circumstantial evidence seems to point towards a
      requirement for phospholipase C activation and diacylglycerol production in
      secretion, we were unable to demonstrate the next putative step in signal
      transduction, namely activation of PKC.

PMID- 2641684
TI  - Protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of retinal rod outer segment membrane
      proteins.
AB  - We have previously reported that the purified GDP-bound alpha-subunit of the GTP
      binding protein transducin (TD), present in outer segments of retinal rod cells
      (ROS), serves as a high affinity substrate (Km = 1 microM) for protein kinase C
      (PKC) [Zick et al. (1986) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 83, 9294-9297]. In the
      present study we demonstrate that TD-alpha undergoes phosphorylation by PKC when
      present in its native form in intact ROS membranes. This phosphorylation is
      inhibited by GTP-gamma-S which activates TD, suggesting that it is only the
      inactive conformation of TD-alpha that serves as a substrate for PKC. Indeed,
      both vanadate and AlF4, that confer an active conformation on TD-alpha-GDP,
      inhibit PKC-mediated phosphorylation of purified TD-alpha-GDP. We demonstrate
      that the purified beta subunit of TD also serves as an in vitro substrate for
      PKC. Moreover, following their phosphorylation, both TD-alpha and beta form high
      affinity complexes with PKC. This is evident from the findings that PKC
      coprecipitates with both the alpha and beta subunits of TD when the latter are
      immunoprecipitated by their respective antibodies. PKC phosphorylates additional
      ROS proteins of 36, 48 and 92 kDa, tentatively identified as rhodopsin, arrestin
      and the cGMP-phosphodiesterase. Taken together our results strongly suggest that
      phosphorylation of TD is of physiological relevance and that through
      phosphorylation of endogenous ROS proteins, PKC could play a key role in
      regulating phototransduction.

PMID- 2641685
TI  - The response of Gluconobacter oxydans to sorbic and benzoic acids.
AB  - The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of sorbic and benzoic acids for
      Gluconobacter oxydans were 1000 mg/l and 900 mg/l respectively at pH 3.8. A
      reduction in the pH of the test medium to 3.3 reduced the MIC of both
      preservatives by about 300 mg/l. When G. oxydans was grown in the presence of
      sublethal concentrations of sorbic or benzoic acids before the MIC was
      determined, the MIC of both compounds increased substantially within 1 h. Growth
      of G. oxydans was modified in several ways by the presence of sorbic acid in the
      medium. The duration of the lag phase increased and there was a substantial
      decrease in the viable count during the lag phase in the presence of high
      concentrations. The generation time increased and the viable count at the end of
      the logarithmic phase was reduced. At 1 degree C, G. oxydans grew in the absence
      of sorbic acid but was inactivated by 400 mg sorbic acid/l. At 37 degrees C the
      viable count of suspensions of G. oxydans decreased in both the absence and
      presence of sorbic acid. Sorbic acid increased the death rate. Growth of G.
      oxydans was prevented by eliminating air from culture vessels, combined with the
      addition of ascorbate to the medium containing 400 mg sorbic acid/l.

PMID- 2641686
TI  - Relationships between the resistance of yeasts to acetic, propanoic and benzoic
      acids and to methyl paraben and pH.
AB  - Minimum inhibitory concentrations of acetic, propanoic and benzoic acids and
      methyl paraben were determined at pH 3.50 for 22 isolates of 11 yeast species,
      differing in their resistance to preservatives. Growth in the presence of benzoic
      acid enhanced the resistance of yeasts to benzoic and the other weak acid
      preservatives, but not to methyl paraben. Resistance to acetic, propanoic and
      benzoic acids was strongly correlated, but was not closely related to resistance
      to methyl paraben. Minimum pH for growth was not related to resistance to the
      weak acids. The results suggest that growth in the presence of weak-acid
      preservatives involves a common resistance mechanism.

PMID- 2641687
TI  - Breast density cited as independent cancer risk factor.

PMID- 2641688
TI  - More on hormone receptors in the prognosis and treatment of cancer.

PMID- 2641689
TI  - Home screening test helps detect urinary tract cancers.

PMID- 2641690
TI  - Highlights from a conference on micronutrients and immune functions.

PMID- 2641691
TI  - New system for reporting Pap smears.

PMID- 2641692
TI  - Eprex approved for anemia in AIDS patients.

PMID- 2641693
TI  - Cognitive function in long survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Thirty long survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia were compared
      with their healthy siblings on cognitive and neuropsychological measures. The
      subjects were comparable in treatment variables except for type of central
      nervous system prophylaxis received. Thirteen were given radiotherapy with
      intrathecal medication, and seventeen received only intrathecal treatment.
      Patients receiving only intrathecal medication did not differ from controls.
      Patients receiving radiotherapy scored lower on several measures including
      Wechsler Full Scale and Performance IQ. Irradiated girls scored lower than boys
      on most measures. Children whose clinical management has included radiation
      therapy appear to be at risk for later mild cognitive deficits. No consistent
      pattern of neuropsychological deficits has emerged and observed deficit patterns
      may reflect individual vulnerabilities.

PMID- 2641694
TI  - Reduced leucine catabolism induced by chemotherapy in leukemic children.
AB  - Five normal children, four children on chemotherapy, and two children who had
      completed chemotherapy within a year were studied using 13C-leucine breath test.
      13C-Leucine was administered on an empty stomach and a single breath was
      collected sequentially over 3 h. The cumulative dose of 13C in expired gas was
      measured and found to be lower in children who had had chemotherapy than in the
      normal children. These results suggest that chemotherapy may lead to a reduction
      in leucine catabolism.

PMID- 2641695
TI  - Port-A-Cath in children during long-term chemotherapy: complications and outcome.
AB  - Complications related to Port-A-Cath were studied prospectively during a period
      of 32 months in 31 patients, aged 1-18 years, with leukemias and solid tumors.
      There were 34 Port-A-Cath inserted, and the cumulative time for these catheters
      kept in place was 5899 days. No complications occurred in 18 patients (19
      catheters) kept in place for a cumulative time of 3998 days with an average
      duration of 210 days (12-550 days). In 13 patients (15 catheters) there were 14
      events of systemic infections; seven events were treated successfully with
      antibiotics, four events necessitated the extraction of the catheter (in one
      patient a combination of systemic and local infection), and in three events the
      catheters were kept unused, as the patients were in terminal stages. Nonsystemic
      complications occurred with five catheters; two local infections, two
      obstructions (catheters removed), and one local bleeding (catheter kept unused).
      Appropriate antimicrobial treatment of systemic infections enables the
      immunocompromised child to keep the Port-A-Cath in place for a long time.

PMID- 2641696
TI  - Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia and neurofibromatosis in infancy presenting
      as ocular hemorrhage.
AB  - A patient presenting with intraocular hemorrhage at 4 weeks of life was suspected
      of having sustained a nonaccidental injury. Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia
      (JCML) was diagnosed, and subsequently the patient developed the signs of
      neurofibromatosis. There is an association between the two conditions, but the
      poor prognosis from JCML may mean that evolving neurofibromatosis is overlooked,
      particularly if a family history of the disease is not obtained.

PMID- 2641697
TI  - Is there a place for chemotherapy in the management of recurrent digital fibrous
      tumor of childhood? A case report.
AB  - The case of an 11-year-old boy suffering digital fibrous tumor of childhood with
      multiple recurrences is presented. The possible benefit of chemotherapy instead
      of a high-level amputation is discussed.

PMID- 2641698
TI  - Skin rash after completion of therapy for leukemia in childhood.
AB  - The medical records of 58 patients who were surviving after completing treatment
      for acute lymphoblastic leukemia were reviewed to determine the incidence of skin
      rash occurring after their treatment had ended. Twenty-eight (48%) developed a
      rash within 3 months of completing treatment. In the majority this was
      erythematous, affected the face, and in all patients was transient. There was an
      increased incidence of rash in those patients who had eczema or asthma or who had
      a family history of eczema or asthma. It would seem prudent to warn parents of
      this phenomenon and reassure them of it's benign nature.

PMID- 2641699
TI  - Glycosylated and total hemoglobin concentrations as prognostic factors in
      childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate whether age- and sex-adjusted hemoglobin
      concentration (Hb) is an independent prognostic factor in children with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia and to examine the role of glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb)
      in the mechanism underlying this relation. Both Hb and adjusted Hb were
      associated with prognosis. However, their independence was lost when data on GHb
      were included. Elevated GHb, in spite of its association with low total Hb, was
      an independent risk factor. These results do not support the hypothesis that
      prolonged bone marrow suppression before initial diagnosis would indicate a good
      prognosis.

PMID- 2641700
TI  - Chemotherapy and veno-occlusive disease of the liver.

PMID- 2641701
TI  - Plasma protein C and antithrombin III levels in polycythemic newborns.

PMID- 2641702
TI  - Detection of neuroblastoma cells in the bone marrow with immunohistochemical
      staining of neuron-specific enolase.

PMID- 2641703
TI  - In vitro induction of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity in patients with
      neuroblastoma.
AB  - Therapy of disseminated neuroblastoma remains an unsolved problem in pediatric
      oncology. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches have to be developed for this
      malignancy. In this paper, we investigated the possibility of the in vitro
      generation and expansion of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in patients
      with disseminated neuroblastoma. Although the patients had very low Natural
      Killer (NK) activity, it was possible to induce LAK activity in peripheral
      mononuclear lymphocytes (PMNC) by incubation with Interleukin-2 (IL-2). Moreover,
      the PMNCs could be expanded up to 50-fold in the presence of Interleukin-2 while
      maintaining or even increasing their LAK activity. The target cells were
      neuroblastoma cell lines and, in one case, autologous neuroblastoma cells.
      Additionally, it was possible to induce LAK cell activity against autologous
      neuroblastoma cells in bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells.

PMID- 2641704
TI  - Intestinal leiomyosarcoma following treatment of osteosarcoma in a teenage girl.
AB  - A teenage girl is described who had an osteogenic sarcoma of the tibia at 11
      years of age, a pulmonary metastasis at 13 years, and an intestinal
      leiomyosarcoma at 15 years. She remains well at the age of 18 years.
      Leiomyosarcoma is extremely rare in children either as a primary or secondary
      tumor.

PMID- 2641705
TI  - Late relapses in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Two children presented with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia 6 years and 8
      years after cessation of maintenance treatment. Relapses this length of time off
      treatment are unusual, with only 7 previously reported cases. It is often unclear
      whether the relapse is of the original disease or a second leukemia, and our
      results in both cases suggest relapse of their primary disease.

PMID- 2641706
TI  - Hemophagocytosis and acute monoblastic leukemia.
AB  - A 16-month-old girl presented with hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia. Bone
      marrow aspiration showed a florid increase in macrophages with marked
      hemophagocytosis. She subsequently improved spontaneously with no therapeutic
      intervention, but 2 months later presented with frank acute monoblastic leukemia.
      This case illustrates the difficulties in classifying malignancies of the
      monocyte-macrophage lineage and how hemophagocytosis can be the presenting
      feature of a range of diseases.

PMID- 2641707
TI  - Spontaneous resolution of primary erythrocytosis in two girls.
AB  - We report two girls with primary erythrocytosis in whom extensive diagnostic
      studies revealed no underlying cause. Normal growth of colonies derived from
      erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E) was observed, and serum erythropoietin
      concentrations were within or below the normal range. The absence of a rise in
      serum erythropoietin levels after isovolemic phlebotomy implicated the erythroid
      marrow as the site of the pathophysiologic abnormality in both patients.
      Spontaneous resolution of erythrocytosis occurred during the second decade of
      life. Our experience suggests that primary erythrocytosis may be self-limited in
      some children. In these cases, the proliferative abnormality may be sufficiently
      subtle as to not be detected by standard in vitro culture systems, which support
      the growth of colonies derived from erythroid progenitors.

PMID- 2641708
TI  - Nutrition, infection, and morbidity in leukemia.

PMID- 2641709
TI  - Pregnancy, gynecology, and skin.

PMID- 2641710
TI  - Prurigo of pregnancy, papular dermatitis of pregnancy, and pruritic folliculitis
      of pregnancy.

PMID- 2641711
TI  - Evaluation of patch test data using a personal computer system.

PMID- 2641712
TI  - Computer analysis of patients undergoing contact dermatitis investigation.

PMID- 2641713
TI  - Desk-top, stand-alone computer system for patch test clinic.

PMID- 2641714
TI  - Computerized patch test data collection and analysis.

PMID- 2641715
TI  - Computer system and results of patch tests.

PMID- 2641716
TI  - Impact of individual factors on clinical patch test results with special
      reference to age.

PMID- 2641717
TI  - Computers and dermatology.

PMID- 2641718
TI  - International reporting of adverse drug reactions: the WHO program.

PMID- 2641719
TI  - INPRET--database on predictive tests (allergy)

PMID- 2641720
TI  - KOSMET database.

PMID- 2641721
TI  - Databases in the perfumery industry.

PMID- 2641722
TI  - A systematic search for structure-activity relationships of skin sensitizers. II.
      Para-phenylenediamines.

PMID- 2641723
TI  - INFODERM--a microcomputer database system with Finnish product files.

PMID- 2641724
TI  - The codex system.

PMID- 2641725
TI  - DALUK: the Swedish computer system for contact dermatitis.

PMID- 2641726
TI  - The Homburg model for computer-based documentation in allergy.

PMID- 2641727
TI  - Dermatopathology.

PMID- 2641728
TI  - Hospital use in France and the United States.
AB  - This report presents national statistics on hospital use from the U.S. National
      Hospital Discharge Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics
      and the national survey of hospitalization conducted by CREDES, Centre de
      Recherche d'Etude et de Documentation en Economie de la Sante, previously the
      Medical Economics Division of CREDOC. The use statistics compared between the two
      countries include rates and percent distributions of discharges and days of care
      and average lengths of stay. These statistics are shown by sex, age, diagnostic
      category, and other hospital and patient characteristics. The similarities and
      differences between the two countries in population characteristics, causes of
      death, health care systems, and hospital systems are also described.

PMID- 2641729
TI  - Abstracts of the American Association for Cancer Education. 23rd annual meeting.
      Denver, Colorado, October 5-8, 1989.

PMID- 2641730
TI  - Liver and pancreas transplantation.

PMID- 2641731
TI  - [10 cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis].
AB  - Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a chronic inflammation of the kidney
      usually associated with renal stones, recurrent urinary tract infections or
      endocrine disorders. A correct preoperative diagnosis is rarely made, since no
      specific clinical or radiological pattern is known. Differential diagnosis must
      include renal tuberculosis and renal carcinoma. Ten cases of XGP are reported.
      Clinical findings, radiological and pathological features, biolaboratory
      abnormalities are discussed.

PMID- 2641732
TI  - [Manometric findings after sclerotherapy for esophageal varices].
AB  - To study the effect of sclerotherapy of varices on esophageal function, the
      motility of the tubular esophagus and L5S was recorded in 12 cirrhotic patients.
      The following results were obtained: abnormal wave patterns in the lower
      esophagus were frequently present after sclerotherapy; no impact on L5I pressure
      and function was found; the motility changes induced by the treatment have a
      tendency to decrease as time goes by except for the amplitude of the wave whose
      decrease persist long.

PMID- 2641733
TI  - [Bilio-digestive anastomosis (our experience)].
AB  - The authors have conducted a retrospective study of surgical therapy by bilio
      digestive anastomosis of benign and malignant diseases of the common bile duct.
      They conclude that this procedure should only be used when the anatomical and
      clinical conditions do not allow other surgical techniques to be employed.

PMID- 2641734
TI  - [Leiomyosarcoma of the Meckel's diverticulum (presentation of a new case)].
AB  - A new case of Meckel's leiomyosarcoma is described. The rarity of the disease,
      the problems of differential diagnosis and the difficulty of establishing the
      malignant nature of the condition and thus the prognosis justify the report
      together with a review of the most recent literature.

PMID- 2641735
TI  - A study of height and weight of urban school-going children of Imphal.
AB  - 726 urban school-going children in the age group 5-16 years were screened during
      the period from February to May, 1980 at Imphal. The growth rate of girls was
      apparently faster than that of boys as evidenced from the increment nature of
      height and weight per annum. Growth spurts were observed during the age group of
      6-8 years and 12-13 years for boys, and 5-8 years and 11-12 years for girls. The
      height pattern of these children was significantly higher than the Indian
      standard height. However, weight was more or less similar with the Indian
      standard.

PMID- 2641736
TI  - An ElTor cholera outbreak in an endemic community of Calcutta.

PMID- 2641737
TI  - An analysis of health services coverage of a primary health centre in West
      Bengal.
AB  - Seven hundred rural families from different religious, economic, educational and
      occupational groups residing at different distances from the service health
      centre (PHC) were interviewed to study its service coverage and service
      bottlenecks. Acceptability, contact and effectiveness coverage, were respectively
      64.8, 19.2 and 13.8 percent in case of medical care; 71.8, 28.3 and 27.2 percent
      in Maternal and Child Health Care Services; 45.7, 18.2 and 17.3 percent in case
      of Family Welfare Planning Services; and 64.4, 55.7 and 55.7 percent in
      immunization services. The higher income group utilized the services least 4.1
      percent, compared to lower income group (17.7 percent). Utilization of the PHC
      services significantly declined with distance from the health centre. Less than
      1/5th of the families (19.2 percent) utilized the medicare. Bottlenecks in
      service utilization were distance from PHC, and caste, education and income.

PMID- 2641738
TI  - Utilization of health services.

PMID- 2641739
TI  - Institutional intra-natal care services--extent and pattern of its utilisation in
      rural areas.

PMID- 2641740
TI  - Serological survey for syphilis amongst antenatal cases in selected hospitals of
      Delhi.

PMID- 2641741
TI  - Bacteriological analysis of water samples from tubewells in Calcutta.

PMID- 2641742
TI  - Poliomyelitis problem in a U.I.P. district.

PMID- 2641743
TI  - Psychotic disorders in the adult population of an urban slum.

PMID- 2641744
TI  - Periodic deworming with pyrantel in an industrial township.
AB  - Between June 1986 and September 1987 a population of 100 families was dewormed
      every 3 months (quarter) by using a single dose of pyrantel. Stool samples were
      examined by Kato's thick smear method; height (m), weight (kg), hemoglobin
      concentration (g/dl) and clinical morbidity were recorded before each deworming
      treatment. Clinical morbidity was recorded in another 100 control families who
      did not receive anthelmlntics. There were 477 and 490 individuals in the study
      and the control families respectively. In the study group the prevalence of
      roundworm was reduced from 10.3% to to 0% and that of hookworm infection was
      reduced from 2.9% to 0% after 2 quarters. At the end of the 4th quarter the mean
      hemoglobin rose by 0.1 g/dl (P less than 0.01) and the mean BMI increased by 0.37
      (P less than 0.01). There was a significant reduction in the clinical morbidity
      in the study group compared with the control group (P less than 0.05). There were
      no side effects reported to pyrantel treatment. Thus quarterly treatment with
      pyrantel was found to be effective in keeping roundworm and hookworm prevalence
      at 0% in an industrial township.

PMID- 2641745
TI  - An epidemiological study of goitre in two rural communities of Varanasi.
AB  - A cross sectional study was conducted in two rural communities of Varanasi during
      the period from January to December 1978 to find out the problem of endemic
      goitre. The overall prevalence of goitre was as high as 28.44% with 9.45% of
      adolescent (13-18 years) population having grade I enlargement. The highest
      prevalence was observed in 7-12 years of age group, the females being
      consistently more affected in all the age groups. The prevalence of goitre and
      iodine level of drinking water found to have an inverse relationship.

PMID- 2641746
TI  - New horizons in public health.

PMID- 2641747
TI  - Re-orientation of medical education in India past, present and future.

PMID- 2641748
TI  - Role of traditional healers and indigenous medical practitioners in health care.
AB  - Nearly three-fourth of the indigenous medical practitioners (74.37%) in the rural
      area of Agra were treating 15 patients in a day. Maximum number of patients was
      attended by trained practitioners. Only 21.82 percent of the practitioners were
      providing preventive services apart from curative services. Inspite of wide
      variations in level of training with consequent difference in knowledge, skills
      and practice, these practitioners still make a significant contribution to health
      care of the community provided they get some training of modern health system and
      state patronage. To start with, at least they should be given orientation towards
      vaccination as they are still giving tetanus toxoid only at the time of injury.
      In the same way training should be given regarding distribution of vitamin 'A'
      for prevention of night blindness and iron folic acid tablets for control of
      anaemia in vulnerable groups.

PMID- 2641749
TI  - Influence of maternal, foetal and socio-economic factors on neonatal morbidity: a
      study on hospital born babies.
AB  - Present study revealed several significant associations. Firstly, two related
      variables, like duration of antenatal care and birth-weight of newborn were
      significantly associated with incidence of neonatal morbidity. Apart from these,
      attributes like mother's educational status and per capita family income were
      also found as important factors determining occurrence of illness during neonatal
      period. Moreover, children of working mothers suffered more from illness.
      However, it should be pointed out here that majority of the attributes discussed
      here, such as, occupation, literacy, income etc, are inter-dependant. So, to
      quantify correctly the relative risk and attributable risk of these factors in
      causing childhood disease needs cohort study with matched control to neutralise
      the effects of confounding variables.

PMID- 2641750
TI  - Preliminary bacteriological studies on sewage-fed fish ponds of Titagarh
      municipality, West Bengal.

PMID- 2641751
TI  - An epidemiological study of anaemia in village Balupura in the area of U.H.T.C.
      at Adarsh Nagar, Ajmer.

PMID- 2641752
TI  - An outbreak of ElTor cholera in rural population of Barmer in Rajasthan State of
      India, Aug-Sep 1987.

PMID- 2641753
TI  - Utilisation of health care services by mothers in an urban slum community of
      Delhi.

PMID- 2641754
TI  - Focus on complication of B.C.G. vaccination.

PMID- 2641755
TI  - Diet intake patterns of non-Bengali Muslim mothers during pregnancy and
      lactation.

PMID- 2641756
TI  - Selection of informative correlates in blood pressure study: an analysis of
      covariance approach.

PMID- 2641757
TI  - "Withholding BCG--is it ethical?".

PMID- 2641758
TI  - What is the significance of the presence of MHC molecules on the surface of
      parasites in human neurocysticercosis?
AB  - Sixteen cysticerci excised from 15 surgery patients were examined for the
      presence of HLA molecules on their surface, to confirm the role of these
      molecules in parasite damage and to investigate if HLA products are host specific
      or perhaps host-like antigens synthesized by the parasite. MoAbs against
      monomorphic and polymorphic HLA were chosen according to the patients HLA
      phenotypes. MoAbs against host and non-host antigens were selected and tested on
      cyst slides by indirect immunofluorescence assays. Host molecules were present in
      43.7% of the cysts, but non-host antigens were also apparent in 62.5%. These
      results suggest mimicry as a possible mechanism to explain the presence of MHC
      products on the surface of the parasite; inflammation may also induce the
      expression of HLA that could become associated with the parasite. In vitro
      cellular immune response to specific antigens was also performed and positive
      responses correlated with the presence of HLA molecules on the cyst's surface.
      Moreover, damaged parasites had host molecules as well. Parasites from responder
      patients had all kind of HLA molecules or at least, antigenic determinants while
      the cysts from non-responders did not have molecules on their surface. These data
      support the role of HLA in cyst destruction.

PMID- 2641759
TI  - HLA-DP antigens and HTLV-1 antibody status among Japanese with multiple
      sclerosis: evidence for an increased frequency of HLA-DPw4.
AB  - Previously, an association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and HLA-DPw4 has been
      reported in Scandinavians. In the present study, the distribution of HLA-DP
      antigens was studied in 34 Japanese MS patients, all of whom fulfilled the
      criteria for definite MS. HLA-DP typings for DPw1 through w6 and the local
      specificity, CDP-HEI, were performed using the primed lymphocyte typing (PLT)
      technique. In addition, the patients were typed for a DR2+, Dw2+/Dw12- related,
      PLT defined specificity. The distribution of DPw1-w5 in 121 healthy, unrelated
      Japanese controls were from Nishimura et al., 1984; Nishimura, personal
      communication). Sera from all 34 patients and 38 controls (both from the HTLV-1
      nonendemic, Kyoto region) were examined for the presence of HTLV-1 reacting
      antibodies by a highly sensitive radioimmuno assay (RIA) using two sources of
      HTLV-1 antigens, namely total crude protein preparations from disrupted HTLV-1
      virions and affinity purified p24 HTLV-1 core proteins. The frequency of DPw4 was
      significantly increased to 35.3% in Japanese MS patients compared to 16.5% in
      controls (Relative Risk, RR = 2.8, p = 1.9 x 10(-2)). 41.6% of the MS patients
      gave clear typing responses with a PLT reagent which recognized a Dw2+ related
      specificity, which is higher than the frequency of Dw2 (6.8%) in Japanese.
      Fourteen of the 34 patient sera contrasting to none of the sera from 38 controls
      contained antibodies of IgG and/or IgM subclasses reacting with the HTLV-1
      derived antigens. This difference is highly significant (P less than 1 x 10(
      5)).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641760
TI  - Isoproterenol stress thallium scintigraphy for detecting coronary artery disease.
AB  - The value of exercise thallium scintigraphy in detecting coronary artery disease
      is well established. However, there are at times situations in which the exercise
      test cannot be readily used. Isoproterenol (ISP) stress ECG (ISP-ECG) is
      reportedly a useful method in diagnosing coronary artery disease. In the present
      study, we assessed the diagnostic value of ISP thallium scintigraphy, comparing
      it with those of ISP-ECG and exercise thallium scintigraphy. The study population
      consisted of 24 patients who had histories of chest pain without previous
      myocardial infarction. ISP was given at increasing doses of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08
      micrograms/kg/min at 3-minute intervals, and was terminated for any of the
      following reasons: angina, significant arrhythmia, significant ST segment
      depression (greater than or equal to 0.1 mV) or target heart rate. Thallium
      scintigrams were obtained immediately after terminating ISP infusion, and after a
      3-hour delay, redistribution scans were obtained. Scintigrams were considered
      positive when a reversible defect was present. In nine patients who underwent
      exercise tests, exercise thallium scintigraphy was also performed. After the
      stress tests, coronary angiography was performed. According to the presence or
      absence of significant coronary artery stenosis (greater than or equal to 75%),
      all subjects were divided into two groups: coronary artery disease (CAD) group (n
      = 12) and so-called normal coronary (NC) group (n = 12). 1. Among 12 patients in
      the CAD group, ISP induced anginal pain in six (50%), and ISP-ECG and ISP
      thallium scintigraphy were positive in 10 (83%) and in 11 (92%), compared with
      four (33%), four (33%) and two (17%) in the NC group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2641761
TI  - [Detection and classification of coronary artery disease by dipyridamole
      perfusion scintigraphy: its prognostic significance].
AB  - To detect coronary artery disease (CAD) noninvasively and to predict the
      occurrence of future cardiac events, 671 patients were evaluated using
      dipyridamole perfusion scintigraphy. 1. Although chest pain and ST depression
      were induced by the administration of dipyridamole in 34% and 22% of the
      patients, respectively, and additional intravenous aminophylline was needed in
      19% of the patients, dipyridamole perfusion scintigraphy could be completed in
      nearly all patients. In contrast, treadmill exercise test was not accomplished in
      24% of the patients. 2. The patients were classified in three groups by
      scintigraphic perfusion defects; i.e., group I (322 patients) with fixed defects,
      group II (107 patients) with reversible defects, and group III (242 patients)
      without perfusion defects. The patients in Group I were subclassified three
      groups according to three high risk parameters (extensive fixed defect, partial
      redistribution and diffuse slow washout)--group Ia (69 patients) with two or more
      high risk parameters, group Ib (144 patients) with one high risk parameter and
      group Ic (109 patients) without high risk parameters. 3. Coronary angiography
      performed in 377 patients revealed significant CAD (luminal narrowing greater
      than or equal to 50%) in 96%, 89%, 56%, 90% and 8% of the patients in groups Ia,
      Ib, Ic, II and III, respectively. Multi-vessel CAD was present in 87%, 32%, 11%,
      51% and 2% of the patients in each group, respectively.

PMID- 2641762
TI  - [Ischemic heart disease evaluated by exercise stress thallium-201 myocardial
      scintigraphy: a comparison of SPECT and bull's eye display].
AB  - T1-201 stress myocardial scintigraphy was performed in 35 cases of ischemic heart
      disease (angina pectoris and myocardial infarction) to assess the accuracy of
      SPECT and bull's eye display in the quantitative diagnosis of coronary artery
      lesions. We evaluated the sites of ischemic heart disease using the following
      methods: 1. SPECT (visual): visual evaluation by myocardial SPECT images. 2.
      SPECT +bull's eye (visual): visual evaluation by stress, delayed and washout
      images of bull's eye display. 3. bull's eye (quantitative): quantitative
      evaluation by the washout rate and % uptake. The diagnostic accuracy of method 2
      was higher than that of method 1 in all coronary arterial vessels; LAD (74% vs
      80%), LCX (60% vs 63%) and RCA (57% vs 60%). The diagnostic accuracy of method 3
      was approximately equal to that of method 2. The diagnostic accuracy of method 2
      was higher than of method 1 in patients with three-vessel disease (43% vs 67%),
      while there was no such difference in patients with both single and two-vessel
      disease. Moreover, the diagnostic accuracy of method 3 was approximately equal to
      that of method 2 in patients with three-vessel disease. In some cases the
      redistribution was recognized only by using washout images or by calculating the
      washout rate as a quantitative evaluation. In conclusion, the bull's eye display
      improved the diagnostic accuracy of T1-201 scintigraphy, but the quantitative
      analysis did not further improve the accuracy. However, there were some
      possibilities of evaluating the redistribution in some cases by using
      quantitative analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641763
TI  - [Indications for PTCA for the infarcted myocardium without redistribution by T1
      201 myocardial scintigraphy: the role of two-dimensional echocardiography].
AB  - Persistent myocardial hypoperfusion in delayed images demonstrated by
      preoperative exercise T1-201 myocardial scintigraphy may improve after PTCA. The
      purpose of this study was to test whether PTCA-induced improvement could be
      anticipated by means of preoperative two-dimensional echocardiography and
      exercise T1-201 myocardial scintigraphy. The subjects consisted of 24 patients
      with prior myocardial infarction, in whom serial exercise T1-201 myocardial
      scintigraphy had been performed during treadmill exercise testing. The patients
      were divided into three groups according to the results of two-dimensional
      echocardiography (Group I: eight patients with hypokinesis in the infarct zone;
      Group II: eight patients with akinesis without a thin wall in the infarct zone;
      Group III: eight patients with akinesis with a thin wall in the infarct zone).
      Results were as follows: 1. There was no significant difference in initial T1
      uptake in all the 24 patients before and after PTCA, though significantly
      increased uptakes were observed in Groups I and II after PTCA. 2. There were
      significant differences in preoperative initial T1-uptakes among the three
      groups. 3. In Group II, the patients with postoperative scintigraphic improvement
      had significantly higher preoperative initial T1-uptakes. 4. The postoperative
      improvement of myocardial perfusion was accompanied by improvement in wall
      motion. Therefore, an infarct zone without delayed redistribution in T1-201
      myocardial scintigraphy does not necessarily indicate scar tissue. However, it
      may represent hypokinetic or akinetic areas without thin walls on two-dimensional
      echocardiograms, suggesting a hibernating myocardial state due to chronic
      intermittent episodes of myocardial ischemia. In such cases, improvement of
      myocardial perfusion after PTCA can be expected.

PMID- 2641764
TI  - [Evaluation of left ventricular filling dynamics by pulsed Doppler
      echocardiography during afterload stress in ischemic heart disease using
      angiotensin II infusion].
AB  - To evaluate cardiac reserve in ischemic heart disease, we simultaneously
      investigated left ventricular filling parameters using pulsed Doppler
      echocardiography (PDE) and catheter-obtained hemodynamics before and during
      afterload stress (angiotensin II test) in 14 patients with ischemic heart
      disease. The patients were divided into two groups according to their left
      ventricular function, i.e., mean left ventricular ejection fraction (mLVEF):
      Group I (n = 7, mLVEF = 65%) and Group II (n = 7, mLVEF = 43%). The peak velocity
      of rapid filling (R), the peak velocity of atrial contraction (A), the ratio of
      the two peak velocities (A/R), flow velocity integrals of the rapid filling phase
      (IR) and atrial contraction phase (IA) were obtained by PDE. Results were as
      follows: 1. During afterload stress, blood pressure, pulmonary artery wedge
      pressure, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures (LVEDP) were elevated in
      both groups (p less than 0.01). The stroke work index (SWI) increased (p less
      than 0.01) and the time constant of left ventricular isovolumic pressure decay
      (T) was unchanged in Group I. SWI did not increase and T was prolonged in Group
      II (p less than 0.05). delta SWI/delta LVEDP, the ratio of the SWI change to the
      LVEDP change, during afterload stress was larger in Group I than in Group II (p
      less than 0.02). 2. Before the infusion of angiotensin II, R and IR were larger
      in Group I than in Group II. The A/R in Group I was less than that in Group II (p
      less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641765
TI  - [Serial myocardial lactate metabolic changes after intracoronary thrombolysis in
      evolving myocardial infarction].
AB  - To ascertain whether early intracoronary reperfusion (less than 3 hours)
      preserves aerobic myocardial metabolism in acute myocardial infarction, serial
      changes in trans-cardiac lactate extraction after intracoronary thrombolysis were
      examined in 35 patients with acute anteroseptal myocardial infarction. Eight
      patients without intracoronary reperfusion served as controls. In the chronic
      phase, we also observed abnormally contracting myocardial segments as an index of
      infarct size and the regional ejection fraction as an index of chronic regional
      cardiac function. In the early reperfusion group (less than 3 hours; 15 cases),
      positive lactate extraction was restored; there were small abnormally-contracting
      segments and a high regional ejection fraction. However, the intermediate
      reperfusion group (3-5 hours; 10 cases) had sustained anaerobic lactate
      extraction, large abnormally-contracting segments and a low regional ejection
      fraction. The late reperfusion (greater than 5 hours; 10 cases) group showed
      apparent aerobic lactate extraction, but had large abnormally-contracting
      segments and a low regional ejection fraction. Thus, early reperfusion preserves
      aerobic lactate metabolism and good ventricular function in the chronic phase.

PMID- 2641766
TI  - [Effects of PTCR and PTCA on serial changes in left and right ventricular wall
      motion in acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - To evaluate the effects of early recanalization on left and right ventricular
      wall motion in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), we serially observed their
      degrees in 66 patients with AMI. The patients were categorized as Group 1:17 with
      spontaneous recanalization within 6 hours of onset of the chest pain; Group 2:34
      with effective recanalization within 6 hours (10 by PTCR, 10 by PTCR+ PTCA, and
      14 by direct PTCA), and Group 3:21 without effective recanalization. The Group 2
      patients were classified in 3 subgroups according to the time intervals from
      onset of symptoms to recanalization; 11 patients with recanalization within 2
      hours (Group 2a), 10 between 2 and 4 hours (Group 2b), and 13 between 4 and 6
      hours (Group 2c). The left and right ventricular wall motion abnormality indexes
      (WMAI) were defined as the means of point scores for the degrees of regional wall
      motion abnormality at 11 segments of the left ventricle and seven segments of the
      right ventricle on serial two-dimensional echocardiograms. Results were as
      follows: 1. The LV-WMAI of Group 1 was smaller on day 1, and improved on day 28
      as compared to those of the other groups (0.63 +/- 0.35 to 0.18 +/- 0.18, p less
      than 0.001). 2. The improvements of the LV-WMAI from days 1 to 28 in Group 2a
      (WMAI: 1.01 +/- 0.57 to 0.26 +/- 0.26, delta WMAI: 82 +/- 14%) and Group 2b (1.03
      +/- 0.38 to 0.52 +/- 0.48, 54 +/- 36%) were greater than that in Group 2c (1.01
      +/- 0.46 to 0.64 +/- 0.52, 38 +/- 47%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641767
TI  - [Clinical features of patients with spontaneous recanalization of the infarct
      related artery during evolving acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - The clinical features of 124 patients with incompletely obstructed infarct
      related arteries during the early stages of myocardial infarction (Group 1) were
      compared with those of 212 patients having completely occluded coronary arteries
      (Group 2). Coronary angiography was performed within 12 hours after onset of
      symptoms in all cases. Patients treated with emergency coronary angioplasty were
      excluded from the study. Thrombolytic therapy, performed in both groups whenever
      intracoronary thrombi were detected, was successful in 61% of Group 2. Results
      were as follows: 1. In Group 1, three-vessel disease was observed more frequently
      than one-vessel disease (49 vs 27%, p less than 0.005). 2. The peak level of CPK
      was higher in Group 2 (p less than 0.001), and left ventricular ejection fraction
      was higher in Group 1 (66 +/- 16 vs 56 +/- 14%, p less than 0.01). 3. Either
      significant ST elevation or the Q wave was more commonly absent in Group 1 (31 vs
      12%, p less than 0.01; 49 vs 12%, p less than 0.001). 4. Improvement of ejection
      fraction was observed in Group 1, but not in Group 2 even if the infarct-related
      artery was recanalized within six hours. 5. Extension of an infarct area was more
      common in Group 1 compared to Group 2 which was successfully treated with
      thrombolytic therapy (12 vs 3.9%, p less than 0.05). 6. The most important cause
      of death was extension of an infarct area in Group 1 and pump failure in Group 2,
      though hospital mortality rates were similar in both groups. It was concluded
      that patients with myocardial infarction having incompletely obstructed infarct
      related coronary arteries have better left ventricular function and higher rates
      of non-Q myocardial infarction compared with those who had completely obstructed
      coronary arteries. However, extensions of infarcted areas commonly occur in these
      patients.

PMID- 2641768
TI  - [Clinical significance of prominent negative T waves induced by exercise test].
AB  - The significance of deep T wave inversion during and after exercise in patients
      with coronary artery disease has not been studied well. Using the treadmill
      exercise test (modified Bruce's protocol) and coronary arteriography, we
      evaluated 361 patients suspected of having coronary artery disease. Results were
      compared for patients who developed significant T wave inversions of greater than
      8 mm (prominent negative T wave: PNT) and for patients who had significant down
      sloping ST depressions (DS). Sixteen patients had PNT (4%) which became maximum
      three to five min after exercise, and ranged in depth from 8 to 15 mm (10.9 +/-
      2.4 mm). There were 83 patients with DS (23%). Exercise duration was 3.3 +/- 1.4
      min in the PNT group and 4.4 +/- 1.9 min in the DS group (p less than 0.01).
      Prevalence of three-vessel disease or left main trunk disease was 88% (14
      patients) in the PNT group, 28% in the DS group, and 19% (70 patients) in the
      entire 361 patients. Among the 14 patients who had three-vessel disease or left
      main trunk disease in the PNT group, the degree of multiple stenoses exceeded 90%
      in the major coronary arteries and that of the left main trunk stenosis exceeded
      75%. The two remaining patients included one with two-vessel disease and severe
      99% narrowing of the major coronary arteries and one patient having one-vessel
      disease with vasospastic angina during exercise. Prevalence of coronary
      revascularization was 69% in the PNT group and 36% in the DS group (p less than
      0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641769
TI  - [Induction of coronary arterial spasm by intracoronary administration of
      acetylcholine in patients with vasospastic angina].
AB  - To examine whether intracoronary injections of acetylcholine induce coronary
      artery spasm in patients with vasospastic angina, incremental doses (20, 30 and
      50 micrograms) were injected directly into the coronary arteries in 12 patients
      with variant angina (Group A: rest angina with electrocardiographic ST-segment
      elevation during attacks), 19 with vasospastic angina (Group B: rest angina
      and/or effort angina with variable threshold in the treadmill exercise stress
      test), 11 with organic coronary artery stenosis but without angina (Group C), and
      14 without coronary artery disease (Group D). A temporary cardiac pacemaker was
      positioned in the right ventricle. Coronary artery spasm was defined as severe
      vasoconstriction (greater than or equal to 90% of reduction in the luminal
      diameter) with chest pain and/or ischemic changes in the electrocardiogram.
      Intracoronary injection of acetylcholine induced spasm of at least one coronary
      artery in all 12 patients (100%) of Group A, in 18 (95%) of Group B, in two (18%)
      of Group C, and in two (14%) of Group D. Thus, the sensitivity of this method for
      inducing coronary spasm was 100% in group A, 95% in Group B, and 97% in Group A
      plus Group B. The specificity for inducing spasm was 86% in Group D, and 84% in
      Group C and Group D. When acetylcholine was injected separately into the left and
      right coronary arteries, spasm of both the coronary arteries was observed in two
      (40%) of Group A, in five (33%) of Group B, and none (0%) of Group C and Group D.
      Acetylcholine (20 micrograms) induced coronary spasm in 10 (83%) of Group A and
      only in nine (47%) of Group B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641770
TI  - [Coronary angiography in patients with U wave inversion during coronary artery
      spasm].
AB  - During ergonovine-induced vasospastic angina, U wave inversion without
      significant ST segment deviation on the precordial electrocardiograms was
      documented in four patients. Coronary angiography revealed incomplete spastic
      obstruction of the left anterior descending artery without delayed filling and
      runoff in three patients. In the remaining patient, the proximal left anterior
      descending artery was totally occluded and there were well-developed collaterals
      from the non-spastic artery. Thus, ergonovine-induced U wave inversion was
      related to the presence of coronary vasospasm, and angiography demonstrated less
      severe myocardial ischemia in such patients than in cases with ST segment
      elevation or depression, which is usually associated with subtotal or total
      obstruction of a major coronary artery without adequate collaterals. In their
      clinical courses, two patients had episodes of angina with ST segment elevations
      or depressions. It was suggested that vasospastic angina with U wave inversion
      alone is one aspect of a continuous spectrum of vasospastic myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2641771
TI  - [Out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death: a comparative study spanning 10 years].
AB  - Incidence, etiology and time zones of sudden cardiac deaths were compared for
      1986 and 1976. Totals of 1,140 cases of acute endogeneous deaths, 590 in 1986 and
      550 in 1976, were sent for coroner's inquest in Kanagawa Prefecture. These were
      the materials for the present study. Sudden cardiac deaths included 239 (46.1%)
      in 1986 and 137 (37.4%) cases in 1976 in males, and 81 (47.1%) in 1986 and 74
      (40.0%) cases in 1976 in females. There were 129 (21.9%) and 163 (29.6%) cases
      with cerebral hemorrhages in 1986 and 1976, respectively. The acute cardiac death
      was the most frequent cause among acute endogenous deaths, and it approximately
      doubled among males during an interval of 10 years. It was related to a marked
      increase in ischemic heart disease (from 89 to 170 cases) in males compared to a
      slight increase among females (from 58 to 76 cases). Non-ischemic acute cardiac
      deaths were frequently noted in males; 38 (27.7%) and 27 (11.4%) cases in 1976
      and 1986, respectively. In ischemic heart disease, deaths most frequently
      occurred about midnight (from 12 a.m. to 1 a.m.) or in the evening (from 5 p.m.
      to 6 p.m.), and deaths due to acute cardiac failure occurred during sleep. Time
      zones of evening deaths in ischemic heart disease corresponded to the report of
      Muller et al., but, the peak about midnight was not reported. This difference may
      be explained by the circadian rhythm theory, however, heavy alcohol intake and
      spasmogenicity in the Japanese people may also play roles in midnight deaths.

PMID- 2641772
TI  - [The relationship between mitral regurgitation and asynergy of the left ventricle
      in old myocardial infarction].
AB  - To elucidate the mechanism of mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients with old
      myocardial infarction, two-dimensional (2D) and 2D Doppler echocardiographic
      examinations were performed in 92 patients. According to the sites of asynergy in
      the short-axis view of the left ventricle at the papillary muscle level, the
      patients were classified in three groups; i.e., anteroseptal (AS) group (49
      cases), inferoposterior (IP) group (29 cases), and the AS + IP group (14 cases).
      The existence and severity of MR were evaluated by 2D Doppler echocardiography
      and the presence of mitral valve prolapse (MPV), by 2D echocardiography. The
      mitral valve ring diameter was also measured. The incidence of MR was
      significantly higher in the IP group (41%) and AS + IP group (43%) than in the AS
      group (20%) (p less than 0.05, respectively). In the IP group, 21 patients had
      left ventricular asynergy at the base of the posterior papillary muscle; eight
      did not. In the former 21 patients with asynergy, MR was detected in 12 (57%) and
      MVP in nine (43%), whereas neither MR nor MVP was detected in the eight patients
      without asynergy. The grade of MR assessed by 2-D Doppler echocardiography was
      significantly more severe in patients with MVP than in those without MVP (MR
      distance: 23 +/- 6 mm with MVP vs 11 +/- 1 mm without MVP; p less than 0.05, MR
      area; 312 +/- 217 mm2 with MVP vs 64 +/- 29 mm2 without MVP; p less than 0.05).
      MR appeared at the mitral orifice between its middle portion and the
      posteromedial commissure, which coincided with the site of MVP in the majority of
      cases. In the AS and AS + IP groups, however, such close relationships between MR
      and MVP were absent. In these groups, mitral valve ring diameters were
      significantly larger in patients with MR than in those without MR (AS group: 32
      +/- 3 mm with MR vs 24 +/- 2 mm without MR; p less than 0.01, IP group: 26 +/- 2
      mm with MR vs 25 +/- 2 mm without MR; NS, AS + IP group: 30 +/- 3 mm with MR vs
      24 +/- 1 mm without MR; p less than 0.05). Mitral valve ring diameters in the IP
      group with MR (26 +/- 2 mm) were smaller than in those in the AS and AS + IP
      groups with MR, and did not differ from those in the IP group without MR (25 +/-
      2 mm). In conclusion, posterior papillary muscle dysfunction was mainly
      responsible for MR in the inferoposterior infarction and the dilatation of the
      mitral valve ring in the infarction involving the anteroseptal wall.

PMID- 2641773
TI  - [Valvular regurgitation in patients with Kawasaki disease and in healthy
      children: a pulsed Doppler echocardiographic study].
AB  - Valvular lesions in the acute stage of Kawasaki disease were observed using
      pulsed Doppler echocardiography. The subjects consisted of 65 patients with
      Kawasaki disease (2 months-6 2/12 years) who had been followed from the acute
      stage. The age-matched 113 controls were selected from 661 healthy children (2
      months-14 years of age). In the acute stage of Kawasaki disease, tricuspid
      regurgitation (TR) was detected in 31 (48%), pulmonary regurgitation (PR) in 22
      (34%) and mitral regurgitation (MR) in 17 (26%). There was no aortic
      regurgitation (AR). In the convalescent stage, TR was found in 26 (40%), PR in 20
      (31%), and MR in 11 (17%), but no AR was detected. The incidence of each valvular
      regurgitation between the acute and convalescent stages in patients with Kawasaki
      disease did not differ significantly. Furthermore, there was no significant
      difference in the incidence of valvular regurgitation between patients with
      Kawasaki disease and the normal controls. In nine patients, however, valvular
      regurgitation in the acute stage had disappeared by the convalescent stage, and
      two patients had developed a new pansystolic murmur in the acute stage. We
      estimated the incidence of pathologic valvular involvement in Kawasaki disease to
      be 11/65 (17%). The incidence of valvular involvement in patients with coronary
      artery aneurysms was significantly higher than that of patients without coronary
      artery aneurysms (p less than 0.01). It was concluded that mild and transient
      valvular regurgitation, which cannot be detected by auscultation, may occur in
      some patients in the acute stage of Kawasaki disease. These may be caused by
      acute inflammation of the valve related to coronary artery lesions. In view of
      the Doppler echocardiographic findings in normal controls, these regurgitations
      should be distinguished from "physiological" ones.

PMID- 2641774
TI  - Assessments of left ventricular function during exercise in patients with dilated
      cardiomyopathy: comparison with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Responses to supine bicycle ergometer exercise were assessed in a study
      population consisting of 26 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and 23
      patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Left ventricular ejection fraction
      (LVEF) and regional wall motion were analyzed at rest and during supine bicycle
      ergometer exercise with radionuclide ventriculography. Although the same degree
      of LVEF between DCM (23 +/- 8%) and ICM (26 +/- 4%) occurred at rest, the left
      ventricular regional wall motion abnormality was more prominent in DCM. LVEF
      during the peak exercise stage in DCM was almost unchanged (24 +/- 8%), but in
      ICM it decreased significantly (22 +/- 5%). Exercise-induced regional wall motion
      abnormalities were detected in nine patients (35%) in DCM and 13 patients (57%)
      in ICM. Although patients with DCM are believed to have diffuse hypokinesis of
      the left ventricle, severe regional wall motion abnormalities (akinesis or
      dyskinesis) were frequently observed. During the follow-up period of up to six
      years, eight patients with DCM died of congestive heart failure. In eight
      patients with DCM who showed decreased LVEF during exercise, five patients died.
      However, only three of 18 patients without decreased LVEF during exercise died.
      Exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction in DCM seems to be a poor
      prognostic sign.

PMID- 2641775
TI  - [Differences in left ventricular shape between aortic and mitral regurgitation:
      an echocardiographic study].
AB  - The present study was designed to determine whether the long axis of the left
      ventricle is elongated in patients with aortic regurgitation. Among 445 patients
      with valvular disease who were followed in our hospital from April 1986 to
      February 1987, 14 with aortic regurgitation [AR: age: 46.1 (mean) +/- 17.6
      (standard deviation) years] and 17 with mitral regurgitation (MR: age: 48.8 +/-
      18.0 years) were selected for analysis. They all had optimal quality images in
      the apical view of the two-dimensional echocardiograms adequate for the
      evaluation and moderate to severe regurgitation at the time of Doppler
      examination. The control group consisted of 15 subjects without evidence of
      organic heart disease (age: 44.9 +/- 17.7 years). There was no difference in the
      mean duration of the clinical course between AR (14.9 years) and MR (13.4 years).
      The following measurements were made in the apical right anterior oblique view:
      Lo (long-axis distance of the outflow tract); from the left ventricular apex to
      the center of the aortic annulus, L (long-axis distance of the left ventricle);
      from the apex to the junctional point between the aortic and mitral valves, Li
      (long-axis distance of the inflow tract); from the apex to the center of the
      mitral valve ring, and d1, d2 and d3 (apical, middle and basal short axes of the
      left ventricle); the distances perpendicular to the each long axis at the levels
      of 1/4, 2/4 and 3/4 of the long axis. All data were corrected by means of the
      calibration scale, and compared as indices divided by the body surface
      area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641776
TI  - [Continuous wave Doppler echocardiographic evaluations of the severity of mitral
      regurgitation].
AB  - To ascertain the usefulness of continuous wave Doppler echocardiography in
      evaluating the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR), 29 patients with MR and 10
      normal subjects were examined. The patients were categorized in three groups
      according to the angiographic evidence of severity of MR. To analyze the flow
      velocity patterns of MR, the time to peak velocity index (time from onset of MR
      signal to peak flow velocity/duration of MR signal), the A/B ratio (the ratio of
      the first and second half of the systolic MR signal area), systolic peak
      velocity, and diastolic peak velocity were measured using continuous wave Doppler
      echocardiograms. The velocity patterns of MR differed significantly among the
      three groups. With severer MR, the flow velocity pattern showed an earlier
      appearance of the peak in systole, a steeper decrease in systole and a greater
      increase in early diastole. The time to peak velocity index was 55 +/- 7% (mean
      +/- SD) in mild MR, 42 +/- 6% in moderate MR and 35 +/- 5% in severe MR. This
      index shortened significantly in accord with the severity of MR (mild vs moderate
      MR: p less than 0.001, moderate vs severe MR: p less than 0.05). The A/B ratio
      was 1.06 +/- 0.12 in mild MR, 1.23 +/- 0.10 in moderate MR and 1.41 +/- 0.07 in
      severe MR. This ratio increased significantly with the severity of MR (mild vs
      moderate MR: p less than 0.01, moderate vs severe MR: p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641777
TI  - [Assessment of prolapsing pattern of the anterior mitral valve in mitral valve
      prolapse: new echocardiographic diagnostic criteria].
AB  - In the present study, the ballooning pattern of the anterior mitral valve (AMV)
      in mitral valve prolapse (MVP) was investigated, and new diagnostic criteria for
      MVP were established using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. The
      study population consisted of 164 patients with prolapse of the AMV alone,
      including 86 patients with idiopathic MVP, 52 associated with atrial septal
      defect (ASD), 17 having chordal rupture and nine associated with connective
      tissue disorders. There were 60 normal controls. The results were as follows: 1.
      The AMV was divided into two zones, clear and rough (CZ and RZ), according to the
      point of insertion of the strut chordae based on two-dimensional long-axis
      echocardiograms of the left ventricle. The severity of AMV prolapse was
      determined by an angle between the posterior aortic wall (PAO)-CZ and the CZ-RZ.
      a) Type A: Apparently there was a transitional point between CZ and RZ, despite
      normal PAO-CZ and CZ-RZ angles. The RZ showed mild ballooning or prolapse into
      the left atrium. b) Type B: Although the PAO-CZ angle was normal, the CZ-RZ angle
      was markedly narrowed. Therefore, prolapse of the RZ was more severe compared
      with that of type A. c) Type C: An overall zone of the AMV showed ballooning or
      prolapse into the left atrium due to a narrowed PAO-CZ angle. 2. Type B prolapse
      was frequently observed in idiopathic MVP (58%), the ASD group (71%) and the
      chordal rupture group (71%), and type C prolapse in MVP of connective tissue
      disorders (89%). 3. All of 18 patients (100%) with type A, 48 of 99 (48%) with
      type B, and 10 of 47 (21%) with type C could not be diagnosed as MVP using
      Gilbert's criterion. 4. Doppler mitral regurgitation (MR) was detected in 40 of
      the 47 patients (85%) with type C in 56 of the 99 (59%) with type B, and in seven
      of the 18 (39%) with type A. These results suggested that classification of the
      two-dimensional echocardiography of the AMV into two zones, clear and rough (CZ
      and RZ), could contribute to determining not only the severity of AMV prolapse,
      but also to the extent of myxomatous changes of the AMV and to evaluating the
      correlations between the degree of MVP and the incidence of MR.

PMID- 2641778
TI  - [Doppler echocardiographic estimates of pressure gradients in various types of
      stenoses: usefulness and limitations].
AB  - In the present study, the accuracy of Doppler estimates of pressure gradients in
      various types of stenoses was clinically and experimentally evaluated. Fifty
      seven patients, including 23 with ventricular septal defect, 15 with aortic or
      pulmonary valvular stenosis, four with infundibular stenosis, and five with
      supravalvular aortic or pulmonary stenosis were observed. The peak systolic
      pressure gradient (dP (C] was obtained at the time of catheterization in all
      patients. Before catheterization, the maximum velocity was measured by pulsed or
      continuous Doppler echocardiography and the estimated systolic pressure gradient
      according to Doppler (dP (D] was calculated by the simplified Bernoulli equation.
      The experimental model was designed to create pulsatile flow through a stenosis
      model. Nine different stenotic model types were used, including three orifice
      like stenoses and six truncated cones with heights of 10 mm and 20 mm distal to
      the stenosis. The orifices in their stenoses were 3, 4 and 5 mm, respectively.
      Glycerin solution containing Sephadex with a viscosity similar to that of blood
      was used as the circulation medium. Its specific gravity was 1.16 g/cm3. In each
      stenotic model, the maximum velocity and instantaneous systolic peak pressure
      gradient were measured at various water flow rates. CLINICAL RESULTS: In patients
      with ventricular septal defect or valvular stenosis, dP (D) correlated very well
      to dP (C), with the regression equation, y = 0.87x + 2.79 (r = 0.92) or y = 0.96x
      + 1.02 (r = 0.99). In the other patients except for three with patent ductus
      arteriosus, dP (D) overestimated dP (C) by 11 to 71 mmHg, and their post-stenotic
      areas had gradually widened according to angiographic findings.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641779
TI  - [The influence of left ventricular function on surgical risk in mitral stenosis].
AB  - The influence of left ventricular (LV) function on surgical risk was assessed in
      98 patients with mitral stenosis (MS) using echocardiographic studies including a
      dobutamine test in 42 cases. Intraoperative LV myocardial biopsy was also
      performed in 24 cases. Preoperatively, depressed LV function [% fractional
      shortening (%FS) less than or equal to 27%] was observed in 21 patients (21%).
      Seven patients had postoperative LV failure, five of whom had preoperative
      depression of LV function. Among these five patients, three had low cardiac
      output; and in the other two preoperative %FS was severely depressed. In cases of
      poor responses to preoperative dobutamine, postoperative improvement in %FS and
      the cardiac index were not as marked in the good-response group, and some of
      these patients had LV failure postoperatively. Percent fibrosis of the LV
      myocardium, which was demonstrated by intraoperative biopsy, correlated
      negatively with preoperative %FS, and %fibrosis was greater in the group
      responding poorly to dobutamine administration, especially in patients with
      postoperative LV failure. These results suggest that some patients with MS were
      developing LV failure postoperatively due to impaired myocardium. Myocardial
      fibrosis seemed to be an important causative factor in these patients.
      Preoperative evaluation utilizing dobutamine administration is useful in
      screening for high-risk patients.

PMID- 2641780
TI  - [Anaerobic threshold and oxygen uptake in patients with mitral stenosis].
AB  - The exercise stress test with a bicycle ergometer was performed for 31 patients
      with mitral stenosis and for 10 normal subjects. The patients were categorized in
      two groups. Group 1 consisted of 16 patients having indication for surgical
      intervention and Group 2 consisted of 15 patients without such surgical
      indications. Oxygen uptakes at the anaerobic threshold and at peak exercise (MAX)
      were assessed by percent attainment of the predicted normal value from Posner's
      equation. Heart rates during exercise did not differ between the two groups.
      However, Group 1 had significantly smaller values of percent attainment of oxygen
      uptake both at the anerobic threshold and peak exercise than the controls and
      Group 2. Oxygen pulses in Group 1 were also significantly less than in the
      controls or Group 2. Seven cases were reassessed six months or more after surgery
      including open mitral commissurotomy in two and mitral valve replacements in
      five. The improvement of oxygen pulse showed a statistical significance. Percent
      oxygen uptake attainment was also significantly improved both at the anaerobic
      threshold and at peak exercise. Percent attainment of oxygen uptake in mitral
      stenosis differed significantly according to the NYHA class both at the anaerobic
      threshold and peak exercise. These values are considered useful for making
      decisions for surgical treatment in borderline cases.

PMID- 2641781
TI  - [Prognosis of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension].
AB  - Primary pulmonary hypertension is a rare disease entity. Clinical evaluations of
      such patients were deemed inadequate during a multi-center study in Japan (1976).
      The prognoses of our patients in Keio Hospital were evaluated, especially in
      terms of their clinical pictures and hemodynamic backgrounds. The study group
      consisted of 15 patients, who fulfilled the clinical criteria of primary
      pulmonary hypertension according to the Research Committee of the Ministry of
      Health and Welfare in Japan. There were four males and 11 females, whose age
      ranged from 16 to 72 years and averaged 34.7 years. Follow-up periods from the
      onsets were from 15 to 152 months, and they averaged 51 months. Nine of the 15
      patients were deceased, and autopsies were performed in eight. The periods from
      onsets to deaths were between 15 and 152 months, and averaged 53 months (4 years
      and 5 months). Except for four cases followed for less than 2 years, there were
      seven who survived over three years and four patients who were deceased in this
      period, but there were no differences between these groups in terms of their
      clinical pictures, such as age, sex and symptomatology at onset. Survivors
      included three patients associated with thyroid disease, one with liver
      cirrhosis, and one with the Sjogren syndrome. Hemodynamically, heart rates and
      pulmonary artery pressures did not differ among six survivors more than 2 years
      after the hemodynamic evaluations and five patients who were deceased within this
      period. In the deceased group, however, cardiac output was low and arterio-venous
      differences in oxygen content were high.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2641782
TI  - [Mitral valve prolapse in patients with surgically-closed atrial septal defect].
AB  - To evaluate the prevalence, causes and clinical significance of mitral valve
      prolapse (MVP) associated with surgically-closed atrial septal defect (ASD), 90
      patients (M: 41, F: 49) were studied using two-dimensional and color-coded
      Doppler echocardiography. Among the 90 patients, preoperative echocardiograms
      were available in 27. MVP was found in 21 of the 27 patients (78%)
      preoperatively, but it was found in 59% (16/27) postoperatively. In total, MVP
      was detected in 50 of the 90 patients (56%) postoperatively. The postoperative
      MVP group had higher pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratios (3.6 +/- 1.9 vs 2.8 +/-
      1.1, p less than 0.05) and higher mean pulmonary arterial pressures (21 +/- 11 vs
      13 +/- 5 mmHg, p less than 0.01) at the time of surgery. Between the two groups
      with or without MVP postoperatively, there was no difference (p less than 0.05)
      in age at surgery, the postoperative duration and left ventricular (LV) deformity
      index both in pre- and postoperative states. A mitral regurgitant (MR) murmur was
      recorded in seven patients postoperatively. However, only two had clinically
      severe MR. It was concluded that MVP is frequently detected in patients with
      closure of ASD and it is related neither to degree of the LV deformity nor to age
      at operation; rather, it is related to the severity of the preoperative
      hemodynamic state. Clinically significant MR is rare in the postoperative period.

PMID- 2641783
TI  - [Quantitative assessment of pulmonary regurgitation by two-dimensional Doppler
      color flow imaging: postoperative evaluation of patients with tetralogy of
      Fallot].
AB  - Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) is a serious event following surgical repair for
      tetralogy of Fallot. For quantitative assessments of PR using noninvasive
      methods, we performed Doppler color flow imaging in 38 children, whose ages
      ranged from three to 15 years. All images were obtained from one to 10 years
      after surgery. The right ventricle and pulmonary valve were demonstrated in the
      parasternal short-axis view. The images of PR flow were in red and were frozen
      when the area of a signal was maximum (early to mid diastole). The PR distance
      index (PRDI), which is the maximum PR flow distance divided by square root of the
      body surface area, was measured. The PR area index (the maximum PR flow area/body
      surface area) (PRAI) was also calculated using a track ball. Cardiac
      catheterization was performed for 12 patients without residual L-R shunts or any
      apparent tricuspid regurgitation. PR was graded (0 = absent, 1 = trivial, 2 =
      mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = severe) according to the projection of contrast medium in
      the right ventricle as seen on the main pulmonary arteriogram. The size of the
      right ventricle was expressed as the right ventricular end-diastolic volume
      (RVEDV; % of normal), as determined from the cineangiogram, and the tricuspid
      valve annulus diameter (TVD; % of normal) from a four-chamber view of the two
      dimensional echocardiogram. There were significant differences between the PRDI
      and the PRAI of five patients with PR of grades 1-2 and those of seven patients
      with PR of grade 3-4 (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.01, respectively). There
      was significant correlation between the % RVEDV and the % TVD observed (r = 0.82,
      p less than 0.01). Significant negative correlations were observed between the
      PRDI and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), and the PRAI and RVEF (r = 
      0.68, p less than 0.02; r = -0.82, p less than 0.01, respectively). RVEF was
      below normal in all seven patients (100%) with PR of grade 3 or more and in one
      of five patients (20%) with PR of grade 2 or less. The PRDI of 2.5 or more, or
      the PRAI of 4.0 or more was equivalent to a PR of grade 3 or more and was a
      reliable index of significant PR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2641784
TI  - [Quantitative evaluations of left ventricular function obtained by
      electrocardiographically-gated magnetic resonance imaging].
AB  - Using electrocardiographically-gated magnetic resonance imaging, regional cardiac
      function was evaluated in 12 normal volunteers and in 10 cases of old myocardial
      infarction. The optimal short axis of the left ventricle was selected at the
      chordae tendineae level. The left ventricle was divided into 12 segments using a
      computer-aided system, and percentile shortening fraction (%SF) and percentile
      wall thickening (%WT) were calculated in each segment by the fixed coordinate
      method. In the normal volunteers, heterogeneity of both %FS and %WT was observed,
      ranging from 25 +/- 13% and 37 +/- 13%, respectively in the septal segment, to 49
      +/- 13% and 60 +/- 21%, respectively in the posterior segment. In the cases of
      myocardial infarction, decreased %FS and %WT were detected at the affected
      regions. The abnormal regions revealed by %WT tended to be narrower than those
      revealed by %FS. Thus the MR technique at the optimal axis may be useful for
      quantitative evaluations of regional cardiac function.

PMID- 2641785
TI  - [Response of cardiac patients to dynamic exercise: analysis with "systolic"
      pressure-volume area].
AB  - In the present study, we constructed a left ventricular pressure-volume loop from
      catheterization data and RN-angiocardiography. By connecting the point of origin
      of the plane, not the point of Vd, with the end-systolic point of the loop, we
      calculated a "systolic" pressure-volume area (PVA), elastic potential energy
      (EPE), and stroke work (SW). A cardiac output (CO)-pulmonary artery wedge (PAW)
      pressure plot was constructed at rest and during exercise, using a bicycle
      ergometer, to evaluate cardiac pump function. End-systolic volume (ESV) was
      obtained from the left ventricular P-V loop, and the response of ESV to exercise
      was investigated. Thirty-five patients with various cardiac diseases were
      categorized in two groups according to the delta CO/delta PAW obtained from the
      shift of the CO-PAW plot during exercise; group I (n = 28) with the properly
      functioning hearts having the ratio greater than 0.12 l/min/mmHg and group II (n
      = 7) with the poorly functioning hearts having the ratio less than or equal to
      0.12 l/min/mmHg. Group I was subdivided further into two subsets according to the
      changing pattern of ESV during exercise; group I-A with decreased or unchanged
      ESV (n = 20) and group I-B with increased ESV in which end-diastolic volume (EDV)
      was increased during exercise (n = 8). During exercise, PVA and SW were unchanged
      but SW/PVA increased in group I-A, suggesting improvement of external mechanical
      efficiency. SW/PVA was unchanged in group I-B, despite the increase in PVA and
      SW. This suggested that external mechanical work increased as a result of
      increased cardiac oxygen consumption. In group II, PVA increased, SW was
      unchanged and SW/PVA decreased, which could be explained by the mechanism that
      external mechanical work during exercise decreased as compared with that at rest.
      It was suggested that a different mechanism may have been responsible for the
      production of external mechanical work among patients in group I-A and in group I
      B with properly functioning hearts judged from the CO-PAW plot. Therefore, it
      seems useful to calculate PVA, SW and SW/PVA during exercise using the left
      ventricular pressure-volume loop for evaluating cardiac function.

PMID- 2641787
TI  - [Percutaneous transvenous mitral commisurotomy: my experience].

PMID- 2641786
TI  - Segmental analysis of the ascending aorta: definition of normality and
      classification of aortic dilatation.
AB  - To better define and classify ascending aortic abnormalities, we adapted the left
      ventricular dynamic segmental analysis concept to the ascending aorta. Ascending
      aortic diameters were measured from contrast aortography in 18 normal subjects at
      the aortic valve (level 1), and 2, 4, and 6 cm above the aortic valve (levels 2,
      3, and 4). Diameters greater than two standard deviations (SD) above the mean
      normal values at any levels were considered abnormal. Aortograms of 102
      consecutive patients with abnormal aorta were analyzed. Three patterns of aortic
      dilatation were identified: I (n = 55), the largest aortic diameter was at level
      2 (normal pattern); II (n = 39), the aortic diameters increased from levels 1 to
      4; III (n = 8), all aortic diameters were greater than 2 SD above the mean normal
      values and increased from levels 1 to 4. Segmental analysis of the aorta provides
      an objective comparative basis for definition and classification of aortic
      dilatation and aneurysm.

PMID- 2641788
TI  - [Echocardiographic study of a cardiac murmur in cor triatriatum: a case report].
AB  - This is a report of an aged patient with cor triatriatum in whom the mechanism of
      his cardiac murmur was elucidated by Doppler and contrast echocardiography. This
      63-year-old man was followed up for cardiomegaly detected at 40 years of age, and
      he had been treated for a cardiac murmur due to valvular disease during the
      previous 10 years. He was admitted to our hospital for the evaluation of
      incidental hematemesis. A phonocardiogram recorded over the apex showed a
      regurgitant murmur from early to mid-systole, followed by a continuous murmur
      lasting up to mid-diastole. Two-dimensional echocardiogram revealed an abnormal
      septum in the left atrium dividing the atrium into two chambers and showing
      bulging in late systole through diastole. In the lower chamber, color Doppler
      echocardiography disclosed continuous turbulent flow originating from the bulge
      directing the mitral orifice. Contrast medum coursing toward the mitral orifice
      was demonstrated during contrast echocardiography and left ventriculography,
      which coincided with the turbulent signal on the Doppler echocardiogram. The
      description of the cardiac murmur of cor triatriatum suggests that it is not
      persistent. Conceivably, it is a continuous murmur, whose mechanism can be
      elucidated by Doppler and contrast echocardiography.

PMID- 2641789
TI  - The impact of splenectomy on antibody response in the porcine model.
AB  - Some controversy exists regarding the antibody response after splenectomy and
      spleen preserving operations. In a porcine model the specific IgG antibody
      response to tetanus toxoid and type 6B pneumococcal polysaccharide was studied in
      10 animals with splenectomy, 11 animals with splenic resection, 10 animals with
      splenic autotransplantation and 10 sham operated control animals. The operative
      groups were divided in two subgroups, receiving either the immuno adjuvant MTP-PE
      or the vehicle alone. Specific antibodies were determined by ELISA. Immunization
      with tetanus toxoid led to slightly lower peak IgG levels in splenectomized
      animals, but this was statistically not significant as compared to controls. In
      addition, the distribution of responders (78%) was not influenced by type of
      operation. Type 6B-pneumococcal polysaccharide proved to be a weak immunogen (19%
      responders). Splenectomy or spleen preserving surgery had no impact on the
      proportion of responders and peak IgG antibody titers of responders to this
      antigen. Additional administration of MTP-PE did not significantly increase the
      proportion of responders and had no impact on peak IgG antibody levels to tetanus
      toxoid and type 6B pneumococcal polysaccharide. These results show in contrast to
      previous studies in man, that under controlled conditions in the porcine model
      serum antibody responses to T-cell dependent and T-cell independent antigens are
      only slightly decreased by splenectomy. In addition, no effects of spleen
      preserving operations on antibody response are observed, and there is no change
      after concomitant administration of a muramyl peptide.

PMID- 2641790
TI  - Immunoreactivity of lymphocytes from draining lymph nodes, peripheral blood and
      tumor infiltrates from oral cancer patients.
AB  - Lymphocytes from metastatic (met) and nonmetastatic (non-met) regional lymph
      nodes, LNL peripheral blood (PBL) and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) of
      patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and healthy donors were
      investigated for CD3, CD4, CD8 and HNK-1 phenotypes, Natural Killer (NK) cell
      Activity, Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and proliferative
      response to mitogen (PHA). Modulation of NK cytotoxicity with recombinant
      Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) was also investigated in some cases. Lymphocytes
      from met and non-met lymph nodes showed no variation in the percentages of CD3+,
      CD4+ and CD8+ cells, when compared with each other and with PBL of oral cancer
      patients. TIL showed significantly less proportion of CD3+ and CD4+ cells. The
      percentage of HNK-1+ cells was significantly lower in LNL and TIL when compared
      to PBL of oral cancer patients. The mitogen responses of met and non-met LNL were
      comparable to each other and better than that of PBL from the same patients,
      while, TIL showed significant impairment in mitogen responses. The NK
      cytotoxicity and ADCC of PBL from oral cancer patients were comparable to healthy
      donors which could be augmented by rIFN alpha. LNL and TIL showed almost
      negligible NK and ADCC activities and NK activity could not be modulated by rIFN
      alpha. The results thus demonstrate that in oral cancer patients, lymphocytes
      from three compartments viz. PBL, LNL and TIL showed differential effector
      functions. The metastatic status of LN did not affect the immunoreactivity of
      LNL.

PMID- 2641791
TI  - Isolation of monocyte-depleted and monocyte-rich fractions from human mononuclear
      cells.
AB  - Utilizing a recently reported characteristic of monocytes to aggregate in cold, a
      new procedure for obtaining monocyte-rich and monocyte-depleted mononuclear
      fractions from human blood is described. After aggregation in cold and adherence
      to plastic, a fraction containing 88% monocyte (LeuM3 CD14+) is obtained. After
      treating the supernatant, which separates from the aggregates, with a monocyte
      lysosomotropic agent (L-Leucine Methyl Ester), a fraction containing 0% monocyte
      (LeuM3 CD14+) and 88% lymphocytes (Leu4 CD3+ and Leu 12 CD19+) is obtained. In
      round-bottom culture wells, this monocyte-depleted fraction produced
      immunoglobulins in response to pokeweed mitogen (5,826 +/- 2,356 IgM
      micrograms/ml), to a degree not significantly different that that produced in the
      presence of monocytes (7,426 +/- 3,347 IgM micrograms/ml). This suggests the
      presence of cells in the lymphocyte fraction, that are not monocytes but are
      capable of antigen presenting.

PMID- 2641792
TI  - Behavioral effects of yohimbine and chlordiazepoxide: dependence on the rat's
      previous familiarization with the test conditions.
AB  - The effects of yohimbine and chlordiazepoxide on locomotor activity in an open
      field were found to depend on the rat's previous habituation to the test
      environment: chlordiazepoxide induced a locomotor activation in nonhabituated,
      but not in habituated rats; yohimbine activated in habituated rats only. In a
      further study, carried out in the rat's homecage (habituated conditions), the
      effect of both drugs on competition for sucrose pellets was assessed: yohimbine,
      but not chlordiazepoxide, helped so-called poor-performing rats to temporarily
      overcome their typical abstention from competition. The presence or absence of
      drug effects, obviously depending on the rat's previous familiarization with the
      test environment, are discussed with view to Gray's concept of the behavioral
      inhibition system.

PMID- 2641793
TI  - Relationships of plasma catecholamines to open-field behavior after inescapable
      shock.
AB  - Male rats with indwelling jugular catheters were exposed to inescapable shock or
      no shock, and ambulation and defecation were measured 24 h later in an open
      field. Plasma catecholamine levels were determined from blood samples taken
      before and during pretreatment as well as before and after testing for
      aftereffects on open-field behavior. Shocked animals showed higher plasma
      catecholamine levels during the shock session and lower locomotor activity in the
      open field. Open-field activity was negatively correlated in shocked animals with
      both plasma catecholamines before and during shock and also with plasma
      epinephrine before open-field testing. Defecation was only positively correlated
      with plasma norepinephrine before open-field testing. Thus, the reduced open
      field activity after inescapable shock may indicate heightened fear or anxiety
      which may also be present when shocked animals are tested for their performance
      in more complex tasks.

PMID- 2641794
TI  - Clinical significance of the electrodermal habituation rate in anxiety disorders.
AB  - The electrodermal response habituation rate (EDR-HR) is examined in relation to
      clinical, personality and electrodermal measures in patients with generalized
      anxiety, phobic, obsessive-compulsive, dysthymic and conversion disorders by
      means of a stepwise regression analysis procedure. The results in the entire
      sample suggest that EDR-HR depends on the phasic component (amplitude and
      spontaneous activity) of the electrodermal response as well as on state anxiety,
      extraversion and depersonalization. When tested separately, most of the
      diagnostic groups demonstrated main trends similar to those found in total
      patients. A noteworthy correspondence between the importance of the contribution
      of certain clinical symptoms to the EDR-HR variance and some long-standing views
      of psychopathology was also found during the separate analysis of the groups.
      Although these findings question the diagnostic specificity of EDR-HR, the
      importance of this index as an objective measure of change following a
      therapeutic intervention as well as its potential usefulness in high-risk studies
      of anxiety disorders is put forward.

PMID- 2641795
TI  - [Hyperuricemia and arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2641796
TI  - [Various parameters of humoral and cellular immunity in children with iron
      deficiency].
AB  - Serum IgA, IgM and IgG as well as percentage of lymphocytes T and B in peripheral
      blood were determined in 50 children aged between 6 months and 3 years with iron
      deficiency anaemia. A significant decrease in lymphocyte T number in these
      children was found in comparison with control group of healthy children.
      Lymphocyte T count positively correlated with serum iron concentration. Moreover,
      a decrease in serum IgA and IgG was found in children with iron deficit.

PMID- 2641797
TI  - [Prevention of systemic lupus erythematosus in children born to mothers treated
      for this disease].
AB  - Genetic predisposition and environmental factors (physical, chemical, hormonal
      and drugs inducing collagen-like syndrome) play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of the systemic lupus erythematosus. Elimination of these factors
      from the environment of the genetically predisposed individuals may prevent part
      of them against the disease. Basing on the above assumption, a chart of
      prophylaxis has been constructed and distributed among the mothers with the
      systemic lupus erythematosus, recommending prophylactic measures in both mothers
      and children. Within 1977-1987, 50 children were examined from time to time.
      Basic laboratory tests, phenomenon LE, antinuclear antibodies and antibodies anti
      DNA have been determined. Transient presence of antinuclear antibodies was seen
      in 23 children. A tendency to an increase in the antibody titre was observed in
      girls of this group whereas a decrease in the titre was noted in the boys with
      the time lapse. Systemic lupus erythematosus prophylaxis in both mothers and
      children is uncomplicated and favourable for children. Regular determination of
      antibodies enables early diagnosis of the disease.

PMID- 2641798
TI  - [Acetylation phenotype in Graves' disease].
AB  - Acetylation phenotype was determined with sulfamidine technique in 25 patients
      with Graves-Basedow disease including 19 female and 6 male patients aged between
      21 and 64 years. The control group consisted of 23 healthy volunteers (8 female
      and 15 male individuals aged between 28 and 57 years) from the Szczecin province
      . Acetylation phenotype was determined before and after therapy with
      thiamazole++. Prevalence of fast acetylators was noted in the patients with
      Graves-Basedow disease in comparison with healthy population. The administered
      treatment decreased the percentage of fast acetylators. Fast acetylators
      responded to the treatment earlier achieving clinical euthyreosis.

PMID- 2641799
TI  - [Electrophoretic and enzymatic analysis of glycosaminoglycans in the blood serum
      of patients with hyperthyroidism].
AB  - An effect of hyperthyroidism on the composition and levels of glycosaminoglycans
      in the blood serum was studied. Glycosaminoglycans isolated from 1-ml blood
      samples were assayed with the following techniques: carbazole, electrophoretic
      and enzymatic. Separation and assay of particular GAG were made with
      bidirectional electrophoresis. Isomers of the remaining chondroitin sulphates
      were assayed enzymatically. Electrophoretograms of GAG in blood serum of healthy
      women have shown two fractions: low sulphate chondroitin sulphate and chondroitin
      4-sulphate. The same fractions of GAG were found in blood serum of the female
      patients with hyperthyroidism. Mean concentration of GAG in the blood serum of
      hyperthyroid patients increased by 51%: low sulphate chondroitin sulphate and
      chondroitin-4-sulphate concentrations increased by 22% and 190% respectively.
      Chondroitin sulphates in the blood serum of both groups were degraded to
      unsaturated disaccharides not containing sulphur and unsaturated 4-sulphate
      disaccharides. Concentrations of unsaturated 4-sulphate and unsaturated sulphur
      free disaccharides increased by 71% and 17% in hyperthyroidism. Observed changes
      in the blood serum GAG concentrations reflect changes in the connective tissue
      metabolism in hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2641800
TI  - [Free and total thyroid hormone levels after parenteral administration of iodine
      contrast media].
AB  - An effect of the iodine contrast media used in bronchography and urography on
      both free and total thyroidal hormones was investigated. Hormones concentrations
      were assayed prior to and 7 and 30 days following an administration of the
      contrast. Iodine contrast media have no effect on T3, T4, free T3, and free T4
      levels. Therefore, one may conclude that the administration of i.v. contrast
      media containing iodine does not significantly change the results of thyroid
      hormones assays does not affect an interpretation of the results.

PMID- 2641801
TI  - [Occurrence of various autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases].
AB  - The study aimed at determining the incidence of autoantibodies occurrence in the
      course of autoimmunological diseases of the thyroid gland and in healthy
      population. Autoantibodies against various structures were assayed, including:
      cellular nuclei, smooth muscles, mitochondria, biliary tubules, parietal cells,
      reticular fibres, striated muscles as well as thyroglobulin and thyroid
      microsomes. The study involved 63 patients with autoimmunological diseases of the
      thyroid gland (35 patients with Graves-Basedow disease and 28 patients with
      Hashimoto's disease) and 30 healthy individuals. Thyroid antimicrosomal and
      antithyroglobulin antibodies were assayed with RIA in stable phase whereas the
      remaining antibodies--with multifunctional indirect immunofluorescence test. The
      obtained results are the following: antimicrosomal antibodies were present in
      68.3% cases while antithyroglobulin antibodies in 76.2% of the examined patients
      with autoimmunological diseases of the thyroid gland. Immunofluorescence tests
      performed in the same group have shown antinuclear antibodies in 13% of cases,
      antibodies against smooth muscles in 28.6%, antimitochondrial antibodies in 1.6%,
      antibodies against biliary tubules in 3.4%, antibodies against parietal cells in
      11.1%, antibodies against reticular fibres in 7.9%, and antibodies against
      striated muscles in 9.5% of cases. Antinuclear antibodies, antibodies against
      smooth muscles, and antibodies against both thyroidal microsome and thyroglobulin
      (in 3.3%) were the only antibodies found in the control group.

PMID- 2641802
TI  - [Analysis of calcitonin level in the diagnosis and evaluation of the results of
      the treatment of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland].

PMID- 2641803
TI  - [Thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in the population of patients with endemic
      goiter in the Kolno community].
AB  - The studies comparing the actions of dried thyroid gland (Thyroideum-Polfa) with
      L-thyroxine sodium (L-T4) were carried out in 20 female patients with
      hypothyroidism, including 19 patients with the primary hypothyroidism and 1
      patient with hypothyroidism secondary to pituitary deficiency. Administration of
      the dried thyroid gland did not normalize blood serum T4 an TSH in any patient.
      Normal serum T4 or even slightly increased was achieved in all patients treated
      with L-T4. Serum TSH was normalized in 17 patients with the primary
      hypothyroidism. The following conclusions have been drawn: 1. Dried thyroid gland
      (Thyroideum-Polfa) is ineffective in the treatment of hypothyroidism. 2. Serum
      TSH remains elevated despite normal serum T3 in cases of the primary
      hypothyroidism with decreased serum T4 levels. 3. Sodium salt of L-thyroxine
      should be used for the treatment of hypothyroidism. 1-Triiodothyronine sodium may
      be used as an adjuvant therapy.

PMID- 2641804
TI  - [FSH, LH, prolactin and testosterone levels in peripheral blood and urinary
      excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in patients after
      removal of chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary gland].
AB  - The aim of the study was clinical evaluation of a new marker of pituitary tumours
      -the alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones. The studies were performed in 152
      patients with manifestations of intersellar tumours; an elevated serum alpha
      subunit concentration was found in 49 of these cases. The determinations of alpha
      subunit were performed by double antibody radioimmunoassay. Iodination of alpha
      subunit was made by chloramine T technique with subsequent purification of
      Ultrogel AcA54 column. The remaining pituitary hormones were also determined by
      radioimmunoassay. The incidence of pituitary tumours of alphoma type was 30
      percent. Tumours occurred frequently in association with an increased serum
      growth hormone and manifestations of acromegaly, less frequently with
      hyperprolactinemia and signs of prolactinoma. Following neurosurgery of 60Co
      pituitary irradiation hypopituitarism was of high occurrence.

PMID- 2641805
TI  - [QBC--a centrifugation method of quantitative analysis of erythrocytes and
      leukocytes (with granulocyte and lympho-monocyte count) and blood platelets].
AB  - QBC--a new haematological system used for haematological assay of PCV, leucocyte
      count (with differential leucocyte count, i.e. granulocytes and non-granulocytes)
      and thrombocyte count--is discussed. The technique is based on the determination
      of the volume of so-called cellular elements in haematocrit capillary. Advantages
      and technical problems are also discussed. Authors' own experience and the
      results obtained with the aid of QBC system are presented.

PMID- 2641806
TI  - [Activity of pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in
      polymorphonuclear granulocytes of patients with atopic dermatitis in the active
      stage and in remission].
AB  - The activity of granulocyte pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phospho dehydrogenase
      in 12 patients with severe atopic dermatitis in active stage of disease and in
      remission was investigated. It was found that in active stage the activity of
      both enzymes was not significantly different than in healthy individuals. In
      remission pyruvate kinase activity was significantly decreased and glucose-6
      phospho dehydrogenase activity was found to be non significantly decreased.

PMID- 2641807
TI  - [Examination of the correlation between transferrin C and atopic dermatitis].
AB  - Transferrin subtypes are considered to be some of genetic markers which can
      correlate with the incidence of certain diseases. The present study was designed
      to find out whether such a correlation is true for atopic dermatitis. Transferrin
      C subtypes (Tf CI, Tf C2, Tf C3) in blood serum were determined by the method of
      isoelectric focussing in polyacrylamide gel. Examinations were made in 30 atopic
      dermatitis patients. The control group was made up by a Polish population sample
      of 728 normal persons of both sexes. The results obtained were analysed
      statistically by means of test chi 2. There was no correlation between Tf C and
      atopic dermatitis (chi 2 = 0,638, d.f. = 2, 0,750 greater than p greater than
      0,500).

PMID- 2641808
TI  - [Abnormalities of structure and function of the thyroid in patients with alopecia
      areata].
AB  - In 85 patients with alopecia areata the frequency of thyroid disease was assessed
      on the basis of history data, clinical examination and determination of T3, T4,
      TSH and presence of antithyroid antibodies of different specificity (ATMA, ATg,
      AMD). Among these patients abnormalities of thyroid structure and function were
      significantly more frequent (78%) than in the control group (33%). In 11% of the
      patients autoimmune thyroid disease was present (Graves-Basdow disease, Hashimoto
      thyroiditis). In 86 controls no cases of autoimmune diseases were found. In some
      patients only a slight enlargement of the thyroid was present (grade OB, I.).

PMID- 2641809
TI  - [Disseminated sebocystomatosis (steatocystoma multiplex, sebocystomatosis].
AB  - A rare case of sebocystomatosis is reported. The lesions were present in a man
      aged 21 years since birth, involving the trunk; upper extremities, neck and
      clavicular areas where they had a streak-like form. The disease was present in
      his family since two generations. Cutaneous changes were associated with spinal
      abnormalities and Schmorl's nodules.

PMID- 2641810
TI  - [Survival time of progressive systemic sclerosis patients treated with
      immunosuppressive drugs].
AB  - A retrospective analysis of survival time was carried out in 29 progressive
      systemic sclerosis patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs and in 15
      patients who underwent another mode of treatment. It was found that fatality in
      both groups studied was the same (case fatality rate approximately 35%), but the
      mean survival time of those who had died was much longer for 10 patients treated
      with immunosuppressive drugs than for the 5 patients who had not undergone this
      mode of treatment (p less than 0.05). The cumulative survival rate evaluated at 5
      years from the beginning of treatment was also higher in patients treated with
      immunosuppressive drugs (79.3%) than in the other group under investigation
      (66.7%). However the difference between these results was not statistically
      significant.

PMID- 2641811
TI  - Membrane solubilization by the non-ionic detergent triton X-100. A comparative
      study including model and cell membranes.
AB  - The solubilizing effects of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 have been
      examined on three membranous systems, namely rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum,
      Halobacterium purple membrane and gramicidin A-phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The
      loss of membrane structure has been assessed through changes in suspension
      turbidity, while chemical analysis has revealed the differential solubilization
      of proteins and lipids. Solubilization data obtained on the above three systems
      are compared with previously published values concerning other membrane
      preparations. Also, solubilization of sarcoplasmic reticulum by Triton X-100 is
      monitored by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and, similarly, purple
      membrane-surfactant interaction is studied using visible spectroscopy. The
      biochemical and spectroscopic data may be rationalized assuming a three-stage
      model of membrane-detergent interaction, incorporation of surfactant monomers
      into the membrane; disruption of the bilayer into mixed micelles, and separation
      of lipid and protein.

PMID- 2641812
TI  - [Neurovegetative factors that influence fertility].
AB  - A comparative study of fertility among rats with different ovarian neurotomies
      (splanchnicotomy, vagotomy and pelvicotomy) with or without contralateral
      ovariectomy has been carried out. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      role of the autonomic nervous system on the function of the ovary. Unilateral
      ovariectomy increased the fertility rate from 90% to 100%. Following left
      splanchnicotomy, the fertility was 40%; with left vagotomy and pelvicotomy, it
      was 60%. In the animals with one of these neurotomies plus contralateral
      ovariectomy, the fertility increased to 100%. The number of embryos implanted in
      the uterine horns was different on the side of neurotomy and in the contralateral
      one: 2 and 9.3 for the splanchnicotomy; 6.3 and 8.3 for the vagotomy, and 4.3 and
      6.3 for the pelvicotomy, respectively. The cases with ovarian neurotomy and
      contralateral ovariectomy exhibited a greater number of implantations in the
      uterine horn on the side of the neurotomy as compared with the control rats. The
      number of implantations showed a parallelism with the number of corpora lutea in
      the ovaries of non pregnant rats with the same neurotomies. These results lead to
      the following conclusions: 1. Unilateral ovariectomy increases the fertility; 2.
      Ovarian splanchnicotomy, vagotomy and pelvicotomy reduce the fertility; 3. After
      contralateral ovariectomy, this lower fertility is transformed into an increased
      fertility; and 4. neurotomy, especially splanchnicotomy, reduces the number of
      embryos implanted in the uterine horn on the side of the neurotomy.

PMID- 2641813
TI  - [Amygdaloid innervation of the frontal cortex in cats].
AB  - The amygdaloid complex has been reported to innervate the frontal cortex
      (prefrontal, premotor and motor cortex) in a variety of mammal species. We have
      investigated the topographic and laminar distribution of such projections in the
      cat by using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport of HRP and WGA-HRP.
      Premotor and medial prefrontal cortices, receive abundant projections from the
      basal magnocellular amygdaloid nucleus, while rostrolateral prefrontal or
      caudodorsal motor cortices are almost spared by amygdaloid projections. Striking
      differences are observed in the laminar patterns of distribution of amygdaloid
      axons in the various frontal areas. This selective areal and laminar distribution
      may entail noticeable functional dissimilarities. Possible roles of these neural
      networks and the concept of "limbic cortex" are discussed in view of these
      findings.

PMID- 2641814
TI  - [Organization of the projections of the cortex of the sulcus cruciatus to the
      centromedian and parafascicular nuclei in cats].
AB  - In order to study the HRP retrograde axonal transport, injections of horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) were made in the centromedian and parafascicular nuclei of the
      cat. The centromedian nucleus receives more cortical projections than the
      parafascicular nucleus. After centromedian and parafascicular nuclei injections,
      retrograde labeling was more abundant in the ventral bank of the cruciate sulcus
      than in its dorsal bank. Area 4 projects preferentially to the centromedian
      nucleus. These projections arise mainly in sector gamma of area 4. Projections
      from area 6 a beta to the centromedian and parafascicular nuclei are slightly
      more numerous than those arising in 6 a alpha. Projections from the sectors of
      motor and premotor areas located in the depth of the cruciate sulcus are scanty.
      These projections, however, are mainly directed to the centromedian nucleus and
      the lateral portions of the parafascicular nucleus. Cortical neurons projecting
      to centromedian and parafascicular nuclei are mainly situated in the superficial
      and intermediate sublayers of layer V. Only scarce projections arise from neurons
      located in layer VI.

PMID- 2641815
TI  - [Involvement of pontine tegmentum in wakefulness and sleep states].
AB  - Some of our personal contributions in the last years on pontine sleep mechanisms
      are presented. The results after specific pontine lesions and cholinergic
      microstimulation of brain stem areas are reviewed. These results are discussed in
      relation to current concepts about the role of the pontine tegmentum in sleep
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2641816
TI  - [Vestibular suppression].
AB  - Evaluation of the function was carried out by using unilateral caloric test in
      different arousal status. The goal of this investigation is to further
      investigate the normal parameters of vestibular function. Maximum speed, latency,
      frequency, medium speed and number of beats of the slow component of nystagmus
      were calculated, as well as, the morphological pattern of the standard outline.
      Voluntary suppression of vestibular response was tested. A test request method
      was proposed as the best way to fix attention of subjects.

PMID- 2641817
TI  - [Vascular effects of spinal cord electrostimulation. Possible mechanisms of
      action].
AB  - Spinal cord stimulation has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of
      peripheral arteriopathies where neither medical nor surgical treatment is
      possible. Although there are various theories proposed, the mechanism of action
      is not yet clear. We studied the changes in transcutaneous PO2 as well as the
      sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac activity in 42 patients with peripheral
      arteriopathies treated with spinal cord stimulation. Transcutaneous PO2 measured
      in percentage values showed a statistically significant increase 15 minutes (p
      less than 0.05) and 60 minutes (p less than 0.01) after generator connection.
      Disconnection produced a gradual decrease of transcutaneous pO2 with a minimal
      value at 70-180 minutes, maintained for various hours above basal values. The
      study of the changes in the expiratory/inspiratory quotient of the heart rate
      during spinal cord stimulation did not show any statistically significant
      differences with respect to a control group of healthy subjects. This
      demonstrates a preservation of parasympathetic activity. While studying the
      changes in heart rate from the decubitus to orthostatic position, the spinal cord
      stimulation group behaved similar to the group of patients who, for having
      undergone heart transplantation, had complete cardiac denervation the difference
      being statistically significant. The results obtained can clear up some questions
      as to the mechanisms of action of spinal cord stimulation and explain the
      clinical improvement obtained in this type of treatment for peripheral
      arteriopathies.

PMID- 2641818
TI  - Lack of interaction between cholecystokinin and opioid systems in the central
      control of breathing.
AB  - The present study investigates the interaction between CCK and opioid systems on
      the central control of breathing by analyzing the respiratory effects of CCK-8S
      (0.09 nmol) and met-enkephalin (0.7 and 1.4 mumol) applied to the ventral
      medullary surface of cats under the influence of the opiate antagonist naloxone
      and the CCK antagonist proglumide. Neither naloxone nor proglumide were able to
      modify the respiratory effects of CCK-8S and met-enkephalin, respectively.
      Therefore, the hypothesis that CCK and the opioid systems might operate as
      parallel and antagonic forces throughout the central nervous system, is no longer
      tenable.

PMID- 2641819
TI  - Metabolic changes due to the in vitro addition of estradiol in rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Short-term effects of estradiol on gluconeogenesis, redox state and on the
      activities of the enzymes involved in NADPH production have been examined.
      Hepatocytes incubated with estradiol (10(-4)M) showed a decreased gluconeogenesis
      and an increased lactate/pyruvate ratio. The malic enzyme was found to be
      stimulated by 45%, whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitrate
      dehydrogenase activities were not affected by the presence of the hormone.
      Estradiol produced selective inhibitions of glucose synthesis from various
      substrates and diminished malate dehydrogenase activity by 22%. The possibility
      that the estradiol-induced alterations here reported are related to the hormone
      catabolism itself in the liver is suggested. Other results in this work call
      attention to the importance of the vehicle used for the steroid dispersion.
      Propylene glycol markedly alters the metabolic state of liver cells and also
      antagonizes the modifications produced by estradiol.

PMID- 2641820
TI  - [Changes in laryngeal resistance and bronchial tonus].
AB  - The modifications of larynx resistance changing bronchial tone were studied in
      cats. Changes on bronchial tone were evoked by intravenous administration of
      Carbachol (10 micrograms/kg) as bronchoconstrictor, and by Fenoterol (10
      micrograms/kg) and Isoprenaline (0.1 mg/kg) as bronchodilators. The effects of
      Carbachol administration after these drugs were also studied. Larynx resistance
      was measured by the subglottic pressure value using the in situ isolated glottis
      technique. Subglottic pressure increases after Carbachol administration (p less
      than 0.001) and decreases after Fenoterol (p less than 0.02) and Isoprenaline (p
      less than 0.01). When Carbachol was administered after the bronchodilators
      subglottic pressure values were similar to those observed in control situations.
      A high positive correlation between changes of subglottic pressure and total lung
      resistance (p less than 0.01) was also observed. These results could suggest that
      glottis contraction was reflexively modified by bronchial tone.

PMID- 2641821
TI  - [Effects of tobacco smoke applied on various levels of the respiratory tract].
AB  - The respiratory and cardiovascular reflex responses of tobacco smoke inhaled
      through an isolated larynx and directly into the lungs were studied in cats. The
      inhalation of tobacco smoke directly into the lungs showed the following:
      tachypnea (p less than 0.01), an increase in inspiratory and expiratory pleural
      pressure (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.001) with an increase in total lung
      resistance (p less than 0.01), a decrease in inspiratory and expiratory
      subglottic pressure (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.02) and an increase in mean
      arterial pressure (p less than 0.001) with a non significant slight increase of
      cardiac rate. The inhalation through an isolated larynx showed: bradypnea (p less
      than 0.01), a non significative decrease in inspiratory and expiratory pleural
      pressure with no changes in total lung resistance, and an increase in expiratory
      subglottic pressure (p less than 0.01) with no changes in inspiratory pressure
      accompanied by several glottic closures. No changes in arterial pressure and
      cardiac rate were observed. This study shows the existence of two respiratory
      reflex responses induced by tobacco smoke depending on the respiratory airway
      level application.

PMID- 2641822
TI  - Inhibition of sugar and amino acid transport across rat jejunum by cadmium,
      copper and mercury.
AB  - Cd2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ (0.5 mM) inhibit the absorption of D-galactose (1 mM) across
      rat jejunum in vivo. The inhibition increases by 3-5 min previous exposure of the
      mucosa to the heavy metals, and is appreciably reversed by washing the intestinal
      lumen with 10 mM EDTA, and in higher proportion with 10 mM dithioerythritol. The
      metals do not affect the passive absorption of galactose (sugar transport blocked
      by 0.5 mM phlorizin), or that of L-sorbose. In vitro accumulation of D-galactose
      by jejunum rings is also inhibited by Cd and Cu. This inhibition is reversed by
      washing more readily than in vivo. The metals do not affect sugar entry into the
      tissues in the presence of 0.5 mM phlorizin. The inhibition of the transport
      component follows a non-competitive kinetics. Cd and Cu inhibit also the L
      phenylalanine accumulation by the jejunum rings, but they do not modify the
      passive entry (in the presence of 40 mM methionine) or that in the absence of
      Na+. Heavy metals appear to inhibit sugar and amino acid intestinal absorption by
      their binding to proteins (prevailing to thiol groups) of the luminal membrane of
      enterocytes, which pertain or are functionally related to the corresponding Na(+)
      substrate cotransport system.

PMID- 2641823
TI  - Sugar and amino acid intestinal transport systems in land snail Helix aspersa.
AB  - The intestine of Helix aspersa snail is able to actively transport sugars and
      amino acids. D-glucose, D-galactose and 3-oxymethylglucose share the same
      transport system with competitive inhibition between them, which is strictly
      Na(+)-dependent. Phlorizin has high affinity for that system and inhibits it
      competitively. D-fructose and L-arabinose are not actively transported, do not
      inhibit the transport of other sugars, and enter the tissue at a lineal rate with
      their concentration, which coincides with that of mannitol and with that of
      actively transportable sugars in the presence of 10(-4)M phlorizin. Galactose
      seems to enter the tissue from the serosal side through another carrier, with
      different specificity, Na(+)-independent, inhibited by phloretin but not by
      phlorizin. There are also transport systems for neutral amino acids, for the
      basic ones and for imino acids. Neutral amino acids present affinity for the
      other systems, whereas the basic ones and the imino acids seem to use only those
      proper to them. The system for imino acids is strictly Na(+)-dependent, but
      neutral amino acids and the basic ones continue to be transported and
      accumulated, although to a lesser extent, in the absence of Na+. Transport of
      sugars and amino acids is scarcely O2 dependent, although it is inhibited by 10(
      4)M DNP. It is also partially inhibited by harmaline and by ouabain.

PMID- 2641824
TI  - [Anorexia nervosa: study method and sleep analysis].
AB  - By studying anorexia nervosa with an Integrated Inventory and the quality and the
      quantity of sleep applying Hauri's scale for the analysis of dream contents, the
      sleeping habits of 50 anorexic patients who were under treatment have been
      studied. The results show that sleep in these patients is similar and sometimes
      better in quantity and quality than those in the control group. Their dreams are
      characterized by an almost total absence of sexual, aggressive and alimentary
      contents, and that reality, active participation, unpleasant feelings and sensory
      perceptive elements are predominant.

PMID- 2641825
TI  - [Effect of the acute administration of lithium on various enzymatic activities of
      the brain].
AB  - Modification in several enzyme activities after Li treatment are described. The
      enzymes under study were Lys-aminopeptidase (Lys-AP), glutamate-oxaloacetate
      transaminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK). The
      changes observed were as follows: Modifications of Lys-AP activity in the
      hypothalamus (Ht), pituitary gland and hippocampus (HC); LDH increases in Ht and
      medulla (Md); CK increases in HC, Ht and Md. No changes were found in GOT
      activity. It is suggested that these enzymes play a part in the lithium action
      mechanism.

PMID- 2641826
TI  - [Bone gammagraphy for evaluating free vascularized bone grafts in mandibular
      reconstruction].
AB  - In oncology jaw reconstruction, the probability of infection, sequestration and
      failure in scarring is high. For this reason, we use a vascularized free bone
      graft, whose direct blood flow makes it much more resistant to support the
      attendant properly. The use of bone scintigraphy by means of three phases
      acquisition technique is very effective to evaluate the viability of these
      vascularized grafts during the first days after surgery, in order to adjust the
      attendant treatments and to prevent the possible complications.

PMID- 2641827
TI  - [Representation of physiologic functions in the modulation domain ].
AB  - The axes: amplitude, frequency, time, define a trihedral where the most usual
      representations occur in time domain (plane defined by the axes amplitude-time).
      The frequency of an action with respect to time is represented in the plane
      defined by the axes frequency-time in the so called "Modulation Domain", it is
      being considered very useful, expressive and easy to construct in the automatic
      treatment of signals.

PMID- 2641828
TI  - [Experimental conditions which modify the visual evoked potential].
AB  - The effect of the visual stimulus intensity on the latency and morphology of the
      visual evoked potential (VEP) components is studied in cats with chronic
      implanted electrodes. A lessening in the luminous stimulus intensity is observed
      to produce a progressive diminution in the amplitude of the initial waves of the
      VEP till its disappearance, as well as a progressive increase in the latency,
      following an exponential function. Since the integration in a cortex zone is
      achieved by pathways of various lengths, the impulses arrive with different
      delays. It is suggested that stimuli of little intensity generate trains of
      impulses whose integration, in a small cortex area, is likely characterized by a
      delay in the appearance of high relative frequencies; whereas high intensity
      stimuli are more likely to produce high frequencies, in the same cortex area, and
      with earlier appearance. This may be considered as the explanation for the delay
      of analogous waves generated by stimuli of lesser intensity.

PMID- 2641829
TI  - Alterations in deoxyribonucleic acid and proteins in cerebral tissues from
      fetuses subject to alcohol in utero.
AB  - Critical period for intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR), and biochemical
      parameters for tissue growth were studied in an animal model of Fetal Alcohol
      Syndrome (FAS) in rats. Our research used 40 animals, fed Lieber and DeCarli
      liquid diets, distributed into 4 groups: C, or control--non-alcoholic--, ad
      libitum; E, or alcoholic, fed ad libitum; F, or alcoholic, pair fed to E; and P,
      non-alcoholic, pair fed to E and F. Fetuses of group E were exposed to ethanol
      during the organogenic period, while those from group F exposed only during the
      last stage of pregnancy. Blood alcohol levels were determined both at the end of
      42 days before pregnancy, and on days 3, 7, 14 and 19 of gestation. The brain
      content of total DNA and proteins was measured, along with the cell size of fetal
      tissues. Non-parametric statistics were applied, considering the litter as unit,
      and 5% as the significant level. Prenatal ethanol exposure was associated with a
      cell size, total DNA, and cerebral protein content all significantly lower (p
      less than or equal to 0.05) than in non-alcoholic groups. These facts strongly
      suggest that the critical period for growth retardation associated with FAS may
      be situated at the end of pregnancy, when metabolic disturbances of the brain
      could also arise, while major external malformations are likely to be produced
      during organogenesis.

PMID- 2641830
TI  - Alterations in the nuclear volume of neurones from the hypothalamic magnocellular
      nuclei of fetuses born to rats subject to chronic alcoholism.
AB  - Previous authors have noticed alterations of the neuroendocrine system in the
      offspring of chronically alcoholic animals. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats, were used
      fed a liquid control diet and a 5%-alcohol liquid diet (Lieber and DeCarli). They
      were divided into four groups: Control (C), Pair Fed (P), Embryonic alcohol (E)
      and Fetal alcohol (F). Results obtained in the statistical analysis were as
      follows: from the paraventricular nucleus: between E and F, E and P, E and C, p
      less than 0.001. F and C p less than 0.01. P and C p less than 0.005. Between F
      and P there were no significant differences. From the supraoptic nucleus: E and
      P, E and C p less than 0.001. F and P p less than 0.025, F and C p less than
      0.01. Between E and F, P and C there were no significant differences.

PMID- 2641831
TI  - Effect of cyanamide on transaminases and other serum proteins in the rat.
AB  - The changes of the serum biochemical features induced by cyanamide, a drug used
      in the pharmacological treatment of alcoholism, were studied in Wistar rats.
      Sixty five Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups, 4 experimental and 2 control.
      Two experimental groups received cyanamide intraperitoneally, at a dose of 1 and
      16 mg per kg of body weight, for 8 weeks. One experimental group received CCl4
      and the other one CCl4 and cyanamide for 13 weeks. In addition to a delay in the
      increase of body weight as compared with the control group, the rats receiving
      cyanamide underwent a marked dispersion of the transaminase and LDH values. This
      could be explained by the double effect of cyanamide: its capacity to depress the
      cellular activity (lowered synthesis of proteins, transaminase and LDH among
      them) and cellular damage. Therefore, some animals showed a marked depression of
      protein synthesis, causing low enzyme values while cytolysis prevailed in the
      rest as seen in higher enzyme values. When cyanamide and CCl4 were employed
      simultaneously, the cyanamide tended to diminish the higher enzyme values caused
      by CCl4 when used alone. These findings can explain why patients on cyanamide may
      develop severe liver damage without serious alterations in tests for liver
      function.

PMID- 2641832
TI  - [Effect of progesterone and estradiol on the regulation of pulsatile secretion of
      LH in the various phases of the estrous cycle of rats].
AB  - The normal changes on LH pulse amplitude and frequency throughout the estrous
      cycle and the specific role of Progesterone (P) and Estradiol (E) on pulsatile LH
      release have been determined in rats at the different stages of the estrous
      cycle. The effects on pulsatile LH release 24 h after ovariectomy (OVX), have
      been studied, as well as the way the normal values of the pulsatile release was
      re-established, when the physiological levels of P and/or E were restored by
      implantation of either P, E, or both Silastic capsules in OVX rats 24 h early.
      Our data during the rat estrous cycle, have confirmed that the lowest pulsatile
      LH release was on estrus, and the largest LH pulses were obtained on diestrus day
      1, when the plasmatic levels of both P and E were lowest. Moreover, a variable
      ovarian steroid effect has been found at the different stages of the cycle. In
      estrus and diestrus day 2, both steroids were necessary to restore the normal
      values of the pulsatile LH release in OVX rats 24 h before, while in proestrus,
      the main steroid was Estradiol, although a non steroidal ovarian factor was also
      necessary to restore the normal pulse amplitude. Finally, in diestrus day 1 there
      was an absence of an ovarian steroid negative feedback on pulsatile LH release,
      because the levels of both steroids were too low in this stage, to exert a
      regulatory role on pulsatile LH release.

PMID- 2641833
TI  - [Changes in the prolactin levels after administration of ethanol in diestrus 2].
AB  - The effect of ethanol administered at 18.00 h. of diestrus 2 on prolactin
      secretion has been studied in rats. Serum levels and pituitary content of
      prolactin were measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. after administration of
      different doses of ethanol (0.5, 2 and 4 g/kg). Moreover, the variation of the
      prolactin release was determined at different hours of the rat estrous cycle,
      after administration of a single dose of ethanol (2 g/kg) at 18.00 h of diestrus.
      2. Serum prolactin levels were significantly elevated after the preovulatory
      administration of ethanol with all the doses tested. The hyperprolactinemia
      appeared 60 min after ethanol treatment and the high prolactin levels were
      maintained during all the estrous cycles, especially in the proestrus day. The
      normal levels were re-established the 5th day after treatment. The ethanol
      produced a byphasic effect on pituitary prolactin content. During the first post
      treatment hours, the pituitary prolactin concentration decreased with respect to
      the control group, but 24 hours after treatment, these values were increased and
      the normal concentration was restored 36 hours after treatment.

PMID- 2641834
TI  - Positron emission tomography.

PMID- 2641835
TI  - Some black holes have hair.

PMID- 2641836
TI  - [The efficacy of the ERA rabies vaccine, in mice against 4 antigenic variants of
      rabies virus].
AB  - ERA anti-rabies vaccine prepared in kidney tissue culture was evaluated against
      four different antigenic strains of rabies virus in mice: two of them dog
      strains, C/SP and C/NG, another a bat vampire strain, DR-19, and the CVS strain.
      The CVS antigenic characteristics were determined by means the antinucleocapsid
      monoclonal antibodies technique. Twenty one days old mice were vaccinated,
      intramuscularly, in the inner side of the thigh, with 0.05 ml of vaccine and
      challenged at 42 days old, together with those of the control group,
      intramuscularly, in the inner side of the thigh, with 0.05 ml of the
      corresponding viral strain dilution. The ERA anti-rabies vaccine protected 100%
      of all the mice challenged with C/SP, C/NG and DR-19 strains and 83% of those
      challenged with CVS. The control groups mortality rate varied between 70 and 90%.

PMID- 2641837
TI  - [Food taboos in the northern region of Brazil].
AB  - A study was carried out into alimentary taboos in two localities (Sao Felix and
      Murumuru) in the county of Maraba, State of Para, Brazil. Ninety families were
      studied in Sao Felix and thirty-five in Murumuru. As regards the feeding taboos
      found, the most frequent was that prohibiting the simultaneous ingestion of milk
      and various types of fruit, including especially mango, orange, cashew and
      pineapple. The ingestion of eggs with fruit was also considered harmful as well
      as the eating of mammalian flesh at the same time as fish. Restrictions based on
      taboos were more frequent during breast feeding than during pregnancy, especially
      those regarding game flesh and fish that abound in the region under study. The
      most frequently mentioned reasons for the restrictions were: "the combination
      causes harm", "the combination kills", "the combination causes congestion" and
      "it causes vomiting".

PMID- 2641838
TI  - [Abortion liberation: the opinion of medical and law students, Sao Paulo,
      Brazil].
AB  - The results of a survey carried out with the participation of 155 medical and 141
      law students are given. Of the total of 296 students, 142 agreed with the freeing
      of abortion from legal restrictions, 144 agreed with such restrictions and 6 gave
      no opinion. Of the 144, 12 rejected abortion under any circumstances. The
      differences were analysed by sex and school. The statistical analysis did not
      show significance at the level of 5%.

PMID- 2641839
TI  - [Pregnancy in adolescents: a comparative study].
AB  - A population of 349 women who gave birth, in an Obstetric Clinic in Greater S.
      Paulo, Brazil, during the period from 01/05/86 to 31/07/86 were studied. The
      results show that the group of pregnant adolescents (22.2%) received inadequate
      prenatal assistance, as the large majority of them (70.6%) started consultations
      during the second trimester of their pregnancy, and had an average of two
      consultations. During pregnancy this group presented a lower incidence of
      pathological disorders leading to out-patient and hospital treatment (39.3% and
      7.9%, respectively) than did the adult pregnant women (44.4% and 14.7%,
      respectively). With regard to the type of delivery, the adolescents underwent a
      larger proportion of surgical deliveries, 25.7% of forceps births and 22.9% of
      cesarean sections, as compared with 14.7% and 19.7%, respectively, for the adult
      pregnant women. A larger proportion of intra-parturition intercurrencies was
      registered for the pregnant adolescents (12.9%, as against 8.2% for the adult
      pregnant women), hemorrhage and toxemia being the most important. During the
      puerperium there were complications in 15.7% of the pregnant adolescents and
      11.8% of the adults post partum anemia, toxemia and puerperal infection being the
      commonest disorders.

PMID- 2641840
TI  - Geographical stratification by socio-economic status: methodology from a
      household survey with elderly people in S. Paulo, Brazil.
AB  - Considering that in most developing countries there are still no comprehensive
      lists of addresses for a given geographical area, there has always been a problem
      in drawing samples from the community, ensuring randomisation in the selection of
      the subjects. This article discusses the geographical stratification by socio
      economic status used to draw a multistage random sample from a community-based
      elderly population living in a city like S. Paulo-Brazil. Particular attention is
      given to the fact that the proportion of elderly people in the total population
      of a certain area appeared to be a good discriminatory variable for such
      stratification. The validity of the stratification method is analysed in the
      light of the socio-economic results obtained in the survey.

PMID- 2641841
TI  - [Underregistration of live births in a city of the State of Piaui, Brazil].
AB  - The minimum rate of underregistration of live births in the city of Piripiri,
      Piaui, between July 1, 1983 and June 30, 1984, is calculated. The lack of
      trustworthy data on underregistration of births is of the utmost importance in
      the area of Public Health, principally to those responsible for planning the
      Health Services. The method used to measure underregistration was the comparison
      of official data (Civil Registry Office) with unofficial data (Foundation SESP
      and the Catholic Church), the results of which show a very high minimum rate of
      underregistration--68.4%--as compared with the rates of other places in Brazil.
      The association between the civil register and such variables as place of births,
      sex of child, civil status and residential zone of mother was also studies. It is
      concluded that underregistration is a public health problem the fundamental
      contributory factors of which, such as education, making the population aware of
      the importance of the birth certificate and removing the charge on registration,
      among other things, could contribute to its decrease with a consequent
      improvement in Public Health planning with considerable benefit to the
      population.

PMID- 2641842
TI  - [Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) in Brazil. X. Description of Simulium
      (Psaroniocompsa) guaporense sp.n].

PMID- 2641843
TI  - [Relation of disease patterns and dental care services].
AB  - Oral care services are examined as one of the variables related to the oral
      disease patterns of a population as well as other factors such as social and
      economic level, culture, nutrition patterns and the degree of global development
      of each country which play a more important role in determining the level of
      health in the community is analysed. The dramatic situation in the developing
      countries, which have emulated the oral care services and human resources
      training models of industrialized countries (large numbers of professionals who
      render services only to those who can pay for them), which have led to an
      increasing prevalence of oral diseases, is described. It shows that the main
      challenge to the profession at the present time is the building up of dental
      services rooted in social issues and aimed at the population at large.

PMID- 2641844
TI  - [Sites of seizure discharges after intracerebroventricular injection of
      anisodamine and the antagonism by diazepam in rabbits].
AB  - Anisodamine is a tropine alkaloid isolated from Scopolia tangutica Maxim. To
      determine the original sites of anisodamine seizure discharge, permanent
      electrodes were implanted into different parts of the brain in rabbits and the
      electrical activities were continuously recorded by monopolar leads. Injection of
      anisodamine 1.5 mg/kg into the lateral ventricle of conscious rabbits always
      produced abnormal discharges. The spike discharges appeared first in the amygdala
      and consisted of rhythmic large surface-positive spikes. Multiple spikes then
      appeared in the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, midbrain reticular formation and
      frontal cortex. Diazepam 1.5-2.5 mg/kg did not inhibit the spike discharges from
      the amygdala, but did inhibit the discharges from other sites as well as clonic
      convulsions. When the dosage of diazepam was increased to 4.5 mg/kg, the spike
      discharges from the amygdala were also inhibited. The above findings indicate
      that the site of origin of anisodamine seizure discharges in rabbits is the
      amygdala. The seizure discharges then spread to the mesencephalic reticular
      formation, the hippocampus, the caudate nucleus and the cortex. Diazepam was
      shown to be an effective antagonist against central stimulation induced by
      anisodamine.

PMID- 2641845
TI  - Effects of ginseng root saponins on brain monoamines and serum corticosterone in
      heat-stressed mice.
AB  - The rectal temperature and serum corticosterone increased in mice exposed to 45
      degrees C for 15 min; at the same time, the contents of brain 5-HT and NE
      reduced, brain DA unchanged. Ginseng root saponins (GRS) ip 200 mg/kg inhibited
      the increase of serum corticosterone and the decrease of brain 5-HT and NE in
      heat-stressed mice, but did not affect brain DA. GRS lowered mice body
      temperature at room temperature and inhibited the rise of body temperature under
      heat environmental conditions in mice. Reserpine eliminated the hypothermia of
      GRS at room temperature and its inhibitory effect on hyperthermia under heat
      stress conditions. PCPA eliminated only the inhibition of GRS on hyperthermia
      under heat-stress, but had no significant effect on hypothermia at room
      temperature.

PMID- 2641846
TI  - [Effects of huperzine A on electroencephalography power spectrum in rabbits].
AB  - Huperzine A (Hup-A) is a new alkaloid extracted from Huperzia serata in China.
      The effects of Hup-A on learning and memory are superior to those of
      physostigmine (Phys). The purpose of this paper is to observe the effects of Hup
      A on EEG and EEG power spectrum in rabbits with micro-computer analysis. Hup-A
      0.1 mg/kg iv in conscious rabbits produced, after 0.5 min, an alert EEG pattern,
      which showed decreases of lower frequency components and the total EEG power in
      cortical area, and the dominant frequency transferred from delta rhythm to theta
      rhythm in hippocampus. The same effects were seen with Phys 0.1 mg/kg.
      Scopolamine (Scop, 0.2 mg/kg iv) reversed significantly these effects of Hup-A
      (10 micrograms/rabbit, icv), but Scop butylbromide (0.4 mg/kg, iv) which can not
      pass the blood-brain barrier did not. Hup-A 0.2 mg/kg iv or Phys 0.3 mg/kg iv
      antagonized the EEG effects of Scop 0.3 mg/kg iv. The results indicate that the
      effects of Hup-A are closely related to the action on the central cholinergic
      system.

PMID- 2641847
TI  - [Interaction between bradykinin and enkephalins in rat dental pulp].
AB  - The content of bradykinin (BK)-like peptides in rat dental pulp was significantly
      increased 1, 6 and 24 h after cavity formation at the neck of incisor. We have
      reported that enkephalin (EK)-like peptides in rat dental pulp were increased by
      cavity formation or BK. In the present study, the mechanism of the production of
      EK enhanced by BK was investigated using benzoyl-L-arginine-2-naphthylamide
      (BANA), a synthetic substrate. BK and its products cleft by carboxypeptidase B,
      des-Arg9-BK and arginine (Arg), activated the degradation of BANA. It is
      suggested that these substances may enhance the processing of enkephalins from
      precursor proteins. The activating effects were inhibited by EGTA. The BANA
      degrading enzymes in lysosomal fraction were activated by BK, des-Arg9-BK and
      Arg, but the enzymes in supernatant were activated by Arg only. On the other
      hand, morphine and met-EK inhibited the production of BK-like peptides by trypsin
      from plasma kininogen. It is suggested that BK is cleft by carboxypeptidase B in
      pulp cell to des-Arg9-BK and Arg, which activate the lysosomal or soluble EK
      processing enzymes, and then the produced EK inhibits the production of BK from
      plasma kininogens in the pulp.

PMID- 2641848
TI  - Positive inotropic effect of cycloprotobuxine-A on isolated guinea pig
      myocardium.
AB  - Cycloprotobuxine-A (CPB-A) 0.1-100 mumoles/L produced positive inotropic effects
      in left and right atria in a concentration-dependent manner. CPB-A 30 mumoles/L
      enhanced post-rest contraction, augmented the response of left atrium to increase
      in stimulating frequency, and increased the developing tension evoked by paired
      pulse stimulation. By taking simultaneous recordings of action potentials and
      contractile force of papillary muscles, it was found that CPB-A 30 mumoles/L
      increased the contractile force and prolonged the action potential duration at
      50% of depolarization. It is concluded that the positive inotropic effect of CPB
      A on myocardium may be associated with an increase in transsarcolemmal influx of
      calcium as well as an augmentation of the amount of calcium released from
      intracellular stores.

PMID- 2641849
TI  - [Effects of Panax notoginseng saponin Rb1 and Rg1 on myocardial action potential
      and slow inward current].
AB  - The effects of Rb1, Rg1 (purified saponin of Panax notoginseng) on contraction
      force, action potential and slow inward current of guinea pig papillary muscles
      were studied by intracellular microelectrodes and voltage clamp techniques. The
      contraction force was decreased and the APD20 was shortened in the presence of
      Rb1 1 mg/ml, while the RP, APA and Vmax remained unchanged. The amplitude of Isi
      was decreased from a peak value of 9.8 +/- 1.6 to 7.3 +/- 3.4 microA after 20 min
      perfusion with Rb1 solution. This effect was reversed by increasing calcium
      concentration. Rg1 1 mg/ml decreased the contraction force significantly without
      affecting the configuration of action potential and the amplitude of slow inward
      current. The results indicate that Rb1 has a blocking effect on calcium channels,
      but Rg1 has not.

PMID- 2641850
TI  - [Effects of FeSO4 on electrical and mechanical activity of guinea pig papillary
      muscles].
AB  - FeSO4 0.1-0.7 mmol/L shortened the action potential duration, decreased the
      action potential amplitude (APA) and maximal upstroke velocity of 0 phase (Vmax),
      and reduced the contractile force of myocardium in a concentration-dependent
      manner. FeSO4 0.2 mmol/L depressed the APA and Vmax of papillary muscles in
      Tyrode's solution containing MnCl2 3 mmol/L, and reduced the APA, Vmax and
      duration of slow action potentials in potassium-depolarized papillary muscles.
      These results suggest that Fe2+ may inhibit the transmembrane movement of Ca2+
      and Na+ in myocardial cells. This may be one of the mechanisms of heart failure
      and circulatory collapse in acute iron poisoning.

PMID- 2641851
TI  - [Electrophysiological effects of changrolin on single ventricular myocytes
      isolated from adult guinea pig].
AB  - Calcium tolerant single ventricular cardiomyocytes were dispersed from adult
      guinea pig hearts by retrograde perfusion with collagenase solution. More than
      50% of the isolated cells retained rod shaped configuration and showed normal
      electrical activities with resting potentials (RP) at -82 +/- 2 mV and action
      potential amplitude (APA) at 116 +/- 6 mV. The effects of changrolin (CRL, 4-[3',
      5'-bis [(N-pyrrolidinyl)-methyl]-4'-hydroxyanilino]-quinazoline) on the
      transmembrane action potentials of the single cells were measured with
      intracellular glass microelectrodes. At the concentration of 50 mumol/L, CRL
      caused profound reductions of APA, maximal rate of phase 0 depolarization (Vmax),
      and action potential duration (APD). The effective refractory period (ERP) was
      prolonged. The action of CRL on Vmax showed use- and frequency-dependences.
      Trains of stimuli in the studied range of frequencies led to an exponential
      decline in Vmax to a new plateau and the maximal reduction was at the highest
      frequency. At 1 Hz, the onset rate of this action was 0.036 +/- 0.004 AP-1. CRL
      did not cause a resting state block of Vmax. These findings suggest that CRL is a
      slow type, class I anti-arrhythmia drug.

PMID- 2641852
TI  - [Effect of oxymatrine on beating of cultured myocardial cells in vitro].
AB  - Oxymatrine (OM), extracted from Sophora alopecuroides L, increased the
      contractility of the left heart atrium and decreased the spontaneous beating rate
      of right atrium of rabbit as described in our previous paper. The effect of OM on
      the beating rate of cultured rat myocardial cells was observed in the present
      study by a method of recording photoelectric energy transformation. OM 50 mumol/L
      decreased the beating rate of the myocytes by 50 +/- 27% 15 min after
      administration and also antagonized the positive chronotropic effect of
      isoproterenol 1.5 mumol/L, while the negative chronotropic effect of OM was
      completely abolished by prazosin. However, OM 250 mumol/L accelerated the beating
      rate of myocytes, which was cancelled by propranolol. These results suggest that
      OM has biphasic effects on cultured rat myocytes: slowing rate by alpha
      adrenoceptor stimulation with 50 mumol/L concentration and accelerating rate by
      beta-adrenoceptor stimulation with 250 mumol/L concentration.

PMID- 2641853
TI  - [Inhibitory effects of clonidine on edema formation after thermal injury in mice
      and rats].
AB  - Clonidine 1 mg/kg ip given before thermal injury significantly inhibited the
      edema formation in mice and rats during the early stage of burn. Clonidine 0.1
      mg/kg ip gave no such effect, but it became effective after being administrated
      via icv. The inhibitory effects of clonidine on edema formation were abolished by
      pretreatment with yohimbine 5 mg/kg ip, but not with prazosin 10 mg/kg ip. The
      tracing by 113mIn labelled transferrin demonstrated that clonidine decreased the
      capillary permeability in burned tissues 1 h after burn. When clonidine 1 mg/kg
      was given ip to the rats 20 min before burn, it lowered the level of lipoperoxide
      in the serum 2 h after burn. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of
      clonidine on edema formation is most probably due to the depression of
      sympathetic activity via alpha 2 receptor during thermal injury.

PMID- 2641854
TI  - [Effect of chloramphenicol on DNA repair synthesis in fetal liver cells of rats].
AB  - The inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol (CAP) on the DNA repair synthesis were
      studied on a primary cell culture of fetal liver tissue of rats. The fetuses were
      taken out with the umbilical cords and the placenta: then, the fetal livers were
      injected with a balanced salt solution and Type I collagenase through the
      umbilical vein. At the same time, the blood of the fetal livers were drained
      through the umbilical artery. The cells were detached at 10 degrees C with a
      steel mesh. Chloramphenicol 1.6-403.8 mmol/L did not show significant increase in
      DNA repair synthesis. The unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was active when the
      positive control 7,12-dimethylbenzanthrancene(DMBA) was added alone to the
      culture in autoradiographic assay, but it was inactive when DMBA was added
      together with CAP. Therefore, it may be assumed that CAP has an inhibitory effect
      on the DNA repair synthesis.

PMID- 2641855
TI  - [Cytocidal action of homoharringtonine on L1210 cells in vitro].
AB  - The proliferation of L 1210 cells ceased rapidly after they were exposed to
      homoharringtonine (HH) 1 microgram/ml during exponential growth phase. However,
      25.3% of the cells were still able to form colonies in soft agar if HH was
      removed after 24 h of incubation (the colony-forming efficiency for control cells
      was 62.5%). The clonogenic cells survived from the treatment were still sensitive
      to HH-continuous exposure. The IC50 of the treated and control cells were 15 and
      20 ng/ml, respectively. Yet, the sensitivity of the treated cells to cytarabine
      decreased enormously. For instance, the survival rate of HH-treated cells
      remained at 100% level after they were exposed to cytarabine 4-8 micrograms/ml
      for 1 h, but only 40% control cells survived from the same treatment. When cells
      were continuously exposed to HH 0.4 micrograms/ml, the colony-forming efficiency
      decreased exponentially as a function of exposure time. The T1/2 of the
      clonogenic cells was about 18 h. The DNA contents in L 1210 cells was measured
      with a flow-cytometer. The results showed that the cell-cycle progress in all
      cells was interrupted by HH, regardless which phase they belonged to. So the
      cells seemed to be in a "frozen" state and the histogram unchanged.

PMID- 2641856
TI  - [Effect of triptolide on cytokinetics of HeLa cells].
AB  - The cytostatic effects of triptolide on HeLa cells in different proliferation
      stages and cell cycle phases were studied by colony-forming units assay. An
      exposure of exponential-phase cells to triptolide 0.02-4.00 micrograms/ml for 0.5
      h resulted in a biphasic-exponential dose-survival curve (n = 1, D0 = 0.3
      micrograms/ml in the most sensitive population; D0 = 2.8 micrograms/ml in the
      more resistant population). The plateau-phase cells in the same conditions seemed
      to have lower sensitivity to the drug. The synchronized cells caused by excess
      TdR double block and the selective detachment of mitotic cells from monolayer
      were exposed to triptolide 0.06 micrograms/ml for 0.5 h. The sensitivity of cell
      cycle phases to the drug ranked as follows: S greater than G2, M greater than G1.
      The result showed that triptolide is one of the cell cycle phase non-specific
      agents, but more sensitive to S phase cells.

PMID- 2641857
TI  - [Reproductive toxicity of bimolane in mice and rabbits].
AB  - Bimolane (AT-1727), 1,2-bis (4-morpholinomethyl-3,5-dioxopiperazinyl)-ethane, is
      a new antitumor drug, synthesized first in our institute. When the mice were
      injected ip bimolane 3.7 or 37.2 mg/kg on d 6-15 after mated, 23 or 100% of the
      embryos were resorbed, while the surviving fetuses remained normal. After ip
      bimolane 7.4 or 14.9 mg/kg, the weights of living fetuses were all less than that
      of the control group (P less than 0.01). After ig bimolane 140 mg/kg to the mice
      on d 6-15 after mated, 43% of the fetuses developed subcutaneous edema, but no
      other abnormalities were seen. When the rabbits were given ip bimolane 30 mg/kg
      on d 7-18 after mated, all the embryos were resorbed. On d 10 after mated ip a
      single dose of bimolane 74.4 mg/kg to the mice caused nanomelia (34%) and
      subcutaneous hematoma (55%). Therefore, teratogenicity of bimolane was observed
      in mice.

PMID- 2641858
TI  - [Distribution and metabolism of calcium [3H]metronidazolamate in mice].
AB  - The blood radioactivity-time curve after iv calcium [3H]metronidazola-mate in
      mice was to be a diexponential model. It was rapidly distributed in various
      tissues. The highest radioactivities were found in liver and kidney, followed by
      lung, blood, heart, spleen, and the lowest in brain and testes. Bile and bone
      marrow contained only a slight radioactivity. In 7 d the cumulative excretion of
      radioactivity was 52 +/- 17% of the iv dose in urine and 10.3 +/- 2.4% in feces.
      The measurement by TLC and liquid scintillation counting of urine taken at 24 h
      after iv calcium [3H] metronidazolamate to mice revealed that approximately 77%
      of the total radioactivity in urine was excreted as the drug in unchanged form
      and 7% as its hydrolysate, metronidazole. Calcium [3H]metronidazolamate remained
      at a high level in blood on account of its longer T1/2 beta (34 h) and 20% were
      bound to plasma protein, thus making it available for longterm fractional
      radiotherapy of tumors.

PMID- 2641859
TI  - [A modified procedure for estimating pA2--equi-concentration effect method].
AB  - This new procedure was proposed under the necessity of a fixed concentration of
      an agonist in the absence/presence of an antagonist. As the odds ratio (OR) of
      the effects in the absence/presence of the antagonist under a fixed concentration
      is equal to the equi-effective dose ratio (DR) under a fixed effect, it is
      possible to substitute OR for DR in A - S equation. Since the experiment is less
      expensive and more convenient than that of Arunlakshana and Schild, and the
      procedure for obtaining OR is much more time-saving and economic than that for
      obtaining DR, it is worthy for analyzing a competitive antagonist.

PMID- 2641860
TI  - [Solvent extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection for determination of plasma catecholamines].
AB  - This paper describes a technique for selectively extracting plasma catecholamines
      prior to quantification by HPLC-EC. The extraction system was a two-stage
      process. The first stage involve the complex formation between diphenylbrorate
      and catechol (diol) groups in alkaline medium. The second stage was a liquid
      liquid extraction. The complex combined with tetraoctylammonium bromide to form
      an ion-pair formation into organic solvent. The catecholamines in turn was
      extracted with acid. This technique provided a very specific extraction procedure
      which resulted in chromatograms with few interfering compounds and gave absolute
      recoveries (100-103%) of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine. Meanwhile, the
      plasma catecholamines were concentrated and the detective sensitivity was
      increased. A good linear relationship was found between the concentrations and
      ratio of peak heights of the catecholamines from 0.125-2 ng. The correlation
      coefficients ranged from 0.998-0.999. The coefficients of variation of the intra-
      and inter-assay were within 3 and 6% respectively. The results show that the
      procedure is very simple and fast. The method is valuable not only for clinical
      diagnosis but also for laboratory research.

PMID- 2641861
TI  - [Central European Anesthesia Congress. ZAK 89 Innsbruck. 12-16 September 1989.
      21st joint meeting of the German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care
      Medicine, the Swiss Society for Anesthesiology and Resuscitation and the Austrian
      Society for Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Therapy. Abstracts].

PMID- 2641862
TI  - [Limits of orthopantomographic examination and its integration with Xg using
      Status X].

PMID- 2641863
TI  - [Comparison of computerized tomography and sialography in diagnosis of parotid
      cysts].
AB  - In this study it has been valued the differences between T.C. and "scialography"
      in the parotid gland cystic lesions. Between 1986 and 1987 we examined 100
      patients affected by parotid gland diseases utilizing the two different
      techniques. In 7 patients we diagnosed cystic lesions of parotid gland.
      Afterwards we compared the results obtained by T.C. and by scialography.

PMID- 2641864
TI  - [Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in therapy of rapidly progressing
      periodontal disease].
AB  - Authors have reviewed pathogenetic mechanism underlying tissue damages in
      periodontal disease. In addition they have discussed the mechanism of action of
      antiinflammatory drugs different from steroids and have evaluated the possible
      use of these drugs in the treatment of destructive periodontal disease.

PMID- 2641865
TI  - [A case of acute myeloblastic leukemia in the pediatric age group].

PMID- 2641866
TI  - [Control of pain in dentistry. 2. A proposed method for evaluation of antipain
      drugs].

PMID- 2641868
TI  - [Histomorphological changes in dental tissue and clinical problems in endodontic
      treatment of the aged].
AB  - The A.A. examine the histopathologic variations of the enamel, pulp and dentin in
      the dentary element of the aged people. Besides the principal indications and
      contraindications to the endodontic therapy have been pointed out.

PMID- 2641867
TI  - [A case of post traumatic dental reimplantation].

PMID- 2641869
TI  - [Goldenhar syndrome].
AB  - The AA. outline the principals features about the etiology, pathogenesis, clinic
      and therapy of the oculo-auriculo vertebral dysplasia or Goldenhar's syndrome,
      with the best attention about the most interesting hypotheses on the
      pathogenesis, like focal necrosis for hemorrhage in development of face.

PMID- 2641870
TI  - [Lupus erythematosus. 5. Current status and trends in therapy of lupus
      erythematosus: a) S.L.E.: therapy with antimalarials, steroid therapy and
      monitoring, acupuncture; b) D.L.E.; c) Therapy of oral lesions and xerostomia; d)
      Dental treatment during L.E].

PMID- 2641871
TI  - [Orthodontic card: a compilation proposal].
AB  - In relation to particular specialist filing of orthodontic patients and with
      reference to the need for pointing out peculiar data during diagnosis and
      treatment, it is necessary to have a suitable clinical card, which, if filed, may
      represent a reliable and valid document for case reports. Such a card has also
      been conceived for its likely insertion into a computer database.

PMID- 2641872
TI  - 3,7-Dideazapurine nucleosides. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1
      deazatubercidin and 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-3,7-dideazaadenosine.
AB  - 1-Deazatubercidin (5) has been synthesized by glycosylation of the anion of 4,6
      dichloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (9) with 1-chloro-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O
      (tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-alpha-D-r ibofuranos e (12). The reaction gave a
      mixture of blocked nucleosides with beta- and alpha-configuration (13a and 13b).
      Deprotection of 13a provided 4,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[3,2
      c]pyridine (14), which on treatment with hydrazine, followed by reduction of the
      resulting 4-hydrazino compound with Raney nickel, gave 4-amino-6-chloro-1-beta-D
      ribofuranosylpyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (15), 1-deazatubercidin, and a small quantity
      of 4,6-diamino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (16). Dehalogenation
      of 15 provided another route to 5. 2-Chloro-2'-deoxy-3,7-dideazaadenosine (6)
      together with 2'-deoxy-3,7-dideazaadenosine (18) was obtained by hydrazinolysis
      of 4,6-dichloro-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyrrolo- [3,2-c]pyridine
      (17), followed by reduction of the resulting 4-hydrazino compound. Nucleosides 5,
      6, 15, and 18 are devoid of any significant antitumor activity in vitro. Compound
      16 showed significant activity against P388 leukemia in cell culture.

PMID- 2641873
TI  - [Surgical treatment of facial palsy].
AB  - The results of surgical treatment of 46 cases of facial nerve paralysis from 1974
      to 1987 were reported. Among them, facial nerve decompression comprised 36 cases
      and facial nerve grafting 10 cases. The causes of facial nerve paralysis were
      head trauma in 13, surgical injury in 22, otitis media in 4, facial neurofibroma
      in 2 and Bell's palsy in 5. Thirty-six cases were followed up from 0.5 to 6.5
      years. Twenty-five cases (69.5%) had totally recovered, 7 cases (19.4%) partially
      recovered and 4 cases (11.1%) had no recovered. The result of facial nerve
      decompression was better than that of facial nerve grafting. The indication, the
      significance of nerve excitability test and the influencing factors were
      discussed.

PMID- 2641874
TI  - [Idiopathic perilymph fistula].
AB  - This article presents 6 cases with idiopathic perilymph fistulae. The etiology of
      idiopathic perilymph fistula may be congenital malformation of the otic capule.
      Diagnosis of idiopathic perilymph fistula primarily depends on history and
      exploratory tympanotomy, but ENG-fistula test and positional audiometry are worth
      of diagnosing. During microsurgical procedure, attention must be paid to the
      presence of membrane of the round window niche. If a good repair of fistula is
      not followed by a good result, other lesions such as double labyrinth membrane
      rupture should be considered.

PMID- 2641875
TI  - [The facial nerve in acoustic tumor surgery].
AB  - The results of facial nerve function in twenty-four cases of acoustic neuroma
      removal using translabyrinthine approach from 1982 to 1987 were reported. Facial
      nerve had been paralysed in one case preoperatively. The facial nerve function
      were preserved in 21 out of 23 cases (91.3%). The appearance of facial nerve
      during surgery was as follows: normally located in 9 cases, displaced and
      deformed in 12 cases and invaded by the tumor in 3 cases. The size and location
      of the tumor determine the chance of preservation of facial nerve function. The
      procedures of manipulating the facial nerve and preventing the injury to the
      facial nerve during surgery were discussed in detail.

PMID- 2641876
TI  - [Electrocochleography and the glycerol test in the diagnosis of Meniere's
      disease].
AB  - ECochG and glycerol test are two kinds of objective examinations for the
      diagnosis of Meniere's disease. Previous reports showed that the positive rates
      in both methods vary widely. In the present study, the incidence of abnormal SP
      enhancement was 63% (51 out of 81 ears in 70 patients). The SP enhancement
      correlated with the symptoms, especially aural fullness and high frequency
      hearing loss. The glycerol test was preformed in 25 patients (29 ears). The
      positive rate was 55.2%. There was a high positive rate of glycerol test in
      patients with low frequency and fluctuant hearing loss. Both examinations had a
      complementary effect in the diagnosis of Meniere's disease.

PMID- 2641877
TI  - [Research on the etiology of nasal polyps].
AB  - One hundred and seventy patients with nasal polyps were studied. According to the
      history, skin tests with inhalant allergens, determination of serum nasal
      secretion and polyp fluid IgE, and X-ray films of nasal sinuses, it was suggested
      that 93.5% of them might have complicated with allergic diseases, 87.7% with
      sinusitis. A relationship between local IgE production and the eosinophil
      infiltration of polyps existed. This study suggests that allergic process acting
      locally on the mucous membrane of the nose is the etiologic factor and bacterial
      allergy probably contributes to the development of nasal polyps. In order to
      prevent the recurrence after polypectomy, antiallergic management combined with
      antibiotics and drainage of infected sinuses may be necessary in most cases.

PMID- 2641878
TI  - [Olfactory groove meningioma].
AB  - Twelve cases of olfactory groove meningioma had been reported. The first symptom
      of the disease was dysfunction of the olfactory nerve. Rhinologists are
      responsible for the early diagnosis of the disease. The very important diagnostic
      points of the disease are dysfunction of the olfactory nerve; visual impairment;
      headache; Foster-Kennedy's syndrome and the CT scan. The clinical features,
      diagnosis and treatment of the 12 cases were discussed. Early diagnosis of the
      diseases is very important for the performance of the operation via the rhino
      anterior fossa approach.

PMID- 2641879
TI  - [One-stage voice rehabilitation in total laryngectomy].
AB  - The posterior wall of the upper trachea was used to make a T-E shunt. An
      intelligible shunt speech could thus develop two weeks postoperatively. This
      procedure is reliable, easy and safe, and is applicable in almost all of total
      laryngectomy cases. A big horizontal tuck-situated above the shunt and made of
      mucous membrane of the inferior pharyngeal wall and the posterior cricoid was
      helpful in preventing aspiration.

PMID- 2641880
TI  - [Tympanoplasty in otitis media with cholesteatoma].
AB  - Ninety-nine ears of otitis media with cholesteatoma were operated from October
      1982. The indications for different techniques and staging principles were
      discussed in detail. One to four years' postoperative observation in 72 ears
      proved that residual cholesteatoma could be controlled to 1.4%. Patients
      undergone intact wall technique had maintained almost normal ear structure. With
      the open cavity technique, a large external auditory meatus was created with
      perfectly healed drum. Auditory results indicated that 66.5% of patients had
      hearing gain greater than or equal to 10 dB with 41.7% air-bone gap less than or
      equal to 20 dB.

PMID- 2641881
TI  - [Comparative research on vocal polyps and nodules].
AB  - One hundred and eighty-four cases of vocal polyps and 64 cases of vocal nodules
      are reported. Of these cases, 6 polyps and 10 nodules had been studied with
      electron microscope: 40 cases of polyps and 15 cases of nodules were investigated
      histo-chemically with PAS, AB-PAS, HID-AB, Congo Red and other methods. It seems
      that polyps are distinctly different from nodules. They are different diseases.
      The main difference between them is that polyp of the vocal cord is caused
      primarily by circulation impediment, thrombosis, exudation and edema of the
      lamina propria of the mucous membrane due to inflammation, there is secondary
      atrophy of the epithelium of the cord, vocal nodule is caused primarily by vocal
      abuse, this leads to friction or dash of the vocal cords against each other,
      there is circumscribed hyperplasia or hyperkeratinization and secondary hyaline
      degeneration in lamina propria of the cord. The differential diagnosis,
      pathogenesis and treatment had been discussed.

PMID- 2641882
TI  - [Cochlear implantation: clinical experience with 50 cases].
AB  - Fifty cochlear implantations with single-channel cochlear prosthesis were
      reported. The youngest patient was 12 and the eldest 50 years of age. Thirty
      patients were prelingually and twenty postlingually deaf. Surgical procedures
      consisted of a typical mastoidectomy and electrode placement via a posterior
      tympanotomy. The active electrode was introduced into the scala tympani through a
      hole on the promontory. Several problems regarding cochlear implantation which
      still have no unanimous opinion among otologists were discussed.

PMID- 2641884
TI  - A chymotryptic-type protease inhibitor decreases interleukin 2 synthesis and
      induces prostaglandin production in Jurkat T cells.
AB  - TPCK (N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethylketone), a potent inhibitor of
      chymotryptic-type serine proteases, was found to decrease IL2 synthesis in Jurkat
      T cells. Conversely, the tryptic-type protease inhibitor, TLCK (N-alpha-p-tosyl
      lysine chloromethylketone), which structurally is very similar to TPCK, had no
      effect on IL2 synthesis. Prostaglandin synthesis, a process that is known to
      reduce IL2 production in T cells, was increased by TPCK but not by TLCK,
      suggesting that this process could be, at least in part, responsible for the
      inhibition of IL2 production. Our results imply that a chymotryptic-type serine
      protease plays an active role in the regulation of IL2 synthesis and thus in the
      whole process of T-lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 2641883
TI  - Calcium uptake-dependent and -independent mechanisms of inositol trisphosphate
      formation in adrenal chromaffin cells: comparative studies with high K+,
      carbamylcholine and angiotensin II.
AB  - When [3H]inositol prelabelled cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were
      stimulated with 56 mM KCl (high K+), 300 microM carbamylcholine (CCh) or 10
      microM angiotensin II (Ang II), a rapid accumulation of [3H]IP3 was observed. At
      the same time, high K+ or CCh induced rapid increases in 45Ca2+ uptake, but Ang
      II did not induce a significant 45Ca2+ uptake. The concentration-response curve
      for KCl-induced [3H]IP3 accumulation coincided well with that for KCl-induced
      45Ca2+ uptake into the cells. Nifedipine, a Ca2+ channel antagonist, inhibited
      the high K(+)-induced [3H]IP3 accumulation and 45Ca2+ uptake with a similar
      potency. Nifedipine at a similar concentration range also inhibited CCh-induced
      45Ca2+ uptake. Although nifedipine inhibited CCh-induced [3H]IP3 accumulation,
      the potency was approximately 300-fold less than that for the inhibition of
      45Ca2+ uptake. Nifedipine failed to affect the Ang II-induced [3H]IP3
      accumulation. BAY K 8644 (2 microM), a Ca2+ channel activator, plus partially
      depolarizing concentration of KCl (14 mM), induced 45Ca2+ uptake and [3H]IP3
      accumulation. Ionomycin (1 microM and 10 microM), a Ca2+ ionophore, also induced
      45Ca2+ uptake and [3H]IP3 accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner.
      Pretreatment of the cells with protein kinase C activator, 100 nM 12-O
      tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, for 10 min, partially inhibited CCh and Ang II
      induced [3H]IP3 accumulation, but failed to inhibit the high K(+)-induced
      accumulation. Furthermore, the effects of high K+ and Ang II on the IP3
      accumulation was additive. Ang II and CCh induced a rapid and transient increase
      in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1,4,5-IP3) accumulation (5 s) followed by a
      slower accumulation of inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate (1,3,4-IP3). High K+ evoked
      an increase in 1,3,4-IP3 accumulation but obvious accumulation of 1,4,5-IP3 could
      not be detected. In Ca2(+)-depleted medium, high K(+)-induced [3H]IP3
      accumulation was completely abolished, whereas [3H]IP3 accumulation induced by
      CCh and Ang II was partially inhibited. These results demonstrate the existence
      of the Ca2+ uptake-triggered mechanism of IP3 accumulation represented by high
      K+, and also the Ca2+ uptake-independent mechanism of IP3 accumulation
      represented by Ang II in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Mechanism of
      CCh-induced IP3 accumulation has an intermediate property between those of high
      K+ and Ang II.

PMID- 2641885
TI  - Factors involved in the generation of tension during contraction to high
      potassium in the rat vas deferens.
AB  - A large number of studies indicate that K(+)-induced contractions of smooth
      muscle depend on extracellular calcium. If these contractions depend exclusively
      on extracellular calcium then contractile responses to 140 mM K+, which are
      larger than the response to 35 mM K+, should be associated with a larger influx
      of 45Ca. This is not the case in the vas deferens from reserpine pretreated rats.
      During a 2 min interval, 45Ca influx induced by 140 mM K+ was identical to that
      produced by 35 mM K+. This suggests that a second mechanism may be involved in
      responses to high K+. Indeed, 140 mM K+ caused an approximately 300% increase
      above control in the formation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) in tissues
      prelabelled with 3H-myoinositol whereas 35 mM K+ did not increase IP3. IP3 is
      thought to cause the release of calcium from internal stores which is consistent
      with our finding of an increase in 45Ca efflux into calcium-free medium from
      tissues prelabelled with 45Ca and stimulated with 140 mM K+. Stimulation with 35
      mM K+ did not influence 45Ca efflux. We conclude that in the rat vas deferens
      high K+ promotes tension development by smooth muscle by a dual mechanism: influx
      of extracellular calcium and release of calcium from internal stores via an IP3
      mechanism.

PMID- 2641886
TI  - Odor volatiles associated with microflora in damp ventilated and non-ventilated
      bin-stored bulk wheat.
AB  - Western hard red spring wheat, stored at 20 and 25% moisture contents for 10
      months during 1985-86, was monitored for biotic and abiotic variables in 10
      unheated bins in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The major odor volatiles identified were 3
      methyl-1-butanol, 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol. The production of these volatiles
      was associated and correlated with microfloral infection. Ventilation, used for
      cooling and drying of grain, disrupted microfloral growth patterns and production
      of volatiles. The highest levels of 3-methyl-1-butanol occurred in 25% moisture
      content wheat infected with bacteria, Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. In non
      ventilated (control) bins with 20% moisture content wheat, 3-methyl-1-butanol was
      correlated with infection by members of the Aspergillus glaucus group and
      bacteria. In control bins, 1-octen-3-ol production was correlated with infection
      of wheat of both moisture contents by Penicillium spp. The fungal species,
      isolated from damp bin-stored wheat and tested for production of odor volatiles
      on wheat substrate, included Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus
      repens (Corda) Saccardo, A. flavus Link ex Fries, A. versicolor (Vuill.)
      Tiraboschi, Penicillium chrysogenum Thom, P. cyclopium Westling, Fusarium
      moniliforme Sheldon, F. semitectum (Cooke) Sacc. In the laboratory, fungus
      inoculated wheat produced 3-methyl-1-butanol; 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol were
      also produced, but less frequently. Two unidentified bacterial species isolated
      from damp wheat and inoculated on agar produced 3-methyl-1-butanol.

PMID- 2641887
TI  - The influence of salt and temperature on the natural fermentation of African
      locust bean.
AB  - Variations in salt (NaCl) content and temperature influenced the microbial
      development and organoleptic quality of fermenting African locust bean (Parkia
      filicoidea Welw.) seeds. The influences on microbial growth by different salt
      contents and temperatures were followed by changes of pH and titratable acidity.
      A 1% (w/w) salt addition and fermentation at 37 degrees C improved the
      organoleptic quality of the product. Salt additions above 3% (w/w) and
      temperatures below 25 degrees C resulted in lower microbial counts, low pH and
      titratable acid values; fermentation of the processed substrate of African locust
      bean seeds was inhibited and the organoleptic quality was poor. The predominant
      microorganism present throughout the fermentation was a Bacillus sp. with
      characteristics similar to Bacillus subtilis.

PMID- 2641888
TI  - Enterotoxigenicity and drug sensitivity of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from
      well water in Sweden: a case study.
AB  - A large number of Aeromonas spp. have been found in drinking water from a drilled
      well in Sweden. Isolates identified as A. hydrophila were tested for production
      of enterotoxin, hemolysin, enzymes and for resistant patterns to different
      antibiotics. The enterotoxin-producing A. hydrophila could be responsible for the
      long-term diarrhoeal case of a 1 1/2 year old child who consumed the contaminated
      water.

PMID- 2641889
TI  - Factors influencing the detachment of a polymer-associated Acinetobacter sp. from
      stainless steel.
AB  - The role of an extracellular polymer secreted by an Acinetobacter sp. attached to
      stainless steel was investigated. Parameters expected to influence polymer
      conformation, viz. temperature, pH, ionic strength and the concentration of
      calcium and magnesium ions, were altered and the resulting detached bacteria
      enumerated. Increasing both the temperature and pH resulted in increased numbers
      of bacteria detached. The effects of increasing the concentration of sodium
      chloride up to 100 mM and magnesium or calcium chloride up to 30 mM were small
      and, although statistically significant, were considered unlikely to have had
      major influence on the association of the bacteria with the stainless steel
      surfaces. Treatments including ultraviolet irradiation of surface-associated
      bacteria always resulted in removal of greater numbers of bacteria when compared
      to treatments where irradiation was not employed. The results indicate that an
      adhesive extracellular acidic polysaccharide may mediate the attachment of the
      Acinetobacter sp. to stainless steel.

PMID- 2641890
TI  - The role of hens' eggs in outbreaks of salmonellosis in north Spain.
AB  - Most outbreaks of salmonellosis occurring in Spain are transmitted by hens' eggs.
      This prompted a study on the incidence of Salmonella in eggs. Salmonella was
      found in 5 of 372 eggs associated with foodborne disease; one strain was isolated
      from the inside of the egg. In 998 eggs not associated with human salmonellosis,
      Salmonella was found on 6 occasions, including once inside the egg. These
      percentages are in general higher than those found in other Western countries.
      The possibility of eggs being contaminated before laying is discussed and an
      approach for controlling salmonellosis transmitted in this way is presented.

PMID- 2641892
TI  - Localized NMR spectroscopy in vivo--problems, strategies and applications.
      Proceedings of a workshop. Gottingen, 29-30 June 1989.

PMID- 2641891
TI  - The effect of dimethyldicarbonate on vegetative growth and ascospores of
      Byssochlamys fulva suspended in apple juice and strawberry nectar.
AB  - The effect of dimethyldicarbonate (DMDC) on vegetative growth elements as well as
      ascospores of two strains of Byssochlamys fulva was investigated. Using apple
      juice as the suspending medium, vegetative growth was found to be sensitive to
      the compound at concentrations of 25 to 75 mg/l; temperature had a marked
      influence on lethality, with treatment at higher temperature being far more
      lethal than low temperature treatment; ascospores were highly resistant to the
      compound, with no evidence of any lethal effects being found even at the highest
      concentration used (1,000 mg/l). An inoculated pack study, designed to simulate
      the use of DMDC in fruit juices under practical conditions, was performed using
      commercially packaged apple juice or strawberry nectar as the suspending media.
      Packs, equilibrated to temperatures of 10 degrees C or 30 degrees C, were
      aseptically inoculated with low numbers of either vegetative elements or
      ascospores and were treated with varying levels of DMDC. Mould development was
      monitored over a four week period. Whereas vegetative growth was controlled at
      DMDC concentrations of 50 to 100 mg/l at a treatment temperature of 30 degrees C,
      ascospores displayed a great tolerance to the compound and survived exposure even
      in low numbers to high DMDC concentrations.

PMID- 2641893
TI  - Localized NMR spectroscopy in vivo. Progress and problems.
AB  - Metabolites in brain and muscle of normal human volunteers have been studied by
      localized 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy in vivo. Localization was achieved by means
      of stimulated echo (STEAM) sequences for both water-suppressed 1H NMR (TE = 20
      ms) and 31P NMR (TE = 3 ms). Volumes-of-interest and measuring times selected for
      brain spectroscopy were 8 mL and 6.5 min for 1H NMR and 125 mL and 13 min for 31P
      NMR, respectively. General problems relating to spatial localization, spectral
      resolution, and quantitation of in vivo NMR data are discussed with respect to
      the nucleus and organs under investigation. They are correlated to studies of
      tissue extracts obtained at field strengths of 2.35 T (Bruker Biospec) and 7.0 T
      (Bruker MSL 300). Human studies were performed at 2.0 T on a whole-body research
      system (Siemens Magnetom).

PMID- 2641894
TI  - Comparison of single-shot localization methods (STEAM and PRESS) for in vivo
      proton NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Two single-shot localization techniques, STEAM and PRESS, are analyzed with
      regard to specifications for in vivo localized proton NMR. In particular,
      attention is paid to optimum signal intensity per unit volume, sensitivity to
      motion and diffusion, shortest attainable echo time, water suppression and
      editing possibilities. Experimental results are shown for cat brain at 4.7 T and
      human brain at 1.5 T. Both STEAM and PRESS are highly effective localization
      methods. For long echo times, PRESS is the method of choice, because it offers a
      factor of two gain in signal intensity. In addition, the method is less sensitive
      to motion and diffusion, and not susceptible to multiple-quantum effects. STEAM
      offers advantages for observation of (coupled) metabolites with short T2, because
      (a) shorter TEs can be attained and (b) effective water suppression sequences can
      be implemented without penalty in echo time. Differences relating to editing
      possibilities and B1 dependence, possibly important in choosing a method, are
      discussed.

PMID- 2641895
TI  - Simultaneous multivolume spectroscopy (SIMUVOSP) using local techniques.
AB  - MR spectra simultaneously acquired from different locations in the human body may
      be obtained with the SIMUVOSP technique (Simultaneous Multivolume Spectroscopy).
      SIMUVOSP is based on multifrequency selective RF pulses which encode positional
      information of the spins into the phase of the MR signal. This paper describes
      SIMUVOSP strategies for 1H, 31P and 13C spectroscopy. For 1H SIMUVOSP the STEAM
      experiment may be modified by replacing the selective RF pulses with SIMUFREX
      pulses (Simultaneous Multifrequency Excitation pulses). This modification allows
      the simultaneous spectroscopic examination of different regions in the human
      brain. For 31P SIMUVOSP the ISIS method is combined with SIMUFRIN (Simultaneous
      Multifrequency Inversion) pulses, which generate the inversion of multiple
      regions during the RF pulse. An application of 31P SIMUVOSP is the study of the
      metabolic heterogeneity of the high energy phosphates within the human body. For
      13C spectroscopy a localized polarization transfer experiment is combined with
      multivolume excitation. In this way SIMUVOSP on protons is extended to 13C
      multivolume spectroscopy.

PMID- 2641896
TI  - 1H NMR study of cerebral development in the rat.
AB  - 1H NMR spectroscopy of brain extracts was used to investigate the metabolic
      changes that take place during development of the neonatal rat brain. Data were
      obtained over the range 1-21 days. The concentration of N-acetylaspartate rose by
      a factor of 9 during this period, the most rapid rise occurring after day 9. The
      total creatine concentration rose from days 1-21, with a large increase between
      days 1 and 5. Taurine concentration rose until day 5, then fell from days 5-21.
      The concentration of choline-containing compounds fell during the 21 day period.
      The results are discussed in relation to brain development and conventional
      biochemical data. A major conclusion in relation to spectroscopy of children is
      that interpretation of changes seen in disease will require adequate data from
      age-matched controls.

PMID- 2641897
TI  - Lactate distribution in ischemic rat kidney by 4D spectroscopic imaging.
AB  - A lactate map of the rat kidney is presented, using a four-dimensional
      spectroscopic imaging technique in connection with a double resonance editing
      scheme. A voxel size of 12 microL has been obtained, and we show that eddy
      currents do not affect the line shape of an individual voxel.

PMID- 2641898
TI  - Rational approaches to the design of NMR selective pulses.
AB  - The need for NMR selective pulses in magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
      is reviewed. The shortcomings of the current generation of pulses are discussed
      and the need for new categories of pulse identified. Strategies for selective
      pulse design are outlined and two numerical optimization methods, simulated
      annealing and SPINCALC (a method recently introduced by us: J. T. Ngo and P. G.
      Morris, Magn. Reson. Med. 5, 217 (1987], are discussed in detail. Their use is
      illustrated and compared for the design of pi/2 phase-compensated pulses. Both
      methods require substantial amounts of CPU time, with simulated annealing the
      more demanding. Unconstrained, simulated annealing also tends to produce pulses
      with discontinuous waveforms. A crude two-dimensional pulse derived from a low
      flip angle approximation is illustrated.

PMID- 2641899
TI  - Localized 13C-[1H] NMR of rat liver in vivo using surface-spoiling gradients.
AB  - An NMR spectroscopy localization method that employs an inhomogeneous surface
      spoiling magnetic field gradient has been applied to detect the 13C-[1H] signals
      from deep-lying liver tissue of rat in vivo. The method requires small gradient
      driving currents (less than 1 amp) and short gradient periods (approximately 0.5
      1.6 ms). Thus, it is not likely to suffer from induced eddy currents and can
      detect short T2 resonances. We demonstrate that by employing a pulsed surface
      spoiling gradient one can eliminate "contaminating" signals from the surface
      lying tissues (muscle, fat and skin) while still maintaining the resonance
      linewidth resolution for the deep-lying tissue of interest (liver). The
      feasibility of using this localization approach to trace glucose conversion into
      glycogen is shown.

PMID- 2641900
TI  - Multilabeled 13C substrates as probes in in vivo 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - The potential use of 13C multilabeled substrates has been studied in biological
      applications using in vivo and in vitro proton and 13C NMR spectroscopy. In 13C
      NMR spectroscopy, multilabeled compounds allow the simultaneous observation of
      several nuclei or increase distinctly the signal to noise ratio due to a higher
      degree of enrichment. Contiguous labeling of substrates leads to homonuclear 13C
      13C spin couplings and provides a simple means to distinguish between endogenous
      stores of metabolites and metabolites derived from added substrates.

PMID- 2641901
TI  - 19F chemical shift imaging in perfluorocarbons.
AB  - The use of 19F chemical shift sensitive imaging techniques to monitor the
      biodistribution of perfluorocarbons (PFC) is discussed. For these experiments one
      has to study the spectroscopic properties of the PFC to be mapped for choosing
      high performance NMR imaging sequences. Three techniques used in our laboratory,
      a chemical shift selective approach, a method using spectrum simplification and a
      chemical shift sensitive NMR imaging method using adjusted phase encoding are
      discussed and illustrated by experiments.

PMID- 2641902
TI  - Problems and expediencies in human 31P spectroscopy. The definition of localized
      volumes, dealing with saturation and the technique-dependence of quantification.
AB  - Several technological problems in in vivo localized spectroscopy of metabolism
      are discussed in the context of comparing data obtained by different means.
      Deficiencies in spectroscopy localization methods can produce spectra that are
      dominated by artefactual signals derived from outside of selected volumes. Such
      artefacts are not usually correctly accounted for by representations of the
      profiles of the transverse magnetization alone. Selected sensitive volumes should
      be defined in terms of the size of tissue contributing the major fraction of
      signal to an observed spectrum, which is the integrated response from the sample
      including any phase cancellation effects. Phase cancellation in one-dimensional
      localization techniques employing excitation by an RF field with uniform phase
      distribution and surface coil detection such as depth resolved surface coil
      spectroscopy, chemical shift imaging (CSI) and rotating frame zeugmatography
      (RFZ) can significantly alter the effective radius of the sensitive volumes
      depending on the sample distribution and the extent of the homogeneous region of
      the magnet. Also, discrete spatial sampling in RFZ and CSI can radiate signal
      artefacts of around 25% into adjacent elements depending on the location and
      distribution of signal sources. Acquisition delays between excitation and
      detection and partial saturation are other major sources of systematic error.
      Saturation factors for metabolites are not easily obtainable on localized volumes
      during clinical exams on an individual basis, but may be expediently obtained as
      larger-volume tissue-averages. Better documentation of saturation effects,
      acquisition delays and localized volume sizes is needed to compare and validate
      clinical results and performance.

PMID- 2641903
TI  - In vivo T1 values of phosphorus metabolites in human liver and muscle determined
      at 1.5 T by chemical shift imaging.
AB  - A procedure for obtaining T1 values for phosphorous metabolites in localized
      regions of human subjects, using a standard 1.5 T MR imager, is described. 31P
      spectra and T1 values localized to the liver, and to abdominal and calf muscle of
      healthy volunteers were obtained by means of a multi-slice spectroscopy
      technique, consisting of a chemical shift imaging (CSI) sequence with a B1
      insensitive excitation and one dimension of phase encoding, used in conjunction
      with a surface coil. An examination consisting of proton imaging, shimming and
      collection of 31P progressive saturation spectroscopic data for T1 determination
      required 1 h to perform. Shimming on the signal from the body region detected by
      the surface coil gave spectra of excellent spectral resolution. Quantification of
      all peaks in the localized 31P spectra was carried out with the PIQABLE
      algorithm, and T1 values were calculated for inorganic phosphate (Pi), the
      phosphodiester region, and the ATP alpha-, beta- and gamma peaks of liver, and
      for calf muscle Pi, phosphocreatine (PCr), and the three ATP peaks. The
      precisions of the measurement and of the entire process for obtaining and
      quantifying localized spectra by one-dimensional CSI were determined, and the
      accuracy of T1 values obtained by this means was verified. The temporal variation
      in T1 values obtained in a series of examinations of a single normal subject was
      also assessed. The consistency of the T1 values obtained in this study with in
      vivo T1 values obtained by other techniques is a stringent test of accuracy of
      localized spectra obtained with CSI.

PMID- 2641904
TI  - Absolute quantitation of neonatal brain spectra acquired with surface coil
      localization.
AB  - Surface coils with strong coupling for both 31P and 1H were used to measure
      metabolite concentrations by in vivo NMR spectroscopy. Tissue water was used as
      an internal concentration reference and the 31P and 1H spatial sensitivities of
      the coils were matched. For such coils, sample loading does not necessarily have
      a significant effect on absolute quantitation results. The coils had
      proportionality constants which were almost independent of loading and the 1H and
      31P flip angles at the coil centre produced by fixed length pulses were
      approximately equal over the range of loading conditions encountered in vivo. For
      7 normal infants, of gestational plus postnatal age (GPA) 35 to 37 weeks, the
      nucleotide triphosphate concentration in the cerebral cortex was 3.7 +/- 0.6
      mmol/L wet tissue (mean +/- SD). Further studies of normal infants down to 26
      weeks GPA indicated that phosphorus metabolite concentrations increased
      significantly with GPA during this period. Concentrations were often low in the
      cerebral cortices of birth asphyxiated infants. In order to provide corroboration
      for the results from neonatal brain, data were acquired also from the resting,
      unexercised forearm muscles of 6 young adults and the measured adenosine
      triphosphate concentration was 6.3 +/- 0.8 Mmol/L wet tissue.

PMID- 2641905
TI  - Forebrain ischemia studied using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy.
AB  - A combination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy (MRS) has been used to follow the time course of changes resulting
      from forebrain ischemia in the rat. The 31P MRS demonstrates that the level of
      high energy metabolites decreases significantly during the 10 min ischemic period
      but returns to normal after 1 h of reperfusion. MRI shows no change after 1 h of
      reperfusion but significant changes in the striatum after 24 h and in the
      hippocampus after 48 h. These changes correlate well with histopathology.
      Diabetic rats have shown the effect of hyperglycemia in accentuation of ischemic
      and post ischemic pH changes. Conversely, diabetic rats maintained severely
      hypoglycemic with insulin showed little variation in pH during or following the
      ischemic insult. The results emphasize the importance of both MRS and MRI in
      following the temporal profile and distribution of ischemic neuronal injury.

PMID- 2641906
TI  - Metabolic consequences of coronary stenosis. Transmurally heterogeneous
      myocardial ischemia studied by spatially localized 31P NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Coronary stenosis results in transmurally non-uniform blood flow with the inner
      layers of the left ventricular wall typically suffering a more severe
      hypoperfusion relative to the outer layers. Coupled with numerous other
      transmural non-uniformities such as systolic tension development and oxygen
      needs, the heterogeneous blood flow distribution in the presence of coronary
      stenosis is expected to result in transmurally heterogeneous ischemia. All
      previous NMR spectroscopy studies of myocardial metabolism and bioenergetics
      under normal and ischemic conditions treated the organ as a homogeneous tissue.
      We have utilized spatially localized 31P NMR spectroscopy together with non-NMR
      measurements of regional blood flow to study the myocardium with transmural
      spatial differentiation under normal and flow-restricted conditions. 31P NMR and
      blood flow data obtained concurrently on each heart revealed that sustained
      coronary artery stenosis resulted in transmurally non-uniform ischemia which
      largely paralleled the hypoperfusion pattern. The reduction in creatine phosphate
      content (with consequent elevation of Pi) and hypoperfusion was tightly
      correlated in the subendocardium for flow rates less than approximately 0.7
      mL/min per g wet myocardium. The high energy phosphate and Pi content of the
      epicardium, however, was responsive not only to the flow to this region but also
      to the extent of ischemia in the subendocardial layers. These results document
      the utility of localized NMR spectroscopy in physiologic research and suggest
      potential biomedical applications due to the tight correlation noted between
      alterations in blood flow and changes in the phosphorylated metabolite levels
      detected by 31P NMR.

PMID- 2641907
TI  - Some considerations concerning susceptibility, longitudinal relaxation time
      constants and motion artifacts in vivo human spectroscopy.
AB  - Artifacts due to localized susceptibility effects, variations in the spin-lattice
      relaxation time constants of signals and a mixing of signals arising from tissue
      motions can contaminate otherwise credible results. The sources and magnitude of
      some of these are discussed and their likely impact assessed, so that the
      necessity of incorporating additional measurements in an individual study can be
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2641909
TI  - Profiles: the winners of the 1989 General Motors Cancer Research Awards.

PMID- 2641908
TI  - Clinical trials referral resource. Advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 2641910
TI  - More on managing metastatic choroidal tumors.

PMID- 2641911
TI  - How oncologists view their specialty.

PMID- 2641912
TI  - Indications for adjuvant radiotherapy in extrapelvic colonic carcinoma.
AB  - Although the value of postoperative radiotherapy has been demonstrated for
      subsets of patients with rectal carcinoma, the efficacy of postoperative
      radiation therapy for colonic carcinoma (above the peritoneal reflection) is much
      less clear. Recent studies examining the failure patterns of colonic carcinoma
      following resection indicate that local failure increases as a function of bowel
      mobility, disease extension through bowel wall, and lymph node involvement.
      Retrospective series reporting the results of postoperative irradiation suggest
      that postoperative radiation therapy to the tumor bed may be beneficial for
      patients with Stage B3, C2 and C3 disease with limited nodal involvement.
      Randomized prospective trials are required to further evaluate the efficacy of
      such adjuvant radiotherapy.

PMID- 2641913
TI  - Mycosis fungoides responding to photopheresis.

PMID- 2641914
TI  - Genetic control of leukemia virus discovered.

PMID- 2641915
TI  - Current issues of cancer survivorship.
AB  - "We've cured you, what more could you want?" This query is sometimes posed to
      cancer survivors by those health professionals who view cancer exclusively as a
      medical problem. Although this perspective may be the natural consequence of
      modern medical training, the very training necessary to build upon significant
      gains in the prevention and treatment of cancer, the clinician's view of the
      "patient" is often too restricted to recognize the holistic impact of cancer.
      This article will focus on the medical/physical, psychosocial, and economic/legal
      issues of concern to cancer survivors.

PMID- 2641916
TI  - Management of invasive carcinoma in pedunculated colorectal polyps.
AB  - Management of patients with endoscopically removed pedunculated colorectal polyps
      found to contain invasive carcinoma is controversial. When the endoscopist is
      confident that the polyp has been completely removed and the margins are
      pathologically clear, the salient issue which should guide subsequent management
      is the likelihood of lymph node metastases. Analysis of several institutional
      reviews has led the authors to conclude that the incidence of lymph node
      metastases is negligible in those patients in whom careful pathologic examination
      discloses free margins of resection, absence of lymphatic invasion, and well
      differentiated or moderately well differentiated histology. Adhering to these
      criteria, pedunculated polyps containing invasive carcinoma can be safely managed
      by endoscopic polypectomy alone.

PMID- 2641917
TI  - Characterization of human IgG subclasses within intraocular compartments.
AB  - Multiple factors regulate the distribution of the human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1-4
      subclasses within different compartments of the human eye. An experimental
      protocol was developed for analysis of IgG1-4 using a combination of high
      pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatofocusing and an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgG in the human cornea, aqueous humor, and vitreous
      was extracted and fractionated by chromatofocusing in a pH 9.0-6.0 gradient. A
      monoclonal antibody based capture-type ELISA was used to determine the IgG1-4
      subclass distribution within the fractions. Histograms generated were then used
      to determine the IgG1-4 subclass profile for each intraocular compartment.
      Results indicate that the IgG species are similar but unique for each
      compartment. In contrast to the distribution for normal serum/plasma IgG1-4, the
      intraocular profiles were extremely heterogeneous and variable. These results
      indicate that the intraocular compartments are in a state of disequilibrium.
      There are apparently both common and unique factors that regulate the
      distribution of individual IgG subclass species for each intraocular compartment.
      In addition to differences in fluid dynamics, tissue biochemistry, and barrier
      properties, parameters, unique to the IgG subclass species may also profoundly
      effect intraocular localization and retention.

PMID- 2641918
TI  - Differential migration of lymphoblasts and small lymphocytes induced by mitogens
      in culture: characteristics of lymphoid cells.
AB  - Lymphoid cells from peripheral lymph nodes, spleen, and gut-associated lymphoid
      tissues (mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches) of the mouse were stimulated
      by concanavalin A and bacterial lipopolysaccharide in culture: their migration in
      the mouse was studied. Lymphoblasts and small-medium lymphocytes from the
      cultures, irrespective of their tissue origins, showed a differential migration
      when they were passively transferred into syngeneic, immunoglobulin-allotype
      congeneic or allogeneic recipients. Large lymphoblasts, at late S and G2 + M
      phases and without MEL-14 reactive determinants, migrated preferentially to the
      gut. In contrast, small and medium lymphocytes, at Go/Gl and early S phases and
      with MEL-14 reaction determinants, migrated preferentially to the spleen and
      liver. The differential migration was shown to be an inherent characteristic of
      the cultured lymphoid cells. These results suggest that selective migration and
      lodging of lymphoid cells in the body may be determined by the phases of cell
      cycle and stages of differentiation.

PMID- 2641919
TI  - AIDS and Langerhans cells: CD4 antigenic site density modification evidenced by
      single-cell immunogold labeling.
AB  - Langerhans cells (LC) are CD4-positive antigen-presenting cells within the human
      epidermis and thus potentially may be infected by the causative agent of AIDS
      (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), called HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).
      Because CD4 antigens have been demonstrated to be decreased in HIV-infected
      lymphocytes, we wondered whether some immunologic markers of LC might be modified
      in seropositive patients. For this purpose, LC, obtained from clinically
      unaffected skin of ARC (AIDS-related complex) and AIDS patients, were subjected
      to anti-CD4 (OKT4) and anti-HLA class II monoclonal antibodies (anti-DR: BL1 and
      anti-DQ). The density of the antigenic sites/LC recognized by the antibodies was
      evaluated by employing the electron microscopic immunogold labeling procedure.
      The density of CD4 molecules/cell measured in LC of ARC and AIDS patients by
      direct count of gold particles bound to the cell membrane was found to be
      dramatically decreased among AIDS LC, whereas a small subset of ARC LC strongly
      expressed this antigen. In contrast, the density of HLA class II (DR and DQ)
      antigenic determinants was found unchanged in comparison with that of healthy
      donors. In addition to the quantitative modifications of the CD4 molecule
      expression by ARC and AIDS LC, the observation in these cell populations of
      several surface protrusions suggesting viral buds affords evidence that LC are a
      target for HIV.

PMID- 2641920
TI  - Phagocytosis of particulate antigens by corneal epithelial cells stimulates
      interleukin-1 secretion and migration of Langerhans cells into the central
      cornea.
AB  - Under normal physiological conditions, the central corneal epithelium is devoid
      of Ia+ Langerhans cells. However, a variety of stimuli can induce the migration
      of peripheral Langerhans cells into the central regions of the cornea. In the
      present study, Langerhans cell migration was induced by the instillation of
      either sterile latex beads or formalin-killed Staphylococcus aureus into shallow
      incisions in the central corneal epithelium. Langerhans cells could be detected
      in the central cornea as early as 24 hours following instillation of either latex
      beads or S. aureus and remained for at least 6 weeks. Phagocytosis of latex beads
      by corneal epithelial cells was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Moreover,
      phagocytosis of latex beads stimulated corneal epithelial cells to secrete
      increased amounts of interleukin-1 (21-83% increase). The centripetal migration
      of peripheral corneal Langerhans cells in response to phagocytosis of latex beads
      could be mimicked by injecting as little as 0.001 units of human purified
      interleukin-1 (IL-1) into the central corneal epithelium. The IL-1 induced
      chemotaxis could be blocked by coinjection of anti-IL-1 antibody but not
      irrelevant antibody. The findings indicate that the exclusion of Langerhans cells
      from the central corneal epithelium is a dynamic process that can be regulated by
      the resident corneal epithelial cells themselves and raises the possibility that
      corneal epithelial cells and Langerhans cells collaborate in antigen processing
      within this organ.

PMID- 2641921
TI  - Intraventricular xenografts: chronic injection of antibodies into the CSF
      provokes granulomatosis reactions but Ia antibodies do not enhance graft
      survival.
AB  - We have studied the influence of chronic infusions of antibodies against Ia
      antigen into the CSF on immunological reactions to intraventricular xenografts in
      rats. The antibodies were infused with osmotic pumps implanted one day before
      grafting. One set of control groups consisted of animals with xenografts which
      simultaneously received antibody against penicillin or vehicle with no antibody.
      In a second set of control groups, antibodies against Ia antigen, penicillin, rat
      anti-mouse IgG or vehicle (no antibody) were administered alone, without grafts.
      In the animals that received infusions of antibodies against either Ia antigen or
      penicillin plus xenografts, intense granulomatosis reactions were observed in the
      host brains. These reactions were not observed in the animals that received
      antibody infusions without xenografts. It appears that this reaction was produced
      by the massive and persistent injection of immunoglobulins, together with the
      presence of xenograft tissue. The chronic infusion of Ia antibodies did not
      prolong xenograft survival.

PMID- 2641922
TI  - Comparison of cellular and secreted proteins of macrophages from the testis and
      peritoneum on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels: evidence of tissue specific
      function.
AB  - It has been shown that the testis contains a population of cells with many
      characteristics typical of macrophages of other tissues. However, these
      macrophages are unique in that they secrete a product(s) that is responsible for
      stimulating testosterone secretion by Leydig cells while peritoneal macrophages
      have no similar effect. The purpose of the present study was to compare the
      pattern of cellular and secreted proteins of rat testicular macrophages to those
      of peritoneal macrophages using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Cellular and secreted proteins of cultured macrophages
      from the testis and peritoneum were labeled with 35S-methionine and 35S-cystine
      and then analyzed by 2D-PAGE using a computer-assisted image analysis system. It
      was found that the patterns of both cellular and secreted proteins of testicular
      macrophages were vastly different than those of peritoneal macrophages. One
      striking difference was the presence of a family of proteins in the 47 kd range,
      with a range of pI from 5.7-6.3 that represented approximately 57% of the total
      protein secreted by testicular macrophages. Proteins of similar molecular weight
      and pI represented only approximately 15% of the total peritoneal macrophage
      secreted proteins. Many other differences were observed in less abundant cellular
      and secreted proteins. These studies strongly support the concept that
      macrophages are functionally heterogeneous and secrete a group of proteins
      characteristic to the histological location of these cells.

PMID- 2641923
TI  - Distensibility of capillaries in the bat wing.
AB  - Preliminary experiments in our laboratory have shown that the distensibility
      characteristics of the capillary compartment in the bat wing depended upon its
      location in the vascular tree. The capillaries were then divided into arteriolar,
      middle and venular segments (according to their proximity to precapillary
      sphincters or nonmuscular venules). The bat was enclosed in an airtight box, one
      wing protruding through a slit and extended over a glass plate for microscopic
      observations. Continuous recordings of the diameter of the capillary segments
      were obtained; after 5 min of control recordings, the box pressure was raised in
      steps of 25 mm Hg to a maximum of 100 mm Hg and then returned to control level.
      The duration of each step was 4 min. Each increase of the pressure led to the
      dilatation of the capillary, but its arteriolar segment appeared to be more
      distensible than the middle and venous ones. After shifting the box pressure, the
      diameter increase was gradual and capillary distensibility decreased with
      increasing pressure (the venular segment showed the most prominent reduction in
      distensibility). These findings suggest the existence of a longitudinal gradient
      of distensibility in the capillary compartment.

PMID- 2641924
TI  - Cooling augments contractile response to 5-hydroxytryptamine via an endothelium
      dependent mechanism.
AB  - The interaction between cooling and vasoactive substances, e.g. 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cold
      induced vasospasm. Our objective was to study the effect of cooling on the 5-HT
      vascular response, classify the involved 5-HT receptors, and to analyze the role
      of the endothelium. Ring segments from the rat jugular vein, a preparation
      without alpha-adrenergic receptors, were suspended in organ baths to record the
      circular motor activity. The temperature was initially 37 degrees C and was
      thereafter either continuously lowered to 10 degrees C or kept constant at
      different temperatures within this range. 5-HT at low concentrations (10(-11) to
      3 x 10(-8) M) induced relaxation at 37 degrees C in segments precontracted by
      prostaglandin F2 alpha. The relaxation was recognized to be mediated via an
      endothelium-dependent 5-HT1-like receptor mechanism presumably involving the
      release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Cooling to 29 and 20
      degrees C diminished the relaxation, probably due to an attenuated release of
      EDRF. 5-HT at concentrations of more than 10(-8) M induced a contraction in all
      vessels at 37 degrees C mediated via a 5-HT2 receptor. An increased 5-HT-induced
      contraction was seen at temperatures below 37 degrees C in vessels with an intact
      endothelium. Endothelial denudation diminished the cold-induced enhancement of
      the contraction to 5-HT. These studies suggest that endothelial mechanisms
      contribute to a cold-induced augmented response to 5-HT.

PMID- 2641925
TI  - Effects of oxygen and flow on the diameter of the femoral artery of the rabbit.
AB  - Contradictory results concerning the effects of oxygen and flow on blood vessel
      dimensions have been published. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      diameter changes in isolated, cannulated femoral arteries (n = 5) of the rabbit
      in a preconstricted state (two norepinephrine levels) during high and low pO2
      (both inside and outside) at different flow levels. In this way the interaction
      between oxygen and flow is also investigated. Results were normalized to relative
      diameters, where the diameter at zero flow, during high pO2 and low
      norepinephrine concentration was considered as a control diameter (100%). We
      found three effects in this study: (1) going from high to low oxygen, there was a
      global vasoconstriction (repeated measures, analysis of variance, p = 0.016 with
      low norepinephrine and p = 0.015 with high norepinephrine); (2) when flow was
      increased from 1 to 100 ml/h, we found a significant (p less than 0.001) flow
      dependent constriction under all four conditions, and (3) there is an interaction
      between flow and oxygen, for example at low norepinephrine the constriction due
      to low oxygen is 16% at zero flow and 1% at a flow of 1 ml/h, at high
      norepinephrine these numbers are 22 and 10%, respectively.

PMID- 2641926
TI  - Does the endothelium play a role in flow-dependent constriction? A study in the
      isolated rabbit femoral artery.
AB  - We studied the role of the endothelium in diameter changes as a function of flow
      of the isolated femoral artery of the rabbit (n = 15) perfused and superfused
      with a physiological salt solution (37 degrees C). In 10 vessels, diameters were
      studied before and after exposure to gossypol, an agent that impairs the
      endothelial function pharmacologically. In 5 of these 10 vessels we added albumin
      (1.5%) to the perfusion solution. The mean external diameter (+/- SEM) after
      equilibration for 60 min at a transmural pressure of 50 cm H2O (n = 10) was:
      1,426 +/- 34 microns. Vessels were then constricted with norepinephrine (1.0-1.5
      microM in the superfusion solution) to 70% of the resting diameter, acetylcholine
      was used to check endothelial function. All vessels constricted as flow was
      increased (p less than 0.001), irrespective of the impairment of the endothelial
      function by gossypol or the presence of albumin. It is therefore unlikely that
      the flow-induced constriction results from a 'wash away' effect of endothelium
      derived relaxing factor (EDRF). To test whether EDRF could still play a role
      after gossypol, we used hemoglobin (n = 5) to bind EDRF. Flow-dependent
      constriction was still observed, although the mean diameter was decreased. We
      conclude that flow-dependent constriction is either mediated via the endothelial
      cells, but not via EDRF, or that the endothelial cells are not involved.

PMID- 2641927
TI  - Dissociation of elastin and elastase-like activity of aorta from stroke in stroke
      prone SHR.

PMID- 2641928
TI  - [Primary hyperparathyroidism. Apropos of 102 recent exploratory cervicotomies:
      diagnostic and clinical pitfalls].
AB  - The authors report on various diagnostic pitfalls on 102 patients having
      undergone exploratory cervicotomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. A false
      positive diagnostic error was made on 2% of the cases, bringing to 100 the number
      of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. False
      negative diagnosis was made on 4% of the patients: two late diagnoses leading to
      an acute toxic state and death postoperatively in both cases; two pure
      psychiatric variants leading to repetitive hospitalizations in psychiatry. Error
      in diagnosis because of a masking effect was made in 4% of the cases:--one
      association with a clear cell nephro--epithelioma--one association with a
      multiple myeloma--two associations with a benign monoclonal gammapathy. The
      absence of hypercalcemia, a diagnostic pitfall in the modern form of this disease
      was found in 7% of the cases. PTH hypersecretion which is virtually a constant
      finding in the normocalcemic form of the disease obviates in most cases the need
      of a bone biopsy and quantitative histomorphometric analysis. The association
      with another endocrinopathy was found in 12% of the cases (2 MEN I, 1 MEN II, 9
      hyperthyroidism). Because of its high frequency in the aged (22% greater than 75
      years) the diagnosis of this disease is difficult for its signs are mimicked as
      well by the aging process. The preoperative topographic diagnostic error is
      avoided since there doesn't seem to be any test which would preclude the normal
      surgical procedure of carefully exploring all 4 topographic sites of the
      parathyroid. Surgical errors can be numerous but minimized with the increasing
      experience of the operator. Histological errors are seen mainly in the
      normocalcemic variety where only electron microscopy can detect the typical signs
      of cellular hyperactivity.

PMID- 2641929
TI  - [Epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. Value of a multidisciplinary approach].
AB  - Great progress has been achieved in the clinical diagnosis, the pathologic
      patterns study and the treatment of anal epidermoid carcinomas. External and
      interstitial radiotherapy in association with chemotherapy offers today a real
      chance to cure these lesions and to save sphincter function. Incidence in actinic
      lesions is reduced. Salvage abdominoperineal excision is still possible in case
      of local recurrence without delay in wound healing. 95 cases of anal epidermoid
      carcinoma were treated in the University cantonal Hospital of Geneva by a
      combined radio-chemotherapy approach. Local control has been achieved in 86% of
      tumors less than 4 cm in diameter and 73% of tumors more than 4 cm in diameter.
      Salvage abdomino-perineal excision has been required in 10% of cases. Abdomino
      perineal excision is no more the first treatment of choice of anal epidermoid
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2641930
TI  - [The hospital policy of the Military Health Service].
AB  - After having pointed out what nowadays the military hospital area represents and
      what its missions consist in, the authors shed the light on the trends they want
      the Medical Corps organization to develop and follow in order to meet its needs
      within the field of its allowed means. As a conclusion, they bring out the fact
      that, in the future, doctors will have to assume responsibilities if they want to
      remain "deciders", as far as hospital management is concerned.

PMID- 2641931
TI  - [Bone metastases of breast cancer. Surgical treatment of 228 sites in the limbs].
AB  - A series of 228 bone metastases of breast cancer in the limbs was operated
      continuously in the same division from 1965 to 1989. The consistent analysis of
      epidemiology, techniques and results allowed regularly improving the accuracy of
      surgical indications, which are now properly codified and preferably include
      arthroplasties and closed-focus osteosynthesis.

PMID- 2641932
TI  - [Treatment of aortic coarctation].
AB  - 244 cases of coarctation of the aorta were treated surgically from 1953 to 1988.
      The age of the patients ranged from 3 days to 59 years with an average of 11.2
      years. The average age of the patients decreased progressively over the years.
      22% of the patients (54 patients) were less than one year old at the time of the
      operation. The percentage of infants presenting with decompensation and
      associated cardiac malformation increased progressively over the years. A total
      of 40 out of 54 patients belong to this group. The surgical procedure--resection
      and shunt--was a standard one in 89% of all cases. A prosthesis was required in
      4.5% of all cases, and a widening patch in another 5.3%. An unusual technique had
      to be used in 1.7% of cases. The surgical mortality was of 12 patients (4.9%),
      all belonging to the infant group (3 days to 13 months old). No mortality was
      observed among older patients, nor among the elective surgical cases. 9 patients
      were treated for recurrence of coarctation. No case of paraplegia was noted in
      this series.

PMID- 2641933
TI  - [Locoregional recurrence of breast cancer. Long-term course of 49 cases treated
      by excision and omentoplasty].
AB  - Extensive local recurrence of breast cancer may require wide parietal resection,
      demanding the use of other tissues to compensate for the loss of substance. We
      preferably resort to omentoplasty when the defect is larger than 300 cm2. A group
      of 49 patients with recurrence of the tumor in the breasts (treated with
      omentoplasty) has been studied, with special emphasis on long-term results. In
      our series, 86% of the patients were followed up for more than 4 years, with an
      actuarial survival rate of 46% after 7 years. It thus appears that this procedure
      can be advocated for slow-developing cancers, the local recurrence of which is
      extensive and usually isolate for various reasons (most often a deficient initial
      local treatment).

PMID- 2641934
TI  - [Bypass for limb salvage. A matter of the veins? Preliminary report apropos of
      100 femoro-distal revascularizations].
AB  - The authors have performed a prospective study on 100 cases of limb salvage. The
      reference procedure was the in situ femoro-subinguinal bypass (67 observations).
      If no vein could be used, replacement material was thin-wall PTFE (33
      observations). Both groups are clinically and radiologically homogeneous. The
      longest delay is 30 months. The cumulated patency rate is 86% for venous bypass
      grafts against 62% for prostheses. The difference is less marked for limb
      salvage: 96% with venous bypass and 84% with a PTFE bypass. Without trying to
      oppose both techniques, the authors emphasize the need for revascularization,
      even when distally seems to be compromised.

PMID- 2641935
TI  - [Studies on the effect of Krynica mineral water from the "Zuber" spring on
      alcohol-damaged gastric mucosa in rats].
AB  - The study was performed to investigate the protective effect of mineral water
      "Zuber", "Zuber" with "Jan" and an antacid on the alcohol induced gastric mucosal
      injury in rats. It was shown that Alugastrin, a hyperosmotic liquid antacid,
      protects rat gastric mucosa against alcohol. In opposite, a hyperosmotic and
      alkaline mineral water "Zuber" increases a vulnerability of the gastric mucosa
      and worsen the damaging effect of alcohol on it. Izoosmotic mixture of mineral
      waters "Zuber" and "Jan", similarly to a physiologic saline, do not protect rat
      gastric mucosa. The study show that mineral waters "Zuber" and "Zuber" with "Jan"
      have a short-lasting neutralizing effect on the gastric HCl and in opposite to
      antacids have not protective properties on gastric mucosa.

PMID- 2641936
TI  - [Physiological principles of imipramine pharmacokinetics].
AB  - Part I. Assessment of hepatic elimination of IMI based on the in vivo, in vitro
      an isolated rat liver perfusion experimental data. The isolated rat liver
      perfusion was carried out acc. to Miller at two different hepatic blood flow 6
      and 11 ml/min respectively. The postmitochondrial liver fraction (9000 g) as a
      source of enzymes metabolized of IMI was incubated acc. to Nakazawa to estimate
      Vm, Km and Clintr values. Based on these enzymatic parameters and using ("well
      stirred") model of hepatic elimination, the hepatic clearance (ClH) and hepatic
      extraction ratio (E) of IMI were predicted and compared with the values derived
      from perfusion experiments as well as from in vivo studies. A good agreement was
      obtained between predicted and observed ClH and E values. It was found that
      systemic clearance of IMI is similar to hepatic clearance and is affected by
      change in hepatic blood flow. The hepatic elimination of IMI is unaffected by
      protein binding of this drug and both free and bound fraction were available for
      metabolism. Part II. Studies on the rat brain transport of IMI. Using Oldendorf's
      method (BUI method) the rat brain uptake of 3H-IMI in the presence of unlabeled
      IMI (0.25-250 microM) as well as after multiple dosing of IMI was studied. It was
      found, that the transport of 3H-IMI through blood brain barrier was nonsaturable
      up to 250 microM, what can reflect the transport via passive diffusion. Only very
      high brain concentration of IMI can inhibited the brain uptake of 3H-IMI. The
      uptake of 3H-IMI is not restrictive by plasma protein binding of this compound.

PMID- 2641937
TI  - [Possibilities of objective evaluation of local reactive cell infiltrates in
      transplantable tumors].
AB  - The studies on infiltrations consisting of reactive cells, i.e. lymphocytes,
      macrophages and neutrophils within and in the vicinity of neoplastic tissue were
      performed in order to elucidate the nature of the growth and to asses the role of
      these cells in human tumors. The objective methods for both qualitative and
      quantitative evaluation of the infiltrating cells are necessary to obtain
      comparable results. We report our studies on the numbers and types of reactive
      cells present in 3 transplantable murine tumors with different immunogenicity
      (SaL-1, LLC, MCA-Sa). The cytological characterization of cells was performed as
      following: after enzymic digestion of the tissue the cell suspension was then
      passed through Millipore filters and dyed. The preliminary evaluation of the
      percentage of lymphocytes T found in the tumor infiltrations was performed using
      cytotoxicity test with monoclonal antithymocytic serum (Monoclonal Anti-Mouse Thy
      1, 2). We have shown that there are differences in the number and type of
      reactive cells in infiltrations of the three different tumor tested. With the
      increasing mass of tumors the percent of reactive cells decreases proportionally.

PMID- 2641938
TI  - [Use of the Monte Carlo method for predicting the outcome of hypertension].
AB  - A group of 764 out-patients (359 men and 405 women) was studied 10-24 years after
      having received clinical treatment for hypertension. After discharge from the
      clinic 455 patients died. The degree of the disease development was defined in
      164 out of 178 survivals. The fate of 131 subjects was unknown. By using the
      theory of probability and Monte Carlo method we calculated mean times of progress
      from one class to another (according to Tochowicz's classification) and mean
      survival times at particular stages of the disease. Hypertension progress from
      class II to class III was 11.4 years, and survival time measured from the
      diagnosis to the manifestation of class II was 12.3 years. Progress from class
      III to class IV was 8.0 years, and survival time of patients with class III was
      7.3 years. In class IV patients mean survival time was only 2.5 years. In
      patients died of hypertension complications mean survival time was 17.1 years. A
      single control study by using the Monte Carlo method permits a definition of the
      dynamics in the development of hypertension and duration of its successive
      stages.

PMID- 2641939
TI  - [Changes in circulating blood volume in patients with ischemic heart disease
      during and after surgery with extracorporeal circulation].
AB  - Twelve men scheduled for elective coronary bypass graft surgery were
      investigated. Blood volume was measured using as a tracer iodine contained in
      Uropolin and endogenous iron. Concentration of this markers was measured by
      proton induced x-ray emission PIXE) method. Arterial blood was sampled before
      operation, every ten minutes during extracorporeal circulation and every hour
      during the day of operation. Simultaneously all of the outcome and income fluids
      were noted so it was possible to calculate changes in blood volume related to
      water moving from intravascular into extravascular space or inversely. It was
      found that patients suffered from coronary disease had lower circulating blood
      volume than the normal population. During extracorporeal circulation and the
      first hours after operation changes in blood volume ranges +/- 20% and this was
      caused by continuous water exchange between intravascular and extravascular
      spaces. The degree and direction of the changes were not related to time and type
      of infused fluids used in the pump prime as well. Most of the patients had the
      blood volume higher after operation than before, but that did not influence blood
      pressure and central venous pressure significantly.

PMID- 2641940
TI  - [Effect of isoproterenol on left-ventricular systolic time interval in primary
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - Left ventricular systolic time intervals were investigated before and after
      administration i.v. 10 micrograms of isoproterenol in a group of 12 patients with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Control group consisted of 10 healthy subjects.
      Isoproterenol shortened on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy pre-ejection periods: pre
      ejection period index, isovolumetric contraction time, and Q-1. sound interval. Q
      2. sound interval index did not shorten after isoproterenol what was observed in
      healthy subjects. Lef ventricular ejection time index lengthened little in
      patients and shortened in controls. These changes of left ventricular systolic
      time intervals suggest that isoproterenol makes difficult blood ejection from the
      ventricle.

PMID- 2641941
TI  - [Protective effect of alkalies on ethyl alcohol-damaged gastric mucosa].
AB  - A few recent reports suggest the protective effect of antacids against gastric
      mucosal injury. This study was aimed to examine the influence of some antacids on
      ethanol induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. We have found that Polish
      antacids (Alugastrin, Gelatum Aluminii Phosphorici, Gastrin) and calcium
      carbonate diminished gastric mucosal lesions produced by ethanol. Moreover,
      Alugastrin and Gelatum Aluminii Phosphorici decreased volume of gastric contents,
      and its pH, as well as lowered sodium, potassium and protein levels and decreased
      LDH activity in gastric contents. These findings indicate that antacids protect
      rat gastric mucosa against injury caused by ethanol. We have found also that
      aspirin given prior to Alugastrin abolished the protective ability of Alugastrin.
      This suggest that prostaglandins might be involved in antacid cytoprotection. Our
      studies indicate that antacids can be used prophilactically in the gastric
      mucosal injuries.

PMID- 2641942
TI  - Behavioural mapping of patients on a stroke unit.
AB  - Stroke patients were observed in hospital over 3 days and their behaviour
      recorded. Patients were observed to spend a high proportion of their time
      inactive and solitary. This occurred most frequently in the ward day-room and
      reception area. There was little variation throughout the day in the distribution
      of different behaviours. The results indicate that on a stroke unit, designed to
      provide intensive rehabilitation, patients spend much of their time in non
      therapeutic activities.

PMID- 2641943
TI  - Assessing the consequences of chronic respiratory disease: a critical review.
AB  - This paper offers an overview of problems involved in assessing respiratory
      disablement. Health status and quality of life research have become of increasing
      importance but critical gaps remain, especially in relation to the
      multidimensional consequences of chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD). It
      is argued that much existing psychosocial research has been long on the 'psycho'
      and short on the wider social consequences and dimensions of respiratory
      disablement. Many general measures of quality of life and disability are not well
      suited to assessment of these problems. There is a need to supplement general
      instruments with more disease-specific measures--many for breathlessness, the
      most disabling symptom of COAD, have been crude and insensitive. There is also a
      need to augment predominantly quantitative techniques with qualitative data
      derived from patients' and carers' perspectives. Wider implications of disability
      assessment at the welfare policy level are discussed, and the paper concludes by
      suggesting future research areas on respiratory disablement.

PMID- 2641944
TI  - Myoelectric prostheses for below-elbow amputees: the Trent experience.
AB  - Experience of myoelectric prostheses for unilateral below-elbow amputees in a
      large region of Great Britain is presented. Of the cases considered, 14 were
      adults and 29 were 16 years of age or less. The rejection rate was 25% overall
      but it was lower in adults, at 17%. Comparisons with published data and other
      aspects of myoelectric prostheses are discussed. Just over half the 37 amputees
      interviewed were independent in activities of daily living; independence was more
      common in the adults, at 77%. A very large proportion of myoelectric prosthesis
      users also used body-powered prostheses, demonstrating a need for both types of
      prosthesis for optimum rehabilitation. It is recommended that myoelectric
      prosthetic programmes should be carried out from specialized centres with
      comprehensive facilities for this expensive rehabilitation aid.

PMID- 2641945
TI  - Poliomyelitis in Egypt: efficacy of mass campaigns.
AB  - Vaccination against poliomyelitis in Egypt is described, including a historical
      perspective. Mass vaccination programmes have significantly reduced the incidence
      of the diseases, although it is far from being eradicated. Much disability has
      been prevented, though more work is needed to verify seroconversion rates in
      children after vaccination and to clarify the effect of environmental factors on
      success.

PMID- 2641946
TI  - Rehabilitation outcome for patients with spinal cord injury.
AB  - A follow-up study of 58 patients with spinal cord injury was conducted. As
      measure of function the Barthel index was used. There was correlation between
      functional capacity and ability of self-care as well as some social determinants.
      However, no association was found with employment rate or certain other
      determinants of independent living, such as going on a holiday. We conclude that
      the severity of the lesion is a fundamental factor in determining the outcome,
      but factors related to personal and psychosocial variables, not easily measured,
      also have great influence on the rehabilitation process.

PMID- 2641947
TI  - Matrix management in a rehabilitation centre.
AB  - This paper considers an old topic from a newer perspective, that of current
      management theory. A high degree of differentiation is intrinsic to most
      rehabilitation inpatient facilities. At Loewenstein, patients are accommodated
      according to medical categories in purpose departments, of which medical and
      nursing staff are a part. Allied health professionals are organized in functional
      departments. Care is provided by a team derived from both types of department. A
      matrix organization is thus established, superimposing a patient care team (for
      lateral horizontal co-ordination) on the organization of functional departments
      (for vertical hierarchical co-ordination) and built around a temporary project,
      the individual patient. This organizational structure maximizes the advantages
      and minimizes the disadvantages of both types of department in solving the
      conflict between specialization and integration. It has facilitated effective and
      efficient vertical and horizontal co-ordination and enhanced the provision of
      care by a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team.

PMID- 2641948
TI  - An endogenous factor induces heterogeneity of binding sites of selective
      muscarinic receptor antagonists in rat heart.
AB  - According to molecular biological and pharmacological criteria, rat heart
      membranes normally express only one muscarinic receptor subtype. The selective
      antagonists pirenzepine and AF-DX 116 bind to this receptor with a single
      affinity: low and high, respectively. We report here that an endogenous,
      intracellular factor alters the affinity of selective antagonists for muscarinic
      receptors in the heart. Thus, when the intracellular fluid is added back to rat
      heart membranes, both pirenzepine and AF-DX 116 bind to two receptor sites.
      Approximately 30% of the receptors bind pirenzepine with high affinity and AF-DX
      116 with low affinity. Thus, while cardiac muscarinic receptors are coded for by
      a single mRNA and are therefore genetically homogeneous, the resulting receptor
      protein might behave like a mixture of receptor subtypes in intact tissues due to
      the influence of intracellular factors on receptor conformation.

PMID- 2641949
TI  - A procedure for purification of the ryanodine receptor from skeletal muscle.
AB  - In this paper, we describe a simple and reproducible method for purifying large
      quantities of ryanodine receptor from skeletal muscle membranes. The procedure
      involves the use of ion exchange chromatography and sucrose gradient
      centrifugation to purify the protein which has been identified as the calcium
      release protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Imagawa, T., Smith, J., Coronado,
      R. and Campbell, K. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262:16,636-16,643). Addition of
      micromolar quantities of unlabeled ryanodine prior to solubilization and
      throughout the isolation procedure appears to stabilize the tetrameric structure
      of the ryanodine receptor. The purified receptor, consisting predominantly of a
      400K polypeptide on SDS-PAGE, binds [3H]ryanodine with a binding affinity similar
      to that in membranes. Overall recovery of ryanodine binding activity was 21% of
      the initial activity with a 30-fold purification of the receptor.

PMID- 2641950
TI  - Interaction of concanavalin A and a divalent derivative with lymphocytes and
      reconstituted lymphocyte membrane glycoproteins.
AB  - Both concanavalin A (con A) and its divalent derivative, succinyl-concanavalin A
      (S-con A) are mitogenic for porcine lymph node lymphocytes. We have compared the
      binding of these two lectins to intact porcine lymphocytes and phospholipid
      vesicles containing reconstituted lymphocyte membrane glycoproteins. Both con A
      and S-con A showed high- and low-affinity binding to intact cells, as indicated
      by LIGAND analysis of Scatchard plots of binding data. Despite the apparently
      identical saccharide specificities of the two lectins, high-affinity binding
      sites for S-con A were only one-third as numerous as high-affinity sites for the
      parent lectin. Large numbers of low-affinity binding sites existed for con A,
      while many fewer were present for S-con A. It is suggested that these sites
      result from hydrophobic association. Con A bound to lymphocytes in a positively
      cooperative fashion, while S-con A showed noncooperative behavior. Lectin binding
      to large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles containing reconstituted lymphocyte
      membrane glycoproteins was measured using a rapid filtration assay, and was
      linear with the glycoprotein content of the vesicles. Almost all of the outward
      facing glycoprotein was functional in terms of lectin binding. Reconstituted
      glycoproteins showed only a single class of high-affinity binding sites for both
      con A and S-con A, with association constants similar to those measured for
      intact cells. Con A, but not S-con A, showed positively cooperative binding to
      reconstituted vesicles. Cooperativity was observed in both gel phase and liquid
      crystalline phase lipid, and was thus not dependent on long-range lateral
      rearrangement of glycoprotein receptors. Results suggested that con A induces a
      microredistribution of receptors on the lymphocyte membrane surface, leading to
      the exposure of glycoproteins that were previously inaccessible to the lectin. S
      Con A does not cause glycoprotein redistribution, and a large fraction of the
      receptors remain cryptic.

PMID- 2641951
TI  - Modification of the biosynthesis and composition of polyglycerophosphatides in
      outer and inner mitochondrial membranes by cytidine liponucleotides.
AB  - The biosynthesis of [3H]polyglycerophosphatides ([3H]phosphatidylglycerophosphate
      and [3H]phosphatidylglycerol) in mitochondrial and submitochondrial (outer and
      inner) membranes isolated from guinea pig liver was examined. Experimental
      results have established that the amount of biosynthesized
      [3H]polyglycerophosphatides and the relative amounts of biosynthesized
      [3H]phosphatidylglycerol and [3H]phosphatidylglycerolphosphate can be influenced
      by varying the composition of fatty acids in CDP-diglycerides and by altering the
      incubation time of the mixture containing CDP-diglycerides (obligatory
      precursor), sn-[2-3H]glycerol-3-phosphate and mitochondria or submitochondrial
      membranes. The changes thus obtained in respect to the amount and composition of
      biosynthesized [3H]polyglycerophosphatides are different in mitochondria and
      submitochondrial membranes. The highest amount of biosynthesized
      [3H]polyglycerophosphatides was obtained with CDP-didecanoin and inner
      mitochondrial membranes. The greatest accumulation of [3H]phosphatidylglycerol
      with CDP-didecanoin was obtained in mitochondria and outer mitochondrial
      membranes, while in inner mitochondrial membranes the amounts of
      [3H]phosphatidylglycerol and [3H]phosphatidylglycerolphosphate accumulated were
      approximately the same. In general, prolongation of the incubation time decreased
      the relative amounts of [3H]phosphatidylglycerolphosphate and increased the
      amount of accumulated [3H]phosphatidylglycerol, but the absolute amounts of these
      [3H]polyglycerophosphatides were more dependent on fatty acid composition of CDP
      diglycerides tested. The following cytidine liponucleotides were tested: CDP
      didecanoin, CDP-dipalmitin, CDP-diolein, and CDP-diglycerides containing
      saturated and unsaturated fatty acids similar to those in egg yolk lecithin. The
      formation of [3H]cardiolipin from [3H]phosphatidylglycerol in the presence of CDP
      didecanoin and Mn2+ was found in both the outer and inner mitochondrial
      membranes.

PMID- 2641952
TI  - [Maxillo-mandibular sagittal relations in the lateral facial examination].
AB  - For the purpose of developing a clinical method of facial examination that could
      permit a determination of the skeletal position of the upper jaw and the
      mandible, a sample of 70 teleradiographies of individuals among 8 and 18 years of
      both sexes was analyzed. The anteroposterior relationship of the maxila to the
      cranium was analyzed through perpendiculars from skin points Nasion, Glabela and
      Subnasal to the Frankfurt horizontal plane and it was found that Glabela was 2 mm
      behind Subnasal. The anteroposterior position of the mandible related to the
      maxila was studied on a perpendicular to Tragion-Subnasal plane descended from
      point Subnasal and it was found that the labiomental fold was coincident with
      this perpendicular. A new clinical method using a square rule leaned on the cheek
      using these reference points is recommended.

PMID- 2641953
TI  - [Actinic cheilitis in Quinta fishing workers: prevalence and associated
      histopathological aspects].
AB  - The purpose of the present investigation was to study the occurrence and degree
      of severity of the actinic cheilitis in a sample of 566 artisan fishermen of
      Valparaiso, Chile. The condition was found in 43% of the sample, the degree of
      severity was an 8% for the acute expression and a 35% for the chronic type of the
      disease. A direct relationship between the number of years spent on sun exposure
      and the degree of severity of the vermillion alterations was found, being the
      patients between 16 and 45 years old the group most severely involved, a finding
      similar to the data reported in the current literature. The prone complexion was
      the fair one: those fishermen with blond or red hair, blue or green eyes and fair
      skin showed both clinical and histopathologically early disturbances of
      degenerative nature in the collagenous component of the connective tissue and in
      the epithelial surface.

PMID- 2641954
TI  - [Effect of weekly mouthrinses with 0.2% neutral NaF solution on caries incidence
      in first permanent molars].
AB  - A 32-month study was undertaken to determine the caries inhibitory effect of a
      weekly rinse for one minute with a solution of 0.2% NaF on the first permanent
      molars. Subjects who participated in the study were 295 school children aged from
      5 to 13 years who were divided by random selection in two groups, test and
      control who rinsed with either 0.2% NaF solution or a placebo under double-blind
      conditions. Reductions in caries increments on first permanent molars (20.7% DMFT
      and 31.9% DMFS) were seen in the test group as compared with the control group. A
      preventive effect was also seen in all first permanent molars surfaces, being the
      major protective effect in approximal surfaces (52% reduction) followed by
      occlusal (36%) and bucolingual surfaces (16%).

PMID- 2641955
TI  - [Epidemiological study of oral health in a young adult Mapuche population].
AB  - An epidemiological study on oral health was conducted on 200 mapuche natives,
      aged from 14 to 30 years in order to correlate their oral health level with their
      oral health habits, scholar level, age and sex. DMFT index and the simplified
      Oral Hygiene Index were evaluated in the sample of studied patients. It was found
      a 18.15 DMFT score, higher than the national level in our country, and the
      simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) was 1.7, showing deficient oral hygiene
      habits. A direct relationship between a low scholar level and a high caries index
      and a high OHI-S index was found.

PMID- 2641956
TI  - [Parotid sialography in the elderly. Differential diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome
      (1)].

PMID- 2641957
TI  - [Dental caries in preschoolers and students in Monte Patria, region 4].
AB  - An epidemiological study on caries prevalence was undertaken on school children
      and pre-school children aged from 2 to 14 years, of Monte Patria, a small city
      located in the North of Chile, following the criteria established by the World
      Health Organization. It was found that the 90.54% of the studied sample had
      caries, the 21% of the patients lost permanent teeth due to caries, and the
      presence of filled teeth was detected only in 1.75% of the children. DMFT index
      of the sample was 5.16 and dmft index was 4.60.

PMID- 2641958
TI  - [Diagnosis of facial pain: a clinical experience].
AB  - A sample of 228 patients with facial pain is reported in the present paper. Among
      them, 112 cases are typical idiopathic trigeminal neuralgias, 111 are cases of
      secondary facial pain (including 7 cases symptomatic trigeminal neuralgias) and 5
      patients were classified as vascular facial pain. Among the 119 cases of
      clinically diagnosed trigeminal neuralgias there were 112 (94, 11%) with no
      evidence of organic cause. Only 7 cases (5.89%) were identified as organic,
      including 3 cases of bulbar and pontic vascular lesions, 2 cases of iatrogenic
      injuries following neurosurgery, 1 case of meningioma of the ponto-cerebellar
      angle and 1 case of neurosyphillis. The most frequent conditions that produce
      secondary facial pain were: miofacial pain syndrome, sinusitis, cervical
      vertebral lesions, post herpetic neuralgias, malignant head and neck tumours and
      encephalic vascular lesions of the pain pathway.

PMID- 2641959
TI  - [Variations in arch and tooth size in the upper jaw of cleft palate patients].
AB  - The size of the upper dental arch and of the upper permanent teeth in a group of
      cleft lip/palate patients of both sexes, 12 years of age and older were compared
      to a control group of normal patients. Our results showed a significant size
      reduction in all of the longitudinal arch dimensions in cleft lip/palate
      patients. It was also seen a significant reduction of the intercanine and
      intermolar width dimensions. Mesiodistal and buccolingual teeth diameter
      reductions were observed in patients with left unilateral cleft lip and cleft
      palate, being this feature remarkable in the central and lateral incisors.
      Differences in size between antimeric teeth were only observed in upper lateral
      incisors in patients with left unilateral clefts. The relative influence of
      genetic and environmental factors on our patients was not determined with the
      results obtained in the present investigation.

PMID- 2641960
TI  - [Fluoride content of tea and amount ingested by children].
AB  - The fluoride concentration on their respective infusions was determined in the
      twelve most popular brand of tea which can be obtained in Valparaiso, Chile.
      Fluoride concentration was measured 5, 45 and 180 minutes after tea preparation,
      by using an specific fluoride electrode. The amount of ingestion of tea in
      children was estimated by means of a survey on 303 children from a sample of
      7,690 boys and girls living in a fluoridated area. The data revealed a large
      variability in fluoride concentration depending on the brand of tea. Mean
      fluoride concentration was 2.36 mg F/l. at the five first minutes. Sixty eight
      per cent of children drinking tea as usual beverage, therefore it was estimated
      that about 22.1% of this sample have risk of dental fluorosis.

PMID- 2641961
TI  - [In vitro cultivation of tooth germs (in mice)].
AB  - Mouse molars tooth buds on the bell stage were cultured, to investigate the best
      medium for their maintainance and their eventual clinical use. Tooth germs were
      cultivated during 3 to 8 days in three different medium: Eagle basal medium
      (liquid medium), agar-solidified medium and chick chorioallantoic membrane. The
      grafts were examined by light microscopy. Mesenchymal and atypical cells were
      counted in experimental and control groups. Our results showed that liquid medium
      was the best for 3-days buds cultures. Chorioallantoic membrane and agar
      solidified medium showed better results for the maintainance of bud cultures for
      8-day test. The objective of this study is to maintain in vitro tooth buds
      cultures for future transplants. This will also provide for the possibility of a
      more in-depth study of normal odontogenesis.

PMID- 2641962
TI  - [Pharmacotherapy of trigeminal neuralgia].
AB  - The efficacy of drug treatment on 119 patients with trigeminal neuralgia is
      reported in the present paper. Among them, 112 were idiopathic trigeminal
      neuralgias while only 7 cases were secondary trigeminal neuralgias. All patients
      were treated with drugs at different stages of the evolution of the neuralgia.
      Carbamazepine was used on all patients. 12.6% was treated with imipramine
      (tricyclic antidepressive drug), 4 patients received amphetamines due to
      psychiatric emergencies, 4 patients were treated with phenytoin before this study
      and three patients received baclofen during short periods of follow-up. Drug
      therapy was the only treatment method in 51 patients. In 43 patients it was
      combined with peripheral surgical treatments including injections of alcohol and
      neurectomies. 16.8% of the patients were treated with drugs and acupuncture; the
      results of this experience will be reported in a future paper. Only 4.2% (5
      patients) underwent neurosurgical treatment: one ponto cerebellar angle tumour,
      one electrocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion through the stereotaxic method
      and three cases of microvascular decompression of the trigeminal root. Clinical,
      pharmacological and neurophysiological aspects of trigeminal neuralgia
      pharmacotherapy are discussed.

PMID- 2641963
TI  - [Hydrostatic sialography].
AB  - In the present paper we report our clinical experience with hydrostatic
      sialography, a modification of the conventional technique, which consist in
      introducing the contrast liquid into the salivary glands by means of gravity
      pressure. Additionally, a comparative study was done between both techniques. Our
      results are in accordance with those previously reported in the current
      literature i.e. the hydrostatic sialography is superior to the current technique,
      since does not allow the overinjection of the contrast liquid in the salivary
      gland and also is better tolerated by the patient. However, new experiences with
      the technique are needed, largely in patients with different diseases of the
      salivary glands in order to establish the usefulness of the latter in daily
      practice.

PMID- 2641964
TI  - [Bilateral transposition in the mandible].
AB  - A bilateral case of transposition of canines and lateral incisives developing in
      the lower jaw of an eleven year-old age is reported in this paper. The very low
      occurrence of the condition is emphasized by the author and usually the lesion is
      diagnosed late, once the disturbance is already established. In the case herewith
      reported, the advanced eruption of the involved teeth determined the need for
      orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 2641965
TI  - [Tuberculous ulcer of the tongue: clinical case].
AB  - A 26 year-old female was seeking treatment for a painless ulcerated lesion of the
      tongue developing 30 days before. No history of a sef biting in that area was
      told by the patient. Following a provisional diagnosis of tuberculous ulcer or a
      neoplasm, under local anesthesia, a segment of the lesion was excised and sent to
      histological diagnosis, which confirmed the existence of a tuberculous ulcer.
      Additionally, a chest roentgenogram disclosed the presence of an undiagnosed
      pulmonar tuberculous lesion. The patient underwent a successful treatment with
      rifampicin, isoniazide and pirazinamide, and two month after the initial
      diagnosis the oral lesion was almost absent, although the pulmonar lesion was
      still detected on the roentgenogram. Finally, a total disappearance of the
      pulmonar lesion was detected six month following drug treatment.

PMID- 2641966
TI  - [System of care for early diagnosis and control of mouth cancer in Chile, using a
      self-examination approach].

PMID- 2641967
TI  - [Usefulness of trans-fontanel ultrasonography in the diagnosis of various
      pathological changes in the brain of infants. II. Evaluation of the width of
      cerebral ventricles and morphology of extra-cerebral fluid spaces].
AB  - The analysis of the morphology of the extracerebral fluid space and the
      assessment of the cerebral ventricles width were done on the ground of 200
      ultrasound cerebral scans in infants with an open anterior fontanel. A
      classification of lesions according to their morphologic picture and the level of
      progression of disease is proposed.

PMID- 2641968
TI  - [Neurological status and psychomotor development of infants with dilated
      pericerebral space].
AB  - Neurologic condition and psychomotoric development were analysed in infants up to
      14 months of age with dilated pericerebral space detected by ultrasound scan
      performed between 2nd and 5th month of life. The good prognosis was stressed in
      children with mild degree of dilatation of the subarachnoid space.

PMID- 2641969
TI  - [Effect of dopamine on left-ventricular systolic time interval in children after
      open-heart surgery].
AB  - Effect of dopamine at the dose of 3 and 6 micrograms/kg/min on the systolic time
      intervals (STI) in 16 children after open heart surgery has been examined. The
      basic hemodynamic parameters --heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean blood
      pressure have also been evaluated. Heart rate did not change during either rate
      of dopamine infusion. Systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure increased
      significantly during the higher dose of dopamine. The dose of 3 and 6
      micrograms/kg/min of dopamine decreased significantly the relation between pre
      ejection period (PEP) and left-ventricular++ ejection time (LVET). Besides during
      the higher rate of infusion pre-ejection period index was decreased. The simple
      and noninvasive measurement of systolic time intervals is a sensitive index of
      the inotropic effect of dopamine in children after cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2641970
TI  - [Coexistence of polycystic kidney and other developmental defects. Analysis of
      autopsy specimens 1953-1985].
AB  - The cases of polycystic disease of kidney selected from 33 years postmortem data
      were presented. They were classified into 4 types (according to Osathanond,
      Potter and Heptinstall) and the results correlated with accompanying
      malformations. It has been established that type I of polycystic disease of
      kidney was mostly correlated with CNS, skull and spine abnormalities. Type II and
      III were coexisting with genitourinary and ++gastrointestinal system
      malformations. No type IV of the disease has been found.

PMID- 2641971
TI  - [Gastroesophageal reflux and diseases of the respiratory system in children;
      etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment].
AB  - 16 children with various pulmonary symptoms were presented. Gastrooesophageal
      reflux was diagnosed as a cause of that. The causal correlation between
      gastrooesophageal reflux and respiratory symptoms was established on the ground
      of 24-hour monitoring of oesophageal pH, radioisotopic examination of the stomach
      and oesophagus, evaluation of the bronchial reactivity to the acidification of
      the oesophagus and of the allergic tests. Eventually surgical treatment was
      performed in all children which resulted in the complete remission of the
      symptoms or marked subjective improvement. It has been shown that
      gastrooesophageal reflux is an important cause of acute or chronic lung disease.
      The close collaboration should be established between pediatricians and pediatric
      surgeons in the treatment of gastrooesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2641972
TI  - [The Center for Family Problems. Organization and the methods of work].

PMID- 2641973
TI  - [Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I in a 10-year-old girl].

PMID- 2641974
TI  - ["MicroVADEMECUM" program as an attempt to use AMSTRAD CPC 6128 for supporting
      the decisions regarding drug selection in antibiotic therapy].

PMID- 2641975
TI  - Clinical flexibility and confidentiality: effects of reporting laws.
AB  - Legal constraints upon therapeutic flexibility, resulting in breaches of
      confidentiality, can promote counterproductive effects upon patients and society.
      Conflicts can be created for mental health professionals who sometimes must
      choose between maximum self-protection and doing what they believe is ethical. A
      survey of forensic psychiatrists indicated that most believe they face ethical
      problems created by some ambiguities in current reporting statutes if they are
      interpreted to mandate reporting and warning. Emphasis is given: (1) to the
      ethical choice faced by therapists as to whether rigidly to report and warn to
      limit liability in all Tarasoff-type situations and in some ambiguous child abuse
      situations, or to take an alternative action when it is clinically indicated for
      the benefit of a patient and/or society; (2) to the importance of understanding
      the distinction between potential criminal liability for failure to report under
      many child abuse laws, and the risk only of civil liability in Tarasoff-type
      cases; and (3) to appreciate the flexibility permitted by current "Tarasoff"
      laws. Our case histories demonstrate that mandated erosion of therapeutic
      confidentiality can present serious problems for patients and others. Suggestions
      are included for modifications in the current reporting statutes, focusing on the
      perspective that clinical flexibility is an essential adjunct to community
      protection as well as to effective therapy.

PMID- 2641976
TI  - Patients' perceived service needs when seen in a psychiatric emergency room.
AB  - Patients who came to a psychiatric emergency room and were assessed as not
      needing psychiatric hospitalization were interviewed regarding their service
      needs for the month prior to their index visit. The highest expressed needs were
      for information and advice, financial assistance, counseling and assistance in
      controlling emotions, while leisure-time activities, meeting people, budgeting,
      medications, and getting along with others were the lowest areas of expressed
      need. Those who sought help generally went to appropriate community resources
      rather than informal supports. For some, coming to the psychiatric emergency room
      was their way of addressing their needs. For a number, their methods of coping
      were to escape from their problems through the use of drugs and alcohol or sleep.
      Implications for programming in the psychiatric emergency room are discussed.

PMID- 2641977
TI  - First admission young adult patients to a state hospital: relative risk for rapid
      readmission.
AB  - High readmission rates by young adult patients to state hospitals represents a
      major service utilization problem for the public mental health system. By
      identifying those patients who have an increase risk for rapid readmission,
      effective community-based services could be developed to help reduce utilization
      of costly hospital services. A nonconcurrent prospective study of 210 first
      admission young adult patients admitted to a state hospital was conducted to
      ascertain the incidence of readmission within 180 days of discharge from the
      index admission (rapid readmission), and to establish relative risk for rapid
      readmission based on demographic, hospital utilization, and diagnostic variables.
      The cohort was partitioned into two subgroups: patients with no prior
      hospitalization, (NPH; N = 119), and patients with prior hospitalization, (PH; N
      = 91). Group comparisons revealed NPH patients had a lower readmission rate, had
      shorter hospital lengths of stay, and had a higher proportion on patients with
      personality or adjustment disorders. The relative risk for rapid readmission in
      the NPH patient group was greatest for nonwhite female patients (3.30) and for
      patients who had hospital length of stays between 4-15 days (1.76). In the PH
      patient group, the relative risk for rapid readmission was greatest for those
      patients with hospital length of stay less than 15 days (2.15). In both groups,
      patients with major mental illness were more likely to get readmitted. An
      association between hospital occupancy rate, the time of discharge from the index
      admission and readmission to the hospital, hospital length of stay, sex, race, or
      diagnostic category was not found.

PMID- 2641978
TI  - The undiluted message in psychiatry: is medical rounding valuable?
AB  - The present research investigated whether psychiatric inpatients would recall,
      without distortion, the key components of information presented to them during
      morning rounds. Over the 4 weeks of the study, the messages of rounding
      psychiatrists were recorded and then compared with the recollections of 16
      subjects recorded several hours later. Analysis showed that undistorted recall of
      messages occurred significantly more often than distorted recall or no recall.
      These results suggest that there is a possible value for undiluted messages in
      medical rounding in the inpatient psychiatric context when given as an adjunct to
      psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological interventions.

PMID- 2641979
TI  - A bite of AIDS? Institutional line staff and the fear of HIV contagion.

PMID- 2641980
TI  - How physical settings affect chronic mental patients.
AB  - A study was conducted at New York State's Harlem Valley Psychiatric Center of the
      effects of physical changes in the ward environment on severely regressed
      psychotic inpatients and on the hospital staff who treat them. Two standard wards
      were remodeled according to principles in the scientific literature, preferences
      of those involved, and attempts to facilitate treatment goals. Within 8 months of
      the inauguration of the redesigned setting, there were selective behavior and
      attitude changes in both staff (N = 27) and patients (N = 37) as compared to four
      matched control wards (staff N = 44; patient N = 44): (1) staff mood level was
      raised significantly on a standard scale; (2) staff unscheduled absence rate was
      cut in half; (3) staff did not report significant improvement on scales of ward
      atmosphere and patient functioning; (4) patients themselves reported improvement
      in their self-images, but not in irritability, isolation, or depression; (5)
      patients reported significantly more satisfaction with the ward dayroom; (6) rate
      of patient violence decreased almost 50%.

PMID- 2641981
TI  - When is enough enough: the administrative discharge.
AB  - This paper has described the process of administrative discharge. Indications for
      its implementation and obstacles to recognizing its appropriateness have been
      reported. Administrative discharge is a process that has profound effects on the
      treatment milieu. It deserves further study to document more fully the patients
      who are subject to it and their eventual clinical outcome.

PMID- 2641982
TI  - Oral rehydration solutions for the children of Europe. Proceedings of a workshop
      held at XXI annual meeting of ESPGAN. Copenhagen 1988.

PMID- 2641983
TI  - Metastases to and from the upper aerodigestive tract in the population of
      Rochester, Minnesota, 1935-1984.
AB  - The present investigation is the first population-based study to provide
      incidence and clinicopathologic data for metastases to and from the upper
      aerodigestive tract (UAT). In a patient cohort with relatively minimal referral
      bias it was determined that cervical and distant metastases occurred in 21% and
      2%, respectively, of UAT carcinomas by the time of diagnosis; incidence rates per
      100,000 person-years for cervical and distant metastases from UAT carcinomas were
      2.8 and 0.3, respectively; occult primary lesions represented 3.8% of all UAT
      carcinomas; 3.6% of all invasive UAT carcinomas were actually metastatic from
      another body site; and the clinicopathologic literature has overestimated the
      prevalence of metastases at diagnosis relative to UAT carcinomas.

PMID- 2641984
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of orally administered ritodrine.
AB  - The oral dosing regimen for ritodrine was based in large part on kinetic data
      obtained in nonpregnant subjects. There are limited kinetic data after oral
      administration of ritodrine in pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to
      compare ritodrine kinetics in pregnant and nonpregnant women, evaluate the effect
      of feeding on ritodrine absorption in pregnant women, and determine if the plasma
      concentration of ritodrine is proportional to the dose administered in
      nonpregnant women. Plasma concentrations after a single 20 mg dose of ritodrine
      were significantly greater in fasting nonpregnant women than in fasting pregnant
      women. The area under the concentration time curve was 1372 +/- 385 and 1001 +/-
      257 ng/ml/min, respectively. In pregnant women ingesting 20 mg of ritodrine,
      plasma concentrations were not significantly different in the fed or fasted
      state; plasma concentrations peaked at 11 ng/ml and were less than 3 ng/ml within
      4 hours. In nonpregnant subjects the concentration of ritodrine in plasma was
      proportional to the dose. After ingestion of 10, 20, or 30 mg of ritodrine, the
      area under the curve was 751 +/- 253, 1372 +/- 385, and 2148 +/- 571 ng/ml/min,
      respectively. These data indicate that ritodrine concentrations in pregnant women
      after a 20 mg oral dose are low. Increases in dosage will probably result in
      proportional increases in plasma concentration. The maximal dose of ritodrine
      recommended for prevention of recurrent preterm labor should be increased.

PMID- 2641985
TI  - Scoring radiographic abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2641986
TI  - Cimetidine in anaphylactic shock refractory to standard therapy.

PMID- 2641987
TI  - Increases in plasma concentrations of a prostaglandin metabolite in acute airway
      obstruction.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of a stable prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite were measured
      by radioimmunoassay during and after recovery from acute airway obstruction in 15
      infants. Mean (SEM) metabolite concentrations (ng/l) in plasma obtained both
      before (1033 (418)) and after (1470 (413)) initial treatment for airway
      obstruction were significantly higher than those obtained from the same subjects
      after resolution of the obstruction--25.5 (6.6)--and those obtained from two
      comparison groups. Infants positive for respiratory syncytial virus (mean 1122
      (227)) had significantly higher concentrations than those who were negative
      (207.6 (46)). Additionally, seven subjects with a history of recurrent wheezing
      after resolution of airway obstruction had a significantly higher mean level
      (3500 (1400)) during attacks of airway obstruction than those without (600
      (100)). These data suggest that prostaglandin F2 alpha mediates respiratory
      inflammation in airway obstruction and that trials of specific anti-inflammatory
      agents for the treatment of airway obstruction may be warranted.

PMID- 2641988
TI  - Diabetes insipidus.

PMID- 2641989
TI  - Adapting the selective periodic health exam to a college-aged population. Joint
      American Preventive Services Task Force. Canadian Task Force on Health Care
      Screening.
AB  - The periodic health examination is a group of tasks carried out by physicians at
      regular intervals, but not always yearly. It is designed to determine either the
      risk of subsequent disease or to identify disease in its early, asymptomatic
      state. These tasks include immunizations, health promotion topics, and specific
      clinical screening maneuvers. This paper seeks to increase awareness of the
      extensive work being done by the Canadian Task Force on Health Care Screening and
      the Joint American Preventive Services Task Force in setting standards for the
      periodic health exam. The exam can be reviewed in the office and urgent-care
      setting or promoted in health education activities. Knowledge of the new
      standards for the periodic health exam can help in setting priorities for
      preventive activities in student health services. Implementation in the college
      aged group will require cost considerations.

PMID- 2641990
TI  - On the translational control of suicide in red cell development.

PMID- 2641991
TI  - Surgery for acoustic neurinoma. An analysis of 100 translabyrinthine operations.
AB  - A consecutive series of 100 translabyrinthine operations for removal of acoustic
      neurinoma is reported. Complete tumor removal was achieved in 97% of cases. There
      were three perioperative deaths, and the postoperative morbidity rate was low.
      The facial nerve was preserved anatomically in 82% of patients. Preoperative
      facial weakness and tumor size larger than 2.5 cm were predictive of poor facial
      recovery. In patients with an intact nerve but complete facial palsy 1 week after
      surgery, electroneuronography was a good predictor of the final facial outcome
      and may influence the timing of rehabilitative procedures. With the exception of
      patients who have small tumors and good speech discrimination (where a
      suboccipital approach may preserve hearing acuity), the translabyrinthine
      operation is the procedure of choice for removal of acoustic neurinomas in
      patients who have normal hearing in the contralateral ear.

PMID- 2641992
TI  - Reactions to tympanic temperature measurement in an ambulatory setting.
AB  - Parents and nurses observed children's responses to rectal and oral temperature
      measurement and compared them with responses to tympanic temperature measurement.
      The new technology was found to be very popular, less time-consuming than oral or
      rectal methods, and similar in cost.

PMID- 2641993
TI  - Inorganic fluoride and prolonged isoflurane anesthesia in the intensive care
      unit.

PMID- 2641994
TI  - A study of upper limb pain and paraesthesiae following neck injury in motor
      vehicle accidents: assessment of the brachial plexus tension test of Elvey.
AB  - The brachial plexus tension test (BPTT) appears to offer a means of examining the
      extensibility and mechanosensitivity of the neural tissues related to an upper
      limb. This test was used to evaluate possible cervical or brachial plexus neural
      involvement causing arm pain syndromes in 37 patients presenting for assessment
      following neck injury in motor vehicle accidents. The BPTT was considered
      positive in 55 of the 61 symptomatic arms. There were no false-positive responses
      in the 13 asymptomatic arms although a slight loss of extensibility was evident
      in five arms. Twenty patients without clinical evidence of current or previous
      neck pathology were similarly examined. There were no reports of pain on BPTT in
      this group. In 36 of the 40 arms a full range of extensibility was present. In
      the other four arms the loss of extensibility was slight. This study suggests
      that arm pain and paraesthesiae which follow neck injury in motor vehicle
      accidents arise from irritable cervical neural tissues. The study also highlights
      the persistent nature and widespread distribution of the pain in these patients.

PMID- 2641995
TI  - Unilateral subarachnoid anaesthesia.
AB  - The development of a unilateral block after subarachnoid anaesthesia is
      described. Other reported cases are discussed and the anatomy of subarachnoid
      space summarised.

PMID- 2641996
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2641997
TI  - Ring finger testing in carpal tunnel syndrome: a comparative study of diagnostic
      utility.
AB  - Because digit 4 (D4) has dual innervation, median and ulnar sensory latencies can
      be determined over identical distances. To determine if D4 testing is more
      sensitive than other commonly used techniques to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome
      (CTS), we examined 42 hands with clinical evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome and
      43 control hands. D4 latency was significantly longer than controls more often
      than digit 2 (D2) in patients with CTS. Comparing median to ulnar latencies from
      D4 was the most sensitive method to make the diagnosis of CTS. In mild CTS, a
      characteristic double peak potential was seen in recordings from the median nerve
      after stimulating D4. This potential provided immediate visual confirmation of
      the diagnosis of CTS. Comparing D4 latency along median and ulnar nerves is
      useful for detecting mild CTS and should be used whenever there are clinical
      signs and symptoms of CTS but electrodiagnostic studies are normal or borderline.

PMID- 2641998
TI  - [Cerebral implants in Parkinson's disease].

PMID- 2641999
TI  - Selective conservation of GAP-43 structure in vertebrate evolution.
AB  - GAP-43 (a.k.a. B-50, F1, pp46, or neuromodulin) is a major growth cone membrane
      protein whose expression is widely correlated with successful axon elongation,
      but whose function remains unknown. To distinguish the structural features of GAP
      43 most relevant to its cellular functions, we have determined features of the
      protein that are most highly conserved in vertebrate evolution. Comparison of
      fish and mammalian GAP-43 distinguishes two domains of the protein. A strictly
      conserved amino-terminal domain contains the putative site for fatty acylation
      and membrane attachment, a calmodulin binding domain, and a proposed
      phosphorylation site. In the much larger carboxy-terminal domain, amino acid
      composition is strongly conserved without extensive sequence conservation. This
      amino acid composition predicts an extended, negatively charged rod conformation
      with some similarity to the side arms of neurofilaments. The results suggest that
      the biological roles of GAP-43 may depend on an ability to form a dynamic
      membrane-cytoskeleton-calmodulin complex.

PMID- 2642000
TI  - Alpha-actinins, calspectin (brain spectrin or fodrin), and actin participate in
      adhesion and movement of growth cones.
AB  - We have used biochemical and immunocytochemical techniques to investigate the
      possible involvement of membrane cytoskeletal elements such as alpha-actinin,
      calspectin (brain spectrin or fodrin), and actin in growth cone activities.
      During NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells, alpha-actinin increased in
      association with neurite outgrowth and was predominantly distributed throughout
      the entire growth cone and the distal portion of neurites. Filopodial movements
      were sensitive to Ca2+ flux. Two types of alpha-actinin, with Ca2(+)-sensitive
      and -insensitive actin binding abilities, were identified in the differentiated
      cells. Ca2(+)-sensitive alpha-actinin and actin filaments were concentrated in
      filopodia. The Ca2(+)-insensitive protein was distributed from the body of the
      growth cone to the distal portion of neurites, corresponding to the substratum
      adhesive sites. The location of calspectin in growth cones was similar to that of
      the Ca2(+)-insensitive alpha-actinin. These results are consistent with the
      hypothesis that Ca2(+)-sensitive alpha-actinin and actin filaments are involved
      in Ca2(+)-dependent filopodial movement and Ca2(+)-insensitive alpha-actinin and
      calspectin are associated with adhesion of growth cones.

PMID- 2642001
TI  - Molecular basis of the two nonequivalent ligand binding sites of the muscle
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AB  - We have stably expressed in fibroblasts different pairs of alpha and non-alpha
      subunits of the mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The gamma
      and delta, but not the beta, subunits associated efficiently with the alpha
      subunit, and they extensively modified its binding characteristics. The alpha
      gamma and alpha delta complexes formed distinctly different high affinity binding
      sites for the competitive antagonist d-tubocurarine that, together, completely
      accounted for the two nonequivalent antagonist binding sites in native AChR. The
      alpha delta complex and native AChR had similar affinities for the agonist
      carbamylcholine. In contrast, although the alpha gamma complex contains the
      higher affinity competitive antagonist binding site, it had an affinity for
      carbamylcholine that was an order of magnitude less than that of the alpha delta
      complex or the AChR. The comparatively low agonist affinity of the alpha gamma
      complex may represent an allosterically regulated binding site in the native
      AChR. These data support a model of two nonequivalent binding sites within the
      AChR and imply that the basis for this nonequivalence is the association of the
      alpha subunit with the gamma or delta subunit.

PMID- 2642002
TI  - A purkinje cell differentiation marker shows a partial dna sequence homology to
      the cellular sis/pdgf2 gene.

PMID- 2642003
TI  - Early neurogenesis in Xenopus: the spatio-temporal pattern of proliferation and
      cell lineages in the embryonic spinal cord.
AB  - Lineage tracing techniques and pulse labeling experiments were used to reveal the
      lineages and the pattern of proliferation of neural precursors in the Xenopus
      neural plate. After gastrulation there is a wave of mitosis; most cells of the
      neural plate undergo a single division during this wave. After this first
      division, many cells leave the cell cycle and differentiate as primary neurons.
      In the stage 35/36 hatching larvae, clones of primary neurons usually contain
      only two cells. The remainder, most of which arise from the superficial layer,
      are predominantly the precursors of secondary neurons. They are mitotically
      quiescent until stage 20, and then undergo another one to two rounds of division
      during embryonic life. Secondary precursors and primary neurons are never part of
      the same clone, although, in individual clones, primary neurons are frequently of
      different types. By the neural plate stage, separate precursors seem to exist for
      primary and secondary neurons, but the precursors of primary neurons themselves
      are pluripotent.

PMID- 2642004
TI  - Pioneer neuron pathfinding from normal and ectopic locations in vivo after
      removal of the basal lamina.
AB  - The contribution of the basal lamina to Ti1 pioneer axon guidance in grasshopper
      limb buds was investigated by allowing growth cones to migrate in 30%-31% stage
      limbs from which the basal lamina had been removed by enzymatic treatment. When
      the Ti1 axons extended from their normal location, the pathways established in
      the absence of basal lamina were normal. This indicates that the basal lamina is
      not required for initial proximal axon outgrowth, recognition of limb segment
      boundaries, or selective interaction with neuronal somata. Removal of the basal
      lamina from slightly older (32% stage) embryos resulted in displacement of the
      Ti1 somata to ectopic locations in approximately 50% of the limbs. Pathfinding
      from ectopic locations was aberrant in 45% of the cases observed. This
      demonstrates that if orienting information is present in the basal lamina-free
      epithelium at this stage, it is not the predominant factor in determining growth
      cone orientation from ectopic locations.

PMID- 2642005
TI  - Identified target motor neuron regulates neurite outgrowth and synapse formation
      of aplysia sensory neurons in vitro.
AB  - To determine the influence that an appropriate target cell has on the axonal
      structure of a presynaptic neuron in vivo, we examined the morphologies of
      individual Aplysia sensory neurons in dissociated cell culture in the presence or
      absence of identified target motor neurons. We find that an appropriate target,
      the motor cell L7, regulates the morphological differentiation of the presynaptic
      sensory neurons in two ways: the target induces the axons of the sensory neurons
      to develop a more elaborate structure and to form active zones, and the target
      guides the outgrowth of the sensory neurons. The influence of the appropriate
      target, L7, on the morphological differentiation of sensory neurons appears to be
      related to the formation of chemical synaptic connections between the sensory
      neurons and L7, since sensory neurons co-cultured with an inappropriate target
      motor neuron do not exhibit a comparable elaboration of their axonal processes.

PMID- 2642006
TI  - Pharyngeal pumping continues after laser killing of the pharyngeal nervous system
      of C. elegans.
AB  - Using a laser microbeam to kill specific subsets of the pharyngeal nervous system
      of C. elegans, we found that feeding was accomplished by two separately
      controlled muscle motions, isthmus peristalsis and pumping. The single neuron M4
      was necessary and sufficient for isthmus peristalsis. The MC neurons were
      necessary for normal stimulation of pumping in response to food, but pumping
      continued and was functional in MC- worms. The remaining 12 neuron types were
      also unnecessary for functional pumping. No operation we did, including
      destruction of the entire pharyngeal nervous system, abolished pumping
      altogether. When we killed all pharyngeal neurons except M4, the worms were
      viable and fertile, although retarded and starved. Since feeding is one of the
      few known essential actions controlled by the nervous system, we suggest that
      most of the C. elegans nervous system is dispensable in hermaphrodites under
      laboratory conditions. This may explain the ease with which nervous system
      mutants are isolated and handled in C. elegans.

PMID- 2642007
TI  - The functional diversity of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is
      increased by a novel subunit: beta 4.
AB  - A new nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit, beta 4, was identified by
      screening a rat genomic library. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed
      expression of the beta 4 gene in the medial habenula of adult rat brains. The
      primary structure of this subunit was deduced from a cDNA clone isolated from a
      PC12 cDNA library. Functional nAChRs were detected in Xenopus oocytes injected in
      pairwise combinations with in vitro synthesized RNAs encoding beta 4 and either
      the alpha 2, alpha 3, or alpha 4 subunit. Unlike the alpha 3 beta 2 receptor, the
      alpha 3 beta 4 receptor is not blocked by bungarotoxin 3.1, indicating that the
      beta subunit can affect the sensitivity of neuronal nAChRs to this toxin. These
      results extend the functional diversity of nicotinic receptors in the nervous
      system.

PMID- 2642009
TI  - Chromatin structure as a molecular marker of cell lineage and developmental
      potential in neural crest-derived chromaffin cells.
AB  - Adrenal medullary chromaffin cells have the capacity to transdifferentiate into
      sympathetic neurons. We show here that SCG10, a neural-specific gene that is
      induced during this transdifferentiation, is maintained in mature chromaffin
      cells in a potentially active chromatin conformation marked by two DNAase I
      hypersensitive sites (HSS). A low level of transcription is associated with this
      conformation. The HSS are also present in neurons expressing high levels of
      SCG10, but not in nonneuronal cells. Experiments using transgenic mice suggest
      that these HSS can in principle form in any cell type expressing the gene, but
      that a cis-repression mechanism normally prevents their assembly in nonneuronal
      cells. We suggest that the SCG10 HSS may represent a molecular marker of the
      lineage and phenotypic plasticity of chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2642008
TI  - Products of heme-catalyzed transformation of the arachidonate derivative 12-HPETE
      open S-type K+ channels in Aplysia.
AB  - In Aplysia mechanosensory neurons, the neuropeptide FMRFamide increases the
      opening of the background S-K+ channel. This action is mediated by activation of
      arachidonic acid metabolism. Arachidonic acid in Aplysia nervous tissue is
      transformed through the 12-lipoxygenase pathway to 12-HPETE, which undergoes
      further metabolism. In intact sensory cells, 12-HPETE simulates the FMRFamide
      response, raising the question of whether 12-HPETE is the messenger molecule
      ultimately acting on the S-K+ channel. Here we show that in cell-free (inside
      out) patches from sensory cells, 12-HPETE fails to modulate the S-K+ channel, but
      in the presence of hematin (which catalyzes 12-HPETE metabolism), it triggers
      sharp increases in the channel opening probability. We also found that SKF-525A,
      an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450, reduces the response to FMRFamide,
      arachidonic acid, and 12-HPETE in intact cells. We conclude that a heme-catalyzed
      transformation of 12-HPETE is necessary and sufficient to promote the opening of
      the S-K+ channel and a heme-containing enzyme such as cytochrome P450 might play
      this key role.

PMID- 2642010
TI  - A membrane glycoprotein associated with the limbic system mediates the formation
      of the septo-hippocampal pathway in vitro.
AB  - The ability of a neuronal surface glycoprotein to mediate the formation of
      neuronal connections was tested in an explant culture system. A monoclonal
      antibody against the limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP) was used in
      co-cultures containing cholinergic neurons of the septum and their hippocampal
      target neurons. Antibody treatment had no effect on general axon outgrowth, but
      significantly diminished the ability of septal cholinergic axons to invade and
      collateralize in the hippocampus. The results suggest that factors regulating
      general axon outgrowth may be distinct from those regulating the patterns of
      outgrowth that define the formation of neural circuits.

PMID- 2642011
TI  - Characterization of a voltage-gated K+ channel that accelerates the rod response
      to dim light.
AB  - In this study a K+ current, IKx, in isolated salamander rod photoreceptors was
      characterized and its role in shaping small photovoltages was examined. IKx is a
      standing outward current of about 40 pA at -30 mV that deactivates slowly when
      the cell is hyperpolarized (tau max = 0.25 s). The voltage and time dependence of
      IKx are similar to that of M-current, but IKx can be distinguished from M-current
      because it is not suppressed by acetylcholine and is "blocked" by external Ba2+
      in a surprising manner: the activation range of IKx is shifted strongly in the
      positive direction. Using current-clamp recordings and a computer simulation of
      the photo-response, we show that IKx figures prominently in setting the dark
      resting potential and accelerates the voltage response to small photocurrents.

PMID- 2642012
TI  - Functional properties and developmental regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptors on embryonic chicken sympathetic neurons.
AB  - Measurement of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced currents indicates that the
      sensitivity of embryonic sympathetic neurons increases following innervation in
      vivo and in vitro. We have used single-channel recording to assess the
      contribution of changes in ACh receptor properties to this increase. Early in
      development (before synaptogenesis), we detect three classes of ACh-activated
      channels that differ in their conductance and kinetics. Molecular studies
      indicating a variety of neuronal receptor subunit clones suggest a similar
      diversity. Later in development (after innervation), changes in functional
      properties include increases in conductance and apparent mean open time, the
      addition of a new conductance class, as well as apparent clustering and
      segregation of channel types. These changes in channel function are compatible
      with the developmental increase in ACh sensitivity.

PMID- 2642013
TI  - Defasciculation as a neuronal pathfinding strategy: involvement of a specific
      glycoprotein.
AB  - Leech sensory afferents change their growth behavior as they enter the CNS.
      Arriving from the periphery in fasciculated tracts, they abruptly defasciculate
      and expand into diffuse trees before reassembling into four distinct central
      tracts. In the organ-cultured germinal plate, growing sensory afferents were
      incubated with monovalent Fab fragments of the Lan3-2 antibody, which recognizes
      a 130 kd sensory neuron protein by its mannose epitope. Very low concentrations
      of Lan3-2 (6 and 12 nM) specifically inhibited the central defasciculation of
      sensory afferents, which then continued growing as a single tract. In contrast,
      monoclonal antibody Lan3-6, which binds to an internal sensory antigen, failed to
      yield the same effect. These observations suggest that this sensory neuron 130 kd
      surface glycoprotein participates in a developmentally significant heterophilic
      interaction specific for the CNS.

PMID- 2642014
TI  - Motor nerve terminal loss from degenerating muscle fibers.
AB  - The fate of nerve terminals following elimination of postsynaptic target cells
      was studied in living mouse muscle. Several days after muscle fiber damage,
      observations of previously identified neuromuscular junctions showed that motor
      nerve terminal branches had rapidly disappeared from degenerating muscle fibers.
      Following muscle fiber regeneration, loss of terminal branches ceased and nerve
      terminals regrew, reestablishing some of the original sites and adding new
      branches. The distribution of acetylcholine receptors reorganized in the
      regenerated muscle so that perfect alignment was reestablished with the newly
      configured nerve terminals. These results argue that the maintenance of the full
      complement of nerve terminal branches at a neuromuscular junction is dependent on
      the presence of a healthy muscle fiber. Similarly, regenerating muscle is
      dependent on the nerve terminal for the organization and maintenance of
      postsynaptic receptors.

PMID- 2642015
TI  - Cell allocation in mammalian CNS formation: evidence from murine interspecies
      aggregation chimeras.
AB  - The central nervous system of murine intraspecies chimeras generally consists of
      an apparently random mixture of neurons derived from each of the parental
      genotypes. In this study, interspecies mouse chimeras were examined, and an
      analysis of the parental genotype donation to the chimeric CNS revealed large
      clusters of like-genotype neurons in small regions as well as in major
      subdivisions of the CNS. This coherent clustering of like-genotype neurons is
      proposed to be due to an autonomous developmental clock that is sufficiently
      mismatched between species to create preferential cell allotment in the chimeric
      brain.

PMID- 2642016
TI  - Growth of sympathetic nerve fibers in culture does not require extracellular
      calcium.
AB  - A compartmented culture system in which distal neurites from newborn rat
      sympathetic neurons entered a fluid environment separate from that bathing the
      cell bodies and proximal neurites was used to investigate effects of
      extracellular Ca2+ deprivation on nerve fiber growth. Neurites readily grew into,
      elongated for many days within, and regenerated after neuritotomy within distal
      compartments substantially deprived of Ca2+ (0 added Ca2+, 0.5-5 mM EGTA),
      provided Ca2+ was supplied to the cell bodies. The Ca2(+)-deprived neurites
      generally extended at rates 20%-35% slower than controls. Growth of neurites did,
      however, cease within 2 days when the cell bodies were deprived of Ca2+, and the
      neurites and cell bodies eventually degenerated. These results show that neither
      extracellular Ca2+ nor the influx of Ca2+ at or near the growth cone is required
      for sustained neurite growth. They also rule out the possibility that the
      promotion of neurite growth by nerve growth factor is mediated, by the influx of
      extracellular Ca2+.

PMID- 2642017
TI  - Spider toxins selectively block calcium currents in Drosophila.
AB  - Toxins from spider venom, originally purified for their ability to block synaptic
      transmission in Drosophila, are potent and specific blockers of Ca2+ currents
      measured in cultured embryonic Drosophila neurons using the whole-cell, patch
      clamp technique. Differential actions of toxins from two species of spiders
      indicate that different types of Drosophila neuronal Ca2+ currents can be
      pharmacologically distinguished. Hololena toxin preferentially blocks a non
      inactivating component of the current, whereas Plectreurys toxin blocks both
      inactivating and non-inactivating components. These results suggest that block of
      a non-inactivating Ca2+ current is sufficient to block neurotransmitter release
      at Drosophila neuromuscular junction.

PMID- 2642018
TI  - Lysosomal and cytosolic ferritins. A biochemical and electron-spectroscopic
      study.
AB  - Cytosolic and lysosomal ferritin and haemosiderin were isolated from rat livers
      which had been iron-loaded by four intraperitoneal injections of iron-dextran.
      The cytosolic and lysosomal ferritins, prepared in a phosphate-free medium, were
      subjected to gel-filtration chromatography on Sepharose 6B, yielding four
      fractions: a cytosolic monomeric (CMF) and void-volume ferritin fraction (CVVF),
      and a lysosomal monomeric (LMF) and void-volume ferritin fraction (LVVF). Of each
      fraction the following aspects were examined: (a) immunoreactivity against
      specific antiserum; (b) the Fe/P mass ratio and the effect of dialysis on this
      ratio using electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA); (c) morphology and Fe-specific
      imaging using electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) and electron energy loss
      spectroscopy (EELS). For haemosiderin one aspect, the Fe/P ratio, was determined
      before and after extensive purification. The following results were obtained (a)
      All ferritin fractions reacted with anti- (rat liver ferritin). (b) The Fe/P
      ratios as determined in CMF in an haemosiderin were not affected by dialysis or
      extensive purification, respectively. The Fe/P ratio in CVVF was affected by
      dialysis. In the lysosomal fractions, only a trace of phosphorus (LVVF) or no
      phosphorus (LMF) was detected. (c) Morphologically, CMF and CVVF were found to be
      rather homogeneous; the iron core diameters of both fractions were in the known
      size range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642019
TI  - Further evaluation of the biphasic kinetics of iron removal from transferrin by
      3,4-LICAMS.
AB  - Further evaluation of the kinetic data for Fe3+ removal from isolated differic
      and monoferric transferrins by the tricatechol ligand 3,4-LICAMS has allowed full
      characterization of the four microscopic rate constants. A very small
      cooperativity exists between the two iron-binding sites with respect to their
      rates of iron release. The activation free energy profile for the system is
      presented.

PMID- 2642020
TI  - Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone and analogues. Study of their stability in
      acidic, neutral and basic aqueous solutions by ultraviolet-visible
      spectrophotometry.
AB  - The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of the orally effective iron chelator,
      pyridoxal isonicotinoly hydrazone (PIH), and three analogues, pyridoxal benzoyl
      hydrazone (PBH), pyridoxal p-methoxybenzoyl hydrazone (PpMBH) and pyridoxal m
      fluorobenzoyl hydrazone (PmFBH) have been measured in aqueous solution with
      various concentrations of added acid or alkali. Assignment of absorption bands to
      various molecular species in equilibrium in aqueous solution is made by reference
      to their acid ionisation constants. All four hydrazones were stable at
      physiologial pH, but hydrolysed in strongly acidic and basic solutions, resulting
      in the liberation of pyridoxal and the acid hydrazide. In acidic solutions this
      resulted in a dramatic decrease in the intensity of absorption at wavelengths of
      225 nm and above 300 nm, allowing a quantitative estimate of the degree of acid
      catalysed hydrolysis of the ligands. These results indicate that for oral
      administration the chelator should be administered with calcium carbonate or
      provided with an enteric coating to minimise acid-catalysed hydrolysis in the
      stomach. At high pH, base-catalysed hydrolysis occurred, resulting in a decrease
      in the absorption at a wavelength of 387 nm.

PMID- 2642021
TI  - Ferritin subunits in livers of siderotic mice.
AB  - The major ferritin species of mouse liver has been resolved by SDS-PAGE into two
      bands similar to the H and L subunits of rat liver ferritin with the L subunit
      predominating. Amino acid sequencing has confirmed the major, faster-migrating
      component as L chain. An additional, electrophoretically fast, minor ferritin was
      isolated from siderosome-containing subcellular fractions. In denaturing gels it
      gave a single 'F' subunit band of about 17 kDa, significantly smaller than the L
      and H subunits (about 20 and 21 kDa respectively). A small fragment isolated from
      the fast ferritin was sequenced. It corresponds to a 19-residue C-terminal
      peptide cleaved from L subunits in the assembled molecules. The F subunit must be
      derived from L subunits by loss of this peptide, and is not the expression
      product of a different gene. 'Fast' ferritins of siderotic mice and rats are thus
      analogous.

PMID- 2642022
TI  - Unusual antiproliferative effects of transforming growth factors-beta 1 and beta
      2 against primary cells from human tumors.
AB  - Transforming growth factors beta 1 and beta 2 (TGF-beta 1 and beta 2), tested in
      a clonogenic assay against primary cells from human tumors, suppress
      proliferation to different extents. In nineteen of twenty-six cell cultures,
      proliferation was less than 50% of control with factor at 0.04 or 0.4 nM. Of
      these, TGF-beta 2 was more active than TGF-beta 1 in fourteen; and TGF-beta 1 was
      more active than TGF-beta 2 in five. In seven of the nineteen, proliferation was
      0% with one or the other factor. In contrast, cisplatin was much less effective
      in inhibiting proliferation of some of the same cells even at 1,000 or more times
      the molar concentration of the factors. Surprisingly, when TGF-beta 1 and TGF
      beta 2 were combined at equal concentrations, the antiproliferative effect of one
      was cancelled or markedly inhibited by the other.

PMID- 2642023
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy of sequential therapy with OK-432, cyclophosphamide, IL2
      cultured lymphocytes and in vivo IL2 against advanced murine plasmacytoma.
AB  - BALB/c mice inoculated IP with a syngeneic plasmacytoma MOPC104E were treated
      with a combination of a streptococcal preparation, OK-432 (1 KE, 0.1 mg/mouse),
      low-dose of cyclophosphamide (CPA, 1 mg/kg) and adoptive transfer of tumor-bearer
      spleen cells (2 x 10(7) cells) cultured with IL2 and sonicated tumor extract
      (adoptive immunotherapy; AIT). The consecutive protocol of OK-432 (day 8, 9 post
      inoculation) - CPA (day 10) - AIT (day 11) was the most effective. Rate of
      complete remission was highest when recombinant (r-) IL2 was injected to the mice
      after AIT. Moreover, another bacterial preparation, Nocardia rubra cell wall
      skeleton and another low-dose chemotherapy, Mitomycin C could be used
      successfully instead of OK-432 or CPA. Transfer test of intraperitoneal cells
      (tumor cells plus host cells) of mice on day 11 post inoculation (on the day of
      AIT) revealed that OK-432 augmented the susceptibility of peritoneal cells to
      cultured lymphocytes in inhibition of transplantability, and that CPA after OK
      432 augmented the anti-tumor effect of tumor-bearer-spleen cells which act
      synergistically with cultured lymphocytes. This therapy schedule seems to be the
      best model to augment the effect of AIT with minimal side effect.

PMID- 2642024
TI  - A phase I trial of recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) administered by
      continuous intravenous infusion in patients with disseminated malignancy.
AB  - rTNF was administered to 28 patients with advanced metastatic cancers by
      continuous intravenous infusion for 5 consecutive days every 2 weeks. The dose
      levels were 30, 40, 70, 110, 180 and 290 micrograms/M2/day. Groups of 3 patients
      were started at each successive dose level and then on subsequent courses treated
      with the next dose level through 4 escalations as tolerated. Tumor types were:
      colon cancer 14; adenocarcinoma of unknown primary, 2; renal cancer, 2;
      leiomyosarcoma, 2; lung cancer, 1; prostate cancer, 1; thymona, 1; bladder
      cancer; 1; parotid, 1; Kaposi's sarcoma 2; ovarian 1. Toxicities included fever
      and chills (usually within the first 8 hours of infusion), fatigue, headache,
      decreased performance status, hypotension and CNS. All patients experienced
      leukopenia and thrombocytopenia within 24 hours or less after start of infusion
      with return of baseline by 72 hours after rTNF was stopped. The fall in these
      counts averaged 50% and was not dose related. No major changes in liver or renal
      function, coagulation or blood lipids were seen. Major dose limiting toxicities
      were fatigue, confusion, thrombocytopenia, seizures, hypotension and decreased
      performance status. NK cell activity measured against K562 target cells was
      augmented from about 30% target cell lysis to about 70% target cell lysis over
      the first 7 days of treatment. Two patients, both with metastatic colon cancer
      showed transient, objective tumor regression which did not qualify as a partial
      response. One patient with ovarian cancer had a stable partial response but
      progressed after 13 courses of treatment. Continuous infusion of TNF can be
      safely administered to patients with a maximum tolerated dose of only between 30
      and 40 micrograms/M2/day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642025
TI  - Phase I study of cancer therapy with recombinant interleukin-2 administered by
      intravenous bolus injection.
AB  - Sixty-six patients with disseminated malignancy were treated with recombinant
      interleukin-2 (IL-2) on a three times a week (M, W, F) IV-bolus injection
      schedule. Doses ranged from 0.001 to 14.0 x 10(6) units/M2 body surface area.
      Consecutive groups of 3-5 patients were placed on each dose level and were
      maintained on that level except for dosage de-escalation for toxicity. Toxicity
      to all major organ systems were noted with major toxicity including fever and
      chills, anorexia, fatigue and malaise, arthralgias and arthritis as well as
      hepatic and renal toxicity. All toxicity reversed within one week of drug
      cessation. Renal toxicity manifested by azotemia, arthritis and fatigue were the
      common dose limiting toxicities and the maximally tolerated dose was 12 x 10(6)
      units/M2. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated a short half-life (T1/2 alpha = 7-23
      minutes). At doses over 0.5 x 10(6) units/M2 increases in absolute lymphocytes
      and eosinophil counts were noted. All T lymphocyte subsets increased. Maximal
      increases were seen at 4-8 x 10(6) units/M2 with a lesser increase at 10-14 x
      10(6) units/M2 dosage level. Circulating NK cells also increased while
      circulating LAK cells were detected during therapy. Partial responses were noted
      in 3 patients with melanoma. These lasted 4, 6 and 16 months and involved
      pulmonary, pulmonary plus mesenteric and retro-orbital plus hepatic metastases
      respectively in these patients.

PMID- 2642026
TI  - Effector mechanism of human monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity: role of a new tumor
      cytotoxic factor distinct from interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
AB  - Human blood monocytes activated to the tumoricidal state were previously found to
      release a factor(s) responsible for tumor cell killing. The activity of the tumor
      cytotoxic factor(s) (TCF) was determined by release assay of radioactivity from
      human A375 melanoma cells. On fractionation of the supernatant of activated
      monocytes by Ultrogel AcA34 and TSK-G3000SW gel chromatographies two major peaks
      of the material with TCF activity with MWs of 30,000 and 15,000, called TCF-I and
      TCF-II, respectively were obtained. TCF-II could be neutralized by polyclonal
      anti-IL-1 beta antiserum, but anti-IL-1 alpha antiserum did not neutralize either
      factor. TCF-I was separated by ampholine column electrofocusing into three major
      fractions with TCF activity at pI 5, 6 and 6.8, named TCF-1 alpha, TCF-1 beta and
      TCF-1 gamma, respectively. The cytotoxic and IL-1 activities of TCF-1 alpha were
      neutralized by anti-IL-1 alpha serum, whereas those of TCF-1 beta and TCF-1 gamma
      were not completely neutralized by anti-IL-1 alpha or anti-IL-1 beta antiserum.
      On DEAE ion-exchange chromatography (TSK DEAE 5PW) TCF-I beta gave two peaks with
      TCF activity (TCF-I beta 1 and TCF-I beta 2). TCF-I beta 1 was slightly
      neutralized by anti-TNF alpha antibody, but TCF-I beta 2 was not affected by
      antisera against IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, or anti-TNF alpha antibody, thus
      ruling out the possibility that tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) might be
      involved in tumor cell killing mediated by TCF-I beta 2. These results indicate
      that human monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against human A375 melanoma cells is
      mediated in part by a tumor cytotoxic factor (TCF; MW, 30,000; pI 6), differing
      from IL-1 and TNF alpha.

PMID- 2642027
TI  - Development of a novel, Ins(1,4,5)P3-specific binding assay. Its use to determine
      the intracellular concentration of Ins(1,4,5)P3 in unstimulated and vasopressin
      stimulated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The binding of [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 to bovine adrenocortical microsomes has been
      shown to be rapid, reversible and saturable. The microsomal preparation contained
      a single population of high affinity sites (KD = 6.82+/-2.3 nM, Bmax = 370+/-38
      fmol/mg protein). The binding site was shown to exhibit positional specificity
      with respect to inositol trisphosphate binding, i.e. Ins(2,4,5)P3 was able to
      compete with [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 whereas Ins(1,3,4)P3 was not. Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 showed
      a similar affinity for the receptor as Ins(2,4,5)P3 whereas the other inositol
      phosphates tested, ATP, GTP and 2,3-DPG, were poor competitors. [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3
      binding was independent of free Ca2+ concentrations. The adrenocortical
      microsomal preparation has been incorporated into an assay which has been used to
      determine the basal and vasopressin-stimulated content of neutralised acid
      extracts of rat hepatocytes. Intracellular concentrations of Ins(1,4,5)P3 were
      calculated to be 0.22+/-0.15 microM basal and 2.53+/-1.8 microM at peak
      stimulation. This assay provides a simple, specific and quantitative method for
      the measurement of Ins(1,4,5)P3 concentrations in the picomolar range.

PMID- 2642028
TI  - Activation of human T cells is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of
      several cellular proteins.
AB  - Human T lymphocytes are activated to proliferate after triggering the T Cell
      Antigen Receptor Complex. CD3-Ti, with either antigen, mitogenic lectins or
      monoclonal antibodies against its different subunits. Stimulation of Jurkat
      leukemic human T cells with anti-CD3 or anti-Ti monoclonal antibodies was found
      to induce, within 1 min, an increase in the phosphorylation of a set of cellular
      proteins that can be precipitated with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. Seven
      phosphotyrosine-containing proteins were separated with respective mol. wt of 21,
      25, 38, 55, 70, 80 and 110 kDa, among which the 38 kDa species is predominant.
      Moreover, incubation of Jurkat T cells with sodium orthovanadate, a potent
      inhibitor of phosphotyrosine protein-phosphatases, was found to potentiate the
      effects of anti-CD3 mAb on tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition vanadate also
      induced IL-2 secretion in Jurkat cells when associated with the phorbol ester
      TPA, further demonstrating the importance of these phosphorylation reactions in
      the process of T cell activation. Our results therefore allow us to identify
      several protein substrates of a tyrosine kinase activity, whose stimulation
      appears to be an early event in human T cell activation through the antigen
      receptor pathway.

PMID- 2642029
TI  - Dissociation between adenosine receptors and adenylate cyclase in the smooth
      muscle of guinea pig myometrium.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that adenosine causes contraction of guinea-pig
      myometrium in a fashion consistent with the presence of a purinergic receptor of
      the A1 subtype. Incubation of guinea-pig uterine smooth muscle membranes with the
      stable adenosine analogue [3H]cyclohexyladenosine [( 3H]CHA) resulted in rapid,
      reversible association of radioligand to saturable sites. The affinity (KD) of
      the receptor for [3H]CHA determined from kinetic experiments (3.14 nM) is in good
      agreement with that determined in saturation experiments (KD = 4.5 nM). Scatchard
      analysis of specific [3H]CHA binding (Bmax = 79 fmol/mg protein) is consistent
      with a single class of binding sites for [3H]CHA. Computer analysis of
      competition of [3H]CHA binding by the stereoisomers of phenylisopropyl adenosine,
      R-PIA (KI = 5.3 nM) and S-PIA (KI = 69 nM), as well as the 5'-substituted
      analogue, ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA; KI = 4.2 nM) suggest that [3H]CHA
      binding occurs to a single class of receptors of the AI subtype. Contractile
      studies employing these agents reveal that the relative order of potency, based
      on ED50 values, correlates well with the relative order of competition of agonist
      binding, based on equilibrium binding constants. Direct assay of myometrial
      adenylate cyclase failed to show that adenosine receptors in this smooth muscle
      are coupled to adenylate cyclase. We conclude here that a smooth muscle adenosine
      receptor is not coupled to adenylate cyclase, yet subserves muscle contraction.
      These data are important in light of recent attempts to classify adenosine
      receptors as dual regulators of adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2642030
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin activates phospholipases and induces a Ca2+
      influx in PC12 cells.
AB  - Staphylococcal alpha-toxin at subcytotoxic concentrations stimulated
      phosphatidylinositol turnover and arachidonic acid release in undifferentiated
      cultures of pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Stimulation of phospholipase A2 but not
      C was dependent on extracellular calcium. Addition of staphylococcal alpha-toxin
      to PC12 cells caused a dose-dependent, biphasic increase in intracellular calcium
      measured by fura-2 fluorescence technique. Elevation of intracellular Ca2+
      content occurred with a time course similar to those observed for stimulation of
      phospholipase A2. Alteration of membrane structure and formation of
      staphylococcal alpha-toxin pores facilitating an influx of Ca2+, represent the
      probable mechanisms by which phospholipases C and A2 are activated, respectively.
      These results suggest a possible involvement of Ca2+, phosphoinositides and
      arachidonic acid metabolites in the pathogenic action of staphylococcus alpha
      toxin and caution against the general usage of this toxin as a permeabilizing
      agent to study stimulus-secretion coupling in secretory cells.

PMID- 2642031
TI  - Pharmacokinetic data of propranolol enantiomers in a comparative human study with
      (S)- and (R,S)-propranolol.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of (S)-propranolol were compared after the oral
      administration of a 40 mg dose of the pure enantiomer and an 80 mg dose of a
      racemic mixture of (R,S)-propranolol. The results of this study indicate that the
      bioavailability of (S)-propranolol, as expressed by the mean area under the
      concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum serum concentration, is lower after 40
      mg of the optically pure drug than after the racemic drug.

PMID- 2642032
TI  - The FDA perspective on the development of stereoisomers.
AB  - The current regulatory position of the Food and Drug Administration is discussed
      with regard to the approval of racemates and pure stereoisomers. Circumstances in
      which stereochemically sensitive analytical methods are necessary to ensure the
      safety and efficacy of a drug are described. Regulatory guidelines are
      interpreted for applications for the approval of a pure enantiomer in which the
      racemate is marketed, for the approval of either a racemate or a pure enantiomer
      in which neither is marketed, and for clinical investigations to compare the
      safety and efficacy of a racemate and its enantiomers. Examples of the basis for
      such regulation are drawn from historical situations (thalidomide, benoxaprofen)
      as well as currently marketed drugs (arylpropionic acids, disopyramide,
      indacrinone).

PMID- 2642033
TI  - Determination of terbutaline enantiomers in biological samples using liquid
      chromatography with coupled columns.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to develop and validate a method for the separation
      and determination of the enantiomers of terbutaline in plasma and intestinal
      juice. Terbutaline was extracted from plasma and intestinal juice by liquid-solid
      extraction on small C18 cartridges. The extract was then analyzed by coupled
      column liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. For chiral separation a
      beta-cyclodextrin phase was used. The within-day variation (Cv) on spiked plasma
      samples was in the range 0.8-6.4% at 3.8-33.8 nmol/liter for the (-)-enantiomer,
      and 2.6-23.0% at 1.3-11.3 nmol/liter for the (+)-enantiomer. The between-day
      variation on spiked plasma samples was 5.5% at 10.7 nmol/liter and 13.6% at 4.3
      nmol/liter for the (-)-and (+)-enantiomers, respectively. The within-day
      variation for intestinal juice was in the range 0.7-1.5% at 5.6-30.0 mumol/liter
      for the (+)-enantiomer.

PMID- 2642034
TI  - Liquid chromatographic separation of anomeric forms of saccharides with
      cyclodextrin bonded phases.
AB  - A brief review of sugar stereochemistry is given. The separation of 34 different
      pairs of anomers was accomplished on both alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin columns.
      Five different mobile phases were evaluated. The separation of anomers could be
      enhanced or suppressed by altering the mobile-phase composition, column
      temperature, flow rate, and so on. The separation of anomers that mutarotate is
      somewhat more difficult than those that do not. Prior knowledge as to the rate of
      mutarotation is useful so that the chromatographic conditions can be arranged to
      minimize any deleterious effects on the separation.

PMID- 2642035
TI  - The stereochemical resolution of enantiomeric free and derivatized amino acids
      using an HPLC chiral stationary phase based on immobilized alpha-chymotrypsin:
      chiral separation due to solute structure or enzyme activity.
AB  - The stereochemical separation of free and derivatized amino acids on active alpha
      chymotrypsin bonded to silica is governed by two mechanisms based on the
      structure of the solutes or on the enzymatic activity of the enzyme. The
      deactivation of the hydrolytically active site of the enzyme demonstrated that a
      significant portion of the retention on this support is due to hydrophobic
      interactions at other sites. These sites appear to be stereoselective for the
      ester derivatives of amino acids but not for the other studied solutes.

PMID- 2642036
TI  - A general criterion for molecular recognition: implications for chiral
      interactions.
AB  - A general criterion is formulated for molecular recognition. The criterion for
      recognition is the inequality of the distance matrices of complexes of different
      compounds with a resolving agent under ambient experimental conditions. It is
      shown how this criterion provides for an objective, well-defined, and simple
      explanation for recognition of chiral compounds. This approach may be used to
      explain models (e.g., three-point of attachment) and relationships for chiral
      recognition. It is also shown how one-, two-, or three-point mechanisms are
      equivalent in this formalism and could result in chiral recognition. Examples are
      used to illustrate how the so called one- or two-point mechanisms may be
      operative in many experimental findings. Symmetry requirements of resolving
      agents may also be derived from considerations of distance matrices. Finally, the
      reciprocal relationship of chiral resolving agents is easily derived from the
      present method of analysis.

PMID- 2642037
TI  - The absolute configuration of benproperinium dihydrogen phosphate, an antitussive
      drug.
AB  - The (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of benproperinium dihydrogen phosphate, an
      antitussive drug, have been assigned the R- and S-configurations, respectively,
      by syntheses of both enantiomers using (S)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid (L-lactic
      acid) as chiral synthon. The key intermediate, (S)-1-methyl-2-[2
      (phenylmethyl)phenoxy]ethyl p-toluenesulfonate, was subjected to an SN2-type
      reaction with piperidine furnishing (+)-(R)-benproperinium dihydrogen phosphate.
      (-)-(S)-Benproperinium dihydrogen phosphate was obtained by submitting the same
      tosylate to two consecutive SN2-type reactions with Br- and piperidine,
      respectively, acting as nucleophiles.

PMID- 2642038
TI  - Stereocontrolled synthesis of peptide bond isosteres.
AB  - Absolute stereochemical control is employed in the synthesis of isosteres for
      dipeptide subunits (1; see Fig. 1) in which the amide linkage has been replaced
      by a trans carbon-carbon double bond. The synthesis affords access to the four
      stereoisomers of 1 in which R and R' = CH3, including the isostere for D-alanine
      D-alanine (D-Ala-D-Ala), 2.

PMID- 2642039
TI  - Investigation on the enantiomeric impurity of epinephrine hydrochloride
      injections.
AB  - Epinephrine enantiomers were derived into diastereoisomers with the chiral
      reagent 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylisothiocyanate. The
      resolution was carried out on a C18 column. The Rs between (-)-R- and (+)-S
      isomers was 2.3. The retention time could be changed by adding a proper amount of
      acetoinitrile into the mobile phase. The results showed that (+)-S-isomer in the
      epinephrine hydrochloride injections increased during the period of storage.

PMID- 2642040
TI  - Stereoselective sulfation of terbutaline by the rat liver cytosol: evaluation of
      experimental approaches.
AB  - Little is known about the stereochemistry of sulfation of chiral phenolic drugs.
      In this study we examined several in vitro approaches to this question, using (+)
      , (-)-, or (+/-)-terbutaline as the substrate and the rat liver cytosol as the
      phenolsulfotransferase enzyme source. The cosubstrate PAPS was either generated
      by the cytosol from inorganic sulfate and ATP or added to the cytosol. The intact
      sulfate conjugates formed were determined by HPLC. Using the PAPS generating
      system, which is best suited for the production of relatively large quantities of
      sulfate conjugates, with the individual enantiomers as substrates, (T)
      terbutaline was conjugated to a much greater extent than (-)-terbutaline; the
      (+)/(-)-enantiomer ratio was 7.3 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SE). When (+/-)-terbutaline
      was the substrate and chiral derivatization was employed to separate the sulfate
      enantiomers formed, a similar (+)/(-)-enantiomer ratio of 7.9 +/- 0.2 was
      obtained. With PAP35S added to the cytosol, an approach best suited for kinetic
      studies, the substrate concentration dependence of sulfation could be determined.
      The Km app for this reaction was identical for (+)- and (-)-terbutaline. However,
      the Vmax app was 8.1 +/- 0.4 times greater for (+)-terbutaline. This study for
      the first time shows enantioselectivity in sulfation of a chiral phenolic drug.
      The experimental approaches used should be valuable for human studies of
      stereoselective sulfation of terbutaline and other chiral drugs.

PMID- 2642041
TI  - Cytochrome P-450-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of simple prochiral and chiral
      aliphatic alkenes: species dependence and effect of enzyme induction on
      enantioselective oxirane formation.
AB  - The enantioselectivity of the in vitro conversion of simple prochiral and chiral
      aliphatic alkenes into oxiranes by liver microsomes of untreated or induced
      (phenobarbital) rats, of untreated or induced (phenobarbital, benzo[a] pyrene)
      mice, and of humans was determined by complexation gas chromatography. The
      enantiomeric excess (ee) of the epoxides extends from 0 (trimethyloxirane) to 50%
      (ethyloxirane). The configuration (R or S) of the enantiomers formed in excess is
      consistent for homologous oxiranes but is species dependent and in some cases
      influenced by enzyme induction. Enantioselectivity differences of aliphatic
      alkene epoxidation by human liver microsomes of four individuals are negligible.

PMID- 2642042
TI  - Optical enrichment of dansyl-rac-amino acids by formation of crystalline
      inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins.
AB  - Optical enrichment from racemic dansyl-leucine, dansyl-norleucine, and dansyl
      phenylalanine with both beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins in water is reported.
      Initial crystallization yielded the dansyl-L-Leucine isomer complexed in excess
      with beta-cyclodextrin with an optical purity of 62-78% depending on experimental
      conditions. The optical purities obtained for L-norleucine and L-phenylalanine
      were 71 and 64%, respectively. The optical purity can be increased with continued
      recrystallization. The dansyl-D-leucine isomer was obtained in the mother liquor
      with an optical purity of 54-93% depending on experimental conditions. The
      optical purities obtained for D-norleucine and D-phenylalanine were 72 and 58%.
      The optical purity of the isomer depended on the molar ratio of host:guest and
      the pH value of the solution. Optimum enrichment of both enantiomers was achieved
      with host:guest ratios of 2:1 and 3:1. Although maximum crystalline yield of the
      dansyl-leucine/CD inclusion complex was obtained at a pH of 3.5, optical purity
      of both enantiomers was less than that obtained at other pHs. The influence of
      the molar ratio of host:guest and the pH value of the solution are discussed.
      This method is suitable for large-scale enantiomeric separations.

PMID- 2642043
TI  - Direct separation of albendazole sulfoxide enantiomers by liquid chromatography
      on a chiral column deriving from (S)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) tyrosine: application
      to enantiomeric assays on plasma samples.
AB  - The direct enantiomeric resolution of albendazole sulfoxide (SOABZ), an
      anthelmintic drug belonging to the benzimidazole class, is reported on a chiral
      stationary phase (CSP) synthesized by covalent binding of (S)-N-(3,5
      dinitrobenzoyl)tyrosine-O-(2-propen-1-yl) methyl ester on a gamma-mercaptopropyl
      silanized silica gel. A comparison with the resolution achieved on commercially
      available Pirkle-type CSPs obtained from N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) derivatives of
      (R)-phenyglycine or (S)-phenylalanine is described. Some structurally related
      chiral sulfoxides including oxfendazole (SOFBZ) are also studied. Optimization of
      the mobile phase nature and composition is investigated showing that a hexane
      dioxane-ethanol ternary mixture affords an almost baseline resolution (Rs =
      1.25); however, in this case, albendazole sulfone (SO2ABZ) is eluted between the
      two sulfoxide enantiomers; accordingly, a hexane-ethanol mobile phase would be
      preferred for biological samples containing both metabolites. The influence of
      temperature on the resolution is depicted with a hexane-ethanol mobile phase.
      Finally, application to the enantiomeric assays of SOABZ in plasmatic extracts of
      rat, sheep, bovin, and man after oral administration of albendazole (sulfoxidized
      to SOABZ and SO2ABZ) is reported. Some distortions in the enantiomeric ratios are
      evidenced depending on the species.

PMID- 2642044
TI  - A vivid model of chiral recognition.
AB  - Hands can be used to demonstrate the three-point model of chiral recognition. The
      points of attachment are thumb, forefinger, and middle finger. This vivid model
      has the advantages of simplicity, perspicuity, and availability at any time,
      although two persons are necessary. It can be shown that two interactions are not
      sufficient for chiral recognition but that three attractive or two attractive and
      one repulsive attraction are needed. It can also be used to explain some
      possibilities of weakening or elusion of the three-point model.

PMID- 2642045
TI  - Stereoselectivity at muscarinic receptor subtypes: observations with the
      enantiomers of phenglutarimide.
AB  - The affinity of the enantiomers of phenglutarimide at three muscarinic receptor
      subtypes was examined in vitro using field-stimulated rabbit vas deferens (M1
      receptors) and guinea pig atria (M2 alpha receptors) and ileum (M2 beta
      receptors). Extremely high stereoselectivity was observed and higher affinities
      (up to 6000-fold) were found for the (+)-S-enantiomer. The stereoselectivity
      ratios were different at the three subtypes, and the stereochemical demands made
      by the muscarinic receptors were most stringent at M1 receptors. (+)-(S)
      Phenglutarimide was found to be a potent M1-selective antagonist (pA2 at M1 =
      8.53). Its receptor selectivity profile is qualitatively similar to that of
      pirenzepine. (-)-(R)-Phenglutarimide showed no comparable discriminatory
      properties.

PMID- 2642046
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of terbutaline after repeated oral dosing
      with racemic terbutaline.
AB  - Terbutaline is a beta 2-agonist and administered as the racemic mixture. The
      pharmacokinetics of the separate enantiomers differ with respect to degree of
      absorption and clearance. In the present study, repeated doses of racemic
      terbutaline were given to six healthy volunteers. Plasma was analyzed for the
      concentrations of the two enantiomers. The observed plasma concentrations at
      steady state differed from those predicted from the values observed after single
      dose administration of the separate enantiomers. The difference between the
      observed and predicted values can be tentatively explained by a combined
      influence of (-)-terbutaline on the absorption of (+)-terbutaline and the
      influence of (+)-terbutaline on the elimination of (-)-terbutaline. The results
      have implications for the interpretation of effect/concentration studies with
      terbutaline, but do not affect the doses used in clinical practice.

PMID- 2642047
TI  - Specification of molecular chirality.

PMID- 2642048
TI  - Stereochemistry of tissue distribution of racemic propranolol in the dog.
AB  - Only limited information is available on the stereochemistry of the in vivo
      distribution of beta-receptor-blocking drugs. In this study we determined the
      levels of the propranolol enantiomers in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and
      central nervous system (CNS), and peripheral tissues in the dog following an
      intravenous dose of a deuterium-labeled pseudoracemate. The appearance of the
      propranolol enantiomers in the CSF was rapid and nonstereoselective, with maximum
      concentrations reached at 15 min after dosing. The levels of the enantiomers in
      both CSF and plasma then declined in a parallel biphasic fashion, with a terminal
      t1/2 of about 125 min. Except for an early high CSF/plasma concentration ratio of
      0.35, the CSF propranolol levels corresponded to the unbound concentration in
      plasma, CSF/plasma 0.20. All areas of the brain showed a similar uptake of
      propranolol, with a tissue concentration exceeding that in plasma about 10-fold
      during the terminal phase of elimination. The uptake of propranolol by peripheral
      tissues varied widely, ranging from a 50-fold accumulation by the lungs compared
      to plasma to no accumulation by adipose tissue. However, as for the CSF, there
      was no evidence of stereoselective uptake of propranolol by any CNS or peripheral
      tissue except for the liver. A significantly higher level of (+)-vs. (-)
      propranolol in liver tissue presumably was a reflection of stereoselective
      hepatic metabolism of (-)-propranolol by this tissue. The slight
      stereoselectivity in plasma binding of propranolol known to exist in the dog had
      no significant influence on tissue or CSF distribution.

PMID- 2642049
TI  - Species differences in the chirality of the carbonyl reduction of [14C]
      fenofibrate in laboratory animals and humans.
AB  - The prochiral carbonyl group of fenofibrate (isopropyl 2-[4-(4
      chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy]-2-methyl propionate) is reduced during its metabolism
      giving rise to a chiral secondary alcohol, "reduced fenofibric acid." Chiral and
      diastereomeric HPLC methods have been developed for the determination of its
      enantiomeric composition and these have been applied to the measurement of the
      "reduced fenofibric acid" enantiomers in urine of rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and
      human volunteers given [14C]fenofibrate. In the three animal species, the
      reduction is markedly enantioselective for the (-)-isomer, the enantiomeric
      ratios (-/+) being 95:5. This was not due to differences in the excretion of the
      enantiomers, since when racemic "reduced fenofibric acid" was given to rats it
      was recovered in the urine with the same enantiomeric composition as the dose
      form. In humans the ratio was 52:48 showing the lack of stereoselectivity of
      reduction in this species.

PMID- 2642050
TI  - Separation and quantitation of (R)- and (S)-atenolol in human plasma and urine
      using an alpha 1-AGP column.
AB  - A method for the determination of (R)- and (S)-atenolol in human plasma and urine
      is described. The enantiomers of atenolol are extracted into dichloromethane
      containing 3% heptafluorobutanol followed by acetylation with acetic anhydride at
      60 degrees C for 2 h. The acetylated enantiomers were separated on a chiral alpha
      1-AGP column. Quantitation was performed using fluorescence detection. A
      phosphate buffer pH 7.1 (0.01 M phosphate) containing 0.25% (v/v) acetonitrile
      was used as mobile phase. The described procedure allows the detection of less
      than 6 ng of each enantiomer in 1 ml plasma. The relative standard deviation is
      4.4% at 30 ng/ml of each enantiomer in plasma. The plasma concentration of (R)-
      and (S)-atenolol did not differ significantly in two subjects who received a
      single tablet of racemic atenolol. The R/S ratio of atenolol in urine was
      approximately 1.

PMID- 2642051
TI  - (-)-(S)-flunoxaprofen and (-)-(S)-naproxen isocyanate: two new fluorescent chiral
      derivatizing agents for an enantiospecific determination of primary and secondary
      amines.
AB  - The synthesis and analytical testing of two new fluorescent chiral derivatizing
      agents (-)-(S)-flunoxaprofen and (-)-(S)-naproxen isocyanate, is described. In a
      few simple steps the free carboxylic acids [(S)-flunoxaprofen and (S)-naproxen]
      are activated with ethyl chloroformate/sodium azide and transformed to the
      corresponding isocyanates. The crystalline reaction products display high
      enantiomeric and chemical purity and stability. The direction of the optical
      rotation of both substances is inverse to that of the corresponding carboxylic
      acids. At ambient temperature the reagents swiftly react with primary and
      secondary amines, yielding highly fluorescent ureas. The applicability of the two
      reagents for the resolution of racemic amines was tested with a number of
      pharmaceuticals (antiarrhythmics, beta-adrenergic antagonists, calcium channel
      blockers, centrally acting antidepressants). The diastereoisomeric derivatives
      were efficiently resolved and separated from side-products by means of normal and
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The use and
      sufficient sensitivity of the two reagents for pharmacokinetic studies were
      demonstrated with a determination of plasma levels of propranolol enantiomers
      after oral administration of the racemic drug [80 mg (R,S)-propranolol-HCl] to
      two volunteers.

PMID- 2642052
TI  - The determination of (-)-(S)- and (+)-(R)-ifosfamide in plasma using
      enantioselective gas chromatography: a validated assay for pharmacokinetic and
      clinical studies.
AB  - An enantioselective gas chromatographic method has been developed and validated
      for the determination of the plasma concentration of the enantiomers of the
      anticancer drug ifosfamide (IFF). In this approach, the IFF enantiomers are
      separated from the plasma matrix by solid phase extraction, chromatographically
      resolved by gas chromatography on a chiral stationary phase, and detected by mass
      selective detection using selective ion monitoring. The assay has been validated
      for routine clinical and pharmacokinetic use and has a limit of detection in
      plasma of 250 ng/ml of each isomer.

PMID- 2642053
TI  - Improved performance of the second generation alpha 1-AGP columns: applications
      to the routine assay of plasma levels of alfuzosin hydrochloride.
AB  - Described is a direct enantioselective separation of the enantiomers of alfuzosin
      hydrochloride on the second generation alpha 1-AGP column which offers improved
      efficiency, shorter analysis, and improved stability with respect to the first
      generation columns. The method has been applied to the analysis of drug substance
      in rat plasma. This highly efficient extraction method and the use of
      fluorimetric detection result in selective and sensitive determination of the
      enantiomers. The analytical validation parameters demonstrate the applicability
      of this method to pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies.

PMID- 2642054
TI  - The role of configuration and conformation in the binding of 2,3-benzodiazepines
      to human serum albumin.
AB  - 2,3-Benzodiazepines containing a centre of asymmetry at C-5 possess both central
      and helical chiralities, and the solution of their racemates contains four
      molecular species. The binding of these compounds to human serum albumin (HSA)
      was studied by affinity chromatography. The binding strength depended both on the
      steric orientation of the 5-ethyl substituent and on the conformation of the
      diazepine ring. Conformation P (defined by the positive sign of C-1-N-2-N-3-C-4
      torsion angle) is favoured, while the quasiaxial orientation of the 5-ethyl
      substituent is not favoured by the albumin molecule.

PMID- 2642055
TI  - Chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatographic resolution and
      absolute configuration of enantiomeric benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxides and tetrols.
AB  - Enantiomers of diastereomeric benzo[a]pyrene (BP) diol-epoxides, r-7,t-8
      dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP (BP 7,8-diol-anti-9,10-epoxide), r
      7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP (BP 7,8-diol-syn-9,10
      epoxide), r-9,t-10-dihydroxy-t-7,8-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP (BP 9,10-diol
      anti-7,8-epoxide), and several 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10
      tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrenes (BP tetrols) were resolved by high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) using columns packed with either (R)-N-(3,5
      dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine[(R)-DNBPG] or (S)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine [(S)
      DNBL], which is either ionically or covalently bonded to gamma
      aminopropylsilanized silica. Resolution of enantiomers was confirmed by
      ultraviolet-visible absorption and circular dichroism spectral analyses. Resolved
      enantiomers of BP diol-epoxides were each hydrolyzed in acidic solution to a pair
      of diastereomeric tetrols which were separated by reversed-phase HPLC. Absolute
      stereochemistries of enantiomeric diol-epoxides were deduced by the absolute
      configuration of their hydrolysis products.

PMID- 2642056
TI  - 10th International Symposium on Listeriosis. 22-26 August, 1988, Pecs, Hungary.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2642057
TI  - Data on the enrichment and selective cultivation of listeriae.

PMID- 2642058
TI  - Phage-typing of Listeria.

PMID- 2642059
TI  - Methods to determine virulence of Listeria strains.

PMID- 2642061
TI  - Pharmacopoeia of culture media for food microbiology--additional monographs.

PMID- 2642060
TI  - Investigations on the pathogenicity of Listeria spp. by experimental infection of
      the chick embryo.
AB  - To investigate the pathogenicity of Listeria spp., chick embryos were infected by
      two methods. Very encouraging results were obtained with the inoculation of the
      chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 10 day old chick embryos: embryos inoculated
      with pathogenic strains (L. monocytogenes or L. ivanovii) died within 72 h,
      whereas those infected with apathogenic strains survived. This test could be a
      suitable method to replace the mouse pathogenicity test.

PMID- 2642062
TI  - IUMS-ICFMH & FECS-WPFC 13th international symposium on Toxins in Foodborne
      Disease and Microbiology of Drinking Water. 5-9 October, 1987, Halkidiki, Greece.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2642063
TI  - Dedication for the Journal of Molecular Neuroscience.

PMID- 2642064
TI  - Phorbol ester binding sites in human brain: characterization, regional
      distribution, age-correlation, and alterations in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - We have characterized and localized phorbol ester binding sites in human
      autopsied brains, using [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate ([3H]PDBu). When the tissue
      was homogenized in the absence of Ca2+ chelator (10 mM EGTA/2 mM EDTA), Scatchard
      analysis of the specific [3H]PDBu bindings to both particulate and soluble
      fractions yielded a single class of high-affinity binding site (Kd = 7.1 and 7.4
      nM: Bmax = 45.4 and 3.1 pmol/mg protein, respectively). The particulate fraction
      retained the majority of [3H]PDBu binding (98% of total binding activity), while
      the soluble fraction was almost devoid of binding activity (2%). In the presence
      of Ca2+ chelator, more of the activity was found in the soluble fraction (30%).
      The binding of [3H]PDBu was potently inhibited by active phorbol esters and
      related diterpenes with Ki of nanomolar concentration but not by inactive ones.
      Diolein (OAG), a synthetic diacylglycerol, and polymixin B, an inhibitor of
      protein kinase C (PKC), inhibited the binding moderately (Ki = 5.8 and 1.3
      microM, respectively). H-7, an inhibitor of PKC and cyclic nucleotides-dependent
      kinase, did not compete with [3H]PDBu for the binding sites (Ki greater than
      100,000 nM). The regional distribution of specific [3H]PDBu binding in the human
      brain was rather uneven and resembled that of [3H]PDBu autoradiograms and PKC
      like immunoreactivities in the rat brain. The binding capacities were generally
      in the order: rhinencephalon greater than basal ganglia greater than cerebral
      cortex greater than diencephalon greater than cerebellum greater than
      mesencephalon. Age-related loss of binding sites was observed in the prefrontal
      cortex of the subjects 33-81 years of age. In Parkinson's disease, the phorbol
      ester binding showed a significant reduction in the substantia nigra, caudate
      putamen, and pallidum, whereas it was unchanged in the prefrontal cortex and
      caudate nucleus of schizophrenics, when compared with the relevant controls.

PMID- 2642065
TI  - Estrogen regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA in rat hypothalamus.
AB  - The participation of gonadal steroid hormones in regulation of the vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP) gene expression in the hypothalamus was studied using a
      quantitative densitometric hybridization assay. In the female rat the levels of
      VIP mRNA were found to be significantly decreased following ovariectomy (4.41 +/-
      0.7 arbitrary units of absorbance vs. 8.52 +/- 0.18). This decrease was largely
      reversed after three days of treatment with estradiol dibenzoate. In contrast to
      the female rats, no significant change in VIP mRNA levels was observed in the
      male rats, following orchidectomy. These results suggest a sexual dimorphism with
      regard to the steroid regulation of hypothalamic VIP gene expression in the rat.

PMID- 2642066
TI  - Deglycosylated membranous and soluble dopamine beta-hydroxylase have identical
      apparent molecular weights.
AB  - Dopamine beta-hydroxylase exists as soluble and membrane-bound forms in secretory
      vesicles. The soluble form of the enzyme contains identical subunits of 72 kDa
      and the membrane-bound form contains two non-identical subunits of 72 kDa and 75
      kDa. The difference in the banding pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggests the presence of either an extra
      peptide, or membrane-binding segment, or differential glycosylation of 75-kDa
      subunits of the membranous form. Soluble and membranous forms of the enzyme were
      deglycosylated with endoglycosidases to elucidate the contribution of the
      carbohydrate moieties to the banding pattern on a sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel. The deglycosylated species of both forms appeared to be
      identical and showed a decrease in apparent molecular weights to 66 kDa. These
      results indicate that the banding pattern of soluble and membranous dopamine beta
      hydroxylase on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis may not
      be due to a membrane-binding anchor but rather to carbohydrate moieties.

PMID- 2642068
TI  - A qualitative theory of the screening-binding effects of magnesium salts on
      epithelial cell membranes: a new hypothesis.
AB  - A theoretical explanation is given of the screening-binding effects of various
      magnesium salts on the ionic permeability of epithelial amniotic cell membranes.
      It is suggested that the 'screening process' induces an increase in the
      electrical membrane resistance and in membrane stability which is a unique action
      at low concentration. At high concentration, the binding process induces a
      reduction or an increase in these parameters as a function of the magnesium salt
      present. The different effects are due to changes in the distribution and in the
      repartition of the fixed charges on the cell membrane.

PMID- 2642067
TI  - Characterization of EcoRI mutation in fucosidosis patients: a stop codon in the
      open reading frame.
AB  - Recently, a subset of fucosidosis patients was identified in which the single
      EcoRI site in the open reading frame of the human cDNA encoding alpha-L
      fucosidase was obliterated. We have employed the polymerase chain reaction
      technique to amplify alpha-L-fucosidase DNA from the five patients known to carry
      the EcoRI abnormality as well as four patients and two additional fucosidosis
      patients who do not carry the EcoRI abnormality. Sequence analysis of the
      amplified DNA has determined that the EcoRI site was destroyed by a C-T
      transition in the last position of the EcoRI site. This single base change
      results in the generation of a stop codon 120 base pairs upstream of the normal
      stop codon. In addition, we have determined that EcoRI cleavage of amplified DNA
      may be a useful diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of heterozygotes and in prenatal
      diagnosis of fetuses at risk for this disease.

PMID- 2642069
TI  - Effects of moderate calcium overload on magnesium metabolism in growing pigs
      receiving normal magnesium intakes.
AB  - Mg balance, and bone and plasma Mg contents were assessed in growing pigs fed
      diets containing either 1.4% or 0.9% calcium and 0.5% total phosphorus (all of
      plant origin). Mg was provided by the feed ingredients, and both groups received
      the same level of 0.2%. The high Ca (HCa) diet had no effect upon Mg utilization.
      Tibial Mg content (of both cortical and medullary bone) was lower and plasma Mg
      concentration higher in the HCa group. We suggest that these late changes are
      related to the negative effects of Ca overload upon P metabolism, such as
      hypophosphataemia, rather than being the result of a direct Mg-Ca interaction.

PMID- 2642070
TI  - Magnesium fluxes during lactation in the rat.
AB  - Lactating rats fed a 0.055% Mg diet transferred 5.5 +/- SEM 0.3 mg per day of Mg
      into milk but remained in a slightly positive Mg balance by increasing both food
      consumption and fractional intestinal Mg absorption. Urinary Mg excretion
      increased continually during the course of lactation to values double those of
      non-lactating rats.

PMID- 2642071
TI  - Serum magnesium and nerve conduction velocity in uraemic patients on chronic
      haemodialysis.
AB  - In 18 patients on regular haemodialysis treatment, the dialysate magnesium
      concentration (dMg) was lowered (from 0.5 to 0.25 mmol/litre) and the correlation
      between serum Mg level (sMg) and nerve conduction velocity was investigated
      before and one year after dMg variation, in order to ascertain whether
      hypermagnesaemia plays a role in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy in
      patients on regular dialysis. The normalization of sMg (from 1.27 +/- SD 0.16 to
      0.98 +/- 0.09 mmol/litre) did not result in any improvement in nerve conduction
      velocity, though such improvement has previously been reported; however, this
      discrepancy could be explained by the fact that sMg was not excessively high at
      the beginning of the study.

PMID- 2642072
TI  - Correlation between total and free magnesium levels in human red blood cells.
      Influence of HLA antigens.
AB  - Total and free magnesium contents were determined by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance on red blood cells of
      healthy blood donors of known HLA groups. A statistically significant correlation
      was found between free and total magnesium contents (r = 0.67, P less than 0.02).
      The previously described low total magnesium contents in HLA-B35+ subjects were
      associated with low free Mg2+ contents. Therefore, total and free magnesium and
      HLA-associated genetic factors are closely related.

PMID- 2642073
TI  - 2nd Swiss Symposium on Magnesium. Berne, 3 November 1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2642074
TI  - 11th Magnesium Symposium. Hohenheim, 29-30 September 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2642075
TI  - 17th French Annual Colloquium on Magnesium. Paris, 25 November 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2642076
TI  - Familial lymphohistiocytosis: the pathologist's view.

PMID- 2642077
TI  - Proceedings of the International Workshop on Familial Hemophagocytic
      Lymphohistiocytosis (FHL). November 24-26, 1988.

PMID- 2642078
TI  - Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis as a syndrome: correlation of
      clinicopathological data.

PMID- 2642079
TI  - Histiocytosis syndromes and related disorders of early infancy: a pathologist's
      perspective.

PMID- 2642080
TI  - Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: diagnostic problems and differential
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2642081
TI  - Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: therapy in the German experience.

PMID- 2642082
TI  - Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis macrophages showing
      immunohistochemical properties of activated macrophages and T-accessory cells.

PMID- 2642083
TI  - Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: clinical features.

PMID- 2642084
TI  - Soluble interleukin-2 receptor in hemophagocytic histiocytoses: searching for
      markers of disease activity.

PMID- 2642085
TI  - Natural killer cell function and interferon production in familial hemophagocytic
      lymphohistiocytosis.

PMID- 2642086
TI  - Treatment of familial lymphohistiocytosis: chemotherapy or bone marrow
      transplant?

PMID- 2642087
TI  - Mononuclear cell derangement.

PMID- 2642088
TI  - Lipid abnormalities and immunodeficiency in familial erythrophagocytic
      lymphohistiocytosis.

PMID- 2642089
TI  - XXIIIrd annual meeting of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Nephrology. Tokyo,
      Japan, June 23-25, 1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2642090
TI  - Dietary restrictions for a single normal kidney.

PMID- 2642091
TI  - The polymorphonuclear leucocyte count in childhood haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
AB  - Review of data from 79 children with the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) showed
      that the polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) count at presentation in childhood HUS
      predicts outcome. Logistic regression analysis of several features at
      presentation identified only the PMN count and the presence of a diarrhoeal
      prodrome as having a significant effect on the outcome (P less than 0.01 and P
      less than 0.001 respectively). The geometric mean PMN count was significantly
      raised in 70 children who had typical HUS following a diarrhoeal prodrome (D+
      cases) compared with that of 9 children who had atypical disease without
      diarrhoea (D- cases) (t-test on log-transformed data, P less than 0.005). Fifty
      seven children with D+ HUS who recovered completely had a significantly lower
      geometric mean PMN count than D+ cases with a bad outcome (P less than 0.001).
      Four of these patients, who died in the acute stage of the disease, had a
      significantly higher mean count than the rest of the D+ patients (P less than
      0.001). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the PMN count in D+ cases
      was not significantly influenced by haemoglobin concentration, platelet count,
      length of the prodrome, or the administration of antibiotics in the prodromal
      period. A high PMN count at presentation in D+ HUS indicates a poor prognosis.
      The data emphasise the heterogeneity of HUS and suggest that PMN participate in
      the pathogenesis of the disorder in typical D+ cases but not in atypical D-
      cases.

PMID- 2642092
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous renal replacement systems for critically ill children.
AB  - Five different arteriovenous renal replacement systems were used to treat 23
      critically ill oliguric or anuric children. Slow continuous ultrafiltration (SCU)
      was carried out for 8 patient days, continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration
      (CAVH) for 40, suction-supported CAVH for 56, continuous or intermittent
      arteriovenous haemodiafiltration (AVHDF) for 3, and continuous arteriovenous
      haemodialysis (CAVHD) for 24 days. SCU allowed excellent control of fluid
      overload in 4 patients within 47 +/- 17 h. Urea clearances ranged from 5.6 +/-
      2.1 ml/min per m2 (spontaneous CAVH) to 15.3 +/- 3.7 ml/min per m2 (CAVHD) and
      enabled good control of azotaemia. Ultrafiltration rates of the different filters
      ranged from 1.6 +/- 0.3 to 11.5 +/- 2.4 ml/min per m2. The only serious
      complication was a femoral artery thrombosis in a 1.5-year-old boy. Minor side
      effects were local bleeding at the entrance site of the arterial catheter and
      transient hypotension during suction-supported CAVH. Of 23 patients, 8 died
      because of progressive multiple organ system failure, a mortality of 35%.

PMID- 2642093
TI  - Antithrombin III in children with various renal diseases.
AB  - Levels of antithrombin III (AT-III) activity and antigen in plasma and urine in
      children with renal diseases, and their correlation with the light microscopic
      findings of kidney tissue and the fluorescence of glomeruli, were investigated.
      AT-III activity in plasma was reduced slightly during the acute stage of acute
      glomerulonephritis and moderately in the relapse stage of nephrotic syndrome,
      whereas a small increase of AT-III antigen level in urine was noted in the acute
      stage of glomerulonephritis and considerably more was observed during the relapse
      stage of nephrotic syndrome. During the acute stage of glomerulonephritis or in
      some primary persistent glomerulonephritis (IgA nephritis, non-IgA nephritis),
      Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis and nephrotic syndrome, localization of small
      amounts of AT-III was noted on the capillary walls of glomeruli. These findings
      were in parallel with the proliferative changes of glomeruli. However, the AT-III
      localization did not change in parallel with the light microscopic findings or
      degree of the fluorescence of the fibrinogen/fibrin-related antigen. It was
      thought that the existence of AT-III antigen on the capillary walls of the
      glomeruli might be associated with the inhibition of excessive fibrin formation
      by AT-III.

PMID- 2642094
TI  - Should children in renal failure be immunised against chickenpox before receiving
      a renal transplant.

PMID- 2642095
TI  - What is the risk of developing glomerulonephritis in a child with facial
      lipodystrophy and hypocomplementemia?

PMID- 2642096
TI  - Peripheral nerve function in children with end-stage renal failure.
AB  - Information on clinical and subclinical peripheral neuropathy in children with
      end-stage renal failure (ESRF) is scarce. We have studied the presence of
      clinical and subclinical peripheral neuropathy in children with ESRF comparing
      recently developed non-invasive methods with the measurement of nerve conduction
      velocities. Twelve children (7 boys, 5 girls; age range: 5-17 years; duration of
      haemodialysis: 0.5-60 months) participated. Thermal discrimination threshold
      (TDT) and vibration perception threshold (VPT) were determined twice before and
      after haemodialysis in each patient. Peroneal nerve conduction velocity was
      determined once before haemodialysis. No clinical or subclinical peripheral
      neuropathy was observed in any of the children. Except for two slightly increased
      TDT values after haemodialysis all results were within the normal range. No
      correlation was found with age or duration of haemodialysis and no association
      was found between the three methods. VPT values showed a significant improvement
      after haemodialysis treatment, although all VPT values were in the normal range.
      This suggests that haemodialysis has an influence on cutaneous sensation, but
      further study is needed to confirm this observation. Longitudinal investigations
      will be necessary to evaluate whether TDT and VPT determinations can be used for
      early screening of clinical and subclinical neuropathy in children with ESRF.

PMID- 2642097
TI  - How should girls with recurrent urinary tract infection and persistent vaginal
      discharge be managed?

PMID- 2642098
TI  - Connective tissue metabolism in children with chronic renal failure.
AB  - To assess the characteristics of connective tissue metabolism in chronic renal
      failure (CRF), urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) fractions and
      hydroxyproline (HYP) was determined in ten patients with CRF and in ten age
      matched healthy children. CRF was found to be associated with elevated free HYP
      (19.9 +/- 6.1 vs 9.8 +/- 3.6 mumol/day, P less than 0.05) and depressed peptide
      HYP excretion (33.1 +/- 13.5 vs 225.2 +/- 17.7 mumol/day, P less than 0.01), a
      low rate of total GAG excretion (7.0 +/- 2.4 vs 16.1 +/- 1.9 mumol uronic
      acid/day, P less than 0.05) with low chondroitin 4 -sulphate + chondroitin 6 
      sulphate (Ch-Ss) (14.0 +/- 9.9 vs 65.0 +/- 22.1%) and a high proportion of non
      sulphated or under-sulphated fractions, i.e. hyaluronic acid + chondroitin +
      heparan sulphate (HA + Ch + HS) (75.3 +/- 11.4 vs 31.5 +/- 5.7%). Urinary 3
      methyl-histidine (3-met-HIS) excretion and plasma essential free amino acids did
      not differ in the two groups. In response to haemodialysis no consistent change
      occurred in urinary excretion of 3-met-HIS, peptide-bound HYP, total GAG or
      percentage distribution of individual GAG fractions. After haemodialysis all
      plasma amino acids decreased significantly, and there was a significant increase
      in urinary excretion of free HYP (P less than 0.05). We conclude that the
      alterations in urinary excretion of total and individual GAGs observed in CRF may
      reflect disturbed connective tissue metabolism which does not appear to be
      accounted for by protein malnutrition or enhanced protein breakdown and remains
      uninfluenced by haemodialysis therapy.

PMID- 2642099
TI  - Successful pregnancy in advanced renal failure without dialysis.
AB  - We describe a successful pregnancy in a 22-year-old patient with advanced renal
      failure, who gave birth to a living boy in the 35th week of pregnancy. At the
      time of spontaneous delivery the mother had a serum creatinine of 851 mumol/l. No
      dialysis treatment had been instituted during this successful pregnancy.

PMID- 2642100
TI  - A new percutaneous renal biopsy device for pediatric patients.
AB  - A new automated biopsy technique is described for performing percutaneous renal
      biopsies in pediatric patients. The biopsy device (Bard Biopty Instrument)
      employs a relatively small needle (18 gauge). We believe this procedure offers a
      safer and more effective means of obtaining adequate renal tissue for
      pathological assessment in pediatric patients.

PMID- 2642101
TI  - Primary nephrotic syndrome in Arab children in Kuwait.
AB  - Fifty-five Arab children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) were seen at two
      regional hospitals in Kuwait over a 5-year period. There were 35 boys and 20
      girls with a mean age of 5.3 years. The annual incidence was 7.2 and 6.0 per
      100,000 children below 10 and 12 years of age, respectively. An initial response
      to steroids was noted in 84% with almost 50% responding within 1 week of therapy.
      Nine patients did not respond to steroids; histopathological classification of
      their renal biopsies showed 5 cases of membranoproliferative nephritis, 3 cases
      of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and 1 case of membranous nephropathy.
      Microscopic haematuria was noted at presentation in 7 of 46 steroid responders,
      in all 5 patients with membranoproliferative disease and in 1 of 3 with focal
      segmental glomerulosclerosis. We conclude that the incidence of PNS seems to be
      higher among Arab children than in Western countries. With regard to initial
      biochemical abnormalities, steroid response and subsequent relapses, the pattern
      is the same as elsewhere.

PMID- 2642102
TI  - Clinical quiz. Cadmium intoxication.

PMID- 2642104
TI  - VII Congress of the International Pediatric Nephrology Association. August 27
      September 1, 1989, Toronto, Canada. Abstracts.

PMID- 2642103
TI  - Use of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in the treatment of haemolytic uraemic syndrome
      (HUS)

PMID- 2642105
TI  - Urinary symptoms in child sexual abuse.
AB  - Many common genitourinary complaints may be related to sexual abuse. We report
      five patients referred to a Pediatric Nephrology Clinic who demonstrate some of
      the symptoms and signs caused by abuse, such as dysuria, genital and urinary
      tract infections, voiding dysfunction, and genital trauma. Difficulties in
      eliciting histories are described. Although these genitourinary complaints may be
      due to a variety of etiologies, sexual abuse should not be overlooked.
      Suggestions for a management approach are made.

PMID- 2642106
TI  - Oliguria, facial oedema and severe dyspnoea.

PMID- 2642107
TI  - Safe conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine with improved renal function in
      pediatric renal transplantation.
AB  - Although cyclosporine has improved allograft survival in renal transplant
      patients, problems with drug toxicity remain, raising the question whether
      cyclosporine should be stopped at some point post-transplant. However, the
      relative safety of converting from cyclosporine to another immunosuppressive
      agent, or simply stopping cyclosporine remains an issue of debate and has not
      been evaluated in children. We have developed a protocol to convert children, who
      are 6 months post-transplant and have stable kidney function, from cyclosporine
      and prednisone to azathioprine and prednisone. Eleven children have undergone
      conversion because of suspected/potential nephrotoxicity or because of other
      difficulties with cyclosporine (expense, hirsutism). These children were compared
      with a control group of 12 children who met all criteria for conversion at 6
      months but remained on cyclosporine. Allograft survival was similar in both
      groups but the children converted from cyclosporine experienced an improvement in
      renal function as measured by calculated creatinine clearance. There were no
      episodes of rejection for a period of 4 months post-conversion and all rejection
      episodes that developed subsequently occurred during or after the change from
      daily to alternate-day prednisone. We believe that conversion from cyclosporine
      to azathioprine can be accomplished safely in children with stable allograft
      function but long-term risks and benefits need further evaluation.

PMID- 2642108
TI  - Renal biopsy for 24-h urine protein excretion of 1.5 g/day.

PMID- 2642109
TI  - The development of anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis in two children
      with Alport's syndrome after renal transplantation: characterization of the
      antibody target.
AB  - Two children with Alport's syndrome are described, who developed anti-glomerular
      basement membrane (GMB) antibody-mediated nephritis after renal transplantation.
      The reactivity of antibodies in their serum with collagenase-solubilized normal
      GBM was examined by SDS-PAGE with one- and two-dimensional immunoblotting. The
      specificity was compared with that of antibodies present in serum from a patient
      with Goodpasture's syndrome, and a mouse monoclonal antibody (MCA-P1), directed
      against the Goodpasture antigen. All reacted in a similar way with collagenase
      solubilized GBM. Since abnormalities in the composition of the GBM are present in
      Alport's syndrome, it is proposed that differing antigen composition of GBM in
      the host compared with the donor kidney, together with transplant rejection, may
      have provoked the development of post-transplant anti-GBM antibodies.

PMID- 2642110
TI  - Variability of urine albumin excretion in normal and diabetic children.
AB  - The variability of urine albumin excretion (UAE) was studied in normal and
      diabetic children and, in addition, the best method of expressing the data was
      investigated. In 39 timed overnight urine samples from diabetic children, the
      urine albumin creatinine clearance ratio (CA/CC) was compared with the urine
      albumin creatinine concentration ratio (UA/UC), the urine albumin excretion rate
      (UAER) and the urine albumin concentration (UA). UA/UC predicted CA/CC (r = 0.95)
      better than either UAER (r = 0.83, P less than 0.02) or UA (r = 0.90), 0.1
      greater than P greater than 0.05). The within-individual and the between
      individual variability in overnight UA/UC in 171 urine samples from 73 normal
      children was compared with that of 406 urine samples from 119 diabetic children,
      using a "random effects type 2 nested analysis of variance" model. Geometric mean
      (range) UA/UC (mg/mmol) in diabetic children, 0.55 (0.04-6.90), was greater than
      in normal children, 0.33 (0.05-2.10, P less than 0.01), and 18% of diabetics had
      a value of UA/UC above the normal range. Within-individual variance was the same
      in normals (0.12) and diabetics (0.12), but between-individual variance in
      diabetics (0.18) was much greater than in normals (0.03). These data show that
      within-individual observations for both normals and diabetics are highly but
      equally variable. Furthermore, from these data, it is possible to infer that a
      minimum of five estimations are necessary per individual to estimate the true
      mean value of urine albumin excretion with reasonable confidence.

PMID- 2642111
TI  - Prolongation of acute renal failure in two patients with hemolytic-uremic
      syndrome due to excessive plasma infusion therapy.
AB  - Two children with prototypic hemolytic-uremic syndrome had prolonged acute
      dialysis-dependent renal failure (74 and 84 days) associated with a state of
      hyperproteinemia induced by extensive infusion of fresh frozen plasma (283 and
      307 units). We believe that the hyperproteinemia prolonged the duration of renal
      failure. Following cessation of plasma therapy, the hyperproteinemic state
      reversed, the degree of proteinuria decreased and renal function quickly
      recovered. Although the pathophysiological mechanism requires further evaluation,
      we speculate that an alteration in the colloid oncotic pressure and/or
      aggravation of tubulointerstitial injury due to overload-proteinuria may have
      increased the duration of renal failure.

PMID- 2642112
TI  - Feeding disorders and gastroesophageal reflux in infants with chronic renal
      failure.
AB  - Twenty-two infants (mean age 7.5 months) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were
      studied for their nutrition, growth, and upper gastrointestinal function. Most
      infants had a history of poor caloric intake and 7 had received supplemental
      feeding (SF) prior to the investigation. All infants were undergrown,
      underweight, and malnourished. The infants were characterized as having only a
      fair interest in food, refusing feedings, and vomiting excessively. Sixteen of 22
      infants (73%) had significant gastroesophageal (GE) reflux demonstrated by 24-h
      esophageal pH monitoring. Gastroesophageal scintiscans were less sensitive and
      specific in detecting the reflux. Infants with GE reflux were significantly
      younger and more often required SF than those without GE reflux. There were no
      significant differences in the degree of renal failure, growth failure, caloric
      intake, protein intake, or nutritional status between the infants with and
      without GE reflux. From these studies we conclude that GE reflux should be
      considered as one of the factors contributing to the feeding problems of infants
      with CRF.

PMID- 2642113
TI  - Purine enzyme defects as a cause of acute renal failure in childhood.
AB  - Acute renal failure (ARF) is not listed as a usual form of presentation in
      hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, despite the gross uric
      acid overproduction in the defect. We found that a third of such patients may
      present in ARF when the urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio may be normal, not
      raised, and the defect may be suspected from the disproportionate increase in
      plasma uric acid. This is important in view of the potential confusion of uric
      acid with 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, the even more insoluble purine excreted in the
      other salvage enzyme disorder, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. In
      that disorder, presentation in ARF is well recognized, the uric acid/creatinine
      ratio is also normal, but plasma urate is not raised. Our combined experience in
      these two disorders underlines the importance of early recognition and treatment
      with carefully adjusted doses of allopurinol, which may reverse or postpone renal
      failure.

PMID- 2642114
TI  - Recurrent hypertonic dehydration due to selective defect in the osmoregulation of
      thirst.
AB  - A 6-year-old girl with recurrent episodes of hypertonic dehydration was studied.
      She denied thirst even with a plasma osmolality as high as 421 mosmol/kg. The
      hypernatremia was associated with an ability to concentrate urine (854
      mosmol/kg). Volume expansion with water corrected hypernatremia (162 to 148
      mEq/l) and resulted in an increased urine flow and urinary dilution (137
      mosmol/kg) because of suppression of endogenous vasopressin (AVP) release (5.1
      pg/ml). Hypertonic saline infusion raised the plasma AVP level (25.6 pg/ml) in
      response to changes in plasma osmolality (305 to 330 mosmol/kg) and led to a
      maximal urine osmolality of 818 mosmol/kg. With chronic forced fluid intake, the
      patient maintained a normal serum sodium concentration (range, 135-145 mEq/l)
      with a urine osmolality as low as 65 mosmol/kg. These findings are consistent
      with an isolated defect in the osmoregulation of thirst as the cause of the
      chronic hypertonic dehydration without deficiency in AVP secretion.

PMID- 2642115
TI  - Chronic renal failure due to kidney infiltration by Burkitt type lymphoma.
AB  - Chronic renal failure due to lymphomatous infiltration is rare. We report a case
      of end-stage renal failure due to bilateral massive lymphomatous infiltration
      confined to the kidneys and pancreas. Renal insufficiency was due to interstitial
      fibrosis and striking tubular atrophy.

PMID- 2642116
TI  - Management of Finnish congenital nephrotic syndrome by unilateral nephrectomy.
AB  - Finnish congenital nephrotic syndrome is fatal unless managed aggressively;
      treatment in hospital with albumin infusions and subsequent bilateral nephrectomy
      allows survival. However, it consistently results in protein malnutrition which
      may lead to serious infections and severe physical and developmental retardation,
      as well as the subsequent burden of dialysing an anephric child. We treated a boy
      by unilateral nephrectomy at 3 months. The reduced protein loss allowed home
      management with albumin infusions and resulted in a substantial rise in his
      plasma IgG levels. The glomerular filtration rate declined fairly rapidly after
      unilateral nephrectomy, so he needed peritoneal dialysis by 16 months, which was
      straightforward as he still maintained a good urine output. Management by
      unilateral nephrectomy has allowed this boy to grow and develop normally. The
      time spent in hospital was minimal and the very high cost of providing albumin
      preparations was reduced considerably.

PMID- 2642117
TI  - Nephrotic syndrome and primary tubular amyloidosis in a child: a case report.
AB  - Nephrotic syndrome in a 19-month-old child was associated with an unusual form of
      primary renal amyloidosis. The amyloid deposit was in the tubulo-interstitium and
      not in the glomeruli. Although the deposit did not stain with Congo red, it had
      the ultrastructural characteristics of amyloid. The patient had resistant
      nephrotic syndrome, and he subsequently developed microhaematuria and glucosuria.

PMID- 2642118
TI  - Can one predict the prognosis in patients with IgA nephropathy from the analysis
      of serum complement?

PMID- 2642119
TI  - Enhanced growth with growth hormone therapy after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2642120
TI  - What is the risk of a lady with familial hypophosphatemic rickets having affected
      children and grandchildren.

PMID- 2642121
TI  - Ambulatory care: France, Federal Republic of Germany, and United States.
AB  - This study describes the results of a comparison of ambulatory medical care data
      for France, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), and the United States of
      America (U.S.). Data for this comparison were derived from independent national
      sample surveys in ambulatory care systems of the three countries in 1981-83. The
      French data set resulted from a sample of physicians who had been asked to
      document all patient-physician contacts for a specified 3-day period during 1982
      83. The FRG survey of patient-physician contacts was performed in the fourth
      quarter of 1981 and the first quarter of 1982. Sample physicians reported for a
      sample of patient-physician contacts during two consecutive weekdays, the
      reporting periods being spread across the two calendar quarters in a balanced
      fashion. Survey physicians had been drawn at random from almost all ambulatory
      care specialties. U.S. survey data were obtained through a random sample of
      physicians reporting for a sample of their patient-physician contacts for a whole
      week, with the reporting weeks being spread across the whole year of 1981.
      Because regular office hours generally do not take place on weekends, Sundays
      were excluded in the French survey; in the FRG survey Saturdays and Sundays were
      excluded as reporting days. Although the French and the U.S. study universes
      consisted of almost all physicians practicing ambulatory medical care in the
      respective countries, the FRG physicians were drawn from five regions of the
      country systematically selected to represent the Federal Republic of Germany with
      respect to demographic population characteristics and physician specialty
      distribution. The universes of physicians and patient-physician encounters of the
      three national studies varied according to the ambulatory medical care systems of
      the respective countries. Data sets for this international comparison were
      derived from the respective national studies by selecting personal patient
      physician contacts (in the physician's office or in the patient's home--referred
      to as "encounters") with eight physician specialties (general practitioners,
      pediatricians, obstetricians/gynecologists, internists,
      psychiatrists/neurologists, dermatologists, ophthalmologists, and
      otorhinolaryngologists). Patient variables used in the international comparison
      are patient age, sex, visit status, reason for encounter, and disposition. Yearly
      rates of personal patient-physician encounters in ambulatory medical care were
      estimated. Crude and age-sex standardized rates were computed for selected
      patient and physician characteristics.

PMID- 2642122
TI  - Can psychometric tools be used to analyse pain in a geriatric population?
AB  - Pain is both a sensory and an emotional experience. In a multidisciplinary pain
      management clinic for a geriatric population, pain and mood have been assessed
      prior to the initiation of management in 49 of 100 referred patients. Patients
      have been assessed clinically, for psychological disability using the profile of
      mood states (POMS) and a visual analogue scale for mood, for pain using the
      McGill pain questionnaire (short form), word descriptor scale and visual analogue
      scale and for activities of daily living (ADL) using the Disability and
      Impairment Interview Schedule and the Rapid Disability Rating Scale -2. All
      testing has followed initial screening to exclude dementia. For the group
      assessed by psychometric measures, median age was 75 years (range 56 to 91); 41
      were female. Major pathologies were degenerative musculoskeletal disease (15),
      post-herpetic neuralgia (9), and psychiatric conditions (7). Intra-test item
      correlations were found to be significant for the McGill questionnaire and the
      POMS. Inter-test correlations were observed for pain measures (McGill present
      pain intensity with VAS pain, r = 0.67; with word descriptor, 0.64; p less than
      0.001), for ADL measures (r = 0.53, p less than 0.001) and for measures of mood
      (VAS mood with POMS (depression), r = 0.45; p less than 0.001; with POMS
      (anxiety), r = 0.35; p less than 0.01. There was no significant correlation
      between measures of mood and pain on the McGill scale. The data to this time
      support the view that standard psychometric tools can be used reliably to
      evaluate pain, mood and activity in this population. Furthermore, it appears that
      mood and pain may be measured separately.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642123
TI  - Validity of a revised EEG coma scale for predicting survival in anoxic
      encephalopathy.
AB  - A revised EEG grading scale in coma has been introduced previously. This scale is
      based on the internationally accepted 5 grade scale but also contains uncommon
      patterns such as spindle, alpha and theta pattern comas. By defining 15 separate
      grades and subgrades it was possible to reduce the number of patterns of
      uncertain prognostic significance for survival to 4 out of the 15 possible
      patterns. It is also hoped that by a clear definition of individual grades and
      subdivisions the scale will assist electroencephalographers who lack experience
      of coma cases. The validity of the scale has been tested in a group of 63
      patients who suffered cardiac arrest in excess of 7 minutes' duration. The EEG
      was performed 24 to 36 hours after the onset of coma. The accuracy of prediction
      for survival was 98.4%, a rate higher than in previously published studies. The
      mortality rate was 70%, 19 patients surviving. There was a statistically
      significant correlation between mortality rate and duration of cardiac arrest and
      also between mortality rate and increasing age. Four suggested scale subdivisions
      did not occur in the material studied but these subdivisions are more common in
      traumatic encephalopathies. This study shows that an EEG performed 24 to 36 hours
      after cardiac arrest provides significant information for the prediction of
      survival. No specific patterns of microscopic changes in the brain were found to
      correlate with individual EEG abnormalities in fatal anoxic encephalopathies.

PMID- 2642124
TI  - Daily salivary anticonvulsant monitoring in patients with intractable epilepsy.
AB  - Daily salivary anticonvulsant monitoring in epileptic patients with frequent
      seizures appears a promising, practicable and inexpensive approach which may
      assist in the management of drug therapy. It offers the possibility of predicting
      the optimal drug concentration likely to minimise seizure activity in a given
      patient, and sometimes allows the inference that different anticonvulsant drugs
      should be tried forthwith. The use of the method is described in one patient who
      collected daily saliva specimens and recorded any seizure activity over periods
      of several weeks. Whilst taking carbamazepine monotherapy, her seizures tended to
      occur on days where the salivary carbamazepine level was lower than on seizure
      free days. As the predicted level of carbamazepine to allow full seizure control
      (obtained from linear regression analysis of seizures against drug concentration)
      could not be tolerated by the patient, methylphenobarbitone was added to her
      therapy. Saliva was again collected daily over another 3 months. Analysis of the
      data on this occasion suggested that carbamazepine, in the presence of
      methylphenobarbitone, may have played little role in seizure prevention, and also
      predicted the salivary level of phenobarbitone likely to minimise seizures.
      Unfortunately the patient again could not tolerate the drug doses necessary to
      attain this phenobarbitone concentration.

PMID- 2642125
TI  - Possible extension of spect cerebral imaging in the investigation of epilepsy
      using radioiodinated benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2642126
TI  - Factors influencing the yield of cranial CT scanning in a private neurological
      practice.
AB  - A prospective study was performed to evaluate the yield of cranial CT scanning in
      164 patients referred from a private neurological practice between 1986 and 1988.
      An over all rate of scan abnormality of 19% was noted. The most common presenting
      symptoms were headache (51) and seizure disorder (36) and the rates of scan
      abnormality in these disorders were 15% and 25%, respectively. The yield of CT
      scanning in patients with headache may be increased by taking age, sex and
      symptom duration into account, abnormalities being significantly more likely in
      males, those aged over 40 years and those with headache durations shorter than
      one month. Those with both symptoms and signs of a structural lesion were more
      likely to have abnormal scans than those with either symptoms alone or signs
      alone, both in the group as a whole and in the subgroup with headaches. The
      predictive value of symptoms suggestive of a structural lesion was influenced by
      age, sex and the presenting symptom. The yield was low in young females with
      headache and symptoms suggesting a structural lesion. Such symptoms had a higher
      predictive value for scan abnormality in patients with seizure disorder than in
      those with headache. Contrast administration demonstrated a low yield of lesions
      not seen on pre-contrast scans.

PMID- 2642127
TI  - A review of 20 cases of spastic dysphonia.
AB  - Twenty patients with the distinct nosological entity of adductor spastic
      dysphonia (SD) were seen at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney over a 6-year period.
      Nine of these patients also experienced a tremulous voice associated with
      evidence of an essential tremor (ET) elsewhere, including head, trunk and limbs.
      The mean age of onset in patients with SD was 45 years and in those with SD with
      ET was 52 years. In 10 patients the onset was gradual, with the remaining 10
      experiencing an abrupt onset, in 3 related to an upper respiratory tract
      infection and in 7 to psychosocial stress. Factors which frequently resulted in a
      worsening of speech included stress, public speaking, tiredness, strong emotions,
      upper respiratory tract infections and prolonged use of the voice. In patients
      with SD alone temporary relieving factors included spontaneous statements, use of
      a quiet voice, slow speech, high and low pitch, yawning, chewing, swallowing,
      laughing and on first waking in the morning. The response to therapy was
      variable. Two patients underwent recurrent laryngeal nerve sectioning.

PMID- 2642128
TI  - Cerebral infarction in cryptococcal meningitis.

PMID- 2642129
TI  - Iophendylate-induced basal arachnoiditis.

PMID- 2642130
TI  - Infarction of the conus medullaris--clinical and radiographic features.
AB  - A 53-year-old woman experienced an acute onset of flaccid weakness of the legs
      associated with severe abdominal and lower limb pain. Sensory loss extended from
      L3 to S5. Constipation, recurrent abdominal pain and urinary retention were
      problems during the course of her illness. Six months after the onset the patient
      could walk with assistance. A myelogram and CT scan of the lower dorsal and
      lumbar spine showed no abnormality. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the
      diagnosis of infarct of the conus medullaris. This case highlights the clinical
      features of spontaneous infarction of the conus medullaris and emphasises the
      value of magnetic resonance scanning for the diagnosis of lesions of the spinal
      cord.

PMID- 2642131
TI  - Cerebral deposits of carcinoid tumour.
AB  - This report details a most unusual case of cystic cerebral metastasis. The
      patient developed symptoms due to carcinoid deposits in the brain. The clinical
      course has been protracted and the primary source of the carcinoid tumour remains
      unknown.

PMID- 2642132
TI  - Obstructive hydrocephalus caused by multiple sclerosis.
AB  - A case is reported of obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to the mass effect of a
      plaque of acute demyelination in the brainstem. The literature on the CT scan
      appearances in multiple sclerosis is briefly discussed in relation to this case.

PMID- 2642133
TI  - Posterior cortical atrophy.
AB  - Two patients had a steadily progressive disorder of higher cortical function
      dominated by the early development of cortical visual deficits. In one, a right
      visual inattention progressed over a period of 2 years to a complete right
      homonymous hemianopia and relative left inferior quadrantanopia. In the second
      case, blind in the left eye for unrelated reasons, a temporal field loss was
      noted at presentation in the right eye, with the subsequent development of field
      loss in the inferior nasal quadrant on that side. Features of Balint's syndrome
      developed in both patients, with sticky fixation, ocular dysmetria and
      simultanagnosia. Prominent associated features were progressive dysmnesia,
      dyscalculia, ideomotor apraxia and spatial disorientation. Abstract reasoning,
      speech function and insight were all well preserved. MRI and CT scans revealed no
      focal abnormalities. These cases are similar to the 5 recently described by
      Benson et al. The pathological basis is unknown but may be an atypical form of
      Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2642134
TI  - Focal cerebral ischaemia induced by postural change.
AB  - Three middle-aged men with risk factors for vascular disease developed brief,
      stereotyped hemi-sensory symptoms on sitting or standing. These symptoms occurred
      in the absence of postural hypotension. On clinical criteria, these episodes were
      indicative of small vessel (perforator) ischaemia, rather than large vessel
      disease. This was supported by the absence of any stenosis on duplex scanning of
      the neck vessels. Two of the patients progressed to develop a fixed deficit. In
      all 3 patients the outcome was benign, with minimal residual disability.

PMID- 2642135
TI  - Effect of haemodilution on experimental cerebral ischaemia.
AB  - The effect of normovolaemic haemodilution (HD) on cerebral ischaemia after middle
      cerebral artery occlusion (MCA) was studied. Thirteen adult cats (HD group, 5;
      control group, 8) were used. Systemic arterial pressure (SAP) was monitored
      continuously. MCA occlusion was produced by a transorbital approach. Regional
      cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the ectosylvian region was measured by a hydrogen
      clearance method. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was monitored, and spectral
      power of the EEG was calculated. Pial artery pressure (PAP) in the ectosylvian
      region was continuously recorded non-occlusively by a micropressure recording
      device. In the HD group, low-molecular-weight dextran was given normovolaemically
      from 10 minutes after ischaemia to lower the haematocrit (Ht) to 24%. The rCBF
      values in the HD group were significantly higher than in the control group after
      90 minutes. Upstream resistance [(SAP-PAP)/rCBF] was significantly lower in the
      HD group than in the control group. Furthermore, downstream resistance (PAP/rCBF)
      was significantly lower in the HD group than in the control group at the 180
      minute point. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the
      spectral power of the EEG during ischaemia. The Ht was significantly correlated
      with rCBF in both groups. These results indicate that haemodilution can improve
      rCBF by lowering the Ht and improving the microcirculation of collateral vessels
      via pial anastomoses, although it might have insufficient effect on improvement
      of cerebral function.

PMID- 2642136
TI  - Orthostatic tremor--a case report.

PMID- 2642137
TI  - Traumatic hypoglossal nerve palsy.
AB  - Isolated fracture through the atlanto-occipital region is not common and can
      easily be missed, clinically and radiologically. The long-term outlook from an
      isolated twelveth nerve palsy has been good in our experience of two cases.

PMID- 2642138
TI  - Spinal cord lesions induced by antigalactocerebroside serum.
AB  - The spinal cord lesions induced by micro-injection of high titre anti
      galactocerebroside serum (anti-GC) into the dorsal columns of the rat were
      studied by light and electron microscopy. The lesions typically comprised a
      central zone of Wallerian-type degeneration surrounded by pockets of primary
      demyelination. Both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes were reduced in the lesions.
      Demyelination also occurred in the dorsal roots. Evidence of remyelination by
      oligodendrocytes and by Schwann cells was found in the 10 to 12 day cord lesions.
      The dorsal column lesions differ from the optic nerve lesions induced by anti-GC
      which are almost exclusively demyelinative, and in which astrocytes are largely
      spared and remyelination is more prominent.

PMID- 2642140
TI  - Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type II followed in the next two
      generations by a clinically distal motor neuropathy.
AB  - Four members in 3 generations of a family are reported, who suffered from
      dominantly inherited hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy Type II. The
      diagnosis was not made in the first patient, seen at the age of 11 years, because
      she had no sensory symptoms. The presence of partial denervation in the EMG led
      to a mistaken diagnosis of distal chronic spinal muscular atrophy. Examination of
      her mother 11 years later and of her uncle after a further 6 years clearly
      established the correct diagnosis. Electrophysiological findings in all patients
      supported the diagnosis of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy Type II.

PMID- 2642139
TI  - Concordance between different measures of small sensory and autonomic fibre
      neuropathy in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - This study presents concordance data from 3 different tests of small nerve-fibre
      function on the same diabetic patients and also examines the effects of
      hyperglycaemia. Thus the TTT-Glasgow automated thermal threshold test, EAR
      Electrically evoked axon reflex flare, and GOE-Gastric emptying of a mixed
      sold/liquid meal and oesophageal emptying of a solid bolus were all measured on
      25 diabetic patients. The TTT, EAR and GOE all gave values ranging from within
      the normal reference range for non-diabetics to markedly dysfunctional readings.
      Mean warm perception (WPT) on the foot dorsum averaged 0.73 degrees C +/- 0.93
      for normal controls, but was 4.67 degrees C +/- 3.99 in the 25 diabetics. Cold
      perception thresholds (CPT) were 0.48 degrees C +/- 0.55 for normal subjects and
      3.75 degrees C +/- 4.28 for diabetics. In the same normal subjects the mean EAR
      flare laser flux responses (for 8 and 16 noxious TENS pulses) was 2.8 V.min,
      while for diabetics the mean was 0.2 V.min. Solid and liquid gastric 50% emptying
      times and oesophageal emptying for non-diabetics were within normal range (mean
      78 min and 18 min, 18 sec respectively) but for the 25 diabetics emptying times
      ranged from normal to very prolonged (mean 114 min and 30 min, 68 sec
      respectively). A plot of 3 measured variables (TTT, EAR and GOE) showed a high
      degree of correspondence between the gastro-oesophageal emptying delays and the
      presence of reduced electrical axon reflex and elevated thermal thresholds. Of 25
      patients, 6 could be classed as within normal limits on all 3 variables, but 8 of
      25 displayed objective evidence of C-fibre neuropathy--thermal perceptual
      impairment (C- and A-delta sensory fibres), reduced neurogenic inflammatory flare
      (peptidergic nociceptive afferents) and delayed gastro-oesophageal emptying
      (vagal afferent/efferent fibres).

PMID- 2642141
TI  - The relationship between reaction time and latency of the P300 event-related
      potential in normal subjects and Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The latency of the P300 event-related potential is though to reflect the time it
      takes to conclude that a task-relevant stimulus has been presented, i.e. it is an
      index of cognitive processing time. Reaction time (RT) also reflects cognitive
      processing time, but additionally reflects the time taken physically to respond
      to the stimulus. If serial models of information processing are correct, then the
      P300 latency must be less than RT, and a positive correlation between the 2
      measures is to be expected. We examined these hypotheses in 100 normal subjects
      aged from 18 to 92 years. The P300 component elicited via a 2-tone discrimination
      task, and RT to the task-relevant tones was measured simultaneously. The
      resulting correlation between these measures was weak (r = 0.26, p greater than
      0.05), and there were instances in which RT preceded the P300 latency. These
      results are consistent with parallel rather than serial models of information
      processing. Fifteen patients with Alzheimer's disease were also examined. Three
      had an abnormally delayed P300 latency, and 7 had abnormally delayed RTs compared
      with age-matched controls. Simultaneous measurement of the P300 latency and RT
      may thus help resolve whether dysfunction is evident in neuronal networks
      concerned with stimulus evaluation or in those concerned with response execution.

PMID- 2642142
TI  - Evaluation of evoked potentials and cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the
      differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
AB  - During the 6 years to December 1988, 191 patients underwent evoked potential (EP)
      studies and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis for oligoclonal bands at the Queen
      Elizabeth Hospital, for the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS).
      Clinical data at the time of study separated patients into 3 groups, as follows:
      (i) multiple sclerosis (n = 90) - McDonald and Halliday Classification, 1977,
      (ii) other neurological disease (n = 82) and (iii) no neurological disease (n =
      19). In cases of clinically definite MS, visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were
      abnormal and oligoclonal bands were detected in 64% and 59% of cases,
      respectively. However, only 15% of patients with suspected MS had abnormal VEPs,
      and only 23% had oligoclonal bands. Other studies have shown figures differing
      from these, though not necessarily significantly. We found a substantial number
      of EP (20%) but few CSF (4%) abnormalities in disorders other than MS, and no
      abnormalities in cases without neurological disease. The various figures for
      abnormal results in cases assessed for the differential diagnosis of MS are
      influenced not only by laboratory methods, but by the degree of clinical
      suspicion in relation to the cases selected, as well as by differences in
      populations from which cases are derived. Long-term prospective studies of
      diagnostically indeterminate cases are still required to determine the diagnostic
      weighting that can be applied on the basis of abnormal investigational results.
      Magnetic resonance imaging will not resolve these questions since it has
      limitations of its own, particularly with regard to specificity.

PMID- 2642143
TI  - Neurological complications of sarcoidosis.
AB  - The medical records of 285 patients at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital with a
      definite diagnosis of sarcoidosis over the period 1973-87 were reviewed. Fourteen
      (4.9%) had involvement of the nervous system, in 8 of whom the neurological
      manifestations were the presenting feature of the disease. The age range of
      neurosarcoidosis was 22 to 79 years and there was a female preponderance (10:4).
      Neurological complications (some patients experienced more than one complication)
      were facial nerve palsy (4), myopathy (3), aseptic meningitis (3),
      deafness/vertigo (2), hydrocephalus (2), hypopituitarism (2) and peripheral
      neuropathy (1). Most patients received corticosteroid therapy. Two patients
      required neurosurgical management for hydrocephalus and 1 for pituitary sarcoid.
      The frequency and type of neurological complications in this Australian study are
      similar to those reported from the Northern Hemisphere.

PMID- 2642144
TI  - [Surgical risk and its indemnification. Medico-legal definition and problems].

PMID- 2642145
TI  - [Evolution of ideas concerning therapeutic responsibility].

PMID- 2642146
TI  - [Indemnification of prejudice in matters surgical. The position of law and
      practice].

PMID- 2642147
TI  - [The mediator facing surgical risk].

PMID- 2642148
TI  - [Surgical risk and its indemnification. Reflexions of a Parliamentary Study
      Commission].

PMID- 2642149
TI  - [Therapeutic risk in surgery].

PMID- 2642150
TI  - Management of the ischaemic leg. The modern approach.
AB  - Atheroma leading to blockage of the leg arteries is on the increase, throughout
      the world. Its commonest manifestation is intermittent claudication, a symptom
      which usually improves without treatment, provided that the patient takes regular
      exercise and does not smoke. It follows, that claudication on its own does not
      usually need further investigation. If the patient deteriorates, or develops rest
      pain, then some form of arterial reconstruction will be required, and at this
      point an arteriogram becomes necessary, in order to decide the best method.
      Available techniques include endarterectomy, balloon and laser angioplasty, and
      bypass surgery, and the respective roles of these are discussed. If surgery
      becomes necessary, the best bypass is the patient's own long saphenous vein. In
      the event of this not being available, a synthetic tube is used. There is nothing
      to suggest that the more expensive synthetics have any advantage over the cheaper
      ones.

PMID- 2642151
TI  - [Ex situ surgical repair of complex lesions of the renal artery].
AB  - Forty one patients underwent ex situ repair of complex renal artery lesions. This
      series includes 22 males and 19 females, 10 children and 31 adults. Ages of the
      patients were comprised between 17 months and 70 years. The operated lesions
      were: --aneurysms of the renal artery and/or of its branches with or without
      associated stenosis: 16 cases; --spontaneous dissection of the renal artery with
      extension to the branches: 7 cases; --extensive dysplasia extended to distal
      branches: 16 cases; --dysplasia of the artery with segmental lesion of the
      kidney: 2 cases; --reoperation on the renal artery: 2 cases. In all cases, the
      kidney was exteriorized after transsection of its vessels. It was cooled by
      perfusion of cold Eurocollins solution. After repair, the kidney was reimplanted
      either in the lumbar (16 cases) or in the iliac fossa (27 cases). An arterial
      substitute was used in 32 cases: 26 arterial and 6 venous autografts. No
      mortality was observed in this series. Two postoperative thromboses occurred
      leading to kidney loss (4.6%). Segmental thrombosis leading to partial atrophy of
      the kidney occurred in 3 cases (7%). During the late follow-up, one iterative
      stenosis was observed and required nephrectomy; two fusiform dilations of venous
      autografts were also observed. In all other cases (35 patients, 85.3%), repair of
      the lesion was successful. Ex situ repair must be reserved to: 1) lesions
      involving several branches of the artery whose repair requires prolonged renal
      circulatory arrest and 2) lesions profoundly situated in the renal sinus,
      especially aneurysms, whose repair is difficult by conventional in situ surgery.

PMID- 2642152
TI  - Surgery of cleft lip and palate in Sri Lanka.
AB  - By means of a surgical expedition involving an independently financed team of
      surgeons, anaesthesists and nurses, 410 operations were performed on 346 patients
      in the course of 52 operating days. This paper simply outlines the preoperative,
      operative, and postoperative scenarios and how clinical practise was tailored to
      adapt to a new environment without compromising standards.

PMID- 2642153
TI  - [Immunoscintigraphy or intraoperative isotopic detection of colorectal neoplastic
      lesions using labelled monoclonal antibodies. Preliminary study. 20 cases].
AB  - 20 patients submitted to surgery for colo-rectal malignancies, had I.V. injection
      of 500 microcuries of 125 I F (ab')2 anti CEA, 3 to 5 days preoperatively, after
      previous thyroid blockade by iodine. At the time of laparotomy, any obvious
      neoplastic growth or suspicious area was checked by "intra-operative
      scintigraphy" according to the technique already developed in thyroid surgery by
      Sten Lennquist. Result was considered as positive when the uptake ratio
      suspicious tissue/normal tissue was greater normal tissue than 1.5. 18 out of 19
      pathologically proven carcinomas, 1 out of 3 liver metastasis, 3 out of 3 extra
      hepatic deposits, and 3 out of 9 metastatic nodes only were positive at
      scintigraphy. These results are not correlated with preoperative plasma level of
      CEA. Perhaps some colo-rectal carcinomas might be able to secrete CEA but not to
      excrete it. Improvement of intraoperative decision-making by this method needs
      further experience to be appreciated. It was helpful in 2 of our 20 cases.

PMID- 2642154
TI  - [Acute necroticohemorrhagic pancreatitis. Why, when and how to drain? Apropos of
      106 cases].
AB  - The heavy toll of necrotizing acute pancreatitis led the authors to start
      developing a new method of treatment in experimental and clinical conditions in
      1979. This was aimed on one hand at creating a large channel for the centrifugal
      drainage of pancreatic or peri-pancreatic foci, and on the other hand at
      maintaining this draining channel during the first 5 weeks of acute evolution of
      the acute necrotizing pancreatitis in order to allow the permanent evacuation of
      purulent or necrotic fragments. From 1979 to 1989, 106 patients were treated with
      this method, ie. 71 men and 35 women with an average age of 47.9 years. 73 (74%)
      of these patients had been referred by other hospitals, and 64 only had been
      initially operated at Saint-Antoine hospital. All patients presented with
      extensive peripancreatic necrosis. The average Ranson score was 4.8 (not taking
      the fluid sequestration during the first few hours into account). Visceral
      failure was observed in 76% of the patients before surgery. The necrosis of the
      pancreatic gland was focal in 6 cases, extensive in 47 cases and total or
      subtotal in 25 cases. Out of the 70 CT studies, 64 showed a Ranson grade of E.
      All patients received enteral feeding on a jejunal site postoperatively. The
      mortality rate was 16%. The stay of the surviving patients in the intensive care
      unit averaged 50 days. 29 patients (27%) were reoperated on for complications or
      insufficient drainage.

PMID- 2642155
TI  - [Pediatric organ transplantation].
AB  - Since we started our pediatric kidney transplant program in 1970, we advocate
      children's transplantation to be performed in pediatric surgery units. Recent
      progress in immuno-suppression with ciclosporine and in operative procedures lead
      us to extend the program to liver transplantations in 1986, then to heart and
      lung transplantations in 1988. The Pediatric Transplant Unit was designed to
      assume the pre-operative evaluation of the recipients and the post-operative
      course of transplanted patients, closely connected to all specialists dealing
      with medical and surgical diseases of children. 29 patients were transplanted
      (kidney: 8, liver: 14, heart: 1, lungs: 6) with a 83% overall survival rate. The
      goal of this paper is not to discuss and compare indications or results with
      others series. Through our experience of pediatric organ transplantation, we
      shall try to point out the main advantages of a Pediatric Transplantation Unit:
      it optimizes the management of the rare pediatric donnors, and allows better
      skill and efficiency of the numerous specialities concerned by organ
      transplantation, such as intensive care, infectiology, immunology, radiology...
      The common medical and para-medical staff, common operative theater, and common
      use of equipment in the same department for transplantation of different organs
      is also an important matter to be considered now in term of cost-effectiveness.

PMID- 2642156
TI  - Biological considerations in osteosynthesis.
AB  - The normal process of fracture healing was described in which the dual role of
      external callus was stressed, firstly in providing immobilisation of the
      fragments and secondly in providing the first bony bridge between the fragments.
      The influence on this process of stable internal fixation was discussed. External
      callus is suppressed so that during the remodelling process the patient is
      dependent upon the implant for its support for up to 1 or 2 years. The clinical
      implications for this are considerable making it difficult to know at what point
      the implant should be removed so that there is a significant incidence of re
      fracture. The advantages of elastic plate fixation were described. With these it
      is possible to produce secure fixation without sacrificing external callus
      avoiding the above disadvantages. Clinical experiences with a composite plate of
      epoxy resin reinforced with carbon fibre in fractures of the femur and forearm
      bones produced rapid and reliable union with external callus was achieved whilst
      still allowing the patient unrestricted use of the limb. This rapid union was
      particularly useful in osteoporotic bone. The disadvantages are that the plate is
      expensive and cannot be contoured to bone. The ways in which these problems might
      be dealt with in the future were discussed.

PMID- 2642157
TI  - [Tumors of the upper excretory urinary tract. A homogeneous series of 108
      patients].
AB  - In their study of a homogeneous series of 108 patients operated for a
      transitional cell tumor of the upper urinary tract, the authors emphasize the
      following points: --every third tumor has several foci, and it is very difficult
      to make a complete inventory of all tumoral foci before surgery; --the great
      majority of these tumors are unilateral. Bilateral recurrence following radical
      unilateral excision is quite exceptional; --low-grade superficial tumors
      virtually never invade the lymph nodes, and their prognosis is excellent as a
      rule; --grade III carcinomas area almost always infiltrating and present high
      risks of lymph node invasion. Lymph node involvement means that the evolution
      will be lethal in all cases. None of the patients having invaded lymph nodes
      survived; --metastases appear soon, usually within the first 24 months, but
      mainly between the 6th and 12th months following surgery; --20% of the patients
      in this series died of metastases; --the actuarial survival rate after 5 years is
      68%.

PMID- 2642158
TI  - Urothelial malignancy.
AB  - Urothelial malignancy fascinates the urologist by the range of problems it
      presents. In superficial bladder cancer, we have reduced the demands of treatment
      by using fibrescopic technology to make outpatient treatment comfortable and
      acceptable to our patients. We have adopted a policy of radiotherapy and salvage
      cystectomy to try to preserve bladder and sexual function in our patients with
      invasive bladder cancer. The results of recent histological studies may help us
      to predict which patients will respond to radiotherapy so that we can offer
      alternative treatment to those who will not. At present, the endoscopic
      management of tumours of the upper urinary tract poses technical difficulties
      which will resolved only after further advances in technique and instrumentation.

PMID- 2642159
TI  - Pulmonary resuscitators.
AB  - We evaluated 22 exhaled-air pulmonary resuscitators (EAPRs) of two types (Type I,
      face mask--17 units from 15 manufacturers; Type II, face shield--5 units from 4
      manufacturers) and 13 disposable manual (bag-mask) pulmonary resuscitators
      (DMPRs) of three sizes (adult--7 units from 7 manufacturers, child--4 units from
      4 manufacturers, and infant--2 units from 2 manufacturers. Our ratings and
      rankings of EAPRs were based on their effectiveness as a breathing adjunct and as
      a barrier between the resucer and patient, on the ease with which they
      established an effective seal, and on their design and ease of use. Most Type I
      EAPRs were rated Acceptable; one was rated Acceptable-Not Recommended. Most Type
      II EAPRs were rated Conditionally Acceptable; one was rated Conditionally
      Acceptable-Not Recommended; and one was rated Unacceptable because it has high
      flow resistance. Our ratings and rankings of DMPRs were based on their
      performance during CPR, particularly their ability to achieve adequate
      compression rates in all climates (which could affect their usefulness in
      emergency situations) and their supplemental oxygen capacity, as well as on their
      design and ease of use. Of the adult models, three were rated Acceptable; two
      were rated Conditionally Acceptable; and two were rated Conditionally Acceptable
      Not Recommended. All of the child and infant units were rated Acceptable.

PMID- 2642160
TI  - Phacoemulsification systems.
AB  - Our objectives in conducting this evaluation were to present an overview of a
      basic phacoemulsification system and its components, to describe the
      phacoemulsification procedure within the context of the operating principles of
      the system's components, and to compare two manufacturers' products.
      Specifications for additional phacoemulsification systems are available in the
      November 1989 edition of ECRI's Hospital Product Comparison System. Both of the
      evaluated systems enable a surgeon to perform a complete cataract extraction
      procedure by phacoemulsification. We rated both units Acceptable. In selecting a
      unit, users should consider performance, safety, human factors design, and
      manufacturer training and support. Although list prices vary widely among
      available systems, cost factors should not override clinical performance and
      safety requirements. While we measured certain engineering parameters, such as
      stroke length and ultrasound (US) output forces exerted on a medium, we stress
      that the results of these tests do not provide enough information to predict
      clinical performance. Clinical performance of phacoemulsification systems can be
      determined only by the experience of the clinicians who use them. Clinicians
      should review our evaluation thoroughly before making a purchasing decision. The
      information we present is useful for purchasing the evaluated or other available
      models because our criteria will guide users in assessing all components, and our
      findings and discussion on some aspects are common to many available systems
      (e.g., type of pump, irrigation and aspiration [I/A] characteristics). The in
      depth clinical and technical information will help users to better understand
      principles, thereby helping them to better define their needs. Although we
      discovered a number of problems with the evaluated models, users should not
      assume that similar or other problems do not exist with systems that we did not
      evaluate. The willingness of manufacturers to cooperate in our studies and the
      knowledge they gain through participating may lead to the development of better
      products.

PMID- 2642161
TI  - Circulating fluid pumps.
AB  - We evaluated four circulating fluid pumps from three manufacturers. Our ratings
      are based primarily on the unit's performance, safety, ease of use and servicing,
      and price. All pumps are rated Acceptable, although one is Not Recommended
      because it has no overcurrent protection. See the Supplement at the end of the
      heating pad evaluation for a discussion of purchasing considerations.

PMID- 2642162
TI  - Circulating fluid heating pads.
AB  - We evaluated nine heating pads of three basic types (all-plastic single-patient
      use, covered single-patient-use, and all-plastic reusable) from three
      manufacturers. All of the heating pads are rated Acceptable. We based our ratings
      on the pads' heat transfer performance and their ease of use and versatility
      according to application (i.e., single-patient-use or reusable). Two of the all
      plastic pads can be used for both applications. See the Supplement at the end of
      this evaluation for a discussion of purchasing considerations.

PMID- 2642163
TI  - Blood gas/pH analyzers.
AB  - We evaluated five blood gas/pH analyzers from five manufacturers. We based our
      ratings on operator safety, reliability of derived parameters without an
      interfaced oximeter, and alarm features. All units are rated Conditionally
      Acceptable. They are Acceptable on the condition that users assume the
      responsibility for taking appropriate infection control measures to minimize
      exposure to potentially infectious blood samples.

PMID- 2642164
TI  - Multiwavelength oximeters.
AB  - We evaluated three oximeters from three manufacturers. We based our ratings on
      operator safety, ability to report all parameters, alarm features, and human
      factors design. All units are rated Conditionally Acceptable. They are Acceptable
      on the condition that users assume the responsibility for taking appropriate
      infection control measures to minimize exposure to potentially infectious blood
      samples.

PMID- 2642165
TI  - [Malignant lymphoma in leprosy patients of our autopsy series].

PMID- 2642166
TI  - An ultrastructural study of blood vessels in peripheral nerves of leprosy
      patients: blood vessels in peripheral nerves.
AB  - Ultrathin sections of nerves of tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy were examined
      in an electron microscope for changes in endoneural blood vessels. In the
      tuberculoid nerves, hypertrophy of endothelial cells was the most prominent
      feature. This was to such an extent that the lumen of blood vessel was often
      closed. Endoneural blood vessels showed multilayers separated by collagen and
      ground substances. In contrast, in the lepromatous nerves, there was no
      hypertrophy of endothelial cells in the blood vessels and the lumen of the
      vessels was open. M. leprae were seen within the endothelial cells and these
      organisms were intact and probably viable. These observations suggest a possible
      involvement of endoneural blood vessels which may contribute to nerve damage in
      leprosy.

PMID- 2642167
TI  - Ultrastructural characteristics of macrophages in dermal leprosy granulomas:
      macrophages in leprosy granulomas.
AB  - The characteristics of the cells of mononuclear phagocyte series (MPS) in the
      dermal granulomas of tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy were studied by elereron
      microscopy. In the tuberculoid granulomas, majority of the cells of MPS
      (epithelioid cells) showed a distinct appearance. They were seen in close
      association with a large number of activated lymphocytes. The cells of MPS had a
      prominent nucleus. Their cytoplasm contained mainly rough endoplasmic reticulum,
      developed golgi and was free of M. leprae or its products. In contrast, the cells
      of MPS (macrophages) in lepromatous leprosy had a large nucleus. Their cytoplasm
      contained mainly whole M. leprae organisms/its phagocytosed products and rough
      endoplasmic reticulum. There was paucity of lymphocytes in these granulomas.
      These observations support the view that the cells of MPS in the tuberculoid
      granulomas may be secretory while those in the lepromatous granulomas were
      phagocytic.

PMID- 2642168
TI  - Autoreactivity to hepatocellular antigens in primary biliary cirrhosis and
      primary sclerosing cholangitis.
AB  - To investigate the possible involvement of autoimmune reactions in the periportal
      hepatocellular damage that is often seen in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and
      primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), sera from 35 patients with PBC and 31 with
      PSC were tested for autoantibodies against the liver-specific lipoprotein
      preparation, LSP, and against one of its liver-specific constituents, the
      asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), and compared with results in 24 untreated
      patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (AI-CAH). Anti-LSP antibodies
      were found in 48.5% of the PBC and 10% of the PSC patients, vs. 100% of those
      with AI-CAH, while anti-ASGP-R was found in 23% of PBC, 10% of PSC and 96% of AI
      CAH patients. In PBC (but not in PSC) these antibodies correlated with severity
      of periportal inflammation and piecemeal necrosis but tended to be associated
      with the later stages of the diseases and both seropositivity for, and titres of,
      anti-LSP and anti-ASGP-R were significantly influenced by the presence of HLA DR3
      (positively) and DR2 (negatively) in these patients. DR3 was also associated with
      significantly higher, and DR2 with lower, serum IgG concentrations in PBC. The
      findings suggest that, in PBC, DR2 and DR3 may be associated, respectively, with
      one or more genes that code for down-regulation or for elevation of overall
      immunoresponsiveness and that autoreactivity to hepatocellular antigens in PBC is
      more likely to be a consequence than a cause of hepatocellular injury. Periportal
      liver damage in PSC seems to involve different mechanisms.

PMID- 2642169
TI  - An analysis of the frequency of Sjogren's syndrome in a population of multiple
      sclerosis patients.
AB  - We have studied 42 unselected patients with a clinical diagnosis of multiple
      sclerosis (MS) for clinical and laboratory features of Sjogren's syndrome (SS).
      The MS patients in this study had similar demographic/epidemiologic features as
      those previously reported in the literature. The most striking features of the MS
      patients suggesting a SS diathesis was the presence of dry eyes (xeropthalmia) in
      six (14%). Although 2/6 of the symptomatic patients and 6/36 of the asymptomatic
      patients had abnormal tear production (Schirmer's test) this was accounted for by
      the concomitant use of anti-cholinergic medication. None of the MS patients had
      autoantibodies (SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, rheumatoid factor) thought to be characteristic
      of SS. We conclude that SS, either in isolation or occurring in combination with
      MS, is uncommon in an MS outpatient setting.

PMID- 2642170
TI  - Regulation of peripheral blood B-cell IgA production in alcoholic cirrhosis.
AB  - In alcoholic cirrhosis, high levels of serum IgA make a prominent contribution to
      hyperglobulinaemia. Kinetic studies indicate that this predominantly reflects
      enhanced IgA synthesis rather than catabolism. Increase IgA synthesis might
      reflect increased antigenic load, diminished T-cell suppression, or T-cell
      independent B-cell stimulation (for example by lipopolysaccharide). To
      investigate this we studied T-cell control of IgA production by peripheral blood
      cells. Six patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were compared with six normal
      individuals. Serum IgA levels were significantly higher in the patients (6.6
      mg/ml, SD 2.8 cf 1.7 mg/ml, SD 1.2). Seven day unstimulated cultures of
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells yielded supernatant IgA concentrations of
      1,025 ng/ml (SD 600) in patients and 363 ng/ml (SD 222) in controls. T-cell
      control of IgA synthesis was explored by rosetting out T-cells, and
      reconstituting cultures at varying T:non-T cell ratios. Similarly shaped curves
      relating IgA per million non-T cells to the T:non-T cell ratio were found, with
      maximum IgA production at a T:non-T ratio of 8:2 in each group. IgA production at
      this ratio was 6.4 micrograms/ml/million non-T cells (SD 3.2) in cirrhosis of 3.2
      (SD 1.0) in controls. T-cell control of IgA production thus appears normal,
      though set at a higher level, implying enhanced T-cell independent drive to IgA
      production in alcoholic cirrhosis.

PMID- 2642171
TI  - A primary standard for the ELISA of thyroglobulin and microsomal autoantibody IgG
      subclass associated activity.
AB  - A primary standard for the assay of thyroid autoantibody subclass distribution
      was prepared by removing all but one IgG subclass from a standard serum by
      negative affinity chromatography. Affinity columns were prepared using murine
      monoclonal antibodies showing restricted specificity for human IgG (clone TM10
      non-IgG1; HP6019-non-IgG2; VC9-nonIgG3 and 1a1-non-IgG4). Aliquots of patient
      serum were chromatographed and the eluted fractions assayed for IgG subclass
      concentration and thyroid autoantibody activity by ELISA. Recoveries of the
      desired IgG subclasses were: TM10 26.7%, HP6019 77.3%, VC9 53.0% and 1a1 46.0%.
      Contamination with unwanted subclasses was usually less than 1% but there was
      some "breakthrough" of 3 and 4 with HP6019. The thyroid autoantibody
      distribution, corrected for recovery and dilution, was thyroglobulin autoantibody
      (TgAb) IgG1 61.2%, IgG2 37.7%, IgG3 2.7%, IgG4 2.9% and thyroid microsomal
      autoantibody (MicAb) IgG1 73.7%, IgG2 19.8% IgG3 3.6% IgG4 3.8%. Several other
      serum samples were also analyzed by this technique and also by subclass ELISA
      calibrated with this standard serum. Regression analysis of the data obtained by
      the two assay methods gave correlation coefficients of r = 0.88 for TgAb and r =
      0.82 for MicAb.

PMID- 2642172
TI  - Isolation of functionally active pleural macrophages.
AB  - Pleural fluid provides an easily accessible source of tissue macrophages (MACS).
      We established a method for retrieval and isolation of these cells. Thirty
      thoracenteses were performed on patients with the clinical diagnosis of
      congestive heart failure or malignancy. Within 4 hr of thoracentesis, the
      specimen was placed on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, centrifuged, and the
      mononuclear cells were isolated. Assessment for total cell count, cell viability,
      and percentage of cells which were MACS as determined by nonspecific esterase
      staining was recorded. Pleural MACS were separated by glass adherence. In 24
      cases, sufficient cells were available to measure the release of hydrogen
      peroxide spontaneously and with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation. Nine
      of 24 specimens had spontaneous hydrogen peroxide release. In all cases,
      stimulation of pleural MACS resulted in a significant increase in the amount of
      hydrogen peroxide released. We report a simple method for retrieving viable and
      functionally active pleural macrophages.

PMID- 2642173
TI  - Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by polymorphonuclear leucocytes in
      patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex.
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) play an important role in host defense against
      bacterial and certain fungal infections. Furthermore, PMN are effectors in
      antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against a variety of tumor and
      non-tumor target cells. In this study we examine the PMN-mediated ADCC in
      patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex
      (ARC), using chicken red blood cells (CRBC) in the presence of anti-CRBC antibody
      as targets. Ten subjects each with AIDS, ARC and healthy controls were evaluated.
      Among AIDS patients one had Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and 9 had opportunistic
      infection(s). A significantly decreased (p less than 0.005) ADCC was observed in
      both patients with AIDS and ARC. Although ADCC tended to be lower in ARC than in
      AIDS, however the difference between AIDS and ARC was not significant (p greater
      than 0.5). We suggest that the deficient PMN-mediated ADCC in human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection might play a role in increased
      predisposition to bacterial and certain opportunistic infections and perhaps in
      the spread of HIV infection.

PMID- 2642174
TI  - C4 and Bf phenotypes in black and Caucasian patients with childhood onset insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Certain alleles for the complement proteins, C4 and Bf, have been shown to be
      markers for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in samples of different
      racial and geographic composition. However, the same markers are not demonstrable
      in each group studied. Phenotyping for the complement alleles, C4 and Bf was
      performed on 168 Caucasian and 49 Black patients with IDDM. All of the patients
      were followed in Memphis, Tennessee and had onset of disease prior to age 18. The
      Bf*F1 allelic frequency was significantly increased for the Caucasian patients as
      compared to 93 healthy Caucasian controls (0.063 vs. 0.016) and for the Black
      IDDM patients as compared to 43 healthy Black controls (0.102 vs. 0.035). C4
      phenotype frequencies showed a significant increase of the C4AQ0 (rr = 2.13) and
      C4A4 (rr = 2.91) phenotypes for the Caucasian IDDM patients as compared to
      controls, but the frequency of homozygous null C4A was not significantly
      increased. In addition significant negative associations of IDDM with C4A3 and
      C4A6 phenotypes and no association with any C4B phenotype were observed in our
      Caucasian patient population. Our data for Mild-South Blacks with IDDM suggest a
      similar positive association of IDDM with the BfF1 phenotype (rr = 3.4). However,
      there was no evidence among Black IDDM patients of the C4AQ0 and C4A4
      associations observed in the Caucasian sample. The data support a possible
      association of IDDM with the C4A2 (rr = 5.86) and C4B2 (rr = 5.26) phenotypes.
      The hypothesis that racial admixture may account for the higher frequency of IDDM
      in US Blacks as compared with African Blacks has been forwarded by
      others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642176
TI  - [Effect of ultraviolet photochemotherapy on cytokinetics].

PMID- 2642175
TI  - An immunological study of tricalcium phosphate supplied by three different
      manufacturers.
AB  - Antigenicity of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramics which were supplied by two
      Japanese manufacturers and a manufacturer of United States was studied by means
      of delayed skin reactions in guinea pigs. Skin reactions were elicited 13 days
      after being immunized by intradermal injection of the ceramics into the dorsal
      flanks of guinea pigs. After 24 and 48 hr, these reactions were assessed by
      measuring the diameter of the erythema, the degree of hemorrhaging and its
      induration. Antigenicity was not detected in the TCP obtained from the Asahi
      Optical Co., Ltd. and the Kyocera Corporation by means of skin reactions. In
      contrast, TCP from Miter, Inc. (Synthograft) raised a delayed type
      hypersensitivity (DTH) 24 hr after antigen elicitation. The reaction appeared to
      be based on tuberculin type and Jones-Mote type of reactions. Arthus reactions
      were not observed in either the normal groups or groups immunized with TCP.

PMID- 2642177
TI  - [Molecular pharmacologic approach to cell-communication transduction].

PMID- 2642178
TI  - [Mechanism of neoplasm metastasis: proliferation of metastatic cells in lymph
      nodes].

PMID- 2642179
TI  - [Autoimmune annular erythema].

PMID- 2642180
TI  - [Epidemiologic study of hand eczema].

PMID- 2642181
TI  - [Present status of cleansing agents].

PMID- 2642182
TI  - [Etiologic mechanism of hand dermatoses].

PMID- 2642183
TI  - [Epidemiologic study of hand dermatoses in big cities].

PMID- 2642184
TI  - [Epidemiologic study of hand dermatoses in a rural population].

PMID- 2642185
TI  - [Impact of odor hedonics on sensory odor intensity--physiological intensity and
      sensory intensity].
AB  - In this study, it is supposed that the human recognition system for odor
      intensity can be classified into systems of physiological intensity and sensory
      intensity. The former is the intensity based on the physiological response to
      olfaction, the latter is the intensity dependent on psychological properties such
      as odor qualities and odor hedonics. The purpose of this study is to make clear
      the relationship between physiological intensity and sensory intensity. In this
      paper, therefore, the quantitative relationships between all physiological
      intensities of odorous compounds were evaluated in experimental subjects by means
      of the sensory similarity test, and the impacts of the odor hedonics on the
      sensory intensity were examined based on the correlations between the measured
      sensory intensities and the hedonics of all subjects. As a result, it was
      confirmed that a linear relation was established between the psychological
      impacting factor alpha, which was the ratio of the sensory intensity to the
      physiological intensity, and odor hedonics. It was also estimated that
      methylamine had a maximum physiological intensity and ethyl isobutyrate a minimum
      one based on the equivalent sensory intensity.

PMID- 2642186
TI  - [The anti-mutagenic effects of human saliva investigated by umu-test. Part 1.
      Effects of filtration and storage at low temperatures].
AB  - The anti-mutagenic effects of human saliva were examined by the umu-test. The SOS
      inducible DNA-damaging activity of AF-2 was markedly decreased by pre-treatment
      with human fresh saliva. The anti-mutagenic activity of human saliva was retained
      even after the filtration (0.45 microns). This activity was also observed after
      24 hr-storage at 10 degrees C or -12 degrees C. These results were consistent
      with previous reports using Ames tests. Significant differences in the activity,
      however, were observed between sample donors and between experiments with the
      same sample donor. Further analyses of the effects of the factors contained in
      saliva as well as the effects of life-styles, including dietary-habits of sample
      donors will be necessary.

PMID- 2642187
TI  - [Immunotoxicity of cobalt and nickel--experimental study on cytotoxicity of
      immuno-sensitive metals].
AB  - The effects of cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) on the humoral immune response were
      studied by two indexes of specific IgM antibody production against sheep red
      blood cells (SRBC) and polyclonal IgG antibody production in the spleens of mice
      intraperitoneally injected with cobalt chloride or nickel chloride. An experiment
      for the effect of both metals on specific IgM production was carried out by
      measuring IgM plaque-forming cells in the spleens of mice intraperitoneally
      injected with both metal salts using 1/10, 1/100 or 1/200 of LD50 for i.p.
      injection three times every other day and were immunized with SRBC on the day of
      the last injection of each metal salt. The other experiment for the effect of
      both metals on polyclonal IgG production was done by measuring, on days +3 or +6
      in relation to the last injection of metal salts, polyclonal IgG-forming cells in
      the spleens of mice injected with both metal salts using 1/10 or 1/100 of LD50
      for i.p. injection three times every other day by the reverse plaque-forming
      method. The following results may be drawn from this study: 1. Co may cause
      changes in the homeostasis of humoral immune response even more than affecting
      the immune system with immunotoxicity as antigenicity. 2. On the other hand, Ni
      may have antigenicity even more than an acting as immunomodulator influencing the
      immune system.

PMID- 2642188
TI  - Associations of health practices and social aspects of life with mortality among
      elderly people in a Japanese rural area.
AB  - A five-year study of persons aged 65 years and over in a Japanese rural area was
      conducted to examine associations of health practices and the social aspects of
      life with mortality. Age- and sex-related changes in the associations were
      examined. For health practices, constipation among men aged 75 years and over,
      and never or not annually receiving checkups among women aged 75 years and over
      were associated with increased mortality risk after adjustment for the initial
      subjective health status. In contrast to no associations between the social
      aspects of life and mortality among women aged 65-74 years, social aspects of
      life were more predictive of mortality than subjective health status and health
      practices among women aged 75 years and over. In this group, having neither a job
      nor a family role, membership in a group for the elderly while participating only
      in group tours and/or lecture meetings or without attending any of the regular
      activities, and infrequent contact with friends were associated with increased
      mortality. Among men, increased mortality risk was associated with membership in
      a group for the elderly while participating only in group tours and/or lecture
      meetings in the 65-74 year-old group.

PMID- 2642189
TI  - [A study on the goals and achievements of postgraduate medical education].
AB  - In order to evaluate postgraduate medical education (PGME) in Japan, residents
      and supervisors of all the postgraduate teaching hospitals (128 university
      hospitals and 216 non-university hospitals designated by the Ministry of Health
      and Welfare) were surveyed. The purposes of this study were, 1) to compare the
      goals of PGME set by residents and the achievements of PGME by residents in
      university hospitals and non-university hospitals, 2) to compare the goals of
      PGME between residents and supervisors, 3) to identify how clinical skills and
      knowledge related to the behavioral sciences and social medicine are stressed on
      PGME. Residents and supervisors received a newly developed questionnaire
      consisting of 41 items concerning clinical skills and knowledge. The items were
      divided into four categories: 17 basic areas, 9 allied areas, 12 areas related to
      the behavioral sciences and social medicine, and 3 areas related to clinical
      research. The response rate was 52.3% for university hospitals and 75.5% for non
      university hospitals. The results are 1) residents in non-university hospitals
      scored at higher levels than residents in university hospitals for 14 items
      concerning goals and 11 items of achievements, mainly basic clinical skills and
      knowledge, 2) there was an incongruence between residents and supervisors for 23
      items concerning goals, 3) clinical skills and knowledge related to the
      behavioral sciences and social medicine were not as highly stressed as other
      areas of clinical skills and knowledge. This study suggests that more effort is
      needed to create or improve the system of PGME, especially in university
      hospitals.

PMID- 2642190
TI  - [Determination of bromide ions in total blood, plasma and urine by ion
      chromatography with amperometric detection].
AB  - A direct injection method is described for the determination of bromide ions in
      plasma and urine by ion chromatography. After being diluted 10-20 times with
      eluent, the sample was directly injected into an ion chromatograph equipped with
      amperometric detection. Calibration curves were obtained in the range of 0.05 to
      5 micrograms/ml of bromide ions. The coefficient of variation was calculated to
      be in the range of 1.3-9.4% for 10 repeated measurements and recovery was over
      93%. The correlation between analytical results by the proposed method (Y) and
      those by a spectrophotometric method (X) of 169 urine samples in fumigators was
      expressed by the equation Y = 0.952 + 1.012X (correlation coefficient (r):
      0.952). On the other hand, the correlation between analytical results by the
      proposed method (Y) and those by neutron activation analysis (X) of 47 total
      blood samples in fumigators was expressed by the equation Y = 1.070 + 0.841 X
      (correlation coefficient (r): 0.931). The correlation between analytical results
      by the proposed method (Y) and those by neutron activation analysis (X) of 40
      plasma samples in healthy workers was expressed by the equation Y = 0.633 + 0.871
      X (correlation coefficient (r): 0.955). The proposed method is much more
      practical than other methods such as the spectrophotometric method and neutron
      activation analysis in epidemiological studies, because the proposed method is
      highly accurate and reproducible over longer periods. The proposed method is
      useful in biological fluid monitoring of bromide ions.

PMID- 2642191
TI  - [A study on fatty liver in health examination participants].
AB  - We investigated the condition of the liver in a total of 5486 subjects (3889
      males and 1597 females) who received adult-disease screening examinations. The
      following results were obtained. 1. Fatty liver was found in 13.9% of the males
      and 3.8% of the females with a male/female ratio of about 3.7 to 1. In males, the
      prevalence of fatty liver was lower in those in their 20's than in any other age
      ranks, while there was little difference in the age range from the 30's to the
      50's. In females, the prevalence sharply increased in those in their 50's. 2. The
      percentage of fatty liver increased with the obesity index in both males and
      females. 3. With respect to alcohol drinking, the prevalence of fatty liver was
      not affected by the presence or absence of alcohol drinking, the daily drinking
      quantity and total drinking quantity. 4. Of those screened for adult disease,
      14.7% of the males and 2.7% of the females had abnormal liver function, with a
      male/female ratio of about 5.4 to 1. In both males and females, the prevalence of
      fatty liver was higher in those who had abnormal rather than normal liver
      function.

PMID- 2642192
TI  - [Application of Holter electrocardiography to exercise testing for the group
      examination of school children: comparison between obese and normal children].
AB  - Application of Holter electrocardiography to an exercise test for heart function
      is useful in the group examination of school children. The circulatory responses
      to a step test among obese boys and girls and control were as follows: 1. Four
      cases of arrhythmia were detected, of whom 2 cases were discovered during
      exercise. ST-segment depression of 0.1 mV or more during and after exercise was
      recognized in 29 cases, 27 of the junctional- and 2 of the sagging slope, with a
      higher percentage in obese girls than in normal girls. 2. Serial ECG records
      during the procedure, performed for all children with the same single-step test,
      showed differences in the circulatory responses among the test groups. The load
      was estimated to be 76-86% of the maximal heart rate predicted by Cummings, with
      obese and girl groups being higher than other groups. The comparison revealed
      that the heart rate (HR) responses to exercise done by the boys increased faster
      than those by the girls at 1 minute after exercise. There were differences
      between obese and control and between boys and girls in HR at recovery, and also
      in HR before and 4 minutes after exercise between two sexes, which findings agree
      with other reports. 3. Concerning anthropometric factors, either the skinfold
      thickness or the obesity index was related to the HR at the peak of the exercise
      as well as immediately after it and to the half time. By contrast, the arm muscle
      diameter was found unrelated to the HR. Using this method, applied these
      combination of Holter ECG and step test to a group examination, we got ECG data
      for 254 subjects, 97.5% of which were suitable for analysis. We found this method
      to be effective for detecting ECG changes and for determining HR responses to
      exercise. This method is safe, simple, and inexpensive and is applicable to
      examination not only for school children but also for different population
      groups, for the estimation of circulatory responses.

PMID- 2642193
TI  - [Health effects of volcanic air pollution--an analysis of the national health
      insurance].
AB  - Using the national health insurance bills covering the one-year period from
      January through December 1987, the morbidity figures for respiratory diseases,
      conjunctivitis and dermatitis were compared among four local districts; Ushine,
      Kaikata, Kunugibaru and Shinjo, in the city of Tarumizu. The former two districts
      are 10 km south-east of Mt. Sakurajima supposedly experience higher volcanic ash
      exposure compared to the latter two located 10 to 15 km from this volcano.
      Results obtained are as follows; 1) Age-adjusted rates of patients' consultations
      and existing patients were apparently higher in the Ushine and Kaikata districts
      than in the Kunugibaru and Shinjo districts for non-infectious or infectious
      respiratory diseases and the common cold. For the rates of other diagnostic
      categories of disease, i.e., rhinitis, other respiratory diseases, conjunctivitis
      and dermatitis, a difference between the district was not clearly noted. These
      figures are suggestive of an association of volcanic air pollution with an
      increased number of outpatient consultations for respiratory problems. 2)
      Variations of monthly clinical consultations for patients with diagnoses of non
      infectious or infectious respiratory diseases and the common cold showed a
      seasonality, being highest in winter and lowest in summer, while another
      seasonality, highest in summer and lowest in winter, was proved in the variation
      of monthly clinical consultations for patients with dermatitis. Few or no stable
      seasonalities were shown in the variations of monthly clinical consultations for
      patients with the other diseases, studied, rhinitis, other respiratory diseases
      and conjunctivitis. In addition, the variations in the monthly averages of sulfur
      dioxide concentrations showed a stable seasonality with the highest peak in
      winter and the lowest in summer but there was no stable seasonality in the
      monthly variations of total suspended particles at the place in Arimura for which
      air pollution data were available. These facts suggest that in the area exposed
      to volcanic air pollution, the seasonal variation in the number of monthly
      clinical consultations for respiratory problems is partly modified by the
      exposure levels of sulfur dioxide rather than total suspended particles, although
      no adjustments were made for climatologic factors. 3) A few patients diagnosed as
      having "pneumoconiosis" were found in the Ushine and Kaikata districts. However,
      it is difficult to interpret these cases without information about occupational
      and other risk factors for the development of pneumoconiosis.

PMID- 2642194
TI  - Levels of fenitrothion in Oryzias eggs and the effects on hatchability.
AB  - Levels of MEP in Oryzias eggs and the effects of MEP on hatchability were
      investigated. When Oryzias eggs were exposed to MEP-containing water, the eggs
      contained more MEP the higher the MEP concentration of the water, the more
      advanced the stage of development, and the longer the exposure. The MEP contents
      accumulated in the eggs were reduced to 2-19% after they were transferred to
      dechlorinated tap water for 96 h. There was a significant correlation between the
      MEP concentration in the water and the MEP content in the eggs. When Oryzias eggs
      in an early stage of development were exposed to 4 ppm MEP for 96 h or 64 ppm MEP
      for 6 h and were then placed in dechlorinated tap water until hatching, their
      hatching rates became significantly lower than those of the control, and abnormal
      fry occurred frequently. This experiment clarified that increases of MEP in
      Oryzias eggs were greatly affected by the MEP concentration in the water, and
      that the hatching rate was reduced and abnormal fry increased, even though the
      eggs contained the MEP only temporarily.

PMID- 2642195
TI  - [Induction of lipid peroxidation and change of fatty acid composition in rats fed
      methylmercury].
AB  - Four groups of rats, with 5 animals in each, were fed a diet to which 1, 2, 4 or
      8 ppm of methylmercury (MeHg) were added while another group of 5 rats was fed a
      diet containing no MeHg as a control. Moreover, each rat was daily supplied the
      same volume of these diets. During the experimental period of 40 days, body
      weights of the rats were daily checked individually. On day 40, expired air of
      the rats was collected to analyse for ethane and pentane production, and then the
      rats were sacrificed to obtain the liver, kidneys, brain and plasma. Thio
      barbituric acid (TBA)-reactants in the selective organs and plasma were measured
      to investigate the effects of MeHg on lipid peroxidation. Further, gas
      chromatographic analyses of fatty acids were carried out on the samples of the
      selective organs and plasma to examine the effects of MeHg on lipid metabolism.
      Results obtained were as follows: 1. The fifth day after the experiment started,
      the growth rates of the groups fed a diet containing MeHg (the MeHg groups) were
      higher than those of the control group. Moreover, the growth rates tended to
      increase with increases of MeHg concentrations in food from days 25 to 32 of the
      experimental period. Furthermore, the weights of the kidneys increased with
      increases in MeHg concentrations in food. 2. The amounts of expired ethane and
      pentane did not increase proportionally with increases in MeHg concentrations in
      food but those of expired ethane and pentane were higher in the MeHg groups than
      in the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642196
TI  - [Clinical pharmacology and the selection of drugs].
AB  - Yugoslavia has a modern drug legislature and a selective drug market. With about
      910 substances and 1250 brand names the number of drugs is among the lowest among
      the European countries. Most products on the market satisfy high criteria of
      safety to efficacy ratio. Still, the regional health insurance authorities of the
      Federal republics of Serbia and of Croatia limited the number of drugs to be
      reimbursed by the insurance scheme. The reason for this move and its
      justification is given by--the inertia of the complicated procedure of withdrawal
      from the market of a drug which is obsolete or considered today not possess the
      ascribed efficacy, existence of unjustly high expectations regarding the efficacy
      of certain drugs by both the medical profession and the layman and which lead to
      overprescribing (i.e. vitamin combinations, laxatives and drugs, cerebrovascular
      insufficiency), and--the responsibility of the public health administration for
      setting priorities in spending of the available funds. The allocation of funds
      available for medicinal drugs have been without any kind of regulation and
      control until now. The introduction of limitations in the reimbursement of price
      for certain drugs is the first measure initiated to stimulate the optimal use of
      drugs. As the optimal drug use is considered the therapy with the most favorable
      safety/efficacy and cost/efficiency ratios. The other measures available and
      which ought to be initiated are those based on the drug utilization studies. The
      prescriptions are already computerized im most settings, so the feedback of
      information ot the prescribing physicians could be possible after adequate
      analysis of the data. The team of clinical pharmacologist already active in drug
      utilization studies is available and ready to meet the challenge of improving
      therapeutic practices.

PMID- 2642197
TI  - [Epidemiologic study of anemia in school children with special emphasis on
      hemoglobinopathies].
AB  - A total of 746 schoolchildren of both sex (aged 7-15) were investigated in the
      community of Backa Palanka and Bac with the view to establishing reference
      hematologic values of the red lineage: Hemoglobin (Hgb) 135.3 +/- 20.4 g/l,
      erythrocytes (Er) 4.42 +/- 0.60 x 10(12)/L, hematocrit (HTC) 0.41 +/- 0.06, MCH:
      30.5 +/- 2.7 pg, MCHC: 32.8 +/- 3.2 g/l, MCV: 93.2 +/- 5.4 fl. In only 7.3% of
      children hemoglobin values were below 114.8 g/l (1.5 SD) so that anemia did not
      represent a socio-medical problem in children aged 7-15 in the area investigated.
      With regard to the investigation of inherited abnormalities in the synthesis and
      structure of hemoglobin five children showed a persisting synthesis of fetal
      hemoglobin with the mildly augmented HbF values: 2.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.2% and 4.8%
      while the increase in HbA2 with the values for heterozygotic forms of thalassemia
      was found in four children thus accounting for 3.3%, 3.5%, 3.5% and 4.3%. It was
      concluded that although genetically induced anemias were rare they were
      nevertheless present in this region. They necessitated further epidemiologic
      studies which had been performed in the greater part of Yugoslavia but not in SAP
      of Vojvodina nor in the new location of SAP of Vojvodina.

PMID- 2642198
TI  - [Epidemiologic characteristics of viral hepatitis. I. Analysis of registered
      cases of viral hepatitis in Vojvodina].
AB  - According to reported morbidity rate, viral hepatitis still represents a major
      epidemiological problem in Voivodina, as well as in the entire country, although
      some of the epidemiological features of these diseases are changing in the course
      of time. The present paper contains an analysis of morbidity, changes in the age
      distribution, the degree of differentiation of the viral hepatitis, participation
      of hepatitis A and B in the total number of the differentiated cases, as well as
      their seasonal occurrence.

PMID- 2642199
TI  - [Epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria dystrophica: diagnostic problems].
AB  - A female patient at the age of 8 years was presented in this paper. The patient
      was affected by an exceptionally rare disease. A complete clinical picture of
      disease together with its complication on the esophagus was set forth. According
      to the literature available a contemporary classification of disease was made and
      therefore, this case was put into one of the possible varieties of disease.

PMID- 2642200
TI  - [Modern approach to the diagnosis and therapy of renovascular hypertension].
AB  - Symptoms and sings pointing most often to renovascular hypertension (RH) are the
      early beginning of the disease, sudden deterioration of the previous hypertension
      and the presence of a murmur over the flank or in the upper abdomen. The only
      reliable method for diagnosis is the renal angiography. Determination of the
      renin plasma activity (RAP) in the blood samples separately withdrawn from the
      renal veins and calculation of renin gradient or coefficient of its secretion are
      most often applied for the estimation of the functional significance of stenosis.
      Peripheral RAP is of no particular importance for the diagnosis of RH. In the
      cases then technically feasible, the percutaneous transluminal angioplasty has an
      advantage over the surgical revascularization. Laser thermal angioplasty and
      intrarenal microvascular surgical procedures are considered methods of choice in
      the future in some specific cases.

PMID- 2642201
TI  - [The familial emotional whirlpool syndrome].
AB  - Good intentions and positive emotions of strong potentials predominantly directed
      toward children are singled out from the group of pathology of familial
      relationships. Nevertheless, they have negative effects just on children which
      are the objects of good intentions. By a more profound analysis of very complex
      emotional relationships a dominant personality--antecedent is detected which
      authoritatively imposes ethic and behavioural norms taking thus function both of
      parents and the next generation. Members of family react in various ways in
      dependence on their structure but they always show their emotional link.
      Opposition to the dominant person leads to the permanent emotional tension and
      conflicts which create a maelstrom in which newly come members are also
      emotionally engaged or rejected always in accordance with the attitudes of
      dominant person. The problem could be solved only by the therapeutic approach to
      the whole family. Positive attitudes toward children could be the factor for
      establishing cooperation with the therapist of the family.

PMID- 2642202
TI  - [Experience in the ambulatory care of patients with hematologic diseases at the
      Hematology Day Hospital].
AB  - Upon establishing new out-patient services at the Clinical Centre, Clinic of
      Hematology has set up a new diagnostic and therapeutic department which is
      popularly named "Hematologic Daily Hospital". In way, the work at the Clinic of
      Hematology has been completely changed, since a new activity in the out-patient
      management of hematologic patients has been initiated. In the course of 8-hour
      working time numerous various diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are being
      performed in "Hematologic Daily Hospital", such as: a detailed survey of the
      patients, biologic material is taken and sent to various analyses, sternal and
      other functions are performed, cytologic analyses of punctates obtained, patients
      are referred to radiologic, ultrasonographic, CT and other surveys,
      administration of parenteral therapy of corresponding solution with or without
      cytostatics, blood and blood derivate transfusion as well as the application of
      various forms of apheresis. Data on the number and kinds of services applied are
      presented in this paper with the insight on the organization of work. Such an
      organization of work has made diagnostic of hematologic patients faster and has
      contributed to a simpler employment of therapy.

PMID- 2642203
TI  - [Psychological and possible psychiatric aspects of hyperthyroidism].
AB  - Hyperthyroidism has always been the challenge for psychosomatic investigations.
      In traditional scientific literature the specific structure of hyperthyroid
      personality was pointed out. Severe and important emotional influences can induce
      disease in such, prone personalities. This investigation fails in featuring the
      specific and unique psychosomatic patterns in hyperthyroid patients.

PMID- 2642204
TI  - [Immunoglobulins in chronic tonsillitis].
AB  - Thirty patients aged 3-40 were tonsillectomized at the Clinic of
      Otorhinolaryngology in Novi Sad. The tonsils removed were fluoroscentically
      investigated to establish the presence of G, A and M immunoglobulins. The
      presence of all three immunoglobulin classes was confirmed in 60% of the
      investigated samples of tonsillar tissue. IgG producing plasma cells were seen in
      the largest number while IgA producing plasma cells were noticed in the least
      number. Immunoglobulins were positioned on the surface of the epithelium and in
      the subepithelial tissue. However, plasma cells were localized in interfollicular
      spaces in 85% of the cases which pointed to the existence of local immunoglobulin
      synthesis inasmuch as plasma cells were not found at all in 10% of the patients.
      Parallel pathohistologic and other investigations being now under way would give
      the basis for final opinion on local immunoglobulin synthesis and its part in
      chronic tonsillitis.

PMID- 2642205
TI  - [Chronic cystitis and urinary stress incontinence in women].
AB  - Out of 534 inquired and examined women 151 (28.2%) of them had urinary stress
      incontinence and 383 (71.7%) women were continent. Of 151 incontinent women 75
      (49.6%) of them repeatedly developed the inflammation of the urinary bladder and
      of 383 continent women data on chronic cystitis were registered in 74 (19.3%).
      These data pointed to the fact that the previous repeated inflammation of the
      urinary bladder and then the appearance of urinary stress incontinence could be
      regarded as one of etiologic factors in the occurrence of urinary stress
      incontinence.

PMID- 2642206
TI  - [Our results of electrobiologic stimulation of callus].
AB  - Results of the achieved electrobiologic calus stimulation in pseudoarthrosis were
      presented in this paper. A parallel treatment was performed with the apparatus
      producing low-frequent (EBI) and high-frequent (THELF) pulsing magnetic fields in
      11 patients. Results obtained by these methods were compared with those of other
      authors from literature and they were considered very impressive. From the
      casuistry presented it was pointed out that the success of these noninvasive
      methods was confirmed in the most severe cases of pseudoarthrosis where they
      could be complemented, if necessary.

PMID- 2642207
TI  - [Results of a multiphase oncology population screening program in the community
      of Becej 1986-1987. I. The Hemoccult Program].
AB  - In the framework of a multiphase oncologic population screening-program performed
      in persons above 40 years of age according to the census in the community of
      Becej during 1986-1987, Hemoccult screening program, together with the
      fluorographic action involved 16.895 (83.80%) persons out of 20.160 predicted
      ones which was far less than the involvement of persons through the distribution
      and gathering of the screening material by a specialized nurse. In 907 (5.37%)
      Hemoccult positive persons out of which 121 (13.34%) persons rejected to
      cooperate or did not respond to the invitation for further investigation 16
      malignant neoplasms in the lower part of the colon (anus 1, rectum 11, sigma 4)
      were detected as well as 53 polyposes of the rectum and the anus. Besides, 4
      malignant neoplasms of the skin were found and 29 benign tumours (27 adenomas of
      the prostate gland, 1 fibrolipoma glutei and 1 cysta renis). Apart from these
      diseases 569 other previously not treated pathologic states were found, i.e. new
      pathologic states were detected in 85.37% of Hemoccult-positive persons.
      Previously known pathologic states were confirmed in 22.52% of Hemoccult-positive
      persons. Diagnostic was performed by the rigid rectoscope and in Hemoccult
      positive persons with the negative rectoscopis finding radiologic and
      fiberoscopic investigations were carried out in the less scope due to the
      deficiency of financial resources. The number of detected malignant neoplasms of
      the colon surpassed the three-fold value of the average Vojvodina incidence of
      these localizations of malignant neoplasms at this age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2642208
TI  - [Tumor markers and their use in gynecologic oncology].
AB  - The following specific tumour markers used in female patients affected by
      neoplasm of the genital system are described, such as: CA-125, pheritin, beta-
      HCG, UGF, CEA and AFP. A continuous postoperative follow-up of all cited tumour
      markers has been made at the Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Faculty
      of Medicine in Novi Sad from January 1989. Each of the cited tumour markers has
      been individually described and the explanation pertaining to the validity of
      individual onco-markers for the specific kind of tumour has been given.

PMID- 2642209
TI  - [Histopathological evaluation of the endometrium in premenopausal bleeding].
AB  - A total of 783 women aged 41-50 were examined in the Out-Patient Clinic in Novi
      Sad in the period from 1975-1987 due to prolonged uterine bleeding and the
      explorative curettage was performed in 12 (7%) of them. The most frequent
      histopathologic results were as follows: hiperplasio glandularis endometrii
      simplex in 25 (22.3%), hyperplasio glandularis cystica endometrii in 17 (15.7%),
      hyperplasio adenomatoides endometrii in 12 (10.7%), endometritis chronica in 18
      (16%), phasis secretionis endometrii in 7 (6.2%), phasis proliferationis
      endometrii in 3 (2.6%), endometritis acuta non specifica post graviditates in 5
      (4.4%), residua decidualis necrotica cum charione in 8 (7.1%), mola hydatidosa in
      1 (0.9%), polypus endometrialis in 3 (2.6%), and adenocarcinoma endometrialis in
      3 (2.6%). Uterine bleeding is a very frequent appearance in women's premenopausal
      period and apart from gynecologic survey it also necessitates the application of
      diagnostic methods and interventions such as the curretman's histologic
      investigation intended for the detection of pathologic changes in the
      endometrium.

PMID- 2642210
TI  - [The histophysiologic picture of the intermediate hypophysis in acute alcoholic
      intoxication].
AB  - Histophysiological changes of hypophyseal pars intermedia of rats were
      investigated in a condition of acute ethanol treatment. 20 male Wistar rats, aged
      3 months, were intraperitoneally applicated 15% solution of ethyl alcohol in a
      different amount and time sacrifice after ethanol treatment (1 g/kg body weight-1
      hour; 1 g/kg body weight-3 hours, 3 g/kg body weight-1 hour; 3 g/kg body weight-3
      hours). For alcohol analysis blood was collected by method of Widmark at the
      moment of sacrifice. During the investigation classic light microscopy methods
      were applicated; then histological analysis was realized and average volume of
      nuclei glandular cells was monitored; a significance of statistics was showed,
      too. Changes of glandular cells were in the sense of decreased synthetic activity
      and inhibition of the secretory process. It was found high significant decreased
      value of nuclei volume. The hormonal secretion of the intermedial lobe is
      influenced with transmitter substances. These changes could be interpreted as a
      result of the increased activities of the inhibitory neurotransmitter dopamine
      under the influence of ethanol. At the same time acetyl-choline as stimulative
      factor is decreased.

PMID- 2642211
TI  - [Indicators of the identity of aspirates from the oral cavity of newborn infants
      and the amniotic fluid: pH, protein levels and the activity of trypsin
      inhibitor].
AB  - The aim of the study was to establish the biochemical identity as regards pH,
      protein content and trypsin inhibitor activity between the aspirate from the
      various sites of the newborn oral cavity and the amniotic fluid. It has been
      found that only correctly collected aspirate from the oral cavity without any
      admixture of the subepiglottic or gastric content is identical with amniotic
      fluid. Measurement of trypsin inhibitor activity in the improperly collected
      aspirate with pH below 5 must not be performed. The examination of the correctly
      sampled aspirates from the newborn oral cavity could be a source of the new early
      information regarding survival and the clinical condition of the newborn.

PMID- 2642212
TI  - [Lipid metabolism in obese school-age children. I. Comparative studies including
      children without excess weight].
AB  - The levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were assessed
      and HDL-cholesterol total cholesterol index was calculated in 40 children aged 7
      to 17 years with 25-99% weight excess. The results have been compared with the
      control group of slim children at the same age. The elevated level of the total
      cholesterol was found in obese children. The cholesterol level was highest in
      children between 15 and 17 years and showed slight positive correlation with the
      degree of obesity (r = 0,317, p less than 0,001). Remaining differences in the
      parameters of metabolism of lipids in obese children have not been significant.

PMID- 2642213
TI  - [Lipid metabolism in obese school-age children. II. The changes occurring after
      the treatment with low-calorie diet].
AB  - Two stage low-calorie diet (1000 kcal/day for 3 weeks in the hospital and assumed
      1000 kcal/day for 4 weeks at home) was applied in a group of 40 children aged 7
      to 17 years with obesity 25-99%. The beneficial effect of the diet in the form of
      a decrease of cholesterol level has been found. Treatment with low-calorie diet
      of children with simple obesity has an essential significance in the prevention
      of atherosclerosis appearing at the later stage of life.

PMID- 2642214
TI  - [Effect of sodium nitrite on the blood methemoglobin level in rats].
AB  - Effect of sodium nitrite on the blood methemoglobin level in the rats was
      evaluated. The solution of sodium nitrite in various concentrations were given to
      60 Wistar rats. The statistically significant increase in methemoglobin level was
      found in the blood of rats receiving high doses of sodium nitrite.

PMID- 2642215
TI  - [Abetalipoproteinemia in a Polish family].

PMID- 2642216
TI  - [Tuberous sclerosis and heart neoplasms in children].

PMID- 2642217
TI  - [Salicylates--risk factors of Reye's syndrome in children].

PMID- 2642218
TI  - [Mucoviscidosis with a rare course in an infant].

PMID- 2642219
TI  - [Gluten intolerance as a disease of children and adults].

PMID- 2642220
TI  - [Hepatitis Delta virus infection].

PMID- 2642221
TI  - [Selected parameters of the immune system in coal miners with pneumoconiosis].
AB  - The study was carried out in a group of 84 men divided in three groups: I--41
      miners with simple pneumoconiosis, II--25 miners exposed to coal dust for the
      same period, and III--28 healthy persons of similar age (control group). All the
      persons were studied for absolute and proportional values of T and B lymphocytes,
      also subpopulation of TH helper lymphocytes and TS suppressor lymphocytes, a
      lymphocyte index (TH/TS) was determined. Besides, the concentration of serous
      immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM was determined. The author showed a
      statistically significant decrease in the number of TS suppressor lymphocytes in
      the group of patients with pneumoconiosis and at the same time an increase in the
      lymphocyte index in comparison with the other groups. Besides, the author also
      found a significant decrease in the total amount of T lymphocytes in the same
      group and at the same time an increase in the concentrations of serous
      immunoglobulins IgG, IgA. The changes observed in the immunological system in
      patients with pneumoconiosis may lie at the bottom of the pathogenesis of
      fibrosis .

PMID- 2642222
TI  - [Study of vibration sensation in the aspect of disorders of calcium-phosphate
      metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure].
AB  - A group of 72 patients with chronic renal failure (22 non-dialysed and 50
      hemodialysed) were studied for the behaviour of the threshold of vibratory
      sensibility in upper and lower limbs at frequencies of 125 and 250 Hz. The
      patients dialysed were examined just before hemodialysis. All the patients were
      studied for the following parameters: concentration of calcium, inorganic
      phosphates, PTH, creatinine, uric acid in the blood serum and the activity of
      general alkaline phosphatase and its thermolabile fraction (osseous). The
      patients dialysed differed from the patients non-dialysed in higher creatinine,
      uricemia and the activity of alkaline phosphatase, both general and its "osseous"
      fraction. But they did not differ significantly in the concentration of
      phosphates, PTH and calcemia . Two thirds of patients with chronic renal failure,
      both dialysed and non-dialysed, revealed a significant increase in the threshold
      of vibratory sensibility, better marked in lower limbs then in upper limbs. As
      opposed to patients non-dialysed, patients dialysed did not show a significant
      correlation between the level of PTH in blood serum and the threshold of
      vibratory sensibility. Dialysotherapy did not influence significantly the
      frequency of disorders in vibratory sensibility. Considering the fact of almost
      identical frequency of disorders in vibratory sensibility both in patients
      dialysed and non-dialysed and also the lack of correlation between the level of
      lesion of vibratory sensibility and the concentration of PTH in blood serum, the
      participation of parathormone in the pathogenesis of uremic neuropathy seems to
      be doubtful.

PMID- 2642223
TI  - [Multiple adenoma of the adrenal cortex with the clinical picture of Cushing's
      syndrome].
AB  - The paper sums up the experience of the clinic in diagnosing and therapy of the
      Cushing syndrome due to multiple autonomous adrenal cortical adenomas. The
      observation was carried out in a group of 5 women between 15-44 years of age
      (31.7 on an average). In the clinical material including 225 cases of the Cushing
      syndrome, they amounted to 2.2 per cent. All the five patients had typical
      somatic symptoms, myasthenia, ++amenorrhea. In hormonal examinations the content
      of 17-OHCS in the 24-hour urine was only periodically increased, 17-KS was within
      the normal range. There was no inhibiting action of dexamethasone on the
      excretion of cortisol, even when the initial values of corticosteroids++ were
      normal. The concentration of ACTH in the blood (determined in 3 cases) was around
      low normal range. Three patients underwent computer tomography; in one case
      adrenal glands were of normal size, in the second case--the two glands were
      enlarged, in the third case--the right gland was much larger than the left one.
      Microscopic examinations showed the atrophy of adrenal cortex beyond the
      adenomas. In case of multiple adenomas of the left gland surgery was confined to
      unilateral adrenalectomy. Among the remaining 4 patients, 3 underwent
      simultaneous resection of the two glands. All the patients showed the regression
      of symptoms of the disease, except for the changes in bones. One patient did not
      turn up for further therapy after unilateral adrenalectomy because of partial
      improvement.

PMID- 2642225
TI  - Molecules and cells of immunity.

PMID- 2642224
TI  - [Membrane characteristics of pathological clones of B-lymphocytes in patients
      with chronic lymphocytes leukemia (CLL)].

PMID- 2642226
TI  - Prognosis of intraventricular hemorrhage due to rupture of intracranial aneurysm.
AB  - The prognosis of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) from rupture of intracranial
      aneurysms was studied in 43 patients admitted to our institution and to Kaga
      Central Hospital between April 1984 and December 1987. The total number of
      aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients admitted during this period was
      156, so that 28% of SAH patients had IVH. In this study, the patients were
      analyzed with respect to IVH grading, volumes of intraventricular and
      intracerebral hematoma, consciousness level, intracranial pressure (ICP),
      ventricular dilatation and age. The IVH resulted from aneurysmal rupture of the
      anterior communicating artery (48%), anterior cerebral artery (distal portion of
      the anterior communicating artery) (11%), internal carotid artery (21%), middle
      cerebral artery (25%), and vertebro-basilar artery (14%). The mortality rate in
      patients with IVH was 33%, a poorer rate than that in patients without IVH (25%).
      As for morbidity, 44% of the patients with IVH had no or moderate disability,
      whereas the other 23% had severe disability or were in a persistent vegetative
      state. On the other hand, there was no or only moderate disability in 63%, and
      severe disability or a persistent vegetative state in 12% of the patients without
      IVH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642227
TI  - A clinical evaluation of computed tomography in patients with subarachnoid
      haemorrhage and multiple intracranial aneurysms.
AB  - A clinical usefulness of computed tomography was reviewed in 38 consecutive
      patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and multiple intracranial aneurysms. CT
      helped in identification of ruptured aneurysm in more than 70% of cases (it
      pinpointed source of bleeding in 55% of patients and showed region of haemorrhage
      in 15% of cases). Its main limitation was inability to detect blood in
      subarachnoid space (SAS) in patients who were diagnosed later after bleeding
      (23%). Intracerebral haematoma or localized blood accumulated in SAS showed
      unequivocally the burst aneurysm. Symmetrical and especially asymmetrical
      distribution of blood in SAS were also helpful, though the former was misleading
      in two cases. Moreover, CT detected hypodense lesion of brain in 2 cases,
      widening of ventricular system in 12 patients and directly visualized aneurysm in
      3 cases.

PMID- 2642228
TI  - The possibility of retrogasserian thermocoagulation, glycerol radiculolysis and
      balloon compression in Meckel's cavity with a single surgical instrumentarium.
AB  - 483 patients were operated on one of the percutaneous method. The radiofrequency
      thermocoagulation, the application of glycerol to the trigeminal cistern and the
      balloon compression of the ganglion were used. There are no substantial
      differences in the results and number of recurrences obtained with any of the
      different lesions. The choice of the type of lesion is often appointed by
      technical circumstances. The kind of instrumentarium which permits to perform in
      a single approach one of the three types of trigeminal lesion or there
      combination was designed.

PMID- 2642229
TI  - [Experimental implantation of peripheral nerves in cerebral hemispheres of
      rabbits].
AB  - The authors give a report on the results obtained in the implantation of
      autologous nerves in the cerebral hemispheres of rabbits. In a group of five
      rabbits they implanted a nerve immediately after its removal, in a second equally
      large group they implanted a nerve only after seven days of preliminary
      degeneration. After 12 to 14 weeks of the animals with 10 per cent neutral
      formalin was carried out and the preparations were impregnated according to the
      Nauta-Gygax method. In the histological sections they only succeeded in
      discovering individual fibres, which may be the axons of the cerebral cells
      growing through into the transplanted peripheral nerves. The authors did not see
      any differences between the immediately implanted nerves and nerves only
      implanted after a preliminary degeneration. The results obtained require a
      maximum of caution in the appraisal of the transplantation possibilities in the
      central nervous system.

PMID- 2642230
TI  - [Lumbar disk hernia in children and adolescents].
AB  - Of 3,946 patients with lumbar disc herniation, who were operated on from 1980 to
      1987 at the Clinic of Neurosurgery of the University of Innsbruck, 11 consecutive
      patients (0.27%) were younger than 19 years. In 9 patients (82%) there was
      radicular pain; in 90% the straight-leg raising test was positive, in 36% there
      was clear relation trauma to the onset of symptoms. Water-soluble contrast
      myelography or computerized tomography were used to confirm the diagnosis, in 36%
      both investigations. In 91% the surgical procedure was unilateral partial
      hemilaminectomy and in one case a laminectomy. In all cases a good or excellent
      result could be achieved.

PMID- 2642231
TI  - An assessment of the results of treatment of cerebral ischaemia by microsurgical
      anastomosis of STA-MCA on the basis of catamnestic examination.
AB  - From 250 patients suffering from cerebral ischemia who were subjected to
      microsurgical anastomosis STA-MCA between 1979 and 1986 there was chosen a group
      of patients who were examined retrospectively at a period of 1-7 years after
      surgery. Some patients were examined clinically at average post-operation periods
      of 10-20 days, several months, 1.5 year and 4 years. Results of angiography and
      CT examination both before and after operation were also taken into
      consideration. From patients examined in this way there was selected a group with
      less severe forms of the disease, mainly Prolonged Reversible Ischaemic
      Neurological Deficit, with a Completed Stroke, and next a group of patients who
      showed worsening of the neurological condition after operation--transient or
      permanent and a group of patients who died some time after operation. The results
      of examination were subjected to statistical analysis. On the base of this the
      author attempts to answer the question whether, with present diagnostic technique
      limited to clinical examination, angiography and CT examination, groups of
      patients can be selected in which operative risk will be reduced to a minimum and
      the result of operation will be advantageous to the patient.

PMID- 2642232
TI  - Lipoma of the cerebral peduncle. Case report.
AB  - A rare case of intracranial lipoma of the cerebral peduncle was reported.
      Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of this unusual
      tumor are described. The unique capability of direct sagittal imaging makes MRI
      the best procedure for evaluating the midline abnormalities. She did not have
      operation because she was asymptomatic. She will be checked periodically in the
      outpatient clinic.

PMID- 2642233
TI  - [Angioma and angioblastoma of the spinal canal. Clinical and long-term results].
AB  - 32 patients were operated on because of vascular processes in the spinal canal.
      12 woman and 20 men had fallen ill, the average age at the time of operation
      being 38 years. Preoperatively 18 patients already showed an incomplete or
      complete transverse lesion with a mean duration of the disease being 37 months.
      After the operation 62.5 per cent of the patients showed an improvement. 46.8 per
      cent were able to walk on their own, 15.6 per cent needed support. 10 patients
      (31%) became again fit to work. Six patients (18.8%) are in need of care. The
      total lethality, related to three years post operation, was 18.8 per cent.

PMID- 2642234
TI  - Choroid plexus papilloma in early infants.
AB  - Four infants with choroid plexus papillomas which were successfully treated with
      surgery are described. All patients showed the clinical signs of increased
      intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus within 8 weeks after birth. The tumors
      were in the lateral ventricles and histologically three of them were benign
      papillomas and other one was a malignant papilloma. Computerized tomography scan
      was useful for the diagnosis of both of the tumor and the hydrocephalus that was
      caused by the overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid and/or the obstruction of
      it's pathway. The tumor stain on the angiograms was noticed in two patients.
      Three patients have grown normally in both physical and mental functions after
      the surgical treatment, whereas one showed psychomotor retardation because of
      poorly controlled hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2642235
TI  - Cysto-atrial shunt treatment of intracranial arachnoid cysts.
AB  - Four cases of intracranial arachnoid cysts treated with cysto-atrial shunt are
      reported. Clinical findings, radiological evaluation and operative results are
      reviewed. An important role of CT diagnosis for revealing of this kind of lesion
      is stressed by authors. Two patients aged from 21 to 27 years had supratentorial
      cysts. A 12 year old boy and a man aged 26 years had cysts in the posterior
      fossa. All patients were treated by computerized tomography. All of them were
      diagnosed with cysto-atrial shunt and a standard low-pressure Cordis-Hakim valve
      was inserted into the cyst. Clinical improvement was observed in every patient. A
      follow up CT revealed that a cyst collapsed in one case. Cysto-atrial shunt
      procedure is recommended as a favourable and a simple method of surgical
      treatment of intracranial arachnoid cysts.

PMID- 2642236
TI  - [Therapy refractory pain of malignant origin].
AB  - In 50 patients with intractable pain due to malignancy an intrathecal application
      of morphine was performed. The follow-up extended in 28 patients till their
      death. Overall 46% of the patients had a profit of the therapy for the whole
      remaining life, 25% at least half of it. The main indication to intrathecal
      infusion of morphine is in multiloculare and midline pain especially in advanced
      cancer stage.

PMID- 2642237
TI  - Neuroradiological findings in cavernous hemangioma. An analysis of 15 cases.

PMID- 2642238
TI  - Intradural arachnoid cyst of the lumbar spine. Report of case surgically treated
      with full success.
AB  - The patient with symptomatic intradural arachnoid cyst of the lumbar spine is
      presented. In this case the cyst excision resulted in complete relief. As
      reported in the literature, 87% of cases was with "good recovery".

PMID- 2642239
TI  - [Erroneous laterality marking in CT of the head. A case report].
AB  - Erroneous left/right side marker during CT-scanning of the head is an extremely
      rare event. We report a case occurred in emergency situation and present a simple
      device to avoid such an error.

PMID- 2642240
TI  - Parkinsonism after clipping of bilateral aneurysms of the middle cerebral
      arteries.
AB  - The authors describe a case of a 39-year-old man with subarachnoid hemorrhage who
      developed symptoms of parkinsonism after clipping of bilateral aneurysms of
      middle cerebral arteries. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms have been discussed.
      It was concluded that the extrapyramidal symptoms were probably caused by
      disturbances of cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2642241
TI  - Compression of the ulnar nerve in Guyon's canal by a giant cell tumor.
AB  - A case of ulnar nerve compression in Guyon's canal by a giant cell tumor is
      reported. The principal anatomo-surgical, clinical and instrumental features are
      discussed and the relevant literature analyzed.

PMID- 2642242
TI  - Brain tumors associated with intracranial vascular anomalies.
AB  - Among 1250 patients with brain tumors the authors found in 7 of them a coexistent
      vascular anomaly. 6 patients had arterial aneurysm and 1 arteriovenous
      malformation. 3 tumors were metastatic carcinomas, 2 multiform glioblastomas, 1
      craniopharyngioma and 1 chromophobe adenoma. All aneurysms were located in direct
      neighbourhood of the tumor. The authors postulate angiography in all patients
      with brain tumors who are planned to be treated surgically.

PMID- 2642243
TI  - Post-traumatic brain abscess with Clostridium perfringens.

PMID- 2642244
TI  - Giant sacro-coccygeal teratoma. Case report.
AB  - A case is presented, of a giant teratoma in the sacro-coccygeal region, in a two
      year old child. Surgery was performed in two successive stages, one month apart,
      under CT-scan control. Exeresis of the teratoma was complete. The authors stress
      the very large volume of the tumor, that extended in the pre-sacral area, and the
      fact that complete exeresis was mandatory. Eight months after surgery the
      postoperative evolution was satisfactory. The importance of CT-scans for the
      postoperative control is stressed, in cases of teratomas extending in the pre
      sacral retroperitoneal area.

PMID- 2642245
TI  - Dexamethasone in the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
AB  - Sixteen chronically ventilator-dependent newborns with BPD were treated with one
      or more cycles of dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg/day). In 11 cases extubation was
      possible during the therapy period. Ventilatory parameters were lowered in 3
      other newborns. FIO2, respiratory rate, PIP, and PEEP, assessed before and after
      dexamethasone administration, decreased in a statistically significant way. Our
      data confirm the utility of dexamethasone in the extubation in chronically
      ventilated infants with BPD.

PMID- 2642246
TI  - Neonatal septicaemia--incidence, etiology and outcome. A 6-year analysis.
AB  - Between 1983 and 1988 we observed altogether 222 cases of neonatal septicemia
      and/or meningitis in our Department of Neonatology. The incidence was 8.46 per
      1,000 liveborn infants. The case fatality rate amounted to 45.9%. The most
      frequently isolated causative agents were Escherichia coli (23.4%) followed by
      group B Streptococci (16.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae
      species (8.8%), Serratia marcescens (7.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and coagulase
      negative Staphylococci each 5.9%. The report includes information about serotypes
      of Escherichia coli, group B Streptococci and plasmid patterns of Serratia
      marcescens. The latter was responsible for an outbreak of septicemia and
      meningitis with high mortality. The changing infection pattern reflects changes
      in the newborn population, especially in the patient structure of the neonatal
      intensive care unit, changes in the antibiotic policy and organizational
      problems.

PMID- 2642247
TI  - A 15-year survey of chronic lung disease of prematurity.
AB  - The in-hospital findings for infants of 500-1,500 g birthweight admitted for
      intensive care over the years 1971-87 were reviewed at four intervals. Survival
      rate improved substantially. The incidence of chronic lung disease (CLD) in
      survivors at 28 days of age was unchanged though severity diminished in terms of
      both mortality and degree of radiographic change. Mean conceptual age for ceasing
      supplemental oxygen was 32 weeks for those with normal X-rays and 37 weeks for
      abnormal X-rays regardless of initial degree of immaturity. CLD was diagnosed
      twice as often when supplemental oxygen beyond 28 days was used as an indicator
      as against an abnormal X-ray and was hence unreliable for this purpose. Since
      candidates for CLD are a heterogeneous group care is needed in analysis or
      selection of material in forming conclusions which concern etiology or
      management.

PMID- 2642248
TI  - Septicaemia with coagulase negative staphylococci in a neonatal intensive care
      unit. Risk factors for infection, and antimicrobial susceptibility of the
      bacterial strains.
AB  - Septicaemia caused by coagulase negative staphylococci is a problem in the
      neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The very low birthweight (VLBW) infants are
      at a special high risk because of their immature host defense. In this study the
      potential risk factors were compared between the VLBW septicaemia patients and
      the VLBW infants who had not contracted septicaemia in the NICU. The factor most
      clearly related with septicaemia was the use of umbilical artery catheters. The
      strategy against neonatal septicaemia includes restriction of the use of
      intravascular catheters. Also enhancement of the host defense by immunoglobulin
      therapy is considered. The coagulase negative staphylococci were multiresistant
      to antibiotics. The combination of netilmicin and benzylpenicillin covered the
      bacteria found in septicaemia cases in the NICU, and is now the standard
      treatment in suspected cases. Coagulase negative staphylococci are treated with
      vancomycin or netilmicin.

PMID- 2642249
TI  - Cerebral blood flow during experimental hypoxaemia and ischaemia in the newborn
      piglet.
AB  - The effect of selective hypoxaemia or ischaemia on cerebral blood flow was
      studied in 14 newborn piglets with the microsphere method. Surgery and
      experiments were performed under general anesthesia with 70% nitrous oxide. The
      spontaneously breathing piglet was then exposed to either low (zero) oxygen in
      the inspired air (hypoxaemia), or a graded tourniquet (3-5 kg string weight) of
      the neck above the level of the tracheostomy (ischaemia). Cerebral blood flow was
      measured at baseline, during the hypoxaemic/ischaemic insult, and 30 and 60 min
      thereafter. Brainstem blood flow was remarkably stable during both ischaemia and
      hypoxaemia. The reduction in blood flow to the cerebrum and to the cerebellum was
      greater during ischaemia than during hypoxaemia. Reactive hyperaemia followed
      hypoxaemia but was not obvious after selective ischaemia. Ischaemia and
      hypoxaemia thus seem to have different effects on cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2642250
TI  - The effects of D-penicillamine on the renal and liver functions in neonates and
      the in vitro influence on granulocytes.
AB  - D-Penicillamine (DPA) was introduced to treat neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in 1973
      and to prevent retinopathy of prematurity in 1980. In this study we investigated
      the renal and liver functions of neonates treated with DPA and the in vitro
      effect of the drug on superoxide anion generation and beta-glucuronidase release
      as well as phagocytic and intracellular killing activation of human peripheral
      blood granulocytes. Our data concerning the renal and liver functions before and
      after 3 to 4 days DPA treatment reveal that the drug does not produce any
      pathological change during short-term administration in the neonatal period.
      Furthermore, it was found that superoxide anion generation was slightly
      increased, and beta-glucuronidase release markedly increased by preincubation
      with DPA at concentrations of 0.5-5 mM. The rise was directly proportional to the
      concentration in the examined range. On the other hand, none of the examined DPA
      concentrations influenced the phagocytic or killing activity of neutrophils.

PMID- 2642251
TI  - Congenital malformations and the environment.
AB  - The aim of the work was to search for the correlation between the environmental
      pollution and the ratio of congenital malformations found in the population of
      54,493 newborn infants of three Silesian towns: Bielsko-Biala (situated in the
      mountains, close to a recreation part of the country), Bytom (situated in the
      center of an old industrial district, where industry is responsible for very high
      environmental pollution), and Tarnowskie Gory (situated close to vast woodlands,
      where very high environmental concentration of heavy metals is caused by an
      outdated, big zinc plant). In spite of big differences of environmental pollution
      indices between the three towns, the percentage of major congenital malformations
      diagnosed within the first three days of extrauterine life was almost identical
      (1.12% in Bielsko-Biala, 1.3% in Bytom, and 1.1% in Tarnowskie Gory).

PMID- 2642252
TI  - Dioxins and furans in the mother and possible effects on the fetus and newborn
      breast-fed baby.
AB  - Due to pollution of the environment with PCBs, dioxins and furans these highly
      poisonous chemicals have accumulated in the adipose tissue of human beings. In
      breast milk of 14 mothers concentrations of dioxins and furans were found in milk
      fat, close to or in the range of the concentrations necessary to induce enzymes
      in "in vitro" rat liver cells (80-132 ppt). The hypothesis is that the above
      mentioned chemicals can be responsible for a vitamin K deficiency in the babies
      resulting in a bleeding analogous with phenobarbital. Both the pure TCDD content
      in milk fat and the content of dioxins and furans expressed as toxic equivalents
      (Nordic model) were higher in milk given to babies that presented a bleeding (4
      out of 14). However, the sample size is too small for statistical analysis. No
      relation with age, parity, overweight, fish eating or smoking of the mother and
      dioxin content of her breast milk was seen in our small sample size.

PMID- 2642253
TI  - Biochemical and morphological effects of human hepatic alkaline phosphatase in a
      neonate with hypophosphatasia.
AB  - Enzyme replacement-therapy for a severely affected premature boy (birthweight:
      2,380 g, GA: 36 weeks) with hypophosphatasia was attempted by infusions of
      purified human hepatic alkaline phosphatase. Treatment (1.2 IU/kg/min) started at
      age three weeks and was repeated in weekly intervals until age 10 weeks, when the
      child died. Samples of alkaline phosphatase were diluted with 10 ml of
      physiological saline and infused over 30 min via an umbilical arterial catheter.
      No toxic or allergic side effects were observed. Serum alkaline phosphatase
      activity increased from 3 IU/L before treatment to a maximum level of 195 IU/L
      with a half-life time between 37 and 62 hours. Urinary excretion of
      phosphoethanolamine decreased during therapy from a maximal level of 9.5 to 5.5
      mumol/mg creatinine (normal: less than 0.4 mumol/mg creatinine). Calcium,
      phosphorus, parathormone and 1,25-diOH vitamin D levels were within normal range.
      Sequential radiographic studies showed no improvement of bone mineralization.
      Bone morphology was studied by light and electron microscopy before treatment and
      post mortem. The borderline between mineralized and unmineralized matrix was more
      distinct after treatment and on the electron microscopical level initial spots of
      mineralization were more frequent between the collagen fibrils compared to the
      biopsy specimen before treatment. In contrast to previous studies however, only
      woven and bundle bone structures were studied from the tibial crest, where the
      lack of osteoblast-like cells upon the newly formed osteoid matrix was prominent.

PMID- 2642254
TI  - Postnatal weight loss in preterm neonates less than 1,500 g is due to isotonic
      dehydration of the extracellular volume.
AB  - Weight, extracellular volume (ECV; distribution volume of sucrose) and renal
      function were studied in 13 preterm infants at birth (age 6 h (2-12); median,
      range) and again when postnatal weight loss exceeded 5% of birth weight (age 84
      (64-97) h). Gestational age was 28 (26-32) weeks, and birthweight was 1,170 g
      (810-1,455). The infants were nursed in incubators and mechanically ventilated.
      Fluid therapy allowed a weight loss of up to 10% of birthweight. Body weight
      decreased significantly from 1,101 +/- 202 g at birth to 1,016 +/- 198 g at day 3
      and ECV from 499 +/- 155 ml to 413 +/- 118 ml. Mean weight loss of 85 +/- 50 g
      was the same as mean ECV loss of 86 +/- 48 ml, suggesting that postnatal weight
      loss is water loss from the ECV. Weight loss was preceded by a marked increase in
      diuresis, exceeding fluid intake on day 2. Creatinine clearance did not change.
      The increased urine output led to a significant increase of sodium excretion
      without inducing hyponatremia but resulted in an isotonic reduction of ECV.

PMID- 2642255
TI  - Socio-economic variables and pregnancy outcome. Birthweight in singletons.
AB  - The effect of various social indicators on birthweight in singletons was studied
      in Sweden with the use of a medical birth registry to which census information
      was linked. Two years were studied: 1976 births linked to the 1975 census, and
      1981 births linked to the 1980 census. The strongest social indicator affecting
      birthweight was family situation: whether the woman cohabited or not. After
      standardization for this variable, effects were still seen for occupation and
      type of housing. They were not secondary to maternal age or parity. By using
      cohabitation status, enhanced with other social indicators, two groups were
      selected: one privileged and one underprivileged. Distributions of birthweight
      and pregnancy duration in the two groups were compared with those formed in women
      being neither privileged nor under privileged and also working outside the home
      (because occupation entered the definitions of the two former groups). There were
      marked differences: underprivileged women had shorter pregnancy duration and, at
      term, their infants weighed slightly less than those of privileged women. These
      differences remain after standardization for maternal age and parity.

PMID- 2642256
TI  - Cerebral complications detected by EEG-monitoring during neonatal intensive care.
AB  - The report describes the clinical use and value of continuous EEG-monitoring
      during different clinical circumstances that are not usually related to changes
      in EEG. Three infants with pneumothorax, hypoglycaemia, and severe hyaline
      membrane, respectively, are presented.

PMID- 2642257
TI  - Epidemiologic study of neonatal jaundice. A survey of contributing factors.
AB  - In the attempt to detect factors influencing bilirubinemia in healthy full-term
      or near-term newborn infants, a statistical analysis was carried out on a
      population of 1,126 neonates to study the variables possibly associated with
      maximum bilirubin values reached in the first days of life. The following
      variables were studied: maximum bilirubin level (maxBIL), sex, mode of delivery,
      gestational age, birthweight, ratio of birthweight/weight on 5th day, Apgar
      score, Rh and ABO incompatibility. Blood glucose and calcium levels, haematocrit,
      intake of breast milk, formula and glucose solution were also evaluated during
      the first 5 days of life. Higher maxBIL was found in males compared to females,
      after spontaneous delivery vs. emergency caesarean section, after caesarean
      section without fetal distress vs. emergency caesarean section, and in ABO
      incompatibility vs. no ABO incompatibility. Statistically significant inverse
      correlations were observed between maxBIL and gestational age, birth weight,
      blood glucose, and SE-calcium. Significant positive correlations were found
      between maxBIL and haematocrit and breast milk intake. A multiple regression
      analysis between maxBIL and the significantly correlated parameters showed that
      only gestational age and birth weight remained significantly correlated with
      maxBIL. The results of the present investigation confirm that the factors most
      commonly reported as being responsible for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia do in fact
      play a role, although it can be considered almost negligible with the exception
      of gender, mode of delivery, ABO incompatibility, birthweight and gestational
      age.

PMID- 2642258
TI  - Perspectives of neonatology. Introduction.

PMID- 2642259
TI  - The severity of RDS during the first two neonatal days in relationship to fluid
      intake.
AB  - There are no generally accepted guidelines regarding the degree of hydration of
      small preterm infants with RDS. In the present prospective study, liquid intake
      (intravenous fluids, drugs, and enteral nutrition) during the first 48 h was
      correlated with the degree of respiratory failure at the age of two days in 120
      consecutive, mechanically ventilated, small preterm infants with RDS (GA less
      than 30 w, BW less than 1,750 g). There was a positive linear relationship
      between the amount of liquids given and the degree of respiratory failure.
      Multiple regression analysis taking into consideration various perinatal factors
      revealed that the liquid intake explained the degree of respiratory failure (p
      less than 0.0001). The regression analysis revealed a similar dependence of
      respiratory failure on the liquid intake in the following groups of infants: GA
      less than 27 w (p = 0.023); GA 27-30 w (p = 0.005); SGA (p = 0.104); Non-SGA (p =
      0.001); severe preeclampsia (p = 0.018); surfactant substitution (p = 0.002);
      liquid intake 127-240 ml/48 h (p less than 0.006); liquid intake 240-430 ml/48 h
      (p less than 0.047). The present results demonstrate the need to re-evaluate the
      optimal needs of hydration among infants with RDS during the very early neonatal
      period.

PMID- 2642260
TI  - From basic defect to symptoms in cystic fibrosis. Proceedings of a symposium on
      the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Dutch Cystic Fibrosis Association. 21
      22 April 1989.

PMID- 2642261
TI  - [Study on Kupffer cell from the view point of liver surgery].

PMID- 2642262
TI  - Anal cancer: current concepts and treatment results.
AB  - 37 patients were treated upon carcinoma of the anal canal or anal margin between
      1977 and 1989. Although combined radiochemotherapy is of increasing interest as
      the treatment of choice our patients who underwent radical surgery in form of
      abdominoperineal rectum resection only had a very good outcome. Combined
      multimodal therapy by radiation and chemotherapy may possibly be able to reduce
      the rate of necessary resections. Difficulties in finding out a relapse of
      disease after such treatments are discussed. The own experience with combined
      radio-chemotherapy is not large enough at the present time to make significant
      statements. Long term results have to be expected yet. Abdominoperineal rectum
      resection as a means of radical surgery still has its place in the spectrum
      therapeutic modalities of treating anal carcinoma.

PMID- 2642263
TI  - [Results of the treatment of hepatic echinococcosis by hydatectomy].
AB  - In 72 patients with hydatid disease results and complications of different
      operation techniques are compared. Whereas we previously preferred pericystectomy
      and resecting methods we now perform irrigation and drainage in hydatid cysts of
      the liver. By use of a simple, flexible instrument even poorly accessible cysts
      can be transferred to irrigation and drainage therapy. Results of this procedure
      are good. The complication rate was decreased.

PMID- 2642264
TI  - Studies on neurotensin. I. Effects on gallbladder motility.
AB  - Effects of neurotensin (NT) on gallbladder contraction were examined both in vivo
      and in vitro. Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) was used to evaluate the
      methods used in this study and to compare the action of NT on the gallbladder. In
      In vivo studies, gallbladder contraction was monitored by strain-gauge force
      transducers implanted on the surface of the dog gallbladder. Bolus intravenous
      (IV) injection of NT at doses of 20 and 40 ng/kg caused gallbladder contraction
      of similar of magnitudes in terms of contractile force, while CCK-8 caused
      contraction dose-dependently. Continuous IV infusion of NT at doses of 250 and
      500 ng/kg/hr, which resulted in an elevation of blood levels of NT comparable
      with those achieved by endogenous release, induced a transient gallbladder
      contraction. Both maximum contractile force and onset time of contraction were
      similar to both does of NT. In contrast, CCK-8 induced gallbladder contraction
      was sustained during infusion of CCK-8 and was dose-dependent for both maximum
      contractile force and onset time of contraction. NT-induced gallbladder
      contraction was completely abolished by atropine treatment. In In vitro studies
      of longitudinal rabbit gallbladder muscle strips, NT was ineffective, while CCK-8
      caused a dose-dependent contraction. The present study shows that NT can
      stimulate gallbladder contraction in the dog via cholinergic pathways.

PMID- 2642265
TI  - Studies on neurotensin. II. Release of neurotensin.
AB  - The objective of these experiments was to confirm the localization of neurotensin
      (NT) in gut endocrine cells of the canine small intestine using
      immunohistochemistry. In addition, the release of NT from the canine small
      intestine in response to selective perfusion of a fatty acid (oleate),
      triglyceride (Lipomul) or products of fat digestion into various segments of the
      small intestine was studied. In the immunohistochemical study, NT was found to be
      primarily localized in true endocrine cells of the ileal mucosa. In addition, NT
      was not found or only negligible numbers of cells were seen outside the lower
      small intestine. This observation supports previous results based on
      radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry studies. Based on these morphological
      findings, NT would be released by luminal secretagogues, of which fat appears to
      be the most potent. In the selective perfusion studies, perfusion of oleic acid
      into the jejunum of the chronic dog caused NT release, whereas perfusion of the
      ileum in which NT cells were most abundant was ineffective. This observation
      suggests that a neural or endocrine message is released to the ileal NT cell from
      the jejunum, causing NT release. This series of studies was carried out to
      elucidate the mechanism of NT release and to find the direct luminal stimulants
      of NT by using both chronic and acute experimental models. These studies suggest
      that NT is not significantly released under anesthesia and that undigested fat,
      like triglyceride, does not release NT in either the upper or lower small
      intestine. Furthermore, digested fat, like oleate or digestive juices in the
      lower small intestine, is not a direct stimulant of NT release.

PMID- 2642266
TI  - [Experimental studies on pharmacologic protection of the brain against focal
      ischemia. 1. Focal brain ischemia model in rats].
AB  - Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in rats is being used increasingly
      widely as an experimental model of focal brain ischemia. However, the incidence
      of infarction or the size of infarction is variable. As a preliminary study we
      examined the anatomical variations of branching of the middle cerebral artery
      (MCA) and the incidence and extent of infarction and the time course of
      neurologic deficits following occlusion of the MCA at various sites in Sprague
      Dawley (SD) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Variations of
      branching of the MCA were closely observed in 91 rats (49 SD rats and 42 SHR). In
      two-thirds, the olfactory branch was single and arose from the MCA proximal to
      the medial border of the olfactory tract. In a small number of rats, the
      olfactory branch was single, but it arose at or near the lateral border of the
      olfactory tract, or two olfactory branches arose at both medial and lateral
      borders of the olfactory tract. The lateral or the tandem occlusion group caused
      infarction of the pallium in only one of 7 rats. Neurologic deficit was also
      minimal and transient and the size of infarction was small in the lateral
      occlusion group. In the tandem occlusion group, neurologic deficit was more
      severe, but it was still transient. The branch occlusion group and the ICV group
      caused large infarction of the pallium with moderate neurologic deficits in 5 of
      8, and 6 of 8 rats, respectively. The medial occlusion group caused infarction in
      the pallium and/or basal ganglia in 5 of 6 rats, and neurologic deficits were
      severe and persistent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642267
TI  - [Experimental studies on pharmacologic protection of the brain against focal
      ischemia. 2. Effects of KB-2796 and nicardipine on focal brain ischemia in rats].
AB  - It has been proposed that calcium overload triggers neuronal cell damage in the
      acute stage of cerebral ischemia. In this study, the effects of calcium
      antagonists, KB-2796 and nicardipine, on neurologic deficits and size of the
      infarction were studied in the rat middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model.
      Neurologic deficits were evaluated from 1 to 24 hours after occlusion of the MCA,
      using a grading system of Bederson et al. At 24 hours post-occlusion, the brain
      was removed, sliced coronally, and stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride.
      Size of the infarction was measured by computerized image analysis system. KB
      2796 (10 mg/kg) or nicardipine (1 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered
      immediately after occlusion of the MCA. In the KB-2796-treated group, the
      neurologic deficits were much improved and the size of infarction was
      significantly smaller, but in the nicardipine-treated group improvement was
      modest and did not reach the level of statistical significance. The neurologic
      improvement was observed in the group where KB-2796 was given at 3 hours post
      occlusion but the size of infarction was unchanged. The results in the present
      study seem to indicate that the calcium antagonists could improve focal cerebral
      ischemia when administered in early stage of ischemia, and that such effect is
      more significant with KB-2796 probably because of its higher selectivity to the
      cerebral vessels.

PMID- 2642268
TI  - Acute aortic occlusion.
AB  - Acute occlusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta is a vascular catastrophe, and
      the prognosis remains poor. This report describes a 52-year-old man with acute
      occlusion of the abdominal aorta following acute myocardial infarction. He was
      successfully treated with a transfemoral embolectomy with the use of a Fogarty
      catheter. The postoperative course was uneventful.

PMID- 2642269
TI  - Measles revaccination--an additional note.

PMID- 2642271
TI  - Radiology of the pancreas.

PMID- 2642270
TI  - Inhibition of 'in vitro' tumor cell growth by aromatic polyamidines exhibiting
      antiproteinase activity.
AB  - Aromatic polyamidines containing two, three or four benzamidine residues inhibit
      proteinase activity and proliferation of different human tumor cell lines,
      including leukemic (K562, HEL), melanoma (Colo 38) and B-lymphoid (WI-L2) cell
      lines. In addition, the benzamidine derivatives analysed in the present study
      inhibit cell growth of the Chinese hamster FHO6T1-1 cell line, obtained after
      transfection of primary lung cells with the activated human T24-Ha-ras-1
      oncogene. After treatment of FHO6T1-1 cells with benzamidine derivatives, a sharp
      decrease of the content of Ha-ras-1 mRNA was found, but not of transferrin
      receptor mRNA. We found that inhibition of cell proliferation by tetra
      benzamidine derivatives is not restricted to tumor cells, but concerns also non
      tumorigenic cell lines as well as normal primary fibroblasts. Therefore, our
      analysis was extended to di- and tri-benzamidine derivatives, which could be
      proposed as useful substrates in the synthesis of drug-conjugated monoclonal
      antibodies or growth factors. The data obtained demonstrate that these latter
      compounds and their halo-derivatives also exhibit strong antiproliferative
      effects on in vitro cultured cells.

PMID- 2642272
TI  - Pancreatic cystic neoplasms.
AB  - Cystic neoplasms are an uncommon group among pancreatic tumors. Because of
      advances in noninvasive diagnostic procedures, these lesions are more frequently
      detected and surgically treated. New pathological entities have been recently
      described with their own prognosis. 1. In a large number of cases, the imaging
      procedures can differentiate microcystic adenoma from mucinous cystadenoma, the
      more frequently encountered lesions. A well-defined mass with innumerable small
      cysts producing a honeycomb appearance with central stellate septae is suggestive
      of microcystic adenoma. A well-defined multilocular mass containing thin,
      straight or curvilinear septae with papillary projections and local thickening is
      suggestive of mucinous cystadenoma. 2. No sonographic or CT finding allows the
      differentiation between mucinous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma, however; the
      imaging features depend on the grade of malignancy. 3. Thus, in the majority of
      cases of cystic lesions, fine needle aspiration with appropriate stains is
      recommended.

PMID- 2642273
TI  - CT diagnosis and staging of acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Computed tomography is the single most important imaging modality in evaluating
      patients with acute pancreatitis. It has a high sensitivity and specificity in
      diagnosing "moderate" and "severe" pancreatitis, as well as in detecting serious
      complications which often are clinically unsuspected. In addition, computed
      tomography plays a valuable role as an early predictive indicator of disease
      severity. Patients with extrapancreatic phlegmonous collections and patients with
      pancreatic necrosis are considered to be at high risk to develop complications.

PMID- 2642274
TI  - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in chronic pancreatitis. Cambridge
      classification.
AB  - This article reviews the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in
      chronic pancreatitis and discusses the endoscopic and radiologic techniques
      necessary for good pancreatography, the indications for its use, and the
      complications that may arise from it. The Cambridge classification is dealt with
      in detail together with the abnormalities found in chronic pancreatitis. There is
      also a short section describing methods of endoscopic therapy in chronic
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 2642275
TI  - Sonography in acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Noninvasive imaging of the pancreas with sonography and computed tomography has
      proven to be a major diagnostic advance. This article focuses on the unique
      contribution of sonography in acute pancreatitis, emphasizing patient selection,
      scanning technique, and newer sonographic observations regarding extrapancreatic
      spread of acute pancreatitis. The limitations of sonographic imaging in acute
      pancreatitis are reviewed and compared with computed tomography.

PMID- 2642276
TI  - Correlation of imaging and function in chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - Chronic pancreatitis is a slowly progressive disease. Initially, only focal
      changes occur, but diffuse structural abnormalities accompanied by various
      degrees of functional impairment are seen in the late stage. Morphological
      abnormalities in chronic pancreatitis can now be detected with high accuracy by
      several imaging methods. The most sensitive method is ERP, which is able to
      detect slight ductal changes at an early stage. High-resolution US has become a
      valid alternative to CT for the visualization of parenchymal abnormalities.
      However, CT is more accurate than US in detecting small cysts and calcifications.
      By comparing ductal abnormalities (ERP) and parenchymal lesions (CT, US) with
      pancreatic function impairment, it has become quite clear that the
      morphofunctional correlation is tight only in the "late" or severe stages of
      chronic pancreatitis. In "early" or "moderate" stages of chronic pancreatitis,
      correlation of the degree of morphological abnormalities and pancreatic
      dysfunction is frequently poor. Studies comparing the value of the different
      imaging methods with pancreatic function tests in the diagnosis of chronic
      pancreatitis have found ERP and the duodenal intubation SC test to have the
      highest diagnostic accuracies. Correlation between the degree of ductal
      abnormalities (ERP) and pancreatic dysfunction in the SC test, and between the
      degree of parenchymal abnormalities (CT and US) and the SC test both proved
      significant. However, prediction of exocrine function based on morphological
      alterations, or vice versa, is not possible. The value of combining function
      testing with imaging is enhancement of the diagnostic accuracy in the presence of
      only "mild" morphologic abnormalities detected with the imaging techniques. In
      advanced stages of chronic pancreatitis, function testing is a valid
      complementary tool to characterize the clinical stage of the disease and may have
      an impact on therapeutic decisions in patients with advanced stages of chronic
      pancreatitis. Invasive function testing (SC test) can be replaced by oral
      pancreatic function tests, which yield equivalent results or clinical decisions.

PMID- 2642277
TI  - Imaging and interventional radiology for pancreatitis and its complications.
AB  - Complications of pancreatitis are common, protean in their manifestations, and
      can be catastrophic. When complications occur, the morbidity and mortality are
      high. Expeditious radiologic detection of the complication, together with the
      plethora of nonoperative interventional techniques, offers new and improved
      methods for diagnosis and treatment. This article focuses on the essential role
      of radiology and the natural integration of imaging and interventional radiology
      for pancreatitis and its complications.

PMID- 2642278
TI  - Gastrointestinal complications of pancreatitis.
AB  - Supine and upright films of the abdomen are usually the first imaging procedures
      in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute pancreatitis and may document
      calcific pancreatitis, inflammatory masses, abscesses, or obstruction.
      Appropriate barium or water-soluble contrast examination of the upper GI tract
      may provide an accurate indication of upper GI tract obstruction as well as
      document gastric varices that may occur as a complication of pancreatitis.
      Appropriate contrast examinations of the colon are important in documenting the
      extent of inflammatory changes of the colon, which may include perforation and
      necrosis. Accurate and expeditious documentation of these colonic complications
      is important in planning appropriate surgical therapy.

PMID- 2642279
TI  - Vascular complications of pancreatitis.
AB  - Hemorrhage is one of the most life-threatening complications of pancreatitis. It
      is usually due to erosion of a major pancreatic or peripancreatic vessel with
      massive bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract or abdominal cavity, or to
      formation and subsequent rupture of an arterial pseudoaneurysm. In addition, the
      inflammatory process of pancreatitis may cause thrombosis of the portal vein or
      its main tributaries, the splenic and superior mesenteric veins, resulting in
      compartmental portal hypertension with gastric, mesenteric, or colonic varices.
      Variceal hemorrhage is not an uncommon vascular complication of pancreatitis. The
      use of the newer, noninvasive imaging modalities of US, duplex Doppler US, and
      bolus-dynamic CT; earlier use of diagnostic and therapeutic angiography; and a
      more aggressive surgical approach have led to significant reductions in morbidity
      and mortality rates for patients with vascular complications secondary to
      pancreatitis. The radiologic diagnosis of vascular complications can be
      accomplished with US, CT, and angiography. US and CT may show formation of
      arterial pseudoaneurysms, evidence of hemorrhage into a pancreatic pseudocyst or
      fluid collection, or portal venous thrombosis with development of varices. The
      presence of flow in a pseudoaneurysm, or absence of flow due to portal venous
      thrombosis, can be confirmed by contrast-enhanced dynamic CT or duplex Doppler
      US. Angiography should be utilized in all patients, if possible, to show the
      precise site and source of bleeding. Although active bleeding can be diagnosed
      only by detection of contrast extravasation, the source of bleeding often can be
      identified by demonstration of an underlying vascular abnormality, such as a
      pseudoaneurysm or varices. Patients who are hemodynamically stable and who have
      angiographic evidence of bleeding can be treated with transcatheter embolization.
      This may result in permanent control of the bleeding, providing definitive
      treatment, or temporary control, thus allowing surgery to be performed on an
      elective or semi-emergent basis. Patients who are unstable or who have vascular
      involvement that is not amenable to transcatheter embolization should have
      emergency surgery. Preoperative angiography should be performed prior to surgery,
      if possible. Angiography can show the surgeon the exact vessel involved, as well
      as the surrounding vascular anatomy, thus facilitating the surgical approach. In
      selected patients, occlusion balloon catheters can be employed to obtain
      hemostasis during or after pancreatic surgery.

PMID- 2642280
TI  - Biliary complications of pancreatitis.
AB  - The biliary complications of pancreatitis include cholestasis, secondary biliary
      cirrhosis, cholangitis, and pseudocyst or fistula affecting the hepatobiliary
      system. Of these, the most relevant for radiologists is cholestasis caused by
      biliary duct stenosis in an inflamed pancreatic head. Radiologic assessment of
      these complications is based on judicious use of ultrasound, computed tomography,
      and direct cholangiography. The typical imaging finding of common bile duct
      stenosis due to chronic pancreatitis is gradual tapered narrowing of the
      intrapancreatic common bile duct, which can be portrayed by carefully
      accomplished computed tomography, and ultrasound as well as cholangiography. When
      combined with clinical assessment, imaging tests can help determine strategies
      for treatment, which include traditional operations as well as transhepatic,
      endoscopic, or percutaneous interventions.

PMID- 2642281
TI  - The rocky road to effective treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      infection.

PMID- 2642282
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation. Current status and future directions.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the current status of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous
      marrow transplantation in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. DATA
      IDENTIFICATION: Studies reported between 1978 and May 1988 were identified
      through computer searches using Medline and Cancerline and through extensive
      manual searching of bibliographies of identified books and articles. STUDY
      SELECTION: More than 160 studies that contained adequate response, toxicity, or
      survival data were selected for analysis, including peer-reviewed articles, book
      chapters, and proceedings of meetings. The most current or complete references
      were used for series reported more than once. DATA ANALYSIS: Information
      abstracted included regimen used, number of patients, response rates, disease
      free and overall survival, and toxicities. A meta-analysis of the pooled data was
      done. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS: For many tumor types, autologous marrow
      transplantation offers higher response rates than standard approaches. For
      leukemias and lymphomas, response rates of 60% to 80% may be achieved with the
      potential for cure. With solid tumors, response rates range from 30% in gliomas,
      50% in melanomas and colon cancer, more than 60% in lung cancer, and 80% in
      breast cancer. Although responses tend to be short-lived, long-term survival can
      occasionally be seen. CONCLUSIONS: Results with autologous marrow transplantation
      can be improved through systematically developed, carefully designed clinical
      trials that may be facilitated by collaborative research. Studies should focus on
      disease-directed drug combinations, several courses of high-dose therapy,
      treatment at a time of lower tumor burden, and reducing toxicity with
      hematopoietic growth factors.

PMID- 2642283
TI  - Esophageal chest pain: current controversies in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and
      therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the importance of esophageal abnormalities as a potential
      cause of recurrent noncardiac chest pain. DATA IDENTIFICATION: We discuss the
      rapidly evolving new knowledge in this field after analyzing the literature in
      English published since 1979. STUDY SELECTION: We reviewed 117 articles on
      recurring chest pain and paid specific attention to the following nine
      controversial issues: the potential mechanisms of esophageal pain, the
      differentiation of cardiac and esophageal causes, the evaluation of new
      esophageal motility disorders, the use of esophageal tests in evaluating
      noncardiac chest pain, the usefulness of techniques for prolonged monitoring of
      intraesophageal pressure and pH, the relation of psychologic abnormalities to
      esophageal motility disorders, the possible mechanisms for decreased visceral
      pain thresholds in these patients, the relation of esophageal chest pain to the
      irritable bowel syndrome, and the appropriate therapies for these patients.
      RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Through our review of the literature, we identified
      areas of concordance and disagreement. These areas are discussed and an overall
      perspective is provided. CONCLUSIONS: Continuing attempts to develop rational
      diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to patients with noncardiac chest pain
      should include a multidisciplinary approach involving basic scientists,
      gastroenterologists, psychologists, and other clinical experts in the field of
      pain research.

PMID- 2642284
TI  - Effect of a geriatric consultation team on functional status of elderly
      hospitalized patients. A randomized, controlled clinical trial.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a geriatric consultation team on the
      functional status of hospitalized elderly patients. DESIGN: Randomized controlled
      clinical trial. SETTING: University-affiliated referral Veterans Administration
      Medical Center. PATIENTS: One hundred and seventy-eight hospitalized elderly men
      75 years or older admitted to medical, surgical, and psychiatry services, but
      excluding patients admitted to intensive care units. INTERVENTION: Eighty-eight
      intervention group patients received multidimensional evaluation by an
      interdisciplinary geriatric consultation team composed of a faculty geriatrician,
      geriatrics fellow, geriatric clinical nurse specialist, and a social worker
      trained in geriatrics. Results of the evaluation, including problem
      identification and recommendations, were given to the patients' physicians.
      Ninety control group patients received only usual care. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Intervention and control groups were comparable initially. The major
      outcome variable was the Index of Independence in the Activities of Daily Living
      (ADL) (Katz). Thirty-nine percent of the total study population was functionally
      independent on admission, 27% required assistance with one to three ADL, 22%
      required assistance with four to six ADL, and 12% were completely dependent. Many
      patients remained unchanged from admission to discharge: intervention group, 38%;
      control group, 39%. In the intervention group, 34% improved and 28% declined; in
      the control group, 26% improved and 36% declined. Although these changes
      reflected a trend toward greater improvement in the intervention group, the
      results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Among elderly patients
      entering an acute-care hospital, approximately 60% had some degree of, and one
      third had serious functional disability. Such patients are at risk for further
      decline during hospitalization. A geriatric consultation team was unable to alter
      the degree of functional decline. Geriatric units or consultation teams may have
      to offer direct preventive or restorative services in addition to advice if
      improvements are to be made.

PMID- 2642285
TI  - False-positive tests for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients with
      cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2642286
TI  - Modulation of the growth-inhibitory effects of progestins and the antiestrogen
      hydroxyclomiphene on human breast cancer cells by epidermal growth factor and
      insulin.
AB  - The molecular basis of the growth-inhibitory effects of progestins or
      antiestrogens in human breast cancer has not been fully elucidated. Both direct
      actions and indirect actions, where the growth inhibition results from modulation
      of the production of, and/or the response to, growth factors, have been proposed.
      In this study the ability of some growth factors to modulate progestin-induced
      inhibition of cell proliferation was investigated in vitro, using T-47D human
      breast cancer cells. When T-47D cells grown in insulin-containing medium were
      treated for 4 to 5 days with the synthetic progestin, ORG 2058, at a
      concentration of 10 nM, cell numbers were reduced to 10 to 20% of control.
      Simultaneous treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and ORG 2058 led to a
      partial reversal of the growth-inhibitory effect of the progestin. The magnitude
      of the effect of EGF was concentration dependent, being half-maximal at 0.48
      ng/ml (0.08 nM) and maximal at concentrations greater than 5 ng/ml (greater than
      0.8 nM), where cell numbers were increased by 50% compared to those in the
      presence of ORG 2058 alone. ORG 2058 was no more potent in the absence of
      insulin, and, after several passages in insulin-free medium, addition of insulin
      failed to modulate the effect of ORG 2058. However, when maximal concentrations
      of insulin (5 micrograms/ml) and EGF (10 ng/ml) were administered together with
      ORG 2058, insulin and EGF appeared to act synergistically to reduce the ORG 2058
      induced inhibition of proliferation. In similar experiments in which cells were
      treated with hydroxyclomiphene, a potent antiestrogen, insulin was shown to
      partially reverse the growth-inhibitory effects of hydroxyclomiphene. Significant
      increases in cell number above hydroxyclomiphene-treated controls were apparent
      at insulin concentrations greater than 50 ng/ml, and at 5 micrograms/ml the
      increase was approximately 2-fold. In contrast to the situation with progestins,
      simultaneous treatment with EGF and insulin had only an additive effect in
      reversing the growth-inhibitory effect of the antiestrogen. The results are
      compatible with the hypothesis that part of the growth-inhibitory effects of
      progestin and antiestrogen on human breast cancer cell proliferation is mediated
      by inhibition of autocrine growth factor production. However, they do not exclude
      more direct mechanisms involving modulation of progesterone and/or estrogen
      receptors by EGF and/or insulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2642287
TI  - Secreted and cellular polypeptide patterns of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
      following either estrogen stimulation or v-H-ras transfection.
AB  - The polypeptide patterns of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (MCF-7gpt) and a
      stably v-H-ras-transfected subclone (MCF-7ras) have been analyzed following
      estradiol treatment. Since both estradiol and v-H-ras transfection increase
      tumorigenicity of MCF-7 cells, this study was designed to ascertain if specific
      changes in polypeptides were common in both treatments. Separation of cellular
      and secreted polypeptides was accomplished by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, and the consequent patterns were analyzed with computer
      assistance. Estradiol treatment of the MCF-7gpt cells reduced the number of
      differences found in the polypeptide patterns between MCF-7gpt and MCF-7ras.
      Twelve cellular polypeptides were consistently modulated by either estradiol or v
      H-ras, with four polypeptides clearly affected in the same way by both
      treatments. Polypeptides Gchc-0845 (Mr 54,000, pI 6.9) and Gchc-0902 (Mr 52,000,
      pI 6.3) were suppressed by estradiol and v-H-ras, while Gchc-1240 (Mr 34,000, pI
      4.4) and Gchc-1396 (Mr 23,000, pI 5.3) were induced by estradiol and v-H-ras.
      Sixteen secreted polypeptides were altered by at least 2-fold subsequent to
      estradiol treatment or v-H-ras transfection. Transfection with v-H-ras had a
      greater effect than estradiol, stimulating the secretion of eight polypeptides
      and suppressing the secretion of seven polypeptides compared to estradiol which
      increased secretion of five polypeptides and decreased secretion of an additional
      three polypeptides, respectively. Synergistic effects by estradiol and v-H-ras
      were noted for three polypeptides. The secretion of Gcls-175 (Mr 50,000, pI 5.7)
      and Gcls-320 (Mr less than 14,000, pI 3.6, p-S2) was increased, while the
      secretion of Gcls-112 (Mr 76,000, pI 6.9) was decreased. Opposing effects of
      estradiol and v-H-ras were seen for seven polypeptides including the Mr 48,000
      derivative of the Mr 52,000 protein (cathepsin D). These studies support the
      possibility that an extremely few, but specific polypeptides are regulated in
      association with quite diverse tumorigenic stimuli in MCF-7 human breast cancer
      cells.

PMID- 2642288
TI  - Regulation of the hepatic transferrin receptor in hereditary hemochromatosis.
AB  - The liver is the main site of iron accumulation and pathologic sequelae in
      hereditary hemochromatosis. Whether this is a result solely of inappropriately
      increased absorption of iron by the gastrointestinal tract or a more generalized
      regulatory failure of iron balance is unknown. Using immunohistochemical
      techniques, we have examined the effects of therapeutic changes in liver iron
      stores on the expression of the hepatic transferrin receptor in hereditary
      hemochromatosis. Ten patients with untreated hereditary hemochromatosis had no
      detectable staining for transferrin receptor in their liver biopsies. All had
      increased hepatic ferritin (mean = 19.9 micrograms per mg protein, range = 1 to
      31.7 micrograms per mg protein) and hepatic iron levels (mean = 36.2 micrograms
      per mg protein, range = 3.6 to 69.9 micrograms per mg protein). In contrast,
      hepatocyte transferrin receptor was detected in seven patients in whom hepatic
      iron stores were markedly depleted by venesection (hepatic ferritin mean = 0.32
      microgram per mg protein, range = 0.16 to 0.53 microgram per mg protein; hepatic
      iron mean = 0.98 microgram per mg protein, range = 0.3 to 2.1 micrograms per mg
      protein). Sequential data from one patient confirmed the reexpression of receptor
      in response to therapeutic iron depletion, whereas data from another patient
      studied during treatment illustrated a reciprocal relationship between liver
      tissue distribution of iron and expression of transferrin receptor. The finding
      that appropriate physiologic regulation of the hepatic transferrin receptor
      operates in hereditary hemochromatosis does not support the concept of a
      generalized defect in receptor-mediated uptake of transferrin-bound iron.

PMID- 2642289
TI  - Acinar heterogeneity of fatty acid binding protein expression in the livers of
      male, female and clofibrate-treated rats.
AB  - Liver fatty acid binding protein may play a role in the intracellular transport
      and compartmentation of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. The distribution of
      liver fatty acid binding protein in the hepatic acinus was determined by means of
      immunocytochemistry as well as by measurement of liver fatty acid binding protein
      in cellular protein selectively released from zone 1 and zone 3 cells by means of
      anterograde and retrograde liver perfusion with digitonin. In untreated male
      rats, specific immunocytochemical staining for liver fatty acid binding protein
      showed a declining portal-to-central hepatocellular gradient in intensity,
      consistent with the portal-to-central ratio of liver fatty acid binding protein
      abundance measured in effluents from digitonin-perfused livers of 1.6:1. Female
      and clofibrate-treated male rats, in both of which hepatic synthesis and
      abundance of liver fatty acid binding protein are greater than in untreated
      males, differed as well in the pattern of acinar expression of this protein. In
      females, periportal concentrations of liver fatty acid binding protein determined
      from the effluent of livers perfused anterograde with digitonin were similar to
      male values, whereas liver fatty acid binding protein concentration in
      pericentral hepatocytes determined from the effluent of retrograde perfused
      livers was increased, resulting in a marked attenuation of the portal-to-central
      gradient of this protein; this was also apparent on immunocytochemistry.
      Clofibrate-treated rats, in contrast, displayed a panacinar increase in liver
      fatty acid binding protein with maintenance of the portal-to-central ratio
      observed in untreated males. We conclude that there exists a declining portal-to
      central gradient in liver fatty acid binding protein cellular abundance in the
      hepatic acinus of untreated male rats. Furthermore, the increased synthesis and
      abundance of liver fatty acid binding protein in female and clofibrate-treated
      male rats results in two different alterations in the acinar expression of this
      protein, i.e. a pericentral increase (female) or a panlobular increase
      (clofibrate). Elucidation of the relationship between the zonation of hepatic
      fatty acid metabolism and the acinar expression of liver fatty acid binding
      protein should provide a more detailed understanding of the function of this
      protein.

PMID- 2642290
TI  - Biological effects of epidermal growth factor, with emphasis on the
      gastrointestinal tract and liver: an update.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a 6,000 Da polypeptide hormone produced by
      glands of the gastrointestinal tract, namely the salivary and Brunner's glands.
      It is found in a wide variety of external secretions as well as in blood and
      amniotic fluid. In fetal and neonatal life, EGF appears to play an important role
      in the development of the oral cavity, lungs, gastrointestinal tract and eyelids.
      Its presence in cells of the central nervous system suggests that it also plays a
      role in modulating the development of this system. In adult animals, the function
      of EGF is much less well understood. In rodents, it apparently modulates acid
      secretion from parietal cells in the stomach, and it undoubtedly plays an
      important role in wound healing, either through its localization within skin or
      by the licking of wounds with EGF-containing saliva. Considerable evidence now
      suggests that it may be one of the key factors in initiating liver regeneration
      after partial hepatectomy or chemical injury. The liver appears to be the
      principal organ which regulates the circulating level of EGF. In fact, EGF is
      cleared so efficiently by the liver that only the peripheral cells of the lobule
      (zone 1) sequester EGF, and little remains in the circulation for cells in the
      more distal zones (zones 2 and 3). In the liver, EGF normally binds to a plasma
      membrane receptor and is internalized within the liver cell, where the vast
      majority of EGF and its receptor are destroyed in lysosomes. A small but
      consistent quantity of EGF enters the bile intact. In the regenerating liver,
      however, the lysosomal pathway appears to be shut down, and the EGF is diverted
      to hepatocyte nuclei prior to the initiation of DNA synthesis. Nuclear EGF is
      found free as well as bound to a high-molecular-weight protein which has many
      characteristics identical to the plasma membrane EGF receptor. The plasma
      membrane receptor is a large transmembrane glycoprotein of 170,000 Da containing
      four domains: an extracellular EGF-binding portion, a hydrophobic membrane
      spanning segment, a proximal cytoplasmic domain which binds ATP and protein
      substrates containing tyrosine for phosphorylation and a terminal cytoplasmic
      portion with 3 tyrosines which undergo autophosphorylation after EGF
      binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2642291
TI  - Technetium-99m-iminodiacetic acid organic anions: review of biokinetics and
      clinical application in hepatology.
AB  - Technetium-99m-labeled iminodiacetic acid analogs are a new class of organic
      anions, taken up and secreted by hepatocyte into hepatic bile by a carrier
      mediated organic anion pathway. They provide a new dimension in the assessment of
      pathophysiology and morphology of the hepatobiliary system. The amount of uptake
      and the rapidity of its elimination from the liver is dependent upon the
      structural configuration of the agent as well as the functional integrity of the
      hepatocyte and the patency of the biliary system. The clinical areas for
      application are wide and include most of the hepatobiliary diseases. Technetium
      99m-iminodiacetic acid, an agent well suited for both planar and single photon
      tomographic scintigraphy, is ideal for early diagnosis prior to anatomical
      changes in the hepatobiliary system. The data collection directly from the liver
      provides quantitation of both regional and global liver diseases. The count-based
      method for measuring gallbladder emptying overcomes the theoretical disadvantages
      of geometric tests. Biokinetics and current clinical application of six of the
      99mTc-iminodiacetic acid agents are reviewed, and the potential future clinical
      and research areas of application are indicated.

PMID- 2642292
TI  - Hepatocyte heterogeneity: the coming of age from the description of a biological
      curiosity to a partial understanding of its physiological meaning and regulation.

PMID- 2642293
TI  - Covalent binding of acetaldehyde to liver tubulin: a step in the right direction.

PMID- 2642294
TI  - Transthyretin immunoreactivity in human and porcine liver, choroid plexus, and
      pancreatic islets.
AB  - We examined transthyretin immunoreactivity (TTR-IR) in human and porcine liver,
      choroid plexus, and pancreatic islets with both polyclonal and monoclonal
      antibodies to TTR. The specificity of the immunoreactions and the effects of
      various fixatives were tested in immunohistochemical and dot-blot systems. B-5
      fixative (mercuric chloride and sodium acetate in formalin) was the best
      immunopreservative. In both species, the TTR-IR in choroid plexus epithelial
      cells was strong and was much greater than that in hepatocytes. Glucagon cells in
      pancreatic islets were also strongly TTR immunoreactive. Insulin cells were
      slightly TTR immunoreactive in human but strongly so in porcine pancreas. The
      finding of TTR-IR in normal islets explains the presence of TTR-IR in human
      endocrine pancreatic tumors, notably glucagonomas and malignant insulinomas.

PMID- 2642295
TI  - Detection of mRNA molecules coding for neuropeptide hormones of the pond snail
      Lymnaea stagnalis by radioactive and non-radioactive in situ hybridization: a
      model study for mRNA detection.
AB  - To develop and optimize non-radioactive in situ hybridization techniques for mRNA
      detection, we used the neuropeptidergic system of the pond snail Lymnaea
      stagnalis as a biological model system. First, we investigated the in situ
      hybridization procedure using radioactive-labeled cDNA and synthetic
      oligonucleotide probes specific for egg-laying hormone (ELH) mRNA and molluscan
      insulin-like peptide (MIP) mRNA. The results show an intense grain deposit above
      the caudodorsal cells and light-green cells expressing, respectively, ELH mRNA
      and MIP mRNA. Good results with relation to signal strength and tissue morphology
      were obtained with freeze-dry paraformaldehyde vapor fixation. The necessity to
      perform tissue pre-treatment appeared to be dependent on the cell type of
      interest. The optimized in situ hybridization protocol proved to be applicable
      using probes that are either sulfonated/transaminated or labeled with
      acetylaminofluorene (AAF). In situ hybridization of such haptenized probes led to
      intense and specific staining of the cytoplasm of the caudodorsal cells. Egg
      laying hormone mRNA appeared not to be homogeneously distributed in the cytoplasm
      but showed a "patch-like" pattern. Nuclear and axoplasmic staining for mRNA was
      also observed.

PMID- 2642296
TI  - Blood-brain barrier permeability to sodium. Modification by glucose or insulin?
AB  - In order to explore the pathogenetic mechanism underlying the changes in blood
      brain barrier sodium transport in experimental diabetes, the effects of
      hyperglycemia and of hypoinsulinemia were studied in nondiabetic rats. In
      untreated diabetes, the neocortical blood-brain barrier permeability for sodium
      decreased by 20% (5.6 +/- 0.7 versus 7.0 +/- 0.8 X 10(5) ml/g/s) as compared to
      controls. Intravenous infusion of 50% glucose for 2 h was associated with a
      decrease in the blood-brain barrier permeability to sodium (5.4 +/- 1.2 X 10(5)
      ml/g/s), whereas rats treated with an inhibitor of insulin-secretion (SMS 201
      995, a somatostatin-analogue) had normal sodium permeability (7.3 +/- 2.0 X 10(5)
      ml/g/s). Acute insulin treatment of diabetic rats normalized the sodium
      permeability within a few hours as compared to a separate control group (7.7 +/-
      1.1 versus 6.9 +/- 1.4 X 10(5) ml/g/s). To elucidate whether the abnormal blood
      brain barrier passage is caused by a metabolic effect of glucose or by the
      concomitant hyperosmolality, rats were made hyperosmolar by intravenous injection
      of 50% mannitol. Although not statistically significant, blood-brain barrier
      sodium permeability increased in hyperosmolar rats as compared to the control
      rats (8.3 +/- 1.0 and 7.0 +/- 1.9 X 10(5) ml/g/s, respectively). It is concluded
      that either hyperglycemia per se or a glucose metabolite is responsible for the
      blood-brain barrier abnormality which occurs in diabetes. Further, we suggest
      that the specific decrease of sodium permeability could be the result of glucose
      mediated inhibition of the Na+K+-ATPase localized at the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 2642297
TI  - Rapid cell death induced by methyl mercury in suspension of cerebellar granule
      neurons.
AB  - We have further investigated the cytotoxicity of methyl mercury (MeHg) in
      cerebellar granule neurons isolated from 5-12-day-old rats. At 20 microM MeHg
      adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were reduced to 30% of control within 15
      minutes and 1% of control at three hours (h), while cell viability assayed by
      trypan blue exclusion was reduced to approximately 80% and 20% of control,
      respectively. When potassium cyanide (KCN) was used to reduce ATP levels greater
      than 95%, virtually no change in cell viability was observed during three h
      incubation. Potassium cyanide combined with cycloheximide and actinomycin D to
      inhibit ATP and macromolecule synthesis simultaneously caused substantially less
      cell death than that produced by MeHg. Comparable rates of cell death were
      obtained when the free-radical generating system, hypoxanthine plus xanthine
      oxidase, was included with KCN in the incubation. Murine hybridoma MHY206 cells,
      representing a non-neuronal cell type, were less sensitive to cell killing by
      MeHg compared to granule neurons at equivalent cell protein concentrations. A
      three h exposure to 20 microM MeHg resulted in the death of 96% of the granule
      neurons while only 27% of the hybridoma cells were permeable to trypan blue. The
      results suggest that additional cytotoxic mechanisms beyond perturbations of the
      main metabolic pathways are involved in the neurotoxic mechanism of action of
      MeHg in cerebellar granule neurons. The results also indicate that oxidative or
      free-radical-generating systems are capable of reproducing the temporal pattern
      of neuronal cell destruction manifested by MeHg.

PMID- 2642298
TI  - In memoriam George A. Jervis, M.D., (August 15, 1903-June 5, 1986).

PMID- 2642299
TI  - In memoriam Margaret Ransone Murray, (November 16, 1901-July 13, 1986).

PMID- 2642300
TI  - Cellular events associated with the induction of bone by demineralized bone.
AB  - Implantation of demineralized bone (DB) in the form of powder or intact segments
      in extra skeletal sites stimulates new bone formation. Urist and co-workers
      presented substantial evidence that there is a noncollagenous protein that has
      the ability to induce bone formation. One aim of this study was to trace the
      process of bone formation when DB, in the form of perforated rectangular plates,
      is implanted subcutaneously in 2-month-old rats. A second objective was to
      determine whether cartilage cells play a role in the formation of bone in this
      model. Various DB plates with 0.25 mm diameter holes were implanted
      subcutaneously for 1-4 weeks in rats. One week after implantation, DB plates were
      covered by vascularized connective tissue that invaded the perforations.
      Aggregates of chondrocytes were observed within the holes and on periosteal
      surfaces in only a few specimens. Further cartilage proliferation was not
      observed, and by the 2nd week there was no evidence of endochondral bone
      formation. Where these cartilage-like cells were present, a thin layer of mineral
      was deposited around them; resorption and fibrous tissue infiltration followed.
      This aborted form of endochondral calcification was not followed spatially by
      bone formation. Patent vascularized channels were invaded by alkaline phosphatase
      positive mononuclear cells and fibroblasts, and became enlarged by the enzymatic
      action of macrophages. The next step involved the calcification of DB plates
      adjacent to the wide spaces. Osteoclasts now appeared leading to the resorption
      of this recalcified matrix. The eroded and now enlarged lacunar surfaces were
      lined by newly formed bone and osteoblasts. This process continued so that, at
      the end of 4 weeks following implantation, the original DB plates were replaced
      by trabecular bone. Biochemical data on calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels
      in the implants paralleled the morphological observations.

PMID- 2642301
TI  - Calcitonin and fracture healing. An experimental study on rats.
AB  - The effects of systemically administered calcitonin (CT) on fracture healing were
      analyzed in an experimental study on rats. The healing of a fracture was followed
      from 3 days up to 9 weeks postoperatively. Half of the rats in each age group
      were given daily CT 10 MRC-U/kg body wt s.c. Mechanical properties of the healing
      tibial fractures (tension strength) as well as various connective tissue
      components of the callus tissue were analyzed. No difference in the radiological
      or microscopical appearance of the fractures was detectable between the animals
      receiving CT and the controls. In the biochemical analysis matrix production as
      assessed from the concentrations of nitrogen, hexosamines, and hydroxyproline
      within the callus followed the usual lines of undistributed fracture union
      without any difference between the groups with and without CT. No differences
      could be detected in the mineralization of the callus between the specimens from
      animals receiving CT and those without. The tensile strength values of the
      fractures increased almost linearly up to 9 weeks. At 1 week the tensile strength
      values for fractures union in the animals without CT were approximately 50%
      higher, but later on no differences could be detected between the groups. These
      results indicate that although in the early phases of long-term CT therapy
      collagen synthesis may be impaired, there will be no effect on the net content of
      collagen or calcifying tissue in the callus or on the mechanical strength of
      healing fractures.

PMID- 2642302
TI  - Growth factor stimulation of adult articular cartilage.
AB  - We have examined the effect of peptide growth factors on DNA and proteoglycan
      synthesis by adult bovine articular cartilage in organ culture. The actions of
      somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGF-I), insulin, epidermal
      growth factor (EGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) from bovine pituitary
      were investigated individually and in combination. FGF stimulated a 10-fold
      increase in tritiated thymidine incorporation while other factors used
      individually did not influence mitotic activity. Used in concert, insulin with
      EGF and insulin with FGF acted synergistically in stimulating DNA synthesis 20
      fold and 40-fold, respectively. All of these growth factors, acting individually,
      significantly enhanced radiosulfate incorporation. This stimulation was additive
      for Sm-C/IGF-I in combination with EGF or FGF, but not with insulin. These data
      indicate that adult bovine articular chondrocytes possess the capacity to augment
      both mitotic and differentiated cell functions in response to growth factors. The
      data further suggest that, with the exception of insulin and Sm-C/IGF-I, which
      appear to share a common mechanism of action, these factors produce their
      cellular effects via different receptor or postreceptor pathways.

PMID- 2642303
TI  - Prognostic variables in osteosarcoma: a multi-institutional study.
AB  - This is a report of a multi-institutional study of all patients with osteosarcoma
      who were seen at 13 comprehensive cancer centers from July 1, 1977, to December
      31, 1982. Follow-up extended to 9 years; a minimum of 3 years was obtained for
      greater than 90% of the patients. All patients with osteosarcoma were considered,
      but only those with tissue confirmation who had had at least part of their first
      course of treatment at one of the 13 institutions were included. There were 543
      patients. In a search for prognostic indicators, 38 patient characteristics,
      three treatment categories, and an institutional variable were studied. A
      combination of nine of these constituted the best indicator of survival. They
      were morphology (two parts), site of primary cancer (two parts), spread of tumor,
      grade and size of tumor, duration of symptoms, weight loss of greater than 4.5 kg
      (10 lb), swelling at primary site, and lytic appearance. Unexpectedly, treatment
      was not one of the indicators of survival. A prognostic score was developed in
      which the coefficients were obtained from the Cox regression (step-down) method.
      Each patient had a score (S) and an observed survival time that together provided
      the expected risk of death for that patient. Although this was not a randomized
      study, treatments were compared before and after adjusting for characteristics
      identified as prognostic. Three treatments differed little: surgery alone,
      surgery plus chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and chemotherapy and/or
      radiotherapy followed in 1-4 months by surgery. Patients with amputations and
      those with resections had similar death rates, but the observed progression rates
      differed widely. However, when the rates were adjusted for prognostic
      characteristics, the difference disappeared. Complete surgery (if osteosarcoma
      existed within surgical margins) was no better than incomplete surgery (if
      osteosarcoma existed beyond surgical margins) with respect to death but, as would
      be expected, complete surgery was much better with respect to disease
      progression.

PMID- 2642304
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of doxorubicin accumulation in cells from human and
      rodent cell lines.
AB  - The correlation between intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin (DOX) and drug
      cytotoxicity was studied in cells from seven cell lines of rodent and human
      origin. We used three Chinese hamster ovary cell lines (AuxB1, CHRC5, and UV20),
      two murine tumor cell lines (KHT-LP1 and EMT6/Ro), and two human tumor cell lines
      (MGH-U1 and DLD-1). Intracellular DOX was measured by its fluorescence intensity
      with flow cytometry, and drug cytotoxicity was quantified with clonogenic assays.
      When data for all of the cell lines were combined, cell killing was correlated
      with the intracellular concentration of DOX (r = -.88). For the cell line AuxB1
      and its DOX-resistant subline CHRC5, in which cells express high levels of P
      glycoprotein, the relationship between cell survival and the intracellular
      concentration of DOX was stronger than that for the other cell lines. These
      results suggest that differences in intracellular accumulation of DOX account for
      much of the heterogeneity in response to the drug in cells from different cell
      lines, although additional mechanisms also contribute to variation in drug
      sensitivity. Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular DOX fluorescence is a
      simple assay that should be tested in cells from human tumors as a possible
      predictor of tumor response. For a given cell line, this technique also provides
      a rapid way to monitor the development of drug resistance after multiple courses
      of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2642306
TI  - Ciprofloxacin as treatment for genitourinary tract infection.

PMID- 2642305
TI  - Mutational analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease suggests
      functional homology with aspartic proteinases.
AB  - Processing of the retroviral gag and pol gene products is mediated by a viral
      protease. Bacterial expression systems have been developed which permit genetic
      analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease as measured by
      cleavage of the pol protein precursor. Deletion analysis of the pol reading frame
      locates the sequences required to encode a protein with appropriate proteolytic
      activity near the left end of the pol reading frame but largely outside the gag
      pol overlap region, which is at the extreme left end of pol. Most missense
      mutations within an 11-amino-acid domain highly conserved among retroviral
      proteases and with sequence similarity to the active site of aspartic proteinases
      abolish appropriate processing, suggesting that the retrovirus proteases share a
      catalytic mechanism with aspartic proteinases. Substitution of the amino acids
      flanking the scissile bond at three of the processing sites encoded by pol
      demonstrates distinct sequence requirements for cleavage at these different
      sites. The inclusion of a charged amino acid at the processing site blocks
      cleavage. A subset of these substitutions also inhibits processing at the
      nonmutated sites.

PMID- 2642307
TI  - Chemotherapy and bladder cancer.

PMID- 2642309
TI  - Granulosa cell tumor of the adult testis: ultrastructural and ultrasonographic
      characteristics.
AB  - We report a case of a granulosa cell tumor of the testis. The ultrastructural
      characteristics of this rare tumor were compared to its homologue in the ovary
      and they were similar.

PMID- 2642308
TI  - Venous intravasation of barium into the inferior mesenteric vein mimicking a
      coloureteral fistula: a case report and literature review.
AB  - Venous intravasation of barium following a barium enema is a rare event. We
      report a case of barium venous intravasation into the inferior mesenteric vein.
      Because of the close proximity to the course of the left ureter, this condition
      was interpreted initially as a coloureteral fistula. After further analysis of
      the original films, and left retrograde pyelography the true diagnosis was
      established. A literature review of barium intravasation is presented.

PMID- 2642310
TI  - Quantifying thread tension is of clinical use in Stamey bladder neck suspension:
      analysis of clinical parameters.
AB  - Tension on the nylon loops in a Stamey endoscopic bladder neck suspension has
      been quantified for the first time by using a spring scale. Clinical data were
      compared between 14 patients with undetermined tension (control group) and 57
      with tension of either 400, 600, 700, 800 or 1,000 gm. Experimental study during
      the operation demonstrated that changes in the posterior urethrovesical angle and
      distance that the bladder neck was elevated were not proportional to the tension:
      the lower the thread tension the larger the change in these 2 parameters.
      Compared to the control group a significant decrease in the period of suprapubic
      drainage was observed in patients with quantified tension. Operative success was
      obtained in 86 per cent of the control group and 91 per cent of those in whom
      tension was quantified. A tension of 400 to 600 gm. seemed to be most appropriate
      for a successful outcome. We conclude that quantifying the thread tension is
      useful to prevent either over-tightness of the nylon loops or insufficient
      suspension of the bladder neck, and that with a spring scale it is easy to
      instruct a beginner on how tightly to tie the threads.

PMID- 2642311
TI  - Vaginal wall sling.
AB  - We describe a new technique for the treatment of urinary incontinence due to
      intrinsic sphincteric damage in which a sling constructed from vaginal wall is
      used to provide compression and support of the urethra. A rectangular island of
      in situ anterior vaginal wall underlying the urethra and bladder neck is
      developed, the 4 corners are anchored with polypropylene sutures and a ligature
      carrier is used to transfer the sutures to a suprapubic location. An anterior
      vaginal wall flap proximal to the island is advanced to cover the island. When
      the sutures are tied the resulting sling will support the urethra and increase
      urethral resistance by compression, restoring continence. The advantages are its
      simplicity, need for only a small incision, short operative time and hospital
      stay, and reliance on healthy, well vascularized, in situ tissue. Continence has
      been achieved in 29 of 32 cases. All patients voided spontaneously except for
      those with neuropathic urethral incompetence who required self-catheterization.

PMID- 2642312
TI  - cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum in the treatment of advanced epidermoid carcinoma of
      the penis: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.
AB  - A total of 26 patients with biopsy proved epidermoid carcinoma of the penis
      (Jackson stage III or IV) with measurable disease, no prior chemotherapy and
      adequate renal function received 50 mg. per M.2 cis-diamminedichloroplatinum
      intravenously on days 1 and 8 of 28-day cycles. There were 4 partial responses
      (15.4 per cent), with a response duration of 1 to 3 months. The median survival
      was 4.7 months. This agent cannot be recommended as treatment for advanced
      epidermoid carcinoma of the penis using this particular dose and schedule.

PMID- 2642314
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in a renal transplant patient.
AB  - We report a case of nephrolithiasis in a transplanted kidney that was treated
      successfully with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. The patient experienced
      transient partial obstruction after lithotripsy and, thus, intense monitoring of
      the transplant patient is necessary.

PMID- 2642313
TI  - Prevention of urethral stricture formation after transurethral resection of the
      prostate: a controlled randomized study of Otis urethrotomy versus urethral
      dilation and the use of the polytetrafluoroethylene coated versus the uninsulated
      metal sheath.
AB  - Stricture formation after transurethral prostatectomy was studied in a randomized
      clinical trial including 185 patients. The patients were allocated to either a 2
      day urethral catheter-dilation or internal Otis urethrotomy and to an operation
      with either a polytetrafluoroethylene coated or an uninsulated metal
      resectoscope. Urethral stricture was defined as an obstruction resulting in a
      maximum urine flow rate of less than 15 ml. per second and not permitting the
      passage of a 21F cystoscope. The frequency of urethral strictures was
      significantly lower after Otis internal urethrotomy (4 per cent) than after a 2
      day urethral catheter dilation (16 per cent). The incidence of stricture
      formation was similar in patients operated on with a polytetrafluoroethylene
      coated (8 per cent) and with an uninsulated metal (12 per cent) resectoscope
      sheath. The incidence of stricture formation was unrelated to age, duration of
      preoperative and postoperative catheterization, operating time and presence of
      urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2642315
TI  - A piece of my mind. Message from Mahler.

PMID- 2642316
TI  - From the Health Care Financing Administration.

PMID- 2642317
TI  - From the Health Care Financing Administration.

PMID- 2642318
TI  - Clash of symbols--the AMA stone in the Washington Monument: hippocratectomy or
      hippocratoplasty?

PMID- 2642319
TI  - Oliver Wendell Holmes and chiropractic.

PMID- 2642321
TI  - Happenings at a medical school in the late sixties.

PMID- 2642320
TI  - Herrick's 1910 case report of sickle cell anemia. The rest of the story.
AB  - James B. Herrick's 1910 article presenting the case of an anemic West Indian
      student with peculiar-shaped red blood cells was the first description of sickle
      cell anemia in Western medical literature. However, he told only part of the
      story. Records in Chicago, Washington, DC, and Grenada, West Indies, reveal more
      information about the events surrounding Herrick's discovery and help put them in
      historical perspective. Herrick's intern, Ernest E. Irons, abreast of the latest
      developments in medicine, actually performed the blood work and alerted Herrick
      about the odd-looking cells. Changing patterns in American race relations allowed
      the patient, Walter Clement Noel, to study dentistry in Chicago. He continued to
      receive care from Irons for 2 1/2 years, then returned to Grenada to practice
      dentistry. Noel died nine years after his return to Grenada, at age 32.

PMID- 2642322
TI  - Mine eyes have seen.

PMID- 2642323
TI  - Metabolic and cardiovascular changes during prolonged ritodrine infusion in fetal
      lambs.
AB  - Prophylaxis of threatened premature labor with ritodrine may lead to prolonged
      fetal exposure to the drug. To investigate the direct consequences of this, 11
      fetal lambs were given ritodrine hydrochloride for periods of 2-4 days by
      continuous intravenous infusion at 5 or 10 micrograms/minute (1-3
      micrograms/minute/kg estimated fetal weight). These dosages had no measurable
      effects on the ewes. In the fetus, measurements confirmed and extended the
      results of earlier short-term experiments, but differences from the effects of
      long-term maternal ritodrine infusion imply little placental transfer of the drug
      in sheep. Ritodrine had little or no effect on mean arterial pressure, blood pH,
      pCO2, plasma alpha-amino acid nitrogen, or growth hormone, but resulted in marked
      hypoxemia, tachycardia, hyperlactacidemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia
      during the first 24-48 hours of infusion. Despite continued ritodrine infusion,
      heart rate and the metabolic parameters returned toward normal within 72 hours.
      Hypoxemia persisted longer, but tended to lessen after 2 days of infusion. The
      results indicate that tachyphylaxis to ritodrine develops in the fetal lamb
      during prolonged administration, but that when fetal well-being is already
      compromised, ritodrine's effects on oxygenation and lactacidemia could jeopardize
      fetal survival.

PMID- 2642324
TI  - Infant mortality and access to care.

PMID- 2642325
TI  - Sonographic detection of fetal duodenal atresia.

PMID- 2642326
TI  - Human decidua: a source of interleukin-1.
AB  - These studies were conducted to determine whether human decidua produces
      interleukin-1 in response to bacterial endotoxin. Explants of human decidua were
      incubated with and without Escherichia coli endotoxin for 20 hours. When tested
      for interleukin-1-like activity with the D10.G4.1 T-cell bioassay, supernatants
      from endotoxin-stimulated decidua contained significantly more interleukin-1
      activity than did supernatants from unstimulated decidua. This activity could not
      be attributed to interleukin-2, as determined in the CTLL/2 assay for interleukin
      2. Interleukin-1-like activity was due to interleukin-1, as demonstrated by the
      blockade of this bioactivity with antibodies against interleukin-1: interleukin-1
      alpha and interleukin-1 beta. Antibodies against interleukin-1 alpha blocked the
      activity in five of six cases. In one instance, the bioactivity could be
      attributed to a mixture of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta. These data
      demonstrate that human decidua can produce interleukin-1 in response to bacterial
      endotoxin.

PMID- 2642327
TI  - Serum prostacyclin binding and half-life in normal and hypertensive pregnant
      women.
AB  - The effective half-life of prostacyclin in human serum is highly dependent on
      binding to serum proteins. Abnormalities in prostacyclin binding appear to be
      important in some patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. We
      investigated prostacyclin binding and half-life in normotensive and hypertensive
      pregnant women and in nonpregnant controls. Pregnancy was associated with a
      decrease in serum prostacyclin binding and a shorter prostacyclin half-life. This
      decrease was even greater in women with hypertensive disorders. The decrease in
      prostacyclin half-life in hypertensive disorders may play an important role in
      the pathogenesis of these disorders. Measurement of both production and
      metabolism, however, will be required to adequately assess the role of
      prostacyclin in normal and abnormal gestation.

PMID- 2642328
TI  - The postmenopausal cystic adnexal mass: the potential role of ultrasound in
      conservative management.
AB  - Often ovarian cancer does not present clinically until the advanced stages. In
      the past, the presence of any cystic adnexal enlargement in postmenopausal women
      was an indication for surgical exploration. The ultrasound scans of 42
      postmenopausal women with simple adnexal cysts were reviewed. We included only
      patients who were available for follow-up and who had cysts that were less than
      or equal to 5 cm in maximum diameter, unilocular (ie, without septations or solid
      components), and without ascites. Of these patients, 26 underwent prompt surgical
      exploration. All exhibited benign histopathology. In 16 patients, serial
      sonographic surveillance was performed every 3-6 months. Two of these patients
      had exploratory laparotomy at 6 and 9 months of observation; the first operation,
      for increasing size and septation, demonstrated a cystadenofibroma, and the
      second, for increasing pain, demonstrated a degenerating myoma. The remaining 14
      patients were followed from 10-73 months without any change in size or character
      of the cyst. Small (less than 5 cm), unilocular postmenopausal cysts had a low
      incidence of malignant disease (0%) in this series of 28 surgical specimens.
      Therefore, serial ultrasound follow-up without surgical intervention may play a
      role in the clinical management of such patients.

PMID- 2642329
TI  - One-year suppression of frequent recurrences of genital herpes with oral
      acyclovir.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term
      efficacy and safety of oral acyclovir suppressive therapy over a 1-year period.
      Results from the multicenter trials, based on a total of 261 patients with
      frequently recurring genital herpes, were analyzed. Of the patients enrolled in
      the study, 131 received oral acyclovir capsules (800 mg) daily and 130 received
      placebo capsules. Medication was taken twice daily. Analysis of data from
      patients who completed a full year of therapy demonstrated that only 5% of
      patients receiving placebo were free from recurrences, as compared with 46% of
      acyclovir recipients. The mean number of recurrences for patients on acyclovir
      therapy was 1.8, as compared with a rate of 8.7 recurrences for the placebo group
      over the course of the year. The mean time to the first recurrent herpes
      outbreaks was 19 days for the placebo group and 274 days for the acyclovir
      treated patients. There were no significant differences between the two groups in
      laboratory data or in the frequency or nature of side effects reported. Daily
      administration of acyclovir capsules for 1 year is a safe and effective therapy
      for control of frequent recurrences of genital herpes.

PMID- 2642330
TI  - Correlation of endometrial maturation with four methods of estimating day of
      ovulation.
AB  - Dating of maturity of the endometrium by histologic examination was correlated
      with four methods of ovulation detection in 13 cycling parous women. Histologic
      dating was assessed independently by two pathologists and correlated with the
      postovulatory duration as determined by daily transvaginal ultrasound scanning,
      serum LH measurements, basal body temperature (BBT), and subtraction of 14 days
      from the onset of menses. In addition, progesterone and estradiol (E2) were
      measured in daily serum samples. Dating of the endometrial biopsy was highly
      correlated (P less than .002) with the day of ovulation as determined by
      ultrasound, and was found to be within 2 days of the correct postovulatory day on
      evaluation of 25 of 26 (96.1%) of the interpretations. The accuracy of dating
      using the LH surge was 84.6% (22 of 26 interpretations), and with the BBT
      thermogenic shift was 76.9% (20 of 26 interpretations). However, dating of the
      endometrium was within 2 days of the correct day in only 17 of the 26
      interpretations as determined by subtracting 14 days from the onset of the
      subsequent menses. The accuracy of dating was significantly better correlated (P
      less than .025) with days from ovulation as determined by ultrasound than as
      calculated from the onset of menses. There was a significant correlation between
      endometrial dating and the amount of progesterone (P less than .01) and E2 (P
      less than .01) secreted from the day of ovulation, as determined by transvaginal
      ultrasound, to the day of biopsy. These data confirm a strong correlation between
      endometrial dating and ovarian hormone secretion during the postovulatory
      phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642331
TI  - William S. Halsted: plastic surgeon.

PMID- 2642333
TI  - Priority in using staples to secure skin grafts.

PMID- 2642332
TI  - Grafts and flaps.

PMID- 2642334
TI  - Late results of free-muscle flaps and delayed bone grafting in the secondary
      treatment of open distal tibial fractures.
AB  - Since no current studies reflect the long-term function of patients accurately
      categorized and uniformly managed for the same degree and location of tibial
      injury, seven individuals with type IIIB open distal tibial fractures were
      studied prospectively for 2 to 4 years after debridement, free-muscle transfer,
      and delayed autologous bone grafting. Lymphedema, transient drainage, poor ankle
      motion, limb shortening, nonunion, and delayed union were all significant
      problems. On average, the patients endured over six operations, 2 months of
      hospitalization, and a year's course of physical rehabilitation. The study
      indicates that, although popular, such a regimen is not without important
      shortcomings. This experience has influenced our selection of and counseling for
      patients in whom we are contemplating such management.

PMID- 2642335
TI  - RSNA index to imaging literature.

PMID- 2642336
TI  - Human in vivo NMR spectroscopy in diagnostic medicine: clinical tool or research
      probe?
AB  - In this critical review of human in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
      spectroscopy, the questions of which chemical species can be detected and with
      what sensitivity, their biochemical significance, and their potential clinical
      value are addressed. The current in vivo detectability limit is about 10(-6) of
      that of tissue water protons, necessitating a 1-10 cm3-volume of tissue and
      approximately 10-minute averaging time. This permits access to fats, membrane
      lipid metabolism, high-energy phosphate metabolism, glycogen, some
      neurotransmitters and metabolites in the citric acid cycle, and artificially
      introduced fluorocompounds. While hydrogen-31, phosphorus-31, carbon-13, sodium
      23, and fluorine-19 in vivo results are discussed, the majority of patient
      studies use P-31 NMR spectroscopy. Here results from metabolic and ischemic
      disorders substantiate a case for spectroscopy as a diagnostic modality. The use
      of a broad range of spatial localization strategies is justifiable on the basis
      of the location and size of the pathologic condition and of NMR sensitivity.
      Abnormalities in spectra from many other disorders, most notably cancer, and
      improvements are often observed early in the course of successful therapy. Yet
      the potential impact of these results on clinical diagnosis and therapeutic
      monitoring is not always well understood, and many questions remain.
      Neurotransmitters and citric acid cycle metabolites exhibit high H-1 NMR
      sensitivities and represent major untapped potential for human clinical
      spectroscopy research. Studies evaluating spectroscopy in the context of existing
      modalities are needed. The unique ability of spectroscopy to provide noninvasive
      information about tissue chemistry in patients bodes well for its impact on
      clinical research and disease diagnosis.

PMID- 2642337
TI  - Tracheal compression and the innominate artery: MR evaluation in infants.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging offers a noninvasive method of evaluating the
      mediastinum in infants with suspected compression of the trachea by the
      innominate artery. MR imaging was performed in 17 infants and children, aged 3-29
      months, who had obstructive airway symptoms and who had undergone flexible
      fiberoptic tracheobronchoscopy. MR and endoscopic findings correlated in all
      cases but one. Of the remaining 16 patients, eight had endoscopic and MR evidence
      of tracheal compression at the level of the innominate artery, and eight had a
      normal upper thoracic trachea. In both groups, the innominate artery was situated
      anterior and to the left of the trachea with no difference in anatomic
      relationships. Measurements of the anteroposterior and transverse dimensions of
      the upper part of the mediastinum and the thymus failed to disclose significant
      differences between the two groups. Follow-up examinations of three patients
      showed decreasing tracheal compression without changes in tracheal-arterial
      relationships. This investigation disclosed no evidence of excessive mediastinal
      crowding. The findings support previous angiographic observations indicating that
      anterior tracheal compression is not due to an anomalous position of the
      innominate artery. Symptoms of tracheal compression may result from an intrinsic
      deficiency of the tracheal cartilage rather than an anatomic abnormality of the
      mediastinum or its vasculature.

PMID- 2642338
TI  - Neck and thorax venous aneurysm: association with cystic hygroma.
AB  - Eight of 15 patients with mediastinal cystic hygroma were found to have abnormal
      enlargement of neck or thoracic veins. Five of these children had aneurysmal
      dilatation of the superior vena cava (SVC). Three more had mild enlargement of
      the SVC, which was revealed only after comparison with 20 children with no
      evidence of mediastinal disease. Although the association of venous aneurysms and
      cystic hygromas has not been previously observed, their coexistence does not
      appear to be coincidental: None of the patients had other causes of dilatation of
      the SVC. Knowledge of aneurysmal veins may be helpful to the surgeon planning
      resection of a cystic hygroma.

PMID- 2642339
TI  - Intercalary bone allografts: radiographic evaluation.
AB  - The authors retrospectively evaluated the clinical records and radiographs of 20
      patients with a variety of neoplasms in the long bones treated with local
      resection and allograft replacement. All of the tumors were peridiaphyseal and
      required an interposed (intercalary) segmental allograft replacement.
      Postoperative complications developed in 40% of the patients. However, the
      eventual clinical outcome was good or excellent in 85% of all cases. Various
      factors appeared to be responsible for the development of complications or the
      eventual clinical outcome, including union of the graft with the host tissue,
      soft-tissue swelling, callus formation, and type of allograft (hemi or full).
      Knowledge of these factors and the relationship between complications and
      radiographic findings may lead to an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

PMID- 2642341
TI  - Pancreatic transplants: evaluation with MR imaging.
AB  - Eighty-eight magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of 31 pancreas transplants
      in 30 patients were performed. The postoperative graft usually appears enlarged
      and inhomogeneous, with patchy areas of increased signal intensity on T2-weighted
      images that may last 3-4 weeks. During acute rejection, T1-weighted images of
      graft abnormalities show a decrease in signal intensity, similar to that of
      muscle, and T2-weighted images show an increase in signal intensity, equal to or
      higher than that of the bladder. The pattern of abnormal signal is most
      frequently multifocal but can be diffuse, and the graft may be enlarged. During
      recovery from rejection, the graft parenchyma shows a decrease in signal
      intensity (less than that of the bladder) on T2-weighted images when compared
      with that of acute rejection. During chronic rejection the graft is small and
      shows low signal intensity, slightly higher than or similar to that of muscle, on
      both T1- and T2-weighted images. MR imaging appears to be useful for detection of
      early pancreas allograft rejection and complications in conjunction with clinical
      findings, laboratory data, and other radiologic procedures.

PMID- 2642340
TI  - Adenomatous hyperplastic nodules in the cirrhotic liver: a therapeutic approach.
      Work in progress.
AB  - Adenomatous hyperplastic nodules (AHNs) in the cirrhotic liver may be precurosors
      of hepatocellular carcinoma. These nodules have been demonstrated more frequently
      because of the increased use of ultrasonography (US) in the screening of high
      risk patients. Treatment is a problem because surgical resection of a
      precancerous lesion is considered by some to be unadvisable in patients with high
      surgical risk. The authors used percutaneous ethanol injection with US guidance
      in five patients with AHNs that measured 1.4-2.6 cm. A total of 30 injections
      were performed, without complications. Lesions were undetectable or were reduced
      in size on follow-up US scans. All biopsies yielded necrotic material. No
      recurrences have been demonstrated with US after 9-21 months. Percutaneous
      ethanol injection is therefore proposed as a therapeutic alternative for small
      AHNs.

PMID- 2642342
TI  - Hernias of the inferior lumbar space: diagnosis with US.

PMID- 2642343
TI  - Intracerebral arteriovenous malformations: intraoperative color Doppler flow
      imaging.
AB  - Color Doppler flow ultrasound (US) was used to locate and image intracerebral
      arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). US was deemed useful in eight of 12 patients
      who underwent AVM resection. Blood flow in the eight lesions was clearly evident,
      and major feeding arteries and draining veins, such as the superior sagittal
      sinus, were identified. Color Doppler flow imaging was used to differentiate
      adjacent hematoma from AVM in three patients, locate a small (6-mm) AVM deep in
      the brain in two patients, detect a deep major feeding artery in one patient,
      detect a residual unresected AVM in one patient, and confirm complete resection
      in all eight patients.

PMID- 2642344
TI  - Transrectal biopsy of the prostate guided with transrectal US: longitudinal and
      multiplanar scanning.
AB  - One hundred forty-nine ultrasound (US)-guided transrectal biopsies of the
      prostate were performed with an 18-gauge needle mounted in a spring-loaded firing
      device. Two probes were used, one with its sector transducer placed at the tip of
      the probe and the other with its sector transducer placed at an angle of 45
      degrees. All biopsies provided a diagnostic tissue core. Histologic examination
      of biopsy specimens showed that 78 lesions were cancerous, 17 were dysplastic,
      and 54 were benign. Two patients developed fever; one of these received oral
      antibiotics after onset of the fever. Hospitalization was not required for either
      patient. The authors conclude that US-guided transrectal biopsy is a safe and
      valuable diagnostic tool.

PMID- 2642345
TI  - Percutaneous drainage of retroperitoneal abscesses.

PMID- 2642346
TI  - Renal calculi after shock wave lithotripsy: US evaluation with an in vitro
      phantom.
AB  - Fragments of renal calculi from patients who had undergone extracorporeal shock
      wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were embedded in an in vitro tissue-equivalent ultrasound
      (US) phantom to assess (a) the accuracy with which such fragments could be
      measured; (b) the influence of stone composition, stone depth, and transducer
      frequency; and (c) the effect of fragment "clumping" on size determinations and
      acoustic shadowing. Fragments as small as 0.8 mm in diameter could be detected at
      7.5 MHz, although a practical limitation of 1-2 mm for lower transducer
      frequencies (3.5 and 5.0 MHz) was observed. Fragment diameter tended to be
      overestimated with US by a mean of 1 mm. Transducers of 5 and 7.5 MHz were more
      accurate in determination of size than 3.5-MHz transducers. Struvite fragments
      were less echogenic and were therefore measured more accurately, but smaller
      struvite fragments were less detectable than other fragment types. Fragment
      "clumping" led to significant overestimation of residual stone size even when
      small fragments were separated by as much as the distance equal to the diameter
      of one fragment. This study demonstrates that even under the best circumstances
      the disadvantages of US in assessing residual stone disease are significant.

PMID- 2642347
TI  - Obstruction and the minimally dilated renal collecting system: US evaluation.
AB  - To assess the significance of the ultrasonographic (US) demonstration of grade 1
      hydronephrosis, the abdominal or renal sonograms of 370 patients were
      retrospectively reviewed. In 80 patients, there was a clinical suspicion of renal
      obstruction. Grade 1 hydronephrosis was observed in 33 of the 80 patients, and
      obstruction was confirmed in 17 of those 33 patients (51.5%). In 290 patients, US
      was performed for reasons other than a suspicion of renal obstruction. Grade 1
      hydronephrosis was observed in 37 of the 290 patients. Three of the 37 patients
      were excluded from further consideration due to lack of follow-up. Obstruction
      was confirmed in two of the remaining 34 patients (6%). It appears that grade 1
      hydronephrosis is significant when the clinical question of renal obstruction is
      raised. As an incidental finding, however, it is unlikely to indicate
      obstruction.

PMID- 2642348
TI  - Renal masses: differential diagnosis with pulsed Doppler US.
AB  - Duplex Doppler ultrasound (US) was used in 21 consecutive patients with renal
      masses, including renal carcinoma (n = 9), metastases (n = 6), lymphoma (n = 4),
      angiomyolipoma (n = 1), and sarcoma (n = 1). Seven of the nine carcinomas had
      Doppler shifts of 4 kHz or more and were hypervascular or vascular. These seven
      masses had significantly higher (P less than .001) Doppler shifts than all the
      other malignant renal masses, including the two avascular renal cell carcinomas.
      Correlation with angiographic findings suggests that the high-frequency Doppler
      signals were associated with arteriovenous shunts. Detection of the high Doppler
      shift seems to be a promising step in differentiating hypervascular renal
      carcinomas from other renal tumors.

PMID- 2642349
TI  - Twin-twin transfusion syndrome: sonographic findings.
AB  - Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (intrauterine parabiotic syndrome) is a
      potentially serious complication of monochorionic twinning. The frequency of
      fetal and neonatal death and perinatal morbidity is significantly higher than
      that in twin pregnancies uncomplicated by the syndrome. The authors present
      sonographic findings in ten cases of twin-twin transfusion syndrome proved by
      means of pathologic examination of the placenta and/or laboratory findings. The
      cases all involved diamniotic twins and covered a broad range of severity.
      Discordant fetal size and differing amniotic fluid volume in the two sacs were
      the most common findings. In more severe cases, hydrops of the recipient fetus
      and/or a "stuck" donor fetus was seen. Intrauterine death of one or both twins
      was observed in four cases. Familiarity with the sonographic patterns of the twin
      twin transfusion syndrome can allow one to suggest the diagnosis in utero so that
      appropriate management can be undertaken.

PMID- 2642350
TI  - Medullary carcinoma of the breast: mammographic and US appearance.
AB  - Medullary carcinoma of the breast is an uncommon tumor, which may mimic a benign
      mass at both mammography and ultrasonography (US). A total of 24 medullary
      carcinomas visible at mammography appeared as round or oval, noncalcified masses
      with varying degrees of marginal lobulation. In six of the 24 patients, US
      demonstrated well-defined masses with an inhomogeneous, hypoechoic texture. There
      was no attenuation of sound, and all lesions showed enhanced through
      transmission.

PMID- 2642351
TI  - Single-lung transplantation: imaging features.
AB  - The imaging studies obtained after single-lung transplantation in 14 patients
      were reviewed. The reimplantation response occurred in 13 patients and was an
      early, transient process, which varied in its manifestations from a subtle
      perihilar haze to dense consolidation with air bronchograms. Nine episodes of
      acute rejection, an imprecise clinical diagnosis, occurred in eight of the
      patients. The associated chest radiographic changes were variable and included
      basal or diffuse reticular interstitial disease in three cases and basal and/or
      perihilar consolidation in three cases; no change was detected in three cases. On
      four occasions, the radiographic changes resolved within 24 hours of intravenous
      corticosteroid administration. The radiographic findings associated with the
      reimplantation response and rejection were nonspecific and could have been
      mistaken for those of fluid overload, atelectasis, mucous plugging, and
      pneumonia. Bronchial dehiscence was well demonstrated by the finding at computed
      tomography of extraluminal air adjacent to the bronchial anastomosis. One patient
      developed multiple pulmonary nodules due to cyclosporine-induced lymphoma.

PMID- 2642352
TI  - Hemodynamic study of occlusion of the splenic vein caused by carcinoma of the
      pancreas.
AB  - The most common cause of occlusion of the splenic vein is pancreatic disease,
      such as pancreatitis or carcinoma of the pancreas. As compared with benign
      causes, carcinoma of the pancreatic body or tail may readily involve not only the
      splenic vein, but also, eventually, the splenic artery. Therefore, the clinical
      features of occlusion of the splenic vein may be profoundly altered according to
      the nature of the underlying causes. In an attempt to clarify the
      pathophysiologic findings and hemodynamic mechanism of occlusion of the splenic
      vein associated with carcinoma of the pancreas, three patient reports were
      selected from our past experience. Upon analyzing the clinical course of these
      patients, three consecutive phases may be distinguished. Phase 1 is the insidious
      or latent phase represented by Patient No. 1. The splenic vein is partially
      occluded and gastric varices or splenomegaly has not developed. Phase 2, the
      collateral developing phase, is represented by Patient No. 2. The splenic vein is
      completely occluded while the splenic artery is patent, resulting in marked
      gastric varices and splenomegaly. Phase 3 is the vanishing phase and is
      represented by Patient No. 3. The occlusion of the splenic artery is superimposed
      on the occlusion of the splenic vein, causing gastric varices to vanish and the
      enlarged spleen to shrink.

PMID- 2642353
TI  - Comparison of five methods of assessment of intestinal viability.
AB  - A strain gauge device called the electronic contractility meter (ECM) was
      designed to measure quantitatively intestinal ischemic damage by delivering
      electrical stimuli to the intestine. Threshold stimulus level (TSL) was the
      minimum stimulus in milliamps necessary to produce a smooth muscle contractile
      response. TSL scale ranged from zero to 100 milliamps. Resection and anastomosis
      in ischemic intestinal segments was carried out in 30 dogs to compare TSL,
      intestinal color, peristalsis, Doppler ultrasound and resection margin histology
      with survival. There were five fatal anastomotic leaks, all resulting from
      intestinal necrosis. Doppler pulse in the marginal artery (MA) was absent at four
      of the five anastomoses that leaked versus eight of the 25 that healed (p less
      than or equal to 0.01). Mean TSL at the resection site was 38 +/- 7 milliamps in
      surviving dogs versus 51 +/- 4 milliamps in nonsurvivors (p less than or equal to
      0.001). Mean TSL of normal intestine was 22 +/- 2 milliamps. Both TSL and Doppler
      ultrasound also correlated with resection margin histology (p less than or equal
      to 0.02 and p less than or equal to 0.005, respectively). Presence of peristalsis
      did not correlate with histologic grade or survival rate. Intestinal color
      correlated with resection margin histology (p less than or equal to 0.001) but
      not survival. The ECM and Doppler ultrasound were both superior to gross visual
      assessment in predicting intestinal survival. The ECM quantitatively measures
      tissue damage, a potential advantage over Doppler ultrasound, which provides only
      an estimate of local arterial blood flow.

PMID- 2642354
TI  - The operation of Bassini as described by Attilio Catterina.
AB  - The book entitled, "The Operation of Bassini" by A. Catterina made the greatest
      contribution to the understanding of the details and technique of the Bassini
      hernioplasty. The 16 colored figures are reproduced for the first time as far as
      can be ascertained in North America. For unknown reasons, the book was never
      published in North America, leaving the surgeons of North America ignorant of
      Bassini's intentions. Bassini's own descriptions were brief and subject to
      misinterpretation and his illustrations were not detailed enough. The description
      given by Andrews of his personal observation of Bassini operating should have,
      but did not, enlighten North American surgeons. The inguinal hernioplasty of the
      Shouldice Hospital evolved de novo but is, in fact, the modern equivalent of the
      Bassini procedure.

PMID- 2642355
TI  - Lower body positive pressure.

PMID- 2642356
TI  - Preoperative imaging-guided needle placement and localization of clinically
      occult breast lesions.

PMID- 2642357
TI  - Nonsurgical therapy of gallstones: implications for imaging.

PMID- 2642358
TI  - Radiographic evaluation of subureteric injection of teflon to correct
      vesicoureteral reflux.
AB  - The imaging studies of 83 children (115 ureters) with vesicoureteral reflux who
      were treated by subureteric injection of Teflon (STING) were reviewed. On plain
      films, the Teflon rarely may be seen as faintly radiodense. On sonography, it is
      echogenic and has variable acoustic shadowing. On CT it is dense (160-466 H).
      Postsurgical cystography showed cessation of reflux in 83 ureters (72%).
      Complications of STING were uncommon. No granulomatous masses were identified in
      the region adjacent to the STING. Transient, free peritoneal fluid developed in
      three children and ureteral dilatation in six, three of whom required
      intervention. In one child, most of the Teflon disappeared from the original site
      of injection, as noted on a follow-up CT scan; possibly it had been extruded into
      the bladder. The STING procedure probably will become more popular. Knowledge of
      its radiologic appearance is important for the radiologist in order to
      effectively evaluate these children postoperatively.

PMID- 2642359
TI  - Delayed radiologic appearance of bilateral thoracic ectopic kidneys.

PMID- 2642360
TI  - Mediastinal bronchogenic cyst: prenatal sonographic diagnosis.

PMID- 2642361
TI  - Visual fuzzy cluster analysis of MR images.

PMID- 2642362
TI  - Sonography of the postoperative shoulder.

PMID- 2642363
TI  - Sonography in patients with suspected acute appendicitis: value in establishing
      alternative diagnoses.
AB  - We reviewed the clinical and sonographic findings in 297 patients who had graded
      compression sonography for suspected acute appendicitis. The purpose of the study
      was to determine the accuracy of sonography in detecting other diseases in the
      174 patients in this group who proved not to have acute appendicitis. Of the 174
      patients without acute appendicitis, 93 patients (53%) were ultimately discharged
      with a diagnosis of abdominal pain of unknown origin. Of the 81 patients in whom
      specific diagnoses were established, sonography suggested the correct diagnosis
      in 57 patients (70%). A broad spectrum of diseases was detected, including:
      gynecologic diseases (35); visceral diseases, including hollow viscera and
      diseases of liver, pancreas, or spleen (18); and urinary tract abnormalities
      (four). This study suggests that sonography is useful in establishing alternative
      diagnoses in patients undergoing sonography for suspected acute appendicitis.

PMID- 2642364
TI  - Inability of sonography to detect imminent ovulation.
AB  - Sonographic visualization of the cumulus oophorus or of morphologic alterations
      in the wall of the dominant follicle have been reported to be reliable signs of
      imminent ovulation when conventional transabdominal sonography is used. To
      determine if transvaginal sonography could allow a more frequent and confident
      prediction of imminent ovulation, we prospectively monitored 22 ovulatory
      menstrual cycles in four women undergoing artificial insemination and in 13
      normally menstruating volunteers. Scanning was done on alternate days in the
      periovulatory period; a 7.5-MHz transvaginal transducer was used. Despite the
      improved resolution obtained with transvaginal sonography, confident
      identification of the cumulus oophorus or of mural changes in the follicle was
      not possible in any of the cycles followed. No other consistent follicular
      characteristic predicted imminent ovulation. We conclude that confident
      prediction of imminent ovulation is not possible with sonographic analysis.

PMID- 2642365
TI  - Usefulness of aspirin plus dipyridamole in reducing left ventricular thrombus
      formation in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2642366
TI  - Electrophysiologic effects and efficacy of recainam for sustained ventricular
      tachycardia.

PMID- 2642367
TI  - Cardiac transplantation in the seventh decade of life.
AB  - Twenty-five patients older than 60 years of age underwent cardiac transplantation
      using an immunosuppression protocol with cyclosporin and azathioprine, but
      without routine use of oral steroids. There were 24 men and 1 woman (age range 60
      to 69 years, mean 63). The etiology of heart disease was coronary artery disease
      in 21 and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 4. Six patients had previous
      coronary artery bypass operations, 1 had undergone repair of an abdominal
      aneurysm and 1 had pulmonary embolism. Sixteen patients were in New York Heart
      Association class IV and 9 in class III. Donor mean age was 30 (14 to 46) years.
      Hospital stay after transplantation was 10 to 90 days (median 11). Four died
      within 30 days and none from 5 to 59 months (mean 22). The 1-year actuarial
      survival was 84%. The incidence of rejection was 2.16 episodes per patient. Only
      1 patient (4%) had serious infection. Six patients received antihypertensive
      treatment, 3 had reversible impairment of renal function, 2 had gout and 1 had
      drop foot. No patient had convulsions, transient ischemic attack or
      cerebrovascular accident. None had significant psychological problems. The 21
      patients currently alive are in New York Heart Association class I. Quality of
      life, assessed by the Nottingham Health Profile, showed marked improvement. It is
      concluded that the initial results of cardiac transplantation in the seventh
      decade of life are encouraging.

PMID- 2642368
TI  - Usefulness of ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure in assessing
      antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2642369
TI  - Sensitivity and specificity of clinical case definitions for pertussis.

PMID- 2642370
TI  - Current medical, legal and demographic perspectives on artificial reproduction in
      Czechoslovakia.
AB  - This paper examines artificial reproduction (AR) within a broad comparative
      perspective and with specific reference to Czechoslovak law, medicine, and
      demography. It proceeds form an analysis of the social context that gives rise to
      technologies of AR to a review of the two principal technologies, artificial
      insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). A final section briefly
      discusses some of the implications of AR for new judicial conceptions of
      motherhood and fatherhood.

PMID- 2642371
TI  - Why clinical trials of AIDS vaccines are premature.

PMID- 2642372
TI  - Innovations in health care: antisepsis as a case study.
AB  - An innovation often occurs in several arenas almost simultaneously, after being
      preceded by a long preparatory period when information and experience are accrued
      to the point at which opinion is influenced to change. Nevertheless, the
      introduction of an innovation is usually accompanied by resistance and hostility.
      This article traces the development of the concept and practice of antisepsis in
      health care, with emphasis on the contributions of three individuals who were
      contemporaries practicing in different health care fields, but who apparently
      were uninfluenced by each others' work. Semmelweis, a Hungarian obstetrician,
      recognized the importance of person-to-person transmission of infectious agents
      and effected dramatic reductions in puerperal mortality by requiring antiseptic
      handwashing. Lister, a Scottish surgeon, was the first physician to apply the
      germ theory to clinical practice and developed the techniques of antiseptic
      surgery and wound care, resulting in dramatic reductions in surgical mortality.
      Nightingale, a British nurse, initiated sanitary reforms in hospitals, schools,
      and military camps in England and abroad, incorporating high levels of
      environmental and personal hygiene. These reforms were also succeeded by dramatic
      reductions in mortality. In light of historical and current evidence of efficacy
      and the evidence of continued inadequacies in practice, it seems reasonable to
      speculate that further reductions in nosocomial infection rates are possible by a
      more careful application among individual practitioners of the basic principles
      of antisepsis.

PMID- 2642373
TI  - Primary meningeal small lymphocytic lymphoma.
AB  - We report an unusual case of primary meningeal small lymphocytic lymphoma
      presenting as a solitary large extraaxial mass lesion. Histology revealed a
      prominent pseudofollicular pattern. There was no evidence of extracranial
      lymphoma by noninvasive staging procedures. Bone marrow and peripheral blood were
      also negative.

PMID- 2642374
TI  - Rapid identification of viral infections in liver, heart, and kidney allograft
      biopsies by in situ hybridization.

PMID- 2642375
TI  - Tests of glycemia in diabetes mellitus. Their use in establishing a diagnosis and
      in treatment.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the usefulness of urine glucose testing, physician-based and
      self blood glucose monitoring, and assays of glycated hemoglobin in diagnosing
      and treating diabetes mellitus. DATA IDENTIFICATION: Relevant literature in
      English from 1957 through early 1988 was identified via textbooks, original
      research articles, and review and policy papers, supplemented by a computer-based
      search of the National Library of Medicine MEDLINE database. STUDY SELECTION:
      Articles were selected because of prominence, based on frequent citation or
      policy authoritativeness, and relevance to the epidemiologic and clinical
      constructs of this paper. RESULTS: We analyze the epidemiologic studies
      underlying the higher diagnostic glycemic thresholds for diabetes proposed by the
      National Diabetes Data Group and we suggest a diagnostic strategy in which
      glycated hemoglobin may substitute for glucose tolerance testing. Our section on
      treatment stresses matching the intensiveness of hypoglycemic therapy with the
      intensiveness of monitoring: emphasizing the role of self blood glucose
      monitoring. Our findings and recommendations are summarized in the figures and
      tables. CONCLUSIONS: Major advances in the diagnosis and management of diabetes
      have been made in the past 10 years. In particular, an array of epidemiologic
      studies have provided a logical basis for diagnostic standards, and two new means
      of assessing glycemia--glycated hemoglobin and self-monitoring of blood glucose-
      have become widely available. These tests allow more convenient approaches to
      diagnosis, and provide a fuller description of glycemia, permitting more informed
      and intensive therapy.

PMID- 2642376
TI  - Facial Salmonella abscess.

PMID- 2642377
TI  - Serologic methods for diagnosing tuberculosis.

PMID- 2642378
TI  - The underused medical literature.

PMID- 2642379
TI  - National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement on
      cochlear implants. Consensus Development Panel.

PMID- 2642380
TI  - The large vestibular aqueduct syndrome in children. A review of 12 cases and the
      description of a new clinical entity.
AB  - The large vestibular aqueduct as an isolated anomaly of the temporal bone has
      been previously identified radiologically, and its association with sensory
      neural hearing loss has been recognized. It has not, however, been defined as a
      distinct clinical entity in children. We studied 12 children, ages 3 to 9 years,
      with downward-fluctuating progressive high-frequency neurosensory hearing losses
      whose symptoms were thought to be related to the isolated enlargement of the
      vestibular aqueduct identified by high-resolution computed tomographic scanning.
      Previously it had been assumed that a large vestibular aqueduct is a temporal
      bone dysplasia that is a variant of the Mondini type of deformity and that the
      associated hearing loss is congenital in nature. Our clinical observations,
      however, indicate that the hearing loss in children with an isolated enlargement
      of the vestibular aqueduct is acquired during childhood. The natural history of
      this progressive deafness is reviewed, and a pathophysiologic hypothesis is
      presented.

PMID- 2642381
TI  - Cleft palate fistula repair. Improved results by the addition of bone.
AB  - The treatment of cleft palate fistulas is currently unstandardized, and the
      outcome is often unsuccessful. Conventional surgical techniques for the repair of
      such fistulas involving bony defects have essentially been abandoned by the
      author. Current protocol calls for their repair in early adolescence (before the
      age of 10 years) following completion of any required orthodontic expansion of
      the maxillary dental arch. At the time of fistula repair, all scar tissue is
      excised between the maxillary segments. Both palatal and gingival soft-tissue
      flaps are developed to cover either free cancellous bone grafts or free
      periosteal grafts used to bridge the maxillary defect. This change in technique
      has resulted in osteogenic filling of the maxillary bony defect and has markedly
      improved the success rate of fistula repair. Furthermore, it has enhanced the
      aesthetic correction of the nasal alar base cleft stigmas.

PMID- 2642382
TI  - Maxillary ameloblastoma. A potentially lethal neoplasm.
AB  - Ameloblastomas are benign tumors derived from the odontogenic apparatus. Of these
      tumors, 80% originate in the mandible, while 20% originate in the maxilla. Six
      cases of maxillary ameloblastoma treated at the UCLA hospitals are presented;
      four of these cases showed extensive and destructive tumor growth involving vital
      structures, including the orbit, base of skull, and parasellar structures. Two of
      four patients with extensive disease died of their tumors, one, with extensive
      involvement of the base of the skull, became unavailable for follow-up, and, one
      year after diagnosis, one is alive with middle cranial fossa disease. A review of
      the medical literature provides further evidence of the locally aggressive
      behavior and potentially lethal nature of this tumor. No effective treatment has
      evolved for extensive ameloblastomas of the maxilla that have invaded surrounding
      vital structures. When tumor-free surgical margins are not possible, radiation
      therapy may offer palliation of disease.

PMID- 2642383
TI  - New beginnings in studies of eukaryotic DNA replication origins.

PMID- 2642384
TI  - RNA transfection of Escherichia coli by electroporation.
AB  - Cells of Escherichia coli were efficiently transfected with Q beta phage RNA by
      electroporation. A single voltage shock at 6.25 kV/cm with a 25 microF capacitor
      resulted in an infectivity yield considerably higher than that attained by a
      lysozyme-EDTA spheroplast method or a CaCl2 procedure. A linear relationship was
      found between concentration of the input RNA and yield of the transfectants, over
      a wide range. Efficiency of the electroporation-mediated transfection
      (electrotransfection) was increased by addition of certain sodium salts but
      decreased by preincubation in a Tris buffer containing sucrose.

PMID- 2642385
TI  - Expression of the pneumolysin gene in Escherichia coli: rapid purification and
      biological properties.
AB  - The gene for pneumolysin, the thiol-activated toxin from Streptococcus
      pneumoniae, has been expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein has
      been purified using a rapid, high yield, purification procedure and has been
      shown to be identical with respect to N-terminal amino-acid sequence, specific
      activity, effect on human polymorphonuclear phagocytes and effect on human
      complement to the native toxin purified from the pneumococcus. This provides a
      large enough source of material to begin investigation of pneumolysin as a
      candidate for inclusion in a pneumococcal vaccine.

PMID- 2642387
TI  - Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cell-free translation: the inhibition of
      translation by high temperature is reversible.
AB  - Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, extracts are inactive for translation at 37
      degrees C. Two unexplained, simultaneously occurring phenomena appear to be
      responsible for this effect: (i) rapid inhibition of translation, and (ii) time
      dependent inactivation of (a) translational component(s) at 37 degrees C. After
      short incubation of an extract at 37 degrees C, protein synthesis recovers
      efficiently after transfer of the extract to 23 degrees C. This behaviour of
      yeast cell-free systems enables the in vitro inactivation of temperature
      sensitive translational components and therefore facilitates studies with
      extracts derived from temperature-sensitive strains.

PMID- 2642386
TI  - Ethidium bromide-mediated renaturation of denatured closed circular DNAs:
      mechanistic aspects and fractionation of DNA on a molecular weight basis.
AB  - When closed circular duplex DNAs are exposed to alkali in the presence of
      ethidium bromide, from 0 to 100% of the DNA can be recovered as the fully base
      paired duplex (native) form upon neutralization of the solutions. The fraction of
      native DNA depends on the concentration of ethidium bromide, time of incubation,
      ionic strength and temperature of the solutions before neutralization as well as
      the molecular weight and superhelix density of the DNA. Limiting ethidium
      concentrations exist below and above which 0 and 100% of the DNA, respectively,
      is recovered as native material under a given set of incubation conditions
      regardless of the length of time of incubation before neutralization. The strong
      molecular weight dependence of the fraction of DNA recovered in the native form
      after a given time of pre-neutralization incubation at ethidium concentrations
      between the limiting values noted above allows larger DNAs to remain fully
      denatured upon neutralization while smaller DNAs in the same mixture are fully
      renatured. This permits the rapid fractionation of mixtures of closed duplex DNAs
      on the basis of molecular weight when a technique for the separation of denatured
      from fully base-paired DNA is applied to such mixtures. Such a separation has
      been demonstrated through the marked enrichment of plasmid cloning vector DNA
      containing cloned inserts in the fractions that remain denatured after
      neutralization of alkaline solutions of these DNAs containing ethidium bromide.

PMID- 2642388
TI  - Transferrin receptor and ferritin levels during murine mammary gland development.
AB  - Various types of proliferating cell are known to express transferrin receptors
      which are necessary for transferrin-mediated cellular iron uptake. Neither the
      mechanism nor the physiological role of transferrin receptor induction has been
      established with certainty; although it may reflect an increased cellular
      requirement for iron which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase, a key
      enzyme of DNA synthesis. The aim of this study was to examine murine mammary
      gland transferrin-receptor levels during gland development. As compared to virgin
      controls, total mammary gland transferrin receptors expressed on the basis of
      DNA, increase during pregnancy and lactation by 29- and 45-fold, respectively.
      However, on the basis of DNA, mammary gland ferritin, measured by
      radioimmunoassay, decreased by about 75% and 85% during pregnancy and lactation,
      respectively, indicating that the increased transferrin receptor levels probably
      do not lead to intracellular iron accumulation. When epithelial cells from
      mammary glands of pregnant mice were cultured in vitro transferrin receptor
      expression correlated with cell proliferation. These results suggest that normal
      mammary growth which occurs mainly in mammary epithelial cells is associated with
      a significant increase in transferrin receptor. Since transferrin receptor levels
      remain high during lactation they are not associated solely with tissue growth,
      but may also function in transporting iron during milk production.

PMID- 2642389
TI  - Stimulation of a calcium-dependent actin nucleation activity by phorbol 12
      myristate 13-acetate in rabbit macrophage cytoskeletons.
AB  - Cytoskeletons of detergent-extracted quiescent macrophages have nucleation sites
      that increase the rate of pyrene-labeled actin assembly in vitro. Cytochalasin D,
      which inhibits actin assembly at the fast-exchanging ends of filaments (barbed
      with respect to heavy meromyosin decorated filaments), only partially inhibits
      the increased assembly rate, demonstrating that pyrene-actin monomers add to both
      ends of filaments present in the cytoskeletons. Cytoskeletons prepared from
      macrophages treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate for 20-30 s before
      permeabilization, markedly stimulated (300% of control) the rate of actin
      assembly, and this increment was completely cytochalasin-sensitive, indicating
      that exposure to phorbol leads to formation of free barbed ends. Nucleation
      activity required more than 5 nM free calcium only in the assay and was maximal
      in the presence of 200 nM calcium. Concentrations of calcium of at least 30 nM
      dissociate the nucleation activity from the cytoskeleton, and it is recovered
      fully active in the calcium wash.

PMID- 2642390
TI  - Receptor-mediated release of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,4
      bisphosphate in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells permeabilized with
      streptolysin O.
AB  - Antigen-mediated exocytosis in intact rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells is
      associated with substantial hydrolysis of membrane inositol phospholipids and an
      elevation in concentration of cytosol Ca2+ ([ Ca2+i]). Paradoxically, these two
      responses are largely dependent on external Ca2+. We report here that cells
      labeled with myo-[3H]inositol and permeabilized with streptolysin O do release
      [3H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate upon stimulation with antigen or guanosine 5'-O
      (3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) at low (less than 100 nM) concentrations of
      free Ca2+. The response, however, is amplified by increasing free Ca2+ to 1
      microM. The subsequent conversion of the trisphosphate to inositol 1,3,4,5
      tetrakisphosphate is enhanced also by the increase in free Ca2+. Although
      [3H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate accumulates in greater amounts than is the case
      in intact cells, [3H]inositol 1,4-bisphosphate is still the major product in
      permeabilized cells even when the further metabolism of [3H]inositol 1,4,5
      trisphosphate is suppressed (by 77%) by the addition of excess (1000 microM)
      unlabeled inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and the phosphatase inhibitor 2,3
      bisphosphoglycerate. It would appear that either the activity of the membrane 5
      phosphomonoesterase allows virtually instantaneous dephosphorylation of the
      inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate under all conditions tested or both
      phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate and the 4,5-bisphosphate are substrates for
      the activated phospholipase C. The latter alternative is supported by the finding
      that permeabilized cells, which respond much more vigorously to high
      (supraoptimal) concentrations of antigen than do intact RBL-2H3 cells, produce
      substantial amounts of [3H]inositol 1,4-bisphosphate before any detectable
      increase in levels of [3H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.

PMID- 2642391
TI  - Mitochondrial protein import.
AB  - Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins on cytosolic
      polysomes and are subsequently imported into mitochondria. Many precursors carry
      amino-terminal presequences which contain information for their targeting to
      mitochondria. In several cases, targeting and sorting information is also
      contained in non-amino-terminal portions of the precursor protein. Nucleoside
      triphosphates are required to keep precursors in an import-competent (unfolded)
      conformation. The precursors bind to specific receptor proteins on the
      mitochondrial surface and interact with a general insertion protein (GIP) in the
      outer membrane. The initial interaction of the precursor with the inner membrane
      requires the mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi) and occurs at contact
      sites between outer and inner membranes. Completion of translocation into the
      inner membrane or matrix is independent of delta psi. The presequences are
      cleaved off by the processing peptidase in the mitochondrial matrix. In several
      cases, a second proteolytic processing event is performed in either the matrix or
      in the intermembrane space. Other modifications can occur such as the addition of
      prosthetic groups (e.g., heme or Fe/S clusters). Some precursors of proteins of
      the intermembrane space or the outer surface of the inner membrane are
      retranslocated from the matrix space across the inner membrane to their
      functional destination ('conservative sorting'). Finally, many proteins are
      assembled in multi-subunit complexes. Exceptions to this general import pathway
      are known. Precursors of outer membrane proteins are transported directly into
      the outer membrane in a receptor-dependent manner. The precursor of cytochrome c
      is directly translocated across the outer membrane and thereby reaches the
      intermembrane space. In addition to the general sequence of events which occurs
      during mitochondrial protein import, current research focuses on the molecules
      themselves that are involved in these processes.

PMID- 2642392
TI  - The spectrin-actin junction of erythrocyte membrane skeletons.
AB  - High-resolution electron microscopy of erythrocyte membrane skeletons has
      provided striking images of a regular lattice-like organization with five or six
      spectrin molecules attached to short actin filaments to form a sheet of five- and
      six-sided polygons. Visualization of the membrane skeletons has focused attention
      on the (spectrin)5,6-actin oligomers, which form the vertices of the polygons, as
      basic structural units of the lattice. Membrane skeletons and isolated junctional
      complexes contain four proteins that are stable components of this structure in
      the following ratios: 1 mol of spectrin dimer, 2-3 mol of actin, 1 mol of protein
      4.1 and 0.1-0.5 mol of protein 4.9 (numbers refer to mobility on SDS gels).
      Additional proteins have been identified that are candidates to interact with the
      junction, based on in vitro assays, although they have not yet been localized to
      this structure and include: tropomyosin, tropomyosin-binding protein and adducin.
      The spectrin-actin complex with its associated proteins has a key structural role
      in mediating cross-linking of spectrin into the network of the membrane skeleton,
      and is a potential site for regulation of membrane properties. The purpose of
      this article is to review properties of known and potential constituent proteins
      of the spectrin-actin junction, regulation of their interactions, the role of
      junction proteins in erythrocyte membrane dysfunction, and to consider aspects of
      assembly of the junctions.

PMID- 2642393
TI  - Membrane function in mammalian hibernation.
AB  - For homeotherms the maintenance of a high, uniform body temperature requires a
      constant energy supply and food intake. For many small mammals, the loss of heat
      in winter exceeds energy supply, particularly when food is scarce. To survive,
      some animals have developed a capacity for adaptive hypothermia in which they
      lower their body temperature to a new regulatory set-point, usually a few degrees
      above the ambient. This process, generally known as hibernation, reduces the
      temperature differential, metabolic activity, as well as the energy demand, and
      thus facilitates survival during winter. Successful hibernation in mammals
      requires that the enzymatic processes are regulated in such a manner that
      metabolic balance is maintained at both the high body temperature of the summer
      active animal (37 degrees C) and the low body temperature of the winter-torpid
      animal (approx. 5 degrees C). This means that the cellular membranes have thermal
      properties capable of maintaining a balanced metabolism at these extreme
      physiological temperatures. The available evidence indicates that, for some
      tissues, preparation for hibernation involves an alteration in the lipid
      composition and thermal properties of cellular membranes. Marked differences in
      the thermal response of cellular membranes have been observed on a seasonal basis
      and, in some membranes, differences in lipid composition have been associated
      with the torpid state. However, to date, no consistent changes in lipid
      composition which would account for, or explain, the changes in membrane thermal
      response, have been detected. An important point to emphasize is that the process
      of 'homeoviscous adaptation', which occurs in procaryotes and some poikilotherms
      during acclimation to low temperatures, is not a characteristic feature of most
      membranes of mammalian hibernators.

PMID- 2642394
TI  - Transient cerebral ischemia.
AB  - Stroke is a major cause of disability and death in North America. About 30% to
      40% of patients with stroke have had transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). The
      recognition and treatment of TIAs and possibly of asymptomatic stenoses of the
      carotid arteries may be beneficial in preventing stroke. We review the
      epidemiologic features, natural history, pathogenetic features, clinical
      presentation, methods of investigation and management of patients with TIAs.

PMID- 2642395
TI  - Bacterial tracheitis in children.
AB  - We examined the records of 14 patients aged 7 months to 10 1/4 years who were
      treated for bacterial tracheitis from May 1982 to December 1987; the management
      protocol for 13 of the patients included the use of nasotracheal intubation. The
      infection was caused by Staphylococcus aureus in seven, Haemophilus influenzae in
      three, Branhamella catarrhalis in one and Streptococcus pneumoniae in one. Both
      H. influenzae and B. catarrhalis were isolated in another patient, and no
      organism was found in the remaining patient. In addition to the bacteria, viruses
      were cultured from the tracheal secretions of two patients. The mean duration of
      intubation was 7.6 days and of hospital stay 9.2 days. Twelve of the cases
      occurred during the cold months of the year (October to March). Of the three
      deaths only one occurred in the pediatric intensive care unit and was due to
      severe bronchospasm and an air leak that caused bilateral pneumothorax and
      pneumomediastinum. In one patient subglottic stenosis developed that necessitated
      tracheostomy. Healing began 5 to 9 days after the onset of symptoms, as
      demonstrated with the use of repeated fibreoptic bronchoscopy. We found that the
      airway could be safely managed with the use of a nasotracheal tube. Bronchoscopy
      helped to confirm the diagnosis, to remove adherent secretions and to monitor the
      course of the disease. The ventilation tube can be removed after the patient's
      temperature returns to normal, if there is an air leak around the tube, if the
      quantity and viscosity of the secretions decrease and if healing is observed at
      bronchoscopy.

PMID- 2642396
TI  - Computers in the classroom: Western is programming for the future.

PMID- 2642397
TI  - Occupational outcomes after treatment for coronary heart disease: a review of the
      literature.

PMID- 2642398
TI  - Characteristics of flow-mediated brachial artery vasodilation in human subjects.
AB  - In an effort to determine whether arterial conductance vessels dilate in response
      to increased blood flow stimuli, brachial artery area (cm2) and diameter (cm)
      were derived by simultaneous measurement of forearm blood flow (ml/min.100 ml)
      and brachial artery blood flow velocity (cm/sec) following the release of
      arterial occlusion. Measurements were made at rest and at the time of maximal
      flow after the release of graded periods of forearm arterial occlusion (20
      seconds to 10 minutes). These studies showed a graded large vessel dilation
      following occlusions of up to 1 minute (baseline diameter, 0.33 +/- 0.01; after 1
      minute occlusion, 0.45 +/- 0.02 cm; p less than 0.05) after which time diameter
      plateaued (after 10 minutes of occlusion, 0.48 +/- 0.02 cm). In addition, the
      time course of diameter and flow changes after 3 minutes of arterial occlusion
      were examined. Flow was maximal at 5 seconds but diameter was maximal at 15-30
      seconds after release. Furthermore, the half time for the return of diameter to
      baseline was longer than that for blood flow. We also measured the diameter after
      forearm heating (42 degrees C) and noted a substantial increase in diameter
      (before heating, 0.32 +/- 0.01; after heating, 0.39 +/- 0.02 cm; p less than
      0.05). Finally, we applied pressure to the venous side of arteriovenous fistulae
      in five hemodialysis patients. This maneuver was associated with large reductions
      in forearm blood flow (baseline flow, 63.3 +/- 10.6; venous compression flow,
      36.0 +/- 4.4 ml/min.100 ml; p less than 0.05) and a decrease in brachial artery
      size (baseline diameter, 0.63 +/- 0.07; venous compression diameter, 0.58 +/-
      0.06 cm; p less than 0.05). We conclude that 1) the human brachial artery size
      changes in response to changes in blood flow, and 2) the maximal dilation occurs
      after maximal flow is noted. Although alternate explanations are possible for
      each of our observations, our results are most consistent with a flow-mediated,
      localized vasodilating process.

PMID- 2642399
TI  - Postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema treated with a continuous positive airway
      pressure face mask.

PMID- 2642400
TI  - Patient experiences during respirator treatment--reason for intermittent positive
      pressure ventilation treatment and patient awareness in the intensive care unit.
AB  - Patient awareness of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) treatment
      in the ICU was studied in 304 patients. These ICU patients were divided into
      three groups: those treated for internal medical diseases (IMD; n = 129),
      patients admitted after major surgical procedures (MSP; n = 126), and patients
      treated for trauma (T; n = 49). All patients were interviewed 2 months to 4 yr
      after IPPV treatment. The IPPV period was recalled by 52% of all patients. The
      awareness of the treatment was similar in the IMD (51%) and MSP (59%) groups, but
      was significantly lower in the T group (37%; p less than .01). The ability to
      recall the IPPV treatment was reduced in patients with head injuries, those
      unconscious on admittance, and in elderly individuals. Treatment awareness was
      found to increase with the duration of the IPPV period in the IMD and T groups.
      Preoperative information of the treatment, given to elective surgical patients in
      the MSP group, did not increase treatment awareness.

PMID- 2642401
TI  - Efficacy of intensive care for bone marrow transplant patients with respiratory
      failure.
AB  - We reviewed the ICU courses of 50 bone marrow transplant recipients treated for
      respiratory problems. Seven of nine postoperative patients survived compared to
      one of 40 patients with progressive interstitial pneumonia. Nonsurvivors
      accounted for 94% of the ICU days, 98% of intubated days, and 99% of blood
      products used. All survivors were extubated within 4 days. Intensive respiratory
      care is effective for patients with readily reversible causes of respiratory
      failure, but is generally futile for patients with progressive interstitial
      pneumonia. We recommend providing these patients with realistic prognostic
      estimates early in their treatment.

PMID- 2642402
TI  - Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption during positive end-expiratory
      pressure ventilation at different levels of cardiac inotropy and frequency.
AB  - Effects of PEEP on cardiac function, myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial
      oxygen consumption (mVO2) were studied in eight mongrel dogs anesthetized with
      pentobarbital. Myocardial oxygen demand was increased by isoproterenol infusion
      or atrial pacing, or decreased by beta-receptor blockade. PEEP was set to 15 cm
      H2O in all groups. The greatest reduction in cardiac output due to PEEP was seen
      during isoproterenol infusion (44%), and the smallest during beta-receptor
      blockade (18%). This is attributed to increased sensitivity to the reduced left
      ventricular (LV) preload induced by PEEP, when cardiac inotropy is augmented by
      isoproterenol, compared to normal and reduced cardiac inotropy. PEEP decreased
      MBF similarly and significantly in all groups. However, myocardial oxygen
      extraction did not increase, and reduction in MBF caused by PEEP was closely
      related to concomitant reduction in mVO2. A significant correlation was also
      observed between reductions in LV work and reduction in mVO2 when PEEP was
      applied in all groups. We conclude that the reduced MBF observed with use of PEEP
      was probably due to reduced myocardial oxygen demand.

PMID- 2642403
TI  - Central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure as estimates of
      left atrial pressure: effects of positive end-expiratory pressure and catheter
      tip malposition.
AB  - We compared CVP and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (WP) measurements with
      left atrial pressure (LAP) in postcoronary bypass surgical patients with
      preserved cardiopulmonary function. Measurements were obtained under normal
      conditions and conditions likely to induce WP-LAP discrepancies (PEEP and
      catheter tip malposition). Patients were in both supine and lateral positions;
      the catheter tip was placed vertically below (tip down; n = 12) or above (tip up;
      n = 5) the left atrium. Our data showed that both CVP and WP correlated well with
      LAP at all PEEP levels in the supine and tip down lateral positions. However, in
      the tip up lateral position, WP overestimated LAP (13.3 +/- 3.4 vs. 8.0 +/- 2 mm
      Hg; p less than .01) at 20 cm H2O of PEEP, whereas CVP (8.8 +/- 2.1 mm Hg)
      closely reflected LAP. Thus, by placing the catheter tip vertically below the
      left atrium in supinely and laterally positioned patients, CVP and WP both
      produced reliable estimates of LAP despite an acute increase in alveolar
      pressure. When the pulmonary artery catheter tip was vertically above the left
      atrium, WP overestimated LAP. Under these conditions, CVP remained a reliable
      estimate of LAP. We conclude that CVP measurement as an estimate of LAP in this
      patient population could be used and not ignored. This is true in patients with
      previously documented good LAP-CVP correlation who are subjected subsequently to
      conditions which may produce an LAP-WP discrepancy (high PEEP and catheter tip
      malposition).

PMID- 2642404
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements--clinical applications.

PMID- 2642405
TI  - Utility of echocardiography in the diagnosis of aortic dissection involving the
      ascending aorta.
AB  - We report our prospective experience with sensitivity, specificity, predictive
      values and efficiency of echocardiography in diagnosing AD involving the
      ascending aorta (type A). We studied two groups of patients with both
      echocardiography and aortography. Group 1 was made up by 46 consecutive patients
      with clinical suspicion of AD. Type A AD was confirmed in 23 cases. Group 2 was
      comprised of 509 adult patients who had been studied during the same period with
      both aortography and echocardiography (including 46 patients from group 1);
      prevalence of type A AD in this group was 4.9 percent. We conclude that the
      diagnostic usefulness of echocardiography in patients with suspected type A AD is
      limited by its moderate sensitivity and predictive positive value. Aortography
      remains the major step in diagnosis. Within these limitations, echocardiography
      is useful in confirmation of clinical suspicion if all three main
      echocardiographic signs are present (predictive positive value: 100 percent).

PMID- 2642406
TI  - Magnetic resonance for evaluation of the thorax.
AB  - Evaluation of diseases in the chest by MR is continually evolving. Early studies
      showed the potential of the technique for imaging the mediastinal and hilar
      structures and for demonstrating the normal anatomy of the thorax on sagittal,
      coronal, and transverse MR images. As more data have been compiled, investigators
      have compared MR to computed tomography for its ability to assess mediastinal and
      hilar adenopathy and masses, bronchogenic carcinoma and other pulmonary
      parenchyma lesions, and for assessment of the pulmonary vascularity. MR has been
      shown in these situations generally to provide equivalent information to that
      provided by computed tomography. MR, compared to computed tomography, is still in
      its infancy in regard to the length of time of its availability and in relation
      to the MR technology for obtaining images. MR is a technique that has wide
      variation as to type of image quality obtained depending upon the MR system
      utilized and the pulse sequence utilized. Because of the diverse nature of
      potential variables for imaging, many times the images are not equal in quality.
      As a consequence of this significant variability, the data in the literature are
      divergent on the precise utility of MR. Although the recommended use of MR may
      change rapidly, the current feeling is that MR should be used as a procedure
      complementary to computed tomography in those patients with allergy to iodinated
      contrast material and to aid in defining equivocal lesions as seen on computed
      tomography, such as small central hilar bronchogenic carcinomas.

PMID- 2642407
TI  - Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: lessons learned from the bedside to the gene and
      back again. Historic perspectives.

PMID- 2642408
TI  - The alpha 1-antitrypsin gene and its mutations. Clinical consequences and
      strategies for therapy.

PMID- 2642409
TI  - The evolving role of exercise testing prior to lung resection.
AB  - Exercise testing prior to lung resection has long and honored tradition. It began
      as a test of tolerance using simple techniques such as stair climbing. This was
      followed by aggressive and invasive protocols using right cardiac catheterization
      in the search for pulmonary hypertension. More recently, measurement of VO2 with
      exercise has been reported to predict both postoperative mortality and survivable
      morbidity. Exercise testing holds promise as a noninvasive test to predict the
      physiologic outcome from lung resection. Significant questions remain concerning
      the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for an abnormal result and who should
      be denied thoracotomy based on these results.

PMID- 2642410
TI  - Color Doppler features of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm.
AB  - A patient had left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after mitral valve replacement
      surgery. The diagnosis was made by color flow Doppler demonstration of systolic
      flow between the left ventricular chamber and an echo-free space posterior to the
      heart which was initially interpreted as localized pleural effusion. Color
      Doppler features of this entity have not been previously described. Color flow
      cardiac Doppler enhances echocardiographic and pulsed Doppler diagnosis of left
      ventricular pseudoaneurysms.

PMID- 2642411
TI  - Minimal PEEP may be "best PEEP".

PMID- 2642412
TI  - The discriminatory value of the P(A-a)O2 during exercise in the detection of
      asbestosis in asbestos exposed workers.
AB  - Asbestosis is commonly associated with abnormalities of gas transport but since
      most asbestos workers are smokers and smokers also commonly have abnormalities in
      P(A-a)O2, the actual specificity and sensitivity of the P(A-a)O2 has been
      unknown. The P(A-a)O2 was measured at rest and exercise in 92 asbestos-exposed
      patients. These patients were divided into five groups based on their x-ray and
      pulmonary function status; normal, CAO, CAO and pleural disease, pleural disease
      alone and asbestosis with or without CAO. The P(A-a)O2/VO2(mm Hg)/L of O2 was the
      most discriminatory measurement of gas transport between groups, with mean values
      of 14.45 +/- 9.24 for normal, 19.04 +/- 10.52 for CAO, 16.85 +/- 8.94 for CAO and
      pleural disease and 34.07 +/- 21.54 for asbestosis with or without CAO. The P(A
      a)O2/VO2 was of high specificity if greater than 35 mm Hg/L of O2 with only two
      out of 65 patients without asbestosis being considered abnormal. It was of low
      sensitivity in that only nine out of 27 patients with asbestosis would be
      detected if this were the sole criterion for diagnosis.

PMID- 2642413
TI  - Effect of bronchial challenge on breathing patterns and arterial oxygenation in
      stable asthma.
AB  - The effect of histamine or methacholine inhalational challenge on breathing
      patterns and oxygen saturation was investigated in ten stable asthmatic patients.
      We used the respiratory inductive plethysmograph to record respiratory timing and
      minute ventilation along with an ear oximeter to measure oxygen saturation
      (SaO2). As FEV1 fell during the challenge procedure, SaO2 also fell (average 3
      percent). Furthermore, with histamine challenge, expiratory time (Te),
      inspiratory time (Ti), and breath period (Ttot) all increased; minute ventilation
      probably also fell. These changes in breathing pattern and SaO2 were reversed by
      inhalation of a beta 2-agonist. However, no such changes in breathing patterns
      were observed with methacholine challenge despite a similar fall in FEV1.
      Bronchial challenge produces hypoxia in stable asthmatic patients, which might
      result from a combination of hypoventilation with alteration in alveolar
      ventilation/perfusion relationships.

PMID- 2642414
TI  - The MVV/FEV1 ratio in normal and asthmatic subjects.
AB  - We compared the ratio of maximal voluntary ventilation/forced expiratory volume
      in one second (MVV/FEV1) in normal individuals and asthmatic subjects. Our
      hypothesis was that MVV/FEV1 would be lower in asthmatic subjects. We also
      compared MVV/FEV1 results with the effects of deep inspiration (DI) on
      bronchomotor tone and with methacholine responsiveness. In normal subjects,
      MVV/FEV1 was higher than that in asthmatic subjects. Specific conductance (SGaw)
      increased after a single DI or an MVV maneuver in normal individuals. An MVV
      maneuver caused SGaw to decrease in asthmatic subjects. In asthmatic subjects,
      there was a significant correlation between MVV/FEV1 ratio and magnitude of
      decrease in SGaw after an MVV maneuver. Results of methacholine testing indicated
      that asthmatic subjects with low MVV/FEV1 ratios were more responsive to
      methacholine than those whose MVV/FEV1 ratios were within normal range. We
      conclude that MVV/FEV1 ratios are abnormally low in many asthmatic subjects and
      that low MVV/FEV1 ratios may indicate increased bronchial responsiveness to
      methacholine.

PMID- 2642415
TI  - Immunoreactive inhibin secretion by the hypophysectomized female rat:
      demonstration of the modulating effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and
      estrogen through a direct ovarian site of action.
AB  - To investigate the possibility that sex steroids and GnRH might act directly at
      the level of the ovary to modulate the secretion of immunoreactive inhibin, we
      have administered estradiol benzoate, PMSG, or GnRH analogs to immature (24-day
      old) hypophysectomized female rats. The sc injection of 10-100 micrograms
      estradiol benzoate markedly (P less than or equal to 0.01) increased plasma
      inhibin levels measured 48 h later. Administration of the GnRH agonist
      [DTrp6,Pro9-NEt]GnRH significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) inhibited both
      spontaneous and PMSG-induced inhibin secretion, while the GnRH antagonist [Ac
      D2Nal1,D4ClPhe2,D3Pal3,Arg5,DGlu6(AA), DAla10]GnRH augmented the stimulatory
      effect of PMSG action on inhibin release. These results suggest a direct ovarian
      site of action of sex steroids and GnRH analogs in modulating the release of
      immunoreactive inhibin. They also support the hypothesis that an endogenous GnRH
      like peptide of ovarian origin plays a physiological paracrine role in modulating
      inhibin secretion in the rat.

PMID- 2642416
TI  - Ontogeny of pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the bull
      calf during infantile and pubertal development.
AB  - During the infantile period of development in the bull calf (birth to 6 weeks of
      age), there is a virtual absence of episodic secretion of LH. Transition from
      infancy to the prepubertal period (6-10 weeks of age) is characterized by the
      onset of episodic LH release. This study was conducted to characterize the
      ontogeny of episodic GnRH release during these developmental periods. During the
      primary experiment, calves at 2, 5, 8, and 12 weeks of age (n = 4/age) were
      surgically fitted with cannulae for the collection of mixed hypophyseal portal
      and cavernous sinus blood. Hypophyseal portal and cavernous sinus and jugular
      blood samples were collected over a 9- to 12-h period at 10 min intervals. No
      pulses of LH were observed in calves at 2 or 5 weeks of age. At 8 and 12 weeks of
      age, pulsatile LH release became evident with a mean of 1.0 +/- 0.3 and 2.20 +/-
      0.7 pulses/10 h, respectively. Unlike LH secretion, calves at both 2 and 5 weeks
      of age released GnRH in a pulsatile manner (3.5 +/- 0.2 and 5.0 +/- 0.6 pulses/10
      h, respectively). The frequency of pulsatile GnRH release increased from 7.9 +/-
      0.4 pulses/10 h at 8 weeks of age to 8.9 +/- 0.7 pulses/10 h at 12 weeks of age.
      These findings demonstrate the presence of pulsatile secretion of GnRH during the
      infantile period of development. Furthermore, the postnatal ontogeny of pulsatile
      LH release in this species is associated with an increase in the frequency of
      pulsatile GnRH secretion.

PMID- 2642417
TI  - Histopathology associated with elevated levels of growth hormone and insulin-like
      growth factor I in transgenic mice.
AB  - Serum levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were genetically
      increased to investigate the physiological activities of these proteins. Lines of
      mice expressing chimeric genes composed of bovine GH, human GRF, or human IGF-I
      coding sequences fused to the mouse metallothionein I promoter were examined for
      consequences of chronic exposure to high levels of these peptides. Animals with
      elevated serum levels of GH (either bovine GH or mouse GH) have selective
      splanchnomegaly coupled with glomerular sclerosis and hepatocellularmegaly. Serum
      levels of insulin and cholesterol are increased. In contrast (with the exception
      of selective enlargement of organs), the chronic expression of IGF-I results in a
      different pattern of abnormalities. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis
      of GH-related disorders is not mediated solely by IGF-I.

PMID- 2642418
TI  - Exercise-induced increase in glucose transporters in plasma membranes of rat
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - A previously developed technique for the isolation of plasma and intracellular
      membrane fractions from rat skeletal muscle was used to investigate transporter
      migration after insulin treatment or a bout of exercise (45 min of treadmill).
      Glucose-inhibitable cytochalasin-B binding was used to estimate the number of
      glucose transporters. Insulin and exercise caused increases in glucose uptake
      into the hindlimb muscles of 5- and 3-fold, respectively. Each stimulus also
      caused a 2-fold increase in the number of glucose transporters in plasma
      membranes prepared from hindlimb muscles. The insulin-induced increase in plasma
      membrane transporters was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in transporters
      from the intracellular pool. In contrast to insulin, there was no concomitant
      decrease in the number of cytochalasin-B-binding sites in the intracellular
      membrane fraction from exercised muscles. The ability of both insulin and
      exercise to increase the number of transporters in the plasma membrane is in
      accordance with recruitment of transporters as one cause of increased transport
      activity. However, the inability of exercise to decrease the number of
      transporters in the insulin-sensitive intracellular pool suggests the existence
      of either a second recruitable transporter pool or masked glucose transporters in
      the plasma membrane that are unmasked by the muscle contractile activity.

PMID- 2642419
TI  - The expression of a metallothionein-ovine growth hormone fusion gene in
      transgenic mice does not impair fertility but results in pathological lesions in
      the liver.
AB  - The physiological effects of high serum levels of ovine GH (oGH) were studied in
      three generations of transgenic mice carrying a metallothionein 1-(MT)oGH fusion
      gene. Livers of mice expressing oGH were enlarged, irrespective of the level of
      serum oGH detected. In mice expressing high levels of oGH, direct measurements of
      hepatocytes in liver sections revealed that cell and nuclear size were abnormally
      large. Hepatocytes of different transgenic mice varied from 1.4-2.2 times normal
      size and hepatocyte nuclei varied from 1.7-2.4 times normal size. In addition,
      intranuclear inclusions were observed in hepatocytes of transgenic mice and their
      presence was always associated with high serum levels of oGH. In contrast to
      female transgenic mice containing mouse MT-human, rat, or bovine GH fusion genes
      female mice containing the MT oGH fusion gene were fertile and their pituitary
      glands showed synthesis of GH.

PMID- 2642420
TI  - Neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating growth hormone and prolactin secretion
      during lactation.
AB  - The maternal plasma concentrations of GH and PRL increase dramatically upon the
      initiation of lactation in the rat. In light of the fact that these two hormones
      have evolved from one common precursor, we sought to determine if the
      neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating their concomitant increase during lactation
      are common or if they are functionally distinct. To evaluate this, lactating rats
      were passively immunized with antiserum raised against GHRH and then monitored
      for changes in GH and PRL secretion in response to suckling. On day 9 or 10
      postpartum, pups were removed from their mothers at 0800 h. At 1100 h mothers
      were injected with normal rabbit serum (NRS) or GHRH antiserum (GHRH-ab). At 1400
      h a control blood sample was drawn. Pups were then returned to their mothers,
      with subsequent blood samples drawn over the next 60 min. Plasma concentrations
      of GH significantly increased to 12.3 +/- 1.0 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) in NRS-treated
      females after the return of the pups. In contrast, there was no change in GH
      concentrations in the females treated with the GHRH-ab. Plasma PRL concentrations
      rose approximately 200 ng/ml in both the NRS-treated animals and the GHRH-ab
      treated ones. Body weight gains of the pups during the 60-min period of lactation
      were similar in both groups. These results suggest that the neuroendocrine
      mechanisms regulating the increases in GH and PRL during lactation are distinct
      and that GHRH is the hypothalamic factor responsible for the increase in GH.
      Furthermore, these results suggest that acutely interrupting the increase in GH
      secretion that occurs during lactation does not compromise nursing behavior and
      performance.

PMID- 2642421
TI  - Normal-sized thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic acid in Dutch goats with a
      thyroglobulin synthesis defect is translated into a 35,000 molecular weight N
      terminal fragment.
AB  - The translation product of the thyroglobulin (Tg) mRNA in Dutch goats with a Tg
      synthesis defect has been characterized. The Tg mRNA has a normal size of 8.4
      kilobases. Translation of goitrous polysomal Tg mRNA resulted, after
      immunoprecipitation with polyclonal rabbit antigoat Tg antibodies, in a single
      35,000 mol wt (Mr) Tg fragment. To characterize the Tg antigens produced in vivo,
      thyroid hormone release by the goiter was suppressed by injecting T4 sc in
      newborn goitrous goats. Immunohistochemical studies showed the presence of Tg
      antigens almost solely in the colloidal lumen. Electrophoresis of the reduced
      thyroid proteins demonstrated the presence of two Tg fragments with Mr of 40,000
      and 32,000, respectively; the latter is probably a breakdown product of the
      40,000 Mr fragment. The difference in Mr between the in vivo and in vitro
      translation products (40,000 and 35,000 Mr, respectively) can be explained by the
      carbohydrate content (10% wt/wt) of the in vivo product, as was shown by periodic
      acid-Schiff-positive staining. Using monoclonal antibodies against the
      hormonogenic sites at the first and last parts of the Tg molecule, we
      demonstrated that only the first part of the Tg molecule is present. Both in vivo
      and in vitro 10% of the goitrous Tg mRNA molecule is translated, resulting in an
      N-terminal Tg fragment that easily aggregates to large S-S complexes in the
      colloidal lumen of goiter by H2O2 oxidation.

PMID- 2642422
TI  - Biological properties of an initial degradation product of insulin by insulin
      degrading enzyme.
AB  - We previously reported on the degradation of monocomponent porcine insulin by
      affinity-purified pig skeletal muscle insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and on the
      detection and HPLC separation of the initial degradation product (peak VI). Using
      relatively high concentration of insulin, peak VI appeared rapidly at 30 sec of
      incubation, whereas other peaks were not detected within 5 min of incubation.
      Performate oxidation studies suggested that peak VI is composed of a cleaved A
      chain and an intact B-chain. To assess whether the initial degradation product of
      insulin generated by IDE preserves biological properties, we analyzed several
      insulin-like activities of peak VI. It had a hypoglycemic effect on rats. In
      vitro, it bound to the insulin receptors of rat adipocytes and stimulated glucose
      oxidation there. It also strengthened insulin receptor kinase activity in insulin
      receptors from rat liver and human placenta. Its biological potency, however, was
      1/40th to 1/160th that of insulin itself. This is probably due to reduced
      affinity for the insulin receptor, since it had 2.5% of insulin's ability to both
      bind to the receptor and stimulate glucose oxidation. Moreover, peak VI had all
      of insulin's agonistic effect on glucose oxidation when used at a higher
      concentration. On the other hand, cross-linking analysis suggested that peak VI
      preserves almost the same affinity for IDE as does insulin. These results suggest
      that pig skeletal muscle IDE may cleave peptide bonds within the A-chain early in
      insulin degradation, generating peak VI; this then serves as the next substrate
      of IDE while exerting reduced insulin-like activity, and peak VI is converted to
      several relatively low mol wt products.

PMID- 2642423
TI  - Identification of immunoreactive gastrin-releasing peptide related substances in
      adult rat Leydig cells.
AB  - Purified adult rat Leydig cells were found to produce gastrin-releasing peptide
      (GRP) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Gel chromatography of the extracted material
      showed a single peak of GRP immunoreactivity. Further high pressure liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) analysis resolved the extract into two peaks that closely
      resembled the C-terminal fragment of GRP, GRP18-27 and GRP14-27.
      Immunohistochemical studies revealed specific staining for GRP in the Leydig
      cells of adult rat testis. These results demonstrate, by a number of independent
      criteria, that rat Leydig cells contain substances which behave like authentic
      GRP-like peptides. Since the peptides appear to be of local origin, a paracrine
      function within the rat testis is suggested.

PMID- 2642424
TI  - Age-related decrease in an early step of DNA-repair of normal human lymphocytes
      exposed to ultraviolet-irradiation.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay has been used to detect age-related
      changes in the rate of loss of photoproduct antigenicity from the DNA of
      peripheral blood lymphocytes irradiated with 10 J m-2 uv-C. Lymphocytes were
      obtained from 75 healthy volunteers whose ages ranged from 14 months to 82 years.
      The samples were divided by age decades into groups of 10 individuals, except the
      first decade which contained only 5 individuals. The mean loss of antigenicity +/
      1 standard deviation was determined for each group at 10, 30, and 60 min after
      irradiation. The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test and by the Kruskal
      Wallis test. After a recovery period of 10 min the loss of antigenicity was most
      rapid in group I (0-9 years), less rapid in group II (10-19 years), and least
      rapid in all other groups. The differences between groups became less at 30 min
      and were not significant at 60 min incubation. These data obtained from normal
      cells concur with our previous conclusions, that reductions in the rate of loss
      of antigenicity in nondiseased cells isolated from patients with melanoma and
      dysplastic naevus syndrome reflect genetic abnormalities in these patients.

PMID- 2642425
TI  - Presence of angiotensin II in the adult male rat anterior pituitary gland:
      immunocytochemical study after cryoultramicrotomy.
AB  - Angiotensin II (AII)-like immunoreactivity and binding sites have recently been
      demonstrated at the pituitary level. This peptide also exerts a stimulatory
      effect on anterior pituitary hormone release. Immunocytochemistry on ultrathin
      sections obtained by cryoultramicrotomy was used with the aim of localizing
      endogenous AII-like material at the cellular and subcellular levels of the
      anterior pituitary gland. AII-like immunostaining was observed only in
      gonadotrophs, lactotrophs, and corticotrophs. In gonadotrophs, AII-like
      immunoreactivity was restricted only to secretion granules. In the two other
      immunoreactive cells, lactotrophs and corticotrophs, immunostaining was observed
      in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, AII-like material was
      visualized in the cytoplasmic matrix and in the secretory granules. In the
      nucleus, immunostaining was distributed in the euchromatin in the vicinity of the
      heterochromatin. AII-like immunoreactivity was also seen at the plasma membrane,
      but only scarcely. No reaction product was found when anti-AII serum preincubated
      with AII was used. These immunocytochemical results (1) provide evidence that
      gonadotrophs are only a site of synthesis and/or storage of AII-like material,
      (2) indicate that lactotrophs and corticotrophs are cells for AII and (3) provide
      cytological evidence for a direct participation of AII in the regulation of the
      lactotropic and corticotropic function.

PMID- 2642426
TI  - Physical influences on neural crest cell migration in avian embryos: contact
      guidance and spatial restriction.
AB  - Several ideas on how neural crest (NC) cell migration in bird embryos might be
      dependent on the physical qualities of the internal embryonic environment were
      studied. Contact guidance has been suggested to direct NC cells ventrally in the
      trunk, but this has been subject to doubt (see Newgreen and Erickson, 1986, Int.
      Rev. Cytol. 103, 118-119). On reexamination, in situ extracellular matrix (ECM)
      and cell processes on the medial face of the somites were found appropriately
      oriented for this function. In addition, tissue culture models of oriented ECM
      could induce orientation of NC cells which mimicked that observed in the embryo.
      It is concluded that in this situation, oriented structures contribute to
      directed migration of NC cells in vivo, but the mechanism of contact guidance
      (i.e., steric or adhesive guidance) could not be ascertained. Contact guidance,
      in the form of steric guidance, has also been suggested as limiting ventrad NC
      cell movement at the midbrain level due to an insurmountable ridge on the side of
      the midbrain. The presence of this ridge was confirmed but it is unlikely to be
      responsible for prevention of ventrad migration, because, although it subsides
      very rapidly, the cells still refuse to move ventrad, and because models of this
      ridge in vitro proved to be no obstacle to NC cells. NC cell migration is also
      described as being limited by gross space between other organs or tissues. In
      vitro, NC cells could penetrate Nucleopore filters with pore diameters of 0.86
      micron or greater. Observation of cell-free spaces in embryos showed that these
      were almost all much larger than the minimum pore size established
      experimentally. It is therefore concluded that in general the dimensions of gross
      tissue spaces probably do not set important limits for NC cell migration, but
      that the dimensions of transiently distensible microspaces between ECM fibrils
      may be a critical physical parameter.

PMID- 2642427
TI  - Opposing microtubule- and actin-dependent forces in the development and
      maintenance of structural polarity in retinal photoreceptors.
AB  - We have used embryonic cells grown in vitro to study the roles of microtubules
      and microfilaments in the development and maintenance of the polarized shape of
      retinal photoreceptors. After several days in culture, isolated cone
      photoreceptors displayed a highly elongated, compartmentalized morphology similar
      to that of photoreceptors in vivo. When treated with the microtubule
      depolymerizing agent nocodazole, these elongated photoreceptors became
      progressively shorter, eventually losing their compartmentalized structure and
      becoming round. Conversely, treatment with the actin-depolymerizing agent
      cytochalasin D caused the elongated photoreceptors to lengthen even further.
      Computer-assisted, quantitative analysis showed that responses of individual
      cells to both nocodazole and Cytochalasin D were concentration-dependent, graded,
      and reversible. Immunocytochemical studies suggested the presence of
      longitudinally oriented actin filaments and microtubules in these photoreceptors,
      prominent in the region that undergoes the most pronounced length changes in
      response to cytoskeletal inhibitors. Prior to becoming elongated, photoreceptor
      precursors could be accurately identified in early retinal cultures. These round
      cells undergo a stereotyped sequence of morphogenetic transformations during in
      vitro development, including elongation and compartmentalization of the cell body
      as well as extension of a single neurite. Treatment with either cytochalasin D or
      nocodazole completely blocked morphogenesis. In addition, cytochalasin D caused
      the development of an abnormal, elongated cell process, which formed by a
      microtubule-dependent mechanism. These nocodazole and cytochalasin D effects also
      were reversible. Taken together, these data indicate that the complex
      developmental transformations leading to photoreceptor polarization occur in the
      absence of intercellular contacts, and are predominantly controlled by
      intracellular cytoskeletal forces. They suggest the existence of continuously
      active, oppositely directed, microtubule- and actin-dependent forces, the balance
      of which is a determining factor in the development as well as the maintenance of
      the elongated, compartmentalized organization of photoreceptor cells.

PMID- 2642428
TI  - Differentiation of myogenic cells in micromass cultures of cells from chick
      facial primordia.
AB  - Antibodies to the myosin heavy chains of striated muscle were used to trace
      myogenic differentiation in the developing face and in cultures of cells from the
      facial primordia of chick embryos. In the intact face, myogenic cells
      differentiate first in the mandibular primordia and can be detected at stage 28.
      The early muscle blocks contain both fast and slow classes of myosin heavy
      chains. At stages 20 and 24, no myogenic cells are found in any of the facial
      primordia. However, when the cells are placed in micromass (high density)
      cultures, myogenic cells differentiate, revealing the presence of potentially
      myogenic cells in all the facial primordia. The number of myogenic cells bears no
      consistent relationship to the extent and pattern of chondrogenesis. Therefore
      the ability of the cell populations of the facial primordia to differentiate into
      cartilage when placed in culture is independent of the muscle cell lineage. The
      facial primordia represent a mixed cell population of neural crest and mesodermal
      cells from at least as early as stage 18.

PMID- 2642429
TI  - Localization and developmental fate of ovoperoxidase and proteoliaisin, two
      proteins involved in fertilization envelope assembly.
AB  - Fertilization of the sea urchin egg leads to the assembly of an extracellular
      matrix, the fertilization envelope. Ovoperoxidase, the enzyme implicated in
      hardening the fertilization envelope, is inserted into the assembling structure
      via a Ca2+-dependent interaction with the protein proteoliasin (P. Weidman and B.
      M. Shapiro, 1987, J. Cell Biol. 105, 561-567). In the present report, polyclonal
      antisera were raised to ovoperoxidase and proteoliasin (purified from eggs of
      Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) and characterized by Western blot analysis and an
      enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). By indirect immunofluorescence
      microscopy all cortical granules of unfertilized eggs, as well as the
      fertilization envelope, contained both proteoliasin and ovoperoxidase. At the
      ultrastructural level both proteins are localized to the electron-dense spiral
      lamellae of the cortical granules. Western blot analysis revealed that
      ovoperoxidase and proteoliasin persist in early embryos until hatching, but are
      absent from later developmental stages. Homogenates of eggs of several other
      echinoderm species (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, Strongylocentrotus
      franciscanus, Pisaster ochraceus, Dendraster excentricus, and Lytechinus pictus)
      also contain proteins antigenically similar to ovoperoxidase and proteoliaisin,
      indicating that many echinoderms utilize a similar strategy for assembly of the
      fertilization envelope. The results underline the need for postsecretory controls
      in the extracellular matrix modifications that accompany the cortical reaction.

PMID- 2642430
TI  - Incorporation and dispersal of sperm surface antigens in plasma membranes of
      inseminated sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) eggs and oocytes.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies have been generated to determine the fate of sperm-specific
      surface components of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, subsequent to gamete
      fusion. Monoclonal antibody-7 (MAB-7) reacted with two polypeptide bands having
      apparent molecular masses of 33 and 35 kDa derived from the sperm plasma
      membrane; similar reactivity was not detected in egg preparations. Eggs and
      oocytes were prepared for electron microscopy at periodic intervals following
      insemination and reacted with MAB-7 followed by antimouse antibodies conjugated
      to colloidal gold. In samples prepared 30 to 60 sec postinsemination (PI)
      colloidal gold was confined to the surface of fused sperm with only a few gold
      particles associated with the egg plasma membrane. In later samples (2-10 min PI)
      label was present on increasingly greater areas of the egg/oocyte surface away
      from the site of gamete fusion so that by 20 min PI particles were located along
      one hemisphere of inseminated eggs and oocytes. These results demonstrate the
      incorporation of sperm plasma membrane polypeptides and their intermixing with
      egg plasmalemmal components subsequent to gamete membrane fusion. From
      measurements of labeled oocytes at different times PI, the diffusion coefficient
      for sperm surface polypeptides detected by MAB-7 was estimated to be 0.7 to 2.4 x
      10(-9) cm2/sec.

PMID- 2642431
TI  - Historical development of the theory of pancreatic diabetes by Oscar Minkowski,
      1929: introduction and translation by Rachmiel Levine.

PMID- 2642432
TI  - Prevention of diabetes in BB/Wor rat by single transfusion of spleen cells.
      Parameters that affect degree of protection.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that multiple transfusions of spleen cells from
      histocompatible nondiabetic donors prevent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in
      diabetes-prone (DP) BioBreeding/Worcester (BB/Wor) rats. In this study, a single
      transfusion of greater than or equal to 50 x 10(6) cells from either diabetes
      resistant (DR) BB/Wor or Wistar-Furth (WF) rats substantially reduced the
      incidence of diabetes when given to DP rats 27 or 46 days old but not 61 days
      old. Transfusion and protection were associated with the appearance of RT6+ donor
      lymph node cells in recipient rats. In vivo depletion of RT6+ T-lymphocytes in
      150-day-old protected animals did not produce diabetes. DR BB/Wor and WF spleen
      cells were equally efficacious when given either intraperitoneally or
      intravenously. Mitogen-activated spleen cells were relatively less effective than
      untreated cells. We conclude that BB rat diabetes can be prevented by one
      transfusion of spleen cells from histocompatible DR and WF donors, and that the
      protective effect is dependent on recipient age and cell dose. The effect may be
      mediated by a population of RT6+ T-lymphocytes that, during a critical
      developmental period, regulate the expression of autoimmunity in these animals.

PMID- 2642433
TI  - Insulin-gene expression in extrafetal membranes of rats.
AB  - We quantified fetal rat extrapancreatic insulin-gene expression by measuring mRNA
      in the yolk sac and placenta. Yolk sac makes a significant contribution to the
      total fetal insulin stores. The placenta contains a much smaller amount of
      insulin mRNA. Yolk sac insulin mRNA is barely detectable at 16 days gestation but
      increases markedly to a maximum at 21 days, 1 day before birth. In contrast to
      the pancreatic 550-nucleotide (n) insulin mRNA, yolk sac has a 720-n mRNA.
      However, on removal of the terminal poly(A), both transcripts produce a 440-n
      RNA, the size predicted for a fully processed insulin mRNA.

PMID- 2642434
TI  - Compensatory growth of pancreatic beta-cells in adult rats after short-term
      glucose infusion.
AB  - The extent to which adult pancreatic beta-cells can respond in vivo to a
      sustained glucose stimulus by increasing their mass through either hyperplasia or
      hypertrophy has remained unanswered. Therefore, we studied the in vivo effect of
      short-term (96-h) hyperglycemia on the growth of beta-cells by infusing adult
      rats with 35 or 50% glucose or 0.45% saline. After 96 h of glucose infusion, the
      beta-cell mass, quantified by point-counting morphometrics of immunoperoxidase
      stained paraffin sections, showed a 50% increase (9.57 +/- 0.87 mg, n = 5, 50%
      glucose infused; 9.50 +/- 1.23, n = 7, 35% glucose infused; 6.15 +/- 0.55, n = 6,
      0.45% saline infused). This growth was selective for beta-cells; the non-beta
      cell mass was unchanged. The mitotic index, measured by accumulated mitotic
      frequency after a 4-h colchicine treatment, increased fivefold in glucose-infused
      animals compared to saline-infused animals. This enhanced replication of beta
      cells provides evidence for increase in cell number or hyperplasia. In addition,
      hypertrophy of the beta-cell was also quantified. Mean cell volume, determined
      from the mean cell cross-sectional area measured planimetrically from low
      magnification electron micrographs, increased to 150% of control values after 96
      h of 50% glucose infusion. Seven days after the 96-h infusion, in reversal
      experiments, the beta-cell mass had not returned to saline-infused levels. In
      addition, the non-beta-cell mass of glucose-infused animals had increased. The
      mitotic index of the beta-cell of glucose-infused rats was, however,
      significantly lower than that of the saline controls, but the mean cell volume of
      the beta-cells remained elevated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642435
TI  - Intravenous glucose tolerance and pancreatic islet beta-cell function in patients
      with multiple sclerosis during 2-yr treatment with cyclosporin.
AB  - Cyclosporin is an immunosuppressive drug used with increasing frequency in
      patients with diabetes mellitus both as experimental primary therapy for insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus and as therapy accompanying pancreatic
      transplantation. However, reports have appeared contending that cyclosporin
      causes glucose intolerance and inhibits pancreatic islet beta-cell function.
      Consequently, concern has been raised that the beneficial effects of
      immunosuppression may be offset by adverse metabolic effects of the drug. To
      address this issue, we examined intravenous glucose tolerance and pancreatic
      islet beta-cell function in a group of nondiabetic multiple sclerosis patients
      before and during a 2-yr course of cyclosporin or placebo therapy. Patients were
      randomly assigned to one of the two drug groups and followed in a double-blind
      manner. Basal levels of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide as well as glucose
      disappearance rates and pancreatic islet beta-cell function after stimulation
      with intravenous glucose and arginine were determined immediately before therapy
      and after 3 wk, 6 mo, 1 yr, and 2 yr of therapy. No abnormalities in these
      parameters were observed in the cyclosporin of the placebo-treated group. It
      appears that cyclosporin can be give in conventional doses for as long as 2 yr
      without encountering evidence for impaired glucose homeostasis. However, whether
      adverse effects will materialize over longer periods of drug use remains a
      question.

PMID- 2642436
TI  - Role of brain in counterregulation of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in dogs.
AB  - The role of the brain in directing counterregulation during hypoglycemia induced
      by insulin infusion was assessed in overnight-fasted conscious dogs. Concomitant
      brain and peripheral hypoglycemia was induced in one group of dogs (n = 5) by
      infusing insulin peripherally at a rate of 3.5 mU.kg-1.min-1. In another group (n
      = 4), insulin was infused as described above to induce peripheral hypoglycemia,
      and brain hypoglycemia was minimized by infusing glucose bilaterally into the
      carotid and vertebral arteries to maintain the brain glucose level at a
      calculated concentration of 85 mg/dl. Glucose was also infused peripherally as
      needed so that the peripheral glucose levels in both of the protocols were
      similar (45 +/- 2 mg/dl with and 48 +/- 3 mg/dl without brain glucose infusion,
      both P less than .05). The responses (in terms of change of area under the curve)
      of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and pancreatic polypeptide when brain
      glycemia was controlled during insulin infusion were only 14 +/- 6, 39 +/- 12, 17
      +/- 8, and 9 +/- 4%, respectively, of those present during insulin infusion
      without concomitant brain glucose infusion (all P less than .05). Of particular
      interest was the glucagon response that occurred when head hypoglycemia was
      minimized; the glucagon level was only 21 +/- 8% of that present when marked
      brain hypoglycemia accompanied insulin infusion (P less than .05). During
      hypoglycemia resulting from insulin infusion, endogenous glucose production
      (EGP), as assessed with [3-3H]glucose, rose from 2.6 +/- 0.1 to 4.4 +/- 0.5 mg.kg
      1.min-1 (P less than .05). In contrast, EGP decreased from 2.7 +/- 0.2 to 2.0 +/-
      0.3 mg.kg-1.min-1 when brain hypoglycemia was minimized. In an additional set of
      studies, when insulin was infused at 3.5 mU.kg-1.min-1 and glucose was infused
      peripherally to maintain both the head and peripheral glucose concentrations at
      88 +/- 6 mg/dl, EGP decreased from 2.6 +/- 0.1 to 1.2 +/- 0.2 mg.kg-1.min-1.
      These results suggest that under marked hyperinsulinemic conditions the brain is
      the primary director of glucagon release and that it is responsible for
      approximately 75% of the life-sustaining glucose production.

PMID- 2642437
TI  - Experimental atherosclerosis-like lesions induced by hyperinsulinism in Wistar
      rats.
AB  - To elucidate the possible role of hyperinsulinism in the etiology of diabetic
      macroangiopathy, we studied the long-term effects of insulin injection on the
      arterial wall of the rat both biochemically and histologically. Fifty male Wistar
      rats were divided into two groups. One group was subjected to daily injection of
      insulin-zinc suspension (20 U/kg), and the other group was treated with saline.
      After 1 yr, all the animals were killed, and the lipid contents in the intimal
      media of their aortas were determined. Parts of the ascending aortic tissues were
      further examined by use of either light or electron microscopy. The triglyceride
      content of the insulin-treated rat aortas was significantly (P less than .05)
      increased compared with that of the saline-treated rat aortas. As determined by
      light microscopy, the intimas of the aortas from the insulin-treated rats were
      significantly (P less than .001) thickened, and the subendothelial tissues
      consisted of eosinophilic fiber bundles, amorphous ground substances, and
      irregularly arranged cells. These cells were identified by electron microscopy as
      having smooth muscle cell origin. All these findings suggest that atherosclerosis
      like lesions could be induced by long-term insulin injection in the aortas of the
      rat and that hyperinsulinism plays a certain role in the development of diabetic
      macroangiopathy.

PMID- 2642438
TI  - Underestimation of glucose turnover measured with [6-3H]- and [6,6-2H]- but not
      [6-14C]glucose during hyperinsulinemia in humans.
AB  - Recent studies indicate that hydrogen-labeled glucose tracers underestimate
      glucose turnover in humans under conditions of high flux. The cause of this
      underestimation is unknown. To determine whether the error is time-, pool-, model
      , or insulin-dependent, glucose turnover was measured simultaneously with [6-3H]
      , [6,6-2H2]-, and [6-14C]glucose during a 7-h infusion of either insulin (1 mU.kg
      1.min-1) or saline. During the insulin infusion, steady-state glucose turnover
      measured with both [6-3H]glucose (8.0 +/- 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1) and [6,6-2H2]glucose
      (7.6 +/- 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1) was lower (P less than .01) than either the glucose
      infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia (9.8 +/- 0.7 mg.kg-1.min-1) or
      glucose turnover determined with [6-14C]glucose and corrected for Cori cycle
      activity (9.8 +/- 0.7 mg.kg-1.min-1). Consequently "negative" glucose production
      rates (P less than .01) were obtained with either [6-3H]- or [6,6-2H2]- but not
      [6-14C]glucose. The difference between turnover estimated with [6-3H]glucose and
      actual glucose disposal (or 14C glucose flux) did not decrease with time and was
      not dependent on duration of isotope infusion. During saline infusion, estimates
      of glucose turnover were similar regardless of the glucose tracer used. High
      performance liquid chromatography of the radioactive glucose tracer and plasma
      revealed the presence of a tritiated nonglucose contaminant. Although the
      contaminant represented only 1.5% of the radioactivity in the [6-3H]glucose
      infusate, its clearance was 10-fold less (P less than .001) than that of [6
      3H]glucose. This resulted in accumulation in plasma, with the contaminant
      accounting for 16.6 +/- 2.09 and 10.8 +/- 0.9% of what customarily is assumed to
      be plasma glucose radioactivity during the insulin or saline infusion,
      respectively (P less than .01). When corrected for the presence of the
      contaminant, glucose turnover determined with [6-3H]glucose during insulin
      infusion (9.5 +/- 0.6 mg.kg-1.min-1) no longer differed from either the glucose
      infusion rate or that determined with [6-14C]glucose. Therefore, the
      underestimation of glucose turnover during insulin infusion and negative glucose
      production rates observed with traditional methods to analyze plasma
      radioactivity and commercially available tracers is the result of an artifactual
      increase in [6-3H]glucose specific activity. The etiology of the underestimation
      of glucose turnover with [6,6-2H2]glucose remains to be determined.

PMID- 2642439
TI  - Fragmentation of bile duct stones by extracorporeal shock waves. A new approach
      to biliary calculi after failure of routine endoscopic measures.
AB  - A prospective uncontrolled multicenter trial was performed on 113 patients with
      bile duct stones in whom routine endoscopic approaches for removal of the calculi
      had failed. These represented 8.3% of the patients referred to the participating
      centers for endoscopic extraction of the stones. Extracorporeal shock-wave
      lithotripsy using the Dornier kidney lithotripter achieved stone disintegration
      in 103 patients (91%). Complete stone clearance from the bile ducts was obtained
      in 97 patients (86%) after a median of 4 days following extracorporeal shock-wave
      lithotripsy. Adverse effects, mostly mild, occurred in 36% of the patients. A 30
      day mortality rate of 0.9% (in-hospital mortality rate = 1.8%) of this high-risk
      group with a mean age of 72 yr and a cholangitis rate of 26% compared favorably
      with the data given for open surgery. We therefore consider extracorporeal shock
      wave lithotripsy a useful method for the treatment of bile duct stones not
      amenable to routine endoscopic measures.

PMID- 2642440
TI  - Efficacy and safety of a combination of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic
      acid for gallstone dissolution: a comparison with ursodeoxycholic acid alone.
AB  - Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDC) have distinct
      physicochemical and metabolic properties which, being complementary, should favor
      more rapid removal of cholesterol from gallstones when both bile acids are
      administered together. To see if the combination is more effective and well
      tolerated, we have compared 5 mg/kg of CDC plus 5 mg/kg of UDC with a 10-mg/kg
      dose of UDC alone in 120 patients with radiolucent, sonographically confirmed
      gallstones and characteristics favoring complete dissolution. Ursodeoxycholic
      acid was chosen as the reference because it dissolves stones faster and is better
      tolerated than CDC. To minimize the influence of stone size, the major
      determinant of dissolution, patients were divided, on admission, into two groups
      according to the maximum stone diameter: 50 had stones less than or equal to 5
      mm, 70 had stones greater than 5 mm but less than 15 mm. The effects of treatment
      on stone dissolution evaluated by cholecystography and ultrasonography at 6, 12,
      and 24 mo, were analyzed by the actuarial life-table method. In the group with
      smaller stones, significantly more patients had obtained complete dissolution
      after treatment with the combination (52%) than after treatment with UDC alone
      (24%) at 6 mo. After longer periods, results were still better with the
      combination, although the differences from UDC alone became smaller. In the
      patients with larger stones, rates of complete and partial dissolutions were
      higher after treatment with the combination (51% vs. 24% with UDC) at 6 mo and
      again the differences had become smaller after longer treatment. Although not
      statistically significant, stone calcification occurred more often with UDC (7
      cases) than with the combination (1 case). We conclude that CDC plus UDC is
      preferable to UDC alone because it dissolves stones more quickly, with a lower
      incidence of stone calcification, and may result in reduced cost of treatment.

PMID- 2642441
TI  - Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and liver transplantation.

PMID- 2642442
TI  - Adherence of bacteria to the intestine in sporadic cases of enteropathogenic
      Escherichia coli-associated diarrhea in infants and young children: a prospective
      study.
AB  - Intimate adherence of bacteria to duodenal enterocytes was demonstrated in a 12
      mo-old child with sporadic diarrhea that was associated with an enteropathogenic
      Escherichia coli (EPEC) of the serogroup O111:K58. Therefore, a prospective study
      was initiated to determine if identification of EPEC in stools from sporadic
      cases of diarrhea of longer than 10 days in duration in children under 24 mo of
      age correlated with E. coli colonization of the proximal small intestine and with
      binding of bacteria to intestinal epithelial cells. Colonization was determined
      by culture of duodenal aspirates and enteroadherence by light- and electron
      microscopic evaluation of both duodenal and rectal mucosa. Each EPEC isolate was
      examined for several previously proposed laboratory markers of virulence
      including alpha-hemolysin production, agglutination of erythrocytes, cell surface
      hydrophobicity properties, adherence to HEp-2 cells, and Verotoxin production.
      Ten sporadic cases of EPEC-associated diarrhea, severe enough to require
      hospitalization in each instance, were present among 105 patients in whom EPEC
      were identified in stools. Of the 10 cases, 9 were evaluated in more detail. In
      contrast to the first case, in the prospective study E. coli were cultured from
      duodenal aspirates in only 1 patient and enteroadherent organisms were not
      present on careful review of small bowel (0/9) and rectal (0/7) mucosa. Hemolysin
      production (9 of 10 EPEC strains), mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (7/10),
      hydrophobic cell surface properties (0/10), adherence to HEp-2 cells (7/10), and
      production of Verotoxin (0/10) did not distinguish the one enteroadherent EPEC
      from the nine EPEC strains in which in vivo enteroadherence was not documented.
      In this study of sporadic cases of EPEC-associated diarrhea in young children,
      bacterial colonization of the small bowel and enteroadherence in vivo could not
      routinely be demonstrated. In addition, those laboratory assays of bacterial
      virulence that were evaluated did not distinguish the adherent strain from
      nonadherent EPEC strains.

PMID- 2642443
TI  - Ulcers, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and related matters.
AB  - This overview is intended to provide perspectives drawn from the proceedings of
      the Ulcer-Epidemiology Symposium reported in this supplement. This meeting was
      designed to review the epidemiology and risk factors underlying the development
      of acid/peptic diseases and to highlight the natural history and therapy of these
      disorders. These topics served as a focus for the meeting. A second goal was to
      consider the topics in the context of ulcer complications resulting from use of
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Although nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
      are well known to cause gastric damage and ulcers and to lead to complications of
      preexisting peptic ulcers, the frequency and severity of the clinical problems
      resulting from their use and the efficacy of different modalities for prevention
      and treatment have only recently begun to be the subjects of careful analysis.

PMID- 2642444
TI  - Ulcer epidemiology: an overview and proposed research framework.
AB  - A proposed framework for integrated research in ulcer epidemiology is presented.
      This framework entails the integration of ulcer epidemiology information from
      national data sets and regional or specialized data sources to produce an
      organized sequence of studies. National data sets are used to determine the
      descriptive characteristics of ulcer epidemiology in terms of person, place, and
      time. Once subpopulations with high or low rates of ulcer disease are identified,
      hypotheses are generated to explain subpopulation differences. These etiologic
      hypotheses are then tested in regional or specialized study populations such as
      the Adventist Health Study, the Rand Health Insurance Study, or the American
      Rheumatism Association Medical Information System.

PMID- 2642445
TI  - Peptic ulcer: the many proteinases of aggression.
AB  - Peptic activity has long been recognized as an essential factor in the
      pathogenesis of peptic ulcer and related diseases, but only recently has it
      become clear that this activity is derived from a remarkable diversity of
      enzymes, all of which belong to the aspartic proteinase family of enzymes. These
      include two types of pepsinogens and two types of cathepsins. In recent years,
      considerable progress has been made in characterizing these proteinases and in
      applying this information to the study of a number of gastrointestinal disorders.
      The intent of this article is to update recent basic and clinical information on
      these topics and to suggest several areas that merit further investigation.

PMID- 2642446
TI  - Role of endogenous prostaglandins in preventing gastrointestinal ulceration:
      induction of ulcers by antibodies to prostaglandins.
AB  - Active immunization of rabbits with the principal, endogenous prostaglandins in
      the gastrointestinal mucosa induces gastrointestinal mucosal ulceration.
      Development of ulceration in prostaglandin-immunized rabbits appears to be a
      direct consequence of production of specific prostaglandin antibodies, as
      prostaglandin antibodies per se induce gastric ulceration within 9 days when
      administered intravenously to unimmunized rabbits. These studies suggest that
      endogenous prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha, D2, and I2 in the gastrointestinal tract
      play an important role in preventing mucosal ulceration. The mechanism of ulcer
      formation is not completely understood, but most evidence points toward
      prostaglandin antibodies inducing mucosal ulceration by binding to endogenous
      prostaglandins within the mucosa and thereby negating their mucosal protective
      effects. Gastric acid hypersecretion and complement fixation by prostaglandin
      antiprostaglandin complexes are not likely involved in the development of mucosal
      ulceration in this model. Use of antibodies to interfere with prostaglandin
      action may be an alternative approach to investigate (a) the importance of
      endogenous prostaglandins in mediating mucosal protective mechanisms and (b) the
      role of prostaglandins in acute and chronic erosive/ulcerative diseases of the
      gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2642447
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Campylobacter pylori is now known to be the most common and important cause of
      gastritis, and C. pylori infections have been associated with duodenal ulcer,
      gastric ulcer, nonulcer dyspepsia, and gastric cancer. Although it has been only
      possible to culture C. pylori for about 5 yr, there are already sufficient data
      available to allow us to develop the basic framework that relates C. pylori
      gastritis to the causation of peptic ulcer disease. We review the data and
      propose mechanisms that implicate C. pylori as an important factor in the
      pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease and consider the therapeutic implications.
      What we now know about C. pylori begins to unravel some of the mysteries
      surrounding peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2642448
TI  - Silent peptic ulceration: deadly silence or golden silence?
AB  - Peptic ulcer hemorrhage or perforation occur commonly in patients with hitherto
      silent ulceration, particularly in the elderly or in those taking nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs. The majority of patients dying from peptic ulceration
      have no symptoms of ulcer disease until the presentation of their final, fatal
      illness. There is a need for more studies investigating the early symptoms of the
      fatal ulcer disease, the effects of therapies that may prevent fatalities, and
      the management of potentially lethal ulcer disease upon clinical presentation.
      Silent ulceration also occurs in patients after successful healing with medical
      treatment, and the apparent point prevalence of silent ulceration (in the
      framework of a clinical trial) is critically dependent on the frequency of repeat
      endoscopic examination and the treatment modality. Maintenance treatment with H2
      receptor antagonists appears to some extent to decrease the frequency of
      asymptomatic ulcers, but more interestingly to halt the progression of
      asymptomatic ulcers toward symptomatic or complicated ulceration, although more
      careful studies in comparison with other modalities are needed.

PMID- 2642449
TI  - Initial therapy and relapse of duodenal ulcer: possible acid secretory
      mechanisms.
AB  - Review of the four studies investigating the effect of initial therapy on ulcer
      relapse indicates that there is an increased rate of relapse after treatment with
      H2-receptor antagonists compared with placebo or other classes of drugs when
      combined. When individual drugs are considered, this appears to hold true for
      colloidal bismuth alone. There are several possible reasons for these
      differences. The most likely candidate mechanism to account for these differences
      is an alteration in gastric secretion, which might arise from alterations in
      gastrin, altered receptor regulation, parietal cell sensitivity, or peptic
      activity. However, the evidence for such an alteration in secretion is far from
      conclusive. Other factors that may be important include mucosal defense factors,
      smoking, Campylobacter pylori, and the statistical methodology.

PMID- 2642450
TI  - Epidemiologic evidence on the association between peptic ulceration and
      antiinflammatory drug use.
AB  - Adverse effects associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug treatment are
      reported more commonly to regulatory authorities than the adverse effects of any
      other form of treatment. Epidemiologic evidence in general suggests a doubling or
      quadrupling of the risk of ulcer complications or death in recipients of such
      treatment. The risk appears to be related to increasing age, but no other
      associated factor has yet been identified. It is uncertain whether individuals
      with preexisting ulcer are at special risk or whether treatment predisposed
      equally to ulcer and ulcer complications, and there is no clear evidence that the
      nature of the disability leading to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug treatment
      influences the risk of gastrointestinal complications.

PMID- 2642451
TI  - Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced ulcers: management by traditional
      therapies.
AB  - Endoscopic distinction between ulcers and erosions is difficult. Consequently,
      existing literature, which must be taken at face value, may be misleading.
      Nevertheless, from published studies most gastric and duodenal ulcers associated
      with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs appear to heal on antacids or H2
      antagonists. Sucralfate appears useful for duodenal but not gastric ulcers.
      Continuing nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs does not prevent or delay healing
      of duodenal or small gastric ulcers; their effects on large gastric ulcers remain
      uncertain. Thus far, only full doses of H2-antagonists, or their combinations
      with antacids, have been shown to heal ulcers and prevent recurrences. Ulcer
      recurrences and complications have occurred in small numbers of patients on
      maintenance doses of H2-antagonists. Available antiulcer drugs (antacids, H2
      antagonists, sucralfate) reduce severe acute injury when taken before or with
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. They also reduce ulcerlike symptoms due to
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Inexplicably, chronic prophylaxis with H2
      antagonists for 4 wk or more appears ineffective in preventing gastric ulcers,
      although duodenal injury is reduced. As the efficacy of available prophylactic
      therapy (H2-antagonists, sucralfate, and antacids) has not been established,
      routine use in all cases seems unjustified at present.

PMID- 2642452
TI  - Prevention of gastroduodenal injury induced by chronic nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drug therapy.
AB  - The fact that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) damage the
      gastroduodenal mucosa is now accepted as NSAID use has been associated with a
      disproportionately high frequency of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and
      perforation of gastric and duodenal ulcers. More than 10% of patients receiving
      NSAIDs chronically will have a gastric ulcer on any given day, a point prevalence
      of ulcer disease 5-10 times higher than in patients who are not taking NSAIDs.
      Endoscopic studies comparing the effect of acute administration of NSAIDs on the
      gastroduodenal mucosa in normal volunteers have failed to predict which NSAIDs
      would be safest when administered chronically. All of the newer NSAIDs appear to
      be similar in their propensity to cause chronic mucosal damage, including peptic
      ulceration. Recent studies have suggested that in those starting NSAID therapy,
      prophylactic cotreatment with H2-receptor antagonists or sucralfate has minimal
      or no effect on preventing the development of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers,
      although duodenal ulcers may be reduced. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
      induced gastric ulcers are also not prevented by drug formulations that prevent
      or markedly reduce the amount of active NSAID in the stomach. Cotreatment with
      the synthetic prostaglandin misoprostol was associated with a marked reduction in
      gastric ulcer development in patients with osteoarthritis receiving NSAIDs
      chronically, suggesting that prevention of prostaglandin generation in the
      gastric mucosa may play a pivotal role in NSAID-induced gastric ulcers.

PMID- 2642453
TI  - Randomized phase III trial of chemoimmunotherapy in patients with previously
      untreated stage III, optimal disease ovarian cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group
      Study.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1984, 98 patients considered to have stage III epithelial type
      ovarian cancer and optimal surgical resections (i.e., less than 2 cm residual
      tumor masses) were randomly assigned to treatment with 2 cm residual tumor
      masses) were randomly assigned to treatment with doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide +
      BCG (DC + BCG) vs doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide + cisplatin (DCP) vs.
      doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide + cisplatin + BCG (DCP + BCG). Seventeen (17%)
      were considered ineligible on the basis of formal histopathologic review. The
      pathologically proven complete response rates for DC + BCG, DCP, and DCP + BCG
      treated patients were 20, 23, and 41%, respectively, and the median survival
      durations were 36.8, 48.2, and 57.4 months, respectively. Because of the
      relatively small sample size, definite conclusions concerning the response or
      survival impact of adding cisplatin to DC + BCG or BCG to DCP can not be drawn;
      nevertheless, all three groups of patients experienced prolonged survival
      durations with approximately 40% of all eligible patients alive at 5 years.

PMID- 2642454
TI  - Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary: a clinical analysis and comparison with
      serous carcinoma.
AB  - Forty-four patients with clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary diagnosed between
      1944 and 1981 were compared with a matched cohort of 55 patients with the most
      common epithelial malignant lesion, serous adenocarcinoma, in terms of their
      presentation and clinical course. None were lost to follow-up. Median follow-up
      was 9 years. Fifty percent of clear cell patients presented in Stage I versus 31%
      of serous patients. Patients with clear cell carcinoma presented more often with
      pelvic masses (84% vs 65%) and had larger (diameter greater than 10 cm) primary
      tumors (73% vs 29%). Forty-nine percent of clear cell patients were nulligravid
      compared with 24% of serous patients and endometriosis was strikingly more common
      in clear cell patients (58% vs 12%). When compared stage for stage, clear cell
      tumors were uniformly associated with poorer 5-year survival rates with an
      overall rate of 34%. In patients with recurrent disease, lymph node involvement
      was much more common in patients with clear cell carcinoma (40% vs 7%).
      Parenchymal organ involvement was also more common in the clear cell group (40%
      vs 13%). Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma has distinctly different clinical
      behavior compared to serous carcinoma and should be regarded as an aggressive
      epithelial histologic type.

PMID- 2642455
TI  - Randomized phase III trial of chemoimmunotherapy in patients with previously
      untreated stages III and IV suboptimal disease ovarian cancer: a Southwest
      Oncology Group Study.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1984, 185 fully evaluable patients with stage III or IV
      epithelial type ovarian cancer and suboptimal surgical resections were randomly
      assigned to treatment with doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide + BCG (DC + BCG) vs
      doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide + cisplatin (DCP) vs. doxorubicin +
      cyclophosphamide + cisplatin + BCG (DCP + BCG). Patients with measurable disease
      (119) were analyzed separately from those with nonmeasurable disease (66). In
      measurable disease patients the overall clinical complete plus partial response
      rates for DC + BCG, DCP, and DCP + BCG-treated patients were 36, 57, and 59%,
      respectively. Although there were no significant patient characteristic
      differences between the DCP and DCP + BCG treatment groups, the addition of
      cisplatin to the DC + BCG regimen resulted in significantly prolonged response (P
      less than 0.03) and survival (P less than 0.002) durations. To the contrary, the
      addition of BCG to the DCP regimen did not improve objective response rates or
      response or survival durations. For patients with nonmeasurable, suboptimal
      disease there were no significant differences between the three treatments with
      respect to response or survival parameters; however, patients in this disease
      category fared generally better than those with clinically measurable disease. We
      conclude that cisplatin adds significantly to the efficacy of DC + BCG, but BCG
      does not add to the efficacy of DCP in patients with measurable, stage III or IV
      disease.

PMID- 2642456
TI  - Pelvic fibromatosis: case report and review of literature.
AB  - The case report of a patient with pelvic fibromatosis is described. Excision of
      the tumor without sacrificing organs or major vessels was performed. Although not
      malignant, this tumor can be life-threatening due to its locally invasive
      properties. A variety of therapeutic options are discussed.

PMID- 2642457
TI  - Correlation between histology and immunophenotype in a series of 322 cases of non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid neoplasms
      displaying a wide variation in cell morphology, histological patterns,
      immunological phenotype and prognosis. In this paper we compare the results of
      phenotypic investigation of 322 tissue biopsies with the histology based on the
      Kiel classification. Immunological analysis revealed that 81 per cent of these
      tumours were of B cell origin, 12 per cent of T cell origin and the remaining 7
      per cent could not be characterized as representing either cell lineage. This
      last group included a number of cases which had received a histological diagnosis
      of true histiocytic lymphoma. The original morphological diagnosis, based on
      routine haematoxylin and eosion sections correlated with the immunologically
      determined phenotype in 86 and 93 per cent of the T- and B-cell cases
      respectively. The B cell tumours were phenotypically heterogenous with respect to
      immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain and B lymphocyte subset marker expression. IgG
      was most often found associated with NHL of cb/cc histology and a small subgroup
      of lymphocytic NHL. IgA expression was uncommon and occurred in combination with
      IgD and G in three cases and alone in two cases of NHL. The most common
      immunoglobulin isotype expressed was IgM this isotype occurred with IgD most
      often in lymphocytic and centrocytic NHL and less often in tumours of cb/cc
      histology. Whilst greater than 90 per cent of the lymphocytic NHLs expressed the
      CD5 antigen, between 20 and 75 per cent of B-cell tumours of other histologies
      also expressed this epitope. The CD10 antigen and the epitope recognized by the
      monoclonal reagent FMC7 were widely distributed on tumour cells from all
      histologies. TdT expression commonly regarded as a marker for immature cells was
      found in one case of follicle centre cell lymphoma. All cases of T cell NHL
      displayed marked heterogeneity for both pan T and T subset antigens which is
      significant in terms of the routine diagnosis of T NHL and with regard to the
      rational classification of node based T NHL. Unlike resting peripheral blood T
      cells, MHC class II, OKT 10 and CD25 epitopes were expressed reflecting
      activation of tumour populations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2642459
TI  - The budget debate will overshadow new legislation.

PMID- 2642458
TI  - Cyclosporin associated demyelination following allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - Neurological complications associated with cyclosporin administration are well
      documented. However their histopathological basis are ill-understood. We describe
      below a case of demyelination following cyclosporin administration to a patient
      following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2642460
TI  - Court upholds retroactive reimbursement.

PMID- 2642461
TI  - Home care in U.S. hospitals.

PMID- 2642462
TI  - Dollar impact of RVS: AMA study.

PMID- 2642463
TI  - Intracellular survival of wild-type Salmonella typhimurium and macrophage
      sensitive mutants in diverse populations of macrophages.
AB  - Salmonella typhimurium survives within macrophages and causes a fatal infection
      in susceptible strains of mice. A number of S. typhimurium mutants that contain
      Tn10 insertions in genes which are necessary for survival within the macrophage
      have been isolated. To demonstrate the importance of each gene in intracellular
      survival, the mutations were transduced into a smooth-strain background and the
      ability to survive intracellularly was assayed in five different populations of
      macrophages. The majority of the original macrophage-sensitive mutants retained
      the macrophage-sensitive phenotype in the smooth-strain background. The ability
      to survive or grow within macrophages varied with both the source of macrophages
      and the individual mutants. S. typhimurium grew best in the macrophage-like cell
      line J774, survived at moderate levels in splenic and bone marrow-derived
      macrophages, and was killed most efficiently in peritoneal macrophages.
      Macrophage-sensitive mutants transduced into a smooth background were also less
      virulent than the parent, with a 50% lethal dose of 2 to 5 logs greater than that
      of the parental strain. These experiments demonstrate that survival of S.
      typhimurium within macrophages varies with the source of cells, with a distinct
      ability to survive in macrophages from mouse spleens, where S. typhimurium grows
      rapidly. These experiments also demonstrate the heterogeneity in intracellular
      survival among the various macrophage-sensitive mutants, which may reflect the
      relative importance of the individual mutated genes in survival within
      macrophages.

PMID- 2642464
TI  - Administration of purified anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody impairs the resistance
      of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection.
AB  - Anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody (GK1.5) treatment significantly impaired the
      antilisteria resistance of mice as manifested by increased recovery of listeriae
      from the spleens and livers of anti-L3T4-treated mice and by greater severity of
      damage to the liver and other organs. Anti-L3T4-treated mice demonstrated a
      profound decrease in their T cell-mediated responses to Listeria monocytogenes
      and its products; they failed to develop delayed type hypersensitivity to soluble
      listeria antigens in vivo, and their spleen cells proliferated poorly in response
      to stimulation by either mitogens or listeria antigens in vitro. Spleen cells
      from control listeria-infected mice produced significant amounts of gamma
      interferon when stimulated with listeria antigens in vitro, whereas under the
      same conditions spleen cells from anti-L3T4-treated listeria-infected mice failed
      to produce detectable gamma interferon. Anti-L3T4 treatment resulted in a slight
      increase in serum colony-stimulating activity as compared with control listeria
      infected mice, probably as a result of the increased bacterial burden in these
      animals. Despite the dramatic decrease in T-cell activities, anti-L3T4-treated
      mice succeeded in clearing L. monocytogenes from the spleen and liver in a manner
      that was only slightly delayed as compared with control listeria-infected mice.
      In addition, anti-L3T4-treated listeria-immunized mice exhibited a moderate
      degree of enhanced resistance to rechallenge with L. monocytogenes, and their
      spleen cells were able to transfer a limited degree of antilisteria resistance to
      naive recipient mice. Both of these responses, however, were diminished as
      compared with those of control listeria-immunized mice in the same experiments.
      Although these observations establish a critical role for L3T4+ cells in the
      development of maximal resistance to listeriosis, they also suggest that
      compensatory mechanisms may allow mice to develop considerable antilisteria
      resistance even when L3T4+ cell activities are substantially reduced.

PMID- 2642465
TI  - The ail locus is found uniquely in Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes commonly
      associated with disease.
AB  - Yersinia enterocolitica is a heterogeneous group of organisms with more than 50
      serotypes and several biotypes. Only a few of these serotypes cause
      gastrointestinal disease in otherwise healthy hosts; these serotypes are the
      pathogenic serotypes. Although Y. enterocolitica requires a high-molecular-weight
      plasmid to cause disease, chromosome-encoded determinants are required for the
      full expression of virulence. The ability of Yersinia spp. to invade eucaryotic
      cells is thought to be a virulence factor, because nonpathogenic serotypes are
      noninvasive in animals and in tissue culture cell models. Current evidence
      indicates that invasion ability is chromosome encoded. We recently reported
      cloning two loci, inv and ail, from Y. enterocolitica O8 strain 8081c that allow
      Escherichia coli to invade tissue culture cells. We investigated the link between
      invasion in an in vitro tissue culture invasion (TCI) model and hybridization to
      probes derived from the two invasion loci, inv and ail. We examined 177 Yersinia
      strains. Strains of serotypes and species associated with disease were TCI+,
      whereas strains of serotypes and species not associated with disease were TCI-.
      Only TCI+ strains had DNA homologous to probes derived from ail. All strains
      (TCI+ and TCI-) had DNA homologous to probes derived from inv, but there were
      certain restriction fragment-linked polymorphisms that were associated primarily
      with TCI+ strains. These observations held true for strains epidemiologically
      associated with disease. Both the inv and ail loci were found to be clearly
      located on the chromosome. No other genera, including other invasive organisms,
      had DNA homologous to inv or ail. These data support the hypothesis that the ail
      locus encodes a Y. enterocolitica invasion factor that may be involved in
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 2642466
TI  - Sequence analysis of the 47-kilodalton major integral membrane immunogen of
      Treponema pallidum.
AB  - The complete primary amino acid sequence for the 47-kilodalton (kDa) major
      integral membrane immunogen of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum was obtained by
      using a combined strategy of DNA sequencing (of the cloned gene in Escherichia
      coli) and N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the native (T. pallidum subsp.
      pallidum-derived) antigen. An open reading frame believed to encode the 47-kDa
      antigen comprised 367 amino acid codons, which gave rise to a calculated
      molecular weight for the corresponding antigen of 40,701. Of the 367 amino acids,
      113 (31%) were sequenced by N-terminal amino acid sequencing of trypsin and
      hydroxylamine cleavage fragments of the native molecule isolated from T. pallidum
      subsp. pallidum; amino acid sequence data had a 100% correlation with that of the
      amino acid sequence predicted from DNA sequencing of the cloned gene in E. coli.
      Although no consensus sequences for the initiation of transcription or
      translation were readily identifiable immediately 5' to the putative methionine
      start codon, a 63-base-pair PstI fragment located 159 nucleotides upstream was
      required for expression of the 47-kDa antigen in E. coli. The 47-kDa antigen
      sequence did not reveal a typical leader sequence. The overall G+C content for
      the DNA corresponding to the structural gene was 53%. Hydrophilicity analysis
      identified at least one major hydrophilic domain of the protein near the N
      terminus of the molecule which potentially represents an immunodominant epitope.
      No repetitive primary sequence epitopes were found. The combined data provide the
      molecular basis for further structural and functional studies regarding the role
      of the antigen in the immunopathogenesis of treponemal disease.

PMID- 2642467
TI  - C-reactive protein protects against preerythrocytic stages of malaria.
AB  - We previously reported that low doses of interleukin-1 strongly inhibited in
      vitro development of the hepatic stages of Plasmodium falciparum and P. yoelii.
      Among several hypotheses, we considered the role of C-reactive protein (CRP), a
      major acute-phase reactant whose concentration increases markedly in infectious
      disorders. We demonstrated that human hepatocytes cultured in the presence of
      interleukin-1 released, as early as 30 min after stimulation, an increased amount
      of CRP. We then established that CRP bound to the P. falciparum and P. yoelii
      sporozoite surface membranes, probably via a phosphorylcholine binding site.
      Experiments in which CRP was added to rat hepatocyte monolayers during or after
      inoculation confirmed that the target of the CRP-mediated inhibition was at the
      very early phase of infection. These in vitro functional activities were
      confirmed in an in vivo model; rats with increased levels of CRP in serum
      following an injection of turpentine oil were found to be largely protected
      against an inoculation of P. yoelii sporozoites. The same results were observed
      in animals inoculated with sporozoites previously incubated in purified CRP or in
      sera of rats pretreated with turpentine oil. The latter effect was inhibited
      after incubation of serum from turpentine-injected rats with anti-CRP serum.

PMID- 2642468
TI  - Cloning and characterization of the gene for immunogenic protein MPB64 of
      Mycobacterium bovis BCG.
AB  - The gene for immunogenic protein MPB64 found in culture filtrates of only
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG was cloned
      by using a single-probe method and was sequenced. The gene analysis revealed that
      the structural gene for MPB64 consisted of 618 base pairs, and its deduced
      molecular weight was 22,400. Twenty-two amino acids for a putative signal peptide
      and 205 amino acids for the MPB64 protein were observed. In the coding region,
      the third letter of the codon showed a biased codon and a high G+C content
      (78.5%). The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli by using an E. coli
      expression vector. The product showed migration similar to that of the authentic
      MPB64 protein by electrophoresis and reacted with the polyclonal and the
      monoclonal antibodies raised against the MPB64 protein. The strict specificity of
      MPB64 could be applied to immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis.

PMID- 2642469
TI  - Fibrinogen binding and resistance to phagocytosis of Streptococcus sanguis
      expressing cloned M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes.
AB  - The biological properties of Streptococcus pyogenes M protein cloned and
      expressed in S. sanguis were investigated. The spm-5 gene previously cloned into
      Escherichia coli was subcloned into the E. coli-S. sanguis shuttle plasmid pVA838
      to produce a newly constructed plasmid, pBK100. Cells of S. sanguis transformed
      with pBK100 expressed 53-, 55-, and 58-kilodalton polypeptides reacting with type
      5 M protein antiserum in immunoblots. The M protein was expressed on the surface
      of S. sanguis cells as shown by the capacity of the intact cells to (i) inhibit
      the reactivity of anti-type 5 antibodies with purified M protein as demonstrated
      by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; (ii) inhibit the opsonization by M5
      antisera of type 5 S. pyogenes; (iii) express M-protein-like fibrils on the
      surface of the organisms that react with M5 antisera as revealed by
      immunoelectron microscopy; (iv) bind plasma fibrinogen and, as a consequence,
      resist phagocytosis by human blood neutrophils; and (v) be rendered susceptible
      to phagocytosis by opsonic M5 antisera. These results provide additional evidence
      that streptococcal M proteins bind host proteins as a ploy to evade host defense
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2642470
TI  - Toxic shock syndrome-associated staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins
      are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor production.
AB  - Toxic shock syndrome-associated staphylococcal and streptococcal exotoxins were
      tested for an ability to induce the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
      Staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C1, along with streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin
      A, all induced TNF production in a dose-dependent manner, with production peaking
      on the average at 3 days but continuing over the 6 days tested. This time course
      of exotoxin-induced TNF production contrasts with the 1-day peak-2-day duration
      observed with endotoxin as the stimulus and may be significant to development of
      toxic shock syndrome.

PMID- 2642471
TI  - Outbreaks of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in colonies of immunodeficient mice.
AB  - Outbreaks of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred in colonies of nu/nu and
      scid/scid mice at four different institutions. The disease, which was
      characterized by chronic wasting and respiratory insufficiency, was more severe
      in older mice and in animals housed in cages with special protective tops.
      Histopathologic features included alveolar filling with the typical foamy
      honeycomb material and a mild, nonspecific host inflammatory response.
      Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting studies suggested the P. carinii isolate
      was of mouse rather than of rat or human origin, and the outbreaks could be
      related to each other by common vendor or source of breeding animals. Once P.
      carinii became established in a mouse colony, the organism tended to persist for
      long periods of time. The principal control measure was depopulation of the
      colony, although limited experience with the administration of trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole was encouraging. Thus, outbreaks of pneumocystosis are a serious
      problem among colonies of immunodeficient mice, with important implications for
      the use of these animals in biomedical research. Data obtained by studying these
      outbreaks should enhance understanding of the pathogenesis of P. carinii
      pneumonia and be helpful in formulating improved methods of detection and
      control.

PMID- 2642472
TI  - Glucose phosphorylation is not rate limiting for accumulation of glycogen from
      glucose in perfused livers from fasted rats.
AB  - Incorporation of Glc and Fru into glycogen was measured in perfused livers from
      24-h fasted rats using [6-3H]Glc and [U-14C]Fru. For the initial 20 min, livers
      were perfused with low Glc (2 mM) to deplete hepatic glycogen and were perfused
      for the following 30 min with various combinations of Glc and Fru. With constant
      Fru (2 mM), increasing perfusate Glc increased the relative contribution of Glc
      carbons to glycogen (7.2 +/- 0.4, 34.9 +/- 2.8, and 59.1 +/- 2.7% at 2, 10, and
      20 mM Glc, respectively; n = 5 for each). During perfusion with substrate levels
      seen during refeeding (10 mM Glc, 1.8 mumol/g/min gluconeogenic flux from 2 mM
      Fru), Fru provided 54.7 +/- 2.7% of the carbons for glycogen, while Glc provided
      only 34.9 +/- 2.8%, consistent with in vivo estimations. However, the estimated
      rate of Glc phosphorylation was at least 1.10 +/- 0.11 mumol/g/min, which
      exceeded by at least 4-fold the glycogen accumulation rate (0.28 +/- 0.04 mumol
      of glucose/g/min). The total rate of glucose 6-phosphate supply via Glc
      phosphorylation and gluconeogenesis (2.9 mumol/g/min) exceeded reported in vivo
      rates of glycogen accumulation during refeeding. Thus, in perfused livers of 24-h
      fasted rats there is an apparent redundancy in glucose 6-phosphate supply. These
      results suggest that the rate-limiting step for hepatic glycogen accumulation
      during refeeding is located between glucose 6-phosphate and glycogen, rather than
      at the step of Glc phosphorylation or in the gluconeogenic pathway.

PMID- 2642473
TI  - A 37-base pair element in the far upstream spacer region can enhance
      transcription of rat rDNA in vitro and can bind to the core promoter-binding
      factor(s).
AB  - Previous studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that a 174-base pair (bp)
      rat rDNA spacer region located more than 2 kilobase pairs upstream of the
      initiation site, can enhance rat rDNA transcription in vitro independent of its
      orientation or distance or when inserted downstream of the initiation site.
      Further dissection of this region showed that transcription of a rDNA fragment
      containing just 37 bp of the spacer sequence, located between -2.183 and -2.219
      kilobase pairs upstream of the initiation site, is 8-fold greater than that of
      the rDNA fragment devoid of the spacer element. Electrophoretic mobility shift
      assay demonstrated specific interaction of the 37-bp DNA fragment with a cellular
      protein(s). The spacer DNA competed for essential transcription factors as
      demonstrated by the absence of transcription following preincubation of the
      extract with the 37-bp fragment. Similar competition was also observed when a 58
      bp PolI promoter was substituted for the enhancer fragment. The binding of the
      factor(s) to the enhancer element was not altered when coding and noncoding
      strands of the 37-bp oligodeoxynucleotide were used separately in the competition
      assay. Since the 37-bp enhancer region and the core promoter do not exhibit any
      significant sequence homology, the factor(s) appears to interact with these cis
      acting elements in a sequence-independent manner.

PMID- 2642474
TI  - Perturbation of insulin-receptor interactions by intramolecular hormone cross
      linking. Analysis of relative movement among residues A1, B1, and B29.
AB  - We have evaluated, by use of isolated canine hepatocytes, the importance of
      intramolecular hormone cross-linking (and of concomitant changes in molecular
      flexibility) to the interaction of insulin with its plasma membrane receptor.
      Cross-linked hormone analogs were prepared by reacting porcine insulin, N alpha
      A1-t-butyloxycarbonyl insulin or N alpha A1-t-butyloxycarbonyl [D-LysA1]insulin
      with various dicarboxylic acid active esters to obtain alpha-GlyA1/epsilon-LysB29
      , alpha-PheB1/epsilon-LysB29-, and epsilon-D-LysA1/epsilon-LysB29-cross-linked
      insulins, respectively. In the aggregate, insulin analogs cross-linked by groups
      containing 2-12 atoms retained 1.4-35% of the receptor binding potency of native
      insulin. Analysis of our results suggests that: (a) loss of chemical
      functionality, steric interference, and restriction of potential intramolecular
      movement can all play roles in determining the receptor binding potencies of
      cross-linked insulin analogs; (b) restriction of intramolecular movement between
      residues A1 and B29 affects negatively the binding of insulin to its receptor
      (but accounts for only a fraction of the conformational change which insulin must
      undergo to achieve a high affinity state of ligand-receptor interaction); and (c)
      introduction of a cross-link between residues B1 and B29 (residues that are in
      fact in proximity in one crystalline form of the hormone) decreases markedly the
      receptor binding potencies of the corresponding analogs. The importance of these
      findings is discussed in relation to the potential structure of insulin when it
      is bound to its plasma membrane receptor.

PMID- 2642475
TI  - Fast measurement of galactoside transport by lactose permease.
AB  - Lactose permease of Escherichia coli was reconstituted into vesicles of
      dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and the rate of galactoside counterflow was
      measured in the millisecond time range. The turnover number and the half
      saturation constant for transport agree with the values known for cells. This
      result demonstrates that lactose permease is the sole protein necessary for
      galactoside transport. Furthermore, lactose permease seems not to require a high
      level of negatively charged lipids or a certain degree of unsaturation of the
      lipid hydrocarbon chains. However, the lipids must be in the fluid state, because
      the transport rate drastically decreases below the lipid ordered fluid phase
      transition.

PMID- 2642476
TI  - Crystallization of the bifunctional biotin operon repressor.
AB  - The bifunctional birA gene product, BirA, which represses the biotin biosynthetic
      bio operon and also activates biotin in Escherichia coli, has been crystallized.
      The crystals have the tetragonal space group P4(1)2(1)2, or its enantiomorph,
      with unit cell dimensions a = b = 114.0 A and c = 60.2 A and diffract to at least
      2.3 A resolution. The crystal packing requires that the monomers of the birA
      protein be arranged as dimers with two-fold symmetry. BirA is the first protein
      to be crystallized that is both a transcriptional regulator and an enzyme.

PMID- 2642477
TI  - Microtubule depolymerization inhibits the regulation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein
      mRNA by hepatocyte stimulating factor.
AB  - Hepatocyte stimulating factor (HSF, a polypeptide cytokine) is a major regulatory
      hormone responsible for hepatic acute-phase reactant (APR) induction following
      acute systemic injury. The mechanisms by which HSF regulates APR synthesis in the
      liver are unknown. Microtubules are involved in a number of polypeptide hormone
      mediated events which can be modified, either positively or negatively, by
      microtubule depolymerizing agents. In this study we have used colchicine (a
      microtubule depolymerizing drug) to assess whether or not HSF-mediated changes in
      rat hepatic alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) or albumin mRNA levels require an
      intact microtubule cytoskeletal system. Cultured rat hepatocytes were pretreated
      for 30 min with either colchicine (10(-6) M), or the inactive isomer
      lumicolchicine (10(-6) M), or fresh medium. Following pretreatment, purified
      murine macrophage HSF (10 units/ml) was added and the cells were incubated for an
      additional 12 h. Colchicine, but not lumicolchicine, significantly inhibited the
      HSF-dependent regulation of mRNA for the positive APR, AGP, but had no effect on
      the mRNA levels of albumin, a negative APR. Furthermore, removal of colchicine
      from previously inhibited cultures allowed HSF to restimulate AGP mRNA
      expression. These data suggest that microtubules may play a regulatory role in
      controlling the expression of the genes for positive acute-phase proteins and may
      explain the temporal differences found in vivo between positive and negative APR
      expression.

PMID- 2642478
TI  - Biosynthesis and incorporation into protein of norleucine by Escherichia coli.
AB  - The methionine analog norleucine was produced during the synthesis of bovine
      somatotropin by Escherichia coli strain W3110G containing the recombinant plasmid
      pBGH1. Norleucine was generated by the leucine biosynthetic pathway from pyruvate
      or alpha-ketobutyrate in place of alpha-ketoisovalerate as the initial substrate.
      The intracellular level of norleucine was high enough to permit the analog to
      compete successfully with methionine for incorporation into protein. Two ways
      were found to prevent either the formation of norleucine or its incorporation
      into protein. The endogenous synthesis of norleucine was eliminated by deleting
      the leucine operon. The addition of sufficient methionine or 2-hydroxy-4
      methylthiobutanoic acid, a precursor of methionine, to the culture medium
      prevented any norleucine from being incorporated into protein.

PMID- 2642479
TI  - Enzymatic methylation of L-isoaspartyl residues derived from aspartyl residues in
      affinity-purified calmodulin. The role of conformational flexibility in
      spontaneous isoaspartyl formation.
AB  - We have investigated the formation of D-aspartyl and L-isoaspartyl (beta
      aspartyl) residues and their subsequent methylation in bovine brain calmodulin by
      the type II protein carboxyl methyltransferase. Based on the results of studies
      with unstructured peptides and denatured proteins, it has been proposed that the
      major sites of carboxyl methylation in calmodulin are at L-isoaspartyl residues
      that originate from two Asn-Gly sequences. To test this hypothesis, we directly
      identified the sites of methylation in affinity-purified preparations of
      calmodulin by peptide mapping using the proteases trypsin, endoproteinase Lys-C,
      clostripain, chymotrypsin, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. We found,
      however, that the major high-affinity sites of methylation originate from
      aspartyl residues at position 2 and at positions 78 and/or 80. The methylatable
      residue in the first case was shown to be L-isoaspartate by comparison of the
      properties of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the N-terminal 13 residues
      substituted with an L-iso-Asp residue at position 2. The second methylatable
      residue, probably derived from Asp78, also appears to be an L-isoaspartyl
      residue. These sites appear to be readily accessible to the methyltransferase and
      are present in relatively flexible regions of calmodulin that may allow the
      spontaneous degradation reactions to occur that generate L-isoaspartyl residues
      via succinimide intermediates. Interestingly, the four calcium binding regions,
      each containing 3-4 aspartyl and asparaginyl residues (including the two Asn-Gly
      sequences), do not appear to contribute to the high-affinity methyl acceptor
      sites, even when calcium is removed prior to the methylation reaction. We propose
      that methylatable residues do not form at these sites because of the
      inflexibility of these regions when calcium is bound.

PMID- 2642480
TI  - An RNA secondary structure switch between the inactive and active conformations
      of the Escherichia coli 30 S ribosomal subunit.
AB  - Psoralen cross-linking was used to produce intramolecular cross-links in the
      Escherichia coli 16 S ribosomal RNA in the inactive and active forms of the 30 S
      subunit. A number of psoralen cross-links were made in the inactive form that
      were not made in the active form. The most frequent of these cross-links was
      sequenced by a series of techniques and identified as C-924 to U-1532. In this
      region, a three-base complementary, (921-923).(1532-1534), forms a site where
      psoralen can stack and produce a cross-link between C-924 and U-1532. When
      psoralen monoadducts were placed on inactive subunits and the conformation was
      switched to the active form before cross-linking, a new cross-link involving U
      1393 was detected. U-1393 is part of the complementarity, (923-925).(1391-1393),
      that has previously been proposed as being an element of the functional secondary
      structure on the basis of sequence comparison. The complementarity between (921
      923).(1532-1534) occurs in most nonmitochondrial small subunit RNAs; however,
      there are several counter examples in which it does not occur. This suggests that
      this alternate secondary structure interaction is not necessary for the function
      of the 30 S subunit.

PMID- 2642481
TI  - Shiga toxin, Shiga-like toxin II variant, and ricin are all single-site RNA N
      glycosidases of 28 S RNA when microinjected into Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Ricin, Shiga toxin, and Shiga-like toxin II (SLT-II, Vero toxin 2) exhibit an RNA
      N-glycosidase activity which specifically removes a single base near the 3' end
      of 28 S rRNA in isolated rat liver ribosomes and deproteinized 28 S rRNA (Endo
      Y., Mitsui, K., Motizuki, M., & Tsurugi, K. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5908-5912;
      Endo Y. & Tsurugi, K. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8128-8130, Endo, Y., Tsurugi,
      K., Yutsudo, T., Takeda, Y., Ogasawara, K. & Igarashi, K. (1988) Eur. J. Biochem.
      171, 45-50). These workers identified the single base removed, A-4324, by
      examining a 28 S rRNA degradation product which was generated by contaminating
      ribonucleases associated with the ribosomes. To determine whether this N
      glycosidase activity applies in living cells, we microinjected ricin into Xenopus
      oocytes. We also microinjected Shiga toxin and a variant of Shiga-like toxin II
      (SLT-IIv). All three toxins specifically removed A-3732, located 378 nucleotides
      from the 3' end of 28 S rRNA. This base is analogous to the site observed in rat
      28 S rRNA for ricin, Shiga toxin, and SLT-II. Purified, glycosylated, ricin A
      chain contains this RNA N-glycosidase activity in oocytes. We also demonstrated
      that the nonglycosylated A subunit of recombinant ricin exhibits this RNA N
      glycosidase activity when injected into Xenopus oocytes. Ricin, Shiga toxin, and
      SLT-IIv also caused a rapid decline in oocyte protein synthesis for nonsecretory
      proteins.

PMID- 2642482
TI  - Solubilization of prostacyclin membrane receptors from human platelets.
AB  - Prostacyclin (PGI2) receptors have been identified on platelets and other tissues
      but their physicochemical properties remain unknown due to difficulties in
      obtaining active solubilized receptors. We evaluated the ability of several
      detergents to release the receptors from platelet membrane preparations. In
      contrast to the results of Dutta-Roy and Sinha (Dutta-Roy, A. K., and Sinha, A.
      K. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 12685-12691) which revealed selective
      solubilization of PGE1/PGI2 receptors by 0.05% Triton X-100, we found that CHAPS
      (3-[(3-chlamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid) (10 mM) was far
      superior in releasing the PGI2 receptors. In fact, Triton X-100 failed to release
      detectable PGI2 binding activity into the supernatant. The CHAPS-solubilized
      receptor degraded rapidly unless 30% glycerol was added which greatly enhanced
      its stability. By employing an improved binding assay using [3H]iloprost as the
      ligand and selective membrane filters (AP-15 or GF/B) pretreated with
      polyethyleneimine for achieving a higher trapping efficiency, we showed by
      equilibrium binding measurements that the solubilized receptors exhibited a
      single class of binding sites with a KD of 18.5 nM and Bmax 0.5 pmol/mg. These
      values were similar to those of the membrane receptors, i.e. KD of 16.6 nM and
      Bmax 1.0 pmol/mg. Kinetic binding measurements of the solubilized receptors
      revealed an association rate constant of 0.51 x 10(6) M-1 s-1 and dissociation
      rate constant of 0.0041 s-1 yielding a calculated KD of 8.0 nM. Displacement of
      [3H]iloprost (Ki values) from the solubilized and the membrane receptors by
      diversified eicosanoids was parallel. Our data demonstrate for the first time a
      successful solubilization of platelet PGI2 receptors. The solubilized receptors
      retained almost identical binding characteristics as the native membrane
      receptors.

PMID- 2642483
TI  - Binding of protease nexin-1 to the fibroblast surface alters its target
      proteinase specificity.
AB  - Protease nexin-1 is a protein proteinase inhibitor that is secreted by a variety
      of cultured cells and rapidly forms complexes with thrombin, urokinase, and
      plasmin; the complexes then bind back to the cells and are internalized and
      degraded. In fibroblast cultures, protease nexin-1 is localized to the
      extracellular matrix. Here we report that protease nexin-1, which is bound to the
      surface of fibroblasts, forms complexes with thrombin, but not urokinase or
      plasmin. Experiments were conducted to determine directly if protease nexin-1
      binding to the fibroblast surface alters its proteinase specificity. To do this,
      cell surface protease nexin-1 was inhibited using anti-protease nexin-1
      monoclonal antibodies that stoichiometrically block its ability to form complexes
      with target proteinases. Then, purified protease nexin-1 was added to these
      cells; the cell-bound molecule formed complexes with thrombin, but not urokinase
      or plasmin. Similar experiments showed that protease nexin-1 bound to
      preparations of fibroblast extracellular matrix also formed complexes with
      thrombin, but not urokinase or plasmin. Components of the extracellular matrix
      other than heparin-like glycosaminoglycans are required for this regulation since
      heparin did not block the formation of complexes between protease nexin-1 and
      urokinase or plasmin. These results suggest that protease nexin-1 is primarily a
      thrombin inhibitor in interstitial fluids where much of it would be bound to cell
      surfaces.

PMID- 2642484
TI  - Renin, prorenin, and immunoreactive renin in vitreous fluid from eyes with and
      without diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - Renin, prorenin, and immunoreactive renin were present in vitreous and subretinal
      fluid of eyes from subjects with and without diabetic retinopathy. Renin
      substrate, albumin, transferrin, and immunoglobin G were also found in these
      ocular fluids. In many samples renin levels were close to the detection limit of
      the assay. The levels of renin substrate, albumin, transferrin, and
      immunoglobulin G varied widely among ocular fluid samples, but in each individual
      sample the levels were, relative to each other, similar to those in plasma. In
      contrast, the prorenin level in ocular fluid was up to 100 times higher than
      expected on the basis of the plasma protein content of ocular fluid. Moreover,
      there was little difference in prorenin concentrations between samples with low
      and high plasma protein contents. Prorenin, relative to albumin and other plasma
      proteins, was higher in vitreous fluid from eyes with proliferative diabetic
      retinopathy complicated by traction retinal detachment than in eyes of
      nondiabetic subjects with spontaneous retinal detachment. It appears that
      prorenin (and possibly renin) in ocular fluid is controlled by an active and
      specific process, possibly local synthesis within the eye. In view of the
      vascular actions of angiotensin II, an intraocular renin-angiotensin system may
      play a role in diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2642485
TI  - Clinical and hormonal characteristics of obese amenorrheic hyperandrogenic women
      before and after weight loss.
AB  - We studied a group of obese hyperandrogenic amenorrheic women to determine the
      effects of weight loss on anthropometry, hormonal status, menstrual cycles,
      ovulation, and fertility. Fourteen women had polycystic ovaries, two the
      hyperandrogenism-insulin resistance-acanthosis nigricans syndrome, one hirsutism
      of adrenal origin, and three idiopathic chronic anovulation. The duration of
      amenorrhea before the study ranged from 3-17 months [mean, 8.6 +/- 4.5 (+/- SD)].
      All women ate a hypocaloric diet for a period of 8.0 +/- 2.4 months. Weight loss
      ranged from 4.8 to 15.2 kg (mean, 9.7 +/- 3.1 kg; 1.35 +/- 0.56 kg/month) and the
      waist to hip ratio, which was used as a measurement of body fat distribution,
      decreased from 0.86 +/- 0.1 to 0.81 +/- 0.06 (P less than 0.0001). The women's
      mean plasma testosterone and LH concentrations decreased significantly (P less
      than 0.001 and P less than 0.005, respectively). A significant positive
      correlation was found between the decreases in plasma testosterone levels and the
      decreases in glucose-stimulated insulin levels. Moreover, the decreases in the
      waist to hip ratio correlated positively with the decreases in glucose-stimulated
      insulin levels and inversely with the decreases in plasma 17 beta-estradiol. No
      relationships were found between weight loss and the changes in plasma insulin,
      steroid, and gonadotropin concentrations. The responsiveness to the weight
      reduction program was evaluated by comparing the number of menstrual cycles
      during the study period with the number reported before it. Eight women had
      significantly improved menstrual cyclicity (responders), while 12 did not
      (nonresponders). The clinical characteristics and hormone values were similar in
      responder and nonresponder women. In the group as a whole, 33% of the menstrual
      cycles during the study were ovulatory, and 4 pregnancies occurred. Hirsutism
      improved significantly in more than half of the women, as did acanthosis
      nigricans when present. We conclude that weight loss is beneficial in all obese
      hyperandrogenic women regardless of the presence of polycystic ovaries, the
      degree of hyperandrogenism, and the degree and distribution of obesity.

PMID- 2642486
TI  - Lack of effect of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine on pulsatile luteinizing
      hormone secretion in a double blind study in men.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the effects of alpha-adrenergic stimulation
      on the hypothalamic LHRH pulse generator in men. In 10 normal men, venous blood
      was sampled on 2 occasions at 10-min intervals for 8 h, beginning 30 min after
      oral administration of either placebo or 0.3 mg clonidine according to a
      randomized double blind protocol. Compared to placebo, clonidine induced a marked
      release of GH (P less than 0.0001 for response areas under the curve after
      placebo and clonidine), a fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and in
      heart rate (P less than 0.002 for areas under the curve after placebo and
      clonidine), and feelings of sedation and dry mouth (P less than 0.002 and P less
      than 0.05 for areas under the cumulative scores for changes in alertness and
      salivation, respectively). There was no difference between the results obtained
      after placebo and clonidine for the mean number of LH pulses [3.3 +/- 0.4 (+/-
      SE) and 3.3 +/- 0.3 pulses/8 h], for the mean amplitude of all LH pulses (3.8 +/-
      0.4 and 4.1 +/- 0.5 IU/L), or for the areas under the LH concentration-time curve
      (2741 +/- 251 and 2728 +/- 215 IU/L.min). The lack of effect of clonidine on LH
      secretion at a dose that effectively induced GH secretion and other centrally
      mediated effects indicates that the actions of testosterone and opiates to
      decelerate the frequency of the LHRH pulse generator in men are not mediated by
      diminished alpha-adrenergic stimulation. From these results, taken together with
      previous data, we conclude that alpha-adrenergic systems do not play a major role
      in the regulation of episodic LH release in men.

PMID- 2642487
TI  - Atypical antiinsulin receptor antibodies in a patient with type B insulin
      resistance and scleroderma.
AB  - We studied a 23-yr-old woman with scleroderma and type B insulin resistance. The
      association with autoimmune disease suggested that the insulin resistance
      resulted from autoantibodies to the insulin receptor. However, in preliminary
      studies, serum antireceptor antibodies were not detected in an assay that
      measures the ability of the antibodies to inhibit insulin binding to the insulin
      receptor. Antireceptor antibodies were subsequently detected by their ability to
      immunoprecipitate affinity-labeled receptors. After the patient had received
      immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone and cyclophosphamide for 3 months, her
      insulin resistance remitted, and she developed hypoglycemia. Simultaneously with
      the remission of insulin resistance, the titer of serum antireceptor antibody
      (measured by the immunoprecipitation assay) fell to less than 1% of the previous
      level. In a series of 21 patients, this is the first patient with antireceptor
      antibodies that bound to the insulin receptor without inhibiting insulin binding.

PMID- 2642488
TI  - The effects of SMS 201-995 (sandostatin) on metabolic profiles in insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - GH has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various acute and chronic
      complications of diabetes mellitus. As a consequence, there has been a great deal
      of interest in developing methods for suppressing GH secretion in diabetes. SMS
      201-995 is a long-acting somatostatin analog which inhibits the secretion of
      numerous hormones, including GH. To determine the metabolic and hormonal
      responses to SMS 201-995 independent of endogenous insulin suppression, we
      studied six patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus while they received
      150 micrograms SMS 201-995, sc, daily for an 8-week period. This treatment
      resulted in no change in 24-h glucose profiles, although the mean insulin dose
      decreased by 19%, while hemoglobin A1c decreased significantly (0.084 +/- 0.023
      to 0.067 +/- 0.011, P = 0.04). The 24-h profiles of blood lactate, plasma free
      insulin, glucagon, FFA, blood glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate were unchanged,
      whereas that of blood alanine increased significantly (7.8 +/- 0.4 to 10.6 +/-
      0.9 mmol/L.h; P = 0.01). GH secretion declined in five of the six patients; the
      mean values before and during SMS 201-995 treatment were 102 +/- 23 and 68 +/- 12
      micrograms/L.h, respectively (P = NS), for the six patients. [In the five
      patients in whom GH secretion declined, the mean values before and during SMS 201
      995 treatment were 115 +/- 23 and 63 +/- 14 micrograms/L.h, respectively (P =
      0.01).] These results suggest that SMS 201-995 may be administered to patients
      with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without a deleterious effect on
      metabolic control.

PMID- 2642489
TI  - Regulation of counterregulatory hormone secretion in man during exercise and
      hypoglycemia.
AB  - We examined the role of the plasma glucose concentration per se in the secretion
      of counterregulatory hormones during exercise. Ten men (average age, 24 yr;
      maximal aerobic capacity, 31.8 mL/kg.min) were studied during two 50-min bicycle
      exercise periods at either normal glucose [87 +/- 1 (+/- SE) mg/dL (4.8 +/- 0.1
      mmol/L)] or low glucose [59 +/- 1 mg/dL (3.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/L)]. The plasma glucose
      targets were achieved by exogenous insulin and variable glucose infusions. These
      results were compared to studies in which saline was infused. Exercise at normal
      glucose was associated with significant increments in plasma epinephrine (maximum
      3- to 5-fold above baseline) and norepinephrine (2-fold), comparable to those
      that occurred during saline administration. Plasma GH increased only at the most
      intense exercise level, while plasma cortisol and glucagon did not increase
      significantly. In low glucose-exercise studies, the increase in plasma
      epinephrine during exercise was significantly greater than that at normal glucose
      (P less than 0.01), although proportional to basal preexercise levels (r = 0.73;
      P less than 0.001). Plasma glucagon increased almost 100%, and plasma cortisol
      and GH increased by 150% and 400%, respectively. Compared to the effect of the
      same degree of hypoglycemia in the absence of exercise, only plasma epinephrine
      (P = 0.002) and norepinephrine (P less than 0.001) displayed effects independent
      of hypoglycemia during exercise. When low glucose was reversed to normal at the
      midpoint of exercise, plasma epinephrine and glucagon returned to the levels
      obtained for the same duration of exercise at normal glucose, while
      norepinephrine, GH, and cortisol were only partially responsive to the rise in
      plasma glucose. These data suggest that 1) moderate exercise is a stimulus for a
      sympathoadrenal and GH response, but not a peripheral glucagon response; 2)
      during exercise and hypoglycemia, plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine are
      enhanced, while the glucagon response is entirely glucose dependent; and 3) the
      epinephrine response to hypoglycemia can be dissociated from that to exercise,
      suggesting differing control mechanisms. We conclude that the activation of
      counterregulatory hormones during exercise is regulated by glucose-independent
      mechanisms, although these responses may be augmented by concurrent hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2642490
TI  - No evidence for a defect in growth hormone binding to liver membranes in
      thalassemia major.
AB  - To test the hypothesis of a defect in GH-receptor interaction, which could
      explain the growth failure of thalassemic children, the binding of [125I]human
      (h) GH to membrane fractions prepared from liver biopsies was studied. Small
      amounts of liver were obtained from 6 girls and 11 boys with homozygous beta
      thalassemia, aged 3-15 yr, all prepubertal, at the time of splenectomy. Specific
      binding of [125I]hGH ranged from 0.37-5.11% of the added radioactivity/100
      micrograms liver membrane protein, with variations in both receptor number and
      binding affinity. This 14-fold variation in hGH binding to liver membranes of
      thalassemic children was comparable to that in membrane fractions of livers
      obtained from normal donors at the time of liver transplant. The binding of
      insulin to liver membranes from the thalassemic patients ranged from 9.8-17.9% of
      the added radioactivity/100 micrograms membrane protein and from 2.8-15.0%/100
      micrograms membrane protein in the normal donors. Insulin and GH binding to liver
      membranes did not vary in a consistent way. A 3-fold difference was found in 5'
      nucleotidase activity of the membrane fractions. Histological hepatic
      modifications were assessed with respect to siderosis and fibrosis. No
      correlation was found between these parameters and GH binding. These results
      suggest that possible membrane alterations are not the only reason for the
      variations in hGH binding. All patients had retarded growth, and all but 2 had
      low plasma insulin-like growth factor I levels. No relationship was found between
      the level of GH binding to liver membranes and the growth failure. Thus, a defect
      in GH binding to liver membranes is probably not the cause of the growth
      retardation of thalassemic children.

PMID- 2642491
TI  - Antimyosin imaging in acute transmural myocardial infarctions: results of a
      multicenter clinical trial.
AB  - Murine monoclonal antimyosin antibody has been shown experimentally to bind
      selectively to irreversibly damaged myocytes. To evaluate the safety and efficacy
      of monoclonal antimyosin for identifying acute transmural infarction, 50 patients
      with acute Q wave myocardial infarction were entered into a phase I/II
      multicenter trial involving three clinical sites. Indium-111 antimyosin was
      prepared from an instant kit formulation containing 0.5 mg of diethylene triamine
      pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-coupled Fab fragment (R11D10) and 1.2 to 2.4 mCi of
      indium-111. Average labeling efficiency was 92%. Antimyosin was injected 27 +/-
      16 h after the onset of chest pain. Planar or tomographic imaging was performed
      27 +/- 9 h after injection in all patients, and repeat imaging was done 24 h
      later in 39 patients. Of the 50 patients entered, 46 showed myocardial uptake of
      antimyosin (sensitivity 92%). Thirty-one of 39 planar scans performed at 24 h
      were diagnostic; 8 showed persistent blood pool activity that cleared by 48 h.
      Focal myocardial uptake of antimyosin corresponded to electrocardiographic
      infarct localization. No patient had an adverse reaction to antimyosin. In
      addition, 125 serum samples, including 21 collected greater than 42 days after
      injection, were tested for human antimouse antibodies, and all samples were
      assessed as having undetectable titers. Intensity of antimyosin uptake was
      correlated with infarct location and the presence or absence of collateral
      vessels. There was a significant correlation between faint uptake and
      inferoposterior infarct location. In 21 patients who had coronary angiography
      close to the time of antimyosin injection, there was a significant correlation
      between faint tracer uptake and closed infarct-related vessel with absent
      collateral flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642492
TI  - ACC anniversary seminar. Why celebrate?

PMID- 2642493
TI  - Ultrasound integrated backscatter tissue characterization of remote myocardial
      infarction in human subjects.
AB  - To determine whether quantitative ultrasound tissue characterization
      differentiates normal myocardial regions from segments of remote infarction, 32
      consecutive patients with a diagnosis of previous myocardial infarction were
      evaluated. Images were obtained in real time with a modified two-dimensional
      ultrasound system capable of providing continuous signals in proportion to the
      logarithm of integrated backscatter along each A line. In 15 patients, adequate
      parasternal long-axis images that delineated both normal and infarct segments
      were obtained with standard time-gain compensation. Image data were analyzed to
      yield both magnitude and delay (electrocardiographic R wave to nadir normalized
      for the QT interval) of the cyclic variation of backscatter. Cyclic variation was
      present in 55 of 56 normal myocardial sites, averaging (mean +/- SEM) 3.2 +/- 0.2
      dB in magnitude and exhibiting a mean normalized delay of 0.87 +/- 0.03. The
      magnitude of cyclic variation in infarct segments was significantly reduced to
      1.1 +/- 0.2 dB (42 sites), and the delay was markedly increased to 1.47 +/- 0.12
      (21 sites) (p less than 0.0001 for both). In 20 of 42 infarct sites, no cyclic
      variation was detectable. Thus, ultrasound tissue characterization quantitatively
      differentiated infarct segments from normal myocardium in patients with remote
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2642494
TI  - Ultrasound tissue characterization: can the state of the myocardium be assessed
      directly yet noninvasively?

PMID- 2642495
TI  - Nutrition management of adolescent pregnancy: technical support paper.
AB  - A high proportion of pregnant teens are nutritionally at risk and require
      nutrition intervention early and throughout their pregnancies. Although questions
      remain about continued growth, nutrition needs, and the extent of biological
      immaturity as risk factors, it is certain that the psychosocial and economic
      risks to the pregnant woman are great at this time. The nutrition needs of the
      teen can best be met by consumption of foods with a high concentration and
      balance of nutrients. The recommended weight gain should be achieved and will
      relate to the maturational stage and the prepregnant height-for-weight
      proportion. As an integral part of health care programs for pregnant teenagers,
      the nutrition consultant must be skillful in establishing rapport and developing
      a relationship within which to counsel patients in the nutritional aspects of
      reproduction. Counseling should extend to the postpartum period to have a
      significant and lasting effect on the future of the parents and child.

PMID- 2642496
TI  - Energy expenditure and the abnormal eating pattern of a bulimic: a case report.
AB  - Bulimia nervosa has been characterized by binge eating, which is often followed
      by either vomiting or laxative use. However, some bulimic individuals restrict
      caloric intake rather than purge as a means of controlling their weight.
      Treatment may include psychiatric evaluation, drug therapy, and nutrition
      counseling. This study evaluated the eating pattern of a bulimic woman from food
      records made before and while she was receiving nutrition counseling at an eating
      disorders clinic. Energy expenditure was also determined and examined in relation
      to patterns of eating behavior. The Harris-Benedict equation was used to estimate
      basal energy expenditure (BEE). Actual measured energy expenditure (MEE) was
      determined by indirect calorimetry. On initial assessment, this woman was eating
      600 to 3,800 kcal/day, reflecting the range from a semi-fast to a binge day. At
      this time, her BEE was significantly higher than her MEE. Following modification
      of her eating pattern to three meals a day, providing approximately 1,200 kcal,
      there was a 50% increase in her MEE, which closely approximated her BEE.
      Modification of eating pattern appeared to be associated with a normalization of
      energy expenditure in this woman; however, each case must be considered
      individually. These results imply that certain eating patterns in bulimic
      individuals cause a decrease in energy expenditure that may resemble starvation.

PMID- 2642497
TI  - Augmentation of influenza antibody response in elderly men by thymosin alpha one.
      A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study.
AB  - Influenza remains a major cause of illness and death in elderly people despite
      current vaccination programs. One factor is an immunization failure rate in the
      elderly that may be as high as 50%. To test whether administration of thymosin
      alpha 1 would result in greater antibody production, we administered it (900
      micrograms/m2 subcutaneously twice weekly for eight doses) in conjunction with
      the 1986 trivalent influenza vaccine. Ninety men (65-99 years old, mean age 77.3
      years) were randomized double-blind to receive thymosin alpha 1 or placebo by the
      same schedule; the sera from 85 of these men were acceptable for analysis. The
      two groups were similar with respect to underlying disease, medications, and age.
      No toxicity was observed in either group. Antibody response rate was defined as a
      four-fold rise in antibody titer over 3-6 weeks following vaccination and was
      measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Analysis was performed
      on treatment groups and subgroups divided by the mean age: the older group
      consisted of subjects aged 77 years and older, and the younger group those aged
      from 65-76 years. Baseline and change in absolute antibody levels were compared
      by t test and using age as a continuous variable by multiple regression
      analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642498
TI  - Instruments for screening for depression and dementia in a long-term care
      facility.
AB  - The high prevalence of mental disorders such as depression and dementia in
      institutionalized elderly patients warrants screening for psychiatric diagnosis
      in patients newly admitted to long-term care facilities. The diagnostic accuracy
      of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Geriatric Depression Scale
      (GDS) was evaluated against a standardized psychiatric interview. The MMSE was
      found to be 81% sensitive and 83% specific in screening for dementia using a
      previously established cutpoint of less than 24/30 points. Adjusting MMSE scores
      for physical disabilities precluding completion of specific tasks on the MMSE did
      not significantly change the diagnostic accuracy of the test. The GDS was 47%
      sensitive and 75% specific in screening for depression using the suggested
      cutpoint of greater than 13/30 points. The MMSE was significantly correlated with
      functional status (r = 0.48, P = .0001), but not with the scores on the GDS or
      the clinical diagnosis of depression. The GDS did not correlate with functional
      status. In summary, the MMSE is a good screening test for dementia in
      institutionalized elderly, but the GDS is not sensitive for depression in this
      population.

PMID- 2642499
TI  - Chronic oral physostigmine without lecithin improves memory in Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - Sixteen patients with early Alzheimer's disease (AD) completed a 3-month
      outpatient double-blind parallel trial of oral physostigmine versus placebo. Ten
      subjects received drug; six received placebo. After a dose-titration phase, each
      patient was placed on his or her best dose of drug or placebo. Subjects were
      evaluated with both memory and nonmemory tasks. Seven of the ten drug-treated
      patients, but none of the six placebo-treated patients, demonstrated improvement
      on a selective reminding task, a test of verbal memory. Family members reported
      improvement in six of ten drug-treated patients and none of six placebo-treated
      individuals. There was a trend toward greater improvement with increasing drug
      dose. There was no improvement on the nonmemory tests administered. The data
      indicate that oral physostigmine improves memory but not other areas of
      cognition.

PMID- 2642500
TI  - Prostatic adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis and growth.

PMID- 2642501
TI  - Tying down the elderly. A review of the literature on physical restraint.
AB  - The apparently widespread practice of physical restraint of the elderly has
      received little systematic research, despite reported clinical awareness of its
      iatrogenic effects on frail elders. Prevalence rates in various settings range
      between 6% and 86%, with cognitive impairment an important risk factor for
      restraint. Despite strongly held beliefs, efficacy of restraints for safeguarding
      patients from injury has not been demonstrated clinically. This paper reviews the
      current status of knowledge regarding physical restraint use with the elderly and
      suggests a research agenda and implications for ethical practice.

PMID- 2642502
TI  - Establishment of a leukemic cell model for studying human pre-B to B cell
      differentiation.
AB  - Reproducible models for examining early stages of human B cell differentiation
      are poorly developed. We now describe the establishment and characterization of a
      novel human leukemic cell line that recapitulates the pre-B to B cell stage of
      differentiation. This cell line, designated BLIN-1, was initially established in
      tissue culture medium containing low m.w. B cell growth factor, and consistently
      shows a dependency on this cytokine for optimal growth at low density. BLIN-1
      cells have a 9p chromosomal abnormality, identical to the abnormality present in
      the leukemic blasts from the patient's original bone marrow aspirate. The
      immunologic phenotype of BLIN-1 is consistent with a cell arrested at the pre-B
      cell stage of development. Analysis of Ig gene rearrangement and Ig expression in
      a series of BLIN-1 subclones show that the cells spontaneously rearrange kappa
      light chain genes, leading to the differentiation of surface kappa-negative pre-B
      cells into surface kappa-positive B cells. The BLIN-1 cell line is, to our
      knowledge, the first defined human model for examining this critical
      developmental stage in human B cell ontogeny. As such, it offers a unique
      resource for examining variables influencing onset of kappa L chain gene
      rearrangement and expression.

PMID- 2642503
TI  - Regulation of IL-1 and TNF-alpha expression during the differentiation of bone
      marrow derived macrophage.
AB  - Macrophage differentiation is accompanied by the acquisition of both Ag
      presentation and tumoricidal activities. In this set of experiments, the
      expression of IL-1 by bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) was found to be
      highly regulated, with both the expression of IL-1 mRNA and mIL-1 appearing only
      at discrete stages of activation. The accumulation of IL-1 alpha (membrane) mRNA
      was induced by endotoxin but not IFN-gamma or CSF-1. mIL-1 was detected by
      D10.G4.1 T cells on BMDM only after 7 days of in vitro differentiation. Secreted
      IL-1 beta was detected by day 3 of culture, with enhanced production observed
      after activation with endotoxin. IL-1 beta mRNA was found to be constitutively
      expressed in BMDM as early as day 3 of culture. The expression of IL-1 beta mRNA
      was up-regulated by endotoxin after 30 min of exposure with maximal expression
      occurring after 2 to 6 h of exposure. Constitutive expression of IL-1 alpha mRNA
      was not detected but 1 h of endotoxin exposure resulted in the appearance of IL-1
      alpha transcripts. As with IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha mRNA was also constitutively
      expressed during a wide time period of differentiation; however, in contrast, to
      IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha mRNA expression was up-regulated by both endotoxin and IFN
      gamma. The expression of TNF-alpha macrophage by BMDM coincided with the
      acquisition of tumoricidal activity. An examination of the mRNA sequences
      encoding the proto-oncogenes c-myc and c-fms demonstrated the expression of c-myc
      only on day 3, whereas c-fms was constitutively expressed throughout the culture
      period. Endotoxin stimulation of BMDM resulted in a transitory increase in c-myc
      expression only at day 3 of culture, whereas endotoxin had no effect on c-fms
      expression until 7 days of culture at which time expression declined. In
      contrast, the expression of transferrin receptor mRNA transcripts, which were
      also constitutively expressed throughout the entire culture period, were not
      affected by stimulation with either endotoxin or IFN-gamma. These results
      indicate BMDM expression of the affector molecules IL-1 alpha and beta and the
      effector molecule TNF-alpha are regulated separately during unique
      "differentiation-specific" phases of development.

PMID- 2642504
TI  - Secretion of novel and homologous neutrophil-activating peptides by LPS
      stimulated human endothelial cells.
AB  - Human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture produce two chemotactic
      polypeptides when stimulated with LPS. The chemotactic factors could be purified
      to apparent homogeneity by HPLC techniques and were identified as 7.5-kDa and 15
      kDa polypeptides by SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions. Both factors are
      potent chemotaxins for human neutrophils demonstrating half-maximal chemotaxis at
      2 ng/ml and g ng/ml, respectively. In addition both peptides elicited release of
      azurophilic granule constituents when neutrophils were pretreated with
      cytochalasin B. Cross-desensitization experiments by using human neutrophils
      revealed cross-reactivities between both chemotaxins, not, however, with C5a or
      FMLP, indicating that both endothelial cell-derived neutrophil activating
      peptides (ENAP) are homologous. In addition, the 7.5-kDa factor (beta-ENAP)
      proved to be the quantitatively dominating and more potent chemotaxin as compared
      to the 15 kDa factor (alpha-ENAP). beta-ENAP shows biochemical and biologic
      similarities to monocyte- and lymphocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptides
      MONAP and LYNAP, which recently were purified and sequenced.

PMID- 2642505
TI  - Studies of c-myb gene regulation in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Identification of a 5' c
      myb nuclear protein binding site and high levels of binding factors in nuclear
      extracts of lpr/lpr lymph node cells.
AB  - Lymph node T cells of MRL-lpr/lpr mice are characterized by the production of
      very large amounts of c-myb mRNA. To study the control of c-myb expression, a
      search was made for sites on the 5' c-myb gene which could bind regulatory
      proteins. DNase I digestion of nuclear chromatin uncovered four DNase I
      hypersensitive sites in the first intron of the c-myb gene, and a single site
      approximately 300 bp 5' to the initiation codon. Lambda exonuclease digestion of
      a 5'-myb fragment in the presence of nuclear extracts from either MRL-lpr/lpr PLN
      or EL-4 thymoma revealed stop sites approximately 300 bp 5' (-271 to -322) to the
      ATG initiation codon. DNase I footprint analysis demonstrated a guanine-cytosine
      enriched region of potential binding sites (-274 to -319) in the region of the
      stop sites and a fifth potential binding site closer to the initiation codon (
      163 to -168). Specific gel shift bands were detected by a 5'-myb fragment (-346
      to -155) with extracts from a number of different lymphoid cell lines and the
      appropriate specific and non-specific competitor DNA. The DNA giving rise to
      these gel shift bands encompassed the region defined by the stop site and
      footprinting studies. To determine whether or not the protein binding to the 5' c
      myb gene at -274 to -319 was associated with increased c-myb mRNA, we studied
      nuclear extracts of several cell lines and compared the amount of binding to the
      amount of c-myb mRNA found on Northern analyses. Among the cell lines, there was
      a correlation between c-myb expression and the amount of the 5'-myb DNA binding
      protein. In addition, MRL-lpr/lpr lymph node cells had high c-myb expression and
      large amounts of the 5'-myb binding protein. This result suggests that the
      binding may play some role in the c-myb expression. Moreover, the most immature
      cell lines had the greatest amount of the binding factor, suggesting that its
      regulatory effect on c-myb expression might be important in early differentiation
      events.

PMID- 2642506
TI  - Induction of the H-2 D antigen during B cell activation.
AB  - Mitogenic activation causes increased expression of class I Ag of the MHC in
      mouse B cells. The increased expression was seen in flow cytometry analysis for
      both K and D in k as well as d haplotypes. A more detailed molecular analysis was
      carried out for H-2Dd. Increased expression (10- to 20-fold) of the H-2 Dd gene
      was detected at both protein and messenger RNA levels, and the time course for
      the accumulation of H-2 Dd protein on the cell surface parallels the increase in
      the steady-state messenger RNA levels. The increase in H-2 Dd expression in small
      B cells stimulated with LPS is detectable after 10 h of culture. The present data
      provide molecular and serologic evidence about alterations in the expression of
      the H-2 Dd Ag, previously identified as a B cell activation antigen B7.2. Our
      results indicate a new significance for the function and regulation of the MHC
      during immune responses, and suggest that the class I molecules may serve some
      role in the B cell activation process.

PMID- 2642507
TI  - Qa-2 expression in the adult murine thymus. A unique marker for a mature thymic
      subset.
AB  - The MHC Ag, Qa-2, is expressed on all peripheral T cells, a subset of bone marrow
      cells, and to a lesser extent on B cells. The Qa-2 Ag is also expressed on 5 to
      6% of normal adult murine thymocytes. Through the use of flow cytometry,
      counterflow centrifugal elutriation and acridine orange staining, we have
      analyzed the cell surface phenotype, cell size, and cell cycle status of this
      thymic population. Our studies indicate that Qa-2+ thymocytes are large, non
      mitotic, G1 cells which have the cell surface phenotype of CD5+, CD3+, J11dLO and
      lack receptors for peanut agglutinin. This population can be further subdivided
      into three categories; CD4+/CD8-, CD4-/CD8+, and CD4-/CD8-. These data indicate
      that Qa-2 surface expression can only be detected on thymocytes in the final
      stages of differentiation. The Qa-2 Ag can be used as a cell surface marker to
      identify a unique subset of mature thymocytes.

PMID- 2642508
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of immunoglobulin A in human sebaceous and
      sweat glands.
AB  - Immunoglobulin A (IgA) mediated humoral defense mechanisms have been detected on
      all mucous membrane surfaces. There are only a few papers about the presence of
      IgA in human skin. In order to demonstrate the occurrence of IgA in sebaceous and
      sweat glands, biopsies of normal human skin were investigated and compared to
      intestinal mucosa. Two different commercially available anti-IgA antibodies were
      used. For light microscopy peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) or avidin-biotin
      complex (ABC) staining was used, and for electron microscopy protein-A-gold (PAG)
      labeling was performed on tissue sections. Specifically decorated IgA was found
      in sebaceous glands as well as in various portions of eccrine glands. In
      sebaceous glands, the maximum of IgA concentration was seen near the mouth of
      pilosebaceous ducts. Sweat ducts exhibited a continuous coat of IgA, whereas
      secretory portions contained only singular scattered IgA positive cells.
      Immunoelectron microscopy suggests endocytotic uptake and processing of IgA in
      the glandular cells. These results indicate strongly that IgA are secreted by
      normal human sebaceous and sweat glands. Because it is well known that IgA plays
      an important role in inactivation of invading viruses, bacteria, and other
      antigenic structures on mucous membranes, it appears that IgA in sebum and sweat
      fulfil a similar function on the outer body surface.

PMID- 2642509
TI  - The role of bullous pemphigoid antibodies in dermal-epidermal separation.

PMID- 2642510
TI  - The presence of intra-lamina lucida blister formation in epidermolysis bullosa
      acquisita: possible role of leukocytes.
AB  - In evaluating patients we have noted disparity between the locations of bound
      immunoreactants and the level of blistering in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
      (EBA). We examined 10 consecutive EBA patients by routine histology, direct (DIF)
      and indirect (IIF; intact and NaCl-split skin) immunofluorescence,
      immunofluorescence mapping (IM), and/or direct immunoelectron microscopy (DIEM).
      DIF was positive in each. IIF was positive in 3/8 and 6/7 patients when intact
      and split skin were used as substrates. DIEM revealed immunoreactants within the
      lamina densa (LD) in 6/10, sub-LD in 1/10, and both LD and sub-LD in 3/10
      patients. In contrast, by DIEM and IM, blister formation was noted within the
      lamina lucida (LL) in 7/9 and 8/10, sub-LD in 1/9 and 1/10, and within both LL
      and sub-LD in 1/9 and 1/10, respectively. In the presence of neutrophils within
      the upper dermis (n = 6), cleavage occurred within the LL in 5 specimens; in one
      additional specimen containing predominantly neutrophils, cleavage occurred
      within both LL and sub-LD. In the presence of mononuclear cells (n = 2), intra-LL
      cleavage occurred. In the presence of eosinophils, cleavage occurred within both
      LL and sub-LD. In the one specimen lacking any infiltrate, the cleavage plane was
      exclusively sub-LD. Intra-LL cleavage planes are more common than sub-LD ones in
      at least early cases of EBA. These findings likely represent the intra-LL
      separating effect of leukocyte-derived proteolytic enzymes, when such cells are
      chemoattracted to the dermoepidermal junction by bound immuno-reactants.

PMID- 2642511
TI  - Diagnosis of adult linear IgA dermatosis by immunoelectronmicroscopy in 16
      patients with linear IgA deposits.
AB  - Homogeneous linear IgA deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ) shown by
      direct immunofluorescence are characteristic of what is termed linear IgA bullous
      dermatosis. However, it is not yet certain that this disease constitutes an
      entity distinct from other subepidermal blistering diseases, especially when IgG
      deposits are also present. Sixty-one cases of subepidermal blistering disease in
      adults were therefore investigated by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM), and the 16
      patients observed to have homogeneous linear IgA deposits were compared with the
      45 who had no IgA but had IgG and/or C3. In 11 of the 16 patients with IgA (four
      of whom also had IgG), the deposits were linear and formed a mirror image pattern
      on each side of the lamina densa from which they were separated by a clear space.
      In contrast to this monomorphic IEM pattern, clinical and other laboratory
      findings were very heterogeneous, making exact clinical diagnosis difficult. Of
      the remaining five patients in this group of sixteen, three (all with both IgA
      and IgG) had bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, and cicatricial
      pemphigoid, respectively, on IEM and clinical investigation. In the remaining two
      patients (one with both IgA and IgG, and one with IgA only) the deposits were
      located in the lamina lucida, making precise classification impossible. None of
      the 45 patients with isolated IgG and/or C3 deposition displayed the mirror image
      pattern. We conclude that this IEM pattern may constitute a specific diagnostic
      criterion of linear IgA dermatosis.

PMID- 2642512
TI  - Endemic pemphigus foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem): II. Current and historic
      epidemiologic studies.
AB  - This paper details current and historic epidemiologic features of Fogo Selvagem
      (Endemic pemphigus foliaceus) in Brazil. The following features are described. a)
      The disease occurs in endemic fashion in regions of Brazil within the states of
      Goias, Mato Grosso do Sul, Parana, Sao Paulo, and Minas Gerais. It appears that
      the disease is spreading toward the northwest and west, involving the states of
      Mato Grosso, Para, Maranhao, Rondonia, Acre, and Amazonas. b) People at risk are
      young peasants or children of either sex or any race exposed to the local ecology
      in rural areas of endemic states. Although the disease has been described in
      urban centers, these occurrences are rare. c) Fogo Selvagem commonly appears in
      wild areas being colonized and disappears as these areas become urbanized. d) The
      majority of patients live in close proximity to rivers and within the 10-15 Km
      flying range of mosquitos or black flies (such as Simulium). It is hypothesized
      that a black fly, Simulium pruinosum may be the vector that precipitates the
      disease. f) There is a significant number of Fogo Selvagem in family units where
      multiple, genetically related individuals are affected. g) Finally,
      autoantibodies against lupus-associated antigens are not present in the sera of
      patients with Fogo Selvagem. Clinical examination of the skin, and serologic
      screening for pemphigus autoantibodies are specific parameters that can be used
      in the search for the etiologic agents that lead to autoimmune disease of the
      skin. To identify and prove an etiologic agent for this well-characterized
      autoimmune disease would be of tremendous importance to the understanding of
      autoimmune skin diseases, and potentially other organ-specific autoimmune
      disorders.

PMID- 2642513
TI  - 8-Methoxypsoralen-DNA adducts in patients treated with 8-methoxypsoralen and
      ultraviolet A light.
AB  - The combination of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus ultraviolet A light (320-400
      nm), termed PUVA, is used in the treatment of psoriasis, a hyperproliferative
      disease of the skin. This treatment results in the formation of specific 8-MOP
      adducts with cellular DNA. We have previously developed monoclonal antibodies
      which recognize these 8-MOP photoadducts. We now report the use of these
      antibodies in an indirect immunofluorescence technique to study human skin
      biopsies. Nuclei in 3 of 5 skin biopsies from psoriasis patients undergoing PUVA
      therapy were positive for adducts. The presence of adducts by immunofluorescence
      did not correlate with plasma levels of 8-MOP. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assays, used to determine whether 8-MOP photoadducts could be detected in DNA
      isolated from the lymphocytes of psoriasis patients after PUVA therapy, were
      negative.

PMID- 2642514
TI  - Thermolysin treatment: a new method for dermo-epidermal separation.
AB  - The epidermis of superficial human skin samples could easily be separated from
      the dermis following incubation at +4 degrees C for 1 h in a solution containing
      250-500 micrograms/ml thermolysin, a proteolytic enzyme hitherto mostly used for
      protein analysis. Light and electron microscopy revealed that the dermo-epidermal
      separation occurred at the basement membrane between the sites of bullous
      pemphigoid antigen and laminin and that the hemidesmosomes were selectively
      disrupted. The cohesion and morphology of the separated epidermis as well as the
      immunologic parameters investigated were not altered by this procedure. The clear
      cut dermo-epidermal separation produced by thermolysin treatment differed from
      the separation obtained with trypsin, which predominantly occurred between basal
      and suprabasal cells by disruption of desmosomes.

PMID- 2642515
TI  - Effect of systemic and topical application of testosterone propionate on the
      density of epidermal Langerhans cells in the mouse.
AB  - Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) are bone marrow-derived immune cells in the
      epidermis. Recently, we reported that adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)-positive
      LC density in the hind-limb skin of male mice was lower than that of female and
      that orchiectomy resulted in an increase in LC density, though ovariectomy had no
      significant effect. To further investigate the control mechanisms of sex
      differences in LC density, the effect of systemic and topical application of
      testosterone propionate (TP) on LC density was examined in C57BL/6 mice.
      Subcutaneous injections of TP 5.8 X 10(-8) mol (20 micrograms)/day/mouse for 14 d
      resulted in a significant decrease in LC density both in orchiectomized males and
      normal females, and such an effect was also observed in adrenalectomized mice,
      suggesting that this effect of TP is not indirectly mediated by
      glucocorticosteroids. TP was also effective when applied as an ointment (1% or
      5%) to the right hind-limb skin of both orchiectomized males and normal females
      for 14 d; namely, the LC density of the right hind-limb was lower than that of
      the left. Beta-estradiol and progesterone 5.8 X 10(-8) mol/day/mouse had no
      significant effect on LC density when systemically applied for 14 d to normal
      males and females. These results suggest that sex differences in LC density may
      result from higher concentrations of testosterone or its metabolites in males,
      and that the function of testosterone may be local.

PMID- 2642516
TI  - Group A streptococcal serotypes isolated from patients and sibling contacts
      during the resurgence of rheumatic fever in the United States in the mid-1980s.

PMID- 2642517
TI  - Yersinia in intestinal biopsy specimens from patients with seronegative
      spondyloarthropathy: correlation with specific serum IgA antibodies.

PMID- 2642518
TI  - Spiramycin is not effective in treating cryptosporidium diarrhea in infants:
      results of a double-blind randomized trial.

PMID- 2642519
TI  - A prospective study of tick bites in an endemic area for Lyme disease.

PMID- 2642520
TI  - Biochemical evidence of muscle injury in African children with severe malaria.

PMID- 2642521
TI  - Evidence of multiple infections in cases of diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2642522
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to Pneumocystis carinii: identification of specific
      antigens and characterization of antigenic differences between rat and human
      isolates.
AB  - To increase understanding of the antigenic structure of Pneumocystis carinii, we
      developed monoclonal antibodies to rat and human P. carinii. The specificity of
      the antibodies was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and immunoblot studies.
      Only one of five monoclonal antibodies to rat P. carinii reacted with human P.
      carinii, and none of four monoclonal antibodies to human P. carinii reacted with
      rat P. carinii. Two antibodies to human P. carinii reacted by immunofluorescence
      with only one human P. carinii isolate. Immunoblot studies identified major
      antigens of rat P. carinii with molecular masses of 40,000-100,000 daltons and of
      human P. carinii with molecular masses of 22,000-95,000 daltons. These studies
      document the existence of antigenic differences between rat and human P. carinii
      and are consistent with the suggestion that individual isolates of human P.
      carinii are also antigenically different. Further studies with these antibodies
      should increase understanding of the antigenic nature of P. carinii and of the
      interaction of P. carinii with its host.

PMID- 2642524
TI  - Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Progressive human immunodeficiency virus infection eventually leads to activation
      and dissemination of a wide variety of microorganisms normally held in check by
      the cellular immune system. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of these pathogens,
      and the disease caused by it has become a common presenting infection in the
      patient with AIDS. Dr. Richard E. Chaisson and Dr. Gary Slutkin have studied
      tuberculosis in the United States and worldwide, respectively. In this AIDS
      Commentary they address the unique nature of this infection, its diagnosis, and
      its treatment in the patient with AIDS.

PMID- 2642523
TI  - A species-specific repetitive sequence in Mycobacterium leprae DNA.
AB  - A 2.2-kilobase Mycobacterium leprae DNA insert fragment from a recombinant
      genomic library (pYA1065) was found to hybridize to at least 19 fragments of
      chromosomal M. leprae DNA by Southern hybridizations. The probe hybridized to
      identical fragments of chromosomal DNA from four M. leprae isolates (two from
      patients with leprosy, one from a naturally infected armadillo, and one from a
      naturally infected Mangabey monkey) whether the chromosomal DNA was digested with
      BamHI, BstEII, PstI, or SacI. The pYA1065 probe is specific for M. leprae; it did
      not hybridize to chromosomal DNA from 14 cultivable slow- and fast-growing
      mycobacterial species. Dot-blot hybridizations between pYA1065 and purified M.
      leprae chromosomal DNA indicate that the probe can detect DNA equivalent to 4 x
      10(3) M. leprae cells in a spot. The probe can also hybridize to DNA in M. leprae
      cells spotted on a filter from homogenized skin biopsy specimens from patients
      with lepromatous leprosy.

PMID- 2642525
TI  - Reviewers and jurors, editors and judges.

PMID- 2642526
TI  - Ephraim McDowell (1771-1830).

PMID- 2642527
TI  - Restricted or absent immune responses in human populations to Plasmodium
      falciparum gamete antigens that are targets of malaria transmission-blocking
      antibodies.
AB  - We have studied the antibodies to sexual stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum
      in human sera from Papua New Guinea where intense transmission of P. falciparum
      occurs as well as the less prevalent P. malariae and P. vivax. In extracts of
      gametes of P. falciparum we have studied the reactivity of serum antibodies with
      antigens labeled with 125I on the surface of the gametes as well as intracellular
      gamete antigens. A prominent 27-kD sexual stage-specific intracellular protein
      was recognized more or less in proportion to the general antibody response to
      gamete proteins. The response to the gamete surface proteins, however, was quite
      unrepresentative of the general antibody response to the intracellular gamete
      proteins. No antibodies were detected against Pfs25, a 21-kD protein expressed on
      zygotes and ookinetes of P. falciparum and known to be a sensitive target of
      malaria transmission-blocking antibodies. The antibody response to two other
      target antigens of transmission-blocking antibodies on the surface of gametes of
      P. falciparum, a 230- and a 48- and 45-kD protein doublet, was very variable and
      independent of the response to the internal protein antigens. Several
      possibilities are discussed that may account for the variable response to these
      gamete surface antigens in individuals with otherwise good antibody responses to
      internal sexual stage proteins. Among these is the possibility that there is MHC
      restriction of the immune response to the gamete surface antigens in the human
      population. This interpretation accords well with evidence for MHC-restricted
      immune response to the same P. falciparum gamete surface antigens in studies with
      H-2 congenic mice (24).

PMID- 2642528
TI  - Long-lasting skin allograft tolerance in adult mice induced across fully
      allogeneic (multimajor H-2 plus multiminor histocompatibility) antigen barriers
      by a tolerance-inducing method using cyclophosphamide.
AB  - A new method of cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced skin allograft tolerance in mice
      that can regularly overcome fully allogeneic (major H-2 plus non-H-2) antigen
      barriers in mice has been established. The components of the method are
      intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of 50-100 micrograms of anti-Thy
      1.2 mAb on day -1, intravenous injection of 90 x 10(6) allogeneic spleen cells
      mixed with 30 x 10(6) allogeneic bone marrow cells from the same donor on day 0,
      and intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg CP on day 2. In each of four fully
      allogeneic donor----recipient combinations, including C3H/HeJ (C3H; H-2k)---
      C57BL/6J(B6; H-2b), B6----C3H, BALB/cByJ (BALB; H-2d)----B6, and BALB----C3H,
      long-lasting survival of skin allografts was induced in most of the recipient
      mice. The specific tolerant state induced was dependent on the doses of the
      antibody and bone marrow cells used. The optimal timing of CP treatment to induce
      tolerance was found to be 1-3 d after the stimulating cell injection. Treatment
      with the anti-Thy-1.2 antibody together with CP on day 2 after the cell injection
      on day 0 also induced profound tolerance. In the B6 mice made tolerant of C3H
      with antibody, C3H spleen cells plus C3H bone marrow cells, and then CP, a
      minimal degree of stable mixed chimerism was established and the antitolerogen
      (C3H) immune responses examined here, including delayed footpad reaction (DFR),
      CTL activity, and capacity for antibody production against donor-strain antigens
      were abrogated in a tolerogen-specific manner. From cell transfer experiments,
      the mechanism of tolerance could be largely attributed to reduction of effector T
      cells reactive against the tolerogen, and strong suppressive influences that
      might prolong skin allograft survival directly were not detected in the tolerant
      mice. Moreover, pretreatment with anti-Thy-1.2 antibody or anti-L3T4 (CD4)
      antibody was more effective than pretreatment with anti-Lyt-1 (CD5) antibody or
      anti-Lyt-2 (CD8) antibody as an initial step in tolerance induction. These
      results suggest that permanent tolerance to fully allogeneic skin grafts may be
      induced because antibody given before the stimulating cell injection reduces the
      number of reactive T cells in the recipient mice. This antibody treatment may
      facilitate an antigen-stimulated destruction of responding and thus proliferating
      cells with CP by preventing a possibly less proliferative, more rapid maturation
      of reactive T cells or by destroying residual effector T cells.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2642529
TI  - Evidence for two distinct classes of streptococcal M protein and their
      relationship to rheumatic fever.
AB  - The antigenic relatedness of surface-exposed portions of M protein molecules
      derived from group A streptococcal isolates representing more than 50 distinct
      serotypes was examined. The data indicate that the majority of serotypes fall
      into two major classes. Class I M protein molecules share a surface-exposed,
      antigenic domain comprising the C repeat region defined for M6 protein. The C
      repeat region of M6 protein is located adjacent to the COOH-terminal side of the
      pepsin-susceptible site. In contrast, Class I M proteins display considerably
      less antigenic relatedness to the B repeat region of M6 protein, which lies
      immediately NH2-terminal to the pepsin site. Surface-exposed portions of Class II
      M proteins lack antigenic epitopes that define the Class I molecules. Studies in
      the 1970s demonstrated that M protein serotypes can be divided into two groups
      based on both immunoreactivity directed to an unknown surface antigen (termed M
      associated protein) and production of serum opacity factor. These two groups
      closely parallel our current definition of Class I and Class II serotypes. Both
      classes retain the antiphagocytic property characteristic of M protein, and Class
      II M proteins share some immunodeterminants with Class I M proteins, although the
      shared determinants do not appear to be exposed on the streptococcal surface.
      Nearly all streptococcal serotypes associated with outbreaks of acute rheumatic
      fever express M protein of a Class I serotype. Thus, the surface-exposed,
      conserved C repeat domain of Class I serotypes may be a virulence determinant for
      rheumatic fever.

PMID- 2642530
TI  - Selective loss of beta 2-microglobulin mRNA in human colon carcinoma.
AB  - Expression of MHC class I antigens requires the intracellular assembly of HLA
      A,B,C H chains and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). We have investigated the
      expression of free H chain, beta 2m, and their mRNAs in tissue sections of colon
      carcinomas that were defective for the native two-chain molecule. In all of these
      tumors, beta 2m protein and mRNA were found to be completely absent from the
      neoplastic cells, whereas free H chains and their respective mRNAs were present
      in abundance in the tumor cell cytoplasm. The selective abrogation of beta 2m
      expression represents a unique mechanism leading to a complete loss of class I
      antigen surface expression in vivo.

PMID- 2642531
TI  - Febrile temperatures can synchronize the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in
      vitro.
AB  - To investigate the possibility that the host fever response in malaria may affect
      parasite development, we studied the effect of temperature on Plasmodium
      falciparum in erythrocytic culture in vitro. Growth was markedly suppressed at 40
      degrees C compared with 37 degrees C, due to disruption of the second half of the
      48-h erythrocytic cycle. However, young intraerythrocytic parasites, which are
      highly exposed to fever during natural infection, appeared to develop normally at
      40 degrees C. Because of the differential temperature sensitivity within the
      erythrocytic cycle, asynchronous cultures could be synchronized by transient
      elevations of temperature. Pronounced synchronization was observed when cultures
      were exposed to periodic elevations of temperature that simulated the 48-h fever
      cycle of tertian malaria. These findings indicate that malaria fever might act to
      promote parasite synchronization in vivo.

PMID- 2642532
TI  - Antibacterial activity of human natural killer cells.
AB  - The in vitro effects of human NK cells on viability of Gram-negative and Gram
      positive bacteria was investigated. PBLs depleted of glass-adherent cells showed
      a significant antibacterial activity that was increased as the concentration of
      NK cells became higher. Leu-11-enriched cells exhibited the most efficient
      bactericidal activity. Stimulation of NK cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin B
      for 16 h produced a significant increase in the antibacterial activity of all NK
      cells tested. The antibacterial activity of monocyte-depleted cells and Leu-11
      enriched cells was also enhanced after culturing in vitro for 16-24 h without
      exogenous cytokines. Dependence of the antibacterial activity on the presence of
      serum in the culture medium was not found. Ultrastructural studies revealed close
      contact between NK cell membranes and bacteria, no evidence of phagocytosis, and
      extracellular bacterial ghosts, after incubation at 37 degrees C. Supernatants
      from purified NK cells exhibited potent bactericidal activity with kinetics and
      target specificity similar to that of effector cells. These results document the
      potent antibacterial activity of purified NK cells and suggest an extracellular
      mechanism of killing.

PMID- 2642533
TI  - Psychosocial variables and hypertension: a new look at an old controversy.
AB  - This paper reviews the recent evidence (1979 to 1986) from investigations of
      whether there is a link between psychosocial variables and elevations in blood
      pressure. Forty-eight empirical studies are summarized, discussed, and contrasted
      with reviews and methodological criticisms of past investigations. Strong support
      is found for an association between hypertension and such psychosocial factors as
      the identification and expression of anger, the use of inhibiting defense
      mechanisms (i.e., denial and repression), and interpersonal anxiety. Even when
      criticisms of the older literature are taken into account, the current finding
      show surprising continuity with past theoretical statements about the
      hypertensive personality.

PMID- 2642534
TI  - The development and initial validation of a sensitive bedside cognitive screening
      test.
AB  - Brief bedside cognitive examinations such as the Mini-Mental State Examination
      are designed to detect delirium and dementia but not more subtle or delineated
      cognitive deficits. Formal neuropsychological evaluation provides greater
      sensitivity and detects a wider range of cognitive deficits but is too lengthy
      for efficient use at the bedside or in epidemiological studies. The authors
      developed the High Sensitivity Cognitive Screen (HSCS), a 20-minute interview
      based test, to identify patients who show disorder on formal neuropsychological
      evaluation. An initial study demonstrated satisfactory test-retest and interrater
      reliability. The HSCS was then administered to 60 psychiatric and neurological
      patients with suspected cognitive deficits but without gross impairment, who also
      completed formal neuropsychological testing. Results of both tests were
      independently classified as either normal, borderline, or abnormal. The HSCS
      correctly classified 93% of patients across the normal-abnormal dichotomy and
      showed promise for characterizing the extent and severity of cognitive
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2642535
TI  - Diazepam treatment of early symptoms of schizophrenic relapse.
AB  - In an open trial, nine drug-free schizophrenic patients received oral diazepam,
      10 to 40 mg/day, for the treatment of early symptoms of relapse. Diazepam
      treatment led to a return of the patient's usual condition in seven of 11
      episodes.

PMID- 2642536
TI  - Controlling delayed vomiting: double-blind, randomized trial comparing placebo,
      dexamethasone alone, and metoclopramide plus dexamethasone in patients receiving
      cisplatin.
AB  - The majority of patients receiving cisplatin at a dose of 120 mg/m2 experience
      delayed nausea and vomiting occurring between 24 and 120 hours after chemotherapy
      administration. Ninety-one patients who were receiving cisplatin (120 mg/m2) as
      initial chemotherapy were entered into this double-blind trial. All patients
      received intravenous (IV) metoclopramide, dexamethasone, and lorazepam for the
      control of acute emesis during the period from 0 to 24 hours after cisplatin.
      Patients were then randomized to one of three treatment regimens: placebo; oral
      dexamethasone, 8 mg twice daily for two days, then 4 mg twice daily for two days;
      or the combination of oral metoclopramide, 0.5 mg/kg four times daily for four
      days, plus oral dexamethasone administered as above. Forty-eight percent of
      individuals who received the two-drug combination of metoclopramide plus
      dexamethasone experienced delayed vomiting as opposed to 65% who were
      administered dexamethasone alone and 89% who received placebo (P = .006). Scores
      assessing the severity of delayed nausea and vomiting were consistently worse in
      individuals receiving placebo. The incidences of sleepiness, restlessness,
      heartburn, hiccoughs, loose bowel movements, insomnia, and acute dystonic
      reactions did not differ significantly among the three regimens and were mild and
      self-limited. The two-drug combination of oral metoclopramide plus dexamethasone
      is well tolerated, safe, and more effective than dexamethasone alone or placebo
      in controlling delayed vomiting following cisplatin.

PMID- 2642537
TI  - Local superficial hyperthermia in combination with low-dose radiation therapy for
      palliation of locally recurrent breast carcinoma.
AB  - From September 1984 through March 1987, 30 patients with locally recurrent breast
      carcinoma who had been heavily pretreated with conventional modes of therapy
      (radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy) were entered into a phase II
      study of hyperthermia and low-dose irradiation. The purpose of the study was to
      determine the feasibility, effectiveness, and morbidity of this treatment
      combination. Radiation therapy was administered twice weekly, 4 Gy per fraction,
      to a total dose of 32 Gy, with 6 or 9 MeV electrons depending on the thickness of
      the lesions. Hyperthermia generated by microwave frequencies of 200 to 700 MHz
      was administered immediately after radiation therapy, with a time and temperature
      aim of 60 minutes at 43 degrees C. Complete response (CR) was achieved in 17
      patients (57%), and partial response (PR) in 11 patients (36%). Response was
      positively correlated with tumor size; lesions less than 5 cm in diameter
      achieved CR significantly more frequently than lesions greater than or equal to 5
      cm (P less than .001). Eighty percent of the complete responders continued to
      experience sustained control of the treated site from 6 to 32 months but showed
      evidence of progressive systemic disease or locoregional progression to the
      adjacent untreated sites, reflecting the natural history of this disease and
      extensive dermal lymphatic permeation. True recurrence within the treated volume
      occurred in three patients. Nonhealing ulceration developed in nine patients and
      seven of those were associated with persistent tumor. This study confirms the
      palliative value of hyperthermia in combination with radiotherapy for previously
      irradiated recurrent chest wall tumors and sets the scene for its comparative
      clinical evaluation against radiation therapy alone as first line therapy for
      locally recurrent breast carcinoma.

PMID- 2642538
TI  - Costs and benefits of adjuvant therapy in breast cancer: a quality-adjusted
      survival analysis.
AB  - The use of adjuvant chemotherapy for postmenopausal patients with early breast
      cancer remains controversial because the potential benefits in terms of
      prolongation of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) must be
      balanced against the toxicity of treatment. Following mastectomy, 463 evaluable
      postmenopausal women with node-positive breast cancer were randomized to receive
      either chemoendocrine therapy for 1 year, or endocrine therapy alone for 1 year,
      or no adjuvant therapy (Ludwig Trial III). At 7-years median follow-up, OS was
      longer for the chemoendocrine-treated patients compared with controls (P = .04)
      and compared with the adjuvant endocrine therapy-alone group (P = .08). In order
      to balance this therapeutic advantage against the toxic effects of treatment, OS
      time was divided into time with toxicity (TOX), time without symptoms and
      toxicity (TWiST), and time after systemic relapse (REL). TOX and REL were
      weighted by coefficients of utility relative to TWiST and the results added to
      give a period of quality-adjusted survival (Q-TWiST). Benefits measured by Q
      TWiST generally favored chemoendocrine therapy. For example, if TOX and REL were
      both given utility coefficients of 0.5 relative to 1.0 for TWiST, then by 7 years
      the average Q-TWiST for chemoendocrine therapy was 6.7 months longer than for no
      adjuvant therapy (P = .05) and 4.1 months longer than for endocrine therapy alone
      (P = .20). Quality-adjusted survival analysis is recommended in assessing costs
      and benefits of toxic adjuvant therapy. In this example, it supports the use of
      chemoendocrine therapy in postmenopausal node-positive patients for a wide range
      of relative values assigned to periods with symptoms and toxicity.

PMID- 2642539
TI  - Treatment of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia with idarubicin and intermediate
      dose cytarabine.
AB  - High-dose cytarabine (HDARA-C) is an effective but toxic treatment for acute
      myeloid leukemia (AML). In order to reduce the incidence of severe complications
      noted with HDARA-C-containing regimens, we used a combination of intravenous (IV)
      idarubicin (IDARUB) at optimal dosage and cytarabine (ARA-C) at intermediate
      dosage. Thirty-five patients aged 23 to 78 years (median, 56) with AML in first
      relapse received IDARUB, 8 mg/m2/d for five days, and ARA-C, 1 g/m2 every 12
      hours for six doses. Of the 35 patients, 21 achieved a complete remission (CR),
      four had a partial remission (PR), four died in aplasia, and six were
      nonresponders. The only factor influencing the CR rate was the duration of the
      first CR (35% for patients relapsing before 16 months v 83% for patients
      relapsing after 16 months, P = .003). Mucositis was the most significant
      extrahematologic side effect. Diarrhea, skin toxicity, and hepatic disturbances
      were rare and mild. There was no cerebellar toxicity, even in 25 patients greater
      than 50 years of age. This regimen is effective and well tolerated even in
      elderly patients, and could be used either as induction or consolidation therapy
      for the treatment of AML.

PMID- 2642540
TI  - Relapse of acute leukemia after marrow transplantation: natural history and
      results of subsequent therapy.
AB  - Of 455 acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANL) patients who underwent marrow
      transplantation, 95 (21%) relapsed a median of 6.5 months posttransplantation and
      62 received further treatment. Twenty achieved remission. Success of therapy was
      related to the length of time from marrow transplant to relapse and to the use of
      cytarabine (Ara-C) and daunomycin. Aggressive chemotherapy for patients relapsing
      within 100 days of marrow transplant was associated with a high incidence of
      early death (six of 14 patients) and a low probability of remission (one of 14).
      Of 23 patients who relapsed in excess of 1 year from marrow transplant, 15
      achieved a complete remission. The median disease-free survival is 6 months
      (range, 0.4 to 53+ months). Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) recurred in 130 of
      366 patients (36%), and 94 received further therapy. Fifty-two achieved a
      remission. Remissions were more common in late relapse patients (greater than 1
      year from transplantation): 65% v 7% for those relapsing within 100 days from
      transplant (P less than .05). Testicular relapse occurred in 11 patients and was
      the sole site of relapse in seven. Three are alive and free of disease 58 to 109+
      months after relapse. The median survival for the treated patients is 10.5 months
      (range, 5 to 109+ months). We propose that reinduction be attempted in all
      patients relapsing greater than 1 year from marrow transplantation. Ara-C and
      daunomycin should be employed in the treatment of ANL. The decision for treatment
      of patients relapsing earlier than 1 year should be made on an individual basis.

PMID- 2642541
TI  - Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the Iowa HOP-L protocol.
AB  - Fifty-nine consecutive previously untreated adult patients with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were entered onto a prospective single-arm trial of
      doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and asparaginase (HOP-L) induction therapy
      followed by CNS prophylaxis and 3 years of maintenance therapy. Consolidation
      therapy was not administered. The study population included a large number of
      older (greater than 50 years) patients. Seventy-five percent of patients achieved
      complete remission. With a median follow-up of 6 years, the median duration of
      complete remission is greater than 4 years, with 53% of patients expected to
      remain in remission at both 3 and 5 years. Overall, median survival duration is
      27.9 months, with 45% and 35% of all patients expected to survive 3 and 5 years,
      respectively. Multivariate analysis identified patients with T-cell disease and
      mediastinal masses (P less than .001) and those with low values of lactic
      dehydrogenase (LDH) (P = .057) as being at greatest risk of relapse. Therapy was
      well tolerated by patients under age 35, but older patients suffered appreciable
      mortality. We conclude that this treatment program is effective therapy for adult
      ALL, yielding a large proportion of durable remissions despite the exclusion of
      consolidation therapy.

PMID- 2642542
TI  - Total body irradiation for stage II-IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: ten-year follow
      up.
AB  - Between 1972 and 1977, a prospective study was conducted at the University of
      Florida on the role of total body irradiation (TBI) in the management of stage II
      IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Forty-four consecutive de novo (DN) patients
      (including ten stage II, 18 stage III, and 16 stage IV), as well as 16 previously
      treated (PT) patients, were accrued. Twenty of the 44 DN patients were
      symptomatic at presentation. Complete clinical responses were obtained in 20 of
      the 27 DN patients with favorable histologies (FH), and six of the 17 with
      unfavorable histologies (UH). Partial responses were obtained in six patients
      with FH and 11 patients with UH; only one patient showed no response to TBI. By
      univariate analysis, PT patients showed a trend for decreased relapse-free
      survival (P = .066) and decreased survival (P = .093). Multivariate analysis
      identified the best predictors of response rate to be histology (P = .0146) and
      marrow involvement (P = .0854); of relapse-free survival, histology (P = .0035),
      and TBI dose (P = .002); and of absolute survival, age (P = .0012), histology (P
      = .012), and TBI dose (P = .029). Thirty of the 41 patients who relapsed
      underwent salvage treatment with either chemotherapy or radiation. Twenty-three
      of the 30 undergoing salvage therapy obtained a second complete clinical
      response. There were no treatment-related deaths. The most common complication
      was thrombocytopenia. The major late complications were myeloproliferative
      disorders in four patients, which occurred only after cumulative TBI doses in
      excess of 200 cGy.

PMID- 2642543
TI  - Similar efficacy of 6 and 18 months of therapy with four drugs (COMP) for
      localized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of children: a report from the Childrens Cancer
      Study Group.
AB  - Successful treatment of localized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in childhood with
      18 months of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate (MTX), and prednisone
      (COMP) prompted a randomized clinical trial to determine whether a 6-month course
      of the same therapy was as effective as an 18-month course when combined with
      local irradiation. Two successive Childrens Cancer Study Group (CCSG) protocols
      (CCG 551 and CCG 501) entered 232 eligible patients from October 1979 until April
      1986. Initially, all children with localized disease were considered eligible,
      but by a subsequent amendment, those with lymphoblastic (LB) histology were
      excluded. Hence, the study population consisted of 211 patients with
      nonlymphoblastic (NLB) and 21 with LB disease. Early relapses (before 6 months)
      occurred in 13 patients with NLB histology. Late relapses were seen in seven
      patients, three with LB histology. Among the 104 randomized patients who followed
      the prescribed therapy, there were four recurrences and no differences between 6
      month and 18-month therapy. The overall survival for NLB disease was 91% on CCG
      551 and 98% on CCG 501. We conclude that 6 months of COMP is excellent therapy
      for children with localized NLB NHL.

PMID- 2642544
TI  - Microvascular compression: an alternative view and hypothesis.
AB  - The concept of microvascular compression (MVC) is discussed critically. The root
      entry or exit zone is defined: it is much shorter than generally realized. The
      anatomy of the intracranial vessels is considered, as well as known facts
      concerning trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia
      relating to MVC. The results of microvascular decompression (MVD) are analyzed;
      one-third of patients do not obtain an optimum result. The evidence used to
      support the hypothesis of MVC, including neurophysiology, is discussed and it is
      believed to be insufficient and unconvincing. The basis of MVC could be trauma of
      the nerve during operative dissection and "decompression." The concept of MVC
      might be more convincing if MVD can be shown to cure a condition such as
      spasmodic torticollis, which cannot be remedied by damage to or section of the
      same cranial nerve or nerves.

PMID- 2642545
TI  - Hemostatic control of scalp incisions. Technical note.
AB  - A method is described to control bleeding from scalp incisions made for cranial
      surgery. The technique is simple and shortens the total length of time required
      for the procedure.

PMID- 2642546
TI  - Quality of survival of patients with brain gliomas treated with postoperative
      CCNU and radiation therapy.
AB  - This prospective randomized clinical trial compared the effectiveness of combined
      treatment with CCNU and radiation therapy to the use of radiation therapy alone
      for the postoperative management of supratentorial brain gliomas (67% anaplastic)
      in 198 patients. The results were evaluated with the aid of a specially developed
      weighted neuropsychological test battery providing single-value estimation of
      "life quality" of patients, as well as with a clinical performance scale. Based
      on these methods, it was established that patients improved within 6 months
      following therapy. This improvement was maintained in surviving patients during
      the 2-year follow-up period. The patients led a relatively normal life, but when
      their condition deteriorated their decline was rapid. The median survival time of
      patients treated with radiotherapy did not differ significantly from that of
      patients receiving chemotherapy in addition. Nor did the analysis of life quality
      and of changes in clinical performance show any benefit in supplementing surgery
      and radiation therapy with CCNU chemotherapy at the dosage used.

PMID- 2642547
TI  - DNA synthesis, blood flow, and glucose utilization in experimental rat brain
      tumors.
AB  - The relationships between distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
      synthesizing cells (S-phase cells) and blood flow and glucose utilization were
      investigated in rat brain tumors using an autoradiographic technique and
      immunoperoxidase staining for bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). Two strains of rat brain
      tumor were used: strain A and B, both induced by the Rous sarcoma virus. Strain A
      was biologically more malignant than strain B. The blood flow was unevenly
      distributed in the tumor, compared with the contralateral cortex, the average
      blood flow in the tumor was about 50% in strain A and 60% in strain B. The
      distribution of blood flow did not correlate with the distribution of S-phase
      cells or with the distribution of vessels in the tumor in either strain A or B.
      The average glucose utilization in strain A was about 250% and in strain B about
      170% of that of the contralateral cortex. The high glucose utilization area
      correlated well with the distribution of BUdR-positive nuclei in strain B. These
      findings suggest that the biological malignancy of a tumor correlates with
      glucose utilization rather than with blood flow, and that malignant brain tumors
      show a marked increase in glucose utilization for nucleic acid synthesis.

PMID- 2642548
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in children.

PMID- 2642549
TI  - Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents.
AB  - Clinical, laboratory, and sonographic data were collected prospectively from 100
      female adolescents hospitalized with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The
      endocervical isolation rates for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
      were 44.7% and 36.4%, respectively. In comparison with adolescents with chlamydia
      associated PID, those with gonococcus-associated PID had a shorter duration of
      pain before admission (p less than 0.05), higher mean maximum temperatures (p
      less than 0.01), and higher leukocyte counts (p less than 0.01). Pelvic
      ultrasound studies showed adnexal enlargement or tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) in
      85.2% of the patients. Of the 88 adolescents in whom adequate sonograms were
      obtained, 17 (19.3%) had TOA. In 12 of the 17 adolescents, the abscesses were
      identified sonographically before being diagnosed clinically. With clinical
      criteria alone, only the leukocyte count and prior history of PID differed
      significantly between those with TOA and those with uncomplicated PID. These
      findings support a more liberal use of pelvic ultrasound studies in teenagers
      with PID. Our high detection rate of C. trachomatis and the difficulty in
      predicting the cause of the infection in an individual patient support treating
      all adolescents with PID with agents effective against both C. trachomatis and N.
      gonorrhoeae.

PMID- 2642550
TI  - The primary care physician and the patient with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Although CF has increasingly become a "subspecialty disease," the decisions and
      practice style of the patient's pediatrician or family physician are extremely
      important. The primary physician's handling of everything from the timing of
      infant immunizations to teenage advice about sex and drug abuse have far-reaching
      medical and psychosocial implications and must be carefully considered.

PMID- 2642551
TI  - Hallucinations as an initial manifestation of childhood shigellosis.

PMID- 2642552
TI  - Perfluoro-N-[4-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)phenyl]alkanamides. A new class of oral
      antidiabetic agents.

PMID- 2642553
TI  - Rational design of enzyme inhibitors: multisubstrate analogue inhibitors.

PMID- 2642554
TI  - Amine peroxides as potential antimalarials.
AB  - Six model amine peroxides (4-9) were synthesized as targeted antimalarial
      oxidants. They were approximately 1 order of magnitude more potent than tert
      butyl hydroperoxide (3) in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum, but like 3, they
      were inactive in vivo against Plasmodium berghei.

PMID- 2642555
TI  - Reagan names Samuel Broder as director of National Cancer Institute.

PMID- 2642556
TI  - Publication bias and dissemination of clinical research.
AB  - Publication bias is a widely recognized phenomenon that occurs because of the
      influence of study results on the chances of publication. Usually, studies with
      positive results are more likely to be published than studies with negative
      results, which leads to a preponderance of false-positive results in the
      literature. Empiric studies have demonstrated that the induced bias is large and
      can have a serious impact on meta-analyses, in which data from several studies
      are aggregated, as well as on informal reviews. The problem is deeply embedded in
      current research practice, which encourages demonstration of statistical
      significance to "prove" theories, and one of its causes is the pressure to
      publish extensively that is an integral part of the competition for academic
      promotion. Serious efforts to reduce this problem will involve restructuring the
      process by which study results are disseminated, changing editorial policies, and
      altering the style and methods of statistical analysis.

PMID- 2642557
TI  - Physician advertising in 1886: touting by telephone.

PMID- 2642558
TI  - Sabbatical.

PMID- 2642559
TI  - Pulmonary function and airway responsiveness during long-term therapy with
      captopril.
AB  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors sometimes cause cough; the mechanism is
      unknown. We therefore studied the effects of ambulatory treatment with captopril
      on pulmonary function and on nonspecific bronchial responsiveness to methacholine
      in 15 hypertensive subjects. Lung volumes, expiratory flows and nonspecific
      bronchial responsiveness to methacholine using doses up to 64 g/L were measured
      before and four and eight weeks after captopril treatment was started. Throughout
      the study the subjects recorded respiratory symptoms and peak expiratory flow
      rates. In four subjects a persistent cough developed related to the use of
      captopril, but this was not associated with the development of airflow
      obstruction or bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The mean provocative concentration
      of methacholine that resulted in a 20% fall in the forced expiratory volume in 1
      s was 43.6 +/- 1.8 g/L after eight weeks of captopril treatment compared with
      61.6 +/- 1.2 g/L at the baseline evaluation. We concluded that there was no
      significant change in lung function during treatment with captopril. The
      development of a cough related to this medication is not associated with the
      development of airflow obstruction or airway hyperresponsiveness.

PMID- 2642560
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and pelvis. Council on Scientific
      Affairs.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen presents greater inherent
      difficulties than other anatomic regions. However, new techniques now allow
      imaging comparable in quality to computed tomography (CT). Magnetic resonance
      imaging offers the advantages of greater tissue contrast, multiplanar imaging,
      and lack of ionizing radiation or risk of toxic reactions from iodinated contrast
      media. Its use remains limited by high cost, limited availability, lack of a
      bowel contrast agent, and long imaging time, which some patients cannot tolerate.
      In many areas of abdominal imaging, MRI is now comparable to CT, but because of
      the greater availability and lesser cost, CT remains the procedure of choice.
      Magnetic resonance imaging is more accurate for staging neoplasms of the liver,
      adrenal glands, kidneys, bladder, prostate, uterus, and cervix and may aid in
      diagnosis of hepatic, adrenal, and uterine masses. In selected patients,
      especially those in whom CT is inconclusive or those who cannot tolerate
      iodinated contrast material, MRI can provide valuable information. Development of
      faster scanning techniques and MRI contrast agents and wider availability will
      probably increase the usefulness of abdominal MRI. At this time, MRI complements
      other abdominal imaging procedures. In a small number of patients, however, it
      can provide unique information in a virtually risk-free manner.

PMID- 2642561
TI  - A fifteen-year search for first-stage human ova.

PMID- 2642562
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Licensure of screening tests for antibody to human T
      lymphotropic virus type I.

PMID- 2642563
TI  - Detection and surveillance of colorectal cancer.
AB  - Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer in the United States.
      The overall mortality rate approaches 60%. However, the detection of early
      lesions results in a mortality rate of 20% or less. Therefore, if improvement in
      survival is to occur, increased efforts need to be focused not only on primary
      prevention but also on early detection of malignant lesions and the eradication
      of potentially malignant lesions. There is no universal consensus as to how this
      can be accomplished. The purpose of this article is to serve as a guideline,
      providing a practical basis for improving early detection and management of
      colorectal cancer and its precursors.

PMID- 2642564
TI  - US Preventive Services Task Force. Sigmoidoscopy in the periodic health
      examination of asymptomatic adults.

PMID- 2642565
TI  - Child molestation and pedophilia. An overview for the physician.
AB  - Child sexual abuse is a serious, pervasive problem with clinical, social, moral,
      and legal implications. Between 100,000 and 500,000 children in the United States
      are thought to be sexually molested annually. Physicians in all specialties may
      detect sexual exploitation of youngsters and are mandated to report such cases.
      Failure to diagnose child molestation and pedophilia and to treat their cause can
      have serious, long-lasting consequences for innocent victims and continued
      distress for the perpetrator and for the professional who missed the diagnosis. A
      single child molester may commit hundreds of sexual acts on hundreds of children.
      The etiology of paraphilic syndromes is multifactorial. There are substantial
      differences among sexual abusers of children in their personalities and
      psychopathologies. Although available interventions are symptomatically
      palliative rather than curative, many pedophiles can benefit from appropriate
      treatment. Primary prevention may be the key to reducing the frequency of child
      sexual abuse.

PMID- 2642566
TI  - Controlled clinical trial of adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG and neuraminidase
      treated autologous tumour cells in large bowel cancer.
AB  - A controlled, randomised clinical trial of immunotherapy was performed in 301
      patients with stage B or C colorectal cancer. The immunotherapy treatment
      consisted of 18 vaccinations over a 2 year period following surgery with a
      combination of BCG given by scarification plus subcutaneous injection of Vibrio
      cholera neuraminidase (VCN)-modified autologous tumour cells. Five year follow-up
      has now been completed in all patients. The immunotherapy did not alter either
      the disease-free interval or the overall survival of patients in comparison with
      a control group of patients not receiving immunotherapy.

PMID- 2642567
TI  - Nasal and nasopharyngeal paraganglioma.
AB  - Paragangliomas of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx should be classified according
      to the presumed origin from the nasal, jugulotympanic, vagal, or ciliary
      paraganglion because of the substantial differences in clinical behavior and
      operative management. This paper presents the ninth published case of a primary
      nasal paraganglioma and reviews the previously reported cases. Primary nasal
      paragangliomas are generally localized, although the potential for local invasion
      is well documented. Malignancy or functional activity has not been described.
      Complete excision is curative. Jugulotympanic, vagal, and ciliary paragangliomas
      with extension into the nasopharynx or nasal cavity are typically more advanced
      at the time of diagnosis and require complete evaluation by computed tomography
      and arteriography to determine the tumor extent. The operative approach is
      dependant on the extent of tumor invasion. Irradiation and tumor embolization
      have been useful for unresectable or partially excised tumors.

PMID- 2642568
TI  - Individual treatment for malignant melanoma.
AB  - Much has been learned in the recent decade about the predictable biologic
      behavior of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Indeed, such knowledge permits highly
      individualized treatment based on simple demographic data on the patient,
      location of the lesion, and its thickness according to the Breslow scale. The
      thoughtful surgeon may individualize his treatment according to the likely
      biologic behavior of the tumor, minimizing treatment morbidity while maintaining
      optimum results from primary and secondary surgical treatment.

PMID- 2642569
TI  - Retrovesical squamous cell carcinoma associated with toxoplasmosis: diagnostic
      images, serum detection of SCC-antigen, and successful treatment by M-VAC
      regimen.
AB  - A case of retrovesical squamous cell carcinoma associated with acquired
      toxoplasmosis is presented. To date only six cases with retrovesical carcinoma
      have been reported in the literature. Although it is difficult to make a
      preoperative diagnosis of this rare neoplasm, transrectal longitudinal
      ultrasonography was diagnostically valuable, and serial measurements of serum
      squamous cell antigen (SCC-Ag) were useful for monitoring the clinical course.

PMID- 2642570
TI  - Application of the immunoperoxidase method for rapid intraoperative pathological
      diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Intrapancreatic extension of pancreatic duct cell carcinoma in 19 resectable
      cases was evaluated by both hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and quick
      immunostaining using antibodies against cancer-associated antigens--e.g., CA19-9,
      DUPAN 2, and CEA--on the intraoperative frozen-section biopsy during the course
      of laparotomy. By H&E staining, malignant lesions were identified in four of 19
      cases (21%). By the immunostaining method, however, cancer cells were detected in
      10 of 19 cases (52.6%). This immunostaining method was particularly useful in
      defining cancer cells surrounded by dense fibrous connective tissue, in which
      cancer cells are usually difficult to evaluate by H&E staining. Thus, the
      application of such immunostaining, together with H&E staining, on the cryostat
      sections of biopsy specimens may provide important information for the
      appropriate operative method. Retrospective study of permanent sections revealed
      that pathological diagnosis by quick immunostaining was more accurate than
      diagnosis by H&E staining.

PMID- 2642571
TI  - Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and related disorders: a retrospective look in
      search of definitions.
AB  - The recent report of an immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (IBL)-like T cell lymphoma
      has rekindled questions about the nature, reactive or neoplastic, of IBL,
      angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL), and lymphogranulomatosis X (LgX) and
      blurred the criteria for their diagnosis. We looked in the literature and our own
      data for a categorization of AIL (IBL, LgX) and related disorders, needed for
      future prospective studies. Specific differences in the original histologic
      definitions and discordant immunophenotypic data may warrant the separate
      consideration of AIL, IBL and LgX and their subdivision into predominantly T cell
      or B cell lesions. DNA hybridization and cytogenetic studies of the processes
      sharing histologic features of AIL (IBL, LgX) demonstrate a continuum of
      disorders from purely reactive to frankly malignant, which may be categorized as
      follows: (1) those without evidence of clonality by any of three parameters
      (immunophenotypic, immunogenotypic, and cytogenetic), for which only the term AIL
      (IBL, LgX) might be reserved; (2) those with evidence of clonality by all
      parameters, or AIL (IBL, LgX)-like lymphomas; and (3) those that, due to any
      discordance among the three parameters, do not fit into either of the above
      categories, and for which the term AIL (IBL, LgX)-like dysplasias is proposed.
      This intermediate group seems to be composed of unstable lymphoproliferative
      conditions, in which a predominant component of normal cells coexists with clonal
      population(s) that may either disappear with time or selectively proliferate and
      develop into frank lymphoma.

PMID- 2642572
TI  - Humoral regulation of eosinophilopoiesis in vitro: analysis of the targets of
      interleukin-3, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and
      interleukin-5.
AB  - In order to delineate the humoral regulation of eosinophil production, we studied
      the effects of interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor (GM-CSF), and interleukin-5 (IL-5), and their combinations on eosinophil
      colony formation in clonal cell culture. We plated 1,000 bone marrow null cells
      per dish and in some experiments used polyclonal anti-gibbon IL-3 sera and anti
      human GM-CSF. IL-3 or GM-CSF independently from each other supported eosinophil
      colony formation. Although IL-5 supported formation of small eosinophil colonies,
      the number of colonies were significantly smaller than that supported by GM-CSF
      or IL-3. Cytological examination of the constituent cells revealed that some of
      the apparent eosinophil colonies supported by IL-3 and GM-CSF were mixed colonies
      containing eosinophils and one or more other lineages. In addition, the majority
      of the eosinophils seen in cultures with IL-3 and/or GM-CSF proved to be early
      eosinophil precursors including eosinophilic promyelocytes, myelocytes, and meta
      myelocytes. IL-5-supported eosinophil colonies were pure eosinophil colonies and
      contained mostly maturer eosinophils such as band and segmented forms. These
      observations indicated that the developmental stages of the targets of IL-3 and
      GM-CSF are earlier than those of IL-5 and that the primary function of IL-5 is to
      support terminal maturation of eosinophils.

PMID- 2642573
TI  - High-dose, potentially myeloablative chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow
      transplantation for patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Twenty three patients with Hodgkin's disease were treated with BCNU (carmustine),
      etoposide, and cyclophosphamide at doses of 450-600 mg/m2, 1500-2000 mg/m2, and
      120 mg/kg respectively. Bone marrow refrigerated at 4 degrees C for 2-5 days or
      cryopreserved at -80 degrees C was used to reconstitute bone marrow function. The
      median age was 28 (range 16-48), and the median Karnofsky performance status was
      70. Nineteen patients had progressive disease while on chemotherapy. The median
      number of prior regimens was three (1-7), and the median number of prior
      chemotherapy drugs was 10 (range 4-12). Ten patients had received at least two of
      the drugs used in this study and four had had all three. Indicator lesions
      included lung (10), peripheral lymph nodes (9), retroperitoneal nodes (8), liver
      (3), and chest wall masses (2). Ten patients achieved a complete remission
      (43.5%; 95% confidence limits 23-64%), and five patients had a partial remission
      (21.7%; 95% confidence limits 5-39%). The median duration of complete remission
      was 6 months (range 2-13+ months). Responses were shorter in duration for
      patients with primary refractory disease. Liver function abnormalities were noted
      in nine (39%) cases. Post transplant, the recovery time was 18 days (range 11-43)
      for WBC and 24 days (11-77) for platelets. Two patients died of septic episodes
      while neutropenic. The median number of RBC units used was seven (range 1-45).
      Ten patients had evidence of pulmonary dysfunction. In seven patients there was
      symptomatic improvement with steroid therapy, but three patients who were not
      treated with steroids died as a result of interstitial pneumonia. Future programs
      should consider bone marrow transplantation in patients with Hodgkin's disease
      earlier in the course of disease, at the time of minimal residual disease, and
      employ newer, potentially less toxic drugs.

PMID- 2642575
TI  - In vitro growth of myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells from myelodysplastic
      patients in response to recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor.
AB  - Marrow progenitor cells from 14 myelodysplastic (MDS) patients and 17 normal
      donors were assayed in semisolid cultures supplemented with increasing doses of
      recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) or
      medium conditioned by 5637 bladder carcinoma cells (5637CM). At doses of
      supplements shown to be optimal for colony formation in cultures of normal
      marrow, myeloid (day 14) colony numbers were subnormal in 10 of 14 MDS marrows
      cultured in 5637CM and in 8 of 14 cultures containing rhGM-CSF (2.5 ng/ml).
      However, a high dose of rhGM-CSF (20 ng/ml) raised myeloid colony numbers in
      cultures of many MDS marrows, so that 9 of 14 now yielded colonies within the
      normal range; increased levels of 5637CM failed to do this. Erythroid colony
      growth was poor in 13 of 14 MDS marrow cultures supplemented with erythropoietin
      in addition to 5637CM or rhGM-CSF. High concentrations of rhGM-CSF did not
      increase erythroid growth. These data suggest that myeloid progenitors from the
      MDS clone may have a decreased responsiveness to hemopoietins which can be
      overcome at high concentrations of growth factors.

PMID- 2642574
TI  - Low-dose ara-C therapy for acute myelogenous leukemia in elderly patients.
AB  - Forty-four evaluable patients with untreated acute myelogenous leukemia received
      twice-daily subcutaneous injections of low-dose ara-C (10 mg/m2) for less than or
      equal to 42 days. The median age was 72 years (range 53-87); 42 of 44 patients
      were greater than or equal to age 60. Ten patients (23%) had complete responses
      with a median duration of 9.9 months. Median survival was 3 months (range 0.6
      31.2+) for all patients, and 19.5 (range 7.9-31.2+) for patients who attained
      complete responses. Cytoreduction occurred slowly with low-dose ara-C and five of
      ten patients who achieved complete remission did not develop marrow aplasia.
      Toxicity was predominantly related to infections associated with
      granulocytopenia. Nonhematologic toxicity was limited. Low-dose ara-C as used in
      this trial results in a complete response rate and a duration of response similar
      to those achieved with other treatments in elderly patients, but with reduced
      toxicity.

PMID- 2642576
TI  - Clinicopathologic manifestations and breakpoints of the t(3;5) in patients with
      acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Acquired chromosomal rearrangements in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) have
      been linked to specific clinicopathologic features that suggest new disease
      subtypes. In this collaborative study, we report five patients with ANLL and a
      t(3;5) in their leukemic cells. At diagnosis, four of the patients had a t(3;5)
      as their sole karyotypic anomaly; the remaining patient had additional structural
      and numerical abnormalities. Careful cytogenetic analysis indicated that the
      breakpoints of this rearrangement are 3q25.1 and 5q34, in contrast to the various
      breakpoints reported in earlier studies (3q21----3q25 and 5q31----5q35). The
      karyotypic, morphologic, and clinical characteristics of this group, as well as
      those of 14 previously reported patients with the t(3;5), were compared to
      identify any features that might warrant consideration of a specific syndrome.
      The available information indicates a worldwide distribution and a nearly equal
      male:female ratio for patients with this translocation. The median age of the
      group, 37 years, was younger than that of all patients with ANLL, 49 years. A
      preceding myelodysplastic syndrome was observed in three patients. The limited
      numbers of observations on leukocyte count, hemoglobin level, and platelet count
      precluded meaningful comparison with data for ANLL patients in general. Although
      each FAB morphologic subtype, except M3, occurred in patients with a t(3;5), the
      frequency of M6 was much greater than expected. Bone marrows from each of the
      five patients we report showed increased numbers of megakaryocytes; trilineage
      dysplasia was observed in the marrow of each of the four patients for whom it
      could be assessed. Taken together, these findings suggest that the t(3;5) may
      affect cells capable of differentiation into multiple lineages.

PMID- 2642577
TI  - Detection of tumor necrosis factor gene expression at a cellular level in human
      acute myeloid leukemias.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a Mr 17,000 cytokine produced by macrophages. We
      have recently demonstrated that TNF is also produced by transformed human
      epithelial cells. The present studies have examined TNF expression in human
      myeloid leukemic cells. We have monitored TNF expression at a cellular level
      using alkaline phosphatase detection of a biotinylated TNF cDNA probe in situ.
      Using this approach, TNF transcripts were detectable in HL-60 cells induced along
      the monocytic lineage by phorbol ester but not in uninduced cells. The specific
      detection of TNF RNA at a cellular level was supported by the absence of
      histochemical staining in RNase-treated cells and when using biotinylated pBR322
      plasmid without insert. These studies were extended to preparations of purified
      acute myeloblastic leukemia cells. The results demonstrate that TNF is expressed
      in myeloblasts in eight of nine patients with AML. In each preparation of
      myeloblasts with detectable TNF RNA, transcripts were present at 89-98% of the
      cells. The identification of TNF RNA in situ was also associated with the
      detection of TNF protein in leukemic blasts by indirect immunofluorescence.
      Moreover, the detection of TNF protein in these preparations of myeloblasts was
      confirmed by immunoblotting. However, using this approach to examine AML cells
      before and after purification indicated that TNF expression is induced as a
      result of the enrichment procedures. Thus, certain populations of purified
      myeloid leukemic cells are capable of expressing TNF at both the RNA and protein
      levels.

PMID- 2642578
TI  - A search for bcl1, bcl2, and c-myc oncogene rearrangements in chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia.
AB  - Three cellular or putative oncogenes: c-myc, bcl1, and bcl2 were previously found
      to be rearranged in some B cell malignancies due to chromosomal translocations.
      Data concerning the role of such genetic rearrangements in B-CLL are very scanty
      and limited to few cases in which bcl1 rearrangements were found. We studied DNA
      samples from 38 cases of B-CLL by Southern blot technique in order to find out
      the existence and frequency of such events. No bcl1 or bcl2 rearrangements were
      found in any of the studied cases; thus, involvement of these genes in CLL must
      be rare. In one patient who had an aggressive and resistant disease, c-myc
      rearrangement was found.

PMID- 2642579
TI  - Role of autocrine growth factors in the leukemic transformation of the
      myelodysplastic syndromes.

PMID- 2642580
TI  - Activation of Harvey ras oncogene by mutation at codon 12 is very rare in
      hemopoietic malignancies.
AB  - Point mutations within codon 12 of the Harvey (H-) ras proto-oncogene have
      recently been implicated in the progression of hemopoietic malignancy,
      particularly chronic myeloid leukemia. We have analyzed DNA from 170 cases of
      acute and chronic leukemia by using a restriction fragment length polymorphism.
      No evidence for clonal allelic H-ras codon 12 activation was found among these
      cases, which included 23 cases of chronic myeloid leukemia, 12 of which were in
      accelerated phase or blastic transformation. These data suggest that H-ras codon
      12 mutations occur infrequently in hemopoietic neoplasms generally and may be
      less important in disease progression than has been previously suggested.

PMID- 2642581
TI  - Normal auditory brainstem response in patients with acoustic neuroma.
AB  - Auditory brainstem response testing has been a major breakthrough in audiologic
      screening for acoustic neuroma because of its high degree of sensitivity.
      Although it is not uncommon for other cerebellopontine angle masses to present
      with normal ABR findings, reports of eighth nerve tumors with false-negative
      auditory brainstem response tests are quite rare. A series of 120 acoustic
      neuromas resected at the University of Michigan was reviewed and revealed two
      such patients. These two patients presented with asymmetric sensorineural hearing
      loss and unilateral tinnitus and were found to have completely normal auditory
      brainstem response. The diagnosis of acoustic neuroma would have been delayed if
      a comprehensive evaluation had not been pursued.

PMID- 2642582
TI  - Histopathology of Bell's palsy.
AB  - The histopathology of the facial nerve 1 week after the onset of Bell's palsy is
      reported. The entire nerve was infiltrated by inflammatory cells. Myelin
      breakdown, axonal changes, and edema were present, suggesting viral neuritis. The
      role of decompression in this disease process is discussed.

PMID- 2642583
TI  - Murine subrenal capsule assay: prediction of chemoresponsiveness in head and neck
      cancer.
AB  - If chemotherapy is to be used with the greatest efficacy in head and neck cancer,
      a predictive test that will indicate tumor sensitivity or resistance in
      individual patients may be desirable. This report demonstrates that the in vivo
      murine subrenal capsule assay was an efficient, sensitive method for
      retrospectively predicting the clinical response of squamous cell carcinomas of
      the head and neck to chemotherapy. Twenty-five courses of chemotherapy in 22
      patients were compared to responses in the in vivo assay. The assay correctly
      identified sensitivity to chemotherapy in 86% of clinically responding patients.
      The specificity of the assay was 78%. A 60% efficiency for predicting clinical
      response and a 93% efficiency for predicting clinical resistance were
      demonstrated. Eighty percent of the results were correctly classified. The murine
      subrenal capsule assay has potential in planning of chemotherapy for selected
      patients.

PMID- 2642584
TI  - von Hippel-Lindau disease affecting 43 members of a single kindred.
AB  - We present a 6-generation kindred of over 221 members, 43 of whom were affected
      with von Hippel-Lindau (vHL) disease. Through a simple screening protocol, we
      diagnosed vHL retrospectively in 15 cases, and for the first time in 28, 11 of
      whom were presymptomatic. We found many complications of vHL in previously
      diagnosed relatives and in new cases. This study has demonstrated the utility and
      benefit of preventive surveillance in those known to have vHL, and of
      presymptomatic screening for affected relatives in families with vHL. The
      features of vHL were reviewed in our 43 cases and 511 cases from the medical
      literature. The patterns, frequencies, and ages of onset for each lesion were
      compared. Renal malignancies caused almost as much mortality in vHL as CNS
      malignancies. This family was exceptional for absence of pheochromocytoma and
      erythrocythemia, for more renal and pancreatic cysts and malignancies, and for
      slightly fewer eye or CNS lesions. Bilateral renal adenocarcinomata were found
      presymptomatically in five young subjects, who had bilateral nephrectomy and
      hemodialysis. Three survived long-term after renal transplants. Five relatives
      had pancreatic malignancies, which are definite although uncommon manifestations
      of vHL. Recommendations are made for family screening, which was economical and
      effective. Bayesian calculations help to predict risks for genetic counseling.
      The molecular basis of vHL may soon be found, since it has been linked to DNA
      markers on the short arm of chromosome 3.

PMID- 2642585
TI  - Clostridium septicum infection and associated malignancy. Report of 2 cases and
      review of the literature.
AB  - We report 2 patients with myonecrosis due to Clostridium septicum and associated
      colon carcinoma and have reviewed the English language literature for all
      reported cases of atraumatic C. septicum infection. A total of 162 cases of C.
      septicum infection have been reported. Eighty-one percent of these patients had
      an associated malignancy. Thirty-four percent of all patients had associated
      colon carcinoma, while 40% had a hematologic malignancy. Thirty-seven percent of
      reported patients had an occult malignancy at the time of their infection with C.
      septicum. In many patients, the portal of entry was found in the large intestine.
      In a particularly lethal form (79% mortality) of C. septicum infection, known as
      "distant myonecrosis," infection metastatic from the initial site of infection
      causes severe myonecrosis, gangrene, and often death within hours of clinical
      detection. Overall, survival of patients with C. septicum infection is only 35%.
      Review of all cases of C. septicum infection suggests several conclusions. 1)
      Patients with malignancy, particularly colonic or hematologic, and patients with
      cyclic neutropenia who develop signs and symptoms of sepsis, especially with
      associated findings of abdominal pain or pain in an extremity, should be treated
      for possible clostridial infection. 2) C. septicum infection does not appear to
      be a result of a single specific defect in either humoral or cell-mediated
      immunity. Rather, it may occur in patients who are granulocytopenic and therefore
      prone to an enterocolitis. 3) Patients in whom an infection with C. septicum is
      found must undergo a vigorous search for malignancy following acute
      therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642586
TI  - Nocardial infections in renal transplant recipients.
AB  - Upon review of the English literature and the patients at our hospital, we
      identified 94 renal transplant recipients with nocardiosis. These patients were
      further evaluated and compared to nonrenal transplant patients with nocardiosis.
      We found that these patients were similar in presentation, course, and
      therapeutic outcome to non-transplant patients. Survival was related to
      underlying disease, site of infection, rapidity with which the diagnosis was made
      and, especially, the inclusion of a sulfa compound in the antimicrobial regimen.
      Transplant centers with high rates of Nocardia infection should consider
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis for at least the first year after
      transplantation.

PMID- 2642587
TI  - Clinical and serologic characteristics of patients with overlap syndrome: is
      mixed connective tissue disease a distinct clinical entity?
AB  - We discuss the clinical and serologic features of 27 patients with overlap
      syndrome followed prospectively by our group. The findings are similar to those
      of other reports, but we have drawn attention to the presence of peritendinous
      nodules in these patients and mentioned some peculiar neurologic manifestations.
      Rheumatoid arthritis was the most common diagnosis in our patients. The presence
      of high-titer antibodies against the nuclear ribonucleoprotein fraction of
      extractable nuclear antigen (nRNP) did not allow the identification of a
      particular subgroup. However, patients with this antibody tended to fulfill more
      criteria of more diseases than those without it. The findings lead us to conclude
      that antibodies to nRNP do not identify a particular subgroup within the overlap
      syndromes and that mixed connective tissue disease does not appear to be a
      distinct entity.

PMID- 2642588
TI  - Assessment of the postprandial pattern of glucose metabolism in nondiabetic
      subjects and patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus using a
      simultaneous infusion of [2(3)H] and [3(3)H] glucose.
AB  - Glucose turnover determined with tritiated isotopes of glucose is subject to
      potential error due to glucose/glucose-6-phosphate cycling and/or cycling through
      glycogen. To determine the extent to which these processes alter the apparent
      pattern of postprandial glucose metabolism, we measured glucose turnover
      simultaneously with [2(3)H] glucose (an isotope that minimally cycles through
      glycogen but is extensively detritiated during glucose/glucose-6-phosphate
      cycling) and [3(3)H] glucose (an isotope that is not detritiated during
      glucose/glucose-6-phosphate cycling but can cycle through glycogen). Glucose
      turnover was measured in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (NIDDM) and nondiabetic subjects both before and after ingestion of a
      carbohydrate meal isotopically with labeled [6(14)C] glucose. In the
      postabsorptive state hepatic glucose appearance was higher (P less than .05) when
      determined with [2(3)H] glucose than with [3(3)H] glucose in the diabetic
      patients, but not in the nondiabetic subjects. After glucose ingestion the
      integrated responses of glucose appearance, systemic entry of ingested glucose,
      and hepatic glucose release all were higher (P less than .05) when determined
      with [2(3)H] glucose compared to [3(3)H] glucose in both the diabetic and
      nondiabetic subjects. However, the absolute difference between glucose turnover
      measured with [2(3)H] and [3(3)H] glucose were similar in the diabetic and
      nondiabetic subjects. Both isotopes provided a similar assessment of postprandial
      carbohydrate metabolism, indicating that either isotope can be used with equal
      efficacy to compare postprandial carbohydrate metabolism in patients with NIDDM
      and nondiabetic subjects.

PMID- 2642589
TI  - Structural evaluation of glucose analogues on feeding elicitation in rat.
AB  - The effects of 12-mumol doses of the glucose analogues glucosamine, 2
      fluoroglucose, 2-chloroglucose, 2-deoxyglucose (which were modified at carbon 2
      of the glucopyranose ring), 1-aminoglucose and 1-deoxyglucose (modified at carbon
      1), on feeding behavior and plasma glucose, insulin, and glycerol were examined
      after infusion into the rat third cerebroventricle. Plasma glucose and glycerol
      levels were elevated by glucosamine or 1-aminoglucose. Plasma insulin levels were
      unchanged by these analogues. Feeding was induced in 62% to 87% of the rats
      tested after infusion of glucosamine, 2-fluoroglucose, 2-chloroglucose, 2
      deoxyglucose, 1-aminoglucose, or 1-deoxyglucose (mean meal size in responding
      rats, 43.9, 25.8, 22.7, 16.0, 42.3, and 3.8 pellets, respectively). The order of
      potency to induce feeding was amino, halogen, and hydrogen groups. These data
      reinforced the concept that the potency of glucose analogues to induce feeding
      depends on substituents at carbon 1 and carbon 2 of the glucopyranose ring.

PMID- 2642590
TI  - Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in conscious and unrestrained
      normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - We compared the glucose tolerance and insulin responses to intravenous (IV)
      glucose administration of a dose of 1 g/kg body weight in a conscious and
      unrestrained state of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive
      Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) with catheters chronically indwelled into artery and
      vein. Both plasma glucose levels at two minutes and ten minutes following IV
      glucose load as well as the incremental and total areas of plasma glucose were
      slightly but significantly lower in SHR than in WKY. Glucose disappearance rate
      (K value) was 7.7 +/- 0.3%/min in SHR, being slightly but significantly higher
      than that of 6.8 +/- 0.3%/min in WKY. On the other hand, insulin responses to the
      glucose load at ten minutes and 30 minutes as well as incremental and total
      insulin areas were significantly lower in SHR than in WKY. There was no
      significant difference in insulinogenic index between SHR and WKY. Our
      observations suggest that in a conscious and unrestrained state, SHR have the
      greater glucose tolerance associated with reduced insulin secretion than do WKY.

PMID- 2642591
TI  - Aerobic fitness and resting energy expenditure in young adult males.
AB  - Ambiguous findings have been reported in previous studies regarding the
      relationships among aerobic fitness, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and the
      thermic effect of a meal (TEM). We reexamined the association among these
      variables in young nonobese men who exhibited a wide range of aerobic fitness
      levels. RMR was measured after an overnight fast and TEM was assessed for three
      hours after ingestion of a liquid meal. Preprandial and postprandial plasma
      levels of insulin, glucose, and thyroid hormones (total T3 and T4) were measured.
      Daily energy intake was estimated from three-day food diaries, body composition
      from underwater weighing, and aerobic fitness from a test of VO2 max. Data were
      analyzed with linear and curvilinear regression analysis, as well as with ANOVA
      to test for differences among subjects classified by fitness level (ie,
      untrained, moderately, and highly trained). A significant correlation was found
      between RMR and VO2 max (r = .77, P less than .01). RMR adjusted for body weight
      and FFW was higher in highly trained men when compared to moderately and
      untrained individuals. However, a curvilinear relationship was found between TEM
      and VO2 max (P less than .05). Subjects who exhibited moderate levels of fitness
      showed the highest TEM, whereas a lower TEM was noted in untrained and highly
      trained men. These findings were observed in the absence of differences in plasma
      concentrations of total T3 and T4 among fitness levels. These findings suggest
      that highly trained men have a high RMR adjusted for their metabolic
      size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642592
TI  - Bacterial infections among patients with diabetes in Papua New Guinea.
AB  - This study reports the morbidity that resulted from bacterial infections in
      Melanesian patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes who attended the Port
      Moresby General Hospital, Papua New Guinea, between January 1, 1982 and June 30,
      1984. Fifty-three of 160 patients with diabetes experienced 66 episodes of
      infection, 48 of which required inpatient hospital treatment. The average length
      of stay in hospital was 37.6 days per episode of infection. Of 88 patients who
      were newly-diagnosed as diabetic during this period, 30 patients initially had
      presented with a bacterial infection. The lower limb was the site that was
      infected most frequently, and Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae
      were the usual causative organisms. Eleven patients had bacterial gangrene of the
      foot; two of these patients were less than 23 years of age, and five patients
      were not known to have had diabetes previously. Five patients were suffering from
      pulmonary tuberculosis; the annual incidence of tuberculosis in this study group
      (12.5 cases/1000 patients) was about 11-times higher than that which has been
      reported for the general population. Thirteen patients with diabetes died in
      hospital during the study period. Infection was the cause of death in nine
      patients and three of these patients were less than 25 years of age. The
      morbidity of infection can be controlled if diabetes is sought more frequently in
      patients with infections, and if glycaemia can be controlled. This will have to
      be achieved through existing primary health-care structures, as resources for
      diabetes-specific preventive programmes in developing countries will be limited.

PMID- 2642593
TI  - Carotid endarterectomy: why question it now?
AB  - Carotid endarterectomy has been accepted widely as an important stroke-prevention
      tool since the 1950s, in spite of the lack of any proof of its efficacy in
      randomized, controlled clinical trials in either symptomatic or asymptomatic
      patients. While surgery for asymptomatic carotid disease always has been
      controversial, the indications and benefits of carotid endarterectomy in
      symptomatic patients now are being questioned also, although the available
      evidence suggests that the operation, when performed in expert hands, reduces the
      incidence of subsequent strokes in patients with minor, carotid-territorial
      ischaemic events and significant ipsilateral carotid disease. (A morbidity and
      mortality rate of more than 3% is unacceptable, and hence the procedure should be
      undertaken only by those who are skilled in its performance). For each patient, a
      decision has to be made as to whether the potential reduction of the risk of
      stroke outweighs the immediate surgical risk of stroke or death. Some large,
      expensive and important randomized clinical trials are either proposed or under
      way in North America and Europe to evaluate the precise role of carotid
      endarterectomy in the prevention of strokes. The basis for the current
      questioning of carotid endarterectomy and the rationale for these trials are
      addressed in this review.

PMID- 2642594
TI  - The clinical significance of food-drug interactions: a review.

PMID- 2642595
TI  - Curaderm: preliminary findings.

PMID- 2642596
TI  - Computerized interpretive reporting in haematology.

PMID- 2642597
TI  - Crude tea extracts decrease the mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine in vitro and in intragastric tract of rats.
AB  - The effects of tea extracts and their ingredients, catechins and L-ascorbic acid
      (AsA), on the mutagenicity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were
      examined in vitro and in the stomachs of rats using E. coli WP2 and S.
      typhimurium TA100. The extracts of green tea and black tea leaves decreased the
      mutagenic activity of MNNG to E. coli WP2 in vitro in a desmutagenic manner.
      Catechins such as (-)-epigallocatechin from green tea leaves and the low
      molecular-weight tannin fraction isolated from black tea extract with HP-20 resin
      also exhibited inhibitory effects against the mutagenic activity of MNNG. A
      desmutagenic effect of AsA on MNNG-induced mutagenicity was observed depending on
      the dose, though it was complicated. The effects were also demonstrated in the
      stomachs of rats by assaying the bacterial mutagenic in vitro; the tea extracts
      previously given orally to rats reduced the mutagenic activity of MNNG
      remarkably, though simultaneous administration showed less effect. The
      effectiveness of tea extracts for the decrease of MNNG-induced mutagenesis in
      vitro and in vivo suggests that the habitual drinking of tea may reduce the tumor
      initiating potency of MNNG-type nitrosoureido compounds if they are formed in the
      stomach.

PMID- 2642598
TI  - Influence of uvrB and pKM101 on the spectrum of spontaneous, UV- and gamma-ray
      induced base substitutions that revert hisG46 in Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Oligonucleotide probes were used to identify base substitutions in 1089
      revertants of hisG46 in Salmonella typhimurium that arose spontaneously or
      following irradiation with UV- or gamma-rays. The hisG46 allele, carrying a
      mutant CCC codon (Pro) in place of the wild-type codon CTC (Leu69) reverted via 6
      distinguishable mutational events--C to T transitions at codon sites 1 or 2, C to
      A or C to G transversions at codon site 1, C to A at codon site 2, and an
      extragenic suppressor mutation. The distribution of hisG46 revertants differed
      among treatments and was influenced by the DNA-repair capacity of the bacteria.
      Plasmid pKM101 enhanced the frequencies of both spontaneous and induced
      mutations; transversion events were enhanced more efficiently by pKM101 than were
      transition events. Compared to Uvr+ bacteria, Uvr- bacteria had higher
      frequencies of spontaneous and induced mutations; transition mutations were
      enhanced more efficiently than were transversion mutations. The influence of DNA
      repair activities on the mutational spectra provides some insights on the origins
      of spontaneous and UV-induced mutations.

PMID- 2642599
TI  - Lack of umuDC gene functions in Vibrio cholerae cells.
AB  - Attempts to identify an umuDC analog, using interspecific complementation of
      Escherichia coli mutants with plasmids containing a gene bank of Vibrio cholerae,
      were not successful. The DNA from none of the vibrio species examined including
      marine vibrios hybridized to E. coli umuC and umuD gene sequences. These cells
      are not mutable by ultraviolet (UV) light and cannot Weigle-reactivate UV
      irradiated choleraphages, suggesting that vibrios are deficient in the umuDC
      operon. This possibility is supported by the fact that when the plasmid pKM101
      carrying the mucAB genes is introduced into V. cholerae cells, they acquire the
      UV-mutable phenotype and UV-irradiated choleraphages can be Weigle-reactivated.

PMID- 2642600
TI  - Influence of dam and mismatch repair system on mutagenic and SOS-inducing
      activity of methyl methanesulfonate in Escherichia coli.
AB  - In contrast to earlier reports (Mohn et al., 1980; Glickman, 1982), we show that
      E. coli dam- cells are able to mutate following MMS treatment. Since the
      mutagenicity of MMS has been regarded as largely dependent on induction of the
      SOS functions, E. coli strains bearing the recA::lacZ or umuC::lacZ fusions were
      used to determine the ability of MMS to induce the SOS functions in the various
      dam+ and dam- strains. The mutagenicity of MMS was also tested in several of
      these strains. The results show that (i) there is no direct correlation between
      SOS-inducing ability and mutagenicity potency of MMS; and (ii) most of the
      premutagenic lesions induced by MMS are removed from DNA of dam+ or dam- cells by
      the mismatch repair system. The role of strand breaks in repair of mismatches
      induced by alkylating agents is discussed.

PMID- 2642601
TI  - After a single treatment with EMS the number of non-colony-forming cells
      increases for many generations in yeast populations.
AB  - The course of lethal events occurring in populations of haploid Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae after DNA-damaging treatments was studied. After X-irradiation and
      after incubation with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) populations recovered
      according to expectation, if one assumes successive dilution of killed cells by
      the proliferating survivors. However, populations treated with ethyl
      methanesulfonate (EMS) for many generations of proliferation contained more
      inviable cells than expected. This behaviour was not due to EMS or toxic reaction
      products remaining with the cells after treatment but to residual divisions of
      lethally mutated cells. In addition the data suggest that lethal fixations may
      occur in cells originating from later than the first generation after EMS
      treatment.

PMID- 2642602
TI  - The response of spermatogonia and spermatocytes of the Northern vole Microtus
      oeconomus to the induction of sex-chromosome nondisjunction, diploidy and
      chromosome breakage by X-rays and fast fission neutrons.
AB  - Microtus males were exposed to different doses of 250 kV X-rays or fast fission
      neutrons of 1 MeV mean energy. Early (= round) spermatids were analyzed for the
      presence of extra sex chromosomes, diploidy and micronuclei at different time
      intervals corresponding with treated differentiating spermatogonia and
      spermatocytes. Induction of nondisjunction of sex chromosomes could not be
      detected. In contrast, induction of diploids by both types of radiation was
      statistically significant at all sampling times. Dose-effect relationships for
      most of the sampling times were linear and sometimes linear-quadratic concave
      upward or downward. There were pronounced stage-specific differences in
      sensitivity as reflected by differences in doubling doses that ranged from 4 to
      22 cGy for X-rays and from 0.4 to 4 cGy for neutrons. Spermatocytes at pachytene
      were the most sensitive cells and proliferating spermatogonia the least sensitive
      ones. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of neutrons depended on the
      cell stage treated and fluctuated between 1.4 and 9.2. Evidence for radiation
      induced chromosomal breakage events was obtained via detection of micronuclei.
      Induction of micronuclei by X-rays or neutrons was statistically significant at
      all spermatocyte stages tested. There was no effect in spermatogonia. With a few
      exceptions dose-effect relationships were linear. Differences in stage
      sensitivity were clearly present as evidenced by doubling dose which ranged from
      5 to 29 cGy for X-rays and from 1 to 3 cGy for neutrons. RBE values varied from
      5.2 to 12.7. Maximum sensitivity was detected in spermatocytes at diakinesis, MI
      and MII. Resting primary spermatocytes (G1 and S phase) were somewhat less
      sensitive and actively proliferating spermatogonia were the least sensitive
      cells. The pattern of stage sensitivity for induction of diploids was distinctly
      different from that for induction of chromosomal breakage.

PMID- 2642603
TI  - On the possible role of cytosine deamination in delayed photoreversal mutagenesis
      targeted at thymine-cytosine dimers in E. coli.
AB  - While delayed photoreversal (PR) mutagenesis has been interpreted as a measure of
      misincorporation step in targeted mutagenesis, the specificity to produce
      glutamine tRNA suppressor mutations (C to T transitions) at sites in DNA where a
      thymine-cytosine dimer (T = C) may target mutation suggests a deamination model:
      deamination T = C to T = U and trans-U DNA replication after PR. We describe here
      two enquires that did not support the latter model: (a) Uracil DNA glycosylase
      activity as estimated from the restricted plating efficiency of phage T5
      containing uracil-substituted DNA showed no variation that might allow an
      exceptional opportunity for mutation at U in DNA, and (b). The kinetics of
      delayed PR mutagenesis were unaltered if UV-irradiated cells were held in buffer
      suspension for 2 h at 41 degrees C (a procedure known to allow deamination T = C
      to T = U) and then assayed. Other results with cells containing both umuC and ung
      (uracil DNA glycosylase) defects showed the magnitude of T = C deamination
      sufficient to provide T = U at the critical site of mutation to an extent greater
      than the mutation frequencies produced by delayed PR mutagenesis, and
      considerations of the kinetics led to the suggestion that the deamination model
      could apply if there were an optimum period 30-130 min post-UV for efficient
      recovery of DNA replication after PR. The results underscored the feasibility of
      delayed PR mutagenesis by deamination and trans-U replication, but a selection
      between the two models could not be determined.

PMID- 2642604
TI  - A consumer-choice health plan for the 1990s. Universal health insurance in a
      system designed to promote quality and economy (1).
AB  - America's health care economy is a paradox of excess and deprivation. We spend
      more than 11 percent of the gross national product on health care, yet roughly 35
      million Americans have no financial protection from medical expenses. To an
      increasing degree, the present financing system is inflationary, unfair, and
      wasteful. In its place we need a strategy that addresses the whole system, offers
      financial protection from health care expenses to all, and promotes the
      development of economical financing and delivery arrangements. Such a strategy
      must be designed to be broadly acceptable in our society. To remedy the
      deprivation, we propose that everyone not covered by Medicare, Medicaid, or some
      other public program be enabled to buy affordable coverage, either through their
      employers or through a "public sponsor." To attack the excess, we propose a
      strategy of managed competition in which collective agents, called sponsors, such
      as the Health Care Financing Administration and large employers, contract with
      competing health plans and manage a process of informed cost-conscious consumer
      choice that rewards providers who deliver high-quality care economically.

PMID- 2642605
TI  - A randomized trial of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in idiopathic
      membranous nephropathy.
AB  - We conducted a controlled trial to investigate the long-term effects of treatment
      with methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in patients with idiopathic membranous
      nephropathy. We have previously reported that after a mean of 31 months, treated
      patients did better. We now report the results of a longer follow-up. Eighty-one
      patients with proteinuria (greater than or equal to 3.5 g per day) and biopsy
      proved membranous nephropathy were randomly assigned to receive either supportive
      therapy alone or a six-month course of corticosteroids alternated with
      chlorambucil (0.2 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) every other month.
      Methylprednisolone was first given intravenously in three pulses (1 g per day)
      and was then given orally (0.4 mg per kilogram per day) for 27 days. The patients
      were followed for 2 to 11 years (median, 5). Two patients in the control group
      and one in the treatment group died. At the last follow-up visit, 9 of 39
      patients assigned to the control group (23 percent) and 28 of 42 patients
      assigned to the treatment group (67 percent) did not have the nephrotic syndrome.
      At five years there were more remissions of the nephrotic syndrome in treated
      patients than in controls (22 of 30 vs. 10 of 25; P = 0.026). Compared with base
      line values, the mean reciprocal of the plasma creatinine level declined
      significantly in the control group (33 percent; P = 0.0002) but not in the
      treatment group (6 percent; P not significant). Plasma creatinine increased by 50
      percent or more in 19 controls (49 percent) and in 4 treated patients (10
      percent). We conclude that a six-month course of methylprednisolone and
      chlorambucil can bring about sustained remission of the nephrotic syndrome and
      help to preserve renal function in patients with idiopathic membranous
      nephropathy.

PMID- 2642606
TI  - Cell biology. Reception and transmission.

PMID- 2642607
TI  - Structural differences between a ras oncogene protein and the normal protein.
AB  - One of the most commonly found transforming ras oncogenes in human tumours has a
      valine codon replacing the glycine codon at position 12 of the normal c-Ha-ras
      gene. To understand the structural reasons behind cell transformation arising
      from this single amino acid substitution, we have determined the crystal
      structure of the GDP-bound form of the mutant protein, p21(Val-12), encoded by
      this oncogene. We report here the overall structure of p21(Val-12) at 2.2 A
      resolution and compare it with the structure of the normal c-Ha-ras protein. One
      of the major differences is that the loop of the transforming ras protein that
      binds the beta-phosphate of the guanine nucleotide is enlarged. Such a change in
      the 'catalytic site' conformation could explain the reduced GTPase activity of
      the mutant, which keeps the protein in the GTP bound 'signal on' state for a
      prolonged period time, ultimately causing cell transformation.

PMID- 2642608
TI  - Hypoxic neuropathy: does hypoxia play a role in diabetic neuropathy? The 1988
      Robert Wartenberg lecture.
AB  - In this report I review: (1) the blood supply and endoneurial microenvironment of
      nerve; (2) the class, type, and spatial distribution of nerve fiber degeneration
      as a function of number, site, and class of vessels occluded; (3) the putative
      mechanisms of nerve hypoxia; and (4) the role of hypoxia in diabetic
      polyneuropathy.

PMID- 2642609
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the nervous system: report from
      the American Academy of Neurology AIDS Task Force.

PMID- 2642610
TI  - Reflex dementia: disinhibited primitive thinking.

PMID- 2642611
TI  - External respiratory nerve of Bell (long thoracic nerve).

PMID- 2642612
TI  - Biologic versus clinical MS.

PMID- 2642613
TI  - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting as isolated aphasia.
AB  - Progressive aphasia without dementia (primary progressive aphasia) is
      increasingly recognized as an important neurobehavioral syndrome. Clinical
      diagnosis of progressive aphasia is difficult early in its course, and the
      differential diagnosis is usually said to include Alzheimer's and Pick's
      diseases. We report a 61-year-old man with autopsy-proven Creutzfeldt-Jakob
      disease (CJD) whose major initial manifestation was a progressive, fluent
      aphasia. Myoclonus was absent, and characteristic EEG abnormalities appeared
      relatively late. We believe that this case of CJD is unique in its presentation
      of profound and isolated aphasia. CJD should be considered in the differential
      diagnosis of the progressive aphasia syndrome.

PMID- 2642614
TI  - Benign outcome of carotid occlusion.
AB  - We followed 40 patients with unilateral carotid occlusion by serial clinical and
      Doppler evaluation for over 6 years. Two groups were identified: 19 patients had
      already occluded their arteries on entry to the study, and 21 progressed to
      occlusion during the course of the study. No strokes occurred in the first group
      during follow-up, and the annual stroke rate in the second group was 3.8% for the
      territory of the occluded artery and 5.7% for all vascular territories. Death
      rate was 6.6% annually for both groups, mainly cardiac. Transcranial Doppler with
      digital compression of each carotid artery demonstrated middle cerebral artery
      (MCA) dependent on the patent carotid being total in 50% and partial in 30%.
      There was no correlation between degree of stenosis and MCA dependency (r = 
      0.24). Our data on stroke risk in asymptomatic patients with unilateral carotid
      artery occlusion indicate a benign outcome.

PMID- 2642615
TI  - Diagnosis of dementia: clinicopathologic correlations.
AB  - Based on 54 demented patients consecutively autopsied at the University of
      Pittsburgh, we studied the accuracy of clinicians in predicting the pathologic
      diagnosis. Thirty-nine patients (72.2%) had Alzheimer's disease, while 15 (27.7%)
      had other CNS diseases (four multi-infarct dementia; three Creutzfeldt-Jakob
      disease; two thalamic and subcortical gliosis; three Parkinson's disease; one
      progressive supranuclear palsy; one Huntington's disease; and one unclassified).
      Two neurologists independently reviewed the clinical records of each patient
      without knowledge of the patient's identity or clinical or pathologic diagnoses;
      each clinician reached a clinical diagnosis based on criteria derived from those
      of the NINCDS/ADRDA. In 34 (63%) cases both clinicians were correct, in nine
      (17%) one was correct, and in 11 (20%) neither was correct. These results show
      that in patients with a clinical diagnosis of dementia, the etiology cannot be
      accurately predicted during life.

PMID- 2642616
TI  - Controlled trial of botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of spasmodic
      torticollis.
AB  - We administered local injections of botulinum toxin to 20 patients with
      torticollis in a blinded, placebo-controlled study. Each patient received four
      sets of injections: three different doses of botulinum toxin and one placebo. The
      order of the sessions was random and unknown to the patients. Sixteen of the
      patients (80%) reported subjective improvement to at least one dose of botulinum
      toxin; 11 (55%) reported substantial improvement. No objective benefit was
      documented. Side effects were minor and transient, although dysphagia occurred in
      four. Some patients reported that the effect waned despite persistent relaxation
      or even flaccidity of previously overactive muscles, suggesting a change in the
      pattern of muscle activity after botulinum toxin injections.

PMID- 2642617
TI  - Spoiled child syndrome.
AB  - People often speak of children as being "spoiled" and many parents worry about
      the possibility of spoiling their infants and children. Many pediatricians,
      however, are uncomfortable with this term because it is a poorly defined and
      derogatory expression. Some would even deny that infants and children can be
      spoiled. Avoiding the use of the expression spoiled can create difficulties in
      communicating with parents concerned about their children's behavior. In this
      article, the spoiled child syndrome will be defined and those patterns of
      behavior that characterize it will be distinguished from other patterns of
      difficult behavior which may be confused with it. The spoiled child syndrome is
      characterized by excessive self-centered and immature behavior, resulting from
      the failure of parents to enforce consistent, age-appropriate limits. Many of the
      problem behaviors that cause parental concern are unrelated to spoiling as
      properly understood. Such behaviors are often age-related normal behaviors,
      reactions to family stresses, or patterns of behavior determined by factors
      inherent in the child. Pediatricians can provide counseling and reassurance for
      such behaviors and, by helping parents understand the etiology of true spoiling,
      can encourage the use of behavior modification techniques for its prevention and
      treatment.

PMID- 2642618
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitors:
      Report of consensus meeting, December 5 to 6, 1986.

PMID- 2642619
TI  - Neurologic complications of captopril treatment of neonatal hypertension.
AB  - The occurrence of neurologic abnormalities is described in a series of nine
      infants with chronic hypertension, in whom antihypertensive therapy decreased BP
      markedly and for a prolonged period, although to levels often within the normal
      range. All infants had mean systolic BPs greater than 113 mm Hg and elevated
      renin values to a mean of 134 +/- 128 ng/mL/h. Antihypertensive therapy, such as
      captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, consistently lowered
      the systolic BP by 20% from baseline per dose. However, the nine infants
      exhibited a total of 17 episodes of striking decreases in systolic BP of greater
      than 40% from baseline; the markedly decreased systolic BP values were usually
      within the normal range for corrected age. Seven of the 17 episodes were
      characterized by marked decrease in systolic BP, ie, decreased by 57% +/- 10%,
      and were prolonged, ie, remained at the lower values for 17 +/- 6 hours despite
      therapeutic interventions. These seven episodes were accompanied by oliguria
      (urine output less than 1 mL/kg/h) and neurologic abnormalities (ie, seizures).
      In the remaining ten episodes, the systolic BP decreased by 50% +/- 8%, but the
      decreases were relatively brief, ie, remained at the lower values for 2.8 +/- 2
      hours. These briefer episodes were not accompanied by renal or neurologic signs.
      These data indicate a particular vulnerability of the cerebral and renal
      circulation in premature infants with chronic hypertension to decreases in
      systolic BP to levels that would otherwise be considered in the normal range. The
      findings suggest that adaptive responses in both cerebral and renal blood flow
      are altered by chronic hypertension in such infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2642620
TI  - Increasing breast milk production for premature infants with a relaxation/imagery
      audiotape.
AB  - Many women whose premature infants are hospitalized in a newborn intensive care
      unit choose to express breast milk for their babies. Yet anxiety, fatigue, and
      emotional stress are powerful inhibitors of lactation. To facilitate the breast
      feeding experience, intervention mothers were given a 20-minute audio cassette
      tape based on relaxation and visual imagery techniques. At a single follow-up
      expression of milk at the hospital approximately 1 week after enrollment, they
      expressed 63% more breast milk than a randomized group of control mothers. The
      fat content of the breast milk in the two groups was not significantly different.
      Among a small group of mothers whose infants were receiving mechanical
      ventilation, the increase in milk volume compared with that of control mothers
      was 121%. Longer-term effects of the relaxation/imagery approach (such as
      extending the duration of breast-feeding or reducing parental stress after
      hospital discharge) and the physiologic basis for the increased volume of
      expressed milk (improved milk production v more efficient milk ejection) are
      appropriate topics for future research.

PMID- 2642621
TI  - Immunosuppressive therapy versus bone marrow transplantation for children with
      aplastic anemia.
AB  - A total of 15 patients 1 to 16 years of age were treated for aplastic anemia (13
      of a severe degree) and followed-up for a mean of 24 months (range 2 to 64
      months). Six patients had an HLA-matched sibling and underwent allogeneic bone
      marrow transplantation. Nine patients who lacked a suitable donor were given
      immunosuppressive therapy. Antithymocyte globulin was the initial treatment for
      eight of these nine patients. Two patients who failed to respond to antithymocyte
      globulin were then treated with cyclosporine A. Pretreatment age, hematologic
      measurements, duration of follow-up, and interval prior to therapy were similar
      between the two groups. All of the patients receiving bone marrow transplants had
      a complete response and now have normal blood cell counts. Six of nine patients
      (67%) responded to antithymocyte globulin and are now transfusion free, although
      three have mild thrombocytopenia. Both patients given cyclosporine A had a good
      response and are also transfusion free. Patients who underwent marrow
      transplantation had a significantly shorter period of transfusion dependence for
      RBCs (9 v 4 weeks, P less than .005) and platelets (5 v 21 weeks, P less than
      .05). The patients given immunosuppressive therapy have significantly lesser
      platelet counts in follow-up but have similar values for both hemoglobin and
      absolute granulocyte counts. Although HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation
      leads to a faster and more complete recovery for children with aplastic anemia,
      immunosuppressive therapy can provide a good outcome for children with this
      disorder.

PMID- 2642622
TI  - Self-regulation of salivary immunoglobulin A by children.
AB  - In a prospective randomized controlled study, the possibility that children could
      regulate their own salivary immunoglobulins was investigated using
      cyberphysiologic techniques. Fifty-seven children were randomly assigned to one
      of three groups. Group A subjects learned self-hypnosis with permission to
      increase immune substances in saliva as they chose; group B subjects learned self
      hypnosis with specific suggestions for control of saliva immunoglobulins; group C
      subjects were given no instructions but received equal attention time. At the
      first visit, saliva samples (baseline) were collected, and each child looked at a
      videotape concerning the immune system and was tested with the Stanford
      Children's Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. At the second visit, an initial saliva
      sample was collected prior to 30 minutes of self-hypnosis practice or
      conversation. At the conclusion of the experiment, a third saliva sample was
      obtained. Salivary IgA and IgG levels for all groups were stable from the first
      to the second sampling. Children in group B demonstrated a significant increase
      in IgA (P less than .01) during the experimental period. There were no
      significant changes in IgG. Stanford Children's Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale
      scores were stable across groups and did not relate to immunoglobulin changes.

PMID- 2642623
TI  - The historical development, cellular electrophysiology and pharmacology of
      amiodarone.

PMID- 2642624
TI  - The use of intravenous amiodarone in the acute therapy of life-threatening
      tachyarrhythmias.

PMID- 2642625
TI  - The signal averaged surface electrocardiogram and the identification of late
      potentials.

PMID- 2642626
TI  - Carbohydrates and depression.

PMID- 2642627
TI  - Identification of the sigma 1S protein in reovirus serotype 2-infected cells with
      antibody prepared against a bacterial fusion protein.
AB  - A bacterial expression vector, pATH 3, was used to produce high levels of a
      fusion protein composed of a portion of the trpE protein of Escherichia coli and
      the putative sigma 1S coding region from the S1 gene of reovirus serotype 2. The
      fusion protein was purified and injected into rabbits to prepare antisera. This
      antibody was able to detect sigma 1S being synthesized in L929 cells infected
      with reovirus serotype 2 by means of immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting
      techniques. The peak of sigma 1S accumulation in type 2-infected cells was shown
      to occur approximately 20 hr after infection. This report represents the first
      description of sigma 1S production in reovirus serotype 2-infected cells.

PMID- 2642628
TI  - Renal and hormonal effects of phosphodiesterase III inhibition in congestive
      heart failure.
AB  - Evaluation of the impact of therapeutic interventions in congestive heart failure
      (CHF) with compounds such as the phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitors must
      include the determination of regional blood flow and functional changes. Thus,
      whereas PDE III inhibitors produce a significant increase in cardiac output and
      reduction of systemic vascular resistance, it is necessary to understand their
      effects on the kidney and neurohormonal parameters. The evaluation of these
      effects must take into consideration both the baseline renal and neurohormonal
      abnormalities in CHF, and the cellular actions of PDE III inhibition, which
      include an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cytosolic calcium. In a
      group of 13 patients with CHF, milrinone therapy for 1 month did not increase
      renal blood flow or glomerular filtration rate, or favorably affect neurohormonal
      parameters. However, forearm blood flow increased proportionately with cardiac
      output. Therefore PDE III inhibition produces a preferential increase in skeletal
      muscle blood flow, which may be a relative shunting of blood from the kidney.
      Alternatively, PDE III inhibition may activate renal cellular mechanisms that
      offset the anticipated favorable response to the increase of cardiac output
      produced by milrinone.

PMID- 2642629
TI  - Effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on survival of patients with chronic
      congestive heart failure.
AB  - Controlled and uncontrolled hemodynamic and clinical studies have noted that the
      long-term treatment of patients with chronic heart failure with phosphodiesterase
      (PDE) inhibitors, such as amrinone, milrinone, enoximone and imazodan, may
      accelerate progression of the underlying disease and provoke serious ventricular
      arrhythmias. However, in an experimental model of chronic progressive left
      ventricular dysfunction, milrinone has been reported to reduce mortality to a
      degree comparable to that seen with the converting-enzyme inhibitors. These
      discordant observations suggest that either the deleterious hemodynamic and
      electrophysiologic effects of the PDE inhibitors are not translated into an
      adverse effect on mortality, or the animal model used to evaluate the effects of
      milrinone cannot be used to investigate the action of these drugs in human heart
      failure. Unfortunately, no trial has prospectively evaluated the effect of PDE
      inhibition on the survival of patients with heart failure. To address this need,
      the Prospective Randomized Milrinone Survival Evaluation (PROMISE Trial) has been
      launched in 75 to 90 clinical research centers in the United States and Canada.
      This study will enroll 750 patients with severe (class IV) heart failure, who
      have symptoms refractory to conventional therapy with digitalis, diuretics,
      converting-enzyme inhibitor and direct-acting vasodilators. Patients will be
      randomly assigned to additional treatment with either oral milrinone or placebo,
      and followed until death or to the conclusion of the study. The primary end point
      will be all-cause mortality, but the effect of milrinone on functional capacity
      will also be evaluated. The results of the study should define the place of PDE
      inhibitors in the treatment of chronic heart failure.

PMID- 2642630
TI  - Overview of cardiovascular physiologic and pharmacologic aspects of selective
      phosphodiesterase peak III inhibitors.
AB  - In recent years several agents have been developed as selective inhibitors of the
      low Michaelis constant cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase
      (peak III), a fraction of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases that is
      specific for the metabolic breakdown of cAMP. These agents are often referred to
      as PDE III inhibitors and share similar pharmacologic profiles. The principal
      interest in these agents--the therapy of congestive heart failure--is based on
      the cardiovascular effects that result from sequential elevation of intracellular
      cAMP, cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation, phosphorylation of cellular
      proteins and change in cellular function. The selective PDE III inhibitors have a
      triad of cardiovascular activities that provide hemodynamic benefit to patients
      with congestive heart failure. As a representative drug from this class of
      compounds, milrinone increases myocardial contractility, increases the rate of
      ventricular relaxation, and unloads the heart by way of a peripheral vasodilator
      action. The selective PDE III inhibitors offer a new modality for oral therapy of
      congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2642631
TI  - Effect of the degree of effort on the sensitivity of the exercise thallium-201
      stress test in symptomatic coronary artery disease.
AB  - The sensitivity of ST-segment depression on the electrocardiogram during exercise
      is influenced by the level of effort. Whether such is the case with thallium-201
      imaging (initial defect or redistribution) has not been established. Accordingly,
      the prevalence of these parameters was evaluated in 288 patients (age 59 +/- 10
      years, 88% men) with coronary artery disease who underwent both exercise thallium
      201 imaging and coronary angiography within 3 months of each other: 159 had a
      prior myocardial infarction, 72 had 1-vessel, and 216 had multivessel disease.
      The degree of effort was evaluated by 3 criteria: (1) percentage of maximal
      predicted heart rate (less than or equal to 65, greater than 65 to 85, greater
      than 85%); (2) workload during exercise (less than or equal to 4, greater than 4
      to 8, greater than 8 METs); and (3) duration of exercise (less than or equal to
      3, greater than 3 to 6, greater than 6 minutes). The prevalence of defects on
      initial images was higher than both redistribution on delayed images and ST
      segment depression on the electrocardiogram (p less than 0.01). The overall
      prevalence of initial defects remained the same for all levels of effort and was
      not influenced by the presence or absence of a prior infarction. However, it
      decreased in patients with 1-vessel disease who exercised to higher workloads.
      The prevalence of redistribution on delayed thallium-201 images was higher than
      that of ST-segment depression on the electrocardiogram (p less than 0.01), except
      at higher levels of effort where they were similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2642632
TI  - Prevalence and characteristics of proarrhythmia from moricizine (Ethmozine).
AB  - Moricizine was studied in 908 patients with ventricular arrhythmia. Proarrhythmia
      occurred in 29 (3.2%). When the type of proarrhythmia and the type of ventricular
      arrhythmia were correlated, no proarrhythmic events occurred in patients with
      benign ventricular arrhythmia. Three of the 4 deaths due to proarrhythmia
      occurred in patients with lethal ventricular arrhythmia and 14 of the 15 serious
      proarrhythmic events occurred in patients with potentially lethal ventricular
      arrhythmia. The overall proarrhythmia incidence in lethal and potentially lethal
      ventricular arrhythmias was not different (3.2 vs 3.7%, respectively).
      Proarrhythmia occurred in patients with more significant structural heart disease
      or conduction defects at baseline, but was not related to the baseline frequency
      of ventricular premature complexes. There was no relation between dose of
      moricizine and incidence of proarrhythmia. All 29 proarrhythmic events occurred
      within 10 days and 26 of 29 (90%) took place within 7 days of therapy start.
      Thus, moricizine has a low proarrhythmic potential, especially in patients with
      lethal ventricular arrhythmias, and may have the best risk/benefit ratio among
      first-line drugs used in these patients.

PMID- 2642633
TI  - Effect of diltiazem on left ventricular mass and diastolic filling in mild to
      moderate hypertension.
AB  - It is still uncertain whether antihypertensive therapy with calcium antagonists
      in general, and diltiazem in particular, can reduce left ventricular (LV) mass
      index and improve LV diastolic filling in hypertension. Therefore, 24 patients
      with mild to moderate hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 95 to 114 mm Hg
      before therapy) were randomly assigned to receive either a sustained-release
      preparation of diltiazem (n = 13) or placebo (n = 11) for 16 weeks in a double
      blind, parallel-group protocol. M-mode and pulsed Doppler echocardiograms were
      performed at baseline and at the end of monotherapy. Echocardiograms were read
      blindly by 2 independent observers. The patients who received placebo exhibited
      no change in blood pressure, cardiac dimensions or LV function. Diltiazem
      significantly reduced both systolic pressure (151 +/- 14 to 139 +/- 12 mm Hg) and
      diastolic pressure (101 +/- 4 to 90 +/- 7 mm Hg, both p less than 0.05).
      Posterior wall and septal wall thicknesses decreased, but the changes were not
      statistically significant. End-diastolic dimension was reduced by diltiazem from
      53 +/- 5 to 51 +/- 5 mm (p less than 0.05). LV mass index decreased significantly
      with diltiazem by 10%, from 125 +/- 21 to 113 +/- 23 g/m2 (p less than 0.05). The
      LV wall thickness to radius ratio remained unchanged during both diltiazem and
      placebo treatments. Changes in LV mass index and blood pressure did not
      correlate, suggesting that this response is influenced by factors other than
      pressure reduction alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642634
TI  - William Osler's views on malignant endocarditis from an "unknown" report.

PMID- 2642635
TI  - Coronary artery disease in the elderly.

PMID- 2642636
TI  - Aspergilloma within cavitating pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Pulmonary aspergillosis not infrequently occurs secondary to various malignancies
      and their associated therapies, but the simultaneous occurrence of Aspergillus
      and lung cancer is rare. The authors report the case of a 64-year-old male, who
      presented with a cavitating left upper lobe lesion radiologically, consistent
      with either fungal infection or carcinoma. Pathologically, the lesion was a thin
      walled adenocarcinoma with a large central cavity containing an aspergilloma
      intermingled with highly necrotic tumor. This represents the fifth such reported
      case.

PMID- 2642637
TI  - Reactive eosinophilic pleuritis. A sequela of pneumothorax in pulmonary
      eosinophilic granuloma.
AB  - Pneumothorax is a frequent complication of pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma (EG)
      and can be a presenting manifestation of this disorder. Histologically the
      differential diagnosis of EG in patients presenting with pneumothorax includes
      reactive eosinophilic pleuritis (REP), a nonspecific inflammatory reaction
      commonly observed in association with ruptured pleural blebs. The authors present
      a case in which both EG and REP were found in lung tissue from a patient with
      recurrent pneumothorax. Immunohistochemical stains for lysozyme and S-100 protein
      assisted in differentiating these two lesions. Histiocytic cells in areas of EG
      were S-100 positive and lysozyme negative, whereas mononuclear cells in areas of
      REP were S-100 negative and lysozyme positive. It is emphasized that the finding
      of REP and pleural blebs in lung tissue from patients presenting with
      pneumothorax does not exclude the diagnosis of EG.

PMID- 2642638
TI  - The correlation of mononuclear cell phenotype in endomyocardial biopsies with
      clinical history and cardiac dysfunction.
AB  - Endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 96 patients with unexplained congestive
      heart failure or dysrhythmia were evaluated by standard histologic techniques and
      by direct immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase cell marker analysis for
      mononuclear cell infiltration. Control specimens derived from normal autopsy
      hearts (n = 8) and autopsy hearts with severe coronary artery disease (n = 9)
      were analyzed in a similar fashion. The results were correlated with functional
      data obtained from cardiac catheterizations as well as the clinical history. The
      objectives of the study were to assess the sensitivity and specificity of
      immunoperoxidase identification of lymphocytes for the diagnosis of myocarditis
      and to correlate clinical parameters such as degree of cardiac dysfunction and
      symptom duration with the extent of inflammatory changes. No control biopsies
      (neither normal nor ischemic) had a T-cell concentration of one or more cells per
      high-power field (HPF:200X), whereas 32% of the study cases had more than one T
      cell per HPF. Heavy T-cell infiltration (greater than or equal to 3 per HPF) was
      present in 7% of the study cases and occurred most commonly when the symptoms
      were of recent onset. The results demonstrate that lymphocytes are not present
      (less than 1 per HPF) in normal myocardium, in viable myocardium from hearts with
      generalized coronary artery disease, and in most endomyocardial biopsies (68%)
      from patients with unexplained heart failure or dysrhythmia. Thus, lymphocyte
      infiltration is not a nonspecific response to cardiac dysfunction.
      Immunoperoxidase identification of lymphocytes provides a quantitative assessment
      of inflammatory cell infiltration that is useful in the detection of myocarditis.

PMID- 2642639
TI  - Porokeratosis of mibelli in transplant recipients.
AB  - Four of 602 renal and hepatic transplant recipients had porokeratosis of Mibelli
      develop in the posttransplant period. Porokeratosis is an uncommon, autosomally
      dominant inherited disorder that presents in adolescence as a proliferation of an
      abnormal clone of epidermal cells. Clinically, it is characterized by nonhealing
      plaques that develop most commonly on the limbs. Porokeratosis, a premalignant
      condition, must be added to the list of potential cutaneous complications seen in
      immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients.

PMID- 2642640
TI  - Measurement of plasma D-dimer for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis.
AB  - Venography was performed on fifty-six patients suspected of having deep venous
      thrombosis (DVT) of the legs. The accuracy of the D-dimer measurement in plasma
      using two latex tests and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was
      compared with that of usual determination of total fibrin(ogen) degradation
      products (FDPs) in serum with respect to the presence of DVT. The three D-dimer
      tests were clearly superior to the FDP assay, but only the ELISA could accurately
      rule out the diagnosis of DVT with a predictive value of 100% when plasma D-dimer
      level was less than 200 micrograms/L. However, this test cannot be used for
      positive diagnosis (false positive rate of 69%). Thus, plasma D-dimer measurement
      with ELISA allows identification of patients in whom further investigation by
      means of more specific tests (venography or plethysmography) is indicated in
      order to establish the diagnosis of DVT. In contrast to this, sensitivity of the
      two latex tests studied was low (60 and 76%, respectively), which makes them
      unsuitable for emergency screening. In addition, the potential of D-dimer dosage
      for diagnosis of DVT in hospitalized patients is hampered by the presence of
      associated conditions that are responsible for elevated plasma levels in most
      cases.

PMID- 2642641
TI  - An in vitro investigation of lingual bonding.
AB  - An in vitro investigation was undertaken to evaluate the bonding of orthodontic
      appliances onto lingual surfaces; 53 maxillary premolars, 37 mandibular
      premolars, and 37 mandibular incisors were used. Brackets were bonded onto the
      lingual and labial surfaces and fractured with an Instron machine. Enamel damage
      associated with debonding also was assessed. Results indicated comparable bond
      strengths (t test) on lingual (Li) and labial (La) surfaces: maxillary premolars-
      Li-138.2 kg/cm2, La-127.7 kg/cm2; mandibular premolars--Li-136.2 kg/cm2, La-121.6
      kg/cm2; and mandibular incisors--Li-166.3 kg/cm2, La-161.1 kg/cm2. Adaptation of
      lingual bracket bases resulted in significantly higher lingual bond strengths for
      maxillary premolars (166.9 kg/cm2) and mandibular premolars (180.4 kg/cm2), but
      not for mandibular incisors (149.2 kg/cm2). On debonding, the percentages of
      lingual surfaces exhibiting horizontal "crescent-shaped" fracture lines and
      enamel fragment fractures were significantly higher (x2 test) than the
      corresponding percentages for labial surfaces: maxillary premolars--Li-67.9%, La
      5.7%; mandibular premolars--Li-62.2%, La-13.5%; and mandibular incisors--Li
      43.2%, La-18.9%. Furthermore, an increase in vertical enamel fracture lines
      (cracks) subsequent to debonding was seen labially and lingually. Bonding
      procedures for lingual surfaces should be identical to those advocated for labial
      surfaces. Care during debonding must be exercised to eliminate possible enamel
      damage.

PMID- 2642642
TI  - The role of the third molar in the cause of late lower arch crowding: a review.
AB  - There are various reasons for the development of or increase in crowding in the
      untreated lower arch during the postadolescent period. The purpose of this
      article is to review the evidence in support of the theory that the presence of a
      third molar is one of the causes of such crowding.

PMID- 2642643
TI  - The diagnosis of group A, beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in the office
      setting. Rapid latex test vs throat culture.
AB  - We compared a rapid latex agglutination test with cultures of throat specimens to
      diagnose group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in an office setting.
      The throat cultures were interpreted by two pediatricians independently and
      evaluated by a reference laboratory. Five hundred seventy-two children
      participated in the study. The latex agglutination test had a sensitivity of
      89.4% and a specificity of 85.7%. Cultures of throat specimens obtained in the
      office had a sensitivity of 91.9% and a specificity of 91.7% when interpreted by
      investigator 1, and a sensitivity of 90.0% and a specificity of 95.1% when
      interpreted by investigator 2. There was no statistically significant difference
      between the numbers of false-negative results generated by the two procedures. We
      conclude that although somewhat less specific, the latex test is as sensitive as
      cultures of throat specimens in the office setting.

PMID- 2642644
TI  - Advances in pediatric cardiology.

PMID- 2642645
TI  - Neonatal neutrophil host defense. Prospects for immunologic enhancement during
      neonatal sepsis.
AB  - Neonatal host defense simulates a clinical state of immunodeficiency that
      predisposes the preterm and term newborn to overwhelming bacterial sepsis. There
      are various immunologic components that are deficient in the newborn and new
      methods to enhance their function. Defects in both the quantitative and
      qualitative aspects of the neonatal phagocyte contribute substantially to the
      immaturity of neonates' immune systems. The neonate lacks an adequate number of
      granulocyte bone marrow progenitor cells, and has a decreased neutrophil storage
      pool and an increased tendency to peripheral neutropenia during neonatal sepsis.
      Additionally, the neonatal granulocyte demonstrates altered physiologic function
      compared with that found in the adult with respect to chemotaxis, phagocytosis,
      oxidative metabolism, and bacterial killing. Some recent clinical studies have
      suggested the benefit of using adult neutrophil transfusions as adjuvant
      treatment during neonatal bacterial sepsis, yet other studies have found the use
      of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte transfusions to be inconclusive.
      Reduced circulating immunoglobulins and impaired production of specific antibody
      have also led to recent trials in the use of prophylactic intravenous
      immunoglobulin in preterm infants predisposed to sepsis. Recently, hematopoietic
      colony-stimulating factors have been demonstrated to improve in vitro neonatal
      neutrophil physiologic activity. Future therapy of neonatal sepsis will depend on
      new nontoxic methods for enhancing neonatal host defense.

PMID- 2642646
TI  - Chlamydia and the adolescent girl. The enzyme immunoassay as a screening tool.
AB  - To evaluate the enzyme immunoassay for Chlamydia detection in a population of
      sexually active urban adolescent girls, 100 endocervical screens using both
      immunoassay and tissue cell culture were performed. Prevalence of Chlamydia
      trachomatis was 35%, with more than two thirds of infected adolescents being
      asymptomatic. When compared with cell culture, the immunoassay was determined to
      have a sensitivity of 74%, a specificity of 98%, and positive and negative
      predictive values of 96% and 88%, respectively. Adolescents with false-negative
      immunoassay test results were more likely to lack evidence of cervical
      inflammation on examination and have lower-titer infections than their peers with
      positive results. When the immunoassay was matched against culture for test of
      cure after therapy, a 10% false-positive rate was found. We conclude that the
      immunoassay is a useful screening technique for detection of Chlamydia in high
      risk adolescent populations; however, its limitations with respect to decreased
      sensitivity in asymptomatic girls and poor positive predictive value in the
      context of tests of cure must be appreciated.

PMID- 2642647
TI  - Haemophilus influenzae type e (biotype IV) meningitis.

PMID- 2642648
TI  - Epidemiology: questions of science, ethics, morality, and law.

PMID- 2642649
TI  - The question of clustering of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
AB  - Clustering of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has been reported in several countries.
      The authors review these reports, and they describe their statistical analysis of
      clustering among 329 cases that died in France during 1968-1982. Paris was found
      to have a much higher case rate than the rest of France, while some large areas
      in the north and west had remarkably few cases relative to their populations. No
      rural clusters were identified. A number of explanations for regional variations
      in case rates are possible, including population characteristics and case finding
      artifacts. Based on their results and those of other studies, the authors
      conclude that the strongest evidence for clustering of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
      is familial and ethnic, rather than geographic.

PMID- 2642650
TI  - Familial aggregation studies. A note on their epidemiologic properties.

PMID- 2642651
TI  - Testing for cell surface forms of class II major histocompatibility complex
      antigens and Ii by radioiodination, biotinylation, and membrane
      immunofluorescence.
AB  - Antibodies to either Ii or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
      antigens did not recognize cell surface forms of Ii in immunoprecipitates of
      cells that had been radioiodinated by the lactoperoxidase method, whereas they
      bound [35S]methionine metabolically labeled molecules. N-hydroxysuccinimidobiotin
      (NHS-B) and biotin hydrazide (B-H) were used to react more generally with cell
      surface proteins via amino groups and nitrene coupling, respectively. Each of
      these latter compounds labeled alpha and beta chains of class II MHC antigens as
      seen in Western-blotted, electrophoresed immunoprecipitates probed with 125I
      labeled streptavidin but not Ii or its associated forms. Although tyrosine
      residues might have been inaccessible to radioiodination in carbohydrate
      derivatized forms of Ii, the lack of Ii biotinylation in these controlled,
      sensitive studies was consistent with the view that Ii forms were not surface
      expressed, with the possible exception of the chondroitin sulfate-derivatized
      forms of Ii (Ii-CS).

PMID- 2642652
TI  - A new cause of chronic meningitis: infected lumbar pseudomeningocele.

PMID- 2642653
TI  - Recurrent shigellosis complicating human immunodeficiency virus infection:
      failure of pre-existing antibodies to confer protection.

PMID- 2642654
TI  - Zygomycosis of the basal ganglia in intravenous drug users.
AB  - Zygomycosis of the basal ganglia should be recognized as a syndrome in
      intravenous drug users associated with a culture-negative cellular CSF, fever,
      lethargy, and lesions apparent on contrast-enhanced CT scans of the head. The
      infection is most likely the result of intravenous inoculation of fungal spores.
      This entity is different from the rhinocerebral zygomycosis seen with diabetes
      mellitus and other diseases. In the rhinocerebral form, there are external signs
      of the disease with involvement of the orbit, paranasal sinuses, and palate. In
      these drug users, infection was directed to areas deep within the brain.

PMID- 2642655
TI  - End-stage lung and ultimately fatal disease in a bird fancier.

PMID- 2642656
TI  - Pulmonary hemorrhage associated with bullous pemphigoid of the lung.

PMID- 2642657
TI  - Catheter-related fungemia caused by trichosporon beigelii in non-neutropenic
      patients.

PMID- 2642658
TI  - Treatment of hypertension in the elderly with a new calcium channel blocking
      drug, nitrendipine.
AB  - PURPOSE: Treatment of hypertension in the elderly decreases cardiovascular
      morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that nitrendipine would be efficacious
      in the treatment of hypertension in the elderly. We evaluated potential
      differences between nitrendipine and the commonly used drug hydrochlorothiazide
      (HCTZ). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was conducted as a double-blind
      randomized clinical trial of nitrendipine or HCTZ. Thirty hypertensive subjects
      over age 60 with a median sitting blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mm
      of Hg were recruited into the study. A diastolic blood pressure with treatment of
      less than 95 mm Hg with a 5 mm Hg or greater decrease from baseline was
      considered a successful response. RESULTS: Nitrendipine decreased mean (+/- SEM)
      blood pressure from 163 +/- 3/102 +/- 1 to 142 +/- 2/89 +/- 2 mm Hg, and HCTZ
      decreased it from 164 +/- 4/102 +/- 1 to 143 +/- 5/91 +/- 2 mm Hg. A greater
      proportion of patients had a successful response with nitrendipine (81 percent)
      than with HCTZ (64 percent). The antihypertensive effect of nitrendipine twice
      daily appeared to be sustained for 24 hours. Blood pressure response to exercise
      was attenuated with both drugs. HCTZ caused gout, leg pains, muscle aches,
      hypokalemia, increased uric acid levels, and increased total cholesterol and
      triglyceride levels. Nitrendipine caused edema and tachycardia. CONCLUSION:
      Nitrendipine significantly reduces blood pressure with few side effects and no
      adverse metabolic effects, and offers a reasonable alternative for treating
      hypertension in the elderly.

PMID- 2642659
TI  - Clinical implications of the aging heart.

PMID- 2642660
TI  - Headache, mental status changes, and death in a 36-year-old woman with lupus.

PMID- 2642661
TI  - Predicting pressure sores in those at risk.

PMID- 2642662
TI  - Cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2642663
TI  - Effect of glipizide on the surgically altered pancreas.
AB  - Surgical alterations of the pancreas affect peripheral glucose, insulin, and
      glucagon levels with accompanying changes in carbohydrate metabolism. The
      sulfonylurea glipizide has been used to treat insulin-deficient states; however,
      its mechanism is not completely known. We hypothesized that glipizide would
      correct postoperative changes in glucose handling in a way that would allow more
      complete understanding of the drug's action. Two surgical groups (Group 1:80
      percent proximal pancreatectomy; Group 2: proximal pancreatectomy plus
      splenocaval diversion) were compared with a healthy control group (Group 3). We
      have concluded that glipizide may have affected basal insulin sensitivity in the
      control group and Group 2 animals without affecting insulin secretion in response
      to oral or intravenous glucose stimulation. Glipizide does not correct the
      alterations in glucose handling or insulin secretion after reduction in beta-cell
      mass.

PMID- 2642664
TI  - Role of glucagon and insulin in canine bile flow stimulated by endogenous
      cholecystokinin release.
AB  - The role of endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) in stimulating hepatic bile flow was
      evaluated. Attention was directed at discerning the relative importance of the
      ability of CCK to stimulate the release from the pancreas of the choleretic
      hormones glucagon and insulin. Utilizing dogs with chronic biliary and gastric
      fistulas, duodenal infusion of a lipid emulsion resulted in an increase in
      cholecystokinin concentration and hepatic bile flow. Endogenous CCK stimulation
      was associated with a significant increase in the concentrations of both glucagon
      and insulin. In an effort to separate the potential choleretic response of CCK
      from that of glucagon and insulin, subsequent experiments were performed on
      anesthetized dogs that had the source of glucagon and insulin eliminated by
      pancreatectomy and gastrectomy. The duodenum and its arterial blood supply and
      venous drainage were carefully preserved, and intraduodenal infusion of
      emulsified lipid resulted in an exaggerated increase in systemic CCK
      concentrations. Although CCK release occurred in the absence of the pancreatic
      and gastric changes in bile flow, glucagon and insulin were eliminated. The
      results of this study indicate that intraduodenal lipid increases hepatic bile
      flow by glucagon- and insulin-mediated CCK stimulation. There is no evidence to
      support any direct choleretic activity of CCK.

PMID- 2642665
TI  - Gastrointestinal complications after human transplantation and mechanical heart
      replacement.
AB  - One hundred fifty-three patients underwent 159 heart transplants; 7 of these
      patients received 8 artificial hearts used as a bridge before implantation. The 1
      year survival rate was 81 percent. One hundred forty gastrointestinal
      complications developed in 70 patients. Thirty-eight operations were required.
      Twenty-nine were intraabdominal operations. Of these, 22 were elective and 7 were
      emergency procedures. Five of the seven patients who underwent emergency
      procedures died, for an overall total mortality rate of 17 percent for major
      intraabdominal interventions. There were no complications or deaths in patients
      who underwent elective procedures. Major elective intraabdominal surgical
      interventions can be safely carried out in heart transplant patients. Repeated
      physical examination, aggressive use of endoscopy and imaging techniques, sound
      surgical judgement and a mutual relationship of trust and respect between cardiac
      and general surgeons are keys to a successful outcome.

PMID- 2642666
TI  - Visceral interchange.

PMID- 2642667
TI  - Back to basics.
AB  - The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract originated as the Society for
      Colon Surgery. Therefore, it is appropriate that the dramatic developments in
      colorectal surgery that have occurred during the life of the Society should be
      emphasized. Major technical advances are identified as ileoanal anastomoses,
      colonoscopy, and EEA staplers. Although control of cancer remains a major
      problem, recent trends in the education and agenda of colorectal surgeons promise
      a bright future.

PMID- 2642668
TI  - Failure of proglumide, a cholecystokinin antagonist, to potentiate clinical
      morphine analgesia. A randomized double-blind postoperative study using patient
      controlled analgesia (PCA).
AB  - The potential clinical utility of drug interactions between morphine and the
      cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide was examined in 80 postoperative patients
      suffering from moderate to severe pain. Four groups of ASA I-III patients (mean
      age 51 years, mean weight 72 kg) recovering from major abdominal or gynecological
      surgery (mean duration of surgery 141 minutes) performed under balanced
      anesthesia (midazolam, droperidol, fentanyl, N2O, enflurane) were randomly
      assigned to self-administer morphine-proglumide mixtures on the first
      postoperative day (ODAC; morphine demand dose 3 mg; infusion rate 0.36 mg/hr;
      lockout time 2 minutes; hourly maximum dose 15 mg/hr; proglumide doses per demand
      0, 50 micrograms, 100 micrograms, or 50 mg). Morphine consumption, actual as well
      as retrospective pain scores (0-5) and side effects were evaluated. Mean duration
      of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in the subgroups was 17-19 hours, during
      which time 24.6 +/- 9.5 to 28.0 +/- 3.4 micrograms morphine.kg-1.hr-1 was given.
      There were no statistically significant differences between the groups either for
      drug consumption, pain scores, or side effects. It is therefore concluded that
      proglumide does not potentiate morphine analgesia in a clinical (postoperative)
      setting.

PMID- 2642669
TI  - Plethysmographic confirmation of the beneficial effect of calcium dobesilate in
      primary varicose veins.
AB  - Sixty patients with varicose veins, in the age range 25 to 52 years, entered the
      trial and were divided by random allocation into 2 equal groups. The first group
      received calcium dobesilate orally in dosage of 750 mg daily while the second
      remained untreated. Out of 25 patients who completed the 3-month treatment
      course, clinical improvement occurred in 19 (76%). Mercury strain gauge
      plethysmography in those 19 patients showed a statistically significant mean fall
      in the venous distensibility index, in maximum venous outflow and in the
      capillary filtration coefficient after the course of calcium dobesilate. The mean
      erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the 25 patients fell from 40 mm in 1 hour
      (Westergren) before treatment to 10 mm at the end of the course. In 42% of the
      patients there was a fall in serum globulin concentration and correction of the
      albumin/globulin ratio and in 35% there was a slight fall in serum fibrinogen
      concentration. Possibly calcium dobesilate's known action in lowering blood
      viscosity contributes to its beneficial effect in varicose veins.

PMID- 2642670
TI  - Incidence of arteriosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries in chronic
      peripheral arterial disease and myocardial infarction.
AB  - Arteriosclerotic lesions in the carotid arteries are the main cause of ischemic
      cerebral infarction. Only a few studies of the incidence of carotid lesions in
      patients with chronic peripheral arterial disease (CPAD) and myocardial
      infarction (MI) have been made. Thus the aim of this study was to investigate the
      pathoanatomy of the carotid arteries in a representative number of patients
      suffering from CPAD or MI by using highly sensitive and specific noninvasive
      methods. RESULTS by other authors are discussed. The authors' own study of
      cerebrovascular disease (CD), which covers epidemiologic aspects, is presented.
      METHODS: "duplex scanning" and continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. PATIENTS:
      myocardial infarction, N = 73; chronic peripheral arterial disease, N = 112;
      cerebrovascular disease, N = 73. RESULTS: MI: stenosis greater than 50% N = 31
      (42.4% of cases) - in the case of recurring infarction 67.8% of cases; CPAD:
      stenosis greater than 50% N = 54 (48.2%); CD: stenosis greater than 50% N = 35
      (48%).

PMID- 2642671
TI  - Effects of physical training on peripheral vascular disease: a controlled study.
AB  - The effects of physical exercise on 8 stage II peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
      patients were observed after a six-month training program. Doppler velocimetry
      (including the treadmill test), strain gauge plethysmography, and transcutaneous
      oxygen pressure were used to quantify the results, which were compared with those
      obtained in a control group of another 8 stage II PVD patients, under placebo
      therapy for six months. The results show physical exercise increased the walking
      capacity, both the pain-free walking time and the maximum walking time. No
      significant difference was observed in the other parameters studied, in either
      the exercise patients or the control group.

PMID- 2642672
TI  - The failure of prehospital trauma prediction rules to classify trauma patients
      accurately.
AB  - Clinical prediction rules are used extensively by most regionalized trauma
      systems to identify which patients have sustained major injuries. Because of
      reported high misclassification rates of some of these rules and the known global
      difficulty of transporting prediction rules, four such rules (the Trauma Score,
      the CRAMS Scale, the Revised Trauma Score, and the Prehospital Index) and two
      newly derived rules were statistically analyzed using a cohort of 2,434 injured
      patients. All rules accurately predicted mortality with a minimum sensitivity and
      specificity of 85%. However, not one of the rules was able accurately to identify
      surviving patients who had sustained major injuries. In this instance, no rule
      was able to achieve a sensitivity of at least 70% while achieving a specificity
      of 70%. These results suggest that the problem with trauma prediction rules lies
      in the inherent limitations of the clinical data on which they are based. In view
      of this, the usefulness of existing prehospital trauma predictive rules must be
      questioned.

PMID- 2642673
TI  - Decision rules and clinical prediction of pneumonia: evaluation of low-yield
      criteria.
AB  - Prediction rules have been recommended for guiding the ordering of diagnostic
      tests. Such rules can be used to define low-yield criteria (LYC) for the purpose
      of identifying patients with an extremely low probability of disease and hence
      discouraging test ordering by the physician on patients meeting LYC. In this
      study, community hospital emergency department populations of adults (n = 255)
      and children (n = 78) were evaluated prospectively for the presence of predictive
      clinical parameters and the physician's estimate of pneumonia prior to obtaining
      a chest film. We developed LYC and analyzed published LYC for obtaining chest
      films on patients considered at risk for pneumonia by means of logistic
      regression, receiver operating characteristics curve, and negative predictive
      value analyses. We were unable to derive or validate clinically useful LYC to
      improve on the seasoned clinician's probability estimate of pneumonia. We discuss
      the inherent limitations in the development and application of LYC that must be
      understood by those who seek to limit the ordering of chest films by the
      application of guidelines developed from decision rules.

PMID- 2642674
TI  - Assessment of acid-base disturbances in hypothermia and their physiologic
      consequences.

PMID- 2642675
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis induced by a caffeine overdose.
AB  - We present the case of a patient who ingested approximately 3.57 g of caffeine in
      a suicide attempt and developed rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. After a
      delay in diagnosis, the patient was hospitalized and rapidly improved with
      peritoneal dialysis and volume expansion, but was left with residual impairment
      of renal function on discharge. This case represents a rarely reported
      complication of caffeine intoxication, rhabdomyolysis, which occurred in the
      absence of other toxins or conditions that predispose to muscle necrosis.

PMID- 2642676
TI  - Nurses in PHS celebrate proud history.

PMID- 2642677
TI  - Legislative remedy sought on VA bargaining.

PMID- 2642678
TI  - As I see it. A Republican view of 101st Congress.

PMID- 2642679
TI  - Cartilaginous tumors of the trachea and larynx.
AB  - Cartilaginous tumors of the larynx are uncommon, with approximately 250 having
      been reported in the literature. Only 28% of these were chondrosarcomas, and the
      remainder, chondromas. Cartilaginous tumors occur even more rarely in the
      trachea, with eight chondromas and four chondrosarcomas having been reported. A
      review of the literature with an outline of a reasonable treatment philosophy for
      these tumours is presented, as well as three case reports of chondrosarcoma of
      the larynx and one of chondroma of the trachea, which demonstrate common
      characteristics of these tumors. We also describe a new technique used on one of
      these patients in which an autologous rib cartilage graft and pyriform fossa
      mucosal flap are used to reconstruct the cricoid ring after resection of more
      than two thirds of its circumference, allowing decannulation and good voice
      postoperatively.

PMID- 2642680
TI  - Relapsing polychondritis.
AB  - Inflammatory destruction of cartilages, presumably on an autoimmune basis,
      characterizes relapsing polychondritis, a disease of varying severity and
      outcome. The otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon is often the first physician
      contact, because the preponderance of signs and symptoms are in the head and
      neck, ie, auricular and nasal chondritis, ocular and auditory manifestations, and
      laryngotracheobronchial involvement.

PMID- 2642681
TI  - A cutaneous sign of IgA-associated small dermal vessel leukocytoclastic
      vasculitis in adults (Henoch-Schonlein purpura).
AB  - A series of patients shared the distinctive cutaneous findings of palpable
      purpuric plaques with multifocal areas of hemorrhage or superficial necrosis
      within individual lesions and a retiform pattern of hemorrhage, superficial
      necrosis, or lesional margins. This pattern was looked for in every patient
      presenting with palpable purpura, but it was seen exclusively in the seven
      patients described herein. Each patient was found to have an IgA-associated small
      dermal vessel vasculitis that was proved to be leukocytoclastic in six of the
      seven patients. These distinctive cutaneous findings may be evidence of the
      presence of IgA deposition in patients with small-vessel leukocytoclastic
      vasculitis and may infer a different pathogenesis for lesion formation in some
      patients with IgA-associated vasculitis.

PMID- 2642682
TI  - Present status of pyoderma gangrenosum. Review of 21 cases.
AB  - This article summarizes the management of 22 cases of pyoderma gangrenosum over
      the past four years at the hospital of the University of Pennsylvania,
      Philadelphia. Eighteen patients with pyoderma gangrenosum were studied using the
      most sensitive routine laboratory method for detection of monoclonal
      immunoglobulins, immunofixation electrophoresis. Four cases of IgA gammopathy
      were detected, confirming previous reports of the incidence of monoclonal
      gammopathy in pyoderma gangrenosum. High-dose glucocorticoid therapy (pulse
      therapy) is an effective treatment for some severe, refractory cases of pyoderma
      gangrenosum. Eight patients were treated with pulse therapy. Six responded
      favorably, and none had serious complications.

PMID- 2642683
TI  - Vesicular Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.
AB  - The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is a self-limited, febrile episode that may occur
      following antibiotic therapy for syphilis. We report four cases of a heretofore
      unrecognized vesicular variant of the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. It is
      important to distinguish this phenomenon from an allergic drug eruption.

PMID- 2642684
TI  - Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome mimicking acute graft-vs-host disease in a
      bone marrow transplant recipient.
AB  - A 33-year-old man with mild acute graft-vs-host disease after an allogeneic bone
      marrow transplant for chronic myelogenous leukemia developed a necrolytic rash 90
      days after transplant. A diagnosis of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome was
      made when a skin biopsy specimen revealed a split in the granular layer and phage
      group 2, type 71 Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from the blood.

PMID- 2642685
TI  - Fibrous hamartoma of infancy. Eight additional cases and a review of the
      literature.
AB  - Fibrous hamartoma of infancy is a benign but persistent soft-tissue tumor that
      appears during the first two years of life. Although the lesion is not
      distinctive clinically, histopathologic examination of affected tissue reveals
      the three characteristic elements: fibrous, adipose, and myxoid mesenchymal
      tissue. Sixty-seven patients with fibrous hamartoma of infancy have been
      described previously, few in the dermatologic literature. In this report, we
      describe eight additional patients and present a compilation of the clinical
      statistics of all 75 cases.

PMID- 2642686
TI  - Penicillamine dermatopathy with lymphangiectases. A clinical, immunohistologic,
      and ultrastructural study.
AB  - The term penicillamine dermatopathy refers to the characteristic hemorrhagic skin
      lesions found in persons receiving long-term penicillamine therapy for either
      Wilson's disease or cystinuria. These lesions are thought to develop as a result
      of faulty collagen and elastin synthesis. We describe a patient with Wilson's
      disease who developed extensive penicillamine dermatopathy. In addition,
      histologic, immunochemical, and ultrastructural studies revealed multiple
      lymphangiectases with blood vessel to lymphatic anastomosis within these lesions,
      a finding not previously reported. The possible relationship to defective
      collagen and elastin formation are considered.

PMID- 2642687
TI  - The ridgeback anomaly. A new follicular pattern of the scalp.
AB  - A patient with an anomaly of hair pattern development is described. Scalp hair
      follicles generally grow at a downward inclination to the scalp surface. Normal
      whorled patterns appear in the posteroparietal area. The patient described was
      noted to have a whorled hair pattern located over the right temporoparietal
      region, growing in a clockwise direction. The remainder of the scalp adopted the
      upward follicular growth pattern of the posterior portion of the whorl, directed
      toward the apical anatomic axis. A ridge of hair over the nape of the neck
      reversed direction, similar to hair growth on the Rhodesian Ridgeback dog,
      growing in a downward manner. The relationship of this new hair pattern to
      current theories of scalp hair pattern development is reviewed.

PMID- 2642688
TI  - Sphincter-saving procedures for distal carcinoma of the rectum.
AB  - Methods of sphincter preservation were developed more than a century ago.
      Combining these techniques with adequate anterior resection has permitted the
      resurrection of sphincter-saving procedures that are currently being applied in
      the therapy of cancer at every level of the rectum. Although Miles'
      abdominoperineal resection still remains the "gold standard" for the treatment of
      low rectal neoplasms, restorative resection may now be possible with equivalent
      oncologic disease control and survival. Further, current trends also suggest that
      the abdominoperineal resection is being used less frequently in the treatment of
      most rectal cancers and is being replaced with sphincter-preserving techniques
      that afford excellent functional results. In this review, the pertinent anorectal
      anatomy, current issues, and sphincter-saving surgical techniques presently
      available for the treatment of distal cancers of the rectum are presented.

PMID- 2642689
TI  - Prospective controlled vagotomy trial for duodenal ulcer. Results after 11-15
      years.
AB  - A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to compare truncal
      vagotomy and drainage (TV), selective vagotomy and drainage (SV) and parietal
      cell vagotomy (PCV) as elective treatment for duodenal ulcer. Between 11 and 15
      years after operation, 248 patients were available for study of the recurrent
      ulceration rate by a life table method, and 197 patients could be studied with
      regard to postvagotomy symptoms. The recurrent ulcer rates were 28.5% for TV,
      37.4% for SV, and 39.3% for PCV. These differences were not statistically
      significant. The incidence of severe postvagotomy symptoms was as follows:
      dyspepsia, 18.4% for TV, 20.5% for SV, 8.6% for PCV; dumping, 5.9% for TV, 19.6%
      for SV, 2.2% for PCV; diarrhea, 9.8% for TV, 11.8% for SV, 4.4% for PCV. The
      incidence of severe dumping was significantly less frequent among the PCV
      patients than the SV group. The differences did not reach statistical
      significance in any of the other groups. There was no significant difference in
      the Visick gradings among the three groups either before or after treatment of
      the failures. About two thirds of the patients in each group were finally
      satisfied with their operation, often after second operations or prolonged
      medical treatment. It is concluded that none of the three forms of vagotomy can
      be recommended as the standard operative treatment of duodenal ulceration.

PMID- 2642690
TI  - Effect of a prior portasystemic shunt on subsequent liver transplantation.
AB  - Fifteen patients who had a prior portasystemic shunt underwent orthotopic liver
      transplantation. Shunt types were portacaval in six patients, H-graft mesocaval
      in six, distal splenorenal in two, and proximal splenorenal in one. Mean blood
      loss and hospital stay were highest in the portacaval group. Retransplants (two
      patients) and deaths (two patients) also were limited to this group. In this
      report, technical considerations, advantages, and disadvantages of the various
      shunt types are described. Management of patients with late stages of portal
      hypertension must include estimation of the effects of a portasystemic shunt on
      subsequent liver transplantation. It is concluded that portacaval shunts should
      be avoided in patients who may be considered for transplantation. Distal
      splenorenal shunts are best performed in younger patients with intractable
      variceal bleeding who are not expected to require transplantation in the near
      future. A mesocaval H-graft is the shunt of choice in patients who are current
      liver transplant candidates.

PMID- 2642691
TI  - Acute antidepressant effect following pulse loading with intravenous and oral
      clomipramine.
AB  - A double-blind, randomized trial of oral vs intravenous clomipramine
      hydrochloride pulse-loading dosing regimens was conducted. After a two-week drug
      free assessment period, 22 inpatients with a diagnosis of major depressive
      disorder were given either an evening infusion of 150 mg of clomipramine
      hydrochloride and placebo tablets or 150 mg of oral clomipramine hydrochloride
      and an isotonic saline infusion. Twenty-four hours later, this procedure was
      repeated using a dose of 200 mg of clomipramine hydrochloride. Patients received
      no further medication over the next five days. The mean Hamilton Depression
      Rating Scale score for all patients, five days after pulse loading, had dropped
      by 35% (range, 13.3% to -82.4%). This improvement was significant, as was the
      amelioration in the Raskin Severity for Depression Scale and the Beck Depression
      Inventory scores. Although the bioavailability of parenteral clomipramine was
      greater, there were no significant differences in either efficacy or side effects
      between the two groups. Pronounced early improvements in severe depressive
      symptoms may be achieved via loading dose regimens with clomipramine in the
      absence of continuous treatment.

PMID- 2642692
TI  - Immunohistologic detection of ras oncogene products. Specific or spurious?

PMID- 2642693
TI  - Failure of prediction of liver function test abnormalities with the urine
      urobilinogen and urine bilirubin assays.
AB  - A prospective observational study of 229 cases was conducted in a busy ambulatory
      care setting to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and
      accuracy of spot urine urobilinogen and urine bilirubin assays as screening tests
      for serum liver function test (LFT) abnormalities. Both urine tests exhibited
      remarkably similar characteristics overall once they were adjusted to maximize
      accuracy and predictive values (occurring at a normal or abnormal "threshold,"
      respectively, of 3.4 or 5.07 mumol/d for urobilinogen and 0 or 1+ for urine
      bilirubin). The percentage of cases correctly identified were 81% to 83% for
      serum bilirubin assays, 68% to 72% for other LFTs, but only 62% to 63% for
      screens for cases with at least one abnormal LFT finding. Poor sensitivities (47%
      to 49%) limited the detection of abnormal findings by the screen; both screens
      were reasonably specific (79% to 89%), but negative predictive values were
      suitable (89%) for serum bilirubin results only and were prohibitively lower (49%
      to 50%) in predicting all patients without LFT abnormalities. We conclude that
      spot urine urobilinogen and urine bilirubin determinations, although good screens
      for isolated serum bilirubin elevations, have unacceptable statistical properties
      as predictors of other LFT results due to a high proportion of false-negative
      results.

PMID- 2642694
TI  - A new editor for the Archives.

PMID- 2642695
TI  - Cancer centers--origins and purpose. The James Ewing lecture.
AB  - Cancer centers in the United States date back to the beginning of this century,
      although there were few until the late 1950s and 1960s. The National Cancer Act
      of 1971 introduced a new era in serving as a major stimulus to the development of
      comprehensive cancer centers. Research scientists and physicians in centers have
      contributed significantly to the new knowledge of normal and abnormal regulation
      of cell growth and differentiation and to the advances in the diagnosis and
      treatment of cancer. The future for cancer centers is very bright. They will
      continue to play a major role in the advancement of knowledge about cancer.
      However, centers must be reevaluated at intervals to correct any deficiencies and
      to stimulate new and innovative approaches. Surgical oncologists should become
      more involved in cancer center research. Comprehensive cancer centers should
      develop more effective regional cancer control and prevention programs.
      Reevaluation of centers by the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md, and its
      advisory body, the National Cancer Advisory Board, along with cancer center
      leaders, should result in a consensus concerning changes to enhance their
      contribution to a solution to the cancer problem.

PMID- 2642696
TI  - Evoked potentials during multiple sclerosis therapeutic trials.

PMID- 2642697
TI  - Training of the neurologist for the 21st century.

PMID- 2642698
TI  - Characterization of HTLV-I in a T-cell line established from a patient with
      myelopathy.
AB  - We have established an interleukin 2-dependent, OKT4-positive T-cell line, named
      HCT-1, from cells in the cerebrospinal fluid obtained from a patient with human T
      cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy. Antigens for HTLV
      I were detected in HCT-1 cells by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot
      testing, and type C virus particles were detected by electron microscopy.
      Southern blot analysis of HCT-1 cellular DNA, using an HTLV-I probe, revealed
      that the integrated provirus genome could not be distinguished from the HTLV-I
      genome in adult patients with T-cell leukemia.

PMID- 2642699
TI  - Babinski's sign in medieval, Renaissance, and baroque art.
AB  - In 1896, Joseph Francois Babinski first described his well-known sign of
      dorsiflexion of the big toe on stimulating the sole of the foot. However, unknown
      to Babinski, several painters had previously demonstrated this phenomenon in
      their paintings. Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510), a Florentine Renaissance painter,
      demonstrated this reflex in his Madonna and Child with Angels 400 years before
      the publication of Babinski's discovery. Botticelli used live infants as models
      for his paintings. Gentile da Fabriano (d 1427) in his Adoration of the Kings,
      demonstrates a similar response of toe extension in the infant Jesus when one of
      the Magi kisses the baby's foot. Similarly, Jacob Schick von Kempter, a 16th
      century German painter, in his Coronation of the Virgin demonstrates the extensor
      plantar response in the infant. Correggio (1492-1534), in northern Italy captured
      the extension and flare of the baby's toes in his Madonna and Child with Mary
      Magdalen. Raphael (1483-1520) presented the extensor plantar responses in the
      child when sole pressure is applied in Small Cowper Madonna. Leonardo da Vinci,
      with his nude model drawings (1503-1507) seemed to have been aware of this
      response. There is no indication that any of these artists fully understood the
      physiology behind the response; therefore, the value of this sign in neurologic
      disease must still rely on Babinski's demonstration several hundred years after
      its initial demonstration in artistic literature.

PMID- 2642700
TI  - Comparison of timolol maleate and levobunolol: doses and volume per bottle.

PMID- 2642701
TI  - Panophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty. Case report.

PMID- 2642702
TI  - Computers in clinical medicine raise questions of liability.

PMID- 2642703
TI  - The effect of perimetric experience in normal subjects.
AB  - Two groups of normal subjects were submitted to repeated automated static
      threshold perimetry. Perimetric results were strongly affected by the level of
      experience in some subjects; in the majority, however, the effect of experience
      was small. Initial field tests often showed high numbers of depressed points.
      Sensitivity increased with perimetric training, particularly between the first
      sessions. Those subjects who improved most started low, gradually approaching
      normal levels with experience. Learning effects were more pronounced peripherally
      than paracentrally and "untrained" fields characteristically showed concentric
      contraction with numerous points with low sensitivity peripherally. An important
      practical conclusion is to allow repeated testing of all inexperienced patients
      in whom initial fields do not agree with clinical findings. A chart showing a
      concentrically narrowed field should be viewed with particular suspicion.
      Furthermore, a single initial field may constitute an inadequate baseline for
      clinical follow-up.

PMID- 2642704
TI  - Oxidation of polyethylene glycols by alcohol dehydrogenase.
AB  - The present studies were undertaken to investigate the enzymology of a fatal
      toxic syndrome that resulted from the absorption and subsequent oxidation of
      polyethylene glycol (PEG). The presence of organic acids of PEG in the blood of
      poisoned patients and in an animal model suggested that the metabolism of PEG
      involved sequential oxidations by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde
      dehydrogenase. A key question concerned the ability of ADH to initiate this
      pathway for oxidation of PEG. In the present studies the oxidation of PEG
      homologues by ADH was characterized. The polymer homologues of ethylene glycol
      from n = 1 to n = 8 were used as substrates. ADH catalyzed the oxidation of each
      of these PEGs. The oxidation of PEG was inhibited by the ADH inhibitor 4
      methylpyrazole. With the exception of diethylene glycol, the Km decreased as the
      homologue number increased, and the Vmax decreased progressively through the
      series. The concentrations of PEG in the blood of poisoned humans and animals
      were 0.06 to 0.8 Km of ADH for all the PEG homologues above the triethylene
      glycol. These investigations establish ADH as a candidate enzyme for mammalian
      metabolism of PEG and thus suggest that specific inhibitors of ADH may prove to
      be useful as tools to treat PEG poisoning.

PMID- 2642705
TI  - Self-inflicted gunshot wound to the pregnant abdomen: report of a case and review
      of the literature.
AB  - Self-inflicted gunshot injury to the pregnant abdomen is occurring with
      increasing frequency. In the case presented, a suicide attempt, operative
      management was used. A review of the world literature demonstrates operative
      management to be the standard of care, although nonoperative management of select
      cases has been proposed.

PMID- 2642706
TI  - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura as a cause of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy:
      literature review.
AB  - Thrombocytopenia complicating pregnancy occurs with four major nonmalignant
      conditions found in the reproductive age group: thrombotic thrombocytopenic
      purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and immune
      thrombocytopenic purpura. A case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura occurring
      in a pregnant patient is presented, along with a review of the literature.

PMID- 2642707
TI  - Comparative evaluation of caffeine and theophylline for weaning premature infants
      from the ventilator.
AB  - Expedient weaning of infants from the respirator minimizes the risk of
      complications associated with assisted ventilation. Since theophylline and
      caffeine decrease apnea and enhance respiratory effort, we conducted a blinded,
      randomized comparative evaluation of each drug to determine extubation time and
      incidence of reintubation. Forty-five clinically stable premature infants
      receiving mechanical ventilation on minimal settings randomly were assigned to
      receive either theophylline (n = 23) or caffeine (n = 22) at least 1 day before
      and 5 days after extubation. From study entry to extubation, the mean number of
      days was 2.7 for both theophylline- and caffeine-treated infants. Three
      theophylline- and three caffeine-treated infants developed respiratory failure
      necessitating reintubation (NS). These findings indicate that for premature
      infants on minimal respiratory settings, the duration of intubation and the
      incidence of reintubation after treatment with theophylline or caffeine were
      similar.

PMID- 2642708
TI  - Central nervous system air embolism in respiratory distress syndrome:
      considerations for patient survival.
AB  - Neonatal pulmonary venous air embolism (arising as a consequence of ventilator
      therapy) remains at present an almost invariably fatal occurrence. We present a
      case that illustrates that it is possible for an infant to survive the immediate
      cardiovascular consequences of such an event; however, we demonstrate that
      embolic extension into the central nervous system (CNS) can occur as an
      associated sequela, and we offer the first published documentation (cranial
      ultrasonography) of this potentially pivotal complication. The temporal
      relationships between our patient's initial (but resolving) systemic embolism and
      his subsequent (and persistent) CNS event are documented and the implications
      discussed. Based on these observations, we caution that CNS involvement is
      difficult to recognize clinically and suggest that such involvement may
      contribute to a fatal outcome. Importantly, it appears that it may be possible to
      intervene in future cases to improve outcome, and we offer suggestions in this
      regard.

PMID- 2642709
TI  - Prenatal diagnostic criteria for body stalk anomaly.
AB  - Body stalk anomaly results in a severe body wall defect, maldevelopment of the
      hindgut, and the presence of a very rudimentary umbilical cord. A case of
      prenatally diagnosed body stalk anomaly is presented along with the discussion of
      the essential diagnostic criteria.

PMID- 2642710
TI  - [Corpus callosum agenesis and associated malformations].

PMID- 2642711
TI  - High resolution 1H-NMR studies of Des-(B26-B30)-insulin; assignment of resonances
      and properties of aromatic residues.
AB  - The assignments of 1H resonances of the eight aromatic residues of Des-(B26-B30)
      insulin are reported, based on pH titration, selective spin decoupling and its
      500 MHz 1H two-dimensional (2D)-COSY spectrum. The pK values of the three
      tyrosines A14, A19 and B16 are 10.84, 11.27 and 10.40, respectively. Tyrosine A19
      is buried in a hydrophobic environment, while Tyrosine B16 is exposed in a
      relatively hydrophilic state. Among the three phenylalanines, the ring proton
      resonances of Phe-B25 undergo abnormal upfield shifts, probably due to the ring
      currents of the nearby Phe-B24 and Tyr-B16. From this study of the low-field
      region of 1H-NMR spectrum of Des-(B26-B30)-insulin, we conclude that this
      molecule probably maintains the major structural features of insulin in aqueous
      solution, but there are some readjustments of the peptide conformation.

PMID- 2642712
TI  - Expression of a fibrinogen fusion peptide in Escherichia coli: a model thrombin
      substrate for structure/function analysis.
AB  - The initial event in fibrin clot formation is the thrombin-catalyzed cleavage of
      the A alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Most of the information required for
      thrombin recognition and cleavage of the A alpha chain lies in the amino terminal
      51 residue CNBr fragment. By selective modification of residues in this region,
      we probed the features that participate in thrombin interactions. We constructed
      a vector which expressed a tripartite protein (tribrid) consisting of amino acids
      1 to 50 of the A alpha chain followed by 60 amino acids of chicken collagen and
      the beta-galactosidase protein from Escherichia coli. Cell lysates run on
      NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gels contained the predicted band of molecular weight
      (mol wt) 125,000. The tribrid reacted with a monoclonal antibody, Mab-Y18, which
      recognizes the amino terminus of the A alpha chain. When cell lysates were
      incubated with thrombin, FPA was released. By including one heterogeneous
      oligonucleotide in the construction, we generated plasmids that encoded three
      specific amino acid substitutions. Surprisingly, changing Gly14 to Val did not
      alter thrombin cleavage, although recognition by Mab-Y18 was lost. Substitution
      of lie for Arg23 did not alter either thrombin cleavage or monoclonal
      recognition. Substitution of Leu for Arg 16 altered thrombin cleavage;
      unexpectedly, recognition by Mab-Y18 was not changed.

PMID- 2642713
TI  - Analysis of N-RAS exon-1 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes by polymerase
      chain reaction and direct sequencing.
AB  - Mutations in codons 12 or 13 of the first exon of the N-RAS gene have been
      reported in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in frequencies that vary between 9%
      and 40% depending on the techniques used in analysis. Gene amplification and
      direct sequencing provides the only unambiguous method of detecting those
      mutations that induce amino acid alterations. Using this technique, we analyzed
      21 MDS patients for mutations in exon-1 of N-RAS. Codon 12 mutations substituting
      aspartic acid (GAT) for glycine (GGT) were found in four cases, and a codon 13
      mutation substituting alanine (GCT) for glycine (GGT) was detected in one
      patient. We conclude that N-RAS exon-1 mutations in one patient. We conclude that
      N-RAS exon-1 mutations producing amino acid changes occur in about 20% to 25% of
      MDS cases.

PMID- 2642714
TI  - Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients
      with myelodysplastic syndromes--a phase I/II trial.
AB  - In a phase I/II study, 11 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and
      severe transfusion-dependent cytopenia were treated with recombinant human
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) to investigate the
      effects of rhGM-CSF on normal hematopoiesis and leukemic cells. The treatment
      schedule included dose escalation from 15 micrograms/m2 to 150 micrograms/m2
      administered by continuous intravenous (IV) infusion for seven to 14 days and was
      repeated after a two-week treatment-free interval. The blood leukocyte counts
      increased dose dependently by 130% to 1,800% in ten patients; a rise of monocytes
      and eosinophils occurred in seven and six patients, respectively. No sustained
      increase in reticulocytes or platelets was observed. Lymphocyte counts increased
      in all patients affecting both T-helper and T-suppressor cells; however, the
      lymphocytes were not activated as analyzed by the expression of the interleukin-2
      receptor. In four of the patients, all with greater than 14% blast cells in the
      bone marrow, the percentage of bone marrow blast cells increased during treatment
      with rhGM-CSF. Cytogenetic data indicated induction of both proliferation and
      differentiation of the leukemic clones by rhGM-CSF. Toxic side effects were minor
      with slight fever, phlebitis at the infusion site, and bone pain in the minority
      of patients. In conclusion, rhGM-CSF effectively stimulates hematopoiesis in vivo
      in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. However, as the leukemic cell
      population can be stimulated in patients with a higher initial blast cell count,
      the combination of rhGM-CSF with other differentiation-inducing or cytotoxic
      agents has to be considered.

PMID- 2642716
TI  - Bronchiolitis obliterans after bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2642715
TI  - Successful treatment of refractory Hodgkin's disease by high-dose combination
      chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Forty-four patients with refractory Hodgkin's disease were treated with high-dose
      combination chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow rescue. Twenty-two
      patients (50%) entered complete remission within 6 months of the procedure and
      four other patients are free of disease progression. Only two patients have
      subsequently relapsed from complete remission (CR). Bone marrow suppression was
      the predictable major toxicity of this procedure, and two patients (4.5%) died of
      sepsis during the aplastic phase. High-dose therapy with autologous bone marrow
      transplantation (ABMT) appears to be an effective salvage regimen for patients
      with refractory Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2642717
TI  - Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults with intensive induction,
      consolidation, and maintenance chemotherapy.
AB  - The Southwest Oncology Group conducted a study of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      (ALL) in adults over a 5-year period, testing the utility of the L-10M regimen
      initially described by the group from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. One
      hundred sixty-eight eligible patients were treated with this intensive
      combination chemotherapy regimen. One hundred fifteen (68%) achieved complete
      remission. With the current median follow-up time of 34.5 months, the median
      durations of remission, relapse-free survival, and overall survival were 22.9,
      20.9, and 17.7 months, respectively. Only 35% of the patients over 50 years of
      age achieved a complete remission. Age was a significant prognostic factor for
      complete response, survival, relapse-free survival, and remission duration. In
      addition, a low initial WBC count was found to have a statistically significant
      association with longer remission duration. Responders between the ages of 20 and
      49 years with WBC counts of less than 15,000 appear to have an exceptionally good
      prognosis.

PMID- 2642718
TI  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and multilineage CSF
      recruit human monocytes to express granulocyte CSF.
AB  - We assessed the capacity of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and multilineage (Multi)-CSF to induce release of
      granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF) by highly purified peripheral blood monocyte (Mo)
      preparations. Our results reveal that GM-CSF and Multi-CSF, either alone or in a
      synergistic concert, activate Mo to transcribe G-CSF messenger (m) RNA and
      release biologically active G-CSF protein into their culture supernatants. G-CSF
      had no regulatory effect on Mo expression of cytoplasmic G-CSF mRNA levels and G
      CSF protein secretion by itself. These differential actions of CSFs provide
      further insight into self-regulatory mechanisms within the growth factor
      hierarchy system.

PMID- 2642719
TI  - Strictureplasty in Crohn's disease.
AB  - Strictureplasty may eliminate or decrease the extent of resection required in
      patients who have obstructing Crohn's disease of the small bowel. The authors
      performed 36 strictureplasties at 16 operations in 14 patients. Additional bowel
      resection was carried out in 13 of the 16 procedures. Early complications
      included wound infection in one patient, upper gastrointestinal bleeding in one
      and presumed suture-line leak, treated conservatively, in a third patient. At the
      end of the follow-up period (mean 16.1 months), 10 patients were asymptomatic and
      4 had symptomatic recurrences; 2 of these required reoperation. A number of
      preoperative factors and operative techniques may have contributed to the
      favourable results.

PMID- 2642720
TI  - Clinical significance and measurement of the length of the right main bronchus.
AB  - It is important for surgeons, pathologists, anesthetists and anatomists to know
      the length of the right main bronchus. It extends from the carina of the trachea
      to the origin of the right upper lobe bronchus, but an exact method for measuring
      it has never been described. Using bronchography, the authors measured the length
      of the right main bronchus in 24 patients. The posteroanterior projection taken
      at a standard distance (1.8 m) from the patient was used to minimize distortion
      due to the technique; if present, the distortion would not be more than 5% and
      would be an increase rather than a decrease in length. The mean length of the
      right main bronchus was found to be 1.09 cm (range from 0 to 2.9 cm). The
      clinical importance of this measurement is discussed. The authors conclude that
      many anatomy textbooks err in describing the length of the right main bronchus as
      2.0 to 5.0 cm, but are correct in describing the left main bronchus as being
      about 5 cm long.

PMID- 2642721
TI  - Management of gallstone ileus.
AB  - A recent case of recurrent gallstone ileus prompted a retrospective review of 14
      cases of the disease seen at St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, between 1970 and
      1986. The condition is uncommon and usually occurs in elderly women who have a
      history of gallbladder disease and concomitant medical illness. Twelve patients
      underwent surgery; 1 who had a "one-stage" enterolithotomy, cholecystectomy and
      repair of fistula died postoperatively. Nine patients who had enterolithotomy
      alone experienced notable morbidity; they included three who had recurrent
      biliary tract problems, all of which were managed successfully. The author
      concludes that enterolithotomy alone should be the standard procedure for
      gallstone ileus. Cholecystectomy and repair of cholecyst-enteric fistula should
      be done later only if there are continuing or recurrent symptoms.

PMID- 2642722
TI  - Popliteal aneurysms: an index of generalized vascular disease.
AB  - A review of 59 popliteal aneurysms in 38 patients seen over 10 years revealed
      that 34 (58%) aneurysms were symptomatic. Symptoms included gangrene (15%),
      ischemia due to thrombosis (38%) and embolism (5%). Patients with unilateral
      aneurysms (45%) were a median of 7 years younger than those with bilateral
      lesions (55%). The latter group had more frequent manifestations of occlusive
      disease, which included previous myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass
      grafting and stroke. They also had more concomitant aneurysms, those of the
      abdominal aorta and femoral and iliac arteries being the most common. Management
      consisted of bypass grafting in 34 limbs and immediate amputation in 9; 16
      inoperable limbs remained viable. At last follow-up (median 32 months) or time of
      death, 30 of 34 grafts were patent. Four grafts occluded, one perioperatively and
      the others at 4, 5, and 32 months respectively, resulting in two amputations. The
      cumulative patency rate in the asymptomatic group was 94% compared with 81% in
      the symptomatic group. These data illustrate that patients with popliteal
      aneurysms may have associated vascular disease, the likelihood of which is
      increased when aneurysms are bilateral.

PMID- 2642723
TI  - Dilatation and curettage.
AB  - The most important role of dilatation and curettage is in the evacuation of
      retained products of conception; its diagnostic value is mostly limited to the
      detection of cancer of the endometrium. The procedure is associated with a number
      of complications, the majority of which occur during dilatation of the cervix.
      Vabra curettage is suggested as an alternative to diagnostic dilatation and
      curettage; it is efficient, is associated with fewer complications and is less
      expensive. Hysteroscopy is a useful supplement to Vabra curettage, especially in
      diagnosing focal lesions.

PMID- 2642724
TI  - Abortion and the ancients.

PMID- 2642726
TI  - Cholesterol symposium provides a warning for Canadians and their doctors.

PMID- 2642725
TI  - Clinical applications of recombinant human colony-stimulating factors.
AB  - The differentiation and maturation of hematopoietic progenitor cells are
      regulated by certain growth factors. Several of these glycoproteins have been
      characterized, and their amino acid sequences have been delineated. Modern DNA
      technology provides sufficient quantities of these hormones for testing in
      clinical trials. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to increase the hemoglobin
      level and hematocrit in patients with end-stage renal disease. Granulocyte colony
      stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) can increase
      the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes, in a dose-dependent fashion. The
      function of granulocytes and monocytes is also enhanced. Clinical studies of the
      toxicity and activity of G-CSF and GM-CSF have been conducted in patients with
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome, aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes,
      and neutropenia due to cancer and chemotherapy. In almost all patients the
      neutrophil count increased within 24 hours after the start of treatment. Side
      effects of G-CSF and GM-CSF are infrequent and usually mild. Combinations of CSFs
      may be even more effective.

PMID- 2642727
TI  - Alveolar soft-part sarcoma. A clinico-pathologic study of half a century.
AB  - In the period from 1923 to 1986 our pathologists examined pathologic material
      from 102 patients with alveolar soft-part sarcoma (ASPS). Followup clinical data
      is available for 91. Median followup is 7 years (range 1 month to 27 years).
      Local recurrence was only found if residual disease was left at the time of the
      original excision. Survival in those patients who presented without metastases
      was 77% at 2 years, 60% at 5 years, 38% at 10 years and 15% at 20 years (median 6
      years). No survival advantage could be demonstrated for patients who received
      chemo and/or radiotherapy, although numbers are small and staging not uniform. An
      evaluation by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry cannot confirm recent
      claims that ASPS is a muscle tumor. ASPS is an unusual neoplasm; the primary
      therapeutic option is aggressive surgical excision. Survival even with the
      development of metastases can be long.

PMID- 2642728
TI  - Functional and phenotypic analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes isolated
      from human primary and metastatic liver tumors and cultured in recombinant
      interleukin-2.
AB  - Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were isolated from 40 of 51 consecutive
      human liver tumor samples (primary hepatocellular carcinoma, 16 of 18;
      metastatic, 23 of 29; benign, one of four). Functional and phenotypic
      characteristics of fresh and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2)-expanded TIL were
      evaluated. The expansion of TIL from hepatic tumors in the presence of 1000
      units/ml of rIL-2 was possible in 60% of cases. In comparison to TIL from
      metastatic liver tumors, TIL obtained from primary liver tumors expanded faster
      and better in rIL-2 cultures. Expanded TIL from primary tumors had significantly
      higher cytotoxicity against K562 targets, but not Raji targets, than those from
      metastatic tumors. Cytotoxicity against fresh autologous tumor targets was
      detected in seven of eight cultures tested. TIL from primary tumors retained
      antitumor reactivity significantly longer in culture. The optimal in vitro
      cytotoxicity was achieved between days 20 and 60 of culture in the presence of
      rIL-2. Antitumor activity was associated with the increase in these TIL cultures
      of a cell population expressing the Leu19 antigen with or without the CD3
      antigen. The frequency of the CD3+Leu19+ population showed a bimodal distribution
      during culture: the first peak of CD3+Leu19+ cells occurred between days 30 and
      60 and was associated with the increased antitumor activity; the second peak
      occurred after day 60 and was not associated with activity. These findings
      demonstrate that TIL from most human hepatic tumors can be successfully isolated,
      cultured in rIL-2, and enriched in Leu19+ effectors. In addition, these TIL upon
      IL-2 activation in vitro are capable of lysing fresh autologous and/or allogeneic
      tumor targets.

PMID- 2642729
TI  - Letterer-Siwe disease in adults.
AB  - Histiocytosis X (HX) is a rare disorder of histiocytic proliferation
      characterized by a broad spectrum of clinicopathologic disease. An unusual case
      of Letterer-Siwe disease (LSD) or subacute disseminated HX in a 71-year-old woman
      is presented. The patient had a 3-year history of splenomegaly before skin
      lesions developed. She presented to our clinic at 1.5 years later and the
      diagnosis of HX was made by skin biopsy. Topical nitrogen mustard (NM) therapy
      resulted in complete clearing of cutaneous lesions. Her condition was stable over
      the next 10 months. However, she subsequently suffered a rapid and fatal
      dissemination of her disease. Systemic treatment with prednisone, vinblastine
      sulphate, and suppressin A (SA) (a calf thymus derived hormone preparation that
      specifically induces suppressor T-cells) was ineffective. Characteristic
      histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings of HX are
      illustrated. A review of the adult cases of LSD and treatment options for HX are
      presented and discussed.

PMID- 2642730
TI  - A controlled trial of extended radical versus radical mastectomy. Ten-year
      results.
AB  - In view of increasing debate over possible benefit of more complete surgery
      compared to conservative procedures, a randomized controlled trial contrasting
      the then standard Halsted radical (RDL) operation with the more complete extended
      radical (EXT) mastectomy was initiated in 1973. Between November 1973 and July
      1982, 123 women younger than 70 years of age and at clinical Stages I and II were
      enrolled. Of the total series, 112 were treated by the same surgeon and confirmed
      pathologically as having invasive mammary carcinoma. In this more homogeneous
      subgroup, the 10-year survival rates (and standard errors) were for RDL, 60% (+/-
      7%) and for EXT, 74% (+/- 6%) (P value for comparison of survival curves = 0.13).
      In patients from this subgroup with central-medial tumors, comprising 62% of the
      total, survival after RDL at 10 years was 60% (+/- 8%), and after EXT 86% (+/-
      6%) (P = 0.025). In the remaining patients with lateral tumors, survival rates
      were unaffected by treatment: 58% (+/- 13%) and 56% (+/- 11%), respectively (P =
      0.62). Comparison of a nonrandomized series of 266 RDL and 124 EXT patients
      treated between 1960 and 1978 found differences consistent with those of the
      randomized study, although not statistically significant.

PMID- 2642731
TI  - Complete responses and long-term survivals after systemic chemotherapy for
      patients with advanced malignant melanoma.
AB  - Five hundred three patients with advanced malignant melanoma were exposed to a
      number of clinical investigative chemotherapeutic regimens between 1971 and 1984
      in an effort to assess the clinical activity of these regimens in this disease.
      Of the 503 patients participating in the studies, ten patients experienced a
      complete response. However, only three of these patients survived more than 5
      years. Of this group of 503 patients, seven additional patients who did not
      experience a complete response survived more than five years. Of the ten patients
      surviving more than 5 years, two had immediate progression after institution of
      investigative regimens, whereas five remained stable for brief periods of time
      before progressive metastatic disease. Three patients experienced a complete
      response. It appeared that systemic therapeutic interventions in these trials
      were conspicuously ineffective for this large group of patients. A few long-term
      survivors attest to the capricious nature of this neoplasm and its association
      with likely spontaneous regressions. Although these long-term survivors did
      survive after institution of systemic chemotherapy, it is likely that this
      survival was related temporally, but perhaps not causally, to the institution of
      treatment.

PMID- 2642732
TI  - Expression of LFA-1 in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is a glycoprotein involved in
      virtually all aspects of the immune response requiring direct cell to cell
      contact. It has been suggested that lack of LFA-1 expression in lymphomas may
      represent a mechanism of escape from immunologic surveillance. We investigated
      the expression of LFA-1 in a series of more than 250 lymphoid neoplasms and
      reactive lymphoid proliferations using a frozen section immunoperoxidase
      technique. LFA-1 was expressed by all lymphoid populations in the reactive cases.
      In contrast, absence of LFA-1 alpha or beta chains was found in 44% of non
      Hodgkin's lymphomas, including 50% of B-cell lymphomas. These findings suggest
      that loss of LFA-1 expression may be of great use in the differential diagnosis
      of benign versus malignant lymphoproliferations. Eighty percent of initial biopsy
      specimens of low-grade lymphoma exhibited LFA-1 expression, whereas only 8% of
      recurrent specimens retained expression of both LFA-1 subunits. However, we found
      no correlation between LFA-1 expression and clinical course in a series of 64
      patients with diffuse large cell lymphomas.

PMID- 2642733
TI  - Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease) with spontaneous production of
      high levels of B-cell differentiation factor activity.
AB  - A 13-year-old girl presented with general fatigue, back pain, anemia,
      hyperimmunoglobulinemia, and a mediastinal mass on chest radiograph. A mass was
      surgically removed, and its histologic examination determined the diagnosis of
      giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease). With removal of the
      hyperplastic lymph node, the clinical symptoms soon disappeared and the abnormal
      laboratory findings were markedly improved within 1 month: serum IgG levels
      decreased from 4350 mg/dl to 1829 mg/dl. Immunostaining on the lymph node
      sections revealed polyclonal B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte populations. The
      patient's lymph node cells were cultured without any mitogenic stimulation, and
      the culture supernatants were assayed for their B-cell differentiation factor
      (BCDF) activity to induce IgG production by our Epstein-Barr virus-transformed
      cell line. The patient's lymph node cells produced high levels of BCDF activity:
      the supernatants could increase the IgG production from 140 ng/ml to 410 ng/ml
      when the values became from 140 ng/ml to 142 ng/ml or 148 ng/ml with those of the
      control lymph node cells. These results suggest that the hyperimmunoglobulinemia
      and its prompt improvement with removal of the hyperplastic lymph node may have
      been related to the spontaneous production of high levels of BCDF activity by the
      lymph node cells in the patient.

PMID- 2642734
TI  - Multiple simultaneous inverted papillomas of the upper urinary tract. A case
      report with a review of ureteral and renal pelvic inverted papillomas.
AB  - An asymptomatic 73-year-old woman was found to have multiple, simultaneous,
      inverted papillomas of the renal pelvis and ureter. A review of the world
      literature yielded 34 cases of inverted papillomas in the upper urinary tract: 13
      in the renal pelvis, and 21 in the ureter. Among these 34 cases, there were 26
      male and five female patients, with gender not given for three others. Patients
      ranged in age from 19 to 89 years (mean, 64.1 years). Many cases lacked complete
      clinical details but, among the others, gross painless hematuria was the
      presenting symptom in seven; hematuria with flank pain or colic in six; and pain
      without hematuria in six. Only six patients lacked urinary tract symptoms, and
      three of these had microscopic hematuria. Only two patients had more than one
      inverted papilloma, and these were not multicentric. Adequate pathologic
      documentation and follow-up data were, unfortunately, absent in many of the
      cases. Although inverted papillomas are curable with surgical resection, with a
      low rate of local recurrence, they appear to be associated with synchronous or
      asynchronous carcinomas, especially other transitional cell tumors in the urinary
      tract.

PMID- 2642735
TI  - Can susceptibility to carcinoid tumors be inherited?
AB  - Previously, all carcinoid tumors were considered to occur sporadically. We
      present an extremely rare series of three first-degree relatives in two
      generations with proximal duodenal carcinoid tumors and other family-associated
      neoplasms. This unusual circumstance, which has never been described previously,
      represents the sixth case of familial clustering of carcinoid tumors reported in
      the world's literature.

PMID- 2642736
TI  - Mutational specificities of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and nitrogen
      mustard in the SUP4-o gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A collection of 346 mutations arising in the SUP4-o gene of the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae following treatment with 1,3-bis(2-chloro-ethyl)-1
      nitrosourea (BCNU) or nitrogen mustard was analyzed by DNA sequencing. Both
      agents induced all possible types of base-pair substitution as well as deletions
      and double mutations. The base-pair changes consisted primarily of events at G.C
      pairs and were distributed throughout the gene. However, the distributions
      differed for the two drugs, and a prominent substitution hotspot was detected for
      nitrogen mustard. BCNU induced a substantial fraction of deletions the majority
      of which were recovered at a hotspot encompassing a tract of five G.C pairs. In
      contrast, nitrogen mustard generated relatively few deletions, but substantially
      more double mutations were recovered than with treatment with BCNU. Neither agent
      exhibited a preference for contiguous G.C sites, and more than one quarter of the
      mutations occurred at G.C sites, flanked by A.T pairs or at A.T pairs indicating
      that mutagenesis was not restricted to G.C runs. The data indicate that for BCNU
      and nitrogen mustard, monoadducts may play a role in mutagenesis, and site
      specific mutability is influenced by factors in addition to the G.C richness of
      the sequence involved.

PMID- 2642737
TI  - 5-Bromodeoxyuridine-induced carcinogenesis and its modification by persistent
      estrus syndrome, unilateral nephrectomy, and X-irradiation in rats.
AB  - We showed earlier that 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), which can substitute for
      thymidine during DNA synthesis, inducing transition mutations, is incorporated
      into DNA of various tissues when administered to newborn rats and is not
      subjected to repair processes. The main purpose of the present experiment is to
      verify if a direct perturbation of DNA would be sufficient to initiate
      carcinogenesis. Rats aged 1, 3, 7, and 21 days were given BrdUrd s.c. at a dose
      of 3.2 mg/animal. At 2 months some of the females were subjected to treatment
      known to induce persistent estrus; at 1 month a group of males underwent removal
      of one kidney, and groups of males and females were exposed to a single total
      body X-irradiation at a dose of 1.5 Gy (150 rads) per rat. In females, treatment
      with BrdUrd induced tumors of the ovaries, polyps in the uterus, and tumors of
      the soft tissues, nervous system, forestomach, glandular stomach, and salivary
      gland; no such tumor occurred in control females. Induction of persistent estrus
      increased the incidences of ovarian tumors and of malignant tumors of the uterus.
      Treatment with BrdUrd also increased the carcinogenic effect of X-rays on the
      mammary gland. In males, BrdUrd induced tumors of the testis (seminomas) and
      adenomas of the thyroid gland; solitary tumors of the kidney, nervous system,
      soft tissues, and bladder were also found. Unilateral nephrectomy reduced the
      incidences of tumors in the testis and pituitary gland, whereas subsequent
      treatment with X-rays did not alter the incidences of tumors induced by BrdUrd.
      These studies demonstrated for the first time that a nucleoside analogue, BrdUrd,
      has carcinogenic potential. Possible molecular mechanisms for its carcinogenicity
      and for the effects of the promoting factors are discussed.

PMID- 2642738
TI  - Incidence of activating ras oncogene mutations associated with primary and
      metastatic human breast cancer.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that ras activation is involved in the final stages of
      breast cancer progression, we analyzed tumor DNA derived from 60 different
      patients and extracted from 40 invasive primary breast tumors, seven lymph node
      and skin metastases, nine metastatic effusions, and five established breast
      cancer cell lines. The polymerase chain reaction technique was used to amplify
      DNA fragments containing Kirsten-(Ki-), Harvey-(Ha-), and N-ras codons 12, 13,
      and 61 which were then probed on slot-blots with labeled synthetic oligomers to
      detect nonconservative single base mutations. Activating mutations were found in
      one of 40 primary tumors (Ki-ras codon 13), zero of seven lymph node and skin
      metastases, one of nine metastatic effusions (Ki-ras codon 12), and two of five
      cell lines (Ki-ras codons 12 and 13). These results indicate that activating ras
      mutations are rarely involved in either the initiation or metastatic progression
      of human breast cancer.

PMID- 2642739
TI  - Identification of a recurring translocation site involving chromosome 6 in human
      malignant melanoma.
AB  - The recognition of recurring sites of chromosome change in human cancers has
      pinpointed the location in the genome of several important growth-regulatory
      sequences (e.g., cellular oncogenes). This report details the finding of a
      recurring translocation site involving the long arm of chromosome 6 (6q) in
      malignant melanoma. We have observed a translocation (t) between chromosomes 1
      and 6 in five different cases of malignant metastatic melanoma. All five
      melanomas evidencing t(1;6) involved band regions 6q11-13, while two different
      regions of chromosome 1 (p22, q12-q21) were shown to be translocated to 6q. In
      reviewing previously published cases of melanoma, an additional two cases of
      t(1;6) and 13 cases of other translocations to 6q11-13 have been identified.
      Chromosome 6q contains several biologically important gene sequences including
      the proto-oncogenes ros, myb, and mas1. However, based on current mapping
      studies, the breakpoint of this translocation (6q11-13) is not within the region
      encoding these sequences. By analogy to other systems, molecular analysis of the
      translocation breakpoints may identify a gene(s) which plays a role in melanoma
      tumorigenesis.

PMID- 2642740
TI  - Structural heterogeneity of a human melanoma-associated antigen.
AB  - The biosynthesis, structure, and topology of a melanoma-associated antigen,
      previously defined with the monoclonal antibody NKI/C-3 was studied. A polyclonal
      rabbit antiserum was raised against the antigen with a broader reactivity than
      the previously used monoclonal antibody NKI/C-3. The antigen was shown to consist
      of a single protein backbone to which two or three N-linked glycans were added
      cotranslationally. Extensive further heterogeneity was generated in the Golgi
      compartment and was shown to be dependent on the presence of complex type sugars.
      Although the antigen is associated with melanomas, it was not codistributed with
      the tyrosinase activity associated with melanogenesis. The antigen did show
      codistribution with cathepsin D, which is a marker for lysosomal functions.

PMID- 2642741
TI  - Induction of tumorigenicity and lack of in vitro growth requirement for 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate by transfection of murine melanocytes with v-Ha
      ras.
AB  - A nontumorigenic line of murine melanocytes, Mel-ab, has been transfected with
      the v-Ha-ras gene under transcriptional control of the Moloney murine leukemia
      virus long terminal repeat. Transfectants produced rapidly growing
      undifferentiated melanomas in recipient mice. The inhibition of melanin
      production in transformed cells, observable both in vitro and in vivo, suggests
      that ras may affect melanocyte cytodifferentiation. Mel-ab cells require the
      continual presence of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, or other activators
      of protein kinase C, for in vitro growth. Transfectants expressing v-Ha-ras no
      longer manifested this requirement and were actually growth inhibited by the
      addition of protein kinase C activators. These results are consistent with the
      notion that ras acts via the protein kinase C pathway in conferring autonomous
      growth on Mel-ab cells.

PMID- 2642742
TI  - When the products of oncogenes and anti-oncogenes meet.

PMID- 2642743
TI  - Conservation of complex DNA recognition domains between families of restriction
      enzymes.
AB  - One polypeptide, designated S, confers sequence-specificity to the multisubunit
      type I restriction enzymes. Two families of such enzymes, K and A, include
      members that recognize diverse, bipartite, target sequences. The S polypeptides
      of the K family, while having areas of near identity, also contain two extensive
      regions of variable sequence. We now show that one of these, comprising the N
      terminal 150 amino acids, specifies recognition of one component of the bipartite
      target sequence. We have determined the sequence recognized by EcoE, a member of
      the A family. This sequence, 5'GAG(N7)ATGC, has the trinucleotide GAG in common
      with EcoA and with StySB of the K family. We determined the nucleotide sequences
      of the S genes of EcoA and EcoE, and compared their predicted amino acid
      sequences with each other and with those of the five members of the K family.
      There is no general sequence similarity between families, but the domain of the S
      polypeptide of StySB, which specifies GAG, shows nearly 50 per cent identity with
      the amino variable region of the S polypeptides of EcoA and EcoE. A complex
      domain that recognizes and directs methylation of GAG is therefore common to
      enzymes of generally dissimilar amino acid sequence.

PMID- 2642744
TI  - A ras-related gene with transformation suppressor activity.
AB  - A 1.8 kb cDNA clone, Krev-1, with revertant-inducing activity on Kirsten sarcoma
      virus-transformed NIH/3T3 cells, has been isolated from a human fibroblast cDNA
      expression library. In Krev-1 transfectants, there is a correlation between the
      levels of specific mRNA and the degrees of suppression of the transformed
      phenotype. The cDNA encodes a protein of 21,000 daltons that unexpectedly shares
      around 50% amino acid identities with ras proteins. The Krev-1 homologs are found
      in mouse, rat, and chicken DNA, and their transcripts are ubiquitously expressed
      in many rat organs. Thus, the Krev-1 gene seems to play an important role(s) in a
      wide variety of tissues, and may be involved in the negative growth regulation of
      certain cell types.

PMID- 2642745
TI  - Suppression of malaria-induced autoimmunity by immunization with cryoglobulins.
AB  - Cryoglobulins obtained from malaria-infected (Plasmodium berghei berghei) Balb/c
      mice were administered intraperitoneally to naive Balb/c mice. Ten days or 9
      months following cryoglobulin administration, the naive mice were infected with
      malaria. Comparison of sera from cryoglobulin-treated malaria-infected mice with
      sera from control infected mice revealed that pretreatment with cryoglobulins
      resulted in (1) reduced levels of circulating immune complexes; (2) reduced
      levels of autoantibodies reactive with nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens; and (3)
      suppressed development of cryoglobulinemia. Furthermore, the effect of
      cryoglobulins was long lasting, suggesting that recipient mice may have been
      actively immunized against autoantibody production.

PMID- 2642746
TI  - Novel class I-like molecule expressed on a murine leukemia virus-transformed cell
      line.
AB  - A retrovirus-induced tumor cell line, which expresses no H-2K or H-2D class I
      molecules, appears to express a tumor-specific transplantation antigen which
      induces tumor rejection in vivo and cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation in vitro
      without prior immunization and thus resembles class I molecules. In addition,
      although these tumor cells express no detectable class I molecules, they do
      express beta 2 microglobulin and a 55- to 60-kDa beta 2 microglobulin-associated
      protein. Northern analysis demonstrated that these cells express no RNA
      hybridizing to class I probes, suggesting that neither the tumor-specific
      transplantation antigen nor the beta 2 microglobulin-associated protein, if these
      are different, are encoded by known class I genes.

PMID- 2642747
TI  - Human pharmacokinetics of carboplatin after oral administration.

PMID- 2642748
TI  - Pathways of human cell post-replication repair.
AB  - Mutagenesis, clastogenesis, and carcinogenesis, may all be S-phase dependent
      processes within carcinogen-damaged human cells. Carcinogens have been shown to
      inhibit replicative DNA synthesis in S phase cells and the mechanisms of
      inhibition have been identified. It is proposed that the sequelae of carcinogen
      action (mutations, sister-chromatid exchanges, chromosome aberrations) are the
      consequence of the production of lesions in the DNA template which interfere with
      the ability of DNA polymerase to synthesize a complementary strand without error.
      Mis-instructive lesions in the template give rise to base-substitution mutations
      in nascent strands as DNA polymerase inserts an incorrect but complementary base.
      Non-instructive base lesions and sterically interfering bulky adducts in the
      template inhibit DNA polymerase and cause the growing points of nascent DNA
      strands to be blocked. This blockage perpetuates discontinuities in daughter
      strands. These discontinuities are eliminated by a process known as post
      replication repair. Blocked growing points may be relieved by un-directed
      insertion of DNA precursors to span the non-instructive lesions. Transient
      dislocation of the primer terminus from the damaged template may occur at
      palindromic or repetitive sequences. Reannealing of the primer terminus beyond
      the site of damage may allow bypass of blocking lesions with a consequence of
      deletion or insertion of genetic information. DNA at the site of blocked growing
      points may be a substrate for other enzymes involved in DNA metabolism. Single
      strand gaps in daughter strands may be recognized by Rec A-like proteins which
      catalyze paranemic invasion of sister duplex strands. Recombination intermediates
      generated at sites of blocked growing points may be resolved by a pathway that
      produces either sister-chromatid exchanges or the insertion of a patch of
      parental template DNA within the daughter strand. Single-strand-specific
      endonuclease may attack regions of denatured DNA at blocked growing points
      producing double-strand breaks which appear to be intermediates in the formation
      of chromatid aberrations. The utilization of each of these pathways of post
      replication repair will depend upon the precise structure of the template lesion,
      the sequence context in which the lesion is embedded in the template strand, and
      stochastic processes.

PMID- 2642749
TI  - Purification of the food-borne carcinogens 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5
      f]quinoline and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline in heated meat
      products by immunoaffinity chromatography.
AB  - A rapid and simple scheme has been developed for the isolation and purification
      of two of the major mutagenic heterocyclic amines formed in heated beef products
      by affinity chromatography using monoclonal antibodies which recognize 2-amino-3
      methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). Two cell lines producing IgG antibodies were
      established following fusion of Sp2 or P3x.63 myeloma cells with spleen cells of
      immunized BALB/cby mice. The antigen was bovine gamma globulin haptenized with 2
      (3-carboxypropylthio)-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline. The antibodies were
      immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. IQ and MeIQx formed in heated beef
      products were partially purified by XAD-2 chromatography and then applied to the
      affinity columns. Purification by affinity chromatography was adequate for
      subsequent quantitative analysis by HPLC with UV detection. With this
      purification scheme as little as 1 g of beef extract or 15 g of fried beef could
      be assayed for IQ and MeIQx at the part per billion level. Both antibodies had
      similar affinity constants for IQ (9.3 X 10(6) and 6.7 X 10(6) M-1) and for MeIQx
      (7.1 X 10(5) and 2.7 X 10(5) M-1) and both were suitable for immunoaffinity
      purification of IQ from complex mixtures. MAb2 could be used as well to
      selectively remove MeIQx from meat products after partial purification by XAD-2.
      MAb1, despite having a 3-fold higher affinity than MAb2 for MeIQx, could not be
      used for affinity chromatography for this mutagen.

PMID- 2642750
TI  - Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase gene expression in normal and transformed
      hamster embryo fibroblasts following stimulation by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
      acetate.
AB  - We have compared the regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression
      in primary cultures of hamster embryo fibroblasts and in two independently
      transformed hamster embryo cell lines. Previous studies have demonstrated that 12
      O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) can greatly potentiate the serum growth
      factor induction of ODC enzyme activity in transformed cells, but not in normal
      hamster embryo fibroblasts. Treatment of either normal or transformed cells with
      both TPA and serum yielded greater accumulations of ODC mRNA than with either
      treatment alone, which is consistent with changes at the protein level. However,
      treatment of the transformed cells with TPA and serum resulted in a greater
      increase in steady state levels of ODC mRNA than that observed using normal
      fibroblasts. The time course for the induction of ODC mRNA was similar for both
      normal and transformed cells with maximal accumulations 4-8 h after treatment.
      Studies with actinomycin D further suggests that ODC mRNA is comparatively long
      lived in both normal and transformed cells. The accumulation of ODC mRNA after
      stimulation with TPA and serum is blocked by cycloheximide in normal hamster
      fibroblasts suggesting that this induction is dependent upon protein synthesis.
      In contrast, cycloheximide did not affect the accumulation of ODC mRNA under
      similar treatment conditions in transformed cells. This altered regulation of ODC
      gene expression in transformed hamster embryo fibroblasts cannot be explained by
      either gene rearrangement or the amplification of an ODC gene. These data suggest
      that transformation of hamster embryo cells results in a loss of cellular control
      over ODC gene regulation which includes an alteration in the requirement for
      protein synthesis for ODC mRNA accumulation.

PMID- 2642751
TI  - Different mechanisms are involved in DNA damage, bacterial mutagenicity and
      cytotoxicity induced by 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in suspensions of rat liver
      cells.
AB  - 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) induced DNA damage, measured by an automated
      alkaline elution method, in suspensions of rat liver parenchymal cells at low
      concentrations (1-10 microM). At much higher concentrations (0.5-2.5 mM), DBCP
      was metabolized to products that were mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA100
      co-incubated with the liver cells. At these higher concentrations a marked
      depletion of cellular glutathione was seen and at 2.5 mM DBCP was cytotoxic.
      Perdeuterated DBCP (D5-DBCP) caused less DNA damage in the liver cells than DBCP,
      most likely because of decrease in cytochrome P-450 dependent metabolism. A more
      pronounced decrease in mutagenicity occurred with D5-DBCP compared to DBCP,
      whereas the two compounds were equally cytotoxic. Preincubation of the liver
      cells with diethylmaleate or buthionine sulfoximine, to lower cellular levels of
      glutathione, decreased DBCP induced DNA damage. The decrease in DNA damage was
      proportional to the decrease in cellular glutathione levels. In contrast,
      diethylmaleate enhanced DBCP-induced bacterial mutagenicity and cellular
      cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic effect could be partly blocked by addition of
      ascorbate. From the data presented we suggest that: (i) cytochrome P-450
      dependent oxidation as well as glutathione conjugation are involved in DBCP
      induced DNA damage, (ii) cytochrome P-450 dependent oxidation leads to formation
      of products mutagenic to bacteria and (iii) the cytotoxicity induced by DBCP in
      the liver cells in vitro is caused by oxidative damage following glutathione
      depletion and/or direct membrane damage.

PMID- 2642752
TI  - Application of an immunoassay for cyclic acrolein deoxyguanosine adducts to
      assess their formation in DNA of Salmonella typhimurium under conditions of
      mutation induction by acrolein.
AB  - Acrolein has been shown to form cyclic deoxyguanosine adducts when it reacts with
      DNA in vitro. In this study, we have used a recently developed immunoassay for
      these adducts to study their formation in DNA from Salmonella typhimurium exposed
      to acrolein. Acrolein--deoxyguanosine adducts were formed in a dose-dependent
      fashion in Salmonella tester strains TA100 and TA104, reaching levels as high as
      5 mumol adduct per mol deoxyguanosine. Using the liquid pre-incubation assay,
      acrolein-induced mutations were also found in strains TA100 and TA104. The
      correlation between acrolein--deoxyguanosine adduct concentration and acrolein
      induced mutations in TA100, which contains GC base pairs at the site of
      reversion, suggests that the acrolein--deoxyguanosine adduct is a promutagenic
      lesion. That mutations are also seen in TA104 which contains AT base pairs at the
      site of reversion suggest that adducts of bases other than deoxyguanosine may
      also be important in the mutagenic activity of acrolein.

PMID- 2642753
TI  - Reversal of atherosis and sclerosis. The two components of atherosclerosis.
AB  - In 1904, Marchand recognized the consistent association of fatty degeneration and
      vessel stiffening and introduced the term "atherosclerosis" to indicate this
      combination. Current research is focused principally on the lipid component, but
      there is evidence that both aspects are reversible. Atheromatous lipids add
      significantly to the volume of lesions and thus contribute to vascular
      obstruction and end-organ damage. Reversal of atherosis has been observed in all
      the major species used in atherosclerosis research; rabbits, swine, dogs, chicks,
      pigeons, and subhuman primates. Direct evidence for reversal in humans is based
      on angiographic trials and is less extensive. One femoral artery and one coronary
      artery trial indicate that the lesions can be stabilized. CLAS, the largest
      angiographic trial to date, indicates that coronary lesion reversal is possible.
      Clinical effects of sclerosis are more subtle, and there is little evidence that
      sclerosis alone leads to end-organ damage. However, it should be noted that
      atherosclerotic lesions producing end-organ damage invariably have a major
      fibrous component. Sclerotic vessels have reduced systolic expansion and
      abnormally rapid pulse wave propagation, which can be measured noninvasively.
      Primate studies indicate that sclerosis is induced by hypercholesterolemic diets
      and is reversible when these diets are withdrawn. Changes in sclerosis may be
      another useful indicator of the formation and reversal of lesions and may involve
      changes in EDRF. Future studies of atherosclerosis reversal should use a
      combination of measures to evaluate both atherosis and sclerosis.

PMID- 2642754
TI  - Intensive combination drug therapy of familial hypercholesterolemia with
      lovastatin, probucol, and colestipol hydrochloride.
AB  - Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have had a life-long sustained
      elevation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Consequently,
      there is a need to maximally lower their elevated levels, and this usually
      requires lowering LDL levels more than 50%. Because no single hypolipidemic drug
      will consistently produce such degrees of lowering, combination drug therapy with
      two or even three agents is required to produce the desired degree of cholesterol
      lowering. A prospective trial was designed to determine if combination therapy
      using three hypolipidemic agents could effectively lower LDL levels in 17
      severely affected FH subjects. Colestipol hydrochloride (10 g b.i.d.), probucol
      (500 mg b.i.d.), and lovastatin (20 or 40 mg b.i.d.) were given to each patient,
      in varying combinations, over a 25-month period. Lovastatin (40 mg/day) uniformly
      lowered LDL levels 36%. Probucol lowered LDL only 14% and in a variable manner.
      The combination of lovastatin and probucol lowered LDL no better than lovastatin
      alone. Lovastatin plus colestipol lowered LDL 52%; probucol added as a third
      agent produced no further lowering. Lovastatin (80 mg/day) plus colestipol
      lowered LDL 56%. Lovastatin increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
      levels 6%, whereas probucol decreased HDL 29%. In all patients there was an
      effective lowering of LDL levels, ranging from 40% to 70%. Thus, lovastatin plus
      colestipol is an effective hypolipidemic regimen for producing marked decreases
      in LDL levels in FH subjects. The addition of probucol as a third hypolipidemic
      agent adds little to the therapeutic regimen as measured by lowering of LDL
      levels.

PMID- 2642755
TI  - Arterial baroreflex abnormalities in heart failure. Reversal after orthotopic
      cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Arterial baroreflex control of the heart and peripheral circulation is markedly
      impaired in humans and animals with congestive heart failure. After reversal of
      heart failure in animal models, arterial baroreflex control of heart rate remains
      impaired for up to 8 months. Cardiac transplantation restores normal ventricular
      function and completely reverses heart failure, but does it normalize arterial
      baroreflex control of heart rate in humans? We studied baroreflex sensitivity in
      11 patients with severe heart failure, six normal control patients, and 23
      patients at 2 weeks to 4 years after orthotopic cardiac transplantation.
      Baroreflex sensitivity was assessed with intravenous bolus injections of
      phenylephrine and is expressed as change in RR or PP interval (msec) per
      millimeters of mercury rise in systolic arterial pressure. Atrial rate of both
      donor (denervated) and recipient (innervated) atria were measured in the
      transplant group. Baroreflex sensitivity in patients with severe heart failure
      was 2.0 +/- 0.3 msec/mm Hg, but in patients after cardiac transplantation, it was
      13.0 +/- 0.9 msec/mm Hg (p less than 0.001). The responses in the transplant
      group were similar to those observed in normal controls (10 +/- 1.2 msec/mm Hg, p
      = NS). Our data indicate that patients with severe congestive heart failure have
      marked abnormalities of baroreflex control, which are reversed as early as 2
      weeks after cardiac transplantation. In view of this rapid reversal, we consider
      it unlikely that abnormal baroreflex sensitivity seen in heart failure is due to
      structural alterations in the baroreceptors. We speculate that neurohumoral
      rather than structural abnormalities account for depressed baroreflex sensitivity
      in heart failure.

PMID- 2642756
TI  - Severe impairment of coronary reserve during rejection in patients with
      orthotopic heart transplant.
AB  - The present study analyzed coronary sinus blood flow alterations after
      dipyridamole induced coronary vasodilation in seven patients whose endomyocardial
      biopsies evidenced no sign of rejection (group 1) and in five patients with
      histologic signs of rejection (group 2) after orthotopic heart transplantation.
      All patients were treated with cyclosporine and prednisone and some with
      azathioprine and had normal coronary arteriograms. Coronary sinus blood flow and
      coronary resistance were measured before and after intravenous dipyridamole (0.18
      mg/kg/min over 4 minutes). Basal values were similar in groups 1 and 2 for
      coronary sinus blood flow (166 +/- 34 compared with 181 +/- 39 ml/min,
      respectively), coronary resistance (0.62 +/- 10 compared with 0.52 +/- 13 mm
      Hg/ml/min, respectively), coronary sinus blood oxygen content (5.7 +/- 1.6
      compared with 4.5 +/- 0.9 ml/100 ml, respectively) and arterial-coronary sinus
      blood oxygen difference (10.6 +/- 1.3 compared with 10.3 +/- 1.8 ml/100 ml,
      respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642757
TI  - A hemodynamic and Doppler echocardiographic study of ventricular function in long
      term cardiac allograft recipients. Etiology and prognosis of restrictive
      constrictive physiology.
AB  - Conventional hemodynamic measurements and Doppler echocardiography were used to
      assess ventricular physiology of the human cardiac allograft and to examine the
      influence of pertinent clinical factors on chronic myocardial performance. Sixty
      four patients (18-55 years old; mean, 39 years) undergoing routine annual
      hemodynamic assessment were studied. Blood-flow velocity properties across the
      mitral, tricuspid, and aortic valves were analyzed from Doppler ultrasound
      recordings. Ten of these patients had elevated diastolic pressures associated
      with a sharp early diastolic dip followed by an exaggerated and abrupt rise in
      pressure, consistent with restrictive-constrictive ventricular physiology. Left
      ventricular dP/dt and stroke volume were lower in these patients compared with
      the other 54 patients. Doppler echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular
      filling and ejection in these 10 patients differed significantly. Isovolumic
      relaxation time and pressure half-time were shorter, peak early mitral and
      tricuspid flow velocities were higher, and mean aortic flow velocity and
      acceleration were lower. A higher rejection incidence was the only demonstrable
      clinical factor associated with impaired ventricular function. Doppler
      echocardiography may, therefore, noninvasively identify patients with hemodynamic
      evidence of restrictive-constrictive physiology. This abnormality occurs in
      approximately 15% of allograft recipients, is associated with impaired systolic
      performance, and may be related to rejection incidence.

PMID- 2642758
TI  - Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability in human cardiac transplant
      recipients.
AB  - Beat-to-beat heart rate variability was studied by power spectral analysis in 17
      orthotopic cardiac transplant patients. Heart rate power spectra were calculated
      from eighty-four 256-second recordings and compared with those taken from six
      normal subjects. The power spectra from the control subjects resolved into
      discrete peaks at 0.04-0.12 Hz and 0.2-0.3 Hz, whereas those of heart transplant
      recipients resembled broad-band noise without peaks. Log total power in the 0.02
      1.0 Hz range was greater in the control subjects (0.982 +/- 0.084 [0.206], mean
      +/- SEM [SD]) than in the transplanted subjects (-0.766 +/- 0.059 [0.541]), (p
      less than 0.0001). Fifty-five electrocardiographic recordings from transplant
      patients were done within 48 hours of an endomyocardial biopsy. When the power
      spectra of those patients whose endomyocardial biopsies showed evidence of
      myocardial rejection were compared with those from patients who were found to be
      free of rejection, a significant difference was found in log total power (-0.602
      +/- 0.090 [0.525] vs. -0.909 +/- 0.136 [0.577], p less than 0.02). We conclude
      that denervation of the heart significantly reduces heart rate variability and
      abolishes the discrete spectral peaks seen in untransplanted control subjects and
      that the development of allograft rejection may significantly increase heart rate
      variability.

PMID- 2642760
TI  - Measurement of cyclosporine concentrations in whole blood: HPLC and
      radioimmunoassay with a specific monoclonal antibody and 3H- or 125I-labeled
      ligand compared.
AB  - We compared cyclosporine concentrations in whole blood as measured by HPLC and by
      RIA with a monoclonal antibody specific for cyclosporine with 3H- or 125I-labeled
      cyclosporine ligand. The 3H-RIA kit slightly underestimated cyclosporine
      concentrations (greater than 600 micrograms/L) in comparison with HPLC. Over a
      wide range of concentrations, cyclosporine measured with the 125I-RIA kit
      correlated well with HPLC (slope = 0.99, n = 301, r = 0.98), observed for samples
      from recipients of kidney, heart, or liver allografts (respective slopes: 1.01,
      0.93, and 1.00). The 125I-RIA standard curve was linear to 1000 micrograms of
      cyclosporine per liter. Inter- and intra-assay CVs for 125I-RIA measurements of
      cyclosporine were less than or equal to 7%. Evidently, the 125I-RIA kit involving
      a monoclonal antibody specific for cyclosporine is equivalent to the HPLC assay
      and can replace it for therapeutic drug monitoring of cyclosporine therapy.

PMID- 2642759
TI  - High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective
      American studies.
AB  - The British Regional Heart Study (BRHS) reported in 1986 that much of the inverse
      relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and incidence of coronary
      heart disease was eliminated by covariance adjustment. Using the proportional
      hazards model and adjusting for age, blood pressure, smoking, body mass index,
      and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, we analyzed this relation separately in
      the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Mortality
      Follow-up Study (LRCF) and Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (CPPT), and Multiple
      Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). In CPPT and MRFIT (both randomized trials
      in middle-age high-risk men), only the control groups were analyzed. A 1-mg/dl
      (0.026 mM) increment in HDLC was associated with a significant coronary heart
      disease risk decrement of 2% in men (FHS, CPPT, and MRFIT) and 3% in women (FHS).
      In LRCF, where only fatal outcomes were documented, a 1-mg/dl increment in HDLC
      was associated with significant 3.7% (men) and 4.7% (women) decrements in
      cardiovascular disease mortality rates. The 95% confidence intervals for these
      decrements in coronary heart and cardiovascular disease risk in the four studies
      overlapped considerably, and all contained the range 1.9-2.9%. HDLC levels were
      essentially unrelated to non-cardiovascular disease mortality. When differences
      in analytic methodology were eliminated, a consistent inverse relation of HDLC
      levels and coronary heart disease event rates was apparent in BRHS as well as in
      the four American studies.

PMID- 2642761
TI  - Solving the problem of antibody interference in commercial "sandwich"-type
      immunoassays of carcinoembryonic antigen.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of human anti-murine antibodies (HAMA) on apparent
      concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as measured in serum with
      commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits manufactured by Abbot ("two-step" double
      monoclonal antibody assay), Roche, and Hybritech (room-temperature protocol). In
      sera from patients given parenteral murine monoclonal antibody for experimental
      diagnostic and immunotherapy studies, HAMA titers were determined with
      Immunomedics' "ImmuSTRIP HAMA-EIA" kit reagents. "True" CEA titers were
      established by using the ImmuCEA/MA-EIA and heat-extraction to destroy HAMA
      before assay for CEA. The concordance of the ImmuCEA/MA assay with the Abbott and
      Roche CEA EIAs was established with sera from normal individuals and from
      patients who had not received parenteral injections of murine monoclonal
      antibody. At high (100 mg/L) concentrations of HAMA, false-positive results were
      observed with all three kits. The Hybritech and Roche assays were more sensitive
      to interference by HAMA than was the Abbott CEA-EIA, false-positive results being
      observed at HAMA concentrations between 1 and 10 mg/L. Similar sensitivity of the
      three kits to interference by primate anti-MAb sera was demonstrated. Use of
      primate anti-MAb sera to create controls with HAMA activity and of analyte is
      recommended to evaluate MAb assays for potential HAMA interference and for use to
      devise methods to eliminate HAMA interference.

PMID- 2642762
TI  - Cyclosporine monitoring.

PMID- 2642763
TI  - Distribution of cyclosporin A metabolites among plasma and cells in whole blood:
      effect of temperature, hematocrit, and metabolite concentration.
AB  - Drug-free whole-blood samples supplemented with the cyclosporines and samples
      from 10 transplant patients receiving cyclosporin A (CsA) were equilibrated at 4,
      22, and 37 degrees C for 2.5 h; the plasma and cells were separated; and the
      fractions were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
      Partitioning of CsA and metabolites among plasma and cells was diverse and not
      always predictable for patients' samples. Overall, although widely variable,
      greater than 50% of the total concentration of metabolites M1, M8, M9, M10, M16,
      M17, U1, U8, and U9 in whole blood was associated with the cells, whereas greater
      than 50% of M13, M18, M21, M25, M26, M203-218, U2, U3, U4, U5, U6, and U7 was
      associated with plasma. A decrease in hematocrit from 47.8% to 24%, an increase
      of the sample's temperature (from 4 to 37 degrees C), or an increase in analyte
      concentration (usually greater than 500 micrograms/L for selected metabolites)
      increased the relative portion associated with plasma in a nonlinear fashion.
      Parent CsA was most influenced by these changes; its relative concentrations in
      plasma varied from 18% to 50%. These data support the preferential use of whole
      blood for therapeutic monitoring of "cyclosporines." Through additional studies,
      we suggest possible mechanisms affecting the distribution phenomenon and ascribe
      chemical structure-distribution relationships.

PMID- 2642764
TI  - Creatine kinase isoforms in ischemic heart disease.
AB  - The MM and MB isoenzymes of creatine kinase exist in serum as a collection of at
      least three major MM and two major MB isoforms. Each of these are derived from
      single tissue MM and MB isoforms, which are converted to these other forms by
      carboxypeptidase N after their release from necrotic skeletal and myocardial
      tissue. Measurement of the MM isoforms in ischemic heart disease is useful for
      early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and for the noninvasive
      determination of coronary artery reperfusion for infarction patients receiving
      thrombolytic therapy. Because MM is also released in acute skeletal-muscle
      disease, MB isoform measurements may have the highest clinical sensitivity. These
      determinations are important for providing objective information to cardiologists
      who need to make critical decisions concerning the management of these patients.
      I review the procedures for treating patients with myocardial infarction, the
      potential role of CK isoforms, and the methods currently available for isoform
      analysis, including high-resolution electrophoresis, isoelectric and
      chromatofocusing, and liquid chromatography. Rapid and highly sensitive methods
      are needed for implementation of CK-MM and MB isoforms for prospective emergency
      determinations for patients with acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2642765
TI  - Dr. Elmer L. Becker Symposium. Signal transduction in inflammation and immunity.
      Farmington, Connecticut, April 4, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2642766
TI  - Opening remarks for the Elmer Becker Symposium.

PMID- 2642767
TI  - Intracellular mechanisms of lymphoid cell activation.
AB  - Activation of lymphocytes for proliferation is associated with the appearance of
      an intracellular factor (ADR) that can induce DNA synthesis in isolated quiescent
      nuclei. ADR plays a role in the sequence of intracellular events leading to
      activation for IL-2-mediated proliferation. Because of the nature of the defining
      assay, the locus of ADR action appears to be near the terminal end of the
      transduction pathway. Interestingly, although lymphocytes from aged individuals
      respond poorly to proliferative stimuli, they appear to produce normal to above
      normal levels of ADR. In contrast, their nuclei are only poorly responsive to
      stimulation by ADR. Preparations rich in ADR activity have proteolytic activity
      as well. In addition, aprotinin, as well as a variety of other protease
      inhibitors, suppresses ADR-induced DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. ADR
      activity can be removed from active extracts by absorption with aprotinin
      conjugated agarose beads, and can be removed from the beads by elution at pH 5.0.
      This latter suggests that ADR itself is a protease. However, its endogenous
      substrate is not yet known. We have also detected an inhibitor of ADR activity in
      the cytoplasm of resting lymphocytes. This is a heat-stable protein of
      approximately 60,000 Da. In addition to suppressing the interaction of ADR with
      quiescent nuclei, the inhibitor can suppress DNA synthetic activity of
      replicative nuclei isolated from mitogen-activated lymphocytes. Interestingly,
      these preparations had little or no activity on replicative nuclei derived from
      several neoplastic cell lines. The resistance of tumor cell nuclei to
      spontaneously occurring cytoplasmic inhibitory factors such as the one described
      here may provide one explanation for the loss of growth control in neoplastic
      cells.

PMID- 2642768
TI  - HIV-1 infection: epidemiological features and immunological alterations during
      the natural history of the disease.

PMID- 2642769
TI  - Immunoregulation in clinical diseases: an overview.
AB  - The quality, magnitude, and persistence of each immune response results from the
      net balance of different influences that may amplify or decrease it. The complex
      interaction between such influences underlies the concept of immunoregulation.
      Comprehension of the complex mechanisms of immunoregulation has the potential to
      yield important insights into the genetic and the molecular basis of the
      physiology of immune responses and of the pathophysiology of a wide number of
      clinical diseases. The principal basic mechanisms of immunoregulation comprise
      the systems of recognition structures regulating antigen specificity of immune
      responses and the interconnecting systems involved in the overall regulation of
      immune responses. Such regulatory interconnecting systems include regulatory T
      cells, idiotypic network, isotopic network, and the intricate web of interactions
      between cytokines (cytokine network). In addition, there is now evidence that
      these highly complex and sophisticated regulatory systems are not only
      interrelated to each other, but are themselves regulated by signals originated
      outside the immune system (e.g., from the nervous or the endocrine apparatus).
      These alterations of immunoregulatory mechanisms are involved in the pathogensis
      of many groups of human diseases, such as immunodeficiencies, neoplastic and
      immunoproliferative disorders, many infectious diseases, atopic disease, and
      autoimmune disorders. A rational knowledge of immunoregulation will hopefully
      have great practical implications for future strategies of diagnosis and
      treatment of diseases in which deranged immune functions play a major role.

PMID- 2642770
TI  - Recent advances in the understanding of humoral and cellular mechanisms
      implicated in thyroid autoimmune disorders.
AB  - In this review new data are reported indicating that the thyroid microsomal
      microvillar antigen can be identified with thyroid peroxidase (TPO). This concept
      derives from binding studies of monoclonal and polyclonal microsomal antibodies
      to TPO purified by affinity chromatography or obtained by recombinant DNA
      technology. Furthermore, immunofluorescence studies performed on cultured thyroid
      cells have shown the presence of a TPO-related antigen on the surface of the
      cells. The expression of the TPO antigen is modulated by TSH through the cAMP
      pathway. The functional activities of TSH receptor autoantibodies have also been
      characterized. From these studies the following conclusions can be drawn: (i) TSH
      receptor antibodies possess multiple biological activities, interfering or
      mimicking TSH actions; (ii) a good correlation is observed between stimulation of
      adenylate cyclase and of iodide uptake by Graves' IgG. In these IgG preparations,
      adenylate cyclase- and growth-stimulating activities cannot be separated; (iii)
      antibodies blocking the TSH-dependent AC are present in patients with autoimmune
      hypothyroidism; (iv) a mixture of stimulating and blocking antibodies may coexist
      in the same patient, whose clinical status may result from the sum of the
      biological activities of these antibodies. Finally, new data are reported on the
      identification and characterization of T cell clones infiltrating the thyroid
      tissue of subjects with thyroid autoimmune disorders. The majority of these
      clones were CD8+ cytolytic T cells with natural killer activity. These latter
      data may be of importance in the mechanisms of thyroid damage observed in
      Hashimoto's glands.

PMID- 2642771
TI  - Type I diabetes mellitus: a predictable autoimmune disease with interindividual
      variation in the rate of beta cell destruction.
AB  - A large body of data generated during the past two decades has led to the ability
      to predict the development of Type I diabetes in the majority of relatives of
      diabetics. In particular we have recently proposed a dual parameter linear model
      to aid in predicting the onset of diabetes [years to diabetes = 1.5 + .03(IVGTT
      insulin secretion) - 0.008 (concn of insulin autoantibodies)]. The concentration
      of insulin autoantibodies in prediabetics appears to remarkably correlate with
      the age at which diabetes develops and the rate at which islet cell antibody
      positive individuals progress to diabetes. Children developing diabetes before
      Age 5 often express more than 1000 nU/ml of such antibodies with the upper limit
      of normal of 39 nU/ml. Each prediabetic appears to be set at a characteristic
      level of insulin autoantibodies which does not consistently vary prior to the
      development of diabetes. During the prodromal phase preceding diabetes first
      phase insulin secretion is progressively lost, and the combination of insulin
      release which appears to reflect beta cell damage and the level of insulin
      antibodies accounts for more than 75% of the variation in time to diabetes over a
      6-year interval. A subset of NOD mice also expresses insulin autoantibodies, and
      in addition essentially all NOD mice, but not F1 crosses of NOD by BALB/c, have
      antibodies to a target antigen of a RIN islet line protein (termed "polar
      antibodies"). In addition patients but not NOD mice have cytoplasmic islet cell
      antibodies which appear to react with a glycolipid islet target antigen. In the
      NOD mice the inheritance of disease is multigenic with a gene on chromosome 9,
      linked to the T cell marker theta, determining the bulk of islet cell
      destruction. In crosses of NOD mice with a series of normal strains, inheritance
      overt diabetes is correlated with inheritance of the NOD's unique I-A beta gene,
      though the bulk of islet destruction and insulitis can occur independent of MHC
      inheritance. Until the additional genes outside of the MHC, associated with the
      development of Type I diabetes, are identified for man, the NOD mouse, and the BB
      rat, one can only speculate concerning pathogenic mechanisms. To date islet cell
      destruction appears to be independent of polymorphic genes acting at the level of
      the islet target, and crucially dependent upon bone marrow precursor
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2642772
TI  - Shoulder girdle dysplasia associated with nail patella syndrome. A case report
      and literature review.
AB  - Hereditary oncycho-osteodysplasia is a well-defined clinical entity consisting of
      four characteristics: (1) complete or partial absence of finger and thumb nails
      typically more severe on the radial side of the hand; (2) bony dysplasia about
      the knee consisting of patellar and lateral femoral condylar hypoplasia; (3) bony
      dysplasia about the elbow consisting of hypoplasia of the capitellum and radial
      head; and (4) iliac horns. The hereditary pattern is autosomal dominant with
      complete penetrance and variable expressivity. Other associated dysplasias have
      been reported, but there are only six articles reporting shoulder dysplasia and
      some of these are of questionable validity. This article reports the clinical and
      roentgenographic findings of a patient with an obvious deformity of the scapula
      consisting of a small acromion in both the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral
      planes. The acromion was deformed and slanted upwards at the lateral border. A
      slightly attenuated glenoid pointed laterally or slightly inferiorly, giving a
      humeral acromial interval of 2.5 cm.

PMID- 2642774
TI  - The value of internal oblique radiographs for posterolateral bone grafting of the
      tibia.
AB  - A 35 degrees internal oblique radiographic view of the tibia was used for the
      purpose of demonstrating posterolateral tibial bone grafts. This radiograph of
      the supine patient is made by internally rotating the affected leg 35 degrees
      obliquely toward the midline. This view eliminates superimposition of both the
      tibia and fibula on the graft. This method of radiographic evaluation has been
      found useful in visualization of graft margins intraoperatively and assessing
      bone graft incorporations in clinical follow-up evaluations. The authors
      recommend 35 degrees oblique views in preference to anteroposterior and lateral
      views for patients who have had posterolateral bone grafts of the tibia
      performed.

PMID- 2642773
TI  - Changes in bone mass and fracture type in patients with hip fractures. A
      comparison between the 1950s and the 1980s in Malmo, Sweden.
AB  - A consecutive series of 970 hip fractures from 1950 to 1958 were reevaluated and
      compared with roentgenograms of 1359 hip fractures from 1983 to 1985. The femoral
      neck index (FNI) was measured and the Singh index (SI) determined. The number of
      trochanteric fractures has increased more than the number of cervical fractures
      during the past 30 years. There has been a shift during the last 30 years toward
      more dislocated cervical fractures. There has been no change in the distribution
      between stable and unstable trochanteric fractures. The FNI was significantly
      lower in the 1980s compared with the 1950s, both in men and women. In the 1980s,
      men and women with cervical fractures had a lower FNI compared with men and women
      with trochanteric fractures, even after age correction. The SI was significantly
      lower in the 1980s than in the 1950s, both in men and women, but the difference
      was significant in trochanteric fractures only. In the 1980s, trochanteric
      fractures had a lower SI compared with cervical fractures; this relationship was
      significant both in men and women. Our findings indicate that the bone mass, both
      cortical and trabecular, measured on roentgenograms of the hip, has diminished in
      the urban population during the past three decades. This could be one of many
      reasons for the increased incidence of hip fractures.

PMID- 2642775
TI  - Loose cartilage from intervertebral disk simulating tumor of the spinal cord. By
      Walter E. Dandy, 1929.

PMID- 2642776
TI  - Imaging evaluation of the candidate for percutaneous lumbar discectomy.
AB  - Percutaneous lumbar discectomy has been advocated as an alternate means of
      treating lumbar disc disease. A disc treatable by this method must not be free in
      the spinal canal and cannot be above or below the disc space. Magnetic resonance
      imaging, computed tomography, and discography all can be valuable in selecting
      patients for percutaneous lumbar discectomy.

PMID- 2642777
TI  - Group A streptococcal rapid test. Antigen detection after 18-24 hours of
      penicillin therapy.
AB  - We studied 29 children, aged 19 months to 16 years, prior to and after 18-24
      hours of oral penicillin therapy to confirm the rapid disappearance of detectable
      pharyngeal antigen and to determine whether the antigen detectable by
      commercially available kits was excreted into the urine. Patients were recruited
      based on the presence of pharyngitis, no antibiotic therapy in the preceding 2
      weeks, and a positive latex agglutination (LA) for group A beta hemolytic
      streptococci (GABHS) antigen on pharyngeal swab. Diagnosis was confirmed by
      positive GABHS culture on blood agar plates. Twenty-five of these children were
      also tested for GABHS antigen by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA). After 18-24
      hours of oral antibiotic therapy, only 10 patients had a positive test for GABHS
      on throat swab. Five of 29 subjects (17%) remained positive by blood agar plate
      (BAP) culture, eight of 29 (29%) by LA, and four of 23 (17%) by EIA. GABHS
      antigen was undetectable by LA or EIA in the urines of any of these patients,
      either prior to or after initiation of treatment, even in specimens concentration
      as high as 100 fold. Clinicians should routinely seek a history of prior
      antibiotic therapy in assessing pharyngitis. Neither of the kits tested are
      reasonably accurate for GABHS disease by detection of antigen in the pharynx
      after partial treatment or in the urine at any time.

PMID- 2642778
TI  - Long-term cyclosporine pharmacokinetic changes in renal transplant recipients:
      effects of binding and metabolism.
AB  - Sequential changes in the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (CsA) and metabolites
      M1, M17, and M21 were determined, 1, 3, and 12 weeks after initiation of CsA
      therapy in 21 renal transplant recipients. Concentrations of CsA and its
      metabolites were measured by HPLC. The dose-adjusted AUC (AUCSS tau) and 24-hour
      trough (C24trough) level of CsA and the metabolites increased significantly
      during the study period. However, there was no change in the AUCSS tau ratio of
      each of the metabolites to that of CsA, suggesting that CsA metabolism did not
      change. However, the factors that alter the binding and distribution of CsA
      (i.e., hematocrit, plasma proteins, and lipoproteins) showed a significant rise
      during the study period, and the rise correlated well with the observed changes
      in AUCSS tau and C24trough. Thus alterations in the distribution and binding of
      CsA and its metabolites in blood, rather than reduction in the metabolism of CsA,
      may explain changes in CsA pharmacokinetics over time.

PMID- 2642779
TI  - The Medicare overpayment assessment and collection system.

PMID- 2642780
TI  - Transdermal delivery of steroids.
AB  - The advantages of delivering drugs through the skin for systemic therapy have
      been widely recognized and represent a growing sector in drug development.
      Transdermal delivery of steroids is also a rapidly expanding field and in various
      clinical situations where hormonal replacement therapy is needed this route of
      administration is a real breakthrough, considering the relative toxicity of some
      steroids when given orally. Various transdermal systems have been designed, all
      of them aimed at achieving a constant release rate of the molecules contained in
      their reservoir through the intact skin. The skin itself, and especially the
      outermost layer, the stratum corneum, can play the roles of a reservoir and a
      rate-controlling membrane. So far, estradiol, progesterone and testosterone have
      been demonstrated to be good candidates for transdermal delivery. The
      effectiveness and the acceptability of transdermal delivery of estradiol in
      postmenopausal women have been demonstrated. The efficacy of topical
      administration of progesterone in patients with benign breast disease has also
      been proved. More recently, the high rate of acceptability and efficacy of
      transdermal testosterone in male hypogonadism has been demonstrated. The
      transdermal delivery of steroids is therefore expected to make a significant
      impact on the quality of patient care both in men and in women.

PMID- 2642781
TI  - An evaluation of the BIOSELF 110 fertility indicator.
AB  - The BIOSELF 110 is a hand-held, non-invasive electronic instrument that measures
      basal body temperature and cycle length, and automatically identifies the fertile
      and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle with flashing red light and green
      light signals, respectively. The device was evaluated in 77 cycles from 33
      ovulatory women in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ultrasound monitoring of maximum
      follicular diameter (MFD) and urinary LH measurements with Ovustick were used as
      reference methods to estimate the time of ovulation and the fertile period. Based
      on the MFD day, the BIOSELF correctly identified the entire fertile period, and
      at least four fertile days, in 89% and 94% of the cycles studied, respectively.
      The mean duration of the fertile period as determined by the number of flashing
      red light days was 11.0 days (SD 2.9). The device correctly identified the onset
      of the postovulatory infertile phase in 94% of cycles, with a mean duration of
      about 10 (green light) days. The results were similar using the LH peak day as
      the reference method. The mean interval from the onset of the fertile period
      (first flashing red light day) to the MFD day was 6.9 days (SD 2.6), and from the
      MFD day to the end of the fertile period, 3.1 days (SD 2.2). The BIOSELF 110
      showed itself to be a reliable device for identifying the fertile and infertile
      phases of the menstrual cycle and, thus, should be a useful aid for couples
      seeking pregnancy. Prospective clinical trials are underway to assess the
      contraceptive effectiveness of the device.

PMID- 2642782
TI  - Overview of viruses relevant to blood transfusion.

PMID- 2642783
TI  - Effect of ethanol on viruses.

PMID- 2642784
TI  - Inactivation of hepatitis viruses and HIV in plasma and plasma derivatives by
      treatment with beta-propiolactone/UV irradiation.
AB  - A combined treatment of plasma or plasma derivatives by beta-propiolactone (beta
      PL)/UV irradiation is in use at Biotest for the preparation of the virus-safe,
      stabilized serum (Biseko) and coagulation factor concentrates. The efficacy of
      this sterilization procedure has been demonstrated for HAV (greater than 8.2
      log10), HBV (6.9 log10), NANBHV (greater than 4.5 log10) and HIV (greater than
      6.0 log10). The methods used in these studies (titration in chimpanzees or cell
      cultures) are not applicable in routine monitoring of sterilization processes. We
      therefore developed a test system using four types of bacteriophages: phi X174,
      phi e, Kappa and f2. Using these bacteriophages in 88 single tests, sterilization
      efficacy was regularly monitored during the period from 1981 to 1986. The four
      types of bacteriophages showed, on average, an inactivation rate of 6.7 log10,
      independent of size or genome structure. This inactivation is in the range of the
      inactivation of the relevant pathogenic virus, HBV, by beta-PL/UV. It was shown
      that under the production conditions of Intraglobin and the other Biotest
      immunoglobulin preparations, beta-PL (without UV) is as virucidal as the
      combination of beta-PL/UV in plasma or cryo-poor plasma.

PMID- 2642785
TI  - Removal of viruses from plasma fractions by chromatography.

PMID- 2642786
TI  - Investigations into the application of tri(n-butyl)phosphate/detergent mixtures
      to blood derivatives.

PMID- 2642787
TI  - Reduction of virus load in blood donations by screening methods.

PMID- 2642788
TI  - Initial continence testing of sleeved monolayer colonic anastomoses in sheep. A
      comparative bench study.
AB  - It has been said that the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in
      surgery of the colon, rectum, and esophagus is dehiscence. The new method of
      anastomosis tested here immediately after its completion is a sleeved continuous
      monolayer anastomosis with full-thickness proximal bowel joined to the mucosa and
      submucosa of distal bowel. The 3 to 5-mm sleeve of distal seromuscularis
      fashioned by prior excision of a ring of distal mucosa is folded over the
      monolayer anastomosis and tacked on to proximal seromuscularis by a second
      continuous suture. In this bench study, sleeved seromuscularis monolayer
      anastomoses were compared for immediate ability to withstand air distention with
      conventional all-layer continuous and interrupted monolayer anastomoses. The
      results, even in fresh nonliving bowel, suggest that there may be benefits from
      sleeving monolayer anastomoses in vivo. It is noted that in the newly fashioned
      anastomosis, through-the-suture leaks were common on progressive distention, but
      were observed at higher pressures in sleeved and in extramucosal suture lines
      than in full-thickness monolayers.

PMID- 2642789
TI  - Early infective complications and late recurrent cancer in stapled colonic
      anastomoses.
AB  - Between 1978 and 1981, 73 patients with colonic or rectal cancer were randomized
      to have their anastomoses made by either a single interrupted layer of braided
      polyester sutures, or by a circular stapling instrument. Of these operations, 20
      were considered to have been palliative, the remaining 53 being potentially
      curative. The incidence of local recurrence in the latter group was analyzed in
      relation to initial septic and anastomotic complications. The 53 patients were
      followed for a median of 36 months (range, 1 to 87); 24 were alive and well and
      22 had died of disseminated cancer or unrelated causes. Seven patients died with
      local recurrent disease proved at laparotomy or autopsy after a median of 33
      months (range, 3 to 72). Thirty anastomoses were stapled and 23 sutured; of the
      seven patients who died with local recurrent disease, six had stapled anastomoses
      (Fisher's exact probability F2 = 0.12; log rank chi-square = 3.53, 0.05 less than
      P less than 0.10). Two patients who died with locally recurrent disease had had
      clinically apparent anastomotic leaks and one other patient had had a
      radiologically demonstrated leak. This compares with a total of seven leaks
      (clinical or radiologic) in the remaining group of 46 patients with no recurrence
      (Fisher's exact probability F2 = 0.11). These results tend to support the
      hypothesis that anastomotic leaks may lead to locally recurrent disease,
      particularly after stapled anastomoses.

PMID- 2642790
TI  - Intraincisional antibiotic in addition to systemic antibiotic treatment fails to
      reduce wound infection rates in contaminated abdominal surgery. A controlled
      clinical trial.
AB  - One hundred ninety patients with peritonitis at the time of abdominal surgery
      were allocated at random to systemic antibiotic treatment alone or systemic
      antibiotic treatment combined with topical application of antibiotics in the
      wound at the time of wound closure. The overall wound infection rate was 17
      percent without significant difference between the two treatment groups (P
      greater than 0.80).

PMID- 2642791
TI  - Comparative study for preoperative staging of rectal cancer.
AB  - A comparative study of preoperative evaluation of rectal cancer is presented.
      Sixty-eight patients with rectal cancer were examined digitally and by
      computerized tomography and transrectal ultrasound. Preoperative staging was
      compared with pathologic findings at surgery. Digital examination and transrectal
      ultrasound were accurate in 82.8 and 76.2 percent, respectively and were superior
      to CT, which was accurate in 65.5 percent of cases for assessment of rectal wall
      invasion. All three modes play a role in preoperative assessment, but digital
      examination and rectal ultrasound appear to be more effective.

PMID- 2642792
TI  - The place of intraoperative antegrade colonic irrigation in emergency left-sided
      colonic surgery.
AB  - The healing of colonic or colorectal anastomoses depends, at least partially, on
      the volume of fecal residue. Intraoperative antegrade colonic irrigation enables
      the surgeon to prepare the colon adequately at the time of surgery and to perform
      safely an immediate resection and primary anastomosis in obstructive lesions of
      the left colon. Its indications have been extended to other left-sided colonic
      emergencies, especially perforation and hemorrhage. The technique is described in
      this study and its value is assessed in the light of available experimental and
      clinical evidence.

PMID- 2642793
TI  - Colonic lymphoma in the transplant patient.
AB  - A 64-year-old male renal transplant recipient developed rectal bleeding caused by
      a primary lymphoma of the colon, an unusual site for initial disease involvement.
      Renal transplant recipients may be at increased risk for the development of
      primary colonic lymphoma, a diagnosis that should be considered in transplant
      patients who develop abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, or intestinal perforation.
      The unique clinical features and special management considerations of colonic
      lymphoma in the renal transplant recipient are discussed.

PMID- 2642794
TI  - Liver transplantation. A primer for practicing gastroenterologists, Part I.

PMID- 2642795
TI  - Effect of moderate weight changes on glucose levels.

PMID- 2642796
TI  - What every diabetes educator needs to know about hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2642797
TI  - Intensive insulin therapy: a personal and historical perspective.
AB  - Intensive therapy of Type I diabetes is a system of therapy in which the patient
      is the key partner in day-to-day management. A number of technical developments
      in the late 1970s led to the development of intensive therapy. Self-monitoring of
      blood glucose (SMBG) proved to be the major change agent that stimulated the
      revolution in diabetes management that is intensive therapy. One important event
      that stimulated widespread use of SMBG was the development of spring-loaded
      finger-pricking devices. The introduction of glycated hemoglobin measurements as
      an indicator of glycemic control over several weeks allowed quantitative
      assessment of glycemic control. The advent of continuous subcutaneous insulin
      infusion (CSII) stimulated thinking about insulin regimens. These advances have
      combined not only to facilitate development of intensive therapy as a strategy of
      diabetes management, but also to permit development of research protocols to
      assess the impact of such therapy on the chronic complications of diabetes.

PMID- 2642798
TI  - Computer-assisted instruction in intense insulin therapy using a mathematical
      model for clinical simulation with a clinical algorithm and flow sheet.

PMID- 2642799
TI  - Patient activation interventions: research issues in dissemination.

PMID- 2642800
TI  - [Hemodynamic aspects in therapy with anti-arrhythmia agents].

PMID- 2642801
TI  - [Modern Chlamydia diagnosis].

PMID- 2642802
TI  - [Therapy of chlamydial urethritis].

PMID- 2642803
TI  - [Dilated cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2642804
TI  - Reevaluation of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals previously
      identified as "false positives" in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay.
AB  - An accurate determination of the correlation between the carcinogenicity and the
      mutagenicity of chemicals has been hampered by the lack of a well-documented list
      of noncarcinogens. To overcome this problem, Shelby and Stasiewicz (Environ
      Mutagen 6:871-878, 1984) published a list of 70 chemicals that showed no evidence
      of carcinogenicity in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) or National Toxicology
      Program (NTP) rodent carcinogenesis bioassays. More recently, Tennant et al.
      (Science 236:933-941, 1987) published a list of chemicals, including 29
      noncarcinogens, that had been adequately tested for carcinogenicity by the NTP.
      Of the chemicals listed by Shelby and Stasiewicz or by Tennant and co-workers as
      noncarcinogenic, the NTP has evaluated 25 as mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium;
      48 of the noncarcinogens were evaluated as nonmutagenic. Thus, of the 73
      noncarcinogens that have been evaluated as either positive or negative for
      mutagenicity, 34% (25/73) were "false positives" (mutagenic noncarcinogens) in
      the S. typhimurium assay. We re-evaluated the same mutagenicity and
      carcinogenicity data to determine whether the frequency of "false positives" is
      really as high as it appears to be. Our reevaluation of the mutagenicity data
      used more stringent criteria for calling a compound mutagenic than those used by
      the NTP, resulting in a substantial reduction in the frequency of "false
      positives" in the S. typhimurium mutagenicity assay. However, application of
      these same stringent criteria also substantially reduced the frequency of "true
      positives" (mutagenic carcinogens). Thus, it is concluded that modification of
      the evaluation criteria for the mutagenicity test can increase the specificity of
      the assay for the detection of carcinogens, but only at the cost of a
      corresponding reduction in sensitivity. We also performed a separate reevaluation
      of the NCI/NTP carcinogenicity data for the 25 S. typhimurium "false positives,"
      assuming that the NTP evaluations of the mutagenicity data were correct. These
      reevaluations were based on the methodologies and findings of Griesemer and Cueto
      (In Montesano R, Bartsch H, Tomatis L (eds): Molecular and Cellular Aspects of
      Carcinogen Screening Tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2642805
TI  - Role of oxygen free radicals in the induction of sister chromatid exchanges by
      cigarette smoke.
AB  - Cigarette smoke has been reported to contain free radicals and free radical
      generators in both the gas and particulate phases. Studies in our laboratory have
      shown that both cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and smoke bubbled through
      phosphate buffered saline solution (smoke-PBS) increased sister chromatid
      exchanges (SCE) in Chinese hamster ovary cells in a dose-dependent manner. Since
      oxygen free radicals have been shown to cause SCEs and other chromosomal damage,
      we investigated the role of these radicals in the induction of SCEs by CSC and
      smoke-PBS. Addition of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase
      or the oxygen-radical scavenger ascorbic acid failed to reduce the SCE frequency
      in the presence of either CSC or smoke-PBS. Additional studies indicated that the
      quantity of hydrogen peroxide produced in CSC or smoke-PBS is too small to
      account for the observed SCE induction. It appears, therefore, that SCE induction
      by CSC or smoke-PBS does not involve the participation of oxygen free radicals.

PMID- 2642806
TI  - Chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange tests in Chinese hamster
      ovary cells in vitro: II. Results with 20 chemicals.
AB  - Twenty chemicals were tested for their ability to induce sister chromatid
      exchanges (SCEs) and chromosomal aberrations (ABs) in cultured Chinese hamster
      ovary cells (CHO). These chemicals were tested with and without an added
      metabolic activation system (rat liver S9 fraction). Four chemicals were negative
      in both assays, 1 induced ABs only, and 15 were positive for SCEs; 6 of these 15
      also induced ABs. The effect of cell harvest time on the ability to detect the
      induction of chromosomal aberrations was examined for six chemicals. Five of
      these had caused at least one of the following: cell cycle delay, aberrations
      observed in first division metaphase cells in the SCE assay, or a weak response
      in the standard AB assay (10-12-hr growth period). Three chemicals, chlorinated
      trisodium phosphate, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, and
      tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, were positive using both the
      standard and extended harvest times. N-Nitrosodimethylamine and diphenhydramine
      HCl were only positive using an extended harvest time, and malonaldehyde was
      negative using both standard and extended harvest times.

PMID- 2642807
TI  - Pelvic inflammatory disease with intrauterine device use: a reassessment.
AB  - This reassessment of IUDs as a risk factor for PID contrasts study results from
      prospective and case-control studies. Except for a transient increased risk after
      IUD insertions, increased risk is seen mainly in case-control studies after 1973,
      the time of a major PID epidemic and adverse publicity related to the Dalkon
      Shield. Removal of oral contraceptive users from case-control studies generally
      reduces their reported odds ratios, frequently to borderline statistical
      significance for studies with high accuracy of PID diagnosis. The remaining
      elevated odds ratios likely relate to diagnostic bias as primary care clinicians
      are more likely to refer patients wearing an IUD to referral centers where case
      control studies are conducted. Biased case-control studies provided evidence for
      expensive litigation, resulting in removal of IUDs from the American market. The
      Food and Drug Administration requirements for postmarketing surveillance are
      inadequate to provide prospective data to avoid this kind of loss.

PMID- 2642808
TI  - Assessment of sperm motion characteristics from fertile and infertile men using a
      fully automated computer-assisted semen analyzer.
AB  - Sperm curvilinear velocity (Vc) and linearity (L) were analyzed in semen from 20
      fertile men and from 53 patients with unexplained infertility by a computer
      assisted semen analyzer (CASA). Because the frequency distribution of Vc from
      patient's spermatozoa showed a nongaussian distribution, comparison of mean
      values of Vc and L between men with unexplained infertility and fertile men is
      inappropriate. As an alternative, the authors compared the cumulative
      distribution of the percent of cells measured at increasing intervals of Vc and
      L, and observed a significant difference between patients and fertile men from
      the level of Vc30 through Vc70 micron/sec for curvilinear velocity and L2 through
      L6 for linearity (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, the authors coanalyzed these
      two parameters at the greatest point of difference (Vc40 and L3) and observed
      that their patient population can be differentiated into four subpopulations of
      subjects accordingly to their Vc40 and L3 values. In this study, 43 of the 53
      patients had a motility disorder characterized by having a higher percent of
      cells being substantially slower and less directional than cells from normal men.
      However, in some patients, motion characteristics were indistinguishable from
      those in normal men.

PMID- 2642809
TI  - Sperm motion characteristics in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
      treated with gonadotropin.
AB  - The authors compared curvilinear velocity (Vc) and linearity (L) of sperm from
      fertile oligospermic men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) to Vc
      and L of sperm from fertile normal men in order to determine if sperm motion
      analysis is better than sperm density as an indicator of fertility potential.
      Nine fertile men with IHH treated with exogenous gonadotropins and 20 fertile
      normal men were studied. Sperm density was significantly lower in the men with
      IHH compared with normal men (15.5 +/- 4.8 x 10(6)/ml versus 92.4 +/- 9.7 x
      10(6)/ml; mean +/- standard error of the mean [SEM]; P less than 0.01) as was
      percent motility (51.4 +/- 4.7 versus 73.4 +/- 3.1; P less than 0.01). While a
      small but significant difference in Vc was noted between the groups at the 40
      micron/second cumulative distribution point (P less than 0.01), no difference in
      L was found between the two groups. When the men with IHH were subgrouped
      according to sperm density (greater than 20 x 10(6)/ml versus less than or equal
      to 20 x 10(6)/ml, no differences in Vc were found between the subsets, but for L
      sperm were somewhat less directional for the subgroup with a density less than or
      equal to 20 x 10(6)/ml (P = 0.05). Coanalysis using both Vc and L parameters
      indicated that sperm from IHH patients were distributed similarly to sperm from
      normal men. However, sperm motion characteristics in men with unexplained
      infertility were different from values measured in normal men and IHH
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642810
TI  - Theca function in polycystic ovaries of a patient with virilizing congenital
      adrenal hyperplasia.
AB  - The steroidogenic activity of purified theca interstitial cells (TIC) from
      polycystic ovaries of a patient with virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia
      due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency was studied in serum-free medium. The results
      show that CVAH TIC have high intrinsic basal androgen secretory activity that is
      dramatically stimulated by hCG, insulin, and lipoproteins, particularly HDL.
      Accordingly, the results support the hypothesis that TIC may contribute to the
      development of polycystic ovaries in CVAH patients, perhaps by mechanisms
      independent of the adrenal glands.

PMID- 2642811
TI  - Pregnancy resulting from peritoneal ovum sperm transfer procedure.
AB  - This is the first reported transvaginal ultrasound-guided POST pregnancy in the
      United States. Advantages over the GIFT procedure include it being an office
      procedure done under local anesthesia and IV sedation, and decreased cost. Larger
      series are needed to compare pregnancy rates.

PMID- 2642812
TI  - Intrauterine insemination of washed husband's spermatozoa: a controlled study.
AB  - We performed intrauterine insemination with washed husband's spermatozoa in 27
      couples with clear evidence of impaired sperm mucus interaction due to cervical
      hostility or immunologic male subfertility and in 30 couples with subnormal
      semen, but optimal cervical mucus qualities. In each couple insemination cycles
      were alternated with cycles during which normal intercourse took place. Both
      types of cycles were monitored for LH. When a clear rise of LH levels could be
      detected, either IUI was scheduled or intercourse advised for the following day.
      In the male subfertility group no difference between the pregnancy rates of
      insemination and intercourse cycles was present. In the group with impairment of
      sperm-mucus interaction, the pregnancy rate of the insemination cycles was 16%,
      whereas no pregnancies occurred during intercourse cycles.

PMID- 2642813
TI  - Treatment validation of ultrasound-defined abnormal follicular dynamics as a
      cause of infertility.
AB  - From March 1984 to February 1987, 109 patients with otherwise normal infertility
      evaluations (semen analysis, postcoital test, endometrial biopsy,
      hysterosalpingogram and/or hysteroscopy, and laparoscopy) underwent serial
      ultrasound (US) for follicular dynamics. Twenty-five patients were found to have
      repetitive abnormal follicular growth and/or rupture patterns. These patients
      were treated by ovulation induction protocols from clomiphene citrate (CC) to
      human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG). Of the 84 normal US patients, 47 elected no
      interventional therapy (control A). Twenty elected empiric treatment with hMG/hMG
      intrauterine insemination (IUI) (control B). Seventeen were lost to follow-up or
      elected in vitro procedures within 1 year of diagnosis. Viable fecundibility (fv)
      was calculated for each group. Long-term viable conception was compared between
      groups by chi-square-Yates coefficient. Nineteen of 25 patients treated for
      abnormal US conceived on treatment (fv = 0.25) (chi-square to control A P less
      than 0.005, chi-square to control B P less than 0.05). Six of 20 control B
      patients conceived during treatment (fv = 0.11). Two control B patients conceived
      in nontreatment cycles (fv = 0.016). When nontreated and treated cycles are
      considered, the fv = 0.042, not significantly different from control A (fv =
      0.035). There was no increase in control B pregnancies over the course of the
      study compared with control A (chi-square = 0). The authors concluded: (1)
      Abnormal follicular dynamics on US is a correctable cause of infertility. (2)
      Empiric treatment of unexplained infertility patients with hMG/hMG-IUI does not
      appear to improve long-term conception rates; rather, it tends to advance
      pregnancies into the treatment cycles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642814
TI  - The effects of two triphasic oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism in
      women during 1 year of use.
AB  - Sixty-one women were randomly assigned to use one of two different triphasic oral
      contraceptives (OCs), for one year's time (Ortho Novum 777, Ortho Pharmaceutical
      Corp., Raritan, NJ, and Triphasil, Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA),
      containing the progestins norethindrone and levonorgestrel, respectively. The
      carbohydrate metabolism was evaluated using the oral glucose tolerance test
      before OC use and at the end of the 12th month. Both plasma glucose and insulin
      levels were measured. The fasting glucose value in the norethindrone-containing
      OC group (777) was significantly lower at the 1-year testing. All other values
      were unchanged. These data demonstrate that the triphasic oral contraceptive
      preparations currently in use have minimal effects on carbohydrate metabolism.

PMID- 2642815
TI  - Human oviductal fluid (hOF) proteins. IV. Evidence for hOF proteins binding to
      human sperm.
AB  - In the management of infertile patients, it is well recognized that gamete
      intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) has a higher success rate than in vitro
      fertilization and embryo transfer. Oviducts produce unique proteins that may be
      responsible for the success of GIFT. Unique proteins from human oviductal fluid
      (hOF) have been purified in the authors' laboratory. One of these proteins of 54
      kDa molecular weight, and containing carbohydrate, was obtained in a highly
      purified state. In this study, human sperm were incubated with: (1) a mixture of
      hOF-specific proteins, and (2) the highly purified hOF glycoprotein, designated
      human oviductin I (hOV-I). Using indirect immunofluorescence, the authors studied
      the ability of hOF proteins to bind to human sperm. The mixture of hOF proteins
      appeared to bind to the surface of the entire sperm. Conversely, hOV-I binding
      was restricted to the head region only. Studies are in progress to discern the
      function of the sperm-binding interaction(s) with hOF proteins.

PMID- 2642816
TI  - Successful periodontal treatment for the elderly.
AB  - The demographic reality of a rapidly growing elderly population segment presents
      the practicing dentist with certain imperatives and challenges. Familiarity with
      the healthy aging process and common medical conditions of the aged is becoming
      increasingly essential. Customized treatment plans and modifications in
      techniques and home care aids require flexibility and creativity. In addition, it
      should not be overlooked that this demographic reality also presents the
      practicing dentist with new opportunities for practice-building as well as
      personal and professional satisfaction.

PMID- 2642817
TI  - Nutrition and oral health in the elderly.
AB  - At every age, an adequate supply of nutrients is necessary to maintain optimal
      oral health. This article presents an overview of various factors that have an
      impact on the nutritional status of the elderly, current recommendations
      regarding nutrient requirements of this age group, as well as a discussion of
      nutrients that may be marginal in diet of elderly persons. Suggestions for
      assessing nutritional status in a dental practice are offered.

PMID- 2642818
TI  - The need for geriatric dental education.
AB  - The poor oral health status of the elderly and the structural and attitudinal
      barriers that prevent dental care utilization by them, present a serious
      challenge for the elderly as well as for the dental profession. This challenge
      becomes even greater when the importance of good oral health status to the
      quality of life is considered. The aged person's feeling of individual well-being
      and favorable self-image, ability to communicate and socialize, ability to
      maintain adequate nutrition, and to taste and enjoy foods can be dependent upon
      good oral health status and hygiene. Older patients benefit physically and
      psychologically from more efficient dental treatment and more compassionate care
      given by people who understand the problems they face. In short, a better
      understanding of the principles of geriatric care by health professionals and
      staff will save both public money and private anguish. Tomorrow's elderly are
      expected to demand more attention and intervention to meet their changing needs.
      There is no reason to believe that the extension of education and training cannot
      begin to achieve this goal.

PMID- 2642819
TI  - Aging. Programmed change.
AB  - Is aging due to random change or to a developmental program? This fundamental
      question motivates much research in gerontology and focuses clinical geriatrics
      research in different directions, as well. If aging changes are random, the
      prevalence and natural history of disease in the elderly might be unpredictable.
      Alternatively, if a developmental program continues to operate in late life,
      physiologic changes could predispose to certain disease or influence therapy in
      predictable ways. This article argues that the physiology of aging does result
      from a genetic program that continues to operate in late life.

PMID- 2642820
TI  - Sensory changes in the elderly.
AB  - Altered attitudes and improved physical surroundings can do much to create a more
      supportive environment for older persons. Changed attitudes are critical in
      reducing the impatience, rudeness, lack of understanding, and insensitivity faced
      by many older persons as a consequence of sensory changes. These attitudes
      compound the sensory barriers encountered in homes and public buildings, in the
      work place, on the streets and in recreational areas. Public education and
      awareness are needed to facilitate the daily life of older persons and to create
      a greater sense of dignity in the later years.

PMID- 2642821
TI  - Trends in oral health in the aging population.
AB  - Increased survival of the natural dentition, persistence of periodontal disease,
      deterioration of prior dental restorations, root surface caries, and continued
      incidence of oral cancer represent a complex of emerging oral health problems of
      the aged in the United States. Additional data on the epidemiology of oral mucous
      membrane syndromes will help to characterize the prevalence of these diseases in
      the aging population as well. Improvement in the utilization and accessibility of
      dental services by the aging cohorts will contribute to the prevention of oral
      disease in the future. Combined with the substantial growth in the size of this
      cohort of the population and alterations in the prevalence of these oral health
      status indicators, changes in the need for and projected utilization of
      professional oral health services can continue to be anticipated. Clinical
      research directed toward assessment of efficacy of treatment modalities for
      prevention of dental disease and maintenance of dental health are essential for
      the projection of dental health manpower needs for the future. This should also
      lead to the development of appropriate academic and training programs to meet the
      changing needs of the elderly.

PMID- 2642822
TI  - Evaluation of the elderly patient.
AB  - In this article, the history and physical examination used in routine dental
      practice were reviewed. The examination of the oral mucosa is beyond the scope of
      this article and is covered elsewhere. The dental management of the geriatric
      population is an increasingly important aspect of dental practice. Because these
      patients have a high incidence of medical problems, the dentist must be capable
      of detecting these diseases and understanding their relationship to dental
      treatment.

PMID- 2642823
TI  - Health professionals' attitudes toward older people.
AB  - America has been called both ageist and age phobic. This article deals with
      attitudes toward older persons that prevent them from access to comprehensive
      health care. Attitudes of physicians, nurses, and dentists are discussed.

PMID- 2642824
TI  - Xerostomia in the aged.
AB  - Xerostomia is a symptom associated with a variety of causes. Disorders in the
      production and transport as well as excessive depletion of saliva may lead to
      xerostomia. It is difficult to make any general statement about the functional
      significance of salivary gland changes associated with aging, as the clinical
      evidence is controversial and data from different studies do not encourage any
      uniform conclusion. Rational treatments of xerostomias may be performed casually
      (for example, withdrawal or exchange of drugs inhibiting salivary secretion), but
      will often only be practical as a symptomatic therapy. Special attention should
      be directed toward maintenance of adequate oral hygiene in order to prevent
      clinical complications such as increased dental caries, monilial infection,
      dysgeusia and tooth sensitivity, which are associated with xerostomia and are
      often observed in elderly xerostomic patients.

PMID- 2642825
TI  - Preventive dental services for the elderly.
AB  - Preventive dentistry for the elderly is a two-track system: one for the haves and
      another for the have nots (not an uncommon duality). For those who have teeth,
      the major needs are prevention of new or recurrent caries and preventing further
      loss of supporting tissue. The strategies are essentially the same as for the
      younger populations, with some modification. For the have-nots, maintenance of
      denture function and denture hygiene becomes the counterpart. Both groups have
      the same needs for surveillance of soft tissue health and salivary gland
      function. The major challenge for the preventively oriented dentist concerned
      with the elderly is to develop an appreciation of the need for regular care in an
      age group that places a low priority on this service. This is an educational and
      a behavioral problem that has to be addressed by our social and behavioral
      scientists. The practitioner, however, has to build it into dental practice on an
      ongoing basis. People do not become elderly over night (although it may seem to
      happen that way). As people grow older, they lose the youthful sense of
      immortality and are very amenable to health education. We have to provide it. A
      well functioning dentition, artificial or, one hopes, natural, adds to well
      being, "quality of life" and is part of active life expectancy that to many is
      more important than mere survival.

PMID- 2642826
TI  - Factors influencing periodontal therapy for the geriatric patient.
AB  - Anatomic changes in the periodontium occur with aging. There is no indication
      that these changes predispose to periodontal breakdown. In the United States,
      there is evidence that older individuals are retaining more teeth and that these
      teeth have less periodontal disease than previous generations of seniors. Studies
      comparing the healing of older and younger patients have clearly demonstrated
      that both groups of patients respond equally well to therapy. Proven methods of
      periodontal therapy include modified Widman surgery, pocket elimination surgery,
      or nonsurgical scaling and root planing. Surgical treatment may be used with
      confidence unless there are medical contraindications. In these cases,
      nonsurgical therapy may be preferred. If there are physical or mental
      disabilities that make effective home care difficult, antimicrobial agents, such
      as the extensively tested chlorhexidine rinse, may be valuable adjuncts. In the
      future, senior adults can look forward to the benefits of regenerative
      periodontal procedures that seek to regain lost periodontal support. Age alone
      should not diminish an individual's right to care because the practitioner has
      qualms about his or her longevity. Successful treatment of periodontitis by
      surgical and nonsurgical methods has been extensively documented. Senior patients
      can benefit from these treatments as much as younger patients, and age is not a
      barrier to effective periodontal therapy.

PMID- 2642827
TI  - Pancreas-transplant outcome in relation to presence or absence of end-stage renal
      disease, timing of transplant, surgical technique, and donor source.
AB  - The differences in pancreas-transplant outcome according to recipient status,
      surgical approach, and donor source are illustrated by an analysis of results at
      one institution with experience in several categories. From July 1978 to January
      1988, 210 pancreas transplants were performed, and 67 grafts are still
      functioning, the longest for 9.7 yr. Since October 1984, a uniform
      immunosuppressive protocol has been used, antilymphocyte globulin, cyclosporin,
      azathioprine, and prednisone for induction and the last three drugs for
      maintaining antirejection therapy. During this period, 110 pancreas transplants
      were performed, 62 in nonuremic non-kidney transplants, 28 in recipients of a
      previous kidney, and 20 simultaneous with a kidney; 64 with bladder and 43 with
      enteric drainage; and 25 from related and 85 from cadaver donors. The overall
      patient survival rate at 1 yr was 91%, and there were no significant differences
      between the various categories. Graft survival rates, however, differed between
      the various categories created by combinations of the above variables. With
      bladder drainage, 1-yr function rates were 58% (n = 30), 47% (n = 15), and 77% (n
      = 19) in recipients of a pancreas transplant alone, a pancreas after a kidney, or
      a simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant; with enteric drainage, 1-yr function
      rates were 33% (n = 32) and 36% (n = 11) in the pancreas transplant alone and
      pancreas after kidney categories (enteric drainage was not done in double
      transplant patients).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642828
TI  - Pancreas-graft immunogenicity and pretreatment with anti-class II monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Pretreatment of organ allografts to reduce graft immunogenicity is an attractive
      and potentially clinically applicable concept. We have studied the effect of
      perfusing rat pancreases with anti-class II monoclonal antibody (MoAb), to remove
      class II- positive accessory cells from the intact organ, on prolongation of
      allograft survival after transplantation. The capacity of pancreatic islets
      obtained from these perfused organs to stimulate proliferation of allogeneic T
      lymphocytes was studied in a mixed islet-lymphocyte culture (MILC). There was a
      significant prolongation in pancreas-allograft survival when intact pancreases
      were transplanted after a 3-h normothermic perfusion with MoAb reactive with
      class II antigens (16.2 +/- 3.6 days, n = 19) compared with control animals (11.0
      +/- 1.4 days, n = 24). In vitro treatment of islets with MoAb and complement (CI)
      inhibited their stimulatory capacity in the MILC, as measured by [3H]thymidine
      uptake. Similarly, the stimulatory capacity of islets removed from perfused
      pancreases was also abrogated when MoAb was included in the perfusate. Although
      reduction in graft immunogenicity, by increasing allograft survival, was achieved
      by a 3-h pretreatment regimen, it was not sufficient to inhibit rejection
      altogether in our transplant model.

PMID- 2642829
TI  - Improvement of canine pancreas-allograft survival with diagnosis of rejection by
      fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
AB  - Early diagnosis of rejection in pancreas-allograft transplantation remains a
      clinical challenge. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of
      antirejection therapy to reverse rejection when the diagnosis was based on either
      fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) or urinary amylase (UA). Sixteen dogs
      received a total-pancreas allograft with exocrine drainage into the bladder.
      Initially, a deliberately low dose of cyclosporin was given. Monitoring included
      percutaneous FNAB with ultrasound guidance and fasting spot measurements of UA.
      The diagnosis of rejection was made in alternate dogs when UA fell to less than
      5000 IU/L (group A) or when the total corrected increment (TCI) of aspirated
      infiltrating cells was greater than 2.6 (group B). Antirejection therapy
      consisted of 10 mg.kg-1.day-1 i.v. methylprednisolone for 5 days and an increased
      dose of cyclosporin (25 mg.kg-1.day-1). The median allograft survival was 9 days
      (range 8-19) in group A and 32 days (range 10-63) in group B (P = .01). A fall in
      UA permitted the successful reversal of rejection in only one of six grafts,
      whereas five of seven grafts were successfully treated when rejection diagnosis
      was based on FNAB. In conclusion, early diagnosis of rejection was achieved by
      FNAB, improving the ability of antirejection therapy to reverse pancreas
      allograft rejection and prolong survival.

PMID- 2642830
TI  - Quantitative analysis of microvasculature of rat pancreas transplants in acute
      rejection.
AB  - The changes of the microvasculature of rat pancreas transplants during acute
      rejection were investigated and quantitatively analyzed. The vessels in pancreas
      transplants increased in caliber and decreased in density during acute rejection.
      These changes were marked in the exocrine pancreas, especially in central zones,
      whereas changes in islets were mild. These results indicate that the early
      deterioration of exocrine function is closely related to vascular destruction.

PMID- 2642831
TI  - Crossover study on effects of duct obliteration, celiac denervation, and
      autotransplantation on glucose- and meal-stimulated insulin, glucagon, and
      pancreatic polypeptide levels.
AB  - In segmental-pancreas transplantation the body and tail of the pancreas are used.
      In an experimental study in dogs, the effects of sequentially conducted removal
      of the right pancreatic lobe (pancreatic head), duct obliteration, celiac
      denervation, and autotransplantation were studied according to a crossover
      design. Two groups of dogs were studied. In both groups the right lobe of the
      pancreas was removed at primary operation, and the duct of the transected left
      lobe (body and tail) was injected with fibrin sealant. The left lobe was
      completely freed from surrounding tissue (celiac denervation) in group 1 (n = 9),
      and the innervation of the left lobe was left intact in group 2 (n = 8). At 12
      wk, two dogs in group 1 and four dogs in group 2 underwent successful
      autotransplantation of the left lobe. Pancreatic hormone secretion was stimulated
      by intravenous glucose injection and test-meal administration before primary
      operation and at 11 and 18 wk thereafter. The combination of removal of the right
      lobe and duct obliteration led to a decrease in glucose tolerance at both
      stimulation tests and a decrease in peripheral insulin release after intravenous
      glucose injection. At test-meal administration, no change in insulin and glucagon
      levels was demonstrated. If celiac denervation was added, similar results were
      obtained based on the understanding that the peripheral insulin release after the
      test meal was significantly elevated. Meal-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide
      response was abolished in both groups. Removal of the right lobe leads to
      parasympathic denervation of the left lobe, and celiac denervation mainly
      interferes with alpha-adrenergic innervation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642832
TI  - Insulin release from isolated islets of Langerhans after segmental-pancreas
      autotransplantation in dogs.
AB  - Pancreas transplantation is warranted essentially by the quality of glucose
      regulation. Although the fasting blood glucose is invariably normal, this may not
      be the case during glucose load tests. The purpose of this study was to examine
      dysregulation within the isolated islet originating from a segmental-pancreas
      autograft in the dog. Results show an increased basal insulin secretion by the
      graft islets in static incubation compared with that of islets originating from
      the head of the pancreas and left in situ. This abnormal secretion may be
      accounted for by various factors intervening within the graft or the isolated
      islet, thus suggesting a possible improvement in the surgical model.

PMID- 2642833
TI  - Modulation of prostaglandin metabolism by K-MAP and prevention of toxic effect of
      cyclosporin on pancreatic islet cells.
AB  - The injection of 25 mg/kg i.p. cyclosporin (CsA) for 3 wk caused marked
      functional and morphological deteriorations of pancreatic islet cells in Wistar
      rats that were prevented by the combined administration of p-aminobenzoic acid-N
      D-mannoside sodium salt (K-MAP). In this article, the toxic effect of CsA on
      pancreatic islet cells and the preventive effect of K-MAP on CsA-associated islet
      cell toxicity were investigated. Prolonged hyperglycemia and depressed insulin
      secretion after the glucose challenge observed in CsA-treated rats could be
      prevented by the combined administration of 300 and 900 mg/kg K-MAP. Cytoplasmic
      vacuolizations and a decrease in the number of mitochondria, intact endoplasmic
      reticula, secretory granules, and insulin-positive cells, as revealed by
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining, could also be prevented by the administration
      of 900 mg/kg K-MAP. This preventive effect of K-MAP on CsA-associated islet cell
      toxicity may suggest the combined use of K-MAP with CsA in pancreas
      transplantation and treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2642834
TI  - Protease activity in pancreatic islet isolation by enzymatic digestion.
AB  - Commercial Collagenase* prepared from Clostridium histolyticum is widely used in
      isolation of pancreatic islets. It is known that the enzyme is very impure and
      that there are substantial variations in effectiveness between batches. Our
      studies suggest that one of the impurities of importance in islet isolation is a
      protease that has not been very well characterized. Comparison of two batches of
      enzyme, one of which was known to give good yields of islets and the other poor
      yields, showed that they had very similar activity against collagen (measured by
      digestion of insoluble collagen followed by assay of soluble products with
      ninhydrin) but substantially different activities against azocasein as measured
      by optical density increase (measured by release of dye). Eighteen batches of
      Collagenase were examined for efficiency in islet isolation, and the yields
      obtained correlated with manufacturer's data of activity against casein. The data
      show that low caseinase activity is associated with performance in islet
      isolation (r = .5 after adjusting for collagenase activity). The effect of
      supplementing a batch of collagenase, known to be poor in isolating islets, with
      proteolytic enzymes was investigated. Trypsin and papain had apparently no
      effect, but dispase significantly increased yield. Dispase alone failed to digest
      pancreas. Size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography identified a peak
      associated with high protease activity and efficiency in islet isolation, having
      an Mr of approximately 30,000, compared to 78,000 for collagenase. The protease,
      like collagenase, is inhibited by EDTA. Increased Ca2+ and Mg2+ (up to 10 mM) did
      not affect activity. Both the protease and collagenase are stable under normal
      use but are inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2642835
TI  - Factors influencing isolation of islets of Langerhans.
AB  - More efficient methods of islet isolation must be developed for islet
      transplantation to become clinically routine. During collagenase dispersal of
      human pancreas, an amorphous, viscous, gellike material often develops and
      entraps large numbers of islets, thereby reducing the yield. When donor human
      pancreas is minced and treated with collagenase, the gel forms most abundantly if
      the digestion temperature is less than 35 degrees C and if pH falls below 7.2 +/-
      0.2. Gel formation appears to be proportional to warm- or cold-ischemia time and
      may be related to tissue trauma during collection. Once gel has formed, trapped
      islets cannot be released by filtration, dilution, DNase, incubation temperature,
      or pH adjustment. These characteristics suggest that the material is gelatin
      derived from collagen released enzymatically from pancreatic stroma. We
      demonstrate that gelation is greatly reduced or eliminated when 1) the incubation
      medium includes glycerol--a common gelatin solvent--at 5% (vol/vol), 2) the
      minced tissue-to-total incubation volume ratio is greater than or equal to 1:10,
      3) free-islet exposure to pancreatic digestion products is minimized by frequent
      separation of islets, and 4) collagenase concentration is optimized by titration.
      Gelation is also minimized by maintaining 5) incubation temperature at 38 +/- 1
      degree C and 6) pH in the range 7.7-7.9. Variations in these physical and
      chemical conditions were analyzed by determining islet yields (stereoscopic
      microscope counts of serially diluted samples) and by insulin radioimmunoassay of
      acid alcohol extracts of isolated islets after separation through discontinuous
      Ficoll gradients. When isolation conditions are optimized as stated, we typically
      recover 3.3 +/- 1.0 x 10(4) islets/g pancreas, corresponding to greater than
      10(6) islets per donor.

PMID- 2642836
TI  - Fifteen years' experience with pancreas transplantation with
      pancreaticoenterostomy.
AB  - We report on 92 pancreas transplantations with exocrine diversion by
      pancreaticoenterostomy. All recipients suffered from long-term type I (insulin
      dependent) diabetes. In most transplantations, cadaveric segmental grafts were
      used (n = 89). In a few patients, segmental grafts from related donors were used
      (n = 3), and in a few other patients, whole-organ cadaveric grafts were used (n =
      4). There were 9 retransplantations. Most pancreas transplantations were
      performed in uremic diabetic patients in combination with a kidney
      transplantation (n = 58). In a few patients the pancreas transplantation was
      performed after a kidney transplantation (n = 6). The remaining transplantations
      were in nonuremic diabetic patients who received only a pancreas (n = 25). Over
      the years, the results have improved considerably; in the 1986-1987 series the
      overall 1-yr patient survival (ps) and graft survival (gs) rates were 97 and 56%,
      respectively. The best results were achieved with the combined procedure (ps
      100%, gs 77%); with pancreas only, the figures were inferior (ps 92%, gs 34%).
      Several factors explain the improved results. The incidence of graft thrombosis
      has been reduced by the use of anticoagulation, and posttransplantation
      pancreatitis has been reduced by avoiding ischemic injury to the graft.
      Cyclosporin has helped reduce the incidence of graft rejection, and monitoring of
      the exteriorized pancreatic juice has helped in the diagnosis of rejection.

PMID- 2642837
TI  - Separation of pancreatic islets by fluorescence-activated sorting.
AB  - To allow clinical pancreatic islet transplantation, the yield and purity of
      islets must be improved. Intravital staining of islets with neutral red is a
      specific, nontoxic technique for labeling islets of various species. Using
      neutral red-stained rat islets, we investigated the known fluorescence absorbance
      and emission spectra in comparison with unstained exocrine tissue and have shown
      that stimulation with light of wavelength between 500 and 560 nm produces
      detectable emission greater than 610 nm, which is absent from unstained exocrine
      tissue. The PARTEC cell sorter is an inexpensive alternative to currently
      available fluorescence-activated cell sorters and has a sorting mechanism based
      on a piezoelectric valve. We made extensive modifications to this machine to
      allow passage of particles up to 300 micron diam. Using rat pancreas stained
      intravitally with neutral red and dispersed by intraductal collagenase technique,
      we have shown that islets can be accurately identified in a high-speed flow
      system and sorted to a purity of greater than 90% islet tissue. The islets remain
      intact and viable as determined by supravital staining and isogeneic
      transplantation to the kidney capsule site. These studies prove the feasibility
      of separating intact islets by fluorescence-activated sorting.

PMID- 2642838
TI  - Automated islet isolation from human pancreas.
AB  - An automated method for the isolation of human pancreatic islets is described.
      The procedure meets the following requirements: 1) minimal traumatic action on
      the islets, 2) continuous digestion in which the islets that are progressively
      liberated can be saved from further enzymatic action, 3) minimal human
      intervention in the digestion process, and 4) high yield and purity of the
      isolated islets. After purification of Ficoll gradients, an average of 2279
      islets/g pancreas was obtained, with an average purity of 79% islets. The average
      volume and average insulin content of the final islet preparation were 348 mm3
      and 93.4 U, respectively. The islets were morphologically intact with a normal
      degree of beta-cell granulation, responded to glucose stimulation with a fivefold
      increase of insulin secretion over basal levels, and produced normoglycemia after
      transplantation into diabetic mice. The procedure is being used in the second
      phase of clinical trials of islet transplantation in patients with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2642839
TI  - Large-scale purification of human islets utilizing discontinuous albumin gradient
      on IBM 2991 cell separator.
AB  - A new method is described for the large-scale purification of human pancreatic
      islets with a discontinuous gradient of bovine serum albumin formed on an IBM
      2991 cell separator. Fifteen human pancreases were processed, and after density
      gradient centrifugation, a mean of 2643 islets/ml pancreatic digest were
      recovered with a mean purity of 63% and contained in 430 microliter mean vol.
      Viability of gradient-isolated islets was compared with that of non-density
      gradient islets (handpicked) and showed no difference in function. This technique
      allows isolation of intact, viable human islets of Langerhans of sufficient
      purity for potential human transplantation.

PMID- 2642840
TI  - New principle for large-scale preparation of purified human pancreas islets.
AB  - Because successful human islet transplantation requires large quantities of
      viable islets that must be separated from the highly immunogenic exocrine tissue
      and because handpicking is too time-consuming and laborious to be clinically
      relevant, a new approach for solving this problem has been established in rat
      models. It is based on the principle that magnetic microspheres (MMSs) coupled to
      lectins with binding specificity for the exocrine tissue portion are trapped in
      an electromagnetic field, thus providing effluent islets of a high degree of
      purity. In this study our aim was to adapt this principle to human islet
      preparations. In this context our prime interest was focused on a lectin suitable
      for human pancreatic tissue. Of 19 different lectins tested, only 1, Wisteria
      floribunda agglutinin (WFA), is suitable, as shown by immunofluorescence, MMS
      lectin binding, and magnetic separation.

PMID- 2642841
TI  - Effect of immunodepletion of MHC class II-positive cells from pancreatic islets
      on generation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in mixed islet-lymphocyte coculture.
AB  - In vitro manipulation of pancreatic islets to decrease islet immunogenicity
      before transplantation has largely been directed at eliminating the major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive passenger leukocytes from the
      islets. The mixed islet-lymphocyte coculture (MILC) system was used to quantitate
      the efficacy of immunodepletion of MHC class II-positive cells from pancreatic
      islets in terms of reducing immunogenicity. With these experiments we compared
      the in vitro immunogenicity of MHC class II-depleted islets with untreated
      islets. B10.BR (H-2k) islets were treated with anti-Iak alloserum followed by
      complement. This treatment successfully eliminated MHC class II-positive cells
      from the islets, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence techniques.
      Depleted islets generated slightly lower amounts of allospecific cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte (CTL) activity when exposed to C57BL/6 (H-2b) splenocytes in the MILC
      than untreated control islets. Although the amount of CTL generated by the
      depleted islets was slightly less than that generated by untreated islets, there
      was significant stimulation of CTL by the MHC class II-depleted islets.
      Therefore, the presence or absence of MHC class II cells within the islet is
      unlikely to be the decisive factor contributing to islet immunogenicity.

PMID- 2642842
TI  - Segmental duct-obstructed pancreas grafts versus pancreaticoduodenal grafts with
      enteric diversion.
AB  - Between January 1985 and September 1987, we performed a prospective comparative
      study between segmental-pancreas transplantation with duct obstruction by
      neoprene (n = 17) and pancreaticoduodenal transplantation with enteric diversion
      to a Roux-en-Y intestinal loop (n = 14). All recipients had insulin-dependent
      diabetes. The immunosuppressive protocol consisted of low doses of the steroids
      cyclosporin A and azathioprine. Mean follow-up was 16.5 mo for the enteric
      diversion group and 13.5 mo for duct-obstructed groups. Two-year patient and
      pancreas- and kidney-graft actuarial survival rates were 92.9, 75.5, and 74.2%,
      respectively, in the former group and 92.3, 58.4, and 63.7%, respectively, in the
      latter group (NS). Five whole-organ grafts were lost (3 vascular thromboses, 1
      pancreatitis, 1 rejection), and four segmental grafts were lost (2 vascular
      thromboses, 1 bleeding, 1 patient's death with functional graft). More surgical
      complications occurred in the recipients of whole-organ grafts and were often
      related to the intestinal anastomosis. A satisfactory blood glucose control was
      observed at 3 mo and 1 yr in both groups. Provocative tests showed higher and
      prompter insulin secretion in patients with whole-organ grafts. In patients with
      segmental grafts, the response was lower and delayed with a general tendency to
      impaired glucose tolerance. A marked hyperinsulinemia after meals was observed in
      whole-organ graft recipients. Slight nocturnal hyperinsulinemia was observed in
      both groups. At 1 yr, glycosylated hemoglobin was normal in both groups. The
      absence of a significant difference between the two groups, in terms of survival
      and graft function, and the lower surgical complication rate seen with segmental
      grafts have made us return to neoprene-injected segmental grafts.

PMID- 2642843
TI  - Generation of allospecific cytolytic T-lymphocytes stimulated by pure pancreatic
      beta-cells in absence of Ia+ dendritic cells.
AB  - A murine mixed islet-lymphocyte coculture system (MILC) was used to quantitate
      the immunogenicity of a pure population of pancreatic beta-cells to more clearly
      define whether stimulator major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II
      positive dendritic cells are a major component leading to islet immunogenicity.
      Pancreatic beta-cells express MHC class I antigen but not class II antigen. These
      experiments compared the in vitro immunogenicity of fluorescence-activated cell
      sorted (FACS-IV) pure beta-cells (MHC class I-positive cells only) relative to
      unpurified dispersed islet cells (MHC class I-positive cells and class II
      positive cells). The results demonstrated the surprising finding that pure DBA/2J
      (H-2d) pancreatic beta-cells stimulated a strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)
      response when exposed to C57BL/6 (H-2b) allosplenocytes in the MILC, similar to
      DBA/2J nonpurified dispersed islet cells. Furthermore, the stimulation of CTL by
      both purified beta-cells and nonpurified dispersed islet cells was blocked by
      addition of MHC-specific anti-class I monoclonal antibody directed against
      stimulator MHC antigen. The data imply that the highly immunogenic MHC class II
      positive passenger leukocytes present in the islets were not necessary for the
      generation of the immune response in the presence of MHC class I-positive beta
      cells. Although most of the pretreatment regimens attempting to decrease islet
      immunogenicity have been directed at eliminating the MHC class II-positive
      passenger leukocytes from the islets, this work suggests that modulation of MHC
      class I antigen may be an important approach.

PMID- 2642844
TI  - Prolonged cryopreservation of purified human pancreatic islets.
AB  - Long-term islet storage would facilitate many aspects of islet research and
      clinical islet transplantation. Collagenase-isolated, Ficoll-purified islets from
      eight cadaveric pancreases were stored in liquid nitrogen for 44 +/- 9 days after
      dimethyl sulfoxide equilibration and slow cooling. Rapid rewarming and 48 h of
      culture preceded repeat evaluation of recovery by islet counts, insulin
      extraction, and glucose-stimulated perifusion. Islet recovery was 94 +/- 4% by
      count and 90 +/- 22% by insulin extraction immediately after thawing. After an
      additional 48 h in culture, recovery was 74 +/- 12% by insulin extraction and 79%
      by quantitative perifusion culture. Perifusion demonstrated normal baseline and
      first-phase insulin secretion with decreased second-phase insulin secretion after
      cryopreservation. Insulin-stained sections and electron microscopy revealed
      preserved islet morphology and ultrastructure. Granulated islets with preserved
      morphology were recovered 14 days after renal subcapsular xenografting into nude
      mice. This study demonstrates high recovery and good functional activity of human
      islets after prolonged cryopreservation.

PMID- 2642845
TI  - Results with combined kidney and paratopic segmental-pancreas transplantation.
AB  - Rehabilitation and quality of life after combined pancreas and kidney
      transplantation was assessed in 15 previously diabetic patients in renal failure
      and compared with 11 diabetic patients in renal failure transplanted with a
      kidney only. The paratopic segmental-pancreas-grafting technique, which allows
      physiologic insulin delivery into the portal venous system, was used in 13
      patients; 2 patients received a heterotopic segmental-pancreas graft, resulting
      in systemic insulin delivery. A kidney was transplanted heterotopically in all
      cases. Mean age, duration of diabetes, retinopathy, neuropathy, mortality,
      infection rate, and immunosuppressive treatment did not differ significantly
      between the groups. Diabetic patients with only kidney transplants had
      difficulties adjusting to their diabetes, which may be partly due to the
      immunosuppressive treatment. The quality of life only marginally improved. In
      contrast, patients with a combined pancreas-kidney graft achieved full
      rehabilitation within a short time.

PMID- 2642846
TI  - Prevention of detrimental effect of cyclosporin A on vascular ingrowth of
      transplanted pancreatic islets with verapamil.
AB  - The revascularization of pancreatic islet clusters transplanted beneath the renal
      capsule was studied in a syngeneic mouse model. The degree of vascular ingrowth
      was visualized by in vivo fluorescence microscopy (fluorescein isothiocyanate
      dextran) and judged by a semiquantitative method from coded video recordings. The
      recipients of isografts were divided into four groups, depending on their daily
      immunosuppressive treatment: 1) none (controls), 2) 15 mg/kg cyclosporin A (CsA),
      3) 0.4 mg/kg verapamil + 15 mg/kg CsA, and 4) 20-30 mg/kg methylprednisolone. In
      control animals, capillary ingrowth was first demonstrated on day 6, followed by
      progressive vascularization up to day 34. After 6 mo, the vascular architecture
      was similar to that seen in normal islets in situ. CsA alone significantly
      decreased vascular ingrowth on day 14 compared with controls (P less than .02).
      Verapamil prevented the detrimental effect of CsA (P less than .01), probably by
      improving renal subcapsular blood flow. Methylprednisolone did not affect
      revascularization compared with control animals at day 14. We conclude that CsA
      inhibits vascular ingrowth into transplanted pancreatic islets, which is likely
      to have clinical implications. The prevention of CsA vascular ingrowth inhibition
      by a calcium antagonist indicates a possible approach to the correction of this
      problem, particularly when the renal capsule is used as the recipient's
      transplant site.

PMID- 2642847
TI  - Effects of culture conditions on formation and hormone content of fetal porcine
      isletlike cell clusters.
AB  - To establish methods for stimulation of the growth and differentiation of fetal
      endocrine pancreatic cells, a technique for the in vitro production of fetal
      porcine isletlike cell clusters (ICCs) was used. By varying the composition of
      the culture medium with different glucose concentrations and the addition to the
      culture medium of insulin, growth hormone (GH), amino acids, or nicotinamide, we
      estimated the formation of ICCs and their hormone content. High glucose content
      (28.0 mM) stimulated the formation of abundant ICCs that contained decreased
      amounts of insulin. In contrast, culture at a low (5.6-mM) glucose concentration
      increased the ICC insulin content but decreased the number of ICCs formed.
      Addition of seven times the normal amount of amino acids hampered both the
      formation of ICCs and their insulin content. Neither insulin nor GH
      supplementation of the medium influenced the ICC insulin content, but GH
      stimulated an abundant outgrowth of ICCs containing relatively high insulin
      concentrations. However, ICCs formed under these circumstances contained less
      than 10% of the insulin content of adult islets, and further work has to be
      carried out to identify factors responsible for further differentiation of the
      fetal porcine pancreas.

PMID- 2642848
TI  - Monitoring of pancreas-graft perfusion by radionuclide and digital subtraction
      angiography.
AB  - The vascularity of a kidney transplant can be evaluated by intravenous
      radionuclide angiography. A normal functioning transplant should have an isotope
      histogram with a well-defined peak. Accordingly, a transplanted pancreas may be
      evaluated in the same way. By intravenous digital subtraction angiography and
      small amounts of contrast medium, arterial and venous structures can be
      visualized without catheterization of the arterial system. Five patients had
      combined kidney and pancreas transplantation. Intravenous angiography with 99mTc
      pertechnetate was performed three times a week for the first 5 postoperative wk.
      Digital subtraction angiography with an intravenous bolus of 80 ml of a low
      osmolar nonionic contrast medium (iopamidol) was performed late in the
      postoperative course or when severe impairment of pancreas-graft perfusion was
      discovered by radionuclide angiography. One patient had two episodes and three
      patients one episode of rejection of both kidney and pancreas. Impairment of the
      pancreas-graft perfusion always preceded or was associated with deterioration of
      the graft function. In all patients, digital subtraction angiography demonstrated
      the graft vessels in sufficient detail. No thrombotic complications were
      observed. We conclude that these two methods can be used for monitoring the
      kidney and pancreas-graft perfusion. The methods may be of great value,
      especially in the early postoperative period, when problems with organ function
      are frequent and early intervention is essential.

PMID- 2642849
TI  - Fetal pancreas transplantation in miniature swine. II. Survival of fetal pig
      pancreas allografts cultured at room temperature.
AB  - Islet-allograft survival has been shown to be markedly prolonged in rodents when
      donor tissue has been precultured at 24 degrees C. In this study, the feasibility
      of this approach was tested in NIH minipigs transplanted with fetal pancreases.
      Collagenase-digested fetal pig pancreatic tissues survived in culture at 24
      degrees C for 6-7 days and continued to grow in vitro at 37 degrees C after being
      transferred. These tissues no longer stimulated allogeneic lymphocytes in vitro,
      although some tissues cultured at 37 degrees C did. This allogeneic stimulation
      did not correlate to the number of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class
      II-positive cells in stimulator pancreatic cultures. When transplanted into an
      omentum pouch of normal, nonimmunosuppressed minipigs, fresh fetal pancreatic
      tissues were rejected within 14 days. Tissues cultured at 24 degrees C grew, and
      beta-cells proliferated in minipigs treated daily with cyclosporin A (CsA) and
      azathioprine. Twelve normal minipigs were transplanted with 24 degrees C-cultured
      fetal pancreases: 8 pigs received no treatment, 2 received 14 mg.kg-1.day-1 CsA
      for 14 days, and 2 received 6-7 intravenous injections of platelets prepared from
      pooled farm-pig blood before grafting. Strong lymphocytic infiltration was
      detected in all grafts removed between 30 and 90 days posttransplantation.
      However, beta-cells were found on day 45 in one of five minipig pancreas grafts
      incompatible at the MHC loci and on days 60-90 in all three grafts compatible at
      MHC but incompatible at minor histocompatibility loci. Short-term CsA treatment
      did not prolong survival of allografts from farm pigs into minipigs.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642850
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in long-term-functioning duct
      occluded pancreas allotransplants.
AB  - Duct-occluded segmental-pancreas transplants develop progressive fibrotic
      atrophy, even though endocrine function seems to be unaffected. To determine end
      stage size of the graft and to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and
      computed tomography (CT), these imaging techniques were applied in eight patients
      with well-functioning intraperitoneal prolamine-injected segmental-pancreas
      transplants for 79, 48, 35, 20, 19, 19, 18, and 10 mo. MRI was performed on a 1.5
      Tesla system (Philips Gyroscan S15). T1- and T2-weighted images were acquired. CT
      (Siemens Somatom 2) was done before and after intravenous contrast agent. The
      graft was visualized in seven of eight patients with both techniques.
      Visualization with MRI (vs. CT) was considered excellent in 2 (vs. 1), good in 3
      (vs. 6), and poor in 2 (vs. 0). The three grafts with function longer than 2 yr
      measured 3-4 cm in length; the remaining grafts measured 3-6 cm. Because of a
      marked decrease in size the transplants were no longer localized in Douglas'
      pouch but adjacent to or on top of the uterus or bladder, the position depending
      on the volume of these organs. The allografts exhibited an inhomogeneous
      structure with casual cystic degeneration visible with MRI due to a high signal
      intensity on T2-weighted images. This study suggests that shrinkage of the duct
      occluded pancreatic segment due to exocrine atrophy may be terminated after
      approximately 2 yr. It is concluded that thereafter an overshooting fibrosis
      causing late endocrine graft failure may not be anticipated.

PMID- 2642851
TI  - Application of magnetic resonance imaging in pancreas transplant.
AB  - Various imaging methods have been used in the differential diagnosis of pancreas
      transplant dysfunction. As early as 1977, angiography and radionuclide studies
      ([75Se]seleno-DL-methionine) were used to evaluate pancreas allografts. More
      recently, the use of 99mTc-labeled DTPA, computed tomography, and ultrasonography
      has been described, and abnormal findings associated with rejection have been
      reported with these imaging methods. However, no attempt has been made to
      determine the ability of each method to detect rejection and to differentiate
      graft dysfunction caused by rejection from dysfunction by other causes. We
      summarize our experience with the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      in pancreas transplantation and a comparative study of radionuclide 99mTc-DTPA
      scans, ultrasonography, and MRI in the detection and differentiation of pancreas
      graft dysfunction.

PMID- 2642852
TI  - Impact of immunosuppression on improvement of results in clinical pancreas
      transplantation.
AB  - Since November 1975, 103 pancreas transplantations have been performed in 97
      insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Pancreas and kidney were grafted
      simultaneously in 84 patients (plus 1 double retransplantation). Eighty-nine
      pancreas grafts were prepared by duct obstruction with neoprene, and 14 were
      pancreaticoduodenal grafts with enteric diversion in a Roux-en-Y loop. Five
      immunosuppressive protocols were subsequently used. With the latest protocols,
      patient and pancreas survival improved to 93 and 72% at 1 yr, respectively. The
      improvement in graft survival appeared to be particularly related to the
      reduction of the number of pancreas grafts lost in rejection. The patients
      treated with the last protocols, including cyclosporin A (CsA) and only low doses
      of steroids, showed a better glucose tolerance after provocative tests. Pancreas
      graft function did not appear to be influenced by CsA treatment.

PMID- 2642853
TI  - Fate of late complications in type I diabetic patients after successful pancreas
      kidney transplantation.
AB  - The success rate of pancreas transplantation allows us to study in more detail
      the potential beneficial effects of normoglycemia on secondary complications in
      diabetes mellitus. We report a prospective follow-up (mean 26 mo) of metabolic
      control, neuropathy, retinopathy, and peripheral microcirculation in 31 patients
      with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes (mean age 33 +/- 1 yr; mean duration of
      diabetes 21 +/- 1 yr) after combined kidney and segmental pancreas grafting. All
      patients had normal HbA1 levels. Glucose tolerance (GT), insulin, C-peptide, and
      glucagon were normal in 22 patients, and impaired oral GT with reduced insulin
      secretory capacity was seen in 9 patients. During follow-up, there was no
      deterioration of GT and insulin release. Vascular risk factors, e.g.,
      hypertension, cholesterol, and triglycerides, decreased after grafting. Autonomic
      neuropathy improved clinically, and R-R variation increased significantly in 3 of
      18 patients. Peripheral neuropathy improved clinically in 46% of patients and did
      not deteriorate in the others. Motor nerve conduction velocity increased greater
      than 20% in 8, less than 20% in 12, and was unchanged in 8 of 28 recipients. Most
      of the patients (n = 30) had pretransplant laser treatment of their advanced
      retinopathy. Posttransplant visual acuity improved at least more than one line in
      56%, stabilized in 32%, and deteriorated in 12% of patients. Patients with
      functioning grafts for greater than 1 yr had no further deterioration of visual
      acuity. Vitreous hemorrhage frequency and severity dropped markedly from
      pretransplant (from 69 to 24%) 10 mo after grafting. Retinal morphology remained
      stable in all eyes except two.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642854
TI  - Kidney-graft survival in simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation.
AB  - Patient and kidney survival rates were compared between 69 diabetic patients
      undergoing simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation (group 1) and 723
      nondiabetic patients undergoing kidney transplantation (group 2). The patients
      were treated with different immunosuppressive regimens over the years: steroids
      plus antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) plus azathioprine (Aza); cyclosporin A (CsA)
      plus ALG; steroids plus ALG plus Aza, replacing Aza 1 mo posttransplantation; or
      low doses of steroids plus CsA plus Aza. One-year kidney survival rates with the
      different regimens were 50, 42, 54, and 76%, respectively, in group 1 and 71, 74,
      78, and 84%, respectively, in group 2. Patient survival was 60, 57, 71, and 86%,
      respectively, in group 1 and 93, 95, 94, and 96%, respectively, in group 2.
      Differences between the two groups were statistically significant for the first
      three protocols but not for the one used in this study. In group 1, 38 patients
      (55%) had a functioning kidney graft, whereas 15 (21%) lost their kidney to
      rejection. Between these two patient categories, there was no significant
      difference in age, sex, duration of diabetes, time on dialysis, blood transfusion
      number, HLA immunization, or HLA matching. Thus, since 1984, kidney-graft
      survival has not been inferior in diabetic patients. This improvement is mainly
      due to a decreased mortality related to better patient preparation and
      improvement in immunosuppression.

PMID- 2642855
TI  - Do donor age and cold-ischemia time have a detrimental effect on early pancreas
      allograft function?
AB  - To study the impact of donor age and cold-ischemia time (CIT) on early graft
      function, we retrospectively divided the donors of 51 pancreas transplants
      performed between 1979 and 1987 at Innsbruck University Hospital into four groups
      according to donor age (greater than 45 yr and less than 15 yr) and CIT (greater
      than 8 h and less than 3 h). All organs were perfused with Eurocollins solution
      and stored at 4 degrees C. Fasting blood glucose levels and total amount of
      pancreatic juice produced over the first 3 postoperative days were recorded to
      assess graft function. No statistically significant difference was found between
      groups 1 and 2 and between groups 3 and 4. From these data, it is concluded that
      with the preservation method used, CIT can without a doubt be extended to at
      least 12 h, and a maximum donor age similar to that for the kidney can be
      adopted. This might not only enlarge the donor pool but also facilitate distant
      organ procurement.

PMID- 2642856
TI  - Quality of life in diabetic patients after combined pancreas-kidney or kidney
      transplantation.
AB  - The quality of life was compared between 14 combined pancreas-kidney-transplant
      patients (group 1) and 16 diabetic kidney-transplant patients (group 2). Minimum
      follow-up was 2 yr with functioning grafts. Two-thirds of both groups' patients
      were working, but 90% in group 1 and 50% in group 2 had full-time occupations.
      Also 7% in group 1 and 43% in group 2 had to modify their activity
      posttransplantation. The amount of lost workdays was calculated during periods of
      2 yr pre- and posttransplantation: the figure decreased by 44% in group 1 (from
      278 to 155) and was unchanged in group 2 (from 211 to 213). The number of
      sickness pensions paid increased from 28% of the patients pretransplantation to
      42% in October 1987 in group 1 and from 20 to 62% in group 2. Over the last 2 yr,
      an average of 12 days of hospitalization were necessitated in group 1 compared to
      25 days in group 2. When physical activity was evaluated, both groups judged
      their present state of health as good or very good (group 1, 78%; group 2, 73%).
      In group 1, 80% claimed they had recovered the same or better quality of life as
      they had before renal failure, compared to 50% in group 2. The investigation
      showed that group 1 seemed to achieve a better quality of life than group 2; all
      combined pancreas-kidney-transplant patients returned to a normal diet and
      achieved a less restricted life-style.

PMID- 2642857
TI  - Pregnancy after combined pancreas-kidney transplantation.
AB  - Four successful cases of pregnancy after combined pancreas-kidney transplantation
      at four different centers are summarized. The techniques used for the pancreas
      transplantations were duct obstruction in one patient and enteric exocrine
      diversion in two patients; in all three patients the insulin delivery was to the
      systemic circulation. In one patient exocrine diversion was to the stomach and
      the vascular anastomosis to the splenic vessels, thus accomplishing portal
      insulin delivery. Immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporin and prednisolone in
      two patients; cyclosporin alone in one patient; and cyclosporin, azathioprine,
      and prednisolone in one patient. In all a cesarean section was performed, due to
      deteriorating renal function in two patients, a fall in fetal growth in one
      patient, and fear of inducing pancreas-graft pancreatitis during normal delivery
      in one patient. In all four women, perfect metabolic control was retained
      throughout the pregnancy, and despite the proximity of the pancreas graft to the
      growing uterus in three of the women, the pancreas grafts did not suffer any
      damage during the pregnancy. However, in one patient the pancreas graft was lost
      in acute rejection after delivery. This pancreas had functioned normally for 3 yr
      before this occasion. Of the offspring, one was completely normal, one had a
      bilateral cataract, and two were small for date. The latter two subsequently
      showed normal growth development. At follow-up at 3, 5, 7, and 28 mo, all kidney
      grafts and three of the pancreas grafts remained functional. We conclude that
      after combined pancreas-kidney transplantation, successful conception and
      pregnancy can be obtained. Despite reduced islet mass (segmental grafts), normal
      metabolic control can be retained throughout the pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642858
TI  - Results of pancreas-transplant registry.
AB  - From December 1966 to March 1988, 1394 pancreas transplants were reported to the
      International Pancreas Transplant Registry. For the 1129 cases since 1982, the
      overall 1-yr graft and recipient survival rates were 46 and 82%, respectively.
      When analyzed according to the three most common duct-management techniques,
      polymer injection (n = 324), intestinal drainage (n = 282), and bladder drainage
      (n = 462), the 1-yr function rates were 47, 45, and 54%, respectively. The graft
      survival rates were also similar, whether whole (n = 492) or segmental (n = 634)
      grafts were transplanted (47 vs. 46% at 1 yr). Graft survival rates according to
      preservation times were 49, 42, and 43% at 1 yr for those stored less than 6 h (n
      = 694), 6-12 h (n = 237), and greater than 12 h (n = 89), respectively.
      Immunosuppressive regimens that included both cyclosporin and azathioprine were
      associated with significantly (P less than .03) higher graft survival rates than
      those that included only one of the drugs, with 1-yr graft survival rates for
      technically successful grafts of 67, 54, and 39% for patients treated with
      azathioprine plus cyclosporin (n = 602), cyclosporin without azathioprine (n =
      201), and azathioprine without cyclosporin (n = 44). Pancreas-graft survival
      rates differed according to whether a kidney was or was not transplanted and
      according to the timing of the transplant: 53, 40, and 32%, respectively, at 1 yr
      for cases in which a simultaneous kidney was transplanted (n = 685), a kidney had
      previously been transplanted (n = 201), or a kidney had never been transplanted
      (n = 202).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642859
TI  - Pancreas-specific protein. New serum marker for graft rejection in pancreas
      transplant recipients.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay for a novel human pancreatic protein (pancreas-specific
      protein, PASP) has been developed. We studied the possibility that serum PASP
      levels reflect pancreas-graft rejections in human pancreas-transplant recipients.
      Ten patients subjected to combined pancreas-kidney transplantation and 4 patients
      subjected to pancreas transplantation alone were studied. Twelve kidney
      recipients served as control subjects. On several occasions, PASP levels were
      elevated at kidney rejections in patients with combined pancreas-kidney grafts
      and then decreased after antirejection therapy, although no other indications for
      concomitant pancreas-graft rejection were at hand. In the recipients of pancreas
      grafts alone, PASP levels increased before or at the same time as graft
      rejections were indicated by current methods. In two cases of chronic graft
      rejection, PASP rose to high levels long before hyperglycemia occurred. In the
      control group of kidney-graft recipients, PASP levels were stable and were not
      affected by high serum creatinine levels, kidney-rejection episodes, or
      antirejection therapy. This study indicates that PASP may be a good serum marker
      for pancreas-graft rejection.

PMID- 2642860
TI  - Insulin-pump treatment of pancreas-graft rejection.
AB  - Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) was combined with antirejection
      therapy in four diabetic recipients of pancreas and kidney grafts with persisting
      hyperglycemia due to pancreas rejection. In three of the patients, full function
      of the pancreas was restored after as many as 40, 86, and 139 days of CSII. In
      another patient, the dose of insulin was halved, and his graft function was
      classified as partial. Pancreas rejection treated without CSII was reversible
      only in one of four other recipients. We conclude that restoration of the
      function of a pancreas graft damaged by rejection can be achieved even after a
      long period with the help of CSII therapy.

PMID- 2642861
TI  - Islet cell autoimmunity in type I diabetic patients after HLA-mismatched pancreas
      transplantation.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate a possible reenhancement of islet cell
      autoimmunity in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients who received HLA
      mismatched pancreas transplants from cadaveric donors and who underwent
      generalized immunosuppression. Circulating islet cell antibodies (ICA) and
      complement-fixing ICAs (CF-ICAs) have been tested at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 mo and at
      least once a year posttransplantation in 23 recipients of 25 transplants (22
      simultaneous with kidney, 2 retransplants, 1 isolated; 23 segmental neoprene
      injected, 2 whole with enteric drainage). Patients were aged 35.3 +/- 1.9 yr with
      a duration of diabetes of 20.6 +/- 1.1 yr. Immunosuppression consisted of double
      or triple association of azathioprine, cyclosporin, and prednisone with or
      without temporary antilymphocyte globulins. The number of HLA-A and HLA-B
      compatibilities was none in 8 patients, one in 12 patients, two in 4 patients,
      and three in 1 patient. The mean follow-up was 4.0 +/- 0.4 yr/patient (range 0.4
      7.2). ICAs were positive pretransplantation in 2 of 25 patients and reappeared 1
      42 mo posttransplantation in another 7. In 6 patients, CF-ICAs were also
      positive. In 7 of 9 ICA+ patients the pancreas transplant failed; in 1 patient
      this occurred 4 mo before ICA reappearance, and in 6 patients it occurred 2-35 mo
      after the first detection of ICAs. Pancreas-transplant failure was significantly
      associated with the positivity for ICAs (P less than .05) and particularly for CF
      ICAs (P less than .005). ICA positivity was transitory in 4 patients (2-27 mo)
      and persistent in the remaining 5 (up to 61 mo).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642862
TI  - Recurrence of disease in pancreas transplants.
AB  - In a series of 200 pancreas transplants with 6 mo to less than 9 yr of follow-up,
      recurrence of disease was identified as the cause of graft failure in 8 cases,
      all in non- or minimally immunosuppressed recipients of transplants from
      identical twin (n = 3) or HLA-identical sibling (n = 5) donors. Recurrence of
      disease was defined as selective loss of beta-cells; other endocrine cell types
      persisted and appeared normal within the islets of the graft. Isletitis was
      present in islets with residual beta-cells during the evolution of the process in
      all nonimmunosuppressed and in some immunosuppressed recipients, but isletitis
      resolved in all cases in which beta-cell destruction was complete and also
      resolved in some cases in which residual beta-cells were retained after the
      introduction of or an increase in immunosuppression. Recurrence of disease can be
      prevented by immunosuppression, and 2 recipients of identical twin grafts and 12
      recipients of grafts from HLA-identical siblings had functioning grafts as of
      March 1988, the longest greater than 7 yr. The process has not been observed in
      patients in whom full-dose immunosuppression has been used, including HLA
      identical siblings, and this may be the reason no cases of recurrence of disease
      have been identified in recipients of cadaveric grafts. Alternatively, the
      observations are consistent with, but not proof of, the hypothesis that
      recurrence of disease (autoimmune isletitis leading to diabetes) is a major
      histocompatibility complex-restricted phenomenon.

PMID- 2642863
TI  - Effects of pancreas transplantation on metabolic and hormonal profiles in IDDM
      patients.
AB  - The diurnal patterns of relevant metabolites and hormones in five pancreas-kidney
      transplanted patients (aged 36 +/- 2 yr, mean +/- SD) with insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were compared with those in five kidney-transplanted
      nondiabetic patients (aged 28 +/- 2 yr). The groups were matched for body mass
      and current dose and type of immunosuppressive treatment. The serum creatinine
      levels did not differ between the two study groups, but the serum urea level in
      the nondiabetic patients was slightly but significantly higher than in the
      diabetic patients. In the pancreas-kidney-transplanted group the investigation
      was performed 8-47 mo posttransplantation; in the kidney-transplanted nondiabetic
      patients, 12-18 mo posttransplantation. The mean 24-h levels and rhythms of blood
      glucose, free fatty acid, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and alanine did not differ between
      the groups. The mean 24-h levels of blood lactate and glycerol were moderately
      but significantly higher in the pancreas-kidney-transplanted diabetic patients.
      At fasting, the level of serum immunoreactive insulin was more than twice as high
      in the pancreas-kidney-transplanted patients, whereas the plasma C-peptide levels
      did not differ significantly between the two groups. The meal-induced increases
      in serum insulin as well as in the plasma C-peptide levels were more marked in
      the pancreas-kidney-transplanted patients. The findings suggest that the
      hyperinsulinemia in these patients was due to both the systemic delivery of
      insulin and an increase in insulin resistance, the latter being particularly
      apparent in the postprandial phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642864
TI  - Long-term metabolic control in recipients of segmental-pancreas grafts with
      pancreaticoenterostomy or duct obstruction.
AB  - Metabolic control in recipients of segmental-pancreas grafts with
      pancreaticoenterostomy (performed in Stockholm) or duct obstruction by polymer
      injection (performed in Oslo) were compared. The recipients were uremic diabetic
      patients and also received a kidney from the same donor. Because the patient
      population in the two Scandinavian countries is very similar and the
      immunosuppressive protocols used are almost identical, such a comparison seemed
      reasonable. The number of patients available for study at 1, 2, and 3 yr was 22,
      10, and 4, respectively, with duct injection and 28, 10, and 3 with
      pancreaticoenterostomy. The mean age of the patients was somewhat higher in the
      Oslo series. There were no significant differences regarding immunosuppression or
      kidney-graft function as estimated by serum creatinine at 1, 2, and 3 yr. No
      significant differences were found in fasting blood glucose, glycosylated
      hemoglobin, and intravenous glucose tolerance between the two groups at 1, 2, and
      3 yr.

PMID- 2642865
TI  - Glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in human recipients of pancreas
      transplantation.
AB  - To ascertain the consequences of pancreas transplantation with systemic venous
      drainage on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion, glucose and insulin
      responses to intravenous glucose were compared in 10 recipients and 15 normal
      control subjects. There were no differences in fasting glucose levels or
      intravenous glucose disappearance rates. However, basal insulin levels and acute
      insulin responses to glucose were threefold greater in the recipients. It is not
      clear whether this consequence of hyperinsulinemia in the recipients is due to
      the abnormal circulatory drainage, the lack of autonomic input, or concurrent
      immunosuppressive drug therapy.

PMID- 2642866
TI  - Glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion during chronic treatment with
      cyclosporin in nondiabetic humans.
AB  - Cyclosporin or placebo was administered in a randomized, double-blind fashion to
      13 patients with multiple sclerosis for 1 yr to determine whether cyclosporin
      adversely affects glucose homeostasis or beta-cell function. No significant
      differences were observed in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, intravenous
      glucose tolerance, or glucose-induced insulin secretion before treatment or at 3
      wk, 6 mo, or 1 yr during treatment. Longer therapeutic trials with larger patient
      groups will be necessary to decide whether cyclosporin can be safely given for
      many years without risk of developing diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2642867
TI  - Human DNA polymerase alpha: predicted functional domains and relationships with
      viral DNA polymerases.
AB  - The primary sequence of human DNA polymerase alpha deduced from the full-length
      cDNA contains regions of striking similarity to sequences in replicative DNA
      polymerases from Escherichia coli phages PRD1 and T4, Bacillus phage phi 19,
      yeast DNA polymerase I, yeast linear plasmid pGKL1, maize S1 mitochondrial DNA,
      herpes family viruses, vaccinia virus, and adenovirus. The conservation of these
      homologous regions across this vast phylogenetic expanse indicates that these
      prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA polymerases may all have evolved from a common
      primordial gene. Based on the sequence analysis and genetic results from yeast
      and herpes simplex virus studies, these consensus sequences are suggested to
      define potential sites that subserve essential roles in the DNA polymerase
      reaction. Two of these conserved regions appear to participate directly in the
      active site required for substrate deoxynucleotide interaction. One region toward
      the carboxyl-terminus has the potential to be the DNA interacting domain, whereas
      a potential DNA primase interaction domain is predicted toward the amino
      terminus. The provisional assignment of these domains can be used to identify
      unique or dissimilar features of functionally homologous catalytic sites in viral
      DNA polymerases of pathogenetic significance and thereby serve to guide more
      rational antiviral drug design.

PMID- 2642868
TI  - Endothelium-derived nitric oxide: actions and properties.
AB  - Vascular smooth muscle relaxation in response to chemically diverse naturally
      occurring neurotransmitters and autacoids has been attributed to the formation
      and/or release of one or more vascular endothelium-derived relaxing factors
      (EDRFs) distinct from prostacyclin. The chemical, biochemical, and
      pharmacological properties of one such EDRF resemble closely the properties of
      nitric oxide (NO). Thus, both arterial and venous EDRFs as well as authentic NO
      cause heme-dependent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase, endothelium
      independent vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle relaxation accompanied by
      tissue cyclic GMP formation, and inhibition of platelet aggregation and adhesion
      to endothelial cell surfaces. EDRF from artery, vein, and freshly harvested and
      cultured aortic endothelial cells was recently identified as NO or a labile
      nitroso species as assessed by chemical assay and bioassay. Endothelium-derived
      NO (EDNO) has an ultrashort half-life of 3-5 s due to spontaneous oxidation to
      nitrite and nitrate, both of which have only weak biological activity. EDNO can
      be synthesized from L-arginine and possibly other basic amino acids and
      polypeptides, perhaps by oxidative metabolic pathways that could involve
      polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived oxygen radicals. Inorganic nitrite could serve
      as both a stored precursor and an inactivation product of EDNO. EDNO and related
      EDRFs may serve physiological and/or pathophysiological roles in the regulation
      of local blood flow and platelet function.

PMID- 2642869
TI  - Therapeutic opportunities involving cellular oncogenes: novel approaches fostered
      by biotechnology.
AB  - Biotechnological processes are having a major impact on many industrial sectors,
      including the pharmaceutical industry. The contributions of recombinant DNA and
      hybridoma technologies to modern therapeutics include production of natural and
      unnatural peptides, subunit vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and nucleic acid
      hybridization probes for in vitro and in vivo diagnostics and biological imaging,
      therapeutic monoclonal antibodies as tissue-specific delivery systems or as
      agents to confer passive immunity, production of therapeutic targets for rational
      drug design, and the use of cloned enzymes as stereospecific catalysts in large
      scale production of small medicinal molecules. Biotechnological advances have led
      to the identification of a discrete set of genes, oncogenes, which may be
      essential contributing factors for a great variety and number of human cancers.
      In addition, biotechnological innovations are fostering the exploitation of
      oncogenes as novel therapeutic targets for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and
      treatment. Because oncogenes are activated in transformation by either
      qualitative or quantitative mechanisms, however, different biotechnology-based
      therapeutic approaches are required for each class.

PMID- 2642870
TI  - Ultrasound diagnosis of evolving pyloric stenosis.
AB  - Two infants with recurrent episodes of vomiting had upper gastrointestinal barium
      studies that did not show radiographic features of pyloric stenosis. However,
      follow-up abdominal sonograms done 1-2 weeks later documented hypertrophic
      pyloric stenosis, which led to surgery. This entity is not congenital, but an
      evolving acquired lesion. Therefore, ultrasound is an excellent modality to
      evaluate and monitor patients clinically suspected of developing hypertrophic
      pyloric stenosis despite their initially negative imaging studies.

PMID- 2642871
TI  - Actinomycosis of the greater omentum.
AB  - A case of histologically proven actinomycosis of the greater omentum is reported.
      Computed tomography (CT) showed a mass at the greater omentum near the left flank
      area; it was hypervascular on angiograms and was supplied by the omental artery
      originating from the splenic artery. Sonography showed that the echogenecity of
      the lesion was complex. Actinomycosis of the greater omentum, although rare,
      should be included in the differential diagnosis of omental mass.

PMID- 2642872
TI  - Lymphomatous polyposis of the colon.
AB  - Lymphoma of the colon is rare and has different radiographic presentations. The
      least common of these presentations is diffuse polyposis. Here we describe 4
      cases of diffuse lymphomatous polyposis of the colon, each having a distinct
      radiographic appearance.

PMID- 2642873
TI  - Interval between cleansing enema and barium examination of the colon.
AB  - A prospective, randomized, blinded study was conducted to determine the optimal
      length of time a patient should wait after evacuating a cleansing enema prior to
      undergoing barium enema. Evaluation of overhead films, graded for the amount of
      retained fluid and fecal material, detected no significant improvement in colon
      examinations that were delayed longer than 30 min. Patient acceptance and
      scheduling can be improved by eliminating unnecessary waiting.

PMID- 2642874
TI  - Isolation of colonic crypts that maintain structural and metabolic viability in
      vitro.
AB  - The aim of this study was to develop a method by which colonic epithelial cells
      can be isolated from resected mucosa or colonoscopic biopsy specimens and
      viability maintained in the short term. The principles of the technique are to
      digest the lamina propria from the epithelium with Dispase and collagenase, to
      disrupt the epithelium by trituration, and to purify the epithelial cells by
      seiving and differential sedimentation. Whole and partial crypts were isolated
      with consistently high purity of 93.5% +/- 1.2% (excluding red cells). Structural
      integrity was confirmed by light and electron microscopy, exclusion of trypan
      blue, minimal leakage of lactic dehydrogenase over 5 h (4.1% +/- 1.7%), and 51Cr
      leakage of less than 2% per hour over 16 h. Functional integrity was supported by
      continued deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis [( 3H]thymidine uptake) over 16 h and
      the formation of epithelial monolayer cultures on plastic. Thus, this simple
      method yields a highly enriched cell population that maintains high viability in
      vitro for at least 16 h. Such cells may be useful for the study of the biology of
      colonic epithelial cells.

PMID- 2642875
TI  - Sucralfate protection of human gastric mucosa against acute ethanol injury.
AB  - To assess the gastric mucosal protective action of sucralfate against alcohol, a
      double-blind, controlled, randomized study was carried out in 12 healthy adult
      men. All subjects received four treatments in a random sequence: sucralfate +
      ethanol, sucralfate + ethanol placebo, sucralfate placebo + ethanol, and
      sucralfate placebo + ethanol placebo. Fundal, antral, and duodenal mucosae were
      submitted to endoscopic examinations, and the antral mucosa underwent histologic
      examination before and after injury. Biopsy specimens were taken from the antral
      mucosa to determine by radioimmunoassay its capacity to synthesize prostaglandin
      E2, thromboxane B2, and 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha. In both the fundus and the
      antrum, the mean endoscopic injury score after sucralfate plus ethanol
      administration was significantly lower than that after ethanol alone. All
      treatments tended to increase prostanoid values but 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha
      increased significantly when sucralfate was given. Sucralfate did not affect
      serum ethanol levels, nor did ethanol affect prostanoid synthesis. It is
      concluded that sucralfate provides significant protection to the human gastric
      mucosa against ethanol injury, and that this may be partly due to increased
      prostanoid synthesis.

PMID- 2642876
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies for specific immunoperoxidase detection of Campylobacter
      pylori.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were raised against Campylobacter pylori to detect the
      organism in clinical specimens by the immunoperoxidase technique. Twenty-one
      hybridoma cultures obtained were screened on tissue sections of gastric mucosa to
      identify antibodies that did not cross-react with host cells. To select
      antibodies with high grade of specificity to C. pylori, hybridomas were also
      screened by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against a wide panel of gram
      negative bacteria. Fifteen antibodies showed a variable grade of cross-reactivity
      with gastric mucosa, indicating the presence of at least three epitopes shared by
      C. pylori and epithelial cells. Three of the six antibodies non-reacting with
      gastric mucosa (CB-1, CB-26, and CB-31) also were found to be specific for C.
      pylori. Using CB-26 in an indirect immunoperoxidase test, gastric brushings from
      60 patients consecutively undergoing endoscopic examination were examined. By
      light microscopy, we observed the presence of large amounts of C. pylori in
      smears from all the 32 patients with positive culture. A small number of
      bacterial cells were also seen in 8 of 28 patients whose cultures were negative.
      These findings suggest that the monoclonal antibody CB-26 might be of value for
      rapid and specific detection of C. pylori.

PMID- 2642877
TI  - Histologic correlates of gastrointestinal ultrasound images.
AB  - Endoscopic ultrasound imaging has potential for improving the diagnosis of
      gastrointestinal disease. However, the anatomic correlates of gastrointestinal
      ultrasound images have not been precisely defined. We have compared ultrasound
      images with the corresponding histologic sections of 81 specimens of resected and
      postmortem, normal and diseased gastrointestinal tissue. The five layers seen on
      ultrasound images of the normal gastrointestinal tract correspond to (1)
      superficial mucosa, (2) deep mucosa, (3) submucosa plus the acoustical interface
      between the submucosa and muscularis propria, (4) muscularis propria minus the
      acoustical interface between the submucosa and muscularis propria, and (5) serosa
      and subserosal fat. This interpretation takes into consideration the echoes
      produced by the tissue layers and the echoes produced by the interfaces between
      layers. Abnormal findings on ultrasound images of neoplastic and inflammatory
      diseases correspond to histologic tissue structure. When properly interpreted,
      ultrasound images of the gastrointestinal wall can provide potentially useful
      diagnostic information.

PMID- 2642878
TI  - Clearance of gut-derived endotoxins by the liver. Release and modification of 3H,
      14C-lipopolysaccharide by isolated rat Kupffer cells.
AB  - This paper describes experiments that were designed to study postuptake
      modification by isolated rat Kupffer cells of a 3H,14C-biosynthetically labeled
      endotoxin purified from Escherichia coli J5 as assessed by cesium chloride
      isopyknic density gradients and gel permeation chromatography. Pulse-chase
      experiments demonstrated that half as much of the endotoxin's lipid, relative to
      polysaccharide, was released by the cells. Density gradients revealed that native
      endotoxin equilibrated at a density of 1.412 g/ml, whereas endotoxin retained by
      Kupffer cells equilibrated at densities of 1.274 and 1.295 g/ml. Gel permeation
      chromatography indicated that endotoxin retained by Kupffer cells formed a larger
      micelle than either exocytosed or native endotoxin. Endotoxin exocytosed by
      Kupffer cells fractionated into two peaks, one with a smaller and one with a
      larger apparent micelle size than native endotoxin but both smaller than the
      retained lipopolysaccharide. Both systems indicated that the Kupffer cell
      modified endotoxin by enriching the lipid content of the molecule and shortening
      the length of the O-antigen. Thus, the Kuffer cell, in its mode of action on the
      endotoxin molecule, appears to play a prominent role in the initial phase of a
      biochemical process for endotoxin clearance and detoxification.

PMID- 2642879
TI  - Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States.
AB  - The 1982-1984 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey used
      ultrasonography to investigate the epidemiology of gallstone disease. Mexican
      American, Cuban American, and Puerto Rican men and women, aged 20-74 yr, were
      selected from household samples in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado,
      California, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, and Florida. Ultrasonography was
      performed on 2299 persons. The age-adjusted prevalence of gallstone disease
      (gallstones + cholecystectomy) among Mexican American men (7.2%) was 1.7 times
      that of Cuban American men and 1.8 times that of Puerto Rican men. The prevalence
      for Mexican American women (23.2%) was 1.5 times that of Cuban American women and
      1.7 times that of Puerto Rican women. Rates were about three times higher among
      women than men and increased with age in both sexes and all ethnic groups except
      older Puerto Rican women. Among Mexican American women aged 60-74 yr, the
      prevalence of gallstone disease reached 44.1%. These results support the
      hypothesis that Mexican Americans are at increased risk of gallstone disease.

PMID- 2642881
TI  - Short-term primary culture of epithelial cells from human colon.

PMID- 2642880
TI  - Bile and stone analysis in two infants with brown pigment gallstones and infected
      bile.
AB  - Two infants under 3 mo of age who presented with obstructive jaundice secondary
      to cholelithiasis are reported. Neither infant had any congenital anatomic
      abnormality of the biliary tract leading to stasis, yet both had cultures of
      gallbladder bile that grew abundant bacteria. In both, recovery of gallbladder
      bile and sludge or actual stones allowed a detailed analysis of bile and stone
      composition. Bile was not saturated with cholesterol. In both cases, unconjugated
      bilirubin accounted for a large percentage of the total bile biliary pigments
      measured, and stercobilin was present in gallbladder bile. Bile beta
      glucuronidase activity was higher when measured at the optimal pH of bacterial
      rather than tissue beta-glucuronidase. Analysis of stone morphology and
      composition showed characteristics of brown pigment gallstones with a layered
      appearance and the presence of calcium palmitate. This is the first report of
      detailed bile and stone analysis in infants and supports the hypothesis that
      brown pigment gallstones form spontaneously in infants who have bacterial
      infections in the biliary tract.

PMID- 2642882
TI  - Response to an editorial on gastric cytoprotection.

PMID- 2642883
TI  - On the demise of the artificial liver.

PMID- 2642884
TI  - Coping with care of the elderly. A Geriatrics panel discussion.
AB  - As the American population continues to age, primary care physicians are finding
      themselves becoming de facto geriatricians. Three primary care physicians and two
      geriatricians discuss the impact this can have on a private practice: the
      rewards, the frustrations, the new skills required, the old prejudices set aside.
      They also explore why one of the physicians is no longer practicing geriatrics.

PMID- 2642885
TI  - Osteoporosis: an updated approach to prevention and management.
AB  - Osteoporosis is a major public health problem whose impact will only continue to
      increase in the United States. Current evidence indicates that estrogen therapy
      will prevent bone loss and reduce the incidence of fractures. The major problem
      is identification of those most at risk of fracture. Currently, risk factor
      assessment and bone mass measurement used in combination offer the closest
      approximation to the ideal, although it is not yet completely clear how good
      identification is. Together these estimates of risk need only be used for those
      about whom there is a question concerning the use of estrogen, and need not be
      used for patients who have either already decided to initiate preventive
      treatment or have decided not to start such a program.

PMID- 2642886
TI  - Rehabilitating older patients: primary care evaluation, treatment, and resources.
AB  - Elderly patients with functionally significant disabilities and handicaps may
      benefit from a comprehensive rehabilitation program. Patients may be treated
      while hospitalized or as outpatients. Age itself is not a contraindication to
      such a program and impaired mentation is not an absolute contraindication.
      Physiologic changes of aging may adversely affect function, but these effects may
      be partially reversible (if exacerbated by inactivity)--or may be compensated for
      by appropriate training. Emphasis is on functionally significant goals that can
      be achieved within a generally predictable period of time. The achievement of
      these significant goals would allow the patient to remain in or return to a home
      setting and avoid institutionalization. Through informed patient assessment and
      referral, the primary care physician can make optimal use of this resource.

PMID- 2642887
TI  - HCFA issues home health care rules.

PMID- 2642888
TI  - Less money, more players in outpatient market.

PMID- 2642889
TI  - AHA: PPS wage index cuts total hospital payments.

PMID- 2642890
TI  - Federal courts expand Medicare appeals rights.

PMID- 2642891
TI  - Angiotensin-mediated renin suppression is altered in non-modulating hypertension.
AB  - Plasma renin activity (PRA) suppression by angiotensin II (Ang II), the "short
      feedback loop," has been shown to be blunted in essential hypertension. Non
      modulators comprise 50% of normal- and high-renin essential hypertensive
      individuals and are defined by their abnormal adrenal and renal responses to
      infused Ang II. This study sought to determine if the abnormal Ang II suppression
      of PRA in essential hypertension is specific to non-modulators. We measured PRA
      suppression during infusion of Ang II in 22 normotensive and 32 hypertensive (16
      modulators and 16 non-modulators) subjects. A significant correlation between
      basal PRA and the fall in PRA in response to Ang II infusion was seen in the
      normotensives (r = -0.934, p less than 0.001) and modulators (r = -0.831, p less
      than 0.001) but not in the non-modulators (r = -0.275, p = 0.304). However, after
      3 days of converting enzyme inhibition therapy, the correlation between basal PRA
      and decrement in PRA was significant in the non-modulators (r = -0.762, p less
      than 0.01). Thus, the abnormal PRA suppression documented previously in
      hypertensive individuals is a defect specific to non-modulators and is corrected
      with converting enzyme inhibition therapy.

PMID- 2642892
TI  - Baroreflex function in lifetime-captopril-treated spontaneously hypertensive
      rats.
AB  - The effects of lifetime oral captopril treatment on baroreflex control of heart
      rate and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity were measured in 19-21-week-old
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The
      sensitivity of baroreflex control of heart rate and lumbar sympathetic nerve
      activity were determined by the slopes of the relation between the change in mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) (mm Hg) versus the change in pulse interval (msec/beat)
      and the change in MAP versus the percent change in nerve activity, respectively.
      Untreated SHR had significantly higher MAP than WKY (157 +/- 3 vs. 115 +/- 3 mm
      Hg, p less than 0.001) and exhibited a decreased baroreflex control of heart
      rate. Lifetime treatment with captopril prevented the development of hypertension
      in SHR (MAP = 110 +/- 5 mm Hg) and increased the sensitivity of baroreflex
      function. The gains of the baroreflex control of heart rate for captopril-treated
      SHR and control SHR when MAP was raised or lowered by phenylephrine or
      nitroprusside were 2.38 +/- 0.49 vs. 1.10 +/- 0.33 msec/mm Hg (p less than 0.05)
      and 0.74 +/- 0.20 vs. 0.54 +/- 0.09 (NS) msec/mm Hg, respectively. The
      sensitivity of the baroreflex control of lumbar sympathetic nerve activity was
      greater in captopril-treated SHR than in control SHR when MAP was increased or
      decreased (-1.03 +/- 0.26 vs. -0.38 +/- 0.11, p less than 0.05; -0.84 +/- 0.2 vs.
      -0.04 +/- 0.58 (NS) mm Hg-1, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642893
TI  - Levels of myc protein, as analyzed by flow cytometry, correlate with cell growth
      potential in malignant B-cell lymphomas.
AB  - We have analyzed c-myc protein expression during the cell cycle in malignant B
      cell lymphomas by dual flow cytometric detection of a fluoresceinated polyclonal
      anti-myc antibody and propidium iodide which binds stochiometrically to DNA. The
      data obtained were correlated to other parameters of cell activation such as
      histopathological grading, expression of the activation antigen 4F2, light
      scatter (proportional to cellular volume), DNA synthesis and percentage of S
      phase cells. The c-myc protein level was strongly correlated to parameters of DNA
      synthesis/content. In addition, the oncoprotein level was largely unvarying from
      the late G1 phase through the rest of the cell cycle in both malignant cells and
      normal purified B cells stimulated to proliferate in vitro.

PMID- 2642894
TI  - Psychostimulant response in AIDS-related complex patients.
AB  - Methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine was used to treat 17 of 32 patients with
      AIDS-related complex who were referred for neuropsychiatric evaluation of
      symptoms representative of cognitive and/or affective dysfunction. All 17
      patients were found to have some degree of cognitive impairment. Psychiatric
      diagnoses included organic mental disorder (8), adjustment disorder (5), and
      major depression (4). The 17 patients were receiving no other psychoactive or
      neurotoxic medications nor were they receiving concomitant investigational
      antiviral or chemotherapeutic agents. Clinical response to psychostimulant
      therapy was rated using the Efficacy Index of the Clinical Global Impressions.
      Pharmacotherapy with either psychostimulant was clinically effective in improving
      affective parameters in 89.5% (15) of the 17 patients, with 79% (13) of the 17
      achieving a moderate to marked response. No adverse side effects were
      encountered.

PMID- 2642895
TI  - The mast cell-specific expression of a protease gene, RMCP II, is regulated by an
      enhancer element that binds specifically to mast cell trans-acting factors.
AB  - The rat mast cell protease gene, RMCP II, is specifically expressed in the
      mucosal subclass of rat mast cells. We show here that the 5'-flanking region of
      this gene contains a mast cell-specific enhancer that directs preferential
      expression of a linked reporter gene (human growth hormone) transfected into rat
      basophilic leukemia cells. A DNA fragment containing the enhancer sequence is
      capable of binding specifically to mast cell nuclear trans-acting factors. The
      sequence of this enhancer element contains a region of homology to a consensus
      core sequence present in the enhancer region of the pancreatic protease genes.

PMID- 2642896
TI  - Primary structure of rat brain prostaglandin D synthetase deduced from cDNA
      sequence.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of rat brain prostaglandin D synthetase (Urade, Y.,
      Fujimoto, N., and Hayaishi, O. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 12410-12415) was
      determined by a combination of cDNA and protein sequencing. cDNA clones specific
      for this enzyme were isolated from a lambda gt11 rat brain cDNA expression
      library. Nucleotide sequence analyses of cloned cDNA inserts revealed that this
      enzyme consisted of a 564- or 549-base pair open reading frame coding for a 188-
      or 183-amino acid polypeptide with a Mr of 21,232 or 20,749 starting at the first
      or second ATG. About 60% of the deduced amino acid sequence was confirmed by
      partial amino acid sequencing of tryptic peptides of the purified enzyme. The
      recognition sequence for N-glycosylation was seen at two positions of amino acid
      residues 51-53 (-Asn-Ser-Ser-) and 78-80 (-Asn-Leu-Thr-) counted from the first
      Met. Both sites were considered to be glycosylated with carbohydrate chains of Mr
      3,000, since two smaller proteins with Mr 23,000 and 20,000 were found during
      deglycosylation of the purified enzyme (Mr 26,000) with N-glycanase. The
      prostaglandin D synthetase activity was detected in fusion proteins obtained from
      lysogens with recombinants coding from 34 and 19 nucleotides upstream and 47 and
      77 downstream from the first ATG, indicating that the glycosyl chain and about 20
      amino acid residues of N terminus were not essential for the enzyme activity. The
      amino acid composition of the purified enzyme indicated that about 20 residues of
      hydrophobic amino acids of the N terminus are post-translationally deleted,
      probably as a signal peptide. These results, together with the immunocytochemical
      localization of this enzyme to rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and other
      nuclear membrane of oligodendrocytes (Urade, Y., Fujimoto, N., Kaneko, T.,
      Konishi, A., Mizuno, N., and Hayaishi, O. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15132-15136)
      suggest that this enzyme is a membrane-associated protein.

PMID- 2642897
TI  - Purification and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription
      factor IIIA.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae Transcription Factor IIIA (TFIIIA) has been purified to
      apparent homogeneity. Two polypeptides copurified with TFIIIA activity. Yeast
      TFIIIA is a DNA-binding protein which exhibits a high affinity for the internal
      control region of the homologous 5 S ribosomal RNA gene. Characterization of the
      yeast protein indicates that it shares most, but not all, of the molecular
      properties of its Xenopus TFIIIA counterpart.

PMID- 2642898
TI  - Characterization of Candida albicans dihydrofolate reductase.
AB  - Dihydrofolate reductase from Candida albicans was purified 31,000-fold and
      characterized. In addition, the C. albicans dihydrofolate reductase gene was
      cloned into a plasmid vector and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the enzyme
      was purified from this source. Both preparations showed a single protein-staining
      band with a molecular weight of about 25,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzymes were stable and had an
      isoelectric point of pH 7.1 on gel isoelectric focusing. Kinetic characterization
      showed that the enzymes from each source had similar turnover numbers (about
      11,000 min-1) and Km values for NADPH and dihydrofolate of 3-4 microM. Like other
      eukaryotic dihydrofolate reductases, the C. albicans enzyme exhibited weak
      binding affinity for the antibacterial agent trimethoprim (Ki = 4 microM), but
      further characterization showed that the inhibitor binding profile of the yeast
      and mammalian enzymes differed. Methotrexate was a tight binding inhibitor of
      human but not C. albicans dihydrofolate reductase; the latter had a relatively
      high methotrexate Ki of 150 pM. The yeast and vertebrate enzymes also differed in
      their interactions with KCl and urea. These two agents activate vertebrate
      dihydrofolate reductases but inhibited the C. albicans enzyme. The sequence of
      the first 36 amino-terminal amino acids of the yeast enzyme was also determined.
      This portion of the C. albicans enzyme was more similar to human than to E. coli
      dihydrofolate reductases (50% and 30% identity, respectively). Some key amino
      acid residues in the C. albicans sequence, such as E-30 (human enzyme numbering),
      were "vertebrate-like" whereas others, such as I-31, were not. These results
      indicate that there are physical and kinetic differences between the eukaryotic
      mammalian and yeast enzymes.

PMID- 2642899
TI  - A truncated analog of a pre-light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein II transit
      peptide inhibits protein import into chloroplasts.
AB  - It is unclear how transit peptides target nuclear-encoded precursor proteins to
      the chloroplast. This study establishes the feasibility of using synthetic
      peptides as competitive inhibitors of chloroplast protein import and as probes
      for the function of domains within transit peptides. We show that peptide pL(1
      20), MAASTMALSSPAFAGKAVNY, an analog of the NH2 terminus of a pre-light
      harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein II from Arabidopsis, inhibits the import of
      several Arabidopsis and pea precursor proteins into pea chloroplasts. Inhibition
      occurs at a step between the initial binding of precursors to the chloroplast and
      the first proteolytic cleavage event and is not due to interference with ATP
      availability or chloroplast integrity. Presumably this reflects specific binding
      of the peptide to the import machinery in the chloroplast envelope. Our data are
      consistent with the suggestion (Karlin-Neumann, G. A., and Tobin, E. M. (1986)
      EMBO J. 5, 9-13) that two conserved blocks of amino acids near the NH2-terminus
      of transit peptides (spanned by peptide pL(1-20] participate in protein
      targeting. Computer analysis also shows peptide pL(1-20) lacks the amphiphilic
      properties characteristic of pre-sequences of many nuclear-encoded mitochondrial
      proteins. This shows a difference in the mechanisms for targeting proteins to
      chloroplasts and mitochondria.

PMID- 2642900
TI  - Overlapping transcription and termination of the convergent ilvA and ilvY genes
      of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The ilvY gene of Escherichia coli is transcribed in a direction opposite to the
      ilvGMEDA operon, and the translational stop codons of the ilvA and ilvY genes are
      only 52 base pairs (bp) apart. We have employed galK transcriptional analyses, in
      vitro transcription assays, and S1 nuclease mapping to show that the converging
      transcripts of the ilvGMEDA operon and the ilvY gene overlap. The ilvGMEDA
      transcript terminates at two sites in the distal amino acid coding region of the
      ilvY gene: a rho-independent termination site 116 bp downstream of the ilvA
      translational stop codon, ilvA t, and a 62-bp-long rho-dependent termination
      site, ilvA t', beginning 70 bp beyond the ilvA t site. This tt' termination
      pattern at the distal end of the ilvGMEDA operon is similar to that of the trp
      operon of E. coli and the leu operon of Salmonella typhimurium. Termination of
      ilvY transcription occurs over a broad stretch of DNA several hundred base pairs
      downstream of the ilvY translational stop codon in the middle of the amino acid
      coding region of the ilvA gene. These experiments demonstrate that the converging
      transcripts from the ilvA and ilvY genes terminate in the coding region of the
      opposing gene.

PMID- 2642901
TI  - Domain structures of the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase and the protein X
      components of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Selective cleavage by
      protease Arg C.
AB  - Treatment of the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase-protein X-kinase subcomplex (E2-X
      KcKb) with protease Arg C selectively converted protein X into an inner domain
      fragment (Mr approximately equal to 35,000) and an outer (lipoyl-bearing) domain
      fragment (Mr approximately equal to 15,500). These fragments were larger and much
      smaller, respectively, than the inner domain and outer domain fragments derived
      from the E2 component, supporting the conclusion that protein X is distinct from
      the E2 component. Protease Arg C cleaved the Kb subunit more slowly than protein
      X. An increase in kinase activity correlated with this cleavage of the Kb
      subunits. An even slower cleavage of E2 subunits generated an inner domain
      fragment (Mr approximately equal to 31,500) and a lipoyl-bearing domain fragment
      (Mr approximately equal to 49,000) which had Mr values at least 3,000 and 10,000
      larger, respectively, than the corresponding E2 fragments generated by trypsin
      treatment of the subcomplex. Following various extents of cleavage with protease
      Arg C or trypsin, residual oligomeric subcomplexes were isolated and
      characterized. We found that selective removal of the lipoyl-bearing domain of
      protein X did not alter lipoyl-mediated regulation of the kinase indicating that
      the lipoyl residues bound to E2 subunits are effective, that the inner domain of
      protein X remained associated with the inner domain of E2 subunits following the
      complete removal of the outer domains of both E2 and protein X, that, with only
      10% of the E2 subunits intact, nearly half of the catalytic (Kc) subunits of the
      kinase were bound by the residual subcomplex, and that removal of the remaining
      outer domains from E2 subunits released the Kc subunits. Thus, protein X is
      unique among the subunits of the complex in binding tightly to the oligomeric
      inner domain of the transacetylase, and the outer domain of the transacetylase
      serves to bind to and facilitate the regulation of the catalytic subunit of the
      kinase.

PMID- 2642902
TI  - Biosynthesis of inositol in yeast. Primary structure of myo-inositol-1-phosphate
      synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) and functional analysis of its structural gene, the INO1
      locus.
AB  - A biochemical, molecular, and genetic analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      INO1 gene and its product, L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) has
      been carried out. The sequence of the entire INO1 gene and surrounding regions
      has been determined. Computer analysis of the DNA sequence revealed four
      potential peptides. The largest open reading frame of 553 amino acids predicted a
      peptide with a molecular weight of 62,842. The amino acid composition and amino
      terminus of purified L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase were chemically
      determined and compared to the amino acid composition and amino terminus of the
      protein predicted from the DNA sequence of the large open reading frame. This
      analysis established that the large open reading frame encodes L-myo-inositol-1
      phosphate synthase. The largest of several small open reading frames adjacent to
      INO1 predicted a protein of 133 amino acids with a molecular weight of 15,182 and
      features which suggested that the encoded protein may be membrane-associated. A
      gene disruption was constructed at INO1 by eliminating a portion of the coding
      sequence and replacing it with another sequence. Strains carrying the gene
      disruption failed to express any protein cross-reactive to antibody directed
      against L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase. Although auxotrophic for inositol,
      strains carrying the gene disruption were completely viable when supplemented
      with inositol. In a similar fashion, a gene disruption was constructed in the
      chromosomal locus of the 133-amino acid open reading frame. This mutation did not
      affect viability but did cause inositol to be excreted from the cell.

PMID- 2642903
TI  - Facilitated target location in biological systems.
AB  - In this minireview we have attempted to provide some overall perspective on the
      question of how various forms of diffusion in reduced dimensions, or diffusion
      within a nonspecifically bound state, can speed biological interactions beyond
      the limits normally set by three-dimensional diffusion processes. To this end we
      began by discussing the rates expected for small molecules engaged in classical
      elastic collisions. We then proceeded to modify this picture by introducing first
      the features of inelastic macromolecular collisions in solution, then the effects
      of specific electrostatic fields set up around macromolecules of known structure
      at low ionic strengths, and finally the special rate enhancements available to
      DNA-protein interactions because of the particular geometry of the DNA molecule
      and the multiple conformations that can be assumed by the protein component. We
      hope that this exposition will help to clarify the subject for others and also
      will stimulate more focused examination of this type of problem, both in DNA
      protein interaction systems and in other biological systems where such rate
      facilitation might apply.

PMID- 2642904
TI  - Conformational flexibility and folding of synthetic peptides representing an
      interdomain segment of polypeptide chain in the pyruvate dehydrogenase
      multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Synthetic peptides (32 residues in length) were synthesized with amino acid
      sequences identical to, or related to, the long (alanine + proline)-rich region
      of polypeptide chain that links the innermost lipoyl domain to the
      dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding domain in the dihydrolipoyl
      acetyltransferase component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of
      Escherichia coli. The 400-MHz 1H NMR spectra of the peptide (Mr approximately
      2800) closely resembled the sharp resonances in the spectrum of the intact
      complex (Mr approximately 5 x 10(6], and the apparent pKa (6.4) of the side chain
      of a histidine residue in one of the peptides was found to be identical to that
      previously observed for a histidine residue inserted by site-directed mutagenesis
      into the corresponding position in the same (alanine + proline)-rich region of a
      genetically reconstructed enzyme complex. These results strongly support the view
      that the three long (alanine + proline)-rich regions of the dihydrolipoyl
      acetyltransferase chains are exposed to solvent and enjoy substantial
      conformational flexibility in the enzyme complex. More detailed analysis of the
      peptides by circular dichroism and by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that
      they were disordered in structure but were not random coils. In particular, all
      the Ala-Pro peptide bonds were greater than 95% in the trans configuration,
      consistent with a stiffening of the peptide structure. Differences in the
      sequences of the three long (alanine + proline)-rich segments may reflect
      structural tuning of these segments to optimize lipoyl domain movement in enzyme
      catalysis.

PMID- 2642905
TI  - High level expression in Escherichia coli of the DNA-binding domain of the
      glucocorticoid receptor in a functional form utilizing domain-specific cleavage
      of a fusion protein.
AB  - A fragment comprising the DNA-binding domain of the human glucocorticoid receptor
      has been expressed in a functional form in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein
      with protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. The DNA-binding domain was purified to
      apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on IgG-Sepharose and DNA
      cellulose, a purification scheme which does not involve denaturation of the
      protein at any step. The DNA-binding domain was separated from the protein A part
      of the fusion protein by domain-specific enzymatic cleavage with chymotrypsin
      while immobilized on IgG-Sepharose. The recombinant protein has been
      characterized by amino acid analysis, NH2- and COOH-terminal sequence analysis,
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and reactivity to
      iodoacetate and was found to correspond to the primary structure derived from the
      cDNA sequence. DNase I footprinting showed that the purified recombinant protein
      bound to the same DNA sequences on the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal
      repeat as glucocorticoid receptor purified from rat liver does. About 10 times
      more recombinant protein, on a molar basis, was needed to obtain the same level
      of protection. However, the protection of the three different footprints (1.3,
      1.4, and 1.5') by the recombinant protein differed greatly from that of the
      natural receptor, with virtually no protection of footprint 1.4. This indicates
      cooperative binding of the natural receptor to adjacent footprints, dependent on
      other regions of the receptor than the DNA-binding domain.

PMID- 2642906
TI  - Formation of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine at specific sites in a synthetic
      oligonucleotide designed to resemble a known mutagenic hotspot.
AB  - Four synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides of the sequence 5'-CCG1TG2G3G4ATATGGGCTG
      3' were constructed with a 1',2'-[3H]deoxyguanosine located at one of the four
      sites indicated (1, 2, 3, or 4). This sequence was derived from a region of the
      Escherichia coli xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene where position 4
      is a site frequently mutated by N-methyl-N'-nitrosourea as compared to sites 1-3.
      These four oligomers were alkylated in both single- and double-stranded form with
      N-methyl-N'-nitrosourea, and the relative amount of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine (O6
      MedGuo) formed at each position was quantitated. Up to a 5-6-fold greater
      formation of O6-MedGuo was observed at positions 3 and 4 as compared to positions
      1 and 2. This uneven distribution was only observed in oligomers in the double
      stranded form, suggesting that secondary structure was an important determinant
      in generating the uneven distribution of O6-MedGuo. Comparisons between the
      extent of O6-MedGuo formation and mutation frequency at the four positions
      suggest that a difference in the formation of promutagenic adducts at specific
      sites is just one of the factors involved in the generation of mutagenic
      "hotspots." The novel method developed was applied to the study of formation of
      O6-MedGuo at specific sites; however, it should be suitable for studying the
      formation and repair of DNA adducts generated by a variety of chemicals in a wide
      variety of DNA sequences.

PMID- 2642907
TI  - Molecular cloning and primary structure of cDNA encoding the catalytic domain of
      rat liver aspartyl-tRNA synthetase.
AB  - A cDNA clone encoding rat liver aspartyl-tRNA synthetase was isolated by probing
      a lambda gt11 recombinant cDNA expression library with antibodies directed
      against the corresponding polypeptide from sheep liver. The 1930-base pairs-long
      cDNA insert allowed the expression in Escherichia coli of an active enzyme of
      mammalian origin. The nucleotide sequence of that cDNA, corresponding to the DRS1
      gene, was determined. The open reading frame of DRS1 corresponds to a protein of
      Mr = 57,061, in good agreement with the previously determined molecular weight of
      the purified enzyme. The deduced amino acid sequence shows extensive homologies
      with that of yeast cytoplasmic aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, more than 50% of the
      residues being identical. In rat liver, aspartyl-tRNA synthetase occurs in two
      distinct forms: a dimeric enzyme and a component of a multienzyme complex
      comprising the nine aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for arginine, aspartic
      acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, and
      proline. The primary structure of the DRS1 gene product is discussed in relation
      to the occurrence of two distinct forms of that enzyme.

PMID- 2642908
TI  - Effects of nucleotides on the activity of phospholipase C in rabbit thymus
      lymphocytes. Differences in assays using endogenous [3H]inositol-prelabeled
      membranes or exogenous [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate as substrate.
AB  - The influence of nucleotides and pyrophosphate on phospholipase C from rabbit
      thymocytes was investigated by using two different methods for the determination
      of phospholipase C activity. In a first approach the release of radiolabeled
      inositol phosphates from [3H]inositol-labeled membranes was examined. By a second
      type of experiment the cleavage of exogenously added radiolabeled
      phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P2) was measured. Using
      internally labeled membranes only guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) exhibited a
      stimulatory effect on the phospholipase C suggesting the involvement of a G
      protein. When exogenous [3H]PtdIns-4,5-P2 was used as substrate, cleavage of
      PtdIns-4,5-P2 was stimulated by all nucleotides investigated; in addition
      pyrophosphate showed a stimulatory effect. From these data we conclude that the
      increased cleavage of exogenous PtdIns-4,5-P2 induced by GTP analogues is not
      conclusive in terms of the involvement of a G-protein. Rather than induced by a G
      protein this activation may be caused by an increased substrate accessibility.
      Our experiments with endogenous substrate clearly established the regulatory role
      of G-proteins for membrane-bound phospholipase C.

PMID- 2642909
TI  - Asynchronous assembly of the acetylcholine receptor and of the 43-kD nu1 protein
      in the postsynaptic membrane of developing Torpedo marmorata electrocyte.
AB  - The assembly of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AchR) and the 43-kD protein
      (v1), the two major components of the post synaptic membrane of the electromotor
      synapse, was followed in Torpedo marmorata electrocyte during embryonic
      development by immunocytochemical methods. At the first developmental stage
      investigated (45-mm embryos), accumulation of AchR at the ventral pole of the
      newly formed electrocyte was observed within columns before innervation could be
      detected. No concomitant accumulation of 43-kD immunoreactivity in AchR-rich
      membrane domains was observed at this stage, but a transient asymmetric
      distribution of the extracellular protein, laminin, which paralleled that of the
      AchR, was noticed. At the subsequent stage studied (80-mm embryos),
      codistribution of the two proteins was noticed on the ventral face of the cell.
      Intracellular pools of AchR and 43-kD protein were followed at the EM level in 80
      mm electrocytes. AchR immunoreactivity was detected within membrane compartments,
      which include the perinuclear cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and the
      plasma membrane. On the other hand, 43-kD immunoreactivity was not found
      associated with the AchR in the intracellular compartments of the cell, but
      codistributed with the AchR at the level of the plasma membrane. The data
      reported in this study suggest that AchR clustering in vivo is not initially
      determined by the association of the AchR with the 43-kD protein, but rather
      relies on AchR interaction with extracellular components, for instance from the
      basement membrane, laid down in the tissue before the entry of the electromotor
      nerve endings.

PMID- 2642910
TI  - Nocodazole, a microtubule-active drug, interferes with apical protein delivery in
      cultured intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2).
AB  - The polarized delivery of membrane proteins to the cell surface and the initial
      secretion of lysosomal proteins into the culture medium were studied in the
      polarized human intestinal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 in the presence or
      absence of the microtubule-active drug nocodazole. The appearance of newly
      synthesized proteins at the plasma membrane was measured by their sensitivity to
      proteases added either to the apical or the basolateral surface of cells grown on
      nitrocellulose filters. Nocodazole was found to reduce the delivery to the cell
      surface of an apical membrane protein, aminopeptidase N, and to lead to its
      partial missorting to the basolateral surface, whereas the drug had no influence
      on the delivery of a basolateral 120-kD membrane protein defined by a monoclonal
      antibody. Furthermore, nocodazole selectively blocked the apical secretion of two
      lysosomal proteins, cathepsin D and acid alpha-glucosidase, whereas the drug had
      no influence on their basolateral secretion. These results suggest that in Caco-2
      cells an intact microtubular network is important for the transport of newly
      synthesized proteins to the apical cell surface.

PMID- 2642911
TI  - Characterization of a modified red cell membrane protein expressed on
      erythrocytes infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum:
      possible role as a cytoadherent mediating protein.
AB  - Infections with the human malaria Plasmodium falciparum are characterized by the
      retention of parasitized erythrocytes in tissue capillaries and venules.
      Erythrocytes containing trophozoites and schizonts attach to the endothelial
      cells that line these vessels by means of structurally identifiable excrescences
      present on the surface of the infected cell. Such excrescences, commonly called
      knobs, are visible by means of scanning or transmission electron microscopy. The
      biochemical mechanisms responsible for erythrocyte adherence to the endothelial
      cell are still undefined. In an attempt to identify the cytoadhesive molecule on
      the surface of the infected cell, we have prepared monoclonal antibodies to knob
      bearing erythrocytes infected with the FCR-3 strain of P. falciparum. One of
      these monoclonal antibodies, designed 4A3, is an IgM that reacts (by means of
      immunofluorescence) with the surface of unfixed erythrocytes bearing mature
      parasites of the knobby line; it does not react with knobless lines or uninfected
      erythrocytes. By immunoelectron microscopy the monoclonal antibody 4A3 was
      localized to the knob region. In an in vitro cytoadherence assay, the monoclonal
      antibody partially blocked the binding of knob-bearing cells (FCR-3 strain) to
      formalin-fixed amelanotic melanoma cells. The monoclonal antibody was used to
      immunoprecipitate a protein from extracts of knobby erythrocytes that had been
      previously surface iodinated. By a two-dimensional peptide mapping technique, the
      antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody was found to be structurally
      related to band 3 protein, the human erythrocyte anion transporter.

PMID- 2642912
TI  - The organization of myosin and actin in rapid frozen nerve growth cones.
AB  - Rapid freezing and freeze substitution were used in conjunction with
      immunofluorescence, whole mount EM, and immunoelectron microscopy to study the
      organization of myosin and actin in growth cones of cultured rat superior
      cervical ganglion neurons. The general cytoplasmic organization was determined by
      whole mount EM; tight microfilament bundles formed the core of filopodia while a
      dense meshwork formed the underlying structure of lamellipodia. Although the
      central microtubule and organelle-rich region of the growth cone had fewer
      microfilaments, dense foci and bundles of microfilaments were usually observed.
      Anti-actin immunofluorescence and rhodamine phalloidin staining of f-actin both
      showed intense staining of filopodia and lamellipodia. In addition, staining of
      bundles and foci were observed in central regions suggesting that the majority of
      the microfilaments seen by whole mount EM are actin filaments. Anti-myosin
      immunofluorescence was brightest in the central region and usually had a punctate
      pattern. Although less intense, anti-myosin staining was also seen in peripheral
      regions; it was most prominent at the border with the central region, in portions
      of lamellipodia undergoing ruffling, and in spots along the shaft and at the base
      of filopodia. Immunoelectron microscopy of myosin using postembedment labeling
      with colloidal gold showed a similar distribution to that seen by
      immunofluorescence. Label was scattered throughout the growth cone, but present
      as distinct aggregates in the peripheral region mainly along the border with the
      central region. Less frequently, aggregates were also seen centrally and along
      the shaft and at the base of filopodia. This distribution is consistent with
      myosins involvement in the production of tension and movements of growth cone
      filopodia and lamellipodia that occur during active neurite elongation.

PMID- 2642913
TI  - Serotonin uptake and configurational change of bovine pulmonary artery smooth
      muscle cells in culture.
AB  - Although it is well known that endothelial cells transport serotonin (5-HT) from
      extracellular to intracellular locations, it has been generally assumed that
      smooth muscle cells do not accumulate 5-HT but, rather, respond to 5-HT through a
      receptor activity unrelated to uptake of this amine or via stimulation of
      endothelial-derived relaxing factor. In the present study smooth muscle cells
      (PASMC), isolated and cultured from bovine pulmonary artery, were evaluated for 5
      HT uptake under a variety of conditions. 5-HT uptake was linear up to 15 min and
      the rate was seven- to eightfold higher than that by bovine pulmonary artery
      endothelial cells. There was intracellular metabolism of 5-HT to 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The uptake was inhibited by exposure to 4
      degrees C, absence of Na+ from the medium, and agents such as imipramine,
      verapamil, ketanserin, and methiothepin. Like that of endothelial cells, 5-HT
      uptake by PASMC was stimulated by exposure of cells to anoxia for 24 hr. Unlike
      endothelial cells that showed no morphological changes, PASMC at early passage
      showed dendritic formation after 30-60 min exposure to 5-HT at a concentration as
      low as 10(-8) M. Although this configurational change in response to 5-HT was
      lost with passage of cells, transport of 5-HT by these cells was retained. The
      configurational change was blocked by agents that inhibited 5-HT uptake, such as
      imipramine, verapamil, ketanserin, and methiothepin; it was unaffected by
      inhibitors of protein kinase C, phospholipase C, and calmodulin or absence of
      Ca2+ from the medium. We conclude that PASMC, as well as endothelial cells,
      accumulate 5-HT; there appears to be a close relationship between 5-HT uptake and
      configurational change of early passaged PASMC in culture. The factor(s) required
      for the configurational change are absent in endothelial cells and lost during
      passage of PASMC.

PMID- 2642914
TI  - In vitro effects of endotoxin on bovine and sheep lung microvascular and
      pulmonary artery endothelial cells.
AB  - A single infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin into sheep results in structural
      evidence of pulmonary endothelial injury, increases in both prostacyclin and
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lung lymph, and an increase in pulmonary microvascular
      permeability. Endotoxin-induced lung endothelial damage can also be induced in
      vitro, but to date these studies have utilized endothelium from large pulmonary
      vessels. In the present study, we have grown endothelial cells from peripheral
      lung vessels of cows and sheep and exposed these microvascular endothelial cells
      to endotoxin. Controls included lung microvascular endothelium without endotoxin
      and endothelial cells from bovine and sheep main pulmonary artery with and
      without addition of endotoxin. We found that endotoxin caused significant
      increases in release of prostacyclin and PGE2 from both bovine and sheep lung
      microvascular and pulmonary artery endothelium. Normal bovine and sheep pulmonary
      artery and bovine lung microvascular endothelium released greater levels of
      prostacyclin than PGE2 (ng/ng); release of PGE2 from the microvascular cells was
      greater than from the pulmonary artery endothelium in both species. Exposure of
      endothelial cells from cow and sheep main pulmonary artery to endotoxin results
      in endothelial cell retraction and pyknosis, a loss of barrier function,
      increased release of prostacyclin and PGE2 and eventual cell lysis. In lung
      microvascular cells, the increases in prostanoids were accompanied by changes in
      cell shape but occurred in the absence of either detectable alterations in
      barrier function or cytolysis. Thus, while endotoxin causes alterations to
      endothelial cells from both large and small pulmonary vessels, the effects are
      not identical suggesting site specific phenotypic expression of endothelial cells
      even within a single vessel. To determine whether the response of either the
      large or small pulmonary vessel endothelial cells in culture mimics most closely
      the in vivo response of the lung to endotoxin requires further study.

PMID- 2642915
TI  - ATP and brain function.

PMID- 2642916
TI  - Protective immunity in bancroftian filariasis. Selective recognition of a 43-kD
      larval stage antigen by infection-free individuals in an endemic area.
AB  - There is little information about naturally occurring protective immunity in
      individuals living in areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis, though an
      immunologically hyperresponsive, uninfected group of "endemic normal" individuals
      that may be immune has been previously recognized. To analyze the nature of the
      hyperresponsiveness and its potential relation to a state of protective immunity
      in such individuals, strict clinical, parasitological, and serological criteria
      were applied to select seven "infection-free" endemic normal individuals (ENs)
      from a population of 459 persons resident in an area heavily endemic for
      bancroftian filariasis. Immunoblot analysis was used to compare the qualitative
      antigen recognition patterns of these endemic normal individuals to those of a
      group of 12 clearly infected microfilaremic individuals (MFs) from the same
      endemic area. Though immunoblot analysis using microfilarial and adult stage
      filarial antigens revealed no distinct differences in antigen recognition
      patterns between the two groups, when responses to infective larval stage
      antigens were assessed, 7/7 (100%) of the ENs were found to recognize a 43-kD
      antigen that was recognized by only 1/12 (8%) of the MFs. These findings are
      consistent with the concept that recognition of unique larval antigens may induce
      protective immunity to human filarial parasites and they identify a candidate
      immunogen for further functional assessment.

PMID- 2642918
TI  - Mast cell tryptase causes airway smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness in dogs.
AB  - Supernatants obtained by degranulation of dog mastocytoma cells greatly increased
      the sensitivity and the magnitude of the contractile response of isolated dog
      bronchial smooth muscle to histamine. The enhanced contractile response was
      reversed completely by H1-receptor antagonists and was prevented by an inhibitor
      of tryptase (a major protease released with histamine from secretory granules of
      mast cells). The potentiation of histamine-induced contractions was reproduced by
      active tryptase in pure form. The contractions due to the combination of
      histamine and purified tryptase were abolished by the Ca2+ channel blockers
      nifedipine and verapamil. The bronchoconstricting effects of KCl and serotonin,
      which, like histamine, contract airway smooth muscle by a mechanism predominantly
      involving membrane potential-dependent Ca2+ transport, were also potentiated by
      tryptase. However, the contractile effects of acetylcholine, which contracts dog
      airway smooth muscle by a mechanism independent of Ca2+ channels, were unaffected
      by tryptase. These findings show a striking promotion of agonist-induced
      bronchial smooth muscle contraction by mast cell tryptase, via direct or indirect
      effects on Ca2+ channels, and the findings therefore suggest a novel potential
      mechanism of hyperresponsiveness in dog bronchi.

PMID- 2642917
TI  - Parathyroid hormone and lipopolysaccharide induce murine osteoblast-like cells to
      secrete a cytokine indistinguishable from granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor.
AB  - Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for the secretion of collagen and
      ultimately the formation of new bone. These cells have also been shown to
      regulate osteoclast activity by the secretion of cytokines, which remain to be
      defined. In an attempt to identify these unknown cytokines, we have induced
      primary murine osteoblasts with two bone active agents, parathyroid hormone (PTH)
      and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and analyzed the conditioned media (CM) for the
      presence of specific cytokines. Analysis of the CM was accomplished by
      functional, biochemical, and serological techniques. The data indicate that both
      PTH and LPS are capable of inducing the osteoblasts to secrete a cytokine, which
      by all of the techniques used, is indistinguishable from granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Secretion of GM-CSF is not constitutive and
      requires active induction. Production of the cytokine is dependent on the dose of
      PTH or LPS added. It has been demonstrated that the addition of GM-CSF to bone
      marrow cultures results in the formation of increased numbers of osteoclasts.
      Therefore, these data suggest that osteoblasts not only participate in bone
      remodeling by formation of new matrix but may regulate osteoclast activity
      indirectly by their ability to regulate hematopoiesis.

PMID- 2642919
TI  - Insulin administration alters gonadal steroid metabolism independent of changes
      in gonadotropin secretion in insulin-resistant women with the polycystic ovary
      syndrome.
AB  - We have investigated the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia may cause the
      polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) by directly stimulating gonadal steroidogenesis
      and/or gonadotropin secretion. 10 insulin-resistant women with PCO and 5 age- and
      weight-matched ovulatory normal women had pulsatile gonadotropin release,
      gonadotrope sensitivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and sex hormone levels
      studied on two consecutive study days, basally and during the infusion of insulin
      (mean +/- SEM steady state insulin levels, 1,254 +/- 63 microU/ml PCO vs. 907 +/-
      92 microU/ml normal, P less than or equal to 0.01). Insulin acutely increased
      mean delta (6 h minus prestudy) levels of androstenedione (A) (P less than or
      equal to 0.001) and estradiol (E2) (P less than or equal to 0.05) and decreased
      mean plasma pool (0-6 h) levels of testosterone (T) (P less than 0.05), nonsex
      hormone binding globulin-bound T (P less than 0.05), and dihydrotestosterone (P
      less than or equal to 0.01) in the PCO women. Insulin also decreased mean plasma
      6 h A to estrone (E1) ratios and increased 6 h E1 levels (both P less than or
      equal to 0.05) in the PCO women. There were significant sequence effects (insulin
      + day) in the PCO women on T/E2 ratios, indicating a carryover action of insulin.
      Insulin had no effects on gonadotropin release in the PCO women. In the normal
      women, the only significant change was an insulin or study day effect that
      increased mean 6 h E2 levels (P less than or equal to 0.01). There were
      significant spontaneous decreases in mean luteinizing hormone (p less than 0.05)
      and follicle-stimulating hormone levels (p less than or equal to 0.01) in the PCO
      but not the normal women on the second day of study. This study indicates that
      insulin can directly alter peripheral sex hormone levels independent of changes
      in gonadotropin release in insulin-resistent PCO women. Insulin decreased the
      levels of potent androgens in PCO women and did not increase androgen levels in
      normal women, arguing against a simple, direct causal relationship between
      hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism in PCO.

PMID- 2642920
TI  - Role of endotoxemia in cardiovascular dysfunction and mortality. Escherichia coli
      and Staphylococcus aureus challenges in a canine model of human septic shock.
AB  - Using different types of bacteria and a canine model simulating human septic
      shock, we investigated the role of endotoxin in cardiovascular dysfunction and
      mortality. Either Escherichia coli (a microorganism with endotoxin) or
      Staphylococcus aureus (a microorganism without endotoxin) were placed in an
      intraperitoneal clot in doses of viable or formalin-killed bacteria.
      Cardiovascular function of conscious animals was studied using simultaneous
      radionuclide heart scans and thermodilution cardiac outputs. Serial plasma
      endotoxin levels were measured. S. aureus produced a pattern of reversible
      cardiovascular dysfunction over 7-10 d that was concordant (P less than 0.01)
      with that of E. coli. Although this cardiovascular pattern was not altered by
      formalin killing (S. aureus and E. coli), formalin-killed organisms produced a
      lower mortality and less myocardial depression (P less than 0.01). S. aureus,
      compared to E. coli, produced higher postmortem concentrations of microorganisms
      and higher mortality (P less than 0.025). E. coli produced significant
      endotoxemia (P less than 0.01), though viable organisms (versus nonviable)
      resulted in higher endotoxin blood concentrations (P less than 0.05). Significant
      endotoxemia did not occur with S. aureus. Thus, in the absence of endotoxemia, S.
      aureus induced the same cardiovascular abnormalities of septic shock as E. coli.
      These findings indicate that structurally and functionally distinct
      microorganisms, with or without endotoxin, can activate a common pathway
      resulting in similar cardiovascular injury and mortality.

PMID- 2642921
TI  - Integrated cardiac, renal, and endocrine actions of endothelin.
AB  - Endothelin, a newly discovered endothelial-derived peptide, has been demonstrated
      in vitro to have potent vasocontractile properties and has been speculated to
      play a role in vivo in arterial pressure-volume homeostasis. The present studies
      in anesthetized dogs were designed to determine the action of endothelin on
      cardiovascular-renal and endocrine function in vivo as in acute arterial pressure
      volume regulation. Intravenous infusion of endothelin (50 ng/kg per min)
      increases arterial pressure by increasing peripheral vascular resistance but in
      association with an increase in coronary vascular resistance and decreases in
      cardiac output. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were markedly
      reduced in association with a sustained reduction in sodium excretion and an
      increase in plasma renin activity. Atrial natriuretic factor, vasopressin, and
      aldosterone were also elevated. These results indicate that endothelin is a
      potent vasoconstrictor that elevates systemic blood pressure in association with
      marked decreases in cardiovascular and renal function. This peptide may function
      as a counterregulatory hormone to the effects of endothelial-derived vasodilator
      agent(s).

PMID- 2642922
TI  - Cerebral cortical localization: application and validation of the proportional
      grid system in MR imaging.
AB  - The Talairach stereotactic proportional grid method for telencephalic
      localization was applied to magnetic resonance imaging of 30 brain hemispheres of
      healthy adult volunteers. Using sagittal images, outlines of the following
      characteristic principal sulci were identified on the brain surface to validate
      the method: callosal sulcus, parietooccipital sulcus, marginal sulcus,
      superomedial portion of central and postcentral sulcus, and posterior sylvian
      fissure. The maximal variation zones of sulcus location obtained by
      superimposition of the individual grid data on a standard proportional grid were
      similar to those originally reported by Talairach from pneumoencephalographic
      studies. However, the central sulcus, which was only studied postmortem by
      Talairach, was located 0.5-1 cm more posteriorly in the present study. Magnetic
      resonance also provided more detailed data on the considerable variation of the
      terminal parts of the sylvian fissure and on the well-known left-right
      asymmetries. The left sylvian fissure extended farther posteriorly in 11 of 15
      brains. With the exception of this posterior perisylvian region, the proportional
      grid proved to be valid for indirect cerebral cortical localization in the
      regions studied.

PMID- 2642923
TI  - Perirenal hemangioendothelioma in a newborn: sonograph and MR findings.
AB  - This is a case report of perirenal hemangioendothelioma in a newborn and
      discussion of lesions in the perirenal space in newborns. The findings in this
      case, high echogenicity on sonographic images and high signal intensity on T2
      weighted spin echo magnetic resonance images, mimic those described for
      hemangiomas in other locations.

PMID- 2642924
TI  - CT features of primary cerebral lymphoma in AIDS and non-AIDS patients.
AB  - Computed tomographic study of six cases with primary cerebral non-Hodgkin
      lymphoma are reviewed. Three had a history of intravenous drug abuse and were
      diagnosed as having acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). All cases
      presented with space occupying lesions in the frontal lobe with the exception of
      Case 4. Computed tomography demonstrated multiple lesions in AIDS cases whereas
      non-AIDS lesions were invariably single. The AIDS patients died within 1 year
      despite radiotherapy as compared with the non-AIDS patients.

PMID- 2642925
TI  - Post-treatment calcification of mesenteric non-Hodgkin lymphoma: CT findings.
AB  - We report the clinical course, plain radiographic, and CT findings in two cases
      of post-treatment calcification in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A peripheral curvilinear
      pattern of calcification appears to be characteristic.

PMID- 2642926
TI  - Computed tomography in the diagnosis and treatment of solitary splenic abscesses.
AB  - Solitary splenic abscess is a rare entity and difficult to diagnose. Late
      recognition results in a high mortality. Recently percutaneous drainage has
      proved to be beneficial. The CT and ultrasound findings of two patients with
      splenic abscesses are reported. In one patient the solitary splenic abscess was
      drained percutaneously. In the other patient, a HTLV-III-positive man, a
      splenectomy was performed.

PMID- 2642928
TI  - Genetics of human salivary proteins.

PMID- 2642927
TI  - Quantitative assessment of average velocity in inferior vena cava by phase
      display MR imaging: pulsed Doppler correlation.
AB  - A technique for measuring average velocity in the inferior vena cava (IVC) by
      using phase-display magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is described. Fifteen healthy
      subjects were imaged, and the velocities and spectra obtained by MR were compared
      with pulsed Doppler results. Distortions of the "zebra-striped" images obtained
      along the axis of the vessel were measured at the same level of the IVC as in
      pulsed Doppler. Measurements of average velocities in the IVC made by the two
      methods were very similar, and velocity curves obtained during the cardiac cycle
      were superimposable. Phase-display MR imaging has the potential to noninvasively
      assess blood flow in large vessels as accurately as pulsed Doppler.

PMID- 2642929
TI  - Adsorption of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) on
      hydroxyapatite and its role in composite bonding.
AB  - The adsorption of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) was studied
      from ethanol and dichloromethane onto synthetic hydroxyapatite (containing about
      1.5 monolayers of physisorbed water) in order to study its role in restorative
      composite bonding to teeth. The adsorption isotherm of 4-META was S-shaped and
      reversible from ethanol, and followed the Langmuir plot at lower concentrations.
      The isotherm was irreversible from dichloromethane, and a constant amount of
      adsorbate was removed from the solutions above a certain concentration. The
      irreversibly adsorbed compound was completely removed by washing with ethanol.
      Therefore, the bonding between teeth and the restorative resin containing 4-META
      as a coupling agent is micromechanical and not chemical in nature. An analysis of
      isotherms showed that the benzene rings of the adsorbate molecules lie flat on
      the surface for both solvents. The molecules adsorbed from ethanol rotate about
      the solvent-modified (esterified) or unmodified carboxylic anhydride moieties
      with methacrylate hydrocarbon groups which are folded upward. However, the
      molecules adsorbed from dichloromethane remain fixed to the surface without
      rotation, and their methacryloxyethyl groups are folded over the rings. The
      diametral tensile strength of a BIS-GMA polymer with adsorbate-covered apatite
      was approximately equal to that of the composite filled with untreated apatite.

PMID- 2642930
TI  - Increased wall-to-wall curing contraction in thin bonded resin layers.
AB  - Wall-to-wall (WTW) polymerization contraction of filled and unfilled chemically
      and photo-initiated resins was studied in relation to the WTW distance. In an
      experimental set-up, the resins were bonded to two opposing disks, and the axial
      (WTW) displacement resulting from the polymerization shrinkage was measured
      continuously. It was found that the WTW contraction increased with decreasing WTW
      distance and ultimately reached a value of almost three times the linear
      polymerization shrinkage.

PMID- 2642931
TI  - Buried vertical mattress suture.
AB  - The buried vertical mattress suture combines the advantages of the vertical
      mattress suture and the buried intradermal suture. It provides prolonged wound
      support and eversion, while leaving no permanent suture marks on the skin.

PMID- 2642932
TI  - Cryostat use and tissue processing in Mohs micrographic surgery.
AB  - Information of cryostat use and reliability was collected from 130 members of the
      American College of Mohs Micrographic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology. The Damon
      IEC International cryostat was utilized by 38% of the survey participants,
      followed by the Reichert Histostat (18%) and the LabTek/TissueTek (13%). Data
      were also collected on methods of frozen-section embedding and technical
      training.

PMID- 2642933
TI  - Sterile technique and the prevention of wound infection in office surgery--Part
      II.
AB  - Surgical infection and associated complications are minimized by a combination of
      appropriate sterile technique and careful surgical technique. This review covers
      the essential elements of infection control for the office-based surgical
      practice. Recommendations are made concerning operating room facilities,
      instrument sterilization, and tray set-up (Part I, J Dermatol Surg Oncol 14:1364
      1371, 1988). Part II addresses surgical prepping, surgical technique, and
      prophylactic antibiotics.

PMID- 2642934
TI  - Button bolsters in dermatologic surgery.
AB  - Ordinary plastic buttons may be used as bolster devices to relieve tension across
      wounds. This article describes the method of placement of those "button bolsters"
      and suggests two methods of closing the wound once they are in place. This simple
      technique is easily mastered and gives additional wound closure security in the
      initial phase of wound healing.

PMID- 2642935
TI  - Aging and postural hypotension. An update.
AB  - Postural hypotension is a common clinical problem in elderly patients. Reported
      studies have investigated the epidemiology and mechanisms of this disorder.
      However, many of these data are based on subjects with diseases and medications
      also known to cause this disorder, which confuses the relative contributions of
      normal aging, disease, and medication effects. This review critically evaluates
      published studies on measurement, epidemiology, and mechanisms of postural
      hypotension in screened and unscreened elderly populations. Pertinent age-related
      changes in physiology and the relationship of postural hypotension in the elderly
      to other models of postural hypotension are reviewed. Areas of current and future
      research are outlined.

PMID- 2642936
TI  - Murder-suicide in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2642937
TI  - The cell biology of aging: immunological models.

PMID- 2642938
TI  - Health services research in nursing homes: a systematic review of three clinical
      geriatric journals.
AB  - This article presents the results of a systematic review of five years of health
      services research found in nursing home studies published in three major
      geriatric journals. This review indicates that very little services research has
      been undertaken in nursing home settings. The small amount of quantitative,
      empirical research that has been published has suffered from research design,
      method, and analytic shortcomings. Nursing home research in at least one federal
      agency has experienced worse than average funding and disapproval rates. The
      implications of this review are discussed, and recommendations are made for
      advancing this important area of study.

PMID- 2642939
TI  - Use of tissue-free glycol methacrylate sections as semi-permeable membranes: a
      simple way to shorten incubation times and to improve localization in enzyme
      histochemistry.
AB  - Placing 2-microns sections of tissue-free glycol methacrylate on top of tissue
      sections is a simple way of forming semipermeable membranes to enhance enzyme
      histochemical staining. For demonstrating alkaline phosphatase in glycol
      methacrylate-embedded kidney by a standard azo dye method, such membranes enabled
      incubation times to be reduced to 1-2 hr, with azo dye reaction product being
      more crisply localized as compared to sections stained without membranes. Such
      effects are possible because the membranes are highly permeable to small
      molecules (e.g., substrate and diazonium salt), slightly permeable to molecules
      of moderate size (e.g., the final reaction product), and impermeable to large
      molecules (e.g., alkaline phosphatase and other tissue biopolymers). The
      implications of these findings for enzyme histochemistry and for enzyme-labeled
      antibody staining are discussed.

PMID- 2642940
TI  - Autometallography for histochemical visualization of rat incisor polyanions with
      cuprolinic blue.
AB  - Autometallography was applied to semi-thin sections of rat incisors fixed a
      solution of cuprolinic blue-aldehyde. The resulting reduction of silver ions to
      metallic silver amplifies the copper sulfide signal of the cationic dye. Silver
      grains were seen over the cell bodies of ameloblasts and odontoblasts but not
      over their processes. This was owing to the interaction of cuprolinic blue with
      the DNA and RNA of these cells. In the extracellular matrix, silver grains were
      unevenly distributed over the predentin, dentin, and forming enamel. The distal
      predentin near the mineralization front and a thin band of dentin located near
      the dentino-enamel junction displayed unexpectedly intense accumulation of silver
      grains, whereas all other portions of the extracellular matrix exhibited the
      distribution of glycosaminoglycans expected from previous studies. The present
      investigation constitutes a new application of autometallography to
      glycosaminoglycan histochemistry.

PMID- 2642941
TI  - A histochemical principle bearing on correctness of diagnosis in storage
      diseases.
AB  - A principle is proposed which may help pathologists avoid errors in diagnosis of
      storage diseases. Tissues from patients in whom a tentative diagnosis of a
      metabolic disorder has been made often store a number of metabolites in the
      cells. The presence of these metabolites can occur in single-enzyme or activator
      defects as a result of the following causes: (a) deposition of metabolites
      situated near the main substrate of the defective enzyme in the catabolic path,
      and compounds which were changed after they were deposited; (b) presence of
      multiple substrates for this enzyme; (c) co-deposition of molecules bound to the
      main substrates; (d) existence of multiple substrates for a single defective
      activator molecule. In contrast to these causes, variability in processes not
      associated with a single-enzyme or activator deficiency may be due to the
      following: (e) inhibition of multiple hydrolases by drugs or metabolites; (f)
      localization of substrates and hydrolases in different compartments; (g) multiple
      enzyme deficiencies; (h) concentration of metabolites beyond the catabolic
      capacity of cells. According to the proposed principle, diagnosis of storage
      disease resulting from a single enzyme deficiency can be negated if a wide-range
      histochemical test shows that the main substrate of a deficient enzyme is not
      present in some primary storage cells. The validity of the principle and possible
      pitfalls are discussed.

PMID- 2642942
TI  - Effects of prolonged ethanol exposure on the glial fibrillary acidic protein
      containing intermediate filaments of astrocytes in primary culture: a
      quantitative immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopic study.
AB  - We investigated the effects of ethanol exposure on the shape of the cell and the
      morphology of intermediate filaments (IF) of cortical astrocytes in primary
      culture. The content and distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),
      the major component of glial IF, was assessed using an anti-GFAP monoclonal
      antibody and fluorescence scanning densitometry together with quantitative pre-
      and post-embedding immunogold electron microscopy. The astrocytes were from 21
      day-old fetuses obtained from both control and chronic alcoholic rats and were
      cultured for 28 days in the absence or presence of ethanol (25 mM). The main
      findings were: (a) ethanol-exposed astrocytes failed to develop processes or to
      acquire a filamentous IF distribution pattern; (b) these cells showed less GFAP
      than astrocytes without alcohol; (c) ethanol interfered with the reorganization
      of the anti-GFAP binding sites from clustered to random; and (d) astrocytes from
      alcohol-exposed fetuses cultured in the absence of ethanol also showed these
      alterations, suggesting initial damage to astrocyte precursor cells. Since the
      glial filaments play a crucial role in creating a scaffolding that guides
      neuronal migration, the effect of ethanol on astrocyte IF may possibly be
      correlated with the mechanisms underlying mental retardation and motor
      dysfunction which are characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome.

PMID- 2642943
TI  - A modified gold chloride technique for optimal impregnation of nerves within
      corneal whole mounts and dura of the albino rat.
AB  - Ranvier's method of staining tissue whole mounts with gold chloride to visualize
      nerve fibers was modified by lengthening the incubation time in gold chloride and
      reducing the time in acidulated water. These simple modifications of an old
      technique give consistent impregnation of nerve fibers with light background
      staining in whole mounts of cornea and dura.

PMID- 2642944
TI  - Both granulocyte-macrophage CSF and macrophage CSF control the proliferation and
      survival of the same subset of alveolar macrophages.
AB  - The effect of granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF on the proliferation of murine
      pulmonary alveolar macrophages in vitro was investigated. About 20% of freshly
      isolated alveolar macrophages formed colonies in both liquid and soft agar
      cultures in the presence of GM-CSF. GM-CSF was also found to be capable of
      maintaining the survival of these colony-forming cells in vitro. Moreover, GM-CSF
      could substitute for CSF-1 in maintaining the survival of CSF-1-responding
      pulmonary alveolar macrophage colony-forming cells in the absence of CSF-1. The
      concentration of GM-CSF required for maintaining the survival of colony-forming
      cells without proliferation was much lower than that required for the
      proliferation of these cells in vitro. It also enhanced the CSF-1-dependent
      clonal growth of alveolar macrophages. These data suggest that the colony-forming
      cells that respond to GM-CSF are the same subset of macrophages that form
      colonies in the presence of CSF-1. GM-CSF did not inhibit the binding of 125I-CSF
      1 to alveolar macrophages at 0 degrees C. However, the preincubation of
      macrophages with GM-CSF at 37 degrees C resulted in a transient down-regulation
      of CSF-1 binding activity.

PMID- 2642945
TI  - Identification of a macrophage-activating factor in granules of the RNK large
      granular lymphocyte leukemia.
AB  - Recent work from our laboratory has shown that NK cells rapidly release preformed
      factor(s) that stimulate monocyte oxidative metabolism and microbicidal activity.
      We have hypothesized that such factors could also activate macrophage (M phi)
      tumor lysis and might be stored in the cytoplasmic granules. Granules were
      isolated from the RNK large granular lymphocyte leukemias by nitrogen cavitation
      and Percoll fractionation of the cell homogenate. Utilizing CSF-1 differentiated
      murine bone marrow-derived M phi and P815 tumor target cells, a M phi-activating
      factor (MAF) was found. The MAF activity was identified in two peaks, the first
      was coincident with dense granule enzymes and was 60 times more concentrated per
      mg protein than a second peak in the cytosol fractions. Solubilization in 2 M
      NaCl was necessary to recover activity from both peaks. Granule NK-MAF required
      the simultaneous presence of LPS in order to induce tumoricidal activity.
      Kinetics of NK-MAF activation peaked after 12 h of exposure. The NK-MAF was short
      lived in the solubilized granules; however, its heat resistance allowed us to
      prepare enriched and stable preparations. Treatment of NK-MAF with pepsin but not
      trypsin completely abrogated its activity. The NK-MAF passed through an
      ultrafiltration membrane with a nominal cut-off of 10 kDa. This work indicates
      that NK cell granules contain a small heat-stable peptide capable of activating M
      phi tumoricidal activity.

PMID- 2642946
TI  - Immunostimulation of C3H/HeJ lymphoid cells by R-chemotype lipopolysaccharide
      preparations.
AB  - Splenocytes from the C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScN (nu/nu) inbred mouse strains have
      been characterized by a genetic defect in their capacity to proliferate in
      response to purified protein-free LPS preparations. In this manuscript we provide
      experimental evidence to support the concept that the refractory state of B cells
      from endotoxin-unresponsive mice to mitogenic stimulation by LPS does not extend
      to R-chemotype LPS isolated from a variety of rough strains of Salmonella or
      Escherichia coli. We present several lines of evidence to suggest that the
      observed mitogenic activity is not the result of contamination of LPS with lipid
      A-associated proteins. The mitogenic activity of LPS extracted from rough strain
      mutant bacteria (R-LPS) appears to be dependent upon a structural requirement of
      the LPS in which the 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonate linkage of lipid A with core
      oligosaccharides is intact. Both alkaline and acid hydrolysis of R-LPS abrogates
      mitogenic activity in C3H/HeJ splenocytes; only the former is effective in
      reducing activity of the same LPS preparations in histocompatible normal
      splenocytes. Finally, we have found that the addition of either polymyxin B or S
      chemotype LPS to R-LPS-stimulated C3H/HeJ splenocytes has only minimal effects on
      the mitogenic activity of the latter. These combined data would indicate that the
      concept of LPS-unresponsiveness of the C3H/HeJ and C57B1/10ScN inbred mouse
      strains is not necessarily applicable to all protein-free LPS preparations.

PMID- 2642947
TI  - Specific assays for cytokine production by T cells.
AB  - Recent advances in understanding of cytokine function have indicated the need for
      more stringent cytokine assays, and have at the same time provided the
      information and tools necessary for establishing monospecific assays for a number
      of T cell-derived cytokines. Monoclonal antibodies are invaluable for improving
      the specificity of bioassays, both by removing unwanted activities, and in the
      most stringent assays, for confirming the identity of the cytokine detected.
      Several cytokines can also be directly measured by ELISA techniques using
      monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2642948
TI  - A method for removing interleukin-1- and tumor necrosis factor-inducing
      substances from bacterial cultures by ultrafiltration with polysulfone.
AB  - The ability of human mononuclear cells (MNC) to produce cytokines is a highly
      sensitive and biologically relevant test system for the presence of microbial
      products. The safety of parenteral fluids is presently determined by gelation of
      the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) to endotoxin. In the present study, crude
      bacterial culture supernatants from Escherichia coli were subjected to
      ultrafiltration using polysulfone and the ultrafiltrates were tested for their
      ability to stimulate human MNC. Total interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF) produced by MNC were measured by radioimmunoassay. Endotoxin-like
      substances in E. coli cultures are rejected by a factor of at least 100,000.
      Rejection takes place by molecular size exclusion and by absorption. The
      sensitivity of the LAL and MNC cytokine production were comparable. These studies
      demonstrate a wide margin of safety for the production of parenteral fluids using
      ultrafiltration for endotoxin-containing materials.

PMID- 2642949
TI  - Inhibition of endogenous peroxidase for the immunocytochemical demonstration of
      intermediate filament proteins (IFP).
AB  - The necessity for minimally fixed and processed cell and tissue preparations for
      immunocytochemical studies of sensitive antigens such as lymphocyte surface
      markers is well recognised. In order to avoid methanol and hydrogen peroxide,
      which have been shown to be deleterious for certain antigens, various compounds
      have been proposed for blocking endogenous peroxidase activity (EPA) in tissue
      preparations which are to be used in immunoperoxidase reactions. In the present
      study the deleterious effect of methanol/H2O2 on intermediate filament proteins
      was demonstrated in both frozen sections and paraffin-embedded tissue. The use of
      alternative reagents for the non-deleterious blocking of EPA is recommended for
      immunocytochemical staining with antibodies against intermediate filaments.

PMID- 2642950
TI  - Development of a microsphere-based fluorescent immunoassay and its comparison to
      an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of antibodies to three antigen
      preparations from Candida albicans.
AB  - A sensitive assay for the simultaneous detection of multiple serum antibodies by
      flow cytometry was developed. Polystyrene microspheres of 5, 7 and 9.3 micron in
      diameter were used as solid supports for the attachment of three different
      antigen preparations from Candida albicans. These antigens were a whole cell
      extract; a cytoplasmic protein extract and a cell wall polysaccharide.
      Microsphere-associated fluorescence was quantitated by flow cytometry, with the
      different sized microspheres analyzed separately using electronic volume gating.
      This procedure allowed for different antigen-coated microspheres with discrete
      sizes to be analyzed independently for immunofluorescence. The assay detected
      antibody levels in human serum at dilutions up to 10(-6) and provided complete
      discrimination, using all three antigen preparations, between antibody levels
      seen in healthy subjects and those seen in patients suspected of having a
      systemic Candida infection. A standard enzyme immunoassay (EIA) failed to provide
      complete discrimination between healthy subjects and patient samples: at least
      17% of patient values fell within the healthy subject range using all three
      antigen preparations. The microsphere assay which allowed for the simultaneous
      detection of multiple antibodies, has increased dynamic range over EIA and
      provides for better discrimination of patients from healthy subjects in
      comparison to EIA. Precise quantitation of antibodies is possible and the rapid
      analysis of thousands of microspheres markedly enhances the statistical accuracy
      of the assay. We suggest this assay is likely to have many other important
      applications in immunologic testing.

PMID- 2642951
TI  - Terasaki-ELISA for murine IgE-antibodies. I. Quality of the detecting antibody:
      production and specificity testing of antisera specific for IgE.
AB  - In order to develop an ELISA for the quantitative determination of murine IgE,
      antisera specific for murine IgE were prepared in the goat and rabbit. As
      immunogen, monoclonal IgE antibody mixtures of several allotypically different
      hybridomas were used. Before use, these antibodies were purified employing
      procedures that allow maximum recovery of binding activity. The goat and rabbit
      mouse epsilon chain-specific antisera were adsorbed on normal mouse serum. The
      purified antisera were found to be free of allotypic activity. However,
      immunoadsorption on NMS could not always remove contaminating anti-idiotypic
      antibodies. Repeated adsorptions with monoclonal antibodies of different isotypes
      carrying a similar idiotype were necessary to remove all detectable anti
      idiotypic activity. Only after these precautions were the antisera suitable for
      detecting IgE molecules on nitrocellulose blots as well as for quantitating
      circulating IgE antibodies (ELISA) and IgE-secreting cells (plaque assay and
      reverse ELISA plaque assay). The purity and reactivity of several commercially
      available anti-IgE preparations were tested in similar types of specificity
      assays. Since the specificity of antibodies used in ELISA determines the
      monospecificity of the assay, retesting for contaminating cross-reactivities in
      commercial preparations was shown to be necessary.

PMID- 2642952
TI  - Diffuse lung uptake of technetium-99m sulfur colloid in malaria.
AB  - Diffuse lung accumulation of colloid was seen on liver-spleen imaging in a
      patient during the acute stage of vivax malaria. A repeat study was performed
      following successful therapy and showed complete disappearance of lung uptake.
      Possible mechanisms for this unusual observation are discussed, with the
      conclusion that this phenomenon is probably related to increased
      reticuloendothelial system activity, due to a malaria-induced increase in the
      pulmonary macrophages.

PMID- 2642953
TI  - Correlative pediatric imaging.
AB  - Nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are considered
      ideal imaging modalities for pediatric patients. The future is even more
      promising for pediatric imaging with the development of newer and improved
      radiopharmaceuticals, instrumentation and diagnostic modalities such as positron
      emission tomography, labeled monoclonal antibodies, and faster dynamic and
      contrast enhanced MRI methods. However, correlation of more conventional imaging
      modalities with nuclear medicine, ultrasound and MRI remain essential for optimal
      patient care.

PMID- 2642954
TI  - Successful imaging of malignant melanoma with technetium-99m-labeled monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - F(ab')2 and Fab fragments of murine monoclonal antibody 9.2.27, that recognizes
      the 250 kD melanoma-associated antigen, were labeled with 99mTc using the
      bifunctional chelate method of Fritzberg et al. Twenty-seven (27) patients
      received, intravenously, 10 mg of either F(ab')2 (8), or the Fab (27), labeled
      with up to 30 mCi of 99mTc. These doses were preceded by an infusion of cold
      irrelevant antibody. The average serum T1/2 of the F(ab')2 and the Fab were 11 hr
      and 2 hr, respectively. Twenty-two percent (22%) of the total injected F(ab')2
      dose was excreted in the urine in 20 hr, compared to 55% for the Fab group.
      Imaging was optimal 6-9 hr postinjection for the Fab patients. No nonspecific
      uptake in liver, spleen, bone marrow, or lung was observed for either antibody
      form. Overall, (43/53) 81% of known metastases were seen with visualization of
      tumors as small as 250 mg and tumor localization as high as 0.03% injected
      dose/g. Immunoperoxidase staining of freshly-frozen tumor nodules removed 24 hr
      postinjection confirmed antibody deposition in the tumor. Thirty-six previously
      unknown ("occult") metastatic sites were detected. To date, 12/36 of these sites
      have been confirmed. We conclude that 99mTc-labeled antibody to melanoma produces
      high resolution images with a high sensitivity of detecting metastatic melanoma.
      The detection of previously unknown sites of disease has proven helpful in
      directing additional diagnostic studies (i.e., CT) as well as planning of
      therapeutic options.

PMID- 2642955
TI  - Simultaneous technetium-99m MIBI angiography and myocardial perfusion imaging.
AB  - Resting first-pass radionuclide angiography (FPRNA) was performed with the
      myocardial perfusion agent technetium-99m MIBI. In 27 patients, it was compared
      with technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid FPRNA. A significant
      correlation was present in left (r = 0.93, p less than 0.001) as well as right (r
      = 0.92, p less than 0.001) ventricular ejection fraction measured with both
      radiopharmaceuticals. In 13 patients, MIBI derived segmental wall motion was
      compared with contrast ventriculography. A high correlation was present (p less
      than 0.001), and qualitative agreement was found in 38/52 segments. In 19
      patients with myocardial infarction a significant correlation was present between
      MIBI segmental wall motion and perfusion scores (p less than 0.001). In ten
      patients with a history of myocardial infarction, 18 myocardial segments
      demonstrated diseased coronary vessels and impaired wall motion at contrast
      angiography. These segments were all identified by the MIBI wall motion and
      perfusion study. We conclude that MIBI is a promising agent for simultaneous
      evaluation of cardiac function and myocardial perfusion at rest.

PMID- 2642956
TI  - Renal artery stenosis detection by combined Gates' technique and captopril test
      in hypertensive patients.
AB  - We studied 11 hypertensive patients by a radionuclide technique using Gates'
      method with [99mTc]DTPA to investigate the acute effects of captopril on
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Five patients had hypertension with unilateral
      renal artery stenosis (RAS) angiographically documented and six patients had
      essential hypertension (EH). Total and split GFR were determined under control
      conditions and after oral administration of captopril (50 mg). In the patients
      with RAS, captopril induced a significant decrease of GFR in the stenotic kidneys
      (from 42.4 +/- 4 to 29.6 +/- 3 ml/min, p less than 0.01), while no changes were
      observed in the nonstenotic kidneys (from 61.2 +/- 3 to 61.6 +/- 5 ml/min, NS).
      Total GFR was 103.6 +/- 5 ml/min under control conditions and decreased to 91.8
      +/- 6 ml/min after captopril (p less than 0.05). No significant changes of GFR
      were detected after captopril administration in patients with EH. In a separate
      group of ten patients with EH, good correlation between 24-hr creatinine
      clearance and fractional uptake of [99mTc]DTPA was obtained. Good reproducibility
      of this radionuclide technique was also shown. This study demonstrates that the
      computed radionuclide GFR determination coupled with the captopril test allows
      one to unmask angiotensin II-dependent renal function and hemodynamic changes.
      This technique can be useful in clinical practice for identifying patients with
      renovascular hypertension.

PMID- 2642957
TI  - SPECT versus planar liver scintigraphy: is SPECT worth it?
AB  - Five hundred three planar and SPECT hepatic studies were reviewed separately by
      two experienced observers looking for focal disease. An equivocal reading meant
      referral to ultrasound or computed tomography (US/CT). The increase in correct
      readings and decrease in US/CT referrals per 100 positive and per 100 negative
      SPECT readings were calculated, then the increase in correct readings and
      decrease in US/CT referrals for various positive rates of liver involvement
      determined. At our institution, the overall positive rate is approximately 13%
      yielding 1.1 and 0.83 more correct readings and 1.8 and 2.0 fewer US/CT referrals
      per 100 cases for each reader, respectively; a marginal benefit for SPECT over
      planar scintigraphy.

PMID- 2642958
TI  - A retrospective on Japanese management in nursing.
AB  - Managers in the public and private sectors have turned to Japanese management
      techniques as a means to improve quality and productivity. Many health care
      organizations have also adopted Japanese management concepts in the belief that
      performance will be improved. This article reviews the concepts, fundamental
      premises, and case studies of Japanese management in nursing. At issue is the
      value of Japanese management practices for nurses, patients, and organizations.

PMID- 2642959
TI  - Feasibility of mandibular inferior border grafts.

PMID- 2642960
TI  - Benign osteoblastoma of the maxilla.
AB  - A new case of benign osteoblastoma of the maxilla has been presented and the
      clinical, radiographic and histologic features of the lesions previously reported
      in the literature have been discussed.

PMID- 2642961
TI  - Solitary neurofibroma of the mandible: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A case is presented of a neurofibroma of the mandible without recurrence 6 years
      after surgery. Search for neurofibromatosis was negative. Eradication of the
      tumor was explained by the extent of the operation that was performed.

PMID- 2642962
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a thyroglossal duct cyst in the tongue.

PMID- 2642963
TI  - Tubular adenocarcinoma of the apex of the tongue.

PMID- 2642964
TI  - Shaping nursing's future.

PMID- 2642965
TI  - Florence Nightingale--a one-woman revolution.

PMID- 2642966
TI  - Causes of tooth loss in a veteran population.
AB  - Tooth loss in adults over age 35 usually is attributed to periodontal diseases.
      However, certain adult populations are known to have high caries rates. It is not
      clear to what extent caries contributes to tooth loss in adults. This pilot study
      examined the causes of tooth loss in a veteran population residing in an 800-bed,
      primarily long-term care facility. The study retrospectively reviewed 572
      patients' dental records and documented causes for dental extractions. Of the
      sample population, 168 teeth were extracted in 51 patients who had 860 teeth
      present before treatment. Mean age of the patients undergoing extractions was
      57.7 years, lower than the sample population of 60.1 years. Of the 168 teeth
      extracted, 105 (63%) were attributed to caries and 33 (20%) were documented as
      root tips, suggesting the presence of root caries. Fifty-five (33%) were
      extracted due to periodontal disease and six (4%) were extracted for
      prosthodontic reasons. Of the maxillary teeth, 67 percent were extracted for
      caries and 25 percent of periodontal reasons. Caries accounted for 57 percent and
      periodontal disease accounted for 42 percent of the mandibular teeth extracted.
      The order in which teeth were most frequently extracted was maxillary anteriors,
      mandibular anteriors, maxillary and mandibular premolars, and maxillary and
      mandibular molars. This study supports the recent work of authors who have found
      caries contributing significantly to tooth loss in adult populations.

PMID- 2642967
TI  - Evolution of the Grand Rapids water fluoridation project.

PMID- 2642968
TI  - Grand Rapids: the public health story.

PMID- 2642969
TI  - Approaches to monitoring clinical trials.
AB  - In prospective clinical trials, safety and efficacy results should be monitored
      periodically. If early data provide convincing evidence of a superior therapeutic
      index for one of the treatments, then early trial termination would satisfy
      important ethical requirements and save valuable resources and time. The data
      obtained in these studies are often analyzed further to determine whether
      treatment effects differ in various subsets. In this paper we discuss the
      problems that can arise from frequently used inappropriate approaches to interim
      and subset analyses. The proper role of such analyses is then discussed, and
      valid and useful methods are described for deciding on early termination of
      negative as well as positive studies and for investigating subset effects.

PMID- 2642970
TI  - Possible role of human natural anti-Gal antibodies in the natural antitumor
      defense system.
AB  - Expression of Gal alpha 1-3Gal cell surface residues has been correlated with the
      metastatic potential of murine tumor cells. We report that Gal alpha 1-3Gal
      residues are expressed at the cell surface of malignant human cancer cells,
      including four cell lines and 50% of the malignant breast specimens obtained by
      aspiration biopsy. In contrast, all benign breast biopsies and normal cells were
      Gal alpha 1-3Gal negative. Affinity-purified anti-alpha-galactosyl IgG (anti-Gal)
      antibody, which specifically recognizes Gal alpha 1-3Gal residues, significantly
      inhibited cell attachment in two in vitro assays thought to indicate tumor cell
      extravasation of the circulatory system during the metastatic process: attachment
      to perfused human umbilical vein endothelium, and attachment to isolated laminin.
      Since anti-Gal antibody is a natural component of all human sera, we propose that
      it may be part of the natural antitumor defense system in humans.

PMID- 2642971
TI  - Blunt innominate injury: a report of three cases.
AB  - Three consecutive successful repairs of innominate artery tears caused by blunt
      trauma are reported. Attention is called to the fact that the innominate artery
      is the second most common site of great vessel injury in this setting. The
      liberal use of standard angiography and subtraction techniques after high kinetic
      energy blunt trauma is encouraged. Once the injury is diagnosed, expeditious
      repair must be undertaken using the principles of adequate exposure for proximal
      and distal control and careful assessment of cerebral collateral blood flow.
      Median sternotomy, with a cervical extension if necessary, is the incision of
      choice. Successful repair is the usual outcome.

PMID- 2642972
TI  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in a multiply traumatized patient.
AB  - A case of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in a severely traumatized patient is
      described. This organism, although usually considered a nonpathogen, may
      occasionally cause serious illness in debilitated patients.

PMID- 2642973
TI  - The use of non-viable glycerol-preserved cadaver skin combined with widely
      expanded autografts in the treatment of extensive third-degree burns.
AB  - Allograft skin lyophilised in 98% glycerol is an effective overlay for widely
      expanded autografts. The technique was evaluated clinically on a total of 58
      sandwich grafting procedures in a group of 39 patients with extensive third
      degree burns. Forty-five grafting operations performed within 10 days postburn
      all resulted in an epithelialisation rate of at least 75% within 5 weeks. Thirty
      three of these procedures achieved complete (more than 95%) wound closure. Of 13
      operations performed after the 14th postburn day, ten resulted in a wound
      epithelialisation of at least 75%. Epithelial quality and cosmetic results were
      good. The mean length of hospitalisation was 56 days. One patient died from
      unassociated respiratory failure. The absence of allograft viability did not
      impair its function as an autograft overlay. The apparent attenuation of
      allograft antigenicity conferred by the action of 98% glycerol may have
      contributed to the results achieved. The process of cadaver skin preservation in
      98% glycerol is simple and inexpensive.

PMID- 2642974
TI  - The use of a new assay for detecting antibody to Staphylococcus aureus in
      severely injured patients.
AB  - Investigation of the antibody response to Staphylococcus aureus infection has
      been hindered by lack of a simple and specific assay. We report an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a strain of S. aureus devoid of Protein A, a
      frequent cause of false positive results in ELISAs, and have used this assay to
      study antibody responses of 23 severely injured patients. This IgM ELISA had a
      diagnostic sensitivity for major Staphylococcal infection of 70% (seven of ten
      patients with major infection) and a specificity of 92% (12 of 13 patients
      without major infection). Of three patients with major Staphylococcal infections
      who mounted no IgM response, two died and the other developed severe chronic
      Staphylococcal infection, and hence prompt initiation of appropriate therapy was
      necessary. Furthermore, the ability to mount IgM response to Staphylococcal
      infections appears to contribute to an orchestrated host defense response against
      this organism.

PMID- 2642975
TI  - A combined therapeutic protocol for aseptic nonunion of the humeral shaft: a
      report of 25 cases.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with aseptic nonunion of the humeral shaft, treated by a
      combined therapeutic procedure, are reported. The initial treatment of these 21
      closed and four open fractures had been nonoperative in 21 patients and surgical
      in four. Seven further open procedures had been performed in four of these
      patients, also undergoing failure. The time period between the fracture and our
      treatment averaged 13 months (range, 6-46 months). A uniform therapeutic
      protocol, consisting of decortication, internal fixation with a broad, straight
      DCP ASIF plate and autologous cancellous bone grafting, was performed in all
      cases, supplemented with the use of surgical cement in one. Radiologic healing
      was achieved primarily in 24 patients in periods averaging 6 months and after
      renewal of the protocol in one patient. Followup averaged 35 months (range, 8-69
      months): results were good in 21 patients.

PMID- 2642976
TI  - Molecular analysis of the transcriptional regulatory region of an early
      baculovirus gene.
AB  - Transcription of the gene encoding a 35,000-molecular-weight protein (35K
      protein) from the EcoRI-S region (86.8 to 87.8 map units) of Autographa
      california nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) occurs early in infection and
      declines later. The region promoting the gene for the 35K protein, extending from
      426 base pairs (bp) upstream to 12 bp downstream from the RNA start site, was
      linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (CAT) for
      analysis. CAT expression was monitored in cells that were transfected with
      plasmids containing the promoter-CAT fusion as well as cells infected with
      recombinant viruses containing the chimeric gene inserted into the AcMNPV genome.
      Mapping of the 5' ends of CAT-specific RNAs indicated that transcription
      initiated from the proper sites in both assays; moreover, the promoter fragment
      retained its early activity, despite an alternate location in the viral genome.
      The 5' boundary of upstream regulatory sequences was determined by constructing
      deletions of the promoter fragment extending toward the early RNA start site
      (position +1). In transient assays, a gradual reduction in CAT expression
      occurred as sequences from positions -426 to -31 were removed. In contrast,
      promoter deletions from positions -426 to -155 in recombinant viruses exhibited
      no effect on CAT expression, whereas deletions to position -55 abolished early
      expression but had no effect on late expression. Late CAT expression was
      eliminated when deletions to position -4 removed part of the late RNA start site.
      DNA signals potentiating early transcription were therefore located upstream
      (between positions -155 and -55) from those involved in late transcription of the
      gene encoding the 35K protein. Potential consensus sequences for early and late
      regulatory elements were identified.

PMID- 2642977
TI  - Mutation is required to activate the p53 gene for cooperation with the ras
      oncogene and transformation.
AB  - Previous experiments have brought into question which amino acid sequence of the
      p53 oncogene product should be considered wild type and whether the normal
      protein is capable of cooperating with the ras oncogene to transform cells in
      culture. To address these questions, a series of p53 cDNA-genomic hybrid clones
      have been compared for the ability to cooperate with the ras oncogene in
      transformation assays. From these experiments, it has become clear that the amino
      acid alanine at position 135, in either the genomic clone or the cDNA clone,
      failed to produce a p53 protein that cooperated with the ras oncogene and
      transformed cells. Replacing alanine with valine at this position in either the
      genomic or the cDNA clone activated for transformation in this assay. Using
      restriction enzyme polymorphisms in the p53 gene, it was shown that normal mouse
      DNA encodes alanine at position 135 in the p53 protein. Thus, mutation is
      required to activate the p53 protein for cooperation with the ras oncogene. After
      cotransfection with the activated ras gene, the genomic p53 DNA clone always
      produced more transformed cell foci (1.7-fold) than similar cDNA clones and these
      foci were more readily cloned (3.6-fold) into permanent cell lines. A series of
      deletion mutants of the genomic p53 clone were employed to show that the presence
      of intron 4 in the p53 gene was sufficient to provide much enhanced clonability
      of transformed foci from culture dishes. The presence of introns in the p53 gene
      constructions also resulted in elevated levels of p53 protein in the p53-plus-ras
      transformed cell lines. Thus, qualitative changes in the p53 protein are required
      to activate p53 for transformation with the oncogene ras. Quantitative
      improvements of transformation frequencies are associated with the higher
      expression levels of altered p53 protein that are provided by having one of the
      p53 introns in the transforming plasmid.

PMID- 2642978
TI  - Cellular gene expression in papillomas of the choroid plexus from transgenic mice
      that express the simian virus 40 large T antigen.
AB  - Transgenic mice that contain the simian virus 40 (SV40) enhancer-promoter and
      large tumor (T) antigen gene develop papillomas of the choroid plexus. The tumors
      remain well differentiated on histological examination and express normal levels
      of tissue-specific mRNAs for transthyretin (TTR) and the 5-HT1C serotonin
      receptor, two differentiated cell markers. Both Northern (RNA) blot analysis and
      in situ cytohybridization have been used to monitor the steady-state levels of
      the mRNAs from the viral oncogene (T antigen) and from several cellular
      oncogenes. In situ hybridization demonstrated, in serial sections, increased
      levels of both T antigen mRNA and p53 mRNA localized in the tumor tissue but not
      in the normal brain tissue. The ratios of the steady-state levels of mRNA for
      p53/TTR and p53/L32, a ribosomal protein gene, were 2- to 20-fold higher in the
      tumor tissue than in the normal choroid plexus tissue. Several other oncogenes
      did not show elevated levels of mRNA in these tumors. p53 protein levels were not
      detectable in normal brain tissue, but p53 levels were very high in tumor tissue
      in which all of the p53 was found in a complex with the SV40 large T antigen.
      These data continue to show a close relationship between SV40 T-antigen-mediated
      tumorigenesis and the role of p53 in these tumors.

PMID- 2642979
TI  - Duplex ultrasound measurement of changes in mesenteric flow velocity with
      pharmacologic and physiologic alteration of intestinal blood flow in man.
AB  - Duplex ultrasound scanning has been used to assess mesenteric blood flow in
      normal and disease states. To investigate this technique we studied nine normal
      volunteers at rest and under conditions known to modify intestinal blood flow.
      After a baseline mesenteric duplex scan, each subject was given one of three
      treatments in random order: (1) test meal (710 kcal), (2) intravenous glucagon
      (40 micrograms/min), or (3) intravenous vasopressin (0.2 units/min). Peak
      systolic and diastolic velocities and vessel diameters were measured at intervals
      after treatment in the celiac and the superior mesenteric arteries (SMAs) and the
      right common carotid artery. Resting velocities did not differ among the groups.
      Peak systolic velocity increased significantly in both celiac and SMAs after the
      meal, with maximal changes in the celiac artery preceding those in the SMA in
      most subjects. Early diastolic flow reversal in the SMA was consistently lost
      after the meal (eight of nine subjects). Velocity changes after glucagon closely
      paralleled those after the meal. Vasopressin produced significant decreases in
      peak systolic velocity in both visceral vessels. No changes in vessel diameter
      were noted after any treatment. Coefficient of variation for repeated measures of
      peak velocities was 19% in the celiac and 12% to 16% in the SMA and the common
      carotid. The coefficient of variation for repeated measurements of arterial
      diameter was 6% to 8% in the SMA and 11% in the celiac artery. Clinically
      relevant changes in mesenteric hemodynamics can be reproducibly detected and
      quantitated by means of current duplex ultrasound technology. The similarities
      between the visceral arterial responses to a meal and glucagon are of
      interest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2642980
TI  - Peer review and the NCI's clinical alert on node-negative breast cancer.

PMID- 2642981
TI  - The evolving treatment of breast cancer.

PMID- 2642982
TI  - Extended preservation of human liver grafts with UW solution.
AB  - The fate of 185 cadaveric liver homografts preserved for four to 24 hours with
      University of Wisconsin (UW) solution was compared with that of 180 grafts
      preserved for three to 9 1/2 hours with conventional Euro-Collins solution.
      Although the average preservation time of the UW-preserved livers was almost
      twice as long as that of the Euro-Collins-preserved livers, the UW-preserved
      grafts survived at a higher rate; permitted equal patient survival; and had a
      lower rate of primary nonfunction, a reduced need for retransplantation, and a
      lower rate of hepatic artery thrombosis. There was no correlation between the
      time of preservation of UW-preserved grafts up to 24 hours and liver function
      abnormalities in the first postoperative week. In contrast, livers preserved with
      Euro-Collins solution for more than five hours had significantly increased
      perturbations of hepatic function tests. The potential revolutionary effect of
      the UW solution on liver transplantation is described herein.

PMID- 2642983
TI  - The Papanicolaou test for cervical cancer detection. A triumph and a tragedy.
AB  - The complex detection system leading to the discovery and treatment of
      precancerous lesions and early cancer of the uterine cervix is described in
      detail and discussed. By far the most difficult and underestimated component of
      this system is the screening and interpretation of cervical (Papanicolaou)
      smears. Cytologic case finding may fail because of inadequate samples,
      insufficient time devoted to screening, or human fatigue. Other weak points of
      the system, such as an inadequate clinical component, inadequate patient
      compliance, poor reproducibility of diagnoses, and ineffective aftercare, are
      also described. For example, obtaining a second smear to confirm or refute a
      diagnosis of cellular atypia is often a misleading practice. Although this cancer
      detection system has been shown to be effective in reducing the rate of morbidity
      and mortality from invasive cervical cancer in appropriately screened
      populations, there is no evidence that the Papanicolaou test has succeeded
      anywhere in complete eradication of this theoretically preventable disease. It is
      important to inform the public about the potential failures of the system and the
      reasons for them.

PMID- 2642984
TI  - The electric cadaver.

PMID- 2642985
TI  - Morphology and distribution of plaque and related deposits in the brains of
      Alzheimer's disease and control cases. An immunohistochemical study using amyloid
      beta-protein antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (4D12/2/6) to a synthetic peptide consisting of residues 8
      17 of the amyloid beta-protein of Alzheimer's disease was used in an
      immunohistochemical study to investigate the localization of beta-protein
      immunoreactivity in neuritic plaques in the brains of 20 cases with Alzheimer's
      disease and a similar number of nonAlzheimer controls. The morphology and
      distribution of immunoreactive plaque-like lesions and the sensitivity of
      immunostaining were assessed both with and without formic acid pretreatment of
      the sections, and these results were compared with those obtained using
      conventional Congo red and silver impregnation staining methods. Congo red and
      immunostaining without formic acid pretreatment mainly stained the core deposits
      of amyloid in compact plaques, whereas the silver stain could also detect
      numerous diffuse plaques. Immunostaining with formic acid pretreatment was the
      most sensitive technique, and this revealed many additional immunoreactive
      lesions which were impossible or difficult to detect with the other staining
      methods. These additional lesions included variable sized areas of faint granular
      staining with little evidence of amyloid deposition or degenerating neurites that
      are presumed to be very early stages in plaque development. Far fewer
      immunoreactive lesions were observed in the nonAlzheimer controls. It is
      concluded that an abundant presence of anti-beta-protein immunoreactive plaque
      lesions throughout the cortex and subcortical gray matter structures is typical
      of Alzheimer's disease even when only moderate numbers of plaques can be detected
      by Congo red or silver stain. This immunostaining procedure with a specific
      monoclonal antibody for beta-protein may be very useful for the postmortem
      diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2642986
TI  - Involvement of an antigen distinct from the Heymann antigen in membranous
      glomerulonephritis in the mouse.
AB  - Membranous glomerulonephritis in the mouse can be induced by injection of a
      heterologous antiserum against murine pronase digested renal tubular antigens
      (TApron). The antigenic target in the glomerular capillary wall is different from
      the Heymann antigen (gp 330). It shows the characteristics of a smaller antigen
      (gp 90) that can also be detected by a monoclonal antibody. We isolated the anti
      gp 90 component from the polyclonal antiserum by absorptions and elutions using
      mouse liver as a substrate, which lacks gp 330 but does express gp 90.
      Immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled renal proximal tubular brush borders
      demonstrated that the mouse liver eluate reacted with gp 90 but not with gp 330.
      In immunofluorescence, the eluate bound to the glomerular capillary wall of both
      mouse and rat in a homogeneous pattern. Injection of the eluate led to a
      transient, homogeneous binding to the glomerular capillary wall of the mouse and
      also, although to a lesser extent, to that of the rat. Injection in mice
      presensitized against rabbit immunoglobulins caused a more permanent granular
      binding in a pattern typical of membranous glomerulonephritis. The results
      demonstrate that an antigen with a molecular weight and a kidney distribution
      different from the Heymann antigen can serve as target for antibody-mediated
      membraneous glomerulonephritis in the mouse. Furthermore, they suggest that this
      antigen may also be involved in the membranous glomerulonephritis of the rat in
      addition to the Heymann antigen.

PMID- 2642987
TI  - Ultrastructural analysis of maturing human T and TC mast cells in situ.
AB  - Mast cells at immature stages of development were identified in human tissues by
      electron microscopic techniques. General morphologic criteria of immaturity (such
      as a high apparent nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio and small cell size), the presence
      of few granules (those present being smaller than those in mature mast cells) and
      a lack of features of mast cell activation were used together to determine the
      level of maturity. Mast cells were identified as being of the T or TC type by
      immunogold staining with polyclonal rabbit IgG anti-chymase and murine monoclonal
      anti-tryptase primary antibodies and the appropriate gold-labeled secondary
      antibodies. Only those cells with tryptase-positive granules were recognized as
      mast cells. Immature T mast cell granules contained the same characteristic
      discrete scrolls found in their mature counterparts and all stained positive for
      tryptase. The presence of trace amounts of chymase in a minority of these
      granules, as in mature T mast cells, could not be ruled out. The majority of
      granules in immature TC mast cells had one or more amorphous electron-dense cores
      rather than the grating and lattice substructures characteristic of granules in
      mature TC mast cells. Secretory granules in immature TC mast cells stained
      positively for tryptase and chymase. Occasional immature TC mast cells contained
      a complete granule or a portion of a granule with the substructure characteristic
      of mature TC mast cells, favoring the concept that these TC mast cell forms are
      developmentally related. Essentially all mast cells in foreskin of newborns
      appeared immature, whereas 10, 5, 10, and 15% of the mast cells in adult lung,
      foreskin, bowel mucosa and bowel submucosa, respectively, appeared immature. The
      distribution of T and TC types of immature mast cells seemed to parallel that of
      the mature mast cell types. These compositional and ultrastructural differences
      between immature T and TC types of mast cells suggest that from the time granule
      formation begins, and possibly before this time, each type of human mast cell
      follows a distinct developmental pathway.

PMID- 2642988
TI  - Expression of enolases in B cell tumors.
AB  - Frozen lymph node biopsy specimens from 38 patients with B cell tumors, including
      5 with childhood non-T-ALL and 3 with reactive lymphadenitis, were investigated
      using a direct immunohistochemical method to detect alpha-, beta- and gamma
      enolases. alpha-Enolase-positive cells were not observed in reactive
      lymphadenitis. On the contrary, almost all the lymphocytes including germinal
      center cells were positive for beta-enolase. Small lymphocytes in the mantle
      zones were negative, centrocytes were negative or weakly positive, the majority
      of centroblasts were strongly positive and the remaining were weakly positive for
      gamma-enolase. In all 5 patients with childhood non-T-ALL, leukemic lymphocytes
      were strongly positive only for alpha-enolase. In all 33 patients with B cell
      lymphoma, lymphoma cells were positive for beta-enolase. In many patients with
      follicular lymphoma, lymphoma cells were positive only for beta-enolase. Four of
      five patients with malignant lymphoma, diffuse, small cleaved cell, showed the
      reactivity of alpha-, beta+, gamma+-enolases in lymphoma cells. Our results
      suggest the possibility of the two isoenzyme switches from alpha- to beta-enolase
      and from alpha- to gamma-enolase in the B lymphocyte lineage accompanying
      differentiation, similar to those of skeletal muscles and neurons.

PMID- 2642989
TI  - Regulation of liver growth: protooncogenes and transforming growth factors.

PMID- 2642991
TI  - Pulmonary flow-resistance relationships in allografts after single lung
      transplantation in dogs.
AB  - To evaluate the applicability of single lung transplantation as a treatment of
      pulmonary hypertension, we investigated the relationships between the pulmonary
      blood flow and resistance in allografts 10 days after single lung transplantation
      in dogs. In eight surviving recipients and five healthy dogs (control group),
      pulmonary flow-resistance relationships were investigated at flows in the range
      of 0.3 to 2.0 L/min at 0.1 L/min increments. Resistance decreased from 2585 to
      746 dyne.sec.cm-5 in the successful group (five allografts receiving complete
      studies) and 2400 to 891 in the control group with an increase of flow. Lung
      water content of the successful group was 2.0 times that of the control group
      (successful group, 95.6 +/- 16.7 gm; control group, 47.8 +/- 7.5 gm), and water
      content of the other allografts (unsuccessful group), including allografts of
      dogs that died before investigations, was 2.2 times that of the successful group
      (unsuccessful group, 211.0 +/- 89.6 gm). The chest roentgenograms of the
      successful group showed mild or moderate consolidations, whereas those of the
      unsuccessful group showed severe consolidations, but no difference was found in
      pulmonary flow-resistance relationships between the successful and the control
      groups. These results show that the allografts, which have about twice the water
      content of normal lung, maintain adequate pulmonary vascular function. We
      concluded that single lung transplantation could be an effective treatment for
      pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2642990
TI  - Morphologic and functional alterations in absorptive epithelial cells during L
      tryptophan induced inhibition of net sodium and fluid absorption in the rat
      ileum.
AB  - L-Tryptophan (L-Trp) has been reported to suppress jejunal fluid and electrolyte
      transport in vitro, at a 20 mM concentration, whereas other amino acids enhance
      that absorption at the same concentration. The effect of L-Trp, glycine (Gly) and
      L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) on in vivo ileal and jejunal fluid and sodium transport,
      and their morphologic correlates, were investigated in the rat. In the ileum,
      morphology as well as fluid and sodium transport were more readily altered by L
      Trp than in the jejunum. The ileal effects were rapid; morphologic and transport
      changes were seen within 2.5 minutes. The changes were stereospecific; they
      occurred only with the levo, but not with the dextro isomer of Trp. There was a
      concentration dependence; 20 mM levels of L-Trp were required, whereas lower
      concentrations of the amino acid often stimulated net absorption. Morphologic
      alterations produced by L-Trp were restricted to absorptive epithelial cells,
      whereas goblet cells appeared unaffected. Morphologically, L-Trp treatment led to
      the formation of clear basal vacuoles in ileal absorptive epithelial cells at 2.5
      minutes, and extensive vacuolization and loss of the lumenal permeability barrier
      to macromolecules at 30 minutes. Since L-Trp can be hydroxylated in the small
      intestine, we assessed the effects of L-5 = OH tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine
      on small intestinal transport and morphology in this experimental system. L-5-OH
      tryptophan inhibited fluid transport and produced some epithelial cell
      vacuolization. However, 5-hydroxytryptamine, which most severely decreased
      transport, had none of the morphologic effects of L-Trp. We hypothesize that L
      Trp may inhibit transport as a result of its intracellular accumulation in
      absorptive epithelial cells.

PMID- 2642992
TI  - Generation of chordae tendineae with polytetrafluoroethylene stents. Results of
      mitral valve chordal replacement in sheep.
AB  - Surgical repair of ruptured or elongated chordae tendineae of the mitral valve is
      one of the most complex reconstructive techniques in cardiac surgery. Various
      surgical procedures have been described to repair chordal abnormalities of the
      anterior leaflet of the mitral valve with unpredictable results. Mitral valve
      replacement is usually recommended in that situation. This report describes a
      simple repair technique that we have devised. We resected one or two marginal
      chordae of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve in 35 sheep and replaced them
      with a double-armed, pledget-supported, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene suture.
      The 30 surviving animals were studied hemodynamically and were electively put to
      death 3, 6, 9, 18, and 24 months after the operation. Mitral insufficiency did
      not develop in any of the sheep. All specimens had a normal mitral valve without
      thrombosis. The polytetrafluoroethylene suture remained pliable and was
      incorporated into the anterior leaflet and papillary muscle. Scanning and
      transmission electron microscopy showed that the suture was completely covered by
      a sheath of tissue with a collagen structure remarkably similar to that of a
      native chorda. Calcification was not detected in the new chordae. This
      reproducible and safe technique may considerably simplify the difficult repair of
      chordal abnormalities.

PMID- 2642993
TI  - Retrieval of donor livers.
AB  - At the inception of a liver transplantation program at our institution, an organ
      procurement service was established. Specially trained personnel, availability of
      a transportation system, and development of communication between distant
      retrieval sites and the operating room were important elements of this service.
      For the first 100 liver allografts in our transplantation program, 118 retrievals
      were necessary. The central location of the Mayo Clinic allowed retrieval from
      anywhere within continental North America. In this initial phase of the liver
      transplantation program, the concern that organ availability would be the rate
      limiting factor was unfounded.

PMID- 2642994
TI  - Nei Ching--oldest known medical book.

PMID- 2642995
TI  - Anticytoplasmic autoantibodies in the diagnosis and follow-up of Wegener's
      granulomatosis.
AB  - Sixty-five patients with biopsy-proven Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), 54 with
      systemic vasculitis, 22 with relapsing polychondritis, 20 with sarcoidosis, 20
      with malignant pulmonary lesions, and 15 with other conditions underwent
      determination of anticytoplasmic autoantibodies (ACPA) by the indirect
      immunofluorescence technique on neutrophil cytospin preparations to assess the
      specificity of ACPA for WG, their sensitivity in relationship to the extent and
      activity of the disease, and their value for follow-up of WG. Of these 65
      patients with WG, 38 were ACPA positive. Two patients in the vasculitis group,
      best categorized as having microscopic polyarteritis, were ACPA positive. We
      obtained 125 serum samples from the 65 patients with WG and assigned them to one
      of two categories (limited or generalized), based on the extent of disease. Each
      of these categories was then subdivided into "active" or "in remission." Median
      ACPA titers were significantly different between active disease and remission in
      each category, as well as between active limited and active generalized disease.
      All patients whose disease changed from active to in remission had reductions in
      ACPA titer levels; those who experienced flares had titer increases. Patients
      with intercurrent illnesses or complications of treatment, mimicking WG flares,
      did not have titer increases. We conclude that ACPA determined by the indirect
      immunofluorescence technique is highly specific for WG. The sensitivity is
      dependent on the extent and activity of WG, and serial titer determinations are
      valuable in monitoring disease activity.

PMID- 2642996
TI  - The aging MMPI: contemporary norms for contemporary teenagers.
AB  - In 1937, research was initiated to develop a questionnaire that would aid
      physicians in evaluating the psychologic functioning of patients. The
      questionnaire quickly proved to be useful and became, as the Minnesota
      Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the most widely used and thoroughly
      researched objective personality-assessment instrument. In 1959, the first
      computerized scoring and interpretative system for the MMPI was developed at the
      Mayo Clinic. During the 50 years that the MMPI has been used, however, our
      society has changed considerably. Therefore, a new normal contemporary reference
      sample of adults was obtained by Mayo Clinic investigators in 1983. Significant
      changes in response patterns were observed in comparison with the original norms,
      and new tables, based on normalized T scores rather than the linear
      transformation procedures of the past, were developed; these were incorporated
      into the Mayo Clinic MMPI scoring and interpretative system in 1984.
      Subsequently, a companion study of contemporary normal adolescents (691 girls and
      624 boys) also showed significant changes in response patterns in comparison with
      the original norms. In addition, MMPI profiles from contemporary normal
      adolescents continue to differ from those of contemporary normal adults, similar
      to the differences noted between these two groups in the past. Data from these
      contemporary normal adolescents were used to develop new adolescent norms, which
      were incorporated into the Mayo Clinic scoring and interpretative system for the
      MMPI in January 1988.

PMID- 2642997
TI  - Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction: diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a rare syndrome characterized by
      recurrent episodes of small bowel obstruction without evidence of a structural
      obstructing lesion. The two pathophysiologic types of this motility disorder are
      myopathic and neuropathic. The latter may affect extrinsic or intrinsic neural
      control of gut motility. Diagnosis is based on (1) recognition of the clinical
      syndrome and exclusion of mechanical obstruction by endoscopy, radiologic
      studies, or laparotomy and (2) manometric studies of the stomach and small bowel.
      Full-thickness biopsy specimens for histologic analysis may not be essential for
      the diagnosis in the future. The goals of treatment are the restoration of normal
      gut peristalsis and the correction of nutritional deficiencies. Prokinetic
      medications, surgical excision in cases of localized disease, and parenteral
      nutrition are frequently necessary. Management is difficult because of the lack
      of efficacious medications, extension of the disease to other regions, and
      complications of central parenteral nutrition. Prokinetic agents, venting
      enterostomies for relief of symptoms, and enteral supplementation are being
      evaluated in this intractable and serious condition.

PMID- 2642998
TI  - Assessment of diastolic function of the heart: background and current
      applications of Doppler echocardiography. Part I. Physiologic and
      pathophysiologic features.
AB  - In the past, evaluation of the myocardium has been limited to examining systolic
      function of the heart. Recently, however, investigators have demonstrated that
      abnormalities of diastolic function of the heart provide important contributions
      to the signs and symptoms experienced by patients with heart disease. In
      addition, abnormalities of diastolic function may precede abnormalities of
      systolic function in the early stages of disease. Diastolic filling of the heart,
      however, is a complex sequence of interrelated events. In order to understand
      diastolic function, each of these factors contributing to filling of the heart
      must be examined. They include relaxation, passive compliance, atrial
      contraction, erectile effect of the coronary arteries, viscoelastic properties,
      ventricular interaction, and pericardial restraint--all of which are
      interrelated. In addition, diastolic factors are affected by changes in loading
      conditions and contractility, and they demonstrate nonuniformity in time and
      space. This report provides an overview of these various factors from the
      clinical perspective, based on studies involving the isolated papillary muscle
      and the isolated heart as well as basic clinical studies.

PMID- 2642999
TI  - The first 100 liver transplantations at the Mayo Clinic.
AB  - Between March 1985 and June 1987, the first 100 liver transplantations at the
      Mayo Clinic were performed in 83 patients (primarily adults). The most frequent
      diagnoses were chronic active hepatitis (in 24 patients), primary sclerosing
      cholangitis (in 22), and primary biliary cirrhosis (in 20). The median operating
      time was 406 minutes, and the median usage of erythrocytes was 13.2 units. A
      venovenous bypass was used in all patients older than 10 years of age. Hepatic
      artery thrombosis occurred in 10% of the 100 transplants. A
      choledochocholedochostomy was done in 58 patients and a choledochojejunostomy in
      25 patients. Revision of the biliary anastomosis was necessary in 9 of the 83
      patients (11%). Rejection, diagnosed by clinical and histologic criteria,
      occurred in 50 patients (60%) and was treated with a corticosteroid bolus,
      followed by OKT3 (monoclonal antibody) treatment if necessary. Selective bowel
      decontamination helped prevent infections; only 16 bacteremias occurred, 1 of
      which was caused by a gram-negative organism. Fungal infections were rare.
      Cytomegalovirus infection occurred in 47 patients (57%). Of the 83 patients, 16
      required retransplantation, in 11 of whom graft rejection had occurred. One- and
      2-year patient survival was 83% and 70%, respectively. Although problems still
      remain, liver transplantation is a reasonable option for patients with end-stage
      liver disease.

PMID- 2643000
TI  - Health risks of obesity.
AB  - Evidence implicating obesity as a risk-factor disease is critically reviewed.
      Possible reasons for the many conflicting findings are addressed. The
      classification of obesity, based upon the site of body fat distribution, and
      possible biologic mechanisms associating regional adiposity with morbidity, are
      discussed.

PMID- 2643001
TI  - Endocrine aspects of obesity.
AB  - As is obvious from the previous discussions, obesity is associated with a wide
      variety of changes in endocrine parameters (Table 1). Some of these changes, such
      as the reduction in SHBG without change in serum free testosterone levels,
      reflect merely laboratory abnormalities that may influence interpretation of
      diagnostic tests but have no important physiologic relevance. Other abnormalities
      have major clinical impact, such as hyperestrogenemia-endometrial carcinoma and
      hyperlipidemia-coronary artery disease. In some cases, endocrine changes in
      obesity are beneficial--that is, hyperestrogenemia leading to lower incidence of
      osteoporosis. In other cases, such as the profound suppression of growth hormone
      output in obesity, the physiologic relevance is unknown. Several endocrine
      changes in obesity, such as the impaired response of many hormones (growth
      hormone, prolactin, vasopressin, corticotropin) to insulin-induced hypoglycemia
      and elevated endorphin levels, suggest hypothalamic dysfunction. Furthermore, the
      failure of all of these abnormalities to be normalized after weight reduction
      raises the possibility of an underlying disorder leading to both endocrine
      dysfunction and obesity, rather than the endocrine dysfunction being simply a
      consequence of the obesity. Successful elucidation of the pathogenesis of
      obesity, which might then lead to much needed specific treatment modalities, may
      be advanced if we can solve some of these puzzles.

PMID- 2643002
TI  - Classification and evaluation of the obesities.
AB  - Obesity is a condition of multifactorial etiology that can be associated with
      important health and functional consequences. Suggestions for the proper
      evaluation of obese patients have been presented along with brief descriptions of
      the rationales for their use. The evaluation protocol has been summarized in two
      algorithms to aid in the performance of a complete and organized work-up.

PMID- 2643003
TI  - Behavioral management of obesity.
AB  - Much progress has been made in the development of behavioral programs in recent
      years. As a consequence, the behavioral approach now is integrated into most
      programs for weight loss. Because "behavior modification" is practiced so widely,
      there is a tendency to believe that it consists of little more than a series of
      techniques or tricks such as record keeping and slowing eating, and that programs
      do not vary much in how it is employed. This is mistaken. A modern day,
      comprehensive program is sophisticated and involves systematic work, not only on
      eating behavior, but on exercise, attitudes, social relationships, nutrition, and
      other factors. The better behavioral programs now are producing weight losses in
      the range of 25 to 30 lb. The greatest strength of the behavioral approach,
      however, lies in the maintenance of weight loss. This is an area where exciting
      developments are occurring. These developments are important, not only to
      clinicians and programs using behavior modification per se, but to professionals
      using nearly any approach to weight loss where the maintenance of loss is an
      issue. The horizon holds much promise for the potential of behavioral approaches,
      used alone or in combination with other treatments for obesity.

PMID- 2643004
TI  - Low and very low calorie diets.
AB  - Low and very low calorie diets may be useful for the initial treatment of
      obesity, but long-term weight loss requires life-style changes in eating and
      activity patterns. Very low calorie diets cause rapid weight loss and improvement
      of complications of obesity, but the possibility of severe complications mandates
      careful selection and close supervision by a health professional team.

PMID- 2643005
TI  - Exercise and obesity.
AB  - Exercise training in obese patients increases cardiorespiratory fitness, reduces
      cardiovascular disease risk factors, and increases caloric expenditure; however,
      significant exercise is required to induce changes in body composition in the
      absence of caloric restriction, particularly for people whose exercise capacity
      may initially be limited. Unless a large amount of lean tissue is lost by
      concomitant dietary restriction, it is unlikely that resting metabolism is
      altered by exercise, either long-term, or acutely after each workout. The thermic
      effect of food is negatively related to body fat content. Exercise prior to a
      meal improves the blunted thermic response to food in the obese but does not
      normalize it completely. It is noteworthy that physical activity is self
      determined and is the only component of energy expenditure that is under
      volitional control. Exercise alone, without caloric restriction, is probably
      insufficient to yield significant fat loss except in individuals who are
      extremely motivated, whereas the combination of modest caloric restriction and
      physical training of different modes may be necessary to induce favorable changes
      in body composition.

PMID- 2643006
TI  - Drug treatment of obesity.
AB  - Use of drugs for the treatment of obesity is regarded more skeptically than drug
      use in other chronic disease; this view, however, may be inappropriate.
      Anorexiant drugs, the major class of drugs currently available for treating
      obesity, differ in several important ways, including whether they act on
      noradrenergic or serotonergic systems and in their potential for abuse. New
      approaches to drug treatment of obesity include thermogenic agents and drugs
      acting on the digestive system and hormones.

PMID- 2643007
TI  - Surgical treatment of obesity.
AB  - Surgical treatment of obesity by methods that have withstood over 5 years of
      clinical evaluation is effective in ameliorating and even curing manifest serious
      co-morbid diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory distress in
      the majority of patients. Despite numerous shortcomings and limitations, surgical
      methods are the only viable alternative for achieving and maintaining substantial
      weight loss in dangerously obese patients and, therefore, represent a legitimate,
      often life-saving, intervention. Nevertheless, the magnitude of weight loss
      varies widely, as does the number of patients lost to follow-up or requiring
      multiple operations. Safety of performing the surgery and recognition and
      successful treatment of side effects in cooperating patients has improved greatly
      over the past 10 years. More effort needs to be put into improving patient
      selection to allocate patients to specific types of operations and to identify
      those patients who may not require surgery.

PMID- 2643008
TI  - Psychological features of obesity.
AB  - The study of obesity from a variety of psychological perspectives has been
      exciting and inventive, although we still do not understand fully the role of
      psychological variables in the etiology of obesity. Many of the factors thought
      to be of etiologic significance--field dependence, lack of impulse control,
      inability to delay gratification, or a maladaptive eating style--have not been
      supported by experimental evidence. Other factors once thought to be of
      importance as causes of obesity, depression and dysphoria, for example, appear,
      instead, to be consequences of being obese and may serve to maintain and
      intensify weight-related problems. Dieting behavior in response to weight
      concerns appears, perversely, to be implicated in increasing overweight and
      adiposity. Finally, arousability in response to food cues in the environment may
      play a causal role in some obesities.

PMID- 2643009
TI  - Genetic factors in obesity.
AB  - Several points should be emphasized in summarizing the role of biological
      inheritance in human body-fat variation. First, at least two kinds of genetic
      effects must be considered: the additive genetic effect and the genotype
      environment interaction effect. Second, from the data reviewed here, we conclude
      that the additive genetic effect in amount of subcutaneous fat is quite low but
      that it is higher (around 25 to 30 per cent) for fat mass and regional fat
      distribution. These results suggest that visceral fat, perhaps, is more
      influenced by the genotype than subcutaneous fat. Third, it appears that a
      genotype-overfeeding interaction component exists for body fat, which suggests
      that sensitivity of individuals to changes in body fat following overfeeding are
      genotype-dependent. Fourth, the limited data available suggest that the genotype
      accounts for a significant fraction (equal to or greater than 40 per cent) of the
      individual differences in RMR, TEM, and TEE. Fifth, one finds a slight genetic
      effect for the proportion of protein, fat, and carbohydrate in the diet. Sixth,
      there is some indication that individual differences in habitual physical
      activity level are characterized by a significant genetic component. The search
      for genetic markers of the various obesity phenotypes has not been initiated to
      any extent at this time. However, one can anticipate considerable development in
      this area in the coming decade.

PMID- 2643011
TI  - Storage and expenditure of energy in obesity and their implications for
      management.
AB  - We have seen in the past 20 years intensive investigation of the responses of the
      obese and the lean to caloric intake and to various environmental stresses.
      Although there is much discrepancy of results, the following are obvious: Obesity
      is not a clear-cut syndrome, and individuals differ significantly in their
      genetic subtypes and in the stages, type, and degree of their metabolic
      disturbances. A difference in the facultative component of the thermogenic effect
      of food can explain some of the variation. This in turn is closely related to
      insulin resistance, which bears a close relationship to subtypes of hypertension
      and hyperlipidemias. The greatest scope for clinical intervention lies in these
      fields. Both the obese and the lean subjects are adapted to retain dietary fat
      independently of the energy needs. The high ratio of fat to carbohydrate in the
      western diet and, increasingly in that of the east, is cause for concern.

PMID- 2643010
TI  - The fat cell.
AB  - Investigations of how fat cells develop, store, and release energy, and what role
      they play in energy metabolism are presented. The importance of adipose tissue in
      the pathogenesis of obesity is considered.

PMID- 2643012
TI  - [The yeast connection--hazy ideas on the disease caused by Candida carriers].

PMID- 2643013
TI  - [The woman in white and the man in black--an idealized portrait of Widerstrom, an
      unfair one of Freud].

PMID- 2643014
TI  - [Orchiectomy should be chosen instead of LHRH analogs in the treatment of
      prostatic cancer].

PMID- 2643015
TI  - [The man behind the "sign": the academicians were not supporting Babinski].

PMID- 2643016
TI  - Prevention trials.

PMID- 2643017
TI  - Efficient scheduling of cystoscopies in monitoring for recurrent bladder cancer.
AB  - Proper timing for repeated evaluations is difficult to assess. The authors
      analyzed scheduling of cystoscopy to monitor patients for detection of recurrent
      bladder cancer assuming that 1) minimizing tumor detection delay helps prevent
      cancer morbidities; 2) only limited numbers of cystoscopies are available; 3)
      prediction of recurrence or progression to invasive cancer is uncertain; 4)
      future tumors recur according to a Poisson process. Assumptions 3 and 4 permit
      estimation of each patient's recurrence rate. Thus, patients may be compared
      according to their relative risks of future tumors. With these assumptions,
      nonlinear optimization theory was used to calculate monitoring schedules for a
      model practice. Given 5.4 available visits per week per 100 patients, cystoscopy
      was recommended in 9-11 weeks for high-risk patients and in 30-40 weeks for low
      risk patients, depending on stages, grades, and numbers of previous tumors. In
      contrast, standard cystoscopy was recommended in 13, 26, or 52 weeks, depending
      only on time elapsed since last recurrence. The calculated schedule implied an
      average detection delay for potentially invasive tumors of eight weeks, while
      standard practice led to detection delays of 11 weeks (38% worse). These results
      suggest that inclusion of each patient's tumor history in an optimization
      approach may improve follow-up care for patients who have superficial bladder
      cancers. This approach is being evaluated in a larger clinical setting.

PMID- 2643018
TI  - Biologic complexity in mathematical modeling.

PMID- 2643019
TI  - The analytic hierarchy process in medical decision making: a tutorial.
AB  - The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a quantitative decision making technique
      created especially for complicated, multicriteria decision problems. This report
      reviews the theoretical foundations of the AHP and shows how to use it in a step
      by-step fashion.

PMID- 2643020
TI  - Medical decision making using the analytic hierarchy process: choice of initial
      antimicrobial therapy for acute pyelonephritis.
AB  - The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to determine which of seven
      recommended antibiotic regimens represented optimal initial therapy for a young
      woman hospitalized for treatment of acute pyelonephritis. The model included the
      following criteria: maximize cure, minimize adverse effects (broken down into
      very serious, serious, and limited), minimize antibiotic resistance, and minimize
      cost (divided into total cost and patient cost). The criteria were weighted
      according to judgments made by 61 practicing clinicians. Alternatives were
      compared relative to the criteria using published information on the expected
      frequencies of urinary pathogens and drug toxicity, local antibiotic
      sensitivities and antibiotic charges, and expert opinion regarding their
      propensities for inducing antimicrobial resistance. The analysis identified
      ampicillin combined with gentamicin as the optimal regimen. This study
      illustrates several features of the AHP that make it promising for use in medical
      decision making: its ability to incorporate multiple criteria into a formal
      decision model, its procedural simplicity, and its similarity to current patient
      management guidelines. Further studies to establish the role of the AHP in
      medical decision making are warranted.

PMID- 2643021
TI  - "Technically correct and morally good": ethics and decision analysis.

PMID- 2643022
TI  - Decision analysis and constructive change in hospitals.

PMID- 2643023
TI  - Protective effect of hydroxychavicol, a phenolic component of betel leaf, against
      the tobacco-specific carcinogens.
AB  - The phenolic compound, hydroxychavicol (HC), present in betel leaf, was
      synthesised and tested for its antimutagenic effect against the mutagenicity of
      the 2 tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA), N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4
      (nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in 2 different test systems,
      viz. the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay and the micronucleus test using Swiss
      male mice. We are reporting the synthesis of HC of a high degree of purity. We
      observed that HC suppressed the mutagenic effects of NNN and NNK in both test
      systems used. These results indicate that HC may have a role to play in reducing
      the risk of oral cancer in betel quid with tobacco chewers.

PMID- 2643024
TI  - Liquid holding increases mutation induction by formaldehyde and some other cross
      linking agents in Escherichia coli K12.
AB  - The induction by some cross-linking agents of forward mutations leading to
      nalidixic acid resistance in Escherichia coli K12/343/113 was considerably
      enhanced when a 24-h period of liquid holding was interpolated between treatment
      and growth phase. Liquid holding increased the mutagenic effectiveness of nor
      nitrogen mustard (NNM) 28-fold, of phosphoramide mustard (PAM) 10-fold, and of
      tris-ethyleneimino)-phosphineoxide (TEPA), tris(chloroethyl)amine (TCEA) and
      chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) 3-fold, over the complete concentration range. By
      contrast, the activities of cisplatin (CDDP), transplatin (TDDP) and
      chloracetamide-N-metholol (CAM) were slightly decreased after liquid holding.
      Liquid holding did not measurably influence the mutagenicity of formaldehyde at
      low concentrations, whereas at higher concentrations an 8-fold increase was
      observed. As opposed to the considerable activity in the Uvr+ strain,
      formaldehyde was found not to be mutagenically active in an E. coli strain
      carrying a deletion of the uvrB gene.

PMID- 2643025
TI  - Mutagenicity of the phenolic microsomal metabolites of 3-nitrofluoranthene and 1
      nitropyrene in strains of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The environmental pollutant 3-nitrofluoranthene is metabolized in vitro and in
      vivo to several products including the phenolic metabolites 3-nitrofluoranthen-6
      ol (3NF-6-ol), 3-nitrofluoranthen-8-ol (3NF-8-ol), and 3-nitrofluoranthen-9-ol
      (3NF-9-ol). Similarly, 1-nitropyrene is metabolized to the phenolic metabolites 1
      nitropyren-3-ol (1NP-3-ol), 1-nitropyren-6-ol (1NP-6-ol), and 1-nitropyren-8-ol
      (1NP-8-ol). The mutagenicity of these compounds was investigated using strains of
      Salmonella typhimurium deficient in either certain nitroreductases or the aryl
      hydroxylamine O-esterificase. In TA98, 3-nitrofluoranthene and 3NF-8-ol were
      equally mutagenic at approximately 10(3) revertants/nmole while 3NF-6-ol and 3NF
      9-ol were 10-fold less mutagenic. 1-Nitropyrene and 1NP-3-ol likewise were
      equally mutagenic at approximately 700 revertants/nmole and 1NP-6-ol and 1NP-8-ol
      were 100-fold less mutagenic. The mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene was dependent on
      the 'classical nitroreductase' which is absent in TA98NR, and that of 3
      nitrofluoranthene, 3NF-8-ol, and 1NP-3-ol was less dependent on this
      nitroreductase. Using TA98/1,8DNP6, it was determined that the mutagenicity of 3
      nitrofluoranthene, 3NF-8-ol, and 1NP-3-ol but not 1-nitropyrene was dependent on
      the presence of the O-esterificase. 3-Nitrofluoranthene and 3NF-8-ol were
      mutagenic in TA100, while 3NF-6-ol and 3NF-9-ol were considerably less mutagenic.
      3-Nitrofluoranthene was not mutagenic in TA100NR nor in TA100-Tn5-1,8DNP1012.
      None of the phenolic metabolites of 3-nitrofluoranthene were mutagenic in TA100
      TN5-1,8DNP1012 indicating a strong dependence for mutagenicity on the O
      esterificase or the 1,8-dinitropyrene nitroreductase which is absent in this
      strain. These results are discussed in view of possible mechanisms for the
      differences in the mutagenicity of the phenolic metabolites of these two nitrated
      arenes.

PMID- 2643026
TI  - Evidence that ultraviolet light-induced DNA replication death of recA bacteria is
      prevented by protein synthesis in repair-proficient bacteria.
AB  - The ultraviolet light (UV) survival curve of Escherichia coli WP10 recA trp is
      almost biphasic, with a greatly reduced shoulder but demonstrating a transition
      to a decreased slope with increasing fluences, indicating the presence in the
      culture of a low frequency of resistant cells. Treatment of the culture with
      chloramphenicol before UV exposure brought almost all of the cells to a high
      degree of UV resistance, by bringing them to the end of their DNA replication
      cycle. The survival curves of the repair-proficient E. coli WP2 trp showed a
      similar pattern with chloramphenicol treatment or tryptophan starvation before UV
      exposure, but only if protein synthesis were blocked by chloramphenicol for 60
      min after UV exposure. The results suggest that when recA/lexA-regulon induction
      is prevented, either by the recA mutation or by inhibition of protein synthesis
      after UV exposure, death occurs unless the cells are in the resistant state
      characteristic of bacteria at the end of their DNA replication cycle. With repair
      proficient bacteria treated before UV exposure with chloramphenicol, when protein
      synthesis is not blocked after UV exposure, a marked expansion of the shoulder
      occurs because of the function of another resistance-conferring mechanism. This
      mechanism also depends on the recA+ gene since expansion of the shoulder does not
      occur in recA bacteria when protein synthesis is inhibited before UV exposure.

PMID- 2643027
TI  - Transient appearance of photolyase-induced break-sensitive sites in the DNA of
      ultraviolet light-irradiated Syrian hamster fetal cells.
AB  - Syrian hamster fetal fibroblasts (HFC) were examined for photolyase-induced break
      sensitive sites after ultraviolet light (UV) exposure and growth. These sites,
      observed in excision-defective human xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells, are due to
      cleavage of the internal phosphodiester bond of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers.
      Excision-inefficient HFC acquired photolyase-induced break-sensitive sites during
      incubation after UV (10 J/m2). However, these were observed transiently, with a
      maximum of 5% of the pyrimidine dimers at 9 h post UV; by 18 h they were
      undetectable. Caffeine (1 mM) delayed the peak of photolyase-induced break
      sensitive sites by 2 h. In human XP cells photolyase-induced break-sensitive
      sites accumulate to a plateau level of about 20% of the pyrimidine dimers. The
      present results extend to rodent cells the observation that cleavage of the
      internal phosphodiester bond of pyrimidine dimers may be an early step in their
      excision repair. Furthermore, the data suggest that photolyase-induced break
      sensitive sites might be necessary for replication bypass at pyrimidine dimers.

PMID- 2643028
TI  - DNA, mutations and aging.
AB  - Genetic instability is widely thought to be involved in the process of aging.
      Evolutionary theory suggests that aging may well result from stochastic damage to
      DNA. However, studies of the dynamics of accumulation of simple somatic mutations
      have shown that such a mechanism cannot readily account for experimental
      observations. A more complex mutational theory of aging is emerging which allows
      for interaction between mutations, for damage to epigenetic controls on gene
      expression, and for interaction of (epi)genetic changes with other possible
      molecular events contributing to aging.

PMID- 2643029
TI  - Proto-oncogene activation during chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in
      rodents.
AB  - The liver is a frequent site for the development of chemically induced cancer in
      rodents. This is primarily owing to the capability of the liver to activate a
      large variety of exogenous chemicals metabolically to reactive electrophilic
      species that can covalently interact with cellular DNA and other macromolecules
      (Miller and Miller, 1966; Miller, 1978). It is the potential alteration of the
      hepatocellular genome by mutational events that forms the theoretical basis for
      the heritable nature of cancer as well as, at least in part, the altered
      phenotype of neoplastic cells; however, our understanding of the exact nature of
      these heritable genetic alterations remains fragmentary. Within the last decade
      the delineation of the molecular basis of viral oncogenesis, especially by
      retroviruses, has revealed potential targets in the cell genome for the reactive
      forms of chemical agents in relation to their carcinogenic action (Bishop, 1987).
      Primary among such potential targets are proto-oncogenes, homologous to the
      transforming genes of oncogenic retroviruses from which they have evolved (Temin,
      1974). The objective of this brief review is to consider the evidence that
      induced alterations in the structure and/or regulation of expression of proto
      oncogenes may play one or more roles in rodent hepatocarcinogenesis, especially
      in relation to the stages of initiation, promotion, and progression (Pitot et
      al., 1988).

PMID- 2643030
TI  - Specific-locus mutations induced in eukaryotes (especially mammalian cells) by
      radiation and chemicals: a perspective.
AB  - In the course of discovering the first mutagen (X-rays) just over 60 years ago,
      Herman J. Muller asked whether X-rays induced single-gene mutations and/or
      chromosomal (multiple-gene) mutations. To a large extent, his question has set
      the agenda for mutagenesis research ever since. We explore historically the
      answers to this question, with special emphasis on recent developments in the
      field of mammalian cell mutagenesis. Studies indicate that ionizing radiation and
      many chemical mutagens/carcinogens induce both gene and chromosomal mutations;
      however, only certain genetic systems permit the recovery and analysis of both
      classes of mutations. Few chemical mutagens induce only gene mutations in
      mammalian cells; instead, most mutagens appear to induce both classes of
      mutations, with chromosomal mutations (especially multilocus deletions)
      predominating at high doses. These results have implications regarding the
      mechanisms of mutagenesis, the role of chromosomal mutations in carcinogenesis
      and hereditary disease, and the type of data required for risk assessment of
      physical and chemical mutagens/carcinogens.

PMID- 2643031
TI  - Comparative antimutagenicity of 5 compounds against 5 mutagenic complex mixtures
      in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98.
AB  - Using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay, we compared the antimutagenic
      activities of chlorophyllin, retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E
      against solvent extracts of coal dust, diesel emission particles, airborne
      particles, fried beef, and tobacco snuff. The results show that chlorophyllin
      inhibited 69% of the mutagenic activity of tobacco snuff and over 90% of that of
      the other 4 complex mixtures. Retinol inhibited 29-48% of the mutagenic activity
      of all 5 complex mixtures. beta-Carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E inhibited, if
      any, less than 39% of the activity of the complex mixtures studied. Vitamin C
      enhanced the mutagenicity of airborne particles. These results indicate that for
      these dietary and environmental complex mixtures chlorophyllin is a more
      effective antimutagen than retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E.

PMID- 2643032
TI  - Mutagenicity studies on fenitrothion in bacteria and mammalian cells.
AB  - The mutagenicity of fenitrothion was determined in strains of Salmonella
      typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Fenitrothion was found to be non-mutagenic in
      Salmonella typhimurium strains of TA98, TA1535 and TA1537 and in Escherichia coli
      WP2uvrA both with and without S9 mix, while weak mutagenicity was observed only
      in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and enhanced by the addition of S9 mix. The
      mutagenicity observed in the TA100 strain was not expressed in a nitroreductase
      deficient strain, TA100 NR, and decreased in a transacetylase-deficient strain,
      TA100 1,8-DNP6. The mutagenicity of fenitrothion was also examined by a gene
      mutation assay using the gene for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
      (hgprt) in V79 Chinese hamster lung cells. Fenitrothion did not induce any
      increment of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutant cells at doses ranging from 0.01 to
      0.3 mM regardless of the presence or absence of S9 mix. These results suggest
      that reduction of fenitrothion by a bacterial nitroreductase of TA100 to an
      active form is essential for the expression of the mutagenicity of fenitrothion
      in TA100 and that a bacterial transacetylase of TA100 also has an important role
      in the process of mutagenic activation.

PMID- 2643033
TI  - Activation of two environmental mixtures by plant S9.
AB  - Nitrated and ozonized pyrene mixtures were assayed for their mutagenic activity
      in the presence or absence of pea S9 using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 as the
      indicator organism. The plant enzymes increased the mutagenic response of these
      mixtures above that obtained in the absence of S9. The optimum S9 protein
      concentration for the activation of the nitrated pyrene mixture at 0.1 microgram
      was 3.9 mg/plate whereas that for the ozonized pyrene mixture at 33.3 micrograms
      was 3.2 mg protein/plate. BSA could not replace S9, and NADPH was a required co
      factor in the activation of both mixtures by pea S9. Although the nitrated pyrene
      mixture was determined to consist of approximately 90% 1-nitropyrene, the
      mutagenic response due to this compound ranged from 30 to 50% of that of the
      mixture.

PMID- 2643034
TI  - Minimal variation in a vaccine candidate from the sexual stage of Plasmodium
      falciparum.

PMID- 2643035
TI  - 46-53 kilodalton glycoprotein from the surface of Plasmodium falciparum
      merozoites.
AB  - A 46-53 kDa glycoprotein antigen of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites has been
      identified using a murine monoclonal antibody that inhibits infection of human
      erythrocytes in vitro. Immunofluorescence screening with the antibody of greater
      than 250 isolates of the parasite finds the inhibitory epitope expressed by only
      18% of strains. The glycoprotein is metabolically labelled with methionine,
      cysteine, histidine and glucosamine but incorporates little lysine or leucine. It
      is synthesized early in schizogony and remains, without any apparent processing,
      on the surface of released merozoites where it is demonstrated by immuno
      electronmicroscopy and also by vectorial radio-iodination.

PMID- 2643036
TI  - De novo and salvage biosynthesis of pteroylpentaglutamates in the human malaria
      parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Plasmodium falciparum was shown to synthesize pteroylpolyglutamate de novo from
      guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), p-aminobenzoate (PABA), and L-glutamate (L-Glu).
      The parasite also had the capacity to synthesize pteroylpolyglutamate from both
      intact and degradation moieties (p-aminobenzoylglutamate and pterin-aldehyde) of
      exogenous folate added into the growth medium. The major product was identified
      as 5-methyl-tetrahydroteroylpentaglutamate following exposure to
      pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase and oxidative degradation of the C9-N10 bond in
      the molecule and identification of products by reversed-phase high performance
      liquid chromatography. Inhibition of pteroylpentaglutamate synthesis from the
      radiolabelled metabolic precursors (GTP, PABA, L-Glu) and folate by the
      antifolate antimalarials, pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine at therapeutic
      concentrations, may suggest the existence of a unique biosynthetic pathway in the
      malaria parasite.

PMID- 2643037
TI  - Effect of omeprazole and ranitidine on ulcer healing and relapse rates in
      patients with benign gastric ulcer.
AB  - Omeprazole blocks the action of H+,K+-ATPase in the gastric mucosa and thus
      inhibits the secretion of hydrochloric acid. We conducted a double-blind
      multicenter study (45 centers in 13 countries) of 602 patients with benign
      gastric or prepyloric ulcers to compare the effectiveness of omeprazole (20 mg
      once daily, 203 patients, or 40 mg once daily, 194 patients) and ranitidine, an
      H2-receptor antagonist (150 mg twice daily, 205 patients) in promoting ulcer
      healing and to evaluate the pattern of ulcer relapse during a six-month follow
      up. Healing occurred at four weeks in 80 percent of the patients receiving 40 mg
      of omeprazole, 69 percent of those receiving 20 mg of omeprazole, 69 percent of
      those receiving ranitidine. At eight weeks, the corresponding figures were 96,
      89, and 85 percent. A multivariate analysis of ulcer healing showed that at four
      weeks the ulcers of significantly more patients receiving omeprazole had healed
      as compared with patients receiving ranitidine (omeprazole, 40 mg, vs.
      ranitidine, P less than 0.0005; omeprazole, 20 mg, vs. ranitidine, P = 0.01). At
      eight weeks, the 40-mg dose of omeprazole was significantly more effective than
      ranitidine (P = 0.001) or the 20-mg dose of omeprazole (P = 0.03). Ulcer symptoms
      were relieved faster with omeprazole. In 68 patients receiving concurrent
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, the healing rates at four weeks were 81
      percent in the group receiving 40 mg of omeprazole, 61 percent in the group
      receiving 20 mg, and 32 percent in the group receiving ranitidine; at eight
      weeks, the corresponding figures were 95, 82, and 53 percent. During the six
      month follow-up period (without treatment), significantly more patients in the
      omeprazole groups were free of symptoms and ulcers than in the ranitidine group.
      We conclude that in the dose used, omeprazole is superior to ranitidine in the
      treatment of benign gastric ulcers.

PMID- 2643038
TI  - The efficacy of endoscopic sphincterotomy after cholecystectomy in patients with
      sphincter-of-Oddi dysfunction.
AB  - Forty-seven patients thought to have dysfunction of the sphincter of Oddi were
      randomly assigned to undergo endoscopic sphincterotomy or sham sphincterotomy in
      a prospective double-blind study. All the patients had pain resembling biliary
      pain, had previously undergone a cholecystectomy, and had clinical
      characteristics suggesting biliary obstruction. The patients were randomly
      assigned to the treatment (n = 23) or nontreatment (n = 24) group before
      manometric examination of the sphincter of Oddi was performed. Sphincterotomy
      resulted in improvement in pain scores at one-year follow-up in 10 of 11 patients
      with elevated sphincter pressure. In contrast, there was improvement in only 3 of
      12 patients with elevated basal sphincter pressures who underwent the sham
      procedure. In patients with normal sphincter pressure, pain scores were similar
      regardless of treatment. After one year, sphincterotomy was performed in 12
      symptomatic patients who had undergone the sham procedure--7 with elevated
      sphincter pressures and 5 with normal sphincter pressures. Forty patients were
      followed for four years. Of the 23 patients with increased sphincter pressure, 10
      of the original 11 who underwent sphincterotomy remained virtually free of pain;
      7 others who subsequently underwent sphincterotomy also benefited from it. Thus,
      17 of 18 patients with sphincter-of-Oddi dysfunction verified by manometry
      benefited from sphincterotomy. In patients with normal sphincter pressure,
      sphincterotomy was no more beneficial than sham therapy. Our observations suggest
      that endoscopic sphincterotomy offers long-term relief of pain in a group of
      patients with verified sphincter-of-Oddi dysfunction.

PMID- 2643039
TI  - High-frequency oscillatory ventilation compared with conventional mechanical
      ventilation in the treatment of respiratory failure in preterm infants. The HIFI
      Study Group.
AB  - We conducted a multicenter randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy and
      safety of high-frequency ventilation with that of conventional mechanical
      ventilation in the treatment of respiratory failure in preterm infants. Of 673
      preterm infants weighing between 750 and 2000 g, 346 were assigned to receive
      conventional mechanical ventilation and 327 to receive high-frequency oscillatory
      ventilation. The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was similar in the two
      groups (high-frequency ventilation, 40 percent; conventional mechanical
      ventilation, 41 percent; P = 0.79). High-frequency ventilation did not reduce
      mortality (18 percent, vs. 17 percent with conventional ventilation; P = 0.73) or
      the level of ventilatory support during the first 28 days. The crossover rate
      from high-frequency ventilation to conventional mechanical ventilation was
      greater than the crossover rate from mechanical to high-frequency ventilation (26
      vs. 17 percent; P = 0.01). High-frequency ventilation, as compared with
      conventional mechanical ventilation, was associated with an increased incidence
      of pneumoperitoneum of pulmonary origin (3 vs. 1 percent; P = 0.05), grades 3 and
      4 intracranial hemorrhage (26 vs. 18 percent; P = 0.02), and periventricular
      leukomalacia (12 vs. 7 percent; P = 0.05). These results suggest that high
      frequency oscillatory ventilation, as used in this trial, does not offer any
      advantage over conventional mechanical ventilation in the treatment of
      respiratory failure in preterm infants, and it may be associated with undesirable
      side effects.

PMID- 2643040
TI  - Mosaic expression of dystrophin in symptomatic carriers of Duchenne's muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - A deficiency of the protein dystrophin is known to be the cause of Duchenne's
      muscular dystrophy. To examine the expression of dystrophin in symptomatic female
      carriers of this X-linked recessive disorder, we performed immunohistochemical
      studies on muscle-biopsy specimens from three such carriers, using an antiserum
      raised against a synthetic peptide fragment of dystrophin. In all three carriers,
      most individual muscle fibers reacted either strongly or not at all to the
      antiserum for dystrophin; only 2 to 8 percent of fibers showed partial
      immunostaining. This mosaic staining pattern was present on both cross-sectional
      and longitudinal muscle specimens. Although the mosaic pattern was seen in all
      fiber types, more than 80 percent of type 2B and 2C fibers from two of the
      carriers did not react with the antiserum. Similar studies in nine normal
      subjects showed consistently strong staining of all muscle fibers. No muscle
      fibers from 31 patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy reacted with the
      antiserum. We conclude that symptomatic carriers of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
      can be identified by a distinct mosaic pattern in the immunohistochemical
      staining of the surface membrane of skeletal-muscle specimens. This finding may
      have practical implications for genetic counseling, although it remains to be
      shown whether the same staining pattern will be found in muscle specimens from
      asymptomatic carriers of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2643041
TI  - Contrast material-induced renal failure in patients with diabetes mellitus, renal
      insufficiency, or both. A prospective controlled study.
AB  - To determine the risk of nephrotoxicity induced by the infusion of radiographic
      contrast material, we undertook a prospective study of consecutive patients
      undergoing radiographic procedures with intravascular contrast material. There
      were three study groups: patients with diabetes mellitus and normal renal
      function (n = 85), patients with preexisting renal insufficiency (serum
      creatinine level, greater than or equal to 150 mumol per liter) without diabetes
      (n = 101), and patients with both diabetes and renal insufficiency (n = 34). The
      control group consisted of patients undergoing CT scanning or abdominal imaging
      procedures without the infusion of contrast material who had diabetes mellitus (n
      = 59), preexisting renal insufficiency (n = 145), or both (n = 64). Clinically
      important acute renal failure (defined as an increase of greater than 50 percent
      in the serum creatinine level) attributable to the contrast material did not
      occur in nondiabetic patients with preexisting renal insufficiency or in
      diabetics with normal renal function. The incidence of clinically important
      contrast-induced renal failure among the diabetic patients with preexisting renal
      insufficiency was 8.8 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 1.9 to 23.7
      percent), as compared with 1.6 percent for the controls. The incidence of acute
      renal insufficiency, more broadly defined as an increase of greater than 25
      percent in the serum creatinine level after the infusion of contrast material,
      was 11.8 percent among all patients with preexisting renal insufficiency. After
      the exclusion of patients whose acute renal insufficiency could be attributed to
      other causes, the incidence was 7.0 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 3.2
      to 12.8 percent), as compared with 1.5 percent in the control group. The risk of
      acute renal insufficiency attributable to the contrast material was therefore 5.5
      percent, and the relative risk associated with the infusion of contrast material
      was 4.7. These rates were similar whether the osmolarity of the contrast material
      was high or low. We conclude that there is little risk of clinically important
      nephrotoxicity attributable to contrast material for patients with diabetes and
      normal renal function or for nondiabetic patients with preexisting renal
      insufficiency. The risk for those with both diabetes and preexisting renal
      insufficiency is about 9 percent, which is lower than previously reported.

PMID- 2643042
TI  - Contrast nephrotoxicity: a randomized controlled trial of a nonionic and an ionic
      radiographic contrast agent.
AB  - Experimental studies have suggested that nonionic contrast agents are less
      nephrotoxic than ionic contrast agents. To examine the relative nephrotoxicity of
      the two types of agents, we randomly assigned 443 patients to receive either
      iopamidol (nonionic) or diatrizoate (ionic) for cardiac catheterization. The
      patients were stratified into low-risk (n = 283) or high-risk (n = 160) groups,
      on the basis of the presence of diabetes mellitus, heart failure, or preexisting
      renal insufficiency (base-line serum creatinine level, greater than 133 mumol per
      liter). Serum and urine analyses were performed at base line and 24 and 48 hours
      after the infusion of contrast material. Nephrotoxicity was defined as an
      increase in the serum creatinine level within 48 hours of at least 44 mumol per
      liter. The median maximal rise in the serum creatinine level was 18 mumol per
      liter in both the diatrizoate group (n = 235) and the iopamidol group (n = 208)
      (P not significant; power to detect a difference greater than 9 mumol per liter,
      greater than 90 percent). Creatinine levels increased by at least 44 mumol per
      liter (0.5 mg per deciliter) in 10.2 percent of the patients receiving
      diatrizoate and 8.2 percent of the patients receiving iopamidol (P not
      significant). Among the high-risk patients, creatinine levels increased by at
      least 44 mumol per liter in 17 percent of the patients in the diatrizoate group,
      as compared with 15 percent of the patients in the iopamidol group (P not
      significant). We were unable to demonstrate a difference in the incidence of
      nephrotoxicity between patients receiving a non-ionic contrast agent and those
      receiving an ionic contrast agent.

PMID- 2643043
TI  - Diagnosis of genetic disorders at the DNA level.
AB  - In the past 10 years considerable progress has been made in the diagnosis of
      hereditary disorders at the DNA level. Many monogenic disorders can now be
      examined at the gene level; such examination has led to a better understanding of
      the molecular basis of these disorders and made carrier detection and prenatal
      diagnosis possible. Each year, more and more monogenic disorders can be added to
      the list of diseases that can be diagnosed by DNA analysis. Future research will
      be devoted to the identification of genes responsible for other known monogenic
      hereditary disorders, the elucidation of the molecular lesion associated with
      chromosomal abnormalities, and the characterization of the genes and gene defects
      involved in the common multifactorial diseases. The goal of diagnosis is the
      identification of the genetic defect in affected patients, persons destined to be
      affected, and carriers.

PMID- 2643044
TI  - Depression in the elderly.

PMID- 2643045
TI  - Effect of HLA compatibility on engraftment of bone marrow transplants in patients
      with leukemia or lymphoma.
AB  - We analyzed the relevance of HLA compatibility to sustained marrow engraftment in
      269 patients with hematologic neoplasms who underwent bone marrow
      transplantations. Each patient received marrow from a family member who shared
      one HLA haplotype with the patient but differed to a variable degree for the HLA
      A, B, and D antigens of the haplotype not shared. These 269 patients were
      compared with 930 patients who received marrow from siblings with identical HLA
      genotypes. All patients were treated with cyclophosphamide and total-body
      irradiation followed by the infusion of unmodified donor marrow cells. The rate
      of graft failure was 12.3 percent among the recipients of marrow from a donor
      with only one identical haplotype, as compared with 2.0 percent among recipients
      of marrow from a sibling with the same HLA genotype (both haplotypes inherited
      from the same parents) (P less than 0.0001). The incidence of graft failure
      correlated with the degree of donor HLA incompatibility. Graft failure occurred
      in 3 of 43 transplants (7 percent) from donors who were phenotypically HLA
      matched with their recipient (haplotypes similar, but not inherited from the same
      parents), in 11 of 121 donors (9 percent) incompatible for one HLA locus, in 18
      of 86 (21 percent) incompatible for two loci, and in 1 of 19 (5 percent)
      incompatible for three loci (P = 0.028). In a multivariate binary logistic
      regression analysis, independent risk factors associated with graft failure were
      donor incompatibility for HLA-B and D (relative risk = 2.1; 95 percent confidence
      interval, 1.7 to 2.5; P = 0.0004) and a positive crossmatch for anti-donor
      lymphocytotoxic antibody (relative risk = 2.3; 95 percent confidence interval,
      1.8 to 2.8; P = 0.0038). Residual host lymphocytes were detected in 11 of 14
      patients with graft failure, suggesting that the mechanism for graft failure
      could be host-mediated immune rejection. We conclude that donor HLA
      incompatibility and prior alloimmunization are significant risk factors for graft
      failure, and that a more effective immunosuppressive regimen than those currently
      used is needed for consistent achievement of sustained engraftment of marrow
      transplanted from donors who are not HLA-identical siblings.

PMID- 2643046
TI  - A randomized controlled trial of prednisone in patients with idiopathic
      membranous nephropathy.
AB  - We conducted a prospective randomized study in which patients with biopsy
      confirmed idiopathic membranous nephropathy were assigned to receive either a six
      month course of prednisone given on alternate days (45 mg per square meter of
      body-surface area; n = 81) or no specific treatment (n = 77). The mean duration
      of follow-up was 48 months. Patients in the prednisone group (median age, 46
      years) entered with a mean disease duration of 15 months, a median creatinine
      clearance of 1.2 ml per second per 1.73 m2 (range, 0.25 to 2.6), and a median
      rate of urinary protein excretion of 6.8 g per day (0.3 to 26). The annual change
      in the corrected creatinine clearance at six months did not differ between the
      prednisone group and the control group (0.10 vs. 0.06 ml per second; P = 0.8), or
      at the last follow-up evaluation (-0.07 vs. -0.02 ml per second; P = 0.2; 95
      percent confidence interval on the difference, -0.03 to 0.13). The proportion of
      patients with complete remission of proteinuria was also similar in the groups at
      6 and 12 months and after a mean of 48 months. Outcomes were similar in the two
      groups with respect to progression to renal failure (3 vs. 4 patients), death (3
      vs. 1 patient), complete remission of proteinuria at 36 months (16 vs. 19
      patients), and a decline of 25 percent or more in the creatinine clearance at 60
      months (32 vs. 25 percent of patients). A multivariate analysis, which adjusted
      for differences at entry in sex distribution, urinary protein excretion, and
      creatinine concentration, as well as other prognostic variables, failed to
      provide an explanation for the lack of effect of prednisone. We conclude that a
      six-month course of therapy in which prednisone is given on alternate days is of
      no benefit to patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

PMID- 2643047
TI  - Yersinia antigens in synovial-fluid cells from patients with reactive arthritis.
AB  - We examined synovial-fluid cells from 15 patients with reactive arthritis after
      yersinia infection for the presence of yersinia antigens. Extensive bacterial
      cultures of the synovial fluid were negative. All the samples were studied by
      immunofluorescence with use of a rabbit antiserum to Yersinia enterocolitica O:3
      and a monoclonal antibody to Y. enterocolitica O:3 lipopolysaccharide. Synovial
      fluid cells from 41 patients with other rheumatic diseases served as controls.
      Synovial-fluid cells from 10 patients with reactive arthritis after yersinia
      infection stained positively on immunofluorescence; rabbit antiserum and the
      monoclonal antibody yielded similar results. In most patients the percentage of
      positive cells ranged from 1 to 10 percent, but in one patient nearly all the
      cells in the sample stained strongly. Most of the positively stained cells were
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but yersinia antigens were also found in
      mononuclear phagocytes. All the control samples were negative. Synovial-fluid
      cell deposits from nine patients were also studied by Western blotting with use
      of the same antibodies. The results were positive in six of the nine cell
      deposits from patients with reactive arthritis and in none of the 10 cell
      deposits from control patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We conclude that in
      patients with reactive arthritis after yersinia infection, microbial antigens can
      be found in synovial-fluid cells from the affected joints.

PMID- 2643048
TI  - Medical problems of musicians.
AB  - Surveys of performing musicians indicate that almost half of them experience
      playing-related medical problems, some of which threaten or end their careers.
      Overuse injuries involving the muscle--tendon unit are the most common problem,
      with symptoms ranging from mild pain while the musician is playing to pain severe
      enough to preclude any use of the affected hand. String players are the most
      commonly affected, and percussionists the least. The most important predisposing
      characteristic is the use of repetitive movements during long hours of practice,
      but awkward body positions mandated by the shape and weight of the instrument,
      the technical difficulty of the repertoire, and unfamiliar instruments may also
      play a part. Women are more commonly affected than men. Rest is the cornerstone
      of therapy. Neural impingement syndromes affecting the median or ulnar nerves or
      the thoracic outlet affect many musicians. Focal dystonias may involve part or
      all of a hand or the muscles forming the embouchure (the position of the lips in
      wind players). These are very resistant to therapy and may terminate or
      drastically alter a career. Stress, especially performance anxiety, may impede
      performance. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents prevent the symptoms of performance
      anxiety and are frequently used by musicians without medical supervision. A
      recognition of the unique problems of musician-patients has led to the formation
      of successful specialty clinics in a number of cities.

PMID- 2643049
TI  - Recombinant GM-CSF in myelosuppression of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2643050
TI  - Successful treatment of an acquired von Willebrand factor antibody by
      extracorporeal immunoadsorption.

PMID- 2643051
TI  - The regulation of investigational drugs.

PMID- 2643052
TI  - Clonazepam in the treatment of steroid-induced mania in a patient after renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2643053
TI  - Evolution. Anticipatory mutagenesis.

PMID- 2643054
TI  - Another alternative to directed mutation.

PMID- 2643055
TI  - Conversion of mdx myofibres from dystrophin-negative to -positive by injection of
      normal myoblasts.
AB  - An important corollary to the recent advances in our understanding of the primary
      cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, is the validation of genuine genetic
      homologues as animal models of the disease in which potential therapies can be
      tested. The persistent skeletal muscle necrosis that characterizes human Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy is also seen in the mdx mouse and is, in both, a consequence
      of a deficiency of dystrophin, probably within the muscle fibres themselves. As
      injected muscle precursor cells of one genotype can fuse with host muscle fibres
      of a different genotype and express the donor genes, we decided to test grafts of
      normal muscle precursor cells to see if they could induce synthesis of dystrophin
      in innately dystrophin-deficient mdx muscle fibres. We show that injected normal
      muscle precursor cells can fuse with pre-existing or regenerating mdx muscle
      fibres to render many of these fibres dystrophin-positive and so to partially or
      wholly rescue them from their biochemical defect.

PMID- 2643056
TI  - This year's prize season gets under way.

PMID- 2643057
TI  - Nonmutagenic carcinogens induce intrachromosomal recombination in yeast.
AB  - To identify environmental carcinogens there is a need for inexpensive and
      reliable short-term tests, but certain human or animal carcinogens are
      persistently undetectable as mutagents with the Ames assay or with other short
      term tests currently in use. Thus there is a need for short-term tests which
      detect carcinogens missed by the Ames assay. Because of the association of
      carcinogenesis with genome rearrangement, a system screening for intrachromosomal
      recombination resulting in genome rearrangement has been constructed in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Evaluation of this system shows inducibility by a
      variety of carcinogens not detectable by the Ames assay or various other short
      term tests. In the light of these results it is tempting to speculate that
      'nongenotoxic carcinogens' are in fact genotoxic but, in the past, the tools to
      measure the genetic alterations they induce have been inappropriate.

PMID- 2643058
TI  - psbA genes indicate common ancestry of prochlorophytes and chloroplasts.
AB  - It has long been suspected that chloroplasts evolved after an endosymbiotic event
      involving a photosynthetic prokaryote, presumably a cyanobacterium, and a
      eukaryotic organism. Recent studies have provided strong evidence about the
      cyanobacterial nature of chloroplasts. Since the discovery of prochlorophytes,
      oxygen-evolving photosynthetic prokaryotes containing chlorophyll a and
      chlorophyll b and lacking phycobiliproteins, there has been speculation that
      these represent evolutionary intermediates between cyanobacteria and
      chloroplasts. Prochloron sp., the first described prochlorophyte, proved
      difficult to work with because it is an obligate symbiont of marine ascidians.
      Prochlorothrix hollandica, a recently isolated, freshwater filamentous
      prochlorophyte, is easily maintained in the laboratory. Overall pigment
      composition and thylakoid membrane structure of P. hollandica suggest it has
      intermediate characteristics between cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of higher
      plants. The P. hollandica psbA genes, which encode the photosystem II thylakoid
      protein D1, were cloned and sequenced and the sequences compared to those
      reported for cyanobacteria, a green alga, a liverwort, and several higher plants.
      The two psbA genes present in P. hollandica encode an identical amino-acid
      sequence. As in all chloroplast psbA genes, there is a seven amino-acid gap near
      the C terminus of the derived protein relative to the protein predicted by
      cyanobacterial genes, suggesting that P. hollandica is part of the lineage that
      led to chloroplasts after a divergence from cyanobacteria. This hypothesis is
      also supported by phylogenetic analysis of derived D1 amino-acid sequences from
      psbA genes of thirteen taxa on the basis of parsimony.

PMID- 2643059
TI  - Bacterial growth blocked by a synthetic peptide based on the structure of a human
      proteinase inhibitor.
AB  - Cysteine proteinases are important not only in the intracellular catabolism of
      peptides and proteins and in the processing of prohormones and proenzymes, but
      also in the penetration of normal human tissue by malignant cells and possibly
      microorganisms, including viruses. Cystatin C is a human cysteine proteinase
      inhibitor present in extracellular fluids. We have synthesized peptide
      derivatives mimicking the proposed proteinase-binding centre of cystatin C and
      find that they irreversibly inhibit cysteine proteinases. Several bacteria
      produce proteinases, so we tested a tripeptide derivative (Z-LVG-CHN2) for in
      vitro anti-bacterial activity against a large number of bacterial strains
      belonging to thirteen different species. It was found to inhibit specifically the
      growth of all strains of group A streptococci. The susceptibility of these human
      pathogens to the peptide was compared with that to well-established anti
      streptococcal antibiotics such as tetracycline and bacitracin. Moreover, the
      peptide was active in vivo against group A streptococci: mice injected with
      lethal doses of these bacteria were cured by a single injection of Z-LVG-CHN2.
      The cysteine proteinase produced by group A streptococci was isolated and found
      to be inhibited by Z-LVG-CHN2; moreover, excess proteinase relieved the growth
      inhibition caused by the peptide derivative, suggesting that the antibacterial
      activity of Z-LVG-CHN2 is due to inhibition of this cysteine proteinase. This
      strategy of blocking proteinases with peptide derivatives that mimic naturally
      occurring inhibitors could be useful in the construction of new agents against
      other microorganisms, including viruses.

PMID- 2643060
TI  - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Japan: an epidemiological study done in a select
      prefecture between 1976 and 1986.
AB  - An epidemiological study was performed with respect to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
      in a designated area in Japan. The subjects were observed in a small rural
      prefecture where the population generally remains within a limited radius
      throughout their lives. The patients' life-styles in each area were investigated
      in detail. Nine cases appeared in 11 years; 6 were definitive and 3 probable.
      They were all of the subacute type; there were no noteworthy sexual differences,
      age of onset, course and/or past histories. Three of the nine cases came from two
      families; the relationship between familial and isolated cases was examined.
      Revealed facts and time-space clustering were investigated statistically, but no
      indication of natural transmission was observable.

PMID- 2643061
TI  - Prevalence of neurological diseases in Madrid, Spain.
AB  - A pilot study to demonstrate the feasibility of measuring prevalence and
      prevalence ratios of major neurological disorders was successfully carried out in
      an urban area of Madrid, Spain, in a population of 961 subjects. The most
      frequent disorders identified were migraine, epilepsy and peripheral neuropathy.

PMID- 2643062
TI  - Bad blood: another unfortunate experiment.

PMID- 2643063
TI  - Binding sites for gonadotropins in human postmenopausal ovaries.
AB  - The binding of human LH and human FSH to postmenopausal ovarian tissue from 21
      patients with cervical carcinoma was analyzed. The binding sites for FSH and LH
      were demonstrated in postmenopausal ovarian tissue. The surface-binding sites for
      gonadotropins were localized in the cells of cortical stroma of the
      postmenopausal ovary. In addition, diffuse cytoplasmic staining of endogenous
      estrogen and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity were detected
      immunohistochemically and histochemically in the cells of the cortical stroma.
      Electron microscopic study also suggested steroidogenic function in the cells of
      the cortical stroma. The results of the present study suggest that postmenopausal
      ovaries contain specific binding sites for pituitary gonadotropins and play a
      role in ovarian steroidogenesis.

PMID- 2643064
TI  - Arteriovenous malformations of the uterus.
AB  - Six cases of the rare condition of arteriovenous malformation of the uterus are
      reported. Uterine bleeding was the most common presentation, with the site of the
      lesion and the caliber of the vessels determining its degree. A preoperative
      diagnosis was made by angiography in two patients, and was aided by
      ultrasonography in one.

PMID- 2643065
TI  - Ultrasound surveillance of the cervix during pregnancy in diethylstilbestrol
      exposed offspring.
AB  - Twenty-three diethylstilbestrol (DES)-exposed patients were evaluated through 27
      pregnancies to determine their eligibility for admission to a prospective
      protocol that combined serial ultrasound surveillance of the lower uterine
      segment-cervical complex with periodic pelvic examinations to diagnose cervical
      incompetency. Of these, 21 pregnant women, including seven vaginectomy patients,
      were matched to 84 low-risk controls to determine the following: 1) the effect of
      DES exposure on reproductive performance, 2) the efficacy of ultrasound selection
      of cerclage candidates, and 3) the influence of previous partial vaginectomy on
      reproductive outcome. Five DES-exposed patients were diagnosed as having cervical
      incompetency and had cerclages placed. There were no missed diagnoses of cervical
      incompetency. The DES-exposed patients delivered statistically earlier in
      gestation than did controls (268 +/- 13 versus 276 +/- 10 days). It was not
      evident that this difference was important clinically, as there were no neonatal
      deaths, very low birth weight infants, second-trimester losses, or deliveries
      before 252 days (36 weeks) among the study patients. Previous vaginectomy did not
      affect the frequency of the diagnosis of cervical failure or the neonatal
      outcome. After ultrasound surveillance and treatment for incompetent cervix, a
      majority of our patients delivered at term without cerclage placement. Therefore,
      routine cerclage placement is not recommended. Knowledge of the ultrasound
      criteria for diagnosing cervical incompetency is required.

PMID- 2643066
TI  - Fetal urine output in hydramnios.
AB  - Fetal urine output was evaluated in 12 pregnancies complicated by hydramnios. Six
      of these pregnancies were twin gestations with markedly elevated fetal urine
      output of the hyperperfused fetus. All six fetuses had urine output greater than
      the 95th percentile for their gestational age. These six patients were evaluated
      prior to and during the 29th week of pregnancy. Three singleton gestations had
      upper gastrointestinal obstruction and normal fetal urine output of 18.7, 18.0,
      and 12.3 mL/hour at 35, 35, and 31 weeks' gestation, respectively. Markedly
      elevated fetal urine output of 18 mL/hour (tenth to 95th percentile at 26 weeks,
      4-7 mL/hour) was present in one fetus that was subsequently found to have
      diabetes insipidus. The remaining two singleton pregnancies with idiopathic
      hydramnios had upper limits of normal fetal urine output of 10 and 13 mL/hour at
      31 and 32 weeks, respectively. It appears that hydramnios may be the result of
      polyuria of the hyperperfused twin in cases of twin-twin transfusion or diabetes
      insipidus. In upper gastrointestinal obstruction or idiopathic hydramnios,
      increased fetal urination does not appear to be present.

PMID- 2643067
TI  - Conceptional age, menstrual age, and ultrasound age: a second-trimester
      comparison of pregnancies of known conception date with pregnancies dated from
      the last menstrual period.
AB  - Ultrasound dating-curve analysis was performed for the biparietal diameter, mean
      head diameter, and mean trunk diameter in individual singletons, twins, and
      triplets from in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies and pregnancies with
      ultrasonographic determination of ovulation. Linear growth was found for all
      parameters prior to 28 weeks' conceptional age. No differences were observed
      among singletons, twins, or triplets. Using linear equations, no significant
      difference was found in systematic errors between pregnancies with a known date
      of conception and pregnancies dated from the last menstrual period (LMP).
      Pregnancies with reliable LMPs had only a slight and nonsignificant increase in
      random errors when compared with pregnancies from IVF. Current polynomial dating
      equations produced considerable systematic and random errors as well as errors
      related to fetal growth. Acceptable results were obtained with a new linear
      equation based on two examinations. We conclude that gestational age based on
      good menstrual records supported by a pelvic examination in the first trimester
      may be more reliable than even the best ultrasound method for dating.

PMID- 2643068
TI  - Sonographic evaluation of the normal developmental anatomy of the fetal cerebral
      ventricles: II. The atria.
AB  - A prospective ultrasound study was conducted on 171 normal pregnancies ranging in
      gestational age from 15 weeks to term to evaluate the developmental anatomy of
      the atria of the lateral ventricles. The atrial width showed no significant
      modifications throughout gestation, remaining fairly constant. Significant linear
      relationships were found between the cerebroatrial distance and gestational age
      (R2 = 0.88; P less than .0001) and between the cerebroatrial distance and the
      biparietal diameter (R2 = 0.936; P less than .0001), with a first- and second
      order regression equation being the best fit, respectively. From these data,
      growth of the atria was characterized both biologically and mathematically,
      providing a comprehensive evaluation of the atrioventricular system throughout
      pregnancy. Such data offer the potential for early prenatal diagnosis of various
      types of developmental abnormalities of the fetal ventricular system.

PMID- 2643069
TI  - Choroid plexus cysts in fetuses with trisomy 18.
AB  - An association between fetal choroid plexus cysts and trisomy 18 has been
      suggested. However, the prevalence of such cysts in aneuploid fetuses is unknown.
      To determine this frequency, we studied 14 fetuses with trisomy 18 examined at
      the Central Laboratory for Human Embryology. Five fetuses were found to have
      choroid plexus cysts on postmortem ultrasound examination. All those with cysts
      were earlier than 26 weeks in gestation, and the prevalence among second
      trimester fetuses was 71.4%. In contrast, such cysts are reported in less than 1%
      of the general population of second-trimester fetuses. Thus, choroid plexus cysts
      are common in trisomy 18, and the finding of such cysts on a second-trimester
      ultrasound examination should suggest further evaluation, including chromosome
      analysis.

PMID- 2643070
TI  - Prenatal prediction of lethal pulmonary hypoplasia using ultrasonic fetal chest
      circumference.
AB  - Ultrasonic measurement of fetal chest circumference was tested as a predictor of
      pulmonary hypoplasia in a group of 26 fetuses at known risk. A 42% prevalence of
      autopsy-proved pulmonary hypoplasia was found in this population. Chest
      circumference measurements were plotted on published nomograms based upon head
      circumference, femur length, and gestational age. Longitudinal observations
      revealed a progressive lag in chest circumference growth among fetuses who proved
      to have pulmonary hypoplasia. The nomogram based on femur length provided
      sensitivity, specificity, and normal and abnormal predictive values of 80, 92,
      92, and 89%, respectively. The results of this investigation suggest that fetal
      chest circumference measurement is a useful adjunct in establishing the diagnosis
      of lethal pulmonary hypoplasia.

PMID- 2643071
TI  - A combined historic and sonographic score for the detection of intrauterine
      growth retardation.
AB  - Sonographic analysis of fetal biometry has been useful in the antepartum
      detection of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Little attention, however,
      has been focused upon elements of the maternal and fetal history that may
      significantly affect the likelihood of IUGR. To define more precisely both the
      clinical and sonographic parameters associated with IUGR, we studied the
      following variables: routine fetal biometry (biparietal diameter, head
      circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length), fetal weight
      percentile, amniotic fluid volume, and an antenatal scoring system for IUGR. One
      hundred one consecutive fetuses with an estimated fetal weight at or below the
      tenth percentile for gestational age formed the study population. The results of
      multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that weight percentile was the
      single most important sonographic parameter in the detection of IUGR. Maternal
      history and femur length were also found to be important independent predictors
      of IUGR.

PMID- 2643072
TI  - Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome: an ectodermal dysplasia involving the teeth, hair, nails,
      and palate. Report of a case and review of the literature.
AB  - Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome is a rare form of ectodermal dysplasia involving the hair,
      eyes, sweat glands, nails, teeth, and palate. The case of a white girl with the
      condition is presented. The differential diagnosis is discussed, and the eight
      previously reported cases are reviewed. Another (ninth) previously reported case
      is considered for inclusion in the group.

PMID- 2643073
TI  - Benign solid oncocytoma of intraoral minor salivary glands.
AB  - We present an example of an intraoral benign solid oncocytoma of minor salivary
      gland origin. A review of intraoral benign solid oncocytomas reported in the
      English-language literature and discussion of the clinical behavior of these
      tumors are included.

PMID- 2643074
TI  - A prospective randomized double-blind trial on efficacy of dexamethasone for
      endodontic interappointment pain in teeth with asymptomatic inflamed pulps.
AB  - To determine whether a relatively large dose of oral dexamethasone given for a
      short period of time would be effective in reducing endodontic interappointment
      pain, the current double-blind, placebo-controlled study was undertaken. After
      the visit for instrumentation, 40 patients with asymptomatic teeth having vital
      inflamed pulps were randomly given either dexamethasone (3 tablets of 4 mg each)
      or a dextrose placebo identical in appearance (same dosage schedule). The outcome
      showed that the oral administration of dexamethasone resulted in a statistically
      significant reduction in endodontic interappointment pain at all three time
      periods evaluated, that is, at 8 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours (p less than
      0.01). It appears from the results of this study that this dosage schedule of
      oral dexamethasone is sufficient to significantly reduce endodontic
      interappointment pain for teeth with asymptomatic vital-inflamed pulps. Further
      studies are needed for teeth with other endodontic pulpal-periapical conditions
      and for symptomatic teeth.

PMID- 2643075
TI  - [The role of intracavitary cooling in the intraoperative protection of the
      myocardium].

PMID- 2643076
TI  - [Antibodies against nutritional antigens in IgA nephropathy].

PMID- 2643077
TI  - [The child in the hospital].

PMID- 2643078
TI  - [The lupus anticoagulant and its clinical significance].

PMID- 2643079
TI  - [Factors influencing hematopoiesis--a new therapeutic alternative?].
AB  - Hematologic growth factors are now assessible in recombinant forms, and thus
      available in amounts making cliical use possible. Erythropoietin, which induces
      differentiation and proliferation of the red blood cells, is produced by
      recombinant techniques. Clinical trials have shown the effectiveness of
      erythropoietin in correcting the anaemia of end stage renal diseare in patients
      maintained by haemodialysis. One of the growth factors for white blood cells, so
      called colony stimulating factors (CSF) has been given to patients suffering from
      AIDS. The growth factor given (GM-CSF) has a stimulatory effect upon granulocytes
      as well as monocytes. The clinical trial showed that the low white cell counts of
      the patients were normalized in a dose-dependent manner after GM-CSF
      administration. Clinical studies are under way. Erythropoietin, GM-CSF and G-CSF
      (stimulates granulocytes) are now being tested at medical centers in patients
      with AIDS, various forms of anemia, cancer and bone marrow transplants.

PMID- 2643080
TI  - An improved method for photofootprinting yeast genes in vivo using Taq
      polymerase.
AB  - We have developed an improved method for photofootprinting in vivo which utilizes
      the thermostable DNA polymerase from T. aquaticus (Taq) in a primer extension
      assay. UV light is used to introduce photoproducts into the genomic DNA of intact
      yeast cells. The photoproducts are then detected and mapped at the nucleotide
      level by multiple rounds of annealing and extension using Taq polymerase, which
      is blocked by photoproducts in the template DNA. The method is more rapid,
      sensitive, and reproducible than the previously described chemical
      photofootprinting procedure developed in this laboratory (Nature 325. 173-177),
      and detects photoproducts with a specificity which is similar, but not identical
      to that of the previously described procedure. Binding of GAL4 protein to its
      binding sites within the GAL1-10 upstream activating sequence is demonstrated
      using the primer extension photofootprinting method. The primer extension assay
      can also be used to map DNA strand breakage generated by other footprinting
      methods, and to determine DNA sequence directly from the yeast genome.

PMID- 2643081
TI  - The inconsistent distribution of introns in the T-even phages indicates recent
      genetic exchanges.
AB  - Group I self-splicing introns are present in the td, nrdB and sunY genes of
      bacteriophage T4. We previously reported that whereas the td intron is present in
      T2, T4 and T6, the nrdB intron is present in T4 only. These studies, which argue
      in favor of introns as mobile genetic elements, have been extended by defining
      the distribution of all three T4 introns in a more comprehensive collection of
      T2, T4 and T6 isolates. The three major findings are as follows: First, all three
      introns are inconsistently distributed throughout the T-even phage family.
      Second, different T2 isolates have different intron complements, with T2H and T2L
      having no detectable introns. Third, the intron open reading frames are inherited
      or lost as a unit with their respective flanking intron core elements.
      Furthermore, exon sequences flanking sites where introns are inserted in the T4
      td, sunY and nrdB genes were determined for all the different T-even isolates
      studied. Six of eighteen residues surrounding the junction sequences are
      identical. In contrast, a comprehensive comparison of exon sequences in intron
      plus and intron minus variants of the sunY gene indicate that sequence changes
      are concentrated around the site of intron occurrence. This apparent paradox may
      be resolved by hypothesizing that the recombination events responsible for intron
      acquisition or loss require a consensus sequence, while these same events result
      in sequence heterogeneity around the site.

PMID- 2643082
TI  - Sequence requirements for branch formation in a group II self-splicing intron.
AB  - Evidence is presented for the existence of a specific intron-intron interaction,
      necessary for the formation of the branched product in the self-splicing reaction
      of a group II yeast mitochondrial intron. Trans-splicing reactions involving two
      RNA molecules (5' exon with covalently linked regions of intron and intron with
      covalently linked 3' exon) show that the presence of portions of intron domain I
      on the 5' molecule is necessary for the formation of branched products which are
      not seen with shorter 5' molecules. Modification/interference reactions show
      regions necesary for branch-formation and support a major role for specific
      regions of intron domain I. Further experiments, utilizing a truncated 3'
      molecule that is missing the conserved branchpoint nucleotide, indicate that
      domain VI may be required for a successful domain I interaction. A model for the
      formation of a proper branched structure includes implications for both cis and
      trans configurations.

PMID- 2643084
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genes for tRNA(Gln) and the 4 kD K
      polypeptide of photosystem II from mustard (Sinapis alba).

PMID- 2643083
TI  - Effects of substrate structure on the kinetics of circle opening reactions of the
      self-splicing intervening sequence from Tetrahymena thermophila: evidence for
      substrate and Mg2+ binding interactions.
AB  - The self-splicing intervening sequence from the precursor rRNA of Tetrahymena
      thermophila cyclizes to form a covalently closed circle. This circle can be
      reopened by reaction with oligonucleotides or water. The kinetics of circle
      opening as a function of substrate and Mg2+ concentrations have been measured for
      dCrU, rCdU, dCdT, and H2O addition. Comparisons with previous results for rCrU
      suggest: (1) the 2' OH of the 5' sugar of a dinucleoside phosphate is involved in
      substrate binding, and (2) the 2' OH of the 3' sugar of a dimer substrate is
      involved in Mg2+ binding. Evidently, the binding site for a required Mg2+ ion is
      dependent on both the ribozyme and the dimer substrate. The apparent activation
      energy and entropy for circle opening by hydrolysis are 31 kcal/mol and 50 eu,
      respectively. The large, positive activation entropy suggests a partial unfolding
      of the ribozyme is required for reaction.

PMID- 2643085
TI  - p36C: an improved baculovirus expression vector for producing high levels of
      mature recombinant proteins.

PMID- 2643086
TI  - The tragedy of infant mortality.

PMID- 2643087
TI  - A history of nursing's code of ethics.
AB  - This article has focused on the history of the code of ethics for nurses. The
      changes in the code intertwine with nursing's journey toward professionalism and
      reflect changes in nursing, society and health care. Over the years, however, the
      code has remained relatively stable. Six of the statements can be traced back to
      the 1926 code and five others to the revision of the code in 1960. The code of
      ethics has provided guidance for the profession, and has helped determine
      nursing's position as a profession in society.

PMID- 2643088
TI  - Effects of music and imagery on physiologic and self-report of analogued labor
      pain.
AB  - Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of music on analogued labor
      pain using volunteer nulliparous subjects who were randomly assigned to treatment
      groups (n = 10 per group). Assessments of the treatments were made in a 1-hour
      session involving twenty 80-second exposures to a laboratory pain stimulus
      patterned to resemble labor contractions. In the first experiment, it was
      hypothesized that subjects listening to easy-listening music would report lower
      pain ratings and cardiovascular responses than subjects listening to rock music,
      self-selected music, or a dissertation (placebo-attention) and subjects in a no
      treatment control group. No significant group effects were found; significant
      time effects were found for heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
      Subjects spontaneously reported using imagery as a pain reduction technique. In
      the second study a combination of music and imagery was examined by randomly
      assigning subjects to one of five groups: self-generated imagery with music
      (SIM), guided imagery with music (GIM), self-generated imagery without music
      (SI), guided imagery without music (GI), or no-treatment control. Again, no
      significant group effects were obtained. Significant time effects were obtained
      for heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

PMID- 2643089
TI  - Stressors and patterns of coping in renal transplant patients.
AB  - Forty patients less than 4 years postrenal transplant rated the severity of 35
      potential stressors on a 5-point scale. Patients then rated the extent to which
      they used each of 40 coping strategies to deal with stress. The most stressful
      items were cost factors and fear of kidney rejection; fear of not being accepted
      by family and friends was least stressful. Prayer and looking at the problem
      objectively were used most in coping with stress. Drug and alcohol use and
      blaming others for your problems were used least. Problem-oriented coping scores
      were significantly higher than affective-oriented scores, t (39) = 10.10, p less
      than .001. Patients 24 to 48 months posttransplant had significantly higher total
      stressor scores than patients less than 2 years posttransplant. However, the
      rankings of stressors by mean severity ratings were significantly correlated.
      Patients 24 to 48 months posttransplant were not significantly different from
      patients up to 23 months posttransplant with respect to total coping scores and
      total problem-oriented scores, but they did differ significantly on total
      affective-oriented scores. The rank orderings of coping methods according to mean
      degree of use were significantly correlated between the two subgroups, rs = .87.
      These findings suggest that renal patients may experience continuing stressors of
      moderate intensity as long as 4 years posttransplant.

PMID- 2643090
TI  - Compliance among patients with cancer.
AB  - Although there has been substantial progress in the effectiveness of cancer
      treatment and more patients experience longer-lasting remissions or cure, a
      substantial number of individuals still fail to respond to treatment. Healthcare
      professionals now are investigating patient behaviors which may result in
      ineffective response to potentially curative regimens. Patient perceptions,
      disease and treatment factors, sociodemographic characteristics, and social
      support systems influence the patient's decision to comply with a treatment
      regimen.

PMID- 2643091
TI  - Pulmonary aspiration. The three syndromes.
AB  - Pulmonary aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions, inert fluids and/or particulate
      material, or gastric contents produces three distinct clinical syndromes. Optimum
      management, although largely supportive, requires that the clinician understand
      the clinical presentation and course of each syndrome. Prevention is the primary
      goal. Early recognition of high-risk patients coupled with prompt institution of
      simple preventive measures can reduce the incidence and severity of these
      syndromes.

PMID- 2643092
TI  - Amino acid sequence analysis of the glutamate synthase enzyme from Escherichia
      coli K-12.
AB  - The amino acid sequence for the two subunits of the glutamate synthase of
      Escherichia coli K-12 was compared to the protein sequences compiled in the
      National Biomedical Research Foundation databank. Similarities were detected
      between the small glutamate synthase subunit and three members of the flavin
      containing pyridine nucleotide-disulphide oxidoreductase superfamily, and also
      with three members of a lactate dehydrogenase family. Two segments in this
      glutamate synthase subunit showed similarity to regions previously proposed as
      part of dinucleotide-binding sites in some members of these two families.
      Similarity can be extended if the predicted secondary structure is considered.
      Based on these data, residues 148-260 and 289-409 in the small GOGAT subunit are
      proposed as dinucleotide-binding regions. Comparison of the amino acid sequence
      of the large glutamate synthase subunit with the glutamine
      phosphoribosylamine:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferases of B. subtilis and
      E. coli revealed a significant similarity between the amino termini of these
      three enzymes. In these last two amidotransferases, the glutamine-binding site
      has been located in their amino-terminal region. The comparison with a second
      group of glutamine amidotransferases did not show any significant global
      similarity with the large glutamate synthase subunit. However, this polypeptide
      contains a small segment that shares similarity with a 13-amino acid segment
      proposed as part of the glutamine-binding site in this second group of
      amidotransferases.

PMID- 2643093
TI  - Prolactin and glucocorticoid hormones synergistically induce expression of
      transfected rat beta-casein gene promoter constructs in a mammary epithelial cell
      line.
AB  - We have detected hormone response elements in the promoter region of the rat beta
      casein gene that confer the synergistic action of prolactin and glucocorticoid
      hormones upon transcription of chimeric gene constructs. A 2800-base-pair (bp)
      rat beta-casein gene fragment containing 2300 bp of 5' flanking sequence was
      placed in front of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene and
      stably transfected into the mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11. Addition of
      prolactin or dexamethasone alone was sufficient for a modest induction of the
      fusion gene. The simultaneous presence of both hormones produced a strongly
      synergistic effect, which did not require the presence of insulin. Induction of
      the beta-casein-CAT gene was only observed in stably transfected confluent cell
      cultures. Analysis of a 5' deletion series of the beta-casein-CAT gene construct
      revealed a stepwise loss of hormone inducibility; 285 bp of 5' flanking sequence
      was sufficient to mediate the synergistic action of lactogenic hormones on
      expression. The response was reduced by half when compared with the construct
      containing 2300 bp of the 5' flanking region. Synergistic inducibility further
      decreased in deletion mutants between -285 and -265 and was completely abolished
      between -180 and -170. Thus, the 5' flanking region between -285 and -170
      contains cis-acting sequences, which are required for mediating the effect of
      prolactin and dexamethasone.

PMID- 2643094
TI  - Identification and purification of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein with the
      DNA binding specificity of mammalian activating transcription factor.
AB  - Activating transcription factor (ATF) is a mammalian transcriptional activator,
      which is involved in the expression of many viral E1a-inducible and cellular cAMP
      inducible genes. Here we identify from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae a
      previously uncharacterized protein whose DNA binding specificity is like
      mammalian ATF. We purify this protein (yATF) and show that it is a 66-kDa
      polypeptide. Finally, we demonstrate that a mammalian ATF site can function as an
      upstream activating sequence in S. cerevisiae. Taken together, our results
      suggest that yATF is a previously uncharacterized S. cerevisiae transcriptional
      activator.

PMID- 2643095
TI  - A translational enhancer derived from tobacco mosaic virus is functionally
      equivalent to a Shine-Dalgarno sequence.
AB  - When present at the 5' end of mRNAs, the untranslated leader sequence (omega) of
      tobacco mosaic virus RNA significantly enhances translation in eukaryotes and
      prokaryotes. We have tested a deletion derivative of the omega sequence, omega
      delta 3, for its enhancing ability on gene constructs in which the ribosomal
      binding site was either present or deleted, in several Gram-negative bacterial
      species including Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Xanthomonas
      campestris pv. vitians, Erwinia amylovora, and Salmonella typhimurium. In vivo
      production of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from a gene construct lacking its
      native ribosomal binding site was enhanced 40- to 120-fold by the presence of
      omega delta 3. Similar levels of enhancement (30- to 240-fold) were observed when
      the gene encoding beta-glucuronidase was tested. With a chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase construct containing a ribosomal binding site, enhancement was
      markedly less, between 1- and 3.8-fold. Omega delta 3 appeared to enhance
      translation independent of its position upstream of the AUG codon used for
      initiation.

PMID- 2643096
TI  - Cytolysis by tumor necrosis factor is preceded by a rapid and specific
      dissolution of microfilaments.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is cytotoxic to certain transformed cells, whereas
      normal cells are resistant to its effects. The resistance of normal cells can
      often be overcome by treatment with inhibitors of transcription or translation
      such as actinomycin D or cycloheximide (CHI), suggesting that normal cells
      produce a protein(s) that protects them from TNF-induced cytolysis. In this
      report, we examine the mechanism of cytolysis in a 3T3-like mouse cell line,
      C3HA, which was sensitized to TNF by treatment with CHI. We found that an early
      change in TNF/CHI-treated cells was a significant loss of stress fibers in
      perinuclear areas of the cytoplasm. The disruption of microfilaments, which was
      observed within 15 min of treatment, was not seen in untreated cells or in cells
      treated with either TNF or CHI alone. The dissolution of microfilaments spread
      peripherally over time and preceded other TNF/CHI-induced effects such as
      cytoplasmic "boiling," decrease in cell volume, and lysis of the plasma membrane.
      The breakdown of stress fibers occurred without a change in microtubules or
      intermediate filaments. Cytochalasin E, which disrupts microfilaments, induced
      cytolysis of TNF-treated cells even in the absence of CHI; however, demecolcine,
      which depolymerizes microtubules, did not sensitize cells to TNF. We propose that
      the TNF-induced cytolysis of certain cell types is preceded by a selective
      disruption of the microfilament lattice.

PMID- 2643097
TI  - Malignant transformation of human fibroblasts caused by expression of a
      transfected T24 HRAS oncogene.
AB  - We showed previously that diploid human fibroblasts that express a transfected
      HRAS oncogene from the human bladder carcinoma cell line T24 exhibit several
      characteristics of transformed cells but do not acquire an infinite life-span and
      are not tumorigenic. To extend these studies of the T24 HRAS in human cells, we
      have utilized an infinite life-span, but otherwise phenotypically normal, human
      fibroblast cell strain, MSU-1.1, developed in this laboratory after transfection
      of diploid fibroblasts with a viral v-myc oncogene. Transfection of MSU-1.1 cells
      with the T24 HRAS flanked by two transcriptional enhancer elements (pHO6T1)
      yielded foci of morphologically transformed cells. No such transformation
      occurred if the plasmid containing T24 HRAS had only one enhancer or none at all
      or if the normal human HRAS gene was transfected in the pHO6 vector (pHO6N1).
      Cell strains derived from such foci expressed high levels of T24 HRAS product
      p21, formed colonies in soft agar at high frequency, proliferated rapidly in
      serum-free medium that does not support growth of the parental cell line, and
      formed progressively growing, invasive fibrosarcomas. These foci-derived T24 HRAS
      transformed cell strains, as well as cells from the tumors derived from them, had
      the same near-diploid karyotype as that of the parental MSU-1.1 cells.
      Transfection of pHO6T1 into two other infinite life-span human fibroblast cell
      lines, cells that had not been transfected with v-myc, also resulted in malignant
      transformation, suggesting that the infinite life-span phenotype of MSU-1.1
      cells, and not necessarily expression of the v-myc oncogene, was the factor that
      complemented T24 HRAS expression to cause malignant transformation.

PMID- 2643098
TI  - Esperamicins, a class of potent antitumor antibiotics: mechanism of action.
AB  - The esperamicins represent a class of antitumor antibiotics characterized by an
      unusual chemical core structure and extremely potent cytotoxicity. The mechanism
      by which these drugs produce cytotoxicity was investigated and found to be
      related to the formation of single- and double-strand DNA breaks. Using five
      structurally related analogs, we defined a structure-activity relationship for
      cytotoxicity in various eukaryotic and DNA-repair-deficient prokaryotic cell
      lines, for DNA breakage in a human colon carcinoma cell line, and for DNA
      breakage in vitro in pBR322 DNA. Mild reducing agents such as dithiothreitol
      greatly increased the DNA breakage potency of these analogs in vitro. Results
      suggest that the pendant aromatic chromophore of esperamicin A1 may contribute to
      the uptake of the drug into cells but may also hinder double-strand DNA break
      formation. Little DNA breakage specificity was observed for the drug in a 139
      base-pair fragment of pBR322 DNA. Evidence supports a previously proposed
      mechanism whereby esperamicins may produce the observed DNA breaks through
      reduction of the methyl trisulfide group to a thiolate anion followed by a
      Michael addition of the anion across the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone. This
      addition may result in the saturation of the bridgehead double bond, thus
      allowing the two triple bonds to approach each other, causing cyclization of the
      diyn-ene to form a phenylene diradical. It is likely that this diradical is the
      active form of the drug responsible for single- and double-strand DNA breakage
      produced by this class of antitumor agents.

PMID- 2643099
TI  - Functional substitution of mouse ribosomal protein L27' for yeast ribosomal
      protein L29 in yeast ribosomes.
AB  - A cDNA clone of mouse ribosomal protein L27' was shown previously to be 62%
      identical in amino acid residues to yeast ribosomal protein L29. The L27' cDNA
      was expressed in yeast to determine the ability of the mouse protein to
      substitute for yeast L29 in assembling a functional ribosome. In a yeast strain
      resistant to cycloheximide by virtue of a recessive mutation in the L29 protein,
      the murine cDNA did not produce a sensitive phenotype, indicating failure of the
      mouse L27' protein to assemble into yeast ribosomes. However, when the mouse L27'
      gene was expressed in cells devoid of L29 and otherwise inviable, the murine
      protein supported normal growth, demonstrating that mouse ribosomal protein L27'
      indeed was interchangeable with yeast L29. We conclude that mouse ribosomal
      protein L27' is assembled into ribosomes in yeast, but yeast L29 is assembled
      preferentially when both L29 and L27' are present in the same cell.

PMID- 2643100
TI  - Attachment of a 40-base-pair G + C-rich sequence (GC-clamp) to genomic DNA
      fragments by the polymerase chain reaction results in improved detection of
      single-base changes.
AB  - Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) can be used to distinguish two DNA
      molecules that differ by as little as a single-base substitution. This method
      detects approximately 50% of all possible single-base changes in DNA fragments
      ranging from 50 to approximately 1000 base pairs. To increase the number of
      single-base changes that can be distinguished by DGGE, we used the polymerase
      chain reaction to attach a 40-base-pair G + C-rich sequence, designated a GC
      clamp, to one end of amplified DNA fragments that encompass regions of the mouse
      and human beta-globin genes. We show that this GC-clamp allows the detection of
      mutations, including the hemoglobin sickle (HbS) and hemoglobin C (HbC) mutations
      within the human beta-globin gene, that were previously indistinguishable by
      DGGE. In addition to providing an easy way to attach a GC-clamp to genomic DNA
      fragments, the polymerase chain reaction technique greatly increases the
      sensitivity of DGGE. With this approach, DNA fragments derived from less than 5
      ng of human genomic DNA can be detected by ethidium bromide staining of the gel,
      obviating the need for radioactive probes. These improvements extend the
      applicability of DGGE for the detection of polymorphisms and mutations in genomic
      and cloned DNA.

PMID- 2643101
TI  - Identification of receptor-binding residues in the inflammatory complement
      protein C5a by site-directed mutagenesis.
AB  - C5a is an inflammatory mediator potentially involved in a number of diseases. To
      help define which of its 74 residues are important for receptor binding and
      response triggering, changes in the amino acid sequence of C5a were introduced by
      site-directed mutagenesis. Synthetic C5a-encoding genes incorporating point
      mutations were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the mutant proteins were
      purified to homogeneity. Modifications of the C5a molecule causing parallel
      reductions in binding to polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranes and in stimulation
      of polymorphonuclear leukocyte locomotion (chemokinesis) suggest that carboxyl
      terminal residues Lys-68, Leu-72, and Arg-74 interact with the receptor.
      Substitutions in the disulfide-linked core of C5a revealed involvement of Arg-40
      or nearby residues, because potency losses were associated with only localized
      conformational changes as detected by NMR. Surprisingly, a substitution at core
      residue Ala-26, which did not alter C5a core structure, appeared from NMR results
      to reduce potency by causing a long-distance conformational change centered on
      residue His-15. Thus, at least three discontinuous regions of the C5a molecule
      appear to act in concert to achieve full potency.

PMID- 2643102
TI  - Human interleukin 7: molecular cloning and growth factor activity on human and
      murine B-lineage cells.
AB  - A cDNA encoding biologically active human interleukin 7 was isolated by
      hybridization with the homologous murine clone. Nucleotide sequence analysis
      indicated that this cDNA was capable of encoding a protein of 177 amino acids
      with a signal sequence of 25 amino acids and a calculated mass of 17.4 kDa for
      the mature protein. Recombinant human interleukin 7 stimulated the proliferation
      of murine pre-B cells and was active on cells harvested from human bone marrow
      that are enriched for B-lineage progenitor cells. Analysis of RNA by blot
      hybridization demonstrated the presence of two size classes of interleukin 7 mRNA
      in human splenic and thymic tissue.

PMID- 2643103
TI  - Detection of serum hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with chronic hepatitis using
      the polymerase chain reaction assay.
AB  - We compared the sensitivity of the polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) assay to that
      of slot-blot hybridization for detecting hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the serum
      of 31 patients with chronic hepatitis. Of 14 chronic hepatitis patients positive
      for both HBV surface and HBV e antigens, 9 were positive for HBV DNA by slot-blot
      hybridization and all 14 by PCR. Also, of 9 patients positive for HBV surface
      antigen and antibody against HBV e antigen, 2 were positive for HBV DNA by slot
      blot analysis and 8 by PCR. Finally, in 8 patients positive for HBV DNA by slot
      blot hybridization, but 4 were positive by PCR. We find that analysis by the PCR
      technique provides a greater than 10(4)-fold increase in sensitivity over the
      slot-blot hybridization assay. This result represents an important breakthrough
      in sensitivity because it is now possible to detect as few as three HBV DNA
      genomes per sample of serum.

PMID- 2643104
TI  - Cloned diphtheria toxin within the periplasm of Escherichia coli causes lethal
      membrane damage at low pH.
AB  - Acidic pH within endosomal vesicles of sensitive animal cells triggers a
      conformational change in diphtheria toxin (DT) that is believed to cause the B
      chain to insert into the vesicular membrane and the enzymic A chain to be
      released into the cytosol. In artificial lipid bilayers, DT forms ion-conductive
      channels under mildly acidic conditions (pH approximately 5). Here we report a
      related phenomenon in Escherichia coli strains that secrete certain cloned DT
      related proteins into their periplasm: the cells are rapidly killed at pH 5 but
      remain unharmed at pH 7. Expression of full-length DT (an active-site mutant, to
      comply with the National Institutes of Health recombinant DNA guidelines) causes
      acid-sensitivity, whereas expression of the A chain alone does not. The killed
      cells are not lysed, but inner-membrane functions are impaired (membrane
      potential, active transport, and ion impermeability). We propose that
      acidification of DT within the periplasm induces its insertion into the inner
      membrane, lethally damaging the permeability barrier. This discovery provides a
      potentially important selection procedure for mutations affecting the membrane
      insertion function of DT. Similar approaches may be useful in studying other
      proteins that undergo condition-dependent interaction with membranes.

PMID- 2643105
TI  - Crustacean peptidergic neurons in culture show immediate outgrowth in simple
      medium.
AB  - The survival and outgrowth of neurons in culture has usually required
      conditioning factors. We now report that crustacean neurons, taken from the
      peptidergic neurosecretory system of the eyestalk of crabs (Cardisoma carnifex)
      and lobsters (Panulirus marginatus), show immediate outgrowth, sustained for a
      week or more, in defined medium as simple as physiological saline with glucose
      and glutamine. The neurons show peptide hormone immunoreactivity that is
      prominent at growth cones, exhibit differences in form correlated with their
      immunoreactivity, release peptides to the medium, and have voltage-dependent
      currents, including a well-sustained Ca current. Cd blocks secretion, growth, and
      the Ca current. Peptidergic secretory neurons may be able to utilize existing
      membrane from their store of granules and already active synthetic, transport,
      and secretory mechanisms for immediate outgrowth.

PMID- 2643107
TI  - Copper-induced binding of cellular factors to yeast metallothionein upstream
      activation sequences.
AB  - Copper-inducible transcription of the yeast metallothionein gene (CUP1) occurs by
      means of cis-acting upstream activation sequences (UAS) and trans-acting cellular
      factors. We have used a high-resolution chromosomal footprinting technique to
      detect the interaction of cellular factors with UASCUP1. Our results demonstrate
      that one or more cellular factors bind to UASCUP1 in a copper-inducible fashion.
      This copper-inducible binding is enhanced in a yeast strain that harbors several
      copies of the positive regulatory gene ACE1 and is not detectable in yeast cells
      that contain a nonfunctional (ace1-delta 1) locus. The correlation between yeast
      metallothionein gene activation and copper-inducible occupation of UASCUP1
      sequences suggests that the binding of metallothionein transcriptional regulatory
      factors to cis-acting control sequences is copper-inducible.

PMID- 2643106
TI  - In the presence of CTP, UTP becomes an allosteric inhibitor of aspartate
      transcarbamoylase.
AB  - The allosteric control of aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase, EC 2.1.3.2) of
      Escherichia coli involves feedback inhibition by both CTP and UTP rather than
      just CTP alone. It has been known that CTP functions as a heterotropic inhibitor
      of catalysis; however, the inhibition by CTP alone is incomplete (50-70% at
      various aspartate concentrations) and there is only a partial occupancy of the
      allosteric binding sites by CTP at saturating concentrations. The logic of these
      allosteric characteristics can now be understood in that UTP is a synergistic
      inhibitor of ATCase in the presence of CTP even though UTP has no independent
      effect at pH 7.0. When saturating concentrations of CTP are present, the
      concentration of substrate required for half-maximal activity (S0.5) of the
      native holoenzyme for aspartate increases from 5 to 11 mM. When CTP and UTP are
      both present, the aspartate requirement increases further (S0.5 = 17 mM). At
      aspartate concentrations less than 5 mM, the heterotropic inhibition of ATCase is
      90-95% in the presence of both pyrimidine nucleotides. UTP does enhance the
      binding of CTP to the holoenzyme but the number of tight binding sites does not
      change (n = 3). The binding of UTP is stabilized in the presence of CTP although
      its binding characteristics are not as strong as those of CTP. The recent
      crystallographic studies of Kim et al. [Kim, H.K., Pan, Z., Honzatko, R.B., Ke,
      H.M. & Lipscomb, W.N. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196, 853-875] have described a
      structural asymmetry across the molecular two-fold axis that is consistent with
      these CTP/UTP interactions. The synergistic inhibition of ATCase by both CTP and
      UTP provides a satisfying logic for ensuring a balance of endogenous pyrimidine
      nucleotide pools.

PMID- 2643108
TI  - Bioluminescence of the Ca2+-binding photoprotein aequorin after cysteine
      modification.
AB  - Aequorin is a monomeric Ca2+-binding protein (Mr, 21,400) that emits light upon
      reacting with Ca2+. The protein has three Ca2+-binding sites, three cysteine
      residues, and a noncovalently bound chromophore that consists of coelenterazine
      and molecular oxygen. Light is emitted via an intramolecular reaction in which
      coelenterazine is oxidized by the bound oxygen. After light emission, aequorin
      may be regenerated by incubating the protein with coelenterazine, dissolved
      oxygen, EDTA, and 2-mercaptoethanol. To understand structure-function
      relationships in this protein, we used the technique of site-specific mutagenesis
      to replace the three cysteine residues with serine. Six of the seven modified
      aequorins had reduced luminescence activity, whereas the seventh with all three
      cysteines replaced by serine had luminescence activity equal to or greater than
      that of the wild-type aequorin. Further, the time required for the regeneration
      of the triply substituted aequorin was substantially increased compared to the
      time required for the regeneration of the wild-type aequorin. The results suggest
      that cysteine plays an important role in the regeneration of aequorin but not in
      its catalytic activity.

PMID- 2643109
TI  - Regulation of methionine synthesis in Escherichia coli: effect of the MetR
      protein on the expression of the metE and metR genes.
AB  - A plasmid (pRSE562) containing the metE and metR genes of Escherichia coli was
      used to study the expression of these genes and the role of the MetR protein in
      regulating metE expression. DNA sequence analysis of the 236-base-pair region
      separating these genes showed the presence of seven putative met boxes. When this
      plasmid was used to transform either wild-type E. coli, metE mutant, or metR
      mutant, MetE enzyme activity increased 5- to 7-fold over wild-type levels. The
      metR gene was subcloned from pRSE562, and this plasmid, pMRIII, relieved the
      methionine auxotrophy of a metR mutant after transformation. The metR gene was
      also cloned into a vector containing the lambda PL promoter, and the MetR protein
      was overexpressed and purified to near homogeneity. This protein, when added to
      an in vitro DNA-dependent protein synthesis system in which the MetE and/or MetR
      proteins were synthesized, caused a large increase in the expression of the metE
      gene but a decrease in the expression of the metR gene. The in vitro expression
      of both genes was inhibited by the MetJ protein and S-adenosylmethionine in the
      presence or absence of MetR protein. These results provide evidence that the
      product of the metR gene is a trans-activator of the expression of the metE gene
      and that the expression of the metR gene is under autogenous regulation and is
      repressed by the MetJ protein.

PMID- 2643110
TI  - Purification of tropomyosin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identification of
      related proteins in Schizosaccharomyces and Physarum.
AB  - Tropomyosin is a key component of the contractile systems found in muscle and
      nonmuscle cells of higher eukaryotes. Based on properties common to all
      tropomyosins, we have purified a protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that
      resembles tropomyosins from higher cells. The yeast protein remains soluble after
      heat treatment at 90 degrees C, has an apparent polypeptide molecular weight of
      33,000, an isoelectric point of 4.5, a Stokes radius of 3.5 nm, and a
      sedimentation coefficient of 2.6 S. It binds F-actin in a Mg2+-dependent, KCl
      modulated manner, up to a stoichiometry of about 1 polypeptide per 3.0 actin
      monomers. In all these properties it is very similar to tropomyosins from higher
      cells. Antigen-affinity-purified antibodies specifically recognize the Mr 33,000
      polypeptide among total yeast proteins and crossreact with bovine brain
      tropomyosin. In addition, the antibodies specifically crossreact with heat-stable
      Mr 33,000 polypeptides in extracts of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Physarum
      polycephalum. Our detection of tropomyosin in lower eukaryotes suggests that they
      might have contractile systems very similar to those found in higher organisms.

PMID- 2643111
TI  - Presence of the hypermodified nucleotide N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)-2
      methylthioadenosine prevents codon misreading by Escherichia coli phenylalanyl
      transfer RNA.
AB  - The overall structure of transfer RNA is optimized for its various functions by a
      series of unique post-transcriptional nucleotide modifications. Since many of
      these modifications are conserved from prokaryotes through higher eukaryotes, it
      has been proposed that most modified nucleotides serve to optimize the ability of
      the tRNA to accurately interact with other components of the protein synthesizing
      machinery. When a cloned synthetic Escherichia coli tRNAPhe gene was transfected
      into a bacterial host that carried a defective phenylalanine tRNA-synthetase
      gene, tRNAPhe was overexpressed by 11-fold. As a result of this overexpression,
      an undermodified tRNAPhe species was produced that lacked only N6-(delta 2
      isopentenyl)-2-methylthioadenosine (ms2i6A), a hypermodified nucleotide found
      immediately 3' to the anticodon of all major E. coli tRNAs that read UNN codons.
      To investigate the role of ms2i6A in E. coli tRNA, we compared the aminoacylation
      kinetics and in vitro codon-reading properties of the ms2i6A-lacking and normal
      fully modified tRNAPhe species. The results of these experiments indicate that
      while ms2i6A is not required for normal aminoacylation of tRNAPhe, its presence
      stabilizes codon-anticodon interaction and thereby prevents misreading of the
      genetic code.

PMID- 2643112
TI  - Retroregulation of the synthesis of ribosomal proteins L14 and L24 by feedback
      repressor S8 in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Previous studies on regulation of the spc operon containing genes for ribosomal
      proteins have shown that S8, encoded by the fifth gene of the operon in
      Escherichia coli, is a translational repressor and regulates the synthesis of the
      third gene product (L5) and distal gene products by acting at a site near the L5
      mRNA translation initiation site. We have now shown that S8 also regulates the
      synthesis of the first and second gene products (L14 and L24) of the operon by
      acting at the same mRNA target site--that is, the site located distal to sites
      coding for L14 and L24--and that mRNA degradation is involved in this
      retroregulation. It was shown that single base substitutions in the target site,
      which abolish repression of the synthesis of L5 and L5-distal gene products by
      S8, also cause derepression of L14-L24 synthesis. Inhibition of L14-L24 synthesis
      by S8 was also shown by overproducing S8 in trans from a plasmid carrying the S8
      gene under lac promoter/operator control. A strain carrying temperature-sensitive
      mutations in genes for polynucleotide phosphorylase and RNase II was found upon
      shift to nonpermissive temperature to show higher differential synthesis rates of
      L14-L24 (and L5) relative to those of several L5-distal spc operon gene products.
      We suggest that repression of distal ribosomal protein synthesis by S8 triggers
      nucleolytic cleavage of spc operon mRNA, followed by mRNA degradation by these 3'
      to 5'- exonucleases, which is then responsible for inhibition of L14-L24
      synthesis.

PMID- 2643113
TI  - A highly potent insulin: des-(B26-B30)-[AspB10,TyrB25-NH2]insulin(human).
AB  - An insulin analogue that embodies two distinct structural modifications, each of
      which independently increases insulin activity, has been synthesized and
      evaluated for biological activity. The analogue, des-(B26-B30)-[AspB10,TyrB25
      NH2]insulin is the most potent insulin analogue yet described; it displays an 11-
      to 13-fold higher activity than natural insulin. The findings are discussed with
      regard to the receptor-binding domains of insulin.

PMID- 2643114
TI  - In vivo DNA loops in araCBAD: size limits and helical repeat.
AB  - Formation of a DNA loop by AraC proteins bound at the araI and araO2 sites, whose
      center-to-center distance is 211 base pairs, is necessary for repression of the
      araBAD promoter, PBAD, of Escherichia coli. To determine the upper and lower size
      limits of the loop, we constructed PBAD-reporter gene fusion plasmids with
      various spacings between araI and araO2 and measured their levels of expression.
      Spacings larger than about 500 base pairs resulted in elimination of detectable
      repression. No lower limit to spacing was found, suggesting that AraC protein
      itself possesses significant flexibility and its bending substantially aids
      formation of small loops. As the spacing between araI and araO2 varied, the
      activity of PBAD oscillated with an 11.1-base-pair periodicity, implying that the
      in vivo helical repeat of this DNA is 11.1 base pairs per turn.

PMID- 2643115
TI  - Activation of yeast RNA polymerase II transcription by a thymidine-rich upstream
      element in vitro.
AB  - A thymidine-rich sequence upstream of the DED1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      activated transcription of the CYC1 promoter by RNA polymerase II in vitro.
      Activation was inhibited by an excess of an oligonucleotide with the same but not
      a closely related thymidine-rich sequence, pointing to the involvement of a
      specific thymidine-rich element-binding factor. The extent of activation was as
      great as 30-fold and showed a similar distance and orientation dependence and a
      similar effect of deletions in vitro as in vivo.

PMID- 2643116
TI  - Dynamic aspects of intermediate filament networks in BHK-21 cells.
AB  - A procedure was developed for the conjugation of vimentin with biotin.
      Biotinylated vimentin was then microinjected into BHK-21 cells and the fate of
      the labeled protein was determined at various times postinjection by indirect
      immunofluorescence. Microinjected vimentin could be traced through a specific
      sequence of morphological changes ultimately resulting in the formation of a
      filamentous network. The injected protein was first detected in spots dispersed
      throughout the cytoplasm. Subsequently, these spots appeared to cluster near the
      nucleus where they merged into a diffuse "cap." This cap coincided with a
      concentration of endogenous intermediate filaments and eventually gave rise to a
      filamentous network that was coincident with the endogenous intermediate filament
      network as determined by double-label immunofluorescence. The results indicate
      that the incorporation of exogenous vimentin into a filamentous network is
      initiated in a perinuclear region and progresses in a polarized fashion toward
      the cell surface.

PMID- 2643117
TI  - Construction of functional artificial minichromosomes in the fission yeast
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
AB  - The centromere DNAs from chromosomes I and III of Schizosaccharomyces pombe have
      been cloned in an artificial chromosome vector in both budding and fission
      yeasts. In S. pombe, synthetic linear and circular minichromosomes containing an
      intact centromere are stable mitotically and behave as independent genetic
      linkage groups that segregate properly through meiosis. These experiments present
      a general strategy for the isolation of centromeres from other organisms.

PMID- 2643118
TI  - Mapping of single-copy DNA sequences on human chromosomes by in situ
      hybridization with biotinylated probes: enhancement of detection sensitivity by
      intensified-fluorescence digital-imaging microscopy.
AB  - Two single-copy DNA segments of 6 kilobases (kb) and 2.3 kb were labeled with
      biotin-labeled dUTP (Bio11-dUTP) and hybridized to human chromosomes. These
      probes were detected by immunofluorescence and directly mapped on chromosomes by
      using classical fluorescence microscopy and a microchannel-plate-intensified
      video camera. By a subsequent R-banding, the 6-kb and 2.3-kb fragments were
      precisely localized to the 18p11.3 band and to the 22q11.2 band, respectively, in
      agreement with previous results obtained with radioactive probes. The adaptation
      of fluorescence intensification and digital image processing (frame integration
      to enhance signal-to-noise ratio and linear contrast stretching) to microscopy
      makes it possible to detect very weak fluorescent spots on chromosomes. This
      system allows a high spatial resolution (less than 0.6 micron), even at very low
      fluorescence levels. The efficiency and the specificity of the hybridization and
      detection methodology give a direct and precise localization of the short single
      copy sequences on human chromosomes.

PMID- 2643119
TI  - Identification and characterization of macrophage inflammatory protein 2.
AB  - In response to endotoxin, macrophages secrete a protein with a molecular mass of
      approximately 6000 Da and with an affinity for heparin. This protein, which we
      term "macrophage inflammatory protein 2," is a potent chemotactic agent for human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In addition, subcutaneous administration of the
      monokine causes a localized inflammatory reaction. Partial N-terminal sequence
      data reveal similarity to a family of proteins, the archetype of which is
      platelet factor 4. Although macrophage inflammatory protein 2 is a distinct
      member of the platelet factor 4 family, its sequence is most closely related to
      that of the gro/KC gene product, which is expressed in transformed or platelet
      derived growth factor-treated cells.

PMID- 2643121
TI  - Luteinizing hormone secretion in hypophysial stalk-transected pigs given
      progesterone and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine whether progesterone inhibits luteinizing
      hormone (LH) secretion in female pigs by a direct action on the pituitary gland.
      Eight ovariectomized, hypophysial stalk-transected gilts were given 1-microgram
      pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone iv every 45 min from Day 0 to 12. On
      Days 5-12, each of four gilts received either progesterone or oil vehicle im at
      12-hr intervals. Serum progesterone concentrations in steroid-treated gilts
      reached 70 +/- 6.8 ng/ml (mean +/- SE) by Day 8 and remained elevated thereafter,
      whereas serum progesterone concentrations in oil-treated controls were less than
      1 ng/ml for the entire study. Daily serum LH concentrations were not different
      between gilts treated with progesterone or oil. The 1-microgram pulses of
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone reliably evoked pulses of LH in both treatment
      groups. The LH pulse frequency and amplitude, assessed from samples collected
      every 15 min for 6 hr on Day 12, were similar for progesterone- and oil-treated
      gilts. These results provide evidence that progesterone does not act at the
      pituitary gland to alter LH secretion in pigs.

PMID- 2643120
TI  - De novo expression of intercellular-adhesion molecule 1 in melanoma correlates
      with increased risk of metastasis.
AB  - The 89-kDa cell surface glycoprotein, P3.58, is detectable on advanced human
      melanomas in situ but not on benign melanocytes or early melanomas. cDNA cloning
      of P3.58 from melanoma cells was accomplished by screening a lambda zap
      expression vector library with monoclonal antibodies produced against the
      denatured antigen. Nucleotide sequencing of the clones revealed that P3.58 is
      identical to the intercellular-adhesion molecule 1. No qualitative differences in
      P3.58 mRNA species could be seen between melanoma cells and hematopoietic cells
      and no differences in gene organization were observed between peripheral blood
      leukocytes and melanoma cells. Inspection of the deduced amino acid sequence of
      P3.58 indicated the presence of the consensus sequence characteristic for
      complement-binding proteins. The acquisition of this cell-adhesion molecule
      during the process of tumor progression is speculated to contribute to the
      development of metastasis in melanoma.

PMID- 2643122
TI  - Back support mechanisms during manual lifting.
AB  - The ability of individuals to lift heavy loads without injury to the vertebral
      elements has led to the formulation of several explanations of this phenomenon.
      In this article, the existing literature on lifting is reviewed and mechanisms of
      back support during lifting are described. These mechanisms include the intra
      abdominal pressure mechanism, the thoracolumbar fascia mechanism, and
      combinations of these mechanisms with the use of the erector spinae, multifidus,
      and psoas muscles. Physical therapists are often responsible for teaching
      patients and workers "proper" lifting techniques; however, controversy exists
      concerning the proper lift. Although lifting with the lower back in flexion and
      lifting in extension have been proposed, there are indications for each depending
      on individual circumstances. Lifting instructions for workers without low back
      injuries should be distinguished from instructions for patients with low back
      pain. General rules for lifting include: plan the lift, avoid twisting, keep the
      load close to the body, and bend at the knees.

PMID- 2643123
TI  - Ammonium transport in the kidney.

PMID- 2643124
TI  - Killing of target cells by lymphocytes: a mechanistic view.

PMID- 2643125
TI  - Respiratory functions of the larynx.

PMID- 2643126
TI  - Dual-pedicle dermoparenchymal mastopexy.
AB  - Mastopexy for treatment of breast ptosis, with or without augmentation or
      reduction, is often followed by recurrent ptosis. A new mastopexy technique is
      described which appears to offer long-term correction. After conservative
      resection of excess skin, the breast parenchyma is elevated from the chest wall,
      and redundant caudal deepithelialized breast tissue is divided into two equal (or
      unequal) superiorly based pedicles. These are criss-crossed (as in folding of
      arms), overlapped, and secured to the pectoral fascia in a position cephalad to
      the nipple-areolar complex. This technique, dual-pedicle dermoparenchymal
      mastopexy (DPM), forms a cone of the breast tissue and provides a "cradle" of
      support. It permits insertion of a prosthesis if needed. Based, in part, on
      concepts of traditional and more recently described pedicled breast reductions,
      it enjoys the advantage of preserving skin attachment to underlying unresected
      breast parenchyma. In addition, it repositions ptotically displaced breast
      parenchyma into a cephalad position and fixes it (the "pexy") to the chest wall.
      A 10-year experience is presented with representative cases to illustrate the
      basic mastopexy and its use with augmentation or reduction.

PMID- 2643127
TI  - Reconstructive surgery for immunosuppressed organ-transplant recipients.
AB  - Prolonged vascularized organ allograft survival and an improved quality of life
      are now possible for many transplant recipients. These advances are due largely
      to greater understanding of the immune response, the development of potent
      immunosuppressive agents (cyclosporin A), and improved surgical techniques. Thus
      more of these patients may require surgical procedures related or unrelated to
      their original operation, and the plastic surgeon, among other specialists,
      should be aware of the special problems of the immunocompromised transplant
      recipient who needs to undergo reconstructive surgery. We report our experience
      with 15 kidney, heart, and liver transplant recipients who required
      reconstructive surgery for a variety of conditions. The combined team approach by
      reconstructive and transplant surgeons is described, as well as the perioperative
      drug protocol and the special problems that immunosuppressed transplant
      recipients present. We conclude that these patients can successfully undergo
      major reconstructive procedures as long as the plastic surgeon not only performs
      technically flawless surgery, but also familiarizes himself or herself with the
      special problems of the immunosuppressed host, including the ever-present risk of
      sepsis and delayed and impaired wound healing, the potential for acute Addisonian
      crisis, and the possibility of multiple complicating comorbid conditions.

PMID- 2643128
TI  - Stabilization of the midface with a cranium-to-alveolus bone graft.
AB  - The cranium-to-alveolus bone graft is an alternate method of reconstructing the
      posterior and lateral midfacial pillars where local reconstruction is not
      possible.

PMID- 2643130
TI  - Suturing skin under tension.

PMID- 2643129
TI  - Historical review and present status of free fat graft autotransplantation in
      plastic and reconstructive surgery.
AB  - Free fat graft autotransplantation for soft-tissue replacement has been a
      neglected subject in recent years. In a review of the literature, investigations
      of the various uses of free fat autotransplantation in animals and humans provide
      an understanding of the problems associated with the use of fat as a free graft.
      Results of free fat autotransplantation were found to be quite unpredictable,
      with wide variations in the resulting bulk of the graft. Microscopic studies of
      this behavior led to controversy as to whether the graft ultimately was made of
      surviving graft adipocytes (cell survival theory) or host adipocytes (host
      replacement theory). Studies revealed a "fibroblast-like" mesenchymal cell within
      adipose tissue that was believed to be an immature adipocyte precursor or
      preadipocyte. Further characterization of the preadipocyte and its complete
      differentiation was accomplished using tissue-culture techniques. These
      investigations provide evidence of the dynamic nature of adipose tissue that
      strongly supports the cell survival theory and gives explanation to the
      unpredictable behavior of free fat autografts. Many conditions treated by plastic
      surgeons require soft-tissue augmentation. Autogenous adipose tissue is the most
      appropriate and natural replacement material. With new culturing techniques,
      preadipocytes in a single cell suspension may provide an injectable soft-tissue
      replacement. This subject appears ripe for investigation.

PMID- 2643131
TI  - Finding sutures.

PMID- 2643132
TI  - Plastic adhesive facilitating taking a split-thickness graft.

PMID- 2643133
TI  - Temporomandibular joint imaging.

PMID- 2643134
TI  - Imaging of colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 2643135
TI  - Staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of endorectal US and CT.
AB  - One hundred two consecutive patients undergoing surgical treatment for rectal
      cancer were examined by means of endorectal ultrasound (US) for staging before
      surgery. Eighty-one of these patients also underwent staging with computed
      tomography (CT). The diagnostic sensitivity of endorectal US in detection of
      tumor extension into fat was 67%; specificity, 77%; positive predictive value,
      73%; and negative predictive value, 72%. The sensitivity of CT for this finding
      was 53%; specificity, 53%; positive predictive value, 56%; and negative
      predictive value, 50%. The sensitivity of endorectal US in detection of lymph
      node infiltration was 50%; specificity, 92%; positive predictive value, 68%; and
      negative predictive value, 84%. For this finding the sensitivity and negative
      predictive value, 76%. These findings suggest that endorectal US may be as
      accurate as CT, or more so, in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer.

PMID- 2643136
TI  - Cystic mesothelioma of the peritoneum.
AB  - Cystic mesothelioma (CM) of the peritoneum is a rare, benign neoplasm that occurs
      predominantly in women and tends to recur locally. It has received little
      attention (to our knowledge, a single case report) in the radiology literature.
      Five cases of CM are presented. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in three
      cases, ultrasound (US) in four cases, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in one
      case. Twenty-eight cases reported in the literature are reviewed for comparison.
      CM shows a clear predilection for the surfaces of the pelvic viscera but is seen
      in other areas of the peritoneum and retroperitoneum. The neoplasm was
      intraperitoneal in three cases and primarily retroperitoneal in the other two
      cases. In all CT and US studies performed, a single large, multilocular cystic
      mass was demonstrated. MR imaging, performed in one case, showed that the lesion
      had signal characteristics typical of a watery collection low in solute
      concentration. It is concluded that CM of the peritoneum has a nonspecific
      multilocular cystic appearance on images, which does not permit it to be
      differentiated from other cystic lesions.

PMID- 2643137
TI  - Hemodynamic significance of the paraumbilical vein in portal hypertension:
      assessment with duplex US.
AB  - Hemodynamic evaluation of portal and umbilical venous flow with duplex ultrasound
      (US) was performed in 11 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and a large
      umbilical vein. Two of these patients had hepatofugal flow in the umbilical vein
      exceeding hepatopetal flow in the portal vein. These two patients had no evidence
      of esophageal varices and bleeding. The remaining nine patients had esophageal
      varices. In these patients, the hepatopetal flow in the portal vein exceeded the
      hepatofugal flow through the umbilical vein. The authors conclude that duplex US
      may help identify the massive hepatofugal flow through a large umbilical vein
      that may reduce the likelihood of esophageal varices and variceal bleeding.

PMID- 2643138
TI  - Orthotopic cardiac transplantation: evaluation with CT.
AB  - As cardiac transplantation has become widely available, computed tomography (CT)
      of the chest has played a useful role in the examination of patients after heart
      transplantation. To determine anatomic features related to the procedure, the
      authors evaluated 59 scans in 46 patients who had undergone orthotopic cardiac
      transplantation. Aortic anastomosis (seen in 98% of scans) and altered spacing
      between the great vessels (83%) proved to be the most common and most reliable
      findings. Other features including atrial anastomosis, high main pulmonary artery
      segment, remnant superior vena cava, and cardiac reorientation were also seen.
      Accurate interpretation of adenopathy, mediastinal abscess, and pericardial
      effusion will be enhanced in these patients through a better understanding of the
      cardiovascular-pericardial complex, which is afforded by CT.

PMID- 2643139
TI  - Pulsatile masses surrounding vascular prostheses: real-time US color flow
      imaging.
AB  - A prospective evaluation of color flow mapping and real-time ultrasound was
      performed to determine if pseudoaneurysms could be distinguished from other
      causes of masses surrounding vascular grafts of the lower extremities. Twelve
      palpable pulsatile masses were imaged. Diagnoses were confirmed at angiography (n
      = 11), computed tomography (n = 7), aspiration biopsy (n = 5), and operative
      intervention (n = 6). A swirling pattern of blood flow was seen in six of seven
      cases of pseudoaneurysm. Lack of flow signals was noted in four of the five
      collections representing hematoma (n = 2) or infection (n = 2). The seventh case
      was later shown to be an infected, thrombosed pseudoaneurysm. The single false
      positive diagnosis was made early in the series when the flow signals detected
      were due to transmitted arterial pulsations. The authors conclude that color
      Doppler flow imaging is useful in the differential diagnosis of pulsatile masses
      associated with prosthetic grafts. Prosthetic graft pseudoaneurysms have a
      specific appearance of swirling blood flow arising from a wide neck and are
      distinguishable from traumatic or iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms of the native
      vascular tree.

PMID- 2643140
TI  - Results of randomized controlled trials of low-versus high-osmolality contrast
      media.
AB  - The authors reviewed 100 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in humans
      to compare safety or efficacy of new low-osmolality contrast media (LOM) with
      that of high-osmolality contrast media (HOM). Findings of the 43 RCTs judged to
      be of the highest quality suggest that the efficacy of LOM in imaging is equal or
      superior to that of HOM for all routes of administration. Heat sensation occurred
      less often with LOM for all routes and pain occurred less often with LOM for
      intraarterial routes. No differences were seen in nephrotoxicity or in frequency
      of nausea, vomiting, urticaria, bronchospasm, laboratory test abnormalities, or
      neurologic events. Greater cardiovascular changes were seen with HOM, including
      increased or decreased heart rate, increased left ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure, decreased systolic pressure, and QT prolongation, depending on route of
      administration. To demonstrate whether a reduction in clinically significant
      adverse outcomes truly occurs with LOM, trials will need to enlist larger numbers
      of patients and employ appropriate outcome measures. Future trials should
      stratify patients according to their risk of adverse reactions to provide better
      information about benefits of LOM in low- versus high-risk patients.

PMID- 2643141
TI  - Nonpalpable breast tumors: diagnosis with stereotaxic localization and fine
      needle aspiration.
AB  - Modern mammography is the most effective means of detecting nonpalpable breast
      cancers, but correct diagnosis for malignancy is made in only 20%-30% of the
      cases. The conventional method of lesion localization usually results in
      approximate placement of the hookwire in the breast. The authors report the
      results of stereotaxic localization, combined with fine-needle aspiration and
      cytologic study, performed in 528 cases. Clinically occult breast lesions were
      localized precisely (within 2 mm 96% of the time), sampled by means of a 23-gauge
      needle, and marked with either methylene blue or a hookwire for subsequent open
      excisional biopsy. The results indicate a sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 91%,
      and accuracy of 92% for the fine-needle aspiration procedure. This technique
      offers a significantly improved preoperative method of diagnosing small breast
      lesions with minimal pain, no complications, reduced cost, and no disfigurement
      or scar interfering with subsequent mammographic follow-up.

PMID- 2643142
TI  - Normal thymus in infancy: sonographic characteristics.
AB  - A prospective sonographic study of the normal thymus in 56 infants was performed
      to determine the shape, extent, and echogenicity of normal thymic tissue. The
      thymus had either a triangular or teardrop shape on longitudinal scans and a
      trapezoidal or bilobate shape on transverse scans. Typically, the thymus was
      located anterior to the great vessels and extended down to the upper portion of
      the heart (in one infant, to the diaphragm). It extended up into the lower
      cervical area in five infants. The great vessels--including the superior vena
      cava, aorta, and the pulmonary artery--were well imaged through the thymus. In
      six infants the thymus encircled the left innominate vein. The echogenicity of
      the thymus was homogeneous, similar to that of the liver and spleen. The
      intensity of thymic echogenicity was less than that of the liver, spleen, and
      thyroid gland. This study demonstrates that the thymus has a characteristic
      sonographic appearance and can be easily identified.

PMID- 2643143
TI  - Pseudoportal Doppler signal in the partially obstructed inferior vena cava.
AB  - The Doppler spectrum of the normal inferior vena cava (IVC) shows a majority of
      flow toward the right atrium, with wide variations in flow velocity and direction
      owing to effects of the cardiac and respiratory cycles. Seventeen subjects
      underwent duplex sonography: nine children after liver transplantation, two
      children with right upper quadrant neuroblastoma, and six healthy control
      subjects. In six children the spectrum obtained from the IVC bore a strong
      resemblance to the unidirectional, low-velocity, continuous-flow pattern
      associated with the portal vein; these children included two children with
      biliary atresia and cirrhosis, two liver transplant recipients, and two children
      with IVC compression by neoplasm. In healthy children and adults, a pseudoportal
      Doppler signal in the IVC can be generated by subcostal right upper quadrant
      compression. The pseudoportal IVC appears to be a sign of partial IVC
      obstruction. Knowledge of this potential pitfall and meticulous morphologic
      imaging can help prevent mistaking the IVC for a patent portal vein.

PMID- 2643144
TI  - Spinal cord central echo complex: histoanatomic correlation.
AB  - Real-time sonography consistently demonstrates an echo complex centrally located
      in the spinal cord. This echogenic focus is currently attributed to the central
      canal. The authors sought the source of this central echo with ultrasound (US)
      and histoanatomic study of both fresh and fixed cadaver spinal cords. Correlative
      transverse sections of the spinal cord were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and
      Luxol fast blue for cells and myelin and with Holzer stain for glial fibrils. The
      central echo complex is produced by the interface between the myelinated ventral
      white commissure and the central end of the anterior median fissure. Variations
      in the shape of the central complex seem to reflect varying degrees of flaring of
      the central end of the anterior median fissure. The inconstant residual central
      canal and islands of residual ependymal cells are clearly not the source of the
      central echo complex.

PMID- 2643145
TI  - Spontaneous extraperitoneal rupture of the urinary bladder in children.
AB  - The authors describe two children who had spontaneous extraperitoneal rupture of
      the urinary bladder into the retropubic space secondary to acute urinary
      retention following lower urinary tract surgery. One also had urinary ascites. In
      one, the urinoma was initially mistaken for the bladder during ultrasonography.
      In both cases, the diagnosis of bladder rupture was not considered initially
      because of a lack of familiarity with the occurrence of this entity in children.

PMID- 2643146
TI  - Cerebrovascular disease: outpatient evaluation with selective carotid DSA
      performed via a transbrachial approach.
AB  - A total of 355 outpatients and 73 inpatients were studied for cerebrovascular
      disease with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The studies
      were performed by means of selective carotid and vertebral artery catheterization
      from a transbrachial approach. Selective catheterization of the carotid artery
      was possible in 95% of patients, with definitive examinations of both extra- and
      intracranial circulation obtained in 95%-100% of all patients. Vessel
      opacification was very good to excellent, and the technique was inherently free
      from artifact caused by vessel overlap or involuntary motion. There were 25
      complications, of which 20 were local in nature. Iodine load per case was
      extremely low, averaging 4.2-7.0 g. Selective carotid and vertebral
      catheterizations by the brachial route proved to be as safe as intravenous DSA
      and aortic arch intraarterial DSA with less contrast material load and superior
      images.

PMID- 2643147
TI  - Degree of cervical carotid artery stenosis and hemispheric stroke: duplex US
      findings.
AB  - Duplex ultrasound (US) scans of 110 carotid arteries ipsilateral to hemispheric
      strokes were compared with scans of 90 asymptomatic vessels in the same patients
      to determine the relative prevalence of stenotic lesions. In addition, scans of
      paired carotid arteries in patients with stroke involving only one cerebral
      hemisphere were compared to determine whether the incriminated side demonstrated
      a greater degree of stenosis than the asymptomatic side. The duplex US findings
      demonstrated a positive correlation between stenosis and hemispheric stroke.
      However, only 20% of carotid arteries ipsilateral to hemispheric stroke showed a
      reduction in diameter greater than 70%, compared with 5% of asymptomatic vessels.
      A minimal difference was demonstrated between the symptomatic and asymptomatic
      groups with respect to lesser degrees of stenosis. In paired carotid arteries,
      the degree of stenosis of the symptomatic vessel exceeded that of the
      asymptomatic vessel in only 43% of cases. These results suggest that the
      prevalence of severe carotid stenosis in stroke patients has been previously
      overestimated. The findings also emphasize the need for further investigation of
      other plaque-related risk factors that may enhance stroke prevention through
      improved selection of surgical or medical therapy. Factors currently under
      investigation include plaque ulceration, intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque
      echogenicity, and the effects of sequential stenoses.

PMID- 2643148
TI  - Echogenicity of prostate cancer correlated with histologic grade and stromal
      fibrosis: endorectal US studies.
AB  - In this study an attempt was made to clarify some of the causes of the apparent
      differences in appearance on ultrasound (US) images of prostate cancer. These
      differences were correlated with histologic grade and the degree of stromal
      fibrosis present. Fifty-one cancers (diagnosed and evaluated by means of US
      guided biopsy or evaluated by means of radical prostatectomy) were studied. There
      were 30 hypoechoic, ten echogenically mixed, six isoechoic, and five subtly
      hyperechoic cancers. The degree of stromal fibrosis was minimal in well
      differentiated cancers and increased in poorly differentiated cancers. In
      addition, the more hypoechoic lesions were, in general, the better-differentiated
      cancers and had less fibrosis. There was a tendency for the isoechoic cancers and
      those with subtly hyperechoic areas to more often have poor cellular
      differentiation and a greater degree of stromal fibrosis, but considerable
      overlap among histologic types was seen.

PMID- 2643149
TI  - Transabdominal versus endovaginal pelvic sonography: prospective study.
AB  - Transabdominal and endovaginal pelvic sonograms were obtained in 108 nonpregnant
      patients referred for pelvic sonography. The studies were independently obtained
      by two radiologists and interpreted on the basis of identical clinical
      information. The sonograms were then compared for anatomic detail and
      abnormalities. A determination was made about which examination, if either, was
      superior. Follow-up was performed through a review of the medical records and
      follow-up studies. Overall, the endovaginal study was judged superior in 65 cases
      (60.2%), equal in 39 (36.1%), and inferior in four (3.7%). The authors conclude
      that the endovaginal examination can effectively replace the transabdominal
      examination as the initial approach for routine pelvic sonography.

PMID- 2643150
TI  - Acute renal vein thrombosis in renal allografts: detection with duplex Doppler
      US.
AB  - Renal allograft recipients were routinely monitored by means of duplex Doppler
      ultrasound. In a 20-month survey period, four instances of acute renal vein
      thrombosis were detected among 75 patients. All episodes occurred within the
      first 3 postoperative days. The examinations disclosed peaked, abruptly dropping
      systolic frequency shifts and retrograde plateaulike frequency shifts during
      diastole at the level of the main renal artery and its proximal branches. A
      venous Doppler signal could not be recorded. The findings are interpreted as
      indicating renal impedance exceeding diastolic pressure with nonpropulsive blood
      flow within the arterial vasculature.

PMID- 2643151
TI  - In utero exposure to diagnostic US.

PMID- 2643152
TI  - Breast neoplasms: duplex sonographic imaging as an adjunct in diagnosis.

PMID- 2643153
TI  - United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Drinking Water health
      advisories.

PMID- 2643154
TI  - A multidisciplinary approach to chronic pain.
AB  - Chronic pain often is frustrating to nurses and patients, since many times it has
      not been responsive to traditional medical approaches. The purpose of this
      article is to discuss the chronic pain syndrome and the role of nursing within a
      multidisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation program designed to return the
      patient to a functional lifestyle. The purpose and rationale for each treatment
      modality within the pain management program is described, although the treatment
      plans are individualized for every patient. Nurses play a crucial role, because
      they are the only professionals who are constantly available to the patient.
      Nurses collect data and continually assess the patient to develop comprehensive
      nursing care plans. In this intensive educational program, nurses also assist in
      teaching the patient positive health practices to control the pain. Further
      evaluations of these chronic pain rehabilitation programs are needed.

PMID- 2643155
TI  - Potential use of nerve growth factor to treat Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2643156
TI  - Retraction.

PMID- 2643157
TI  - Samuel Broder new head of NCI.

PMID- 2643158
TI  - Bush makes some science appointments.

PMID- 2643159
TI  - New hands on the purse strings.

PMID- 2643160
TI  - Correct folding of circularly permuted variants of a beta alpha barrel enzyme in
      vivo.
AB  - An important question in protein folding is whether the natural amino and
      carboxyl termini and the given order of secondary structure segments are critical
      to the stability and to the folding pathway of proteins. Here it is shown that
      two circularly permuted versions of the gene of a single-domain beta alpha barrel
      enzyme can be expressed in Escherichia coli. The variants are enzymically active
      and are practically indistinguishable from the original enzyme by several
      structural and spectroscopic criteria, despite the creation of new termini and
      the cleavage of a surface loop. This novel genetic approach should be useful for
      protein folding studies both in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2643161
TI  - AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cells express cytokines with autocrine and
      paracrine growth effects.
AB  - When grown in vitro, cells from Kaposi's sarcoma lesions of AIDS patients (AIDS
      KS cells) constitutively release several growth promoting activities. When
      inoculated into nude mice, the AIDS-KS cells induce a KS-like lesion of mouse
      origin. Here it is shown that the AIDS-KS cells express messenger RNA for a
      complex mixture of cytokines that correlate with several of the biological
      activities of these cells. Basic fibroblast growth factor, which is a potent
      angiogenic factor, and interleukin-1 messenger RNAs are expressed at very high
      levels and seem to account for a large proportion of the activities, since their
      corresponding proteins are released in biologically active form into the culture
      media where they induce autocrine and paracrine growth effects.

PMID- 2643162
TI  - A yeast actin-binding protein is encoded by SAC6, a gene found by suppression of
      an actin mutation.
AB  - The protein encoded by SAC6, a gene that can mutate to suppress a temperature
      sensitive defect in the yeast actin gene, has been identified as a 67-kilodalton
      actin-binding protein (ABP 67) that associates with all identifiable actin
      structures. This finding demonstrates the in vivo functional importance of the
      actin-ABP 67 interaction previously established in vitro and illustrates the use
      of suppressor analysis to identify physically interacting proteins.

PMID- 2643163
TI  - A specialization for speech perception.
AB  - The processes that underlie perception of consonants and vowels are specifically
      phonetic, distinct from those that localize sources and assign auditory qualities
      to the sound from each source. This specialization, or module, increases the rate
      of information flow, establishes the parity between sender and receiver that
      every communication system must have, and provides for the natural development of
      phonetic structures in the species and in the individual. The phonetic module has
      certain properties in common with modules that are "closed" (for example, sound
      localization or echo ranging in bats) and, like other members of this class, is
      so placed in the architecture of the auditory system as to preempt information
      that is relevant to its special function. Accordingly, this information is not
      available to such "open" modules as those for pitch, loudness, and timbre.

PMID- 2643164
TI  - Functions of sphingolipids and sphingolipid breakdown products in cellular
      regulation.
AB  - The discovery that breakdown products of cellular sphingolipids are biologically
      active has generated interest in the role of these molecules in cell physiology
      and pathology. Sphingolipid breakdown products, sphingosine and
      lysosphingolipids, inhibit protein kinase C, a pivotal enzyme in cell regulation
      and signal transduction. Sphingolipids and lysosphingolipids affect significant
      cellular responses and exhibit antitumor promoter activities in various mammalian
      cells. These molecules may function as endogenous modulators of cell function and
      possibly as second messengers.

PMID- 2643165
TI  - Medical and financial implications of discontinuing a statewide free insulin
      program involving 3,720 people.
AB  - In 1981 a statewide program supplying free insulin to 3,720 patients of state
      health clinics was discontinued. We attempted to assess whether this action had
      an adverse effect medically and financially on those concerned. A computer
      randomized sample of 351 patients (9%) was studied by personal interview and
      questionnaire. Information obtained focused on certain events that occurred 18
      months before and after the program ceased. Measurements used to determine
      medical impact were number of hospitalizations, emergency room and physician
      visits, changes in weight and glucose levels, and episodes of ketoacidosis.
      Financial impact was measured by cost of hospitalization and physician visits.
      Our results revealed no significant changes in any of the medical parameters
      studied except for fasting serum glucose levels above 300 mg/dl, which occurred
      less frequently after the free insulin program was discontinued. There were fewer
      hospitalizations, more visits to physicians, and no change in number of emergency
      room visits after discontinuance of the free program. The overall cost saving was
      estimated to be +883,558 for the 18-month study period, in addition to the
      +550,000 the plan had been costing the state.

PMID- 2643166
TI  - Arteriovenous malformations of the small intestine.
AB  - Arteriovenous malformations of the small intestine are an uncommon cause of
      gastrointestinal hemorrhage. When we reviewed the records of 406 patients
      admitted to the hospital because of gastrointestinal blood loss, we found nine
      patients who had AVMs of the small intestine. We have developed an algorithm that
      presents a rational diagnostic approach to patients with hemorrhage from the
      small intestine. Single contrast barium roentgenograms were not helpful in this
      series. Endoscopy is not helpful unless the scope can be passed to the area of
      involvement. Arteriography is the most helpful diagnostic maneuver and should be
      considered early in the work-up for suspected intestinal AVMs. In addition,
      arteriography can be useful in localizing the precise area of bleeding so that
      resection can be limited to the involved areas.

PMID- 2643167
TI  - Silent myocardial ischemia: improvement with nisoldipine therapy.
AB  - Nisoldipine is a new calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine family with a
      high affinity for coronary vessels. We assessed the efficacy of nisoldipine in
      the treatment of asymptomatic ischemia in 12 patients with chronic, stable
      angina. Two to four weeks of daily therapy with prn nitroglycerin and placebo was
      followed by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recording for ST segment
      assessment. After two weeks of once-daily nisoldipine, 10 to 20 mg, the
      ambulatory recording was repeated. A significant difference was seen in ischemia
      magnitude products of asymptomatic ischemic episodes in placebo versus active
      drug periods (P less than .05). When total ischemic burden was considered (ST
      segment depression during both painless and painful episodes), the difference was
      even more significant (P less than .02).

PMID- 2643168
TI  - Medical College of Alabama in Mobile, 1859-1920: a legacy of Dr. Josiah Clark
      Nott.
AB  - The first legislated orthodox medical school within Alabama was founded in Mobile
      in 1859, a legacy of Dr. Josiah Clark Nott. That it developed later than other
      Southern medical schools has been attributed to multiple factors, among them
      rural isolation, restricted communication, limited transportation, sparse
      population, cultural deprivation, and climatologic enervation. The rationale for
      a medical school within Alabama was also multifactorial: to supply physicians to
      rural Alabama, to reverse the economic and cultural drain among Alabamians that
      out-of-state education implied, and to educate medical students regarding the
      unique health care requirements of a predominantly rural Alabama populace. A
      medical school building was constructed east of the Mobile City Hospital, and was
      equipped with an elegant collection of anatomic models acquired by Nott during
      his travels in western Europe in 1859. After only two sessions, however, the War
      Between the States (1861 to 1865) forced the medical school to close, as faculty
      and students joined the Confederate forces. In 1868, with the continued
      involvement of Dr. W. H. Anderson as Dean, the institution was reopened. During
      the succeeding 52 years of its existence, the financially strapped medical school
      attempted to cope with evolving medical technologies and educational
      philosophies. Despite the commitment of the administrators and faculty,
      sociopolitical factors and insufficient economic support militated against the
      school's continued existence. Nott has been characterized as a physician,
      anatomist, anthropologist, and ethnologist. His opinions as revealed in his
      writings were controversial because they addressed sociopolitical and racial
      issues. Nevertheless, his commitment to the Medical College of Alabama in Mobile
      was unstinting, and he provided the major leadership role in its establishment.

PMID- 2643169
TI  - Candidal infections in neonates of very low birth weight.
AB  - Candida infections represent a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in sick
      low birth weight infants cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit. Often,
      the infection goes undiagnosed, or the candidal isolate is regarded as a
      contaminant. There is also fear of potential toxicity from treatment. We have
      reported a case in which recovery occurred without antifungal therapy, and
      reviewed the current literature regarding this potentially devastating infection.

PMID- 2643170
TI  - Unilateral adrenal hyperplasia as a cause of primary aldosteronism.
AB  - We have described a patient with unilateral adrenal hyperplasia, a rare cause of
      primary aldosteronism, and reviewed the literature on this subject. The treatment
      of this disorder appears to be surgical. Whether its pathogenesis is related to
      the more common varieties of primary aldosteronism is open to speculation.

PMID- 2643171
TI  - Subdural injection of local anesthetics and morphine: a complication of attempted
      epidural anesthesia.
AB  - We have reported a case of unintentional, roentgenographically proven cannulation
      of the lumbar subdural space. Injection of 13 ml of local anesthetic provided
      satisfactory anesthesia for cesarean section, and administration of 1 mg of
      morphine resulted in postcesarean analgesia for 22 hours. Subdural
      catheterization is a possible explanation for the occasionally irregular course
      of an apparent "epidural" anesthetic.

PMID- 2643172
TI  - Outpatient treatment of retinal detachment.
AB  - Outpatient treatment of retinal detachment is a new concept. The first 20 cases
      treated in the Department of Ophthalmology at Tygerberg Hospital are discussed.
      After an inert gas has been injected into the vitreous cavity the patient is
      allowed to go home, where he must remain in the therapeutic position. When the
      patient returns the next day the retina will usually be reattached around the
      breaks, and laser photocoagulation or cryopexy is performed. The success rate is
      high, and this procedure should be considered in all cases in which it is
      indicated.

PMID- 2643173
TI  - First trimester prenatal diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling. The Johannesburg
      experience with 48 cases.
AB  - Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a first trimester alternative to amniocentesis
      for the prenatal detection of genetic disorders. Initial experience in 48
      patients, in whom transcervical CVS was utilised for the diagnosis of
      chromosomal, biochemical or molecular disorders, is reported. An adequate villus
      sample was obtained in all cases and a diagnostic result was achieved in 90% of
      cases. In this series, the miscarriage rate was 4.2%. It is concluded that CVS
      appears to be a relatively safe and reliable procedure, but the risk of
      miscarriage can only be accurately assessed after further investigation.

PMID- 2643174
TI  - Khoikhoi susceptibility to virgin soil epidemics in the 18th century.
AB  - It has long been assumed that the devastation caused by European epidemic
      diseases on aboriginal populations was due to their lack of immunity to these
      diseases. It is argued here, from data on modern Third-World aboriginal people,
      that this has not been proven, thus it is likely that smallpox epidemics played
      only a minor role in the disappearance of the Khoikhoi at the Cape in the early
      18th century. Increasing usurpation of their pasture land by the colony and loss
      of livelihood through livestock epidemics and drought, resulting in their
      subjugation and a downward spiral of anomie, had a much greater effect.

PMID- 2643175
TI  - Highlights of the history of nonpenetrating chest trauma.
AB  - The basic principles of the pathology, physiology, diagnosis, and management of
      nonpenetrating chest trauma evolved to a significant degree before World War II.
      The advances in the past 40 years include more frequent use of endotracheal
      intubation, improved ventilatory assistance, better control of blood volume,
      antibiotics, the clinical application of blood-gas studies, diagnostic imaging,
      and specialized nursing and monitoring in intensive care units. Thus, the
      improvement in survival is not primarily attributable to operative measures but
      rather to enhanced supportive measures.

PMID- 2643176
TI  - Tracheobronchial and esophageal injuries.
AB  - Tracheobronchial injury was considered rare until the last two decades but is
      becoming more common (or is being recognized more often). The author reviews
      diagnosis and the principles of management, among which infection prevention is
      stressed.

PMID- 2643177
TI  - Intrathoracic and intravascular migratory foreign bodies.
AB  - Intrathoracic and intravascular migratory foreign bodies are a small but
      distinctive subgroup of missile injuries. The intravascular bullet embolus can be
      treated like arterial or venous emboli of any other sort and removed as
      indicated. Wandering bullets in body cavities should be removed when they need to
      be, just like bullets imbedded in the body in a fixed position. And, contrary to
      the popular belief, very few bullets wander.

PMID- 2643178
TI  - Delayed sequelae of thoracic trauma.
AB  - A high index of suspicion of the presence of post-traumatic residual sequelae
      usually leads to early diagnosis of these lesions. The type and site of the
      traumatic impact and the presenting symptoms and signs frequently suggest the
      type of problem. The use of the appropriate diagnostic tests and the institution
      of suitable therapy will protect the patients from more serious subsequent
      complications and frequently will result in the restoration of their health to
      its preinjury status.

PMID- 2643179
TI  - Advanced techniques in thoracic trauma.
AB  - Technologic aid is available for the three central problems of hemorrhage, lung
      damage, and cardiac damage. Autotransfusion, new modes of ventilator support,
      extracorporeal oxygenation, balloon pumping, and left ventricular assist are
      available for the trauma patient. The author explains these new devices and their
      role in thoracic trauma cases.

PMID- 2643180
TI  - Acute post-traumatic respiratory physiology and insufficiency.
AB  - This article reviews the physiologic mechanisms by which acute injury results in
      respiratory insufficiency. It delineates the need for oxygenation versus
      ventilatory support and provides a pragmatic approach to dealing with the proper
      early respiratory support of the victim of chest trauma as well as the rationale
      for various immediate treatment modalities. In addition, it discusses various
      assessment techniques and clinical clues that predict the onset of late
      respiratory complications in the patient with serious injuries.

PMID- 2643181
TI  - Prehospital care of the patient with an injured chest.
AB  - The trauma patient with thoracic injury poses special problems for the paramedic.
      A chest injury frequently is a signal of other injury and alerts the paramedic to
      transport the patient to the regional trauma center, regardless of triage
      criteria applicable in any general area. In patients with chest injury, fluids
      should be judiciously administered, and pneumatic garments should NOT be applied.
      Trocar chest tubes should be avoided. Airway management is of prime importance,
      and the airway can be assured and protected by the paramedics. As time is of
      prime concern, the patient with thoracic injury should be transported as soon as
      possible to a regional trauma center. For distances of less than 35 miles,
      advanced life-support ground ambulances are preferable to air ambulances.

PMID- 2643182
TI  - Chest drainage tubes.
AB  - In general, appropriate use of tube thoracostomy results in complete drainage of
      the collected air and fluid in the pleural space and allows full expansion and
      occupation of the entire pleural space by the lung, thus protecting the lung and
      pleural space from subsequent complications. In addition, the drainage of the
      pleural space with a tube thoracostomy allows more accurate monitoring of the
      rate of accumulation of air and blood in the pleural space. Thus, it provides
      valuable information for the subsequent management of some patients, such as
      those with traumatic hemothorax.

PMID- 2643183
TI  - Indications for thoracotomy: deciding to operate.
AB  - Formal chest operations other than minor procedures are required by only 12 to 15
      per cent of patients with thoracic trauma. For those patients requiring
      thoracotomy, the operation may be required acutely or on a delayed basis. Acute
      thoracotomy may be necessary urgently, but in most situations, it is performed
      after a systematic evaluation has revealed specific symptoms and proved injuries.
      Some conditions should NOT lead automatically to thoracotomy unless other
      indications for the operation are present. In some cases, thoracotomy is required
      on a delayed basis.

PMID- 2643184
TI  - Chest wall injuries.
AB  - Chest wall injuries range from relatively trivial to fatal flail chest or huge
      defects. Significant chest wall injury is present in about one third of patients
      admitted after severe trauma. In management, the principal areas to be considered
      are pain control, open wounds, pneumothorax, flail chest, and pulmonary
      contusion.

PMID- 2643185
TI  - Bronchopulmonary aspiration.
AB  - Bronchopulmonary aspiration remains a significant threat to the surgical and
      intensive care unit patient, and mortality rates for this condition remain high.
      The key to improvement is prevention. However, if aspiration does occur, early
      recognition and aggressive treatment will produce the best results. Expeditious
      intubation, ventilation, removal of particulate matter, prevention of
      atelectasis, institution of antibiotics, and nutritional support are standards of
      care.

PMID- 2643186
TI  - Approaches to trauma involving the major vessels of the thorax.
AB  - Thoracic great vessel injury accounts for a significant amount of the acute
      mortality rate from trauma. Early recognition permits early repair, usually best
      accomplished by the simplest yet most effective technique. Use of prosthetic
      material is encouraged. Cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia, and shunts are
      rarely required.

PMID- 2643187
TI  - The injured heart.
AB  - Penetrating and blunt injuries to the heart, ranging from cardiac concussion to
      rupture, are seen more and more frequently. Prompt diagnosis because of a high
      index of suspicion and timely, well-executed resuscitative efforts are rewarded
      by remarkable survival rates, even in the patients presenting in extremis,
      whereas hesitancy in diagnosis and therapeutic action militates against a
      successful result.

PMID- 2643188
TI  - No effect of topical ampicillin prophylaxis in elective operations of the colon
      or rectum.
AB  - Whether or not topical application of ampicillin is necessary in patients
      undergoing elective colorectal operations was investigated. After mechanical
      preparation, 193 patients received 2 grams of cefotaxime administered
      intravenously from the start of the operation; patients received two more doses
      within the next 12 hours. In addition, patients were randomized to receive or not
      receive prophylaxis against infection of 2 grams of ampicillin in the site of the
      incision at closure. Twenty-three patients did not complete the study. Wound
      infection occurred in five of 81 patients who had topical application of
      ampicillin compared with six of 89 patients who did not receive prophylaxis; the
      difference was not significant. There were no significant differences in rates of
      wound dehiscence, intra-abdominal abscess or anastomotic leakage. Escherichia
      coli and Bacteroides fragilis were the predominant microorganisms isolated. Thus,
      topical application of ampicillin did not lower the wound infection rate when
      there was a preoperative antibiotic administered intravenously.

PMID- 2643189
TI  - Uterine preservation in the surgical management of genuine stress urinary
      incontinence associated with uterovaginal prolapse.
AB  - Retropubic ventral suspension of both the uterine isthmus and the vesical neck is
      presented as a new operative approach designed to correct uterovaginal prolapse
      as well as genuine stress urinary incontinence while preserving the uterus. This
      operation, which has been performed 16 times upon patients whose follow-up study
      has been five years or longer, is simple, conservative, anatomically sound,
      effective and safe. It represents a rational alternative in selected patients to
      the traditional procedure, which calls for vaginal hysterectomy together with an
      anterior and posterior colporrhaphy.

PMID- 2643190
TI  - A technique for subtotal thyroidectomy.

PMID- 2643191
TI  - A history of tendon operations.
AB  - The pendulum of arguments and popular operations swings back and forth, anchored
      to the problem of tendon healing and adhesions. The following passage, commenting
      on tendon repairs done by a famous 17th century surgeon, from the Course of
      Chirurgical Operations by Dionis in 1710, has relevance for history and the
      future of tendon operations. . . . When M. Bienaise, one of the most famous
      Chirurgeons of Paris, began the Performance of this Operation about fifty years
      past, it pass'd for his Invention; of which he reap'd all the Honor and it all
      the Charms of Novelty; but on Examination it appearing that it had been talk'd
      about two thousand years before he hit on it, it was consequently discover'd he
      only reviv'd an Ancient Practice of the Greeks, and that Guido and several others
      had practised it. 'Tis indeed true, twas grown obsolete, he brought it into use
      again, and we are oblig'd to him for having try'd it on his Dogs, after that
      employ'd on Men, and then encouraging us to the performance of an Operation which
      prevents the laming of a great many wounded patients.

PMID- 2643192
TI  - Hepatic hemangioendotheliomas in infancy.
AB  - Multicentric hepatic hemangioendotheliomas are vascular lesions of the liver that
      usually present in the infant with hepatomegaly, high output congestive heart
      failure and cutaneous hemangiomas. The diagnosis, pathologic and physiologic
      conditions and treatment were discussed. Two of the patients we studied and 117
      from the literature were reviewed. A total of 38 patients survived and 57 died
      with or without medical treatment. Thirteen patients survived and five died after
      ligation of the hepatic artery. Five patients survived and three died after
      embolization of the hepatic artery. (formula; see text) Of 119 patients with MHH,
      81 (68 per cent) had congestive heart failure; 40 survived and 41 died. Of 56
      patients with localized hepatic angiomas, 19 had congestive heart failure. Only
      two of the patients died of heart failure. Fifty localized hepatic angiomas in
      infancy that were treated with local resection or lobectomy were reviewed. Forty
      six patients survived and four died of hemorrhage. Four patients survived and two
      died with or without medical treatment. Plans for management of multiple hepatic
      hemangioendotheliomas and localized hepatic angiomas in infancy were proposed.

PMID- 2643193
TI  - Aorta-vena cava fistula.
AB  - In 1831 James Syme described the unusual occurrence of an aortocaval fistula in a
      22-year-old man with luetic aortitis. This initial report was followed by
      illustration of this phenomenon in Rokitanski's Book of Pathologic Anatomy in
      1841 and by Ryle's delineation of an aortocaval fistula on a pathologic specimen
      placed in Guy's Hospital Museum in 1892. The first series of aortocaval fistulas,
      cited by Rudolf Matas in 1909, consisted of a collection of 20 cases gathered by
      Boinet 10 years earlier. Several later reports, including those by Reid in 1925
      and by Lehman in 1938, failed to add any additional cases. It was not until 1955
      that Boffi presented an additional six patients who had this disorder, none of
      whom survived. Since that time, more than 100 cases of spontaneous aortocaval
      fistulas have been documented. This increasing experience has resulted in
      improved understanding and surgical treatment of these large-vessel arteriovenous
      communications. Nevertheless, lack of awareness and failure of recognition of
      this problem continue to impede its successful management. In this review we
      present two additional illustrative cases, summarize the clinical and
      pathophysiologic features of aortocaval fistulas, and outline present approaches
      to treatment.

PMID- 2643194
TI  - Extrapelvic endometriosis presenting as a hernia: clinical reports and review of
      the literature.
AB  - Endometriosis is a common gynecologic diagnosis. Typical complaints of patients
      with pelvic endometriosis include dysmenorrhea, menstrual irregularities,
      dyspareunia, and infertility. Endometriosis may also occur in extrapelvic sites
      and cause unusual symptoms and diagnostic dilemmas. Endometriosis has been
      described in the inguinal region, and this is illustrated in the first case
      history. The tender inguinal masses often fluctuate with the menstrual cycle but
      the condition initially may be confused with an inguinal hernia. Treatment is
      surgical. Abdominal wall scar endometriosis, seen in the second case, has been
      described in patients after a wide variety of gynecologic procedures. This also
      is initially noted as a tender mass, usually fluctuating with menstruation, and
      is often confused with an incisional hernia. Again, surgery is the treatment of
      choice. Pathologic features of endometriosis are constant, regardless of
      location. Microscopically, endometrial glands and stroma, fibrosis, chronic
      inflammation, and old hemorrhage are seen. Familiarity with the unusual types of
      endometriosis is important to the general surgeon.

PMID- 2643195
TI  - Characterization of insulin resistance after surgery.
AB  - The effects of insulin on glucose utilization were investigated in seven nonobese
      patients before and 24 hours after elective cholecystectomy. Surgery was followed
      by a significant increase in the circulating levels of glucose and insulin. The
      hypoglycemic action of insulin was reduced by one third (p less than 0.01) after
      surgery. In isolated fat cells after surgery there was a significant overall
      reduction of 35% to 50% of the effects of insulin on 3-0-methylglucose transport
      and lipogenesis at 1 mumol/L of glucose (where hexose transport is rate-limiting
      for insulin action). However, there was no change in insulin sensitivity in these
      cells. The effects of insulin on lipogenesis in adipocytes incubated with 100
      mumol/L of glucose (where glucose metabolism is rate-limiting for insulin action)
      and adipocyte insulin receptor binding were not influenced by surgery. Insulin
      action in vivo and in vitro was not altered in five nonoperated control subjects
      24 hours after they were given the same type of nutritional support as the
      cholecystectomy patients postoperatively. It was concluded that an elective
      moderate surgical trauma induces a rapid and marked insulin resistance that is
      not the result of postoperative nutritional restriction and involves a
      postreceptor binding alteration of glucose transport.

PMID- 2643196
TI  - Prelining of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts with cultured human endothelial cells
      isolated from varicose veins.
AB  - Prelining graft material with autologous functioning endothelial cells might be
      one of the ultimate requirements to obtain a biocompatible surface. Accordingly,
      endothelial cells from stripped varicose veins were enzymatically harvested and
      grown on a fibronectin matrix. Proliferation was investigated in defined medium
      supplemented with various concentrations of endothelial cell growth supplement
      (ECGS) (25, up to 150 micrograms/ml) and heparin (10(-8), up to 10(-5)mol/L):
      optimal growth required both 150 micrograms/ml of ECGS and 10(-5)mol/L heparin.
      Under these conditions, cell culture achieved cell densities at a confluence of
      1.2 +/- 1.1 10(5) cells/cm2 with a doubling time of 1 day. During subcultivation
      cultured cells consistently exhibited characteristic cobblestone morphology and
      immunofluorescent staining for factor VIII-related antigen, whereas prostacyclin
      production determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for 6-keto
      prostaglandin F1 alpha reached 21.1 +/- 1.2 ng/10(6) cells after 15-minute
      stimulation with 1 U/ml of thrombin. Heparin-containing culture medium
      endothelial cell interactions were particularly studied, and with iodine 125
      heparin, binding was demonstrated with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of
      0.36 +/- 0.04 mumol/L. A cold storage technique at -80 degrees C was sought, and
      freezed cells were used to coat in vitro polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. Protein
      treated material allowed cell attachment and growth to a confluent monolayer as
      assayed by light and scanning electron microscopy. These data validate the
      feasibility of prelining grafts in vitro with autologous functioning endothelial
      cells. This approach may be useful in improving the performance of small-caliber
      vascular grafts according to prostacyclin production and surface-bound heparin of
      these cells.

PMID- 2643197
TI  - Insulin antibodies and management of diabetes after total pancreatectomy.
AB  - For 18 patients after total pancreatectomy, serial determinations of plasma
      immunoreactive insulin bound with insulin antibody (binding IRI) were performed
      to ascertain the relationship between insulin antibody formation and diabetic
      stability. As a result, seven patients treated with human DNA insulin experienced
      neither unstable diabetic control (UDC) nor binding IRI elevation. On the other
      hand, six (58%) of 11 patients treated with beef and porcine insulins began to
      experience UDC with elevation of binding IRI. For these six patients, the binding
      IRI level was as low as 242 +/- 100 microU/ml at the onset of UDC and continued
      to increase (maximum binding IRI, 2048 +/- 1707 microU/ml) without spontaneous
      recovery from UDC. However, three patients recovered from UDC by the transfer to
      human DNA insulin, with a small decrease in binding IRI (470 to 4400 microU/ml)
      at the end of UDC. An equilibrium binding assay and the kinetic analysis of
      insulin antibodies showed that high-affinity antibody capacity (Ab1) for beef
      insulin was 28 +/- 6 ng/ml immediately before UDC, 306 +/- 120 ng/ml (115 to 578
      ng/ml) during UDC, and 28 +/- 12 ng/ml immediately after UDC. Low-affinity
      antibody capacity was not correlated with diabetic stability. Therefore, in the
      totally pancreatectomized patients, it was concluded (1) that Ab1 was associated
      with the UDC onset or the recovery and (2) that UDC developed with far lower
      levels of Ab1, in contrast with patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. This is
      a reason why serial determination of insulin antibody, especially Ab1, is
      necessary for control of diabetes after total pancreatectomy.

PMID- 2643198
TI  - Modeling splanchnic hemodynamics after distal splenorenal shunt: a computer
      simulation and sensitivity analysis.
AB  - The distal splenorenal shunt operation was specifically designed to preserve
      portal flow and maintain elevated portal pressure. However, although this goal is
      met in the immediate postoperative period, flow decreases over time, and in as
      many as 75% of alcoholic patients, portal flow is lost in the first year. Various
      explanations have been offered for this observation, and modifications of the
      original operation have been proposed (splenopancreatic disconnection). Although
      other portacaval shunts have been successfully modeled as electrical circuits,
      this approach has never been described for the distal splenorenal shunt. In this
      study we developed a computer program that modeled the distal splenorenal shunt
      as an electrical circuit. We performed an analysis to determine the sensitivity
      of portal flow to changes in each resistance element and then performed a series
      of simulation experiments to critically examine the various explanations offered
      for the gradual changes in hepatic hemodynamics. We found that portal flow was
      most sensitive to resistance in the renal vein followed by resistance in the
      anastomosis. The simulation experiments suggested a new alternative to
      splenopancreatic disconnection--restricting the ability of the splenic vein,
      anastomosis, or renal vein to dilate. Additional clinical studies will be needed
      to test these predictions.

PMID- 2643199
TI  - [Diet and rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - The dietary treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is a controversial issue. Several
      patients have experienced that their diet does affect the disease activity. For
      many years this has been explained by rheumatologists either as a result of
      natural variations in the disease activity, or as reflecting a placebo effect. In
      recent years several clinical trials seem to support patients' claims of an
      interrelation between their diet and the disease activity. Possible explanations
      of this interrelation are: 1) food allergy/intolerance, 2) dietary factors which
      modify the inflammatory process, 3) dietary factors which modify the bacterial
      flora in the gastrointestinal tract. In this article we sum up the results of
      several clinical trials on the dietary treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and
      discuss the three possible explanations of the effects.

PMID- 2643200
TI  - [Prolonged pregnancies. A comparison before and after introduction of
      ultrasonics].
AB  - Since 1980, when the County Hospital of Alesund introduced routine ultrasound
      examination in the 19th week of pregnancy to predict the date of delivery, there
      was a dramatic reduction in the number of pregnancies considered to be overdue.
      This study compares a period before routine ultrasound was introduced, when the
      predicted day of delivery was based upon Naegele's rule. (Period I, 1975/76,
      2,683 deliveries), with a period when 97.3% of the pregnant population had an
      ultrasound examination to predict the day of delivery (Period II, 1984/85, 2,545
      deliveries). The ultrasound examination consisted of measurement of the
      biparietal diameter in the 19th week of pregnancy. The postdate pregnancies were
      reduced from 14.8% in period I, to 1.8% in period II. The induction of labour due
      to postdate pregnancy was reduced from 7.2 to 1.4%. The total number of days of
      hospitalization for overdue pregnancy was reduced from 415 in period I, to 58
      days in period II. Despite this dramatic reduction in controls and induction of
      overdue pregnancies, the perinatal mortality is reduced from 14 til 6.6%. This is
      also discussed in the article.

PMID- 2643201
TI  - Management of carotid artery occlusion.

PMID- 2643202
TI  - Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats.
AB  - To develop a simple, relatively noninvasive small-animal model of reversible
      regional cerebral ischemia, we tested various methods of inducing infarction in
      the territory of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) by extracranial vascular
      occlusion in rats. In preliminary studies, 60 rats were anesthetized with
      ketamine and different combinations of vessels were occluded; blood pressure and
      arterial blood gases were monitored. Neurologic deficit, mortality rate, gross
      pathology, and in some instances, electroencephalogram and histochemical staining
      results were evaluated in all surviving rats. The principal procedure consisted
      of introducing a 4-0 nylon intraluminal suture into the cervical internal carotid
      artery (ICA) and advancing it intracranially to block blood flow into the MCA;
      collateral blood flow was reduced by interrupting all branches of the external
      carotid artery (ECA) and all extracranial branches of the ICA. In some groups of
      rats, bilateral vertebral or contralateral carotid artery occlusion was also
      performed. India ink perfusion studies in 20 rats documented blockage of MCA
      blood flow in 14 rats subjected to permanent occlusion and the restoration of
      blood flow to the MCA territory in six rats after withdrawal of the suture from
      the ICA. The best method of MCA occlusion was then selected for further
      confirmatory studies, including histologic examination, in five additional groups
      of rats anesthetized with halothane. Seven of eight rats that underwent permanent
      occlusion of the MCA had resolving moderately severe neurologic deficits (Grade 2
      of 4) and unilateral infarcts averaging 37.6 +/- 5.5% of the coronal sectional
      area at 72 hours after the onset of occlusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643203
TI  - Cyclosporine determinations in heart and kidney transplant patients: comparison
      of high-performance liquid chromatography, polyclonal, and monoclonal methods.
AB  - We have analyzed and compared the cyclosporine concentrations in whole blood
      specimens from heart and kidney transplant patients, using three different
      methods: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), polyclonal
      radioimmunoassay, and monoclonal radioimmunoassay. HPLC results for heart
      transplant patients correlated well with the monoclonal (specific antibody)
      results but did not correlate with the polyclonal (nonspecific antibody) results.
      All three methods correlated well for renal transplant patients; however,
      polyclonal results were consistently higher than either monoclonal or HPLC
      results. We conclude that the results from the monoclonal (specific antibody) RIA
      are equivalent to HPLC results for both kidney and heart transplant patients.

PMID- 2643204
TI  - Phenytoin and phenobarbital concentrations in serum: a comparison of Ames
      Seralyzer with GLC, TDX, and EMIT.
AB  - A recently developed system for measuring antiepileptic drug concentrations was
      evaluated for phenytoin and phenobarbital. The apoenzyme reactive immunoassay
      system was compared with gas-liquid chromatography, EMIT, and TDX systems.
      Comparisons were performed with control specimens and with sera obtained from
      patients at three facilities. Precision for all methods was similar, with within
      run and between-run coefficients of variation generally 5%. The accuracy of all
      methods was acceptable, but bias was present in some. However, measurements
      obtained by a nontechnical person (physician) in a clinical setting were
      sometimes inaccurate.

PMID- 2643205
TI  - The effect of vitamin B2 and its derivatives on a dry-reagent strip theophylline
      assay.
AB  - This report describes the effect of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and its
      precursor vitamin B2 on an apoenzyme reactivation immunoassay system (ARIS) both
      in vitro and in vivo. It was observed that 10 nM/L FAD in the buffer causes a
      false-positive result in ARIS for theophylline by the value of 94 microM/L,
      whereas vitamin B2, flavin mononucleotide, adenosine, adenosine monophosphate,
      and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) at the same concentration caused no such effect.
      Nevertheless, ADP at 2 microM/L can cause a drop in theophylline reading of 55
      microM/L. However, the sera from four volunteers with normal liver functions who
      had taken 30 mg of vitamin B2 daily for a week showed no effect on theophylline
      reading.

PMID- 2643206
TI  - An evaluation of the Kodak Ektachem clinical chemistry slide for theophylline.
AB  - We evaluated the Kodak Ektachem clinical chemistry slide for assay of
      theophylline. Assay precision and accuracy were acceptable in the therapeutic
      range although precision was poor at low levels of theophylline. The assay
      performed well with patients' samples using the Abbott TDx as the reference
      procedure but, as indicated by the manufacturer, uremic samples gave a positive
      bias, particularly in the therapeutic range. Finally, the significant bias
      observed with Quality Control material, probably due to matrix sensitivity, is a
      possible drawback.

PMID- 2643207
TI  - Comparison of gentamicin immunoassays using univariate and multivariate analyses.
AB  - Gentamicin concentrations, pharmacokinetic parameters, and calculated doses from
      enzyme multiplied immunoassay (EMI) and fluorescence polarization immunoassay
      (FPIA) were compared in 79 samples from 39 patients. Associations between patient
      factors and the differences between assay results were also assessed.
      Concentrations were lower when measured by EMI than by FPIA in 71 of the 79
      samples (p less than 0.001). Mean EMI values for elimination rate constant,
      volume of distribution, clearance, dose, and daily dose were 10-20% higher than
      mean FPIA values (p less than or equal to 0.01). Dosing intervals calculated from
      EMI and FPIA data were different in 20 pairs of intervals and varied depending on
      the length of calculated interval. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed
      that renal function and the presence or absence of cardiovascular disease,
      cimetidine, or ranitidine, and heparin were related to differences between the
      assay results. EMI and FPIA yielded different results for gentamicin
      concentrations, pharmacokinetic parameters, and calculated daily doses in the
      clinical setting. Such differences could result in toxic or subtherapeutic doses
      being administered and may be related, in part, to various patient factors.

PMID- 2643208
TI  - Blood donor HTLV-1 antibody testing.

PMID- 2643209
TI  - Semiautomated processing of bone marrow grafts for transplantation.
AB  - This report describes experience with a technique for the isolation of
      mononuclear cells from large quantities of human bone marrow using a blood cell
      processor. The procedure includes the separation of the bone marrow aspirates by
      concentrating and collecting interface buffy coat cells. A mononuclear white cell
      enriched fraction is then obtained with ficoll-hypaque in the blood cell
      processor. Finally, the bone marrow white cells are washed to remove the ficoll
      hypaque and the contaminating plasma. The entire procedure is carried out in a
      closed system. The automated method of isolating mononuclear cells proved
      superior to the manual method in both the recovery of cells and the time needed
      to process the marrow. Also, the risk of microbial contamination is substantially
      reduced. When marrow white cells processed by this method and cryopreserved were
      transfused subsequently into patients who had previously undergone high-dose
      chemotherapy and radiotherapy, engraftment, as indicated by a rise in the
      absolute granulocyte count of greater than 1000 per mm3, occurred within 20 days.
      This semiautomated technique provides a convenient, rapid, and reliable method
      for processing and preparing large numbers of viable marrow cells.

PMID- 2643210
TI  - Erythropoietin.

PMID- 2643211
TI  - The impact of monoclonal antibodies in blood group serology.

PMID- 2643212
TI  - Controversies in transfusion medicine. Directed blood donations: con.

PMID- 2643214
TI  - Controversies in transfusion medicine. Directed blood donations: pro.

PMID- 2643213
TI  - Prevention of transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) through
      transfusion, by donor screening with antibody to the virus. One-year experience.
AB  - To prevent the transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus, type 1 (HTLV-1) during
      blood transfusion, a program was implemented to screen donors for antibodies to
      the virus, using a newly developed, passive agglutination (PA) method. During the
      period April 1986 to March 1987, 675 recipients of donor blood in whom the
      antibody to HTLV-1 was not present before transfusion were followed for at least
      50 days after transfusion. One of these 675 seroconverted despite the transfusion
      of screened blood, but this seroconversion rate (0.15%) represents a marked
      decrease from the rate of 8.3 percent prevalent before donor screening began. The
      rate in the Fukuoka area of donors seropositive for anti-HTLV-1 is 5.34 percent,
      as detected by the PA method and 1.80 percent, as assessed by the indirect
      immunofluorescence (IF) technique, with PA-positive but IF-negative blood units
      thus accounting for 3.5 percent (5.34-1.80) of the total blood donated. The
      seroconversion rate among recipients transfused with blood screened by IF (at
      Kyushu University Hospital only) from 1981 to 1985 was 0.41 percent, which was
      not significantly different from the rate of 0.15 percent observed after PA
      screening. The discrepancy between PA and IF in the rate of seropositivity was
      due, in part, to the higher sensitivity of PA in detecting anti-HTLV-1. It is
      proposed that all donor blood in areas where HTLV-1 is endemic be screened by PA
      before transfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643215
TI  - Assessment of HIV-1 screening test sensitivities using serially diluted positive
      sera can give misleading results.
AB  - Three FDA licensed HIV-1 viral lysate and two nonlicensed recombinant antigen
      assays were used to evaluate six serially diluted plasma samples and 2 highly
      characterized seroconversion series. The sensitivity as measured by serial
      dilution did not necessarily correlate with the sensitivity as measured by
      seroconversion performance with the lysate and the recombinant assays. It is
      concluded that national licensing agencies should arrange to share seroconversion
      panels to evaluate accurately the sensitivity of new HIV-1 screening tests.

PMID- 2643216
TI  - Donor self-exclusion patterns and human immunodeficiency virus antibody test
      results over a twelve-month period.
AB  - Donor behavior in completing a pre-donation confidential self-exclusion form,
      which identified blood donors at high-risk of AIDS exposure, was evaluated. The
      form was completed by all donors during a 12 month period beginning in September,
      1985. 188,824 units of blood were collected from 123,608 donors. On the first
      donation occasion 901 donors (0.73%) laboratory (LAB) designated, 224 (0.18%) did
      not complete the form correctly, and the remaining 122,483 transfusion (TRAN)
      designated. A greater proportion of LAB donors were men, under the age of 30 and
      had not donated in the previous two years than TRAN designated donors. Confirmed
      reactive anti-HIV, Western blot positive (WB+) results were greater in LAB than
      TRAN donors (1.664% vs 0.014%) on the first donation occasion. There were 43,982
      donors who returned to donate on at least one other occasion. Of these, 43,778
      designated TRAN initially, and only 217 (0.49%) changed their designation to LAB
      on any subsequent donation event. In contrast, of the 204 donors who designated
      LAB initially, 134 (65.6%) changed to TRAN on at least one other occasion. A
      variety of designation combinations from LAB to TRAN and back to LAB occurred.
      Thus, donors who initially LAB designated were more likely to change their
      designation on at least one other occasion than those who initially designated
      for TRAN. Of two donors who became anti-HIV WB positive on the second donation,
      one of these LAB designated on both occasions, was negative for anti-HIV by
      enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA-) on the first donation but converted to EIA+, WB+
      on the second.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643217
TI  - The benefit and underutilization of sharing kidneys for better
      histocompatibility.
AB  - The data of the UCLA Kidney Transplant Registry were reviewed with regard to
      sharing. The percentage of first-cadaver cyclosporine-treated transplants since
      1984 with long cold ischemia time increased with sharing distance: 25% of
      unshared grafts, 40% of locally shared, and 61% of distantly shared ones had cold
      ischemia times over 24 hr; for cold ischemia times over 36 hr the numbers were
      6%, 12%, and 24%, respectively. The immediate function rate did not parallel
      sharing distance the way cold ischemia time did: 85.7% without sharing, 74.4%
      with local sharing, and 83.5% with distant sharing. The percentage of well
      matched (0 HLA-B,DR mismatches) transplants was low (3-5%) regardless of sharing
      status. Well-matched shared grafts with cyclosporine immunosuppression had a 9%
      survival advantage at one year compared with poorly matched unshared ones (85%
      vs. 76%). Long-term, well-matched shared grafts had a half-life of 11.9 years
      compared with 7.5 years for poorly matched unshared ones (reflecting graft loss
      from 3 to 10 years posttransplant). We conclude that sharing for
      histocompatibility has an overall beneficial effect.

PMID- 2643218
TI  - Long-term survival following kidney transplantation in 100 type I diabetic
      patients.
AB  - Between December 1966 and April 1978, 265 uremic patients with type I diabetes
      received primary renal allografts at the University of Minnesota. One hundred of
      the diabetic patients were alive with a functioning graft 10 years after
      transplantation. The actual 10-year patient and primary graft functional survival
      rates overall were 40% and 32%, respectively. For recipients of HLA-identical
      sibling (n = 45), mismatched living-related (n = 121), and cadaver donor grafts
      (n = 99), the actual 10-year patient survival rates were 64%, 33%, and 36%,
      respectively, and the actual 10-year graft functional survival rates were 62%,
      28%, and 22%, respectively. The differences in patient and graft survival rates
      between HLA-identical graft recipients and recipients of mismatched related and
      cadaver grafts were significant (P less than 0.001). Of the 100 patients who
      survived into a second decade, at 15 years posttransplant 51% were alive, and 41%
      had functioning grafts. For recipients of HLA-identical sibling, mismatched
      living-related donor grafts, and cadaver donor grafts who survived 10 years, 47%,
      57%, and 43%, respectively, were alive at 15 years, and 31%, 45%, and 43%,
      respectively, had functioning grafts. For recipients who made it to the second
      decade, patient and primary graft survival rates thereafter were not
      statistically different by donor source. Twenty-three patients died in the second
      decade after transplantation, 10 of cardiovascular disease. Twenty-five patients
      lost graft function in the second decade, 19 from death with a functioning graft.
      In regard to diabetic complications, recurrence of diabetic nephropathy was
      common, but only two patients lost graft function solely for this reason. In 21
      patients (42 eyes) followed prospectively for 10 years, visual acuity
      deteriorated in 26%, was stable in 64%, and improved in 10% of eyes.
      Neurophysiological test results indicated that correction of uremia does not stop
      the progression of diabetic neuropathy in recipients of kidney transplants alone.
      Even without cyclosporine, nearly two-thirds of recipients of HLA-identical
      kidney grafts, more than one-quarter of recipients of mismatched living-related
      donor grafts, and more than one-fifth receiving cadaver grafts enjoyed an
      extension of life for more than 10 years.

PMID- 2643219
TI  - Renal transplantation between living-related sibling pairs matched for zero-HLA
      haplotypes.
AB  - The functional survival rates of kidney grafts from zero-HLA haplotype-matched
      sibling pairs are similar to one-haplotype-matched pairs and superior to cadaver
      grafts. From January 1980 to March 1988, 318 primary renal transplants from
      sibling donors (151 matched for two, 130 for one, and 37 for zero HLA
      haplotypes), and 352 cadaver graft transplants were performed at the University
      of Minnesota. The renal graft survival rates at two years were 94%, 91%, and 94%
      for the 2, 1, and 0-haplotype pairs versus 75% for cadaver graft recipients (P
      less than 0.04). When analyzed across the different immunosuppression protocols
      the same trends held up, similar graft functional survivals for 1- and 0
      haplotype-matched pairs both being superior to cadaver graft recipients. The
      graft functional survival rates at two years of recipients of 0-haplotype-matched
      sibling donor grafts (n = 37) was 94% versus 80% for recipients of cadaver donor
      grafts matched for greater than or equal to 4 HLA antigens. In addition, for
      recipients of 0-haplotype-matched grafts, hospital stay was shorter, fewer
      patients required dialysis posttransplant, and, despite a slightly higher
      incidence of rejection episodes (51% versus 40%, P = ns), the creatinine values
      one year posttransplant were significantly lower (1.5 mg/dl versus 1.9 mg/dl, P
      less than 0.02) than those of recipients of cadaver grafts matched for greater
      than or equal to 4 HLA antigens. These data support the use of cadaver grafts for
      patients not having a willing sibling donor, and the use of all willing sibling
      donors, whether or not they are a zero-haplotype match, for patients fortunate to
      have that family commitment.

PMID- 2643220
TI  - Comparison between duodenal button and duodenal segment in pancreas
      transplantation.
AB  - Two technical modifications have been suggested for whole-pancreas
      transplantation with bladder drainage. The duodenal button technique (DB
      [Madison]) and the duodenal segment technique (DS [Iowa]) are the most commonly
      performed procedures (1,2). From December 1985 until May 1988 we performed 32
      combined pancreas-kidney transplants using DB and DS techniques in 17 and 15
      patients, respectively. Bladder leaks, pancreatitis, bleeding episodes, and
      surgically related infections were all decreased with the duodenal segment
      technique. Metabolic acidosis was more common with DS but was easily managed with
      oral sodium bicarbonate. The one-year actuarial graft survival with DB is less
      when compared with DS (76.1% vs. 87.5%). Three technical graft losses occurred
      with DB vs. none with DS. One graft was lost in each group to rejection. Our
      results indicate that the duodenal segment technique of bladder implantation adds
      safety to whole-pancreas transplantation and must now be considered the procedure
      of choice.

PMID- 2643221
TI  - Cardiopulmonary bypass with profound hypothermia. An optimal preservation method
      for multiorgan procurement.
AB  - Numerous techniques have been devised for the harvesting of individual organs
      during a multiorgan procurement operation. Cardiopulmonary bypass with profound
      hypothermia (PH) has been employed in successful harvesting of heart-lung,
      kidney, pancreas, and liver grafts. This report summarizes our experience using
      CPB-PH for the harvesting of multiple organs from 10 brain-dead donors during the
      period from July 1983 to January 1988. Organs harvested included 10 heart-lungs,
      17 kidneys (3 kidneys were not harvested due to anatomy and elevated creatinine),
      1 liver, and 1 pancreas. Mean ischemic time for the distantly procured heart-lung
      grafts was 281 +/- 10 min. Adequate pulmonary function, as assessed by arterial
      blood gases, was observed in each heart-lung recipient (mean PO2 was 119 +/- 46
      mmHg, 164 +/- 47 mmHg, 130 +/- 30 mmHg, 114 +/- 26 mmHg at immediate post-CPB, 6
      hr postop, 24 hr postop, and postextubation, respectively). Mean length of
      intubation was 34 +/- 8 hr. Mean creatinines of kidney recipients at days 2, 7,
      and current creatinine were 7.4 +/- 3.6 mg%, 3.6 +/- 2.4 mg%, and 1.6 +/- 0.66
      mg%, respectively. Eight kidney recipients (47%) required dialysis, (2 patients
      required only a single dialysis). Ninety-four percent of the kidney transplant
      patients are alive, and 88% (15/17) have functioning kidneys. One liver and 1
      pancreas were harvested during this time period. Preservation was satisfactory in
      both the pancreas (Johns Hopkins Hospital) and liver (Dr. Thomas Starzl, personal
      communication). The technique of CPB-PH has resulted in excellent function of
      heart-lung grafts. Follow-up of the transplanted kidneys, liver, and pancreas
      utilizing this technique shows equal or better function compared with standard
      techniques. This technique offers other advantages in addition to satisfactory
      multiorgan preservation. Placement of an unstable patient on CPB ensures adequate
      organ perfusion and allows for a gradual yet uniform cooling of all organ
      systems. Cooling to a core temperature of 10-15 degrees C requires 30 min, during
      which time preliminary intraabdominal and mediastinal dissection can be carried
      out. Following cessation of CPB and subsequent exsanguination, organs can be more
      easily dissected in a near-bloodless field. This technique does not preclude
      additional crystalloid organ flushing. Since multiorgan procurement occurs with
      virtually every donor, this technique may be the optimal method providing
      excellent preservation, ease of dissection, and better control of hemodynamics
      during the operation.

PMID- 2643222
TI  - Successful transplantation after conversion of a positive crossmatch to negative
      by dissociation of IgM antibody.
AB  - Preliminary crossmatching usually eliminates highly sensitized patients from
      consideration for renal transplantation. However, if the crossmatch is positive
      because of the presence of IgM antibody, this activity can be eliminated by
      treatment with the reducing agent Dithiothreitol (DTT). Successful
      transplantation may then be possible in patients whose crossmatch is positive due
      to the presence of IgM antibody. After treatment with DTT, the sera of 25 highly
      sensitized patients were measured for cytotoxicity against a selected panel of 40
      cells. Those whose high %PRA could be attributed to blood transfusions or
      previous transplants did not change with DTT. Only two patients who had developed
      high panel reactivity, without a clear cause, had little reactivity remaining
      after DTT treatment of their sera. To select patients whose crossmatch might be
      rendered negative by DTT treatment, we developed a "minipanel" screening
      protocol. Patients whose monthly PRA cells increased greater than 30% from
      baseline had their serum samples treated with DTT to reduce IgM. The treated sera
      were tested against a panel of six cells. If there was little or no cytotoxicity,
      it was assumed that IgM antibody was responsible for the positive crossmatches.
      All subsequent cadaver donor crossmatches were done with and without DTT treated
      sera. Five patients (2 living-related; 3 cadaver) with current crossmatches
      positive before, but negative after, DTT treatment continue to have functioning
      kidneys 3-15 months after renal transplantation. There were no hyperacute
      rejections. We conclude that patients with IgM antibody can be successfully
      transplanted if they have a negative cross-match after reduction of IgM antibody
      in their serum samples. A "minipanel" helps to identify patients who will benefit
      from DTT treatment.

PMID- 2643223
TI  - Incidental and purposeful random donor blood transfusion. Sensitization and
      transplantation.
AB  - We conducted a prospective study to gauge the frequency and degree of
      sensitization by transfusion and/or pregnancy in 797 candidates for first renal
      transplants. Sensitization was proportional to the number of blood transfusions.
      Multiple transfusions or a history of pregnancy without transfusions had similar
      effects on sensitization. The combination of transfusion and prior pregnancy
      resulted in sensitization of 1/3 of the candidates. Patients who were not
      sensitized and were accepted for 1-haplotype living-related donor grafts or first
      cadaver donor grafts were transfused to receive a total of 5 units of packed red
      blood cells. Parous patients had an undue rate of antibody formation and
      alternate means of selecting and managing parous women are described. Nonparous
      candidates had a low rate of sensitization (8%) that did not prove an impediment
      to obtaining a transplant. Only 2% of prospective LRD graft recipients developed
      antibody against their intended donor. Transplant patients were generally managed
      with azathioprine and prednisone. One-haplotype LRD graft survival of protocol
      patients was 93.7% one year posttransplant, and 82.1% at 5 years. One-year CD
      graft survival was 77%. There was no reduction in graft survival when the
      interval between transfusion and transplantation exceeded one year. Random donor
      transfusion is effective in improving renal graft survival. Some recent
      multiinstitutional reports indicate a reduction or absence of the transfusion
      effect with current immunosuppression. Discarding blood transfusion as a
      preparation for transplantation may be ill-advised pending a prospective study.

PMID- 2643224
TI  - The role of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens in prolonging the
      survival of hepatic allografts in the rat.
AB  - In an attempt to study the role of class I major histocompatibility complex
      antigens in inducing immunological unresponsiveness, the survival rates of
      hepatic allografts were compared in rats pretreated with blood taken from various
      rat strains. A single intravenous injection of 1 ml fresh heparinized whole blood
      seven days before transplantation significantly prolonged the survival of
      subsequent donor-specific hepatic allografts in the fully allogeneic ACI(RT1a)-to
      LEW(RT1l) rat combination. However, pretreatment with blood taken from the third
      party strain BN(RT1n) did not produce suppression of rejection, attesting to the
      specificity of the pretransplant transfusion effect. Interestingly, pretransplant
      transfusion of PVG.r1 blood, sharing only the RT1.A MHC region with ACI,
      significantly prolonged the survival of ACI-to-LEW hepatic allografts. In
      addition, no lymphocytotoxic antibodies could be detected at 30 or 100 days after
      transplantation in animals with long-surviving hepatic allografts pretreated with
      either PVG.r1 or ACI whole blood. On the other hand, pretreatment with PVG(RT1c)
      blood increased the survival of ACI-to-LEW hepatic allografts only moderately
      compared with controls. This finding may be consistent with a partial effect of
      some third-party blood transfusion. The experimental data suggest that the class
      I MHC antigens can be immunosuppressive in rat hepatic allografts. Adoptive
      transfer of 5 x 10(7) splenocytes taken from long-term-surviving hepatic
      allografts pretreated with donor ACI whole blood or PVG.r1 blood into irradiated
      (750 rads) LEW rats prolonged the survival of donor-type skin grafts, whereas
      third-party strain (BN) grafts were rejected. This finding suggests the presence
      of donor-specific suppressor cells.

PMID- 2643225
TI  - The effect of donor-specific blood transfusion, cyclosporine, and dietary
      prostaglandin precursors on rat cardiac allograft survival. II. Effectiveness of
      a 24-hour induction period with DST and CsA in inducing long-term graft survival.
AB  - We investigated the effect of donor-specific transfusion given 24 hours
      pretransplant, a short course of low-dose cyclosporine, and dietary enrichment
      with the prostaglandin precursor linoleic acid (LA) to see which of the
      modalities could act synergistically on cardiac allograft survival in a stringent
      animal model. ACI male rats (RT1a) were used as blood and heart donors, and Lewis
      male rats (RT1l) were used as recipients. DST alone (1 ml) given 24 hr
      pretransplant or LA alone started 24 hr pretransplant and given daily p.o. until
      rejection prolonged cardiac allograft survival slightly but significantly, from 6
      to 8 days. CsA alone started at the time of transplant at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day
      s.c. and given daily for 14 days prolonged cardiac survival to 11.8 days.
      However, when CsA was started 24 hr pretransplant and continued for two weeks,
      there was a significantly prolonged allograft survival to 55 days. CsA given
      together with DST 24 hr pretransplant and continued for two weeks posttransplant
      significantly prolonged cardiac allograft survival to 80 days and resulted in
      permanent tolerance in some animals. The addition of LA to a DST and CSA
      treatment regimen did not further improve allograft survival. CsA blood levels
      were determined in a separate group of Lewis rats. Three dosages of CsA were
      administered s.c. for 2 weeks: 2.5 mg/kg/day, 5 mg/kg/day, and 10 mg/kg/day. One
      injection of the three CsA doses did not achieve what are considered therapeutic
      levels in man. After 5 days, all three doses of CsA achieved significant blood
      levels. Significant blood levels were still present one week, but not 3 weeks
      after CsA was stopped. We conclude that DST given 24 hr before transplant and a 2
      week course of low-dose CsA started one day pretransplant have strong synergism
      in inducing long-term graft survival in this rat model. Linoleic acid started 24
      hr pretransplant, together with DST and CsA, did not contribute significantly to
      graft survival compared with the group given CsA and DST alone. Prolonged heart
      allograft survival was not due to persistently high CsA levels after the drug was
      discontinued.

PMID- 2643226
TI  - Development and evaluation of a limiting dilution analysis technique that can
      discriminate in vivo alloactivated cytotoxic T lymphocytes from their naive CTL
      precursors.
AB  - We describe a permutation of the conventional limiting dilution analysis (LDA)
      technique that allows, for the 1st time, the differential enumeration of
      alloantigen-specific CTL that have been activated by alloantigens in vivo. This
      technique does not detect nonactivated CTL precursors, even those with similar
      alloantigen specificity. Data are presented to validate this limiting dilution
      analysis technique. Using this LDA technique, we demonstrate that large numbers
      of the donor-reactive CTL arrive in sponge matrix allografts (f = 1/3,599 cells),
      most or all of which are in an activated state (f = 1/4,385 cells). In contrast,
      alloactivated CTL constitute only a small fraction (f = 1/57,208 cells) of the
      donor-reactive CTL in the regional lymph node (f = 1/1,873 cells) of the same
      sponge allograft recipients. As expected, regional lymph nodes from sponge
      isograft recipients contain DBA/2-reactive CTL precursors (f = 1/1,873 cells),
      but no activated DBA/2-reactive CTL (f less than 1/385,529 cells). This LDA
      technique should be useful in studies regarding activation and redistribution of
      alloreactive CTL caused by allograft implantation.

PMID- 2643227
TI  - The use of pulmonary artery sequestration as an hepatic arterial conduit. A case
      of unusual hepatic arterial supply.

PMID- 2643228
TI  - Hydralazine-induced cholestatic jaundice following liver transplantation.

PMID- 2643229
TI  - Successful five-day perfusion preservation of the canine kidney.
AB  - Over 20 years ago, successful 3-day-perfusion preservation of canine kidneys was
      obtained. Since then, consistent 5-day preservation has not been reported. In
      this study, we investigated how the perfusate calcium concentration affected both
      mitochondrial function and posttransplant viability in dog kidneys preserved for
      5 days. Dog kidneys were preserved by machine perfusion (5 degrees C) using a
      hydroxyethyl starch-gluconate solution that contained either 0.0, 0.5, 1.5, or
      5.0 mM calcium. Mitochondria isolated from preserved kidneys has a loss of
      respiratory control when either 0.0, 1.5, or 5.0 mM calcium were present.
      However, the use of a perfusate with 0.5 mM calcium preserved the mitochondrial
      function at levels equivalent to controls for 5 days. Transplantation of kidneys
      preserved for 5 days with 0.0 or 1.5 mM calcium yielded poor survival (0% and
      17%, respectively). The use of a 0.5-mM calcium perfusate increased
      posttransplant survival to 63% (5 of 8 transplanted). Donor pretreatment of
      kidneys with chlorpromazine (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) did not improve the function of
      mitochondria isolated from preserved kidneys but did increase survival in the 1.5
      mM calcium group to 67% (4 of 6 transplanted) and in the 0.5 mM calcium group to
      100% (7 of 7 transplanted). This is the first report to document consistently
      successful 5-day preservation of canine kidneys and clearly shows the importance
      of the perfusate calcium concentration in long-term kidney preservation. The
      specific mechanism by which calcium or chlorpromazine exert their effect is not
      known, but it is apparent that excessively high or low concentrations of calcium
      are damaging to the preserved organ, and an optimal calcium concentration
      combined with metabolic inhibition of calcium-dependent pathways can
      significantly improve the function of organs preserved for extended time periods.

PMID- 2643230
TI  - Segmental pancreatic autotransplantation in the pig.
AB  - The pig has been considered unsuitable for experimental pancreatic
      transplantation. In order to develop a model for segmental transplantation, the
      vascular anatomy was studied in 41 pigs. No variation in venous drainage of the
      pancrease was found. In contrast, 3 variations of arterial supply were noted. In
      29 of the pigs (71% [95% confidence limits 64-84]), 1 main pancreatic artery to
      the body and tail of pancreas arose from the splenic artery about 1-2 cm from its
      origin from the coeliac trunk (type 1). In 6 pigs (14.5%, 6.5-29.2), 1 main
      pancreatic artery emerged from the splenic artery very close to its origin from
      coeliac trunk (type 2). In 6 pigs (14.5%, 6.5-29.2), the only pancreatic artery
      supplying the body and tail of pancreas came from the common hepatic artery (type
      3). Taking the vascular anatomy into account, 37 pigs were totally
      pancreatectomized and autotransplanted segmentally. The graft consisted of the
      body and tail and corresponded to approximately 60% of the entire gland. The
      pancreatic duct was occluded with neoprene. The left kidney was removed in all
      animals. In 19 of the grafts, the venous drainage was to the portal vein. In the
      remaining 18, the renal vessels were used for vascular anastomosis to the graft.
      The success rate was 68.42% and 72.22%, respectively. The median follow-up was 9
      months (3-15). All transplanted pigs were normoglycemic. It is concluded that the
      pig is suitable for experimental pancreatic autotransplantation studies if the
      vascular variations are adequately dealt with.

PMID- 2643231
TI  - Evidence that large granular lymphocytes of donor origin mediate acute graft
      versus-host disease.
AB  - We have studied the phenotype of mononuclear cells infiltrating target organs of
      mice with acute graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation from
      H-2-identical donors. Infiltrating mononuclear cells with characteristics of
      large granular lymphocytes (LGL) were frequently found in close association with
      dead or dying epithelial cells in the skin, liver, and colon. The phenotype of
      these putative effector cells was Thy-1+, ASGM1+, Mac-1+, Lyt-1-, Lyt-2-, Ia-,
      which is characteristic of LGL. Differences in the Thy-1 allele between donor and
      host were used to demonstrate that these cells were of donor origin. Analysis of
      cytolytic function in GVHD splenocytes indicated high natural killer activity and
      low cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. These findings suggest that an
      important effector cell in systemic acute graft-versus-host disease is a large
      granular lymphocyte of donor origin.

PMID- 2643233
TI  - Use of cryopreserved donor bone marrow in cadaver kidney allograft recipients.
AB  - Donor-specific unresponsiveness to organ allografts remains an elusive goal in
      clinical transplantation, as most successful experimental protocols for the
      production of antigen-specific immunosuppression require lengthy recipient
      pretreatment. The use of an induction course of antilymphocyte serum (ALS)
      beginning at the time of transplantation, followed by the transfusion to the
      recipient of donor-specific bone marrow, has been shown in animals to induce
      prolonged allograft survival and is applicable for use in cadaver donor clinical
      transplantation. Our preliminary data in humans suggest that the transfusion of
      cryopreserved cadaver donor bone marrow following a short course of ALS is safe
      and does not induce graft-versus-host disease or allograft rejection. Twenty
      patients have been included in the protocol and 19 have been discharged from the
      hospital with functioning kidney transplants. One graft failed at 3 months. Eight
      patients have been withdrawn entirely from prednisone immunosuppression 3-6
      months following transplantation. The contralateral kidneys from the marrow
      donors were transplanted into an additional 20 patients who received sequential
      immunosuppressive therapy without marrow transfusion. Three of these grafts have
      failed within 3 months due to acute rejection. Donor marrow transfusion may give
      rise to improved allograft and patient survival in clinical transplantation while
      at the same time allow for reduced requirements for nonspecific immunosuppressive
      agents with their undesirable side effects.

PMID- 2643232
TI  - Prolongation of primate renal allograft survival by anti-Tac, an anti-human IL-2
      receptor monoclonal antibody.
AB  - In an effort to produce specific immunosuppression through the targeting of those
      lymphocytes expressing cell surface interleukin 2 receptors in response to an
      allograft, the anti-human IL-2 receptor monoclonal antibody anti-Tac was
      administered to cynomolgus monkeys receiving renal transplants. The data
      demonstrate that anti-Tac produces a significant delay in renal allograft
      rejection and prolongs host survival in cynomolgus monkeys. Though higher doses
      of anti-Tac produce modest delays in rejection, there was a surprising finding of
      greatly prolonged survival in three of five monkeys treated with much lower doses
      of anti-Tac. Anti-Tac was not shown to be synergistic with cyclosporine in this
      model. Animals treated with anti-Tac developed high titers of antibodies against
      the murine monoclonal antibody after 6-8 days of treatment, associated with the
      disappearance of plasma anti-Tac staining of activated lymphocytes as measured by
      flow cytometry. The data confirm the utility of the IL-2 receptor as a target for
      immunosuppressive therapy, and suggest that investigations of dosage and of
      methods to reduce the immunogenicity of anti-IL-2 receptor agents may be
      beneficial.

PMID- 2643234
TI  - Blood and graft eosinophilia as predictors of rejection in human liver
      transplantation.
AB  - This study attempts to define the relationship of blood and graft eosinophilia to
      acute hepatic allograft rejection. Sixty liver transplant patients were studied
      for the first 30 days postoperatively, with daily serum bilirubin and liver
      enzyme levels, white blood cell counts and differential counts, and biweekly core
      liver biopsies. Graft eosinophilia was established if 7% or greater of the cells
      infiltrating the portal triads were eosinophils. Blood eosinophilia is an
      absolute eosinophil count greater than 500 cells/mm3 occurring on any of the 5
      days preceding the day of rejection. Acute rejection was diagnosed when 2 days of
      hepatic allograft dysfunction occurred with histologic evidence of rejection. The
      2nd day of dysfunction with appropriate histologic findings was arbitrarily
      chosen as the day of rejection. Graft eosinophilia predicted rejection with 92%
      sensitivity and 98% specificity. Blood eosinophilia occurred on the average on
      the day of rejection and on the 2 preceding days, while graft eosinophilia
      occurred on the day of rejection and on 1 preceding day. Blood eosinophilia
      followed by graft eosinophilia specifically occurred in cases of rejection. Blood
      eosinophilia not followed by graft eosinophilia was not associated with
      rejection. Following treatment of rejection with high-dose corticosteroids, blood
      and graft eosinophil counts decreased markedly. In summary: (1) graft
      eosinophilia is very sensitive and specific for acute hepatic allograft
      rejection; (2) blood eosinophilia closely precedes and parallels graft
      eosinophilia specifically during acute hepatic allograft rejection; and (3)
      elevated blood and graft eosinophil counts are markedly reduced following
      treatment of rejection with high-dose corticosteroids.

PMID- 2643235
TI  - An analysis of the determinants of hepatic allograft rejection using stepwise
      logistic regression.
AB  - Hepatic allograft rejection is currently diagnosed using both histologic and
      clinical criteria. The purpose of this study is to extract data from the
      allograft biopsy, which can establish the diagnosis of rejection with more
      precision. A total of 566 allograft biopsies were examined in 56 patients
      following orthotopic liver transplantation, and 35 variables were examined. Using
      stepwise logistic regression, only six of these variables affected the diagnosis
      of rejection. These were portal tract spillover, portal tract eosinophilia,
      portal vein endothelialitis, portal tract neutrophilia, central vein
      endothelialitis, and cholestasis. Coefficients of these variables were
      determined, and could be used to calculate the probability of rejection for a
      given biopsy. Using this model the probability of having rejection can be
      calculated using histologic data alone.

PMID- 2643236
TI  - Sequential antilymphocyte globulin/cyclosporine immunosuppression in cadaveric
      renal transplantation. Effect of duration of ALG therapy.
AB  - Recent studies have documented the efficacy of quadruple immunotherapy with
      sequential ALG/cyclosporine in cadaveric renal transplantation. However, the
      exact role of ALG in this regimen is controversial. Over a four-year period, we
      performed 429 cadaveric renal transplants (367 primary, 62 retransplants) with
      prednisone, azathioprine, and the sequential use of Minnesota antilymphoblast
      globulin (MALG) and CsA. ALG therapy was divided into three protocols: true
      sequential (n = 259, mean no. days of ALG = 8.2); extended (defined as sequential
      MALG/CsA continued for 14 days irrespective of renal function or CsA level, n =
      103, mean no. days of ALG = 14.1); and therapeutic (continued MALG therapy for
      early breakthrough rejection, n = 67 [15.6%], mean no. days of ALG = 17.2). The
      study groups were comparable and retrospectively analyzed in multivariate fashion
      for 15 variables. Requirement for postoperative dialysis was equivalent (14%) in
      both sequential and extended ALG groups. Extended ALG therapy failed to reduce
      the incidence of acute rejection (46.5% vs. 40.4% with true sequential therapy).
      Prolonging the duration of ALG treatment (greater than 10 days) was associated
      with a higher risk of infection. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the
      use of OKT3 after ALG accounted for the higher infection rate. Duration of ALG
      therapy had no impact on patient or graft survival after a mean follow-up
      interval of 20 months. We recommended a quadruple immunosuppressive strategy in
      cadaveric renal transplantation with sequential MALG/CsA to minimize early
      allograft dysfunction and to achieve excellent patient and graft survival. MALG
      therapy should be stopped after renal function is documented and CsA levels are
      therapeutic. Further ALG therapy offers no immunologic advantage and may place
      the patient at high risk for infection if OKT3 rescue therapy is required.

PMID- 2643237
TI  - [Bioaccessibility of diazepam administered as Valium and Valaxon tablets].
AB  - A double-blind, cross-over investigation undertaken of the bioaccessibility of
      diazepam in 12 healthy volunteers revealed that there is no significant
      difference as regards the bio-accessibility of diazepam administered as Valaxon
      or as Valium tablets. It is concluded that pharmokinetic studies such as this can
      provide important clinical information and are easy to carry out in a hospital
      department.

PMID- 2643238
TI  - [Quality of images from ultrasound equipment. Possibility of better control with
      the use of phantoms].

PMID- 2643239
TI  - [Prostaglandins and the resistance of the gastroduodenal mucosa].
AB  - The mechanisms responsible for maintaining the integrity of the gastroduodenal
      mucosa have been explored intensively in recent years. Prostaglandins seem to
      play a central role in mucosal defence. Important mechanisms by which
      prostaglandins may produce cytoprotection include regulation of the thickness and
      the composition of the mucus layer at the epithelial surface; modulation of
      active bicarbonate secretion by the surface epithelial cells; hydrophobicity of
      the surface epithelium; rapid cell proliferation and differentiation after
      mucosal damage; maintenance of interstitial bicarbonate; and the integrity of the
      microcirculation--in addition to synthesis of mucosal sulphhydryl groups. A
      defect mucosal defence is considered the most important pathogenetic factor in
      the majority of patients with peptic ulcer disease, but it is still unclear
      whether this is due to a deficiency in endogenous prostaglandins. Important risk
      factors for developing peptic ulcer disease, such as nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs and smoking, depress the formation of endogenous
      prostaglandins. The question of whether the use of direct cytoprotection may be
      relevant in ulcer therapy has yet not been solved and the rationale for
      substitution with prostaglandin analogues is to date empirical.

PMID- 2643240
TI  - [Prostaglandin analogues in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease].
AB  - The cytoprotective properties of native prostaglandins have been exploited for
      ulcer therapy through the development of analogous molecules, which are
      characterized by longer duration of action, more potent acid inhibitory effect
      and higher pharmacologic specificity. The therapeutic efficacy of prostaglandin
      analogues has been evaluated in a variety of controlled clinical trials, which
      are summarized briefly. The experience with arbaprostil, enprostil, misoprostol,
      rioprostil and trimoprostil shows that their effect on ulcer healing is superior
      to that of a placebo in acid inhibitory doses, which are also cytoprotective.
      Nevertheless, prostaglandin analogues are inferior to H2-receptor antagonists as
      regards their effects on ulcer healing, pain relief, and relapse prevention and
      less effective than expected from their acid inhibitory action. Placebo
      controlled trials of arbaprostil in acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage have
      failed to demonstrate any reduction in numbers of patients whose bleeding
      stopped, numbers with rebleeding or transfusion requirement. Diarrhoea occurs in
      4%-34% of all patients and prostaglandin analogues are contraindicated in
      pregnant women. Although these drugs will probably not be marketed in Denmark for
      ulcer therapy, they may prove useful as replacement therapy in patients requiring
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

PMID- 2643241
TI  - [Self-monitoring of blood glucose and understanding of the disease in patients
      with insulin-treated diabetes. Correlation with metabolic regulation].
AB  - A questionnaire investigation was undertaken to register the extent to which 212
      insulin-treated diabetic patients undertook home measurements of blood glucose
      and the consequences which they drew from these measurements. This was compared
      with the metabolic regulation estimated by HbA1c. The average HbA1c-value was
      8.0%. Only 13% had HbA1c-values within the reference range for non-diabetic
      persons. 85% of the patients undertook self-monitoring of blood glucose. In 47.6%
      insulin was administered once or twice daily, 42.5% were treated with multiple
      injections and 9.9% employed insulin pumps. Regardless or the form of treatment,
      good metabolic control was associated with numerous daily measurements of blood
      glucose whereas no independent connection was found between the form of treatment
      and the level of regulation. The best regulated patients altered the dosage of
      insulin with low blood glucose values and planned reduced activity. No connection
      was observed between the form of treatment, level of regulation or whether the
      patients undertook self-monitoring and the number of hospital contacts on account
      of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia. Metabolic regulation was not satisfactory
      despite self monitoring of blood glucose and good understanding of the disease.

PMID- 2643242
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment in general practice. 5. Attitudes of general
      practitioners--a review].
AB  - The word "attitude" means continuing orientation of the individual towards the
      world. Attitudes consist of cognitive beliefs and affective reactions, which
      predispose the individual towards certain action patterns and which have
      emotional (positive/negative) value. Doctors' attitudes are developed by the
      joint influences of selection and socialization. Doctors are predominantly
      recruited from the middle classes and are therefore characterized by middle class
      attitudes, valuing hard work, activity, self-discipline and rationality. The
      curriculum of medical school has a further and independent influence on the
      personalities of physicians-to-be, shaping their attitudes towards patients and
      medical work. This study gives a review of the official professional ideology of
      general practitioners (GP's) which, in some respects, differs from the ideology
      of other doctors. The basic issues, according to general practitioners'
      commission reports, textbooks, and research can be subdivided into four main
      principles: 1. A holistic model of disease, 2. The GP as a family doctor (a
      continuous and personal doctor-patient relationship), 3. The GP as a "gate
      keeper" (the central referring role), 4. General practice as a "free enterprise".
      The two first principles deal with the substance of the GP's work and they stress
      holism, continuity and dialogue. The two last principles on the other hand deal
      with the structure of GP's work, stressing freedom and power. Thus general
      practitioners' ideology and attitudes serve to emphasize differences between
      hospital medicine and general practice. Differentiation between GP roles and
      roles of their psycho-social co-workers in the primary health care is not equally
      marked. Demarcation of general practice ideology in this respect is needed.

PMID- 2643243
TI  - Effectiveness of radiation control program for Dornier HM3 lithotriptor.
AB  - Radiation exposure during extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was
      calculated using a "worst-case method" in 135 randomly selected patients. The
      patients were divided into four groups according to body weight: small (less than
      140 pounds), medium (141-180 pounds), large (181-220 pounds), and very large
      (greater than 220 pounds). Average skin exposure was found to be 15.2 R (from 1.2
      to 95.6 R). After implementation of a "radiation awareness program" radiation
      exposure was calculated in 128 cases (matched for body weight and stone burden)
      and average exposure was 9.5 R (from 0.9 to 33.4 R) with a reduction of 20, 37,
      33, and 62 percent for each group, respectively. Radiation exposure reduction was
      primarily due to a reduction in the number of radiographic "snapshots" taken as a
      result of preferential use of special-mode fluoroscopic "stills."

PMID- 2643244
TI  - Percutaneous cholecystolithotomy.
AB  - We have successfully removed gallstones percutaneously from the gallbladders in
      two poor surgical risk patients using the standard equipment and the principles
      of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. No complication occurred in either patient. A
      brief review of percutaneous gallstone extraction is presented.

PMID- 2643245
TI  - Hypospadias repair: optical magnification versus Zeiss reconstruction microscope.
AB  - The results of hypospadias repair using 3.5 x magnification (53 cases) were
      compared with the results after using the Zeiss reconstruction microscope (59
      cases). There were 33 MAGPI procedures, 47 flip-flap operations, 4 free graft
      patch repairs, 16 island pedicle patches, and 12 free graft tubed
      urethroplasties. Only one short-term complication occurred: a stricture after
      free graft urethroplasty using optical loupes. Although success of hypospadias
      repair is not totally dependent on use of the microscope, it is predicted that it
      will be used more often in the repair of hypospadias in the future because of its
      advantages.

PMID- 2643246
TI  - Ultrasonography and diagnosis of pediatric genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma.
AB  - Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common tumor of the lower genitourinary tract in
      children during their first two decades of life. Four patients with genitourinary
      rhabdomyosarcoma are presented, with ultrasonographic and radiographic findings.
      The utility of ultrasound in the diagnosis of this pediatric tumor is emphasized.

PMID- 2643247
TI  - Hormonal control of plasminogen activator secretion in organ culture of rat
      ventral prostate.
AB  - The usefulness of plasminogen activators (PAs) in the follow-up of the secretory
      function of the prostate in culture, as well as the hormonal control of these
      secretory proteins was studied. Organ culture of rat ventral prostate was used as
      an experimental model. PA secreted into the culture medium during the two weeks'
      culture period was of the urokinase-type in all culture conditions, as determined
      by zymography. The highest activities at the end of culture were found in the
      involuting prostate in cultures without any hormones. As the epithelial component
      is strongly reduced in the involuted explants, these high activities were
      suggested to be derived from stroma. Corticosterone (10(-7) mol/l) and insulin
      (80 U/l) reduced significantly the secretion of PA, and this reduction was
      attenuated when the favourable effect of these hormones on the maintenance of
      morphology and tissue weight was taken into account. Testosterone (10(-7) mol/l)
      increased significantly the secretion of PA in all hormone-treated cultures,
      which could be due to the increased secretory activity of the epithelium.
      Interactions between the hormones were significant, i.e. the effects of the
      hormone combinations were different and could not be calculated from the separate
      effects of these hormones. Even though the general growth and function of the
      prostate is strictly androgen-controlled, these results suggest that the control
      of PA secretion is multihormonal.

PMID- 2643248
TI  - 'Salivary peptide P-C' of human pancreatic B-cells shares only partly
      immunoreactivity with salivary peptide P-C indicating a new B-cell protein which
      is different from insulin.
AB  - Salivary peptide P-C like immunoreactivity, originally isolated from human whole
      saliva has later been found in the human pancreatic B-cells. In the present work
      an indirect immunofluorescence technique using monoclonal antibodies against
      isolated salivary peptide P-C was applied to Bouin fixed pancreas and parotid
      glands to study the possible identity of the two substances. Positive P-C
      immunofluorescence was found in the serous cells of parotid glands but not in
      pancreatic B-cells, suggesting that pancreatic P-C substance is not salivary
      peptide P-C itself, but a substance sharing the common antigenic site with
      salivary peptide P-C. To examine this, an indirect immunofluorescence technique
      using polyclonal P-C antisera pre-absorbed with six kinds of synthetic fragments
      (1-22, 23-44, 23-29, 30-44, 30-38 and 38-44) of salivary peptide P-C was applied
      to the human pancreas. The result showed that pancreatic P-C substance was a
      substance which shares the common antigenic site with the 38-44 amino acid
      residue of salivary peptide P-C. Western blot analysis using extracts of human
      pancreata further showed that pancreatic P-C substance is not a precursor of
      insulin but a protein with molecular weight of 11,500 dalton, indicating the
      presence of a new protein in the insulin secretory granules of human pancreatic B
      cells.

PMID- 2643249
TI  - Chronic administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist affects
      testicular microvasculature.
AB  - Three months of daily sc injections of adult male dogs with the gonadotropin
      releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-A) [D-Trp6, des-Gly-NH2(10)]GnRH ethylamide
      produced significant decrease in the diameter of seminiferous tubules and
      conspicuously altered the ultrastructure of testicular microvasculature. In
      contrast to capillaries and venules in untreated controls, which had typical
      continuous endothelial layers surrounded by a basal lamina, in testes of dogs
      chronically treated with GnRH-A, 14.3% of the capillaries and 21.2% of the
      venules showed wide (30-500 nm) endothelial gaps. In a few capillaries (1.7%) and
      venules (4%) endothelial fenestrations were found. A high percentage of
      capillaries (59.3%) and venules (32.8%), with endothelial gaps or continuous
      endothelium were surrounded by multiple layers of basal lamina. All arterioles,
      24.7% of the capillaries and 42.6% of the venules showed the normal features as
      found in the controls. Superfluous basal laminae, not associated with cells were
      present in the testes of the chronically treated dogs, but were also found after
      4 months of recovery from the GnRH-A treatment. However, within 4 months after
      cessation of the GnRH-A treatment, the diameters of the seminiferous tubules were
      comparable to those in untreated controls. Capillaries and venules with
      endothelial gaps or fenestrations were completely absent. All arterioles, 43.6%
      of the capillaries and 65.6% of the venules revealed the normal features of
      continuous endothelium. However, 56.4% of the capillaries and 34.4% of the
      venules were characterized by superfluous layers of basal lamina.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643250
TI  - Effects of aging on human plasma renin: simultaneous multiple assays of enzyme
      activity and immunoactivity of plasma renin.
AB  - The effects of aging on plasma renin in normotensive volunteers were evaluated by
      conventional indirect RIA of angiotensin I and a newly developed direct RIA.
      Plasma renin activity and the plasma concentration of active renin measured by
      radiometric assay with monoclonal antibody were significantly lower in 14
      subjects over 60 years than in 15 subjects under 60 years (plasma renin activity:
      0.5 +/- 0.1 vs 1.7 +/- 0.4 nmol.1-1.h-1, P less than 0.01; plasma active renin:
      0.50 +/- 0.05 vs 0.87 +/- 0.13 pmol/l, P less than 0.01, means +/- SEM), whereas
      neither the total renin activity nor the total plasma renin concentration
      measured by the newly developed immunometric assay were different in the two
      groups. In another study, the plasma renin concentration, total renin
      concentration and immunoreactive total renin concentration measured by direct RIA
      with polyclonal antibody were determined in 17 young (less than 60 years) and 12
      elderly (greater than or equal to 60 years) subjects. Plasma renin concentration
      was significantly lower in the elderly subjects (1.7 +/- 0.2 nmol.l-1.h-1) than
      in young subjects (3.2 +/- 0.7 nmol.l-1.h-3, P less than 0.05), but the total
      renin concentration and immunoreactive total renin concentrations in the two
      groups were not significantly different. These results indicate that the total
      renin content of the plasma does not change, whereas the active renin content
      decreases with age in normal subjects, and suggest that activation of prorenin to
      active renin may be impaired in elderly subjects.

PMID- 2643251
TI  - Genetically determined differences in newborn rat islet sensitivity to
      interleukin-1 in vitro: no association with the diabetes prone phenotype in the
      BB-rat.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate whether the genetic predisposition to
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) might be caused by an inherited
      increased sensitivity of the pancreatic B-cells to immune effector molecules e.g.
      the monokine interleukin 1 (IL-1), which is selectively cytotoxic to B-cells in
      vitro. Islets of Langerhans isolated from newborn diabetes prone and diabetes
      resistant Bio-Breeding rats, as well as from the inbred non-diabetic rat strains
      Wistar Furth, Brown-Norway and Lewis-Scripps were exposed to 0-1000 ng/l
      [corrected] of recombinant human IL-1 beta for 7 days. Strain-related differences
      in the sensitivity to IL-1 were studied by comparing the dose-responses of
      insulin release at 11 mmol/l glucose and islet light microscopic morphology to
      varying concentrations of IL-1. Statistical analyses showed a significant impact
      of strain on B-cell sensitivity to IL-1, Brown-Norway islets being relatively
      resistant to the action of IL-1. However, the the diabetes prone islets were not
      more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of IL-1 than the non-diabetic control
      strain islets. We conclude that genetic differences in the response to IL-1 exist
      in vitro, but that this phenomenon is unrelated to the propensity to develop
      IDDM.

PMID- 2643252
TI  - Instructional computing in Alberta nursing programs as perceived by program
      leaders.
AB  - This paper summarized data from a survey which was conducted to establish the
      status of computing in Alberta's professional nursing programs. It describes the
      hardware and software applications in use and identifies barriers to the growth
      of instructional computing. The study reveals a range of activity in Alberta's
      nursing programs and definite progressive trends. Future directions as perceived
      by program leaders are reported.

PMID- 2643253
TI  - Immunoreactive erythropoietin and erythropoiesis stimulating factor(s) in plasma
      from hypertransfused neonatal and adult mice. Studies with a radioimmunoassay and
      a cell culture assay for erythropoietin.
AB  - The objective was to study whether the high erythropoietic stimulatory activity
      found in plasma from neonatal mice during the growth period is erythropoietin
      (Ep) alone, or Ep in combination with other factors. Plasma from hypertransfused
      neonatal (20 d) and adult (13-20 weeks) mice were compared with a
      radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a cell culture assay for Ep. The RIA determines
      immunoreactive Ep (iEp) while the cell culture assay reflects erythropoiesis
      stimulating factor(s) (ESF). Compared to control values, hypertransfusion
      resulting in PCVs of 55% and higher reduced the mean iEp levels in neonatal and
      adult mice by 82% and 38%, respectively (P less than 0.01). There was no
      detectable difference between the mean iEp levels of hypertransfused neonatal and
      adult animals (P greater than 0.3). The parallel ESF data showed a reduction in
      mean plasma ESF levels by 68% in hypertransfused neonatal and 72% in
      hypertransfused adult animals (P less than 0.001). And notably, in contrast to
      the iEp data, the mean ESF level found in hypertransfused neonatal mice with PCVs
      of 55% and higher was significantly above that of hypertransfused adult animals
      (P less than 0.001). No correlation was found between PCV and iEp (r less than
      0.4, P greater than 0.1) or ESF (r less than 0.2, P greater than 0.2) in
      hypertransfused animals. The parallel data from the two Ep assays show that
      plasma from hypertransfused 20-d-old mice contain one or more erythropoietic
      stimulatory factors not detected by the RIA. It is concluded that part of the
      high erythropoietic stimulatory activity found in plasma from neonatal mice is
      due to non-Ep factors.

PMID- 2643254
TI  - Regional differences in glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity among
      neuropeptide Y immunoreactive neurons of the rat brain.
AB  - By means of two-colour immunocytochemistry using a mouse monoclonal antibody
      directed against the rat liver glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and a rabbit
      polyclonal neuropeptide Y (NPY) antiserum combined with the biotin-avidin
      immunoperoxidase and a double immunofluorescence procedure, it has been possible
      to demonstrate nuclear GR immunoreactivity (IR) in neurons showing cytoplasmatic
      NPY IR in rat brain. The majority of NPY immunoreactive perikarya of the medial
      parvocellular part of the arcuate nucleus, locus coeruleus and the rostral and
      caudal part of the ventrolateral medulla oblongata contained strong nuclear GR
      IR. Many of the NPY immunoreactive neurons present in the subnuclei of the
      nucleus tractus solitarius also contained nuclear GR IR, while most of the NPY
      immunoreactive perikarya of the cerebral cortex and all of the neostriatum
      appeared to lack GR IR. These results indicate that NPY immunoreactive neurons in
      the upper and lower brain stem, but not in the cerebral cortex and in the
      neostriatum may be directly involved in mediating central effects of
      glucocorticoids.

PMID- 2643255
TI  - The role of adenosine and prostacyclin in coronary flow regulation in healthy
      man.
AB  - Coronary flow regulation in man is incompletely understood. We addressed the
      hypothesis that endogenous adenosine and prostacyclin (PGI2) affect basal
      coronary tone and/or the coronary flow response to increased myocardial work. In
      healthy volunteers coronary sinus flow and cardiac oxygen extraction were
      measured at rest and during leg exercise (40-50 W), before and after i.v.
      administration of theophylline (to block adenosine receptors) and oral
      administration of ibuprofen (to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis). Before drug,
      the basal coronary flow was 118 +/- 23 ml min-1 and the cardiac extraction of
      oxygen 122 +/- 3 ml l-1. Leg exercise elevated coronary flow by 89 +/- 16 ml min
      1. Theophylline, at a dose blocking the coronary flow response to dipyridamole
      (an adenosine-dependent mechanism), induced a moderate increase in myocardial
      oxygen extraction (by 11%, P less than 0.05), but failed to affect either the
      basal coronary flow (105 +/- 16 ml min-1) or the increase during exercise (88 +/-
      25 ml min-1). Ibuprofen inhibited the urinary excretion of PGI2 metabolite by
      about 90%, but did not affect basal coronary tone or the coronary response to
      exercise. These data indicate that endogenous adenosine is of limited importance
      for normal coronary regulation in man, and that PGI2 has no effect.

PMID- 2643256
TI  - Modern diagnostic imaging in joint disease.

PMID- 2643257
TI  - Dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry for bone densitometry: current status and
      perspective.

PMID- 2643258
TI  - Perfluorooctylbromide: a new contrast agent for CT, sonography, and MR imaging.

PMID- 2643259
TI  - New perspectives in thrombus-specific imaging: radiolabeled monoclonal
      antibodies.

PMID- 2643260
TI  - Intrahepatic cholangiographic abnormalities in liver transplants: correlation
      with biopsy evidence of rejection and other disorders.
AB  - We investigated the cholangiographic appearance of intrahepatic bile ducts in 56
      liver transplants and correlated the findings with biopsy evidence of acute
      rejection and other histologic diagnoses. Mild to moderate narrowing, stretching,
      separation, and poor filling of the bile ducts were common. Narrowing was present
      in 69 (92%) of 75 studies and was at least moderate in degree in 14 (19%). Duct
      separation was seen on 39 (58%) of 67 cholangiograms and was usually mild but was
      more pronounced in 10 (15%). In 22 (25%) of 89 studies, 10 or fewer branch ducts
      were filled. Cholangiographic abnormalities were more marked in patients with
      biopsy diagnoses of moderate-severe and partially treated acute rejection than
      with findings of mild rejection or nonspecific histology. Portal tract cellular
      infiltration and edema, liver swelling and, possibly, loss of small bile ducts
      correlated with the radiologic changes. However, the severity of the radiographic
      changes varied in all histologic categories. Acute rejection contributes to
      intrahepatic duct narrowing, separation, and poor filling on cholangiography in
      liver transplants, but the cause of the changes is probably multifactorial.
      Cholangiography is limited as a test for rejection and other hepatic parenchymal
      abnormalities in individual patients, but it may provide evidence supporting the
      need for liver biopsy in the evaluation of hepatic dysfunction after
      transplantation.

PMID- 2643261
TI  - Periportal low-attenuation areas on CT: value as evidence of liver transplant
      rejection.
AB  - CT scans of liver transplants may show periportal areas that are lower in
      attenuation than adjacent portal veins and liver. These areas appear as low
      density rims that surround or parallel the portal vein and its intrahepatic
      branches as well as the immediate subhepatic portal area. In order to determine
      the value of periportal low attenuation as an indicator of rejection, we reviewed
      the CT scans of 37 liver transplant patients with biopsy evidence of either acute
      rejection (12 patients) or nonspecific change without rejection (25 patients).
      Low-attenuation areas around peripheral portal branches were identified in six of
      12 patients with rejection and in four of 25 patients with nonspecific change
      (sensitivity, 50%; specificity, 84%; accuracy, 73%). The correlation between
      peripheral periportal low attenuation and rejection was statistically significant
      (p less than .05). Periportal low attenuation in a central location was seen in
      eight of 12 patients with acute rejection and in 14 of 25 patients with
      nonspecific change (sensitivity, 67%; specificity, 44%; accuracy, 51%). The
      correlation was not statistically significant. Low-attenuation areas were evident
      on scans obtained either with or without IV contrast enhancement. Periportal low
      attenuation areas are commonly seen on CT scans of liver transplants. Peripheral
      areas correlate with acute rejection, but other factors probably contribute to
      their occurrence. Central areas do not correlate with acute rejection. Low
      sensitivity and relatively low accuracy limit the usefulness of peripheral
      periportal low attenuation as a sign of acute liver allograft rejection.

PMID- 2643262
TI  - The sonographic diagnosis of acute gangrenous cholecystitis: importance of the
      Murphy sign.
AB  - The sonographic Murphy sign is defined as the presence of maximal tenderness
      elicited by direct pressure of the transducer over a sonographically localized
      gallbladder. The reported prevalence of this sign is more than 95% in patients
      with acute cholecystitis. In this series of 18 patients with pathologically
      proved gangrenous cholecystitis, the sonographic Murphy sign was positive in only
      six (33%). Clinical examination showed a positive Murphy sign in eight patients
      (44%), diffuse abdominal pain in nine patients (50%), and no pain in one patient
      (6%). Other sonographic findings included pericholecystic fluid (10), thickening
      of the gallbladder wall (10), and a dilated gallbladder (five). Our experience
      suggests that the absence of the Murphy sign increases the possibility of
      gangrenous cholecystitis in patients with abdominal pain and sonographic findings
      of cholecystitis.

PMID- 2643263
TI  - The use of color Doppler sonography to distinguish dilated intrahepatic ducts
      from vascular structures.

PMID- 2643264
TI  - Color Doppler ultrasound of the normal testis.
AB  - Color Doppler ultrasound with point spectral analysis was performed on 30 testes
      of 15 asymptomatic volunteers. Intratesticular arteries and testicular capsular
      arteries were imaged in all 30 cases. Waveforms from these vessels were similar
      and consistently showed a low-impedance pattern with high levels of diastolic
      flow. This reflects the low vascular resistance of the testis. Supratesticular
      arteries were also identified in all 30 cases. In addition to the low-impedance
      type waveforms from the testicular artery, waveforms obtained in the
      supratesticular region also originated from the deferential and/or cremasteric
      arteries. This resulted in some waveforms with high-impedance patterns,
      reflecting the high vascular resistance of the epididymis and peritesticular
      tissues. We believe that color Doppler ultrasound is capable of reliably showing
      the normal testicular arterial anatomy by imaging intraarterial blood flow.
      Knowledge of the normal color Doppler appearance and waveform characteristics of
      the testicular artery should aid in diagnosing scrotal conditions that alter
      blood flow.

PMID- 2643265
TI  - Renal lymphangiomyoma--a rare cause of a multiloculated renal mass.

PMID- 2643266
TI  - Color Doppler ultrasound imaging of lower-extremity venous disease.
AB  - A color Doppler ultrasound imaging device was used to evaluate 475 patients with
      suspected lower-extremity venous thrombosis. Occlusive and nonocclusive femoral
      and popliteal thrombi were detected in 200 studies (42%). In phase 1 of the study
      (240 examinations), peripheral augmentation with the use of periodic calf
      compression was required to show color flow throughout the femoropopliteal venous
      segment. In phase 2 (235 examinations), with a software upgrade to enhance
      detectability of slow flow, spontaneous flow could be appreciated in the normal,
      partly thrombosed, and recanalized femoral popliteal veins without augmentation.
      Augmentation was often necessary to view tibioperoneal veins. Of the total study
      group, conventional venography was performed for correlation in 47 patients. In
      the other patients, clinicians relied on the color Doppler test for the
      definitive diagnosis of the presence or absence of femoral popliteal venous
      thrombosis and treated these patients on the basis of the color Doppler test
      result. In the femoral veins, color Doppler studies and venography agreed in all
      12 positive and 35 negative cases. In the popliteal veins, there was agreement in
      five isolated popliteal thromboses and in 10 femoral popliteal thromboses; there
      were two false-negative color Doppler studies of isolated popliteal thromboses.
      In four patients, Doppler studies detected nonocclusive thrombus not evident on
      venography. Color Doppler imaging is easy to perform and does not require
      augmentation to view color flow in the femoropopliteal venous segment. Eccentric
      thrombus and partially canalized thrombus can be shown. Initial experience
      suggests color Doppler imaging may be useful in the detection of tibioperoneal
      venous thrombosis.

PMID- 2643267
TI  - Budd-Chiari syndrome: the results of duplex and color Doppler imaging.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate duplex and color-flow Doppler imaging as
      potential noninvasive methods of diagnosing patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome
      and following them after surgery. Five patients with confirmed hepatic
      venoocclusive disease were imaged. All five underwent duplex Doppler
      examinations; three were also evaluated with color-flow Doppler. The hepatic
      vasculature was examined in all five patients; decompressive mesoatrial shunts
      were present and were evaluated in four of the five patients. Color-flow Doppler
      precisely defined intrahepatic, portal, and inferior vena caval circulatory
      dynamics. Correlation with angiography was excellent. In the two patients in whom
      hepatic vasculature was evaluated with duplex Doppler alone, the results were
      less impressive. Intrahepatic flow abnormalities were identified, but the sites
      of occlusion were not determined convincingly. Signals transmitted from the heart
      and the inability to visualize the hepatic veins made duplex Doppler evaluation
      problematic. Duplex Doppler was able to define patency and the direction of flow
      in the portal vein and inferior vena cava. Our results suggest that color-flow
      Doppler is an excellent technique for the initial evaluation of patients
      suspected of having Budd-Chiari syndrome. In the evaluation of decompressive
      mesoatrial shunts, color-flow Doppler produced dramatic images. However, both
      duplex and color-flow Doppler were highly accurate in determining the patency of
      decompressive shunts. Either duplex or color-flow Doppler may be used as the
      primary imaging procedure to determine shunt patency.

PMID- 2643268
TI  - CT and sonographic features of pseudomyxoma peritonei.

PMID- 2643269
TI  - Bilateral blurring of vision after administration of contrast medium during i.v.
      digital subtraction angiography.

PMID- 2643270
TI  - Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the gallbladder.

PMID- 2643271
TI  - The three lines: origin of sonographic landmarks of the fetal head.

PMID- 2643272
TI  - The anticardiolipin syndrome.
AB  - Anticardiolipin antibodies delineate a recently defined syndrome characterized by
      venous and arterial thrombosis, thrombocytopenia and recurrent fetal loss,
      usually in the setting of autoimmune disease. A recently standardized enzyme
      immunoassay for this antibody is becoming widely available. Treatment is
      controversial and includes prednisone and aspirin in pregnant patients.
      Anticoagulation therapy has been recommended for thrombosis. The roles of
      plasmapheresis and cytotoxic agents have not yet been defined.

PMID- 2643273
TI  - Arthrogryposis.
AB  - Arthrogryposis (multiple congenital contractures) has various causes and appears
      as many different syndromes. The basic classification for therapeutic and
      prognostic purposes divides affected children into those who have only limb
      involvement, those with limb and trunk, craniofacial or visceral involvement, and
      those with severe central nervous system dysfunction. Decreased fetal movement is
      an important etiologic factor. A multidisciplinary approach is required to
      evaluate these children, and early physical therapy is essential.

PMID- 2643274
TI  - Dysphagia.
AB  - Difficulty in swallowing may result from a motor disorder of the esophagus or an
      obstructing lesion. Dysphagia for liquids is characteristic of motor disorders,
      while symptoms on swallowing solid food point to mechanical obstruction.
      Difficulty initiating a swallow indicates oropharyngeal dysphagia, an abnormality
      of striated muscle. The major mechanical causes of dysphagia are peptic
      stricture, esophageal carcinoma and a mucosal ring.

PMID- 2643275
TI  - Congenital neck masses.
AB  - Neck masses are frequently encountered in children. Although they are most often
      due to past infections, they may be of congenital origin. A neck mass in an adult
      may also be benign and of congenital origin. Common congenital neck masses
      include thyroglossal duct cysts, branchial anomalies, cystic hygromas and
      hemangiomas. Cysts, sinuses and fistulas may arise from the branchial apparatus.

PMID- 2643276
TI  - Inflammatory bowel diseases: Part I. Classification and cancer risk.

PMID- 2643277
TI  - Hyperkalemia due to drugs in diabetic patients.

PMID- 2643278
TI  - Malignant lesions of the eyelid.
AB  - Malignant tumors of the eyelid and ocular adnexa are often detected during
      routine examinations. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common of these tumors,
      followed by squamous cell carcinoma. Sebaceous gland carcinoma and malignant
      melanoma are seen less frequently. Malignant eyelid tumors may mimic a number of
      benign conditions. Early diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, and biopsy
      of the lesion is often necessary.

PMID- 2643279
TI  - Comparison of technetium 99m methoxy isobutyl isonitrile and thallium 201 for
      evaluation of coronary artery disease by planar and tomographic methods.
AB  - To compare stress/rest technetium 99m methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (Tc-MIBI) with
      stress redistribution thallium 201(T1-201) myocardial perfusion imaging, 36
      patients were studied by single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)
      and planar methods. For SPECT, overall sensitivities for identification of
      patients with coronary artery disease were 93% (14/15) by Tc-MIBI and 80% (12/15)
      by TI-201 (p = NS). For planar methods, overall sensitivities were 73% (11/15) by
      both TI-201 and Tc-MIBI. Overall specificity was 75% (3/4 patients with normal
      coronary arteries) for both tracers with SPECT and Tc-MIBI by planar imaging and
      was 50% for planar TI-201 (p = NS). The normalcy rates for overall identification
      of coronary artery disease were determined in 17 patients with a low likelihood
      of disease. For SPECT, normalcy rates were 100% by Tc-MIBI and 77% by TI-201 (p =
      NS). For planar, they were 94% by Tc-MIBI and 88% by TI-201 (p = NS). Vessel
      sensitivities in the 35 stenosed coronary arteries (greater than or equal to 50%
      stenosis) for SPECT were 87% by Tc-MIBI and 77% by TI-201 (p = NS). For planar,
      the vessel sensitivities were 60% by Tc-MIBI and 54% by TI-201 (p = NS). For both
      tracers, the SPECT vessel sensitivities were significantly higher (p less than
      0.005) than planar vessel sensitivities. The vessel specificities in 22 coronary
      vessels with less than 50% stenosis were 86% by SPECT Tc-MIBI and TI-201, 80% by
      planar Tc-MIBI and 73% by planar TI-201 (p = NS, SPECT vs planar, Tc-MIBI vs TI
      201). Regarding myocardial segmental agreement, for the presence of stress
      defects the agreement was 91% for the 720 SPECT segments and 95% for the 540
      planar segments. For severity of stress defects based on semiquantitative visual
      scoring, the exact agreement was 87% for SPECT and 80% for planar. For the
      pattern of reversibility in myocardial segments with stress defects, the
      agreement was 97% for SPECT and 91% for planar. This study demonstrated that Tc
      MIBI and TI-201 correlate well on both planar and SPECT images with respect to
      the identification of patients with coronary artery disease, identification of
      disease in individual coronary arteries, the presence and severity of perfusion
      defects, and the assessment of defect reversibility. Furthermore, SPECT Tc-MIBI
      was shown to be superior to planar Tc-MIBI for the identification of individual
      diseased vessels.

PMID- 2643280
TI  - Peripheral hemodynamic effects of captopril in patients with congestive heart
      failure.
AB  - In 14 patients with severe congestive heart failure, the effects of captopril on
      the forearm circulation were evaluated with strain gauge plethysmography. Changes
      in plasma renin activity, angiotensin II, norepinephrine, epinephrine,
      bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha concentrations
      were also measured. To determine whether the prostaglandins contribute to the
      peripheral hemodynamic response to captopril, the hemodynamic and hormonal
      measurements were repeated after pretreatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of
      prostaglandin synthesis. Ninety minutes after administering a single dose of
      captopril (25 mg), mean blood pressure and venous pressure decreased (p less than
      0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively), forearm blood flow and maximum venous
      volume increased (p less than 0.05 for both), and forearm vascular resistance and
      forearm venous tone decreased (p less than 0.05 for both). Captopril also
      improved forearm venous distensibility (p less than 0.05). Pretreatment with oral
      indomethacin (50 mg) significantly blunted all of these captopril-induced
      hemodynamic changes. The blockage of the renin-angiotensin system by captopril
      was unaltered by indomethacin pretreatment. Captopril significantly increased
      plasma bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (p less
      than 0.05 for each). Indomethacin pretreatment did not affect the captopril
      induced increase in bradykinin, but it did completely eliminate the increase in
      the prostaglandins. Plasma catecholamines did not change with captopril. These
      data suggest that the vasodilator prostaglandins play a significant role in
      captopril's peripheral vasodilative effects in congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2643281
TI  - Ambulatory (Holter) electrocardiography and myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Ambulatory (Holter) electrocardiography has evolved over the past two decades to
      allow accurate assessment of the cardiac rhythm, and more recently, accurate
      detection and measurement of ST segment changes. These ambulatory ECG ST segment
      changes that occur with and without symptoms, although thought to be of
      questionable clinical value for many years, have recently been clearly documented
      in coronary artery disease patients to represent true myocardial ischemia.
      Concurrent with these technologic developments has been an evolution of the
      pathophysiologic understanding of myocardial ischemia, and the relative role and
      sequential nature that ECG ST segment changes have in its development. This
      review examines from a clinical perspective the current understanding of the
      pathophysiologic sequence of development of myocardial ischemia, emphasizes the
      ECG diagnostic methods that detect this sequential change, examines the criteria
      that define ambulatory ECG myocardial ischemia, and discusses those nonischemic
      factors that affect the ECG ST segment and its interpretation. Moreover, an ever
      increasing number of ambulatory ECG studies of coronary artery disease and normal
      patients have defined unique characteristics of the ambulatory ECG ST segment
      changes observed with regard to its diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic
      assessment value in the study of myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2643282
TI  - Regional hemodynamic effects of slow-release nicardipine in elderly patients with
      hypertension: evaluation by a new ultrasound technique.
AB  - Blood flow in superficial vessels was measured by means of combined two
      dimensional and continuous-wave Doppler echography. In vitro validation of the
      technique showed precision to within 10% at flow rates greater than 300 ml/min.
      Assessment of common carotid artery blood flow was used to calculate vascular
      resistance in a single-blind, crossover study of 16 elderly patients over the age
      of 60 years (mean 67.7 +/- 6.5) with essential hypertension. The pulsatility
      index of the brachial artery was also determined. Before the study patients had
      previously received either placebo (twice a day) for 2 weeks or slow-release (SR)
      nicardipine (40 mg twice a day) for 2 months. During the study patients received
      a single 40 mg dose of nicardipine SR, after which mean arterial blood pressure
      decreased from 131 +/- 11 to 110 +/- 10 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) and from 122 +/
      13 to 108 +/- 11 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) in patients who had previously
      received placebo and nicardipine, respectively. Carotid vascular resistance
      decreased from 14.6 +/- 2.9 to 10.4 +/- 2.8 mm Hg.sec.ml-1 (p less than 0.001)
      and from 14.6 +/- 4.1 to 11.0 +/- 2.0 mm Hg.sec.ml-1 (p less than 0.01),
      respectively. The pulsatility index of the brachial artery changed from 9.4 +/-
      4.4 to 9.7 +/- 8.3 and from 8.2 +/- 4.3 to 9.4 +/- 4.1, respectively (not
      significant). These data show that nicardipine SR reduces resistance both in the
      common carotid artery and in the brachial artery. Furthermore this drug appears
      to have an additional effect on the distensibility of the large arteries.

PMID- 2643283
TI  - Effects of nicardipine on blood pressure and renal function in elderly
      hypertensive patients with renal dysfunction.
AB  - The effects of monotherapy with nicardipine, 20 mg three times a day, have been
      investigated in a 1-year study of 26 elderly (greater than 60 years) patients
      with hypertension with various types of renal dysfunction and seven without renal
      dysfunction. Parameters measured included blood pressure, blood chemistry (serum
      creatinine, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, blood glucose total cholesterol, and
      electrolytes), plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone concentration.
      Nicardipine was effective in reducing blood pressure in all patients with
      diabetic nephropathy, parenchymal renal diseases, or hypertensive nephropathy,
      and in those without renal dysfunction. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen
      levels were slightly elevated in some patients whose pretreatment serum
      creatinine level was greater than 2 mg/dl, regardless of the type of nephropathy.
      However, it was not determined whether this effect was the result of a reduction
      in blood pressure induced by nicardipine. Serum sodium, potassium, total
      cholesterol, and blood glucose levels were unchanged by the administration of
      nicardipine. Changes in plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels were not
      significant. These results suggest that nicardipine can be used safely in elderly
      patients with hypertension with renal dysfunction, regardless of the type of
      nephropathy.

PMID- 2643284
TI  - Nicardipine monotherapy in ambulatory elderly patients with hypertension.
AB  - The antihypertensive effect of nicardipine was evaluated in 89 ambulatory elderly
      patients with hypertension through a multicenter trial enrolling patients over
      the age of 65 years. After a baseline period during which they received placebo,
      subjects were randomized by an unbalanced assignment to a double-blind comparison
      of nicardipine (n = 57) and placebo (n = 32). The initial dose of nicardipine was
      20 mg every 8 hours, which was then increased to 30 mg if needed. Blood pressure
      and heart rate were measured 1 and 8 hours after doses at each visit with
      subjects in both the supine and standing positions. Seventy-six per cent of
      patients who received nicardipine and 55% who received placebo responded (p less
      than 0.05). During standing, blood pressure did not decrease significantly from
      supine levels in either group, but a small, transient increase in heart rate
      occurred with nicardipine. Adverse reactions (apart from failure to respond)
      occurred in 8% of those who received nicardipine and 3% who received placebo.
      Three patients were withdrawn: two for symptoms, nausea, or flushing and one for
      transient and asymptomatic abnormalities on ECG. Nicardipine is effective and
      safe as monotherapy in elderly patients with hypertension, causing greater
      reduction in systolic than in diastolic pressure, but without orthostatic
      hypotension.

PMID- 2643285
TI  - Nicardipine in elderly patients with hypertension: a review of experience in
      France.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in France has studied the
      efficacy and safety of nicardipine in 31 elderly patients, aged 57 to 95 years
      (mean age 84 years), 16 of whom were actively treated with nicardipine, 10 to 30
      mg three times a day (mean dose 69.4 mg/day). After 4 weeks, nicardipine lowered
      mean blood pressure (186/99 to 150/83 mm Hg; p less than 0.001), and the changes
      in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly greater in the
      nicardipine group than in the placebo group. Nicardipine was well tolerated;
      orthostatic hypotension was not observed and there was no change in heart rate.
      Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in eight patients, but there was no
      correlation between PRA and the antihypertensive effect of nicardipine. Results
      of a pharmacokinetic study performed in 15 elderly patients showed a rapid rate
      of absorption and higher plasma levels than those observed in younger patients
      with hypertension (mean age 54 years). The results support those of the major
      French multicenter open study of 29, 104 elderly patients with hypertension (mean
      age 64 +/- 12 years) treated with nicardipine. The findings of this trial are
      reviewed and discussed, and recommendations made on the directions for future
      research in cardiovascular medicine with calcium channel blockers. Results of the
      trials discussed in this article show that nicardipine is an effective and well
      tolerated drug in elderly patients and has wide-ranging effects on the
      cardiovascular system.

PMID- 2643286
TI  - Comparison of the long-term, postsurgical survival of women and men in the
      Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS).
AB  - This study compares the survival of men and women an average of 6 years after
      coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) by means of the Coronary Artery
      Surgery Study (CASS) registry. Subjects included in these analyses were the 6100
      men and 1097 women who survived surgery. Medical history and physical and
      laboratory information were collected from each patient at baseline. Men and
      women were compared for differences in baseline characteristics, long-term
      survival (by means of the Cox proportional hazards models), and predictors of
      long-term survival. In this study women, at baseline, were older and more likely
      to have hypertension and diabetes compared to men; whereas men were more likely
      to have had prior coronary heart disease. In this study of CASS participants
      there was no difference between men and women with regard to survival after CABG.
      There was also no difference between men and women in predictors of 6-year
      mortality. Two baseline variables were strongly related to subsequent mortality
      in both men and women: a high left ventricular wall motion score and taking both
      digitalis and diuretics (for women: relative risk = 2.31, confidence interval =
      1.38 to 3.87; for men: relative risk = 1.90, confidence interval = 1.45 to 2.50).

PMID- 2643287
TI  - Pericarditis in acute myocardial infarction: characterization and clinical
      significance.
AB  - To determine the significance of pericarditis following acute myocardial
      infarction, the hospital course and 12-month follow-up were analyzed in 703
      patients enrolled in the Multicenter Investigation of the Limitation of Infarct
      Size (MILIS). Pericarditis, defined by the detection of a pericardial rub,
      occurred in 20% of the patients (n = 141) and was more likely to follow Q wave
      than non-Q wave infarction (25% vs 9%, p less than 0.001). Patients with
      pericarditis experienced more serious myocardial damage compared to those without
      pericarditis, as evidenced by a larger infarct size (25 +/- 1 vs 17 +/- 1 MB-CK
      gm-Eq/m2, p less than 0.001), a lower admission left ventricular ejection
      fraction (42 +/- 1% vs 48 +/- 1%, p less than 0.001), and a higher incidence of
      congestive heart failure (47% vs 26%, p less than 0.001) and atrial
      tachyarrhythmias (16% vs 10%, p less than 0.05). When patients were classified by
      the presence of Q or non-Q wave infarction, these differences persisted although
      statistical significance was not always achieved due to smaller sample size.
      Mortality at 12-month follow-up for patients with pericarditis was 18% compared
      with 12% for patients without pericarditis (p = 0.055). This mortality difference
      could be accounted for in part by the lower ventricular ejection fraction in
      patients with pericarditis (p = 0.20 after adjustment).

PMID- 2643288
TI  - Reducing costs and improving compliance.
AB  - The cost-effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy is defined as the costs of
      treatment less the savings from the prevention of stroke and myocardial
      infarction, relative to the therapeutic effectiveness of treatment. Since
      antihypertensive therapy actually increases the dollar cost of medical care, the
      use of more expensive agents needs to be justified in terms of better blood
      pressure control, improved quality of life, and reduced cardiovascular morbidity
      and mortality. Data from the clinical trials have not shown the more expensive
      agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel
      blockers to be superior to the less expensive agents such as diuretic drugs in
      reducing blood pressure or cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Poor
      compliance may reduce both the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of treatment.
      Physicians must play an active role in prompting compliance by assuring the
      patient's ability to incorporate the prescribed dosage regimen into daily
      routine, by actively monitoring compliance, by modifying the regimen
      appropriately to remove the cause of noncompliance, and by switching medication
      if it is ineffective or if adverse effects occur.

PMID- 2643289
TI  - Electrolyte disarray and cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Thiazide diuretics have frequently been recommended as initial therapy in
      patients with mild to moderate hypertension. However, their undesirable metabolic
      consequences have been suspected of contributing to increases in cardiovascular
      morbidity and mortality. Even at low doses, there is a definite decrease in both
      potassium and magnesium levels. The degree of decrease in potassium and magnesium
      levels has been shown to be directly related to the hydrochlorothiazide dosage.
      Many investigators have now reported an increase in ventricular ectopy associated
      with diuretic-induced hypokalemia. Whereas there is no single study that
      conclusively proves that thiazide therapy results in malignant arrhythmias and an
      increased risk of sudden death, the circumstantial evidence is strong. Although
      sodium restriction is critical to potassium restoration, it rarely works alone.
      Potassium chloride supplementation can be effective in restoring potassium but
      not magnesium. Potassium-sparing diuretic combinations can both prevent and treat
      hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, possibly reducing the risk of potentially lethal
      arrhythmias and sudden death.

PMID- 2643290
TI  - Efficacy and safety of triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide combinations in mild
      systemic hypertension.
AB  - After a 3-week placebo lead-in (Period 1), 78 patients with sitting diastolic
      blood pressures (BPs) of greater than or equal to 90 and less than or equal to
      105 mm Hg entered a 4-week period (Period 2) during which they received
      triamterene (TMT) 37.5 mg/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 25 mg/day. Four weeks of
      therapy with TMT 37.5 mg/HCTZ 25 mg resulted in a statistically significant
      decrease in mean BP of -15.0/-9.6 mm Hg. Mean BP changed from 145/95 to 130/85 mm
      Hg. Fifty-nine percent of patients were classified as responders as defined by
      study criteria. An additional 4 weeks of therapy (Period 3) for responders
      produced no further change in BP. Nonresponders as a group continued to have a
      further decrease in BP in Period 3. However, only patients in whom therapy was
      transferred to TMT 75 mg/HCTZ 50 mg had a statistically significant decrease. All
      patients who changed to the higher dose combination achieved goal BP by the end
      of the study. Of the nonresponders who continued to take TMT 37.5 mg/HCTZ 25 mg,
      69% achieved goal diastolic BP by the end of Period 3. Three patients were
      withdrawn because of adverse experiences, 1 of which was considered treatment
      related. Of 58 reports of adverse experiences, 8 were considered possibly related
      and 2 probably related to therapy. There was a total of 8 clinically significant
      abnormal laboratory values, 1 of which was considered to have a possible relation
      to therapy.

PMID- 2643291
TI  - Metabolic consequences of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor BAY-M-1099 given to
      nondiabetic and diabetic rats fed a high-carbohydrate diet.
AB  - The effect of a new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor BAY-M-1099 on postprandial
      glucose levels in nondiabetic and diabetic rats after sucrose loading was
      studied. Evaluation was also made of the metabolic consequences of the addition
      of BAY-M-1099 to a high-carbohydrate diet consisting of equal quantities of wheat
      starch and sucrose (Diet A). This drug significantly reduced (p less than 0.05)
      postprandial glucose levels in nondiabetic and diabetic rats after sucrose
      loading. BAY-M-1099 led to a significant reduction in urinary glucose loss (177.8
      +/- 54.2 vs 98.9 +/- 35.6 mmol/L) and in postprandial plasma glucose levels in
      diabetic rats fed diet A. Addition of BAY-M-1099 to the diet of nondiabetic rats
      significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased the postprandial plasma glucose level
      at 45, 90, 180, and 225 min after a meal test. Addition of BAY-M-1099 to a diet
      containing starch plus sucrose led to reduced glycosuria and serum glucose levels
      and may have potential benefit in the management of diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2643292
TI  - 1988 Herman award lecture. Effect of ketoanalogues in chronic renal failure and
      other disorders.

PMID- 2643293
TI  - Dietary whey proteins and their peptides or amino acids: effects on the jejunal
      mucosa of starved rats.
AB  - The effects of starvation (72 h) and refeeding with three liquid diets, differing
      only in the molecular form of the nitrogen source (whole whey proteins, WP;
      tryptic whey protein hydrolysate, WPH; and amino acid mixture, AAM), on the
      jejunal mucosal morphology and brush border enzyme activities (sucrase, S;
      maltase, M; and neutral aminopeptidase, NA) of male Wistar rats were studied. All
      three diets produced repair of the fasting-induced mucosal atrophy; the WP diet
      gave the most rapid growth with maximum villus height (VH) and protein content
      after 48 h (p less than 0.01). AAM gave the fastest and greatest stimulation of
      sucrase and maltase activities (p less than 0.01). There were no significant
      differences in NA activity. In control rats the WPH and AAM diets produced
      significantly greater villus height and disaccharidase activities than did the WP
      diet. Jejunal morphology and disaccharidase activities can be modified by the
      molecular form of alimentary protein and nutritional status interferes with these
      modifications.

PMID- 2643294
TI  - Combination chemotherapy with etoposide and 5-fluorouracil in advanced pancreatic
      adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in the
      United States and the use of currently available combination chemotherapy has not
      been shown to definitely increase survival. Fourteen patients with histologically
      confirmed, unresectable or metastatic disease were treated with a combination of
      etoposide and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). One patient had a complete response (CR),
      confirmed by second look laparotomy, that lasted for 30 months. No other
      responses were observed. While the long-lasting CR was encouraging, the overall
      response rate was no different from that reported with 5-FU alone.

PMID- 2643295
TI  - Cisplatin and etoposide: an effective treatment for refractory breast carcinoma.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with metastatic breast carcinoma refractory to standard
      hormonal and chemotherapy were treated with cisplatin 100 mg/m2 per course and
      etoposide 300 mg/m2 per course divided over 5 days. Courses were repeated at 3-6
      week intervals, depending on the speed of recovery from myelosuppression. Of 29
      evaluable patients, three had complete responses, eight had partial responses,
      eight had stable disease, and 10 had progressive disease. Nausea, emesis,
      anorexia, weakness, and easy fatigability were common but tolerable side effects.
      Myelosuppression was frequent and occasionally profound but there were no deaths
      from hemorrhage or infection. No significant renal toxicity was encountered. The
      combination of cisplatin and etoposide has sufficient antitumor activity with
      acceptable toxicity in heavily pretreated patients to justify its further study
      in breast cancer.

PMID- 2643296
TI  - A comparative study of doxorubicin and epirubicin in patients with metastatic
      breast cancer.
AB  - Seventy-seven patients with progressive metastatic breast cancer refractory to
      prior therapy participated in a prospective randomized trial designed to compare
      the efficacy and toxicity of doxorubicin and epirubicin administered as single
      agents. In arm 1, 60 mg/m2 of doxorubicin and, in arm 2, 90 mg/m2 of epirubicin
      were administered by 48-h continuous i.v. infusion every 3 weeks. In arm 3, 90
      mg/m2 of epirubicin was administered by bolus every 3 weeks. Patients in the
      three groups had similar characteristics, except that in arm 3 more patients were
      premenopausal, had more extensive disease, and fewer patients had been exposed to
      doxorubicin. Objective remission rates were 29, 26, and 13%, respectively for the
      three arms. Median response durations ranged from 4-6 months. No significant
      differences occurred in response rate, remission duration, or survival among
      patients in the three arms. The incidence of gastrointestinal toxicity and
      alopecia was evenly distributed. Hematologic toxicity was more severe in arms 2
      and 3, and there was a higher incidence of infectious complications in arms 2 and
      3 compared to arm 1 (p = 0.05). Two episodes of congestive heart failure occurred
      in arm 1, one in arm 2, and three in arm 3. Although the total cumulative
      anthracycline dosage was highest in the arm 2 group, they had the lowest
      incidence of cardiac toxicity. Epirubicin by bolus and doxorubicin administered
      by continuous infusion have similar potential for cardiac toxicity. Epirubicin
      administered by continuous infusion appears less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin by
      either method of administration or epirubicin given by bolus. Epirubicin appears
      equally active and less cardiotoxic than the parent compound doxorubicin in
      patients with metastatic breast cancer.

PMID- 2643297
TI  - Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux is frequently viewed as a "nuisance" problem that affects
      a large number of individuals with variable frequency. When physicians
      conceptualize the complications of gastrointestinal reflux, they generally
      consider them a localized esophageal problem resulting in irritation of the
      esophagus, bleeding esophagitis, occasional stricture formation, and the
      development of Barrett's esophagus. However, attention has again been focused on
      the potential relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and pulmonary diseases
      (cough, asthma, recurrent pneumonia), chest pain, and hypopharyngeal or oral
      disease. This paper reviews our current understanding of the extraesophageal
      manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2643298
TI  - Hemobilia in a patient with multiple hepatic artery aneurysms: a case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Hepatic artery aneurysm is a rare vascular lesion that accounts for nearly 10% of
      hemobilia cases. Its etiology is most often atherosclerosis, trauma, or
      infection. Autoaggressive disorders are rarely associated with hepatic artery
      aneurysm as is thyroid dysfunction. Presented here is a case of hemobilia
      secondary to a rupture of one of multiple aneurysms of both right and left
      hepatic arteries in a women with a history of rheumatoid arthritis,
      hypothyroidism, and hypertension. Surgical intervention has been the rule in the
      past. Selective transcatheter embolization has gained clinical application in
      recent years, especially in the treatment of intrahepatic aneurysms. Its efficacy
      and safety are demonstrated by this case.

PMID- 2643299
TI  - Distal splenorenal shunt for portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation.
AB  - A 17-yr-old female received a liver transplant for type I glycogen storage
      disease. A year later, when she experienced variceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage,
      an angiogram revealed thrombosis of the portal vein with hepatopetal collateral
      channels. A distal splenorenal shunt was performed because of failure of
      sclerotherapy to control subsequent bleeding episodes and the fact that the liver
      function was normal. This patient continues to have normal hepatic function with
      a patent splenorenal shunt 4 yr after the shunting procedure. This case
      illustrates the feasibility of a distal splenorenal shunt to alleviate portal
      hypertension in cases of thrombosis of the portal vein following hepatic
      transplantation if the liver function is normal.

PMID- 2643300
TI  - Media for the culture of Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2643301
TI  - Agreement between questionnaire data and medical records. The evidence for
      accuracy of recall.

PMID- 2643302
TI  - Plasma triglyceride as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The
      epidemiologic evidence and beyond.
AB  - Elevated plasma triglyceride has been found to be a univariate risk factor for
      coronary heart disease in many epidemiologic studies, but this increased risk is
      not independent of other lipid and lipoprotein measures. Rather than dismiss
      triglyceride as a risk factor, we can see this disparity between univariate and
      multivariate results as a clue to better understanding of the potential role of
      triglyceride in atherosclerosis. From a statistical point of view, triglyceride
      often is not a significant predictor of coronary heart disease in multivariate
      statistical models because of the large variation in triglyceride measurements
      and the strong inverse relation between HDL cholesterol and triglyceride.
      Heterogeneity in both the biologic mechanisms producing hypertriglyceridemia and
      the manifestations of cardiovascular disease complicates the study of
      triglyceride as a risk factor. recently, subclasses of both HDL and LDL have been
      shown to be related to triglyceride metabolism and may provide more precise
      variables for predicting risk. However, none of this evidence precludes the
      involvement of triglyceride in the development of atherosclerosis. The final
      answer as to whether triglyceride is a causal risk factor for coronary heart
      disease must come from the biologic sciences, and the complexity of the
      epidemiologic results likely reflects the intricate metabolic processes involved.

PMID- 2643303
TI  - Reporting accuracy among mothers of malformed and nonmalformed infants.
AB  - The potential for recall bias in case-control studies is a common concern. The
      authors assessed whether recall bias was present in exposure information reported
      at postpartum interview by mothers of malformed and nonmalformed infants who
      delivered at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, during 1984. Accuracy of
      exposure reporting was measured by comparing interview data with exposure
      information documented during pregnancy in obstetric records. The authors'
      measure of recall bias, relative sensitivity (RS), is the ratio of exposure
      reporting accuracy for mothers of malformed infants to that of mothers of
      nonmalformed infants. Relative sensitivity estimates that are greater than 1.0
      indicate that mothers of malformed infants are more accurate reporters than
      mothers of nonmalformed infants. Relative sensitivity was estimated for eight
      exposure factors: antibiotic or antifungal drug use (RS = 1.2), urinary tract or
      yeast infection (RS = 2.7), history of infertility (RS = 1.4), use of birth
      control after conception (RS = 7.6), elective abortion history (RS = 1.1), any
      over-the-counter drug use (RS = 1.0), spotting or bleeding (RS = 1.2), and nausea
      or vomiting (RS = 0.8) These data suggest the presence of recall bias for some
      exposure factors. The authors advise the use of malformed controls to reduce
      potential recall bias in case-control studies of selected malformations and many
      etiologic factors.

PMID- 2643304
TI  - Preventing the kidney disease of diabetes mellitus: public health perspectives.

PMID- 2643305
TI  - Hypertension in diabetic patients and differences between insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - In insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), BP levels in subjects with normal
      or only mildly increased levels of albumin excretion do not differ systematically
      from those in non-diabetic reference populations. However, it is not known
      whether increased albuminuria and raised blood pressure are causally related.
      Several studies have observed higher average BP levels in glucose-intolerant
      subjects, even allowing for effects of age and adiposity. This applies to
      subjects with glucose intolerance below and above the World Health Organization
      criteria for diagnosing non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). However,
      there are very few satisfactory studies comparing established patients with NIDDM
      with appropriate reference populations, and although it is widely believed that
      high BP (or hypertension) is a feature of NIDDM, the evidence for this belief is
      scant.

PMID- 2643306
TI  - Reducing dietary protein intake to retard progression of diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - End-stage renal disease is a frequent complication of insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus. Recent studies have demonstrated that abnormal intrarenal hemodynamics
      contribute to the progression of chronic renal failure in several models of renal
      disease, including the diabetic rat. Restriction of dietary protein intake has
      been demonstrated to normalize these abnormalities and retard progression of
      renal failure. Limited studies in human subjects suggest a similar beneficial
      effect, and trials are now underway in diabetic patients with renal failure to
      clearly establish efficacy of this approach.

PMID- 2643307
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the prevention of experimental
      diabetic glomerulopathy.
AB  - Continuous therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor has been
      shown to have a glomerular vasodepressor effect in the newly diabetic rat and to
      largely prevent the subsequent development of a severe, sclerosing glomerular
      injury. Preliminary studies in humans with established diabetic glomerular injury
      (DGI) reveal that ACE inhibitor therapy has an antiproteinuric effect and may
      also show the decline in glomerular filtration rate that usually attends this
      disorder. Although promising, the human studies are inconclusive because of short
      duration and other limitations in experimental technique and study design.
      Additional trials are needed to confirm a specific effect of ACE inhibitor
      therapy to ameliorate human diabetic glomerular injury.

PMID- 2643308
TI  - Critique of recommendations from Working Group on Hypertension in Diabetes.

PMID- 2643309
TI  - Interventions based on microalbuminuria screening and low-protein diet in the
      treatment of kidney disease of diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Microalbuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetics appears to indicate early renal
      damage rather than susceptibility to it, yet a series of relatively small, short
      term intervention studies in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients have
      already demonstrated reduction in albumin excretion rates or arrest in the
      increase of fractional clearance of albumin. Treatments have ranged from the use
      of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors aimed at lowering BP to the use of
      diets restricted to 0.5 to 0.6 g/kg protein and strict blood glucose control by
      intensified insulin treatment. Large, long-term intervention studies of cohorts
      of insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with
      microalbuminuria are now needed to assess the effects of the different modalities
      of care on the development of persistent proteinuria, end-stage renal disease,
      and cardiovascular mortality as well as associated quantitative changes in the
      renal structure.

PMID- 2643310
TI  - The effect of renal transplantation on a major endogenous ligand retained in
      uremic serum.
AB  - The effects of renal transplantation on serum concentrations of 3-carboxy-4
      methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA),
      which are endogenous ligands retained in uremic serum, and on phenytoin binding
      to serum protein were investigated. IAA, a weakly bound ligand, was rapidly
      excreted by the transplanted kidney during the first one to three days after
      renal transplantation, but CMPF, a strongly bound ligand, was slowly excreted.
      The binding defect of phenytoin was partially corrected by transplantation during
      the period of study. The results suggested that the prolonged drug binding defect
      observed despite successful renal transplantation is caused by a slower decrease
      of strongly bound ligands such as CMPF retained in uremic serum; hypoalbuminemia,
      usually observed after transplantation, may also contribute to this phenomenon.

PMID- 2643311
TI  - Independence in activities of daily living for end-stage renal disease patients:
      biomedical and demographic correlates.
AB  - Factors associated with physical well-being were examined in a population-based
      sample of adult end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in Michigan (n = 459).
      The dependent variables were two measures of physical functioning: (1) a ten-item
      measure of activities of daily living (ADL), and (2) the 45-item physical
      dysfunction dimension of the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). Independent variables
      included four modalities of treatment (in-center hemodialysis, continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis [CAPD], related transplant, and cadaver
      transplant); primary cause of ESRD (eg, diabetes, glomerulonephritis);
      comorbidity (other illnesses besides primary cause of ESRD); and demographic
      characteristics (sex, race, age, marital status, education). ADL and SIP
      unadjusted mean scores differed significantly by category for each of the eight
      study factors (analysis of variance [ANOVA], P less than 0.0001), with the
      exception of sex for SIP means. The highest levels of dependency in ADL were
      reported by patients who were older, female, black, widowed, less educated,
      treated with in-center hemodialysis, had diabetes as the primary cause of ESRD,
      and/or reported more comorbidity. The partial effect of each factor on the
      dependent measures with adjustment for the seven other factors was assessed using
      analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). In the ADL analysis, sex, race, age, primary
      cause of kidney failure, and comorbidity were significant factors (probability
      values ranging from 0.05 for race to 0.0001 for sex, primary cause of ESRD, and
      comorbidity). The SIP physical dysfunction measure gave slightly different
      results. Race, age, primary cause of ESRD, comorbid status, and modality of
      treatment were significantly related to physical dysfunction (P less than 0.05 to
      P less than 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643312
TI  - Kidney disease of diabetes mellitus: NIDDK initiatives for the comprehensive
      study of its natural history, pathogenesis, and prevention.
AB  - Kidney disease of diabetes mellitus (KDDM) is the most common single cause of end
      stage renal disease in the United States and western Europe. Diabetic patients
      have increased morbidity and mortality and are more likely to develop renal
      failure than the general US population. In addition, the 5-year survival of
      patients with KDDM who are receiving dialytic therapy is less than one-half that
      of patients without diabetes mellitus. The National Institute of Diabetes and
      Digestive and Kidney Diseases, in collaboration with public, private, and
      academic groups, has developed an implementation plan to enhance understanding of
      the underlying mechanisms in KDDM and to develop strategies to prevent the onset
      and the progression of KDDM.

PMID- 2643313
TI  - Beta 2-microglobulin levels in patients with renal insufficiency.
AB  - beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of
      amyloidosis in long-term dialysis patients. beta 2M levels were measured in
      patients with chronic renal failure: before and after conventional hemodialysis
      in 30, before and after high-flux (HF) hemodialysis in 35, and during the first
      hemodialysis treatment in five patients, as well as in the serum and peritoneal
      fluid of 13 patients who were receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
      (CAPD) and in the serum and urine of three patients who had received kidney
      transplants. Dialysis patients had markedly elevated beta 2M levels;
      prehemodialysis values were not significantly different for patients receiving
      conventional v HF hemodialysis. Most of these patients were functionally
      anephric, and the beta 2M levels did not correlate with age, sex, or time on
      dialysis. In patients receiving conventional hemodialysis using cellulose acetate
      membrane, beta 2M levels increased 25.4% after hemodialysis, whereas in patients
      receiving HF hemodialysis using polysulfone membrane, beta 2M levels decreased
      significantly (43.0%) after hemodialysis. End-stage renal disease patients
      dialyzed for the first time had beta 2M values significantly lower than the other
      two groups because of residual glomerular filtration rate (GFR). CAPD patients
      also had lower values because they had an estimated loss of 80.4 mg/d of beta 2M
      in the dialysate fluid. In patients with chronic renal failure, beta 2M levels
      paralleled the increase in serum creatinine. Patients who received kidney
      transplants had a dramatic decrease in beta 2M levels that correlated with
      improvement in GFR. beta 2M correlated with the residual GFR, and its removal was
      membrane-dependent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643314
TI  - Spina bifida and hydrocephalus: a population study over a 35-year period.
AB  - The records of the B.C. Health Surveillance Registry were used to analyze all
      live births with spina bifida and hydrocephalus (SBHC) in British Columbia
      between 1952 and 1986 inclusive. A total of 479 cases (218 males and 261 females)
      occurred during this period in 1,298,267 consecutive live births, for an
      incidence of 3.7/10,000. There were more females, with the sex ratio being
      significantly different from that of the general population born over this
      period. No significant seasonal differences were observed over the time period. A
      comparison of life expectancy for individuals born 1962-1970 and 1970-1986 showed
      significant improvement in the probability of surviving to the age of 1 year for
      the latter group. There was also a small but statistically significant increased
      chance of surviving to age 7 years in the latter group but no difference in the
      probability of surviving from 7 years to 16 years. Life expectancy figures are
      shown in a format practical for counseling with regard to prognosis for affected
      individuals. Additional malformations not attributable to SBHC were observed in
      6% (27 cases). These included renal anomalies, cleft lip and/or palate,
      tracheoesophageal fistula, and diaphragmatic hernia. The incidence of each defect
      was significantly greater than in the general population of births.

PMID- 2643315
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: prospective linkage analysis
      and retrospective dystrophin cDNA analysis.
AB  - The accuracy of DNA-based prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
      was determined by study of 174 families. Only 60% of families had a living
      affected male, and 63% had history of a single affected male. Prenatal diagnosis
      was declined by 47% of mothers whose DNA studies predicted a carrier risk below
      2%, and none have had affected sons. Fetal risk was estimated prospectively by
      linkage analysis using intragenic and flanking RFLPs and retrospectively using
      dystrophin cDNA analysis for families whose linkage estimates lacked precision.
      Diagnostic accuracy was determined by comparing predictions with 40 male
      pregnancy outcomes. On the basis of linkage analysis, we anticipated 3.2 DMD
      males and observed 3.0. Retrospective cDNA analysis identified deletions in 2 of
      these 3 males. The combined use of linkage and cDNA deletion analysis provided a
      highly accurate method for prenatal diagnosis of DMD.

PMID- 2643316
TI  - Sonographic evaluation of fetal abdominal growth: predictor of the large-for
      gestational-age infant in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Serial ultrasound examinations were performed during the third trimester in 79
      pregnant women with diabetes to establish the onset of accelerated fetal growth.
      At least three ultrasound examinations were performed, with a minimum scan
      interval of 2 weeks. Growth curves constructed for femur length and head
      circumference were similar for fetuses appropriate for gestational age (n = 48)
      and fetuses large for gestational age (n = 31). The mean changes in femur length
      and head circumference (expressed as centimeters per week during the early and
      late third trimesters) did not differ statistically between these two groups.
      Abdominal circumference growth was clearly accelerated at 32 weeks' gestation in
      the large for gestational age group (mean +/- SD, 1.36 +/- 0.16 cm/wk) compared
      with the appropriate for gestational age group (0.901 +/- 0.21 cm/wk, p less than
      0.001). With use of a receiver operator characteristic curve, a change in
      abdominal circumference of 1.2 cm/wk over the period of 32 to 39 weeks' gestation
      was determined to be an optimal cutoff for detecting excessive fetal growth
      (sensitivity 84%, specificity 85%). A change in abdominal circumference 1.2 cm/wk
      was present in 4/4 large-for-gestational age fetuses (less than 4000 gm), in
      17/21 (81%) of fetuses with birth weights 4000 to 4499 gm, and in 5/6 (83%) whose
      weight exceeded 4500 gm. It appears that improved detection of the fetus large
      for gestational age in diabetic pregnancies may be accomplished by the use of
      serial ultrasonography during the third trimester.

PMID- 2643317
TI  - Second-trimester placental volume measurement by ultrasound: prediction of fetal
      outcome.
AB  - A prospective study evaluated sonographic second-trimester placental volume
      measurements in the prediction of fetal outcome. A parallel section scan method
      was used. Abnormal fetal outcome could be predicted with a sensitivity and
      specificity of approximately 90%. Evidence is given that fetal growth retardation
      is preceded by abnormal placental development in the first half of pregnancy. To
      a large extent, fetal birth weight and outcome are results of placental
      development and the ability of the placenta to meet the growing needs of the
      fetus as determined by its intrinsic growth potential.

PMID- 2643318
TI  - Preoperative sonographic evaluation of endometrial cancer.
AB  - Preoperative sonography was performed in 93 patients with a histologic diagnosis
      of endometrial cancer. Uterine volume was enlarged (mean, 164 +/- 143.7 cm3;
      range, 25 to 800) but did not significantly correlate with the degree of
      myometrial invasion. Endometrial echoes were identified in 93.5% of the cases. A
      significant correlation (p less than 0.01, Newman-Keuls test) was found between
      endometrial echoes volume and myometrial invasion. Myometrial invasion was
      correctly predicted by sonography in 80% of the cases. Polypoid intraluminal
      growth was the most common factor affecting sonographic accuracy. Sonographic
      staging was accurate in 91% of the cases. Sonography appears to be an efficient,
      economic, and practical tool for clinical staging of endometrial cancer.

PMID- 2643319
TI  - Fetal and maternal hemodynamic responses to exercise in pregnancy assessed by
      Doppler ultrasonography.
AB  - It is common for women to undertake vigorous exercise in the late phase of
      pregnancy. This may have detrimental effects on the blood flow to the uterus and
      placenta or from the fetus to the placenta. Fifteen pregnant women with no
      obstetric or medical complications were subjected to a 5-minute exercise period.
      The maternal heart rate and blood pressure were elevated after exercise. The
      uteroplacental and umbilical circulations were assessed with Doppler
      ultrasonography. The ratio of the systolic/diastolic velocity in the uterine
      artery was elevated, which suggests that uteroplacental vascular resistance
      increased. The fetal heart rate was elevated after exercise, whereas the
      systolic/diastolic velocity ratio in the umbilical artery was unaltered. We
      conclude that moderate maternal exercise causes increased resistance to blood
      flow in the uterine circulation, whereas the umbilical circulation remains
      unaltered.

PMID- 2643320
TI  - Vibratory acoustic stimulation in 26- to 32-week, small-for-gestational-age
      fetus.
AB  - Seven pregnant women with early-onset (less than 32 weeks' gestation)
      intrauterine growth retardation were studied to examine fetal heart rate and
      fetal activity patterns after vibratory acoustic stimulation. All studies were
      done between 26 and 32 weeks' gestation. All fetuses but one were not acidotic at
      birth. There was a reduced time during which accelerations (50% less), long-term
      fetal heart rate variability (25% less), and body movements (60% less) occurred
      in small-for-gestational-age fetuses compared with these times in age-matched
      normally grown fetuses. Fetal heart rate and fetal activity patterns were not
      significantly altered after stimulation with the electronic artificial larynx. We
      hypothesized that severe, early-onset (less than 32 weeks' gestation), chronic
      nutritional deprivation of human fetuses is associated with a delay in the
      functional maturation of fetal sensory receptors.

PMID- 2643321
TI  - Comparison of ultrasound and lateral chain urethrocystography in the
      determination of bladder neck descent.
AB  - Several methods exist to determine the position of the bladder neck, an important
      mechanism of urinary continence. Radiologic screening is widespread but involves
      irradiation and may be imprecise. We compared perineal ultrasound scanning and
      radiologic scanning of the bladder neck by use of a chain and catheter and found
      good correlation between the two techniques. Ultrasound scanning is preferred, as
      it avoids irradiation, is accurate, is portable, and is readily available in most
      gynecologic departments.

PMID- 2643322
TI  - Relationship of systolic/diastolic ratios from umbilical velocimetry to fetal
      heart rate.
AB  - We assessed the relationship between systolic/diastolic ratios as determined by
      umbilical velocimetry to fetal heart rate. Umbilical velocimetry was performed
      with continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound and systolic/diastolic ratios and fetal
      heart rate for the corresponding cardiac cycles were calculated in four groups of
      patients. Group 1 consisted of 30 patients undergoing antepartum fetal testing;
      systolic/diastolic ratios were found to be significantly lower (mean +/- SD, 2.0
      +/- 0.15) during an evoked fetal heart rate acceleration with an artificial
      larynx than either before (2.4 +/- 0.14) or after the acceleration (2.35 +/-
      0.10, p less than 0.01). In 20 patients with pyelonephritis (group 2),
      systolic/diastolic ratios were significantly lower during initial fetal
      tachycardia (1.6 +/- 0.21) as compared with those obtained after its resolution
      (2.1 +/- 0.12, p less than 0.08). In the 25 patients with chorioamnionitis in
      group 3, systolic/diastolic ratios were significantly higher during initial fetal
      tachycardia (1.4 +/- 0.21) than after its resolution (1.9 +/- 0.15, p less than
      0.05). Twenty patients in labor (group 4) had 10 serial measurements at 1 to 2
      hour intervals of systolic/diastolic ratio and FHR. Least-squares regression of
      each patient showed a negative slope that differed statistically from zero (p
      less than 0.05). There were no patients with elevated systolic/diastolic ratios
      greater than 3.0 in any group and all patients delivered fetuses appropriate for
      gestational age. These findings suggest an inverse relationship between
      systolic/diastolic ratio and fetal heart rate. Additionally, an alteration in
      fetal heart rate within the range studied does not itself produce abnormal
      ratios. Therefore normalization of the systolic/diastolic ratio for heart rate
      may be considered in clinical studies for statistical analysis and comparison but
      may have little practical or clinical relevance when the ratios are abnormal.

PMID- 2643323
TI  - Pregnancy surveillance with Doppler velocimetry of uterine and umbilical
      arteries.
AB  - Previous studies with Doppler velocimetry have demonstrated a strong correlation
      between abnormal waveforms and fetal-maternal disease. This study was designed to
      evaluate the potential role of Doppler velocimetry as a screening test in routine
      prenatal care. Two hundred fifty-five pregnant women had routine monthly Doppler
      (systolic/end-diastolic ratio) studies on the uterine and umbilical arteries
      starting in the twentieth week of gestation. When a cutoff value of 3 was used at
      30 weeks for the umbilical arteries, there were 35 (13%) positive tests. In 20 of
      these values fell to less than 3 in the ensuing weeks and were considered false
      positive. The remaining 15 babies demonstrated positive clinical pathologic
      correlates. When a value of 2.6 was used at 26 weeks for uterine arteries, there
      were nine positive results, seven of which had clinical pathologic correlates.
      This study suggested an overall positivity rate of 7%; therefore it provides
      encouragement for a larger venture in which screening and impact on decision
      making are evaluated.

PMID- 2643324
TI  - Absence of end-diastolic umbilical artery blood flow predicts poor fetal outcome
      despite normal blood gases.
AB  - A case is reported in which the fetal acid-base status was assessed by means of
      cordocentesis in a fetus without end-diastolic umbilical artery blood flow. The
      absence of end-diastolic flow was not associated with acidosis or hypoxia.
      However, the fetal condition deteriorated 3 days later, which suggests that even
      with a normal fetal acid-base status, an extended margin of safety cannot be
      assumed with the absence of end-diastolic umbilical flow.

PMID- 2643325
TI  - Transvaginal ultrasonography-guided aspiration of gestational sacs for selective
      abortion in multiple pregnancy.
AB  - A method for selective termination of multiple pregnancy by means of transvaginal
      ultrasonography-guided aspiration of gestational sacs is described. This
      technique was applied successfully in two women in whom the number of embryos was
      reduced from four to two at 7 weeks' gestation.

PMID- 2643326
TI  - Summary of National Institutes of Health consensus development statement on
      perioperative red cell transfusion.

PMID- 2643327
TI  - Roster of American obstetric and gynecologic societies.

PMID- 2643328
TI  - Avoiding the fixed period and Thanatos syndrome: obstetrics past, present, and
      future.
AB  - The obstetrics medical specialty is in transition as it confronts numerous
      challenges and critics. An analysis of the issues involved in the past, present,
      and future and how these challenges are met is presented.

PMID- 2643329
TI  - Comparison of immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic
      gonadotropin in term placentas from normal women and those with insulin-dependent
      and gestational diabetes.
AB  - We measured prohormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (high-molecular-weight
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone), gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human
      chorionic gonadotropin concentrations in term placentas from normal women and
      those with insulin-dependent and gestational diabetes. The placental
      immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone levels were significantly higher in
      normal tissues than in tissues from insulin-dependent and gestational diabetes (p
      less than 0.01). When compared with diabetic placental extracts, normal tissue
      also had more stored prohormone immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
      Whereas there were no consistent differences in placental human chorionic
      gonadotropin concentrations in normal tissues and tissues from insulin-dependent
      and gestational diabetes, there was a significant correlation between
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations in
      normal samples (r = 0.57, p less than 0.05), which was abolished when the
      diabetic tissue was included in the analysis. These data suggest that differences
      in high-molecular-weight gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin
      releasing hormone concentrations in term placentas from normal versus diabetic
      mothers may be due to enhanced processing of the prohormone and increased release
      of the decapeptide in diabetic pregnancy.

PMID- 2643330
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of renin and angiotensin II in human ovaries.
AB  - Ovaries from six women with normal menstrual cycles, a follicle wall biopsy
      specimen from a gonadotropin-stimulated preovulatory ovary, and a corpus luteum
      of pregnancy were examined by immunohistochemistry for the presence of
      immunoreactive renin and angiotensin II. Both antisera densely stained thecal and
      stromal cells (interstitial complex) and luteal cells. Whereas granulosa cells in
      developing follicles were either unstained or lightly stained, the heavily
      luteinized granulosa cells of the preovulatory stimulated follicle were strongly
      positive for immunoreactive renin and angiotensin II. These anatomic findings are
      consistent with gonadotropin-stimulated local production of both renin and
      angiotensin II in the human ovary and support the functional roles proposed for
      the ovarian renin-angiotensin system in follicle development, ovulation, and
      luteal function and during pregnancy.

PMID- 2643332
TI  - Excimer laser-processed donor corneal lenticules for lamellar keratoplasty.
AB  - We used the 193-nm argon-fluoride excimer laser to cut plano corneal lenticules
      from fresh corneal tissue for lamellar keratoplasty. The laser was used to cut
      away all corneal tissue outside a specially designed mold, which was developed to
      obtain a corneal lenticule of 10 mm in diameter and a constant thickness of 0.3
      mm. The surface topography of the excimer laser-cut corneal lenticule was
      smoother and more regular on scanning electron microscopy than a hand-cut corneal
      lenticule, and the thickness was constant around the surface. No thermal or
      mechanical damage to the cornea was observed on light microscopy in the area
      adjacent to the cut.

PMID- 2643331
TI  - Intraocular pressure effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in primary open
      angle glaucoma.
AB  - We tested the effect on intraocular pressure of three commonly used oral carbonic
      anhydrase inhibitor preparations in a controlled, randomized, comparative study
      on patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Preparations tested included
      acetazolamide tablets, acetazolamide Sequels, and methazolamide tablets. The
      effect of the three carbonic anhydrase inhibitors was assessed by using a
      statistical modeling approach as well as by evaluating the average maximum
      reduction in intraocular pressure for each preparation. Dosage and time effects
      were also determined. As expected, each drug preparation was more effective in
      reducing intraocular pressure when administered to a patient who had already been
      treated with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor preparation. The amount of
      intraocular pressure lowering was directly related to dose for both acetazolamide
      preparations. Of particular interest was the finding that maximal rapid reduction
      of intraocular pressure was obtained with a 500-mg dosage of acetazolamide
      tablets.

PMID- 2643333
TI  - The effect of suture removal on postkeratoplasty astigmatism.

PMID- 2643334
TI  - Insulin stimulates in vivo cell proliferation in white adipose tissue.
AB  - The effects of insulin on white adipose tissue hyperplasia have been studied by
      quantitative radioautography in streptozotocin diabetic rats. After 1 mo of
      diabetes, the majority of the adipocytes were extremely small (less than 15
      microM) but contained several tiny triglyceride droplets (pauciadipose cells). At
      this point, the diabetic animals were infused with insulin (8.5 U.kg-1.day-1)
      delivered via osmotic minipumps for 0-8 days. Control and diabetic rats were
      pulse-injected with tritiated thymidine (4 h), and samples of parametrial white
      adipose tissue (PWAT) were collected for quantitative analysis of mitotic
      frequencies. One-day insulin treatment increased PWAT weight and adipocyte size
      without stimulating mitoses. However, after 4 days of insulin replacement, the
      total tissue labeling index increased greater than 120 times over control values.
      This marked enhancement of mitotic activity principally occurred in interstitial
      cells rather than in typical adipocytes, pauciadipose cells, or endothelial
      cells. After 8 days of insulin infusion, the mitotic activity significantly
      decreased. The results demonstrate that 1) insulin is able to stimulate cell
      proliferation in PWAT of adult diabetic rats, 2) it transiently stimulates
      proliferative activity in adipose tissue after a 2- to 3-day period of induction,
      3) the increase in adipocyte size precedes the enhancement of mitotic activity,
      and 4) the effects of insulin were specific, as in the same rats, under the same
      experimental conditions, insulin did not increase the cell labeling in brown
      adipose tissue.

PMID- 2643335
TI  - Effects of obesity and ovarian steroids on insulin secretion and removal in
      sheep.
AB  - The interactive effects of sex steroids and obesity on glucose metabolism and
      pancreatic secretion and organ removal of insulin were determined in
      multicatheterized lean and obese sheep by multiplying venoarterial concentration
      differences by plasma flows. Ovariectomized lean and dietary obese ewes received
      implants of progesterone and estradiol-17 beta that produced plasma
      concentrations of each equivalent to those during either anestrus (low
      progesterone), diestrus or pregnancy (high progesterone), or estrus (high
      estradiol). Sheep were exposed to each of the three steroid treatments for 2 days
      and fasted overnight before blood samples were collected for 5 h before (basal)
      and 90 min after injecting glucose (200 mg/kg) to simulate an intravenous glucose
      tolerance test (IVGTT). Regardless of steroid treatment, pancreatic secretory (18
      vs. 5 mU/min) and hepatic (10 vs. 2 mU/min) and hindquarters (1.8 vs. 0.5 mU/min)
      removal rates of insulin in the basal state were greater (P less than 0.005) in
      obese than lean sheep. Obese sheep had greater (P less than 0.025) basal hepatic
      glucose output (66 vs. 47 mg/min) and similar hindquarters glucose removal (37
      vs. 32 mg/min) as lean sheep even though arterial concentrations of insulin were
      fourfold higher (25 vs. 6 microU/ml; P less than 0.01) in the obese sheep. High
      progesterone increased (P less than 0.05) basal hepatic insulin removal in obese
      sheep. High progesterone and high estradiol increased insulin but decreased (P
      less than 0.05) glucose removal in hindquarters of obese sheep in the basal
      state. High progesterone potentiated significantly glucose-induced
      hyperinsulinemia in obese sheep, whereas high estradiol suppressed hepatic
      insulin removal but increased the removal of insulin by hindquarters during
      glucose stimulation in the obese sheep. We concluded that excessive insulin
      secretion, not decreased insulin removal, maintains the basal hyperinsulinemia in
      moderately obese sheep and that the progesterone-to-estradiol ratio has marked
      and divergent effects on insulin and glucose metabolism in individual tissues of
      sheep both in the basal state and during an IVGTT.

PMID- 2643336
TI  - Bioenergetic changes during contraction and recovery in diabetic rat skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy was used to assess
      the effects of hypoinsulinemia on skeletal muscle during contraction in vivo.
      Five groups of rats were studied: age-matched (CONA) and weight-matched (CONW)
      nondiabetic controls; rats given streptozotocin 21 days before study (UD);
      diabetic rats treated with insulin for 21 days (ITD); and insulin-treated
      diabetic rats with insulin treatment withheld for 72 h before study (IWD). Both
      UD and IWD had similar alterations in plasma substrate concentrations and an
      impairment in the rate of glycogen resynthesis after the stimulation protocol
      compared with ITD, CONA, and CONW. Pyruvate oxidation was decreased by 30-40% in
      mitochondria isolated from gastrocnemius of the UD group, whereas no significant
      decrease was observed for mitochondria from the IWD (or ITD) group(s). In UD,
      maintenance of gastrocnemius muscle isometric twitch tension at 1 Hz required
      exaggerated decreases in phosphocreatine (PCr) concentration and pH; at 5 Hz,
      muscle performance declined significantly, and intracellular pH decreased to
      lower values than observed for the control groups; during recovery, no impairment
      of PCr resynthesis was observed. We conclude that in skeletal muscle of UD 1) at
      1 Hz there is an increased reliance on glycolytic mechanisms of ATP resynthesis
      and 2) at 5 Hz force failure may occur because of the decreased rate of pyruvate
      utilization.

PMID- 2643337
TI  - Effect of exercise on insulin receptor binding and kinase activity in skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - Insulin action in skeletal muscle is markedly enhanced for several hours after an
      acute bout of exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the possible
      involvement of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in
      mediating these effects. Red and white muscles were removed from rats either at
      rest or following a treadmill run (45 min at 18 m/min), and insulin receptors
      were isolated in partially purified form. Basal and insulin-stimulated receptor
      kinase activity was higher in red than in white muscle, in agreement with
      previous studies (J. Biol. Chem. 261: 14939-14944, 1986). There was no effect of
      exercise on insulin binding, basal and insulin-stimulated receptor
      autophosphorylation, or basal and insulin-stimulated exogenous kinase activity,
      in either red or white muscle. Similar data were obtained when phosphatase
      inhibitors were used during receptor isolation. The structure of insulin
      receptors isolated from the muscle of exercised and control rats was similar as
      judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of affinity
      cross-linked insulin receptors. We conclude that enhanced insulin action in
      muscle during the postexercise state is not related to increased kinase activity
      of the insulin receptor.

PMID- 2643338
TI  - Fasting and postabsorptive hepatic glucose and insulin metabolism in
      hyperthyroidism.
AB  - The effect of thyroid hormone excess on hepatic glucose balances and fractional
      hepatic extraction of insulin and glucagon was examined in six conscious dogs
      with catheters in the portal vein, hepatic vein, and femoral artery and Doppler
      flow probes on the portal vein and hepatic artery. An oral glucose tolerance test
      was performed before and after the animals were made hyperthyroid by
      intramuscular thyroxine administration (100 micrograms.kg-1.day-1) for 10 days.
      In the basal state and after oral glucose, insulin and glucagon levels in the
      three vessels and the basal fractional hepatic extraction of insulin and glucagon
      were not significantly modified by thyroid hormone. These results suggest that in
      short-term thyrotoxicosis insulin secretion is not impaired, and the rise in
      fasting plasma glucose and increased hepatic glucose production could reflect
      hepatic insulin resistance, increased availability of precursors for
      gluconeogenesis, or increased glycogenolysis. Hyperthyroidism significantly
      increased basal flows in the portal vein (14.7 +/- 0.6 vs. 12.9 +/- 0.5 ml.kg
      1.min-1), the hepatic artery (4.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.2 ml.kg-1.min-1) and vein
      (19.6 +/- 0.7 vs. 16.9 +/- 0.4 ml.kg-1.min-1), the fasting plasma glucose
      concentration (104 +/- 3 vs. 92 +/- 2 mg/dl), and basal hepatic glucose output
      (2.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.2 mg.kg-1.min-1). It did not alter the nonhepatic
      splanchnic uptake of glucose, the percent of orally administered glucose that
      appeared in the portal vein (47 +/- 2 vs. 45 +/- 11%), the percent of hepatic
      uptake of glucose (59 +/- 11 vs. 74 +/- 22%), or the shape of the glucose
      tolerance test.

PMID- 2643339
TI  - Whole body and regional fuel metabolism during early postexercise recovery.
AB  - We studied whole body and regional fuel metabolism 1-4 h after cycle exercise
      [70% maximum O2 consumption (VO2max)], using the insulin clamp technique (40 mU.M
      2.min-1) with indirect calorimetry. Substrate fluxes were determined in
      nonexercised (forearm) muscle tissues. Total glucose utilization was not
      increased by exercise, either in the preinsulin or insulin-stimulated state.
      Glucose oxidation tended to decrease, and lipid oxidation was increased after
      exercise. Forearm glucose uptake (FGU) was increased 5 times by insulin in the
      resting state, due largely to increased fractional extraction (P less than 0.05).
      After exercise, FGU was not increased by insulin. Forearm alanine and lactate
      release was doubled 2 h after exercise. Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)
      concentrations were increasing after exercise (P less than 0.01) at a time when
      forearm muscle was taking up these amino acids. Insulin infusion suppressed the
      elevated release of gluconeogenic precursors from the forearm and suppressed the
      elevated concentrations of BCAAs, free fatty acids, and glycerol present after
      exercise. In summary, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose utilization is not
      augmented by prior high-intensity exercise, partly because nonexercised muscle is
      insulin resistant. Insulin infusion attenuates the altered metabolic milieu seen
      during early recovery.

PMID- 2643340
TI  - alpha-Glycerophosphate shuttle in a clonal beta-cell line.
AB  - It has been proposed that the alpha-glycerophosphate (alpha-GOP) shuttle plays a
      crucial role in regulation of glycolysis in beta-cells by linking reoxidation of
      cytosolic NADH to formation of ATP in the electron transport chain (J. Biol.
      Chem. 265: 8287, 1981). Direct evidence for this suggestion is still lacking,
      however. In this work the operation of the alpha-GOP shuttle was investigated in
      the insulin-secreting cell line HIT-T15. The constituent enzymes of the pathway
      were found to be present in HIT cells. Flavin-linked alpha-GOP dehydrogenase was
      associated with the mitochondrial fraction, whereas NAD+-dependent alpha-GOP
      dehydrogenase was localized in the cytosol. In the presence of amobarbital (used
      to preserve the function of the alpha-GOP shuttle under conditions where
      oxidation of NADH by the respiratory chain was blocked), glucose increased
      insulin secretion, O2 consumption, and the cell [ATP]/[ADP] when compared with
      amobarbital alone. These results indicate that the alpha-GOP shuttle contributes
      to ATP generation in HIT cells and that its activation may be necessary for the
      initiation of insulin secretion by glucose.

PMID- 2643341
TI  - Discrepancy between glucose transport and transporters in human femoral
      adipocytes.
AB  - Obesity is known to be associated with insulin resistance in human and rat
      adipocytes. However, it is not known what are the perturbations in insulin action
      that contribute to disproportional femoral obesity. Thus femoral subcutaneous
      adipose tissue was obtained from lean women with various degrees of
      disproportional obesity, by liposuction. 3-O-methylglucose (3-O-methyl-D
      glucopyranose) transport was measured in intact cells, and glucose transporter
      levels in plasma and low-density microsomal membranes were assessed using the
      cytochalasin B binding assay. A sixfold cellular enlargement was associated with
      increase in both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity in the
      intact cell, and a 300-600% increase in insulin stimulating effect per se.
      However, when glucose transporter levels were assessed, this cellular enlargement
      was accompanied by a 40-70% transporter depletion (in largest cells compared with
      smallest ones) in both subcellular fractions examined, from either basal or
      insulin-stimulated cells. This discrepancy, between increasing cellular glucose
      transport rates and relative depletion of transporter levels, suggests that these
      cells are not insulin resistant, as could be expected from their large size. A
      role for other factor(s), additional to glucose transporter levels, in the
      regulation of cellular glucose uptake rate is thus suggested.

PMID- 2643342
TI  - Effects of hypercortisolemia and diabetes on skeletal muscle insulin receptor
      function in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Activation of skeletal muscle insulin receptor tyrosine kinase in vitro and in
      vivo was studied in two rat models of insulin resistance: insulinopenic diabetes
      and hypercortisolemia. In control rats, intravenous insulin administration
      resulted in dose-dependent in vivo activation of the muscle insulin receptor
      kinase towards histone H2b. Half-maximal and maximal activation were observed 5
      min after injecting 0.1 and 0.5 U insulin/100 g, respectively. Diabetes (7 days)
      induced with streptozotocin did not affect insulin binding affinity of
      solubilized muscle receptors but depressed receptor kinase activation in vivo by
      52 or 40% after intravenous insulin administration (0.1 or 2 U/100 g,
      respectively). Cortisone treatment (5 days) resulting in weight loss,
      hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia did not affect the number, insulin binding
      affinity, or kinase activity of solubilized receptors activated with insulin in
      vitro or in vivo. It is concluded that impaired insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
      activation was demonstrated in vivo in rats with insulinopenic diabetes and that
      glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance probably reflects postreceptor
      defect(s) in muscle.

PMID- 2643343
TI  - Absorption of epidermal growth factor and insulin in rabbit renal proximal
      tubules.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF), which stimulates the growth of a variety of
      tissues, was originally isolated from mouse submandibular glands. Human EGF
      (hEGF) has been isolated from the urine, and cDNA encoding for EGF has been
      isolated from the human kidney. Thus the kidney may represent an alternate source
      of EGF. Another potential explanation for the urinary content of EGF is a limited
      reabsorption of filtered EGF and/or a transtubular transport of EGF from the
      peritubular compartment to the lumen. Therefore, we exposed isolated and perfused
      rabbit proximal tubules to 125I-hEGF either in the perfusate or in the bath
      fluid. Luminal uptake of hEGF was compared with uptake of 125I-porcine insulin,
      which is known to be taken up with large efficiency. The results demonstrate that
      only 4% of the perfused 125I-hEGF load was taken up per millimeter of tubule
      length compared with 73% for insulin. Furthermore, hEGF is subject to a small
      transtubular transport from bath to lumen. Renal clearance of endogenous rabbit
      EGF was also measured and was comparable with that of creatinine. Thus in
      conclusion this study strongly suggests that filtered EGF to a large extent
      remains in the ultrafiltrate, unlike insulin, which is removed within the first
      few millimeters of proximal tubule. In addition filtered EGF in preurine is
      probably supplied by EGF transported intact across the proximal tubular
      epithelium.

PMID- 2643344
TI  - Effect of CCK-8 on pentose phosphate shunt activity, pyridine nucleotides, and
      glucokinase of rat islets.
AB  - In rat pancreatic islets the effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on
      pentose phosphate shunt (PPS) activity, glucokinase and hexokinase activity, and
      NADPH, NADP+, NADH, and NAD+ were studied. By elevating the glucose concentration
      from 3.0 to 8.3 and 16.7 mM the oxidation of [1-14C]- and [6-14C]glucose and the
      calculated PPS activity were increased in a concentration-dependent manner; 10 nM
      CCK-8 enhanced selectively the effect on [1-14C]glucose oxidation thereby
      increasing the PPS activity but only at an intermediate glucose concentration
      (8.3 mM). CCK-8 had no effect on glucokinase or hexokinase activity and CCK-8 did
      not influence glucose utilization. By elevating the glucose concentration, total
      NADPH and NADH were increased and total NADP+ and NAD+ were decreased. CCK-8 (10
      nM) increased selectively NADPH and decreased NADP+ but did not change NADH or
      NAD+; the effect of CCK-8 on NADPH and NADH was only observed in the presence of
      an intermediate stimulatory glucose concentration (8.3 mM) but not at either a
      substimulatory glucose concentration or a maximally stimulatory glucose
      concentration for insulin release (3.0 or 16.7 mM). The data indicate first that
      CCK-8 does not act on glucose phosphorylation or glucose utilization and second
      that CCK-8 increases PPS activity and NADPH levels in rat pancreatic islets.
      Since the concentrations of glucose necessary for these CCK-8 effects are in the
      range of 8.3 mM and parallel with those necessary for insulin release as shown in
      earlier observations, glucose oxidation via pentose phosphate shunt and NADPH are
      suggested to be related to the CCK-8-modulated insulin release.

PMID- 2643345
TI  - Handling of tracer norepinephrine by the dog liver.
AB  - Norepinephrine handling by the dog liver was appraised by carrying out tracer
      transient, multiple-indicator-dilution studies within steady-state conditions in
      a basal situation, during norepinephrine infusion and after the uptake inhibitor
      desipramine. In controls, tracer norepinephrine extraction averaged 61%, whereas
      bulk norepinephrine extraction was approximately 31%; intrahepatic secretion of
      unlabeled norepinephrine accounted for the difference. Infusion of
      norepinephrine, raising arterial levels more than an order of magnitude,
      constricted the hepatic vascular space but did not change tracer extraction;
      norepinephrine secretion remained essentially unchanged, and with this, bulk
      extraction approached tracer extraction. A theoretical analysis of norepinephrine
      uptake was developed. Analysis of tracer data with this indicated that the
      permeability surface products for influx and efflux, expressed per gram liver,
      did not change. Desipramine did not affect the uptake kinetics, indicating that
      the uptake process was virtually completely nonneurogenic. Late efflux of tracer
      normetanephrine product was detected but was small prior to recirculation. The
      study demonstrates that norepinephrine secretion ordinarily coexists with uptake
      and provides an approach to quantitating both.

PMID- 2643346
TI  - Renal inner medullary choline dehydrogenase activity: characterization and
      modulation.
AB  - Betaine belongs to the trimethylamine class of osmolytes (osmotically active
      substances believed to play an important role in cell volume homeostasis) and has
      recently been identified in the inner medulla of the mammalian kidney.
      Trimethylamines accumulate in the renal inner medulla during hypertonic stress,
      and betaine content in the inner medulla has been shown recently to increase
      during hypernatremia, yet the mechanisms governing the modulation of
      trimethylamine content and, in particular, of betaine content are not well
      understood. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of choline dehydrogenase
      activity in the renal inner medullas of three separate rat strains. Choline
      dehydrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes the first of two successive oxidation
      steps in the biosynthetic conversion of choline to betaine. The presence of
      choline dehydrogenase activity in the inner medulla suggests that betaine
      accumulation in the inner medulla may result, at least in part, through in situ
      synthesis. The Km and Vmax of the reaction in the inner medullas of Long-Evans
      rats are 4.7 +/- 0.5 mM and 36.9 +/- 5.0 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1, respectively.
      These values are similar to the characteristics of choline dehydrogenase in
      mammalian liver. During hypernatremia, when betaine content of the inner medulla
      has been shown to increase 1.5-fold, choline dehydrogenase activity remains
      unchanged (or slightly increased), whereas enzyme activity in the cortex
      increases approximately 50%. Possible mechanisms of inner medullary betaine
      accumulation are discussed.

PMID- 2643347
TI  - Synergism of intraventricular NaCl infusion and subpressor angiotensins in rats.
AB  - The effect of selective salt infusion to the central nervous system on the blood
      pressure (BP) regulation was examined in male Wistar rats. Hypertonic NaCl (0.8
      M, 1 microliter/h) was infused into the lateral ventricle concomitantly with
      intravenous infusion of a subpressor dose (5.4 pmol.kg-1.min-1) of angiotensin II
      (ANG II) or its analogues for 7 days using osmotic minipumps. The BP was not
      increased by intracerebroventricular infusion of NaCl alone at this dose but was
      significantly and consistently increased by concomitant intravenous infusion of
      ANG II or its analogues. The increases in the BP over the base-line values on day
      7 in groups on infusions of ANG II, ANG III, and pentasarcosyl-ANG II [(Sar)5ANG
      II] were 29 +/- 5 mmHg (n = 9, P less than 0.05), 8 +/- 2 mmHg (n = 8, P less
      than 0.05), and 19 +/- 3 mmHg (n = 6, P less than 0.05), respectively. The
      responses to hexamethonium, prazosin, and antagonists of arginine vasopressin and
      ANG II were examined in separate sets of conscious and unrestrained animals that
      had received intracerebroventricular infusion of NaCl and intravenous infusion of
      ANG II for the preceding 6 days. These animals showed significantly greater
      depressor responses only to hexamethonium and prazosin than control. These
      results indicate that the pressor effect of continuous and concomitant
      administration of intracerebroventricular NaCl and intravenous ANG II is mainly
      due to activation of the sympathetic nerve function. Synergism of the effects of
      selective central sodium administration and a subpressor dose of ANG II in the
      central nervous system is suggested.

PMID- 2643348
TI  - Modulation of cardiac autonomic activity during and immediately after exercise.
AB  - Fluctuations in heart rate above 0.03 Hz reflect autonomic modulation of
      sinoatrial node activity. To assess the dynamics of autonomic nervous activity
      during and immediately after exercise, we determined the power spectrum of heart
      rate and respiratory fluctuations in 43 normal subjects without known cardiac
      disease, 8 patients with severe congestive heart failure, and 6 patients status
      post cardiac transplantation before, during, and after graded-work load exercise
      on a cycle ergometer. Before exercise, heart rate fluctuations (spectral power)
      at both high (0.15-0.80 Hz) and low (0.03-0.15 Hz) frequencies were significantly
      higher in normal subjects than in either heart failure or transplant patients but
      were not different between the two groups with heart disease. During exercise,
      heart rate power at all frequencies rapidly and progressively decreased in normal
      subjects, until at peak exercise it was not different from the other two groups.
      During recovery, heart rate power increased in normal subjects but remained
      significantly below base line. The findings demonstrate a marked reduction of
      autonomic modulation of heart rate in patients with heart failure and after
      cardiac transplant and support a progressive withdrawal of vagal activity during
      exercise with a gradual increase during recovery in normal subjects.

PMID- 2643349
TI  - Role of acetylcholine in induction of repetitive activity in human atrial fibers.
AB  - The actions of acetylcholine and its interactions with epinephrine were studied
      in human atrial tissues by recording transmembrane potentials and contractile
      force. Acetylcholine (0.55-5.5 microM) reduced force, shortened the duration and
      shifted to more negative values the plateau of action potentials, abolished phase
      4 depolarization, and suppressed the activity of spontaneous fibers. During the
      recovery, often there was a rebound increase in some parameters of the action
      potential and in force. Epinephrine (0.3-2.8 microM) induced oscillatory
      potentials and aftercontractions and acetylcholine abolished them. However,
      during the washout of acetylcholine in the presence of epinephrine, the
      oscillatory potentials and aftercontractions were larger than before
      acetylcholine, and repetitive activity was often induced. The inhibitory and
      excitatory effects of acetylcholine were mimicked by methacholine (5.1 microM)
      and abolished by atropine (1.5 microM). The postacetylcholine rebound was also
      potentiated by theophylline (0.6-2 mM) but was not blocked by propranolol (1-3.4
      microM), prazosin (1 microM), and diltiazem (0.1 microM). It is concluded that in
      human atrial fibers acetylcholine has inhibitory as well as excitatory effects
      that are exaggerated in the presence of epinephrine and are mediated by the
      activation of the muscarinic receptor. The interaction between acetylcholine and
      epinephrine involves an antagonism at an intracellular level.

PMID- 2643350
TI  - Sympathoadrenal influence on glucose, FFA, and insulin levels in exercising rats.
AB  - The effects of sympathoadrenal manipulations on the exercise-induced alterations
      in blood glucose, plasma free fatty acids (FFA), and insulin were investigated in
      intact and adrenodemedullated rats. Exercise consisted of strenuous swimming
      against a countercurrent for 15 min. Before, during, and after swimming, blood
      samples were taken through a permanent heart catheter. Adrenodemedullation (Adm)
      markedly reduced the exercise-induced increase in both glucose and FFA. This
      effect was counteracted by intravenous infusion of epinephrine (E, 20 ng/min).
      Intravenous infusion of 50 ng E/min into Adm rats caused an exaggerated increase
      in glucose. In two additional experiments 1) specific adrenoceptor agonists and
      antagonists were administered to exercising intact and Adm rats, and 2) E or
      norepinephrine (NE; 20 ng/min) was infused into intact resting rats. The results
      suggest that E from the adrenal medulla directly affects glucose and insulin but
      not FFA concentrations in the blood. NE released from peripheral sympathetic
      nerve endings probably acts in two different ways: as neurotransmitter on liver
      and pancreas and as a hormone on adipose tissue.

PMID- 2643351
TI  - Experience affects exercise-induced changes in catecholamines, glucose, and FFA.
AB  - The interference of the experimental conditions on the exercise-induced
      alterations in plasma catecholamines, plasma free fatty acids, and glucose and
      insulin concentrations was investigated in rats. Exercise consisted of strenuous
      swimming against a countercurrent (0.22 m/s) for 15 min in a pool with water of
      33 degrees C. Before, during, and after swimming, blood samples were taken
      through a permanent heart catheter. The blood component levels in rats that were
      confronted with exercise for the very first time were compared with the levels in
      rats that were well accustomed to the exercise conditions. The very first time
      rats swam caused an enhanced release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla and
      a reduced output of norepinephrine from the sympathetic nerve endings.
      Furthermore, in the first time swim group, blood glucose levels were higher and
      plasma free fatty acid concentrations were lower compared with the well
      accustomed animals. There were no differences in plasma insulin concentrations.
      It is concluded that the experimental conditions may interfere considerably with
      the hormonal and metabolic response to exercise. Furthermore the results
      reinforce the idea that the two parts of the sympathoadrenal system are
      functionally and metabolically dissociated.

PMID- 2643352
TI  - Osmoregulation of vasopressin secretion and thirst during the estrous cycle of
      pigs.
AB  - The influence of the reproductive cycle on ingestive behaviors, osmotically
      induced fluid intake, and peripheral blood levels of several hormones involved in
      fluid electrolyte balance was investigated in young adult female pigs. Food,
      water, and salt intakes and plasma aldosterone levels were significantly lower
      during estrus compared with the luteal and follicular phases, whereas plasma
      sodium (PNa) was higher. Plasma renin activity and lysine vasopressin (LVP)
      levels did not vary with the cycle. Regression analyses of the relationship
      between plasma LVP and PNa in unanesthetized, unstressed animals infused for 2 h
      with intravenous 5% NaCl revealed no significant differences in terms of the
      osmotic threshold and sensitivity of LVP release at different stages of the
      reproductive cycle. In contrast, when osmotic loading was carried out with
      continuous access to water, the osmotic threshold for drinking was found to be
      significantly higher and the rate of drinking lower during estrus. The results
      indicate that in the adult female pig the stage of the reproductive cycle has an
      influence on ingestive behaviors and the osmoregulation of thirst. Osmoregulation
      of vasopressin secretion, on the other hand, appears to be independent of the
      estrous cycle in this species.

PMID- 2643353
TI  - A biological perspective on empathy.
AB  - During the evolution of the primate CNS, organization of neural activity has been
      shaped by the need for rapid and accurate evaluation of the motivations of
      others. Using a broad biological approach, the author considers empathy from
      evolutionary, ontogenetic, and neurophysiological viewpoints. Emotional
      communication follows a developmental course in primate evolution and in
      individuals: specialized neural activity and CNS organization subserve the
      interpretation of social signals. Neurophysiological studies now in progress may
      shed light on fundamental questions about the nature of empathy.

PMID- 2643354
TI  - Melancholia: from DSM-III to DSM-III-R.
AB  - On July 26, 1985, an ad hoc committee appointed by the APA Work Group to Revise
      DSM-III met and reviewed the research on the validity of the DSM-III criteria for
      melancholia. In this paper the proceedings of the meeting are related. After
      reviewing studies of the validity of the DSM-III melancholia criteria, the
      authors describe the committee's discussion of alternative proposals for DSM-III
      R and the process of developing the new DSM-III-R criteria.

PMID- 2643355
TI  - The making of the psychiatrist-executive.
AB  - The authors reviewed the literature on the factors influencing the development of
      psychiatrist-executives. The results indicate that personality traits, clinical
      psychiatry training, training in administration, mentors, and administrative
      experience have an impact on the making of the psychiatrist-executive. On the
      basis of these findings, the authors make recommendations for further research.

PMID- 2643356
TI  - Double-blind trial of imipramine in Alzheimer's disease patients with and without
      depression.
AB  - The authors divided 61 subjects with primary degenerative dementia of the
      Alzheimer's type into a group who also met DSM-III criteria for depression (N =
      28) and a group who did not (N = 33). Both groups were randomly assigned to an 8
      week double-blind trial of imipramine or placebo. Scores on the Hamilton Rating
      Scale for Depression, administered at baseline and weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8,
      indicated significant improvement in both groups. Two measures of cognitive
      function yielded differing results. The results suggest that moderate depression
      is a treatable condition in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2643357
TI  - Effects of behavioral skills training and schedule of nicotine gum administration
      on smoking cessation.
AB  - Eighty-nine smokers were randomly assigned to four nicotine gum treatments for
      smoking cessation: behavioral treatment plus a fixed schedule of nicotine gum,
      behavioral treatment plus an ad lib schedule, education plus a fixed schedule,
      and education plus an ad lib schedule. The four treatment conditions produced
      similar rates of abstinence (40.9% to 58.3%) at the end of 11 weeks of treatment.
      However, at 6-month follow-up, the subjects who had received behavioral treatment
      had a significantly better abstinence rate (36.7%) than those receiving education
      (17.5%). Nicotine gum schedule had no effect on treatment outcome.

PMID- 2643358
TI  - The academic dilemma of the inpatient unit director.
AB  - Inpatient units in academic departments are typically directed by junior faculty
      members, who quickly abandon these positions for less demanding, more rewarding
      jobs. These frequent turnovers in the directorship compromise the clinical,
      research, and educational functions of the inpatient unit. The authors believe
      that the average inpatient director's truncated term can be traced to two causes:
      an exacerbation of the junior faculty member's developmental crisis by factors
      intrinsic to the inpatient unit and a disparity between the expectations for
      academic productivity and the opportunities for scholarly activity. These
      conflicts are elaborated and pragmatic ways of relieving this situation are
      suggested.

PMID- 2643359
TI  - Clonazepam treatment of five lithium-refractory patients with bipolar disorder.
AB  - The authors describe the first five patients enrolled in an open clinical trial
      of clonazepam as a maintenance treatment in lithium-refractory bipolar disorder.
      All patients relapsed quickly after taking clonazepam (one within 2 weeks and
      four within 10-15 weeks), and the study was prematurely terminated. The results
      cast doubt over the usefulness of clonazepam as a prophylaxis in lithium
      resistant bipolar patients who have histories of psychotic mania or delusional
      depression.

PMID- 2643360
TI  - The movement toward integrating the psychotherapies: an overview.
AB  - There is a growing tendency among psychotherapists to ignore the ideological
      barriers dividing schools of psychotherapy and to define what is common among
      them and what is useful in each of them. After a brief introduction the authors
      provide a short glossary of terms often associated with psychotherapy
      integration. They then characterize integrative-eclectic therapists, describe the
      forces fostering their emergence, and outline recurrent themes of the movement
      and points of contention within it. The authors hope to encourage clinical
      thinking about the less ideological approaches to psychotherapy and to advance
      the integrative movement, which is likely to influence psychotherapeutic practice
      for decades to come.

PMID- 2643361
TI  - A neuroanatomical hypothesis for panic disorder.
AB  - Anxiety disorders, the most common psychiatric conditions in the United States,
      have generated a great deal of research and scientific debate. Panic disorder,
      the best-studied anxiety disorder, is often believed to be either a biological
      disease or a psychological disease. The authors present a neuroanatomical model
      of panic disorder that attempts to reconcile these views. The model locates the
      three components of the disease--the acute panic attack, anticipatory anxiety,
      and phobic avoidance--in three specific sites of the CNS: the brainstem, limbic
      system, and prefrontal cortex, respectively. The authors suggest experiments to
      test their model.

PMID- 2643362
TI  - How are depression and bulimia related?
AB  - The idea that bulimia may be related to affective illness was encouraged by early
      reports of a high prevalence of clinical depression in bulimic patients as well
      as a high lifetime prevalence of depression in the families of these patients.
      More recent evidence suggests, however, that bulimia and major depression are
      distinct entities. The authors review clinical data, family studies,
      pharmacotherapy, and the neurobiology of bulimia and discuss the nature of the
      relationship between depression and bulimia.

PMID- 2643363
TI  - Identification of borderline personality disorder with the NIMH Diagnostic
      Interview Schedule.
AB  - No lay-administered interviews are currently available to identify persons with
      borderline personality disorder. The authors studied 79 subjects with the NIMH
      Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), a lay-administered interview, and the
      Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients (DIB) and used the results to
      construct a DIS-based diagnostic index to identify borderline personality
      disorder. Using the clinician-administered DIB as the diagnostic standard, the
      authors found that the DIS borderline index had a sensitivity of 85.7%, a
      specificity of 86.2%, and a kappa of 0.67. The DIS borderline index is a
      promising extension of the DIS that will facilitate studies of borderline
      personality disorder in clinical and community settings.

PMID- 2643364
TI  - S. Weir Mitchell's early fictional description of multiple personality.

PMID- 2643365
TI  - Transtracheal Doppler: a new procedure for continuous cardiac output measurement.
AB  - An endotracheal tube with a 5 mm diameter ultrasonic transducer incorporated into
      its distal end was inserted into the tracheas of six anesthetized dogs. The
      device provides for ultrasound measurement of aortic diameter and blood velocity
      in the ascending aorta to obtain cardiac outputs. Because measurements are made
      proximal to the origins of the aortic arch vessels, total cardiac output is
      obtained. Procedures for measurement of aortic diameter, aortic blood velocity,
      and cardiac output are discussed. The resulting data were used to empirically
      determine the angle of incidence of the ultrasound beam that gave the best least
      squares fit over a range of thermodilution cardiac outputs. For an angle of
      incidence of 62.3 degrees, the relationship between cardiac output determined by
      thermal dilution and by transtracheal Doppler was transtracheal Doppler cardiac
      output = -.69 + 1.19 thermal dilution cardiac output. R2 = .82. The results from
      this preliminary assessment of the feasibility of measuring cardiac output in
      dogs using transtracheal Doppler suggest that additional studies should be
      pursued. Additional issues that require investigation include confirmation of
      constancy of human anatomy and demonstration of lack of tracheal trauma from the
      Doppler equipped endotracheal tube.

PMID- 2643366
TI  - Management of acute elevation of intracranial pressure during hepatic
      transplantation.

PMID- 2643367
TI  - Exchange autotransfusion using the cell saver during liver transplantation.

PMID- 2643368
TI  - Pulse oximetry.

PMID- 2643369
TI  - Idiopathic anaphylaxis: a review.

PMID- 2643371
TI  - Induction of bronchial hyperresponsiveness by Bordetella bronchiseptica infection
      in dogs.
AB  - Six beagles were examined for time-related changes of bronchial responsiveness to
      methacholine, plasma histamine and thromboxane B2, and biopsy of bronchial
      tissues after intratracheal injection of Bordetella bronchiseptica. A progressive
      increase in bronchial responsiveness was induced after injection. The mediators,
      however, did not elevate and tissue neutrophil counts did not correlate with
      increased airway hyperresponsiveness. Intratracheal injection of heat-killed
      Bordetella bronchiseptica produced no alteration in these parameters. Thus, it is
      speculated that airway epithelial damage and effects on ciliostatic function
      induced by the organism are primarily involved in the pathogenesis.

PMID- 2643370
TI  - Immunologic analysis of steroid-dependent asthma.
AB  - In order to analyze steroid-dependent asthma immunologically, IgE antibodies to
      mite (Dermatophagoides farinae), Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus were
      measured in 112 asthmatic patients. IgG and IgG subclass antibodies to mite were
      also measured. The rate of patients who were positive to candida IgE RAST was
      higher in atopic steroid-dependent patients than in atopic steroid-independent
      patients (P less than .01). The rate of mite-sensitive patients who had not
      received immunotherapy with mite or house dust was higher than in the atopic
      steroid-dependent patients than in atopic steroid-independent patients (P less
      than .05). IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies to mite were higher in mite-sensitive steroid
      independent patients than in mite-sensitive steroid-dependent patients. IgE
      antibodies to A. fumigatus were detected only in patients with allergic
      bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Based on these results, we were encouraged
      to try immunotherapy with house dust mite or C. albicans if patients were steroid
      dependent and sensitive to these allergens except when the patients had ABPA.

PMID- 2643372
TI  - A computerized program of skin test evaluation and its predictive value in
      immunotherapy.
AB  - The present study describes a computerized methodology for the assessment of
      specific skin testing which is both sensitive and reproducible. We evaluated the
      predictive value of this technique in identifying patients at great risk for
      developing undesirable reactions during hyposensitization. In 11 of 93 patients
      we were able to detect an unusual dermal response in the patients who developed
      either generalized or local generalized adverse reactions.

PMID- 2643373
TI  - Naloxone does not alter response to hypercapnia or resistive loading in chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - To assess the role of endogenous opioid peptides in ventilatory control in
      patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, we measured the ventilatory and
      mouth occlusion pressure responses to hypercapnia and the compensatory response
      to an inspiratory resistive load in 11 male patients with COPD before and after
      intravenous administration of naloxone or placebo on 2 separate days. There were
      no statistically significant differences between naloxone and placebo
      administration in any index of ventilatory response to CO2 or resistive loading.
      When an inspiratory resistive load was added during CO2 rebreathing, minute
      ventilation at PETCO2 = 50 mm Hg in all 11 patients decreased significantly (p
      less than 0.05) with placebo and naloxone. In response to the inspiratory
      resistive load, in eight of the 11 patients mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) did
      not increase; these eight subjects were classified as noncompensators. Naloxone
      did not affect the P0.1 response to inspiratory resistive loading, either in the
      group as a whole or in the subgroup of eight patients classified as
      noncompensators. Our study was unable to demonstrate that increased activity of
      endogenous opioid peptides suppresses the ventilatory response to CO2 or
      resistive loading in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.

PMID- 2643374
TI  - Pleural mesothelial cells stimulated by asbestos release chemotactic activity for
      neutrophils in vitro.
AB  - The development of the pleural inflammatory response to asbestos remains poorly
      defined. Importantly, the role of the pleural mesothelial cell in recruitment of
      neutrophils to the pleural space is not known. We hypothesized that rabbit
      pleural mesothelial cells stimulated by asbestos fibers release chemotactic
      factor(s) for neutrophils. Primary cultures of rabbit pleural mesothelial cells
      were established, and their purity verified by the presence of keratin and
      hyaluronic acid mucin. Mesothelial cells in serum-free media, in the presence of
      30 micrograms/ml of crocidolite asbestos, released chemotaxins for neutrophils.
      This activity was not dependent on the type of asbestos fiber or fiber length. It
      was dose-dependent until 30 micrograms/ml of asbestos. The chemotactic fractions
      had the ability to increase both directed and random migration of neutrophils.
      The chemotactic activity was not present in sonicated fractions of unstimulated
      mesothelial cells, nor in supernates of asbestos fibers alone. Characterization
      of the chemotactic activity showed that it was heat stable (56 degrees C per 30
      min) and sensitive to digestion with trypsin and papain. On Sephadex G-50
      chromatography, it had a molecular weight between 6,000 and 9,000. Production of
      the chemotactic activity was inhibitable by cycloheximide. These results
      demonstrate that pleural mesothelial cells can actively synthesize a protein
      fraction with chemotactic activity for neutrophils. Production of this
      mesothelial cell-derived chemotactic activity for neutrophils may play an
      important role in the initiation of the inflammatory response of the pleura to
      asbestos.

PMID- 2643375
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the thorax.

PMID- 2643376
TI  - A protocol for performing reproducible methacholine inhalation tests in children
      with moderate to severe asthma.
AB  - Reproducibility of methacholine inhalation tests (MIT) over a 2-wk period has
      been established in adult populations, but similar studies demonstrating
      reproducibility in children are lacking. We set out to establish the
      reproducibility of MIT in children as a prerequisite for a study of the natural
      history of airway hyperreactivity in asthmatic children. Most inhalation testing
      is done in persons with mild asthma because the recommended time interval for the
      withholding of medications prior to bronchial challenge is poorly tolerated by
      more labile asthmatics. In order to evaluate asthmatics with more severe disease,
      we modified a standardized method of methacholine inhalation to include a three
      tier pretest medication regimen and investigated the reproducibility of this MIT
      protocol in 11 children as young as 6 yr of age. The three tiers were designed to
      keep baseline FEV1 greater than or equal to 70% predicted since diminished
      baseline airway caliber may affect MIT results. Eight of the 11 children were
      bronchodilator-dependent, and two of the eight also required inhaled steroids.
      Eleven children (6 to 13 yr of age) underwent MIT, between December and March, 1
      day, 1 wk, and 1 month after an initial test. The PD20FEV1 using cumulative
      breath units (BU) were compared. The range of PD20FEV1 in the 11 children was
      0.27 to 14.4 BU, with nine subjects classified as severe (PD20FEV1 less than 2.5
      BU). We found a high degree of reproducibility of MIT. The interest correlation
      coefficient (r) was 0.98 after 1 day, 0.95 after 1 wk, and 0.96 after 1
      month.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643377
TI  - Treatment of murine cryptococcosis with cyclosporin-A in normal and athymic mice.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that prophylactic Cyclosporin-A (Cs-A) treatment of
      mice enhanced survival after inoculation of Cryptococcus neoformans by both the
      intratracheal (IT) and intravenous (IV) routes. In the present studies, we
      determined whether an established infection due to C. neoformans could be treated
      with Cs-A. Mice inoculated IT develop a prominent pulmonary infection with late
      dissemination to distant organs. The survival of mice infected by the pulmonary
      route that received Cs-A subcutaneously was prolonged in both immunologically
      intact and congenitally T-cell-deficient mice (athymic nude mice). In normal mice
      that received Cs-A, growth of C. neoformans was arrested in the lung, spleen,
      kidney, and liver, and the rapid rate of accumulation of organisms in the brain
      was slowed as compared to that of control mice. In nude mice, the organisms
      continued to increase in all organs although at a considerably slower rate than
      in untreated control nude mice. Mice given C. neoformans IV developed infection
      in the brain at the time of inoculation. When an inoculum was deposited in the
      brains of normal mice by giving the organism IV and Cs-A treatment initiated 3
      days later, mice receiving Cs-A did not demonstrate a reduced number of C.
      neoformans in the brain as compared to untreated control mice. Thus, Cs-A was
      effective for treatment of extraneural cryptococcal infection in normal mice, but
      it was unable to reduce cryptococcal replication in the central nervous
      system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643378
TI  - Serum thyrotropin and the assessment of thyroid status.

PMID- 2643379
TI  - The periodic physical examination in asymptomatic adults.
AB  - The components of the periodic physical examination have been evaluated according
      to contemporary epidemiologic standards. For the asymptomatic, nonpregnant adult
      of any age, no evidence supports the need for a complete physical examination as
      traditionally defined. The efficacy for three screening procedures has been
      established: Blood pressure should be measured at least every 2 years; women more
      than 40 years of age should have a breast examination done by a physician
      annually; and sexually active women should have a pelvic examination and a
      Papanicolaou test at least every 3 years after two initial negative tests have
      been obtained 1 year apart. Because of the prevalence and morbidity of specific
      diseases, and the sensitivity and specificity of screening tests, several other
      maneuvers are recommended for screening asymptomatic adults, although the optimal
      frequency has not been determined experimentally. Weight should be measured every
      4 years. Visual acuity should be tested annually in adults older than 60 years of
      age. To identify patients at high risk for melanoma, a complete skin examination
      should be done once. Hearing should be tested by audioscope annually in adults
      older than 60 years of age. Physicians should encourage patients to have annual
      dental visits. To identify valvular abnormalities requiring antibiotic
      prophylaxis, cardiac auscultation should be done at least twice in an adult. Men
      older than 60 years of age should have a yearly examination of the abdomen for
      the presence of aortic aneurysm. Although the other components of the complete
      physical examination may be important in establishing and maintaining the
      physician-patient relationship, they have not been shown to be effective
      screening maneuvers for asymptomatic disease.

PMID- 2643380
TI  - Bilateral massive adrenal hemorrhage: early recognition and treatment.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a clinical perspective on bilateral massive adrenal
      hemorrhage and an algorithm for its diagnosis and treatment. DATA IDENTIFICATION:
      Case reports were identified through a computer search using MEDLIN (1976 to
      1987), and from bibliographies in review articles (up to 1978). STUDY SELECTION:
      Twelve reports published since 1978 were found. DATA EXTRACTION: Data from 20
      recently reported cases and 5 cases from personal records were compared with data
      from 142 previously reported, autopsy-proven cases summarized in a 1978 review
      article. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS: Thromboembolic disease, coagulopathy, and the
      postoperative state were the three major risk factors. Except for abdominal pain
      and remittent fever, clinical features were not helpful in diagnosis. A fall in
      hemoglobin, and progressive biochemical hypoadrenalism were important clues.
      Diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography and an absent cortisol response to
      intravenous corticotropin. Long-term follow-up showed complete atrophy and
      functional failure of the adrenal gland. CONCLUSIONS: Death from bilateral
      massive adrenal hemorrhage can be prevented by pre-emptive steroid therapy in
      high-risk patients who have certain clinical and laboratory features.

PMID- 2643381
TI  - The multicatalytic proteinase of mammalian cells.
AB  - A high-molecular-weight nonlysosomal proteinase has recently been discovered in
      mammalian cells. It is a widely distributed and abundant enzyme which has
      attracted attention because of its complex multisubunit structure and its unusual
      catalytic properties. The 700-kDa proteinase is composed of many different types
      of low-molecular-weight subunits (Mr 21,000-34,000) arranged in a hollow
      cylindrical structure. This 20 S complex is very similar, if not identical, to
      the 19-20 S cylindrical particles, ring-type particles, or prosomes which have
      been isolated from several different types of eukaryotic cells. The proteinase
      appears to have at least two distinct catalytic sites and can cleave bonds on the
      carboxyl side of basic, hydrophobic, or acidic amino acid residues. Inhibition of
      proteinase activity by thiol reagents supports the suggestion that the enzyme is
      a cysteine proteinase but there is some evidence that it may be a serine
      proteinase and the catalytic mechanism is at present unknown. ATP has little
      effect on proteinase activity in most purified preparations but recently the
      proteinase has been implicated in ATP-dependent pathways of protein degradation.
      Ther is a second type of high-molecular-weight complex multisubunit proteinase, a
      26 S particle, which catalyzes the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitin-protein
      conjugates. The precise function of these two complex proteinases in
      intracellular proteolysis remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2643382
TI  - Three different types of catalases in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - Crude extracts from aerobically grown bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae contain
      three different types of catalases, designated KpT, KpCP, and KpA, whose
      activities in crude extracts are in the ratio 4.1:1:0.3. KpT resembles typical
      catalases: its molecular weight is 259,000, its activity is independent of pH in
      the range 5.5-10.5, it is stable at 52 degrees C but loses 80% of its activity
      when incubated at 60 degrees C for 45 min, and it has hydrophobic properties
      revealed by binding to phenyl-Sepharose and stability in ethanol-chloroform. KpCP
      is a catalase-peroxidase with a molecular weight of 278,000, has a sharp pH
      optimum at 6.3, and is inactivated by treatment at 52 degrees C for 45 min and by
      ethanol-chloroform. KpA has been reported to be a dimer with molecular weight of
      160,000 which contains a chlorin-type heme, has a plateau of maximal activity
      between pH's 2.8 and 11.8, and is stable to treatment with ethanol-chloroform and
      to incubation at 70 degrees C. All three enzymes are inhibited by cyanide.

PMID- 2643383
TI  - Interactions of oxaloacetate with Escherichia coli fumarate reductase.
AB  - Fumarate reductase of Escherichia coli is converted to a deactivated state when
      tightly bound by oxaloacetate (OAA). Incubation of the inhibited enzyme with
      anions or reduction of the enzyme by substrate restores both the activity of the
      enzyme and its sensitivity to thiol reagents. In these respects the enzyme
      behaves like cardiac succinate dehydrogenase. Close to an order of magnitude
      difference was found to exist between the affinities of OAA for the oxidized (KD
      approximately 0.12 microM) and reduced (KD approximately 0.9 microM) forms of
      fumarate reductase. Redox titrations of deactivated fumarate reductase
      preparations have confirmed that reductive activation, as in cardiac succinate
      dehydrogenase (B. A. C. Ackrell, E. B. Kearney, and D. Edmondson (1975) J. Biol.
      Chem. 250, 7114-7119), is the result of reduction of the covalently bound FAD
      moiety and not the non-heme iron clusters of the enzyme. However, the processes
      differed for the two enzymes; activation of fumarate reductase involved 2e- and
      1H+, consistent with reduction of the flavin to the anionic hydroquinone form,
      whereas the process requires 2e- and 2H+ in cardiac succinate dehydrogenase. The
      reason for the difference is not known. The redox potential of the FAD/FADH2
      couple in FRD (Em approximately -55 mV) was also slightly more positive than that
      in cardiac succinate dehydrogenase (-90 mV).

PMID- 2643384
TI  - Phenylarsine oxide stimulates hexose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by a
      mechanism other than an increase in surface transporters.
AB  - Phenylarsine oxide (PAO) has been shown to exert a biphasic effect on glucose
      transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. At 10 microM, PAO activates transport threefold,
      but at higher concentrations an inhibition of transport is observed. In this
      paper we report a procedure for the subcellular fractionation of these cells
      which we use to examine the distribution of glucose transporters following PAO
      challenge. Quantitative immunoblotting showed that the glucose transporter
      content of the plasma membrane fraction increased with increasing PAO
      concentrations; a parallel increase in another insulin-responsive protein, the
      transferrin receptor, also occurred. However, cell-surface labeling procedures
      for the glucose transporter and transferrin receptor showed that PAO actually
      decreased the cell-surface concentrations of these proteins; the basis of this
      discrepancy may be that in the presence of PAO, intracellular vesicles containing
      these proteins associate with the plasma membrane, but do not fuse with it. The
      possibility that PAO modulated transport by direct interaction with the glucose
      transporter was investigated by examining the effects of PAO on transport in both
      erythrocytes and a reconstituted system of purified erythrocyte transporter in
      lipid vesicles. PAO was without effect on the rate of transport in these systems.
      The hypothesis that the stimulatory effect of PAO on transport might be due to
      the activation of the insulin receptor kinase activity was examined by assessing
      the phosphotyrosine content of the receptor and other proteins using anti
      phosphotyrosine antibodies. PAO alone caused no detectable increase in receptor
      phosphotyrosine content. However, the combination of PAO and insulin led to the
      tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins of Mr 68,000 and 57,000 which were not
      detected in cells treated with either PAO or insulin, and an increased
      phosphotyrosine content of proteins of Mr 95,000 and 165,000 when compared to
      cells treated with insulin alone.

PMID- 2643385
TI  - Effect of redox potential on the activation of the NAD-dependent hydrogenase from
      Alcaligenes eutrophus Z1.
AB  - A formal kinetic treatment of the autocatalytic activation cycle of the NAD
      dependent hydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus Z1 is presented. The value for
      the enzyme first-order activation rate constant is estimated to be (2.0 +/- 0.6)
      s-1 (pH 7.8, 25 degrees C). The effect of the redox potential on the activation
      properties of the NAD-dependent hydrogenase is studied. Hydrogenase activation is
      controlled by a midpoint redox potential of approximately -100 mV (pH 7.8). Once
      activated the enzyme is not immediately transformed back into an inactive state
      on rapid reoxidation and is able to preserve its catalytic properties for at
      least 3-4 h of intense oxigenation. Several lines of evidence show that the
      reductive activation of the NAD-dependent hydrogenase is accompanied by a
      structural reorganization of the protein. A possible origin of the -100 mV
      transition is discussed. A model for the activation process of the NAD-dependent
      hydrogenase is suggested.

PMID- 2643386
TI  - Redox-dependent inactivation of the NAD-dependent hydrogenase from Alcaligenes
      eutrophus Z1.
AB  - A novel inactivation mechanism of the NAD-dependent hydrogenase from Alcaligenes
      eutrophus Z1 comprising redox-dependent steps is described. The model of the
      hydrogenase inactivation process is proposed which implies that the enzyme may
      exist in several forms which differ in their stability and spectral properties.
      One of these forms, existing within a limited (approximately -200 +/- 30 mV)
      potential range, undergoes a rapid and irreversible inactivation. The
      dissociation of the FMN prosthetic group from the apohydrogenase appears to be
      the main reason for the enzyme inactivation. The rationale for the enzyme
      stabilization under real operational conditions based on the chemical
      modification of the hydrogenase molecule is suggested.

PMID- 2643387
TI  - Polyamine stimulation of ribosomal synthesis and activity in a polyamine
      dependent mutant of Escherichia coli.
AB  - A polyamine-dependent mutant of Escherichia coli KK101 was isolated by treatment
      of E. coli MA261 with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. In the absence of
      putrescine, doubling time of the mutant was 496 min. The mutation was accompanied
      by a change in the nature of the 30 S ribosomal subunits. Addition of putrescine
      to the mutant stimulated the synthesis of proteins and subsequently, this led to
      stimulation of RNA and DNA synthesis. Under these conditions, we determined which
      proteins were preferentially synthesized. Putrescine stimulated the synthesis of
      ribosomal protein S1 markedly, but stimulated ribosomal proteins S4, L20, and X1,
      and RNA polymerase slightly. The amounts of initiation factors 2 and 3
      synthesized were not influenced significantly by putrescine. The preferential
      stimulation of the synthesis of ribosomal protein S1 occurred as early as 20 min
      after the addition of putrescine, while stimulation of the synthesis of the other
      ribosomal proteins and RNA polymerase appeared at 40 min. The stimulation of the
      synthesis of ribosomal RNA also occurred at 40 min after addition of putrescine.
      Our results indicate that putrescine can stimulate both the synthesis and the
      activity of ribosomes. The increase in the activity of ribosomes was achieved by
      the association of S1 protein to S1-depleted ribosomes. The early stimulation of
      ribosomal protein S1 synthesis after addition of putrescine may be important for
      stimulation of cell growth by polyamines.

PMID- 2643388
TI  - Production of [3H]hexosamine-labeled proteoglycans by cultures of normal and
      diabetic skin fibroblasts: dilution of exogenous [3H]glucosamine by endogenous
      hexosamine from glucose and other sources.
AB  - Human skin fibroblast monolayer cultures from two normal men, three Type I
      diabetic men, and one Type I diabetic woman were incubated with [3H]glucosamine
      and [35S]-sulfate for varying periods of time. Incorporation of 3H into
      macromolecules appearing in the medium was linear after approximately 45 min, and
      incorporation of 35S was linear after approximately 30 min. The amounts of 35S
      proteoglycan formed by each of the cultures during 5-h incubations were compared
      and were found to be fairly similar for the six lines, varying from 0.08 to 0.14
      nmol sulfate/microgram DNA. Isolated 3H,35S-glycosaminoglycans were then treated
      with chondroitin ABC lyase to characterize the location and degree of sulfation.
      Results indicated a considerable variation in completeness of
      chondroitin/dermatan sulfation and in proportions of 6-sulfation to 4-sulfation
      among the various lines. However these variations did not seem to be related to
      whether the cells were from normals or diabetics. 3H,35S-Labeled disaccharides
      were isolated and ratios of 3H to 35S determined in order to calculate the
      [3H]glucosamine dilution by endogenous glucosamine derived from glucose or other
      sources during the period of incubation. Dilutions varied widely from 160- to 635
      fold among the different cell lines, but the variations did not seem to be
      related to whether the cells were from normals or diabetics.

PMID- 2643389
TI  - Effect of potassium ion on the phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
      of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor of Escherichia coli D-serine dehydratase.
AB  - 31P NMR studies were undertaken to determine how potassium ion increases the
      cofactor affinity of Escherichia coli D-serine dehydratase, a model pyridoxal 5'
      phosphate requiring enzyme that converts the growth inhibitor D-serine to
      pyruvate and ammonia. Potassium ion was shown to promote the appearance of a
      second upfield shifted cofactor 31P resonance at 4.0 ppm (pH 7.8, 25 degrees C),
      that increased in area at the expense of the resonance at 4.4 ppm observed in the
      absence of K+. Na+ antagonized the K+ promoted appearance of the second
      resonance. These observations suggest that K+ and Na+ stabilize conformational
      states that differ with respect to O-P-O bond angle, conformation, and/or
      hydrogen bonding of the phosphate group. An analysis of the dependence of the
      relative intensities of the two resonances on the K+ concentration yielded a
      value of ca. 10 mM for the equilibrium constant for dissociation of K+ from D
      serine dehydratase. The chemical shift difference between the two resonances
      indicated that the K+-stabilized and Na+-stabilized forms of the enzyme
      interconvert at a frequency less than 16 s-1 at pH 7.8, 25 degrees C.

PMID- 2643390
TI  - Chemical modification of iron- and manganese-containing superoxide dismutases
      from Escherichia coli.
AB  - The manganese-containing (MnSOD) and iron-containing (FeSOD) superoxide
      dismutases from Escherichia coli are extensively (greater than 95%) inactivated
      by treatment with phenylglyoxal. The relatively high concentrations of
      phenylglyoxal and high pH required for optimal inactivation suggest that
      inactivation may be due to modification of an arginine with a "normal" elevated
      pKa, i.e., one not in an active site cavity where the pKa is likely to be lowered
      because of lower solvent accessibility and decreased polarity of the local
      environment. Treatment of either enzyme with 1-ethyl-3-(3
      dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, m
      chloroperoxybenzoate, or tetranitromethane causes no inactivation, while 2,4,6
      trinitrobenzenesulfonate, N-acetylimidazole, or diethyl pyrocarbonate cause 55
      75% inactivation of each enzyme. Failure of hydroxylamine to reverse inactivation
      by the latter two suggests that in each instance loss of activity is due to
      lysine modification. The previously reported inactivation of FeSOD by H2O2 was
      further investigated, and no evidence was found for an affinity mechanism, i.e.,
      a reversible binding of peroxide that precedes inactivation.

PMID- 2643391
TI  - [Phase I study and early phase II of SM-108 (4-carbamoylimidazolium-5-olate) in
      lung cancer. SM-108 Study Group].
AB  - Phase I study with a new oral purine antagonist, SM-108, was conducted in a total
      of 73 cases in a 5-day consecutive schedule with the dosage ranging from 20-2,500
      mg/m2 at II institutes. The incidences of subjective and objective side effects
      were 20.5% (15/73) and 31.5% (23/73), respectively, however the correlation
      between these effects and their dosages was unclear. MTD and DLF values were not
      determined. SM-108 levels in serum reached maximum in 2-4 hours after oral
      administration of SM-108, and exhibited a dose-response relationship up to the
      dosage of 2,000 mg/m2/day. Forty to 60% of the administered drug was excreted
      into urine in 24 hrs; thus, the main excretory pathway was considered to be
      renal. An early phase II study was undertaken in patients with lung cancer in 5
      cancer centers and university hospitals. Each patient had received 400 mg/m2/day
      (in two divided doses) or 600 mg/m2/day (in three divided doses) for more than 2
      weeks. Only one case (adenocarcinoma) showed a minor response out of 27 cases but
      not reached partial response according to our criteria. In the 400 mg/m2/day
      group and the 600 m/m2/day group the incidences of subjective side effects
      (mainly GI tract disturbance) were 33.3% (4/12) and 40.0% (6/15), while objective
      side effects (hematological changes) were 16.7% (2/12) and 26.7% (4/15)
      respectively. In conclusion, we could not determine the dose limiting factor and
      maximum tolerated dose from our phase I clinical study and early phase II study
      for lung cancer.

PMID- 2643392
TI  - [Phase II study of SM-108 (4-carbamoylimidazolium-5-olate) in hematological
      malignancies].
AB  - A total of 165 patients were entered into this study and 140 were evaluate for
      effects and 165 for toxicities. Of 39 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia
      (CML) 21 achieved complete remission (CR), 6 achieved partial remission (PR) with
      a response rate of 69.2%. In MDS, of 11 patients with chronic myelomonocytic
      leukemia (CMMoL), one good partial response and 4 partial response were observed
      (CR + PR:45.5%); of 14 patients with RAEB, one complete response, 4 partial
      response (CR + PR: 35.7%); of 11 patients with RAEB in T, 3 partial response were
      observed (response rate: 27.3%). Of 13 patients with polycythemia vera, 4
      excellent effect and 7 moderate effect (84.6%) were observed. Seven of 30
      patients with acute myelocytic leukemia achieved partial response (23.3%). Mean
      dosages of SM-108 until remission were 400-500 mg/m2/day on CMMoL, RAEB in MDS,
      polycythemia vera and CML, and 600-800 mg/m2/day on RAEB in T and AML. In the
      analysis of adverse effects of SM-108, a subjective side effects including mainly
      gastrointestinal toxicities were observed in 38 cases (23.0%) of the patients :
      26 patients (15.8%) showed objective side effects including liver dysfunction,
      but these symptoms were transient and not serious. Our study indicates that SM
      108 is useful agent against MDS, especially CMMoL, RAEB, RAEB in T, polycythemia
      vera and CML.

PMID- 2643394
TI  - [Experimental studies of anticancer drugs more appropriate for high-dose
      chemotherapy in bone marrow transplantation and their administration methods].
AB  - We studied in rats the anticancer drugs which can utilize more the advantage of
      bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and on their administration ways in high-dose
      chemotherapy (HC) with BMT. Among six anticancer drugs tested (ACNU, ADR, CY,
      MMC, VDS, VP-16), a beneficial effect of BMT was observed only with CY and ACNU.
      In order to increase the beneficial effect of BMT observed with CY and ACNU, the
      methods of administering these two drugs were carefully designed, and better
      survival curves were obtained in the following administration groups: 1) (CY 200
      mg/kg, days 0 & 1) + BMT greater than (CY 400 mg/kg, day 0) + BMT, (ACNU 20
      mg/kg, day 0 & 1) + BMT greater than (ACNU 40 mg/kg, day 0) + BMT. 2) (CY 200
      mg/kg + ACNU 20 mg/kg, day 0) + BMT greater than (CY 400 mg/kg or ACNU 40 mg/kg,
      day 0) + BMT. 3) (CY 200 mg/kg, day 0) + (ACNU 20 mg/kg, day 1) + BMT greater
      than (ACNU 20 mg/kg, day 0) + (CY 200 mg/kg, day 1) + BMT. Further studies on
      anticancer drugs more appropriate for HC-BMT and on their administration methods
      were considered to be very necessary.

PMID- 2643393
TI  - [Intermediate-dose cytosine arabinoside therapy in refractory acute leukemia].

PMID- 2643395
TI  - [Aclarubicin-combined combination chemotherapy in patients with refractory or
      relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].
AB  - Patients with lymphoma who became refractory or resistant to standard
      chemotherapy including anthracyclines were treated with aclarubicin-combined
      chemotherapy including VP-16, ifosfamide, and carboquone in a multicenter study.
      Twenty-one patients were entered in this study, and 18 of them were evaluable.
      The median age was 52 years old (range 27-74), and there were 17 male and 3
      female patients. The vast majority of patients were diagnosed as having diffuse
      lymphoma, of which 10 cases had large cell type. Surface markers were measured in
      8 patients, of whom 4 had T-cell lymphoma. Remission was attained in 3 of 18
      patients (17%) with one complete and lasting remission with T-cell lymphoma. In
      conclusion, the response rate in this study was poor, but this type of
      combination chemotherapy might be considered in patients with T-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2643397
TI  - Circulatory Support 1988. Weaning and bridging.
AB  - After a patient has been supported with a circulatory assist device, the expected
      outcomes are weaning, bridging, or discontinuation of support. An early insertion
      of the device will avoid deterioration of the heart and other organs to an
      irreversible condition. Cardiac assistance for a minimum of 24 hours is
      recommended with a mild dose of anticoagulant. It is necessary to monitor the
      hemodynamic functions during circulatory support and weaning. Most of the
      mechanical devices are quite reliable, and complications during ventricular
      assist are easily managed. The patient should be in the same condition as in
      ordinary elective transplant candidate before transplantation. Patients with an
      artificial heart or ventricular assist device should not be on the priority
      emergency list for cardiac transplantation. Patients suffering from cardiogenic
      shock can be stabilized with a ventricular assist device to allow the heart to
      recover or be provided with other treatment. A circulatory support device can
      also be used as a bridge for patients awaiting a cardiac transplant.

PMID- 2643396
TI  - [An intensification therapy of adults acute leukemia].
AB  - Between January 1980 and March 1983, a study was conducted on the effects of
      intensification therapy in 20 adult acute leukemia patients who had achieved
      complete remission with induction therapy. Intensification therapy consisted of
      cyclic administration of six combination therapies given at gradually longer
      intervals, using daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine and
      prednisolone (DCMP), cyclocytidine (DCyMP), vincristine (DCVP), behenoyl-ara-c
      (BHAC-DMP), aclacinomycin (BHAC-AMP) and (ACM-MP). Six combinations were given
      sequentially at one-month intervals, at 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and eventually 6-month
      intervals, until 5-year survival. The median remission duration was 38 months for
      AML, and 17 months for ALL. The median survival was 66 months for AML, and 37
      months for ALL. The five year survival rate was 50%. Nine of the 20 patients are
      still alive. Methotrexate and prednisolone were administered intrathecally for
      prophylaxis of CNS leukemia on Day 4 for each intensification therapy. There was
      no CNS leukemia. This intensification protocol was shown to be effective in
      improving the prognosis of adults acute leukemia.

PMID- 2643398
TI  - Circulatory support with a centrifugal pump as a bridge to cardiac
      transplantation.
AB  - Since January 1985, the Heart Transplant Program at Washington University Medical
      Center, St. Louis, has performed 89 heart transplantations in 86 patients. Twenty
      patients (23%) have required preoperative mechanical support of circulation or
      respiration prior to transplantation. The Bio-Medicus centrifugal pump (Bio-Pump)
      formed the basis of our circulatory support system during the period of this
      report. Nine patients were placed on the Bio-Pump with the intention of bridging
      them to transplantation. Six patients required left ventricular assistance; in 2,
      the device was inserted because they could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary
      bypass. Two patients required biventricular assistance, 1 because she could not
      be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass at the end of a cardiac operation.
      Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was necessary in 1 patient for right
      ventricular decompensation and cardiac arrest four hours after orthotopic cardiac
      transplantation. One of these 9 patients died on circulatory support, and in
      another, a complication developed that precluded transplantation. The remaining 7
      patients (78%) underwent a successful transplant procedure after an average of
      1.6 days of circulatory support (range, 0.5 to three days), and all are long-term
      survivors of transplantation. There has been 1 late death at 17 months from a
      cerebrovascular hemorrhage. In summary, the centrifugal pump provides excellent
      short-term circulatory support for individuals who would otherwise die before
      cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2643399
TI  - Surgical techniques for the implantation of heterotopic prosthetic ventricles.
AB  - Mechanical support of the failing heart is becoming an increasingly useful tool
      for bridging to cardiac transplantation and for recovery of the natural heart.
      Several options exist for cannulation sites during the implantation of the
      heterotopic prosthetic ventricles. These options include the left atrial
      appendage, the left ventricular apex, the interatrial groove, and the left atrial
      roof. The indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, and surgical
      technique for each option are described. Operation of the drive console and
      postoperative care are also discussed.

PMID- 2643400
TI  - SWAT team approach to ventricular assistance.
AB  - In 1986, the Cardiovascular Research Institute in Sion, Switzerland, created a
      flying bridge-to-cardiac transplantation team. This team, consisting of two
      physicians, a physicist, a biomedical engineer, and two intensive care nurses,
      has participated in 23 bridges to cardiac transplantation in 11 cardiovascular
      surgery centers in Europe. The cardiac function of all patients was 100%
      supported by paracorporeal pneumatic biventricular Pierce-Donachy devices. Twenty
      of the 23 patients have had transplantation, and 11 are alive and well. The
      bridge-to-cardiac transplantation team, which travels with a transportable driver
      and the ventricle sets, supervises the bridged patients 24 hours a day until
      cardiac transplantation is performed.

PMID- 2643401
TI  - Implantable electrical left ventricular assist system: bridge to transplantation
      and the future.
AB  - An implantable left ventricular assist system (LVAS) utilizing an
      electromechanically driven dual pusher-plate blood pump has been employed in a
      multiinstitutional trial as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. Under
      development for permanent circulatory support in patients with end-stage heart
      disease, the LVAS, in this application, derives power and control from an
      external console via a percutaneous lead. The LVAS was implanted in 20 patients
      (16 men, 4 women) who were hemodynamically unstable or in refractory cardiogenic
      shock. The mean age was 44.9 years (range, 25 to 63 years). Preoperative
      diagnosis was evenly divided between end-stage ischemic disease, cardiomyopathy,
      and acute myocardial infarction. Implanted in the left upper quadrant within the
      anterior abdominal wall, the blood pump was connected between the left
      ventricular apex and ascending aorta. Total support of the systemic circulation
      and substantial left ventricular unloading were achieved with synchronous
      counterpulsation for periods up to 90 days (mean, 22.7 days). All patients were
      stabilized hemodynamically. The mean preoperative cardiac index of 1.5 L/min/m2
      increased by a factor of 2. Pulmonary arterial pressures decreased substantially.
      Serious complications occurred in 16 patients, precluding cardiac transplantation
      in 10. Most complications (greater than 70%) were in patients who did not receive
      transplants; the most common complication was bleeding. Twelve of 13 patients
      with LVAS implants for more than seven days were mobilized, and 4 were fully
      ambulatory and completely rehabilitated. Orthotopic cardiac transplantation was
      performed in 10 patients after implants ranging from two to 90 days (mean, 30.3
      days).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643402
TI  - Total artificial heart: survival and complications.
AB  - A total artificial heart was implanted in 28 patients as a bridge to
      transplantation. Mean time of mechanical support was 14.8 +/- 10 days. The 70-mL
      Jarvik-7 was used in 12 patients and the 100-mL Jarvik-7 in the remaining 16. No
      clinical thromboembolic complications occurred during implantation. There was no
      postoperative bleeding requiring operation. Both survival and the rate of
      complications were similar in the two Jarvik-7 groups. Eleven patients underwent
      successful transplantation, and 1 patient is still on mechanical support. Sepsis
      and multiple-organ failure were the most important causes of death. All patients
      receiving the total artificial heart for severe acute rejection after
      transplantation died of infection. Early implantation of the total artificial
      heart is advised in younger patients and in older patients with acute cardiac
      failure. The use of this device should be contraindicated in immunosuppressed
      patients because of the high risk of infection.

PMID- 2643403
TI  - Interim use of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart: lessons learned at Presbyterian
      University Hospital of Pittsburgh.
AB  - Between October 1985 and March 1988, 16 patients received the Jarvik-7 total
      artificial heart as an interim device before transplantation. Ten patients were
      afflicted with cardiomyopathy, and 6 had end-stage ischemic disease. All but 1
      were men; the mean age was 47 years (range, 27 to 59 years). Thirteen patients
      developed cardiogenic shock despite the use of intravenous inotropic agents
      (mean, 23 days; range, two to 83 days) and the intraaortic balloon pump (mean, 13
      days; range, two to 65 days). Three other patients became candidates because of
      failed transplantation. The 100-mL Jarvik-7 device was used in the first 3
      patients; all subsequent recipients were treated with the 70-mL Jarvik-7.
      Postoperative anticoagulation was designed to keep the partial thromboplastin
      time between 2 and 2.5 times control. The control values were obtained during
      administration of heparin and dipyridamole. In all cases the function of the
      total artificial heart was adequate to support the needs of the recipient, and
      there were no mechanical difficulties with the device or the drive system. The
      average time of implantation was 9 days (range, one to 35 days). Two patients
      died before transplantation, 1 with sepsis from fungus and the other with
      hemorrhage from a torn pulmonary arterial anastomosis. Fourteen patients received
      cardiac allografts, and 7 continue to survive without restrictions. Infection
      within the mediastinum caused the death of 4 patients after transplantation; in 3
      of these mediastinitis was not recognized before transplantation but occurred
      within the first 2 weeks after transplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643404
TI  - Bridging to cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Unilateral or bilateral prosthetic ventricles and artificial hearts have been
      used in bridging to transplantation for 4 years. Candidates for bridging to
      transplantation comprise patients who otherwise would be elective cardiac
      transplantation candidates who deteriorate rapidly before a donor heart can be
      found, or persons with sudden cardiac decompensation (eg, massive myocardial
      infarction with cardiogenic shock). In selecting patients for bridging to cardiac
      transplantation it is crucial that people are chosen who are good candidates for
      heart transplantation despite their rapidly deteriorating condition. This article
      compares the results of the devices available for use in this application, which
      include: the centrifugal pump; the Jarvik-7 orthotopic prosthetic ventricle; and
      the Thoratec, Novacor, and Thermedics heterotopic prosthetic ventricles.

PMID- 2643405
TI  - Herbert Sloan lecture. Introduction to the Sloan lecture.

PMID- 2643406
TI  - Herbert Sloan lecture. Lung transplantation.

PMID- 2643407
TI  - Toward fifty.

PMID- 2643408
TI  - The early years.

PMID- 2643409
TI  - More change.

PMID- 2643410
TI  - Superior vena cava-pulmonary artery shunt. By William W. L. Glenn, 1958.

PMID- 2643411
TI  - Notes on the windpipe.

PMID- 2643412
TI  - Erythromelalgia and myeloproliferative disorders.
AB  - Erythromelalgia (erythermalgia) is characterized by attacks of severe burning
      pain, erythema, and warmth of the extremities, primarily the feet and, to a
      lesser extent, the hands. The distress is provoked by environmental heat,
      exercise, and dependency; it is relieved by exposure to cold and elevation of the
      extremity. Primary and secondary forms of erythromelalgia exist. Secondary
      erythromelalgia has been linked to a wide variety of diseases, the most common of
      which are certain myeloproliferative disorders: polycythemia vera and essential
      thrombocythemia. We describe, for the first time, a patient in whom chronic
      myelogenous leukemia was associated with the development of erythromelalgia,
      review the 60 cases in the world literature of erythromelalgia in patients with
      myeloproliferative syndromes, and compare the primary and secondary forms of the
      disease. Importantly, symptoms of erythromelalgia preceded the onset of a
      myeloproliferative disease by a median of 2 1/2 years. Therefore, all patients
      with erythromelalgia should be monitored with periodic blood cell counts. An
      abnormal hemoglobin level, white blood cell or platelet count, or immature cells
      in the differential count are not seen in idiopathic erythromelalgia and should
      alert the physician to the possibility of a more serious underlying disease
      process. Treatment of the myeloproliferative syndrome will sometimes alleviate
      the symptoms of erythromelalgia. Alternatively, a single daily dose of aspirin
      results in dramatic improvement in most patients with either primary or secondary
      erythromelalgia.

PMID- 2643413
TI  - Hydrochlorothiazide is not additive to verapamil in treating essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Calcium channel blockers, a newer class of antihypertensive medications, have
      gained considerable acceptance as monotherapeutic agents, particularly in low
      renin hypertension where diuretics are also most effective. To study whether
      thiazide diuretics exert an additional antihypertensive effect in the setting of
      calcium channel blockade, we gave verapamil hydrochloride (360 mg/d) or
      hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/d) alone and in combination in an open study to 13
      hypertensive patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Both
      verapamil and hydrochlorothiazide lowered blood pressure (170 +/- 17/109 +/- 6 mm
      Hg pretreatment to 150 +/- 25/95 +/- 8 mm Hg with verapamil; 170 +/- 5/109 +/- 2
      mm Hg pretreatment to 164 +/- 25/103 +/- 10 mm Hg with hydrochlorothiazide), but
      addition of hydrochlorothiazide to verapamil resulted in no added benefit (150 +/
      25/95 +/- 8 mm Hg vs 150 +/- 20/95 +/- 6 mm Hg). Furthermore, while
      hydrochlorothiazide lowered serum potassium values (4.2 +/- 0.25 mmol/L to 3.7 +/
      0.35 mmol/L) and stimulated plasma renin activity (1.5 +/- 1.3 ng/mL/h)
      pretreatment to 3.3 +/- 2.7 ng/mL/h with verapamil), verapamil only modestly
      elevated renin activity (1.5 +/- 1.3 ng/mL/h pretreatment to 2.7 +/- 2.5 ng/mL/h
      with verapamil) and did not lower potassium values. Altogether, the data suggest
      that in essential hypertension, at least for verapamil, concurrent diuretic
      therapy may not be helpful or warranted.

PMID- 2643414
TI  - Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the esophagus.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma constitute the majority of
      malignancies of the esophagus. Although lymphoma may involve any part of the
      gastrointestinal tract either primarily or secondarily, esophageal involvement is
      rare. We describe two cases of primary esophageal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and
      review the literature, with particular attention to roentgenographic studies,
      esophagoscopic findings, and endoscopic biopsy results.

PMID- 2643415
TI  - Serious infections with Edwardsiella tarda. A case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Edwardsiella tarda, a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, has recently
      become recognized as pathogenic, especially in patients with an underlying
      illness. In the present report, a patient had sickle cell hemoglobinopathy and E
      tarda bacteremia. Other cases of serious infection with Edwardsiella are reported
      in the literature. Edwardsiella infection may present as bacteremia, enteric
      fever, gastroenteritis, localized infection, and an asymptomatic carrier state.
      On the basis of this review, bacteremia with E tarda often has been associated
      with septic shock and has a high mortality, but this may be related to the usual
      presence of a serious underlying illness in these patients.

PMID- 2643416
TI  - Emergency splenectomy in adult idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. A report of
      seven cases.
AB  - Seven adult patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura underwent emergency
      splenectomy. Six were female and one was a male, aged 16 to 61 years. All of them
      had a life-threatening episode. Six patients had progressive intracranial
      bleeding and one had postsurgical intra-abdominal bleeding. All patients were
      saved by surgery, except one for whom operation was delayed. There was no
      postoperative bleeding or surgical complication. Immediate splenectomy should be
      the treatment of choice in any patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
      complicated by life-threatening hemorrhage.

PMID- 2643417
TI  - Risk factors for nosocomial infection in intensive care. 'Devices vs nature' and
      goals for the next decade.

PMID- 2643418
TI  - Plasma lipids in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Influence of race,
      gender, and plasma glucose control: lipids do not correlate with glucose control
      in black women.
AB  - Plasma lipids and hemoglobin A1 were measured in 544 type I diabetic patients.
      Hemoglobin A1 was positively correlated with the levels of total plasma
      cholesterol, total triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and
      negatively correlated with the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in
      the entire biracial group. These relationships between plasma lipids and
      hemoglobin A1 were not present in black women. In the white diabetic population a
      reduction in hemoglobin A1 of one percentage point was statistically associated
      with a decrease of 0.16 to 0.17 mmol/L in total plasma cholesterol, a decrease of
      0.10 to 0.13 mmol/L in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a reduction of
      0.12 to 0.14 mmol/L in triglycerides. These findings suggest that race and gender
      are important determinants of the response of plasma lipids to glucose control in
      type I diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2643419
TI  - Acute cerebral ischemia in a critical care unit. A review of diagnosis and
      management.
AB  - With an increasing understanding of the pathophysiology of human brain ischemia,
      it appears that time is of critical essence in the diagnosis and management of
      the acute stroke victim. A review of the acute ischemic stroke patient in an
      intensive care setting is described. Recent knowledge of clinical stroke
      assessment is summarized, with further emphasis on in-hospital strokes. Acute
      stroke units are described with a focus on the general clinical approach to
      patients with acute cerebral ischemia: investigations, recent treatment advances,
      and rehabilitation. Unless patients with acute brain ischemia are given the
      opportunity for aggressive management, care, and enrollment into promising
      therapeutic protocols, ideally within an acute stroke unit setting, the
      tremendous burden of stroke will not be lifted.

PMID- 2643420
TI  - Cell biology of arterial proteoglycans.
AB  - Although proteoglycans constitute a minor component of vascular tissue, these
      molecules have been shown to influence a number of arterial properties such as
      viscoelasticity, permeability, lipid metabolism, hemostasis, and thrombosis. A
      hallmark of early and late atherosclerosis is the accumulation of proteoglycans
      in the intimal lesions. Yet, it is not clear why this accumulation occurs. This
      article reviews the classes of proteoglycans synthesized by the two major cell
      types of the arterial wall--the endothelial and smooth muscle cell. Detailed
      consideration is then given to the modulation of proteoglycan metabolism and the
      role that proteoglycans play in a number of cellular events such as adhesion,
      migration, and proliferation--important processes in both the development and the
      pathogenesis of blood vessels. Last, the involvement of proteoglycans in two
      critical vascular wall processes--hemostasis and lipid metabolism--is reviewed,
      because these events pertain to atherogenesis. This review emphasizes the
      importance of proteoglycans in regulating several key events in normal and
      pathophysiological processes in the vascular tissue.

PMID- 2643421
TI  - Identification and distribution of fibrinogen, fibrin, and fibrin(ogen)
      degradation products in atherosclerosis. Use of monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Samples of normal and atherosclerotic vessels obtained from vascular and
      cardiothoracic surgery were examined for the distribution of fibrinogen/fibrin I,
      fibrin II, and fibrin(ogen) degradation products (Fragment D/DD) by using
      recently characterized monoclonal antibodies that recognize and distinguish the
      three molecular forms (MAbs 18C6, T2G1, and GC4, respectively) with the ABC
      immunoperoxidase technique. In normal aortas, little fibrinogen/fibrin I or
      fibrin II was present and no fibrin(ogen) degradation products could be detected.
      In early lesions and in fibrous plaques, fibrinogen/fibrin I and fibrin II were
      distributed in long threads and surrounding vessel wall cells and macrophages.
      Fibrin(ogen) degradation products were not seen in early lesions. In fibrous and
      advanced plaques, fibrinogen/fibrin I, fibrin II, and fibrin(ogen) degradation
      products were detected in areas of loose connective tissue, in thrombus, and
      around cholesterol crystals. The results of this study suggest that increased
      fibrin formation and degradation may be associated with progression of
      atherosclerotic disease. The observed distribution of the different molecular
      forms of fibrinogen also suggests the possibility that the cells present in the
      lesions actively participate in the fibrinogen-to-fibrin transition within the
      vessel wall.

PMID- 2643422
TI  - Effects of chronic ethanol consumption in atherosclerosis-prone JCR:LA-corpulent
      rat.
AB  - Rats of the atherosclerosis-prone JCR:LA-corpulent strain were subjected to long
      term low (0.5% wt/vol) or high (4% wt/vol) consumption of ethanol from 1 to 12
      months of age. The corpulent rats are hyperphagic, obese, and insulin-resistant;
      exhibit a marked very low density lipoprotein hyperlipidemia; and develop both
      vascular and myocardial lesions while eating a normal rat chow. The total lipid
      profile of the rat sera showed only limited changes with ethanol consumption.
      There were also no significant effects on high density lipoprotein lipids.
      Ethanol consumption was associated with elevated fasting glucose concentrations
      in both lean and corpulent rats and a strong decrease in fasting insulin levels
      and pancreatic B-cell volume density in the hyperinsulinemic corpulent rats. The
      relative frequency of myocardial nodules of chronic inflammatory cells was
      increased in the ethanol-consuming rats, both lean and corpulent. In contrast,
      old organized lesions (scars) were absent in the ethanol-consuming corpulent
      rats. Thus, ethanol consumption had no major effect on serum lipids or
      lipoproteins in the corpulent rat but was associated with a reduction in insulin
      resistance and islet cell hyperplasia, with an associated decreased incidence of
      myocardial lesions.

PMID- 2643423
TI  - Test of effect of lipid lowering by diet on cardiovascular risk. The Minnesota
      Coronary Survey.
AB  - The Minnesota Coronary Survey was a 4.5-year, open enrollment, single end-time
      double-blind, randomized clinical trial that was conducted in six Minnesota state
      mental hospitals and one nursing home. It involved 4393 institutionalized men and
      4664 institutionalized women. The trial compared the effects of a 39% fat control
      diet (18% saturated fat, 5% polyunsaturated fat, 16% monounsaturated fat, 446 mg
      dietary cholesterol per day) with a 38% fat treatment diet (9% saturated fat, 15%
      polyunsaturated fat, 14% monounsaturated fat, 166 mg dietary cholesterol per day)
      on serum cholesterol levels and the incidence of myocardial infarctions, sudden
      deaths, and all-cause mortality. The mean duration of time on the diets was 384
      days, with 1568 subjects consuming the diet for over 2 years. The mean serum
      cholesterol level in the pre-admission period was 207 mg/dl, falling to 175 mg/dl
      in the treatment group and 203 mg/dl in the control group. For the entire study
      population, no differences between the treatment and control groups were observed
      for cardiovascular events, cardiovascular deaths, or total mortality. A favorable
      trend for all these end-points occurred in some younger age groups.

PMID- 2643424
TI  - Association of decreased sex hormone binding globulin and cardiovascular risk
      factors.
AB  - Sex hormones play a major role in determining the risk of cardiovascular disease.
      While earlier studies have shown that reduced sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
      is associated with increased glucose and insulin concentrations in premenopausal
      women, few data exist on the relationship of SHBG to other cardiovascular risk
      factors in women. We hypothesized that decreased SHBG would be associated with an
      atherogenic pattern of cardiovascular risk factors. We measured total
      testosterone, total estradiol and SHBG, lipids and lipoproteins, glucose and
      insulin, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 96 premenopausal women.
      Although total testosterone and total estradiol were not related to
      cardiovascular risk factors, SHBG was negatively associated with triglyceride
      concentration (r = -0.37) and positively associated with high density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (HDLC) (r = 0.42). After adjustment for overall adiposity (body mass
      index) and upper body adiposity (as measured by the ratio of waist-to-hip
      circumferences), SHBG was still positively related to HDLC, but not to
      triglyceride. Adjustment for insulin abolished the relationship between SHBG and
      triglyceride levels, but did not alter the relationship between SHBG and HDLC.
      Sex hormones were not related to either systolic or diastolic blood pressure.

PMID- 2643426
TI  - Familial hypercholesterolemia. 50 years of research.

PMID- 2643425
TI  - Effects of porcine aortic smooth muscle cell conditioned medium on endothelial
      cell replication.
AB  - Previous studies suggested that arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) may be
      involved in regulating the growth of capillaries into atherosclerotic plaques. In
      the present study, we determined the effect of SMC products on porcine aortic
      endothelial cell (EC) replication in vitro. Quiescent or slowly growing EC in
      medium without endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) were stimulated to
      proliferate in the presence of porcine aortic SMC conditioned medium, while the
      same conditioned medium inhibited the growth of rapidly dividing EC in high serum
      concentrations or with ECGF. The magnitude of both activities depended on SMC
      conditioned medium concentration. The dose-dependent increase in EC number
      stimulated by ECGF was completely inhibited by SMC conditioned medium. This
      effect was not due to a direct interaction of conditioned medium with ECGF
      because SMC conditioned medium inhibited the growth of EC that were rapidly
      proliferating in 10% serum without ECGF. The inhibitory activity was retained by
      an ultrafiltration membrane with an exclusion limit of 1000 daltons; the
      stimulatory activity was recovered in the ultrafiltrate and remained stable after
      boiling, treatment with acid or base and trypsin, and repeated freezing and
      thawing, but was removed by activated charcoal. The growth-promoting activity
      could not be accounted for by release of cell contents from lysed cells or of
      thymidine into the medium. Conditioned medium from SMC incubated in the presence
      of serum contained less EC growth-stimulatory activity but more growth-inhibitory
      activity than that from SMC in serum-free medium.

PMID- 2643427
TI  - Portacaval shunt and liver transplantation in treatment of familial
      hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Portacaval shunt surgery and liver transplantation have been used to treat
      patients with severe familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). These operations have
      usually been performed on patients with homozygous FH, but portacaval shunt
      surgery has also been used in several patients with the heterozygous form of the
      disease. Portacaval shunt surgery lowers the low density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol level by 25% or more in about 80% of patients. The main effect of the
      operation is to lower the LDL apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 production rate, but
      there is little effect on the fractional rate of clearance of this
      apolipoprotein. The operation is only palliative because significant
      hypercholesterolemia remains after surgery. Liver transplantation restores LDL
      receptor activity to over 60% of normal, which results in an increase in the
      fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and a decrease in the synthetic rate of LDL apo B
      100. Both metabolic changes cause the LDL cholesterol level to drop by about 80%.
      After transplantation, homozygotes are also more responsive to certain
      cholesterol-lowering drugs. It is concluded that liver transplantation is more
      effective than portacaval shunt surgery for treating homozygous FH. However,
      liver transplantation should be reserved for those patients who cannot produce
      functioning LDL receptors and who do not respond to more conservative forms of
      therapy.

PMID- 2643428
TI  - Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Animal model for familial
      hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - The Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit has proved to be an
      invaluable animal model of human familial hypercholesterolemia. The mutant low
      density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in the WHHL rabbit lacks four amino acids in
      the third repeat unit of the receptor-binding domain. By the criterion of LDL
      binding, the WHHL rabbit is receptor-negative; although the receptor is
      synthesized, it is very slowly glycosylated, and little may reach the cell
      surface. WHHL rabbits develop fatty intimal streaks and later complicated
      atherosclerotic lesions, as do cholesterol-fed rabbits. The lipoproteins
      accumulating in their blood include not only LDL but also remnants of very low
      density lipoproteins (VLDL). Chylomicron metabolism, however, appears to be
      normal. Metabolic studies have shown that VLDL are synthesized and secreted by
      the liver at normal rates, and no particles containing apolipoprotein B-100 are
      secreted in lipoproteins of higher density. VLDL remnants are metabolized
      sluggishly, and a much larger fraction than normal is converted to LDL, which,
      therefore, accumulate not only because of impaired removal, but also as a result
      of increased formation from VLDL precursors. Both metabolic studies and the
      responsiveness of WHHL rabbits to dietary perturbations and drugs that affect the
      number of LDL receptors on hepatocytes suggest that the LDL receptor on cell
      surfaces in WHHL rabbits recognizes some VLDL remnants, but not LDL. These
      receptors may also participate in the metabolism of chylomicron remnants.

PMID- 2643429
TI  - Molecular basis of familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disease characterized by an
      elevated level of low density lipoprotein (LDL), xanthomas, and an increased
      frequency of heart attacks. One of the first descriptions of this disease was
      reported some 50 years ago by the Norwegian physician, Carl Muller. Research and
      clinical studies in the ensuing half century have shown that FH is caused by
      mutations in the gene for the LDL receptor. In this article, we review our
      studies of the last 5 years that have focused on the molecular genetics of the
      LDL receptor locus and its pathogenesis in FH.

PMID- 2643430
TI  - Endothelin action: Inhibition by a protein kinase C inhibitor and involvement of
      phosphoinositols.
AB  - Endothelin tightly bound to rabbit aortic strips and caused a prolonged
      vasoconstriction both in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+, although
      only partial constriction (20-30%) developed in the latter case, indicating that
      its action may not be limited to the opening of a calcium channel. The endothelin
      induced constriction was reversed by the protein kinase C inhibitor, 1-(5
      isoquinolynylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7). In contrast to the observation
      of Hirata et al (1), endothelin caused a robust phosphatidylinositol breakdown
      producing inositol mono-, bis-and trisphosphates in cultured rat vascular smooth
      muscle cells. It showed no effect on cyclic nucleotide levels in the same
      cultured cells. These results indicate that phosphatidylinositol turnover and
      protein kinase C activation are involved in endothelin-induced vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2643431
TI  - Anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies of primary biliary cirrhosis as a novel probe
      in the study of the biosynthetic regulation of the yeast 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase
      complexes.
AB  - Autoantibodies present in the disease primary biliary cirrhosis react by
      immunoblotting with four major yeast mitochondrial antigens of 58 kDa, 55 kDa, 52
      kDa and 45 kDa, tentatively identified as the lipoate acetyl transferases (E2) of
      the pyruvate dehydrogenase, component X of E2 pyruvate dehydrogenase, E2 of 2-oxo
      glutarate dehydrogenase and E2 of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase
      complexes respectively. The synthesis of these antigens is sensitive to
      catabolite repression. The reactive antigens are present in mit- mutants of yeast
      which have specific defects in the mitochondrial apocytochrome b, cytochrome
      oxidase subunit II and H+ -ATPase subunits 8 and 9, and in mtDNA-less rho O
      petite mutants, but a significant increase in the sensitivity to catabolite
      repression was observed in these mutants in particular in the mtDNA-less strains.

PMID- 2643432
TI  - Endothelin-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ store overlaps with caffeine-sensitive
      one in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in primary cultures.
AB  - We made use of quin2 microfluorometry to determine the effects of endothelin (ET)
      on cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations [Ca2+]i) in rat aortic smooth muscle cells
      in primary culture. In Ca2+-containing medium, ET induced a rapid and sustained
      elevation of [Ca2+]i. In the latter component, in particular, the elevation of
      [Ca2+]i was inhibited by diltiazem. In Ca2+-free medium, ET induced a rapid and
      transient [Ca2+]i elevation, which was not inhibited by diltiazem. When the
      caffeine-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ store was practically depleted by repeated
      treatment with caffeine in Ca2+-free media, ET did not elevate [Ca2+]i. Thus, it
      was suggested that ET induces [Ca2+]i elevation not only by extracellular Ca2+
      dependent, mechanisms but also by releasing Ca2+ from the intracellular store,
      and that the ET-sensitive Ca2+ store may overlap with the caffeine-sensitive one,
      in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 2643433
TI  - Mechanism of shear-induced prostacyclin production in endothelial cells.
AB  - Human umbilical vein endothelial cells at confluence were subjected to steady
      shear flow. It was previously shown that flow induced a burst in prostacyclin
      production followed by a sustained stimulation of production several fold higher
      than basal levels (1). In the presence of EGTA, prostacyclin production was
      inhibited in the steady state phase by 74%. Preincubation of endothelial cells
      with quin2/AM, used here as an intracellular calcium chelator, also inhibited the
      production of prostacyclin (83%). Inhibition of intracellular calcium
      mobilization had no significant effect. Incubation of cells with nifedipine, a
      voltage operated channel blocker, had no effect on shear induced prostacyclin
      production, whereas ibuprofen decreased shear induced prostacyclin production.
      RHC-80267, a diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, inhibited 66% of shear induced PGI2
      production. Our results suggest that both extracellular and intracellular Ca2+
      are necessary and the phospholipase C pathway may be the main source for
      liberating arachidonic acid in shear induced prostacyclin production.

PMID- 2643434
TI  - The mechanisms of action of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

PMID- 2643435
TI  - T cell receptor genes and disease susceptibility.

PMID- 2643436
TI  - Badges of the dental profession. BDA University Teachers' and Research Workers'
      Group.

PMID- 2643437
TI  - Modulation of protein kinase C and diverse cell functions by sphingosine--a
      pharmacologically interesting compound linking sphingolipids and signal
      transduction.
AB  - Sphingosine, the backbone moiety of sphingomyelin, gangliosides and other complex
      sphingolipids, is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C in vitro and of cellular
      events dependent on this enzyme. The systems that have been found, thus far, to
      be affected by sphingosine encompass various components of host defense system,
      including the activation of platelets, neutrophils and natural killer cells; the
      cytolytic activity of pathogens and expression of viral genes; cell growth and
      differentiation in several cell types, including leukemic and neuronal cells;
      insulin stimulated hexose transport and metabolism in adipocytes; ion-transport
      systems in various models; the response of neuronal cells to excitatory
      compounds; and receptor desensitization. While sphingosine has appeared to be a
      relatively potent and specific inhibitor of protein kinase C in the systems
      studied, recent findings with the epidermal growth factor receptor indicate that
      it may serve as a pleotrophic modulator of cell functions. New strategies for the
      design of pharmacologically active agents should arise from further studies of
      the action of long-chain (sphingoid) bases. Furthermore, since free sphingosine
      is a natural constituent of cells and the levels can be modulated by phorbol
      esters and other factors, a cycle of complex sphingolipid hydrolysis and
      resynthesis to regulate the amount of free sphingosine may constitute one
      mechanism of action of these compounds.

PMID- 2643438
TI  - Investigations into the nature of growth-related proteolysis in human
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Previous experiments have shown that cultured human fibroblasts possess a cell
      surface proteinase (the growth-related proteinase; GRP) which is essential to
      cell proliferation. In the present work, proteinase inhibition in defined and
      complex serum-free media and in pre-conditioned normal medium, still resulted in
      a corresponding inhibition of cell proliferation. Proteinase inhibition also
      blocked the action of a range of peptide growth factors and of a phorbol ester.
      Elevated extracellular calcium concentrations were still mitogenic in the
      presence of proteinase inhibitors. Proteinase inhibition did not affect the
      mobilisation of intracellular calcium, nor the metabolism of inositol phosphate
      derivatives in response to a mitogenic stimulus.

PMID- 2643439
TI  - Lysosomal hydrolases of human vascular cells: response to agonists of endothelial
      function.
AB  - Endothelial injury has been proposed as a feature of a wide variety of vascular
      diseases, and release of endothelial lysosomal hydrolases could contribute to the
      pathological changes seen. We have determined the relative activities of 14
      glycosidases, two esterases and four peptide hydrolases in human umbilical vein
      endothelial cells and investigated whether known agonists of endothelial
      function, or materials known to modulate hydrolase secretion in other phagocytic
      cells, influenced the activity or secretion of these enzymes by human umbilical
      vein endothelial cells. Hexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase
      and alpha-iduronidase accounted for most of the measured glycosidase activity.
      Acid phosphatase activity greatly exceeded arylsulphatase activity, and most of
      the measured peptidase activity was due to acid peptidases. Optimum pH and
      apparent Km values were determined for the most abundant hydrolases. Exposure of
      human umbilical vein endothelial cells to bradykinin, thrombin or interleukin-1
      resulted in negligible release of either hexosaminidase or lactate dehydrogenase
      (LDH), in contrast to phorbol myristate acetate, which caused a parallel, dose
      dependent release of both enzymes. Treatment of these cells with calcium
      ionophore A23187, trypsin or platelet-activating factor, caused less than 10%
      release of either hexosaminidase or LDH. Agents known to modulate lysosomal
      enzyme secretion by other phagocytic cells failed to induce selective secretion
      of lysosomal enzymes by human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

PMID- 2643440
TI  - Polyphosphate synthesis in yeast.
AB  - Polyphosphate synthesis was studied in phosphate-starved cells of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus. Incubation of these yeasts for a short
      time with phosphate and either glucose or ethanol resulted in the formation of
      polyphosphate with a short chain length. With increasing incubation times,
      polyphosphates with longer chain lengths were formed. Polyphosphates were
      synthesized faster during incubation with glucose than with ethanol. Antimycin
      did not affect the glucose-induced polyphosphate synthesis in either yeast. Using
      ethanol as an energy source, antimycin A treatment blocked both polyphosphate
      synthesis and accumulation of orthophosphate in the yeast S. cerevisiae. However,
      in K. marxianus, polyphosphate synthesis and orthophosphate accumulation
      proceeded normally in antimycin-treated cells, suggesting that endogenous
      reserves were used as energy source. This was confirmed in experiments, conducted
      in the absence of an exogenous energy source.

PMID- 2643441
TI  - Insulin processing in primary endosomes is not responsible for insulin resistance
      observed in parametrial adipocytes from lactating rats.
AB  - The fate of [125I insulin and the insulin receptor after internalization was
      characterized in parametrial adipocytes from virgin rats. Parallel experiments
      were carried out on parametrial adipocytes from 2-4-day lactating rats, which are
      insulin resistant. Similar results were obtained in adipocytes from either group
      of animals. Insulin caused 10% of the plasma membrane insulin receptor to be
      translocated to a compartment resistant to extracellular trypsin. The
      intracellularly located insulin receptor rapidly recycled to the plasma membrane
      at 37 degrees C. An endosomal compartment involved in both the endocytosis and
      subsequent recycling of [125I]insulin and the insulin receptor to the plasma
      membrane was identified on sucrose density floatation gradients. [125I]Insulin
      internalized at 37 degrees C accumulated in a fraction of modal density 1.12
      g/ml. Crosslinking experiments revealed the presence of intact [125I]insulin
      insulin receptor complexes in endosomes. After a pulse with [125I]insulin, 55-60%
      of the 125I radioactivity recovered in the endosome compartment was intact
      [125I]insulin. The remainder was composed of low molecular weight degradation
      products. Endosomal 125I radioactivity was rapidly retroendocytosed to the medium
      with a mean half-life of 6 min. These results suggest: (1) [125I]insulin and the
      insulin receptor are internalized by parametrial adipocytes into an early
      endosomal compartment (primary endosomes), from which the receptor, intact
      [125I]insulin, and [125I]tyrosine are returned to the cell surface; and (2) the
      damping of the insulin signal observed in parametrial adipocytes from lactating
      rats is not expressed at the level of altered endocytotic processing of
      [125I]insulin and the insulin receptor.

PMID- 2643442
TI  - Effects of fetal hypoinsulinemia on fetal hepatic insulin binding in the rat.
AB  - Fetal hepatic insulin binding was studied in term fetal rats born to control
      mothers, mothers fasted for 48 h and mothers made hyperinsulinemic by the
      chronic, exogenous administration of insulin for 5 days prior to term. Maternal
      hyperinsulinemia was associated with fetal hypoglycemia and an approx. 70%
      reduction in fetal plasma insulin. Fetuses from these mothers exhibited an
      increase in hepatic insulin binding as indicated by a significant change in
      Scatchard analyses. No significant effect on fetal hepatic insulin binding by
      Scatchard analysis was seen with maternal fasting, despite a modest decrease in
      fetal plasma insulin. However, analysis of all animals showed that high-affinity
      fetal hepatic insulin binding and specific 125I-insulin binding were inversely
      correlated with fetal plasma insulin concentration. These results indicate that
      fetal rat liver, similar to adult rat liver, responds to a decrease in
      circulating insulin to below normal concentrations with an increase in insulin
      receptor binding.

PMID- 2643444
TI  - Supervision requirements for dental hygienists.

PMID- 2643443
TI  - Plasma melatonin levels in depressed patients before and after treatment with
      antidepressant medication.
AB  - Daytime melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay in 113 depressed outpatients
      before and after treatment with imipramine, mianserin, phenelzine, and placebo.
      At baseline, elevation of daytime melatonin values above expected levels suggests
      nonspecificity of the assay. After 6 weeks of treatment, melatonin levels were
      somewhat lower in patients on imipramine, mianserin, and placebo and slightly
      increased in patients treated with phenelzine. Changes in melatonin levels during
      treatment were significantly different for phenelzine compared with the other
      treatments. These findings are consistent with alterations in beta-adrenergic
      functioning or changes in serotonin levels.

PMID- 2643445
TI  - 'To shave or not to shave'.

PMID- 2643446
TI  - Triazolam--'uniformly good results'.

PMID- 2643447
TI  - Practice prosperity--1989.

PMID- 2643448
TI  - Esthetic treatment of anterior teeth. Technique choices.
AB  - The esthetic treatments of anterior teeth offer a variety of challenges. The
      dentist's artistic talents, understanding of the principles of esthetics and
      color are key points in planning and performing a successful treatment. The
      availability of different modalities of treatment should help provide the
      patient's needs and expectations. A thorough knowledge of the advantages and
      limitations of each treatment modality, and each clinical situation, should help
      in making appropriate treatment decisions.

PMID- 2643449
TI  - Sugar load of oral liquid medications on chronically ill children.
AB  - Children with congenital disorders or chronic illnesses receive additional sugar
      from oral liquid medications. The purpose of this study was to determine the
      history of oral liquid medication usage and the incidence of dental caries from
      birth until about 36 months of age in a population of 20 such children. A pattern
      appeared in the frequency and dispensing characteristics of the 44 different
      drugs used for these children. Parents gave daily doses of syrupy medications and
      elixirs 3-4 times a day and at least two of these doses were given just before or
      during a designated nap or bedtime. Parental concerns for the more serious
      medical condition naturally overrode the consideration of sound dental hygiene
      practices. In this study, diseased, extracted and filled primary teeth def(t)
      were recorded and the medicinal sugar load at the time of examination was
      calculated as well as the cumulative medicinal sugar load from birth. Average age
      on examination was 31 months and the median number of def(t) was eight. The mean
      total amount of additional sugar from oral liquid medications was 8,696 g and the
      maximum sugar consumed by one child was over 20 kg. Physicians currently have no
      choice but to prescribe certain medications that contain 30 to 70 per cent sugar
      for patients who are already at higher than usual risk for dental caries due to
      chronic illness.

PMID- 2643450
TI  - The use of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis of Paget's disease of the mandible.
      Report of a case.
AB  - Traditionally, incisional bone biopsy has been required in order to establish and
      confirm a diagnosis of Paget's disease (Osteitis deformans) of the mandible
      and/or maxilla. This article presents a case report of a patient who refused such
      biopsy. The patient was referred with a three year history of intermittent
      mandibular pain, accompanied by occasional swelling of the adjacent soft tissues.
      Although several health professionals had been consulted, no diagnosis had been
      established. Furthermore, an incisional biopsy had apparently been performed in
      the area of the left mandible, as reported by the patient, with no conclusive
      results. On examination, the patient refused all proposed repeat biopsy, but did
      agree to a full laboratory workup which included: routine blood studies; nuclear
      medicine bone studies of total body regions including the head and neck, followed
      by sialography of the submandibular salivary glands. A definitive diagnosis of
      Paget's disease was reported on 99-m-MDP-technetium bone scans of the mandible.
      The patient was subsequently treated with the appropriate medication which
      resulted in a remission of the disease over the three year follow-up period. The
      histopathological diagnosis was never confirmed because of the patient's repeated
      refusal to be biopsied.

PMID- 2643451
TI  - Sulfite, asthma and vasoconstrictors.
AB  - The use of vasoconstrictors in dentistry has always been a topic of controversy
      for the medically compromised patient. Over the past few years, dentists have
      been warned not to use local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors in asthmatic
      patients. In this article, the authors question the rationale behind these
      recommendations and explain why the warning should be restricted to steroid
      dependent asthmatic patients.

PMID- 2643452
TI  - [Frequency of food consumption in children. Weekdays versus weekends].
AB  - The accurate assessment of nutritional quality or of food eating frequency in
      epidemiologic studies depends among other things on the internal validity of the
      method. The purpose of this study was to compare the mean food eating frequencies
      at meals and between-meals of 20 specific food items obtained from a two-weekday
      diet record to those obtained from one weekend-day. A three-day-diet record
      including a weekend-day was completed by 549 eleven-year old children with the
      help of their parents. For each pair of food frequencies observed, a Student t
      test was performed. The results showed that when comparing the means for two
      weekdays to one weekend-day, significant differences (p less than 0.05) were
      observed for soft drinks, pastries, milk and vegetables. Also fruit juices, whole
      grain cereals, fresh fruits, milk, green and yellow vegetables were eaten
      significantly less at meals during the weekend-day. Between-meal eating is
      generally more salted or more sweetened during the weekend-day. Foods generally
      considered to be more nutritious are eaten less during the weekend-day. The
      differences in food frequencies obtained showed the need of including one weekend
      day in a three-day-diet record to avoid the overestimation of food consumption
      and of the quality of the diet.

PMID- 2643453
TI  - A mucinous-like carcinoma-associated antigen (MCA) in the tissue and blood of
      patients with primary breast cancer.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody (MAb) b12 raised against human breast cancer cell lines
      was found to identify an epitope of a mucinous-like carcinoma associated antigen
      (MCA) that is strongly represented on breast tumor cells. The b12 MAb was used to
      develop an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. MCA levels were measured with the EIA
      method in the cytosol of both breast cancer and normal breast tissue as well as
      in the blood of 147 patients with primary breast cancer and 92 healthy subjects.
      MCA cytosol levels were significantly higher in carcinoma than in normal breast
      tissue cytosol samples. Higher MCA levels were found in the cytosol of tumor
      without lymph nodal involvement. The 95th percentile of the MCA value
      distribution in the healthy control group (11.0 U/ml) was chosen as
      negative/positive cut-off level. The overall positivity rate in breast cancer
      group was 26.5% with MCA showing a trend toward higher levels in patients with
      more advanced disease. Significantly higher levels were found in patients with a
      higher number of positive lymph nodes.

PMID- 2643454
TI  - Diagnosis of major tumor categories in fine-needle aspirates is more accurate
      when light microscopy is combined with intermediate filament typing. A study of
      403 cases.
AB  - Intermediate filament (IF) typing of tumor cells with monoclonal antibodies was
      applied to 403 fine-needle aspirates. In 271 cases specific cytologic diagnosis
      of tumor type was apparent from clinical data and light microscopic study alone.
      Intermediate filament typing confirmed the tumor type in 262 cases and changed an
      erroneous cytologic diagnosis of major tumor type in nine cases. In a second
      group of 132 difficult cases, where the tumor type could not be revealed with
      certainty, IF typing confirmed the cytologic suggestion of tumor type in 50
      cases, changed it in nine cases, and helped resolve ambiguities in cytologic
      diagnosis in 59 cases. It did not help in 14 cases. Thus IF typing adds
      independent objective differentiation specific information to descriptive tumor
      typing currently used in aspiration cytologic study. When combined with the
      morphologic analysis of tumor cells and clinical information it can refine the
      cytologic diagnosis of major tumor types and prevent error.

PMID- 2643455
TI  - Gliosarcoma with cartilage formation.
AB  - A case of gliosarcoma with cartilaginous component is described.
      Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies confirmed the presence of
      glial and fibroblastic elements. A major part of the sarcomatous tissue was
      undifferentiated and not labeled by any of the markers used including those for
      endothelial cells. The cartilage cells also were not labeled either by antiglial
      fibrillary acidic protein or any other marker. The occurrence and histogenesis of
      cartilage in gliomas and gliosarcomas have been reviewed.

PMID- 2643456
TI  - Liver findings in generalized mastocytosis. A clinicopathologic study.
AB  - Although the liver is one of the four organs most often involved in generalized
      mastocytosis (GM), little is known about macroscopic and microscopic liver
      findings in this rare disease. This study included 182 patients with GM
      (confirmed in most by bone marrow histologic study), comprising 52 cases of our
      own and 130 reported in the literature. Hepatomegaly was found in 131 (72%) of
      the 182 patients, cirrhosis in seven (4%), and periportal fibrosis in 25 (14%).
      Mast cell (MC) infiltration of the liver was confirmed histologically in 77
      (42%). Liver specimens were available for further histologic investigation in 11
      of our own cases of GM. Nine of these contained MC aggregates. Mast cells were
      found predominantly in the portal tracts but numerous MC also were loosely
      scattered throughout the sinusoids. Diagnostic confusion of GM with reactive
      lesions of the liver is unlikely to occur since MC, according to our own
      observations and the available literature, are found only in very low numbers in
      normal liver tissue, where they occur mainly in the portal tracts. Reliable
      identification of MC does, however, require special stains, like Giemsa,
      toluidine blue, or naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase.

PMID- 2643457
TI  - Association of early malignant melanoma with nevocytic nevi.
AB  - The percentage of histologically associated malignant nevocytic nevi is essential
      for establishing concepts of histogenesis. The literature abounds with studies of
      this association. However, the results are conflicting and vary between 4% and
      72% of malignant melanomas with associated nevocytic nevi with a maximum
      frequency between 20% and 30%. These different values could be partially
      explained by the fact that tumors in more advanced stages might have "overgrown"
      preexisting nevocytic cells. For this reason, only cases of early stage malignant
      melanoma (tumor thickness less than or equal to 1.5 mm; level of invasion less
      than or equal to III) were included in this study (n = 150). Thirty-three (22%)
      of 150 cases of malignant melanoma were associated with nevocytic nevi. In an
      additional 6.1% of the cases there was a possible but doubtful association. In
      45.4% of the cases the nevus cells could be detected below the tumor, in 18.2%
      they could be seen at the laterally adjacent sides, and in 36.4% they were found
      at both sites. Fifty percent showed junctional activity from the nevocytic nevi
      located to the side of the melanoma. We conclude that the finding of
      approximately 27% of nevocytic nevi with junctional activity among the nevocytic
      nevi associated with malignant melanoma could be an indicator that at least some
      malignant melanomas develop within or next to a preexisting and still
      proliferating nevocytic nevus.

PMID- 2643458
TI  - Attenuation of asparaginase-induced hyperglycemia after substitution of the
      Erwinia carotovora for the Escherichia coli enzyme preparation.
AB  - L-asparaginase, an enzyme with established antileukemic activity, increases the
      induction rate and duration of remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia when
      added to vincristine and prednisone for induction therapy. Enzymes derived from
      two different bacterial sources (Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora) are in
      common use. These enzymes may be associated with toxic reactions of differing
      frequency and severity. Specifically, the complication of enzyme-induced
      hyperglycemia may be seen more frequently after exposure to the E. coli product.
      The authors present two patients in whom it was necessary to substitute the
      Erwinia enzyme for the E. coli enzyme because of the occurrence of severe
      allergic reactions to the E. coli enzyme. Hyperglycemia induced by the first
      product improved after the substitution, suggesting that the Erwinia enzyme may
      be less diabetogenic than the E. coli enzyme.

PMID- 2643459
TI  - Morphological and immunohistochemical studies of the estrogen-induced Syrian
      hamster renal tumor: probable cell of origin.
AB  - Chronic natural or synthetic estrogen treatment of Syrian golden hamsters leads
      to the development of malignant renal neoplasms. In the present study,
      morphological and immunohistochemical studies were performed to further
      characterize the estrogen-induced hamster renal tumors. The neoplasms were
      composed of two distinct cell populations: a large-cell component that appeared
      highly epithelial, and a poorly differentiated small-cell component. Importantly,
      both cell types had epithelial characteristics, since they contained desmosomes
      at their cell surfaces. However, the large-cell component possessed additional
      epithelial features such as microvilli, intracytoplasmic lumens, and cilia.
      Comparative studies of renal tumors and developing renal tissue from fetal and
      newborn hamsters revealed remarkable histological similarities. Morphologically,
      the large tumor cells resembled early metanephric tubules and the small tumor
      cells were very similar to the blastemal cells of the developing kidney. The
      earliest tumor foci were found after 4.5 months of treatment. They were
      consistently found in the kidney interstitium in proximity to large arteries.
      Immunohistochemical staining for intermediate filaments in developing fetal and
      newborn kidneys demonstrated cytokeratin in renal tubules, desmin in blastemal
      cells, and vimentin in stromal cells. Estrogen-induced renal tumor cells uniquely
      possessed reactivity for all three intermediate filaments, clearly demonstrating
      their epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics. Based on their morphological
      resemblance to developing embryonic kidney cells and the presence of both
      epithelial and mesenchymal intermediate filaments, our findings provide strong
      evidence that the cell of origin of this malignant tumor is a precursor cell that
      is committed to an epithelial differentiation pathway.

PMID- 2643460
TI  - Immunocytochemical analysis of estrogen receptors as a predictor of prognosis in
      breast cancer patients: comparison with quantitative biochemical methods.
AB  - Biochemical quantitation of estrogen receptors has been used to predict prognosis
      in breast cancer. Immunocytochemical analysis of estrogen receptors correlates
      with biochemical analysis but has very few follow-up studies in the literature to
      validate it as a prognostic indicator. 257 patients were followed for up to 10
      years (median, 6.2 years) after primary surgical treatment. Estrogen receptor
      analysis using both biochemical and immunocytochemical techniques was performed
      on their tumor specimens. Patients with positive estrogen receptor values had
      longer survival than patients with negative values. This was demonstrated by both
      methods in the first 5 years of follow-up but only by immunochemistry after 5
      years. The relationship between estrogen receptor status and disease-free
      interval was less strong than with survival. This study demonstrates that
      immunocytochemical estrogen receptor analysis was of prognostic significance.

PMID- 2643461
TI  - Hodgkin's disease: challenges for the future.
AB  - Clinical investigators of Hodgkin's disease of the recent past have reason to be
      proud. Tens of thousands of individuals, many of them young, fertile, and
      productive, have been cured of their life-threatening disease. There are few
      better examples of the success and rewards of clinical oncology than in the
      control of Hodgkin's disease by improved diagnostic methods and the appropriate
      use of radiation and chemotherapy. Yet the clinical investigator of today cannot
      be satisfied with these successes. The treatment required for high cure rates
      remains empirical, difficult, and costly. The goal must be to prevent or reverse
      this fascinating disease, utilizing specific therapy designed from a knowledge of
      the cause and pathogenesis of the disease. There are sufficient biological clues
      and methodologies to predict that this will be possible, and in the decade of the
      1990s!

PMID- 2643462
TI  - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of tumors and potential in vivo clinical
      applications: a review.
AB  - The development of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as an
      established research tool for noninvasive studies of cancer cells and for in vivo
      studies of tumors in animals and humans has led to the possibility that this
      technique may be used in the future for clinical research studies and monitoring
      of therapy in cancer patients in combination with magnetic resonance imaging.
      This article provides a brief qualitative explanation of NMR spectroscopy and
      then reviews the cell and animal studies detailing which biochemicals can be
      observed in vivo by 31P, 13C, and 1H NMR. The human studies done to date and
      their potential for diagnosis and monitoring of therapy are then discussed. In
      addition, 19F NMR spectroscopic studies of fluorinated drugs and 1H and 31P NMR
      studies relating to drug resistance are mentioned. The current technical
      limitations and developing improvements are indicated also.

PMID- 2643463
TI  - Complexity of MAM-6, an epithelial sialomucin associated with carcinomas.
AB  - The complexity of epithelial sialomucins was investigated by immunoprecipitation
      and membrane immunofluorescence, using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against MAM-6
      and other sialomucins. MAbs against MAM-6 immunoprecipitated from a variety of
      sources either one or two sialylated glycoproteins with apparent molecular
      weights of over 400,000 under reducing as well as nonreducing conditions. The
      electrophoretic mobility of each MAM-6 glycoprotein as isolated from serum, milk,
      and cell lines of different individuals showed considerable variation. The
      differences in molecular weight of the MAM-6 glycoproteins were also reflected at
      the level of MAM-6 precursors which are less heavily glycosylated. Therefore,
      large differences in apparent molecular weight (150,000 and over) are most likely
      due to a variable protein backbone. We used this molecular polymorphism to prove
      that 11 MAbs against different sialomucins, obtained from various investigators,
      precipitated sialomucins generated from common precursor molecules. The pattern
      of reactivity of the MAbs with carcinoma cell lines was complex. All but the two
      MAbs, directed against putative carbohydrate epitopes, immunoprecipitated the
      precursor molecule from each cell line. However, some of them were unable to
      immunoprecipitate the mature form of MAM-6 from these cell lines. These results
      indicate that those epitopes are masked, probably due to cell line- or possibly
      cell type-dependent variations in glycosylation of the epithelial sialomucin.
      Even within a single cell line mature molecules with different epitopes were
      observed. The differential reactivity of the MAbs was confirmed by membrane
      immunofluorescence. These results show that MAM-6 belongs to a family of
      epithelial sialomucins with a polymorphic protein backbone and extensive
      variation in glycosylation.

PMID- 2643464
TI  - Correlation between mammary tumor and blood glucose, serum insulin, and free
      fatty acids in mice.
AB  - The blood glucose level and serum levels of insulin, glucagon, and free fatty
      acids were examined in 7- to 8-mo-old female SHN mice with or without spontaneous
      mammary tumors (MT). Blood glucose levels in the females with MT were
      significantly higher than in those without MT, rising in proportion to the
      increase in size of MT up to 30 mm in diameter. In 4-mo-old male SHN and 11-mo
      old female C57BL mice bearing mammary tumor grafts (MTg), the blood glucose level
      was significantly higher than in mice without MTg. Serum insulin and free fatty
      acids in female SHN mice with MT rose to higher levels than in mice without MT,
      whereas serum glucagon levels were unaltered. In 50% of mice with MT, pancreatic
      islets contained a large number of pyknotic cells. Livers of mice with MT or MTg
      were significantly heavier than those of mice without MT or MTg. In both female
      SHN mice with spontaneous MT and male SHN and female C57BL mice with MTg, the
      total number of hepatocytes and the total amount of liver DNA increased
      significantly compared with values from corresponding controls without MT or MTg.
      These findings suggest that MT or MTg induce a hyperglycemic state and an
      enhanced production of free fatty acids and insulin, which may in turn stimulate
      the growth of mammary tumors and the liver.

PMID- 2643466
TI  - Effects of triiodothyronine and tamoxifen on cell transformation induced by an
      activated c-Ha-ras oncogene.
AB  - We have found that the thyroid hormone 3,5',3'-triiodo-L-thyronine stimulates the
      transformation of Rat 6 fibroblasts when these cells are transfected with an
      activated human c-Ha-ras oncogene (T24). 3,5',3'-Triiodo-L-thyronine did not
      further augment the stimulation of oncogene-induced transformation obtained with
      a phorbol ester tumor promoter (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) or a factor
      from fetal calf serum. On the other hand, tamoxifen, an antiestrogen that also
      inhibits protein kinase C, markedly inhibited Ha-ras-induced cell transformation
      in the presence of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or fetal calf serum. Time
      course studies and Southern blot analyses of DNAs isolated from transformed foci
      provided evidence that 3,5',3'-triiodo-L-thyronine and tamoxifen do not exert
      their effects simply by enhancing or inhibiting integration of the transfected
      oncogene into cellular DNA. These findings indicate that hormonal factors can
      modulate the ability of an activated Ha-ras oncogene to transform cells. They may
      be relevant to the process of multistage carcinogenesis in vivo.

PMID- 2643465
TI  - Differential proliferative response to linoleate in cultures of epithelial cells
      from normal human breast and fibroadenomas.
AB  - Human breast epithelial cells isolated from normal breast tissues of
      premenopausal women demonstrated direct evidence of a proliferative effect by
      linoleate (18:2 omega 6) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the presence of insulin
      and epidermal growth factor in serum-free cultures within a collagen gel matrix.
      Neither epidermal growth factor nor 18:2 omega 6 by itself was capable of
      stimulating growth but together they stimulated proliferation synergistically.
      Epithelial cells isolated from fibroadenomas on the other hand failed to exhibit
      any growth stimulation due to 18:2 omega 6 or PGE2. The linoleate-stimulated
      growth in normal breast epithelial cells was inhibited by indomethacin, a
      cyclooxygenase inhibitor, which however could be reversed by PGE2. The
      proliferative response of normal breast epithelial cells to 18:2 omega 6 was
      accompanied by a greater conversion of [14C]18:2 omega 6 to arachidonic acid and
      [14C]20:4 omega 6 to prostaglandins than that seen in epithelial cells from
      fibroadenomas. The turnover of [14C]18:2 omega 6 in the phospholipids of normal
      cells was higher than in fibroadenomas indicating a possible role of
      phospholipids in mediating the 18:2 omega 6 effect in normal cells. Both normal
      and fibroadenoma cells can proliferate in response to cholera toxin and
      glucocorticoids when supplemented to the insulin- and epidermal growth factor
      containing medium. From the results it appears that, unlike normal cells,
      fibroadenoma cells may have a specific defect in the PGE2-responsive cyclic AMP
      generating mechanism whereas cholera toxin-induced mechanism is operative in both
      types of cells.

PMID- 2643467
TI  - Induction by the guanosine analogue oxanosine of reversion toward the normal
      phenotype of K-ras-transformed rat kidney cells.
AB  - Oxanosine, a guanosine analogue antibiotic, altered the "transformed" morphology
      of rat kidney cells integrating a temperature-sensitive K-ras gene into "normal"
      morphology at 34 degrees C, a permissive temperature. Oxanosine also increased
      the cellular content of fibronectin to the normal level. The cells under these
      conditions had lower levels of guanine nucleotides and unstable and less
      palmitylated Mr 21,000 protein (K-ras gene product, referred to as p21). These
      changes in p21 were the same as those which occurred to p21 in the cells cultured
      in the absence of oxanosine at 39.5 degrees C, a nonpermissive temperature.

PMID- 2643468
TI  - Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions list of U.S. cardiac
      catheterization laboratories.

PMID- 2643469
TI  - Cut, paste, and save: new approaches to altering specific genes in mice.

PMID- 2643470
TI  - Regulation of gene expression during plant embryogenesis.

PMID- 2643471
TI  - Chloroplast gene expression: how plants turn their plastids on.

PMID- 2643472
TI  - Molecular biology of plant mitochondria.

PMID- 2643473
TI  - Transfer and function of T-DNA genes from agrobacterium Ti and Ri plasmids in
      plants.

PMID- 2643474
TI  - Rhizobium-legume nodulation: life together in the underground.

PMID- 2643475
TI  - Signals and transduction mechanisms for activation of plant defenses against
      microbial attack.

PMID- 2643476
TI  - Developmental programming of the shoot meristem.

PMID- 2643477
TI  - Plant cell wall architecture.

PMID- 2643478
TI  - Dynamics of the photosystem II reaction center.

PMID- 2643479
TI  - Transport and routing of proteins into chloroplasts.

PMID- 2643480
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of self-incompatibility in flowering plants.

PMID- 2643481
TI  - Arabidopsis, a useful weed.

PMID- 2643482
TI  - Functional dissection and sequence of yeast HAP1 activator.
AB  - We present the DNA sequence and a functional dissection of the 1483 residue yeast
      activator HAP1. Salient results are, first, a single DNA binding domain (1-148)
      specifies binding to the two target sites of different sequence, UAS1 and CYC7.
      This domain contains a cysteine-rich zinc finger, and mutation of either of two
      cysteines abolishes binding to both sites. Second, mutations that specifically
      abolish binding to UAS1 or to CYC7 exist. These changes lie either in the residue
      immediately amino-terminal to the finger or in sequences carboxyl to the finger.
      Thus, both the base of the finger and carboxyl flanking residues are involved in
      specific DNA binding. Third, a distinct region (residues 245-445) mediates heme
      induction by masking the DNA binding domain in the absence of inducer; heme
      counteracts this masking, perhaps by interacting with a repeat sequence of metal
      binding character in this region. While sequences between 445 and 1308 have no
      obvious function, a highly acidic carboxyl terminus mediates transcriptional
      activation by HAP1.

PMID- 2643483
TI  - Prolonged in vitro exposure of Syrian hamster embryo cells to 3-aminobenzamide
      induces transformation and chromosomal alterations but not gene mutations.
AB  - To investigate the genetic mechanisms involved in morphological transformation of
      Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells, we have studied the transforming potential of
      3-aminobenzamide (3-AB). It was found that prolonged exposure to 3-AB induced
      morphological transformation of SHE cells as well as C3H10T 1/2 cells. At similar
      doses, 3-AB induced SCEs and chromosomal alterations (gaps, breaks and exchanges)
      in SHE cells, but no mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl
      transferase locus. These data strongly suggest morphological transformation can
      result from genetic alterations other than gene mutations. The possible nature of
      these genetic alterations involved will be discussed.

PMID- 2643484
TI  - Species differences in the interaction between CCl4 reactive metabolites and
      liver DNA or nuclear protein fractions.
AB  - CCl4 has been reported to be a liver carcinogen for several mice strains, for
      Syrian Golden hamsters, but not for Sprague-Dawley rats. CCl4 is an experimental
      carcinogen for which no convincing evidence of mutagenicity is available despite
      the fact that CCl4 reactive metabolites bind covalently to liver DNA. Here we
      describe studies on the relationship between the intensities of the covalent
      binding (CB) of CCl4 reactive metabolites to liver DNA and nuclear proteins
      either in vivo or in vitro after activation to reactive metabolites by nuclear
      preparations, considering the known susceptibility of the C3H mice, Syrian Golden
      hamsters and Sprague-Dawley rats to CCl4. There was no correlation between the
      intensity of CCl4 carcinogenic effects on the liver and CB of CCl4 reactive
      metabolites to total DNA either in vitro or in vivo. A good correlation between
      carcinogenicity and CB to total nuclear proteins (in vivo or in vitro was found.
      Nuclear protein fractionation studies revealed CB of CCl4 reactive metabolites to
      both histone and non-histone proteins when nuclear preparations activated CCl4
      either in the presence or absence of NADPH. Acidic and residual nuclear proteins
      were the favorite targets of the interaction with CCl4 reactive metabolites. A
      good correlation between CB to these nuclear protein fractions and CCl4
      carcinogenicity in the three species was found.

PMID- 2643485
TI  - Modulation of dietary fat-promoted pancreatic carcinogenesis in rats and hamsters
      by chronic coffee ingestion.
AB  - The effect of chronic coffee ingestion on dietary fat-promoted pancreatic
      carcinogenesis was investigated in rats and hamsters. Rats were given a single
      i.p. injection of 30 mg azaserine per kg body weight at 19 days of age. Hamsters
      were injected s.c. with 20 mg N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) per kg body
      weight at 6 and 7 weeks of age. The animals were fed a semi-purified diet high in
      unsaturated fat (25% corn oil) either in combination with coffee or not. Coffee
      was provided instead of drinking water. A separate group maintained on a diet low
      in unsaturated fat (5% corn oil) was included as extra controls. The rats and
      hamsters were given their diets and coffee after treatment with carcinogen.
      Terminal autopsy of rats was 15 months after azaserine treatment and of hamsters
      12 months after the last injection with BOP. In rat pancreas, the numbers of
      adenomas and carcinomas were significantly lower in the group maintained on the
      combination of a high-fat diet and coffee than in the high-fat group without
      coffee, while in the latter group the number of adenomas and carcinomas had
      significantly increased as compared to the low-fat controls. In hamsters, the
      number of ductal/ductular adenocarcinomas had significantly increased in the high
      fat group as compared to the low-fat controls. The inhibitory effect of coffee on
      dietary fat-promoted pancreatic carcinogenesis was also noticed in this species
      but was less pronounced than in rats. It was concluded that chronic coffee
      consumption has an inhibitory effect on dietary fat-promoted pancreatic
      carcinogenesis in rats and hamsters. More research is needed to elucidate the
      mechanism by which coffee (constituents) modulates carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2643486
TI  - Chromosomal alterations in peripheral blood lymphocytes, urinary mutagenicity and
      excretion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in six psoriatic patients
      undergoing coal tar therapy.
AB  - Six male non-smoking subjects treated for psoriasis with topical applications of
      pure coal tar or 4% coal tar-containing ointment were examined in order to assess
      the genotoxic risk associated with this type of therapy. Mutagenicity in urine
      samples collected before and during the coal tar therapy was evaluated in the
      plate incorporation assay on Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence
      of S9 mix and beta-glucuronidase. Total urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
      (PAH) levels were evaluated in parallel by high resolution gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry. In addition, sister chromatid exchanges and
      chromosomal aberrations were also analysed in peripheral blood lymphocytes
      collected before, during and after the end of the coal tar applications. The
      results suggest that urinary mutagenicity levels as well as the frequencies of
      chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes are related
      to the levels of exposure to coal tar. Moreover the kinetics of repair of
      chromosome damage in relation to different exposure levels and the capacity of
      the urinary mutagenicity assay to correctly identify the exposure to significant
      levels of PAH are discussed.

PMID- 2643487
TI  - Photolysis of arylazides and generation of highly electrophilic DNA-binding and
      mutagenic intermediates.
AB  - Photolysis of arylazides with long wavelength ultraviolet (NUV) light in an
      aqueous medium produces short-lived reactive chemical species which bind to DNA
      and deoxynucleoside 3'-phosphates and induce reversion mutations in frameshift
      tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Nitrenes are known reactive products of
      azide photolysis, so the DNA-binding and mutagenic species is either a nitrene or
      a nitrene-derivative. An N-hydroxyarylamine intermediate, potentially formed from
      a nitrene and water, can be excluded because the mutagenic potencies of the
      reactive species in TA98 and in the hydroxylamine-resistant TA98/1,8-DNP6 are of
      the same order, and because the life-time of this species is very short. The
      mutagenic potency of the arylazide photolysis products decreases in the order
      azido-IQ greater than 1-azidopyrene greater than azido-MeIQx greater than 6
      azidochrysene greater than 2-azidofluorene greater than 4-azidobiphenyl greater
      than 2-azido-naphthalene greater than 1-azido-naphthalene. This potency sequence
      correlates with that of the corresponding arylamines. Furthermore, their DNA
      binding products are chromatographically identical with those obtained in
      cellular, metabolizing systems from nitroarenes and arylamines. Therefore, the
      reactive, electrophilic azide photolysis product is very likely a nitrenium ion
      formed by protonation of a nitrene. Nitrenium ions are also the ultimate
      mutagens/carcinogens formed from nitroarenes and arylamines. Arylazides can
      therefore be considered as stabilized forms of arylnitrenium ions. The arylazide
      nitrene technique reported here is new and simple and provides ready access to
      presumed nitrenium ions which are otherwise difficult to obtain.

PMID- 2643488
TI  - Excision repair of O6-methylguanine synthesized at the rat H-ras N-methyl-N
      nitrosourea activation site and introduced into Escherichia coli.
AB  - O6-methylguanine (O6-methylG) is believed to be the premutagenic lesion
      responsible for mutational activation of the H-ras proto-oncogene in rats treated
      with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Research on the repair of O6-methylG has
      primarily focused on the methyltransferases. Potentially, other repair proteins
      may be involved in repair of O6-methylG. We have investigated the effect of
      Escherichia coli UvrABC excision repair on O6-methylG synthesized at the rat H
      ras MNU activation site in a partial rat H-ras sequence constructed in an M13mp
      vector. An oligonucleotide self-selection technique was used to identify progeny
      phage containing DNA replicated from the O6-methylG-containing strand. We found
      that excision repair can help protect against mutation by O6-methylG at the rat H
      ras MNU activation site.

PMID- 2643489
TI  - Importance of venodilatation in prevention of left ventricular dilatation after
      chronic large myocardial infarction in rats: a comparison of captopril and
      hydralazine.
AB  - In rats with large myocardial infarctions, we compared the effects of captopril,
      a presumed arterial and venous vasodilator, with hydralazine, which is thought
      primarily to be an arterial vasodilator. To determine if the effects of captopril
      were dependent on the pathophysiological consequences of heart failure, we also
      studied a group of noninfarcted rats treated with captopril. In noninfarcted rats
      treated with captopril, left ventricular (LV) systolic and mean aortic pressures
      decreased from 132 +/- 12 to 107 +/- 15 mm Hg and 122 +/- 1 to 100 +/- 2,
      respectively (p less than 0.01). In noninfarcted rats, captopril decreased LV
      weight, LV weight/body weight, and total heart weight/body weight but produced no
      effects on the peripheral venous circulation. Rats subjected to coronary artery
      ligation were selected by ECG criteria to have large myocardial infarctions and
      were treated for 4 weeks with captopril (n = 8), hydralazine (n = 5), or placebo
      (n = 9). In infarcted rats treated with captopril, LV systolic, mean aortic
      pressures and LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) decreased (p less than 0.01) from
      115 +/- 4 to 86 +/- 3 mm Hg, 106 +/- 4 to 74 +/- 3 mm Hg, and 23 +/- 2 to 11 +/-
      2 mm Hg, respectively. Mean circulatory filling pressure decreased (p less than
      0.05) from 11.2 +/- 0.6 to 8.7 +/- 0.8 mm Hg and venous compliance increased (p
      less than 0.05) from 2.04 +/- 0.07 to 2.70 +/- 0.20 ml/mm Hg/kg. Blood volume
      decreased (p less than 0.05) from 67.3 +/- 0.9 to 58.2 +/- 1.8 ml/kg.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643490
TI  - Collagen-stimulated human platelet aggregation is mediated by endogenous calcium
      activated neutral protease.
AB  - To clarify the physiological role of calcium-activated neutral protease (CANP) in
      human platelets, we loaded the platelets with a Ca2+ -sensitive fluorescent dye,
      fura-2, and measured the degree of aggregation, cytosolic calcium ion
      concentration [( Ca2+]i), and proteolysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). At physiological concentration of
      Ca2+ (1 mM) in the incubation medium, [Ca2+]i was below 0.5 microM and platelet
      aggregation was not shown. Ionomycin (0.15 microM) or collagen (50
      micrograms/ml), but not ADP (10 microM), sharply enhanced the [Ca2+]i to near 1
      microM and caused the aggregation. A calcium entry blocker, verapamil, completely
      abolished both the [Ca2+]i rise and the aggregation. NCO-700, a membrane
      permeable inhibitor against cysteine proteases (including CANP), dose-dependently
      blocked the aggregation but did not change the [Ca2+]i transient. SDS-PAGE
      revealed that filamin, talin, and 70 kDa protein were specifically degraded when
      platelets were aggregated by ionomycin or collagen and that the proteolysis was
      not observed when the aggregation was blocked by verapamil or NCO-700. These data
      provided evidence that Ca2+ entry exceeding 0.5 microM is essential, but not
      sufficient per se, and that activation of cysteine protease, most likely CANP, is
      involved in the platelet aggregation by collagen or calcium ionophore.

PMID- 2643491
TI  - Left ventricular aneurysm: a review.
AB  - The vast majority of left ventricular aneurysms (LVA) are secondary to coronary
      artery disease. The natural history of LVA is now better understood. The
      increasing use of noninvasive techniques has allowed earlier recognition and
      better appreciation of LVA genesis and pathophysiology. Improvements in surgical
      anesthesia and techniques have resulted in more successful LVA surgery. This
      article reviews the pathogenesis, natural history, and complications of LVA.
      Surgical indications and available treatment options in the management of
      patients with LVA and severe symptoms are presented. Left ventricular
      pseudoaneurysm (false aneurysm) will also be discussed.

PMID- 2643492
TI  - Profiles in cardiology. Howard Burchell.

PMID- 2643493
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis in the cervical spine.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis causes synovitis in the cervical spine and injures skeletal
      structures at any level. Subluxations occur with pain and spinal cord
      dysfunction. Subluxations are common; neurological problems are less so, but
      death from subluxations is not common. However, once myelopathy is established,
      the natural history is poor. Advances in radiologic imaging through computed
      tomography and magnetic resonance imaging greatly assist anatomic assessment.
      Neurologic deterioration and pain are indications for surgery. Preoperative
      skeletal traction is often required to align the spine, and fusion techniques are
      used for stabilization.

PMID- 2643494
TI  - Hemodynamic management in the neurosurgical intensive care unit.

PMID- 2643495
TI  - Stereotactic technology in tumor surgery.
AB  - Stereotactic technology can be utilized to place a tumor volume interpolated from
      CT- and MRI-defined boundaries into a 3-dimensional computer image matrix. This
      information can then be used for surgical planning for stereotactic biopsy and
      for interactive volumetric stereotactic removal of the lesion. The stereotactic
      position of surface vessels and sulci is also useful in surgical planning to
      avoid important vascular structures and to utilize deep sulci for approaches to
      some deep-seated tumors. Computer interactive stereotactic resection is
      applicable to superficial and deep lesions in a variety of histologic subtypes.
      In glial neoplasms the percentage of tumor tissue over infiltrated parenchyma
      will determine the resectability of a lesion more than the location. Most
      importantly, the stereotactic discipline allows the incorporation of future
      technologies which can be useful in the study and treatment of brain neoplasms.

PMID- 2643496
TI  - Recent perspectives in brain tumor biology and treatment.
AB  - Tumors are composed of tumor cells, normal host cells, and an ECM. Tumor growth
      depends on the balance between tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell loss and
      is significantly influenced by normal vascular, immune, and glial cells of the
      host. Furthermore, tumor size and growth regulation are probably influenced by
      components of the ECM and by edema within and surrounding the tumor. To increase
      the therapeutic value of treatment regimens, investigators must study normal
      tissues and attempt to identify tumor-specific vulnerabilities and ways to
      inhibit toxicity to the host. We are entering an era of increased awareness of
      the complexities of tumor biology. Although our knowledge of tumor cell biology
      has had only a limited impact on the treatment for brain tumors, rationally
      developed approaches based upon new knowledge are bound to result in more
      effective treatment and improved prognosis for patients with brain tumors.

PMID- 2643497
TI  - Management of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis.

PMID- 2643498
TI  - Management of incidental intracranial aneurysms.

PMID- 2643499
TI  - Pharmacologic management of patent ductus arteriosus.
AB  - The incidence, pathophysiology, and clinical findings of symptomatic patent
      ductus arteriosus (PDA) are reviewed, and the pharmacologic management of
      symptomatic PDA is discussed. Spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus (DA)
      usually occurs within four days after birth in most premature and full-term
      infants. The incidence of PDA is related to birth weight in premature infants and
      has been shown to decrease with an increase in birth weight. Clinical findings
      are reviewed. Prophylactic treatment in the first few hours after birth may not
      be needed in most premature infants. Treatment should be considered only if the
      ductus becomes symptomatic. Medical management consists of respiratory support,
      fluid restriction, diuretics, digoxin, and indomethacin. Respiratory support,
      fluid restriction, and diuretics are used as first-line treatment of symptomatic
      PDA. Digoxin cannot be recommended as part of first-line therapy, since its risks
      seem to outweigh the benefits in preterm infants. Indomethacin should be used
      only if other standard measures including fluid restriction and diuretic
      treatment fail. The mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and
      drug interactions of indomethacin are discussed. Symptomatic PDA can increase
      morbidity and mortality, especially in very low birth weight infants. Treatment
      of symptomatic PDA may decrease the morbidity associated with this condition.

PMID- 2643500
TI  - Comparison of heparin and 0.9% sodium chloride injection in the maintenance of
      indwelling intermittent i.v. devices.
AB  - Heparin sodium 10 units/mL was compared with 0.9% sodium chloride injection as a
      flush solution for indwelling intermittent i.v. devices, or i.v. locks (IVLs), in
      a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. The heparin and 0.9% sodium
      chloride injections were prepared in the pharmacy using aseptic technique. Most
      of the IVLs were inserted by an i.v. therapy team member. Each patient's IVL site
      was evaluated for phlebitis and patency by one of three study nurses, and when a
      catheter was removed, its contents were flushed so that clots or fibrin strands
      could be detected. Nurses also collected information regarding disease states,
      surgical procedures, medications administered, and how long each site lasted. A
      total of 173 sites were studied in 76 patients in the heparin group, and 131
      sites were studied in 71 patients in the sodium chloride group. The groups were
      well matched, except that the sodium chloride group received more vancomycin and
      dextrose-containing i.v. solutions, while the heparin group received more
      penicillins. There was no significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis or
      lost patency between the groups. When locks through which vancomycin,
      penicillins, and dextrose-containing i.v. solutions were administered were
      excluded, there was still no significant difference between the groups.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643501
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in elderly patients.

PMID- 2643502
TI  - Pine needle abortion in cattle: a review and report of 1973-1984 research.
AB  - Research has verified field observations that cows grazing ponderosa pine needles
      may abort. The incidence and nature of the abortions produced experimentally
      simulate very closely those reported by livestock producers and veterinarians.
      The incidence of experimentally-produced abortions varied markedly from year to
      year even though the needles were collected in the same general area each year.
      This suggests that the abortifacient compound(s) in the needles vary from year to
      year, probably due to environmental and site conditions. The impact of stress
      (cold and nutrition) as a factor in the abortions was examined. It was concluded
      that the only effects would be on the willingness of cows to eat the needles. The
      pine needle abortion problem, what is known of the etiology, and mechanisms of
      the abortion are reviewed. The usefulness of bioassay systems to study pine
      needle abortions is discussed.

PMID- 2643503
TI  - Taurine deficiency myocardial failure: new evidence for old theories.

PMID- 2643504
TI  - [Diagnostic procedures in fever of unknown origin].

PMID- 2643505
TI  - [The significance of functional vasospasms].

PMID- 2643506
TI  - Cellular localization of mullerian inhibiting substance in the developing rat
      ovary.
AB  - The ontogeny of Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) production was studied in
      the immature developing rat ovary using immunohistochemistry and bioassay. In a
      graded organ culture assay, in which regression of the Mullerian duct of the 14
      1/2-day rat fetus was used as a measure of bioactivity, MIS could not be detected
      in ovarian fragments from fetal rats. After birth, however, MIS bioactivity first
      became detectable at 4 days of age. Fragments from ovaries of rats 7 days of age
      and older contained moderate levels of MIS activity which remained detectable
      throughout the prepubertal period, although extreme individual variability was
      characteristic. A rabbit polyclonal antibody against human recombinant MIS was
      used to localize MIS in rat ovarian tissue. Avidin-biotin enhanced
      immunoperoxidase staining could not detect MIS in the 15-day fetal or 1 day
      postnatal ovary, where no follicular growth was noticed. In ovaries from rats 1
      week or older, where follicular growth was apparent, MIS could be localized
      specifically and exclusively in the cytoplasm of granulosa cells. MIS was found
      more in the innermost layers of granulosa cells than in the peripheral layers in
      preantral follicles. In antral follicles, MIS was found predominantly in the
      cumulus oophorus cells and periantral cells. In these developing ovaries, MIS
      could not be found in follicles with features of atresia.

PMID- 2643507
TI  - Bone mineral homeostasis in spontaneously diabetic BB rats. II. Impaired bone
      turnover and decreased osteocalcin synthesis.
AB  - Bone morphology and function were studied in male spontaneously diabetic BB rats
      after 3-4 weeks of diabetes. The tibia and lumbar vertebrae weights were
      decreased, but the bone calcium percentage remained normal. Bone volumes in the
      tibial metaphysis and the first lumbar vertebra were normal on quantitative
      histomorphometry. Osteoclast, osteoblast, and osteoid surface percentages,
      however, and the calculated daily mineral apposition rate in the tibia (1.0 +/-
      0.4 vs. 5.6 +/- 0.6 microns/day) and vertebra (0.2 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.2
      microns/day) were all severely decreased in diabetic rats. Plasma osteocalcin
      concentrations were also markedly decreased in diabetic rats (24 +/- 2 vs. 108 +/
      10 ng/ml); the half-times of [125I]osteocalcin were similar in diabetic and
      nondiabetic rats, indicating that decreased plasma osteocalcin was due to
      decreased synthesis. Plasma osteocalcin levels were more decreased than expected
      from their suppressed 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
      D3 injections did not increase plasma osteocalcin in diabetic rats as they did in
      nondiabetic rats. Bone osteocalcin content was normal in diabetic rats. Photon
      absorptiometry of tibiae showed a similar bone mineral content in diabetic and
      nondiabetic rats. Biomechanical properties of diabetic rat femora were all in the
      normal range. Nondiabetic semistarved rats with the same body weight as diabetic
      rats exhibited a similar delay in bone growth as diabetic rats, but the
      osteoblast and osteoid surfaces were normal, and the mineral apposition rate was
      normal (tibia) or slightly decreased (vertebra). Plasma osteocalcin
      concentrations were also normal in semistarved rats. Thus, the number and/or
      function of osteoblasts are severely suppressed in diabetes, and this results in
      decreased osteoid surface, mineral apposition rate, and plasma osteocalcin
      levels; moreover, these changes cannot be explained by simple weight loss.

PMID- 2643508
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) release from
      ovine gonadotrophs in culture is separate from phorbol ester-stimulated LH
      release.
AB  - The proposed involvement of protein kinase-C (PKC) as a mediator of GnRH action
      in pituitary cells was investigated. Treatment of dispersed ovine pituitary cells
      with the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) for 6 h at a dose of
      10 nM stimulated the release of 5- to 10-fold more LH than did GnRH at the same
      dose. Analogs of PMA also stimulated LH release, but at levels parallel to their
      reported abilities to activate PKC. Treatment with GnRH plus PMA stimulated more
      LH release than either one alone in a strictly additive manner at all dose
      combinations from 10 pM to 100 nM. The PKC-activating diacylglycerol sn-1,2
      dioctanoylglycerol also stimulated LH release that was additive with GnRH
      stimulated LH release. Furthermore, retinal, an inhibitor of PKC, inhibited only
      PMA-stimulated LH release and not GnRH-stimulated LH release. These results do
      not support the theory that PKC activation is a necessary part of the mechanism
      of GnRH-stimulated LH release. The theory that calcium mobilization is also part
      of the mechanism of GnRH-stimulated LH release was, however, supported by the
      finding that GnRH did not stimulate LH release from ovine pituitary cells
      incubated in calcium-free medium. This demonstrates the absolute requirement for
      calcium in GnRH action, as proposed by others. In addition, the calcium
      ionophores A23187 and ionomycin were able to trigger LH release by themselves as
      well as augment GnRH- and PMA-stimulated LH release. This further strengthens the
      hypothesis that calcium mobilization is important in LH secretion.

PMID- 2643509
TI  - Short term effects of glucose and arginine on the preproinsulin messenger
      ribonucleic acid level in the perfused rat pancreas: comparison with insulin
      secretion.
AB  - To investigate the role of glucose and arginine in short term regulation of
      preproinsulin mRNA (ppImRNA) levels, the rat pancreas was perfused in the
      presence of glucose and/or arginine, and changes in ppImRNA levels in the
      pancreas were compared with the amount of insulin released during the perfusion.
      Perfusion of the pancreas with high glucose and arginine induced a significant
      increase in ppImRNA levels within 2 h, whereas perfusion with low glucose and
      arginine or high glucose alone had no significant effect during this period. The
      insulin release induced by perfusion of high glucose combined with arginine was 2
      times greater than that induced by high glucose alone or low glucose with
      arginine. In conclusion, insulin gene transcription can be evoked during a short
      period in response to an extremely large secretory demand for insulin.

PMID- 2643510
TI  - Insulin and dexamethasone regulation of a rat hepatoma messenger ribonucleic
      acid: insulin has a transcriptional and a posttranscriptional effect.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to investigate the actions of glucocorticoids and
      insulin on the induction of a specific mRNA (p33-mRNA) expressed in rat H4
      hepatoma cells. Previous studies have found a 10-fold increase in this mRNA
      following 60 min of insulin addition. In the present study, dexamethasone (Dex)
      induced the cellular concentration of p33-mRNA 10- to 15-fold. This effect was
      time and dose dependent. The effect of Dex could be accounted for by a 10- to 15
      fold increase in p33-mRNA transcription. However, insulin administration resulted
      in only a 3-fold increase in the transcription of p33-mRNA. The insulin induction
      of transcription was time and dose dependent and was blocked by the addition of
      alpha-amanitin. There was no increase in the transcription of a control gene,
      beta-tubulin, by either insulin or Dex. Neither insulin nor Dex altered the
      stability of p33-mRNA. Since the cellular concentration of p33-mRNA was induced
      to a greater extent than was transcription, insulin must be regulating at least
      one other step in the sequence between RNA synthesis and RNA stability.

PMID- 2643511
TI  - Suppression of mediobasal hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone and plasma
      luteinizing hormone pulsatile patterns by phentolamine in ovariectomized rhesus
      macaques.
AB  - In gonadectomized animals, pulses of LH are secreted concurrently with pulsatile
      hypothalamic GnRH and it is hypothesized that pulses of GnRH are either driven or
      modulated by episodes of catecholamine release. The objective of this study was
      to determine if the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine (PHEN) can
      simultaneously block the release of GnRH and LH in ovariectomized (OVX) rhesus
      macaques. In Exp 1, simultaneous peripheral blood and mediobasal hypothalamic
      push-pull perfusion (PPP) samples were collected remotely at 10-min intervals for
      24 h via a swivel/tether device in eight conscious, freely moving OVX rhesus
      monkeys. Phentolamine was continuously infused iv for 6 h at the rate of 4 mg/kg
      BW.h in five animals and 20 mg/kg BW.h in three animals. Infusion started at 6 h
      after the commencement of PPP. Sampling of PPP and blood continued for 12 h after
      the cessation of PHEN infusion. Exp 2 was carried out to determine if PHEN
      affects pituitary responsiveness to exogenous GnRH under conditions similar to
      those in Exp 1. Exogenous GnRH (5 micrograms, iv) was injected as a single bolus
      at 10-h intervals before, during, and after either a saline (4 ml/h for 6 h)
      infusion or, 3 weeks later, a PHEN infusion (4 mg/kgBW.h for 6 h) in three OVX
      females. The results of Exp 1 show that pulsatile patterns of hypothalamic GnRH
      and LH were either dampened or abolished by PHEN infusion. During the recovery
      period after PHEN infusion, pulse amplitudes of LH were enhanced, but pulse
      amplitudes of endogenous GnRH did not differ, as compared to those of
      corresponding LH and GnRH before infusion of PHEN. Data from Exp 2 suggested that
      the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent had no effect on the pituitary LH response to
      exogenous GnRH administration. These results directly support the hypothesis that
      adrenergic neuronal activities are critical for the pulsatile release of
      hypothalamic GnRH which governs the pulsatile release of LH in gonadectomized
      animals.

PMID- 2643512
TI  - Osteoblast-like cells secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in
      response to parathyroid hormone and lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - The cellular mechanism by which PTH and other osteotropic substances stimulate
      bone resorption is unclear. One hypothesis is that PTH-stimulated osteoblasts
      release cytokines which activate osteoclasts or osteoclast precursors. To examine
      whether cytokines are released by osteoblast-like cells in vitro, medium
      conditioned by a clonal rat osteosarcoma cell line 17/2.8 (ROS) was examined for
      mitogenic activity using a helper T lymphocyte line HT-2. This line proliferates
      in response to interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GM CSF). Conditioned medium (CM) from untreated ROS cells
      caused proliferation of HT-2 cells. Treatment of ROS cells with PTH or
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused a dose-dependent increase in the secretion of
      this mitogenic activity. To further define the nature of this mitogenic activity,
      we examined the effect of incubation of CM with neutralizing antibodies to IL-2,
      IL-4, and GM CSF. Mitogenic activity induced by both PTH- and LPS-treated ROS
      cell CM was completely inhibited by anti-GM CSF antibody, whereas there was no
      reduction in activity in the presence of antibodies to IL-2 or IL-4. Partial
      purification of both PTH- and LPS-treated CM using reverse phase HPLC resulted in
      a single peak of HT-2 mitogenic activity, which in both cases was completely
      inhibited by anti-GM CSF antibody. These findings suggest that PTH- and LPS
      treated ROS cells secrete a T cell mitogenic activity which, by functional,
      serological, and biochemical criteria, is indistinguishable from GM CSF.

PMID- 2643514
TI  - Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from baker's yeast. Discrimination of 20 amino acids in
      aminoacylation of tRNA(Ile)-C-C-3'dA; role of terminal hydroxyl groups
      aminoacylation of tRNA(Ile)-C-C-A.
AB  - Specificity with regard to amino acids in aminoacylation of tRNA(Ile)-C-C-3'dA by
      isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase is characterized by discrimination factors (D2) which
      are calculated from kcat and Km values. The lowest values are observed for Cys,
      Val, His, and Trp (D2 = 180-1700), indicating that at same amino acid
      concentrations isoleucine is 180-1700 times more attached to tRNA(Ile)-C-C-3'dA.
      The highest values are observed for Gly, Ala, Ser, Pro, Gln, Leu, Glu, and Phe
      (D2 = 10,000-30,000). D2 values of the other amino acids are in the range of 2000
      10,000. Recognition of most amino acids is achieved in a four-step process. Two
      initial discrimination steps are due to different hydrophobic interactions with
      the binding pockets; two proof-reading steps occur on the pre- and the post
      transfer stage. For nine amino acids (Ser, Asp, Asn, Val, Leu, His, Phe, Lys,
      Trp) post-transfer proof-reading is negligible. As a special case in
      discrimination of valine, one initial discrimination step and the post-transfer
      proof-reading step are lacking. The role of the terminal hydroxyl groups of the
      tRNA for post-transfer proof-reading is assigned to a simple neighbouring group
      effect. No preference for the 2' or 3' position in proof-reading can be
      postulated.

PMID- 2643513
TI  - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of D-alpha
      tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E), as add-on therapy, for epilepsy in children.
AB  - In 24 epileptic children refractory to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) with
      generalized tonic-clonic and other types of seizures, addition of D-alpha
      tocopheryl acetate (Vitamin E 400 IU/day) to existing AEDs was accompanied by a
      significant reduction of seizures in 10 of 12 cases. This was significantly
      different from controls given placebo (0 of 12, p less than 0.05). This result
      did not appear to be due to the effects of changes in the plasma levels of the
      comedication. There were no adverse side effects. The Vitamin E levels steadily
      increased in the responders in the trial phase but this did not occur in two
      clinically noncompliant subjects or in 12 patients receiving placebo. No other
      clinically significant alterations in hematologic or biochemical test results
      were observed. No treatment-related changes in plasma concentration of
      concomitant AEDs were noted. These findings justify further clinical controlled
      trials of Vitamin E as adjunctive therapy for childhood epilepsy intractable to
      the usual antiepileptic therapy.

PMID- 2643515
TI  - Regulation of gene expression at the translational level. The rescue factor
      reverses thermosensitive protein synthesis in N4316, a conditionally-lethal
      mutant of Escherichia coli defective in translation.
AB  - Extracts of the conditionally-lethal mutant Escherichia coli N4316 are defective
      in a newly described translation factor, the rescue protein. We have analyzed the
      in vitro translation products of this mutant by gel electrophoresis during normal
      and arrested synthesis at the permissive and non-permissive temperatures.
      Translation programmed with MS2 bacteriophage RNA at the non-permissive
      temperature results in highly reduced synthesis of the coat protein with no
      detectable levels of the maturation and replicase products. Thus the relative
      number of copies of proteins synthesized by the ribosomes is altered in this
      mutant. In addition, there is mistranslation of the coat gene which results in
      the overproduction of the phage encoded no. 7 protein. Aberrant synthesis is also
      reflected in the increased read-through of termination codons during synthesis
      directed by phage RNAs harbouring amber mutations in the coat cistron. The rescue
      protein, purified from the parental strain, is able to complement the
      thermosensitive defect and restore proper synthesis. Biochemical characterization
      of the defect in the absence of rescue shows no detectable deficiency in the
      extent of initiation complex formation in reactions inhibited with sparsomycin.
      Peptidyltransferase is fully active as judged by the kinetics of formylmethionine
      puromycin formation. However, rescue does exert an effect at the level of
      termination. In addition, the thermolability of the mutant can be reversed by
      dissociating 70S ribosomes into 30S and 50S subunits. Based on these and other
      observations, we propose tht rescue mediates a novel function in the
      association/dissociation of ribosomal subunits which is essential to the accuracy
      and efficiency of translation.

PMID- 2643516
TI  - The roles of the nifW, nifZ and nifM genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae in
      nitrogenase biosynthesis.
AB  - Active Fe protein of nitrogenase was synthesised in a non-nitrogen fixing
      organism when Escherichia coli was transformed with a plasmid encoding only two
      nif-specific genes, nifH and nifM of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Hence proteins NifH
      and NifM are sufficient to produce active Fe protein in E. coli. K. pneumoniae
      strains carrying chromosomal nifW- and nifZ- mutations were constructed and shown
      to be significant C2H2-reducing activity and to grow on N-free plates.
      Nevertheless, derepressing cultures of the mutant strains had reduced levels of
      MoFe protein activity, and consequently significantly lower levels of nitrogenase
      activity, than the nif+ parent strain. NifW and NifZ therefore appear to be
      involved in the formation or accumulation of active MoFe protein, but are not
      essential for nitrogen fixation in K. pneumoniae under the conditions tested.

PMID- 2643517
TI  - In vitro synthesis of colominic acid by membrane-bound sialyltransferase of
      Escherichia coli K-235. Kinetic properties of this enzyme and inhibition by CMP
      and other cytidine nucleotides.
AB  - The membrane-bound sialyltransferase obtained from Escherichia coli K-235 grown
      in a chemically defined medium (ideal for colominic acid production) was studied.
      The in vivo half-life calculated for this enzyme was 20 h. Kinetic tests revealed
      (at 33 degrees C and pH 8.3) hyperbolic behaviour with respect to CMP-Neu5Ac
      (Km250 microM) and a transition temperature at 31.3 degrees C. The enzyme was
      inhibited by NH4+, some divalent cations and by several agents that react with
      thiol groups. Detergents and fatty acids also inhibited the sialyltransferase
      activity. In vitro synthesis of colominic acid is strongly inhibited by CMP by
      blocking the incorporation of [14C]Neu5Ac into a protein-complex intermediate and
      therefore into free polymer. CDP and CTP also inhibited (91% and 84%) this enzyme
      activity whereas cytosine and cytidine had no effect. CMP inhibition corresponded
      to a competitive model the calculated Ki was 30 microM. Incubations of
      protein[14C]Neu5Ac with CMP, CDP and CTP led to de novo synthesis of CMP
      [14C]Neu5Ac. The presence of colominic acid, which usually displaces the reaction
      equilibrium towards polymer synthesis, did not affect this de novo CMP
      [14C]Neu5Ac formation. CMP also inhibited in vivo colominic acid biosynthesis.

PMID- 2643518
TI  - Analysis of peripheral blood granulocyte-macrophage colony growth by limiting
      dilution assay.
AB  - Analysis of myeloid progenitor cells in the peripheral blood (peripheral blood
      colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage; PBCFU-GM) is limited by their low
      frequency and by the presence of inhibitory cell populations. These factors limit
      the study of cytokines and cellular influences on PBCFU-GM in semisolid media
      assays and complicate the interpretation of data. We have developed a limiting
      dilution assay (LDA) in liquid culture for PBCFU-GM that allows evaluation of
      inhibitory or accessory effects of other cell populations and estimation of
      progenitor cell frequency. Using this system we have examined the inhibitory
      effect of autologous monocytes on in vitro colony growth. After monocyte
      depletion by counterflow centrifugal elutriation and adherence, colony growth
      with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was
      linear over a wide range of cell densities, indicating a direct proliferative
      effect on circulating myeloid progenitor cells. Simultaneous PBCFU-GM assays in
      agar demonstrated monocyte inhibition but did not afford reliable interpretation
      of either progenitor frequency or linear growth kinetics in a statistically
      verifiable fashion. LDA in liquid culture may be a useful tool to study the
      effects of various cytokines and cell populations on PBCFU-GM in vitro and in
      vivo.

PMID- 2643519
TI  - Detection of endogenous macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in human
      blood.
AB  - We have detected endogenous human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in
      blood of normal individuals, using a novel RIA that accurately measures M-CSF
      concentrations as low as 60 U/ml (1.2 ng/ml) in the presence of serum proteins.
      The RIA uses an antibody to highly purified recombinant human M-CSF and is
      calibrated to a mouse bone marrow colony-forming assay. Ten samples of normal
      human blood plasma contained an average 118 +/- 9 U/ml of M-CSF, and similar
      concentrations were detected in serum prepared from the same individuals. RIA
      positive samples contained biologically active M-CSF, as determined in a colony
      assay performed on mouse bone marrow cells. The M-CSF biological activity was
      removed by specific immune precipitation and inhibited by addition of M-CSF
      antibody. Physical characterization of plasma M-CSF was done by immunoblotting
      after partial purification on controlled pore glass and immunoaffinity
      chromatography. The major reduced protein species of plasma M-CSF had an apparent
      molecular weight of about 24 kd, and minor species of 30, 45, and 60-70 kd were
      also present. The RIA results on ten normal individuals suggest that endogenous
      circulating M-CSF is present at a low but detectable concentration. This RIA can
      be used to measure M-CSF in clinical samples that contain serum proteins and
      other growth factors that may interfere with accurate bioassay determinations.

PMID- 2643520
TI  - Effect of low frequency low energy pulsing electromagnetic field (PEMF) on X-ray
      irradiated mice.
AB  - C3H/Km flora-defined mice were used to investigate the effect of exposure to
      pulsing electromagnetic field (PEMF) after total body x-ray irradiation.
      Prolonged exposure to PEMF had no effect on normal nonirradiated mice. When mice
      irradiated with different doses of x-ray (8.5 Gy, 6.8 Gy, and 6.3 Gy) were
      exposed to PEMF 24 h a day, we observed a more rapid decline in white blood cells
      (WBC) in the peripheral blood of mice exposed to PEMF at all the x-ray dosages
      used. No effect of exposure to PEMF was observed on the survival of the mice
      irradiated with 6.3 Gy and 8.5 Gy; in mice irradiated with 6.8 Gy, 2 out of 12
      survived when exposed to PEMF as compared to 10 out of 12 control mice that were
      irradiated only. At day 4 after irradiation autoradiographic studies performed on
      bone marrow and spleen of 8.5-Gy-irradiated mice showed no difference between
      controls and mice exposed to PEMF, whereas on 6.8-Gy mice the bone marrow
      labeling index was lower in mice exposed to PEMF. In mice irradiated to 6.3 Gy we
      observed that the recovery of WBC in the peripheral blood was slowed in mice
      exposed to PEMF and their body weight was significantly lower than in control
      mice that were irradiated only. The spleen and bone marrow of the mice irradiated
      to 6.3 Gy and sacrificed at days 4, 14, 20, and 25 after irradiation were
      analyzed by autoradiography to evaluate the labeling index. Half of the spleens
      from mice sacrificed at day 25 after irradiation were used to evaluate the RNA
      content. Autoradiography showed that in the spleen and bone marrow of control
      mice, there were more cells labeled with [3H]thymidine at days 4 and 14 and less
      at days 20 and 25 after irradiation in comparison with mice irradiated and
      exposed to PEMF. The Northern blot analysis of histone H3 and p53 protein RNAs
      extracted from the spleens at day 25 after irradiation showed a slight increase
      in cycling cells among spleens of mice exposed to PEMF. We suggest that the
      exposure to PEMF immediately after x-ray irradiation results in increased damage.

PMID- 2643521
TI  - Selective culture of primate marrow-derived macrophages in medium devoid of
      protein additives.
AB  - Viable cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM phi) from a primate
      source, the baboon, were maintained for up to 4 weeks in culture in the absence
      of any exogenous protein in the medium. Baboon peripheral blood monocytes,
      spleen, lung, and liver M phi s or human BMM phi failed to survive for greater
      than 4 days. The protein-free BMM phi cultures were morphologically distinctive
      by virtue of the extremely dendritic appearance of the M phi s. In contrast
      baboon marrow cultured in the presence of fetal calf serum led to the overgrowth
      of fibroblastoid cells and in the presence of horse serum produced numbers of
      giant cells or polykaryocytes in addition to M phi s. The BMM phi were capable of
      nonimmune phagocytosis of yeast particles, expressed Ia antigen on their surfaces
      (59%), and were positive cytochemically for nonspecific (alpha-naphthyl acetate)
      esterase, oil red O, and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase. The addition of
      sera to established protein-free BMM phi cultures induced a rapid change of
      shape, viz., retraction of the dendritic processes and rounding up of the M phi s
      apparent within 10 min. This shape change was not induced by the addition of
      hemopoietic growth factors granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM
      CSF), granulocyte CSF (G-CSF), macrophage CSF (M-CSF), or interleukin 3 (IL-3),
      nor could it be inhibited by the calcium channel blocking agent Nifedipine. Low
      levels of M-CSF activity, assayed by the murine bone marrow proliferation assay,
      were detected in the supernatant.

PMID- 2643522
TI  - Studies of the dose-effect relation.
AB  - Dose-effect relations and, specifically, cell survival curves are surveyed with
      emphasis on the interplay of the random factors--biological variability,
      stochastic reaction of the cell, and the statistics of energy deposition--that co
      determine their shape. The global parameters mean inactivation dose, D, and
      coefficient of variance, V, represent this interplay better than conventional
      parameters. Mechanisms such as lesion interaction, misrepair, repair overload, or
      repair depletion have been invoked to explain sigmoid dose dependencies, but
      these notions are partly synonymous and are largely undistinguishable on the
      basis of observed dose dependencies. All dose dependencies reflect, to varying
      degree, the microdosimetric fluctuations of energy deposition, and these have
      certain implications, e.g. the linearity of the dose dependence at small doses,
      that apply regardless of unresolved molecular mechanisms of cellular radiation
      action.

PMID- 2643523
TI  - Radiation physics.
AB  - A review is presented of the recent literature in the areas of physics which deal
      with radiation effects on man and animals. Some consideration is given to natural
      and artificial radiation sources such as cosmic rays, radon and high energy
      accelerators. The interaction of radiation with matter is treated if it is
      related to an energy deposition pattern relevant to biological effects. Dosimetry
      is also treated, with special emphasis on papers dealing with spatial dose
      distribution on a microscopic level, and radiobiological models relating the
      energy deposition pattern to biological effects are cited. New techniques in the
      medical application of radiation in diagnostics and therapy are briefly
      mentioned.

PMID- 2643524
TI  - The role of repair in radiobiology.
AB  - Apart from cancer and mutation induction, radiobiological effects on mammals are
      mostly attributable to cell 'death', defined as loss of proliferative capacity.
      Survival curves relate retention of that capacity to radiation dose, and often
      manifest a quasi-threshold ('shoulder'). The shoulder is attributable to an
      initial mechanism of repair ('Q-repair') which is gradually depleted as dose
      increases. Another form of repair, which is not depleted ('P-repair'), increases
      the dose required to deliver an average of one lethal event per cell (dose 'D0').
      Neither form of repair can unambiguously be linked with repair of defects in
      isolated DNA. An important initial lesion may well be disruption of the complex
      structural relationship between the DNA, nuclear membrane and associated
      proteins. One form of P-repair may be restoration of that structural
      relationship.

PMID- 2643525
TI  - Cell kinetics and radiation pathology.

PMID- 2643526
TI  - Modifiers of radiosensitivity.

PMID- 2643527
TI  - The production of chromosome structural changes by radiation.
AB  - This paper attempts an update and comment upon some of the topics of chromosome
      aberration formation which Lea raised in Chapter VI of his classic work 'Actions
      of Radiations on living Cells'. Only the first nine sections of this chapter are
      covered, which deal primarily with the qualitative aspects of aberrations, their
      formation, classification and interrelationships. In commenting upon these
      topics, pertinent references are made to work with mammalian and human cells.
      Increased knowledge of the importance of DNA as a fundamental target and the
      integral part it plays in the complex structure of the chromosome, coupled with
      cellular techniques not available to these earlier workers necessitate some
      revision and modification of early ideas. However, inspite of the enormous
      accumulation of data and ideas since the original work was published in 1946, the
      foundation that these early workers laid is still very solid. Surprisingly, we
      are still puzzled by many of the problems that perplexed them.

PMID- 2643528
TI  - Radiation carcinogenesis in experimental animals.
AB  - Exposure of man to relatively high doses of ionizing radiation is generally
      restricted to accidental situations, with very limited knowledge about the actual
      doses received. Animal experiments can be performed under standardized and
      controlled conditions and can provide information on the dose-response
      relationships for radiation carcinogenesis. The risk of inducing neoplastic late
      effects after total-body irradiation with relatively high doses has been
      demonstrated for larger animals, such as monkeys and dogs. The bone marrow, the
      mammary glands and the lungs are among the tissues with the highest
      susceptibility for radiation carcinogenesis. Experimental results on tumour
      induction in rodents are summarized with emphasis on the effectiveness in
      dependence on radiation quality and fractionation or dose rate.

PMID- 2643529
TI  - Radiation embryology.
AB  - Prenatal development, characterized by intensive cell proliferation, cell
      differentiation and cell migration, shows a high radiosensitivity. Therefore,
      radiation exposure of embryos and fetuses is of great concern for radiological
      protection and human health. Irradiation during gestation can cause death, growth
      disorders, malformations, functional impairment and malignant diseases in
      childhood. These effects are strongly dependent on the developmental stage at
      exposure and on the radiation dose. The first trimester of pregnancy is regarded
      as the period with the highest risk for malformation and cancer induction. The
      developing nervous system shows a special susceptibility to ionizing radiation
      over a long period and is therefore of great significance for risk estimation.
      Knowledge about radiation effects on prenatal development has been derived from
      animal experimentation and from the exposure of human embryos. There is evidence
      that doses between 1 and 10 cGy may lead to developmental anomalies and that the
      radiation response can be modified by additional factors.

PMID- 2643531
TI  - Effects of butyrate and insulin and their interaction on the DNA synthesis of
      rumen epithelial cells in culture.
AB  - Rumen epithelial cells (REC) were incubated in the presence of various
      concentrations of butyrate or insulin or with both of them, to obtain information
      on their effect on the DNA synthesis of cultured cells. The 24-h values of 3H
      thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA were measured in the presence of
      butyrate, insulin or butyrate plus insulin. While butyrate reduced DNA synthesis,
      insulin produced an increase over the control. Combined butyrate plus insulin
      treatment influenced the incorporation of label in accordance with the relative
      proportion of these two substances.

PMID- 2643532
TI  - Too much of a good thing? Use of progestogens in the menopause: an international
      consensus statement.

PMID- 2643530
TI  - Biochemical aspects of radiation biology.
AB  - In order to analyze the mechanisms of biological radiation effects, the events
      after radiation energy absorption in irradiated organisms have to be studied by
      physico-chemical and biochemical methods. The radiation effects in vitro on
      biomolecules, especially DNA, are described, as well as their alterations in
      irradiated cells. Whereas in vitro, in aqueous solution, predominantly OH
      radicals are effective and lead to damage in single moieties of the DNA, in vivo
      the direct absorption of radiation energy leads to 'locally multiply-damaged
      sites', which produce DNA double-strand breaks and locally denatured regions. DNA
      damage will be repaired in irradiated cells. Error free repair leads to the
      original nucleotide sequence in the genome by excision or by recombination.
      "Error prone repair"(mutagenic repair), leads to mutation. However, the
      biochemistry of these processes, regulated by a number of genes, is poorly
      understood. In addition, more complex reactions, such as gene amplification and
      transposition of mobile gene elements, are responsible for mutation or malignant
      transformation.

PMID- 2643533
TI  - Does sexual intercourse improve pregnancy rates in gamete intrafallopian
      transfer?

PMID- 2643534
TI  - The influence of the interval between in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer
      and some other variables on treatment outcome.
AB  - This prospectively randomized study compares the outcome of 434 ETs 48 to 52
      hours after insemination (day 2) and 324 ETs 72 to 76 hours after insemination
      (day 3). The influence of the interval between insemination and ET was assessed,
      as well as that of the number of embryos transferred, embryo quality, and the
      presence of supernumerary embryos. The mean number of embryos transferred after 2
      and 3 days was equal (2.9 embryos/ET). The pregnancy rates per ET were not
      significantly different (21.9% versus 23.5%), but a higher percentage of viable
      pregnancies was observed after ET on day 3 (88.2% against 69.5% following ET on
      day 2). Treatment outcome was positively correlated with the number of embryos
      transferred and the presence of supernumerary embryos.

PMID- 2643535
TI  - [Rapidly and slowly progressing forms of periodontitis. Gusztav Morelli memorial
      lecture].

PMID- 2643536
TI  - [Frequency of blood contamination of the dentist during conservative and
      prosthetic treatment].
AB  - The endangerment caused by the blood contents of spray formed in the course of
      oonserving and prosthetical work of dentists performed by dental drill was
      examined. It was found that the protective mask in case of grinding and drilling
      the front teeth becomes always while in case of treating the molars less
      frequently soiled. In the course of prosthetical work it occurs frequently that
      bloody spray reaches the hair of the physician. Frequency of soiling is
      independent of the type of the machine used. The matrix strips and -strechers
      were always bloody after use.

PMID- 2643537
TI  - Evidence for the safety of gum tragacanth (Asiatic Astragalus spp.) and modern
      criteria for the evaluation of food additives.
AB  - Gum tragacanth (GT), affirmed as GRAS within the USA since 1961, was evaluated as
      'ADI not specified' by JECFA in 1985. Within the EEC, GT has been permitted
      temporarily as a food additive (E413), without an ADI, since 1974; a decision
      regarding its permanent status must be reached before the end of 1988. This
      review collates the dietary, toxicological, immunological and chemical data
      available and presents the pre-requisite data concerning the 'Need' and low
      levels of utilization of GT.

PMID- 2643538
TI  - The analysis and significance of bound N-nitrosoproline in nitrite-cured meat
      products.
AB  - An alkaline hydrolysis method is described for the release of bound N
      nitrosoproline (NPRO) from cured meats that is more efficient than an enzymic
      method reported previously. The bound NPRO contents of 17 cured meats analysed
      ranged between non-detectable and 578 micrograms/kg (mean 143 micrograms/kg).
      Administration of defatted meat powder, prepared from such meats, to rats led to
      increased excretion of free NPRO in the urine that could not be inhibited by
      concurrent administration of ascorbic acid. The significance of these findings
      with regard to the use of such cured meats in in vivo N-nitrosation studies is
      discussed.

PMID- 2643539
TI  - An enzyme immunoassay for the anabolic agent zeranol.
AB  - A competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection and quantitation of
      zeranol has been developed. The assay involves the use of excess second antibody
      adsorbed onto the walls of a microtitration plate well. Enzyme-labelled zeranol,
      prepared by the N-succinimidyl ester method, and standard or samples are added to
      the wells followed by zeranol-specific monoclonal antibody. The working range of
      the EIA is between 10 and 800 pg/well with a limit of detection of 10 pg/well (CV
      less than or equal to 10%). Comparison of radioimmunoassay with the EIA gave a
      correlation coefficient of 0.99. This EIA offers an alternative to the well
      documented radioimmunoassay with regard to sensitivity, specificity and
      precision.

PMID- 2643540
TI  - Widespread distribution of type II collagen during embryonic chick development.
AB  - Type II collagen is a major component of hyaline cartilage, and has been
      suggested to be causally involved in promoting chondrogenesis during embryonic
      development. In the present study we have performed an immunohistochemical
      analysis of the distribution of type II collagen during several early stages of
      embryonic chick development. Unexpectedly, we have found that type II collagen is
      widely distributed in a temporally and spatially regulated fashion in basement
      membranes throughout the trunk of the embryo at stages 14 through 19, including
      regions with no apparent relationship to chondrogenesis. Immunohistochemical
      staining with two different monoclonal antibodies against type II collagen, as
      well as with an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody, is detectable in the
      basement membranes of the neural tube, notochord, auditory vesicle,
      dorsal/lateral surface ectoderm, lateral/ventral gut endoderm, mesonephric duct,
      and basal surface of the splanchnic mesoderm subjacent to the dorsal aorta, and
      at the interface between the epimyocardium and endocardium of the developing
      heart. In contrast, immunoreactive type IX collagen is detectable only in the
      perinotochordal sheath in the trunk of the embryo at these stages of development.
      Thus type II collagen is much more widely distributed during early development
      than previously thought, and may be fulfilling some as yet undefined function,
      unrelated to chondrogenesis, during early embryogenesis.

PMID- 2643541
TI  - Development of consultation-liaison psychiatry in The Netherlands. Its social
      psychiatric heritage.
AB  - Dutch consultation-liaison psychiatry (C-L psychiatry) has followed a
      developmental line separate from the American system. First, C-L psychiatry in
      the Netherlands has been less influenced by psychosomatic medicine than by social
      psychiatry. Second, the presence of psychiatric units in general hospitals that
      appear to be correlated with the growth of C-L psychiatry in the United States
      occurred later in the Netherlands. Third, little government support for clinical
      care, research, and especially for training has been available to Dutch
      psychiatry. Consequently, there has been little recent financial pressure on C-L
      psychiatry from reduced government support, as occurred in the United States.
      Finally, the relationship between primary and secondary health care in the
      Netherlands allows C-L psychiatry to have a direct impact on several inpatient
      and ambulatory levels in the health care chain. A nationally accepted database
      form for the computerized registration of the Psychiatric Consultations at the
      eight university hospitals and ten other general hospitals is currently in use.
      To facilitate standardization and recording the psychiatric consultation process,
      the Netherlands Consortium for C-L psychiatry (NCCP) was formed.

PMID- 2643542
TI  - Steroid and xenobiotic effects on the adrenal cortex: mediation by oxidative and
      other mechanisms.
AB  - Because steroids reach high concentrations within the adrenal cortex, effects of
      the direct interaction of steroids and cytochrome P450 enzymes are possible and
      may involve oxidative damage. Steroid pseudosubstrate effects studied in cultured
      adrenocortical cells show that these effects are probably not mediated by steroid
      receptors. Release of oxidants during pseudosubstrate interaction with cytochrome
      P450s may be responsible for loss of enzymatic activity observed; enzyme activity
      can be protected by cytochrome P450 inhibitors, antioxidants, and lowered oxygen
      concentration. There may be pathological effects of pseudosubstrates in the
      adrenal cortex. Cytochrome P450/pseudosubstrate effects could be involved in the
      aging and death of adrenocortical cells in vivo, and necrosis of the adrenal
      cortex due to excessive ACTH stimulation or due to the action of adrenolytic
      chemicals could result from damage by oxygen radicals originating from cytochrome
      P450s. The possible mechanism of damage to the adrenal cortex by the xenobiotics
      dimethylbenzanthracene, TCDD, 3-methylcholanthrene, and o', p'-DDD are reviewed.

PMID- 2643543
TI  - Serum titers of pre-S(2) antigen in patients with acute and chronic type B
      hepatitis: relation to serum aminotransferase activity and other hepatitis B
      virus markers.
AB  - The peptide which is encoded by the pre-S(2) region of hepatitis B virus DNA, the
      pre-S(2) antigen, was determined quantitatively by an enzyme immunoassay system
      employing monoclonal antibodies. The prevalence and titer of pre-S(2)Ag were
      91.9% (91/99) and 10,356 +/- 19,053 units (mean +/- S.D., arbitrary units) for
      hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients with acute and chronic HBV
      infection and 86.0% (74/86) and 952 +/- 1,565 units for HBeAg-negative subjects.
      In four patients with acute hepatitis B, pre-S(2)Ag titers changed in parallel
      with HBV DNA levels, and the disappearance of pre-S(2)Ag from serum was
      associated with a rapid fall of ALT levels into the normal range, whereas the
      fluctuation of pre-S(2)Ag titer correlated with persistence of ALT elevations. In
      all of the 19 episodes of acute exacerbation of hepatitis which occurred in nine
      patients with chronic active hepatitis B, a significant elevation of pre-S(2)Ag
      titer was observed, closely overlapping an increase or appearance of HBV DNA, and
      its peak preceded peaks of ALT by 1 to 11 weeks (mean +/- S.D. = 4.26 +/- 2.57
      weeks). These observations suggest that quantitative measurement of pre-S(2)Ag
      would be useful for estimation of the magnitude of HBV replication and would help
      predict the prognosis of acute hepatitis B and of acute exacerbation in chronic
      hepatitis B.

PMID- 2643544
TI  - A histometric analysis of chronically rejected human liver allografts: insights
      into the mechanisms of bile duct loss: direct immunologic and ischemic factors.
AB  - Conspicuous pathologic features of chronic liver allograft rejection include bile
      duct loss and chronic obliterative arteriopathy. A quantitative histometric
      analysis was performed to document the extent of bile duct loss, the size of the
      "vanished" ducts and the extent of chronic obliterative arteriopathy and to
      determine whether there was any relationship between chronic obliterative
      arteriopathy and bile duct loss. All failed liver allograft specimens with
      chronic rejection were reviewed and categorized according to the degree of
      chronic obliterative arteriopathy, assessed by the degree of luminal narrowing of
      hilar hepatic artery branches. Histometric analysis of the grafts revealed: (i)
      there was a loss of small portal arterioles (less than 35 microns); (ii) bile
      ducts which should accompany arteries less than 35, 35 to 54 or 55 to 74 microns
      in diameter were missing, with the greatest decrease occurring among the smallest
      ducts; (iii) bile duct loss was seen in the absence of significant large vessel
      chronic obliterative arteriopathy, and (iv) the severity of arteriole and bile
      duct loss, as well as the size of the vanished ducts, was directly proportional
      to the degree of chronic obliterative arteriopathy. Furthermore, the size of the
      "vanished" bile ducts in liver allografts appeared to differ from the size of
      ducts destroyed in primary biliary cirrhosis. These studies offer indirect, but
      suggestive proof that two mechanisms are operative in the bile duct loss seen in
      chronic rejection: direct lymphocytotoxicity and ischemic damage.

PMID- 2643545
TI  - Partial purification of rat hepatic stimulator substance and characterization of
      its action on hepatoma cells and normal hepatocytes.
AB  - The active principle of a cytosol extract from weanling rat liver representing a
      putative liver-specific growth factor was partially purified and characterized.
      "Hepatic stimulator substance" was extracted from the livers of 40- to 60-gm male
      rats by heat treatment of a homogenate in 35% (w/v) phosphate-buffered saline and
      subsequent ultracentrifugation. This "heat supernatant" and fractions derived
      from the subsequent purification steps were tested for growth stimulatory
      activity in two rat hepatoma cell lines. The undifferentiated, fibroblastoid-like
      HTC hepatoma cells did not respond to crude hepatic stimulator substance or any
      of the partially purified preparations. In contrast, MH1C1 cells, which display
      some differentiated hepatic functions and epithelial morphology, reacted to
      hepatic stimulator substance and the purified fractions with a dose-dependent
      increase of their growth rate in serum-free culture. Although insulin, glucagon
      and epidermal growth factor showed only a minor effect on MH1C1 cell growth on
      their own, they were active as permissive or potentiating factors for the
      expression of the maximal effect of hepatic stimulator substance. Similarly,
      normal adult rat hepatocytes were only sensitive to hepatic stimulator substance
      when cultured in the simultaneous presence of epidermal growth factor. Under such
      conditions, hepatic stimulator substance stimulated hepatocyte entry into the S
      phase of the cell cycle 3-fold compared to epidermal growth factor alone. Hepatic
      stimulator substance did not affect growth of human skin fibroblasts and of the
      rat intestinal crypt cell line IEC-6.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643546
TI  - Alteration of hepatic tissue spaces by platelet-activating factor and
      phenylephrine.
AB  - Mean transit times for the movement of extracellular and intracellular reference
      compounds through isolated perfused rat livers were determined during exposure of
      livers to platelet-activating factor (AGEPC; 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine) and the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine, using the
      multiple indicator dilution technique. From the outflow profiles of rapid bolus
      injections of 3H-sucrose and 14C-urea given to the liver, the estimated
      intracellular volume of distribution of small freely permeant substances, Vi, and
      the ratio of intracellular to extracellular space, were computed. Exposure of the
      liver to AGEPC decreased Vi and by 32 and 34%, respectively, from control values,
      whereas infusion of phenylephrine increased Vi by 16% and by 33%. The results
      indicate that the hemodynamic effects of AGEPC in perfused rat liver cause the
      apparent loss of tissue space accessible to small permeant compounds.
      Phenylephrine, although increasing hepatic vascular resistance, measured at the
      portal vein, by the same magnitude as AGEPC, led to an increase in the apparent
      tissue space accessible to this same species.

PMID- 2643547
TI  - The multiple-indicator dilution technique for characterization of normal and
      retrograde flow in once-through rat liver perfusions.
AB  - The technique of normal and retrograde rat liver perfusion has been widely used
      to probe zonal differences in drug-metabolizing activities. The validity of this
      approach mandates the same tissue spaces being accessed by substrates during both
      normal and retrograde perfusions. Using the multiple-indicator dilution
      technique, we presently examine the extent to which retrograde perfusion alters
      the spaces accessible to noneliminated references. A bolus dose of 51Cr-labeled
      red blood cells, 125I-albumin, 14C-sucrose and 3H2O was injected into the portal
      (normal) or hepatic (retrograde) vein of rat livers perfused at 10 ml per min per
      liver. The outflow perfusate was serially collected over 220 sec to characterize
      the transit times and the distribution spaces of the labels. During retrograde
      perfusion, red blood cells, albumin and sucrose profiles peaked later and lower
      than during normal perfusion, whereas the water curves were similar. The transit
      times of red blood cells, albumin and sucrose were longer (p less than 0.005),
      whereas those for water did not change. Consequently, retrograde flow resulted in
      significantly larger sinusoidal blood volumes (45%), albumin Disse space (42%)
      and sucrose Disse space (25%) than during normal flow, whereas the distribution
      spaces for total and intracellular water remained unaltered. The distension of
      the vascular tree was confirmed by electron microscopy, by which occasional
      isolated foci of widened intercellular recesses and spaces of Disse were
      observed. Cellular ultrastructure was otherwise unchanged, and there was no
      difference found between normal and retrograde perfusion for bile flow rates, AST
      release, perfusion pressure, oxygen consumption and metabolic removal of ethanol,
      a substrate with flow-limited distribution, which equilibrates rapidly with cell
      water (hepatic extraction ratios were virtually identical: normal vs. retrograde,
      0.50 vs. 0.48 at 6 to 7.4 mM input concentration). These findings suggest that
      the functional and metabolic capacities of the liver remain unperturbed during
      retrograde perfusion, rendering the technique suitable for the investigation of
      zonal differences in drug-metabolizing enzymes.

PMID- 2643548
TI  - The effect of age upon liver volume and apparent liver blood flow in healthy man.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aging upon liver volume and
      apparent liver blood flow in healthy man. Sixty-five subjects between 24 and 91
      years of age were recruited. Liver volume was quantitated by a gray scale B
      ultrasound scan method. Apparent liver blood flow was determined from the plasma
      clearance of indocyanine green, based on an assumption of no change in hepatic
      extraction of the dye with age. A significant negative correlation was observed
      between age and both liver volume and apparent liver blood flow (p less than
      0.001), whether expressed in absolute terms or per unit body weight. Similarly, a
      significant negative correlation was observed between apparent liver blood flow
      per unit volume of liver (liver perfusion) and age (p less than 0.005). The
      reduction in liver volume, apparent liver blood flow and perfusion may at least
      partly account for the decline in the clearance of many drugs undergoing liver
      metabolism which has been noted to occur with aging in man.

PMID- 2643549
TI  - Compact organization of the hepatitis B virus genome.

PMID- 2643550
TI  - Aging and determinants of hepatic drug clearance.

PMID- 2643551
TI  - A model of presinusoidal portal hypertension.

PMID- 2643552
TI  - Sleep disorders: a selective update.
AB  - Recent years have seen significant advances in sleep disorders medicine,
      including effective treatments for chronic psychophysiological insomnia and
      obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; greater understanding of biological rhythms and
      of the nature of sleep in depression, including seasonal affective disorder; and
      the discovery of REM behavior disorder. The author reviews selected developments
      in the sleep disorders field over the last three years. Developments are
      presented in the framework of the diagnostic classification of the American Sleep
      Disorders Association, with emphasis on areas relevant to the practice of
      psychiatry.

PMID- 2643553
TI  - Psychiatric responses to trauma.
AB  - Controlled studies examining the relationship between psychiatric disorders and
      war and other traumatic events are reviewed. Several studies have found a
      correlation between the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and
      the degree of trauma. Other disorders associated with trauma include depression,
      substance abuse disorders, adjustment disorders, psychosomatic disorders, and
      antisocial behavior. No relationship has been found between trauma and subsequent
      violent behavior. The authors identify areas for further research, including
      examination of why the majority of persons exposed to trauma do not develop
      psychiatric illness.

PMID- 2643554
TI  - Deinstitutionalization in 19th-century America.

PMID- 2643555
TI  - HHS proposes strict rules on business deals.

PMID- 2643556
TI  - HCFA ruling speeds MD's role in payment chain.

PMID- 2643557
TI  - The pathology of alkaptonuric ochronosis.
AB  - The gross and microscopic pathology of alkaptonuric ochronosis is presented from
      a study of pathologic specimens from six cases in our files and from a review of
      the literature. Emphasis is placed on the most clinically relevant organ systems
      involved by ochronosis: musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, genitourinary, eye, and
      skin. Recent electron microscopic discoveries from several affected organs,
      including the synovium, articular cartilage, cardiovascular system, eye, and
      skin, are included in this report. In addition, the molecular pathology of
      alkaptonuria is briefly discussed. The pathologic literature regarding
      alkaptonurin ochronosis is fragmented, as most cases of this rare entity are
      reported individually or as small series of cases. A comprehensive review of
      alkaptonuria has not appeared since the clinicopathologic review of the world
      literature by O'Brien et al in 1963. The purpose of this report is to present an
      updated and unified pathologic study of alkaptonuric ochronosis.

PMID- 2643558
TI  - Pulmonary dirofilariasis: the great imitator of primary or metastatic lung tumor.
      A clinicopathologic analysis of seven cases and a review of the literature.
AB  - The clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of seven patients with
      pulmonary dirofilariasis were studied. The findings were analyzed in conjunction
      with those of 76 cases previously reported from the United States. We found that,
      in most instances, the disease was acquired in states along the Atlantic and Gulf
      coasts and occurred predominantly in whites (94.7%) in their fifth or sixth
      decades of life, with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Symptoms, commonly chest
      pain, cough, or hemoptysis, were present in 37.6% of patients. Most patients
      (62.4%) were asymptomatic, and the disease was discovered incidentally on routine
      radiography or during the investigation of another problem. Peripheral
      eosinophilia was present in 20% of patients. The radiologic findings consisted of
      single (89.8%) or multiple (10.2%) pulmonary nodules that simulated primary or
      metastatic lung tumor. Dirofilariasis was not included in the clinical
      differential diagnosis in any of the patients. In one case, the diagnosis was
      accurately obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy. All other patients required
      thoracotomy with excisional lung biopsy for diagnosis. Pathologically, the
      dirofilaria nodule consisted of a spherical subpleural infarct with a central
      thrombosed artery containing Dirofilaria immitis in various stages of
      disintegration.

PMID- 2643559
TI  - Common senile degeneration and degenerative diseases of senility and pre-senility
      of the brain: a perspective.

PMID- 2643560
TI  - Novel histopathologic findings in a surviving case of hemolytic uremic syndrome
      after bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - We report novel renal histopathologic features in a patient with hemolytic uremic
      syndrome after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation who survived with plasma
      exchange therapy. This distribution of vascular lesions within the kidney
      differed from previously described cases, which were uniformly fatal, in that
      there were marked arterial changes in addition to arteriolar and glomerular
      microangiopathy. A high rate of frequency of apoptotic cells within glomeruli was
      found. These findings are discussed in terms of their pathogenetic and prognostic
      relevance.

PMID- 2643561
TI  - H-Y antigenicity of human fibroblasts.
AB  - Injection of cultured fibroblasts from male C57BL/6 mice resulted in accelerated
      rejection of subsequent male C57BL/6 skin grafts, whereas the injection of
      cultured fibroblasts from human males failed to have this effect.

PMID- 2643562
TI  - A proposed growth regulatory function for the serologically detectable sex
      specific antigen H-Ys.
AB  - It is widely believed that the serologically detectable sex-specific antigen H-Ys
      plays a major role in the primary determination of sex. The cellular distribution
      of the antigen, however, seems to be at odds with its postulated function.
      Consideration of this apparent paradox has prompted the suggestion that the H-Ys
      antigen functions as a growth regulator, and that its role in the primary
      determination of sex can be accounted for on this basis. Circumstantial evidence
      is adduced that H-Ys is a growth regulator in the embryo, and this is supported
      by evidence from several sources not immediately related to embryonic growth or
      development. Genes coding for growth regulators can function as oncogenes in
      situations involving disordered regulation, and it is suggested that this
      accounts for the high incidence of ovarian neoplasms in H-Ys positive, but not in
      H-Ys negative, female patients with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer's syndrome).
      A postulated growth regulatory function of H-Ys lends weight to the contention of
      others, not only that the direction of differentiation of the indifferent gonad
      in the embryo is determined by its growth rate, but also that a common mechanism
      underlies genotypic sex determination and environmental sex determination.

PMID- 2643563
TI  - Phenolic glycolipids of Mycobacterium bovis: new structures and synthesis of a
      corresponding seroreactive neoglycoprotein.
AB  - The glycolipid that characterizes the majority of isolates of Mycobacterium bovis
      and that has come to be known as M. bovis-identifying lipid is the phenolic
      glycolipid mycoside B described in the literature by others. However, when
      mycoside B obtained from M. bovis BCG, field isolates, and infected tissues was
      examined in detail, it was shown to be different from that described in the
      literature in some important respects. In particular, the glycosyl substituent is
      2-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranose rather than 2-O-methyl-beta-D-rhamnopyranose.
      With this information, a seroreactive neoglycoprotein (neoantigen) containing the
      2-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl substituent suitable for the serodiagnosis of
      bovine tuberculosis was synthesized. M. bovis also contains other minor
      seroreactive phenolic glycolipids, one of which is a deacylated form of mycoside
      B and another of which contains an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl unit rather than 2-O
      methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranose.

PMID- 2643565
TI  - Systemic injection of group A streptococcal peptidoglycan-polysaccharide
      complexes elicits persistent neutrophilia and monocytosis associated with
      polyarthritis in rats.
AB  - The perpetuation of inflammatory changes within joints elicited by persisting,
      poorly biodegradable group A streptococcal cell walls (peptidoglycan
      polysaccharide complexes [PG-PS]) is well documented. Chronic changes in the
      bloodstream induced by PG-PS have not been described previously. We demonstrated
      that leukocytosis occurs within 3 days after intraperitoneal injection of PG-PS
      and remains elevated 20 weeks later. Chronic neutrophilia, monocytosis, and
      lymphocytosis were observed in all experiments. Chronic changes in platelet,
      erythrocyte, and reticulocyte counts were not seen. The newly documented
      leukocytosis, lasting for months after PG-PS administration, provided a
      circulating pool of leukocytes that may participate in chronic inflammatory
      events in the joint. Although the central role of the macrophage in PG-PS
      mediated inflammation has been emphasized (F. G. Dalldorf, W. J. Cromartie, S. K.
      Anderle, R. L. Clark, and J. H. Schwab, Am. J. Pathol. 100:383-402, 1980), the
      polymorphonuclear cell may be involved in periods of exacerbation of
      streptococcal cell wall-mediated polyarthritis. This was supported by our
      observations that neutrophilia and monocytosis correlate well with the degree of
      chronic joint inflammation.

PMID- 2643564
TI  - Induction of macrophage procoagulant activity by Bacteroides fragilis.
AB  - Fibrin deposition in the peritoneal cavity during acute peritonitis appears to
      predispose the host to abscess formation by providing an environment for
      bacterial proliferation protected from host defenses. The purpose of the present
      study was to determine whether the potent abscess-inducing anaerobe Bacteroides
      fragilis could promote fibrin deposition by inducing mononuclear cells to express
      procoagulant activity (PCA). B. fragilis stimulated PCA in a dose-dependent
      fashion, achieving a maximum at 10(7) CFU/ml. Heat-killed B. fragilis induced
      comparable levels of PCA, while a nonspecific phagocytic stimulus, latex beads,
      was not stimulatory. B. fragilis was capable of inducing PCA even when
      phagocytosis was blocked by preexposure of cells to latex beads. The results
      suggested that phagocytosis was neither necessary nor sufficient for the
      generation of PCA. Cell separation studies showed that PCA was solely produced by
      macrophages and that lymphocytes did not augment its production. These studies
      suggest one potential mechanism by which B. fragilis might initiate abscess
      formation.

PMID- 2643566
TI  - Antibody response to Staphylococcus aureus surface proteins in rabbits with
      persistent osteomyelitis after treatment with demineralized bone implants.
AB  - A rabbit model was used to study the effect of allogeneic demineralized bone
      powder (DBP) implants on the persistence of Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis.
      Thirty-one rabbits with chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia established by day 21,
      were started on systemic antibiotics followed by either no additional treatment
      or debridement plus either DBP (with or without supplemental antibiotics) or
      supplemental antibiotics only. On day 21, cultures showed a mean of 2 x 10(4)
      CFU/mg of debrided osseous material. By day 70, the treatment most effective in
      clearing infection was found in animals treated with supplemental antibiotics
      only (mean of 142 +/- 116 CFU/mg). In contrast, infection persisted at a 7- to 10
      fold-higher level in animals receiving DBP with and without supplemental
      antibiotics; these results suggest that DBP contributed to persistence of
      infection. Longitudinal sera were tested again staphylococcal sonic extracts by
      immunoblot. Detection of numerous probe-positive bands indicated complex but
      remarkably similar antibody responses among infected animals. Antibodies attached
      directly to the cell surfaces of staphylococci as shown by immunogold and blocked
      the binding of organisms to HEp-2 and human fetal lung cells in a radioadherence
      assay. Antibodies could be absorbed out by intact organisms and were unreactive
      by immunoblot against antigens derived from cells pretreated with pronase,
      proteinase K, or lysostaphin. These results indicate that the major response was
      directed against staphylococcal cell surface proteins. Surprisingly, only one
      major band (molecular weight, approximately 12,000) was detected when a
      homologous in vivo antigen preparation was studied by immunoblot. Antibody
      reactive against this peptide did not appear to react with staphylococci grown in
      vitro.

PMID- 2643567
TI  - Analysis of mannans of two relatively avirulent mutant strains of Candida
      albicans.
AB  - We previously reported the isolation of two cerulenin-resistant mutant strains of
      Candida albicans 4918 that differ in adherence properties and are less virulent
      than the parental strain. In addition, biochemical characterization demonstrated
      significant differences in both protein and polysaccharide composition of cell
      wall material between the mutant and wild-type strains. These observations
      prompted studies concerning the chemical structure of mannans in these strains.
      After extraction and subsequent purification by ion-exchange chromatography,
      mannan fractions were subjected to either mild acid hydrolysis, alkali
      hydrolysis, or acetylation followed by acetolysis. Acid- and alkali-modified
      mannans were studied by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and released
      products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography on an Aminex HPX
      42A column. The results demonstrated quantitative and qualitative differences
      between mannooligosaccharides of the wild-type and mutant strains in the identity
      of released oligosaccharides as well as in linkage of the oligosaccharides to the
      protein backbone.

PMID- 2643568
TI  - Molecular analysis and epidemiology of the Dr hemagglutinin of uropathogenic
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The genetic organization and epidemiology of Dr hemagglutinin was studied.
      Plasmids derived from pBJN406 and carrying transposon inserts were analyzed for
      their abilities to confer the mannose-resistant hemagglutination phenotype and
      expression of plasmid-encoded proteins. The 6.6-kilobase DNA fragment expressed
      five polypeptides with molecular masses of 15.5, 5, 18, 90, and 32 kilodaltons
      encoded by the draA, draB, draC, draD, and draE genes, respectively. Four genes,
      draA, draC, draD, and draE, were required for full mannose-resistant
      hemagglutination expression. Mutation in the draA gene, previously identified as
      encoding fimbrillin, resulted in loss of the adherence phenotype. We screened 658
      strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) or from fecal
      samples for the presence of DNA sequences homologous to the draD gene. A
      significantly higher frequency of draD-related sequences was found among
      Escherichia coli strains from patients with cystitis than among strains from
      patients with other clinical forms of UTI. Association of draD-related sequences
      with O75 and other serotypes was observed. A possible role of Dr hemagglutinin as
      a virulence factor in lower UTI is discussed.

PMID- 2643569
TI  - Chemotactic properties of rat immunoglobulins and immune complexes.
AB  - The effect of rat immunoglobulins and immune complexes on the locomotor function
      of rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was investigated in vitro. Rat
      immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgA monoclonal antibodies specific
      for the dinitrophenyl hapten were used. Both monomeric and polymeric IgA showed
      chemotactic activity in a dose-dependent manner. IgG1 and IgG2b also induced a
      dose-dependent locomotor response of PMN, but the nature of the induced migration
      was chemokinetic (enhancing random migration). IgG2a was chemotactic and induced
      maximal migration at a relatively low concentration. IgG1- and IgG2b-immune
      complexes induced stronger migration than antibody alone; however, IgA- and IgG2a
      immune complexes did not. IgA was shown to modify the chemotactic movement of PMN
      induced by N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). In the presence of both
      IgA and FMLP in the lower chamber, the migration towards suboptimal
      concentrations of FMLP was enhanced. By contrast, IgA in the upper chamber
      decreased migration towards the optimal or higher concentrations of FMLP. These
      findings suggest that IgA may work synergistically with luminal chemoattractants
      to mobilize PMN to the locus of infection on the mucosal surface. In addition,
      the intense activity of IgG2a alone and IgG1- or IgG2b-immune complexes in
      inducing PMN migration may play an important role in inflammatory processes. The
      data indicate that immunoglobulins have a direct effect on PMN mobility.

PMID- 2643570
TI  - Hypha formation in the white-opaque transition of Candida albicans.
AB  - Cells of Candida albicans strain WO-1 and related strains switch frequently and
      reversibly between a white-colony-forming unit (white phase) and a gray-colony
      forming unit (opaque phase). Cells in the budding white phase exhibit the usual
      smooth round phenotype observed in other C. albicans strains, but cells in the
      budding opaque phase exhibit a unique elongate shape with surface pimples or
      protrusions. In this study, it was demonstrated that opaque cells formed hyphae
      at low to negligible levels in suspension cultures but could be induced to form
      hyphae at high levels when anchored to the chamber wall of a perfusion chamber or
      to a monolayer of human skin epithelial cells. Variability in the proportion of
      hyphae formed between experiments appeared to be due to variability between
      individual opaque clones. The hyphae formed by opaque cells were morphologically
      identical to hyphae formed by white cells (i.e., they were devoid of pimples or
      protrusions and exhibited the same shape and septal locations). They also did not
      stain with an opaque-specific antiserum which differentially stained opaque
      budding cells in a punctate fashion. However, when stimulated to form buds,
      opaque hyphae formed opaque-shaped daughter buds, demonstrating that although
      they are morphologically similar to hyphae formed by white cells, they are
      genetically opaque.

PMID- 2643571
TI  - Intracellular spread of Shigella flexneri associated with the kcpA locus and a
      140-kilodalton protein.
AB  - Escherichia coli K-12 hybrids carrying both the 220-kilobase plasmid and the purE
      linked kcpA locus from Shigella flexneri expressed a 140-kilodalton (kDa) protein
      which was recognized by convalescent sera from monkeys infected with S. flexneri.
      These hybrids were tested for the ability to produce plaques in HeLa cell
      monolayers. Hybrid strains which carried both the 220-kilobase plasmid and the
      kcpA locus had a plaque-forming efficiency of at least 10(-4) PFU/CFU, whereas
      the plaque-forming efficiency of hybrids that carried only the shigella invasion
      plasmid ranged from undetectable to 10(-6). Variants were purified from the rare
      plaques formed by E. coli hybrids that carried only the shigella invasion
      plasmid. These plaque-purified strains also expressed the 140-kDa protein, and
      they had a plaque-forming efficiency of at least 10(-4). Transduction of the purE
      locus from a plaque-purified hybrid into a non-plaque-forming E. coli K-12 strain
      did not alter the phenotype of the recipient, but conjugation of the shigella
      invasion plasmid into this transductant reconstituted both expression of the 140
      kDa protein and the plaque-forming phenotype. Invasive E. coli K-12 hybrids
      carrying only the shigella invasion plasmid remained localized within discrete
      areas of the HeLa cell cytoplasm, whereas hybrids that also carried the S.
      flexneri kcpA locus grew in a dispersed pattern throughout the host cell
      cytoplasm. The dispersal of these organisms was inhibited by cytochalasin D,
      which suggested that host cell microfilaments may play a role in the
      intracellular spread of enteroinvasive pathogens.

PMID- 2643572
TI  - Heterogeneity of the streptokinase gene in group A streptococci.
AB  - A molecular epidemiological study was conducted to determine the distribution of
      the streptokinase gene in group A streptococcal strains of different M types and
      in other streptococcal species. Plasmid pNC1, containing only the internal coding
      sequence of the streptokinase gene from group C streptococcal strain H46A, was
      used as a DNA probe in colony and Southern hybridization experiments. Only the
      pathogenic group A, C, and G streptococci contained a streptokinase gene; 12
      other Lancefield group strains did not. A total of 134 group A strains, including
      61 M types and 6 T types, were tested. Although only 62% (83 of 134) of the
      strains tested showed positive streptokinase activity by the casein-plasminogen
      overlay assay, all strains contained the streptokinase gene as evidenced by
      strong hybridization with the pNC1 probe. Southern blot DNA hybridizations were
      carried out with 101 strains of group A streptococci. The restriction enzymes
      HindIII and HaeIII were used to digest the genomic DNA. Six hybridization
      patterns were observed after HindIII digestion. Double hybridization bands
      appeared in all of the patterns, which indicated the existence of a highly
      conserved HindIII site. More complex hybridization results were obtained after
      HaeIII digestion. Twelve hybridization patterns were observed; three were
      characterized by a single hybridization band, and nine were characterized by
      double bands. Variations in hybridization patterns were observed in strains of
      both the same and different serotypes. The overall results at the gene level
      indicate that there is considerable heterogeneity among the streptokinases of
      group A streptococci, consistent with previous findings of immunological and
      chemical differences among streptokinases of group A streptococci.

PMID- 2643573
TI  - Genetic differences between type I and type II Candida stellatoidea.
AB  - Genetic similarities and differences between type I and type II Candida
      stellatoidea were studied. The electrophoretic karyotype, mitochondrial DNA
      (mtDNA) restriction patterns, and midrepeat sequence of nuclear DNA in type I C.
      stellatoidea were clearly distinguishable from those of a reference culture of
      Candida albicans. The karyotype and the major bands of the midrepeat sequence of
      type II C. stellatoidea were indistinguishable from those of the reference C.
      albicans. The mtDNA restriction patterns of four type I isolates were homogeneous
      regardless of the endonucleases and probes used. The mtDNA restriction patterns
      of type II C. stellatoidea varied from strain to strain. Some of them were
      identical to that of C. albicans, while others were the same as that of type I C.
      stellatoidea. Immunofluorescence with C. albicans serotype A-specific monoclonal
      antibody indicated that the four isolates of type I C. stellatoidea were serotype
      B (non-A), whereas all three type II isolates studied were serotype A. Taken
      together, these results support the hypothesis that the isolates of C.
      stellatoidea type II studied are sucrose-negative mutants of serotype A C.
      albicans. Since C. stellatoidea type I differs from C. albicans in several major
      genetic characteristics, it cannot be viewed as a simple mutant derived from C.
      albicans. Hybrids produced by protoplast fusion of type I and type II cells were
      capable of assimilating sucrose, indicating that the sucrose-negative phenotypes
      of the parents are due to different mutations.

PMID- 2643574
TI  - Sequence analysis and expression in Escherichia coli of the hyaluronidase gene of
      Streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage H4489A.
AB  - The hyaluronidase gene (hylP) from Streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage H4489A
      was previously cloned into Escherichia coli plasmid pUC8 as a 3.1-kilobase ThaI
      fragment. Southern hybridization experiments confirmed the origin of this
      fragment in bacteriophage H4489A before determination of the nucleotide sequence
      of the entire fragment. Two open reading frames (ORFs) were found, the first of
      which specified a 39,515-molecular-weight protein identified as the bacteriophage
      hyaluronidase. The second ORF encoded a 65,159-molecular-weight protein of
      unknown function. Putative transcription and translation control sequences for
      each ORF were identified by using a plasmid containing a promoterless
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Controlled exclusive expression of the
      hylP gene via the T7 polymerase-promoter system in E. coli resulted in a 40,000
      dalton protein, a result consistent with the coding capacity of the hylP gene.

PMID- 2643575
TI  - Mucoid phenotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae is a plasmid-encoded virulence factor.
AB  - We have previously reported that the presence of a 180-kilobase plasmid encoding
      production of aerobactin was correlated with the virulence of Klebsiella
      pneumoniae K1 and K2 isolates. This work demonstrates that a variant of a K2
      strain which has lost this plasmid, pKP100, becomes avirulent. Labeling of this
      plasmid with the mobilizable, replication-defective element pME28, used here as a
      mobilizable transposon, allowed the transfer of this plasmid into a plasmidless
      derivative. Virulence was restored upon reacquisition of this tagged plasmid,
      pKP101. In addition to aerobactin production, another phenotype could be
      correlated with the presence of this virulence plasmid: the mucoid phenotype of
      the bacterial colonies. Both wild-type and plasmidless strains are encapsulated,
      but only the former presented mucoid colonies. Participation of this phenotype in
      the virulence of K. pneumoniae was demonstrated by constructing a mutant altered
      in the plasmid gene encoding this phenotype. The resulting strain demonstrated a
      1,000-fold decrease in virulence. Introduction of the recombinant plasmid pKP200
      carrying the gene encoding this mucoid phenotype into Escherichia coli HB101 also
      led to the production of a mucoid phenotype. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis
      demonstrated that in E. coli this phenotype was due to the production of colanic
      acid. On the other hand, neither the overproduction of K2 capsular polysaccharide
      nor the presence of colanic acid was detected in mucoid strains of K. pneumoniae.
      We conclude that this mucoid phenotype is definitely an important virulence
      factor of K. pneumoniae. It is due to the plasmid-encoded production of a
      substance which is different from colanic acid and the capsular polysaccharide of
      K. pneumoniae.

PMID- 2643576
TI  - Control of Escherichia coli populations by a combination of indigenous clostridia
      and lactobacilli in gnotobiotic mice and continuous-flow cultures.
AB  - The function of indigenous lactobacilli in the control of other intestinal
      microbial species is not clear. Still more controversial is the effect of dietary
      bacterial supplements containing lactobacilli or other species. This situation is
      unlikely to change unless the mechanisms that control the colonization of
      ingested bacteria are better understood, and until more detailed information
      becomes available on the mechanisms by which certain populations of indigenous
      bacteria can affect the population sizes of other species. We used gnotobiotic
      mice and a continuous-flow culture system to study the interactions between
      Escherichia coli and (i) clostridia (in chloroform-treated cecal suspensions from
      conventional mice) and (ii) three strains of lactobacilli isolated from
      conventional mice. In gnotobiotic mice, the lactobacilli suppressed E. coli
      multiplication in the stomach and the small intestine, but had no demonstrable
      effect on E. coli multiplication in the large intestine. In contrast, clostridia
      were most effective in controlling E. coli multiplication in the large intestine.
      In the presence of both lactobacilli and clostridia, E. coli populations in the
      various regions of the gastrointestinal tract resembled those found in
      conventionalized control animals. The control of E. coli populations was not
      related to changes in pH or intestinal motility. In vitro stimulation of the
      above-described in vivo interactions required a two-stage continuous-flow culture
      in which the effluent from the first stage represented the influx to the second.
      The first stage was inoculated with lactobacilli, and the second stage was
      inoculated with either a pure culture of E. coli or E. coli and clostridia. In
      these instances, the E. coli populations in the second stage of the culture
      resembled in size those found in the large intestine of gnotobiotic mice
      harboring a similar flora. Although there are some current shortcomings of this
      in vitro model, we expect that a multistage continuous-flow culture can be
      developed to satisfactorily model the interactions among bacterial populations
      along the entire gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2643577
TI  - Association of microneme antigens of Plasmodium brasilianum merozoites with knobs
      and other parasite-induced structures in host erythrocytes.
AB  - The localization of Plasmodium brasilianum antigens, common to merozoite
      micronemes and parasite-induced structures in the host erythrocyte, was
      determined by means of immunogold electron microscopy and monoclonal antibodies
      directed against blood stages of this parasite. All monoclonal antibodies reacted
      with micronemes. In addition, some reacted with either knob protrusions or
      caveolae of the host erythrocyte membrane; one reacted with a parasite-derived
      antigen present in the erythrocyte cytoplasm. Gold particles appeared over the
      membranes of ring-infected cells before the appearance of knobs and caveolae. We
      hypothesize that at least some knob- and caveolae-associated antigens of P.
      brasilianum are inserted into the erythrocyte membrane at the time of merozoite
      invasion.

PMID- 2643579
TI  - Primary structure of an oligomeric antigen of Treponema pallidum.
AB  - The properties and sequence of an oligomeric antigen of Treponema pallidum are
      presented. Antigen C1-5 assembles into oligomers of 140,000 and greater. The
      nucleotide sequence predicts an open reading frame for a protein monomer of
      19,400, confirmed by amino-terminal sequencing of the recombinant antigen.

PMID- 2643578
TI  - Molecular cloning and expression of Campylobacter pylori species-specific
      antigens in Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - A gene bank of Campylobacter pylori DNA in Escherichia coli was constructed by
      cloning Sau3A-cleaved DNA fragments into the bacteriophage vector lambda EMBL3.
      The expression of C. pylori antigens was determined by screening the gene library
      with adsorbed C. pylori whole-cell rabbit antisera. One recombinant clone which
      reacted positively (lambda CP2) was studied further. Immunoblot analysis with
      lambda CP2 showed a polypeptide band of 66 kilodaltons (kDa) reacting
      antigenically with the adsorbed antiserum. Extraction of DNA from lambda CP2 and
      digestion with SalI revealed a DNA insert of 17 kilobases (kb). Subcloning with
      SalI and the E. coli vector pUC18 showed that the DNA also encoded a 31-kDa
      antigen. The cloned antigens were shown by immunoblotting to have the same
      molecular weight in E. coli as in C. pylori and to be present in all C. pylori
      strains. Antiserum was raised against the cloned polypeptides and found to react
      only with C. pylori when analyzed by dot blotting and indirect
      immunofluorescence. The cloned antigens were determined to be expressed from the
      pUC18 lac promoter. The DNA encoding these antigens was radiolabeled with 32P and
      found to hybridize only to C. pylori strains. Immunoblotting with affinity
      purified polyclonal antibody to the urease enzyme of C. pylori revealed that the
      cloned antigens may be part of the urease enzyme.

PMID- 2643580
TI  - Rectification of two Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin allele sequences
      and lack of biological effect of changing the carboxy-terminal tyrosine to
      histidine.
AB  - Resequencing estA3, an allele of the methanol-soluble heat-stable enterotoxin of
      Escherichia coli showed that the proline triplet 19 is in fact an alanine codon;
      thus, estA alleles 3 and 4 were shown to be identical. Resequencing has also
      shown that the carboxy terminus of another allele, estA2, is not the previously
      inferred histidine triplet but the same tyrosine codon reported for all other
      estA alleles. The improperly inferred histidine codon was used in constructions
      to fuse estA2 to the B subunit of the heat-labile enterotoxin gene, and the fused
      gene products as well as three amino acid insertional mutants containing
      histidine-72 were not efficiently secreted. We show that the defective secretion
      is not due to histidine as a carboxy-terminal residue, since site-directed
      mutagenesis of wild-type tyrosine-72 to histidine did not influence the
      localization of the activity of the methanol-soluble heat-stable enterotoxin.

PMID- 2643581
TI  - Vaccination of mice against Mycobacterium leprae infection.
AB  - Intradermal immunization with killed Mycobacterium leprae renders mice immune to
      infection with viable M. leprae. This protection is long lasting and systemic in
      that immunization in the left flank results in protection in both the left and
      right footpads. Immunization with Mycobacterium vaccae was ineffective in
      protecting mice against M. leprae infection, while Mycobacterium bovis BCG
      provided partial protection. Mycobacterium habana TMC 5135 (now known as
      Mycobacterium simiae) was found to be as effective as M. leprae in protecting
      mice against footpad infection.

PMID- 2643583
TI  - Pretherapy preparation for group members.
AB  - The authors provide a comprehensive survey of the research literature on
      pretherapy training for group psychotherapy. The twenty studies identified during
      the twenty-five-year period 1962-1987 were fraught with various methodological
      and design inadequacies. Despite the widespread positive endorsement found in the
      clinical literature, the research evidence for the benefit of pretherapy training
      is not particularly impressive. While there is evidence of certain immediate
      effects (e.g., improved attendance), results concerning process and outcome
      effects are, at best, only suggestive. In the face of the disappointing findings,
      the authors are nonetheless optimistic regarding the potential value of
      pretherapy training.

PMID- 2643582
TI  - Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Eikenella corrodens by use of
      murine monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The structure of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Eikenella corrodens was analyzed
      with prepared murine monoclonal antibodies. A common core epitope was found in
      three of seven LPS preparations from E. corrodens strains and Fusobacterium
      nucleatum ATCC 25586. Four E. corrodens LPSs were found to possess an O-side
      chain epitope which cross-reacted with LPSs from Fusobacterium necrophorum ATCC
      25286 and Capnocytophaga ochracea M-12. Lipid A of E. corrodens LPS shared an
      epitope common among LPSs from various gram-negative rods.

PMID- 2643584
TI  - "Come on, Jack, tell us about yourself": the growth spurt of group psychotherapy.
AB  - Group psychotherapy evidenced a growth spurt in the decade of the 1930s and prior
      to World War II. Following upon the pioneering efforts of the psychoeducators
      (Pratt, Marsh, Lazell) and the writings of the early analysts (Freud, Adler,
      Dreikurs, Burrow), the next wave of practitioners and theorizers popularized and
      expounded the use of the group treatment modality in hospitals, clinics, and
      private practice. A review of the seminal ideas and efforts of Jacob Moreno,
      Louis Wender, Paul Schilder, Lauretta Bender, Alexander Wolf, and Samuel Slavson
      continues the historical overview begun earlier in this journal (Ettin, 1988). In
      a continuing effort to call up the wisdom of the past in the service of the work
      of the present, the emphasis in this paper will be on practical application.
      Representative quotes will be embedded in the text to capture the tenor of the
      times, and special attention will be given to (1) theoretical underpinnings such
      as the proposed advantages, curative variables, and therapy goals of a group
      treatment; (2) the basic logistics of practice, including optimum group size,
      composition, membership and exclusion criteria, and length, frequency, and
      structure of the meetings; and (3) technical considerations, such as the role of
      the therapist and the techniques, procedures, and processes of the ongoing group
      endeavor, as well as the interface between individual and group sessions. In
      conclusion, it will be argued that group psychotherapy matured just in time to
      respond to the pressing need for efficient mental treatment mandated by the
      coming of the Second World War.

PMID- 2643585
TI  - Coping skill training in groups.
AB  - Though similar to traditional group psychotherapy in many respects, a coping
      skill training approach differs principally in several areas and technically in
      many more. Coping skill training group therapy tends to employ many concrete
      intervention strategies to enhance various aspects of process, drawing on ongoing
      data to evaluate group interaction and individual responses. The approach draws
      more heavily on cognitive, modeling, reinforcement, and problem-solving
      procedures to achieve specifically determined goals, and it depends less on
      interpretive and confrontative methods. The author discusses a wide range of
      techniques to show the benefits of this approach.

PMID- 2643586
TI  - On presentation of the Friedenwald award of the Association for Research in
      Vision and Ophthalmology to Dr. Gerald J. Chader.

PMID- 2643587
TI  - Changes in aqueous immunoglobulin and albumin levels following penetrating
      keratoplasty.
AB  - The feline model of induced rejection of corneal allografts was employed to
      define the changes in the concentrations of immunoglobulins and albumin in the
      anterior chamber prior to, and concomitant with the rejection of the transplanted
      cornea. Fourteen animals received unilateral exchange corneal allografts. Aqueous
      humor obtained by anterior chamber paracentesis at regular intervals prior to and
      following the performance of the penetrating keratoplasties was analyzed for IgG,
      IgM and albumin concentrations using the micro enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
      (ELISA). Two patterns of anterior chamber protein modulation were observed. Eight
      of the animals demonstrated a biphasic pattern in which both immunoglobulin and
      albumin concentrations were elevated two- to five-fold above presurgical values
      14 days postkeratoplasty, returning to preoperative values by day 42. Three to 5
      weeks after corneal rejection was induced increases in protein concentrations
      were observed that correlated with the appearance of clinical signs of rejection.
      A second, monophasic pattern of anterior chamber protein modulation following
      keratoplasty was observed in four of the animals. It was distinguishable from the
      biphasic pattern in that levels did not return to baseline values after the
      initial rise following keratoplasty until the rejection process was completed.
      The monophasic response was found to be characteristic of more rapid and vigorous
      corneal rejection. Examination of albumin to immunoglobulin ratios suggested that
      all changes in protein levels following keratoplasty were a result of increased
      influx of serum proteins into the anterior chamber, rather than due to local
      immunoglobulin synthesis.

PMID- 2643588
TI  - Blood flow in the normal human retina.
AB  - The laser Doppler technique was used to measure the blood flow rate in 41 major
      vessels in ten eyes of healthy volunteer subjects. The specific relationship
      between blood flow rate, F, and vessel diameter, D, was determined for both
      retinal arteries and retinal veins. On average, F increased with increasing D at
      a power of 4.1, consistent with the presence of Poiseuille flow. In six eyes of
      six subjects, measurements on individual vessels were combined to yield the total
      retinal blood flow rate. The mean and standard deviation of the total retinal
      blood flow was 80 +/- 12 microliter/min. The blood flow rate per unit mass of
      retinal tissue was calculated and found to be in good agreement with that
      reported for macaque monkeys. Blood flow to the temporal side of the retina was
      approximately three times larger than to the nasal side. There was no significant
      difference between blood flow to the superior and the inferior retina.

PMID- 2643589
TI  - Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP): a model protein for molecular
      biological and clinically relevant studies. Friedenwald lecture.

PMID- 2643590
TI  - Tribute to Professor Leo Schamroth.

PMID- 2643591
TI  - Neonatal group B streptococcal bacteremia and meningitis.

PMID- 2643592
TI  - Preoperative hyperthermia and radiation for soft tissue sarcomas: advantage of
      two vs one hyperthermia treatments per week.
AB  - As part of an ongoing Phase II trial at Duke University Medical Center (DUMC),
      patients with Stage IIB-IVA soft tissue sarcomas (STS) potentially amenable to
      wide local excision were treated with preoperative hyperthermia (HT) plus
      radiation therapy (RT), with HT randomized to one versus two treatments per week,
      stratified with respect to tumor volume. 17 patients were treated and analyzed.
      HT was given 30-60 minutes after RT, with heating maintained for 1 hour after
      42.0 degrees C was reached. In patients treated with 2 HT per week, treatments
      were separated by 48 hrs. Concurrent RT was given with 180-200 cGy fractions,
      five treatments per week, to a nominal tumor dose of 5000-5040 cGy. Surgical
      extirpation was performed 4 weeks after completion of HT/RT. Treatment effect was
      evaluated by histopathologic examination of the resected lesions, according to a
      previously reported system. The mean number of HT given in the 1 and 2/wk groups
      was 4.4 and 7.3, respectively (p less than 0.01). Tmax for the 1 and 2 HT/wk
      groups was 42.4 +/- 2.1 degrees C and 43.5 +/- 1.8 degrees C, and T min was 38.1
      +/- 0.8 degrees C and 38.6 +/- 0.5 degrees C, respectively. The increase in T min
      from first to last treatment was 0.5 +/- 1.2 degrees C and 1.0 +/- 0.8 degrees C,
      respectively. The T min from the best treatment was 39.1 +/- 1.2 degrees C and
      40.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C, and the Tmax from the best treatment was 44.5 +/- 3.4
      degrees C and 45.4 +/- 2.5 degrees C for the 1 and 2 HT/wk groups, respectively.
      There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 treatment
      groups for any of the above temperature parameters. Severe histopathologic
      changes were found in 71% (12 of 17) of the lesions. T min and Tmax and highest T
      min and Tmax were between 0.4-1.1 degrees C higher in patients with severe
      changes (p = NS). All 9 patients in the 2 HT/wk group had extensive changes,
      versus only 3 of the 8 patients in the 1 HT/wk group. This difference was highly
      statistically significant (p = 0.009, two-tailed Fisher's exact test). These
      findings suggest an advantage to twice weekly, as opposed to weekly, HT in the
      setting of this study. Whether there is a corresponding therapeutic gain, or
      whether these results can be extrapolated to other settings requires further
      investigational efforts. It is recommended that treatment parameters,
      particularly temperature parameters, continue to be examined in Phase II trials.

PMID- 2643593
TI  - Low dose total body irradiation: a potent anti-retroviral agent in vivo.
AB  - Immunosuppression characterizes many human diseases including leukemia and AIDS.
      Friend virus (FV)-induced murine leukemia is a useful model for studying both
      malignancy and immunosuppression. In a previous series of experiments, we have
      demonstrated that untreated FV-infected mice died within 40 days post-infection,
      whereas infected mice given 150 cGy total body irradiation (TBI) on days 5 and 12
      exhibited long-term survival. In this report, we show that no leukemic cells or
      type C virus particles are found in the spleens of mice treated with TBI. In
      addition, both NK activity as well as bone marrow cell's proliferative responses
      to PHA and Con A were fully restored. This treatment produces long term control
      of FV-induced murine leukemia, and thus might have relevance for the treatment of
      a number of immunosuppressive diseases including AIDS.

PMID- 2643594
TI  - Sequential hemibody radiotherapy in poor prognosis localized adenocarcinoma of
      the prostate gland: a preliminary study of the RTOG.
AB  - Ten patients with poor prognosis localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland
      received local regional radiotherapy to the prostate gland followed by sequential
      radiation therapy to the lower hemibody and the upper hemibody. The treatment
      technique is presented and its feasibility demonstrated. Five patients are alive,
      free of disease, with a minimum of 20 months follow-up. The most common adverse
      effect was prolonged reversible bone marrow suppression.

PMID- 2643595
TI  - Treatment of cancer of the pancreas by intraoperative electron beam therapy:
      physical and biological aspects.
AB  - Radiation therapy has had a significant and an expanded role in the management of
      cancer of the pancreas during the last decade. In particular, for locally
      advanced disease, radiation therapy has improved the median survival of patients
      to 1 year. Intraoperative electron beam therapy has been applied to unresectable
      and resectable pancreatic cancer in an attempt to enhance local control of
      disease and to improve patient survival. This paper presents a survey of the role
      of radiation therapy in treatment of cancer of the pancreas, provides information
      on the radiobiological aspects of this treatment modality and details the
      physical and dosimetric characteristics of intraoperative radiation therapy with
      electrons. Presented are the design specifics of an applicator system, central
      axis beam data, applicator parameters, dose distribution data, shielding,
      treatment planning and means of verification. Emphasis is placed on the
      collaboration and cooperation necessary for all members of the intraoperative
      radiation therapy team including surgeons, radiation therapists, medical
      physicists, anesthesiologists, technologists, and nurses.

PMID- 2643596
TI  - An important step in radiation carcinogenesis may be inactivation of cellular
      genes.
AB  - The loss of genetic material may result in a predisposition to malignant disease.
      The best studied example is retinoblastoma where deletion or transcriptional
      inactivation of a specific gene is associated with the development of the tumor.
      When hereditary retinoblastoma patients are treated with radiation, the incidence
      of osteosarcoma within the treatment field is extremely high compared to other
      cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. These data, together with cytogenetic
      and molecular data on the development of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia secondary
      to radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment suggest that radiation-induced
      deletions of critical DNA sequences may be an important event in radiation
      carcinogenesis. Therefore, we propose that radiation-induced tumors may result
      from deletion of tissue specific regulatory genes. Base alterations caused by
      radiation in dominantly transforming oncogenes may also contribute to radiation
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2643597
TI  - Treatment of sarcomas of the chest wall using intensive combined modality
      therapy.
AB  - As part of two sequential protocols using intensive combined modality treatment
      in pediatric and adolescent sarcomas, 31 consecutive patients with primary chest
      wall tumors were treated between November 1977 and March 1986. This group
      included 13 patients with peripheral neuroepithelioma (Askin's tumor), 11
      patients with Ewing's sarcoma, 3 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma, and 4 patients
      with undifferentiated sarcomas. Following complete work-up, 17 patients presented
      with localized disease and 14 patients presented with metastases. Patients
      received intensive combined modality treatment with combination chemotherapy
      (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, +/- actinomycin-D and DTIC) and high
      dose conventionally fractionated radiation therapy to the primary (55-60 Gy) and
      non-pulmonary metastases (45-50 Gy). Radiation techniques used for the primary
      chest wall tumor varied with the clinical presentation. Patients achieving a
      complete response received either low-dose fractionated TBI (1.5 Gy/0.15 Gy fx/5
      weeks) or high-dose TBI (8 Gy/4 Gy fx/2 days) and an intensive cycle of
      chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation. Twenty-five of
      31 patients were judged to have a complete response (including 1 patient with
      complete resection). With minimum follow-up of 6 months and median follow-up of
      36 months from completion of treatment, 14 patients remain disease-free with 2
      additional patients alive in second remission after relapse. Patients with
      localized disease at presentation have improved disease-free survival and overall
      survival compared to patients with metastases at presentation. All 17 localized
      patients achieved a CR and 11 are NED compared to 8 of 14 metastatic patients
      achieving a CR and only 3 are NED. There have been 5 loco-regional recurrences
      with 3 "in-field" failures and 2 failures in the regional pleura. There were no
      treatment-related deaths and no clinically significant cases of pneumonitis. To
      date, 2 patients have significant treatment related morbidity, including 1
      patient with scoliosis requiring surgery and 1 patient with acute leukemia
      developing 42 months after the start of therapy (presently in remission). We
      conclude that this intensive combined modality therapy results in a high CR rate
      and good local control with acceptable morbidity. Patients with metastatic
      disease at presentation remain a therapeutic challenge.

PMID- 2643598
TI  - The use of CT densitometry to predict lung toxicity in bone marrow transplant
      patients.
AB  - Total body irradiation (TBI) is considered an integral part of the preparation of
      patients with hematological malignancies for marrow transplantation. One of the
      major causes of death following bone marrow transplantation is interstitial
      pneumonia. Its pathogenesis is complex but radiation may play a major role in its
      development. Computed tomography (CT) has been used in animal and human studies
      as a sensitive non-invasive method for detecting changes in the lung following
      radiotherapy. In the present study CT scans are studied before and up to 1 year
      after TBI. Average lung densities measured before TBI showed large variations
      among the individual patients. On follow-up scans, lung density decreases were
      measured for patients who did not develop lung complications. Significant lung
      density increases were measured in patients who subsequently had lung
      complications. These lung density increases were observed prior to the onset of
      respiratory complications and could be correlated with the clinical course of the
      patients, suggesting the possibility for the usage of CT lung densitometry to
      predict lung complications before the onset of clinical symptoms.

PMID- 2643599
TI  - Site-directed mutagenesis of Escherichia coli succinyl-CoA synthetase. beta
      Cys325 is a nonessential active site residue.
AB  - Chemical modification experiments have shown that sulfhydryl groups play an
      important role in the mechanism of action of Escherichia coli succinyl-CoA
      synthetase. One of these sulfhydryl groups has been localized in the beta-subunit
      of the enzyme using the coenzyme A affinity analog, CoA disulfide-S,S-dioxide
      (Collier, G. E., and Nishimura, J. S. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 4938-4943).
      Recently, it has been shown that the reactive sulfhydryl group resides in Cys325
      (Nishimura, J. S., Mitchell, T., Ybarra, J., and Matula, J. M., submitted to Eur.
      J. Biochem. for publication). In the present study, we have changed Cys325 to a
      glycine residue using the technique of site-directed mutagenesis and have
      purified the mutant enzyme to homogeneity. The resulting mutant enzyme is 83% as
      active as wild type enzyme. In contrast to wild type succinyl-CoA synthetase, the
      mutant is refractory to chemical modification by CoA disulfide-S,S-dioxide and
      methyl methanethiolsulfonate. It is also less reactive with N-ethylmaleimide.
      Thus, beta-Cys325 is a nonessential active site residue.

PMID- 2643600
TI  - An alkyl hydroperoxide reductase from Salmonella typhimurium involved in the
      defense of DNA against oxidative damage. Purification and properties.
AB  - A peroxide reductase (peroxidase) which converts lipid hydroperoxides and other
      alkyl hydroperoxides to the corresponding alcohols, using either NADH or NADPH as
      the reducing agent, has been identified in both Salmonella typhimurium and
      Escherichia coli. This enzyme is shown to play a role in protecting against alkyl
      hydroperoxide mutagenesis. To our knowledge this work represents the first
      description of an NAD(P)H peroxidase in enteric bacteria and the first reported
      bacterial peroxidase to exhibit high activity toward alkyl hydroperoxides. A high
      performance liquid chromatography-based assay for the alkyl hydroperoxide
      reductase has been developed by monitoring the reduction of cumene hydroperoxide,
      a model alkyl hydroperoxide. By using this assay, the enzyme has been purified
      from a S. typhimurium regulatory mutant, oxyR1, which overexpresses a number of
      proteins involved in defenses against oxidative damage, and which contains 20
      fold more of the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase than the wild-type strain. The
      purified activity requires the presence of two separable components having
      subunit molecular weights of 22,000 and 57,000. The 57-kDa protein contains a
      bound FAD cofactor and can use either NADH or NADPH as an electron donor for the
      direct reduction of redox dyes, or of alkyl hydroperoxides when combined with the
      22-kDa protein. This enzyme may thus serve as a prokaryotic equivalent to the
      glutathione reductase/glutathione peroxidase system in eukaryotes.

PMID- 2643601
TI  - The major subunit of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor can function alone as a
      receptor.
AB  - Mammalian hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-R) are composed of two
      unique, but closely related polypeptides, which in the rat are designated rat
      hepatic lectins 1 and 2/3 (RHL 1, RHL 2/3). Despite numerous studies, the
      composition of a functional ASGP-R has remained unclear. We examined this
      question in rat hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells (which lack endogenous ASGP
      R) that were co-transfected with cDNAs for both RHL 1 and RHL 2/3. The original
      population was cloned, but derivatives were unstable. We therefore used
      fluorescence-activated cell sorting to separate a subpopulation of cells
      (positive) that specifically endocytosed fluoresceinated asialoorosomucoid (ASOR)
      from one that did not (negative). We then used indirect immunofluorescence with
      polypeptide-specific ASGP-R antibodies, immunoanalysis, and binding and uptake
      studies with two Gal ligands (ASOR and NAc-galactosylated poly-L-lysine (Gal-Lys]
      to further define the ASGP-R status in these two populations. As reported by
      others, we found that expression of both RHL 1 and RHL 2/3 in the positive cells
      resulted in binding, uptake and degradation of ASOR, the most commonly used ASGP
      R ligand. The negative cells expressed only RHL 1 and neither bound nor processed
      ASOR. However, the presence of RHL 1 was sufficient for specific high affinity
      binding and processing of the synthetic ligand, Gal-Lys, by negative cells. These
      results show that RHL 1 can function as an ASGP-R, given a highly galactosylated
      ligand, and that RHL 2/3 must play an important role in the organization of
      native ASGP-R in the membrane.

PMID- 2643602
TI  - Purification and characterization of human recombinant precursor interleukin 1
      beta.
AB  - We have purified the 31-kDa precursor of human interleukin 1 beta (proIL1 beta)
      from recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the protein. The recombinant
      precursor was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, spectroscopy, Western blot, and for biological and receptor
      binding activity. The protein migrates at the expected molecular weight on sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical gel filtration
      columns. The specific activity of the recombinant precursor is less than 10(2)
      units/mg in the EL4 thymoma assay compared with 5 x 10(8) units/mg for the
      recombinant 17-kDa mature protein. The inactivity of the precursor is
      attributable to the inability of the protein to bind the IL1 receptor on EL4
      cells as shown by receptor competition studies using 125I-labeled 17-kDa IL1
      beta. Inactivity of the IL1 beta precursor is not due to degradation of the
      protein in either the bioactivity or receptor binding assays. The inactive IL1
      beta precursor is converted to an active form following proteolysis with
      chymotrypsin which generates a carboxyl-terminal fragment of 17 kDa that is 6
      orders of magnitude more active than the starting IL1 beta precursor. Removal of
      the first 114 amino acids from proIL1 beta generates a fully active molecule. In
      contrast, removal of the first 77 amino acids by treatment with trypsin only
      partially restores activity. The resultant 22-kDa protein exhibits a 600-fold
      increase in both biological and receptor binding activity, demonstrating a direct
      correlation between the ability of sequences within the pro-region to inhibit
      biological activity and inhibit binding to the IL1 receptor. Far-UV circular
      dichroism spectroscopy indicates that proIL1 beta is similar in secondary
      structure to mature IL1 beta; both proteins are nonhelical beta sheet proteins.

PMID- 2643603
TI  - Mechanism of the growth-related activation of the low density lipoprotein
      receptor pathway.
AB  - Growth activation of quiescent cells leads to enhanced low density lipoprotein
      (LDL) receptor expression at the cell surface. To determine the basis for this
      stimulated receptor activity, we measured LDL receptor activity, changes in
      receptor protein mass, and mRNA abundance in quiescent and growth-activated
      cultured human skin fibroblasts. Growth activation, using insulin or platelet
      derived growth factor, led to dose-dependent increases in cellular LDL receptor
      mRNA level (average 5.2-fold increase at 10 ng/ml platelet-derived growth factor,
      4.1-fold increase at 58 ng/ml insulin) and cell surface expression (average 3.5
      fold increase at 10 ng/ml platelet-derived growth factor, 2.5-fold increase at 58
      ng/ml insulin). Increased LDL receptor mRNA levels could be detected as early as
      2 h after addition of growth factor (3.2-fold), whereas increased levels of LDL
      receptor binding and mass were not detected until after 4-8 h. Growth activation
      led to induction of LDL receptor gene transcription, led to induction of LDL
      receptor gene transcription, and the increase of LDL receptor mRNA produced by
      addition of growth factor was completely prevented by actinomycin D. These
      observations indicate that growth-related activation of the LDL receptor pathway
      is accounted for, primarily, by growth-activated enhancement of LDL receptor gene
      transcription.

PMID- 2643604
TI  - Export of prepro-alpha-factor from Escherichia coli.
AB  - Yeast prepro-alpha-factor translocates posttranslationally into yeast microsomes
      in vitro. This process is strongly influenced by the extreme carboxyl-terminal
      region of the protein. These features contrast with the properties of most
      eucaryotic proteins which are translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum. We
      have extended these studies by introducing the gene for the wild-type and several
      mutant forms of prepro-alpha-factor into Escherichia coli. Prepro-alpha-factor is
      secreted into the periplasm and processed to pro-alpha-factor. Its translocation
      across the plasma membrane requires the membrane potential and the secY gene
      product. Deletion mutant analysis showed that features of the pro-segment were
      essential for secretion of prepro-alpha-factor in E. coli, while the carboxyl
      terminal region, which is required in yeast, is dispensible in E. coli. Neither
      size nor the presence of a unique topogenic sequence was sufficient to explain
      the requirement for the pro-segment.

PMID- 2643605
TI  - Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Association with vertebra plana.
AB  - In seven children who had chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, the
      radiographic and histological findings were consistent with those of
      osteomyelitis, but the results of cultures were negative. We studied the
      clinical, radiographic, histological, and microbiological findings in these
      patients, who had a total of thirty-nine lesions. The lesions occurred most
      frequently in the spine, tibia, and femur; three patients had vertebra plana. The
      natural history of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis appears to be slow,
      spontaneous resolution of the osseous lesions without specific treatment. The
      diagnosis is one of exclusion. Biopsy is recommended, and results of cultures
      must be negative before therapy with antibiotics can be withheld.

PMID- 2643606
TI  - Double-blind assessment of the value of magnetic resonance imaging in the
      diagnosis of anterior cruciate and meniscal lesions.
AB  - A prospective double-blind study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of
      magnetic resonance imaging in the accurate interpretation of pathological intra
      articular changes in the knee. Forty-seven patients who were scheduled to have
      arthroscopy and three patients who wer to have arthrotomy volunteered for
      magnetic resonance imaging preoperatively. The radiologists had no clinical or
      roentgenographic information about the patients before the evaluation of the
      magnetic resonance images, and the radiologists' interpretations were unknown to
      the surgeon before the arthroscopy or arthrotomy was done. Our important
      observations were limited to the findings in the menisci and in the anterior
      cruciate ligament. Magnetic resonance imaging had a positive predictive value of
      75 per cent, a negative predictive value of 90 per cent, a sensitivity of 83 per
      cent, and a specificity of 84 per cent for pathological findings in the menisci.
      For complete tears of the anterior cruciate ligament, the positive predictive
      value was 74 per cent; the negative predictive value, 70 per cent; the
      sensitivity, 61 per cent; and the specificity, 82 per cent. We believe that
      magnetic resonance imaging, when combined with clinical and roentgenographic
      examination, provides the most accurate non-invasive source of information that
      is currently available for pathological findings in the menisci and in the
      anterior cruciate ligament.

PMID- 2643607
TI  - Unicondylar knee arthroplasty.

PMID- 2643608
TI  - Orthopaedic management of high-level spina bifida. Early walking compared with
      early use of a wheelchair.
AB  - To determine whether it is worth while to encourage patients who have high-level
      spina bifida to walk at an early age, we compared the cases of thirty-six
      patients who had participated in a walking program with those of thirty-six
      patients for whom a wheelchair had been prescribed early in life. The patients in
      the two groups were matched for age, sex, level of the lesion, and intelligence.
      Only twelve of the patients who had been able to walk at an early age were still
      able to do so effectively at the time of this study, when their ages ranged from
      twelve to twenty years, but still these patients fared somewhat better than the
      other patients did. The patients who walked early had fewer fractures and
      pressure sores, were more independent, and were better able to transfer than were
      the patients who had used a wheelchair from early in life. However, during
      childhood and early adolescence, the patients who had always used a wheelchair
      had spent fewer days in the hospital than did those who had participated in the
      walking program. There were no major differences between the two groups with
      regard to skills of daily living, function of the hands, and frequency and
      severity of obesity.

PMID- 2643609
TI  - In situ localization of collagen production by chondrocytes and osteoblasts in
      fracture callus.
AB  - An experimental model of fracture-healing was used to study the production of
      types-I and II collagen by in situ hybridization. The distribution of cartilage
      matrix in callus was determined by histochemical staining. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
      for cartilage-specific type-II collagen was detectable as early as the fifth day
      in a small number of cells that had acquired a chondrocyte phenotype but that
      also contained type-I collagen mRNA, suggesting an ongoing change in the
      expression of collagen genes. The location of the first chondrocytes, which were
      adjacent to cortical bone, suggested that they originated from cells that had
      derived from the periosteum by differentiation. On the seventh day of callus
      formation, the presence of both type-I and type-II collagen mRNA in chondrocytes
      of expanding cartilage suggested that most growth occurred by differentiation of
      mesenchymal cells and less by proliferation of differentiated chondrocytes.
      Expansion continued until the tenth to fourteenth day, after which the cartilage
      was replaced by woven bone. This was characterized by the presence of osteoblasts
      that were active in the synthesis of type-I collagen.

PMID- 2643610
TI  - Nurse-physician collaboration toward quality.

PMID- 2643611
TI  - One-incubation time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay based on monoclonal antibodies in
      detection of influenza A and B viruses directly in clinical specimens.
AB  - A new modified enzyme immunoassay screening method was developed for testing
      hybridoma cultures, so as to select antibodies useful for solid phase assays.
      Samples of hybridoma cultures were incubated for 1 h with purified nucleoprotein
      preparation in microtiter wells precoated with rabbit anti-influenza A or B
      immunoglobulin, followed by washing and addition of anti-mouse HRPO-conjugate.
      The monoclonal antibodies were then used in one-incubation time-resolved
      fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) for detecting influenza viral proteins in
      nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens. The sample and europium (Eu)-labelled
      monoclonal detector antibody (100 microliter of each) were added simultaneously
      to microtiter wells precoated with anti-virus monoclonal antibody, and incubated
      for 1 h. After washing and addition of the enhancement solution the strips were
      shaken for 10 min before measurement of the fluorescence using a photon counting
      fluorometer. All of the monoclonal antibodies screened by our modified method and
      Eu-labelled worked as detector antibodies. Many of these monoclones also
      functioned as capture antibodies on solid phase. A total number of 309 (influenza
      A) and 104 (influenza B) nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens taken mainly from
      hospitalized children with acute respiratory disease were tested with the TR-FIA,
      using monoclonal antibodies produced by our modified screening method in
      comparison with monoclonal antibodies previously reported elsewhere (Walls et
      al., 1986). Results were similar, and superior to those obtained with routinely
      used indirect enzyme immunoassay based on polyclonal antibodies. The results of
      this study indicate that the one-incubation TR-FIA using monoclonal antibodies
      selected by the modified screening method is a highly sensitive and rapid method
      for detecting influenza A and influenza B virus in clinical specimens.

PMID- 2643612
TI  - Simultaneous quantification of two plant viruses by double-label time-resolved
      immunofluorometric assay.
AB  - For simultaneous and sensitive detection of two antigens in one sample,
      monoclonal antibody (MAb) to potato virus M (PVM) was labelled with a lanthanide
      Eu3+ and MAb to potato virus X (PVX) with another lanthanide Sm3+. A mixture of
      the labelled MAbs was used as a tracer. After performing the immunoreactions, the
      fluorescence of the dissociated lanthanides was measured at different wave
      lengths in a time-resolved fluorometer to quantificate the PVX and PVM amount in
      a sample. Double-label time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) detected 1 ng/ml
      of each virus and was therefore more sensitive for simultaneous detection of PVX
      and PVM than reported for a single virus detection with double antibody sandwich
      ELISA (DAS-ELISA).

PMID- 2643613
TI  - Evaluation of the Cobas-Bact system for direct and rapid identification and
      antimicrobial susceptibility testing of gram-negative rods from positive blood
      culture broths.
AB  - A direct antimicrobial susceptibility test and a direct identification of
      positive blood culture broths for gram-negative rods confirmed with Gram stain by
      using a new instrument, Cobas-Bact, were compared with the conventional Kirby
      Bauer agar diffusion disk method and with the in-house set of identification or
      API 20E, respectively. The bacterial pellet of centrifuged positive blood culture
      broth was used to inoculate a Cobas-Bact susceptibility and identification rotor.
      Bacteria from 206 cases of monomicrobial septicemia due to members of the family
      Enterobacteriaceae were tested. In 198 episodes (96%), direct identification and
      antimicrobial susceptibility testing results were obtained for the same bacterial
      pathogen within 5 h of detection. Of 204 direct identifications obtained, 177
      (86.6%) were "high-confidence" correct identifications (percentage of likelihood
      [P] greater than or equal to 80%) and 25 (12.5%) "low-confidence" correct
      identifications (P less than 80%), whereas only 2 misidentifications occurred (1
      Escherichia coli and 1 Proteus mirabilis). Direct susceptibility testing was
      performed in 199 episodes (96%), providing 1,885 antibiotic-microorganism
      combinations. Full agreement reached 86.3%, and essential agreement reached
      92.8%. Minor discrepancies were found in 120 (6.5%) of the tests, major
      discrepancies were found in 127 (6.8%) tests, and very major discrepancies were
      found in only 7 (0.4%) tests. Subsequent MIC determinations in cases of major or
      very major discrepancies reduced the number of major discrepancies involving
      cephalosporins from 60 to 16, whereas all those involving aminoglycosides
      remained. Overall, this direct and rapid Cobas-Bact identification and
      susceptibility testing procedure offered accurate information with 5 to 6 h after
      the laboratory detection of bacteremia and septicemia due to members of the
      Enterobacteriacease.

PMID- 2643614
TI  - Antibody response to Haemophilus somnus Fc receptor.
AB  - To characterize the bovine immune response to an Haemophilus somnus antigen known
      to be recognized by convalescent-phase serum, we studied isotypic antibody titers
      to the 270-kilodalton protein, which we had previously shown to be an
      immunoglobulin Fc receptor. With a modified immunodot procedure, an immune
      response was detected after experimental H. somnus abortion, experimental H.
      somnus pneumonia, or vaccination with commercial H. somnus vaccine, with the
      greatest titer found within the immunoglobulin G2 isotype. With protein A
      peroxidase conjugate, which detects primarily bovine immunoglobulin G2, we showed
      that cattle with H. Somnus disease could be distinguished from clinically normal
      carriers, culture-negative cattle, or cattle with disease due to Pasteurella
      haemolytica or P. multocida. Little cross-reactivity between the 270-kilodalton
      Fc receptor antigen and antigens from other gram-negative bovine pathogens was
      seen. Thus, this antigen may be a useful diagnostic antigen.

PMID- 2643615
TI  - Evaluation of BACTEC system for urine culture screening.
AB  - We compared urine culturing performed by the calibrated loop method with a
      screening system (BACTEC). A total of 852 urine specimens were examined by both
      the conventional loop method and the BACTEC system. With the loop method, 193
      (22.6%) urine samples were positive, whereas with the BACTEC system, 185 (21.7%)
      were positive (sensitivity, 96.01%). At a breakpoint of 10(4) CFU/ml, eight false
      negatives were detected (sensitivity, 87.09%), and at a breakpoint of 10(5)
      CFU/ml, four false-negatives were observed (sensitivity, 97.6%). The specificity
      of the BACTEC system was 100%. We propose the BACTEC method as an effective
      alternative to the other growth-dependent screening tests for bacteriuria.

PMID- 2643616
TI  - Purification and characterization of an 80-kilodalton Trypanosoma cruzi urinary
      antigen.
AB  - A Trypanosoma cruzi antigen eliminated in the urine of experimentally infected
      dogs was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between 9 and 28 days
      after infection. The parasite urinary antigen (UAg) was purified by affinity
      chromatography with polyclonal antibodies to T. cruzi. The eluate of the antibody
      column was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography and showed a
      single peak of A280. This antigen was the only parasite component found in the
      urine of infected dogs during the course of acute T. cruzi infection. Antigen
      characterization was performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, lectin
      affinity chromatography, proteolytic digestion, and Western blotting
      (immunoblotting). The isolated UAg exhibited a relative molecular size of 80
      kilodaltons (kDa), an isoelectric point of 6.2 to 6.8, binding to concanavalin A,
      and sensitivity to trypsin. The parasite antigen was electroeluted from
      polyacrylamide gels and subjected to acid hydrolysis and amino acid analysis by
      reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The 80-kDa glycoprotein was
      recognized by serum antibodies from a wide variety of T. cruzi-infected hosts.
      The UAg proved to be a highly antigenic component present in different strains of
      T. cruzi. This 80-kDa polypeptide resembles one of the parasite antigens
      previously found in the urine of patients with acute Chagas' disease.

PMID- 2643617
TI  - Sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the
      recombinant DNA-derived Treponema pallidum protein TmpA for serodiagnosis of
      syphilis and the potential use of TmpA for assessing the effect of antibiotic
      therapy.
AB  - The recombinant DNA-derived Treponema pallidum membrane protein TmpA, purified
      from Escherichia coli K-12, was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) to evaluate its suitability in a screening test for syphilis and to
      monitor the effect of antibiotic treatment. The sensitivity of the TmpA ELISA was
      76% for primary syphilis, 100% for secondary syphilis, and 98% for early latent
      syphilis. All except 1 of 15 serum samples positive for yaws were positive in
      this test. A specificity of 99.6% was found by testing more than 938 donor
      samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the TmpA ELISA are comparable to that
      of the T. pallidum hemagglutination assay, and therefore the test may be useful
      for the diagnosis of untreated syphilis. After antibiotic treatment, the level of
      anti-TmpA antibodies in sera of syphilis patients dropped sharply within 1 year.
      Thus, TmpA might be a useful antigen for monitoring successful treatment of
      syphilis.

PMID- 2643618
TI  - An unusual strain of Legionella micdadei.
AB  - A microorganism antigenically identified as Legionella micdadei but showing a
      cellular fatty acid profile distinct from that described previously for this
      species and more similar to that of L. bozemanii has been studied by phenotypic
      characterization, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, gas-liquid chromatography, and
      transmission electron microscopy. Although the phenotypic characters, the crossed
      immunoelectrophoresis, and the ultrastructural features were similar to those of
      L. micdadei, the fatty acid composition differed significantly from this species;
      moreover it differed also from L. bozemanii, even though it was quantitatively
      more similar.

PMID- 2643619
TI  - Naturally acquired rabies in an armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in Texas.
AB  - The first case of rabies in an armadillo is reported. The rabies fluorescent
      antibody test and mouse inoculation procedure were used to substantiate the
      presence of the virus. The Centers for Disease Control authenticated our findings
      and was able to determine the source of infection by monoclonal antibody typing.

PMID- 2643620
TI  - Detection of sialidase (neuraminidase) activity in Actinomyces species by using
      2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid in a filter paper spot
      test.
AB  - A rapid method for the detection of acetylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18
      (sialidase or neuraminidase), was developed by using 2'-(4
      methylumbelliferyl)alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid as substrate in a filter paper
      spot test. The method was compared to conventional assays that use 2'-(4
      methylumbelliferyl)alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid and bovine submaxillary mucin
      and was found to be in excellent agreement. Organisms with greater than 10 U of
      enzyme activity (in nanomoles per minute per milligram of cell protein) gave
      positive reactions, while those with 2.7 to 9.0 U gave only weak reactions.
      Isolates with less than 2.7 U of activity were detected upon prolonged
      incubation. Sialidase activity was detected in 79% of 71 clinical isolates
      representing five species of Actinomyces. The percentage of sialidase-producing
      isolates of each species varied considerably: Actinomyces israelii, 63%; A.
      meyeri, 73%; A. naeslundii, 85%; A. odontolyticus, 73%; and A. viscosus, 100%.

PMID- 2643621
TI  - Quality control guidelines for testing cefotetan in the reference agar dilution
      procedure for susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria.
AB  - Reference values for quality control of in vitro susceptibility tests with
      cefotetan against anaerobic bacteria were determined in two independent
      multilaboratory studies with the approved National Committee for Clinical
      Laboratory Standards agar dilution method and three control strains (Bacteroides
      fragilis ATCC 25285, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29741, and Clostridium
      perfringens ATCC 13124). The results of the two studies were in agreement. The
      recommended MIC control limits for B. fragilis ATCC 25285 and B. thetaiotaomicron
      ATCC 29741 are 4.0 to 16 micrograms/ml and 32 to 128 micrograms/ml, respectively.
      MICs for C. perfringens ATCC 13124 were too variable to be useful for controlling
      tests with cefotetan.

PMID- 2643622
TI  - Quality control limits for the standard anaerobic reference agar dilution
      susceptibility test procedure of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
      Standards.
AB  - Multilaboratory studies were performed to develop MIC quality control limits for
      the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards reference agar dilution
      method for anaerobic susceptibility tests. Acceptable MICs were defined as those
      which include greater than 95% of all 100 MICs generated by the study. Most MIC
      control limits included either 2- or 3-dilution intervals rather than the more
      traditional 3-dilution intervals that are described as the mode +/- 1 doubling
      dilution.

PMID- 2643623
TI  - Comparison of three methods for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in a low
      prevalence population.
AB  - Four hundred fecal specimens which had been received for routine ova and parasite
      examination were concentrated by Formalin-ether sedimentation. Sediments were
      examined as saline and iodine-stained wet preparations and were stained with
      rhodamine-auramine O and a commercially available monoclonal fluorescent-antibody
      stain for oocysts of Cryptosporidium species. Examination with the fluorescent
      stains detected cryptosporidia in both positive specimens (0.5% prevalence), and
      routine direct wet-preparation examination detected cryptosporidia in one of
      them. Detection of only low numbers of positive specimens in our nonrisk
      population argues against routine use of specific and expensive stain reagents.

PMID- 2643624
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-mediated, immunodiagnostic competitive enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay for equine monocytic ehrlichiosis.
AB  - Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA), mediated by a monoclonal
      antibody designated HybI, was developed for the diagnosis of equine monocytic
      ehrlichiosis. Inhibition of binding of HybI by the horse antibodies to Ehrlichia
      risticii was optimum at dilutions of 1:20 for serum and 1:10,000 for HybI. Mean
      optical densities (ODs) of positive and negative sera were 0.158 and 0.855,
      respectively. A comparison of ODs obtained by CELISA and indirect enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated a marked tendency of positive and negative
      samples to cluster separately with respect to CELISA ODs, whereas the ELISA
      results displayed a continuum of ODs from negative to positive. Analysis of
      diagnosis by indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFA), ELISA, and CELISA for 66
      field-collected serum samples indicated that CELISA was superior to IFA and
      ELISA. Among 11 acute-phase serum samples negative by IFA which were obtained
      from horses that subsequently seroconverted, CELISA clearly demonstrated
      antibodies in 8 of these acute-phase sera, whereas 5 were borderline positive by
      ELISA. The presence of agent-specific humoral antibodies could be demonstrated
      conclusively by 14 days after infection. The results suggest that CELISA is more
      sensitive than IFA and ELISA and, owing to the marked differences between
      positive and negative samples, can be easily adapted for use in the field for
      detection of horse antibodies to E. risticii.

PMID- 2643625
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae unencapsulated mutants.
AB  - Klebsiella pneumoniae mutants were obtained after UV irradiation and negative
      selection with anticapsular serum. Unencapsulation, rather than expression of a
      structurally altered capsule, was found in the mutants. The mutant strains showed
      no alterations in their outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharide, and a
      great similarity with the wild type in the properties tested (serum resistance,
      antimicrobial sensitivity, and lipopolysaccharide-specific bacteriophage
      sensitivity), with the exception of a higher cell surface hydrophobicity and
      resistance to bacteriophage FC3-9.

PMID- 2643626
TI  - Characterization of opiate binding sites on membranes of rat lymphocytes.
AB  - In view of the importance of membrane receptors for the interconnection between
      the central nervous system and the immune system, we carried out a study to
      characterize opiate binding sites on membranes of rat lymphocytes. We found that
      mitogen-activated spleen cells, but not thymocytes, possess specific and
      displaceable binding sites for [3H]naloxone. The binding was equally effective
      and intense while using B-cell-depleted spleen cells. The binding showed two
      sites of saturation, one at 10 nM and the other at concentrations greater than 20
      nM of [3H]naloxone. Computer analysis of the binding data obtained with the
      lowest concentrations of naloxone revealed a unique site with high affinity
      binding to opiates. Displacement was achieved with morphine sulphate and naloxone
      but not with opioid peptides. The binding of the antagonist, [3H]naloxone, was
      profoundly inhibited by the co-presence of 120 mM NaCl and up to 100 microM
      guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate (GTP gamma S). Other metal ions and cyclic
      nucleotides were not able to interfere with the specific binding. This
      specificity for GTP analogues is consistent with the hypothesis that a GTP
      binding regulatory protein that couples receptors to adenylate cyclase is
      involved in the process of binding of opiates to lymphocytes. The existence of
      binding sites on lymphoid cells, analogous to receptors for agents known to
      affect brain functions, may be another link between the immune system and the
      central nervous system.

PMID- 2643627
TI  - Function and heterogeneity of human Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G.

PMID- 2643628
TI  - Redirection of prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolism at the platelet-vascular
      interface in man.
AB  - Prostacyclin (PGI2) is an inhibitor of platelet function in vitro. We tested the
      hypothesis that PGI2 is formed in biologically active concentrations at the
      platelet-vascular interface in man and can be pharmacologically modulated to
      enhance its inhibitory properties. This became feasible when we developed a
      microquantitative technique that permits the measurement of eicosanoids in
      successive 40-microliters aliquots of whole blood emerging from a bleeding time
      wound. In 13 healthy volunteers the rate of production of thromboxane B2 (TXB2)
      gradually increased, reaching a maximum of 421 +/- 90 (mean +/- SEM)
      fg/microliters per s at 300 +/- 20 s. The hydration product of PGI2, 6-keto-PGF1
      alpha, rose earlier and to a lesser degree, reaching a peak (68 +/- 34
      fg/microliters per s) at 168 +/- 23 s. The generation of prostaglandins PGE2 and
      D2 resembled that of PGI2. Whereas the threshold concentration of PGI2 for an
      effect on platelets in vitro is approximately 30 fg/microliters, only less than 3
      fg/microliters circulates under physiological conditions. By contrast, peak
      concentrations of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha obtained locally after vascular damage
      averaged 305 fg/microliters. Pharmacological regulation of PG endoperoxide
      metabolism at the platelet-vascular interface was demonstrated by administration
      of a TX synthase inhibitor. The rate of production of PGI2, PGE2, and PGD2
      increased coincident with inhibition of TXA, as reflected by three indices; the
      concentration of TXB2 in bleeding time blood and serum, and excretion of the
      urinary metabolite, 2,3-dinor-TXB2. These studies indicate that PGI2 is formed
      locally in biologically effective concentrations at the site of vessel injury and
      provide direct evidence in support of transcellular metabolism of PG
      endoperoxides in man.

PMID- 2643629
TI  - Mechanism of mitogen-induced stimulation of glucose transport in human peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells. Evidence of an intracellular reserve pool of glucose
      carriers and their recruitment.
AB  - The present study examines the effects of phytohemagglutinin stimulation of a
      population of human (h) PBMC enriched in lymphocytes (hPBMC) on D-glucose
      displaceable cytochalasin B binding sites or medium-affinity sites (M-sites) in
      relation to glucose transport. Previously we have shown that M-sites are glucose
      transporters in hPBMC (Mookerjee, B.K., et al. 1981. J. Biol. Chem. 256:1290
      1300). Equilibrium exchange of 3-O-methyl D-glucose in unstimulated cells
      revealed two populations with fast and slow flux rates. Phytohemagglutinin
      stimulates flux rates by converting part of the slow flux population to the fast
      flux population. M-sites occur in two distinct pools, one in plasma membrane and
      the other in microsomal fraction. Phytohemagglutinin treatment increases the
      plasma membrane pool size of M-sites with a concomitant reduction in the
      microsomal pool size without affecting the binding affinities or the total number
      of M-sites/cell. Data presented in this paper demonstrate that there are two
      pools of glucose transporters in these cells and phytohemagglutinin stimulation
      induces an energy-dependent net translocation of glucose transporters from an
      intracellular reserve pool to the plasma membrane, which accounts for greater
      than 60% of the increment in glucose transport.

PMID- 2643630
TI  - Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor stimulate human vascular endothelial
      cells to promote transendothelial neutrophil passage.
AB  - In an attempt to understand the regulatory mechanisms governing passage of
      neutrophils from the vascular bed to the interstitial tissue, we analyzed the
      effect of the pleiotropic monokines interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF) on transendothelial neutrophil traffic. Short-time preincubation of
      human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVE) monolayers with IL-1 and TNF led to
      an impressive time- and dose-dependent increase of endothelial cell-associated
      neutrophils when working in a full plasma system on petri dishes. Electron
      microscopic analysis revealed junctional penetration of monolayers by
      neutrophils. More quantitatively, when using a monolayer-on-filter-system,
      priming led to a severalfold increase in complete layer passage occurring in the
      absence of an external chemotactic gradient. Direct comparison with an upside
      down modification of the system together with data demonstrating the vectorial
      behavior of such migration revealed that IL-1-stimulated transendothelial
      neutrophil traffic is polarized. The described enhancement of neutrophil
      transendothelial passage was found to be a unique feature of IL-1/TNF-activated
      HUVE since HUVE-dependent transmigration potentiation was not observed as a
      consequence of mere neutrophil attachment to endothelial cells (e.g., induced by
      Fc-mediated adherence of PMN to HUVE). IL-1 acts selectively on endothelial cells
      as demonstrated by total inhibition of its effect by actinomycin D. Moreover, IL
      1 does not induce HUVE monolayers to secrete a chemotaxin, and the neutrophil
      passage guiding principle is removable from the HUVE surface by short trypsin
      exposure. Congruent results were obtained with human adult arterial as well as
      saphenous vein endothelial cells. As shown by blockade of neutrophil migration
      with pertussis toxin, IL-1- and TNF-inducible transendothelial migration can be
      dissected into an initial anchoring step, which is succeeded by active neutrophil
      migration, possibly along a putative endothelial membrane-bound gradient.

PMID- 2643631
TI  - Decreased sensitivity of artesunate and chloroquine of Plasmodium falciparum
      infecting hemoglobin H and/or hemoglobin constant spring erythrocytes.
AB  - Plasmodium falciparum infecting hemoglobin (Hb) H and/or Hb Constant Spring
      erythrocytes in vitro was relatively more resistant than that infecting normal
      erythrocytes to artesunate and chloroquine, while the sensitivity to
      pyrimethamine was unchanged. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for
      artesunate in HbH (alpha-thal 1/alpha-thal 2), HbH (alpha-thal 1/Hb Constant
      Spring), and homozygous Hb Constant Spring erythrocytes were 4.5 +/- 2.8, 8.5 +/-
      3.2, and 2.6 +/- 1.6 nM compared with 0.82 +/- 0.35 nM in normal erythrocytes (P
      less than 0.002 for all three cases). The IC50 for chloroquine were 97 +/- 46,
      162 +/- 67, and 93 +/- 36 nM, respectively, in the variant erythrocytes, compared
      with 48 +/- 13 nM in normal erythrocytes (P less than 0.002, 0.002, and 0.02,
      respectively). The differences in sensitivity to artesunate and chloroquine of
      the parasite infecting HbH erythrocytes are probably related to their oxidative
      mode of action and relatively high amounts of antioxidant enzymes in the host
      erythrocytes. This novel example of dependence on the host of the malarial
      parasite drug sensitivity may have implications for chemotherapy of malaria in
      patients with genetically variant erythrocytes.

PMID- 2643632
TI  - Precision and reproducibility of quantitative coronary angiography with
      applications to controlled clinical trials. A sampling study.
AB  - Most computer methods that quantify coronary artery disease from angiograms are
      designed to analyze frames recorded during the end-diastolic portion of the
      cardiac cycle. The purpose of this study was to determine if end diastole is the
      best portion of the cardiac cycle to sample, or if other sampling schemes produce
      more precise and/or reproducible estimates of coronary disease. 20 cinecoronary
      angiograms were selected at random from a controlled clinical trial testing the
      effects of plasma lipid lowering on atherosclerosis. Sampling schemes included
      sequential and random sampling of two to five frames within the complete cardiac
      cycle, systole, and diastole. Three vessel measures and percent stenosis were
      evaluated for each sampling scheme. From the sampling experiment, it was
      determined that sampling sequentially end diastole yielded the most precise
      estimates (i.e., exhibiting minimum variability within a cycle) of the vessel
      measures. With regard to reproducibility (i.e., similar values across cycles),
      sampling randomly within the cycle was best. Overall, the average diameter of a
      vessel segment was the most precise and the most reproducible of the measures.
      Sample size calculations are given for each of these measures under the best
      sampling scheme.

PMID- 2643633
TI  - Kinetics of human hemopoietic cells after in vivo administration of granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
AB  - The kinetic changes induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      (GM-CSF) on hemopoietic cells were assessed in physiological conditions by
      administering GM-CSF (8 micrograms/kg per d) for 3 d to nine patients with solid
      tumors and normal bone marrow (BM), before chemotherapy. GM-CSF increased the
      number of circulating granulocytes and monocytes; platelets, erythrocytes,
      lymphocyte number, and subsets were unmodified. GM-CSF increased the percentage
      of BM S phase BFU-E (from 32 +/- 7 to 79 +/- 16%), day 14 colony-forming unit
      granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) (from 43 +/- 20 to 82 +/- 11%) and day 7 CFU-GM
      (from 41 +/- 14 to 56 +/- 20%). The percentage of BM myeloblasts, promyelocytes,
      and myelocytes in S phase increased from 26 +/- 14 to 41 +/- 6%, and that of
      erythroblasts increased from 25 +/- 12 to 30 +/- 12%. This suggests that GM-CSF
      activates both erythroid and granulomonopoietic progenitors but that, among the
      morphologically recognizable BM precursors, only the granulomonopoietic lineage
      is a direct target of the molecule. GM-CSF increased the birth rate of cycling
      cells from 1.3 to 3.4 cells %/h and decreased the duration of the S phase from
      14.3 to 9.1 h and the cell cycle time from 86 to 26 h. After treatment
      discontinuation, the number of circulating granulocytes and monocytes rapidly
      fell. The proportion of S phase BM cells dropped to values lower than
      pretreatment levels, suggesting a period of relative refractoriness to cell cycle
      active antineoplastic agents.

PMID- 2643636
TI  - Skin diseases aggravated by pregnancy.
AB  - During pregnancy, immunologic, endocrine, metabolic, and vascular changes occur
      that make the pregnant woman susceptible to aggravation of certain skin diseases.
      These diseases can be organized into five broad categories: infections, diseases
      of altered immunity, metabolic diseases, connective tissue disorders, and
      miscellaneous conditions. A discussion of how each of these diseases is altered
      by pregnancy and how treatment may differ during gestation is presented.

PMID- 2643634
TI  - Lipoprotein metabolism influenced by training-induced changes in human skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - The influence of training-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle tissue on
      lipoprotein metabolism was investigated in six healthy men. The knee extensors
      were studied at rest and during exercise after 8 wk of dynamic exercise training
      of the knee extensors of one leg, while the other leg served as a control. The
      trained and nontrained thighs were investigated on different occasions. In the
      trained knee extensors, muscle (m) lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) was 70 +/-
      29% higher compared with the nontrained (P less than 0.05), and correlated
      positively with the capillary density (r = 0.84). At rest there was a markedly
      higher arteriovenous (A-V) VLDL triacylglycerol (TG) difference over the trained
      thigh, averaging 55 mumol/liter (range 30-123), than over the nontrained,
      averaging 30 mumol/liter (4-72). In addition to the higher LPLA and VLDL-TG
      uptake in the trained thigh, a higher production of HDL cholesterol (C) and HDL2
      C was also observed (P less than 0.05). Positive correlations between m-LPLA and
      A-V differences of VLDL-TG (r = 0.90; P less than 0.05) were observed only in the
      trained thigh. During exercise with the trained thigh the venous concentration of
      HDL2-C was invariably higher than the arterial, and after 110 min of exercise a
      production of 88 mumol/min (54-199) of HDL2-C was revealed. Even though a
      consistent degradation of VLDL-TG was not found during exercise, the total
      production of HDL-C across the trained and nontrained thigh, estimated from A-V
      differences times venous blood flow for the whole exercise period, correlated
      closely with the total estimated degradation of VLDL-TG (r = 0.91). At the end of
      2 h of exercise m-LPLA did not differ from the preexercise value in either the
      nontrained or the trained muscle. We conclude that changes in the lipoprotein
      profile associated with endurance training to a large extent are explainable by
      training-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle tissue.

PMID- 2643635
TI  - Response of plasma prorenin and active renin to chronic and acute alterations of
      renin secretion in normal humans. Studies using a direct immunoradiometric assay.
AB  - We employed a novel immunoradiometric assay to measure plasma levels of active
      renin and prorenin in physiologic and pharmacologic studies designed to
      characterize renin biosynthesis and processing in response to both chronic and
      acute stimuli of renin secretion in normal human subjects. Stimulation of renin
      secretion with prolonged dietary sodium restriction or amiloride resulted in
      marked increases in the plasma levels of prorenin, active renin, and plasma renin
      activity (PRA); suppression of renin secretion with indomethacin resulted in
      parallel decreases in prorenin, active renin, and PRA. In contrast, acute
      stimulation with upright activity or administration of an angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibitor, which increased active renin and PRA from 2- to 15-fold, had no
      effect on prorenin levels. Based on studies in cultured human juxtaglomerular
      tumor cells, it has been proposed that prorenin is secreted constitutively
      whereas active renin is stored in and released from secretory granules through a
      regulated pathway. Our studies are consistent with such a model: the parallel
      changes in active renin and prorenin with experimental maneuvers of long duration
      suggest that both the constitutive and regulated pathways are altered under these
      conditions. The increase in active renin levels in the absence of a change in
      prorenin that occurs in response to acute stimuli presumably represents the
      release of preformed active enzyme that is stored in secretory granules.

PMID- 2643637
TI  - What's new in dermatopathology.
AB  - This article reviews the recent English language literature on dematopathology,
      with an emphasis on publications appearing between January 1986 and July 1987.
      Immunohistochemistry continues to grow in importance as a diagnostic as well as a
      research technique. The advent of in situ deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization
      technology has raised diagnostic accuracy to a new level; it has already proved
      valuable in the diagnosis of certain viral infections. Areas that have received
      particular attention include phenotypic characteristics of lymphomas and lymphoma
      like conditions, congenital melanocytic nevi and malignant melanoma,
      neuroendocrine carcinoma and other small cell tumors of the skin, sweat gland
      carcinomas, and eosinophil and its associated diseases, and unusual infectious
      diseases involving the skin.

PMID- 2643638
TI  - Scabies mimicking bullous pemphigoid.

PMID- 2643639
TI  - Bullous pemphigoid after irradiation therapy.

PMID- 2643640
TI  - Otto Braun-Falco, MD.

PMID- 2643641
TI  - Salicylic acid in karaya gum patch as a treatment for verruca vulgaris.
AB  - A clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a new delivery system
      for administering salicylic acid for the treatment of verruca vulgaris. The study
      compared wart resolution among volunteers who used karaya gum patches. The cure
      rate was 69% for warts treated with patches containing salicylic acid, which was
      significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than for warts treated with control
      patches (35%).

PMID- 2643642
TI  - Agranulocytosis caused by dapsone therapy for granuloma annulare.
AB  - Dapsone has been suggested as a useful drug in the treatment of granuloma
      annulare; however, adverse reactions include a potentially life-threatening
      agranulocytosis. We report the case of a 50-year-old woman in whom
      agranulocytosis and septicemia developed after 7 weeks of therapy with dapsone
      for granuloma annulare. Full recovery followed cessation of this drug, but
      caution is advised in prescribing dapsone for relatively benign skin conditions.

PMID- 2643643
TI  - IgA pemphigus foliaceus. Report of two cases and a review of the literature.
AB  - The cases of two patients with vesiculobullous lesions were diagnosed clinically
      and histopathologically as pemphigus foliaceus; unexpectedly, both revealed
      intercellular IgA, but not IgG, in the upper epidermis by direct
      immunofluorescence. Such histologic and immunofluorescence findings have been
      reported in eight other cases. In our cases no circulating IgA or IgG
      intercellular antibodies could be detected; in four of eight other reported cases
      IgA antibodies showed intercellular staining like that of pemphigus antibodies.
      Subcorneal acantholytic lesions occurred in both our cases; of the other cases
      reported, five had essentially identical histopathologic findings. The clinical
      and histopathologic features of pemphigus, as well as the recent findings of
      circulating IgA intercellular antibodies alone or with IgG antibodies, appear to
      place this disease into the spectrum of pemphigus. The 10 IgA pemphigus cases
      reported to date fall into one of two groups, the IgA pemphigus foliaceus
      (including our two cases) and IgA pemphigus of the intraepidermal neutrophilic
      type, which seems to be less common.

PMID- 2643644
TI  - Stress and psoriasis: the importance of insight and empathy in prognosis.
AB  - The literature concerning the relationship between psoriasis and stress is
      reviewed. It is concluded that emotional stress is a significant precipitating
      factor. Treatment of stress is prognostically beneficial when patients understand
      the stress flare phenomenon and gain insight into the nature of any emotional
      trauma they have suppressed. Details of such insight are given and a consultation
      setting is described that has helped gain such rapport. It is shown that a
      significantly improved prognosis follows early and complete clearing of the rash.

PMID- 2643645
TI  - Sugar intake and dental caries: where do we stand?
AB  - Toward a reduction in the prevalence of diet-related diseases, including dental
      caries, recent recommendations have included a decrease in intake and frequency
      of consumption of sugar and sugar-containing foods. Although some have expressed
      doubts over the closeness of a cause-effect relationship, the overriding
      culpability of sugar continues to be asserted. In this contribution, from an
      examination of evidence, it is concluded that the link between sugar and caries
      is less strong than currently believed, and that the frequent contention that a
      decrease in sugar intake will evoke a meaningful fall in caries frequency cannot
      be sustained from available information.

PMID- 2643646
TI  - Bleeding control after extractions in a patient with aplastic anemia during bone
      marrow transplantation: report of case.
AB  - This report describes a method of bleeding control at dental extraction sites
      using medicaments (thrombin, cocaine, Amicar, Surgicel) in conjunction with a
      dental appliance containing vinyl polysiloxane silicone putty (Optosil) to
      provide greater coverage and pressure at the extraction sites. The acrylic splint
      was used to control bleeding in a 15-year-old male, with an aplastic pancytopenia
      anemia, who had required removal of severely mobile exfoliating teeth prior to a
      bone marrow transplantation procedure.

PMID- 2643648
TI  - The presidents. Donald E. Bentley 1983-1984.

PMID- 2643647
TI  - Effects of Cyclosporin A on gingival status following liver transplantation.
AB  - Cyclosporin A, since its introduction, has drastically reduced the morbidity and
      mortality rates associated with organ transplants. One side-effect of CSA is
      gingival hyperplasia. This study investigated the effects of CSA given in
      conjunction with a low dose of steroids on the gingival status of pediatric
      patients following liver transplantation. A total of 21 such patients were
      compared with 23 healthy children, matched for age and sex. Data collected
      included CSA serum levels, gingival width, pocket depth, gingival index and
      modified plaque index. Using mean total values, there was a significant
      difference for plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth and gingival width.
      There was no significant correlation between CSA serum levels and any of the
      dental factors measured. The experimental group exhibited a statistically
      significant increase in all dental measurements--an increase that may be due--at
      least in part--to the higher plaque index in this population.

PMID- 2643650
TI  - Relationship between composite resins and dentin treated with bonding agents.
AB  - This study determined if and where gaps exist at the dentin-composite resin
      interface when bonding materials are used. Dentin bonding agents tested did not
      create an uninterrupted connection strong enough to withstand polymerization
      contraction forces of the resin materials often found in three-dimensional caries
      restoration preparations.

PMID- 2643649
TI  - Gingival response to nicotine polacrilex.
AB  - Nicotine polacrilex (Nicorette) is the only medication approved by the Food and
      Drug Administration for tobacco dependency treatment. It is available only by
      prescription. This study sought to determine whether this medication produced any
      adverse gingival effects. Thirty-one patients (91%) used the nicotine polacrilex
      for at least 1 month and 20 (59%) for 3 months or more. Five (15%) developed
      small (less than 2 mm), painless, clear, nonhemorrhagic vesicles which resolved
      immediately when patients were reinstructed to position the medication in
      different sites in the mouth. There were no changes in gingival color, contour,
      consistency and texture, tooth mobility, or periodontal pocket depth. Nicotine
      polacrilex does not appear to have any significant adverse effects on the gingiva
      even with up to 6 months of daily use.

PMID- 2643651
TI  - Dentists' involvement in smoking cessation counseling: a review and analysis.
AB  - Cigarette smoking continues to be one of the most significant avoidable health
      risk behaviors in the United States. This paper reviews the current data on
      dentists' involvement in smoking cessation counseling. Three areas are examined:
      smoking practices of dentists, dentists' attitudes toward involvement in smoking
      cessation counseling, and the self-reported counseling activities of dentists
      with their patients. The results suggest that the number of dentists who smoke is
      declining. In addition, most dentists agree that dentistry should be involved in
      smoking cessation counseling, but up to a third do not advise patients about
      smoking. The data also suggest a need for continuing education regarding
      counseling strategies.

PMID- 2643652
TI  - Clinical studies of high-potency fluoride dentifrices: a review.
AB  - A review of clinical studies indicates that increasing the fluoride content above
      1,000 ppm in dentifrices containing sodium monofluorophosphate increases the mean
      caries reduction by approximately 12%. The results of studies testing high
      potency mixed-fluoride dentifrices containing both sodium fluoride and sodium
      monofluorophosphate are less conclusive.

PMID- 2643653
TI  - Molecular cardiology: new avenues for the diagnosis and treatment of
      cardiovascular disease.
AB  - This review summarizes some of the major advances in the investigation of
      molecular mechanisms underlying both normal and abnormal cardiovascular function.
      Four major areas are highlighted including cardiac muscle, the blood vessel,
      atherosclerosis and thrombosis/thrombolysis. The remarkable strides in
      understanding multifactorial diseases such as atherosclerosis, and the
      development of innovative new therapies such as the use of thrombolytic agents
      produced by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology, are noted.
      Moreover, it is concluded that the past decade of basic research has provided a
      solid framework for improvements in the diagnosis and therapy of other forms of
      cardiovascular disease as well. An evaluation of current trends in basic
      cardiovascular research suggests that diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to
      disease will increasingly target specific molecular processes underlying the
      pathophysiologic state.

PMID- 2643654
TI  - The Gorlin formula validated against directly observed orifice area in porcine
      mitral bioprostheses.
AB  - To assess the effect of fluid flow on orifice area and to test the Gorlin
      formula, six Carpentier-Edwards mitral valve prostheses were studied in a
      positive displacement pulse duplicator at 20 different rate-stroke volume
      combinations. Peak transvalvular velocity (V max) was measured by continuous wave
      Doppler ultrasound, and orifice area was determined from hard copy of video
      images. Orifice area was directly related to mean flow (Q), although cusp opening
      behavior was asymmetric and complex and varied among the individual valves. There
      was a strong correlation between measured orifice area (OA) and the modified
      Gorlin relation, Q/V max (r = 0.88; p less than 0.00001) given by the regression
      formula OA = 0.18 x Q/V max - 0.15. There was also a good correlation between
      measured orifice area and the conventional Gorlin relation, Q/root mean pressure
      drop. The derived empiric Gorlin constant did not vary significantly with flow.

PMID- 2643655
TI  - Endothelial and myocardial injury during ischemia and reperfusion: pathogenesis
      and therapeutic implications.
AB  - Early reperfusion remains the most effective way of limiting myocardial necrosis
      and improving ventricular function in experimental models and human patients.
      However, the introduction of oxygen and cellular elements, especially the
      neutrophil, into the ischemic zone may initiate a deleterious cascade of events
      that limits myocardial salvage after reperfusion. Although the pathogenesis of
      reperfusion injury remains controversial, recent studies have suggested that the
      endothelium may play a critical role. Endothelial cells maintain flow in the
      microcirculation by secreting a number of vasodilatory compounds and substances
      that prevent plugging of capillaries by inhibiting neutrophil adherence and
      platelet aggregation. Reperfusion of ischemic myocardium accelerates structural
      and functional changes in endothelial cells, resulting in a progressive decrease
      in microcirculatory flow ("no reflow" phenomenon). Numerous studies suggest that
      activated neutrophils mediate vascular damage by releasing reactive oxygen
      species and potent proteolytic enzymes. The administration of therapeutic agents
      that limit endothelial disruption and neutrophil plugging has shown promising
      results in limiting myocardial reperfusion injury in experimental models.

PMID- 2643656
TI  - Why some physicians have concerns about the cholesterol awareness program.

PMID- 2643657
TI  - Gustatory rhinitis: a syndrome of food-induced rhinorrhea.
AB  - The consumption of certain foods causes watery rhinorrhea (gustatory rhinitis) in
      many individuals. To examine the underlying mechanisms responsible for this
      common phenomenon, 12 subjects ingested control foods and positive foods (foods
      that cause rhinorrhea). Nasal lavages performed 10 minutes after each food
      challenge were analyzed for albumin and total protein. Positive food challenge,
      but not control food challenge, induced rhinorrhea in all subjects. Positive food
      challenge increased albumin (7.8 +/- 1.9 to 24.5 +/- 7.6 mg/L; p less than 0.025)
      and total protein (79 +/- 9 to 258 +/- 41 mg/L; p less than 0.001) without
      altering the ratio of albumin to total protein (albumin percent). Nasal
      pretreatment with atropine clinically blocked the positive food-induced
      rhinorrhea and significantly inhibited secretion of both albumin and total
      protein, again without affecting the albumin percent. Thus, gustatory rhinitis is
      produced by spicy foods that stimulate atropine-inhibitable muscarinic receptors
      (probably on submucosal glands), and the syndrome can be treated prophylactically
      by use of topical atropine.

PMID- 2643658
TI  - Significant changes in nonspecific bronchial responsiveness after isolated
      immediate bronchospecific reactions caused by isocyanates but not after a late
      reaction caused by plicatic acid.
AB  - Although late bronchospastic reactions after exposure to antigenic and
      sensitizing agents usually significantly alter bronchial responsiveness to
      histamine or methacholine, presumably by causing bronchial inflammation, isolated
      immediate bronchospastic reactions do not induce such changes. We studied three
      subjects who demonstrated different patterns of reaction. The first individual
      was diagnosed as having occupational asthma to red cedar. This was confirmed by
      specific inhalation challenges that resulted in late bronchospastic reaction. No
      significant changes in the provocative concentration of histamine causing a 20%
      fall in FEV1 (PC20) were found 1 day after this reaction. Two weeks later, serial
      assessments (five and six, respectively) of PC20 histamine were recorded on
      control days and up to 48 hours after exposure to plicatic acid, which caused a
      late bronchospastic reaction with a maximum fall of 37% in FEV1. No significant
      changes in PC20 were found; the maximum variations on control days were 0.36 to
      0.74 mg/ml, and on active days, from 0.37 to 0.59 mg/ml. By contrast, two other
      subjects, who demonstrated isolated immediate reactions after exposure to
      diphenylmethane diisocyanate, had significant changes in PC20 histamine and
      methacholine, in one subject from 3.1 mg/ml to 0.6 mg/ml 8 hours after exposure,
      and in the other subject, from 61.0 to 7.4 mg/ml 7 hours after exposure, with
      recovery during the next few days. These examples demonstrate that the pattern of
      nonspecific bronchial responsiveness after immediate and late bronchospastic
      reactions can be different from what has previously been described. Immediate
      bronchospastic reactions may lead to bronchial hyperresponsiveness, whereas late
      asthmatic reactions do not always induce changes in bronchial
      responsiveness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643659
TI  - Self-regulation techniques in the elderly.

PMID- 2643660
TI  - Epidemic of Serratia marcescens bacteremia and meningitis in a neonatal unit in
      Mexico City.
AB  - A case-control study was conducted on an epidemic of bacteremia and meningitis
      caused by Serratia marcescens in the neonatal intensive care unit and special
      care nursery of a general hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. A 19.9% incidence of
      bacteremia and meningitis was recorded in contrast to 1.4% and 3.7% during
      preepidemic and post-epidemic periods; a 69% mortality rate was observed.
      Peripheral IV catheters and the use of mixed IV fluids prepared in the wards were
      the major risk factors (P less than 0.001). Rectal and nasopharyngeal cultures
      were positive in 68% of asymptomatic neonates and hand cultures were positive in
      16.7% of personnel. Strains were resistant to all aminoglycosides and broad
      spectrum penicillins, and belonged to the A5/8 biogroup. Containment of this
      outbreak was difficult because of failure to identify colonized infants early in
      the epidemic and because of persistent carriage of S marcescens by personnel.
      Comparisons between this hospital and tertiary care centers in Mexico suggest
      that in developing countries nosocomial infections could be of greater magnitude
      in secondary than in tertiary level centers.

PMID- 2643661
TI  - A quality assurance program for human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity
      screening of dried-blood spot specimens.
AB  - Epidemiologic projects have been implemented for using dried-blood spot (DBS)
      specimens routinely collected on filter paper from neonates as a
      seroepidemiologic resource to monitor seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) among childbearing women. To ensure the quality of the data base
      produced from the national and other epidemiologic surveys, a quality assurance
      program was developed to interact with all the neonatal screening laboratories.
      The focus of the Centers for Disease Control's quality assurance program for HIV
      seropositivity testing of neonatal blood specimens is to maintain a national
      program to produce, certify, and provide external quality control materials as
      DBSs on filter paper, to monitor the filter paper matrix, to operate an external
      performance surveillance program, and to provide other special and consultative
      services. The dried-blood control and surveillance materials are certified by
      rigorous testing for accuracy, stability, and homogeneity. Preliminary results
      from the first performance evaluation of screening laboratories indicated
      excellent performance.

PMID- 2643662
TI  - Genetic control of diabetes and insulitis in the nonobese diabetic mouse.
      Pedigree analysis of a diabetic H-2nod/b heterozygote.
AB  - The development of autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus in man and the nonobese
      diabetic (NOD) mouse is greatly influenced by a gene linked to the MHC. Although
      homozygosity at the NOD MHC is required for a high prevalence of disease, during
      backcross studies we have found a small number of diabetic H-2nod/b MHC
      heterozygotes. These diabetic heterozygotes could either represent a crossover
      event between the MHC and a putative MHC-linked diabetogenic gene or,
      alternatively, they could indicate that there is a dominant MHC-linked diabetic
      gene that has low penetrance in the heterozygous state. Pedigree analysis of a
      diabetic H-2nod/b MHC heterozygote favors the latter hypothesis.

PMID- 2643663
TI  - Regulation of hemopoiesis in myelosuppressed mice by human recombinant IL-1
      alpha.
AB  - Human rIL-1 alpha was shown to be a potent stimulus of granulopoiesis in mice
      that have been myelosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. Stimulation of
      granulopoiesis was demonstrated in IL-1-treated mice by an accelerated recovery
      of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells, bone marrow and splenic
      granulocytic hyperplasia, and a profound granulocytosis. Granulopoiesis was
      stimulated by IL-1 in a dose-dependent manner at doses ranging from 0.5 to 50
      micrograms/kg. Maximal increases in granulocytes were observed after 4 days of IL
      1 treatment. Mice treated with IL-1 also exhibited increased splenic
      megakaryopoiesis with a resultant increase in the number of peripheral blood
      platelets. In contrast to these positive effects on hemopoiesis, bone marrow, but
      not splenic, erythropoiesis was depressed in IL-1-treated mice. IL-1 effects were
      observed in mice treated with a wide dose range (50 to 300 mg/kg) of
      cyclophosphamide, with optimal effects occurring at a dose of 200 mg/kg. The
      doses of IL-1 leading to enhanced granulopoiesis caused only minor and transient
      changes in selected clinical chemistry parameters and caused no toxicities that
      were evident by histologic examination of tissues. The stimulation of
      granulopoiesis in the absence of overt toxicity suggests that IL-1 may be useful
      clinically to enhance the recovery of granulocytes in myelosuppressed patients.

PMID- 2643664
TI  - A monoclonal antibody with IL-3-like activity blocks IL-3 binding and stimulates
      tyrosine phosphorylation.
AB  - IL-3 is a growth factor for multi-potential hemopoietic cells. A panel of mAb
      with IL-3-like activities was recently derived from the autoimmune mouse MRL/1
      pr. We present detailed evidence that one of these monoclonal antibodies, M7B1
      5.1-F9 (F9), interacts with the mouse IL-3 receptor or with part of an IL-3R
      complex. F9 is a full agonist (80 to 100%) of IL-3 in proliferation assays, with
      a half-maximum effective concentration (EC50) of 0.2 to 2.0 nM. However, in the
      variant cell line, NFS60.8, the EC50 for F9 is 30 nM. The decreased sensitivity
      to the antibody is also paralleled by an increased requirement (EC50) for IL-3.
      Two stromal cell lines also show increased requirements for IL-3 and F9. F9
      stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of the same set of proteins
      phosphorylated after IL-3 interaction with the IL-3R, suggesting that IL-3 and F9
      activate the same tyrosine kinase. F9 specifically inhibits 125I-IL-3 binding at
      a concentration (IC50) of about 300 nM, two log10 orders of magnitude higher than
      that required for its agonistic effects, suggesting that spare receptors may
      exist. In cross-linking assays, F9 blocks the specific binding of 125I-IL-3 to
      proteins of Mr 140, 130, and 70 kDa. Thus, F9 interacts with the IL-3R at or near
      the binding site, which leads to the stimulation of a tyrosine kinase and cell
      proliferation.

PMID- 2643665
TI  - Toxoplasma gondii: mechanism of resistance to complement-mediated killing.
AB  - Tachyzoites of the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii are
      resistant to lysis in non-immune human serum. We have examined the mechanism of
      this serum resistance in RH and P strain organisms, which differ markedly in
      virulence, but are equally resistant to serum killing. Rapid, but limited,
      activation of the alternative complement pathway occurred in non-immune human
      serum, with deposition of equivalent amounts of C3 on the two strains. C
      component C3 bound covalently to parasite acceptor molecules via an ester
      linkage. The predominant form of C3 was iC3b which cannot participate in
      formation of a lytic C5b-9 complex. Multiple membrane constituents of the
      tachyzoite of T. gondii may serve as acceptors for the limited amount of C3
      deposited during incubation in non-immune serum. When tachyzoites were
      presensitized with the lytic anti-p30 mAb 7B8, new amide-linked C3-acceptor
      complexes formed. Nearly equivalent C3 binding but a threefold enhancement of
      125I-C9 binding occurred when mAb 7B8 pre-sensitized tachyzoites were compared to
      native organisms. These results indicate that tachyzoites of T. gondii are serum
      resistant because of failure to activate C efficiently. Presensitization with a
      lytic mAb alters the site of complement deposition and augments C5b-9 formation.

PMID- 2643666
TI  - Isolation of a yeast heptaglucoside that inhibits monocyte phagocytosis of
      zymosan particles.
AB  - To isolate a unit ligand recognized by human monocyte beta-glucan receptors, acid
      solubilized oligoglucosides were prepared by partial acid hydrolysis of purified
      yeast cell walls, gel filtered sequentially on Bio-Gel P-4 and P-2, derivatized
      with 2-aminopyridine, and separated by normal-phase HPLC. Ligand recognition was
      assessed by quantitating the effect of pretreatment with isolated materials on
      the capacities of adherent monocytes to phagocytose zymosan particles. Partial
      acid hydrolysis solubilized 23 +/- 4% (mean +/- SD; n = 7) of the cell wall
      glucans; at an input of 50 micrograms/ml, the solubilized products reduced the
      numbers of monocytes ingesting zymosan by an average of 44%. Gel filtration of
      acid-solubilized glucans on Bio-Gel P-4 revealed several peaks with phagocytosis
      inhibiting activity, and fractions from the peak containing the smallest
      oligoglucosides, which accounted for 10 +/- 2% (mean +/- SD; n = 7) of the
      carbohydrate applied, were pooled. Further purification on Bio-Gel P-2 resolved
      this phagocytosis-inhibiting activity to a single peak that contained apparent
      heptaoses and accounted for 8 +/- 2% (mean +/- SD; n = 6) of the carbohydrate
      applied. At a concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml, the oligoglucosides pooled from
      the Bio-Gel P-4 and P-2 columns reduced the numbers of ingesting monocytes by 45
      +/- 1% and 42 +/- 7% (mean +/- SD; n = 3), respectively. When derivatized with 2
      aminopyridine, the oligoglucosides were resolved by HPLC to a number of peaks; a
      peak that eluted as an apparent heptaglucoside contained virtually all the
      inhibitory activity and accounted for only 6.6 +/- 0.7% (mean +/- SD, n = 7) of
      the carbohydrate applied. Gas chromatography analysis revealed only glucose and
      FAB-mass spectrometric analysis showed only heptaglucoside and no noncarbohydrate
      molecules. At a concentration of 1.6 ng/ml, the derivatized yeast heptaglucoside
      reduced the numbers of monocytes ingesting zymosan and glucan particles by 44 +/-
      9% (mean +/- SD; n = 5) and 45 +/- 6% (n = 3), respectively. Thus, a
      heptaglucoside present in yeast cell walls is a unit ligand for human monocyte
      beta-glucan receptors.

PMID- 2643667
TI  - A new graphical method for determining the affinity constants of monoclonal
      antibodies to enzymes.
AB  - A new graphical method is presented for determining the affinity constants of
      antibodies to enzymes. The method does not require purification of reactants or
      separation steps at equilibrium. The plot 1/v versus [AT]/V - v) ([AT] = total
      concentration of antibody binding sites, V = enzyme activity measured in the
      absence, and v = activity measured in the presence, of antibodies) yields
      straight lines in the case of simple antibody-enzyme interactions. More complex
      interaction models show different curve shapes, which can be used for model
      discrimination as shown by computer simulation studies. The applicability of the
      method was demonstrated by the determination of the affinity constant of the
      monoclonal antibody IB 10B8 to alkaline phosphatase of calf intestine. This
      antibody inhibits enzymic activity completely.

PMID- 2643669
TI  - A primer on the Medicare/Medicaid anti-kickback provisions.

PMID- 2643668
TI  - Development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for immunoassay and
      neutralization of human interleukin-4.
AB  - A rabbit antiserum to partly purified recombinant E. coli-expressed human
      interleukin-4 (IL-4) has been produced which neutralizes the T cell growth
      factor, B cell growth factor, and Fc epsilon R2/CD23 inducing activities of IL-4.
      The antiserum demonstrated sufficient avidity to immunoprecipitate labelled COS7
      expressed recombinant human IL-4. In contrast, rabbits immunized with conjugates
      of various synthetic IL-4 oligopeptides produced antisera which recognized IL-4
      in both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting formats,
      but failed to immunoprecipitate IL-4 from solution, or to neutralize bioactivity.
      Two rat monoclonal antibodies, 11B4, 22C10 were produced from a rat immunized
      with purified COS7 cell-expressed IL-4. These IgG2a antibodies recognized both E.
      coli-expressed and mammalian cell-expressed (COS7 and L cell) recombinant human
      IL-4 in solution (immunoprecipitation), as well as on solid phase (indirect ELISA
      and dot-blotting). The 11B4 antibody inhibited IL-4 bioactivity at an IC50 which
      was 25-50-fold in molar excess of factor. Both antibodies also recognized IL-4
      bound to an immobilized rabbit IgG fraction of anti-IL-4. The 11B4 antibody was
      used to develop an immunoenzymetric assay capable of detecting less than 100 pg
      of analyte/ml. Supernatants from PBL, activated under varying conditions were
      tested for IL-4 levels. PHA and ConA were found to induce a relatively low degree
      of IL-4 production by these PBL. An approximately ten-fold greater level of IL-4
      production was observed when they were stimulated with A23187 in combination with
      PMA. Various patient sera and cell line supernatants were also tested. These IL-4
      immunoreagents are important tools for further studies of IL-4 immunobiology.

PMID- 2643670
TI  - Bilateral torsion of the normal ovary and oviduct in a young girl.

PMID- 2643671
TI  - The relationship between assessed obstetric risk and maternal-perinatal outcome.
AB  - The relationship between antepartum risk assessment and subsequent maternal and
      perinatal outcome was examined in a retrospective study of 430 randomly selected
      deliveries at the Oregon Health Sciences University during the 1986 calendar
      year. Antepartum risk scores at the initial prenatal visit and at 37 weeks'
      gestation were positively correlated with each other. Antepartum risk scores were
      correlated with maternal length of stay and maternal hospital charges, but not
      with gestational age, birth weight, or Apgar scores. Increased intrapartum risk
      scores were strongly correlated with increasing length of stay for mother and
      baby, lower birth weight, and lower estimated gestational age at birth. The
      ability of the risk-scoring system to predict selected adverse outcomes was then
      assessed using a high-risk cutoff score of 5 or greater. Sensitivity and positive
      predictive value were found to be quite low while specificity and negative
      predictive value were reasonably high. The results suggest that the risk-scoring
      system used at this institution is effective in identifying low obstetrical risk
      and that prenatal care reduces the probability of poor neonatal outcome among
      infants of women at high obstetrical risk identified through antepartum
      multivariate assessment. Two antepartum risk assessments, each measuring
      different factors, may be redundant. Not yet known are which specific factors by
      their identification result in more effective prenatal care.

PMID- 2643672
TI  - Smoking cessation in primary care. A randomized controlled trial of nicotine
      bearing chewing gum.
AB  - The results are reported from a multicentered, randomized clinical trial of a
      physician-delivered smoking cessation intervention package. All physicians
      attended a four-hour training session during which the rationales for the
      different aspects of the intervention were discussed, including a detailed
      description of the proper use of nicotine-bearing chewing gum. Patients were
      randomized to receive an offer of a prescription of 2 mg of nicotine chewing gum
      in addition to the basic intervention (n = 111) or the basic intervention alone
      (n = 112). The basic intervention included advice, setting a date for quitting,
      self-help materials, and the offer of supportive follow-up visits. Receptionists
      were instructed to recruit the first two smokers attending the practice each day.
      One-year smoking cessation was validated by cotinine saliva analysis. The
      validated three-month sustained abstinence rates at one year were 8.1 percent and
      9.8 percent in the gum and no-gum groups, respectively. The 95 percent confidence
      interval about this difference was -9.3 percent to 6.4 percent. There is no
      evidence from this study that the offer of 2 mg of nicotine-bearing gum enhances
      smoking cessation rates when added to a comprehensive intervention offered to all
      smokers in primary care. Until larger trials are completed, however, the
      possibility that this dose of nicotine gum may produce small beneficial effects
      cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2643673
TI  - Screening for genital chlamydia trachomatis in female patients in a primary care
      setting.

PMID- 2643674
TI  - The effects of diagnostic criteria on trends in coronary heart disease morbidity:
      the Minnesota Heart Survey.
AB  - The Minnesota Heart Survey assessed attack rates of MI in Twin Cities residents
      ages 30-74 years in 1970 and 1980. The age-adjusted attack rate per 100,000 of
      definite MI was similar in 1970 (174.2) and 1980 (179.9) p greater than 0.05,
      using ECG, chest pain, and blood enzyme concentrations of aspartate transaminase
      and/or lactic dehydrogenase as criteria. The attack rate of definite MI also
      remained constant when autopsy findings were included in the algorithm, 197.0 in
      1970 and 191.4 in 1980 (p greater than 0.05). Adding creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
      and CPK-MB isoenzyme to the algorithm increased the rate of definite MIs from
      209.0 in 1970 to 277.0 in 1980 (p less than 0.001). Interpretation of long-term
      trends in coronary heart disease morbidity is highly dependent upon variables
      used to validate cases. Care must be taken to maintain consistent criteria to
      avoid bias due to improvements in diagnostic techniques over time which increase
      sensitivity for detection of cardiac ischemia.

PMID- 2643675
TI  - Meta-analysis in medicine. Where we are and where we want to go.
AB  - An epidemiologically impeccable study does not bring answers to all the important
      questions. A structured and systematic integration of information from different
      studies of a given problem with a view to answering the original question or
      bringing additional information is the essence and objective of the meta-analytic
      approach to health problem solving. Original studies in medicine, being very
      heterogeneous in nature and structure require not only a quantitative approach
      (as in classical meta-analysis) but also an additional "qualitative meta
      analysis" as well. The latter represents not only a systematic accumulation of
      both information and the characteristics of different studies, but also an
      assessment of quality, uncertainty, missing data, random error and bias across
      studies of interest. The greatest challenge of meta-analysis in medicine lies in
      the integration of the qualitative and quantitative assessment of given
      information (scoring of quality, weighing of the effect size by quality score,
      etc.). Meta-analysis in medicine must go beyond a simple pooling of data. It
      should become the "epidemiology of results of independent studies of a common
      topic of interest". Further development of meta-analysis in such an expanded way
      may have an important impact on decision-making in clinical medicine, and in
      health policies.

PMID- 2643676
TI  - Quality of life of cardiac patients: a review.
AB  - This article reviews the literature relevant to quality of life. It begins with a
      historical perspective, definition and measurement of quality of life and an
      overview of quality of life in chronic illness; proceeds to an overview of
      quality of life of cardiac patients; and concludes with an application to
      practice. The article includes issues related to measurement relevant to both
      researchers and consumers of data. In addition, concerns regarding measurement of
      quality of life components are reviewed and applications of quality of life data
      using a nursing approach are described.

PMID- 2643677
TI  - Quality of life of adults after a heart transplant.
AB  - This study describes the quality of life of adults after a heart transplant.
      Based on Chrisman and Fowler's systems-in-change model, 22 subjects were
      interviewed using the McMaster Health Index Questionnaire and the Cantril Self
      Anchoring Scale. The greatest improvement in quality of life of these subjects
      was in physical function but benefit was also noted in social and emotional
      function, with overall quality of life being excellent.

PMID- 2643678
TI  - Cardiac disease and the family: impact, assessment, and implications.
AB  - Cardiac disease is a major threat to the quality of life of both patients and
      families. Using King's definition of a social system, this article provides a
      general overview of the impact of cardiac disease on the family social system.
      Acute and chronic illness require emotional, cognitive, and materials support to
      prevent maladaptive coping by patients and family members. Techniques for family
      assessment are detailed. Specific interventions appropriate for acute,
      transitional, and rehabilitative care are provided. Implications for nursing
      practice and research that includes family members are given.

PMID- 2643679
TI  - The origin, development, and current state of the literature on type A behavior.
AB  - Coronary heart disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in
      the United States today. Type A behavior pattern has emerged as an important
      contributor to coronary heart disease. This review describes the development of
      the concept of type A behavior, definitions, and measurement. Early research that
      led to the prominence of type A behavior is reviewed, as are recent trends in the
      literature. Supporting theories such as the Western civilization work ethic,
      enhanced need for control, self-involvement, and ambiguous standards of
      evaluation are presented. The controversy over changing type A behavior is also
      discussed.

PMID- 2643681
TI  - A developmentally regulated chicken neuronal protein associated with the cortical
      cytoskeleton.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody 3D5 recognizes a single component of the neuronal membrane
      skeleton isolated from the chicken embryo brain. The 3D5 antigen is highly
      enriched in the CNS, and smaller amounts are found in the PNS. It is also present
      in non-neural tissues, but this is due to peripheral innervation. The biochemical
      and molecular properties of the 3D5 antigen are very similar to those of the
      previously described mammalian protein B-50 (Zwiers et al., 1985)/GAP 43
      (Jacobson et al., 1986)/pp46 (Ellis et al., 1985)/F1 (Chan et al., 1986), and
      include anomalous SDS gel migration, acidic isoelectric point, and extraction
      from the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane only under extremely alkaline
      conditions. The 3D5 antigen is also developmentally regulated, with maximum
      expression in brain occurring at E14-E16, after which levels decrease
      approximately 4-fold in the adult. Immunofluorescence staining of cultured
      neurons shows that the 3D5 antigen is located in all parts of the cell but is
      particularly enriched in the growth cone and the growth cone filopodia. As the
      3D5 antigen is enriched in the membrane skeleton, we suggest that this protein is
      involved in an association between the actin-containing cytoskeleton and the
      plasma membrane.

PMID- 2643680
TI  - Cytosine arabinoside kills postmitotic neurons: evidence that deoxycytidine may
      have a role in neuronal survival that is independent of DNA synthesis.
AB  - Cytosine arabinoside (ARA C), a competitive inhibitor of the incorporation of 2'
      deoxycytidine into DNA in other cell types, caused a concentration-dependent
      inhibition of KCl- and insulin-stimulated survival of postmitotic ciliary
      parasympathetic ganglion neurons, and the nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated
      survival of postmitotic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons in vitro. The
      IC50 for survival was 2 x 10(-8) M for both types of neurons after 4 d under the
      culture conditions used. The inhibition of DRG survival by ARA C in the presence
      of varying concentrations of NGF indicated that ARA C acted as an apparent
      noncompetitive antagonist of NGF. This cytotoxic effect of ARA C was blocked by
      2'-deoxycytidine, but not by cytosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, or
      2'-deoxythymine, indicating that ARA C was interfering with a deoxycytidine
      specific survival process. Cytidine could block ARA C toxicity, but it was 40
      times less potent than 2'-deoxycytidine. The blockade of the cytotoxic effect of
      ARA C by 2'-deoxycytidine indicated that 2'-deoxycytidine was an apparent
      competitive antagonist of ARA C toxicity. 2'-Deoxycytidine, by itself, was not
      survival-promoting. Other antimitotic agents, such as adenine arabinoside,
      thymine arabinoside, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, 5-bromodeoxycytidine, 5
      azadeoxycytidine, and aphidicolin had no effect on neuronal survival at a
      concentration 5000 times the EC50 of ARA C, indicating that inhibition of DNA
      synthesis or repair was probably not the mechanism by which ARA C inhibited
      neuronal survival and that other 2'-deoxynucleosides were not involved in the
      survival-promoting process. Nitrobenzylthioinosine, an inhibitor of 2'
      deoxycytidine and ARA C membrane transport in other cell types, inhibited the
      cytotoxic effect of ARA C in neurons, suggesting that ARA C entered the neurons
      through a similar transport mechanism and that ARA C needed to gain access to the
      inside of the neuron to be effective. These results indicate that ARA C, in
      addition to being an antimitotic agent for dividing cells, is also cytotoxic for
      postmitotic neurons. This inhibition of neuronal survival by ARA C is
      hypothesized to be due to inhibition of a 2'-deoxycytidine-dependent process that
      is independent of DNA synthesis or repair. Thus, 2'-deoxycytidine may have an
      important and previously unrecognized role in cellular function that in the case
      of neurons is critical for survival.

PMID- 2643682
TI  - Lipopolysaccharide-free conditions in primary astrocyte cultures allow growth and
      isolation of microglial cells.
AB  - Primary rat astrocyte cultures were used to isolate a macrophage population that
      does not adhere to the confluent glial cells. The cells multiplied vigorously in
      coculture with astrocytes during the 14 d culture period, provided that
      functionally active lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was either absent or present in very
      low concentrations. Based on morphological, immunocytochemical, and
      pharmacological data, it was concluded that the isolated cells were microglia,
      the resident macrophages of the brain. The findings characterized them as a
      distinct cell population that shares features both of peritoneal macrophages and
      of astroglial cells. Like peritoneal macrophages, the isolated cells were able to
      phagocytize as shown by their ingestion of latex beads and uptake of L-leucyl
      methylester. Furthermore, they were immunocytochemically stainable by a specific
      monoclonal antibody (ED 1) against a macrophage-specific antigen (Dijkstra et
      al., 1985). They also synthesized prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and secreted
      interleukin 1 (IL-1) upon stimulation with LPS. Upon stimulation with the
      ionophore A23187, PGD2, the predominant prostaglandin of the brain, was the major
      PG metabolite released by these cells. In contrast to peritoneal macrophages,
      microglial cells were able to multiply. Proliferation of microglial cells in
      coculture with astrocytes was suppressed when 2 ng LPS/ml or higher
      concentrations were added to astroglial culture media. These astrocyte cultures,
      which contained approximately 1% microglia, were used to investigate the
      influence of LPS on prostaglandin and IL-1 secretion in order to compare
      astroglial and microglial features. Increasing LPS concentrations induced
      increased PGE2 secretion, whereas PGD2 secretion was essentially unaffected by
      LPS. The critical influence of LPS contaminations in most of the commercially
      available animal sera used for astrocyte cultures on cellular composition in
      general and on metabolism of hormones and growth factors in particular is
      discussed.

PMID- 2643683
TI  - A quantitative study of the coexistence of peptides in varicosities within the
      superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord.
AB  - While several peptides have been shown to coexist in perikarya within dorsal root
      ganglia of rat, coexistence of peptides has not been confirmed in axons
      associated with these neurons. In this study, the coexistence of substance P (SP)
      with somatostatin (SOM), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dynorphin A 1-8
      (DYN), neurotensin (NT), galanin (GAL), and 5-HT in varicosities was visualized
      using fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Densities of immunoreactive varicosities
      within laminae I and II of the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord were quantified
      by computer-assisted image analysis. Decreases in densities of immunoreactive
      varicosities as a result of multiple unilateral dorsal rhizotomies were used to
      determine proportions of immunoreactive varicosities associated with primary
      afferent neurons. Three observations were made. (1) Dorsal rhizotomy depleted
      greater than one-third of the varicosities individually immunoreactive for SP,
      SOM, GAL, or DYN, confirming the association of these peptides with primary
      afferent neurons. (2) SP coexisted with CGRP, GAL, and DYN in varicosities within
      the dorsal horn of normal animals. (3) CGRP-, SP+CGRP-, and SP+GAL-immunoreactive
      varicosities were nearly depleted following dorsal rhizotomy. The depletion of
      these peptides, particularly in combination, indicates that they may be used as
      markers for varicosities of some primary afferent neurons within the superficial
      laminae of the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord.

PMID- 2643684
TI  - Plasticity of process-bearing glial cell cultures from neonatal rat cerebral
      cortical tissue.
AB  - The factors and cellular interactions that influence the commitment of cells to
      specific neural lineages are not well understood. We have used cultured non
      neuronal process-bearing (PB) cells from neonatal rat cerebral cortices as a
      model to assess the influence of various culture conditions on the determination
      of cells as either astroglia or oligodendroglia. Increasing postseparation
      plating density was significantly associated (p less than 0.001) with decreasing
      percentages of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+) cells, increasing
      percentages of galactocerebroside (GC+) cells, and increasing percentages of
      nonstained cells. As the fetal calf serum content of growth medium was increased,
      the percentage of GFAP+ cells increased, and as the serum content was decreased,
      the percentage of GC+ cells increased. Evidence of minimal cell proliferation and
      the observation of PB cells that coexpressed GFAP and GC supported the conclusion
      that PB cells switched their phenotypic expression from GFAP+ in serum to GC+ in
      serum-free medium. PB cells exhibited plasticity in their phenotypic expression
      as cells grown for 9 d in serum-free medium were still responsive to the effects
      of serum, while cells grown for 6 d in serum were refractory to serum withdrawal.
      This research has demonstrated the plasticity of PB cells separated from
      polygonal astroglia as they expressed GFAP in the presence of serum and GC in
      serum-free medium.

PMID- 2643685
TI  - Intratumoral LAK cell and interleukin-2 therapy of human gliomas.
AB  - Adoptive immunotherapy using lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and
      interleukin-2 (IL-2) offers the possibility of a new treatment for patients with
      malignant glial tumors. In a clinical trial, the effectiveness of a 5-day
      treatment cycle of direct intratumoral administration of both LAK cells and IL-2
      via a reservoir/catheter system in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas was
      studied. Ten patients were entered into the study, nine of whom were treated with
      15 cycles of LAK cells (0.9 to 21.0 x 10(9) cells) and IL-2 (49 to 450 x 10(3)
      U/kg). The 10th patient in the study was not treated because of the onset of
      severe neurological deficits prior to beginning immunotherapy. Of the nine
      patients treated, one had a partial tumor response to immunotherapy as documented
      by computerized tomography. Neurological side effects occurred in all patients
      undergoing treatment and were related to increases in cerebral edema that
      appeared to be mediated by the immunotherapy. This report demonstrates the
      present limitations of regional adoptive immunotherapy with LAK cells and IL-2 in
      the treatment of human glial tumors.

PMID- 2643686
TI  - Stereotaxic suboccipital transcerebellar biopsy of pontine mass lesions.
AB  - Twenty-six patients (16 male and 10 female) ranging in age from 5 to 68 years
      underwent suboccipital transcerebellar stereotaxic biopsy of mass lesions
      situated in the pons. Stereotaxic computerized tomography, magnetic resonance
      imaging, and angiographic data were obtained while the patient was positioned in
      an inverted custom stereotaxic head frame. The patients were then placed under
      general endotracheal anesthesia and positioned prone. Optimal trajectory planning
      utilized a transcerebellar route directed through the middle cerebellar peduncle,
      with target and entry points calculated to avoid vascular structures. No
      complications were encountered in the perioperative period when this technique
      was used. Histological diagnosis of the lesions revealed: astrocytomas in 14
      patients, oligodendroglioma in one, ependymoma in one, arteriovenous
      malformations in two, radionecrosis in one, cryptococcal abscess in one,
      demyelinating disease in three, and infarctions in three. No consistent
      correlation could be made between radiographic characteristics and histological
      diagnoses. Empiric treatment of brain-stem lesions without tissue diagnosis based
      upon the radiological and clinical findings may result in inappropriate therapy
      administration. Alternatively, open operative procedures to obtain tissue require
      a visible surface abnormality to guide biopsy, and carry the risks of a major
      surgical procedure in already compromised patients. For these reasons the authors
      consider a suboccipital transcerebellar stereotaxic biopsy to be the diagnostic
      procedure of choice in the assessment of pontine mass lesions.

PMID- 2643687
TI  - Complications of intracranial bypass for vertebrobasilar insufficiency.
AB  - The authors' initial experience with intracranial revascularization of
      vertebrobasilar insufficiency, reported previously, fortunately yielded
      reasonably good results with high patency rates but in some cases there were
      significant, albeit temporary, complications. Since that time, major brain-stem
      strokes have occurred in two patients following superficial temporal to superior
      cerebellar artery bypass procedures. This occurrence has caused the authors to
      reassess their experience with this procedure and review the published literature
      with regard to complications. This review and the results of the international
      bypass study on anterior circulation ischemia suggest that a very cautious and
      conservative approach should be taken prior to considering intracranial bypass to
      the superior cerebellar or posterior cerebral artery.

PMID- 2643688
TI  - Malignant optic glioma in adults. Case report.
AB  - Malignant optic glioma in adulthood is a rare tumor that causes early loss of
      vision and nearly always leads to death within a year. A case history is
      presented illustrating the clinical and neuroradiological characteristics of the
      malignant optic glioma in adults. A review of the literature is given.

PMID- 2643689
TI  - Localization of brain tumors with a simple scalp-mounted fiducial device.
      Technical note.
AB  - A method is described for marking the site of a tumor on the scalp based on
      information from computerized tomography (CT) scans. The technique employs a
      syrinx-shaped array of radiopaque catheters of varying length taped to the
      patient's scalp for visualization on the CT scan. Fiducial markings on the CT
      images allow the transfer of the tumor's location directly onto the scalp. The
      device can be placed anywhere on the scalp, including in a parasagittal position.

PMID- 2643690
TI  - Carotenoids in human blood and tissues.
AB  - The occurrence of carotenoid pigments in human blood and tissues has recently
      become an area of renewed interest due to the observed inverse relationship
      between consumption of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables and risk of certain
      cancers. This article reviews current knowledge of the kinds and concentrations
      of carotenoids in human plasma (or serum) and solid tissues. Most reports have
      focused on the hydrocarbon carotenoids (lycopene, alpha-carotene, and beta
      carotene) with fewer dealing with the more polar xanthophyll pigments. The
      available literature indicates substantial interindividual heterogeneity with
      respect to blood levels of both total and individual carotenoids. Reports of
      solid tissue levels are few, but also indicate large variation, with adipose
      tissue and liver seemingly the major sites of deposition. The relationship
      between the types and concentrations of circulating carotenoids and those in
      solid tissues of the same individuals is not known, but preliminary
      investigations in our laboratory show considerable qualitative homology between
      the carotenoids in fasting serum and those in fatty tissue.

PMID- 2643691
TI  - Provitamin A function of carotenoids: the conversion of beta-carotene into
      vitamin A.
AB  - Two pathways have been suggested for the conversion of carotenoids to vitamin A
      in mammals, central cleavage and excentric cleavage. An enzyme, beta-carotenoid
      15,15'-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.21), has been partly purified from the intestines
      of several species and has been identified in several other organs and species.
      The enzyme, which converts beta-carotene into two molecules of retinal in good
      yield, requires molecular oxygen and is inhibited by sulfhydryl-binding and iron
      binding reagents. Most provitamin A carotenoids, including the beta-apo
      carotenals, are cleaved to retinal by this enzyme. Its maximal activity in the
      rabbit is approximately 200 times that required to meet nutritional needs but is
      less than 50% of that expected to produce signs of vitamin A toxicity. Excentric
      cleavage unquestionably occurs in plants and some microorganisms and might occur
      in mammals. Thus far, however, carotenoid dioxygenase with excentric bond
      specificity has been identified in mammals, the yield of beta-apo-carotenals from
      beta-carotene in vivo and in vitro is very low, and beta-apo-carotenals are
      formed nonbiologically from beta-carotene. To remain viable as an alternative
      pathway of vitamin A formation from carotenoids in mammals, the excentric
      cleavage hypothesis clearly requires unambiguous direct supporting evidence.

PMID- 2643692
TI  - Antioxidant action of carotenoids.
AB  - Several modes of antioxidant action of beta-carotene are discussed. In
      particular, the focus is on the ability of beta-carotene to function as a chain
      breaking antioxidant in a lipid environment at physiological O2 partial
      pressures. This is the mode considered most likely to operate in mammalian cells.

PMID- 2643693
TI  - Carotenoids and the immune response.
AB  - There is growing evidence from in vitro and in vivo laboratory animal studies
      that beta-carotene can protect phagocytic cells from autooxidative damage,
      enhance T and B lymphocyte proliferative responses, stimulate effector T cell
      functions, and enhance macrophage, cytotoxic T cell and natural killer cell
      tumoricidal capacities, as well as increase the production of certain
      interleukins. Many of these effects have also been seen with carotenoids lacking
      provitamin A activity but having the antioxidant and singlet oxygen quenching
      capacities of beta-carotene. The association of immunoenhancement with decreased
      tumor burden in animals given carotenoids suggests a potential explanation for
      the epidemiological data linking lower carotenoid status with higher incidences
      of certain cancers. Since vitamin A is a relatively poor antioxidant and cannot
      quench singlet oxygen, beta-carotene may have more importance as a nutrient than
      simply serving as a precursor of vitamin A.

PMID- 2643694
TI  - A review of epidemiologic evidence that carotenoids reduce the risk of cancer.
AB  - The epidemiologic evidence that carotenoids are involved in cancer etiology is
      evaluated. Low intake of vegetables and fruits and carotenoids is consistently
      associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in both prospective and
      retrospective studies. In addition, low levels of serum or plasma beta-carotene
      are consistently associated with the subsequent development of lung cancer. The
      simplest explanation is that beta-carotene is indeed protective. Since retinol is
      not related in a similar manner to lung cancer risk, beta-carotene seems to play
      a role that does not require its conversion into vitamin A. However, the
      importance of other carotenoids, other constituents of vegetables and fruits, and
      other nutrients whose levels in the blood are partially correlated with those of
      beta-carotene has not been adequately explored. In addition, smoking, a powerful
      risk factor for lung cancer, is associated with reduced intake of carotenoids and
      lowered blood levels of beta-carotene and has not always been adequately
      controlled in these analyses. Prospective and retrospective studies suggest that
      carotenoids may reduce the risk of certain other cancers; however, too few
      studies have looked at these sites to examine the consistency of the evidence.
      Although clinical trials of the efficacy of beta-carotene in cancer prevention
      are underway, it is still necessary and prudent to continue well-designed
      prospective and retrospective studies of the carotenoid hypothesis.

PMID- 2643695
TI  - Carotenoids and cancer in animal models.
AB  - As evidence accumulated from epidemiological studies that beta-carotene acts as a
      chemopreventive agent with respect to inhibiting the appearance of certain types
      of tumors in humans, attention focused on animal models as a means of extending
      our understanding of carotenoid function. Unfortunately, most animals used in
      research are "white fat" animals, and require large amounts of carotenoids in
      their diets to obtain significant blood and tissue levels. Even with these
      limitations, beta-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid, as well as canthaxanthin,
      a non-provitamin A carotenoid, have been shown to protect animals against UV
      induced skin tumors, UV and carcinogen-induced tumors, and carcinogen treatment
      alone. Similar observations have been made in cell and organ cultures where
      carotenoids have been shown to prevent malignant transformation and nuclear
      damage. Although the mechanism of this protection is still unclear, the evidence
      continues to accumulate that carotenoids may possess intrinsic chemopreventive
      action with respect to tumor formation.

PMID- 2643696
TI  - Comparative aspects of carotenoids and retinoids as chemopreventive agents for
      cancer.
AB  - Retinoids are well established chemopreventive agents for experimental
      carcinogenesis of many target organs including mammary gland, urinary bladder,
      lung, skin, liver, pancreas, colon and esophagus. Modification of the basic
      retinoid structure has produced analogs with enhanced target organ specificity,
      increased inhibitory activity and reduced toxicity. N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)
      retinamide (4-HPR) currently appears to be the most efficaceous retinoid against
      carcinogen-induced breast, urinary bladder, and lung cancer in rodents. Retinoids
      are most effective when administered shortly after the carcinogen treatment;
      however, the treatment can be delayed significantly while maintaining its
      chemopreventive effect. Under various experimental conditions, combining retinoid
      treatment with other modifiers of growth enhances its chemopreventive activity;
      for example, retinoid plus hormonal modulation can provide better protection
      against mammary cancer than either treatment alone. The role of carotenoids in
      cancer chemoprevention is less well defined. Studies have been complicated by the
      poor absorption and low tissue levels of carotenoids in the rodent models used
      for such studies. Aside from experimental skin carcinogenesis, little information
      is available relative to the effect of carotenoids on the chemoprevention of
      cancer at other organ sites.

PMID- 2643697
TI  - Symposium conclusions: biological actions of carotenoids.
AB  - The symposium on the biological action of carotenoids highlighted the antioxidant
      and singlet oxygen quenching properties of beta-carotene and other carotenoids of
      similar structure but lacking provitamin A activity. The provitamin A functions
      of beta-carotene were also discussed. The immuno-enhancing and anticarcinogenic
      actions of the carotenoids could be associated with functions unrelated to their
      ability to form vitamin A. Thus, the symposium emphasized the expansion of the
      role of beta-carotene beyond its classic nutritional function and has examined
      the importance of other dietary carotenoids.

PMID- 2643698
TI  - The use of stable isotopes in mineral nutrition research.
AB  - Stable isotopes are valuable tools for research on mineral bioavailability and
      metabolism. They can be used as tracers with no exposure to radiation and they do
      not decay over time. Attempts to use stable isotopes of minerals as metabolic
      tracers were first described only 25 years ago. There were relatively few reports
      of their use over the next 15 years, but interest in stable isotopes has expanded
      markedly in the last 10 years. The advantages of stable isotope tracers are so
      great that scientists have been willing to accept the laborious and costly nature
      of mineral isotope analysis, and substantial progress has been made in the field.
      New applications for stable isotopes and new analytical methods have been
      introduced recently. However, limitations to the approach and methodological
      problems remain to be resolved. This review describes early work in the field and
      discusses the advantages and disadvantages of stable isotope tracers and of the
      various methods of analysis. Information discovered with stable isotopes is
      reviewed, and probable future applications are discussed.

PMID- 2643699
TI  - New imperatives for an old vitamin (A).
AB  - This year marks the 75th anniversary of the discovery of vitamin A by E.V.
      McCollum. Interest over the past 40 years has focused almost exclusively on the
      ocular complications of deficiency. Recent data from Indonesia, India, Thailand,
      Tanzania, Guatemala and elsewhere are reorienting concerns. Observational studies
      indicate that vitamin A--deficient children grow poorly, are more anemic, have
      more infections and are more likely to die than their peers, and that the
      magnitude of many of these consequences is directly related to the severity of
      the deficiency, even after adjusting for other variables. The few supplementation
      trials completed to date support these conclusions. Even after excluding children
      with frank deficiency at baseline, vitamin A-supplemented children have grown
      faster, developed higher hemoglobin values, and died less frequently (by 30-60%)
      than their nonsupplemented peers. The great surprise is not the central role
      vitamin A plays in each of these areas (McCollum and others recognized this long
      ago), but that this single nutrient can so profoundly affect children who are
      subject to multiple adverse influences.

PMID- 2643700
TI  - Dysphagia associated with head and neck trauma: report of a case.

PMID- 2643701
TI  - Migration of Kirschner wires used for rigid noncompressive fixation of the
      mandibular sagittal split osteotomy: report of four cases.
AB  - Four instances of migration of Kirschner wires have been reported in patients in
      whom bilateral mandibular sagittal splits were stabilized with rigid
      noncompressive pin fixation. Three of these cases demonstrated gross pin
      migration, and the fourth showed significant symptoms due to the loosening and
      extrusion of the Kirschner wires. Although this technique produces good clinical
      results, migration of the pins is a problem.

PMID- 2643702
TI  - Effects of the thromboxane synthesis inhibitor CGS-12970 on experimental acute
      renal allograft rejection.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects and mechanisms of the
      selective thromboxane synthesis inhibitor CGS-12970 (3-methyl-2[3 pyridyl]-1
      indoleoctanoic acid) on renal allograft function and eicosanoid production.
      Kidneys were transplanted between nonimmunosuppressed outbred mongrel dogs and
      renal allograft function, renal eicosanoid production and histologic signs of
      rejection were monitored. In the untreated animals, renal allograft blood flow
      and allograft glomerular filtration rate declined steadily over the 5-day
      observation period compared to animals with nonrejecting autotransplanted
      kidneys. However, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate of renal
      allografts from animals receiving the selective thromboxane synthesis inhibitor
      CGS-12970 (3 mg/kg p.o. b.i.d.) were significantly higher compared to nontreated
      allograft animals. Histologic examination of renal allografts harvested 5 days
      after transplantation revealed rejection with mononuclear infiltration in both
      the untreated and the CGS-12970-treated animals. In untreated dogs, renal
      allograft tissue production of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and
      6-Keto PG F1 alpha (6-K-PGF1 alpha) was significantly elevated 5 days after
      transplantation compared to normal renal tissue. In animals treated with CGS
      12970, renal allograft tissue production of TXB2, PGE2 and 6-K-PGF1 alpha was
      significantly lower than the untreated allografts and was not different from
      normal kidneys. In-vitro dose-response experiments revealed that CGS-12970
      nonselectively inhibited renal allograft tissue TXB2 and 6-K-PGF1 alpha
      production in a dose-dependent manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643703
TI  - Age-related differences in the sensitivity to opiate-induced perturbations in
      reproductive endocrinology in the developing and adult male rat.
AB  - The effects of a single morphine pellet (75 mg) implanted in developing male rats
      at 27 days of age on reproductive endocrine parameters were compared to those
      found in adult (65-day-old) animals after the same treatment. The pellets were
      left in place to provide the release of morphine during critical phases of
      puberty and sexual maturation and to prevent an abrupt withdrawal syndrome upon
      pellet removal which would confound our results. Developing rats were sacrificed
      at representative intervals after pellet insertion to assess the development of
      key indices of reproductive endocrinology; adult rats were sacrificed at the same
      time intervals to permit an evaluation of age-related differences in the
      sensitivity to opiate-induced endocrine disturbances. Our results showed that
      morphine markedly influenced a number of endocrine parameters associated with the
      maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in developing rats for
      prolonged periods of time, whereas the effects of the opiate in the adult rat
      were relatively modest and transient. In the developing rat, serum luteinizing
      hormone (LH), testosterone, the wet tissue weights of the seminal vesicles and
      testes and hypothalamic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) levels were substantially
      depressed immediately after pellet implantation and these effects persisted for
      up to 4 weeks when compared to placebo-implanted, age-matched controls. In
      contrast to these results, adult rats showed only transient effects (less than 1
      week) of morphine on certain reproductive endocrine parameters (e.g., serum LH,
      testosterone and the weights of the seminal vesicles) and no effects on others
      (e.g., testes weights and hypothalamic LHRH).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643704
TI  - The use of phage-sensitivity patterns for tracing heat labile toxin-positive
      (LT+) Escherichia coli.
AB  - The heat-labile toxin (LT) positive Escherichia coli colonies from 785 stool
      specimens obtained during a cholera vaccine trial were examined for their phage
      sensitivity pattern to 31 E. coli phages. These specimens originated from 105
      index cases and their contacts. Isolates with common phage-sensitivity patterns
      were grouped and were studied further both serologically and for their plasmid
      profile. The largest group (42 isolates) belonged to serogroup O78 and the second
      largest group (19 isolates) belonged to serogroup O6. There were 23 index cases
      which had E. coli with the same phage-sensitivity pattern as some of their
      contact strains. The identity of isolates from 16 index cases with strains from
      their respective contacts could be verified serologically. For the remaining
      seven index cases and their contacts, the isolates did not agglutinate with
      available antisera. However, subsequent studies demonstrated that, when the phage
      sensitivity pattern among the strains matched, the plasmid profiles of these
      strains also matched. This further indicates the ability of phage-sensitivity
      patterns to serve as markers in tracing strains.

PMID- 2643705
TI  - An endocytic process in HEp-2 cells induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - Infection of HEp-2 cells by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) was examined
      by transmission and scanning electronmicroscopy. EPEC strains of serogroups
      O111:K58 and O55:K59 recently isolated from human patients did not exhibit
      enterotoxic activity, as judged by the Vero-cell and suckling-mouse assays, or
      invasive ability as judged by the Sereny test. These strains attached to and
      penetrated HEp-2 cells. Transmission electronmicroscopy showed bacteria in close
      contact with cell membranes 15 min after infection; later, intense swelling and
      budding of membranes and penetration of EPEC into the cell cytoplasm occurred.
      Intracellular bacteria were enclosed in membrane-bound vacuoles in the cell
      cytoplasm underlying localised adherence sites observed by light microscopy.
      Scanning electronmicroscopy showed morphologically altered membranes only at the
      sites of bacterial attachment. Bacteria inactivated by ultraviolet light were not
      internalised and cytochalasin B (greater than or equal to 10 mg/L) markedly
      inhibited uptake. These observations suggest that penetration of EPEC into HEp-2
      cells occurs by an endocytic process in metabolically active bacteria.

PMID- 2643706
TI  - Invasion of Vero cells by Salmonella species.
AB  - The invasiveness of Salmonella strains for Vero cells was studied by quantitative
      bacteriology; the technique was more sensitive than phase contrast microscopy.
      All of 59 Salmonella strains, of 19 different serotypes, were more invasive than
      Escherichia coli K12. Three strains of Shigella were as invasive as most of the
      Salmonella strains whereas 29 strains of E. coli, two of Proteus, three of
      Klebsiella and one of Serratia were much less invasive. Two Citrobacter strains
      exhibited intermediate invasiveness. Eleven Salmonella strains were also shown to
      be invasive in HeLa, int 407, bovine kidney, chick kidney and chick embryonic
      fibroblast cells. The difference between invasive and non-invasive organisms was
      apparent irrespective of the numbers of bacteria in contact with Vero cells or
      the duration of bacteria-cell contact. There was little intracellular
      multiplication of S. typhimurium in Vero cells. Unlike the situation with
      Shigella, incubation of Salmonella or Salmonella-cell mixtures at 41 degrees C,
      22 degrees C or 0 degree C had little effect on invasiveness. Non-viable
      Salmonella organisms were non-invasive. Incubation of Vero cells with cholera
      toxin, dinitrophenol, iodoacetic acid, cytochalasin B or D-mannose did not
      substantially reduce invasiveness. Virulence-associated plasmids were not
      essential to invasion by S. typhimurium, S. gallinarum or S. pullorum. Neither
      somatic antigens nor mannose-sensitive haemagglutinins were essential to the
      invasiveness of an S. infantis strain, but an additional factor, eliminated by N
      methyl, N-nitro, N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis did contribute to invasiveness.

PMID- 2643707
TI  - Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for Rickettsia conorii antibodies in
      seropositive patients.
AB  - A latex agglutination test for antibodies to Rickettsia conorii was compared with
      micro-immunofluorescence (the reference test for total antibodies); 179 sera were
      from 115 confirmed cases of Mediterranean Spotted Fever, and 101 were from
      pregnant women (control group) who had no detectable antibodies by the reference
      method. The micro-immunofluorescence test for specific IgM antibodies was used to
      clarify some discordant results. The agreement obtained between latex-R. conorii
      and micro-immunofluorescence was 95%. Sensitivity and specificity were 96% and
      93% respectively. When micro-immunofluorescence results for specific IgM
      antibodies were included, these figures rose to 96 and 99%, and agreement was
      almost 97%. Latex agglutination is a simpler and more rapid technique than micro
      immunofluorescence and is suitable for the screening as well as for the titration
      of R. conorii antibodies.

PMID- 2643708
TI  - Universal precautions. Self-learning module.

PMID- 2643709
TI  - The search for oncogene targets.

PMID- 2643710
TI  - Gene transfer trial approved.

PMID- 2643711
TI  - Imaging the diaphragm and its disorders.
AB  - Although a radiologic evaluation of the diaphragm is important in many clinical
      situations, visualization of the diaphragm is difficult because of its thinness,
      its domed contour, and its contiguity with abdominal soft tissues. Each clinical
      situation involving the diaphragm presents its own imaging difficulties, and each
      radiographic technique has advantages and disadvantages. No one modality is best
      for all situations. Often, several imaging modalities must be used to resolve the
      clinical question. The particular difficulties in diaphragmatic imaging are (1)
      distinguishing eventration from paralysis or hernia, (2) distinguishing lipoma
      from herniated omental fat, and (3) distinguishing unilateral paralysis from
      weakness and bilateral paralysis from respiratory fatigue. By selecting and
      applying the appropriate radiographic techniques, the radiologist can serve an
      essential role in assessing the disorders of the diaphragm.

PMID- 2643712
TI  - Diaphragmatic and paradiaphragmatic tumors and pseudotumors.
AB  - Primary lesions of the diaphragm are rare and are often difficult to distinguish
      from a host of other entities. Primary tumors include lipomas, cysts, and
      sarcomas, while secondary lesions, which can mimic them, include direct
      extensions from neighboring organs or metastatic implants and adenopathy. In
      addition, one must exclude a variety of pseudotumors, such as eventrations,
      diaphragmatic invaginations, and crural thickening. Examples of such primary and
      nonprimary diaphragmatic lesions are discussed.

PMID- 2643713
TI  - Cross-sectional imaging of the chest wall.
AB  - Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are now commonly performed for
      a variety of pulmonary and mediastinal lesions. However, some of the lesions that
      affect these areas also involve the chest wall. These include tumors, infections,
      trauma, and congenital processes. In such cases, a knowledge of chest wall
      anatomy combined with careful analysis of cross-sectional images is necessary to
      make the diagnosis. This article describes the basic cross-sectional anatomy of
      the chest wall and the principal pathologic chest wall lesions.

PMID- 2643714
TI  - Superior sulcus tumors: the role of imaging.
AB  - Advances in the treatment of stage 0 to III superior sulcus tumors mandate
      greater accuracy in establishing tissue diagnosis, assessing tumor extent, and
      staging. Currently, this is best accomplished by a combination of PA chest
      radiography, MRI, and needle biopsy. MRI is superior to other single imaging
      modalities for the overall assessment of local tumor extent, bone invasion,
      mediastinal invasion, and perhaps in the future, determining radiosensitivity. In
      patients with superior sulcus tumors, evaluation of the brain, liver, and
      skeleton for metastases may be advisable prior to treatment with preoperative
      radiation and radical surgical resection.

PMID- 2643715
TI  - Pleural effusions: pathogenesis, radiologic evaluation, and therapy.
AB  - The imaging of pleural effusions by plain radiography, sonography, computed
      tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has greatly facilitated the
      planning of both initial diagnostic thoracentesis and subsequent therapeutic
      management. The normal anatomy and physiology of the pleura, the pathogenesis of
      effusions, and the clinical criteria for classifying effusions are briefly
      summarized. The usefulness of each imaging modality is then discussed,
      particularly with regard to the problems of detecting small effusions,
      identifying loculation of fluid, distinguishing pleural from intraparenchymal
      disease, and assessing the extent to which a pleural process has become
      organized.

PMID- 2643716
TI  - Computed tomography in the diagnosis of asbestos-related thoracic disease.
AB  - High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) has improved the radiologist's ability
      to detect and potentially quantify the abnormalities of asbestos exposure. It has
      proved to be more sensitive than chest radiography for detecting pleural plaques
      and for discriminating between pleural fibrosis and extrapleural fat. HRCT is
      also more sensitive than chest radiography or conventional CT for detecting
      parenchymal abnormalities in asbestos-exposed persons. The HRCT findings that
      correlate with other parameters of asbestosis include (1) septal and
      centrilobular thickening, (2) parenchymal fibrous bands, (3) honeycomb patterns,
      (4) subpleural density persisting in the prone position, and (5) subpleural
      curvilinear lines that persist in the prone position. CT has an important role in
      evaluating benign and malignant lung and pleural masses in asbestosis.

PMID- 2643717
TI  - Interstitial emphysema in adults: recognition and prognostic implications.
AB  - Interstitial pulmonary emphysema (IPE) is the initial manifestation of ventilator
      induced barotrauma and, if unrecognized, may eventuate in life-threatening
      complications. It can be diagnosed by certain radiographic criteria that reflect
      the pathophysiology. These include parenchymal stippling, lucent mottling and
      streaking, perivascular halos, subpleural cysts, lucent bands, and parenchymal
      cysts or bullae. In the presence of continuing airway pressure elevation and/or
      significant underlying lung pathology, certain complications of IPE can be
      anticipated. These include air leak, air block, secondary infection, and
      extensive pulmonary fibrosis. In the patient who is already in a state of
      respiratory compromise, pneumothorax or alteration in cardiovascular dynamics can
      constitute a terminal event. We believe, therefore, that the earliest possible
      recognition of the radiographic changes of IPE is critical in the management of
      the patient who requires ventilatory assistance.

PMID- 2643718
TI  - The use of transrectal prostatic ultrasonography in the evaluation of patients
      with prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - Transrectal ultrasonography is a relatively new diagnostic technique that has
      received much of the same enthusiasm that often is associated with the
      introduction of other new diagnostic or therapeutic instruments. The study allows
      for imaging of the prostate but benign conditions often cannot be differentiated
      reliably from malignant ones. The technique has clinical application in staging,
      monitoring tumor response to therapy and assisting in biopsy. Its role as a
      screening study when used either alone or in combination with other diagnostic
      tests has yet to be determined and well controlled, carefully performed
      investigations with state of the art instruments probably will help to establish
      the role of this examination when used for this purpose.

PMID- 2643719
TI  - Transurethral prostatectomy: immediate and postoperative complications. A
      cooperative study of 13 participating institutions evaluating 3,885 patients.
AB  - The mortality rate for transurethral prostatectomy was 0.2 per cent in 3,885
      patients reviewed retrospectively. The immediate postoperative morbidity rate was
      18 per cent. Increased morbidity was found in patients with a resection time of
      more than 90 minutes, gland size of more than 45 gm., acute urinary retention and
      patient age greater than 80 years, and in the black population. Of the patients
      77 per cent had significant pre-existing medical problems. Operative mortality,
      significant morbidity and hospital stay were reduced in comparison to studies
      done 15 and 30 years ago.

PMID- 2643720
TI  - Transurethral prostatectomy: practice aspects of the dominant operation in
      American urology.
AB  - In a national survey of all American urologists transurethral prostatectomy
      accounted for 38 per cent of the major surgical procedures performed by the
      respondents. They regarded the operation as complex and they believe achievement
      of proficiency requires that more be performed during residency training than any
      other urological operation. Furthermore, they assigned transurethral
      prostatectomy a significantly higher relative value than have medical economists
      doing research in the field of physician reimbursement. The effect of recent
      legislated congressional reductions in the allowable Medicare fees for
      transurethral prostatectomy is discussed along with the impact of these
      reductions on urological patient care and the American urologist. Practice
      patterns and geographic variations in the costs of transurethral prostatectomy
      also are considered.

PMID- 2643721
TI  - Renal transplantation into the reconstructed bladder.
AB  - In our experience with 821 renal transplants performed between 1974 and October
      1987 we used the native or reconstructed bladder of the patient in all but 2
      instances. Seven patients have undergone enterocystoplasty and subsequent renal
      transplantation, while 1 underwent bladder augmentation after transplantation. Of
      these 8 patients 4 have functioning grafts 6 months to 7 years after transplant
      or reconstruction. Renal transplantation coupled with enterocystoplasty in
      properly selected patients has acceptable morbidity and should be considered as
      an alternative to other forms of urinary diversion in allograft recipients.

PMID- 2643722
TI  - Potential pitfalls in the obstructive renal scan in patients with double-pigtail
      ureteral catheters.
AB  - In 21 patients with a long-standing internal ureteral double-pigtail catheter we
      demonstrated the adverse effect of a full bladder on upper system drainage. A
      pseudo-obstructive pattern noted in these patients on routine scans was
      immediately rectified by mere bladder emptying and a normal pattern was
      demonstrated. We suggest the bladder be emptied in all patients with indwelling
      internal ureteral stents before renographic evaluation.

PMID- 2643723
TI  - Intraoperative ultrasound in the conservative resection of testicular neoplasms.
AB  - In a series of approximately 400 patients investigated for oligospermia 4 had
      small testicular tumors demonstrated by high resolution real-time ultrasound. The
      lesions ranged in size from 3 to 6 mm., were clinically impalpable and were
      demonstrated on repeated sonograms. Exploration was done in all 4 patients with
      the aid of intraoperative high resolution ultrasound. This procedure allowed for
      conservative resection of the tumor with preservation of the testicle. The
      pathological diagnosis in all cases was benign Leydig cell tumor.

PMID- 2643724
TI  - The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in chronic abacterial prostatitis: a study
      using ultrasound guided biopsy.
AB  - We studied 50 patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis as defined by the
      Stamey procedure via transrectal prostatic ultrasound and subsequent
      transperineal biopsy of the abnormal areas of the prostate to ascertain the role
      of Chlamydia trachomatis organisms (chlamydiae) in this condition. Chlamydiae
      were detected by an immunofluorescence technique in the urethra of 1 patient (2
      per cent) but they were not recovered in McCoy cell culture from the prostatic
      tissue of any patient nor were they detected in the tissue by immunofluorescence.
      In addition, serum antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis was not found even in
      moderate titer. The approach in this study has overcome the problem of urethral
      contamination in the assessment of prostatic specimens from patients with chronic
      abacterial prostatitis. There is no evidence that chlamydiae are directly
      implicated in the disease, although the possibility of an earlier active role
      cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2643725
TI  - Bacterial prostatitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Bacterial prostatitis was diagnosed in 17 of 209 human immunodeficiency virus
      infected men hospitalized from October 1985 to October 1987. A history of
      urogenital disease was found in 13 of 17 patients. Clinical signs of prostatitis
      were present in 16 of 17 patients, including fever in 13, urinary symptoms in 11
      and tender prostate on rectal palpation in 7. Bacteriuria was found in 14 of the
      17 patients. Prostatic ultrasound examination showed an abscess in 11 of 16
      patients studied. Prostatitis was diagnosed at autopsy in 1 patient. Within 6
      weeks after onset of antimicrobial therapy 9 of 13 patients were cured and 4 of
      13 did not respond to therapy. Among the 7 patients followed for more than 2
      months after the end of antimicrobial therapy 5 had relapse. The prevalence of
      bacterial prostatitis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
      increased from 3 per cent in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected
      patients to 14 per cent in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2643726
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of S phase cells by anti-bromodeoxyuridine
      monoclonal antibody in human prostate adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Using a monoclonal antibody to bromodeoxyuridine and immunohistochemistry, we
      measured the incorporation of this thymidine analogue into the deoxyribonucleic
      acid of human prostate adenocarcinoma cells exposed in situ. Fifteen patients
      with prostate cancer were given an intravenous infusion of 500 mg.
      bromodeoxyuridine at needle biopsy to label tumor cells in the deoxyribonucleic
      acid synthesis phase (S phase). The tumor specimens were fixed with 70 per cent
      ethanol, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained by an indirect
      immunoperoxidase method using anti-bromodeoxyuridine monoclonal antibody as the
      first antibody. The results showed that this method demonstrated
      bromodeoxyuridine-labeled nuclei satisfactorily in tissue section. The
      bromodeoxyuridine labeling index, S phase fraction, was determined by counting
      the number of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells in the tissue sections. Grade 3
      tumors averaged 4.37 +/- 0.48 per cent labeling versus 2.41 +/- 0.49 per cent in
      grade 2 tumors, and grade 1 tumor in the series had an S phase fraction of 1.36
      +/- 0.39 per cent. The average S phase fractions for single gland, cribriform,
      fused and medullary were 1.16, 2.30, 3.74 and 4.95 per cent, respectively. The
      results obtained with S phase fraction measured with bromodeoxyuridine labeling
      proved to be comparable to the results of histological grade and growth pattern.
      Thus, the higher S phase fraction may indicate biological malignancy. Moreover,
      the degree of heterogeneity concerning S phase fraction distribution within
      prostate cancer tissue could be compared to the morphological appearance. Our
      preliminary results suggest that the measurement of bromodeoxyuridine labeling
      index in prostate cancer may prove to be a new objective and quantitative assay
      of biological potential of individual tumor.

PMID- 2643727
TI  - Urogenital tract abnormalities associated with esophageal atresia and
      tracheoesophageal fistula.
AB  - The medical records were reviewed of 127 consecutive patients with esophageal
      atresia alone and with tracheoesophageal fistula. Systematical genitourinary
      tract examination in 112 patients showed anomalies in 24 (21.4 per cent). A
      survey of the literature on this subject is given. Of 8 patients with the VATER
      association renal involvement was found in 6. The results of urinary tract
      imaging by excretory urography and ultrasonography are compared to each other.
      Prompt and appropriate genitourinary tract examination by physical examination,
      urinalysis, serum creatinine levels and ultrasonography or excretory urography is
      recommended as a standard in all children with esophageal atresia, with further
      investigations ordered if indicated by the results of the studies.

PMID- 2643728
TI  - Penile abscess involving the corpus cavernosum: a case report.
AB  - A patient with a penile abscess containing mixed colonies of bacteria is
      presented. Ultrasound scan confirmed the physical examination findings of
      involvement of the corpus cavernosum. After incision and drainage the patient has
      normal erectile function.

PMID- 2643729
TI  - Correlates of diuretic renography in experimental hydronephrosis.
AB  - We studied the correlations between diuretic renographs and kidney function in
      experimental hydronephrosis in rabbits. Features of furosemide-stimulated 99mTc
      diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid renographs were compared to the growth rate,
      thirst test and endogenous creatinine clearance rate in a chronic solitary-kidney
      animal model. Intravenous pyelograms, done four weeks after laparotomy, left
      nephrectomy, bladder resection and constriction of the right pyeloureteric
      junction, showed signs of obstruction in all the 12 animals of the experimental
      group. An absent tracer washout after intravenous furosemide, found in five
      animals, was associated with retarded growth, isosthenuria and an abnormal
      creatinine clearance. In all of the other seven animals, a distinct tracer
      washout after intravenous furosemide was accompanied with a normal growth rate
      and creatinine clearance. However, no one of these seven animals had a normal
      ability to retain water and concentrate urine in the thirst test. We conclude
      that, in this experimental model, a furosemide-induced tracer washout from the
      kidney pelvis cannot be taken as a proof of the absence of any upper urinary
      tract obstruction.

PMID- 2643730
TI  - Inhibition of human renal cancer by methotrexate linked to a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody DAL K29 against a human renal cell carcinoma associated
      cell surface antigen was covalently linked to the antifolate methotrexate with
      full retention of antibody reactivity and partial retention of drug activity. In
      a colony inhibition assay, antibody-conjugated methotrexate was 400% more potent
      in inhibiting the growth of the human kidney cancer line Caki-1 than equimolar
      amounts of the free drug. Comparable amounts of the antifolate linked to normal
      mouse IgG did not inhibit the growth of Caki-1 cells. Furthermore, the
      methotrexate-DAL K29 conjugate had no effect on the two nontarget human cell
      lines tested, melanoma M21 and B cell leukemia D10-1 cells, even when the
      conjugate contained amounts of methotrexate equivalent to the 50% inhibitory
      concentration of the free drug for the nontarget cell lines or an amount
      equivalent to the 50% inhibitory concentration of the conjugated drug for Caki-1
      cells.

PMID- 2643731
TI  - Investigative grammar.

PMID- 2643732
TI  - 'Poe-phyria,' madness, and The Fall of the House of Usher.

PMID- 2643733
TI  - Intrahepatic pregnancy. A unique opportunity for evaluation with sonography,
      computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2643734
TI  - Old age and new policy.

PMID- 2643735
TI  - DNA binding of glucocorticoid receptor protein A fusion proteins expressed in E.
      coli.
AB  - In an effort to obtain large quantities of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein
      for functional and structural studies, several truncated versions of the human
      glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) have been expressed in E. coli as C-terminal fusion
      proteins with protein A. The amount of expressed protein was between 5 and 25
      mg/l in the culture. South-Western blotting was initially used to demonstrate the
      DNA binding capacity of fusion proteins containing the DNA binding domain of GR.
      The hybrid proteins were highly enriched in the insoluble fraction after cell
      lysis. For further purification and characterization the fusion proteins were
      solubilized in 8 M urea. The concentration of denaturing agent was reduced by
      dilution and the fusion proteins were allowed to refold. The renatured GR protein
      A fusion proteins bound to DNA in a nitrocellulose filter binding assay. We also
      show that it is possible to purify the renatured fusion protein to apparent
      homogeneity using a single chromatographic step on DNA-cellulose.

PMID- 2643736
TI  - Separation of urinary metabolites of radiolabelled estrogens in man by HPLC.
AB  - A method to separate radiolabelled urinary estrogens by high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) is described. Estrogen glucuronides were isolated from the
      urine of women receiving bolus injections of [4-14C]estrone or [4-14C]estradiol
      by adsorption on Sep-Pak C18 cartridges and subsequent DEAE Sephadex A25 column
      chromatography. Following enzyme hydrolysis, free estrogens were extracted and
      concentrated in methanol-water containing ascorbic acid. HPLC was performed
      either by C18 reversed phase chromatography using different concentrations of
      acetonitrile with or without tetrahydrofurane in phosphate buffer or methanol
      water as mobile phases, or on a Diol column using chloroform-isooctane-n-hexane
      or isopropanol-isooctane-n-hexane as mobile phases. 3H-labelled estrogens were
      added as internal standards, and urinary [14C]estriol, [14C]estradiol and
      [14C]estrone concentrations could be measured with an interassay coefficient of
      variation less than 5%. Interassay coefficients of variation for [14C]2
      hydroxyestriol, [14C]16 alpha-hydroxyestrone, [14C]2-hydroxyestradiol, [14C]2
      hydroxyestrone and [14C]2-methoxyestrone were between 5 and 10%, while interassay
      coefficients of variation for [14C]4-hydroxyestrone was 14.6%. Recovery of the
      unstable catechol estrogen 2-hydroxyestrone was comparable to the recovery of the
      other estrogen metabolites, due to the addition of ascorbic acid throughout the
      different pre-chromatographic steps. Our method is suitable for the separation of
      the major labelled estrogen metabolites found in human urine following
      administration of radiolabelled estrone or estradiol.

PMID- 2643737
TI  - Neuroendocrine control of male reproductive function. The opioid system as a
      model of control at multiple sites.
AB  - It is known that the same peptide can be identified in different secretory
      tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS). We now provide evidence that the
      same peptides can be found in different organs related to the control of a single
      function, and speculate on the possibility that this reflects a common
      neuroendocrine programming. Endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) inhibit the
      reproductive function acting via the CNS. EOP inhibit gonadotropin secretion in
      rodents and humans via inhibition of GnRH release and have direct inhibitory
      actions at the pituitary level via specific binding sites on the gonadotrophs.
      However, EOP can also be synthesized in the testis and in different compartments
      of the male genital tract. Several findings indicate that EOP of the reproductive
      tract have a local, paracrine role. These include: (1) the detection of
      significant beta-endorphin (beta-EP) production by rat Leydig cells (Lc) in
      cultures; (2) the hormonal regulation of Lc beta-EP production by positive
      (gonadotropins) and negative (steroids, glucocorticoids, GnRH) factors; (3) the
      presence of opioid binding sites (Kd in the nanomolar range) in tubular
      homogenates and Sertoli cells (Sc) in culture of adult and immature rat testes;
      (4) the inhibition of basal and FSH-stimulated ABP production by Sc in culture
      when chronically exposed to beta-EP treatment; (5) the detection of high levels
      of beta-EP and met-enkephalin in human semen with values 6-12 times higher than
      in plasma; (6) the evidence for inhibitory functions of seminal opioids on sperm
      motility, vas deferens muscle contraction and partner immune system. Thus the
      same peptides, i.e. EOP, may control the reproductive function at multiple sites,
      operating as a multimessenger system in which the central and peripheral level
      are unified by the common chemical and inhibitory nature of the message.

PMID- 2643738
TI  - Mechanism of androgen action: recent observations on the domain structure of
      androgen receptors and the induction of EGF-receptors by androgens in prostate
      tumor cells.
AB  - In this paper two different aspects of androgen action are reviewed.
      Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of androgen receptors, photoaffinity labeled
      with R1881 showed that receptors isolated from both human prostate cells and calf
      uterine cytosol cells are proteins with a molecular mass of approx 110 kD.
      Purification to homogeneity of this form of the receptor from calf uterus also
      yielded a 110 kD protein. A molecular model for the DNA-binding form of the
      receptor is presented in which one polypeptide comprises three active domains:
      one for ligand binding, one for interaction with nuclear acceptor sites, and a
      third domain which modulates nuclear interaction. Mild digestion with
      chymotrypsin or a protease from rat prostates removes the modulating domain and
      leaves the ligand binding and nuclear interaction domain intact. Trypsin
      treatment yields a fragment of lower molecular mass containing the ligand binding
      domain with some affinity for RNA, but not DNA. In vitro studies with a human
      prostate tumor cell line (LNCaP), suggest that androgens not only directly effect
      cell growth, but also act indirectly. Both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and
      androgens stimulate cell growth. In addition androgens stimulate synthesis of
      receptors for EGF. Thus androgens effect tumor cell growth by autocrine or
      paracrine mechanisms by making the cells more sensitive for growth factor
      mediated stimuli.

PMID- 2643739
TI  - Androgen receptor in sexual differentiation.
AB  - Androgens play an essential role in sexual differentiation and their action is
      mediated by the androgen receptor (AR). The normal AR is a soluble protein,
      highly thermolabile, with a mol. wt of 90 kDa and a pI of 5.2 as determined by 2
      dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. It is regulated by androgens in culture
      conditions but the physiological relevance of this regulation remains
      controversial. The presence of a functional AR is an absolute requirement for
      male sexual differentiation and its absence results in complete insensitivity.
      However, androgen insensitivity (complete or partial) can develop in the presence
      of a normal androgen binding capacity and there is no correlation between the
      clinical and the biochemical findings. A number of qualitative abnormalities have
      been described to explain the failure of androgen action in these cases: they all
      emphasize the extreme instability of the abnormal AR. It is difficult at the
      present time to determine whether these abnormalities result from structural
      mutations of the AR gene, transcriptional or post-transcriptional abnormalities.
      Further elucidation of these defects awaits for an antibody and/or a cDNA probe
      for the AR.

PMID- 2643740
TI  - Fibroblast growth factor and the control of pituitary and gonad development and
      function.
AB  - Evidence from in vitro studies support the concept that growth factors could be
      involved in the development, maturation and function of endocrine organs.
      Included among the growth factors which are known to influence endocrine cell
      proliferation and differentiation is the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), which
      controls the proliferation, differentiation, and other functions of mesodermal-
      and neuroectodermal-derived cells. Its modulator, transforming growth factor beta
      (TGF beta), which determines the positive or negative direction of the effects of
      FGF, may play a role as well. In this review, we present a speculative view of
      how FGF in the pituitary gland, and both FGF and TGF beta in the gonads could
      influence the development and function of these organs through regulating
      mechanisms involving paracrine and autocrine control of cell proliferation and
      differentiation.

PMID- 2643741
TI  - The role of dopamine in the control of corticosteroid secretion and metabolism.
AB  - The relation between aldosterone and its trophins is altered by electrolyte
      status and in some hypertensive conditions in man by a mechanism or mechanisms
      not understood. Dopamine has been suggested as the agent for the altered
      sensitivity of plasma aldosterone to angiotensin II based on the results of
      studies with dopamine itself, both in vivo and in vitro, and with pharmacological
      agonists and antagonists. The evidence derived from these studies is presented
      and discussed. Questionable specificity of the agents used makes interpretation
      difficult. Similarly, dopamine infusion rates used in man and animals have
      resulted in plasma concentrations far in excess of those found normally and these
      pharmacological concentrations have been shown to alter both the clearance rate
      of exogenous angiotensin II, and the pattern of steroid response to ACTH. Direct
      study of adrenal tissue has provided more promising results. The adrenal cortex
      possesses specific dopamine receptors and dopamine has been shown to modify
      aldosterone biosynthesis in vitro. Moreover, dopamine is present in
      adrenocortical tissue in concentrations in the range calculated to operate the
      receptors. However, there is, as yet, no evidence that dopamine concentrations
      change in a physiological meaningful way, for example, during changes in sodium
      status.

PMID- 2643742
TI  - [Child health services--50 years old].

PMID- 2643743
TI  - Otolaryngologic problems in cardiac transplant patients.
AB  - Cardiac transplantation is now a well-accepted treatment for selected patients
      who have end-stage heart disease. Of the 38 patients who underwent cardiac
      transplants at our center from August 1984 through August 1987, 27 received
      consultation for otolaryngologic problems. Eleven patients had sinonasal
      complications; 8 had laryngotracheal complications; 4 had otologic complications;
      2 had oropharyngeal complications; and 2 had a combination of more than one of
      the above complications. Of these otolaryngologic disorders, 63% were infectious
      in etiology. Development of otolaryngologic infections generally did not
      correlate with either higher doses of maintenance immunosuppression or with
      treatment of an acute rejection episode, which requires increased
      immunosuppression. Otolaryngologists should be aware of the sinonasal,
      laryngotracheal, oropharyngeal, and otologic disorders that can occur in cardiac
      transplant patients.

PMID- 2643744
TI  - Experimental autoimmune inner ear disease.
AB  - A guinea pig animal model of autoimmune inner ear disease is presented. The
      functional, anatomical, and immunological inner ear changes were tested
      electrophysiologically, histologically and by the immunofluorescence test. Using
      a homologous crude inner ear antigen (CIEAg) we were able to induce endolymphatic
      hydrops, vasculitis, mild cellular infiltration of the endolymphatic sac, and
      occasional spiral ganglion degeneration. Threshold shift was seen in 20% of the
      tested ears. Specific fluorescence was revealed around the modiolar vessels and
      in the basilar membrane. The endolymphatic sac and duct showed occasional
      fluorescence in the epithelial and/or subepithelial layers. The findings were
      discussed in light of the other models immunized with various forms of inner ear
      antigens. Similarities between the detected specific fluorescence and the
      fluorescence revealed by sera of patients with cochleovestibular disorders were
      discussed.

PMID- 2643745
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of nodular lesions of the thyroid].
AB  - Real-time echography was used for investigation of 100 patients with thyroid
      nodes. In order to determine the potentialities of differential diagnosis of
      benign and malignant thyroid nodes by echography its findings were compared with
      the results of histological examination. Analysis of the accuracy, sensitivity
      and specificity of certain symptoms and their combinations made it possible to
      propose a combination of symptoms for differential diagnosis of benign and
      malignant nodular lesions of the thyroid with the accuracy of 80.6%, the
      sensitivity of 82.5%, and the specificity of 79.2%.

PMID- 2643746
TI  - [A complex of mathematical models in the radionuclide diagnosis of the status of
      the urinary system].
AB  - Various mathematical models describing the process of transport of nephrotropic
      radiopharmaceutic drugs in the body of patients are used at present on a wide
      scale in processing the results of radionuclide studies of the urinary system
      functional status. The authors propose to give an objective quantitative
      assessment on the basis of a complex consisting of 3 mathematical models.

PMID- 2643747
TI  - [Clinico-morphologic comparisons in the combined study of the thyroid gland].
AB  - The authors conducted radionuclide and ultrasonic scanning (RNS and USS) of 92
      patients with thyroid nodal lesions (colloid goiter, adenoma, cyst, thyroiditis
      and cancer). The results obtained were correlated with those of surgical
      intervention and histology findings. The combination of RNS and USS of the
      thyroid made it possible to accurately define the site, sizes, function and
      internal structure of a node. Analysis of combined scanning has shown that the
      term "warm" node does not reflect its function. Cystic-hemorrhagic degenerative
      changes develop more frequently in nodes exceeding 3.5 cm in diameter. To a
      lesser degree, these changes are associated with the morphological structure of a
      node. The authors have arrived at a conclusion that combined radiation diagnosis
      of thyroid cancer at its early stages is difficult in the absence of
      characteristic diagnostic signs. Additional diagnostic measures including fine
      needle biopsy, are recommended in such cases.

PMID- 2643748
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of thyroid diseases].

PMID- 2643749
TI  - In memoriam: Thaddeus S. Danowski, MD (1914-1987).

PMID- 2643750
TI  - Appearance of circulating and tissue 14C-lipids after oral 14C-tripalmitate
      administration in the late pregnant rat.
AB  - Studies were performed to determine whether and/or how dietary lipids participate
      in maternal hypertriglyceridemia during late gestation in the rat. After oral
      administration of glycerol-tri(1-14C)-palmitate, total radioactivity in plasma
      increased more rapidly in 20-day pregnant rats than in either 19-day pregnant
      rats or virgin controls. At the peak of plasma radioactivity, four hours after
      the tracer was administered, most of the plasma label corresponded to 14C-lipids
      in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (d less than 1.006), and when expressed per
      micromol of triglyceride, values were higher in pregnant than in virgin rats. The
      difference was less after 24 hours, although at this time the level of 14C-lipids
      in d less than 1.006 lipoproteins was still higher in 20-day pregnant rats than
      in virgins. Tissue 14C-lipids, as expressed per gram of fresh weight, were
      similar in pregnant and virgin rats, but the values in mammary glands were much
      higher in the former group. Estimated recovery of administered radioactivity four
      hours after tracer in total white adipose tissue, mammary glands, and plasma
      lipids was higher in pregnant than in virgin rats. No difference was found
      between 20-day pregnant and virgin rats either in the label retained in the
      gastrointestinal tract or in that exhaled as 14C-CO2 during the first four hours
      following oral administration of 14C-tripalmitate. These findings plus the known
      maternal hyperphagia, indicate that in the rat at late pregnancy triglyceride
      intestinal absorption is unchanged or even enhanced and that dietary lipids
      actively contribute to both maternal hypertriglyceridemia and lipid uptake by the
      mammary gland.

PMID- 2643751
TI  - Effect of combined therapy with bezafibrate and cholestyramine on low-density
      lipoprotein metabolism in type IIa hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - This study was designed to examine the influence of combined therapy with
      bezafibrate and cholestyramine on plasma lipids and on the metabolism of low
      density lipoprotein (LDL). Twenty-one type II hyperlipidemic subjects were
      treated with bezafibrate alone or in combination with cholestyramine. A 17% fall
      in plasma cholesterol was seen with bezafibrate, and addition of cholestyramine
      produced an additional 9% reduction in this lipid. The effectiveness of the
      combination therapy was mediated through a 47% decrement in very-low-density
      lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, a 37% reduction in LDL cholesterol, and a 15%
      increase in the level of that lipid in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Plasma
      triglyceride fell 43% when bezafibrate was given alone, and did not change
      further when cholestyramine was added. The metabolism of LDL was examined in nine
      individuals to determine the mechanism underlying these changes. No significant
      modification in LDL synthetic rate was incurred with either drug regimen, whereas
      the fractional catabolic rate of LDL via the receptor pathway rose by 66% with
      bezafibrate alone and by 79% (compared to baseline) following the addition of
      cholestyramine. Plasma HDL rose during bezafibrate therapy due to an increase in
      the HDL3 subfraction. Compositional analysis of LDL showed a reduction in
      cholesterol ester and an increase in triglyceride and phospholipid during
      combined drug therapy. These results demonstrate that combined therapy with
      bezafibrate and cholestyramine markedly improves the lipoprotein profile in type
      II hyperlipidemia. The drugs appear to be complementary in their actions upon the
      LDL receptor pathway.

PMID- 2643752
TI  - Short-term effects of moderate alcohol consumption on lipid metabolism and energy
      balance in normal men.
AB  - The short-term effects of moderate alcohol consumption on energy balance, serum
      lipids, and lipoproteins were studied in eight healthy middle-aged men (age 30 to
      47 years and body mass index 23.1 to 27.7 w/h2). A crossover dietary trial
      included two isocaloric periods without (20% protein, 50% carbohydrate, 30% fat)
      or with alcohol (12% protein, 29% carbohydrate, 25% fat, 75 g of alcohol as red
      wine). Each period lasted 2 weeks. The body weight of the subjects remained
      stable over the study. Fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, total cholesterol,
      and LDL cholesterol were similar at the end of both dietary periods. Mean values
      of serum total triglyceride (108 +/- 18 v 85 +/- 24 mg/dL, P less than 0.05),
      VLDL-Tg (88 +/- 24 v 73 +/- 16 mg/dL, NS), and total HDL cholesterol (49.4 +/-
      6.0 v 43.4 +/- 5.5 mg/dL, P less than 0.05) were higher after the diet with
      alcohol than without alcohol. The increase of HDL cholesterol was primarily due
      to that of HDL2 cholesterol (10.4 +/- 5.1 v 5.7 +/- 3.9 mg/dL, P less than 0.05).
      The concentration of apoprotein A-I, A-II, and B averaged 104 +/- 17 v 89 +/- 16
      mg/dL, 33 +/- 4 v 28 +/- 8 mg/dL, P less than 0.02, and 111 +/- 24 v 105 +/- 33
      mg/dL after the diets with and without alcohol, respectively. Adipose tissue LPL
      activity increased in six of the eight volunteers during the diet with alcohol.
      Resting metabolic rate, postprandial energy expenditure, and postprandial
      responses of blood glucose, serum insulin, triglyceride, and plasma FFA were
      similar after the both diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643753
TI  - Disopyramide induces insulin secretion and plasma glucose diminution: studies
      using the in situ canine pancreas.
AB  - The mechanism of disopyramide-induced hypoglycemia, a life-threatening
      complication in the antiarrhythmic drug treatment, is still controversial. To
      elucidate this, we have evaluated plasma insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG)
      responses in the pancreatic vein (PV) of the in situ pancreas as well as
      responses of plasma IRI, IRG, and glucose in the femoral artery (FA) to
      disopyramide phosphate administration in anesthetized dogs. First, infusion of
      disopyramide at a dose of 50 mg for ten minutes directly into the pancreatic
      artery, but not the vehicle, increased significantly plasma IRI concentration in
      the PV (P less than .05 or less), where the IRI response started within three
      minutes and reached a peak of 2.8-fold preinfusion value at 30 minutes after
      starting the infusion (n = 7). Plasma IRI concentration in the FA also increased
      slightly but significantly (P less than .05). Plasma IRG concentration in the PV
      initially decreased significantly (P less than .05 or less) and in the FA at one
      point (P less than .05) during the infusion, and then increased significantly
      after cessation of the infusion, showing a peak of 1.9-fold preinfusion value at
      60 minutes in the PV and the FA (P less than .05). Plasma glucose concentration
      in the FA decreased slowly and significantly after the infusion (P less than .05
      or less) and fell by 16% of the baseline value at 60 minutes (P less than .05).
      Second, serum disopyramide concentration of 13.7 +/- 2.8 micrograms/mL at ten
      minutes, which corresponds to a twofold to threefold concentration of the human
      therapeutic level (n = 4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643754
TI  - Insulin secretion and insulin action related to the serum phospholipid fatty acid
      pattern in healthy men.
AB  - In order to decide whether the phospholipid fatty acid pattern is related to
      variables determining glucose tolerance, 11 healthy volunteers with normal
      glucose tolerance were studied. The relationship was evaluated between the
      proportions of individual fatty acids (FA) in serum phospholipids and (1) insulin
      secretion, determined by fasting and postglucose plasma insulin levels, and (2)
      in vivo insulin action, assessed as metabolic clearance rates of glucose during
      euglycemic clamp studies at two insulin concentrations of approximately 70
      microU/mL (MCRglu70) and 500 microU/mL (MCRglu500). It was found that both
      insulin secretion and insulin action are significantly related to the ratio of
      omega-6 class essential FA to saturated FA in serum phospholipids. An increase of
      this ratio is associated with a decrease in total insulin response (r = -0.84, P
      less than .01), and an increase in MCRglu70 (r = .66, P less than .05) and
      MCRglu500 (r = .82, P less than .01). The data presented support the hypothesis
      that phospholipid FA composition might play a role in blood glucose regulation.

PMID- 2643755
TI  - Fluorescent analog cytochemistry: tracing functional protein components in living
      cells.

PMID- 2643756
TI  - Fluorescent labeling of mitochondria.

PMID- 2643757
TI  - Fluorescent labeling of endoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - The fluorescent molecule, DiOC6(3), can be used to label the ER in living
      cultured cells. The labeling procedures are simple and rapid, and in optimum
      conditions, the staining is bright and clear and bleaches slowly. The main
      disadvantage of the technique is toxicity. Photodynamic damage is probably the
      most serious of the toxic effects, because the damage can be relatively rapid and
      because the extent and nature of the damage during exposure to the light cannot
      be determined. To lessen the damage, the exposure of cells to light should be
      minimized. For many applications, it would be best to verify that cell function
      is normal during the experimental observations.

PMID- 2643758
TI  - Incorporation of macromolecules into living cells.

PMID- 2643759
TI  - Hapten-mediated immunocytochemistry: the use of fluorescent and nonfluorescent
      haptens for the study of cytoskeletal dynamics in living cells.

PMID- 2643760
TI  - Culturing cells on the microscope stage.

PMID- 2643761
TI  - Basic fluorescence microscopy.

PMID- 2643762
TI  - Quantitative fluorescence microscopy using photomultiplier tubes and imaging
      detectors.

PMID- 2643763
TI  - Characteristics of low light level television cameras.

PMID- 2643764
TI  - Solid-state imagers for microscopy.
AB  - Solid-state imagers offer a variety of options to the modern optical
      microscopist. Photodiode arrays, charge injection devices, and charge-coupled
      devices are the three basic types of solid-state imagers available for research
      imaging. The charge-coupled device (CCD) is the solid-state imager of choice,
      because of its superior characteristics and its widespread acceptance in the
      research environment. The performance characteristics of the CCD are well
      documented and understood, having been quantified by many experimenters,
      especially in the physical sciences. CCDs exhibit dynamic ranges up to 50,000:1,
      very high quantum efficiency, and ultralow noise. The camera system in which a
      device is used, however, dictates the overall performance which can be achieved.
      The CCD imaging system as it applies to cell biology is discussed in detail in
      Hiraoka et al. (1987). A video camera operating at 30 frames/second does not
      provide the resolution, low noise, dynamic range, and linearity of a slow scan,
      cooled camera operating at 1 frame/second. Conversely, a slow scan camera does
      not offer the user the facility to resolve rapidly changing events in real time.
      The analogy between an 8-mm movie camera (video camera) and a 35-mm snapshot
      camera (slow scan cooled camera) is a useful one to emphasize the different
      character of these two electronic imaging systems. These two basic camera systems
      both employ CCD imagers, and each has very different, but complementary,
      characteristics. No one camera system can address the wide variety of imaging
      problems which face the modern microscopist. The user of this new generation of
      instrumentation must decide which system best fits the problem at hand.

PMID- 2643765
TI  - [Progress in clinical cardiology. 2. Nuclear cardiology].

PMID- 2643766
TI  - [Cytostatic drugs. 1: Platinum compounds, alkylating and intercalating cytostatic
      drugs].

PMID- 2643767
TI  - Studies on the oxidation products from 2,4-diaminotoluene by hydrogen peroxide
      and their mutagenicities. II.
AB  - 2,4-Diaminotoluene (DAT) was reacted with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature
      for 2 days, and the resulting red precipitates were separated into 5 fractions on
      silica gel column chromatography. On the gas chromatographic (GC) study, the
      first fraction (Fr. 1), which is mutagenic (1425 and 1391 revertants/micrograms
      in the absence and presence of S9 respectively) in Salmonella typhimurium TA98,
      contained several peaks. Fr. 1 was further separated into 4 subfractions (Fr. 1-I
      Fr. 1-IV) by silica gel column chromatography. The red crystals were separated
      from Fr. 1-III and the structure of the compound was determined to be 1,8-diamino
      2,7-dimethylphenazine from physicochemical and chemical evidence. Further, o
      nitro-p-toluidine, p-nitro-o-toluidine, 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-dimethylazobenzene and
      3,3'-diamino-4,4'-dimethylazoxybenzene were identified with authentic and
      synthesized samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. These compounds
      without nitrotoluidines were mutagenic, and phenazine, azo and azoxy compounds
      induced 49, 301 and 245 revertants/nmole in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with 25
      microliters S9 per plate, respectively.

PMID- 2643768
TI  - Spontaneous revertants in modified S. typhimurium mutagenicity tests employing
      elevated numbers of the tester strain.
AB  - It has been proposed that increases in the number of bacteria applied to each
      plate can enhance the sensitivity of the Ames S. typhimurium mutagenicity assay.
      These procedures have the potential to elevate the number of spontaneous
      revertants (SR) by increasing the contribution of pre-existing revertants (PER)
      present before application of the bacteria to the limited histidine test plates.
      We have investigated the contribution of PER when 10(9) bacteria are applied to
      the plates and found that the number of PER is dependent on the handling and
      storage of the cultures used to inoculate the overnight broth. The average number
      of PER/10(9) viable bacteria after overnight growth in broths inoculated from a
      frozen permanent, lyophilized permanent, master plate, and an isolated colony, of
      TA98 were 267, 188, 57 and 13 respectively. The resultant elevation of the number
      of SR for a strain may result in a failure to identify a mutagenic response. It
      is recommended that the number of PER be monitored in any modification of the
      Ames test that makes use of elevated numbers of bacteria.

PMID- 2643769
TI  - Comment on the non-additivity of the mutagenic response of mixtures of
      nitrobenzo[a]pyrenes.

PMID- 2643770
TI  - Multicenter study of autologous adrenal medullary transplantation to the corpus
      striatum in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.
AB  - In 19 patients with severe Parkinson's disease, we replicated the surgical
      procedures developed by Madrazo et al. for transplantation of the adrenal medulla
      to the striatum, and followed them for six months after operation. We monitored
      their motor function with the use of standardized scales and determined the
      amount and quality of "on" and "off" time (the hours of the waking day when the
      antiparkinsonian medications were effective and ineffective, respectively). We
      found significant improvement in focal areas of motor function. The mean
      percentage of on time during the day increased from 47.6 percent to 75.0 percent
      (P = 0.012); the mean percentage of on time without chorea increased from 26.6
      percent to 59.2 percent (P = 0.006); the mean severity of off time decreased as
      assessed by both the Activities of Daily Living subscale of the Unified
      Parkinson's Disease Scale (P = 0.002) and the Schwab and England scale (P =
      0.037). In contrast to the finding of Madrazo et al., however, the dosages of
      antiparkinsonian medications could not be decreased and postoperative morbidity
      was substantial. Despite cautious optimism, we conclude that the widespread use
      of this procedure outside of research centers is premature, since the improvement
      we found was slighter than in the previous cases.

PMID- 2643771
TI  - Detection of deep-vein thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography.
AB  - In 220 consecutive outpatients with clinically suspected deep-vein thrombosis of
      the leg, we compared contrast venography with real-time B-mode ultrasonography,
      using the single criterion of vein compressibility with the ultrasound transducer
      probe. The common femoral and popliteal veins were evaluated for full
      compressibility (no thrombosis) and noncompressibility (thrombosis). Both veins
      were fully compressible in 142 of the 143 patients with normal venograms
      (specificity, 99 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 97 to 100). All 66
      patients with proximal-vein thrombosis had noncompressible femoral veins,
      popliteal veins, or both (sensitivity, 100 percent; 95 percent confidence
      interval, 95 to 100). For all patients (including 11 with calf-vein thrombi),
      sensitivity and specificity were 91 (95 percent confidence interval, 82 to 96)
      and 99 percent, respectively. The sensitivity for isolated calf-vein thrombosis
      was only 36 percent. The compression ultrasound test was repeated in a subset of
      45 consecutive patients by a second examiner, unaware of the results of the first
      test, whose results agreed in all patients with those of the first examiner
      (kappa = 1). We conclude that ultrasonography with the single criterion of vein
      compressibility is a highly accurate, simple, objective, and reproducible
      noninvasive method for detecting proximal-vein thrombosis in outpatients with
      clinically suspected deep-venous thrombosis.

PMID- 2643772
TI  - Comparison of high-dose with low-dose subcutaneous heparin to prevent left
      ventricular mural thrombosis in patients with acute transmural anterior
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - We performed a double-blind randomized trial comparing high doses of subcutaneous
      heparin (12,500 units every 12 hours) with low doses (5000 units every 12 hours)
      for 10 days in the prevention of left ventricular mural thrombosis in 221
      patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction. Left ventricular mural
      thrombosis was observed by two-dimensional echocardiography on the 10th day after
      infarction in 10 of 95 patients (11 percent) in the high-dose group and in 28 of
      88 patients (32 percent) in the low-dose group (P = 0.0004). One patient in the
      high-dose group and four in the low-dose group had nonhemorrhagic strokes (P =
      0.17). One patient in the low-dose group had a fatal pulmonary embolism. There
      was no difference in the frequency of hemorrhagic complications, which occurred
      in six patients in the high-dose group and four in the low-dose group. The mean
      (+/- SEM) plasma heparin concentration was 0.18 +/- 0.017 U per milliliter in the
      high-dose group and 0.01 +/- 0.005 U per milliliter in the low-dose group (P less
      than 0.0001). In the high-dose group, the mean plasma heparin concentration was
      0.10 +/- 0.029 U per milliliter among patients with abnormal two-dimensional
      echocardiograms, as compared with 0.19 +/- 0.019 U per milliliter among patients
      with normal echocardiograms (P = 0.01). We conclude that heparin administered
      subcutaneously in a dosage of 12,500 units every 12 hours to patients with acute
      anterior transmural myocardial infarction is more effective than a lower dosage
      (5000 units every 12 hours) in preventing left ventricular mural thrombosis.

PMID- 2643773
TI  - Improvement of renal function with selective thromboxane antagonism in lupus
      nephritis.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that the vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2 may affect renal
      hemodynamics in lupus nephritis, we examined the short-term effects of a
      selective thromboxane-receptor antagonist, BM 13,177, and of low-dose aspirin. In
      a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 10 patients with biopsy-proved lupus
      nephritis were given a 48-hour continuous infusion of BM 13,177 or placebo. At
      base line, seven patients had markedly elevated urinary levels of thromboxane B2,
      the breakdown product of thromboxane A2. During the infusion of BM 13,177, the
      inulin clearance rate, which was 68 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface
      area at base line, increased by an average of 24 percent (range, 12 to 47
      percent; P less than 0.01). Para-aminohippurate clearance was increased to the
      same extent, with no change in the filtration fraction. The bleeding time
      doubled, indicating an occupancy of platelet thromboxane receptors of more than
      95 percent. The hemodynamic changes were associated with a significant increase
      in sodium excretion from 76 to 118 mmol per day (P less than 0.01) but with no
      change in arterial blood pressure. In another study, 10 additional patients with
      lupus nephritis were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or 20 mg of
      aspirin twice daily for four weeks. The aspirin regimen produced a selective,
      cumulative inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase activity and a doubling of
      bleeding time. However, there was no change in the inulin clearance rate and no
      change in urinary levels of thromboxane B2 or 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha,
      which are indicators of renal synthesis of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin,
      respectively. We conclude that in lupus nephritis, impairment of renal function
      is at least in part mediated hemodynamically and is reversible with a thromboxane
      antagonist. Platelets, however, are not a major source of thromboxane A2
      synthesis and action within the kidney.

PMID- 2643774
TI  - Changes in the location of death after passage of Medicare's prospective payment
      system. A national study.
AB  - We reviewed age-specific national mortality data for the years 1981 through 1985
      to evaluate changes in the location of death among the nation's elderly after
      implementation of Medicare's prospective payment system (PPS). Although it was
      unchanged in 1981 and 1982, the percentage of deaths occurring in the nation's
      nursing homes increased from 18.9 percent in 1982 to 21.5 percent in 1985. The
      increases in nursing home deaths were greatest between 1983 and 1984, when 33
      states showed larger-than-expected increases when compared with a base period
      before implementation of PPS. These changes were accompanied by a decline in the
      percentage of deaths that occurred in hospitals. These changes in the location of
      death were most pronounced in the Midwest, South, and West; they were very small
      in the Northeast and in states not affected by the PPS. Furthermore, the states
      with high population enrollments in health maintenance organizations and with
      large declines in the mean hospital length of stay in 1984 showed the greatest
      shifts in the location of death. We conclude that Medicare's PPS resulted in the
      increased transfer of terminally ill patients from hospitals to nursing homes.
      Further study is required to determine whether such transfer is medically
      appropriate.

PMID- 2643775
TI  - Should intramuscular vitamin K prophylaxis for haemorrhagic disease of the
      newborn be continued? A decision analysis.
AB  - Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn is now a rare life threatening disease due to
      the widespread use of effective prophylaxis with vitamin K at birth. In recent
      years the continued need for routine prophylaxis has been questioned and
      alternative strategies proposed. We have reviewed the literature and using
      techniques of decision analysis, we reaffirm the need for continued prophylaxis.
      The cost for each life saved by an oral programme is $4500 and $11,000 for
      intramuscular prophylaxis. The cost to the state of no prophylactic programme is
      $6.40 per child born and $0.81 for an oral prophylactic programme. It is
      recommended that the oral route of vitamin K prophylaxis be adopted as it is
      equally efficacious with the intramuscular route, but cheaper, more consumer
      acceptable, and has a lower risk of iatrogenic disease.

PMID- 2643776
TI  - Ignatius Nicholas Quartararo. 1989 President of the DSSNY.

PMID- 2643777
TI  - The osseointegration of dental implants. An overview.

PMID- 2643778
TI  - [The influence of Markusovszky's intellectual heritage on Hungarian health
      policy].

PMID- 2643780
TI  - [Intracerebral, non-arteriosclerotic vascular calcification: Fahr's disease].
AB  - Of 15,000 post-mortem examinations performed in a general hospital between 1977
      85 primary symmetric intracerebral calcification i. e. Fahr's disease was found
      in 4 cases. The pathological characteristics of the cases are described and the
      clinical, radiological and endocrinological aspects of the disease are discussed.

PMID- 2643779
TI  - [False positive results of HIV virus tests in patients undergoing chronic
      hemodialysis].
AB  - The sera of 173 haemodialysis patients treated in two dialysis centers in Hungary
      were tested for the presence of HIV (HTLV III/LAV) antibodies. Four different
      commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits and two types (CEM/LAV, and H9/HTLV III)
      of indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) were used. The Western blot technique
      was applied as confirmatory test in the study. No confirmed positive results were
      found in any of the cases. However, in 15 patients (8.7%) false positive (not
      confirmable by the Western blot assay) results were obtained in at least one but
      mostly in all of the three type 1 EIA kits (ORGANON, ELECTRONUCLEONICS, SORIN)
      applied. In 4 patients, the IFA assay also gave false positive results which
      could be repeated in sequential samples taken from the same patients. Increased
      reactivity in the control plate (coated with a concentrate of cellular material
      shed by uninfected H9 cell line) of the SORIN kit was found only in a few false
      positive samples and no fluorescence with the uninfected H9 or CEM cells was
      observed in any of the sera showing a false positive IFA. These results indicate
      that the false positive anti-HIV results frequently observable in haemodialysis
      patients are not simply the consequence of the presence of antibodies reacting
      with the uninfected H9 and/or CEM cells but they are most probably due to
      antibodies against antigens expressed on these cells only after infection with
      the human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2643781
TI  - [Pathology before Morgagni].

PMID- 2643782
TI  - [A Transylvanian book-collecting medical family (the fate of the book collection
      of the Pataki family)].

PMID- 2643783
TI  - [ECG repolarization disorder (QT lengthening) in organophosphate poisoning].
AB  - The authors investigated in human and in experimental organophosphate
      intoxication the features of the toxic ECG repolarisation disturbance, the QT
      lengthening and its connection with cholinesterase depression. It was concluded
      that this pathological electrophysiological change in human intoxication does not
      show close correlation with the decrease of enzyme activity and cannot be
      influenced by atropine. The ECG alteration can be reproduced in animal
      experiments, it precedes the toxicologically relevant cholinesterase depression,
      it is pesticide dose dependent, but it cannot be induced by cholinergic or
      adrenergic drugs. On the basis of all this it is supposed that in organophosphate
      intoxication the QT lengthening reflects a direct myocardial pesticide effect
      and, is independent of cholinergic mediation.

PMID- 2643784
TI  - [Surgical treatment of pituitary apoplexy].
AB  - Hypophysis apoplexy is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden
      development of headache, visual disturbance, associated with nausea, vomiting,
      signs of meningeal irritation and ophthalmoplegia. The symptoms are caused by the
      hemorrhage of a hypophyseal adenoma. This leads to the swelling of the tumor and
      compression of the perisellar structures. The authors processed the clinical and
      pathological characteristics of 28 cases occurring among the patient material of
      the National Institute of Neurosurgery of the past 10 years. According to the
      experiences the most important factor of a successful treatment of hypophyseal
      apoplexy is an early diagnosis and quick admittance to an institute of
      neurosurgery of satisfactory conditions. Thereafter a steroid hormone therapy of
      large doses and decompression operation performed by transnasal-transsphenoidal
      approach leads in the majority of cases to recovery.

PMID- 2643785
TI  - [Connection between plasma thromboxane and prostacyclin levels in the metabolic
      control of diabetic children].
AB  - Platelet poor plasma thromboxane and prostacyclin levels and the quantity of
      metabolic control, altogether with vascular complications were evaluated in 55
      children diabetes mellitus. The control group consisted of 33 healthy children of
      the similar age. Thromboxane levels remained unchanged in diabetics, while
      prostacyclin proved to be significantly decreased, which resulted in greater
      thromboxane/prostacyclin ratio. No meaningful differences were found according to
      the presence or absence of vascular complications in this group of diabetics. A
      positive correlation could have been detected between glycosylated haemoglobin
      and thromboxane levels, while a negative one between glycosylated haemoglobin and
      prostacyclin levels. The alterations of prostaglandin metabolism may be regarded
      as a consequence of diabetic metabolic changes, rather than of vascular
      complications. Disturbed prostaglandin metabolism in diabetic children might have
      a role in the pathogenesis of vascular complications.

PMID- 2643786
TI  - [Significance of ultrasonic studies in urologic diagnosis].
AB  - This report on urological diagnostic is based on more than thousand
      ultrasonography scans. A set shows the most evident pathological situations in
      relation to the most evident complaints. The immense possibilities of ultrasound
      scan in urology are demonstrated through examples and the sense of the scan is
      discussed. Because there is no harm it is recommended that the ultrasound
      diagnostic should be used at the beginning of the diagnostic procedures.

PMID- 2643787
TI  - [Neonatal bronchogenic cyst diagnosed by ultrasound].
AB  - This is the description of a patient who presented in the neonatal period with
      respiratory difficulties, caused by a bronchogenic cyst. In this context
      attention is drawn to the significance of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of
      mediastinal tumors, lobar emphysema, atelectasis and therapy-resistant
      pneumonias.

PMID- 2643788
TI  - [Malabsorption causing secondary gastrointestinal amyloidosis associated with
      rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - The authors interpret a case report on a secondary amyloidosis involving the
      whole gastrointestinal tract, and manifested in a rare clinical phenomenon, the
      malabsorption syndrome. Their histological observations advance the understanding
      of the pathomechanism of malabsorption.

PMID- 2643789
TI  - [Chronic Guillain-Barre syndrome (diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities)].
AB  - The authors survey the clinical features and therapeutic results of their
      patients with chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy. There was an antecedent virus
      infection in the case history of 5 out of 7 patients. In one patient the chronic
      polyneuritis developed in association with previously verified SLE, in an other
      one the autopsy has proved giant lymphadenopathy. The symptoms and signs have
      evolved slowly in 6 patients, one patient relapsed in 4 months after the first
      acute attack. The initial and main symptom was the hypotonic muscle weakness of
      lower extremities. All of the patients mentioned paresthesias and on the lower
      extremities of 4 patients even hypesthesias of distal type might be revealed. The
      tendon reflexes were always very slow or absent. In the CSF the classical
      changes, excess of protein content with normal cell count were found. The
      electroneurography has shown increased distal latencies and reduced motor and
      sensory nerve conduction velocities. The steroid treatment and in 2 patients the
      plasmapheresis were successful, however the recovery was always incomplete and
      residual disabilities persisted. The electrophysiological and CSF findings did
      not change parallel with the relief of clinical symptoms and signs.

PMID- 2643790
TI  - [Value of tele-thermographic studies in the diagnosis of head and neck diseases].
AB  - The tele-thermographic examinations are of non-invasive character, they can be
      repeated any time and may be applied also for check-up examinations. The fact
      that they are evaluated together with other completing clinical examinations (X
      ray, scintigraphy, ultrasonography, biopsy etc.) gives the objective significance
      and value of the examination. According to the author's observation the tele
      thermography provides important help in the diagnostics of cervico-facial tumors,
      in the demonstration of metastases before the operation and detection of
      postoperative recurrences, in the follow-up of the patient's condition at the
      period of irradiation- or cytostatic therapy gives exact information in
      dermatology on the biological activity and extent of malignant melanoma. The
      treatment of persons with burn- or frostbite injuries requires it equally and
      good information may be obtained by its use on the condition of blood circulation
      in cases of vascular obstruction and vascular anomalies.

PMID- 2643791
TI  - [Genetics].

PMID- 2643792
TI  - [Representation of labor in ceramics from 16th century Urbino].

PMID- 2643793
TI  - The pediatric office laboratory. A look at recent trends.
AB  - The office laboratory has experienced an explosive growth in this decade as a
      result of technological advances and changes in reimbursement and regulatory
      practices. An evaluation of currently available methods, however, suggests that
      tests appropriate for the pediatric office laboratory today are similar to those
      recommended in a critical appraisal of pediatric laboratory medicine in 1974.
      This underscores the fact that the patient and not the technology dictates the
      tests to be performed.

PMID- 2643794
TI  - The pathologist's perspective of genetic disease. Malformations and
      dysmorphology.
AB  - The pathologic approach to the study of malformations and congenital
      abnormalities emphasizes the importance of careful dissection and pathologic
      studies. Concepts and terms of morphogenesis as defined by the International
      Working Group are presented. The developmental field is the central concept of a
      malformation. Malformation syndromes, disruptions, sequences, deformations,
      dysplasias, and associations are presented. The significance of fetal hydrops and
      short umbilical cord is discussed. Pathologic studies in chromosome defects
      suggest pathologic markers for some chromosome abnormalities.

PMID- 2643795
TI  - Bilirubin and the laboratory. Advances in the 1980s, considerations for the
      1990s.
AB  - The limitations of current methods of measuring bilirubin are well established
      and relate to the broad dynamic range and inability of the technique to determine
      different but structurally similar bilirubin species. New instrumentation and
      methodology circumvent these limitations, and clinical studies are beginning to
      reveal their increased diagnostic usefulness. Nevertheless, in several clinical
      situations, for example, the prediction of kernicterus, better bilirubin
      determinations may not eliminate the controversy surrounding appropriate
      therapeutic interventions.

PMID- 2643796
TI  - Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of pediatric disease.
AB  - Electron microscopy, although not able to solve all diagnostic dilemmas, is an
      essential adjunct to the analysis of pathologic processes. The importance of
      correct specimen handling for ultrastructural study is highlighted. Some diseases
      encountered in pediatrics, in which the ultrastructural findings are well
      established, are illustrated. New technologies that show promise for wider
      application to problems in pathology also are considered in this article.

PMID- 2643797
TI  - New methodologies. Their role in pediatric pathology.
AB  - Recombinant DNA technology is providing the means for early and specific
      etiologic diagnoses of infectious and immunologic diseases, replacing or
      complementing older methodologies. The new tools that have been so useful in
      detecting gene rearrangements in leukemias and lymphomas are being applied to the
      unresolved questions of embryogenesis and disorderly cell differentiation and are
      being used to completely re-map the nervous system. Flow cytometry and cell
      sorting are becoming standard features of clinical laboratories and are
      instrumental not only in defining alterations in lymphoid cell populations but in
      examining cellular functions as well as surface markers. Bone marrow and organ
      transplantation for genetic, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases will be performed
      much more effectively as these newer technologies are applied to the selection of
      compatible donors and to the follow-up of rejection and infectious complications.

PMID- 2643798
TI  - Iatrogenic disease in the perinatal period.
AB  - The ever-changing complexion of iatrogenic perinatal disease dictates the
      following: 1. Neonatologists and pediatric pathologists must be aware of the
      current spectrum of these lesions and ever alert to the appearance of new ones.
      2. The neonatologist and pediatric pathologist within any given institution
      should be in regular, systematic communication with each other concerning lesions
      of this type. 3. There must be a national network for rapid dissemination or
      exchange of information among institutions regarding these lesions. The Study
      Group for the Complications of Perinatal Care (SGCPC), established in 1984 as an
      international, multicenter, multidisciplinary study group, is committed to the
      prevention of complications of perinatal care by individual and collective
      effort. Its individual members include perinatologists, neonatologists, pediatric
      pathologists, and obstetricians. There are institutional members as well.
      Activities to date include the development of a standardized perinatal autopsy
      protocol and the initiation of a uniform system for the categorization of
      perinatal deaths. If the reader is interested in obtaining further information
      about the organization, contact Trevor Macpherson, MD, in the Department of
      Pathology at the Magee-Womens Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

PMID- 2643799
TI  - Nonculture methods for detection and identification of microorganisms in clinical
      specimens.
AB  - The pressures of cost reduction and clinical relevancy that led to the conception
      and introduction of direct detection tests continue to influence the course of
      modern microbiology. A significant amount of progress has been made in the past
      few years in the refinement of these tests. Some of the procedures that have been
      developed have been disappointing in their true clinical utility. Others seem to
      be a genuine advance in technique. Unquestionably, these methods will continue to
      be developed and will have a significant impact on the way laboratory testing is
      performed and, we hope, the cost of laboratory work and the quality of care given
      to patients.

PMID- 2643800
TI  - Acute profound dystonia in infants with glutaric acidemia.
AB  - Acute profound dystonia developed in three previously well infants who were found
      to have glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in cultured skin fibroblasts. Two
      patients had excessive urinary excretion of glutaric acid, but one did not.
      Neuroradiologic studies performed in all three patients at the onset of their
      illnesses revealed large CSF-containing spaces both within the sylvian fissures
      and anterior to the temporal lobes. Pathologic examination of the brain of one
      patient demonstrated cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, shrinkage of the putamen,
      and white matter vacuolation. Glutaric acidemia may be a common cause of acquired
      persistent dystonia or choreoathetosis in infancy.

PMID- 2643801
TI  - Early Language Milestone Scale and language screening of young children.
AB  - The purpose of this project was to evaluate the use of the Early Language
      Milestone Scale (ELM) in screening language skills in young children. In this
      study, 657 children from birth to 36 months of age were evaluated with the ELM.
      The overall failure rate was 8%. Children who failed the ELM screening were
      evaluated with the Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development (SICD) that
      was used as the "gold standard" for diagnosing language disorders. In the 12
      month age and younger group, there was poor agreement between the ELM Scale and
      the SICD. For infants 13 to 24 months of age, there was moderately good agreement
      between the SICD and a second ELM that was administered 1 to 2 weeks after the
      initial screening. In the 25- to 36-month age group, there was excellent
      agreement between the SICD and a rescreen ELM. The agreement between the two
      instruments indicated that the rescreen ELM correctly classified 79% of the 13-
      to 24-month-old infants and 89% of the 25- to 36-month-old toddlers.

PMID- 2643802
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy:
      a status report and national research agenda.

PMID- 2643803
TI  - Preterm infant care after hospital discharge.

PMID- 2643804
TI  - Foster care.

PMID- 2643805
TI  - Cystitis and urethritis.

PMID- 2643806
TI  - [Social comparison processes in health psychology and psychotherapy].
AB  - Recently, Festinger's (1954) theory of social comparison processes has been
      "detected" for application in clinical psychology. Patients' social as well as
      physical comparisons evidently are of high relevance for their starting,
      participating in, and breaking-off of a (psycho)-therapy. As to our analysis, the
      availability of physical comparisons, on the one hand, and social comparisons
      with patients (participating in a group therapy) high in similarity, on the other
      hand, are of high importance for patients' motivation to successfully end a
      therapy. Suggesting these results, empirical research supports Festinger's (1954)
      theory. In the final part of the paper we speculatively apply these results to
      health counseling. As a consequence of these applications, we expect a growing
      relevance of the theory of social comparison processes for psychotherapy and
      health psychology as well.

PMID- 2643807
TI  - An overview of investigational antidepressants.
AB  - This article provides a brief overview for the clinician of investigational
      antidepressant compounds. In the last decade, there have been a large number of
      compounds introduced, and many of these, some identified only by a compound
      number, are still in research and development. The present overview is not meant
      to be exhaustive, but focuses on the major classes of newer antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 2643808
TI  - Insulin misuse: a review of an overlooked psychiatric problem.
AB  - A number of forms of insulin misuse, other than the usual noncompliance, have
      been reported in the literature on the treatment of diabetes mellitus. These
      include attempted and completed suicide, factitious hypoglycemia, Munchausen
      syndrome by proxy, and the use of insulin by substance abusers. Such misuse has
      involved diabetic patients, their family members and medical staff, as well as
      others. The reports of suicide attempts reveal an equal distribution of misuse
      between the sexes (rather than the expected preponderance of females),
      underrepresentation of adolescents, and a high rate of recurrence.
      Recommendations for treatment are discussed for clinicians and investigators
      regarding this overlooked problem.

PMID- 2643809
TI  - Treatment guidelines for psychotropic drug use in pregnancy.
AB  - Despite the apparent risks of psychotropic drug exposure in pregnancy, many
      pregnant women receive psychotropics. The major concerns associated with the use
      of antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and lithium carbonate in
      pregnancy are reviewed, with clinical approaches for assessing the relative risks
      and benefits of treatment of psychiatrically ill pregnant patients and for
      choosing and instituting therapy with these agents.

PMID- 2643810
TI  - The "menace of psychiatry" revisited: the evolving relationship between
      pediatrics and child psychiatry.

PMID- 2643811
TI  - An attempt to stimulate cell division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with weak
      ultraviolet light.
AB  - Liquid cultures of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were irradiated with weak
      light having irradiances ranging from ca. 1 X 10(2) to 5 X 10(9) photons cm-2 s-1
      and at wavelengths ranging from 200 to 700 nm. When particular care was taken to
      control the temperature of the cultures and the flow rate of oxygen, no evidence
      was obtained for stimulation of either yeast growth or division by the incident
      light. These results do not support the claims of early workers that very low
      intensity uv light can stimulate cell division in living organisms.

PMID- 2643812
TI  - Time course of lipolytic activity and lipid peroxidation after whole-body gamma
      irradiation of rats.
AB  - The content of fluorescing products of lipid peroxidation (LFP) and hormone
      stimulated lipolytic activity were determined in rat epididymal adipose tissue
      during a 29-day interval after whole-body gamma irradiation. An increase in LFP
      was accompanied by a decrease in lipolytic activity. It is suggested that these
      effects are interrelated and that the decrease in lipolysis in irradiated, semi
      fasting rats is an additional deteriorating factor leading to death in some
      animals.

PMID- 2643813
TI  - The genesis of Thy-1-lymphomas in NFS mice exposed to X irradiation.
AB  - The kinetics of the appearance of potentially leukemic cells (PoLCs) for
      radiation-induced lymphoma in NFS mice was investigated by the opposite sex (male
      ---female) transplantation assay. The origin of the cells of the lymphomas that
      developed in the host was decided by sex chromosome markers. The bone marrow and
      the spleen cells collected from mice 30 days after fractionated irradiation (1.7
      Gy X 4) gave rise, upon transfer to 4-Gy-irradiated hosts, to tumors of either
      donor or host origin. Most tumors of donor origin were thymine-1-negative (Thy-1
      ) and surface immunoglobulin negative and classified as nonthymic lymphoma, while
      the tumors of host origin were mainly Thy-1-positive thymic lymphoma. In
      contrast, neither the bone marrow nor the thymus contained any PoLCs for thymic
      lymphoma 30 days after split-dose irradiation. These results indicate that PoLCs
      for Thy-1-lymphoma were induced in the bone marrow and spleens of NFS mice by the
      split-dose regimen which developed exclusively T-cell lymphomas in the absence of
      cell grafting.

PMID- 2643814
TI  - Anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism.

PMID- 2643815
TI  - Cellular adhesion: GPIIb-IIIa as a prototypic adhesion receptor.

PMID- 2643816
TI  - Ionized calcium as an intracellular messenger in blood platelets.

PMID- 2643817
TI  - The alloimmune thrombocytopenias: neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
      and post-transfusion purpura.

PMID- 2643818
TI  - Molecular and cellular biology of von Willebrand factor.

PMID- 2643819
TI  - Case 9. Hemorrhagic adrenal metastases from poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma
      of the lung.

PMID- 2643820
TI  - Well defined masses in the breast.
AB  - The authors retrospectively reviewed 118 well defined breast masses. Over 9%
      proved to be neoplastic or to represent lesions that are associated with a
      greater than normal risk of developing carcinoma. Thirty four examples of well
      defined masses representing a great variety of lesions are illustrated. The
      authors conclude that well defined breast masses warrant more careful examination
      and followup than they presently receive because of the greater than expected
      incidence of carcinoma and premalignant states.

PMID- 2643821
TI  - Interventional radiology in the gallbladder.
AB  - This article is a pictorial review of the current status of interventional
      radiology of the gallbladder. The indications and technical aspects of various
      procedures are presented. Specifically discussed are: (1) needle puncture for
      percutaneous biopsy, withdrawal of bile for culture, or imaging of the biliary
      tract; (2) catheter insertion for decompression or abscess drainage; and (3)
      gallstone management via contact dissolution, fragmentation and basketing, or
      contact lithotripsy. The management of vagal hypotension and bile leak, the major
      complication of these procedures is also discussed.

PMID- 2643822
TI  - Case 6. Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome.

PMID- 2643823
TI  - [Bonding strength of metal frameworks and adhesive agents in the resin-bonded
      bridge technic. 3. Comparative research on various retention mechanisms and
      adhesive systems].
AB  - In fixed denture prosthetics, macro- and micromechanical as well as chemical
      adhesive mechanisms may be used between metal and bonding agent. The in vitro
      research presented here determines the adhesive strength of six different bonding
      agents and five different retention mechanisms on twelve precious and nonprecious
      metal alloys using shearing stress. The evaluation of the results should help to
      assess the suitability of the various combinations of materials and anchoring
      methods for the fixation of adhesive bridges. On the basis of the adhesive
      strengths and the examination of the various clinical advantages and
      disadvantages of the different methods that were analyzed, the electrolytic
      etching of nonprecious metal alloys appears to be particularly suitable for fixed
      denture prostheses. An efficient combination between alloy and bonding agent is
      of particular importance in this area. Macromechanical mesh and negative
      retentions can only be used to a limited clinical extent due to their high space
      requirements. Very good results were produced by the preconditioning of inner
      anchor surfaces with silanes. Sandblasting, however, provided unsatisfactory
      shear-stress results over a broad front independently of the type of alloy.

PMID- 2643824
TI  - [Metals incompatibility. Clinical forms of the manifestation and causes of metals
      incompatibility].

PMID- 2643825
TI  - The genes for color vision.
AB  - Three centuries of experimentation in optics, psychophysics and biochemistry
      established the dependence of color vision on three kinds of light-absorbing
      molecules, or pigments, in the cone cells of the retina. The author has isolated
      the genes that encode the pigments and has identified genetic anomalies that lead
      to color blindness.

PMID- 2643826
TI  - The new superconductors: prospects for applications.
AB  - It could take at least a decade to develop high-temperature superconductors
      suited to practical applications. Economic considerations suggest that the new
      materials will have their biggest impact not on large-scale applications in the
      electric-power industry or transportation but on smaller devices for
      manufacturing, electronics and medicine.

PMID- 2643827
TI  - From bird song to neurogenesis.
AB  - One of the dogmas of neurobiology has it that when nerve cells in the vertebrate
      brain die, they are not replaced by new ones. The author finds to the contrary.
      He has shown that when the adult canary needs to learn new songs, it does grow
      some new neurons. The finding could eventually lead to the discovery of ways to
      repair lesions in the human brain.

PMID- 2643828
TI  - Teeth and prehistory in Asia.
AB  - Where did the peoples of East Asia, Polynesia and the Americas originate? Teeth
      tell the story. Analysis of minute dental features shows that two great
      population groups formed in southeast Asia beginning more than 20,000 years ago.
      The movement of one group can be traced across the Bering land bridge into North
      America and all the way to Chile.

PMID- 2643829
TI  - CT of aortic dissection.

PMID- 2643830
TI  - The role of CT in traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta and its proximal
      branches.

PMID- 2643831
TI  - Abnormalities of the azygos system: CT evaluation.

PMID- 2643832
TI  - The azygos lobe: its variation in health and disease.

PMID- 2643833
TI  - Computed tomography of the normal aorta and thoracic aneurysms.

PMID- 2643834
TI  - Methylprednisolone in spinal cord compression.
AB  - In acute nonsurvival studies, eight anesthetized lambs were subjected to cord
      compression at T13 by means of an epidural balloon distended to a pressure of 200
      mm Hg for 40 minutes. Subsequent to withdrawal of the balloon, each animal
      received 30 mg/kg of methylprednisolone succinate in an intravenous bolus
      followed by a continuous infusion of 10 mg/kg/hr for the duration of the
      experiment. Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) and spinal evoked potential (SEP)
      determinations were obtained sequentially prior to, during, and at 1/2, 1 1/2,
      and 2 1/2 hours following compression. In spite of the absence of ischemia
      following compression, SEPs failed to recover. Methylprednisolone had no apparent
      effect on blood flow or on the recovery of SEPs when compared with results in ten
      control animals that received saline alone.

PMID- 2643835
TI  - Surgical treatment of metastatic tumors of the spine.
AB  - The goal of surgical treatment of metastatic spinal tumors is to maintain
      neurologic functioning without pain for the duration of the life expectancy. Of
      28 patients in this series, 25 who had metastasis in the vertebral body underwent
      direct decompression by removal of the tumor, followed by vertebral
      reconstruction. A combined anterior or posterior instrumentation provided rigid
      spinal stability immediately after surgery. Three patients with involvement of
      the posterior part of the vertebra were treated by laminectomy for removal of the
      tumor, followed by posterior instrumentation. As a result, of nine patients who
      are alive with improved neurologic functions, seven have been ambulatory for an
      average duration of 13 months. Of 19 patients who have already died, recurrence
      of neurologic deficits was observed in five (26%), and 14 had no neurologic
      deterioration until they succumbed to the malignancy. Removal of the tumor and
      reconstructive surgery may be expected to produce satisfactory results.

PMID- 2643836
TI  - Primary causes of total perinatally related wastage at Tygerberg Hospital.
AB  - The primary obstetric cause of total perinatally related wastage (TPRW) (i.e. all
      antepartum or postpartum deaths of infants greater than or equal to 500 g and who
      died before hospital discharge) was studied in a clearly defined population in
      the western Cape over a 1-year period. There were 302 deaths from 7,923
      singletons and 31 deaths from 65 pairs of twins delivered from patients cared for
      by Tygerberg Hospital maternity services. Thirty per cent of the deaths were late
      abortions, 42% stillbirths, 18% early neonatal deaths, 7% late neonatal deaths
      and 4% perinatally related infant deaths. The major primary obstetric events
      leading to TPRW in singletons were antepartum haemorrhage (27.8%), spontaneous
      preterm labour (24.8%), unexplained intra-uterine deaths (11.9%), infections
      (9.3%) and fetal abnormalities (7.9%). Multiple pregnancies accounted for 9.3% of
      the TPRW of all deliveries. The cause, risk factors associated and methods of
      prevention of abruptio placentae, spontaneous preterm labour and infections
      should receive priority in perinatal research in the western Cape.

PMID- 2643837
TI  - Intensified insulin therapy in insulin-dependent diabetics using a convenience
      syringe.

PMID- 2643838
TI  - Medical ultrasound imager based on time delay spectrometry.
AB  - A reflection mode proof-of-concept medical ultrasound imager based on time delay
      spectrometry has been developed and tested. The system uses a broad band swept
      frequency signal operating up to 10 MHz. Signal processing using a fast Fourier
      transform (FFT) permits extraction of range information. The imager has a higher
      signal-to-noise ratio than pulse-echo systems which allows high resolution at
      greater depths. The time delay spectrometry (TDS) spread spectrum operates at
      lower peak intensities than pulse-echo and permits more control of the spectral
      content and amplitude of the signal. At present, the system is non-real time
      which degrades in vivo imaging because of averaging over several cardiac cycles
      and tissue movement.

PMID- 2643839
TI  - [Risk assessment in hematologic diseases].
AB  - The insurance of one's life and one's capacity to work is only exceptionally
      possible for patients suffering from haematological diseases. Most of these
      diseases are still fatal after a predictable and thus a short period, in spite of
      certain therapeutical results. Exceptions such as the healing of, for instance, a
      lymphatic leucocythaemia are mentioned. It will be dealt with the approximate
      frequency of the disease, its characteristics and its prognosis.

PMID- 2643840
TI  - Pathological lesions in the lungs of ducks infected with influenza A viruses.
AB  - To determine histopathological damage in the respiratory tract, ducks were
      inoculated with five different influenza A viruses, including viruses virulent
      for other avian hosts. Lungs were collected for detection of virus and
      histopathological examination. Small amounts of infectious virus were recovered
      from lungs, and viral antigens were demonstrated by immunoperoxidase staining
      with monoclonal antibodies to the viral nucleoprotein. Although clinical signs
      were not detected, lungs of ducks infected with both virulent and avirulent
      viruses had mild pneumonia characterized by infiltrates of lymphocytes and
      macrophages. These findings show that although clinical signs are not evident,
      ducks may have damage to the respiratory tract during influenza.

PMID- 2643841
TI  - Histogenesis of neoformation in the endocrine pancreas of aging horses.
AB  - Pancreatic tissue from 20 horses was examined using immunocytochemical
      techniques. In aged horses, neogenesis of endocrine cells, neoformation, and
      hyperplasia of islets occurred closely associated with the pancreatic duct; these
      changes were regarded as nesidioblastosis. In addition, pancreatic fibrosis
      accompanied by ductal proliferation and endocrine neogenesis was considered a
      regenerative change. Thus, the origin of neoformation in the endocrine pancreas
      was in the ductal system, and it is suggested that the pancreatic endocrine cells
      were of endodermal origin.

PMID- 2643842
TI  - Tic disorders: an overview.
AB  - Tics are purposeless and repetitive involuntary movements and vocalizations with
      variable and complex means of expression. Since up to 24 per cent of children can
      manifest tics at some point in their lives, growing interest has developed in the
      genetics, etiology, course, diagnosis, and treatment of the tic disorders. This
      article is a review of the current knowledge about tics and tic disorders.

PMID- 2643843
TI  - [Diseases of the heart caused by metabolic defects].
AB  - Inborn errors of metabolism can lead to cardiac disease via pathological changes
      in the vessels, heart valves, the ventricular wall and through direct impairment
      of myocardial metabolism. Disturbances of ventricular function, of conduction,
      and ischaemic heart disease can lead to death in a variety of metabolic diseases.
      The exact diagnosis of the metabolic defect leads in some cases to specific
      therapy or to prophylactic measures and allows genetic counselling of the family
      and prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2643844
TI  - [Secondary immunopathogenesis in myocarditis, diseases of the heart muscles and
      infarct-associated arrhythmia in childhood and adulthood].
AB  - In histologically proven or clinically diagnosed perimyocarditis in children and
      adults alterations in cellular and humoral effector mechanisms are demonstrable:
      OKIaI-positive B- or activated T-lymphocytes are increased in the peripheral
      blood, whereas natural killer cell activity is reduced. Antibodies are directed
      to the membranes of isolated human atrial myocytes and, to a lesser extent with
      lesser specificity, to endothelial cells and to the extracellular matrix. AMLAs
      are of diagnostic relevance if they belong to the IgM class, indicating a recent
      humoral immune stimulation and, if they fix complement, indicating a functional
      property which is complement associated lysis of target cells. Immunohistological
      studies demonstrate fixation of immunoglobulins to the autologous biopsy
      specimens, which are diagnostic only if they also belong to the IgM class and fix
      complement. In acute rhythm disturbances in the context of a recent "common
      cold", similar humoral immune reactions can be found in children, which are
      compatible with a secondary immunopathogenesis after viral illness involving the
      myocardium.

PMID- 2643845
TI  - Comparison of verapamil versus propranolol therapy in syndrome X.
AB  - The effects of oral verapamil, 320 mg daily, propranolol, 120 to 160 mg daily,
      and placebo were compared in 16 patients presenting with transient myocardial
      ischemia without evidence of coronary atherosclerosis or vasospasm on angiography
      (syndrome X). Testing was done according to a randomized double-blind crossover
      placebo-controlled trial consisting of 3 consecutive 7-day treatment periods with
      verapamil or propranolol or placebo. Patients underwent continuous 48-hour
      electrocardiographic monitoring before therapy (run-in phase) and during the last
      2 days of each treatment period. A total of 391 episodes of diagnostic (greater
      than or equal to 0.15 mV) ST depression was recorded during the trial. Of these,
      23 were symptomatic. None of the episodes occurred while the patients were
      asleep, 25% during exercise, 35% during minimal physical activity and 40% at
      rest. Rest included activities demanding mental arousal (conversation, reading or
      watching television). Heart rate at the onset of ST depression was higher
      (greater than or equal to 10 beats/min) than that observed in the 5 minutes
      preceding ischemia in 95% of the episodes. In the group as a whole, the average
      number of ischemic episodes per 24 hours was significantly reduced during
      propranolol therapy compared with placebo (0.7 +/- 0.6 vs 3.9 +/- 1.8; p less
      than 0.0005). No significant differences were seen during verapamil treatment
      (3.4 +/- 1.7 vs 3.9 +/- 1.8). It is concluded that transient myocardial ischemia
      in syndrome X is mostly precipitated by an increase in oxygen consumption,
      presumably due to a heightened sympathetic activity. Accordingly, beta blockers
      may represent the first line of treatment.

PMID- 2643846
TI  - Diagnostic significance of precordial ST-segment depression.

PMID- 2643847
TI  - Differentiation and investigation of primary versus secondary hypertension
      (Cushing reflex).
AB  - Hypertensive encephalopathy is a rare complication of severe or malignant
      hypertension. When treated promptly it is potentially reversible without leaving
      long-term neurologic damage. It can be difficult to differentiate from
      cerebrovascular accidents or uremia. Acute elevations of intracranial pressure
      cause acute elevations of blood pressure--the Cushing reflex. This association is
      less clear for chronic elevations of intracranial pressure, which could occur
      with tumors. In patients with hypertensive encephalopathy, there are usually
      diffuse neurologic signs, evidence of visual upset, variable alterations in
      conscious level, and often a history of rather gradual onset and more systemic
      symptoms beforehand. The optic fundi show the characteristic hemorrhages,
      exudates and papilledema, while the urine usually contains protein red cells and
      casts. Early treatment is mandatory but need not be by the parenteral route, and
      any blood pressure reduction should be gradual. Vigorous antihypertensive therapy
      under such circumstances can lead to problems with relative hypotension and
      underperfusion of vital organs such as the brain, the heart and the kidneys.

PMID- 2643848
TI  - Cerebrovascular aspects of antihypertensive treatment.
AB  - Although the treatment of hypertension clearly benefits the brain in most
      patients, there are, however, unfortunate exceptions. Overzealous blood pressure
      lowering especially, and sometimes conservative blood pressure lowering,
      occasionally compromise the supply of blood to the brain to such an extent that
      neurological dysfunction or death results. Despite an awareness of this problem
      for more than a decade, the number of reports of such cases is increasing. An
      understanding of the problem requires detailed knowledge of both the
      pathophysiology of the cerebral circulation in hypertension and the
      cerebrovascular effects of antihypertensive drugs. If antihypertensive treatment,
      in particular emergency blood pressure lowering, is to always be safe, thought
      must be given to the cerebrovascular effects of the drugs to be used. This topic
      is discussed in relation to the observed (i.e., experimentally determined) and
      inferred (i.e., from clinical observation) effects of antihypertensive drugs and
      treatment on the cerebral circulation, especially with regard to autoregulation
      of cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2643849
TI  - Systemic hypertension as a treatable risk factor for cerebrovascular disease.
AB  - It has long been established that hypertension is the major risk factor for
      stroke. Three Italian studies have been reviewed in order to examine different
      aspects of the problem. In the first study, the role played by the systolic,
      diastolic and systodiastolic components of hypertension in causing
      atherosclerotic damage of extracerebral and intracerebral arteries was examined.
      At the extracranial level, a significant correlation between systolic
      hypertension and atherosclerotic lesions was evident. The second study evaluated
      the risk of major stroke, myocardial infarction and death in patients with
      transient ischemic attacks and reversible ischemic neurologic deficits. Possible
      prognostic predictors of these events were thoroughly considered: Cumulative
      survival with the multivariate Kaplan-Meier analysis was significantly lower in
      hypertensive than in normotensive subjects, particularly for cerebral deaths and
      for all deaths. The third study was aimed at assessing the risk factors for
      transient ischemic attacks and stroke in young adults. Again, hypertension
      emerged as a fundamental risk factor, significantly more frequent in the subgroup
      of older patients than in the younger subgroup.

PMID- 2643850
TI  - Cerebral circulation under normal and pathologic conditions.
AB  - Autoregulation of the cerebral circulation is the regulating mechanism that keeps
      cerebral blood flow (CBF) constant within wide limits of arterial pressure. The
      lower limit is defined as the value of mean arterial pressure below which CBF
      decreases below the plateau, and the upper limit as the value of mean arterial
      pressure above which CBF increases above the plateau (60 and 150 mm Hg,
      respectively). Two possible mechanisms for autoregulation are discussed, myogenic
      response and metabolic regulation. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
      and antagonism of the renin-angiotensin system modulate CBF autoregulation by
      shifting the entire curve toward higher or lower values of arterial pressure,
      respectively. The autoregulatory curve is shifted toward higher arterial
      pressures in chronic hypertension. Therefore, the tolerance to acute decreases in
      arterial pressure is impaired. Concomitantly, the tolerance of the brain to acute
      increases in arterial pressure is improved. This shift in the limits of
      autoregulation is due to structural and functional (hemodynamic) changes in the
      cerebral resistance vessels. These adaptive changes are partly reversible after
      chronic treatment with antihypertensive agents. The pathophysiology of
      autoregulation should be taken into consideration before drugs are used to
      decrease arterial pressure acutely.

PMID- 2643851
TI  - Severe systemic hypertension during pregnancy.
AB  - Severe hypertension during pregnancy remains an important cause of maternal
      mortality. Cerebral complications are frequently responsible for these deaths.
      Early detection of preeclampsia and preventive treatment are certainly goals for
      the future. In the management of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, central
      issues are delivery and antihypertensive and anticonvulsive treatment. Cerebral
      disease consists mainly of bleeding and edema. Antihypertensive therapy can be
      dangerous and it is essential that hemodynamic control is provided.

PMID- 2643852
TI  - Acute blood pressure increase during the perioperative period.
AB  - Hypertensive reactions occur frequently in the perioperative setting.
      Perioperative blood pressure elevation is generally amenable to treatment in
      previously normotensive patients. Alterations in cerebral autoregulation and
      myocardial performance in chronic hypertension limit the compensatory range
      available to cope with perioperative blood pressure changes. In cardiovascular or
      cerebrally compromised patients, the pathophysiology of underlying disease must
      therefore be taken into account. In the cerebrally compromised patient with space
      occupying lesions and even merely locally impaired cerebral autoregulation, any
      blood pressure increase may reduce cerebral perfusion pressure and cause further
      cerebral impairment. Furthermore, vasodilation of cerebral vessels must be
      avoided to prevent further increase in intracranial pressure with reduction of
      cerebral perfusion. In chronically hypertensive patients, sufficient preoperative
      antihypertensive therapy is essential to avoid acute perioperative blood pressure
      elevation. Before antihypertensive pharmacologic therapy is begun, it is
      essential to rule out all correctable secondary causes of hypertension,
      particularly impairment of ventilation and oxygen supply. When pharmacologic
      antihypertensive therapy is necessary, vasodilators (e.g., calcium entry
      blockers) may be administered to chronically hypertensive patients. If elevated
      intracranial pressure is the underlying cause of hypertension, cerebral
      vasodilation must be avoided and only centrally acting antihypertensive agents
      such as urapidil should be used for management.

PMID- 2643853
TI  - Systemic arterial hypertension in head trauma.
AB  - The importance of maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion pressure to prevent
      cerebral ischemia is a well accepted concept in the management of patients with
      head injury. The potentially deleterious effects of too great a perfusion
      pressure, however, are generally less well appreciated. The occurrence of a
      hyperadrenergic state after head injury, and the effects of elevated blood
      pressure on the injured brain are reviewed, with emphasis placed on the
      pathophysiologic implications of a disturbance of the blood-brain barrier and of
      autoregulation in promoting brain swelling and formation of edema.

PMID- 2643854
TI  - Evidence for the interaction of urapidil with 5-HT1A receptors in the brain
      leading to a decrease in blood pressure.
AB  - Current knowledge about the role of serotonin (5-HT) in central cardiovascular
      regulation is reviewed. Results from experiments with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist
      8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) suggest that activation of
      somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors in the medulla oblongata decreases the firing of
      serotoninergic neurons and thus reduces their excitatory input to the sympathetic
      neurons in the intermediolateral cell column. As a consequence, blood pressure is
      reduced by 5-HT1A receptor agonists. Urapidil is an antihypertensive drug that
      has a dual mode of action: peripheral alpha-adrenoceptor antagonism and
      interaction with 5-HT1A receptors in the brain. This profile can adequately
      explain the vasodilation and lack of significant sympathetic activation observed
      during urapidil treatment.

PMID- 2643855
TI  - Treatment of intraoperative hypertensive emergencies in patients with
      intracranial disease.
AB  - In patients with neuropathologic processes leading to disturbed cerebrovascular
      autoregulation, sudden increases in arterial blood pressure may lead to a sudden
      elevation in cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. Therefore, sudden
      increases in arterial pressure should be assiduously avoided in the perioperative
      period. Hypertensive episodes may occur at any time during anesthesia, but are
      more likely to occur (1) during laryngoscopy and intubation, (2) at the time of
      skin incision, (3) at extubation, and (4) during awakening. In patients with
      cardiovascular disease, such hypertensive episodes may also cause deterioration
      of the cardiovascular situation. Catecholamines are the principal mediators of
      such intraoperative hypertensive reactions. There are 2 options available to the
      anesthesiologist: (1) attempt to suppress this response after it has occurred, or
      (2) prevent its occurrence at the outset. Treatment of hypertension often relies
      on agents that relax vascular smooth muscle. In patients with compromised
      intracranial compliance, however, cerebral vasodilation must be avoided because
      it leads to an increase in cerebral blood volume. This, in turn, may raise
      intracranial pressure and result either in herniation of brain contents or a
      decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure leading to brain ischemia. Different
      pharmacologic means of preventing or suppressing such intraoperative hypertensive
      reactions are reviewed. Many of the drugs reviewed resulted in adverse effects
      that could preclude their use in patients with reduced intracranial compliance.
      Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockers can safely be administered to such
      patients.

PMID- 2643856
TI  - Morphologic changes during hypertension.
AB  - Circulation to the brain is greatly affected by hypertension and by its
      treatment. Neurologic dysfunction is prominent among the complications of
      increased arterial pressure and is also most susceptible to preventive
      antihypertensive therapy. The upward resetting of the limits of autoregulation of
      cerebral blood flow in hypertension is probably due largely to structural
      thickening of the walls (hyaline arteriosclerosis) of the resistance vessels.
      Other consequences of hypertensive vascular lesions in the brain include
      increased formation of atheroma, lacunae and lacunar infarction, cerebral
      infarction, multi-infarct dementia and Binswanger's disease. There is also an
      association between hypertension and hemorrhagic strokes, namely, subarachnoid
      and intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain lesions are also prominent in malignant
      hypertension and hypertensive encephalopathy. Antihypertensive treatment,
      especially if intensive, can result in boundary zone ischemia in the brain if
      arterial pressure decreases steeply.

PMID- 2643857
TI  - Studies of the proliferation and differentiation of immature myeloid cells in
      vitro. I. Chronic myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - Immature cells prepared from chronic myelogenous leukemic patients in the chronic
      or blastic phase of their disease were placed into suspension culture in vitro
      and studied over a 2-week period. Regardless of the status of the disease, the
      immature cells proliferated and maintained good viability. In contrast, evolution
      of the disease toward blastic crisis was associated with a progressive loss in
      the ability of the immature cells to differentiate. Cell proliferation and
      differentiation were independent of added growth factors.

PMID- 2643858
TI  - Studies of the proliferation and differentiation of immature myeloid cells in
      vitro. II. Acute myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - Immature myeloid cells prepared from patients with AML were placed into
      suspension culture and studied over a 2-week period. Cell numbers usually fell
      and viability was not well maintained. Some degree of differentiation was
      observed in most cultures. Considering these observations, together with those
      derived from parallel studies of immature CML cells, the data suggest that AML
      cells are more dependent than CML cells on environmental conditions for the
      maintenance of cell viability and proliferation. This is especially the case for
      AML cells obtained at the time of initial diagnosis. On the other hand, AML cells
      and myeloid blastic crisis CML cells are similar with respect to their apparent
      greater ability to differentiate in vitro than in vivo. The addition of
      recombinant hemopoietins to the suspension cultures of AML cells is associated
      with either increased proliferation or differentiation but not both. The cells of
      different patients respond differently to the different hemopoietins and the
      different hemopoietins produce different affects in cultures of cells obtained
      from the same patient.

PMID- 2643859
TI  - Diffuse panbronchiolitis as a pulmonary complication in patients with adult T
      cell leukemia.
AB  - Forty-three cases of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) admitted to our hospital between
      1982 and 1987 were studied. Three of those were found to be complicated with
      diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB). The incidence of DPB is considered to be
      significantly higher in patients with ATL. The three DPB-complicated cases
      composed one case each of the smoldering, chronic, and acute type of ATL. In each
      type, DPB preceded overt ATL and Candida albicans was found in sputa following
      detection for bacteria. The DPB complication apparently worsened the prognosis of
      the ATL patients. We have discussed a possible relationship between ATL and DPB.

PMID- 2643860
TI  - Altered cytokine activities are related to the suppression of synthesis of normal
      immunoglobulin in multiple myeloma.
AB  - The content of peripheral blood B cells (B1+) was reduced in patients of multiple
      myeloma (MM) and not in those with benign monoclonal gammopathy (BMG) compared to
      normal donors (P less than 0.01). This observation correlated with the
      suppression of synthesis of normal immunoglobulin (Ig) in MM. Thus, cytokine
      activities regulating the proliferation of normal mature B cells, such as B cell
      stimulatory factor 1 (BSF-1)/interleukin 4 (IL-4), B cell growth inhibitory
      factor (BIF) and IL-2 in peripheral blood T cells, and IL-1 in peripheral blood
      adherent cells, were investigated in patients with BMG (n = 7) and MM (n = 28).
      All patients of MM having a marked suppression of synthesis of all other normal
      Ig, had significantly lower levels of BSF-1 activity and inversely higher levels
      of BIF activity than those of normal donors. However, patients with BMG having no
      suppression of synthesis of normal Ig had BSF-1 and BIF activities similar to
      normal donors. There was no significant difference in IL-1 and IL-2 activities
      between both normal donors and BMG versus MM patients. These data show that in MM
      altered cytokine activities correlate with suppression of synthesis of normal Ig.

PMID- 2643861
TI  - Effect of prazosin treatment on carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism in
      patients with hypertension.
AB  - This study evaluated the effect of prazosin in controlled mild hypertension and
      evaluated select metabolic changes that occurred with prazosin monotherapy.
      Various aspects of glucose, insulin, and lipid metabolism were studied before and
      after approximately 10 weeks of prazosin treatment in 12 patients with mild
      hypertension. Prazosin was well tolerated and induced a significant decrease (p
      less than 0.001) in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures, without any
      change in body weight. Plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acid, and
      lactate, which were measured hourly from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. following meals
      consumed at 8 A.M. and noon, did not change with prazosin treatment. However, the
      plasma insulin response from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. decreased significantly (p less
      than 0.001) following prazosin treatment. In addition, fasting plasma
      triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower (p less than
      0.05) in prazosin-treated persons, as were postprandial triglyceride
      concentrations (p less than 0.001). Lower total plasma triglyceride and
      cholesterol concentrations were accounted for by decreases in very low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      and triglyceride, whereas both high-density lipoprotein triglyceride and high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations increased following prazosin
      treatment. Finally, although both apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B
      concentrations decreased in association with prazosin treatment, the decrease in
      apolipoprotein B was much greater in magnitude, leading to an increase in the
      ratio of apolipoprotein A1 to apolipoprotein B. In this study, treatment of mild
      hypertension with prazosin led to lower blood pressures and changes in insulin
      and lipoprotein metabolism that are important in this patient population.

PMID- 2643862
TI  - Initial antihypertensive drug therapy--a comparison of alpha-blocker (prazosin)
      and diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide). Brief summary of a randomized, controlled
      trial.

PMID- 2643863
TI  - Selective alpha-blockade versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition as
      initial antihypertensive therapy. Effects on circulating lipoproteins.
AB  - This study evaluated the overall efficacy and safety of two specific vasodilators
      -the alpha-blocker prazosin and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
      captopril--in the treatment of mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Because
      the current approach to antihypertensive treatment should consider possible drug
      related changes in circulating lipid fractions, the present study investigated
      the effects of these two drugs on lipid parameters as well. Used either as single
      agents or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, both drugs effectively reduced
      high blood pressure. Neither drug had adverse effects on the lipid profile in
      general, although there were significant differences between the effects of
      prazosin and captopril on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
      and apolipoprotein B.

PMID- 2643864
TI  - Effects of prazosin and labetalol on blood pressure control and blood lipid
      levels in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension.
AB  - Twenty hypertensive patients entered a crossover, placebo-controlled study of
      prazosin and labetalol that was designed to compare treatment effects on blood
      pressure control and lipid parameters. Both drugs significantly reduced sitting
      and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p less than or equal to
      0.01). No significant differences were noted between treatment groups in total
      cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or very low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol levels. However, a trend toward an increase in low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol levels was seen during therapy with labetalol,
      whereas in contrast, no such effect was seen during treatment with prazosin.

PMID- 2643865
TI  - Evaluation of the efficacy of prazosin versus propranolol as initial
      antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - The long-term effects of prazosin and propranolol therapy were compared over the
      course of one year in 93 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Thirty-four
      of the 44 patients randomly assigned to receive prazosin therapy and 38 of the 49
      patients assigned to propranolol therapy received monotherapy for one year,
      whereas the remaining patients received concomitant hydrochlorothiazide therapy.
      Blood pressure was significantly decreased (p less than 0.01) in all treatment
      groups throughout the study compared with baseline measurements. The blood
      pressure responses to treatment were not shown to differ among patients with low,
      normal, or high renin levels on entry. No significant differences from baseline
      were noted among treatment groups with regard to lipid profiles. In summary,
      prazosin and propranolol were shown to have comparable long-term blood pressure
      lowering effects when given as monotherapy in patients with mild-to-moderate
      hypertension.

PMID- 2643866
TI  - Prazosin versus hydrochlorothiazide as initial antihypertensive therapy in black
      versus white patients.
AB  - A randomized, drug-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the comparative
      efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide versus prazosin in controlling mild diastolic
      hypertension in black and white patients. Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were
      also studied. Overall, 22 men and 14 women, of whom 50 percent were black, aged
      21 to 69 years, were randomly assigned to treatment with either of these two
      agents. If diastolic blood pressure was not reduced below 90 mm Hg, the other
      agent was added. Results showed that hydrochlorothiazide and prazosin lowered
      blood pressure effectively in both black and white patients, but there was a
      trend for more patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide to need combination therapy
      than for those receiving prazosin, regardless of ethnic status. Prazosin therapy
      reduced total cholesterol levels by 20.5 mg/dl and low-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol levels by 19.0 mg/dl, and hydrochlorothiazide increased total
      cholesterol levels by 11.4 mg/dl and increased low-density lipoprotein levels by
      9.3 mg/dl; but no differences in triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, plasma
      high-density lipoprotein2, or high-density lipoprotein3 levels were noted. Both
      agents were well tolerated in black and white patients. The combination of
      effective blood pressure control with no adverse effects on the serum lipid
      profile may make prazosin preferable to hydrochlorothiazide for treating mild
      diastolic hypertension in black as well as white patients.

PMID- 2643867
TI  - Yeast connection among 100 patients with chronic fatigue.
AB  - PURPOSE: Patients with the "yeast connection" are characterized by fatigue and
      multiple systemic symptoms. The purpose of our study was to compare patients with
      chronic fatigue who believed they had the yeast connection to patients with
      chronic fatigue without the yeast connection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred
      consecutive patients with a chief complaint of chronic fatigue were evaluated in
      a specialty clinic setting at the University of Connecticut Health Center. A
      complete history was obtained from each patient, and a 168-item review of systems
      and a complete physical examination were performed. RESULTS: Eight patients
      believed that their fatigue was due to chronic candidiasis. Of these eight, seven
      had psychiatric diagnoses that were judged to underlie their fatigue. Of the
      remaining 92 patients with chronic fatigue, 59 had underlying psychiatric
      diagnoses. We were unable to find historical, physical, or laboratory differences
      between chronic fatigue patients with or without the yeast connection.
      CONCLUSION: From this study and a review of the literature, we are unable to
      identify findings that are specific for the yeast connection.

PMID- 2643868
TI  - Mycobacterium chelonae: a cause of nodular skin lesions with a proclivity for
      renal transplant recipients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Infections due to Mycobacterium chelonae are uncommon. Several renal
      transplant recipients at our medical center have developed M. chelonae infections
      during the past several years, so we decided to review our recent experience with
      M. chelonae infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The clinical microbiology
      laboratory records of four Vanderbilt University Affiliated Hospitals were
      reviewed. Ten patients with M. chelonae tissue or blood infections were
      identified between 1982 and July 1988. RESULTS: All infections involved the skin
      and subcutaneous tissue. Three infections developed at the sites of medical
      injections. The remaining seven infections occurred in renal transplant
      recipients and produced a clinically distinctive syndrome. All were indolent
      tender nodular lesions on the extremities, usually the lower legs. Systemic
      symptoms were absent, and white blood cell counts were within normal limits.
      Diagnosis required tissue biopsy and cultures that were incubated for a month.
      Therapy consisted of surgical excision combined with long-term antibiotics. Even
      so, some patients had a chronic, relapsing course. CONCLUSION: Although other
      diagnoses must be considered, the presumptive diagnosis of M. chelonae infection
      is suggested by the appearance of nodular erythematous lesions on the legs of a
      renal transplant recipient.

PMID- 2643869
TI  - Amanita poisoning: treatment and the role of liver transplantation.
AB  - Fatal mushroom poisoning has long been recognized as a major health problem in
      western Europe and more recently in the United States. The majority of deaths are
      attributable to the genus Amanita. Amanita phalloides (death cap) has been found
      with increasing frequency across the United States and presents a significant
      health hazard in this country to those who pick and consume wild mushrooms. This
      article discusses the pharmacologic basis and clinical manifestations of Amanita
      intoxication. It outlines the rationale of various treatment modalities and, from
      these, summarizes a protocol that the authors believe will be useful to the
      clinician. In addition, two patients are presented who underwent successful
      orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure secondary to
      Amanita poisoning. The role of liver transplantation both acutely and as
      treatment for chronic active hepatitis secondary to severe intoxication is
      discussed.

PMID- 2643871
TI  - Significance of the Argyll Robertson pupil in clinical medicine.
AB  - The Argyll Robertson pupil, a miotic pupil that fails to react to direct light,
      has been described for more than a century. Originally associated with tabes
      dorsalis, the sign has now been found in a number of conditions with lesions in
      the area of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal. Magnetic resonance imaging studies
      have localized the lesion in patients with sarcoidosis and multiple sclerosis.
      With the declining incidence of neurosyphilis, the sign is increasingly likely to
      indicate another cause, although an assiduous search for lues should also be
      undertaken.

PMID- 2643870
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus-associated autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: a
      review.

PMID- 2643872
TI  - Bone marrow autotransplantation.
AB  - Bone marrow autotransplantation involves the administration of very high doses of
      chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or both, followed by infusion of autologous
      hematopoietic stem cells. This treatment was used in the past as a salvage
      therapy for patients with end-stage cancers. Occasional cures in patients with
      chemotherapy-responsive malignancies encouraged oncologists to utilize this
      treatment earlier when a better result might be achieved. This has led to a
      substantial number of long-term disease-free survivors in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,
      Hodgkin's disease, acute leukemia, and neuroblastoma. Studies are currently
      ongoing in the treatment of breast cancer, multiple myeloma, testicular cancer,
      and ovarian cancer. Important areas for future investigation include the
      identification of optimal criteria for patient selection and timing of the
      therapy, the need for infusion of hematopoietic stem cells as cloned
      hematopoietic growth factors become available, the identification of the most
      effective high-dose regimens, and the need for "purging" tumor cells from the
      marrow before re-infusion. Successfully addressing these issues will increasingly
      require large comparative trials.

PMID- 2643873
TI  - Pulmonary embolism as a result of Hickman catheter-related thrombosis.

PMID- 2643874
TI  - Group A streptococcal peritonitis in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2643875
TI  - Cyclosporine-associated hypertension.

PMID- 2643876
TI  - Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection and the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.

PMID- 2643877
TI  - Advances in the therapy of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2643878
TI  - Ehrlichia canis: a tick-borne rickettsial-like infection in humans living in the
      southeastern United States.
AB  - During the past two years, sporadic cases of a rickettsial-like illness were
      reported in humans living in the Southeastern United States. The illness was
      serologically similar to Ehrlichia canis infections in dogs. It resembled
      spotless Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever but was differentiated from this infection
      serologically with acute and convalescent sera showing increasing titers to
      Ehrlichia canis. E. canis infection should be suspected in patients with fever,
      headache, malaise, myalgia, gastrointestinal symptoms, relative bradycardia,
      leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and a recent exposure to either dogs or ticks.
      Although recovery has been observed in humans without treatment, prompt therapy
      with tetracycline is advised before obtaining results of serologic studies
      because an immunologically similar illness in untreated dogs has been lethal.

PMID- 2643879
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting initially with acute pancreatitis and a
      review of the literature.
AB  - A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus is reported whose initial clinical
      presentation was that of acute pancreatitis, confirmed by pancreatic isoamylase
      elevation and pancreatic enlargement on computerized tomography. A lack of a
      correlation with steroid therapy and a need to document pancreatitis in a
      multisystem disease like lupus with radiographic evidence as well as pancreatic
      isoamylase elevations is emphasized.

PMID- 2643880
TI  - Immunohistologic findings and results of treatment with cyclosporine in ligneous
      conjunctivitis.
AB  - Using immunohistochemical techniques, we studied ligneous conjunctival lesions
      from two patients. A significant immune reaction was detected that was
      characterized by activated T lymphocytes and focal accumulation of plasma cells
      and B lymphocytes. Immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that IgG was a
      prominent component of the amorphous hyaline material seen in these lesions.
      After previous treatment methods had failed, both patients were treated with
      excisional biopsy and topical cyclosporine. Patient 1 had a dramatic response,
      with complete resolution of the lesions. Patient 2 had a significant improvement
      resulting in small, slow-growing recurrences instead of the rapid and extensive
      recurrences that occurred before treatment with cyclosporine.

PMID- 2643881
TI  - Acute hydrops in pellucid marginal corneal degeneration.
AB  - Three patients had pellucid marginal corneal degeneration complicated by corneal
      edema. The corneal edema appeared to be a result of a break or detachment of
      Descemet's membrane as a result of increasing corneal ectasia. The disruption in
      Descemet's membrane began just above the inferior, crescent-shaped area of
      stromal thinning. Therapeutic modalities initially included hypertonic solution
      to determine whether corneal edema would resolve spontaneously, apparently by
      endothelial migration with healing over the break in Descemet's membrane. One
      patient required thermokeratoplasty and another penetrating keratoplasty for
      persistent stromal edema. Acute hydrops can occur with pellucid marginal corneal
      degeneration by a pathogenesis similar to other noninflammatory corneal thinning
      disorders such as keratoconus.

PMID- 2643882
TI  - Accurate ultrasonic biometry in pseudophakia.

PMID- 2643883
TI  - Endotoxin-induced cytokine gene expression in vivo. I. Expression of tumor
      necrosis factor mRNA in visceral organs under physiologic conditions and during
      endotoxemia.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA was detected by Northern blotting in whole-organ
      homogenates of the spleen, liver, kidney, lung, and small bowel in naive and
      saline-injected control rats, supporting the hypothesis that TNF mRNA is present
      in vivo in a preformed intracellular pool. TNF mRNA in endotoxin-treated rats as
      quantitated by densitometry of the ratio of TNF mRNA to actin mRNA in Northern
      blots was present in increased quantity in the liver, kidney, and lung (1.6-2.9
      times over time zero levels) at 15 minutes and increased quantity in the spleen,
      liver, and kidney (1.3-1.9 times over time zero levels) at 30 minutes. The
      kinetics of endotoxin-induced TNF gene expression are consistent with the
      relatively transient peak of serum TNF protein levels reported by previous
      investigators to occur approximately 1 hour after injection of endotoxin. Because
      TNF mRNA appeared ubiquitous in the organs of control rats examined and because
      the endotoxin-induced increase in TNF mRNA was relatively small, endotoxin may
      induce the expression of the TNF protein in serum not only by increasing TNF mRNA
      levels but perhaps more importantly by a posttranscriptional mechanism. The
      presence of a preformed pool of TNF mRNA may teleologically be viewed as a
      mechanism to increase the rapidity of the host's response to sepsis.

PMID- 2643885
TI  - Nick translation detection in situ of cellular DNA strand break induced by
      radiation.
AB  - DNA strand break in HeLa cells induced by radiation was detected using the in
      situ nick translation method. The cells were exposed to radiation of 3, 6, 12,
      18, and 24 Gy in Lab-Tek tissue culture chamber/slides and were fixed with
      ethanol/acetic acid on the slide glass. The break sites in DNA were translated
      artificially in the presence of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and [3H]
      labeled dTTP. Autoradiographic observation was made of the level of break sites
      in the DNA. The DNA strand break appeared even with a 3 Gy exposure, increased
      8.6 times at 24 Gy compared with the control cells, and this level correlated
      reciprocally to change in cell viability. This nick translation method provides a
      rapid in situ assay for determining radiation-induced DNA damage of cultured
      cells, in a semi-quantitative manner.

PMID- 2643887
TI  - Fifty-eight years ago in Anesthesia & Analgesia. C. D. Leake, M-Y Chen: A
      preliminary note on the anesthetic properties of certain unsaturated ethers.
      Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia: 1931;10:1-3.

PMID- 2643884
TI  - Neuroblastic differentiation potential of the human retinoblastoma cell lines Y
      79 and WERI-Rb1 maintained in an organ culture system. An immunohistochemical,
      electron microscopic, and biochemical study.
AB  - The differentiation potential of the human retinoblastoma cell lines Y-79 and
      WERI-Rb1 was evaluated in vitro for up to 120 days in a matrix system and in
      rotary suspension for 30 days. Matrix cultures were grown with 10% fetal calf
      serum (FCS), with and without differentiation-promoting agents. The latter were
      applied for a total of 5-45 days (usually 30 days) and included 7S nerve growth
      factor, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, sodium butyrate, retinoic acid, hydrocortisone, and
      ascorbic acid. Fully defined, serum-free medium and medium containing 5 or 15%
      FCS were also used for matrix cultures, and medium with 5 or 10% FCS for
      suspension cultures. By immunoperoxidase (performed on matrix cultures, both
      untreated and treated for 30 days with differentiation-promoting agents), the
      cells of both lines were positive for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), microtubule
      associated protein 2 (MAP2), class III beta-tubulin (human h beta 4) isotype, and
      synaptophysin. In addition, the WERI-Rb1 cells expressed 200 kd neurofilament
      protein (NFP-H) and retinal S-antigen. Both lines were invariably negative for
      glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, myelin
      basic protein, the epitope recognized by the Leu-7 monoclonal antibody, opsin,
      and hydroxy-indole-O-methyltransferase. In the Y-79 line the presence of NSE and
      the absence of NF proteins-H, -M and -L, of GFA protein, and of retinal S-antigen
      were confirmed biochemically. No differentiated features were found by electron
      microscopy in either line. Thus, in the matrix system employed, both lines
      exhibited solely a potential for neuroblastic differentiation, which was more
      advanced in the WERI-Rb1 line, as reflected by the antigenic expression of NFP-H
      and of retinal S-antigen.

PMID- 2643886
TI  - Passive smoking: a review of medical and legal issues.

PMID- 2643888
TI  - The arterial pressure waveform during acute ventricular failure and synchronized
      external chest compression.
AB  - Methods for mechanical cardiac support by intermittent increases in the
      intrathoracic pressure have recently been described. In the present study the
      responses of the arterial pressure waveform to mechanical ventilation with and
      without synchronized external chest compression (SEC) in the presence of acute
      ventricular failure (AVF) were evaluated by measuring the systolic pressure
      variation (SPV). SPV, the difference between the maximal and minimal values of
      systolic blood during a single positive pressure breath, consists of delta up and
      delta down components when systolic blood pressure during a short apnea is used
      as reference value. During intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV)
      alone, AVF caused SPV to decrease significantly from 8.8 +/- 4.0 to 5.7 +/- 1.9
      mm Hg, and further to 3.1 +/- 1.1 mm Hg after volume loading (P less than 0.02).
      The decrease in SPV was due to a significant decrease in the delta down
      component, whereas the delta up became the major component of the reduced SPV.
      The application of SEC caused significant increases in the delta down, delta up,
      and overall SPV during AVF without volume loading. However, during AVF with
      volume loading, SEC increased only the delta up component of the SPV, signifying
      a transient increase in the left ventricular stroke output. It is concluded that
      the disappearance of the delta down component of the SPV is characteristic of
      congestive heart failure. Analysis of the arterial waveform offers a readily
      available monitoring tool for the differentiation of the possible effects on
      increased intrathoracic pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643889
TI  - Clinical uses of intravenous anesthetic and analgesic infusions.
AB  - Renewed interest in i.v. anesthetic techniques has resulted from the availability
      of more rapid and shorter-acting i.v. drugs. With recent advances in the area of
      infusion pump technology, it has become easier to administer i.v. anesthetics and
      analgesics by continuous infusion techniques. The newer sedative-hypnotic
      (midazolam, propofol) and analgesic (sufentanil, alfentanil) drugs are better
      suited pharmacologically to continuous administration techniques than the
      traditional i.v. agents because they can be more accurately titrated to meet the
      unique and changing anesthetic needs of the individual patient. With the newer
      sedative and analgesic drugs, it is now possible to administer i.v. anesthetics
      in a titrated manner analogous to that which is possible when volatile
      anesthetics are used. In this way, the drug infusion rate is varied depending on
      the patient's responses to noxious surgical stimuli. In titrating i.v. drug
      infusions, consideration must also be given to the age of the patient, pre
      existing disease states, potential drug interactions, and proximity to the end of
      the operative procedure. The availability of rapid and short-acting i.v. drugs
      like alfentanil and propofol, as well as intermediate-acting muscle relaxants
      makes it possible to employ total intravenous anesthetic techniques during
      general surgery. Many non-sedative and non-analgesic i.v. drugs are being
      investigated in anesthesia for use by continuous infusion techniques, e.g.,
      muscle relaxant, and local anesthetics. Several recent studies have demonstrated
      the efficacy of continuous infusions of local anesthetics for obstetrical
      analgesia. The use of continuous local anesthetic infusions makes it possible to
      achieve improved analgesia (i.e., a more constant degree of analgesia) with lower
      doses. Improved delivery systems for administering i.v. drugs will make it easier
      to use continuous infusion techniques in the future. With continued progress in
      the development of infusion devices and i.v. drugs designed for continuous
      administration, the use of intravenous anesthetic techniques will become more
      widespread. In the near future, infusion pumps will likely become standard
      equipment on all anesthesia machines and anesthesiologists should find these
      techniques easier to use in their clinical practices.

PMID- 2643890
TI  - Prognostic significance of reperfusion hyperglycemia during liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2643891
TI  - Fifty-five years ago in Anesthesia & Analgesia. E. A. Rovenstine: A method of
      combining anesthetic and surgical records for statistical purposes. Anesthesia
      and Analgesia: 1934;13:122-128.

PMID- 2643892
TI  - Effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane in nitrous oxide on multilevel
      somatosensory evoked potentials.
AB  - The effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane were studied at 0.5, 0.75,
      and 1 MAC in 60% N2O on subcortical sensory evoked potentials recorded at the
      popliteal fossa (PF), the spine (L-3, C-6) and on cortical potentials recorded at
      the scalp (SC) following bilateral posterior tibial nerve stimulations at the
      ankle in 28 patients undergoing scoliosis surgery. Latencies and amplitudes of
      the resulting potentials at each level were compared with postinduction control
      values. With increasing MAC, latency and amplitude changes seen at C6
      (subcortical) were also compared with those at SC (cortical). Increasing the
      concentrations of each agent resulted in a graded increase in latency and a
      graded decrease in amplitude, at all levels. At SC each increase in MAC with each
      agent resulted in an increase in latency (P less than 0.05) and a decrease in
      amplitude (P less than 0.005), respectively. The increases in SC latency at 0.75,
      1 MAC were larger than the increase in latency at C-6 (P less than 0.005) and the
      decreases in SC amplitudes at 0.5, 0.75 and 1 MAC were greater than the decrease
      in amplitude at C-6 (P less than 0.01). Halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane in
      60% N2O altered subcortical potentials less than cortical potentials. Enflurane
      and isoflurane at 0.5, 0.75, and 1 MAC, and halothane at 0.5, 0.75 MAC maintained
      subcortical and cortical potentials that were adequate for evaluation. However, 1
      MAC of halothane suppressed cortical potentials but maintained subcortical
      potentials. Subcortical C-6 potential may serve as an additional monitor.

PMID- 2643893
TI  - Changes in muscle sympathetic nerve activity, venous plasma catecholamines, and
      calf vascular resistance during mechanical ventilation with PEEP in humans.
AB  - The sympathetic reflex response to mechanical ventilation with PEEP was studied
      in conscious human volunteers (n = 8). Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA)
      was measured from the peroneal nerve, calf blood flow, forearm venous plasma
      catecholamines, blood pressure, heart rate, airway pressure, and end-tidal CO2
      (%) during spontaneous breathing and during mechanical ventilation with 0-20
      cmH2O PEEP. MSNA increased (P less than 0.01) during PEEP ventilation, from 22
      bursts.min-1 at spontaneous breathing to 39 bursts.min-1 at 20 PEEP. This
      increase in MSNA was accompanied by an increase (P less than 0.01) in calf
      vascular resistance (CVR) from 35 PRU100 at spontaneous breathing to 48 PRU100 at
      15 PEEP with no further increase at 20 PEEP. Venous plasma norepinephrine
      concentrations increased (P less than 0.01) during PEEP ventilation from 0.19
      ng.ml-1 at spontaneous breathing to 0.31 ng.ml-1 at 20 PEEP, whereas plasma
      epinephrine and dopamine were less than 0.03 ng.ml-1 during the experiment. Blood
      pressure and heart rate were not affected by PEEP ventilation except at 20 PEEP,
      where blood pressure and heart rate increased (P less than 0.01). The results
      show that PEEP ventilation induces a considerable reflex increase of MSNA,
      reflected also by an increase in CVR and venous plasma norepinephrine. It is
      proposed that the main mechanism responsible for these reflex adjustments is
      caused by a decreased activity of the cardiopulmonary low-pressure baroreceptors,
      in turn resulting from a decrease in cardiac transmural pressures due to PEEP
      ventilation.

PMID- 2643894
TI  - Incidence of emesis and postanesthetic recovery after strabismus surgery in
      children: a comparison of droperidol and lidocaine.
AB  - The authors sought to compare the antiemetic and sedative postanesthetic effects
      of droperidol versus lidocaine given intravenously. One hundred and fifty
      children, ASA physical status I or II, ages 2-15 yr, were studied. Each child was
      randomly assigned to receive either droperidol, 0.075 mg/kg; lidocaine, 1.5
      mg/kg; or a combination of lidocaine, 1.5 mg/kg, and a reduced dose of
      droperidol, 0.025 mg/kg, immediately after induction of anesthesia, which was
      with thiopental, atropine, and succinylcholine. Anesthesia was maintained with
      halothane and nitrous oxide. The incidence of postanesthetic vomiting was 22% in
      the droperidol-alone group, which was significantly less than the lidocaine-alone
      group (50%). The incidence of vomiting in the combination group (30%) was not
      significantly different from either the droperidol- or lidocaine-alone groups.
      The time in the recovery room was significantly shorter for patients given
      lidocaine alone than those given droperidol alone or the combination. However,
      the mean time intervals from completion of surgery to recovery of full alertness
      and to discharge from the hospital did not differ significantly among the three
      groups. In summary, the authors found that intravenous droperidol is
      significantly more effective than lidocaine in reducing the incidence of vomiting
      in unpremedicated children after strabismus surgery. Furthermore, droperidol did
      not delay either the time to recovery of full alertness or the time to discharge
      from hospital compared to lidocaine.

PMID- 2643895
TI  - A comparison of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure and left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure during mechanical ventilation with PEEP in patients with
      severe ARDS.
AB  - When positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is applied to normal lungs, the
      pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) may reflect alveolar pressure and not
      left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). The reliability of PAOP
      measurements has been questioned when PEEP levels greater than 10 cm H2O are
      applied. To verify whether this disparity occurs in patients with severe lung
      injury, the authors simultaneously measured both PAOP and LVEDP at 0, 10, and 16
      20 cm H2O PEEP in 12 supine patients with severe adult respiratory distress
      syndrome (ARDS). In all patients, the radiographic location of the PA catheter
      tip was at or below the level of the posterior border of the left atrium. A close
      correlation was found between PAOP and LVEDP at each level of PEEP. In only six
      of 35 simultaneous measurements was the PAOP-LVEDP gradient 2 mmHg or more (2-3
      mmHg in four, and 4 mmHg in two). In five patients, the highest PEEP level was 4
      9 cm H2O greater than LVEDP; however, no gradient was measured between LVEDP and
      PAOP. The authors conclude that, in severe ARDS, a close correspondence between
      PAOP and LVEDP is maintained despite applying PEEP levels up to 20 cm H2O,
      suggesting that, in ARDS, surrounding pathology prevents transmitted alveolar
      pressure from collapsing adjacent pulmonary vessels.

PMID- 2643896
TI  - Pediatric regional anesthesia.

PMID- 2643897
TI  - Double lung transplantation for severe COPD: reversing the irreversible.

PMID- 2643898
TI  - Double-lung transplant for advanced chronic obstructive lung disease.
AB  - We have achieved repeated success with unilateral lung transplantation for
      pulmonary fibrosis and have developed an en bloc, double-lung transplant
      procedure for patients with advanced lung disease of an obstructive or infective
      nature. Six such procedures have now been performed for end-stage emphysema, and
      all recipients are alive and well 5 to 15 months later. A seventh transplant for
      primary pulmonary hypertension was unsuccessful. All recipients were judged to
      have a life expectancy of 12 to 18 months on the basis of the degree of
      disability and the documented rate of disease progression. We feel the double
      lung procedure is more appropriate than the combined heart-lung transplant for
      patients requiring replacement of both lungs when right heart function is
      adequate or deemed recoverable. With this procedure, the recipient is able to
      retain his or her own heart, avoiding the liabilities associated with cardiac
      transplantation. Furthermore, the donor heart is available for a separate
      recipient, and this sharing of the heart and lungs greatly increases the supply
      of transplantable lungs for patients with end-stage lung disease. Ischemia of the
      donor airway has been a source of complication, including the one death to date,
      but this appears to be a surmountable problem.

PMID- 2643899
TI  - Assessment of lung parenchymal destruction by using routine histologic tissue
      sections.
AB  - We have assessed emphysema by using routine histologic sections. The assessment
      is simple and quick and has little interobserver variation. It is well related to
      conventional assessments of emphysema and abnormalities of pulmonary function
      tests. We conclude that the method is suited to routine diagnosis at autopsy and
      to clinicopathologic correlative studies.

PMID- 2643900
TI  - The motile response of alveolar macrophages. An experimental study using single
      cell and cell population approaches.
AB  - In this report, we studied the applicability of a random walk model of individual
      cell motility in predicting the motile behavior of alveolar macrophage
      populations under agarose. The migration of a population of cells in the absence
      of a chemotactic or chemokinetic gradient can be characterized by the random
      motility coefficient, mu, which is analogous to a particle diffusion coefficient.
      Random walk theory relates this latter coefficient to particle speed and
      collision time (equivalent to the time between changes in particle direction). By
      analogy, according to a similar random walk theory for cell migration, mu for a
      cell population is a function of the speed and persistence time (with direction
      changes governed by cell behavioral processes rather than by collisions) of
      individual cells. To test the model, normal guinea pig alveolar macrophages were
      incubated in the presence or absence of uniform concentrations of the chemotactic
      tripeptide formyl-norleucyl leucyl phenylalanine (FNLLP) to elicit different
      levels of motile activity. Mu was calculated from cell population density
      profiles obtained by fixing and staining cultures after 2, 3, or 4 days. In
      parallel experiments, individual cell speeds and persistence times were measured
      from 1-h, time-lapse video microscopy recordings. The value of mu calculated from
      single-cell measurements was in good agreement with that from population studies
      for stimulated random migration (at 10(-7) to 10(-11) M FNLLP), but not in the
      absence of stimulant. Overall, these results support the applicability of the
      random walk model of individual cell migration to randomly migrating alveolar
      macrophage populations.

PMID- 2643901
TI  - Antigen-induced lung solute clearance in rats is dependent on capsaicin-sensitive
      nerves.
AB  - Chemosensitive sensory nerves have an important effector role in the control of
      vascular permeability in rat airways after neurogenic inflammation. To
      investigate whether they also have a role in antigen-induced lung inflammation,
      we have studied the changes in lung solute clearance (LSC) in sensitized rats
      after aerosol challenge with allergen and the effect of prior capsaicin-induced
      denervation on these changes. Sprague-Dawley rats were immunized with egg albumin
      (EA), using aluminum hydroxide and Bordetella pertussis as adjuvants. After 11
      days, the animals were challenged for 5 min with aerosolized EA, and the
      clearance from the lungs of aerosolized 99mTc diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
      (99mTc-DTPA) over 7.5 min (LSC 7.5) was subsequently measured at various times
      after challenge as an index of epithelial permeability or integrity. Sensitized
      animals responded to the challenge with immediate respiratory symptoms and with
      an increased 99mTc-DTPA clearance rate that was detectable at 20 min (mean +/- SE
      LSC 7.5: baseline, 6 +/- 1%; 20 min, 17 +/- 3%; p less than 0.05), persisted at 4
      h (14 +/- 1%; p less than 0.05), and returned to normal values after 24 h.
      Unsensitized rats exposed to EA and sensitized rats exposed to PBS or to bovine
      serum albumin did not show any change. Bronchoalveolar lavage failed to show
      significant changes of cell populations until 24 h, when an increased presence of
      lymphocytes, PMN, and eosinophils was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643902
TI  - The effect of inhaled budesonide on the maximal degree of airway narrowing to
      leukotriene D4 and methacholine in normal subjects in vivo.
AB  - In normal humans in vivo, maximal airway narrowing to LTD4 is more severe than to
      methacholine. Moreover, LTD4 heightens the maximal response to methacholine for
      several days. To investigate whether or not this is due to inflammatory changes
      in the airway wall, we studied the effects of the corticosteroid budesonide on
      the dose-response curves to inhaled LTD4 and to methacholine. In a two-period,
      double-blind, placebo-controlled design, budesonide (400 micrograms twice a day)
      or placebo was inhaled by eight normal subjects on six consecutive days, with a 3
      wk washout. Complete dose-response curves to LTD4 (0.36 to 43 nmol) were
      performed on Day 5, and to methacholine (1.28 to 655 mumol) on Days 4 and 6 of
      each period using a validated method. The response was measured by FEV1 and
      standardized partial expiratory flow-volume curves (V40p), and was expressed as
      the percent fall from baseline. A maximal response plateau was considered if more
      than two doses fell within a 5% response range. All subjects reached plateaus to
      methacholine and to LTD4. Budesonide reduced the maximal response to LTD4 (mean
      difference with placebo, 7.9% fall for FEV1, and 8.4% fall for V40p; p less than
      0.05). During placebo the maximal response to methacholine 24 h after LTD4 was
      higher than 24 h before (mean change, 2.7% fall in FEV1 and 5.5% fall in V40p; p
      less than 0.05), but not during budesonide (mean change, -2.5% fall in FEV1 and 
      0.1% fall in V40p; p greater than 0.2), the changes being significantly different
      between the two periods (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643903
TI  - Spectrum of prostanoid release after bronchoalveolar allergen challenge in atopic
      asthmatics and in control groups. An alteration in the ratio of
      bronchoconstrictive to bronchoprotective mediators.
AB  - Prostanoids have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma because of their
      potential role in the modulation of airway tone. In the present study, the
      bronchoconstrictors prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and thromboxane (TX), and those
      prostanoids able to protect against bronchoconstriction, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2),
      and the stable metabolite of prostacyclin, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto
      PGF1 alpha), were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before and 5
      min after endobronchial allergen challenge in four subject groups: nonatopic
      nonasthmatics (n = 6), nonatopic asthmatics (n = 3), atopic nonasthmatics (n =
      9), and atopic asthmatics (n = 8). There were no significant differences in
      prechallenge prostanoid levels between the four groups, with the potentially
      bronchoprotective mediators present in highest concentration. Allergen challenge
      in atopic asthmatics resulted in significant increases (p less than 0.05) in PGD2
      (97.4 +/- 19.4 to 1,053.2 +/- 338.6 pg/ml, mean +/- SEM) and TX (45.5 +/- 7.5 to
      150.7 +/- 37.8 pg/ml) over prechallenge levels and control groups. Similarly,
      histamine increased in the atopic asthmatics after challenge (0.36 +/- 0.22 to
      6.84 +/- 1.86 ng/ml; p less than 0.05). Atopic nonasthmatics had slight increases
      in PGD2 (96.9 +/- 25.4 to 219.7 +/- 47.5 pg/ml; p greater than 0.1) after
      challenge, whereas PGD2 and TX did not change in nonatopic subjects. A
      significant positive correlation was found between histamine, PGD2, and TX levels
      after challenge among all groups (p less than 0.001). There were no significant
      changes among the four groups after allergen challenge in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha or
      PGE2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643904
TI  - Nocturnal asthma therapy. Inhaled bitolterol versus sustained-release
      theophylline.
AB  - Many asthmatics complain of increased symptoms, awakenings, and need for
      additional medications during the sleeping hours. Sustained-release theophylline
      (THEO) may be superior to conventional inhaled bronchodilators in preventing
      nocturnal asthma symptoms and the early morning decrement in lung function common
      to this population. However, recent studies have demonstrated that THEO may delay
      sleep onset and perturb sleep stage distribution. No previous study has evaluated
      electroencephalographic, cardiac, and gas exchange indices during sleep in
      asthmatics treated with THEO compared with a long-acting inhaled beta 2-agonist.
      The study goals were to determine if theophylline perturbed sleep when compared
      with beta 2-agonists and to determine which agent achieved best control of
      daytime and nocturnal pulmonary symptoms and lung dysfunction. We evaluated 26
      subjects with mild to moderate asthma and a history of frequent nocturnal
      symptoms who previously demonstrated decrements in AM lung function. THEO was
      compared with 3 puffs every 8 h (6 A.M., 2 P.M., and 10 P.M.) of bitolterol
      (BITOL), a long-acting beta 2-agonist, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled cross-over study. Each drug was administered for a 2-wk period ending
      with two consecutive nights of sleep evaluation followed by cross-over to the
      alternate drug regimen. During THEO administration, plasma concentrations on
      awakening were 11.4 +/- 0.69 micrograms/ml as compared with 0.00 micrograms/ml
      during BITOL. THEO was not found to disrupt sleep as sleep latency, total sleep
      time, percentage of total sleep time spent in Stages 1, 2, and 3/4 and in REM
      sleep were similar during each regimen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643905
TI  - Inspiratory pressure support prevents diaphragmatic fatigue during weaning from
      mechanical ventilation.
AB  - Persistent inability to tolerate discontinuation from mechanical ventilation is
      frequently encountered in patients recovering from acute respiratory failure. We
      studied the ability of inspiratory pressure support, a new mode of ventilatory
      assistance, to promote a nonfatiguing respiratory muscle activity in eight
      patients unsuccessful at weaning from mechanical ventilation. During spontaneous
      breathing, seven of the eight patients demonstrated electromyographic signs of
      incipient diaphragmatic fatigue. During ventilation with pressure support at
      increasing levels, the work of breathing gradually decreased (p less than 0.02)
      as well as the oxygen consumption of the respiratory muscles (p less than 0.01),
      and electrical signs suggestive of diaphragmatic fatigue were no longer present.
      In addition, intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure was progressively
      reduced. For each patient an optimal level of pressure support was found (as much
      as 20 cm H2O), identified as the lowest level maintaining diaphragmatic activity
      without fatigue. Above this level, diaphragmatic activity was further reduced and
      untoward effects such as hyperinflation and apnea occurred. When electrical
      diaphragmatic fatigue occurred, the activity of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
      was markedly increased, whereas it was minimal when the optimal level was
      reached. We conclude that in patients demonstrating difficulties in weaning from
      the ventilator: (1) pressure support ventilation can assist spontaneous breathing
      and avoid diaphragmatic fatigue (pressure support allows adjustment of the work
      of each breath to provide an optimal muscle load); (2) clinical monitoring of
      sternocleidomastoid muscle activity allows the required level of pressure support
      to be determined to prevent fatigue.

PMID- 2643906
TI  - Charge-related lung microvascular injury.

PMID- 2643907
TI  - Indications and standards for cardiopulmonary sleep studies. American Thoracic
      Society. Medical Section of the American Lung Association.

PMID- 2643908
TI  - Gastrointestinal tuberculosis: resurgence of an old pathogen.
AB  - Thirteen patients with gastrointestinal tuberculosis (GITB) were treated at our
      hospitals from 1977-1987. Ten of these patients were seen during the last four
      years. Three patients required operative intervention for management of
      complications of their disease. This review discusses the presentation,
      diagnosis, and operative management of GITB. The authors feel that the increasing
      prevalence of GITB noted in their institution is primarily the result of the
      growing prevalence of mycobacterium tuberculosis pneumonia across the nation.
      With the recent influx of patients from areas of endemic tuberculosis and the
      increasing number of immunosuppressed patients, a surge in the number of patients
      presenting with GITB is likely to occur in the United States. Surgeons must be
      conversant with the diverse clinical features and operative management of this
      disease.

PMID- 2643909
TI  - Agenesis of the gallbladder. A cause of false-positive ultrasonography.
AB  - Ultrasonography has evolved into a nonhazardous relatively inexpensive means of
      diagnosing biliary tract disease. It is considered to have a 95 per cent
      sensitivity for the diagnosis of cholelithiasis. Occasionally, a small contracted
      gallbladder associated with stones and chronic cholecystitis will be difficult to
      visualize with ultrasonography. Two patients with agenesis of the gallbladder
      were recently treated by the authors. Each patient had ultrasonographic evidence
      suggestive of a contracted gallbladder with stones. Both patients were explored
      and found to have absent gallbladders and normal operative cholangiograms.
      Agenesis of the gallbladder is a rare congenital anomaly with a reported
      incidence of from 0.01 to 0.04 per cent. Approximately 220 cases have been
      reported in the literature. Most of these are from necropsy studies. Many of
      these were newborns with more serious anomalies. One might project an increase in
      adult cases on the basis of increased usage of ultrasonography in patients with
      abdominal problems. At the present time, only operative findings including
      cholangiography can be considered as diagnostic of gallbladder agenesis. However,
      as more of these cases are reported, preoperative awareness of this entity will
      be increased.

PMID- 2643910
TI  - Sigmoid volvulus. A four-decade experience.
AB  - During the 40 years from 1945 to 1984, 159 occurrences of sigmoid volvulus in 140
      patients were diagnosed and managed. Treatment modalities gradually evolved from
      primarily operative decompression in the first 20 years to selective,
      sigmoidoscopic, nonoperative reduction in the most recent 10-year period.
      Operative reduction was associated with a 10 per cent mortality, while no deaths
      were associated with nonoperative reduction. A 60 per cent mortality was noted
      when gangrenous bowel was present. In the most recent 10-year period, 71 per cent
      of cases were associated with neuropsychiatric diseases, and one third had a
      previous episode of sigmoid volvulus. The diagnosis was made on the initial plain
      abdominal radiograph in 60 per cent, and nonoperative sigmoidoscopic reduction
      attained in 95 per cent. Following nonoperative reduction, elective resection was
      performed during the same hospitalization with a 5 per cent mortality. Initial
      management of sigmoid volvulus should consist of nonoperative attempts at
      reduction with operative reduction reserved for refractory cases or those with
      ischemic bowel. Elective resection can be safely performed during the same
      hospitalization.

PMID- 2643911
TI  - Recent experience with benign biliary strictures.
AB  - The management of benign biliary strictures continues to represent one of the
      most difficult problems in the practice of general surgery. Twenty-eight
      consecutive patients with benign strictures treated between 1972 and 1987 are
      reviewed in this report. Stricture etiology was iatrogenic in 13 patients,
      pancreatitic in 11, idiopathic in three, and traumatic in one. The authors
      performed 27 operations and three percutaneous transhepatic balloon dilatations
      in the treatment of these patients. Operative morbidity was 18 per cent; there
      were no operative deaths. Treatment was successful in 23 of 28 patients with a
      mean followup of four years, and four of the five patients with initially
      unsuccessful results have undergone successful remedial operations. Roux-en-Y
      biliary enteric diversion procedures have been most successful in these patients:
      seven patients with Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy without recurrence (mean
      followup of 62 months) and eight patients with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy with
      a success rate of 87.5 per cent (mean followup of 50 months). Two patients
      underwent three percutaneous transhepatic balloon dilatations; one has had a good
      result with short followup and the other failed on two occasions and has required
      a remedial operation. Benign biliary strictures have multiple etiologies.
      Therapeutic approaches, which now include nonoperative procedures, must be
      tailored to the needs of individual patients. The potential for recurrence is
      always present. Longterm followup remains essential in the management of patients
      with this disorder.

PMID- 2643912
TI  - Ultrasound examination in the patient with ascites.

PMID- 2643913
TI  - Disease associated with Clostridium difficile infection.

PMID- 2643914
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of zidovudine administered by continuous infusion in
      children.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To define the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine (azidothymidine) in
      children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. DESIGN: Plasma, urine, and
      cerebrospinal fluid were obtained following a single 80 mg/m2 body surface dose
      infused over 1 hour (n = 9), and during a continuous infusion of 0.5 (n = 3), 0.9
      (n = 8), 1.4 (n = 7), or 1.8 (n = 3) mg/kg body weight per hour. SETTING:
      Outpatient clinic and inpatient ward of the Pediatric Branch of the National
      Cancer Institute. PATIENTS: Twenty-one children (seventeen boys) ranging in age
      from 14 months to 12 years with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus
      infection who were being treated on a phase I-II study of continuous intravenous
      infusion zidovudine. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Zidovudine disappearance
      following bolus administration was rapid and biexponential with half-lives of 9.6
      and 92 minutes, and a total clearance of 705 +/- 330 mL/min.m2. Zidovudine
      remained above 1 mumol/L, the optimal virostatic concentration in vitro, for only
      1.5 hours. In contrast, with continuous infusion steady-state plasma zidovudine
      concentrations (Css) were maintained above 1 mumol/L continuously, even at the
      lowest infusion rate. At steady state the ratio of cerebrospinal fluid zidovudine
      concentration to plasma was 24% +/- 9%. Patients who developed severe neutropenia
      (absolute neutrophil count less than 0.5 X 10(9)/L) on the continuous infusion
      regimen had significantly higher plasma Css. Six of eight had a Css greater than
      3.0 mumol/L. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacokinetic parameters show that continuous
      infusion is better than an intermittent schedule in maintaining minimal
      virostatic concentrations of the drug with a lower daily dose.

PMID- 2643915
TI  - Drugs five years later: praziquantel.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify advances in knowledge of the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of
      action, clinical use, and side effects of the antihelminthic drug praziquantel in
      the 5 years since its introduction in the United States. DATA IDENTIFICATION:
      Studies reported from 1983 to July 1988 were identified by computer searches of
      MEDLINE and TOXLINE, and review of textbooks and review articles. STUDY
      SELECTION: Of 57 articles originally identified, 39 were selected by two readers.
      DATA EXTRACTION: Study quality and significance were independently assessed by
      each reader. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS: The pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy
      of praziquantel have been well documented. Yet, despite extensive in vivo and in
      vitro laboratory studies, the drug's mechanism of action in killing parasites is
      unknown. Although the efficacy of praziquantel was first established for treating
      schistosomiasis, in the last 5 years its clinical use has been expanded to the
      treatment of intestinal, tissue, and lung flukes, and intestinal and tissue
      cestode infections, including neurocysticercosis. The introduction of
      praziquantel was a significant advance in antihelminthic therapy, in that it was
      effective therapy for several parasites that had been previously considered
      untreatable. Availability of a safe, effective broad-spectrum oral antihelminthic
      agent consolidated the central role of chemotherapy in population-based control
      of many trematode and cestode parasites. Randomized trials have shown, however,
      that older, cheaper agents may be more cost-effective in controlling Schistosoma
      mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium in some endemic areas. CONCLUSIONS: Although
      praziquantel is the treatment of choice for most human trematode and cestode
      infections, cost factors have limited its use in developing countries.

PMID- 2643916
TI  - Diagnostic tests for patients with suspected allergic disease. Utility and
      limitations.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of diagnostic tests used for
      persons with suspected allergic disease. DESIGN: Information synthesis based on
      historical review of developments in the understanding of the pathophysiology of
      allergic diseases and on selected recent literature on efficacy of specific
      diagnostic tests. MAIN RESULTS: Skin testing is most effective when based on
      clues from the patient's history. The sensitivity and specificity of skin testing
      methods are compared: skin prick testing alone is often sufficient to identify or
      exclude immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity, including food allergy.
      Except for penicillin and certain macromolecules, skin testing is not useful for
      evaluating drug allergy. Skin test titration may be useful for determining the
      starting dose for immunotherapy; otherwise it is rarely necessary. The patch skin
      test helps identify the cause of allergic contact dermatitis. Bronchial
      provocation testing is useful in special cases. Oral provocation testing may be
      used to identify allergy or other intolerance to suspected foods, food additives,
      and certain drugs. Provocation testing is time-consuming and requires special
      precautions. In-vitro methods for identifying allergen-specific IgE are
      especially useful when skin testing is unreliable, equivocal, or cannot be done.
      In-vitro tests should be used as adjuncts to the clinical interview and
      examination. CONCLUSIONS: Tests that are effective for identifying allergenic
      substances usually can be determined from a careful patient interview. Clinicians
      should be aware of nonspecific test results and allergy tests of unproven
      effectiveness.

PMID- 2643917
TI  - Neuronal degeneration and neurofilament accumulation in the trigeminal ganglia in
      Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
AB  - We report the pathological and immunohistochemical changes in the first-order
      neurons in the trigeminal ganglia in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
      Degenerative changes consisted of cytoplasmic vacuolation and fenestration,
      abundant satellite cells, neurofilament accumulation in neurons, and axonal
      dystrophy with spheroid formation and torpedolike structures arising from the
      neuronal cytoplasm. Dystrophic axons, axonal spheroids, and some ganglion cells
      were labeled with monoclonal antibodies to a phosphorylated epitope of
      neurofilaments (200 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies to purified scrapie-associated
      fibril/prion protein (molecular weight 27-30 kDa) extracted from scrapie-infected
      hamster brains, as well as polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to a synthetic 15
      amino acid polypeptide of the 27- to 30-kDa protein, demonstrated variable
      immunoreactivity with degenerating neurons in the CJD cases, but not in the
      controls. Furthermore, some of the satellite cells and dystrophic axons were
      stained by the antibodies to the synthetic peptide. These data indicate that the
      first-order neurons of the trigeminal ganglia may form a route by which the CJD
      agent may travel from the brain to the periphery or vice versa. As in other
      chronic neurodegenerative diseases, disturbances of neuroaxonal transport seem to
      occur in CJD.

PMID- 2643918
TI  - Clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid tests for neurosyphilis.
AB  - From 1978 to 1987, 1,665 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fluorescent treponemal
      antibody absorption (CSF-FTA-ABS) tests were performed as the screening procedure
      for neurosyphilis. The CSF samples from 48 patients were reactive, and the
      medical history and results of the CSF-Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test
      (CSF-VDRL) for syphilis for 38 of these patients were reviewed. Likely active
      neurosyphilis was diagnosed if the patient had a reactive CSF-FTA-ABS test,
      recent onset of neurological signs consistent with neurosyphilis, abnormal CSF,
      and no other recognized cause for the neurological illness. Fifteen patients were
      so classified. Four had a reactive CSF-VDRL test. The specificity of the CSF-VDRL
      in diagnosing likely active neurosyphilis was 100%, but the sensitivity was only
      27%. The insensitivity of the CSF-VDRL test limits its usefulness as a screening
      test for neurosyphilis. The CSF-FTA-ABS test appears more sensitive for screening
      but is less specific than the CSF-VDRL test in distinguishing currently active
      neurosyphilis from past syphilis. These findings imply that clinical judgment is
      still essential in establishing the diagnosis of active neurosyphilis.

PMID- 2643919
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging-based brain morphometry: development and application
      to normal subjects.
AB  - A semiautomated computerized method of in vivo morphometric analysis that is
      based upon high-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging has been
      developed. This morphometric method is efficient and is of greater analytical
      precision than any other morphometric method currently applied to living human
      tissue. Including error inherent in image data acquisition, the aggregate error
      of the methodology, as estimated by the phantom studies, ranges from 4.5 to 9.6%,
      with incremental error above 4.5% a function of magnetic resonance slice
      thickness. This method was applied to magnetic resonance scans of 7 normal
      volunteers. The derived volumes of whole brain and of individual substructures
      were closely concordant with previously published volumes of normal fresh
      (unfixed) brains obtained post mortem. This morphometric methodology is
      potentially applicable to any structure or lesion that can be visualized by
      magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2643920
TI  - AORN history. How we shaped our future.

PMID- 2643921
TI  - Occupational hazards in the OR. A historical perspective.
AB  - The area of research and prevention of occupational health hazards that affect
      operating room nurses has not been formalized. There are many devices and
      substances that present actual and potential dangers to OR nurses. Historically,
      more attention has been paid to the effect of these substances and equipment on
      the patients than the providers of the treatment. Further research is warranted
      in this area by OR and occupational health nurses.

PMID- 2643922
TI  - Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase: functional similarities and divergent evolution
      of the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases.
AB  - Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) is the common component of the three alpha
      ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes oxidizing pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and the
      branched-chain alpha-ketoacids. E3 also participates in the glycine cleavage
      system. E3 belongs to the enzyme family called pyridine nucleotide-disulfide
      oxidoreductases, catalyzing the electron transfer between pyridine nucleotides
      and disulfide compounds. This review summarizes the information available for E3
      from a variety of species, from a halophilic archaebacterium which has E3 but no
      alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes, to mammalian species. Evidence is
      reviewed for the existence of two E3 isozymes (one for pyruvate dehydrogenase
      complex and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and the other for branched
      chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex) in Pseudomonas species and for
      possible mammalian isozymes of E3, one associated with the three alpha-ketoacid
      dehydrogenase complexes and one for the glycine cleavage system. The comparison
      of the complete amino acid sequences of E3 from Escherichia coli, yeast, pig, and
      human shows considerable homologies of certain amino acid residues or short
      stretches of sequences, especially in the specific catalytic and structural
      domains. Similar homology is found with the limited available amino acid sequence
      information on E3 from several other species. Sequence comparison is also
      presented for other member flavoproteins [e.g., glutathione reductase and
      mercury(II) reductase] of the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase
      family. Based on the known tertiary structure of human glutathione reductase it
      may be possible to predict the domain structures of E3. Additionally, the
      sequence information may help to better understand a divergent evolutionary
      relationship among these flavoproteins in different species.

PMID- 2643923
TI  - Studies of histidine phosphorylation by a nuclear protein histidine kinase show
      that histidine-75 in histone H4 is masked in nucleosome core particles and in
      chromatin.
AB  - Histone H4 is a good substrate in vitro for the protein histidine kinase activity
      found both in Physarum polycephalum nuclear extracts and in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae cell extracts. However, histone H4 in nucleosome core particles is not
      a substrate for these kinases. Isolated chromatin was also not a substrate for
      the protein histidine kinase. The results significantly limit possible
      interpretations of histidine phosphorylation on histone H4 in vivo and provide a
      new, sharper focus for future work. In addition, a polynucleotide kinase activity
      was identified in the Physarum extracts.

PMID- 2643924
TI  - Festschrift for Harvey Blank, MD.

PMID- 2643925
TI  - Harvey Blank's impact on dermatology.

PMID- 2643926
TI  - Abbreviated curriculum vitae of Harvey Blank, MD.

PMID- 2643927
TI  - Prevention of hepatitis B.
AB  - Hepatitis B is now the most commonly reported hepatitis in the United States and
      the physician's greatest infectious occupational hazard. Although dermatologists
      are at increased risk for contracting and transmitting hepatitis B virus, surveys
      continue to indicate that a substantial number do little to decrease this risk.
      We have summarized the recent developments regarding the transmission, diagnosis,
      and clinical presentation and course of hepatitis B virus infection, and have
      offered specific preventive measures to assist the dermatologist in keeping
      hepatitis B out of his medical practice. By employing these measures,
      dermatologists can do their part in contributing to the future eradication of
      this disease.

PMID- 2643928
TI  - Assessment of disease progress in psoriasis.
AB  - Effective methods of recording and measuring progress of the signs of psoriasis
      are essential and central to the accurate assessment of therapy. Currently there
      is wide variation in assessment methods used, and even well-designed clinical
      assessment techniques have a wide observer error: objective assessment methods
      may have advantages. The clinical assessment techniques used in 30 clinical
      trials of treatment in chronic plaque psoriasis in 1985 and 1986 were reviewed
      and a detailed analysis is presented. In only 18 trials were individual regions
      assessed, and widely differing methods of scoring signs were used.
      Reproducibility of the assessment by clinicians of area of skin involvement by
      psoriasis was studied. Ten patients with chronic plaque psoriasis had
      standardized photography, and four clinicians assessed area of involvement from
      the photographs. The clinicians significantly differed in their rank ordering of
      the area of psoriatic skin involvement. Area of involvement by psoriasis in the
      same photographs was assessed objectively using computer-assisted planimetry.
      Although the clinicians' assessment did not differ randomly from the objective
      measurement, the accuracy of subjective area assessment is not the same for all
      clinicians. As even experienced clinical observers show wide variation when
      attempting to record clinical severity of psoriasis, there is clearly a need for
      better objective measures of psoriasis severity.

PMID- 2643929
TI  - Acquired progressive kinking of the hair.
AB  - The clinical findings in three new cases of acquired progressive kinking of the
      hair, all in females, are reported, and a review of all previously reported cases
      is presented. Acquired progressive kinking of the hair is an acquired disorder of
      hair formation in which patches of hair become tightly curled and resemble pubic
      hair. It seems to be more common in males and is associated with darkening of the
      involved hair in about two thirds of the patients. The differential diagnosis
      includes inherited forms of kinky hair and kinky hair secondary to mechanical,
      chemical, or traumatic manipulation. Drugs are infrequently implicated in its
      causation.

PMID- 2643930
TI  - Vulvodynia. A multifactorial clinical problem.
AB  - Symptomatic vulvar burning (vulvodynia) in the absence of abnormal physical
      findings was long thought to be an unusual psychosomatic gynecologic problem.
      Within the past decade, however, a number of investigators began to study
      patients with this frustrating problem. Initial physician insistence on a major
      role for psychological factors has gradually given way to sophisticated searches
      for evidence of persistent infectious agents, especially human papillomavirus and
      Candida. Gynecologists searching for causes and surgical relief of vulvodynia
      have even reevaluated elements of vulvar anatomy. The purpose of this article is
      to introduce dermatologists to current perspectives on vulvodynia in the context
      of the clinical experience of the author, who has been actively involved in the
      multidisciplinary investigation of this problem since its recognition in the
      early 1980s. To date, the following five sign-symptom complexes have been
      identified by the author and recognized by other vulvodynia investigators: (1)
      vulvar dermatoses, (2) cyclic vulvitis, (3) vulvar papillomatosis, (4) vulvar
      vestibulitis, and (5) essential vulvodynia. A given patient's complaint may be
      primarily associated with one of these factors, but it is not unusual to see
      others develop simultaneously or sequentially. Remission or exacerbation of
      symptoms may occur when treatment for one condition affects the onset of another.
      It is evident that vulvodynia is a complex diagnosis and that recognition of
      multiple factors is important to appropriate patient evaluation and management.

PMID- 2643931
TI  - Anti-idiotypic antibodies as vaccine candidates. The immune network.
AB  - Antibodies specific for determinants within the variable region of an antibody
      molecule are known as anti-idiotypic antibodies. Anti-idiotypic antibodies
      specific for determinants within the antigen binding site of the antibody may
      mimic the original antigen and are said to bear an "internal image" of the
      antigen. These anti-idiotypic antibodies have been shown in animal studies to
      function as surrogate antigens in stimulating an immune response and may
      ultimately be useful therapeutically as vaccines to prevent infectious diseases,
      to enhance the immune response to neoplasms, and to modulate autoantibody
      production in autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 2643932
TI  - Contact allergic dermatitis. Old problems and new techniques.
AB  - The problem of contact allergic dermatitis in humans and contact hypersensitivity
      in laboratory animals begins with the observation that certain reactive
      compounds, when placed on skin, lead to a reproducible and characteristic
      inflammatory reaction. The immunologic processes that conspire to produce this
      damaging tissue reaction are derived from the normal immunologic balance between
      a protection of self and a destruction of nonself. Experimental work in the last
      decade has focused on the role of antigen-presenting cells, and specifically
      Langerhans' cells, in its initiation, as well as on the competing roles of
      subsets of T lymphocytes in its regulation. For humans, an important goal has
      been the development of techniques by which tolerization and desensitization may
      be achieved, and for those who work with laboratory animals, contact
      hypersensitivity has provided methods to examine immunoregulation in general. In
      the coming decade, new techniques from molecular biology, molecular genetics,
      tissue culture, and, above all, shrewd clinical observation will provide a new
      array of ideas and possibilities.

PMID- 2643933
TI  - Imipramine dose-response relationship in panic disorder with agoraphobia.
      Preliminary findings.
AB  - At the end of a two-week single-blind placebo baseline, 43 patients with a
      diagnosis of panic disorder with agoraphobia without significant dysphoria
      depression and with moderate to severe panic and phobic symptoms were assigned
      to, and 32 of them completed, a placebo-controlled (n = 7) dose-response study
      with three weight-adjusted imipramine hydrochloride dosages: 0.5 mg/kg/d (n =
      10), 1.5 mg/kg/d (n = 9), and 3 mg/kg/d (n = 6). Eleven patients, three from the
      medium-dose and eight from the high-dose conditions, dropped out owing to side
      effects. No instructions or encouragement for self-directed exposure to phobic
      situations or other coping strategies with panic or fear were given throughout
      the trial. Compliance, as assessed by pill counts and by plasma tricyclic levels,
      was high. Results provided strong evidence for a positive dose-response
      relationship on panic and phobic symptoms and confirmed earlier suggestions (1)
      that imipramine without concurrent exposure possesses a significant antipanic and
      antiphobic effect, (2) that improvement correlates primarily with imipramine but
      not N-desmethylimipramine plasma levels, and (3) that side effects prevent
      optimum dose buildup in a substantial proportion of patients with this disorder.

PMID- 2643934
TI  - Behavioral and physiologic effects of short-term and long-term administration of
      clonidine in panic disorder.
AB  - We evaluated the behavioral and physiologic effects of clonidine hydrochloride, a
      centrally active alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, in two separate studies of patients
      with panic disorder. In the first study, intravenous clonidine (2 micrograms/kg)
      and placebo were administered on a blind basis to 12 patients with panic disorder
      and ten normal controls. Clonidine produced significantly greater decrements in
      anxiety at one hour in the patients with panic disorder than in the controls. The
      changes in pulse, blood pressure, and ratings of sleepiness did not differ
      significantly between patients and controls. In the second study, oral clonidine
      was administered to 18 patients in a double-blind, flexible-dose treatment trial
      averaging ten weeks in duration. While anxiolytic effects were noticed in some
      patients, these effects did not persist in the group as a whole. These two
      studies indicate that while clonidine has short-term anxiolytic effects in
      patients with panic disorder, these effects do not persist with long-term
      administration in most patients.

PMID- 2643935
TI  - The art of turf creation.

PMID- 2643936
TI  - Post-traumatic osteomyelitis. Pathophysiology and management.
AB  - Osteomyelitis is one of the most severe complications that can arise following
      operative treatment of bone. It requires a long-term treatment. The patient can
      never be sure that it heals completely. The pathophysiology depends on: (1) the
      extent of soft tissue damage and impairment of blood supply; (2) inoculation of
      bacterial flora; (3) the instability of the fracture area; and (4) the general
      defensive condition of the organism. The symptoms of acute osteomyelitis are
      those of acute inflammation. They appear 1 week to 3 months after operation. The
      diagnosis can only be made on clinical examination by an experienced surgeon. X
      Ray findings are lacking. The treatment of acute osteomyelitis involves
      debridement of soft tissue and bone sequesters, refixation of the fragments, most
      often by means of an external fixator, and suction drainage or wet dressing. The
      reconstruction of the bone is done in a second step. The cancellous bone grafting
      is performed from a medial approach. Closure of the soft tissue follows. In the
      case of chronic osteomyelitis scarring, fistulas and muddy secretion are present.
      The function of the bone is disturbed. X-Ray examination shows loosening of the
      metal and failing structure of the bone. In this case too, the first step is the
      debridement of soft tissue and bone. All the metal inside is removed.
      Stabilization is achieved by means of an external fixator. Once the fracture area
      has been cleaned, cancellous bone grafting is done once, twice, or even more
      frequently. For wound closure it is necessary to rotate muscle groups, to cover
      the bone with dermatomic skin, or to use microvascular flaps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2643937
TI  - A long-term follow-up study of total hip replacement with bone graft.
      Correlations between roentgenographic measurement and hip mobility.
AB  - Fifty total hip replacement treating the acetabular deficiency with autologous
      bone graft from the femoral head were performed on 44 patients with congenital
      dislocation of the hip. The average age was 55 years. The average follow-up
      period was 5 years and 2 months, ranging from 3 years, 8 months to 6 years, 11
      months. Solid union was demonstrated in all acetabular grafting. No loosening of
      either acetabular or femoral components occurred. Roentgenological measurements
      used as a parameter of good results showed that better results were obtained
      using the true acetabulum (ideal position) with appropriate bony coverage.

PMID- 2643938
TI  - Revascularization of a partially necrotic talus with a vascularized bone graft
      from the iliac crest.
AB  - A 16-year-old patient had a compound dislocation of the right talus. Following
      primary treatment, which included a subtaler screw arthrodesis, the talus
      developed clinical, radiological, and isotope scan signs of necrosis. In spite of
      a walking caliper to prevent weight bearing on the ankle, the talar articular
      cartilage of the ankle joint also showed signs of degeneration. The talus was
      revascularized with a vascularized corticocancellous iliac crest bone graft. Six
      months postoperatively, there were clinical, radiological, and bone scan signs of
      significant revascularization. The patient is free of pain and able to walk with
      full weight bearing on the foot.

PMID- 2643939
TI  - Perihepatic packing: its role in the management of liver trauma.
AB  - Perihepatic packing was used in 25 of 197 (12.7%) patients presenting with liver
      trauma to Westmead Hospital over an 8 year period. Packing was used either to
      provide temporary haemostasis prior to transfer or as part of a definitive
      treatment plan at this hospital. Thirteen patients were packed prior to transfer.
      Only two were unstable on arrival, one of whom died. They were compared with 18
      'comparison' patients with liver injuries of similar severity. In this group 10
      were unstable on arrival (P = 0.027), nine of whom died (P = 0.015). Packing was
      used as part of a definitive treatment plan at Westmead on 17 occasions. Four
      patients were coagulopathic and five had also been packed prior to arrival. Eight
      of this group died. Packing is a convenient and safe way of controlling major
      hepatic haemorrhage prior to transfer to a tertiary referral centre. It may also
      be part of a definitive treatment plan to control hepatic bleeding especially as
      many patients arrive with a coagulopathy or develop a coagulopathy during the
      course of surgery to control bleeding. Packing will control haemorrhage until the
      coagulopathy has been corrected.

PMID- 2643940
TI  - Risk factors for halothane hepatitis.
AB  - Helothane hepatitis is a rare but sometimes fatal complication of halothane
      anaesthesia. Examination of case reports has pointed to a number of risk factors.
      Studies in animals and humans in the laboratory have provided evidence of a
      complex multifactorial basis for halothane hepatotoxicity, with the following
      factors playing a part: genetic predisposition; metabolism of halothane; repeated
      halothane anaesthetics; female sex; age of patient; intrahepatic hypoxia; and
      enzyme induction. Immunologic changes can be detected in a high percentage of
      cases of halothane hepatitis; however, studies establishing a cause-effect
      relationship are not available to determine if these changes cause, or result
      from, hepatic damage.

PMID- 2643941
TI  - Surgical history. Evolution of the stoma.
AB  - The evolution of the procedures for the formation of a surgical abdominal stoma
      are outlined; this was first, intestinal exteriorization for trauma, then stoma
      formation alone and finally stoma formation associated with bowel resection.
      Accounts and recommendations occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries as by
      Pillore and Duret, but were few in number. Development of the stoma on a sound
      basis did not occur until the late 19th century. Dupuytren, Bryant, Maydl,
      Mikulicz von Radecki and Miles were prominent in this development.

PMID- 2643942
TI  - Anorexia nervosa in association with diabetes mellitus--a cognitive-behavioural
      approach to treatment.
AB  - A case of anorexia nervosa occurring in a patient with diabetes mellitus is
      reported. The patient was successfully managed using a cognitive-behavioural
      treatment approach. The presence of diabetes necessitated certain modifications
      to the standard cognitive-behavioural treatment for anorexia nervosa, including
      self-monitoring of diabetic regimen behaviours, attention to the adequacy of
      glycaemic control, and advice about changes in insulin dosage. Cognitive
      restructuring techniques also had to address diabetes-related thoughts. The
      general applicability and cost-effectiveness of this type of approach for the
      treatment of patients with co-existing eating disorders and diabetes is
      discussed.

PMID- 2643943
TI  - Vasoactive effects of growth factors.

PMID- 2643945
TI  - ASHA interviews Gilbert R. Herer, 1989 President.

PMID- 2643944
TI  - Stimulus-secretion coupling of arginine-induced insulin release. Insulinotropic
      action of agmatine.
AB  - Agmatine causes a concentration-related (0.1-1.0 mM) stimulation of insulin
      secretion by rat pancreatic islets exposed to D-glucose (5.6-11.1 mM) but, like L
      arginine, fails to affect insulin release either in the absence of glucose or at
      a high concentration (16.7 mM) of the hexose. Agmatine, which accumulates in
      islet cells, also stimulates 45Ca net uptake by the islets. The secretory
      response to agmatine represents a delayed process. It is enhanced by theophylline
      and suppressed by antimycin A or the absence of extracellular Ca2+. The
      insulinotropic action of agmatine is compatible with the view that endogenously
      formed polyamines may play a role in the secretory response of islet cells to L
      arginine.

PMID- 2643946
TI  - Working in the public schools and loving it.

PMID- 2643947
TI  - Back to school. Everyone wins.

PMID- 2643949
TI  - Addressing service delivery in remote/rural areas.

PMID- 2643948
TI  - Speech-language pathology and the regular education initiative.

PMID- 2643950
TI  - Speech-language pathologists in the schools.

PMID- 2643951
TI  - Issues in school services. Can I be all things to all people?

PMID- 2643952
TI  - Private practitioners in public schools. An alternative that works.

PMID- 2643953
TI  - Guidelines for screening for hearing impairment and middle ear disorders.

PMID- 2643954
TI  - Toxicology: an annotated bibliography of the recent literature.

PMID- 2643955
TI  - Stroke patient evaluation in the emergency department before pharmacologic
      therapy.
AB  - The standard of care for acute thromboembolic stroke is changing rapidly with the
      advent of new pharmacologic therapies. The deterioration of focal cerebral
      ischemia to infarction can be lessened with timely restoration of cerebral blood
      flow. As pharmacologic therapy of acute stroke evolves, emergency physicians will
      increasingly facilitate its implementation. The purpose of this study was to
      elucidate those factors significantly affecting the acute stroke patient's
      emergency department (ED) evaluation time. The pretreatment ED evaluations of 20
      patients entered in an ongoing trial of a fibrinolytic agent (ancrod) for acute
      ischemic stroke were reviewed. Pretreatment screening factors included the
      assessment of hematologic status, concurrent illness, and potential neoplastic
      disease or cerebral hemorrhage as the etiology for the neurological deficit. The
      following factors had a statistically significant effect on pretreatment
      evaluation time (range, 2.6 to 11.4 hours) by multiple linear regression
      analysis: time from arrival until bleeding time completed (P less than .005),
      time from arrangement of computed head tomography until its completion (P less
      than .05), chosen site of treatment (ED v neurological step-down unit; P less
      than .005), order of patient entry (P less than .01), and time from arrival until
      completion of fibrinogen level assay (P less than .05). These results emphasize
      the need to coordinate and streamline the clinical evaluation process. The use of
      the ED as the site of treatment, abbreviating the time until pharmacologic
      therapy, has not been previously documented. Expedient completion of an
      evaluation compatible with safe pharmacologic therapy of acute ischemic stroke
      will dictate the time of definitive therapy. These results should assist other
      institutions considering rapid pharmacologic therapy for acute ischemic stroke.

PMID- 2643956
TI  - Emergency medical services: an annotated bibliography of the recent literature.

PMID- 2643957
TI  - Transthoracic pacemaker insertion failure caused by needle lumen obstruction.

PMID- 2643958
TI  - Spontaneous rupture of the spleen: a case report and literature review.
AB  - Traumatic rupture of the spleen has been well described in the medical literature
      and is found in approximately 30% of patients undergoing surgery for blunt
      abdominal injury. Atraumatic splenic rupture is described much less often. A case
      of atraumatic rupture of an enlarged spleen is described. The etiology of
      spontaneous rupture of the spleen in this case could not be determined. The
      patient was seen and discharged twice from the emergency department; the
      diagnosis was made at emergency laparotomy three days after subsequent admission.
      This case should remind the emergency physician that nontraumatic splenic rupture
      should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained acute left
      upper quadrant abdominal pain.

PMID- 2643959
TI  - Camphor ingestion.
AB  - Camphor ingestion is a toxic ingestion that is seen infrequently in the emergency
      department. It is remarkable for its rapidity of action and toxicity. A case of
      camphor ingestion that displayed toxic effects is presented. The pharmacology,
      manifestations, and management of this readily available substance are discussed.

PMID- 2643960
TI  - Pheochromocytoma presenting as shock.
AB  - 539 cases of pheochromocytoma were reviewed with specific attention to those
      cases presenting with shock at initial evaluation. Eleven such cases were
      discovered, for an incidence of 2%. A 12th such case is reported here. The
      literature is discussed with consideration for diagnosis and management of the
      patient in unexplained shock, suggesting that such patients may be experiencing
      cardiovascular collapse secondary to massive catecholamine release from a
      previously undiagnosed pheochromocytoma. Therapeutic considerations are also
      discussed.

PMID- 2643961
TI  - In vitro fertilization patient presenting in hemorrhagic shock caused by
      unsuspected heterotopic pregnancy.
AB  - A 30-year-old woman who had undergone in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer
      (IVF-ET) presented to the emergency department in hemorrhagic shock 4 weeks after
      a spontaneous abortion. She was found to have a ruptured uterus caused by an
      unsuspected second pregnancy located in the cornual region of the uterus. Women
      undergoing IVF-ET are at a higher risk for multiple pregnancies, ectopic
      pregnancies, and heterotopic pregnancies.

PMID- 2643963
TI  - Influence of emergency medical services systems and prehospital defibrillation on
      survival of sudden cardiac death victims.
AB  - This article reviews the influence of emergency medical systems and prehospital
      defibrillation on survival of sudden cardiac death. The historical perspective
      and epidemiologic considerations of prehospital sudden cardiac death are
      highlighted. Factors predictive of successful resuscitation and impact of
      community activity on sudden death are discussed. Influences of emergency medical
      services on outcome of prehospital cardiac arrest are reviewed, with emphasis on
      the role of dispatchers, emergency medical technicians, and paramedics. The
      recent emergence of prehospital automatic defibrillation by emergency medical
      technicians, first responders, and lay persons is discussed in depth, as it has
      great potential to positively influence outcome of prehospital sudden cardiac
      death.

PMID- 2643962
TI  - Presentations of acute phenytoin overdose.
AB  - A 15-year-old boy ingested 19.6 g (15 g verifiable) phenytoin sodium
      approximately four hours before emergency department presentation. The patient
      survived the suicide attempt with only supportive care, despite the ingestion of
      392 mg/kg and a peak serum level of 100.8 micrograms/mL. A wide spectrum of
      physical findings consistent with acute massive ingestion of phenytoin was noted.
      This case report and a review of cases reported in the English literature of
      acute single anticonvulsant ingestion further delineate the clinical presentation
      of acute phenytoin overdose.

PMID- 2643964
TI  - Unusual causes of lower extremity ischemia.

PMID- 2643965
TI  - Use of rib belts in acute rib fractures.
AB  - The current treatment for uncomplicated rib fractures is the exclusion of
      associated injuries followed by symptomatic treatment with analgesics.
      Encouragement of deep breathing is also recommended to avoid secondary or delayed
      pulmonary complications. The use of circumferential rib belts in treating
      patients with acute rib fractures has been discouraged because of possible
      complications from restricted ventilation. A review of the literature revealed no
      previous clinical studies to support this view. We designed and conducted a
      controlled, prospective, randomized pilot study to determine if there was any
      increased morbidity associated with the use of rib belts in the treatment of
      patients with acute rib fractures. Twenty-five adult patients with
      radiographically proven acute rib fractures were randomized into two groups. The
      first group was treated with analgesics and a standard circumferential rib belt
      (Zimmer Universal Rib Belt). The second group was treated with oral analgesics
      alone. Patients were contacted by telephone three days after the initial injury
      and then reexamined 14 days postinjury. Rates of pain resolution, compliance, and
      delayed complications were determined. Rib belts were not found to significantly
      reduce the severity of pain. Four complications (one case of bloody pleural
      effusion requiring hospitalization, two cases of asymptomatic discoid
      atelectasis, and one case of allergic contact dermatitis) were identified, all
      occurring in the group of patients receiving rib belts. This pilot study
      indicates that while rib belts are widely accepted by patients for control of
      pain, they appear to be associated with an increased incidence of complications.
      Clinical studies with larger sample sizes will be needed to confirm these
      findings.

PMID- 2643966
TI  - Medical informatics: glimpses of the promised land.

PMID- 2643967
TI  - The historical reputation of Abraham Flexner (1866-1959).

PMID- 2643968
TI  - Altered vascular reactivity in sickle hemoglobinopathy. A possible protective
      factor from hypertension.
AB  - Patients with sickle cell anemia have considerably less hypertension than the
      black population in general. Factor(s) offering "protection" from hypertension in
      these patients remain unknown. Hormonal and hemodynamic parameters involved in
      blood pressure regulation were evaluated in normotensive, stable sickle cell
      patients and black nonsickle normotensive controls. There was no difference in
      systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial blood pressure between the two groups. The
      characteristic hemodynamic findings of increased cardiac index, renal plasma
      flow, and plasma volume were observed in the sickle cell patients. Urinary sodium
      excretion was comparable on an ad libitum, high sodium, and low sodium diet. In
      contrast, plasma renin activity was greater in sickle cell patients at all levels
      of sodium intake in both supine and upright positions. These findings suggested
      possible altered vascular responsiveness to endogenous angiotensin II.
      Plethysmography revealed that sickle cell patients had greater forearm blood flow
      than normal controls and black nonsickle chronic anemic controls at rest, during
      cold stimulation, and during exercise. Forearm vascular resistance was
      significantly lower in the patients and did not increase with cold-induced,
      sympathetic-mediated stimulation. To assess these findings more directly, the
      pressor response to the exogenous administration of graded doses of angiotensin
      II and norepinephrine was measured. There was a marked decrease in the pressor
      response to angiotensin II but not to norepinephrine in the sickle cell patients.
      The findings in these studies indicate fundamental differences in blood pressure
      control in the sickle cell patient, probably at the vascular level.

PMID- 2643969
TI  - Reduction of blood pressure during long-term treatment with active vitamin D
      (alphacalcidol) is dependent on plasma renin activity and calcium status. A
      double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
AB  - Patients with essential hypertension, in particular those with low plasma renin
      activity (PRA), are reported to have lowered plasma-ionized calcium and elevated
      parathyroid hormone levels. In this study 1 microgram alphacalcidol (1 alpha
      hydroxy-vitamin D3) was given in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion over
      four months to 39 subjects with mild to moderate hypertension. There was a
      significant rise in PRA in the treatment group when compared to placebo (P less
      than .05), but the mean blood pressure response was similar in the two groups.
      When the treatment group was divided according to pretreatment PRA it was,
      however, seen that subjects with low PRA displayed a reduction in diastolic blood
      pressure, whereas those with high PRA raised their blood pressure compared to
      placebo. Also subjects with low pretreatment values for plasma-ionized calcium
      and high levels of parathyroid hormone showed a reduction in diastolic blood
      pressure. This study supports the idea of a relationship between calcium
      metabolism and the renin-aldosterone system in essential hypertension and
      describes a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in
      low-renin hypertension.

PMID- 2643970
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Emerging differences and new compounds.
AB  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), introduced in clinical practice
      in 1980, are a relatively new class of drugs. They have been useful in the
      treatment of hypertension, where they are effective monotherapy in 40% to 50% of
      the patients and in combination therapy in up to 90%. They are also useful in the
      symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement and in decreasing mortality of patients
      with congestive heart failure. In this respect, they appear to be superior to
      other vasodilators. The clinical success of the marketed compounds and the
      expected increase in market share of these drugs, estimated to approach one
      billion dollars in the next few years, has created great interest among
      clinicians and within the drug industry. The emerging differences among the three
      marketed ACEIs and promising new agents that are expected to be marketed in the
      next few years are the subject of this review.

PMID- 2643972
TI  - The deformity termed 'pug nose' and its correction by a simple operation. By John
      Orlando Roe, 1887.

PMID- 2643971
TI  - Does renotropin have a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension?
AB  - The existence of an organ-specific, circulating renal growth factor, renotropin,
      has been established through various bioassays. However, renotropin may be more
      than a growth factor. The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is unknown,
      although a humoral agent related to renal metabolism is believed to be
      responsible, at least in part. In parallel with the development of a renotropin
      assay, we have measured vasomotor and natriuretic serum activities. Our data
      suggest that renotropin possesses vasomotor and natriuretic properties. Through
      one or both properties, renotropin may play an important role in essential
      hypertension. This possibility is strengthened by observations that: a) many
      methods to produce experimental hypertension involve elevations of renotropin--a
      reduction of renal mass and/or prevention of compensatory growth; b) high
      renotropin activity has been demonstrated in genetically hypertensive rats (SHR);
      and c) sera containing high renotropic activity stimulate contraction of isolated
      rat aortic rings and influence organic anion and cation transport.

PMID- 2643973
TI  - Surgical correction of enophthalmos and diplopia. A report of 38 cases.
AB  - Enophthalmos, hypophthalmos, and diplopia are complications of orbital injury.
      This article reviews the causes of these sequelae, describes a method of
      strategic implantation of bone grafts to the orbit (and malar bone), and reports
      the long-term (six months to eight years) results in 38 cases. As a result of
      bone grafting, all but two patients had a correction of the enophthalmos to
      within 1 to 2 mm of the opposite eye. Of the 20 patients with diplopia, 15 had
      correction, and an additional four had an improvement of diplopia so it occurred
      in only one field of gaze. Of the 22 patients with grafts to the malar bone, 16
      were thought to have good to excellent results; however, six developed some
      degree of reabsorption at the graft site. No patients had any decrease in vision.
      The advantages and disadvantages of the surgical procedure are described and
      compared with other methods.

PMID- 2643974
TI  - Histoacryl. Its use in aesthetic facial plastic surgery.
AB  - Since their discovery in 1949, cyanoacrylates have evoked interest as being a
      possible ideal "tissue glue." Several different forms of these compounds have
      been developed in order to try to reduce or eliminate tissue toxicity. Butyl-2
      cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) appears to be the closest ideal material as it induces
      low tissue reactivity and toxicity. It has been used extensively for middle ear
      surgery with little or no adverse effects. A historical review of tissue
      adhesives and a discussion of technical considerations is outlined. A clinical
      trial of 100 patients treated with Histoacryl on various surgical wounds revealed
      no significant adverse effects with wound healing, graft rejection, or infection
      over a six-month period. Histoacryl appears to offer many advantages and few
      disadvantages over conventional suture techniques.

PMID- 2643975
TI  - Ptosis and blepharoplasty surgery.
AB  - Acquired senile ptosis of the upper eyelid is a common condition in the elderly
      population and is often accompanied by varying amounts of dermatochalasis, which
      may mask its presence. Blepharoplasty of the ptotic lid, without repair of the
      ptosis, may result in exaggeration of the drooping eyelid postoperatively.
      Acquired senile ptosis is produced by dehiscence or disinsertion of the levator
      aponeurosis and is characterized by a high or absent eyelid crease, thinning of
      the upper eyelid tissue, and normal levator function. Frequent causes of acquired
      ptosis include dermatochalasis, eyelid edema from trauma or allergies, previous
      ocular surgery, or use of contact lenses. When discovered, repair of the ptosis
      should be performed at the time of blepharoplasty to produce the best functional
      and cosmetic result. It is important for every surgeon who performs
      blepharoplasties to be aware of the presentation and management of acquired
      senile ptosis for consistent surgical results.

PMID- 2643976
TI  - SASMAS suspension rhytidectomy. Rationale and long-term experience.
AB  - Prudent surgeons who perform face-lifting operations continue to alter techniques
      to reduce morbidity and achieve lasting results. The philosophy and technique
      herein described arose from the premise that suspension of the superficial
      musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) suspends the skin-adipose unit (SA). In turn,
      suspension of the skin-adipose unit (SA) suspends the SMAS. When proper
      suspension is achieved, both systems function in tandem as a single unit, ie, the
      SASMAS (skin-adipose superficial musculoaponeurotic system). The SASMAS technique
      has been performed in approximately 1200 patients with gratifying results and
      minimal complications.

PMID- 2643977
TI  - Cloning and expression of the Legionella micdadei "common antigen" in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - To study individual Legionella antigens, a Legionella micdadei genomic library in
      Escherichia coli SC181 was established. Partially Sau3A digested L. micdadei DNA
      fragments (15-25 kilobase pairs (kb] were cloned into the tetracycline resistance
      gene of the cosmid vector pHC79. Four thousand ampicillin resistant recombinants
      were obtained; seven hundred were screened for expression of Legionella antigens
      in Western blot analysis with a polyspecific E. coli-absorbed anti-L. micdadei
      rabbit antibody. One of the positive clones expressed a 60 kilodalton (K)
      antigen, which reacted strongly with a monospecific rabbit antiserum raised
      against L. micdadei "common antigen" (CA), and an additional 13 K L. micdadei
      protein. The region encoding these two proteins from the 17 kb recombinant
      plasmid (pBA 2) was subcloned in pBGS18+. The DNA sequence of the CA encoding
      region in the 2.7 kb subcloned fragment will provide important information with
      respect to genetic vs. antigenic relatedness among Legionellae and other Gram
      negative species, as well as to CA structure and possible function.

PMID- 2643978
TI  - Detection of Chlamydia in postmortal formalin-fixed tissue.
AB  - A procedure to detect Chlamydia in postmortal formalin-fixed tissue is described.
      Monoclonal antibodies against a genus specific chlamydia epitope were used in
      immunofluorescence to detect chlamydia inclusions in formalin-fixed tissue
      sections. Lung sections from chlamydia-infected mice were examined and the effect
      of autolysis and tetracycline treatment was evaluated. Furthermore, lung tissue
      from two patients who died of ornithosis was examined. Inclusions detected in
      lung sections showed a bright apple-green fluorescence, and had a characteristic
      and easily recognizable morphology. Background and non-specific fluorescence were
      reduced by treating the tissue sections with trypsin, rabbit serum and Evans blue
      counterstain. Besides giving an exact diagnosis at autopsy, the method provides
      the possibility of determining the occurrence of chlamydia infections in various
      tissues, based on retrospective investigations in formalin-fixed tissues.

PMID- 2643979
TI  - Oligonucleotide gene probes may detect enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli directly
      in fecal smears.
AB  - Diarrhoeal stools from 86 Indian children were examined for the presence of
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) by DNA hybridization on bacterial
      colonies as well as directly on fecal smears. Colony hybridization showed that 8
      of the samples contained ETEC. Only in three of these specimens were all the
      colonies tested positive for ETEC. These samples were correctly identified by the
      stool smear hybridization assay. The remaining 5 specimens produced
      enterotoxigenic as well as nonenterotoxigenic colonies. These samples were all
      negative by the stool smear hybridization technique. Methodological improvements
      of the stool smear assay may provide a substantially simplified method for the
      otherwise cumbersome identification of ETEC.

PMID- 2643980
TI  - On-line monitoring of sequential blood flow reduction during splenic
      embolization.
AB  - Partial embolization of the spleen has been well established for the treatment of
      hypersplenism. A weakness of the technique is the lack of an objective method to
      quantitate the flow reduction during the procedure. The video dilution technique
      (VDT) has earlier been used to measure blood flow in regional arteries using
      video cassette replay. By adapting the VDT concept of relative flow to digital
      subtraction angiography, it is possible to calculate the flow reduction instantly
      following each injection of embolic material. We present a case of partial
      splenic embolization where the flow in the splenic artery was reduced to a
      predetermined level of 50 per cent of baseline flow. The clinical results were
      excellent. By observing the clinical results of partial embolization, terminated
      at different levels of flow reduction, it will be possible to optimize the
      results and prevent overembolization.

PMID- 2643981
TI  - A-mode ultrasonic detection of slow flow velocities in vitro.
AB  - The lower limits of detection of moving particles was studied with a sensitive A
      mode scanner. Particles of two different sizes (25 microns and 90 microns) were
      perfused with different velocities in two different tubes. The motion of single
      latex particles with a diameter of 90 microns could be demonstrated in both
      tubes. The A-mode scanner had no lower limit in detecting motion of the 90
      microns particles.

PMID- 2643982
TI  - Ultrasonically guided subclavian vein catheterization.

PMID- 2643983
TI  - Intraarterial digital subtraction venography (i.a.-DSV) of abdominal vessels.

PMID- 2643984
TI  - Double contrast barium enema combined with non-invasive imaging in peritoneal
      mesothelioma.
AB  - Mesotheliomas are rare tumors arising from serosal linings of the major serous
      cavities. Five patients with peritoneal mesothelioma underwent a double contrast
      barium enema (DCBE) and ultrasonography (US) (2 patients), computed tomography
      (CT) (3 patients) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (3 patients). The
      diagnosis was confirmed at laparotomy. The radiologic pattern at DCBE is
      unspecific and consists of compression and dislocation of bowel loops by
      extrinsic masses. Mesenteric retraction and segmental stenosis may be present. In
      one patient DCBE was normal. US, CT and MRI findings are also unspecific but when
      combined with information obtained from DCBE the site and abdominal extension of
      the disease are well defined.

PMID- 2643985
TI  - Preoperative ultrasound assessment of choledochal cysts. Report of three cases.
AB  - Ultrasonography performed with modern equipment is capable of outlining the
      anatomy of the biliary and pancreatic ducts within the head of the pancreas. We
      present two typical cases of choledochal cysts where ultrasound provided complete
      anatomic information and a more complicated case which required more extensive
      radiology.

PMID- 2643986
TI  - Vascular parenchymal sources of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
AB  - Fourteen cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) were reviewed: 6 (group
      A) were caused by pancreatitis, 3 (group B) by hemobilia, and 5 (group C) by
      rupture of esophageal varices due to arterioportal shunts. Elective endoscopy
      carried out in 7 patients in groups A and B was negative; in 2 actively bleeding
      patients in group A emergency endoscopy could not detect the source of
      hemorrhage. Endoscopy was carried out in 4 patients in group C for diagnosis and
      sclerosis, but severe hemorrhage recurred in spite of treatment. Ultrasonography
      (US) and computed tomography (CT) were carried out prior to angiography in 5 and
      4 patients, respectively, and always suggested a parenchymal lesion. All patients
      underwent angiography. Transcatheter control of the hemorrhage was attempted as
      an emergency in 2 patients (as a presurgical step in one); elective embolization
      was the treatment of choice for 8 patients, with good results in 6. This study
      suggests the usefulness of US and CT both in the detection of parenchymal lesions
      causing UGIB not clarified by endoscopy, and in the selection of patients for
      angiographic treatment.

PMID- 2643987
TI  - Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Ultrasonographic findings in 5
      cases.
AB  - The ultrasonographic findings in 5 patients (4 males, 1 female, mean age 70
      years) presenting with mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas are described.
      The lesion was located in the head and body of the pancreas in 2 cases, in the
      head alone in 2 others, and in the tail in one. The size ranged from 40 to 85 mm
      (mean 64 mm). Internal septa were seen in 5 patients, endocystic proliferation in
      2, parietal calcifications in 1 and mixed cystic-solid areas in 3. The estimation
      of CEA in the fluid collected by sonographic guided puncture may be useful in
      diagnosis. Guided microbiopsy and fine needle cytology performed in 3 cases
      confirmed the diagnosis. Moreover, ultrasonography clearly showed the
      modifications of the vessels (splenic and portal veins, inferior vena cava)
      secondary to the tumor. It is concluded that ultrasonography with guided puncture
      is a simple, inexpensive and effective method for the diagnosis of mucinous
      cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

PMID- 2643988
TI  - Duplex sonography of normal renal allografts.
AB  - Thirty-five patients with normal renal allografts as well as 10 healthy
      volunteers with normal native kidneys were examined by duplex sonography. Blood
      flow measurements were performed in the main renal artery as well as in
      segmental, interlobar and arcuate arteries. In both groups the normal range of
      variation in blood flow was defined by using the resistive index (RI). Doppler
      wave forms and RI of main renal arteries were both similar to those of their
      branches. In renal allografts as well as in native kidneys the blood flow pattern
      showed a rapid up-slope in systole followed by a gradual down-slope in early
      diastole, with a persistent flow throughout diastole. In addition, there was no
      significant difference in the RI between allografted and native kidneys. The
      interobserver variability was less than 10 per cent. The mean RI was 0.68 using
      all data points. Vascular rejection in 11 patients could be discriminated
      significantly (p less than 0.001). Duplex sonography is useful in evaluating
      renal blood flow. This simple and non-invasive technique seems to be useful in
      long-term follow-up of renal allograft recipients.

PMID- 2643989
TI  - Demonstration of pedal arterial arcades in occlusive arteriosclerotic disease.
      Conventional and digital subtraction angiography compared.
AB  - Conventional arteriography, intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA),
      and intravenous DSA were used in the evaluation of the patency of the pedal
      arterial arcades in 15 patients with advanced peripheral arteriosclerotic
      disease. Intraarterial DSA was found to be superior to conventional
      arteriography. In 12 of 15 patients, excellent or good results were achieved by
      intraarterial DSA compared with 5 or 15 patients examined by conventional
      arteriography. All intravenous DSA studies performed in 6 patients were
      classified as poor.

PMID- 2643990
TI  - Hydrogen evolution of Enterobacter aerogenes depending on culture pH: mechanism
      of hydrogen evolution from NADH by means of membrane-bound hydrogenase.
AB  - The pH dependency of cell mass productivity, the hydrogen evolution rate and the
      yield of hydrogen from glucose was measured by controlling the pH of the culture
      automatically. The cell mass productivity of Enterobacter aerogenes increased in
      a linear fashion up to a pH value of approx. 7.0. In contrast, both the evolution
      rate and the yield of hydrogen showed convex relationships up to a pH value of
      7.0, both having maximum values at a pH of approx. 5.8. The maximum evolution
      rate was approx. 11.3 mmol H2 per g dry cell per h at 38 degrees C. A
      hypothetical mechanism for hydrogen evolution was proposed by taking our results
      and other research work into consideration. The proposed mechanism of hydrogen
      evolution was that NADH was oxidized on the inside surface of the cell membrane
      and protons were reduced on the outside surface by means of membrane-bound
      hydrogenase. This mechanism explains in a thermodynamic context the relation
      between the activity of the hydrogen evolution and the pH of the culture.

PMID- 2643991
TI  - Transient optical spectroscopy of single crystals of the reaction center from
      Rhodobacter sphaeroides wild-type 2.4.1.
AB  - The photoactivity of the crystallized reaction centers from Rhodobacter
      sphaeroides wild-type strain 2.4.1 has been examined by light-induced absorption
      spectral changes associated with charge separation and triplet state formation in
      the reaction center. Upon excitation of a crystal at ambient redox potential, the
      primary donor 865 nm band bleaches reversibly. The kinetics of its recovery were
      found to be biphasic with rate constants 11.5 +/- 1.3 s-1 and 0.9 +/- 0.4 s-1
      which correspond to lifetimes of 87.0 +/- 9.0 ms and 1.0 +/- 0.7 s, respectively.
      The ratio of the fast-to-slow component preexponential terms was 3.5 +/- 1.1
      suggesting that the majority (78.9 +/- 13.0%) of the reaction centers in the
      crystals lack the secondary quinone, QB. The addition of sodium ascorbate to the
      crystals attenuates the 865 nm absorption change, and gives rise to strong
      carotenoid triplet-triplet absorption changes at 547 nm. These data indicate that
      the reaction center-bound carotenoid in the crystals is capable of accepting
      triplet energy from the primary donor triplet.

PMID- 2643992
TI  - Changes in chemical structure and function in Escherichia coli cell membranes
      caused by freeze-thawing. I. Change of lipid state in bilayer vesicles and in the
      original membrane fragments depending on rate of freezing.
AB  - The effect of different rates of freezing on the character of lipids in
      unilamellar lipid bilayer vesicles and in the original membrane fragments of
      Escherichia coli B cells was investigated by measuring the temperature-dependent
      fluorescence polarization ratio changes of cis- and trans-parinaric acids. In
      lipid bilayer vesicles, both slow and rapid freezing brought about significant
      alterations in fluorescence polarization ratios in the specimens derived from
      both logarithmic and stationary-phase cells. In the original membrane fragments
      derived from logarithmic-phase cells, slow freezing gave rise to a similar
      alteration in fluorescence polarization ratio change, but no such alteration was
      found in the case of rapid freezing. Logarithmic-phase cells suffered from a
      membrane permeability change during slow freezing, which subsequently resulted in
      low cell viability. The cells suffered only slight impairment in membrane
      function during rapid freezing, and maintained higher viability. These results
      suggest that the primary site of damage due to freezing of the cells is the
      cellular membranes, and this destruction is due to a lipid state change in the
      membranes brought about by freezing.

PMID- 2643993
TI  - Changes in chemical structure and function in Escherichia coli cell membranes
      caused by freeze-thawing. II. Membrane lipid state and response of cells to
      dehydration.
AB  - Glycerol and spermine prevented the freeze-induced alteration of lipid character
      in membrane fragments derived from Escherichia coli B logarithmic-phase cells,
      protecting against loss of membrane function and subsequently maintaining higher
      cell viability. The membrane specimens derived from the stationary-phase cells
      exhibited high resistance to freezing-induced alteration of the membrane lipid
      character, and to freezing injury. Freeze-drying of membrane fragment specimens
      from both logarithmic- and stationary-phase cells gave rise to alterations in
      lipid state similar to those shown in freeze-thawing of logarithmic-phase cell
      membrane specimens. Freeze-drying brought about reduction of cell viability in
      both growth phase specimens. It is suggested, therefore, that the fundamental
      cause of the injury induced by freezing of living materials is dehydration of
      lipid-rich systems such as cellular membranes.

PMID- 2643994
TI  - Protonophoric effects of antimalarial drugs and alkylamines in Escherichia coli
      membranes.
AB  - Inside-out vesicles of Escherichia coli whose lumen was acidified by substrate
      oxidation, were used to study the mode of pH gradient dissipation by quinoline
      containing antimalarial drugs and alkylamines. The pH was dissipated by
      micromolar drug concentrations, the dibasic chloroquine being most potent,
      followed by the monobasic mefloquine, quinine and the dibasic 7H-quinoline. The
      time dependence of pH dissipation as a function of membrane potential suggests
      that the monoprotonated forms of the drugs are able to cross the bacterial
      membrane. Alkylamines were able to dissipate the pH gradient in the 0.01-5 mM
      range, their rank order of potency being related to their hydrophobicity.
      Tertiary amines were less effective than less hydrophobic primary primary amines,
      implying an effect of molecular volume of their diffusion across the membrane.
      Both sets of results suggest that amphiphilic weak bases can cross membranes in
      their free-base form, become protonated in an acid environment and diffuse in
      this form along their concentration gradient and aided by the membrane potential,
      thereby dissipating the pH gradient.

PMID- 2643995
TI  - Incorporation of histidine into the pyrimidine moiety of thiamin in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - To investigate the incorporation of histidine into the pyrimidine moiety of
      thiamin in eukaryotes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown in a synthetic medium
      in the presence of 15N- or 14C-labeled histidine. Two 15N-atoms of DL-[1,3
      15N2]histidine were incorporated into the N-3 and amino-N atom at C-4 of
      pyrimidine. Furthermore, incorporation of the 15N-amino group of aspartate, the
      origin of the N-1 of histidine, into the N-3 of pyrimidine shows that N-3 and the
      amino-N atom at C-4 of pyrimidine are derived from N-1 and N-3 of histidine,
      respectively. In contrast, the 15N atom of DL-[amino-15N]histidine was not
      incorporated into the molecule, whereas L-[2-14C]histidine was incorporated
      directly into the pyrimidine. We conclude that N-1, C-2, and N-3 of histidine are
      the origins of the N-3, C-4, and amino-N at C-4 of the pyrimidine in thiamin
      synthesized by S. cerevisiae.

PMID- 2643996
TI  - Acute and subchronic effects of low-dose bromocriptine in haloperidol-treated
      schizophrenics.
AB  - The effects of the acute (within 24 hr) and subchronic (21 days) addition of low
      dose bromocriptine (2.5 mg/day) were compared to placebo in schizophrenic
      patients treated concomitantly with haloperidol. After 24 hr patients on
      bromocriptine (n = 15) showed a mean improvement of 29% in the total score of the
      Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) as compared to 14% in the placebo group (n
      = 15) (p less than 0.10). The acute improvement correlated negatively with
      bromocriptine plasma levels; patients with the highest reduction in BPRS score
      had the lowest plasma levels (between 50 and 150 pg/ml) at 60, 90, and 120 min
      after intake. The improvement in the bromocriptine group continued until the 10th
      day of the trial, when a nonsignificant increase in the total BPRS score took
      place. Analysis of Variance of the overall BPRS improvement during the 21 days
      revealed no significant difference between both patient groups. Our results give
      modest support to the idea of an acute antipsychotic response to low-dose
      dopamine agonists in neuroleptic-treated patients, but fail to support their
      clinical usefulness in the subchronic treatment of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2643997
TI  - [Effects of gentamycin on interactions of neutrophils with Staphylococcus].
AB  - The authors studied the effect of gentamicin on abilities of neutrophils to
      uptake and killing of extracellular Staphylococcus. Gentamicin had not changed
      naturally the ability of healthy men and burn patients neutrophils to uptake
      Staphylococcus, but intensified the ability of neutrophils to killing of these
      bacteria.

PMID- 2643998
TI  - [Monoclonal autoantibodies to different epithelial structures of the thymus gland
      obtained by the immunization with streptococcal group A antigens].
AB  - By the indirect immunofluorescence method it was shown to which epithelial thymus
      structures monoclonal antibodies (mAT) reacting with the different epidermal
      structures are directed. These mAT related to the autoantibodies were obtained
      earlier, as a result of lymphoid cells polyclonal activation, by the immunization
      of BALB/c mice with streptococcal group A nonspecific protein antigens of the
      cell wall. It was shown that mAT A6/1, reacting with the basal layer of the skin
      epithelium are directed to the epithelium of the cortical and medullar thymus
      zones, which is regarded as the so called endocrinal epithelium. These mAT, by
      the study with immunoblotting method, react with the protein of mV SOkD, B5/1 mAT
      to the skin epithelium, on the thymus sections react with the single cells around
      the Hassel bodies.

PMID- 2643999
TI  - Clinically unsuspected complications of arterial surgery shown by post-operative
      digital subtraction angiography.
AB  - Intravenous digital subtraction angiography was performed within 20 days of 678
      vascular reconstructions as a routine post-operative evaluation. After 339
      carotid endarterectomies, 34 patients showed a stenosis of greater than 30% and
      six occlusions were seen. In 157 patients after aortic aneurysm repair, we found
      five anastomotic aneurysms and seven stenoses of greater than 30%. After aortic
      bypass surgery, 77 patients were evaluated and nine stenoses were found; no
      anastomotic aneurysms were seen. In 105 patients with femoro-distal bypass
      procedures, occlusion was reported in 11 cases and stenosis in 13 cases. One
      patient had two anastomotic aneurysms. To summarize, major abnormalities were
      present in 81 cases (12.7%) and consisted of 59 stenoses of greater than 30%, 17
      occlusions and six patients with anastomotic aneurysms. Most of these were
      unexpected and were reason for more critical follow-up or re-operation.

PMID- 2644000
TI  - Aortic tumours: report of a case and review of the literature.
AB  - We present a case of a leiomyosarcoma originating in the wall of the descending
      aorta and give a review of 27 previously reported cases of aortic neoplasms. An
      extraluminal aortic leiomyosarcoma has not been reported before in the
      literature.

PMID- 2644001
TI  - Van Buchem's disease with classical radiological features and appearances on
      cranial computed tomography.

PMID- 2644002
TI  - Polyorchidism diagnosed by ultrasound.

PMID- 2644003
TI  - Limited responsiveness of LHRH neurons to norepinephrine may account for failure
      of locus coeruleus or medullary A1 electrical stimulation to increase plasma LH
      in estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats.
AB  - We recently reported that electrical stimulation (ES) of the locus coeruleus (LC)
      or the medullary A1 noradrenergic cell groups markedly increased LH secretion.
      However, these amplifying effects occurred only in rats in which preliminary
      electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) was
      performed. In contrast, ES of either LC or A1 alone did not alter basal LH
      secretion. Possible explanations for this dichotomy in LH response include: (1)
      LHRH neurons in unanesthetized, estrogen-treated ovariectomized (OVX) rats are
      relatively unresponsive to NE, (2) the chloral hydrate anesthesia used in our
      brain stimulation studies elevates the threshold of excitability of LHRH neurons
      to norepinephrine (NE) and/or pituitary responsiveness to LHRH, (3) preliminary
      MPN-ECS reduces thresholds of responsiveness of LHRH neurons to NE, and (4) the
      LHRH secreted after MPN-ECS sensitizes the pituitary gland to the subsequent
      small amounts of LHRH released following LC- or A1-stimulation. To provide
      answers to these questions, 3 experiments were performed in estrogen-treated OVX
      rats into which had been inserted the third ventricle and jugular cannulae. In
      the first study, the effects of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) or ACSF +
      NE (5, 20, or 45 micrograms) on plasma LH concentrations in unanesthetized,
      unrestrained rats were examined. The intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of 5
      micrograms of NE increased plasma LH by 61.3% above basal levels within 10 min
      whereas 20 or 45 micrograms NE elevated LH values 166.9 and 182.8%, respectively.
      The next study examined the effects of anesthetic drugs on LH response produced
      by ICV infusions of 45 micrograms of NE. Regardless of whether rats were
      anesthetized with ether, chloral hydrate, urethane, Saffan (alphaxolone +
      alphadolone) or ketamine + acepromazine, peak LH responses to ICV NE were not
      significantly different from unanesthetized controls. In a second study we
      observed that ICV NE (45 micrograms) markedly amplified and prolonged the release
      of LH after MPN-ECS. Moreover, the peak LH responses in these animals were
      approximately 10 x greater than those obtained in rats which received ICV NE but
      not MPN-ECS. The third series of studies demonstrated that pituitary
      responsiveness to LHRH was not an important factor in dictating the LH response
      obtained after NE ICV infusions. These data suggest that LHRH neurons in estrogen
      primed OVX rats are not particularly responsive to NE and that following MPN-ECS,
      LHRH neuronal responsiveness to this catecholamine markedly increases.

PMID- 2644004
TI  - Q fever: an emerging public health concern in Canada.
AB  - Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in livestock are on the increase in Canada. The
      progressive spread of Coxiella burnetii takes place in the animal reservoirs of
      the rickettsia, mainly domestic ruminants. Human Q fever is a reverberation of
      the coxiellosis situation on our farms. Increasing animal concentration resulting
      from the industrialization of agriculture and oversight of the infection in
      livestock permitted the extension of the zoonotic problem on the farms.
      Initiative for control of coxiellosis, however, is called for by public health
      interests at the present time to assure occupational health and safety for
      workers, and the protection of the general population residing in coxiella
      threatened environments.

PMID- 2644005
TI  - Survival of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in Genoa salami of
      varying salt concentration.
AB  - Genoa salami prepared using three different salt concentrations (2.0, 2.75 and
      3.3%) were inoculated with 2.0 x 10(3) and 1.1 x 10(3) bacteria/g of Salmonella
      typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Over a period of 74 days
      samples were taken and analyzed for water activity and pH, counts of S. aureus
      and presence of Salmonella. After 11 days of dry-curing Salmonella could no
      longer be detected by preenrichment followed by selective enrichment procedures.
      Viable S. aureus were still found after 74 days of dry-curing. The results of
      this study would suggest that water activity and pH measurements are useful in
      evaluating the safety of dry-cured products.

PMID- 2644007
TI  - Consensus reports: implications for the management of hypercholesterolemia and
      for future research.

PMID- 2644006
TI  - Medicolegal considerations in the initiation and termination of resuscitation in
      Canada.
AB  - Medicolegal issues in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiac
      care were considered in the United States by the National Conference on
      Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in 1985. This paper discusses these issues in the
      Canadian context. Although there is little legislation or case precedent in
      Canada to guide providers of CPR in decision-making, there appears to be little
      risk of liability or prosecution for competently rendered care. Providers should
      be cautious in withholding or withdrawing resuscitative measures from incompetent
      patients when brain death has not occurred and cardiovascular unresponsiveness
      has not been demonstrated. However, resuscitation may be withheld when a
      competent patient refuses it or if there is another medically and legally valid
      reason to do so.

PMID- 2644008
TI  - Hypercholesterolemia: a reversible risk factor for coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2644009
TI  - Ancient medical library being resurrected in Egypt.

PMID- 2644010
TI  - Sequential half-body irradiation in lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Report of a case
      and an immunohistologic study.
AB  - A case is presented of a man with ulcerating skin nodules who was diagnosed by
      histologic and immunohistologic analysis of skin biopsy specimens as having
      lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG). Phenotypic studies showed the majority of the
      infiltrating cells to be activated CD4+ T-lymphocytes. The disease followed a
      rapidly progressive course and did not respond to treatment with cytotoxic
      chemotherapy. The patient developed life-threatening systemic symptoms and
      involvement of both upper and lower respiratory tracts. After treatment with
      sequential half-body irradiation he has been in complete remission for 3.5 years.

PMID- 2644011
TI  - Progression of follicular large cell lymphoma to Burkitt's lymphoma.
AB  - Histologic progression of lymphoma into more aggressive cell types is well
      documented. We describe a patient who had the histologic and cytogenetic features
      of Burkitt's lymphoma after 15 years of therapy for follicular large cell
      lymphoma. To the best of our knowledge, this clinical progression with histologic
      and cytogenetic confirmation has not been reported.

PMID- 2644012
TI  - Giant cell fibroblastoma.
AB  - Two cases of giant cell fibroblastoma in children are described and the available
      literature on these uncommon neoplasms is summarized. Several local recurrences
      were noticed in both of our cases, but no metastases occurred. The histologic
      appearance was distinctive, but no firm conclusions regarding histogenesis could
      be drawn. Immunostaining methods ruled out a vascular origin. The evidence was
      not sufficient enough to either confirm or refute a neoplastic histiocytic
      component of these tumors. The clinical course and pathologic findings suggested
      that these lesions be classified tentatively with the fibromatoses of childhood.

PMID- 2644013
TI  - Primary adrenal lymphoma.
AB  - A case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (large cell immunoblastic sarcoma) arising as a
      primary malignancy in the adrenal gland is reported and the literature concerning
      this unusual tumor is reviewed. Although extremely rare, it is possible to make
      the diagnosis preoperatively. Therefore, primary adrenal lymphoma should be
      included in the differential diagnosis of a suprarenal mass.

PMID- 2644014
TI  - Transitional cell carcinoma in high-grade high-stage ovarian carcinoma. An
      indicator of favorable response to chemotherapy.
AB  - We reviewed 53 high-grade carcinomas of the ovary in order to define pathologic
      features that correlate with prognosis. All tumors were Stage III with comparable
      amounts of residual tumor left after the primary resection. Similar postoperative
      chemotherapeutic regimens were given to each patient, and there was a clinical
      followup of at least four years in each case. The tumors were classified
      according to their predominant (greater than 50%) histology as transitional cell
      carcinoma (TCC) (18 tumors), papillary serous (18), undifferentiated (8), or
      endometrioid (3). There were six mixed carcinomas without predominant histology.
      In 17 of 18 patients, TCC predominant tumors responded completely to chemotherapy
      and 15 of 18 patients (83%) are alive without disease 4 to 10 years after
      presentation (average 6.8 years). In comparison, tumor progression/recurrence
      developed in 31 of 35 non-TCC tumors (18 serous, eight undifferentiated, one
      endometrioid predominant, and four mixed carcinomas). Of these 35 patients, 27
      (77%) died of disease from 6 months to 7 years after presentation (average 2.5
      yrs.). Flow cytometric determination of DNA content and immunoperoxidase studies
      did not allow discrimination between the histologic types of high-grade ovarian
      carcinomas. We conclude that TCC should be recognized as a distinct histologic
      type of ovarian carcinoma because of the favorable response to chemotherapy and
      improved patient survival.

PMID- 2644015
TI  - Immunodetection in fine-needle aspirates and multiparametric (SAMBA) image
      analysis. Receptors (monoclonal antiestrogen and antiprogesterone) and growth
      fraction (monoclonal Ki67) evaluation in breast carcinomas.
AB  - Immunocytochemical assays (ICA) using monoclonal antiestrogen receptors (ER ICA),
      antiprogesterone receptors (PR ICA), and monoclonal antibody Ki67 (Ki67 ICA) were
      performed in 127 breast carcinomas. The immunostaining procedures were applied on
      frozen tissue sections, tumour imprints, and fine-needle aspirates in order to
      compare the variations in the distribution of the antigens detected in the three
      different types of preparations. Positive reactions detected with peroxidase
      antiperoxidase and avidinbiotin-peroxidase, and alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline
      phosphatase complexes were evaluated through a computerized system of image
      analysis referred to as SAMBA 200 (SAMBA TITN, Grenoble, France). Application
      programs specifically developed for the analysis of tissue sections and of
      cytologic preparations were applied. This system allowed a multiparametric,
      accurate, reliable, reproducible and automatized evaluation of the heterogeneity
      of the antigenic sites in tumors. For each markers positive cell surface (PS),
      and integrated and mean optical densities (IOD, MOD) and IOD histograms were
      compared. It was shown that (1) there was no significant variation in optical
      densities in cell imprints and aspirates whereas PS significantly (P less than
      0.01) differed in both preparations; (2) there were significant differences of
      the optical densities between tissue sections and cytological preparations,
      either imprints or aspirates, likely due to randomly cut nuclei in tissue
      sections; and (3) there was a significant difference between the PS of tissue
      sections and aspirates but no significant difference between tissue sections and
      imprints. It is concluded that fine-needle aspiration constitutes a convenient
      method for cell sampling, reliable for the diagnosis of malignancies. However, it
      may not reflect the heterogeneity of cell subpopulations in tissue.

PMID- 2644016
TI  - Multiple carcinoids and endocrine cell micronests in type A gastritis. Their
      morphology, histogenesis, and natural history.
AB  - Six cases of type A gastritis associated with multiple carcinoids and/or
      endocrine cell micronests (ECM) in the atrophic fundic mucosa were examined light
      microscopically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally. The ECM and
      carcinoids were mainly composed of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. The cells
      were hyperplastic only in the atrophic fundic glands and pseudopyloric glands,
      but not in the intestinal metaplastic gland. It is suggested that the development
      of both the ECM and the carcinoids is highly related to the atrophic change of
      the fundic mucosa and a trophic action of subsequently raised serum gastrin in
      type A gastritis and that the both lesions arise from the pseudopyloric glands or
      atrophic fundic glands. In addition, the definition of neoplastic ECM
      (microcarcinoid) of the stomach was made with comparative study on both the cases
      with ECM and multiple carcinoids and the cases with ECM alone.

PMID- 2644017
TI  - Hodgkin's disease of the skin. A case report.
AB  - A 74 year-old woman presented with cutaneous Hodgkin's disease and local bone
      involvement. Both were secondary to regional lymph flow obstruction by lymph
      nodes massively involved by nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. Though a
      temporary remission was achieved by combination chemotherapy, skin lesions were
      quick to reappear in spite of continued treatment. This was felt to be due to
      local mechanical factors. A review of the literature reveals two main patterns of
      Hodgkin's disease of the skin. In one, the disease is either confined to the
      skin, or is unrelated to existing nodal or visceral involvement. In the other,
      skin infiltration is secondary to regional lymph node involvement by Hodgkin's
      disease, as seen in our patient. The pattern of skin involvement by Hodgkin's
      disease should be taken into consideration in assessing its prognostic
      significance.

PMID- 2644018
TI  - Myelolipoma of the liver. A case report.
AB  - We treated a 56 year-old woman with myelolipoma originating from the liver.
      Hepatic imagings, including ultrasound and computed tomography (CT), demonstrated
      characteristic features of a fat-enriched tumor. Since this tumor was
      symptomatic, hepatic resection was done, with good results. The histology
      revealed tissues mainly composed of fat and bone marrow elements. The diagnosis
      was hepatic myelolipoma.

PMID- 2644019
TI  - Electrocardiographic pseudo-myocardial infarct pattern in malignant cardiac
      disease.
AB  - A patient with disseminated diffuse histiocytic lymphoma had persistent
      electrocardiographic (ECG) signs of acute myocardial infarction without clinical,
      enzymatic, or hemodynamic evidence of myocardial necrosis. The ECG findings were
      felt to be secondary to myocardial tumor invasion by antemortem noninvasive
      testing. This was confirmed by postmortem examination. Based on this report and a
      literature review, the particular ECG findings noted (lateral leads) are felt to
      be highly predictive of direct tumor invasion in this setting.

PMID- 2644020
TI  - Rhabdomyosarcoma of the oral and paraoral region.
AB  - Oral rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) was studied by analysis of eight such cases which
      presented over a 25-year period. Rhabdomyosarcoma was the fourth most common oral
      sarcoma (7.5%) from this period after osteosarcoma (32%), fibrosarcoma (19%), and
      chondrosarcoma (9%). In patients younger than 20 years, RMS was the second most
      common sarcoma (six cases) after osteosarcoma (ten cases). Combined analysis with
      113 further cases documented in the literature showed the majority of cases
      (71.2%) were embryonal. The alveolar subtype was considered a distant second in
      frequency (12.3%) even though the pleomorphic subtype was apparently more common
      (16.4%). However, the pleomorphic cases were diagnosed before histologic criteria
      were established to discern this entity from other pleomorphic sarcomas and this
      data is probably unreliable. Site predilections were found for the soft palate,
      maxillary sinus and alveolus, posterior mandibular region, cheek and lip and
      possibly tongue. The gingiva and floor of mouth were uncommon sites. There was a
      predilection for occurrence in the first two decades with a decline in the third
      decade. Documentation of recent cases treated with a multidisciplinary approach
      indicated that lesions in the oral soft tissues have a good prognosis; 17 of 21
      such cases showed no evidence of disease after a mean follow-up period of 7.2
      years (SD = 4.4). In contrast, four of five cases in the posterior mandible
      resulted in death after a mean period of 1.1 years (SD = 0.3).

PMID- 2644021
TI  - Role of the virology laboratory in diagnosis and management of patients with
      central nervous system disease.
AB  - A number of viruses cause acute central nervous system disease. The two major
      clinical presentations are aseptic meningitis and the less common
      meningoencephalitis. Clinical virology laboratories are now more widely available
      than a decade ago; they can be operated on a modest scale and can be tailored to
      the needs of the patients they serve. Most laboratories can provide diagnostic
      information on diseases caused by enteroviruses, herpesviruses, and human
      immunodeficiency virus. Antiviral therapy for herpes simplex virus is now
      available. By providing a rapid diagnostic test or isolation of the virus or
      both, the virology laboratory plays a direct role in guiding antiviral therapy
      for patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Although there is no specific drug
      available for enteroviruses, attention needs to be paid to these viruses since
      they are the most common cause of nonbacterial meningitis and the most common
      pathogens causing hospitalization for suspected sepsis in young infants in the
      United States during the warm months of the year. When the virology laboratory
      maximizes the speed of viral detection or isolation, it can make a significant
      impact on management of these patients. Early viral diagnosis benefits patients
      with enteroviral meningitis, most of whom are hospitalized and treated for
      bacterial sepsis or meningitis or both; these patients have the advantage of
      early withdrawal of antibiotics and intravenous therapy, early hospital
      discharge, and avoidance of the risks and costs of unnecessary tests and
      treatment. Enteroviral infection in young infants also is a risk factor for
      possible long-term sequelae. For compromised patients, the diagnostic information
      helps in selecting specific immunoglobulin therapy. Good communication between
      the physician and the laboratory will result in the most benefit to patients with
      central nervous system viral infection.

PMID- 2644022
TI  - Infection by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli.
AB  - Verocytotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) are a newly recognized group
      of enteric pathogens which are increasingly being recognized as common causes of
      diarrhea in some geographic settings. Outbreak studies indicate that most
      patients with VTEC infection develop mild uncomplicated diarrhea. However, a
      significant risk of two serious and potentially life-threatening complications,
      hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome, makes VTEC infection a
      public health problem of serious concern. The main reservoirs of VTEC appear to
      be the intestinal tracts of animals, and foods of animal (especially bovine)
      origin are probably the principal sources for human infection. The term VT refers
      to a family of subunit exotoxins with high biological activity. Individual VTEC
      strains elaborate one or both of at least two serologically distinct,
      bacteriophage-mediated VTs (VT1 and VT2) which are closely related to Shiga toxin
      and are thus also referred to as Shiga-like toxins. The holotoxins bind to cells,
      via their B subunits, to a specific receptor which is probably the glycolipid,
      globotriosyl ceramide (Gb3). Binding is followed by internalization of the A
      subunit, which, after it is proteolytically nicked and reduced to the A1
      fragment, inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells by inactivating 60S
      ribosomal subunits through selective structural modification of 28S ribosomal
      ribonucleic acid. The mechanism of VTEC diarrhea is still controversial, and the
      relative roles of locally acting VT and "attaching and effacing adherence" of
      VTEC to the mucosa have yet to be resolved. There is increasing evidence that
      hemolytic uremic syndrome and possibly hemorrhagic colitis result from the
      systemic action of VT on vascular endothelial cells. The role of antitoxic
      immunity in preventing the systemic complications of VTEC infection is being
      explored. Antibiotics appear to be contraindicated in the treatment of VTEC
      infection. The most common VTEC serotype associated with human disease is
      O157:H7, but over 50 different VT-positive O:H serotypes have now been
      identified. The best strategies for diagnosing human VTEC infection include
      testing for the presence of free VT in fecal filtrates and examining fecal
      cultures for VTEC by means of deoxyribonucleic acid probes that specify genes
      encoding VT1 and VT2. Both methods are currently confined to specialized
      laboratories and await commercial development for wider use. In the meantime,
      most laboratories should continue to screen for the most common human VTEC
      serotype, O157:H7, using a sorbitol-containing MacConkey medium.

PMID- 2644023
TI  - Clinical and laboratory aspects of filariasis.
AB  - Human filarial infections afflict over 150 million persons worldwide and are
      major causes of morbidity in many developing countries. Onchocerca volvulus
      infection is a leading preventable cause of blindness, while bancroftian and
      brugian filariasis may produce lymphatic obstruction of the genitalia and
      extremities (elephantiasis). Definitive diagnosis of these helminthic infections
      currently depends on demonstration of microfilariae in host tissues, i.e., the
      skin in the case of O. volvulus and the bloodstream in the cases of Wuchereria
      bancrofti and Brugia malayi. Many investigations are now directed at developing
      specific and sensitive serum antigen assays that will allow diagnosis of active
      infection (i.e., presence of adult-stage parasites) in the absence of detectable
      microfilariae. With respect to the immunology of these parasitic infections,
      efforts are being directed at elucidating the role of T- and B-cell responses in
      the development of pathologic lesions and resistance to reinfection. These data
      as well as molecular biologic approaches to identify and study filarial molecules
      which are immunogenic are discussed. Finally, since treatment of filariases at
      present depends on antiparasitic drugs, the clinical indications and dosages of
      diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin are summarized.

PMID- 2644026
TI  - Therapeutics and management during pregnancy.

PMID- 2644027
TI  - Epidemiology and risk factors for coronary heart disease in women.
AB  - The information presented indicates that the risk factors associated with the
      development of coronary heart disease in women are, for the most part, the same
      as those identified for men. It is encouraging to note that although the
      prevalence of hypertension in women has not changed over the past 20 years, the
      proportion of treated hypertensive women has increased dramatically and the
      proportion with controlled blood pressure has doubled since 1960. It is also
      encouraging to note that the number of adult women who smoke cigarettes has
      decreased since 1960, but the number of young girls who smoke has increased at an
      alarming rate. Researchers have noted that the number of cigarettes smoked per
      day by women has increased from the 1950s to the present. The Framingham data
      reveal that serum cholesterol level increases substantially with age and that
      women should take steps to eat a healthy, low-saturated fat, low cholesterol diet
      to maintain a low blood cholesterol level. The Framingham Study data also show
      that although the same risk factors operate in men and women, the standard risk
      factors do not explain the marked differences in morbidity and mortality from
      heart disease between the two sexes. We must continue to study the epidemiology
      and biology of coronary heart disease in women both to better understand the
      disease process in women and to understand the large gender differential for CHD
      in most Westernized countries.

PMID- 2644028
TI  - Pathophysiology of coronary artery atherosclerosis: animal studies of gender
      differences.

PMID- 2644029
TI  - Estrogen replacement and coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2644030
TI  - Gender differences in the cardiovascular response to exercise.
AB  - During an acute bout of dynamic exercise, cardiac output increases in direct
      proportion to the increase in oxygen uptake. The mechanisms by which the cardiac
      output is increased during exercise may differ between men and women. The
      increased blood flow is distributed to the exercising skeletal muscle, to the
      myocardium, and, if exercise lasts longer than 5 minutes, to the skin. Blood flow
      to tissues whose metabolic rate has not been increased is reduced as a result of
      a general, sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction. During dynamic exercise,
      muscle blood flow, degree of peripheral vasoconstriction, increase in heart rate,
      and increase in myocardial blood flow and oxygen uptake are all functions of
      relative workload, often expressed as a %VO2 max. During an acute bout of
      resistive exercise, the increase in oxygen uptake and cardiac output is small, at
      least partially because perfusion of the exercising muscles is difficult as a
      result of high intramuscular pressures. The heart rate increase is also small.
      Blood pressure increases markedly as a result of increased total peripheral
      resistance. Dynamic exercise training results in cardiovascular adaptations both
      at rest and during exercise. At rest, myocardial hypertrophy of the volume
      overload type is the most common, but not universal, finding. Dynamic exercise
      that involves a sizable resistive exercise component may produce changes in
      myocardial structure and function similar to those resulting from static
      exercise. The effects of dynamic exercise training on myocardial function at rest
      need further investigation. The cardiovascular effects of dynamic exercise
      training are manifest during submaximal exercise by reduced heart rates, blood
      pressures, and less vasoconstriction in nonexercising tissues; increased stroke
      volumes; and unchanged cardiac outputs and oxygen uptakes at any given exercise
      load. During maximal exercise, VO2 max, maximal cardiac output, and maximal
      stroke volume are all increased. Maximal heart rate and blood pressure at maximal
      exercise are unchanged. Redistribution of the cardiac output to better perfuse
      the exercising muscles also occurs. Certain other factors that may modify the
      cardiovascular response to exercise include phase of the menstrual cycle,
      pregnancy, age, exercise mode, length of the exercise session, and environmental
      conditions such as heat stress. Although there are some physiologic differences
      that may affect the mechanism of the changes, the overall response of the
      cardiovascular system to exercise is similar in men and women.

PMID- 2644031
TI  - Coronary heart disease in women: clinical syndromes, prognosis, and diagnostic
      testing.

PMID- 2644025
TI  - Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a review and comparison of two disease
      entities.
AB  - Crohn's disease is a chronic granulomatous ileocolitis, of unknown etiology,
      which generally affects the patient during the prime of life. Medical treatment
      is supportive at best, and patients afflicted with this disorder generally live
      with chronic pain, in and out of hospitals, throughout their lives. The disease
      bears the name of the investigator who convincingly distinguished this disease
      from intestinal tuberculosis in 1932. This distinction was not universally
      accepted, and the notion of a mycobacterial etiology has never been fully
      dismissed. Nevertheless, it was 46 years after the distinction of Crohn's disease
      and intestinal tuberculosis before research attempting to reassociate
      mycobacteria and Crohn's disease was published. Recently, there has been a surge
      of interest in the possible association of mycobacteria and Crohn's disease due
      largely to the isolation of genetically identical pathogenic Mycobacterium
      paratuberculosis from several patients with Crohn's disease in the United States,
      the Netherlands, Australia, and France. These pathogenic organisms have been
      isolated from only a few patients, and direct evidence for their involvement in
      the disease process is not clear; however, M. paratuberculosis is an obligate
      intracellular organism and strict pathogen, which strongly suggests some
      etiologic role. Immunologic evidence of a mycobacterial etiology, as assessed by
      humoral immune determinations, has been conflicting, but evaluation of the more
      relevant cellular immunity has not been performed. Data from histochemical
      searches for mycobacteria in Crohn's disease tissues have been equally
      conflicting, with acid-fast bacilli detected in 0 to 35% of patients. Animal
      model studies have demonstrated the pathogenic potential of isolates as well as
      elucidated the complexity of mycobacterial-intestinal interactions. Treatment of
      Crohn's disease patients with antimycobacterial agent has not been fully
      assessed, although case reports suggest efficacy. The similarities in the
      pathology, epidemiology, and chemotherapy of Crohn's disease and the
      mycobacterioses are discussed. The issue is fraught with controversy, and the
      data generated on the association of mycobacteria and Crohn's disease are in
      their infantile stages so that a general conclusion on the legitimacy of this
      association cannot be made. While no firm evidence clearly implicates
      mycobacteria as an etiologic agent of Crohn's disease, the notion is supported by
      suggestive and circumstantial evidence and a remarkable similarity of Crohn's
      disease to known mycobacterial diseases.

PMID- 2644032
TI  - Exercise stress testing in women: diagnostic dilemma.

PMID- 2644033
TI  - Hypertension in women.

PMID- 2644034
TI  - Gender differences in mitral valve prolapse.

PMID- 2644024
TI  - Human viral gastroenteritis.
AB  - During the last 15 years, several different groups of fastidious viruses that are
      responsible for a large proportion of acute viral gastroenteritis cases have been
      discovered by the electron microscopic examination of stool specimens. This
      disease is one of the most prevalent and serious clinical syndromes seen around
      the world, especially in children. Rotaviruses, in the family Reoviridae, and
      fastidious fecal adenoviruses account for much of the viral gastroenteritis in
      infants and young children, whereas the small caliciviruses and unclassified
      astroviruses, and possibly enteric coronaviruses, are responsible for
      significantly fewer cases overall. In addition to electron microscopy, enzyme
      immunoassays and other rapid antigen detection systems have been developed to
      detect rotaviruses and fastidious fecal adenoviruses in the stool specimens of
      both nonhospitalized patients and those hospitalized for dehydration and
      electrolyte imbalance. Experimental rotavirus vaccines have also been developed,
      due to the prevalence and seriousness of rotavirus infection. The small,
      unclassified Norwalk virus and morphologically similar viruses are responsible
      for large and small outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in older children,
      adolescents, and adults. Hospitalization of older patients infected with these
      viruses is usually not required, and their laboratory diagnoses have been limited
      primarily to research laboratories.

PMID- 2644035
TI  - Rheumatic heart disease and other valvular disorders in women.
AB  - This chapter has surveyed the known differences between men and women with
      respect to rheumatic and valvular heart disease. The gender disparities noted are
      important aspects of the pathophysiology of each of the diseases discussed, such
      that any complete understanding of their etiology, natural history, and
      therapeutics should take this variability into account.

PMID- 2644036
TI  - Pulmonary hypertension and thromboembolic disease in women.
AB  - This chapter provides a review of several major disorders affecting the pulmonary
      circulation. These disorders may result in the development of significant
      symptoms, particularly during exertion, as well as substantial long-term
      morbidity and even mortality. All of these conditions are complicated by
      difficulties in diagnosis and the lack of universally successful therapeutic
      options. Although these conditions may be found in patients of all demographic
      characteristics, this discussion has focused on those aspects that are of
      particular relevance to women. It is hoped that with a heightened awareness of
      these conditions will come earlier diagnosis, thereby allowing for the
      institution of therapies at a time when the prospect for successful intervention
      is greater.

PMID- 2644038
TI  - Normal cardiopulmonary adjustments to pregnancy: cardiovascular evaluation.

PMID- 2644037
TI  - Longevity in women.
AB  - Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on vital statistics and population-based
      samples document that women live longer than men. The sex mortality differential
      covers all ages and races in most developed nations. The magnitude of the sex
      mortality differential varies with age, being especially high at younger ages.
      The most important contributor to the difference in mortality between women and
      men is the major cause of death in men, i.e., cardiovascular diseases. The
      universality of the sex mortality differential in various geographical areas, the
      lower female infant mortality, and the possible hormonal-mediated relative
      protection of CHD in women all indicate that biological factors contribute to the
      lower mortality in women than in men. Secular changes in mortality of various
      diseases over short periods cannot be explained by innate endogenous alterations
      but instead have to be influenced by behavioral factors and other components of
      the environment. Longstanding biological differences between women and men might
      play a role in producing a relatively rapid emergence of sex mortality
      differential only by interaction with relatively new exogenous environmental
      factors. The vast majority of studies on the sex differential in mortality trends
      confirm the importance of smoking as a major contributor to the higher mortality
      in men than in women. Along this line, other behavioral factors also seem to
      influence longevity in women. With ongoing changes in society, especially
      increasing participation of women in the labor force, new components of the
      environmental setting will have to be assessed by comparable and identical
      instruments in different populations. Ongoing monitoring of trends in
      cardiovascular and noncommunicable diseases will provide valuable insight into
      the sex mortality differential and its determinants. Experimental studies on
      biological reactivity, sex endocrinology, and atherogenesis are also needed to
      help explain why women live longer than men.

PMID- 2644039
TI  - Pregnancy in heart disease: pre-existing heart disease.

PMID- 2644040
TI  - Heart disease arising during or secondary to pregnancy.
AB  - When cardiovascular disease in women is considered, the cardiovascular physiology
      and diseases related to pregnancy are clearly unique, particularly to young
      women. Toxemia and its associated hypertension are the major cardiovascular
      disorders arising during and secondary to pregnancy and may well increase in
      prevalence as women undertake childbearing at older ages. Although its
      pathophysiology is unknown and its outcome may be grave to both mother and child,
      toxemia is preventable, treatable, and curable. This is unlike the three other
      forms of heart disease occurring in pregnancy discussed here. Aortic dissection,
      pulmonary hypertension, and peripartum cardiomyopathy are not preventable and are
      unpredictable, difficult to treat, and incurable. These latter disorders carry on
      indefinitely for the duration of the patient's life and seriously limit future
      options, including those for more pregnancies. Among the disorders of the heart
      in pregnancy, toxemia and peripartum cardiomyopathy are the subjects of
      especially active investigation at present. Major advances in understanding these
      disorders could minimize cardiovascular risk to the pregnant woman.

PMID- 2644041
TI  - Hypertension and pregnancy.

PMID- 2644042
TI  - Aortic valvuloplasty: baby or bathwater?

PMID- 2644043
TI  - Right to left interatrial shunting following balloon mitral valvuloplasty.
AB  - A complication of balloon mitral valvuloplasty is development of left-to-right
      interatrial shunt. This report describes right-to-left interatrial shunting
      following balloon mitral valvuloplasty in a patient with mitral stenosis,
      tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2644044
TI  - Gene regulation by steroid hormones.

PMID- 2644045
TI  - Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates and inactivates the yeast
      transcriptional activator ADR1.
AB  - It has been proposed in several eukaryotic systems that the regulation of gene
      transcription involves phosphorylation of specific transcription factors. We
      report here that the yeast transcriptional activator ADR1 is phosphorylated in
      vitro by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and that mutations which enhance the
      ability of ADR1 to activate ADH2 expression decrease ADR1 phosphorylation. We
      also show that increased kinase activity in vivo inhibits ADH2 expression in an
      ADR1 allele-specific manner. Our data suggest that glucose repression of ADH2 is
      in part mediated through a cAMP-dependent phosphorylation-inactivation of the
      ADR1 regulatory protein.

PMID- 2644046
TI  - Intron mobility in the T-even phages: high frequency inheritance of group I
      introns promoted by intron open reading frames.
AB  - Intron mobility in the T-even phages has been demonstrated. Efficient
      nonreciprocal conversion of intron minus (In-) alleles to intron plus (In+)
      occurred for the td and sunY genes, but not for nrdB. Conversion to In+ was
      absolutely dependent on expression of the respective intron open reading frame
      (ORF). Introns were inserted at their cognate sites in an intronless phage genome
      via an RNA-independent, DNA-based, duplicative recombination event that was
      stimulated by exon homology. The td intron ORF product directs the
      endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA, targeting the site of intron integration. A 21
      nucleotide deletion of the integration site abolished high frequency intron
      inheritance. These experiments provide a novel example of gene conversion in
      prokaryotes, while suggesting a molecular rationale for the inconsistent
      distribution of introns within highly conserved exon contexts of the T-even phage
      genomes.

PMID- 2644047
TI  - Constitutive mutants in the yeast pheromone response: ordered function of the
      gene products.
AB  - The alpha factor pheromone inhibits the division of yeast a cells. A general
      method was developed for isolating mutants that exhibit constitutive activation
      of the pheromone response pathway. A dominant allele of the STE4 locus was
      recovered in addition to recessive mutations in the SCG1 gene. SCG1 and STE4 are
      known to encode G alpha and G beta homologs, respectively. Analysis of double
      mutants suggests that the STE4 gene product functions after the SCG1 product but
      before the STE5 product.

PMID- 2644048
TI  - Chicago Visiting Nurses Association: the early years of community health nursing
      in Illinois.

PMID- 2644049
TI  - Recovery room oxygenation: a comparison of nasal catheters and 40 per cent oxygen
      masks.
AB  - One hundred and sixty-one ASA physical status I-III patients undergoing elective
      surgery were evaluated using nasal catheters versus 40 per cent O2 venturi masks.
      Twenty-one per cent of the patients arrived in the recovery room with hypoxia as
      measured with a pulse oximeter (SaO2 less than 90 per cent). Fifteen minutes
      later all patients who arrived hypoxic were well oxygenated on their chosen
      oxygen therapy. Only one patient that arrived normoxic became hypoxic using a
      nasal catheter 15 minutes later. There was no statistical difference between
      patients given 40 per cent O2 by mask versus patients given oxygen by nasal
      catheter. The mean SaO2 for the group given 40 per cent O2 at 15 minutes was 96.7
      +/- 2.15 per cent versus 96.6 +/- 2.48 per cent for nasal catheters. Nasal
      catheters are as effective as 40 per cent O2 masks for treating hypoxia in the
      recovery room. Obesity and age were statistically significant risk factors in the
      patients that arrived hypoxic. Patients were 47.4 +/- 15.6 years in the hypoxic
      group versus 38.3 +/- 15.6 years in the non-hypoxic group (p less than 0.001).
      Patients having an endotracheal tube with intermittent positive pressure
      ventilation or having a premedication were more apt to be hypoxic on arrival.
      These last two factors were closely associated and may reflect bias. The
      patient's gender, history of smoking, presence of obstructive lung disease, not
      including asthma, location of incision, or type of anaesthetic were not
      statistically significant risk factors.

PMID- 2644050
TI  - Train-of-four ratio after antagonism of atracurium with edrophonium: influence of
      different priming doses of edrophonium.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the effect of different priming doses of
      edrophonium on the relationship between the the recovery of the first twitch of
      the train-of-four (T1) and train-of-four (TOF) ratio. This relationship was
      studied after the administration of the full dose of the antagonist in all
      groups. Edrophonium 1.0 mg.kg-1 was administered either in a single bolus dose
      (Group I, controls) or in an initial dose of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 or 0.2 mg.kg-1
      followed one minute later by the remainder of the 1.0 mg.kg-1 dose in Groups II
      to V. Reversal was attempted at the ten per cent spontaneous recovery of twitch
      height (T1) from atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Of all the groups
      studied, Group V had a significantly greater recovery in the TOF ratio at any
      given T1 value. When first twitch tension (T1) had recovered to 100 per cent of
      the control, it was found for the same tension that the TOF ratio was greater in
      Group V, being 0.75 compared to 0.63, 0.65, 0.65 and 0.64 in Groups I to IV
      respectively. The implication is that this differential ability to reverse fade
      (or prejunctional activity) may be involved in the acceleration of recovery.

PMID- 2644051
TI  - "Priming" with neostigmine: failure to accelerate reversal of single twitch and
      train-of-four responses.
AB  - Train-of-four stimulation can shorten the apparent onset time of neuromuscular
      blocking drugs. This study was designed to verify whether the same occurred with
      neostigmine-assisted recovery, and whether this apparent acceleration could
      explain the previously reported effectiveness of the priming technique for
      reversal agents. Fourteen adults received atracurium, 0.5 mg.kg-1, during a
      thiopentone-nitrous oxide-enflurane anaesthetic. The ulnar nerves of both arms
      were stimulated with train-of-four stimulation every 12 seconds until 1 per cent
      recovery of first twitch, at which time stimulation in one arm was switched to
      single twitch. When mean first twitch height reached 10 per cent of control,
      neostigmine, 0.04 mg.kg-1, was administered either as a single bolus, or as a
      "priming" dose of 0.01 mg.kg-1, followed 3 min later by 0.03 mg.kg-1. No
      statistically significant differences were observed between single twitch in one
      arm and first twitch height of the train-of-four in the other arm for the next 10
      min. With priming, first twitch height was 45 +/- (SEM) 5 per cent at 5 min and
      85 +/- 6 per cent at 10 min, compared with 72 +/- 5 per cent (p less than 0.05)
      and 91 +/- 2 per cent (NS) respectively without priming. Train-of-four ratio was
      28 +/- 3 per cent at 5 min and 65 +/- 5 per cent at 10 min with priming, versus
      53 +/- 4 per cent (P less than 0.05) and 73 +/- 3 per cent (NS) respectively
      without priming.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644052
TI  - Laryngoscope design and the difficult adult tracheal intubation.
AB  - Clinical examination of a patient is very likely to reveal the factors making
      tracheal intubation difficult and thus increasing the likelihood of a traumatized
      temporo-mandibular joint or mouth. Although laryngoscopes and bronchoscopes
      incorporating fiberoptic visual devices are invaluable they are usually only
      employed for extremely difficult patients. Other laryngoscopes exist in a variety
      of designs and can be categorised according to the particular problem they
      address: (i) prominent sternal region, (ii) narrow space between the incisors,
      (iii) reduced intraoral space and, (iv) the anteriorly positioned larynx. An
      atraumatic tracheal intubation will be assisted if the laryngoscope blade to be
      used is selected on the basis of the anatomic difficulties prescribed by the
      patient. The Miller, Jackson-Wisconsin, Macintosh, Soper, Bizarri-Guffrida, and
      Bainton blades together with appropriate handles and fittings comprise a group
      from which selection can be made.

PMID- 2644053
TI  - Plasminogen activators. The old and the new.

PMID- 2644054
TI  - Heart rate adjustment of ST segment depression for improved detection of coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - Normal values for heart rate-adjusted indexes of ST segment depression during
      treadmill exercise electrocardiography (the ST segment/heart rate slope and the
      delta ST segment/heart rate index) were derived from evaluation of 150 subjects
      with a low likelihood of coronary artery disease, including 100 normal subjects
      and 50 subjects with nonanginal chest pain. Partitions chosen by the method of
      percentile estimation to include 95% of normal subjects remained highly specific
      in subjects with nonanginal pain syndromes. Sensitivities of the derived
      partitions for detection of myocardial ischemia were tested in an additional 150
      patients with a high likelihood of coronary disease, including 100 patients with
      angiographically demonstrated coronary obstruction and 50 patients with stable
      angina. In contrast to the 68% (102 of 150 subjects) sensitivity of standard
      exercise electrocardiographic criteria for the detection of disease in this
      population, the sensitivity of an ST segment/heart rate slope partition of 2.4
      muV/beats/min was 95% (142 of 150 subjects, p less than 0.001), and the
      sensitivity of a delta ST segment/heart rate index partition of 1.6 muV/beats/min
      was 91% (137 of 150 subjects, p less than 0.001). Analysis of receiver-operating
      curves confirmed the superior performance of the heart rate-adjusted indexes
      throughout a wide range of test specificities. These findings suggest that heart
      rate adjustment of ST segment depression can markedly improve the clinical
      usefulness of the treadmill exercise electrocardiogram.

PMID- 2644055
TI  - Coronary artery fistula in the heart transplant patient. A potential complication
      of endomyocardial biopsy.
AB  - All follow-up annual cardiac catheterizations performed on recipients of
      orthotopic heart transplant were reviewed, and 14 patients with coronary artery
      fistula were identified. The prevalence (8.0%, 14 of 176 patients) was strikingly
      higher than that for patients without transplant (0.2%) who underwent routine
      cardiac catheterization. These 14 patients had 21 coronary artery fistulas:
      single in nine and multiple in five patients. Fifty-two percent arose from the
      right, 43% from the left anterior descending, and 5% from the circumflex coronary
      artery. All drained into the right ventricle. Four patients underwent oximetric
      evaluation, and left-to-right shunting was not detectable. No patient had
      symptoms attributable to the fistula. Hemodynamic measurements were similar to
      those of a control group of 28 age- and sex-matched recipients of heart
      transplant without coronary artery fistula; however, the cardiac index (p = 0.02)
      and pulmonary artery oxygen saturation (p = 0.03) were significantly higher, and
      the arteriovenous oxygen difference (p = 0.01) was significantly lower in the
      group with coronary artery fistula. The histologic features of rejection, large
      arterioles, or epicardial fat on any biopsy specimen predating coronary artery
      fistula diagnosis were not associated with the development of the fistula when
      the two groups were compared. Nine patients (11 coronary artery fistulas) had
      follow-up studies performed, and three fistulas were larger, three were
      unchanged, two were smaller, and three had resolved. No complications of coronary
      artery fistula developed during a mean follow-up of 28 months (range, 12-42
      months).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644056
TI  - Instrumentation and practice standards for electrocardiographic monitoring in
      special care units. A report for health professionals by a Task Force of the
      Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association.
AB  - The proposed recommendations for continuous electrocardiographic monitoring
      systems represent goals for future development. Description of a technique in the
      report does not constitute an endorsement of its clinical use. Lead systems for
      ECG monitoring must adequately sense the cardiac electrical field and the leads
      should be standardized. Future monitors should be capable of simultaneously
      displaying and analyzing multiple leads. Recommendations for electrode placement
      and position of patient are made. Important parameters in each category of
      standards for instrumentation published in 1983 in the American National Standard
      for Cardiac Monitors, Heart Rate Meters, and Alarms are listed. Selected
      procedures proposed by the Association for the Advancement of Medical
      Instrumentation to inform users of minimally acceptable accuracy of computerized
      systems in a standardized manner are presented. Emphasis is placed on the
      importance of nursing and medical staff capabilities. Personnel qualifications
      and training as well as systems to assure and maintain quality of immediate ECG
      diagnosis are highlighted.

PMID- 2644057
TI  - Two-site immunochemiluminometric assay of intact human parathyrin in serum with
      use of a tracer peptide purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - For this two-site immunochemiluminometric assay of intact human parathyrin
      (hPTH), the luminescent tracer was synthetic hPTH(53-84), conjugated via
      succinimide linkage to (aminobutyl)ethyl-isoluminol hemisuccinimide (abei-h).
      Purification of the labeled hPTH(53-84) by reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography allowed isolation of the conjugate having the highest
      incorporation of abei-h, 1.6 mol per mole of hPTH(53-84). The solid-phase
      antibody directed against the N-terminal part of hPTH was immobilized by
      adsorption onto the polystyrene surface of the assay tube and extracted the
      intact hPTH and N-terminal fragments. Another antibody against synthetic hPTH(53
      84), which bound to the C-terminal part of intact hPTH, was indirectly labeled at
      its second free binding site with the abei-h-labeled hPTH(53-84). The assay has a
      detection limit of 0.5 pmol/L; it is accurate, precise, and reliable; and it
      shows a linear response for samples containing up to 100 pmol of hPTH per liter.
      The normal reference interval ranged from 1.8 to 5.9 pmol/L; 56 patients with
      primary hyperparathyroidism had concentrations ranging from 5.9 to 113 pmol/L.
      The concentrations detected in patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism were
      below the normal reference interval.

PMID- 2644058
TI  - A two-site immunoenzymometric assay of 52-kDa pro-cathepsin D, and its use in
      human breast diseases.
AB  - After isolating monoclonal antibodies specific for the 52-kDa precursor of
      cathepsin D (cath-D), which is secreted in excess in both hormone-dependent and
      hormone-independent breast cancer, we developed a two-step double-determinant
      immunoenzymometric assay that is specific for this pro-enzyme. The assay combines
      the use of a monoclonal antibody specific for the precursor and bound to
      microtiter plates, and a second antibody directed against a smaller processed
      form of the mature enzyme, coupled to alkaline phosphatase. The specificity of
      the assay relies on separate and sequential additions of the antigen and the
      conjugated second antibody. It allows rapid measurement of the analyte in plasma
      and cytosols of normal and neoplastic mammary tissues, with a detection limit of
      5 fmol and a maximal interassay coefficient of variation of 9%. This assay is
      particularly useful for tissue cytosol samples where the pro-enzyme form co
      exists with large quantities of the mature processed forms of the enzyme.
      Comparative assays of 52-kDa pro-cath-D and total cath-D in cytosols of breast
      cancers and benign mastopathies indicate that the present assay better
      discriminates between benign and cancerous mammary tumors.

PMID- 2644059
TI  - Solid-phase sample extraction for rapid determination of methylmalonic acid in
      serum and urine by a stable-isotope-dilution method.
AB  - Methylmalonic acid concentrations are increased in serum in vitamin B12
      (cobalamin) deficiency. Here I demonstrate the successful use of anion-exchange
      extraction for improving newly developed analytical procedures and describe well
      documented, reliable performance of this method for rapid determination of
      methylmalonic acid. The sorbent counter ion is formate, and the elution solvent
      is formic acid. The dicyclohexyl derivative is measured by selected ion
      monitoring. For serum, the assay curve is linear from 0.026 to 200 mumol/L. The
      normal reference interval is 0.08 to 0.56 mumol/L. Added methylmalonic acid is
      accurately quantified. The sensitivity and the precision exceed those of the
      current method by three orders of magnitude. The total and within-day CVs are
      4.6% to 7.9% and 2.6% to 4.7%, respectively. Similar figures were obtained for
      urine. This convenient method is useful for evaluation of cobalamin deficiency,
      especially in patients with normal or moderately depressed cobalamin
      concentrations in serum.

PMID- 2644060
TI  - Rapid thin-layer chromatographic semiquantification of morphine in urine via
      dabsylation: comparison with EMIT and thin-layer chromatographic-iodoplatinate
      methods.

PMID- 2644061
TI  - Preliminary appraisal of a PR-EIA kit for quantifying progesterone receptors in
      breast-cancer tissue.

PMID- 2644062
TI  - Regulation of the production of secretory and membrane immunoglobulin during
      lymphocyte development.
AB  - An area of great controversy in molecular immunology is the mechanism by which
      the differential expression of secretory and membrane immunoglobulin heavy chain
      is regulated during B cell development. Since the changes in expression of the
      two proteins are determined largely by the steady state levels of the mRNAs that
      encode them, recent work has focused on the regulation of the expression of the
      two messages. This problem is central to understanding humoral immunity, with the
      specific antigen driven switch from antibody as receptor to antibody as secreted
      product and may be of direct relevance to some forms of the common variable
      immunodeficiency syndrome. In addition, numerous other genes have been shown to
      be regulated by alternative RNA processing. Since its beginnings, research in
      immunology has brought about profound changes in our view of biology. Jenner's
      landmark experiment, inducing a minor illness to prevent a major one, showed that
      the body's future susceptibility to a particular disease could be manipulated.
      More recently the demonstration that immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene segments,
      originally spread over many kilobases (kbs) in the genome, must be assembled to
      form a functional heavy chain gene has shattered both the concept of a genome
      fixed at fertilization and the "one gene, one protein" rule. The alternative
      processing of heavy chain transcripts to produce secretory and membrane forms of
      immunoglobulin has demonstrated how the same gene can give rise to proteins with
      alternative structures. Since the discovery of the role of alternative RNA
      processing in heavy chain mRNA synthesis, numerous other cellular genes have been
      shown to be regulated by modulation of RNA processing pathways.

PMID- 2644063
TI  - Chronic, recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an unusual inflammatory
      process involving multiple osseous sites, often recurrently. The authors recently
      diagnosed CRMO in an 8-year-old girl who had complained of toe pain for several
      weeks. A number of other involved, asymptomatic areas were discovered by bone
      scan. Biopsy of the lesions did not reveal any pathogens. Antibiotics and
      inflammatory agents were not used, and the patient recovered. A review of
      previously reported cases of CRMO showed 1) that this entity affects children
      almost exclusively, 2) that from two to 18 sites, usually in the extremities, can
      be affected at one time, and 3) that about 20 percent of the patients develop a
      pustular rash on their palms and soles. Other than an elevated erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate, there are no consistent laboratory abnormalities, and
      cultures of affected bone are negative. Histopathology typically shows a chronic
      inflammatory response, sometimes with granulomas. Antiinflammatory agents and
      antibiotics offer little consistent beneficial effect. The disease is self
      limited, and patients usually recover fully, although exacerbations may occur. In
      the proper clinical setting, CRMO should be considered, since recognition of this
      entity avoids costly and potentially harmful diagnostic and therapeutic
      interventions.

PMID- 2644064
TI  - Extreme hyperpyrexia in childhood. Presentation similar to hemorrhagic shock and
      encephalopathy.
AB  - The authors report the cases of five previously well children, aged 8 to 33
      months, who were seen over a 14-year period, with admission temperatures in
      excess of 42.0 degrees C (107.6 degrees F). Four of the patients died. Each child
      had a similar clinical illness in which the hyperpyrexia played a critical role.
      Negative blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and stool cultures excluded bacterial sepsis
      as a possible etiology. This illness is similar, if not identical, to the newly
      described syndrome of hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy (HSES) reported in
      European and American infants.

PMID- 2644065
TI  - A new method for aligning histological serial sections for three-dimensional
      reconstruction.
AB  - A new method for aligning histological serial sections for three-dimensional
      reconstruction by computer is introduced. This method is particularly suited for
      embedding structures in celloidine or paraplast. Prior to sectioning, at least
      three reference markers are affixed to the preparation in a direction
      perpendicular to the section plane, for easy identification on the finished
      sections. An algorithm translates and rotates the serial sections until all the
      reference markers are congruent. The main advantage of this method, however, is
      its capability to eliminate deformations caused by compression or stretching
      during sectioning by the determination of correction factors.

PMID- 2644066
TI  - Are arterial blood gases of value in treatment decisions for carbon monoxide
      poisoning?
AB  - Traditionally, the carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) level has been used to estimate the
      severity of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Through extensive clinical
      experience, we have found this to be an inaccurate correlation; thus, other
      variables such as pHa or psychometric abnormalities have been assessed to
      determine severity from CO poisoning. In a 5-yr experience with 247 patients, on
      admission 114 had an arterial blood gas and HbCO determinations, and 88 also had
      psychometric testing. The data were evaluated to determine any relationship
      between pH and HbCO level; a weak correlation (r approximately equal to -0.3) was
      discovered. A comparison of psychometric testing with HbCO level showed a much
      stronger statistical relationship. The definition of HbCO poisoning severity may
      be better determined by psychometric testing than by the HbCO level because
      psychometric testing measures actual neurologic disability. The weak correlation
      between both psychometric testing and the HbCO level with pHa reinforces the
      clinical impression that patients with acidosis, alkalosis, or normal blood gases
      could have equally severe neurologic symptomatology at HbCO levels ranging from
      1% to 62%.

PMID- 2644067
TI  - Metabolic and nutritional aspects of weaning from mechanical ventilation.
AB  - Nutritional and metabolic support appears to be indicated for critically ill
      patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Feeding formulas should be adjusted
      according to the nutrient requirements and efficiency of gas exchange in the
      individual patient. Management of the complex weaning problem patient with
      limited respiratory reserve requires many principles common to muscle exercise
      training.

PMID- 2644068
TI  - Direct and indirect pathogenicity of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in mixed
      infections in children.
AB  - The recent emergence of numerous aerobic and anaerobic beta-lactamase-producing
      bacterial strains has been associated with an increase in the failure rate of
      penicillins in the therapy of infection caused by these organisms. These include
      respiratory tract, skin of soft tissue, female genital tract, intra-abdominal,
      and other miscellaneous infections. The important aerobic beta-lactamase
      producing bacteria (BLPB) include Staphylococcus aureus, Branhamella catarrhalis,
      Haemophilus sp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Legionella sp. The anaerobic BLPB are all
      Bacteroidiaceae and include Bacteroides fragilis group, B. melaninogenicus group,
      B. oralis, B. oris-buccae, and Fusobacterium sp. Laboratory, animal, and clinical
      studies that support the indirect pathogenicity of these organisms and the
      distribution of these BLPB in various infections are reviewed. BLPB may not only
      have a direct pathogenic role in causing the infection, but also an indirect
      pathogenic role. The indirect pathogenicity of these organisms is apparent
      through their ability not only to survive penicillin therapy, but also to protect
      penicillin-susceptible pathogens from that drug. These direct and indirect
      virulence characteristics of aerobic and anaerobic BLPB require the
      administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy directed against all
      pathogens in mixed infections.

PMID- 2644069
TI  - Experimental syphilis in guinea pig.
AB  - The infrequent use of guinea pig in experimental syphilis, the not well
      genetically and immunologically characterized strains of animals originating from
      places with unspecified conditions of husbandry, and the various strains of
      Treponema pallidum used for infection provided inconsistent and discouraging
      results. For eight decades the rabbit has been the major animal model in studies
      of syphilis. However, the lack of readily available inbred strains of rabbits-
      necessary for adoptive transfer experiments--has been a stumbling block in
      revealing the mechanisms responsible for immunity, susceptibility, and resistance
      to T. pallidum infection. These difficulties have recently been overcome by
      demonstration of inbred strains susceptible to T. pallidum infection, paving the
      way to studies of adoptive immunity. The guinea pig may also be a better model
      than the rabbit for immunomanipulations (irradiation, injection with antibodies
      specific to various cell populations), allowing a closer insight into the
      immunopathologic mechanism operating during the course of syphilitic infection.
      The "rediscovery" of the guinea pig as a model for experimental syphilis and
      recent years of intensive studies justify a review summarizing older data and
      providing the most recent information. The authors, having first-hand experience
      with this model, will provide detailed information on (1) historical background;
      (2) course of infection with T. pallidum in inbred and outbred strains of guinea
      pigs; (3) the ID50 for various strains; (4) various routes of infection; (5) age
      and sex-dependent susceptibility to infection; (6) kinetic of the humoral
      response to specific and non-specific treponemal antigens; (7) appearance of
      autoantibodies and immune complexes; (8) cellular response, including
      lymphoproliferative response, macrophage inhibitory factor(s) production,
      chemotaxis and adoptive transfer of immunity by purified T cells; and (9) a
      complete list of references.

PMID- 2644070
TI  - Granule-mediated cytolysis of target cells.

PMID- 2644071
TI  - The homologous species restriction of the complement attack: structure and
      function of the C8 binding protein.

PMID- 2644072
TI  - Structure and function of perforin.

PMID- 2644073
TI  - Structure and function of C8 in the membrane attack sequence of complement.

PMID- 2644074
TI  - Granzymes: a family of serine proteases in granules of cytolytic T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2644075
TI  - The molecular mechanism of complement C9 insertion and polymerisation in
      biological membranes.

PMID- 2644076
TI  - The isolation and characterization of two cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-specific serine
      protease genes.

PMID- 2644077
TI  - A serine protease-encoding gene that marks activated cytotoxic T cells in vivo
      and in vitro.

PMID- 2644078
TI  - Structure and function of the family of proteoglycans that reside in the
      secretory granules of natural killer cells and other effector cells of the immune
      response.

PMID- 2644079
TI  - Bullous pemphigoid and rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Bullous pemphigoid and rheumatoid arthritis are rarely found co-existent in one
      patient. We report a patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis who four years
      later showed bullous pemphigoid. This association is rare but may be more than
      coincidental.

PMID- 2644080
TI  - Topical minoxidil: review of efficacy and safety.
AB  - Topical minoxidil (Rogaine) has recently been approved by the Food and Drug
      Administration for treatment of androgenetic alopecia. It has been approved for
      such use in many other countries. This paper is a review and summary of the
      reported efficacy and safety of topical minoxidil in the treatment of
      androgenetic alopecia. The results of anecdotal and controlled clinical trials
      are included. Realistic appraisal of the restorative and/or preventative
      potentials of topical minoxidil in androgenetic alopecia is needed.

PMID- 2644081
TI  - The life history of dendritic leukocytes (DL).

PMID- 2644082
TI  - Origin and turnover of monocytes and macrophages.

PMID- 2644083
TI  - The activated macrophage and granulomatous inflammation.

PMID- 2644084
TI  - The mast cells.

PMID- 2644085
TI  - Molecular events in liver regeneration and repair.

PMID- 2644086
TI  - Regulation of B-cell populations.

PMID- 2644087
TI  - Kinetics of T lymphocyte development.

PMID- 2644088
TI  - The neutrophilic granulocyte.

PMID- 2644089
TI  - Streptococcal tonsillitis and acute nonrheumatic myopericarditis.
AB  - Two young men with streptococcal tonsillitis had acute myopericarditis mimicking
      myocardial infarction. Subsequently, 264 consecutive army conscripts hospitalized
      with a fever and sore throat underwent throat cultures. Group A streptococci were
      found in 84 patients. When these patients were systematically screened by serial
      electrocardiography for myocarditis, one case of probable asymptomatic
      myocarditis was diagnosed. None had signs of acute rheumatic fever. All three
      patients received penicillin therapy when the signs of myocarditis appeared.
      Their recovery was good.

PMID- 2644090
TI  - Diaphragmatic excursion after pleural sclerosis.
AB  - Chemical sclerosis of the pleural space is used to prevent recurrence of
      spontaneous pneumothorax. To test whether sclerosis restricts diaphragmatic
      excursion, we measured diaphragmatic excursion by ultrasonography in subjects
      with unilateral pleural sclerosis and compared it with diaphragmatic excursions
      in normal subjects, in subjects with cystic fibrosis (a diffuse bilateral lung
      disease), and in those who underwent surgical procedures that obliterate the
      pleural space. In five subjects with unilateral chemical sclerosis, diaphragmatic
      excursion was significantly less on the sclerosed side than on the contralateral
      side (10.7 +/- 1.3 vs 17.3 +/- 1.7 mm, mean +/- SEM; p less than .01). Compared
      with those of normal subjects, the side-to-side differences in excursion were
      increased by pulmonary disease (p less than .03) and additionally by unilateral
      sclerosis (p less than .015). There was no significant difference between
      diaphragmatic excursions on left and right sides of subjects without history of
      pleural disease. These data suggest that chemical pleural sclerosis causes a
      measurable reduction in diaphragmatic excursion on the affected side. The
      physiologic significance of this effect is not known.

PMID- 2644091
TI  - Role of inhalation challenge testing in the diagnosis of isocyanate-induced
      asthma.
AB  - Results of isocyanate challenge tests performed on 63 workers referred with a
      diagnosis of probable isocyanate asthma between 1974 and 1988 were reviewed.
      Thirty (48 percent) had an acute episode of asthma with a greater than 20 percent
      decline in FEV1 following subirritant exposure to isocyanates. No difference in
      the frequency or type of respiratory complaints between isocyanate reactors and
      nonreactors was found. No differences in lung function results were present when
      comparing smoking and ex-smoking reactors and nonreactors. In never-smokers with
      complaints consistent with isocyanate-induced asthma, the presence of obstructive
      lung disease increased the likelihood that isocyanate-induced asthma was present.
      Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine occurred in nearly all isocyanate
      reactors but predicted isocyanate-induced asthma in only 68 percent of the
      workers. In nearly all cases of challenge-confirmed toluene diisocyanate (TDI)
      induced asthma, a 15-min exposure to 20 ppb of the commercial TDI mixture (80:20
      2,4:2,6) provoked asthma. Conversely, in the absence of an asthmatic response
      following exposure to this dose for this duration, a second exposure at this
      concentration for a longer time would be reasonable to confirm the absence of
      isocyanate-induced asthma. Among workers employed in the production of
      polyurethane foam and confirmed to have TDI-induced asthma by inhalation
      challenge to the different TDI isomers, there appeared to be increased airway
      reactivity to the 2,6 isomer. This may have relevance to the frequency and
      intensity of respiratory symptoms that workers with TDI-induced asthma develop in
      differing industrial settings.

PMID- 2644092
TI  - Biopsy sampling techniques.

PMID- 2644093
TI  - Antithrombotic therapy in mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves and
      saphenous vein bypass grafts.

PMID- 2644094
TI  - Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 2644095
TI  - Aspirin and other platelet active drugs. Relationship among dose, effectiveness,
      and side effects.

PMID- 2644096
TI  - Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral vascular disease.

PMID- 2644097
TI  - Antithrombotic therapy for cerebrovascular disorders.

PMID- 2644098
TI  - Use of anticoagulants during pregnancy.

PMID- 2644099
TI  - A decision analytic view of anticoagulant prophylaxis for thromboembolism in
      heart disease.

PMID- 2644100
TI  - Assessment of the therapeutic use of dietary fish oil in atherosclerotic vascular
      disease and thrombosis.

PMID- 2644101
TI  - Hemorrhagic complications of long-term anticoagulant therapy.

PMID- 2644102
TI  - Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease.

PMID- 2644103
TI  - Optimal therapeutic range for oral anticoagulants.

PMID- 2644104
TI  - Antithrombotic agents in coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2644105
TI  - Coronary thrombolysis.

PMID- 2644106
TI  - Hemorrhagic complications of thrombolytic therapy in the treatment of myocardial
      infarction and venous thromboembolism.

PMID- 2644107
TI  - Antithrombotic therapy in valvular heart disease.

PMID- 2644108
TI  - Single-dose cefotetan vs. multiple-dose cefoxitin--antimicrobial prophylaxis in
      colorectal surgery. Results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized study.
AB  - This multicenter, prospective, randomized trial of short-term antimicrobial
      prophylaxis in colorectal surgery was designed to compare the efficacy of a
      single dose of cefotetan vs. multiple doses of cefoxitin. Of the 403 evaluable
      patients, 206 received cefoxitin (1 gm intravenously at the beginning of surgery
      and after 3, 6, and 12 hours, group A) and 197 cefotetan (2 gm intravenously at
      the beginning of surgery, group B). The two groups of patients were similar in
      respect to age, sex, obesity, preoperative weight loss, diabetes, type of
      disease, type, and mean duration of surgery. The abdominal wound infection rate
      was 11.2 percent in group A and 9.1 percent in group B (difference not
      significant). The number of patients with infections at nonsurgical sites
      (respiratory and urinary tract, phlebitis, and septicemia) was significantly
      greater in group A than in group B (17 vs. 9.1 percent, P less than .05). The
      mean postoperative hospital stay was similar in both the cefoxitin and cefotetan
      groups (15.1 vs. 15.9 days). Both regimens were inadequate in preventing
      infections in the presence of severe contamination of the operative field.

PMID- 2644109
TI  - Oswald Vaughan Lloyd-Davies 1905-1987. Lithotomy-Trendelenburg position for
      resection of rectum and lower pelvic colon.

PMID- 2644110
TI  - Liver transplantation. A primer for practicing gastroenterologists. Part II.

PMID- 2644111
TI  - Enteric nervous system. I. Physiology and pathophysiology of the intestinal
      tract.

PMID- 2644114
TI  - Osteoporosis: prevention and treatment.

PMID- 2644112
TI  - Enteric nervous system. II. Physiology and pathophysiology of the gallbladder.

PMID- 2644113
TI  - Intramural duodenal hematoma following upper gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsy.
AB  - We report a case of a patient who developed an intramural duodenal hematoma after
      an endoscopic biopsy which caused obstruction of the duodenum with obstructive
      jaundice and pancreatitis. We speculate the limited mobility of the duodenum and
      its rich submucosal vascular plexus were the crucial factors.

PMID- 2644115
TI  - [Ventricular fibrillation and electric defibrillation].

PMID- 2644116
TI  - [Hormonal contraceptives and breast carcinoma].

PMID- 2644117
TI  - [Unwanted drug effects on the gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2644118
TI  - [Recombinant protein substances in human medicine].

PMID- 2644119
TI  - A dose-response analysis of cadmium in the general environment with special
      reference to total cadmium intake limit.
AB  - An epidemiological study on the dose-response relationship of cadmium was
      performed on 1850 Cd-exposed and 294 nonexposed inhabitants of the Kakehashi
      River basin in Ishikawa Prefecture. beta 2-microglobulinuria was used as an index
      of the effect of cadmium on health and the average cadmium concentration in
      locally produced rice was employed as an indicator of cadmium exposure. Cadmium
      exposure was found to affect health in a dose-related manner when the subjects
      were classified according to the average cadmium concentration in their village
      rice and their length of residence in the polluted area. Based on the available
      data, the total cadmium intake that produced an adverse effect on health was
      calculated as approximately 2000 mg for both men and women.

PMID- 2644120
TI  - Gonadal function following radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy in childhood.

PMID- 2644121
TI  - [Current problems of measles virus infection].

PMID- 2644122
TI  - Glucocorticoids in childhood.

PMID- 2644123
TI  - The hemolytic uremic syndromes.

PMID- 2644124
TI  - [Endemic sprue].
AB  - Coeliac disease or Gluten enteropathy is a well-defined, but in its pathogenesis
      poorly understood syndrome. Diarrhoea, steatoroea and malnutrition due to damage
      and transformation of the small intestinal mucosa are induced by cereal proteins
      (gliadin) in genetically predisposed children and adults. Local interactions
      between immunocompetent cells and structural elements of the small intestinal
      mucosa have been investigated by immunochemical, ultrastructural and cell
      biological methods. In this review we discuss the events produced by defined
      gliadin derivates in vivo and in vitro. They suggest a complex mucosal reaction
      pattern, involving inflammatory and hyperergic manifestations. The cytotoxicity
      of gliadin is discussed in the context of defined mediators of lymphocyte and
      inflammatory cell interactions. The importance of structural elements of the
      lamina propria and the epithelium as target tissues of the immunological attack
      and its impact on the local environment is elucidated. Gliadin hypersensitivity
      is regarded as a genetically determined disposition which can be correlated to
      the HLA system. The distribution of HLA class I and II antigens with respect to T
      and B-lymphocyte functions is described. The diagnosis of coeliac disease and
      the scientific exploration of cell culture techniques have been greatly improved
      by modern endoscopy. However, the specificity and sensitivity of laboratory tests
      for coeliac disease are still controversial The value of determining
      autoantibodies and antigliadin antibodies is evaluated. Clinical syndromes
      associated with coeliac disease typically involve immunological phenomena and a
      comprehensive review of the relevant experiences will be presented. Finally, the
      general prognosis of coeliac disease and the risk of developing malignancies with
      respect to the necessity and feasibility of a stringent, lifelong gluten-free
      diet and patient compliance are discussed.

PMID- 2644125
TI  - The yeast gene, DBF4, essential for entry into S phase is cell cycle regulated.
AB  - The DBF4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, required for events preceding DNA
      replication, was isolated and located to 2.8 kb of DNA from chromosome IV.
      Genetic mapping showed the gene to be linked to TRP1. The DBF4 transcript is 2.4
      kb in length and shows periodic regulation within the cell cycle. The peak of
      expression occurs late in G1, coincident with several genes involved in DNA
      synthesis. The behavior of the message is consistent with that expected for a
      stable, cell cycle regulated transcript.

PMID- 2644126
TI  - B islet cells of pancreas are the site of expression of the human insulin gene in
      transgenic mice.
AB  - Transgenic mouse lines carrying the human insulin gene were previously shown to
      express it in pancreas but not in other tissues. The present study reports
      evidence that the expression of the transgene is restricted to a single category
      of cells. Immunofluorescence staining of frozen pancreas sections showed that the
      human C-peptide was present in pancreatic islets only, and more precisely in the
      B cells of the islets. Human insulin transcripts were initiated correctly in
      mouse pancreas at the same site as in human pancreas. Three different transgenic
      lines with different insertion sites and various copy numbers of the human
      insulin transgene had the same high levels of the transgene transcripts
      corresponding to a well-balanced contribution in insulin gene expression.

PMID- 2644127
TI  - Human hemopoietic growth factors.
AB  - Hematopoiesis is regulated by a complex network of soluble stimulators and
      inhibitors, as well as by cellular interactions in the bone marrow
      microenvironment. Progress in molecular biology and protein biochemistry has
      provided a number of hemopoietic growth factors that are now available in large
      quantities for in vitro and in vivo studies. Several of them seem to hold great
      promise for patients suffering from insufficient hematopoiesis of various causes.
      This review focuses on new developments in the understanding of hemopoietic
      growth factors activity, and on recent clinical data.

PMID- 2644128
TI  - Verotoxin in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2644129
TI  - High-dose Ara-C (HiDAC) plus asparaginase in elderly patients with acute non
      lymphocytic leukemia: a pilot multicentric study by the Italian Cooperative Group
      GIMEMA.
AB  - A multicentric prospective pilot study using three different schedules of high
      dose Ara-C at dosage of 3 g/m2 every 12 hours during 3 h of infusion was
      undertaken by the Italian Cooperative Group GIMEMA in order: 1. to evaluate the
      safety and efficacy of such treatment in previously untreated ANLL patients more
      than 50 years old; 2. to investigate whether the addition of a standard
      maintenance treatment after consolidation with 4 courses of DAT (Daunorubicin +
      Ara-C + 6-Thioguanine) could improve the duration of complete remission (CR) and
      the proportion of long-term survival. Overall 43/125 evaluable patients (34.4%)
      achieved CR. 32/125 died during the induction phase, the remaining 50 patients
      (40%) failed to achieve CR. As for the toxicity, the most significant toxicity of
      all schedules was hematologic. No substantial neurological or cardiac toxicity
      was observed. The multivariated analysis of several pretreatment characteristics
      revealed that age more than 60 yr, male sex and presence of infections at
      diagnosis were the most significant adverse factors for achievement of CR. The
      median duration of DFS for all responders was 9 months, with relapse-free
      survival at 4 yr estimated at 29%. The addition of maintenance treatment to
      consolidated patients had no advantages in respect to the control group, even
      though the statistical analysis revealed a p = 0.058. However, because of the
      small number of randomized patients, no conclusions can be drawn concerning the
      importance of maintenance treatment.

PMID- 2644130
TI  - Leucopoiesis versus concentration of cytokines in diffusion chamber cultures of
      mouse bone marrow cells: clues to the physiological roles of growth factors.
AB  - Physiological mechanisms that regulate formation of neutrophil granulocytes,
      macrophages and their precursor cells were studied with the diffusion chamber
      (DC) technique. DC inoculated with mouse bone marrow cells were implanted
      intraperitoneally into host mice. When these in vivo cultures had been
      established and their marrow populations were expanding (2-day cultures), the DC
      were transferred to different environments: new, normal mice, lethally irradiated
      mice, or incubation flasks with optimal concentrations of growth factors. Culture
      development during the following final culture period was correlated to the
      concentration of some select candidate growth regulators in DC. After 3 d the
      cellularity of DC in irradiated hosts had increased significantly more than in
      the normal hosts. A difference was detectable already after 1-2 d when
      preculturing was omitted. The increased growth appeared to take place at several
      stages of cell maturation and not only at the progenitor cell level. Colony
      stimulating factor(s) for granulocyte and macrophage progenitors, as well as
      cytokines stimulating the bone marrow-derived cell line, 14 M.1, were present in
      DC fluid (DCF) at higher concentrations in irradiated than in normal mice
      throughout the final culture period. On the other hand, DCF concentrations of
      tumour necrosis-like factor (that may either induce CSF secretion or directly
      inhibit myelopoiesis), were not significantly different in irradiated compared
      with normal DC hosts. The cytokines detected in the DC may at least in part stem
      from inflammatory cells accumulating around the chambers. This animal model
      should be useful in further investigation of the highly complex regulatory
      network governing formation of white blood cells in the intact organism.

PMID- 2644131
TI  - N-terminal sequencing of photosystem II low-molecular-mass proteins. 5 and 4.1
      kDa components of the O2-evolving core complex from higher plants.
AB  - High resolution gel electrophoresis in the low-molecular-mass region combined
      with electroblotting using polyvinylidene difluoride membranes enabled us to
      sequence the low-molecular-mass proteins of photosystem II membrane fragments
      from spinach and wheat. The determined N-terminal sequences, all showing
      considerable homology between the two plants, involved two newly determined
      sequences for the 4.1 kDa protein and one for the 5 kDa proteins. The sequence of
      the 4.1 kDa protein did not match any part of the chloroplast DNA sequence from
      tobacco or liverwort, suggesting that it is encoded by the nuclear genome. In
      contrast, the sequence of the 5 kDa protein matched ORF38, which is located just
      downstream of psbE and psbF in the chloroplast DNA and is assumed to be co
      transcribed with them. These two components were associated with the O2-evolving
      core complex. Sequences of other low-molecular-mass proteins confirmed the
      previous identification as photosystem II components.

PMID- 2644132
TI  - Reconstitution of apo-porphobilinogen deaminase: structural changes induced by
      cofactor binding.
AB  - Expression of porphobilinogen deaminase in a hemB- strain of E. coli has
      permitted the isolation of the apoenzyme, i.e. deaminase lacking the
      porphobilinogen-derived dipyrromethane cofactor. Incubation of purified apoenzyme
      with porphobilinogen resulted in reconstitution of the covalently attached
      dipyrromethane cofactor, indicating no additional cofactors or enzymes are
      required for biosynthesis of holoenzyme. Electrophoretic and 13C-NMR
      spectroscopic analyses demonstrate that the apoenzyme exists in a
      conformationally unstable form which is converted to a highly stable tertiary
      structure on covalent attachment of the dipyrromethane cofactor.

PMID- 2644133
TI  - Identification of the major tRNA(Phe) binding domain in the tetrameric structure
      of cytoplasmic phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from baker's yeast.
AB  - Native cytoplasmic phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from baker's yeast is a tetramer
      of the alpha 2 beta 2 type. On mild tryptic cleavage it gives rise to a modified
      alpha 2 beta 2 form that has lost the tRNA(Phe) binding capacity but is still
      able to activate phenylalanine. In this paper are presented data concerning
      peptides released by this limited proteolytic conversion as well as those arising
      from exhaustive tryptic digestion of the truncated beta subunit. Each purified
      peptide was unambiguously assigned to a unique stretch of the beta subunit amino
      acid sequence that was recently determined via gene cloning and DNA sequencing.
      Together with earlier results from affinity labelling studies the present data
      show that the Lys 172-Ile 173 bond is the unique target of trypsin under mild
      conditions and that the N-terminal domain of each beta subunit (residues 1-172)
      contains the major tRNA(Phe) binding sites.

PMID- 2644134
TI  - SecA protein is directly involved in protein secretion in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A high-expression plasmid for the secA gene was constructed. The SecA protein was
      then overproduced in E. coli and purified. The purified SecA stimulated the in
      vitro translocation of a model secretory protein into inverted membrane vesicles
      pretreated with 4 M urea. Membrane vesicles from a secAts mutant exhibited lower
      translocation activity, which was enhanced by SecA. These results indicate that
      SecA is directly involved in protein secretion across the cytoplasmic membrane.

PMID- 2644135
TI  - A 10 kDa polypeptide associated with the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem
      II has a putative C-terminal non-cleavable thylakoid transfer domain.
AB  - The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 10 kDa polypeptide associated with the
      oxygen-evolving complex of wheat photosystem II has been determined and shown to
      be homologous to the amino acid sequence of the product of the ST-LS1 gene from
      potato. The N-terminal sequence of the mature protein indicates that the
      polypeptide is synthesized with a 39 amino acid N-terminal presequence which is
      similar to chloroplast import sequences but which lacks a hydrophobic domain for
      transfer of the protein across the thylakoid membrane. The mature polypeptide has
      a C-terminal hydrophobic region which shows homology to the hydrophobic thylakoid
      transfer domain of other lumenal proteins and this hydrophobic region of the 10
      kDa polypeptide is suggested to facilitate transfer of the protein across the
      thylakoid membrane.

PMID- 2644136
TI  - Importance of small intestine in diabetic hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Numerous studies have demonstrated that poor glycemic control is associated with
      elevated plasma cholesterol levels in diabetic patients. Experiments have shown
      that cholesterol synthesis is increased in the small intestine of various
      diabetic animals. This increase is a generalized phenomenon occurring in all
      segments of the small intestine. Insulin therapy that normalizes blood glucose
      levels markedly decreases intestinal cholesterol synthesis in diabetic animals to
      a level similar to that observed in control animals. Studies have suggested that
      the hyperphagia that accompanies poorly controlled diabetes is the chief stimulus
      for the increase in intestinal cholesterol synthesis. However, the direct contact
      of the intestinal mucosa with nutrients is not the sole trigger for increasing
      cholesterol synthesis in the small intestine, suggesting that circulating and/or
      neurological factors play a role. The transport of newly synthesized cholesterol,
      most of which is in the chylomicron lipoprotein fraction, from the intestines to
      the circulation is increased in diabetic rats. The sterols associated with these
      chylomicrons are rapidly cleared from the circulation and delivered to the liver.
      The increased transport of chylomicrons from the intestine to the circulation in
      diabetic patients could potentially result in several alterations in lipid
      metabolism that may increase the risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease.

PMID- 2644137
TI  - Degradation of insulin and insulin-like growth factors by enzyme purified from
      human erythrocytes. Comparison of degradation products observed with A14- and B26
      [125I]monoiodoinsulin.
AB  - An insulin-degrading enzyme has been purified from human erythrocytes. This
      enzyme degraded 125I-labeled insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) more slowly
      than 125I-IGF-II and degraded IGF-II more slowly than 125I-insulin. The time
      course of 125I-insulin degradation suggested the presence of intermediates, each
      of which was itself shown to be a substrate for the enzyme. One of these
      intermediates appeared to be made up entirely of B-chain residues and had HisB10
      as its NH2-terminal. The final major radiolabeled degradation product of A14
      [125I]monoiodoinsulin was a peptide with TyrA14 at the A-chain NH2 terminal. This
      peptide could be reduced with dithiothreitol, suggesting that it contained amino
      acid residues from both A- and B-chains. It was partially precipitated by
      trichloroacetic acid and anti-insulin antibody but bound poorly to IM-9
      lymphocytes. The final major degradation product of B26-[125I]monoiodoinsulin was
      a peptide whose NH2-terminal was TyrB26 and could not be reduced by
      dithiothreitol. It was partially precipitated by anti-insulin antibody but was
      precipitated poorly, if at all, by trichloroacetic acid and bound poorly to IM-9
      lymphocytes. The results show that this enzyme degraded insulin by sequential
      cleavage of peptide bonds on both A- and B-chains. We identified LeuA13-TyrA14,
      SerB9-HisB10, and PheB25-TyrB26 as three of the bonds that are cleaved.

PMID- 2644138
TI  - Sexual dimorphism of hyperglycemia and glucose tolerance in Wistar fatty rats.
AB  - Obese and lean male and female Wistar fatty rats were fed a high-sucrose (68% of
      calories) diet from 5 to 22 wk of age. Obese males, but not obese females,
      developed hyperglycemia in the fed state and were more glucose intolerant during
      an intragastric glucose tolerance test than obese females. Lean Wistar fatty rats
      did not become hyperglycemic on the sucrose diet. Obese males also showed a
      smaller insulin response during the glucose tolerance test than did obese
      females. The Wistar fatty rat is a sexually dimorphic model of non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus in which the male but not the female obese rats
      become diabetic. The diabetic condition and impaired glucose tolerance in the
      obese male Wistar fatty rat may be related to impaired pancreatic insulin release
      and peripheral insulin resistance.

PMID- 2644139
TI  - In vitro and in vivo stability of electrode potentials in needle-type glucose
      sensors. Influence of needle material.
AB  - Enzymatic glucose sensors are based on the amperometric detection of an oxidable
      species generated during the oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase. This
      measurement usually requires a working electrode (anode), an auxiliary electrode
      (cathode), and a reference electrode, the function of the latter being to keep
      constant the working potential of the anode, which is responsible for current
      generation. However, in the needle-type glucose sensors proposed so far, the
      reference electrode is missing, and its function is performed by the auxiliary
      electrode. We investigated, in vitro and in vivo in rats, the ability of several
      cathode-needle materials to behave as a reference electrode in two-electrode
      glucose sensors, i.e., to present a stable auxiliary electrode potential. In
      vitro, when glucose concentration was raised from 0 to 30 mM, the auxiliary
      potential of both gold- and silver-coated sensors presented a cathodic drift,
      whereas that of silver/silver chloride-coated sensors remained stable. In vivo,
      during insulin-induced hypoglycemia (5.9-2.4 mM), the auxiliary potentials of all
      sensors remained stable, whereas during glucose infusion (mean blood glucose
      concentration 11.2 mM), the auxiliary potentials of both gold- and silver-coated
      sensors presented an anodic drift, whereas those of silver/silver chloride-coated
      sensors remained stable. We also indirectly quantified the changes in sensor
      response induced by variations in the working potential in vitro and in vivo,
      simulating those that might be produced by a drift in the auxiliary potential.
      Such changes in the working potential could bring about a 30% unspecific
      variation in sensor response. We conclude that improvements in sensor analytical
      characteristics should be obtained with silver/silver-chloride-coated cathodes.

PMID- 2644140
TI  - Systematic variation and differences in insulin-autoantibody measurements.
AB  - Insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) are currently the subject of intensive
      investigation as potential markers for autoimmune insulitis. However, the results
      of different reports vary widely. In an attempt to elucidate the reasons for the
      discrepant reports and to initiate standardization procedures, the International
      Diabetes Workshop (IDW) undertook two studies in which 22 centers worldwide
      measured IAA in coded samples. The variance in binding signal from the 49 sera in
      study 1 was considerable, even when results were standardized, but was largely
      systematic and attributable to basic differences in assay type (liquid phase
      versus solid phase) and to differences in the ligand used (human vs. nonhuman
      insulin). In study 2, 5 sera were prepared and presented blindly to compare
      dilution curves, insulin-species specificity, interference from irrelevant serum
      proteins, precision, and dose-dependent displaceability. Many assays, both liquid
      and solid phase, were influenced by marked and unpredictable nonspecific binding,
      revealed by loss of parallelism between dilution curves in pooled normal serum
      and buffer, by variable binding signals with different normal sera, and by
      difficulty in distinguishing human insulin-specific from cross-reactive IAA sera.
      It was concluded from the experience of both studies that variance could probably
      be reduced by using a standard curve with derived common units, a single species
      of ligand, and methodology to minimize the effect of nonspecific binding.
      Variation related to assay type was probably due to liquid- versus solid-phase
      systems being differentially more sensitive to certain aspects of antigen
      antibody binding; this issue will be addressed in future serum exchanges and
      workshops.

PMID- 2644141
TI  - Mechanisms of insulin-induced insulin-receptor downregulation. Decrease of
      receptor biosynthesis and mRNA levels.
AB  - The influence of insulin on the downregulation of its receptor was studied in
      AR42J cultured pancreatic acinar cells, a cell line that has been demonstrated to
      be metabolically responsive to insulin. Downregulation induced by insulin was
      time and dose dependent. After a 20-h incubation with 1 microM insulin, Scatchard
      analysis revealed approximately 80% loss of insulin receptors. Studies of
      receptor half-life indicated that treatment with insulin accelerated the
      degradation of both the alpha- and beta-subunits of the insulin receptor by 30
      60%. In addition, biosynthetic-labeling studies indicated that insulin inhibited
      the biosynthesis of the insulin-receptor precursor by greater than 30%. This
      decreased biosynthesis of the precursor was associated with decreased production
      of mature receptor subunits. Poly(A)+ RNA was extracted from control cells and
      cells treated for 24 h with 100 nM insulin. Slot blots and Northern transfers
      revealed that insulin induced an approximately 50% decrease in insulin-receptor
      mRNA levels. Therefore, these studies indicate that insulin may diminish the
      concentration of its receptors in target cells by at least two mechanisms:
      acceleration of receptor degradation and inhibition of receptor biosynthesis at
      the level of mRNA.

PMID- 2644142
TI  - Relative importance of extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ for acetylcholine
      stimulation of insulin release in mouse islets.
AB  - Mouse islets were used to study whether mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ is
      sufficient to account for acetylcholine (ACh) amplification of glucose-induced
      insulin release. In the presence of 15 mM glucose, the acceleration of 45Ca
      efflux and insulin release by 1-100 microM ACh increased with the concentration
      of extracellular Ca2+ (0.25-2.5 mM). Low concentrations of the Ca2+-channel
      blockers D 600 (1 microM) or nifedipine (0.1 microM) partially inhibited glucose
      induced insulin release and its amplification by ACh. At higher concentrations, D
      600 (25 microM) or nifedipine (2 microM) practically abolished the ionic and
      secretory effects of 1 microM ACh. However, 100 microM ACh still caused a fast,
      large, but transient acceleration of 45Ca efflux, accompanied by a small, short
      lived release of insulin. Similar results were obtained in a Ca2+-free medium,
      indicating that this peak of 45Ca efflux reflects Ca2+ mobilization. Addition of
      nifedipine or omission of Ca2+ during ACh stimulation rapidly and strongly
      inhibited 45Ca efflux and insulin release. Both glucose and ACh-induced 45Ca
      uptake were inhibited by D 600. Only high concentrations of ACh (100 microM)
      mobilize enough cellular Ca2+ to trigger a small and transient insulin release
      when Ca2+ influx is prevented or impossible. A continuous influx of Ca2+ is
      necessary for low ACh concentrations to increase release and for high
      concentrations to have a sustained effect. The amplification of release by the
      neurotransmitter results from a slight enhancement of Ca2+ influx associated with
      a marked increase in the effectiveness of incoming Ca2+ on the releasing
      machinery.

PMID- 2644143
TI  - Altered acetylcholine and norepinephrine concentrations in diabetic rat hearts.
      Role of parasympathetic nervous system in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - The concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) as a parasympathetic marker and
      norepinephrine (NE) as a sympathetic marker were investigated in the hearts of
      rats 2, 4, and 8 wk after the induction of diabetes by an injection of
      streptozocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg i.v.). ACh and NE were measured by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Diabetic rats showed low
      body weight and heart weight at 2, 4, and 8 wk and higher heart-to-body weight
      ratio and bradycardia at 8 wk, almost all of which were normalized after insulin
      treatment. Myocardial ACh and NE concentrations in the diabetic rats at 2 and 4
      wk were not significantly different from those in age-matched control rats.
      However, ACh and NE concentrations in the diabetic rats at 8 wk significantly
      increased compared with the control rats. Diabetic rats at 8 wk also had
      increased myocardial choline concentration and choline acetyltransferase activity
      and decreased acetylcholinesterase activity. Insulin treatment normalized all of
      these changes in the diabetic rats. Thus, in STZ-induced diabetes (STZ-D), the
      concentrations of both cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitters in the
      myocardium increased. The results of this study confirm a previously reported
      increase in sympathetic activity to the heart and also indicate that there is an
      increase in the synthesis and a decrease in the metabolism of ACh in STZ-D and
      that adequate insulin treatment normalizes these changes.

PMID- 2644144
TI  - Effect of cyclosporin on interleukin 2-related T-lymphocyte parameters in IDDM
      patients.
AB  - Seventy patients aged 15-40 yr with recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (IDDM) were entered into a double-blind trial, in which they were
      randomly assigned to either cyclosporin (7.5 mg.kg-1.day-1) or to placebo and
      were monitored for 1 yr for various phenotypic and functional parameters of T
      lymphocyte-mediated immunity. Before treatment, the proportions of total T
      lymphocytes (CD3+) and helper-inducer T-lymphocytes (CD4+) were normal, whereas
      significantly decreased values of suppressor/cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+), as
      compared with normal controls, were found in 31% of the patients. The interleukin
      2 (IL-2)-receptor expression was significantly increased in IDDM patients
      compared with control subjects, although the single values were low: patients,
      2.02 +/- 0.41%; controls, 0.88 +/- 0.25% (means +/- SE). Circulating levels of
      soluble IL-2 receptor were also significantly increased in IDDM patients compared
      with controls: patients, 372.3 +/- 25.4 U/ml; controls, 235.5 +/- 29.3 U/ml
      (means +/- SE). However, no major abnormalities were found in mitogen
      (phytohemagglutinin)-induced IL-2 production, cell proliferation, or IL-2
      receptor expression. After 6 mo of cyclosporin treatment, no major modifications
      of any of the parameters analyzed were noted, even in patients who had
      cyclosporin blood trough levels greater than 300 ng/ml, i.e., the threshold value
      associated with clinical efficacy. One explanation for the absence of a major
      effect of cyclosporin, in contrast with its demonstrated clinical effectiveness,
      is the reversibility of its activity. Our results preclude the use of the
      described tests to reliably monitor IDDM patients undergoing immunosuppressive
      therapy.

PMID- 2644145
TI  - Effects of dietary treatment on serum insulin and proinsulin response in newly
      diagnosed NIDDM.
AB  - Serum proinsulin is disproportionately elevated both in the basal state and after
      an oral glucose load in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). However,
      there is no detailed information about the effect of glycemic control on this
      abnormality. We investigated the effect of glycemic control by dietary treatment
      on serum proinsulin level in the basal state and in response to an oral glucose
      load. Ten NIDDM patients (7 men and 3 women), aged 19-60 yr, with mean (+/- SD)
      body mass index of 28 +/- 6 kg/m2 (range 21-42 kg/m2) and normal renal and liver
      function were studied. Before and after dietary therapy (25-30 kcal/kg ideal body
      wt), 100-g oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. Proinsulin was measured
      with our proinsulin-specific antiserum, which recognizes the connecting site of
      the B-chain of insulin and C-peptide. After dietary treatment, fasting plasma
      glucose decreased from 197 +/- 35 to 113 +/- 18 mg/dl (P less than .001). Both
      serum insulin and proinsulin decreased (insulin from 15 +/- 8 to 10 +/- 4
      microU/ml, P less than .02; proinsulin from 31 +/- 18 to 13 +/- 5 pM, P less than
      .02), and the molar ratio of proinsulin to insulin also tended to decrease (from
      0.321 +/- 0.08 to 0.24 +/- 0.10, P less than .10). Insulin response to oral
      glucose increased after dietary treatment, whereas proinsulin response did not
      change, resulting in a significant decrease in the molar ratio of the area under
      the curve of proinsulin to insulin after glucose load (from 0.28 +/- 0.12 to 0.13
      +/- 0.07, P less than .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644146
TI  - Two hypotheses on the feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion.
AB  - We review the mechanisms underlying the feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme
      secretion in response to a meal. Pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat and pig
      is known to be regulated by a negative feedback mechanism mediated by intestinal
      trypsin and chymotrypsin. Such a mechanism has recently been noted in humans. The
      presence of these enzymes in the small intestine suppresses pancreatic enzyme
      secretion, whereas their removal increases it. Two novel peptides have been
      proposed to account for the stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion in
      response to feeding trypsin inhibitor. One was assumed to be present in rat
      pancreatic juice and the other to be spontaneously secreted from the rat small
      intestine. In either case, trypsin and trypsin inhibitors do not directly
      interact with the luminal surface of the small intestine, but their actions are
      mediated by a trypsin-sensitive, cholecystokinin-releasing peptide. This is a
      novel explanation of the well-recognized stimulation of pancreatic enzyme
      secretion in response to dietary protein intake.

PMID- 2644147
TI  - Enzyme replacement therapy in fibroblasts from a patient with cholesteryl ester
      storage disease.
AB  - Enzyme replacement has long been considered only a remote possibility in the
      treatment of a wide range of genetic disorders, many manifested as lysosomal
      storage diseases. The complexity of having a particular enzyme gain access to the
      lysosomal compartment in a specific cell seemed insurmountable. We report here on
      an attempt to introduce the enzyme cholesteryl esterase into fibroblasts from a
      patient with cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). The enzyme gains access to
      the lysosomal compartment and the accumulating cholesteryl ester by virtue of
      being carried into the cell conjugated to a ligand (insulin or apoprotein B
      [apoB]) that binds to its own specific receptor and is internalized by the well
      described process of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Regardless of whether the
      enzyme enters the cell via the insulin receptor or via the low-density
      lipoprotein (ApoB) receptor, it can be found associated with a lysosomal fraction
      and is effective in lowering levels of accumulated substrate, cholesteryl ester.
      The time course of the substrate degradation and the dependence on the receptor
      density and receptor density and receptor-ligand interaction indicate that the
      enzyme is simply being carried to the site of substrate accumulation by virtue of
      the fact that that is the destination of the ligand (along with its conjugated
      enzyme) following internalization.

PMID- 2644148
TI  - Insulin receptor.

PMID- 2644149
TI  - Peptide YY inhibits the insulinotropic action of gastric inhibitory polypeptide.
AB  - Peptide YY (PYY) is released from the gut after ingestion of fat or after a meal.
      The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of PYY on gastric
      inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)-stimulated insulin release in conscious dogs with
      gastric and duodenal fistulas. In control experiments, 6 dogs received GIP (400
      pmol/kg, i.v., for 1 h) and glucose (0.6 g/kg, i.v., for 1 h); the integrated
      insulin response over a 1-h period was 142 +/- 32.7 ng-60 min/ml. The plasma GIP
      levels achieved by this procedure were similar to those observed by intraduodenal
      infusion of Lipomul (2 ml/min), suggesting that the dose of GIP used was within
      the physiologic range. Intravenous infusion of three different doses of PYY (100,
      200, or 400 pmol/kg.h) caused a significant inhibition of insulin release
      stimulated by GIP + glucose; the integrated insulin response was reduced to 105,
      88, and 79 ng-60 min/ml, respectively. On the other hand, PYY (400 pmol/kg.h) had
      no effect on insulin secretion induced by intravenous glucose (0.6 g/kg.h) alone.
      These results indicate that PYY specifically inhibits the insulinotropic action
      of GIP and that PYY may play a negative-feedback regulatory role in the
      enteroinsular axis.

PMID- 2644150
TI  - Effect of six weeks of treatment with cisapride in gastroparesis and intestinal
      pseudoobstruction.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of oral cisapride (10 mg t.i.d.) in a double
      blind, placebo-controlled trial in 26 patients with upper gut dysmotility: 11
      with gastroparesis (8 diabetic, 3 idiopathic) and 15 with chronic idiopathic
      intestinal pseudoobstruction. Patients were evaluated at entry and at the end of
      the 6-wk study by upper gastrointestinal manometry, scintigraphic evaluation of
      gastric emptying of solids and liquids, measurement of body weight, and scoring
      of the following symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, early satiety,
      bloating, and distention. Cisapride and placebo groups were strictly comparable
      for all parameters assessed. Cisapride resulted in a significant increase in the
      gastric emptying of solids (p less than 0.05) compared with placebo; cisapride
      also tended to increase the postcibal antral motility and normalize the abnormal
      manometric features in the patients with intestinal dysmotility, particularly the
      characteristics of fasting interdigestive motor complexes and the fed motor
      pattern. Both cisapride and placebo groups showed an improvement in total symptom
      scores and there was no significant difference in overall symptom response
      between the two groups. However, the change in abdominal pain was greater with
      cisapride (p = 0.07). Cisapride facilitates gastric emptying in patients with
      upper gut dysmotility. The overall symptomatic benefit during a 6-wk trial of
      cisapride, 10 mg t.i.d., was not greater than that of placebo, and dose-response
      as well as longer term trials are necessary to determine the clinical efficacy of
      this medication.

PMID- 2644151
TI  - Diminishing efficacy of octreotide (SMS 201-995) on gastric functions of healthy
      subjects during one-week administration.
AB  - In this study, the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of 25 and 100
      micrograms of octreotide given t.i.d. for 7 days subcutaneously were investigated
      in 12 healthy male subjects. Serum concentrations of the drug were well
      reproducible within 1 wk. Octreotide significantly raised 24-h median
      intragastric pH on day 1, but no longer on day 6. Peptone-stimulated gastric acid
      and volume secretion were markedly less suppressed by octreotide on day 7
      compared with day 2. Peptone-stimulated gastrin release was abolished on days 2
      and 7, as was peptone-stimulated insulin release. Blood glucose was altered in a
      biphasic pattern on days 2 and 7. All effects of octreotide were without clear
      cut dose-response relationship. A mean half-life of 115 min was calculated. Dose
      unrelated side effects (e.g., abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and fatty stools) were
      registered. In conclusion, octreotide is a powerful inhibitor of gastric acid and
      volume secretion during acute treatment. Its loss of efficacy during a 1-wk
      administration may be due to the adaptation of somatostatin receptors and
      hormonal counterregulation.

PMID- 2644152
TI  - Proliferation of enterochromaffinlike cells in omeprazole-treated
      hypergastrinemic rats.
AB  - The effect of high doses of omeprazole on the proliferation of the histamine
      storing endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa, the so-called enterochromaffinlike
      (ECL) cells, was studied in the rat stomach by combining immunocytochemical
      staining for histamine with autoradiography after in vivo labeling with
      [3H]thymidine. Under basal conditions the ECL cells divided very slowly. A
      progressive increase in the ECL cell labeling index was observed from the second
      day of omeprazole treatment. The ECL cell density increased progressively from
      the ninth day of treatment. The plasma gastrin levels were doubled and the
      labeling index of the cells in the progenitor cell zone was significantly
      increased. Our data indicate that the omeprazole-evoked ECL cell hyperplasia is a
      result of accelerated self-replication. The positive correlation between the
      plasma gastrin concentration and the ECL cell labeling index is compatible with a
      causal relationship between circulating gastrin levels and increased ECL cell
      density.

PMID- 2644154
TI  - A new measure of health status for clinical trials in inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - We have developed a measure of subjective health status (quality of life) for
      patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ninety-seven patients with IBD
      described problems they had experienced as a result of the disease; the 32 most
      frequent and important items were included in the Inflammatory Bowel Disease
      Questionnaire (IBDQ). Sixty-one IBD patients were evaluated twice. One month
      separated the evaluations, at which disease activity indices, the IBDQ, and a
      number of other questionnaires were administered. Reproducibility studies in 19
      stable patients showed improvement in scores, but also a small within-person
      standard deviation. Responsiveness studies revealed large changes in scores in
      patients who had improved or deteriorated and suggested that the IBDQ was more
      responsive than a general health status measure. Responsiveness appeared greater
      in patients with ulcerative colitis than in those with Crohn's disease. Predicted
      and observed correlations between changes in IBDQ score and changes in other
      measures were similar. We conclude that although further testing is required,
      particularly in examining the relation between changes in the IBDQ and changes in
      the activity of Crohn's disease, the IBDQ shows promise as a measure of health
      status for clinical trials in IBD.

PMID- 2644153
TI  - Effect of absorbable and nonabsorbable sugars on intestinal calcium absorption in
      humans.
AB  - The effects of glucose, galactose, and lactitol on intestinal calcium absorption
      and gastric emptying were studied in 9, 8, and 20 healthy subjects, respectively.
      Calcium absorption was measured by using a double-isotope technique and the
      kinetic parameters were obtained by a deconvolution method. The gastric emptying
      rate was determined with 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and was
      expressed as the half-time of the emptying curve. Each subject was studied under
      two conditions: (a) with calcium alone and (b) with calcium plus sugar. Glucose
      and galactose increased the calcium mean transit time and improved the total
      fractional calcium absorption by 30% (p less than 0.02). Lactitol decreased the
      mean rate of absorption (p less than 0.001) and reduced the total fractional
      calcium absorption by 15% (p less than 0.001). The gastric emptying rate did not
      appear to influence directly the kinetic parameters of calcium absorption. These
      results show that both glucose and galactose exert the same stimulatory effect as
      lactose on calcium absorption in subjects with normal lactase whereas lactitol
      mimics the effects of lactose in lactase-deficient patients. Thus the
      absorbability of sugars determines their effect on calcium absorption.

PMID- 2644156
TI  - Upper GI bleeding in the elderly: diagnosis and management.
AB  - Because the rates of morbidity and mortality from gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding
      in the elderly are substantially higher than those seen in younger patients,
      practitioners caring for the elderly should be familiar with aspects of GI
      bleeding that are unique to this population. A discussion of the differential
      diagnosis of upper GI tract bleeding is followed by a review of approaches for
      diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2644155
TI  - Portal vein blood flow measurements using pulsed Doppler and electromagnetic
      flowmetry in dogs: a comparative study.
AB  - Comparative measurements of portal vein blood flow were performed at laparatomy
      in anesthetized dogs using either a pulsed Doppler echo system or electromagnetic
      flowmeters. Three hundred four simultaneous determinations were obtained under
      baseline conditions and during vasopressin and glucagon infusions. In each dog,
      serial triplicate measurements were taken within 10 min of each other. In all the
      cases, flow changes induced by vasoactive drugs followed the same direction
      regardless of the method used. Portal vein blood flow as measured by
      electromagnetic flowmetry ranged from 85 to 1570 ml/min. Portal vein blood flow
      values obtained with Doppler and electromagnetic flowmeters were not
      significantly different (609 +/- 335 vs. 600 +/- 370 ml/min; p = NS) and were
      highly correlated (r = 0.918, p less than 0.001). The difference between values
      obtained by the two techniques was -3 +/- 159 ml/min or -1.0% +/- 21.2% (mean +/-
      SD). This difference was not influenced by the portal vein diameter but increased
      slightly as a function of the angle of insonation. When considering the mean of
      triplicate measurements, we also found a highly significant correlation between
      data obtained by the two techniques (r = 0.934, p less than 0.001; n = 63). The
      mean difference was 11 ml/min, but limits of agreement between these methods were
      -267 and +239 ml/min. This relative discrepancy was explained by a coefficient of
      variation higher in Doppler measurements than in electromagnetic measurements
      (10.9% vs. 5.9%). These data demonstrate that under our experimental conditions,
      Doppler flowmetry is probably not an ideal method to measure absolute portal vein
      blood flow values, and that more sophisticated equipment is needed to improve its
      reproducibility and accuracy. In humans, however, this method might be a useful
      tool to assess the direction of portal flow changes in the same individual.

PMID- 2644157
TI  - Extrapyramidal syndromes in the elderly: diagnosis and management.
AB  - Extrapyramidal syndromes are among the most common neurologic conditions
      afflicting the geriatric patient. Most generally, these disorders can be
      categorized into those with hypokinetic characteristics (eg, parkinsonism) and
      those with hyperkinetic features (eg, chorea). Finer diagnostic and etiologic
      classification can be gained by observing the details of the movement (eg,
      regular vs. irregular, action vs. resting, proximal vs. distal) and considering
      accompanying signs, symptoms, and histories (eg, pyramidal signs, ocular
      abnormalities, cognitive impairments, history of treatment with neuroleptics).
      Optimal management of these varied syndromes hinges on the accurate
      identification of their clinical forms and a thorough search for their possible
      etiologies.

PMID- 2644158
TI  - Avoiding laboratory test misinterpretation in geriatric rheumatology.
AB  - In this review, basic principles of test selection and interpretation are applied
      to those serologic studies of most value to the clinician attempting to diagnose
      rheumatic disease in the elderly--erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),
      rheumatoid factor (RF), and fluorescent anti-nuclear antibody (FANA). Essentials
      of each test are discussed and the significance of "normal" and "abnormal"
      results is illustrated in varied clinical circumstances. None of the tests is
      diagnostic and because false positive results are more common in healthy elderly
      subjects, the clinician faces the pitfall of overdiagnosis. Clinical findings
      remain the cornerstones for the diagnosis of rheumatic disease, and selected
      tests are used to refine the pretest assessments of disease probability.

PMID- 2644159
TI  - The physician's role in managing terminal care. A Harvard Medical School
      symposium.
AB  - When treating a terminally ill patient, a physician will find that knowledge of
      the case and discussions with the patient and family members seem to lead
      inevitably to certain conclusions concerning resuscitation and life-support, only
      to learn that another physician involved in the case totally disagrees. One's
      professional and ethical position can be buttressed by observing principles for
      appropriate decision-making in terminal care, as reviewed in this case-based
      panel discussion.

PMID- 2644160
TI  - Why patients mutilate themselves.
AB  - Self-mutilation, the deliberate destruction or alteration of body tissue without
      conscious suicidal intent, occurs in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Major
      self-mutilation includes eye enucleation and amputation of limbs or genitals.
      Minor self-mutilation includes self-cutting and self-hitting. The author examines
      patients' explanations for self-mutilation which frequently focus on religions or
      sexual themes, and discusses scientific explanations that draw on biological,
      psychological, social, and cultural theories. Although no one approach adequately
      solves the riddle of such behaviors, habitual self-mutilation may best be thought
      of as a purposeful, if morbid, act of self-help.

PMID- 2644161
TI  - Consultation-liaison psychiatry and HIV-related disorders.
AB  - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and related disorders are increasingly
      and unsettlingly prevalent. The authors describe neuropsychiatric, psychosocial,
      and ethical-legal problems associated with HIV infections that are commonly
      encountered in a consultation-liaison psychiatry setting. Because of HIV's
      potential for undermining cognitive function, they recommend a systematic
      neurobehavioral assessment for the differential diagnosis of emotional
      disturbance, including a test battery that also identifies neurotoxic effects of
      pharmacological agents. Among significant psychosocial and ethical-legal problems
      are patient's reactions to AIDS, their fears of social abandonment, staff burn
      out, antibody testing, confidentiality, and the use of life-support measures. The
      consultation-liaison psychiatrist's awareness of the complexities of HIV-related
      neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychosocial issues can be of enormous benefit to
      medical caregivers and to the patients themselves.

PMID- 2644162
TI  - Congress, White House begin budget negotiations.

PMID- 2644163
TI  - RVS of relative value to health care consumers.

PMID- 2644164
TI  - The dendritic reticulum cell pattern in B cell lymphomas of the small cleaved,
      mixed, and large cell types: an immunohistochemical study of 48 cases.
AB  - An immunohistochemical study was designed to study the dendritic reticulum cell
      (DRC) patterns in 48 cases of B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the small
      cleaved, mixed, and large cell types, both follicular (20 cases) and diffuse (28
      cases), in order to evaluate the possible influence of DRCs on homing and the
      differentiation of neoplastic B cells. Three DRC patterns were observed. In the
      follicular lymphomas, DRCs constituted nodular networks of variable density. In
      the diffuse lymphomas, DRCs were present either as isolated and scattered cells
      (17 cases) or constituted irregular meshworks of variable sizes (11 cases). These
      DRC patterns correlate with B cell immunophenotypes. Like follicular lymphomas,
      and unlike diffuse lymphomas without DRC networks, diffuse lymphomas with DRC
      networks constantly expressed the pan B antigens and one marker characteristic of
      normal germinal center cells, CD21 antigen, the C3d receptor. The finding of
      organized DRC networks in a significant number of diffuse lymphomas does not
      substantiate the hypothesis that DRCs may play a role in the homing of neoplastic
      B cells. The correlations observed between DRC patterns and B cell
      immunophenotypes suggest that the persistence and/or the development of DRC
      networks within follicular center cell-type lymphomas are related to the degree
      of functional differentiation of neoplastic B cells.

PMID- 2644165
TI  - Bile duct injury as a part of diagnostic criteria for liver allograft rejection.
AB  - The decisive criterium of acute liver allograft rejection was found to be the
      presence of the diagnostic triad of acute rejection; ie, the presence of portal
      inflammatory mixed infiltrates, venous endothelialitis (both portal and central),
      and bile duct injury. On the basis of the presence of each of the components of
      the diagnostic triad, criteria for the diagnosis of different degrees of acute
      rejection were developed, particularly focusing attention on a detailed analysis
      of bile duct injury. Bile duct injury was shown to be an essential part of the
      histopathologic changes in all grades of acute rejection in the liver allograft,
      the grade of severity of bile duct injury correlating to a certain extent with
      the grade of severity of acute rejection. Our analyses have made it evident that
      bile duct injury, which most probably occurs earlier in the process of acute
      rejection than endothelialitis, is a more sensitive parameter than
      endothelialitis in the diagnosis of acute rejection. Furthermore, our analyses
      have revealed that bile duct injury in acute rejection is likely to be an
      irreversible process, depending on the number of episodes of acute rejection that
      previously occurred. On the other hand, it has become clear from our results that
      bile duct injury must not be considered to be an absolute histopathologic marker
      of acute rejection; however, it does have to be judged synoptically in connection
      with the other components of the diagnostic triad and the changes that the triad
      cause in the hepatic parenchyma. Additional analyses of the grade of severity of
      cholostases have shown that the cholostases are, to a certain degree, an
      accompanying phenomenon of the histopathologic changes characterizing acute
      rejection rather than a histopathologic change that is as significant as the
      presence of the components of the diagnostic triad.

PMID- 2644166
TI  - Metastatic renal cell carcinoma presenting as a parotid tumor: a case report with
      immunohistochemical findings and a review of the literature.
AB  - Renal cell carcinoma presenting as an asymptomatic parotid mass is rare. Only 15
      cases have been reported. We describe a 72-year-old man with widespread
      metastatic renal cell carcinoma presenting with a 2-year history of a slowly
      enlarging left parotid mass. Needle biopsy revealed a clear cell neoplasm.
      Immunoperoxidase studies for carcinoembryonic antigen were negative while those
      for vimentin and keratin were positive, consistent with a renal cell carcinoma.
      This is the first case reported in which the immunohistochemical findings of
      positive staining for vimentin and keratin have confirmed the presence of
      metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The histochemical features of various parotid
      clear cell tumors, as well as a review of renal cell tumors presenting as a
      parotid mass, will be discussed.

PMID- 2644167
TI  - Molecular heterogeneity of steroid sulfatase deficiency: a multicenter study on
      57 unrelated patients, at DNA and protein levels.
AB  - Steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency is the biochemical defect of X-linked
      ichthyosis (XLI), one of the most common X-linked disorders. We studied 57
      European unrelated patients affected by STS deficiency. Twenty-eight patients
      were from Italy, 24 from the United Kingdom, 4 from The Netherlands, and 1 from
      Denmark. In two families XLI was associated with Kallmann syndrome
      (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia). STS enzymatic activity was
      profoundly deficient in all cases. Direct DNA analysis, using cDNA and genomic
      probes from the STS gene and linked regions, demonstrated heterogeneity of the
      molecular defect. Forty-eight patients (84%) showed a deletion of the STS gene.
      In 44 cases the deletion also involved the STS flanking locus DXS237. In 1
      patient a partial deletion of the STS gene was detected and in 9 patients no
      evidence of deletion was found. Locus DXS31 (probe M1A), previously mapped to
      Xp22.3-pter, was not deleted either in 24 patients with X-linked ichthyosis or in
      two families with X-linked ichthyosis associated with Kallmann syndrome.
      Consequently, the following loci order could be suggested: telomere--DXS31-
      (DXS237, STS)--Kallmann--centromere. Immunoblotting experiments, performed using
      anti-STS polyclonal antibodies, revealed the absence of cross-reacting material
      to STS in all cases tested, including 4 patients without evidence of deletions.

PMID- 2644168
TI  - cDNA sequence, interspecies comparison, and gene mapping analysis of
      argininosuccinate lyase.
AB  - A cDNA clone of the argininosuccinate lyase gene (ASL) was isolated from an adult
      human liver library by probing with synthetic oligonucleotide probes. This clone
      and a yeast genomic DNA fragment containing the ASL gene were sequenced using the
      M13-dideoxynucleotide method. Comparison of the yeast and human clones at the
      nucleotide and putative amino acid sequence levels indicated identities of 50 and
      54%, respectively. The most conserved region of the yeast gene was used to detect
      human clones in the liver cDNA library to test phylogenetic screening
      capabilities of conserved genes. ASL was mapped to human chromosome 7pter----q22
      using human-mouse somatic cell hybrid DNA and further mapped by in situ
      hybridization to chromosome 7cen----q11.2 on human metaphase chromosomes. The
      probe also detected a sequence on chromosome 22. Somatic cell hybrid DNA digested
      with PvuII revealed a mouse polymorphism between Balb/c and C3H mice in the ASL
      gene.

PMID- 2644169
TI  - Better growth of Campylobacter jejuni using simple Fortner's principle & candle
      extinction jar.
AB  - C. jejuni isolated from patients of childhood diarrhoea and chicken intestines
      were examined for better growth in both liquid and solid media under three
      different environments of candle extinction jar with or without an Escherichia
      coli inoculated plate and three such plates in a sealed jar. Better growth by one
      log in liquid media was obtained at 24 and 48 h with bacterial counts of about
      ca. 10(7) and ca. 10(9) respectively, and larger colony size at 24 h on solid
      medium by inclusion of a single Esch. coli inoculated plate following Fortner's
      principle rather than candle jar alone. Inclusion of three Esch. coli plates
      yielded similar results at 48 h but lesser growth at 24 h and a decline at 72 h.
      Most of the C. jejuni strains failed to adapt to grow in presence of air.

PMID- 2644170
TI  - Characterization of a wide host range plasmid pANV-6 from Citrobacter diversus.
AB  - pANV-6 is a 5.85 kb, streptomycin resistant, high copy number plasmid isolated
      from a multi drug resistant clinical isolate of C. diversus by transformation in
      Escherichia coli C-600. The plasmid was very stable, noncurable and could not be
      amplified with chloramphenicol. It was non-conjugative among Enterobacteriaceae
      hosts. Plasmid was transferred by transformation to several Gram negative and
      Gram positive hosts. These included Esch. coli, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella
      typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium
      glutamicum. From Staph. aureus it was transferred by conjugation to other Staph.
      aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis. Plasmid was incompatible with
      standard plasmids belonging to incompatibility groups H1, H2 = S,J,P and T of
      coliform bacteria. Plasmid has one site for restriction enzyme EcoRI and Pst I,
      three for Bgl 1 and non for Bgl 1, Bam HI, Hind III and X ba I.

PMID- 2644171
TI  - Chemotherapy of antimonial compounds in kala-azar infection. Part IV. Further
      observations on the therapeutic values of urea stibamine. By U.N. Brahmachari,
      1922.

PMID- 2644172
TI  - Chemotherapy of antimonial compounds in kala-azar infection. Part I. By U. N.
      Brahmachari, 1922.

PMID- 2644173
TI  - Increased membrane-bound calcium in platelets of hypertensive patients.
AB  - The fluorescent indicator chlortetracycline was used to estimate membrane-bound
      calcium in mild, untreated hypertensive patients (n = 39) and normotensive
      controls (n = 42). All participants were black. After incubation with
      chlortetracycline, platelet-rich plasma was centrifuged into a pellet and
      fluorescence was measured with a microspectrofluorometer. At an interval of 45
      minutes mean fluorescence values were 11% higher in the hypertensive than in the
      normotensive group (567 +/- 95 vs. 512 +/- 100 counts/sec, p less than 0.02).
      With both groups of participants combined, a correlation of borderline
      statistical significance was noted between diastolic blood pressure and
      chlortetracycline fluorescence (r = 0.213, p = 0.056). In parallel experiments,
      sodium and potassium concentrations were measured in red blood cells.
      Intracellular sodium was also significantly higher in the hypertensive group (p
      less than 0.01). These data indicate that the total cell burden of calcium is
      increased in the platelets of hypertensive individuals, possibly a result of
      abnormal cell metabolism of calcium, and further suggest that circulating
      platelets in hypertensive individuals may be in a hyperaggregable state.

PMID- 2644174
TI  - Cardiac involvement in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2644175
TI  - Early use of metoprolol and serum potassium in suspected acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - In 1350 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction, serum potassium was
      analysed in the emergency ward. The effect of metoprolol was compared with
      placebo in a double-blind randomized trial. Metoprolol increased serum potassium
      from 4.11 +/- 0.02 mmol/l to 4.27 +/- 0.02 mmol/l (P less than 0.001) during the
      1st day after hospital admission, whereas serum potassium levels remained fairly
      constant in patients given placebo during the same time (4.11 +/- 0.02 to 4.14 +/
      0.02 mmol/l; P greater than 0.2). Similar results were obtained when analysing
      patients with a confirmed myocardial infarction separately. The effects appeared
      homogeneously distributed in subgroups related to sex, clinical history, infarct
      site, infarct size and delay time from onset of symptoms to start of treatment.
      We conclude that early treatment with the beta-1-selective blocker metoprolol in
      patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction increases serum potassium.

PMID- 2644176
TI  - Extrathoracic heart (ectopia cordis). Report of two cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - We report 2 cases of extrathoracic heart (ectopia cordis) operated on a few hours
      after birth at Laennec Hospital, Paris. The first patient had an associated
      diastasis of the rectus muscles. The second one, in whom diagnosis was made by
      ultrasound during fetal life, had a normal abdominal wall. In both cases it was
      possible to accommodate the heart in the left pleural cavity after a wide
      dissection of the posterior mediastinum. Both babies, however, died soon after
      the operation. Double outlet right ventricle was found in both. We have reviewed
      those cases previously described and discuss the importance of prenatal
      echocardiographic diagnosis in this rare condition.

PMID- 2644177
TI  - An automated system of strabismus management. A direct approach using a "reverse"
      model.
AB  - Until now computer models of strabismus have consisted of lengthy calculations
      based on oculomotor physiology. Such models have been able to demonstrate the
      pattern of strabismus that would arise from any given muscle abnormality and/or
      operation. However, it has been difficult to use such models to guide strabismus
      surgery because the surgeon requires a model that works in the opposite
      direction. The surgeon requires a model whose input is the pattern of strabismus
      and output is the muscle operation required. Such a model is described here.
      Instead of consisting of calculations based on physiology the new model consists
      of a store of most of the information capable of being generated by an existing
      strabismus model together with an efficient search procedure. In this paper the
      potential of the new model is demonstrated by its application to a case of
      paralytic strabismus.

PMID- 2644178
TI  - A new test of luminous efficiency for babies.
AB  - We used the minimum motion method devised by Anstis and Cavanagh (1983) to
      measure the luminous efficiency of red and green and of yellow and blue for
      "normal" 1- 3-month-old babies and for one 3-month-old boy destined to be color
      deficient because of a deutan mother. Subjects watched a display which created
      apparent motion, the direction of which depended on the relative luminance of the
      colors. To determine the equiluminant points, we observed the optokinetic
      nystagmus elicited by the display as the relative luminance of the colors was
      varied. The equiluminant points of the normal mothers and their infants were
      similar to each other but different from those of the deutan mother and her son.
      Our new method demonstrates the early maturation of input from red and green
      cones into achromatic pathways. It can also be used to identify some color
      deficient infants.

PMID- 2644179
TI  - Prevention and control of surgical wound infection.

PMID- 2644180
TI  - The challenge of industrial veterinary medicine.

PMID- 2644181
TI  - Experimental uses of flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone in food-producing
      animals.
AB  - Presently, in the United States, there are no nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
      drugs, except aspirin, that are approved for use in animals intended for food
      production. Use of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and dipyrone for treatment
      of food animals may be considered in special circumstances. Such use requires
      strict adherence to FDA guidelines for extra-label use of drugs. Flunixin
      meglumine and phenylbutazone have been shown to have a favorable influence on the
      course and outcome of certain diseases. This report reviews information
      concerning the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutics of phenylbutazone
      and flunixin as they have been used on an experimental basis in food animals.

PMID- 2644182
TI  - Low cost device for removing human and small primate temporal bone plugs.
AB  - Previously, only the expensive oscillating saw and Schuknecht temporal trephine
      were available for removing human temporal bone plugs and no trephines were made
      for smaller research primates. An inexpensive hole saw has been modified for
      removing such plugs with an electric drill. This device is less expensive, easier
      to use, causes less potential impact damage to the plug, and the size of the hole
      saw can be varied for the size of the skull.

PMID- 2644183
TI  - Characterization of human mammary cell types in primary culture:
      immunofluorescent and immunocytochemical indicators of cellular heterogeneity.
AB  - Parenchymal organoidal structures that were obtained from collagenase digestion
      of reduction mammoplasty specimens of apparently normal human breasts have been
      grown in short-term primary cultures, either on plastic or on floating gels of
      polymerized rat-tail collagen. Three morphologically distinct major cell types
      are readily observed in both systems: cuboidal cells, which occupy apical
      positions on collagen gels; larger, epithelioid, or basal cells on gels; and
      elongated cells which penetrate into the gel. In addition, a fourth cell type,
      that of large, flat cell, is observed less readily by phase contrast microscopy
      on the surface of cultures grown on plastic. Immunofluorescent and
      immunocytochemical staining of cultures on plastic or histologic sections of
      cultures on gels have been undertaken with antisera and other histochemical
      reagents that stain the different parenchymal cell types in vivo. Thus antisera
      to epithelial membrane antigen(s), monoclonal antibodies (MABs) to the defatted
      mammary milk fat globule membrane, peanut lectin, and keratin MAB LE61, which
      preferentially stain the epithelial cells of ducts in vivo, also stain the
      cuboidal/apical cells in vitro. The large, flat cells are stained intensely by
      the first three reagents but not by the last one. Antisera to collagen IV,
      laminin, fibronectin, actin, keratin MAB LP34, MABs to the common acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia antigen, and MAB LICR-LON-23.10, which showed enhanced
      staining for the ductal myoepithelial cells in vivo, also stain the
      epithelioid/elongated cells in vitro. However, the effect of the last four
      reagents is reduced considerably in most elongated cells, and MAB LP34 stains the
      large, flat cells intensely. Heterogeneous cells of intermediate morphologies and
      staining patterns between the cuboidal cells and large, flat cells are related to
      mammary epithelial cells. whereas the large epithelioid/elongated cells have some
      characteristics of myoepithelial cells, and that intermediate forms may exist in
      culture between the two parenchymal cell types.

PMID- 2644184
TI  - Behavior therapy with children and adolescents: a twenty-year overview.
AB  - A twenty-year overview of behavior therapy with children and adolescents is
      presented. The various techniques and their application to relevant major DSM-III
      R categories are critically discussed. It is concluded that behavior therapy has
      made great progress and has proven applications in child and adolescent disorders
      but that its precise roles, comparative efficacy, and complementarity to other
      forms of psychotherapy and other treatments remain to be demonstrated. Much
      uncertainty stems from the relatively poor state of research in other forms of
      psychotherapy.

PMID- 2644185
TI  - More on autoerotic death.

PMID- 2644186
TI  - Novel aerobic tetracycline resistance gene that chemically modifies tetracycline.
AB  - A tetracycline resistance gene that was found originally on the Bacteroides
      plasmid pBF4 confers resistance on Escherichia coli but only when cells are
      growing aerobically. When E. coli EM24 carrying this aerobic tetracycline
      resistance (*Tcr) gene is grown in medium containing tetracycline, the resulting
      spent medium is no longer toxic to tetracycline-sensitive (Tcs) E. coli EM24
      (B.S. Speer and A.A. Salyers, J. Bacteriol. 170: 1423-1429, 1988). To determine
      whether the *Tcr gene product modified tetracycline, we characterized the
      material resulting from incubation of E. coli (*Tcr) with tetracycline. When [7
      3H(N)]tetracycline was added to cultures of E. coli (*Tcr), at least 90% of the
      label was recovered in the extracellular fluid. Therefore, tetracycline was not
      being sequestered by the cells. The labeled material behaved similarly to
      tetracycline with respect to solubility in various organic solvents. However, the
      UV-visible light spectrum had a single peak at 258 nm, whereas the tetracycline
      spectrum had a peak at 364 nm. The labeled material also had a faster migration
      rate than did tetracycline on thin-layer plates in a solvent system of butanol
      methanol-10% citric acid (4:1:2, vol/vol/vol) and was separable from tetracycline
      by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, using an acetronitrile-0.1%
      trifluoroacetic acid solvent system. These results demonstrate that the *Tcr gene
      product chemically modifies tetracycline. The *Tcr gene is the first example of a
      chemically modifying tetracycline resistance mechanism.

PMID- 2644187
TI  - Altered cobalamin metabolism in Escherichia coli btuR mutants affects btuB gene
      regulation.
AB  - Synthesis of the Escherichia coli outer membrane protein BtuB, which mediates the
      binding and transport of vitamin B12, is repressed when cells are grown in the
      presence of vitamin B12. Expression of btuB-lacZ fusions was also found to be
      repressed, and selection for constitutive production of beta-galactosidase in the
      presence of vitamin B12 yielded mutations at btuR. The btuR locus, at 27.9 min on
      the chromosome map, was isolated on a 952-base-pair EcoRV fragment, and its
      nucleotide sequence was determined. The BtuR protein was identified in maxicells
      as a 22,000-dalton polypeptide, as predicted from the nucleotide sequence.
      Strains mutant at btuR had negligible pools of adenosylcobalamin but did convert
      vitamin B12 into other derivatives. Although btuB expression in a btuR strain
      could not be repressed by cyano- or methylcobalamin, it was repressed by
      adenosylcobalamin. Growth on ethanolamine as the sole nitrogen source requires
      adenosylcobalamin. btuR mutants grew on ethanolamine but were affected in the
      length of the lag period before initiation of growth, which suggested that an
      alternative route for adenosylcobalamin synthesis might exist. No mutations were
      found that conferred constitutive btuB expression in the presence of
      adenosylcobalamin. Other genes near btuR may also be involved in cobalamin
      metabolism, as suggested from the complementation behavior of strains generated
      by excision of the Tn10 element in btuR. These results indicated that the btuR
      product is involved in the metabolism of adenosylcobalamin and that this
      cofactor, or some derivative, controls btuB expression.

PMID- 2644188
TI  - Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene for
      poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis.
AB  - The extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase gene from Alcaligenes
      faecalis T1 was cloned into Escherichia coli DH1 by using the plasmid pUC8. An A.
      faecalis T1 genomic library was prepared in E. coli from a partial Sau3AI digest
      and screened with antibody against the depolymerase. Of the 29 antibody-positive
      clones, 1 (pDP14), containing about 4 kilobase pairs of A. faecalis T1 DNA,
      caused expression of a high level of depolymerase activity in E. coli. The enzyme
      purified from E. coli was not significantly different from the depolymerase of A.
      faecalis in molecular weight, immunological properties, peptide map, specific
      activity, or substrate specificity. Most of the expressed enzyme was found to be
      localized in the periplasmic space of E. coli, although about 10% of the total
      activity was found in the culture medium. Results of a deletion experiment with
      pDP14 showed that a large SalI fragment of about 2 kilobase pairs was responsible
      for expression of the enzyme in E. coli. The nucleotide sequence of the large
      SalI fragment has been determined. Comparison of the deduced amino terminus with
      that obtained from sequence analysis of the purified protein indicated that
      poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase exists as a 488-amino-acid precursor with a
      signal peptide of 27 amino acids.

PMID- 2644189
TI  - Identification and sequence analysis of Escherichia coli purE and purK genes
      encoding 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazole carboxylase for de novo purine
      biosynthesis.
AB  - It has been shown that the Escherichia coli purE locus specifying 5'
      phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazole carboxylase in de novo purine nucleotide
      synthesis is divided into two cistrons. We cloned and determined a 2,449
      nucleotide sequence including the purE locus. This sequence contains two
      overlapped open reading frames, ORF-18 and ORF-39, encoding proteins with
      molecular weights of 18,000 and 39,000, respectively. The purE mutations of
      CSH57A and DCSP22 were complemented by plasmids carrying ORF-18, while that of
      NK6051 was complemented by plasmids carrying ORF-39. Thus, the purE locus
      consists of two distinct genes, designated purE and purK for ORF-18 and ORF-39,
      respectively. These genes constitute a single operon. A highly conserved 16
      nucleotide sequence, termed the PUR box, was found in the upstream region of purE
      by comparing the sequences of the purF and purMN operons. We also found three
      entire and one partial repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequences in the
      downstream region of purK. Roles of the PUR box and REP sequences are discussed
      in relation to the genesis of the purEK operon.

PMID- 2644190
TI  - Mechanistically novel iron(III) transport system in Serratia marcescens.
AB  - A novel iron(III) transport system of Serratia marcescens, named SFU, was cloned
      and characterized in Escherichia coli. Iron acquisition by this system differed
      from that by E. coli and related organisms. No siderophore production and no
      receptor protein related to the SFU system could be detected. In addition, iron
      uptake was independent of the TonB and ExbB functions. On the cloned 4.8-kilobase
      sfu fragment, two loci encoding a 36-kilodalton (kDa) protein and three proteins
      with molecular masses of 40, 38, and 34 kDa were identified; the 40-kDa protein
      represents a precursor form. Furthermore, chromosomally encoded functions of E.
      coli were required for the uptake of iron by this system.

PMID- 2644191
TI  - Lactose transport system of Streptococcus thermophilus: a hybrid protein with
      homology to the melibiose carrier and enzyme III of phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent
      phosphotransferase systems.
AB  - The gene responsible for the transport of lactose into Streptococcus thermophilus
      (lacS) was cloned in Escherichia coli as a 4.2-kilobase fragment from an EcoRI
      library of chromosomal DNA by using the vector pKK223-3. From deletion analysis,
      the gene for lactose transport mapped to two HindIII fragments with a total size
      of 2.8 kilobases. The gene was transcribed in E. coli from its own promoter.
      Functional expression of lactose transport activity was shown by assaying for the
      uptake and exchange of lactose both in intact cells and in membrane vesicles. The
      nucleotide sequence of lacS and 200 to 300 bases of 3' and 5' flanking regions
      were determined. The gene was 1,902 base pairs long, encoding a 69,454-dalton
      protein with an NH2-terminal hydrophobic region and a COOH-terminal hydrophilic
      region. The NH2-terminal end was homologous with the melibiose carrier of E. coli
      (23% similarity overall; greater than 50% similarity for regions with at least 16
      amino acids), whereas the COOH-terminal end showed 34 to 41% similarity with the
      enzyme III (domain) of three different phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent
      phosphotransferase systems. Among the conserved amino acids were two histidyl
      residues, of which one has been postulated to be phosphorylated by HPr. Since
      sugars are not phosphorylated during translocation by the lactose transport
      system, it is suggested that the enzyme III-like region serves a regulatory
      function in this protein. The lacS gene also appears similar to the partially
      sequenced lactose transport gene of Lactobacillus bulgaricus (lacL; greater than
      60% similarity). Furthermore, the 3' flanking sequence of the S. thermophilus
      lactose transport gene showed approximately 50% similarity with the N-terminal
      portion of the beta-galactosidase gene of L. bulgaricus. In both organisms, the
      lactose transport gene and the beta-galactosidase appear to be separated by a 3
      base-pair intercistronic region.

PMID- 2644192
TI  - Homology between virF, the transcriptional activator of the Yersinia virulence
      regulon, and AraC, the Escherichia coli arabinose operon regulator.
AB  - Virulent yersiniae (Yersinia pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y.
      enterocolitica) restrict their growth at 37 degrees C in rich medium deprived of
      calcium. This property, called calcium dependency, correlates with the secretion
      of Yersinia outer membrane proteins (Yops) and with pathogenicity. It is mediated
      by a 70-kilobase plasmid called pYV. The structural genes of the Yops (yop
      genes), as well as genes involved in the control of their expression (vir genes),
      have been localized on pYV. In this communication we show that virF encodes a
      transcriptional activator controlling the yop regulon. This activator is a 30,879
      dalton protein related to AraC, the regulator of the Escherichia coli and
      Salmonella typhimurium arabinose operons. We also show in this paper that
      transcription of virF is thermodependent and presumably autoregulated. virF is
      thus responsible for the effect of temperature on the production of the Yops.
      Finally, we show that virF activates transcription of the yop genes independently
      of the presence of calcium ions. The role of calcium therefore remains
      unaccounted for.

PMID- 2644193
TI  - Chlamydial gene encoding a 70-kilodalton antigen in Escherichia coli: analysis of
      expression signals and identification of the gene product.
AB  - In an attempt to identify chlamydial genes whose native promoters allow them to
      be expressed in Escherichia coli, we isolated and characterized a chlamydial gene
      identified by screening a library of chlamydial DNA with antichlamydial
      antibodies. This gene encodes a 70-kilodalton immunoreactive polypeptide in E.
      coli hosts. Sequence analysis of the 5' portion of the gene identified its
      product as the chlamydial homolog of the E. coli ribosomal protein S1. The site
      of transcription initiation of the mRNA in chlamydiae was determined, and its
      putative promoter regions were identified. These regions apparently do not
      function efficiently in E. coli; in vitro transcripts generated by using E. coli
      RNA polymerase did not start at the authentic chlamydial initiation site. Several
      in vitro transcripts both larger and smaller than the authentic transcript were
      seen; presumably, these transcripts result from adventitious promoterlike
      elements in adjacent chlamydial DNA and may be responsible for the expression of
      the gene in E. coli.

PMID- 2644194
TI  - Mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in the fermentative lactate dehydrogenase.
AB  - Mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in the fermentative NAD-linked lactate
      dehydrogenase (ldh) have been isolated. These mutants showed no growth defects
      under anaerobic conditions unless present together with a defect in pyruvate
      formate lyase (pfl). Double mutants (pfl ldh) were unable to grow anaerobically
      on glucose or other sugars even when supplemented with acetate, whereas pfl
      mutants can do so. The ldh mutation was found to map at 30.5 min on the E. coli
      chromosome. The ldh mutant FMJ39 showed no detectable lactate dehydrogenase
      activity and produced no lactic acid from glucose under anaerobic conditions as
      estimated by in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. We also found that
      in wild-type strains the fermentative lactate dehydrogenase was conjointly
      induced by anaerobic conditions and an acidic pH. Despite previous findings that
      phosphate concentrations affect the proportion of lactic acid produced during
      fermentation, we were unable to find any intrinsic effect of phosphate on lactate
      dehydrogenase activity, apart from the buffering effect of this ion.

PMID- 2644195
TI  - virG, a plasmid-coded virulence gene of Shigella flexneri: identification of the
      virG protein and determination of the complete coding sequence.
AB  - On the 230-kilobase-pair (kb) virulence plasmid of Shigella flexneri 2a strain
      YSH6000, at least seven separate genetic determinants have been identified. One
      of them, an approximately 4-kb region, virG, that is required for the Sereny
      reaction, was extensively studied to examine the role of the virG region. The
      phenotype of a VirG- mutant (M94) of YSH6000 in the cytoplasm of cultured MK
      cells was characterized by a kinetic study of the invading shigellae. The
      observed phenotype of M94 in the cytoplasm indicated that the virG locus is not
      required for multiplication of the invading shigellae, but is essential for their
      spread to adjacent cells. The DNA region necessary for the VirG function was
      localized to a 3.6-kb DNA sequence on the 230-kb plasmid. A 130-kilodalton
      polypeptide was confirmed to be the virG product. External labeling of bacteria
      with 125I indicated that the 130-kilodalton virG protein is exposed on the
      bacterial surface. The nucleotide sequence of 4,472 bp, which contains the
      functional virG gene and its own regulatory sequence, was determined, and a large
      open reading frame encoding 1,102 amino acid residues was identified.

PMID- 2644196
TI  - Evidence for the involvement of a cytoplasmic factor in the aging of the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The life spans of individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were determined
      microscopically by counting the number of buds produced by each cell to provide a
      measure of the number of cell generations (age) before death. As the cells aged,
      their generation times increased five- to sixfold. The generation times of
      daughter cells were virtually identical to those of their mothers throughout the
      life spans of the mothers. However, within two to three cell divisions after the
      daughters were detached from their mothers by micromanipulation, their generation
      times reverted to that characteristic of their own age. Recovery from the mother
      cell effect was also observed when the daughters were left attached to their
      mothers. The results suggest that senescence, as manifested by the increase in
      generation time, is a phenotypically dominant feature in yeast cells and that it
      is determined by a diffusible cytoplasmic factor(s) that undergoes turnover. This
      factor(s) appeared to be transmitted by a cell not only to its daughter, but also
      indirectly to its granddaughter. In separate studies, it was determined that the
      induced deposition of chitin, the major component of the bud scar, in the yeast
      cell wall had no appreciable effect on life span. We raise the possibility that
      the cytoplasmic factor(s) that appears to mediate the "senescent phenotype" is a
      major determinant of yeast life span. This factor(s) may be the product of age
      specific gene expression.

PMID- 2644197
TI  - Escherichia coli sigma 54 RNA polymerase recognizes Caulobacter crescentus flbG
      and flaN flagellar gene promoters in vitro.
AB  - A set of the periodically regulated flagellar (fla) genes of Caulobacter
      crescentus contain conserved promoter sequence elements at -24 and -12 that are
      very similar to the sequence of the nitrogen assimilation (Ntr) and nitrogen
      fixation (Nif) promoters of enteric bacteria and Rhizobium spp. Transcription
      from Ntr and Nif promoters requires RNA polymerase containing sigma 54 instead of
      the usual sigma 70 and, in the case of the Ntr promoters, is activated by the
      transcription factors NRI and NRII. We have now demonstrated that the C.
      crescentus flbG and flaN promoters, which contain the Ntr/Nif type of consensus
      sequence, are utilized by purified Escherichia coli sigma 54 RNA polymerase (E
      sigma 54) in the presence of NRI and NRII but not by the purified sigma 70 RNA
      polymerase (E sigma 70) of E. coli. Oligonucleotide-generated flbG promoter
      deletions that removed the highly conserved GG dinucleotide at -24 or the GC
      dinucleotide at -12 or altered the spacing between the -24 and -12 sequence
      elements prevented utilization of the flbG promoter by the E. coli E sigma 54.
      Transversions of T to G at positions -26 and -15 also inactivated flbG promoter
      function in the E. coli cell-free transcription system, while a transition of G
      to A at position -16 in the nonconserved spacer region had no effect. The C.
      crescentus flaO and flbF promoters, which do not contain the Ntr/Nif-type
      promoter consensus sequence, were not utilized by either purified E sigma 54 or E
      sigma 70 from E. coli. Our results help to define the features of the Ntr/Nif
      type consensus sequence required for promoter utilization by purified E. coli E
      sigma 54 and support the idea that C. crescentus may contain a specialized
      polymerase with similar promoter specificity required for expression of a set of
      fla genes.

PMID- 2644198
TI  - Amino acid sequence and length requirements for assembly and function of the
      colicin A lysis protein.
AB  - The roles of the various parts of the mature colicin A lysis protein (Cal) in its
      assembly into the envelope and its function in causing "quasi-lysis," the release
      of colicin A, and the activation of phospholipase A were investigated. By using
      cassette mutagenesis, many missense mutations were introduced into the highly
      conserved portion of the lysis protein. In vitro mutagenesis was also used to
      introduce stop codons after amino acids 16 and 18 and a frameshift mutation at
      amino acid 17 of the mature Cal sequence. The processing and modification of the
      mutants were identical to those of the wild type, except for the truncated Cal
      proteins, which were neither acylated nor processed. Thus, the carboxy-terminal
      half of Cal must be present (or replaced by another peptide) for the proper
      processing and assembly of the protein. However, the specific sequence of this
      region is not required for the membrane-damaging function of the protein.
      Furthermore, the sequence specificity for even the conserved amino acids of the
      amino-terminal half of the protein is apparently exceedingly relaxed, since only
      those mutant Cal proteins in which a highly conserved amino acid has been
      replaced by a glutamate were impaired in their function.

PMID- 2644199
TI  - Protein-DNA interactions in regulation of P1 plasmid replication.
AB  - The P1 RepA protein appears to play three roles in P1 plasmid replication: acting
      at the origin both as a specific initiator and as a repressor of transcription,
      and interacting with the copy-control locus incA to bring about a negative
      control of initiation. We have used the DNase I footprinting technique to show
      that RepA binds specifically to repeat units of a 19-base-pair consensus sequence
      present in both the origin and incA control regions. RNA polymerase was shown to
      bind to two specific regions within the origin repeats. One of these constitutes
      the known promoter sequence for the repA gene. We show evidence that the
      polymerase can be efficiently displaced from the promoter by subsequent RepA
      binding, thus providing a direct mechanism for RepA autoregulation. Under the
      conditions used, there were no obvious differences in the affinities of
      individual repeat sequences for the purified protein.

PMID- 2644200
TI  - Control of photosynthetic membrane assembly in Rhodobacter sphaeroides mediated
      by puhA and flanking sequences.
AB  - A reaction center H- strain (RCH-) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, PUHA1, was made by
      in vitro deletion of an XhoI restriction endonuclease fragment from the puhA gene
      coupled with insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene cartridge. The resulting
      construct was delivered to R. sphaeroides wild-type 2.4.1, with the defective
      puhA gene replacing the wild-type copy by recombination, followed by selection
      for kanamycin resistance. When grown under conditions known to induce
      intracytoplasmic membrane development, PUHA1 synthesized a pigmented
      intracytoplasmic membrane. Spectral analysis of this membrane showed that it was
      deficient in B875 spectral complexes as well as functional reaction centers and
      that the level of B800-850 spectral complexes was greater than in the wild type.
      The RCH- strain was photosythetically incompetent, but photosynthetic growth was
      restored by complementation with a 1.45-kilobase (kb) BamHI restriction
      endonuclease fragment containing the puhA gene carried in trans on plasmid
      pRK404. B875 spectral complexes were not restored by complementation with the
      1.45-kb BamHI restriction endonuclease fragment containing the puhA gene but were
      restored along with photosynthetic competence by complementation with DNA from a
      cosmid carrying the puhA gene, as well as a flanking DNA sequence. Interestingly,
      B875 spectral complexes, but not photosynthetic competence, were restored to
      PUHA1 by introduction in trans of a 13-kb BamHI restriction endonuclease fragment
      carrying genes encoding the puf operon region of the DNA. The effect of the puhA
      deletion was further investigated by an examination of the levels of specific
      mRNA species derived from the puf and puc operons, as well as by determinations
      of the relative abundances of polypeptides associated with various spectral
      complexes by immunological methods. The roles of puhA and other genetic
      components in photosynthetic gene expression and membrane assembly are discussed.

PMID- 2644201
TI  - Isolation of a Rhizobium phaseoli cytochrome mutant with enhanced respiration and
      symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
AB  - Cultured cells of a Rhizobium phaseoli wild-type strain (CE2) possess b-type and
      c-type cytochromes and two terminal oxidases: cytochromes o and aa3. Cytochrome
      aa3 was partially expressed when CE2 cells were grown on minimal medium, during
      symbiosis, and in well-aerated liquid cultures in a complex medium (PY2). Two
      cytochrome mutants of R. phaseoli were obtained and characterized. A Tn5-mob
      induced mutant, CFN4201, expressed diminished amounts of b-type and c-type
      cytochromes, showed an enhanced expression of cytochrome oxidases, and had
      reduced levels of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, succinate, and NADH
      oxidase activities. Nodules formed by this strain had no N2 fixation activity.
      The other mutant, CFN4205, which was isolated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis,
      had reduced levels of cytochrome o and higher succinate oxidase activity but
      similar NADH and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine oxidase activities when
      compared with the wild-type strain. Strain CFN4205 expressed a fourfold-higher
      cytochrome aa3 content when cultured on minimal and complex media and had twofold
      higher cytochrome aa3 levels during symbiosis when compared with the wild-type
      strain. Nodules formed by strain CFN4205 fixed 33% more N2 than did nodules
      formed by the wild-type strain, as judged by the total nitrogen content found in
      plants nodulated by these strains. Finally, low-temperature photodissociation
      spectra of whole cells from strains CE2 and CFN4205 reveal cytochromes o and aa3.
      Both cytochromes react with O2 at -180 degrees C to give a light-insensitive
      compound. These experiments identify cytochromes o and aa3 as functional terminal
      oxidases in R. phaseoli.

PMID- 2644202
TI  - Cloning and identification of bacteriophage T4 gene 2 product gp2 and action of
      gp2 on infecting DNA in vivo.
AB  - We sequenced bacteriophage T4 genes 2 and 3 and the putative C-terminal portion
      of gene 50. They were found to have appropriate open reading frames directed
      counterclockwise on the T4 map. Mutations in genes 2 and 64 were shown to be in
      the same open reading frame, which we now call gene 2. This gene codes for a
      protein of 27,068 daltons. The open reading frame corresponding to gene 3 codes
      for a protein of 20,634 daltons. Appropriate bands on polyacrylamide gels were
      identified at 30 and 20 kilodaltons, respectively. We found that the product of
      the cloned gene 2 can protect T4 DNA double-stranded ends from exonuclease V
      action.

PMID- 2644203
TI  - Active transport of maltose in membrane vesicles obtained from Escherichia coli
      cells producing tethered maltose-binding protein.
AB  - Attempts to reconstitute periplasmic binding protein-dependent transport activity
      in membrane vesicles have often resulted in systems with poor and rather
      inconsistent activity, possibly because of the need to add a large excess of
      purified binding protein to the vesicles. We circumvented this difficulty by
      using a mutant which produces a precursor maltose-binding protein that is
      translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane but is not cleaved by the signal
      peptidase (J. D. Fikes and P. J. Bassford, Jr., J. Bacteriol. 169:2352-2359,
      1987). The protein remains tethered to the cytoplasmic membrane, presumably
      through the hydrophobic signal sequence, and we show here that the spheroplasts
      and membrane vesicles prepared from this mutant catalyze active maltose transport
      without the addition of purified maltose-binding protein. In vesicles, the
      transport requires electron donors, such as ascorbate and phenazine methosulfate
      or D-lactate. However, inhibition by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and stimulation of
      transport by the inculsion of ADP or ATP in the intravesicular space suggest that
      ATP (or compounds derived from it) is involved in the energization of the
      transport. The transport activity of intact cells can be recovered without much
      inactivation in the vesicles, and their high activity and ease of preparation
      will be useful in studies of the mechanism of the binding protein-dependent
      transport process.

PMID- 2644204
TI  - Sequence of an osmotically inducible lipoprotein gene.
AB  - The osmB gene of Escherichia coli, whose expression is induced by elevated
      osmolarity, was cloned and physically mapped to a 0.65-kilobase-pair NsiI-HincII
      DNA fragment at 28 min on E. coli chromosome. The OsmB protein was identified in
      minicells expressing the cloned gene. The nucleotide sequence of a 652-base-pair
      chromosomal DNA fragment containing the osmB gene was determined. The open
      reading frame encodes a 72-residue polypeptide with an Mr of 6,949. This reading
      frame was confirmed by sequencing the fusion joint of an osmB::TnphoA gene
      fusion. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the open reading frame is
      consistent with reported signal sequences of exported proteins. The sequence
      around the putative signal sequence cleavage site, Leu-Ser-Ala-Cys-Ser-Asn, is
      highly homologous to the consensus sequence surrounding the processing site of
      bacterial lipoproteins. The presence of a lipid moiety on the protein was
      confirmed by demonstrating the incorporation of radioactive palmitic acid and
      inhibition of processing by globomycin. Preliminary localization of the authentic
      OsmB protein was determined in minicells harboring a plasmid that carries the
      NsiI-HincII fragment; it was primarily in the outer membrane. Surprisingly, an
      osmB mutant carrying the osmB::TnphoA insertion mutation was more resistant to
      the inhibition of metabolism by high osmolarity than the parent strain was.

PMID- 2644205
TI  - A 20-kilodalton protein is required for efficient production of the Bacillus
      thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 27-kilodalton crystal protein in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - The 27-kilodalton (kDa) mosquitocidal protein gene from Bacillus thuringiensis
      subsp. israelensis has been cloned as a 10-kilobase (kb) HindIII fragment from
      plasmid DNA; efficient expression in Escherichia coli KM1 depends on a region of
      DNA located approximately 4 kb upstream (K. McLean and H. R. Whiteley, J.
      Bacteriol. 169:1017-1023, 1987). We have cloned the upstream DNA region and show
      that it contains a complete open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein with a
      molecular mass of 19,584 Da. Sequencing of adjacent stretches of DNA revealed two
      partial ORFs: one has 55.2% identity in an overlap of 319 amino acids to the
      putative transposase of IS231 of B. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis, and the
      other, a 78-codon partial ORF, may be the carboxyl terminus of the 67-kDa protein
      previously observed in maxicells of strain KM1. A 0.8-kb fragment containing only
      the 20-kDa protein gene greatly enhanced the expression of the 27-kDa protein in
      E. coli. The introduction of nonsense codons into the 20-kDa protein gene ORF
      abolished this effect, indicating that the gene product, not the mRNA or DNA, is
      required for the enhancement. The effect of the 20-kDa protein gene on various
      fusions of lacZ to the 27-kDa protein gene suggests that the 20-kDa protein acts
      after the initiation of translation of the 27-kDa protein gene.

PMID- 2644206
TI  - Gene replacement and retrieval with recombinant M13mp bacteriophages.
AB  - We have developed an allele exchange system for shuttling sequences of DNA to and
      from their original chromosomal loci. Cloned segments of the histidine operon of
      Salmonella typhimurium and the lactose operon of Escherichia coli served as
      target sequences and were used to develop the system. Replacement and retrieval
      of target sequences used the phage M13mp vectors and proceeded through an M13
      lysogen intermediate. The intermediates and products of allele exchange were
      characterized by genetic and hybridization analyses. Several unique properties of
      M13 lysogens were exploited to devise positive selections to detect integration
      and excision. These positive selections were used to manipulate phenotypically
      silent alleles.

PMID- 2644207
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the rodA gene, responsible for the rod shape of
      Escherichia coli: rodA and the pbpA gene, encoding penicillin-binding protein 2,
      constitute the rodA operon.
AB  - The rodA gene, which is responsible for the rod shape of Escherichia coli, was
      located 5 nucleotides downstream of another rod-shape-determining gene, pbpA,
      encoding penicillin-binding protein 2. The coding region for the RodA protein was
      1,110 base pairs in length. Two plasmids, carrying a rodA-lacZ gene fusion with
      and without the pbpA promoter upstream of the gene fusion, were constructed. On
      the basis of the difference between the expression levels of the beta
      galactosidase activity dependent on and independent of the pbpA promoter, we
      concluded that the pbpA and rodA genes constitute a single transcriptional unit
      called the rodA operon.

PMID- 2644208
TI  - Identification and genetic mapping of the structural gene for an essential
      Escherichia coli membrane protein.
AB  - Attempts to isolate conditionally lethal recB and recC mutations of Escherichia
      coli K-12 by P1 localized mutagenesis led to the identification of the structural
      gene for an essential membrane protein. Located on a 1.5-kilobase-pair DNA
      fragment which physically mapped immediately 5' to the thyA gene, the product of
      the umpA (unidentified membrane protein) gene is a 25,000 Mr membrane-associated
      polypeptide. These results provide an explanation for why several research groups
      have been unable to obtain chromosomal deletions of the entire thyA gene. A
      possible interaction between the umpA and thyA genes is also discussed.

PMID- 2644209
TI  - Conditionally lethal amber mutations in the leader peptidase gene of Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - The lep gene of Escherichia coli encodes the leader peptidase which cleaves amino
      terminal leader sequences of secreted proteins. To facilitate the study of
      structure-function relationships of the leader peptidase, 22 amber mutations in
      lep were isolated by localized mutagenesis. These amber mutants grew at 32
      degrees C but not at 42 degrees C in the presence of a temperature-sensitive
      amber suppressor. Most of them were lethal under sup0 conditions. However, one
      amber mutant, the lep-9 mutant, exhibited temperature-sensitive growth in the
      sup0 strain, indicating that the amber fragment is active at 32 degrees C but not
      at 42 degrees C. Protein precursors of the maltose-binding protein and OmpA
      accumulate strikingly in the lep-9 mutant.

PMID- 2644210
TI  - Homology of mycoplasma plasmid pADB201 and staphylococcal plasmid pE194.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of pADB201, a 1.7-kilobase cryptic plasmid from
      Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, is reported. The sequence contains a single
      large open reading frame capable of coding for a polypeptide of up to 198 codons
      long. The sequence of the putative polypeptide shows significant similarity to
      that of the repF gene product of staphylococcal plasmid pE194.

PMID- 2644211
TI  - recB and recC genes of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - We have investigated the genetic organization of the recB (exonuclease V) and
      recC (exonuclease V) genes of Salmonella typhimurium. A detailed genetic map is
      constructed that includes the relative order in the chromosome, P22
      cotransduction frequencies, and the orientation of transcription of the recB and
      recC genes. In addition, the isolation and characterization of Mu dJ insertion
      mutations in recB and recC are discussed.

PMID- 2644212
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a citrate utilization gene from Citrobacter amalonaticus.
AB  - The chromosomal DNA fragment (BamHI-BglII fragment of 2,972 base pairs)
      conferring citrate utilization in Citrobacter amalonaticus ATCC 25405 was cloned
      and sequenced. Two genes (citA and citB) identified in the Cit+ determinant were
      found in a BamHI-BglII fragment from C. amalonaticus. Southern DNA-DNA
      hybridization experiments and the construction of Cit- mutants of C. amalonaticus
      showed that C. amalonaticus has a single copy of the cit gene on the chromosome.

PMID- 2644213
TI  - Characterization and taxonomic implications of the rRNA genes of Mycobacterium
      leprae.
AB  - The number of rRNA genes of Mycobacterium leprae was determined by restriction
      analysis of M. leprae total chromosomal DNA. A single set of rRNA genes was
      found. This set was subcloned from a cosmid library of M. leprae DNA into pUC13
      and was characterized by restriction analysis and hybridization with Escherichia
      coli rRNA genes. The 16S, 23S, and 5S genes of M. leprae were clustered on a 5.3
      kilobase DNA fragment. On one hand, restriction analysis of the set of rRNA genes
      showed the uniqueness of M. leprae among mycobacteria, but on the other hand, it
      suggested that M. leprae strains of several origins are very much alike.
      Quantitative hybridization studies between M. leprae rDNA and total DNA of
      various bacteria demonstrated a close relatedness between M. leprae and
      corynebacteria, nocardia, and mycobacteria, especially Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis.

PMID- 2644214
TI  - Termination of DNA replication is required for cell division in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The correlation between termination of DNA replication and cell division in
      Escherichia coli was studied under conditions in which DNA replication was slowed
      down without inducing SOS functions. The experimental system used involved amino
      acid starvation of synchronized cells in the presence of methionine. The results
      further support the essential correlation between termination of DNA replication
      and initiation of division processes.

PMID- 2644215
TI  - Rhizobium leguminosarum CFN42 genetic regions encoding lipopolysaccharide
      structures essential for complete nodule development on bean plants.
AB  - Eight symbiotic mutants defective in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis were
      isolated from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli CFN42. These eight strains
      elicited small white nodules lacking infected cells when inoculated onto bean
      plants. The mutants had undetectable or greatly diminished amounts of the
      complete LPS (LPS I), whereas amounts of an LPS lacking the O antigen (LPS II)
      greatly increased. Apparent LPS bands that migrated between LPS I and LPS II on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels were detected in extracts of some of
      the mutants. The mutant strains were complemented to wild-type LPS I content and
      antigenicity by DNA from a cosmid library of the wild-type genome. Most of the
      mutations were clustered in two genetic regions; one mutation was located in a
      third region. Strains complemented by DNA from two of these regions produced
      healthy nitrogen-fixing nodules. Strains complemented to wild-type LPS content by
      the other genetic region induced nodules that exhibited little or no nitrogenase
      activity, although nodule development was obviously enhanced by the presence of
      this DNA. The results support the idea that complete LPS structures, in normal
      amounts, are necessary for infection thread development in bean plants.

PMID- 2644216
TI  - Apparent minimal size required for cell division in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The experiments described in this report were designed to find out whether there
      is a minimal size threshold for cell division or for DNA replication in
      Escherichia coli. Cells with decreasing size (or mass) were obtained by
      successive amino acid starvations. Following two starvations, the cells were at
      least 30% smaller than unstarved newborn cells. The results suggest that this
      size is below a minimal size threshold for cell division but not for initiation
      of DNA replication.

PMID- 2644217
TI  - Cotranscription of genes encoding indoleacetic acid production in Pseudomonas
      syringae subsp. savastanoi.
AB  - Indoleacetic acid (IAA) production by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae
      subsp. savastanoi is essential for tumor formation on olive and oleander. The
      bacterium produces IAA from tryptophan in reactions catalyzed by tryptophan
      monooxygenase and indoleacetamide hydrolase. The genetic determinants are,
      respectively, iaaM and iaaH. In oleander isolates, the genes encoding the IAA
      biosynthetic enzymes are located on a plasmid; in olive isolates, the genes occur
      on the chromosome. The IAA genes from the oleander isolate strain EW2009 are
      located within a 4-kilobase (kb) segment of the 52-kb plasmid pIAA1. Escherichia
      coli strains harboring a recombinant plasmid, pCJP3, which contains this 4-kb
      fragment, excreted IAA into culture media, and crude cell extracts had both
      tryptophan monooxygenase and indoleacetamide hydrolase activity. In vitro coupled
      transcription-translation of pCJP3 demonstrated that this fragment coded for
      proteins of 62 and 47 kilodaltons which correspond to tryptophan monooxygenase
      and indoleacetamide hydrolase, respectively. Expression of these genes was
      dependent upon a vector promoter in pCJP3. However, in the absence of a vector
      promoter, E. coli containing recombinant plasmids with additional pIAA1 DNA in
      front of iaaM had high levels of tryptophan monooxygenase. Northern (RNA)
      hybridization experiments verified that iaaM and iaaH are cotranscribed as a
      portion of a ca. 4- to 5-kb transcript in vivo. Southern hybridization
      experiments with IAA plasmids from different oleander strains of P. syringae
      subsp. savastanoi revealed that all IAA plasmids contained a region of at least
      10 kb of homology, with the IAA genes at one end. Repetitive DNA and a copy of
      IS51 were found at the end of this region of homology.

PMID- 2644218
TI  - Physical and genetic map of the major nif gene cluster from Azotobacter
      vinelandii.
AB  - Determination of a 28,793-base-pair DNA sequence of a region from the Azotobacter
      vinelandii genome that includes and flanks the nitrogenase structural gene region
      was completed. This information was used to revise the previously proposed
      organization of the major nif cluster. The major nif cluster from A. vinelandii
      encodes 15 nif-specific genes whose products bear significant structural identity
      to the corresponding nif-specific gene products from Klebsiella pneumoniae. These
      genes include nifH, nifD, nifK, nifT, nifY, nifE, nifN, nifX, nifU, nifS, nifV,
      nifW, nifZ, nifM, and nifF. Although there are significant spatial differences,
      the identified A. vinelandii nif-specific genes have the same sequential
      arrangement as the corresponding nif-specific genes from K. pneumoniae. Twelve
      other potential genes whose expression could be subject to nif-specific
      regulation were also found interspersed among the identified nif-specific genes.
      These potential genes do not encode products that are structurally related to the
      identified nif-specific gene products. Eleven potential nif-specific promoters
      were identified within the major nif cluster, and nine of these are preceded by
      an appropriate upstream activator sequence. A + T-rich regions were identified
      between 8 of the 11 proposed nif promoter sequences and their upstream activator
      sequences. Site-directed deletion-and-insertion mutagenesis was used to establish
      a genetic map of the major nif cluster.

PMID- 2644219
TI  - Genetic characterization of frameshift suppressors with new decoding properties.
AB  - Suppressor mutants that cause ribosomes to shift reading frame at specific and
      new sequences are described. Suppressors for trpE91, the only known suppressible 
      1 frameshift mutant, have been isolated in Escherichia coli and in Salmonella
      typhimurium. E. coli hopR acts on trpE91 within the 9-base-pair sequence GGA GUG
      UGA, is dominant, and is located at min 52 on the chromosome. Its Salmonella
      homolog maps at an equivalent position and arises as a rarer class in that
      organism as compared with E. coli. The Salmonella suppressor, hopE, believed to
      be in a duplicate copy of the same gene, maps at min 17. The +1 suppressor, sufT,
      acts at the nonmonotonous sequence CCGU, is dominant, and maps at min 59 on the
      Salmonella chromosome.

PMID- 2644220
TI  - Evolutionary relationship between the TonB-dependent outer membrane transport
      proteins: nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the Escherichia coli colicin I
      receptor gene.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli colicin I receptor gene (cir) has
      been determined. The predicted mature protein consists of 599 amino acids and has
      a molecular weight of 67,169. Several previously noted characteristics of other
      E. coli outer membrane protein sequences were also identified in the sequence of
      Cir. These include an overall acidic nature, the absence of long hydrophobic
      stretches of amino acids, and a lack of predicted alpha-helical secondary
      structure. Because two classes of outer membrane proteins (the TonB-dependent
      transport proteins and the porins) share some structural features, protein
      sequences from both of these groups were aligned pairwise and scored for sequence
      similarity. Statistical evidence suggested that the porins were not related to
      the proteins in the TonB-dependent group; however, there was a significant
      relationship between the proteins in the TonB-dependent group. On the basis of
      the multiple progressive sequence alignment and the similarity scores derived
      from it, a tree representing evolutionary distance between five TonB-dependent
      outer membrane transport proteins was generated.

PMID- 2644221
TI  - Mechanism for iron-regulated transcription of the Escherichia coli cir gene:
      metal-dependent binding of fur protein to the promoters.
AB  - The molecular basis for the greatly elevated expression of the cir gene (encoding
      the colicin I receptor) in cells unable to maintain a critical supply of
      intracellular iron was investigated by genetic and biochemical means. Deletion
      analysis of the cloned promoter region allowed delineation of sequences necessary
      for control of transcription initiating at the two promoters, P1 and P2. Gel
      retardation assays were used to demonstrate both binding of purified Fur (ferric
      uptake regulation) protein to the iron control region and lack of binding to DNA
      fragments which are not involved in cir regulation. An operator sequence spanning
      43 to 47 base pairs and completely encompassing the two promoters was identified
      by DNase I protection experiments (footprinting), with binding occurring in a
      metal-dependent fashion. Thus, during iron-replete growth, Fur appears to act as
      a repressor of transcription by blocking formation of a DNA-RNA polymerase
      complex, analogous to the mechanism previously described for regulation of the
      aerobactin operon (V. de Lorenzo, S. Wee, M. Herrero, and J.B. Neilands, J.
      Bacteriol. 169:2624-2630, 1987). Characterized and putative Fur recognition sites
      from several genes were analyzed and classified by statistical methods.

PMID- 2644222
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and mutational analysis of the structural genes (anfHDGK) for
      the second alternative nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a region of the Azotobacter vinelandii genome
      exhibiting sequence similarity to nifH has been determined. The order of open
      reading frames within this 6.1-kilobase-pair region was found to be anfH
      (alternative nitrogen fixation, nifH-like gene), anfD (nifD-like gene), anfG
      (potentially encoding a protein similar to the product of vnfG from Azotobacter
      chroococcum), anfK (nifK-like gene), followed by two additional open reading
      frames. The 5'-flanking region of anfH contains a nif promoter similar to that
      found in the A. vinelandii nifHDK gene cluster. The presumed products of anfH,
      anfD, and anfK are similar in predicted Mr and pI to the previously described
      subunits of nitrogenase 3. Deletion plus insertion mutations introduced into the
      anfHDGK region of wild-type strain A. vinelandii CA resulted in mutant strains
      that were unable to grow in Mo-deficient, N-free medium but grew in the presence
      of 1 microM Na2MoO4 or V2O5. Introduction of the same mutations into the nifHDK
      deletion strain CA11 resulted in strains that grew under diazotrophic conditions
      only in the presence of vanadium. The lack of nitrogenase 3 subunits in these
      mutant strains was demonstrated through two-dimensional gel analysis of protein
      extracts from cells derepressed for nitrogenase under Mo and V deficiency. These
      results indicate that anfH, anfD, and anfK encode structural proteins for
      nitrogenase 3.

PMID- 2644223
TI  - Roles of glycerol and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) in acquired
      osmotolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - In a cell culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exponentially growing in basal
      medium, only 0.02% of the cells were osmotolerant, i.e., survived transfer to
      medium containing 1.4 M NaCl. Short-time conditioning in 0.7 M NaCl medium
      transformed the whole population into an osmotolerance phenotype. During this
      conditioning, the rate of formation of glycerol, the main compatible solute in S.
      cerevisiae, increased threefold and the specific activity of glycerol-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (NAD+) (GPDH) (EC 1.1.1.8) was enhanced sixfold. The apparent flux
      control coefficient for GPDH in the formation of glycerol was estimated to be
      0.6. Glycerol production was also favored by regulated activities of alcohol
      dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)]+ (EC 1.2.1.5).
      About 50% of the total glycerol produced during conditioning in 0.7 M NaCl was
      retained intracellularly, and the increased glycerol accumulation was shown to be
      not merely a result of enhanced production rate but also of increased retention
      of glycerol. Washing the cells with solutions of lower salinities resulted in
      loss of glycerol, with retained levels proportional to the concentration of NaCl
      in the washing solution. Cycloheximide addition inhibited the development of
      acquired osmotolerance and conditioned cells washed free of glycerol retained a
      high degree of osmotolerance, which indicate that protein synthesis was required
      to establish the osmotolerance state.

PMID- 2644224
TI  - Genetic analysis of chromosomal mutations in the polysialic acid gene cluster of
      Escherichia coli K1.
AB  - The kps gene cluster of Escherichia coli K1 encodes functions for sialic acid
      synthesis, activation, polymerization, and possibly translocation of polymer to
      the cell surface. The size and complexity of this membrane polysaccharide
      biosynthetic cluster have hindered genetic mapping and functional descriptions of
      the kps genes. To begin a detailed investigation of the polysialic acid synthetic
      mechanism, acapsular mutants were characterized to determine their probable
      defects in polymer synthesis. The mutants were tested for complementation with
      kps fragments subcloned from two separately isolated, functionally intact kps
      gene clusters. Complementation was assayed by immunological and biochemical
      methods and by sensitivity to the K1-specific bacteriophage K1F. The kps cluster
      consisted of a central 5.8-kilobase region that contained at least two genes
      coding for sialic acid synthetic enzymes, a gene encoding the sialic acid
      activating enzyme, and a gene encoding the sialic acid polymerase. This
      biosynthetic region is flanked on one side by an approximately 2.8-kilobase
      region that contains a potential regulatory locus and at least one structural
      gene for a polypeptide that appears to function in polysialic acid assembly.
      Flanking the biosynthetic region on the opposite side is a 6- to 8.4-kilobase
      region that codes for at least three proteins which may also function in polymer
      assembly and possibly in translocating polymer to the outer cell surface. Results
      of transduction crosses supported these conclusions and indicated that some of
      the kps genes flanking the central biosynthetic region may not function directly
      in transporting polymer to the cell surface. The results also demonstrate that
      the map position and probable function of most of the kps cluster genes have been
      identified.

PMID- 2644225
TI  - DNA sequence, products, and transcriptional pattern of the genes involved in
      production of the DNA replication inhibitor microcin B17.
AB  - The 3.8-kilobase segment of plasmid DNA that contains the genes required for
      production of the DNA replication inhibitor microcin B17 was sequenced. The
      sequence contains four open reading frames which were shown to be translated in
      vivo by the construction of fusions to lacZ. The location of these open reading
      frames fits well with the location of the four microcin B17 production genes,
      mcbABCD, identified previously through genetic complementation. The products of
      the four genes have been identified, and the observed molecular weights of the
      proteins agree with those predicted from the nucleotide sequence. The
      transcription of these genes was studied by using fusions to lacZ and physical
      mapping of mRNA start sites. Three promoters were identified in this region. The
      major promoter for all the genes is a growth phase-regulated OmpR-dependent
      promoter located upstream of mcbA. A second promoter is located within mcbC and
      is responsible for a low-level basal expression of mcbD. A third promoter,
      located within mcbD, promotes transcription in the reverse direction starting
      within mcbD and extending through mcbC. The resulting mRNA appears to be an
      untranslated antisense transcript that could play a regulatory role in the
      expression of these genes.

PMID- 2644226
TI  - Localization and symbiotic function of a region on the Rhizobium leguminosarum
      Sym plasmid pRL1JI responsible for a secreted, flavonoid-inducible 50-kilodalton
      protein.
AB  - A previously described (R. A. de Maagd, C. A. Wijffelman, E. Pees, and B. J. J.
      Lugtenberg, J. Bacteriol. 170:4424-4427, 1988) Sym plasmid-dependent, naringenin
      inducible 50-kilodalton protein of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae is
      further characterized in this paper. The protein was overproduced by constructing
      a strain containing multiple copies of the R. meliloti nodD gene, which
      facilitated its purification. An antiserum was used to screen Tn5 insertion
      mutants located in the pRL1JI region found to be responsible for the production
      of the 50-kilodalton protein. These inserts define a new nod locus left of the
      nod genes identified previously. Mutations in this region affect the nodulation
      ability in a way which is dependent on the bacterial background as well as on the
      host plant. The mutants nodulate normally in a strain RBL1532 (R. leguminosarum
      biovar viciae strain 248, cured of its Sym plasmid) background on all three
      tested host plant species. In contrast, in a strain RBL5045 (R. leguminosarum
      biovar trifolii strain RCR5, cured of its Sym plasmid) background, nodulation on
      Vicia sativa is severely impaired, whereas nodulation on Vicia hirsuta and
      Trifolium subterraneum is apparently unaltered.

PMID- 2644227
TI  - Point mutations in the regulatory region of the ilvGMEDA operon of Escherichia
      coli K-12.
AB  - The ilvGMEDA operon of Escherichia coli K-12 is preceded by a regulatory region
      containing a promoter, a leader, and an attenuator. This region has been
      extensively characterized biochemically. In this note point mutations of the
      regulatory region are reported. The effect of these mutations on expression from
      the ilv regulatory region supports the previous biochemical analysis.

PMID- 2644228
TI  - Uptake and acylation of 2-acyl-lysophospholipids by Escherichia coli.
AB  - The efficiency of extracellular 2-acyl-lysophospholipid incorporation into
      Escherichia coli membranes and the acyl donor utilized to acylate the 2-acyl
      lysophospholipid was determined. Exogenous 2-acyl-lysophospholipids were acylated
      via the acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase/2-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine
      acyltransferase pathway. The maximum extent of 2-acyl-lysophospholipid
      incorporation into the membrane was approximately 2.5% of the normal phospholipid
      biosynthetic rate.

PMID- 2644229
TI  - Construction of an ordered cosmid collection of the Escherichia coli K-12 W3110
      chromosome.
AB  - A cosmid library of the Escherichia coli K-12 W3110 chromosome was constructed in
      which clones were assigned to locations on the chromosome map by hybridization
      and genetic marker complementation tests. Approximately 70% of the genome was
      represented by this library. The identified clones can be maintained in the
      homologous system and would facilitate genetic studies of E. coli.

PMID- 2644230
TI  - Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of an extremely thermostable oligo-1,6
      glucosidase gene from Bacillus thermoglucosidasius.
AB  - The gene for an extremely thermostable oligo-1,6-glucosidase (dextrin-6-alpha-D
      glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.10) of obligately thermophilic Bacillus
      thermoglucosidasius KP1006 was cloned within a 4.2-kilobase HindIII-PvuII
      fragment of DNA by using the plasmid pUC19 as a vector and Escherichia coli C600
      as a host. The gene was transcribed, presumably from its own promoter, in E.
      coli. E. coli with the hybrid plasmid accumulated oligo-1,6-glucosidase mainly in
      the cytoplasm. The level of enzyme production was comparable to that observed for
      B. thermoglucosidasius. The enzyme coincided absolutely with the B.
      thermoglucosidasius enzyme in its molecular weight (60,000), in its
      electrophoretic behavior on denaturing and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels, in
      the temperature dependency of its stability and activity, and in its antigenic
      determinants.

PMID- 2644231
TI  - rhs gene family of Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - Two additional members of a novel Escherichia coli gene family, the rhs genes,
      have been cloned and characterized. The structures of these loci, rhsC and rhsD,
      have been compared with those of rhsA and rhsB. All four loci contain a
      homologous 3.7-kilobase-pair core. Sequence comparison of the first 300
      nucleotides of the cores showed that rhsA, rhsB, and rhsC are closely related,
      with only 1 to 2% sequence divergence, whereas rhsD is 18% divergent from the
      others. The beginning of the core coincides with the initiation of an open
      reading frame that extends beyond the 300 nucleotides compared. Whether a protein
      product is produced from this open reading frame has not been established.
      However, nucleotide substitutions which differentiate the cores have highly
      conservative effects on the predicted protein products; this suggests that
      products are made from the open reading frame and are under severe selection. The
      four rhs loci have been placed on both the genetic and restriction maps of E.
      coli K-12. A fifth rhs locus remains to be characterized. In terms of size,
      number, and sequence conservation, the rhs genes make up one of the most
      significant repetitions in E. coli, comparable to the rRNA operons.

PMID- 2644232
TI  - Overinitiation of replication of the Escherichia coli chromosome from an
      integrated runaway-replication derivative of plasmid R1.
AB  - A 16-base-pair fragment, deletion of which completely inactivated oriC, was
      replaced by a temperature-dependent runaway-replication derivative (the copy
      number of which increases with temperature) of the IncFII plasmid R1. The
      constructed strains were temperature sensitive, and flow cytometry revealed a
      severalfold increase in the DNA/mass ratio following shifts to nonpermissive
      temperatures. The cell size distribution was broader in the constructed strains
      relative to that in the wild type because of asynchrony between the chromosome
      replication and cell division cycles. This difference was more pronounced for
      counterclockwise initiation of chromosomal replication, in which small DNA-less
      cells and long filaments were abundant. Following a temperature shift the cell
      size distributions became even more broad, showing that changes in the frequency
      of chromosomal replication affect cell division and emphasizing the interplay
      between these two processes.

PMID- 2644233
TI  - Identification and cloning of the conjugative transfer region of Staphylococcus
      aureus plasmid pGO1.
AB  - The conjugative transfer (tra) genes of a 52-kilobase (kb) staphylococcal
      plasmid, pGO1, were localized by deletion analysis and transposon insertional
      inactivation. All transfer-defective (Tra-) deletions and Tn551 or Tn917
      transposon insertions occurred within a 14.5-kb BglII fragment. Deletions and
      insertions outside this fragment all left the plasmid transfer proficient (Tra+).
      The tra region was found to be flanked by directly repeated DNA sequences,
      approximately 900 base pairs in length, at either end. Clones containing the 14.5
      kb BglII fragment (pGO200) and subclones from this fragment were constructed in
      Escherichia coli on shuttle plasmids and introduced into Staphylococcus aureus
      protoplasts. Protoplasts could not be transformed with pGO200E (pGO200 on the
      staphylococcal replicon, pE194) or subclones containing DNA at one end of the tra
      fragment unless pGO1 or specific cloned tra DNA fragments were present in the
      recipient cell. However, once stabilized by sequences present on a second
      replicon, each tra fragment could be successfully introduced alone into other
      plasmid-free S. aureus recipients by conjugative mobilization or transduction. In
      this manner, two clones containing overlapping fragments comprising the entire
      14.5-kb BglII fragment were shown to complement each other. The low-frequency
      transfer resulted in transconjugants containing one clone intact, deletions of
      that clone, and recombinants of the two clones. The resulting recombinant plasmid
      (pGO220), which regenerated the tra region intact on a single replicon,
      transferred at frequencies comparable to those of pGO1. Thus, all the genes
      necessary and sufficient for conjugative transfer of pGO1 are contained within a
      14.5-kb region of DNA.

PMID- 2644234
TI  - DNA bending near the replication origin of IncFII plasmid NR1.
AB  - The DNA replication origin of plasmid NR1 is located approximately 190 base pairs
      downstream from the 3' end of the repA1 gene, which encodes the essential
      initiation protein for replication of the plasmid. Restriction endonuclease
      fragments that contain the NR1 replication origin and its flanking sequences at
      circularly permuted positions were obtained by digesting oligomers of ori
      containing DNA fragments with sets of enzymes that each cut only once in every
      ori fragment. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of these permuted restriction
      fragments showed anomalous mobilities, indicating the presence of a DNA bending
      locus. Through analysis of the relative mobility plots of these permuted
      fragments, we found one or two possible DNA bending sites located in the
      intervening region between the repA1 gene and the replication origin of NR1. It
      seems possible that DNA bending in this region might help to orient the
      replication origin alongside the repA1 gene, which could contribute to the cis
      acting character of the RepA1 initiation protein.

PMID- 2644235
TI  - Cloning, characterization, and expression in Escherichia coli of the Streptomyces
      clavuligerus gene encoding deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase.
AB  - Biosynthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics involves an expansion of the five
      membered thiazolidine ring of penicillin N to the six-membered dihydrothiazine
      ring of deacetoxycephalosporin C by a deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase (DAOCS)
      enzyme activity. Hydroxylation of deacetoxycephalosporin C to form
      deacetylcephalosporin C by a deacetylcephalosporin C synthetase (DACS) activity
      is the next step in biosynthesis of cephalosporins. In Cephalosporium acremonium,
      both of these catalytic activities are exhibited by a bifunctional enzyme, DAOCS
      DACS, encoded by a single gene, cefEF. In Streptomyces clavuligerus, separable
      enzymes, DAOCS (expandase) and DACS (hydroxylase), catalyze these respective
      reactions. We have cloned, sequenced, and expressed in E. coli an S. clavuligerus
      gene, designated cefE, which encodes DAOCS but not DACS. The deduced amino acid
      sequence of DAOCS from S. clavuligerus (calculated Mr of 34,519) shows marked
      similarity (approximately 57%) to the deduced sequence of DAOCS-DACS from C.
      acremonium; however, the latter sequence is longer by 21 amino acid residues.

PMID- 2644236
TI  - Site-specific recombination at oriT of plasmid R1162 in the absence of
      conjugative transfer.
AB  - R1162 is efficiently comobilized during conjugative transfer of the self
      transmissible plasmid R751. Bacteriophage M13 derivatives that contain two
      directly repeated copies of oriT, the site on R1162 DNA required in cis for
      mobilization, were constructed. Phage DNA molecules underwent recombination
      during infection of Escherichia coli, with the product retaining a single
      functional copy of oriT. Recombination was strand specific and depended on R1162
      gene products involved in mobilization, but did not require the self
      transmissible plasmid vector. Two genes were identified, one essential for
      recombination and the other affecting the frequency of recombination.
      Recombination of bacteriophage DNA could form the basis of a simple model for
      some of the events occurring during conjugation without the complexity of a true
      mating system.

PMID- 2644237
TI  - The mature portion of Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein (MBP) determines
      the dependence of MBP on SecB for export.
AB  - The product of the secB gene is required for export of a subset of secreted
      proteins to the outer membrane and periplasm of Escherichia coli. Precursor
      maltose-binding protein (MBP) accumulates in the cytoplasm of secB-carrying
      mutants, but export of alkaline phosphatase is only minimally affected by secB
      mutations. When export of MBP-alkaline phosphatase hybrid proteins was analyzed
      in wild-type and secB-carrying mutant strains, the first third of mature MBP was
      sufficient to render export of the hybrid proteins dependent on SecB.
      Substitution of a signal sequence from a SecB-independent protein had no effect
      on SecB-dependent export. These findings show that the first third of mature MBP
      is capable of conferring export incompetence on an otherwise competent protein.

PMID- 2644238
TI  - Ornithine cyclodeaminase from octopine Ti plasmid Ach5: identification, DNA
      sequence, enzyme properties, and comparison with gene and enzyme from nopaline Ti
      plasmid C58.
AB  - Octopine and nopaline are two arginine-derived opines synthesized in plant cells
      transformed with octopine or nopaline plasmids. Utilization in Agrobacterium
      tumefaciens is mediated by Ti plasmid regions called occ or noc (octopine or
      nopaline catabolism), and recent experiments showed that noc in pTiC58 codes for
      a pathway from nopaline to L-proline. The last enzyme is ornithine cyclodeaminase
      (OCD), an unusual protein converting L-ornithine directly into L-proline. We
      investigated whether octopine plasmid pTiAch5 also harbors a gene for OCD. The
      results revealed an ocd gene which is induced by octopine and maps in the occ
      region. DNA sequence analysis and comparison with the gene from pTiC58 showed
      that the two genes are related (69% homology in DNA and deduced amino acid
      sequence), and antiserum against OCD(C58) also reacted with OCD(Ach5). The enzyme
      activity was characterized, and a comparison with OCD(C58) showed that the
      properties are similar, but not identical. Differences were detected in the
      regulation of enzyme activity by L-arginine and L-proline and in the response to
      varying ratios of NAD+/NADH. It is proposed that this reflects different
      mechanisms for integration of opine catabolism into general metabolism.

PMID- 2644239
TI  - L-1,2-propanediol exits more rapidly than L-lactaldehyde from Escherichia coli.
AB  - Catabolism of the six-carbon compound L-fucose results in formation of
      dihydroxyacetone phosphate (C-1-to-C-3 fragment) and L-lactaldehyde (C-4-to-C-6
      fragment) as intermediates. The fate of lactaldehyde depends on the respiratory
      growth conditions. Aerobically, lactaldehyde is oxidized to L-lactate by an NAD
      linked dehydrogenase (ald product). L-Lactate, in turn, is converted to pyruvate,
      which enters the general metabolic pool. Anaerobically, lactaldehyde is reduced
      to L-1,2-propanediol by an NADH-linked oxidoreductase (fucO product). L-1,2
      Propanediol is excreted as a terminal fermentation product. In a previous study,
      we showed that retention of the C-4-to-C-6 fragment of fucose depended on the
      competition for lactaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase and propanediol
      oxidoreductase (Y. Zhu and E.C.C. Lin, J. Bacteriol. 169:785-789, 1987). In this
      study, we compared the wild-type strain and isogenic mutant strains defective in
      ald, fucO, or both for ability to accumulate radioactivity when incubated with
      fucose labeled at either the C-1 or the C-6 position. The results showed that
      although blocking the oxidation of lactaldehyde prevented its assimilation, rapid
      exit of the 3-carbon unit occurred only when the compound was reduced to
      propanediol. Moreover, growth experiments on fucose indicated that a double ald
      fucO mutant accumulated inhibiting concentrations of lactaldehyde. The inner cell
      membrane therefore appears to be much more permeable to the 3-carbon alcohol than
      to the 3-carbon aldehyde. The almost instantaneous exit of propanediol appears to
      be a facilitated process.

PMID- 2644240
TI  - A second global regulator gene (arcB) mediating repression of enzymes in aerobic
      pathways of Escherichia coli.
AB  - In Escherichia coli anaerobic growth lowers the basal or induced levels of
      numerous enzymes associated with aerobic metabolism. Mutations in arcA (dye) at
      min 0 relieve this pleiotropic anaerobic repression and render the cell sensitive
      to the redox dye toluidine blue. In this study we identified a second pleiotropic
      control gene, arcB, at min 69.5. Mutations, including a deletion, in this gene
      also relieved the anaerobic repression and caused sensitivity to toluidine blue.
      Mutations in arcA or arcB did not significantly change the catabolite repression
      of the target phi(sdh-lacZ) operon, in which lacZ is fused to a structural gene
      for succinate dehydrogenase, nor did the mutations strikingly influence the
      pattern of excretion products during glucose fermentation. The presence of arcA+
      in a multicopy plasmid restored anaerobic repression in arcB mutants, as
      indicated by the expression of phi(sdh-lacZ). The arcB product might be a sensor
      protein for the redox or energy state of the arc regulatory system.

PMID- 2644241
TI  - Multiple pathways for repair of hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The repair response of Escherichia coli to hydrogen peroxide has been examined in
      mutants which show increased sensitivity to this agent. Four mutants were found
      to show increased in vivo sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide compared with wild
      type. These mutants, in order of increasing sensitivity, were recA, polC, xthA,
      and polA. The polA mutants were the most sensitive, implying that DNA polymerase
      I is required for any repair of hydrogen peroxide damage. Measurement of repair
      synthesis after hydrogen peroxide treatment demonstrated normal levels for recA
      mutants, a small amount for xthA mutants, and none for polA mutants. This is
      consistent with exonuclease III being required for part of the repair synthesis
      seen, while DNA polymerase I is strictly required for all repair synthesis.
      Sedimentation analysis of cellular DNA after hydrogen peroxide treatment showed
      that reformation was absent in xthA, polA, and polC(Ts) strains but normal in a
      recA cell line. By use of a lambda phage carrying a recA-lacZ fusion, we found
      hydrogen peroxide does not induce the recA promoter. Our findings indicate two
      pathways of repair for hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage. One of these
      pathways would utilize exonuclease III, DNA polymerase III, and DNA polymerase I,
      while the other would be DNA polymerase I dependent. The RecA protein seems to
      have little or no direct function in either repair pathway.

PMID- 2644242
TI  - New frontiers in psychotherapy.
AB  - The author examines new frontiers in psychotherapy from the perspective of four
      major movements in clinical psychiatry today: (1) the science of psychotherapy,
      (2) time-limited and tailored treatment, (3) governmental guidelines and public
      policy-making, and (4) conceptual and clinical rapprochement. Attempts to
      standardize psychotherapy are evidenced by more refined diagnostic and
      statistical instruments, operationalized training and treatment manuals, and use
      of the computer in human simulation. The second movement is manifested by
      innovative short-term therapies, particularly tailored to depressed populations.
      The third direction is more extrinsic as cost-effectiveness increasingly becomes
      the guiding criterion of mental health care. The final frontier reflects attempts
      to weld various polarities in the field, not only by drawing on a vast
      psychological armamentarium but by providing new neurobiologic models for complex
      "psychological" phenomena, from dreams to dependency.

PMID- 2644243
TI  - Major depression in renal dialysis patients: an open trial of antidepressant
      therapy.
AB  - Eight patients receiving renal dialysis who had concurrent major depression were
      treated with antidepressant therapy for 7 weeks under controlled clinical
      conditions. The treatment resulted in a clinically significant recovery from the
      depression in five patients, improvement in one, and discontinuation of the
      therapy in the other two. Systematic examination for depression in dialysis
      patients and the judicious use of an antidepressant such as desipramine are
      important.

PMID- 2644244
TI  - The helix-turn-helix DNA binding motif.

PMID- 2644245
TI  - Fused bacterial luciferase subunits catalyze light emission in eukaryotes and
      prokaryotes.
AB  - A monocistronic luxAB gene containing the luxA and luxB genes coding for
      bacterial luciferase has been generated by site-specific mutagenesis so that it
      is now possible to express luciferase under control of a single promoter in
      eukaryotes as well as in prokaryotes. The fused luciferase subunits (alpha and
      beta), linked by a decapeptide, were synthesized in yeast under the Gal-4
      promoter, in Escherichia coli under the T7-phage promoter, and in vitro in a
      rabbit reticulocyte lysate after transcription and capping of the mRNA under the
      SP6 phage promoter. Replacement of the ATG codon initiating the luxB sequence in
      the fused luxAB gene with CAG prevented internal initiation and allowed
      purification of a highly active fused luciferase in the absence of the beta
      luciferase subunit. Consequently luciferase activity can be directly attributed
      to the fused luciferase alone and does not require complementation with free beta
      subunit of luciferase. Light emission could be measured in yeast and bacterial
      cells without the need for cell lysis providing the basis for measuring gene
      expression directly in vivo. These results demonstrate the potential
      applicability of the fused bacterial luciferase genes as a reporter of gene
      expression both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems.

PMID- 2644246
TI  - Crystallization of the aspartylprotease from the human immunodeficiency virus,
      HIV-1.
AB  - The aspartylprotease of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 (NY5) has been
      crystallized in a form suitable for x-ray diffraction analysis. The crystals are
      tetragonal bipyramids and produce an x-ray diffraction pattern that exhibits the
      symmetry associated with space group P4(1)2(1)2 (or its enantiomorph,
      P4(3)2(1)2). The unit cell parameters are a = b = 50.3 A, c = 106.8 A, alpha =
      beta = gamma = 90 degrees; measurable diffraction intensities are observed to a
      resolution of 2.5 A. Density measurements indicate one molecule of 9,400
      daltons/asymmetric unit. The symmetry of this space group could accommodate the
      proposed active dimer species of the protease if the 2-fold axis were coincident
      with one of the crystallographic 2-fold axes.

PMID- 2644247
TI  - trp repressor arms contribute binding energy without occupying unique locations
      on DNA.
AB  - The amino-terminal arms of dimeric Escherichia coli trp repressor were removed by
      chymotryptic cleavage of the first 6 residues from each subunit. The role of the
      arms in structure and function of the repressor was probed by comparing the
      properties of intact and proteolyzed forms. The armless protein retains the
      ability to form stable dimers and to bind the corepressor L-tryptophan, but its
      affinity for both operator and nonoperator DNA is reduced by about 50-fold.
      Footprinting analysis shows that the intact repressor makes contacts with
      nucleotides on only one face of operator DNA. Thus, the arms do not wrap around
      the DNA as is the case for several other DNA binding proteins. All the contact
      sites identified by footprinting using the intact repressor are preserved in the
      complex formed with the armless repressor. This result indicates that the arms do
      not occupy a unique position on the DNA although they contribute substantially to
      the energy of DNA binding.

PMID- 2644248
TI  - Glycoprotein biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Characterization of alpha
      1,6-mannosyltransferase which initiates outer chain formation.
AB  - A particulate fraction from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mnn1 mutant was obtained
      after extracting a 115,000 x g pellet with 0.75% Triton X-100. Incubation of this
      preparation with labeled Man8GlcNAc and Man9GlcNAc in the presence of GDP-mannose
      followed by high pressure liquid chromatography showed the formation of
      Man9GlcNAc and Man10GlcNAc, respectively. Analysis by high resolution 1H NMR of
      the products indicates that, in each case, the mannose residue added is alpha-1,6
      linked to the alpha-1,6-mannose residue of the substrate as follows (where M
      represents mannose and Gn represents N-acetylglucosamine): (Formula: see text).
      The mannosyltransferase therefore catalyzes the first step specific to the
      biosynthesis of the outer chain of yeast mannoproteins. The apparent Km values
      for both substrates are similar: 0.39 mM for Man8GlcNAc and 0.35 mM for
      Man9GlcNAc. The alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase exhibits maximum activity between
      pH 7.1 and 7.6 in Tris maleate buffer, has an absolute requirement for Mn2+, and
      also requires Triton X-100. These results indicate that removal of the alpha-1,2
      linked mannose residue from Man9GlcNAc is not essential for the alpha-1,6
      mannosyltransferase which initiates outer chain synthesis, at least when
      oligosaccharides are used as substrates in a cell-free system.

PMID- 2644249
TI  - Chloroplast ribosomal protein L13 is encoded in the nucleus and is considerably
      larger than its bacterial homologue. Construction, immunoisolation, and
      nucleotide sequence (including transit peptide) its cDNA clone from an
      angiosperm.
AB  - Chloroplast ribosomes of higher plants are of the prokaryotic ribosome motif but,
      unlike in bacteria, their ribosomal protein (r-protein) genes are distributed
      between the organelle and the nucleus. In order to isolate some of the nuclear
      encoded r-protein genes, we have raised antibodies to several spinach chloroplast
      r-proteins and constructed spinach cDNA expression libraries in lambdagt11.
      Screening the libraries with one of the antisera yielded three cDNA clones for r
      protein L13, an early 50 S subunit assembly protein essential for RI50 formation.
      The cDNA clone encodes, beginning with a Met codon in the consensus plant
      initiator context, a polypeptide of 250 amino acid residues. The NH2-terminal 60
      residues bear the characteristic features of a chloroplast transit peptide. The
      putative mature L13 protein, which has common immunoepitopes with Escherichia
      coli L13, is 34% longer than the E. coli homologue. It has 56% sequence identity
      with E. coli L13 in the homologous region, but no identity to any known protein
      in the extra stretch. There are two neighboring ATG codons in the 5' region and
      two putative plant polyadenylation signals in the 3'-untranslated region of the
      cDNA. Their possible effect to increase translational efficiency is discussed,
      and the importance of encoding a RI50 protein in the nuclear genome for possible
      nuclear control of chloroplast protein synthesis is noted.

PMID- 2644250
TI  - Kinetics of insulin action on protein synthesis in isolated adipocytes. Ability
      of glucose to selectively desensitize the glucose transport system without
      altering insulin stimulation of protein synthesis.
AB  - When adipocytes were exposed to [3H]leucine for times ranging from 5 to 180 s,
      leucine was found to enter cells rapidly and equilibrate with the cell interior
      within 5 s. After an additional 15-30 s [3H]leucine was incorporated into nascent
      protein, and the rate of incorporation was linear for up to 6 h in both control
      and insulin-treated cells. Since treatment of adipocytes with 10 ng/ml insulin
      enhanced the rate of leucine incorporation 2-3-fold with minimal or no effect on
      the rate of protein degradation or leucine uptake, we conclude that the
      predominant effect of insulin is on enhancement of protein synthesis. To assess
      the time required for insulin to stimulate protein synthesis, we preincubated
      cells with 10 ng/ml of insulin for various times from 2 to 30 min and then
      measured [3H]leucine incorporation into protein during a 4-min assay. These
      results revealed that the insulin stimulation of protein synthesis is rapid (t
      1/2 of 4.4 min), but 9-fold slower than insulin activation of glucose transport
      (t 1/2 less than 0.5 min under identical conditions). In contrast to the rapidity
      of insulin activation, we found that deactivation proceeded at much slower rates
      (t 1/2 of 32 and 21 min for protein synthesis and glucose transport,
      respectively). Desensitization of the glucose transport system has previously
      been shown to occur after adipocytes are exposed to high glucose and insulin. To
      examine the specificity of desensitization, we treated cells for 6 h with 20 mM
      glucose and 25 ng/ml insulin and then examined insulin sensitivity and maximal
      insulin responsiveness of both the glucose transport and protein synthesis
      systems. After treatment, the glucose transport was markedly insulin-resistant
      (60% loss in maximal insulin responsiveness and a marked loss in insulin
      sensitivity), whereas the protein synthesis system exhibited neither diminished
      insulin responsiveness nor loss of insulin sensitivity. In fact, insulin
      sensitivity actually increased, as indicated by the finding that less insulin was
      required to stimulate protein synthesis (insulin ED50 values of 0.25 and 18 ng/ml
      at 0 and 6 h of treatment). From these studies we conclude that desensitization
      of the glucose transport system by glucose and insulin treatment appears to be
      specific for this particular effector system and does not reflect a state of
      generalized cellular insulin resistance.

PMID- 2644251
TI  - Amino acid regulation of insulin action in isolated adipocytes. Selective ability
      of amino acids to enhance both insulin sensitivity and maximal insulin
      responsiveness of the protein synthesis system.
AB  - Using the number and concentration of amino acids in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's
      medium as reference (DMEM = 100%), we found that a maximally effective
      concentration of insulin (10 ng/ml) stimulated protein synthesis by 125% over
      basal rate in the presence of 50% amino acids (EC50 = 19%), but by only 48% in
      amino acid-free buffer. Moreover, time course experiments revealed that amino
      acid regulation of insulin action was very rapid (t1/2 of 9.5 min) and readily
      reversible (less than 30 min). This effect was specific in that basal rates of
      protein synthesis were unaltered by amino acids. A second effect of amino acids
      was to markedly enhance insulin sensitivity of the protein synthesis system in a
      dose-dependent manner. Thus, the half-maximally effective concentrations of
      insulin required to stimulate protein synthesis fell from 0.43 to 0.25 to 0.15
      ng/ml in the presence of 0, 50, and 150% amino acids. Neither insulin sensitivity
      nor maximal insulin responsiveness of the glucose transport system was altered by
      amino acids, nor did amino acids affect the insulin binding capacity of cells.
      When we divided the 14 amino acids found in DMEM into two groups, we found that
      one group of 7 amino acids had little or no effect on insulin sensitivity or
      responsiveness, whereas the other group was fully active (a 157% increase in
      insulin responsiveness, ED50 of 0.21 ng/ml versus a 68% increase, ED50 of 0.51
      ng/ml, with no amino acids). Isoleucine and serine together increased both
      insulin sensitivity and responsiveness to 60-70% of that seen with the full
      complement of amino acids. IN CONCLUSION: 1) amino acids modulate insulin action
      by enhancing maximal insulin responsiveness and insulin sensitivity of the
      protein synthesis system, and the regulatory site of amino acid action appears to
      be distal to the common signal pathway, within the insulin action-protein
      synthesis cascade, and 2) the effects of amino acids are specific, in that basal
      rates of protein synthesis are unaffected, only certain amino acids influence
      insulin action, and amino acids fail to alter insulin binding or the insulin
      responsive glucose transport system. These studies, together with those in the
      companion paper, demonstrate that the pleiotropic actions of insulin on enhancing
      glucose uptake and protein synthesis are mediated through divergent pathways that
      can be independently regulated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2644252
TI  - Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Stereochemistry of the enzymatic cyclizations of
      geranyl pyrophosphate to (+)-alpha-pinene and (-)-beta-pinene.
AB  - The conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to (+)-alpha-pinene and to (-)-beta
      pinene is considered to proceed by the initial isomerization of the substrate to
      (-)-(3R)- and to (+)-(3S)-linalyl pyrophosphate, respectively, and the subsequent
      cyclization of the anti, endo-conformer of these bound intermediates by mirror
      image sequences which should result in the net retention of configuration at C1
      of the geranyl precursor. Incubation of (1R)-[2-14C,1-3H]- and (1S)-[2-14C,1
      3H]geranyl pyrophosphate with (+)-pinene cyclase and with (-)-pinene cyclase from
      common sage (Salvia officinalis) gave labeled (+)-alpha- and (-)-beta-pinene of
      unchanged 3H/14C ratio in all cases, and the (+)- and (-)-olefins were
      stereoselectively converted to (+)- and (-)-borneol, respectively, which were
      oxidized to the corresponding (+)- and (-)-isomers of camphor, again without
      change in isotope ratio. The location of the tritium was determined in each case
      by stereoselective, base-catalyzed exchange of the exo-alpha-hydrogens of these
      derived ketones. The results indicated that the configuration at C1 of the
      substrate was retained in the enzymatic transformations to the (+)- and (-)
      pinenes, which is entirely consistent with the syn-isomerization of geranyl
      pyrophosphate to linalyl pyrophosphate, transoid to cisoid rotation, and anti,
      endo-cyclization of the latter. The absolute stereochemical elements of the
      antipodal reaction sequences were confirmed by the selective enzymatic
      conversions of (3R)- and (3S)-1Z-[1-3H]linalyl pyrophosphate to (+)-alpha-pinene
      and (-)-beta-pinene, respectively, and by the location of the tritium in the
      derived camphors as before. The summation of the results fully defines the
      overall stereochemistry of the coupled isomerization and cyclization of geranyl
      pyrophosphate to the antipodal pinenes.

PMID- 2644253
TI  - Protease Ti from Escherichia coli requires ATP hydrolysis for protein breakdown
      but not for hydrolysis of small peptides.
AB  - Protease Ti, a new ATP-dependent protease in Escherichia coli, degrades proteins
      and ATP in a linked process, but these two hydrolytic functions are catalyzed by
      distinct components of the enzyme. To clarify the enzyme's specificity and the
      role of ATP, a variety of fluorogenic peptides were tested as possible substrates
      for protease Ti or its two components. Protease Ti rapidly hydrolyzed N
      succinyl(Suc)-Leu-Tyr-amidomethylcoumarin (AMC) (Km = 1.3 mM) which is not
      degraded by protease La, the other ATP-dependent protease in E. coli. Protease Ti
      also hydrolyzed, but slowly, Suc-Ala-Ala-Phe-AMC and Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC.
      However, it showed little or no activity against basic or other hydrophobic
      peptides, including ones degraded rapidly by protease La. Component P, which
      contains the serine-active site, by itself rapidly degrades the same peptides as
      the intact enzyme. Addition of component A, which contains the ATP-hydrolyzing
      site and is necessary for protein degradation, had little or no effect on peptide
      hydrolysis. N-Ethylmaleimide, which inactivates the ATPase, did not inhibit
      peptide hydrolysis. In addition, this peptide did not stimulate the ATPase
      activity of component A (unlike protein substrates). Thus, although the serine
      active site on component P is unable to degrade proteins, it is fully functional
      against small peptides in the absence of ATP. At high concentrations, Suc-Leu-Tyr
      AMC caused a complete inhibition of casein breakdown, and
      diisopropylfluorophosphate blocked similarly the hydrolysis of both protein and
      peptide substrates. Thus, both substrates seem to be hydrolyzed at the same
      active site on component P, and ATP hydrolysis by component A either unmasks or
      enlarges this proteolytic site such that large proteins can gain access to it.

PMID- 2644254
TI  - Characterization of leukocyte enzymes involved in the release of amino acids in
      incubated blood cell lysates.
AB  - The neutral leukocyte proteases involved in the release of free amino acids in
      incubation mixtures of blood cell lysates and of human serum albumin with
      leukocyte lysates were characterized by several techniques including 1H nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electrophoresis, high performance liquid
      chromatography, gel filtration, amino acid analysis, and NH2-terminal analysis.
      The data suggested that the enzymes which contributed significantly to the
      extensive protein hydrolysis observed were two endopeptidases and three
      exopeptidases. Identification and analysis of the products obtained in incubation
      mixtures of human serum albumin with elastase and leucine aminopeptidase were
      compared with the products obtained in incubation mixtures of the protein with
      leukocyte lysates.

PMID- 2644255
TI  - Energy coupling in bacterial periplasmic transport systems. Studies in intact
      Escherichia coli cells.
AB  - Periplasmic permeases are composed of four proteins, one of which has an ATP
      binding site that has been postulated to be involved in energy coupling. Previous
      data suggested that these permeases derive energy from substrate level
      phosphorylation (Berger, E. A. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 1514
      1518); however, conflicting results later cast doubt upon this hypothesis. Here,
      we make use of two well characterized periplasmic permeases and of a well
      characterized unc mutant (ATPase-) to examine this energetics problem in depth.
      We have utilized the histidine and maltose periplasmic permeases in Escherichia
      coli as model systems. Isogenic unc strains were used in order to study
      separately the effect of the proton-motive force and of ATP on transport. These
      parameters were analyzed concomitantly with transport assays. Starvation
      experiments indicate that both histidine and maltose transport require ATP
      generation and that a normal level of delta psi is not sufficient. Uncouplers
      such as carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone and 2,4-dinitrophenol dissipated
      the delta psi without decreasing the ATP level and without significant effect on
      these permeases, showing that delta psi is not needed. Inhibition of ATP
      synthesis by arsenate eliminates transport through both permeases, confirming the
      need for ATP. In agreement with previous results with the glutamine permease
      (Plate, C. A. (1979) J. Bacteriol. 137, 221-225), valinomycin plus K+ dissipates
      delta psi without affecting ATP levels and inhibits histidine transport; however,
      maltose transport is not inhibited under these conditions. This result is
      discussed in terms of the artefactual side effects caused by valinomycin/K+
      treatment on some periplasmic permeases. Histidine transport is also shown to be
      sensitive to changes in the cytoplasmic pH. It is concluded that periplasmic
      permeases indeed have an obligatory requirement for ATP (or a closely related
      molecule), whereas the proton-motive force is neither sufficient nor essential.

PMID- 2644256
TI  - Affinity labeling of the active center and ribonucleoside triphosphate binding
      site of yeast DNA primase.
AB  - A highly selective affinity labeling procedure has been applied to map the active
      center of DNA primase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme molecules
      that have been modified by covalent attachment of benzaldehyde derivatives of
      adenine nucleotides are autocatalytically labeled by incubation with a
      radioactive ribonucleoside triphosphate. The affinity labeling of primase
      requires a template DNA, is not affected by DNase and RNase treatments, but is
      sensitive to proteinase K. Both the p58 and p48 subunits of yeast DNA primase
      appear to participate in the formation of the catalytic site of the enzyme,
      although UV-photocross-linking with [alpha-32P]ATP locates the ribonucleoside
      triphosphate binding site exclusively on the p48 polypeptide. The fixation of the
      radioactive product has been carried out also after the enzymatic reaction. Under
      this condition the RNA primers synthesized by the DNA polymerase-primase complex
      under uncoupled DNA synthesis conditions are linked to both DNA primase and DNA
      polymerase. When DNA synthesis is allowed to proceed first, the labeled RNA
      chains are fixed exclusively to the DNA polymerase polypeptide. These results, in
      accord with previous data, have been used to propose a model illustrating the
      interactions and the putative roles of the polypeptides of the DNA polymerase
      primase complex.

PMID- 2644257
TI  - The effect of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S1 on the translational
      specificity of bacterial ribosomes.
AB  - Ribosomes from Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli exhibit non
      specific translation of bacterial mRNAs. That is, they are able to translate
      mRNAs from a variety of sources in a manner independent of the "strength" of the
      Shine-Dalgarno region, in contrast to ribosomes from many Gram-positive bacteria,
      such as Bacillus subtilis, which show specific translation in only being able to
      translate other Gram-positive mRNA, or mRNAs that have "strong" Shine-Dalgarno
      regions. There is an evolutionary correlation between the translational
      specificity and the absence of a protein analogous to E. coli ribosomal protein
      S1. The specificity observed with B. subtilis ribosomes is a function of their 30
      S subunit which lacks S1; translation of Gram-negative mRNA can occur with
      heterologous ribosomes containing the 30 S subunit of E. coli ribosomes and the
      50 S subunit of B. subtilis ribosomes. However, the addition of E. coli S1 alone
      to B. subtilis ribosome does not overcome their characteristic inability to
      translate mRNA from Gram-negative organisms. By contrast, the removal of S1 from
      E. coli ribosomes results in translational behavior similar to that shown by B.
      subtilis ribosomes in that the S1-depleted E. coli ribosomes can translate mRNA
      from Gram-positive sources in the absence of added S1, although addition of S1
      stimulates further translation of such mRNAs by the E. coli ribosomes.

PMID- 2644258
TI  - Purification of the Escherichia coli secB gene product and demonstration of its
      activity in an in vitro protein translocation system.
AB  - Mutations in the Escherichia coli secB gene lead to protein export defects in
      vivo (Kumamoto, C.A., and Beckwith, J. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 163, 267-274). To
      demonstrate directly the participation of the secB gene product (SecB) in protein
      export, SecB was purified, and its effects on in vitro protein translocation were
      analyzed. SecB was purified from soluble extracts of a strain that overproduced
      it, by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and
      differential precipitation at acid pH. The chromatographic behavior on gel
      filtration columns indicated apparent molecular masses of approximately 90 kDa
      for both purified SecB and SecB in cytosolic extracts of wild type cells. When
      added to a translocation mixture, purified SecB stimulated pro-OmpA translocation
      into membrane vesicles. SecB also suppressed the thermoinduced defect in
      translocating activity of membranes derived from a secY24 mutant. The results of
      these in vitro studies and of previous in vivo studies demonstrate that SecB
      plays a direct role in normal protein export in E. coli.

PMID- 2644259
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus protease. Bacterial expression and characterization
      of the purified aspartic protease.
AB  - The protease of human immunodeficiency virus has been expressed in Escherichia
      coli and purified to apparent homogeneity. Immunoreactivity toward anti-protease
      peptide sera copurified with an activity that cleaved the structural polyprotein
      gag p55 and the peptide corresponding to the sequence gag 128-135. The enzyme
      expressed as a nonfusion protein exhibits proteolytic activity with a pH optimum
      of 5.5 and is inhibited by the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin with a Ki of
      1.1 microM. Replacement of the conserved residue Asp-25 with an Asn residue
      eliminates proteolytic activity. Analysis of the minimal peptide substrate size
      indicates that 7 amino acids are required for efficient peptide cleavage. Size
      exclusion chromatography is consistent with a dimeric enzyme and circular
      dichroism spectra of the purified enzyme are consistent with a proposed structure
      of the protease (Pearl, L.H., and Taylor, W.R. (1987) Nature 329, 351-354). These
      data support the classification of the human immunodeficiency virus protease as
      an aspartic protease, likely to be structurally homologous with the well
      characterized family that includes pepsin and renin.

PMID- 2644260
TI  - Enzymes in the D-alanine branch of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan assembly.

PMID- 2644261
TI  - The primary structure of thermostable D-amino acid aminotransferase from a
      thermophilic Bacillus species and its correlation with L-amino acid
      aminotransferases.
AB  - The gene for thermostable D-amino acid aminotransferase from a thermophile,
      Bacillus species YM-1 was cloned and expressed efficiently in Escherichia coli.
      The entire covalent structure of the enzyme was determined from the nucleotide
      sequence of the cloned gene and mostly confirmed by amino acid sequences of
      tryptic peptides from the gene product. The polypeptide is composed of 282 amino
      acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 32,226. Comparison of the
      primary structure with those of various proteins registered in a protein data
      bank revealed a significant sequence homology between D-amino acid
      aminotransferase and the L-branched chain amino acid aminotransferase of E. coli
      (Kuramitsu, S., Ogawa, T., Ogawa, H., and Kagamiyama, H. (1985) J. Biochem.
      (Tokyo) 97, 993-999); the active site lysyl residue is located in an equivalent
      position in both enzyme sequences of similar size. Despite the difference in
      subunit composition and no immunochemical cross-reactivity, the sequences of the
      two enzymes show similar hydropathy profiles, and spectrophotometric properties
      of the enzyme-bound cofactor are also similar. The sequence homology suggests
      that the structural genes for D-amino acid and L-branched chain amino acid
      aminotransferases evolved from a common ancestral gene.

PMID- 2644262
TI  - Cooperative binding of the bisubstrate analog N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate to
      aspartate transcarbamoylase and the heterotropic effects of ATP and CTP.
AB  - Most investigations of the allosteric properties of the regulatory enzyme
      aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) from Escherichia coli are based on the
      sigmoidal dependence of enzyme activity on substrate concentration and the
      effects of the inhibitor, CTP, and the activator, ATP, on the saturation curves.
      Interpretations of these effects in terms of molecular models are complicated by
      the inability to distinguish between changes in substrate binding and catalytic
      turnover accompanying the allosteric transition. In an effort to eliminate this
      ambiguity, the binding of the 3H-labeled bisubstrate analog N-(phosphonacetyl)-L
      aspartate (PALA) to aspartate transcarbamoylase in the absence and presence of
      the allosteric effectors ATP and CTP has been measured directly by equilibrium
      dialysis at pH 7 in phosphate buffer. PALA binds with marked cooperativity to the
      holoenzyme with an average dissociation constant of 110 nM. ATP and CTP alter
      both the average affinity of ATCase for PALA and the degree of cooperativity in
      the binding process in a manner analogous to their effects on the kinetic
      properties of the enzyme; the average dissociation constant of PALA decreases to
      65 nM in the presence of ATP and increases to 266 nM in the presence of CTP while
      the Hill coefficient, which is 1.95 in the absence of effectors, becomes 1.35 and
      2.27 in the presence of ATP and CTP, respectively. The isolated catalytic subunit
      of ATCase, which lacks the cooperative kinetic properties of the holoenzyme,
      exhibits only a very slight degree of cooperativity in binding PALA. The
      dissociation constant of PALA from the catalytic subunit is 95 nM. Interpretation
      of these results in terms of a thermodynamic scheme linking PALA binding to the
      assembly of ATCase from catalytic and regulatory subunits demonstrates that
      saturation of the enzyme with PALA shifts the equilibrium between holoenzyme and
      subunits slightly toward dissociation. Ligation of the regulatory subunits by
      either of the allosteric effectors leads to a change in the effect of PALA on the
      association-dissociation equilibrium.

PMID- 2644263
TI  - Superoxide dismutase amplifies organismal sensitivity to ionizing radiation.
AB  - Although increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity is often associated with
      enhanced resistance of cells and organisms to oxidant challenges, few direct
      tests of the antioxidant importance of this enzyme have been carried out. To
      assess the importance of SOD in defending against gamma-radiation, we employed
      Escherichia coli with deficient, normal, and super-normal enzyme activities.
      Surprisingly, the radiation sensitivity of E. coli actually increases as
      bacterial SOD activity increases. Elevated intracellular SOD activity sensitizes
      E. coli to radiation-induced mortality, whereas SOD-deficient bacteria show
      normal or decreased radiosensitivity. Toxic effects of activated oxygen species
      are involved in this phenomenon; bacterial SOD activity has no effect on
      radiation sensitivity under anaerobic conditions or on the lethality of other,
      non-oxygen-dependent, toxins such as ultraviolet radiation.

PMID- 2644264
TI  - The complete amino acid sequence of the low molecular weight cytosolic acid
      phosphatase.
AB  - This paper presents the complete amino acid sequence of the low molecular weight
      acid phosphatase from bovine liver. This isoenzyme of the acid phosphatase family
      is located in the cytosol, is not inhibited by L-(+)-tartrate and fluoride ions,
      but is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. The enzyme consists of 157 amino acid
      residues, has an acetylated NH2 terminus, and has arginine as the COOH-terminal
      residue. All 8 half-cystine residues are in the free thiol form. The molecular
      weight calculated from the sequence is 17,953. The sequence was determined by
      characterizing the peptides purified by reverse-phase high performance liquid
      chromatography from tryptic, thermolytic, peptic, Staphylococcus aureus protease,
      and chymotryptic digests of the carboxymethylated protein. No sequence homologies
      were found with the two known acylphosphatase isoenzymes or the metalloproteins
      porcine uteroferrin and purple acid phosphatase from bovine spleen (both of which
      have acid phosphatase activity). Two half-cystines at or near the active site
      were identified through the reaction of the enzyme with [14C] iodoacetate in the
      presence or in the absence of a competitive inhibitor (i.e. inorganic phosphate).
      Ac-A E Q V T K S V L F V C L G N I C R S P I A E A V F R K L V T D Q N I S D N W
      V I D S G A V S D W N V G R S P N P R A V S C L R N H G I N T A H K A R Q V T K E
      D F V T F D Y I L C M D E S N L R D L N R K S N Q V K N C R A K I E L L G S Y D P
      Q K Q L I I E D P Y Y G N D A D F E T V Y Q Q C V R C C R A F L E K V R-OH.

PMID- 2644265
TI  - Membrane incorporation and induction of secondary structure of synthetic peptides
      corresponding to the N-terminal signal sequences of the glucitol and mannitol
      permeases of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The 22-residue synthetic signal peptide of the glucitol permease (Enzyme IIgut of
      the bacterial phosphotransferase system; gut22), which in the intact protein is
      believed to function in envelope targeting, was found to insert into phospholipid
      monolayers of various phospholipid compositions up to high limiting pressures (36
      41 milliNewton/m). The partition coefficient, derived from monolayer area
      expansion experiments, was greatest for the negatively charged gut22 when
      partitioning into monolayers of the zwitterionic lipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-sn
      phosphatidylcholine (about 1.1 X 10(5] as compared with that obtained with a
      mixture of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and the negatively
      charged lipids 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin.
      Gut22 contains a titratable histidyl residue (pKa = 6.8), and its protonation
      decreased the relative monolayer area increase 3-fold. Circular dichroism spectra
      showed that gut22 formed an amphiphilic alpha-helix when incorporated into lipid
      membranes (estimated percent helix = 65%). Fluorescence measurements indicated
      that tryptophan 11 is in a more hydrophobic environment in the presence of lipid
      than in its absence, with the environment being more hydrophobic at pH 5 than at
      pH 8. The more hydrophilic 15-residue signal peptide of the mannitol permease
      (mtl15) also incorporated into monolayers and detergent micelles (although to a
      lesser extent) with induction of secondary structure. Based on these results and
      a parallel with mitochondrial targeting in eucaryotes, we suggest that the
      induction of N-terminal amphiphilic structures and their association with a
      hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface are important for envelope targeting and the
      initiation of the membrane insertion of bacterial phosphoenol-pyruvate-dependent
      phosphotransferase system permeases.

PMID- 2644266
TI  - Molecular cloning and primary structure of the uracil-DNA-glycosylase gene from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The structural gene for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae repair enzyme uracil-DNA
      glycosylase (UNG1) was selected from a yeast genomic library in the multicopy
      vector YEp24 by complementation of the ung1-1 mutant in in vitro enzyme assays.
      The sequenced gene has an open reading frame which codes for a protein with
      molecular weight of 40,471. The measured size of the mRNA of 1.25 kb is in
      agreement with the predicted molecular weight of the protein. The gene product
      was overproduced about 100-fold in strains carrying an UNG1 gene containing
      plasmid at 100-200 copies/cell. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis of cleared lysates from such an overproducing strain, followed by
      renaturation of enzyme activity from individual gel slices showed the presence of
      two enzymatic activities in comparable quantities with Mr values of 39,500 and
      33,000, indicating that the full size protein is either readily degraded in vivo
      or is very sensitive to proteolytic digestion in vitro. The carboxyl-terminal two
      thirds of the yeast uracil-DNA-glycosylase is highly homologous to the entire
      Escherichia coli enzyme (50% amino acid identity). Genetic mapping experiments
      have localized the UNG1 gene on the left arm of chromosome XIII at 17 cM from the
      GAL80 locus proximal to the centromer. Deletions of the UNG1 gene are viable.

PMID- 2644267
TI  - Enhanced expression of the Escherichia coli serA gene in a plasmid vector.
      Purification, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray data of D-3 phosphoglycerate
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - The serA gene of Escherichia coli strain K-12, which codes for the cooperative
      allosteric enzyme D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, was inserted into an
      inducible expression vector which produced phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase as 8%
      of the soluble protein of E. coli. The purified protein was used to grow several
      different single crystal forms. One of these, with space group P2(1), appears to
      contain all four subunits of the tetrameric enzyme in the asymmetric unit and
      diffracts to sufficient resolution to allow determination of the structure of
      phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2644268
TI  - Characterization of two active site mutations of thioredoxin reductase from
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Thioredoxin reductase (TRR), a member of the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide
      oxidoreductase family of flavoenzymes, undergoes two sequential thiol-disulfide
      interchange reactions with thioredoxin during catalysis. In order to assess the
      catalytic role of each nascent thiol of the active site disulfide of thioredoxin
      reductase, the 2 cysteines (Cys-136 and Cys-139) forming this disulfide have been
      individually changed to serines by site-directed mutageneses of the cloned trxB
      gene of Escherichia coli. Spectral analyses of TRR(Ser-136,Cys-139) as a function
      of pH and ionic strength have revealed two pKa values associated with the epsilon
      456, one of which increases from 7.0 to 8.3 as the ionic strength is increased,
      and a second at 4.4 which is seen only at high ionic strength. epsilon 458 of
      wild type TRR(Cys-136,Cys-139) and epsilon 453 of TRR(Cys-136,Ser-139) are pH
      independent. A charge transfer complex (epsilon 530 = 1300 M-1 cm-1), unique to
      TRR(Ser-136,Cys-139), has been observed under conditions of high ammonium cation
      concentration (apparent Kd = 54 microM) at pH 7.6. These results suggest the
      assignment of Cys-139 as the FAD-interacting thiol in the reduction of
      thioredoxin by NADPH via thioredoxin reductase. If, as with other members of this
      enzyme family, the two distinct catalytic functions are each carried out by a
      different nascent thiol, then Cys-136 would perform the initial thiol-disulfide
      interchange with thioredoxin. Steady state kinetic analyses of the proteins have
      revealed turnover numbers of 10 and 50% of the value of the wild type enzyme for
      TRR(Ser-136,Cys-139) and TRR(Cys-136,Ser-139), respectively, and no changes in
      the apparent Km values of TR(S2) or NADPH. The finding of activity in the mutants
      indicates that the remaining thiol can carry out interchange with the disulfide
      of thioredoxin, and the resulting mixed disulfide can be reduced by NADPH via the
      flavin.

PMID- 2644269
TI  - One-step purification from Escherichia coli of complex II (succinate: ubiquinone
      oxidoreductase) associated with succinate-reducible cytochrome b556.
AB  - Complex II (succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is an important component of
      both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and of the aerobic respiratory chains of
      eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. The enzyme has been purified from numerous
      sources and appears to be highly conserved from considerations of both the amino
      acid sequences of the catalytic subunits and from the prosthetic groups
      associated with the enzyme. The sdh operon has been cloned and sequenced from
      Escherichia coli, but the enzyme from this source has, so far, resisted attempts
      at biochemical purification. In this work, a one-step purification of the enzyme
      is described which yields a stable four-subunit enzyme which has a high specific
      activity. This purification takes advantage of a strain which overproduces the
      enzyme by 10-fold due to the presence of a multicopy plasmid containing the
      cloned sdh operon. The purified complex II has one FAD, eight non-heme irons,
      seven acid-labile sulfides, and one protoheme IX per molecule. The enzyme has
      been reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles and demonstrated to reduce ubiquinone
      8, the natural electron acceptor, at a high rate.

PMID- 2644270
TI  - Fatty acid interactions with rat intestinal and liver fatty acid-binding proteins
      expressed in Escherichia coli. A comparative 13C NMR study.
AB  - Enterocytes in the small intestinal mucosa contain abundant quantities of two
      homologous cytosolic proteins known as intestinal and liver fatty acid-binding
      proteins (I- and L-FABP, respectively). To elucidate structure-function
      relationships for these proteins, the interactions between 13C-enriched palmitate
      and oleate and Escherichia coli-expressed rat I- and L-FABP were systematically
      compared using 13C NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectra of samples containing fatty
      acids (FA) and I-FABP at different molar ratios (all at pH 7.2 and 37 degrees C)
      exhibited a single carboxyl resonance corresponding to FA bound to I-FABP (181.4
      ppm, peak I) and an additional carboxyl resonance corresponding to unbound FA in
      a bilayer phase (179.6 ppm). Peak I reached a maximum intensity corresponding to
      1 mol of bound FA/mol of I-FABP under all sample conditions examined. NMR spectra
      for samples containing FA and L-FABP also exhibited a single carboxyl resonance
      corresponding to FA bound to L-FABP but at a different chemical shift value
      (182.2 ppm, peak L). Its maximum intensity varied depending on the physical state
      of the unbound FA (liquid crystalline or crystalline), the FA used (palmitate or
      oleate), and the sample pH. In the presence of a liquid crystalline (bilayer)
      phase, up to 1 (oleate) or 2 (palmitate) mol of FA were bound/mol of L-FABP, but
      in the presence of a crystalline phase (1:1 acid-soap), up to 3 mol of palmitate
      were bound/mol of L-FABP (all at pH 7.2). Peak I exhibited little or no
      ionization shift over a wide pH range (pH 3.0-11.0), and its chemical shift was
      unaffected by the ionization of Lys and His residues. Hence, the carboxylate
      group of FA bound to I-FABP was solvent inaccessible and most likely involved in
      an ion-pair electrostatic interaction with the delta-guanidinium moiety of an Arg
      residue. In contrast, peak L exhibited an ionization shift and an estimated
      apparent pKa value similar to that obtained for monomeric FA in water, suggesting
      that the carboxylate groups of FA bound to L-FABP were solvent accessible and
      located at or near the protein solvent interface. With decreasing pH, FA
      dissociated from L-FABP but not I-FABP, as monitored by NMR peak intensities.
      Concurrently, a large decrease in circular dichroism molar ellipticity was
      observed with L-FABP but not I-FABP. In conclusion, I-FABP and L-FABP are
      distinct with regards to their FA-binding stoichiometries, binding mechanisms,
      and sensitivity to pH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2644271
TI  - Contribution of a conserved arginine near the active site of Escherichia coli D
      serine dehydratase to cofactor affinity and catalytic activity.
AB  - We have employed site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the contribution of a
      conserved arginyl residue to the catalytic activity and cofactor affinity of D
      serine dehydratase, a model pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (vitamin B6) enzyme.
      Replacement of R-120 in the active site peptide of D-serine dehydratase by L
      decreased the affinity of the enzyme for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate by 20-fold and
      reduced turnover by 5-8-fold. kappa cat displayed modified substrate alpha
      deuterium isotope effects and altered dependence on both temperature and pH.
      Analysis of the pH rate profiles of DSD and the R-120----L variant indicated that
      R-120 interacts electrostatically with catalytically essential ionizable groups
      at the active site of wild type D-serine dehydratase. The decrease in cofactor
      affinity observed for DSD(R120L) was not accompanied by significant perturbations
      in the UV, CD, or 31P NMR spectrum of the holoenzyme, suggesting that the
      contribution of R-120 to pyridoxal phosphate affinity may be indirect or else
      involve an interaction with a cofactor functional group other than the 5'
      phosphoryl moiety. The properties of two other site-directed variants of D-serine
      dehydratase indicated that the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate:K-118 Schiff base was
      indifferent to a small change in the shape of the side chain at position 117 (I
      117----L), whereas replacement of K-118 by H resulted in undetectable levels of
      enzyme. A poor ability to bind cofactor may have rendered DSD(K118H) susceptible
      to intracellular proteolysis.

PMID- 2644272
TI  - Anaerobic induction of ProMn-superoxide dismutase in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli growing anaerobically respond to NO3- plus PQ2+ with a 20-30
      fold induction of an inactive form of the manganese-containing superoxide
      dismutase (MnSOD). Mutants lacking a functional nitrate reductase fail to show
      this response. This inactive enzyme can be activated by addition of Mn(II) salts
      to cell extracts in the presence of acidic guanidinium chloride, followed by
      dialysis against neutral buffer. Direct addition of Mn(II) to cell extracts does
      not result in activation. However, addition of Mn(II) to purified apo-MnSOD
      results in partial activation. Inactive, reconstitutable MnSOD is induced 13-fold
      within 15 min of exposure to NO3- plus PQ2+. Western blot analysis revealed a 15
      fold increase in immunoreactive MnSOD under these conditions, suggestive of de
      novo synthesis of this protein. A strain of E. coli bearing a multicopy plasmid
      carrying the MnSOD gene (sodA) overproduces inactive MnSOD 19-fold compared to
      the parent strain under anaerobic conditions. Strains of E. coli with an
      inactivating insertion in the sodA gene do not induce inactive, reconstitutable
      MnSOD in response to NO3- plus PQ2+ and lack the immunoreactive MnSOD band. These
      results, in toto, suggest that the inactive protein synthesized under anaerobic
      conditions in the presence of NO3- plus PQ2+, acting as an electron sink, is a
      product of the sodA gene and is devoid of activity due to occupation of the
      manganese site by another metal.

PMID- 2644273
TI  - Solubilization and characterization of yeast signal peptidase.
AB  - An efficient post-translational assay for solubilized yeast signal peptidase has
      been developed. The enzyme can be solubilized in nonionic detergent (0.5% Nikkol)
      without added salt, but salt increased the efficiency of solubilization.
      Radiosequencing of the cleaved substrate revealed that the enzyme removed the
      signal peptide. The substrate (prepro-alpha-factor) must be pretreated with
      sodium dodecyl sulfate to be cleaved. The enzyme displays a broad, alkaline pH
      optimum, retaining activity at pH 12. Moderately high temperatures (35 degrees
      C), excess detergent (greater than 0.5% Nikkol), or high salt (greater than 300
      mM KOAc) will inactivate the enzyme. Phosphatidylcholine is necessary for optimal
      activity. The optimal ratio of Nikkol:lipid:sodium dodecyl sulfate is 6.4:2.2:1.
      The membrane association of yeast signal peptidase is resistant to carbonate
      extraction, indicating that it is an integral membrane protein.

PMID- 2644274
TI  - Adriamycin, a drug interacting with acidic phospholipids, blocks import of
      precursor proteins by isolated yeast mitochondria.
AB  - Acidic phospholipids such as cardiolipin partially unfold an artificial precursor
      protein which consists of a mitochondrial presequence fused to mouse
      dihydrofolate reductase (Endo, T., and Schatz, G. (1988) EMBO J. 7, 1153-1158).
      We now show that import of this precursor protein into isolated yeast
      mitochondria is blocked by adriamycin, a drug binding to cardiolipin and other
      acidic phospholipids. This inhibition is lessened if the precursor's
      dihydrofolate reductase moiety is labilized by point mutations; inhibition is
      abolished altogether if the "wild-type" precursor is presented to mitochondria in
      a urea-denatured state. These and other observations suggest that adriamycin
      interferes with the generation of a translocation-competent, loose structure of
      the precursor protein. They imply that acidic phospholipids such as cardiolipin
      participate, directly or indirectly, in the translocation of this fusion protein
      into isolated mitochondria.

PMID- 2644275
TI  - Expression and function of beta-tubulin isotypes in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - The availability of isotype-specific antisera for beta-tubulin, coupled with
      genetic and biochemical analysis, has allowed the determination of beta-tubulin
      isotype expression and distribution in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Using
      genetic manipulations involving selection for colcemid resistance followed by
      reversion and reselection for drug resistance, we have succeeded in isolating
      cell lines that exhibit three major and one minor beta-tubulin spots by two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis. In concert with isotype-specific antibodies,
      analysis of these mutants demonstrates that CHO cells express two copies of
      isotype I, at least one copy of isotype IV, and very small amounts of isotype V.
      All three isotypes assemble into both cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules and
      are similar in their responses to cold, colcemid, and calcium-induced
      depolymerization. They have comparable turnover rates and are equally sensitive
      to depression of synthesis upon colchicine treatment. These results suggest that
      beta-tubulin isotypes are used interchangeably to assemble microtubule structures
      in CHO cells. However, of 18 colcemid-resistant mutants with a demonstrable
      alteration in beta-tubulin, all were found to have the alteration in isotype I,
      thus leaving open the possibility that subtle differences in isotype properties
      may exist.

PMID- 2644276
TI  - Factors influencing the in vitro translocation of the Escherichia coli maltose
      binding protein.
AB  - An in vitro system has been utilized to study the translocation of newly
      synthesized Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein (MBP) into inverted membrane
      vesicles. Approximately 40% of precursor MBP (pMBP) synthesized with a wild-type
      signal peptide was imported into vesicles. However, MBP species with even minor
      alterations in the signal peptide hydrophobic core were imported into vesicles
      with an efficiency much lower than predicted from in vivo studies.
      Posttranslational import of wild-type pMBP into vesicles could be demonstrated if
      membranes were added after the termination of protein synthesis. However, if
      vesicles were present throughout the synthesis reaction, most pMBP import
      occurred either cotranslationally or very soon after completion of synthesis. The
      wild-type pMBP rapidly became incompetent for posttranslational translocation
      upon continued incubation in the absence of membranes, whereas pMBP species with
      altered folding properties remained competent for significantly longer periods.
      The rate of in vitro pMBP folding was affected by the nature of the signal
      peptide. The evidence suggests that one or more soluble factors may interact with
      the newly synthesized pMBP to help maintain it in a translocation-competent state
      and to promote its entrance into the export pathway.

PMID- 2644277
TI  - A protein factor which reduces the negative supercoiling requirement in the Mu
      DNA strand transfer reaction is Escherichia coli integration host factor.
AB  - We have examined the supercoiling requirement for the in vitro Mu DNA strand
      transfer reaction and found that optimal efficiency requires a high level (sigma
      = -0.06) of donor plasmid superhelicity. At in vivo levels of supercoiling (sigma
      = -0.025) the reaction does not occur. Using an unreactive donor plasmid with a
      near physiological level of supercoiling, we identified an Escherichia coli
      protein factor which has the novel property of reducing the donor plasmid
      supercoiling requirement for the in vitro Mu DNA strand transfer reaction by 40%.
      This protein, which we named supercoiling relief factor was purified to near
      homogeneity and found to be identical to integration host factor (IHF), a protein
      known to induce site specific bends in DNA. The dramatic reduction in the
      supercoiling requirement was promoted by about 1.5 IHF dimers/donor substrate
      molecule. At these low levels of IHF, the HU requirement for the reaction was
      also reduced; a synergistic effect of the two proteins resulted in a greater than
      10-fold stimulation of the reaction under appropriate conditions. Furthermore, at
      high concentrations of IHF, HU could be completely eliminated from the reaction.

PMID- 2644278
TI  - Supercoiling and integration host factor change the DNA conformation and alter
      the flow of convergent transcription in phage Mu.
AB  - Transcription of bacteriophage Mu is modulated by its repressor, by negative
      supercoiling, and by the Escherichia coli protein integration host factor (IHF).
      Two converging Mu promoters regulate lytic and lysogenic development. The
      influence of IHF on these convergent promoters depended on the DNA conformation.
      When Mu operator DNA changed from the relaxed to the negative supercoiled form,
      IHF changed from a stimulatory factor to an inhibitor of the repressor promoter,
      and the ratio of the lytic transcript relative to the repressor transcript
      increased by 40-fold. Flexibility in Mu operator DNA was demonstrated by an
      unusual supercoil-induced DNA conformation, which was detectable by chemical
      modification with bromoacetaldehyde or digestion with P1 nuclease. IHF binding
      adjacent to this site induced dramatic bending of Mu DNA. A topological model we
      call a superloop is proposed to explain the effect of IHF on Mu transcription in
      vitro and on the lytic-lysogeny decision of the virus grown in IHF and gyrase
      mutants.

PMID- 2644279
TI  - Discrimination between oxygen and carbon monoxide and inhibition of autooxidation
      by myoglobin. Site-directed mutagenesis of the distal histidine.
AB  - Sperm whale myoglobin mutants were constructed using site-directed mutagenesis to
      replace the highly conserved distal histidine residue (His(E7)-64). His-64 was
      substituted with Gly, Val, Phe, Cys, Met, Lys, Arg, Asp, Thr, and Tyr, and all 10
      mutant proteins expressed to approximately 10% of the total soluble cell protein
      in Escherichia coli as heme containing myoglobin. With the exception of His-64---
      Tyr, which did not form a stable oxygen (O2) complex, all mutant proteins could
      be reduced and bound O2 and carbon monoxide (CO) reversibly. However, removal of
      the distal histidine increased the rate of autooxidation 40-350-fold. The His-64-
      --Gly, Val, Phe, Met, and Arg mutants all showed markedly increased O2
      dissociation rate constants which were approximately 50-1500-fold higher than
      those for wild-type myoglobin and increased O2 association rate constants which
      were approximately 5-15-fold higher than those for the native protein. All
      mutants studied (except His-64----Tyr) showed approximately 10-fold increased CO
      association rates and relatively unchanged CO dissociation rates. These altered
      O2 and CO association and dissociation rate constants resulted in 3-14-fold
      increased CO affinities, 10-200-fold decreased O2 affinities, and 50-380-fold
      greater M (KCO/KO2) values for the mutants compared to the wild-type protein.
      Thus, the distal histidine of myoglobin discriminates between CO and O2 binding
      by both sterically hindering bound CO and stabilizing bound O2 through hydrogen
      bonding. The increased autooxidation rates observed for the mutants appear to be
      due to a decrease in oxygen affinity and an increase in solvent anion
      accessibility to the distal pocket.

PMID- 2644280
TI  - Biochemical analysis of adenovirus type 5 DNA-binding protein mutants.
AB  - We previously reported the isolation and functional characterization of seven
      adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA-binding protein (DBP) point mutants (Quinn, C. O.,
      and Kitchingman, G. R. (1986) J. Virol. 60, 653-661). Six of the seven mutants
      were defective in their ability to help adeno-associated virus replicate its DNA.
      To determine the level at which the mutations affect this function of the DBP, we
      analyzed several properties of the mutant proteins. All are transported to the
      nucleus and are post-translationally phosphorylated to the same extent. The half
      lives of the proteins, measured by pulse-chase, were nearly identical to that of
      the wild-type DBP. The mutant DBPs were examined for their ability to bind to
      single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Mutations in amino acids 322, 323, and 470 lowered
      the affinity of the DBP for ssDNA, while a mutation in amino acid 181 had no
      affect. Combinations of mutations in amino acid 470 with either 322 or 323 did
      not further lower the affinity of the protein for ssDNA. These data indicate that
      the functional defect for adeno-associated virus helper activity of the six
      mutants is due mainly, if not totally, to their reduced affinity for single
      stranded DNA. These experiments have thus identified a functional domain of the
      adenovirus type 5 DBP potentially involved in DNA-protein interactions.
      Comparisons with temperature-sensitive DBP mutants indicate that the conserved
      region mutants are functionally distinct and represent a new class of DBP
      mutants.

PMID- 2644281
TI  - The role of glucose and glycosylation in the regulation of lipoprotein lipase
      synthesis and secretion in rat adipocytes.
AB  - Several studies have suggested that insulin and glucose increase adipose tissue
      lipoprotein lipase (LPL). To study the mechanism of the glucose-induced
      stimulation of LPL, the effects of glucose and glycosylation were examined in
      primary rat adipocyte cultures. In cells cultured in the presence of 1 mg/ml
      glucose, a 55-kDa LPL protein was synthesized and secreted into the medium,
      whereas cells cultured in glucose-free medium synthesized a 49-kDa form of LPL
      which was not secreted. The treatment of the mature 55-kDa form of LPL with
      peptide:N-glycosidase-F resulted in the formation of a 49-kDa form of LPL. When
      cells were cultured in the presence of tunicamycin, a 49-kDa form of LPL was
      synthesized by the cells but was not secreted. In addition, LPL activity was
      reduced by 90% when glycosylation was blocked by either tunicamycin or glucose
      deprivation. LPL synthetic rate was examined in cells cultured in a spectrum of
      glucose concentrations. LPL synthetic rate increased directly with medium glucose
      concentration and was decreased 80% in the absence of glucose compared to the
      synthetic rate in the presence of 1 mg/ml glucose. In addition, LPL synthetic
      rate in the presence of insulin was approximately 200% of the synthetic rate in
      untreated control cells at all glucose concentrations and even in the absence of
      glucose. In spite of the effect of glucose on LPL synthetic rate, glucose had no
      effect on the level of LPL mRNA. In contrast, the mRNA for the 78-kDa glucose
      regulated protein (GRP78) was increased in adipocytes cultured in glucose-free
      medium. In summary, glucose was essential for glycosylation of LPL, and
      glycosylation was essential for LPL catalytic activity and secretion. In
      addition, glucose stimulated LPL synthetic rate and potentiated the stimulatory
      effects of insulin, but had no specific effect on LPL mRNA. Whereas insulin
      stimulates LPL by increasing the level of LPL mRNA, glucose stimulates LPL
      translation and post-translational processing.

PMID- 2644282
TI  - Structure and properties of malic enzyme from Bacillus stearothermophilus.
AB  - The malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.38) gene of Bacillus stearothermophilus was cloned in
      Escherichia coli, and the enzyme was purified to homogeneity from the E. coli
      clone. In addition to the NAD(P)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate,
      the enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of oxalacetate. The enzyme is a tetramer
      of Mr 200,000 consisting of four identical subunits of Mr 50,000. The pH optima
      for malate oxidation and pyruvate reduction are 8.0 and 6.0, respectively; and
      the optimum temperature is 55 degrees C. The enzyme strictly requires divalent
      metal cations for its activity, and the activity is enhanced 5-7 times by NH4+
      and K+. Kinetic study shows that the values of the dissociation constant of the
      enzyme-coenzyme complex are 77 microM for NAD and 1.0 mM for NADP, indicating
      that the enzyme has a higher affinity for NAD than for NADP. The nucleotide
      sequence of the gene and its flanking regions was also found. A single open
      reading frame of 1434 base pairs encoding 478 amino acids was concluded to be
      that for the malic enzyme gene because the amino acid composition of the enzyme
      and the sequence of 16 amino acids from the amino terminus of the enzyme agreed
      well with those deduced from this open reading frame.

PMID- 2644283
TI  - Identification of alpha-galactose (alpha-fucose)-asialo-GM1 glycolipid expressed
      by subsets of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.
AB  - Distinct cell-surface glycoconjugates are expressed on specific subsets of dorsal
      root ganglion (DRG) neurons and DRG terminals projecting to the superficial
      dorsal horn of rat spinal cord (Dodd, J., and Jessell, T. M. (1985) J. Neurosci.
      5, 3278-3294). Carbohydrate antigens detected by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
      TC6, KH10, and LD2 are restricted to about 20% of DRG neurons projecting to
      lamina IIB (dorsal), whereas antigens recognized by mAb LA4 are expressed by
      about 50% of DRG neurons projecting to lamina IIB (ventral). These mAbs were
      generated against rat pancreatic acinar cell line AR4-2J antigens. The glycolipid
      antigens in AR4-2J cells reacting with these mAbs have been structurally
      characterized by sequential hydrolysis with various exoglycosidases,
      immunochemical tests, linkage analysis of permethylated alditol acetates,
      capillary gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry of
      permethylated compounds, and by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the
      native antigens. The structure of the major antigen (IA) in AR4-2J cells was
      determined to be: (formula; see text) The asialo derivative of IA and the novel
      disialo form of IA (Gal alpha 1----3(Fuc alpha 1----2)----GD1b) have been also
      identified. The DRG neurons contained only the neutral glycolipid, asialo form of
      IA. All these antigens reacted equivalently in the high performance thin layer
      chromatography-immuno overlay assay with the TC6, LD2, and LA4 mAbs. The
      molecular specificity of the three mAbs was determined by rection with a variety
      of possible antigens and appears to be the same. All three mAbs required terminal
      Gal alpha 1----3(Fuc alpha 1----2)Gal beta 1----3GalNAc (or 4GlcNAc) for full
      reactivity. Only partial reactivity was observed with compounds in which alpha
      Fuc was removed. The observed restricted reactivity of mAbs TC6, LD2, and LA4 in
      subsets of DRG neurons and in ventral and dorsal areas of lamina IIB may be due
      to different topographical expression of the antigen in the neuronal membrane.

PMID- 2644284
TI  - Rabbit brain glucose transporter responds to insulin when expressed in insulin
      sensitive Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - Transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells with the expression vector containing
      rabbit brain HepG2-type glucose transporter cDNA resulted in a dramatic over
      expression (approximately 10-fold) of glucose transporter as assessed by either
      immunoblotting with antipeptide antibody against rabbit brain glucose transporter
      or photoaffinity labeling with [3H]cytochalasin B. 2-Deoxyglucose uptake was also
      increased 4-fold in the transfected cells, while no increase in transport
      activity or transporter amount was observed in cells that were transfected with
      the expression vector alone without glucose transporter cDNA. Significantly,
      insulin (10(-7) M) increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake in both control and
      transfected cells, but the increased amount of the transported 2-deoxyglucose by
      insulin in the transfected cells was 4.2-fold greater than that in control cells,
      indicating that the expressed rabbit brain HepG2-type glucose transporter
      responded to insulin. In addition, we have recently demonstrated that the HepG2
      type glucose transporter exists in rat adipocytes and responds to insulin in a
      fashion similar to a majority of other types of glucose transporters (Oka, Y.,
      Asano, T., Shibasaki, Y., Kasuga, M., Kanazawa, Y., and Takaku, F. (1988) J.
      Biol. Chem. 263, 13432-13439). In contrast, insulin did not stimulate glucose
      transport activity in HepG2 cells or IM-9 lymphocytes that have a significant
      amount of the HepG2-type glucose transporter. Thus, the results in this study
      further support the notion that insulin regulation of glucose transport activity
      depends on a tissue-specific signaling mechanism.

PMID- 2644285
TI  - Characterization and site-specific mutagenesis of the calcium-binding protein
      oncomodulin produced by recombinant bacteria.
AB  - A bacterial expression system for the parvalbumin-like calcium-binding protein
      oncomodulin has been constructed. This system can yield 50-fold more oncomodulin
      than the richest known mammalian source, the rat Morris hepatoma 5123. The
      bacterially produced protein folded correctly as monitored by UV, fluorescence,
      and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and is immunologically identical
      to rat hepatoma oncomodulin. A calcium-specific conformational change is observed
      in the bacterial oncomodulin similar to that of the hepatoma protein. A
      modification of the putative calcium-specific CD loop by site-directed
      mutagenesis, which changed Asp-59 to Glu-59, eliminates calcium-specific effects.
      In contrast to the native molecule, the mutant Glu-59 now exhibits a magnesium
      induced conformational change when monitored by UV difference or fluorescence
      excitation spectroscopy. The availability of large amounts of bacterially
      produced oncomodulin combined with the ability to modify at will the metal
      binding ligands should now allow dissection of the unusual pairing in oncomodulin
      of one calcium-specific calmodulin-like site with one calcium/magnesium
      parvalbumin-like site.

PMID- 2644286
TI  - Energy-dependent in vitro translocation of a model protein into Escherichia coli
      inverted membrane vesicles can take place efficiently in the complete absence of
      the cytosol fraction.
AB  - The translocation of the precursor of a secretory protein into Escherichia coli
      inverted membrane vesicles was demonstrated in the absence of the cytosol
      fraction. A small, hydrophilic chimeric protein, OmpF-Lpp, possessing an
      uncleavable signal peptide was used as the model protein. As much as 80%
      translocation of the precursor protein into membrane vesicles was observed within
      6 min in the absence of the cytosol fraction, when the precursor protein purified
      by means of immunoaffinity chromatography was used. The translocation was
      dependent on both ATP and respiratory substrates such as succinate. ATP could be
      replaced by a higher concentration of CTP or UTP, whereas GTP was inactive.
      Trichloroacetic acid treatment of the precursor protein, which is reported to
      result in removal of the trigger factor that is attached to a precursor protein
      (Crooke, E., and Wickner, W. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 5216-5220),
      did not lower the translocation efficiency significantly. Finally, the precursor
      protein, which was highly purified by means of successive immunoaffinity
      chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      could still be efficiently translocated into the membrane vesicles. The precursor
      proteins purified in the presence and absence of bovine serum albumin were both
      active. Neither washing of the membrane vesicles for prevention of possible
      contamination by cytosolic factors nor the addition of the cytosol fraction to
      the reaction mixture affected the translocation efficiency. These results
      indicate that the in vitro translocation of the OmpF-Lpp precursor protein can
      take place in the complete absence of cytosolic soluble proteins.

PMID- 2644287
TI  - The active site of spinach glycolate oxidase.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of glycolate oxidase from spinach has been fitted to an
      electron density map at 2.2 A resolution. From a refined model we give a detailed
      description of the flavin mononucleotide-binding site and the residues which
      might be involved in the catalytic action of the enzyme. The cofactor is bound to
      the enzyme at the carboxy end of the beta strands in the alpha/beta barrel domain
      and forms a number of hydrogen bonds both to residues at the end of the beta
      strands and in the loop regions after the strands. In particular Lys-230
      interacts with atoms N1 and O2 of the isoalloxazine ring, which produces an
      inductive effect that could enhance the nucleophilicity of the electron acceptor
      N5 of the flavin ring. Almost the entire coenzyme is buried in the interior of
      the enzyme. The exceptions are one phosphate oxygen atom and a region around the
      N5 position on the si-face of the isoalloxazine ring, which are accessible to
      solution. Based on a model of bound glycolate to our structure we propose that
      the following residues are important in the catalytic reaction: Arg-257, Tyr-24,
      and Tyr-129 for binding the substrate, and His-254 for abstracting a proton from
      the C2 atom of the substrate.

PMID- 2644288
TI  - Operation for non-union of stress fracture of the tarsal navicular.
AB  - Stress fractures of the tarsal navicular do not heal predictably with
      conservative treatment, so we recommend operation if the fracture remains
      symptomatic, and radiographs show wide separation of a complete fracture,
      extension of an incomplete fracture, delayed healing, or a medullary cyst. An
      autologous bone graft is inserted after en-bloc resection of the fracture
      surfaces. It is important that the fracture is fully exposed to its distal limits
      before the graft is inserted. We have grafted 19 fractures in 18 patients. Six
      fractures were complete, 12 incomplete and one had a residual medullary cyst. Of
      the 15 patients with adequate follow-up, 12 had been able to return to a pre
      injury level of activity by five to 12 months.

PMID- 2644289
TI  - Allografts of the hemipelvis after tumour resection. Technical aspects of four
      cases.
AB  - Four en-bloc resections for malignant tumours of the hip, the peri-acetabular
      region and the iliac wing were reconstructed using an irradiated hemipelvic
      allograft together with a total hip prosthesis. Technical aspects include the use
      of an anterior Enneking approach which excises the previous biopsy site, division
      and re-attachment of the iliac crest and fixation of the prosthesis using a
      modified acetabular cup and three polypropylene artificial ligaments to increase
      the stability of the joint. Weight-bearing was allowed at three months. The
      oncological and clinical results were satisfactory after a mean follow-up of 19
      months, with walking distances of 500 metres to two kilometres without pain.

PMID- 2644290
TI  - Ultrasound screening of hips at risk for CDH. Failure to reduce the incidence of
      late cases.
AB  - Of 4,617 babies born in Coventry in 1986, a total of 448 (9.7%) had either
      clinical abnormality of the hip or at risk factors for CDH. All were examined by
      ultrasound, but only 17 required treatment (3.7 per 1,000); in five of these no
      clinical abnormality had been detected. An additional 81 babies had ultrasound
      abnormalities but did not require treatment, despite the fact that ultrasound at
      first showed major hip displacement in 17 of them. Three late cases of CDH have
      presented among the babies born in 1986, but not examined by ultrasound. This
      incidence of late CDH is unchanged compared with the previous nine years,
      although ultrasound had detected covert displacement in a number of hips.

PMID- 2644291
TI  - Emergence of a new opportunistic pathogen, Candida lusitaniae.
AB  - Candida lusitaniae has been an infrequently reported opportunistic pathogen. Most
      previously reported cases of serious infection caused by this organism have
      proven fatal and were associated with amphotericin resistance of the organism. We
      report two patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing cytotoxic
      chemotherapy who developed fungemia with this organism while they were
      granulocytopenic. The organisms isolated from each patient were fully susceptible
      and were treated successfully with amphotericin B. When isolated from an
      immunocompromised host, C. lusitaniae should be considered an opportunistic
      pathogen and undergo antifungal susceptibility testing. Amphotericin B should be
      considered the drug of choice, but a poor clinical response may be indicative of
      a resistant isolate.

PMID- 2644292
TI  - Detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli after polymerase chain reaction
      amplification with a thermostable DNA polymerase.
AB  - The direct identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from clinical
      specimens was examined by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for
      amplifying the heat-labile toxin (LT) gene. Two synthetic primers, each of which
      was 20 bases in length, were used with the thermostable DNA polymerase from
      Thermus aquaticus to amplify the LT gene. The amplified PCR products were
      detected by either gel electrophoresis or hybridization to a 24-base synthetic
      oligonucleotide probe conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. The PCR method detected
      LT-positive bacteria but did not react with E. coli producing the heat-stable
      toxin, enteroinvasive E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, or
      Shigella dysenteriae. By the PCR method, a single bacterium could be detected
      following 30 cycles of amplification. The T. aquaticus DNA polymerase was
      inhibited by more than 10(3) organisms in the amplification reaction mixture. A
      group of 40 clinical specimens consisting of 16 LT bioassay-positive and 24 LT
      bioassay-negative stool specimens were tested by PCR for the presence of
      toxigenic E. coli. The total DNA from 100 microliters of stool specimen was
      extracted and partially purified with a commercially available ion-exchange
      column. All 16 of the bioassay-positive stool specimens were positive by PCR. In
      addition, one stool specimen which was bioassay negative for LT but positive for
      LT in a previous hybridization assay with a different LT probe was also positive
      by PCR. This may indicate that the LT gene is present but either is not expressed
      or is expressed below detectable levels. Amplification of specific DNA sequences
      by PCR provides a highly sensitive and specific tool for the detection of
      pathogenic microorganisms directly from clinical specimens without the need for
      prior isolation. This technique may find wide application in the detection of
      other organisms in addition to enterotoxigenic E.coli.

PMID- 2644293
TI  - Serum antibodies to Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 in patients with hemolytic
      uremic syndrome.
AB  - Sera from 13 patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and 8 healthy control
      subjects were examined for antibodies specific for bacterial antigens of
      Eschericia coli serotype O157:H7. Bacterial components, including outer membrane
      proteins (OMPs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and flagella, were reacted with sera
      by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by
      immunoblotting and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All 13 serum samples
      from HUS patients contained high-titered antibodies of the immunoglobulin M class
      against O157 LPS and some OMPs. These same sera reacted weakly with some of the
      major OMPs, but not the LPS, of non-O157 strains of E. coli. Sera from patients
      did not contain antibodies to non-O157 LPS or H7 flagella. The possibility of
      using E. coli serotype O157 LPS in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the
      routine diagnostic testing of sera from HUS patients for evidence of O157:H7
      infection is discussed.

PMID- 2644294
TI  - Determination by DNA hybridization of Shiga-like-toxin-producing Escherichia coli
      in children with diarrhea in Thailand.
AB  - Specific DNA probes were used to identify Shiga-like-toxin (SLT) I- and II
      producing Escherichia coli from children less than 5 years of age with bloody
      diarrhea, in infants with diarrhea, and in controls of the same age without
      diarrhea in Thailand. At one hospital, SLT-producing E. coli was identified in 4
      (7%) of 54 children with bloody diarrhea from whom other enteric pathogens were
      not identified and from 3 (6%) of 50 children without diarrhea. In the positive
      specimens, SLT-producing E. coli constituted only 0.3 to 4% of the 100 to 300
      colonies on the replica blots. Non-toxin-encoding 933J and 933W bacteriophagelike
      DNA sequences were detected by colony hybridization with E. coli isolates from 18
      (33%) of 54 children with bloody diarrhea and 23 (46%) of 50 controls. At another
      hospital, SLT-producing E. coli was not identified in 115 infants with diarrhea
      and 119 controls without diarrhea. One infant with diarrhea was infected with E.
      coli O76:H7 that hybridized with the enterohemorrhagic E. coli probe but not with
      the SLT probes. E. coli producing SLT I or SLT II was isolated in small numbers
      from a similar proportion of Thai children with bloody diarrhea in whom no other
      enteric pathogen was identified and from controls without diarrhea.

PMID- 2644295
TI  - Indirect immunofluorescence test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for
      detection of Campylobacter pylori.
AB  - An indirect immunofluorescence test (IIF) has been developed for detecting
      Campylobacter pylori in gastroduodenal biopsies. This test was compared with
      standard methods of C. pylori diagnosis, namely Gram staining and urease test, in
      a study population of 226 patients; 121 of the biopsy specimens were cultured for
      C. pylori as well. C. pylori colonization was detected in 154 of 226 patients
      (68%) by at least one of these methods (IIF, 96%; Gram staining, 78%; urease
      test, 60%; cultivation, 55%). Serum samples from 191 patients of the study
      population were screened for circulating antibodies to C. pylori by an indirect
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with whole, untreated bacteria as antigen. Of
      these serum specimens, 140 (73%) revealed absorbance readings above the limit of
      positivity, which was determined as an optical density of greater than 0.35 at
      405/620 nm. Of 132 serum specimens, 128 (97%) from patients with C. pylori
      detected in biopsies, but only 12 (20%) of 59 specimens from those without C.
      pylori detection showed elevated specific antibody levels. Our data revealed that
      IIF proved to be the superior rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic method.
      The correlation between microbiological findings and the immune response favors
      our enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as an additional tool in C. pylori
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2644296
TI  - Evaluation of a reversed passive latex agglutination test for detection of
      Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in culture supernatants.
AB  - One hundred strains of Escherichia coli were tested for the production of the
      heat-labile enterotoxin by the Y1 adrenal cell test and a commercially available
      reversed passive latex agglutination test. The strains were grown in Casamino
      Acids-yeast extract broth, and filtered culture supernatants were tested for the
      presence of heat-labile enterotoxin. There was perfect correlation between the Y1
      test and the reversed passive latex agglutination test, and the latter was simple
      to perform and completed within 48 h.

PMID- 2644297
TI  - Recovery of Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare from blood specimens by using
      the routine BACTEC 6B blood culture system.
AB  - We describe a simple technique for recovery of Mycobacterium avium-M.
      intracellulare from blood culture specimens by using the BACTEC 460, a system
      used for routine blood cultures in many hospital laboratories. A total of 26 of
      215 blood specimens (12%) from 11 of 48 patients (23%) with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex yielded isolates of M.
      avium-M. intracellulare. Acid-fast staining of prepared specimens was positive
      for 16 of 26 cultures that ultimately yielded the organism.

PMID- 2644298
TI  - Comparison of a single-antigen microimmunofluorescence assay and inclusion
      fluorescent-antibody assay for detecting chlamydial antibodies and correlation of
      the results with neutralizing ability.
AB  - An inclusion fluorescent-antibody assay (IFA) with McCoy cells infected with
      Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 was compared with a single-antigen (L2)
      microimmunofluorescence (MIF) assay for the detection of antichalmydial
      antibodies. A total of 562 serum specimens were tested by both assays, and sera
      representing a range of titers were tested for their ability to neutralize the
      infectivity of C. trachomatis. Overall, there was poor correlation between the
      two assays (r2 = 0.62). With most sera the inclusion IFA was more sensitive.
      There was better correlation between IFA titer and ability to neutralize the five
      serovars tested (L2, L3, C, E, and F) than between the MIF assay and
      neutralization. In summary, the IFA appeared to be more sensitive than the MIF
      assay for detecting antibodies to C. trachomatis.

PMID- 2644299
TI  - Chronic Shigella flexneri infection preceding development of acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Shigella sp. is known to be an important cause of diarrhea in homosexual men,
      although chronic infection is infrequently recognized. We describe recurrent and
      relapsing symptomatic infection due to Shigella flexneri in a human
      immunodeficiency virus-infected homosexual man subsequently developed acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome. Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome may
      be prone to developing chronic shigellosis because of impaired intestinal cell
      mediated immunity.

PMID- 2644300
TI  - Evaluation of a disk method for detection of hippurate hydrolysis by
      Campylobacter spp.
AB  - A disk method for detecting hippurate hydrolysis by Campylobacter spp. was
      evaluated and compared with the conventional tube test used at the Centers for
      Disease Control (CDC) (G.K. Morris and C.M. Patton, p. 302-308, in E.H. Lennette,
      A. Balows, W.J. Hausler, Jr., and H.J. Shadomy, ed., Manual of Clinical
      Microbiology, 4th ed., 1985) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A
      total of 118 Campylobacter strains were tested. Eighty-seven strains (74%) were
      hippurate positive by the HPLC method, and the remaining 31 (26%) were found to
      be hippurate negative. By using HPLC as the reference technique, the CDC method
      showed a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 81%; the disk method showed a
      sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 94%. The disk method can be performed
      with a small inoculum of bacteria, did not present problems of interpretation,
      and showed better results than the CDC method (P = 0.015).

PMID- 2644301
TI  - Characterization of anaerobic bacteria by using a commercially available rapid
      tube test for glutamic acid decarboxylase.
AB  - A rapid glutamic acid decarboxylase microdilution test for presumptive
      identification of certain anaerobic bacteria was marketed recently by Carr
      Scarborough Microbiologicals, Inc., Stone Mountain, Ga. The test was evaluated
      with 474 clinical isolates, representing 11 genera and 54 species, and was found
      to be a useful aid in the presumptive identification of Bacteroides fragilis, B.
      distasonis, B. vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. ovatus, B. uniformis, B.
      eggerthii, Clostridium perfringens, C. barati, C. sordellii, and Eubacterium
      limosum.

PMID- 2644302
TI  - Evaluation of enzyme immunoassays for detection of delta antigen and antibody.

PMID- 2644303
TI  - The pattern electroretinogram: technical aspects and clinical significance.
AB  - The pattern electroretinogram (PERG), thought to be generated in retinal ganglion
      cells, is a recent addition to the neurophysiologic assessment of retinal
      function. Factors that affect the PERG include type of pattern-reversal stimulus,
      spatial frequency of the pattern, luminance and contrast of the pattern, method
      of waveform processing, type of electrode employed, electrode montage, background
      illumination, position of stimulus on the retina, temporal frequency of pattern
      reversal, refractive error, and patient age. Clinical entities reported to affect
      the PERG include glaucoma and ocular hypertension, optic neuritis, other optic
      neuropathies, maculopathies, and amblyopia. Technical aspects and clinical
      significance of the PERG are reviewed.

PMID- 2644304
TI  - Subtalar arthrodesis in children.
AB  - We present a clinical and radiological retrospective study of 30 patients (51
      feet) with valgus deformity of the feet who had three different types of subtalar
      extraarticular and intraarticular arthrodesis. Children with cerebral palsy,
      myelomeningocele, and agenesis of the corpus callosum associated with progressive
      polyneuropathy were studied. The results were considered excellent and
      satisfactory in 73% of the feet. The combined Grice-Green-Batchelor procedure
      gave the best results, with 84% excellent and satisfactory results, with bony
      union in 96% of the feet. Weight-bearing films of the ankles in the
      anteroposterior plane are essential to determine the true extent of the deformity
      before operation.

PMID- 2644305
TI  - Spinal abnormalities in camptomelic dysplasia.
AB  - Significant spinal abnormalities were found in eight patients (average age of 6
      years, 5 months) with camptomelic dysplasia. The late ossification of the
      midthoracic pedicles served as a clear diagnostic criterion for the syndrome.
      Scoliosis averaging 63 degrees was found in all seven nonquadriplegic cases.
      Thoracic hyperkyphosis averaging 126 degrees was seen in six (75%) of the
      patients, while cervical kyphosis averaging 66 degrees was noted in three (38%).
      Vertebral body hypoplasia appeared to be a major cause of deformity. This study
      clarifies that patients with camptomelic dysplasia are surviving longer than
      previously expected and therefore should have their spinal deformities treated
      aggressively.

PMID- 2644306
TI  - Fifty years of orthopedics.

PMID- 2644308
TI  - Surgical correction of the acromegalic face. A one stage procedure with a team
      approach.
AB  - The features of acromegaly are presented with special reference to facial
      deformity. A one-stage procedure with careful pre-operative planning is
      advocated. The operating team is composed of a plastic surgeon and an oral
      surgeon. The frontal protrusion is corrected by osteotomy, the vertical and
      anteroposterior facial disproportion by bimaxillary procedures, the nasal
      deformity by rhinoplasty or skull bone grafting, and the macroglossia by tongue
      resection. This results in an improvement of the patient's psyche and frequently
      improvement in speech.

PMID- 2644307
TI  - Pediatric orthopedic surgery during the residency--too much, too little?
AB  - Questionnaires sent to chairpersons of orthopedic surgery residency programs and
      to private practitioners were analyzed to determine how training in children's
      orthopedics is accomplished, to define which procedures should be taught to
      residents, and to describe what the private practitioner perceives as appropriate
      education in children's orthopedics. The amount of time spent on children's
      orthopedics is adequate by present standards. For most procedures, the residency
      directors and private practitioners were in agreement concerning what was
      appropriate to teach. Education during the residency continues to be the most
      important resource used by the practicing orthopedic surgeon in pediatric
      problems.

PMID- 2644309
TI  - B-scan sonography in maxillo-facial surgery.
AB  - Ultrasonography is a relatively new diagnostic aid in maxillo-facial surgery. The
      method is useful in examining tumours, swellings, cysts and similar processes in
      the soft tissues of the cervico-facial region. Some examples are given, and some
      details of the technique are outlined. The ultrasound examination may easily be
      repeated as often as necessary.

PMID- 2644310
TI  - Le Fort I maxillary osteotomies in cleft palate cases. Surgical changes and
      stability.
AB  - Surgical and postsurgical changes in maxillary position following transpalatal
      osteotomy at the le Fort I level in 30 patients with clefts of lip and palate
      were evaluated cephalometrically. By superimposing on natural reference
      structures, a more accurate and detailed evaluation of change in maxillary
      position was possible than by using conventional cephalometric analyses. The mean
      horizontal advancement was 9 mm, with a mean vertical change of 3 mm. While it is
      customary to express postsurgical relapse as a percentage of surgical change (in
      this case 7% mean horizontal relapse and 23% mean vertical relapse), the most
      remarkable finding to emerge from this study was the variability in surgical and
      postsurgical change which would be obscured by concentrating on descriptive
      statistics. Postsurgical change was related to the amount of surgical change, but
      the correlation coefficients are quite low, and so other factors must be
      responsible for a significant proportion of any relapse.

PMID- 2644311
TI  - Detection of high-risk groups and individuals for periodontal diseases:
      laboratory markers from analysis of gingival crevicular fluid.
AB  - Gingival crevicular fluid is regarded as a promising medium for the detection of
      markers of periodontal diseases activity. The collection protocols are straight
      forward and non-invasive and can be performed at specific sites of interest in
      the periodontium. Because the fluid accumulates at the gingival margin, it will
      contain potential markers derived not only from the host tissues and serum but
      also the subgingival microbial plaque, and thus an extremely broad range of
      candidate molecules may be investigated. However, the ability to successfully
      describe indicators of current disease activity and predictors of future disease
      is dependent not only upon the choice of the biochemical marker but also on the
      accurate description of the health status of the sample sites using currently
      available clinical and radiographic methods. Areas of study which currently show
      the most promise involve the analysis of host enzyme activities directed against
      components of the extracellular matrix, the nature of the glycosaminoglycans
      released into the sulcus and the concentration in gingival crevicular fluid of
      certain mediators of the inflammatory process, most notably prostaglandin E2.

PMID- 2644313
TI  - The effect of in-vivo-occurring errors in the reproducibility of radiographs on
      the use of the subtraction technique.
AB  - A device for serial radiography in maxillary and mandibular premolar and molar
      regions was developed. Radiographs of 9 patients were made during a period of 1
      year. When testing the device, the influence of the time interval between the
      radiographs and the influence of the construction of the device on the
      reproducibility of the X-ray images were determined. An increase of the time
      interval between radiographs reduced the reproducibility. The use of bilateral
      bite blocks improved the reproducibility of the X-ray images in comparison with
      the images obtained with a device with a one-sided bite block. Errors in the
      reproducibility caused differences in the image geometry of radiographs. The in
      vivo-found differences were studied for their effect on the detection threshold
      of observers using photographic subtraction radiography. An increase of the
      differences in image geometry between the radiographs resulted in a higher
      detection threshold and a higher % of false positive decisions. It appeared that
      very small differences between clinical radiographs, corresponding with an
      angulation error of 0.7 degrees, can be tolerated in order to prevent the
      occurrence of high numbers of type-I errors. The % of radiographs, which met this
      requirement and could be used for photographic subtraction radiography, was 55%,
      when taken at time intervals of 1 year.

PMID- 2644312
TI  - Assessment of complement cleavage in gingival fluid during experimental
      gingivitis in man.
AB  - The cleavage of complement may be an important immunopathologic mechanism in the
      development of gingival inflammation. Utilizing the experimental gingivitis
      model, cleavage of C3, C4 and B was assessed in gingival fluid following
      abstention from oral hygiene. 4 male dental students performed stringent oral
      hygiene measures until the gingival index approached 0, then refrained from any
      oral hygiene for 21 days. Gingival fluid, sampled with filter paper strips from
      the mesial surface of all maxillary premolars at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days, was
      assayed for C3, C4 and B cleavage by multilayer crossed-immunoelectrophoresis.
      Clinical indices were assessed following gingival fluid sampling. The subjects,
      who were plaque-free (PI = 0) at the beginning of the study, showed significant
      plaque accumulation at day 21 (87% of sites with PI greater than or equal to 2).
      Approximately 90% of the sites were free from clinical inflammation (GI = 0) at
      the start, but gingivitis increased with time such that 25% of the sites had GI
      scores of 2 at day 21. Bleeding on probing to the base of the pocket was not
      observed at day 0, but was observed at 62% of sites by day 21. Statistical
      analyses showed that all 3 indices significantly increased with time. The %C3
      cleavage increased from a mean of 24% at day 0, to 35%, 45% and then 57% at days
      7, 14 and 21, respectively, and both days 14 and 21 demonstrated significantly
      greater C3 conversion than that seen at day 0. The Spearman rank-order
      correlation coefficient for %C3 conversion versus time was p = 0.52, significant
      at the p less than 0.0001 level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644314
TI  - Screening for melanoma/skin cancer: theoretic and practical considerations.
AB  - There is increasing national interest concerning strategies for the early
      detection of melanoma/skin cancer. Screening has been implemented on a national
      scale in an effort to decrease morbidity and mortality from this disease;
      however, many crucial questions about the proper methods and ultimate value of
      screening remain unanswered. In this review we apply the scientific principles of
      cancer screening to dermatology, address the theoretic and practical challenges
      of cancer screening in terms of melanoma/skin cancer, analyze existing data on
      skin cancer screening, and identify issues that require future research.

PMID- 2644315
TI  - Histiocytic cytophagic panniculitis.
AB  - Nineteen cases of histiocytic cytophagic panniculitis from our institution and
      from the literature were reviewed for their clinical and histopathologic
      features. All patients had cutaneous involvement consisting of cutaneous nodules
      and plaques that occasionally were ecchymotic and ulcerated and were
      characterized by infiltration of the subcutaneous tissue by large, benign
      histiocytes with cytophagic features. Thirteen of the patients had died (nine
      with hemorrhagic complications), four patients had a benign course with remission
      of the disease, and two patients responded to aggressive polychemotherapy.
      Immunohistochemical studies of paraffin-embedded tissue, performed in five cases,
      revealed a large number of infiltrating T cells in the subcutaneous inflammatory
      lesions.

PMID- 2644316
TI  - Tufted angioma (angioblastoma). A benign progressive angioma, not to be confused
      with Kaposi's sarcoma or low-grade angiosarcoma.
AB  - Twenty patients are described with an unusual form of angiomatous proliferation,
      which most commonly arose on the neck and upper trunk in young persons. Because
      of the histologic finding of small circumscribed angiomatous tufts and lobules
      scattered in the dermis, we suggest the term tufted angioma for this lesion. Over
      half the angiomas developed within the first 5 years of life, but only three
      patients reportedly had lesions at birth. The clinical course was variable, but
      most of the lesions slowly extended, eventually covering a large part of the
      trunk and neck in some patients. Despite the progressive spread of angiomas, they
      appear to be benign, and malignant change has not been encountered. The
      microscopic appearance of the angiomatous tufts shows some similarity to the
      angiomatous tissue of strawberry angioma, but the angiomatous lobules are much
      larger and extend deeper in the latter condition. Cell marker studies suggest
      that the cell lobules of the angiomas consist of closely packed blood capillary
      endothelial and perithelial cells. Familiarity with distinctive histologic
      features of tufted angioma should prevent these lesions from being misdiagnosed
      as either Kaposi's sarcoma or as angiosarcoma.

PMID- 2644317
TI  - Cutaneous effects and therapeutic uses of heat with emphasis on infrared
      radiation.
AB  - The adverse effects and therapeutic benefits of heat, specifically infrared
      radiation, on skin have received little attention. In this review we discuss the
      evidence indicating that heat and infrared radiation are not totally harmless,
      but that they may be involved in both photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. We also
      review the clinical syndrome thought to be caused by infrared radiation and the
      therapeutic uses of both local heat and infrared radiation.

PMID- 2644318
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma of the scrotum.

PMID- 2644319
TI  - Alexander Ogston, micrococci, and Joseph Lister.
AB  - This paper recalls the notable achievement, in 1880, of Alexander Ogston, a
      surgeon who, seeking the cause of suppuration, showed that acute abscesses result
      from micrococci. There were two kinds. One, arranged in chains, had been called
      streptococci already; the other, in clumps, he named staphylococci. He injected
      micrococci into animals. If blood poisoning occurred in them, it followed
      localized tissue infection. This information, applied to surgical events,
      suggested that the "hospital diseases" were a sequel to wound suppuration and
      explained why antiseptic surgery controlled both conditions. Ogston's
      observations are now common knowledge, but Lister rejected them. It is suggested
      he did so because he relied on intuition rather than experiment. The scene is set
      for Lister and Ogston's discoveries by a review of the historical background.
      Patients subjected to surgery faced a terrible ordeal and a very real chance of
      death from the mysterious hospital diseases. Surgeons viewed the mortality with
      bland detachment, blaming fate. But Simpson and Semmelweis were deeply concerned.
      However, puerperal fever was regarded as entirely distinct from the hospital
      diseases, and neither condition connected in any way with suppuration in wounds.
      Simpson, Semmelweis, Lister, and Ogston all found their ideas scorned by members
      of the profession, which may have feared being held responsible for deaths.
      Ogston's achievement lives on, but he has been forgotten. We should remember him.

PMID- 2644320
TI  - Verruciform xanthomas of the digits.
AB  - Verruciform xanthoma is a rare lesion that occurs most commonly on the oral
      mucosa but is occasionally seen on the skin. We present a case of multiple
      verruciform xanthomas occurring on the hand and foot in which there were no
      preexisting lesions. The current literature on this rare condition is reviewed.
      The cause of verruciform xanthoma is uncertain, although evidence suggests that
      the condition may be an unusual reaction pattern rather than a specific lesion.

PMID- 2644321
TI  - Impetigo herpetiformis: a variant of pustular psoriasis or a separate entity?
AB  - Impetigo herpetiformis is a rare pustular disorder that primarily affects
      pregnant women. Clinically and histologically it bears some resemblance to
      pustular psoriasis. This similarity has led authors to name the disease "the
      pustular psoriasis of pregnancy." A case is described that demonstrates the
      characteristic features of impetigo herpetiformis, as compared with pustular
      psoriasis, and emphasizes the need to preserve it as a separate entity.

PMID- 2644322
TI  - Rheumatoid papules: lesions showing features of vasculitis and palisading
      granuloma.
AB  - Whether palisading granuloma formation occurs with leukocytoclastic vasculitis in
      rheumatoid nodules and in histopathologically similar conditions is debatable.
      Patients with high titers for rheumatoid factor and severe erosive rheumatoid
      arthritis are at risk for both rheumatoid vasculitis and rheumatoid nodules. A
      patient with all of these features developed a papular eruption. These papules
      showed clinicopathologic features both of leukocytoclastic vasculitis and of
      early palisading granuloma. Lesions resolved slowly with low-dose oral
      corticosteroid therapy. It is proposed that these lesions be called rheumatoid
      papules and that they may represent a link between vasculitis and the palisaded
      granulomatous reaction seen in rheumatoid nodules.

PMID- 2644323
TI  - Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the skin and femur.
AB  - A case of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma presenting as violaceous nodules on
      the skin of the thigh is described. On histologic examination the tumor exhibited
      a proliferation of vascular channels lined by plump cuboidal and atypical
      endothelial cells with an epithelioid appearance. Lesions of epithelioid
      hemangioendothelioma were subsequently discovered in the adjacent femur. These
      tumors were successfully treated with chemotherapy and irradiation followed by a
      limb salvage procedure. To our knowledge, cutaneous presentation of this rare
      tumor has not been reported previously.

PMID- 2644324
TI  - Anatomy and pathophysiology of varicose veins.
AB  - The venous anatomy of the leg is described with special reference to the
      superficial venous system. The histologic and histochemical differences between
      varicose and normal veins are presented. The pathophysiology of varicose veins is
      related to congential or acquired abnormalities of the deep venous system, venous
      valves, and/or fascial or vein wall weakness. Increased deep venous pressure may
      be both proximal and distal in etiology, arising from arteriovenous anastomoses,
      incompetent communicating veins, or venous obstruction. Primary valvular
      incompetence arises from venous obstruction (thrombosis), thrombophlebitis, or
      valvular agenesis. Secondary valvular incompetence occurs from deep venous
      obstruction or increased venous distensibility (usually secondary to circulating
      estrogens). Finally, fascial weakness of the vein wall or supporting fascia
      provided a genetic basis for the pathophysiology of varicose veins. Understanding
      the anatomy and pathophysiology of varicose veins should lead to a more rational
      and efficacious treatment.

PMID- 2644325
TI  - Sclerotherapy: a personal appraisal.
AB  - Sclerotherapy is still an excellent procedure for treatment of sunburst venous
      blemishes. The technique is basic, as described previously. Points to remember
      are: 1. Use a syringe suited to the size of your hand. The disposable 3-cc
      syringe fits most hands, and does not require a reload after injection of 1 cc of
      sclerosant. The TBC syringe may be too long, and holds only 1 cc of sclerosant.
      2. Be sure your needle is sharp. Change your needle as often as needed. It is
      surprising what a difference this can make. 3. Magnify your work! 4. Once you are
      in the vein, keep your eye on target (the needle point). A fractional deviation
      can cause you to perforate the tiny blood vessel. 5. Don't aim your needle under
      the vein; go parallel to it. 6. Inject a small bolus of air before the sclerosant
      solution. This ensures that you are in the venule and reduces chances of local
      side effects. Therefore, the syringe and needle must be tilted up, or else the
      bolus of air is behind the solution. 7. Remember to always store your hypertonic
      saline separately from all other injectables.

PMID- 2644326
TI  - Noninvasive examination of the venous system in the leg: presclerotherapy
      evaluation.
AB  - Sclerotherapy of varicose veins and telangiectasia should be preceded by a
      directed medical history and physical examination. Factors including the presence
      of significant venous disease should prompt a more extensive evaluation. Of the
      physical examination techniques and noninvasive technologies available, Doppler
      ultrasound provides the most pertinent information, but the potential uses of
      each method are described.

PMID- 2644327
TI  - Telangiectasia and sclerotherapy.
AB  - The anatomy, physiology, and etiology of telangiectasia and related varicosities
      of the lower limbs are presented. Treatment by sclerotherapy is discussed, with
      various modalities investigated and compared.

PMID- 2644328
TI  - Compression in the treatment of leg telangiectasia: theoretical considerations.
AB  - Unwanted leg veins are a common affliction of men and women. They may be either
      varicose and symptomatic or telangiectatic and of mostly cosmetic concern. Since
      patients wishing cosmetic improvement commonly present for treatment, one should
      utilize a technique that produces the least number of adverse sequelae. The use
      of compression in performing sclerosing treatment for varicose veins produces 5
      year follow-up results similar to surgical treatments. This article presents
      theoretic reasons for advocating the use of compression in the treatment of all
      blood vessels, whether telangiectatic or varicose.

PMID- 2644329
TI  - Treatment of varicose veins: modern concepts and methods.
AB  - Varicose veins have been a somewhat neglected entity. Treatment usually consists
      of routine stripping of the main trunks and excision of all distal tributaries,
      resulting in many unsightly scars. Modern diagnostic methods trace the origin of
      the reflux causing the condition. If the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal
      junction is involved, limited surgery is done, followed by sclerotherapy of the
      varicose tributaries later. Many cases can be treated with sclerotherapy only. A
      description of the new concepts is given. A diagnostic classification is
      presented, together with the corresponding methods of treatment.

PMID- 2644330
TI  - Polidocanol (aethoxysklerol) for sclerotherapy of superficial venules and
      telangiectasias.
AB  - The history and possible adverse sequelae of polidocanol (Aethoxysklerol) and the
      sclerotherapy technique used on 1500 patients in 5000 procedures is reviewed.

PMID- 2644331
TI  - The effects of diet and sublingual provocative testing on eye movements with
      dyslexic individuals.
AB  - A double blind study was conducted utilizing the EDL/Biometrics Reading Eye
      Camera to determine if poor diets and altered reactions could have a detrimental
      effect on the eye movements of a group of dyslexic individuals. The study found
      that a poor diet, high in sugar, and a provocative challenge of cane sugar caused
      more erratic eye movements, while a good diet, without sugar, caused "normal" eye
      movements for the dyslexic individuals.

PMID- 2644332
TI  - Surgical success rates in infantile esotropia.
AB  - An extensive literature search covering the last 35 years was undertaken to
      retrieve all English language articles reporting results of surgical management
      of infantile esotropia. Only 27 of the 48 studies retrieved met the minimum
      criteria which we established for inclusion in our analysis. The success rate for
      achieving some level of binocular vision was 22% in 1286 patients, while the
      overall cosmetic success rate was 63% in 2113 patients. Newer surgical procedures
      appear to be more effective in achieving cosmetic success. Although controversy
      still exists about the optimal time for surgery, the most reasonable approach
      appears to be the concept of performing surgery as soon as an accurate
      determination can be made of the deviation and associated characteristics, and
      only after attention has been directed to any accommodative component and
      treatment of amblyopia. Although approximately 60% of patients referred for
      surgery can be expected to achieve cosmetic improvement after the first
      operation, the need for multiple surgery is common. There is a trend toward
      recurrence of the strabismus, and the need for short interval, long-term
      optometric follow-up is essential.

PMID- 2644333
TI  - Optometry and its expanded role in health care delivery systems (1600-1987).
AB  - Today's optometry students and practitioners alike are often unaware of the
      richness of optometric history. The use of ophthalmic pharmaceutical agents and
      the designation of primary care practitioners are often taken for granted. This
      article utilizes some of the early research conducted by Harrington, Hofsteter,
      Prentice, Hirsch, Wick, Fitch, and Gregg, and describes the advent of drug
      legislation and the expanded role of optometry within the health care system.

PMID- 2644334
TI  - Clinical studies of fluoxetine in depression.

PMID- 2644335
TI  - A multicentre open trial of fluoxetine in depressed out-patients in Belgium.
AB  - Fluoxetine hydrochloride (ProzacR, Lilly), a new antidepressant that specifically
      inhibits serotonin reuptake was evaluated in an open comparative trial performed
      in 8 Belgian centres over a period of 9 months. Seventy-six outpatients were
      enrolled of which 66 were evaluable. Thirty-six patients received an 8 week
      fluoxetine treatment and 31 patients received tricyclic antidepressants (TCA).
      Patients from both treatment groups were evaluated for safety and the fluoxetine
      treated group of patients was assessed for efficacy. On the Hamilton Depression
      Scale, the mean score dropped from 26.4 to 7.0 after 8 weeks (p less than
      0.0001). The Clinical and Patient's Global Impression scores showed a similar
      evolution. Patients treated with fluoxetine tended to report fewer side-effects
      than the TCA treated group. Therefore fluoxetine can be regarded as an efficient
      antidepressant which is at least as well tolerated as TCAs.

PMID- 2644336
TI  - The efficacy of fluoxetine as an antidepressant in the short and long term.

PMID- 2644337
TI  - Mood elevating effect of fluoxetine in a diagnostically homogeneous inpatient
      population with major depressive disorder.
AB  - According to severity of depressive symptomatology 14 inpatients with major
      depressive disorder (RDC) were assigned to 2 groups of 7 patients each with 6 of
      them receiving fluoxetine 60-80 mg/day and 1 receiving placebo in each group in a
      double-blind manner. After the treatment period of 35 days clinical improvement
      as assessed by standardized rating scales was more pronounced in the moderately
      depressed patients. There were no substantial side-effects in the 2 groups. These
      findings corroborate previous results from outpatient studies in more
      heterogeneous patient samples demonstrating safety and antidepressive efficacy of
      fluoxetine.

PMID- 2644338
TI  - Fluoxetine in endogenous depression and melancholia versus clomipramine.

PMID- 2644339
TI  - A comparative trial of a new antidepressant, fluoxetine.
AB  - A double-blind clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate clinical efficacy and
      safety of fluoxetine in comparison with the standard tricyclic antidepressant,
      imipramine, in the treatment of depressive illness. The opportunity was taken to
      compare the relationship of some standard measures of depressive illness, two
      observer based--Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Montgomery-Asberg
      Depression Rating Scale (Montgomery and Asberg, 1979)--and a self-rating scale-
      Levine Pilowsky Depression questionnaire (Pilowsky et al., 1969).

PMID- 2644340
TI  - Fluoxetine 40 mg vs maprotiline 75 mg in the treatment of out-patients with
      depressive disorders.

PMID- 2644341
TI  - Fluoxetine at 20 mg per day: the recommended and therapeutic dose in the
      treatment of depression.

PMID- 2644342
TI  - Double-blind controlled study on the clinical efficacy and safety of fluoxetine
      vs clomipramine in the treatment of major depressive disorders.
AB  - In the present double-blind controlled study the efficacy and safety of
      fluoxetine 20 mg/day versus clomipramine 75 mg/day was evaluated during 5 weeks
      of treatment in 30 hospitalized patients. The sample was selected according to
      DSM III criteria for major depressive disorders with a score of at least 18 on
      the first 17 items of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD).
      Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated weekly by using HRSD, Zung Self Rating Scale
      for Depression, Montgomery-Asberg Scale for Depression, Clinical Global
      Impression for severity and improvement of depressive symptoms. Safety was
      monitored weekly by recording body weight, blood pressure, pulse rate,
      temperature, physical conditions, laboratory tests, adverse experiences and
      concomitant medication. The results confirm the effectiveness and good
      tolerability of fluoxetine in the treatment of depressive disorders.

PMID- 2644343
TI  - Fluoxetine versus clomipramine in major depressive disorders.

PMID- 2644344
TI  - Fluoxetine versus amineptine in the treatment of outpatients with major
      depressive disorders.
AB  - Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, was compared to amineptine,
      a tricyclic antidepressant agent, in the treatment of 63 outpatients with major
      depressive disorders of mild or moderate severity. Patients were randomly
      assigned to 6 weeks of treatment with either fluoxetine or amineptine. Fluoxetine
      was found to have a more marked therapeutic effect than that of amineptine:
      better efficacy, fewer side-effects, and quicker and better improvement on the
      self evaluation scales.

PMID- 2644345
TI  - Steamships and quarantines at Trieste, 1837-1848.

PMID- 2644346
TI  - William John Little and cerebral palsy in the nineteenth century.

PMID- 2644347
TI  - Rendezvous in Zurich. Seven who made a revolution in women's medical education,
      1864-1874.

PMID- 2644348
TI  - American nursing and the road not taken.

PMID- 2644349
TI  - Enhanced cell-mediated protection against fatal Escherichia coli septicemia
      induced by treatment with recombinant IL-2.
AB  - Administration of rIL-2 to BALB/c mice induces a rapid, cell-mediated response
      that is sufficient to protect mice from a lethal i.p. dose of Escherichia coli.
      Mice were protected from septic death if IL-2 was administered i.p. within 1 h
      after the bacterial challenge. Optimal protection was provided by treating the
      lethally challenged mice with rIL-2 at 1 and 5 h or 1, 5, and 10 h after the
      bacterial challenge and was dose-dependent (greater than or equal to 5.0 x 10(5)
      U/kg). Furthermore, treatment of mice with anti-IL-2R antibody abolished the
      protective effect induced by rIL-2 administration. These data suggest that the
      rIL-2-induced protection against septic death in mice is mediated by a cell type
      expressing a functional IL-2R. One potentially important therapeutic application
      of rIL-2 may be to modulate the course of sepsis once the host has been exposed
      to potentially lethal microbial pathogens.

PMID- 2644350
TI  - Analysis of human IgG and IgA subclass antibody-secreting cells from localized
      chronic inflammatory tissue.
AB  - The chronic inflammatory diseases in humans have been intensively investigated,
      however the immune mechanisms underlying diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA), inflammatory bowel disease, and periodontal disease (PD) remain elusive. In
      this study, we have analyzed the distribution of IgM, IgG, and IgA secreting
      cells with emphasis on the IgG and IgA subclasses among mononuclear cell
      populations isolated from gingiva at different stages of PD. Surgically removed
      tissues were treated with Dispase to gently dissociate cells and the Ficoll
      Hypaque gradient centrifugation was used to enrich for viable mononuclear cells
      rich in lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. The total numbers of plasma
      cells increased with the severity of disease. Immunofluorescence analysis showed
      that most Ig-containing cells were of the IgG isotype; however, significant
      numbers of IgA-positive cells but few IgM-positive cells were seen. This
      isolation procedure allowed analysis, at the single cell level, of the
      distribution of IgG and IgA subclasses of antibody-secreting cells with
      monoclonal antibodies to human IgG and IgA subclasses. For this, we selected four
      monoclonal anti-IgG subclass (anti-gamma 1, -gamma 2, -gamma 3, and -gamma 4)
      antibodies with no subclass cross reactivity for use in the enzyme-linked
      immunospot assay. Analysis of slight, moderate, and advanced stages of PD showed
      a progressive increase in spotforming cells (SFC) numbers, and the major isotype
      of SFC was IgG followed by IgA. The major IgG subclass SFC seen was IgG1 followed
      by IgG2 whereas similar numbers of IgG3 and IgG4 SFC were observed, a pattern
      also seen with cells from synovium of RA patients and in mitogen-triggered spleen
      and PBMC. In terms of the IgA subclass distribution, IgA1 predominated in
      moderate stages, whereas a selective increase in IgA2 SFC were seen in the more
      advanced stage of PD. These results show that significant numbers of viable
      plasma cells/Ig-secreting cells can be isolated from inflamed gingival tissues.
      Further, careful analysis has shown that IgG subclass responses in gingiva are
      similar to those found in synovia of RA subjects, and in stimulated PBMC and
      spleen. However, it should be noted that the number of IgG4- and IgA2-secreting
      cells increased in the advanced stage of PD.

PMID- 2644351
TI  - Enhancement of IL-2-induced T cell proliferation by a novel factor(s) present in
      murine spleen dendritic cell-T cell culture supernatants.
AB  - The mechanism(s) underlying the potent accessory cell function of dendritic cells
      (DC) remains unclear. The possibility was considered that a soluble factor(s)
      released during the interaction of DC and T cells might contribute to the potent
      T cell activating function of DC. Culture supernatants were generated from
      mixtures of murine spleen DC and periodate-treated spleen T cells and were
      examined for the presence of known cytokine activities and factors capable of
      enhancing T cell responsiveness to IL-2. Serum-free supernatants from 24 h DC-T
      cell co-cultures exhibited high levels of IL-2, detectable levels of IL-3, and
      negligible levels of IL-1, -4, -5, -6, and TNF. A factor(s) was also identified
      with an apparent Mr of 12.5 to 17.0 kDa, henceforth designated IL-2 enhancing
      factor (IL-2EF), which enhanced the IL-2-induced proliferation of murine
      thymocytes, CTLL, and HT-2 cells by approximately three- to fourfold. This
      enhancement was also observed in the presence of neutralizing antibodies to
      murine IL-1 alpha, -1 beta, -3, -4, -5, -6, granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF, TNF,
      and IFN-gamma. However, IL-2EF failed to enhance: 1) the activity of IL-1, -3, 
      4, -5, or -6 on cells responsive to these cytokines; 2) IL-2-augmented, IL-5
      induced BCL1 proliferation; and 3) either PHA- or Con A-stimulated thymocyte
      proliferation. Moreover, neither IFN-gamma nor GM-CSF exhibited IL-2EF activity.
      When DC and T cells were cultured separately (after an initial 12 h co-culture
      period), IL-2EF activity resided predominantly in the T cell-derived
      supernatants. These and other data indicate that IL-2EF, a heat-labile T cell
      derived 12.5 to 17.0 kDa protein, is distinct from IL-1 alpha, -1 beta, -2, -3, 
      4, -5, -6, TNF, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and previously described factors that co
      stimulate thymocyte proliferation in the presence of Con A or PHA. It is
      suggested that IL-2EF functions to specifically enhance IL-2-driven T cell
      proliferation and contributes to the potent activation of T cells induced by DC.

PMID- 2644352
TI  - Experimental and theoretical kinetics study of antibacterial killing mediated by
      human natural killer cells.
AB  - We have recently shown that purified human NK cells, both resting and activated,
      efficiently kill gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in vitro. To
      investigate the mechanism of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against Escherichia
      coli we have developed a mathematical model of the kinetics using the
      experimental data. The kinetics of killing are characterized by initial target
      bacterial multiplication, followed by rapid bacterial death. Experiments
      demonstrates that for each donor there is a threshold number of effector cells
      necessary to observe a net killing effect. Below the threshold, even use of high
      effector-to-target ratios lack killing activity and the bacterial growth cannot
      be stopped. In contrast, if the number of NK cells is larger than the threshold,
      complete killing is achieved, even at ratios as low as 1/1000. The threshold
      number varies among donors, ranging between 1200 and 12000 purified NK
      cells/tube, and provides a quantitative measure of antibacterial activity.
      Performing the assay at 4 degrees C raised the threshold number required for
      killing. Experiments performed in Boyden chambers confirm that NK cell-bacteria
      contact is not necessary for efficient killing, although the kinetics of
      bacterial lysis is slower. The fit between model and data supports the hypothesis
      that the bactericidal mechanism is extracellular and is mediated by an anti
      microbial factor released from NK cells. Accumulated evidence also indicates that
      this factor is distinguishable from the mechanisms mediating tumor cell
      cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2644353
TI  - Assays for tumour necrosis factor and related cytokines.

PMID- 2644354
TI  - Quantitative dot-blot enzyme immunoassay for serum amyloid A protein.
AB  - A dot-blot enzyme immunoassay is described which tests for serum amyloid A
      protein (SAA) using a commercially available antiserum. Heat treatment of the
      serum caused a marked increase in the apparent concentration of SAA. Pre-heated
      serum was directly bound to a nitrocellulose membrane using 'Bio-Dot'
      microfiltration apparatus to ensure uniformity. Then the SAA was stained using an
      'Immun-Blot' assay kit (Bio-Rad, Laboratories, U.S.A.), and the optical density
      of the stained SAA spots was measured directly by a densitometer. The detection
      limit was 1.25 micrograms/ml of apoSAA1 (an isotype of SAA) dissolved in fetal
      bovine serum. The method had sufficient sensitivity to measure SAA in 76% of
      normal subjects. The method is ideally suited to the rapid processing of a large
      number of samples (up to 96 samples) using only a small amount of the antiserum.

PMID- 2644355
TI  - Fluorescent EIA screening of monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens.
AB  - We have developed a sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) that is useful for
      detecting antibodies directed against antigenic sites on the surface of mammalian
      cells. Approximately 100 antigen-bearing cells were trapped in the wells of 96
      well Durapore membrane filter plates (Millititer GV plates, Millipore, Bedford,
      MA). Antibody binding was detected with alkaline phosphatase conjugated goat anti
      mouse IgG + IgM. Conjugate alkaline phosphatase activity was detected with a
      fluorogenic substrate in the presence of levamisole, an inhibitor of endogenous
      cellular alkaline phosphatase using a Fluoroskan microtiter plate reader (Flow
      Laboratories). The method permits accurate and reproducible screening of
      hybridoma supernatants using a minimal number of antigen-bearing cells.

PMID- 2644356
TI  - Optimisation of hybridoma cell growth and monoclonal antibody secretion in a
      chemically defined, serum- and protein-free culture medium.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), for human use require chemical and biological
      purity. The best approach seems in vitro cultivation in a serum-, protein-free
      medium. A basal defined culture medium has been developed to sustain optimal
      hybridoma cell growth and MAb secretion. It consists of Iscove's Dulbecco's
      modified, Eagle's, Ham's F12 and NCTC 135 media in a 5:5:1 mixture (v/v/v), to
      which glucose is added to reach a final concentration of 25 mM, glutamine to 4-6
      mM, 2-mercaptoethanol to 50 microM, Pluronic F68 to 0.01-0.1% (w/v), Hepes to 25
      mM and NaHCO3 to 3 g/l. Hybridoma cells, derived from Sp 2/0 myeloma and
      secreting a MAb to a human milk fat globule membrane-associated high molecular
      weight glycoprotein, were cloned in this medium containing 1% (v/v) fetal calf
      serum and then sequentially adapted in serum-free medium further supplemented
      with transferrin and insulin, both at 10 micrograms/ml. Clones producing
      immunoreactive MAbs secrete a mean of 50 micrograms IgG/ml, i.e., ca. 80% of the
      concentration reached in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% serum.
      When cells were cultured in spinner flasks with a semi-continuous mode of
      cultivation (with a daily removal of 20% of the volume and its replacement by
      fresh culture medium), in serum-free medium further supplemented with 10 nM
      estradiol, a mixture of trace elements and albumin (at 30 micrograms/ml)
      complexed to linoleic acid, MAb secretion reached 100 micrograms/ml and became
      equal or higher to that obtained in serum-containing medium. MAb secretion was
      not decreased and was even significantly increased during the growth phase, when
      transferrin was replaced by another iron source, i.e., ferric citrate at 500
      microM associated with 20 microM ascorbic acid. Finally, deletion of insulin and
      of albumin-linoleic acid did not affect significantly cell density nor MAb
      secretion. In conclusion, it appears from this study that semi-continuous
      cultivation in spinner flasks of hybridoma cells, after cloning and progressive
      adaptation, in a chemically defined, serum- and protein-free medium, permitted
      MAb secretion to be increased to a mean of 144 micrograms/ml, i.e., multiplied by
      a factor of ca. 1.5 compared to culture of these cells in serum-containing medium
      under the same conditions and by a factor of ca. 2.4 compared to cultivation in
      serum-containing medium in flasks.

PMID- 2644357
TI  - The great malaria problem: where is the light at the end of the tunnel?

PMID- 2644358
TI  - Malaria--an overview.
AB  - The epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis, management,
      chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of malaria are reviewed.

PMID- 2644359
TI  - Severe group B streptococcal eye infections in adults.
AB  - Group B beta-haemolytic streptococci have not been described as causing invasive
      eye infection in adults. Our observation of 10 such infections in nine patients
      indicates that persons with damaged ocular surfaces are especially vulnerable.

PMID- 2644360
TI  - A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting Escherichia coli
      heat-stable enterotoxin and its application to clinical isolates.
AB  - Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are well recognised enteric pathogens.
      The epidemiology of heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) producing strains has not been
      established due mainly to difficulties encountered in performing bioassays on a
      large scale in baby mice. This study describes a competitive enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting STa and its application to clinical
      isolates. Compared to the bioassay, the ELISA had a specificity of 93.7% and a
      sensitivity of 90.9%. It detected as little as 1 microgram/l STa. Of 720 E. coli
      isolates from children with diarrhoea, 69 (9.6%) were positive for STa by ELISA.

PMID- 2644361
TI  - Dysentery and Streptococcus pyogenes.

PMID- 2644362
TI  - Interference by gram-negative bacteria in the enzyme immunoassay for detecting
      Chlamydia trachomatis.

PMID- 2644363
TI  - Zidovudine treatment of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related complex: long-term experience.

PMID- 2644364
TI  - Preliminary report of a multicentre study of zidovudine plus or minus acyclovir
      in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome-related complex.

PMID- 2644365
TI  - Treatment of children symptomatic with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

PMID- 2644366
TI  - Current and future trials with zidovudine.
AB  - The first placebo-controlled trial of zidovudine in the management of HIV
      infection involved patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
      following their first episode of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and patients with
      severe AIDS-related complex (ARC). Zidovudine was shown to increase survival, and
      the trial was terminated early at the request of an independent review board. In
      order to obtain more information on the long-term efficacy and tolerance of the
      drug the study was continued on an open-label basis where all patients were
      offered zidovudine. Data from this ongoing open-label study are reviewed on a
      regular basis. Side-effects associated with zidovudine include anaemia and
      neutropenia both of which are more predominant in patients with more advanced
      disease. Two basic strategies have been adopted with the aim of improving the
      therapeutic index of the drug involving (i) dose modification and (ii)
      combination with other antiviral or immunomodulatory compounds. Although several
      phase I and II studies are proceeding it is likely that research in this area
      will continue to expand. AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (but without a
      history of AIDS-defining opportunistic infection) were precluded from the
      original phase II trial described above. The value of zidovudine in the treatment
      of the sarcoma per se has yet to be established. Trials are currently in progress
      in this indication evaluating the potential of zidovudine administered either
      alone or in combination with interferon. Possibly the largest area of research is
      concerned with defining the role of zidovudine earlier in the course of HIV
      infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644367
TI  - Ontogeny of leukemic cells of the soft shell clam.
AB  - A leukemic disease of the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria, has been identified
      along the east coast of the United States since 1977. This disease, first called
      hematopoietic neoplasia, is characterized by circulating tumor cells which are
      found in the hemolymph even before significant tissue invasion or localization of
      the cells can be demonstrated. The ontogeny of the leukemic cells, however, has
      not been resolved and remains an area of controversy. Monoclonal antibodies (Mab)
      developed by our laboratory were screened for specificity against the leukemic
      cell and normal hemocytes using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The
      method demonstrated that a new Mab "4A9" reacted both with leukemic cells and
      with a small subpopulation of normal circulating hemocytes (NSC). Mab 4A9 not
      only stained leukemic cells and NSC in peripheral hemolymph, but, more
      importantly, reacted specifically with another cell, the "connective tissue cell"
      (CTC) in clams with leukemia. The data presented in this paper show that Mab 4A9
      stains a subset of normal circulating cells, leukemic cells, and the CTCs. These
      data lead to the hypothesis that the CTC may be the cell of origin for not only
      the NSC (a normal hemocyte) but also for the leukemic cell.

PMID- 2644368
TI  - Compartmentalization of intraalveolar and systemic lipopolysaccharide-induced
      tumor necrosis factor and the pulmonary inflammatory response.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), a monokine produced by lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, is an activator of phagocytic functions and may
      modulate host responses during infection. To determine the effects of LPS on TNF
      activity and the pulmonary inflammatory response in vivo, we challenged rats
      systemically or intratracheally with LPS. Intravenous LPS significantly increased
      serum TNF content from nondetectable levels in control specimens to peak levels
      at 90 min, which declined to baseline by 3 h. In response to intratracheal LPS,
      levels of TNF both in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and associated with alveolar
      macrophages increased significantly from near nondetectable levels in control
      animals. Increases in TNF levels were confined to the LPS-challenged compartment.
      Intravenous LPS resulted in a decrease in the number of peripheral blood
      neutrophils and in sequestration of these cells within the pulmonary vasculature.
      In contrast, intratracheal LPS elicited a marked intraalveolar inflammatory
      response.

PMID- 2644369
TI  - Immunization of cotton rats with the human respiratory syncytial virus F
      glycoprotein produced using a baculovirus vector.
AB  - The F glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus in insect cells was produced
      using a baculovirus expression vector to examine its potential as a subunit
      vaccine. Two different forms of the F glycoprotein were expressed: the intact F
      (F) glycoprotein and the truncated (Ft) glycoprotein, in which the COOH-terminal
      anchor region was deleted. The F glycoprotein remained cell associated, whereas
      the Ft glycoprotein was secreted into the media of infected cells. In contrast to
      the processing of the F0 precursor into its F1 and F2 subunits that was observed
      in mammalian cells, a second cleavage site within the F1 subunit was recognized
      by the insect cell proteases and resulted in the formation of two F1 subunits.
      The baculovirus-expressed Ft glycoprotein induced neutralizing antibodies in
      cotton rats and protected vaccinated animals from challenge with respiratory
      syncytial virus.

PMID- 2644370
TI  - Human pythiosis associated with thalassemia hemoglobinopathy syndrome.
AB  - Pythium infection (pythiosis) in humans has not previously been described, even
      in areas endemic for animal pythiosis. We report five patients with a unique
      presentation of fungal arteritis. The medium- to large-sized arteries were
      involved, and in some cases this involvement led to gangrene of the limbs,
      aneurysm formation, and ultimately fatal arterial leakage. All five patients were
      farmers. All patients, with the possible exception of one who had hemoglobin
      typing performed after receiving a blood transfusion, had thalassemia
      hemoglobinopathy syndrome. Fungal isolation was difficult. Amphotericin B
      treatment seemed to be ineffective. Radical surgical removal of infected tissues
      and oral administration of a saturated solution of potassium iodide are proposed
      therapy. In the tropics, where Pythium is ubiquitous, one should actively look
      for this fungal infection in patients with unexplained arterial occlusion,
      especially in the case of patients with thalassemia hemoglobinopathy syndrome.

PMID- 2644371
TI  - Comparative antibiotic dose-effect relations at several dosing intervals in
      murine pneumonitis and thigh-infection models.
AB  - Animal studies that compare antibiotics have used only a limited number of doses
      administered at intervals chosen without regard for their pharmacodynamic effects
      of pharmacokinetic profiles. We compared the relative efficacy and potency of
      three beta-lactams and two aminoglycosides in lung and thigh-infection models in
      neutropenic mice by defining the maximum attainable antimicrobial effect at 24 h
      (Emax) and the total dose required to reach 50% of maximum effect (P50) at
      several dosing intervals. For beta-lactams, Emaxs were similar, whereas P50s
      increased 10- to 50-fold with longer intervals in both models. Aminoglycosides
      were significantly more bactericidal in the lung than in the thigh, and dosing
      interval had little impact on P50s in either model. Recognizing the variable
      impact of dosing interval on efficacy for different classes of antibiotics is
      mandatory for the proper design and interpretation of comparative trials.

PMID- 2644372
TI  - A prospective, randomized study comparing transparent and dry gauze dressings for
      central venous catheters.
AB  - Patients having central venous catheters for three or more days were
      prospectively randomized to receive a transparent (n = 58) or gauze (n = 57)
      dressing to compare the incidence of insertion site colonization, local catheter
      related infection, and catheter-related sepsis. Quantitative cultures of the
      catheter insertion site (25 cm2) revealed significantly greater colonization (P
      less than or equal to .009) after 48 h in the transparent versus the gauze
      dressing group. Local catheter-related infection occurred significantly more
      often (P = .002) in the transparent (62%) than in the gauze group (24%). Seven
      episodes of catheter-related bacteremia occurred in the transparent group (16.6%)
      and none in the gauze group (P = .015). Stepwise logistic regression analysis
      revealed that cutaneous colonization at the insertion site of greater than or
      equal to 10(3) cfu/mL (relative risk, 13.16) and difficulty of insertion
      (relative risk, 5.39) were significant factors for catheter-related infection.
      These data suggest that transparent dressings are associated with significantly
      increased rates of insertion site colonization, local catheter-related infection,
      and systemic catheter-related sepsis in patients with long-term central venous
      catheters.

PMID- 2644373
TI  - Diagnosis of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2644374
TI  - Genotypic variation in pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from patients
      in Washington, 1984-1987.

PMID- 2644375
TI  - As it was and as it is: a half-century of progress.

PMID- 2644376
TI  - Viruses can cause disease in the absence of morphological evidence of cell
      injury: implication for uncovering new diseases in the future.
AB  - A virus can replicate in differentiated cells, thereby altering their ability to
      make specialized products such as endocrine hormones, neurotransmitters, and
      lymphokines. Systemically, the outcome can be an imbalance in homeostasis,
      resulting in diseases of the endocrine, nervous, immune, or other systems,
      frequently in the absence of detectable cell destruction.

PMID- 2644377
TI  - A personal view of efforts in treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection
      in 1988.
AB  - This presentation summarizes the US national cooperative trials for AIDS
      treatment and some specific efforts in the treatment of viral infections. The
      underlying principles behind clinical efforts in the control of the human
      immunodeficiency virus are described to date. In addition, concerns are voiced
      regarding the oversimplification of treatment issues presented in the public
      policy area; some will clearly require responses from interested and informed
      clinical scientists.

PMID- 2644378
TI  - Urinary tract infections: from pathogenesis to treatment.

PMID- 2644379
TI  - Candida antigen latex test for detection of invasive candidiasis in
      immunocompromised patients.
AB  - Candida antigen latex agglutination testing was performed twice weekly during 217
      admissions of 200 patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy alone or supported
      by autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Eleven patients
      developed invasive candidiasis, three of whom survived; 6 (54.5%) of the 11 had
      positive Candida antigens. In 206 admissions, invasive candidiasis could not be
      documented. Of the 60 patients who died, 41 underwent autopsy examination, and 29
      (71%) had positive Candida antigens. The latex test was also positive in 30
      (20.5%) of the survivors and 10 (53%) of the unautopsied patients. Serum
      creatinine levels were greater than 2 mg/dL in 61% and 13% of patients with
      positive and negative Candida antigens, respectively (P less than .0001). For
      patients in whom the presence or absence of invasive candidiasis could be
      unequivocally demonstrated, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and
      negative predictive values of the latex test at a titer of 1:4 were 54.5%, 29%,
      17%, and 70.5%, respectively, suggesting that the latex test should not be used
      to diagnose invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised patients.

PMID- 2644380
TI  - Phaeohyphomycotic cutaneous disease caused by Pleurophoma in a cardiac transplant
      patient.
AB  - A 56-y-old female cardiac transplant patient treated with cyclosporine and
      prednisone noted the onset of three nontender red nodules on the legs and arms
      after gardening. Biopsy of all lesions revealed inflammatory cells and hyphal
      elements in the dermis. The dematiaceous fungus cultured from biopsy tissue was a
      pycnidial-forming organism of the genus Pleurophoma. The lesions responded to the
      topical application of miconazole.

PMID- 2644381
TI  - Molecular analysis of the fetal IgM response to Treponema pallidum antigens:
      implications for improved serodiagnosis of congenital syphilis.
AB  - Western blot analysis of the fetal IgM response to Treponema pallidum antigens
      was examined among 39 pairs of maternal/infant sera; this included 12 mothers and
      infants with active syphilis (group I), 9 mothers with active syphilis and their
      infants with uncertain infection (group II), and 18 mothers treated for syphilis
      before delivery and their asymptomatic infants (group III). A fetal IgM response
      to T. pallidum antigens with apparent molecular masses of 72, 47, 45, 42, 37, 17,
      and 15 kDa was observed among sera of infants with congenital syphilis.
      Fractionation of sera into IgM and IgG components by high performance liquid
      chromatography confirmed that fetal IgM antibodies in every case were directed
      specifically against a 47-kDa antigen. Two asymptomatic infants from group II
      also showed serum IgM reactivities with the 47-kDa antigen, thereby appearing to
      confirm in utero infection. The combined data suggest that fetal serum IgM
      reactivity with the 47-kDa antigen of T. pallidum can be used as an important
      molecular marker for the diagnosis of congenital syphilis.

PMID- 2644382
TI  - Immunologic regulation of E. coli K1 by serum from neonatal rats is enhanced
      following intraperitoneal administration of human IgG.
AB  - The effect of 1500 mg/kg intraperitoneal human IgG on the capacity of neonatal
      rat serum to opsonize and to kill Escherichia coli K1 and to deposit IgG and C3
      onto this organism was investigated. Unlike serum from neonatal rats injected
      with albumin, serum from neonatal rats injected with human IgG opsonized and
      killed E. coli K1 efficiently. Heat treatment abolished the bactericidal effect
      of serum from IgG recipients, suggesting a role for complement. A
      radioimmunobinding assay demonstrated that the capacity of neonatal rat serum to
      deposit IgG and C3 onto E. coli K1 was impaired. However, intraperitoneal human
      IgG enabled serum from neonatal rats to deposit human IgG onto the bacteria and
      enhanced C3 deposition to a level equivalent to that observed with adult rat
      serum. Therefore, neonatal rats have a functionally competent classic pathway of
      complement. Human IgG ameliorates the opsonic and bacteriolytic inadequacies of
      neonatal rat serum that result primarily from a deficiency of antibodies to E.
      coli.

PMID- 2644383
TI  - Case-control study of endemic diarrheal disease in Thai children.
AB  - In a year-long, case-control study of endemic diarrheal disease among 1230 Thai
      children less than five years of age, rotavirus was detected in 20%,
      Campylobacter in 13%, Shigella in 13%, Salmonella in 12%, and enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli (ETEC) in 9%. The differences in detection of enteric pathogens
      between patients and controls was significant for rotavirus (P less than .001),
      Shigella (P less than .001), ETEC that produced heat-labile and heat-stable
      toxins (LT and ST; P = .005), and ST only (P less than .001). C. jejuni was most
      significantly associated with diarrhea in children less than 12 months
      [corrected] old (P = .037) and Salmonella in children less than three months of
      age (P = .003). Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) that adhered in a localized
      pattern to HeLa cells was isolated from 7% of patients and 3% of controls less
      than six months of age. Only 50% of these E. coli strains were of EPEC serotypes.
      Enteroinvasive E. coli was isolated from 7% of patients more than two years of
      age, and new serotypes were identified.

PMID- 2644384
TI  - The hamster model of chronic Mycobacterium avium complex infection.
AB  - Male golden Syrian hamsters were evaluated as a model for the pathogenesis of
      human infection with Mycobacterium avium complex. Intratracheal inoculation
      produced a chronic, nonfatal, pulmonary and disseminated infection (overall rate,
      86%). The frequency of infection in hamsters that received 5 x 10(8) versus 1 x
      10(8) colony forming units (cfu) was not significantly different (87% and 92%,
      respectively), but 1 x 10(7) cfu produced infection in only 78% of inoculated
      animals (P = .034). The percentage of animals developing pulmonary infection with
      M. avium complex did not differ between inoculum groups (77%-80%). Disseminated
      infection occurred significantly less frequently in the 1 x 10(7) group (46%)
      compared with the 5 x 10(8) (79%) and 1 x 10(8) (68%) groups (P = .001 and .056,
      respectively). After seven weeks, partial clearance of M. avium complex from the
      lungs coincided with an increased number of animals with splenic involvement. The
      hamster may be a useful model for human infection with M. avium complex.

PMID- 2644385
TI  - Properties of Escherichia coli in patients with renal scarring.

PMID- 2644386
TI  - Immunomodulation in infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2644387
TI  - Immunologic effects of long-term thymopentin treatment in patients with HIV
      induced lymphadenopathy syndrome.
AB  - The immunologic effects of a year-long therapeutic trial with the synthetic
      thymic hormone thymopentin were investigated in 29 patients with human
      immunodeficiency virus--induced lymphadenopathy syndrome. Peripheral T4 and T8
      lymphocyte subsets and in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis with pokeweed mitogen
      (PWM) were monitored before treatment, every 4 months during treatment, and after
      treatment. Significant increases in circulating T4 cells and a reduction of PWM
      induced immunoglobulin suppression were noted in the 21 patients who completed
      the trial. Furthermore, addition of thymopentin to the in vitro cultures improved
      the PWM response of T and B cells. After thymopentin treatment, a slight
      variability of clinical symptoms, including weight loss, diarrhea, night sweats,
      or a combination of these, was also noted in several subjects.

PMID- 2644388
TI  - Thomas Hale Ham (1905-1987).

PMID- 2644389
TI  - Teaching social studies to high school students with academic handicaps in a
      mainstreamed setting: effects of a computerized study guide.
AB  - This research investigated the effectiveness of a computerized study guide, in
      comparison to a notetaking condition, as a method to increase textbook
      comprehension among students with learning disabilities and remedial education
      pupils enrolled in a ninth-grade world geography class. Results indicated that
      the computerized study guide produced significantly higher performance than
      notetaking for both groups of students. There was no significant difference in
      the performance of the two groups within treatments. Several practical issues
      concerning the implementation of computerized study guides in secondary programs
      serving students with academic handicaps are discussed.

PMID- 2644390
TI  - On learning ... more or less: a knowledge x process x context view of learning
      disabilities.
AB  - The authors review the last decade of their research on learning disabilities and
      conclude that knowledge x process x context is the most useful way to think about
      children's cognitive difficulties. According to this framework, learning
      disabilities is seen as a result of the interplay between a poorly elaborated
      knowledge base (especially in language-related domains), the biologically
      determined efficiencies of various microlevel processes such as encoding, and the
      physical and social meaning attached to performance (i.e, the context). It is
      suggested that this framework helps explain instances of asymmetry wherein
      children with learning disabilities deploy a cognitive process more or less
      efficiently, depending on the material and task demands. It also raises several
      interesting questions about the presumed "specificity" of the impairment
      underlying learning disablement and the possibility that these children may not
      differ qualitatively from nonimpaired peers, only quantitatively.

PMID- 2644391
TI  - The effectiveness of single-dose metronidazole therapy for patients and their
      partners with bacterial vaginosis.
AB  - A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was performed to
      test the hypothesis that a 2-g single dose of metronidazole for male partners of
      women with bacterial vaginosis was more effective than placebo in improving cure
      rate and decreasing recurrence rate. In addition, the effectiveness of a 2-g
      single dose of metronidazole was compared with a seven-day course of 500 mg of
      metronidazole twice a day in patients with bacterial vaginosis. Statistically
      significant benefits of partner treatment were noted in the initial cure rate by
      Gram-stained smear criteria (P less than .01) and in percentage of women with
      symptoms eight weeks after initiating therapy (P less than .05). The seven-day
      course of metronidazole was superior to the single-dose regimen in the percentage
      of patients with clue cells and the percentage of patients with a positive
      "sniff" test at the first follow-up visit; however, differences in the initial
      cure rate assessed by clinical criteria and Gram-stained smear criteria were not
      statistically significant between the two patient treatment regimens. Recurrence
      rates by Gram-stained smear criteria between patient and partner treatment groups
      at five and eight weeks after initiation of treatment were also not significantly
      different between the two patient regimens. Single-dose metronidazole treatment
      of the sexual partner of women with bacterial vaginosis improves initial
      bacterial vaginosis cure rates. The seven-day course of metronidazole was not
      found by statistical analysis to be significantly superior to single-dose therapy
      when considering initial cure rates by clinical or Gram-stained smear criteria or
      recurrence rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644392
TI  - Pharmacotherapeutic treatment of panic disorder in patients presenting with chest
      pain.
AB  - While psychiatric populations with panic disorder have been shown to be
      responsive to several classes of psychoactive medications, there is little
      evidence that medical patients with panic disorder respond to similar
      interventions. In this non-blind, eight-week trial of alprazolam in patients
      presenting with chest pain and found to have panic disorder, 15 of 20 met the
      single criterion for improvement: a 50 percent or greater reduction in panic
      frequency. Several other measures were also significantly positive for those who
      completed the study. Furthermore, these patients reported a marginally
      significant drop in episodes of chest pain or discomfort. A double-blind, placebo
      controlled trial is now required to test the validity of these findings.

PMID- 2644393
TI  - Antidepressant drugs: additional clinical uses.
AB  - Three decades of psychiatric practice with tricyclic, tetracyclic, and
      heterocyclic antidepressants have shown that these drugs are effective not only
      for major depression, endogenous depression in particular, but also for a range
      of other disorders. Tricyclic and other antidepressants are now used to treat
      enuresis and attention-deficit disorders in children, bulimia and anorexia
      nervosa, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive
      disorder, chronic pain, migraine, and peptic ulcer disease. As with some of the
      antidepressants, the body of literature on the relationship between clinical
      response in these diseases and plasma or serum levels of the drugs is not
      complete or well understood, but for some of these disorders, sufficient
      preliminary serum level data are available to take advantage of therapeutic drug
      monitoring as an adjunct to treatment. Therapeutic monitoring can be particularly
      important where studies indicate that successful therapy occurs at blood levels
      substantially different from those used to treat depression. This paper presents
      a brief overview of antidepressant treatment of these disorders, focusing on the
      available pharmacologic data related to serum level measurements and their
      relation to clinical response.

PMID- 2644394
TI  - Paraneoplastic syndromes: a role for the immune system.

PMID- 2644395
TI  - Hematopoietic responses in patients with advanced malignancy treated with
      recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
AB  - The in vivo effect of yeast-derived recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (rh GM-CSF) was investigated in 30 patients with
      advanced malignancy in a phase Ib trial. Patients were treated at four different
      dose levels (120 to 1,000 micrograms/m2/d) by either daily intravenous (IV) bolus
      injection or 24-hour continuous infusion. Administration of rh GM-CSF resulted in
      a broad spectrum of dose- and schedule-dependent hematopoietic effects. Sustained
      infusion of rh GM-CSF elicited a maximum 17-fold average peak increase of the
      total WBC count with mainly neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes accounting
      for this rise, and increases in bone marrow cellularity with a shift to immature
      myeloid elements. Elevation of lymphocytes, platelets, and reticulocytes was not
      induced. Within five days after discontinuation of treatment the leukocytosis had
      disappeared. Adverse reactions encountered with rh GM-CSF seen in 65% of the
      patients studied were never life-threatening and always rapidly reversible. They
      included mild myalgias, facial flushing, low-grade fever, headache, bone
      discomfort, nausea, dyspnea, and transient decline of platelet counts. These
      results suggest that rh GM-CSF can be safely administered at the doses and
      schedules used and that it can induce in vivo some of the biological effects
      reported in in vitro studies. Although no objective antitumour responses have
      been seen, the ability of rh GM-CSF to increase number and function of leukocytes
      in vivo may prevent neutropenia and infections when GM-CSF is added to cytotoxic
      cancer therapy.

PMID- 2644396
TI  - Infusion carboplatin treatment of relapsed and refractory acute leukemia:
      evidence of efficacy with minimal extramedullary toxicity at intermediate doses.
AB  - Carboplatin (CBDCA) is a second-generation platinum analog with prominent
      myelotoxicity and modest extramedullary toxicity. We performed a phase I study of
      CBDCA in adult patients with relapsed acute leukemia. Therapy was administered as
      a five-day continuous infusion. The initial dose of 875 mg/m2 over five days was
      escalated in 15% increments to a final dose of 2,100 mg/m2 over five days. Twenty
      eight patients received 35 induction courses of CBDCA, including two patients who
      achieved a complete remission (CR) following the first course, and received a
      second induction course at the time of relapse. Therapy was well tolerated. No
      grade 3 or 4 extramedullary toxicity was seen. Myelosuppression was regularly
      observed, with prolonged myelosuppression at 2,100 mg/m2 over five days being the
      indication to cease dose escalation. Eight of 28 patients (28.5%) responded to
      CBDCA therapy (six CR, two partial remission [PR]) or ten of 30 initial induction
      courses (33.3%). Continuous-infusion CBDCA has an advantage over other therapy
      for acute leukemia because of its highly selective myelotoxicity and minimal
      gastrointestinal and renal toxicity. A standard phase II study should be
      undertaken to establish a more accurate response rate.

PMID- 2644397
TI  - Prognostic factors for response and survival after high-dose cyclophosphamide,
      carmustine, and etoposide with autologous bone marrow transplantation for
      relapsed Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Sixty-one patients with relapsed Hodgkin's disease who had failed a
      mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP)- and a
      doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD)-like regimen were
      treated with a high-dose combination chemotherapy containing cyclophosphamide,
      carmustine, and etoposide (CBV) and autologous bone marrow transplantation
      (ABMT). Fifty-nine patients were treated in relapse and two were intensified
      early in third remission. Following therapy, 29 patients (47%) were in complete
      remission (CR), 18 patients (30%) achieved a partial response (PR), and 14
      patients (23%) had progressive disease (PD). Among the partial responders, six
      patients achieved a CR following addition of local radiation therapy to sites of
      residual nodal disease. For a minimum follow-up of 2 years, 23 patients (38%) are
      alive and free of disease. High-dose CBV therapy produced severe
      myelosuppression, and there were four (7%) treatment-related deaths. A
      multivariate analysis identified failure of more than two prior chemotherapy
      treatments and poor performance status as important adverse risk factors for
      survival. Patients who had no adverse risk factor and/or were intensified with
      CBV while Hodgkin's disease was still responding to conventional chemotherapy,
      had a CR rate of 63%, with 77% projected 3-year survival; whereas, all other
      patients had a CR rate of 31%, and a projected 3-year survival of only 18%. Our
      results demonstrated that CBV and ABMT can induce remission duration of 2 years
      or greater in a significant proportion of patients with relapsed Hodgkin's
      disease.

PMID- 2644398
TI  - Hemorrhagic cystitis following high-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow
      transplantation in children with malignancies: incidence, clinical course, and
      outcome.
AB  - Two hundred ninety-one courses of high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with bone marrow
      transplantation (BMT) in children with malignancies were reviewed in order to
      assess the incidence, clinical course, outcome, and predisposing factors of
      hemorrhagic cystitis. Hemorrhagic cystitis occurred in 19 HDC courses (6.5%).
      Three patients had grade I hematuria linked to thrombopenia, nine had grade II
      hematuria despite platelet levels greater than 50 x 10(9)/L, and seven had grade
      III hematuria with clots and bladder obstruction. Severe complications occurred
      in grade III patients, but no deaths were directly linked to the cystitis.
      Fourteen patients recovered within two to 120 days of onset. The other patients
      died before the cystitis resolved, either of a relapse of the malignancy or of
      infection. Predisposing factors were age (increased incidence in older children),
      conditioning regimen containing cyclophosphamide, previous vesical irradiation,
      association with prolonged aplasia, and hepatic complications. The role of
      busulfan was also probable. No viral agent was found.

PMID- 2644399
TI  - Tumor localization of adoptively transferred indium-111 labeled tumor
      infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with metastatic melanoma.
AB  - Lymphoid cells infiltrating into human tumors can be expanded in vitro in medium
      containing interleukin-2 (IL-2). Adoptive transfer of these tumor-infiltrating
      lymphocytes (TIL) mediates potent antitumor effects in murine tumor models.
      Clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of these cells in patients with advanced
      cancer are underway. We have investigated whether infused TIL labeled with indium
      111 (111In) oxine can traffic and localize to metastatic deposits of tumor. Six
      patients with metastatic malignant melanoma who had multiple sites of
      subcutaneous, nodal, and/or visceral disease were the subjects of the study. The
      patients received cyclophosphamide 36 hours before receiving the intravenous (IV)
      infusion of TIL followed by IL-2 IV every eight hours. The distribution and
      localization of the TIL were evaluated using serial whole body gamma camera
      imaging, serial blood and urine samplings, and serial biopsies of tumor and
      normal tissue. 111In-labeled TIL localized to lung, liver, and spleen within two
      hours after the infusion of activity. Activity in the lung diminished within 24
      hours. As early as 24 hours after injection of 111In-labeled TIL, localization of
      TIL to sites of metastatic deposits was demonstrated in all six patients using
      either imaging studies or biopsy specimens or both. 111In activity in tumor
      tissue biopsies ranged from three to 40 times greater than activity in normal
      tissue. A progressive increase in the radioactive counts at sites of tumor
      deposit was seen. This study shows that labeled TIL can localize preferentially
      to tumor, and provides information concerning the possible mechanism of the
      therapeutic effects of TIL.

PMID- 2644400
TI  - Cerebral aneurysms in childhood and adolescence.
AB  - In this study, 24 aneurysms occurring in 23 patients under the age of 18 years
      (mean 12 years) are analyzed. The male:female ratio was 2.8:1, and the youngest
      patient was 3 months old. Mycotic lesions and those associated with other
      vascular malformations were excluded. Forty-two percent of the aneurysms were
      located in the posterior circulation, and 54% were giant aneurysms. Presenting
      symptoms included subarachnoid hemorrhage in 13 and mass effect in 11. Several of
      these aneurysms were documented to rapidly increase in size over a 3-month to 2
      year period of observation. All aneurysms were surgically treated: direct
      clipping was performed in 14; trapping with bypass in four; trapping alone in
      four; and direct excision with end-to-end anastomosis in two. The postoperative
      results were excellent in 21 aneurysms (87%), good in two (8%), and poor in one.
      The pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysms is reviewed.

PMID- 2644401
TI  - Implantation of dispersed cells into primate brain.
AB  - Although several experimental therapies such as dopaminergic cell implantation in
      parkinsonian models and intratumoral placement of lymphokine-activated killer
      cells require intracerebral deposition of dispersed cell suspensions, a
      successful technique of needle implantation of cells into primate brain has not
      been demonstrated. The authors have sought to establish a stereotaxic technique
      to predictably deposit dispersed cells in primate brain. Human lymphocytes were
      cultured in recombinant interleukin-2, labeled with sodium 51 chromate (51Cr),
      and stereotaxically injected into the frontal white matter of six anesthetized
      rhesus monkeys. A 10-microliters aliquot of cell suspension (2 X 10(7) cells/ml)
      was deposited 16 mm deep to the dura at 5 microliters/min via Hamilton No. 22s or
      26s needles. Five control aliquots were counted for each injection. Reflux out of
      the needle track was absorbed on gauze, and the recovered cells were counted. The
      animals were sacrificed 1 hour after implantation and the brain was removed and
      sectioned such that the cortex and white matter along the needle track were
      separate. The tissue sections were then counted. Recovery was expressed as the
      percentage of total injected radioactivity (cpm) that was present in each brain
      section. Two additional injected hemispheres were processed for autoradiography
      and histological study. Cell recovery in the brain (mean +/- standard deviation)
      was 87.2% +/- 13.9% (3.3% +/- 4.9% in cortex and 83.9% +/- 15.9% in white
      matter). The autoradiograms and histological examination showed a dense
      accumulation of radioactivity (cells) at the target site and minimal
      radioactivity (cells) in the needle track. Accurate intracerebral deposition of
      dispersed cells in primates was achieved with the technique described. This
      knowledge permits reliable stereotaxic implantation of cells into the brains of
      nonhuman primates and humans for investigation and therapy.

PMID- 2644402
TI  - Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Report of four cases.
AB  - Four cases of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), a low-grade leptomeningeal
      glioma with a reported favorable prognosis affecting young patients, are reported
      together with a discussion and review of management and prognosis. A literature
      review has confirmed a favorable prognosis in at least 50% of patients with this
      disorder. Seventeen of 35 reported patients are still alive and often seizure
      free for a mean period of 7.4 years (range 2 to 18 years) after diagnosis. Five
      patients have died within 2 years and four between 9 and 25 years after diagnosis
      of PXA. In some cases in which death followed shortly after diagnosis, there may
      have been histological confusion between PXA and a malignant glioma with heavily
      lipidized tumor cells. Nonetheless, transformation of PXA into a malignant
      astrocytoma or glioblastoma with eventual death may occur many years after
      initial diagnosis. From the currently reported cases it does not appear possible
      on clinicopathological grounds to predict which patients will have a favorable
      prognosis. Optimal management of PXA seems to be primary surgical resection with
      later surgery for residual or recurrent tumor. The role of radiotherapy in the
      management of PXA is at this time uncertain.

PMID- 2644403
TI  - Differential morphometric values induced in Golgi apparatus of higher plant cells
      by aldehyde and permanganate fixation.
AB  - In order to determine the best conditions to carry out quantitative
      ultrastructural studies in plant specimens, five different fixation techniques,
      including some of the most reported electron microscopy fixatives (glutaraldehyde
      paraformaldehyde, osmium tetroxide, potassium permanganate), were assayed in
      onion root meristems to check their ability to induce morphometric changes in
      Golgi apparatus ultrastructure. Although the parameters evaluated showed in all
      cases the same tendency, values obtained after permanganate fixation were always
      higher than those found after aldehyde techniques (especially aldehyde-osmium).
      Aldehyde followed by osmium fixation appears as the most indicated fixation
      method when accurate quantitative ultrastructural studies are to be developed.

PMID- 2644404
TI  - Serial section reconstruction using a computer graphics system: applications to
      intracellular structures in yeast cells and to the periodontal structure of dogs'
      teeth.
AB  - A computer graphics system for reconstruction from serial section micrographs was
      applied to intracellular details of a yeast target cell (Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      cell) induced by the alpha factor mating pheromone and was also applied to a
      periodontal structure of a dog tooth moved orthodontically. In the former,
      intracellular organelles and a distribution of vesicles could be clearly observed
      through the cell membrane using the transparent display method in which the
      smoothing of the reconstructed outer cell membrane surface by computer processing
      was applied to the transparent display. In the latter case, by cutting through a
      reconstructed dog tooth and its periodontal tissues, labiolingual and mesiodistal
      cut surfaces of the tooth and of adjacent alveolar bone could be observed with
      fine details (232 sections were used).

PMID- 2644405
TI  - Insulin and C-peptide (proinsulin) packaging: a quantitative immunocytochemical
      approach.
AB  - C-peptide and insulin antigenic sites in rat pancreatic beta cells were both
      labeled by the protein A and immunogold techniques. Gold bead density in the
      secretory granules was correlated with granule size distribution. Our results
      demonstrate that the distribution patterns of antigenic sites for C-peptide
      (which also represents proinsulin sites) and insulin are similar when granule
      size distribution is correlated to the density of antigenic sites. It was found
      that the ratio of C-peptide to insulin in granules is independent of granule
      size. Examination of frequency histograms by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis
      excluded the possibility that the antigenic sites of C-peptide and insulin are
      distributed in the same manner. Mean gold bead density for insulin antigen (97 +/
      24) was slightly higher than C-peptide density (64 +/- 18). The efficiency of
      labeling was found to be very low; less than 0.1% of the theoretically estimated
      antigenic sites were labeled.

PMID- 2644406
TI  - Improved chondrocyte morphology and glycogen retention in the secondary center of
      ossification following osmium-potassium ferrocyanide fixation.
AB  - The use of osmium-potassium ferrocyanide as the secondary fixative greatly
      improved chondrocyte preservation and stabilized the cartilage matrix
      proteoglycan. The proteoglycan was similar in appearance to that seen following
      fixation in the presence of cationic dyes. Extensive glycogen preservation was
      noted in these cells, occupying the area prior to and during the formation of the
      secondary center of ossification. The volume and organization of the glycogen
      within the cell cytoplasm were greater than that following buffered osmium
      fixation, and the cellular vacuoles within were greatly reduced. The cells
      forming the secondary center prior to the onset of mineralization were of
      greatest interest, because other studies compared them with the primary growth
      plate and described them as showing signs of hypertrophy as early as 5 days
      postnatally, as is found in the primary growth plate. Our observations indicate
      that glycogen is present in these cells, and cellular enlargement was not
      present. The cells do not resemble the hypertrophic chondrocytes of the primary
      growth plate, as far as cytoplasmic content is concerned, and we suggest that
      they may contribute to the development of the secondary center in a different
      fashion.

PMID- 2644407
TI  - Measuring patients' desire for autonomy: decision making and information-seeking
      preferences among medical patients.
AB  - An instrument for measuring patients' preferences for two identified dimensions
      of autonomy, their desire to make medical decisions and their desire to be
      informed, was developed and tested for reliability and validity. The authors
      found that patients prefer that decisions be made principally by their
      physicians, not themselves, although they very much want to be informed. There
      was no correlation between patients' decision making and information-seeking
      preferences (r = 0.09; p = 0.15). For the majority of patients, their desire to
      make decisions declined as they faced more severe illness. Older patients had
      less desire than younger patients to make decisions and to be informed (p less
      than 0.0001 for each comparison). However, only 19% of the variance among
      patients for decision making and 12% for information seeking could be accounted
      for by stepwise regression models using sociodemographic and health status
      variables as predictors. The conceptual and clinical implications of these
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 2644408
TI  - The cause of uremia in obstructed kidneys.

PMID- 2644409
TI  - Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy: reflections about a new devastating
      disorder that affects normal children.

PMID- 2644410
TI  - Lyme disease: of ticks and titers.

PMID- 2644411
TI  - Combined cataract extraction and epikeratophakia in children.
AB  - Nineteen children between the ages of 2 1/2 and 6 1/2 years who had cataracts not
      associated with trauma and who were judged to be poor candidates for contact lens
      wear underwent combined cataract extraction and epikeratophakia, followed by
      intensive amblyopia therapy. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 7 years. In these
      monocularly aphakic children, three (16%) of the original 19 procedures failed
      and the tissue lenses were removed; two of these were repeated successfully. The
      success rate for the surgery was 86% (18/21) and 95% (18/19) for the patients.
      Postoperative visual acuity of 20/50 or better was achieved in six (33%) of the
      18 patients with successful surgery. Another 11 (61%) achieved between 20/60 and
      20/200. Postoperative astigmatism ranged between 0 and 4 diopters, with an
      average of 1.7 diopters. The results demonstrate that epikeratophakia can be
      successfully combined with cataract extraction in children with visually
      significant non-traumatic cataracts and that the majority of such children
      demonstrate an improvement in visual acuity.

PMID- 2644412
TI  - Fragile X syndrome.
AB  - Fragile X syndrome is one of the most intriguing genetic conditions now being
      studied. As the most common inherited form of mental retardation, it has an
      incidence of approximately 1 in 1000 male infants and boys. Because the
      cytogenetic diagnosis has only recently been available, many affected boys and
      female carriers have not yet been identified. This article reviews the
      characteristic, clinical features of fragile X syndrome and discusses treatment
      and intervention.

PMID- 2644413
TI  - Restorative and endodontic results after treatment with cast posts and cores.
AB  - Sixty-nine patients who received cast posts and cores in 1978 at the Students'
      Clinic at the Faculty of Odontology, University of Umea were recalled for
      examination in 1984. Fifty-three or 76.8% of the patients with 96 posts and cores
      or 73.3% of the original 131 attended. Of the 96 posts and cores, nine,
      corresponding to a failure rate of 1.56% per year, were classified as
      unsuccessful, which compared favorably with previous studies. Various criteria
      parameters were reviewed for possible correlations to the failures but the only
      common factor was that the nine failures were located in jaws occluding against a
      natural dentition. The endodontic failures noted could not be related to the
      prosthodontic treatment. Another conclusion from this study is that the
      conventional design of the cast post and core can be strongly recommended.

PMID- 2644414
TI  - Runner bar modification for mandibular removable partial dentures.
AB  - Breakage of a segment of an acrylic resin denture base of a mandibular removable
      prosthesis may result from inadequate retention and support. The runner bar
      modification can be a solution for this problem, especially where excessive crown
      length is to be restored in the mandibular anterior region. A technique is
      described for placement of a 14-gauge (1.7 mm) round wax runner bar that conforms
      to the anterior arch form on the removable partial denture wax-up. Wax vertical
      struts are added between the denture base retention and the runner bar. Improved
      retention and rigidity, without compromising esthetics and function, can be
      obtained through use of this procedure.

PMID- 2644415
TI  - Making a fixed restoration contour guide.
AB  - A silicone matrix of the diagnostic wax-up of the abutment teeth serves as a
      guide during tooth preparation and final contouring of the restoration. A cast
      with the castings on it with surrounding gingival tissues formed in silicone is
      made. This cast, along with the silicone matrix, provides the technician with
      definite guides for the axial contouring of the tooth-colored portion of the
      fixed restoration.

PMID- 2644416
TI  - Applications for outdated composite.

PMID- 2644417
TI  - A rapid dowel core construction technique.
AB  - The use of composite resins for dowel cementation and core construction is well
      established. A short, easy, time-saving method is proposed for simultaneous dowel
      cementation and core fabrication using a composite core construction material.

PMID- 2644418
TI  - A comparison of two post systems under applied compressive-shear loads.
AB  - This study compared a new parallel-tapering, threaded, split-shank post with a
      well-accepted parallel serrated post under applied compressive-shear loads. The
      posts were placed in paired, contralateral human teeth to attempt to minimize
      variation in the tooth model. Both initial and ultimate failure modes were
      observed, and the clinical significance reported. The Flexi-post system compared
      favorably with the Para-Post system under the conditions of this research.

PMID- 2644419
TI  - Marginal seal of injection-molded ceramic crowns cemented with three adhesive
      systems.
AB  - This in vitro investigation evaluated the marginal seal of an injection-molded
      ceramic crown system used in combination with three adhesive luting systems. One
      of these systems was a glass-ionomer cement and the other two were based on
      composite resin materials. One of the latter materials is claimed by the
      manufacturer to bond to tooth structure and also to porcelain. The final luting
      material was used in conjunction with a commercially available porcelain bonding
      system and specific dentin bonding pretreatments. Following thermocycling, the
      marginal seal of the crowns was tested by use of a chemical marker intrusion
      technique. The extent of leakage along the sectioned crown/luting agent/tooth
      structure interfaces was recorded by using digital imaging microscopy. Minimal
      microleakage was demonstrated with the composite luting cement used in
      association with specific porcelain and dentin bonding pretreatments.

PMID- 2644420
TI  - The strength of layering technique in visible light-cured composites.
AB  - Despite the extensive use of the layering technique in light-cured restorations
      there is limited information for the interfacial strength when curing is
      accomplished in air and an inhibited zone is formed on the first layer. This
      study analyzed the nature of the inhibited zone to determine the interfacial
      topography, evaluated the shear interlayer bond strength in the presence of the
      inhibited layer, and assessed the effect of various interfacial treatments on
      bonding. Two microfilled, one hybrid, and three small-particle composite resins
      were included in the study. According to the results, the inhibited zone is
      primarily composed of catalyst-free monomer. The presence of this zone reduces
      bond strength, creating interfacial discontinuities. Removal of the inhibited
      layer by an organic solvent of low boiling point results in the highest strength
      and better interfacial topography from the tested treatments.

PMID- 2644421
TI  - The ceramic reverse three-quarter crown for anterior teeth: preparation design.
AB  - A new preparation design of the ceramic reverse three-quarter crown for anterior
      teeth offers a way to improve the appearance of anterior teeth with slight to
      moderate structural damage. Advantages and indications of the new design are
      discussed.

PMID- 2644422
TI  - Evaluation of the methods for dislodging the impression tray affecting the
      dimensional accuracy of the abutments in a complete dental arch cast.
AB  - The dimensional accuracy of dies was evaluated in complete dental arch casts made
      by three different methods of dislodging the impression tray. By one method, the
      impression tray was dislodged parallel to the long axis of the abutment and by
      the other two the trays were inclined with the fulcrum at either the posterior or
      anterior region of the complete dental arch. The dimensional changes of the molar
      die were significantly affected by the dislodging method in the inclined way but
      not those of the incisor-die. The anteriorly inclined method showed fewer
      dimensional changes than the posteriorly inclined method. On the other hand, the
      dimensional changes of the incisor-die were not significant by any dislodging
      method, but were observed when some impression material was used. If the
      impression tray is removed by the inclined way, the fulcrum should be chosen at a
      region remote from the abutment instead of at the proximal region.

PMID- 2644423
TI  - Principles, concepts, and practices in prosthodontics--1989. Academy of Denture
      Prosthetics.

PMID- 2644424
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of secretory component and immunoglobulin A in
      the urogenital tract of the male rodent.
AB  - The mucosal immune system in the male rodent urogenital tract was studied by
      localizing secretory component (sc) in the rat and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in both
      rat and mouse by immunofluorescence. In the rat, bright labelling of sc was
      observed at several sites, including the ejaculatory ducts, excretory ducts of
      several accessory glands, and urethral glands in the pelvic and bulbous portions
      of the urethra. Pale labelling of sc was detected in epithelial cells of the
      ventral prostate gland. Plasma cells containing IgA were only observed in the
      urethral gland in the bulbous portion of the urethra in rats and mice. These
      results suggest that IgA may be transported into the urogenital tract of the male
      rat primarily at sites distal to the production of seminal fluid and spermatozoa.
      While locally synthesized IgA may be available in the bulbous urethra, it appears
      that serum may be the main source of IgA for transport into the rat urogenital
      tract at the other sites where its receptor, sc, was demonstrated.

PMID- 2644425
TI  - Immunolocalization of aromatase, 17 alpha-hydroxylase and side-chain-cleavage
      cytochromes P-450 in the human ovary.
AB  - Immunohistochemical localization of cholesterol side-chain-cleavage, 17 alpha
      hydroxylase and aromtase cytochromes P-450 was performed in 35 morphologically
      normal human premenopausal ovaries by using specific antibodies against the
      enzymes. In well-developed ovarian follicles in the late stages of follicular
      growth, immunoreactivity of P-450AROM was only seen in granulosa cells while P
      450(17 alpha) and P-450SCC activity was confined to theca interna cells,
      confirming that follicular oestrogen is produced in granulosa cells by the
      aromatization of androgens derived from the theca interna cells. In the corpus
      luteum, this functional differentiation is maintained, since immunoreactivity of
      P-450AROM was exclusively present in luteinized granulosa cells while that of P
      450(17 alpha) was present in luteinized theca calls. Immunoreactivity of P-450SCC
      was present in both types of cells in the corpus luteum.

PMID- 2644426
TI  - Seasonal changes in plasma testosterone concentrations in response to
      administration of hCG in a desert rodent, the sand rat (Psammomys obesus).
AB  - In adult male sand rats inhabiting the Beni-Abbes area (Algeria), testicular
      endocrine activity increased in early summer (June-July), was highest in autumn
      winter and decreased throughout spring. Testosterone secretion by the testis of
      the sand rat was stimulated (by 10-60-fold) throughout the year by exogenously
      administered hCG (25 i.u.). However, the response exhibited annual changes mainly
      characterized by a marked increase in early summer (June-July); the response to
      hCG was depressed in autumn and became minimal in winter and in early spring. The
      results strongly suggest that the summer onset of testicular endocrine activity
      is, at least in part, due to an increase in the testis sensitivity to LH.

PMID- 2644427
TI  - LH and testosterone responses to GnRH in red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags kept in
      a manipulated photoperiod.
AB  - Six red deer stags from age 4 months were kept in a light-proof room under an
      artificial photoperiod consisting of 5.5 cycles of alternate 2-month periods of
      16 h light and 8 h dark (16L:8D) and 8L:16D. At 2 or 3 weekly intervals from 10
      months of age through 4 cycles, the stags were anaesthetized with xylazine and
      challenged i.v. with 10 micrograms GnRH. Blood samples were withdrawn immediately
      before and 10 and 60 min after injection. LH and testosterone concentrations were
      measured in all samples by RIA. Antler status was recorded daily. Peak LH values
      on each sampling day occurred in the sample taken 10 min after GnRH stimulation
      while peak testosterone occurred in the sample taken at 60 min. There were 4
      cycles of LH and testosterone secretion accompanied by 4 antler cycles in the
      stags. The highest LH responses were detected during short days (8L:16D), and the
      highest testosterone responses were detected around the time of the change from
      short to long days. The responses of both hormones were lowest at the end of
      periods of long days or the beginning of short days. The increased pituitary LH
      response to GnRH was evident 4 weeks after the change to short days which are
      stimulatory for gonadal development. Antler casting occurred at the end of long
      days and cleaning at the end of short days. It is considered that antler cycles
      were due to the ability of the stags to vary release of LH and testosterone in
      response to changes in the artificial photoperiod.

PMID- 2644428
TI  - Evidence for a switch in the site of relaxin production from small theca-derived
      cells to large luteal cells during early pregnancy in the pig.
AB  - The presence of immunoreactive relaxin was studied in corpora lutea of sows
      during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy by immunohistochemistry and
      radioimmunoassay using three different anti-relaxin sera. Sections were
      immunostained using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase or the immunogold-silver
      technique. Before Day 14, staining in corpora lutea from non-pregnant and
      pregnant animals was indistinguishable. With all antisera, no immunostaining was
      seen on Day 3, but was detected on Days 5-7 in cells from the theca interna. In
      non-pregnant animals, this immunostaining decreased and by Day 15 only an
      occasional large cell in the centre of the corpus luteum was stained. No staining
      was seen by Day 22. The relaxin content of corpora lutea measured by
      radioimmunoassay remained low throughout the luteal phase. In contrast, the
      amount of immunoreactive relaxin in corpora lutea rose dramatically (140-fold)
      between Days 11 and 14 of pregnancy and by Day 14 of pregnancy immunostaining was
      seen in the majority of large luteal cells. By Day 20 of pregnancy the
      concentrations of immunoreactive relaxin had further increased. Histochemical
      staining for alkaline phosphatase suggested that, while the relaxin
      immunoreactive cells seen in the early luteal phase may be theca-derived, those
      during early pregnancy may be derived from the granulosa. The results are
      compatible with the suggestion that relaxin is produced by theca-derived cells
      during the early luteal phase and that between Days 11 and 14 there is a switch
      in the site of relaxin synthesis from theca-derived cells to granulosa-derived
      large luteal cells. In the absence of luteolysis, as during pregnancy, this
      switch is accompanied by a dramatic increase in relaxin synthesis.

PMID- 2644429
TI  - Evaluation of the possible direct effects of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
      analogues on the monkey (Macaca mulatta) testis.
AB  - In Exp. 1, the effect of treatment with a GnRH agonist on basal concentrations of
      serum testosterone and peak values of serum testosterone after administration of
      hCG was determined. One group of adult male monkeys was treated with a low dose
      (5-10 micrograms/day) and a second group with a high dose (25 micrograms/day) of
      a GnRH agonist for 44 weeks. Basal and peak testosterone concentrations were both
      significantly reduced by GnRH agonist treatment in all groups compared to
      untreated control animals, but the % rise in serum testosterone above basal
      values in response to hCG administration was unchanged by agonist treatment. In
      Exp. 2, the GnRH agonist (100 or 400 ng) or a GnRH antagonist (4 micrograms) was
      infused into the testicular arteries of adult monkeys. The agonist did not alter
      testosterone concentrations in the testicular vein or testosterone and LH values
      in the femoral vein. In Exp. 3, testicular interstitial cells from monkeys were
      incubated with three concentrations (10(-9), 10(-7) and 10(-5)M) of the GnRH
      agonist or a GnRH antagonist with and without hCG. After 24 h, neither basal nor
      hCG-stimulated testosterone production was affected by the presence of the GnRH
      agonist or antagonist. The results from all 3 experiments clearly suggest that
      GnRH agonist treatment does not directly alter steroid production by the monkey
      testis.

PMID- 2644430
TI  - Antibody-independent protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice
      after treatment with a homologous strain vaccine.
AB  - Formalin-killed cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain M-24 elicited an antibody
      independent protective effect against P. aeruginosa infection in mice. The effect
      was observed as early as 6 h after administration and 100% protection was
      obtained by 48 h. The protective effect could not be attributed to the production
      of specific antibody. In M-24-treated mice, the bacteria in the peritoneal
      cavity, blood and liver were eliminated 12 h after P. aeruginosa infection. This
      suggested that the protective effect was due to enhanced bacterial elimination.
      The percentage of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity was increased after M-24
      administration. Furthermore, the enhanced bacterial elimination was abrogated by
      treatment of mice with 60Co-irradiation or carrageenan. These findings suggest
      the involvement of macrophages in the enhanced bacterial elimination observed.
      The chemiluminescence of peritoneal exudate cells from M-24-treated mice was
      markedly increased when compared with that of cells from untreated mice. The
      ability to kill P. aeruginosa in vitro was also greater in macrophages from mice
      treated with killed M-24 than in cells from proteose-peptone-treated mice. The M
      24-treated mice showed enhanced nonspecific protection against infection with
      lethal doses of P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli or Listeria monocytogenes.
      However, susceptibility to LPS in mice was not increased by M-24 treatment. These
      results suggest that macrophage activation without increasing LPS susceptibility
      was responsible for the antibody-independent protection induced by killed M-24.

PMID- 2644431
TI  - Comparison of genital and respiratory carriage of Haemophilus parainfluenzae in
      men.
AB  - In the first study, genital carriage of Haemophilus parainfluenzae was
      investigated in 103 women and 292 men attending a clinic for genitourinary
      medicine. In a second study, pairs of urethral and throat swabs were studied in
      279 men. The vaginal carriage was 2%, urethral 12.4% and throat 13.3%. Biotype 2
      was found to be a genital type and throat carriage of this biotype was
      significantly associated with its concomitant urethral carriage. Biotypes 1 and 3
      were mainly found in the throat. Biotype 2 was significantly more likely to be
      resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and sulphonamide but biotype 1 was
      significantly more likely to be resistant to trimethoprim.

PMID- 2644432
TI  - The use of an IgM immunosorbent agglutination assay to diagnose congenital
      toxoplasmosis.
AB  - An IgM immunosorbent agglutination assay (ISAGA) was compared with a standard
      ELISA IgM test for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. It was more
      sensitive, detecting all of five mothers of infected babies whereas the IgM ELISA
      was positive in two of three mothers tested at delivery and neither of two
      mothers referred 10-12 months after delivery. Five women infected in a previous
      pregnancy had IgM detectable by ISAGA in a subsequent pregnancy. The assays were
      comparable when sera from patients with past infection were tested or following
      toxoplasma-associated miscarriage or abortion. Four cord sera from congenitally
      infected babies were positive by the ISAGA but only three of these were positive
      by ELISA for IgM. The ISAGA also detected IgM in another four sera from
      congenitally-infected babies referred late (10-18 months old); none were IgM
      positive by ELISA. The increased sensitivity of the ISAGA is an improvement in
      the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2644433
TI  - Expression of two conserved leptospiral antigens in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The genes encoding two protein antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona
      were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Rabbit antisera raised against the
      cloned proteins, designated p12 and p20, were used to identify the antigens in
      Western blots of disrupted leptospiral cells. The proteins p12 and p20 were
      conserved within the genus Leptospira and were not detected in Leptonema illini.
      Although both proteins were present in leptospiral outer envelope preparations
      they did not elicit the production of agglutinating or opsonising antibodies.

PMID- 2644434
TI  - The success of plasmid-encoded resistance genes in clinical bacteria. An
      examination of plasmid-mediated ampicillin and trimethoprim resistance genes and
      their resistance mechanisms.

PMID- 2644435
TI  - Morphotype markers of virulence in human candidal infections.
AB  - A study of the morphotypes of 446 strains of Candida albicans, isolated from a
      variety of clinical specimens, is reported. The method was based on a
      morphotyping scheme that has recently been described, but not all of the
      potential characters were used in this analysis. By this limited code, 50
      different morphotypes were distinguished, the largest group comprising 23% of the
      population. The simplicity and good discrimination of the method make it a useful
      typing scheme for C. albicans. Discontinuous colonial fringes were associated
      with strains from oral sites and deep infections. Significantly, 67% of strains
      from fatal infections were of the discontinuous fringe type, compared to only 11%
      of strains from other infections. Further associations between morphotype and
      anatomical source included narrow-coarse fringes in genitourinary isolates.

PMID- 2644436
TI  - Effect of iron depletion on cell-wall antigens of Candida albicans.
AB  - Cell walls were isolated from stationary-phase cultures of Candida albicans grown
      at 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C, in iron-depleted and iron-sufficient conditions.
      Proteins solubilised from cell-wall fractions were separated by sodium dodecyl
      sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Approximately 40 protein bands were
      detected by Coomassie blue staining in all wall extracts, regardless of
      temperature or other growth condition. Sera from patients with oral or systemic
      candidosis, from whom the isolates were obtained, and pooled normal human serum
      were examined for the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies to cell-wall proteins by
      Western blotting. Patient sera recognised more antigens than pooled normal human
      serum. In particular, an antigen of 44 kda was detected by IgG antibodies in the
      sera of patients and two antigens of 41 and 14 kda were detected by their IgM
      antibodies when the sera were used as probes against walls from iron-depleted
      cells, but not from iron-sufficient cells, grown at 25 degrees C. Two antigens of
      45 and 40 kda were detected by IgM antibodies in the sera of patients tested
      against walls from iron-depleted but not from iron-sufficient cells grown at 37
      degrees C. IgG antibodies did not distinguish between these wall preparations
      from cells grown at 37 degrees C. These results suggest that the specific cell
      wall proteins induced during growth in iron-depleted conditions, as well as other
      proteins, were immunogenic and were recognised by the patients' antibodies.

PMID- 2644437
TI  - Spondylothoracic dysplasia. Clinical and sonographic diagnosis.
AB  - Spondylothoracic dysplasia, also known as short-trunk dwarfism or Jarcho-Levin
      syndrome, is a fatal autosomal recessive disorder characterized by vertebral and
      spinal defects with a short thorax. Until recently, in utero diagnosis could only
      be made radiographically. Sonographic criteria for antenatal diagnosis are
      discussed in conjunction with a review of the literature.

PMID- 2644438
TI  - Prediction of cesarean section scars with ultrasound imaging during pregnancy.
AB  - We sought to determine whether a sonographic examination could identify uterine
      scars in patients with a history of previous cesarean section and further
      distinguish patients having previous low transverse from vertical uterine
      incisions. Forty-six antenatal obstetrical patients with a history of prior
      cesarean section(s) and 30 control patients without prior uterine surgery
      underwent sonogram examinations to identify the scar. The researcher who later
      reviewed the sonogram was blinded as to the presence or type of uterine scar. Of
      the 47 scars examined, uterine scars were visualized in 13 (27.7%). All scars
      seen were low transverse; no vertical scars were identified by sonography (p less
      than .05). No scars were visualized with sonography in the control group and
      cesarean section scars were seen more easily prior to the third trimester. No
      information concerning the scar condition (dehiscence) could be obtained with
      sonography. We conclude it is of benefit to perform sonogram exams in patients
      with prior cesarean sections of unknown incision to better counsel them as to
      their risk to rupture. Although vertical cesarean section scars could not be
      visualized, those patients who had low transverse scars identified could be
      included in a low-risk vaginal birth population.

PMID- 2644439
TI  - Evaluation of traumatic groin arteriovenous fistulas with duplex Doppler
      sonography.
AB  - Femoral arteriovenous fistula is a rare complication of percutaneous transfemoral
      catheterization. We report the duplex Doppler findings of three such cases.
      Continuous positive diastolic arterial flow, as well as an abnormal venous flow
      pattern, was observed in all cases. When present, these Doppler spectral changes
      support the diagnosis of arteriovenous fistula.

PMID- 2644440
TI  - Focal areas of increased echogenicity within the brain.

PMID- 2644441
TI  - Sonographic demonstration of salpingitis. Potential confusion with appendicitis.

PMID- 2644442
TI  - Ultrasonic detection of subdiaphragmatic pulmonary sequestration in utero and
      postnatal diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

PMID- 2644443
TI  - Sonographic diagnosis of enlarged prostatic utricle.

PMID- 2644444
TI  - First trimester growth retardation.

PMID- 2644445
TI  - Correlation of experimental rCBF determinations in goats with flow measurements
      from a Doppler-modified carotid artery shunt.
AB  - A carotid artery shunt system has been developed that continuously monitors blood
      flow rates by embedding a Doppler crystal in the shunt wall. The crystal ranges
      through a "liquid lens" that enables it to be placed without violation of the
      shunt lumen. Because the crystal is at a fixed angle (45 degrees) to the axis of
      blood flow and the diameter of the lumen remains constant, a linear relationship
      exists between flow rates and the Doppler velocity signal. This shunt system was
      previously tested in vitro using a pulsatile pump and was found to be accurate to
      within 4.7% of the actual flow rate. In the present study, animal (goat)
      experiments were performed consisting of simultaneous carotid shunt flow and
      bilateral rCBF measurements by the radiolabeled microsphere technique to
      determine in vivo the accuracy of this Doppler modified shunt and to ascertain
      the ability of shunt flow to increase in the face of acute contralateral carotid
      occlusion. Data from five animals show that in vivo shunt flow can be recorded to
      within 13% of control rCBF and that shunt flow increases nearly 50% under
      conditions of distal demand (contralateral carotid occlusion). This device may
      prove useful in laboratory studies of carotid shunt dynamics and in clinical
      practice to quickly detect correctable shunt flow abnormalities.

PMID- 2644446
TI  - Differences in activities of murine retroviral long terminal repeats in cytotoxic
      T lymphocytes and T-lymphoma cells.
AB  - Transcriptional activities of the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of various murine
      leukemia viruses were tested in the cytotoxic T-cell lines CTLL-1 and CTLL-2. In
      contrast to T-lymphoma cells, in which the LTRs of T-lymphomagenic virus SL3-3
      and Moloney murine leukemia virus are more active than those of other viruses,
      transcriptional activity in these mature, interleukin-2-dependent cells is not
      correlated with the specificity of viral leukemogenicity. Several approaches were
      used to investigate the molecular basis for LTR activity differences in lymphoma
      cells and mature cytotoxic T cells. Deletion analysis of the Moloney virus LTR
      showed that the direct repeats associated with enhancer activity have, at most, a
      slight effect on expression in CTLL-1 cells, whereas they stimulate expression
      six- to eightfold in T-lymphoma cells. This suggests that the mature T-cell line
      lacks one or more factors present in T-lymphoma cells that function to augment
      transcription from the Moloney murine leukemia virus LTR. We also used
      recombinant viral LTRs to investigate the role of the enhancer core element of
      SL3-3 in CTLL-1 and CTLL-2 cells. A one-base-pair difference between the core
      sequences of SL3-3 and nonleukemogenic Akv virus, which is important for SL3-3
      activity in T-lymphoma cells, had no effect in these cells. The inability to
      distinguish the single-base-pair difference in expression assays was correlated
      with the absence of binding of a cellular factor, S-CBF, to the SL3-3 enhancer
      core in extracts of CTLL-1 and CTLL-2 nuclei. These studies may have implications
      for identification of the target cells for viral leukemogenesis, as well as for
      tracing of changes in the transcriptional machinery during T-lymphocyte
      differentiation.

PMID- 2644447
TI  - Expression of Sindbis virus 26S cDNA in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells, using
      a baculovirus expression vector.
AB  - To study protein processing in an insect Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm;
      Sf9) cell line, a 26S cDNA encoding the sequence of Sindbis virus structural
      proteins (capsid protein, of 30 kilodaltons [kDa]; p62 [the precursor of E3 and
      E2], of 62 kDa; a 6-kDa peptide; and the E1 protein, of 56 kDa) was inserted into
      the genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) adjacent
      to the polyhedrin promoter. By immunoblot analysis with antisera directed against
      whole Sindbis virus and the individual structural proteins (capsid, E2, and E1),
      we have shown that polypeptides similar in size and antigenicity to those
      synthesized in Sindbis virus-infected BHK cells are expressed in Sf9 cells
      infected with the recombinant baculovirus Ac373-SV26. By pulse-chase labeling in
      the presence or absence of tunicamycin, by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H
      (endo-H) treatment of the recombinant glycoproteins, and by N-terminal sequence
      analysis of the E1 envelope glycoprotein, we have further shown that the 26S
      transcription translation unit of Sindbis virus, although normally encoded by
      nonnuclear RNA, is expressed and proteolytically cleaved similarly, if not
      identically, in Sf9 cells as compared with BHK cells when a baculovirus
      expression vector is used.

PMID- 2644448
TI  - Analysis of the relationship between cleavability of a paramyxovirus fusion
      protein and length of the connecting peptide.
AB  - The relationship between the length of the connecting peptide in a paramyxovirus
      F0 protein and cleavage of F0 into the F1 and F2 subunits has been examined by
      constructing a series of mutant F proteins via site-directed mutagenesis of a
      cDNA clone encoding the simian virus 5 F protein. The mutant F proteins had one
      to five arginine residues deleted from the connecting peptide. The minimum number
      of arginine residues required for cleavage-activation of the simian virus 5 F0
      protein by host cell proteases was found to be four. F proteins with two or three
      arginine residues in the connecting peptide were not cleaved by host cell
      proteases but could be cleaved by exogenously added trypsin. The mutant F protein
      possessing a connecting peptide consisting of one arginine residue was not
      cleaved by trypsin. The altered F proteins were all transported to the infected
      cell plasma membrane as shown by cell surface immunofluorescence or cell surface
      trypsinization. However, the only mutant F protein found to be biologically
      active as detected by syncytium formation was the F protein which has four
      arginine residues at the cleavage site. The results presented here suggest that
      in the paramyxovirus F protein the number of basic amino acid residues in the
      connecting peptide is important for cleavage of the precursor protein by host
      cell proteases but is not the only structural feature involved. In addition, the
      data indicate that cleavage of F0 into F1 and F2 does not necessarily result in
      biological activity and that the connecting peptide may affect the local
      conformation of the F polypeptide.

PMID- 2644449
TI  - Identification and sequence analysis of a gene encoding gp67, an abundant
      envelope glycoprotein of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear
      polyhedrosis virus.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies with specificity for the abundant envelope surface
      glycoprotein (gp67) of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV)
      were used to screen a lambda gt11 expression library of AcMNPV DNA fragments. The
      gp67 gene was mapped to the left end of the EcoRI H fragment in a right-to-left
      orientation on the consensus map of AcMNPV. A 2.1-kilobase transcript which
      hybridized to the region was first detected in cell extracts at 2 h
      postinfection; it peaked in abundance at 18 h postinfection and thereafter was
      present at lower levels. The nucleotide sequence of the region was determined,
      and a 1,590-nucleotide open reading frame flanked by an AT-rich sequence was
      identified that could encode a polypeptide with 529 amino acid residues
      (molecular mass of 60,167 daltons). Computer analysis indicated that the peptide
      possesses two hydrophobic regions near the N and C termini as well as six
      potential N-linked glycosylation sites. We suggest that following cleavage of a
      signal peptide, the polypeptide undergoes further processing and becomes anchored
      at its C terminus in the virus envelope. The final seven amino acid residues at
      the C terminus contain basic amino acids and may have a role in virion assembly.

PMID- 2644450
TI  - Automated biochemical identification of bacterial fish pathogens using the Abbott
      Quantum II.
AB  - The Quantum II, originally designed by Abbott Diagnostics for automated rapid
      identification of members of Enterobacteriaceae, was adapted for the
      identification of bacterial fish pathogens. The instrument operates as a
      spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 492.600 nm. A sample cartridge containing 20
      inoculated biochemical chambers is inserted in the path of the analyzing beam.
      Reactions are converted into a 7-digit octal biocode, relayed via a sensor to the
      memory module, and compared to biocodes preprogrammed in the memory. An
      identification is then printed. Presently, the Quantum II is capable of
      identifying human strains of Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda. This
      study was initiated to determine the feasibility of expanding the use of the
      Quantum II to include identification of bacterial fish pathogens. Ten to 50
      isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri, Serratia liquefaciens, Yersinia ruckeri,
      Aeromonas hydrophila, typical Aeromonas salmonicida, and atypical Aeromonas
      salmonicida were utilized to determine optimal incubation conditions, relative
      stability of the biochemicals, and ability to obtain consistent biocode numbers.
      After sorting the octal biocodes from the 169 isolates into groupings using a
      cluster analysis technique, it was shown by a Chi-square goodness of fit test
      that isolates of a given species were sorted into the same cluster group at a
      frequency of at least 99%. Results of this study illustrate the usefulness of the
      Quantum II BID system for the identification of bacterial fish pathogens not
      contained within the system's memory module.

PMID- 2644451
TI  - Antibodies to Borrelia sp. in wild foxes and coyotes from Wisconsin and
      Minnesota.
AB  - Serum samples from 93 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and nine gray foxes (Urocyon
      cinereoargenteus) trapped in Wisconsin and 23 coyotes (Canis latrans) trapped in
      Wisconsin and Minnesota were tested for antibodies to Borrelia sp. with an
      indirect fluorescent antibody test which used Borrelia burgdorferi as the whole
      cell antigen. Seven red foxes (8%) and two coyotes (9%) had antibody titers
      greater than or equal to 1:64. All the positive samples were from areas known to
      be endemic for human Lyme disease. Implications for the epizootiology of Lyme
      borreliosis in wild canids are not well understood, but even if these species are
      not actual reservoirs of B. burgdorferi they could serve to increase the range of
      the vector and establish new endemic foci of the spirochete.

PMID- 2644452
TI  - Borrelia sp. infection in coyotes, black-tailed jack rabbits and desert
      cottontails in southern Texas.
AB  - Coyotes (Canis latrans) from southern Texas were sampled for antibodies to
      Borrelia burgdorferi from 1980 to 1986; black-tailed jack rabbits (Lepus
      californicus) and desert cottontails (Sylvilagus audubonii) were sampled in 1986.
      Coyote fetuses, adult coyote kidneys, and black-tailed jack rabbit and desert
      cottontail kidneys were cultured for B. burgdorferi in 1986. Results of indirect
      immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) tests for B. burgdorferi in coyotes were as
      follows (number positive at a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:128/number
      tested): 1980 (0 of 30), 1981 (0 of 21), 1982 (0 of 53), 1983 (0 of 78), 1984 (47
      of 97), 1985 (20 of 88), and 1986 (42 of 80). Eight of 26 black-tailed jack
      rabbits and two of seven desert cottontails tested in 1986 had IFA titers to B.
      burgdorferi of greater than or equal to 1:128. Borrelia burgdorferi was isolated
      from one of five coyote fetuses, three of 31 adult coyote kidneys, and two of 10
      black-tailed jack rabbit kidneys in 1986. These results indicate that B.
      burgdorferi infection has been present in coyotes in Texas, at least since 1984
      and that transplacental transmission occurs.

PMID- 2644453
TI  - Experimental inoculation of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) with
      Borrelia burgdorferi.
AB  - Birds have been incriminated as disseminaters of Borrelia burgdorferi and have
      the potential to spread the organism over a wide geographic range. Borrelia
      burgdorferi has been isolated from the liver and blood of passerine birds and
      from Ixodes dammini removed from passerines. The objective of this study was to
      determine if waterfowl, specifically mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos),
      were susceptible to infection with B. burgdorferi. Eight ducks were inoculated
      with B. burgdorferi; four orally and four intravenously (i.v.) and two ducks were
      inoculated with phosphate buffered saline as controls. All eight inoculated birds
      became infected and developed antibodies to B. burgdorferi. The spirochete was
      isolated from cloacal material from an orally infected duck on day 22
      postinoculation (PI) and from an i.v. infected bird on day 29 PI, from the blood
      of an i.v. infected bird on day 7 PI, and from the kidney of an orally infected
      bird. Borrelia burgdorferi was detected by indirect immunofluorescence using the
      B. burgdorferi specific monoclonal antibody H5332 in kidneys of three orally
      infected birds and one i.v. infected bird and from the mesentery of one orally
      infected bird. These findings show that mallard ducks are susceptible to
      infection by B. burgdorferi and that they can be infected orally and shed the
      organism in the droppings. Thus, mallards could disseminate B. burgdorferi over
      long distances without the need of an arthropod vector.

PMID- 2644454
TI  - Ethical issues in growth hormone therapy.
AB  - Pediatricians face clinical and ethical dilemmas about therapy to augment growth
      in short children who do not meet classic criteria for growth hormone (GH)
      deficiency. Biologic norms of health are unhelpful because of the uncertain
      relationship between stature, GH secretion, health, and disease. Instead, we
      suggest that GH therapy be evaluated from the perspective of cultural norms. We
      compare GH therapy for short normal children with currently accepted therapies
      for non--life-threatening pediatric conditions such as well-child care, cosmetic
      therapy, treatment of psychological problems, and invasive outpatient therapy for
      chronic conditions. Based on this analysis, we argue that the burdens of therapy,
      the uncertainty about long-term risks and benefits, the unclear therapeutic end
      point, and the implications for child health policy place routine GH therapy for
      children without documented deficiency of GH secretion outside current pediatric
      ethical norms. Such therapy is properly administered within a comprehensive
      clinical research protocol.

PMID- 2644455
TI  - 'Senile' osteoporosis reconsidered.
AB  - Osteoporosis is a devastating, morbid, and costly condition whose ravages are
      felt most profoundly by women over age 70 years. Yet most research on its
      prevention and treatment has focused on perimenopausal women, although there are
      significant differences between perimenopausal and older women in factors related
      to bone mineral metabolism, rates of bone loss, the structural integrity of
      remaining bone, risk factors for fractures, and the types of fractures sustained.
      Currently recommended therapies, which slow bone loss in perimenopausal women,
      may be of less benefit for older women whose loss of bone has already slowed or
      ceased and whose remaining bone may be of inadequate quantity and quality to
      prevent fracture. Thus, the application of currently available modalities is
      unlikely to mitigate significantly the consequences of osteoporosis in this
      population. Further research is urgently needed, and some directions for future
      investigation are suggested.

PMID- 2644456
TI  - Reperfusion pulmonary edema.
AB  - Reperfusion following lower-torso ischemia in humans leads to respiratory failure
      manifest by pulmonary hypertension, hypoxemia, and noncardiogenic pulmonary
      edema. The mechanism of injury has been studied in the sheep lung lymph
      preparation, where it has been demonstrated that the reperfusion resulting in
      pulmonary edema is due to an increase in microvascular permeability of the lung
      to protein. This respiratory failure caused by reperfusion appears to be an
      inflammatory reaction associated with intravascular release of the
      chemoattractants leukotriene B4 and thromboxane. Histological studies of the lung
      in experimental animals revealed significant accumulation of neutrophils but not
      platelets in alveolar capillaries. We conclude that thromboxane generated and
      released from the ischemic tissue is responsible for the transient pulmonary
      hypertension. Second, it is likely that the chemoattractants are responsible for
      leukosequestration, and, third, neutrophils, oxygen-derived free radicals, and
      thromboxane moderate the altered lung permeability.

PMID- 2644457
TI  - Should hyperbaric oxygen be used to treat the pregnant patient for acute carbon
      monoxide poisoning? A case report and literature review.
AB  - Carbon monoxide (CO) is the leading cause of death due to poisoning. Although
      uncommon, CO poisoning does occur during pregnancy and can result in fetal
      mortality and neurological malformations in fetuses who survive to term.
      Uncertainty arises regarding the use of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) as a treatment
      for the pregnant patient because of possible adverse effects on the fetus that
      could be induced by oxygen at high partial pressures. While the dangers of
      hyperoxia to the fetus have been demonstrated in animal models, careful review of
      animal studies and human clinical experience indicates that the short duration of
      hyperoxic exposure attained during HBO therapy for CO poisoning can be tolerated
      by the fetus in all stages of pregnancy and reduces the risk of death or
      deformity to the mother and fetus. A case is presented of acute CO poisoning
      during pregnancy that was successfully treated with HBO. Recommendations are
      suggested for the use of HBO during pregnancy.

PMID- 2644458
TI  - A health policy agenda proposal for including the poor.

PMID- 2644459
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer: mournful, hopeful perpetual motion
      machine heads to dim light at end of tunnel.

PMID- 2644460
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a second patient who received a
      cadaveric dura mater graft.

PMID- 2644461
TI  - Rapid screening tests for HIV.

PMID- 2644462
TI  - Cigarette smoking cessation and extracranial carotid atherosclerosis.
AB  - Using B-mode ultrasonography, cigarette smoking was found to be a strong,
      independent risk factor for extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in 1692 black
      and white men and women admitted for diagnostic evaluation of the carotid
      arteries. We found that the difference in mean plaque thickness was smaller
      between past smokers and nonsmokers than between current smokers and nonsmokers,
      suggesting that the rate of progression of carotid atherosclerosis may be slower
      in people who quit smoking compared with people who continue to smoke.

PMID- 2644463
TI  - Formaldehyde. Council on Scientific Affairs.
AB  - In response to Resolution 195 (A-87), the medical literature on the adverse
      health effects of formaldehyde was reviewed, and the potential cancer risk to
      anatomists and other related health professionals from exposure to the chemical
      is described. Though the evidence in humans is limited and controversial, both
      the Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health
      Administration, in their consideration of available epidemiologic and
      toxicological studies, now regard formaldehyde as a possible human carcinogen and
      will regulate it accordingly.

PMID- 2644464
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory
      Committee. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

PMID- 2644465
TI  - Nicotine vs placebo gum in general medical practice.
AB  - Three hundred fifteen smokers who attended a family practice clinic and wished to
      quit smoking were assigned in a random, double-blind manner to receive either
      nicotine (2 mg) or placebo gum. Smokers initially received brief advice from a
      physician and nurse, a slide presentation and written materials (29 to 35
      minutes), and a single follow-up visit (12 to 20 minutes) one week after
      cessation. After corrections for marital status and income, 10% of those who
      received nicotine gum and 7% of those who received placebo gum reported
      continuous abstinence for 11 months and passed observer and biochemical
      verification (this difference was not statistically significant). We conclude
      that, when used in a nonselected group of smokers along with a brief intervention
      in a general medical practice, the pharmacologic effects of nicotine gum to
      increase cessation are either small or nonexistent.

PMID- 2644466
TI  - [Diagnosis of lung cancer].

PMID- 2644467
TI  - [Diagnosis of breast cancer].

PMID- 2644468
TI  - [Diagnosis of thyroid cancer].

PMID- 2644469
TI  - [Diagnosis of esophageal cancer].

PMID- 2644470
TI  - [Diagnosis of stomach cancer].

PMID- 2644471
TI  - [Diagnosis of liver cancer].

PMID- 2644472
TI  - [Diagnosis of biliary tract cancer].

PMID- 2644473
TI  - [Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer].

PMID- 2644474
TI  - [Diagnosis of ovarian cancer].

PMID- 2644475
TI  - [Choriocarcinoma].

PMID- 2644476
TI  - [Kidney cancer].

PMID- 2644477
TI  - [Prostatic cancer].

PMID- 2644478
TI  - [Soft tissue sarcoma].

PMID- 2644479
TI  - [Treatment of adult leukemia].

PMID- 2644481
TI  - [Eye neoplasms].

PMID- 2644480
TI  - [Multiple myeloma].

PMID- 2644482
TI  - Diet and nephropathy.

PMID- 2644483
TI  - IgA nephropathy: pathogenesis of the most common form of glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2644484
TI  - Myofibroblasts from diverse pathologic settings are heterogeneous in their
      content of actin isoforms and intermediate filament proteins.
AB  - We examined by immunofluorescence the distribution of vimentin, desmin, alpha
      smooth muscle actin and alpha-sarcomeric actin in normal human soft tissues and
      in pathologic tissues containing myofibroblasts, including normally healing
      granulation tissue, hypertrophic scar, and fibromatosis. The pattern of actin
      isoforms was also documented biochemically by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis. Fibroblastic and/or myofibroblastic cells in each setting always
      expressed vimentin and never alpha-sarcomeric actin. Moreover, these cells showed
      an heterogeneous cytoskeletal composition which defined four phenotypes: (a)
      cells expressing only vimentin; (b) cells expressing vimentin, alpha-smooth
      muscle actin and desmin; (c) cells expressing vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle
      actin; and (d) cells expressing vimentin and desmin. Given this, two groups of
      lesions are distinguished: the first contains only vimentin cells and consists of
      normally healing granulation tissue, eschars and normally healed scars; the
      second contains vimentin cells admixed with variable proportions of vimentin,
      alpha-smooth muscle actin and desmin, vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin, and
      vimentin and desmin cells and consists of hypertrophic scars and fibromatoses.
      Immunogold electron microscopy showed that alpha-smooth muscle actin was present
      in a proportion of cells with ultrastructural features of myofibroblasts. Our
      findings suggest that contrary to myofibroblasts of normally healing granulation
      tissue and normally healed scars, myofibroblasts of pathologic conditions
      characterized by chronic retraction express always immunochemical features
      indicative of smooth muscle differentiation.

PMID- 2644485
TI  - Loss of blood group ABO-related antigen expression in urothelium from patients
      with chronic cystitis.
AB  - A panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies was used to determine the expression of
      blood group ABH-related antigens carried by type 1 chain (H, Lea, Leb, ALed,
      ALeb) and type 2 chain (N-acetyllactosamine, H, Lex, Ley, A/ALey) core structures
      in biopsies of urothelium from patients with chronic cystitis. The biopsies
      originated from 17 individuals (9 A1, 7 H, 1 B) who had Le(a-b+) erythrocytes,
      and who were saliva secretors. Microscopic examination showed a variable extent
      of edema, hyperemia, bleeding, and infiltration. The expression of blood group
      antigens was determined in the 3 cell layers of urothelium by an indirect
      peroxidase method and compared with previous results from normal urothelium. Type
      1 and type 2 chain A antigens and type 1 chain H antigens were deleted from
      urothelium in a significant (p less than 0.05) number of patients with chronic
      cystitis, and Lea (partly sialylated) expression was extended from the luminal
      cell layer to all cell layers. Antigen expression was independent of the presence
      or absence of polymorphonuclear cells in the infiltrate. In the basal cell layer
      of 44% of patients with chronic cystitis total deletion of type 1 and type 2
      chain antigen expression was dominating. Both type 1 and type 2 chain antigens
      gradually appeared toward the luminal cell layer. The findings are parallel to
      some of those observed in transitional cell carcinomas, and should be taken into
      consideration when evaluating ABH deletion in carcinomas.

PMID- 2644486
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of complement components in formalin-fixed and
      paraffin-embedded renal tissues.
AB  - Although there are many articles describing the detection of complement
      components in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded renal tissues, it is still
      difficult to obtain reproducible results. The authors determined the optimal
      conditions for detecting complement components in routine paraffin sections by
      the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method and concluded that proteolytic
      digestion of the deparaffinized sections was crucial to detect complement and to
      preserve tissue structures. The optimal proteolytic digestion was a 15-minute
      incubation at 37 degrees C in trypsin solution, 0.5 mg/ml, pH 7.6. Under these
      conditions, all of the complement components so far studied (C1q, C1s, C4, C3c,
      C3b, C5, C6, C9, and properdin) were detected without significant destruction of
      tissue structures in 52 renal biopsy specimens from patients with various forms
      of glomerulonephritis. Immunohistochemistry using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase
      complex method was equivalent to indirect immunofluorescence and superior to
      direct immunofluorescence in utility and was useful in the diagnosis of
      glomerular diseases.

PMID- 2644487
TI  - Flow/velocity characteristics of arterial bypass stenoses.
AB  - In the carotid system with relatively constant blood flow, peak systolic velocity
      within a stenosis (PSVST) can characterize the degree of hemodynamic stenosis. We
      have studied flow/velocity characteristics in an in vitro model of stenosis
      within conduits of varying diameters in an attempt to quantify the degree of
      stenosis from flow/velocity profiles in peripheral vein bypasses. A Harvard
      pulsatile flow pump (70 BPM) pumped human blood (HCT, 35-45%) through thin-walled
      polytetrafluoroethylene (3-6 mm in i.d.) into a variable peripheral resistance
      maintaining a constant mean blood pressure of 80 mm Hg over a flow range of 0-500
      ml/min. A Diasonics DRF400 duplex scanner with a 10-MHz imager and 4.5-MHz
      Doppler probe was used to image and Doppler the conduits and measure flow through
      them. Validation of Doppler flow measurements (DF) was performed comparing them
      with flow measured (MF) by timed collection. PSVST within and pressure drop
      across a 50% stenosis was measured for each of the conduit's sizes over a range
      of 0-500 ml/min MF. The results show a good correlation between DF and MF (r =
      0.99, P less than 0.001) for the whole range of internal diameters. In each 50%
      stenosed conduit, PSVST correlated well with MF (r = 0.95, P less than 0.001).
      Curves were constructed of MF vs PSVST for each 50% stenosed conduit. We conclude
      that measurement of volumetric flow, conduit diameter, and peak systolic velocity
      within a vein bypass can objectively predict bypass stenoses of 50% or greater.

PMID- 2644488
TI  - Effects of portacaval shunt, transposition, and dimethylnitrosamine-induced
      chronic liver injury on pancreatic hormones and amino acids in dog.
AB  - The effect of portacaval shunt on amino acid metabolism and pancreatic hormone
      secretion remains a subject of controversy. This might be due to the fact that
      shunt has two consequences; it shunts portal blood into the systemic circulation,
      and it causes hepatic parenchyma dysfunction by decreasing total hepatic blood
      flow. In order to see which one of these two is the more important factor, we
      created a model of portacaval transposition in dogs (PCT) causing portal systemic
      shunting without impairing hepatic blood flow and compared it with a model of
      hepatic dysfunction in dogs created by administering dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA).
      The dynamics of amino acid levels and pancreatic hormone secretion in the portal
      blood were investigated. DMNA dogs and dogs with a standard end-to-side
      portacaval shunt (Eck) showed elevated immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) levels and
      low immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels in the portal blood as well as an amino
      acid imbalance, while values in PCT dogs were similar to those of controls. These
      data suggested that high IRG and low IRI in the portal blood and amino acid
      disturbances in the dogs with Eck shunts were due to hepatic parenchyma
      dysfunction, rather than to portal-systemic shunting.

PMID- 2644489
TI  - Assessment of the early cellular membrane response to live Escherichia coli
      bacteremia.
AB  - Alterations in skeletal muscle cellular function during septic shock have been
      previously demonstrated. However, whether these alterations represent a specific
      response to the septic state or are simply a consequence of low flow is
      uncertain. The present study was designed to evaluate the cellular membrane
      response to the early bacteremic state, prior to the onset of hemodynamic
      compromise. A clinically relevant model of sepsis was achieved in six mongrel
      dogs by intraarterial infusion of live Escherichia coli organisms and concurrent
      volume loading with lactated Ringer's solution. Four sham-treated dogs served as
      controls. Forty-eight hours after induction of sepsis, resting transmembrane
      potential (Em) was measured in a hindlimb adductor muscle. Contemporaneous muscle
      biopsy was performed for determination of transmembrane water and electrolyte
      distribution. The bacteremic state was associated with depolarization of Em to 
      79.7 +/- 1.2 mV from a basal value of -89.3 +/- 0.2 mV (P less than 0.01), while
      Em in the sham-treated group remained unchanged over the same time course. In
      addition, there was a significant increase in the calculated intracellular Na+
      and Cl- concentrations in the septic group (P less than 0.02), while
      intracellular K+ was unchanged. These data are consistent with a selective
      increase in cell membrane permeability to Na+ and indicate that cellular
      alterations in skeletal muscle occur early in the septic course, in the absence
      of hemodynamic compromise. This alteration in membrane permeability appears to be
      common to cells of disparate organ systems in response to sepsis, and may
      represent a protean manifestation of cellular injury.

PMID- 2644490
TI  - Application of MR spectroscopy to the study of tumor biology.
AB  - Though MR spectroscopy has long been used to analyze the structure of organic
      compounds in solution, interest in applying it to the study of biologic systems
      has been slow in evolving because of past problems with spectral resolution in
      solids and gels. Renewed interest in this area has been stimulated both by the
      rapid growth of MR imaging as a clinical tool as well as by improvements in MR
      spectrometer design and use of sophisticated pulse sequences which have greatly
      improved the analysis of molecular composition. This review specifically focuses
      on the application of MR spectroscopy to studying the biology of malignant cells.
      The bulk of MR studies in this area to date have involved either 1H or 31P
      spectroscopy. Several investigators have now demonstrated that 1H spectra can be
      used to distinguish both animal and human tumors of differing metastatic
      properties. Preliminary data suggest that these spectral differences result in
      part from differences in cell surface glycoproteins and/or glycolipids between
      cells of low and high metastatic potential. Many of these molecules can absorb
      cell water potentially affecting T1 of cell water by their relative
      concentrations. Prolonged T2 relaxation times have been associated with some
      spectral peaks which distinguish cells of differing metastatic potential. The
      findings may partly explain why tumors have the prolonged T1 and T2 relaxation
      times seen in proton MR imaging. Other 1H MR spectroscopic studies suggest that
      there are detectable differences in plasma lipids in patients with a variety of
      malignancies compared to normal controls, suggesting possible utility as a
      screening test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644491
TI  - Pulmonary embolism and cancer: predisposition to venous thrombosis and embolism
      as a paraneoplastic syndrome.
AB  - In patients with a malignant primary disease the risk of thromboembolic
      complication is demonstrably increased. This is undoubtedly attributable to a
      whole range of factors (multifactorial etiology) which are highlighted in the
      present synoptic study. In addition to local influences from the tumor, a
      particular role appears to be played by an increased aggregation of thrombocytes,
      various tumor cell products, polyglobulism, hypercalcemia, increased release of
      thrombocinase, microthrombotic embolization, and a decrease in antithrombin III.

PMID- 2644492
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of mesocolic lymph node cells in human colorectal
      cancer.
AB  - Localization of lymphocyte subsets and macrophages in the mesocolic lymph node of
      the colorectal cancer and their distribution among the paracolic, intermediate,
      and main nodes were studied quantitatively by means of immunohistochemical
      staining with monoclonal antibodies. In all of the three lymph node groups, in
      the paracortex, helper/inducer T cells were more numerous than
      suppressor/cytotoxic T cells. The number of whole T cells in the paracortex
      diminished with increasing proximity to the primary tumor. In the three lymph
      node groups, no significant difference was found regarding the ratio of the cell
      number among suppressor/cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages.
      Lymphocytes in the paracortex of lymph node had a positive correlation to
      lymphocytes in the peritumoral stroma and intratumoral fields. These data neither
      suggest the presence of a powerful immunological reaction in the mesocolic lymph
      node nor support the concept of conservation of uninvolved regional lymph nodes
      in the surgery of the colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2644493
TI  - Myxoid liposarcoma of the spermatic cord.
AB  - The clinical and pathological features of one new and eight previously reported
      myxoid liposarcomas of paratesticular origin were reviewed. This kind of tumor
      was seen in an older population (average age 64 years), most of whom had scrotal
      masses of long duration (average 3.3 years). The tumors are large, usually
      painless, and are frequently misdiagnosed as hydroceles or inguinal hernias. All
      patients were treated by radical inguinal orchiectomy and are alive with follow
      ups of 1-9 years.

PMID- 2644494
TI  - Indirect induction of differentiation of normal and leukemic myeloid cells by
      recombinant interleukin 1.
AB  - Different clones of myeloid leukemic cells can be induced to differentiate to
      mature macrophages or granulocytes by different normal hematopoietic regulatory
      proteins. The present experiments with recombinant IL-1 alpha and recombinant IL
      1 beta show that, (a) that there are clones of myeloid leukemic cells which can
      be induced to differentiate to mature cells by the myeloid cell differentiation
      inducing protein MGI-2 and can also be induced to differentiate to mature
      macrophages and granulocytes by both types of IL-1; (b) this IL-1-induced
      differentiation is mediated by endogenous production of differentiation-inducing
      protein MGI-2; (c) IL-1 and MGI-2 induce production of GM-CSF in these leukemic
      cells; and (d) IL-1 also induces cell differentiation and production of MGI-2 and
      GM-CSF in normal myeloid precursor cells. The results indicate that IL-1 induces
      differentiation indirectly.

PMID- 2644495
TI  - The elimination of malignant B lymphocytes from human bone marrow using
      monoclonal antibodies DLC-48 and LN-1 and human serum: a preclinical study.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies DLC-48 and LN-1 were evaluated for use in purging malignant
      lymphoma cells from human bone marrow. Using a 51Cr-release assay and sensitive
      clonogenic assay for the SU-DHL-2 and -4 cell lines, it was established that
      greater than four logs of malignant lymphoid cells can be eliminated from human
      bone marrow autografts with three treatments of antibody and autologous human
      serum at a final cell concentration of 1 X 10(7) cells/ml. A combination of DLC
      48 and LN-1 was more effective than either antibody alone. Treatment with
      antibody and autologous serum had no effect on the growth of human hematopoietic
      progenitor cells. The clinical effects of marrow treatment with DLC-48 and LN-1
      will be evaluated in upcoming clinical trials.

PMID- 2644496
TI  - Physiological and clinical chemistry of biopterin.

PMID- 2644497
TI  - Interactions of monoamine oxidase with substrates and inhibitors.

PMID- 2644499
TI  - [Freud--the Vesalius of our time?].

PMID- 2644498
TI  - Intensely sweet compounds of natural origin.

PMID- 2644500
TI  - [Issue dedicated to Prof. H. H. Naumann on the occasion of his 70th birthday].

PMID- 2644501
TI  - [Free microvascular tissue transfer. Clinical significance in reconstructive
      surgery of the head and neck].
AB  - Free microvascular anastomosed tissue transfer has improved the reconstruction of
      soft tissue defects dramatically. For reconstruction of facial and cervical soft
      tissue defects numerous free flaps are available to the head and neck surgeon,
      however, most of the reconstructive problems can be solved by using a limited
      number of reliable and versatile techniques. In microvascular tissue transfer,
      the scapular flap offers similar advantages as to reliability and versatility as
      the pectoralis major flap in pedicled tissue transfer. In contrast to the
      scapular flap the groin flap is more bulky, its skin is soft and may carry pubic
      hair on its medial aspect. After partial maxillectomy or in facial dysplasia
      facial contour may be restored satisfactory with a completely or partially de
      epithelialized scapular flap. In total hypopharyngeal and cervicoesophageal
      defects the jejunum transplant provides an ideal tubular replacement. If after
      resection of an intraoral carcinoma with partial mandibulectomy an osteocutaneous
      transfer has to be achieved the mandibular defect may be reconstructed with bone
      from the iliac crest or from the radius while the intra- and extraoral tissue
      defect may be closed with the adjacent skin flaps. For the closure of large
      penetrating defects of the cheek the inferior epigastric abdominal wall flap in
      particular has proved a versatile and reliable flap. This flap offers both, a
      cutaneous and a peritoneal surface. Latter is used for the replacement of the
      intraoral lining.

PMID- 2644502
TI  - [Functional morphology of endonasal blood capillaries].
AB  - Harvey (1628) was the first to describe the blood circulatory system. 50 years
      later, the capillary system was discovered by Marcello Malpighi as a link between
      arteries and veins. Since then, the microvascular network has been examined
      abundantly by means of various morphological and physiological techniques. During
      the last decades the development of the technical equipment enabled us to receive
      detailed informations on the structural and ultrastructural aspects of the
      vasculature and--particularly--the capillary endothelium. New electron
      microscopic investigations on the behaviour of this special cell system. In the
      present study we combined our own morphological results on the endonasal
      microcirculatory system--using different morphological techniques--to interpret
      these anatomical finding under functional aspects.

PMID- 2644503
TI  - [Allergic Aspergillus sinusitis].
AB  - The leading symptom of the allergic aspergillus sinusitis is the accumulation of
      mucoid material, Charcot-Leyden crystals and scattered aspergillus hyphae can
      usually be found. The mucosa itself shows a typically allergic reaction with
      distinct eosinophilia and additional inflammatory infiltrates. The histological
      and serological appearance of the allergic aspergillus sinusitis resembles that
      of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The relation between these syndrome,
      as well as the treatment of allergic aspergillus sinusitis, are discussed.

PMID- 2644504
TI  - [What has changed in esthetic and functional corrective surgery of the nose?].
AB  - The septo-rhinoplasty is a standard procedure in head and neck surgery. Only
      slight modifications have been developed during the last years concerning
      especially the surgery of the septum, the tip of the nose and the osteotomies.
      The presently well favored "external rhinoplasty" is not of any advantage and
      should be restricted to only few indications. In the present paper the different
      surgical approaches are described for the various nose deformities of adults and
      especially for those problems related to children.

PMID- 2644505
TI  - [Cervical afferent fibers and their relation to the regulation of equilibrium].
AB  - Experiments with stimulation or denervation of cervical dorsal roots in animals
      have shown that input of the deep neck region is important for orientation,
      upright posture and the control of eye movements. Muscle spindles seem to play a
      dominant role as receptors for neck movements. Different ascending pathways
      project to the central nervous system and the signals interact with visual and
      vestibular stimuli. Cervical afferences provide a stabilization of the trunk
      during head movements because neck reflexes cancel labyrinthine reflexes.
      Posturographic measurements with head extension manoeuvres however did not turn
      out to be helpful in dizzy patients. Cervically induced eye movements are part of
      the complex head-eye coordination. The characteristics of cervico-ocular
      reactions are described. They show in relation to different neck torsion
      velocities a tuning curve with maximum reactions at slow velocities. Therefore
      the velocity of trunk rotation is, among others, an important factor when
      stimulating cervical afferences. The results from literature as well as own
      experiments show that there exists no method as yet that could yield positive
      evidence of cervical dizziness.

PMID- 2644506
TI  - Magnetically controlled targeted micro-carrier systems.
AB  - Magnetically controlled targeted drug delivery systems are aimed at concentrating
      drugs at a defined target site, with the aid of a magnetic field. This technique
      has been developed specifically for directing drugs away from the
      reticuloendothelial system (RES). Literature on this topic suggests that these
      delivery systems are capable of altering the distribution of chemotherapeutic
      agents in the body. Hence these delivery devices offer the possibility of
      improving the therapeutic efficacy of the associated drugs. This paper reviews
      the work done to date towards the development and evaluation of biodegradable and
      non-biodegradable magnetic targeted drug delivery systems and outlines their
      future prospects and limitations in cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2644507
TI  - Changes in activity of the renin-angiotensin system of the rat by induction of
      acute inflammation.
AB  - Angiotensinogen is the precursor of biologically active peptide angiotensin II
      and its hepatic synthesis is increased by the induction of acute inflammation.
      Studies were carried out to know whether the rise in plasma angiotensinogen is
      actually involved in the activity of the renin-angiotensin system during acute
      inflammation. The plasma level of angiotensinogen in rats was increased to 2.5
      times the normal level 16 h after the induction of acute inflammation by
      administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The plasma renin concentration (PRC)
      was decreased to about 40% of the normal level concomitantly with a reduction of
      plasma renin activity (PRA) at 4 h after LPS administration. In contrast, 16 h
      after LPS injection, when plasma angiotensinogen showed a high level and PRC had
      recovered to the normal range, PRA was increased to 1.7 times the normal level.
      These results indicate that acute inflammation induced by LPS causes a biphasic
      change in the generation of angiotensin I, i.e., an early decrease depending upon
      the reduction of PRC and later increase depending upon elevation of the
      angiotensinogen concentration.

PMID- 2644508
TI  - Effect of ethanol on androgen receptors in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus
      and brain cortex in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate ethanol-induced changes in androgen
      receptor sites in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, and brain cortex. Young
      adult male King-Holtzman rats were fed for 5 months a nutritionally complete
      liquid diet, with ethanol or isocaloric sucrose constituting 36% of the total
      calories. Androgen receptor sites were measured by sucrose density gradient and
      charcoal assay using tritiated dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Scatchard plot analysis
      of the data revealed that apparent dissociation constants of DHT-receptor complex
      for the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, and brain cortex from alcohol-fed
      animals were estimated to be 0.7 +/- 0.13, 0.6 +/- 0.16 and 0.9 +/- 0.15 nM,
      respectively. These values are identical to those of their isocaloric controls.
      The concentrations of cytosol androgen receptors of the pituitary, hypothalamus,
      and brain cortex from alcohol-fed rats were 8.0 +/- 1.2, 6.2 +/- 1.0 and 4.9 +/-
      0.7 fmol/mg protein, respectively. This represents about a 34, 24, and 22%
      reduction when compared to the values of the isocaloric control animals. In
      contrast to control rats, neither castration nor androgen or LHRH replacement to
      castrated alcohol-fed rats altered an alcohol-induced reduction of androgen
      receptor contents. Serum LH and testosterone levels were significantly decreased
      in alcohol-fed rats but these hormone levels were increased by administration of
      LHRH or norepinephrine. Such reduction of androgen receptors, serum LH and
      testosterone, but enhancement of these hormone levels by treatment with
      neurohormone and neurotransmitter in these animals suggests that ethanol exerts
      an adverse effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary unit and the neurotransmitter
      hypothalamic hormone relationship, resulting in impairment of the androgen
      induced sexual events and a suppression of the pituitary gonadotropin secretion.

PMID- 2644509
TI  - Effects of acute sodium salicylate on the abnormal counterregulatory glucagon and
      epinephrine responses to insulin hypoglycemia in diabetic rats.
AB  - Effects of acute sodium salicylate infusion on glucagon and epinephrine responses
      to insulin hypoglycemia were studied in streptozotocin diabetic and age-matched
      control rats. Sodium salicylate (50 mg/kg/h) was infused intravenously alone for
      90 minutes and then with insulin in short-term (10-15 days post-streptozotocin)
      and long-term (80-100 days post-streptozotocin) diabetic as well as age-matched
      control rats to produce hypoglycemia. Sodium salicylate decreased basal plasma
      glucose in control and diabetic rats but increased basal plasma glucagon levels
      only in control rats. The infusion of sodium salicylate during insulin
      hypoglycemia in control and short-term diabetic rats caused a significant
      increase in glucagon secretion. Long-term diabetic rats have impaired glucagon
      and epinephrine secretory responses to insulin-hypoglycemia. This defect was
      normalized by acute sodium salicylate infusion during insulin-hypoglycemia.
      However, indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.p.; twice at 18 hr intervals) improved, but
      failed to completely normalize the abnormal glucagon and epinephrine secretory
      responses to insulin-hypoglycemia in long-term diabetic rats. These results
      suggest that endogenous prostaglandins may play a partial role in the impairment
      of glucagon and epinephrine secretion in response to insulin-hypoglycemia in long
      term diabetic rats.

PMID- 2644510
TI  - The second George Entwisle lecture in hypertension: is cure for hypertension a
      reasonable goal?
AB  - On his retirement, George Entwisle MD, who served for eight years as Commissioner
      on the Maryland Commission on High Blood Pressure and Related Cardiovascular Risk
      Factors, was honored by the establishment of an annual lectureship at the
      University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and
      Preventive Medicine. We present a summary of the second inaugural lecture, given
      in May 1988. Much of the material presented was derived from the Hypertension
      Detection and Follow-up Program or from studies that followed. Both Drs. Entwisle
      and Langford were investigators in the HDFP.

PMID- 2644511
TI  - A primer on tort law.

PMID- 2644512
TI  - Health maintenance issues of the elderly. Incontinence.
AB  - Urinary incontinence, a prevalent and costly health problem that can have adverse
      effects on a patient's physical health and psychosocial status, often influences
      decisions for institutionalization.

PMID- 2644513
TI  - Pharmacotherapeutics in the elderly.
AB  - Drugs are the most cost-effective modality of chronic care, and older adults with
      multiple illnesses often need multiple drugs. Because this may lead to drug
      interactions, adverse drug effects, and problems with compliance, drug regimens
      should be individualized and as few drugs as possible used. When a new drug is
      indicated, it is important for the physician reassess the appropriateness and
      continued need for the existing regimen. Patients and providers must agree on a
      particular regimen, its goals, promises, and limitations.

PMID- 2644514
TI  - Rehabilitation in the elderly.
AB  - Prevention of disease should be every physician's goal, however, when primary or
      secondary prevention fail, rehabilitation of the patient becomes an additional
      goal. Elderly patient can be as successfully rehabilitated as younger patients,
      but their special needs are most successfully met by a multidisciplinary team.
      Almost every patient with a disability warrants a trial of rehabilitation aimed
      toward placing the patient in the least restrictive environment possible.
      Rehabilitation is especially useful in patients with arthritis, and following
      stroke, joint replacement, and amputation.

PMID- 2644515
TI  - Salmonella enteritidis and Grade A shell eggs.

PMID- 2644516
TI  - U-M's Rackham Arthritis Research Unit.

PMID- 2644517
TI  - Food interacting with MAO inhibitors.

PMID- 2644518
TI  - Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy for gallbladder stones.

PMID- 2644519
TI  - Renal catecholamine metabolism.
AB  - Renal catecholamine metabolism encompasses: (1) catecholamine metabolism within
      the kidney intrinsic to renal sympathetic nervous function and renal tubular
      production of dopamine; (2) the overflow of catecholamines, released within the
      kidney, into the renal vein; (3) the excretion into urine of catecholamines and
      catecholamine metabolites, and (4) the extraction of catecholamines from plasma
      by the kidney. Study of these elements of catecholamine metabolism by the kidney
      provides a theoretical underpinning for the use of biochemical methodology in the
      experimental and clinical investigation of the properties of the renal
      sympathetic nerves.

PMID- 2644520
TI  - Characteristics of ongoing and reflex discharge of renal postganglionic neurons.
AB  - Characteristics of basal and reflex firing of single renal postganglionic fibers
      are reviewed to ascertain whether subpopulations of renal neurons can be
      distinguished. Moreover, characteristics of renal neurons are contrasted with
      those of sympathetic neurons innervating vascular and nonvascular tissues of the
      spleen and small intestine. Attempts to distinguish functional subtypes of renal
      neurons based on their responses to excitatory or inhibitory influences led to no
      clear conclusions. Responses of the renal population of neurons differed from
      those of the splenic and mesenteric populations of postganglionic neurons. Our
      findings provided no concrete answers about the neural mechanisms by which
      different functions of the kidney may be regulated selectively. This question
      continues to require careful and insightful investigation.

PMID- 2644521
TI  - Neural control of renal circulation.
AB  - It has long been appreciated that renal nerves influence renal hemodynamics.
      Direct or reflex activation of renal nerves causes vasoconstriction, with the
      degree of vasoconstriction being proportional to the magnitude of stimulation.
      Conversely, removal of enhanced nerve activity ameliorates renal
      vasoconstriction. The effector loci within the renal microcirculation have been
      identified and include afferent and efferent arterioles as well as the glomerular
      capillary bed itself. The hemodynamic changes have been corroborated by
      morphological studies which reveal that the lumen of arterioles constrict and the
      glomerular capillary tuft contracts following an increase in neural activity.
      Moreover, mesangial cells, which are the putative vectors of regulation of
      hemodynamics within the glomerular capillary bed, constrict in response to the
      neurotransmitter, norepinephrine.

PMID- 2644522
TI  - Neural control of renal tubular solute and water transport.
AB  - The neural control of renal tubular solute and water transport is recognized as
      an important physiological mechanism in the overall regulation of solute and
      water homeostasis by the mammalian organism. Recent studies have expanded the
      understanding of this mechanism concerning the transport of diverse solutes with
      beginning insight into the precise nature of the cellular transport processes
      involved. The modulatory roles of both circulating and intrarenal hormonal
      systems on the responses to alterations in the magnitude of efferent renal
      sympathetic nerve activity are being understood from the nerve terminal release
      of neurotransmitter to influences on cellular transport processes which determine
      the overall effect. When dietary sodium intake is normal or only modestly
      reduced, intact renal innervation is not essential for normal renal sodium
      conservation. However, when dietary sodium intake is severely restricted, there
      is maximum engagement of all mechanisms known to participate in renal sodium
      conservation and, under these conditions, intact renal innervation is essential
      for normal renal sodium conservation.

PMID- 2644523
TI  - Renal neurogenic control of renin and prostaglandin release.
AB  - The neurogenic regulation of renal hormonal secretion has been the focus of
      numerous investigations since the anatomical identification of sympathetic
      innervation of structures within the kidney other than vascular smooth muscle.
      The major thrust of this research effort has been on the nature of the neurogenic
      signal in the regulation of renin and prostaglandin secretion from the kidney
      into the systemic circulation. Activation of renal sympathetic outflow increases
      both renin and prostaglandin release and these humoral responses are mediated by
      beta 1- and alpha-adrenoceptors, respectively. The mechanisms surrounding the
      release of each of these humoral factors are highly dependent upon the intensity
      of the neural signal since higher levels of sympathetic activation invoke both
      tubular and vascular signals which can summate to enhance both the renin and
      prostaglandin responses. Thus, the interactions which exist between renal
      sympathetic nerve activity, renin secretion and prostaglandin release can
      importantly influence renal function and the combination of these factors may
      alter the regulation of sodium and water balance and consequently the control of
      arterial pressure.

PMID- 2644524
TI  - Electrophysiological characteristics of renal sensory receptors and afferent
      renal nerves.
AB  - The characteristics of afferent renal nerves are described. Renal baroreceptors
      are excited by increases in renal arterial pressure, venous pressure or
      interstitial pressure. Increases in intrapelvic pressure also excite renal
      afferent nerves though these have not been dissociated from renal tissue pressure
      receptors or renal chemoreceptors which are also excited by increased intrapelvic
      pressure with urine. The renal chemoreceptors are excited by renal ischemia,
      backflow of urine into the renal pelvis and pelvic perfusion with solutions of
      KCl. Injections of bradykinin and capsaicin also activate these receptors. These
      sensitivities are discussed with respect to other visceral afferent nerves and
      their role in renal nociception.

PMID- 2644525
TI  - Renorenal reflexes in normotension and hypertension.
AB  - The renorenal reflex responses to physiological stimulation of the afferent renal
      nerves are species-dependent. In dogs, renal mechanoreceptor (MR) stimulation
      results in a contralateral excitatory renorenal reflex response with a fall in
      contralateral renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion at unchanged mean
      arterial pressure. In cats, renal MR stimulation increases mean arterial pressure
      and produces variable effects on contralateral renal excretion. In rats, renal MR
      stimulation results in a contralateral inhibitory renorenal reflex response with
      contralateral diuresis and natriuresis at unchanged systemic and contralateral
      renal hemodynamics. Renal chemoreceptor (CR) stimulation produces similar
      results. In spontaneously hypertensive rats renal MR and CR stimulation fails to
      produce a renorenal reflex response.

PMID- 2644526
TI  - Renal nerves in hypertension.
AB  - In experimental hypertension, renal denervation prevents or delays the onset of
      the disease. Classically, renal denervation implies surgical interruption of the
      renal nerve bundles. This results in destruction of efferent as well as afferent
      renal nerves. Efferent renal nerves may directly alter renal function and/or
      humoral mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, thereby
      affecting blood pressure. Afferent renal nerves, on the other hand, may modulate
      sympathetic nervous and neurohumoral mechanisms that are involved in blood
      pressure control. Thus, each nerve population may contribute to the disease.
      Evidence for such involvements of both sections of the renal nervous system is
      discussed.

PMID- 2644527
TI  - Effect of environmental stress on neural control of renal function.
AB  - Environmental stress increases renal sympathetic nerve activity and decreases
      urinary sodium excretion to a greater degree in conscious hypertensive rats
      (spontaneously hypertensive rat; deoxycorticosterone-sodium chloride, Dahl salt
      sensitive) than normotensive control rats. The dependence of the antinatriuretic
      response to environmental stress on the renal sympathetic nerves is indicated by
      the finding that renal denervation prevents the response. Central nervous system
      beta 2- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors mediated the renal sympathetic nerve activity
      and antinatriuretic responses to environmental stress in conscious spontaneously
      hypertensive rats. Increased renal sympathetic nerve activity and renal sodium
      retention may contribute to chronic stress hypertension.

PMID- 2644528
TI  - Renal nerves in renal sodium-retaining states: cirrhotic ascites, congestive
      heart failure, nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - The focus of this review is on the role of the renal nerves in contributing to
      the sodium retention associated with cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, and
      nephrotic syndrome. With respect to these three disease state information is
      presented which indicates that conditions exist which would be predicted to
      activate the sympathetic nervous system. Consistent with this, indirect indices
      of increased peripheral and renal sympathetic nerve activity are observed in
      these diseases. Acute experiments have indicated that the renal nerves are
      influencing sodium excretion in these sodium-retaining disorders. The renal
      nerves have the capacity to influence tubular sodium transport, renal
      hemodynamics, and renal endocrine release, all of which may affect the renal
      handling of sodium. Experiments are discussed which have implicated all three
      mechanisms of action in cirrhosis and congestive heart failure. Despite the fact
      that studies are demonstrating an increasing importance of the renal nerves,
      experiments have not been conducted to definitively implicate the renal nerves as
      being responsible for the long-term sodium retention in these disease conditions.

PMID- 2644529
TI  - The resource-based relative value scale. In search of equity.

PMID- 2644530
TI  - Growth hormone is a growth factor for the differentiated pancreatic beta-cell.
AB  - The regulation of the growth of the pancreatic beta-cell is poorly understood.
      There are previous indications of a role of GH in the growth and insulin
      production of the pancreatic islets. In the present study we present evidence for
      a direct long-term effect of GH on proliferation and insulin biosynthesis of
      pancreatic beta-cells in monolayer culture. In culture medium RPMI 1640
      supplemented with 2% normal human serum islets or dissociated islet cells from
      newborn rats maintained their insulin-producing capacity. When supplemented with
      1-1000 ng/ml pituitary or recombinant human GH the islet cells attached, spread
      out, and proliferated into monolayers mainly consisting of insulin-containing
      cells. The number of beta-cells in S-phase was increased from 0.9-6.5% as
      determined by immunochemical staining of bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into
      insulin-positive cells. The increase in cell number was accompanied with a
      continuous increase in insulin release to the culture medium reaching a 10- 20
      fold increase after 2-3 months with a half-maximal effect at about 10 ng/ml human
      GH. The biosynthesis of (pro)insulin was markedly increased with a normal rate of
      conversion of proinsulin to insulin. It is concluded that GH is a potent growth
      factor for the differentiated pancreatic beta-cell.

PMID- 2644531
TI  - A randomized clinical trial evaluating sequential methotrexate and fluorouracil
      in the treatment of patients with node-negative breast cancer who have estrogen
      receptor-negative tumors.
AB  - We evaluated the postoperative use of sequential methotrexate and fluorouracil
      followed by leucovorin in 679 patients with primary breast cancer, histologically
      negative axillary nodes, and estrogen-receptor-negative (less than 10 fmol)
      tumors. No survival advantage was observed with this therapy as compared with no
      postoperative therapy during four years of follow-up (87 percent vs. 86 percent;
      P = 0.8). However, there was a significant prolongation of disease-free survival
      among women who received this therapy as compared with those who did not (80
      percent vs. 71 percent; P = 0.003). An advantage was observed in both the
      patients less than or equal to 49 years old and those greater than or equal to
      50. At four years, treatment failure was reduced by 24 percent in the younger
      group and by 50 percent in the older group. The rates of both local and regional
      and distant metastases were decreased. These benefits, achieved without the use
      of an alkylating agent, were associated with tolerable side effects. Multivariate
      analysis testing for potential interactions failed to identify subgroups of
      patients who did not benefit from the therapy. These results, although promising,
      do not obviate the need for additional trials to evaluate potentially better
      regimens of therapy, but they do suggest that sequential methotrexate
      fluorouracil should be used in the control arm in such studies. Their use is also
      justified for the treatment of patients who refuse to participate in clinical
      trials, provided the patients meet the eligibility criteria of the present study.
      Since women with tumors too small for conventional analysis of estrogen-receptor
      and progesterone-receptor concentrations were not included in this study, we do
      not recommend systemic treatment for them outside of a clinical trial.

PMID- 2644532
TI  - A randomized clinical trial evaluating tamoxifen in the treatment of patients
      with node-negative breast cancer who have estrogen-receptor-positive tumors.
AB  - We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of
      postoperative therapy with tamoxifen (10 mg twice a day) in 2644 patients with
      breast cancer, histologically negative axillary nodes, and estrogen-receptor
      positive (greater than or equal to 10 fmol) tumors. No survival advantage was
      observed during four years of follow-up (92 percent for placebo vs. 93 percent
      for tamoxifen; P = 0.3). There was a significant prolongation of disease-free
      survival among women treated with tamoxifen, as compared with those receiving
      placebo (83 percent vs. 77 percent; P less than 0.00001). This advantage was
      observed in both the patients less than or equal to 49 years old (P = 0.0005) and
      those greater than or equal to 50 (P = 0.0008), particularly in the former, among
      whom the rate of treatment failure was reduced by 44 percent. Multivariate
      analysis indicated that all subgroups of patients benefited. Tamoxifen
      significantly reduced the rate of treatment failure at local and distant sites,
      tumors in the opposite breast, and the incidence of tumor recurrence after
      lumpectomy and breast irradiation. The benefit was attained with a low incidence
      of clinically appreciable toxic effects. The magnitude of the improvement
      obtained does not preclude the need for future trials in which patients given
      tamoxifen could serve as the control group in an evaluation of potentially better
      therapies. Tamoxifen treatment is justified in patients who meet the eligibility
      criteria of the present study and who refuse to participate in those trials.
      Since patients with tumors too small for conventional analysis of estrogen
      receptor and progesterone-receptor concentrations were not eligible for this
      study, no information is available to indicate that such patients should receive
      tamoxifen.

PMID- 2644533
TI  - Prolonged disease-free survival after one course of perioperative adjuvant
      chemotherapy for node-negative breast cancer.
AB  - We compared a single perioperative cycle of adjuvant combination chemotherapy
      with no adjuvant treatment in a randomized trial (Ludwig Trial V) including 1275
      patients with breast cancer who had no axillary-node metastases. The chemotherapy
      was administered on days 1 and 8, beginning within 36 hours after mastectomy, and
      consisted of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil, and leucovorin. At a
      median follow-up of 42 months, the mean four-year disease-free survival (+/- SE)
      was 77 +/- 2 percent among the patients who received chemotherapy
      perioperatively, as compared with 73 +/- 2 percent among the patients who
      received no adjuvant treatment (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95 percent confidence
      interval, 0.61 to 0.98; P = 0.04). An advantage was observed for both
      premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The magnitude of the treatment effect was
      largest among patients with no or low estrogen-receptor content in the primary
      tumor. We conclude that chemotherapy modifies the post-operative course of node
      negative breast cancer. Further trials to investigate an optimal selection of
      patients and treatments should be regarded as the best available therapeutic
      approach.

PMID- 2644534
TI  - A randomized trial of intensive insulin therapy in newly diagnosed insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - A period of early, intensive insulin treatment is thought to improve subsequent
      beta-cell function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). To study this
      hypothesis, we randomly assigned adolescents with newly diagnosed IDDM to receive
      either conventional treatment (n = 14) (NPH insulin, 1 U per kilogram of body
      weight per day, in two divided doses) or an experimental treatment (n = 12) (a
      two-week hospitalization with maintenance of blood glucose levels between 3.3 and
      4.4 mmol per liter by continuous insulin infusion delivered by an external
      artificial pancreas [Biostator]). During the two-week intervention, the
      experimental-therapy group received four times more insulin than the
      conventionally treated group, and their endogenous insulin secretion was more
      completely suppressed, as evidenced by a urinary C-peptide excretion rate one
      seventh that of the conventionally treated group. After the first two weeks, both
      groups were treated similarly and received similar amounts of insulin. At one
      year, the mean (+/- SEM) plasma level of C peptide was significantly higher after
      mixed-meal stimulation in the experimental-therapy group than in the
      conventionally treated group (0.51 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.27 +/- 0.06; P less than 0.01).
      The experimental-therapy group also had better metabolic control, as evidenced by
      lower glycohemoglobin values (7.2 +/- 0.7 vs. 10.8 +/- 1.2 percent; P less than
      0.01). We conclude that suppression of endogenous insulin by intensive,
      continuous insulin treatment during the first two weeks after the diagnosis of
      IDDM may improve beta-cell function during the subsequent year.

PMID- 2644535
TI  - Delirium in the elderly patient.

PMID- 2644536
TI  - Did Leonardo describe Parkinson's disease?

PMID- 2644537
TI  - A threat to paleopathology and medical research.

PMID- 2644538
TI  - London kidney exchange in trouble.

PMID- 2644539
TI  - Peptide structure. Beyond transcriptional events.

PMID- 2644540
TI  - A protein with many functions?

PMID- 2644541
TI  - Segmental patterns of neuronal development in the chick hindbrain.
AB  - Identification of specific neuronal populations and their projections in the
      developing hindbrain reveals a segmental organization in which pairs of metameric
      epithelial units cooperate to generate the repeating sequence of cranial
      branchiomotor nerves. Neurogenesis also follows a two-segment repeat, suggesting
      parallels with insect pattern formation.

PMID- 2644542
TI  - Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase is the cyclosporin A-binding protein
      cyclophilin.
AB  - Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) catalyses the cis-trans
      isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and has been shown
      to accelerate the refolding of several proteins in vitro. Its activity has been
      detected in yeast, insects and Escherichia coli as well as in mammals, and it is
      though to be essential for protein folding during protein synthesis in the cell.
      We purified PPIase from pig kidney and found that its amino-acid sequence is
      identical to that reported for bovine cyclophilin, a protein known to bind the
      immunosuppressive drug, cyclosporin A (ref. 5). To investigate the functional
      relationship between PPIase and cyclophilin we examined the effect of cyclosporin
      A on PPIase activity and found that it was inhibitory. Thus we propose that the
      peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerizing activity of PPIase may be involved in
      events, such as those occurring early in T-cell activation, that are suppressed
      by cyclosporin A.

PMID- 2644543
TI  - G-protein subunits. Who carries what message?

PMID- 2644544
TI  - Copulation dynamics. Out for the sperm count.

PMID- 2644545
TI  - The names and faces of medicine. Angle of Louis.

PMID- 2644546
TI  - Nathan Womack and the First Department of Surgery at the University of North
      Carolina.

PMID- 2644547
TI  - J. Seaborn Blair, Jr., M.D., family physician of the year.

PMID- 2644548
TI  - Ewald W. Busse, M.D., sc. D. (Hon). A physician who made a difference.

PMID- 2644549
TI  - [Cyclosporin: key and border indications].

PMID- 2644550
TI  - [Current developments in the field of sepsis: tumor necrosis factor (cachectin)].

PMID- 2644551
TI  - [The value of Micro-Bumin test reagent tablets for the detection of micro
      albuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2644552
TI  - [Endocarditis prophylaxis in idiopathic mitral valve prolapse].

PMID- 2644553
TI  - [Congenital vascular rings in children].
AB  - Two children with symptoms of dysphagia, dyspnoea and chronic pulmonary
      infections secondary to anomalies of the aortic arch are presented. Diagnostic
      procedures included oesophagography and aortic arch angiography. These showed a
      double aortic arch in the first child and an aberrant right subclavian artery in
      the second one, leading to compression of both trachea and oesophagus. Both
      children underwent surgery: in the first child the atretic anterior arch and the
      left ligamentum arteriosum were divided; in the second child the aberrant right
      subclavian artery was divided at its origin from the descending aorta and
      connected to the ascending aorta. Follow-up examinations showed a complete
      recovery of both patients.

PMID- 2644554
TI  - [A most malignant lung tuberculosis in Ruigezand].

PMID- 2644555
TI  - Hypoglycaemia induced by septic shock.

PMID- 2644556
TI  - Gall-stone dissolution treatment using cholelitholytic bile acids: experience
      with 24 patients.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with radiolucent gall stones were treated with
      cholelitholytic bile acids. Complete gall-stone dissolution was achieved in 8
      patients (33%) and partial dissolution in 3 patients (13%). Therapy was never
      successful for large gall stones (greater than 15 mm). Even in the group of
      patients with very small stones (less than or equal to 5 mm) complete dissolution
      was obtained in only 47% of cases. Patients with atypical abdominal complaints or
      without symptoms never developed biliary pain or colic nor did their symptoms
      improve during therapy. On the contrary, 3 of 6 patients with previous biliary
      pain or colic had to be operated because of recurrence during therapy.

PMID- 2644557
TI  - Dopamine and the kidney.

PMID- 2644558
TI  - Shigellosis and AIDS. Report of a case and brief review of the literature.
AB  - This report describes the fatal outcome of an infection with Shigella flexneri in
      a 39-yr-old man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The pertinent
      literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2644559
TI  - The prevention of oral complications in bone-marrow transplantations by means of
      oral hygiene and dental intervention.
AB  - Oral complications cause morbidity and mortality in patients, undergoing
      allogeneic or autologous bone-marrow transplantation. The clinical features and
      the pathogenesis of the oral sequelae of bone marrow ablative therapy and graft
      versus-host disease are discussed. In addition, a preventive oral care procedure
      before, during and after bone-marrow transplantation is proposed.

PMID- 2644560
TI  - Nature of renal involvement in the acro-renal-ocular syndrome.
AB  - A 16-year-old female with acro-renal-ocular syndrome complicated by ventricular
      septal defect is described. Renal biopsy was performed for the first time in this
      syndrome, and the results suggested that proteinuria and renal dysfunction were
      caused by chronic pyelonephritis secondary to malrotation of the kidney and
      anomalous pelves. Chronic renal failure and hypoplasia of the optic papillae were
      also observed in the patient's mother, suggesting a participation of heredity in
      the pathogenesis of the syndrome.

PMID- 2644561
TI  - Estimation of beta-2-microglobulin production from lymphocytes in hemodialysis
      patients.

PMID- 2644562
TI  - HIV infection and renal transplantation.

PMID- 2644563
TI  - Glomerular deposition of C4 cleavage fragment (C4d) and C4-binding protein in
      idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Renal biopsies from 12 patients with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis
      (IMGN) were investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy for the localization of
      C4d and C4-binding protein (C4bp). Although Clq and C4 deposits were found in
      only 2 of 12 cases (16%), C4d and C4bp deposits were identified in 11 cases (92%)
      in close association with IgG deposits in the glomeruli. The results suggest that
      complement activation through the classical pathway usually occurs in IMGN. The
      detection of C4d and C4bp in the glomeruli appears to be a sensitive indicator of
      the classical pathway activation in IMGN.

PMID- 2644564
TI  - Focal glomerulosclerosis in neonatal kidney grafts.
AB  - Two adult patients received both kidneys from neonatal donors. After grafting an
      accelerated growth of the kidneys was observed. Five weeks after transplantation
      the craniocaudal diameter had increased from 4 and 3.4 to 8.3 and 6.1 cm,
      respectively. Histological examination of the kidneys showed segmental
      glomerulosclerosis 24 and 3 months after grafting, respectively.

PMID- 2644565
TI  - Vancomycin and ceftazidime in the treatment of CAPD peritonitis.
AB  - 102 episodes of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis were
      studied prospectively during a 288-day period at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital,
      Birmingham. Organisms were isolated from 76% of the episodes, with coagulase
      negative staphylococci, being the most commonly encountered organism (55%).
      Initial treatment consisted of intraperitoneal vancomycin and ceftazidime with
      subsequent adjustment on the basis of antibiotic sensitivities. With this
      regimen, 83% of the positive cultures became negative by 72 h, 9.8% of cases
      relapsed and removal of the CAPD catheter was necessary in 8 patients (7.8%).
      Overall, 92% of cases were cured. No adverse drug reactions were seen. This
      combination of antibiotics appears effective and safe in the treatment of CAPD
      peritonitis.

PMID- 2644566
TI  - Is the rise in plasma beta-2-microglobulin seen during hemodialysis meaningful?
AB  - Beta 2-Microglobulin (beta 2M) plasma levels and levels of a second low-molecular
      weight protein (myoglobin) were studied during a 2- to 4-hour sham dialysis
      period (no dialysate flow, no weight loss) and during a 4- to 5-hour hemodialysis
      (HD) with a Cuprophan capillary dialyzer. While no rise of the beta 2M or
      myoglobin levels occurred during sham dialysis, a rise of 22.1 +/- (SD) 8.5%
      (beta 2M) or 19.9 +/- 12.1% (myoglobin) was seen during regular HD. The increases
      of both molecules showed a significant correlation (r = 0.44; p less than 0.03).
      Both rises could not be completely abolished using correction factors for
      hemoconcentration. The rises occurred irrespectively of the dialysate buffer. The
      results suggest that neither the Cuprophan membrane nor the extracorporeal
      circuit were responsible for the rise of both molecules during HD. It seems more
      likely that changes of the extracellular volume and extra- to intracellular water
      shifts are involved and account for the majority of the rise. However, the
      possibility of minor increase in the extracellular mass of beta 2M or myoglobin
      cannot be excluded completely.

PMID- 2644567
TI  - Modulation of urinary kallikrein and plasma renin activities does not affect
      established hypertension in the fawn-hooded rat.
AB  - Fawn-hooded (FH) rats develop low-renin hypertension which is preceded by a
      decrease in urinary kallikrein. We examined urinary excretion of active and
      inactive kallikrein in hypertensive FH male rats and matched animals of the
      ancestral, normotensive Wistar strain. To determine the effects of modulation of
      salt intake on the kallikrein profile, rats were given standard rat chow (0.39%
      NaCl), a low-salt diet (0.02% NaCl), or a high-salt diet (standard chow plus
      water with 1% NaCl). Control FH rats excreted less active kallikrein (p less than
      0.02), had similar amounts of inactive kallikrein, and had a higher
      inactive/active kallikrein ratio (p less than 0.02) than control Wistar rats. Low
      salt intake increased active kallikrein 136% (p less than 0.002) and 54% (p less
      than 0.035) in FH and Wistar rats, respectively, but did not change the level of
      inactive kallikrein or the inactive/active kallikrein ratio. High salt intake had
      no effect on kallikrein excretion in either strain. Low salt intake did not
      change blood pressure in either strain in spite of significant changes in plasma
      renin activity, angiotensin II and active kallikrein excretion. The low urinary
      active kallikrein and the high inactive/active kallikrein ratio in FH rats do not
      appear to play a role in the established hypertension in the FH rat, since
      modulation of these parameters did not cause a significant change in the elevated
      blood pressure.

PMID- 2644568
TI  - Loss of mesothelial electronegative fixed charges during murine septic
      peritonitis.
AB  - Previous studies showed that murine septic peritonitis induced a substantial
      reduction of the anionic site density distribution in mesenteric and
      diaphragmatic microvessels. The present study shows that acute experimental
      septic peritonitis induces a severe reduction of the anionic site density
      distribution along the submesothelial basement membrane. Five days after
      induction of peritonitis, there was a partial recovery of anionic sites which
      even at 13 days was not completed. This observation suggests that the increased
      protein losses observed during peritonitis are the consequence of increased
      microvascular and mesothelial permeability to anionic plasma proteins secondary
      to neutralization and/or disappearance of the anionic sites located in the
      microvascular wall and in the mesothelial layer.

PMID- 2644569
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in renal infarction and ischemia.
AB  - Two cases of renal segmental infarction and 1 case of renal patchy ischemia
      demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are reported. MRI of renal
      infarction in two renal grafts following surgical ligation revealed an area of
      noncorticomedullary differentiation and an area with a low signal intensity.
      Renal ischemia in 1 patient with acute renal dysfunction with severe loin pain
      and patchy renal vasoconstriction was visualized as an ill-defined focus of low
      signal intensity in the renal cortex, indicating a long T1 relaxation time.
      Delayed wedge-shaped contrast enhancement was demonstrated on CT scan in the same
      area. The common finding in renal infarction and ischemia in our cases was the
      area of low signal intensity on MRI.

PMID- 2644570
TI  - Compensatory growth and other growth responses of the kidney.

PMID- 2644571
TI  - The kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems in nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - We previously found that virtually all patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS)
      excrete supranormal amounts of urinary kallikrein; it is known that activity of
      the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is increased in some such patients. We
      therefore studied the relationship between urinary kallikrein excretion (UKa) and
      plasma renin activity (PRA) in 16 patients with NS. Compared with healthy
      controls, PRA was normal in 8 subjects and elevated in 8; UKa was elevated in the
      high-renin group (40.4 +/- 5.2 nkat/24 h, normals 12.0 +/- 1.1). UKa was also
      elevated in the normal renin group (25.7 +/- 2.4 nkat/24 h) but to a
      significantly lesser degree. Significant activity in plasma against a specific
      substrate of glandular and renal kallikreins was observed in 8 of 10 patients
      with NS. Such activity was not found in plasma of 17 patients with
      glomerulonephritis without NS, or in 10 healthy controls. The results are in
      keeping with previous suggestions of a functional link between the renal
      kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) and the RAS, but indicate that the renal KKS is
      activated in NS, in some cases independently of the RAS. It is possible that
      renal kallikrein reaches the systemic circulation in some patients with NS.

PMID- 2644572
TI  - Verotoxin receptor glycolipid in human renal tissue.
AB  - Infection with verotoxin producing Escherichia coli has been strongly implicated
      in the etiology of the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). We have previously shown
      that this toxin specifically binds to a glycolipid receptor-globotriosyl ceramide
      (Gb3). We have therefore quantitated the level of this glycolipid by HPLC in
      human renal cortex and medulla as a function of age. We have also measured the
      binding of verotoxin to Gb3 isolated from each renal tissue sample. Gb3 was a
      major component of the glycolipid fraction of all renal samples analyzed. The
      levels were found to be higher in the cortex than medulla, correlating with the
      clinical incidence of renal lesions in HUS, but reduced in the kidneys of infants
      as compared to adults. Verotoxin binding was directly proportional to the renal
      Gb3 content. Thus, human renal tissue is a rich source of the verotoxin receptor
      glycolipid. However, changes in receptor concentration cannot explain the age
      related incidence of HUS.

PMID- 2644573
TI  - Lectin peroxidase conjugate reactivity in acquired cystic disease of the kidney.
AB  - The origins of acquired cysts, hyperplastic epithelia of cyst walls, and renal
      cell carcinomas were investigated by evaluating their lectin conjugate
      reactivity. Paraffin-embedded blocks from 9 patients with acquired cystic disease
      were examined by the high-sensitivity lectin-antilectin immune peroxidase method.
      11-176 lesions in each patient, 690 lesions in total, were stained both with
      Tetragonolobus lotus lectin (T) and peanut lectin (P); the former is specific for
      proximal tubules and the latter for distal tubules and collecting ducts. Out of
      606 acquired cysts with single-layered epithelia, 559 (92.2%) were positive for T
      and negative for P, and 66 out of 75 (88.0%) cysts with hyperplastic multilayered
      epithelia were positive for T and negative for P. Three out of 4 solid adenomas
      and, to varying degrees, 5 renal carcinomas revealed the same reaction. These
      results suggest that almost all cysts accompanying acquired cystic disease of the
      kidney, including those with single-layered and multilayered epithelia, as well
      as solid adenomas and renal cell carcinomas, are derived from proximal tubules.

PMID- 2644575
TI  - A case of nephrotic syndrome with glomerular lipoprotein deposition with
      capillary ballooning and mesangiolysis.
AB  - A 33-year-old man with nephrotic syndrome and rapid deterioration of renal
      function showed curious glomerular morphological abnormalities. Ballooning of the
      glomerular capillaries due to a substance accumulated in the capillary lumina and
      mesangiolysis were prominent histological features. The deposits in the capillary
      lumen were positive for Sudan III staining, and also for beta-lipoprotein,
      apoprotein B and apoprotein E by immunofluorescent technique. The staining of
      beta-lipoprotein in a flower leaf pattern was a striking characteristic, while
      such staining was negative when studied in 20 patients with nephrotic syndrome
      who were used as controls. Based on these findings, the morphological
      abnormalities in this case were considered to be related to lipoprotein
      deposition in the glomeruli. This case is thought to be the first reported in a
      complete form in the literature which could be classified as a new kind of
      disease related to lipoprotein metabolism abnormalities.

PMID- 2644574
TI  - Nephritogenic glycoprotein. XIII. Isolation and its immunochemical
      characterization of the antigenic substance of membranous glomerulonephritis
      induced by a single injection of crude nephritogenoside in homologous animals.
AB  - Studies on the immunochemical characterization were made on the antigenic
      substance of membranous glomerulonephritis (MG) that is induced, in homologous
      animals, by a single footpad injection of rat crude nephritogenoside (CNG). In
      rats injected with rat CNG, typical MG with immunofluorescent granular pattern
      (immune complex type nephritis) was produced 3-4 months after the injection.
      Since CNG nephritis is a model which induces MG only in homologous animals, the
      development of MG in this model should be explained by antigen-autoantibody
      immune complex mechanism. Thus, the features of the antigenic substance contained
      in CNG was immunochemically investigated, utilizing the serum (autoantibody) of
      rats with MG as well as rabbit antiserum to rat tubular brush border antigen
      (FXIA) (heteroantibody). As a result, two different fractions (fr. 31 and fr. 36)
      were separated from the antigenic substance contained in CNG: that is, fr. 31
      reacts only with rabbit antiserum to rat tubular brush border antigen (FXIA)
      (heteroantibody) but does not react with the serum (autoantibody) of rats with
      MG. Fr. 36 does not react with rabbit antiserum to FXIA (heteroantibody) and
      reacts only with the serum (autoantibody) of rats with MG (which was induced by a
      single footpad injection of CNG or soluble FXIA). These results suggest
      immunologically that fr. 36 is the main antigen responsible for the development
      of MG which is induced in homologous animals by a single footpad injection of
      CNG.

PMID- 2644576
TI  - Lipoprotein lipids and apoproteins in healthy renal transplant recipients.

PMID- 2644577
TI  - [Pathogenesis of anemia due to kidney disease].
AB  - Several factors contribute to the pathogenesis of anemia due to renal failure.
      Hypoproliferation of red cell progenitors may be caused partially by an
      inhibitory effect of some 'uremic toxins' whose existence certainly is very
      controversial. Iron deficiency due to gastrointestinal and dialysis-related blood
      losses and occasionally aluminum intoxication may interfere with the maturation
      of the erythron. Moderate hemolysis with shortening of red cell survival to some
      50% of normal may be an additional factor. The main cause of anemia is, however,
      inadequate production of erythropoietin by the diseased kidney. This latter
      factor has now become amenable to treatment.

PMID- 2644578
TI  - [From natural to recombinant human erythropoietin. Biotechnological production of
      recombinant human erythropoietin].
AB  - Human erythropoietin (EPO), which occurs only in minute quantities in human
      plasma, has been isolated from urine of patients and purified to homogeneity. A
      partial amino acid sequence from tryptic digests of the purified protein was
      selected for oligodeoxynucleotide probe synthesis. These probes were used to
      isolate the EPO gene from a human gene bank. The isolated gene was engineered
      into a eukaryotic expression vector and introduced into chinese hamster ovary
      cells commonly used for recombinant protein production. A specific amplification
      of the EPO gene copy number in these cells led to the secretion of milligram
      quantities of EPO per liter of cell supernatant. This protein has similar
      characteristics to native urinary EPO, regarding its electrophoretic mobility,
      glycosylation pattern and biologic activities in vitro and in vivo. A scaled-up
      industrial process provides recombinant EPO for its clinical use.

PMID- 2644579
TI  - [Erythropoiesis and serum erythropoietin concentrations before and after kidney
      allotransplantation].
AB  - Hematological parameters and serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels were measured
      before and sequentially after grafting in 50 consecutive cadaver renal transplant
      recipients. EPO was estimated using a sensitive radioimmunoassay. Values for
      nonanemic controls were 15-25 mU/ml. Mean hematological values before
      transplantation were as follows: hemoglobin 9.7 +/- 2.4 g/dl; hematocrit 29 +/-
      8%; corrected reticulocytes count 15 +/- 8% and EPO 29 +/- 23 (11-131) mU/ml. In
      the entire studied population, 35 patients had inadequate low EPO levels for
      their degree of anemia. In the whole population, there was a significant positive
      exponential correlation between EPO and hematocrit (r = 0.31; p less than 0.05).
      In the subset of patients with underlying cystic kidney disease and in
      hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human EPO, hemoglobin, hematocrit
      and EPO levels were higher when compared to hemodialysis or CAPD patients with
      other kidney diseases. Following successful renal transplantation, EPO increased
      to 45 +/- 31 mU/ml at 1 month and then decreased to 25 +/- 18, 18 +/- 7 and 19 +/
      4 mU/ml at 3,6 and 9 months, respectively. Within the 1st month after
      transplantation there was a 4-fold increase in reticulocytes from 9 +/- 5 to 38
      +/- 14%, followed by a slow decrease over the next several months to 23 +/- 11%
      at 9 months. In contrast, the hematocrit level rose more gradually from 28 +/- 7
      to 44 +/- 6% at 9 months. In 25 of 36 patients with a functioning graft who were
      followed for more than 6 months, anemia was corrected and 11 patients remained
      slightly anemic with a mean hematocrit level of 36 +/- 4%.

PMID- 2644580
TI  - Failure of cholinergic agonist RS-86 to improve cognition and movement in PSP
      despite effects on sleep.
AB  - Postmortem studies of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) have
      demonstrated loss of cholinergic neurons in the striatum, nucleus basalis of
      Meynert, and the pedunculopontine nucleus. These findings suggest that
      cholinergic drugs might be an effective treatment for this disease. We studied
      the efficacy of RS-86, a direct cholinergic agonist, upon motor abilities, eye
      movements, and psychometric performance in 10 patients with PSP during a 9-week
      placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover trial. Glycopyrrolate, a peripheral
      anticholinergic drug, was given throughout the trial to minimize cholinergic side
      effects. We used changes in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep to assess the degree
      of cholinergic activation achieved by treatment. Despite the enhancement of
      cholinergic activity in the CNS as indicated by increases in REM sleep latency
      and REM sleep time, RS-86 did not improve motor signs, eye movements, or
      cognition. Pharmacologic replacement of the cholinergic deficits in PSP does not
      result in significant clinical benefit.

PMID- 2644581
TI  - Nifedipine in the prophylaxis of classic migraine: a crossover, double-masked,
      placebo-controlled study of headache frequency and side effects.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with classic migraine attacks were treated with either
      nifedipine or placebo for up to 12 weeks. No significant differences were
      observed between the nifedipine (2.1 +/- 0.2) and placebo (2.3 +/- 0.2) treatment
      groups in the monthly frequency of headaches. However, the incidence of side
      effects was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) in the nifedipine (54% of
      patients) than in the placebo (8% of patients) treatment groups.

PMID- 2644582
TI  - The Disability Status Scale for multiple sclerosis: apologia pro DSS sua.

PMID- 2644583
TI  - The experimentation of S. Weir Mitchell with mescal.

PMID- 2644584
TI  - [The sequelae of radiotherapy: possibilities of medical therapy].
AB  - The possibilities of medical treatment for the sequelae of radiotherapy of the
      various organs and apparatus are examined. Medical therapy may be utilised as a
      support in cases in which a favourable course is possible spontaneously, as a
      support in cases with chronic changes not liable to develop favourably, in cases
      with prospects of radical treatment, with substitutive purposes based therefore
      on the administration of substances that are missing as a result of the sequelae,
      as in the case of hormones after irradiation of endocrine organs, and finally for
      preventive purposes. The variously acting pharmacological substances applied
      locally or introduced generally which permit biological recovery, albeit
      partially, are recalled. The reversibility of certain sequelae, especially of
      those caused by the association with radiotherapy, must be borne in mind for
      adequate medical treatment. Medical treatment is hindered by the fact that many
      sequelae are caused by processes that are involved in the acute phase and which
      lead irreversible organic damage with few or no clinical signs. Nevertheless,
      when evolution is not yet complete, the anti-inflammatory substances, especially
      steroids, and anticoagulants of the heparin type, may prove to be very useful.

PMID- 2644585
TI  - [Multicenter research on cefoperazone efficacy and tolerance in the therapy of
      urinary and respiratory infections].
AB  - In this multicenter study the authors evaluated the clinical and microbiological
      efficacy and the local and general safety of cefoperazone sodium in 1,546
      patients (946 males and 600 females, mean age 61.3 years) with lower respiratory
      tract (1,044) and urinary tract (539) infections. Results were very encouraging
      with 95.3% of clinical cures or improvement, 91.6% of microbiological
      eradication, and a local and general safety which was always extremely high, i.e.
      96.9% and 98.3% respectively.

PMID- 2644586
TI  - [Gianfranco Lenti (1917-1988)].

PMID- 2644587
TI  - The swinging door: reflections on fifty-three years from graduation to
      retirement.

PMID- 2644588
TI  - The changing role of dental technicians in New Zealand.
AB  - Legislation now before Parliament proposes changes to the traditional role of
      dental technicians which will permit them to deal directly with the public in the
      supply of removable dental prostheses. This paper examines the historical
      perspectives of the role, and applies principles of social dynamics to predict
      probable effects and reactions to the change. The dental profession should play
      an important part in the training of clinical technicians; it should also ensure
      that the concerns and demands on resources for clinical technicians are not such
      that they weaken the viability of the traditional role of technicians in the
      supply of the technically sophisticated appliances and prostheses required in the
      delivery of modern dental care.

PMID- 2644589
TI  - Fluorides and the prevention of dental caries. Part II: The case for water
      fluoridation.
AB  - The evidence is very strong that fluoridation of water, and fluorides in other
      forms, are the prime reasons for the enormous reduction in decay that has
      occurred over the past 25-30 years. These advantages must be retained. This can
      be done most effectively and most economically through a continuation of water
      fluoridation and the use of fluoride toothpaste. In nonfluoridated areas,
      professionally applied topical fluorides will continue to be needed, particularly
      within the School Dental Service, and in those adolescent and adults where the
      history and clinical picture suggest the individual is at risk. Without fluoride
      acting to enhance the resistance of the mouth, decay would certainly rise.
      Although advocacy for a sound diet and the use of fissure sealants is encouraged
      as part of caries preventive programmes, these alone will not provide adequate
      protection across the whole community. Fluoridation of public water supplies
      continues to be endorsed.

PMID- 2644590
TI  - Composite resins: a literature review.

PMID- 2644591
TI  - Diagnosis and management of tuberculosis during pregnancy.

PMID- 2644592
TI  - Effects of space travel on reproduction.

PMID- 2644593
TI  - Incompetence of the uterine cervix.

PMID- 2644594
TI  - Efficacy of oral antibiotics following parenteral antibiotics for serious
      infections in obstetrics and gynecology.
AB  - Patients with serious soft-tissue infections in obstetrics and gynecology are
      frequently treated with parenteral antibiotics until afebrile and clinically well
      for 48-72 hours, and then discharged on a broad-spectrum oral antibiotic. To
      evaluate the efficacy of this type of management, we designed a prospective,
      randomized single-blinded study comparing a group of patients who received oral
      antibiotics after hospital discharge (N = 80) with a group who did not (N = 83).
      No significant differences in age, race, parity, diagnosis, or pathogen isolated
      were observed between the patients in the two groups. No significant difference
      was noted in delayed morbidity between those who did and those who did not take
      oral antibiotics (P greater than .06). In light of the cost of oral antibiotics
      and the chance of drug-induced side effects, the data suggest that oral
      antibiotics after parenteral antibiotics are not indicated.

PMID- 2644595
TI  - Clotrimazole treatment of recurrent and chronic candida vulvovaginitis.
AB  - The management of women with recurrent and chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis
      continues to present a therapeutic challenge. In a prospective double-blind
      randomized study of 42 women with recurrent candidal vaginitis, clotrimazole 500
      mg vaginal suppositories, administered once weekly for 2 weeks, induced clinical
      remission in 38 patients (90.4%) and achieved mycologic negative status in 83% of
      subjects. Thereafter, asymptomatic patients were randomized to receive monthly
      prophylactic vaginal tablets of clotrimazole 500 mg or placebo once a month.
      During the prophylactic phase, patients receiving placebo developed recurrences
      of symptomatic candida vaginitis at an extremely high rate, such that only one
      third remained asymptomatic at the end of 6 months. In comparison, patients
      receiving clotrimazole demonstrated moderate protection from recurrence; which
      was maximal and statistically significant during the first 3 months of
      prophylaxis only (P less than .05). During the prophylactic period overall,
      attack rates were reduced by one-third with clotrimazole. No adverse reactions
      were observed with the administration of clotrimazole. In summary, clotrimazole
      therapy was successful in inducing an initial therapeutic response, but achieved
      only a modest long-term protective effect. Additional clinical benefit may be
      possible with more frequent clotrimazole prophylactic administration.

PMID- 2644596
TI  - Fetal umbilical blood flow velocity waveforms using Doppler ultrasonography in
      patients with late decelerations.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess placental vascular resistance as measured
      by peak systolic to end-diastolic ratios (S/D) of the umbilical artery waveforms
      in patients with late decelerations. Fifty patients with persistent late
      decelerations and 50 gestational age-matched controls with reactive tracings
      underwent umbilical velocimetry with measurement of S/D ratios. The mean (+/- SD)
      S/D ratio in the late-deceleration group (4.32 +/- 1.1) was significantly higher
      than that of the control group (2.32 +/- 0.21) (P less than .01). Patients with
      late decelerations had a significantly higher incidence of adverse pregnancy
      outcome, as judged by the incidence of small for gestational age infants,
      meconium, cesarean section for fetal distress, low Apgar scores, and neonatal
      intensive care unit admissions, compared with the control group. However, there
      was no difference in the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome in the late
      deceleration group with normal S/D ratios compared with controls. The
      sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of S/D
      ratios in the late-deceleration group for predicting adverse pregnancy outcome
      were 85.7, 100, 100, and 89.6%, respectively. These data suggest that umbilical
      velocimetry might be able to discriminate late decelerations that constitute a
      false-positive test. Incorporation of umbilical velocimetry into antepartum and
      intrapartum fetal surveillance schemes may therefore be helpful.

PMID- 2644597
TI  - Maternal smoking and accelerated placental maturation.
AB  - In a prospective study of 367 patients referred for obstetric ultrasound
      evaluation, maternal cigarette smoking was found to have an important effect on
      the rate of placental maturation. The frequencies of grades 0, I, II, and III
      placentas throughout gestation were determined for both smoking and nonsmoking
      groups. Overall, the smoking mothers had more mature placentas than the
      nonsmoking mothers. This was reflected by the earlier mean gestational age at
      appearance of each of the placental grades in the smoking group as compared with
      the nonsmoking group. The mean gestational ages at appearance of grades 0, I, II,
      and III placentas for smoking mothers were 23.5, 27.9, 32, and 34.4 weeks,
      respectively, as compared with 26, 31.6, 35.7, and 38.3 weeks in the nonsmoking
      group. Smokers had a greater frequency of grade II placentas from 22-35 weeks
      than nonsmokers, and a greater frequency of grade III placentas beyond 25 weeks.

PMID- 2644598
TI  - An evaluation of uterine scar integrity after cesarean section in rabbits.
AB  - Cesarean sections were performed on 30 rabbits at term pregnancy. Two incisions
      were made in each of the two uterine horns, and each incision was closed
      according to a predetermined method (continuous, everted; continuous, inverted;
      interrupted, everted; or interrupted, inverted). Tissue from the uterine scar
      region was sampled at three different time periods (5-8 days, 12-15 days, or 28
      30 days) post-surgery to evaluate the degree of uterine healing by a variety of
      histologic criteria. The initial healing response in the scarred region occurred
      around 28-30 days post-surgery. The different uterine closure techniques did not
      appreciably influence the healing response in this study. We evaluated tensile
      strength in 36 uterine muscle specimens containing the scar obtained from nine
      animals in the 28-32-days post-surgery group. Of these 36 specimens, 86.1% tore
      through the muscle instead of through the scar when tension was applied to the
      muscle.

PMID- 2644599
TI  - Sonographic diagnosis of partial hydatidiform mole.
AB  - We undertook a study to determine whether partial hydatidiform mole could be
      distinguished from other cases of first-trimester missed abortion using
      ultrasound. Scans from 22 cases of pathologically proved partial hydatidiform
      mole and 33 cases of first-trimester missed abortion were independently reviewed
      by three radiologists, each unaware of the final pathologic diagnosis. Using a
      standard data form, each radiologist recorded the dimensions, shape, and contents
      of the gestational sac, the sonographic appearance of the decidual
      reaction/placenta and myometrium, and the presence or absence of adnexal cysts.
      The following two criteria were found to be significantly associated (P less than
      .05) with the diagnosis of partial mole: 1) ratio of transverse to
      anteroposterior dimension of the gestational sac greater than 1.5, and 2) cystic
      changes, irregularity, or increased echogenicity in the decidual
      reaction/placenta or myometrium. There was high interobserver correlation for
      both criteria, as measured by the kappa statistic. In 50% of the cases, either
      both or neither of these criteria were met. When both criteria were met, the
      frequency of partial mole was 87%; when neither criterion was met, the frequency
      of missed abortion was 90%. These results indicate that ultrasound can be of
      value in predicting a high likelihood of partial mole prior to curettage.

PMID- 2644600
TI  - A new funipuncture technique: two-needle ultrasound- and needle biopsy-guided
      procedure.
AB  - A new technique is presented for funipuncture under ultrasound guidance using a
      biopsy guide and a 20/25-gauge needle combination. The 20-gauge needle was used
      for uterine entry and the 25-gauge needle for the actual cord puncture. The
      method was used for sampling fetal blood in 262 pregnancies with 264 fetuses (two
      sets of twins) between 17-39 weeks, at risk for beta-thalassemia, chromosomal
      disorders, TORCH infection, fetal hypoxia, and Rh-isoimmunization. Pure fetal
      blood was aspirated from 241 fetuses (91.3%), including the twins. The procedure
      lasted less than 5 minutes in 76.5% of the cases and less than 10 minutes in
      90.1% of the cases. Intra-amniotic bleeding was seen in only 23.1% of the cases,
      and fetal bradycardia was not noted. Forty-four pregnancies were terminated after
      the diagnosis of genetic or infectious disease. Seven fetuses at risk for Rh
      isoimmunization, found to be Rh-positive and anemic, were transfused immediately
      after blood sampling using the same needle. Of the 220 continuing pregnancies,
      there were 14 fetal losses (three before 28 weeks and 11 after 28 weeks or during
      the perinatal period). A probable etiology for the loss was found in 11 cases.
      These included one severely Rh-isoimmunized hydropic fetus who died in utero
      after transfusion at 26 weeks, one fetus who died in utero at 31 weeks following
      a car accident, and nine malformed newborns. The corrected rate for fetal losses
      probably related to the procedure was thus 0.9% before 28 weeks and 0.8% after 28
      weeks. This new funipuncture technique seems to have several advantages over the
      freehand and/or biopsy-guided single-needle techniques.

PMID- 2644601
TI  - Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of hepatic hemangioendothelioma with secondary
      nonimmune hydrops fetalis.
AB  - A case of fetal hepatic hemangioendothelioma with secondary nonimmune hydrops
      fetalis is presented. The prenatal diagnosis, made at 27 weeks' gestation by real
      time ultrasonography and pulsed Doppler ultrasound, was confirmed by angiography
      and pulsed Doppler ultrasound, was confirmed by angiography and autopsy after the
      infant was born 2 weeks later. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
      report of prenatal diagnosis of such an entity.

PMID- 2644602
TI  - Lymphangioma circumscriptum of the vulva: case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Lymphangioma circumscriptum is a benign disorder of lymphatic channels. The
      pathology consists of a collection of subcutaneous lymphatic cisterns
      communicating through dilated channels with superficial clusters of vesicles. The
      most common symptom is recurrent oozing of clear fluid. Management consists of
      wide excision, assuring free lateral and deep margins by frozen-section analysis.
      Involved margins have been shown to increase the recurrence rate. Laser
      vaporization has been used recently with relatively good results. The etiology of
      this lesion is unclear; however, lymphatic obstruction has been suggested as a
      possible cause in occasional cases. Two cases of vulvar lymphangioma
      circumscriptum have been reported previously in the literature, both arising in
      elderly women after radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.
      We present the third case, arising in a 42-year-old woman with no previous
      surgery or radiation.

PMID- 2644603
TI  - Acyclovir therapy during pregnancy.
AB  - Although there are as yet no established indications for acyclovir use in
      pregnancy, the most reasonable uses are for maternal infections such as
      disseminated herpes simplex, varicella pneumonia, and severe primary genital
      herpes. Other potential, but more problematic, uses during pregnancy are for
      uncomplicated primary genital herpes infections, maternal varicella, and for
      prophylaxis against the recurrence of genital herpes near term. We review each of
      these potential uses and the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in pregnancy while
      emphasizing that at the present time, safety, efficacy, and appropriate dosage of
      the drug have not been established for any use in pregnancy.

PMID- 2644604
TI  - Is genital colonization with Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum
      associated with prematurity/low birth weight?
AB  - Mycoplasma species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of prematurity,
      intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight (LBW), and preterm premature
      rupture of membranes. The purpose of this study was to review the available
      literature to determine whether there is an association between genital
      colonization with Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum and
      prematurity/LBW. Twelve studies were reviewed: nine cohort studies, two case
      control studies, and one randomized clinical trial of treatment. The overall
      isolation rate of M hominis from the genital tract was 27.2%, whereas that of U
      urealyticum was 70.4% (cohort studies). Results from the randomized clinical
      trial showed that treatment did not alter the rate of prematurity in women
      carrying mycoplasma species in the genital tract. None of the cohort studies
      supported an association between genital colonization with U urealyticum and
      prematurity/LBW. Similarly, no association between M hominis and prematurity/LBW
      could be demonstrated in seven of the eight and in six of the eight cohort
      studies, respectively. On the other hand, two case-control studies showed an
      association between U urealyticum colonization and prematurity without an
      association with M hominis. We conclude that the weight of the evidence does not
      support an association between genital colonization with mycoplasma species and
      prematurity/LBW.

PMID- 2644605
TI  - Substance immunologically cross-reactive with insulin (SICRI) stimulates cell
      division.
AB  - A substance immunologically cross-reactive with insulin (SICRI) was isolated and
      purified from murine melanoma B16. Biochemical and biological data provide
      evidence that SICRI and insulin are two distinct biologically active agents. In
      vitro, SICRI has stimulated the DNA and protein synthesis, cell growth or colony
      forming ability of 19 normal and transformed cell lines of human and rodent
      origin. It indicates that SICRI is a potent nonspecific growth factor. The most
      pronounced stimulatory effect of SICRI on proliferative capacity of cells is
      observed with cells at G0/G1 point of the cell cycle.

PMID- 2644606
TI  - Therapy of advanced myelodysplastic syndrome with aggressive chemotherapy.
AB  - Nine patients with advanced stages of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) received
      aggressive chemotherapy with high-dose cytarabine or with a standard acute
      myeloid leukemic regimen. Six of them were in frank acute myeloid leukemic phase.
      The mean age was 57 years (range 32-71). Seven patients obtained remission, 6
      complete remission (CR) and 1 partial remission. The induction remission rate was
      77.7%. There were 2 deaths in the aplasia period because of infectious
      complications. The mean duration aplasia was 36 days (range 21-69). In spite of
      this all responders received further consolidation chemotherapy. The mean
      duration of CR was 10 months. We concluded that patients with MDS with excess of
      blasts and blastic transformation may be treated with aggressive chemotherapy
      with low toxicity and high remission rate, similarly to de novo acute myeloid
      leukemia.

PMID- 2644607
TI  - [Cardiac and cardiopulmonary changes in systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - (SLE) One hundred patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were
      examined by clinical, non invasive cardiological, radiological and laboratory
      methods. Valve diseases were revealed by M-mode echocardiographic examination in
      17 patients. 14 patients had various conduction disturbances. Out of the
      remaining 83 patients not having any valve disease, systolic dysfunction of the
      myocardium was detectable in 17 persons and pericardial effusion in 3 persons.
      Spirometric alterations have been found in 64 persons and cor pulmonale has been
      diagnosed in 8 persons.

PMID- 2644608
TI  - [Clinical significance of beta-2-microglobulin in diabetes mellitus].
AB  - The beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) level of the serum and urine was determined in 61
      diabetics and 15 control patients by enzyme-immunoassay, to asses the value of
      B2M in clinical diagnosis. In patients with daily protein excretion exceeding 300
      mg there was a significant positive correlation between serum creatinine, daily
      (24-hour) protein excretion, and B2M level of the serum and urine. In patients
      with less than 300 mg and in those with more than 300 mg daily protein excretion
      the B2M levels of the serum and urine were significantly higher than in the
      controls. Serum creatinine level underwent a significant rise only in patients
      with more than 1000 mg daily protein excretion. Determination of the B2M level is
      a sensitive method in the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. Simultaneous
      measurement of B2M level in the serum and urine detects nephropathy at an early
      stage and thus it may be of value in the prevention of the disease.

PMID- 2644609
TI  - [Complications in hemodialysis performed by catheterization of the subclavian
      vein].
AB  - Hemodialysis was performed in 349 cases on 35 patients with 50 special subclavian
      catheters. The catheters were inserted infraclavicularly with Seldinger's
      technique. The cannulation period was 26.6 (1-148) days and on the average 7
      hemodialyses (1-63) were performed through 1 catheter. The aspects of subclavian
      catheterization, indication and complications are described. In 3 patients
      suffering from chronic uremia the end of the catheter (3-5 cm) in the subclavian
      vein was found broken after 1-5-6 weeks long "single-needle" dialysis. The broken
      end became fixed into the segmental artery of the lung and did not cause any
      complication during the long (6-14-33 months) observation period, thus its open
      or transluminal removal was not considered necessary. In the opinion of the
      authors the "single-needle" hemodialysis should be avoided to prevent similar
      complications. The use of the "two-needle" treatment or a catheter with double
      lumen is advisable.

PMID- 2644610
TI  - Association of v-myc protein with chromatin.
AB  - The subnuclear distribution of proteins encoded by v-myb and v-myc was analysed
      in a cell-line of AMV-transformed chicken myeloblasts superinfected by the myc
      containing retrovirus MC29. p45v-myb and p110gag-myc, co-expressed in these
      cells, were released in similar fashion when nuclei were treated with salt or
      DNAase. Analysis of nucleoprotein complexes extracted from nuclease-treated
      nuclei shows that p45v-myb and p110gag-myc are associated with a chromatin
      fraction of enhanced nuclease sensitivity. v-myb and v-myc proteins thus share
      the same subnuclear location and apparently interact directly with the cellular
      DNA.

PMID- 2644611
TI  - Fused transcripts of c-myc and a new cellular locus, hcr in a primary liver
      tumor.
AB  - The proto-oncogene c-myc has been implicated in the formation of primary liver
      tumors in hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks. In one of these tumors, a DNA
      rearrangement placed the truncated c-myc gene downstream of a cellular sequence
      (hcr) in a head-to-tail configuration resulting in 50-fold enhanced levels of c
      myc transcripts. Analysis of the tumor-specific c-myc RNA now demonstrates that
      transformed liver cells produce fused hcr/myc transcripts initiated from the hcr
      promoter and extending into c-myc coding sequences by differential splicing
      mechanisms. In phase fusion of the reading frames of both genes might result in
      the translation of the hcr/myc 2.0 kb RNA into a hybrid protein that would differ
      from the normal woodchuck c-myc gene product by 22 additional hcr amino acids at
      its amino-terminus. The production of inappropriate levels of modified or normal
      myc-encoded proteins is probably involved in the malignant process.

PMID- 2644612
TI  - The human pim-1 gene is not directly activated by the translocation (6;9) in
      acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - In Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia (ANLL) specified by a reciprocal translocation
      (6;9), defined clinical and morphological features are observed. This suggests
      that genes located near the breakpoints of the translocation chromosomes are
      involved in the generation of this subtype of leukemia. The human pim-1 gene has
      been mapped near the t(6;9) breakpoint on chromosome 6. Using somatic cell
      hybrids we demonstrated that the pim-1 gene remains on chromosome 6. We
      investigated whether pim-1 plays a role in t(6;9) ANLL. The expression of pim-1
      is elevated in two out of three patients with t(6;9) ANLL. However, the pim-1
      gene has a size of only 6 kb and using field inversion gel electrophoresis, no
      chromosomal breakpoint can be detected within a distance of 165 kb from the pim-1
      locus. Therefore it seems more likely that the elevated expression is due to the
      differentiation state of the cells rather than transcriptional activation by the
      translocation.

PMID- 2644613
TI  - Pediatric update #6. False aneurysm arising from a closed femur fracture in a
      child.
AB  - A 10-year-old boy presented to the emergency room with a closed left femur
      fracture after being hit by an automobile. Because of diminishing pulses in his
      extremity, an arteriogram was performed revealing a 2.5 x 2.0 cm pseudoaneurysm
      of the popliteal artery. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a
      young child with this type of injury.

PMID- 2644614
TI  - Pitfalls in the management of cubital tunnel syndrome.
AB  - The ulnar nerve occupies a subcutaneous, superficial position on the medial
      surface of the elbow and traverses a tight myofascial-osseous (cubital) tunnel.
      These anatomic features make it vulnerable to a variety of insults that can
      produce ulnar neuropathy. Although most popularly referred to as cubital tunnel
      syndrome, ulnar neuropathy in the region of the elbow can arise from nerve
      compression at a variety of anatomic locations, and multiple levels of entrapment
      may occur in the same individual. Clinical differentiation of the various levels
      of potential entrapment is reviewed, with a discussion of metabolic and
      peripheral neuropathies involving the ulnar nerve.

PMID- 2644615
TI  - Spinal epidural abscess. A case report and literature review.
AB  - Spinal epidural abscess is a rare infectious disorder often subject to a delayed
      diagnosis. This delay can be disastrous, resulting in permanent neurologic
      dysfunction or death. Surgeons treating patients with spinal disorders must be
      aware of this condition to avoid confusing it with more frequent spinal problems,
      eg, herniated lumbar disk. This case report is presented to acquaint or refresh
      the occasional spinal surgeon with this condition.

PMID- 2644616
TI  - Bone and joint infection in the neonate.
AB  - Bone and joint infections during the neonatal period differ from those in the
      older child. Neonates are relatively immunocompromised and their growth plate is
      pierced by blood vessels. Special characteristics of skeletal infection in the
      neonate are: (1) multiple foci of infection; (2) simultaneous involvement of the
      bone and the adjacent joint; and (3) limited systemic and local inflammatory
      response. The more common causative organisms are group B Streptococcus,
      Staphylococcus aureus, and gram-negative bacteria. Clinical findings can be
      minimal or absent. The more common findings include local swelling and limited
      motion in a joint or a limb. Early soft tissue radiographic changes are found in
      most cases and should be looked for. Every suspected bone or joint should be
      aspirated. Hip joint aspiration is recommended in the presence of other skeletal
      infection, even without local signs. Intravenous antibiotic treatment is started
      according to Gram's stain results or the best "educated guess." Surgical
      debridement is indicated for every site of pus in the extremities. Joint
      destruction and bone deformity and shortening are a common outcome. The only way
      to minimize early and late complications is high index of suspicion, aggressive
      workup, and adequate early treatment.

PMID- 2644617
TI  - Pitfalls in diagnosis: pediatric musculoskeletal tumors.
AB  - In general, the 5-year survival for patients with most types of sarcomas has
      doubled since the 1970s; improved chemotherapy, surgery, radiographic, and
      pathologic techniques all have contributed to this accomplishment. The 5-year
      survival for patients with osteosarcoma, like most sarcomas, is approximately 60%
      when the disease is treated with appropriate chemotherapy, surgery or radiation
      therapy. The details of treatment are complex and many controversies remain. The
      initial workup, biopsy, chemotherapy, and surgery should be delivered by a center
      with experience in the treatment of sarcomas.

PMID- 2644618
TI  - Effect of red cell hypertransfusion on thrombocytopoietic regeneration following
      irradiation and bone marrow transplantation in the mouse.
AB  - To examine the influence of suppressed erythropoiesis on platelet recovery
      following marrow injury, C57B1/6 mice were given red cell transfusion or Ringer's
      citrate. Twenty-four hours later, the animals were given either lethal (9 Gy)
      irradiation followed by syngeneic marrow or sublethal (3.5 Gy) irradiation and
      allowed to recover. The adequacy of erythroid suppression was shown by a marked
      decline in erythroid colony-forming cells (CFU-E) in both marrow and spleen. In
      both irradiation groups, platelet counts were lower in the hypertransfused mice
      when compared to nontransfused controls. This decrease in platelet count was
      observed irrespective of the degree of polycythemia or the time of observation.
      To determine whether red cell hypertransfusion also affects megakaryocytopoiesis,
      megakaryocyte colony-forming cells (CFU-MK), megakaryocyte numbers in femoral
      marrow sections, and megakaryocyte volumes were measured. An increase in CFU-MK
      derived colonies was observed in the marrows of hypertransfused animals in both
      irradiation groups, and in the spleen in the group which received 3.5 Gy.
      Megakaryocyte numbers and volumes in femoral marrow sections were increased in
      the hypertransfused mice given 3.5 Gy, but not in the group given 9 Gy. The data
      show that despite complex effects on megakaryocytes and their progenitors, red
      cell hypertransfusion delays rather than enhances platelet recovery.

PMID- 2644619
TI  - Multiple myeloma: a case of a cure?
AB  - It is exceptional to obtain a cure in multiple myeloma. We report a case of a 54
      year old man with stage III, IgA K multiple myeloma in complete remission 12
      years after the diagnosis. The patient was treated for 4 years with Melphalan
      Prednisone. Eight years after the end of treatment the patient fulfilled the
      criteria of cure as defined by the "Chronic Leukemia Task Group" (no measurable
      myeloma protein and normal bone marrow) associated with the disappearance of some
      osteolytic lesions.

PMID- 2644620
TI  - Hepatosplenic candidiasis: an overlooked cause of prolonged fever during recovery
      from an episode of neutropenia.
AB  - Two cases of hepatosplenic candidiasis (HSC) are reported occurring after
      protracted episodes of neutropenia, induced by chemotherapy for acute leukemia in
      one case and drug hypersensitivity in the other. The disease presented with
      persistent or recurrent fever after correction of the neutropenia and with
      splenomegaly. The alkaline phosphatases were elevated. The diagnosis was strongly
      suggested by abdominal ultrasonography, CT scan and MRI, which showed multiple
      hepatosplenic defects. It was confirmed by serologic tests for candidiasis, the
      presence, in 1 case, of circulating candida antigens, and the rapid response to
      amphotericin B. The diagnosis of HSC should be considered in patients with
      persistent fever after an episode of neutropenia. Ideally, histologic
      confirmation is desirable, but this is often obtainable only by open liver
      biopsy, an aggressive procedure in such patients. Failing this, our 2 cases
      stress the diagnostic value of noninvasive imaging techniques, serological
      testing (in particular the discovery of circulating candida antigens) and the
      response to amphotericin B.

PMID- 2644623
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence of the hsp70 gene of T. cruzi.

PMID- 2644622
TI  - Complex structural behavior of oligopurine-oligopyrimidine sequence cloned within
      the supercoiled plasmid.
AB  - Synthetic sequence GATCC(AG)7ATCG(AT)4CG(AG)7 was cloned into plasmid and its
      structural behavior under the influence of supercoiling was analysed by chemical
      modification at variety of experimental conditions. It was found that this
      sequence adopts at least two different non-B conformations depending on -delta
      and pH values. Moreover, 12 nucleotide long non-pur.pyr spacer region separating
      two identical (AG)7 blocks does not provide a significant energy barrier
      protecting against unusual structures formation.

PMID- 2644624
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of rye chloroplast DNA fragment, comprising psbD, psbC and
      trnS genes.

PMID- 2644621
TI  - Codon usage in plant genes.
AB  - We have examined codon bias in 207 plant gene sequences collected from Genbank
      and the literature. When this sample was further divided into 53 monocot and 154
      dicot genes, the pattern of relative use of synonymous codons was shown to differ
      between these taxonomic groups, primarily in the use of G + C in the degenerate
      third base. Maize and soybean codon bias were examined separately and followed
      the monocot and dicot codon usage patterns respectively. Codon preference in
      ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate and chlorophyll a/b binding protein, two of the most
      abundant proteins in leaves was investigated. These highly expressed are more
      restricted in their codon usage than plant genes in general.

PMID- 2644625
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of cytochrome P450 L1A1 (lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase)
      from Candida albicans.

PMID- 2644626
TI  - The SSA1 and SSA2 genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 2644627
TI  - Cloning of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides may result in high frequency promoter
      mutations in E. coli.

PMID- 2644628
TI  - Characterization of the ung1 mutation of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2644629
TI  - Insertion of rare cutting sites nearby genes allows their rapid physical mapping:
      localization of the E. coli map locus.

PMID- 2644630
TI  - Treatment of problem fractures and nonunions of the scaphoid.

PMID- 2644631
TI  - Ninety-ninety intraosseous wiring for internal fixation of the digital skeleton.
AB  - Ninety-ninety intraosseous wiring has been used in more than 150 cases over the
      last 4 years to obtain skeletal stability. This technique has been effective for
      the internal fixation of replanted parts, arthrodeses, transverse fractures, and
      elective free-tissue transfers. All osteotomies and fractures healed promptly,
      usually within 6 weeks. There have been no instances of nonunion, malunion, or
      implant failure. Only one wire had to be removed due to its prominence. Ninety
      ninety intraosseous wiring is an expeditious, straightforward, and very stable
      method to secure rigid internal fixation and allow early active motion of the
      digital skeleton.

PMID- 2644632
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction. The race to the hospital.

PMID- 2644633
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction. Management after discharge from the coronary care
      unit.
AB  - Although interventional techniques have changed the management of acute phases of
      myocardial infarction, they have not altered the need for evaluating long-term
      risk factors. As many as 60% of patients with multiple risk factors die within
      one year after discharge from the hospital, and these patients often need
      coronary angiography and interventional therapy to improve their prognosis.
      Patients who have had thrombolytic therapy and subsequently manifest recurrent
      myocardial ischemia need coronary angiography as a prelude to angiography or
      surgery. The long-term outlook for the myocardial infarction patient may be
      improved by modification of such risk factors as smoking, hypertension, and
      hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2644634
TI  - Barrett's esophagus. Challenges and controversies.

PMID- 2644635
TI  - ACE inhibitors and diuretics. The benefits of combined therapy for hypertension.
AB  - Hypertension and its consequences continue to threaten the health of as many as
      60 million Americans. Effective control of blood pressure can be achieved in some
      patients with a single agent and in many of the remainder with combination
      therapy. The ideal combination regimen is one that is at least as effective as a
      single agent, has minimal or no side effects, has a wide therapeutic index, is
      simple to administer, and is effective in a wide variety of patient populations.
      When used in combination, the thiazide diuretics and the angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibitors have been shown to improve blood pressure reduction over either
      drug used alone. In addition, the combination is effective in a wide range of
      patient populations (blacks and whites, young and old) and is accompanied by
      fewer adverse metabolic effects than the thiazides alone. Finally, the
      combination has a more positive impact on quality of life than other combinations
      involving the thiazide diuretics.

PMID- 2644636
TI  - Anorexia and weight loss in the elderly. Causes range from loose dentures to
      debilitating illness.
AB  - Differentiating between anorexia (loss of appetite) and weight loss (documented
      loss of pounds) can be difficult, but the same causes and treatments apply to
      both. Gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders, cardiopulmonary disease, the
      presence of a neoplasm or infection, and use of certain drugs are possible
      medical causes. Inadequate nutritional intake can result from the inability to
      obtain and prepare foods, dietary restrictions, intolerance to certain foods, and
      poor oral and dental health. Social factors that can greatly reduce an elderly
      person's interest in food include loneliness, depression, isolation, and self
      consciousness because of hearing and visual impairments. Some problems, such as
      alcohol abuse or inappropriate use of certain medications, may be revealed only
      with difficulty, and some of the problems mentioned may overlap. Although the
      physician may find assessment of anorexia or weight loss in the elderly a
      challenge, it usually responds well to corrective measures.

PMID- 2644637
TI  - Human inhumanity.

PMID- 2644638
TI  - Post-myocardial infarction pericarditis. Chronic symptoms in a middle-aged man.
AB  - Post-myocardial infarction pericarditis can be confused with other conditions,
      including recurrent myocardial ischemia. The decline in the incidence of this
      type of pericarditis is thought by some to be linked to the decreasing use of
      anticoagulants in the treatment of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2644639
TI  - Frontiers of gallstone therapy. How far have we come with nonsurgical methods?
AB  - In the next few years, much will be learned about nonsurgical treatment of
      gallstones, and the role of each method will be more clearly defined. At present,
      each used alone has limitations (table 1). Oral chemolysis can be used for any
      number of gallstones, but only about 20% of patients are candidates for this
      method. Complete dissolution of stones can take months to years. Direct-contact
      dissolution therapy is rapidly effective, is inexpensive, and can be used for any
      size and number of gallstones. However, it is invasive, and only about 20% of
      patients are suitable candidates. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is
      noninvasive and avoids the complications and long recovery period of surgery. Up
      to three stones can be treated, but patients with certain medical conditions are
      excluded. About 20% to 30% of patients can undergo this treatment. None of these
      nonsurgical treatments prevents recurrence. Shock wave lithotripsy and
      dissolution with methyl tert-butyl ether are still in the experimental stage, so
      results of further study--particularly of combinations of the methods--are
      eagerly awaited by persons who have had symptomatic gallstones.

PMID- 2644640
TI  - Cardiac allograft survival in mice treated with IL-2-PE40.
AB  - IL-2-PE40 is a chimeric protein composed of human interleukin 2 (IL-2)
      genetically fused to the amino terminus of a modified form of Pseudomonas
      exotoxin lacking its cell recognition domain. IL-2-PE40, which is extremely
      cytotoxic to IL-2 receptor-positive cells, was examined for its ability to
      prevent graft rejection in mice in which activation of T cells is prominent. We
      demonstrate that intraperitoneally administered IL-2-PE40 specifically and
      significantly prolongs the survival of vascularized heart allografts in mice. The
      chimeric toxin, IL-2-PE40, offers an alternative approach to the treatment of
      autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection in humans.

PMID- 2644641
TI  - Protooncogene expression identifies a transient columnar organization of the
      forebrain within the late embryonic ventricular zone.
AB  - Immunocytochemical studies using monoclonal antibodies directed against oncogenic
      peptides revealed a heterogeneous distribution of the peptides within the
      ventricular zone of the embryonic day 18 rat forebrain. The sis-, src-, ras-, and
      myc-encoded peptides were concentrated in the same isolated clusters of 5-25
      radial glial cells (also identified by vimentin staining), providing a transient
      columnar compartmentalization to the ventricular zone. An increased number of
      [3H]thymidine-labeled ventricular zone cells were observed within the
      protooncogene stained radial glial cell columns as compared to noncolumn areas.
      The columnar heterogeneity of radial glial cells reveals the mosaicism of the
      embryonic ventricular zone and the differential proliferation of its cells.

PMID- 2644643
TI  - DNA binding specificity of the Arc and Mnt repressors is determined by a short
      region of N-terminal residues.
AB  - The Arc and Mnt repressors of phage P22 are related proteins that bind to
      different operator DNA sites. By creating a hybrid Arc-Mnt protein, we show that
      the binding specificity of Mnt can be switched to that of Arc by replacing six
      residues at the N terminus of Mnt with the corresponding nine residues from Arc.

PMID- 2644642
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: correlation
      but not causation.
AB  - AIDS is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome defined by a severe depletion of T
      cells and over 20 conventional degenerative and neoplastic diseases. In the U.S.
      and Europe, AIDS correlates to 95% with risk factors, such as about 8 years of
      promiscuous male homosexuality, intravenous drug use, or hemophilia. Since AIDS
      also correlates with antibody to a retrovirus, confirmed in about 40% of American
      cases, it has been hypothesized that this virus causes AIDS by killing T cells.
      Consequently, the virus was termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and
      antibody to HIV became part of the definition of AIDS. The hypothesis that HIV
      causes AIDS is examined in terms of Koch's postulates and epidemiological,
      biochemical, genetic, and evolutionary conditions of viral pathology. HIV does
      not fulfill Koch's postulates: (i) free virus is not detectable in most cases of
      AIDS; (ii) virus can only be isolated by reactivating virus in vitro from a few
      latently infected lymphocytes among millions of uninfected ones; (iii) pure HIV
      does not cause AIDS upon experimental infection of chimpanzees or accidental
      infection of healthy humans. Further, HIV violates classical conditions of viral
      pathology. (i) Epidemiological surveys indicate that the annual incidence of AIDS
      among antibody-positive persons varies from nearly 0 to over 10%, depending
      critically on nonviral risk factors. (ii) HIV is expressed in less than or equal
      to 1 of every 10(4) T cells it supposedly kills in AIDS, whereas about 5% of all
      T cells are regenerated during the 2 days it takes the virus to infect a cell.
      (iii) If HIV were the cause of AIDS, it would be the first virus to cause a
      disease only after the onset of antiviral immunity, as detected by a positive
      "AIDS test." (iv) AIDS follows the onset of antiviral immunity only after long
      and unpredictable asymptomatic intervals averaging 8 years, although HIV
      replicates within 1 to 2 days and induces immunity within 1 to 2 months. (v) HIV
      supposedly causes AIDS by killing T cells, although retroviruses can only
      replicate in viable cells. In fact, infected T cells grown in culture continue to
      divide. (vi) HIV is isogenic with all other retroviruses and does not express a
      late, AIDS-specific gene. (vii) If HIV were to cause AIDS, it would have a
      paradoxical, country-specific pathology, causing over 90% Pneumocystis pneumonia
      and Kaposi sarcoma in the U.S. but over 90% slim disease, fever, and diarrhea in
      Africa.(viii) It is highly improbable that within the last few years two viruses
      (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that are only 40% sequence-related would have evolved that
      could both cause the newly defined syndrome AIDS. Also, viruses are improbable
      that kill their only natural host with efficiencies of 50-100%, as is claimed for
      HIVs. It is concluded that HIV is not sufficient for AIDS and that it may not
      even be necessary for AIDS because its activity is just as low in symptomatic
      carriers as in asymptomatic carriers. The correlation between antibody to HIV and
      AIDS does not prove causation, because otherwise indistinguishable diseases are
      now set apart only on the basis of this antibody. I propose that AIDS is not a
      contagious syndrome caused by one conventional virus or microbe. No such virus or
      microbe would require almost a decade to cause primary disease, nor could it
      cause the diverse collection of AIDS diseases. Neither would its host range be as
      selective as that of AIDS, nor could it survive if it were as inefficiently
      transmitted as AIDS. Since AIDS is defined by new combinations of conventional
      diseases, it may be caused by new combinations of conventional pathogens,
      including acute viral or microbial infections and chronic drug use and
      malnutrition. The long and unpredictable intervals between infection with HIV and
      AIDS would then reflect the thresholds for these pathogenic factors to cause AIDS
      diseases, instead of an unlikely mechanism of HIV pathogenesis.

PMID- 2644644
TI  - Activity of purified biosynthetic proteinase of human immunodeficiency virus on
      natural substrates and synthetic peptides.
AB  - Retroviral capsid proteins and replication enzymes are synthesized as
      polyproteins that are proteolytically processed to the mature products by a virus
      encoded proteinase. We have purified the proteinase of human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV), expressed in Escherichia coli, to approximately 90% purity. The
      purified enzyme at a concentration of approximately 20 nM gave rapid, efficient,
      and specific cleavage of an in vitro synthesized gag precursor protein. Purified
      HIV proteinase also induced specific cleavage of five decapeptide substrates
      whose amino acid sequences corresponded to cleavage sites in the HIV polyprotein
      but not of a peptide corresponding to a cleavage site in another retrovirus.
      Competition experiments with different peptides allowed a ranking of cleavage
      sites. Inhibition studies indicated that the HIV proteinase was inhibited by
      pepstatin A with an IC50 of 0.7 microM.

PMID- 2644645
TI  - Identification of resonances from an oncogenic activating locus of human N-RAS
      encoded p21 protein using isotope-edited NMR.
AB  - A sample of Escherichia coli-expressed human N-RAS-encoded p21, a 21-kDa protein,
      was selectively labeled with 15N at each of the 14 glycine amide positions. Two
      dimensional proton-observe 15N correlation spectra showed one peak for each
      glycine residue. Five glycine resonances were identified with residues near the
      nucleotide binding site and provide useful reporters of several oncogene
      activating positions. Three of these resonances were assigned to residues 10, 15,
      and 115 from the spectrum of a sample that was also labeled with [13C]valine.
      These resonances showed extra splitting or broadening due to the 13C label, which
      could be eliminated by 13C decoupling. Two other peaks were unambiguously
      identified as Gly-12 and Gly-13 using a one-dimensional edited nuclear Overhauser
      experiment and by spectral comparison with an Asp-12 mutant. These assignments
      have provided several site-specific probes of critical domains in p21.

PMID- 2644646
TI  - Secondary sigma factor controls transcription of flagellar and chemotaxis genes
      in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The genes specifying chemotaxis, motility, and flagellar function in Escherichia
      coli are coordinately regulated and form a large and complex regulon. Despite the
      importance of these genes in controlling bacterial behavior, little is known of
      the molecular mechanisms that regulate their expression. We have identified a
      minor form of E. coli RNA polymerase that specifically transcribes several E.
      coli chemotaxis/flagellar genes in vitro and is likely to carry out transcription
      of these genes in vivo. The enzyme was purified to near homogeneity based on its
      ability to initiate transcription of the E. coli tar chemotaxis gene at start
      sites that are used in vivo. Specific tar transcription activity is associated
      with a polypeptide of apparent 28-kDa molecular mass that remains bound to the E.
      coli RNA polymerase throughout purification. This peptide behaves as a secondary
      sigma factor--designated sigma F--because it restores specific tar transcription
      activity when added to core RNA polymerase. The sigma F holoenzyme also
      transcribes the E. coli tsr and flaAI genes in vitro as well as several Bacillus
      subtilis genes that are transcribed specifically by the sigma 28 form of B.
      subtilis RNA polymerase. The latter holoenzyme is implicated in transcription of
      flagellar and chemotaxis genes in B. subtilis. Hence E. coli sigma F holoenzyme
      appears to be analogous to the B. subtilis sigma 28 RNA polymerase, both in its
      promoter specificity and in the nature of the regulon it controls.

PMID- 2644647
TI  - Expression of human ferredoxin and assembly of the [2Fe-2S] center in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - A cDNA fragment encoding human ferredoxin, a mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] protein, was
      introduced into Escherichia coli by using an expression vector based on the
      approach of Nagai and Thogersen [Nagai, K. & Thogersen, M. C. (1984) Nature
      (London) 309, 810-812]. Expression was under control of the lambda PL promoter
      and resulted in production of ferredoxin as a cleavable fusion protein with an
      amino-terminal fragment derived from bacteriophage lambda cII protein. The fusion
      protein was isolated from the soluble fraction of induced cells and was
      specifically cleaved to yield mature recombinant ferredoxin. The recombinant
      protein was shown to be identical in size to ferredoxin isolated from human
      placenta (13,546 Da) by NaDodSO4/PAGE and partial amino acid sequencing. E. coli
      cells expressing human ferredoxin were brown in color, and absorbance and
      electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the purified recombinant protein
      established that the [2Fe-2S] center was assembled and incorporated into
      ferredoxin in vivo. Recombinant ferredoxin was active in steroid hydroxylations
      when reconstituted with cytochromes P-450scc and P-450(11) beta and exhibited
      rates comparable to those observed for ferredoxin isolated from human placenta.
      This expression system should be useful in production of native and structurally
      altered forms of human ferredoxin for studies of ferredoxin structure and
      function.

PMID- 2644648
TI  - Structural transitions in crystals of native aspartate carbamoyltransferase.
AB  - Screened precession x-ray photographs of crystals of native aspartate
      carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.2, from Escherichia coli) ligated with L-aspartate
      and phosphate reveal the presence of a crystal unit-cell dimension that is
      intermediate between the T (tense) and R (relaxed) states. Characterizing the
      intermediate (I) crystal is a c-axis unit-cell dimension of 149 A, halfway
      between the c-axis length of the T (c = 142 A) and R (c = 156 A) states, in the
      space group P321. Preservation of the P321 space group indicates that the
      intermediate crystal form retains a threefold axis of symmetry, and therefore the
      enzyme has at minimum a threefold axis; however, we do not know whether the
      molecular twofold axis is conserved. The I crystals are formed by soaking T-state
      crystals with L-aspartate and phosphate. By raising the concentration of L
      aspartate we can further transform the I crystals, without fragmentation, to a
      form that has the same unit-cell dimensions as R-state crystals grown in the
      presence of N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartate.

PMID- 2644649
TI  - Localization to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane by immunoelectron
      microscopy of enzyme I of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system
      of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli
      constitutes a major pathway for sugar translocation. It is composed of integral
      membrane proteins (enzyme II components) that recognize specific extracellular
      sugars as well as phosphocarrier proteins, one of which is called enzyme I. While
      enzyme I plays a role in energizing the enzyme II for sugar transfer, its precise
      cellular distribution had not previously been defined. This study was designed to
      elucidate the cellular location of this protein by immunoelectron microscopy.
      Enzyme I antibody bound to E. coli cryosections was visualized with protein A
      gold. The gold particles in sections of wild-type E. coli were found primarily
      associated with the surface of the inner membrane. A strain of E. coli harboring
      a plasmid encoding the gene for enzyme I was also tested for its distribution of
      enzyme I. Consistent with the biochemically established overproduction of enzyme
      I, this strain showed an approximately 80-fold higher density of gold particles
      per unit cell volume than the wild-type cells. The substantial overproduction of
      immunoreactive enzyme I was associated with a significant (approximately 20-fold)
      increase in the amount of that protein bound to the inner membrane. In addition,
      a substantial fraction of the total enzyme I accumulated within a 60-nm-wide zone
      in the vicinity of the inner membrane. A model to explain the zonal distribution
      of enzyme I under conditions of overexpression of the protein is presented.

PMID- 2644650
TI  - Binding and transcription of relaxed DNA templates by fractions of maize
      chloroplast extracts.
AB  - Preparations of partially purified chloroplast DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from
      maize and some other plants transcribe cloned chloroplast genes preferentially
      and much more actively from appropriately negatively supercoiled templates than
      from relaxed templates. We have found that the polymerase in such fractions does
      not bind to promoter regions of the maize chloroplast genes psbA and rbcL on
      small linear DNA fragments but that some protein(s) in unfractionated chloroplast
      extracts does bind. DEAE chromatography of the extracts has permitted the
      separation of a DNA-binding fraction from the bulk of the RNA polymerase
      activity. The binding fraction contains plastid RNA polymerase activity that is
      relatively independent of template topology.

PMID- 2644651
TI  - Specific postendocytic proteolysis of apolipoprotein B in oocytes does not
      abolish receptor recognition.
AB  - Upon receptor-mediated transfer of plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
      particles into growing chicken oocytes, their major apolipoprotein (apo)
      component, apoB, is proteolytically cleaved. apoB fragmentation appears to be
      catalyzed by cathepsin D or a similar pepstatin A-sensitive protease and results
      in the presence of a characteristic set of polypeptides on yolk VLDL particles.
      The nicks introduced into the apoB backbone during postendocytic processing occur
      in yolk platelets and appear to prepare internalized VLDL for storage in yolk.
      Since yolk VLDL binds to chicken receptors specific for apoB-containing
      lipoproteins in identical fashion to plasma VLDL, the possibility exists that the
      developing embryo utilizes yolk VLDL as a nutrient by way of receptor-mediated
      endocytosis.

PMID- 2644652
TI  - Growing and developing Dictyostelium cells express different ras genes.
AB  - The expression of ras-related protein in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium
      discoideum is developmentally regulated. It was previously reported that
      Dictyostelium possesses a single ras gene (Ddras) that is maximally expressed
      during the pseudoplasmodial stage of development. We have isolated a series of
      cDNA clones derived from a second ras gene, DdrasG. It encodes a protein that is
      very similar to the protein encoded by Ddras, but in contrast to Ddras, DdrasG is
      only expressed during growth and early development. Although other eukaryotic
      organisms possess more than one ras gene, Dictyostelium is thus far unique in
      expressing different ras genes at different stages of development. In
      Dictyostelium the two ras proteins may fulfill different functions, with the
      DdrasG protein playing a role during cell growth and the Ddras protein playing a
      role in signal transduction during multicellular development.

PMID- 2644653
TI  - Lack of positional requirements for autonomously replicating sequence elements on
      artificial yeast chromosomes.
AB  - In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, origins of replication (autonomously
      replicating sequences; ARSs), centromeres, and telomeres have been isolated and
      characterized. The identification of these structures allows the construction of
      artificial chromosomes in which the architecture of eukaryotic chromosomes may be
      studied. A common feature of most, and possibly all, natural yeast chromosomes is
      that they have an ARS within 2 kilobases of their physical ends. To study the
      effects of such telomeric ARSs on chromosome maintenance, we introduced
      artificial chromosomes of approximately 15 and 60 kilobases into yeast cells and
      analyzed the requirements for telomeric ARSs and the effects of ARS-free
      chromosomal arms on the stability of these molecules. We find that terminal
      blocks of telomeric repeats are sufficient to be recognized as telomeres.
      Moreover, artificial chromosomes containing telomere-associated Y' sequences and
      telomeric ARSs were no more stable during both mitosis and meiosis than
      artificial chromosomes lacking terminal ARSs, indicating that yeast-specific
      blocks of telomeric sequences are the only cis-acting requirement for a
      functional telomere during both mitotic growth and meiosis. The results also show
      that there is no requirement for an origin of replication on each arm of the
      artificial chromosomes, indicating that a replication fork may efficiently move
      through a functional centromere region.

PMID- 2644655
TI  - Second malignant tumors after childhood cancer.

PMID- 2644654
TI  - Effects of centrifugation on transmembrane water loss from normal and pathologic
      erythrocytes.
AB  - Plasma 125I-albumin was used as a marker of extracellular dilution in order to
      study the effect of high-speed centrifugation on transmembrane water distribution
      in several types of human red cells, including normal (AA), hemoglobin variants
      (beta A, AS, SC, beta S, and SS), and those from patients with hereditary
      spherocytosis. SS and AA erythrocytes were also examined for changes in
      intracellular hemoglobin concentration of three different density fractions and
      with increasing duration of spin. The minimum force and duration of
      centrifugation required to impair water permeability were found to vary with the
      red cell type, the anticoagulant used (heparin or EDTA), the initial hematocrit
      of the sample centrifuged, as well as among the individual erythrocyte fractions
      within the same sample. When subjecting pathologic erythrocytes to high-speed
      centrifugation, the 125I-albumin dilution technique can be used to determine
      whether the centrifugation procedure has led to an artifactual red cell water
      loss and to correct for this when it does occur. An abnormal membrane
      susceptibility to mechanical stress was demonstrated in erythrocytes from
      patients with hereditary spherocytosis and several hemoglobinopathies.

PMID- 2644656
TI  - Transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging of prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - Indications for TRUS are: (a) for diagnosis of nonpalpable cancer, or detection
      of cancer with greater accuracy than is possible at present; (b) for guidance of
      transrectal biopsies of hypoechoic lesions for histologic confirmation of cancer;
      (c) for guidance of staging biopsies to ensure diagnoses of extraprostatic
      extension; and (d) for staging previously diagnosed prostate cancer.

PMID- 2644657
TI  - Budd-Chiari syndrome.

PMID- 2644658
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma: earlier discovery and increased detection.
AB  - To document the earlier discovery and increased detection of renal cell
      carcinoma, the authors reviewed cases of renal cell carcinoma detected at their
      institution during 1974-1977 and 1982-1985, with particular emphasis on renal
      tumors 3.0 cm or smaller. Only 5.3% (four of 75) of renal cell carcinomas found
      during 1974-1977 but 25.4% (31 of 122) found during 1982-1985 were 3.0 cm or
      smaller, an increase of almost five times. Of the small tumors in the 1982-1985
      group 96.7% (30 of 31) were incidentally discovered, and 77.4% (24 of 31) were
      initially detected with computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound (US). In the later
      series 48.4% (15 of 31) of the small renal tumors were treated with partial
      nephrectomy. Follow-up shows no recurrences. Many more small renal tumors are
      being detected because of the use of CT and US. This will undoubtedly increase
      the cure rate of renal cell carcinoma because these tumors are being detected
      when they are small and do not cause symptoms. Partial nephrectomy will
      increasingly be used in the management of these small tumors.

PMID- 2644659
TI  - Hepatic venous outflow obstruction: evaluation with pulsed duplex sonography.
AB  - Pulsed Doppler sonography was performed in six patients with hepatic outflow
      obstruction (five with Budd-Chiari syndrome and one with hepatic venocclusive
      disease) to assess its usefulness in evaluating the altered hemodynamics in this
      disease. Doppler signals were obtained from the inferior vena cava (IVC) and from
      hepatic, collateral, and portal veins. Normally, the IVC and hepatic veins show
      phasic forward (toward the heart) flow. In Budd-Chiari syndrome, the blood flow
      in the IVC and hepatic veins was absent, reversed, turbulent, or continuous.
      These Doppler findings were thought to be characteristic of Budd-Chiari syndrome.
      The portal velocity was reduced (n = 4) or increased (n = 1). The former was
      considered typical of Budd-Chiari syndrome. In hepatic venocclusive disease the
      IVC and major hepatic veins showed normal phasic flow; flow velocity in the
      portal vein was increased. Doppler sonography was found to correlate well with
      therapeutic results and angiographic findings.

PMID- 2644660
TI  - Recurrent deep venous thrombosis: limitations of US.
AB  - Compression ultrasound (US) has become widely used to diagnose acute deep venous
      thrombosis (DVT). To determine the appearance of veins with previous DVT, 60 legs
      (58 patients) in which DVT had been diagnosed 6-31 months earlier (mean, 15.1
      months) were reexamined with compression US. At reevaluation there was no
      indication of acute DVT. Thirty-two extremities had an appearance consistent with
      clot at the time of this study; 28 demonstrated normal findings. Variables that
      correlated with findings at follow-up US included age, location of clot, number
      of previous clots, pain, and augmentation of flow at compression. These
      preliminary data indicate that compression US may not be reliable as a follow-up
      study in patients in whom postphlebotic syndrome develops after an acute episode
      of DVT.

PMID- 2644661
TI  - Iatrogenic femoral arteriovenous fistula: diagnosis with color Doppler imaging.
AB  - Color Doppler imaging was used to identify and localize arteriovenous fistulas in
      six patients after cardiac catheterization. In all six, there was a focal region
      of persistent intraarterial flow throughout the cardiac cycle at the site of the
      fistula, in contrast to normal arterial flow, which is forward only in systole.
      In all cases, turbulent pulsatile venous flow was present at the site of the
      fistula and nonturbulent pulsatile venous flow was present proximal to the
      fistula. In five cases a focal area of apparent extravascular tissue vibration
      was identified. In four cases the communication between the artery and vein was
      identified. Familiarity with these color Doppler imaging findings should allow
      for accurate noninvasive diagnosis of arteriovenous fistulas, at the patient's
      beside if necessary.

PMID- 2644662
TI  - Percutaneous drainage of infected and noninfected pancreatic pseudocysts:
      experience in 101 cases.
AB  - Percutaneous drainage of 101 pancreatic pseudocysts (51 infected, 50 noninfected)
      in 77 patients is described. In this group of patients, 91 of 101 pseudocysts
      were cured by means of catheter drainage (90.1%) (noninfected, 43 of 50 [86%];
      infected, 48 of 51 [94.1%]). Six patients underwent operation after percutaneous
      treatment due to persistent drainage. In patients with infected pseudocysts, the
      infection was eradicated by percutaneous drainage before operation. Four
      pseudocysts recurred and were redrained percutaneously. The mean duration of
      drainage was 19.6 days (infected pseudocysts, 16.7 days; noninfected, 21.2 days).
      Various access routes were used for catheter drainage: transperitoneal,
      retroperitoneal, transhepatic, transgastric, transduodenal, and transsplenic
      (inadvertent). Four major (superinfections) and six minor complications occurred.
      An unexpected finding in seven patients was spontaneous fistulization of the
      pseudocyst into the gastrointestinal tract. Percutaneous drainage is an effective
      front-line treatment for most pancreatic pseudocysts; cure is likely if fluid
      collections are drained adequately and if sufficient time is allowed for closure
      of fistulas from the pancreatic duct.

PMID- 2644663
TI  - Neonatal hydronephrosis due to primary vesicoureteral reflux: trends in diagnosis
      and treatment.
AB  - The records were reviewed of the 25 neonates found to have hydronephrosis due to
      primary vesicoureteral reflux at the authors' hospital in the 6 1/2-year period
      from January 1981 to June 1987. Modes of discovery and investigation, detection
      of associated lesions, treatment, and errors in both diagnosis and management
      were evaluated. Twenty-one of the neonates were boys. Fourteen cases were found
      at fetal screening, and the infants were asymptomatic. Inappropriate
      maternal/fetal intervention occurred in four cases: Three were incorrectly
      thought to have posterior urethral valves. The increased number of neonates found
      to have reflux is attributable to the widespread availability of obstetric
      ultrasonography and early screening of infants at risk for urinary tract
      abnormalities. Since the pathophysiologic characteristics of reflux are well
      understood, appropriate postnatal therapy can be instituted without delay.

PMID- 2644664
TI  - Split 24-F Amplatz dilator for percutaneous extraction of an intravascular
      bullet: case report and technical note.
AB  - An intravascular bullet was retrieved percutaneously in a 17-year-old boy with
      the use of a modified 24-F Amplatz dilator. The dilator was modified by means of
      a longitudinal incision with removal of a wedge at the distal tip of the tapered
      portion of the dilator. The bullet, which was located in the left pulmonary
      artery, was removed via the right femoral vein. No complications occurred.

PMID- 2644665
TI  - In memoriam Benjamin Felson, 1913-1988.

PMID- 2644666
TI  - Localization of parathyroid adenomas: superselective arterial DSA versus
      superselective conventional angiography.
AB  - A prospective comparison of superselective arterial digital subtraction
      angiography (DSA) and superselective conventional angiography (CA) was performed
      in a consecutive series of 26 patients with hyperparathyroidism, previous
      unsuccessful surgery, and single gland involvement. All patients had negative or
      inconclusive findings from noninvasive localization studies. Superselective
      studies included injection of both thyrocervical trunks, both internal mammary
      arteries, and both common carotid arteries in all patients in whom this was
      technically possible. DSA findings were true positive in 16 patients (62%); CA
      findings were true positive in ten patients (38%) and equivocal in four (15%) (P
      less than .046). There were no false-positive angiograms. DSA findings were
      positive in all patients in whom CA findings were positive or equivocal.
      Superselective DSA appears to be as sensitive as CA for preoperative parathyroid
      localization and may be more sensitive for the localization of mediastinal
      glands.

PMID- 2644667
TI  - Interventional radiologic management of enteric strictures.

PMID- 2644668
TI  - Pediatric interventional procedures in the 1980s: a period of development,
      growth, and acceptance.

PMID- 2644669
TI  - Biliary complications after liver transplantation in children.
AB  - To evaluate the role of interventional radiologic procedures in the diagnosis and
      treatment of biliary complications in children after liver transplantation, the
      authors reviewed the cases of 58 pediatric patients who underwent transplantation
      over a 4-year period. In 21 patients suspected of having biliary complications,
      31 diagnostic percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic studies, 19 transhepatic
      biliary drainages, eight pressure-flow studies, five percutaneous drainages of
      abdominal fluid collections, 11 balloon dilations, and one basketing procedure
      were performed. Biliary complications were seen in 38% of allografts, with
      obstruction being more common than leakage. Complications were most frequent in
      patients with cholecystojejunostomy reconstructions. Only two children had
      biliary complications that were thought to be related to arterial compromise. No
      significant intervention was required in 17% of complications. Percutaneous
      techniques were associated with a low frequency of significant complications
      (6%). The authors conclude that interventional radiologic techniques can be used
      effectively in the evaluation and management of biliary complications in
      pediatric hepatic transplant recipients.

PMID- 2644670
TI  - Does the gallbladder have a future?

PMID- 2644671
TI  - Fibromyalgia: the clinical syndrome.
AB  - Fibromylagia is a painful musculoskeletal disorder composed of core features that
      are always present (wide-spread pain and tenderness), characteristic features
      that are present more than 75 per cent of the time (fatigue, nonrefreshed sleep,
      and morning stiffness), and common features that are present more than 25 per
      cent of the time (for example, paresthesia, irritable bowel syndrome, functional
      disability). The syndrome is common, occurring in 2.1 per cent of family practice
      clinic patients, 5 per cent of general medical patients, and 10 to 20 per cent of
      rheumatic disease clinic patients. Evolving diagnostic criteria permit
      identification of patients for clinical and research purposes.

PMID- 2644672
TI  - Psychiatric and psychologic aspects of fibromyalgia syndrome.
AB  - Most previous psychologic and psychiatric studies of patients with fibromyalgia
      have utilized instruments that do not control for pain and therefore may be
      falsely interpreted as indicative of increased depression, hysteria, or
      hypochondriasis. Future studies must utilize psychiatric techniques that take
      into account a coexistent medical condition and such evaluation should include
      patients with varying levels of severity of fibromyalgia symptoms and utilization
      of health care.

PMID- 2644673
TI  - Muscle biopsy findings in primary fibromyalgia and other forms of nonarticular
      rheumatism.
AB  - Virtually all the reports on muscle biopsy in chronic muscle pain conditions,
      except those of primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS) published recently, have
      inadequate methodologic information, particularly on definition of cases, and
      lack controlled materials, so that no firm conclusions may be made. A limited
      number of controlled studies of muscle biopsy in PFS suggest that results are
      negative by usual light microscopic, histochemical, and electron microscope
      examinations. The findings of abnormal rubber band-like structures and
      interconnecting network of reticular or elastic fibers in muscle fibers of
      certain PFS patients in a single study need to be confirmed by other centers by
      careful controlled and blinded observations. The findings that high-energy
      phosphate levels in tender PFS muscles are significantly reduced appear valid and
      important, and need to be independently confirmed by well-designed controlled and
      blinded studies. Finally, biopsy reports of unspecified or unclarified muscle
      pain syndromes should not be assumed to be those related to PFS, and such invalid
      references must be avoided.

PMID- 2644674
TI  - Muscle physiology and cold reactivity in the fibromyalgia syndrome.
AB  - The contention that muscles are the "end organs" responsible for fibromyalgia
      symptomatology is unproven. This review presents a contemporary synopsis of
      muscle physiology and then describes studies in the fibromyalgia syndrome which
      have yielded objective data of distorted muscle physiology and cold reactivity.

PMID- 2644675
TI  - Is there an immunologic component to the fibrositis syndrome?
AB  - PFS is an enigmatic disorder whose etiology remains largely unknown. Its clinical
      spectrum probably encompasses a heterogeneous group of patients displaying
      multifactorial symptomatology. Recent evaluation of PFS patients, on both a
      clinical and laboratory basis, suggests that there is a subpopulation of these
      patients who exhibit a low grade connective tissue disorder. This group of
      patients exhibit many of the clinical features expected with rheumatic diseases
      such as SLE and Sjogren's syndrome. They can be distinguished on a clinical basis
      from other PFS patients and from patients with the CEBV syndrome. Their disease
      may be disablingly painful and resistant to many therapeutic modalities. Results
      of newer information reviewed here suggests that these patients may have EVP on
      the basis of a peripheral, low grade, quasi-inflammatory process that may have a
      neurologic and an immune dysregulatory component. The implications of such a
      mechanism of injury are profound and potentially impact on the treatment of this
      group of patients.

PMID- 2644676
TI  - Evaluation and differential diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Approach to diagnosis and
      management.
AB  - The combination of widespread musculoskeletal pain, high tender point count, and
      nonrestorative sleep are sufficient criteria for the diagnosis of fibromyalgia.
      The condition is primary in the absence of underlying disease and is considered
      concomitant or secondary when closely associated with another organic disease.
      Despite more simplified diagnostic criteria, the work-up for fibromyalgia must
      always be directed toward excluding the underlying causes. In addition to general
      and rheumatic history and physical examination and selected laboratory studies,
      careful attention to defining any existing sleep and mood disturbances is
      important in designing a management program. Although 46 medical conditions have
      been associated with fibromyalgia, a practical differential diagnostic list
      included polymyalgia rheumatica, myofascial pain, connective tissue disease,
      endocrine myopathies, psychoneuroses, and other chronic fatigue syndromes.

PMID- 2644677
TI  - Regional myofascial pain syndromes.
AB  - MPS are regional pain syndromes characterized by a tender trigger point in muscle
      (sometimes with an accompanying palpable abnormality in consistency) producing
      pain in a characteristic reference zone. There is abundant evidence supporting
      MPS as an important cause of regional musculoskeletal pain, and a small but
      growing body of quantitative clinical and experimental data. The pathogenesis is
      unknown, but probably involves both a peripheral (muscle) and central (spinal
      cord) mechanism. Several modes of therapy have been proposed as effective. MPS
      may be related to fibrositis, but conclusive evidence is lacking.

PMID- 2644678
TI  - Fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome in the workplace.
AB  - A recent major epidemic of localized fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome occurring
      in the workplaces of Australia is reviewed. The clinical features are described
      and the important provoking factors are detailed. A neurogenic model is proposed
      to explain this localized phenomena and also encompass primary generalized
      fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome.

PMID- 2644679
TI  - Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome.
AB  - The therapeutic role of medications in fibromyalgia is reviewed. The tricyclics,
      amitriptyline and cyclobenzaprine, have been the most extensively evaluated, and
      in controlled studies have proven to be more effective than placebo or NSAIDs.
      Their mode of action is not known, but their effect may relate to a number of
      potential mechanisms. However, neither the tricyclics nor any other medication
      has provided long-term, clinically meaningful improvement in the majority of
      patients.

PMID- 2644680
TI  - Nonmedicinal treatments in primary fibromyalgia.
AB  - To date, few nonmedicinal treatments for primary fibromyalgia have been studied
      using acceptable scientific standards. This has led to rather arbitrary use of
      disparate treatment modalities, often in a haphazard sequence. Because primary
      fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic painful condition, rationale for treatment
      should be based on present concepts of pain perception supported by studies in
      the basic sciences. Recent clinical studies in the treatment of primary
      fibromyalgia syndrome conforming to the scientific method have been discussed in
      light of what is presently known about pain transmission and perception.

PMID- 2644681
TI  - Sleep and fibrositis syndrome.
AB  - Chronic diffuse myalgia, localized areas of tenderness, fatigue, and unrefreshing
      sleep are related to a physiologic arousal disorder within sleep, that is, the
      alpha EEG NREM sleep anomaly. This sleep physiologic disorder, nonrestorative
      sleep, and symptoms of fibrositis syndrome are shown to occur with psychologic,
      environmental, and physiologic distress conditions. Pathogenic mechanisms that
      link nonrestorative sleep physiology to pain and fatigue may involve metabolic
      dysfunction of the brain with sleep-related alteration in immunologic and
      neurotransmitter functions (serotonin, substance P, endorphins). These sleep
      related mechanisms have important implications for the understanding and
      treatment of fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome.

PMID- 2644682
TI  - Blood-brain barrier passage of azidothymidine in rats: effect of insulin.
AB  - Azidothymidine (AZT) crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of 6-8 week old
      Sprague-Dawley male white rats (Oldendorf technique, ipsilateral cerebral
      hemisphere) with a brain-uptake index (BUI) of 5.4 +/- 0.8 (mean +/- S.D., n =
      13, range 4.4-6-6) using 14C-antipyrine as the diffusible standard. Pretreatment
      of the animals with the higher doses of insulin (0.6 or 1.0, but not 0.1, 0.2, or
      0.3 units per rat, 3 or 10 min. before decapitation) resulted in higher values
      for the BUI of AZT in most individual animals. In the group of rats treated with
      1.0 unit of insulin 10 min. before decapitation, a statistically significant
      increase in the BUI was observed. Some possible clinical applications of this
      pharmacologic strategy are discussed.

PMID- 2644683
TI  - Buccal absorption of insulin in the dog.
AB  - Insulin was buccally administered to beagle dogs in the form of a solution using
      a specially designed buccal cell, or in the form of films (buccal flats). 0.5 ml
      solutions of different pH (3, 4, 5, 6, 7.5) or of pH 7.5 in combination with
      sorption promoters (sodium taurocholate, dextran sulfate, linoleic acid,
      TranscutolR, LabrafilR M 1944 CS, urea and AzoneR) were administered for 0.5 h to
      anesthetized dogs. Buccal flats 1 X 2 cm in size. All dosage forms contained 10
      IU of human insulin. The control solution (normal saline) and the solution of pH
      5 resulted in the least pharmacologic availability, P.A. (ratio of area under %
      glucose reduction X time curve buccally to I.V.). Values of 0.9 % and 1.8%,
      respectively, were calculated. The insulin solution of pH 7.5 gave the highest
      P.A. The addition of sorption promoters to the pH 7.5 solution did not further
      increase the P.A. The combination of pH 7.5 - LabrafilR - AzoneR showed the least
      SD for the P.A., i.e. 18.3% +/- 4.7. The highest reduction in glucose
      concentration was found after administration of the taurocholate-linoleic acid
      combination Cmax = 57.2% +/- 6.3. The buccal flats reached a Cmax of about 16% +/
      (SD) and a P.A of about 15% +/- (SD).

PMID- 2644684
TI  - [Computerized bibliographic retrieval research: a tool at the fingertips of every
      practitioner].
AB  - In medical practice, the consultation of specific information often proves
      necessary, but not all practitioners have access to a library rich enough in
      periodicals and up-to-date articles. However, since the rise of combined
      telecommunication and computer technology, it is possible to correct this
      deficiency by access to medical and scientific data bases using a personal
      computer and an easily learned technique. The object of this article is to
      present the steps necessary for such an acquisition.

PMID- 2644685
TI  - Poncet's disease: tuberculous rheumatism.
AB  - Poncet's disease is characterized by a polyarthritis that occurs during acute
      tuberculosis infection in which no mycobacterial involvement can be found or
      other known cause of polyarthritis detected. It is a different entity from
      tuberculous arthritis, which is usually monoarticular and is caused by direct
      tuberculin infection. Poncet's disease remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Thirteen
      cases have been reported in the English-language literature since 1974. All
      patients who received the Mantoux test reacted positively, and 10 of 11 patients
      treated with antituberculous drugs had resolution of arthritis on therapy.
      Poncet's disease and erythema nodosum could be differing expressions of a common
      immunopathogenic response to tuberculin.

PMID- 2644686
TI  - Three days in October of 1630: detailed examination of mortality during an early
      modern plague epidemic in Venice.
AB  - The epidemiology of medieval and early modern European plague remains highly
      controversial. It now seems likely that the epidemiology was not uniform
      throughout either the geographic or temporal boundaries of the plague in Western
      Europe. The Venetian plague of 1630 was extensively documented; day-by-day
      records were kept, and each mortality in the city was recorded in a set format.
      The days 23-25 October 1630, representing a period when mortality was beginning
      to increase sharply, are examined. In all, 1,163 deaths were recorded. They show
      a large preponderance of women; a mean age of 28, but a majority of cases clumped
      between ages 0 and 25 years; and an unequal sex ratio among children. Further,
      there was an identifiable smallpox epidemic raging simultaneously with plague,
      and more than one-quarter of all the deaths in this period of high mortality were
      clearly due to nonplague causes. Deaths due to wounds and associated with
      violence were prominent in one parish, which suggests that in times of plague the
      breakdown in the normal machinery of government, in everyday patterns of life,
      and possibly of mental well being resulted in an even more exaggerated death
      toll. These factors--violence, accidents, and other epidemics--have never been so
      definitively tied to a European plague epidemic. In addition, there are hints
      that plague has a marked proclivity to kill pregnant women--their deaths far
      outnumber those anticipated--and that plague was very localized at a given moment
      within Venice itself, even during times of peak mortality.

PMID- 2644687
TI  - Erythema migrans: a chronicle.
AB  - Arvid Afzelius first described and named erythema migrans (EM), a clinical entity
      that he assumed to be caused by an agent transmitted by the bite of a tick
      (Ixodes reduvius). Certain neurologic, cutaneous, and other syndromes observed in
      Europe were recognized in the 1920s and 1930s to be disabling sequelae of EM. In
      the 1940s and 1950s the effectiveness of penicillin as therapy for EM was
      demonstrated. In 1968 the first patient with EM and neurologic sequelae in North
      America benefited from treatment with penicillin. In 1975, an epidemic
      arthropathy appeared in the area of Lyme, Connecticut. Despite resemblance to EM
      (the initial appearance of cutaneous lesions), the complex was called Lyme
      disease because of the occurrence of cardiac, neurologic, and arthritic sequelae.
      The vector of Lyme disease, Ixodes dammini--a tick that harbors agents that cause
      Lyme disease and babesiosis--was identified and characterized in 1979. The
      spirochete that causes Lyme disease was designated Borrelia burgdorferi. The
      North American and European species of spirochete and the clinical syndromes to
      which they are related are described.

PMID- 2644688
TI  - Flow cytometry for the study of phagocyte functions.
AB  - Phagocytes play a key role in host defense, and cell defects are associated with
      increased susceptibility to infection. Flow cytometry offers rapid and
      reproducible measurements of single cells in suspension and, following staining
      with one or more fluorochromes, simultaneous examination of several cell
      functions. Subpopulations of cells can be identified and sorted for morphologic,
      biochemical, and functional examination, and specially adapted computer systems
      allow storage of data for subsequent detailed analysis. Several flow-cytometric
      assays for the study of phagocytes and their interactions with microorganisms
      have been developed. These assays facilitate the study of (1) phagocyte surface
      receptors and regulatory molecules; (2) membrane potential; (3) phagocytosis of
      microorganisms, including the discrimination between attachment to the phagocyte
      surface and actual internalization; (4) phagosomal pH; (5) degranulation and
      enzymatic activity; (6) intracellular calcium; (7) oxidative metabolism; (8)
      intracellular killing of microorganisms; (9) degradation of microorganisms; and
      (10) exocytosis. In addition, the influence of serum opsonins on phagocyte
      microorganism interactions can be studied. Flow-cytometric techniques are
      applicable to both experimental and clinical work.

PMID- 2644689
TI  - Group C beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections in children: nine pediatric cases
      and review.
AB  - Streptococci of Lancefield group C colonize healthy individuals but infrequently
      cause invasive disease. Eight pediatric cases of infection due to group C
      streptococci were identified in a retrospective survey of a recent 6-year period
      at a children's hospital. An additional case of group C meningitis diagnosed in
      1975 was included. These nine cases and 22 pediatric cases from the literature
      are presented to illustrate important points with respect to clinical
      presentations and complications and to show that these organisms can cause
      serious, sometimes fatal infection: pneumonitis, sinusitis, septicemia,
      endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and meningitis. Group C streptococci are described
      in terms of their biochemical properties, the infections they cause in animals,
      and their tendency to produce disease in humans. With increasingly frequent
      serologic grouping of non-group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, recognition of the
      role of specific non-group A streptococci is likely to increase. The
      antimicrobial agent of choice for infections due to group C streptococci is
      penicillin G. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations for
      the organism should be determined since penicillin tolerance may occur and may be
      responsible for the slow response to penicillin therapy in some cases.

PMID- 2644690
TI  - Infection due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: 15 cases and review.
AB  - Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a small fastidious gram-negative
      coccobacillus that fails to grow on MacConkey's agar. Slow growth in broth may
      lead to delays in diagnosis. First described in 1912, A. actinomycetemcomitans
      has been recognized since 1962 as capable of causing serious infections in
      humans. Such infections include periodontal infection, soft tissue abscess (often
      in association with Actinomyces species), and systemic infection, most commonly
      endocarditis. Fifteen cases and a review of the English-language literature are
      presented to define the epidemiology and clinical features of infection due to A.
      actinomycetemcomitans. Therapy for infection due to A. actinomycetemcomitans has
      most commonly involved ampicillin or penicillin, often in conjunction with an
      aminoglycoside. However, resistance to penicillin or ampicillin is common.
      Antimicrobial agents with a high degree of in vitro activity included cefazolin,
      cefotaxime, cetriaxone, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol. Therapy should be
      guided by clinical response and in vitro susceptibility testing.

PMID- 2644691
TI  - [Genetic engineering, a new pharmacology].

PMID- 2644692
TI  - [Nocturnal hypoglycemia with reference to hormonal counterregulation in type I
      diabetics receiving insulin therapy].
AB  - Frequency, symptomatology and risk factors for nocturnal hypoglycemia were
      investigated in 77 type 1 diabetics. The patients were hospitalized overnight
      after a normal working day and were kept on their usual insulin regimen.
      Nocturnal blood sugar levels less than 2.8 mmol/l were found in 25% of 77
      patients. In most cases the hypoglycemic event was not noticed by the patients.
      Additionally, nocturnal hormonal counterregulations were investigated in 22
      patients. Plasma adrenalin, noradrenalin, somatotropin, cortisol and glucagon
      were measured every 2 hours. Although most of the patients were asymptomatic, a
      significant increase in plasma adrenalin was observed during hypoglycemia
      episodes. On the other hand, the increase in noradrenalin and somatotropin
      concentration was not significant. Blood sugar levels of 5 mmol/l and lower at 22
      p.m. and at 7 a.m. (as well as diabetes duration) were identified as risk factors
      for nocturnal hypoglycemia. Nocturnal hypoglycemia occurs irrespective of the
      amount of insulin injected in the evening or at bedtime. Similarly, neither the
      time of late insulin injection nor the degree of metabolic control as assessed by
      HbA1c differed in patients undergoing hypoglycemic episodes and patients without
      hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2644693
TI  - Baltimore cleared of all fraud charges.

PMID- 2644694
TI  - Disruption of the yeast N-myristoyl transferase gene causes recessive lethality.
AB  - The structural gene for N-myristoyl transferase (NMT1) has been cloned from the
      budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 455
      amino acids (Mr = 52,837) that has no identifiable significant primary sequence
      homology with any protein in currently available databases. Overexpression of NMT
      activity was achieved by means of the yeast episomal plasmid YEp24 without
      obvious effects on growth kinetics, cell morphology, or acylprotein metabolic
      labeling patterns. Insertional mutagenesis of the NMT1 locus on yeast chromosome
      XII caused recessive lethality, indicating that this protein acyltransferase
      activity is necessary for vegetative cell growth.

PMID- 2644695
TI  - [Gravity drainage versus suction drainage: an experimental and clinical study].
AB  - The importance of wound drainage in casualty and plastic surgery is unquestioned.
      The most common form is suction drainage. This involves the disadvantage that the
      drain can become attached to the tissue by suction, stopping the flow and
      blocking the drain. In addition, the secretion reservoir must be made of rigid
      material, which means large package sizes are inevitable. Encouraged by our
      knowledge of silicone drains, we carried out a study comparing silicone drains
      (without vacuum) and PVC drains (with vacuum suction). Electron-microscope
      studies of the PVC drains used for suction drainage revealed adhesion of wound
      secretion and cell detritus to the inner wall and the drainage perforations after
      less than 24 h. No occlusion and almost no adherence was observed with silicone
      gravity drains. When compared in clinical use for joint drainage, neither system
      had any severe complications. Removal of gravity drains was considerably less
      painful than withdrawal of suction drains. In soft tissue drainage the volume of
      secretion drained off was more constant and obviously larger with gravity
      drainage. From these results we conclude that gravity drainage can replace
      suction drainage to considerable advantage.

PMID- 2644696
TI  - [The blood vessel system of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii
      muscle].
AB  - The microvascular pattern of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii
      muscle is investigated by filling the intratendinous vessels with an india ink
      gelatin solution and by a histochemical method. Two different injection
      techniques are used. The first technique, which has been applied to six upper
      extremities, consists in an injection of 1000 ml india ink-gelatin solution into
      the subclavian artery. A tourniquet is placed above the elbow in order to avoid
      filling the vessels of the forearm. The second injection technique has been used
      in eight upper extremities. The injection is performed simultaneously into the
      subclavian and the brachial arteries, the axillary artery being ligated distally
      to the origin of the subscapular artery. Using the first method, two
      vascularization systems are visualized. The first arises from the supraglenoid
      tubercle; the second ascends from the proximal part of the biceps brachii muscle.
      The two systems do not seem to anastomose with each other end on. A small zone in
      the intracapsular part of the tendon seems to be avascular. The second injection
      technique results in much better filling of the intratendinous vessels than the
      first one. A continuous vascularization system is shown, extending from the
      supraglenoid tubercle to the biceps brachii muscle. In contrast to the results
      obtained by the first injection technique, no avascular zone is seen in the
      tendon of the biceps brachii muscle. The capillary system of different segments
      of three biceps tendons was also visualized by staining the vascular endothelium
      with a fluorisothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled lectin on cryostat sections. The
      sections were incubated with Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644697
TI  - Total joint replacement: where are we today, and where are we headed?
AB  - With the advent of noncemented total joint prostheses, today's orthopedic
      surgeons are asking questions about the predictability and performance of newer
      biologically fixed implants. Reported experience to date has failed to document
      any improved parameters of performance; instead, problems of prolonged
      convalescence, postoperative pain, and difficulties in revision procedures have
      been noted. Other issues of concern relate to the potential harmful effects of
      ion leaching, and problems of stress shielding and stress overload due to the
      physical properties of the materials presently available. Current investigative
      efforts to resolve these problems look promising, though surgeons should realize
      that science is a long way from producing the perfect total joint prosthesis.

PMID- 2644698
TI  - Barium enema examination: sensitivity in detecting colonic polyps and carcinomas.
AB  - We analyzed the sensitivity of the barium enema examination in 128 patients with
      191 endoscopically proven colonic polyps and 12 carcinomas, relative to patient
      age, indications, and the type of examination used. Seventy-seven patients (60%)
      had rectal bleeding, and 51 (40%) patients with 87 lesions, including six
      carcinomas, did not. Overall roentgenographic sensitivity was 88%, with a 93%
      detection rate in patients less than 70 years old as compared to 76% for older
      patients. Sensitivity of single- and double-contrast barium enema examination was
      82% and 91%, respectively. There were similar detection rates for lesions 1 cm or
      more in size (91% vs 95% for single- and double-contrast examinations,
      respectively), but double-contrast examination was slightly better at detecting
      smaller polyps (88%, vs 70% for single-contrast examination). Compared to
      colonoscopy, which has an average reported false-negative rate of 12% in
      detecting neoplasms, the barium enema is similarly reliable, less costly, and
      safer.

PMID- 2644699
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis of renal abnormalities: a review of the state of the art.
AB  - Antenatal diagnosis of fetal abnormalities is an important component of genetic
      counseling. This paper reviews the indications and techniques of antenatal
      diagnosis of renal and urinary tract abnormalities, and outlines their follow-up
      and modes of treatment.

PMID- 2644700
TI  - Appreciation of histoplasmosis: the Vanderbilt story.

PMID- 2644706
TI  - Occupational medicine. The management perspective.

PMID- 2644705
TI  - Occupational medicine. An overview of management.
AB  - Management is the art of utilizing all available resources to accomplish a given
      set of tasks in a timely and economical manner. A complete job description for a
      manager would include diplomacy, coercion, politics, psychology, budgeting,
      evaluation and a host of other attributes. Each individual manager evolves a
      personal style within an organizational culture. No two positions or individuals
      are ever exactly alike. The successful manager must be able to allocate resources
      and motivate subordinates to accomplish goals often imposed from external sources
      (i.e., upper management). The successful manager may retain previously acquired
      technical skills; frequently these are lost, being replaced by new knowledge. The
      successful manager is one who understands the local organizational milieu. The
      theories discussed above are only guidelines. Just as each patient is approached
      differently, so too are different managerial positions.

PMID- 2644707
TI  - Occupational medicine. Labor relations.

PMID- 2644708
TI  - Occupational medicine. Economics.

PMID- 2644709
TI  - Occupational medicine. Corporate health cost management.

PMID- 2644710
TI  - The occupational health care system: an overview.

PMID- 2644711
TI  - Management of ethical issues in the practice of occupational medicine.

PMID- 2644712
TI  - Occupational health and safety: a future unlike the present.

PMID- 2644713
TI  - Occupational medicine. The science of accounting.
AB  - Accounting is inextricably linked to professional practice, industry and
      commerce. Having knowledge of some fundamental concepts may ease the burdens
      imposed by the need to maintain accounting records and help occupational health
      professionals to operate better within the corporate realm. The material in this
      chapter is intended to provide a bare-bones introduction to accounting for the
      novice and a brief review for those with more experience. More advanced material
      is contained in Chapter 4.

PMID- 2644714
TI  - Occupational medicine. The essentials of finance.
AB  - Finance is concerned with the generation and use of funds to support
      organizational objectives whereas accounting records transactions and summarizes
      how funds are expended. Money has costs associated with its procurement and use.
      There are costs associated with maintaining equipment and inventory. Financial
      analysts have developed methods to evaluate a company's efficiency in using
      money. While the occupational physician may not be directly involved in financial
      activities, knowledge of the techniques used should improve an understanding of
      organizational limitations.

PMID- 2644715
TI  - Occupational medicine. Compensation and benefits.

PMID- 2644716
TI  - Occupational medicine. Marketing.
AB  - Any cursory attempt to study marketing should lead to an appreciation of the
      discipline not as a cluster of techniques suitable for "cookbook" implementation
      but as an orientation to thinking about how marketplace relationships among
      health-care providers and the public can be effectively managed throughout the
      healthcare delivery system. Before attempting to implement the core concepts of
      marketing discussed in this chapter, it is worth pondering two important
      questions: What role does marketing already play in one's own health-care
      organization and in the broader health-care system? Which marketing concepts seem
      appropriate at this stage of an organization's development to help the owners to
      compete more efficiently in an increasingly complex and consumer-driven
      marketplace? The answers to these questions will help to clarify the marketing
      concepts to be considered and, ultimately, implemented.

PMID- 2644717
TI  - Occupational medicine. Organizational behavior.
AB  - Work flow and the administrative processes by which it is controlled are
      fundamental in shaping the realities of the organization as a system of
      relationships. Organization is technology in the broadest sense: processes,
      procedures, policies, controls, formal authority structures, and techniques.
      Among groups or organizations, it is unusual for changes in sentiment to precede
      action or organizational rearrangements. Technology and structure must be changed
      first. This chapter has outlined organizational theory and structures. The
      components of each have been examined and potential causes of problems
      identified. Much space has been devoted to understanding group dynamics and
      behavior. In addition to understanding one's subordinates and peers, the
      effective manager understands the organizational forces that exist in the
      workplace. A willingness to listen, communicate, innovate and lead should result
      in both effectiveness and rewarding experiences for a manager.

PMID- 2644718
TI  - A clinical evaluation of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.
AB  - Recently ultrasonography (US) has proven effective in the diagnosis of acute
      appendicitis. However, the impact of US on surgical decision-making in clinical
      practice remains unclear. From August 1986 to July 1987, 62 patients with
      clinical signs of acute appendicitis received US examinations after initial
      clinical evaluations. According to clinical pictures, they were classified into
      two groups: group I, clinically typical (Alvarado's score greater than or equal
      to 7) and group II, clinically dubious (Alvarado's score less than or equal to 6)
      cases. All group I patients (n = 34) had surgery. Group II patients (n = 28)
      received close in-hospital observation on an every 4-hour basis for less than 24
      hours. However, surgery was performed if Alvarado's score increased up to or
      above 7 or surgical indications became evident during observation. The pathologic
      reports and operative findings were retrospectively correlated with the US
      diagnosis. For group I patients, clinical examination without knowledge of US
      findings was correct in 30 (88.9%) cases, 26 (86.7%) of which were detected by
      US. Four (50%) of eight patients with negative US findings had acute
      appendicitis. In group II, 12 of 15 patients who had surgery had acute
      appendicitis, and 10 (83.3%) were detected by US. Two (11%) of 18 patients with
      negative US findings were finally proved to have acute appendicitis. The average
      duration from initial clinical examination to surgical decision fpr patients with
      acute appendicitis was 6.8 hours. There were no false-positives in either group.
      For patients with typical clinical presentation, US is not superior to clinical
      examination, and surgery is recommended even if US findings are
      negative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644719
TI  - Intercostal blockade and pulmonary function after cholecystectomy.
AB  - Sixty-six patients undergoing cholecystectomy were randomly allocated to receive
      either intercostal blockade with bupivacaine supplemented with papaveretum or
      papaveretum alone for postoperative analgesia. Both groups were similar regarding
      distribution of sex, age, and weight. These two groups were compared. Patients
      who did not have intercostal blockade required postoperative analgesia sooner.
      There was no significant difference, however, in the total consumption of
      papaveretum. Both groups experienced similar degrees of pain, and there were no
      differences in postoperative pulmonary function. We conclude that although single
      intercostal blockade is an effective analgesic, it does not improve pain relief
      and does not improve pulmonary function after cholecystectomy when compared with
      a regimen of on-demand, intramuscularly administered papaveretum.

PMID- 2644720
TI  - [Access to North American online libraries and networks from a medical practice].
AB  - This article gives an overview of North American electronic networks and on-line
      databanks containing medical and health-related information. It discusses costs
      and benefits for physicians and other health care personnel. The article
      concludes with practical information on ways to connect a Norwegian medical
      practice to these networks and databanks.

PMID- 2644721
TI  - A review of the biology and toxicologic implications of the induction of
      lysosomal lamellar bodies by drugs.
AB  - Over 30 drugs of differing pharmacologic action are capable of inducing lamellar
      bodies of lysosomal origin in cells of animals and humans. The structures develop
      because of a drug-induced impairment in lysosomal phospholipid catabolism.
      Toxicity frequently accompanies the induction of these bodies. However, little
      information exists as to whether their development or presence is causally linked
      to the cellular or tissue dysfunction. This review examines the biological
      aspects of the induction of lysosomal lamellar bodies by drugs and considers the
      toxicologic implications of their presence in cells.

PMID- 2644722
TI  - The relationship between cellular ion deregulation and acute and chronic
      toxicity.
AB  - Cell injury proceeds through a predictable series of stages as it progresses from
      reversible to irreversible injury (or "point of no return") and ends eventually
      in cell death. Ion deregulation is strongly implicated in this process and, in
      particular, the deregulation of cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) which is thought by most
      to be a critical step in the transition from reversible to irreversible injury.
      [Ca2+]i is normally maintained at approximately 100 microM, a level 10,000 times
      lower than for extracellular Ca2+ [( Ca2+]e). Deregulation may affect any of
      three Ca2+ buffering systems: the plasma membrane, the mitochondria, and the
      endoplasmic reticulum. Perturbation of [Ca2+]i is intimately related to
      perturbation of other ions, including, H+, Na+, and K+. In normal cells, [Ca2+]i
      elevation is also linked to activation of oncogenes as well as cell division,
      initiation, wound repair, differentiation, and possibly tumor promotion. In all
      models of acute injury for which we have measured [Ca2+]i, including ischemia,
      HgCl2 and calcium inophores, [Ca2+]i always became elevated. This elevation
      results from influx of [Ca2+]e (ionomycin), redistribution from intracellular
      stores (NEM, KCN), or from both sources (HgCl2). The degree of [Ca2+]i elevation
      is correlated with the degree of injury (as determined by blebbing and
      morphological changes) and cell killing. More recently, much work has been
      focused on the role of [Ca2+]i in neoplasia. Many stimuli, including the promoter
      TPA and transforming growth factor beta have been shown to affect normal and
      transformed cells differently. Both cause differentiation in normal human
      bronchial epithelial cells but stimulate growth in transformed cells. We propose
      that deregulation of ions, especially [Ca2+]i, plays an important role, if not a
      key role, in the initiation of acute and chronic cell injury, including
      neoplasia. Increases in [Ca2+]i appear to accelerate degradative processes and,
      unless regulated, lead to cell death.

PMID- 2644723
TI  - Prediction of chemical carcinogenicity from molecular and electronic structures:
      a comparison of MINDO/3 and CNDO/2 molecular orbital methods.
AB  - Molecular orbital methods have been used to calculate the electronic structures
      of a number of chemical carcinogens and non-carcinogens using the MINDO/3
      (Modified Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap, version 3) and CNDO/2
      (Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap) procedures; results from the two
      methods show good agreement. Spatial conformations of the same series of
      chemicals have also been determined. High affinity for cytochromes P-448 (P450 I)
      and high potential for chemical carcinogenicity/toxicity show good correlation
      with molecular planarity (high values of area/depth2) and low values of the
      difference between the frontier orbital energies (delta E) of the chemical. This
      computer graphic procedure identifies substrates of the cytochromes P-448 and is
      highly suited for the rapid screening of new chemicals for potential
      mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and certain other forms of toxicity. The
      implications of these findings to the mechanism of chemical carcinogenicity are
      discussed.

PMID- 2644724
TI  - Toxicological screening for benzodiazepines in urine: EMITST versus high
      performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection.
AB  - An HPLC-diode array technique has been developed as a reference method for
      immunochemical screening for benzodiazepines in urine of hospital patients. The
      results of EMITST compared to this method revealed concordant results in 80% of
      the cases; in other respects the two methods are complementary.

PMID- 2644725
TI  - [Scientific articles in Ugeskrift for Laeger during a 25-year period. Types of
      articles and experimental design].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine possible trends in the research designs
      used in Ugeskrift for Laeger during 25 years. The scientific articles in 12
      issues of the journal selected at random from each of the years 1959, 1964, 1969,
      1974, 1979, and 1984 were reviewed. From each article, the following information
      was obtained: type of article (original paper, case report, or review), origin of
      the paper and number of authors. For the original papers, it was noted whether it
      was a longitudinal or a cross-sectional study, and whether it was a cohort or a
      trohoc study. Furthermore the number of subjects and the use of control group,
      randomization and blinding were registered. The number of articles and the number
      of authors per article increased during the period. Contrary to similar studies
      of some widely circulated English-language journals, we could not demonstrate any
      increase of the frequency of studies with weak research design. On the other
      hand, no striking improvement was observed either. Most studies had no control
      group and randomization and blinding were used in less than 10% of the original
      papers. The present study does not permit an evaluation of whether the research
      designs used i Ugeskrift for Laeger are satisfactory.

PMID- 2644726
TI  - [Scientific articles in Ugeskrift for Laeger during a 25-year period. Analysis
      and interpretation of research results].
AB  - During a period of 25 years from 1959 to 1984, no essential alteration in the
      employment of descriptive statistics was observed in the original articles in the
      Ugeskrift whereas analytical statistics was employed to an increasing extent. In
      all of these volumes, defective, incorrect or less suitable employment of
      statistics could be demonstrated. Common problems were: analyses of materials in
      which some patients participated once while others participated on several
      occasions; debatable analyses of data on ranking scales; employment of 2-group
      tests on several groups; insufficient analysis of cross-over trials; lack of
      confidence intervals, and circular reasoning.

PMID- 2644727
TI  - History of the prosthetic treatment of impotence.
AB  - Early records of observations of the os penis or baculum in mammals go back to
      Aristotle. These heritable cartilaginous supports were noted to help the penis
      during copulation. Prosthetic surgery for treatment of impotence was born from
      the initial experience with the use of the "artificial os penis" (rib cartilage)
      in post-traumatic reconstruction in 1936. Slow progress was made with the use of
      extracavernosal acrylic stents, followed by intracavernosal polypropylene rods,
      and finally the silicone prosthesis over the next 20 years. The introduction in
      1973 of the inert silicone semirigid prosthesis and inflatable prosthesis met
      with great successes. Most recently (1985), there has been development of self
      contained prostheses that are technically more simple to insert. Today, much more
      is known about specific organic causes of impotence that are amenable to many
      successful nonprosthetic alternative therapies, adding more stimuli to continued
      innovations in prosthetic surgery for erectile dysfunction.

PMID- 2644728
TI  - Infections in genitourinary prostheses.
AB  - During the past two decades, the use of implantable prostheses has experienced
      exponential growth. In urology, penile prostheses have been especially popular.
      Although many mechanical problems have been reported, the most disastrous
      complication is infection, which usually mandates prosthesis removal and often
      leads to severe disability or loss of function of the organ in which the
      prosthesis was implanted. The author reviews the pathogenesis, microbiology,
      diagnosis, and treatment of genitourinary prosthesis infections.

PMID- 2644729
TI  - Comparing clinical staging plus transrectal ultrasound with surgical-pathologic
      staging of prostate cancer.
AB  - Twenty-five men with histopathologic diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma were
      staged utilizing traditional staging modalities and transrectal ultrasound of the
      prostate (TRUSP). A comparison was then done with surgical-pathologic stage.
      TRUSP accurately predicted the local extent of disease in 84 percent of patients,
      while digital rectal examination understaged in 64 percent of patients. TRUSP is
      a valuable adjunct to staging prostate cancer prior to definitive therapy.

PMID- 2644730
TI  - Transplant techniques applied to general urology.
AB  - Described herein are renal transplant techniques which have been successfully
      applied to general urology patients. These include surface and core cooling of
      the kidney, autotransplantation, renal vein translocation, the use of a
      transcutaneous stent for upper urinary tract repairs, and an unstented, parallel
      incision, extravesical ureteroneocystostomy.

PMID- 2644731
TI  - Renal effects of percutaneous stone removal.
AB  - Preoperative and postoperative renography with 99mTechnetium-diethylene-triamine
      pentaacetic acid was performed on 33 patients who were free of renal scarring,
      infection, and obstruction and who underwent percutaneous renal stone removal.
      Although there was a transient decrease in renal function postoperatively in some
      patients, statistically significant reductions in renal function occurred only in
      1 patient with an arteriovenous malformation that was embolized and in 1 patient
      who had a postoperative ureteropelvic junction stricture. The creation of more
      than one nephrostomy tract did not affect the results. In the absence of serious
      complications, percutaneous nephrostomy does not have a significant effect on
      renal function.

PMID- 2644732
TI  - Distribution of rabbit mucosal glycoprotein throughout urinary tract.
AB  - The mucin layer covering the transitional epithelium of the bladder is thought to
      be an anti-adherence substance for bacteria. We describe the use of an
      immunoperoxidase staining technique to demonstrate the presence of glycoprotein
      lining the urothelium of both the upper and lower urinary tracts of the rabbit.
      Antisera against this glycoprotein (GP1) were raised in Swiss-Webster mice. The
      genitourinary tracts of male and female NZW rabbits were removed and sequentially
      treated with mouse anti-GP1 sera, biotin-labelled anti-mouse IgG, and an avidin
      biotinylated horseradish peroxidase complex. The results demonstrated that an
      antigenically similar (or identical) glycoprotein covers the distal renal tubules
      and urothelium of the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra, suggesting
      that it may function as an antibacterial defense mechanism throughout the urinary
      tract.

PMID- 2644733
TI  - Caecal intussusceptions in horses and the significance of Anoplocephala
      perfoliata.
AB  - A caecocaecal intussusception in a pony and a caecocolic intussusception in a
      horse, both infected with Anoplocephala perfoliata, are described and the
      relevance of tapeworms in such intestinal disease of horses is reviewed.

PMID- 2644734
TI  - Proliferative enteropathies: Campylobacter species in the faeces of normal and
      contact pigs.

PMID- 2644735
TI  - Location and nucleotide sequence of the 25K protein missing from baculovirus few
      polyhedra (FP) mutants.
AB  - Wild-type and few polyhedra (FP) mutants of the baculovirus Autographa
      californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) were studied to identify and
      sequence the gene encoding the 25-kDa (25K) protein normally present in AcMNPV
      infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells but which is often missing from FP mutant
      infected cells. Our previous study had mapped two overlapping late transcripts to
      the insertion site of host cell DNA within the HindIII-I fragment (33.8 to 37.7
      map units) of wild-type AcMNPV. An FP mutant, AcFP875-2, had a 1.6-kbp insertion
      of S. frugiperda DNA near the 5' end of these transcripts which by S1 analysis
      were shown to initiate within the host cell sequence. Primer extension analysis
      revealed that the transcription start for this gene in wild-type virus occurred
      within a conserved 12-base sequence found near the transcription start sites of
      several baculovirus late and hyper-expressed genes. A similar 12-base sequence
      was found at the transcription start site within this 1.6-kbp pair host cell DNA
      sequence in AcFP875-2. mRNAs from wild-type virus-infected cells were
      hybridization-selected using a 542-bp SalI subfragment of the 3.2-kbp EcoRI
      HindIII fragment (35.0 to 37.7 map units). These mRNAs directed the synthesis of
      a 25K protein which in size was identical to the 25K protein in wild-type virus
      infected cells and the translation product of a 1.15-kb cRNA transcribed from a
      RsaI fragment (36.4 to 37.4 map units). Comparison of gel band patterns following
      partial proteolysis of the translation product of the 1.15 cRNA and the 25K
      protein from wild-type virus-infected cells revealed that the two proteins were
      closely related if not identical. Nucleotide sequence analysis within this EcoRI
      HindIII fragment revealed an open reading frame which encodes a 25K protein.
      Insertion of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene encoding the beta-galactosidase
      enzyme into the transcribed portion of this EcoRI-HindIII fragment yielded a
      recombinant virus which lacked a 25K protein and exhibited an altered (FP) plaque
      phenotype.

PMID- 2644736
TI  - Nucleotide sequence, transcriptional mapping, and temporal expression of the gene
      encoding p39, a major structural protein of the multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis
      virus of Orgyia pseudotsugata.
AB  - The gene encoding the 39-kDa major structural protein (p39) of Orgyia
      pseudotsugata nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV) was sequenced and
      transcriptionally mapped, and its expression was examined at various times
      postinfection. By Northern hybridization, primer extension, and S1 nuclease
      analysis, we identified p39 mRNAs of approximately 2600 nt. By primer extension
      analysis, we identified two major sets of transcripts which initiated around -48
      and -96 nt upstream of the translation start codon. The transcription start sites
      were located within the conserved baculovirus late gene consensus sequence,
      ATAAG, which is duplicated in the p39 5' flanking region. In OpMNPV-infected
      Lymantria dispar cells, the p39 mRNAs were expressed abundantly at 24 and 36 hr
      p.i. but were present in lower quantities at 48 hr p.i. The p39 gene contained an
      open reading frame of 1053 nt which encodes a predicted protein of 351 amino
      acids with an estimated molecular weight of 39.5 kDa. Three repeats of the amino
      acid sequence Ala-Pro-Ala-Ala-Pro were identified at the C-terminus of the
      predicted p39 protein.

PMID- 2644737
TI  - Detection of granulocyte antibodies using flow cytometric analysis of leucocyte
      immunofluorescence.
AB  - Antigranulocyte antibodies are involved in the pathophysiology of a number of
      clinical disorders, which include: febrile transfusion reactions, severe
      pulmonary reactions to transfusion, auto-immune neutropenia, drug-induced
      neutropenia, and iso-immune neonatal neutropenia. Owing to the inherent
      difficulties of manipulating granulocytes in vitro, many of the serological
      techniques described for the detection of antigranulocyte antibodies are complex
      and sometimes difficult to reproduce. We describe the detection of alloreactive
      granulocyte antibodies using flow cytometric analysis of donor leucocyte
      suspensions in an indirect immunofluorescent test. The technique provides a
      semiquantitative detection of granulocyte antibodies in two groups of patients
      studied and, by providing as a comparison the reactivity on the corresponding
      mononuclear leucocytes, allows the distinction between granulocyte-specific
      antibodies and antibodies directed against the histocompatibility antigens.

PMID- 2644738
TI  - Anti-Au: the antithetical antibody to anti-Au.
AB  - Anti-Au, the first example of the antithetical antibody to anti-Au, was
      identified in the serum of a blood donor who had been transfused 16 years
      previously. Au has a gene frequency of 0.4326 in an American black population and
      0.2994 in a southern English donor population. The expression of Au is suppressed
      by In(Lu). XS2 also suppresses Auberger antigen expression.

PMID- 2644739
TI  - [Orthotopic heart transplantation at the 2d Surgical Department of the University
      of Vienna: 4-year experience].
AB  - Between March 1984 and August 1988, 89 orthotopic cardiac transplants were
      performed in 87 patients at the Second Department of Surgery, University of
      Vienna. 2 patients underwent retransplantation and 3 patients received previously
      a total artificial heart bridge. Recipients were immunosuppressed with low dose
      cyclosporine, azathioprine and since May 1986 with additional low dose
      prednisolone; all patients were supplemented perioperatively with either ATG or
      OKT3. 1-year survival rates continuously increased from 33% in 1984 to 88% in
      1987 (p = 0.07). The one-year survival rate in recipients given double drug
      therapy (cyclosporine and azathioprine) was 43% as compared with 77% on triple
      therapy (cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisolone, p = 0.003). Acute rejection
      was the leading cause of death. These data indicate that the substantial
      improvement in survival rates is attributable to augmented immunosuppression and
      to improved patient management and recipient selection.

PMID- 2644740
TI  - Medicare: questions and answers.

PMID- 2644741
TI  - The year of the doctor.

PMID- 2644742
TI  - Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural diagnosis of a rare mixed apocrine
      medullary carcinoma of the breast in a fine needle aspirate.
AB  - A rare mixed apocrine-medullary mammary carcinoma in a 57-year-old woman was
      preoperatively diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. The aspirate was
      characterized by carcinoma cells with an apocrine differentiation and significant
      cellular atypia admixed with many lymphocytes and plasma cells. These findings
      were confirmed by histologic examination of the breast tumor and its metastasis
      in lymph nodes. Electron microscopy (EM) and immunoperoxidase staining for
      cytokeratin, S-100 protein, epithelial membrane antigen and carcinoembryonic
      antigen were done on samples of the aspirated material. Although immunostaining
      was of little help in this case, the EM findings did show many carcinomatous
      cells of apocrine type in the tumor.

PMID- 2644743
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytologic diagnosis of the solitary cold thyroid nodule.
      Comparison with ultrasonography, radionuclide perfusion study and
      xeroradiography.
AB  - Thirty-six cases of solitary and scintigraphically "cold" thyroid nodules were
      studied by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, ultrasonography, radionuclide
      perfusion study (RPS) and xeroradiography with the aim of differentiating the
      neoplastic from the nonneoplastic nodules. Histologic study of the excised
      specimens provided the definitive diagnosis in all cases. Of the techniques used
      in this study, FNA cytology and RPS had the highest sensitivities and
      specificities. Ultrasonography and xeroradiography were of limited use due to
      their low sensitivity rates.

PMID- 2644744
TI  - Melanin-producing medullary thyroid carcinoma with glandular differentiation.
AB  - A rare case is reported of melanin-producing medullary thyroid carcinoma in a 62
      year-old man. Intraoperative imprints of the thyroid tumor revealed numerous
      detached tumor cells containing large amounts of brown pigment. The Fontana
      Masson argentaffin reaction with bleach confirmed that those granules were
      melanin. Histologically, the tumor was composed of two different components--a
      medullary area with hyalinized stroma and a follicular area. Melanin was
      scattered in both areas. The tumor cells in both areas were immunoreactive to
      carcinoembryonic antigen, calcitonin, gastrin-releasing peptide, somatostatin,
      met.-enkephalin, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin and neurofilaments, and
      negative for thyroglobulin and S-100 protein. The histologic diagnosis was
      melanin-producing medullary thyroid carcinoma with glandular differentiation.
      Although various kinds of peptides and amines have been reported to be produced
      in medullary thyroid carcinoma, melanin production is quite rare; this appears to
      be only the third reported case.

PMID- 2644745
TI  - Cytologic, cytochemical, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural diagnosis of a
      sacrococcygeal chordoma in a fine needle aspiration biopsy specimen.
AB  - The cytologic, cytochemical, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural findings on
      the aspirated material are presented for the case of a 57-year-old man with
      sacrococcygeal chordoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy.
      Cytologically, two types of cellular elements were differentiated: medium-sized
      cells with few cytoplasmic vacuoles and classic physaliferous cells. Both types
      showed marked cytoplasmic positivity for keratin and S-100 protein; the absence
      of nuclear positivity in the physaliferous cells was notable. Ultrastructural
      study demonstrated the existence of true intracytoplasmic vacuoles and frequent
      rough endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria complexes. The cytologic differential
      diagnosis with chondrosarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma, ependymoma and metastases of
      mucosecretory carcinomas is reviewed.

PMID- 2644746
TI  - Treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol) in patients with mild primary
      hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - The parathyroid gland possesses receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the
      active metabolite of the vitamin D system, and in vitro experiments have shown
      that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can inhibit the secretion of PTH. In this study 31
      subjects who had displayed persistent mild hypercalcemia for 14 years and
      presumably had mild primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) were challenged with 1.0
      microgram alphacalcidol (1 alpha-(OH)-vitamin D3) over 6 months in a double
      blind, placebo-controlled study. Before initiation of therapy, the
      hyperparathyroid subjects showed lower serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in
      relation to PTH or calcium when compared with age- and sex-matched controls.
      Treatment induced a slight rise in serum calcium (0.05 mmol/l), but no
      significant decrease of the PTH levels. Eighteen of the subjects thereafter
      entered an open study with a higher dose of alphacalcidol (2.0 micrograms) over 1
      year. Although this high dose induced a marked rise in serum calcium (0.17
      mmol/l), there was only a transient reduction of the PTH levels. Thus, during
      long-term condition there was an escape from the suppressive action of the
      elevated calcium concentrations and no evidence of a specific inhibition of PTH
      secretion by a small oral dose of active vitamin D.

PMID- 2644747
TI  - Chest wall rigidity during fentanyl- and midazolam-fentanyl induction:
      ventilatory and haemodynamic effects.
AB  - In a double-blind randomised study, we examined if pretreatment with small doses
      of midazolam, given before anaesthesia induction with fentanyl, influences the
      occurrence of fentanyl-induced thoracic rigidity (FITR). At the same time, the
      effect of rigidity on the cardiovascular and respiratory system was assessed.
      Sixteen patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were divided into two
      groups. The midazolam group (M) received 0.075 mg/kg midazolam i.v. and the
      placebo group (P) NaCl 0.9% 3 min before the start of fentanyl induction. During
      the induction period, FITR was assessed clinically on a 3-point scale.
      Haemodynamic and respiratory variables were collected before anaesthesia
      induction, at the end of the fentanyl infusion and 3 min after intubation. The
      incidence of FITR was high in both groups: 63% in Group M and 75% in Group P
      (n.s.); however, its severity was less in Group M. The appearance of rigidity
      affected the cardiovascular and the respiratory system: central venous and
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressures showed a sharp increase in patients with FITR
      accompanied by CO2 retention, due to an inability to ventilate these patients
      adequately. We conclude that small doses of midazolam do not prevent, but may
      attenuate, FITR and that the appearance of rigidity causes alterations of
      haemodynamic and respiratory variables during induction.

PMID- 2644748
TI  - Atracurium and pancuronium in renal insufficiency.
AB  - The duration and possible accumulation of atracurium and pancuronium were studied
      in 59 patients (29 anephric and 30 normal) anaesthetized with 0.5% halothane in
      O2/N2O and supplemented by fentanyl. Equipotent doses of atracurium (0.5 mg.kg-1)
      and pancuronium (0.1 mg.kg-1) were given for intubation. Atracurium had a lower
      potency in anephric patients. The duration (first twitch response (TI) return to
      20% of control) for atracurium was 28 min in anephric and 36 in normal patients.
      The corresponding mean times for pancuronium were 171 and 123 min, but with a
      very wide variation range 20-380 min and 45-360 min, respectively). The duration
      of up to 8 incremental doses of atracurium (0.1 mg kg-1) was 27-29 min in normal
      patients and of up to 13 increments was 25-34 min in anephric patients.
      Pancuronium (0.015 mg kg-1) was given in a maximum of 4 increments. In normal
      patients the mean durations were 40-56 min, and in anephric patients 65-100 min.
      The duration of pancuronium, but not of atracurium, was prolonged with repeated
      injections (up to 2.7 times) in anephric patients. After pancuronium the
      spontaneous recovery was significantly slower in anephric patients, while the
      induced recovery was rapid and reliable in all groups. We conclude that
      atracurium is a safe and reliable muscle relaxant in normal and anephric
      patients, while pancuronium in both groups has a disturbing variation in duration
      and, in addition, signs of significant accumulation in anephric patients. The use
      of a nerve stimulator is mandatory.

PMID- 2644749
TI  - Spinal anaesthesia with glucose-free 2% lignocaine. Effect of different volumes.
AB  - Spinal anaesthesia with 2, 3 or 4 ml of glucose-free 2% lignocaine was studied in
      64 patients undergoing transurethral surgery of the bladder. Cephalad spread of
      analgesia, onset time, duration of analgesia, duration of motor block, quality of
      analgesia, and the cardiovascular effects were assessed. Two ml of 2% lignocaine
      was insufficient to produce reliable analgesia. Three ml provided sufficient
      analgesia in most of the patients, but 4 ml was needed to guarantee sufficient
      analgesia in all patients. Onset times for analgesia and motor block were 10-20
      min. After 4 ml the median and interquartile values were: maximum cephalad
      spread: T8, (T10-T5); time from injection to regression of analgesia to T11: 84
      min, (60-103 min); duration of complete motor block: 90 min, (60-120 min). All
      patients in the 3-ml and 4-ml groups developed complete motor block. There was a
      positive correlation between the dose and the duration of analgesia and motor
      block. A positive correlation, although weaker, was also seen between the dose
      and the maximum cephalad spread of analgesia. There was an inverse relationship
      between the cephalad spread of analgesia and the duration of motor block. Falls
      in systolic blood pressure greater than 30% were noted in seven patients in whom
      the cephalad spread of analgesia was higher than in the rest of the patients.
      Spinal anaesthesia with glucose-free 2% lignocaine in doses of 3-4 ml provides
      reliable analgesia for transurethral surgery of the bladder.

PMID- 2644750
TI  - The effect of continuous intravenous indomethacin infusion on bleeding time and
      postoperative pain in patients undergoing emergency surgery of the lower
      extremities.
AB  - Fifty-four orthopaedic patients were given either indomethacin (25-50 mg bolus
      plus infusion, 5-7.5 mg h-1) or only lactated Ringer solution intravenously over
      20 h in a randomized and double-blind fashion. The study was started at the
      casualty department as soon as possible after the decision to operate was made.
      The patients were given a spinal block with bupivacaine, and the evaluation
      included postoperative analgesia and IVY bleeding times. Indomethacin plasma
      concentrations were measured and found to be at a therapeutic level throughout
      the study. The oxycodone dose (mean +/- s.d.) during the postoperative
      observation was lower in the indomethacin group (17.4 +/- 13.7 mg) than in the
      control group (25.6 +/- 15.6 mg) (P = 0.05). Fewer patients in the indomethacin
      group needed oxycodone more than once during the follow-up period (P less than
      0.001). The mean IVY bleeding time was prolonged in the indomethacin group after
      20 h of infusion (P less than 0.05). No abnormal bleeding was observed
      immediately postoperatively. However, at the end of the infusion there were more
      patients who bled through their bandages and casts in the indomethacin group
      (4/28 vs. 1/26).

PMID- 2644751
TI  - Bell-shaped concentration-response curve for myocardial stimulation by
      glucocorticoids. An experimental study in the rat.
AB  - The isolated perfused rat heart was used to study the myocardial effects of
      glucocorticoid methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS 0, 100, 500 and 1000
      mg/l) in normoxic conditions. Various physiological variables including coronary
      flow rate (CFR), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), dP/dTmax, dP/dTmin
      and heart rate (HR) were assessed. At the end of the perfusion period the hearts
      were freeze clamped and analyzed for tissue content of calcium and various
      metabolites. MPSS (500 mg/l) resulted in vasodilatation and inotropic
      stimulation. An increase was found in CFR (+17% +/- 4), LVDP (+6% +/- 1),
      dP/dTmax (+13% +/- 2), dP/dTmin (+9% +/- 3); (P less than 0.05). Heart rate was
      depressed (-14% +/- 2, P less than 0.05). MPSS (100 mg/l) had no effect on CFR or
      contractility. MPSS (1000 mg/l) resulted in a transient vasodilatation and a
      progressive myocardial depression. MPSS perfusion (100 and 500 mg/l) increased
      the adenine nucleotide pool and at all concentrations MPSS elevated the
      myocardial content of lactate. We conclude that in normoxic conditions there is a
      bell-shaped curve of myocardial inotropic stimulation by the glucocorticoid
      hormone, and also a stimulation of metabolism possibly by increased cellular
      supply of substrates.

PMID- 2644752
TI  - Effects of heparin on serum ionized calcium and haemodynamics during coronary
      artery surgery.
AB  - Heparin has been reported to possess hypotensive and vasodilating properties when
      given in 3 mg/kg bolus injection. The haemodynamic effect has been thought to be
      related to an acute lowering of serum ionized calcium levels. The effects of
      heparin on haemodynamics and ionized calcium were compared with saline in 30
      patients during coronary artery surgery before the commencement of
      cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no significant differences in haemodynamics or
      ionized calcium levels between heparin or saline during the observation period of
      10 min. The results are at variance with some previous findings, and suggest that
      the hypotensive reaction occasionally seen after heparin is given is not mediated
      by the reduction of serum ionized calcium.

PMID- 2644753
TI  - The influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on transcapillary fluid balance in
      subcutaneous tissue. A study in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery.
AB  - Clinical observation and calculation of fluid balance have shown that patients
      undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery with thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) in
      addition to general anesthesia retain less fluid than patients having general
      anesthesia only. The present study was designed to investigate whether this
      effect could be explained by thoracic epidural analgesia influencing the
      transcapillary fluid balance, i.e. the transcapillary forces (COPpl, COPif, Pif).
      Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (COPif) and interstitial fluid
      pressure (Pif) were measured subcutaneously at heart level by the blister suction
      technique and the wick-in-needle technique, respectively. Simultaneously plasma
      colloid osmotic pressure (COPpl) was recorded. Sixteen male patients were
      allocated to two groups, one having general anesthesia only (controls, n = 8).
      The other group (TEA, n = 8) received, at the induction of anesthesia,
      bupivacaine 50 mg via an epidural catheter as an adjunct to general anesthesia.
      TEA was maintained by continuous infusion for 24 h postoperatively.
      Preoperatively no intergroup differences were observed in "the Starling forces"
      (COPpl, COPif, Pif). At the start of extracorporeal circulation COPpl was
      significantly lower in the TEA-group than in controls. During extracorporeal
      circulation the transcapillary COP-gradient (COPpl-COPif) was reversed in both
      groups. At the end of extracorporeal circulation Pif increased to a minor degree
      in the TEA-group and remained significantly lower than in controls from 3 to 24 h
      postoperatively. The subcutaneous interstitial tissue could be less expanded
      postoperatively in the TEA-group, also reflected by a lower increase in Pif.

PMID- 2644754
TI  - Early diagnosis and treatment of hemochromatosis.

PMID- 2644755
TI  - Medical and surgical management of obesity.

PMID- 2644756
TI  - The role of androgens in the treatment of hematologic disorders.

PMID- 2644757
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 2644758
TI  - Campylobacters and gastroduodenal inflammation.

PMID- 2644759
TI  - Carcinogen monitoring by DNA adduct methodology in humans: clinical perspectives
      for the 1990s.

PMID- 2644760
TI  - Effects of radiation on the thyroid gland.

PMID- 2644761
TI  - The risks and benefits of oral contraceptives.
AB  - Although OCs are frequently perceived as offering no health benefits other than
      enabling a woman to control the timing and size of her family, it is obvious from
      this review that substantial protection from a variety of conditions is conferred
      by OC use. Future studies, however, may delineate a subpopulation of women at
      risk for cervical neoplasia who should not use oral contraception. When OCs are
      prescribed for only those women for whom they are appropriate, using the lowest
      dosage of estrogenic and progestogenic agents necessary to control fertility and
      prevent irregular bleeding, then morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular
      events can be avoided while allowing the largest number of women to benefit from
      their protection from neoplasia, infection, and benign breast disease.

PMID- 2644762
TI  - Aluminum-related osteodystrophy.
AB  - In this review, we have discussed the history, clinical course, and what is known
      about the epidemiology and pathology of aluminum-related bone disease in patients
      with renal failure. In addition, we have reviewed current thoughts about
      prevention and treatment. This disorder of medical progress, along with the other
      forms of renal osteodystrophy, has provided us important new information about
      calcium regulation and bone. These insights may well permit better understanding
      and management of much more common skeletal disorders.

PMID- 2644763
TI  - Paraendocrine syndromes of cancer.
AB  - Understanding of the humoral manifestations of cancer has steadily increased over
      recent years. The endocrine syndromes, where they are understood, appear to be
      caused by increased production by the cancer of protein hormones, protein hormone
      precursors, or protein hormone-like substances. These proteins are commonly
      produced also by nonneoplastic, nonendocrine cells, and presumably represent
      paracrine or autocrine substances. Many of the neurologic syndromes, and possibly
      a wide range of other paraneoplastic syndromes, appear to be caused by tumor
      immunogen stimulation of antibodies that cross-react not only with the specific
      tumor antigen but also with antigens from host tissues. Antibody-mediated cell
      injury leads to the specific symptoms, determined by the tissue injured. Some of
      the hematologic paraneoplastic syndromes (e.g., aplastic anemia, red cell
      aplasia) may also be produced by immune mechanisms. Finally, at least one
      syndrome, multifocal leukoencephalopathy, is caused by a viral infection.
      Presumably the host with cancer is more susceptible to such infections. The
      pathogenesis of many syndromes caused by cancers remains unclear. The amino acid
      structure of the hormones produced by cancers has not been determined for any of
      the syndromes. The function of these protein hormones produced by normal,
      nonendocrine tissues is unknown.

PMID- 2644764
TI  - The endothelium, platelets, and coronary vasospasm.
AB  - Significant advances have been made in our understanding of the role of the
      vascular endothelium in preventing thrombosis and in decreasing vascular spasm.
      The endothelium provides a surface receptor, thrombomodulin, that binds thrombin.
      In this form, thrombin loses its ability to clot fibrinogen or to aggregate
      platelets, but is able to activate protein C. In its activated state, protein C
      is able to act as an inhibitor of coagulation by virtue of its proteolytic
      destruction of Factors Va and VIIIa. Congenital deficiency of protein C is
      associated with early and recurrent thrombosis. The discovery that the
      endothelium is responsible for the production of a short-acting inhibitor of
      smooth-muscle contraction (EDRF) was a remarkable advance. One of the EDRF
      substances has been demonstrated to be NO, which has inhibitory effects on both
      smooth muscle and blood platelets. Activity of EDRF appears to be diminished or
      lost as a consequence of atherosclerosis, and stimuli that cause vasodilation via
      the EDRF pathway in normal vessels cause vasoconstriction in atherosclerotic
      arteries. Regression of atherosclerosis in experimental animals appears to be
      associated with restoration of EDRF activity.

PMID- 2644765
TI  - Silent myocardial ischemia: an update.

PMID- 2644766
TI  - The exercise test: evolution of an old form.

PMID- 2644767
TI  - Current concepts in the use of digitalis.
AB  - After more than two centuries of administration of digitalis glycosides to
      patients with cardiac disease, empirical observation and tradition remain the
      basis for much of the clinical application of these drugs. Many questions remain,
      and the role of digitalis in the management of congestive heart failure and
      cardiac rhythm disturbances is changing with improvement in our understanding of
      the pathophysiology of these conditions and the availability of newer effective
      agents that may have less potential to cause life-threatening toxicity.
      Nevertheless, digitalis glycoside therapy is a familiar therapeutic intervention
      for the majority of physicians and remains appropriate in carefully selected
      patients. The development of digoxin-specific Fab fragments has led to
      improvement in treatment of advanced and refractory digitalis toxicity and opens
      up the possibility of improvement in diagnosis of less clinically obvious cases
      of digitalis intoxication. The role of digitalis glycosides in the management of
      supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and congestive heart failure in the presence of
      sinus rhythm should now be revised. In each of these clinical circumstances,
      alternative drugs or other modes of therapy have been developed that reduce the
      dependence of clinicians on digitalis as the sole or primary approach to
      management. In the immediate management of paroxysmal reentrant supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmias, verapamil has largely replaced digoxin as the drug of choice,
      although digoxin has an ancillary role, especially in patients with impaired
      ventricular function. In the management of patients with atrial fibrillation or
      atrial flutter with a rapid ventricular response, verapamil or diltiazem and beta
      adrenergic-blocking drugs will effectively slow the ventricular response, thus
      reducing the likelihood of approaching the threshold of digitalis toxicity to
      achieve adequate rate control. In the treatment of patients with congestive heart
      failure and normal sinus rhythm, one must now recognize a subset of patients with
      diastolic rather than systolic dysfunction who are best treated by correcting
      underlying causes of left ventricular hypertrophy or ischemia rather than
      inotropic support with cardiac glycosides. Symptomatic patients with dilated
      ventricles and impaired contractile function should undergo correction of
      abnormalities of preload with vasodilators acting on the venous bed as well as
      diuretics, and reduction of elevated afterload with vasodilators that reduce
      arteriolar resistance and thus improve ventricular emptying.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2644768
TI  - Intestinal and hepatic manifestations of AIDS.

PMID- 2644769
TI  - Special health problems of Mexican-Americans: obesity, gallbladder disease,
      diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2644771
TI  - Percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration: a review.

PMID- 2644770
TI  - Liver transplantation.

PMID- 2644772
TI  - On teaching radiology to medical students: challenges for the nineties.

PMID- 2644773
TI  - Detection of pneumothorax: comparison of digital and conventional chest imaging.
AB  - To investigate radiologists' performance at interpreting digital radiographic
      images, we compared the detectability of pneumothoraces on computed radiographic
      chest images with 0.2-mm pixel size (2.5 Ip/mm) with their detectability on
      matched conventional screen-film images (5 Ip/mm). Eight radiologists reviewed 50
      computed and 50 screen-film chest radiographs from 25 patients with
      pneumothoraces and 25 patients with other (or no) abnormalities. Four of the
      readers who best detected pneumothoraces on screen-film examinations performed
      worse when interpreting computed radiographic studies; the other four readers
      detected pneumothoraces similarly with both techniques. No relationship was found
      between the size of a pneumothorax and its likelihood of detection by either
      technique. These results raise concerns about implementing computed radiography
      for comprehensive chest imaging.

PMID- 2644774
TI  - Hepatic lymphoma in cyclosporine-treated transplant recipients: sonographic and
      CT findings.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the CT and sonographic features of
      hepatic lymphoma developing in organ transplant recipients taking cyclosporine.
      The four patients included in the study had non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Two of the
      cases were primary, with no associated lymphadenopathy or extrahepatic lesions.
      The hepatic lymphomas were characterized by multiple low-density areas on CT
      scans and hypoechoic areas on sonograms. In three of the four patients, the
      lesions regressed after the cyclosporine dosage was reduced. We conclude that in
      cyclosporine-treated organ transplant recipients, hepatic lymphoma should be
      considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic lesions with or without
      lymphadenopathy when multiple low-density lesions are shown by CT and hypoechoic
      lesions are shown by sonography.

PMID- 2644775
TI  - Increased prevalence of cholelithiasis in patients with abdominal aortic
      aneurysm: sonographic evaluation.
AB  - We performed a prospective study to determine the prevalence of cholelithiasis in
      patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Over an 18-month period, the gallbladder
      and the abdominal aorta were evaluated routinely in all consecutive patients
      referred to us for sonography of the abdomen and retroperitoneum. The patients
      were divided into two groups: those with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (aorta
      greater than 3 cm in transverse diameter) (n = 96) and those whose aorta measured
      less than 3 cm in transverse diameter (n = 538), who served as control subjects.
      Cholelithiasis was found in 50% of patients with and 26% of patients without
      aneurysm (p less than .0001). A stepwise logistic regression analysis found age
      alone to be predictive of cholelithiasis (p = .030). However, age was not
      predictive of cholelithiasis when included with abdominal aortic aneurysm in a
      multivariate model. Diabetes mellitus and gender were not predictive of
      cholelithiasis. We found cholelithiasis in approximately half of the patients who
      had abdominal aortic aneurysms. This is almost double the prevalence in the
      general elderly population. A pathophysiologic explanation for this observation
      remains to be found.

PMID- 2644776
TI  - Scrape biopsy of malignant biliary stricture through percutaneous transhepatic
      biliary drainage tracts.

PMID- 2644777
TI  - Changes in the epididymis after vasectomy: sonographic findings.
AB  - Scrotal sonograms were obtained in 31 men before vasectomy and at 2 and 12 months
      after vasectomy to determine the effect of the surgery on the sonographic
      appearance of the testis and epididymis. The sonographic appearance of the testis
      was unchanged after vasectomy. However, in 14 men (45%), there were persistent
      changes in the epididymis. These consisted of enlargement (14 patients),
      development of cysts (11 patients), and an inhomogeneous echo pattern (five
      patients). The presence of these sonographic changes was unrelated to symptoms.
      The history of vasectomy in men referred for scrotal sonography should be noted
      so that the altered sonographic appearance of the epididymis may be interpreted
      properly.

PMID- 2644778
TI  - Duplex Doppler sonography of renal transplants: lack of sensitivity and
      specificity in establishing pathologic diagnosis.
AB  - Recent reports have suggested the value of duplex Doppler sonography in the
      assessment of renal transplant function. Accurate diagnosis of acute rejection
      and its distinction from acute tubular necrosis and cyclosporine A toxicity have
      been claimed. We undertook a combined retrospective and prospective analysis of
      duplex Doppler examinations performed over a 2-year period to assess the value of
      such studies in evaluating renal allograft dysfunction. Seventy-seven sonographic
      examinations were performed on 77 renal transplants. A mean resistive index was
      calculated from Doppler measurements within main, segmental, and interlobar renal
      arteries by using the following ratio. peak systolic blood-flow velocity--minimum
      end-diastolic blood-flow velocity/peak systolic blood-flow velocity Forty-eight
      Doppler results were correlated with transplant biopsies and 29 with clinical
      course. Twenty-three episodes of acute allograft rejection were confirmed. When a
      resistive index of greater than or equal to 0.9 was used to indicate acute
      rejection, sonography had a sensitivity of only 9% and a specificity of 91% for
      this diagnosis. In one of eight cases of cyclosporine A toxicity and in three of
      six examples of acute tubular necrosis, the resistive index was greater than 0.9.
      In all six instances of chronic rejection, the resistive index was less than
      0.84. None of eight patients with evidence of infection had a resistive index
      greater than 0.9. The resistive index range of 12 normally functioning allografts
      was 0.57-0.69. Correlation between the resistive index and the severity of
      arterial and arteriolar changes on biopsy was poor. An increased resistive index
      of renal transplant blood flow, as measured by duplex Doppler sonography, usually
      signals pathologic changes in an allograft. However, our data indicate that this
      test is not as sensitive or specific in identifying the cause of transplant
      dysfunction as has been suggested previously.

PMID- 2644779
TI  - Ectopic ureterocele without ureteral and calyceal dilatation (ureterocele
      disproportion): findings on urography and sonography.
AB  - Eight infants and children (six girls) were seen over a 13-year period with
      duplex collecting systems and ectopic ureteroceles. In each, there was striking
      dissimilarity in size between the large ureterocele and its diminutive ureter and
      calyces. The upper moiety did not function and, except for the ureterocele, the
      indirect urographic and direct sonographic signs of duplication were absent or
      subtle. We call this entity ureterocele disproportion. Seven patients presented
      with urinary infection and one was found to have hydronephrosis of a dilated
      lower moiety in utero. Five had ipsilateral lower-pole reflux, which ranged in
      degree from 3 to 5 (on a scale of 1-5). Two had bilateral duplication; one of
      these had a typical contralateral ectopic ureterocele. The diagnosis of
      ureterocele disproportion was strongly suggested by urography and sonography and
      was confirmed at cystoscopy by direct puncture of the ureterocele and
      opacification of the upper moiety. All had surgery. The approach varied and
      depended on the status of the lower moiety and the contralateral kidney. One had
      incision of the ureterocele only. Five with lower-pole reflux had excision of the
      ureterocele and ipsilateral common-sheath reimplantation.

PMID- 2644780
TI  - Sonography of the painful hip in children: 500 consecutive cases.
AB  - Five hundred children with a painful hip or a limp were evaluated prospectively
      by plain films and sonography. The clinical, radiographic, and sonographic
      findings were correlated with the final diagnoses. Sonography disclosed hip
      effusion in 235 patients, and plain films were abnormal in 58 of these 235
      patients and in four others. Both sonography and plain films were normal in 261
      patients. No sonographic signs served to differentiate sterile, purulent, or
      hemorrhagic effusion. Follow-up sonograms were performed in 202 patients.
      Sonography showed that 73% of patients with presumed transient synovitis had no
      effusion 2 weeks after diagnosis. Patients with hip disorders other than
      transient synovitis had persistent effusion for more than 2 weeks; however, that
      was also observed in 27% of patients with presumed transient synovitis.
      Sonography was more sensitive than plain films for detecting hip effusion.
      However, sonographic detection of effusion changed the therapeutic approach in
      only six patients.

PMID- 2644781
TI  - Percutaneous drainage of traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts in children.
AB  - In the past, children with pancreatic pseudocysts have been managed surgically.
      We report seven children 3-13 years old with posttraumatic pancreatic pseudocysts
      who were managed with percutaneous catheter drainage. All procedures were
      performed with local anesthesia and intramuscular sedation under sonographic or
      CT guidance. Two of the pseudocysts were drained via a transgastric approach, the
      other five via direct transcutaneous access to the pseudocyst. The catheters were
      in place an average of 25 days (range, 8-66). There were no serious
      complications. Six patients became asymptomatic with return of the serum amylase
      to normal and resolution of the pseudocyst on follow-up sonograms. One patient,
      in whom the catheter became dislodged after 2 weeks, became asymptomatic, but he
      had a residual 2-cm pancreatic pseudocyst that resolved over the next 6 weeks.
      Our experience suggests that percutaneous drainage is a safe and effective method
      of treatment for traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts in children.

PMID- 2644782
TI  - Color Doppler sonography of hemodialysis vascular access: comparison with
      angiography.
AB  - This study was performed to define the color Doppler sonographic appearance of
      normal and abnormal hemodialysis vascular access and to compare color Doppler
      sonography with angiography. Twenty-eight patients (nine with Brescia-Cimino
      fistulas and 19 with synthetic grafts) were imaged with digital subtraction
      angiography and color Doppler sonography. The examinations were interpreted
      independently and then interpreted together to determine the accuracy of the two
      methods. With angiography as the gold standard, color Doppler sonography
      correctly identified 20 of 23 stenosed vessels, three of four occluded vessels,
      four of four thrombosed vessels, and 18 of 19 pseudoaneurysms. Overall, color
      Doppler sonography correctly identified all lesions that were seen
      angiographically in 16 of 19 patients with synthetic grafts and in four of nine
      patients with Brescia-Cimino fistulas. Five asymptomatic arterial steals were
      detected sonographically. One of these was identified with angiography. Color
      Doppler sonography is an adequate means of imaging suspected complications of
      hemodialysis vascular access, and it should be used in selected patients.
      However, digital subtraction angiography is more sensitive and should be the
      initial imaging technique for most of these patients.

PMID- 2644783
TI  - Cocaine.
AB  - The smoking of freebase cocaine produces faster and higher peak blood and brain
      levels. Cocaine intoxication can produce virtually any psychiatric symptom.
      Significant medical complications include seizures, cardiac arrhythmias and
      respiratory arrest. An understanding of the neuropharmacology of cocaine enhances
      the identification of cocaine use and addiction.

PMID- 2644784
TI  - Teething.
AB  - Teething does not appear to cause diarrhea, fever, rashes, seizures or
      bronchitis. It may be associated with some daytime restlessness, thumb sucking,
      gum rubbing, drooling and temporary loss of appetite. It is not clear whether
      these signs are developmental in origin or are actually related to tooth
      eruption. Illness occurring with teething should be thoroughly evaluated so that
      a serious systemic disturbance is not overlooked.

PMID- 2644785
TI  - Generalized anxiety disorder.
AB  - Generalized anxiety disorder is a syndrome characterized by excessive anxiety or
      apprehension concerning two or more of life's circumstances. Presenting signs and
      symptoms often include somatic complaints, such as tremor, dyspnea, palpitations,
      lightheadedness and nausea. Treatment includes supportive psychotherapy and
      antianxiety drugs, primarily benzodiazepines. In some cases, antidepressants may
      prove beneficial.

PMID- 2644786
TI  - Home oxygen therapy.
AB  - Home oxygen therapy is clearly beneficial for the chronically hypoxemic patient.
      Compressed gas, liquid oxygen and oxygen concentrators are the primary oxygen
      sources for home use. A number of oxygen-conserving devices are now available and
      may improve compliance. Reservoir cannulas, demand oxygen delivery systems and
      transtracheal oxygen are the latest examples of oxygen-conserving techniques.

PMID- 2644787
TI  - Hereditary spherocytosis.
AB  - Hereditary spherocytosis is the most common inherited anemia in persons of
      northern European descent. In 75 percent of cases, the condition is inherited in
      an autosomal dominant fashion. Patients usually present with splenomegaly,
      jaundice and anemia. A deficiency of the cytoskeletal protein spectrin is
      believed to underlie this hemolytic state. Affected individuals display a
      tendency to form pigmented (bilirubin) gallstones. Splenectomy may be essentially
      curative in the majority of patients.

PMID- 2644788
TI  - Postpericardiotomy syndrome.
AB  - The increase in major cardiac operations performed in the United States has been
      accompanied by an increase in the incidence of postpericardiotomy syndrome.
      Family physicians must be able to recognize the clinical picture, since patients
      may present several weeks postoperatively. Symptoms include malaise, pleuritic
      pain, dyspnea, myalgias, arthralgias and anorexia. Signs include fever, rales,
      friction rubs, effusions and leukocytosis. Anti-inflammatory drugs are effective.

PMID- 2644789
TI  - Clinical safety of aspartame.
AB  - Aspartame is a synthetic sweetener commonly used in soft drinks and many foods.
      Even with high doses, the metabolites of this sweetener do not accumulate in
      toxic amounts. To date, no definite symptom complex has been connected with
      aspartame, and it is considered safe for use in all populations, including
      diabetics, phenylketonuric heterozygotes and pregnant women.

PMID- 2644790
TI  - Exercise-induced amenorrhea.
AB  - Strenuous exercise may cause menstrual abnormalities, including amenorrhea. The
      hypoestrogenemia that accompanies amenorrhea has been associated with a low bone
      mineral content and an increased incidence of stress fractures. With the
      resumption of menses, which usually occurs soon after female athletes decrease
      the intensity of their training or increase their body weight, bone mineral
      content increases and the incidence of stress fractures decreases.

PMID- 2644791
TI  - Inflammatory bowel diseases: Part II. Extraintestinal involvement and management.

PMID- 2644792
TI  - Antiviral therapy.

PMID- 2644793
TI  - NIH issues statement on treatment of kidney stones.

PMID- 2644794
TI  - A prospective comparison of programmed ventricular stimulation with triple
      extrastimuli versus single and double extrastimuli during infusion of
      isoproterenol.
AB  - This prospective study compared the yield of programmed ventricular stimulation
      with single and double extrastimuli during an infusion of isoproterenol with that
      of programmed stimulation with triple extrastimuli. The subjects of this study
      were 58 patients who underwent programmed stimulation and did not have inducible
      ventricular tachycardia (VT) with single or double extrastimuli at two basic
      drive cycle lengths and at two right ventricular sites; 17 patients had a history
      of uniform VT unrelated to exercise, and 41 had no history of documented or
      suspected VT or ventricular fibrillation (VF). Programmed stimulation was
      performed with triple extrastimuli at both right ventricular sites. Isoproterenol
      was infused as a dose titrated to increase the sinus rate by 25% or to a rate of
      100 beats/min, whichever was greater, and stimulation then was repeated with
      single and double extrastimuli. Among the 17 patients with a history of uniform
      VT, the clinical VT was induced by three extrastimuli in five patients (29%) and
      by two extrastimuli during isoproterenol infusion in six patients (35%, p greater
      than 0.05). Among the total study population of 58 patients, nonclinical
      multiform VT or VF was induced by three extrastimuli in 29 patients (50%), and by
      two extrastimuli during isoproterenol infusion in 15 patients (26%, p less than
      0.05). Therefore stimulation with two extrastimuli during isoproterenol infusion
      has the same probability of inducing a clinical form of VT as does stimulation
      with extrastimuli, but the former has a significantly lower probability of
      inducing nonclinical multiform VT and VF.

PMID- 2644796
TI  - Normal and anomalous coronary arteries: definitions and classification.
AB  - Results of a comprehensive survey of the literature concerning coronary artery
      anatomy, embryology, and pathophysiology show the lack of an adequate definition
      of normal coronary arteries. To fill this gap, the present review considers the
      available data concerning the embryogenesis of the coronary arteries and proposes
      a new definition of normality that refers to essential anatomic features. The
      concepts of normal variant versus anomaly are introduced, based on a statistical
      definition of the normal range (99% of the presentations observed in a normal,
      unselected population). Coronary anomalies are defined as those patterns found in
      less than 1% of the cases. The wide spectrum of coronary abnormalities is then
      organized according to a comprehensive classification scheme. For clinical
      purposes the conceptual difference between anatomic and pathophysiologic
      anomalies is stressed. The current paucity of experimental studies concerning
      normal and abnormal embryogenesis of the coronary arteries is found to be the
      major limitation to an understanding of this subject.

PMID- 2644795
TI  - Electrophysiologic effects of intravenous propafenone in Wolff-Parkinson-White
      syndrome.
AB  - The electrophysiologic effects of intravenous propafenone were studied in 15
      consecutive patients with accessory pathways. Thirteen patients had sustained
      orthodromic supraventricular tachycardia induced during baseline study, and two
      patients needed isoproterenol to render it sustained. In all except one patient,
      propafenone, 2 mg/kg given intravenously over a 10-minute period, was successful
      in converting the arrhythmia to sinus rhythm. Atrial fibrillation was inducible
      in 10 patients before propafenone, but was no longer inducible in seven of these
      patients after the drug. The HV interval (23 +/- 20 to 41 +/- 25 msec) and the
      anterograde (310 +/- 96 to 509 +/- 145 msec) and retrograde (256 +/- 30 to 334 +/
      105 msec) effective refractory periods of the bypass tract were all
      significantly prolonged after the drug. The pacing cycle length that produced
      conduction block over the bypass tract anterogradely (319 +/- 126 to 446 +/- 150
      msec) and retrogradely (272 +/- 25 to 360 +/- 97 msec) was also increased. During
      orthodromic tachycardia, propafenone increased conduction time in both the
      anterograde and retrograde limbs of the tachycardia. Tachycardia terminated in
      the retrograde limb in 64% of the patients. We conclude that propafenone is very
      effective in terminating orthodromic tachycardia when given intravenously and
      that it should be considered in patients initially seen with atrial fibrillation
      and short refractory periods.

PMID- 2644797
TI  - Management of myocardial infarction shock: current status.
AB  - Major advances have occurred over the last two decades in the management of
      myocardial infarction shock, increasing the overall in-hospital survival rate
      from approximately 15% to more than 50% at the present time with aggressive
      methods of interventional cardiology. The widespread use of intravenous
      thrombolytic therapy during the early hours of myocardial infarction has resulted
      in a decreasing incidence of shock with first myocardial infarctions. Three
      mechanisms bring about cardiogenic shock: (1) extensive aggregate systolic left
      ventricular dysfunction, (2) extensive right ventricular infarction, and (3)
      mechanical defects of the left and/or right ventricles attendant to ischemic
      dysfunction or rupture. To permit survival in cardiogenic shock, even with
      maximally aggressive therapy, diagnostic evaluation must be carried out
      concurrently with clinical stabilization of the patient. IABC is the mainstay for
      supporting the patient in shock during further efforts at diagnosis and
      definitive therapy. Definitive therapy for cardiogenic shock may include
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, emergent bypass surgery, or
      repair of a mechanical defect. This report details the current status of
      knowledge with respect to pathogenesis, recognition, and definitive treatment of
      myocardial infarction shock.

PMID- 2644798
TI  - Slow conduction in the infarct scar: relevance to the occurrence, detection, and
      ablation of ventricular reentry circuits resulting from myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2644799
TI  - Huge cavernous hemangioma of the heart: a completely evaluated case report and
      review of the literature.

PMID- 2644800
TI  - Efficacy of medical therapy tailored for severe congestive heart failure in
      patients transferred for urgent cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Cardiac transplantation can only be performed in a few patients with severe
      congestive heart failure (CHF), due to the shortage of donor hearts. The efficacy
      of current medical therapy tailored for severe CHF, which has not previously been
      determined for transplant candidates, is of particular importance in patients
      considered for urgent cardiac transplantation. In this study, 50 consecutive in
      patients transferred from other hospitals for urgent transplantation underwent
      intensive afterload reduction therapy, initially with intravenous and
      subsequently with oral vasodilators and diuretics tailored to hemodynamic goals.
      Oral regimens allowed hospital discharge without surgery for 40 of 50 patients.
      Nineteen of these patients had arrived on inotropic infusions and 32 had received
      oral vasodilators in the previous month. Cardiac index increased from 1.9 +/- 0.6
      to 2.8 +/- 0.7 liters/min/m2, while pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased
      from 30 +/- 8 to 15 +/- 4 mm Hg and systemic vascular resistance decreased from
      1,800 +/- 800 to 1,100 +/- 200 dynes-s-cm-5. Despite poor initial hemodynamics,
      ejection fraction 16 +/- 4%, serum sodium 131 +/- 6 mEq/liter, and apparent
      failure of previous medical therapy, actuarial survival for 24 discharged
      patients receiving sustained medical therapy alone was 67% at 1 year, with 67% of
      survivors employed full- or part-time, and 14 of 16 (88%) discharged transplant
      candidates survived until transplantation. By decreasing the need for
      transplantation to be performed urgently, increased emphasis on the design of
      medical therapy may allow more effective distribution of limited donor hearts.

PMID- 2644801
TI  - Diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis by pulsed Doppler echocardiography of the
      hepatic vein.
AB  - The diagnostic value of hepatic venous flow patterns was evaluated for
      constrictive pericarditis by pulsed Doppler. A characteristic flow pattern was
      assumed to be associated with the well-known atrial pressure curve. Thirteen
      patients with constrictive pericarditis were compared to 13 control subjects and
      to 25 patients with right ventricular pressure overload including 13 patients
      with tricuspid regurgitation. The characteristic finding in constrictive
      pericarditis was a W-wave pattern of flow velocities in the dilated hepatic
      veins, with abrupt reversal of flow late in systole and diastole before the A
      wave (100% specificity, 68% sensitivity). This depends, however, on the absence
      of tricuspid regurgitation (for its systolic component) or fast sinus rhythm (for
      its diastolic component). Additional diagnostic markers were systolic
      deceleration time of forward flow (40 to 130 ms) and systolic integral of flow
      velocities (4.3 to -4.0 cm) (sensitivity and specificity greater than or equal to
      92%). In the presence of tricuspid regurgitation, diastolic deceleration time
      less than 150 ms and diastolic integral of flow velocities less than 6 cm were
      useful diagnostic signs. If combined, these criteria had 100% sensitivity and
      specificity for the diagnosis. Thus, pulsed Doppler assessment of flow velocities
      in the hepatic vein facilitates the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis in
      clinical routine, using an auxiliary site with unlimited diagnostic access to the
      characteristic flow velocity pattern, which reflects right atrial pressure curve
      and filling abnormalities.

PMID- 2644802
TI  - Comparison of in vitro, animal, and clinical determinations of iron
      bioavailability: International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group Task Force
      report on iron bioavailability.
AB  - Relative bioavailability of two iron fortificants, electrolytic Fe and ferric
      orthophosphate, was related to that of the reference ferrous sulfate with in
      vitro and rat model depletion-repletion methods in four laboratories to compare
      values directly with those obtained in a parallel human study. In vitro testing
      was performed on Fe compounds with both solubility and dialysis in a simulated in
      vitro gastrointestinal digestion system. Two depletion-repletion techniques,
      hemoglobin-regeneration efficiency (HRE) and an official method of the
      Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), were examined. AOAC relative
      biological values (RBV) of electrolytic Fe were 0.66 and 0.78 and of FePO4 were
      0.25 and 0.34. HRE values were 0.78 and 0.58 for electrolytic Fe and FePO4,
      respectively. When compared with FeSO4 in a radiolabeled farina-based meal fed to
      humans, the RBV of FePO4 was 0.25 and electrolytic Fe 0.75. Results obtained with
      the AOAC method serve as the most reliable prediction of Fe bioavailability in
      the human although in vitro dialysis is a promising screening technique.

PMID- 2644803
TI  - Diets containing high amylose vs amylopectin starch: effects on metabolic
      variables in human subjects.
AB  - Twelve men consumed a diet containing 34% of calories as 70% amylose or
      amylopectin starch to determine if the structure of starch could influence
      metabolic factors associated with abnormal states. Each starch was fed to
      subjects for 5 wk in a crossover design. No significant differences were observed
      in glucose or insulin levels when a glucose tolerance was given after 4 wk on
      each starch. However, glucose and insulin responses were significantly lower when
      a meal containing amylose compared with amylopectin was consumed after 5 wk on
      each starch. Summation of 0.5 through 2-h levels of insulin but not glucose were
      significantly lower after amylose compared with levels after amylopectin. Mean
      fasting triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly lower during the
      period when amylose was consumed. Long-term intake of dietary amylose may be
      valuable in decreasing insulin response while maintaining proper control of
      glucose tolerance and low levels of blood lipids.

PMID- 2644804
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration cytology of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. A cytologic,
      immunologic, and cytometric study.
AB  - The diagnosis of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is difficult. This entity can
      be misdiagnosed as Hodgkin's disease or a reactive process such as nonnecrotizing
      granulomatous lymphadenitis or it can present a problem in lymphoma
      classification. Fine-needle aspirates from 13 patients with histologically proven
      PTCL were evaluated by cytology, immunochemistry, and flow cytometry. Of the 13
      patients with PTCL, initial cytologic diagnoses were atypical lymphocytic
      infiltrate (2), mixed-cell lymphoma (6), mixed-cell lymphoma with associated
      histiocytes (2), large cell lymphoma (2), and small cell lymphoma (1). Surface
      marker studies were performed on cytospin preparations. Antibodies against
      cytotoxic-suppressor (Leu-2a) and helper-inducer (Leu-3a,b) antigens were used in
      11 cases. Ten lymphomas demonstrated helper phenotype and one showed phenotypic
      heterogeneity in two different sites. The most prominent cytologic features of
      PTCL were a variable combination of small, intermediate, and large lymphoid cells
      with irregular nuclei, presence of epithelioid histiocytes, and atypical
      mononuclear cells. Flow cytometry studies showed a diploid stem line with
      intermediate proliferative activity (mean S-phase of 6.7%) in most cases, despite
      the clinical aggressiveness of this neoplasm.

PMID- 2644805
TI  - Histologic localization of terminal complement complexes in renal diseases. An
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Histologic localizations of terminal complement complexes (TCCs) were examined
      and compared with clinical findings in 154 patients with various renal diseases.
      Immunohistochemical demonstration of TCCs was carried out on ethanol-fixed
      paraffin-embedded renal biopsy specimens by indirect immunoperoxidase technique.
      In glomerular diseases that are thought to be immune-complex glomerulonephritis
      (IC-GN), such as IgA-nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, and systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE), TCCs were demonstrated in a pattern similar to that of
      immunoglobulins and C3, indicating that TCCs were induced by immune complexes.
      The intensity of TCC deposition was correlated with the morphologic destruction
      of glomeruli or serum creatinine levels in IgA-nephropathy, with urine protein in
      membranous nephropathy, and with serum C4 in SLE. TCC deposits without IC were
      also observed in tissue damages without disease specificity such as glomerular or
      vascular sclerosis and tubulointerstitial lesions. These findings suggested the
      existence of various roles of TCCs in renal injury, according to IC-mediated or
      non-IC-mediated mechanism acting in individual diseases.

PMID- 2644806
TI  - Clinically useful limits (CUL) criteria as a basis for quality control including
      minimal and optimal goals for quality control.
AB  - Quality control goals for quantitative clinical chemistry assays are reviewed.
      Recommendations for clinically useful limits (CUL) criteria as minimally
      acceptable +/- 2 SD for run-to-run and/or day-to-day technical reliability are
      presented in terms of biologic variations for different levels and clinical
      applications. A review of the literature and the questionnaire response of a
      medical school staff presented in this study reveal striking agreement of
      acceptable analytic goals based on physicians' opinions, biologic variation, and
      practical analytic feasibility. The current state-of-the-art in clinical
      laboratories can approach excellence because actual within-laboratory 2-SD
      variability estimates are somewhere between acceptable CUL criteria and twice as
      good. Assessing the reliability of laboratory reports based on accuracy and
      precision or total analytic error is also discussed.

PMID- 2644807
TI  - Identification of cryptosporidium in paraffin-embedded tissue sections with the
      use of a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Recently a monoclonal antibody has been developed against the oocyst form of
      Cryptosporidium species for use in detecting the organism in fecal material. The
      authors undertook this study to determine if this antibody could be used in
      identifying Cryptosporidium species in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Three
      biopsies showing Cryptosporidiosis as diagnosed by characteristic appearance by
      light and electron microscopy were selected from the surgical pathology files at
      the authors' institution. Paraffin sections were examined with the use of both an
      indirect immunofluorescence and an avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. In all the
      cases, prominent staining of oocysts was seen; however, intracellular
      trophozoites did not react with the antibody. The authors conclude that this
      antibody can be used to identify Cryptosporidium species oocysts in tissue
      sections and that the antibody appears to be specific for the oocyst form only.

PMID- 2644808
TI  - Flow cytometric indirect immunofluorescence assay with high sensitivity and
      specificity for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
AB  - A flow cytometric immunofluorescence assay (FIFA) was developed to detect
      antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using live cell indirect
      immunofluorescence and analysis by flow cytometry. A panel of 107 sera,
      previously tested for anti-HIV antibody with the Abbott Enzyme-Linked
      Immunosorbent Assay test and Western blot (WB), was rescreened by FIFA.
      Antibodies were tested on HIV-infected and uninfected H9 cells in the FIFA.
      Although ELISA results indicated seven false positive results by comparison with
      the WB, 46 of 46 FIFA positive results tested WB positive and 61 of 61 FIFA
      negative results were WB negative. The results of FIFA showed 100% sensitivity
      and 100% specificity compared with WB. This rapid, quantitative, relatively easy
      assay makes FIFA an alternate confirmatory test for the presence of HIV
      antibodies.

PMID- 2644809
TI  - Immunophenotypic and gene probe analysis of a case of Richter's syndrome.
AB  - A rare case of diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLL) arising in the stomach of a
      patient with long-standing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been examined
      by a combination of immunophenotypic and gene probe methods. Both the resected
      lymphoma and the CLL (obtained from an infiltrate in perigastric lymph nodes)
      expressed surface membrane markers consistent with a B-cell origin (HLA-DR+; B1+;
      B4+), but surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg) could be detected only on the
      CLL cells (SmIgM lambda+). Neither neoplasm expressed cytoplasmic immunoglobulin.
      DNA probe analysis using the Southern blot method and probes to the joining (J-H)
      region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene and to the constant (C) regions of
      the immunoglobulin kappa and lambda light chain genes revealed different light
      and heavy chain gene rearrangements in the two neoplasms. These findings suggest
      that the large cell lymphoma arose from a different clone than the CLL and the
      development of large cell lymphoma may have represented a de novo neoplastic
      event in a predisposed person.

PMID- 2644810
TI  - False negative results resulting from antigen excess by immunophenotyping a
      leukemia patient with a whole blood method.
AB  - A patient with prolymphocytic leukemia was immunophenotyped by whole blood and
      Ficoll-Hypaque methods. Discordance was noted between the two methods, especially
      for the HLE1, B1, I2, and T1B monoclonal markers. The disparity in results
      reflected the use of 15 X 10(6) cells versus 1 X 10(6) cells per reaction tube.
      This report represents a variable antigen excess problem with certain monoclonal
      antibodies while immunophenotyping a patient with leukemia by a whole blood flow
      cytometry method. The problem was resolved when both labeling methods used 1 X
      10(6) cells per reaction tube. The results helped to encourage the vendor of the
      authors' commercial whole blood system to modify their procedure accordingly, but
      two other vendors have not yet made similar modifications. It suggests all
      commercial whole blood methods must be modified to accommodate for the leukocyte
      count and differential of the patient. Otherwise, the sensitivity of flow
      cytometers as used in traditional immunophenotyping protocols will not
      distinguish weakly stained cells from negative controls.

PMID- 2644811
TI  - Delayed hemolysis resulting from anti-A1 after liver transplantation.
AB  - The authors report a case of a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction in a type
      A2 recipient of a type O liver allograft. An anti-A1 antibody reactive at 37
      degrees C in the indirect antiglobulin test was identified both in the patient's
      serum and in an eluate. Hemolysis secondary to the production of anti-A1 has been
      reported to be extremely rare. The English-language literature has six cases
      before 1979. During the 1980s, an additional seven cases were reported; six
      involved transplantation of a solid organ, and in each such case the donor was
      type O and the recipient was type A1 or A2. Recommendations regarding transfusion
      practice in such cases are made. An association among the transplantation of a
      type O organ to a type A recipient, the use of cyclosporine, and an apparent
      increase in the occurrence of clinically significant anti-A1 is suggested.

PMID- 2644812
TI  - George Armstrong (1719-1787). Founder of the first dispensary for children.

PMID- 2644813
TI  - Pediatric biographies: George Armstrong. 1930.

PMID- 2644814
TI  - Dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis in infants and children.

PMID- 2644815
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis.
AB  - We conducted a third placebo-controlled, double-blind study of dexamethasone as
      adjunctive therapy for bacterial meningitis. Thirty-one patients received
      cefuroxime sodium (300 mg/kg per day in 3 doses) and dexamethasone phosphate (0.6
      mg/kg per day in 4 doses for 4 days), and 29 received cefuroxime and placebo. The
      groups were comparable at the beginning of therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging
      performed between days 2 and 5 of therapy was used to assess brain water content
      indirectly. There were no differences between the 2 treatment groups with respect
      to the T1- or T2-weighted images. Fifty-two patients (88%) had normal magnetic
      resonance images; 5 patients had parietal or bifrontal extra-axial fluid
      collections, and 2 children had areas of abnormal signal intensity in the brain
      on T2-weighted images. Abnormal findings on magnetic resonance imaging did not
      alter clinical management, and there was no correlation between the results of
      magnetic resonance imaging and the outcome of meningitis. The number of patients
      in this study was too small to determine any statistically significant
      differences in rates of hearing impairment; however, the cerebrospinal fluid
      findings and clinical outcome in dexamethasone-treated patients further support
      the previously reported beneficial effect of corticosteroid treatment in patients
      with bacterial meningitis.

PMID- 2644816
TI  - Does maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy cause cleft lip and palate in
      offspring?
AB  - To investigate the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking and the risk
      of oral clefts in offspring, we examined data from the Atlanta Birth Defects Case
      Control Study, which included 238 cases of cleft lip with or without cleft palate
      and 107 cases of cleft palate ascertained by the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital
      Defects Program from 1968 through 1980. In all, 2809 infants who served as
      controls were frequency matched to cases by race, period of birth, and hospital
      of birth. Maternal periconceptional exposures to smoking were investigated
      through use of a structured questionnaire. Smoking exposure was defined as
      reported maternal smoking during the periconceptional period (from 3 months
      before conception to 3 months after pregnancy began). Offspring of smoking
      mothers were 1.6 and 2.0 times more likely than offspring of nonsmoking mothers
      to have isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate,
      respectively. On the other hand, offspring of smoking mothers were not at
      increased risk of having cleft palate or cleft lip with or without cleft palate
      that are associated with other defects. Adjustment for potential confounding
      variables did not alter these results. A relatively modest effect of smoking may
      be explained by the presence of underlying etiologic heterogeneity in oral clefts
      and differential susceptibility to smoking. Because of the inconsistencies in the
      literature on the relationship between smoking and oral clefts, these results
      suggest the need to refine oral clefts into more homogeneous subgroups in
      epidemiologic studies of these defects.

PMID- 2644817
TI  - The use of metalloporphyrins for the chemoprevention of neonatal jaundice.
AB  - Decreasing bilirubin formation is an important strategy for the prevention of
      neonatal jaundice. The stannic porphyrins, in particular tin protoporphyrin and
      tin mesoporphyrin, have been proposed for this purpose because these compounds
      competitively inhibit heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme
      degrading pathway. However, these compounds are not only potent inhibitors of
      heme oxygenase but are also photosensitizers, which can generate cytotoxic oxygen
      species, such as singlet oxygen. Therapeutic regimens designed to avoid the
      phototoxicity caused by these and other metalloporphyrins have been suggested. An
      alternative approach would be the development of derivatives of tin
      protoporphyrin or other heme analogs that are less phototoxic and are stronger
      inhibitors of heme oxygenase. However, our understanding of the molecular basis
      of heme oxygenase inhibition is still limited. The response of heme oxygenase to
      specific inhibitors varies a great deal and depends on the organ and stage of
      development. This may be a result of the differing proportions of heme oxygenase
      isoenzymes in different organs. These questions and others need to be
      systematically answered so we may better understand and treat disturbances in
      heme homeostasis. In addition, administration of these compounds may have other
      metabolic consequences directly and indirectly related to their potent, long
      lasting inhibition of heme oxygenase. The significance of such effects, whether
      transient or permanent, needs to be elucidated.

PMID- 2644818
TI  - Physical activity and colon cancer risk? Physiological considerations.

PMID- 2644819
TI  - Malignant diathesis from jejunal-ileal carcinoids.
AB  - A facet of carcinoid tumors often not recognized is their close association with
      other, noncarcinoid malignancies. The clinical course of two patients with
      multiple ileal-jejunal carcinoids and multiple other noncarcinoid malignancies is
      described. These patients were found to have elevated circulating levels of
      gastrin, bombesin, glucagon, enteroglucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and peptide
      tyrosine tyrosine. These regulatory peptides have been demonstrated to promote
      trophic effects on the gastrointestinal tract as well as malignant tumors. We
      propose that the release of these bioactive hormones into the portal and systemic
      circulation by carcinoid tumors may play some role in their association with
      these multiple second tumors.

PMID- 2644820
TI  - The usefulness of branched chain amino acids in patients with acute or chronic
      hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with acute
      liver failure or chronic parenchymal liver disease. It has been hypothesized that
      changes in protein and amino acid metabolism and catabolism contribute to the
      pathogenesis of HE. Clinical investigations into the use of branched chain amino
      acids (BCAA) in the therapy of nutritional support for patients with HE have
      markedly increased. We have reviewed the rational basis for, and the
      controversies related to, the use of BCAA in the treatment of HE. We conclude
      that data on the use of BCAA in HE are controversial. There is marked variation
      in study design, and often, a lack of appropriate controls in patient numbers, as
      well as in consistent use of comparable measures of response. The ultimate role
      for BCAA in the treatment of HE is uncertain and will require additional
      objective information from well-designed and controlled clinical studies.

PMID- 2644821
TI  - A critical look at the clinical use of antacids in acid-peptic disease and
      gastric acid rebound.
AB  - Ancient man found that he could relieve dyspepsia by ingesting minerals that had
      antacid properties. Calcium carbonate was one of the first of these, as it
      occurred in relatively pure form in coral and limestone. Antacids were the
      keystone of medical management until the modern era of ulcer treatment. There has
      been a renewal of interest in antacids in recent years. Calcium as a component of
      the diet has come under scrutiny. Antacids have been found to be as effective in
      promoting healing of ulcer as H2 antagonists, sulcrafate, and colloidal bismuth.
      With regard to optimal dose in ulcer treatment, doses of antacids from 120 to
      1008 mmol/day have been effective. A dose of 120 mmol/day given qid is effective.
      Low-dose antacids may increase mucosal resistance. The evidence for a specific
      gastric acid rebound with CaCO3 is based upon flawed assumptions and studies.
      Stimulation of gastric secretion occurs with all buffers, and this effect is
      compensated by the remaining buffer. When used properly, CaCO3 is an efficient,
      inexpensive, and safe antacid.

PMID- 2644822
TI  - Trephine needle bone marrow biopsy in the initial staging of Hodgkin disease:
      sensitivity and specificity of the Ann Arbor staging procedure criteria.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the value of the Ann Arbor staging
      procedures committee criteria in defining a group of newly diagnosed patients
      with Hodgkin disease who do not have involvement of the bone marrow and do not
      need this procedure performed. One hundred sixty-six bilateral and 16 unilateral
      trephine bone marrow biopsies were performed in a consecutive series of 182
      patients undergoing initial staging for Hodgkin disease. Bone marrow involvement
      was found in 13 patients. Advanced stage, defined as stage III or IV, occurring
      in 92%, anemia occurring in 100%, and "B" symptoms present in 100% were found to
      be the most sensitive indicators for bone marrow involvement. Osseous disease
      (99%), platelet count less than 150,000/mm3 (98%), and WBC less than 4,800/mm3
      (94%) were the most specific parameters. The known association of bone marrow
      involvement with older patients, lymphocyte depleted histology, lower blood cell
      counts, anemia, advanced stage, and poorer survival is verified. The Ann Arbor
      staging procedures committee criteria for performing a bone marrow biopsy were
      shown to be 100% sensitive and 40% specific. Use of these criteria would have
      found all 13 patients with bone marrow involvement. Of the 73 patients who did
      not meet the criteria, no patient had bone marrow involvement. Use of the Ann
      Arbor staging procedures committee criteria is recommended.

PMID- 2644823
TI  - Adult-onset cyclic bicytopenia: a case report and review of treatment of cyclic
      hematopoiesis.
AB  - A unique case of adult-onset synchronous cyclic neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
      occurring at six-week intervals is presented. Periods of cytopenia were
      associated with fever, myalgias, gastrointestinal symptoms, and mild
      mucocutaneous bleeding. Alternate-day steroid treatment failed to correct the
      periodic fluctuations in peripheral blood counts but ameliorated symptoms during
      cytopenia. The treatment of cyclic hematopoiesis is reviewed.

PMID- 2644824
TI  - Converting enzyme inhibition in chronic renal failure.
AB  - Ten patients with chronic renal failure whose hypertension was controlled with
      triple drug therapy consisting of propranolol-hydralazine-furosemide were
      switched to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril for a
      period of 12 months. Control of hypertension was similar with both
      antihypertensive regimens. Clearance of inulin and of paraaminohippuric acid
      increased during the first 3 months of captopril therapy and remained stable
      thereafter. Moreover, the decline in the reciprocal of serum creatinine over time
      observed during triple drug therapy was arrested during therapy with the ACE
      inhibitor. If the salutary effects of captopril are sustained, the results
      obtained in the current studies would suggest that control of hypertension by ACE
      inhibition may be effective in slowing progression of renal failure. Future
      studies to answer this important question are necessary.

PMID- 2644825
TI  - Lipoprotein glomerulopathy: glomerular lipoprotein thrombi in a patient with
      hyperlipoproteinemia.
AB  - An unusual nephropathy presumably induced by abnormal lipid metabolism is
      described in a 57-year-old woman who presented with proteinuria and edema.
      Histology at renal biopsy was characterized by marked dilatation of capillary
      lumina. Sudan staining and electron microscopy demonstrated lipid droplets
      occupying the capillary lumina. The patient had no particular clinical symptoms
      of lipidosis, but hyperlipoproteinemia similar to type III was suggested by lipid
      profiles. The nephropathy is thought to be an inherited disorder because
      proteinuria was detected in her sisters and similar renal histology and lipid
      profile were observed in one of her sisters. This is believed to be the first
      detailed report of glomerular lipoprotein thrombi.

PMID- 2644826
TI  - Tuberculous peritonitis in a CAPD patient cured without catheter removal: case
      report, review of the literature, and guidelines for treatment and diagnosis.
AB  - Tuberculous peritonitis in the chronic peritoneal dialysis patient carries a high
      mortality, which may reflect the diagnostic delay that is often encountered in
      these cases. Accordingly, a high index of suspicion and an aggressive diagnostic
      approach (which may include laparoscopic biopsy) should be applied to the patient
      with persistent culture negative peritonitis. One of the first continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) cases involving tuberculous peritonitis
      successfully treated without interruption of dialysis or removal of the
      peritoneal dialysis catheter is reported. The literature is reviewed to provide
      diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines in dealing with this serious infection.

PMID- 2644827
TI  - The solitary kidney: a model of chronic hyperfiltration in humans.
AB  - Reduction of renal mass (11/12) in rats leads to progressive azotemia,
      proteinuria, and hypertension. Less extensive renal ablation resulting from
      uninephrectomy also accelerates the progression of focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS)
      induced by experimental diabetes, renal irradiation, aminonucleoside nephrosis,
      or aging. The consequence of the absence of one kidney in man are examined in
      three different clinical situations. Unilateral renal agenesis seems to
      predispose to the development of FGS, but most reports include isolated cases and
      the true incidence of FGS is not known. The solitary kidney following
      uninephrectomy for acquired unilateral disease undergoes a compensatory rise in
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that remains stable for several decades.
      Finally, kidney donors followed for over 2 decades show unimpaired GFR, elevated
      at 70% to 80% of the normal (two-kidney) GFR. Some donors develop mild,
      nonprogressive proteinuria. Their incidence of hypertension matches that in the
      control population. Thus, hyperfiltration secondary to 50% reduction of renal
      mass in humans does not lead to loss of function of the remaining parenchyma.

PMID- 2644829
TI  - Altered myocardial states. The stunned and hibernating myocardium.
AB  - There are several potential outcomes of myocardial ischemia. When ischemia is
      severe and prolonged, myocyte cell death occurs and there is no recovery of
      contractile function of these cells. When myocardial ischemia is less severe but
      still prolonged, myocytes may remain viable but exhibit depressed contractile
      function, which may be a protective mechanism whereby these cells attempt to
      reduce their oxygen demand in the setting of reduced oxygen supply. The resultant
      chronic left ventricular dysfunction has been termed "hibernating myocardium."
      Finally, myocardial ischemia may be reversed with coronary artery reperfusion
      resulting in salvage of the myocytes. However, the viable myocardium may
      demonstrate relatively prolonged but transient postischemic contractile
      dysfunction, the situation termed "stunned myocardium." The concepts of stunned
      myocardium are reviewed as they apply to both coronary reperfusion during
      evolving acute myocardial infarction, as well as brief periods of ischemia that
      may occur during angina pectoris, or coronary vasospasm, or both. The concept of
      hibernating myocardium is reviewed as it applies to left ventricular function
      prior to and after coronary artery bypass surgery.

PMID- 2644828
TI  - Chronic stable angina monotherapy. Nifedipine versus propranolol.
AB  - A placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study was conducted to determine
      the effects of nifedipine (60 to 90 mg per day) monotherapy and propranolol (240
      mg per day) monotherapy on symptoms, angina threshold, and cardiac function in
      patients with chronic stable angina. Following a two-week placebo period,
      patients were randomly assigned to receive either nifedipine or propranolol for a
      five-week treatment period, after which they crossed over to the alternative
      regimen. All 21 patients were men with chronic stable angina pectoris, 13 of whom
      had symptoms both at rest and on exertion. New York Heart Association functional
      class improved in patients taking either nifedipine or propranolol, and
      nitroglycerin consumption decreased with both treatments compared with placebo.
      Nifedipine significantly delayed the onset of chest pain and 1 mm of ST-segment
      depression during bicycle exercise; increases with propranolol were smaller and
      not statistically significant. Nine patients had a preferential clinical response
      to nifedipine compared with six patients to propranolol; this was unrelated to
      the presence or absence of pain at rest or to any baseline hemodynamic finding.
      Nifedipine and propranolol were equally effective in relieving exertional
      ischemia as shown by improvement in radionuclide ejection fraction at identical
      work loads. Exercise wall motion, assessed by a semiquantitative wall motion
      score, also improved with both drugs. Propranolol treatment decreased exercise
      cardiac output by 14 percent (p = 0.01) through its effect on heart rate. In
      contrast, nifedipine treatment had no effect on cardiac output. Thus, nifedipine
      is more effective on several measurements than propranolol when administered as
      single drug therapy in stable angina and has the advantage of preserving cardiac
      output during exercise.

PMID- 2644830
TI  - Once-daily therapy for angina pectoris with nifedipine gastrointestinal
      therapeutic system. Dosing and clinical efficacy.
AB  - The nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) is a promising new
      formulation that provides continuous release of nifedipine over the course of 24
      hours with once-daily dosing. Results from a 14-week, open-label, crossover
      multicenter trial completed by 91 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris
      demonstrate that patients treated with standard nifedipine capsules may be
      switched to equivalent total 24-hour doses of nifedipine GITS and achieve
      comparable or improved efficacy (due to improved compliance) with a more
      favorable side-effects profile. Furthermore, in a subset of 10 patients who
      underwent sequential exercise testing, exercise responses obtained throughout 12
      weeks of treatment with nifedipine GITS were comparable to measurements obtained
      during treatment with nifedipine capsules and demonstrated that tolerance did not
      occur. These patients also experienced significantly fewer vasodilatory side
      effects during treatment with nifedipine GITS compared with nifedipine capsules.
      Thus, nifedipine GITS represents a sound pharmacologic approach to the management
      of ischemic disease; and with once-daily dosing and a favorable side-effect
      profile this agent affords the potential for better patient compliance and
      efficacy without concern about the development of tolerance.

PMID- 2644831
TI  - Who gets the money?

PMID- 2644832
TI  - Cyst of the fetal choroid plexus: a normal variant?
AB  - Cysts of the choroid plexus have been identified ultrasonographically in second
      trimester fetuses and usually have regressed by 24 weeks' gestation. Choroid
      plexus cysts have been linked with trisomy 18, and this possible association has
      prompted a review of our experience. Choroid plexus cysts were seen
      ultrasonographically in 38 consecutive fetuses between 15 and 28 weeks'
      gestation. Of these, 30 underwent repeat ultrasonograms after 24 weeks' gestation
      and showed complete resolution of the cysts. In 10 of the 38 fetuses,
      amniocentesis yielded normal karyotypes. A total of 36 patients were delivered of
      normal neonates at term. One patient was delivered of a normal neonate
      prematurely, at 34 weeks' gestation with a good outcome. Another fetus was
      delivered at 36 weeks' gestation because of late onset of nonimmune hydrops,
      which resolved without sequelae. No association between trisomy 18 and choroid
      plexus cysts was identified in this series.

PMID- 2644833
TI  - Expression of the ras oncogene in gynecologic tumors.
AB  - Control of oncogene expression has been shown to be a coordinated regulatory
      mechanism in normal growth and development. Overt expression of these genes also
      has been noted in transformed or neoplastic cell types. The ras family of
      oncogenes has been shown to be particularly evident among genes expressed in
      malignant tissues. We provide evidence, using ribonucleic acid dot analysis and
      Western blot analysis of gynecologic tumor extracts, that ras expression may be a
      common occurrence in these malignancies. Furthermore, the ras-related peptides
      can be detected in sera of some patients with tumors.

PMID- 2644834
TI  - CA 125 levels in patients with ovarian carcinoma undergoing autologous bone
      marrow transplantation.
AB  - Levels of CA 125, determined in three patients with ovarian carcinoma undergoing
      autologous bone marrow transplantation, dropped significantly in the month after
      bone marrow transplantation. This decrease was linear by multiple regression
      analysis. The CA 125 decrease after bone marrow transplantation in patients with
      nonevaluable or stable disease may represent biologic response to high-dose
      therapy.

PMID- 2644835
TI  - A novel approach for monitoring the endometrial cycle and detecting ovulation.
AB  - We report the presence of a cycle-dependent sialoglycoprotein in the endometrium.
      A monoclonal antibody (D9B1) to this glycoprotein has been derived and used to
      study tissue from 24 women with normal menstrual cycles. Results obtained with
      peroxidase immunohistochemistry suggest a highly significant variation in
      concentration of the glycoprotein, which is absent in the proliferative phase and
      present at maximal levels in the early secretory phase. The amount of antigen
      then diminishes slowly through the latter part of the secretory phase. The
      glycoprotein is produced in epithelial cells of glands and uterine lumen before
      being secreted across the apical cell surface. The secretory response is uniform
      in different areas of the tissue and within individual glands. However,
      considerable differences in secretory activity can be observed between adjacent
      glands in any part of the endometrium. Binding of the antibody is shown to be a
      new and novel parameter in characterization and standardization of the normal
      function of endometrium in response to ovarian hormones.

PMID- 2644836
TI  - Successful pregnancy after cardiac transplantation.
AB  - A case report of a successful pregnancy after cardiac allotransplantation is
      presented. The patient underwent transplantation for an inoperable cardiac tumor
      5 years before conception. Cardiac function before and during all stages of
      pregnancy was normal. Maintenance immunosuppressive therapy consisting of
      prednisone and azathioprine was continued through gestation. The pregnancy was
      complicated by a primary herpes virus infection requiring parenteral acyclovir
      treatment and a single episode of preterm labor that was successfully treated.
      The infant was born at term, weighed 3278 gm, and has developed normally during
      the first 3 years of life. The patient died 5 months after delivery as a result
      of an acute immunologic rejection 5 months post partum caused by self-initiated
      discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy. Preconceptional counseling and
      pregnancy care guidelines are discussed.

PMID- 2644837
TI  - A comparative study of fetal umbilical velocimetry with continuous- and pulsed
      wave Doppler ultrasonography in high-risk pregnancies: relationship to outcome.
AB  - Systolic/diastolic ratios of umbilical velocimetry obtained with either
      continuous-wave or pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography have been used to assess
      downstream placental vascular resistance and fetal well-being. The purpose of
      this study is to compare the efficacy of systolic/diastolic ratios obtained by
      continuous-wave and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction of poor
      pregnancy outcome. Continuous-wave and pulsed-wave umbilical velocimetry was
      performed and systolic/diastolic ratios were measured in 200 high-risk
      pregnancies in the third trimester by use of Angioscan III and a General Electric
      RT 3600 scanner, respectively. A total of 165 study participants had normal
      systolic/diastolic ratios and 35 participants had elevated ratios (greater than
      3.0) with both continuous-wave and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography. Both
      methods identified 35 participants with abnormal ratios, and none of the women
      was misclassified by either method. The pulsed-wave and continuous-wave values
      for 35 participants with elevated ratios were 6.35 +/- 1.52 and 6.23 +/- 1.58,
      respectively; values for 165 participants with normal ratios were 1.95 +/- 0.40
      and 1.96 +/- 0.41, respectively (not significantly different). Participants with
      elevated systolic/diastolic ratios within 7 days of delivery had significantly
      higher incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome as judged by small-for-gestational
      age fetuses, presence of meconium at delivery, fetal distress in labor, cesarean
      sections and 5-minute Apgar scores less than 7. Fetuses with elevated ratios were
      delivered at an earlier gestational age (34 +/- 1.2 weeks), had lower birth
      weights (1422 +/- 151 gm), and spent more time in the neonatal intensive care
      unit (17.1 +/- 5.2 days), compared with fetuses with normal ratios (delivered at
      38.5 weeks +/- 0.9 weeks, 3100 +/- 210 gm birth weights, and 2 +/- 0.2 days spent
      in neonatal intensive care units, respectively, p less than 0.05). We therefore
      conclude that continuous-wave and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography produce
      similar results with regard to systolic/diastolic ratios in high-risk
      pregnancies, and either method appears to be a valuable adjunct in the
      surveillance of high-risk pregnancies.

PMID- 2644838
TI  - The effect of maternal position on uterine artery flow during antepartum fetal
      heart rate testing.
AB  - Uterine artery flow-velocity waveforms obtained with continuous wave Doppler
      techniques during nonstress testing showed no difference between the left lateral
      decubitus position and the supine position, suggesting no difference in uterine
      blood flow.

PMID- 2644839
TI  - Animal model for polyhydramnios.
AB  - Chronic intravenous infusion of angiotensin 1 [182 micrograms/(kg.day)] into
      fetal lambs caused gross polyhydramnios. Infusions of comparable volumes of
      vehicle or lower concentrations of angiotensin 1 [48 micrograms/(kg.day)] did not
      cause gross polyhydramnios.

PMID- 2644840
TI  - Clinical significance of elevated mean arterial blood pressure in second
      trimester and threshold increase in systolic or diastolic blood pressure during
      third trimester.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the diagnostic value of an
      average mean arterial blood pressure in the second trimester of greater than or
      equal to 90 mm Hg and a threshold increase in diastolic blood pressure of greater
      than or equal to 15 mm Hg or in systolic blood pressure of greater than or equal
      to 30 mm Hg, on two occasions, 6 hours apart, in predicting preeclampsia. The
      study population consisted of 700 young normotensive primigravid women who were
      evaluated prospectively during pregnancy. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures
      were carefully measured at each prenatal visit, and the mean arterial blood
      pressure in the second trimester was calculated for each measurement. An average
      greater than 90 mm Hg was considered abnormal. One hundred thirty-seven patients
      had preeclampsia, for an overall incidence of 19.6%. An average greater than 90
      mm Hg had a sensitivity of 8% and a positive predictive value of 23%. The
      respective values for a threshold increase of greater than 15 mm Hg in diastolic
      pressure were 39% and 32%. For a threshold increase of greater than 30 mm Hg in
      systolic pressure, values were 22% and 33%. The negative predictive values for
      all tests studied ranged between 81% and 85%. Neither a mean arterial blood
      pressure in the second trimester of greater than 90 mm Hg nor a threshold
      increase in systolic or diastolic blood pressure during the third trimester was
      significantly predictive of the development of preeclampsia.

PMID- 2644841
TI  - Transvaginal salpingocentesis: a new technique for treating ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - Transvaginal sonography is an important tool for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy. In
      this report the transvaginal passage of a needle, with sonographic guidance, into
      a tubal gestational sac with a live fetus is demonstrated. We injected potassium
      chloride solution to arrest cardiac activity, terminating the ectopic pregnancy
      without surgical intervention. The new therapeutic use of transvaginal sonography
      is an important addition to the treatment of this prevalent disease.

PMID- 2644842
TI  - Prematurity, postdates, and growth retardation: the influence of use of
      ultrasonography on reported gestational age.
AB  - The preterm and postterm delivery rates and the percentage of infants with
      intrauterine growth retardation are dependent on the gestational age recorded at
      delivery. At our institution a sharp increase in the preterm delivery rate and a
      coincident decrease in the postterm delivery rate and the rate of intrauterine
      growth retardation were noted. Over a 3-year period, while the characteristics of
      the obstetric population changed only slightly, the gestational age distribution
      shifted, with a decrease in the mean gestational age of about 1 week and a risk
      in the reported preterm delivery rate from 12% to 17%. About 15% of this rise was
      explained by an increase in obstetric interventions, and another 15% can be
      explained by changes in the way physicians rounded off gestational age. The
      majority of the increase in the preterm delivery rate was related to changes
      involving ultrasonographic examinations. These changes included a greater
      percentage of the population examined, trends toward earlier examinations, a
      tendency for the physicians to use ultrasonography rather than the last menstrual
      period in choosing the final gestational age, the use of different standards, an
      increase in the number of structures measured, and the weight given to various
      structures for determination of gestational age. It is apparent that changes in
      use of ultrasonography had a profound effect on the reported gestational age
      distribution at our institution.

PMID- 2644843
TI  - Effect of exogenous prostacyclin on central and uterine hemodynamics in the
      chronically instrumented pregnant guinea pig before and after indomethacin
      administration.
AB  - The effect of prostacyclin before and after pretreatment with indomethacin was
      studied in the chronically instrumented pregnant guinea pig. Twenty-six animals
      were studied between 45 and 65 days' gestation. Prostacyclin (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50,
      and 125 micrograms/kg/min) produced a dose-dependent decrease in arterial
      pressure (r = -0.915, p less than 0.0001) and uterine artery blood flow velocity,
      as measured by a miniaturized Doppler flow probe (r = -0.850, p = 0.0001), and an
      increase in heart rate (r = 0.745, p = 0.0335). Uterine resistance increased at
      each dose, with 125 micrograms/kg/min generating an increase greater than all
      others (p less than 0.02). The hypotensive effect of prostacyclin was blunted by
      indomethacin (p = 0.018). Rather than blunting the expected changes in the
      remaining parameters, pretreatment with indomethacin followed by prostacyclin
      significantly decreased uterine blood flow velocity further and increased uterine
      resistance. We conclude that prostacyclin infusion can have adverse effects on
      uterine blood flow and that these are altered by pretreatment with a
      prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor. Prostacyclin should be avoided in women with
      preeclampsia until further animal studies are available.

PMID- 2644844
TI  - Fetoplacental vascular responses to prostacyclin after thromboxane-induced
      vasoconstriction.
AB  - The vasodilator prostacyclin is produced by fetal tissues and may serve to
      protect umbilical blood flow. We hypothesized that prostacyclin could reverse
      fetoplacental vasoconstriction produced by a thromboxane mimic (U-46619). Fetal
      regional blood flow was measured by the radioactive microsphere technique in six
      unanesthetized, near-term ovine fetuses. Measurements were made in the control
      period, again 20 minutes after a fetal infusion of U-46619 was begun, and finally
      20 minutes after prostacyclin was added to the U-46619 infusion. Mean arterial
      pressure rose significantly in response to U-46619 (38 +/- 1 to 51 +/- 2 mm Hg, p
      less than 0.01) and returned to baseline after prostacyclin (42 +/- 2 mm Hg).
      Renal resistance was increased from 0.16 +/- 0.01 to 0.22 +/- 0.01 mm Hg.ml
      1.min.100 gm-1 (p less than 0.05) by U-46619 and decreased significantly (p less
      than 0.05) below baseline by addition of prostacyclin (0.10 +/- 0.02 mm Hg.ml
      1.min.100 gm-1). Placental resistance also increased significantly (p less than
      0.03) in response to U-46619 (from 0.15 +/- 0.01 to 0.21 +/- 0.01 mm Hg.ml
      1.min.kg-1 fetal weight) but was further increased to 0.29 +/- 0.03 mm Hg.ml
      1.min.kg-1 fetal weight by the addition of prostacyclin. Umbilical placental
      blood flow decreased significantly (p less than 0.03) when prostacyclin was added
      to U-46619 (315 +/- 40 to 195 +/- 30 ml.min-1.kg-1 fetal weight). Whereas U-46619
      had no effect on fetal arterial blood gases, the addition of prostacyclin
      resulted in significant fetal acidosis (p less than 0.03). We conclude that
      thromboxane mimic causes fetal hypertension and renal and placental
      vasoconstriction. Prostacyclin reverses hypertension and renal vasoconstriction
      but, unexpectedly, worsens fetal placental vasoconstriction produced by
      thromboxane. It is likely that the observed fetal acidosis is a result of
      compromised placental function.

PMID- 2644845
TI  - Control of magnesium transport in the thick ascending limb.
AB  - The mammalian renal thick ascending limb of Henle (TAL) reabsorbs approximately
      55% of the filtered magnesium; accordingly, it is the major segment involved in
      control of renal Mg balance. This review discusses recent evidence for passive
      and active transport of Mg through the paracellular and transcellular pathways of
      the TAL, respectively. The properties of these pathways provide a basis for
      understanding the factors influencing magnesium reabsorption and hormonal
      controls regulating Mg balance. Normally, Mg absorption is load dependent,
      whether delivery is altered by increasing luminal Mg concentration or increasing
      the flow rate into the thick ascending limb. In contrast to the luminal
      concentration, elevation of peritubular (plasma) Mg and Ca inhibit divalent
      cation absorption by mechanisms that are not entirely clear. Magnesium
      reabsorption in the TAL is also closely associated with NaCl absorption so that
      factors that influence NaCl also affect magnesium. Magnesium deficiency results
      in a specific and apparently intrinsic cellular adaptation to increase Mg
      absorption in the TAL. Our greatest understanding of hormonal controls for Mg
      absorption have come from recent studies using a "hormone deprived" animal model.
      Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, glucagon, and antidiuretic hormone act through a
      common second messenger, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, to limit Mg
      excretion by enhancing active Mg transport in the TAL. The integrated actions of
      these hormones and possibly others provide a sensitive means of control. Clearly,
      recent observations, using in vivo and in vitro microperfusion studies, have
      altered our thinking of TAL function and indicate that Mg transport is
      sensitively and specifically controlled within this segment.

PMID- 2644846
TI  - Activation of renal sympathetic outflow by intracisternal hypertonic NaCl in
      dogs.
AB  - The neurohormonal and sympathetic nervous system responses to injection of
      hypertonic NaCl (1.5 M) into the cisterna magna were investigated in morphine
      pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs (n = 8). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP),
      heart rate (HR), and integrated efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity (ERSNA)
      were recorded, and blood samples were taken for the determination of plasma
      concentrations of epinephrine (Epi), norepinephrine (NE), arginine vasopressin
      (AVP), osmolality, plasma renin activity (PRA), and serum sodium and potassium.
      By 2 min after injection of hypertonic NaCl into the cisterna magna, significant
      increases were observed for MAP (+47 +/- 5 mmHg, P less than 0.01), HR (+59 +/-
      11 beats/min, P less than 0.01), and ERSNA (+47 +/- 16%, P less than 0.01) above
      base line. The increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system was not
      accompanied by changes in PRA, Epi, NE, or AVP. Hypertonic NaCl was injected into
      the cisterna magna of six dogs before and after intravenous administration of the
      AVP antagonist [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP. The time course for increases in MAP, HR, and
      ERSNA was not affected by AVP blockade. Subsequent administration of
      hexamethonium chloride abolished the pressor, tachycardic, and ERSNA responses
      elicited by cisterna magna injection of hypertonic NaCl. These experiments
      indicate that hypertonic NaCl acts at the lower brain stem to activate the
      sympathetic nervous system. Further, the pressor and tachycardic responses evoked
      by hypertonic NaCl acting at the lower brain stem do not appear to involve the
      hypothalamic-hypophysial-adrenal axis.

PMID- 2644847
TI  - Vascular capacitance and reversal of 2-kidney, 1-clip hypertension in rats.
AB  - Vascular capacitance was studied in conscious early-phase (less than 6 wk) 2
      kidney, 1-clip (2K, 1C) hypertension and compared with sham-clipped control rats.
      Two other groups of 2K, 1C rats were studied before and 6 h after unclipping or a
      sham operation. Mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) was measured during a
      brief circulatory arrest caused by inflation of a right atrial balloon. Blood
      volume (BV) was determined from plasma volume (125I-labeled albumin) and
      hematocrit. MCFP was measured at resting BV and after rapid BV changes. Vascular
      compliance was derived from the MCFP-BV curve. Hypertensive 2K, 1C rats had an
      increase in hematocrit (46 +/- 1.3 vs. 42 +/- 0.4%, P less than 0.01) and no
      difference in BV compared with controls. MCFP was increased (8.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 7.2
      +/- 0.2 mmHg, P less than 0.01) with no difference in compliance, indicating
      decreased unstressed vascular volume in the 2K, 1C group. After unclipping, there
      was a significant fall in mean arterial pressure to normal, with a fall in MCFP
      (8.14 +/- 0.32 to 6.78 +/- 0.11 mmHg, P less than 0.01), but there was no
      difference in BV or compliance compared with the 2K, 1C group, indicating an
      increase in unstressed vascular volume after unclipping. These studies for the
      first time show an important role for vascular capacitance in modulating the
      circulatory changes accompanying the fall in blood pressure in surgical reversal
      of 2K, 1C hypertension.

PMID- 2644848
TI  - Muscular contraction stimulates posterior hypothalamic neurons.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that the subthalamic locomotor region (STLR) of the
      posterior hypothalamus is involved in modulating cardiorespiratory responses to
      feedback from contracting muscles. The purpose of this study was to determine
      whether neurons in this hypothalamic region alter their discharge frequency
      during contraction of hindlimb muscles. Stainless steel electrodes were used to
      record single-unit activity of STLR neurons during static and rhythmic
      contractions of hindlimb muscles in anesthetized cats. Recordings were also made
      from neurons in areas outside but surrounding the subthalamic locomotor region.
      Contraction of the triceps surae muscles was induced by stimulation of the
      peripheral cut ends of the L7 and S1 ventral roots. Both static and rhythmic
      contractions of the triceps surae evoked an increase in the discharge rate of the
      majority of the STLR cells studied. Two types of excitatory responses were
      observed: 1) abrupt increases in discharge frequency at the onset of muscular
      contraction and 2) a delayed more gradual increase in firing. Most of the cells
      that responded to muscular contraction could be activated by mechanical probing
      of the triceps surae muscles. However, the changes in discharge frequency were
      unrelated to changes in arterial pressure occurring during muscular contraction.
      Most of the neurons located outside the STLR were slightly inhibited by or did
      not respond to muscular contraction. Thus input from contracting muscles exerts
      predominantly an excitatory effect on neurons in the posterior hypothalamus.
      These results are consistent with other studies which have concluded that this
      hypothalamic site is involved in influencing the cardiorespiratory responses to
      muscular contraction.

PMID- 2644849
TI  - Stereospecific feeding modulation by endogenous organic acid gamma-lactone in
      rats.
AB  - Stereospecificity of 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid gamma-lactone (3,4-DB) and 2,4,5
      trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone (2,4,5-TP) in their effects on feeding
      behavior and humoral factors was assessed by infusion into the rat third
      cerebroventricle. Initial transient food intake was most potently affected by
      infusion of 2.50 mumol of the 2S,4S-stereoisomer of 2,4,5-TP (80%) at 1100 h.
      Among the others, 2.50 mumol of the 2R,4S-isomer was somewhat potent in feeding
      elicitation (20%). Feeding induced by these isomers was not accompanied by
      periprandial drinking. Ambulation increased with elicitation of feeding. During
      the first dark period after infusion at 1940 h, 2.50 mumol of the 3S-isomer of
      3,4-DB decreased food intake, including reduced meal size, and prolonged
      postprandial intermeal interval, but the 3R-isomer did not. Potent hypoglycemia
      with hyperinsulinemia was caused by the 2S,4S-isomer of 2,4,5-TP, and the S
      isomer of 3,4-DB caused responses that were reciprocal to those to 2,4,5-TP. The
      remaining isomers did not affect feeding or humoral factors. The results suggest
      that the S- or S,S-stereo-isomer of the endogenous organic acid gamma-lactones
      may be important in modulating food intake through the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2644851
TI  - Stress can enhance the renin response to reduced renal perfusion pressure.
AB  - It was recently reported that electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus could
      enhance the renin response to reductions in renal perfusion pressure. However,
      electrical stimulation of brain sites may activate neural pathways that never
      function physiologically. In the present investigation an external stress in the
      form of a jet of air to the face was applied to achieve a more physiological
      activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Conscious restrained rats,
      instrumented with pneumatic occluding cuffs around the aorta proximal to the
      renal arteries, were used to determine the relationship between renal perfusion
      pressure (RPP) and plasma renin activity (PRA) in the control state and in the
      presence of the stress. The jet of air produced a rightward shift in the
      relationship between RPP and PRA and also increased the slope, suggesting an
      enhanced sensitivity. Both the rightward shift and the increase in slope were
      absent in animals with bilateral renal denervation. In animals with adrenal
      enucleation, the rightward shift was still present but there was no significant
      increase in the sensitivity. These data suggest that an external activation of
      the central nervous system (by a stress) has the potential to modulate the
      responsiveness of the kidney to nonneural stimuli for renin secretion.

PMID- 2644850
TI  - Role of renal sympathetic nerves in renin inhibition by elevated left atrial
      pressure.
AB  - We have reported that the renin response to systemic hypotension during a
      simultaneous increase in left atrial pressure (LAP) depends, in part, on intact
      renal nerves. Because efferent neural control of renin release is mediated by
      renal sympathetic nerves, we tested the hypothesis that withdrawal of renal
      sympathetic tone is an essential component of the inhibitory mechanism. In
      conscious dogs, the ascending aorta was partially constricted to produce a
      simultaneous decrease, of up to 30%, in renal perfusion pressure (RPP) and a rise
      in LAP. Sympathetic neural control of renin release was reversibly blocked with
      propranolol. Propranolol infusion did not affect the increases in LAP or atrial
      natriuretic factor (ANF) during ascending aortic constriction. There was no
      increase in renin (P greater than 0.1) during ascending aortic constriction, with
      or without propranolol infusion. Identical reductions in RPP during constriction
      of the abdominal aorta caused renin to rise (P less than 0.03). Therefore acute
      withdrawal of renal sympathetic tone is not necessary for the inhibition of the
      renin response to systemic hypotension by elevated LAP.

PMID- 2644852
TI  - The Consumer Product Safety Commission's opposition to consumer product safety:
      lessons for public health advocates.

PMID- 2644853
TI  - The gross anatomy and histology of the gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts,
      Vaterian system, and minor papilla.
AB  - The gross anatomy, histology, and immunohistochemistry of the normal gallbladder,
      extrahepatic bile ducts, Vaterian system, and minor papilla are reviewed. The
      variability in the gross and microscopic morphology of the extrahepatic biliary
      system is emphasized.

PMID- 2644854
TI  - Lymphadenopathy in renal transplant patients treated with immunosuppressive
      antibodies (OKT3 and anti-thymocyte globulin). A report of nine cases.
AB  - A clinicopathological study of nine patients who developed systemic
      lymphadenopathy following renal transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy
      (OKT3 and anti-thymocyte globulin) showed a rapidity of onset and disappearance
      of lymphadenopathy (nine of nine cases), a frequent association of systemic signs
      (nine of nine cases), and a heterogeneity of histological patterns ranging from
      diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia to one incorrectly considered to be immunoblastic
      lymphoma. The coexpression of both light chains was useful in the exclusion of
      the diagnosis of B lymphoma. These posttransplant lymphoproliferative syndromes
      seem to represent an allergic reaction to the introduction of foreign protein
      resembling serum sickness rather than a viral infection favored by
      immunosuppression, although in one case (with pseudolymphomatous features) a
      virus was the likely mechanism.

PMID- 2644855
TI  - The effect of iron therapy on malarial infection in Papua New Guinean
      schoolchildren.
AB  - The effect of iron therapy on malarial infection was investigated in Papua New
      Guinea, where malaria is endemic. Prepubescent schoolchildren with hemoglobin
      levels of 8-12 g/dl were randomly assigned to receive either 200 mg ferrous
      sulfate or a placebo twice daily for 16 weeks. Iron status and malarial infection
      were assessed at baseline, after 6 and 16 weeks of therapy, and 8 weeks after
      therapy was discontinued. Iron status was significantly improved by the
      treatment. The treatment did not significantly affect parasite rate, parasite
      density, or levels of anti-malarial IgG. No changes in spleen size were observed
      in either group. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the
      groups in reported episodes of suspected malaria during the therapy. These
      results suggest that, in malaria endemic areas, oral treatment for iron
      deficiency can be carried out in semi-immune or immune schoolchildren without
      adverse consequences.

PMID- 2644856
TI  - Comparison of thick films, in vitro culture and DNA hybridization probes for
      detecting Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
AB  - Using blood from volunteers with sporozoite induced malaria, a comparison was
      made of the sensitivity and specificity of Giemsa stained thick film examination,
      in vitro culture, and 4 different DNA probes for detecting parasitemia. Between 9
      and 13 days after sporozoite inoculation, patent parasitemia (4-550
      parasites/microliters) was detected by thick film examination of 0.5 microliters
      blood in 7 volunteers. Cultures of 1 ml blood obtained 7 days after sporozoite
      inoculation were positive in all volunteers who eventually developed patent
      parasitemia. The DNA hybridization probes detected parasites in only 5-28% of
      smear- or culture-positive samples.

PMID- 2644857
TI  - Intraocular filariasis: a brief review.
AB  - Fifty-six cases of human intraocular filariasis have been reported. In 6, the
      objects interpreted as filariae may have been artifacts. In 8, a motile worm that
      apparently was not a filaria was observed. In the remainder, a motile filaria or
      filaria-like worm was observed, but in only 6 cases were the filariae removed
      from the eye, described, and identified. Three of these were identified as
      Dipetalonema spp., and one each as Wuchereria, Dirofilaria, and Loaina. In 10
      cases, filariae were removed and identified as Loa loa (6) or Wuchereria
      bancrofti (4) but without a supporting description. A filaria was removed but not
      satisfactorily described or identified in 8 cases, spontaneously disappeared in
      4, died following treatment in 4, and met unreported fates in seven. For 3 the
      original reports were inaccessible. Records of intraocular filariae that are not
      supported by morphological description are questionable.

PMID- 2644858
TI  - A comparison of the in vitro activities of amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine
      against isolates of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - The antimalarial activities of amodiaquine, the desethyl metabolite of
      amodiaquine, chloroquine, and mefloquine were evaluated against 35 field isolates
      of Plasmodium falciparum collected from eastern Thailand, October-December 1985,
      to define patterns of cross-resistance among these compounds. The assay system
      was based on the in vitro inhibition of schizont maturation. The parasites were
      generally sensitive to mefloquine (mean 50%-inhibitory concentrations = 9.98 nM)
      and highly resistant to chloroquine (IC50 = 313 nM). The mean in vitro activity
      of desethylamodiaquine (67.5 nM) was approximately 3.5 times lower than that of
      amodiaquine (18.2 nM). There was a significant rank-order correlation between the
      IC50S of desethylamodiaquine and chloroquine, but not between amodiaquine and
      chloroquine, which suggests that the apparent cross-resistance between
      chloroquine and amodiaquine observed in clinical studies may be more closely
      related to the cross-resistance between chloroquine and the metabolite rather
      than between chloroquine and the parent compound. Isolates with IC50 values of
      amodiaquine greater than 20 nM demonstrated a high degree of correlation with
      values of desethylamodiaquine; however, it was not possible to accurately predict
      the sensitivity to desethylamodiaquine of isolates which had IC50 values of
      amodiaquine of less than 20 nM.

PMID- 2644859
TI  - Introduction and spread of multi-resistant Shigella dysenteriae I in Thailand.
AB  - Outbreaks of Shigella dysenteriae I occurred in northeastern Thailand in the fall
      of 1986 and again in the spring and fall of 1987 for the first time in over 20
      years. The epidemic strain of S. dysenteriae I was resistant to tetracycline,
      streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but susceptible
      to ampicillin. Trimethoprim resistance was chromosomally encoded by type I
      dihydrofolate reductase. In Ubon Province, where 10,000 cases of dysentery were
      reported, there were 3-5 cases of dysentery per 1,000 residents during the peak
      months, with 2-5 hospitalizations per 100 cases of reported dysentery. There were
      2 deaths among 101 hospitalized, culture-confirmed cases. The overall case
      fatality rate among reported cases of dysentery in this province was 0.9%. In
      contrast to S. flexneri infections, which occurred predominantly among children
      less than 5 years old, S. dysenteriae I infections occurred in all age groups.
      The large number of susceptibles appeared to be important in allowing rapid
      spread of S. dysenteriae I. In 1 village, 46% of 434 villagers reported
      dysentery; S. dysenteriae I was isolated from 24 out of 81 (30%) individuals
      cultured. Based on the prevalence of IgG antibody to S. dysenteriae I
      lipopolysaccharide, it was estimated that 76% of the villagers had been infected.

PMID- 2644860
TI  - Impaired clearance of Escherichia coli bacteremia in early biliary obstruction.
AB  - Adult male rats underwent common bile duct ligation or sham celiotomy. At
      intervals of 7 and 14 days postoperatively, bacteremia was induced by intravenous
      injection of 10(9) Escherichia coli or intraperitoneal injection of 10(6) E.
      coli. Serial quantitative blood cultures and quantitative whole organ cultures
      were obtained. One week after surgery, clearance of bacteremia was impaired in
      all of the animals. Clearance of intraperitoneally injected E. coli was less
      efficient in the duct ligation rats. Fourteen days postoperatively, clearance of
      bacteremia induced by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection had improved in
      the sham celiotomy rats but was still significantly impaired in the duct ligation
      rats. An increased number of viable E. coli were recovered from the lungs of duct
      ligation rats after intravenous administration. We found that rats with
      obstructive jaundice do not respond normally to a bacteremia challenge. This
      impairment in reticuloendothelial function can be noted as early as 1 week after
      common duct ligation.

PMID- 2644861
TI  - Factors influencing early survival after liver transplantation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyze data from all adult and pediatric liver
      transplants performed between January 1, 1983 and January 15, 1986 at the
      University of Minnesota Hospital and identify perioperative variables that
      predict patient survival and could aid in patient selection. Charts,
      intraoperative anesthesia records, blood bank records, flow sheets, outpatient
      records, and autopsy reports were examined in 45 pediatric and 15 adult patients
      who underwent primary orthotopic liver transplantation. Analysis of the data can
      be summarized as follows: (1) Pediatric patients whose coagulation parameters
      could not be corrected prior to operation and who consequently required
      preoperative exchange transfusion had poorer outcomes than those not requiring an
      exchange to correct coagulation parameters. (2) The rapid infusion technique for
      massive blood transfusion resulted in significantly decreased blood loss and
      intraoperative blood product replacement. (3) Twenty-four hour postoperative
      factor V levels were good predictors of survival. Patients with poor factor V
      levels required rigorous replacement of coagulation factors. (4) Pediatric
      patients with uncorrectable coagulopathies requiring immediate postoperative
      exchange transfusion had extremely high mortality.

PMID- 2644862
TI  - Effects of intramural division of gastric vagal fibers on stimulated acid
      production.
AB  - Transmural proximal gastric vagotomy, an experimental procedure designed to
      denervate the gastric fundus by intramural division of vagal fibers, was
      evaluated as a means of reducing stimulated gastric acid output. The procedure
      reduced peak acid output in response to insulin stimulation by 71 percent. Acid
      production was not further decreased by extramural division of vagal fibers. It
      also decreased parietal cell sensitivity to pentagastrin stimulation and did not
      interfere with emptying of a liquid meal. We have concluded that transmural
      proximal gastric vagotomy is technically straightforward, reliably divides fundic
      vagal fibers, produces a significant reduction in acid production equivalent to
      that produced by standard operative techniques, and does not interfere with
      gastric emptying.

PMID- 2644863
TI  - New atraumatic rounded-edge surgical needle holder jaws.
AB  - A new atraumatic smooth needle holder jaw with rounded edges that does not damage
      synthetic monofilament sutures is described herein. These rounded edges were
      created by mechanical filing of the sharp edges of smooth needle jaws.
      Compression of the monofilament suture between the needle holder jaw with sharp
      edges reduces the suture breaking strength compared with that of control sutures.
      A quality control method has been devised to detect the potentially damaging
      sharp edges of smooth needle jaws that can be easily implemented by needle holder
      manufacturers.

PMID- 2644864
TI  - Renal failure complicating obstructive jaundice.
AB  - Postoperative acute renal failure in patients with obstructive jaundice remains a
      clinically significant complication. Acute renal failure occurs in approximately
      9 percent of patients requiring surgery for relief of obstructive jaundice, and
      contributes to eventual mortality in 76 percent of those who develop it. The
      overall mortality rate for patients undergoing surgery for obstructive jaundice
      is 16 percent. Despite advances in perioperative care, these figures have changed
      very little over the past 25 years. This article describes the clinical
      association between jaundice and renal failure and reviews the studies that have
      contributed to the delineation of the possible underlying pathophysiologic
      mechanisms, as well as possible preventive measures which have been developed as
      a result of these investigations. With increased awareness of the potential risk
      of developing postoperative acute renal failure, the institution of prophylactic
      measures may result in an improvement in the mortality rate seen after surgery
      for obstructive jaundice.

PMID- 2644865
TI  - Cyclosporine pharmacokinetic drug interactions.
AB  - Cyclosporine (CyA) is commonly prescribed as an immunosuppressive to prevent
      rejection of organ transplants. Numerous pharmacokinetic drug interactions of
      potential clinical significance exist because other drugs may induce or inhibit
      the metabolism of CyA. Case reports and studies demonstrate that rifampin,
      phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine may induce the hepatic metabolism of
      CyA, causing decreased CyA concentrations. Graft rejection through inadequate
      immunosuppression may be associated with subtherapeutic or decreased CyA levels.
      Erythromycin, ketoconazole, calcium channel blockers, and sex hormones appear to
      inhibit CyA metabolism, causing increased CyA concentrations. Signs and symptoms
      of renal, hepatic, or neurotoxicity may be evident with increased or toxic CyA
      levels. Mutual inhibition of metabolism occurs between CyA and corticosteroids.
      Intravenous sulphadimidine and trimethoprim may cause decreased CyA
      concentrations by an unknown mechanism.

PMID- 2644866
TI  - Combination of the APAAP and the IGSS techniques for double-labeling with two
      different monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Cryostat sections were incubated with two different monoclonal antibodies
      directed either against two different cells or against the same cell. For
      visualization of the first antibody, the alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline
      phosphatase (APAAP) technique was used, which rendered a bright red reaction
      product. For visualization of the second monoclonal antibody, the immunogold
      silver-staining (IGSS) technique was used, which resulted in a black reaction
      product. The combination of an enzyme technique with a technique involving metals
      (gold and silver) seemed ideal since the reaction product of either technique
      could be detected easily.

PMID- 2644867
TI  - Morphology of skin microvasculature in psoriasis.
AB  - To establish the character of microvascular changes in psoriatic skin and their
      specificity, 29 skin biopsies of psoriatics (20 in exacerbation and 9 in a
      stationary stage) were investigated using histologic, histochemical,
      immunomorphologic, electron-microscopic, and morphometric methods. Five biopsies
      of uninvolved skin in scleroderma and five of diabetes mellitus patients were
      studied with the same technique for comparison. The results showed that
      structural changes depend on disease stage and the clinical appearance of
      lesions. Microvascular changes precede papule appearance during exacerbation and
      gradually increase during papule development. They comprise vascular dilatation,
      bridged fenestrations and gaps in endothelium, edematous areas in the cytoplasm
      of endotheliocytes, myocytes and pericytes, basement-membrane-zone thickening,
      and cell extravasation--signs of increased vascular permeability. Immunoglobulin
      G deposits in vascular walls, degranulation of mast cells, and extravasation of
      lymphocytes and neutrophils indicate that inflammation is a basic process during
      exacerbation and that immune mechanisms play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of inflammation. Microvascular changes in scleroderma and diabetes
      mellitus are different in nature and do not resemble those in psoriasis.

PMID- 2644868
TI  - Low-grade primary cutaneous adenosquamous (mucoepidermoid) carcinoma. Report of a
      case and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of histologically low-grade primary cutaneous adenosquamous carcinoma is
      reported. Dermal invasion was limited to the superficial dermis. This pattern
      contrasts sharply with the deeply infiltrating pattern of previously reported
      examples of cutaneous adenosquamous carcinoma. Less aggressive biologic behavior
      is expected from this histologically low-grade variant when compared to the high
      potential for recurrence and metastasis of previously reported cutaneous
      adenosquamous carcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies support an eccrine origin
      for this tumor.

PMID- 2644869
TI  - Malignant endovascular papillary angioendothelioma (Dabska tumor). A case report
      and review of the literature.
AB  - Malignant endovascular papillary angioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor of
      childhood that was first defined by Dabska in 1969. Microscopically, this tumor
      is composed of anastomosing vascular channels, some of which contain papillary
      projections or tuft-like structures sometimes resembling renal glomeruli.
      Although cases have been reported with metastases to regional lymph nodes, the
      long term prognosis for patients with these tumors is generally good. We have
      studied this tumor by light and electron microscopy as well as
      immunohistochemical techniques in a 10-year-old boy. A review of the literature
      on this rare entity is presented.

PMID- 2644870
TI  - Production of cytokines by epithelial tissues. A new model for cutaneous
      inflammation.
AB  - The pathophysiological processes responsible for the histological and clinical
      appearance of skin diseases characterized by inflammatory infiltrates of dermis
      and epidermis remain obscure. The recent explosion of knowledge about cytokines
      with immune and inflammatory activities, as well as the identification of many of
      these cytokines as products of activated keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and
      endothelial cells, lends a novel and exciting perspective on these diseases. In
      this article, paradigms that incorporate what is known about epidermal and dermal
      cell cytokine production and the effects of these cytokines on mature immune and
      inflammatory cells are discussed.

PMID- 2644871
TI  - To cast a pox. The iconography of syphilis.
AB  - A survey of syphilis as depicted in art from 1496 to 1773 with emphasis on the
      absence of a depiction of a primary genital chancre for almost three centuries is
      presented.

PMID- 2644873
TI  - GABA-immunoreactive cells in the rat gastrointestinal epithelium.
AB  - Frozen sections of the corpus ventriculi, antrum pyloricum, duodenum, jejunum,
      ileum and colon from animals perfusion fixed with glutaraldehyde were treated
      with an antiserum specific for glutaraldehyde-fixed GABA and processed by the
      peroxidase antiperoxidase method. Semi-thin plastic sections from the antrum
      pyloricum were treated similarly. Stained cells appeared in the epithelium of all
      segments examined except the corpus ventriculi. The highest density of cells was
      observed along the major curvature of the antrum pyloricum. Here they were
      located in the bottom half of the gastric glands. Many of the cells showed a
      process extending towards the glandular lumen. No significant staining in the
      epithelium appeared when the antiserum was preincubated with glutaraldehyde-GABA
      complexes, nor when the anti-GABA serum was exchanged with anti-glycine or
      preimmune serum. The present findings and previous physiological data suggest
      that GABA may play a role in gut endocrine regulation.

PMID- 2644874
TI  - Embedding prolene for the development of fiducial markers.
AB  - A simple, inexpensive method is described for embedding Prolene with tissue
      samples to provide landmarks for fiducial points to align serial sections in
      tissue reconstructions. Prolene is a monofilament suture material that can be
      easily sectioned with diamond knives to provide circular markers in each section.
      The sections are photographed, the negatives are projected through an enlarger
      and the contours, Prolene circles, and scratches from the diamond knife are
      traced onto paper. These landmarks establish a framework for assigning fiducial
      points that are necessary for the correct alignment of the contours. No special
      equipment is needed for embedding the Prolene and the method is adaptable for
      both automated and nonautomated computer systems. An example of this method for
      tissue alignment is given using embryonic limb tissue to determine the spatial
      organization of developing blood vessels as demonstrated by computer
      reconstruction.

PMID- 2644872
TI  - Interconnections between hypothalamus and cerebellum.
AB  - The cerebellum and hypothalamus are interconnected through a multitude of direct
      (monosynaptic) and indirect (polysynaptic) pathways. Direct hypothalamocerebellar
      fibres are mainly uncrossed and reach all parts of the cerebellar cortex and
      nuclei. They are neither mossy fibres nor climbing fibres, but appear to
      terminate in all layers of the cerebellar cortex as multilayered fibres. At least
      some of the hypothalamocerebellar fibres are histaminergic, and it appears that a
      small proportion of the hypothalamocerebellar neurons contain GABA. Indirect
      hypothalamocerebellar connections may be relayed through various brain stem
      nuclei. The hypothalamo-ponto-cerebellar pathway, which has a contralateral
      predominance, appears to be the quantitatively most important of these. The
      direct cerebellohypothalamic projection originates from the cerebellar nuclei and
      terminates in the posterior hypothalamus, in the same regions where the direct
      hypothalamocerebellar pathway has its main origin. Indirect cerebellohypothalamic
      connections with brain stem relays have also been demonstrated. The functions of
      hypothalamocerebellar circuits are so far unknown. However, these pathways are
      probably involved in the coordination and integration of somatic as well as non
      somatic responses to a given set of inputs.

PMID- 2644875
TI  - Nonimmune-mediated phagocytosis by "premedullary" lung macrophages: effects of
      concanavalin A, tuftsin, and macrophage-inhibitory peptide.
AB  - Free cells arising in organ-cultured embryonic rat and hamster lungs share
      ultrastructural, lysosomal enzyme, and cell membrane properties with typical
      alveolar macrophages, expressing the developmental potential of the earliest
      macrophage precursors resident in the lungs. In the lung culture environment cell
      proliferation is supported and macrophage attributes are developed despite
      absence of lymphocytes from the system. We have shown previously that among these
      attributes, the cells respond with increased phagocytosis of erythrocytes if
      these are opsonized with immunoglobulin G. Attention has now been turned to the
      question of nonimmune-mediated phagocytosis by the same population. Living
      macrophages that emerged from lung cultures bound rhodamine-coupled soybean and
      wheat germ agglutinins to a greater degree than concanavalin A (Con A), which
      nevertheless promoted lateral translocation of occupied receptors in the cell
      membrane. Emerged cells also phagocytosed living bacteria and native yeast cells
      (Y). The percentage of macrophages ingesting 3 or more yeast cells increased 400
      (hamsters) to 500% (rats) when yeast was preincubated with Con A (200
      micrograms/ml). Pretreatment of macrophages with Tuftsin (100 microM) enhanced
      uptake of Y by 100 (hamster) to 200% (rat). Pretreatment of macrophages with
      macrophage-inhibitory peptide (500 microM) appeared to inhibit phagocytosis of Y
      by 60% in hamsters but had no significant effect on cells from rat lung cultures.

PMID- 2644876
TI  - Controlled comparison of ketanserin and nifedipine in Raynaud's phenomenon.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients suffering from either primary or secondary Raynaud's
      phenomenon were treated with nifedipine and ketanserin. Each patient was treated
      with one of the two drugs administered after an adequate washout period.
      Furthermore each patient was submitted before and after treatment with each drug
      to computerized digital thermometry to evaluate the therapeutic response. The
      data obtained during the intake of the two drugs at zero, five, and twenty-three
      minutes were compared with thermometry-relevant baseline data at the same
      periods. Ketanserin proved to be useful in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon
      and statistically significantly superior (alpha less than 0.05) with respect to
      nifedipine in the thermometric controls and also in the subjective evaluation of
      the patients (p less than 0.02). In this study nifedipine did not show particular
      efficacy. Furthermore only 2 patients had to discontinue treatment with
      ketanserin, whereas 8 had to discontinue treatment with nifedipine (p less than
      0.001).

PMID- 2644877
TI  - Vibrotactile sensation and response to nifedipine dose titration in primary
      Raynaud's phenomenon.
AB  - The clinical response to two doses of sustained-release nifedipine was assessed
      during a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 22 patients with
      primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Nifedipine at doses of 20 mg and 40 mg daily
      reduced the mean number of attacks by 40% compared with placebo with no
      significant differences between the two doses in the number of attacks or their
      severity. Unwanted effects were more common and more persistent with the higher
      dose of nifedipine. Fingertip vibrotactile thresholds measured at 31.5 and 125 Hz
      were unchanged by treatment with nifedipine. There was, however, a correlation
      between the pretreatment threshold at 125 Hz and the response to treatment with
      nifedipine, the most favorable responses occurring in patients with the lowest
      thresholds.

PMID- 2644878
TI  - Evaluation of myocardial perfusion abnormality by profile analysis for digital
      subtraction angiogram.
AB  - For quantitative estimation of ischemia, ECG-synchronized digital subtraction
      angiography was performed for selective coronary arteriography. The authors
      obtained sequential myocardial perfusion images at the arterial, capillary, and
      venous phases. Profile densitometry was performed along the cross section
      perpendicular to the long axis of the left ventricle to assess regional
      myocardial perfusion at the capillary phase quantitatively. By this densitometry,
      the volumes of vascular bed perfused by the left coronary artery could be
      estimated, and further, nontransmural myocardial infarction could be
      differentiated from transmural myocardial infarction through the profile of its
      density curve. This method appears to be useful for the analysis of myocardial
      perfusion of ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2644879
TI  - Primary arteriovenous fistula between common iliac vessels: ultrasound, computer
      tomographic, and angiographic findings--a case report.
AB  - A giant aneurysm of the right common iliac artery presenting with an
      arteriovenous fistula (AVF) between the iliac artery and iliac vein and deep
      venous thrombosis of the right lower extremity is reported. The clinical signs
      and the radiologic and surgical management of the condition are discussed. In
      addition a brief review of the literature is given.

PMID- 2644880
TI  - Pharmacologic intervention in prehospital care: a critical appraisal.
AB  - In more than 15 years of paramedic operation, fewer than 15 prehospital studies
      have been undertaken on the pharmacologic intervention by paramedics. Many of
      these studies suffer from inadequate sample size or deficient study design. There
      is no evidence that any medication given by the prehospital care provider is
      beneficial or cannot safely be delayed until arrival at hospital. Multicenter
      trials must be designed and implemented if we are to provide the evidence
      necessary to evaluate our current practice.

PMID- 2644881
TI  - It's not a viral syndrome, it's malaria.
AB  - A 27-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a seven-day history of fever,
      nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and pruritic rash. He was not diagnosed as having
      malaria until a history was obtained of Plasmodium falciparum malaria two years
      previous to this admission, and a review of the peripheral blood smear confirmed
      the diagnosis. The patient was admitted for inpatient therapy. He responded well
      and was discharged on the fourth hospital day to complete the remainder of the
      therapy as an outpatient. This case is a somewhat atypical presentation and
      reemphasizes several key points in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of
      malaria.

PMID- 2644882
TI  - Endoscopic elastic band ligation for active variceal hemorrhage.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of EVL for treatment of
      active variceal hemorrhage. Twenty-three consecutive patients with actively
      bleeding esophageal varices had EVL with a flexible gastroscope. Treatment was
      measured by initial control of bleeding, incidence of early and late rebleeding,
      survival, complications, and size of varices at subsequent endoscopy. Repeat EVL
      was performed as needed for bleeding and at two week intervals until varices were
      grade I or eradicated. Follow up of survivors ranged from 90 to 400 days (mean
      280). Bleeding varices were initially controlled in 22 (95.6%) patients. Nine
      (39.1%) died, five from hepatic failure with no recurrent bleeding, four from
      continued (1) or early recurrent (3) hemorrhage. All deaths occurred within 3 to
      24 days (mean = 9.4) of initial treatment for active bleeding. Twelve of 14
      surviving patients have achieved variceal eradication or reduction in size to
      grade I or less with a mean of 5.5 repeat EVL sessions (range, 0-10). One refused
      further treatment; one is lost to follow up. Excluding rebleeding, there were no
      treatment-related complications in 80 EVL sessions. Active variceal bleeding
      requiring endoscopic control is associated with substantial mortality, especially
      in higher risk patients. EVL is effective for initial and long term control of
      bleeding. EVL appears to be associated with a low incidence of non-bleeding
      complications.

PMID- 2644883
TI  - Videoendoscopy for difficult anastomoses.
AB  - To determine whether intra-operative videoendoscopy provides useful information
      on the integrity of gastrointestinal anastomoses, laboratory and clinical studies
      were undertaken. In the dog model, the videoendoscope was inserted per orum to
      visualize side-to-side (gastrojejunostomy) and end-to-end (jejunojejunostomy)
      anastomoses and to establish endoscopic criteria of normal anastomosis, verified
      by examination of the specimen. Technically faulty anastomoses were then
      constructed and inspected endoscopically to determine the signs of poor
      technique. In clinical application, the videoendoscope was used to inspect the
      anastomoses after low anterior resection, revision of gastric bypass, and
      choledochoduodenostomy. The laboratory results indicate that direct visualization
      of a defect in suture-line with the end-viewing endoscope is difficult, although
      indirect signs of trouble are helpful. Conversely, the appearance of a perfect
      anastomosis without any indirect signs of poor technique is accurate in the
      assurance of a trouble-free anastomosis. The best clinical use is in low anterior
      resection of the rectum and the worst is in choledochoduodenostomy. It is
      concluded that videoendoscopic inspection of anastomosis is only of limited help
      in determining the integrity of a difficult anastomosis, and much work is
      required to perfect both the instrument and technique before general use is
      recommended.

PMID- 2644884
TI  - Interferon therapy for Kaposi sarcoma associated with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

PMID- 2644885
TI  - Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block.
AB  - Lyme disease is a tick-borne spirochetal infection, characterized by erythema
      chronicum migrans and an acute systemic illness. The disease is endemic in many
      parts of the north-eastern United States. Without treatment, late rheumatic,
      neurologic, and cardiac complications frequently occur. We report four
      serologically confirmed cases of Lyme carditis in previously healthy young men
      (mean age, 45 years) from endemic areas. Each presented with severe symptomatic
      atrioventricular block, three with episodes of prolonged ventricular asystole.
      Two had permanent pacemakers implanted (one was later removed), and another, very
      nearly did, before diagnosis. All four patients were treated with antibiotics,
      and in each case their rhythm returned to sinus, though one patient has
      Wenckebach second degree block with atrial pacing at 120 beats/min 16 months
      later. Carditis occurs in 4% to 10% of cases of Lyme disease and usually begins 3
      to 6 weeks after the initial illness. It manifests as a transient myocarditis
      with varying degrees of atrioventricular block. The diagnosis is made primarily
      on clinical grounds and confirmed by serologic testing. Temporary cardiac pacing
      is frequently needed by patients who have severe heart block with hemodynamic
      instability. The evidence suggests that, in most cases, the block is at the level
      of the atrioventricular node. The block generally resolves completely with
      antibiotic treatment. Complete heart block rarely persists more than 1 week and
      the long-term prognosis appears to be excellent. Consideration and prompt
      recognition of this potentially lethal, but reversible, cause of heart block is
      crucial in order to avoid inappropriate permanent pacemaker implantation.

PMID- 2644887
TI  - Carboplatin and renal dysfunction.

PMID- 2644886
TI  - Effects of bacterially synthesized recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced malignancy.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To define the clinical and hematologic effects of subcutaneously
      administered bacterially synthesized recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF). DESIGN: Single arm nonrandomized dose
      escalation study. PATIENTS: Twenty-one patients with advanced malignancy who were
      not receiving concurrent myelosuppressive therapy. INTERVENTIONS: Subcutaneous
      administration of rhGM-CSF by once-daily injection to groups of two to four
      patients at doses of 0.3 to 30 micrograms/kg body weight.d for 10 consecutive
      days. Some patients received a second 10-day period of daily rhGM-CSF treatment
      after a 10-day nontreatment interval followed by alternate-day treatment.
      Clinical status and hematologic values were monitored frequently. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: All doses of rhGM-CSF caused an immediate transient fall of 84%
      to 99% in circulating neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Continued daily
      dosing caused a leukocytosis of up to 10-fold with increases in numbers of
      circulating neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. There appeared
      to be a plateau in the increase in neutrophils in the dose range 3 to 15
      micrograms/kg.d. Marrow aspirates showed increased proportions of promyelocytes
      and myelocytes. Alternate-day injection of 15 micrograms/kg maintained a
      leukocytosis. At doses up to 15 micrograms/kg.d, rhGM-CSF was well tolerated but
      adverse effects included bone pains, myalgias, rashes, and liver dysfunction. At
      doses exceeding 15 micrograms/kg.d, pericarditis was a dose-limiting toxicity.
      Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was reactivated by rhGM-CSF in one patient.
      CONCLUSIONS: Bacterially synthesized rhGM-CSF induces a leukocytosis in the dose
      range of 3 to 15 micrograms/kg.d. These doses are appropriate for phase II
      studies.

PMID- 2644888
TI  - A pilgrimage into the archives of nickel toxicology.

PMID- 2644889
TI  - Nicotinamidadenindinucleotide (NADH): the new approach in the therapy of
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - The coenzyme Nicotinamidadenindinucleotide (NADH) has been used as novel
      medication in 34 Parkinson patients in an open label trial. In all patients, a
      beneficial clinical effect was observed. Twenty-one patients (61.7 percent)
      showed a very good (better than 30 percent) improvement of disability and 13
      patients (38.3 percent) a moderate (up to 30 percent) improvement. The effect of
      NADH was dependent on the dosage and the severity of the case. The best
      therapeutic dose was in the range of 25 to 50 mg per day. The clinical
      improvement was more pronounced after i.v. and less after i.m. administration.
      Concomitant with improvement of the disability, the urine level of homovanillinic
      acid (HVA) increased significantly in all patients (in some patients by more than
      a 100 percent), indicating a stimulation of the endogenous L-DOPA biosynthesis.
      The daily "on phases" of the patients could be increased from two up to nine
      hours in the individual patients by NADH administration.

PMID- 2644890
TI  - Interleukin-2 and lymphokine activated killer cells: promises and cautions.
AB  - The purposes of this work are to: review the biological activities of Interleukin
      2 (IL-2); evaluate the reported therapeutic benefits and toxicity of IL
      2/lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells; and project the role of IL-2/LAK cells
      in cancer therapy. Interleukin-2 is a glycoprotein lymphokine (mw 15,000)
      produced naturally by mitogen or antigen stimulated T-lymphocytes. The activities
      of IL-2 include: enhancement of IL-2 receptor positive T-lymphocytes and a
      variety of other in vitro and in vivo alterations of T cell function. The IL-2
      gene has been cloned from the Jurkat leukemia cell line and expressed by
      recombinant biotechnology in an E. coli vector. In vitro incubation of IL-2 with
      selected T-lymphocytes results in the formation of lymphocyte activated killer
      (LAK) cells. Rosenberg and colleagues, in 1983, demonstrated that both exogenous
      IL-2 and LAK cells were needed in order to get maximum tumor regression in a
      murine model and later humans. Patients selected for IL-2/LAK cell therapy have
      clinical metastases or advanced unresectable cancers. Almost all patients treated
      demonstrate some toxic effects, including chills, fever, nausea, vomiting,
      diarrhea and hepatic dysfunction. Approximately 75 percent of the patients have
      profound hypotension and require intensive nursing care. A review of the
      literature indicates that tumor responsiveness will range from negligible
      (adenocarcinoma of the lung with metastases) to a 30+ percent response in renal
      cell carcinoma when complete and partial responders are totalled. Interleukin
      2/LAK cell therapy has promise for some wide spread tumors for which no other
      therapy is available.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644891
TI  - Factors involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis.
AB  - With recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology and better cell
      separation techniques, it is possible to demonstrate individual factor activity
      in the development of uncommitted and committed stem cells and their
      differentiation into functional mature cells. Much remains to be learned about
      the individual cell membrane receptors and their interactions with the
      polypeptide cytokines, as well as with other small molecules such as hemin. Some
      membrane perturbations must lead to complex and wonderful intracellular
      machinations to set in motion DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) changes leading to
      cell division and cell differentiation.

PMID- 2644892
TI  - Toxic susceptibilities in the newborn with special consideration of polysorbate
      toxicity.

PMID- 2644893
TI  - Glyceraldehyde phosphate: an insulin secretagogue with possible effects on
      inositol phosphate formation in pancreatic islets.
AB  - The insulinotropic action of glucose, the most potent physiologic insulin
      secretagogue, involves its metabolism. However, no glucose metabolite has ever
      been identified as a key intermediate. We tested the abilities of a number of
      glucose metabolites to stimulate insulin release from pancreatic islets. Of all
      of these metabolites, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate was the most potent insulin
      secretagogue. In numerous experiments over 3 years, insulin release by 4 mM
      glyceraldehyde phosphate ranged from 50 to 200% of that initiated by 16.7 mM
      glucose--a near-maximal insulin stimulus. At concentrations of 1 and 4 mM,
      glyceraldehyde phosphate was even more potent than the known secretagogues
      glucose and glyceraldehyde. Glucose metabolites were also tested for their
      ability to stimulate inositol tris-, bis-, and monophosphate formation by
      permeabilized islets. Only glyceraldehyde phosphate stimulated inositol phosphate
      formation and this stimulation occurred at concentrations of glyceraldehyde
      phosphate which could be present in the beta cell under physiologic conditions
      (K0.5 = 25 microM). The current results are consistent with the idea that
      glyceraldehyde phosphate is a key insulinotropic glucose metabolite that might
      act directly (or rather directly via a receptor) on the phospholipase C that
      forms inositol trisphosphate in the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2644894
TI  - Dichlorobenzidine-DNA binding catalyzed by peroxidative activation in Salmonella
      typhimurium.
AB  - Peroxidative oxidation of dichlorobenzidine in vitro results in covalent binding
      to exogenous DNA. In a modified Ames assay, mutagenicity is observed in S.
      typhimurium strain TA98 following the incubation of dichlorobenzidine, bacteria,
      and hydrogen peroxide. In this paper, we demonstrate that [14C]dichlorobenzidine
      becomes covalently bound to S. typhimurium macromolecules, including DNA, when
      exogenous hydrogen peroxide is supplied. We compared the levels of binding in a
      pair of otherwise isogenic strains with wild-type (oxyR+) versus constitutive
      (oxyR1) expression of the hydrogen peroxide stress-induced regulon. Binding was
      approximately twofold higher in TA4124 (oxyR1) than in TA4123 (oxyR+). Bacterial
      hydroperoxidases may catalyze the activation of dichlorobenzidine to mutagenic
      and DNA binding species in this system.

PMID- 2644895
TI  - Acute airway narrowing in monkeys from challenge with 2.5 ppm formaldehyde
      generated from formalin.
AB  - Nine adult male Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were exposed for 10 min
      to 2.55 +/- 0.03 ppm formaldehyde (HCHO; mean +/- standard error of the mean,
      SEM) generated from formalin with a newly developed HCHO challenge system. The
      generation system was capable of producing highly stable HCHO vapor
      concentrations with fluctuations of HCHO concentrations of less than +/- 5%. The
      experimental design included pre-exposure methacholine challenge to determine if
      responses to HCHO were associated with pre-existing bronchial hyperreactivity.
      Significant changes in average pulmonary flow resistance (RL) were observed
      (compared to control RL values) at 2 (p less than 0.01), 5 (p less than 0.01),
      and 10 min (p less than 0.005) post-HCHO challenge. Pre-challenge RL values (mean
      +/- SEM) were 11.3 +/- 1.4 cm H2O.l/s, while at 2, 5, and 10 min after HCHO
      challenge, values were 16.1 +/- 2.1, 16.9 +/- 2.8 and 20.0 +/- 3.4 cm H2O.l/s,
      respectively. Methacholine challenge data suggest that reactions to HCHO tend to
      be greater in monkeys hyperreactive to methacholine, but the relationship does
      not reach statistical significance in this small series of animals. These data
      indicate that significant pulmonary function deficits occur immediately after
      challenge with 2.55 ppm HCHO vapor in monkeys.

PMID- 2644896
TI  - Relative sensitivity and specificity of salivary and serum cotinine in
      identifying tobacco-smoking status of self-reported nonsmokers and smokers of
      tobacco and/or marijuana.
AB  - Serum and salivary cotinine levels were measured in 327 smoking and nonsmoking
      participants in a study of the health effects of marijuana with and without
      tobacco. These individuals had no reason to misrepresent their current tobacco
      smoking status. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values positive and
      negative of the cotinine levels in distinguishing self-reported current tobacco
      smokers from nonsmokers was high (88-100%) and essentially the same for both
      fluids. Agreement between self-report and cotinine levels was not influenced by
      the presence or absence of marijuana smoking. A good correlation was found
      between serum and salivary cotinine levels in self-reported tobacco smokers (r =
      0.84, p less than 0.001). Mean average levels were 279 +/- 144 ( +/- standard
      deviation) ng/ml for serum and 360 +/- 195 ng/ml for saliva. In a separate group
      of seven tobacco smokers, cotinine levels in saliva were found to be essentially
      independent of salivary flow rate. An analogous relationship has been observed by
      others for various compounds that are filtered to saliva from the blood. This may
      explain the close relationship observed between serum and salivary cotinine
      levels, and the observation made by others that the half-life of salivary
      cotinine is similar to that of serum cotinine.

PMID- 2644898
TI  - Total versus subtotal gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the gastric antrum. A
      French prospective controlled study.
AB  - In a multicentric trial the postoperative mortality and the 5-year survival of
      elective total gastrectomy (TG) was compared with subtotal gastrectomy (SG) for
      adenocarcinoma of the antrum operated on with intent of cure. Two hundred and one
      patients were included in the study; 32 were excluded after pathologic
      examination (linitis plastica, superficial cancer, lymphoma). One hundred sixty
      nine patients remained for analysis, with 93 undergoing TG and 76 undergoing SG.
      Elective TG did not increase postoperative mortality (1.3%) compared with SG
      (3.2%). There was no difference in the 5-year survival rate (48%). Analysis of
      survival showed no difference in the two techniques when related to nodal
      involvement and serosal extension. It is concluded that both TG and SG can be
      performed safely in patients with adenocarcinoma of the antrum; however TG did
      not increase the survival rate.

PMID- 2644899
TI  - Vasodilating prostaglandins attenuate ischemic renal injury only if thromboxane
      is inhibited.
AB  - Ischemia-induced renal injury is prevented by inhibition of thromboxane (Tx)
      synthesis. This protection was believed to be secondary to a high prostaglandin
      (PG)/TxA2 ratio. This study tests whether increasing the PG/Tx ratio by
      administration of vasodilating PGs protects the reperfused ischemic kidney.
      Anesthetized rats underwent right nephrectomy and 45 minutes of left renal
      pedicle clamping. Beginning 10 minutes before clamp release, animals were treated
      intravenously with the following: saline placebo (n = 10); the cyclooxygenase
      inhibitor ibuprofen (Ibu), 12.5 mg/Kg in a bolus (n = 8); a stable analogue of
      prostacyclin (PGI2), 500 ng/kg/minute for 2 hours (n = 9); PGE1, 400 ng/kg/minute
      for 2 hours (n = 8); the combination Ibu and PGI2 (n = 8) or PGE1 (n = 8). In
      saline treated ischemic controls, 5 minutes after reperfusion plasma, thromboxane
      (TxB2) and 6-keto-PGF1 levels were 2537 and 317 pg/ml, respectively--higher than
      the TxB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 levels of 750 and 80 pg/ml, respectively, in
      nephrectomized but nonischemic sham controls (n = 7) (p less than 0.05). In
      ischemic control animals at 24 hours, creatinine levels were 4.6 mg/dl, relative
      to 0.9 ml/dl in sham animals (p less than 0.05); the weight of the left (L)
      ischemic kidney relative to the right (R) normal kidney was 118%, compared with
      99% in sham animals (p less than 0.05); and renal histology of ischemic control
      animals at 24 hours showed acute tubular necrosis (ATN) relative to normal
      findings in sham animals. Pretreatment with Ibu led to: TxB2 and 6-keto-PGF1
      levels of 116 and 40 pg/ml, lower than those of sham animals (p less than 0.05);
      creatinine levels of 4.6 mg/dl, L/R renal weight of 119%; and ATN similar to that
      of ischemic controls. Treatment with a PGI2 analogue or PGE1 was not protective
      and led to increases in TxB2, 6-keto-PGF1, creatinine, L/R renal weight, and ATN
      similar to that of ischemic controls. The combination of Ibu and either PGI2 or
      PGE1 led to: reduced levels of TxB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 (p less than 0.05);
      attenuated increases in creatinine to 2.2 and 2.3 mg/dl, respectively (p less
      than 0.05); and limited ATN (p less than 0.05). These data indicate that the
      vasodilating PG protect the ischemic reperfused kidney only when Tx is inhibited.

PMID- 2644900
TI  - Reversal of mortality for congenital diaphragmatic hernia with ECMO.
AB  - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) has been available to neonates with
      respiratory failure at the University of Michigan School of Medicine since June
      1981. In order to evaluate the impact of this type of pulmonary support, a
      retrospective analysis of 50 neonates with posterolateral congenital
      diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) who were symptomatic during the first hour of life and
      were treated between June 1974 and December 1987 was carried out. The patients
      were divided into two groups, those treated before June 1981 (16 patients) and
      those treated after June 1981 (34 patients). Overall survival improved from 50%
      (eight of 16 patients) during the pre-ECMO era to 76% (26 of 34 patients) during
      the post-ECMO period (p = 0.06). During the period after June 1981, 21 neonates
      were unresponsive to conventional therapy and were therefore considered for ECMO.
      Failure of conventional therapy was defined as acute clinical deterioration with
      an expected mortality of greater than 80% based on an objective formula
      previously reported. Six patients were excluded on the basis of specific
      contraindications to ECMO. Thirteen of 15 infants (87%) supported with ECMO
      survived. Three patients treated before 1981 met criteria for ECMO; all three
      died while receiving treatment using conventional therapy. These survival
      differences are significant (p less than 0.01). In addition, the survival of 87%
      for the infants treated with ECMO versus the expected mortality of greater than
      80% for these same patients when treated with conventional therapy is highly
      significant (p less than 0.005). Based on this data, ECMO appears to be a
      successful, reliable, and safe method of respiratory support for selected,
      critically ill infants with CDH.

PMID- 2644901
TI  - Preoperative spirometry before abdominal operations. A critical appraisal of its
      predictive value.
AB  - Preoperative spirometry is commonly ordered before abdominal surgery, with the
      goal of predicting and preventing postoperative pulmonary complications. We
      assessed the evidence for this practice with a systematic literature search and
      critical appraisal of published studies. The search identified 135 clinical
      articles, of which 22 (16%) were actual investigations of the use and predictive
      value of preoperative spirometry. All 22 studies had important methodological
      flaws that preclude valid conclusions about the value of screening preoperative
      spirometry. The available evidence indicates that spirometry's predictive value
      is unproved. Unanswered questions involve (1) the yield of spirometry, in
      addition to history and physical examination, in patients with clinically
      apparent lung disease; (2) spirometry's yield in detecting surgically important
      occult disease; and (3) its utility, or beneficial effect on patient outcome.
      Spirometry's full potential for risk assessment in the individual patient has not
      yet been realized.

PMID- 2644902
TI  - Quantitative cultures of biopsy specimens from cutaneous cellulitis.
AB  - To study the microbiologic features of cutaneous cellulitis prospectively,
      quantitative biopsy cultures were carried out in 25 patients who were
      hospitalized for an untreated cutaneous cellulitis. Biopsy specimens were
      obtained from both the center and the advancing edge of erythema. Only nine
      biopsy specimens (three central and six peripheral) (18%) of 50 yielded
      pathogens. Needle aspiration cultures were performed in seven cases: two yielded
      pathogens (28.5%). The density of microorganisms was low, ranging from less than
      80 colony-forming units (CFUs) per gram of tissue to 1360 CFUs/g of tissue,
      except next to the edge of an ulcer (two cases), where densities reached 3.2 x
      10(6) CFUs/g of tissue. Cutaneous cellulitis shows a discrepancy between the low
      density of microorganisms and the intensity of the inflammation. A factor other
      than infection must be implicated. This might be lymphatic failure, which is
      found in 72% of patients.

PMID- 2644897
TI  - Current status of proximal gastric vagotomy.
AB  - Proximal gastric vagotomy is nearing its twentieth year in clinical use as an
      operation for peptic ulcer disease. No other acid-reducing operation has
      undergone as much scrutiny or study. At this time, the evidence of such studies
      and long-term follow-up strongly supports the use of proximal gastric vagotomy as
      the treatment of choice for chronic duodenal ulcer in patients who have failed
      medical therapy. Its application in treating the complications of peptic ulcer
      disease, which recently have come to represent an increasingly greater percentage
      of all operations done for peptic ulcer disease, is well-tested. However, initial
      series suggest that it should probably occupy a prominent role in treating some
      of these complications, particularly in selected patients, in the future. The
      operation has the well-documented ability to reduce gastric acid production, not
      inhibit gastric bicarbonate production, and also minimally inhibit gastric
      motility. The combination of these physiologic results after proximal gastric
      vagotomy, along with preservation of the normal antropyloroduodenal mechanism of
      gastrointestinal control, serve to allow patients with proximal gastric vagotomy
      the improved benefits of significantly fewer severe gastrointestinal side effects
      than are seen after other operations for peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2644903
TI  - Use of a sensitive thyrotropin assay for monitoring treatment with levothyroxine.
AB  - To determine if a sensitive assay for thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone
      [TSH] ) would be useful as a primary test to determine optimal doses of
      levothyroxine, an enzyme immunoassay for TSH that discriminated hyperthyroid from
      euthyroid subjects with no overlap was compared with radioimmunoassays for TSH
      and thyroxine (T4) and the calculated free thyroxine index (FTI) in 100 patients
      receiving stable doses of levothyroxine. The basal TSH level, determined with the
      sensitive assay, predicted the TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone
      (TRH); all patients whose basal TSH level was less than 0.35 mU/L had absent or
      subnormal responses, and all patients with TSH levels of 0.35 mU/L or greater had
      normal responses. In patients with normal TSH levels, the T4 level and FTI were
      superfluous (normal) or misleadingly high; conversely, 65% of patients with low
      TSH levels had normal T4 levels or FTIs, or both. An assay for TSH with
      sufficient sensitivity to discriminate between abnormally low values and the low
      range of normal can be used as the primary test for monitoring levothyroxine
      treatment. The T4 or FTI measurements are not needed if the TSH level is normal,
      but they should be done in patients with low TSH levels.

PMID- 2644904
TI  - Endocrine complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a multisystem disorder characterized
      by defects in the immune system that result in opportunistic infections and
      neoplasms. While endocrine dysfunction has not been a prominent clinical feature
      of AIDS, all endocrine glands may be affected by the opportunistic infections and
      neoplasms or by agents used in their treatment. Adrenal cortical insufficiency
      related to cytomegalovirus and ketoconazole therapy, hypoglycemia related to
      pentamidine therapy, and hyponatremia secondary to diverse causes are the most
      serious endocrine abnormalities that commonly occur. As the numbers of patients
      with AIDS increase, the development of these and other endocrine complications
      will occur more often. Because the clinical manifestations of endocrine
      dysfunction may be nonspecific or subtle, they may be overlooked, particularly in
      the setting of chronically and severely ill patients. Recognition and prompt
      therapy for endocrine dysfunction is essential for optimal treatment of these
      patients.

PMID- 2644905
TI  - Clostridial endocarditis. Report of a case caused by Clostridium bifermentans and
      review of the literature.
AB  - A case of Clostridium bifermentans endocarditis occurred in a 23-year-old man who
      was an intravenous drug user. There was no history of preexisting valvular heart
      disease. He was initially treated with high-dose penicillin G potassium but
      remained bacteremic for a ten-day period. The bacteremia resolved when the
      therapy was changed to metronidazole hydrochloride. A review of the 16 reported
      cases of clostridial endocarditis showed no predisposing host factor to the
      development of the disease. Penicillin is the treatment of choice for clostridial
      endocarditis, but metronidazole should be considered as an alternate therapy for
      treatment that fails.

PMID- 2644906
TI  - Computed tomography in the diagnosis of splenic emboli.

PMID- 2644907
TI  - Chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent, inhibits zygote formation in yeast.
AB  - Haploid cells of opposite mating type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae conjugate to
      form zygote. During the conjugation process, the degradation or reorganization of
      the cell wall and the fusion of the two plasma membranes take place. Since
      chloroquine inhibits cellular events associated with the reorganization of the
      plasma membrane, the effect of the drug on conjugation was studied. Chloroquine
      at a concentration, at which cell growth was not retarded, inhibited zygote
      formation, while it did not affect other mating functions, such as sexual
      agglutination, production of and response to mating pheromone. Cells in a mating
      culture containing chloroquine formed no "prezygote" suggesting that they were
      not prepared for entering into fusion process. The inhibitory effect of
      chloroquine was reversible as cells formed zygote when they were washed after
      treatment with chloroquine. Zygote formation was unaffected in cells possessing
      chloroquine within vacuoles after incubation with the drug in complete medium
      (YPD) at pH 7.5, followed by washing. This suggests that chloroquine inhibits
      zygote formation by adsorbing to the plasma membrane of S. cerevisiae.

PMID- 2644908
TI  - In vivo inactivation of peroxisomal alcohol oxidase in Hansenula polymorpha by
      KCN is an irreversible process.
AB  - The fate of alcohol oxidase (AO) in chemostat-grown cells of Hansenula
      polymorpha, after its inactivation by KCN, was studied during subsequent
      cultivation of the cyanide-treated cells in fresh methanol media. Biochemical
      experiments showed that the cyanide-induced inactivation of AO was due to the
      release of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) from the holo enzyme. However,
      dissociation of octameric AO into subunits was not observed. Subsequent growth of
      intact cyanide-treated cells in fresh methanol media was paralleled by
      proteolytic degradation of part of the peroxisomes present in the cells. The
      recovery of AO activity, concurrently observed in these cultures, was accounted
      for by synthesis of new enzyme protein. Reactivation of previously inactivated AO
      was not observed, even in the presence of FAD in such cultures. Newly synthesized
      AO protein was incorporated in only few of the peroxisomes present in the cells.
      31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies showed that cyanide-treatment of the
      cells led to a dissipation of the pH gradient across the peroxisomes membrane.
      However, restoration of this pH gradient was fast when cells were incubated in
      fresh methanol medium after removal of the cyanide.

PMID- 2644909
TI  - Amplified expression of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in pBR322
      transformants of Anacystis nidulans.
AB  - Prior research suggested that the genes for large (L) and small (S) subunits of
      ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) are amplified in ampicillin
      resistant pBR322-transformants of Anacystis nidulans 6301. We now report that
      chromosomal DNA from either untransformed or transformed A. nidulans cells
      hybridizes with nick-translated [32P]-pBR322 at moderately high stringency.
      Moreover, nick-translated [32-P]-pCS75, which is a pUC9 derivative containing a
      PstI insert with L and S subunit genes (for RuBisCO) from A. nidulans, hybridizes
      at very high stringency with restriction fragments from chromosomal DNA of
      untransformed and transformed cells as does the 32P-labeled PstI fragment itself.
      The hybridization patterns suggest the creation of two EcoRI sites in the
      transformant chromosome by recombination. In pBR322-transformants the RuBisCO
      activity is elevated 6- to 12-fold in comparison with that of untransformed
      cells. In spite of the difference in RuBisCO activity, pBR322-transformants grow
      in the presence of ampicillin at a similar initial rate to that for wild-type
      cells. Growth characteristics and RuBisCO content during culture in the presence
      or absence of ampicillin suggest that pBR322-transformants of A. nidulans 6301
      are stable. The data also collectively suggest that a given plasmid in the
      transformed population replicates via a pathway involving recombination between
      the plasmid and the chromosome.

PMID- 2644910
TI  - Small biopsy orientation.

PMID- 2644911
TI  - Neoplastic Paneth cells in the stomach. Report of two cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - We report two cases of gastric lesions characterized on endoscopic biopsy
      specimens by the extensive proliferation of Paneth cells with neoplastic
      characteristics. One patient with long-standing pernicious anemia developed a
      large polypoid carcinoma of the stomach in which the majority of malignant glands
      were lined by Paneth cells showing varying degrees of differentiation. The second
      patient developed an irregular white patch just proximal to an old
      gastrojejunostomy anastomosis, which revealed numerous clusters of adenomatous
      tubules filled with cytoplasmic Paneth granules. The "Paneth" nature of the
      granules was supported by the morphological, histochemical, and ultrastructural
      findings. These cases are unusual since neoplastic Paneth cells occur only rarely
      in frank adenocarcinomas or in premalignant conditions of the stomach.

PMID- 2644912
TI  - Pathologic findings in mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis in Navajo Indians.
AB  - Immune complex-associated mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis was found in 64% of
      renal biopsies performed on Navajos over a 16-year period. It is characterized by
      mild mesangial expansion and predominant immunoglobulin (Ig) A and/or IgM
      deposits. Statistical analysis shows that glomerular deposits of IgG and C3,
      glomerular sclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, interstitial inflammation, and
      tubular atrophy are associated with renal insufficiency at the time of biopsy,
      and can be integrated into a pathologic index that has a high correlative value.
      Mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis is probably responsible for the high rates of
      non-diabetic end-stage renal disease seen in Navajo Indians.

PMID- 2644913
TI  - Sonation of lumbar nerve roots as a diagnostic procedure in patients with
      sciatica.
AB  - It has been suggested that sonation of the lumbar nerve roots in patients with
      sciatica will precipitate their symptoms and therefore may be a useful diagnostic
      tool in the evaluation of disc protrusions. Thirty healthy subjects (Group 1),
      mean age 36 (+/- 6) years, were evaluated to establish a baseline response. None
      had a positive test. A second group of 35 individuals, mean age 38 (+/- 12)
      years, all had histories of sciatica and sufficient signs to warrant
      consideration of a myelogram. Subsequently, all had positive myelograms and
      positive disc protrusions documented at surgery. Only three of the second group
      had positive responses to the ultrasound test. The ultrasound was 870 kHz
      continuous at 2watts/cm2 for two minutes, administered at the lumbar
      paravertebral muscle mass. The ultrasound test had a high specificity and very
      low sensitivity (.09), indicating that sonation of the lumbar nerve roots in
      people with sciatica is not a useful preliminary screening test of low lumbar
      disc disease.

PMID- 2644914
TI  - Urinary tract infection in spinal cord injury.
AB  - Loss of normal bladder function results in increased risk of developing urinary
      tract infection. Recurrent bacteriuria continues to be a problem in most spinal
      cord injured persons regardless of the bladder emptying method used. Lower
      urinary tract complications have decreased with intermittent catheterization, but
      the effect of increased intravesical pressure and presence of bacteriuria on
      renal function are still undetermined. Current methods of neurogenic bladder
      management are often based on professional or institutional presuppositions
      rather than scientific data. Although there are many unanswered questions about
      the role of urinary tract infection in spinal cord injury patients, treatment
      should be based on scientific knowledge, even though the knowledge base is still
      limited. Preservation of renal function is the ultimate goal of any method of
      neurogenic bladder management. Although a person with spinal cord injury is
      described, the material covered is applicable to other neurogenic bladder
      disturbances.

PMID- 2644915
TI  - Pulmonary toxicity of nitrofurantoin.
AB  - Nitrofurantoin is frequently used by the physiatrist for treatment of urinary
      tract infections or for urinary antimicrobial prophylaxis. There is a substantial
      risk of acute and chronic pulmonary side effects with this medication. The acute
      pulmonary toxicity presents with fever, leukocytosis, dyspnea, and nonproductive
      cough. Chronic nitrofurantoin use can lead to interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. A
      case is reported of a 47-year-old spinal cord injured woman with an acute
      pulmonary reaction to nitrofurantoin. The literature pertaining to pulmonary
      toxicity of nitrofurantoin is reviewed.

PMID- 2644916
TI  - The Communication Analysis System.
AB  - The Communication Analysis System (CAS) was developed to facilitate efficient,
      effective treatment of conversational performance for persons with aphasia. The
      CAS provides frequent, objective, accurate, ratio-quality measures of ten classes
      of communicative behaviors for the patient and 11 for the clinician. The
      clinician using the CAS records the time of occurrence of communicative behaviors
      by a single keystroke on a keypad attached to an inexpensive microcomputer. The
      CAS software permits the analysis of data before the next clinical session and
      includes a method for assessing accuracy and reliability. Sample between-session
      data show the progress of one patient over several months, whereas within-session
      data illustrate a use of the CAS to measure a patient's performance under
      different communicative conditions. Simultaneously, measures of the clinician's
      communicative performance provide an accurate record of the treatment. This, in
      turn, allows observation of changes in the patient's behavior as a function of
      changes in the clinician's behavior. Clinical treatment can thereby be tailored
      precisely to the individual, optimizing the patient's rehabilitation.

PMID- 2644917
TI  - Predictive value of the three-phase technetium bone scan in diagnosis of reflex
      sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.
AB  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) is a painful and disabling problem,
      the diagnosis of which can be difficult to confirm by objective measures. The
      three-phase technetium bone scan (TPBS), with a combined sensitivity and
      specificity of greater than 90%, has been recommended for use in the diagnosis of
      RSDS. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive value and
      usefulness of the TPBS in the diagnosis of RSDS and to discover how the
      predictive value might be influenced by demographic and medical factors (eg,
      duration of symptoms). A retrospective chart review was conducted of 119 patients
      who underwent a TPBS as part of a workup for unexplained limb pain. Twenty-five
      patients met the Kozin criteria for definite or probable RSDS. All patients were
      injected with technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate and scanned using
      established criteria. The three-hour delayed image demonstrated a sensitivity of
      44%, a specificity of 92%, a positive predictive value of 61%, and a negative
      predictive value of 86%. The blood-flow and pool-imaging phases added no further
      sensitivity or specificity to that achieved by the uptake scan in patients with
      upper-extremity involvement. Blood-flow and pool-imaging did improve the
      predictive value of the TPBS in patients with involvement of the lower
      extremities. We conclude that a more cost-effective approach to diagnosis of
      upper-extremity RSDS is to use the uptake scan alone.

PMID- 2644918
TI  - Exercise and balance in aged women: a pilot controlled clinical trial.
AB  - A pilot controlled trial was conducted to determine the feasibility of testing an
      exercise program as a means of improving balance in aged women. A random sample
      of 50 women more than 65 years old was recruited from two apartment buildings.
      The buildings were randomized to serve as exercise and control sites. The 24
      exercisers did not differ significantly from the 26 controls except that they
      were better educated and had better vision. The median compliance was 85% of
      requested sessions attended by the exercisers. Follow-up measures were obtained
      in 92% and 81% of the exercise and control groups, respectively. The outcome
      variables studied were changes in sway (areas and velocity of the center of force
      as measured using a biomechanics platform) in four stances with eyes open or
      closed, on two feet, or on one foot. After 16 weeks, in stances on one foot,
      exercisers had smaller areas compared to controls with eyes open, but larger
      areas with eyes closed. Subgroup analysis indicated that compliance with the
      exercise program was a determinant of degree of change in the area measures. The
      inconsistent effect of exercise on area measures of sway in this study may be due
      to (a) lack of statistical power to detect between-group differences, (b)
      inadequate compliance with the exercise program, (c) baseline differences between
      the two groups at randomization, and (d) ineffective or inadequate duration of
      the exercise program. We conclude that controlled clinical trials to study the
      effect of exercise on balance measures in community-dwelling elderly women are
      feasible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644919
TI  - Spastic hypertonia: mechanisms and measurement.
AB  - Spastic hypertonia has been defined as a motor disorder characterized by a
      velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with
      exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex,
      as one component of the upper motor neuron syndrome. Heightened muscle tone may
      be the result of changes intrinsic to the muscle or to altered reflex properties.
      Increased motoneuronal excitability and/or enhanced stretch-evoked synaptic
      excitation of motoneurons are mechanisms that might enhance stretch reflexes. Two
      distinct parameters may be altered in the pathologic stretch reflex--the "set
      point," or angular threshold of the stretch reflex, and the reflex "gain," or the
      amount of force required to extend the limb in proportion to the increasing joint
      angle. Earlier studies fail to dissociate the contributions of reflex threshold
      and reflex gain. Recent investigations suggest that spastic hypertonia may be the
      result of a decrease in stretch reflex threshold without significant increase in
      reflex gain, as was previously believed. Various clinical scales, biomechanical
      paradigms, pendulum models, and electrophysiologic studies have been used to
      quantify spastic hypertonia. Biomechanical methods seem to correlate most closely
      with the clinical state. Spastic hypertonia is but one component of the upper
      motor neuron syndrome, whose features also include loss of dexterity, weakness,
      fatigability, and various reflex release phenomena. These other features of the
      upper motor neuron syndrome may well be more disabling to the patient than
      changes in muscle tone.

PMID- 2644920
TI  - Motor and functional recovery after stroke: accuracy of physical therapists'
      predictions.
AB  - The degree to which physical therapists correctly predicted motor and functional
      outcome for stroke patients was investigated. Therapists used an adapted form of
      the physical therapy portion of the Patient Evaluation Conference System (PECSc)-
      a 14-item assessment measured on an 8-point scale. At admission to a
      rehabilitation hospital, therapists performed initial assessments of seven motor
      and functional items on 204 patients and assigned goal scores; before discharge
      the patients were reevaluated and their final scores determined. The accuracy by
      which therapists correctly predicted the final score ranged from 53% to 67%;
      therapists were accurate to within one score for 80% to 83% of patients. The only
      determinant of accuracy was initial score; neither patient characteristics (age,
      side of lesion) nor staff experience were found to be associated with correctly
      predicting final score. Sensitivity and specificity of the goals for predicting
      independence were examined for three items: lying to sitting, ambulation, and
      stairs. The sensitivity of a goal of independence was high (96% to 100%),
      indicating that those patients who were independent at discharge were correctly
      identified by therapists at admission. The predictive value of a goal of
      dependence was also very high (91% to 100%), indicating that patients predicted
      to remain dependent did so. These results suggest that therapists' predictions
      could prove useful in screening patients for rehabilitation and in planning
      treatment strategies.

PMID- 2644921
TI  - Prognostic significance of cellular immunity to autologous breast carcinoma and
      glycoprotein 55.
AB  - Using a skin window (SW) procedure, we evaluated post-operative cell-mediated
      immunity (CMI) to autologous breast cancer with reference to its prognostic
      significance, the nature of the immunogen, and the therapeutic implications. It
      appears that SW reactivity to autologous breast cancer is prognostically
      favorable per se and is independent of the prognostic significance of the nuclear
      grade of the cancer cells; SW reactivity to autologous breast cancer reflects CMI
      to a determinant(s) that is expressed by glycoprotein 55, the principal envelope
      glycoprotein of the RIII-murine mammary tumor virus; the glycoprotein 55-like CMi
      determinant(s) is more regularly expressed by preinvasive than by invasive breast
      cancers; tumor antigenicity and host reactivity may vary independently; and
      postoperative monitoring of CMI to autologous breast cancer is prognostically and
      therapeutically important.

PMID- 2644922
TI  - Are complications in intraoperative radiation therapy more frequent than in
      conventional treatment?
AB  - To evaluate whether intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) results in higher
      complication rates than conventional radiotherapy, 119 patients were studied who
      entered four prospectively randomized clinical trials that compared IORT with
      conventional therapy. Malignant neoplasms included 33 gastric carcinomas, 35
      retroperitoneal sarcomas, 22 resectable pancreatic cancers, and 29 unresectable
      pancreatic cancers. One hundred thirty-six complications developed among 66
      patients who received conventional therapy, and 108 complications developed among
      53 patients who received IORT. There was no statistical significance between
      treatment groups with respect to the overall incidence of complications. Analysis
      of types of complications by tumor type using Fisher's exact test revealed only
      one significant complication: an increased rate of sepsis among the patients with
      retroperitoneal sarcoma who received conventional therapy compared with their
      IORT cohorts. The overall complication rate associated with IORT was equivalent
      to conventional radiotherapy in the treatment of these malignant neoplasms and
      supported the use of IORT where clinically indicated.

PMID- 2644923
TI  - Single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in contaminated abdominal surgery.
AB  - Although perioperative antibiotic cover reduces the incidence of septic
      complications associated with abdominal surgery, the optimum duration of
      antibiotic exposure is open to question. This clinical trial compared the
      efficacy of a single dose of moxalactam (1 g intravenously) with an extended
      course of moxalactam (1 g intravenously for eight doses) in 1027 patients
      undergoing contaminated abdominal surgery. The wound infection rate was 5.4%
      (28/519) for the single-dose schedule and 6.1% (31/508) for the extended-cover
      regimen (the respective 95% confidence intervals being 3.6% to 7.7% and 4.2% to
      8.6%). Over 80% of all patients undergoing abdominal surgery during the period of
      study were entered into the trial. There was no significant difference in the
      incidence of other complications between the two groups under study. It is
      concluded that a single dose of moxalactam is as effective as a 48-hour course
      when attempting to prevent infection after contaminated abdominal surgery.

PMID- 2644924
TI  - Cognitive loss in multiple sclerosis. Case reports and review of the literature.
AB  - Neuropsychological and neuroradiologic evidence of cerebral lesions is described
      for 12 patients with multiple sclerosis in whom cognitive disability was far
      greater than any other neurologic disability. Cognitive dysfunction resulted in
      significant functional impairment at work or home in three fourths (9 of 12) of
      the patients described here, despite mild physical disability (mean Kurtzke
      Expanded Disability Status Scale score, 3.2). A unique feature of the neurologic
      examination in these patients was the presence of prominent frontal release signs
      (gait apraxia and placing response) in the lower extremities. Two new scales, a
      Cognitive Function Scale and a Frontal Release Scale, were adapted for the
      investigation of these patients. The extensive literature relating to cognitive
      dysfunction in multiple sclerosis is reviewed and discussed with regard to its
      clinical relevance.

PMID- 2644925
TI  - The first neurology book written in English (1650) by Robert Pemell. De Morbis
      Capitis.
AB  - In 1650 Robert Pemell, an English country physician, published De Morbis Capitis;
      or, Of the Chief Internal Diseases of the Head, the first neurology book written
      in English. Two factors are probably responsible for the appearance of this book.
      It was written during the 17th century, a period when the number of medical books
      published in English increased six-fold. In addition, there was a need for texts
      in English. Most poor people could not afford a physician's care and were
      ministered to by laymen who could not read Latin. The text of De Morbis Capitis
      was based on the works of contemporary and ancient authors. It contains chapters
      on modern syndromes, eg, headache, paralysis, epilepsy, and vertigo, as well as
      disorders of the time, eg, incubus and phrenitide. Each chapter first describes
      the disease and its differential diagnosis and then provides remedies, including
      herbals and bleeding. Overall, the treatment of brain diseases, as outlined in De
      Morbis Capitis, is probably a description of a high standard of neurologic
      practice in the 17th century English countryside.

PMID- 2644926
TI  - Shortened recovery from keratoplasty and epikeratoplasty.

PMID- 2644927
TI  - A clinical study of perimetric probability maps.
AB  - Perimetric probability maps depict visual field results in terms of the frequency
      with which the measured findings are seen in a normal population. We tested
      clinically the importance of the model of the normal visual field used to
      calculate such maps. Forty-one eyes of 41 normal subjects and 58 eyes of 46
      glaucomatous patients were studied. Probability maps were calculated by means of
      two different models of the normal visual field. The first model assumed gaussian
      threshold distributions with constant variability across the field. The second
      used empirically determined nongaussian location-dependent threshold
      distributions. Probability maps using the empiric model allowed better separation
      between glaucomatous and normal eyes, and the number of significant points in
      normal subjects was in better agreement with the theoretically expected number.
      The gaussian model yielded an unacceptably high frequency of significant points
      in normal fields, particularly in the midperiphery. The clinical usefulness of
      perimetric probability maps depends critically on the choice of normal visual
      field model.

PMID- 2644928
TI  - Ocular complications of arteriovenous communications of the retina.
AB  - Primary arteriovenous communications of the retina (AVCR) are usually considered
      to be stable retinal lesions. Complications were documented in seven cases of
      AVCR, including intraretinal macular hemorrhage, central and peripheral retinal
      vein occlusions, neovascular glaucoma, and vitreous hemorrhage. To explain these
      developments, a hypothesis is presented that AVCR are associated with localized
      decreased retinal arterial pressure, increased retinal venous pressure, increased
      turbulence of blood flow, and decreased perfusion of adjacent retinal tissues.

PMID- 2644929
TI  - The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. X. Four-year incidence
      and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or
      more.
AB  - The four-year incidence and progression of retinopathy were investigated in a
      population-based sample of people with diabetes diagnosed at 30 years of age or
      older. For insulin users, 73 (47%) of the 154 who did not have any retinopathy at
      the first visit developed it in the four-year interval, and 31 (7%) of the 418
      free of proliferative retinopathy developed it. Worsening of retinopathy occurred
      in a total of 34% (142/418). For nonusers of insulin, corresponding rates were
      34% (110/320) for incidence of any retinopathy, 2% (11/486) for developing
      proliferative retinopathy, and 25% (121/486) for worsening. These population
      based data clearly indicate the risk of retinopathy worsening in a short interval
      (four years) in a large proportion of people with older-onset diabetes, a group
      previously thought to be relatively protected from retinopathy. Such patients who
      make up the largest proportion of diabetic patients in the United States need
      examination when diabetes is first diagnosed and regular follow-up.

PMID- 2644930
TI  - Tissue distribution and characterization of prorenin-converting enzyme in mouse.
AB  - Renin is produced from an inactive precursor, prorenin, through endoproteolytic
      cleavage at paired basic amino-acid residues. Using (35S)methionine-labeled
      prorenin, that was synthesized with Xenopus oocyte expression system, as a
      substrate, we have determined the tissue distribution and the nature of prorenin
      converting activity in mouse. The highest activity was found in the submandibular
      gland of male ICR mouse. The activity of the enzyme seemed to be parallel to that
      of renin. This enzyme activity, with an optimal pH 8.0-8.5, was inhibited by
      leupeptin, antipain and benzamidine.

PMID- 2644931
TI  - Diferric transferrin reductase in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes.
AB  - Diferric transferrin reductase, assayed by formation of ferrous -
      bathophenanthroline, is detectable in the plasmamembrane of intact mature
      erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. The absence of this
      transmembrane redox system in uninfected mature erythrocytes suggests its
      synthesis and incorporation by the intraerythrocytic parasite. The presence of
      diferric transferrin reductase, together with parasite-derived transferrin
      receptor in the erythrocyte membrane, suggests a transferrin receptor-mediated
      uptake of iron by the malaria parasite.

PMID- 2644933
TI  - Functional expression of chicken calmodulin in yeast.
AB  - The coding region of a chicken calmodulin cDNA was fused to a galactose-inducible
      GAL1 promoter, and an expression system was constructed in the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of calmodulin was demonstrated by purifying
      the heterologously expressed protein and analyzing its biochemical properties.
      When the expression plasmid was introduced into a calmodulin gene (cmd1)
      disrupted strain of yeast, the cells grew in galactose medium, showing that
      chicken calmodulin could complement the lesion of yeast calmodulin functionally.
      Repression of chicken calmodulin in the (cmd1)-disrupted strain caused cell cycle
      arrest with a G2/M nucleus, as observed previously with a conditional-lethal
      mutant of yeast calmodulin. These results suggest that the essential function of
      calmodulin for cell proliferation is conserved in cells ranging from yeast to
      vertebrate cells.

PMID- 2644932
TI  - Amino acid sequence of the bacterioferritin (cytochrome b1) of Escherichia coli
      K12.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of bacterioferritin (cytochrome b1) from
      Escherichia coli-K12 has been derived from the nucleotide sequence of the cloned
      gene. It comprises 158 amino acid residues giving an Mr of 18,495. The identity
      of the gene product was confirmed by an 87 residue N-terminal sequence obtained
      from the purified protein, but it differs significantly from much of the
      previously published partial amino acid sequence (1). Secondary structure
      prediction indicates a high alpha-helical content consistent with a 4-helix
      bundle conformation. The fully assembled bacterioferritin molecule comprising 24
      identical subunits and 12 haem moieties is a tetracosamer with an Mr of
      approximately 452,000.

PMID- 2644934
TI  - Autodegradation of rat liver proteasomes (large multicatalytic proteinase
      complexes).
AB  - Purified proteasomes (large multicatalytic proteinase complexes) were found to be
      very stable, showing no change in activities or structures during prolonged
      incubation in medium of pH 7.5 at 37 degrees C. However, on addition of urea they
      were degraded autocatalytically in a time- and dose-dependent manner, suggesting
      that destruction of the proteasomal complexes acts as a signal for their
      autolysis. ATP at a physiological concentration greatly stimulated the urea
      dependent breakdown of proteasomes. The autolysis induced by urea was almost
      completely inhibited by hemin, but not by other protease inhibitors tested, such
      as leupeptin, chymostation and Ep-475. Thus, autolytic degradation of proteasomes
      appears to be important for the regulation of enzyme levels in eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 2644935
TI  - In vivo toxicity of cisplatin and carboplatin on the Leydig cell function and
      effect of the human choriogonadotropin.
AB  - In order to characterize the respective toxicity of cisplatin (CDDP) and
      carboplatin (CBDCA) on the male reproductive system, we have investigated their
      in vivo effects on the steroidogenesis function of rat leydig cells. Animals were
      treated at the respective LD50 of platin compounds, and we analyzed plasmatic
      testosterone level, microsomal cytochrome P-450 and platinum concentrations in
      the testis. CDDP induces a dramatic change in both the testosterone level and the
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentration. In contrast, CBDCA was found to be
      less toxic than CDDP, probably due to its different accumulation at the testis
      level. We also investigated the potential action of human chorionic gonadotropin
      which allows a full restoration of the steroidogenesis function.

PMID- 2644936
TI  - Medical aspects of Arctic exploration. 6. Waiting for Franklin: Frederick W.
      Beechey in northwestern Alaska (1826-27).

PMID- 2644937
TI  - The VA's affiliation with academic medicine: an emergency post-war strategy
      becomes a permanent partnership.
AB  - The creation of a cabinet-level department for veterans' programs is an occasion
      to review medical care of American military veterans, which dates back to
      colonial times. To meet the medical care crisis caused by large numbers of
      returning World War II veterans, the Veterans Administration (VA) entered into
      affiliations with U.S. medical schools, a partnership that provided physicians
      for veterans and allowed residents to complete graduate medical education.
      Increasing medical care needs of veterans of World War II and successive
      conflicts, and legislatively expanded entitlements, have contributed to sustained
      growth of the VA workload--which in turn has led to an expanded partnership with
      schools of medicine and allied health sciences. The affiliations continue to
      serve both partners well and to contribute substantively to society at large by
      fostering the production of medical manpower and advances in biomedical research.

PMID- 2644938
TI  - Beyond Florence Nightingale: the general professional education of the nurse.
AB  - The leadership of nursing has been more concerned with the issue of nursing as a
      profession on a par with medicine than with the development of an education that
      would lead to professional status. Nurses must leave nursing, the care of the
      sick, to advance their careers. The author proposes rigorous preprofessional
      science preparation and nursing education at the baccalaureate level followed by
      a clinical internship. Nurses would be able to achieve specialty education either
      by graduate education or through experience and continuing nursing education.
      Those nurses who elected careers in management, the social or natural sciences,
      as researchers or faculty, could build on their strong undergraduate science
      education. This educational model would require the apprenticeship education of
      nursing assistants, whose training should be planned by and supervised by nurses
      in the classroom and on the wards.

PMID- 2644939
TI  - Human monoclonal antibodies: their potential, problems, and prospects.

PMID- 2644940
TI  - Serum-free media used for cultivation of hybridomas.

PMID- 2644941
TI  - Large-scale purification of monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2644942
TI  - High performance liquid chromatography and related methods in purification of
      monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2644943
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies in immunodiagnostic systems.

PMID- 2644944
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies in cancer diagnosis and therapy.

PMID- 2644945
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies as new antitumor agents.

PMID- 2644946
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies as catalysts and templates for organic chemical reactions.
AB  - The motives for mimicking enzymes are twofold: 1) to gain information and deeper
      understanding which will be relevant to biochemical catalysis, and 2) to extend
      the chemistry of living organisms in order to be able to invent new reactions-
      reactions that enzymes either cannot perform, or can perform only with
      difficulty. It has taken a long time for the bridge of catalytic antibodies to be
      erected and join organic chemistry and immunology. This is certainly in part
      because of differences in language, approach, and goals. Increasingly, many
      researchers in both disciplines are coming closer as a result of the unifying
      nature of molecular biology. The importance of the basic questions being
      addressed as well as the tremendous potential for application in diverse areas
      ensures that the recent initial results will be greatly expanded in the future.
      Concurrent developments in biology, chemistry, and physical techniques may also
      have great impact on the use of catalytic antibodies. Chimeric antibodies, where
      the binding site (variable region or hypervariable region) is derived from a
      mouse and chosen at will, while the majority of the antibody molecule is human
      derived, may allow wide human application. Bifunctional antibodies with two
      different catalytic reactions taking place in each antibody molecule may be
      considered. The accurate depiction of the details of antigen-antibody interaction
      from x-ray crystallography and the prediction of structure will greatly assist
      those planning experiments. The future of "dial-a-property" catalytic antibodies
      looks promising and exciting.

PMID- 2644947
TI  - Equipment and procedures for production of monoclonal antibodies in culture.

PMID- 2644948
TI  - Stirred tank perfusion reactors for cell propagation and monoclonal antibody
      production.

PMID- 2644949
TI  - Guidelines for the treatment of hypertension.

PMID- 2644950
TI  - Abnormal cortisol dynamics after traumatic brain injury. Lack of utility in
      predicting agitation or therapeutic response to tricyclic antidepressants.
AB  - A period of significant agitation affects up to 30% of patients after traumatic
      brain injury. The severity and persistence of this agitation may be such as to
      require pharmacologic methods as part of the treatment plan. To define which
      subgroup of patients develop severe agitation warranting intervention and to
      utilize the information to predict therapeutic responsiveness to tricyclic
      antidepressants (TCA), we examined cortisol dynamics in 35 traumatically brain
      injured (TBI) patients 2-10 months post-TBI. Fasting hypercortisolemia (cortisol
      greater than 20 micrograms/dl) and/or an absent diurnal variation (1600:0800
      cortisol greater than 0.5) was noted in more than 70% of TBI subjects. These
      abnormalities in cortisol dynamics were not predictive of severe agitation (chi 2
      = 0, df = 1, P = 0.99 for hypercortisolemia; chi 2 = 0.163, df = 1, P = 0.7 for
      absent diurnal variation) and did not differ significantly between TCA responders
      and nonresponders. The cortisol response to dexamethasone suppression was
      abnormal (postdexamethasone cortisol value at 0800 and 1600 greater than 5
      micrograms/dl) in 34 of 35 subjects and was also not predictive of the presence
      of agitation. The 0800 cortisol was lower in TCA nonresponders in comparison with
      TCA responders (8.3 +/- 5 v 17.2 +/- 9). In summary, severe TBI warranting
      inpatient rehabilitation results in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction.
      The extent of these abnormalities renders the assessment of cortisol secretion of
      limited value in making clinical judgments concerning the development of post
      traumatic agitation or the management of that agitation by tricyclic therapy.

PMID- 2644951
TI  - Fibromyalgia: a rehabilitation approach. A review.
AB  - Primary fibromyalgia syndrome, a myofascial disorder, is characterized by diffuse
      pain and tender points. Effective long term rehabilitation interventions for this
      disorder have not been demonstrated. The current rehabilitation interventions of
      fibromyalgia are evaluated and the psychologic consequences are summarized.

PMID- 2644952
TI  - Louis H. Clerf, MD. An issue of dedication.

PMID- 2644953
TI  - The internal oblique-iliac crest osseomyocutaneous free flap in oromandibular
      reconstruction. Report of 20 cases.
AB  - Microvascular free tissue transfer techniques using composite flaps are the most
      reliable method for the combined bone and soft-tissue reconstitution of
      oromandibular defects. Functional oromandibular reconstruction requires that
      maximum tongue mobility be achieved along with dental prosthetic rehabilitation.
      The internal oblique-iliac crest osseomyocutaneous microvascular free flap was
      used in 20 patients for oromandibular reconstruction. The internal oblique
      muscle, based on the ascending branches of the deep circumflex iliac artery and
      vein, was used to resurface mucosal defects of the oral cavity and pharynx. The
      iliac bone, because of its length, width, and natural contour, is the best source
      of vascularized bone for mandibular reconstruction. The improved soft-tissue
      component of this composite flap markedly improved the functional results.
      Reconstruction failed in one patient. Eleven patients underwent dental
      rehabilitation with either a tissue-borne or osseointegrated implant-borne
      denture. Follow-up of longer than one year showed minimal donor site morbidity.

PMID- 2644954
TI  - Combined therapy for resectable head and neck cancer. A phase 3 intergroup study.
AB  - This Head and Neck Intergroup (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Southwest
      Oncology Group, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Cancer and Leukemia Group B,
      Northern California Oncology Group, and Southeastern Cancer Study Group) phase 3
      randomized prospective trial was opened for registration January 1985. It is an
      evaluation of the role of chemotherapy for previously untreated advanced stage
      resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. As of March 1, 1988,
      there has been a total of 535 patients registered. There are 266 patients
      analyzable with 133 in each treatment group. The surgical, chemotherapy, and
      radiation therapy toxic reactions are in the tolerable range with the worst toxic
      reactions reported in those patients receiving both surgery and radiation
      therapy. Compliance continues to be a major challenge to patient accrual. The
      most common cause for cases not being randomized involves positive margins of
      surgical resection. Patient refusal or surgical complications are other common
      reasons.

PMID- 2644955
TI  - Autoclavable handpieces.

PMID- 2644956
TI  - 'Latin and Greek terms in prosthetic dentistry'.

PMID- 2644957
TI  - A simple teaching model for mucoperiosteal flaps and suturing techniques.
AB  - A simple static model is described to teach students oral surgical procedures and
      to enable them to practise the design, incision and suturing of muco-periosteal
      flaps.

PMID- 2644958
TI  - A title lost, but a reputation won.

PMID- 2644960
TI  - Airways revisited.

PMID- 2644959
TI  - Reactive oxygen metabolites and the human myocardium.

PMID- 2644961
TI  - Neurogenic pulmonary oedema precipitated by induction of anaesthesia.
AB  - Neurogenic pulmonary oedema is a recognized complication of central nervous
      system injury. A case is presented where this condition was precipitated by
      induction of anaesthesia in a child with spina bifida, hydrocephalus and a
      malfunctioning ventriculo-peritoneal shunt.

PMID- 2644962
TI  - In vivo assessment of percutaneous local anaesthetic preparations.
AB  - This study has demonstrated greater efficacy of a new percutaneous amethocaine
      preparation relative to Eutectic Mixture of Local Anaesthetics (EMLA). Initially,
      a double-blinded trial was undertaken on each preparation individually against
      placebo, as the recommended method of application was different for EMLA (2.5 g
      applied for 60 min under an occlusive dressing) and the amethocaine formulation
      (0.5 g applied for 30 min). Thereafter, the two preparations were compared
      directly, in a double-blinded study using a standardized application for both
      formulations. The results indicated that both preparations provided significant
      (chi-square; P less than 0.001) percutaneous local anaesthesia when compared with
      placebo. The amethocaine preparation produced significant anaesthesia (chi
      square, P less than 0.001) after 30 min application. Furthermore, the amethocaine
      formulation demonstrated both increased rapidity of action and increased duration
      of effect, as determined by a two-tailed unpaired t test, in comparison with EMLA
      when application times of both 30 and 60 min were used for each preparation. The
      results of this study indicate that the amethocaine preparation provided more
      rapid and prolonged anaesthesia than EMLA.

PMID- 2644963
TI  - Studies on morphine disposition: influence of renal failure on the kinetics of
      morphine and its metabolites.
AB  - The influence of renal failure on the disposition of morphine and its metabolites
      was studied in nine patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing
      transplantation, and compared with five healthy anaesthetized patients. All
      patients received morphine sulphate pentahydrate 10 mg i.v. over 30 s, as part of
      a balanced anaesthetic technique. Venous blood samples were collected for up to
      24 h, and plasma concentrations of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), and
      morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) assayed by a differential radioimmunoassay method.
      There were no differences between the two groups for morphine elimination half
      life (renal failure: 290 min; anaesthetized controls: 286 min), or clearance
      (renal failure: 533 ml min-1; controls 741 ml min-1). However, the volume of
      distribution at steady state was greater in the control group (241 litre v. 141
      litre; P = 0.002). The peak concentrations of M3G and M6G were greater in the
      renal transplant patients (P = 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively), as were the AUC
      (0-24 h) (P = 0.002 and P = 0.002). M6G has been shown to possess analgesic
      properties in both man and experimental animals, and therefore the increased AUC
      for M6G may contribute to the prolonged effect seen with morphine when given to
      patients with impaired renal function.

PMID- 2644964
TI  - Anaesthesia of the skin.

PMID- 2644965
TI  - A new therapeutic approach to accidental intra-arterial injection of thiopentone.
AB  - After an accidental intra-arterial injection of thiopentone, good therapeutic
      results were obtained with a selective intra-arterial injection of urokinase
      during digital subtraction angiography.

PMID- 2644966
TI  - Ras genes and acute myeloid leukaemia.

PMID- 2644967
TI  - Agranulocytosis associated with T-gamma-lymphocytosis: no improvement of
      peripheral blood granulocyte count with human-recombinant granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).

PMID- 2644968
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for primary myelofibrosis.

PMID- 2644969
TI  - Adjuvant therapy by BCG of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas in a controlled
      trial: an update.

PMID- 2644970
TI  - VAD chemotherapy for refractory multiple myeloma.
AB  - Thirty-four patients with refractory multiple myeloma were treated with 4-d
      continuous infusions of vincristine and adriamycin in combination with 4-d pulsed
      high-dose dexamethasone (VAD). Of 31 evaluable patients, 16 entered a complete
      remission (50%) and three a partial remission (10%). No difference in response
      rate was observed between primary refractory and relapsed patients. The median
      response duration was 9 months and the median survival of the responding patients
      was 12 months versus 4 months for the non-responders. Ten patients have currently
      survived longer than 360 d, of which six are stable in complete remission without
      therapy. All responding patients showed a remarkable improvement of their
      performance status and 70% of these patients became pain-free. Bacterial
      infection was the major complication and was probably due to the intensive
      corticosteroid programme. Severe myelosuppression was rarely observed.
      Irrespective of the response to VAD, a high beta 2-microglobulin of 4
      micrograms/ml or more was a bad prognostic parameter. As early relapses were seen
      especially in this group of patients, in the patients with a plasma-cell LI% of 3
      or more, and in patients with previous anthracyclin treatment, early
      consolidation, with, for instance, high dose melphalan, might improve the
      prognosis for these patients.

PMID- 2644971
TI  - The role of the positively charged N-terminus of the signal sequence of E. coli
      outer membrane protein PhoE in export.
AB  - Signal sequences of prokaryotic exported proteins have a dipolar character due to
      positively charged amino-acid residues at the N-terminus and to a preferentially
      negatively charged region around the cleavage site. The role of the two lysine
      residues at the N-terminus of the signal sequence of outer membrane protein PhoE
      of E. coli-K12 was investigated. Replacement of both of these residues by
      aspartic acid slightly affected the kinetics of protein translocation in vivo.
      This export defect, which was observed only when PhoE was overproduced, could not
      be suppressed by the prlA4 mutation, which has been shown to restore export
      defects caused by alterations in the hydrophobic core of the signal sequences of
      various exported proteins. In an in vitro translocation assay, the export defect
      was more pronounced. Replacement of both lysines by uncharged residues did not
      disturb the kinetics of protein export in vivo. In the in vitro assay, an
      extraordinarily efficient processing was detected upon incubation of this
      precursor with inverted cytoplasmic membrane vesicles. However, this efficient
      processing was not accompanied by more efficient translocation of the protein. We
      conclude that the positively charged residues at the N-terminus of the signal
      sequence are not essential for protein export, but contribute to the efficiency
      of the process.

PMID- 2644972
TI  - Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a method for
      studying the stability of subtilisin.
AB  - A simple method has been developed to study the stability of subtilisin. Protein
      incubated at various temperatures in the presence of proteinase inhibitor was
      subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS
      PAGE), and showed a transition from the intact state to the unfolded state
      between 55 degrees C and 65 degrees C. Additionally, autolysis was also observed
      above 65 degrees C. In the absence of inhibitor, similar results were obtained
      below 55 degrees C; however, above 65 degrees C no protein of any size was
      observed due to extensive autolysis. These results demonstrate that SDS-PAGE can
      trap subtilisin in the state in which the protein existed prior to the analysis.
      It can be used to identify the different forms, including autolysis products, of
      the protein generated by heat denaturation. This method was used to study SDS
      induced unfolding of aprA-subtilisin. When the protein was incubated with 0.25%
      SDS at different NaCl concentrations, a gradual increase in unfolding was
      observed with increasing NaCl concentration. This change paralleled a decrease in
      the critical micelle concentration of SDS, indicating that the rate of unfolding
      of aprA-subtilisin increases with increasing SDS micelle concentration. No
      detectable unfolding was observed below the critical micelle concentration.

PMID- 2644973
TI  - Ketopantoyl-lactone reductase from Candida parapsilosis: purification and
      characterization as a conjugated polyketone reductase.
AB  - Ketopantoyl-lactone reductase (2-dehydropantoyl-lactone reductase, EC 1.1.1.168)
      was purified and crystallized from cells of Candida parapsilosis IFO 0708. The
      enzyme was found to be homogeneous on ultracentrifugation, high-performance gel
      permeation liquid chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The
      relative molecular mass of the native and SDS-treated enzyme is approximately
      40,000. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is 6.3. The enzyme was found to
      catalyze specifically the reduction of a variety of natural and unnatural
      polyketones and quinones other than ketopantoyl lactone in the presence of NADPH.
      Isatin and 5-methylisatin are rapidly reduced by the enzyme, the Km and Vmax
      values for isatin being 14 microM and 306 mumol/min per mg protein, respectively.
      Ketopantoyl lactone is also a good substrate (Km = 333 microM and Vmax = 481
      mumol/min per mg protein). Reverse reaction was not detected with pantoyl lactone
      and NADP+. The enzyme is inhibited by quercetin, several polyketones and SH
      reagents. 3,4-Dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione, cyclohexenediol-1,2,3,4-tetraone
      and parabanic acid are uncompetitive inhibitors for the enzyme, the Ki values
      being 1.4, 0.2 and 3140 microM, respectively, with isatin as substrate.
      Comparison of the enzyme with the conjugated polyketone reductase of Mucor
      ambiguus (S. Shimizu, H. Hattori, H. Hata and H. Yamada (1988) Eur. J. Biochem.
      174, 37-44) and ketopantoyl-lactone reductase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      suggested that ketopantoyl-lactone reductase is a kind of conjugated polyketone
      reductase.

PMID- 2644974
TI  - Inhibition of factor VIIa/tissue factor-induced blood coagulation: with
      particular emphasis upon a factor Xa-dependent inhibitory mechanism.

PMID- 2644975
TI  - Interleukin-3, GM-CSF, and TPA induce distinct phosphorylation events in an
      interleukin 3-dependent multipotential cell line.
AB  - The mechanism of action of the hemopoietic growth factor, murine interleukin-3
      (mIL-3), was investigated using an mIL-3-dependent multipotential hematopoietic
      cell line, B6SUtA1. Murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGM
      CSF) was as potent as mIL-3 in stimulating these cells. In addition, sodium
      orthovanadate, an inhibitor of phosphotyrosine phosphatase, and 12-O
      tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a known activator of protein kinase C,
      also stimulated DNA synthesis in these cells, suggesting that protein
      phosphorylation might be involved in the mechanism of action of mIL-3 and mGM
      CSF. To assess this possibility, intact B6SUtA1 cells exposed for brief periods
      to mIL-3, mGM-CSF, and TPA were analyzed for changes in phosphorylation patterns
      using metabolic 32P-labeling and antibodies to phosphotyrosine. Both mIL-3 and
      mGM-CSF induced the serine-specific phosphorylation of a 68-Kd cytosolic protein,
      whereas all three agents stimulated the serine-specific phosphorylation of a 68
      Kd membrane protein. Furthermore, mIL-3 stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of
      the 68-Kd membrane protein, as well as of 140-, 90-, 55, and 40-Kd proteins. The
      90-Kd protein was also tyrosine phosphorylated in response to mGM-CSF. These
      phosphotyrosine containing proteins were not detected in TPA-treated cells. These
      results indicate that protein phosphorylations on tyrosine and serine residues
      occur in B6SUtA1 cells following short-term incubation with mIL-3 or mGM-CSF and
      that most of these phosphorylation events are mediated by kinases other than
      protein kinase C (PkC).

PMID- 2644976
TI  - Interleukin-6 synergizes with M-CSF in the formation of macrophage colonies from
      purified human marrow progenitor cells.
AB  - We examined the in vitro stimulative effects of recombinant human interleukin-6
      (IL-6, or interferon-beta 2) on purified human bone marrow progenitor cells. IL-6
      alone or in combination with erythropoietin (Epo), IL-3, GM-CSF, or G-CSF did not
      induce colony formation. However, IL-6 strongly synergized with M-CSF in
      stimulating macrophage colony formation (colony numbers and size). The magnitude
      of IL-6 synergism with M-CSF was dose dependent; maximal potentiation of M-colony
      formation was evident at approximately 100 to 1,000 U/mL IL-6. When the addition
      of IL-6 to M-CSF-supplemented cultures was delayed for more than one day after
      the beginning of culture, enhancement of macrophage colony formation was lost. IL
      6 stimulation of M-CSF-responsive colony formation was not apparent when
      nonpurified marrow cells were plated, most likely due to endogenous IL-6 release.
      These observations suggest that IL-6, in addition to playing a role in B
      lymphocyte proliferation can potentiate the human immune defence mechanism by
      stimulating monocyte-macrophage development as well.

PMID- 2644977
TI  - Characterization of antithrombins produced by active site mutagenesis of human
      alpha 1-antitrypsin expressed in yeast.
AB  - Both congenital and acquired antithrombin-III (AT-III) deficiencies are amenable
      to replacement therapy. We describe two antithrombins produced by recombinant DNA
      techniques from human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) cDNA in yeast. Alteration
      of the alpha 1AT active site, replacing methionine 358 with arginine, results in
      a thrombin inhibition rate similar to that of heparin-activated AT-III.
      Alteration of two further residues, to give a five-residue sequence identical to
      AT-III, does not increase this rate further. Neither antithrombin is activated by
      heparin; both are unglycosylated and have shorter in vivo half-lives (t1/2) than
      human alpha 1AT. These antithrombins should be suitable for therapeutic
      replacement of AT-III in cases of congenital deficiency and in conditions
      associated with acquired AT-III deficiency, such as disseminated intravascular
      coagulation.

PMID- 2644978
TI  - Leukemic B-cell precursors express functional receptors for human interleukin-3.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of functional interleukin
      3 (IL-3) receptors on leukemic B-cell precursors (BCPs) from 12 BCP acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and five BCP ALL cell lines. The specific
      binding of biosynthetically labeled 35S-recombinant (r) IL-3 to freshly obtained
      leukemic marrow blasts was initially investigated. In five of 12 BCP ALL cases,
      the binding of 35S-rIL-3 was markedly blocked by excess cold rIL-3, and the
      percentage of inhibitable binding ranged from 53% to 78% (mean +/- SE = 65% +/-
      4%). In these cases, the cell-bound radioactivity ranged from 146 cpm/10(7) cells
      to 1,433 cpm/10(7) cells (mean +/- SE = 627 +/- 250 cpm/10(7) cells), indicating
      that 1 to 14 femtomole (mean +/- SE = 6 +/- 2 fms) of [35S]rIL-3/10(7) cells were
      specifically bound (= 60 to 840 molecules per cell). rIL-3 stimulated the
      proliferative activity of leukemic BCPs in a dose-dependent fashion without
      inducing differentiation, and the half-maximal stimulatory activity was observed
      at a concentration of 17 to 34 pmol/L. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)
      isolated virtually pure populations of CD10+CD19+ leukemic BCPs from two BCP ALL
      patients, as well as from two of five BCP ALL cell lines, showed a marked
      proliferative response to highly purified rIL-3, providing formal evidence that
      the observed IL-3 responses were not mediated by accessory cells. There was a
      high correlation between [35S]rIL-3 binding and proliferative response in colony
      assays, indicating that functional IL-3 receptors were detected in ligand binding
      assays. Scatchard plot analysis of the specific equilibrium binding data for IL-3
      responsive leukemic BCPs from one BCP ALL patient and two BCP ALL cell lines
      yielded a straight linear regression line, indicating the existence of a single
      class of 60 to 210 high-affinity IL-3 binding sites/cell. The calculated apparent
      affinity constant (Ka) values ranged from 3.6 x 10(9) to 5.9 x 10(9) mol/L-1.
      Hence, the concentration of IL-3 required to produce 50% maximal receptor
      occupancy (Kd) was in the range of 168 to 280 pmol/L. These concentrations are
      approximately tenfold higher than those required to induce 50% maximal
      proliferative response from leukemic BCPs in colony assays, indicating that low
      receptor occupancy is sufficient for growth stimulation of leukemic BCPs by rIL
      3. In comparison, less than 10 to 20 IL-3 molecules/cell were bound to IL-3
      unresponsive leukemic BCPs even when the concentration of free-[35S]rIL-3 was as
      high as 2 nmol/L.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2644979
TI  - Small lymphocytic lymphoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 268 cases.
AB  - We analyzed specimens from 268 patients with small lymphocytic lymphoma (SL) to
      identify prognostic factors significant for survival. These patients were staged
      and treated according to the protocols of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B,
      Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Southeastern Cancer Study Group, and the
      Southwest Oncology Group. Univariate analysis showed that a large-cell grade
      greater than I, WBC greater than 10,000/microL, hemoglobin (Hgb) less than 11
      g/dL, age greater than or equal to 55 years, and failure to respond to treatment
      were all poor prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis showed that large-cell
      grade, age, degree of capsular invasion, and symptom type were independently
      associated with survival. Separate analyses of cases with and without
      leukocytosis indicated differences in survival. In patients without leukocytosis,
      age, presence or absence of anemia, and treatment response were significant
      prognostic variables; in patients with leukocytosis, large-cell grade, presence
      or absence of anemia, symptom type, and treatment response were significantly
      related to survival. Multivariate analysis showed that age was the only
      significant independent prognostic variable in patients without leukocytosis; in
      patients with leukocytosis, symptom type, large-cell grade, and bone marrow
      involvement were independently associated with survival. We conclude that several
      parameters, both clinical and pathologic, should be assessed at the initial
      diagnosis of SL to predict prognosis better.

PMID- 2644980
TI  - Graft failure following bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia:
      risk factors and treatment results.
AB  - Graft failure was analyzed in 625 patients receiving allogeneic bone marrow
      transplants from HLA-identical sibling donors as treatment for severe aplastic
      anemia. Sixty-eight (11%) had no or only transient engraftment. Second bone
      marrow transplants were successful in achieving extended survival in 16 of 27
      patients with transient initial engraftment but in none of ten patients with no
      sign of engraftment after the first transplant. The major factors associated with
      a reduced risk of graft failure were use of radiation for pretransplant
      immunosuppression and use of cyclosporine rather than methotrexate or T-cell
      depletion of the donor bone marrow for prophylaxis against graft-v-host disease
      (GVHD). Among 266 patients prepared for transplantation with cyclophosphamide
      alone, the risk of graft failure was increased in patients who received previous
      transfusions and reduced in those who received corticosteroids for previous
      therapy. Neither cell dose nor administration of donor buffy coat cells affected
      the probability of engraftment. Although use of radiation in conditioning reduced
      graft failure, survival was not improved. Posttransplant treatment with
      cyclosporine and avoidance of pretransplant blood transfusions were associated
      with improved survival.

PMID- 2644981
TI  - Systemic monoclonal antibody therapy for eliminating minimal residual leukemia in
      a rat bone marrow transplant model.
AB  - In an animal bone marrow transplant (BMT) model that mimics the human clinical
      condition, we evaluated the effectiveness of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) therapy
      in eliminating minimal residual disease (MRD) in a leukemic host. Leukemic rats
      were prepared with marrow ablative but noncurative doses of busulfan (BU) and
      cyclophosphamide (CY). Two days after syngeneic BMT, rats were treated with MoAb.
      Although all control rats died of leukemia relapse, 58% of those treated with
      MoAb were cured without any demonstrable effect on the rate of peripheral blood
      leukocyte recovery. Furthermore, the level of complement, an important effector
      in suppressing leukemia proliferation in the normal rat, was not adversely
      affected by BU/CY, BMT and MoAb. Thus, we demonstrated in an animal model that
      MoAb therapy may be a useful, nontoxic adjunct to high-dose chemotherapy and BMT
      in eliminating MRD.

PMID- 2644982
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation for children with myelodysplastic syndromes.
AB  - Therapeutic options for children with de novo or secondary myelodysplastic
      syndromes (MDSs) are limited. We report the outcome of eight pediatric patients
      (median age 12 years, range 3 to 19 years) with myelodysplasia who underwent
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation between 1984 and 1987. Two of the eight
      children had developed secondary myelodysplasia after alkylating agent-based
      combination chemotherapy. Five patients had clonal chromosomal abnormalities,
      including four patients with monosomy 7. Seven of eight patients engrafted. Two
      of these seven subsequently died of complications of acute or chronic graft-v
      host disease (GVHD), and a third patient died at 21 months of pulmonary fibrosis.
      None of the patients have had recurrence of disease. The four surviving patients
      remain in complete remission at a median follow-up of 19 months (range 10 to 44
      months).

PMID- 2644983
TI  - Human interleukin-6 supports granulocytic differentiation of hematopoietic
      progenitor cells and acts synergistically with GM-CSF.
AB  - Recombinant human (rh) interleukin-6 (IL-6), in a dose range of 1 to 10 U/mL, was
      able to induce a low number of neutrophilic-granulocytic colonies in a CFU-GM
      clonogenic assay, using T cells and adherent cells, depleted low density marrow
      cells. A synergistic increase in the number of granulocytic colonies was observed
      when rhGM-CSF at suboptimal doses and IL-6 at effective doses were both present
      in the assay; the increase was only additive when either rhIL-1 alpha or rhIL-3
      was used together with IL-6. To determine whether the increase in colony number
      reflects the interactions of these factors on the same hematopoietic progenitor
      target cells or, instead, represents activation of accessory cells, we analyzed
      the effect of IL-6 on the proliferation and differentiation of three growth
      factor-dependent leukemic cell lines that respond with continuous proliferation
      to the presence of GM-CSF and IL-3 in culture. One of the three cell lines (AML
      193) showed limited proliferation in the presence of IL-6 followed by terminal
      differentiation after 14 days into basophilic-granulocytic-like cells. A
      synergistic proliferative response was observed on the same cells treated with
      both GM-CSF and IL-6. These data support the hypothesis that IL-6 may have a
      direct effect on myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells, and that GM-CSF
      interacts synergistically with IL-6 by acting on the same target cells.

PMID- 2644984
TI  - Interacting cytokines regulate in vitro human megakaryocytopoiesis.
AB  - The effects of hematopoietic growth factors on in vitro human
      megakaryocytopoiesis were studied using a serum-depleted culture system. Both
      recombinant interleukin-3 (r-IL-3) and recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) increased megakaryocyte (MK) colony formation (P
      less than .01) above that observed in baseline cultures. Recombinant interleukin
      4 (rIL-4) and interleukin 1 alpha (rIL-1 alpha) failed either to promote MK
      colony formation alone or to increase rIL-3 or rGM-CSF promoted colony formation.
      Recombinant erythropoietin (rEpo) and purified thrombocytopoiesis-stimulating
      factor (TSF) did not increase (P greater than .05) MK colony formation when added
      alone but synergized with rIL-1 alpha, leading to a twofold increase in MK colony
      formation. Such a synergistic relationship was not observed between rIL-4 and
      rEpo. In addition, TSF enhanced the ability of rIL-3 but not rGM-CSF to promote
      MK colony formation. Addition of rEpo to optimal or suboptimal concentrations of
      rGM-CSF or suboptimal concentrations of rIL-3 resulted in a significant increase
      (P less than .05) in the total number of MK-containing colonies, due to the
      appearance of multilineage colonies containing MKs. The addition of rEpo to
      optimal concentrations of rIL-3 resulted in increased numbers of multilineage
      colonies containing MKs; however, the number of total MK-containing colonies was
      not significantly increased when compared to assays containing rIL-3 alone. By
      contrast, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) inhibited both rIL-3, and
      rGM-CSF promoted MK colony formation, with optimal inhibition resulting in a 35%
      45% reduction of MK colony formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644985
TI  - Combinations of recombinant colony-stimulating factors are required for optimal
      hematopoietic differentiation in serum-deprived culture.
AB  - Previous in vitro investigations on enriched human hematopoietic progenitors have
      led to the conclusion that the purified recombinant multipoietins, interleukin 3
      (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can alone
      induce the formation of colonies from a variety of multipotent and lineage
      committed progenitors. Since fetal calf serum was included in these cultures and
      itself might contain growth factors or other cofactors, we re-examined the
      actions of the CSFs in serum-deprived conditions. Results show that both the
      multipoietins are inadequate stimuli of colony formation. At maximal
      concentrations IL-3 alone induces only 25% of the granulocyte and macrophage
      colony-forming units (CFU-G and CFU-M) produced by a T-cell conditioned medium
      that contains a mixture of CSFs. When IL-3 was added at the initiation of the
      cultures and erythropoietin (ep), G-CSF, or M-CSF added on day 3, almost full
      recovery of erythroid, granulocytic, and monocytic colonies, respectively, was
      obtained. Similar results were obtained with GM-CSF except that fewer erythroid
      colonies were recovered at high concentrations, and almost maximal CFU-M
      proliferation could be induced. These results show that in serum-deprived
      conditions, the multipoietins must be combined with lineage specific CSFs for
      full progenitor expression.

PMID- 2644986
TI  - Treatment of refractory aplastic anemia with recombinant human granulocyte
      macrophage-colony-stimulating factor.
AB  - Fifteen patients with refractory aplastic anemia or agranulocytosis received
      treatment with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor
      (rhGM-CSF) in doses from 4 to 64 micrograms/kg/d by continuous intravenous (IV)
      infusion. Ten of 11 evaluable patients with aplastic anemia had substantial
      increments in granulocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils associated with myeloid
      and eosinophilic hyperplasia in the bone marrow. Patients with pretreatment
      granulocytes greater than 0.3 x 10(9)/L had greater increments in circulating
      myeloid cells than patients with more severe granulocytopenia. Only one patient
      had improvement in erythrocytes and platelets. Blood counts fell to baseline
      after rhGM-CSF treatment was discontinued. Doses up to 16 micrograms/kg/d were
      relatively well tolerated in the absence of extreme leukocytosis. Fatigue and
      myalgia were common. Three patients developed pulmonary infiltrates that resolved
      with discontinuation of treatment. Patients tended to have recurrent inflammation
      in previously diseased tissues. These data indicate that rhGM-CSF will increase
      circulating granulocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils in patients with refractory
      aplastic anemia. Further studies are necessary to determine if rhGM-CSF treatment
      will reduce morbidity or improve survival.

PMID- 2644987
TI  - Myelomonocytic antigen positive multiple myeloma.
AB  - In a four year span, between 1983 and 1987, 215 bone marrow and cell culture
      samples from 125 myeloma patients were immunotyped and coexpression of
      myelomonocytic and plasma cell antigens occurred in 16 (13%). We employed both
      immunohistochemical and flow cytometry methods including coplots and double
      labelling. Three types of myeloma cases were found: (1) those with isolated
      myeloid antigen coexpression, usually Leu M1 or esterase (BE, CE) positive (11
      cases); (2) those with multiple myeloid antigens (Leu M1, M3, M5, MY7, BE, CE)
      (four cases); and (3) one case beginning as 1 and ending as 2. Isolated myeloid
      antigen expression was generally associated with typical features of myeloma with
      survival close to the anticipated median (33 months), while multiple myeloid
      antigen expression was associated with more aggressive disease and shorter
      survival duration (median survival 16 months). The latter subgroup also had other
      poor prognostic factors including high labelling index and common acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) positivity. Other features found overall
      were frequent abnormal karyotypes (seven of 12 abnormal) and coexpressed IgA
      (eight of 16); all IgA+ cases also coexpressed Leu M1. We conclude that there is
      an unusual and unexpected predilection for coexpression of myelomonocytic
      antigens in myeloma cells. The reasons are not immediately obvious. Whether the
      coexpression indicates that myeloma cells truly have latent multilineage
      potential or just aberrantly coexpress other hematopoietic antigens as a
      manifestation of malignancy remains to be explained. However, a cell line
      established from the bone marrow of one patient is a valuable scientific tool
      allowing detailed analysis of these questions.

PMID- 2644988
TI  - Basophils (Bsp-1+) derive from the leukemic clone in human myeloid leukemias
      involving the chromosome breakpoint 9q34.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody (MoAb) Bsp-1 was used to purify basophilic cells from
      leukemic blood of five patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph') positive
      chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and two patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
      characterized by the chromosomal translocation t(6;9)(p23;q34). When cultured,
      Bsp-1 positive cells from all CML and AML patients showed the same clonal
      karyotype changes observed in diagnostic buffy coat preparations, indicating that
      the basophilic cells were of leukemic origin. In contrast, T lymphocytes from
      four of five CML patients cultured in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) showed
      a normal karyotype and were therefore not derived from the leukemic clone. Bsp-1
      staining correlated with toluidine blue-positive basophils in chronic phase CML
      and with toluidine blue-negative blast cells expressing an immature myeloid
      phenotype in blast crisis CML and AML. Chromosome in situ hybridization showed
      that the ABL oncogene was translocated from chromosome 9 to chromosome 22 in the
      CML patients but remained on chromosome 9 in the AML patients. These results
      indicate that the breakpoint at 9q34 in CML is 5' of ABL, whereas the breakpoint
      at 9q34 in AML is 3' of ABL. Field inversion gel electrophoresis showed that the
      9q34 breakpoint was not within 200 kb 3' of ABL in one of the AML patients, nor
      was there any rearrangement of the PIM oncogene locus at 6p21.

PMID- 2644989
TI  - c-myb but not c-myc suppresses the hemin-induced nonterminal expression of
      hemoglobin by murine erythroleukemia cells.
AB  - Clonal lines of Friend murine erythroleukemia (F-MEL) cells have been generated
      following transfection with c-myc or c-myb expression plasmids. These clones
      produce high levels of abnormally regulated proto-oncogene transcripts and fail
      to terminally differentiate in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. To determine
      the relative levels at which the two proto-oncogenes might exert their inhibitory
      effects, we asked whether these clones could express differentiated functions in
      the absence of terminal differentiation. It was found that exposure of c-myc
      transfected cells to hemin allows for the induction of hemoglobin, whereas c-myb
      transfected cells were refractory to hemin induction. It thus appears that c-myb
      exerts a more globally suppressive effect on F-MEL-differentiated functions than
      does c-myc and may prevent the expression of those events that can otherwise be
      dissociated from the terminally differentiated state.

PMID- 2644990
TI  - Involvement of bcl-2 gene in Japanese follicular lymphoma.
AB  - A t(14;18) (q32;q21) chromosome translocation is closely associated with the
      follicular lymphoma, which is prevalent in the United States, and the t(14;18)
      causes the juxtaposition of a bcl-2 gene on chromosome 18 with an immunoglobulin
      heavy-chain gene locus on chromosome 14. Genomic DNAs from 30 Japanese patients
      with follicular lymphoma were examined for the molecular features by Southern
      blot hybridization. Using probe b for the major breakpoint cluster region of a
      bcl-2 gene, the rearrangements were detected in eight patients. Six of the eight
      patients had breakpoints located within the major breakpoint region, while two
      had breakpoints outside this cluster region but within the region of the 7.5-kb
      SstI fragment containing the probe b sequence. In two patients, pFL-2 probe
      detected the bcl-2 gene rearrangements that occurred near or within the minor
      breakpoint cluster region. These ten patients had a rearranged JH-containing
      fragment that migrated with the rearranged bcl-2 fragment. In the other 20
      patients, these two chromosome 18-specific DNA probes did not detect the bcl-2
      rearrangements. Compared with studies performed in the United States, the
      statistical analysis indicates a significant difference in frequency of the bcl-2
      gene rearrangements near or within the major breakpoint cluster region (P =
      0.0027) and the minor breakpoint cluster region (P = 0.029). However, the
      distribution difference of these events was not significant.

PMID- 2644991
TI  - Combined procoagulant activity and proteolytic activity of acute promyelocytic
      leukemic cells: reversal of the bleeding disorder by cell differentiation.
AB  - In the human promyelocytic cell line HL60, we observed both a strong procoagulant
      activity (PCA) on the cell membrane and proteolytic activity in the lysate of
      these cells. Because these cell-line cells are susceptible to differentiation to
      either a more mature granulocytic or monocytic form, we were able to study the
      hypothesis that the combination of PCA and proteolytic activity is confined to
      the promyelocyte. This may explain the severe coagulopathy seen in patients with
      acute promyelocytic leukemia. Cell differentiation in a myeloid direction induced
      by retinoic acid or DMSO led to a diminished PCA, while not affecting the
      fibrinolytic activity. On the other hand, monocytic differentiation obtained by
      culturing the cells in the presence of 1; 25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 led to the
      complete disappearance of the proteolytic activity of the cell lysate, although
      the procoagulant activity was still present. Furthermore, we found that the
      elastase activity almost disappeared after monocytic differentiation. We also
      studied the PCA, proteolytic activity, and elastase activity of blast cells of
      patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Only in patients with acute promyelocytic
      leukemia did we observe both a strong PCA and fibrinolytic activity. This
      supports our hypothesis that the combination of these activities is unique to the
      promyelocyte and may explain the observed bleeding complications in patients with
      acute promyelocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2644992
TI  - In vivo administration of recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony
      stimulating factor in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients receiving purged
      autografts.
AB  - Based on the recent reports that recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) accelerates the rate of engraftment in a variety of
      autologous bone marrow transplantation settings, we have investigated its effects
      on hematopoietic recovery of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
      undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation. Our studies, which involved 25
      autologous ALL recipients who received rhGM-CSF and 27 controls similar for
      disease status (remission or relapse) and disease type (B- or T-lineage) differed
      from previous studies in one important aspect: the bone marrows were purged with
      4-hydroperoxcyclophosphamide (4HC) and anti-T or anti-B-cell lineage-specific
      antibodies before transplantation. Such treatments frequently lead to a reduction
      in the CFU-GM content of the transplanted marrow. Eighteen of 25 patients
      completed the entire course of rhGM-CSF. Of the 16 patients who received greater
      than or equal to 64 micrograms/M2/d for at least eight days, there were five
      patients who had an apparent rhGM-CSF response and 11 patients who did not
      respond. Of the parameters analyzed, only the number of CFU-GM progenitor cells
      infused per kilogram was significantly associated with an rhGM-CSF response. All
      patients receiving greater than or equal to 1.2 x 10(4) CFU-GM progenitors per
      kilogram achieved an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) greater than or equal to
      1,000/microL by day 21 and had a greater than 50% decrement in ANC within 48 to
      72 hours of discontinuing rhGM-CSF, as contrasted to none of the patients
      receiving less than or equal to 7.2 x 10(3) CFU-GM progenitors per
      kilogram.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2644993
TI  - Blood transfusion and hepatitis: still a threat?
AB  - The incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH) in recipients of blood products
      is reviewed. PTH was observed in 10%-12% of recipients of blood products in the
      United States, 2%-4% in northern Europe and 15%-20% in southern Europe. All
      studies indicate that 80%-90% of all PTH cases are attributed to non-A/non-B. At
      least 40% of the patients with PTH non-A/non-B will develop chronic hepatitis or
      cirrhosis. No specific tests for the detection of the non-A/non-B agent(s) exist.
      However, several independent studies indicate that part of the donors carrying
      the infectious non-A/non-B agent have increased levels of alanine amino
      transferase (ALT). When donors are excluded with elevated ALT values, it is
      estimated that about 30% of the PTH non-A/non-B cases would be prevented. Some
      studies indicate that anti-hepatitis B core (anti-HBc) positive donors may carry
      an increased risk to transmit the non-A/non-B agent, but more recent studies do
      not confirm this. There is hope that a specific non-A/non-B test will be
      developed soon.

PMID- 2644994
TI  - Treatment of thrombocytosis in myeloproliferative disorders with interferon alpha
      2a.
AB  - In an open prospective pilot trial, we tested the effect of recombinant
      interferon alpha-2 a (rIFN alpha-2 a) on thrombocytosis in myeloproliferative
      disorders (MPD). Since October 1986, 13 patients with MPD (4 with chronic
      granulocytic leukemia, 4 with polycythemia vera, 3 with essential thrombocythemia
      and 2 with myeloid metaplasia) were treated with rIFN alpha-2 a. Platelet counts
      decreased in all treated patients within 2 to 10 weeks from a median value of
      1,050 x 10(9)/l (range 610-1,940 x 10(9)/l) to 340 x 10(9)/l (range 230-495 x
      10(9)/l). The response was dose-dependent. In 11 patients we observed a
      simultaneous reduction of the white blood cell count. Six patients still continue
      the IFN alpha-2 a therapy. In 7 treatment was discontinued, because of chronic
      side effects in 3, and because of noncompliance in one. In these patients,
      thrombocytosis recurred after discontinuation of the therapy. These results show
      that rIFN alpha-2 a is effective in controlling thrombocytosis in MPD. However,
      the long-term benefit of interferon in these disorders remains to be established.

PMID- 2644995
TI  - Central embolization of needle fragment following intravenous drug abuse.
AB  - A case of migration of a broken needle from the right femoral vein to the heart
      leading to severe pericarditis in a heroin addict is described.

PMID- 2644996
TI  - Alcoholic hallucinosis: a psychiatric enigma--1. The development of an idea.
AB  - This paper outlines the evolution of ideas on the topic of alcoholic
      hallucinosis. From 1847 to 1987 numerous descriptive case-histories appeared in
      the literature. Analysis of these demonstrates that there were some
      phenomenological features of the illness about which authors were agreed. These
      were the acute onset of the illness, the predominance of auditory hallucinations
      and a history of heavy drinking. Protagonists of the delirium tremens school of
      though drew attention to the slight clouding of consciousness, the presence of
      the physical symptoms which may accompany an acute confusional state and the
      possibility of other kinds of hallucinations. Those who favoured the idea that it
      was a schizophrenic-like illness emphasized the chronicity, the predominance of
      auditory hallucinations and clear consciousness. Enlightening as these case
      histories were, it was impossible to conclude the debate on these unsystematic
      observations alone.

PMID- 2644997
TI  - Participant observation and its place in the study of illicit drug abuse.
AB  - Participant observation has long been utilized as a valuable research methodology
      in the study of illicit drug abuse. It should not be viewed in isolation, but
      seen as an essential complement to the quantitative analysis of trends in drug
      use, such as epidemiological studies and the monitoring of services for drug
      users. Fieldwork conducted at the Drug Indicators Project and other relevant
      studies highlight the practical and ethical problems faced by the participant
      observer, including issues of access, co-operation and confidentiality. This is
      particularly pertinent when working with drug users not in contact with services.
      When working with drug users in a treatment context, the need to be flexible and
      sensitive to the needs of agency staff is stressed, and the ways in which
      participant observers can operate as volunteers are explored. Contemporary
      concern about HIV infection, AIDS, and risk behaviour amongst drug users, raises
      the potential for an expansion and redefinition of the role of the participant
      observer to take on some of the functions of health educator, and two options are
      suggested.

PMID- 2644998
TI  - The sex industry, alcohol and illicit drugs: implications for the spread of HIV
      infection.
AB  - A review is presented of the association between the sex industry and the use and
      misuse of alcohol and illicit drugs. It is concluded that both the latter are
      associated with 'high risk' sexual activities and that heavy drinking and illicit
      drug use are commonplace amongst prostitutes and their clients. Outside Africa
      evidence suggests that in some, though by no means all, areas prostitutes have
      low or zero levels of HIV seropositivity. It is concluded that far more
      information is needed on the patterns of AIDS-related knowledge, beliefs,
      attitudes and behaviours amongst male and female prostitutes and their clients.
      Vigorous policies are needed to increase levels of knowledge about AIDS risks
      amongst prostitutes and their clients and to foster the adoption of 'safer sex'
      practices.

PMID- 2645000
TI  - Editing and auditing: a crisis in communication (Gillies Memorial Lecture 1987).

PMID- 2644999
TI  - Success and failure at inpatient heroin detoxification.
AB  - Predictors of either detoxification success or failure were evaluated during an
      inpatient trial that compared the efficacy of methadone, clonidine and guanfacine
      for rapid heroin detoxification. The analysis of such predictors was stimulated
      by the fact that in order to achieve 90 patients who completed the study (30 in
      each group), a total of 170 patients had to be included. Of 80 detoxification
      failures, 10 occurred in the methadone group, 32 in the guanfacine group, and 38
      in the clonidine group. Voluntary request for discontinuation of the
      detoxification schedule was the first cause of failure. There were not
      statistically significant differences with regard to sociodemographic
      characteristics and pattern of drug consumption among patients in the three
      groups who completed detoxification with success or failure. The treatment drug,
      the type of schedule and the score obtained from the Symptom Checklist-90/Revised
      (SCL-90/R) were the only predictors of either detoxification success or failure.
      Inpatient opioid detoxification would be a useful strategy for patients with more
      severe psychological symptoms.

PMID- 2645001
TI  - Antecedents of Abbe. The sesquicentenary of Sabattini.

PMID- 2645002
TI  - Plastic surgery in Leeds.

PMID- 2645003
TI  - The fate of meshed allograft skin in burned patients using cyclosporin
      immunosuppression.
AB  - Three patients with burns of 35%, 60% and 25% were treated with cyclosporin after
      the application of allograft skin. Biopsies of the allografts were taken at
      appropriate intervals. The drug was continued for 3 weeks, 3 months and 3 weeks
      respectively without ill-effects on the patients. The allografts survived during
      cyclosporin treatment but were rejected 12 days after cessation of treatment in
      Case 1 and 5-7 days in Case 2. In Case 3 where a meshed auto/allograft 'sandwich'
      technique was used, there was no visible evidence of rejection. It is likely that
      the allograft was replaced by a "creeping substitution" in the sandwich
      technique. The Langerhans cell is probably not solely responsible for allograft
      rejection.

PMID- 2645004
TI  - Stretching skin to the limit: a novel technique for split skin graft expansion.
AB  - The premise underlying the meshed split skin graft that fragments of skin less
      than 1 mm wide are not viable is challenged, and a method is described for
      chopping split skin into fragments as small as 40 microns square. These tiny
      particles are viable and have been used to graft granulating wounds, achieving up
      to twenty-fold expansion without a decrease in the healing rate.

PMID- 2645005
TI  - Unilateral right lower lip sinus associated with an ipsilateral cleft of the lip
      and palate.

PMID- 2645006
TI  - Autoantibodies to cartilage collagens in rheumatoid arthritis. Do they perpetuate
      the disease or are they irrelevant?

PMID- 2645007
TI  - Autoimmune thyroid disease and thyroid autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis
      patients and their families.
AB  - All 504 available members from 58 multicase rheumatoid arthritis (RA) families
      were interviewed and examined for the presence or history of autoimmune thyroid
      disease and were tested serologically for thyroid autoantibodies. The serological
      data were compared with those from a major population survey which used the same
      assay methods. Overall, 6% had thyroid disease with a fivefold female excess.
      Thyroglobulin antibodies were present in 5% of males and 11% of females and
      thyroid microsomal antibodies in 5% of males and 15% of females. These rates were
      all significantly greater than published rates for the general population. The
      differences persisted after analysing separately by age group. The results
      confirm the suggestions by others that there may be a common genetic link between
      RA and autoimmune thyroid disease.

PMID- 2645008
TI  - Sensitivity of anthropometric techniques for clinical trials in ankylosing
      spondylitis.
AB  - To determine whether anthropometric techniques widely used for assessment of
      ankylosing spondylitis (AS) would be useful outcome measures in long-term
      clinical trials, 52 AS patients at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic
      Diseases were studied. All patients had well documented AS with a mean age of
      38.1 years, and had been diagnosed for an average of 7.6 years. Measurements were
      taken before (B) and after (A) 3-week intensive inpatient physical therapy (PT).
      Short-term therapeutic effects (over 3 weeks) were significant (adjusted p less
      than 0.0001) for all five measures tested (chest expansion, finger-to-floor
      distance, height, lumbar flexion, and cervical rotation). Height (adjusted p less
      than 0.0001), finger-to-floor distance (adjusted p = 0.047) and cervical rotation
      (adjusted p = 0.012) diminished over the course of follow-up. Therefore, 3 weeks
      of hospitalization with intensive physical therapy produces measurable short-term
      change; minute but measurable change with treatment occurs even in long-standing
      AS; and detectable changes in physical measurements occur over a 5-year period
      even in long-standing AS. Anthropometric measurements are useful outcome
      variables for long-term clinical trials in AS, but the potential for improvement
      in clinical measurements in long-standing AS is predictably small.

PMID- 2645009
TI  - 'Loop mattress suture'.

PMID- 2645010
TI  - Femorodistal graft stenoses.

PMID- 2645011
TI  - Lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2645012
TI  - Changing patterns in the treatment of rectal cancer.

PMID- 2645013
TI  - Timing of prophylactic antibiotics in abdominal surgery: trial of a pre-operative
      versus an intra-operative first dose.
AB  - When prophylactic antibiotics are used in abdominal surgery it is customary to
      give the first dose before the operation. Whilst intra-operative antibiotics may
      be effective in elective surgery, there may be an advantage to starting pre
      operatively when there is already an infective focus such as appendicitis.
      Antibiotics started pre-operatively (group P) have been compared with antibiotics
      started after initial abdominal exploration (group T). Three intravenous doses of
      500 mg metronidazole plus 1 g cephazolin were given in a randomized, double-blind
      study of 700 emergency and elective high-risk abdominal operations. Antibiotic
      plasma concentrations at the end of the operation were significantly lower in
      group P but lay well within the therapeutic range. Wound infection rates, which
      included minor and delayed infections, were similar in both groups (group P, 57
      of 342, 16.7 per cent; group T, 55 of 358, 15.4 per cent; 95 per cent confidence
      intervals for the difference being -4.1 to +6.7 per cent. In appendicitis, wound
      infection rates were 12.1 and 13.9 per cent for groups P and T respectively.
      However, non-fatal deep sepsis was more common in group P (nine cases) than in
      group T (two cases) (chi 2 = 4.9, P less than 0.05). Postoperative infection was
      twice as common in obese patients whose body mass index (BMI) was greater than or
      equal to 26 (39 of 132, 30 per cent) than in thin patients whose BMI was less
      than 24 (41 of 288, 14 per cent; chi 2 = 13.8, P less than 0.001). This study
      failed to show any advantage to starting antibiotics pre-operatively, even in
      appendicitis.

PMID- 2645014
TI  - Choice of material for above-knee femoropopliteal bypass graft.
AB  - Autogenous saphenous vein is generally considered to be the best material for
      arterial bypass grafts below the inguinal ligament. Recent results have suggested
      that the advantage of vein over prosthesis is more pronounced in a distal
      situation, but it is not immediately apparent whether the difference is
      sufficient to justify a policy of using prosthesis for the initial above-knee
      graft to preserve the vein in case later surgery is required. An attempt has been
      made to answer this question. The literature has been reviewed to obtain
      estimates of the patency rates for grafts in different situations and a
      mathematical model has been set up using these figures to predict the outcome of
      different treatment policies. The model can be used to predict the result of
      alteration or inaccuracy in the data or to make use of the results of newly
      reported studies. The model predicts that the use of prosthesis for an initial
      graft will reduce the overall patency and substantially increase the requirement
      for reoperation, even if the present data give a substantial overestimate of the
      advantages of vein above the knee.

PMID- 2645015
TI  - Computer-aided diagnosis: a review.
AB  - Fifteen years ago, computer-aided diagnosis of the acute abdomen promised much.
      Today it is little used. Studies have been flowed by poor trial design, bias,
      selective reporting of results, statistical naivety and spurious conclusions. The
      computer system lacks 'common sense' and is less accurate than clinicians. Yet
      its introduction has been associated with improved patient management and
      outcome. Much of the effect arises from structured data collection methods and
      some from audit feedback to clinicians. It is on these innovations, not on the
      computer, that future work should focus.

PMID- 2645016
TI  - A prospective randomized trial of angelchik prosthesis versus Nissen
      fundoplication.
AB  - A total of 61 patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux; resistant to medical
      therapy, were entered into a prospective randomized trial comparing the Angelchik
      antireflux prosthesis with Nissen's fundoplication. Both groups had a similar age
      and sex distribution and their reflux profiles were comparable. An Angelchik
      prosthesis was inserted in 30 patients and 31 underwent fundoplication. The mean
      duration of postoperative follow-up was 38 months. At clinical assessment 23 (77
      per cent) of the Angelchik group were graded Visick grade I or II, compared with
      29 (94 per cent) of the Nissen group. Assessment by 24 h pH monitoring and
      manometry between 3 and 6 months after operation showed that both procedures were
      equally effective in reducing reflux and increasing lower oesophageal sphincter
      pressure. However, long-term endoscopic follow-up revealed grade III oesophagitis
      in seven patients in the Angelchik group. No patient in the fundoplication group
      had grade III oesophagitis. Three of eight patients with strictures in the
      Angelchik group reported persistent dysphagia. All seven patients with strictures
      in the Nissen group were relieved of their dysphagia. Migration or erosion of the
      prosthesis did not occur. Three prostheses (10 per cent) were removed, two for
      dysphagia and one because of sepsis.

PMID- 2645017
TI  - Corpus callosum surgery and recent memory. A review.
AB  - A number of clinical reports have cited memory disturbances in surgical cases
      involving section of the corpus callosum. This review, however, shows that
      persistent impairment of recent memory has tended to occur only in cases where
      there has been concurrent extracallosal damage, particularly to the fornix and
      its connections. Both the timing and sensitivity of psychometric tests as well as
      the availability of preoperative baselines are all important factors in
      determining the reliability of memory assessment following callosal surgery. A
      minimal delay of one year between surgery and final memory testing is needed
      because intellectual functions have been shown to improve markedly during the 12
      months following callosal section. The use of discriminating psychometric tests
      with comparisons before and after operation is desirable, since global memory
      tests are relatively insensitive to disorders of recent memory.

PMID- 2645018
TI  - Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuole formation. A follow-up study.
AB  - A long-term follow-up study of patients with familial distal myopathy with rimmed
      vacuole formation and a review of the literature indicates that the prognosis of
      the disorder was extremely poor as to daily life. Although the initial symptom
      appearing in early adulthood was muscular wasting and weakness in the legs,
      especially the distal muscles, severe generalized skeletal muscle involvement
      with sparing of the facial, extraocular, bulbar, intercostal and diaphragm
      muscles was recognized in the advanced stage. The disease is probably inherited
      as an autosomal recessive trait, while there is a considerable female
      preponderance, the female-to-male ratio being 2:1. The disorder is
      distinguishable from various types of distal myopathy on the basis of clinical
      and pathological findings, and other myopathies with rimmed vacuole formation,
      including inclusion body myositis, from a prognostic viewpoint.

PMID- 2645019
TI  - On the representation of multiple languages in the brain: old problems and new
      directions.
AB  - This paper has attempted to show that when the relevant literature is critically
      scrutinized there is very little evidence for the idea that the right hemisphere
      participates in multiple languages in any way significantly different from the
      case of a single language. We have seen that most of the clinical data support
      the simple notion that the left hemisphere controls the first and subsequent
      languages to the same degree. The experimental data are full of contradictions,
      but many of the claims are invalid due to various methodological and analytical
      problems explained previously. It is suggested that future research concentrate
      on finer-grained questions than simply whether a language is left lateralized or
      not. These questions should make connections with other known neurological and
      neuropsychological facts. Of primary interest is obtaining converging evidence on
      the hypothesis of differential cerebral territories within the left hemisphere of
      bilinguals for different languages. In conclusion, we would be wise to consider
      the bilingual as a very rich potential source for testing various hypotheses
      about linguistic and neurolinguistic organization. But we should not lose the
      opportunity to test both more general and more specific hypotheses to which the
      multilingual gives us access. If treated with care the multilingual will tell us
      much, even though he may speak in many tongues.

PMID- 2645020
TI  - Practice prosperity 1989. Part two: Leadership.

PMID- 2645021
TI  - Education re: capitation.

PMID- 2645022
TI  - Re: A review of differential diagnosis of dental fluorosis and non-fluoride
      enamel defects.

PMID- 2645023
TI  - Re: "Back talk" astrological communique.

PMID- 2645025
TI  - The quality of CDSPI insurance: a personal experience.

PMID- 2645024
TI  - Re: AIDS and gloves.

PMID- 2645026
TI  - Malpractice insurance: a highly specialized field.

PMID- 2645027
TI  - "D.I.D" dialogue in dentistry. What's it all about?

PMID- 2645028
TI  - Ethics: challenge and crisis. Part I, What ethics is not.

PMID- 2645029
TI  - Fetal toxicity caused by excessive maternal dietary calcium.
AB  - The effects of diet-induced maternal hypercalcemia on fetal development were
      studied in the CD 1 mouse. Female mice were maintained for two weeks on high
      calcium diets and then mated. The resulting litters were surgically removed one
      day prior to term and compared to control litters of untreated mice. Fetuses from
      the treated litters showed significantly lower birth weights and higher
      frequencies of missing calcification centres in the developing skeletons and
      dentitions. In addition, centres that had begun to calcify were not as advanced
      as corresponding centres in the control series. It appears that high calcium
      intake during pregnancy is fetotoxic and results in decreased fetal weight and
      retarded skeletal and dental calcification.

PMID- 2645030
TI  - Herpes labialis treatment with acyclovir 5 per cent ointment.
AB  - Eighty patients who were culture-confirmed positive for recurrent herpes labialis
      were entered into a clinical trial. Sixty of these completed two episodes each in
      a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 5 per cent
      acyclovir in a polyethylene glycol ointment base. The 5 per cent acyclovir
      ointment failed to show better clinical healing effects than placebo in both
      documented episodes. There were no serious side effects observed in either group.

PMID- 2645031
TI  - Edentulousness in patients attending a university dental clinic.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to establish base-line data on the prevalence of
      edentulism in adult patients seeking care at the College of Dentistry, in the
      City of Saskatoon. Out of a total of 548 patients, 75 (13.7 per cent) were
      totally edentulous. However, there were no individuals edentulous only in the
      mandible. Contrary to most previous surveys, the prevalence of edentulism was
      higher in the males than in the females in all age groups except in the 50-59 age
      group. The results from this study may facilitate the evaluation of future trends
      in edentulism, and prosthodontic treatment needs at the same locale.

PMID- 2645032
TI  - Insurance: friend or foe?

PMID- 2645033
TI  - FDI distributes AIDS leaflets to members worldwide.

PMID- 2645034
TI  - No better memorial.

PMID- 2645035
TI  - How do you spell relief? Two software reviews.

PMID- 2645036
TI  - Comparison of the antitumor activity of cisplatin, carboplatin, and iproplatin
      against established human testicular cancer cell lines in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Cisplatin is a backbone of any combination chemotherapy currently in use for the
      treatment for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Recently new platinum analogs
      with lower toxicity have been developed. The antitumor activity of two analogs,
      carboplatin (JM8) and iproplatin (JM9) was compared to cisplatin in vitro and in
      vivo. The 3thymidine incorporation in three established human testicular cancer
      cell lines was significantly stronger inhibited by cisplatin than by JM8 or JM9.
      Cisplatin showed a significantly stronger antitumor activity against
      heterotransplanted human testicular cancer cell lines in the nude mouse than JM8
      or JM9 when given at equitoxic doses. Although both analogs only moderately
      retarded the tumor growth, cisplatin produced a significant reduction of tumor
      volume in three of four cell lines. From these data it is concluded that the
      antitumor activity of cisplatin may be significantly superior to JM8 and JM9, and
      results of preclinical investigations should be awaited before replacement of
      cisplatin by JM8 or JM9 in the treatment of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors can
      be considered.

PMID- 2645037
TI  - Expression of tachykinins by ileal and lung carcinoid tumors assessed by combined
      in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and radioimmunoassay.
AB  - Mid-gut carcinoid tumors have been shown to produce substance P, a tachykinin. A
      recent addition to this family of peptides is neurokinin A which is cleaved from
      the same precursor as substance P; beta-pre-pro-tachykinin. The authors have
      examined mid-gut and pulmonary carcinoid tumors for the presence of the two
      tachykinins, using immunocytochemical study and radioimmunoassay, and have
      applied the techniques of in situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis to
      investigate the expression of mRNA for beta-pre-pro-tachykinin. All gut tumors (n
      = 8) and three of the six lung tumors examined were found by immunocytochemical
      study to contain both tachykinins or neurokinin A alone. Chromatographic analysis
      of tumor extracts suggests that this peptide is being detected as a separate
      molecule and/or as the C-terminal portion of a larger, uncleaved form. Three of
      the cases positive for tachykinins showed no detectable serotonin
      immunoreactivity. Strong hybridization signals for beta-pre-pro-tachykinin mRNA
      were seen in all but one of the cases studied which contained tachykinin
      immunoreactivity. Intact mRNA and positive hybridization was found by Northern
      blot analysis in two mid-gut tumors. Concentrations of tachykinins were found by
      radioimmunoassay to be higher in mid-gut tumors (substance P 27.2 +/- 19.7
      pmol/g; neurokinin A 31.8 +/- 24.2 pmol/g; mean +/- SEM, n = 5) than in lung
      cases (substance P mean 0.8, range 0.5-1.0 pmol/g; neurokinin A mean 11.0, range
      10.0-12.0 pmol/g; n = 3). These results show that mid-gut and pulmonary carcinoid
      tumors produce tachykinins, which are detected, in some cases, where no serotonin
      immunoreactivity can be found, possibly because of a high rate of amine
      secretion. Screening for tachykinins may prove to be a useful diagnostic adjunct
      for these tumors.

PMID- 2645038
TI  - Enhanced acid protease activity of lysosomes from papillary thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - In vitro lysosomal acid protease activity was studied in human papillary thyroid
      carcinoma (n = 13). As a control, morphologically normal thyroid tissue from the
      same patient was used in each individual case of carcinoma. Although a marked
      variation may be observed between individual cases, each examined papillary
      thyroid carcinoma showed significantly greater activity of acid proteases, both
      per unit weight of wet thyroid tissue and per unit of lysosomal proteins, in
      comparison to the corresponding control (range, 24%-248%). In conclusion, it is
      suggested that enhanced proteolytic activity of lysosomal acid proteases in
      papillary carcinoma is probably a result of disturbance in catabolic degradation
      of the thyroglobulin molecule in malignantly transformed thyroid tissue.

PMID- 2645039
TI  - Meningeal tumors of childhood.
AB  - Meningeal tumors occurring in a pediatric hospital over a period of 18 years were
      studied. The incidence of meningeal sarcomas was much lower than has been
      previously reported. A histologic subtype of meningiomas was found which has not
      previously been described. In these "sclerosing" tumors only a small portion of
      the lesion contained viable cells, most of which bore little resemblance to
      conventional meningothelial cells. The bulk of the lesions consisted of whorling
      collagen bundles produced by the tumor. All cases in which there was tumor
      invasion of the brain fell into this category. The prognosis for the sclerosing
      meningiomas was similar to conventional meningiomas, casting doubt on the value
      of brain invasion as a marker of malignancy in childhood meningiomas. The
      recognition of this histologic type may aid diagnosis, guide surgical management,
      and possibly make postoperative radiotherapy unnecessary.

PMID- 2645040
TI  - Nerve sheath myxoma of digital nerve.
AB  - A case of a dermal nerve sheath myxoma arising in a digital nerve is reported.
      Similar tumors and its variants have been termed neurothekeoma, pacinian
      neurofibroma, bizarre cutaneous neurofibroma, and plexiform neurofibroma. The
      perineural sheath or the Schwann cell have been presumed to be the cell of origin
      by several investigators. The positive reaction with antibody to S-100 would
      appear to favor the Schwann cell as the progenitor of this tumor.

PMID- 2645041
TI  - Transitional cell carcinoma in an ileal conduit.
AB  - A 73-year-old man with a history of invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the
      urinary bladder developed synchronous recurrent transitional cell carcinoma at
      the ureteroileal anastomosis and the right renal pelvis. Hematuria was the
      presenting sign in six of the seven previously reported patients with ileal
      conduit cancer. The pathologic findings, diagnostic procedures and treatment are
      briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2645042
TI  - Overview of clinical trials using 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin for the treatment
      of colorectal cancer.
AB  - Results from five completed and two ongoing Phase III trials comparing 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) with 5-FU and leucovorin (LV) for the treatment of advanced,
      previously untreated colorectal carcinoma are reviewed. In five of these studies,
      5-FU/LV was shown to provide a significantly higher response rate than 5-FU
      alone. Partial response rates resulting from the combination ranged from 16% to
      45%, while those obtained with 5-FU alone were 5% to 18%. Complete responses with
      either treatment occurred in 0% to 8% of the patients treated. In two of the
      studies, 5-FU treatment prolonged median survival by 3 and 6 months. The planned
      dose intensities (DI) for single-agent 5-FU ranged from 463 to 760 mg/m2/week,
      and the actual delivered DI, established in two of the trials, were 531 and 533
      mg/m2/week. The planned 5-FU DI for the 5-FU/LV combination ranged from 463 to
      600 mg/m2/week compared with the delivered DI of 461 and 463 mg/m2/week. When
      used with LV, 5-FU cannot be administered at the single-agent maximum tolerated
      dose because of unacceptable toxicity. Nevertheless, lower doses of 5-FU, when
      combined with LV, had higher response rates than 5-FU alone. Significant toxicity
      occurred with 5-FU and with the combination. The addition of LV to 5-FU changed
      the type of toxicity that resulted; that toxicity varied with the schedule
      followed. The real, but modest improvement that resulted from the combination of
      5-FU with the metabolic modulator LV offers the possibility that the
      administration of 5-FU/LV in the adjuvant setting will prolong survival and
      increase the percentage of patients cured of their disease. Furthermore, other
      compounds that modulate the effects of 5-FU may be capable of providing
      additional therapeutic benefits.

PMID- 2645043
TI  - 5-Fluorouracil with leucovorin in breast cancer.
AB  - Extensive preclinical data have demonstrated that leucovorin can modulate 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) cytotoxicity. Additionally, randomized clinical trials have
      shown that leucovorin increases the therapeutic index of 5-FU in patients with
      advanced colorectal cancer, setting a new therapeutic standard for this disease.
      Based on this information, several controlled, but nonrandomized, clinical trials
      have examined the combination of 5-FU and leucovorin in patients with metastatic
      breast cancer. Although many of these trials are still ongoing, preliminary
      information suggests that leucovorin also potentiates 5-FU activity against
      breast carcinoma. However, to date, it has not been shown that leucovorin
      increases the therapeutic index of 5-FU in these patients. Continued testing of
      the role of leucovorin in combination chemotherapy for breast cancer appears
      warranted.

PMID- 2645044
TI  - New vistas for leucovorin in cancer chemotherapy.
AB  - With a resurgence of interest in leucovorin calcium (LV), many questions about
      its role in cancer chemotherapy are being asked again. How does it modulate 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy? Can it potentiate the cytotoxicity of 5-FU more in
      malignant than in normal cells? Does it rescue tumor cells from high-dose
      methotrexate (MTX) more than it does normal cells? How should LV rescue be
      individualized to maximize the therapeutic index? When can LV be administered
      orally, and how can LV rescue be conducted at home? When is LV rescue necessary,
      and what toxicities occur when it is inadequate? Some answers to these questions
      are provided in this review.

PMID- 2645045
TI  - The chromosomal analysis of human solid tumors. A triple challenge.
AB  - The present review considers the three main issues of the cytogenetic analysis of
      human solid tumors: the technical limitations, the difficulty in interpreting the
      available results, and the uncertainty affecting any hypothesis about the role of
      chromosome changes in tumorigenesis. Information is given on the recent
      improvements in the field of tumor cell culturing and karyotyping, with a
      critical discussion of more than 1300 cytogenetic studies from 18 different
      tumors, and clues for a synthetic understanding of the cytogenetics of
      malignancy.

PMID- 2645046
TI  - Infrequent activation of K-ras, H-ras, and other oncogenes in hepatocellular
      neoplasms initiated by methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine, a methylating agent, and
      promoted by phenobarbital in F344 rats.
AB  - Fischer 344/Ncr rats of both sexes were subjected to partial hepatectomy and then
      initiated 21-24 h later by a single injection of methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine
      at 0.1 mmol/kg body weight via the portal vein. Beginning 3 weeks later,
      development of hepatocellular neoplasms in initiated rats was promoted by feeding
      0.05% phenobarbital (PB) in the diet. Not only intrahepatic lesions but also a
      variety of extrahepatic tumors were induced. High-molecular-weight DNAs were
      prepared from 67 samples of grossly normal liver containing multiple
      preneoplastic foci/areas of microscopic dimensions, 137 hepatocellular adenomas
      (nodules), 93 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), 10 cholangiomas, and 25
      extrahepatic tumors in 95 rats and tested for transforming activity in the NIH
      3T3 transfection assay. DNA preparations from 7 of 93 HCCs, 2 of 10 cholangiomas,
      2 of 137 nodules, 1 histiocytic sarcoma, and 1 thyroid carcinoma were positive in
      the transfection assay. Southern blot analysis showed that NIH 3T3 transformants
      induced by DNA from 5 HCCs, 1 hepatocellular adenoma, 1 cholangioma, 1
      histiocytic sarcoma, and 1 thyroid carcinoma contained an activated K-ras gene of
      rat origin. Rat-derived H-ras was identified in transformants from 2 additional
      HCCs and rat c-raf from 1 hepatocellular adenoma. The transforming gene from one
      cholangioma showed no sequence homology to the ras genes, neu, or c-raf.
      Immunoprecipitation analysis of ras Mr 21,000 protein in 11 transformants
      indicated that, based upon protein electrophoretic mobilities, activation of the
      ras genes consistently resulted from mutations in codon 12 of these genes.
      Selective oligonucleotide analysis revealed that a G----A transition in the
      second base of codon 12 of K-ras was present in the 9 K-ras-positive
      transformants and also in DNAs prepared from the original tumors. In contrast,
      oligonucleotide hybridization experiments with DNAs from 35 hepatocellular tumors
      that were negative in transfection assays revealed the presence of mutant K-ras
      in 1 of 15 HCCs; no mutation could be detected in 20 transfection-negative
      adenomas. The infrequency of detection of a specific oncogene, more frequent
      detection of oncogenes in malignant tumors, and failure to observe activated
      oncogenes in preneoplastic lesions suggest that activation of ras oncogenes may
      occur as a late and infrequent event in the evolution of some rat hepatocellular
      neoplasms and that mutation of a specific ras locus is not an obligatory early
      event in the genesis of these neoplasms.

PMID- 2645047
TI  - Activated oncogenes in human skin tumors from a repair-deficient syndrome,
      xeroderma pigmentosum.
AB  - The recessive autosomal hereditary disease, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), is
      characterized by a high incidence of tumors in sun-exposed skin. The defect in
      early steps of excision repair of XP cells leads to hypermutability towards UV
      mimicking agents. DNA from eight XP tumors were screened for activated
      transforming genes using 3T3 transfection. In two skin tumors isolated from a XP
      child, an activated N-ras oncogene was detected. Synthetic oligonucleotide probes
      were used to characterize the mutation in the ras gene. Both tumors were found to
      be mutated in the 61st N-ras codon from gln to his. The mutation was accompanied
      by an increase in the level of N-ras specific mRNA and in one transformant, by
      the alteration of the p21 protein. In the same tumors, c-myc amplification and
      over transcription, and Ha-ras gene rearrangement and amplification were also
      detected. Analysis of other XP tumors with eleven different oncogene probes
      revealed an amplification of the Ha-ras gene in 6 out of 10 cases. The normal
      skin fibroblasts from XP patients show normal pattern levels of N-ras, c-myc and
      Ha-ras sequences. The hypothesis is proposed that the presence of several
      oncogene alterations in the same tumor could be due to the high amount of UV
      induced DNA lesions found in the exposed skin cells, in the absence of efficient
      repair.

PMID- 2645048
TI  - Establishment and characterization of a melanoma cell line from a xeroderma
      pigmentosum patient: activation of N-ras at a potential pyrimidine dimer site.
AB  - Patients suffering from the genetic disorder xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) display
      an extreme sensitivity of their skin to sun (UV) exposure and predisposition to
      skin cancer due to deficiencies in the excision DNA repair pathway. Here we
      describe the establishment and characterization of the first tumor cell line
      derived from an XP patient (belonging to complementation group C). The melanoma
      cell line designated XP44RO(Mel) has retained its tumorigenic and XP phenotype
      (UV sensitivity, reduced unscheduled DNA synthesis) and showed karyotypic
      abnormalities characteristic of melanomas. Transfection of XP44RO(Mel) DNA to
      NIH3T3 cells and oligonucleotide hybridization revealed that the N-ras oncogene
      was activated by an A.T to T.A or C.G transversion at the third position of codon
      61. This mutation occurs at a dipyrimidine site. It is likely initiated by a UV
      induced pyrimidine dimer and is of a type rarely observed in mammalian shuttle
      vector systems and endogenous genes after UV irradiation.

PMID- 2645049
TI  - Immunohistological detection of fucosyl-GM1 ganglioside in human lung cancer and
      normal tissues with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - With the aid of a highly specific murine monoclonal antibody, F12, an
      immunofluorescence method was elaborated that allowed sensitive and specific
      detection of the ganglioside antigen fucosyl-GM1 (IV2FucII3NeuAcGgOse4Cer) in
      different types of human lung cancer and normal tissues. Nineteen of 21 cases of
      small cell lung cancer were positive with the F12 immunofluorescence method as
      compared to 2 of 10 squamous epithelial cell lung cancers and 1 of 5 large cell
      lung cancer specimens. Specimens of lung adenocarcinoma (8 cases) and bronchial
      carcinoid (3 cases) were all negative, as were 2 examined cases of neuroblastoma.
      No fucosyl-GM1 could be detected in normal lung and bronchus. However, in thymus,
      spleen, and lamina propria of the small intestine sparsely distributed clusters
      of small round cells were stained as well as intramural ganglionic cells of the
      small intestine and islet cells of the pancreas. All other normal tissues tested
      were negative. Results obtained with immunofluorescence closely agreed with
      immunochemical determination of fucosyl-GM1 in lipid extracts of tissues. Our
      findings suggest that fucosyl-GM1 is strongly associated with small cell cancer
      of the lung and demonstrate that this tumor-associated antigen can be detected
      with high sensitivity and specificity with an immunofluorescence method based on
      the use of the F12 monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2645050
TI  - Plasma pharmacokinetics of high-dose oral melphalan in patients treated with
      trialkylator chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow reinfusion.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of melphalan following high-dose p.o. administration were
      determined in 17 patients with various malignancies for the purpose of assessing
      interpatient and intrapatient pharmacokinetic variability. All patients underwent
      bone marrow harvest on day -8 (relative to bone marrow reinfusion). On days -7, 
      6, and -5, melphalan was given p.o. and the dose was escalated on each cohort
      consisting of at least 3 patients (beginning at 0.75 mg/kg). On days -6, -4, and 
      2, cyclophosphamide at 2.5 g/m2 and thiotepa at 225 mg/m2 were given i.v. On day 
      7 the peak melphalan concentration was 1.64 +/- 0.89 (SD) microM with a terminal
      half-life of 1.56 +/- 0.86 h. The area under the plasma concentration time curve
      (AUC) and oral clearance were 217.9 +/- 115.1 microM/min and 30.2 +/- 14.2
      ml/min/kg. There was only a moderate correlation between the melphalan dose and
      both the peak concentration (r = 0.50, P less than 0.05) and AUC (r = 0.64, P
      less than 0.01) over the dosage range of 0.75-2.5 mg/kg. There was a trend
      towards greater interpatient variability in peak concentration, AUC, and oral
      clearance observed at the higher doses of melphalan. Analysis of intrapatient
      pharmacokinetic variability in 8 patients showed a significant difference between
      the doses given on days -7 and -5 in the peak concentration (2.09 versus 1.07
      microM, P = 0.02), AUC (264.9 versus 134.8 microM/min, P = 0.01), and oral
      clearance (25.1 versus 53.1 ml/min/kg, P = 0.05) but no significant difference in
      the time to peak and terminal half-life. We conclude that there is marked
      interpatient and intrapatient variability in melphalan pharmacokinetics following
      high-dose p.o. administration. The data are consistent with saturable absorptive
      pathways for melphalan, which might be especially sensitive to concurrent high
      dose chemotherapy.

PMID- 2645051
TI  - Induction of tumoricidal macrophages from bone marrow cells of normal mice or
      mice bearing a colony-stimulating-factor-producing tumor.
AB  - Nonadherent cells of the bone marrow of C3H/HeN mice were incubated for 3 days
      with the culture supernatant of an L-929 cell line containing macrophage-colony
      stimulating factor. Approximately, 70% of the cells became phagocytic, adherent
      to plastic dishes and positive for nonspecific esterase staining. The adherent
      cells exhibited a weak tumoricidal activity against syngeneic mammary carcinoma
      cells, and the cytotoxicity was strongly augmented by the addition of bacterial
      lipopolysaccharide to the cytotoxicity assay. The cytotoxicity induced by
      lipopolysaccharide was also shown to be mediated by Thy1.2- and asialo-GM1+
      cells, and was abrogated by the addition of carrageenan. Macrophage-colony
      stimulating-factor-producing (D66) and nonproducing (A23) variants were separated
      from the MM48 tumor line in in vitro culture following limiting dilution. There
      was no difference between these two variants in either the in vitro growth rate
      or the susceptibility to macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. C3H/HeN mice
      inoculated i.p. with D66 survived longer than did those inoculated i.p. with A23.
      C3H/HeN mice bearing D66 or A23 as an ascitic form were given i.p. injections of
      Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS). N-CWS significantly prolonged the
      survival period of mice bearing D66, whereas it exhibited no apparent antitumor
      effect on mice bearing A23. The increase in the cell number of D66 in the
      peritoneal cavity was significantly retarded, compared with that of A23. In
      contrast, the number of peritoneal macrophages increased more in D66-bearing mice
      than in A23-bearing mice. The increase in the peritoneal macrophage number was
      further augmented by an i.p. injection of N-CWS. Peritoneal macrophages of D66
      bearing mice exhibited apparent tumoricidal activity against MM48 tumor cells in
      the presence of lipopolysaccharide, and the cytotoxicity was significantly
      augmented by i.p. injection of N-CWS. On the other hand, the responsiveness of
      peritoneal macrophages to lipopolysaccharide was found to be poor in A23-bearing
      mice and the tumoricidal activity was only weakly augmented by N-CWS. These
      results strongly suggest that M-CSF plays an important role not only in the
      maturation of macrophage progenitors but also in the induction and the
      accumulation of activated macrophages.

PMID- 2645052
TI  - Immunohistochemical phenotyping of human solid tumors with monoclonal antibodies
      in devising biotherapeutic strategies.
AB  - A panel of 14 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) (4 raised against breast cancer, 6
      against colon cancer and 4 against melanoma) were used to phenotype frozen
      sections of tumor biopsies obtained from 110 patients, by avidin-biotin
      peroxidase complex techniques. We observed heterogeneity of antigen expression
      among the multiple metastatic lesions of single patients, as well as among tumor
      lesions from different patients with similar tumor histotypes. A wide range of
      cross-reactivity of anti-(breast-carcinoma) and anti-(colon-carcinoma) MoAbs with
      other carcinoma histotypes and limited reactivity with melanoma and sarcoma was
      detected. Some of our anti-melanoma MoAbs were also found to cross-react with
      selected carcinomas. Nine of the 14 MoAbs most reactive with carcinomas of
      diverse histotypes have been identified. A mixture or 'cocktail' of different
      MoAbs could be selected for each individual patient in order to achieve binding
      of MoAbs with most, if not 100% of tumor cells. This study illustrates the
      approach that we have taken to individualize the cocktail of MoAbs for the
      development of patient-specific therapeutic immunoconjugates.

PMID- 2645053
TI  - Viral persistence.

PMID- 2645054
TI  - DNA supercoiling and prokaryotic transcription.

PMID- 2645055
TI  - DNA polymerase III, a second essential DNA polymerase, is encoded by the S.
      cerevisiae CDC2 gene.
AB  - Three nuclear DNA polymerases have been described in yeast: DNA polymerases I,
      II, and III. DNA polymerase I is encoded by the POL1 gene and is essential for
      DNA replication. Since the S. cerevisiae CDC2 gene has recently been shown to
      have DNA sequence similarity to the active site regions of other known DNA
      polymerases, but to nevertheless be different from DNA polymerase I, we examined
      cdc2 mutants for the presence of DNA polymerases II and III. DNA polymerase II
      was not affected by the cdc2 mutation. DNA polymerase III activity was
      significantly reduced in the cdc2-1 cell extracts. We conclude that the CDC2 gene
      encodes yeast DNA polymerase III and that DNA polymerase III, therefore,
      represents a second essential DNA polymerase in yeast.

PMID- 2645056
TI  - Elevated recombination rates in transcriptionally active DNA.
AB  - We have examined the effect of RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription on
      recombination between directly repeated sequences of the GAL10 gene in S.
      cerevisiae. Direct repeat recombination leading either to plasmid loss or
      conversion was examined in isogenic strains containing null mutations in the
      positive activator, GAL4, or the repressor, GAL80. A 15-fold increase in the rate
      of plasmid loss is observed in cells constitutively expressing the construct
      compared with cells that are not. Conversion events that retain the integrated
      plasmid are not stimulated by expression of the repeats. Northern analysis of
      strains containing plasmid inserts with various promoter mutations suggests that
      the stimulation in recombination is mediated by events initiating within the
      integrated plasmid sequences.

PMID- 2645057
TI  - A division inhibitor and a topological specificity factor coded for by the
      minicell locus determine proper placement of the division septum in E. coli.
AB  - The E. coli minicell locus (minB) was shown to code for three gene products
      (MinC, MinD, and MinE) whose coordinate action is required for proper placement
      of the division spetum. Studies of the phenotypic effects of expression of the
      three genes, alone and in all possible combinations, indicated the following:
      cell poles contain potential division sites that will support additional
      septation events unless specifically inactivated; the minC and minD gene products
      act in concert to form a nonspecific inhibitor of septation that is capable of
      blocking cell division at all potential division sites; and the minE gene codes
      for a topological specificity factor that, in wild-type cells, prevents the
      division inhibitor from acting at internal division sites while permitting it to
      block septation at polar sites.

PMID- 2645058
TI  - Transmembrane TGF-alpha precursors activate EGF/TGF-alpha receptors.
AB  - TGF-alpha and EGF are structurally related factors that bind to and induce
      tyrosine autophosphorylation of a common receptor. Proteolytic cleavage of the
      transmembrane TGF-alpha precursor's external domain releases several TGF-alpha
      species. However, membrane-bound TGF-alpha forms remain on the surface of TGF
      alpha-expressing cell lines. To evaluate the biological activity of these forms,
      we modified two cleavage sites in the TGF-alpha precursor coding sequence, making
      processing into the 50 amino acid TGF-alpha impossible. Overexpression of this
      cDNA in a receptor-negative cell line, partial purification, and N-terminal
      sequence analysis indicate the existence of two transmembrane TGF-alpha forms.
      These solubilized precursors induce tyrosine autophosphorylation of the EGF/TGF
      alpha receptor in intact receptor-overexpressing cells, and anchorage-independent
      growth of NRK fibroblasts. Cell-cell contact between TGF-alpha precursor
      overexpressing cells and cells expressing high numbers of receptors also resulted
      in receptor activation. These findings suggest a role for transmembrane TGF-alpha
      forms in intercellular interactions in proliferating tissues.

PMID- 2645059
TI  - Renin-angiotensin II response to the hemodynamic pathology of ovines with
      ventricular septal defect.
AB  - We studied the response of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) to a surgically
      created ventricular septal defect (VSD) in immature ovines and also the role of
      angiotensin II in the pathophysiology of VSD in the chronically instrumented
      ovine. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was increased from 2.39 +/- 1.1 to 3.78 +/-
      1.4 ng/ml/hr (p less than 0.05, n = 17) after VSD but not after sham procedure.
      The change in PRA was positively correlated with the amount of left-to-right
      shunt through the VSD (r = 0.74, p less than 0.05). Inhibition of angiotensin II
      effect with saralasin (10 micrograms/kg/min) or angiotensin II production with
      captopril (2 mg/kg) lowered systemic resistance (Rs) by 14% and 34%, respectively
      (p less than 0.05), and raised pulmonary resistance (Rp) by 35% and 77%,
      respectively (p less than 0.05). Thirty minutes following captopril, the ratio of
      pulmonary to systemic flow (Qp/Qs) decreased from 3.31 +/- 0.18 to 2.15 +/- 0.18
      (p less than 0.05) while total pulmonary flow fell from 7.15 +/- 0.38 to 5.92 +/-
      0.34 l/min/M2 (p less than 0.05, n = 11). Systemic flow increased from 2.17 +/-
      0.14 to 2.86 +/- 0.33 l/min/M2 (p less than 0.05) despite a reduction in left
      atrial pressure (17.3 +/- 1.0 vs. 13.0 +/- 1.7, p less than 0.01). Reinfusion of
      angiotensin II (0.02 micrograms/kg/min) into the central aorta after captopril
      returned the hemodynamics to baseline including a rise in Rs and fall in Rp.
      Exogenous angiotensin II alone (0.08 micrograms/kg/min) or a threefold
      stimulation in PRA with furosemide (2 mg/kg) caused little hemodynamic
      effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645060
TI  - Distribution and three-dimensional structure of intercellular junctions in canine
      myocardium.
AB  - Electrotonic coupling of cardiac myocytes at gap junctions may influence patterns
      of conduction in myocardium. To delineate the three-dimensional structure and
      distribution of intercellular junctions, we analyzed serial ultrathin sections of
      canine myocardium with transmission electron microscopy and disaggregated
      myocytes with scanning electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis of left
      ventricular myocardium sectioned in three orthogonal planes revealed that 80% of
      total gap junctional membrane occurred in large, ribbon-like gap junctions
      oriented transversely at cell end processes. The remaining 20% of gap junctional
      membrane was contained in small gap junctions located within plicate segments
      (interdigitating regions of cell-to-cell adhesion) of intercalated disks. In
      serial ultrathin sections, all gap junctions were contiguous with plicate
      segments. Thus, true "lateral" gap junctions do not exist in working ventricular
      myocytes and would not likely be able to withstand shear forces created by
      laterally sliding cells. Examination of serial plastic sections with light
      microscopy revealed complex overlapping of myocytes such that individual myocytes
      were connected at intercalated disks to an average of 9.1 +/- 2.2 other myocytes.
      These observations provide an improved understanding of the extent and
      distribution of cell junctions and should facilitate experimental and model
      studies of conduction in myocardium.

PMID- 2645061
TI  - Short- and long-term clinical outcome after Q wave and non-Q wave myocardial
      infarction in a large patient population.
AB  - Prognosis for patients with non-Q wave myocardial infarction is controversial
      although a number of studies have shown a less favorable outlook after hospital
      discharge for patients with non-Q wave than for those with Q wave infarction.
      Therefore, the in-hospital and 1-year prognosis was investigated in a
      sufficiently large patient population (n = 2,024) to allow stratification by
      subgroups, in particular by age and previous myocardial infarction. Patients with
      non-Q wave infarction (n = 444; 22% of the total study population) were somewhat
      older (65 vs. 63 years, p less than 0.001) and had an increased incidence of
      previous myocardial infarction (46% vs. 24%, p less than 0.001) and congestive
      heart failure (21% vs. 8%, p less than 0.001) than patients with Q wave
      infarction. In-hospital mortality of patients with non-Q wave infarction was
      lower (8.1% vs. 11.5%; p less than 0.06), whereas their 1-year mortality after
      hospital discharge was significantly higher (13.7% vs. 9.2%, p less than 0.05)
      than for patients with Q wave infarction. However, total mortalities at 1 year
      were nearly equal. When patients were subgrouped by presence or absence of a
      previous myocardial infarction, patients in both subgroups exhibited mortality
      patterns typical of the entire population with Q wave or non-Q wave infarction.
      However, when stratified by age and previous infarction, in-hospital mortality
      for patients with non-Q wave infarction was significantly lower only in patients
      older than 70 years of age. Similarly, the higher mortality after hospital
      discharge in patients with non-Q wave infarction occurred only in patients older
      than 70 years of age without previous myocardial infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645062
TI  - ST segment shifts are poor predictors of subsequent Q wave evolution in acute
      myocardial infarction. A natural history study of early non-Q wave infarction.
AB  - Acute ST segment elevation is regarded generally as the sine qua non of evolving
      Q wave myocardial infarction (MI) because such electrocardiographic (ECG) injury
      is believed to be a marker of transmural ischemia and a forerunner of transmural
      necrosis. Alternatively, ST segment depression with or without T wave inversion
      is viewed as the dominant ECG feature of non-Q wave MI. However, this hypothesis
      has not been assessed prospectively in an acute MI population. We analyzed 2,304
      serial ECGs at study entry (admission), day 2, day 3, and predischarge (mean,
      10.2 +/- 2 days) from 576 patients with creatine kinase MB confirmed acute non-Q
      wave MI to determine what percentage of patients with early ST segment elevation
      culminated in subsequent Q wave development. Of this group, 187 patients (32%)
      exhibited 1 mm or greater ST segment elevation in two or more contiguous entry
      ECG leads. Of those patients whose non-Q wave MI could be localized on the basis
      of diagnostic admission ST segment shifts, the prevalence of early ST segment
      elevation was 43% (187 of 439). The sum total mean (+/- SD) peak ST segment
      elevation by lead group (anterior, inferior, lateral) was 4.0 +/- 2.4, 4.5 +/-
      2.4, and 2.5 +/- 0.6 mm, respectively. Despite this, only 20% of patients with ST
      segment elevation (37 of 187) developed Q waves. Of 252 patients who exhibited
      early ST segment depression or T wave inversion or both, 39 (15%) evolved
      subsequent Q waves. Thus, while the prevalence of early ST segment elevation in
      acute evolving non-Q wave MI was higher than previously reported, 80% of patients
      with and 85% of patients without ST segment elevation and absent Q waves on the
      admission ECG did not develop subsequent Q waves during a 2-week period of
      observation (p = NS). In addition, when patients with ST segment elevation were
      compared with patients with ST segment depression or T wave inversions or both,
      there were no between-group differences in log peak creatine kinase (404 vs. 383
      IU), reinfarction (6% vs. 8%), postinfarction angina (50% vs. 42%), or early
      recurrent ischemia (49% vs. 45%), defined as postinfarction angina with transient
      ECG changes. Thus, in patients who present with initial acute non-Q wave MI, ST
      segment shifts on admission are unreliable predictors of subsequent Q wave
      evolution and do not discriminate significant differences in postinfarction
      outcome. In particular, ST segment elevation during the early hours of evolving
      infarction is not an invariable harbinger of subsequent Q wave development.

PMID- 2645063
TI  - Suppression of silent ischemia by metoprolol without alteration of morning
      increase of platelet aggregability in patients with stable coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - To determine the effect of metoprolol on silent ischemia and platelet
      aggregability, 10 patients with coronary artery disease were studied with a
      randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Patients were
      treated with metoprolol (200 mg b.i.d.) or placebo for 1 week and then received
      the alternate therapy. Two days before the end of each treatment period, platelet
      aggregability was studied for 24 hours, and a 48-hour ambulatory
      electrocardiogram was obtained. Compared with placebo, metoprolol significantly
      decreased the total number (from 26 to 4, p less than 0.1) and duration (from 735
      to 84 minutes, p less than 0.01) of silent ischemic episodes. This decrease was
      accompanied by a decrease in the mean blood pressure (from 127/81 to 118/71 mm
      Hg, p less than 0.01) and the mean heart rate (from 70 to 54 beats/min, p less
      than 0.01). The incidence of silent ischemic episodes in the morning was
      significantly higher in untreated patients than in treated patients. The few
      episodes observed during metoprolol treatment occurred at the same time as the
      peak incidence observed during placebo treatment. During placebo treatment,
      platelet aggregability increased from 6:00 to 9:00 AM as reflected by a decrease
      in the threshold concentrations of ADP and epinephrine required to induce
      biphasic platelet aggregation (from 4.8 +/- 0.8 to 2.6 +/- 0.4 microM, p less
      than 0.02; and from 7.3 +/- 2.3 to 1.8 +/- 0.9 microM, respectively, p less than
      0.02). Metoprolol did not alter the basal level nor blunt the morning increase of
      platelet aggregability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645064
TI  - Influence of lovastatin plus gemfibrozil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in
      patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - We investigated the hypocholesterolemic effects of lovastatin alone and in
      combination with gemfibrozil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in 12 adult
      patients with well-characterized heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
      Plasma concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased from
      321 +/- 14 mg/dl on diet only to 207 +/- 8 mg/dl (-35.5%) on single-drug therapy
      with lovastatin at a dose of 40 mg twice daily, whereas triglyceride
      concentrations fell by 27.6% (from 145 +/- 20 to 105 +/- 20 mg/dl). Subsequent
      addition of gemfibrozil at a dose of 600 mg twice daily resulted in a
      nonsignificant further reduction in LDL cholesterol to 194 +/- 7 mg/dl (-39.6%
      change from baseline), whereas triglycerides decreased to 80 mg/dl (-44.8%, p
      less than 0.05 vs. single-drug therapy with lovastatin). Plasma concentrations of
      high density lipoprotein (HDL) increased slightly during lovastatin and combined
      drug therapy (from 45 +/- 4 mg/dl at baseline to 46 +/- 4 mg/dl on lovastatin to
      48 +/- 4 mg/dl on lovastatin plus gemfibrozil). The response to combination drug
      therapy in individual patients was heterogeneous and clinically significant
      decreases in LDL cholesterol concentrations were noted in two of the 12 patients,
      whereas in three patients LDL cholesterol concentrations increased on the
      combined drug regimen. One patient developed an asymptomatic increase in creatine
      kinase on monotherapy with lovastatin and a more pronounced and symptomatic
      increase during combination drug therapy with lovastatin plus
      gemfibrozil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645065
TI  - Increasing pericardial effusion in cardiac transplant recipients.
AB  - Although pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery is frequent and usually
      benign, its etiology and prognosis after cardiac transplantation are unknown.
      During 1 year (1985-1986), 12 of our current transplant population (total, 189)
      developed moderate or large pericardial effusions confirmed by two-dimensional
      echocardiography. These effusions occurred within 1 month of transplantation in
      10 patients and at 3 months and 4.5 years in the other two. Pericardiocentesis
      was performed because of clinical evidence of increasing effusions in eight
      patients, with demonstrable hemodynamic compromise secondary to tamponade in
      five. Pericardial fluid was sterile in all but one. Endomyocardial biopsy at the
      time of increasing effusion revealed moderate acute rejection in five patients,
      mild rejection in three, and no rejection in four. All three patients with mild
      rejection had moderate acute rejection on subsequent biopsy performed within 7
      days. In two of the four with no rejection, repeat biopsy within 5 days showed
      moderate acute rejection; in a third, moderate rejection was present on biopsy
      performed 14 days later. Legionella dumoffii was isolated from the pericardial
      fluid of the fourth patient, whose subsequent biopsies never showed rejection.
      Three of the 12 patients developed progressive ventricular dysfunction
      sufficiently severe to require retransplantation. One patient died suddenly 12
      months after transplantation, and autopsy examination revealed severe coronary
      artery disease. Two died of sepsis within 3 months of transplantation. Intense
      inflammatory infiltrates and thickening of the pericardium and epicardium were
      characteristically present in explanted and autopsy hearts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645066
TI  - Nocardia asteroides keratitis: a case associated with soft contact lens wear.
AB  - Ocular nocardiosis is rare. Most cases of nocardial keratitis have resulted from
      corneal trauma by objects contaminated with the organism. We describe the first
      case of Nocardia asteroides keratitis associated with an extended wear soft
      contact lens. We also describe its successful treatment with topical trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole in combination sulfacetamide.

PMID- 2645067
TI  - Impaired ontogeny of striatal dopamine D1 and D2 binding sites after postnatal
      treatment of rats with SCH-23390 and spiroperidol.
AB  - The effect of chronic postnatal treatment of rats with selective D1- and/or D2
      receptor antagonists on the development of D1- and D2-receptors in the striatum
      was studied. When neonatal rats were treated postnatally from the day of birth
      for 32 successive days with the D1-receptor antagonist, SCH-23390 (0.30 mg/kg
      i.p.), the development of striatal dopamine D1-receptors was markedly impaired,
      and the development of striatal D2-receptors was slightly impaired.
      Alternatively, chronic treatment with the D2-receptor antagonist, spiroperidol
      (1.0 mg/kg i.p.), resulted in a markedly impaired development of striatal
      dopamine D2-receptors, and a slightly impaired development of striatal D1
      receptors. Scatchard analysis revealed that chronic SCH-23390 treatment during
      development resulted in a 78% decrease in the Bmax for in vitro binding of
      [3H]SCH-23390 to striatal homogenates, while the Kd was unaltered. Similarly,
      chronic postnatal treatment with spiroperidol was associated with a 74% reduction
      in the Bmax, while the Kd for in vitro binding of [3H]spiroperidol to striatal
      homogenates was unchanged. These findings demonstrate that chronic selective
      dopamine receptor antagonism affects development of both striatal D1- and D2
      receptor types. The critical period during which striatal dopamine receptor
      ontogeny can be altered is not restricted to prenatal periods, since suitable
      postnatal challenge will alter striatal dopamine-receptor development.

PMID- 2645068
TI  - Periodontal condition in adult patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and
      palate.
AB  - The periodontal condition, as expressed by plaque accumulation, gingival
      bleeding, and pocket depth formation, was registered in relation to maxillary
      teeth in 50 subjects with systematically treated unilateral complete cleft lip
      and palate (UCLP). Their treatment had been completed at a mean age of 19.5 years
      when a fixed partial denture was inserted in the cleft area. The mean interval
      between completion of the treatment and the present investigation was 9.5 years.
      Generally, the periodontal condition in relation to abutment and nonabutment
      teeth seemed to be in accordance with that seen in the general population,
      implying that the condition was poorer in relation to abutments as compared with
      nonabutment control teeth. Indirect evidence indicated that this was caused by
      the adverse effects of prosthodontic treatment rather than by the anatomic
      deviations created by the repaired cleft.

PMID- 2645069
TI  - Adaptive functional changes in the swallowing pattern of the tongue following
      expansion of the maxillary dental arch in subjects with and without cleft palate.
AB  - In seven subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), two subjects
      without cleft but with complete lingual crossbite, and two subjects with normal
      occlusion, tongue contact patterns against the hard palate, lingual surfaces of
      maxillary and mandibular teeth, and mandibular lingual mucosa during swallowing
      were analyzed three-dimensionally using electropalatography (EPG), before and
      after lateral expansion of the maxillary dental arch and after 3 months of
      retention. Before maxillary lateral expansion, all of the subjects with cleft
      palate showed no palate-tongue contact at rest, and limited movement of the
      tongue anteriorly and upward through the entire swallow cycle. Furthermore, the
      tongue contacted the hard palate for a relatively brief time during swallowing
      compared with the subjects without cleft with normal occlusion. After expansion,
      the tongue was seen to contact all areas of the hard palate and the lingual
      surface of the maxillary dentition for a longer period of time. After 3 months of
      retention, the tongue maintained contact with all lingual areas of the mandibular
      and maxillary arches and the hard palate.

PMID- 2645070
TI  - Coming to terms with VPI: a response to Loney and Bloem.
AB  - This report agrees with Loney and Bloem (1987) that there is no consistency in
      the use of terminology for velopharyngeal function disorders. It extends the
      recommendations of those authors, however, by proposing a taxonomy for
      velopharyngeal disorders based on etiology. In this classification,
      velopharyngeal inadequacy is the genetic term used to denote any type of abnormal
      velopharyngeal function. Within the broad category of inadequacies, three
      subgroups are specified, as follows: velopharyngeal insufficiency, which includes
      structural etiologies; velopharyngeal incompetence, which includes neurogenic
      etiologies; and velopharyngeal mislearning, which includes functional etiologies.
      The classification uses diagnostic categories that are clinically meaningful and
      offer professionals an etiologically based system that can be applied in research
      and treatment.

PMID- 2645071
TI  - Selective elimination of autoreactive lymphocytes with immunotoxins.
AB  - A variety of diseases are the result of identifiable cell types entering an
      abnormal state of development in which they escape existing mechanisms that
      regulate their growth or other functional activities. A variety of investigators
      interested in eliminating cells that have undergone malignant transformation have
      devised immunotherapeutic approaches based on the construction of hybrid
      molecules composed of highly toxic biological poisons covalently coupled with
      antibodies specific for membrane antigens expressed selectively by tumor cell
      targets. This strategy can be further exploited to eliminate any target cell with
      defined, selectively expressed membrane antigens. The following discussion
      describes possible uses of such an approach for achieving selective cytotoxicity
      of lymphocytes with undesirable immunoreactivities, such as those found in
      autoimmune disease and graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2645072
TI  - Closed treatment of pelvic and lower extremity fractures.
AB  - Many of the advantages of operative fixation of pelvic and lower extremity
      fractures have been assumed rather than proved. This review illustrates how for
      some injuries, particularly for pelvic fractures, hip fractures in the senescent
      patient, distal femoral fractures, and tibial plateau fractures, operative
      treatment can increase the fracture disease. Because of its consistently high
      frequency of serious complications, operative treatment of pelvic fractures
      should still be considered experimental surgery. Despite impressive developments
      in diagnostic imaging, the axiom that we treat patients, not roentgenograms or
      computed tomograms still applies. To be effective, fracture treatment must be
      based on the comprehension of circumstances that indicate surgery as well as
      those that preclude surgery.

PMID- 2645073
TI  - Bone transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus. An estimate of risk of
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
AB  - The possibility of transplanting a bone allograft from a donor infected with
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is remote, provided there is a combination of
      rigorous donor selection and exclusion, screening for the HIV antigen and
      antibody, and histopathologic studies of donor tissues. The chance of obtaining a
      bone allograft from an HIV-infected donor who failed to be excluded by the above
      techniques is calculated to be one in well over a million, using average
      estimates. On the other hand, if adequate precautions are not taken (for example,
      by testing only for antibodies to HIV), the risk might be as high as one in 161.

PMID- 2645074
TI  - Grisel's syndrome.
AB  - Grisel's syndrome is a unilateral or bilateral subluxation of C1 on C2,
      associated with an infectious condition in the head or neck. Anatomic studies
      have demonstrated the existence of a periodontoidal vascular plexus that drains
      the posterior superior pharyngeal region. No lymph nodes are present in this
      plexus, so septic exudates may be freely transferred from the pharynx to the C1
      C2 articulation. The resulting synovial and vascular engorgements may cause
      mechanical and chemical damage to the transverse and facet capsular ligaments
      leading to subluxation. The primary treatment of Grisel's syndrome is medical:
      the underlying infectious organism must be isolated and appropriate antibiotics
      prescribed. The subluxation is reduced in halter or skeletal traction. The
      authors use the classification scheme of rotary subluxation proposed by Fielding,
      so that treatment appropriate to the specific type of subluxation is used. Based
      on biomechanical data predicting articular instability and canal compromise
      proportional to the extent of ligamentous injury, the following specific forms of
      immobilization are recommended to ensure ligamentous healing: Fielding Type I
      (transverse ligament intact and bilateral facet capsular injury) soft collar;
      Type II (transverse ligament and unilateral facet capsular injury) Philadelphia
      collar or SOMI brace; and Type III (transverse ligament and bilateral facet
      capsular ligament injury) halo. Following six to eight weeks of immobilization,
      stability is assessed by the study of flexion-extension roentgenograms. Should
      residual instability be demonstrated, arthrodesis is indicated.

PMID- 2645075
TI  - Bone quality. Roentgenographic versus histologic assessment of hip bone
      structure.
AB  - Bone quality is an accepted criterion for determining fixation options for total
      hip arthroplasty (THA). Eighty patients with 95 uncemented THAs were evaluated by
      comparing preoperative roentgenographic assessment with histologic evaluation of
      bone biopsy specimens obtained from the ipsilateral iliac crest. Roentgenographic
      analysis of bone quality was performed using the Singh and Engh indices.
      Histologic evaluation employed a quantitative analysis of static and dynamic
      parameters of bone turnover on undecalcified sections. Extensive statistical
      analysis comparing roentgenographic with histologic parameters of bone quality
      showed: (1) no relationship of the two roentgenographic indices to trabecular
      bone volume and most other histologic parameters and (2) a high incidence of bone
      abnormalities. Bone quality is an imprecise term and is inadequately measured by
      these roentgenographic indices. Histologic measurement offers a more precise
      means of analyzing the relationship of the bone environment to the performance of
      the THA.

PMID- 2645076
TI  - Early prophylactic bone grafting of high-energy tibial fractures.
AB  - Fifty-three high-energy tibial fractures treated with early prophylactic
      posterolateral bone grafting were retrospectively reviewed. The bone-grafting
      procedures were performed at a mean of ten weeks following injury and at a mean
      of eight weeks following soft-tissue coverage. Ninety-six percent of the
      fractures had associated injuries with a mean injury severity score of 20.9.
      Seventy-nine percent of the fractures were classified as Grade III open
      fractures, and 40% had bone loss greater than 50% of the cortical circumference.
      Ninety-six percent of the fractures healed at a mean time of 43 weeks after
      injury. Segmental bone loss and soft-tissue injury requiring flap coverage were
      the best predictors of prolonged time to union. Comparison with a matched
      historical control group of tibial fractures not receiving early bone grafts
      revealed a mean reduction in time to union of 11.7 weeks (p = 0.03). The
      incidence of chronic osteomyelitis was 1.9%. These results are attributed to
      early and repeated aggressive debridement, immediate rigid external fixation,
      early soft-tissue coverage, and early posterolateral bone grafting.
      Recommendations include posterolateral cancellous bone grafting two weeks
      following wound closure by delayed primary closure, split-thickness skin graft,
      or local rotational myoplasty. A six-week delay following freely vascularized
      soft-tissue coverage prior to bone grafting is suggested.

PMID- 2645077
TI  - Osteogenic stem cells and the stromal system of bone and marrow.
AB  - According to current hypothesis, cells of the osteogenic lineage, which includes
      both osteoblasts and chondroblasts, are derived from a stromal stem cell in the
      postnatal organism. That there exist osteogenic precursors in association with
      the soft, fibrous tissue of the marrow stroma is well established. An osteogenic
      tissue comprised of cartilage and bone is formed when marrow or marrow cell
      suspensions are cultured in vivo within diffusion chambers. Bone with a
      functional marrow organ is formed when marrow or marrow cell suspensions are
      transplanted heterotopically, e.g., under the renal capsule. Cultures of marrow
      stromal fibroblasts are readily established in vitro from single-cell bone marrow
      suspensions. Such cultures do not demonstrate overt differentiation in an
      osteogenic direction in vitro. When transplanted in vivo, however, they
      differentiate to form cartilage and bone in diffusion chambers and bone with a
      functional marrow organ when transplanted heterotopically. Single-cell bone
      marrow suspensions can be cultured in vitro under conditions that facilitate the
      formation of stromal fibroblast colonies. Circumstantial evidence supports the
      conclusion that each colony is derived from a single initiating cell termed a
      colony-forming unit-fibroblastic (CFU-F). A proportion of CFU-F demonstrates
      extensive proliferative potential both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro the
      extensive proliferative potential of a subset of CFU-F has been shown to be
      associated with a capacity for extensive self-renewal. On transplantation in
      vivo, the progeny of a proportion of CFU-F has been shown to be capable of
      proliferating and differentiating into all the stromal cell lines necessary for
      the formation of bone and reconstitution of the hematopoietic inductive
      microenvironment. These findings provide strong circumstantial evidence to
      support the hypothesis that there are stem cells present within the marrow stroma
      that are capable of giving rise to cells of a number of different lineages,
      including those of the osteogenic lineage (chondroblasts and osteoblasts).

PMID- 2645078
TI  - Theory of local loss of blood and fluid. By Alfred Blalock, 1940.

PMID- 2645079
TI  - Surgical management of complex fractures of the distal femur.
AB  - Fractures of the distal femur are often complex injuries presenting numerous
      potential complications. The surgical management of these difficult injuries is
      based on classification, patient selection, and preoperative planning. The
      surgical approach and modified extensile approach include four fixation devices.
      The results with 63 patients and 68 injuries reviewed over a ten-year period
      consisted of 76% good to excellent results, five malunions, and a 4.4% infection
      rate.

PMID- 2645080
TI  - Dr. Justina Ford. Honored as first black female physician in Colorado. Home and
      office dedicated as medical and minority memorial.

PMID- 2645081
TI  - Treatment of esophageal varices.
AB  - The pathophysiology and treatment of esophageal varices are reviewed. The cause
      of esophageal varices is generally thought to be portal hypertension. The most
      common cause of portal hypertension in the United States is alcoholic liver
      disease. Other etiologies of portal hypertension include portal vein thrombosis,
      schistosomiasis, and inferior vena caval obstruction by tumor or thrombus.
      Although short-term balloon tamponade and vasopressin infusion will control acute
      variceal hemorrhage, they do not affect the underlying problem and are not
      indicated for long-term treatment of esophageal varices. Surgical procedures
      either ablate varices or lower portal vein pressure. Portal-systemic shunts have
      emerged as the preferred surgical technique, but the superiority of total versus
      selective shunts is unclear. Pharmacological management can include
      administration of vasopressin, somatostatin, verapamil, or isosorbide dinitrate
      for short-term treatment or verapamil, isosorbide dinitrate, or propranolol for
      prolonged treatment. Use of sclerotherapy for treatment and prevention of
      hemorrhage from esophageal varices has grown recently. Because there are several
      sclerosing agents and combinations of agents available for use, assessing their
      relative safety and efficacy is difficult. Innovative approaches to management of
      varices include a shunt procedure involving the left lung, use of a tissue
      adhesive, and laser treatment. Because of its effectiveness and ease of
      administration, sclerotherapy appears to be a rational method of treatment for
      acute hemorrhage from esophageal varices.

PMID- 2645082
TI  - Pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine for treating Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and
      toxoplasmosis in AIDS.

PMID- 2645083
TI  - Treatment of hypertensive crisis with sublingual captopril.

PMID- 2645084
TI  - Ceftazidime dosing in continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration.

PMID- 2645085
TI  - Enoxacin: a new fluoroquinolone.
AB  - The chemistry, mechanisms of action and resistance, pharmacokinetics,
      antimicrobial spectrum, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and drug interactions
      of enoxacin are reviewed. Enoxacin is a new fluoroquinolone compound structurally
      related to nalidixic acid. Its antimicrobial spectrum and activity are comparable
      to those of the fluoroquinolones norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. It has a broad
      spectrum of activity against gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, but
      like the other fluoroquinolones it is less active against gram-positive micro
      organisms. Anaerobic organisms are generally resistant to enoxacin. It is rapidly
      and nearly completely absorbed after oral administration and is distributed
      widely in body fluids and tissues. The drug is predominantly excreted via the
      kidney, with a relatively long serum elimination half-life of approximately five
      hours. Serum and urinary concentration of enoxacin exceed the minimum inhibitory
      concentrations for most gram-negative and many gram-positive pathogens. Clinical
      trials have shown enoxacin to be effective for the treatment of gonorrhea,
      cystitis, complicated urinary-tract infections, and skin and skin structure
      infections. There is some evidence that enoxacin may be useful for treatment of
      lower-respiratory-tract infections and ear, nose, and throat infections. The most
      commonly reported adverse effects are mild gastrointestinal and central nervous
      system symptoms. Concomitant enoxacin and theophylline therapy has been
      associated with toxic serum concentrations of theophylline. Interactions have
      also been reported with caffeine, antacids, cimetidine, warfarin, and fenbufen.
      Enoxacin (Comprecin, Parke-Davis/Warner-Lambert) will be available in 200-, 300-,
      and 400-mg tablets for oral administration. Enoxacin is usually taken twice
      daily. A single 400-mg dose is effective therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea.
      Since enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin have many similar properties,
      formulary decisions involving these agents should be based on the individual
      institution's need to treat certain types of infections and pathogenic organisms.
      Enoxacin has been shown to be an effective agent for the treatment of urinary
      tract, genital-tract, and skin and soft-tissue infections, including those that
      currently require injectable antimicrobial agents or that are resistant to
      conventional therapy.

PMID- 2645086
TI  - Oral health promotion for institutionalised elderly.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate educational
      approaches specifically for improvement of oral hygiene behaviour amongst
      institutionalised elderly. A sample of 201 residents, 48-99 yr of age (mean age
      82 yr), was selected from four different institutions in Lothian, Scotland. A
      clinical examination and a structured interview were conducted immediately before
      and 2 months after the termination of the programme. The four institutions were
      blind to the examiner and randomly allocated to a control group or one of the
      three programmes; 1) active involvement of staff only; 2) active involvement of
      residents only; 3) active involvement of both residents and staff. The programme
      comprised three 1-h sessions at monthly intervals in groups of five to six
      residents or members of staff. The analysis of the results showed poor oral
      health and oral hygiene, high objective need for oral care but low perceived
      need. The programme had little impact on most of the included variables and only
      about half of the participants remembered the programme 2 months after its
      termination. The implications of the study are that groups of elderly need to be
      differentiated further so that only well and not confused elderly participate in
      programmes such as this and less well and confused elderly receive regular
      professional support with oral hygiene.

PMID- 2645087
TI  - Dental state and subjective chewing ability of institutionalized elderly people.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to investigate the dental state of the
      elderly, to provide a subjective appraisal of their chewing ability and their
      inability to eat certain foods because of their poor dental state. The subjects
      were 480 residents of 24 municipal old people's homes in different parts of
      Finland. Of the subjects, 153 were men and 327 women, and their ages ranged from
      65 to 100 years. The methods used were clinical examination and interview. The
      clinical examination revealed that 68% of the subjects had no natural teeth, and
      22% had neither natural nor artificial teeth. The number of teeth in dentate
      subjects was small (average 7.6), and the condition mostly poor. Only 2% had any
      serviceable counterparts. 51% of the subjects wore dentures: 57 subjects in the
      maxilla alone, three in the mandible alone and 186 in both maxilla and mandible.
      41% said that because of their teeth they were unable to eat some foods they
      would have liked to eat, crisp bread being mentioned most often as such a food
      (85% of those with chewing difficulties). Edentulous subjects and dentate
      subjects wearing both maxillary and mandibular dentures said more often than
      those without dentures that they could eat everything; those without any teeth
      had most often (59%) to avoid some foods. More attention should be given to the
      dental condition and the masticatory function of the elderly, especially of those
      living in institutions, to ensure that they are comfortable physically,
      psychologically, and socially for the rest of their lives.

PMID- 2645088
TI  - Impact of dental conditions on patients' quality of life.
AB  - Quality of life measures have rarely been used in dentistry to assess oral health
      status. The purpose of this paper is to assess the utility of using standard
      indicators to measure the impacts of dental conditions on patients' quality of
      life. Quality of life was conceptualized as a multidimensional construct
      including three major aspects: social functioning, measured by the Sickness
      Impact Profile; well-being, measured by the Gill Well-Being Scale, Spielberger
      State/Trait Anxiety Scale, and the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale; and symptoms,
      measured by the Kiyak Oral Functioning Scale, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and
      the West Haven Multidimensional Pain Inventory. 152 patients were recruited from
      private dental practices consisting of 48 TMJ, 33 periodontal, 23 denture, and 48
      recall patients. Patients in the first three groups reported numerous impacts on
      quality of life and the impacts were particularly severe for the TMJ patients.
      The indicators used were sensitive to differences among the four groups and hold
      promise for further development of quality of life indicators for use in
      epidemiologic surveys and clinical dental trials.

PMID- 2645089
TI  - Influence of the beta 2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol on insulin-stimulated
      lipogenesis in mouse adipocytes.
AB  - Growing mice fed the beta 2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol (CB; 20ppm) had
      increased rate of growth and altered composition of gain (greater protein and
      less fat). Adipocytes prepared from the epididymal fat pads of treated and
      untreated mice were used to examine the influence of CB on lipid metabolism.
      Using cells from untreated mice, CB stimulated lipolysis to an equivalent maximum
      rate as epinephrine (EPI), but CB was far less potent (EC50 (microM); CB = 5, EPI
      = 0.2). Both CB and EPI inhibited insulin-stimulated lipogenesis over the
      physiological range of insulin concentrations. This inhibition was expressed as a
      dose-dependent decrease in tissue sensitivity to insulin and a decrease in
      maximal lipogenic capacity. Inhibition of maximal rate, but not of insulin
      sensitivity, could be stimulated by the addition of palmitate without EPI or CB.
      Adipocytes isolated from CB-treated mice did not differ from controls in
      sensitivity to insulin or in activity of fatty acid synthetase. Increased
      lipolysis and reduced lipogenesis as observed in vitro with CB are consistent
      with reduced fat accretion in CB-treated mice. However, the absence of detectable
      changes in adipocyte lipogenesis from CB-fed mice leaves open the question of the
      relevance of altered lipid metabolism to the observed changes in body
      composition.

PMID- 2645090
TI  - Drug therapy in peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2645091
TI  - Monocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis in psoriasis. Clinical and experimental
      studies.

PMID- 2645092
TI  - Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria. Evaluations of immunity in the Danish
      population, guidelines for revaccination, and methods for control of vaccination
      programs.

PMID- 2645093
TI  - Vibration-induced white finger. Physiological and clinical aspects.

PMID- 2645094
TI  - The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in three species of the
      Enterobacteriaceae and the relation to consumption of antimicrobial agents in
      Odense University Hospital.

PMID- 2645095
TI  - Why do elderly diabetics burden the health care system more than non-diabetics?
AB  - Visits to general practitioners and outpatient clinics were studied among 228
      known diabetics and 223 sex and age matched non-diabetic controls. Of the
      diabetics, 52 were treated with insulin (32 NIDDM, 20 IDDM), 101 with diet plus
      oral hypoglycaemic agents, and 66 with diet only. Nine were untreated.
      Information on visits to general practitioners and outpatient clinics during the
      12 months preceding ascertainment was obtained from local and national registers.
      The association between number of visits, subjective symptoms and type of
      antidiabetic treatment was analysed. The diabetics had a higher score for
      subjective symptoms and a higher frequency of objective findings than controls.
      After controlling for these differences, the diabetics in all antidiabetic
      treatment groups still had a higher number of visits than non-diabetics. Insulin
      treated diabetics, IDDM or NIDDM, had twice as many visits to physicians due to
      outpatient clinic visits than the other treatment groups. The costs of treating
      elderly diabetics may be reduced if these patients are treated more vigorously by
      diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents in general practice, thus avoiding time
      consuming and costly insulin treatment for some of these patients.

PMID- 2645096
TI  - In memoriam: Samuel A. Latt (1938-1988).

PMID- 2645097
TI  - Automatic analysis of flow cytometric DNA histograms from irradiated mouse male
      germ cells.
AB  - An automatic procedure for recovering the DNA content distribution of mouse
      irradiated testis cells from flow cytometric histograms is presented. First, a
      suitable mathematical model is developed, to represent the pattern of DNA content
      and fluorescence distribution in the sample. Then a parameter estimation
      procedure, based on the maximum likelihood approach, is constructed by means of
      an optimization technique. This procedure has been applied to a set of DNA
      histograms relative to different doses of 0.4-MeV neutrons and to different time
      intervals after irradiation. In each case, a good agreement between the measured
      histograms and the corresponding fits has been obtained. The results indicate
      that the proposed method for the quantitative analysis of germ cell DNA
      histograms can be usefully applied to the study of the cytotoxic and mutagenic
      action of agents of toxicological interest such as ionizing radiations.

PMID- 2645098
TI  - The porphyrias.
AB  - The porphyrias are metabolic disorders in which there are excessive accumulation
      and excretion of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors. Each of the porphyrias has
      a specific enzyme defect in the pathway of heme biosynthesis that explains the
      pattern of biochemical abnormalities that occur. However, some patients have the
      enzyme defect but do not have clinical or biochemical manifestations, indicating
      that other factors (e.g., demand for increased heme biosynthesis) are also
      important in causing disease expression. The major clinical manifestations are
      neurologic dysfunction and photosensitivity. The precise cause of the neurologic
      dysfunction has not been defined, but the likely possibilities are overproduction
      of delta-aminolevulinic acid, which may act as a neurotoxin, or a deficiency of
      heme (or both). The cutaneous lesions in the porphyrias are due to the photo
      sensitizing and other effects of porphyrins that are deposited in the skin or are
      circulating in dermal blood vessels. Therapy is directed to modify the
      biochemical abnormalities. Most importantly, intravenous administration of
      hematin is used in the treatment of acute attacks of neurologic dysfunction.
      Prevention remains a cornerstone in management of patients with porphyria, and
      those with gene defects should be counseled regarding factors that precipitate
      acute attacks.

PMID- 2645099
TI  - [Coccidioidomycosis--differential diagnosis of lung infiltrates with peripheral
      eosinophilia].
AB  - A 20-year-old man developed pulmonary coccidioidomycosis after travelling in
      Mexico and California. Cardinal clinical symptoms were fever, pulmonary
      infiltrate with ipsilateral hilar adenopathy on the chest X-ray, and a 14%
      eosinophilia in the peripheral blood. In addition he experienced erythema
      nodosum, arthralgias and night sweats. After a five-week febrile course the
      symptoms disappeared spontaneously without specific treatment. Coccidioidomycosis
      was diagnosed by serology, and Coccidioides immitis grew in the sputum culture.
      With ever more travellers to other parts of the globe coccidioidomycosis must be
      considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates with peripheral
      eosinophilia.

PMID- 2645100
TI  - [Cytogenetic anomalies in acute nonlymphatic leukemia].

PMID- 2645101
TI  - [Suspicion of syphilis from cross reactions in Borrelia infection].

PMID- 2645102
TI  - [Early diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma].

PMID- 2645103
TI  - [Computer-assisted diagnosis and expert systems].

PMID- 2645104
TI  - Cryptococcal hepatitis and meningitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome: a case report.
AB  - A case of cryptococcal hepatitis is described in a patient with Human
      Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. There has been no previous reports of
      this in the East African literature. A review of world literature showed that the
      entity of cryptococcal hepatitis is very rare.

PMID- 2645105
TI  - Genitourinary imaging and procedures by the emergency physician.
AB  - Optimal imaging of the urinary tract in the Emergency Department does not require
      sophisticated or rare equipment. The supervising physician must review each ExU,
      cystogram, or RUG film as it becomes available and decide upon the proper course
      of action. Indications for contrast studies in injured patients continue to
      evolve, with a trend away from investigation of stable patients with microscopic
      hematuria on the first urine. Urethral catheterization and suprapubic cystostomy
      are complementary options for bladder drainage. Careful attention to details of
      anatomy and technique allow for success in the majority of patients. There are
      substantial pitfalls in the diagnosis and treatment of male genital emergencies.
      The acute treatment of priapism is rapidly changing as understanding of penile
      physiology becomes more complete. Acute scrotal pathology can be difficult to
      categorize without surgical exploration. Urologic consultation, therefore, is
      mandatory in these conditions.

PMID- 2645106
TI  - Emergency department thoracotomy.
AB  - The best candidates for a community hospital emergency room thoracotomy are those
      victims who have decompensated following small-caliber gunshot wounds or stab
      wounds to the chest or abdomen who initially had signs of life in transport to
      the hospital or in the Emergency Department. Some of these patients can be
      successfully resuscitated by an emergency physician using the techniques
      described in this article.

PMID- 2645107
TI  - Emergency ear, nose, and throat procedures.
AB  - This comprehensive article reviews some of the most common injuries to the ear,
      nose, and throat, and in addition reviews the relative anatomy of this area of
      the body. Particular attention is paid to the treatment of the patient with
      epistaxis, a common presentation to the Emergency Department.

PMID- 2645108
TI  - Advances in cutdown techniques.
AB  - Emergency Department physicians must be expert in rapidly obtaining adequate
      intravenous access. Cutdown techniques are an essential part of this endeavor. We
      have described the step-by-step techniques of placement of a variety of upper-
      and lower-extremity cutdowns in the Emergency Department.

PMID- 2645109
TI  - Recent advances in airway management.
AB  - New techniques and equipment have been discovered, or rediscovered, to assist
      with airway management. These advances have been suggested for both field and
      Emergency Department use. We will review these techniques, including dual-lumen
      airway devices, percutaneous tracheal cannula kits, and nonvisualized methods of
      tracheal intubation. The last discussion will focus on tactile,
      transillumination, and retrograde techniques.

PMID- 2645110
TI  - Growth hormone secretion by individual somatotropes of the testicular feminized
      rat.
AB  - To investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying the unique GH secretory
      apparatus of the androgen-resistant testicular feminized (Tfm) rat we employed a
      reverse hemolytic plaque assay to assess GH secretion by individual cells from
      normal male, normal female, and Tfm rats. Acutely dispersed pituitary cells were
      incubated for 90 min with GH anti-serum in the presence of medium alone, 0.01,
      0.1, 1, 10, or 100 nM GHRH, or 3 microM forskolin after which hemolytic plaques
      were developed over an additional 30 min. Body weights of the Tfm rats [318 +/- 7
      g (mean +/- SEM)] were intermediate between intact males (372 +/- 18 g) and
      females (218 +/- 7 g). The total number of cells recovered from dispersion of Tfm
      rat pituitaries [3.20 +/- 0.42 X 10(6) (mean +/- SEM)] was greater than that from
      males (1.43 +/- 0.12 X 10(6); P = 0.001), but not distinguishable from that from
      females (2.31 +/- 0.30 X 10(6); P = 0.06). However, the absolute population of
      recovered somatotropes from the Tfm animals (1.24 +/- 0.22 X 10(6) exceeded both
      male (0.56 +/- 0.10 X 10(6); P = 0.002) and female (0.80 +/- 0.14 X 10(6); P =
      0.046) values. Mean basal and maximal GH plaque areas were greater for cells from
      male rats than for those from either female or Tfm rats (P less than 0.05)
      regardless of whether GHRH or forskolin was used as the secretagogue. Plaque
      areas from female and Tfm cells were indistinguishable under all study
      conditions. These data suggest that a deficiency of androgen receptors prevents
      establishment of the greater GH secretory capacity of individual somatotropes
      characteristic of the adult male rat. This androgen receptor-dependent modulation
      of GH secretory capacity appears to occur at a step distal to the GHRH receptor.
      The data also suggest that an increase in the absolute population of somatotropes
      is an additional consequence of androgen receptor deficiency. This combination of
      individual somatotropes, each possessing a GH secretory capacity similar to that
      of cells from normal females, but present in greater absolute numbers, may
      explain the intermediate values found during previous studies of the Tfm rat GH
      axis which were based on assessment of large mixed populations of pituitary
      cells.

PMID- 2645111
TI  - Castration induces luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in hypophysectomized
      pituitary-grafted rats receiving pulsatile LH-releasing hormone infusions.
AB  - An in vivo isolated pituitary paradigm was used to examine the extent to which
      negative feedback actions of testicular hormones are exerted directly at the
      level of the anterior pituitary gland. Hypophysectomized male rats received
      single anterior pituitary transplants under the kidney capsule. On the next day
      each hypophysectomized, graft-bearing (H/G) animal was fitted with a concentric
      atrial catheter system which allowed for intermittent infusions of LHRH (250 ng/5
      min.h) and chronic blood sampling. On the fifth or sixth day of infusions, blood
      samples were obtained 2 h before sham-castration (n = 6) or castration (n = 5)
      and at every 2-h interval for 24 h thereafter. For comparison, blood samples were
      similarly obtained from a group of normal pituitary-intact male rats before and
      after sham-castration (n = 5) or castration (n = 5). Plasma LH and PRL levels in
      all animals were determined by RIA. In the H/G sham-castrate rats, LH levels
      remained constant throughout the 24-h postsurgery period. By contrast, plasma LH
      concentrations in the H/G castrate rats increased steadily for 18 h, reaching a
      plateau at levels 2- to 3-fold higher than pretreatment values. The absolute
      amounts of immunoreactive LH, and the trajectory of the LH rise in the H/G
      castrates closely resembled those in the normal castrates during the initial 20 h
      after castration; at subsequent time points, however, these similarities were not
      apparent, as LH levels in normal castrates continued to rise, while those in H/G
      castrates did not. PRL levels were not significantly different in H/G rats
      compared to those in their pituitary-intact counterparts. We conclude from these
      studies that most of the acute (less than 20 h) effects of castration on LH
      secretion can be accounted for by pituitary escape from direct negative feedback
      suppression. At longer times after orchidectomy, however, the continued
      postcastration rise in LH secretion may increasingly depend upon additional
      hypothalamic input. It is hypothesized that this added input consists of an
      acceleration of LHRH pulse frequency.

PMID- 2645112
TI  - Inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release in the perfused rat pancreas by
      parathyroid secretory protein-I (chromogranin-A).
AB  - The effect of graded doses (10(-10)-10(8) M) of highly purified bovine
      parathyroid secretory protein-I (SP-I; chromogranin-A) or synthetic porcine
      pancreastatin on glucose-stimulated insulin release in the perfused rat pancreas
      was examined. SP-I (10(-9) M) inhibited the first phase of glucose-stimulated
      insulin release, and 10(-8) M SP-I inhibited both the first and second phases of
      glucose-stimulated insulin release; 10(-10) M SP-I was inactive. In comparison,
      pancreastatin at 10(-10) M inhibited the first phase of insulin release, and at
      10(-9) and 10(-8) M, pancreastatin inhibited both phases of insulin release. The
      inhibition by SP-I was achieved at concentrations that normally exist in the
      general circulation of man. These and other data suggest that circulating SP-I
      plays a physiological role in the regulation of insulin secretion.

PMID- 2645113
TI  - Parathyroid hormone enhances the transcript and polypeptide levels of insulin
      like growth factor I in osteoblast-enriched cultures from fetal rat bone.
AB  - PTH stimulates bone resorption and formation, but the mechanism of its anabolic
      effect is unknown. The effects of PTH on bone formation could be mediated by
      local regulators, either by altering their binding to receptors or by modulating
      their synthesis. Cell extracts from PTH-treated osteoblast-enriched cultures
      isolated from fetal rat parietal bones were examined by Northern blot analysis
      for changes in mRNAs encoding insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), transforming
      growth factor-beta, and beta 2-microglobulin. PTH did not influence transforming
      growth factor-beta or beta 2-microglobulin transcript levels. In contrast, PTH-(1
      34) had a biphasic stimulatory effect on IGF-I transcript levels; 0.1-10 nM PTH
      increased IGF-I transcripts by 100-200% after a 6-h treatment, while 100 nM PTH
      induced a 100% increase. In addition, PTH at 0.01-10 nM increased immunoreactive
      IGF-I (iIGF-I) in culture medium by 40-200% at 24 h. Maximal increases in IGF-I
      transcripts occurred at 6 h, while iIGF-I accumulated throughout 24 h of culture.
      These results are compared to the effects of 0.5-50 nM GH, which increased IGF-I
      transcripts by 30% and iIGF-I by 50-100%. Therefore, PTH enhanced local IGF-I
      synthesis by increasing IGF-I transcripts, and this effect may in part mediate
      the anabolic actions of PTH on bone.

PMID- 2645114
TI  - Oxytocin and progesterone release from bovine corpus luteal cells in culture:
      effects of insulin-like growth factor I, insulin, and prostaglandins.
AB  - The ruminant corpus luteum synthesizes and secretes oxytocin, but little is known
      of the regulation of these processes in the ovary. In the present work we
      describe a method for the preparation of cells from the early bovine corpus
      luteum (1-5 days postovulation) and their maintenance in serum-free culture. The
      release of oxytocin and progesterone from these cells was increased by the
      addition of insulin or insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), but not by IGF-II.
      Hormone release (measured between 60 and 84 h of culture) was increased
      approximately 5-fold (oxytocin) and 2.5-fold (progesterone) by maximally
      effective concentrations of IGF-I (EC50, 0.27 nM) and insulin (EC50, 1.94 nM).
      Sustained exposure (0-84 h) to prostaglandins (PGs) caused a dose-dependent
      reduction in oxytocin release in the presence of IGF-I (PGF2 alpha EC50, 31 nM;
      rank order of potency, PGF2 alpha greater than PGE2 greater than PGE1), but did
      not markedly reduce progesterone release. The inhibitory effect of PG on oxytocin
      production was mimicked by sustained exposure to a protein kinase-C activator
      (phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate), supporting the proposed role for this enzyme as a
      mediator of PG action. These data provide the first demonstration that oxytocin
      release from early bovine corpus luteal cell cultures can be regulated by
      insulin, IGF-I, and PGs. Since granulosa and/or luteal cells produce and respond
      to IGF-I and PGF2 alpha, our data indicate functional interaction of these
      compounds in the regulation of luteal cell activity.

PMID- 2645115
TI  - Renin and prorenin-like activities in bovine ovarian follicles.
AB  - Recent reports emerging from several laboratories have strengthened the concept
      of a physiological intrinsic ovarian renin-angiotensin system. Encouraged by
      these studies carried out mostly so far in human subjects, we decided to
      investigate if prorenin- and renin-like activities could be demonstrated in the
      follicular fluid obtained from bovine ovaries. The results obtained in this study
      show that in a total of 58 follicles examined, significant quantities of both
      prorenin- and renin-like activities could be demonstrated. The prorenin-like
      activity measured was invariably 30-40 times greater than the renin-like activity
      in the follicular fluid samples. There was an inverse relationship between the
      ratio of estradiol to progesterone concentrations and prorenin-like activity in
      the follicular fluid. Similarly, a significant negative correlation was seen
      between the estradiol concentration and prorenin-like activity in follicular
      fluid. On the other hand, there was no discernible relationship between
      androstendione concentrations and prorenin-like activity. With respect to
      progesterone, in large follicles with high (greater than 50 ng/ml) progesterone
      content, the prorenin-like activity was 3 times as high as that in the low (less
      than 50 ng/ml) progesterone group. There was, however, no difference in the
      levels of prorenin-like activity between the high and low progesterone groups in
      the case of small follicles. Furthermore, analysis of the contents of prorenin-
      and renin-like activities in extract prepared from granulosa and thecal cells
      revealed thecal cells of bovine ovarian follicles to be a major source of the
      enzyme activities. The ratio of prorenin to renin activity in thecal cell extract
      was close to 1. By analyzing the relationship between various steroid
      concentrations and prorenin-like activity in follicular fluid, it appears that
      the atretic follicles are likely to have significantly higher levels of prorenin
      like activity in their fluid.

PMID- 2645116
TI  - Compensatory adaption to partial pancreatectomy in the rat.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to determine if compensatory adaptions in
      pancreatic B-cell mass and/or function occur when B-cell mass is reduced without
      altering glucose tolerance. Islet mass and insulin secretory responses (both in
      vivo and in vitro) were assessed 19 days after a 40% pancreatectomy (Px) in 5
      week-old rats. Plasma glucose and insulin values were unchanged by the 40% Px,
      both in the fed state and after ip glucose. Also, glucose potentiation of
      arginine-induced insulin secretion was fully intact when assessed with the in
      vitro perfused pancreas. Islet mass, assessed using point-counting morphometrics,
      was 84% of the sham value, not the expected 60%. In contrast, there was no
      compensatory change in acinar tissue, as judged by pancreatic weight. To
      determine if the insulin secretory reserve capacity was reduced after the 40% Px,
      dexamethasone was given on days 14-18. On day 18, the Px rats were midly
      hyperglycemic, but by the next day, glucose tolerance post-ip glucose was normal,
      and the insulin responses to the ip glucose in vivo and arginine in vitro were
      identical in the dexamethasone-treated Px and sham rats. These data show no
      discernible change in quantitative or qualitative B-cell secretory responses
      after 40% Px. A key mechanism contributing to this maintenance of normal function
      was regrowth of much of the excised islet tissue.

PMID- 2645117
TI  - Individual differences in regional deposition of 6-micron particles in humans
      with induced bronchoconstriction.
AB  - The effect of induced bronchoconstriction on regional lung deposition of 6
      microns aerodynamic diameter 99mTc-labeled Teflon particles was studied in eight
      healthy non-smokers. The Teflon particles were inhaled at 0.5 l/s from a 25-l
      glass bulb with 8-12 maximally deep breaths on four consecutive days. For three
      exposures, various degrees of bronchoconstriction were induced using an aerosol
      of methacholine bromide before the inhalation of the Teflon particles. For the
      fourth (control) exposure, bronchoconstriction was induced after the inhalation
      of the Teflon particles. The degree of bronchoconstriction was quantified by
      measurements of airway resistance (Raw) using a whole-body plethysmograph. The
      fraction of alveolarly deposited particles in the lung (FAD) was estimated by
      measurements of radioactivity in the lung immediately after inhalation of the
      Teflon particles and 6 h later. Earlier studies have shown that when the
      mucociliary transport is stimulated with the cholinergic aerosol used in this
      study, the 6-h retention values (Ret6) are similar to the 24-h values. Within the
      subjects there was a close relationship between Raw and Ret6 with a decrease of
      Ret6 with increased Raw. This decrease varied markedly among the subjects. The
      relationship between Raw and Ret6 calculated from the model by the Task Group on
      Lung Dynamics, in which the airway diameters were varied, agreed with our
      experimental data. On an average, airway resistance of 1 and 2 cm H2O.s/l
      correspond to FAD of about 50% and 25%, respectively.

PMID- 2645118
TI  - Altered clearance of inhaled 99mTc-pentetate aerosols following exposure to
      cadmium chloride aerosols in ferrets.
AB  - The rate of clearance of inhaled 99mTc-pentetate aerosols has been used as an
      indicator of pulmonary epithelial "permeability" in human and animal studies. In
      order to evaluate this technique further, groups of eight male ferrets (Mustela
      putorius furo) were given acute exposures to aerosols of CdCl2 or NaCl via
      endotracheal tube. Serial evaluations of the thoracic clearance rate of inhaled
      99mTc-pentetate aerosols (MMAD = 0.6 microns, sigma g = 1.6) were made before
      exposure and at fixed time points after toxicant exposure (3 or 6, 24, 48 h, and
      5 days after CdCl2). These serial evaluations of 99mTc-pentetate thoracic
      clearance were conducted at three cadmium intake levels (3, 10, and 30 min
      exposure to 10 mg/m3 CdCl2) in order to evaluate possible dose-related response
      relationships. The rate of thoracic clearance of Tc-pentetate was observed to be
      slowed at 3 h after exposure to CdCl2 aerosol and subsequently increased to well
      above control rates. The time sequence observed strongly suggests that increased
      Tc-pentetate clearance rates are indicative of a tissue response or repair
      process, rather than acute lung injury. Tracheal epithelial penetration of
      macromolecular tracers was not observed to increase in histological evaluations
      following serial sacrifice.

PMID- 2645119
TI  - Paroxysmal autonomic dysfunction, epileptogenic activity and sudden death.
AB  - Transient abnormalities of autonomic nervous system function are observed during
      almost every generalized tonic-clonic seizure and include disruptions in blood
      pressure, cardiac arrhythmias and apnea. An increasing body of literature
      indicates that epileptogenic discharges, even without accompanying clinical
      seizure activity, can produce a spectrum of autonomic abnormalities. Marked
      changes in blood pressure and cardiac rhythm occur in patients paralyzed with
      neuromuscular blocking agents and subjected to electrical shock or intravenous
      pentylenetetrazol. Similar changes are observed in patients with focal temporal
      lobe discharges. There is also experimental evidence suggesting that in addition
      to the well known effects of generalized seizure discharges, interictal
      discharges can produce effects upon the cardiovascular system. Neurogenic
      pulmonary edema may be another autonomic dysfunction associated with seizures.
      The phenomenon of unexplained sudden death in persons with epilepsy, which
      accounts for up to 15% of mortality in this group, may be a result of some
      unexplained irreversible disruption of autonomic homeostasis in the face of all
      these forces of electrical disorganization. Paradoxically, some persons manifest
      cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction with consequent seizures which are
      phenomenologically very similar to those of cerebral origin. It is important to
      consider performing Holter monitoring in patients with epilepsy of unknown cause
      and 24 h ambulatory electroencephalograms in patients with unexplained cardiac
      arrhythmias.

PMID- 2645120
TI  - A double-blind study comparing oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine in patients with
      newly diagnosed, previously untreated epilepsy.
AB  - Two hundred and thirty-five patients suffering from newly diagnosed epilepsy were
      randomly allocated to treatment with either oxcarbazepine or carbamazepine in a
      double-blind multi-centre study. After a titration phase (between 4 and 8 weeks),
      the optimal individual dose of trial medication was determined and treatment with
      that dose was continued for another 48 weeks. The criteria for assessment were:
      efficacy--seizure frequency, EEG tracings, global evaluation; tolerability--side
      effects observed by the patient or the investigator, laboratory tests; other
      assessments--blood pressure and heart rate, carbamazepine and 10,11-dihydro-10
      hydroxycarbamazepine trough serum levels. The results of the study showed the
      following: no significant difference in seizure frequency between oxcarbazepine
      and carbamazepine; no correlation between the therapeutic effect and the EEG
      findings in either treatment group; oxcarbazepine caused significantly fewer (P =
      0.04) 'severe' side effects than carbamazepine; global evaluation of tolerability
      demonstrated a trend towards the better tolerability of oxcarbazepine; no
      correlation was observed between either efficacy or tolerability and the actual
      serum trough levels of antiepileptic drugs; clinically relevant abnormal
      laboratory test findings were observed in 2 patients, both on carbamazepine. The
      authors consider oxcarbazepine to be a valuable alternative to carbamazepine,
      particularly in patients who develop side effects which prevent optimal seizure
      control.

PMID- 2645121
TI  - Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and response to hypoglycemia.
AB  - Postabsorptive and postprandial glucose concentrations are regulated by the
      interaction of insulin and the counterinsulin hormones. Either an excess of
      insulin or insulin-like activity or a deficiency of counterregulatory hormone
      secretion can cause hypoglycemia. Impairment of glycogen storage or breakdown is
      likely to lead to a relatively rapid fall in glucose, whereas hypoglycemia caused
      by alterations in gluconeogenesis are generally observed with a more prolonged
      fast. Although glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone all possess
      biologic activity capable of opposing insulin action, glucagon appears to be the
      primary hormone responsible for defense against hypoglycemia. In the absence of
      glucagon, epinephrine becomes important. Cortisol and growth hormone appear to
      serve a permissive role during recovery from acute hypoglycemia. Whether they
      have a more important role during recovery from chronic hypoglycemia remains to
      be determined.

PMID- 2645122
TI  - Hypoglycemia associated with renal failure.
AB  - Hypoglycemia associated with renal failure is more common than generally thought.
      Its occurrence is often a marker of multisystem failure and has an ominous
      prognostic implication. Its pathogenesis is frequently complex and involves one
      or several mechanisms. In the evaluation of uremic hypoglycemia, the first step
      should be the exclusion of obvious causes such as insulin, oral hypoglycemic
      agent therapy, and the use of drugs known to cause hypoglycemia. Propranolol,
      salicylates, and disopyramide are among the most commonly implicated agents.
      Additional triggering events are alcohol consumption, sepsis, chronic
      malnutrition, acute caloric deprivation, concomitant liver disease, congestive
      heart failure, and an associated endocrine deficiency. When no obvious cause can
      be demonstrated, the hypoglycemia is referred to as spontaneous. Spontaneous
      uremic hypoglycemia has been attributed to deficiency of precursors of
      gluconeogenesis, that is, alanine, deficient gluconeogenesis, impaired
      glycogenolysis, diminished renal gluconeogenesis and impaired renal insulin
      degradation and clearance, poor nutrition, and, in a few cases, deficiency in an
      immediate counterregulatory hormone such as catecholamine and glucagon. However,
      the mechanism(s) seems to differ from one patient to the other. Dialysis also
      predisposes to hypoglycemia in uremia, possibly because of the chronic state of
      malnutrition. Postdialysis hypoglycemia is secondary to glucose-induced
      hyperinsulinemia, which is caused by the high glucose content in the dialysate.
      In uremic hypoglycemia, neuroglycopenic manifestations predominate because of
      frequent autonomic nervous system dysfunction and lack of catecholamine release
      in response to hypoglycemia. Its severity and duration are variable. Hypoglycemia
      should be suspected in any patient with renal failure who exhibits any change in
      mental or neurologic status. Detection of hypoglycemia should rely on frequent
      and careful glucose determinations in any patient with uremia.

PMID- 2645123
TI  - Syndromes of autoimmunity and hypoglycemia. Autoantibodies directed against
      insulin and its receptor.
AB  - Humoral autoimmunity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of two forms of
      hypoglycemia. In one syndrome, antireceptor autoantibodies bind to the insulin
      receptor, mimic insulin action, and cause fasting hypoglycemia. In most patients
      with autoantibodies to the insulin receptor, there is other evidence of
      autoimmune disease as well. Interpretation of the standard tests used in
      evaluation of hypoglycemia may be confusing in these patients. For example,
      antireceptor antibodies may inhibit insulin binding, thereby inhibiting insulin
      clearance and elevating levels of plasma insulin. Nevertheless, because
      hypoglycemia suppresses beta-cell secretion, C-peptide levels are usually low.
      This constellation of data is consistent with surreptitious insulin injection.
      The most important laboratory test in the differential diagnosis is a direct
      assay for the presence of antibodies directed against the insulin receptor.
      Therapy with prednisone appears to alleviate the hypoglycemia rapidly, usually
      within 24 hours. This effect of prednisone appears to result from antagonism of
      the effects of antireceptor antibodies without actually lowering their titer. The
      natural history of this syndrome is that the antireceptor antibodies disappear
      and the syndrome resolves over a time course of several months to several years.
      In North America, the presence of anti-insulin antibodies in a hypoglycemic
      patient most commonly suggests that the patient has been immunized with exogenous
      insulin. However, some patients--especially in Japan--develop spontaneous
      autoantibodies directed against insulin. These antibodies can cause hypoglycemia,
      which is generally reactive in that it occurs several hours after a meal or a
      glucose challenge rather than in a fasting state. The most effective therapy is
      frequent small feedings and avoidance of large meals.

PMID- 2645124
TI  - Exercise and deficient carbohydrate storage and intake as causes of hypoglycemia.
AB  - Exercise is associated with a marked increase in glucose uptake by muscle, which
      is initially supported by breakdown of hepatic glycogen and subsequently by
      increased gluconeogenesis. If hepatic glucose production is inadequate,
      hypoglycemia results. During exercise there is decreased plasma insulin and
      increased catecholamines, glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone, which
      contribute to but are not essential for the increased hepatic output of glucose.
      Although insulin concentrations fall, insulin sensitivity is increased. However,
      the augmented glucose uptake by muscle is due to other factors. The symptoms of
      exhaustion during exercise are not due to hypoglycemia, and prevention of
      hypoglycemia may not prolong the time of exercise to exhaustion. During severe
      caloric restriction, hepatic glucose production decreases and free fatty acids
      and ketone bodies become important sources of calories. Although under these
      circumstances hepatic gluconeogenesis is usually sufficient to prevent
      hypoglycemia, with very severe caloric restriction hypoglycemia can result. With
      starvation, insulin concentrations fall while growth hormone and glucagon
      increase. Frequently the usual symptoms of hypoglycemia are absent in individuals
      with hypoglycemia from severe caloric restriction. Hypoglycemia from severe
      caloric restriction has not been totally restricted to underdeveloped areas of
      the world. In such patients no endocrine abnormalities have been found, and
      hypoglycemia has persisted despite administration of large amounts of
      carbohydrate. Pregnancy and lactation could predispose to hypoglycemia in the
      face of inadequate caloric intake.

PMID- 2645125
TI  - Drug-induced hypoglycemia. A review of 1418 cases.
AB  - The present review catalogues 1418 reported cases of drug-induced hypoglycemia.
      The main findings are that sulfonylureas (especially chlorpropamide and
      glyburide), either alone or with a second hypoglycemic or potentiating agent,
      still account for 63% of all cases; that alcohol, propranolol, and salicylate,
      either singly or with another hypoglycemic drug, are the next most frequent
      offenders (19% of the total); and that one older drug (quinine) and three new
      ones (pentamidine, ritodrine, and disopyramide) have caused an additional 7% of
      all episodes of severe hypoglycemia. The clinical factors that set the stage for
      drug-induced hypoglycemia are still restricted food intake, age, hepatic disease,
      and renal disease, both individually and even more so in combination. Drug
      induced hypoglycemia continues to be so common that virtually every unconscious
      patient should be considered hypoglycemic until immediate estimation of the blood
      sugar level rules it in or out. If ruled in, the clinician should promptly start
      10% intravenous glucose and plan to maintain it uninterruptedly for 1 or more
      days, with added glucagon, hydrocortisone, and diazoxide administration if
      necessary, until sustained hyperglycemia guarantees that all drug effects have
      worn off.

PMID- 2645126
TI  - Reactive hypoglycemia.
AB  - Reactive hypoglycemia is a relatively uncommon meal-induced hypoglycemic
      disorder. Most patients with adrenergic-mediated symptoms have a diagnosis other
      than reactive hypoglycemia. In many patients with this self-diagnosis, other
      disorders can be attributed as a cause for symptoms, especially neuropsychiatric
      disease. The continued use of the terminology "functional hypoglycemia" only
      contributes vagueness to our correct understanding of this metabolic condition.
      There are a number of conditions associated with postprandial hypoglycemia. One
      category is the reactive hypoglycemias, which occur in patients with diabetes
      mellitus (diabetes reactive hypoglycemia), gastrointestinal dysfunction
      (alimentary reactive hypoglycemia), hormonal deficiency states (hormonal reactive
      hypoglycemia), and a large patient group characterized as having idiopathic
      reactive hypoglycemia. Of these causes the alimentary, hormonal, and diabetic
      patients are less disputed, whereas the idiopathic reactive hypoglycemic group
      has been referred to as a "nondisease" group. Characteristic alterations in
      insulin secretion accompany each of these conditions. In bona fide patients,
      dysinsulinism or hyperinsulinism usually accounts for the hypoglycemia. Some
      patients may have increased insulin sensitivity, but this association is doubtful
      or very rare. Patients with this meal-related eating disorder are characterized
      as ingesting excessive quantities of refined carbohydrate. In the research
      setting, the disorder can easily be elicited with the oral glucose tolerance
      test. However, to establish clinical relevance, the hypoglycemia needs
      documentation in the home setting with measurements of blood glucose during a
      postpradial symptomatic episode. The reactive hypoglycemic patients are
      frequently confused with patients with underlying psychiatric illness. Both
      syndromes are similar, with adrenergic-mediated symptoms and a common
      characteristic personality as noted on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
      Inventory (MMPI) testing. Patients with bona fide meal-related reactive
      hypoglycemia should be treated primarily with dietary restriction of refined
      carbohydrates; other patients may require medications.

PMID- 2645127
TI  - Factitious and artifactual hypoglycemia.
AB  - Artifactual hypoglycemia results from either improper collection of blood samples
      or interfering substances in the blood. Such artifacts should be easily detected
      and avoided. Factitious hypoglycemia, on the other hand, results from deliberate
      subterfuge by the patient and may thus elude proper diagnosis for some time. The
      most common cause of factitious hypoglycemia is surreptitious injection of
      insulin, and this is best diagnosed by the triad of hypoglycemia, inappropriately
      high insulin levels, and low C-peptide levels. Persons with diabetes may also
      intentionally misuse blood glucose strips to create the impression of
      hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2645128
TI  - Hypoglycemia in infants and children.
AB  - Although the conditions that cause hypoglycemia in adults may also be present in
      infants and children, there are many entities unique to the pediatric age group.
      This reflects the delicate balance that exists in the newborn and young child
      between glucose production and utilization. During fasting in infants and
      children, hepatic glucose production is normally two to three times that of
      adults when expressed on the basis of weight. In the newborn and young infants,
      hypoglycemia usually presents with irritability, feeding difficulties, lethargy,
      cyanosis, tachypnea, and/or hypothermia rather than the typical adrenergic or
      neuroglucopenic symptoms seen in the adult. The hypoglycemia may be due to
      abnormalities in hormone secretion, substrate interconversion, or mobilization of
      metabolic fuels. The hypoglycemia associated with hyperinsulinemia may be
      transient neonatal, sustained, or drug-induced. Inborn errors of metabolism
      caused by enzymatic defects are responsible for hypoglycemia associated with
      abnormalities of production and utilization of metabolic fuels. These can involve
      carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. In addition, there may be acquired or
      transient defects in carbohydrate metabolism secondary to other diseases or
      ingestion of certain substances. Finally ketotic hypoglycemia appears to be due
      to abnormalities in substrate availability. A variety of tests are useful for
      establishing the etiologic basis of the hypoglycemia, and the appropriate
      treatment depends upon the underlying cause.

PMID- 2645129
TI  - Hypoglycemia. Definition, clinical presentations, classification, and laboratory
      tests.
AB  - Hypoglycemia can be defined as the occurrence of a wide variety of symptoms in
      association with a plasma glucose concentration of 50 mg per dl or less. It may
      be asymptomatic, and the relief of the symptoms by administration of glucose is
      not sufficient to establish a diagnosis. Although the symptoms may be quite
      variable, they can be classified as adrenergic or neuroglycopenic. Hypothermia,
      hyperthermia, or localizing neurologic findings may be seen as a consequence of
      hypoglycemia. Severe, repeated episodes of hypoglycemia can cause a distal
      neuropathy that is primarily motor but can also have a sensory component.
      Hypoglycemia can be classified as fasting, reactive, surreptitious, or
      artifactual. Some causes of hypoglycemia are unique to infants and children.
      Underlying diseases such as liver disease, endocrine disease, or renal disease
      can be diagnosed by the characteristic physical findings and laboratory tests.
      Other causes of hypoglycemia can be identified by a variety of diagnostic tests
      involving measurement of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and other related
      compounds.

PMID- 2645130
TI  - Hypoglycemia associated with liver disease and ethanol.
AB  - The liver is key to glucose homeostasis. Any disruption of its metabolism,
      structural integrity, or intracellular dynamics may alter the liver's ability to
      maintain normal glucose homeostasis. When such disruption affects hepatic glucose
      output, hypoglycemia may eventuate. Multiple drugs including alcohol may alter
      the intrahepatic pathways that are vital for normal glucose production by the
      liver. Spontaneous hypoglycemia always warrants an evaluation of hepatic function
      and a careful scrutiny of medications that affect hepatic structural or
      biochemical integrity.

PMID- 2645131
TI  - Mutagenicity of nitro compounds in Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of
      flavin mononucleotide in a preincubation assay.
AB  - A series of nitro compounds (18 aromatic and one aliphatic) was evaluated using a
      modification of the standard Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay. A
      preincubation protocol was used with flavin mononucleotide (FMN) incorporated
      into the assay mixture to facilitate nitro reduction. Several aromatic nitro
      compounds (m-nitroaniline, p-nitroaniline, 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2,4
      dinitrotoluene,2,3-dinitrotoluene,1,8-dinitronaphthalene), which were negative or
      only weakly mutagenic when tested in the standard plate incorporation assay,
      showed FMN-dependent mutagenic responses with this procedure. For some nitro
      compounds, the addition of FMN was not needed for the detection of mutagenicity
      in the modified protocol. Not all nitro compounds were positive using the
      preincubation procedure with FMN. The lack of mutagenicity, however, does not
      appear to be the result of the inability of the modified method to reduce nitro
      compounds, since it was found that reduction does occur under the assay
      conditions for the two nonmutagens evaluated for nitro reduction (nitrobenzene
      and p-nitrophenol). It is suggested that the modified protocol may be useful for
      evaluating the mutagenicity of many nitro compounds.

PMID- 2645132
TI  - Micronuclei in binucleated lymphocytes of mice following exposure to gamma
      radiation.
AB  - Experiments were designed to investigate the induction of micronuclei (MN) in
      mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) after in vitro or in vivo exposure to
      60Co gamma radiation. For the in vitro experiments, 4 ml of blood from male
      C57BL/6J mice were either irradiated in 6 ml Falcon culture tubes as whole blood
      or isolated to obtain mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs) that were pelleted by
      centrifugation and then irradiated in RPMI 1640. For the in vivo analysis, mice
      received whole body irradiation, blood was obtained by cardiac puncture, and the
      MNLs were isolated for each mouse. Exposures were at a rate of 0.82 to 0.90
      Gy/min to yield doses of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 4 Gy. MNLs were cultured using
      cytochalasin B for MN analysis in binucleated PBLs. There was a significant dose
      dependent increase in MN observed at all doses. Dose-response curves for the in
      vivo and in vitro whole blood experiment were not significantly different.
      However, for isolated pelleted MNLs irradiated in vitro, the MN frequency at 4 Gy
      was less than one-half that seen in the in vivo experiment. The large difference
      in MN response is thought to be due to the radioprotective effect of hypoxia.

PMID- 2645133
TI  - Ionic-strength modulation of electrically induced permeabilization and associated
      fusion of mammalian cells.
AB  - Application of a high electric field to cells in culture has been shown to make
      them both permeable and fusogenic. The molecular events involved in the
      phenomenon are still poorly understood. In this study we investigated the effects
      of the ionic strength of the pulsing buffer on the electropermeabilization and
      electrofusion of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Increasing the ionic strength of
      the pulsing medium results in an increase in sieving of transient permeant
      structures, but decreases the fusion index. Treatment of cells with trypsin or
      pronase before application of the pulses abolishes the ionic modulation of both
      electropermeabilization and electrofusion. A similar rate of expansion of
      permeabilization is obtained whatever the ionic content of the pulsing buffer,
      and cells fuse even at high ionic strength. This observation lends support to our
      hypothesis that membrane proteins play a role in electrofusion.

PMID- 2645134
TI  - Proteinase K from Tritirachium album Limber. Characterization of the chromosomal
      gene and expression of the cDNA in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The cDNA and the chromosomal gene encoding proteinase K from Tritirachium album
      Limber have been cloned in Escherichia coli and the entire nucleotide sequences
      of the coding region, as well as 5'- and 3'-flanking regions have been
      determined. The deduced primary translation product consisting of 384 amino acid
      residues (molecular mass = 40,231 Da) contains an N-terminal region of 105 amino
      acids not present in the mature protein. By analogy to the evolutionary-related
      bacterial subtilisins and other serine proteinases it is inferred that the
      primary secreted product is a zymogen containing a 15-amino-acid signal sequence
      and a 90-amino-acid propeptide. The propeptide is presumably removed in the later
      steps of the secretion process or upon secretion into the medium. The nucleotide
      sequence analysis of the gene and its flanking regions has revealed that the
      proteinase-K gene is composed of two exons and one 63-bp-long intron located in
      the proregion. Furthermore, a putative promoter sequence and a capping site have
      been identified, suggesting that the transcription-start site is located 103-bp
      upstream of the ATG initiation codon. To express the proproteinase-K gene in E.
      coli, proproteinase-K cDNA was cloned in a plasmid vector under control of the
      tac promoter. The hybrid plasmid pSPPRO, constructed for this purpose, contained
      the cDNA coding for proproteinase K [from Ala (-91) to the C-terminal Ala (279)]
      fused to the N-terminal-signal-peptide sequence of the alkaline-phosphatase gene
      preceded by the tac promoter. E. coli BMH71-18, harbouring this plasmid,
      exhibited slight proteolytic activity when tested on skimmed-milk plates,
      suggesting that some fusion proteins were correctly secreted into the periplasm
      and processed to the mature proteinase K.

PMID- 2645135
TI  - Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression in Escherichia coli of the 25-kDa
      growth-related protein of Ehrlich ascites tumor and its homology to mammalian
      stress proteins.
AB  - The growth-related 25-kDa protein (p25) of Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) has been
      characterized by molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNA clones detected by
      hybridization with oligonucleotide probes synthesized according to the amino acid
      sequence of a tryptic peptide of p25. Detection of p25 mRNA in EAT of the
      exponential growth phase and of the stationary phase using cDNA-derived RNA
      probes demonstrated that the abundance of p25 mRNA is also growth-related. High
      level expression of p25 in Escherichia coli has been established by
      oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of cDNA and insertion of the mutated cDNA
      into a T7-promoter expression vector. Recombinant p25 from the expressed cDNA
      sequence has been shown to comigrate with EAT p25 in electrophoresis and to react
      with antibodies against the EAT p25. On the amino acid level, p25 shows about 80%
      sequence homology to the human stress protein hsp27. Furthermore, p25 has similar
      isoforms of phosphorylation as demonstrated for small mammalian stress proteins
      from rat and human. From the results obtained, it is concluded that p25 is a
      mammalian stress protein, the abundance of which is related to growth
      characteristics of the Ehrlich ascites tumor.

PMID- 2645136
TI  - Preparation of immobilized monomeric actin and its use in the isolation of
      protease-free and ribonuclease-free pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I.
AB  - A procedure is described for the immobilization of monomeric actin so that about
      30% of the immobilized protein is competent to bind the monomeric-actin-binding
      proteins bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I and chicken villin. The intact
      tertiary structure of the immobilized actin is required to bind these proteins.
      Using this resin, a method has been developed for the affinity purification of
      pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I on a reusable actin column. It involves the
      binding of deoxyribonuclease I to immobilized actin, extensive washing of the
      column, followed by elution of the bound deoxyribonuclease I with 10 M formamide.
      After removal of the formamide, the deoxyribonuclease I has a higher specific
      activity than the starting material and contained no detectable protease or
      ribonuclease contamination. This preparation should find considerable application
      in molecular genetic studies where the enzyme is needed free of these particular
      contaminants. The affinity column should also be useful for the isolation of
      other, physiologically relevant, monomeric-actin-binding proteins.

PMID- 2645138
TI  - Preparation and use of a universal primed Sepharose for the purification of DNA
      binding proteins.
AB  - We have devised a novel method for the construction of a DNA affinity matrix and
      tested its use in the purification of a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein
      from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The matrix was prepared in two steps:
      first, a palindromic oligonucleotide containing an XhoI cohesive end was
      covalently linked via its loop to a Sepharose matrix; second, directly to this
      'universal' primed Sepharose was ligated a 37-bp oligonucleotide, with XhoI
      cohesive ends, containing the sequence of the upstream activation sequence 1
      (UAS1) site of the yeast iso-1-cytochrome c (CYC1) gene. After fractionating a
      yeast crude extract through DEAE-cellulose, heparin ultrogel and Mono Q columns,
      a single pass through the affinity matrix allowed the purification to apparent
      homogeneity of the 120-kDa protein factor P, which is responsible for the binding
      to the UAS1 site.

PMID- 2645137
TI  - Myosin heavy-chain isoforms in human smooth muscle.
AB  - The myosin heavy-chain composition of human smooth muscle has been investigated
      by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, enzyme immunoassay,
      and enzyme-immunoblotting procedures. A polyclonal and a monoclonal antibody
      specific for smooth muscle myosin heavy chains were used in this study. The two
      antibodies were unreactive with sarcomeric myosin heavy chains and with platelet
      myosin heavy chain on enzyme immunoassay and immunoblots, and stained smooth
      muscle cells but not non-muscle cells in cryosections and cultures processed for
      indirect immunofluorescence. Two myosin heavy-chain isoforms, designated MHC-1
      and MHC-2 (205 kDa and 200 kDa, respectively) were reactive with both antibodies
      on immunoblots of pyrophosphate extracts from different smooth muscles (arteries,
      veins, intestinal wall, myometrium) electrophoresed in 4% polyacrylamide gels. In
      the pulmonary artery, a third myosin heavy-chain isoform (MHC-3, 190 kDa)
      electrophoretically and antigenically distinguishable from human platelet myosin
      heavy chain, was specifically recognized by the monoclonal antibody. Analysis of
      muscle samples, directly solubilized in a sodium dodecyl sulfate solution, and
      degradation experiments performed on pyrophosphate extracts ruled out the
      possibility that MHC-3 is a proteolytic artefact. Polypeptides of identical
      electrophoretic mobility were also present in the other smooth muscle
      preparations, but were unreactive with this antibody. The presence of three
      myosin heavy-chain isoforms in the pulmonary artery may be related to the unique
      physiological properties displayed by the smooth muscle of this artery.

PMID- 2645139
TI  - Characterization of MSM1, the structural gene for yeast mitochondrial methionyl
      tRNA synthetase.
AB  - Respiratory-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae assigned to pet
      complementation group G72 are impaired in mitochondrial protein synthesis. The
      loss of this activity has been correlated with the inability of the mutants to
      acylate the two methionyl-tRNAs of yeast mitochondria. A nuclear gene (MSM1)
      capable of complementing the respiratory deficiency has been cloned by
      transformation of the G72 mutant C122/U3 with a yeast genomic library. In situ
      disruption of the MSM1 gene in a wild-type haploid strain of yeast induces a
      respiratory-deficient phenotype but does not affect the ability of the mutant to
      grow on fermentable substrates indicating that the product of MSM1 functions only
      in mitochondrial protein synthesis. Mitochondrial extracts prepared from the
      mutant with the disrupted copy of MSM1 were found to be defective in acylation of
      the two mitochondrial methionyl-tRNAs thereby confirming the identity of MSM1 as
      the structural gene for the mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA synthetase. The sequence
      of the protein encoded by MSM1 is similar to the Escherichia coli and yeast
      cytoplasmic methionyl-tRNA synthetases. Based on the primary-sequence
      similarities of the three proteins, the mitochondrial enzyme appears to be more
      related to the bacterial than to the yeast cytoplasmic methionyl-tRNA synthetase.

PMID- 2645140
TI  - Modulation of the affinity of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein of
      Escherichia coli (E. coli SSB) to poly(dT) by site-directed mutagenesis.
AB  - A vector for site-directed mutagenesis and overproduction of the Escherichia coli
      single-stranded-DNA-binding protein (E. coli SSB) was constructed. An E. coli
      strain carrying this vector produces up to 400 mg pure protein from 25 g wet
      cells. The vector was used to mutate specifically the Phe60 residue of E. coli
      SSB. Phe60 had been proposed to be located near the single-stranded-DNA-binding
      site. Substitution of the Phe60 residue by Val, Ser, Leu, His, Tyr and Trp gave
      proteins with no or only minor conformational changes, as detected by NMR
      spectroscopy. The affinity of the mutant E. coli SSB proteins for single-stranded
      DNA decreased in the order Trp greater than Phe (wild-type) greater than Tyr
      greater than Leu greater than His greater than Val greater than Ser, leading to
      the conclusion that position 60 is a site of hydrophobic interaction of the
      protein with DNA.

PMID- 2645141
TI  - The evaluation by means of ultrasounds of the bladder residue after
      gynaecological operations.
AB  - An echographic study of the bladder in 42 patients after gynaecological operation
      has been carried out to evaluate the urinary residue. We prove that we have a
      better approximation to the real urinary volumes, using the ellipsoid formula
      that permits the measuring of the longitudinal, front-rear and lateral-lateral
      diameters of the bladder; then we elaborated tables that gave us directly the
      quantity of urine in the bladder of the three diameters echographically measured.

PMID- 2645142
TI  - Relationship between ER-EIA and ER-D5-Ag-IRMA in breast cancer.
AB  - There is an increasing interest in the predicting of sensitivity to endocrine
      treatment in breast cancer, because receptor-poor tumors respond to hormonal
      therapy like patients without estrogen receptors. The estrogen receptor related
      protein (ER-D5-Ag) could be an opportunity for a new approach to identify those
      patients who will respond. Monoclonal antibody against estrogen receptor related
      protein and monoclonal antibody against estrogen receptor (1) might provide an
      alternative immunological approach to the problem. 53 Pre-M and 135 Post-M breast
      cancer specimens were analysed in predicting hormonal sensitivity in negative
      receptor tumors through ER-EIA and ER-D5-Ag-IRMA. Pre-M ER-EIA - ve were 70.6% ER
      D5 + ve and Post-M ER-EIA - ve were 36.5% ER-D5 + ve. The Authors analysed the
      predictive value of ER-D5 (90.46% in Post-M; 68.28% in Pre-M) in regard to action
      mechanism of the two methods.

PMID- 2645143
TI  - ER-D5 antigen immune radiometric assay in breast cancer research.
AB  - A trial of 185 breast cancer tissues has been developed to characterize receptor
      negative tumors. We observed the ER-D5-Ag availability to recognize the hormone
      sensitivity inside the receptor-negative patient groups. In Pre-M ER--ve
      patients, we observed 26.9%-29.4% of D5+ve cases and in PgR--ve 50% of D5+ve
      cases. In Post-M ER--ve patients, we observed 31.2%-36.5% of D5+ve cases and in
      PgR--ve 53.2% of D5+ve cases. The reproducibility of our results suggests the
      relevance of an additional investigation to characterize the hormonal sensitivity
      of receptor-negative breast cancer tissues.

PMID- 2645144
TI  - Effect of nicardipine on insulin secretion, glucose and lipid metabolism in
      hypertensive, non-insulin dependent diabetics.
AB  - Certain acute and chronic metabolic effects of nicardipine have been studied in
      20 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD). An intravenous glucose
      tolerance test (i.v. GTT, glucose 0.33 g/kg as a bolus) and the corresponding
      insulin response were assessed at the end of a 4 week placebo period, after the
      first dose and on administration for 12 weeks of nicardipine 20 mg t.i.d. The
      glucose and insulin responses to the i.v.GTT, evaluated as incremental AUCs, did
      not change significantly (glucose 30.5 mg/dl.90 min on placebo, 33.1 mg/dl.90 min
      acutely and 31.4 mg/dl.90 min on chronic administration of nicardipine; insulin
      2.08 microU/ml.90 min on placebo, 1.87 microU/ml.90 min acutely and 1.93
      microU/ml.90 min after chronic nicardipine). Glucose removal rate (KG) following
      the i.v.GTT was 0.73%/min on placebo 0.75%/min on acute administration and
      0.8%.min-1 with chronic nicardipine. Active treatment produced a significant
      reduction of blood pressure (from 187/96 mm Hg on placebo to 166/89 mm Hg acutely
      and 152/83 mm Hg after 12 weeks of nicardipine treatment). It is concluded that
      the calcium antagonist nicardipine was an effective antihypertensive drug, and
      that it did not cause deterioration of metabolic control in hypertensive patients
      with NIDD.

PMID- 2645145
TI  - Is captopril effective in controlling blood pressure when administered once
      daily? An assessment using 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
AB  - Twelve patients with essential hypertension receiving captopril monotherapy or
      captopril in conjunction with a diuretic had their 24-h blood pressure profiles
      monitored using an automatic, non-invasive ambulatory method. The study examined
      the efficacy of once a day versus twice a day administration of the ACE inhibitor
      in controlling blood pressure. Six untreated subjects with borderline
      hypertension were also studied using the same monitoring equipment and with the
      same frequency, to act as controls because of the possibility of repeated use of
      the device causing a 'familiarisation' effect. The results obtained indicated
      that if anything, the once daily dosing produced marginally better blood pressure
      values. The amplitude of the diurnal blood pressure variation was reduced on a
      'second-wearing' of the monitoring equipment suggesting some degree of
      familiarisation with the apparatus.

PMID- 2645146
TI  - The effects of spiramycin on plasma cyclosporin A concentrations in heart
      transplant patients.

PMID- 2645147
TI  - Lack of effect of captopril on serum digoxin in congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2645148
TI  - Growth factors and hormones which affect survival, growth, and differentiation of
      the MCF-7 stem cells and their descendants.
AB  - The human breast tumor cell line was separated by Percoll density gradient
      centrifugation into six different subpopulations, A to F, one of which (E)
      appears to contain the stem cells on the basis of several criteria (M. Resnicoff
      et al. 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 7295. We now analyzed the response of
      the isolated subpopulations to insulin, thrombin, PGF2 alpha, estradiol, and 13
      cis-retinal. We demonstrate that the first two growth factors stimulate
      [3H]thymidine incorporation in the more differentiated subpopulations (D and F),
      while PGF2 alpha has mitogenic activity in subpopulations C and D. In the absence
      of any added growth factor, estradiol has the extreme and transient capacity of
      allowing the stem cell to detach from the tissue culture dish and to grow in
      suspension as multicellular aggregates (MCF-7/SE cells). 13-cis-Retinal acts as a
      negative modulator of differentiation and protects the cells from the inhibitory
      and differentiation activity of Na-butyrate.

PMID- 2645149
TI  - Association of casein kinase II with microtubules.
AB  - A magnesium-dependent heparin-inhibited protein kinase activity associated with
      brain microtubule preparations has been identified as casein kinase II using a
      monospecific polyclonal antibody. This enzyme appears enriched in cold-stable
      microtubule fractions. By immunofluorescence microscopy using an antiserum
      against casein kinase II, the in situ immunolabeling of some microtubule assays
      has been observed. Thus, mitotic spindles are stained by the anti-casein kinase
      II antibody in fibroblast cells. In neuroblastoma cells induced to differentiate,
      the labeling of microtubule arrays inside developing axon-like processes is also
      seen. These results support the view that casein kinase II can modulate
      cytoskeletal assembly and dynamics through phosphorylation of microtubule
      proteins.

PMID- 2645150
TI  - Interleukin-2 induces a rapid increase in ornithine decarboxylase mRNA in a
      cloned murine T lymphocytic cell line.
AB  - We recently observed a 25-fold increase in the activity of ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC) 6 h after treatment of G1-synchronized CTLL-2 cells with
      interleukin-2 (IL-2). Here we show that the ODC mRNA content increased in
      parallel with the ODC activity during the first hours of stimulation with IL-2,
      resulting in a 25-fold increase at 6 h. Between 6 and 24 h the ODC mRNA content
      continued to increase steadily up to 50-fold, even after the ODC activity had
      returned to low basal levels. In the case of density-arrested CTLL-2 cells
      deprived of IL-2 for 16 h, the IL-2-mediated increase in ODC mRNA was 2-fold at 1
      h and 5-fold at 8 h, irrespective of the capability of the cells to resume their
      cycle. There was no marked increase in the rate of transcription of the ODC gene,
      at least during the first 2 h of stimulation with IL-2. These findings suggest
      that the regulation of the ODC activity by IL-2 is a primary event in IL-2
      induced cell proliferation and occurs at the post-transcriptional level, possibly
      by stabilizing the ODC mRNA and affecting the efficiency of translation of the
      messenger.

PMID- 2645151
TI  - Bacteriological examination of the water supply on an Antarctic base.
AB  - Faraday Base represents a small isolated community producing its own domestic
      water by desalination of sea water. During the Antarctic winter of 1986 (April to
      October), regular bacteriological examination of the water supply and surrounding
      sea took place. Samples were collected and examined every 2 weeks by the methods
      described in the Department of Health and Social Security Report No. 71, on the
      Bacteriological Examination of Drinking Water Supplies (DHSS, 1982), for membrane
      filtration and colony counting. The results of these examinations are presented
      in this paper. The results obtained suggest that water of good bacteriological
      quality was produced by the desalination plant, but some samples from the
      distribution system contained coliforms or presumptive Escherichia coli in small
      numbers. The possible reasons for this low-level contamination are discussed. No
      cases of gastroenteritis occurred on the base during this time.

PMID- 2645152
TI  - Persistent and transient clones of Salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141
      recognized by biotyping.
AB  - Among the 81 cultures of Salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141 examined, 72
      had been isolated from Sheffield incidents in 1984-5 and 9 were Scottish isolates
      from 1986-7. All of these cultures from diverse sources belonged to primary
      biotype 31; 79 were of full biotype 31beg and 2 anaerogenic cultures were of full
      biotype 31begj. This is the first known occasion on which an epidemic strain of
      S. typhimurium of phage type/biotype 141/31beg has been implicated in outbreaks
      of human or animal infection in the UK. Because previous epidemic strains of S.
      typhimurium of phage type 141 in the UK belonged to biotypes 1f and 9f which are
      phylogenetically unrelated to biotype 31beg, the likely origin of this most
      recent epidemic S. typhimurium strain of phage type/biotype 141/31beg is
      discussed.

PMID- 2645153
TI  - Genetic relationships among Escherichia coli isolates causing urinary tract
      infections in humans and animals.
AB  - Genetic variation in isolates of Escherichia coli obtained mostly from urinary
      tract infections in humans and domesticated animals (dogs and cats) was assessed
      for 16 enzymes using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis to characterize
      chromosomal genotypes. A total of 148 isolates comprised 63 distinct
      electrophoretic types (ETs) and about half of the isolates belonged to one of 9
      common ETs. A bootstrap analysis of genetic distance between ETs revealed three
      significant groups of strains. Variation in allele frequencies among groups
      accounted for 40% of the total genetic diversity. The majority of the common ETs
      fell into a major cluster of closely related strains. The recovery of multiple
      isolates of the same electrophoretic types and serotypes from unassociated hosts
      suggests that these bacteria represent uropathogenic clones that are widely
      disseminated in humans and animals.

PMID- 2645154
TI  - A hospital outbreak of Serratia marcescens in neurosurgical patients.
AB  - We report an outbreak of serious infections with Serratia marcescens in patients
      on a neurosurgery ward. The epidemiological investigations undertaken are
      described. Features of outbreaks of infection with serratia and control measures
      are discussed.

PMID- 2645155
TI  - A community outbreak of group A beta haemolytic streptococci with transferable
      resistance to erythromycin.
AB  - Erythromycin resistance amongst group A streptococci (GAS) in Great Britain is a
      relatively rare occurrence and outbreaks have been sporadically reported. Over an
      8-month period in 1986 ten associated cases occurred in the town of Bridgewater
      in Somerset. Isolates were group A, type M4 and resistant to erythromycin (MIC 8
      mg/l) but sensitive to lincomycin and clindamycin. Erythromycin resistance was
      transferable from all isolates to a group A recipient strain. No plasmid DNA
      could be detected in the original isolates or transconjugants.

PMID- 2645156
TI  - Enhanced myelopoiesis in long-term cultures of human bone marrow pretreated with
      recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
AB  - Long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC) for human hemopoiesis supports continuous
      proliferation and differentiation within the myeloid progenitor population by the
      formation of an adherent stromal monolayer. LTBMC represents the most suitable in
      vitro model for the study of regulatory mechanisms in human hemopoiesis. We
      investigated the effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (rhuGM-CSF) on bone marrow of normal donors in LTBMC. The
      cells (2 x 10(6)/ml) were incubated with 100 ng/ml rhuGM-CSF for 24 h in culture
      medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. After the preincubation, LTBMCs
      were started and maintained over a period of 10 weeks. After 1 week in culture we
      observed a statistically significant difference with a 1.5-fold higher number of
      nonadherent cells in the LTBMCs containing the bone marrow preincubated with
      rhuGM-CSF (p less than 0.05). This increase was due to an expansion of the mature
      myeloid cells. At the same time point the number of GM colony-forming units (CFU
      GM)/ml in the LTBMCs with rhuGM-CSF-preincubated bone marrow was slightly
      increased compared to the controls without reaching a statistically significant
      level. We conclude that rhuGM-CSF at a saturation dose is a potent stimulator of
      in vitro myelopoiesis stem cell pool. This in vitro result is of relevance for
      the clinical use of rhuGM-CSF in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation.
      The incubation of donor bone marrow prior to transplantation might be a new
      approach to facilitate the engraftment and to shorten the phase of pancytopenia.

PMID- 2645157
TI  - Evidence that the macrophage-granulocyte inducer (MGI) is produced during cell
      proliferation, stored in G0, released in G1, cell specific, and induces the
      secretion of other colony-stimulating activities (CSA).
AB  - The secretion of the macrophage and granulocyte inducer (MGI), also known as
      colony-stimulating factor (CSF), by epithelial cells from lungs and kidneys, and
      by fibroblasts from lungs, was determined as a function of time in culture; it
      was found to be secreted during the initial exponential proliferation period, and
      not when the cells approached saturation density. When the cells were again
      induced to proliferate, large amounts of CSF were released after 3 h, thus
      hinting at the existence of a reserve pool. A CSF activity of 70,000 daltons was
      found in cultures of fibroblasts from lungs, kidneys, and the peritoneal cavity,
      a 45,000-dalton CSF was obtained from mouse peritoneal macrophages, and from bone
      marrow cells when activated for macrophage proliferation, and a 22,000-dalton CSF
      was found from epithelial cells, thus suggesting that the different CSFs are cell
      specific. When fibroblast CSF was used to induce bone marrow cells, three new
      molecules with colony-stimulating activity were produced, of 45,000, 30,000, and
      17,000 daltons. The fraction with the 17,000-dalton activity also contained
      interleukin 1 activity, hinting at an indirect induction of colony formation by
      this factor. Finally the possible existence of a cascade reaction in which one
      CSF induces the appearance of other CSFs during the normal regulation of myeloid
      cell differentiation is discussed.

PMID- 2645158
TI  - Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates
      immature marrow precursors but no CFU-GM, CFU-G, or CFU-M.
AB  - Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been
      described as a multilineage growth factor that induces in vitro colony formation
      from erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E), eosinophil colony-forming units (CFU
      Eo), and multipotential CFU (CFU-GEMM) as well as from granulocyte-macrophage CFU
      (CFU-GM), granulocyte CFU (CFU-G), and macrophage CFU (CFU-M). In this paper we
      provide evidence indicating that GM-CSF, when tested for its stimulating
      capacities expressed upon highly enriched hematopoietic progenitor cells
      (CD34+/monocyte-depleted), is unable to induce colonies from CFU-GM, CFU-G, or
      CFU-M. Only BFU-E, CFU-Eo, and CFU-GEMM were stimulated, and thus GM-CSF induces
      a similarly restricted spectrum of progenitor cells as does recombinant human
      interleukin 3 (IL-3). We then compared the relative stimulating potencies of GM
      CSF and IL-3 by measuring colony numbers of CFU-GEMM, BFU-E, and CFU-Eo generated
      from CD34+ progenitor cells. IL-3 and GM-CSF as single factors were equally
      active in stimulating CFU-GEMM, but the combination of both factors produced
      additive stimulative effects upon CFU-GEMM. IL-3 was a more potent stimulus of
      BFU-E, and GM-CSF was the more active stimulating factor for CFU-Eo. We conclude
      that GM-CSF and IL-3, although stimulating the outgrowth of identical types of
      progenitor cells, particularly differ as regards their comparative quantitative
      efficiency of stimulation.

PMID- 2645159
TI  - Eimeria tenella: use of a monoclonal antibody in determining the intracellular
      fate of the refractile body organelles and the effect on in vitro development.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, which recognizes the refractile body of Eimeria
      sporozoites, was used to study the developmental fate of this organelle during
      asexual development of E. tenella and to determine the effect of this monoclonal
      antibody on in vitro development of the parasite. Through use of
      immunofluorescent antibody and gold-labeling techniques at the light and electron
      microscopy level, the refractile body at 48 to 96 hr postinoculation was found to
      separate into 6 to 10 small globules, then diffuse throughout the schizont
      cytoplasm, and eventually reconcentrate as a small dot of material in each of the
      mature first-generation merozoites. The schizont did not develop to maturity if
      diffusion of the refractile body did not occur. The refractile body material was
      quickly lost as the merozoite left the schizont and invaded new cells and was not
      detected in any later developmental stages. The in vitro development of first-
      and second-generation schizonts of E. tenella was greatly inhibited (up to 100%)
      with exposure to the monoclonal antibody. There was an increase in the number of
      schizonts with nondispersed refractile body in the monoclonal antibody-treated
      cells when compared to the untreated controls, and the few mature schizonts seen
      had up to a 50-fold decrease in the number of merozoites. Immunofluorescent
      antibody labeling of the refractile body of intracellular sporozoites and
      schizonts treated in vitro with the monoclonal antibody for 24-96 hr
      postinoculation indicated that the antibody had crossed the host cell and
      parasite plasma membrane during incubation.

PMID- 2645160
TI  - Parasite proteases.

PMID- 2645161
TI  - Developmentally regulated gene expression in Schistosoma.

PMID- 2645162
TI  - Chromosomal polymorphisms and gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum.

PMID- 2645163
TI  - Trypanosoma brucei: conserved sequence organization 3' to telomeric variant
      surface glycoprotein genes.
AB  - We have previously postulated that telomeric variant surface glycoprotein (VSG)
      genes in Trypanosoma brucei serve more frequently than intrachromosomal VSG genes
      as basic copies for gene conversion. To examine this further we determined the
      sequence for approximately 1200 nucleotides 3' to the telomeric IsTat 1 VSG gene,
      expressed in early variant antigenic types, and compared this sequence with those
      3' to other VSG genes. We found that about 200 nucleotides immediately 3' to the
      1 VSG gene are homologous to sequences immediately 3' to other telomeric VSG
      genes. These sequences may function in extended duplex formation 3' to telomeric
      VSG genes and partially explain their more frequent gene conversion. In addition,
      further 3' is a highly conserved 49 bp direct repeat, which is not transcribed
      into stable RNA. These sequences appear to be conserved in various T. brucei
      stocks, and we have therefore proposed a model which is a modification of one
      previously proposed (E. H. Blackburn and P. B. Challoner, 1984, Cell, 36, 447
      457; L. H. T. Van der Ploeg, A. Y. C. Liu, and P. Borst, 1984, Cell, 36, 459-468)
      for the sequence organization of a trypanosome telomeric region.

PMID- 2645164
TI  - Plasmodium berghei: immunosuppression of the cell-mediated immune response
      induced by nonviable antigenic preparations.
AB  - In this work, plasmodial antigens were examined for their ability to suppress the
      cellular immune response during lethal Plasmodium berghei infection. Splenic
      enlargement and the number and function of white spleen cells were assessed after
      injection of normal mice with irradiated parasitized erythrocytes (IPE) or with
      parasitized erythrocytes (PE) membranes. Both IPE and PE membranes caused
      splenomegaly and an increase in the number of splenic white cells with concurrent
      alteration of the relative proportions of T cells and macrophages. The percentage
      of T lymphocytes was fractionally diminished, but there was a marked increase in
      Lyt 2.2 positive (suppressor and cytotoxic) T subsets and in the number of
      splenic macrophage precursors. The pathological enlargement of the spleen was
      induced by various plasma membrane-derived antigens containing both proteins and
      carbohydrates. Splenocytes of mice injected with liposomes containing
      deoxycholate-treated PE or PE fractions showed both diminished interleukin 2
      production and a decreased response to mitogen. It appears that some of the
      changes in the cellular immune response during P. berghei infection are a
      consequence of the massive provision of a wide spectrum of antigens, capable of
      suppressing the immune response. Thus, it may be appropriate to evaluate the
      possible negative effect of parasite epitopes that are candidates for vaccine.

PMID- 2645165
TI  - Hereditary haemochromatosis.

PMID- 2645166
TI  - Bone marrow and tissue expression of gpIIb/IIIa, LFA-1, Mac-1 and gp150,95
      glycoproteins.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against platelet glycoprotein gpIIb/IIIa and the
      leucocyte adhesion molecules LFA-1, Mac-1, and gp 150,95 alpha chain (CD11a,b,c)
      and beta chain (CD18) have been tested in normal and leukaemic bone marrows, in
      different human tissues, and in a patient with leucocyte adhesion deficiency
      (LAD). The effect of these MAbs on platelet aggregation was also tested.
      GpIIb/IIIa showed widespread distribution, while reactivity of CD11/18 antibodies
      was limited to haematopoietic cells. Platelets and megakaryocytes were reactive
      with one CD11a (25.5.2), and with no CD11b/c or CD18 MAbs. GpIIb/IIIa was present
      on the platelets of the patient with LAD, whereas 25.5.2, (CD11a) bound to his
      platelets but not to his leucocytes. These data indicate that LFA-1, Mac-1, and
      gp150,95 are not present on human platelets, but they suggest the existence of
      crossreacting epitopes on gpIIb/IIIa, which is consistent with the hypothesis
      that these molecules belong to a supergene family of adhesion molecules.

PMID- 2645167
TI  - Cysteine proteases of positive strand RNA viruses and chymotrypsin-like serine
      proteases. A distinct protein superfamily with a common structural fold.
AB  - Evidence is presented, based on sequence comparison and secondary structure
      prediction, of structural and evolutionary relationship between chymotrypsin-like
      serine proteases, cysteine proteases of positive strand RNA viruses (3C proteases
      of picornaviruses and related enzymes of como-, nepo- and potyviruses) and
      putative serine protease of a sobemovirus. These observations lead to re
      identification of principal catalytic residues of viral proteases. Instead of the
      pair of Cys and His, both located in the C-terminal part of 3C proteases, a triad
      of conserved His, Asp(Glu) and Cys(Ser) has been identified, the first two
      residues resident in the N-terminal, and Cys in the C-terminal beta-barrel
      domain. These residues are suggested to form a charge-transfer system similar to
      that formed by the catalytic triad of chymotrypsin-like proteases. Based on the
      structural analogy with chymotrypsin-like proteases, the His residue previously
      implicated in catalysis, together with two partially conserved Gly residues, is
      predicted to constitute part of the substrate-binding pocket of 3C proteases. A
      partially conserved ThrLys/Arg dipeptide located in the loop preceding the
      catalytic Cys is suggested to confer the primary cleavage specificity of 3C
      toward Glx/Gly(Ser) sites. These observations provide the first example of
      relatedness between proteases belonging, by definition, to different classes.

PMID- 2645168
TI  - Synthesis of a (desSer1 Ile29 Leu89) chicken cystatin gene, expression in E. coli
      as fusion protein and its isolation.
AB  - A synthetic gene coding for the cysteine proteinase inhibitor (desSer1 Ile29
      Leu89) chicken cystatin was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The gene was
      assembled from 12 oligonucleotides and inserted into vector pUC 8. Expression as
      fusion protein was performed in a temperature-inducible E. coli system. The
      expression product was synthesized as 20% of total E. coli protein. The fusion
      protein was purified, the chicken cystatin homologue was split off with CNBr and
      the N-terminal sequence confirmed up to position 37. The properties of the
      purified material correspond to those of natural chicken cystatin. The
      recombinant cystatin variant binds anti-chicken cystatin IgG, is inhibitorily
      active and displays Ki values with papain and with cathepsin B similar to those
      determined for natural chicken cystatin.

PMID- 2645169
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequencing of the glycogen phosphorylase gene from
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The glgP gene, which codes for glycogen phosphorylase, was cloned from a genomic
      library of Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of the glgP gene contained a
      single open reading frame encoding a protein consisting of 790 amino acid
      residues. The glgP gene product, a polypeptide of Mr 87,000, was confirmed by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The deduced amino acid sequence showed that
      homology between glgP of E. coli and rabbit glgP, human glgP, potato glgP, and E.
      coli malP was 48.6, 48.6, 42.3, and 46.1%, respectively. Within this homologous
      region, the active site, glycogen storage site, and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate
      binding site are well conserved. The enzyme activity of glycogen phosphorylase
      increased after introduction on a multicopy of the glgP gene.

PMID- 2645170
TI  - Identification of the magnesium, europium and lead binding sites in E. coli and
      lupine tRNAPhe by specific metal ion-induced cleavages.
AB  - The Pb, Eu and Mg-induced cleavages in E. coli and lupine tRNAPhe have been
      characterized and compared with those found in yeast tRNAPhe. The pattern of
      lupine tRNAPhe hydrolysis closely resembles that of yeast tRNAPhe, while several
      major differences occur in the specificity and efficiency of the E. coli tRNAPhe
      hydrolysis. The latter tRNA is cleaved with much lower yield in the D-loop, and
      interestingly, cleavage is also detected in the variable region, that is highly
      resistant to hydrolysis in eukaryotic tRNAs. The possible location of tight Pb,
      Eu and Mg binding sites in E. coli tRNAPhe is discussed on the basis of the
      specific hydrolysis data.

PMID- 2645171
TI  - Nucleotide residues of tRNA, directly interacting with proteins within the
      complex of the 30 S subunit of E. coli ribosome with poly(U) and NAcPhe
      tRNA(Phe).
AB  - With the aid of photoinduced tRNA-protein cross-linking, nucleotide residues A21,
      U45 and U60 were shown to interact directly with proteins S5, S7 and S9
      respectively, in the complex of the 30 S subunit of E. coli ribosome with poly(U)
      and NAcPhe-tRNA(Phe). These nucleotide residues are located in the central part
      of the L-form in the tertiary structure of RNA.

PMID- 2645172
TI  - Purification and crystallization of ferric enterobactin receptor protein, FepA,
      from the outer membranes of Escherichia coli UT5600/pBB2.
AB  - The ferric enterobactin receptor protein, FepA, was isolated and purified from
      the outer membranes of a genetically transformed strain of Escherichia coli
      (UT5600/pBB2) using anion-exchange chromatography, chromatofocusing and gel
      filtration. The purified protein was found to crystallize from 25 mM sodium
      phosphate buffer in the presence of 0.8% beta-D-octylglucoside under a range of
      conditions. The protein formed mostly small rods and needle-shaped crystals in
      the hanging drop method.

PMID- 2645173
TI  - Anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer evaluated by a computerized tube leukocyte
      adherence inhibition (LAI) assay.
AB  - Seventy-four women admitted for breast biopsy were monitored before surgery for
      anti-tumor cell-mediated immunity using a computerized tube leukocyte adherence
      inhibition (LAI) assay. Spent medium from breast, lung and colon adenocarcinoma
      cell lines was used as the source of organ-specific neoantigens for
      standardization of the assay. Peripheral blood leukocytes from 25/40 (62.5%)
      patients diagnosed after surgery as breast cancer responded to spent medium with
      a positive non-adherence index (NAI). A positive NAI was inversely related to
      tumor mass because only 7/18 (38.8%) of those with Stage III or IV had a positive
      NAI; while 18/22 (81.8%) of those with Stage I or II were positive. Cross
      reactive antigenicity was not observed when spent medium from breast cancer was
      incubated with leukocytes from patients with several other solid tumors nor when
      leukocytes from breast cancer patients were incubated with spent medium from lung
      or colon carcinoma cell lines. The antigenic material in the spent medium appears
      to be an organ-specific neoantigen because only 1/34 patients with benign breast
      disease had a positive NAI and all normal healthy control individuals were
      negative. The results of this study show that spent medium of a breast carcinoma
      cell line is more reliable than crude cancer extracts for use in LAI to detect
      specific anti-tumor cellular immune responses. The improved method presented in
      this report can be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of breast cancer and for
      monitoring of patients with this disease.

PMID- 2645174
TI  - Observer variation in histological grading of breast cancer.
AB  - A multicentre study was conducted to assess the degree of agreement between
      pathologists grading breast tumours using the WHO criteria. Satisfactory
      correlation of grades was found to occur with observer variation of 21.9% on 874
      tumours.

PMID- 2645175
TI  - Lymphoma of uterine cervix.
AB  - Two patients with malignant lymphoma of the cervix treated with radiotherapy and
      chemotherapy are reported. Both are alive and disease-free 8 years later. The
      literature is reviewed to define the role of the different treatment modalities.

PMID- 2645176
TI  - Primary central nervous system lymphoma: long-term survival following treatment
      with radiation and methotrexate.
AB  - Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system is a rare disease with poor
      response to therapy. A 37-year-old man presented with primary cerebral lymphoma
      diagnosed by stereotactic brain biopsy. He was initially treated with whole brain
      irradiation but subsequently developed recurrent disease in the spinal cord
      manifested by paraplegia. Combined modality treatment with spinal cord
      irradiation, intrathecal methotrexate and 19 courses of high-dose systemic
      methotrexate with urinary alkalinization, resulted in stabilization of his
      neurologic status. No further disease progression has been observed and the
      patient remains free of disease 62 months after beginning chemotherapy.
      Methotrexate therapy may offer an effective means of treating recurrent primary
      central nervous system lymphomas.

PMID- 2645177
TI  - Clinical distribution of anticentromere antibody in Japanese patients.
AB  - Serum samples from 401 subjects were screened for the presence of anticentromere
      antibody using HEp-2 cells as the substrate for an indirect immunofluorescence
      method. Anticentromere antibody was found in 16 cases; 8 out of 62 patients with
      systemic sclerosis, 3 out of 7 patients with primary Raynaud's disease, 2 out of
      41 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 1 out of 54 asymptomatic relatives
      of systemic sclerosis and 2 out of 50 patients with miscellaneous diseases. In
      systemic sclerosis, the patients with anticentromere antibody were limited in
      CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal involvement, sclerodactylia
      and telangiectasia) variant. As reported previously by many investigators,
      anticentromere antibody is considered as a useful immunologic marker for CREST
      variant of systemic sclerosis, although this antibody is widely distributed in
      other conditions with less frequency.

PMID- 2645178
TI  - Pemphigus associated with Castelman's pseudolymphoma.
AB  - Several cases of association between pemphigus vulgaris and Castleman's
      pseudolymphoma have been reported. We describe a new case with mucocutaneous
      involvement and improvement after tumor removal. A review of the literature is
      presented.

PMID- 2645179
TI  - Bf allotypes in bullous pemphigoid.

PMID- 2645180
TI  - Fixation of pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus antibodies in shedding snake
      epidermis.
AB  - The fixation of pemphigus antibodies was revealed by indirect immunofluorescence
      in shedding grass snake epidermis. The antibodies of patients with pemphigus
      vulgaris (PV) were specifically binding to the antigenic substance which appears
      in the snake epidermis at the initial stage of integument change. At the peak of
      shedding, the fixation of PV antibodies was observed only in the upper layers of
      the 'old' epidermis, although the intensity of fluorescent staining was
      considerably reduced. At the same stage of shedding, there was marked fixation of
      antibodies of patients suffering from pemphigus foliaceus (PF). The specific
      binding of PF antibodies was noted predominantly on the cell membranes of the
      'old' keratinocytes, localized in the upper layers of the epidermis. In contrast
      to bullous pemphigoid antibodies, PV and PF antibodies failed to fix in the skin
      of the snake prior to or after physiologic shedding. The data obtained suggest
      that pemphigus may have an atavistic origin.

PMID- 2645181
TI  - Clusters of 43-kDa protein are absent from genetic variants of C2 muscle cells
      with reduced acetylcholine receptor expression.
AB  - Genetic variants of the C2 muscle cell line were used to investigate the relation
      between acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering and clustering of the 43-kDa
      protein. Two variants that express severely reduced amounts of the alpha subunit
      of the AChR and consequently lack AChR clusters were found also to lack clusters
      of the 43-kDa protein. The amount of 43-kDa protein in the variants measured by
      immunoassay was reduced to about one-third the levels found in wild-type cells.
      The beta subunit of the AChR was reduced to a similar extent. Northern blot
      analysis showed that neither the 43-kDa protein mRNA nor the beta subunit mRNA
      was reduced in the variants. Taken together, these results suggest that the
      amounts of beta subunit and 43-kDa protein may be regulated coordinately by a
      post-transcriptional mechanism.

PMID- 2645182
TI  - Skeletal muscle myofibrillogenesis as revealed with a monoclonal antibody to
      titin in combination with detection of the alpha- and gamma-isoforms of actin.
AB  - The distribution of titin during myofibrillogenesis was examined using rat
      skeletal muscle myogenic cultures and fluorescent-antibody staining. Efforts were
      made to compare the distribution and temporal sequence of incorporation of titin
      relative to that of the alpha- and gamma-isoforms of actin. The present
      observations suggested the following sequence of titin assembly: (1) newly
      synthesized titin molecules are distributed in a diffuse pattern throughout the
      sarcoplasm, (2) the titin molecules gradually associate with alpha- and gamma
      actin-positive stress fiber-like structures (SFLS), (3) groups of titin molecules
      begin to segregate on the SFLS, and (4) titin molecules align in a mature doublet
      configuration in the sarcomeres of nascent myofibrils. Titin assembly on the SFLS
      often appeared prior to the onset of either alpha- or gamma-actin periodicity on
      nascent myofibrils; the latter result suggested a role for titin in sarcomeric
      organization. Actin distribution on SFLS and its periodicity on nascent
      myofibrils was usually identical between the alpha- and gamma-isoforms. This
      suggested that gamma-actin participated in myofibrillogenesis in a manner
      indistinguishable from that of alpha-actin. The transition seen from continuous
      actin staining of SFLS to the I-band staining pattern of mature myofibrils is
      discussed in relation to the corresponding reorganization of actin filaments and
      the molecular associations that this would entail.

PMID- 2645183
TI  - Nuclear run-on transcription from primary embryonic lens tissue.
AB  - We have devised an in vitro RNA elongation assay (nuclear "run-on" transcription)
      that is suitable for use with small amounts of primary embryonic tissue. The
      assay is sensitive enough to detect transcription of single-copy genes in 8 X
      10(5) nuclei isolated from embryonic chicken lens epithelia, and gives no
      detectable hybridization to unrelated DNAs, such as phi X or pBR322. We have used
      this assay to examine transcription of delta-crystallin and six proto-oncogenes
      in lens epithelia of 6-day-old embryonic chickens. The results indicate that
      delta-crystallin, c-myc, p53, and c-fos are actively transcribed in these cells,
      while c-myb, N-ras, and c-mil are not transcribed at detectable levels.

PMID- 2645184
TI  - Structure of a major yolk glycoprotein and its processing pathway by limited
      proteolysis are conserved in echinoids.
AB  - To study the fate of the yolk glycoproteins found in eggs and embryos of the sea
      urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a polyclonal antibody to a 90-kDa
      polymannose glycoprotein found in the embryo was prepared. Immunoblot analysis of
      total proteins over the course of development showed that this antibody
      recognized a family of glycoproteins. Concomitant with the disappearance of the
      major 160-kDa yolk glycoprotein of the egg during embryogenesis, glycoproteins
      with a lower molecular mass appeared. These glycoproteins (115, 108, 90, 83, and
      68 kDa) were purified from S. purpuratus and analyzed by limited proteolysis and
      peptide mapping. This analysis revealed that these glycoproteins were cleavage
      products derived from the major yolk glycoprotein. The antibody to the 90-kDa
      glycoprotein in S. purpuratus embryos was used to identify a homologous set of
      yolk glycoproteins with similar molecular masses in the embryos of three other
      species in the class Echinoidea: Arbacia punctulata, Lytechinus pictus, and
      Dendraster excentricus. However, eggs from other echinoderm classes and from
      Xenopus laevis, Drosophila melanogaster, and the chicken did not contain any
      cross-reactive molecules. Cross-reactivity within the class Echinoidea was not
      due to a common carbohydrate epitope, because the antibody recognized the
      glycoproteins even after the N-linked carbohydrate side chains were enzymatically
      removed. The major yolk glycoprotein (160-170 kDa) from each of the three sea
      urchin species was purified and analyzed. Comparison of the physical and chemical
      properties of these glycoproteins revealed striking similarities in pI and in
      amino acid and monosaccharide composition. The results of peptide mapping also
      supported the conclusion that the 160- to 170-kDa glycoproteins from the four
      echinoids are structurally homologous glycoproteins containing N-linked
      polymannose chains. Immunolocalization by electron microscopy in S. purpuratus
      showed that the yolk glycoproteins remained within the yolk platelet throughout
      development, and that externalization of the 160-kDa glycoprotein or its cleavage
      products was not detectable.

PMID- 2645185
TI  - Morning insulin requirements. Critique of dawn and meal phenomena.
AB  - Morning insulin resistance has frequently been invoked to explain early-morning
      increases in both basal and breakfast-associated insulin requirements in diabetic
      patients. This increase in insulin requirements and plasma glucose from 0600 to
      0900, when compared with midnight to 0600, has been termed the dawn phenomenon.
      We believe that the increased need for insulin in the morning has been
      misinterpreted. Data are reviewed that suggest the major perturbation overnight
      is a sleep-associated fall in hepatic glucose output, with a return to basal
      production rates on arousal in the morning. Moreover, the apparent increased
      insulin requirement for breakfast compared with lunch or supper (meal phenomenon)
      appears to be related more to lack of residual insulin effect from a preceding
      meal than to any putative morning insulin resistance. Thus, we found little
      evidence to support morning insulin resistance as a cause of either the dawn
      phenomenon (more appropriately designated the sleep phenomenon) or the meal
      phenomenon. A proper understanding of these phenomena is essential to the
      management of diabetic patients receiving insulin.

PMID- 2645186
TI  - Sleep-associated fall in glucose disposal and hepatic glucose output in normal
      humans. Putative signaling mechanism linking peripheral and hepatic events.
AB  - Values reported for basal hepatic glucose production and glucose utilization do
      not reflect metabolic changes occurring during sleep. To determine the effect of
      sleep with its associated lowered metabolic rate and thermogenesis on glucose
      kinetics and gluconeogenic substrate availability, 11 normal volunteers underwent
      an overnight study in which [3-3H]glucose was infused. Despite decreased insulin
      secretion, a fall in hepatic glucose output was observed with sleep that was
      synchronous with a reduction in glucose utilization and lipolysis (decreased
      plasma glycerol and free fatty acids). When activity was increased, these
      parameters rose toward previously reported basal levels. Prevention of sleep in 6
      additional subjects attenuated the fall in glucose utilization and production as
      well as the fall in glycerol and free fatty acids despite similar insulin and
      counterregulatory hormone profiles. We suggest that sleep-associated metabolic
      changes produce a peripheral signal(s) that modulates hepatic glucose production
      in humans.

PMID- 2645187
TI  - Role of deep abdominal fat in the association between regional adipose tissue
      distribution and glucose tolerance in obese women.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) was used to study the association between adipose tissue
      localization and glucose tolerance in a sample of 52 premenopausal obese women
      aged 35.7 +/- 5.5 yr (mean +/- SD) and with a body fat of 45.9 +/- 5.5%. Body-fat
      mass and the body mass index (BMI) were significantly correlated with plasma
      glucose, insulin, and connecting peptide (C-peptide) areas after glucose (75 g)
      ingestion (.40 less than or equal to r less than or equal to .51, P less than
      .01). Trunk-fat accumulation and the size of fat cells in the abdomen displayed
      highly significant correlations with postglucose insulin levels. The C-peptide
      area was also positively correlated with abdominal fat cell size (r = .76, P less
      than .01) and was more closely associated with the sum of trunk skin folds (r =
      .59, P less than .001) than with the extremity skin folds (r = .29, P less than
      .05). Subcutaneous and deep-abdominal-fat areas measured by CT displayed
      comparable associations with the plasma insulin area (r = .44 and .49,
      respectively; P less than .001) but marked differences in the associations with
      glucose tolerance. Indeed, subcutaneous abdominal fat was not significantly
      correlated with the glucose area, whereas deep abdominal fat showed a significant
      correlation (r = .57, P less than .001) with the glucose area. Midthigh fat
      deposition measured by CT was not, however, correlated with plasma glucose,
      insulin, or C-peptide areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645188
TI  - Autophosphorylation of cultured skin fibroblast insulin receptors from patients
      with severe insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans.
AB  - The severe insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans seen in young women
      without insulin-receptor autoantibodies is characterized by hyperinsulinemia and
      decreased in vivo responsiveness to insulin. We evaluated the potential cellular
      defects in insulin-receptor binding and autophosphorylation in 12 subjects with
      this syndrome. When evaluated as a group, insulin binding to freshly isolated
      monocytes was 55% that of controls. Specific binding of insulin to skin
      fibroblasts in monolayer culture was 49% that of controls. Maximal insulin
      stimulated receptor autophosphorylation was only 27% that of controls. Individual
      data demonstrated that the diminished autophosphorylation activity was out of
      proportion to the diminished fibroblast insulin binding in cell lines from most
      subjects and was less than 50% of the predicted activity in 6 of the 12 studied
      cell lines. These data are consistent with genetically determined defects leading
      to diminished numbers of cell surface insulin receptors with intact tyrosine
      kinase autophosphorylation in many of our cell lines. However, in at least half,
      there appeared to be an additional defect beyond insulin binding, resulting in a
      disproportionate decrease in insulin-sensitive phosphorylation of the insulin
      receptor beta-subunit.

PMID- 2645189
TI  - Insulin depolarization of skeletal muscle in absence of external Na+.
AB  - Three mechanisms have been proposed by which insulin might increase the
      electrical potential difference across the cell membrane of some of its main
      target cells: stimulation of an electrogenic pump; increased permeability to K+
      (PK); and decreased ratio of permeability to Na+ (PNa) compared to PK, with an
      absolute decrease in permeability to both ions. Our laboratory has reported that
      insulin-induced hyperpolarization (IIH) of rat skeletal muscle is not due to
      stimulation of a ouabain-inhibitable pump and that insulin decreases 42K efflux,
      apparently eliminating the first two candidate mechanisms. If the remaining
      hypothesis is correct, when Na+ is removed from the bathing solution, insulin
      should depolarize, not hyperpolarize. It did. With Tris or N-methyl-D-glucamine
      substituted for Na+, insulin depolarized by approximately 3 mV. Ouabain had no
      effect. PNa decreased by greater than 90%; PK was reduced by less than 40%. The
      main component of the immediate mechanism of IIH is the near elimination of PNa.
      Furthermore, when a poorly permeable cation was substituted for Na+, muscles
      hyperpolarized in the absence of insulin. This gave us an opportunity to test the
      hypothesis that hyperpolarization is a link in the insulin-transduction chain.
      Consistent with this hypothesis, rat muscles hyperpolarized in this manner in the
      absence of insulin took up more glucose than paired controls in normal Na+
      solution.

PMID- 2645190
TI  - Glucagonlike peptide I (7-37) actions on endocrine pancreas.
AB  - Glucagonlike peptide I (7-37) [GLP-I-(7-37)], encoded with glucagon and
      glucagonlike peptide II and intervening peptide II in the rat and human glucagon
      gene, is processed from proglucagon in both pancreas and intestine and is a
      potent stimulator of insulin secretion. Unequivocal insulin release from the
      isolated perfused rat pancreas is elicited by a 10(-11) M concentration of this
      peptide, and a weak response is found at 10(-12) M. We found that GLP-I-(7-37) is
      approximately 100 times more potent than glucagon in the stimulation of insulin
      secretion. Insulin release in response to GLP-I-(7-37) is highly dependent on the
      ambient glucose concentration; no response is detectable at a glucose
      concentration of 2.8 mM, and at 6.6 and 16.7 mM, insulin release is augmented by
      4.7 and 22.8 ng/ml, respectively. The pattern of insulin secretion stimulated by
      GLP-I-(7-37) is biphasic, with an initial spike followed by a plateau of
      sustained release. The effects on insulin release of GLP-I-(7-36) amide, a GLP-I
      analogue, and GLP-I-(7-37) at concentrations of 10(-11) M were indistinguishable.
      We also found that GLP-I-(7-37) at 10(-9) M does not influence glucagon secretion
      and that glucagonlike peptide II and the intervening peptide II, two other
      peptides encoded by the glucagon gene, have no detectable effects on insulin
      secretion.

PMID- 2645191
TI  - Effect of isologous and autologous insulin antibodies on in vivo bioavailability
      and metabolic fate of immune-complexed insulin in Lou/M rats.
AB  - The in vivo bioavailability, distribution, and metabolic fate of 125I-labeled
      insulin complexed to isologous and autologous antibodies were studied in inbred
      Lou/M rats. There was an impaired bioavailability of the 125I-insulin bound to
      the isologous and autologous antibodies. Very little of the 125I-insulin in these
      immune complexes could bind to insulin receptors on hepatocytes or renal tubular
      cells and be degraded, because the amounts of 125I from degraded 125I-insulin in
      the blood or secreted into the stomach were markedly attenuated in both cases for
      at least 30 min after injection. There was a simultaneous accumulation of 125I
      insulin immune complexes in the liver and the kidneys of Lou/M rats injected with
      125I-insulin complexed with isologous antibodies or when insulin-immunized Lou/M
      rats were injected with 125I-insulin during the same interval. The impaired
      bioavailability of immune-complexed insulin and altered distribution of
      radioactivity due to the accumulation of immune complexes in the liver and kidney
      were also observed in previous experiments in which Lewis rats were injected with
      xenogenic guinea pig and homologous insulin antibodies. These observations are
      therefore submitted as evidence that the Lou/M rat is a valid model in which to
      study the bioavailability of insulin immune complexed to isologous, homologous,
      and xenogenic antibodies and the metabolic fate of the respective insulin
      antibody immune complexes.

PMID- 2645192
TI  - [Percutaneous embolization with spirals in bleeding uterine cancer].
AB  - Percutaneous transcatheter embolization (PTE) in patients with life threatening
      bleeding carcinomas of the uterine cervix using stainless steel coils, proves to
      be an effective treating method. There is a low incidence of complications
      concerning the local cutis, nerves or arteries. PTE does not allow a causal
      therapy of the malignant disease, but in half of our patients (n = 13)
      embolization was the precondition for initial or further adequate therapeutic
      management.

PMID- 2645193
TI  - [Effect of parity on the venous system of the leg].
AB  - Pregnancy is known to be an important aetiological factor of varicose veins. How
      much this can be attributed to gestation is still controversially discussed. This
      problem was investigated using three non-invasive methods--Ultrasonography,
      Venous-Occlusion Plethysmography (VOP) and Light-Reflexion-Rheography (LPR). We
      found no significant differences between the group of primipara and multipara
      with relation to the venous morphology and the venous function in the legs. Only
      the distensibility of the venous wall of the multipara group was slightly
      increased in comparison to the group of the primipara. These results were found
      by VOP and LRR simultaneously. Varicosis is therefore caused mainly by the first
      pregnancy, whereas the subsequent pregnancies do not show remarkable changes of
      the status quo. Concerning the sensitivity of the methods mentioned above,
      ultrasonography alone can give easy and quick information. In the case of
      pathological findings, the indication for more complex investigations (VOP and
      LRR) can be established.

PMID- 2645194
TI  - Early worms.

PMID- 2645195
TI  - Repair of single- and multiple-substitution mismatches during recombination in
      Streptococcus pneumoniae.
AB  - The use as genetic markers, during transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae, of
      19 sequences differing from wild type, located throughout the amiA locus, enabled
      us to examine the fate of 24 single- and 11 multiple-mismatches during
      recombination. Tentative mismatch ranking as a function of decreasing repair
      efficiency by the Hex mismatch repair system is G/T = A/C = G/G (maximum repair:
      90-95%) greater than C/T (mostly 75 to 90% repair) greater than A/A (from 50 to
      90% repair) greater than T/T (50-65% repair) greater than A/G (from 0 to 20%
      repair) greater than C/C. No indication of correction of the latter has been
      obtained. Over the limited number of samples examined, we observed no influence
      of the base composition of the surrounding sequence on correction efficiency for
      both transition mismatches and for G/G and C/C. Variations in the surrounding
      sequence affect repair of A/G and C/T, and, even more strongly, of A/A and T/T.
      No simple correlation to the G:C content of the surrounding sequence is apparent
      from our results, in contrast to the conclusion drawn for the Mut mismatch repair
      system of Escherichia coli. Examination of the fate of multiple mismatches
      suggests that C/C may sometimes impede recognition of otherwise corrected
      mismatches.

PMID- 2645197
TI  - Health care's new 'middlemen' between elderly patients and their physicians.

PMID- 2645196
TI  - Arrest of micronuclear DNA replication during genomic exclusion in Tetrahymena
      produces haploid strains.
AB  - Diploid cells of Tetrahymena thermophila were crossed to strain A*V, whose
      micronucleus is defective, to induce the unilateral transfer of gametic nuclei
      from the diploid cells to the A*V cells (round I of genomic exclusion). These
      haploid nuclei presumably undergo one endomitotic cycle and then become diploid
      with a G1 (2C) DNA content. However, further DNA replication from 2C to 4C was
      transiently arrested until the pairs separated. When endomitosis was blocked by
      treatment with cycloheximide during 6-8 hours of conjugation, the exconjugants of
      round I of genomic exclusion remained haploid. Competence for diploidization is
      apparently limited to some period of time after nuclear transfer. Blocking of
      diploidization during round I of genomic exclusion can be used as an efficient
      way to induce haploid strains in Tetrahymena.

PMID- 2645198
TI  - [Aspects of the dynamics of delusions].
AB  - Delusion ist the outcome of psychotic experience, but can also be seen as a
      structure of meaning with patterns of mental and anthropological significance of
      its own. In schizophrenic delusion, there is some 'effort after meaning'
      manifest, compensating for psychotic disintegration. In the light of generative
      linguistics, there seems creating of delusional ideas to be performed in
      separated steps, but contextually linked to integrate them into a holistic
      delusional view of reality. Subjective evidence of delusional thinking is
      analyzed on the basis of semantic logics.

PMID- 2645199
TI  - Status of the rat acrosome during sperm-zona pellucida interactions.
AB  - Over the past 40 years evidence from many sources has indicated that the
      mammalian acrosome reaction occurs within or near the cumulus oophorus. Recently,
      however, workers investigating in vitro fertilization in the mouse have concluded
      that in this system the acrosome reaction takes place on the surface of the zona
      pellucida. We have investigated the interaction of rat spermatozoa and the zona
      pellucida by using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and two monoclonal
      antibodies which are directed to antigens of the rat sperm acrosome. When in
      vitro inseminated eggs from which the cumulus has been removed are viewed with
      the SEM some sperm heads on the surface of the zona pellucida appear unaltered
      whereas others appear to be undergoing changes. In vivo, all displayed altered
      head morphology. Using immunogold labeling we found that two antibodies employed,
      2C4 and 5B1, were directed to acrosomal content and vesiculating acrosomal
      membranes. Immunofluorescence staining of zonae pellucidae in in vitro
      fertilization studies revealed numerous small positive regions. These were
      presumably acrosomal content and membranes which had been left on the zona
      surface by spermatozoa which had been associated with the zona surface. Our
      results suggest that the rat acrosome interacts with the zona pellucida. During
      this interaction some acrosomal content and membranes detach from the
      spermatozoon and remain on the surface of the zona pellucida.

PMID- 2645200
TI  - Production of H-Y antibody in the ascites fluid of mouse and localization of the
      antigen on cells and tissues.
AB  - A procedure is described for the production of large amounts of ascites fluid
      containing specific H-Y antibody. The distribution of H-Y antigen on mouse
      epididymal spermatozoa, thymocytes, and splenocytes was carried out using this
      specific antibody in the microcytotoxicity test and ELISA. Employing the indirect
      immunofluorescent technique, the H-Y antigen was localized on the acrosomal
      membrane of mouse epididymal and washed ejaculated human spermatozoa and on the
      entire membrane of mouse splenocytes and thymocytes. Immunohistochemical
      localization of the antigen in the testicular section indicated its presence in
      the cytoplasm of Leydig cells and on the membrane of Sertoli cells and sperm
      heads.

PMID- 2645201
TI  - An emergency psychiatry update.
AB  - A review of trends in emergency psychiatry since 1981 indicates that the scope
      and complexity of the field have greatly increased. Clinicians have found it
      useful to identify patient groups with special assessment and treatment needs,
      including adolescents, the elderly, victims of rape and of domestic violence, and
      repeat visitors to the emergency service. The spread of AIDS requires greater
      medical attentiveness by psychiatric emergency clinicians, and two recreational
      substances of abuse, cocaine and inhalants, have become increasingly popular. The
      use of psychotropic drugs in the emergency room has received more attention, and
      new trends in rapid tranquilization are apparent. Also reviewed are current
      medicolegal controversies related to emergency room practice, findings on
      prediction and control of violence, and the use of the psychiatric emergency
      service as a training site.

PMID- 2645202
TI  - Problems of epidemiologic method in assessing the type and extent of mental
      illness among homeless adults.
AB  - Because the problem of homelessness has generated such attention and controversy,
      findings from studies of homeless populations are often received eagerly without
      appreciation of the significant biases inherent in surveys. Drawing on surveys of
      the homeless made in the 1980s, the authors review problems in sampling and in
      measurement of mental disorder. They suggest that within any one study
      researchers employ alternative sampling strategies and measures of mental
      disorder to facilitate comparison of results within and across studies.

PMID- 2645203
TI  - Posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of motor vehicle accidents.

PMID- 2645204
TI  - Walkout threatened hospital's Medicare status.

PMID- 2645205
TI  - Computer disasters add up to big spending.

PMID- 2645206
TI  - Local tissue attenuation images based on pulsed-echo ultrasound scans.
AB  - This paper presents a novel technique for creating images of local tissue
      attenuation. The original conventional B scan is traversed, one pixel at a time.
      In the vicinity of each pixel, a uniform area is determined and average
      attenuation is computed utilizing an extended modified Prony approach. B scans of
      tissue mimicking phantoms and in vivo human liver scans are used in order to
      illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results show good
      agreement between estimated and known attenuation values. Clinical studies
      demonstrate significant potential of the proposed technique, in particular for
      diagnosis of diffuse liver disease.

PMID- 2645207
TI  - Separation of fine crackles from vesicular sounds by a nonlinear digital filter.
AB  - Crackles are discontinuous adventitious sounds, and their separation is an
      important process in the analysis of lung sounds. In order to separate the
      crackles from vesicular sounds automatically, we used a nonlinear digital filter
      which was designed to separate nonstationary from stationary signals. We applied
      this filter to the lung sounds recorded from six patients with pulmonary
      fibrosis. The separation was satisfactory enough to make this method useful in
      clinical medicine.

PMID- 2645208
TI  - Evidence for phagosome-lysosome fusion in Mycobacterium leprae-infected murine
      Schwann cells.
AB  - Murine Schwann cells were infected with viable armadillo-derived Mycobacterium
      leprae in vitro, and the lysosomal marker enzyme, acid phosphatase, was stained
      by the Gomori reaction. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that Schwann cells
      infected with M. leprae possess acid phosphatase and that lysosomes fuse with
      infected phagosomes.

PMID- 2645209
TI  - Purification and characterization of an extracellular protease from Pseudomonas
      cepacia.
AB  - An extracellular proteinase (PSCP) produced by Pseudomonas cepacia was purified
      from culture supernatants by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange
      chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, and G200 gel filtration chromatography. The
      protease has an apparent Mr of 34,000 by electrophoresis. Substrates cleaved by
      the protease include gelatin, hide powder, and collagen but not human
      immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, secretory IgA, or IgA. The enzyme had the
      characteristics of a metalloprotease, a pH optimum of 6, and a temperature
      optimum of 45 degrees C. Intratracheal instillation of purified PSCP into rat
      lungs produced a bronchopneumonia characterized by polymorphonuclear cell
      infiltration and proteinaceous exudation into large airways. Rats responded
      immunologically to active immunization with PSCP, but this response was not
      protective against subsequent lung infection with P. cepacia. PSCP was shown to
      have antigenic similarity with Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase by an
      immunoblotting technique. Sera from 10 cystic fibrosis patients, with and without
      a previous history of P. cepacia colonization, were shown to possess antibody
      reactive against PSCP.

PMID- 2645210
TI  - Rat alveolar macrophage production of chemoattractants for neutrophils: response
      to Escherichia coli endotoxin.
AB  - Endotoxemia in rats is associated with the accumulation of neutrophils
      (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) within the airspaces of the lung.
      Polymorphonuclear leukocyte influx appears to be regulated by the intrapulmonary
      accumulation of chemotactic activity. Since alveolar macrophages (AMS) are
      prevalent cells in the airspace and are known to release a variety of chemotactic
      factors, we investigated the effect of endotoxin exposure on AM production of
      chemotactic activity. We tested the hypothesis that endotoxin-exposed AMs have an
      augmented ability to produce chemoattractants. We recovered AMs by
      bronchoalveolar lavage from control rats and from rats treated in vivo with a
      "low dose" (2.5 mg/kg) or a "high dose" (5.0 mg/kg) of Escherichia coli
      endotoxin. These AMs were then cultured in vitro for 15 h in the absence or the
      presence of endotoxin (15 and 30 micrograms/ml) to stimulate the cells to produce
      chemoattractants. We found that in vitro endotoxin stimulated normal AMs to
      secrete chemoattractants in a dose-dependent fashion. AMs from rats treated with
      endotoxin in vivo spontaneously secreted more chemoattractants than AMs from
      control rats. Exposure to in vivo endotoxin followed by in vitro stimulation with
      endotoxin resulted in an even greater production of chemoattractants by AMs. We
      found a significant association between the percent polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage from the airspaces and the production of
      chemoattractants by AMs from the same specimen. The level of chemotactic activity
      spontaneously produced by AMs predicted the degree of stimulated production of
      chemotactic activity. Partial purification indicated that this chemotactic
      activity has two molecular weight peaks, one near 1,000 and the other near
      50,000. The activity was stable at 100 degrees C for at least 30 min and was
      degradable by trypsinization. We conclude that endotoxin can induce AM production
      of chemoattractants and that prior exposure to endotoxin in vivo affects the
      response of AM to in vitro endotoxin exposure. By inference, it is possible that
      this endotoxin-macrophage interaction may serve as a biologic amplifier of the
      effects of endotoxin and may have a role in the pathogenesis of septic lung
      injury in humans.

PMID- 2645211
TI  - Association of Campylobacter pylori with induced expression of class II
      transplantation antigens on gastric epithelial cells.
AB  - Campylobacter pylori was identified with immunoperoxidase staining and a mouse
      monoclonal antibody directed against C. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens from
      24 patients with gastritis. C. pylori was not found in gastric biopsy specimens
      from six subjects with histologically normal mucosa. The monoclonal antibody,
      which was reactive with a surface protein of approximately 20 kilodaltons, was
      found to be specific for C. pylori, and the immunoperoxidase staining proved to
      be more sensitive and rapid than culture in detecting the organism. In the tissue
      specimens where C. pylori was detected with the monoclonal antibody, there was a
      strong expression of class II transplantation antigens on the epithelial cells
      and an increased number of T lymphocytes. These findings indicate that C. pylori
      may initiate local immune responses.

PMID- 2645212
TI  - Movement of a falciparum malaria protein through the erythrocyte cytoplasm to the
      erythrocyte membrane is associated with lysis of the erythrocyte and release of
      gametes.
AB  - Erythrocytes containing mature gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum circulate in
      the blood until they are ingested by a mosquito, an event that triggers
      gametogenesis and lysis of the infected erythrocyte. It was previously shown that
      a parasite protein (Pf155/RESA) accumulates in the erythrocyte cytoplasm next to
      the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (S. Uni, A. Masuda, M. J. Stewart, R.
      Nussenzweig, and M. Aikawa, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 36:481-488, 1987). Using a
      monoclonal antibody to Pf155/RESA and rabbit sera to two different repeat
      peptides of Pf155/RESA, we have studied the location of Pf155/RESA after
      induction of gametogenesis. Five minutes after triggering gametogenesis, the
      parasitophorous membrane no longer surrounded the parasite, bringing the parasite
      membrane in contact with the erythrocyte cytoplasm. Clear spaces appeared
      throughout the hemoglobin-rich host cytoplasm; Pf155/RESA was now localized in
      the cytoplasm directly surrounding the spaces. No membrane existed between the
      spaces and the erythrocyte cytoplasm. The spaces with surrounding Pf155/RESA
      protein extended to the erythrocyte membrane. After lysis of the erythrocyte
      membrane (15 min after triggering gametogenesis), the protein was distributed
      along the erythrocyte membrane and throughout the space between the gamete and
      the erythrocyte membrane. The mechanism by which Pf155/RESA remained aggregated
      around the spaces and its role in erythrocyte lysis are unknown. It is of
      interest that the parasite appeared to use the same molecule during invasion of
      erythrocytes and during release of gametes from infected erythrocytes.

PMID- 2645213
TI  - Sequence analysis of rsk, a portion of the 95-kilobase plasmid of Salmonella
      typhimurium associated with resistance to the bactericidal activity of serum.
AB  - Increased sensitivity to killing by human serum complement occurs in Salmonella
      typhimurium strains in which the 95-kilobase virulence plasmid is integrated into
      the chromosome. This phenotypic change appears to be due to alterations in
      plasmid gene expression and is reversed by the presence of an autonomous plasmid
      bearing a cloned region of the virulence plasmid. Accordingly, this region has
      been termed rsk for reduced serum killing. Sequence analysis of the region
      reveals that rsk is composed of a series of direct 10-base-pair (bp) repeats with
      a 21-nucleotide periodicity. Two adjacent repeats are identical, but increasing
      loss of conservation is apparent with increased distance both 5' and 3' of these
      highly conserved 10-mers. The smallest isolated sequence which restores the serum
      resistant phenotype is only 66 bp long and contains the two identical 10-mers and
      one degenerate 10-mer (8 of 10 bp conserved) 3' of these. The minimal rsk region
      of 66 bp does not appear to contain a coding sequence, or a promoter, for a
      structural gene. It is proposed that the minimal rsk is an isolated regulatory
      site involved in the regulation of the serum resistance of S. typhimurium.
      Integration of the 95-kilobase plasmid disrupts the normal regulation of
      virulence plasmid genes, resulting in an increase in the killing of the bacteria
      by complement activated by the classical pathway. The introduction of the minimal
      rsk on a multiple-copy plasmid restores resistance to serum killing, possibly
      through the titration of a trans-acting regulatory factor.

PMID- 2645214
TI  - Role of M cells in initial antigen uptake and in ulcer formation in the rabbit
      intestinal loop model of shigellosis.
AB  - Strains of Shigella flexneri with different invasive and pathogenic potentials
      were inoculated into the intestinal lumen of acutely ligated loops in nonimmune
      rabbits. After 90 min, tissues processed for ultrastructural as well as light
      microscopy showed that the bacilli were phagocytosed by M cells over lymphoid
      follicles of Peyer's patches and carried in vacuoles into the epithelium.
      Nonpathogenic as well as pathogenic strains were readily taken up regardless of
      the presence of the 140-megadalton virulence plasmid. More virulent than
      avirulent shigellae were found in M cells at 90 min, reflecting replication or
      preferential uptake of the virulent strains. Heat-killed shigellae of the
      virulent strain were taken up by M cells to the same degree as the avirulent
      strains. Incubation of the bacteria for 18 h resulted in surface ulceration which
      was limited to epithelium overlying lymphoid follicles (M cell areas) in acute
      loops exposed to the virulent shigellae. Villus epithelium adjacent to the
      ulcerated follicular domes was intact, although there was mucus depletion. In the
      present study, we found that pathogenic shigellae appear to replicate in the M
      cells, escape from the phagocytic vesicles, and thereby initiate the ulcerations
      in this experimental model of dysentery. While initial antigen processing in the
      gut for a mucosal immune response may require uptake of luminal microorganisms by
      M cells, this may pose a threat under some circumstances.

PMID- 2645215
TI  - Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli K-12 of chromosomal genes
      determining the O7 lipopolysaccharide antigen of a human invasive strain of E.
      coli O7:K1.
AB  - We have cloned and studied the expression in Escherichia coli K-12 of chromosomal
      rfb genes determining the biosynthesis of the O7 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen
      from E. coli K1 strain VW187. Two E. coli K-12 strains carrying recombinant
      cosmids gave positive coagglutination reactions with protein A-rich
      staphylococcal particles bearing an O7-specific rabbit polyclonal antiserum.
      Silver-stained polyacrylamide gels of total membranes extracted with hot phenol
      showed O side chain material which had O7 specificity as determined by
      immunoblotting experiments. However, the amount of O7 LPS expressed in E. coli K
      12 was considerably lower than that produced by the wild-type strain VW187.
      Deletion and transposition experiments identified a region of about 17 kilobase
      pairs which is essential for the expression of O7 LPS. The existence of
      homologies between the O7 LPS genes and other E. coli O side chain genes was
      investigated by Southern blot hybridization experiments. An O7-specific probe
      fragment of 15 kilobase pairs did not hybridize to genomic DNA digests of E. coli
      strains belonging to several different O types, demonstrating that the O7 LPS
      genes are unique.

PMID- 2645216
TI  - Impairment of phagocytosis by the Klebsiella pneumoniae mannose-inhibitable
      adhesin-T7 receptor.
AB  - It has been previously shown that Klebsiella pneumoniae K59 carrying the mannose
      inhibitable adhesin-T7 receptor (MIAT) efficiently binds to polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes (PMNs) incubated at 4 degrees C but is not efficiently bound and
      internalized by phagocytes incubated at 37 degrees C. Pretreatment of K59 with
      compounds that bind the MIAT ligand (D-mannose, UV-inactivated T7 phages, and
      pepsin-digested anti-MIAT antibodies) enables PMNs to phagocytize and kill these
      bacteria. In this article, we show that the incubation temperature has no direct
      effect on expression of either the MIAT or the PMN receptors. These receptors
      were always expressed at 37 degrees C when PMNs were treated with substances that
      impaired their ability to rearrange their surfaces (glutaraldehyde and
      cytochalasins B and D). Pretreatment of inert PMNs with concanavalin A or
      succinyl concanavalin A drastically reduced binding of K59 to phagocytes at both
      4 and 37 degrees C. The same pretreatment carried out with metabolically active
      PMNs enabled them to efficiently phagocytize the MIAT-positive strain. When
      phagocytes were treated with K59 bacteria, they became unable to ingest and kill
      a K59 mutant not expressing the MIAT which was sensitive to phagocytosis. If this
      pretreatment was performed in the presence of D-mannose, UV-inactivated T7
      phages, and pepsin-digested anti-MIAT antibodies, PMNs maintained their
      phagocytic activity against the MIAT-negative strain. In the presence of K59
      bacteria, a very low chemiluminescence response was generated; in contrast, a
      significant response was observed when bacteria were previously absorbed with UV
      inactivated T7 phages and pepsin-digested anti-MIAT antibodies. These results
      support our previous suggestion that the MIAT adhesin triggers changes in the
      cell surface, inhibiting further binding and phagocytosis.

PMID- 2645217
TI  - Shedding of the immunodominant P20 surface antigen of Eimeria bovis sporozoites.
AB  - P20 is an immunodominant surface antigen of Eimeria bovis sporozoites. As
      parasites underwent merogony within cultured bovine monocytes and Madin-Darby
      bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, P20 appeared to be shed gradually by meronts and was
      absent in type 1 and 2 first-generation merozoites. Meronts of E. bovis appeared
      to shed P20 into the parasitophorous vacuole of bovine monocytes, whereas MDBK
      cells evidently released P20 into the culture medium or destroyed its antigenic
      determinant.

PMID- 2645218
TI  - A monoclonal antibody (BL2-10D1) reacting with a bladder-cancer-associated
      antigen.
AB  - A hybridoma cell line secreting an IgM monoclonal antibody (MAb) was produced
      after immunizing a mouse with RT4 cells and a crude suspension of human bladder
      carcinoma cells (WHO grades II and III TCC). This MAb reacted with RT4 target
      cells derived from a human transitional bladder cancer but failed to react with a
      majority of non-bladder cancer cell lines. Immunohistological studies indicate
      that this MAb reacts inconstantly with normal bladder: in positive cases only a
      few superficial cells (5% to 10% umbrella cells) are stained but not intermediate
      or basal cells of the urothelium. This MAb was evaluated on 118 tumors: it
      reacted with tumor tissue in a majority of grade I (79.5%) and grade II papillary
      TCC (77.3%), less with grade III papillary TCC (45%) and very rarely with
      invasive non-papillary TCC (14%). In cases of flat lesions a strong reactivity of
      superficial, intermediate and/or basal layer cells was observed in 50% of
      moderate and severe dysplasia and in all cell layers of carcinomas in situ
      (CIS)(9/9).

PMID- 2645219
TI  - Immunocytochemical and biochemical analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor
      expression in human breast cancer tissues: relationship to estrogen receptor and
      lymphatic invasion.
AB  - Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and estrogen receptor (ER)
      was examined by an immunocytochemical assay (ICA) using serial cross-sections of
      human breast cancer tissues. Immunocytochemical results were compared with those
      obtained by biochemical competitive binding assay and with histological lymphatic
      invasion. EGFR was evaluated as positive in 17 (34.0%) out of 50 primary tumors
      by ICA. A significant inverse relationship of the proportion of stained cells
      between EGFR and ER was demonstrated. In more than one-half of the tumors that
      were positive for both EGFR and ER, these 2 receptors were inversely stained in
      relation to the distribution. In ER-negative cells, EGFR expression was more
      marked than in ER-positive cells. Biochemical data confirmed the
      immunocytochemical results, pointing to an inverse relationship between EGFR and
      ER content. EGFR status correlated well with the degree of lymphatic invasion but
      not with the number of lymph nodes with metastases.

PMID- 2645220
TI  - Combined oral contraceptives and liver cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of
      Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives.
AB  - A multi-national, hospital-based, case-control study was conducted to evaluate
      the possible relationships of steroid contraceptives to 6 neoplasms. Based on
      data from 122 newly diagnosed cases of primary liver cancer and 802 matched
      controls, the relative risk of liver cancer in women who had ever used combined
      oral contraceptives was estimated to be 0.71 (95% CI 0.4-1.2). No consistent
      trend in risk with months of use or time since first or last use was observed.
      Separate analyses also revealed no association between use of combined oral
      contraceptives and hepatocellular carcinoma (RR = 0.60) or cholangiocarcinoma (RR
      = 1.22). Most women in this study came from areas in which hepatitis B is endemic
      and rates of liver cancer are relatively high, and in most cases use of oral
      contraceptives was of short duration. These results provide no evidence that
      short-term use of oral contraceptives enhances risk of liver cancer in countries
      where the determinants of this disease are similar to those observed in the
      countries where this study was conducted.

PMID- 2645221
TI  - Reversion of tumorigenicity and decreased agarose clonability after EBV
      conversion of an IgH/myc translocation-carrying BL line.
AB  - The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative Burkitt lymphoma (BL) line BL-41, and 5
      independently established EBV-converted sublines, derived by infection with a
      transforming (B95-8) or a nontransforming (P3HR1) strain of EBV, were compared
      for clonability in semi-solid agarose and for tumorigenicity in immuno-suppressed
      mice. One P3HR1 viral convertant and 3 out of 4 B95-8 virus-converted sublines
      had a high (greater than 40%) agarose clonability, like the BL 41 parent, and
      were slightly more tumorigenic than BL-41. In contrast, the fourth B95-8
      converted subline, BL-41/95, was virtually non-tumorigenic and its agarose
      clonability was much lower (3-23%). It showed a more drastic shift towards an LCL
      like phenotype than the other convertants as reflected by high HLA class-I and
      EBV-encoded latent membrane protein (LMP) expression. BL 41/95 still contains the
      8;14 IgH/myc translocation, carried by the parental line, and maintains the same
      relatively high steady-state level of c-myc mRNA and protein as the highly
      tumorigenic convertants. We conclude that the tumorigenicity of BL41/95 has been
      suppressed by a gene that acts at a level beyond the expression of the activated
      oncogene, in the same way as the revertants isolated from ras and SV-40
      transformed cultures (Klein, 1987b; Bassin and Noda, 1987).

PMID- 2645222
TI  - Lectin-resistant variants and revertants of mouse melanoma cells: differential
      expression of a fucosylated cell-surface antigen and altered metastasizing
      capacity.
AB  - In order to evaluate the possible role of cell-surface carbohydrates in
      metastasis of tumour cells, 2 wheat-germ agglutinin-resistant (WGAr) variants of
      B16 mouse melanoma and 8 back revertants selected with other lectins were
      analyzed with respect to the surface expression of fucosylated carbohydrate
      antigens and their metastasizing capacity. The variant cells, expressing a
      greatly increased fucosyltransferase activity, were found to express the fucose
      containing SSEA-I antigen on their cell surface. The revertant cells selected for
      lower fucosylation with Lotus tetragonolobus lectin and ricin had lost this
      particular antigen. Seven of the 8 revertant lines also reverted back to a state
      of increased metastasizing capacity as compared to the WGAr variants they were
      derived from. A single one of the revertants displayed reduced metastasizing
      capacity, suggesting that additional changes can also be present in some of the
      cell lines. These results suggest a possible linkage between expression of the
      developmental SSEA-I antigen and reduced metastasizing capacity in the mouse
      melanoma model.

PMID- 2645223
TI  - Changes in antigen expression on human FME melanoma cells after exposure to
      hypoxia and acidic pH, alone or in combination.
AB  - Quantitative changes in the expression of two tumour-associated surface antigens
      on human FME melanoma cells were studied by flow cytometry after exposure to
      hypoxia and acidic pH, either alone or in combination. The expression of the p250
      antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody (MAb) 9.2.27 was reduced
      immediately after exposure to hypoxia. The magnitude and duration of the
      reduction increased with increasing exposure time. Twelve to 16 hr after the end
      of a 6-hr exposure to hypoxia the antigen expression reached the normal level,
      followed by a temporary increase above this level. The p97a antigen recognized by
      the 4.1 MAb underwent similar changes after exposure to hypoxia for 6 hr. After
      exposure to hypoxia in acidic environment, the magnitude and duration of the
      reduction in the expression of the p250 antigen increased with increasing
      acidity. The enhancement in antigen expression above the normal level was less
      after hypoxia at acidic pH than after hypoxia at physiological pH. The combined
      treatment had an additive effect on the expression of the melanoma-associated
      antigen but did not enhance hypoxia-induced cell killing. The observed changes in
      antigen expression might be of importance if hypoxic tumour cells are subjected
      to MAbs conjugated to radioisotopes or cytotoxic agents for diagnostic or
      therapeutic purposes.

PMID- 2645224
TI  - The Dead Sea and psoriasis. Historical and geographic background.

PMID- 2645225
TI  - Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.

PMID- 2645226
TI  - The story of sulfones in tropical medicine and dermatology.

PMID- 2645227
TI  - Richter's syndrome presenting as a solitary cutaneous nodule.

PMID- 2645228
TI  - The history of urticaria.

PMID- 2645229
TI  - Practical aspects of the adjustable suture technique for strabismus surgery.

PMID- 2645230
TI  - The neurophysiology of reading.

PMID- 2645231
TI  - Update on retinopathy of prematurity.

PMID- 2645232
TI  - An ophthalmologist's view of visual perception.

PMID- 2645233
TI  - Are there any abnormalities of the supranuclear ocular motor control systems in
      learning-disabled children?

PMID- 2645234
TI  - Infantile esotropia with abduction nystagmus.

PMID- 2645235
TI  - A multidisciplinary program for visually impaired children and youths.

PMID- 2645236
TI  - Update on epikeratophakia in children.
AB  - Epikeratophakia continues to be an extremely attractive option for younger
      children with unilateral aphakia who are noncompliant users of contact lenses but
      who are young enough to benefit from amblyopia therapy. The epikeratophakia
      procedure is much safer than IOL implantation. The epikeratophakia tissue lens is
      especially useful for children with traumatic aphakia and corneal lacerations
      because the lens can strengthen and smooth the cornea as well as correct the
      aphakia. This allows much quicker rehabilitation than could be accomplished with
      contact lenses. The epikeratophakia procedure may be combined with a cataract
      extraction and should be in those children with acquired cataracts who
      demonstrate contact lens noncompliance in an office trial of contact lens
      insertion before operation. Epikeratophakia should be used with caution in
      neonates and young infants because of the rapid growth of the eye. Extended-wear
      contact lenses are a safer option for these children, and epikeratophakia can be
      performed as a secondary procedure if and when problems with contact lens
      compliance arise. Surface ocular problems such as uncontrolled dry eyes or severe
      blepharitis will continue to be incompatible with the survival of epikeratophakia
      tissue lenses. Children who are treated with high doses of radiation for orbital
      tumors such as rhabdomyosarcomas invariably develop radiation cataracts, which
      can occur before the onset of radiation keratitis. These children do not do well
      with epikeratophakia tissue lenses. Likewise, children with severe metabolic
      disturbances who are not healthy or gaining weight have a diminished chance of
      graft healing, as do children with poor vision in whom oculodigital
      autostimulation produces persistent epithelial defects, which prevent survival of
      the tissue lens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645237
TI  - Superior oblique overaction.

PMID- 2645238
TI  - Behavioral correlates of poor vision in children.

PMID- 2645239
TI  - The place of statistical methods in radiology (and in the bigger picture).

PMID- 2645240
TI  - Screening mammography. A risk versus risk decision.
AB  - The potential risk of a radiologic procedure often is compared with the potential
      benefit of the procedure. While risk vs. benefit analysis has been useful as a
      step toward increased communication and understanding among radiologists,
      referring physicians, and the general public, it has the disadvantage that risk
      and benefit are fundamentally different quantities. Hence, their juxtaposition
      for purposes of comparison presents contextual difficulties. In this article, the
      concept is presented of comparing the risk of doing a procedure with the risk of
      choosing not to do the procedure. An example of risk vs. risk analysis of
      screening mammography for women over the age of 50 is given, with the conclusion
      that the risk of having yearly mammograms is less than 1/10 the risk of early
      death caused by failure to diagnose breast cancer by x-ray mammography. This
      approach to risk analysis would yield interesting data for examinations that are
      part of more complicated diagnostic pathways.

PMID- 2645241
TI  - Toward an implantable artificial heart. Experimental and clinical experience at
      The Pennsylvania State University.
AB  - The number of patients who would be candidates for replacement of their failing
      native heart with an artificial device increases every year. A multidisciplinary
      group at The Pennsylvania State University is working toward the development of a
      reliable, totally implantable artificial heart. Initial work resulted in a
      pneumatic total artificial heart that has performed well in animal implants and
      has been used clinically in three patients as a temporary bridge to cardiac
      transplantation. Although pneumatic total artificial hearts have demonstrated
      utility as temporary mechanical circulatory support devices, attempts at
      permanent implantation by other groups have been fraught with complications.
      Because of the suboptimal performance of the pneumatic devices used for permanent
      implantation, the authors' groups at Penn State is developing n electric motor
      driven total artificial heart with encouraging results in calf implants. This
      artificial heart of the future will use a transcutaneous energy transmission
      system that will obviate the need for percutaneous lines. Thus, the patient will
      be provided with as near a normal life-style as possible. At present the
      technology is at hand to implant an electric blood pump system that should
      provide a reasonable life-style and function reliably with minimal care. Ongoing
      cooperative experimental efforts will help to provide the answers necessary to
      make this system ready for clinical use.

PMID- 2645242
TI  - Multispectral and color-aided displays.

PMID- 2645243
TI  - Clinical efficacy of Kitecko ultrasonic conductor.
AB  - A homogeneous synthetic polymer block (Kitecko) was evaluated for ultrasound
      imaging of small parts, superficial structures, and the pediatric patient. The
      block is intended to be used as an offset and replaces the traditional way of
      scanning with water paths, fluid-filled surgical gloves or IV bags. A randomized
      paired comparison of the Kitecko pad conductor and a water path system (IV bag)
      was performed. One hundred pediatric and adult patients were scanned using both
      conductors. The images were encoded and subsequently evaluated for image quality,
      including artifact, attenuation, resolution, and distortion. A statistical
      analysis showed significantly higher scores (P less than .01) with the Kitecko
      substance when compared to water path scanning when evaluating for reverberation
      artifact, scatter artifact, and spatial resolution.

PMID- 2645245
TI  - Who will write the history of radiology?

PMID- 2645244
TI  - Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of ioversol during cardiac
      angiography. Comparison with iopamidol and diatrizoate.
AB  - We studied the hemodynamic and electrocardiographic responses to left
      ventriculography and coronary arteriography with three angiographic contrast
      agents. Two were nonionic agents (ioversol 32% iodine, 60 patients, and iopamidol
      37% iodine, 30 patients). The third was a conventional ionic agent (diatrizoate
      37% iodine, 30 patients). Cardiovascular hemodynamics and the electrocardiogram
      were recorded for 5 minutes after left ventricular injection and for 2 minutes
      after coronary injections. Following left ventriculography, diatrizoate caused a
      greater increase in cardiac output, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and
      corrected QT interval while causing a greater decrease in arterial pressure than
      did either ioversol or iopamidol, which were indistinguishable from each other.
      Following left coronary arteriography, diatrizoate caused a significant decrease
      in heart rate, prolongation of the corrected QT interval, and increase in T wave
      amplitude. In contrast, neither ioversol nor iopamidol caused significant changes
      in any electrocardiographic parameters. Adverse reactions were more common with
      diatrizoate than with either ioversol or iopamidol. There were no recognizable
      differences in angiographic image quality among the three agents. We conclude
      that the angiographic performance of ioversol is equivalent to that of iopamidol
      and that both cause less hemodynamic and electrocardiographic disturbance than
      diatrizoate.

PMID- 2645246
TI  - The RBRVS study.

PMID- 2645247
TI  - A review of the dietary uptake of Th.
AB  - The available data on inhalation and dietary intake of environmental Th by humans
      was reviewed. These data, along with reported concentrations of Th in autopsy
      tissues, were used to estimate the uptake of ingested Th (the f1 factor) from
      dietary sources. It was concluded that the f1 factor suitable for dietary intake
      of Th is in the range of 0.001 to 0.01, in contrast to the value of 0.0002
      recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection for use in
      occupational exposure situations.

PMID- 2645248
TI  - Informal and formal health care systems for the rural elderly.
AB  - The preceding sections have been an attempt to touch on a broad spectrum of
      issues related to the health care of older persons living in the rural United
      States. This article was intended to be an overview of research issues and, as a
      consequence, we have been unable to go into great depth in any one area of
      inquiry; we have certainly not included all of the research questions on areas
      where present knowledge is incomplete. In broad terms, we suggest that future
      rural health services research on the elderly be concentrated on the following
      five major categories of inquiry: --A better understanding of the location and
      distribution of the elderly in rural America --A better understanding of the life
      conditions affecting the health of the rural elderly --A better understanding of
      the health status of the rural elderly --A better understanding of the
      development, delivery, and impact of health services for the rural elderly, and -
      A better understanding of the methodological and theoretical difficulties of
      studying the health and health care of the rural elderly.

PMID- 2645249
TI  - Rural maternal, child, and adolescent health.
AB  - Authors cite recommendations for research in light of a general lack of current
      literature on health status, health services utilization, organization and
      delivery of health services, and health care financing in this field.

PMID- 2645250
TI  - Alternative delivery systems in rural areas.
AB  - Alternative delivery systems, such as HMOs, PPOs, and primary care case
      management programs, have a long history in rural America despite significant
      impediments to their development. However, little is known about the effect of
      these systems on rural communities and their medical care delivery systems.
      Existing studies, which focus on rural HMOs, are qualitative in nature and
      generally are directed at identifying factors that facilitate or retard HMO
      development. Despite their limitations, the studies do raise a variety of issues
      deserving of quantitative analysis. Research is now needed that (1) investigates
      the effect of rural alternative delivery systems on the cost and quality of care
      received by rural residents, (2) assesses the effectiveness of different
      mechanisms used by these systems to contain costs, (3) estimates the effect of
      alternative delivery systems on rural providers, (4) determines the extent to
      which the presence or absence of alternative delivery systems influences
      physician decisions to locate in rural areas, (5) identifies factors that are
      important in consumer decisions to enroll or not enroll in a rural alternative
      delivery system, and (6) analyzes the diffusion patterns of these systems in
      rural areas.

PMID- 2645251
TI  - Rural hospitals: a literature synthesis and health services research agenda.
AB  - The economic decline of rural America and an inability to respond to pressures
      created by the evolving American health care system are making it increasingly
      hard for rural hospitals to survive.

PMID- 2645252
TI  - Primary health care in rural areas: an agenda for research.
AB  - The confluence of forces slowing the growth of the physician supply despite a
      continued shortage of primary care physicians, the encouragement of competitive
      medical practices that centralize resources in larger places, and the changing of
      the rural population's character to one of more dependence on medical care may
      bring on another "rural health crisis" in the decade ahead.

PMID- 2645253
TI  - Triple jeopardy: rural, poor, and uninsured.
AB  - Current knowledge on health care for the rural poor and uninsured demonstrates
      little descriptive and empirical knowledge on this population. Policy strategies
      call for a better understanding of the gaps in insurance coverage and the special
      problems of rural residents, especially those with low incomes.

PMID- 2645254
TI  - Ultrasonography as a diagnostic aid in horses with anaerobic bacterial
      pleuropneumonia and/or pulmonary abscessation: 27 cases (1984-1986).
AB  - The medical records of 83 horses with pleuropneumonia and/or pulmonary
      abscessation, in which thoracic sonography was used, were reviewed. The sonograms
      of these horses were reviewed retrospectively for free gas echoes within pleural
      or abscess fluid. Anaerobic infection was confirmed in 27 horses, and gas echoes
      were observed in 21 horses. There was a significant (P less than 0.001)
      correlation between the observation of gas echoes and anaerobic infection in
      horses with pleuropneumonia and/or pulmonary abscessation. A foul odor to the
      breath or pleural fluid was significantly (P less than 0.001) associated with
      anaerobic infection. Poor survival rates were associated with gas echoes or a
      foul odor to the breath or pleural fluid, both of which were associated with
      anaerobic infection. Gas echoes within pleural or abscess fluid were found to be
      a sensitive and specific indicator of anaerobic infection, as was a putrid odor
      to the breath or pleural fluid. Evaluation for gas echoes and foul odor had
      better predictive value than did evaluation for gas echoes or foul odor alone.
      Gas echoes within pleural or abscess fluid is highly suggestive of anaerobic
      infection. Ultrasonography should be performed repeatedly in horses with
      pleuropneumonia to assess the progression or resolution of pleural and
      parenchymal disease. The detection of gas echoes on subsequent ultrasonograms may
      indicate the development of anaerobic infection.

PMID- 2645255
TI  - Through the eyes of an ophthalmologist.

PMID- 2645256
TI  - Evaluation of the ability of altrenogest to control the equine estrous cycle.
AB  - In our experience, altrenogest has not always been able to exert predictable
      control over the estrous cycle of the mare. Therefore, we examined 12 mares that
      were treated with altrenogest to identify reasons for its failure to control the
      estrous cycle. The mares were fed altrenogest for 15 to 20 days and were examined
      for follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation during
      treatment. Through the use of real-time ultrasonography and radioimmunoassay for
      progesterone, we concluded that altrenogest was unable to suppress the growth of
      follicles to preovulatory size in some mares, leading to ovulation during
      treatment or earlier than expected after the end of treatment. In addition,
      altrenogest did not appear to shorten the life-spans of the corpora lutea that
      were formed during treatment; in 4 mares, this resulted in the persistence of
      corpora lutea after the end of the suggested 15-day periods of treatment. The
      latter findings led us to suggest that if a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin had
      been given at the end of altrenogest treatment, there would have been improved
      control over the estrous cycle. The results of our study confirmed our clinical
      impressions that altrenogest may be satisfactory to control the equine estrous
      cycle under some circumstances, but it should not be used when precise control
      over ovulation is required.

PMID- 2645257
TI  - Transrectal ultrasonography of the caudal portion of abdominal and pelvic
      cavities in horses.
AB  - A 5-MHz transducer was used transrectally to image palpable structures in the
      caudal portion of abdominal and pelvic cavities of 12 horses. In 8 healthy
      horses, structures scanned transrectally included the left kidney, spleen,
      urinary bladder, urethra, accessory sex organs in the male, portions of the
      intestinal tract, caudal portion of the aorta, and iliac arteries, and, in small
      horses, the cranial mesenteric artery. The transrectal technique was used to
      evaluate these structures in 4 horses with clinical signs indicating intrapelvic
      or intra-abdominal disease. Seemingly, transrectal ultrasonography provided
      diagnostic information about structures accessible to transrectal palpation.

PMID- 2645258
TI  - Ultrasonographic diagnosis of small-intestinal intussusception in three foals.
AB  - Small-intestinal intussusceptions were diagnosed in 3 foals. Cross-sectional
      ultrasonography through the apex of the intussusceptum revealed a target-like
      pattern with a thick hypoechoic rim. The thick hypoechoic rim was caused by
      severe edema of the entering and returning walls of the intussusceptum. At the
      more proximal portion of the intestines, where parietal edema was less severe,
      the image appeared as 2 concentric rings and an inner circular area. The outer
      ring and inner circular area were hypoechoic and represented the returning and
      the entering wall of the intussusceptum. An additional cross-sectional pattern
      can be described as double concentric rings, with the inner lumen represented by
      a central echogenic core. Longitudinal scannings of the involved intestinal
      section revealed a different view of the same anatomic situation, with 2
      hyperechoic areas delineated by 3 stripes of hypoechoic intestine.
      Ultrasonography of a foal's abdomen provides a clinician with a rapid noninvasive
      technique that may aid in the differential that may aid in the differential
      diagnosis of colic. The ultrasonographic diagnosis of intussusception may improve
      the recognition of a surgical lesion and improve the potential for successful
      treatment.

PMID- 2645259
TI  - Cholelithiasis in horses: ten cases (1982-1986).
AB  - Ten horses with clinical signs consistent with cholelithiasis were evaluated.
      Fever, icterus, mild intermittent colic, and weight loss were reported. Clinical
      laboratory abnormalities included leukocytosis, hyper-proteinemia, and
      hyperfibrinogenemia. Gamma glutamyltransferase and liver isoenzyme of lactate
      dehydrogenase activities also were high. Choleliths were observed via
      ultrasonography of the liver in 5 of the 8 horses evaluated, and increased
      echogenicity of the hepatic parenchyma and dilated bile ducts were observed in
      all horses. Seven horses were treated medically, 5 of which died or were
      euthanatized. Three horses were treated surgically, of which only 1 survived.
      Cholelith composition varied, but cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, and mixed
      bile pigments were most commonly observed.

PMID- 2645260
TI  - Pharmacologic profile of methoprene, an insect growth regulator, in cattle, dogs,
      and cats.

PMID- 2645261
TI  - Endotoxin-pretreated neutrophils increase pulmonary vascular permeability in
      dogs.
AB  - Endotoxin causes pulmonary vascular neutrophil sequestration and injures the
      lung. Whether this is primarily due to a direct effect of endotoxin on the
      endothelium or is mediated by an action on the neutrophil is unclear. Canine
      neutrophils, isolated on plasma-Percoll gradients in vitro, were incubated with
      Salmonella enteriditis endotoxin, washed, and injected via wedged pulmonary
      arterial catheters into discrete lung zones of anesthetized dogs, whereas
      untreated neutrophils were administered into contralateral control lung zones.
      113mIn-transferrin was administered intravenously 2 h before the animals were
      killed. Morphometry and extravascular protein accumulation were assessed at 4 h.
      Endotoxin treatment of neutrophils ex vivo induced a two- to three-fold increase
      in neutrophils in these lung zones (0.096 +/- 0.012 vs. 0.05 +/- 0.002
      neutrophils/alveolar septal intercept, P less than 0.05). Extravascular-to
      intravascular protein ratios in zones receiving endotoxin-treated neutrophils
      were significantly increased compared with control zones (0.146 +/- 0.02 vs.
      0.079 +/- 0.02, P less than 0.05). Because complement fragments increase injury
      to endothelium in vitro, exogenous C5 fragments were administered to other dogs
      before administration of neutrophils but failed to significantly increase the
      extravascular protein signal (0.154 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.124 +/- 0.04). In summary,
      endotoxin treatment of neutrophils leads to neutrophil sequestration and
      increased pulmonary extravascular protein accumulation. C5 fragments failed to
      further enhance the protein accumulation. These data are consistent with an
      effect of endotoxin on the neutrophil to initiate neutrophil-endothelial
      interaction and subsequent lung injury.

PMID- 2645262
TI  - Oxidation of a glucose polymer during exercise: comparison with glucose and
      fructose.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the oxidation of 13C-labeled glucose,
      fructose, and glucose polymer ingested (1.33 g.kg-1 in 19 ml.kg-1 water) during
      cycle exercise (120 min, 53 +/- 2% maximal O2 uptake) in six healthy male
      subjects. Oxidation of exogenous glucose and glucose polymer (72 +/- 15 and 65 +/
      18%, respectively, of the 98.9 +/- 4.7 g ingested) was similar and significantly
      greater than exogenous fructose oxidation (54 +/- 13%). A transient rise in
      plasma glucose concentration was observed with glucose ingestion only. However,
      plasma insulin levels were similar with glucose and glucose polymer ingestions
      and significantly higher than with water or fructose ingestion. Plasma free fatty
      acid and glycerol responses to exercise were blunted with carbohydrate ingestion.
      However, fat utilization was not significantly different with water (82 +/- 14
      g), glucose (60 +/- 3 g), fructose (59 +/- 11 g), or glucose polymer ingestion
      (60 +/- 8 g). Endogenous carbohydrate utilization was significantly lower with
      glucose (184 +/- 22 g), glucose polymer (187 +/- 31 g), and fructose (211 +/- 18
      g) than with water (239 +/- 30 g) ingestion. Plasma volume slightly increased
      with water ingestion (7.4 +/- 4.5%), but the decrease was similar with glucose (
      7.6 +/- 5.1%) and glucose polymer (-8.2 +/- 4.6%), suggesting that the rate of
      water delivery to plasma was similar with the two carbohydrates.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645263
TI  - Does acute hypoxemia blunt sympathetic activity in hyperthermia?
AB  - Sympathetic alpha-adrenergic function is depressed by hypoxemia per se; does
      addition of another sympathoexcitatory stimulus elicit normal responses in other
      sympathetic effector pathways? We activated by hyperthermia four sympathetic
      pathways: alpha-adrenergic [norepinephrine (NE) release], beta-adrenergic [plasma
      renin activity (PRA)], cholinergic (sweating), and peptidergic (active
      vasodilation). In the first test, five normothermic men were exposed to hypoxemia
      for 10 min (control), then hypoxemia plus heat for 30 min, and then heat with
      normoxia for 8-10 min over a continuous 48- to 50-min period. Heating was
      controlled with a water-perfused suit. Time courses and magnitudes of heat
      induced increments in body temperature, forearm blood flow, and sweat rate were
      normal during hypoxemia and unaffected by switching to normoxia. Hypoxemia
      exaggerated increases in plasma NE, epinephrine, PRA, and heart rate but had no
      additional effects on blood pressure. In a second 50-min test (2 men) with
      normoxic control (10 min), heating plus normoxia (20 min), and heating plus
      hypoxemia (20 min), effects of hypoxemia on all variables were as in the first
      test. Thus, acute moderate hypoxemia did not blunt active cutaneous vasodilation
      or sweating and exaggerated increases in catecholamines and heart rate,
      indicating maintained peripheral autonomic function.

PMID- 2645264
TI  - Pulmonary clearance of radiotracers after positive end-expiratory pressure or
      acute lung injury.
AB  - In anesthetized rabbits we measured clearance from lung to blood of eight
      aerosolized technetium-99m-labeled compounds: diethylenetriaminepentaacetate
      (99mTc-DTPA); cytochrome c; myoglobin; a myoglobin polymer; albumin; and anionic,
      cationic, and neutral dextrans of equivalent molecular size. We investigated the
      effect of applying positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and, on a subsequent
      occasion, of injecting oleic acid intravenously to produce acute lung injury on
      the pulmonary clearance rate. Base-line clearance rates were monoexponential and
      varied with the molecular weights of the radiotracers. For each tracer the rate
      of clearance was increased a similar degree by either PEEP or oleic acid.
      However, with PEEP, clearance remained monoexponential, whereas after oleic acid,
      smaller molecular-weight radiotracers had multiexponential clearance curves. This
      suggests that after oleic acid the alveolar epithelium breaks down in a
      nonuniform fashion. We conclude that differentiation of the effect of PEEP from
      that of severe lung injury caused by oleic acid is not readily accomplished by
      either increasing the size of the tracer molecule or by varying the molecular
      charge.

PMID- 2645265
TI  - Intrathoracic pressures and left ventricular configuration with respiratory
      maneuvers.
AB  - In 12 dogs, we examined the correspondence between esophageal (Pes) and
      pericardial pressures over the anterior, lateral, and inferior left ventricular
      (LV) surfaces. Pleural pressure was decreased by spontaneous inspiration, Mueller
      maneuver, and phrenic stimulation and increased by intermittent positive pressure
      ventilation (IPPV) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). To separate
      effects due to blood flow, we analyzed beating and nonbeating hearts. In beating
      hearts, there were no significant differences between changes in Pes and
      pericardial pressures. In arrested hearts, increasing LV pressure by 8 Torr
      increased pericardial pressures by only 3.6 Torr. With IPPV and PEEP, increases
      in Pes and pericardial pressures were equal in live hearts and in low-volume
      arrested hearts (LV pressure = 4 Torr). In high-volume arrested hearts (LV
      pressure = 12 Torr), the increase in pericardial pressure over the anterior LV
      surface was less than Pes, whereas that over the lateral and inferior LV surfaces
      was the same as Pes. At high LV volume, in arrested hearts pericardial pressures
      decreased less than Pes during negative pressure maneuvers. In another six dogs,
      external LV configuration and volume were measured. In beating hearts during
      spontaneous inspiration, Mueller maneuver, and phrenic stimulation (endotracheal
      tube open), septal-lateral dimension and LV volume decreased by approximately 3%
      (P less than 0.05). This was also true for PEEP. In arrested hearts, septal
      lateral dimension and LV volume decreased only with PEEP. We conclude that 1) the
      relationship between Pes and pericardial pressures is complex and depends on LV
      volume, local pericardial compliance, and the means by which Pes is changed, 2)
      changes in measured pericardial pressures did not completely explain changes in
      LV configuration, and 3) during different respiratory maneuvers, different forces
      account for the same observed changes in LV volume and configuration.

PMID- 2645266
TI  - Molecular genetic studies of colon cancer.
AB  - Molecular genetic studies of tumor-specific allele loss, originally associated
      primarily with research regarding childhood hereditary cancers such as
      retinoblastoma and Wilms' tumors, only lately have been recognized as a
      relatively fast and fruitful way of locating cancer genes on human chromosomes.
      To date, over 25 different cancers have been tied to a gene (or genes) on a
      specific chromosome when this method has been used. During the past year alone,
      this approach has permitted detection of three genes involved in either
      hereditary or sporadic colorectal cancers. These three genes, located on
      chromosomes 5q, 17p, and 18q, are believed to belong to the newly described tumor
      suppressor (or growth suppressor) gene class, whose effects are opposite those of
      activated cellular oncogenes, which promote uncontrolled cell growth. Present
      studies, however, have not shown losses of any of these tumor suppressor genes to
      be correlated with the presence of activated ras genes in colorectal adenomas or
      carcinomas. During progression from adenoma to carcinoma, ras gene mutations and
      5q allelic deletions are likely to be earlier events, whereas allelic losses from
      chromosomes 18q and 17p seem to occur more often in advanced tumors. Involvement
      of the genes on 5q (FAP) and 18q (Lynch syndrome II) in hereditary colon cancer
      syndromes is supported by linkage studies, but their respective roles (as well as
      that of the gene on 17p) in familial and sporadic colorectal cancer remain to be
      precisely defined. Probable isolation of these three genes by molecular cloning
      within the next few years will help elucidate their specific biologic functions.
      It will also permit early detection, and thus prevention, of some familial colon
      cancers (such as FAP), and possibly allow DNA marker-based separation of
      different colon cancer subtypes of similar histologic appearance.

PMID- 2645267
TI  - Radiation therapy in the management of rectal cancer.
AB  - For many years, rectal carcinoma has been treated by surgery alone. However,
      survival rates have not improved historically and local recurrence remains a
      problem. Adjuvant radiation therapy does have a role in this disease. While the
      optimal scheduling and dose are not determined yet, it can certainly prevent
      local recurrence and potentially increase survival. There are advantages to
      delivering radiation therapy preoperatively and postoperatively and the
      combination of low-dose preoperative radiation therapy and postoperative
      radiation therapy in selected patients ("sandwich" therapy) appears promising.
      The use of chemotherapy in combination with radiation therapy may further improve
      survival rates. Care must be taken in patients treated with rectal carcinoma to
      minimize the normal tissue irradiated to decrease complications and deliver
      tumoricidal doses to the areas at risk. Techniques are available to both the
      surgeon and the radiation oncologist to minimize the amount of small bowel
      irradiated. Radiation therapy also has a role in the treatment of very early
      rectal cancers as part of a sphincter-saving procedure and in the treatment of
      advanced or recurrent rectal cancers. In the latter, intraoperative radiation
      therapy plays an important role in controlling recurrent or residual rectal
      cancer.

PMID- 2645268
TI  - Adjuvant therapy of colon cancer.
AB  - The status of adjuvant therapy for colon cancer recently was clarified through
      the use of an innovative statistical evaluation of the existing published data.
      Even without including the NSABP results, meta-analysis formalized the long-held
      subjective impression that adjuvant treatment does not worsen patient outcome
      but, rather, consistently tends to improve it. It is important to recall that
      even small advantages for therapy of a common disease will have a major public
      health impact. A review of the results of adjuvant therapy in colon cancer thus
      far leads to suggestions for future directions, several of which already have
      been put into practice. Clearly, large-scale cooperative trials are necessary,
      not only to detect the subtle survival benefits of existing adjuvant therapies,
      but also to allow for meaningful subgroup analysis. Additional techniques for
      identifying and quantifying prognostic variables will aid in this latter effort.
      For example, flow cytometric DNA content analysis is currently in progress on
      patient specimens from several of the recently completed adjuvant trials,
      including those conducted by ECOG and NSABP. Not only will such analysis clarify
      the prognostic relevance of tumor ploidy and proliferative activity but, more
      importantly, it may identify subsets of patients who derive particular benefit
      from adjuvant treatment. Lastly, the need for more effective therapies is
      obvious. The current adjuvant trials employ agents or combinations of agents that
      hold some promise based on their activity in preliminary trials. However,
      significant progress will have to await the introduction of new agents with
      greater activity against colon cancer, and improvement in our understanding and
      use of specific immunotherapy.

PMID- 2645269
TI  - The diagnostic and therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies in colorectal cancer.
AB  - Preliminary trials have illustrated that monoclonal antibodies can be
      administered safely, tumor binding can be achieved, and sensitive radioimaging
      may be possible. Additionally, clinical responses in patients with colorectal
      carcinoma can occur. The limitations of murine monoclonal therapy are now being
      addressed and in time will be overcome. Monoclonal antibodies offer great promise
      in the diagnosis and therapy of malignant disease. Further investigation using
      innovative approaches and in combination with other therapies may help to reach
      this goal.

PMID- 2645270
TI  - Hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases.
AB  - Colorectal liver metastases are a frequent and lethal complication of cancer.
      Hepatic resection is an effective treatment for patients with colorectal liver
      metastases and can provide a 25 to 35 per cent 5-year survival rate. All
      potential resection candidates should undergo extensive preoperative testing to
      exclude extrahepatic metastases and local recurrence. Contraindications to
      resection are the presence of (1) positive portal/celiac lymph nodes, (2)
      extrahepatic discontiguous disease, and (3) four or more lesions. At surgery all
      patients should undergo a detailed examination of the lymph nodes (periportal,
      retroperitoneal, regional), peritoneal surfaces, and the liver. Every resection
      candidate should have an intraoperative ultrasound examination of the liver. This
      modality will identify the presence of small, nonpalpable lesions and define the
      tumor-vessel relationship. Many types of resections can be performed and are
      classified as anatomic or nonanatomic (segmental). Preference should be given to
      segmental resections, because these procedures reduce blood loss, shorten
      operating time, and lower morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, not all
      patients undergoing resection will be cured of the disease; many will develop
      extrahepatic disease. Effective systemic chemotherapy is necessary to improve
      survival in patients with colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2645271
TI  - Biology of large bowel cancer.
AB  - The progression of large bowel cancer from the colon crypt cell involves a series
      of sequential stages of altered growth regulation. An increase in the
      proliferative compartment of the colonic crypt characterizes the earliest stage.
      This is followed by loss of normal maturation and gain of more autonomous growth.
      Ultimately, cells that acquire the capability to migrate and grow at a distant
      site appear as metastases. Clinical and pathologic observations have been used to
      identify these stages of large bowel cancer progression, but only with the recent
      application of molecular and biologic tools are we beginning to identify
      potential mechanisms responsible for the altered growth. The development of
      laboratory models that reflect the key clinical and pathologic stages of
      progression should prove particularly valuable in sorting out the biology of
      large bowel tumor progression. The challenge then will be to use this knowledge
      for the design of preventive and therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 2645272
TI  - Chemoprevention of colon cancer.
AB  - Animal tumor experiments and epidemiologic studies suggest that several agents
      may be of potential value in blocking the development of colon adenomas and
      carcinoma. Recent laboratory investigations have demonstrated several
      intermediate markers that are altered in the colonic epithelium of high-risk
      individuals and that can be modulated by several possible chemopreventive agents.
      Calcium and ascorbic acid are two agents that have been investigated in
      preliminary studies. Although the results have not been striking, these studies
      have pointed up methodologic issues that must be addressed and will contribute
      greatly to the design of the next generation of trials. Given the advances in the
      elucidation of the carcinogenic processes in colon cancer, it is reasonable to
      hope that the next decade of research will discover chemoprevention strategies
      that will protect individuals from the development of the most common tumor in
      Western society.

PMID- 2645273
TI  - Surgical therapy of early rectal carcinoma.
AB  - Radical surgical resection is the "gold standard" treatment for rectal carcinoma.
      Results indicating that radiation therapy reduces the incidence of local
      recurrence and that combined modality radiation therapy and chemotherapy reduce
      the rate of local and distant failures, as well as improving survival, has
      produced interest in adjuvant therapy. Conservative procedures to treat rectal
      cancer are also gaining support because of reduced morbidity and mortality,
      avoidance of colostomy, and excellent survival figures in selected patients. The
      key phrase continues to be "in selected patients" because current data support
      conservative procedures as attempts for cure only in patients with small,
      histologically favorable tumors. The combination of local excision and adjuvant
      external beam irradiation holds promise for improved control of local disease in
      patients with early rectal carcinoma. Further prospective evaluation with long
      term follow-up of patients with early rectal carcinoma treated with conservative
      procedures is needed to assess the efficacy of conservative management.

PMID- 2645274
TI  - delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase from Aspergillus
      nidulans. The first enzyme in penicillin biosynthesis is a multifunctional
      peptide synthetase.
AB  - A multienzyme catalyzing the formation of delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl
      D-valine, the first free intermediate in penicillin biosynthesis, was detected in
      an assay measuring the formation of tripeptide from L-[U-14C]valine in the
      presence of L-alpha-aminoadipic acid, L-cysteine, ATP, Mg2+ ions, and
      dithioerythritol. Enzyme was extracted from dry mycelium using a buffer with a
      high glycerol concentration and thiol protective agent to stabilize enzyme
      activity. In five steps the enzyme was purified 118-fold. It catalyzed ATP
      pyrophosphate exchange in dependence of all three constituent amino acids, and
      the enzyme could be amino-acylated with L-[14C]valine. The molecular weight of
      the protein both native (in gel filtration chromatography) and denatured
      (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) was about 220 kDa. These data suggest that
      delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase consists of a single
      polypeptide chain and a multienzyme thiotemplate mechanism for the reaction
      sequence is postulated.

PMID- 2645275
TI  - The structure of yeast enolase at 2.25-A resolution. An 8-fold beta + alpha
      barrel with a novel beta beta alpha alpha (beta alpha)6 topology.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of yeast enolase has been determined by the
      multiple isomorphous replacement method followed by the solvent flattening
      technique. A polypeptide model, corresponding with the known amino acid sequence,
      has been fitted to the electron density map. Crystallographic restrained least
      squares refinement of the model without solvent gave R = 20.0% for 6-2.25-A
      resolution with good geometry. A model with 182 water molecules and 1 sulfate
      which is still being refined has presently R = 17.0%. The molecule is a dimer
      with subunits related by 2-fold crystallographic symmetry. The subunit has
      dimensions 60 X 55 X 45 A and is built from two domains. The smaller N-terminal
      domain has an alpha + beta structure based on a three-stranded antiparallel
      meander and four helices. The main domain is an 8-fold beta + alpha-barrel. The
      enolase barrel is, however, different from the triose phosphate isomerase barrel;
      its topology is beta beta alpha alpha (beta alpha)6 rather than (beta alpha)8 as
      found in triose phosphate isomerase. The inner beta-barrel is not entirely
      parallel, the second strand is antiparallel to the other strands, and the
      direction of the first helix is also reversed with respect to the other helices.
      This supports the hypothesis that some enzymes evolved independently producing
      the stable structure of beta alpha barrels with either enolase or triose
      phosphate isomerase topology. The active site of enolase is located at the
      carboxylic end of the barrel. A fragment of the N-terminal domain and two long
      loops protruding from the barrel domain form a wide crevice leading to the active
      site region. Asp246, Glu295, and Asp320 are the ligands of the conformational
      cation. Other residues in the active site region are Glu168, Asp321, Lys345, and
      Lys396.

PMID- 2645277
TI  - Absence of large-scale conformational change upon limited proteolysis of
      ovalbumin, the prototypic serpin.
AB  - 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopies have been used to examine the effects of limited
      proteolysis with subtilisin Carlsberg on the global conformation of ovalbumin and
      on the local environment of phosphoserine 344, a residue two positions removed
      from the site of proteolysis. Such limited proteolysis has been shown to result
      in excision of a hexapeptide from the region of the protein that, in other serine
      protease inhibitors (serpins), contains the reactive center. Based on the
      structure of the related serpin alpha 1-antitrypsin, it has been predicted that
      phosphoserine 344 should undergo a large change in environment upon proteolysis
      of ovalbumin (Lobermann, H., Tokuoka, R., Deisenhofer, J., and Huber, R. (1984)
      J. Mol. Biol. 177, 531-550). Proteolysis of ovalbumin produces a small upfield
      shift (0.15 ppm) of the 31P resonance of phosphoserine 344. In addition, the pKa
      of phosphoserine 344 is raised by 0.1 pH unit. At pH 8.5, phosphoserine 344 in
      cleaved ovalbumin (plakalbumin) is as accessible to hydrolysis by Escherichia
      coli alkaline phosphatase as it is in native ovalbumin. 1H NMR shows that
      dephosphorylation of serine 344 has an imperceptible effect on the protein's
      conformation. Similarly, little effect on conformation is seen by 1H NMR upon
      proteolysis of ovalbumin. These findings suggest that ovalbumin does not undergo
      a marked conformational change analogous to that inferred for the related members
      of the serpin superfamily, alpha 1-antitrypsin and antithrombin III, nor do the
      residues close to the site of proteolysis appear to change environment from that
      of an exposed loop to a buried strand of beta-sheet. These findings are not
      consistent with the hypothesis of Carrell and Owen ((1985) Nature 317, 730-732)
      for the role of the exposed loop in serpins of directly facilitating
      conformational change upon cleavage of the loop. Instead, it is proposed that
      cleavage of the exposed loop alters the solvent accessibility of residues
      formerly covered by the loop and that this provides the thermodynamic impetus for
      conformational change, perhaps by disruption of a salt bridge crucial to the
      integrity of the native structure.

PMID- 2645276
TI  - Mutational analysis of the mitochondrial Rieske iron-sulfur protein of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Construction of a RIP1 deletion strain and isolation
      of temperature-sensitive mutants.
AB  - A protocol has been devised to permit mutational analysis of the Rieske iron
      sulfur protein of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. The gene for this iron-sulfur protein (RIP1) has recently been cloned
      and sequenced (Beckmann, J. D., Ljungdahl, P. O., Lopez, J. L., and Trumpower, B.
      L. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8901-8909). We have constructed a stable yeast
      deletion strain, JPJ1, in which the chromosomal copy of RIP1 was displaced by the
      yeast LEU2 gene by homologous recombination. A linear DNA fragment containing the
      LEU2 gene was inserted at the breakpoints of an 800-base pair deletion of the
      iron-sulfur protein gene and used to transform a leu- yeast strain. Leu+
      transformants were obtained which were unable to grow on nonfermentable carbon
      sources. Southern analysis of the transformant, JPJ1, confirmed that the
      chromosomal copy of the RIP1 gene was deleted and replaced by the LEU2 gene. The
      genotype of JPJ1 was confirmed by genetic crosses. JPJ1 cannot grow on
      nonfermentable carbon sources but can be complemented to respiratory competence
      and transformed by yeast vectors containing the wild type RIP1 gene. The ability
      to complement strain JPJ1 with episomally encoded iron-sulfur protein provided
      the basis of a selection protocol by which mutagenized plasmids containing the
      RIP1 gene were assayed for mutations affecting respiratory growth. Five mutants
      of RIP1 were identified by their ability to complement JPJ1 to temperature
      sensitive respiratory growth. DNA sequence analysis demonstrated that temperature
      sensitive respiratory growth resulted from single point mutations within the
      protein coding region of RIP1. These mutations altered a single amino acid
      residue in each case. Mutations were dispersed throughout the terminal two-thirds
      of the protein. Each mutation was recessive and did not affect fermentative
      growth on dextrose. However, each mutation exerted unique temperature-sensitive
      growth characteristics on media containing the nonfermentable carbon source
      glycerol.

PMID- 2645278
TI  - In vitro use of monoclonal antibodies in Escherichia coli S-30 extracts to
      determine the RNA polymerase sigma subunit required by a promoter.
AB  - RNA polymerase requires one of a family of sigma subunits for specific promoter
      recognition and initiation. We have developed an in vitro method to define the
      RNA polymerase sigma subunit required by a promoter. Mouse monoclonal antibodies
      specific for either Escherichia coli sigma 70 or sigma 32 or Salmonella
      typhimurium sigma 54 were added to an E. coli coupled transcription-translation S
      30 extract programed with a DNA template containing the promoter of interest.
      Using the representative lacUV5, glnAP2, and rpoDHS promoters as controls, we
      found that monoclonal antibodies to a given sigma subunit strongly inhibited
      transcription from cognate promoters which utilized that sigma subunit, but had
      little effect on transcription from noncognate promoters which used other sigma
      subunits. Supplementation of the S-30 extract with purified sigma 70, sigma 54,
      or RNA polymerase sigma 32-holoenzyme stimulated expression from the cognate
      promoters and inhibited noncognate promoters. These two tests, addition of
      monoclonal antibodies and addition of sigma subunits, provide a rapid means of
      identifying whether the sigma subunit required by any promoter expressed in the S
      30 extract is sigma 70, sigma 54, or sigma 32. We suggest that this method may
      provide a systematic approach for identifying promoters which use as yet
      uncharacterized sigma subunits.

PMID- 2645279
TI  - Recognition of tRNA by the enzyme ATP/CTP:tRNA nucleotidyltransferase.
      Interference by nucleotides modified with diethyl pyrocarbonate or hydrazine.
AB  - Treatment of tRNA with diethyl pyrocarbonate or hydrazine prior to incubation
      with the enzyme ATP/CTP:tRNA nucleotidyltransferase and [alpha-32P]ATP results in
      exclusion of modified bases from labeled molecules. Purines modified with diethyl
      pyrocarbonate, which interfere with enzyme recognition, cluster at the corner of
      the tRNA molecule, where the D- and psi-loops are juxtaposed in all 15 tRNAs used
      in this study. When the enzyme is isolated from Escherichia coli, few other sites
      of interference are evident near the 3'-end; when the homologous enzyme from
      yeast is used, more exclusions are apparent near the 3'-end. Modification of
      uridines with hydrazine has no effect on interaction with the enzyme, except for
      one uridine near the 3'-end of tRNA(Gly). Interference of enzyme activity by
      modified bases can be overcome by longer incubation times or increased
      concentrations of enzyme.

PMID- 2645280
TI  - Dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase in Sertoli and spermatogenic cells of
      prepuberal rats.
AB  - The specific activity of 2,3-dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase in homogenates
      of protease-treated seminiferous tubules, enriched spermatogenic cells, and
      Sertoli cells changed as a function of the age of prepuberal rats. The highest
      enzymatic activity occurred in each case in 23-day-old rats. Homogenates of
      pachytene spermatocytes, spermatids, or Sertoli cells had higher synthase
      activity than a whole testicular homogenate prepared by protease treatment of
      tubules. Enzymatic activity in pachytene spermatocytes expressed per mg of
      protein was about 1.7-fold higher than in spermatids, 5.3-fold higher than in
      spermatogonia, and about 8.3-fold higher than in spermatozoa. Therefore, the
      increase in spermatogenic cell synthase before day 23 can be accounted for by the
      appearance of the pachytene spermatocytes. Enzymatic activity decreased
      remarkably after the differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa. Synthase
      activity in enriched Sertoli cell preparations was 1.5-2.3-fold higher than in
      spermatogenic cell preparations between days 15 and 30. Therefore, both
      spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells contribute to changes in the enzymatic
      activity in seminiferous tubules during development. These changes may be
      important in regulating the availability of dolichyl phosphate for glycoprotein
      synthesis during early stages of differentiation.

PMID- 2645281
TI  - Transforming growth factor-alpha in the mammalian brain. Immunohistochemical
      detection in neurons and characterization of its mRNA.
AB  - In this communication, we demonstrate that adult mammalian brain neurons express
      transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). We used the anti-TGF-alpha
      monoclonal antibody, MF9, to immunohistochemically localize TGF-alpha in human
      and rat brain. We found specific immunoreactivity in neurons throughout the brain
      which was not a result of cross-reactivity of MF9 with the neuropeptide,
      synenkephalin. Northern blot analysis of bovine and rat brain RNA using human and
      rat TGF-alpha cDNA probes, respectively, revealed a single 4.8-kilobase pair mRNA
      with approximately equal abundance in the bovine brainstem, cerebellum,
      hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex. Fetal rat brain had about 2-fold more TGF
      alpha mRNA than did adult rat. The brain TGF-alpha cDNA was cloned from a human
      neonatal brainstem library. Four identical clones were isolated after screening
      10(6) recombinant lambda gt11 phage. The sequence of the 894-base pair cDNA was
      virtually identical with the cDNA isolated from a human renal cell carcinoma. A
      single alanine codon was deleted in the brain cDNA at an exon-exon junction. The
      alanine deletion is within the amino-terminal region of the TGF-alpha precursor
      that is thought to be removed by proteolytic processing of the precursor to the
      mature growth factor. These studies indicate that the normal mammalian brain
      neurons express TGF-alpha.

PMID- 2645282
TI  - The coordinate synthesis and cotranslational assembly of type I procollagen.
AB  - Nascent polysome-associated type I procollagen pro-alpha-chains isolated from
      chick embryo tendon fibroblasts were examined for their proteinase resistance.
      The distribution of chain sizes and their proteinase resistance were also
      determined following chain elongation in an in vitro readout system in the
      absence of chain initiation factors. Chains were labeled with [14C]proline in the
      cells and with [3H]proline in the readout system. Differences in the ratios of
      14C to 3H in the double-labeled nascent chains before and after chymotryptic
      digestion, determined by slicing and counting polyacrylamide gels after
      electrophoresis, permitted analysis of the relative stabilities of in vivo and in
      vitro elongated portions of the chains. In confirmation of earlier work, the
      polysome-bound nascent procollagen contained chymotrypsin, chymotrypsin plus
      trypsin, and pepsin-resistant alpha-chain size components. The readout system
      data showed that the full length chains produced in the cell were more resistant
      to digestion than the fully elongated readout-completed chains. The protease
      resistance of the chains was taken to indicate the registration of the chains
      prior to the induction of helix formation during the isolation procedure. These
      data support the model in which chain selection and folding are facilitated by
      the organization of the attachment of the ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum
      surface.

PMID- 2645283
TI  - Reconstitution of periplasmic transport in inside-out membrane vesicles.
      Energization by ATP.
AB  - The periplasmic histidine permease of Salmonella typhimurium has been
      reconstituted in inside-out vesicles (IOV) of Escherichia coli by disrupting the
      cells with a French press in the presence of a high concentration of the
      periplasmic histidine-binding protein, HisJ. Efflux from IOV, which is equivalent
      to uptake in whole cells, is induced by ATP. The reconstituted system depends on
      the presence of the membrane-bound permease proteins, HisQ, HisM, and HisP, and
      does not function if reconstitution is performed in the presence of a mutant HisJ
      protein, HisJ5625, that can bind histidine normally but can't interact properly
      with the membrane complex. Efflux is not induced by the nonhydrolyzable ATP
      analog, adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate, supporting the contention that ATP
      hydrolysis is necessary. 8-Azido ATP inactivates IOV, indicating that the ATP
      effect occurs through the HisP protein, which has previously been shown to be
      modified by 8-azido ATP (Hobson, A., Weatherwax, R., and Ames, G.F.-L. (1984)
      Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81, 733-7337). The estimated Km of the vesicles
      for ATP is about 200 microM. Vanadate, an inhibitor of phosphohydrolase enzymes,
      inhibits ATP-induced efflux. We conclude that ATP is likely to be the proximal
      energy source for periplasmic permeases.

PMID- 2645284
TI  - In vitro RNA processing generates mature 3' termini of yeast 35 and 25 S
      ribosomal RNAs.
AB  - 35 S rRNA is the major intracellular precursor to 18, 5.8, and 25 S rRNAs in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this report, we show that the 3' termini of 35 S
      rRNA as well as 25 S rRNA are generated by post-transcriptional RNA processing
      rather than transcription termination. Using a partially purified yeast whole
      cell extract, efficient site-specific cleavage of a synthetic rRNA precursor was
      demonstrated in vitro. The 3' termini of the processed precursor were established
      by S1 nuclease protection analysis. RNA molecules containing the mature 3'
      termini of 35 and 25 S rRNA as well as molecules with a 3' terminus located 12
      nucleotides beyond the 3' terminus of 25 S rRNA were the major products of the in
      vitro processing reaction. Processing activity required Mg2+ but was independent
      of ribonucleotides. Pretreatment of the yeast whole cell extract with proteinase
      K abolished processing activity, whereas micrococcal nuclease pretreatment of the
      extract had no effect on processing activity. These results show that RNA
      polymerase I-dependent transcription of yeast ribosomal cistrons continues beyond
      sequences that encode the 3' terminus of 35 S rRNA into the spacer region that
      separates 35 S rRNA transcription units.

PMID- 2645285
TI  - Light-harvesting pigment-proteins of photosystem I in maize. Subunit composition
      and biogenesis.
AB  - Three different pigment-binding proteins of the light-harvesting complex (LHC I)
      of maize photosystem I (PS I) have been isolated. Absorption and fluorescence
      excitation spectral analyses showed that each pigment-protein can transfer
      absorbed energy from its carotenoid and/or chlorophyll b components to
      chlorophyll alpha. Their apoproteins with apparent sizes of 24 (LHC Ia), 21 (LHC
      Ib), and 17 (LHC Ic) kDa have been purified to homogeneity. Differences in their
      pigment and amino acid compositions and in their reactions with antibodies
      demonstrate that the two smaller pigment-proteins are not proteolytically derived
      from the largest one. LHC Ib's apoprotein is particularly enriched in cysteine
      residues. None of the three apoproteins cross-reacted with antibodies raised
      against the major light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein of photosystem II (LHC
      IIb) or against the PS I core complex (CC I) subunits. Studies of the biogenesis
      of PS I during greening of etiolated plants showed that all of the CC I subunits
      accumulated to a detectable level prior to the appearance of the 17-kDa subunit
      of LHC I, the accumulation of which preceded those of the 24- and 21-kDa subunits
      of LHC I. In addition, subunit VI of CC I is shown to be differentially expressed
      in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells; a slightly larger form of it accumulates in
      mesophyll than in bundle sheath thylakoids during plastid development.

PMID- 2645286
TI  - Preferential site-specific hemimethylation of GATC sites in pBR322 DNA by Dam
      methyltransferase from Escherichia coli.
AB  - The methylation pattern of the 22 GATC sites of pBR322 (dam-) by Dam
      methyltransferase from Escherichia coli has been studied. Preferential
      hemimethylation took place at positions 3042 and 349. It was found that these
      preferential methylations were the same in supercoiled circular and linear DNAs.
      The flanking regions of these preferentially methylated sites contain three G.C
      pairs on one side and two A.T pairs and one G.C pair on the other. This
      preferential methylation was confirmed on a 126-base pair oligonucleotide
      containing two GATC sites with different flanking sequences. The next sites
      methylated were, in both cases, the first GATC site on the A.T-rich side,
      although the orientation was different. The rapid methylation of a second and
      third neighboring GATC site on the same plasmid suggests a processive mechanism.
      The implications of the orientation of hemimethylation are discussed in the
      context of the recognition of a palindromic target site by a monomeric DNA
      binding protein.

PMID- 2645287
TI  - Isolation and characterization of paraflagellar proteins from Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Two different Trypanosoma cruzi polypeptides, with masses of 70 and 68 kDa were
      purified and characterized in this work. These two polypeptides designated PAR 1
      and PAR 2, respectively, co-purified during each step of the isolation procedure
      and were found to be located exclusively in T. cruzi flagella by indirect
      immunofluorescence. A pre-embedding immunoelectron microscopy procedure, with a
      gold-tagged secondary antibody, permitted direct identification of PAR 2 as a
      component of the T. cruzi paraflagellar rod. PAR 1 and PAR 2 were found to be
      immunologically distinct and showed no cross-reactivity with actin, tubulin,
      intermediate filament proteins, or other proteins present in mammalian cells. The
      results presented indicate that PAR 1 and PAR 2 are the major components of T.
      cruzi paraflagellar filaments, and that these filaments have no counterpart in
      mammalian cells.

PMID- 2645288
TI  - Purification, primary structure characterization, and cellular distribution of
      two forms of cellular retinol-binding protein, type II from adult rat small
      intestine.
AB  - Cellular retinol-binding protein type II (CRBP(II)) is a major protein in the
      small intestine, accounting for more than 1% of the soluble protein recovered
      from rat jejunal mucosa. Two forms of the protein, called CRBP(II)A and
      CRBP(II)B, were purified from rat small intestine using a three-column procedure.
      The two forms were present in equal abundance. The primary structures of
      CRBP(II)A and CRBP(II)B were determined using a combination of techniques
      including amino acid composition and sequence analyses, and fast atom bombardment
      and gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry. The primary structures
      of both proteins were found to be identical, but they differed in their NH2
      terminal processing. CRBP(II)B was acetylated at its NH2 terminus, while
      CRBP(II)A was not. The results also confirmed the amino acid sequence of
      CRBP(II)A that was deduced from the cDNA sequence by Li et al. (Li, E., Demmer,
      L. A., Sweetser, D. A., Ong, D. E., and Gordon, J. I. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. U.S.A. 83, 5770-5783). Antibodies capable of distinguishing between the two
      forms of CRBP(II) were used for immunohistochemical studies which indicated that
      the organ and cellular distributions of the two forms were identical. The 50%
      acetylation observed here in vivo fits the pattern predicted by recent in vitro
      studies which described the effect of NH2-terminal sequence on cotranslational
      NH2-terminal processing of cytosolic proteins (Boissel, J. P., Kasper, T. J., and
      Bunn, H. F. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8443-8449). Our results provide a basis
      for investigating the possibility of different roles of CRBP(II)A and CRBP(II)B
      within cells, as well as the importance of acetylation of the amino terminus for
      these biological functions.

PMID- 2645289
TI  - Protein-protein cross-linking of the 50 S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli
      using 2-iminothiolane. Identification of cross-links by immunoblotting
      techniques.
AB  - We have investigated the protein-protein cross-links formed within the 50 S
      subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome using 2-iminothiolane as the cross
      linking reagent. The members of the cross-links have been identified by
      immunoblotting from one-dimensional and two-dimensional diagonal sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using antisera specific for the individual ribosomal
      proteins. This method also allowed a quantitation of the yield of cross-linking
      for each cross-link. A total of 14 cross-links have been identified: L1-L33, L2
      L9, L2-L9-L28, L3-L19, L9-L28, L13-L21, L14-L19, L16-L27, L17-L30, L17-L32, L19
      L25, L20-L21, L22-L32, and L23-L34. Our results are compared with those of Traut
      and coworkers (Traut, R. R., Tewari, D. S., Sommer, A., Gavino, G. R., Olson, H.
      M., and Glitz, D. G. (1986) in Structure, Function and Genetics of Ribosomes
      (Hardesty, B. and Kramer, G., eds) pp. 286-308, Springer-Verlag, New York). Our
      cross-linking data allow us to propose the approximate locations of eight
      proteins of the 50 S ribosomal subunit that so far have not been localized by
      immunoelectron microscopy and they thus contribute considerably to our knowledge
      of ribosome structure.

PMID- 2645290
TI  - Cervical kyphosis and myelopathy. Treatment by anterior corpectomy and strut
      grafting.
AB  - Between 1976 and 1984, fourteen patients who had severe cervical kyphosis and
      myelopathy were treated with anterior decompression and arthrodesis. Eight had
      had spondylosis; five, a traumatic injury; and one, a benign intradural tumor. In
      eight of the fourteen patients, the severe kyphosis and myelopathy had developed
      after a laminectomy of three, four, or five cervical vertebrae. The laminectomy
      had been done for the treatment of spondylosis in five patients, of a traumatic
      lesion in two, and of a tumor in one. Considering all fourteen patients, an
      average of 2.25 vertebral bodies was removed from each, and the average extent of
      the subsequent fusion was 3.25 levels. Eight patients (six of whom had
      spondylosis; one, a traumatic lesion; and one, a tumor) were treated with a
      fibular graft that spanned an average of 4.10 levels, and six patients (four of
      whom had a traumatic lesion and two, spondylosis) were treated with an iliac
      graft that spanned an average of 2.70 levels. Of the five patients who had a
      traumatic lesion, four were treated with anterior decompression and arthrodesis,
      combined with posterior arthrodesis that was performed during the same period of
      anesthesia. In three patients, the anterior graft dislodged during the immediate
      postoperative period. Two of the three patients had posterior instability due to
      a prior laminectomy, and in the third the graft dislodged because of technical
      difficulties. Two of these grafts were revised to restore stability. At the
      latest follow-up, twelve of the fourteen fusions were solid. In the other two
      patients, who died six and ten months postoperatively, the fusion had been solid,
      as shown by radiographs, before the time of death. The average amount of
      correction of the kyphotic deformities was 32 degrees, a reduction from an
      average of 45 degrees to an average of 13 degrees. All but one patient had some
      recovery of neural function; nine had complete and four, partial recovery. The
      remaining patient had relief of pain, but he continued to be completely
      quadriplegic although he had some sensory sparing. Of the four patients who had
      been unable to walk preoperatively, three were able to walk postoperatively. No
      patient lost neural function after the anterior decompression and arthrodesis. We
      concluded that, in the presence of severe cervical kyphosis and myelopathy,
      adequate anterior decompression of the spinal cord, correction of the kyphosis,
      and anterior arthrodesis using a strut graft can yield excellent results without
      undue risk.

PMID- 2645291
TI  - Compression ultrasonography for the detection of deep venous thrombosis in
      patients who have a fracture of the hip. A prospective study.
AB  - The effectiveness of compression ultrasonography in the detection of femoral and
      popliteal venous thrombosis was determined in a prospective trial over a period
      of seven months. Forty-two patients who had an isolated intertrochanteric or
      femoral neck fracture participated, and forty of these patients completed the
      study. The average age of the patients was 81.6 years. Venography was the
      standard with which all ultrasonic studies were compared. A total of 112
      ultrasonic studies were performed. The incidence of major venous thrombosis, as
      detected by venography, was 12.5 per cent. All patients were clinically
      asymptomatic. The compression ultrasonic technique had an accuracy of 97 per
      cent, a sensitivity of 100 per cent, and a specificity of 97 per cent.
      Compression ultrasonography appears to be a very effective technique for
      diagnosing venous thrombosis in patients who have a fracture of the hip. It is
      safe, well accepted by both patients and staff, and simply and quickly performed,
      and it carries no inherent risks. It also can be readily repeated, making it
      ideal for monitoring high-risk patients.

PMID- 2645292
TI  - The effects of fixation on fracture-healing.

PMID- 2645295
TI  - Transport of proteins to the plant vacuole is not by bulk flow through the
      secretory system, and requires positive sorting information.
AB  - Plant cells, like other eukaryotic cells, use the secretory pathway to target
      proteins to the vacuolar/lysosomal compartment and to the extracellular space. We
      wished to determine whether the presence of a hydrophobic signal peptide would
      result in the transport of a reporter protein to vacuoles by bulk flow; to
      investigate this question, we expressed a chimeric gene in transgenic tobacco.
      The chimeric gene, Phalb, used for this study consists of the 1,188-bp 5'
      upstream sequence and the hydrophobic signal sequence of a vacuolar seed protein
      phytohemagglutinin, and the coding sequence of a cytosolic seed albumin (PA2).
      The chimeric protein PHALB cross-reacted with antibodies to PA2 and was found in
      the seeds of the transgenic plants (approximately 0.7% of total protein), but not
      in the leaves, roots, or flowers. Immunoblot analyses of seed extracts revealed
      four glycosylated polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 29,000 to 32,000.
      The four polypeptides are glycoforms of a single polypeptide of Mr 27,000, and
      the heterogeneity is due to the presence of high mannose and endoglycosidase H
      resistant glycans. The PHALB products reacted with an antiserum specific for
      complex plant glycans indicating that the glycans had been modified in the Golgi
      apparatus. Subcellular fractionation of glycerol extracts of mature seeds showed
      that only small amounts of PHALB accumulated in the protein storage vacuoles of
      the tobacco seeds. In homogenates made in an isotonic medium, very little PHALB
      was associated with the organelle fraction containing the endoplasmic reticulum
      and Golgi apparatus; most of it was in the soluble fraction. We conclude that
      PHALB passed through the Golgi apparatus, but did not arrive in the vacuoles.
      Transport to vacuoles is not by a bulk-flow mechanism, once proteins have entered
      the secretory system, and requires information beyond that provided by a
      hydrophobic signal peptide.

PMID- 2645296
TI  - Addition of truncated oligosaccharides to influenza virus hemagglutinin results
      in its temperature-conditional cell-surface expression.
AB  - In the preceding paper (Hearing, J., E. Hunter, L. Rodgers, M.-J. Gething, and J.
      Sambrook. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 108:339-353) we described the isolation and initial
      characterization of seven Chinese hamster ovary cell lines that are temperature
      conditional for the cell-surface expression of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA)
      and other integral membrane glycoproteins. Two of these cell lines appeared to be
      defective for the synthesis and/or addition of mannose-rich oligosaccharide
      chains to nascent glycoproteins. In this paper we show that at both 32 and 39
      degrees C in two mutant cell lines accumulate a truncated version, Man5GlcNAc2,
      of the normal lipid-linked precursor oligosaccharide, Glc3Man9GlcNAc2. This is
      possibly due to a defect in the synthesis of dolichol phosphate because in vitro
      assays indicate that the mutant cells are not deficient in
      mannosylphosphoryldolichol synthase at either temperature. A mixture of truncated
      and complete oligosaccharide chains was transferred to newly synthesized
      glycoproteins at both the permissive and restrictive temperatures. Both mutant
      cell lines exhibited altered sensitivity to cytotoxic plant lectins when grown at
      32 degrees C, indicating that cellular glycoproteins bearing abnormal
      oligosaccharide chains were transported to the cell surface at the permissive
      temperature. Although glycosylation was defective at both 32 and 39 degrees C,
      the cell lines were temperature conditional for growth, suggesting that cellular
      glycoproteins were adversely affected by the glycosylation defect at the elevated
      temperature. The temperature-conditional expression of HA on the cell surface was
      shown to be due to impairment at 39 degrees C of the folding, trimerization, and
      stability of HA molecules containing truncated oligosaccharide chains.

PMID- 2645294
TI  - Processing pathway for protease B of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The vacuolar protease B of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a subtilisin-like protease
      encoded by the PRB1 gene. Antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide and an
      Escherichia coli-derived PRB1 open reading frame (ORF) protein cross-react with
      authentic protease B from yeast. By using these antibodies, the posttranslational
      biosynthetic pathway of protease B has been elucidated. Preproprotease B is a 76
      kD unglycosylated precursor that enters the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it
      receives one asparagine-linked (Asn-linked) and an undetermined number of non-Asn
      linked carbohydrate side chains. The large glycosylated intermediate is
      proteolytically processed to a 39-kD form before exiting the ER. In the Golgi
      complex, the 39-kD form becomes 40 kD, due to elaboration of the Asn-linked side
      chain. The carboxyterminal end of the 40-kD proprotease B undergoes protease A
      mediated processing to a 37-kD intermediate, which in turn is quickly processed
      to 31-kD mature protease B. The ultimate processing step removes a peptide
      containing the Asn-linked chain; mature PrB has only non-Asn-linked carbohydrate.

PMID- 2645297
TI  - Cell cycle-dependent association of HSP70 with specific cellular proteins.
AB  - In asynchronous populations of HeLa cells maintained at control or heat shock
      temperatures, HSP70 levels and its subcellular distribution exhibit substantial
      heterogeneity as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence with HSP70-specific
      monoclonal antibodies. Of particular interest is a subpopulation of cells in
      which the characteristic nuclear accumulation and nucleolar association of HSP70
      is not detected after heat shock treatment. This apparent variation in the heat
      shock response is not observed when synchronized cells are examined. In this
      study, we demonstrate that three monoclonal antibodies to HSP70, in particular,
      do not detect nucleolar-localized HSP70 in heat-shocked G2 cells. This is not due
      to an inability of G2 cells to respond to heat shock as measured by increased
      HSP70 mRNA and protein synthesis, or due to a lack of accumulation of HSP70 after
      heat shock in G2. Rather the epitopes recognized by the various antibodies appear
      to be inaccessible, perhaps due to the association of HSP70 with other proteins.
      Non-denaturing immunoprecipitations with these HSP70-specific antibodies suggest
      that HSP70 may interact with other cellular proteins in a cell cycle-dependent
      manner.

PMID- 2645293
TI  - The scanning model for translation: an update.
AB  - The small (40S) subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes is believed to bind initially at
      the capped 5'-end of messenger RNA and then migrate, stopping at the first AUG
      codon in a favorable context for initiating translation. The first-AUG rule is
      not absolute, but there are rules for breaking the rule. Some anomalous
      observations that seemed to contradict the scanning mechanism now appear to be
      artifacts. A few genuine anomalies remain unexplained.

PMID- 2645298
TI  - The intracellular location of yeast heat-shock protein 26 varies with metabolism.
AB  - An antibody highly specific for heat-shock protein (hsp)26, the unique small hsp
      of yeast, and mutants carrying a deletion of the HSP26 gene were used to examine
      the physical properties of the protein and to determine its intracellular
      distribution. The protein was found in complexes with a molecular mass of greater
      than 500 kD. Thus, it has all of the characteristics, including sequence homology
      and induction patterns, of small hsps from other organisms. When log-phase cells
      growing in glucose were heat shocked, hsp26 concentrated in nuclei and continued
      to concentrate in nuclei when these cells were returned to normal temperatures
      for recovery. However, hsp26 did not concentrate in nuclei under a variety of
      other conditions. For example, in early stationary-phase cells hsp26 is induced
      at normal growth temperatures. This protein was generally distributed throughout
      the cells, even after heat shock. Similarly, in cells genetically engineered to
      synthesize hsp26 in the presence of galactose, hsp26 did not concentrate in
      nuclei, with or without a heat shock. To determine if the failure of hsp26 to
      concentrate in the nucleus of these cells was due to the fact that the protein
      had been produced at 25 degrees C or to a difference in the physiological state
      of the cell, we investigated the distribution of the heat-induced protein in
      cells grown under several different conditions. In wild-type cells grown in
      galactose or acetate and in mitochondrial mutants grown in glucose or galactose,
      hsp26 also failed to concentrate in nuclei with a heat shock. We conclude that
      the intracellular location of hsp26 in yeast depends upon the physiological state
      of the cell and not simply upon the presence or absence of heat stress. Our
      findings may explain why previous investigations of the intracellular
      localization of small hsps in a variety of organisms have yielded seemingly
      contradictory results.

PMID- 2645299
TI  - Membrane-cytoskeleton dynamics in rat parietal cells: mobilization of actin and
      spectrin upon stimulation of gastric acid secretion.
AB  - The gastric parietal (oxyntic) cell is presented as a model for studying the
      dynamic assembly of the skeletal infrastructure of cell membranes. A monoclonal
      antibody directed to a 95-kD antigen of acid-secreting membranes of rat parietal
      cells was characterized as a tracer of the membrane movement occurring under
      physiological stimuli. The membrane rearrangement was followed by
      immunocytochemistry both at the light and electron microscopic level on semithin
      and thin frozen sections from resting and stimulated rat gastric mucosa. Double
      labeling experiments demonstrated that a specific and massive mobilization of
      actin, and to a lesser extent of spectrin (fodrin), was involved in this process.
      In the resting state, actin and spectrin were mostly localized beneath the
      membranes of all cells of the gastric gland, whereas the bulk of acid-secreting
      membranes appeared diffusely distributed in the cytoplasmic space of parietal
      cells without any apparent connection with cytoskeletal proteins. In stimulated
      cells, both acid-secreting material and actin (or spectrin) extensively
      colocalized at the secretory apical surface of parietal cells, reflecting that
      acid-secreting membranes were now exposed at the lumen of the secretory
      canaliculus and that this insertion was stabilized by cortical proteins. The data
      are compatible with a model depicting the membrane movement occurring in parietal
      cells as an apically oriented insertion of activated secretory membranes from an
      intracellular storage pool. The observed redistribution of actin and spectrin
      argues for a direct control by gastric acid secretagogues of the dynamic
      equilibrium existing between nonassembled (or preassembled) and assembled forms
      of cytoskeletal proteins.

PMID- 2645300
TI  - An unusual beta-spectrin associated with clustered acetylcholine receptors.
AB  - The clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) in the postsynaptic membrane is
      an early event in the formation of the neuromuscular junction. The mechanism of
      clustering is still unknown, but is generally believed to be mediated by the
      postsynaptic cytoskeleton. We have identified an unusual isoform of beta-spectrin
      which colocalizes with AChR in AChR clusters isolated from rat myotubes in vitro.
      A related antigen is present postsynaptically at the neuromuscular junction of
      the rat. Immunoprecipitation, peptide mapping and immunofluorescence show that
      the beta-spectrin in AChR clusters resembles but is distinct from the beta
      spectrin of human erythrocytes. alpha-Spectrin appears to be absent from AChR
      clusters. Semiquantitative immunofluorescence techniques indicate that there are
      from two to seven beta-spectrin molecules present for every clustered AChR, the
      higher values being obtained from rapidly prepared clusters, the lower values
      from clusters that require several minutes or more for isolation. Upon incubation
      of isolated AChR clusters for 1 h at room temperature, beta-spectrin is slowly
      depleted and the AChR redistribute into microaggregates. The beta-spectrin that
      remains associated with the myotube membrane is concentrated at these
      microaggregates. beta-Spectrin is quantitatively lost from clusters upon
      digestion with chymotrypsin, which causes AChR to redistribute in the plane of
      the membrane. These results suggest that AChR in clusters is closely linked to an
      unusual isoform of beta-spectrin.

PMID- 2645301
TI  - Detection of a specific isoform of alpha-actinin with antisera directed against
      dystrophin.
AB  - We have characterized a protein immunologically related to dystrophin, the
      protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene. We identify this related
      protein as a fast-twitch glycolytic isoform (mouse extensor digitorum longus
      specific) of myofibrillar alpha-actinin. This specific isoform of alpha-actinin
      exhibits a more restricted pattern of expression in skeletal muscle than fast
      twitch-specific isoforms of both myosin and Ca2+-ATPase. Our results provide
      evidence that dystrophin and myofibrillar alpha-actinin are related proteins,
      reinforcing the previous data concerning the sequence homologies noted between
      nonmuscle cytoskeletal alpha-actinin and dystrophin. In addition, we describe the
      first antisera directed against a specific myofibrillar skeletal muscle isoform
      of alpha-actinin.

PMID- 2645302
TI  - Posttranslational modification of distinct microtubule subpopulations during cell
      polarization and differentiation in the mouse preimplantation embryo.
AB  - During the course of preimplantation development, the cells of the mouse embryo
      undergo both a major subcellular reorganization (at the time of compaction) and,
      subsequently, a process of differentiation as the phenotypes of trophectoderm and
      inner cell mass cell types diverge. We have used antibodies specific for
      tyrosinated (Kilmartin, J. V., B. Wright, and C. Milstein. 1982. J. Cell Biol.
      93:576-582) and acetylated (Piperno, G., and M. T. Fuller. 1985. J. Cell Biol.
      101:2085-2094) alpha-tubulin in immunofluorescence studies and found that subsets
      of microtubules can be distinguished within and between cells during the course
      of these events. Whereas all microtubules contained tyrosinated alpha-tubulin,
      acetylated alpha-tubulin was detected only in a subpopulation, located
      predominantly in the cell cortices. Striking differences developed between the
      distribution of the two populations during the course of development. Firstly,
      whereas the microtubule population as a whole tends to redistribute towards the
      apical domain of cells as they polarize during compaction (Houliston, E., S. J.
      Pickering, and B. Maro. 1987. J. Cell Biol. 104:1299-1308), the microtubules
      recognized by the antiacetylated alpha-tubulin antibody became enriched in the
      basal part of the cell cortex. After asymmetric division of polarized cells to
      generate two distinct cell types (termed inside and outside cells) we found that,
      despite the relative abundance of microtubules in outside cells, acetylated
      microtubules accumulated preferentially in inside cells. Treatment with
      nocodazole demonstrated that within each cell type acetylated microtubules were
      the more stable ones; however, the difference in composition of the microtubule
      network between cell types was not accompanied by a greater stability of the
      microtubule network in inside cells.

PMID- 2645303
TI  - Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in specific cells and tissues of
      adult and neonatal mice.
AB  - We have used immunohistochemical techniques to detect transforming growth factor
      beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in many tissues of adult and neonatal mice. Each of two
      antibodies raised to the amino-terminal 30 amino acids of TGF-beta 1 selectively
      stained this molecule in either intracellular or extracellular locations. Strong
      intracellular staining was found in adrenal cortex, megakaryocytes and other
      cells of the bone marrow, cardiac myocytes, chondrocytes, renal distal tubules,
      ovarian glandular cells, and chorionic cells of the placenta. Marked staining of
      extracellular matrix was found in cartilage, heart, pancreas, placenta, skin, and
      uterus. Staining was often particularly intense in specialized cells of a given
      tissue, suggesting unique roles for TGF-beta within that tissue. Levels of
      expression of mRNA for TGF-beta 1 and its histochemical staining did not
      necessarily correlate in a given tissue, as in the spleen. The present data lend
      further support to the concept that TGF-beta has an important role in controlling
      interactions between epithelia and surrounding mesenchyme.

PMID- 2645305
TI  - Common pathway for the induction of hexose transport by insulin and stress.
AB  - The effect of stress (heat shock, arsenite, or Semliki Forest virus [SFV]
      infection) on the induction of increased hexose transport has been compared with
      that of insulin. All four treatments increase the Vmax for transport by BHK cells
      three- to five-fold, with little effect (less than 40% decrease) on Km. Hydrogen
      peroxide and phenylarsine oxide (PAO) prevent the increase in hexose transport
      induced by stress treatments as effectively as they do that induced by insulin.
      Pinocytosis is not affected by any of the four treatments. On the other hand, the
      induction by insulin is sensitive to amiloride, whereas that by arsenite is not.
      Rat embryo fibroblasts, which respond poorly to insulin, respond well to
      arsenite, heat shock, or SFV infection. It is concluded that the stress response
      is mediated by certain compounds that may be common to those required for the
      action of insulin, but that those compounds act at a stage subsequent to the
      function of the insulin receptor.

PMID- 2645304
TI  - Procyclin gene expression and loss of the variant surface glycoprotein during
      differentiation of Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - In the mammalian host, the unicellular flagellate Trypanosoma brucei is covered
      by a dense surface coat that consists of a single species of macromolecule, the
      membrane form of the variant surface glycoprotein (mfVSG). After uptake by the
      insect vector, the tsetse fly, bloodstream-form trypanosomes differentiate to
      procyclic forms in the fly midgut. Differentiation is characterized by the loss
      of the mfVSG coat and the acquisition of a new surface glycoprotein, procyclin.
      In this study, the change in surface glycoprotein composition during
      differentiation was investigated in vitro. After triggering differentiation, a
      rapid increase in procyclin-specific mRNA was observed. In contrast, there was a
      lag of several hours before procyclin could be detected. Procyclin was
      incorporated and uniformly distributed in the surface coat. The VSG coat was
      subsequently shed. For a single cell, it took 12-16 h to express a maximum level
      of procyclin at the surface while the loss of the VSG coat required approximately
      4 h. The data are discussed in terms of the possible molecular arrangement of
      mfVSG and procyclin at the cell surface. Molecular modeling data suggest that a
      (Asp-Pro)2 (Glu-Pro)22-29 repeat in procyclin assumes a cylindrical shape 14-18
      nm in length and 0.9 nm in diameter. This extended shape would enable procyclin
      to interdigitate between the mfVSG molecules during differentiation, exposing
      epitopes beyond the 12-15-nm-thick VSG coat.

PMID- 2645306
TI  - Leucine kinetics and the effects of hyperinsulinemia in patients with Cushing's
      syndrome.
AB  - As muscle wasting and resistance to insulin-mediated glucose utilization are
      features of Cushing's syndrome (CS), we examined glucose and amino acid
      metabolism in six patients with CS and six normal subjects before and during
      euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp studies (plasma insulin concentrations,
      approximately 0.36, approximately 0.65, and approximately 10.05 mmol/L). The two
      groups had similar body mass index values. In the postabsorptive state, leucine
      and alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC) rates of appearance (Ra), KIC oxidation, and
      nonoxidized leucine-carbon flux, an index of leucine entering protein (Leu----P),
      were comparable in CS patients [2.38 +/- 0.14 (+/- SE), 0.22 +/- 0.04, and 2.16
      +/- 0.12 mumol/kg.min) and in normal subjects (2.73 +/- 0.25, 0.17 +/- 0.02, and
      2.59 +/- 0.22 mumol/kg.min). During the euglycemic clamp studies the leucine and
      KIC Ra values, KIC oxidation, and Leu----P decreased to a similar extent in both
      groups. In contrast, insulin-mediated glucose utilization was impaired in the CS
      patients at each clamp step (P less than 0.05). In summary, postabsorptive whole
      body leucine metabolism is normal in patients with CS and is normally suppressed
      by hyperinsulinemia, indicating a dissociation in insulin sensitivity with
      respect to glucose and amino acid metabolism.

PMID- 2645307
TI  - A prospective study of the development of growth hormone deficiency in children
      given cranial irradiation, and its relation to statural growth.
AB  - Although GH deficiency (GHD) is the most frequent hormonal abnormality that
      occurs after cranial radiation, the natural course of this complication and its
      relationship to growth in children are not known. Therefore, we undertook a 2-yr
      prospective study of 16 children, aged 1.7-15 yr at the time of treatment, who
      received cranial [31-42 Gy (1 Gy = 100 rads)] and spinal radiation for
      medulloblastoma or ependymoma (group I). Their growth was compared to that of 11
      children given similar doses of cranial radiation only (group II). The mean
      plasma GH response to arginine-insulin test (AITT) was 9.1 +/- 1.5 (+/- SE)
      micrograms/L in group I and 8.5 +/- 1.8 micrograms/L in group II (P = NS). After
      2 yr, 16 of the 27 children had a peak plasma GH value below 8 micrograms/L after
      AITT, and 10 children had a peak response less than 5 micrograms/L. In addition,
      in group I, AITT and sleep-related GH secretion were compared; at the 2 yr follow
      up only 3 of 13 children had discrepant results. At the 2 yr follow-up children
      treated by cranial and spinal radiation had a mean height of -1.46 +/- 0.40 SD
      below the normal mean. In contrast, the children given only cranial radiation had
      a mean height of -0.15 +/- 0.18 SD; P less than 0.02. Therefore, most of the
      growth retardation appeared to be due to lack of spinal growth. GHD is thus an
      early complication of cranial radiation in these children, and no significant
      growth retardation can be attributed to GHD during the first 2 yr. These data
      contribute to the organization of follow-up in irradiated children in order to
      decide when human GH treatment is necessary.

PMID- 2645308
TI  - Estimates of in vivo insulin action in man: comparison of insulin tolerance tests
      with euglycemic and hyperglycemic glucose clamp studies.
AB  - We compared estimates of in vivo insulin action derived from insulin tolerance
      tests (ITT) and euglycemic and hyperglycemic glucose clamp studies in 17 normal
      subjects and 19 patients with various diseases characterized by insulin
      resistance. Fifteen subjects underwent an ITT and a euglycemic clamp study, 17
      subjects underwent an ITT and a hyperglycemic clamp study, and 4 subjects
      underwent all 3 tests. The ITT consisted of a bolus iv injection of regular
      insulin (0.1 U/kg BW). The plasma glucose disappearance rate during the 3- to 15
      min period following the insulin injection was taken as a measure of insulin
      action. In both euglycemic and hyperglycemic clamp studies, which were carried
      out with standard techniques, the ratio between the amount of glucose infused to
      maintain glycemia at the desired level and the mean plasma insulin concentration
      from 60-120 min (M) (euglycemic clamp studies) or 20-120 min (I) (hyperglycemic
      clamp studies) was used as a measure of insulin action. A close correlation was
      found between plasma glucose disappearance rate and the M/I ratio during either
      the euglycemic (r = 0.811; P less than 0.001) or the hyperglycemic (r = 0.826; P
      less than 0.001) clamp studies. These results suggest that the 15-min ITT is
      suitable as a simple and rapid estimation of in vivo insulin action when glucose
      clamp studies are not feasible, as in large series of subjects or serial studies.

PMID- 2645309
TI  - Metabolic responses to intense exercise in lean and obese subjects.
AB  - Sustained elevations of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations follow intense
      (80% maximum oxygen uptake) exercise performed in the postabsorptive state. To
      provide insights into possible mechanisms and influence of obesity, 8 lean and 12
      obese subjects [106 +/- 11% (SD) and 193 +/- 31% of reference table weight,
      respectively] eating previously isocaloric diets were exercised to exhaustion (7
      +/- 3 min) on a cycle ergometer, then followed for 60 min of recovery. The obese
      subjects at rest had slightly increased plasma glucose and insulin and elevated
      blood glycerol concentrations. Both lean and obese subjects had little or no
      changes in plasma glucose or insulin during exercise, but the increases during
      the recovery period were greater and/or sustained longer in the obese. Such
      results raise the possibility of transient hepatic insulin resistance after
      exercise and are possibly relevant to restoration of depleted muscle glycogen.
      Both groups had a marked fall in plasma FFA during exercise; the reduction was
      sustained in the lean but not in the obese subjects. Blood glycerol increased
      during the recovery period to higher values in the obese than in the lean
      subjects. Plasma norepinephrine increased about 4-fold in both groups, returning
      promptly to preexercise values. In contrast, the exercise-induced increment in
      plasma epinephrine [values at exhaustion, 933 +/- 548 vs. 1970 +/- 787 pmol/L; P
      less than 0.005] was markedly attenuated in the obese subjects. Thus, the obese
      subjects had exercise-induced changes in glucose and inulin metabolism consistent
      with greater postexercise insulin resistance, despite an impaired plasma
      epinephrine response to intense exercise.

PMID- 2645310
TI  - Characterization of material with epidermal growth factor immunoreactivity in
      human serum and platelets.
AB  - We investigated the molecular nature of the epidermal growth factor
      immunoreactivity (ir-EGF) in serum and platelets of normal subjects. In serum, ir
      EGF appeared and increased during spontaneous blood coagulation, reaching a
      plateau in 2 h. The mean plateau measured by time-resolved immunofluorometric
      assay was 778 pg/mL [130 pmol/L; range, 465-1352 pg/mL (78-225 pmol/L)] for men
      (n = 66), and 774 pg/mL (129 pmoL/L; range, 521-1114 pg/mL (87-186 pmol/L)] for
      women (n = 33). Serum samples (n = 9), when examined under nonreducing conditions
      by high performance liquid chromatography, contained three mol wt components.
      Their approximate proportions averaged 56 +/- 6% (+/- SD) for a 140K component,
      22 +/- 9% for a 67K component, and 22 +/- 6% for a component coeluting with the
      6K EGF standard. The molecular size distribution of ir-EGF released from isolated
      platelets varied with the treatment of the platelets. After stimulation with a
      Ca2+ ionophore, the proportions of the 140K, 67K, and 6K components were 61 +/-
      11%, 20 +/- 8%, and 17 +/- 4% (n = 5), respectively, as in serum. In addition, we
      found a small amount, (approximately 1%) of a 17K component. When platelets (n =
      6) were ruptured by sonication and repeated freeze-thawing, the 67K component
      formed 53 +/- 7% of the total; the proportions of the 140K, 17K, and 6K
      components were 14 +/- 7%, 2.1 +/- 0.7%, and 31 +/- 4%, respectively. Under
      reducing conditions the 17K and 6K components remained intact, but part of the
      140K component and all of the 67K component were cleaved to a 35-37K form. After
      protease digestion of the higher mol wt components, the ir-EGF was exclusively of
      the 6K form. The 67K and 6K components bound to the EGF receptor, whereas the
      140K component bound inconsistently. We conclude that treatment of platelets with
      Ca2+ ionophore produces ir-EGF components similar to those found in incubated
      serum but different from those obtained by freeze-thawing. The 67K mol wt
      component appears to be the main storage form of EGF in platelets; at least two
      independent mechanisms appear to exist for EGF release.

PMID- 2645311
TI  - Adrenomedullary hyperactivity in type I diabetic patients before and during
      continuous subcutaneous insulin treatment.
AB  - Urinary norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) excretion was measured at 4-h
      intervals for 2 consecutive days in nine type I diabetic patients with no signs
      of autonomic neuropathy before and after 3 weeks of glycemic control with
      continuous insulin infusion (CSII). Twenty-four-hour urinary E excretion was
      significantly higher in the diabetic patients than in normal subjects both before
      and after the period of CSII treatment [mean, 198.9 +/- 20.6 +/- SE and 127.8 +/-
      24.4 vs, 46.6 +/- 9.8 nmol/day; P less than 0.05 for both]. The values in each of
      the 4-h periods before and in two of three of the periods after the 3-week period
      of CSII were significantly higher than those in normal subjects. Total urinary NE
      excretion was similar to that in the normal subjects at both times. The 24-h
      urinary NE/E ratio was significantly lower in diabetic patients even after they
      had achieved good metabolic control, compared with that in normal subjects (1.4
      +/- 0.2 vs, 11.6 +/- 3.7; P less than 0.03). These data demonstrate hyperactivity
      of the adrenal medulla in type I diabetic patients, which is only partially
      reversed by a short period of glycemic control.

PMID- 2645312
TI  - Comparison of the pattern of postprandial carbohydrate metabolism after ingestion
      of a glucose drink or a mixed meal.
AB  - To determine whether the postprandial pattern of carbohydrate metabolism differs
      after ingestion of an identical amount of glucose as either a drink or as a part
      of a mixed meal, normal subjects were studied on two occasions. On both
      occasions, hepatic and extrahepatic glucose metabolism were assessed using the
      dual isotope and forearm catheterization techniques as well as indirect
      calorimetry. Plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations and rate of
      systemic entry of ingested glucose all were lower (P less than 0.05) during the
      first 15 min after the mixed meal than after the glucose drink. The integrated C
      peptide response was greater (P less than 0.05) after the mixed meal, whereas the
      integrated suppression of glucagon was greater (P less than 0.05) after the
      glucose drink. Despite these differences in circulating hormone concentrations,
      after the first 15 min, the rates of systemic entry of ingested glucose,
      endogenous glucose release, incorporation of carbon dioxide into glucose, and
      glucose and lipid oxidation as well as nonoxidative glucose storage were
      virtually the same after the mixed meal and the glucose drink. We conclude that
      the pattern of postprandial carbohydrate metabolism after ingestion of a glucose
      meal is remarkably similar to that after ingestion of a more traditional mixed
      meal. These data suggest that insights regarding the pattern of postprandial
      carbohydrate metabolism derived from previous studies employing only a glucose
      drink are likely to pertain to those observed when healthy individuals ingest a
      meal that contains protein and fat.

PMID- 2645313
TI  - The nature of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus-luteinizing hormone
      secretory response of human gonadotrophs in vivo.
AB  - To examine the stimulus-secretion response of human pituitary gonadotrophs in
      vivo, we applied a new multiple parameter deconvolution technique to analyze (1)
      exogenous GnRH-stimulated LH secretory responses in 10 men with isolated
      hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), and (2) endogenous and exogenous GnRH
      stimulated LH secretory responses in 8 normal men. The GnRH-deficient men were
      given 4 bolus doses of synthetic GnRH (7.5, 25, 75, and 250 ng/kg) iv at 2-h
      intervals in randomized order after long term pulsatile GnRH administration. The
      normal men were studied by sampling blood at 10-min intervals for 12 h basally
      and after 2 consecutive 10-micrograms iv GnRH doses. The serum LH peaks in both
      groups were subjected to quantitative deconvolution to resolve underlying LH
      secretory and clearance rates simultaneously. Such analyses revealed that
      exogenous GnRH-induced LH secretory episodes in GnRH-deficient men with IHH could
      be modeled as algebraically Gaussian distributions of instantaneous LH secretory
      rates with a mean half-duration of 14 +/- 2 min. The simultaneously resolved half
      life of endogenous LH disappearance was 71 +/- 5 min. The log dose-response
      relationship for GnRH dose vs. maximal LH secretory rate or vs. calculated mass
      of LH released per secretory burst was linear. In contrast, varying GnRH doses
      did not alter the duration of LH secretory bursts, the half-time of LH
      disappearance, or the latency of LH secretory bursts after iv GnRH injections
      (viz. 7.6 min). Deconvolution analysis of the spontaneous (endogenous GnRH
      stimulated) LH peaks in normal men revealed a mean half-duration of secretory
      bursts of 9.9 +/- 1.5 min, and a mean half-time of endogenous LH disappearance of
      76 +/- 5 min. These values were not significantly different from those in the
      GnRH-treated normal or GnRH-deficient men. In summary, deconvolution analysis of
      LH release in men with IHH revealed a significant linear relationship between iv
      doses of pulsed GnRH and computer-resolved LH secretory rate and/or the mass of
      LH released per secretory event. In contrast, varying doses of GnRH did not alter
      the lag time between the GnRH stimulus and the LH secretory burst, the duration
      of LH secretion, or the calculated half-life of the LH released. We conclude that
      GnRH exerts dose-dependent effects on specific attributes of the secretory
      response of human gonadotrophs in vivo.

PMID- 2645314
TI  - Cytotoxic antibodies in congenital hypothyroidism.
AB  - Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was determined in serum samples
      from 61 patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and 46 of their mothers,
      using a 51chromium release assay with human thyroid cells. Such cytotoxic
      antibodies were found in 31% of the children and 24% of their mothers. In the 12
      (of 37) newborn infants with hypothyroidism (group 1) who had positive tests, the
      median cell lysis was 20.1% compared to 4% in healthy newborns. In the 7 (of 29)
      mothers who had positive tests, the median lysis was 21.3%. In 24 older children
      with CH (group 2), cytotoxic activity was found in 6, and in them the median
      lysis was 19.7%; 4 of their mothers had increased lytic activity (median, 20.6%).
      In 96% of the mother-infant pairs concordance existed between the cytotoxic
      activity in mothers and their children. Increased thyroid cell lysis was found in
      6 of 20 children with athyrosis (30%) and in 6 of 23 children with an ectopic
      gland (50%), but in only 1 of 14 children with a normal gland. Thyroglobulin
      antibodies were detected in 2 and antithyroid microsomal antibodies in 3 children
      mother pairs. TSH receptor antibodies were present in 5 children and 3 of their
      mothers. The results indicate that intrauterine autoimmune thyroiditis could be
      involved in the pathogenesis of CH in some patients.

PMID- 2645315
TI  - Arginine vasopressin and oxytocin responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in
      type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.
AB  - In normal humans, arginine vasopressin and oxytocin are released acutely from the
      posterior pituitary gland in response to hypoglycemia, and their release may
      assist counterregulation. The responses of these hormones to insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia were measured in 16 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with no
      autonomic neuropathy (8 patients who had been diabetic less than 5 yr and 8
      patients who had been diabetic greater than 15 yr) and in 6 normal subjects. The
      time of the onset of hypoglycemia and the mean blood glucose nadirs were similar
      in all groups, but the blood glucose recovery was delayed in the diabetic
      patients. In the normal subjects plasma arginine vasopressin rose from a mean
      basal value of 0.4 +/- 0.2 (+/- SE) pmol/L to a maximum of 1.3 +/- 0.6 pmol/L,
      and plasma oxytocin rose from 0.7 +/- 0.1 pmol/L to a maximum of 1.2 +/- 0.2
      pmol/L 30 min after the onset of hypoglycemia. The plasma arginine vasopressin
      and oxytocin concentrations after hypoglycemia were significantly higher in both
      of the diabetic groups compared with those in the normal group. Arginine
      vasopressin and oxytocin rose in all control subjects after hypoglycemia. The
      individual hormonal profiles in the diabetic patients were variable, with an
      exaggerated rise of oxytocin in some diabetic patients and no rise in others. The
      arginine vasopressin responses were exaggerated in all of the diabetic patients.
      There was no correlation between the hormonal responses and the duration of
      diabetes. The exaggerated plasma arginine vasopressin and oxytocin responses to
      hypoglycemia in diabetic patients may indicate the failure of a normal inhibitory
      mechanism which modulates hormonal secretion or a compensatory response to
      impaired glucose recovery.

PMID- 2645316
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis: a major threat to reproduction.

PMID- 2645317
TI  - Characterization of a monoclonal antibody inhibiting the biological activity of
      human chorionic gonadotrophin.
AB  - A mouse monoclonal antibody (MCA), raised against human chorionic gonadotrophin
      (HCG) and coded 130A, was characterized with several types of immunoassay and
      with in-vitro and in-vivo bioassays. MCA 130A binds strongly to the intact HCG
      molecule but less so to either alpha- or beta-subunit; The dissociation constant
      of the MCA-HCG complex was found to be in the order of 70 pmol/l. MCA 130A
      inhibits the biological activity of HCG very effectively, both in vitro and in
      vivo. In a competitive immunoassay MCA 130A binds 30 x better to HCG than to
      human luteinizing hormone (HLH). The selectivity in the bioassays was much
      higher, e.g. in vitro, 50% inhibition of HLH-stimulated testosterone production
      requires 2600 x as much MCA as is needed for inhibiting HCG-stimulated
      production. Possible reasons for this difference in selectivity are discussed.

PMID- 2645318
TI  - Factors involved in the fatal susceptibility to submicrogram doses of endotoxin
      in cycloheximide-treated mice.
AB  - Analysis of fatal sensitivity to 0.2 microgram of S. enteritidis
      lipopolysaccharide in cycloheximide-treated mice identified two independent
      lethal elements. First, an absolute requirement for steroid supplementation to
      ensure survival suggests a crucial role for cycloheximide-mediated inhibition of
      steroidogenesis. The second factor is the development of virtually total
      bilateral renal cortical necrosis, itself a consequence of glomerular capillary
      occlusion with fibrin-like material. The survival of cycloheximide and endotoxin
      challenged mice requires both hydrocortisone treatment and defibrination with
      ancrod. Cycloheximide and a smaller dose of endotoxin (0.1 microgram per mouse)
      is also fatal, but here steroid deficiency is not a crucial factor, protection
      being conferred by ancrod defibrination alone.

PMID- 2645319
TI  - Microbiology of the skin: resident flora, ecology, infection.
AB  - Humans exist in an environment replete with microorganisms, but only a few become
      resident on the skin surface. The skin possesses protective mechanisms to limit
      colonization, and the survival of organisms on the surface lies in part in the
      ability of the organisms to resist these mechanisms. Microbial colonization on
      the skin adds to the skin's defense against potentially pathogenic organisms.
      Although microbes normally live in synergy with their hosts, occasionally
      colonization can result in clinical infection. Common infections consist of
      superficial infections of the stratum corneum or appendageal structures that can
      respond dramatically to therapy but commonly relapse. In rare circumstances,
      these infections can be quite severe, particularly in immunocompromised patients
      or in hospitalized patients with indwelling foreign devices. These infections are
      often resistant to conventional antibiotics and can result in infection with
      other opportunistic pathogens.

PMID- 2645320
TI  - Annular and semicircular lipoatrophies. Report of three cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Two cases of semicircular lipoatrophy and one of annular lipoatrophy are
      presented. The reasons why semicircular lipoatrophy, annular lipoatrophy, and
      annular atrophy of the ankles seem to be different clinical entities are
      discussed.

PMID- 2645321
TI  - Direct immunofluorescence in bullous pemphigoid: effects of extent and location
      of lesions.
AB  - We have reevaluated the previously reported conclusion that direct
      immunofluorescence in bullous pemphigoid is often negative in biopsy specimens
      from the legs. Duplicate tests from the trunk and legs were generally of equal
      intensity in a prospectively evaluated series of eight patients with generalized
      bullous pemphigoid. Also, in 36 patients evaluated retrospectively, the intensity
      of the direct immunofluorescence reaction correlated roughly with extent of
      disease, rather than with specific anatomic region. Localized disease predictably
      required less vigorous treatment to achieve control, but the intensity of the
      immunofluorescence reaction was not similarly predictive. Direct
      immunofluorescence is a less useful diagnostic test in localized bullous
      pemphigoid than in generalized bullous pemphigoid.

PMID- 2645322
TI  - Red lunulae revisited: a clinical and histopathologic examination.
AB  - Red lunulae are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus
      erythematosus, alopecia areata, cardiac failure, hepatic cirrhosis,
      lymphogranuloma venereum, psoriasis, carbon monoxide poisoning, twenty-nail
      dystrophy, and reticulosarcoma. We examined four patients with red lunulae. Three
      had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Two of these three were alcohol
      abusers and were without any of the conditions previously associated with red
      lunulae. Two of the four also had palmar erythema. Histopathologic examination of
      the red lunula in one of the four cases did not show signs of neovascularization.
      We report our findings in these patients, which suggest that red lunulae result
      from increased arteriolar blood flow, a vasodilatory capacitance phenomenon, or
      changes in the optical properties of the overlying nail so that normal blood
      vessels become more apparent.

PMID- 2645323
TI  - Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with topical clobetasol propionate.
AB  - The potent topical corticosteroid clobetasol propionate was evaluated in an open
      label study for its safety and efficacy in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid.
      Ten patients admitted to the hospital with this diagnosis had clobetasol
      propionate cream applied twice daily to affected skin until all lesions were
      healed and for 2 weeks thereafter. Complete epithelialization was achieved in
      every case within 4 to 17 days of treatment. After discharge, patients received
      decreasingly less potent corticosteroid creams as maintenance therapy for between
      5 weeks and 13 months. As of this report, 7 of the 10 patients remain in
      remission (range 1 to 10 months). In one patient the disease was exacerbated, and
      therapy with corticosteroids could not be discontinued. No local or systemic side
      effects were observed during the study, and plasma cortisol levels were within
      the normal range when measured during the early tapering-off period while
      patients were receiving less potent topical corticosteroids. We conclude that
      clobetasol propionate cream produced rapid healing of bullous lesions without
      adverse effects and that this treatment followed by maintenance therapy with less
      potent topical corticosteroids was highly effective in patients with bullous
      pemphigoid.

PMID- 2645324
TI  - Frontalis-associated lipoma of the forehead.
AB  - We describe a deeply placed lipoma of the forehead. This fatty tumor is usually
      misdiagnosed initially as an epidermal inclusion cyst. Preoperative recognition
      allows its proper depth within the tissue, that is, within or just below the
      frontalis muscle, to be anticipated.

PMID- 2645325
TI  - Bacterial infections of the skin.
AB  - This report reflects the best data available at the time the report was prepared,
      but caution should be exercised in interpreting the data; the results of future
      studies may require alteration of the conclusions or recommendations set forth in
      this report.

PMID- 2645326
TI  - Manifesto of space medicine: the next dermatologic frontier.
AB  - As the fields of astronomy, cosmology, and space travel move rapidly forward, so
      must space medicine. The manned space program and medical knowledge and support
      have developed in tandem. Dermatology will play a fundamental role in survival
      during space flight. This paper reviews past, present, and future accomplishments
      of the space program as they relate to medicine and characterizes some of
      dermatology's multiple roles in the future. It further explores the immunologic
      alterations noted during space flight and the attendant implications for health
      and well-being both in flight and on return to Earth, or to an Earthlike
      environment.

PMID- 2645327
TI  - The dysplastic melanocytic nevus.

PMID- 2645328
TI  - Transverse striate leukonychia associated with acute rejection of renal
      allograft.

PMID- 2645329
TI  - Dental materials: 1987 literature review.

PMID- 2645330
TI  - The effect of various surface treatments on the shear strength between composite
      resin and glass-ionomer cement.
AB  - The effect of various surface treatments on the shear bond strength of composite
      resin to a glass-ionomer cement has been studied. Acid etching with phosphoric
      acid and polyacrylic acid, roughening by way of grinding or air drying, the use
      of a dentine bonding system and a silane coupling agent were the variables. Acid
      etching, grinding or air drying the surface of the cement had a significant
      effect on the bond strength. The use of a dentine bonding system led to a
      significant improvement in the resulting bonding. Silane coupling agent did not
      improve the bonding. Composite resin did not adhere to a smooth cement surface,
      but the application of the dentine bonding system on such a surface produced a
      moderate bond.

PMID- 2645331
TI  - The corrosion behaviour of high-palladium porcelain-bonding alloys.
AB  - The corrosion behaviour of eight commercial high-Pd alloys was investigated and
      compared to that of Pd-Ag systems. They were tested with standard potentiodynamic
      techniques in 0.9 per cent saline solution and an artificial saliva. The
      corrosion behaviour of the high-Pd alloys was satisfactory and essentially
      equivalent. In more systems anodic overloading in 0.9 per cent saline in this
      alloy group seemed to be superior compared to the Pd-Ag alloy group. Within the
      high-Pd alloy systems compositional and constitutional variations were apparently
      too small to result in substantial electrochemical effects.

PMID- 2645332
TI  - Weight loss of three resin-based lining materials containing calcium following a
      phosphoric acid-etching and washing cycle.
AB  - A group of three new calcium-containing base materials, two of which are
      activated by visible light, showed improved resistance to phosphoric acid
      dissolution relative to earlier products.

PMID- 2645333
TI  - Studies on sound and carious enamel with the quantitative acoustic microscope.
AB  - The scanning acoustic microscope gives strong contrast from small caries lesions
      in sections of human enamel. The uniqueness of the acoustic microscope lies in
      its ability to image elastic properties. In addition to revealing the extent and
      the shape of lesions, the microscope may also be used to measure the elastic
      properties point by point across an area of interest. Since enamel is
      anisotropic, measurements of the Rayleigh velocity and attenuation were made as a
      function of direction on a section of sound enamel. The velocity was greatest
      parallel to the prism axis, and the attenuation was least in this direction.
      Measurements of V(z) across a section through a lesion are presented. The
      variation of attenuation can be interpreted in terms of the development of
      demineralization, initially along prism boundaries and then along cross
      striations. The variation of velocity indicates a substantial reduction of
      elastic stiffness in the lesion.

PMID- 2645334
TI  - Measurement in vivo of masticatory mucosal thickness with 20 MHz B-mode
      ultrasonic diagnostic equipment.
AB  - Analysis of the movement of the denture foundation under function is very
      important for construction of a denture. For this analysis, the thickness of the
      masticatory mucosa gives the required quantitative information. The thickness
      measurements were taken from 21 oral sites in 100 edentulous patients, by means
      of 20 MHz B-mode ultrasonic equipment. The average thickness of the masticatory
      mucosa ranged from 1.92 mm to 2.38 mm at the upper edentulous ridge and from 1.45
      mm to 1.58 mm at the lower edentulous ridge. The center of the palate had the
      thinnest mucosa and the lateral area of the palate had the thickest among all the
      measuring points. Contrary to what is often believed, a decrease in mucosal
      thickness with age was not observed by one-way analysis of variance. Furthermore,
      as the degree of ridge reduction increased, a decrease in the mucosal thickness
      was found by one-way analysis of variance at only two of the 14 measuring sites
      on the ridges. At four of the 21 measuring sites, male patients had significantly
      thicker mucosa than did females, and the correlation coefficients of the
      thickness of mucosa between right and left sides in the palate were higher than
      those in residual ridges.

PMID- 2645335
TI  - Restoration of a fractured incisor with exposed pulp using original tooth
      fragment: report of case.
AB  - The incisal edge of a maxillary anterior tooth in an 11-year-old boy was
      fractured resulting in a pulpal exposure. Root development of the tooth was
      complete. The tooth was treated using a partial pulpotomy and the fractured piece
      was reattached using an acid-etch composite. A radiograph taken 35 months
      postoperatively showed a dentinal bridge and healthy periapical tissues.

PMID- 2645336
TI  - Dentistry on stamps (P. Camper).

PMID- 2645337
TI  - Is 0.4% stannous fluoride gel an effective agent for the prevention of oral
      diseases?
AB  - Research does not support the concept that 0.4% stannous fluoride gels are the
      preferred preventive or treatment agents for hypersensitivity, plaque,
      gingivitis, or periodontitis. The only clinically proved, cost-beneficial
      indications for use of these materials are for the prevention of enamel
      decalcification in patients wearing banded orthodontic appliances and for the
      prevention of dental caries in patients who have had head and neck radiation
      therapy. Even for these applications, other fluoride products may have equal
      effectiveness.

PMID- 2645339
TI  - Glossary of dental benefit plans and related terminology. Council on Dental Care
      Programs.

PMID- 2645338
TI  - Dentistry on stamps.

PMID- 2645340
TI  - Changing strategies in the management of heart failure.
AB  - Forty years ago therapy for congestive heart failure was limited largely to the
      mercurial diuretics and a variety of cardiac glycoside preparations; these were
      often ineffective, and the common practice of "pushing" digitalis caused serious,
      sometimes lethal side effects. Today, a more complete understanding of the
      regulation of cardiac work and pathophysiology of heart failure is having a
      profound impact on therapeutic strategy for this common condition. Despite more
      powerful means to augment myocardial contractility and much more effective
      diuretics, therapy that relies only on inotropic stimulation and diuresis is no
      longer optimal for the majority of patients with heart failure. Thus, strategies
      for the therapy of heart failure must take into account new understanding of
      mechanisms that initiate, perpetuate and exacerbate the hemodynamic and
      myocardial abnormalities in these patients. Recognition of the detrimental
      effects of excessive afterload and the importance of relaxation (lusitropic) as
      well as contraction (inotropic) abnormalities has led to widespread acceptance of
      vasodilator therapy, which has dramatically improved our ability to alleviate the
      symptoms of heart failure. Changes that result from altered gene expression in
      the hypertrophied myocardium of patients with congestive heart failure can give
      rise to a cardiomyopathy of overload that, although initially compensatory, may
      hasten death. These and other advances in our understanding of the
      pathophysiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of heart failure provide a
      basis for new therapeutic strategies that can slow the progressive myocardial
      damage that causes many of these patients to die, while at the same time
      improving well-being in patients with congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2645341
TI  - Lessons from in vitro models of small, irregular, multiple and tunnel-like
      stenoses relevant to clinical stenoses of valves and small vessels.
AB  - This review examines data on the accuracy of the simplified Bernoulli equation
      for quantitation of pressure drops across small, irregular, multiple and tunnel
      like stenoses. This information is drawn from in vitro models of such
      cardiovascular stenoses and explores the limits of this simplification as they
      affect accuracy in special situations. Within the physiologic range, discrete
      small and irregular stenoses present no problems for the measurement of pressure
      drops using the simplified Bernoulli equation. Multiple side by side orifices of
      different dimension also give reasonable data using this approach. Tunnel-like
      stenoses of very small diameter and finite length produce underestimation of the
      true pressure drop through the stenosis when the simplified Bernouli equation is
      used. This underestimation is primarily due to neglect of the energy consumed by
      viscous friction in this situation. These considerations are especially pertinent
      to the problem of measuring pressure gradients across coronary vessels to assess
      their clinical significance as well as the adequacy of angioplasty and other
      intravascular interventional techniques. Because this area needs further
      exploration, some discussion of in vitro models as such as included.

PMID- 2645342
TI  - Heterogeneity of human eosinophils.

PMID- 2645343
TI  - Dust mite allergens and asthma--a worldwide problem.

PMID- 2645344
TI  - Relationship between deposition of and responsiveness to inhaled methacholine in
      normal and asymptomatic subjects.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if the intersubject variability in
      airway responsiveness to methacholine is a function of the methacholine mass
      deposited in the airways and if methacholine hyperresponsiveness in asymptomatic
      subjects with asthma is related to increased methacholine deposition. Ten normal
      and 10 age-matched asymptomatic subjects with asthma inhaled, with a standardized
      single breath maneuver, a dry aerosol (mass median aerodynamic diameter, 1.5
      micron; geometric SD, 2.1) generated from solutions of methacholine at
      concentrations ranging from 0.078 mg/ml to 80 mg/ml in buffered saline, mixed
      with a fixed concentration of the fluorescent tracer quinine. The mass of
      methacholine deposited was calculated from the fluorescence of the inspired and
      expired aerosol trapped on an absolute filter before inspiration and during
      expiration. Specific airway conductance (SGaw) was measured before and after the
      inhalation of increasing concentration of methacholine, and the provocative
      deposited mass corresponding to a 35% decrease in SGaw was calculated. Baseline
      aerosol deposition (quinine-labeled buffered saline) ranged from 63% to 94% and
      was similar in normal subjects (mean 85%) and asymptomatic subjects with asthma
      (mean 84%). There was a correlation between the decrease in SGaw and methacholine
      mass deposited at first dose in the normal subjects (p less than 0.001) but not
      in asymptomatic subjects with asthma. Mean provocative methacholine mass
      corresponding to a 35% decrease in SGaw was 86 micrograms (range 2 to 157
      micrograms) in asymptomatic subjects with asthma and 1361 micrograms (range 157
      to 3434 micrograms) in normal subjects (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645345
TI  - Airway responsiveness to methacholine after inhalation of nebulized hypertonic
      saline in bronchial asthma.
AB  - To assess whether the changes in airway methacholine (Meth) responsiveness
      induced by an initial hypertonic challenge determine the response to a subsequent
      hypertonic provocation, 11 subjects with asthma had bronchial challenges with
      3.6% hypertonic saline (HS) and Meth in a dose-dependent manner and in random
      order. Challenges consisted of (1) an HS challenge (HS1) followed 1 hour later by
      a second HS challenge (HS2), (2) a Meth challenge alone (Meth1), and (3) an HS
      challenge followed 1 hour later by a Meth challenge (Meth2). The dose of HS that
      produced a 35% fall in SGaw (PD35) in HS1 was 69 L (geometric mean), and the PD35
      in HS2 was 107 L (p = 0.02). Refractory index (PD35 HS2/PD35 HS1) ranged from 0.7
      to 5.0. After HS challenge, airway responsiveness to Meth increased, and the Meth
      PD35 fell from 0.26 mumol to 0.11 mumol (geometric mean, p = 0.004). There was an
      inverse linear correlation between the refractory index and increases in Meth
      sensitivity (PD35 Meth1/PD35 Meth2) (r = -0.66; p = 0.027). After an initial HS
      challenge, the ratio of PD35 HS to PD35 Meth increased in all subjects,
      indicating that all subjects had become less responsive to HS compared to Meth,
      irrespective of their refractory index. We suggest that an initial HS challenge
      induces protective mechanisms toward a subsequent HS challenge in all
      individuals. The degree of increase in Meth responsiveness elicited by the
      initial provocation is a major factor in determining the airway response to a
      subsequent HS challenge.

PMID- 2645346
TI  - Identification of the fatality-prone subject with asthma.

PMID- 2645347
TI  - Asthma and mast cell activation.
AB  - Many agents are capable of mast cell activation (MCA). In the lung, exposure to
      allergens induces IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation. By this process, chemical
      mediators are released and attract inflammatory cells that infiltrate the airway
      wall. This immune response is a potent stimulus for the pathologic changes seen
      in asthma (e.g., bronchospasm, mucosal edema, airway hyperreactivity, and mucus
      secretion). One neglected component of the asthmatic response is vascular
      permeability--the hallmark of mast cell degranulation. Like muscle contraction,
      vascular permeability occurs rapidly in response to an antigen challenge and is
      prevented by classic antiasthmatic therapy. Studies with antidromic nerve
      stimulation have indicated a relationship between MCA and the histamine-induced
      release of the sensory neuropeptide substance P, which causes vasodilation.
      Mediators released during the immediate hypersensitivity reaction may attract
      neutrophils and other chemotactic factors involved in the late allergic response,
      which includes a recrudescence of MCA caused by the release of histamine
      releasing factors. Understanding these pathophysiologic events in asthma will be
      useful in formulating therapy.

PMID- 2645348
TI  - Late-phase airway reaction and inflammation.
AB  - With some exceptions, the late asthmatic response and increased airway
      responsiveness to methacholine or histamine are closely associated. Increased
      responsiveness after an allergen challenge can be reversed or prevented by
      appropriate anti-inflammatory treatment. To determine how the inflammatory
      response contributes to an increase in smooth muscle responsiveness in asthma,
      local hematopoietic processes were examined. In support of the mast cell
      hypothesis, scrapings from nasal turbinate mucosa have shown greater numbers of
      mast cells in patients with allergic rhinitis compared with normal subjects.
      Similarly, the number of metachromatic cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
      correlates directly with methacholine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Since
      nasal polyps appear to result from inflammation of nasal mucosa, these tissues
      were also examined for the possible presence of progenitor cells that favor
      selective growth of basophil/mast cells. Since growth factors such as
      interleukins and cytokines stimulate cell activation, they may also contribute to
      ongoing inflammatory processes. Therefore substances that modify the production
      or actions of locally generated growth factors might be developed for the
      treatment of chronic inflammation of the nasal and bronchial airways.

PMID- 2645349
TI  - Late-phase asthmatic responses and airway inflammation.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that the functional abnormalities in asthma (i.e., airway
      obstruction and hyperresponsiveness) can be the consequence of airway
      inflammation caused by inhaled allergens or chemical sensitizers or by viral
      infections. Although bronchodilators have some beneficial effect on the late
      asthmatic response, their value is limited when this is more severe, and they
      have no effect on the associated prolonged increase in responsiveness or the
      cellular phase of airway inflammation. In contrast, corticosteroids effectively
      inhibit both the inflammatory asthmatic response and heightened airway
      responsiveness. Serial measurements of airway responsiveness relative to exposure
      to allergens or chemical sensitizers and treatment indicate that airway
      inflammation cannot only be the primary cause of asthma but can also be
      responsible for its persistence and for exacerbations. Therefore anti
      inflammatory drugs should be considered first-line treatment to minimize both
      airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness and the need for bronchodilators.

PMID- 2645350
TI  - High-dose inhaled steroid therapy for asthma.
AB  - Only a small minority of patients with asthma have symptoms severe enough to
      require high-dose inhaled steroid therapy. Because they need more aggressive
      treatment, this group is disproportionately represented in tertiary care referral
      centers. Therapeutic effects are dose dependent, and the daily dose of steroid
      required to normalize pulmonary function far exceeds that for symptom relief.
      Studies show that, if titrated to minimum dose levels of each the combination of
      inhaled and oral steroids provides a better balance between antiasthmatic and
      systemic glucocorticoid activity compared with oral steroid alone. Also, rapidly
      metabolized inhaled steroids such as budesonide may be associated with a lower
      risk for the osteoporotic complications seen with long-term oral steroid use.
      However, high dose of inhaled steroids may lead to adrenocortical suppression and
      hence estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women. Morning dosing may mitigate
      this effect. Oropharyngeal thrush may be prevented by lowering the dose frequency
      or using a spacer. During prolonged inhaled steroid therapy, patient compliance
      has proved an important determinant of outcome.

PMID- 2645351
TI  - New aspects of the therapeutic potential of theophylline in asthma.
AB  - In addition to its bronchodilating activity, the antiasthmatic drug theophylline
      also reduces microvascular permeability and increases mucociliary clearance,
      diaphragmatic contractility, and circulating catecholamine levels. Both
      experimental and clinical data now suggest that at therapeutic serum levels,
      theophylline is also of value during the delayed asthmatic reaction by inhibiting
      airway inflammation and the associated bronchial responsiveness. In vitro, high
      theophylline concentrations inhibit histamine release from mast cells and
      basophils. This drug also suppresses polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation and
      stabilizes a variety of inflammatory cells at therapeutically relevant
      concentrations.

PMID- 2645352
TI  - Immunotherapy in asthma.
AB  - Since both allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis are inflammatory respiratory
      responses, study of a nasal challenge model should help elucidate mediator
      release in the allergic diathesis of the lower airway. Total allergen load and
      "priming" are significant factors in nasal and bronchial reactivity. In IgE
      mediated allergic reactions, an immediate early response is followed by a delayed
      response, with symptoms persisting after exposure to allergen. With
      immunotherapy, IgG titers rise, and the clinical response reflects a balance
      between the protective IgG response and the IgE-mediated allergic response. In
      the model studied, mast cell activation and mediator release correlated with the
      onset of early-phase allergic symptoms. By reducing the magnitude of mediator
      release and the severity of symptoms, immunotherapy may be used along with
      environmental controls and pharmacologic therapy to "turn off" the allergic
      reaction.

PMID- 2645353
TI  - Effect of habitual physical activity on age-related glucose intolerance.
AB  - Plasma glucose and insulin responses to a standard oral glucose challenge and a
      mixed meal were determined for two groups of male volunteers (office workers and
      laborers) and a group of female housewives or office workers. Although glucose
      tolerance declined with age to a certain degree in all three groups, the age
      related change varied as a function of both level of habitual physical activity
      and gender. Specifically, the decline in glucose tolerance was greatest in the
      male office workers and least in the females. The plasma insulin responses did
      not increase with age in any of the groups. These results suggest that glucose
      tolerance decreases with age because there is a decline in insulin action, which
      is not compensated for by an increase in insulin secretion. Insulin sensitivity
      appears to be enhanced in females as compared with males. Sensitivity is also
      enhanced in males habitually engaged in physical labor; thereby accounting for
      the age-related decline being greatest in the male office workers. Finally, the
      results showed that although the loss of glucose tolerance with age varied from
      group to group, the quantitative nature of the change was modest in all three
      groups. These data further emphasize that very little change in glucose tolerance
      is associated with aging in generally healthy, nonobese individuals.

PMID- 2645354
TI  - Sir William Osler, ageism, and "The Fixed Period." A secret revealed.

PMID- 2645355
TI  - Functional assessment in geriatrics. A review of progress and directions.

PMID- 2645356
TI  - The use of somatosensory evoked potentials in infants and children.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) are a useful, reliable means of assessing
      function of the somatosensory system. Complex maturational changes of the CNS
      such as synaptogenesis and myelination, as well as body growth, complicate
      interpretation of SSEPs. An understanding of these factors enhances clinical
      interpretation in infants and children.

PMID- 2645357
TI  - Transcranial Doppler and real-time cranial sonography in neonatal hydrocephalus.
AB  - Nine hydrocephalic infants who were less than 1 year old and 7 age-matched
      control subjects were examined by real-time and transcranial Doppler sonography
      to evaluate cerebral blood flow and to correlate it to ventricular size. These 16
      infants were placed in one of three groups: infants in group 1 (n = 7) had a
      normal ventricular size, infants in group 2 (n = 3) had a progressively
      increasing ventricular size, and infants in group 3 (n = 6) had ventriculomegaly
      with either stable or decreasing ventricular size or a functioning
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt. All scans performed on group-2 infants showed
      markedly increased ventricular size and increased pulsatility index, while those
      on group-1 infants showed a normal ventricular size and pulsatility index.
      However, the scans of group-3 infants revealed increased ventricular size and
      pulsatility index for all groups. Regression analysis of the data showed rather
      weak correlations between ventricular size and pulsatility index for all groups.
      The regression data suggest that ventricular size is not the main determinant of
      cerebral blood flow in the neonate with hydrocephalus and that intracranial
      pressure may be a more critical factor. These data suggest that pulsatility
      index, as measured by transcranial Doppler, can be clinically more important than
      just the anatomical data alone in the evaluation of hydrocephaly. This points to
      a possible use of transcranial Doppler sonography in the evaluation of
      hydrocephalic patients for placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunts.

PMID- 2645358
TI  - Medical museum notes.

PMID- 2645359
TI  - In situ detection of c-myc mRNA in adenocarcinomas, adenomas, and mucosa of human
      colon.
AB  - We used a sensitive RNA:RNA in situ hybridization technique to study steady-state
      levels of c-myc proto-oncogene mRNA in primary human colon adenocarcinomas,
      villous adenomas, and normal mucosa samples. Frozen tissue sections, fixed in 4%
      buffered paraformaldehyde, were hybridized to 35S-labeled anti-sense transcripts
      of a c-myc clone and processed for autoradiography. The specificity of the
      hybridization was controlled by using 35S-labeled plasmid transcripts as a
      negative control, while RNA preservation in the tissue sample was assessed by
      using 35S-labeled anti-sense transcripts of a murine 28S rRNA clone. c-myc RNA
      was detectable in all the carcinomas (eight) and villous adenomas (four), but
      steady-state levels varied from high to low in different tumors with similar
      histology. Low levels of c-myc RNA were detected in epithelial stem cells of some
      of the normal mucosa samples (five). No genetic alterations of the c-myc locus
      were found by Southern analysis of DNAs extracted from the carcinomas.

PMID- 2645360
TI  - Distribution of the beta 1 subgroup of the integrins in human cells and tissues.
AB  - We studied the distribution of the beta 1 integrin subfamily in human tissues and
      cells by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunoblotting, using
      monoclonal antibody DH12, previously shown to react with the beta 1 subunit of
      the human fibronectin receptor. Crossreaction with the other beta subunits of the
      integrin family, which have 45% and 47% primary amino acid sequence identity with
      the beta 1 subunit, was excluded, as MAb DH12 did not react with the beta 2
      subunit in granulocytes and the beta 3 subunit in thrombocytes. Reactivity with
      the anti-beta 1 antibody was found in skin, lung, heart, striated and smooth
      muscle, blood cells, liver, kidney, intestine, spleen and placenta. Thus, cells
      of mesodermal, ectodermal, and entodermal origin express the beta 1 subunit. In
      skin fibroblasts cultured in vitro, beta 1 subunit was also detected
      intracellularly. The wide distribution of the beta 1 family, originally detected
      in activated T-lymphocytes after prolonged culture in vitro, contrast with the
      restricted distribution of the beta 2 integrins on leucocytes.

PMID- 2645361
TI  - Co-localization of neuron-specific enolase-like and kallikrein-like
      immunoreactivity in ductal and tubular epithelium of sheep salivary gland and
      kidney.
AB  - Neuron-specific enolase-like and kallikrein-like immunoreactivity was found to be
      co-localized in the ductal elements of the submandibular gland and in the more
      distal portions of the nephron in the kidney of newborn lambs. Some glomerular
      peripolar cells in the kidney were immunopositive for neuron-specific enolase
      without detectable kallikrein-like immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2645362
TI  - Induction of anti-double stranded DNA antibodies in normal mice by immunization
      with bacterial DNA.
AB  - Because of recent observations suggesting that bacterial DNA is immunogenic, the
      induction in normal mice of antibodies to Escherichia coli (EC) dsDNA was
      investigated. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were immunized with dsEC or ds calf thymus
      (CT) DNA complexed to methylated BSA in adjuvant; antibody responses were
      measured by ELISA. In both strains, dsEC DNA immunization induced a much higher
      anti-dsDNA response to dsEC DNA than did dsCT DNA immunization. Neither immunized
      group showed an appreciable antibody response when tested on dsCT DNA. Anti-dsDNA
      antibodies were also demonstrated by ELISA using synthetic DNA duplexes as well
      as a filter binding assay using 3H-labeled dsEC DNA as Ag. These results suggest
      that bacterial dsDNA is immunogenic and that at least some anti-dsDNA
      specificities can arise by immunization.

PMID- 2645363
TI  - Molecular mimicry. Yeast histone H3-induced experimental autoimmune uveitis.
AB  - Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) serves as an animal model of ocular
      inflammation. The disease is caused by the immunization with microgram amounts of
      a soluble retinal protein, designated S-Ag, in susceptible animal strains,
      including primates. We induced EAU and pinealitis in Lewis rats with a small
      synthetic peptide, corresponding to amino acid positions 106 to 121 in yeast
      histone H3, which contains five consecutive amino acids identical to a
      uveitopathogenic site in human S-Ag. In addition, native yeast histone was also
      capable of inducing an EAU in Lewis rats. Lymph node cells from animals immunized
      with either peptide M (uveitopathogenic site of S-Ag), histone H3 peptide, or
      native histone showed significant cross-reaction. Also, we adoptively transferred
      the EAU in naive rats by lymph node cells. These findings provide a basis for
      studying autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the eye in humans.

PMID- 2645364
TI  - Complement-mediated inhibition of function in complement-resistant Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - C-mediated inhibition of function in C-sensitive strains of Escherichia coli
      involves the assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC) on the outer membrane
      with subsequent inhibition of inner membrane function. The inhibition of inner
      membrane function is critical for effective cell killing as damage to the outer
      membrane alone is insufficient to kill a cell in the absence of serum lysozyme.
      Studies on the measurement of oxygen consumption for cells under complement
      attack showed that C-sensitive cells were inhibited by assembly of the MAC, and
      that this represents damage to some component of the respiring inner membrane.
      Mechanisms of cellular resistance to C attack could include 1) inhibition of the
      assembly of the MAC, 2) inhibition of effective activation of the assembled MAC,
      or 3) reversal of the inhibitory effects of the MAC. Demonstration of a transient
      C-mediated inhibition of inner membrane function in C-resistant cells implies
      that the latter case should be considered as one possible component of cellular
      resistance to C attack.

PMID- 2645365
TI  - Characterization of a protein from Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes that cleaves
      non-immune IgG bound through its Fab fragment.
AB  - A protein from Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes that binds IgG from
      man and several other animal species was isolated and characterized. The 52-kDa
      protein obtained from different T. cruzi cell extracts showed saturable binding
      with a K of 3.72 nM. Immunoblot analysis revealed that Fab, but not Fc, fragments
      of the Ig were recognized. When the protein was added to an unrelated C-fixation
      reaction, lysis was abolished in a dose-dependent fashion. When freshly prepared
      T. cruzi extracts were run in a 10% acrylamide SDS gel into which normal rabbit
      IgG was incorporated before polymerization, proteolytic activity, as seen by a
      transparent band after Coomassie blue staining, migrated in the same m.w. range
      of the 52-kDa protein. These data provide further clues to the mechanisms through
      which this pathogen escapes the host's immune response, thus maintaining a long
      standing infection.

PMID- 2645366
TI  - Heterogeneous bullous pemphigoid antibodies: detection and characterization by
      immunoblotting when absent by indirect immunofluorescence.
AB  - We studied sera from 59 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) and 25 control
      subjects (normal volunteers, patients with pemphigus, psoriasis, eczema, or other
      dermatoses) by western blotting analysis on protein bands from normal human heat
      separated epidermis. BP sera reacted with four protein bands that were not
      detected by control sera: two major bands at 220-240 and 165 kD and two faint
      bands at 190 and 95 kD. Three of these bands were significantly associated with
      BP: 220-240 kd (51% of the BP patients; p less than 0.001), 165 kD (49%; p less
      than 0.001) and 190 kD (20%; p less than 0.05). These results are consistent with
      a molecular heterogeneity of BP antibodies, because each individual BP serum
      showed a distinctive pattern of reactivity. Thirty out of the 59 BP sera
      contained anti-basement membrane zone antibodies demonstrable by indirect
      immunofluorescence (IIF). All these IIF positive BP sera reacted by
      immunoblotting with at least one protein band: 23 (77%) with the 220-240-kD band
      and 21 (70%) with the 165-kD band. Furthermore, 45% of the 29 IIF negative BP
      sera showed a reactivity with the 220-240-kD band and/or the 165-kD band. These
      results indicate that western immunoblotting might be a more sensitive method for
      the detection of circulating BP antibodies than IIF techniques, including IIF on
      salt split skin.

PMID- 2645367
TI  - Psoriatic epidermal cells demonstrate increased numbers and function of non
      Langerhans antigen-presenting cells.
AB  - The recent findings that the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A (CsA) improves
      psoriasis raises the possibility that cellular immune processes play a major role
      in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. We therefore investigated the phenotype and
      function of cells within psoriatic epidermis that can play a role in cellular
      immunologic reactivity. Double fluorescence microscopic studies with monoclonal
      antibodies of epidermal cells in suspension (EC) and of histologic sections
      demonstrated that involved psoriatic skin contained a significantly increased
      number of non-Langerhans cell T6-DR+ EC (4.9 + 2.1%) relative to uninvolved (0.3
      +/- 0.1%), p less than 0.01. This non-Langerhans cell population was comprised of
      DR+ monocytes, DR+ activated T lymphocytes, a few DR+RFD1+ antigen-presenting
      cells (APC), and DR+ keratinocytes. Langerhans cell (LC) levels in EC suspension
      were not different between involved and uninvolved psoriatic epidermis.
      Functional studies demonstrated that involved psoriatic epidermal cells had an
      increased capacity to induce T-cell activation and proliferation relative to
      uninvolved EC (p less than 0.04). This increased APC activity was due to the non
      LC T6-DR+HLe1+ APC population and not to DR+ keratinocytes. These results
      demonstrate that involved psoriatic epidermal cells contain both an increased
      number and function of antigen-presenting cells. The pathogenetic mechanisms in
      psoriasis may be related to ongoing cellular immune responses in the skin, and
      the effect of CsA may be mediated through a suppressive effect on the enhanced
      antigen-presenting cell activity.

PMID- 2645368
TI  - Definition of bullous pemphigoid antibody binding to intracellular and
      extracellular antigen associated with hemidesmosomes.
AB  - Bullous pemphigoid (BP) antibodies are deposited predominantly in the lamina
      lucida in vivo; however, circulating BP antibodies bind in vitro to the
      cytoplasmic plaque of basal cell hemidesmosomes. We examined the ability of IgG
      in nine BP sera to bind to intracellular or extracellular antigen. On skin
      cryosections, indirect IF showed IgG bound to basement membrane zone (BMZ) and
      indirect ImmunoEM confirmed intracellular binding on the cytoplasmic plaque of
      hemidesmosomes. In contrast, when normal skin was exposed to BP serum in organ
      culture, direct IF showed fainter linear deposition of IgG along the BMZ, and
      direct ImmunoEM demonstrated extracellular IgG binding in the lamina lucida,
      predominantly beneath hemidesmosomes. Four of nine sera showed complement
      fixation on indirect IF samples (IgG bound to intracellular antigen) and three
      showed complement fixation on direct IF specimens (IgG bound to extracellular
      antigen). Three of the nine sera contained complement fixing antibodies
      detectable only in antibody populations specific for intracellular or
      extracellular antigen. Western immunoblots showed that five of nine sera
      recognized a 240-kD protein and four of nine recognized a 180-kD protein. There
      was no correlation between the presence (or absence) of either band and the
      detection of complement fixing antibodies specific for intracellular or
      extracellular antigen. BP autoantibodies bind both intracellular and
      extracellular antigen, and IgG binding exclusively to extracellular antigen that
      mimics the in vivo situation can be detected by using organ culture. Complement
      fixation may be restricted to antibodies specific for intracellular or
      extracellular antigen. These findings underscore the complexity of the
      autoantibody-antigen system in BP and have implications regarding the proposed
      pathogenicity of the autoantibodies.

PMID- 2645369
TI  - Microanalytical screening of all major stratum corneum lipids by sequential high
      performance thin-layer chromatography.
AB  - For rapid and sensitive screening of lipid biochemical abnormalities of scaling
      skin disorders a sequential, one-dimensional high-performance thin-layer
      chromatographic method (HPTLC) has been developed. All major human stratum
      corneum lipid classes, i.e., cholesterol sulfate, glucosylceramides, six major
      ceramide fractions, free sterols, free fatty acids, triglycerides, sterol esters,
      squalene, and n-alkanes, are separated and quantitated after a stepwise
      development of a single silica gel 60 HPTLC-plate using three consecutive solvent
      systems. Reproducible results have been obtained by degradative charring as well
      as fluorescence detection. By fluorescence detection the method is particularly
      suitable for the determination of minor amounts of cholesterol sulfate and other
      sterols.

PMID- 2645370
TI  - Absence of a stratum corneum antigen in disorders of epidermal cell
      proliferation: detection with an anti-ganglioside GM3 antibody.
AB  - We have investigated the distribution of ganglioside GM3 in normal skin with
      8G9D8, a monoclonal antibody against GM3, and found binding to the stratum
      corneum. By electron microscopy, strong deposition of antibody was seen at the
      corneocyte envelope/"plasma membrane" region. Significantly decreased to absent
      binding to the stratum corneum was shown in a variety of disorders of excessive
      keratinocyte proliferation, including squamous cell carcinomas, psoriasis, and
      bullous and non-bullous forms of congenital ichthyosiform erythrodermas, as well
      as in the hyperplastic cornoid lamellae of porokeratosis. The 8G9D8 antibody
      recognizes the carbohydrate sequence N-acetylneuraminic acid alpha 2----3
      galactose beta 1----4 glucose (or N-acetylglucosamine). Thus, in addition to
      ganglioside GM3, 8G9D8 may bind to glycoproteins or another glycolipid of the
      stratum corneum with a shared carbohydrate sequence. The carbohydrate sequence
      recognized by 8G9D8, whether attached to an epidermal glycoprotein or glycolipid,
      may prove to be important in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation.

PMID- 2645371
TI  - Direct effects of glucocorticosteroids on epidermal Langerhans cells.
AB  - To determine the direct effects of glucocorticosteroids on epidermal Langerhans
      cells (LC), we treated isolated LC with dexamethasone (DEX) in vitro, and
      investigated Ia expression by LC using immunofluorescence microscopy and FACS
      analysis. We found that DEX directly decreased the number of Ia+ LC in a dose-
      and time-dependent manner. Pulse incubation with DEX also inhibited the
      immunostimulatory function of LC in vitro. FACS analysis demonstrated that LC
      detected in DEX-treated culture expressed a similar amount of Ia antigen and Fc
      receptor on the cell surface as LC cultured with the solvent control, suggesting
      that LC may be composed of a heterogeneous population in terms of sensitivity to
      DEX, and DEX may completely abolish the expression of surface molecules on a
      subpopulation of LC or may be cytolytic to this sensitive population.

PMID- 2645372
TI  - Immunohistologic evidence for the malignant potential of congenital melanocytic
      nevi.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against six well-defined progression-associated
      melanoma antigens (PAMAs) and a MoAb against the nuclear proliferation-associated
      antigen Ki67 were used for an immunoperoxidase study on 44 biopsies from 36
      congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN). Twenty-nine common acquired nevi and 16
      metastasizing primary melanomas were studied as controls. Two CMN of the series
      were giant CMN (greater than 20 cm), one of which later progressed to
      metastasizing melanoma. Of the remaining 34 CMN, four were histologically
      associated with a malignant melanoma. DNA flow cytometry was performed on
      adjacent cryostat sections of 37 biopsies from 28 CMN without melanoma. PAMAs
      were found expressed in CMN in the following frequencies: A-1-43: 36%; P358: 27%;
      PAL-M1: 20%; HLA-DR: 9%; Muc 18: 2%; A-10-33: 0%. No PAMAs were present in only
      15 biopsies (34%). One single PAMA was found in 20 lesions (45%), and two or more
      PAMAs in nine lesions (21%). In all four CMN histologically associated with
      melanoma, and also in one biopsy from the giant CMN which later progressed to
      melanoma, at least two PAMAs were expressed. The latter biopsy was the only CMN
      in which the proliferation-associated antigen could be demonstrated. Only this
      biopsy and a single biopsy of the other giant CMN showed aneuploidy. We found
      expression of single PAMAs and co-expression of PAMAs in CMN in higher frequency
      than in common acquired melanocytic nevi. Co-expression of PAMAs was a feature of
      metastasizing primary melanomas. We conclude that co-expression of two or more
      PAMAs in a CMN might indicate its malignant potential, because this was found in
      all CMN proven to have progressed to malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2645373
TI  - Role of colony-stimulating factors in the biology of acute myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - A high proportion of acute myeloid leukemias (AML) recently investigated for
      their capacity to synthesize biologically active bioregulatory molecules was
      found to accumulate messenger (m) RNA and to produce membrane-bound or -secreted
      forms of stimulating factors for granulocyte, macrophage and mixed granulocyte
      macrophage colony growth. Blast cells have also been found to secrete interleukin
      1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and to express receptors for
      various growth factors as well. However, growth factors like interleukin 2 and
      interleukin 3 have not been identified as AML products, and several other factors
      including interleukin 4, interleukin 5, etc. need further evaluation.
      Responsiveness of clonogenic leukemic cells to exogenous growth-promoting factors
      in vitro suggests a possible role of these biomolecules in the course of these
      disorders. Important evidence for the crucial role of growth factors, at least in
      some subtypes of AML, has been provided by demonstrating constitutive growth
      factor production by leukemic cells and their autonomous in vitro growth which is
      dependent on autocrine secretion of a specific growth factor. The concert of
      mechanisms providing stimulatory and inhibitory signals for hematopoiesis, which
      is adapted to the various physiological requirements of the organism, may have
      multiple defects in AML. This leads to successive steps of malfunctioning of
      cells, which finally express a fully malignant phenotype. In addition, these
      derangements also lead to defects in accessory cells on the level of mediator
      communication. However, there is evidence for autonomous growth promotion of AML
      blast by constitutive production of growth factors active in an autocrine fashion
      (GM-CSF, G-CSF, interleukin 6) and by recruitment of accessory cells to increase
      CSF supply (GM-CSF, G-CSF) via molecules such as interleukin 1 and TNF-alpha in a
      paracrine fashion. Molecular analysis of transformed hematopoietic cells has
      revealed changes of the genome, e.g., insertion of viral genetic information or
      cytogenetic fractures at DNA sites controlling growth factor gene activation.
      These events appear to be crucial in the induction of uncontrolled growth factor
      expression promoting oncogenic transformation of hematopoietic progenitor cells.

PMID- 2645374
TI  - Lymphoid cell regulation of hematopoiesis.
AB  - It is clear from extensive in vitro data that different subsets of lymphocytes
      stimulate and inhibit the growth of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In
      order to clarify the complexity of the network between regulatory lymphocytes and
      hematopoietic target cells, we have examined the stimulatory and inhibitory
      effects derived from different lymphoid subsets. The regulatory influence of
      lymphocytes is transmitted mainly through the release of cytokines including the
      interleukins, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis
      factor-beta and the interferons, all of which have non-specific effects on a
      variety of hematopoietic cells. Since these cytokines amplify the effects of
      other, more lineage-specific cytokines (e.g., erythropoietin, thrombopoietin and
      granulocyte or macrophage colony-stimulating factor) on the proliferation and
      differentiation of progenitor cells, the present review supports the conclusion
      that lymphoid subsets play a critical role in ensuring an optimal hematopoietic
      response to specific demands.

PMID- 2645375
TI  - Effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      (rhGM-CSF) on single CD34-positive hemopoietic progenitors from human bone
      marrow.
AB  - To determine the extent accessory cells mediate the effects of recombinant human
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) on human hemopoietic
      progenitors in vitro, we added this hemopoietin to liquid cultures of single CD34
      positive marrow cells. These were selected on a fluorescence-activated cell
      sorter using the HPCA-1 (My10) antibody. Myeloid, erythroid and a few mixed
      clones developed in 13% of wells in the apparent absence of accessory cells at
      the beginning of culture. Although accessory cells were generated quickly from
      the myeloid progenitors and could have mediated the action of rhGM-CSF, this was
      not the case in the majority of the erythroid clones in which no other cell types
      were recorded. We conclude that rhGM-CSF can act directly on a subset of
      erythroid progenitors and probably induces a substantial number of myeloid clones
      directly.

PMID- 2645376
TI  - Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on chemiluminescence
      of human neutrophils.
AB  - We investigated the capacity of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) to enhance the function of neutrophils. Neutrophil
      function was measured in terms of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)
      induced luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL). LDCL of fMLP-stimulated
      neutrophils was enhanced up to 4.5 fold following preincubation with rhGM-CSF.
      This enhancement depended on the length of preincubation, reaching an optimal
      level at 120 min. The dose-response relationship for fMLP-induced LDCL of
      neutrophils preincubated with rhGM-CSF revealed that half-maximum enhancement was
      achieved at an approximately 20-fold higher concentration than that of colony
      forming units in culture-derived colony formation. These results suggest that
      differences in dose dependency may be explained by differences in the
      distribution of receptor(s) for GM-CSF. This may also enable GM-CSF to affect the
      hematopoietic system, which contains cells at various levels of differentiation,
      thus mediating the host-defense mechanism.

PMID- 2645377
TI  - Evolution and current status of surgery for morbid obesity: Part I. Results of
      over 1400 surgical procedures spanning 22 years.

PMID- 2645378
TI  - Endocrine-mediated protection from cytotoxic-induced testicular damage.

PMID- 2645379
TI  - Glucose intolerance in acute infections.
AB  - To evaluate the influence of an infective agent, severity of infection and the
      age of the patient on infection-induced glucose intolerance, concentrations of
      fasting blood glucose, serum insulin (n = 31) and plasma glucagon (n = 22) were
      measured and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out (n = 26)
      during acute and convalescence phases and after complete recovery in patients
      with viral (n = 17) or bacterial (n = 14) infections. Serum insulin was increased
      (P less than 0.001) but plasma glucagon was decreased (P less than 0.01) both
      during acute infection and the convalescence period. In the acute stage, 2-h
      values of blood glucose (P less than 0.01) and serum insulin concentrations (P
      less than 0.001) during OGTT were elevated. The index of insulin resistance
      (glucose x insulin) was increased by 33% during infection and by 28% during
      convalescence (P less than 0.001). The observed changes did not correlate with
      the severity of infection, were more pronounced in younger patients than in older
      ones and were not dependent on the infective agent. It is clinically important to
      recognize that the restoration of insulin sensitivity takes longer than the
      immediate recovery period from the infection.

PMID- 2645380
TI  - The effect of temperature on the formation of ethanol by Candida albicans in
      blood.
AB  - The effect of temperature on microbial fermentation in blood was studied.
      Specimens of human blood from a blood bank were inoculated with Candida albicans,
      an organism capable of causing fermentation. A preservative was added to a
      portion of the inoculated specimens. These inoculated specimens, as well as
      uninoculated blood, were stored under various temperature conditions. Production
      of ethyl alcohol was monitored over a period of six months. Fermentation was
      found to be highly temperature dependent, with refrigeration proving to be most
      effective at inhibiting ethanol formation.

PMID- 2645381
TI  - Rapid confirmation of enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) cocaine
      positive urine samples by capillary gas-liquid chromatography/nitrogen phosphorus
      detection (GLC/NPD).
AB  - A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was developed for the
      confirmation of benzoylecgonine (BE) positive urine samples screened by the
      enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) assay. The procedure is performed
      by solvent extraction of BE from 0.1 or 0.2 mL of urine, followed by an aqueous
      wash of the solvent and evaporation. The dried residue was derivatized with 50
      microL of pentafluoropropionic anhydride and 25 microL of pentafluoropropropanol
      at 90 degrees C for 15 min. The derivatizing reagents were evaporated to dryness,
      and the derivatized BE, and cocaine if present, were reconstituted and injected
      into the gas chromatograph. The column was a 15-m by 0.2-mm fused silica
      capillary column, coated with 0.25 micron of DB-1, terminating in a nitrogen
      phosphorus detector (NPD). Cocaine and the pentafluoro BE derivatives retention
      times were 3.2 and 2.6 min, respectively. Nalorphine was used as reference or
      internal standard with a retention time of 4.78 min. The complete procedure can
      be performed in approximately 1.5 h. The EMIT cutoff between positive and
      negative urine samples is 300 ng/mL of BE. The lower limit of sensitivity of this
      method is 25 ng of BE extracted from urine. Validation studies resulted in
      confirmation of 101 out of 121 EMIT cocaine positive urine samples that could not
      be confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This represents 84% confirmation
      efficiency.

PMID- 2645382
TI  - In vivo and in vitro expression of gangliosides in chick retina Mueller cells.
AB  - The expression of gangliosides of the lactosylceramide (LC) and of the
      gangliotetraosylceramide (GTC) series on the surface of cells from the chick
      neural retina was investigated by double-color indirect immunofluorescence. GD3
      was assumed to be representative of LC and was detected using a specific
      monoclonal antibody. GM1 was assumed to be representative of GTC and was detected
      using the binding of cholera toxin followed by the binding of cholera toxin
      antibodies. The expression of polysialosylated GTC (polysialosyl-GTC) was
      detected using the cholera toxin-cholera toxin antibody experimental approach,
      after conversion of polysialosyl-GTC to GM1 by treatment of the cells with
      neuraminidase. In retinas from 6-day-old embryos (R6), most cells (approximately
      80%) expressed GD3 but not GTC. After culturing for 7 days, (R6+7), the
      expression of GTC was found confined to neuron-like cells; flat cells derived
      from Muller cells expressed GD3 but were negative for GTC expression. On the
      other hand, postmitotic Muller cells obtained from 13-day-old embryo (R13) or 1
      day-old hatched chick retina (RP1) expressed GD3, GM1, and polysialosyl-GTC but
      were unable to maintain the expression of these GTCs when kept in culture for
      several days. According to these results, retinal cells can be defined on the
      basis of their ganglioside expression as follows: (a) retinoblasts, by the
      expression of GD3; (b) postmitotic neuronal cells, by the expression of GTC; and
      (c) postmitotic Muller cells, by the expression of GD3 and GTC.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645383
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor: still a promising agent.

PMID- 2645384
TI  - Male fertility following cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2645385
TI  - Three versus five years of maintenance therapy are equivalent in childhood acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group.
AB  - Childrens Cancer Study Group protocol 141 (CCG-141), a randomized trial, was
      designed in part to compare 3 v 5 years of maintenance therapy, to evaluate the
      role of late reinduction, and to identify factors that predict relapse after 3
      years of continuous complete remission (CCR) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      (ALL). Of 880 patients entered on study, 827 (94%) achieved complete remission
      and 499 (56.7%) were in CCR after 3 years of maintenance therapy. Boys were
      required to have negative testicular biopsies before randomization. A total of
      481 patients were eligible for the duration of therapy phase of the study. Of the
      310 (64.4%) randomly assigned patients, 101 were entered on regimen A:
      discontinue therapy; 105 on regimen B: reinduction for 4 weeks, then discontinue
      therapy; and 104 on regimen C: continue maintenance therapy for 2 more years,
      then discontinue. After a median follow-up of over 72 months, no significant
      differences in disease-free survival (DFS) or survival were noted in the three
      regimens. At 6 years from randomization, 93.0%, 89.1%, and 89.1% of patients on
      regimens A, B, and C, respectively, remained in CCR. Isolated CNS or overt
      testicular relapses were not significantly different in any of the study
      regimens. Isolated testicular relapse after a negative biopsy occurred in only
      two of 137 randomized males (1.5%). DFS (P = .10) and survival (P = .83) were not
      significantly different for all boys and girls randomized to regimens A, B, or C.
      The relapse rate was higher in boys than in girls randomized to discontinue
      therapy (11% v 4%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P =
      .14). Except for the presence of occult testicular leukemia (TL) in males, no
      other factors were identified that predicted for adverse events after 3 years of
      CCR. We conclude that prolongation of maintenance therapy beyond 3 years does not
      improve survival or decrease the risk of relapse.

PMID- 2645386
TI  - Analysis of prognostic factors for the outcome of marrow transplantation or
      further chemotherapy for patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in first
      remission.
AB  - To test whether variables at diagnosis can identify patients with acute
      nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANL) for whom bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is
      more likely to be of benefit and those for whom continued chemotherapy is a
      better approach, the association of 15 clinical and laboratory factors with
      outcome was investigated among 220 patients (ages 1 to 53 years) treated with
      cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation (TBI) followed by allogeneic BMT, and
      among 392 patients (ages 13 to 50) administered intensive chemotherapy. In the
      BMT group, female sex, younger age, the absence of hepatitis during induction, a
      larger percentage of circulating blasts, and a shorter duration of symptoms were
      associated with longer survival, whereas only female sex and younger age
      favorably influenced disease-free survival (DFS). In the chemotherapy group,
      younger age, lower WBC at diagnosis, a single successful induction course, and
      the absence of circulating promyelocytes were associated with longer survival,
      whereas only a lower WBC and a lower percentage of peripheral neutrophils were
      associated with longer DFS. Estimated regression coefficients for treatment-by
      prognostic-factor interactions were used to characterize subgroups of patients in
      which one treatment or the other produced better outcomes. BMT and chemotherapy
      produced similar durations of survival in a subset of patients characterized by
      many or all of the following: older age, male sex, achievement of complete
      remission (CR) after one induction, and absence of circulating blast cells at
      presentation. These data suggest that, using pretreatment variables, subgroups of
      patients can be identified for whom either BMT or continued chemotherapy is most
      likely to be beneficial.

PMID- 2645387
TI  - Homoharringtonine-induced hyperglycemia.
AB  - Homoharringtonine (HHT) has been reported to induce hyperglycemia. This report
      describes a study conducted to characterize the effect of HHT on insulin
      production and action. Our data indicate that HHT-induced hyperglycemia results
      from the development of insulin resistance. A review of the literature suggests
      that patients receiving HHT continuous infusions of 5 mg/m2/d or greater and
      patients greater than 10 years of age may be at increased risk for the
      development of HHT-induced hyperglycemia. We recommend that patients with these
      risk factors, as well as diabetic patients and patients concurrently receiving
      asparaginase and/or prednisone, have their blood glucoses routinely monitored for
      hyperglycemia.

PMID- 2645388
TI  - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-like molecules in the retina, retinotectal
      pathway, and optic tectum of the frog.
AB  - Forty-two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated against nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptors (AChRs) from electric organ were tested for their ability to cross
      react in the optic tectum of the frog Rana pipiens. Twenty-eight of the mAbs
      tested (67%) bound to the optic neuropil of the tectum as revealed by
      immunoperoxidase cytochemistry. The pattern of peroxidase stain for cross
      reacting mAbs corresponded in position to a subset of the retinotectal
      projections. Electron microscopic examination revealed that peroxidase reaction
      product was associated with the surface of vesicle-containing profiles but not
      with synaptic sites. Removal of one retina resulted in the loss of
      immunoreactivity in the contralateral tectum. AChR-like immunoreactivity was also
      associated with the optic tract and optic nerve and with retinal ganglion cells.
      These results indicate that some classes of retinal ganglion cells bear AChR-like
      molecules on their surface. The existence of these molecules on ganglion cell
      axons and terminals seems the most likely explanation for the AChR-like
      immunoreactivity present in the tectum.

PMID- 2645389
TI  - Nutritional and hormonal regulation of the gene for avian malic enzyme.
AB  - This paper reviews work from our laboratory on the molecular mechanisms involved
      in the nutritional and hormonal regulation of avian malic enzyme. The activity of
      hepatic malic enzyme, one of the set of "lipogenic" enzymes, is high in well-fed
      chickens and low in starved chickens. In chick embryo hepatocytes in culture,
      insulin and triiodothyronine (T3) are positive effectors and glucagon, acting via
      cyclic AMP, is a negative effector. Hormone concentrations in blood are
      consistent with insulin and T3 playing the major positive roles, and glucagon a
      major negative role, in regulating hepatic malic enzyme activity during the
      transitions between the fed and the starved states. New results indicate that
      insulin-like growth factor 1 also stimulates accumulation of malic enzyme. Our
      strategy has been to trace the intracellular signalling pathway from its distal
      end, altered enzyme activity, towards its proximal end, interaction of humoral
      factors with their appropriate cellular receptors. Nutrition- and hormone-induced
      changes in malic enzyme activity are due to altered concentrations of malic
      enzyme protein which, in turn, are due to altered rates of synthesis of malic
      enzyme. Synthesis of malic enzyme is controlled by regulating the level of malic
      enzyme mRNA which, in turn is regulated at initiation of transcription. The next
      step in this analysis will be to identify cis-acting sequence elements in the
      malic enzyme gene which bestow upon it a selective response to nutritional state
      and hormones. We are using transient expression systems and avian retroviral
      vectors to test the function of cis-acting elements involved in the regulation of
      transcription.

PMID- 2645390
TI  - Structure and expression of chicken metallothionein.
AB  - The chicken metallothionein (MT) cDNA and gene were cloned, and their nucleotide
      sequences determined. The cDNA clones encode a cysteine-rich protein of 63 amino
      acids which shares extensive structural homology with the mammalian MTs. Southern
      blot analyses of total genomic DNA, and cloned chicken DNA indicated that the MT
      gene is a unique gene sequence. The chicken MT gene is structurally homologous
      with the mammalian MT genes; consisting of three exons separated by two
      intervening sequences. The placement of the intervening sequences in the chicken
      gene is nearly identical with that in the mammalian MT genes. Levels of hepatic
      MT mRNA were rapidly induced by metal ions (Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+), glucocorticoids
      and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MT mRNA was present in low levels in embryonic
      liver, but was inducible in ovo by injection of metal ions, glucocorticoids or
      LPS. Hepatic MT mRNA increased to high levels soon after hatching, before
      decreasing again to the basal levels found in adult liver. Levels of hepatic MT
      mRNA in hatched chicks were influenced by dietary metals. The results establish
      that the structure of the MT protein and gene has been highly conserved between
      birds and mammals, which suggests a functionally important role(s) for this
      protein.

PMID- 2645391
TI  - A case study of stress and mass psychogenic illness in industrial workers.
AB  - Outbreaks of fainting, nausea, and weakness among several hundred workers led to
      an investigation of industrial conditions. Repeated and extensive monitoring
      failed to detect levels of any substance that might explain these reactions. In a
      subsequent investigation of the psychosocial environment, the authors used a
      combination of observations, inventories, and interviews to determine whether
      psychosocial factors might explain this phenomenon. A multiple regression
      analysis identified (in order of importance) work intensity, mental strain,
      work/home problems, education, and sex as independent predictors explaining 33%
      of the overall severity of illness. The work was high-pressured, repetitive,
      monotonous, and noisy. This profile is consistent with reports of mass
      psychogenic illness and with research indicating that such work can be
      distressing and unhealthy.

PMID- 2645392
TI  - Premature release of Plasmodium falciparum from swollen erythrocytes induced by
      some antimalarials.
AB  - Qinghaosu and chloroquine, but not pyrimethamine, treatment of Plasmodium
      falciparum cultures resulted in the formation of swollen red blood cells (RBCs)
      and the expulsion of degenerate trophozoites and schizonts, but not ring-stage
      parasites, from the infected RBCs. The parasite release resulted in the formation
      of RBCs with holes, that had otherwise retained their structural integrity.
      Membranes of swollen RBCs and their ghosts associated with parasites were
      efficiently visualized by Giemsa staining of thin smears for 18-24 hr but not by
      standard Giemsa staining for 20 min.

PMID- 2645393
TI  - Comparative efficacy of antigen and antibody detection tests for human
      trichinellosis.
AB  - Sera collected from patients with suspected or confirmed exposure to Trichinella
      spiralis were tested for circulating parasite antigens and antiparasite
      antibodies. Using an immunoradiometric assay, excretory--secretory antigens from
      muscle-stage larvae of T. spiralis were detected in the sera of 47% of 62
      patients with clinical trichinellosis and 13% of 39 patients without clinical
      signs but suspected of exposure to infected meat. In comparison, antibodies were
      detected using an indirect immunofluorescent test in the circulation of 100% of
      the 62 patients with clinical trichinellosis and 46% of the 39 patients with
      suspected exposure. The presence of antibodies specific to excretory-secretory
      products of T. spiralis muscle larvae was confirmed in the majority of the
      samples tested by a monoclonal antibody-based competitive inhibition assay. These
      results indicate that antibody detection is a more sensitive diagnostic method
      for human trichinellosis, but that antigen detection might be a useful
      confirmatory test because it is a direct demonstration of parasite products in
      the circulation.

PMID- 2645395
TI  - Validation of two Hand Test indices of aggressive behavior in an institutional
      setting.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of the Hand
      Test (Wagner, 1962/1983) in differentiating among mentally retarded adults placed
      in community housing versus those discharged from an institution due to violent
      and destructive behavior. Hand Test protocols of 24 mentally retarded adults who
      were discharged from an institution for violent and destructive behavior were
      compared with those of 12 mentally retarded adults who were placed in community
      housing, with regard to the presence of two indices of aggressive behavior (the
      acting-out score, AOS, and the movement response, ACT-MOV). Results indicated
      that 20 of the 24 residents discharged for aggressive behavior manifested one or
      more of the signs, whereas only 3 of the 12 residents discharged to a less
      restrictive environment exhibited one or more of the signs. The findings further
      demonstrate the usefulness of the Hand Test in predicting violent and destructive
      behavior in an institutional setting.

PMID- 2645394
TI  - The Uganda I/CDC strain of Plasmodium malariae in Aotus lemurinus griseimembra
      monkeys.
AB  - Two lines of the Uganda I/CDC strain of Plasmodium malariae were studied in
      splenectomized Aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys. A line initially adapted to
      these monkeys from an infected chimpanzee failed to produce high-level parasite
      counts or mosquito infection in 13 of this type of monkey during 16 linear
      passages. Another line, originally adapted from the chimpanzee to Aotus azarae
      boliviensis, after 7 linear passages in 3 different types of Aotus was then
      passaged to 14 splenectomized A. lemurinus griseimembra. Geometric mean maximum
      parasitemia in these monkeys was 18,400/mm3. Mosquito infections were readily
      obtained during the period just after the parasite count rose above 1,000/mm3.
      Anopheles freeborni, An. stephensi, An. dirus, and 2 strains of An. gambiae
      supported the development of the parasite to the presence of sporozoites in the
      salivary glands. Two attempts to transmit the strain to other splenectomized A.
      lemurinus griseimembra by sporozoite inoculation were unsuccessful.

PMID- 2645396
TI  - Is HIV unique or merely different?
AB  - The HIV epidemic is similar to previous human epidemics, and our early responses
      to the HIV epidemic have likewise been similar. Furthermore, HIV is similar to
      other single-stranded RNA viruses in its evolution. Like other RNA viruses, HIV
      has a high mutation rate and thus evolves rapidly. This rapid evolution may make
      it difficult to develop a successful vaccine against HIV, and perhaps may also
      limit the usefulness of drugs because of the appearance of resistant mutants.
      However, most of the variation in HIV nucleotide sequences is neutral, not
      adaptive. Other viruses in the same retrovirus subfamily as HIV (lentiviruses)
      are also successful pathogens in animals and are difficult to control without the
      added problem of the social factors that exist for HIV. These social factors
      involved in HIV transmission make HIV hard to control by usual public health
      measures. The prevalence of syphilis and hepatitis B in the United States shows
      that neither a successful drug treatment nor an effective vaccine is sufficient
      to stop some infectious diseases when social factors are involved. For these
      reasons, I conclude that the HIV/AIDs epidemic is different, but not unique.

PMID- 2645397
TI  - Colonic absorption of insulin: an in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
AB  - Rectal administration of insulin as a suppository or p.o. administration of a
      proteolysis-resistant insulin analog lowers serum glucose levels, suggesting
      uptake and/or diffusion of intact insulin across the epithelium of the large
      intestine; however, no rigorous studies of insulin degradation and/or
      transepithelial flux in vitro have been reported with isolated colonic
      epithelium. Everted and noneverted sacs of rat distal colonic epithelium were
      prepared and incubated at 37 degrees C with porcine [125I]insulin and less than
      1% of the [125I]insulin crossed the epithelial barrier under these in vitro
      conditions. The apical surface degraded [125I]insulin at a rate of 0.071 fmol/mg
      of dry wt./min, whereas the submucosal surface degraded insulin at a rate of
      0.045 fmol/mg of dry wt./min. Over 60% of the available [125I]insulin was
      degraded by the apical surface of the distal colon during a 15-min incubation,
      whereas approximately 40% of the radioligand was degraded by the submucosal
      surface under identical conditions. Degradation of [125I]insulin was inhibited
      partially by the addition of excess unlabeled insulin and inhibited completely by
      the addition of bacitracin (1 mg/ml). These results indicate that the mammalian
      colonic epithelium is an effective barrier to transepithelial flux of insulin and
      identify insulin-degrading activity on both the apical and submucosal surfaces of
      the colonic epithelium. Although the colonic epithelium represents a significant
      physiological barrier to the uptake of insulin from the intestinal lumen,
      paradoxically, administration of large doses of unlabeled insulin into the distal
      colon or into the entire large intestine caused a dose-dependent increase in
      serum insulin levels during a 15-min experiment in vivo.

PMID- 2645398
TI  - Vasorelaxing effects of prostaglandin I2 on the canine basilar and coronary
      arteries.
AB  - The effects of prostaglandin (PG) I2 on canine basilar and coronary arteries were
      studied. PGI2 caused a relaxation from the basal level more effectively in the
      endothelium-intact preparations of the coronary artery than in those of the
      basilar artery. The PGI2-induced relaxation in the basilar artery was enhanced by
      removal of the endothelium, and by treatment with indomethacin (10(-6) M),
      aspirin (5 X 10(-5) M), both cyclooxygenase inhibitors, OKY-046 (3 X 10(-5) M)
      and RS-5186 (10(-6) M), both thromboxane (TX) A2 synthetase inhibitors and ONO
      3708 (10(-8) M), a TXA2 antagonist. The enhancing effects of removal of the
      endothelium and treatment with indomethacin and aspirin on the PGI2-induced
      relaxation were greater than those of treatment with OKY-046, RS-5186 and ONO
      3708. The PGI2-induced relaxation in the coronary artery was not affected by
      removal of the endothelium, treatment with indomethacin (10(-6) M) or methylene
      blue (10(-6) M). In the endothelium-removed preparations precontracted with a
      TXA2 agonist, PGI2-induced relaxation was less in the basilar artery than in the
      coronary artery. The present experiments suggest that endothelium-derived factors
      (TXA2 and other cyclooxygenase products) counteract the vasorelaxing effect of
      PGI2 in the canine basilar artery, but not in the coronary artery.

PMID- 2645399
TI  - A decade of pressure sore research: 1977-1987.

PMID- 2645400
TI  - Free combined anterolateral thigh flap and vascularized iliac bone graft with
      double vascular pedicle.
AB  - Although free vascularized iliac bone graft has been successfully used for the
      reconstruction of large bone defect with microvascular surgery, there is a
      serious problem of how to repair in one-stage, those cases having a large bone
      defect with a very wide skin defect. A free combined anterolateral flap and
      vascularized iliac bone graft with double vascular pedicles seems to be a most
      suitable method for cases having both large bone and skin defects. Two case
      reports are presented in which this flap was used. Based on the authors' cases,
      the advantages of this flap are its thinness and the extreme wideness of the skin
      territory. The anatomy of the pedicle vessels is large and long, and the donor
      scar can be made in an unexposed area. This flap can be considered for use in one
      stage reconstructions of both large bone and skin defects in the oral and leg
      regions.

PMID- 2645401
TI  - Reperfusion injury and oxygen free radicals: a review.

PMID- 2645402
TI  - Studies on prodrugs. 11. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of N-[(4-methyl-5
      methylene-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy]norfloxacin .
AB  - The chemical oxidation of N-[(5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl] norfloxacin
      (2) was carried out to afford N-[(4-methyl-5-methylene-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4
      yl)oxy]norfloxacin (4). In vitro, 4 exhibited lower activity than that of
      norfloxacin (NFLX, 1) for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However,
      in vivo the activity of 4 was higher than that of NFLX. Bioavailability studies
      in mice showed that 4 liberated a higher concentration of NFLX in plasma than
      NFLX itself when administered orally. From these data, 4 obtained by the chemical
      oxidation of 2 functioned as a prodrug of NFLX as well as did 2. The mechanism of
      the formation of 4 is interpreted in terms of [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.

PMID- 2645403
TI  - 3-(aminoalkyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-c] pyridin-5-ones as
      potential anticholinergic bronchodilators.
AB  - A series of 3-(aminoalkyl)benzopyrano[3,4-c]pyridin-5-ones was prepared and
      tested as potential orally active anticholinergic bronchodilators. Inhibition of
      methacholine-induced collapse in guinea pigs and inhibition of pilocarpine
      induced bronchoconstriction in dogs served as in vivo models. Simultaneous
      measurement of salivary inhibition in the dog model allowed determination of a
      pulmonary selectivity ratio. The benzopyrano[3,4-c]pyridin-5-one parent ring
      system was prepared by Pechman condensation of phenols with a piperidine beta
      keto ester. Alkylation with aminoalkyl halides, or with 1-chloro-2-propanone
      followed by reductive amination, yielded the 3-substituted target compounds.
      Bronchodilator potency was related to the extent of steric crowding surrounding
      the side-chain terminal amine function. Addition of a methyl substituent on the
      carbon alpha to the terminal amine often increased potency or pulmonary
      selectivity. After secondary pharmacological evaluation, compound 7a, designated
      CI-923, was selected for clinical trial as a bronchodilator.

PMID- 2645404
TI  - Portage transport of sulfanilamide and sulfanilic acid.
AB  - Sulfanilic acid, in contrast to sulfanilamide, has poor in vitro antibacterial
      activity. Paradoxically, it has been shown to be a more effective inhibitor than
      sulfanilamide of dihydropteroic acid synthase. In order to circumvent the
      presumed permeability barrier to sulfanilic acid, advantage was taken of the
      technique of portage transport. Derivatives of the compound were prepared in
      which it was linked via its primary amino group to the alpha-carbon of glycine
      residues in di- and tripeptides. L-Alanyl-L-alanyl-L-2-[(4
      sulfophenyl)amino]glycine proved to be 207 times more potent than sulfanilic acid
      and 8 times more active than either sulfanilamide or L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-2-[[4
      (aminosulfonyl)-phenyl]amino]glycine when tested against Escherichia coli. These
      findings confirm that the weak in vitro activity of sulfanilic acid is due to its
      limited ability to penetrate the bacterial membrane. They also emphasize the
      ability of portage transport to reveal therapeutic capability that had been
      attenuated by poor drug permeation.

PMID- 2645405
TI  - Johanson-Blizzard syndrome.

PMID- 2645406
TI  - Joseph Adams (1756-1818).
AB  - Joseph Adams was eclectic in his interests and wrote on a variety of medical
      subjects. His last book published in 1814 was on hereditary disease and based on
      a lifetime's careful clinical observations. In it he distinguished between what
      would now be defined as dominant and recessive disorders; defined the term
      congenital; emphasised the role of inbreeding in producing clustering of certain
      inherited disorders; introduced concepts now known as founder effect, incomplete
      penetrance, and variable age at onset; emphasised the importance of environmental
      factors in precipitating disease in certain genetic disorders; and, finally,
      recommended the establishment of registers for the purpose of preventing genetic
      disease. But because he proposed no scientific explanation for these various
      ideas, they were largely ignored by his contemporaries. Nevertheless, it would
      seem right to regard Joseph Adams as perhaps the first clinical geneticist.

PMID- 2645407
TI  - Pediatric oncology: model tumors of unparalleled import.
AB  - Molecular studies of tumors arising during childhood have provided insights
      important for our understanding of the genetic and cellular events that now seem
      likely to mediate the development of many different malignancies. Of particular
      interest have been recent studies using recombinant DNA technology to study the
      pressure genetic alterations now thought to be central features of oncogenesis.
      Oncogenes and recessive cancer genes, first recognized to be of clinical
      importance during the study of Burkitt's lymphoma and retinoblastoma, are now
      thought to play a role in the development of most, if not all, tumors. Studies to
      identify more effective approaches to cancer prevention, detection, staging, and
      treatment are now seeking to build upon an understanding of those genetic
      alterations. It can be expected that pediatric oncology will once again play a
      pivotal role as these studies mature into clinical trials.

PMID- 2645408
TI  - A history of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma: the first 50
      years.

PMID- 2645409
TI  - Traumatic bilateral renal infarction.
AB  - Published examples of unilateral and bilateral renal artery thrombosis attest to
      their usual subjection to nephrectomy at diagnosis or soon thereafter,
      eliminating the opportunity for spontaneous improvement which would enlighten the
      issue of how often late recovery may occur, and under what circumstances. Seven
      cases of renal artery thrombosis and five patients with renal artery embolization
      extracted from the literature have included documentation of patchy histologic
      viability within otherwise total infarction. Conversely, 47 reports of renal
      artery thrombosis culminating in nephrectomy or examined post mortem include no
      reference to any of these histologic features. Presumptions are speculative
      regarding whether these features were absent, overlooked, or unexamined. Their
      incidence cannot be estimated--only the possibility of recoverable renal function
      in an unknown number of involved patients. It may be presumed that the majority
      of kidneys exposed to sustained arterial interruption will undergo irreversible
      infarction, with an undefined small subgroup later developing renal hypertension.
      An unknown number, however, may fortuitously possess arterial collateralization
      competent to support sufficient numbers of viable nephrons to sustain adequate
      renal function. It is further speculated that shared pathophysiologic features
      establish the opportunity for misdiagnosis of renal cortical necrosis, which
      carries a documented potential for spontaneous recovery. Impulsive bilateral
      nephrectomy may therefore be unjustified, particularly in consideration of the
      minimal potential hazards of nonremoval. In the event of convalescent problems of
      renal origin, delayed nephrectomy remains an option. The requirement for interval
      hemodialysis is further influenced by the advantages accruing from retention of
      the native kidneys relative to calcium metabolism and blood product replacement.
      A final consideration relates to the advisability of secondary revascularization
      of spontaneously recovered kidneys for the purpose of further improving renal
      perfusion and renal function. It may be argued that stable renal function at
      levels compatible with a tolerable or uncompromised lifestyle is best
      undisturbed, with the intention of avoiding iatrogenic mishap. A more objective
      consideration relates to the observed late, progressive deleterious influences of
      hyperfiltration imposed upon the reduced population of surviving nephrons (3);
      would this process been exaggerated by improved perfusion? Dietary protein
      restriction has been advocated for patients at risk. Identification of late
      functional deterioration would initiate a reconsideration of therapeutic
      revascularization.

PMID- 2645410
TI  - Endotoxin suppresses surfactant synthesis in cultured rat lung cells.
AB  - Pulmonary complications secondary to postburn sepsis are a major cause of death
      in burned patients. Using an in vitro organotypic culture system, we examined the
      effect of E. coli endotoxin (LPS) on lung cell surfactant synthesis. Our results
      showed that E. coli endotoxin (1.0, 2.5, 10 micrograms LPS/ml) was capable of
      suppressing the incorporation of 3H-choline into de novo synthesized surfactant,
      lamellar bodies (LB), and common myelin figures (CMF) at 50%, 68%, and 64%,
      respectively. In a similar study, we were able to show that LPS also inhibited 3H
      palmitate incorporation by cultured lung cells. LPS-induced suppression of
      surfactant synthesis was reversed by hydrocortisone. Our results suggest that LPS
      may play a significant role in reducing surfactant synthesis by rat lung cells,
      and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis-related respiratory distress
      syndrome (RDS) in burn injury.

PMID- 2645411
TI  - Sonography versus peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma.
AB  - The reliability of sonography and peritoneal lavage in assessing the need for
      immediate surgical intervention in blunt abdominal trauma was examined in a
      prospective study (n = 71). Statistical analysis revealed a sensitivity of 100%
      for peritoneal lavage compared to 84% for sonography; the accuracy was 99% versus
      86%, the predictive value 97% vs. 89%. The statistical difference was significant
      (p less than 0.05). The results demonstrate that sonography cannot replace
      peritoneal lavage in the diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma. The discussion of
      the advantages and disadvantages of both methods shows that sonography and
      peritoneal lavage are not competing, but rather, are complementary examinations.

PMID- 2645412
TI  - Nonoperative management of blunt pediatric liver injury--late complications: case
      report.
AB  - Selective nonoperative management of blunt liver injuries has become a standard
      of care, especially in pediatric trauma centers. Recent studies report few
      complications with this form of therapy. Complications that occur arise over a
      wide time period, frequently weeks after injury. We report a patient with blunt
      liver trauma managed nonoperatively, who developed hemobilia 56 days after
      injury.

PMID- 2645413
TI  - High-pressure water injury: case report.
AB  - High-pressure water jets are commonly used for complex industrial cleaning jobs,
      yet we found few reports of injuries attributed to these potentially dangerous
      devices. We present a case of severe laceration to the lower extremity caused by
      a high-pressure water jet with concomitant major vascular injury, apparently the
      first reported. Principles of evaluation and treatment are reviewed and
      documented.

PMID- 2645414
TI  - Traumatic disruption of bilateral vertebral arteries and internal carotid
      arteries: case report.
AB  - A case of traumatic disruption and dissection of the bilateral vertebral arteries
      and internal carotid arteries is reported. Ligation of bilateral arteries was
      performed for active bleeding. Anticoagulant therapy was selected to prevent
      thromboembolism and thrombotic occlusion of the dissected internal carotid
      arteries.

PMID- 2645415
TI  - Inappropriateness of the association of diphenhydramine with diethylcarbamazine
      for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis.
AB  - The efficacy of diphenhydramine, an antihistaminic, in preventing adverse
      reactions to diethylcarbamazine (DEC) in patients infected with Wuchereria
      bancrofti, was assessed by treating 50 patients with both drugs and 57 with DEC
      alone. It was found to be ineffective, and to cause drowsiness in all those
      unaffected by adverse reactions. The authors conclude that the combined use of
      both drugs for the treatment of Bancroftian filariasis, which is the usual
      practice in Brazil, should be avoided.

PMID- 2645416
TI  - Two-color immunofluorescence flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes in long-term
      renal allograft recipients.
AB  - We used 2-color immunofluorescence flow cytometry (FACS 440) and monoclonal
      antibodies (Becton-Dickinson) to study peripheral blood lymphocytes subsets from
      26 patients with well functioning renal allografts for longer than 5 years.
      Comparisons were made to a group of 25 healthy volunteers and 25 dialysis
      patients awaiting renal transplantation. As anticipated, there was no significant
      difference with respect to the absolute number or percentage of activated (T11+
      and HLA-DR+) and cytotoxic (Leu-2+ and Leu-15-)T lymphocytes among the 3 groups.
      However, there was a significantly decreased absolute number (p equals 0.0001)
      and percentage (p equals 0.0001) of suppressor cells (Leu-2+ and Leu-15+) in the
      transplant patients compared to the healthy control group. No significant
      differences existed between the transplant and dialysis groups. There also was an
      increase in the percentage (p equals 0.000) but not in the absolute number of T
      helper lymphocytes (Leu-3+ and Leu-8-) in the transplant population compared to
      healthy controls. No significant difference existed between the transplant and
      dialysis groups. These findings suggest that a normal value of cytotoxic (Leu-2+
      and Leu-15-) and activated (T11+ and HLA-DR+) T lymphocytes may be a good
      prognostic indicator of long-term survival of renal allografts. Also, the highly
      significant decrease in the number of Leu-2+ and Leu-15+ cells in long-term, well
      functioning allografts indicates that additional functional characterization of
      this subset may be necessary.

PMID- 2645417
TI  - Conventional immunosuppression after deliberate third party transfusions versus
      cyclosporine in living related renal transplant recipients.
AB  - A total of 93 recipients of either HLA-identical (34) or 1-haplotype matched (59)
      living related donor renal transplants was assigned prospectively into
      immunosuppressive treatment groups on the basis of transfusion histories obtained
      at the initial evaluation for transplantation. Patients who received 0 to 2 third
      party transfusions were given no further transfusion, and received cyclosporine
      and prednisone immunosuppression after transplantation (cyclosporine group).
      Patients who received 3 or 4 third party transfusions were given additional
      transfusions until 5 had been received, and were managed with azathioprine and
      prednisone after transplantation (azathioprine group). Patients who already
      received 5 or more third party transfusions had no additional transfusions and
      were assigned to the azathioprine group. No patient had a positive crossmatch to
      the potential donor after initial evaluation and confirmation of a negative
      crossmatch. The number of rejection episodes per patient after transplantation
      was significantly higher in the azathioprine group for HLA-identical (p equals
      0.001) and 1-haplotype (p equals 0.003) recipients. One-year patient survival
      rats for the HLA-identical cyclosporine and azathioprine groups were 100 and 94
      per cent, respectively, with respective 1-year allograft survivals of 100 and 89
      per cent in the 2 groups. In the 1-haplotype group 1-year patient survival rates
      were 95 and 94 per cent for the cyclosporine and azathioprine groups,
      respectively; allograft survival was 81 per cent for the cyclosporine group and
      91 per cent for the azathioprine group. None of the observed differences in graft
      or patient survival between the 2 groups was statistically significant.
      Deliberate third party transfusions with conventional immunosuppression and
      cyclosporine immunosuppression are effective methods to treat recipients of
      living related donor renal transplants.

PMID- 2645418
TI  - Treatment options for proximal ureteral urolithiasis: review and recommendations.
AB  - The treatment of proximal ureteral calculi has been altered markedly by recent
      developments in shock wave lithotripsy (bypass, pushback and in situ),
      ureterorenoscopy and percutaneous stone removal. In an effort to discern the
      proper role of these newer treatment options with respect to ureterolithotomy
      (flank approach or dorsal lumbotomy), we completed a multicentered study in which
      142 upper ureteral stone patients in 7 different treatment categories were
      reviewed retrospectively and contacted for convalescence data. From these data we
      conclude that before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy an upper ureteral
      stone should be manipulated until it is either pushed back to the kidney or
      bypassed with a stent. This maneuver should result in successful extracorporeal
      shock wave lithotripsy in more than 90 per cent of the patients. For those few
      patients with an impacted upper ureteral calculus ureterorenoscopy is
      recommended. Given the presently available treatment modalities we conclude that
      less than 3 per cent of all upper ureteral calculi will require ureterolithotomy.
      In this last circumstance a dorsal lumbotomy incision appears to be less morbid
      and yet as effective as anterior ureterolithotomy.

PMID- 2645419
TI  - New surgical approach for treatment of complex vesicovaginal fistula.
AB  - Complex vesicovaginal fistulas still represent a management problem, since most
      of the cases have been operated on previously and because of the lack of a
      completely successful surgical technique. A new procedure for vesical autoplasty
      is presented. A flap is obtained from the posterosuperior bladder wall that
      slides down to cover large lesions, even in low capacity reservoirs. The
      technique has shown excellent long-term results in 42 consecutive complicated
      cases.

PMID- 2645420
TI  - A prospective double-blind trial of intracorporeal papaverine versus
      prostaglandin E1 in the treatment of impotence.
AB  - A randomized prospective, double-blind clinical trial was performed comparing
      intracorporeal injections of papaverine (30 mg. per ml.) with prostaglandin E1
      (10 mcg. per ml.) as pharmacological treatment of impotence. A total of 15 men
      completed the study, receiving papaverine and prostaglandin E1 in a crossover
      design. Over-all, 9 of 15 evaluable patients had a full erection with either 1 or
      both drugs: 3 secondary to papaverine only, 2 to prostaglandin E1 only, and 4 to
      both drugs. No major complications were observed. We conclude that intracorporeal
      prostaglandin E1 may be used successfully to stimulate pharmacological erections
      and that it might be useful in patients not responding to intracorporeal
      papaverine.

PMID- 2645421
TI  - A multicenter, double-blind, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole controlled study of
      enoxacin in the treatment of patients with complicated urinary tract infections.
AB  - In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, 249 patients with complicated
      urinary tract infections received either 400 mg. enoxacin or 160 mg. trimethoprim
      plus 800 mg. sulfamethoxazole orally every 12 hours for 14 days. The clinical
      outcome at the end of treatment revealed that all 89 evaluable patients (100 per
      cent) in the enoxacin group and 88 of 90 (98 per cent) in the trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole group had satisfactory clinical responses (cure or improvement).
      Bacteriological effectiveness was measured cumulatively based on responses during
      and at the end of treatment, and 7 days later at followup. Satisfactory
      bacteriological responses (eradication or superinfection at all evaluations
      throughout the study) were achieved in significantly more (p equals 0.03)
      patients treated with enoxacin (93 per cent) than in those treated with
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (83 per cent). Both study medications were well
      tolerated. These results indicate that oral enoxacin was more effective
      clinically and bacteriologically (the latter statistically so) than trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole when given as empiric therapy in the treatment of complicated
      urinary tract infections.

PMID- 2645422
TI  - Renal transplantation and Kock pouch: a case report.
AB  - We report on a young woman with anuric, terminal renal insufficiency whose
      bladder could not be used for renal transplantation. A Kock pouch was implanted
      during stage 1 of treatment and the capacity of the pouch was increased
      artificially with physiological saline solution. The patient subsequently
      underwent renal transplantation. Results were excellent with regard to continence
      and ease of catheterization. No complications due to infection were observed
      despite immunosuppression and electrolyte disorders were minor.

PMID- 2645424
TI  - Inflammatory pseudotumor (pseudosarcoma) of the bladder.
AB  - Inflammatory pseudotumor (pseudosarcoma) of the bladder is a benign proliferative
      lesion of the submucosal stroma easily mistaken for a malignant neoplasm
      clinically and histologically. The lesion was first described as a separate
      entity in a report of 2 patients. Three additional cases have been reported since
      then. We describe pseudosarcomatous bladder tumors arising in 2 adolescents. Both
      patients presented with sudden onset of gross painless hematuria related to large
      polypoid and ulcerated bladder masses found on endoscopy. Initial pathological
      analysis was interpreted as poorly differentiated sarcoma in both patients but
      subsequent reviews were consistent with a benign process resembling nodular
      fasciitis. Simple excision in both patients has been successful in eradicating
      the lesion. The findings in these 2 patients are described with a discussion of
      the pathophysiology and review of the literature.

PMID- 2645423
TI  - Sarcoidosis of the bladder: a case report and literature review.
AB  - A case of bladder sarcoidosis in a woman with known systemic involvement of this
      disease is reported. The lesion improved and ureteral obstruction was relieved
      after transurethral resection and systemic corticosteroid treatment. Sarcoidosis
      and malacoplakia are believed to represent distinct disease processes in the
      bladder.

PMID- 2645425
TI  - Primary bladder carcinoma presenting during pregnancy in 3 cases.
AB  - We report 3 cases of primary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
      presenting during pregnancy. Only 10 such cases have been reported in the
      literature. Patient age ranged from 23 to 24 years at 15 to 24 weeks of
      gestation. Only 1 of the 3 patients presented with gross hematuria and this was
      initially mistaken as vaginal bleeding. Initial diagnosis in all cases was made
      with sonography. Diagnosis then was easily confirmed by cystoscopy and treatment
      was uneventful. Transurethral resection did not present a problem. All patients
      had single papillary superficial tumors (stage Ta, grades 1 and 2). Pregnancy was
      not affected in any case. Diagnosis and prompt treatment are emphasized.

PMID- 2645426
TI  - National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Prevention and
      Treatment of Kidney Stones. Bethesda, Maryland, March 28-30, 1988.

PMID- 2645427
TI  - The medical aspects of urolithiasis: an overview.
AB  - An overview of the medical aspects of urolithiasis is presented. The
      physicochemical factors in the formation of a stone within the urinary tract are
      reviewed, including supersaturation, nucleation sites and mechanisms of crystal
      formation and retention, and modifiers of crystal formation, including promoters
      and inhibitors. Finally, some directions for future research in urolithiasis are
      identified.

PMID- 2645428
TI  - Surgical overview of urolithiasis.
AB  - Urinary stones usually require surgical therapy because of impaction, associated
      infection, unremitting pain or economic hardship created by the presence of the
      stone. During the last 100 years stones of the kidneys and ureters have overtaken
      bladder calculi in incidence and importance. In a pattern that parallels
      development of therapy of bladder stones, surgical treatment of upper urinary
      tract stones has progressed rapidly through development of safer open operations
      to percutaneous manipulative procedures to minimally invasive extracorporeal
      shock wave lithotripsy. Each of these progressions contributed to a significant
      decrease in immediate morbidity, although therapeutic results remained similar.
      However, some deficiencies in our data about long-term problems with
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy exist, including effects on renal function,
      effects on surrounding organs and development of new hypertension. A most
      important question that still must be answered is whether the apparent low
      morbidity associated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy obviates the
      necessity for medical prophylaxis of urinary stone disease.

PMID- 2645429
TI  - Idiopathic hypercalciuria.
AB  - Idiopathic hypercalciuria, defined as the urinary excretion of more than 300 mg.
      calcium per day in men or more than 250 mg. calcium per day in women, or more
      than 4 mg. calcium per kg. per day, is observed in about 50 per cent of the
      patients with calcium oxalate/apatite nephrolithiasis and is one of the risk
      factors for stone formation. These patients do not exhibit hypercalcemia,
      elevated serum parathyroid hormone concentrations or urinary cyclic adenosine
      monophosphate excretion nor clinical evidence of sarcoidosis, other granulomas or
      a malignancy. Hypophosphatemia may be present. Augmented rates of intestinal
      absorption of dietary calcium account for most of the increments in urinary
      calcium. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations are in the upper normal
      range or elevated among many patients and are normal but not suppressed in the
      others. Activation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D formation may be secondary to
      hypophosphatemia or other, as yet undefined, factors. Since, 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D apparently can up-regulate its own receptor, small increments
      in its synthesis and blood levels could amplify the effect of the hormone to
      stimulate intestinal calcium absorption. Calcium balances are slightly but
      significantly negative and urinary hydroxyproline excretion may be increased so
      that a generalized disorder of calcium homeostasis also involving bone may be
      present. Additional studies are required to determine the genetic basis for the
      occurrence of idiopathic hypercalciuria in families, the cause of greater
      expression of idiopathic hypercalciuria in men and whether environmental factors
      (high dietary sodium chloride, protein and purified carbohydrate intakes)
      contribute to the expression of idiopathic hypercalciuria. Although thiazide
      diuretics, inorganic phosphate, magnesium hydroxide and potassium citrate have
      provided effective therapy, prospective studies are needed to determine optimum
      therapy and the optimum duration of treatment.

PMID- 2645430
TI  - Familial forms of hypercalciuria.
AB  - The pathogenesis of calcium oxalate stone formation in patients with idiopathic
      hypercalciuria remains incompletely understood. Several lines of evidence suggest
      that inherited abnormalities of mineral metabolism may contribute to stone
      formation, including high frequency of calcium stone disease and hypercalciuria
      in first degree relatives of stone formers, similar phenotypic expression of
      hypercalciuria of the absorptive variety in several members of an affected
      kindred, and breeding of male and female hypercalciuric rats increases the
      magnitude and frequency of hypercalciuria among offspring. The causes of
      hypercalciuria are reviewed and possible molecular mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 2645431
TI  - Nephrolithiasis in renal tubular acidosis.
AB  - Renal tubular acidosis is a term applied to several conditions in which metabolic
      acidosis is caused by specific defects in renal tubular hydrogen ion secretion.
      Three types of renal tubular acidosis generally are recognized based on the
      nature of the tubular defect. Nephrolithiasis occurs only in type I renal tubular
      acidosis, a condition marked by an abnormality in the generation and maintenance
      of a hydrogen ion gradient by the distal tubule. A forme fruste of type I renal
      tubular acidosis has been described in which the characteristic defect in distal
      hydrogen ion secretion occurs in the absence of metabolic acidosis (incomplete
      renal tubular acidosis). Type I renal tubular acidosis is a heterogeneous
      disorder that may be hereditary, idiopathic or secondary to a variety of
      conditions. Secondary type I renal tubular acidosis in sporadic cases is
      associated most commonly with autoimmune diseases, such as Sjogren's syndrome and
      systemic lupus erythematosus, and it occurs more frequently in women than men.
      Nephrolithiasis, which may occur in any of the subsets of type I renal tubular
      acidosis, accounts for most of the morbidity in adults and adolescents. Major
      risk factors for nephrolithiasis include alkaline urine, hypercalciuria and
      hypocitraturia. In addition, we found hyperuricosuria in 21 per cent of the
      patients with type I renal tubular acidosis with nephrolithiasis. The most
      frequently occurring risk factor, hypocitraturia, is due to decreased filtered
      load and/or to increased tubular reabsorption of filtered citrate. While
      increased tubular reabsorption may be due to systemic acidosis, hypocitraturia
      occurs in incomplete renal tubular acidosis. Furthermore, alkali therapy (either
      bicarbonate or citrate salts) increases citrate excretion in complete and
      incomplete type I renal tubular acidosis. These data suggest that hypocitraturia
      in type I renal tubular acidosis may be due to a defect in proximal tubule
      function. Hypercalciuria appears to have 2 causes. It may be due to metabolic
      acidosis, usually in children with a hereditary defect in urine acidification. In
      other cases familial idiopathic hypercalciuria causes nephrocalcinosis and
      nephrolithiasis resulting in distal tubular damage and type I renal tubular
      acidosis. In these latter cases hypercalciuria is present in complete and
      incomplete type I renal tubular acidosis. Potassium citrate appears to reduce
      calcium excretion in both types of hypercalciuric type I renal tubular
      acidosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2645432
TI  - Does hyperuricosuria play a role in calcium oxalate lithiasis?
AB  - This review evaluates the epidemiologic, clinical and experimental evidence for
      an etiological link between urinary uric acid and the propensity to develop
      calcium oxalate calculi. While epidemiologic and laboratory studies provide only
      equivocal support for a synergistic relationship, several clinical trials with
      allopurinol have demonstrated a reduction in calculus recurrence. These
      beneficial effects are observed only when allopurinol is given to subjects with
      calcium oxalate calculi who have isolated hyperuricosuria. The specificity of
      this effect suggests that there is an important interaction between uric acid and
      calcium oxalate but the mechanism(s) remain to be elucidated.

PMID- 2645433
TI  - Oxalate synthesis, transport and the hyperoxaluric syndromes.
AB  - This article reviews the mechanisms involved in the synthesis, absorption,
      excretion and transport of oxalic acid, and the factors controlling these
      processes in man. The clinical syndromes associated with hyperoxaluria and
      recurrent calcium oxalate stone disease are reviewed, including new studies that
      raise the possibility of a generalized oxalate transport abnormality in some
      patients with renal stone disease. The important role of oxalate in the
      determination of calcium oxalate solubility in patients with calcium oxalate
      stone disease is emphasized and future directions for research in the prevention
      of recurrent calcium oxalate stone disease are discussed.

PMID- 2645434
TI  - Protein inhibitors of crystal growth.
AB  - Nephrocalcin is a urinary glycopeptide that may be a physiological inhibitor of
      nephrolithiasis. Monomeric nephrocalcin purified from ethylenediaminetetracetic
      acid-treated urine is 14,000 daltons. Compositional analyses indicate that
      nephrocalcin is 10 per cent carbohydrate by weight and that 25 per cent of the
      amino acid residues are acidic (glutamic acid, aspartic acid and gamma
      carboxyglutamic acid). Nephrocalcin binds reversibly to calcium oxalate crystals
      with a dissociation constant of about 0.5 microM. The high collapse pressure of
      nephrocalcin, 41.5 dynes per cm., measured for a monolayer at the air-water
      interface, suggests a highly organized structure in which hydrophilic and
      hydrophobic regions occupy separate regions on the surface of the inhibitor.
      Nephrocalcin contains the unusual amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid.
      Nephrocalcin isolated from urine of stone formers and from kidney stones does not
      contain gamma-carboxyglutamic acid and it has altered surface properties compared
      to normal nephrocalcin. The presence of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid
      modification and the ability to form stable films with high collapse pressures
      may be important factors enabling nephrocalcin to prevent stone formation in
      vivo. The blood of cold water fishes contains antifreeze glycopeptides and/or
      peptides to prevent it from freezing. The structure of one such antifreeze
      peptide and its interactions with the crystal lattice of hexagonal ice are
      discussed as a model for how nephrocalcin might interact with calcium oxalate
      crystals and arrest their growth in urine.

PMID- 2645435
TI  - Infection stones.
AB  - The pathogenesis and epidemiology of infection stones are well understood. While
      percutaneous lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy have emerged
      as the mainstay of extirpative therapy, surgical lithotomy is the standard to
      which other therapies must be compared. Adjunctive therapy with pharmacological
      agents that inhibit urease with few side effects and effective urinary acidifiers
      favor chemolysis. Diet and chemotherapy offer the hope of slowing stone growth
      and/or recurrence in patients with chronic urease-producing bacteriuria.

PMID- 2645436
TI  - The metabolic evaluation of patients with recurrent nephrolithiasis: a review of
      comprehensive and simplified approaches.
AB  - The advent of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy has definitely altered the way in which symptomatic renal calculi are
      approached. However, these new techniques should not affect the need for
      appropriate diagnostic evaluation and institution of medical treatment for the
      prevention of recurrent nephrolithiasis. A diagnostic evaluation should identify
      underlying physiological and environmental defects responsible for stone
      formation, as well as identify specific medical disorders that cause recurrent
      stone formation. With this information one then can construct an appropriate
      treatment program that will prevent the occurrence of additional calculi.
      Comprehensive metabolic protocols have evolved from tedious inpatient procedures
      to more convenient outpatient tests that can be performed in approximately 2
      weeks. In addition, the advent of automated urinalysis packages has allowed many
      physicians access to reliable, sophisticated technology. Further dissemination of
      these simplified metabolic protocols will enable more accurate diagnosis of
      recurrent stone disease and, hopefully, permit the institution of appropriate
      medical therapy by a wider group of treating physicians.

PMID- 2645437
TI  - Current state and future developments of noninvasive treatment of human urinary
      stones with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
AB  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy has now been in clinical use for 8 years
      and it has replaced other treatment techniques for the majority of surgical
      calculi in the upper urinary tract. For the first time it provides a completely
      noninvasive method for the treatment of renal and ureteral stones. The current
      range of its indications includes approximately 70 per cent of nonselected
      urinary stone patients. An additional 25 per cent of the patients with more
      complex stones in the upper urinary tract can receive treatment with the
      lithotriptor combined with endourological procedures. More recent additions to
      the range of clinical routine applications with the original lithotriptor have
      been its use on common bile duct stones combined with endosurgical or
      radiological manipulations. With a modified kidney lithotriptor gallstones have
      been treated successfully, which has led to the development of a multipurpose
      device for biliary and urinary stones.

PMID- 2645438
TI  - The role of lithotripsy and its side effects.
AB  - The relative roles of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous
      nephrostolithotomy currently are being debated. Both treatment modalities are
      applicable to most upper urinary tract calculi. However, there are some important
      distinctions between the 2 techniques. Over-all, extra-corporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy is associated with significantly lower morbidity than percutaneous
      nephrostolithotomy but stone-free rates are lower for extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy than for percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. This difference is slight
      for kidneys containing minimal stone burden but increases in direct proportion to
      increasing stone burden. The morbidity of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
      also increases with increasing stone burden. When applied to the treatment of
      staghorn calculi the morbidity of both techniques is comparable but the stone
      free rates are significantly better with percutaneous nephrostolithotomy.
      Treatment with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy produces changes in the
      kidney similar to that of renal trauma, consisting primarily of intraparenchymal
      and perirenal hemorrhage and edema. While the acute effects of extracorporeal
      shock wave lithotripsy are well tolerated by most patients, the long-term sequela
      of this form of therapy is not well established. Potential long-term adverse
      effects reported include loss of renal function, hypertension and an increased
      rate of new stone occurrence. The effect of shock waves on renal parenchyma in
      experimental animals is dose-dependent (number of shock waves). Magnetic
      resonance imaging of patients treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
      demonstrates morphological abnormalities in or around the kidney in 63 to 85 per
      cent of the cases (average number of shock waves 1,200). Despite these
      observations the safe limits of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in humans
      have yet to be established. Further study regarding this issue and the potential
      long-term adverse effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is needed
      urgently.

PMID- 2645439
TI  - Prevention and treatment of kidney stones.

PMID- 2645440
TI  - Is duplex scanning sufficient evaluation before carotid endarterectomy?
AB  - Recent reports have suggested that cerebral angiography may not be necessary
      before carotid endarterectomy is performed in selected patients. To determine if
      arteriography provides additional information that might influence the decision
      to operate or the conduct of the operation, a retrospective review was performed
      of 100 consecutive patients undergoing cerebral angiography and carotid duplex
      scanning. Eighty of the 100 patients subsequently underwent carotid
      endarterectomy for neurologic symptoms or asymptomatic stenosis greater than 80%.
      Among the 20 patients not operated on, three would have undergone unnecessary
      surgery for mistaken diagnoses had the arteriogram not been obtained. Two other
      patients in this group of 20 would have had carotid endarterectomy for
      asymptomatic stenosis in the presence of an equally stenotic tandem lesion. Among
      the 80 patients operated on, an additional three had the operative procedure
      altered because arteriographic studies revealed pathologic findings outside the
      area of duplex scan examination. Thus the use of arteriography altered the
      management of eight (8%) patients in this group of 100.

PMID- 2645441
TI  - Vein patch versus primary closure for carotid endarterectomy. A randomized
      prospective study in a selected group of patients.
AB  - During a 4-year period, 136 patients undergoing 152 carotid endarterectomies
      consented to be randomized to primary or saphenous vein patch closure of the
      arteriotomy. At operation, before randomization, careful assessment of arterial
      dimensions and anatomy was made. Patients who had an internal carotid artery
      (ICA) diameter less than 5 mm, arteriotomy extending more than 3 cm beyond the
      origin of the ICA, or tortuous or kinked ICAs were not randomized; they received
      obligatory vein patch closure (necessary in 20% cases). All patients were
      followed up every 3 months for 1 year and every 6 months thereafter with duplex
      scanning, ocular pneumoplethysmography, and neurologic assessment. The incidence
      of atherosclerotic risk factors was equal in the groups and all except one of the
      patients were male. Perioperative morbidity was not significantly different among
      those having primary closure (n = 60), saphenous vein patch closure (n = 62), and
      obligatory vein patch closure (n = 30). Operative time among patients having
      primary closure (122 +/- 4 minutes) was significantly less (p less than 0.001)
      than among those having saphenous vein patch closure (150 +/- 3 minutes). Three
      perioperative strokes were evenly distributed among the groups (2% for all
      procedures); no deaths and no acute postoperative occlusions occurred. Recurrent
      disease occurred in 12.9% of patients having saphenous vein patch closure
      compared with its occurrence in 1.7% of those having primary closure (p less than
      0.05). However, most recurrences were moderate stenoses (25% to 50% diameter
      reduction), all were smooth-surfaced, and none required a second operation. All
      except one of the recurrences among those patients with saphenous vein patch
      closure were in the bulb and the origin of the ICA; two had evidence of
      regression. This finding suggested that thrombus layering in the dilated part of
      the saphenous vein patch reconstruction was the cause. This study demonstrates
      that in men with carotid arteries of predetermined minimal dimensions undergoing
      carotid endarterectomy routine saphenous vein patch closure does not produce
      superior results, is associated with a higher incidence of early recurrence, and
      increases operative time. In selected patients with anatomic risk factors for
      recurrent disease or acute postoperative occlusion, saphenous vein patch closure
      is appropriate.

PMID- 2645442
TI  - Perioperative asymptomatic venous thrombosis: role of duplex scanning versus
      venography.
AB  - We compared combined B-mode/Doppler (duplex ultrasonic scanning and venography in
      routine preoperative and postoperative screening for major proximal deep vein
      thrombosis in 78 patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty. Of 309
      extremity examinations, duplex scanning had an overall sensitivity of 85.7%
      (12/14) and a specificity of 97.3% (287/295). The preoperative prevalence and
      postoperative incidence of major deep vein thrombosis were 2.5% and 14.1% of
      patients, respectively, despite intensive mechanical and pharmacologic
      prophylaxis. In addition, venography documented a preoperative prevalence and
      postoperative incidence of isolated calf deep vein thrombosis in 2.5% and 16.7%
      of patients, respectively. Whereas such disease extended proximally even in the
      absence of anticoagulation in only 18% of patients studied by serial duplex
      scans, calf deep vein thrombosis accounted for the only two instances of
      pulmonary embolism in this study. There were no deaths related to pulmonary
      embolism. This study suggests that duplex scanning is useful in screening for
      perioperative deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing total hip or knee
      arthroplasty, which carries a significant risk of venous thromboembolism despite
      routine prophylaxis.

PMID- 2645443
TI  - Anaphylactoid reactions to protamine: an often lethal complication in insulin
      dependent diabetic patients undergoing vascular surgery.
AB  - Protamine is used routinely at our institution during arterial surgery to reverse
      the anticoagulant effect of heparin. Adverse fatal reactions to protamine are
      generally believed to be rare. However, major anaphylactoid reactions occurred in
      11 of the last 1150 patients receiving this drug at our institution. Nine of
      these reactions occurred in 325 insulin-dependent diabetic patients (incidence,
      3%), whereas only two occurred in the 825 patients not receiving insulin
      (incidence, 0.2%) (p less than 0.001). Ten of these reactions occurred within 10
      minutes of protamine administration (15 to 35 mg), whereas one reaction occurred
      immediately after administration of a 5 mg test dose of protamine. Systolic blood
      pressure fell below 60 mm Hg in all of the 11 patients, and three patients had to
      be resuscitated with closed-chest massage. Initial treatment with epinephrine and
      steroids was successful in seven cases. Four patients required further
      resuscitative measures, including closed-chest massage. However, one of the
      patients died as a result of ventricular fibrillation resistant to treatment. Ten
      of the 11 patients, including the patient who died, had significant preexisting
      cardiac disease; six of the surviving 10 patients (60%) had perioperative
      myocardial infarctions and three died. Thus the total mortality rate was 36%
      (4/11). These data support the implication that neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH)
      insulin produces an adverse reaction through immunologic presensitization of the
      patient. These data also show that, in the older vascular surgery population with
      a high incidence of significant cardiac disease, protamine reactions can be
      potentially lethal. Thus routine use of protamine should be avoided in diabetic
      patients receiving insulin.

PMID- 2645444
TI  - Post-carotid endarterectomy hypertension: association with elevated cranial
      norepinephrine.
AB  - The cause and mechanism of post-carotid endarterectomy hypertension remains
      unknown. To determine the influence of the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin
      system, we measured cranial and peripheral plasma levels of catecholamine and
      renin in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Baseline samples were drawn
      just before carotid clamping (sample I) and compared with study samples drawn
      immediately after clamp release (sample II), 2 to 6 hours after surgery (sample
      III), and then 18 to 24 hours after surgery (sample IV). The patients with post
      carotid endarterectomy hypertension had an associated increase of cranial and
      peripheral norepinephrine levels in the postoperative hypertensive period whereas
      the patients without post-carotid endarterectomy hypertension did not. This
      association was most pronounced and statistically significant in cranial samples
      II (p = 0.032) and III (p = 0.005). Epinephrine and dopamine values did not
      correlate with post-carotid endarterectomy hypertension. Renin values were higher
      in cranial than in peripheral samples at time period 2 (p = 0.011), suggestive of
      a central nervous system Goldblatt phenomenon. However, the renin values did not
      correlate with post-carotid endarterectomy hypertension. We conclude that post
      carotid endarterectomy hypertension is associated with elevated cranial
      norepinephrine levels, suggestive of a central nervous system sympathomimetic
      mechanism. Optimal prevention and treatment of this brief but frequently
      occurring hypertension should include a central-acting sympatholytic agent.

PMID- 2645445
TI  - Asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis.
AB  - The management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis remains controversial. From
      December 1983 to December 1987, 188 symptom-free patients were found to have
      severe (greater than 75%) stenosis by duplex imaging (performed as screening
      examination). Patients with non-hemispheric symptoms or contralateral symptomatic
      lesions (within 7 years) were excluded from the study. Follow-up data were
      available for 141 patients (range 3 to 36 months; mean 21 months). Sixty-two
      patients received nonoperative therapy. The remaining 79 patients underwent 100
      carotid endarterectomies (CAE) (21 staged bilateral repairs and 58 unilateral
      repairs). There were no statistically significant differences in sex, age, or
      risk factors (i.e., hypertension, diabetes, or smoking) or in the incidence of
      bilateral disease. Significant differences were found in the incidence of
      ischemic attacks (0 vs 21%; p less than 0.001) and stroke (2.5% vs 18%; p less
      than 0.01) in the operative vs nonoperative group. None of the 11 strokes in the
      nonoperative group were preceded by neurologic events. The operative group had an
      overall stroke rate of 2.5% (2/79), a perioperative mortality rate of 1.3%
      (1/79), and a restenosis (greater than 50%) rate of 3.8% (3/79). Thus favorable
      results can be achieved with prophylactic CAE. These data support the use of
      prophylactic CAE in any patient with greater than 75% stenosis identified by
      duplex image, regardless of sex, age, risk factors, or bilateral disease.

PMID- 2645446
TI  - The role of carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic carotid stenosis: status of
      the Veterans Administration study.

PMID- 2645447
TI  - Antimicrobial treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci,
      enterococci, and staphylococci.

PMID- 2645448
TI  - Why physicians should oppose boxing: an interdisciplinary history perspective.

PMID- 2645449
TI  - Microbubbles show promise for enhancing ultrasound signal, image, other
      applications.

PMID- 2645450
TI  - From the Health Care Financing Administration.

PMID- 2645451
TI  - The sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnostics during five decades.
      Toward an understanding of necessary fallibility.
AB  - Published studies encompassing more than 50,000 autopsies were assessed to
      determine the sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnostics (the diagnostic
      process) in persons dying of 1 of 11 specific diseases during the period 1930
      through 1977. The accuracy of clinical diagnostics, as reflected in these two
      determinations, appeared to improve over this period with respect to some of the
      diseases studied (rheumatic heart disease and leukemia), while for others it
      worsened (pulmonary tuberculosis, peritonitis, carcinoma of the lung, gastric
      carcinoma, and carcinoma of the liver and extrahepatic biliary tract) and for a
      significant number diagnostic accuracy seemed refractory to sustained change
      (pulmonary embolism, primary cirrhosis of the liver, gastric/peptic ulcer, and
      acute coronary thrombosis/myocardial infarction). The findings suggest a new way
      in which the autopsy can be used to monitor clinical diagnostics to identify
      possible sources of systematic weaknesses and provide data that can be used to
      approach the difficult subject of necessary fallibility.

PMID- 2645452
TI  - Public health strategies for confronting AIDS. Legislative and regulatory policy
      in the United States.

PMID- 2645453
TI  - Long-term follow-up of infants discharged from neonatal intensive care units.
AB  - A recent review of 20 years' experience with neonatal intensive care for very-low
      birth-weight infants provides reassurance that such care saves lives and that an
      increasing proportion survive free of moderate to severe handicap. However, data
      on the health status of these survivors largely reflect status in infancy. An
      increasing literature suggests that such early findings may be insufficient to
      characterize later outcomes, particularly those problems encountered as the child
      enters school. Since the specific health and developmental problems that might be
      encountered are still being defined, a broad conceptual framework is applied to
      organize a review of the existing literature. Some areas of concern about longer
      term outcomes emerge, as well as important areas for which data are lacking.
      Further definition of longer-term outcomes is critical at the policy level to
      assess the utility of neonatal intensive care unit interventions and at the
      individual level for counseling families as to the health and educational needs
      of these children.

PMID- 2645454
TI  - The use of anencephalic infants as organ sources. A critique.
AB  - The recent abandonment of the only active US protocol for harvesting organs from
      anencephalic "donors" indicates both the practical and the ethical problems
      inherent in such an effort. Various data suggest that surprisingly few such
      organs would actually end up benefiting other children. Attempts to revise either
      the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act or the Uniform Determination of Death Act to
      allow organ removal from spontaneously breathing anencephalic infants face major
      ethical objections. Even if this posed no ethical problem in theory, the ultimate
      harm to society would not be offset by the good of the few surviving recipients
      of these organs. Furthermore, providing anencephalic infants with intensive care
      would tend to preserve the brain stem as effectively as the other organs,
      predictably rendering the occurrence of brain death unlikely. Thus, despite the
      great need for newborn organs, anencephalic infants are not as attractive a
      source as some had hoped.

PMID- 2645455
TI  - The natural history of prenatally diagnosed cerebral ventriculomegaly.
AB  - Intrauterine treatment of fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly has been largely
      abandoned, as the results have been disappointing compared with those of standard
      neonatal treatment. However, we suggest that the natural history of
      ventriculomegaly diagnosed in utero has not been studied adequately and that
      fetal surgery may have a role in selected patients. We have analyzed the outcome
      in 43 cases of fetal ventriculomegaly followed up without active treatment in
      utero. Our data suggest that the prognosis is poor for fetuses with
      ventriculomegaly and coexistent malformations, good for those with isolated,
      nonprogressive ventriculomegaly, and variable for those with progressive,
      isolated ventriculomegaly.

PMID- 2645456
TI  - Electronic information for physicians: a new dimension in solving traditional
      problems.

PMID- 2645457
TI  - A history of Topeka medicine.

PMID- 2645458
TI  - Dilated cardiomyopathy. I: Vasodilator therapy.

PMID- 2645459
TI  - Diagnostic exercise: paralysis in a Long-Evans rat.

PMID- 2645460
TI  - Gentiana catesbei.

PMID- 2645461
TI  - Hypertension alters microvascular responses in skeletal muscle to hyperdynamic
      bacteremia and hypodynamic Escherichia coli sepsis.
AB  - Altered vascular reactivity to numerous vasoactive substances in hypertension
      formed the basis for studying the in vivo microcirculation of skeletal muscle
      tissue during high cardiac output bacteremia and low cardiac output sepsis. Large
      and small arteriole and venule diameters of the cremaster muscle were measured
      via videomicroscopy in normotensive and 1K-1C-renovascular hypertensive rats
      before and after the infusion of live Escherichia coli bacteria. During
      hyperdynamic bacteremia and during hypodynamic sepsis, large arterioles
      constricted and small arterioles dilated in normotensive animals. During
      hyperdynamic bacteremia, this differential arteriolar response was blunted in
      hypertension. In hypodynamic sepsis, large arterioles did constrict in the
      hypertensive animals, but small arteriolar dilation was still blunted. Sodium
      nitroprusside, a postreceptor acting agent applied locally, maximally dilated
      small arterioles to the same level in all groups to indicate that the ability of
      vascular smooth muscle to relax is intact in hypertension. We conclude that the
      failure of the small arterioles to dilate during sepsis in hypertension is not
      due to a loss of vascular smooth muscle function, but that hypertension may
      functionally alter arteriolar reactivity at the receptor and/or endothelial level
      to interfere with E. coli-mediated responses in the skeletal muscle
      microvasculature.

PMID- 2645462
TI  - Oxygen-derived free radical damage in canine heart transplantation.
AB  - To study the role of free radical-induced myocardial injury during heart
      transplantation, five groups of dog hearts were orthotopically transplanted.
      Control group I and experimental groups II, III, and IV (each n = 8) were
      reperfused for 1 hr after 49 min of operational ischemia. Control group V (n = 4)
      remained ischemic for 90 min. In the three experimental groups, the free radical
      scavengers superoxide dismutase (10 mg/kg; group II), catalase (10 mg/kg; group
      III), or both (10 mg/kg each; group IV) were administered just before reperfusion
      and during reperfusion for 1 hr. The generation of free radicals, remained at low
      levels in all groups during ischemia, but significantly increased when groups I
      IV were reperfused. This increase was also associated with an increase in
      creatinine kinase MB isoenzyme. In the experimental groups, free radical
      scavengers significantly inhibited the appearance of thiobarbituric acid reactive
      substances and the release of creatinine kinase MB isoenzyme during reperfusion
      (P less than 0.05). Regarding cardiac functions, 60 min after the termination of
      the cardiopulmonary bypass, a significant improvement was demonstrated in the
      treated groups (P less than 0.05). These results indicate that (1) the generation
      of oxygen free radicals occurs primarily during reperfusion, (2) both superoxide
      dismutase and catalase reduce production of free radicals during this time, and
      (3) combined administration did not provide a greater improvement in cardiac
      metabolic recovery. This study confirms the efficacy of free radical scavengers
      during heart transplantation.

PMID- 2645463
TI  - Uptake of perfusion imaging agents by transplanted hearts: an experimental study
      in rats.
AB  - There is a need for a reliable noninvasive marker of rejection in transplanted
      hearts. Endomyocardial biopsy is now the universally accepted diagnostic method
      of choice, but the invasiveness of the procedure and the limited size of the
      sample obtained makes this method far from ideal. As coronary blood flow may be
      expected to decrease during acute rejection, there has been interest in thallium
      201 chloride (T1), a perfusion marker, as an imaging agent for diagnosing cardiac
      rejection. Hexakis(t-butylisonitrile)-technetium (Tc-TBI) is a representative of
      a new class of radiopharmaceuticals proposed as perfusion markers. We have
      compared the uptake of these imaging agents in a rat model of cardiac
      transplantation. Uptake of Tc-TBI as well as of T1 was significantly lower in
      rejecting than in nonrejecting hearts. This change was found in both left (LV)
      and right (RV) ventricles. Allografts in animals treated with cyclosporine (CyA)
      showed less severe rejection and higher uptakes of both imaging agents as
      compared to unmodified rejection. Our results suggest that perfusion imaging with
      these radionuclides is a potentially useful approach to the problem of detecting
      allograft rejection.

PMID- 2645464
TI  - Continuous systemic 5-fluorouracil infusion in advanced colorectal cancer:
      results in 91 patients.
AB  - Ninety-one patients with metastatic colorectal cancer were treated with
      continuous ambulatory 5-fluorouracil (5FU) infusion 250-300 mg/m2/day through a
      chronic indwelling central venous catheter. Twenty-six of the 91 patients (29%)
      had received previous bolus 5FU. Fifty-eight of the 91 patients (64%) had two or
      more sites of disease, and 74 of 91 patients (81%) had liver metastases. Results
      were complete remission in 5 of 91 (6%), partial remission in 25 of 91 (27%),
      stable disease in 33 of 91 (36%), and progressive disease in 28 of 91 (31%), for
      an overall response rate of 30 of 91 (33%); median duration of response was 7
      months. Twenty-six of 65 previously untreated patients (40%) experienced
      objective response. Median survival from initiation of treatment for all patients
      was 11 months. Forty-one percent of patients experienced no significant toxicity
      and were able to continue therapy without treatment interruption. Toxicities
      necessitating treatment interruption included stomatitis in 35 patients (39%),
      hand-foot syndrome in 33 patients (36%), and diarrhea in 10 patients (11%). No
      significant myelosuppression or serious catheter-related complications were
      encountered. We conclude that continuous systemic venous infusion of 5FU produces
      a higher response rate than traditional bolus 5FU schedules, with apparent
      enhancement of survival and easily managed toxicity.

PMID- 2645465
TI  - Radical nerve-sparing prostatectomy: the first 30 patients treated with epidural
      anesthesia.
AB  - From August 1985 to January 1987, 30 patients were treated with radical nerve
      sparing prostatectomy with epidural anesthesia. Transrectal ultrasound evaluation
      was available for the vast majority of these patients. Utilizing the anatomic
      techniques of early dorsal vein ligation, hypogastric artery control, and
      epidural anesthesia, blood loss was kept to a minimum, with 22 patients requiring
      no transfusions in this series. In addition, with the use of ultrasound, PSA
      (prostatic-specific antigen) determination, and pelvic CAT scan, 22 of the 30
      patients (75%) had organ-confined disease. Twenty patients were potent
      preoperative and 14 are potent postoperative, for a potency rate of 70%.

PMID- 2645466
TI  - Adjuvant chemoimmuno- and immunotherapy in Dukes' stage B2 and C colorectal
      carcinoma: a 7-year follow-up analysis.
AB  - A prospectively randomised controlled clinical trial of adjuvant therapy was
      undertaken, at a single-centre, population-based cancer institute, in patients
      with Dukes' stages B2 and C colorectal carcinoma after curative surgery. Between
      1976 and 1983, 253 patients were randomised to either control (no further therapy
      after surgery), immunotherapy (oral bacille Calmette-Guerin [BCG] 120 mg once a
      month) for 5 years or chemoimmunotherapy (oral BCG as above with methyl
      cyclohexyl-chloroethyl nitrosourea [meCCNU] 130 mg/m2 on day 1 and 5-fluorouracil
      [5-FU] 325 mg/m2/day on days 1-5 and 375 mg/m2/day on days 36-40) repeated every
      10 weeks for 8 cycles. The median follow-up of patients is now 6.95 years. Of the
      control, immunotherapy, and chemoimmunotherapy groups 22.35%, 39.28%, and 28.57%,
      respectively, have relapsed. The log-rank analysis of results shows no disease
      free or overall survival advantage for patients receiving adjuvant therapy
      compared with the control group. Patients receiving adjuvant immunotherapy for
      stage B2 appear to have a significantly inferior disease-free survival compared
      with other groups, but their overall survival is similar. There are no
      significant differences in disease-free or overall survival in the three groups
      of patients with stage C tumour. Of 82 patients dying, 78.05% died of progressive
      colorectal carcinoma, 13 patients developed a second malignancy; the remainder
      died of seemingly unrelated causes.

PMID- 2645467
TI  - Orthotopic transplantation after implantation of a Jarvik 7 total artificial
      heart.
AB  - A total artificial heart was used to support the circulation in 33 heart
      transplantation candidates who were expected to die before procurement of a donor
      heart. Twelve of these patients (mean age 35 +/- 10 years) underwent cardiac
      transplantation. Another patient is still being supported with the total
      artificial heart 90 days after implantation. The other 20 patients died during
      mechanical support because their condition could not be stabilized for
      transplantation, despite blood flow restoration. Fifty-six percent of the
      patients younger than 40 years underwent successful transplantation and six of
      nine patients are long-term survivors. By comparison, in the older group, 17.6%
      of patients underwent transplantation and one of three survived long term. Forty
      four percent of patients in the acute decompensation group had successful
      transplantation and four of seven patients are long-term survivors. In the
      chronic decompensation group these figures were 29.4% and three of five patients.
      All patients who were heavily immunosuppressed (n = 4) died of sepsis.
      Transplantation was considered and performed only when the patient's condition
      was correct and stable. In six patients an infection developed in the immediate
      posttransplant period. Three of the infections were resolved with antibiotic
      therapy. One originated in the mediastinum and is still unresolved, although the
      patient's condition is improving. Another patient died of an anoxic coma caused
      by ventilatory problems. There were two late deaths at 14 and 19 months, one
      resulting from a combination of toxoplasmosis and rejection and the other from a
      Kaposi sarcoma caused by azathioprine treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645468
TI  - Orthotopic cardiac transplantation for the neonate. The dilemma of the
      anencephalic donor.
AB  - From 1981 to 1985, a total of 46 cases of hypoplastic left heart syndrome were
      diagnosed in Kentucky hospitals. During the same period, there were 64 live
      births of anencephalic neonates in Kentucky, half of whom were of adequate size
      for organ donation. Philosophic and pragmatic discussions among physicians,
      ethicists, and legislators must take place if organ donation by anencephalic
      subjects is to be used to ease the growing demand.

PMID- 2645469
TI  - Statistical survey of tracheobronchoplasty in Japan.
AB  - In a survey of 142 hospitals in Japan, 1562 operations involving
      tracheobronchoplasty, 565 involving tracheoplasty, and 992 involving
      bronchoplasty were found to have been done from 1954 to 1984. The number of
      operations showed a steep increase from 1965 and reached more than 200 a year by
      1984. This increase comes from larger numbers of bronchoplasty procedures being
      performed for lung cancer (58.8% in toto) and of tracheoplasty procedures for
      thyroid cancer (9.7% in toto). Fifty-seven operative modes could be classified,
      in which bronchial anastomosis was most frequent (62.1%), followed in order by
      tracheal anastomosis (18.0%), and tracheobronchial anastomosis (5.9%).
      Complications, encountered in 16.9% in toto, resulted in death in 22.3%, with
      fistula bleeding in all and anastomotic stricture in 47.7%. Anastomotic stricture
      alone had a higher mortality rate than anastomotic stricture combined with
      recurrent palsy (p less than 0.01). The tracheal anastomosis mode had a higher
      complication rate than that of the bronchial anastomosis mode (p less than 0.01).
      Among the 57 modes, the complication rates were lower than those of each stem
      mode in the following: suture of the tracheal wall (p less than 0.05), tracheal
      patch grafting (p less than 0.01), sleeve resection of the right main bronchus (p
      less than 0.02), and sleeve lobectomy of the right lower lobe (p less than
      0.001). Complication rates were higher than those of each stem mode in these
      procedures: prosthetic replacement of the trachea (p less than 0.001), sleeve
      resection of the right main bronchus (p less than 0.05), and the montage-type
      carinal reconstruction (p less than 0.05) modes. The tracheal anastomosis mode
      was classified into two categories, standard and extensive. The latter showed
      complication rates higher than the former (p less than 0.01), tracheoplasty (p
      less than 0.0025), and the tracheal anastomosis stem mode (p less than 0.0025).
      Complication rates have decreased with time, being 21.8% with the tracheal
      anastomosis mode and 10.8% with the bronchial anastomosis mode in the past 9
      years.

PMID- 2645470
TI  - The role of ABO blood group compatibility in heart transplantation between
      closely related animal species. An experimental study using the vervet monkey to
      baboon cardiac xenograft model.
AB  - The role of ABO blood group compatibility on graft survival when transplantation
      is performed between closely related animal species is uncertain. Heart
      transplants (in the neck) were performed between donor vervet monkeys and
      recipient baboons; no immunosuppressive therapy was given. Survival in ABO
      compatible pairs (group 1, n = 9) was for a mean of 10.3 (+/- 5.2) days, which
      was not significantly different from that in ABO-incompatible pairs (group 2, n =
      9: mean survival 7.3 +/- 5.6 days). In group 2, however, three hearts were
      rejected hyperacutely within 60 minutes, whereas in group 1 only one heart was
      rejected within 24 hours (not significant). Preformed anti-vervet monkey antibody
      was present in only one of 18 baboons, but developed in eight others. ABO
      specific antibodies were present in all nine group 2 baboons and increased in
      titer in six cases. Histopathologic features of vascular (humoral) rejection,
      sometimes associated with cellular infiltration, were seen in a majority of
      hearts in both groups. Though the number of animals in this study was small, ABO
      incompatibility would not appear to be a major factor in cardiac xenograft
      survival when transplantation is performed between closely related primate
      species, though early hyperacute rejection would seem more likely to occur when
      blood group incompatibility is present.

PMID- 2645471
TI  - The potential effects of radiographic criteria to exclude aortography in patients
      with blunt chest trauma. Results of a study of 32 patients with proved aortic or
      brachiocephalic arterial injury.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness, in patients with known
      aortic or brachiocephalic arterial injury, of five previously published
      radiographic criteria for excluding aortography in patients with blunt chest
      trauma. These criteria were (1) normal findings on erect chest radiograph; (2)
      normal aortic arch and left subclavian artery; (3) normal aortic arch, descending
      aorta, aortopulmonary window, tracheal position, and left paraspinal interface;
      (4) normal right paratracheal stripe and nasogastric tube position, and (5)
      normal aortic arch and tracheal and nasogastric tube position. One or more of
      these criteria were met in 6% to 25% of patient with major thoracic arterial
      injury, depending on the criteria used. Interestingly, two (6%) patients had
      radiographs that showed no specific signs of mediastinal hemorrhage, which
      indicates that the chest radiograph is limited in its sensitivity to detect major
      thoracic arterial injury. Because of these results, we do not believe that
      attempts to limit aortography in patients with supine film evidence of
      mediastinal abnormality, based on the absence of certain signs of mediastinal
      hemorrhage, are warranted. Furthermore, an abnormal radiograph cannot be relied
      on as the sole criterion for aortography if the goal of care is to detect as
      close to 100% of vascular injuries as possible.

PMID- 2645472
TI  - Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion structures may influence the growth pattern of
      chronic lymphoid malignancies.

PMID- 2645473
TI  - Silent mutation at codon 15 interferes with the detection of a mutated N-ras
      codon 12 allele by oligonucleotide hybridization.

PMID- 2645474
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in children with acute leukemia: a
      practice whose time has gone.

PMID- 2645475
TI  - Inpatient psychiatric units in nonteaching general hospitals. Response to public
      mental health policy or hospital economics?
AB  - The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which the existence of
      inpatient psychiatric units (IPU) in general hospitals is related to patient
      service "needs," to certain economic and organizational characteristics of
      general hospitals, or to both. Area and institutional characteristics of general
      hospitals in Massachusetts were analyzed with multivariate techniques. Interviews
      were also conducted with representatives from hospitals and the Massachusetts
      Department of Mental Health in three mental health catchment areas. Most of the
      teaching hospitals in the state have IPUs. The study indicated that a statistical
      difference exists between characteristics of IPU and non-IPU nonteaching general
      hospitals. The probability that a nonteaching general hospital will have an IPU
      is related to both market conditions and institutional characteristics of the
      hospital. Nonteaching general hospitals with IPUs were more likely to be located
      in areas with higher incomes but fewer office-based psychiatrists per capita. IPU
      hospitals were also more likely to be larger and to receive a higher percent of
      their revenues from Medicaid than their non-IPU counterparts. The study did not
      provide evidence that "need" as defined by traditional indicators was an
      influential factor in IPU existence.

PMID- 2645476
TI  - Evaluating medical interview process components. Null correlations with outcomes
      may be misleading.
AB  - A standard criterion for judging the value of a medical interview process
      component, such as physician information giving, is the degree to which it
      correlates with positive outcomes, such as patient satisfaction, compliance, or
      symptom relief. There is a serious problem, however, with this use of
      correlations. Physicians and patients, like any human beings, give and respond to
      signals as to what each requires in the interaction. Any such appropriate
      responsiveness tends to attenuate (and may even reverse) the process-outcome
      correlation. Under optimum conditions, process components covary with patient
      requirements but not with outcomes. Thus, for expertly conducted interviews, the
      expected correlation of process components with outcomes approaches zero, even
      for components that are causally related to those outcomes.

PMID- 2645477
TI  - Diuretics.
AB  - Diuretics are a mainstay of modern medical therapy. Their effects on electrolyte
      excretion can largely be predicted from knowledge of their sites of action along
      the renal tubule. This article examines the role of diuretics in cardiac and
      noncardiac disease.

PMID- 2645478
TI  - The use of inotropic agents in acute and chronic congestive heart failure.
AB  - This article reviews our current understanding of the physiology of myocardial
      contraction; recent research into its mechanical, macromolecular, and biochemical
      foundations; and its role in the clinical syndromes of congestive heart failure.
      This review serves as a background for discussing the mechanism of action and
      pharmacology of currently available and experimental inotropic agents. The
      clinical applications of these drugs are discussed and the successes and failures
      of the pharmacologic approach to patients with congestive heart failure analyzed.

PMID- 2645479
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in heart failure.
AB  - Recognition of the importance of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system in
      heart failure, along with an appreciation of the hemodynamic benefits of
      vasodilator therapy has led to the widespread use of angiotensin-converting
      enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure. The ACE inhibitors are
      the only class of vasodilator agents shown to have a significant protective
      effect against mortality in patients with heart failure.

PMID- 2645480
TI  - Calcium antagonists and heart failure.
AB  - The systemic vasodilatory actions of the calcium antagonists make them
      potentially attractive for use as afterload reducing agents in patients with left
      ventricular failure. However, unlike other vasodilator drugs, these drugs also
      exert a direct negative inotropic effect on the myocardium. Clinical data suggest
      a limited role for the calcium antagonists as vasodilator therapy in patients
      with heart failure.

PMID- 2645481
TI  - Nitrates in congestive heart failure.
AB  - An important role for nitrates in the treatment of patients with congestive heart
      failure has been demonstrated. By dilating the venous and arterial vasculature,
      they improve hemodynamics as well as exercise tolerance. Attenuation of nitrate
      action that occurs with chronic therapy can be minimized by following certain
      treatment strategies.

PMID- 2645482
TI  - Lovastatin: an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor for lowering cholesterol.
AB  - Increased levels of cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol are known
      risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease. There are multiple
      drugs that can be used for lowering cholesterol, including lovastatin, a
      competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the
      rate-limiting enzyme step in cholesterol synthesis in the body. The pharmacology
      of this novel agent is discussed in this article.

PMID- 2645483
TI  - The relevance of plasma lipid changes with cardiovascular drug therapy.
AB  - Evidence is reviewed that thiazide diuretics increase plasma levels of
      triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and that most beta-blockers increase
      triglycerides and depress HDL-cholesterol. By contrast, indapamide, pindolol, and
      calcium channel blockers have little effect, and alpha 1-blockers and alpha 2
      stimulants may improve the HDL- to LDL-cholesterol ratio.

PMID- 2645484
TI  - Cocaine-induced coronary artery disease: recognition and treatment.
AB  - Recreational use of cocaine has reached epidemic proportions. Recent reports have
      linked cocaine use to various acute and chronic cardiovascular disorders. The
      pharmacology of cocaine is discussed in this article, and the experiences with
      cocaine-induced coronary artery disease reviewed.

PMID- 2645485
TI  - Disposition of cardiovascular drugs in the elderly.
AB  - The response to a number of cardiovascular drugs may be altered in the elderly.
      These changes can be explained by age-related differences in drug disposition and
      clearance, by changes in receptor sensitivity in the elderly, or a combination of
      the two.

PMID- 2645486
TI  - [Severe group A streptococci infections. Decreased immunity is a possible cause].

PMID- 2645487
TI  - [Emetics to induce vomiting in children].

PMID- 2645488
TI  - [The man behind the fracture: Geoffrey Jefferson. He received his surgical
      training on the eastern front].

PMID- 2645489
TI  - [Computers and point systems as diagnostic aids in acute abdomen].

PMID- 2645490
TI  - A prospective randomized study of four commonly used tympanostomy tubes.
AB  - Tympanostomy tube placement has clearly been shown to be an efficacious treatment
      for recurrent bouts of acute otitis media or chronic otitis media with effusion.
      However, there are few objective, prospective, randomized studies present in the
      literature to aid the clinical otolaryngologist with the proper tube choice for
      middle ear aeration. A prospective, randomized study was undertaken of four
      commonly used tympanostomy tubes. Shepard Teflon grommet, Armstrong beveled tube,
      Reuter-Bobbin tube, and Goode T-tube. This study was undertaken to determine
      which of these tubes had the fewest number of postplacement complications,
      including otorrhea, plugging, residual perforation, or chronic persistence in the
      tympanic membrane. Average follow-up was 17 months. The Shepard and Armstrong
      tubes showed a comparatively low rate of plugging and otorrhea. Both tubes had
      extrusion times that averaged less than 1 year. The Reuter-Bobbin tube had a much
      greater rate of plugging, compared to the other tubes. The T-tube had an
      increased incidence of otorrhea and persistence in the tympanic membrane well
      beyond 1 year. The T-tube was also the only tube in this study associated with
      residual perforations.

PMID- 2645491
TI  - Bacteriology of tonsil surface and core in children.
AB  - The tonsils of 97 children undergoing tonsillectomy were studied to determine the
      correlation between surface culture swab and culture of tonsillar core. In many
      cases, pathogenic organisms were found in the tonsil core, despite the fact that
      surface cultures revealed only normal respiratory flora. The tonsil core cultures
      showed a high incidence of Hemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus, which
      was rarely reflected on surface culture. The study indicates that pharyngeal swab
      cultures do not reliably reflect the presence of pathogens in the tonsil core.
      The value of parameters such as history of recurrent bouts of tonsillitis and
      presence of erythema or cryptic debris on physical examination for predicting the
      differential bacteriology of the tonsil is studied. The implications for
      treatment of children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy are discussed.

PMID- 2645492
TI  - Septal chondromucosal flap with preservation of septal integrity.
AB  - Nasal septal flaps are a convenient source of lining and support in nasal
      reconstructive surgery. Most technical descriptions of these flaps demonstrate
      designs that result in septal perforation. By properly planning the design of a
      contralateral mucosal flap, septal perforation can be avoided when septal
      chondromucosal flaps are used. Eight such flaps have been used by the author,
      four to provide lining and support in total nasal reconstruction after removal of
      very large basal cell cancers, and four to repair cerebrospinal fluid leaks. None
      of these eight patients developed septal perforations. Details of the operative
      technique and illustrative cases are presented.

PMID- 2645493
TI  - Preoperative assessment of parotid masses: a comparative evaluation of radiologic
      techniques to histopathologic diagnosis.
AB  - A double-blind, retrospective analysis of 110 sequentially operated parotid
      masses compared the usefulness of preoperative radiologic evaluation to
      histopathologic diagnosis. The radiologic assessment included 25 sialograms, 162
      computed tomography scans, and 10 nuclear magnetic resonance images. The
      diagnosis is influenced by the following four parameters of computed tomography:
      tumor borders, density, homogeneity, and enhancement. Well-defined borders, a
      homogeneous appearance, and high density strongly favor the diagnosis of a benign
      tumor or a low-grade malignancy (96.7%). Ill-defined tumor borders,
      heterogeneity, and high density indicate mainly a high-grade or recurrent
      malignancy (68.8%). Ill-defined borders, a heterogeneous appearance, and mixed
      density identify a lymphoepithelial lesion, lymphangioma, or sialoadenitis
      (100%). Sialography is cost effective in the evaluation of lymphoepithelial
      lesions. Computed tomography sialography offers no advantages over computed
      tomography with intravenous contrast. High-resolution computed tomography with
      intravenous contrast is highly sensitive for tumor detection (97%). Magnetic
      resonance imaging is complementary or superior to computed tomography (100%).

PMID- 2645494
TI  - The autonomic innervation of the human vocal cord: neuropeptides.
AB  - Three methods have been used to study the sympathetic and parasympathetic
      innervation of the vocal cord: paraformaldehyde-induced fluorescence, electron
      microscopy, and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Each method has been
      successful in determining adrenergic fibers, autonomic endings, and the
      neuropeptides VIP and NPY, respectively. The close relationship between these
      neuropeptides and the autonomic endings (adrenergic and cholinergic), and the
      presence of the neuropeptides in the chorion of the vocal cord, around glands and
      vessels, gives new evidence that autonomic innervation plays a role in the
      functioning of this part of the larynx.

PMID- 2645495
TI  - Rhinomanometry 1988: practice and trends.
AB  - This report discusses characteristics and measurement of transnasal pressures and
      flow of respiratory air, indices of nasal airway patency, and components of
      contemporary rhinomanometric systems. Sources of error that can result from
      mucovascular fluctuation and from the use of face masks and nasal nozzles are
      delineated. Useful adjuncts to rhinomanometry include microcomputation and
      plethysmography. State-of-the-art transducers and microcircuitry and reliability
      and economy. Aerodynamic parameters closely correlated with chronic obstructive
      nasal symptoms have yet to be determined. Nevertheless, resistance calculated
      from concomitant measurements of transnasal pressure and flow, as recommended by
      the International Committee on Standardization of Rhinomanometry, provides a
      practical index of nasal patency and aids the exchange of rhinological
      information.

PMID- 2645496
TI  - The diagnosis and follow-up of pediatric sinusitis: Water's view radiography
      versus ultrasonography.
AB  - Water's view plain film radiography was compared with ultrasonography in the
      diagnosis and follow-up of acute maxillary sinusitis in 85 children (170
      sinuses). At the first visit, the concordance of the two modalities was 91%, but
      20 days later, when the symptoms and signs had disappeared, it was only 76%. At
      the latter date, the concordance between radiography and clinical findings was
      71% and between sonography and clinical findings, 93%. The two modalities studied
      appear to be equally useful in the initial diagnosis of acute maxillary
      sinusitis. The loss of back-wall echo correlates well with symptomatic
      improvement of acute sinusitis. Sonography is also nonionizing and inexpensive,
      and the examination is simple to repeat.

PMID- 2645497
TI  - Estrogenic effects of phenol red on rat pituitary cell responsiveness to
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
AB  - This study investigated whether phenolsulfonphthalein (PR), a common pH indicator
      in tissue culture media, affects luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion from rat
      pituitary cells or 17 beta-estradiol (E2) augmentation of pituitary
      responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). PR enhanced GnRH
      stimulated LH secretion and shifted the GnRH dose-response curve leftward with a
      relative potency ratio of 0.24 +/- 0.09 (+/- SE; p less than 0.01). The effect of
      E2 on LH release was significantly diminished by PR, which elevated GnRH
      stimulated LH secretion in the absence of E2. This phenomenon was elicited by PR
      from different sources and was inhibited by the antiestrogen Cl628. Thus, PR
      exerted estrogen-like effects on rat pituitary cells and caused an
      underestimation of the degree to which E2 enhanced GnRH-stimulated LH secretion.

PMID- 2645498
TI  - Epidermal growth factor excretion and receptor binding in diabetic rats.
AB  - Urinary epidermal growth factor (EGF) excretion was calculated as ng EGF per mg
      creatinine and ng EGF per 24 hr. It was increased 4-9 fold in rats with genetic
      (BB) or streptozotocin-induced diabetes. It decreased to 2-3 fold control values
      in insulin-treated animals. In contrast, EGF concentration in serum was lower in
      diabetic than in control rats (360 +/- 72 vs 524 +/- 150 pg/ml, P .086); EGF
      level in plasma was unchanged (319 +/- 67 vs 313 +/- 96 pg/ml). In diabetic rats
      EGF content was increased in submaxillary glands (1018 +/- 259 vs 738 +/- 122
      pg/mg protein, P .060) but unchanged in the kidneys (70 +/- 18 vs 65 +/- 6 pg/mg
      protein in controls). EGF binding to the liver microsomes in diabetic rats was
      decreased by 30-40% and was not restored by insulin therapy. Binding to the
      kidneys also showed a tendency to decrease in diabetic animals. The EGF excretion
      and receptor binding were normal in obese normoglycemic Zucker fa/fa rats. We
      suggest that hyperglycemia and/or glucosuria may affect EGF synthesis and/or
      excretion in the kidneys and EGF synthesis or accumulation in the megakaryocytes.
      The mechanism of decreased EGF receptor binding remains to be clarified.

PMID- 2645499
TI  - Intrauterine diagnosis of hydranencephaly by magnetic resonance.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to confirm an ultrasound diagnosis of
      hydranencephaly in utero. MRI provided an accurate anatomical assessment,
      influencing the pregnancy management. The result supports previous reports
      suggesting that MRI may be a useful complement to ultrasonography in intrauterine
      diagnoses.

PMID- 2645500
TI  - [A radioimmunologic test system for determining beta 2-microglobulin in human
      blood serum and urine].
AB  - The authors described a radioimmunoassay developed for the determination of beta
      2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) concentration in human serum and urine using 125I
      labeled beta 2-M. This method permitted the determination of beta 2-M
      concentration within 0.5-50 mg/l in the blood serum and within 0.02-50 mg/l in
      urine. beta 2-M concentration determined by this assay, was 1.71 +/- 0.58 mg/l in
      the blood serum and 0.097 +/- 0.32 mg/l in the urine of healthy persons.

PMID- 2645501
TI  - Urea synthesis, nitrogen balance, and glucose turnover in growth-hormone
      deficient children before and after growth hormone administration.
AB  - We measured the effect of human growth hormone (hGH) on urea synthesis, nitrogen
      retention, and glucose turnover in ten euthyroid growth hormone (GH)-deficient
      children before and after seven daily injections of 0.1 U/kg hGH. The patients
      were fed a weight-maintaining diet with 9% of energy derived from protein.
      Following an overnight fast, urea synthesis and glucose turnover were determined
      using a primed constant infusion of [15N2] urea and a constant infusion of [6,6
      2H2] glucose. Human growth hormone produced a decrease in urea nitrogen synthesis
      from 6.8 +/- 0.5 to 4.2 +/- 0.4 mg/kg.h; (P less than .01), while plasma urea
      nitrogen decreased from 13.1 +/- 0.8 to 7.4 +/- 0.8 mg/dL; (P less than .01). The
      decrease in urea synthesis was reflected in a corresponding decrease in urine
      urea nitrogen excretion (-2.8 mg/kg.h). There was a significant correlation
      between plasma urea nitrogen and urea synthesis rate both before (r = 0.85, P
      less than .01) and after (r = 0.79, P less than .01) hGH treatment. In response
      to hGH, there was a rise in both plasma glucose (81.4 +/- 2.2 v 89.8 +/- 2.3
      mg/dL; P less than .05) and insulin (5.7 +/- 0.8 v 13.1 +/- 3.0 microU/mL; P less
      than .05), however, glucose turnover remained unchanged (4.7 +/- 0.3 v 4.6 +/-
      0.6 mg/kg.min). After seven days of growth hormone treatment, the patients were
      placed on 0.1 U/kg of hGH three times a week for 6 months, and their growth rate
      was calculated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645502
TI  - Effect of carbohydrate refeeding on free fatty acids after a fast in obese
      diabetic and obese non-diabetic females.
AB  - The metabolic effects of refeeding with oral or intravenous carbohydrate were
      studied in obese women after ten or 14 days of fasting. Seven patients were refed
      with protein-free fruit juice for a total of 250 g of carbohydrate (1,000 kcal)
      over ten hours. The juice was sipped continuously throughout this time, causing a
      drop in free fatty acids (FFA) from 1.07 +/- 0.08 to 0.61 +/- 0.05 mmol/L (P less
      than .01) over the first four hours. Over the next four hours, despite continuous
      ingestion of the carbohydrate and elevated plasma glucose (132 +/- 9 mg/dL) and
      insulin (2.81 +/- 0.86 ng/mL) (1 ng/mL = 25 microU/mL), FFA rose to 0.99 mmol/L
      (P less than .01). Similar results were obtained in five patients refed with
      similar amounts of oral glucose and four patients who received an equivalent
      amount of glucose intravenously (IV). Refeeding with carbohydrate of obese
      diabetic and non-diabetic women after a two-week fast caused an abrupt decrease
      in FFA that was followed after four hours by an increase in FFA and glycerol,
      despite continued ingestion of carbohydrate glucose and insulin.

PMID- 2645503
TI  - Changes in soft tissue body composition and plasma lipid metabolism during
      nandrolone decanoate therapy in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.
AB  - Thirty-nine osteoporotic (prior spine or Colles' fracture) but otherwise healthy
      postmenopausal women were allocated to receive blindly either 50 mg nandrolone
      decanoate (ND) intramuscularly or placebo injections every 3 weeks for 1 year.
      Thirty-six women (92%) completed the study. ND treatment resulted in an increase
      in non-osseous lean weight and a corresponding decrease in fat mass (measured by
      dual photon absorptiometry). A 20% increase in the 24-hour urinary creatinine
      excretion indicated that the increase in non-osseous lean weight was caused
      mainly by an increase in muscle mass. With regard to serum lipids and
      lipoproteins, ND treatment slightly decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol without significantly affecting total cholesterol, low density
      lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or triglycerides. In conclusion, treatment with ND
      changes the soft tissue composition in osteoporotic postmenopausal women towards
      a leaner and more muscular body.

PMID- 2645505
TI  - [Intraoperative radiotherapy].

PMID- 2645504
TI  - Differential glycemic effects of morphine in diabetic and normal mice.
AB  - C57BL/6J ob/ob mice, C57BL/6J+/? lean mice and A/J mice were given injections of
      10 mg/kg of morphine or an equal volume of saline, and then blood was sampled by
      retroorbital sinus puncture. In addition, animals from each strain were exposed
      to a brief experimental stress ten minutes after the administration of morphine
      or saline. While morphine produced significant increases in serum glucose in
      albino mice, morphine lowered blood insulin in both C57BL/6J ob/ob and
      C57BL/6J+/? mice. Morphine significantly lowered blood insulin in A/J mice, but
      effects in C57BL/6J mice were not significant. In contrast, morphine attenuated
      blood glucose and insulin during stress in C57BL/6J ob/ob but did not
      significantly affect either glucose or insulin during stress in lean C57BL/6J or
      A/J mice. These results are interpreted in the light of other data suggesting
      that endogenous opiates modulate the effects of sympathetic nervous system
      activity in type II diabetes.

PMID- 2645506
TI  - [Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: knowledge of the etiology. 65 cases in the
      world literature 1980 to 1986].

PMID- 2645507
TI  - [Optimal dosage of acetylsalicylic acid. I: Use in primary and secondary
      prevention of myocardial infarct and following aortocoronary bypass operation].

PMID- 2645508
TI  - [Comparative double-blind study of the effectiveness and tolerance of baclofen,
      tetrazepam and tizanidine in spastic movement disorders of the lower
      extremities].
AB  - In a double-blind comparative study, the therapeutic efficacy and safety of three
      centrally effective antispasmodics (Tetrazepam, Baclofen and Tizanidine) in
      patients suffering from multiple sclerosis with spastic motor disturbances of the
      lower extremities was to be examined. 47 patients of either sex at the age of 23
      until 63 were allocated to one of the three therapies by means of minimization.
      The duration of treatment was limited to 35 days at a maximum. The dosage was
      optimized corresponding to the clinical symptoms. The antispasmodic efficacy and
      safety of the above-mentioned substances was investigated with well-established
      parameters and methods. The typical laboratory parameters were determined at the
      beginning and at the end of the study. -With reference to cloni, spasms and the
      muscular tonus, no systematic differences were found between the treatment
      groups. A previously existing clonus could not be altered decisively by the
      administration of the three antispasmodics, whereas the muscular tonus could
      comparably be decreased with all therapeutic measures. Statistically significant
      differences between the treatment groups were not observed. The patients of all
      three groups recorded a subjective sensation of relief with reference to the
      symptoms of spasms by the medication. As to the residual urinary volume, no
      relevant differences and alterations were determinated in the course of the
      treatment as well. With reference to undesired side effects quantitative and
      qualitative differences could be established, in which Tetrazepam showed the most
      favourable benefit/risk ratio.

PMID- 2645509
TI  - [Psychosomatic aspects of allergic bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2645510
TI  - [Gas gangrene and Salmonella abscess as a rare infectious complication in
      leukemia].

PMID- 2645511
TI  - Anti-tubulin antibodies in rabbits before and after immunization with pig
      tubulin.
AB  - Sera from rabbits before and after repeated injections of pig tubulin in complete
      Freund's adjuvant were examined for antibody activity against pig and rabbit
      tubulins and against a panel of antigens: actin, myosin, DNA, TNP/BSA. Antibody
      activity against all the antigens of the panel (PAg) increased moderately after
      the first but not after subsequent injections. Antibody activity against pig and
      rabbit tubulins strongly increased after the second immunization when the maximum
      was reached. Isolation of anti-tubulin antibodies from normal or immune sera on
      tubulin-immunoadsorbent demonstrated the presence of three different antibody
      populations: (1) polyspecific IgM reacting with the PAg and the tubulins, present
      in substantial amounts in normal sera and moderately increased in immune sera;
      (2) small amounts of polyspecific IgG detected only in immune sera; (3) high
      amounts of specific IgG reacting with pig and rabbit tubulins, present in immune
      but not normal sera. Western blot analysis of the specific IgG population showed
      that it contained antibodies reacting with both native pig and rabbit tubulins,
      as well as antibodies recognizing only the 30,000 proteolytic fragment of pig,
      but not that of rabbit tubulin. The results indicate that the immunization of
      rabbits with heterologous tubulin induced specific IgG anti-tubulin antibodies
      which recognize the self and non-self antigens differently.

PMID- 2645512
TI  - Dissociation kinetics of antigen-antibody interactions: studies on a panel of
      anti-albumin monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Kinetic parameters and equilibrium association constants (K) are reported for a
      panel of anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) monoclonal antibodies (MAb) immobilized
      onto agarose particles. For 12 covalently immobilized MAb of moderate affinity (K
      = 0.25 x 10(8)-1.2 x 10(8) M-1) measured dissociation time constants varied two
      orders of magnitude, from 2.1 to 410 min. Directly measured association rate
      parameters agree with values calculated from measured equilibrium and
      dissociation rate parameters. Dissociation time constants and equilibrium
      association constants were also determined for eight MAb immobilized
      biospecifically (via their Fc regions). A significantly lower K was observed with
      those MAb which were covalently immobilized as opposed to biospecifically
      immobilized. These decreases in K appear to reflect decreased association rates
      rather than increased dissociation rates. The data suggest that, for the MAb
      described herein, dissociation rates do not correlate with equilibrium
      association constants.

PMID- 2645514
TI  - Enumeration of 6-thioguanine-resistant tumour cells using flow cytometry and
      comparison with a microtitration cloning assay.
AB  - Measurement of mutant frequency in tumour specimens has been hampered by low
      cloning efficiency in soft agar. A method was developed to detect cell
      proliferation using the thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrUdR). BrUdR
      incorporation was monitored by immunofluorescent staining of fixed cells using a
      monoclonal antibody highly specific for this nucleoside analogue. The 6
      thioguanine (6TG) exposure conditions which inhibited DNA synthesis, as measured
      by BrUdR incorporation, in wild-type cells while allowing proliferation of
      spontaneous hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) mutants were
      investigated using tumour cell lines. It was shown that exposure to 10(-5) M
      BrUdR for the equivalent of 1 cell cycle time did not affect growth of wild-type
      cells, nor did it affect the growth of HPRT- mutants in the presence of 6TG.
      Methods for rapid flow cytometric enumeration of BrUdR-labelled 6TG-resistant
      cells were developed using fluorescent microspheres as an internal standard. To
      validate the BrUdR mutation assay, the 6TG mutant frequency (MF) was measured in
      L1210 R/S, a mouse leukaemic cell line (BrUdR 6TG MF = 7.0 X 10(-5] and the
      results directly compared with those from a microtitration cloning assay (MF =
      4.6 X 10(-5]. The results were similar and within the range reported for HPRT MF
      in mammalian cells.

PMID- 2645513
TI  - Azidoalanine mutagenicity in Salmonella: effect of homologation and alpha-methyl
      substitution.
AB  - Azide mutagenicity in susceptible non-mammalian systems involves the requisite
      formation of L-azidoalanine, a novel mutagenic amino acid. The biochemical
      mechanism(s) of azidoalanine-induced mutagenesis, however, is not known. Previous
      studies of the structural requirements for azidoalanine mutagenicity suggested
      the importance of free L-amino acid character, and that bioactivation of
      azidoalanine to the ultimate mutagenic species is required. To gain more insight
      into possible enzymatic processing, the alpha-methyl analogue, alpha-methyl
      azidoalanine, and the homologue, 2-amino-4-azidobutanoic acid, were synthesized
      and tested for mutagenic potency in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1530. In
      addition, azidoacetic acid, a possible azidoalanine metabolite, was prepared and
      tested. The results show that alpha-methyl substitution effectively blocks the
      mutagenic effects of azidoalanine with alpha-methyl-azidoalanine being nearly
      devoid of mutagenic activity. In contrast, homologation of azidoalanine to yield
      2-amino-4-azidobutanoic acid produces a marked increase in molar mutagenic
      potency. As with azidoalanine, the mutagenic activity of this homologue is
      associated with the L-isomer. Azidoacetic acid, however, was only very weakly
      mutagenic when tested as either the free acid or ethyl ester. This low mutagenic
      potency may indicate that bioactivation does not involve the entry of azide
      containing azidoalanine catabolite into the Kreb's cycle. The high potency of 2
      amino-4-azidobutanoic acid may be indicative of more efficient bioactivation
      and/or greater intrinsic activity. Importantly, the latter finding clearly shows
      that potent azido-amino acid mutagenicity is not limited to azidoalanine alone.

PMID- 2645515
TI  - Conditional lethality of the recA441 and recA730 mutants of Escherichia coli
      deficient in DNA polymerase I.
AB  - E. coli strains bearing the recA441 mutation and various mutations in the polA
      gene resulting in enzymatically well-defined deficiencies of DNA polymerase I
      have been constructed. It was found that the recA441 strains bearing either the
      polA1 or polA12 mutation causing deficiency of the polymerase activity of pol I
      are unable to grow at 42 degrees C on minimal medium supplemented with adenine,
      i.e., when the SOS response is continuously induced in strains bearing the
      recA441 mutation. Under these conditions the inhibition of DNA synthesis is
      followed in recA441 polA12 by DNA degradation and loss of cell viability. A
      similar lethal effect is observed with the recA730 polA12 mutant. The recA441
      strain bearing the polA107 mutation resulting in the deficiency of the 5'-3'
      exonuclease activity of pol I shows normal growth under conditions of continuous
      SOS response. We postulate that constitutive expression of the SOS response leads
      to an altered requirement for the polymerase activity of pol I.

PMID- 2645516
TI  - Application of biochemical intake markers to passive smoking measurement and risk
      estimation.
AB  - Measurement of the dose received from passive smoking complements epidemiological
      approaches and may provide an alternative method of estimating risk. Non-smokers
      absorb measurable amounts of nicotine from breathing other people's smoke, and
      dose-response relationships are apparent. On the basis of the limited data so far
      available, the dose of nicotine received by the average British non-smoker may
      represent about 0.5% of that of the heavy cigarette smoker, ranging up to 2% in
      more heavily exposed individuals. The dose of carbon monoxide appears relatively
      greater, as does that of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. The situation with
      respect to tar is unclear, but nicotine may provide a better guide than does CO.

PMID- 2645517
TI  - Childhood cancer and malignancies other than lung cancer related to passive
      smoking.
AB  - Biochemical intake markers show that the fetus and breastfeeding infant are
      exposed to compounds in tobacco smoke if the mother smokes or is exposed to
      environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Experimental studies demonstrate that some
      compounds in tobacco smoke are transplacental carcinogens. The available
      epidemiological data provide no conclusive evidence of an effect of maternal
      smoking during pregnancy on the risk of cancer in children. Only a few studies
      have been performed on ETS and cancer risks in adults, except for lung cancer,
      and no firm conclusions can be based on the results. There is a need for further
      epidemiological studies on passive smoking and cancer, both in children and in
      adults.

PMID- 2645518
TI  - Environmental tobacco smoke: overview of chemical composition and genotoxic
      components.
AB  - Tobacco smoke contains numerous compounds emitted as gases and condensed tar
      particles. The sidestream smoke emissions, which constitute the major part of
      environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), are generally larger than the mainstream smoke
      emissions. Many of the organic compounds, belonging to a variety of chemical
      classes, are known to be genotoxic and carcinogenic. These include the known
      constituents, alkenes, nitrosamines, aromatic and heterocyclic hydrocarbons and
      amines. Emission of sidestream smoke in indoor environments with relatively low
      ventilation rates can result in pollutant concentrations above those generally
      encountered in ambient air in urban areas. The chemical characteristics of ETS
      thus support the indications that exposure to ETS can be causally associated with
      the induction of several types of cancer.

PMID- 2645519
TI  - A genotoxic assessment of environmental tobacco smoke using bacterial bioassays.
AB  - Recently, the National Research Council in the U.S.A. stated that laboratory
      studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) should be important in identifying
      ETS carcinogens, their concentrations in typical daily environments, and in
      understanding how these compounds contribute to ETS dose-response relationships.
      This paper demonstrates that integrated chemical and bacterial mutagenicity
      information can be used to identify ETS genotoxicants, monitor human exposure,
      and make comparative assessments. Approximately 1/3 of the ETS constituents for
      which there is quantitative analytical chemistry information also have associated
      genotoxicity information. For example, 11 of the quantitated compounds are animal
      carcinogens. Work presented in this paper demonstrates that both the nonparticle
      bound semivolatile and the particulate-bound organic material contain bacterial
      mutagens. These ETS organics give an equivalent of approximately 86,000
      revertants per cigarette. In addition, this article summarized efforts to
      estimate ETS bacterial mutagenicity, to use bacterial tests for the monitoring of
      ETS-impacted indoor environments, and to use bacterial assays for the direct
      monitoring of human exposure.

PMID- 2645521
TI  - Retroviral proteinases. A second front against AIDS.

PMID- 2645520
TI  - The safety and efficacy of chorionic villus sampling for early prenatal diagnosis
      of cytogenetic abnormalities.
AB  - Chorionic villus sampling is a method of prenatal diagnosis in the first
      trimester of pregnancy in which tissue for genetic study is aspirated from the
      developing placenta by means of a catheter inserted transcervically under the
      guidance of ultrasonography. In this seven-center study, we compared the safety
      and efficacy of chorionic villus sampling in 2278 women with those of
      amniocentesis at 16 weeks' gestation in 671 women. Both groups were made up
      primarily of well-educated private patients; they were recruited in the first
      trimester of pregnancy and had viable pregnancies verified by ultrasound
      examination. Cytogenetic diagnoses resulted from 97.8 percent of the chorionic
      villus sampling procedures and 99.4 percent of the amniocenteses (P less than
      0.05); aneuploidy was found in 1.8 and 1.4 percent, respectively, of the cases in
      which diagnoses were made. Of the women who underwent chorionic villus sampling,
      17 (0.8 percent) subsequently had an amniocentesis because the diagnosis was
      ambiguous. Two of the diagnoses of aneuploidy (one tetraploidy, one trisomy 22)
      were later proved to be incorrect. On the basis of pediatric examination of the
      infants subsequently born to the women in the sample, there were no errors in the
      determination of sex or the identification of the major trisomies (21, 18, and
      13). The rate of combined losses due to spontaneous and missed abortions,
      termination of abnormal pregnancies, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths was 7.2
      percent in the group that underwent chorionic villus sampling and 5.7 percent in
      the group that had amniocentesis. After adjustment for slight differences in
      gestational and maternal age, the total loss rate for the women in the chorionic
      villus sampling group exceeded that for the amniocentesis group by only 0.8
      percentage points (80 percent confidence interval, -0.6 to 2.2). The rate of loss
      of chromosomally normal fetuses after chorionic villus sampling was 10.8 percent
      among women in whom three or four attempts were made to place the transcervical
      catheter, as compared with 2.9 percent in those in whom only one attempt was
      necessary (P less than 0.01). There were no serious maternal infections among the
      women in this study or among an additional 1990 women who underwent chorionic
      villus sampling (upper 95 percent confidence limit, 0.08 percent). We conclude
      that chorionic villus sampling is a safe and effective technique for the early
      prenatal diagnosis of cytogenetic abnormalities, but that it probably entails a
      slightly higher risk of procedure failure and of fetal loss than does
      amniocentesis.

PMID- 2645522
TI  - Dystrophin digest.

PMID- 2645523
TI  - Three-dimensional structure of aspartyl protease from human immunodeficiency
      virus HIV-1.
AB  - The crystal structure of the protease of the human immunodeficiency virus type
      (HIV-1), which releases structural proteins and enzymes from viral polyprotein
      products, has been determined to 3 A resolution. Large regions of the protease
      dimer, including the active site, have structural homology to the family of
      microbial aspartyl proteases. The structure suggests a mechanism for the
      autoproteolytic release of protease and a role in the control of virus
      maturation.

PMID- 2645524
TI  - Mitochondrial heat-shock protein hsp60 is essential for assembly of proteins
      imported into yeast mitochondria.
AB  - A nuclear encoded mitochondrial heat-shock protein hsp60 is required for the
      assembly into oligomeric complexes of proteins imported into the mitochondrial
      matrix. hsp60 is a member of the 'chaperonin' class of protein factors, which
      include the Escherichia coli groEL protein and the Rubisco subunit-binding
      protein of chloroplasts.

PMID- 2645525
TI  - Involvement of the 'leucine zipper' region in the oligomerization and
      transforming activity of human c-myc protein.
AB  - c-Myc plays a part in the regulation of important cellular processes such as
      growth, differentiation and neoplastic transformation. Although c-myc gene
      structure and expression are well characterized, the function and biochemical
      properties of the protein are less well understood. Human c-myc is a 439-amino
      acid phosphoprotein which binds DNA in vitro and belongs to a discrete subset of
      nuclear proteins. Using the human c-myc mutants generated by linker-insertion and
      deletion mutagenesis, we have defined regions of the protein that are important
      for its transforming activities and its nuclear localization. Here, we show that
      human c-myc exists as an oligomer in vitro and use mutant proteins to localize
      the oligomerization domain to a carboxyl-terminal peptide containing the 'leucine
      zipper' motif. The 'leucine zipper' describes a structure found in a number of
      DNA-binding proteins that contains leucines occurring at intervals of every
      seventh amino acid in a region predicted to be alpha-helical. The 'leucine
      zipper' might mediate dimerization by intermolecular interdigitation of the
      leucine side-chains. We show that a c-myc mutant, which is inactive but can
      oligomerize, dominantly inhibits the cotransforming activity with wild-type c-myc
      of rat embryo cells, whereas inactive mutants which cannot oligomerize properly
      because of deletions in the oligomerization domain are recessive.

PMID- 2645526
TI  - Three-dimensional structure of CheY, the response regulator of bacterial
      chemotaxis.
AB  - Homologies among bacterial signal transduction proteins suggest that a common
      mechanism mediates processes such as chemotaxis, osmoregulation, sporulation,
      virulence, and responses to nitrogen, phosphorous and oxygen deprivation. A
      common kinase-mediated phosphotransfer reaction has recently been identified in
      chemotaxis, nitrogen regulation, and osmoregulation. In chemotaxis, the CheA
      kinase passes a phosphoryl group to the cytoplasmic protein CheY, which functions
      as a phosphorylation-activated switch that interacts with flagellar components to
      regulate motility. We report here the X-ray crystal structure of the Salmonella
      typhimurium CheY protein. The determination of the structure was facilitated by
      the use of site-specific mutagenesis to engineer heavy-atom binding sites. CheY
      is a single-domain protein composed of a doubly wound five-stranded parallel beta
      sheet. The phosphoacceptor site in CheY is probably a cluster of aspartic-acid
      side chains near the C-terminal edge of the beta-sheet. The pattern of sequence
      similarity of CheY with components of other regulatory systems can be interpreted
      in the light of the CheY structure and supports the view that this family of
      proteins have a common structural motif and active site.

PMID- 2645527
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of an insulin-regulatable glucose
      transporter.
AB  - A major mechanism by which insulin stimulates glucose transport in muscle and fat
      is the translocation of glucose transporters from an intracellular membrane pool
      to the cell surface. The existence of a distinct insulin-regulatable glucose
      transporter was suggested by the poor cross-reactivity between antibodies
      specific for either the HepG2 or rat brain glucose transporters and the rat
      adipocyte glucose transporter. More direct evidence was provided by the
      production of a monoclonal antibody (mAb 1F8) specific for the rat adipocyte
      glucose transporter that immunolabels a species of relative molecular mass 43,000
      (43K) present only in tissues that exhibit insulin-dependent glucose transport,
      suggesting that this protein may be encoded by a different gene from the
      previously described mammalian glucose transporters. This antibody has been used
      to immunoprecipitate a 43K protein that was photoaffinity-labelled with
      cytochalasin B in a glucose displaceable way, and to immunolabel a protein in the
      plasma membrane of rat adipocytes, whose concentration was increased at least
      fivefold after cellular insulin exposure. Here we describe the cloning and
      sequencing of cDNAs isolated from both rat adipocyte and heart libraries that
      encode a protein recognized by mAb 1F8, and which has 65% sequence identity to
      the human HepG2 glucose transporter. This cDNA hybridizes to an mRNA present only
      in skeletal muscle, heart and adipose tissue. Our data indicate that this cDNA
      encodes a membrane protein with the characteristics of the translocatable glucose
      transporter expressed in insulin-responsive tissues.

PMID- 2645528
TI  - Double-strand breaks at an initiation site for meiotic gene conversion.
AB  - It has been proposed that the initiation of meiotic recombination involves either
      single-strand or double-strand breaks in DNA. It is difficult to distinguish
      between these on the basis of genetic evidence because they give rise to similar
      predictions. All models invoke initiation at specific sites to explain polarity,
      which is a gradient in gene conversion frequency from one end of a gene to the
      other. In the accompanying paper we describe the localization of an initiation
      site for gene conversion to the promoter region of the ARG4 gene of the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we show that a double-strand break appears at the
      ARG4 recombination initiation site at the time of recombination, and that the
      broken DNA molecules end in long single-stranded tails.

PMID- 2645529
TI  - Bio-information center.

PMID- 2645530
TI  - Origin of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons.
AB  - Neurons expressing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), found in the
      septal-preoptic nuclei and hypothalamus, control the release of gonadotropic
      hormones from the anterior pituitary gland and facilitate reproductive behaviour.
      LHRH-expressing neurons are also found in the nervus terminalis, a cranial nerve
      that is a part of the accessory olfactory system and which projects directly from
      the nose to the septal-preoptic nuclei in the brain. During development, LHRH
      immunoreactivity is detected in the peripheral parts of the nervus terminalis
      before it is found in the brain. Using a combination of LHRH immunocytochemistry
      and tritiated thymidine autoradiography in fetal mice, we show that LHRH neurons
      originate in the medial olfactory placode of the developing nose, migrate across
      the nasal septum and enter the forebrain with the nervus terminalis, arching into
      the septal-preoptic area and hypothalamus. Clinically, this migratory route for
      LHRH-expressing neurons could explain the deficiency of gonadotropins seen in
      'Kallmann's syndrome' (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia).

PMID- 2645531
TI  - Human renal Fanconi syndrome--then and now.

PMID- 2645532
TI  - Beta-2-microglobulin for differentiation between ciclosporin A nephrotoxicity and
      graft rejection in renal transplant recipients.
AB  - The clinical relevance of daily measurement of beta 2-microglobulin in serum and
      urine was evaluated in 49 patients undergoing renal transplantation. The changes
      in beta 2-microglobulin levels were compared to standard parameters for
      assessment of renal function. One hundred episodes of acute deterioration of
      renal function, clinically diagnosed as rejection, were analyzed retrospectively:
      (1) In 18 episodes renal malfunction did not respond to methylprednisone but
      improved immediately upon dose reduction of ciclosporin A, thus indicating a
      nephrotoxic effect of the drug. In these cases a mean increase of beta 2
      microglobulin in urine as high as 7.9 mg/l was observed while serum values
      decreased. (2) Fifty episodes of apparent rejection (responsive to steroids) were
      preceded by a 3-day lasting continuous rise of beta 2-microglobulin in serum of
      up to 3.6 mg/l as a mean with only a moderate elevation in urine. (3) In 13
      episodes antirejection treatment could have been avoided as continuously
      declining laboratory parameters indicated spontaneous improvement of renal
      function. We conclude that parallel determination of beta 2-microglobulin in
      serum and urine allows to differentiate between ciclosporin A nephrotoxicity and
      rejection in 91% of the cases.

PMID- 2645533
TI  - Secondary hypersplenism due to Caroli syndrome complicating immunosuppression in
      a renal allograft recipient.
AB  - The differential diagnosis of thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia in renal
      allograft recipient can be troublesome. We report on a patient in whom the rare
      case of portal hypertension with secondary hypersplenism due to Caroli syndrome
      was detected to be the cause for the hematological disturbance. The management of
      the thereby complicated immunosuppressive regimen is discussed.

PMID- 2645534
TI  - Estimated creatinine clearance by the formula of Gault and Cockcroft in renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2645535
TI  - OKT3 therapy in highly immunized patients after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2645536
TI  - Captopril, proteinuria and peritoneal protein leakage in diabetic patients.

PMID- 2645537
TI  - Specific imaging of dialysis-related amyloid deposits using 131I-beta-2
      microglobulin.
AB  - Dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA), characterized by its association with beta 2
      microglobulin (beta 2m), has become a major concern in long-term hemodialysis
      patients. Hitherto the diagnosis was based on histological examinations of tissue
      obtained by biopsy or during surgery. In this preliminary study a new noninvasive
      diagnostic method was developed using the affinity of beta 2m for its derived
      fibrils. 3 patients on long-term hemodialysis for 10-16 years with biopsy-proven
      DRA and 1 patient on chronic hemodialysis for only 6 months were examined after
      intravenous injection of 131I-labelled beta 2m. Specific local accumulation of
      radioactivity was noted in the DRA patients after 48 h, persisting for further 96
      h and corresponding to clinically or radiologically evident sites of amyloid
      deposition and to several other hitherto unsuspected sites. Examination of an
      excised amyloid tumor subsequent to in vivo labelling confirmed a highly specific
      accumulation of radioactivity in the amyloid tissue but not in control tissue. In
      the patient on chronic hemodialysis for only 6 months, no specific local
      accumulation was detected even after 1 week. These findings provide in vivo
      evidence in man that a specific uptake of circulating amyloid precursor molecules
      into deposits occurs and that this uptake may be used to radiolabel even small
      tissue infiltrates of amyloid. This method therefore may not only allow an
      objective, noninvasive detection of DRA but may also be used to obtain new
      pathophysiologic insights into amyloid formation in man, as well as permitting
      the evaluation of preventive therapeutic strategies in prospective studies on new
      patients.

PMID- 2645538
TI  - Stereotactic radiosurgery of the brain using the first United States 201 cobalt
      60 source gamma knife.
AB  - The first United States 201 cobalt-60 source gamma knife for stereotactic
      radiosurgery of brain tumors and arteriovenous malformations became operational
      at the University of Pittsburgh on August 14, 1987. Four and one-half years of
      intensive planning, regulatory agency review, and analysis of published results
      preceded the first radiosurgical procedure. Installation of this 18,000-kg device
      and loading of the 201 cobalt-60 sources posed major challenges in engineering,
      architecture, and radiophysics. In the first 4 months of operation, we treated 52
      patients (29 with arteriovenous malformations, 19 with extra-axial neoplasms of
      the skull base, and 4 with intra-axial malignant tumors). Most patients either
      had lesions considered "inoperable" or had residual lesions after attempted
      surgical resection. Neither surgical mortality nor significant morbidity was
      associated with gamma knife radiosurgery. As compared with treatment by
      conventional intracranial surgery (craniotomy), the average length of stay for
      radiosurgery was reduced by 4 to 14 days, and hospital charges were reduced by as
      much as 65%. Based on both the previously published results of treatment of more
      than 2,000 patients worldwide and on our initial clinical experience, we believe
      that gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery is a therapeutically effective and
      economically sound alternative to more conventional neurosurgical procedures, in
      selected cases.

PMID- 2645539
TI  - Intraoperative measurement of cerebral and tumor blood flow with laser-Doppler
      flowmetry.
AB  - A new technique, laser-Doppler flowmetry, has been used intraoperatively to
      measure blood flow responses in normal brain tissue and brain tumor to blood
      pressure and arterial blood gas alterations. We have observed that blood flow is
      reduced in most cerebral tumors, and that most tumors retain the normal response
      to changes in arterial blood gas; however, these responses are varied. One group
      of tumors in our study demonstrated an autoregulatory capacity; a second behaved
      passively--that is, blood flow changes followed blood pressure--while a third
      showed no response.

PMID- 2645540
TI  - Radiation-associated atheromatous disease of the cervical carotid artery: report
      of seven cases and review of the literature.
AB  - The natural history of postirradiation extracranial cerebrovascular disease is
      uncertain. Previous reported cases spanning 20 years of carotid surgery are
      difficult to evaluate, because patients may sometimes have unspecified symptoms,
      physical examinations, postoperative results, and follow-up. Also, the evolution
      of carotid surgery over the past two decades makes it impossible to compare
      earlier operative technique with the state-of-the-art technique of today. Our
      series of 7 patients underwent 9 carotid endarterectomies with an average follow
      up period of 46 months. The number of patients is small, and although technically
      this is a more difficult operation, we feel the results are favorable and may be
      comparable with endarteerctomy procedures in nonirradiated patients. These
      patients should be approached as if radiation changes are not a major factor when
      they are considered for reconstructive arterial surgery.

PMID- 2645541
TI  - The principles of bony spinal fusion.
AB  - Bony fusion is frequently required for anatomical reconstruction and
      stabilization of the spine. This review discusses bone structure, healing after
      fracture, and bony fusion, including the use of autografts and allografts.
      Research should be done on preparation of the bed, the nature and quantity of
      bone to be used, and how best to immobilize the spine.

PMID- 2645542
TI  - Donald Darrow Matson (1913-1969): a remembrance.

PMID- 2645543
TI  - Radiosurgery.

PMID- 2645544
TI  - High isolation rates of group A streptococci in pharyngeal cultures from a group
      of Dunedin schoolchildren: what does this signify?

PMID- 2645545
TI  - Medical research: who minds the minders?

PMID- 2645546
TI  - A review of the secretion of radioactivity in human breast milk: data,
      quantitative analysis and recommendations.
AB  - A general method is given to quantify the radioactivity ingested by a breast-fed
      infant following maternal radiopharmaceutical administration, and to derive the
      period to interrupt feeding which reduces the corresponding effective dose
      equivalent to below 1 mSv. Results are presented from applying the method to all
      available measurements of radioactivity secreted in breast milk. This review
      includes some hitherto unpublished data, takes more account of the scarcity of
      the available data, and has resulted in modifications to the guidance for
      interrupting breast feeding. Recommendations for interrupting feeding with mature
      milk have been expanded into four categories: (1) interruption not essential; (2)
      interruption for a fixed period of time; (3) interruption until measurements
      indicate feeding can be resumed; and (4) cease breast feeding. Changes to the
      earlier guidance are that 99Tcm-pertechnetate, (99Tcm) erythrocytes, 125I-OIH and
      131I-OIH have been moved to the third category, and that recommendations have
      been included for 99Tcm-DMSA, 99Tcm-glucoheptonate, 99Tcm-HDP, 99Tcm-HMDP, 123I
      iodide and 123I-OIH. Before recommendations (1) and (2) can be issued to a
      mother, quality control measurements must be made of the radiopharmaceutical
      administered. Recommendations (3) or (4) only should be issued to mothers
      secreting colostrum. If there are changes in the recommended dosimetry in the
      future, the calculated fractional ingested activities can be used as a basis to
      refine the recommendations.

PMID- 2645547
TI  - Tear protein analyses in 30 patients before and after penetrating keratoplasty.
AB  - The precise study of tears can afford good help in the preoperative and
      postoperative management of keratoplasties. Such studies may be performed with a
      laser nephelometer, a very comfortable and practical equipment for quantitative
      protein analysis, which enables one to analyze tears much more precisely than the
      break-up time and the Schirmer tests. Raised albumin and IgG values were
      demonstrated, indicating increased permeability of the blood-tear barrier, in the
      group with postoperatively reduced visual acuity, and lower values in the group
      with unchanged or increased visual acuity. Unfortunately, no statistically
      significant exclusive common laboratory findings for clinical signs of slight or
      severe rejection were found.

PMID- 2645548
TI  - Length-tension diagrams of medial rectus muscles after Cuppers' fadenoperation.
      Surgical assessment of the reversibility of posterior fixation sutures.
AB  - Length-tension diagrams of 6 medial rectus muscles, previously submitted to a
      posterior fixation suture (fadenoperation), were compared to 6 unoperated medial
      rectus muscles. Both sets of patients presented a nonaccommodative convergence
      excess esotropia, uncontrolled by conservative treatments (full refraction and
      progressive addition lenses or bifocals). No changes were found in primary length
      or spring constant in the muscles operated on with a bridge suture technique
      (Castiella), in contrast with a marked stiffening appearing in the muscles
      operated on following Cuppers' original technique.

PMID- 2645549
TI  - The focal electroretinogram in the clinical assessment of macular disease.
AB  - Focal electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained from the fovea in 142 eyes with a
      variety of macular diseases and 50 age-matched eyes with acuity loss in which
      macular disease was ruled out. Across all eyes, the accuracy rate of
      discriminating macular disease from other causes of acuity loss was 87%. Among
      all eyes with macular disease, the sensitivity rate of the focal ERG to the
      presence of macular disease was 85%. Log focal ERG amplitude was significantly
      correlated with log Snellen acuity, except in those eyes with macular holes. The
      sensitivity rate increased to 94% when eyes with 20/40 or greater acuity and eyes
      with macular holes were excluded.

PMID- 2645550
TI  - Adjunctive glaucoma therapy. A comparison of apraclonidine to dipivefrin when
      added to timolol maleate.
AB  - The authors compared the additive intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effects of
      two different topical medications, apraclonidine hydrochloride and dipivefrin
      hydrochloride, when used in conjunction with timolol maleate. Eighteen patients
      with elevated IOPs entered a randomized, double-masked, cross-over study. Each
      used apraclonidine 1.0%, dipivefrin 0.1%, or placebo, twice daily for 3 weeks
      each, in addition to timolol 0.5% twice daily. Only apraclonidine produced a
      significant additional IOP lowering over timolol treatment alone at all time
      intervals (P less than 0.001). Its additive effect was significantly greater than
      that seen with dipivefrin at all time intervals (P less than 0.01), with the
      exception of day 22 (P = 0.061). No significant change in pulse rate or blood
      pressure was seen during apraclonidine administration. Apraclonidine may be a
      useful adjunctive agent in patients with poorly controlled glaucoma.

PMID- 2645551
TI  - Glaucoma in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.
AB  - This retrospective review of 111 patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (CP)
      identifies 29 patients (26%) with glaucoma. Twenty-seven of these patients had a
      history of glaucoma for a mean of 11.3 years before the diagnosis of CP was made.
      Most had advanced glaucoma, with a long history of medication use, optic nerve
      damage, and visual field loss. Patients with CP and glaucoma were more likely to
      manifest continued high-grade conjunctival inflammation than those with CP alone
      despite treatment for CP (P less than 0.05). Possible mechanisms including
      genetic susceptibility to both diseases, drug-induced conjunctival cicatrization,
      and CP-induced alterations in aqueous outflow are discussed. Physicians who care
      for patients with CP should remain mindful of the possible coexistence or
      development of glaucoma in this group of patients. Patients with glaucoma and
      chronic conjunctivitis of uncertain etiology should be referred for evaluation by
      physicians experienced in the detection and management of CP.

PMID- 2645552
TI  - Scleritis as the presenting manifestation of procainamide-induced lupus.
AB  - Scleritis developed in a patient using procainamide as part of a drug-induced
      lupus syndrome. Systemic findings, which developed after the onset of ocular
      signs and symptoms, included arthralgias, myalgias, weight loss, and markedly
      elevated antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers and antihistone titers. The clinical
      picture and laboratory abnormalities improved after discontinuation of the drug.
      Although systemic findings secondary to drug-induced lupus have been well
      described in the medical literature, this case represents the first detailed
      ophthalmologic documentation of scleritis as the presenting manifestation of
      procainamide-induced lupus.

PMID- 2645553
TI  - A comparison of the ocular hypotensive efficacy of once-daily and twice-daily
      levobunolol treatment.
AB  - The authors compared the ocular hypotensive efficacy of two different treatment
      regimens of levobunolol 0.5% in a double-masked, randomized, controlled clinical
      trial. Seventy-one patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension
      received levobunolol 0.5% as their sole glaucoma medication either on a once
      daily or twice-daily treatment regimen for 3 months. Approximately 81% of the
      patients in the once-daily treatment group and 88% of subjects in the twice-daily
      treatment group successfully completed the 3-month study period. The overall mean
      decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) was 4.5 mmHg in the once-daily group and
      5.6 mmHg in the twice-daily group. These differences were not statistically
      different. For both treatment groups, effects on mean heart rate and blood
      pressure were minimal. The authors' data from this population suggest that once
      daily treatment with levobunolol is an effective glaucoma regimen.

PMID- 2645554
TI  - Submental-submandibular suction lipectomy: indications and surgical technique.
AB  - The submental and submandibular regions play an essential role in the overall
      harmony of facial aesthetics. The appearance of the cervicomental area may be the
      result of many factors, including mandibular hypoplasia, localized lipodystrophy,
      a low-positioned hyoid bone, platysmal deformity, soft tissue laxity, or a
      combination of any of these. Although much attention has been directed toward
      correction of bony contour deformities of the mandible and chin, minimal emphasis
      has been placed on evaluation and correction of soft tissue disharmonies in the
      submental-submandibular areas. This article discusses the indications and
      contraindications, patient examination, surgical technique, and potential
      complications of suction-assisted lipectomy of the cervicomental region. Select
      cases are presented to illustrate the concepts and techniques discussed herein.

PMID- 2645555
TI  - Are postmortem studies of glossal candidal infection useful? An experimental
      study.
AB  - Autopsy studies have suggested that candidal pseudohyphae may be found in dorsal
      glossal epithelium in 38% to 42% of cases. Candidal yeast forms, and occasionally
      free pseudohyphae, are found as oral commensals in about 44% of the population.
      This study examined the possible distorting influence in autopsy studies that
      could be caused by postmortem hyphal transformation of candidal yeast forms
      followed by saprophytic infestation. Candida albicans yeast forms were topically
      applied to the middorsal glossal mucosa of five healthy pigs, immediately after
      killing. Biopsy specimens from this mucosa were subsequently maintained, in
      vitro, for periods of 12 and 24 hours in humid conditions at different
      temperature regression rates chosen to approximate those of the oral cavity after
      death. Biopsy specimens subjected to a temperature regression of 35 degrees C
      (oral temperature) to 23 degrees C (room temperature) over 11 hours showed
      infestation of epithelium by pseudohyphae in all cases. Biopsy specimens
      subjected to a similar temperature regression over 5 hours showed infestation in
      two of five cases. Control biopsy specimens showed that there was no candidal
      infection at the time of killing. The results indicate that in vitro saprophytic
      candidal infestation is possible in the time intervals and the declining oral
      temperatures preceding autopsy. It suggests that postmortem saprophytic candidal
      infestation may distort results from autopsy studies that do not anticipate this
      problem.

PMID- 2645556
TI  - Maxillary metastasis of transitional cell carcinoma: report of a case.
AB  - Metastases to the maxilla are extremely rare, and only 64 cases of histologically
      proven maxillary metastases can be found in the English-language literature. This
      article reports the first case of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the
      urinary bladder to the maxilla. The distribution of proven cases of maxillary
      metastasis and the possible anatomic pathways for this metastasis are discussed.

PMID- 2645557
TI  - Requirements for successful total knee replacement. Material considerations.
AB  - Despite the overall clinical success of TKR arthroplasty, materials' limitations
      are becoming increasingly obvious as designs and surgical techniques improve. As
      in the case of THR components, the ultimate limiting factor now appears to be
      wear of the tibiofemoral articulation and its biologic consequences. Although
      some materials appear to hold out promise of improvement, no combination better
      than cobalt-base alloy/UHMWPE has yet appeared. In addition, the very long
      service times now expected routinely (greater than 10 years) for total joint
      replacement increase the problem of new materials' selection owing to the well
      known disparities between in vitro wear tests and in vivo performance and the
      absence of any consensus on correlation between accelerated testing and real-time
      performance, either in vitro or in vivo. For these reasons, extreme caution is
      counseled in the early clinical trials of newer materials and combinations of
      materials. The clinical "rule of thumb" for publication of clinical results, 2
      year minimum follow-up, is necessary but highly insufficient for materials'
      qualification. Good to excellent results, with no signs of progressive failure
      for 5 to 7 years of prospective study, combined with high-yield follow-up to 10
      years, will probably be necessary for safe introduction of such materials into
      general clinical use. An excessively rapid introduction could predispose to
      clinical failure, through lack of knowledge of critical design and manufacturing
      parameters, and prove an impediment to improvement of TKR arthroplasty.

PMID- 2645558
TI  - [The role of bone scintigraphy and its value in the staging and follow up of
      prostatic carcinoma].
AB  - The role and value of bone scintigraphy in the staging and follow-up of prostatic
      cancer. Bone scintigraphy was performed in 100 patients with prostatic cancer at
      the time of histological diagnosis, and during 6 years follow-up in predefinied
      manner. The sensitivity of the method was enhanced by the results in the case of
      early M0-1 staging (the rate of the skeletal metastasis was 41% at the first
      seen). During the follow-up only 8 further cases of skeletal metastasis was
      observed. In most of the cases the skeletal metastasis was already disseminated
      at the first seen, the hot spots were located mainly at the pelvis and spine. In
      six cases "super bone scan" was observed. The conventional hormone therapy
      resulted in regression in 7 of the patients with skeletal metastasis. According
      to the authors' experiences the bone scintigraphy is indispensable at the
      diagnosis in the correct staging, and useful in the patient's follow-up.

PMID- 2645559
TI  - [Two cases of Richter's syndrome].
AB  - Two cases of Richter's syndrome were observed by the authors between April and
      August 1987. The patients were treated previously because of chronic lymphoid
      leukemia. The histological findings indicated in both cases immunoblast
      transformation of CLL. The patients were non-respondent to intensive chemotherapy
      and died within a short time.

PMID- 2645560
TI  - Angina pectoris. Clinical characteristics, neurophysiological and molecular
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2645561
TI  - Double-blind evaluation of analgesic efficacy of orally administered diclofenac,
      nefopam, and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) plus codeine in chronic cancer pain.
AB  - The analgesic efficacy and toxicity of oral diclofenac sodium 50 mg (q.i.d.) vs.
      nefopam 60 mg (q.i.d.) and a combination of 640 mg ASA and 40 mg codeine (q.i.d.)
      in cancer patients with moderate to severe chronic pain has been evaluated in a
      randomized double-blind study. Planned duration of treatment was 10 days. Pain
      intensity was evaluated by a visual analog scale. The length of patient
      participation in the trial, the patient's final global evaluation and the
      incidence of side effects were also evaluated. Ninety-nine patients were enrolled
      in the study. All treatments produced a statistically significant pain relief (P
      less than 0.01) without differences among groups but only 26 of 99 patients
      (26.3%) completed the planned treatment period. Mean time in the study was 4.65
      days. Inefficacy and side effects were the main reasons for premature treatment
      interruption. Patients treated with nefopam had a significantly shorter period in
      the study than patients treated with the other 2 treatments. Adverse effects were
      slightly more frequent with the nefopam and ASA + codeine regimens. The 3
      therapeutic regimens appear to be similar as to analgesic efficacy, but
      diclofenac presents the advantage of a slightly better safety profile than
      nefopam and the ASA + codeine combination.

PMID- 2645562
TI  - Effect of euglycemic hyperinsulinemia on neonatal canine hepatic and muscle
      metabolism.
AB  - The effects of euglycemic hyperinsulinemia on hepatic and muscle metabolism were
      determined in the fasted newborn dog during the first day of life.
      Hyperinsulinemia was sustained with a primed constant infusion of insulin whereas
      euglycemia was maintained with an intravenous infusion of 10% glucose using the
      insulin clamp technique. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia caused an increase of
      glucose utilization from 43.9 +/- 3.7 to 66.5 +/- 5.4 mumol/kg/min (p less than
      0.001) and reduced endogenous glucose production to 44.4 +/- 5.4% of basal values
      obtained before the induction of hyperinsulinemia. Hepatic tissue glycogen,
      triglycerides, or intermediates were not altered by hyperinsulinemia nor was the
      incorporation of [3H]glucose into glycogen. However, the hepatic cytoplasmic
      redox state was more oxidized, and the incorporation of [3H]glucose into
      triglycerides was higher among hyperinsulinemic pups. Pups who demonstrated
      incomplete suppression of endogenous glucose production had metabolite
      perturbation suggestive of ongoing gluconeogenesis. Despite very few changes in
      hepatic tissue metabolite levels, pups subjected to hyperinsulinemia demonstrated
      a linear uptake of 2-deoxyglucose into hepatic tissue as a function of
      circulating insulin levels during hyperinsulinemia. Muscle tissue demonstrated no
      alterations of tissue metabolites, glycogen, or triglycerides levels or precursor
      incorporation into these storage pools. Nonetheless, 2-deoxyglucose incorporation
      into neonatal muscle tissue was a significant linear function of plasma insulin
      concentration. Total tissue 2-deoxyglucose uptake was lower in muscle tissue than
      in hepatic tissue (245 +/- 19 versus 514 +/- 20 dpm/g/min) (p less than
      0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645563
TI  - Assessment of insulin resistance in newborn beagles with the euglycemic
      hyperinsulinemic clamp.
AB  - The developmental response to the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp was assessed
      among newborn and adult beagles to investigate neonatal insulin resistance. Both
      neonatal dogs and adults were clamped at euglycemic blood glucose concentrations
      while receiving insulin at a rate of 3.75, 15, 30, 60, 75 or 100 mU/kg/min to
      generate a dose-response curve. Blood glucose levels, plasma insulin
      concentrations and glucose turnover rates during the basal preclamp fasting
      period were similar in pups and adult dogs. During the clamp period, blood
      glucose levels were equivalent to the preclamp period whereas plasma insulin
      concentrations increased. Total glucose utilization increased from 28.7 +/- 18 to
      a plateau level of 114 +/- 52.3 mumol/kg/min in adult dogs and from 30.9 +/- 10.9
      to 53.9 +/- 28.9 mumol/kg/min in newborn dogs. Suppression of endogenous glucose
      production during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia was close to 100% among adult dogs,
      whereas in the newborn pups, endogenous glucose production was suppressed 80%. To
      determine if the newborn was unable to increase glucose uptake because of a
      saturation effect on glucose utilization independent of insulin, another group of
      adult and newborn dogs received a hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. In
      response to the hyperglycemic clamp, adults demonstrated an increase of glucose
      utilization to 261 +/- 83, and newborn dogs increased utilization to 227 +/- 76
      mumol/kg/min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645564
TI  - Intravenous pyelography in children with urinary tract infection and
      vesicoureteral reflux.
AB  - In a previous study of the radiologic evaluation of children with urinary tract
      infection it was recommended that IVP be performed in all patients with either
      abnormal ultrasonographic or voiding cystourethrographic findings. However, the
      benefit from IVP was believed to be questionable in children with normal
      ultrasonography findings and vesicoureteral reflux of only a low grade (I or II
      of V). To gain a better understanding of the need for IVP in the radiologic
      evaluation of such children, the database was expanded and the findings
      concerning ultrasonography and IVP were analyzed in 52 children with urinary
      tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux seen during the last 3 years. Of a
      total of 72 instances of reflux, 44 (61.1%) were of low grade (I or II), 14 of
      medium grade (III), and 14 of high grade (IV or V). Of the 44 urinary systems
      with low-grade reflux, results were as follows: renal ultrasonography appeared
      normal in 38 and in 34 of these, the IVP also appeared normal; in the other four,
      only minor and negligible changes were seen with IVP. Surgical intervention was
      not necessary in any of these 38 urinary systems. In six systems with low-grade
      vesicoureteral reflux but with abnormal ultrasonography findings, IVP results
      were also abnormal, and surgery was necessary in two instances. Of the 14 urinary
      systems with medium-grade reflux, ultrasonography appeared normal in ten but in
      six of these the IVP appeared abnormal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645565
TI  - Circle of Willis blood velocity and flow direction after common carotid artery
      ligation for neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
AB  - The velocity and direction of blood flow in the circle of Willis arteries were
      measured in three infants who underwent right common carotid artery ligation for
      extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment. Within 15 minutes of common
      carotid artery ligation, blood flow was detected in one infant's right middle
      cerebral artery; however, the velocity was reduced to 50% of the
      preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation level. The velocity remained 50% to 70%
      lower than normal during the 88 hours of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
      therapy. In the other two infants, the velocity changes were less severe. By 2 to
      10 weeks after weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, the velocities
      in the left cerebral arteries were increased to 116% to 217% of the corresponding
      right cerebral vessels. Following common carotid artery ligation, a retrograde
      direction of flow was noted in the first (A1) segment of the right anterior
      cerebral artery and in the right posterior communicating artery, whereas the
      direction of flow was normal in the corresponding vessels on the left. After
      common carotid artery ligation, the vertebrobasilar and the contralateral
      internal carotid systems appear to be the main sources of reperfusion of the
      right cerebral hemisphere via the circle of Willis. Furthermore, because of the
      known variants of the circle anatomy, a noninvasive pulsed Doppler method could
      be used to evaluate the flow patterns in the circle of Willis arteries, both
      before and after common carotid artery ligation for extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation.

PMID- 2645566
TI  - Schools and sex education: does it work?
AB  - The literature was critically reviewed to determine whether evidence exists to
      support sex education in the schools as a method of altering sexual behavior,
      contraception, and adolescent pregnancy. Five studies were identified in which
      the effects of sex education on these outcomes were evaluated. The available
      evidence indicates that there is little or no effect from school-based sex
      education on sexual activity, contraception, or teenage pregnancy.

PMID- 2645567
TI  - Group A streptococcus-associated upper respiratory tract infections in a day-care
      center.
AB  - Little information is available about the epidemiology of group A streptococcal
      upper respiratory tract infections in child day-care centers. During an initial 3
      month period, symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections associated with
      throat cultures or rapid antigen detection tests positive for group A
      streptococci developed in 55 of 214 (26%) children and adult staff in one day
      care center. When the entire day-care center population (except for those
      receiving antibiotics at the time) was then surveyed, 52 of 146 (36%) children
      and two of 24 (8%) adult staff had throat cultures positive for group A
      streptococci. Of the 54 group A streptococcal isolates found during the survey,
      the three most frequently encountered serotypes were M2,T2/28 (35%), M3,T3/13
      (30%), and M-NT, T25 (20%). Rapid antigen detection was performed at the same
      time as the throat culture in the first 98 individuals examined during the
      culture survey but was positive in only 11 (35%) of 31 individuals with positive
      throat cultures. Sensitivity of the rapid antigen test was related to degree of
      positivity of the throat culture but not to age. The overall group A
      streptococcal positivity rate was 49% for 187 children and 33% for 27 adult
      staff; 18 of 66 (27%) children younger than 31/2 years of age were found to have
      group A streptococci in their upper respiratory tracts. This is the first report
      of high prevalence rates of group A streptococci associated with upper
      respiratory tract infections in a day-care center. The group A Streptococcus may
      represent a significant upper respiratory tract pathogen in the day-care setting.

PMID- 2645568
TI  - Field experiments of television violence with children: evidence for an
      environmental hazard?
AB  - The findings from 20 field experiments were examined to determine the short-term
      effects of viewing aggression-laden television shows on child social behavior.
      The available literature provides little support for an effect that is peculiar
      to aggressive content. In fact, although almost all studies showed elevated
      levels of antisocial behavior following the viewing of similar material, they
      also revealed similar, and sometimes greater, effects in response to low or
      nonaggressive fare. These findings are discussed with regard to their clinical
      relevance for preventive medicine and implications for imposing "wholesome"
      television programming on child viewers.

PMID- 2645569
TI  - Randomized trial of taurine supplementation for infants less than or equal to
      1,300-gram birth weight: effect on auditory brainstem-evoked responses.
AB  - Taurine may be important to the developing eye and brain of the small preterm
      infant. A blinded randomized trial was conducted to determine whether taurine
      supplementation of healthy infants of less than or equal to 1,300 g birth weight
      until their discharge from the hospital increases their growth rate,
      neurobehavioral development, electroretinographic development, or maturation of
      auditory brainstem-evoked responses. Infants were fed with Similac Special Care
      as desired, which was prepared to contain less than 5 mg/L of taurine or 45 mg/L
      of taurine, a concentration similar to that of human milk. Infants who did not
      receive taurine supplementation (n = 19) and those who did (n = 18) were similar
      with respect to condition at study entry, caloric intake, and growth rates
      throughout the study, and electroretinographic findings and scores on the
      Brazelton Behavioral Assessment Scale at 37 weeks' postmenstrual age. Infants who
      received taurine supplementation had greater overall plasma taurine
      concentrations. The group receiving taurine supplementation also had more mature
      auditory-evoked responses at 37 weeks' postmenstrual age with a modest (0.2 to
      0.5 ms) but consistent reduction (P less than .05) in the interval between
      stimulus and response at two different stimulation rates. Although further study
      is needed, taurine intake appears to influence auditory system maturation of
      preterm infants.

PMID- 2645570
TI  - Computer use in pediatric education.

PMID- 2645571
TI  - Taurine in pediatric nutrition: review and update.
AB  - Taurine was long considered an end product of the metabolism of the sulfur
      containing amino acids, methionine and cyst(e)ine. Its only clearly recognized
      biochemical role had been as a substrate in the conjugation of bile acids.
      Taurine is found free in millimolar concentrations in animal tissues,
      particularly those that are excitable, rich in membranes, and generate oxidants.
      Various lines of evidence suggest one major nutritional role as protecting cell
      membranes by attenuating toxic substances and/or by acting as an osmoregulator.
      The totality of evidence suggests that taurine is nonessential in the rodent, it
      is an essential amino acid in the cat, and it is conditionally essential in man
      and monkey. Absence from the diet of a conditionally essential nutrient does not
      produce immediate deficiency disease but, in the long term, can cause problems.
      Taurine is now added to many infant formulas as a measure of prudence to provide
      improved nourishment with the same margin of safety for its newly identified
      physiologic functions as that found in human milk. Such supplementation can be
      justified by the finding of improved fat absorption in preterm infants and in
      children with cystic fibrosis, as well as by salutary effects on auditory
      brainstem-evoked responses in preterm infants. Experimental findings in animal
      models and in human cell models provide further justification for taurine
      supplementation of infant formulas.

PMID- 2645572
TI  - Childhood asthma: overview.

PMID- 2645573
TI  - Problem behavior of adolescents.

PMID- 2645574
TI  - Clumsy child.

PMID- 2645575
TI  - In vitro reconstitution of osmoregulated expression of proU of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Osmoregulated expression of proU has been reconstituted in a cell-free system.
      proU encodes an osmotically inducible, high-affinity transport system for the
      osmoprotectant glycine betaine in Escherichia coli. Previously, a proU-lacZ
      fusion gene had been cloned, resulting in plasmid pOS3. In vivo osmoregulation of
      this extrachromosomal proU-lacZ fusion gene at low copy number showed that the
      plasmid-encoded fusion contained all the necessary sequences in cis for correctly
      receiving osmoregulatory signals during induction by osmotic stress and
      repression by glycine betaine. Using a cell-free (S-30) extract, plasmid pOS3 was
      then used to program protein synthesis in vitro. The ionic compound potassium
      glutamate specifically stimulated proU-lacZ expression in a concentration
      dependent manner. Potassium acetate also induced some proU expression, but other
      salts were ineffective, thereby ruling out ionic strength as the stimulatory
      signal. High concentrations of sucrose, trehalose, or glycine betaine did not
      induce proU expression in vitro either, eliminating osmolarity per se as the
      stimulus. Reconstitution in a cell-free system rules out osmoregulatory
      mechanisms that depend on turgor, trans-membrane signaling, or trans-acting
      regulators synthesized after osmotic upshock.

PMID- 2645576
TI  - Transmembrane signal transduction in bacterial chemotaxis involves ligand
      dependent activation of phosphate group transfer.
AB  - Signal transduction in Escherichia coli involves the interaction of transmembrane
      receptor proteins such as the aspartate receptor, Tar, and the products of four
      chemotaxis genes, cheA, cheY, cheW, and cheZ. It was previously shown that the
      cheA gene product is an autophosphorylating protein kinase that transfers
      phosphate to CheY, whereas the cheZ gene product acts as a specific CheY
      phosphatase. Here we report that the system can be reconstituted in vitro and
      receptor function can be coupled to CheY phosphorylation. Coupling requires the
      presence of the CheW protein, the appropriate form of the receptor, and the CheA
      and CheY proteins. Under these conditions the accumulation of CheY-phosphate is
      enhanced approximately 300-fold. This rate enhancement is seen in reactions using
      wild-type and "tumble" mutant receptors but not "smooth" mutant receptors. The
      increased accumulation of phosphoprotein was inhibited by micromolar
      concentrations of aspartate, using wild-type, but not tumble, receptors. These
      results provide evidence that the signal transduction pathway in bacterial
      chemotaxis involves receptor-mediated alteration of the levels of phosphorylated
      proteins. They suggest that CheW acts as the coupling factor between receptor and
      phosphorylation. The results also support the suggestion that CheY-phosphate is
      the tumble signal.

PMID- 2645577
TI  - Hematopoietic activity of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor is
      dependent upon two distinct regions of the molecule: functional analysis based
      upon the activities of interspecies hybrid growth factors.
AB  - Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an acidic
      glycoprotein that stimulates hematopoiesis in vitro and in vivo. Despite a high
      degree of sequence homology, the GM-CSFs from human and murine sources fail to
      crossreact in their respective colony-forming assays. On the basis of this
      finding, a series of hybrid molecules containing various proportions of human-
      and murine-specific amino acid sequences were generated by recombinant DNA
      techniques and assayed for species-specific activity against human and murine
      marrow target cells. Two regions of GM-CSF, residues 38-48 and residues 95-111,
      were found to be critical for hematopoietic function. These regions are
      structurally characterized by an amphiphilic helix and by a disulfide-bonded
      loop, respectively, and are homologous in position in the human and murine growth
      factors. In addition, competition assays suggested that, together, these regions
      bind to the GM-CSF receptor.

PMID- 2645578
TI  - Cellular differentiation in the emerging fetal rat small intestinal epithelium:
      mosaic patterns of gene expression.
AB  - We have examined the pattern of differentiation of the small intestinal
      epithelium in fetal rats during the 17th through 21st days of gestation. Five
      genes expressed in late fetal, neonatal, and adult enterocytes were used as
      markers of differentiation. They encode three homologous small cytoplasmic
      hydrophobic ligand binding proteins--liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP),
      intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), and cellular retinol binding
      protein II (CRBP II)--and two apolipoproteins--apoAI and apoAIV. RNA blot
      hybridization studies indicated that gradients in mRNA concentration from the
      proximal small intestine to colon appear coincident with the initiation of rapid
      epithelial cell proliferation and villus formation (days 17-19 of the 22-day
      gestation period). Immunocytochemical studies disclosed a remarkably
      heterogeneous pattern of cell-specific expression of the three hydrophobic ligand
      binding proteins that was not apparent with either apoAIV or apoAI. This "mosaic"
      staining pattern was observed in morphologically similar cells occupying
      identical topographic positions along nascent villi in 17- to 18-day fetuses. The
      onset and resolution of this mosaicism varies between I-FABP, L-FABP, and CRBP II
      in the proximal small bowel, although it completely resolves by the first
      postnatal day. The distal small intestine exhibits a developmental delay of 1-2
      days in the appearance of this heterogeneous pattern of initial gene expression.
      Double-label immunofluorescent analyses using L-FABP and I-FABP antibodies
      indicated that on the 18th day of gestation the proximal small intestinal
      columnar epithelium contains several populations of enterocytes expressing
      neither, one, or both proteins. The potential significance of this mosaic pattern
      of intestinal epithelial differentiation is discussed in light of recent studies
      with transgenic and chimeric mice.

PMID- 2645579
TI  - Sequence of the Lyb-2 B-cell differentiation antigen defines a gene superfamily
      of receptors with inverted membrane orientation.
AB  - Lyb-2 is a mouse B-cell differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of pre-B
      cells and B cells but not on terminally differentiated antibody-secreting plasma
      cells. Lyb-2 has been shown to play a role in B-cell activation and
      differentiation and may be a receptor for a B-cell growth factor or lymphokine.
      We have isolated and sequenced cDNA encoding the Lyb-2.1 allele. Lyb-2 mRNA is
      expressed only in B-lineage cells and is absent from antibody-secreting cell
      lines. The predicted protein contains 354 amino acids and is lacking an amino
      terminal signal peptide. The protein is shown to be oriented with its carboxyl
      terminus external to the cell. Sequence comparisons demonstrate that Lyb-2 is
      homologous to the asialoglycoprotein receptor and to CD23, the B-cell-specific Fc
      receptor for IgE, both of which are oriented with their carboxyl termini external
      to the cell. These molecules, therefore, constitute a gene superfamily of cell
      surface receptors with inverted membrane orientation.

PMID- 2645580
TI  - Helodermin-like peptides in thyroid C cells: stimulation of thyroid hormone
      secretion and suppression of calcium incorporation into bone.
AB  - Helodermin is a vasoactive intestinal peptide-like peptide in the salivary gland
      venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum. Helodermin-like immunofluorescence was
      observed in the parafollicular (C) cells in several mammals and in the C cell
      homologues of the chicken ultimobranchial gland. Thus, helodermin-like peptides
      coexist with calcitonin. The results of radioimmunoassay agreed with the
      immunocytochemical findings. HPLC of rat thyroid extracts revealed one major peak
      of helodermin-like immunoreactivity, which eluted in a position close to that of
      lizard helodermin. Helodermin stimulated basal thyroid hormone secretion and
      colloid droplet formation in conscious mice. The effect of large doses of
      helodermin was quite long-lasting and the maximal response occurred after 2-6 hr.
      In addition, helodermin suppressed the incorporation of calcium into bone in
      conscious rats. The findings suggest that helodermin-like peptides in C cells may
      be involved in the local regulation of thyroid hormone secretion and in the
      maintenance of calcium homeostasis.

PMID- 2645581
TI  - Molecular and cellular responses of islets during perturbations of glucose
      homeostasis determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry.
AB  - We have evaluated in situ hybridization histochemistry as a means of estimating
      simultaneously the level of prohormone mRNA and the dimensions of rat pancreatic
      islets. Localization of the 27-mer 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probes for rat
      proinsulin I, glucagon, and prosomatostatin I corresponded with localization of
      antibodies to the three hormones. In normal rats subjected to chronic
      hyperglycemic clamping, the density of the proinsulin mRNA signal increased 54%,
      islet size and number increased approximately 100%, while proglucagon mRNA signal
      was reduced 81%. Resection of 50% of the pancreas increased proinsulin mRNA 36%
      and proglucagon mRNA 500%; islet area doubled and islet number increased 50%. In
      150-day-old diabetic ob/ob mice, there was an 18-fold expansion in islet area, a
      4-fold increase in islet number, but no increase in insulin gene expression. In
      insulin-dependent streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats, islet area and number
      were profoundly reduced; insulin deprivation failed to raise proinsulin mRNA in
      surviving beta cells above control levels. Proglucagon mRNA was high despite the
      hyperglycemia but was reduced by insulin within 1 hr, suggesting that insulin
      regulates glucagon gene expression or is required for its regulation by glucose.
      In situ hybridization of rat islets provides a valid semiquantitative index of
      insulin and glucagon biosynthesis and of islet dimensions and reveals that normal
      but not diabetic islets meet increased insulin demand by increasing both number
      and biosynthetic activity of beta cells.

PMID- 2645582
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of the beta I subspecies of protein kinase C in
      rat brain.
AB  - Polyclonal antibodies were raised against an oligopeptide containing an amino
      acid sequence specific for beta I protein kinase C (PKC) in order to localize
      this subspecies of PKC in the rat brain. beta I PKC immunoreactivity was widely
      distributed but discretely localized in particular brain regions. The
      immunoreactivity was associated with neurons but not glial cells and was
      generally weak in the neutrophils with the exception of areas such as the
      triangular septal nucleus, pontine nuclei, superficial layer of the superior
      colliculus, and gray matter of the spinal cord. The largest number of beta I PKC
      immunoreactive cells was seen in the triangular septal nucleus and pontine
      nuclei. In these areas of dense beta I immunoreactivity, there was no or little
      gamma PKC immunoreactivity. The beta I PKC immunoreactivity was observed in
      perikarya, dendrites, and axons but not in nuclei or nucleoli. There were various
      patterns of cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, but the immunoreactivity was seen
      frequently in the periphery of the perikarya and dendrites. The intraneuronal
      localization of beta I PKC immunoreactivity differs from that of the subspecies
      that is coded by the gamma gene sequence. The results suggest that beta I PKC may
      play a role in the regulation of cell membrane responsiveness in particular
      neurons.

PMID- 2645583
TI  - The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the retinoids.

PMID- 2645584
TI  - Results of the use of vitamin A and retinoids in cutaneous malignancies.

PMID- 2645585
TI  - Retinoid associated phototoxicity and photosensitivity.

PMID- 2645586
TI  - Bone changes associated with oral retinoid therapy.

PMID- 2645587
TI  - Liver toxicity of retinoid therapy.

PMID- 2645588
TI  - Newer retinoids for psoriasis--early clinical studies.

PMID- 2645589
TI  - Retinoids: toxicology and teratogenicity to date.

PMID- 2645590
TI  - Retinoid binding proteins and human skin.
AB  - New techniques for the analysis of proteins with specific binding for natural
      retinoids in human plasma and skin extracts have been developed. Polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis (PAGE), followed by protein blotting with an antiserum
      specific to retinol-binding protein (RBP), the plasma carrier of retinol, showed
      that: (1) retinoic acid induced striking conformational changes when bound to
      RBP, and (2) none of the several synthetic retinoids used in human therapy were
      found to bind to RBP. This directly confirms and extends previous indirect
      observations that synthetic retinoids are not delivered to the target organs
      through RBP. Human skin extracts incubated with either [3H]retinol or
      [3H]retinoic acid and analyzed by PAGE is a novel technique for the study of
      cellular retinol-(CRBP) and retinoic acid-(CRABP) binding proteins; it allows one
      to more specifically analyse these binding proteins and differentiate them from
      RBP. This technique confirmed and extended our previous observations: (1) CRABP
      is present in much higher amounts in the epidermis than in the dermis, whereas
      CRBP is detectable in very low amounts in both tissues, (2) a dramatic increase
      of CRABP is found in psoriatic plaques and (3) there is an up-modulation of
      epidermal CRABP during systemic or topical synthetic retinoid therapy. When the
      ability of some synthetic analogs of retinoic acid to compete with [3H]retinoic
      acid binding on human skin CRABP was studied, two important observations were
      made: (1) the analogs that, when given to human subjects were pharmacologically
      active, were found to be good competitors and vice-versa, (2) no strict
      correlation was found between the IC50 and the pharmacological potency of the
      retinoid.

PMID- 2645591
TI  - Lipid metabolism and retinoid therapy.

PMID- 2645592
TI  - Results of therapy for psoriasis using retinoid and photochemotherapy (RePUVA).

PMID- 2645593
TI  - Darier's disease and other dyskeratoses: response to retinoids.

PMID- 2645594
TI  - Is the measurement of muscle strength appropriate in patients with brain lesions?
      A special communication.
AB  - Controversy exists as to whether muscle strength is a variable that should be
      measured in patients with brain lesions. The purpose of this special
      communication is to provide evidence for the inclusion of muscle strength testing
      in the assessment of these patients. This evidence consists of information that
      1) is relevant to weakness following brain lesions and concerns about its
      measurement, 2) provides a precedent and support for muscle strength testing, and
      3) relates muscle strength to patient capacity and outcome. I believe that this
      information justifies the inclusion of muscle strength in the assessment of
      patients with brain lesions, but not to the exclusion of other behavioral
      functional variables.

PMID- 2645595
TI  - The mentalis muscle: an essential component of chin and lower lip position.
AB  - The soft-tissue chin may become ptotic following surgery in this area. The
      mentalis muscles which are responsible for proper central lip motion and chin
      point position may be affected. The mentalis muscle origin may require
      resuspension at a proper level. This reattachment may be performed by means of an
      intraoral approach. Non-absorbable sutures are used to hold the soft-tissue chin
      upward. The exact method involves placing drill holes through the alveolar bone,
      into which sutures are passed. These sutures are then placed through the lower
      mentalis muscles and tightened. Chin and lip position may be corrected in certain
      cases. Ancillary procedures are required to correct vestibular scarring and
      submental scars.

PMID- 2645596
TI  - Reconstruction of large cranial defects in the presence of heavy radiation damage
      and infection utilizing tissue transferred by microvascular anastomoses.
AB  - Six cases of large defects of the scalp, skull, and dura following tumor ablation
      and radiation are presented. Each was accompanied by chronic infection in the
      irradiated defect. Efforts to reconstruct the resulting defects with local flaps
      were not successful. One-stage reconstruction was then accomplished in each case
      utilizing a latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous or myo-osteocutaneous free flap
      transferred by microvascular anastomoses. The versatility of the latissimus dorsi
      musculocutaneous and/or osseous flap allows single-stage reconstruction of these
      complex defects.

PMID- 2645597
TI  - The "sponge deformity" after tangential excision and grafting of burns.
AB  - Sequential excision and grafting of burns have resulted in several new problems.
      We have termed one of these the "sponge deformity," i.e., a grafted area where,
      in multiple small areas, the bed heals underneath the graft with or without
      slough of the overlying graft. If the graft sloughs, a pockmark forms. If the
      graft does not slough, an overlying bridge forms. In our experience, this
      deformity is very troublesome to patients because it is difficult to wash,
      catches on objects, bleeds, and looks quite unsightly. Between February of 1981
      and June of 1986, we treated 16 patients with this deformity. All 16 patients
      were treated by simple excision of the bridges and pockmark edges with a curved
      iris scissors. In all patients, the wounds healed well and the resultant surfaces
      were considerably smoother. This retrospective review of the patients suggests
      that the deformity usually occurs around the periphery of the excised area where
      the excision was shallower and when thicker grafts are used. Perhaps the bed
      underneath the graft epithelializes from residual epithelial elements prior to
      vascularization of the autograft. If this is true, it might be possible to
      prevent the deformity by excising the wound deeper, by applying thinner grafts,
      or by applying allograft or xenograft, expecting that the area will heal promptly
      and not require autografting.

PMID- 2645598
TI  - The laser-assisted end-to-side microvascular anastomosis.
AB  - A simple method of performing the laser-assisted end-to-side microvascular
      anastomosis was devised. This technique was tested on 150 Sprague-Dawley rats in
      two separate series of experiments. In the first, end-to-side anastomoses were
      performed on the iliac artery under the normal tension due to the elastic recoil
      of severed vessels. Four stay sutures were placed 90 degrees apart, and the
      intervals were "spot welded" with a low-wattage CO2 microsurgical laser unit. The
      patency rate (96 percent) was equivalent to that found in a control group
      utilizing the conventional all-suture method (92 percent), but there was a
      significantly higher aneurysm rate (44 versus 11 percent). In a second model, an
      arterial bypass with very low anastomotic tension was performed around an
      obstruction created in the carotid artery. This model resulted in turbulent flow
      but low anastomotic tension. Here the laser-anastomosis patency rate was 98
      percent, versus 42 percent for the conventional all-suture method. The placement
      of fewer sutures in association with turbulent flow in this model may account for
      the improved patency rate. The avoidance of excessive tension at the anastomotic
      site reduced the incidence of aneurysms to a negligible level.

PMID- 2645600
TI  - Medial gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap.

PMID- 2645599
TI  - Blepharospasm and its treatment, with emphasis on the use of botulinum toxin.

PMID- 2645601
TI  - The radial forearm donor site: a locus minoris resistentiae.

PMID- 2645602
TI  - Oath of Hippocrates updated by Muslim physicians.

PMID- 2645603
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of pituitary and parasellar abnormalities.
AB  - The ease, safety, accuracy, reliability, specificity, and sensitivity of the
      diagnosis of disorders of the sellar region all have been enhanced by MRI. This
      article demonstrates the normal anatomy and the wide array of pathology that can
      be visualized by MRI. Magnetic resonance has become the imaging modality of
      choice for most of the disorders within and about the sella.

PMID- 2645604
TI  - The temporomandibular joint.
AB  - MRI is the procedure of choice for diagnosing most internal derangements. MRI
      provides images that not only demonstrate bony detail but show excellent
      representation of soft tissues in both anatomic and semifunctional relationships.
      MRI does not use ionizing radiation and has no known adverse effects. Multiplanar
      imaging allows a three-dimensional analysis of the TMJ, providing a more complete
      assessment of the condyle, articular disc, fossa relationships. Whenever capsular
      adhesions or disc perforations are suspected and are not demonstrated with MRI,
      then arthrography should be performed.

PMID- 2645605
TI  - MRI of the nasopharynx.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution and
      absence of beam hardening artifacts, combined with its ability to perform
      multiplanar imaging, is now the method of choice for the primary evaluation of
      the patient who presents with suspected nasopharyngeal pathology. The relative
      ease (compared to CT) of localization of the primary process coupled with the
      exquisite definition of the extent of disease allows the radiologist to play an
      even more important role in the diagnosis and management of patients presenting
      with nasopharyngeal disease.

PMID- 2645606
TI  - MRI of the floor of the mouth, tongue and orohypopharynx.
AB  - Magnetic resonance is the imaging modality of choice for studies of the
      orohypopharynx, floor of the mouth, or tongue base. The superiority of MRI soft
      tissue contrast can demonstrate intra- and extraorgan spread of tumor beyond that
      of CT. Use of T1- and T2-weighted pulse sequences allows better discrimination of
      pathologic masses from fat or muscle than does CT. Multiplanar capabilities allow
      ease of examination in the preferred planes. Various sequences or planes of
      imaging may be chosen to tailor the examination to the anatomic region of
      interest. The use of Gd-DTPA with T1-weighted images should further improve
      diagnostic precision of tumor location and extension and may replace the need for
      the longer T2-weighted sequences. Gadolinium may help differentiate tumor
      recurrence from fibrosis in the post-radiation patient. New improvements in
      surface coil technology, motion and flow compensation imaging strategies, faster
      scan times, and spatial resolution will further advance MRI as the modality of
      choice for assessment of oropharyngeal, mouth, and tongue soft tissue masses.

PMID- 2645607
TI  - MRI of the parapharyngeal space.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging has replaced contrast-enhanced CT as the primary
      imaging modality for parapharyngeal space masses. It has several advantages over
      CT. MRI's superior contrast resolution enables the imager to better define normal
      anatomic structures and establish more precise tumor margins. Magnetic
      resonance's direct multiplanar imaging capability allows the diagnostician to
      offer his clinical colleagues a more accurate assessment of the total extent (in
      three dimensions) of disease and a better map of the spatial relationship of
      tumors to crucial vessels. This important information aids the clinician in
      making better informed decisions concerning the appropriate treatment plan
      (surgery versus radiation, surgical approach, radiation ports). Magnetic
      resonance's major inadequacy, compared with CT, is suboptimal detection of
      calcifications and subtle bony changes. Because of this, there are clinical
      situations when both MRI and CT are required, either to make a more definitive
      diagnosis or to include (exclude) certain pathology in (from) the differential
      diagnosis. Although there is considerable overlap in the signal intensity of
      various lesions, it probably is beyond realistic expectations to seek complete
      tissue specificity from any imaging tool. Hopefully, MRI spectroscopy will enable
      us, as imagers, in combination with our basic science colleagues, to take that
      giant step forward.

PMID- 2645608
TI  - MR of the salivary glands.
AB  - MR has become the examination of choice for imaging salivary gland neoplasms. The
      improved soft tissue contrast of MR represents a significant improvement over CT,
      particularly for extension outside the gland. The appearance of various tumors
      and inflammatory processes is described.

PMID- 2645609
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the larynx.
AB  - Rarely does any radiologic imaging modality play a significant role in reaching a
      diagnosis of malignancy in the larynx and hypopharynx. These regions are so
      readily accessible to clinical examination that the combination of cytology and
      visual inspection usually strongly indicates the diagnosis of cancer. Therefore,
      the primary role of MR is the same as that of CT in imaging the larynx and
      hypopharynx: to define the extent of the disease. Compared to CT, MR consistently
      shows superior soft tissue definition. The use of direct coronal and sagittal
      scan planes allows the visualization of intrinsic laryngeal musculature in
      addition to better defining cranial caudal tumor extension. Thus, MR is now the
      imaging study of choice for the evaluation of cancer of the larynx. The role of
      MR can also be extended to replace CT scanning in the evaluation of the laryngeal
      airway and benign lesions of the larynx.

PMID- 2645610
TI  - The neck.
AB  - This article describes the clinical and imaging roles of MR with respect to the
      following: neck masses of known or uncertain etiology; staging of cervical
      metastatic disease; thyroid and parathyroid; and evaluation of the thoracic
      inlet. Pertinent normal anatomy is highlighted when appropriate.

PMID- 2645611
TI  - Facial trauma and associated brain damage.
AB  - CT continues to be the most important diagnostic study for detection and
      classification of maxillofacial injury. MR has a complementary role in specific
      situations because of its multiplanar imaging capabilities and exquisite soft
      tissue contrast resolution. MR is particularly useful for evaluation of orbital
      "blow-out" fractures, intraorbital and intraocular hemorrhage, traumatic vascular
      injuries, and associated intracranial damage.

PMID- 2645612
TI  - MRI of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.
AB  - In the evaluation of soft tissue masses of the paranasal sinuses and nasal
      cavity, MR has excelled, not only in sensitivity, but in specificity. Without
      question, MR has improved the diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing neoplasms
      from inflammatory diseases. This improved discrimination is primarily due to the
      combination of the superior soft tissue contrast of MRI and the widely disparate
      T2-relaxation values between the neoplasms and inflammatory processes indigenous
      to this anatomic area. MR's expanding role as the primary imaging modality for
      clinical problems in the sinonasal region will accompany the decrease in exam
      time and increase in spatial resolution. In the past few years there has been a
      rapid expansion in MRI's utility for a variety of clinical situations in the
      sinonasal region. This trend should accelerate, especially with the decrease in
      exam time and increase in spatial resolution that will accompany other
      expeditious technologic advancements.

PMID- 2645613
TI  - [Internal medicine aspects of endocrine tumors. The hypophysis, epithelial bodies
      and adrenal glands].
AB  - Endocrine tumors are characterized by an overproduction of hormones leading to a
      typical clinical picture and/or by hormone deficiency induced by damage to the
      glands. Hormone deficiency or overproduction must be determined precisely, as
      must the morphology and localization of the tumor, before therapy starts. Hormone
      deficiency needs to be substituted. Specific therapies for hormone suppression
      and/or inactivation of the endocrine cells have been developed for some tumors,
      e.g., bromocriptine for prolactinoma, and o,p'-DDD for adrenocortical tumors.

PMID- 2645614
TI  - [Magnetic resonance tomography of pituitary tumors].
AB  - This paper presents a survey of the current status of the diagnosis of pituitary
      tumors by means of magnetic resonance imaging. It focuses on the clinical and
      practical aspects. The recommended procedure and the sequences and slice
      orientations for magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland are presented,
      and the features that are essential for the diagnosis of pituitary tumors are
      discussed.

PMID- 2645615
TI  - [Echographic localization diagnosis of enlarged parathyroid glands].
AB  - The authors report on their own experience with the localization of enlarged
      parathyroid glands by sonography. In a study of 248 patients with
      hyperparathyroidism, they obtained a sensitivity of 57% and a specificity of 81%,
      with an overall accuracy of 74%. These results are discussed in detail.

PMID- 2645616
TI  - [Current developments in the radiologic diagnosis of the adrenal glands].
AB  - Cross-sectional imaging techniques have dramatically improved the diagnosis of
      adrenal disease. In most patients with endocrine-active adrenal disease, CT is
      the only imaging test needed to establish the correct diagnosis. Adrenal
      venography with blood sampling may provide important additional information in
      patients with Conn adenoma. Magnetic resonance imaging and (IMBG) scintigraphy
      appear to be the best imaging tests for the localization of multiple or extra
      adrenal pheochromocytomas. Inactive adrenal tumors detected incidentally are a
      problem as for as diagnosis is concerned, since inactive adrenal adenomas have to
      be differentiated from carcinomas and metastases. MRI is rarely helpful in these
      cases. For patients with a known primary tumor, the authors recommend CT-guided
      biopsy. In all other cases a follow-up study often reveals that the adrenal tumor
      detected is benign.

PMID- 2645617
TI  - [Computed tomographic diagnosis of diseases of the pituitary region].
AB  - Because of the high density and spatial resolution it allows, CT scanning has
      come to play a key role in the diagnosis of diseases of the pituitary region.
      While the extension of macroadenomas is regularly detected, only meticulous
      techniques using coronary scanning following intravenous bolus injection of
      contrast agent coupled with knowledge of artefacts and normal variations can
      allow sufficient certainty in the diagnosis of intrasellar lesions. In this
      respect, the finding of a localized, round hypodense region within the pituitary
      is of major importance. The so-called indirect signs of a pituitary mass are of
      minor significance. Demonstrations of typical changes in the CAT scan in
      combination with the clinical and hormonal findings can contribute to the
      differential diagnosis of diseases of the pituitary region.

PMID- 2645618
TI  - Temperature-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus: a new hypothesis that they act
      as thermostats, not as transducers.

PMID- 2645619
TI  - On the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals.

PMID- 2645620
TI  - Analysis of recurrent inhibitory circuit in rat thalamus: neurophysiology of the
      thalamic reticular nucleus.

PMID- 2645621
TI  - [The single intercostal block--surgical and therapeutic indications].
AB  - Since the first paravertebral blockade was carried out by Sellheim in 1905, this
      method has proved effective for the isolated blockade of spinal nerves. The
      efficacy of preoperative intercostal blockade (ICB) in combination with
      neuroleptanalgesia (NLA) or Pentothal-pentazocine-N2O anesthesia (Pe-Pz) was
      studied (unilateral analgesia for cholecystectomy). Group 1: NLA; group 2: NLA
      with ICB; group 3: Pe-Pz; group 4: Pe-Pz with ICB. The analgesic requirement
      differed significantly between groups 1 (0.33 mg fentanyl) and 2 (0.15 mg
      fentanyl) and groups 3 (63.5 mg pentazocine) and 4 (31.5 mg pentazocine). There
      were also significant differences in circulatory responses. The maximum deviation
      from the initial value at the beginning of the operation in group 1 compared to
      group 2 was pulse rate + 28.7% vs + 2.4%, mean arterial pressure (Part) + 24.6%
      vs + 3.1%, and systolic pressure (Psyst) + 33% vs +/- 0%; group 3 compared to
      group 4: pulse rate + 16.4% vs + 3.2%, Part + 24.5% vs 0.0%, and Psyst + 26.5% vs
      + 196. The times of action of ICB extended from 7.54 h to 11.33 h for partial
      analgeisa, time to the first dose of analgesic from 12.3 h to 16.9 h (etidocaine
      0.5% and 1% respectively without and with epinephrine). The mean blood levels
      after 100 mg bupivacaine-CO2 rose to 1.16 micrograms/ml after 5 min and reached a
      maximum after 15 min (1.29 micrograms/ml) as compared to 0.98 micrograms/ml after
      addition of ornithine-vasopressin. These values are very much higher than those
      after the use of bupivacaine-HCl solution. Etidocaine and bupivacaine-HCl have
      comparable durations of analgesia. Toxicologically, both substances can be
      applied safely with consideration of all pharmacological data for ICB. Of a total
      of 3,485 intercostal blockades, 2,775 were applied perioperatively (pre- and
      postoperatively); 265 were carried out for trauma patients (rib fractures) and
      445 for therapeutic indications (herpes zoster neuralgia, tumor pain,
      costovertebral pain). In 8 blocks 10% ammonium sulfate, in 4 blocks absolute
      alcohol, and in 19 blocks 5% phenol were used for neurolysis. In 2 cases a
      marginal pneumothorax was seen, which was resorbed spontaneously (0.06%).
      Altogether 16,270 single intercostal nerves were blocked. Single-session
      intercostal blockade can be combined as unilateral analgesia with general
      anesthesia. This combination is characterized by stable circulatory conditions
      with avoidance of hypertensive reactions. The long-lasting analgesia allows early
      mobilization and physiotherapy both postoperatively and posttraumatically in
      patients with unilateral thoracic and abdominal pain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2645622
TI  - [Tachyphylaxis to local anesthetics].
AB  - Tachyphylaxis to local anesthetics is defined as decrease in duration, segmental
      spread, or intensity of a regional block after repeated doses of equal size, i.e.
      to maintain a given level of effect the dose has to be increased. In contrast,
      time-dependent variations in pain or circadian changes in the duration of local
      anesthetic action only simulate the occurrence of tachyphylaxis
      (pseudotachyphylaxis). Tachyphylaxis appears neither to be linked to structural
      (ester vs amide) or pharmacological properties of the local anesthetics (short-
      vs long-acting) nor to technique (surface anesthesia, conduction block, spinal,
      caudal, or epidural anesthesia, brachial plexus block) or mode of administration
      (intermittent vs continuous). There is even disagreement about the clinical
      significance of tachyphylaxis because some authors found it in almost every
      patient, others less often whereas a third group did not find tachyphylaxis at
      all. The mechanisms underlying tachyphylaxis are open to debate. Changes in
      pharmacokinetics (local alterations of disposition and absorption; decrease of
      perineural pH) and pharmacodynamics (antagonistic effects of nucleotides or
      increased sodium concentration; increase in afferent input) have been implicated.
      None of the theoretical considerations presented are strong enough to explain
      tachyphylaxis. However, results from isolated nerve preparations suggest that
      pharmacokinetics rather than pharmacodynamics might play a role in the
      development of tachyphylaxis.

PMID- 2645623
TI  - General principles of multiparameter flow cytometric analysis: applications of
      flow cytometry in the diagnostic pathology laboratory.
AB  - Recent developments in the design of flow cytometric instrumentation and advances
      in computerized methods of data analysis have produced flow cytometers that are
      compatible with the clinical laboratory setting. Because flow cytometry is
      impacting on virtually every area of diagnostic pathology (particularly the
      subspecialties of hematology, immunology, infectious disease, transplantation
      monitoring, neoplasia, and genetics), it is essential that pathologists develop a
      general understanding of flow cytometric techniques. In addition to new
      developments in instrumentation, simplification of laser design and advances in
      fluorochrome chemistry have provided several new sophisticated tools to make
      multiple correlative biological measurements on normal and neoplastic cells in
      the clinical setting. Flow cytometric analysis thus allows the pathologist to
      more effectively diagnose, predict prognosis, and monitor disease progression.
      This report reviews the basic components of flow cytometric instrumentation, the
      physical and biological parameters that may be assessed using flow cytometric
      techniques, and the multiparametric data analysis systems available for the
      clinical laboratory.

PMID- 2645624
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of lymphoma and lymphoma-like disorders.
AB  - The use of flow cytometry (FC) represents the most recent advance in the
      phenotypic analysis of lymphocyte subsets, and has emerged as a valuable adjunct
      in the diagnosis of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In a review of over
      200 cases of nodal and extranodal suspected lymphomas studied in the
      Immunophenotyping Laboratory at the University of New Mexico, the diagnostic
      utility of FC was assessed. Among cases of NHL, FC was able to confirm a
      morphologic diagnosis of lymphoma and determine B or T cell lineage in greater
      than 85% of the samples submitted. Difficulty in lineage determination in the
      remaining cases of morphologic NHL was multifactorial. Among cases of reactive
      lymph nodes and Hodgkin's disease, FC showed no characteristic patterns, although
      several cases exhibited phenotypic profiles suggestive of B or T cell clonality.
      When combined with routine morphologic review and accompanied by other
      specialized diagnostic techniques when necessary, the use of FC represents a
      precise and reproducible method for rapidly and easily studying
      lymphoproliferative disorders in solid tissue.

PMID- 2645625
TI  - DNA flow cytometry in solid tumors: practical aspects and clinical applications.
AB  - Investigators are currently using techniques of DNA flow cytometry to measure
      ploidy status (DNA content) and proliferative potential (S phase fraction) in a
      wide variety of solid tumors. These measurements have shown relevance for
      diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment for patients with cancer. National
      cooperative group studies are beginning to evaluate these measurements in
      controlled clinical trials to further define their clinical utility as well as
      limitations. The purpose of this report is to discuss both practical aspects of
      DNA flow cytometry and clinical applications of these measurements in a variety
      of solid tumors. We describe in detail our methods for sample handling,
      processing, and interpretation of DNA histograms. Although there are multiple
      ways of processing samples and interpreting histograms, we present methodology
      and interpretations that have proven efficient and reproducible. The review of
      clinical applications of flow cytometry to solid tumors focuses on breast cancer,
      but includes a discussion of other solid tumors.

PMID- 2645626
TI  - Immune monitoring of blood in heart transplant recipients: application of flow
      cytometry.
AB  - In this study, we review the utility of peripheral blood lymphocyte evaluation
      using commercially available monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of rejection
      or infection in 27 patients undergoing allograft heart transplantation. Double
      color staining methods employing fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and
      phycoerythrin (PE) allowed identification of a variety of lymphocyte subsets and
      determination of activation or proliferation of lymphocytes. All patients also
      underwent regular endomyocardial biopsy procedures. A total of 30 rejection
      episodes were diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy. The results of immune
      monitoring profile (IMP) of lymphocytes and endomyocardial biopsies were
      concordant 76% of the time. Discrepancies were most common when the biopsy showed
      only mild rejection. The false-positive rate with serial IMP was less than 1%.
      The IMP was also useful in distinguishing between infection, especially
      cytomegalovirus infection, and rejection. General guidelines for utilizing IMP in
      transplant recipients are presented.

PMID- 2645627
TI  - The clinical usefulness of chromosome analysis by flow cytometry.
AB  - Historical and clinical aspects of chromosome analysis by flow cytometric methods
      are reviewed. A new method of preparing small samples (1.0 mL of blood) of
      peripheral lymphocytes for flow karyotype analysis using phytohemagglutinin and
      interleukin-2 is presented in detail. Figures of flow karyotypes, partial banded
      karyotypes, and idiograms of patients with inv(8), rec dup(8), rob t(14;21), and
      t(1;22) are presented, as well as examples of univariate and bivariate flow
      histograms from other researchers' published works. The clinical utility of these
      techniques is explored, with specific reference to recent work in chromosome
      polymorphisms and cultured amniocyte lines. We conclude that, although flow
      karyotyping is not a replacement for classical banded chromosome analysis, used
      as an adjunct, this new technique has some clinical usefulness relating to its
      capability to resolve small differences in chromosomal DNA content.

PMID- 2645628
TI  - Intraoperative impedance monitoring during CT-guided stereotactic biopsies.
AB  - In this study, the relationships among computed tomography (CT) characteristics,
      intraoperative impedance monitoring, and histologic features were evaluated in 46
      patients. Preoperatively, the CT characteristics of the proposed trajectory of
      the biopsy needle were determined and correlated intraoperatively with the
      impedance profile as obtained with a monopolar electrode. An excellent
      correlation between high-resolution CT density characteristics and impedance
      patterns was seen (r = 0.897). A correlation was also seen between CT
      patterns/impedance profiles and histologic features. Impedance values were also
      useful in predicting variation between predicted and actual needle trajectory,
      determining the proximity of normal structures to the probe tip and detecting
      loculations within cystic structures.

PMID- 2645629
TI  - [A rational approach to autoimmune diseases].
AB  - This short review suggests that autoimmune diseases are probably more frequent
      than estimated originally. It also proposes to the clinician a practical approach
      to these diseases, describes the laboratory findings associated with chronic
      inflammation, and gives some information on a new generation of auto-antibodies,
      available now for routine diagnosis.

PMID- 2645630
TI  - [Converting enzyme inhibitors and respiration].

PMID- 2645631
TI  - [The value of fine-needle biopsy under ultrasonic control in the diagnosis of
      kidney tumors].
AB  - 127 fine-needle aspiration biopsies obtained under ultrasonographic control from
      circumscribed kidney lesions of 102 patients (with histologically examined
      lesions) were selected from a total of 867 fine-needle aspiration biopsies
      performed in the years between 1978 and 1986. The result of the cytological
      examination was compared with the histological diagnosis of the lesion. A correct
      diagnosis of the nature of the lesion (concerning dignity) was achieved in 90.2%
      of the cases under optimal circumstances. No mistakenly positive diagnosis was
      made. A total of 88% of the histologically malignant tumors or 80.2% of the
      kidney cancers were correctly diagnosed already on the basis of the cytological
      examination. The fine-needle aspiration can be repeated when the obtained
      material is insufficient: A kidney cancer was diagnosed in this way 13 times
      among 22 patients. The cytological examination permitted a more precise tumor
      type differentiation in the large majority of cases. These results demonstrate
      the value of this diagnostic tool that carries only an irrelevant risk.

PMID- 2645632
TI  - [Karl zum Winkel--a eulogy].

PMID- 2645633
TI  - [Radiologic diagnosis and therapy in oncology. Symposium on the occasion of the
      retirement of Prof. Karl zum Winkel. Heidelberg, 26 March 1988. Proceedings].

PMID- 2645634
TI  - [Sonographic diagnosis of head and neck tumors in association with therapy].
AB  - Basing on the experience with 558 patients suffering from tumours or suspicious
      lesions in the head and neck region, sonographic pointers that have been
      inadequately noted so far, are pointed out to improve diagnosis, follow-up, and
      post-therapeutic care. Among the possibilities offered by sonography are: to
      confirm or exclude bony involvement of the mandible in tumours of the oral cavity
      and the oropharynx, to objectify the results of antineoplastic chemotherapy, to
      offer possibilities to optimize radiotherapy, as well as to show criteria for the
      early detection of a relapse under consideration of the primary therapy.

PMID- 2645636
TI  - [Digital subtraction angiography in oncologic diagnosis].
AB  - Digital subtraction angiography has become a safe, accurate and reproducible
      means of evaluating the vascular system. It offers the possibility of obtaining
      high quality vascular images at very low intravascular iodine concentrations. In
      oncology, digital subtraction angiography is performed in preoperative
      visualization of the vascular supply of tumours, in planning and control of liver
      port-systems and evaluation of complications following radiation therapy or
      chemotherapeutic measures. DSA has widely replaced film angiography in vascular
      imaging.

PMID- 2645635
TI  - [New radiopharmaceuticals for oncologic diagnosis and therapy: developments in
      radioimmunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy].
AB  - 131I labeled monoclonal antibodies are at a disadvantage for
      radioimmunoscintigraphy due to the in-vivo cleavage of radioiodine by deiodases.
      Alternative labeling with 99mTc was not very successful because of the lack of
      suitable ligands for stable technetium complexes. New developments in this field
      will be presented using stable 99mTc-N2S2 complexes. Some comments on
      radioimmunotherapy have also been added.

PMID- 2645637
TI  - [Combination treatment in radiotherapy].
AB  - Treatment results after radiotherapy in combination with surgery, hyperthermia
      and cytotoxic drugs are reported from literature. Own results are presented.
      Sequential radiochemotherapy does not improve 5-year-survival. Synchronous
      administration of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is recommended for randomized
      studies. Drugs that are more effective but less toxic would be desirable.

PMID- 2645638
TI  - [The radiobiology of gynecologic HDR and LDR afterloading technics].
AB  - In brachytherapy the advantages of high dose rate over low dose rate afterloading
      therapy are obvious. Outpatient treatment becomes possible, the position of the
      sources is reproducible and can be observed during the treatment, and the
      patients have to be immobilised for only a short time, giving less psychological
      stress and a decreased risk of thrombosis and embolism. When changing from LDR to
      HDR afterloading therapy we are not yet able to evaluate its biological impact.
      Radiobiological considerations and our experimental data, however, give us the
      following clinical consequences by using HDR brachytherapy: There is a need for
      about 15 fractions or more and each increase in dose rate requires higher
      fractioning. Due to the steep dose rate decline and the inhomogeneous dose
      distribution, multiple equivalence factors are necessary when fractioning is not
      sufficiently high. Correction factors to reduce the dose close to the source are
      low, with increasing distance from the source they increase. If HDR radiation
      therapy is used, the percutaneous dose in the pelvic wall region should be
      reduced. The reduction of the dose in HDR brachytherapy is a compromise to limit
      the side effects caused by the radiation. The drawback is a small therapeutic
      range and reduced therapeutic efficacy at the tumour.

PMID- 2645639
TI  - [Nocturnus terrors--somnambulism].
AB  - Among disorders of sleep in children, pavor nocturnus ("night terrors") is common
      and considered harmless. Yet the clinical picture, the child's personality and
      the polygraphic electroencephalographic recordings suggest that it should be
      treated sooner and more often than is usually done. Somnambulism ("sleep
      walking") also is very frequent. It has no consequences in most cases, but it may
      be the cause of serious events such as falling out of a window which is rare but
      may result in death or disablement. Some children have repeated attack of
      somnambulism, and these constitute a true pathology of sleep requiring a specific
      treatment that will cure or improve. All this must be known to the practitioner
      who will inform the parents.

PMID- 2645640
TI  - [Intracerebral grafts in Parkinson's disease, a great bustle].

PMID- 2645641
TI  - [Magnetic resonance imaging. A technic made for the child too].

PMID- 2645642
TI  - [Nocardia mastitis].

PMID- 2645643
TI  - Polymer synthesis and organotransition metal chemistry.
AB  - Mechanistic and synthetic studies in organometallic chemistry have provided
      considerable insight into olefin metathesis and Ziegler-Natta polymerization. New
      homogeneous olefin metathesis catalysts based on high oxidation state transition
      metals have opened new opportunities in polymer synthesis by providing
      unprecedented control in ring-opening polymerization of cyclic alkenes. The
      recent development of living coordinative polymerization systems has led to the
      preparation of a number of new, interesting materials, including block
      copolymers, conducting polymers or precursors, and ionophoric polymeric
      substrates.

PMID- 2645644
TI  - Age-related mechanisms of susceptibility to carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2645645
TI  - Host defense mechanisms and aging.

PMID- 2645646
TI  - The change in tumor aggressiveness with age: lessons from experimental animals.

PMID- 2645647
TI  - Cancer and age.
AB  - Age is the greatest risk factor for the development of cancer. For etiologic
      purposes, newly diagnosed cases of cancer among a defined population during a
      specified time (incidence) is the usual way of depicting cancer as it relates to
      age. Exposure to carcinogens in utero or perinatally can produce cancers soon
      after birth or years later. Cancers in older children have been related to growth
      factors and/or a single exposure to high doses of radiation. Hodgkin's disease
      occurring among young adults is different histologically, clinically, and
      prognostically than Hodgkin's disease among older adults. For the disease among
      young adults, the hypothesis is that clinical disease reflects the rare
      consequences of a prevalent infection of low pathogenicity; age of infection is
      determined by socioeconomic status. In older adults, it more closely resembles
      the lymphomas. This suggests dynamic trends associated with changing social
      environments related to etiologic factors. Among adults, the steady increase in
      colon cancer among both genders represents constant exposure to a carcinogen(s)
      starting in early life and persisting throughout older ages. Breast cancer is
      divided into pre- and postmenopausal phases on the basis of its age distribution.
      International differences in postmenopausal breast cancer suggest environmental
      factors in postmenopausal women and genetic and hormonal factors in premenopausal
      women. The age distribution of lung cancer increases linearly with the amount of
      cigarettes smoked and there is no indication of a threshold below which cigarette
      smoke is safe. The downturn among the oldest age groups results from competing
      causes of death or reflects a cohort effect of different exposure over time.
      Further, the pattern of lung cancer suggests exposure to a carcinogenic agent
      including substances that act principally as promoters.

PMID- 2645648
TI  - Clinical evidence for a change in tumor aggressiveness with age.

PMID- 2645649
TI  - Breast cancer and aging.
AB  - While many of the basic principles of breast cancer management are the same for
      younger and older women, a number of breast cancer issues particularly important
      for elderly women have not been resolved. Many of these management questions need
      answers based on data that are better than that currently available. At what age
      should the clinician consider cessation of screening mammography? For which very
      elderly patients might tamoxifen alone be adequate treatment for primary operable
      breast cancer? How can we develop better guidelines for the selection and
      administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy in an elderly population? What is the
      appropriate systemic adjuvant therapy, if any, for the patient over the age of
      70? These and other questions may be answered through the development of clinical
      trials directed specifically at the elderly population.

PMID- 2645650
TI  - Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia in the elderly.
AB  - Current data indicate that most elderly patients with acute myelogenous leukemia
      should be treated with intensive chemotherapy. Most should receive remission
      induction chemotherapy using cytarabine 100 to 200 mg/m2/d by constant
      intravenous infusion for five to seven days plus daunorubicin greater than or
      equal to 30 mg/m2/d for three days. Patients in good overall condition with a
      near-normal performance status may benefit from a more intensive regimen.
      Patients achieving remission should receive one to three courses of consolidation
      chemotherapy. Highly debilitated patients have poor results with any form of
      therapy, and there has been no apparent advantage for low-dose chemotherapy
      compared to standard treatment regimens. The intensity of chemotherapy treatment
      must be individualized to the requirements of the patient.

PMID- 2645651
TI  - Cancer chemotherapy in the elderly.

PMID- 2645652
TI  - Pharmacology of antineoplastic agents in the elderly patient.

PMID- 2645653
TI  - The pathophysiology and staging of cutaneous malignant melanoma.
AB  - The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma is increasing by 10% a year and by
      as much as 30% a year among whites living in the sunbelt. If present trends
      continue, it will soon be one of the most common cancers occurring in fair
      skinned individuals who have sustained severe sunburns. Although sunlight is the
      major cause of melanoma, several other factors, such as hormones, have also been
      implicated. Malignancy should be suspected in any pigmented lesion that changes
      in color or size, begins to itch, or bleeds or oozes spontaneously. Because of
      these characteristic and often highly visible changes, the disease can usually be
      diagnosed when surgically curable. Microstaging allows prognostic categorization
      of risk, with thickness the single most important prognostic factor for patients
      with disease clinically limited to the primary site. Staging also determines the
      treatment plan.

PMID- 2645654
TI  - Pathology, biology, and clinical staging of renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - The clinical features of renal cell carcinoma may include complex systemic
      presenting symptoms unrelated to the urogenital tract. A particular
      characteristic of the tumor is the presence of widespread and unusual metastatic
      sites due to the high frequency of extension of the tumor into the renal vein and
      to subsequent hematogenous invasion. The prognosis, in general, is poor. A
      contributing factor is that the silent nature of the primary tumor frequently
      results in far-advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. The overall 10-year
      survival rate after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma is 18% to 27%. The
      evidence that an immune mechanism regulates tumor growth is minimal.
      Paraneoplastic syndromes and ectopic hormone production result in multiple
      systematic symptoms and abnormal clinical chemistries. Compared with other
      methods of staging, the new TNM system contains a greater number of separate
      categories for different levels of renal vein, vena caval, and lymph node
      metastases. Although the system is complicated, it allows for a more accurate
      determination of prognosis. Computerized tomography appears to be the most
      effective and accurate method for making staging determinations.

PMID- 2645655
TI  - Virologic and serologic aspects of human immunodeficiency virus infection in
      infants and children.
AB  - Serologic diagnosis of HIV infection in infants and children is made especially
      difficult by the universal presence of maternal antibodies in blood during the
      first year of life, technical difficulties associated with the measurement of
      virus-specific IgM antibodies (except, perhaps, when the mother and, hence, the
      child have been very recently infected), and the weaker and more limited antibody
      reactivities revealed by Western blot analysis. Infants in the first year of life
      who develop reactivities on a Western blot that are different from those of their
      mothers are almost certainly infected. In addition, infants whose lymphocytes can
      be stimulated in vitro to produce HIV-specific antibodies of both the IgG and IgM
      isotypes and whose viral-specific antibodies can be found in the IgG3 subclass
      are also likely to be infected. Finally, children older than 15 months of age who
      remain seropositive by Western blot and who have both clinical and immunologic
      abnormalities consistent with HIV infection are also, doubtlessly, infected.

PMID- 2645656
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in women: an overview.

PMID- 2645657
TI  - Natural history and clinical management of the infant born to a mother infected
      with human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2645658
TI  - Immunologic abnormalities in infants infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - The spectrum of HIV-related immunologic dysfunction in children and adults is
      very broad. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis for this
      disease has led to insights into the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for
      the immunologic deterioration characteristic of HIV infection. It is clear that
      CD-4 positive T cells are the pivotal cells of the immune system. HIV infection
      results in a selective CD-4 cells. However, equally important is a demonstrable
      qualitative defect in proliferative responses to antigens and in lymphokine
      production. A number of HIV-related defects in cellular immunity can be
      attributed to macrophage dysfunction, which appears to occur both through direct
      infection by HIV as well as by failure of CD-4 T cells to generate lymphokines
      with macrophage-activating activity. In a similar fashion, the humoral immune
      system is dysfunctional, because of interaction of B cells with virus or viral
      products, and as a result of diminished specific production of B cell growth and
      differentiation factors. From a more practical perspective, few of the many in
      vitro assays that have been described are easily accessible or provide
      information directly relevant to patient care. We do find the assessment of skin
      test reactivity and periodic enumeration of T cells, in particular CD-4 positive
      T cells, as useful indicators of disease status. In addition, the assessment of T
      cell numbers for quantitative abnormalities in ill young infants may be very
      useful if persistent maternal antibody to HIV precludes the use of routine assays
      for HIV antibody to confirm a diagnosis of HIV infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645659
TI  - International employment and children: geographical mobility and mental health
      among children of professionals.
AB  - The literature concerning geographical mobility, psychiatric disturbances and
      mental health among children of professional and executive level migrants is
      reviewed. Most studies were found to be conceptually and methodologically flawed,
      tending to find whatever they set out to look for. Various problems that might be
      experienced by geographically mobile children, both in the short and the long
      term are reviewed. The question is raised as to what eventually becomes of third
      culture children, brought up neither in their home culture nor that of the host
      culture, but in an expatriate community.

PMID- 2645660
TI  - [Sonoanatomy, sonopathology and diagnostic possibilities of knee joint
      sonography].

PMID- 2645661
TI  - Incidence and causes of hyperthyroidism in blacks.
AB  - Between 1974 and 1984 688 black patients with hyperthyroidism were seen at one
      clinic. Graves' disease made up 88% of cases, with a female: male ratio of 7,9:1.
      The average annual incidence for females was 8,75/100,000 and for males
      0,70/100,000. There appeared to be a progressive increase in incidence (60%) over
      the period. A bimodal age distribution was observed with peaks at 35-54 years
      (almost exclusively Graves' disease) and in those older than 64 years (Graves'
      disease 66%, nodular goitres 34%). Although hyperthyroidism seems rare in rural
      Africa, 59% of the patients surveyed (N = 88) had been born in such an area and
      were urban migrants. Moreover, some ethnic groups were disproportionately
      represented. In one of these (Tswana-speaking), 81% had migrated from rural areas
      of endemic goitre, usually as adults. It is concluded that hyperthyroidism
      remains relatively uncommon in the black population in this region. The incidence
      of Graves' disease, but not of toxic nodular goitre, appears to be increasing
      rapidly. The process of urbanisation, including possible increases in dietary
      iodide, may contribute to this apparent increase in Graves' disease in urban
      areas.

PMID- 2645662
TI  - Are regular 'top-up' transfusions necessary in otherwise well, growing premature
      infants?
AB  - To test the hypothesis that very low-birth-weight neonates who are otherwise well
      and are growing, are not compromised if their haemoglobin concentration is
      allowed to fall below 10 g/dl, 20 such neonates were randomly divided into two
      groups. The infants in one group received 'top-up' transfusions to keep their
      haemoglobin concentrations above 10 g/dl, while haemoglobin concentrations in the
      other group were allowed to fall below this level. Although the group which did
      not receive transfusions had significantly lower haemoglobin values, no
      significant differences in clinical well-being and daily mass gain were observed.
      The non-transfused group also had significantly higher reticulocyte counts. We
      conclude that it is not necessary to administer routine top-up transfusions to
      these infants.

PMID- 2645663
TI  - Nutritional aspects of hypertension.
AB  - Hypertension is of importance mainly as a risk factor for heart, brain and kidney
      disease. To date, efforts have been made to reduce high blood pressure levels
      rather than to prevent their development, yet primary prevention of hypertension
      is important. Aspects of nutrition play an important role in the aetiology and
      non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension, for which the following are
      recommended: (i) obese hypertensive patients should be encouraged to follow a low
      kilojoule diet and to decrease their consumption of saturated fats and
      cholesterol; (ii) a moderately restricted sodium intake (2 g or 88 mmol/d) should
      be encouraged in all hypertensives; however, more controlled long-term
      prospective intervention studies in large populations are necessary to determine
      the optimal level of dietary intake of salt; (iii) foods rich in potassium should
      be recommended; and (iv) alcohol intake should be moderate; hypertensives who
      drink greater than 30-60 ml of ethanol per day need to be told to stop.

PMID- 2645664
TI  - Sonographic diagnosis and follow-up in a patient with pancreatic roundworms. A
      case report.
AB  - Ultrasonography showed roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides) in the main pancreatic
      duct of a child with acute pancreatitis. This method was used to follow-up
      gradual reversion to normal during medical treatment.

PMID- 2645665
TI  - Cervical examination prior to induction in postdate pregnancies.
AB  - Results from cervical examination prior to induction of labor at 42 weeks of
      completed gestation differed significantly between those patients in whom
      delivery was by cesarean section and those in whom delivery was vaginal. The
      absolute value of the difference was small, however, and the overlap between the
      two groups was so great that it was not clinically useful. Cervical examination
      prior to induction was a poor screening test for determining those patients in
      whom delivery would ultimately be by cesarean section.

PMID- 2645666
TI  - Natural history of recurrent carotid artery disease.
AB  - Controversy exists as to whether early and late recurrent stenosis of the carotid
      artery represents two distinct types of recurrence or whether it is the same type
      of lesion detected at different times. Eleven specimens from patients whose
      carotid arteries were reoperated upon were examined. A temporal sequence was
      noted: with increasing intervals, the relative presence of areas of myointimal
      hyperplasia tended to decrease, whereas the relative presence of features of
      atherosclerosis tended to increase. The clinical data and B-mode ultrasound
      studies performed from one to 190 months after 210 carotid endarterectomies were
      reviewed. Twenty-seven carotid arteries (12.9 per cent) exhibited hemodynamically
      significant restenosis. Three ultrasonographic patterns were described:
      homogenous soft plaque, homogenous hard plaque and heterogenous plaque. A
      previous correlation between ultrasonographic and pathologic findings showed the
      three ultrasound patterns to correlate with myointimal hyperplasia, fibrous
      atherosclerotic plaque and complex atherosclerotic plaque, respectively. Soft
      plaques were detected earlier than heterogenous plaques (p less than 0.001).
      Results from serial studies showed progression of soft plaque to hard or
      heterogenous plaque, or both. Early and late recurrent lesions are the same type
      of lesion detected at different intervals. Symptoms of cerebral ischemia are more
      common at the stage of heterogenous plaque (p = 0.02).

PMID- 2645667
TI  - Combined hepatic and pancreaticoduodenal procurement for transplantation.
AB  - We have used a procurement method whereby both the liver and whole pancreas
      grafts are procured from the same donor and successfully transplanted. During the
      combined procurement, the hepatic artery is completely mobilized; the splenic
      artery is transected from the hepatic artery and the gastroduodenal artery is
      ligated from the hepatic artery. The portal vein is mobilized 2 centimeters from
      the head of the pancreas. The whole pancreas graft includes the splenic artery
      and the superior mesenteric artery, which are reconstructed. The hepatic graft
      includes the entire length of the hepatic artery with the celiac axis, and no
      further reconstruction is required. Using this technique, we have performed nine
      combined hepatic and whole pancreas procurements; only one liver was not
      transplanted because of technical complications. When a replaced right hepatic
      artery is identified from the superior mesenteric artery, we have abandoned the
      pancreatic retrieval. All combined retrievals have included successful renal
      retrieval, and the majority have been associated with cardiac retrieval also.
      Combined hepatic and whole pancreas procurement is feasible with minimal
      technical complications with the liver or the pancreatic graft and should be
      standard in most procurements.

PMID- 2645668
TI  - Misinterpretations concerning Larrey's methods of wound treatment.

PMID- 2645669
TI  - Pharmacodynamics of antibiotic penetration of tissue and surgical prophylaxis.
AB  - The morbidity and mortality of infection in surgical treatment remains
      substantial. Many principles for the prevention and treatment of surgical
      infections have been established. Proper selection and preparation of patients
      and meticulous operative techniques are of primary importance in the prevention
      of surgical infections. Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is also beneficial when
      an adequate tissue level is present before and throughout the duration of the
      procedure. The level attained in the tissues is dependent on many factors that
      affect the pharmacokinetics of antibiotic distribution and excretion. One factor
      is protein binding, which alters the fraction of free drug available for
      diffusion into tissues. However, the singular importance of this effect on the
      concentration of antibiotics in tissues is minimal. In surgical prophylaxis, the
      maintenance of antibiotic tissue activity at the sites of potential infection for
      the duration of the operation is crucial. Failure to provide persistent
      antibiotic tissue activity throughout the entire procedure results in an
      increased number of surgical infections. The pharmacokinetics of distribution and
      the half-life of antibiotics in the serum are directly related to the duration of
      activity of antibiotic in the tissue. Antibiotics with longer half-lives maintain
      levels in the tissues for longer periods than do antibiotics with shorter half
      lives. The maintenance of the levels of a given antibiotic is similar for all
      tissues. The application of the pharmacokinetic properties of antibiotics to
      surgical prophylaxis can provide the surgeon with certainty that adequate
      coverage and protection with antibiotics are achieved before and throughout the
      operation.

PMID- 2645670
TI  - Postoperative prognostic indicators of control of acromegaly.
AB  - Changes in growth hormone basal levels and growth hormone dynamic tests such as
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone tests,
      and the glucose tolerance test were evaluated during a follow-up period of 1-17
      years in 17 acromegalic patients. In these cases, mean growth hormone basal
      levels obtained 1-2 months after surgery had dropped to levels below 5 ng/mL. In
      11 of the patients, the 1-2 months postoperative mean growth hormone basal levels
      were reduced to less than 3 ng/mL. In these patients, abnormal growth hormone
      responses to these dynamic tests were not present and mean growth hormone basal
      levels remained below 3.0 ng/mL during the follow-up period of 1-6 years. In
      contrast, the six other patients' 1-2 months postoperative mean growth hormone
      basal levels were between 3 and 5 ng/mL. Of these, four presented abnormal
      responses in at least one of these three dynamic tests 1-2 months
      postoperatively, and three exhibited a rise in growth hormone basal levels after
      intervals of 1-3.5 years after surgery. It is concluded that the restoration of
      normal growth hormone response to the dynamic tests is better related to the
      value of the mean growth hormone basal levels obtained 1-2 months postoperatively
      being less than 3 ng/mL rather than it is to the conventional criterion of the
      growth hormone basal levels being less than 5 ng/mL.

PMID- 2645671
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of silastic-induced canine hydrocephalus.
AB  - Nine adult beagle dogs underwent magnetic resonance imaging in a 2-Tesla small
      bore unit. Six surviving dogs were followed up serially with magnetic resonance
      imaging after induction of hydrocephalus by injection of Silastic into the
      prepontine cistern or fourth ventricle. Ventricular size (Y) measured as
      percentage cross-sectional area of an anterior frontal slice was related to
      postoperative day (X) as Y = 1.54 + 4.21 x ln(X), r = 0.9596. Periventricular
      edema appeared initially in the superlateral angles of the frontal horns in an
      area that corresponded histologically to the subcallosal fasciculus. T1
      relaxation time of normal white matter of 979.32 msec increased to 1813.90 msec
      in the area of the edema (p less than 0.0001). The T2 relaxation time of normal
      white matter of 83.39 msec increased to 238.26 msec in the area of the edema (p
      less than 0.0001). Histological changes included expansion of the extracellular
      space in an area comparable to the region of increased signal intensity on T2
      weighted images, as well as diffuse astrocytosis in the chronically hydrocephalic
      dogs.

PMID- 2645672
TI  - Lester A. Mount.

PMID- 2645673
TI  - Granulomatous angiitis masquerading as a mass lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging
      and stereotactic biopsy findings in a patient with occult Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Granulomatous angiitis is a frequently fatal central nervous system vasculitis of
      unknown pathogenesis sporadically associated with Hodgkin's disease, mixed
      cellularity type. We describe a 58-year-old woman presenting with headaches,
      progressive spastic paraparesis, equivocal computed tomography findings, and
      magnetic resonance imaging findings of increased signal intensity biparietally on
      T2-weighted imaging in a relatively discrete pattern. Magnetic resonance imaging
      directed serial stereotactic biopsies revealed granulomatous angiitis throughout
      the right parieto-occipital region and splenium. Simultaneous biopsy of an
      enlarged submandibular mass revealed Hodgkin's disease, lymphocyte-predominant
      type. This case shows that granulomatous angiitis may be associated with magnetic
      resonance imaging findings suggesting a mass lesion in lymphocyte-predominant as
      well as mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2645674
TI  - Primary intraspinal dura mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.
AB  - An 18-year-old woman presented with 6 months of local paraspinal pain and 2
      months midthoracic myelopathy. She was proved to have an intraspinal tumor. After
      successful surgical removal, it was found histologically to be a mesenchymal
      chondrosarcoma. Local irradiation was administered for the prevention of local
      recurrence. This case is reported with a review of the literature of primary
      mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the spinal dura.

PMID- 2645675
TI  - Nurhan Avman, 1928-1988.

PMID- 2645676
TI  - 50th anniversary meeting of the Society of University Surgeons. Feb. 9-11, 1989.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2645677
TI  - A founder recalls the birth of the Society of University Surgeons.

PMID- 2645678
TI  - Surgery and the Society of University Surgeons.

PMID- 2645679
TI  - Society of University Surgeons. The Lockwood amendment.

PMID- 2645680
TI  - Society of University Surgeons. The Halsted centennial.

PMID- 2645681
TI  - University Surgical Residents' Conference.

PMID- 2645682
TI  - The Society of University Surgeons and the American Board of Surgery: twenty-five
      years together.

PMID- 2645683
TI  - Society of University Surgeons. The ill-fated Tripartite Meeting of 1976.

PMID- 2645684
TI  - Society of University Surgeons. The Social and Legislative Issues Committee.

PMID- 2645685
TI  - The Ethicon-Society of University Surgeons Surgical Research Fellowship.

PMID- 2645686
TI  - Synaptic structural plasticity: role of synaptic shape.
AB  - Recent research has indicated that synaptic curvature is an important and
      potentially critical plastic feature of the synapse. Alterations in synaptic
      shape are related to synaptic function, being found both during maturation and in
      adulthood following neuronal activation. In this paper we review the evidence
      supporting synaptic shape as a plastic feature of synaptic structure. We also
      propose several mechanisms which might underlie these changes in shape. Finally,
      we suggest the possible functional role of alterations in synaptic curvature,
      including its potential in altering synaptic transmission efficacy.

PMID- 2645687
TI  - [Thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2645688
TI  - [Streptokinase treatment in acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - Myocardial necrosis develops gradually after coronary artery occlusion, and in
      man is completed after several hours. Most infarctions are precipitated by
      thrombi, and early fibrinolytic treatment should therefore be the rational
      therapy. Recanalization is achieved in three of four patients whether
      streptokinase is applied intracoronary or intravenously. Early treatment limits
      the size of the infarct, and he myocardial function is preserved better in
      patients treated with streptokinase than in others. Very early treatment, started
      within one hour from the onset of nitroglycerin-resistant chest pain, may prevent
      infarction in some patients. Streptokinase reduces mortality after infarction, in
      total by as much as 25 per cent, and even considerably more when infusion is
      started early. There is some risk of bleeding, but serious bleeding episodes are
      rare. Intracoronary application has no advantages as compared with intravenous
      infusion. Unless there are strong contra-indications, patients with nitroglycerin
      resistant chest pain and abnormal ECG should receive streptokinase intravenously
      in a dose of 1.5 x 10(6) units. Most patients treated with streptokinase should
      be given acetylsalicylic acid.

PMID- 2645689
TI  - [Veterinarians, watch your affairs! (2)].

PMID- 2645690
TI  - Evaluation of the subacute nephrotoxicity of cyclohexane and other industrial
      solvents in the female Sprague-Dawley rat.
AB  - The subacute nephrotoxicity of more than 20 industrial solvents has been compared
      in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were given 5 i.p. injections of the
      solvents per week for 2 weeks at doses ranging from 1/20 to 1/5 of the i.p. or
      oral LD50 and the urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, beta 2
      microglobulin and albumin was determined. Under these experimental conditions,
      two solvents, cyclohexane and styrene, were found to cause some tubular injury as
      evidenced by a statistically significant increase of beta 2-microglobulinuria. At
      the same dose, styrene was more tubulotoxic than cyclohexane but the opposite was
      observed when the solvents were administered proportionally to their LD50. The
      increased beta 2-microglobulinuria caused by cyclohexane was both time- and dose
      dependent. It was not accompanied by changes in the glomerular filtration rate
      and the renal plasma flow, but at the highest dose (1.5 g/kg) the renal
      concentrating ability was depressed. These renal tubular effects can most likely
      be ascribed to cyclohexanol, the main metabolite of cyclohexane. As cyclohexane
      is a widely used industrial solvent with a relatively high threshold limit value
      (TWA-TLV: 300 ppm) it might represent an underestimated risk for the renal
      function of exposed populations.

PMID- 2645691
TI  - Diagnostic significance of flow separation in the carotid bulb.
AB  - Pulsatile blood flow within the normal carotid sinus involves at least two
      distinct components. That near the flow divider is laminar and antegrade, whereas
      a boundary layer separation zone in the posterolateral aspect exhibits transient
      blood flow reversal. It is now possible to document these flow velocity
      components using pulsed Doppler ultrasound methods. When atherosclerosis
      develops, it preferentially involves the posterolateral bulb region, obliterating
      the normal configuration of the sinus with consequent loss of the flow separation
      zone. It was therefore hypothesized that if flow separation could be detected, it
      should be predictive of a normal angiogram. To assess this, we evaluated 20
      symptomatic patients and two with only bruits found by duplex scanning to have
      flow separation in either one or both carotid bulbs and who also underwent
      cerebral angiography. Initial diagnoses were stroke in seven, reversible ischemic
      neurologic deficit in one, transient ischemic attack in 12, and bruit in two.
      Flow separation was bilateral in 13 patients (59%). There were 15 patients with
      symptoms in the territory of a carotid bulb exhibiting flow separation. By
      angiography, of the 35 bulbs with boundary layer separation, 27 (77%) were
      normal, with the remainder showing lesions that reduced the diameter of the
      vessel by 20% or less. Final diagnoses of the 15 patients with symptoms
      ipsilateral to a carotid sinus exhibiting flow separation were fibromuscular
      disease in two, lacunar stroke in three, dissection in two, subclavian steal in
      one, cardiogenic embolus in three, migraine in one, hyperventilation syndrome in
      one, kink of the mid-internal carotid artery in one, and no diagnosis in
      one.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645692
TI  - Syphilis detection in cerebrovascular disease.
AB  - To determine the importance of syphilis testing in cerebrovascular disease, we
      prospectively assessed 218 consecutive patients with either transient ischemic
      attack or completed stroke. The results from this study group were compared with
      those from a control group of 150 neurological patients without cerebrovascular
      disease. Of 275 patients from both groups specifically tested by the fluorescent
      treponemal antibody-absorption test, 34% of the study group were seropositive
      compared with 18% of the controls (chi 2 = 7.7, p less than 0.01). Fifty-four
      percent of the patients with a positive fluorescent treponemal antibody
      absorption test underwent a cerebrospinal fluid examination; meningovascular
      syphilis was detected in one (0.4%) of these. This patient was a homosexual male
      with antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus; a second patient, with
      possible meningovascular syphilis, also had antibodies to this virus. Despite the
      relatively high rate of syphilis seropositivity noted in our study group,
      syphilis was not found to be a common cause of cerebrovascular disease;
      therefore, routine screening is seen to be of low diagnostic yield. Attention to
      patients who are at higher risk for syphilitic infection, patients with clinical
      features suggestive of meningovascular syphilis, and the proper choice of
      serologic studies can help make the assessment of syphilis seropositivity more
      clinically appropriate and cost effective.

PMID- 2645693
TI  - Cerebral blood flow measured by NMR indicator dilution in cats.
AB  - We developed techniques to assess the utility of a nuclear magnetic resonance
      (NMR) indicator for cerebral blood flow studies in cats, using Freon-22 for the
      first candidate. A PIN-diode-switched NMR experiment allowed the acquisition of
      an arterial as well as a cerebral fluorine-19 signal proportional to
      concentration vs. time in a 1.89 T magnet. Mean +/- SD blood:brain partition
      coefficients for Freon-22 were estimated at 0.93 +/- 0.08 for gray matter and
      0.77 +/- 0.12 for white matter. Using maximum-likelihood curve fitting, estimates
      of mean +/- SD resting cerebral blood flow were 50 +/- 19 ml/100 g-min for gray
      matter and 5.0 +/- 2.0 ml/100 g-min for white matter. Hypercapnia produced the
      expected increases in gray and white matter blood flow. The physiologic effects
      of Freon-22, including an increase in cerebral blood flow itself with
      administration of 40% by volume, may limit its use as an indicator. Nevertheless,
      the NMR techniques described demonstrate the feasibility of fluorine-19-labeled
      compounds as cerebral blood flow indicators and the promise for their use in
      humans.

PMID- 2645694
TI  - An alternative view of heparin anticoagulation in acute focal brain ischemia.
AB  - Despite the lack of evidence of its efficacy, heparin therapy has been
      recommended for selected patients with ischemic stroke syndromes. However,
      heparin has procoagulant effects on platelet function and a propensity to produce
      serious side effects. When these factors are considered, heparin loses its appeal
      as a therapeutic agent for patients with acute focal cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 2645695
TI  - Effect of ABO mismatching on a radioimmunoassay for platelet compatibility.
      Successful adsorption of ABO alloantibodies with synthetic A and B substance.
AB  - IgG and IgM anti-A and/or -B agglutinin titers were determined on 17 serum
      samples (5 group 0, 7 group A, 5 group B) to range from 8 to 1024. The presence
      of hemolysins was also evaluated. Single adsorptions with solid-state synthetic A
      and B substances greatly reduced or eliminated anti-A and -B titers but did not
      adsorb known platelet antibodies. Unadsorbed and adsorbed serum samples were
      crossmatched with ABO-compatible and -incompatible platelets by a
      radioimmunoassay employing 125I-labeled monoclonal antibodies specific for human
      gamma, mu, and C3d antigens. IgG and IgM crossmatch incompatibility was directly
      related to ABO alloantibody titers greater than or equal to 64. The use of
      adsorbed serum in the crossmatch eliminated or greatly reduced incompatible
      results that were due to ABO alloagglutinins alone, thus allowing the reliable
      detection of platelet and/or HLA antibodies.

PMID- 2645696
TI  - Adoptive immunotherapy in the treatment of malignant disease.

PMID- 2645698
TI  - Seventh annual meeting of the American Society of Transplant Physicians. June
      1988, Chicago, Illinois. Proceedings.

PMID- 2645697
TI  - Successful allogeneic cryopreserved marrow transplantation.
AB  - Cryopreservation has been used extensively in autologous marrow transplantation
      (BMT), but there has been limited use in allogeneic BMT. We describe here 6 cases
      of successful engraftment following allogeneic BMT with cryopreserved marrow.
      Patients suffered from Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome, osteopetrosis, aplastic anemia,
      and acute lymphocytic, acute non-lymphocytic, and chronic myelogenous leukemia,
      and ranged in age from 5 mos to 35 yrs. Marrow was collected using standard
      techniques. In one case T-cells were removed to prevent graft-vs-host disease.
      Marrow was frozen for a variety of reasons. Buffy coat cells were frozen at
      controlled rate in 10% DMSO, and stored in liquid nitrogen for 6 to 49 d.
      Engraftment (WBC greater than 1000/uL x 3 d) occurred from 13 to 37 d post BMT.
      In 4 of 4 cases in which data are available, donor origin of engraftment was
      documented, 1 with cytogenetics, 2 with red cell typing, and 4 with restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms. 3 patients are alive and well 21, 21, and 42
      months post BMT. These results suggest frozen marrow can be successfully used for
      allogeneic BMT.

PMID- 2645699
TI  - Promotion of incompatible allograft acceptance in rhesus monkeys given
      posttransplant antithymocyte globulin and donor bone marrow. II. Effects of
      adjuvant immunosuppressive drugs.
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory demonstrated prolonged acceptance of MHC
      mismatched kidney allografts in rhesus monkeys treated with posttransplant rabbit
      antithymocyte globulin (RATG)* and donor-specific bone marrow (DBM). Here we have
      investigated the effect of adjunctive immunosuppressive drugs on induction of
      allogeneic unresponsiveness in this primate model. Parameters examined included
      median kidney allograft survival time (MST), development of specific antidonor T
      lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) and antidonor antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC). Posttransplant infusion of DBM in RATG-treated kidney
      allograft recipients resulted in 70 days MST and a dramatic reduction in the
      incidence of antidonor LMC. However, development of antidonor ADCC was similar to
      that of RATG controls, suggesting an immune deviation or split tolerance in these
      animals. Adjunctive azathioprine did not have a beneficial effect in recipients
      given RATG & DBM, resulting in decreased MST and increased antidonor LMC
      responses. In contrast, adjunctive cyclosporine (CsA) and low-dose prednisone (P)
      exerted an additive immunosuppressive effect resulting in a 50% increase in MST
      and no detectable antidonor LMC. However, CsA & P appeared to enhance the humoral
      alloimmune response, increasing the incidence of recipients with antidonor ADCC.
      Long-term graft survival in this group was limited by chronic rejection and
      especially by CsA-associated toxicity. These studies point out deterrents and
      also directions for optimizing adjunctive immunosuppression in primates treated
      with posttransplant RATG & DBM. The results with CsA are relatively encouraging.
      However, the prevalence of alloantibody and of chronic rejection in these animals
      suggests that more homogeneous success with tolerance induction in this model may
      require adjunctive immunosuppressive strategies that reduce humoral immunity.

PMID- 2645700
TI  - Abolition of the effect of cyclosporine on rat cardiac allograft rejection by the
      new immunomodulator LS-2616 (Linomide).
AB  - The effect of the quinoline-3-carboxamide LS-2616 (Linomide), given alone or
      together with cyclosporine, was studied in the first set cardiac allograft
      transplantation model in the rat. PVG rat hearts were transplanted
      heterotopically to Wistar/Kyoto rat recipients on day 0. The recipients were
      given LS-2616 orally on day -1 to rejection and/or CsA orally on days 0-9. In
      untreated animals rejection occurred on days 8-9, as judged by the absence of
      palpable pulsations. Treatment with CsA (5 or 10 mg/kg) resulted in prolongation
      of graft survival to days 17-21, i.e., the rejection occurred 8-10 days after
      cessation of treatment. LS-2616 in a dose of 160 mg/kg did not in itself have any
      impact on graft survival, but when given in doses of 40 or 160 mg/kg
      simultaneously with CsA (10 mg/kg), the effect of CsA was totally abolished.
      Animals treated with LS-2616 together with CsA had slightly lower trough blood
      levels than those treated with CsA alone. This interaction with CsA
      pharmacokinetics does not explain the results, as doubling of the CsA dose to 20
      mg/kg, which well compensated for the difference in blood levels, was not
      sufficient to reverse the effect of LS-2616. To our knowledge this is the first
      compound known to abolish the effect of CsA. The mechanism is unknown, but is is
      possible that studies on the interaction between these two drugs will shed
      further light on the molecular basis of their modes of action.

PMID- 2645701
TI  - Sequential determinations of urinary cytology and plasma and urinary lymphokines
      in the management of renal allograft recipients.
AB  - Urine cytology, plasma (P), and urinary (U) interleukin-2 (IL-2)* and IL-2
      receptor (IL-2R) levels were evaluated as immunological monitoring techniques in
      65 renal allograft recipients. Normal individuals showed normal urine cytology,
      IL-2(U) = 0, IL-2(P) = 0.4 +/- 0.1 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) and IL-2R(P) = 318 +/- 26
      U/ml. Stable transplants also showed normal urine cytology, no IL-2(U), IL-2(P) =
      0.8 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, and IL-2R(P) = 326 +/- 29 U/ml. Rejection episodes (n = 21)
      were accompanied by cytologic changes, including lymphocyturia, exfoliation of
      immature tubular cells, platelet aggregates, and fibrin deposits. The
      corresponding lymphokine changes were IL-2(U) = 39.6 +/- 1.4 ng/ml, IL-2(P) = 79
      +/- 21 ng/ml, and IL-2R = 1884 +/- 202 U/ml, all markedly increased. Successful
      treatment was associated with return of all parameters to normal; treatment
      failure was associated with continued abnormalities. Fourteen rejections
      unresponsive to Solumedrol (500 mg x 5 days) required OKT3 rescue (5 mg x 14
      days). In the 11 that were reversed, onset of OKT3 therapy was characterized by
      markedly increased exfoliation of necrotic cellular debris, lymphocytes, and
      collecting duct cells. Interestingly, serum creatinine increases of 57.2 +/-
      18.9% (range 25-90%) over pre-OKT3 levels were noted. Maximal changes occurred 48
      72 hr after the first dose, followed by gradual return to normal. Rejections
      unresponsive to OKT3 (n = 3) showed no cytologic changes from the pretreatment
      mean creatinine increase of 13.2 +/- 2.7% (range 9-15%), and maximum change
      occurred 24 hr after the first dose. Rejections responsive to Solumedrol only (n
      = 4) showed gradual improvement of all parameters. Rejections treated with
      Solumedrol following failed OKT3 prophylaxis (n = 3) did not reverse and
      continued to show rejection associated cytologic changes and abnormal
      creatinines. Patients experiencing CsA toxicity (n = 12) showed mild creatinine
      elevations, normal or negative IL-2(P) and IL-2R(P) levels, and no IL-2(U). They
      showed distinctive cytologic changes consisting of swollen convoluted tubular
      cells with nuclear pyknosis and cytoplasmic vacuoles. Pretransplant IL-2(P)
      levels of patients who subsequently rejected were elevated, with 19/21 patients
      with preoperative IL-2 levels greater than 15 ng/ml having subsequent rejections.
      In contrast, pretransplant creatinine, urine cytology, and IL-2(U) levels showed
      no correlation to subsequent clinical course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2645702
TI  - Renal allograft biopsy and conversion of cyclosporine to azathioprine.
AB  - A prospective nonrandomized study was conducted to evaluate the results of two
      conversion protocols on two similar groups of renal graft recipients totaling 54
      patients who were converted from CsA to AZA at 6-12 months posttransplant. With
      protocol I, 24 patients (3 haploidentical, 21 cadaveric recipients) were
      converted with a graft biopsy followed by a 14-day overlap of CsA and AZA before
      the CsA dose was tapered and discontinued in 6 days. Of the 24 patients, 8 were
      found to have occult rejection in biopsy and received methylprednisolone 500 mg
      boluses for three days before overlap started. Thirty patients (2 haploidentical,
      28 cadaveric recipients) were converted with protocol II, which had CsA and AZA
      overlap and tapering schedules identical to those of protocol I without a
      preconversion biopsy. Follow-up extended as far as 3 years posttransplant. There
      was a substantial incidence of chronic rejection and graft loss after conversion
      in protocol II patients. We also found that there was a possible link between
      postconversion acute rejection and late graft loss from chronic rejection. The
      incidence of acute rejection after conversion was significantly lower among
      protocol I patients as compared with that of protocol II (4% vs. 37%, P less than
      0.001). However, if 8 patients with occult rejection in the preconversion biopsy
      were added to the total number of postconversion rejection in protocol I, the
      incidence of postconversion rejection in this group (38%) would be similar to
      that of protocol II. Using the time of conversion as the onset of the risk,
      protocol I patients had better graft survival than protocol II (100% vs. 80%, P
      less than 0.005) at 3 years posttransplant. If conversion becomes necessary, we
      recommend a preconversion graft biopsy to identify and treat patients with occult
      rejection before the beginning of CsA and AZA overlap, especially for those
      patients whose creatinine is higher than 2 mg/dl without obvious cause before
      conversion.

PMID- 2645703
TI  - Strategies for optimizing growth in children with kidney transplants.
AB  - Children with a well-functioning graft continue to show growth retardation even
      with low-dose prednisone. We have attempted to utilize the steroid-sparing effect
      of cyclosporine by discontinuing prednisone after graft stabilization. Since
      1983, 53 children have received cyclosporine as primary immunosuppressant for
      renal graft maintenance. The children, aged 6 months to 18 years, received 60
      transplants. One-year and four-year patient survival for cadaveric transplants
      was 91% and 91%, compared with 96% and 96% for living related transplants. One
      year and four-year graft survivals were 82% and 65% for cadaveric transplants (n
      = 25), compared with 91% and 63% for living related transplants (n = 35). Of 53
      patients, 23 were able to discontinue prednisone and be maintained on monodrug
      cyclosporine therapy, and 21 of the 53 patients had growth hormone measured using
      L-dopa stimulation. In patients receiving more than 5 mg of prednisone daily,
      growth hormone levels were lower than normal (less than 10 ng/ml). Of 15 patients
      who had discontinued prednisone for more than 6 months, 13 showed accelerated
      growth by improvement in their standard deviation scores. In 4 pubescent children
      with growth retardation and need for maintenance prednisone, accelerated growth
      occurred following growth hormone administration for 3-6 months. Based on these
      data we suggest that (1) discontinuation of even very small doses of prednisone
      may be essential for normalizing growth hormone response to L-dopa and (2)
      further studies are needed to exploit the growth stimulation effect of
      recombinant growth hormone in transplanted children.

PMID- 2645704
TI  - Presensitization and the renal allograft recipient.
AB  - We examined data from the New England Organ Bank to characterize the influence of
      patient sensitization on allograft survival, and our current crossmatching
      strategy. To evaluate our recipient eligibility criteria, we compared computer
      predicted crossmatch results to 3622 actual crossmatches. A computer-predicted
      positive crossmatch was highly predictive of an actual positive crossmatch, for
      patients with a percentage reactive antibody of 40% of more (positive predictive
      value 91-99%), thus obviating the need to perform the actual crossmatch. Given
      the high prevalence of sensitized patients on our waiting list, very few
      individuals are inappropriately excluded from consideration for an available
      organ. In contrast, a negative computer prediction was never sufficiently
      predictive of a negative crossmatch to dispense with the actual crossmatching
      procedure. We also compared graft survival in patients with positive antidonor
      crossmatches using historical (greater than 6 months old) sera with those with
      negative historical crossmatches (or with no history of humoral sensitization).
      One-year actuarial graft survival in the first group was 61.0 +/- 6.0%, compared
      with 85.2 +/- 1.4% in those without positive historical crossmatches (P less than
      0.001). This adverse effect of a positive historical crossmatch was true in both
      first transplants (n = 41, 1-year graft survival 67.9 +/- 7.4% vs. 86.2 +/- 1.6%,
      P less than 0.05) and in regrafted individuals (n = 29, 1-year graft survival
      50.7 +/- 9.8% vs. 78.9 +/- 3.7%, P less than 0.01). The inability to accurately
      predict negative crossmatches, and the possible adverse effect of positive
      historical crossmatches on graft survival, represent potential obstacles to a
      goal of national organ sharing.

PMID- 2645705
TI  - Successful renal allografts in recipients with crossmatch-positive,
      dithioerythritol-treated negative sera. Race, transplant history, and HLA-DR1
      phenotype.
AB  - Graft survival was examined in 15 renal allograft recipients from a group of 20
      patients with IgM autolymphocytotoxic antibody that could be removed in a
      crossmatch assay using a reducing agent, dithioerythritol (DTE). The significant
      differences in this group of 20 patients compared with end-stage renal disease
      (ESRD) patients lacking autolymphocytotoxic antibodies included an increased
      frequency of black patients (P = 0.002), a lack of previous transplants (P =
      0.003), and an increased frequency of the HLA-DR1 phenotype (P = 0.0001). Sex and
      the number of transfusions did not appear significant, whereas the cause of ESRD
      was primarily systemic lupus erythematosus. Fifteen of the 20 patients were
      transplanted against a positive donor crossmatch. Eleven were recipients of
      cadaveric kidneys, nine of which are still functioning for periods ranging from
      0.5 to 40 months. Two fo the cadaveric recipients died with functional grafts.
      Four received living-related donor transplants, one of which was lost to acute
      rejection one month posttransplant, while the remaining three have survived 1.5,
      9, and 21 months, respectively. Fourteen patients had immediate allograft
      function with no hyperacute rejection and only one case of acute tubular necrosis
      (ATN) was found. In summary, a negative crossmatch using DTE-treated, autologous
      reactive recipient sera may identify a group of patients who can be transplanted
      with minimal concern for hyperacute rejection or ATN. In addition to cause of
      ESRD, race, transplant history, and HLA-DR phenotype may further define this
      group of transplant candidates having IgM autolymphocytotoxic antibody.
      Extrapolation of these conclusions to transplant candidates lacking
      autolymphocytotoxic antibodies is not warranted.

PMID- 2645706
TI  - Influence of cadaveric organ source on delayed renal allograft function.
AB  - From 1984 to 1987, 110 locally retrieved cadaveric kidneys were transplanted into
      108 local recipients, including 50 kidneys from multiple-organ retrieval (MOR)
      procedures and 60 from kidney-only (KO) donors. Conventional multiple organ
      retrieval technique, iced Euro-Collins storage, and cyclosporine-prednisone
      immunosuppression were employed. Delayed graft function (DGF), defined as
      dialysis dependence after transplantation, was twice as high in the MOR
      allografts as in the KO allografts, 46% vs. 22%, P less than 0.01. DGF was
      associated with longer hospitalization postoperatively and reduced eventual
      allograft function. The greater concordance of DGF in allograft pairs from the
      MOR group (25% vs. 7% in the KO group) and the increased incidence of DGF when
      more complex forms of MOR were used (40% with liver or heart retrieval, 55% with
      liver and heart retrieval) suggested that retrieval-related factors influenced
      allograft function. DGF in the MOR allografts was unrelated to other differences
      in donor, preservation, or recipient characteristics in the comparative groups.
      Unrecognized warm ischemia during conventional MOR is a plausible cause of DGF in
      kidneys from multiple-organ donors.

PMID- 2645707
TI  - Amelioration of chronic renal allograft dysfunction in cyclosporine-treated
      patients by addition of azathioprine.
AB  - Management of chronic renal allograft dysfunction in cyclosporine-prednisone
      treated renal allograft recipients remains problematic. We therefore initiated a
      protocol of azathioprine addition (1.0-1.5 mg/kg/day) to ongoing CsA/Pred
      therapy. Three groups were treated. Group A (n = 21) had chronic progressive
      renal dysfunction (serum creatinine greater than or equal to 2.5 mg/dl or more
      than 15% above baseline) four or more months after transplantation. Group B (n =
      8) had frequent or severe rejection episodes occurring despite adequate CsA
      levels. Group C (n = 7) had constitutional side effects of CsA with or without
      renal dysfunction persisting despite drug taper or financial difficulty in
      affording CsA. Aza was initiated 17.8 +/- 2.8 months after transplantation in
      group A, the mean serum creatinine having risen from 2.55 +/- 27 mg/dl to 3.04 +/
      .20 mg/dl (P = .07) over the six months preceding Aza initiation, despite stable
      and low therapeutic range HPLC whole-blood CsA levels (118 +/- 10 ng/ml vs. 133
      +/- 11 ng/ml, P = NS). Renal function declined at a rate of -0.20 +/- .06
      Cr1/year in the six-month period before addition of Aza, and then improved at a
      rate of 0.09 +/- .04 Cr-1/year after addition of Aza (P = .002). These changes in
      renal function occurred without a decrease in CsA levels (118 +/- 10 six months
      before Aza vs. 126 +/- 26 six months after Aza, P = NS). In group B Aza was
      initiated at 58 +/- 8 days after transplantation when mean sCr was 3.56 +/- .29
      mg/dl and mean CsA level was 222 +/- 17 ng/ml. At least follow-up 12.7 +/- 2.0
      months after addition of Aza, all group B grafts were functioning, mean sCr was
      2.69 +/- .31 mg/dl (P = .09 compared with baseline), and mean CsA level was 128
      +/- 34 ng/ml (P = .07 compared with baseline). Group C patients had addition of
      Aza at 43 +/- 19 months after transplantation when mean sCr was 2.97 +/- .60 and
      mean CsA level was 125 +/- 30 ng/ml; addition of Aza had no influence on the rate
      of decline in renal function in this group. Of these 36 patients, 6 received
      therapy for acute rejection over the entire follow-up period of 12.3 +/- 1.4
      months after addition of Aza; 4 of these retain graft function. Infectious
      complications consisted of 2 urinary tract infections, 1 bacterial pneumonia, and
      one case of otitis media.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2645708
TI  - Effects of H2-receptor antagonists on renal function in cyclosporine-treated
      renal transplant patients.
AB  - H2-receptor antagonists have been frequently avoided in cyclosporine-treated
      transplant patients because of concern regarding possible exacerbation of
      nephrotoxicity. To determine whether the reported increase of serum creatinine
      levels in cyclosporine-treated transplant patients receiving H2-receptor
      antagonists was due to a true decrease in glomerular filtration rate or was
      secondary to altered renal tubular handling of creatinine, simultaneous inulin
      and creatinine clearances were analyzed in 11 cyclosporine-treated renal
      transplant recipients before and after H2-receptor antagonist administration.
      Seven patients received one week of cimetidine 300 mg p.o. four times daily and
      eight received one week of ranitidine 150 mg p.o. two times daily. Prior to
      study, all patients had stable renal function and were maintained on prednisone
      (mean dose 0.2 +/- 0.01 mg/kg/day) and cyclosporine (mean dose 5 +/- 0.6
      mg/kg/day). Four patients were also receiving azathioprine (2 mg/kg/day).
      Cimetidine administration resulted in a significant increase (P less than 0.05)
      in mean serum creatinine concentration from 2.0 +/- 0.3 mg/dl to 2.4 +/- 0.3
      mg/dl and a significant reduction (P less than 0.05) in mean creatinine clearance
      remained unchanged during this same period. Serum creatinine levels returned to
      baseline values for all patients following discontinuation of the drug.
      Ranitidine administration had no consistent effect on serum creatinine
      concentration, creatinine clearance or inulin clearance. Cyclosporine trough
      levels and BUN were unchanged by either drug. These results confirm previous
      observations demonstrating an increase in serum creatinine and a reduction in
      creatinine clearance following administration of H2 receptor antagonists,
      especially cimetidine. Failure to document a simultaneous reduction in inulin
      clearance is consistent with the hypothesis that H2-receptor antagonists do not
      exacerbate cyclosporine nephrotoxicity and lower GFR, but rather compete with
      creatinine for tubular secretion.

PMID- 2645709
TI  - Cadaveric renal transplantation with cyclosporine in patients more than 60 years
      of age.
AB  - Advanced age has been a relative contraindication to kidney transplantation
      because of the likelihood of increased morbidity and mortality in the geriatric
      population. However, the introduction of cyclosporine has improved renal
      allograft survival rates dramatically, and higher-risk patients are now being
      successfully transplanted. With the introduction of cyclosporine in 1983, we have
      performed 36 cadaveric renal transplants in 34 recipients 60 years of age or
      older, including 34 primary and 2 retransplants. Most of the patients (88%) were
      on dialysis prior to transplantation and 29% had ASCVD. Three-year actuarial
      patient and allograft survival are 91% and 74%, respectively. Surgical
      complications were infrequent, and postoperative rejection episodes were less
      frequent than in younger patients but were more likely to lead to graft loss.
      Medical complications, especially infection, were common after transplantation
      but easily managed. Cadaveric renal transplantation with cyclosporine
      immunosuppression is a safe and effective therapeutic modality that is no longer
      contraindicated in elderly patients.

PMID- 2645710
TI  - A comparison of the clinical utility of the radioimmunoassay, high-performance
      liquid chromatography, and TDx cyclosporine assays in outpatient renal transplant
      recipients.
AB  - Rapid and precise cyclosporine measurements are necessary to maximize
      immunosuppression and minimize toxicity. The new cyclosporine and metabolites TDx
      fluorescent polarization immunoassay was studied to determine its precision,
      sensitivity, and stability. Further, it was compared with the existing
      radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography assays for clinical
      utility. The TDx procedure utilizes 50 microliter of serum or blood. The range of
      the assay is 0-1000 ng/ml for serum and 0-2000 ng/ml for whole blood. Precision
      studies of three control levels provided coefficients of variation of 2.1-5.8%
      for both assays. The sensitivities of the assays were less than 25 ng/ml for
      serum and less than 50 ng/ml for whole blood. In order to compare the TDx with
      the currently used RIA and HPLC methods, 362 simultaneous whole blood and serum
      samples were obtained from 122 renal transplant recipients over a 4-month period.
      The serum and whole blood TDx assays excluded fewer patients than either the RIA
      or HPLC assays with regard to sensitivity. The mean serum cyclosporine
      concentration for samples above the sensitivity was as follows: TDx 120 +/- 5
      ng/ml, RIA 116 +/- 4 ng/ml, and HPLC 100 +/- 5 ng/ml. The mean whole-blood
      cyclosporine concentration for samples above the sensitivity was as follows: TDx
      585 +/- 19 ng/ml, RIA 543 +/- 14 ng/ml, and HPLC 178 +/- 5 ng/ml. Serum and blood
      TDx levels correlated well with RIA levels, with regression coefficients of r =
      0.813 and r = 0.897, respectively. Serum and blood TDx levels did not correlate
      strongly with HPLC levels, with regression coefficients of 0.332 and 0.781,
      respectively. Seventeen patients were diagnosed as having acute cyclosporine
      nephrotoxicity. The serum and whole-blood cyclosporine concentrations in these
      patients were at the upper end of the therapeutic range for all analytical
      methods. Five patients had acute cellular rejection; serum and whole-blood
      cyclosporine levels in these patients did not differ significantly from the
      stable patients when measured by each of the analytical methods. In conclusion,
      the TDx cyclosporine and metabolites assay provides reliable blood and serum
      concentrations that correlate well with RIA measurements in renal transplant
      recipients. This assay offers rapid sample turn-around times making possible same
      day results for all patients without putting great demands upon the laboratory.

PMID- 2645711
TI  - Stability of renal allograft function associated with long-term cyclosporine
      immunosuppressive therapy--five year follow-up.
AB  - To examine the evolution of renal allograft function in kidney transplant
      recipients receiving long-term cyclosporine therapy, we evaluated 50 cadaveric
      and 30 living-related renal transplant recipients having graft survival greater
      than or equal to 12 months and an opportunity for 5 years of follow-up. Linear
      analysis of long-term allograft function in each patient was undertaken by
      plotting reciprocal serum creatinine (1/Crs) values vs. time. Mean follow-up was
      49 +/- 18 months. Actual 3-year and 5-year allograft survivals were 83.8% (n =
      80) [corrected] and 73.3% (n = 75) [corrected], respectively. Collective analyses
      of values of 1/Crs measured at yearly intervals and of the slopes of the curves
      obtained by plotting 1/Crs vs. time for each patient suggested that long-term use
      of CsA is associated with impaired but generally stable allograft function 1-5
      years posttransplant. The aggregate rate of decline of renal allograft function
      in the study population did not differ from that of a historical control group
      consisting of 59 renal transplant recipients treated with a conventional
      prednisone-azathioprine immunosuppressive regimen. Donor source, diabetes, and
      diastolic hypertension (diastolic BP greater than 95 mmHg in more than half the
      follow-up readings) were not correlated with a more rapid rate of decline of
      allograft function as reflected in the slopes of the 1/Crs vs. time curves
      between 12 months posttransplant and the end of follow-up. In contrast, a
      significantly greater rate of decline of cadaveric allograft function was
      observed in patients with 12-month Crs values greater than 2.5 mg% and recipients
      of greater than 2 HLA-A,B-mismatched cadaveric kidneys. The data do not support
      an indication for routine conversion from CsA to azathioprine following
      successful renal transplantation.

PMID- 2645712
TI  - Posttransplant hyperglycemia. Increased incidence in cyclosporine-treated renal
      allograft recipients.
AB  - The incidence of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) was compared in two
      groups of renal allograft recipients. These were all nondiabetic patients who had
      been transplanted between 1979 and 1987 and received either azathioprine
      methylprednisolone (group 1) or cyclosporine-methylprednisolone (group 2) therapy
      as maintenance immunosuppression. The incidence of PTDM in group 1 was 9.1% vs.
      18.6% in group 2 (P less than .05). The mean daily dose of methylprednisolone
      during the initial 2 months posttransplant was not greater among the PTDM
      patients of groups 1 or 2. Cyclosporine levels and mean daily CsA doses during
      the initial 2 posttransplant months were also not different among the CsA-PTDM
      and euglycemic CsA patients. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus occurred rapidly
      (less than 2 months) and required insulin therapy in the majority of cases.
      Increased age (greater than 40 years) was associated with a higher risk for PTDM,
      however, the greater incidence accompanying increased body weight only approached
      significance. Patient gender and donor source were not associated with
      significant risk for PTDM. The development of PTDM was accompanied by a
      significant decrease in graft survival at 3 years in the entire PTDM population
      and at 4 years in the CsA-PTDM subgroup. Actuarial patient survival was not
      adversely affected. The current study suggests that CsA may be diabetogenic when
      administered with methylprednisolone to renal allograft recipients. The adverse
      effect on allograft survival requires further investigation. These results may
      also have important implications for pancreatic and islet cell transplantation.

PMID- 2645713
TI  - Cadaveric renal transplantation with quadruple immunosuppression in patients with
      a positive antiglobulin crossmatch.
AB  - The significance of the antiglobulin crossmatch in the cyclosporine era remains
      controversial. Over an 11-month period, 124 recipients of cadaveric renal
      allografts (109 primary, 15 nonprimary) were retrospectively crossmatched via the
      antiglobulin technique. Criteria for recipient selection for transplantation
      included a negative T lymphocytotoxic (CDC) crossmatch for current and historical
      sera. Fourteen patients (11.3%) underwent transplantation in the setting of a
      negative T and positive antiglobulin crossmatch. The patient group included 10
      female and 4 male patients with a mean age of 43.8 years. All but one patient
      received a primary transplant, and current sera were positive in the antiglobulin
      crossmatch in all cases. The mean HLA-ABDR match was 1.4 (range 0-4).
      Preoperative PRA titers ranged from 0 to 80% (mean 18.3%). All patients underwent
      successful renal transplantation with quadruple immunosuppression consisting of
      prednisone, azathioprine, and the sequential use of MALG/cyclosporine. There were
      no episodes of hyperacute rejection. However, 10 patients (71.4%) experienced
      acute rejection, including 7 episodes within 4 days of transplant. Early
      rejection was significantly more common in patients with a positive antiglobulin
      test (50% vs. 20.9%, P less than 0.05). The mean one-month serum creatinine was
      1.7 mg/dl. Actual patient and allograft survival are 92.9% and 85.7%,
      respectively. Risk factors for a positive antiglobulin crossmatch included female
      sex and prior sensitization as measured by PRA. Although these patients represent
      a high-risk group for early rejection, no adverse effect on patient or graft
      survival was noted with quadruple immunotherapy. In conclusion, a positive
      antiglobulin crossmatch is no longer a contraindication to renal transplantation
      with current immunosuppressive strategies.

PMID- 2645714
TI  - Posttransplant antidonor antibodies and graft rejection. Evaluation by two-color
      flow cytometry.
AB  - The posttransplant production of antibodies against cryopreserved donor cells was
      studied in 50 consecutive cadaveric kidney graft recipients and in 23 additional
      patients selected for acute rejection. Serum was obtained twice weekly during the
      first 3 weeks posttransplant and then monthly for 6 months. IgM and IgG anti-T
      cell Abs were measured by 2-color flow cytometry. Results were analyzed in
      conjunction with the patients' demographics, previous sensitization, HLA
      matching, posttransplant blood transfusions, incidence of delayed function,
      rejection episodes, and biopsy results. Antidonor antibodies, predominantly IgG,
      were detected in 19/48 (40%) of the patients proximate to the time of rejection.
      In contrast, antibodies were seen in only 2/22 (9%) of nonrejecting patients, and
      these antibodies were exclusively IgM. Younger patients were more likely to have
      antibody-mediated rejections. Cytotoxic antibody reactivity against panel cells
      developed or increased posttransplant in some patients, but it did not correlate
      with rejection. Previous sensitization and posttransplant transfusions favored
      the development of posttransplant panel reactivity but not of antidonor
      antibodies. Most rejections, including those associated with antidonor
      antibodies, were reversed by antirejection therapy. We conclude that antidonor
      antibodies are involved in a significant proportion of rejection episodes and
      that the damage induced does not necessarily culminate with loss of the graft.

PMID- 2645715
TI  - Acute graft rejection in the late survivors of renal transplantation. Clinical
      and histological observations in the second decade.
AB  - The clinical and histological spectrum of renal allograft rejection occurring in
      the early posttransplant period is well described, but there is not much
      information with regard to the nature of graft rejection occurring in the long
      term survivors of renal transplantation. In this study, we analyzed the
      incidence, clinical and histological data, and outcome of graft rejection in 69
      patients who survived with a functioning kidney for 10 years or longer. In this
      second decade, during a mean follow-up of 3 years (0.1-9.7 years), 15 patients
      (22%) developed 20 late rejections. Two of them received living-donor transplants
      and 13 received cadaver kidneys. Only 8 of these rejections (40%) were associated
      with abnormal clinical findings; the other 12 (60%) were asymptomatic and were
      detected on the basis of an unexplained deterioration in graft function. The
      diagnosis was made on clinical grounds in 10 cases and the other 10 were
      confirmed by renal histology: acute cellular rejection 1, acute cellular
      rejection superimposed on chronic rejection 4, and chronic rejection only 5.
      Thirteen acute rejections in 8 patients were treated with high-dose steroids. Of
      these, 6 (46%) responded fully, 4 (31%) responded partially, and 3 (23%) did not
      respond. Seven patients with chronic rejection were not treated. Of these, 5 have
      returned to dialysis within a mean period of 8 months and one patient died of
      hepatic failure. Our data suggest that acute reversible graft rejections can
      occur even after 10 years following renal transplantation. It is therefore
      essential to continue the maintenance immunosuppressive therapy and monitor the
      clinical and renal functional data at regular intervals in long-term survivors of
      renal transplantation.

PMID- 2645716
TI  - Increased frequency of posttransplant lymphomas in patients treated with
      cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone.
AB  - We have documented seven B cell lymphomas over a six-month period in 132 (5.3%)
      kidney and heart allograft recipients immunosuppressed with cyclosporine,
      azathioprine, and prednisone (triple therapy). This is a significant increase (P
      less than 0.0001) over the number of such tumors seen by us previously. Only 2
      lymphomas had occurred in 669 cadaver and 29 living-related kidney allografts
      treated with azathioprine and prednisone alone (0.3%). In 160 cadaver kidney
      recipients treated with cyclosporine and prednisone there have been no lymphomas.
      Similarly in 14 living-related kidney recipients who were transplanted since the
      introduction of triple therapy for cadaver grafts, but continued to receive only
      azathioprine and prednisone, no lymphomas occurred. There seemed to be a clear
      relationship between this increase and the use of triple therapy. This led us to
      examine other possible contributing factors. A case control study has not shown
      any other factor that differs in patients in whom lymphomas developed. We have
      only been able to demonstrate Epstein Barr virus nuclear antigen in the cells of
      one tumor. Four of these 7 tumors were monoclonal, one polyclonal, and two
      indeterminate. All patients had their immunosuppression withdrawn and six
      received intravenous acyclovir. Three patients have shown some response but four
      patients died. Triple therapy is being used by many centers to reduce the level
      of cyclosporine toxicity. We wish to sound a note of caution that this may result
      in an increased incidence of posttransplant lymphomas.

PMID- 2645717
TI  - The effect of exogenous lymphokines on immunoglobulin production and lymphocyte
      proliferation in renal transplant patients.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from stable long-term kidney transplant
      patients were activated in vitro by Staphylococcus Aureus Cowan I (SAC) (a B cell
      mitogen). The effect of exogenous interleukin 2 and/or B cell growth factor
      (BCGF) on these cells was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation and
      immunoglobulin production. Both proliferation and Ig production were lower in SAC
      activated cells from transplanted patients compared to controls (P less than
      0.01). BCGF significantly enhanced blastogenesis (P less than 0.01) and Ig
      production (P less than 0.01) in SAC-treated cells from either patients or
      controls; however, the SAC- and BCGF-treated cells of transplant patients did not
      reach normal proliferation or immunoglobulin production values (P less than
      0.001, P less than 0.01, respectively). The addition of IL-2 to SAC-activated
      cells also increased proliferation and Ig production both in controls (P less
      than 0.05) and patients (P less than 0.005). However, cells from transplant
      patients treated with SAC and IL-2 did not reach the normal levels of
      proliferation or immunoglobulin production (P less than 0.05 for both). IL-2 did
      not enhance the increase of immunoglobulin production brought about by BCGF. SAC
      activated B cells from transplant patients do not proliferate normally and do not
      produce normal amounts of Ig. The addition of IL-2 and BCGF results in a partial
      but subnormal improvement in both proliferation and Ig production. We conclude
      that the B cell abnormality in transplant patients may be due to lack of T cell
      lymphokines and an intrinsic B cell defect. These results suggest that the
      administration of exogenous lymphokines to transplant patients with B cell
      dysfunction may be clinically useful.

PMID- 2645718
TI  - Serial decrease in glomerular filtration rate in long-term pediatric liver
      transplantation survivors treated with cyclosporine.
AB  - Serial calculations of glomerular filtration rate were made in 31 pediatric liver
      transplant recipients surviving more than 1 year. GFR was computed from the
      Schwartz formula, (cGFR = KL/S Cr), before orthotopic liver transplantation, and
      at 3-6 monthly intervals thereafter. At the same time points, CsA dose/kg, CsA
      level, blood pressure, and liver functions were recorded. The mean difference
      between the pre-OLT cGFR and the most-current cGFR for all patients was -50
      ml/min/1.73 m2 (P = less than 0.005). In 17/31 (55%), the current cGFR was less
      than 80 ml/min/1.73 m2, indicative of renal impairment. The cGFR continued to
      decrease in 24 patients followed beyond 1 year (26.8 ml/min/1.73 m2 per year
      decrease, P less than 0.005). More patients with a cGFR less than 80 ml/min/1.73
      m2 had outpatient hypertension. There was no correlation of cGFR with CsA levels,
      CsA dose, or liver function. We conclude that a significant decrease in cGFR is
      seen in children treated with CsA for more than 1 year, which is progressive in
      the majority.

PMID- 2645719
TI  - Prolongation of cardiac allograft survival in murine recipients treated with a
      diphtheria toxin-related interleukin-2 fusion protein.
AB  - A diphtheria toxin-related IL-2 fusion gene has been constructed that encodes a
      68KD recombinant toxin in which the diphtheria toxin receptor-binding domain has
      been replaced with amino acids 2-133 of IL-2. This chimeric IL-2 toxin is
      cytotoxic for cells expressing the high-affinity IL-2 receptor but not for cells
      lacking this receptor. The ability of this IL-2 toxin to prolong allograft
      survival was examined in a murine vascularized, heterotopic heart transplant
      model in the strain combination B10.BR into C57B1/10. When given at a dose of 1.0
      micrograms/day for 10 days, the IL-2 toxin significantly prolonged allograft
      survival in all recipients. CRM-45, a fragment of diphtheria toxin missing the
      binding domain, was ineffective, confirming the specificity of the therapy. The
      results demonstrate that this IL-2 toxin, which targets activated T cells
      expressing the IL-2 receptor, will prolong allograft survival, offering a new
      option for immunosuppressive therapy.

PMID- 2645720
TI  - Similar effects of cyclosporine and verapamil on lymphokine, interleukin 2
      receptor, and proto-oncogene expression.
AB  - Since calcium channel blocking agents and CsA exert an antiproliferative effect
      upon T cell mitogenesis, we have compared and characterized their
      immunosuppressive properties at the level of gene activation. Verapamil (greater
      than or equal to 30 microM), which blocks T cell mitogenesis and a rise in
      cytosolic calcium, was added to cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (5 micrograms/ml) and phorbol myristate
      acetate (5 ng/ml). Northern blot analysis was performed using cDNA probes for the
      p55 interleukin 2 receptor (Tac; IL-2R), interleukin 2 and c-myc at 20 hr of
      culture. Accumulation of IL-2 encoding mRNA within the cytoplasm was completely
      abrogated by verapamil. However, IL-2R and c-myc encoding mRNA were clearly
      detectable in verapamil-treated cell cultures. Surface expression of the Tac
      protein in mitogen-activated T cells was also not blocked by verapamil as shown
      by FACS analysis. In companion experiments with CsA, verapamil only partially
      inhibits the intracellular processes leading to T cell activation. A calcium
      independent pathway may exist for the expression of IL-2R and c-myc, while an
      increase of intracellular Ca2+ may provide the additional signal for IL-2 gene
      expression. Although the in vitro concentrations of verapamil used in these
      experiments are in excess of common clinically therapeutic levels, the results
      help clarify the mode of CsA action and may provide a new tool to dissect the
      early events of T cell activation.

PMID- 2645721
TI  - The effect of ultraviolet B irradiation on delayed-type hypersensitivity,
      cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, and skin graft rejection.
AB  - The influence of ultraviolet B irradiation on the induction of delayed-type
      hypersensitivity reactions to alloantigens by epidermal cells (EC), on the
      generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity to alloantigens, and on skin graft
      rejection was studied. After the skin was irradiated with UVB in vitro, EC were
      obtained. The EC were injected subcutaneously, and the DTH reaction was compared
      with that induced by non-UVB-irradiated EC. A reduction in the DTH reaction was
      observed (from 62% to 99.1%). CTL activity in these mice was assessed after in
      vitro stimulation. CTL activity in mice sensitized with UVB-irradiated EC was
      significantly reduced. Furthermore, mice sensitized with UVB-irradiated EC did
      not reject a subsequent skin allograft in an accelerated fashion, whereas mice
      sensitized with non-UVB-irradiated EC did. The mechanism(s) of these reactions
      and the clinical application of the UVB irradiation prior to grafting are
      discussed.

PMID- 2645722
TI  - Bone marrow purging for multiple myeloma by avidin-biotin immunoadsorption.
AB  - Avidin-biotin immunoadsorption, a technique based on the high affinity between
      the protein avidin and the vitamin biotin, has been used to remove neoplastic
      plasma cells from the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Buffy coat
      cells obtained from 25 patients were first incubated with monoclonal antibodies
      (MoAb) capable of recognizing plasma cell-associated antigens (i.e., 8A, 8F6,
      62B1, and cocktails of 8A plus 8F6 or 62B1), then with biotinylated goat
      antimouse immunoglobulin, and passed over a column containing avidin conjugated
      to Sepharose GMB. Both non-linked and linked cells were analyzed by
      immunofluorescence and morphological staining. The results showed that over 98%
      of plasma cells were removed by using 8A or 8F6 alone, while 99.5% +/- 0.4 SD of
      plasma cell purging was achieved with 2 associated MoAb. In addition, the overall
      recovery of committed granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM),* erythroid (BFU-e), and
      multilineage (CFU-GEMM) progenitors after column treatment ranged from 39% +/- 15
      SD to 50% +/- 6 SD, from 15% +/- 2 SD to 39% +/- 7 SD, and from 16 +/- 4 SD to
      64% +/- 10 SD, according to the MoAb employed. On this basis avidin-biotin
      immunoadsorption appears to be a suitable technique for ex-vivo manipulation of
      bone marrow infiltrated by neoplastic plasma cells.

PMID- 2645723
TI  - Similarities in long-term alloreactive T cell lines propagated from transfusion
      enhanced and control-rejecting rat renal allografts.

PMID- 2645724
TI  - Pathogenesis and outcome of hepatorenal syndrome in patients undergoing
      orthotopic liver transplant.

PMID- 2645725
TI  - Living-related donors with bilateral multiple renal arteries. A twenty-year
      experience.

PMID- 2645726
TI  - Portal vein thromboembolism of liver allografts from splenectomized donors.

PMID- 2645727
TI  - Recipient pool sizes for prioritized HLA matching.

PMID- 2645728
TI  - Hepatic artery reconstruction during liver transplantation.

PMID- 2645729
TI  - Evidence that Chinese herbal medicine is of no advantage in murine fetal
      pancreatic transplants.

PMID- 2645730
TI  - Xenograft transplantation.

PMID- 2645731
TI  - Hematuria of tubular origin.
AB  - Hematuria (HU) of tubular origin is described on the basis of ultrastructural
      investigations of two rejected human renal allografts. The red blood cells (RBC)
      got into the interstitium through the walls of the damaged intertubular
      capillaries, and, via ruptures of the tubular basement membrane (BM), they may
      pass from the interstitium into the tubular lumen, causing HU. Rupture of the
      tubular BM may develop owing to the enzymes released by interstitial inflammatory
      cells or to the difference in the interstitial and intratubular pressures. Some
      of the RBC already in the tubular lumen may penetrate between the epithelial
      cells and even between the epithelium and the BM, probably because of the locally
      increased intraluminal pressure. If the RBC reach the BM, the epithelial cells
      produce a new, thin BM above them, with disintegration of the outer older one,
      and, thus, the RBC may pass into the interstitium again. This phenomenon is
      called the tubulointerstitialis circulation of RBC.

PMID- 2645732
TI  - [Non-specific granulomatous prostatitis].
AB  - Non-specific granulomatous prostatitis (NGP) is histologically defined and
      reported with an incidence below 3.4% in unselected series of patients. A survey
      of the literature concerning NGP is given on the basis of a retrospective
      investigation of 14 case-histories. Microscopically, NGP is characterized by
      focal or diffuse occurrence of granulomas in the prostate. The etiological
      significance has been attributed to acute non-specific prostatitis and local
      hypersensitivity and/or simple foreign-body reactions are considered to be
      pathogenetic factors. The mean age of patients suffering from NGP is stated to be
      54-65 years. Clinically, NGP is poorly defined. Complaints of cystitis/urethritis
      within the last month and subsequently rapid development or aggravation of
      urinary obstruction are frequently reported on admission. On digital rectal
      examination the gland is enlarged, and carcinoma is often suspected. Fine-needle
      aspiration biopsy may be of some guidance. However, the diagnosis is settled
      postoperatively by histologic investigation, where prostatic cancer, iatrogenic
      granulomas and specific granulomatous inflammations must be considered as
      differential diagnoses. Irrespective the choice of treatment, conservative or
      surgery, the prognosis of NGP is excellent.

PMID- 2645733
TI  - [Examination of young women with recurrent symptoms of cystitis].
AB  - Fifty women with recurrent symptoms of cystitis (urgent onset of painful and
      frequent voiding) were extensively examined bacteriologically. All were submitted
      to intravenous urography, cystoscopy, gynaecological and urodynamic examination
      and the urine was examined cytologically and by culture. A control group of 10
      healthy women were submitted to the same bacteriologic examinations. Only in a
      few cases did the investigations give an explanation of the condition but,
      generally, the examination programme did not contribute to the etiology.
      Chlamydia trachomatis was found in 6%, which was comparable to the normal
      population. Gardnerella vaginalis must be considered as part of the normal flora.
      The extensive examination programme cannot be recommended as a routine.

PMID- 2645734
TI  - [Liver transplantation--must our problems be exported?].

PMID- 2645735
TI  - [Liver transplantation undertaken on Danes abroad].
AB  - The indication for liver transplantation is the end stage of liver disease. Liver
      transplantations are not carried out in Denmark at present, one of the reasons
      being that it requires introduction of the brain death criterion, because the
      donor liver must be removed during maintained circulation. To date (November
      1988), liver transplantations have been carried out abroad on seven Danes. One of
      these died after operation, one has chronic rejection and is to have
      retransplantation while the remaining five patients are well. In Europe
      (including Sweden, Norway and Finland) and USA, more than 5,000 patients have
      been liver transplanted. The one-year survival is approximately 75%. After this,
      only few liver-related deaths occur and the majority of patients can resume their
      previous activities. A total of 18 Danes have been assessed in transplantation
      centres abroad: Two are waiting for transplantation in the near future and seven
      have been accepted for transplantation at a later date, depending on the course
      of the disease. In a number of Danes, liver transplantation has been considered
      indicated but has not been effectuated because the disease was so advanced at the
      time of referral, that the patient died before transfer or the patient did not
      desire operation abroad.

PMID- 2645736
TI  - [Drug treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy].
AB  - Only two classes of antiemetics have documented effect and acceptable side
      effects on nausea and vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy: Phenothiazines in
      non-cisplatinum containing chemotherapy and the dopamine antagonist
      metoclopramide in cisplatinum treatment. Steroids have no effect as single drugs
      with cisplatinum and their effect with other types of chemotherapy has not been
      clarified in detail. The combination of metoclopramide and steroids has
      documented superiority compared with single drug treatment in cisplatinum
      containing chemotherapy. The newly developed and still experimental serotonin
      antagonists have initially shown very promising results but further studies are
      required to define their role in the antiemetic treatment with cancer
      chemotherapy. Treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting has improved
      considerably in the last few years but, generally, the results are still
      unsatisfactory. There is an urgent need for new drugs and combinations in the
      amelioration of these troublesome side effects of cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2645737
TI  - Doppler-assisted nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy.

PMID- 2645738
TI  - [The antenatal period and the pathogenesis of ovarian tumors].

PMID- 2645739
TI  - [The potentials and importance of xeroradiography in examining patients with
      cancer].

PMID- 2645740
TI  - Neonatal septicaemia in Finland 1981-85. Predominance of group B streptococcal
      infections with very early onset.
AB  - A survey of blood culture-confirmed neonatal septicaemia was carried out in seven
      delivery hospitals in 1981-85, for a second successive five-year period. The
      total number of cases was 377, to compare with 410 in the previous five-year
      period. Group B streptococcus (GBS) was throughout the major pathogen (29%),
      followed by Staphylococcus aureus (15%) and Escherichia coli (14%), while
      Staphylococcus epidermidis (10%) has emerged as a significant new causative
      agent. Septicaemia with very early onset was predominant: 49% of the cases had
      onset within the first 24 hours; in the majority the symptoms were present from
      birth. GBS was responsible for 49% of the cases detected in the first 24 hours of
      life. The overall mortality was 20% as compared to 23% in the previous five-year
      period, whereas in the very early onset septicaemia mortality was now 18%, down
      from the preceding 30%. Despite the modest progress, GBS septicaemia with very
      early onset remains a significant problem, and effective preventive measures are
      needed.

PMID- 2645741
TI  - Maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Studies in a Norwegian family.
AB  - A Norwegian family showed 20 cases of verified or suspected diabetes in 5
      generations, 13 being females and 7 males. In 12 patients the diagnosis was
      established at 26 years of age or earlier. Fourteen patients were definitely non
      insulin-dependent. A high frequency of severe diabetic ophthalmopathy was noted,
      five patients were blind, two had proliferative retinopathy, and one simplex
      retinopathy and cataract. Five patients from the last 3 generations were islet
      cell antibody negative and C-peptide positive. In selected patients the serum
      insulin response to oral glucose was markedly reduced. HLA determinations in
      these patients showed absence of DR3 and DR4, and presence of DR2. The
      inheritance of diabetes in this family is compatible with an autosomal, dominant
      trait, and the majority of cases fulfilled the criteria of maturity-onset
      diabetes of the young. The high frequency of severe ophthalmopathy underscores
      that this disease may have an unfavourable evolution.

PMID- 2645742
TI  - Management of metastatic cancer to the liver.

PMID- 2645743
TI  - Splenectomy for hematologic disease.
AB  - Splenectomy has a major role in the treatment of hematologic diseases. Although
      it is rarely curative, splenectomy removes the site of the destruction or
      sequestration of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Destruction occurs in
      such diseases as hemolytic anemia and ITP, whereas sequestration occurs as an
      idiopathic disease or secondary to a host of other diseases described above.
      Splenectomy is also indicated for symptomatic splenomegaly associated with
      leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloproliferative disorders. It is palliative, increasing
      the comfort of the patient by removing a massive spleen. Splenectomy also serves
      as a staging tool in lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and NHL, although it is much
      more beneficial in Hodgkin's disease, owing simply to stage at presentation.
      Splenectomy can be performed safely with minimal risk in most patients, but
      certain diseases carry increased risks of fatality and complications. Such
      diseases include leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloproliferative disorders, but even
      in these, splenectomy may be indicated in a select group of patients. The
      decision to perform splenectomy should therefore be made individually in these
      cases. Because it can be palliative in some cases, splenectomy can play a role in
      patient management, even though it may not alter survival.

PMID- 2645744
TI  - Occult gastrointestinal bleeding: newer techniques and diagnosis and therapy.
AB  - Complex problems occur concerning the diagnosis and treatment of GI bleeding. How
      often can the exact cause and site of the bleeding be determined? What are the
      advantages and complications of various forms of treatment? There are no
      universal answers, applicable to all situations. Nevertheless, certain
      assumptions seem to be justified. Diagnosis of the cause of severe bleeding,
      often suggested by the patient's history, is confirmed most effectively by
      selective angiography, which should give an answer in over 95% of cases. The
      causes of slow, persistent bleeding, manifested either by gross blood or by
      positive tests for blood in the stools, are diagnosed in about the same
      percentage of cases by endoscopy. It is when the bleeding is intermittent and of
      minimum or moderate severity that determination of the site of origin is the most
      difficult; angiography cannot help in the majority of cases, and endoscopy can
      miss tiny lesions that are not bleeding at the time of examination. However,
      laparotomy, especially when it is combined with intraoperative enteroscopy or
      angiography, should reduce the number of unsolved diagnoses to under 5% of the
      total. Surgery is the primary method of therapy in many cases. Primary control of
      bleeding also can be obtained in approximately 80% of cases of severe bleeding by
      endoscopy, by the use of coagulation or laser, or by selective arterial infusion
      of pitressin. Recurrences must be treated by surgery, except in some instances
      where selective embolization by the angiographer may result in a cure. The
      surgeon must attempt to cure the hemorrhage and to prevent recurrence at a later
      date by such measures as gastric resection and vagotomy for bleeding duodenal
      ulcers to prevent stomal ulcers, or by subtotal rather than segmental colectomy
      for widespread colonic diverticulosis. There will be an irreducible percentage of
      lesions that continue to develop in other sections of the GI tract after
      successful primary treatment of the original cause of bleeding; AVMs,
      angiodysplasia, and vasculitis are examples. Fortunately, such diseases are
      relatively rare. It is not unreasonable today to expect that the measures
      discussed herein will cure bleeding in 95% of cases; if death occurs it rarely is
      due to hemorrhage, but to some type of organ failure.

PMID- 2645745
TI  - Hepatic trauma.
AB  - Hepatic trauma is a common form of abdominal injury. Although the majority of
      hepatic injuries are minor and require little or no treatment, many hepatic
      injuries are major and lethal if not managed appropriately. Good management of
      these patients requires a thorough understanding of hepatic anatomy and of the
      options available for surgical management of hepatic injuries. These options
      include simple suture, hepatotomy to expose the bleeding vessels and ligation,
      hepatic artery ligation, packing of hepatic injuries, and, rarely, formal
      anatomic lobectomy and atriocaval shunting. The trauma surgeon must be familiar
      with these types of management and be able to apply them in appropriate
      situations. Nonoperative management is now being reported more commonly and it
      may be appropriate in a selected group of patients. While the most common cause
      of death after hepatic injury is from exsanguination occurring early after
      injury, patients with major hepatic injury remain at risk for a variety of
      complications after the initial injury. These include hepatic abscess, hemobilia,
      pseudoaneurysm, and arteriovenous malformations that lead to bleeding. All of
      these are best treated by CT scan and interventional radiologic techniques. A
      determined and committed approach to these injured patients can significantly
      decrease the mortality of these injuries.

PMID- 2645746
TI  - Thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2645747
TI  - Surgical aspects of lymphoma.
AB  - Improvements in histologic classification, staging and multimodality therapy have
      dramatically changed the natural history of patients with lymphoma. Systematic
      staging accurately defines the extent of disease and minimizes the toxic effects
      of excessive treatment. Surgical diagnosis and staging with laparotomy provide
      the basis for choosing methods of definitive radiotherapy and chemotherapy for
      selected patients. Patients with extranodal disease in early stages may be
      treated effectively by surgical excision.

PMID- 2645748
TI  - What are valid indications for carotid endarterectomy?

PMID- 2645749
TI  - Prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Transvenous Greenfield filter insertion is a safe and efficient mechanical means
      of protection against recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism both in the infrarenal
      and suprarenal positions. Long-term follow-up to 12 years has demonstrated a
      consistently high patency rate of 96%, which is independent of concomitant
      anticoagulant therapy. The incidence of recurrent embolism in patients with
      filters has not changed over time, and there has been no significant filter
      migration over prolonged periods of observation.

PMID- 2645750
TI  - The surgical management of AIDS and HIV-infected patients.
AB  - The consequences of AIDS and HIV infection on society, medical care in general,
      and surgery in particular are considerable, and will continue to grow. Major
      problems facing surgeons will be how and when to provide appropriate care for
      AIDS patients, and protection of themselves and all health care personnel from
      occupational infection by the highly lethal HIV. Strict adherence to guidelines
      to prevent such occupational infection is paramount, and these should be observed
      in all patients, since it is impossible to always identify patients who are
      infectious. A sound understanding of the clinical problem and attention to this
      evolving epidemic are also essential for surgeons and all other health care
      personnel. With respect to society in general, control of AIDS and HIV can only
      be achieved by a joint effort of education, individual responsibility, and a
      coordinated governmental commitment to the problem.

PMID- 2645751
TI  - Current status of blood therapy in surgery.

PMID- 2645752
TI  - Pacemakers in children: an update.
AB  - This report reviews recent pacemaker technological advances as they apply to
      infants, children, and adolescents. Indications for pacemaker implantation in
      children have evolved since the 1984 Joint Task Force Guidelines. Recent data
      show that pacemaker implantation should be strongly considered in patients who
      have (1) asymptomatic congenital complete AV block with a mean heart rate less
      than 50 beats/min or other evidence of junctional instability; (2) congenital AV
      block with long QT interval; or (3) congenital long QT syndrome with
      bradyarrhythmias, or when conventional beta-blocker therapy is unsuccessful.
      Permanent pacemaker implantation is not necessarily an effective prophylactic
      measure against sudden death in patients following their operation who are
      receiving drug therapy for atrial tachyarrhythmias, and so is not absolutely
      indicated. New developments in lead technology have made transvenous lead systems
      more feasible for pediatric use. Because epicardial leads are required for small
      infants and for cosmetic reasons in some older children, design improvements are
      needed to enhance epicardial lead performance. Rate-responsive pacing is an
      acceptable alternative to dual-chamber pacing for augmenting exercise tolerance,
      and for children with sinus node dysfunction it is the preferred pacing mode.
      Pacemakers with automatic antitachycardia capabilities and with noninvasive
      electrophysiology features are valuable in children with atrial tachyarrhythmias.
      New data suggest that chronic atrial pacing also may be effective in controlling
      atrial tachyarrhythmias. New developments in pacemaker systems for the young
      parallel those for the older population, but differences between adult and
      pediatric patients demand ongoing increased participation by pediatric
      cardiologists.

PMID- 2645753
TI  - In utero diagnosis of interrupted aortic arch with transposition of the great
      arteries and tricuspid atresia.

PMID- 2645754
TI  - Management strategies in viral myocarditis.

PMID- 2645755
TI  - Which is the most accurate method of measuring blood pressure?
AB  - A blood pressure (BP) recording is, strictly speaking, only relevant for the
      circumstances under which it is measured. A reading that is truly representative
      of the average pressure is difficult to obtain because of the great variability
      of pressure in any person. The use to which BP readings are put should be
      defined, whether for characterizing populations, assessing antihypertensive
      agents, or managing individual patients. The limitations of any technique must be
      taken into account. Intra-arterial measurement of BP is the most accurate method,
      capable of giving a continuous picture. Indirect recordings give a rough estimate
      of intra-arterial pressure but less information about the relationship between
      individual subjects and their environment. Ambulatory indirect BP recordings with
      automated devices compare favorably in accuracy with conventional
      sphygmomanometers but contain more accurate characterization of an individual's
      BP during normal daily activities. The ultimate choice of method depends on what
      information is required in the particular circumstances.

PMID- 2645756
TI  - Definition of the effective dose of the converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril.
AB  - Benazepril was shown in preclinical studies to be a potent and specific inhibitor
      of angiotensin-converting enzyme with a benign toxicologic profile. Its onset and
      duration of action and the dose-response relationship of its antihypertensive
      effect have been evaluated. The results of these studies show that 20 mg of
      benazepril once daily lowers blood pressure by a clinically important amount,
      which was statistically superior to placebo in three double-blind studies. Doses
      as low as 10 mg once daily may be effective in individual patients. Doses of 40
      and 80 mg once daily have been evaluated and provide small further reductions
      beyond those seen with the 20 mg dose. Adverse effects are uncommon and generally
      not dose related. Thiazide diuretics add to the antihypertensive action of
      benazepril, which has little effect on blood chemistry, apart from a slight rise
      in serum potassium.

PMID- 2645757
TI  - Investigation of reflexes from volume and baroreceptors during converting-enzyme
      inhibition in humans.
AB  - This article emphasizes the importance of testing baroreceptor and
      cardiopulmonary receptor control of circulation during angiotensin-converting
      enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment in hypertensives, because removal of angiotensin
      II-dependent stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system could impair reflex
      blood pressure homeostasis. In essential hypertensive subjects, the sympathetic
      vasoconstriction that occurs in skeletal muscle after deactivation of
      cardiopulmonary receptors was reduced after short-term or prolonged
      administration of the ACE inhibitor, captopril. However, another sympathetic
      target of the cardiopulmonary reflex, that is, renin release, was unaltered by
      both short-term and prolonged administration of captopril. Furthermore, the blood
      pressure and heart rate influences of arterial baroreceptors were preserved or
      even enhanced after administration of captopril. Thus important reflex mechanisms
      for cardiovascular homeostasis are not adversely affected by ACE inhibition,
      which preserves blood pressure levels during gravity challenges or exercise.
      Preliminary data suggest that this may be even more evident for benazepril.

PMID- 2645758
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the elderly.
AB  - Although early studies suggested little role for angiotensin-converting enzyme
      (ACE) inhibitors in older hypertensive patients, more careful evaluation has
      confirmed their efficacy and good tolerability. Although the elderly tend to have
      low plasma renin levels, the fall in blood pressure after ACE inhibitors is at
      least as great (and in several studies greater) than in younger age groups.
      Because several ACE inhibitors, including captopril and enalaprilat, are
      eliminated by the kidneys, there are predictable age-related effects on
      pharmacokinetics. Reduced renal clearance will contribute, at least in part, to
      the enhanced intensity and duration of action seen in elderly patients. However,
      not all the effects of age on the kinetics and dynamics of ACE inhibitors are
      predictable. Studies with perindopril and benazepril in the elderly confirm the
      efficacy of this group of drugs but highlight other pharmacokinetic differences.
      ACE inhibitors are effective in reducing blood pressure and can be considered for
      wider use in elderly hypertensives.

PMID- 2645759
TI  - Congestive heart failure--advances in treatment. Hemodynamic studies--their uses
      and limitations.
AB  - Hemodynamic studies are useful in the diagnosis of the pathophysiologic
      mechanisms of pump failure and low output state in patients with acute heart
      failure. Hemodynamic monitoring is extremely useful for the appropriate
      manipulation of the vasoactive drugs to optimize hemodynamic and clinical
      improvement of patients with acute heart failure and to stabilize patients with
      severe refractory or unstable chronic heart failure. Determinations of the
      hemodynamic indexes of left ventricular function during hemodynamic studies also
      provide information regarding prognosis of patients with acute or chronic heart
      failure. In patients with stable chronic heart failure, correlations between the
      changes in hemodynamics after initiation of vasodilator therapy and subsequent
      changes in the clinical status and exercise tolerance are poor; thus, the value
      of hemodynamic studies for vasodilator therapy in patients with stable chronic
      heart failure is limited.

PMID- 2645760
TI  - Quantification of aortic regurgitation after balloon aortic valvuloplasty using
      videodensitometric analysis of digital subtraction aortography.
AB  - The serial changes in aortic regurgitation (AR) after balloon aortic
      valvuloplasty have not been quantitatively evaluated. This study assessed the
      degree of AR by quantitative and qualitative techniques before and immediately
      after aortic valvuloplasty. Digital subtraction aortography was performed before
      and after valvuloplasty in 50 patients. The ratio of left ventricular to aortic
      contrast density during aortography was analyzed by videodensitometric
      techniques. A time-density curve was obtained by placing a 30 X 30 pixel region
      of interest over the aortogram and the left ventricular cavity. The ratio of left
      ventricular to aortic density at peak aortic density defined the
      videodensitometric ratio. Independent visual interpretation was also assessed and
      compared to videodensitometric methods. Quantitatively, no significant change in
      AR could be demonstrated in the mean videodensitometric ratio before or after
      balloon aortic valvuloplasty (0.33 +/- 0.21 vs 0.37 +/- 0.25, p = 0.07). Ten
      (20%) of the patients had a greater than or equal to 0.10 increase, and 4 (8%)
      patients a greater than or equal to 0.10 decrease in the AR ratio. Thus, serial
      quantitative and qualitative determinations of AR after balloon aortic
      valvuloplasty confirm that significant increases or decreases in AR severity are
      unusual after the procedure.

PMID- 2645761
TI  - Echocardiographic evaluation of dilated cardiomyopathy in the human fetus.
AB  - The diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy was established and subsequently
      confirmed in 6 of 625 fetuses studied by echocardiography. All 6 had structurally
      normal hearts. Abnormal findings included reduced fractional shortening index in
      5, atrioventricular valve regurgitation in 3, abnormal chamber dimensions in 3
      and nonimmune hydrops in 4. In 2 fetuses referred because of a family history of
      dilated cardiomyopathy in previous siblings, echocardiographic abnormalities were
      absent on a first examination performed at 20 weeks of gestation. This suggested
      that a normal fetal echocardiogram in a midtrimester fetus does not always rule
      out the subsequent development of dilated cardiomyopathy. However, all fetuses
      followed serially developed some abnormality later in pregnancy. Only 2 neonates
      survived, 1 of whom required a heart transplant during infancy. Death from
      cardiac failure occurred in 1 fetus and 3 neonates. This study demonstrates that
      dilated cardiomyopathy may develop during fetal life and might be diagnosed by
      echocardiography if serial studies are performed. Dilated cardiomyopathy
      presenting prenatally appears to have a poor prognosis.

PMID- 2645762
TI  - Captopril in infants for congestive heart failure secondary to a large
      ventricular left-to-right shunt.

PMID- 2645763
TI  - Echocardiographic and Doppler findings in the Williams syndrome.

PMID- 2645764
TI  - Hemodynamic parameters one and four weeks after cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2645765
TI  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy: a reappraisal.
AB  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy is the procedure of choice for choleducolithiasis post
      cholecystectomy, and in poor-surgical-risk patients with the gallbladder still
      present. Sphincterotomy indications have been expanded to include acute biliary
      pancreatitis, acute cholangitis, and choleducolithiasis removal prior to
      definitive surgery. This paper will review the available literature and make
      recommendations on these new indications.

PMID- 2645766
TI  - Thoracic manifestations of internal pancreatic fistulas: report of five cases.
AB  - Thoracic manifestations of internal pancreatic fistulas are rare. During the last
      8 yr, we have treated one patient with a mediastinal pseudocyst, three patients
      with pancreaticopleural fistulas, and one patient with a pancreaticobronchial
      fistula. Recurrent pleural effusions represent one of the main clinical features
      in this entity, and can often lead to false diagnoses. Determination of
      pancreatic enzyme activity, as well as the combination of ultrasonography,
      computerized tomography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
      (ERCP), enable the establishment of the diagnosis. A complete pancreatic
      evaluation is the rationale for an adequate and efficient therapy which should
      always aim at a focal assentation.

PMID- 2645767
TI  - Clinical, biochemical, and hormonal changes after a single, large-volume
      paracentesis in cirrhosis with ascites.
AB  - The use of paracentesis has recently been reproposed as a safe and effective
      alternative to diuretics for management of ascites. We have investigated the
      clinical and biochemical effects of large-volume paracentesis in 19 cirrhotics
      with tense ascites, and the relative changes in the hormones involved in sodium
      and water renal handling. Plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (PA), and
      arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels and conventional liver and renal function tests
      were measured before and after 1, 2, and 7 days after the paracentesis. No
      complications were observed, but patients regained 37% of the weight lost after 1
      wk. Percent weight regained was significantly and directly correlated with PA
      concentration measured before the paracentesis. No changes were recorded after
      paracentesis in biochemical and clinical data, except for a significant drop in
      diastolic blood pressure. No changes in AVP levels were observed. A significant
      increase in PA occurred after paracentesis, with a maximum peak after 48 h. The
      increase in PA was not accompanied by changes in PRA, but was associated with a
      reduction of urinary sodium excretion. A relevant fraction of body aldosterone
      was confined to the ascitic fluid. We conclude that the clinical results of a
      large-volume paracentesis can be predicted in part on the basis of PA
      measurement, and that removal of ascites is followed by an increase of PA of
      uncertain origin and effectiveness.

PMID- 2645768
TI  - Gallstone emesis.

PMID- 2645769
TI  - Poisoning: is the role of the nephrologist diminishing?

PMID- 2645770
TI  - A prospective evaluation of blood culture versus standard plate techniques for
      diagnosing peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Peritonitis remains a major cause of morbidity in patients treated with
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Culture-negative episodes of
      peritonitis occur at rates of up to 20%, and in part may reflect inadequate
      culturing techniques of peritoneal effluent. Through a large, prospective study,
      the improved sensitivity of a blood culture system, when compared with a standard
      plate technique (P = 0.001), for the detection of bacterial growth in 67 episodes
      of CAPD peritonitis is demonstrated. Improved recognition of infections caused by
      gram-positive organisms, primarily Staphylococcus epidermidis, was especially
      significant using the blood culture system (P = 0.0001). Because of improved
      sensitivity and a decreased time to organism identification, particularly with
      infections caused by S epidermidis, the most common cause of bacterial
      peritonitis in CAPD patients, we suggest that a blood culture system be the
      standard means of culturing peritoneal fluid in CAPD patients with peritonitis.
      The lysis-centrifugation system of culturing peritoneal fluid is also discussed
      in comparison with the blood culture system.

PMID- 2645771
TI  - Acute renal failure following bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective study
      of 272 patients.
AB  - To assess the incidence, risk factors, and course of acute renal failure (ARF)
      following bone marrow transplantation (BMT), a retrospective analysis of 272
      patients receiving transplants at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
      during 1986 was undertaken. The patients were divided into three groups: group 1,
      hemodialysis requiring ARF; group 2, mild renal insufficiency (doubling of serum
      creatinine, Scr, but no dialysis); group 3, relatively normal post-BMT renal
      function (no doubling of Scr). Fifty-three percent of patients at least doubled
      their Scr (Groups 1 and 2), and 24% required dialysis. The degree of renal
      functional impairment had a dramatic impact on patient mortality rates (84%, 37%,
      and 17% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Jaundice (bilirubin greater than or
      equal to 2.0 mg/dL), weight gain (greater than or equal to 2.0 kg), amphotericin
      B use, and a pretransplant Scr greater than or equal to 0.7 mg/dL were
      independently associated with the subsequent development of dialysis-requiring
      ARF (P less than 0.001; relative risks, 3.0 to 7.7). Neither
      aminoglycoside/vancomycin/cyclosporine A use nor acute graft v host disease
      correlated with the development of ARF. A mismatched graft was a significant risk
      factor for ARF by univariate but not by multivariate analysis. Within 48 hours
      before doubling the Scr, 63% of group 1 patients had positive blood cultures and
      39% developed hypotension. Of the 26 group 1 patients who had urine Na
      concentrations measured, 85% had values less than or equal to 40 mEq/L. Autopsy
      kidney specimens provided no clear explanation for ARF in the vast majority of
      patients in group 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645772
TI  - Hypokalaemic, hypophosphatemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.
AB  - Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis is an uncommon neuromuscular disorder frequently
      associated with severe hypokalemia. We describe a patient with hypophosphatemia
      occurring in the setting of hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, an
      association reported only once previously. A review of the literature indicates
      that this combined biochemical derangement may not be uncommon and that
      thyrotoxic periodic paralysis should be recognized as a potential cause of
      hypophosphatemia. The correction of both hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia may
      lead to a more rapid resolution of the associated acute neurologic syndrome.

PMID- 2645773
TI  - Pseudohyponatremia: a reappraisal.
AB  - Pseudohyponatremia is a falsely low serum sodium measurement. It occurs in cases
      of extreme hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia when serum sodium is measured by
      some--but not all--laboratory methods. This article reviews the most common
      techniques for measuring serum sodium levels, explains why pseudohyponatremia
      occurs, and identifies specific situations in which pseudohyponatremia can lead
      to dangerous errors in patient management. The review describes the dramatic
      change in prevalence of the different laboratory methods for measuring serum
      sodium over the past decade, and emphasizes the need for clinicians to be
      familiar with the methods of their clinical laboratory in order to properly
      interpret a reported serum sodium determination. I offer recommendations for the
      rational use of the different laboratory methods in various clinical situations.

PMID- 2645774
TI  - Anaphylactoid purpura and familial IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 2645775
TI  - Pena-Shokeir I syndrome: a comparative pathological study.
AB  - A case of Pena-Shokeir I syndrome in a female neonate is reported. The baby died
      of respiratory insufficiency shortly after birth. Postmortem examination revealed
      marked pulmonary hypoplasia and microscopic abnormalities of the hypoglossal
      nucleus and anterior horn cells in spinal cord. A comparative study with respect
      to hypoglossal nucleus disclosed the possibility of hypoplasia of the hypoglossal
      nucleus as part of this syndrome. This finding led us to propose that hypoplasia
      of the nucleus is one of the causes of polyhydramnios, based on the lack of
      swallowing activity. Moreover, ectopic cross-striated muscle fibers and an
      increase of muscle spindles were noted in tongue. The findings, particularly the
      neuropathologic one, provide further insight into the pathogenesis of the
      syndrome.

PMID- 2645776
TI  - Ciprofloxacin: a new fluoroquinolone.

PMID- 2645777
TI  - The mythical danger of rapid urinary drainage.

PMID- 2645778
TI  - What's new in interactive video?

PMID- 2645779
TI  - A human airway smooth muscle cell line that retains physiological responsiveness.
AB  - We report the development of a nontransformed line of human airway smooth muscle
      cells retaining smooth muscle-specific contractile protein expression and
      physiological responsiveness to agonists implicated in inflammatory airway
      diseases. Specific responses to histamine, leukotrienes, bradykinin, platelet
      activating factor, substance P, and thromboxane analogues are demonstrated as
      well as functional coupling to beta-adrenergic receptors. The cell line was
      characterized using indirect immunofluorescence, as well as electrophoretic
      separation and immunoblot analysis of smooth muscle-specific actin. Functional
      responses were assessed by measurements of cytosolic calcium and stimulation of
      adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate production. The cells retain their
      responsiveness over many population doublings and should be a useful model to
      examine specific receptor-effector mechanisms, as well as the effects of
      neurohumoral agents on the regulation of airway smooth muscle growth and
      differentiation.

PMID- 2645780
TI  - Insulin-induced hyperpolarization in mammalian skeletal muscle.
AB  - Insulin-induced hyperpolarization of up to 9 mV has been described in isolated
      frog [J. Physiol. Lond. 252: 43-58, 1975; Am. J. Physiol. 251 (Cell Physiol. 4):
      C249-C254, 1979] and mammalian (Molecular Basis of Insulin Action, New York:
      Plenum, 1985, p. 451-463; Am. J. Physiol. 197: 524-526, 1959; Am. J. Physiol.
      198: 1066-1070, 1960) skeletal muscle. We have shown that a similar
      hyperpolarization occurs in situ after administration of insulin in anesthetized
      rats. In streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats, insulin produced approximately 66-70%
      of the hyperpolarization observed in normal rat skeletal muscle in situ.
      Administration of ouabain in situ blocked the insulin-induced hyperpolarization
      in the normal group of rats and significantly blunted the effect in the STZ
      group. These results suggest that insulin-induced hyperpolarization in skeletal
      muscle results from direct activation of the Na+-K+-ATPase pump. In isolated
      skeletal muscle from normal and STZ rats, there was no difference in the amount
      of the insulin-induced hyperpolarization. There was an additive, but small,
      hyperpolarizing effect of insulin and isoproterenol when administered in
      combination, suggesting that the greater magnitude of the insulin-induced
      hyperpolarization observed in situ in normal rats may be due to an additive
      effect of injected insulin and endogenous release of epinephrine. Alternatively,
      STZ treatment may directly alter the Na+-K+ pump so that its response to insulin
      is lessened.

PMID- 2645781
TI  - Insulin degradation products from perfused rat kidney.
AB  - The kidney is a major site for insulin metabolism, but the enzymes involved and
      the products generated have not been established. To examine the products, we
      have perfused rat kidneys with insulin specifically iodinated on either the A14
      or the B26 tyrosine. Labeled material from both the perfusate and kidney extract
      was examined by Sephadex G50 and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
      In perfusate from a filtering kidney, 22% of the insulin-sized material was not
      intact insulin on HPLC. With the nonfiltering kidney, 10.6% was not intact
      insulin. Labeled material from HPLC was sulfitolyzed and reinjected on HPLC. By
      use of 125I-iodo(A14)-insulin, almost all the degradation products contained an
      intact A-chain. By use of 125I-iodo(B26)-insulin, several different B-chain
      cleaved products were obtained. The material extracted from the perfused kidney
      was different from perfusate products but similar to intracellular products from
      hepatocytes, suggesting that cellular metabolism by kidney and liver are similar.
      The major intracellular product had characteristics consistent with a cleavage
      between the B16 and B17 amino acids. This product and several of the perfusate
      products are also produced by insulin protease suggesting that this enzyme is
      involved in the degradation of insulin by kidney.

PMID- 2645782
TI  - Exercise and insulin stimulate skeletal muscle glucose transport through
      different mechanisms.
AB  - This study was designed to examine the effects of acute exercise, insulin
      stimulation, and their combination on the kinetics of glucose transport in rat
      skeletal muscle. Sarcolemmal (SL) membranes were isolated from control (C), acute
      exercise (E), insulin-stimulated (I), and combined (E + I) rats. Michaelis-Menten
      kinetics indicated that the Vmax for glucose transport was increased after each
      perturbation compared with C but were not different from each other (E, 4,334 +/-
      377; I, 4,424 +/- 668; E + I, 4,338 +/- 602; and C, 1,366 +/- 124 pmol.mg protein
      1.s-1). The apparent Km was unchanged. Scatchard plots of cytochalasin B binding
      sites indicated that both I and E + I increased the number of binding sites
      compared both E and C (9.4 +/- 0.5 and 7.8 +/- 0.5 vs. 5.1 +/- 0.2 and 5.5 +/-
      0.3 pmol/mg protein) without altering the dissociation constant. The increase in
      Vmax was greater than the increase in cytochalasin B binding sites indicating
      that both I and E + I caused an increase in the turnover rate of transport
      molecules as well as an increase in the total number of transport molecules.
      Because there was no change in the Km for glucose transport and no increase in
      cytochalasin B binding sites after exercise, the increase in Vmax was due solely
      to an increased turnover rate of existing transport molecules.

PMID- 2645783
TI  - Hypothalamic noradrenergic and sympathoadrenal control of glycemia after stress.
AB  - Central noradrenergic pathways play a significant role in mediating blood glucose
      levels after neuroglycopenia. To further investigate hypothalamic noradrenergic
      neuronal activity (NNA) and sympathoadrenal influences in glucoregulation, we
      studied the effects of acute stress on glycemia and insulin release in normal and
      adrenalectomized (ADRX) rats. Within 5 min of exposure of rats to ether or cold
      swim stress, significant positive correlations were evident between hypothalamic
      NNA and serum glucose levels (r = 0.70, P less than 0.001; at 15 min r = 0.78, P
      less than 0.0001). Five minutes after stress in the intact rat, insulin release
      was inhibited and serum insulin levels inversely correlated to hypothalamic NNA
      (r = 0.45, P less than 0.05). This relationship between insulin and NNA was no
      longer present 15 min after stress, but the levels of insulin remained
      inappropriately low with respect to the elevated serum glucose levels
      (approximately 30% above basal). Blockade of sympathetic noradrenergic pathways
      by treatment of intact rats with guanethidine prevented the rise in glucose after
      cold-swim stress but did not prevent the inhibition of insulin release. Fifteen
      minutes after exposure of ADRX rats to cold-swim stress their hypothalamic NNA
      and serum glucose levels were similar to intact animals. However, in contrast to
      their intact counterparts, serum insulin levels were significantly elevated (P
      less than 0.01). These data are consistent with central noradrenergic neural
      pathways directly mediating hepatic glucose release and indirectly inhibiting
      pancreatic insulin release via activation of adrenal medullary catecholamines.

PMID- 2645784
TI  - Hypothalamic monoamines associated with the cephalic phase insulin response.
AB  - This study elucidated the hypothalamic monoamine systems associated with the
      cephalic phase insulin release. Male Wistar rats conditioned to drink a glucose
      solution were killed 2 min after the onset of their scheduled feeding; control
      rats were killed at the same time. The ventromedial (VMH) and lateral (LH)
      portions of the hypothalamus were analyzed for the monoamines and their principal
      metabolites. Serum was assayed for insulin and glucose. The results showed that
      the experimental animals had significantly higher serum insulin levels than did
      the control animals, although glucose levels were unchanged. In the LH, there
      were increased levels of norepinephrine, its metabolite dihydroxyphenylethylene
      glycol (DHPG), and serotonin [(5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)]. In the VMH, 5-HT, its
      metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and the dopamine metabolite 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were all higher in the conditioned animals. 5
      HT levels in the LH and DOPAC levels in the VMH were closely associated with
      serum insulin (r = 0.80 and 0.71, respectively). This study has defined, in the
      normal animal, changes in monoamines in specific areas of the hypothalamus
      associated with the cephalic phase insulin release.

PMID- 2645785
TI  - Chronic exercise compensates for insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet in
      rats.
AB  - We examined whether chronic exercise prevents insulin resistance developing in
      the high-fat-fed (HFF) rat, a model that otherwise develops profound peripheral
      insulin resistance. Insulin action (euglycemic clamp plus 2-[3H]deoxy-D-glucose
      [14C]glucose tracer technique) was examined after 3 wk in sedentary control and
      sedentary or wheel cage exercise-trained HFF rats. At the whole body level, a
      reduction in peripheral insulin potency in HFF rats was prevented by concomitant
      chronic exercise; the 30-40% reduction in insulin-stimulated whole body net
      glucose utilization in sedentary HFF rats was abolished. Responses in individual
      muscles, however, suggested that the chronic exercise effect may be a
      compensation for, rather than a correction of insulin resistance induced by a
      high-fat diet; in six of eight muscles examined it produced an upward additive
      shift rather than a left shift in insulin dose response. Chronic exercise
      increased both muscle glycolytic flux and glycogen storage rates in the HFF rats,
      suggesting that glucose transport may be involved. We conclude that increased
      physical activity is beneficial in counteracting high-fat diet-induced insulin
      resistance. Different processes appear to be involved in the development of diet
      induced insulin resistance in muscle and its amelioration by regular exercise.

PMID- 2645786
TI  - Microdialysis of intercellular adenosine concentration in subcutaneous tissue in
      humans.
AB  - To determine the intercellular adenosine concentration the periumbilical
      subcutaneous interstitial fluid was investigated in five healthy subjects with
      two single dialysis fiber catheters perfused with isotonic saline at a rate of
      2.5 mul/min. A newly developed in situ calibration technique (29) allows an
      estimation of the adenosine concentration in the perfusate equilibrating with the
      surrounding medium, i.e., the concentration in the interstitial fluid. The mean
      interstitial adenosine concentration was 128 +/- 26 nM (range 25-300 nM). The
      effect of these adenosine concentrations on adipose tissue metabolism was
      investigated in isolated human fat cells. The influence of 5 and 10 nM 2
      chloroadenosine, which is equipotent to 150 and 300 nM adenosine, on the dose
      response curve for the lipolytic effect of norepinephrine and the stimulatory
      effect of insulin on glucose transport was studied. 2-Chloroadenosine at 10 nM
      decreased basal lipolysis 53 +/- 8% and shifted the dose-response curve for
      norepinephrine approximately twofold to the right. At 5 nM, 2-chloroadenosine
      only slightly shifted the dose-response curve, whereas basal lipolysis was not
      significantly reduced. 2-Chloroadenosine at either concentration had no
      significant effect on basal or insulin-stimulated glucose transport. In
      conclusion, endogenous adenosine can reach concentrations in human subcutaneous
      tissue sufficient for an important modulating effect on lipolysis in vivo.

PMID- 2645787
TI  - Phlorizin-induced normoglycemia partially restores glucoregulation in diabetic
      dogs.
AB  - The plasma concentration of glucagon (IRG), catecholamines, and hepatic glucose
      production (Ra) were followed in insulin-induced hypoglycemia in dogs before
      (normal) and at 14-21 and again at 89-119 days after the injection of alloxan
      (diabetic). Some diabetic dogs were also tested when euglycemia was restored by
      phlorizin. In the normal state plasma IRG and epinephrine were raised by a factor
      of 3 and 15, respectively. Ra increased in two phases, an early peak (350% basal)
      was followed by a plataeu at about twice basal. In diabetes, irrespective of its
      duration, plasma IRG was decreased in hypoglycemia, and the rise in plasma
      epinephrine was significantly reduced. Ra remained unchanged. In phlorizin
      treated euglycemic diabetic dogs plasma IRG fell, and the response in plasma
      epinephrine remained blunted. There was no early rise in Ra, but the same
      elevated plateau was reached at the same time as in normal animals. In
      conclusion, the following is observed in diabetic dogs. 1) The sensitivity of
      alpha-cells to insulin is maintained, but that to hypoglycemia is lost. The
      concentration of plasma catecholamines is raised less than in normals. With no
      increase in plasma glucagon this rise is not sufficient to increase Ra. 2)
      Restoration of euglycemia with phlorizin does not restore normal IRG and
      epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia but restores the delayed increase of Ra.
      Thus the restoration of euglycemia in severely diabetic dogs partially restores
      the responses of the liver, but not of the alpha-cell or sympathetic discharge,
      to hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2645788
TI  - Leucine metabolism in aging humans: effect of insulin and substrate availability.
AB  - To elucidate the relative roles of insulin (I) and amino acid (AA) availability
      on body protein economy and AA kinetics, we compared whole body leucine kinetic
      responses, using a 360-min constant infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine, during
      administration of an L-AA solution to six healthy young (21-25 yr) and six
      healthy old (72-87 yr) men (study 1) to those when the AA solution was given in
      conjunction with a euglycemic I clamp (study 2). In study 1, serum I increased
      significantly (P less than 0.02) by 4 +/- 1 and 4 +/- 2 microU/ml in young (Y)
      and old (O) men, respectively. In study 2, I was raised to 91 +/- 7 (Y) and 88 +/
      7 (O) microU/ml; the glucose infusion to maintain euglycemia in the Y was
      significantly greater than in the O (8.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 6.8 +/- 1.9 mg.kg-1.min-1).
      Leucine flux and oxidation increased significantly in both age groups during the
      administration of AA. Estimates of leucine released from protein breakdown
      declined (P less than 0.01) by 18 and 20% in study 1 and 2, respectively, in the
      young and by 12 and 44%, respectively, in the elderly. Rates of leucine
      incorporation into protein increased (P less than 0.01) similarly in both age
      groups and in both studies. These findings emphasize the importance of AA
      availability in the stimulation of protein synthesis and suggest that insulin's
      major role in vivo is to repress whole body proteolysis. Furthermore, despite
      evidence of an age-related decline in glucose disposal, the elderly had similar
      leucine kinetic responses to hyperaminoacidemia.

PMID- 2645789
TI  - Insulin sensitivity and responsiveness during lactation and dry period in goats.
AB  - To investigate the role of insulin in partitioning nutrients between the mammary
      gland and other tissues during lactation in ruminants, euglycemic
      hyperinsulinemic clamps were performed in goats during early lactation (15-26
      days postpartum), midlactation (78-91 days postpartum), and dry period (169-194
      days postpartum). Insulin was infused at 0.4, 0.7, 1.9, 4.4, and 10
      micrograms/min. Basal plasma glucose was constant during all periods despite the
      fact that basal glucose utilization was approximately 3 times higher during
      lactation than dry period. Basal plasma insulin was similar during early
      lactation and dry period but increased during midlactation. Insulin infusion
      resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of glucose utilization. The insulin
      stimulated glucose utilization above basal was greatly impaired during early
      lactation when compared with dry period, but this only occurred at very high
      plasma insulin. Insulin infusion also resulted in a decrease in glucose
      production; the maximal insulin effect is achieved at the lowest insulin infusion
      rate. The ability of insulin to decrease glucose production was significantly
      improved during early lactation when compared with dry period. This phenomenon
      may provide a mechanism to save gluconeogenic substrates during early lactation.
      In contrast, midlactation did not result in any significant change in insulin
      action with both glucose utilization and glucose production.

PMID- 2645790
TI  - Proinsulin mRNA levels in fasting and fed ADX rats: evidence for an indirect
      effect of glucocorticoids.
AB  - To determine whether glucocorticoids are required to maintain pancreatic
      proinsulin mRNA levels during dietary manipulation, rats were adrenalectomized
      (ADX) or sham operated (SO) and subsequently fasted or pair fed for 2 days.
      Proinsulin mRNA concentrations were 54 +/- 8% lower (P less than 0.05) in fed ADX
      rats and 47 +/- 10% lower (P less than 0.01) in fasted ADX rats relative to
      values in fed and fasted SO rats, respectively. When ADX rats were fasted for 24
      h and either refed 20% sucrose for 30 h or injected with dexamethasone (DEX)
      0.125 mg/kg ip every 12 h for three doses, circulating plasma glucose levels were
      restored and pancreatic proinsulin mRNA concentrations rose 3.3 and 2.7-fold,
      respectively (each P less than 0.05). Plasma glucose and proinsulin mRNA levels
      (n = 40) were correlated (r = 0.58, P less than 0.0001). We conclude that the
      regulation of proinsulin mRNA concentration does not absolutely require
      endogenous glucocorticoids, since either adequate sucrose intake in ADX rats or
      physiological glucocorticoid responses in fasted rats suffice to restore
      pancreatic mRNA concentrations. It appears that glucocorticoid stimulation of
      pancreatic proinsulin mRNA levels is mediated indirectly through its regulation
      of glucose metabolism.

PMID- 2645791
TI  - Retraction.

PMID- 2645792
TI  - Are relaxation oscillators an appropriate model of gastrointestinal electrical
      activity?
AB  - Mathematical models based on relaxation oscillators have heavily influenced the
      terminology and experimental designs of investigations in gastrointestinal
      motility for nearly two decades. Relaxation oscillator equations have been used
      to stimulate the electrical activities of the esophagus, stomach, small
      intestine, colon, and rectosigmoid region. It has been suggested that many
      attributes of gastrointestinal electrical activity cannot be adequately explained
      by classic "core-conductor" or "cable" models of excitation and conduction. This
      article critically reviews the relaxation oscillator model and provides an
      explanation for each of the putative inadequacies of core-conductor theory.
      Furthermore, we question whether relaxation oscillator equations are able to
      simulate the waveforms of gastrointestinal slow waves, alterations in waveform in
      response to drugs or electrical stimulation, patterns of slow-wave activity when
      stimulated at physiological frequencies, prolonged periods of constant resting
      membrane potential between gastric slow waves and electrotonic spread into
      inactive regions. We conclude that the relaxation oscillator equations do not
      fully describe gastrointestinal electrical activity; excitation and propagation
      can be modeled by a theory that provides for morphological features, ionic
      conductances, and other elements included in the cable equations.

PMID- 2645793
TI  - Pathophysiology of HPA axis abnormalities in patients with major depression: an
      update.
AB  - Four hypotheses have been proposed to explain why nonsuppression on the
      dexamethasone suppression test occurs in patients with major depression. These
      include 1) increased metabolism of dexamethasone, 2) decreased sensitivity of
      pituitary glucocorticoid receptors to dexamethasone, 3) hyperresponsivity of the
      adrenal gland to ACTH stimulation, and 4) increased central drive of the
      pituitary from hypothalamic/limbic structures that overrides the action of the
      dexamethasone. A critical review of the literature suggests that the last
      hypothesis is most closely supported by the data. Despite this conclusion,
      factors other than depression may be involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
      axis dysfunction.

PMID- 2645794
TI  - Clinical differentiation between lethal catatonia and neuroleptic malignant
      syndrome.
AB  - Lethal catatonia, a syndrome described several decades before the advent of
      neuroleptic drugs, has been regarded by many investigators as clinically similar
      to, and perhaps indistinguishable from, neuroleptic malignant syndrome. However,
      published case reports of the two syndromes indicate differences in mode of
      onset, signs and symptoms, and outcome. Lethal catatonia often begins with
      extreme psychotic excitement, which, if persistent, can lead to fever,
      exhaustion, and death. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome begins with severe
      extrapyramidally induced muscle rigidity. Because lethal catatonia often requires
      neuroleptic treatment and neuroleptic malignant syndrome necessitates immediate
      cessation of neuroleptics, their early clinical differentiation is important.

PMID- 2645795
TI  - Financing the medical management of mental disorders.
AB  - In 1987 Medicare benefits for the mentally ill were expanded for the first time
      in 22 years. A major change was the removal of limits and copayments for the
      "medical management of psychopharmacologic agents." Payment for medical
      management recognizes the trend toward the remedicalization of psychiatry;
      however, medical management can be defined either broadly or narrowly. The
      authors suggest pricing strategies for both medical management of mental
      disorders and psychotherapy. Enlightened design of psychiatric benefits will
      cover all forms of treatment according to appropriate rules. Access to treatment
      for mental illness is at stake as these rules develop.

PMID- 2645797
TI  - Bromocriptine treatment of cocaine withdrawal symptoms.

PMID- 2645796
TI  - Doxepin as an adjunct to smoking cessation: a double-blind pilot study.
AB  - In a double-blind study, 19 adults received bedtime doses of either 150 mg of
      doxepin hydrochloride (N = 9) or placebo (N = 10). After 3 weeks the subjects
      were instructed to stop smoking and continue taking medication for 4 additional
      weeks. Cessation was reported by all nine doxepin subjects 1 week after cessation
      and by seven doxepin subjects 9 weeks after cessation. One placebo subject
      reported cessation. Cotinine assays generally confirmed cessation but were
      subject to interpretation. Doxepin assays suggested that the precessation level
      was associated with cessation. Further studies with larger samples and extended
      follow-up are needed to determine the reliability of these results.

PMID- 2645798
TI  - S. Weir Mitchell's visual hallucinations as a grief reaction.

PMID- 2645799
TI  - Source of Freud's question about what women want.

PMID- 2645800
TI  - Uninfected erythrocytes form "rosettes" around Plasmodium falciparum infected
      erythrocytes.
AB  - The human malaria parasite, P. falciparum, exhibits cytoadherence properties
      whereby infected erythrocytes containing mature parasite stages bind to
      endothelial cells both in vivo and in vitro. Another property of cytoadherence,
      "rosetting," or the binding of uninfected erythrocytes around an infected
      erythrocyte, has been demonstrated with a simian malaria parasite P. fragile
      which is sequestered in vivo in its natural host, Macaca sinica. In the present
      study we demonstrate that rosetting occurs in P. falciparum. Rosetting in P.
      falciparum is abolished by protease treatment and reappears on further parasite
      growth indicating that, as in P. fragile, it is mediated by parasite induced
      molecules which are protein in nature. P. vivax and P. cynomolgi, which are not
      sequestered in the host, did not exhibit rosetting. Rosetting thus appears to be
      a specific property of cytoadherence in malaria parasites.

PMID- 2645801
TI  - Studies of the receptors on melanoma cells for Plasmodium falciparum infected
      erythrocytes.
AB  - We investigated whether thrombospondin plays a role in the binding of Plasmodium
      falciparum parasitized erythrocytes to C32 melanoma cells. Twelve patient
      isolates bound variably to melanoma cells, with good correlation between the
      degree of binding to cells and binding to thrombospondin. With a synchronous
      preparation of asexual parasites, acquisition of the capacity to bind to
      thrombospondin occurred at the same parasite stage as binding to melanoma cells.
      Development of parasites to trophozoites and schizonts correlated with binding of
      parasitized erythrocytes to thrombospondin and melanoma cells. The infected
      erythrocyte receptor for thrombospondin was destroyed by mild trypsinization, as
      was the receptor for melanoma cells. Although these results suggest similarity in
      the melanoma cell receptor and thrombospondin receptor for infected cells, other
      results showed that thrombospondin cannot alone be the melanoma cell receptor.
      Binding to other melanoma cell lines did not correlate with thrombospondin
      secretion: the RPMI 8252 and G361 cell lines bound few or no infected cells, yet
      secreted 50-100% as much thrombospondin as C32 cells. Iodinated thrombospondin
      bound in similar amounts to C32 cells and to noncytoadherent C361 melanoma cells.
      Binding and nonbinding melanoma cells did not differ in quantity of surface
      thrombospondin by radioimmunoassay. Thus, although purified, immobilized,
      thrombospondin binds parasitized erythrocytes, expression of thrombospondin alone
      on melanoma cells is not sufficient to mediate adherence.

PMID- 2645802
TI  - Estimate of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite content of Anopheles stephensi used
      to challenge human volunteers.
AB  - Plasmodium falciparum infected Anopheles stephensi, taken from a group of
      mosquitoes which had been used to challenge recipients of (NANP)3-TT vaccine,
      were tested for P. falciparum sporozoite content by an immunoradiometric assay.
      Seventy-six percent were infected with mean and median sporozoite equivalents per
      mosquito of 220,994 and 217,398, respectively (SD = 54,911). This sporozoite
      density is greater than that usually found in the field. These data suggest that
      this challenge for evaluating P. falciparum sporozoite vaccines is a demanding
      test of immunity.

PMID- 2645804
TI  - Centrifugation-shell vial technique for rapid detection of Mediterranean spotted
      fever rickettsia in blood culture.
AB  - The shell vial technique for isolation of cytomegalovirus was adapted to detect
      Rickettsia conorii in blood culture using human fibroblast monolayers. The
      inoculation was performed with low speed centrifugation and the rickettsiae
      demonstrated by immunofluorescence 24-120 hr after inoculation. R. conorii was
      identified in 11 of 13 patients with Mediterranean spotted fever in 48-72 hr.

PMID- 2645803
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi: endocytosis and degradation of specific antibodies by parasite
      forms.
AB  - Specific human IgG antibodies bound to a Trypanosoma cruzi envelope were
      internalized by antigen receptor-mediated endocytosis. Ferritin conjugated
      antibodies and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated IgG were found inside
      parasite cytoplasmic vesicles. Nonspecific IgG that did not bind to the external
      membrane was not internalized by the parasite. The ratio of 3H-protein A labeled:
      specific IgG internalization by parasites in the exponential growth phase (95%
      epimastigotes) was much smaller than that of parasites in the late stationary
      growth phase (38% trypomastigotes). Antibodies bound to the latter parasite forms
      almost disappeared from their outer membranes after 12 hr incubation at 27
      degrees C. Results of experiments in which membrane bound antibodies were removed
      by an excess of pronase showed that only small amounts of radiolabeled IgG were
      found inside the parasites. The fate of immunoglobulins that vanished from
      external membrane receptors and did not accumulate inside the cells was explained
      by experiments in which the supernatants of IgG-3H-protein A labeled parasites
      were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid (TCA). In these, membrane-bound
      antibodies were taken in and degraded by the parasites as increased amounts of
      free radiolabel appeared in the supernatants as functions of incubation time and
      parasite stage.

PMID- 2645805
TI  - A novel virus-like infectious agent in patients with AIDS.
AB  - A novel virus-like infectious agent (VLIA), obtained by direct transfection of
      DNA from Kaposi's sarcoma of a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome
      (AIDS), was transmissible from culture to culture by cell-free filtrate. VLIA
      contained an outer limiting membrane and had a buoyant density of 1.17-1.20 g/ml
      in a sucrose gradient. The DNA genome of VLIA was estimated to be greater than
      150 kilobase (kb) pairs and carried repetitive sequences. An 8.6 kb pair cloned
      probe (psb-8.6) and a 2.2 kb pair cloned probe (psb-2.2) of VLIA detected
      specific sequences in DNA of VLIA infected cells, but not in DNA of uninfected
      NIH/3T3 cells. By Southern blot hybridization analysis, VLIA was distinct from
      all known members of human herpes virus, from vaccinia virus, monkey herpes virus
      saimiri (HVS), and mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Using synthetic primers with the
      VLIA specific DNA sequences and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, we
      detected VLIA sequences in DNA isolated from 7 out of 10 patients with AIDS. VLIA
      infection was identified in spleen, liver, brain, lymph node, Kaposi's sarcoma
      tissues, or peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these patients, but not in 5
      different organs and a tumor from 5 subjects without AIDS. Antiserum raised
      against VLIA in rabbit positively immunostained brain and lymph node tissues from
      these AIDS patients.

PMID- 2645806
TI  - Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy of renal calculi.
AB  - Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a noninvasive technique that
      utilizes focused shock waves to fragment stones into sand-sized particles, which
      then pass spontaneously with urination. The clinical use of this technique was
      introduced in 1980 in Germany by Chaussy and associates and has replaced most
      open surgery and percutaneous endoscopy for stone removal. The physics of shock
      waves, equipment, techniques, and patient selection in ESWL are discussed.
      Results of treatment of renal, upper ureteral, and lower ureteral calculi are
      reviewed and compared. Complications of treatment, including ureteral
      obstruction, hemorrhage, and tissue damage, are discussed. The advent of second
      generation lithotripters has widened the parameters for patient selection in the
      treatment of ESWL and has increased the availability of this treatment modality.

PMID- 2645807
TI  - Current use of skin and wound cleansers and antiseptics.
AB  - Out of the tumult of a turbulent, eight-century-long background of surgical skin
      and wound cleansing methods has come a set of basic principles that serve as
      performance specifications for new developments. Alcohol remains the superior
      skin antiseptic. Its characteristic rapid-drying effect and consequent loss of
      bactericidal action can be overcome by maintaining wetness or by admixture with
      emollients or longer-acting antiseptics. Today's combinations of cleaners,
      alcohol, and either iodophores or chlorhexidine have emerged from previous eras
      characterized by the use of metallic compounds, halogen compounds, and tincture
      of iodine. Published guidelines are important but must be looked upon as current
      consensus rather than standard practice.

PMID- 2645808
TI  - [Rectal premedication with midazolam in children. A comparative clinical study].
AB  - Anesthetic premedication by injection is usually poorly accepted by children,
      especially those under 10 years of age. Less disturbing for the child is oral
      premedication, but this increases the risk of aspiration and must be administered
      1.5-2 h before anesthetic induction. This double-blind study was performed in
      children to investigate the efficacy, acceptance, and general safety of midazolam
      given rectally. METHOD. Rectal premedication was administered to a total of 80
      healthy children between 2 and 10 years of age undergoing elective operations.
      The children were divided randomly into two groups: group I received 0.4 mg/kg
      and group II 0.5 mg/kg midazolam with the addition of 0.015-0.02 mg/kg atropine.
      Premedication was carried out on the pediatric ward. The calculated dose was
      drawn from the ampule and diluted to 8-10 ml with distilled water. This dose was
      instilled immediately behind the anal sphincter using a suitable plastic
      applicator (Stanylan). The following parameters were recorded: immediate reaction
      to the rectal medication, sedative-hypnotic signs, and acceptance of the
      anesthetic mask. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured before premedication
      and before the induction of anesthesia. Observations were made for 5 h post
      operatively. Any unusual side effects of the treatment were also noted. The
      existence of any anterograde amnesia was investigated in 20 children (10 in each
      group) between 6 and 10 years of age. RESULTS. There was no significant
      difference between the children allocated to the two groups with regard to age,
      body weight, sex, type of operation, and duration of anesthesia (Table 2). Of the
      total of 80 children, 66 (82.5%) accepted the rectal instillation well, 12 (15%)
      moderately well, and 2 (2.5%) poorly. Signs of respiratory depression or allergic
      reaction to midazolam were not observed in any case. The observations made before
      induction of anesthesia are presented in Table 3. The children in group II
      exhibited significantly greater (P less than 0.05) slurred speech than those in
      group I. A low incidence of hiccup was seen in both groups. Most of the children
      (27 in group I, 67.5%; 37 in group II, 92.5%: P less than 0.05) were delivered to
      the operating room lying down, whereas the others were sitting up in bed but
      showed no desire to get up. Between 10 and 55 min after the premedication, a
      total of 5 children (12.5%) in group I and 2 (5%) in group II were restless or
      crying on arrival in the induction room. Most, however, were quiet to
      tired/drowsy. The optimal sedative-hypnotic action was observed after 20-30 min
      (Fig. 1). At this time 21.7% of the children in group I were tired/drowsy,
      whereas 50% in group II were tired/drowsy and 9.1% were asleep but easy to
      arouse. This effect was significantly greater in group II (P less than 0.01).
      Acceptance of the mask was comparable in both groups (Table 4) and was tolerated
      well to very well by 92-97% of the children. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2645809
TI  - Accuracy of laser Doppler capillary flow measurements for predicting blood loss
      from skin incisions in pigs.
AB  - This study assesses the clinical applicability of laser Doppler capillary flow
      measurements for predicting blood loss from a surgical incision. To produce a
      wide range of blood flows, we injected lidocaine 1%, lidocaine 1% plus
      octapressin (0.03 IU.ml-1), and lidocaine 1% plus epinephrine (5 micrograms.ml-1)
      subcutaneously into three separate sites on the flank of each animal (N = 6).
      Laser Doppler flow measurements were made before and 10 minutes after injection
      Subcutaneous injection of lidocaine tended to increase cutaneous blood flow (96
      +/- 13 to 153 +/- 30 mV, mean +/- SE, P = 0.09). Blood flow tended to decrease
      after injection of lidocaine with epinephrine (101 +/- 13 to 57 +/- 10 mV, P =
      0.03) or octapressin (108 +/- 20 to 58 +/- 11 mV, P = 0.08). Laser Doppler
      measurements were higher after the injection of plain lidocaine than after that
      of lidocaine with either epinephrine or octapressin (P = 0.004). A standard
      incision was performed at each site and blood loss measured over the subsequent
      10 minutes. Laser Doppler measurements correlated with the amount of bleeding
      from the surgical incision (R = 0.69, P less than 0.001). We conclude that the
      laser Doppler is a useful tool for evaluating the ability of subcutaneously
      injected local anesthetics (vasodilators) or vasoconstrictors to alter bleeding
      from skin incisions.

PMID- 2645810
TI  - Sixty-six years ago in Anesthesia & Analgesia. Seymour, E.: Presidential address:
      American Association of Anesthetists. Current researches in anesthesia and
      analgesia: 193;2:168-172.

PMID- 2645811
TI  - Principles of pulse oximetry: theoretical and practical considerations.

PMID- 2645812
TI  - Sixty-six years ago in Anesthesia & Analgesia. Brown, W.C.: Preliminary report on
      experiments with ethylene as a general anesthetic, p. 117. Luckhardt, A.B.:
      Carter, J.B.: Ethylene as a gas anesthetic, p. 221. Herb, I.C.: Ethylene: Notes
      taken from the clinical record, p. 230. Current Researches in Anesthesia and
      Analgesia: 1923; Vol. 2.

PMID- 2645813
TI  - Volume replacement in the patient with limited venous access.

PMID- 2645814
TI  - Hypersensitivity myocarditis.

PMID- 2645815
TI  - Effect of xylazine in heifers under thermoneutral or heat stress conditions.
AB  - A study was performed to assess the effect of xylazine HCl (0.1 mg/kg of body
      weight, IV) in heifers maintained at thermoneutrality (18 C, 42% humidity) or
      under heat stress (33 C, 63% humidity) conditions. Xylazine caused 50 and 70%
      decreases in serum insulin concentrations in the thermoneutral and heat-stressed
      heifers, respectively. Xylazine-induced hypoinsulinemia was associated with
      hyperglycemia. In the thermoneutral group, serum glucose concentrations increased
      from a basal concentration of 75 mg/dl to 150 mg/dl after 15 minutes. In the heat
      stress group, the serum glucose concentration increased from 65 mg/dl to 105
      mg/dl. Hyperglycemia peaked at 2 hours and remained high for 6 hours after
      xylazine administration. Heat-stressed heifers took a longer time (107 minutes)
      to stand than did heifers under thermoneutral conditions (41 minutes). The time
      to regain sensation to pain was significantly prolonged in heat-stressed heifers.
      Xylazine had no effect on body temperature and respiration rate in heifers under
      the thermoneutral condition, whereas it markedly induced hyperthermia and
      suppressed respiration rate in the heat-stressed heifers. Furthermore, the pulse
      rate was slightly decreased in thermoneutral heifers and was markedly decreased
      in the heat-stressed heifers.

PMID- 2645816
TI  - Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine on Leptospira
      interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis infection of pregnant cattle.
AB  - Effectiveness of a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine to protect cattle from
      infection and reproductive problems caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar
      hardjo type hardjo-bovis was evaluated. Seven cows were vaccinated once and 8
      cows were vaccinated twice with a USDA-licensed pentavalent leptospiral vaccine.
      Five cows were maintained as nonvaccinated controls. Cows were bred 1 to 2 months
      after the last vaccination. During the 4th to 6th month of gestation, all cows
      were challenge exposed on 4 occasions by conjunctival instillation of 10(8)
      serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis organisms and on 3 occasions by conjunctival
      instillation of urine from a cow shedding hardjo-bovis. All control cows and 13
      of 15 vaccinated cows became infected and shed leptospires in the urine.
      Leptospires were detected in fewer urine samples collected from vaccinated cows,
      compared with those collected from control cows. Four stillborn calves and 3 weak
      calves were born to control and vaccinated cows. Leptospires were detected in the
      kidneys of 11 apparently healthy calves born to vaccinated and control cows.
      Agglutinating antibodies were not detected in the precolostral serum of these
      calves.

PMID- 2645817
TI  - Comparative effects of cholera toxin, Salmonella typhimurium culture lysate, and
      viable Salmonella typhimurium in isolated colon segments in ponies.
AB  - Isolated segments of left dorsal colon and a side-to-side colocolostomy (between
      the left ventral colon and left dorsal colon) were surgically created in 6 adult
      ponies. Four segments, each separated by an empty segment, were inoculated (20
      ml) with 1 of the following 4 solutions: phosphate buffered saline solution
      (PBSS)/1% polyethylene glycol (PEG); purified cholera toxin in PBSS/1% PEG (5
      micrograms cholera toxin/ml of PBSS/1% PEG); lyophilized Salmonella typhimurium
      UCD 1755 culture lysate, reconstituted in PBSS/1% PEG; and viable S typhimurium
      UCD 1755 (10(8) organisms/ml of PBSS/1% PEG). Twenty hours following inoculation
      of the treatment solutions into the isolated colon segments, the ponies were
      reanesthetized. Fluid accumulation in the isolated segments was measured, and
      tissue samples from isolated segments were taken for examination by light
      microscopy and electron microscopy, and for measurement of mucosal cyclic
      adenosine monophosphate levels. There was fluid accumulation in segments
      inoculated with cholera toxin in 4 ponies (29.5 +/- 12.7 ml), and in segments
      inoculated with S typhimurium UCD 1755 culture lysate in 3 ponies (14.0 +/- 8.7
      ml). There was no fluid accumulation in segments inoculated with either the
      control solution (PBSS/1% PEG) or viable S typhimurium UCD 1755. There was
      significantly (P less than 0.05) less cyclic adenosine monophosphate in segments
      inoculated with cholera toxin, Salmonella lysate, and viable Salmonella, compared
      with control segments. Histologically, there were minimal changes in control
      segments, consisting of mild to moderate submucosal edema and capillary
      congestion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645818
TI  - The nature of embryo reduction in mares with twin conceptuses: deprivation
      hypothesis.
AB  - Ultrasonography was used to determine whether there is embryo reduction in mares
      with unilaterally fixed twins when a major portion of the vascularized area of
      the wall of one of the embryonic vesicles is in apposition with the wall of the
      adjacent vesicle, rather than with the endometrium (deprivation hypothesis). In
      addition, the effect of ovulatory pattern (synchronous and asynchronous) on the
      incidence of embryo reduction was studied. Twin vesicles were ultrasonically
      detected on days 11 to 15 (ovulation = day 0) and were examined daily until there
      was embryo reduction or until day 40. In 31 mares with twin embryonic vesicles,
      unilateral fixation (71%) was more frequent (P less than 0.05) than was bilateral
      fixation (29%). In 28 mares with known ovulatory patterns, synchronous ovulations
      did not affect the type of fixation (9/17 unilateral and 8/17 bilateral);
      however, for asynchronous ovulators the frequency of unilateral fixation (10/11)
      was greater (P less than 0.01) than the frequency of bilateral fixation (1/11).
      The incidence of embryo reduction was greater (P less than 0.01) for unilateral
      fixation (14/19) than for bilateral fixation (0/9) and was greater (P less than
      0.05) for asynchronous ovulators (9/11) than for synchronous ovulators (5/17). In
      mares with embryo reduction, the reduction was complete before detection of both
      embryo propers (early reduction) in 10/14 and after detection of both embryo
      propers (late reduction) in 4/14.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645819
TI  - Unusual manifestations of brachiocephalic vascular disease.
AB  - Vascular problems involving the brachiocephalic vessels may occur from
      atherosclerosis, trauma, vasculitis, infection, and procedures for congenital
      heart disease. A wide variety of symptoms and signs may result from such
      disorders. This study is a report of five unusual manifestations of
      brachiocephalic vascular diseases. Diagnosis, management, and previous surgical
      experience is discussed relating to each case illustrating the complexity and
      variability of brachiocephalic vascular pathology.

PMID- 2645820
TI  - Balloon valvuloplasty in adult aortic stenosis: determinants of clinical outcome.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical variables affecting outcome after
      balloon aortic valvuloplasty. DESIGN: Longitudinal follow-up of consecutive case
      series. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of 36 patients with severe calcific aortic
      stenosis, and without active infection or left ventricular mural thrombus.
      INTERVENTIONS: Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of the aortic valve until the
      peak gradient was reduced by 50% or a maximal balloon size was used. Hemodynamic
      measurements taken before and after dilatation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Thirty-three patients had a successful dilatation. Eighty-nine percent (95%
      confidence interval [CI]. 74% to 97%) improved symptomatically at 2 weeks, but by
      26 weeks only 56% (CI, 35% to 76%) remained improved (P = 0.0078). Mortality
      rates were high at 8 (9%) and 26 (28%) weeks. Predictors of adverse events
      included left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0.04, r = 0.46), pulmonary
      artery systolic pressure (P = 0.048, r = 0.65), pulmonary vascular resistance (P
      = 0.008, r = 0.69), and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P = 0.009, r =
      0.43) at 8 weeks and all these factors except left ventricular ejection fraction
      at 26 weeks. These clinical outcomes were unrelated to other cardiac or pulmonary
      diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic improvement is only temporary in many patients
      undergoing balloon aortic valvuloplasty, and the mortality rate in the mid-term
      follow-up period is high. Valve surgery remains the treatment of choice for
      aortic stenosis in the adult.

PMID- 2645821
TI  - Wheezing on maximal forced exhalation in the diagnosis of atypical asthma. Lack
      of sensitivity and specificity.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether wheezing on maximal forced exhalation is a
      predictor of asthma in persons with normal or nearly normal baseline spirometry.
      DESIGN: Prospective study of patients referred for methacholine challenge
      testing. SETTING: Pulmonary function laboratory at a hospital. PATIENTS: Forty
      four patients referred for methacholine challenge testing because of the clinical
      suspicion of cough variant or otherwise difficult to diagnose asthma, with normal
      or nearly normal baseline spirometry and without wheezing on routine lung
      auscultation during quiet breathing. INTERVENTIONS: We listened for wheezing on
      maximal forced exhalation. Wheezing was defined as a continuous sound with a
      musical quality. Methacholine challenge testing was done. The concentration of
      methacholine required to produce a 20% fall in baseline FEV1 (PC20) of less than
      8 mg/mL was considered a positive test for asthma. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Wheezing was present on maximal forced exhalation in 8 of 14 patients with a
      positive methacholine challenge test (sensitivity = 57%) and absent in 11 of 30
      patients with a negative test (specificity = 37%). Furthermore, wheezing on
      maximal forced exhalation was present in 13 of 27 patients with a PC20 greater
      than 16 mg/mL and absent in 2 of 7 with a PC20 less than 4 mg/mL. CONCLUSIONS:
      Wheezing on maximal forced exhalation is neither sensitive nor specific for
      airway hyperreactivity.

PMID- 2645822
TI  - Diagnosing gallbladder disease.

PMID- 2645823
TI  - Intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature infant--current concepts. Part II.
AB  - Diagnosis of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and its
      neuropathological consequences and accompaniments in the living infant has been
      facilitated greatly by the introduction of real-time cranial ultrasonography. The
      major advantages of the technique include high-resolution capability, portable
      instrumentation, lack of ionizing radiation, and relative affordability.
      Prognosis in infants with IVH relates to the mechanisms of brain injury, the most
      important of which are prior hypoxic-ischemic insults, posthemorrhagic
      hydrocephalus, and periventricular hemorrhagic infarction. The last of these is
      most critical and it is now clear that careful quantitative assessment of the
      ultrasonographic appearance of the periventricular parenchyma in the infant with
      IVH during the acute period of illness is of major value in estimating outcome.
      Prevention of IVH remains the most important goal. Prenatal interventions include
      prevention of premature birth (currently a very elusive goal in the United
      States), transportation of the premature infant to a tertiary facility in utero
      rather than after birth (an approach of proven value), prenatal administration of
      phenobarbital or vitamin K (initially promising data that require confirmation
      and amplification), and optimal management of labor and delivery. Postnatal
      interventions include careful resuscitation of newborns, correction of
      fluctuating cerebral blood flow velocity, correction or prevention of other major
      hemodynamic disturbances, and correction of abnormalities of coagulation. Of
      these interventions the use of muscle paralysis to correct fluctuating cerebral
      blood flow velocity has shown the most striking benefit vis-a-vis prevention of
      IVH. Postnatal pharmacological interventions that have been studied in detail
      include the use of phenobarbital, indomethacin, ethamsylate, and vitamin E. No
      single agent among this group has been shown consistently to lead to a decrease
      in incidence and severity of IVH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645824
TI  - Central effects of drugs used in migraine prophylaxis evaluated by visual evoked
      potentials.
AB  - The present study used recordings of visual potentials evoked by pattern reversal
      (VEPs) to investigate the central effects of three drugs used in migraine
      prophylaxis: the calcium channel blocker nifedipine, the beta-1-selective blocker
      metoprolol, and the nonselective beta adrenoreceptor blocker propranolol. The
      study involved 58 patients with common or classical migraine who were treated in
      a double-blind randomized study over a period of 7 months, while the
      effectiveness of prophylactic treatment was recorded in headache diaries that
      were subjected to time series analysis. VEPs were recorded at the beginning of a
      2-month baseline period without treatment, after 4 months of treatment, and at
      the end of a 3-month washout period. At baseline, migraine patients had
      significantly higher VEP amplitudes and longer latencies than did a group of 87
      healthy control subjects. Patients were separated by statistical analysis into
      responders and nonresponders to each prophylactic treatment. Nifedipine had no
      effects on the frequency, intensity, and duration of migraine attacks, nor on
      amplitude and latency of the VEPs. In contrast, the use of beta blockers resulted
      in a significant decrease in VEP amplitude, both in responders and nonresponders,
      whereas VEP latency remained unchanged. VEP amplitudes returned to the initial
      values at follow-up in the nonresponders, but stayed at lower levels in
      responders. Beta blockers thus appear to have a significant effect on the
      increased excitability of the visual system in patients with migraine, although
      their action is not directly related to their reduction of migraine frequency.

PMID- 2645825
TI  - Dominantly inherited dementia and parkinsonism, with non-Alzheimer amyloid
      plaques: a new neurogenetic disorder.
AB  - A family is described in which a dominant form of inheritance, probably autosomal
      dominant, expresses severe dementia and parkinsonism as the major clinical
      features. Neuropathological correlates in two autopsied members of this family
      consisted of extracellular hyaline eosinophilic, congophilic amyloid plaques in
      decreasing order of frequency in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus,
      and substantia nigra, and atrophy and gliosis of the basal ganglia and substantia
      nigra. The extracellular plaques did not stain with antibody raised against the
      prion protein nor with two separate anti-amyloid A4 antibodies. The combination
      of dominantly inherited dementia with parkinsonism and extracellular plaques in
      this distribution that are amyloid and prion protein antibody negative has not
      been previously reported and thus may represent a new neurological genetic
      disorder.

PMID- 2645826
TI  - Interaction of folylpolyglutamates with enzymes in one-carbon metabolism.
AB  - Of all the coenzymes, tetrahydrofolate exhibits the most structural diversity.
      The relationship of these structural forms to physiological function is under
      intense study by numerous research groups. In textbooks, tetrahydrofolate
      (tetrahydropteroylmonoglutamate) is shown as the coenzyme of one-carbon
      metabolism, but it has been known for several decades that the physiologically
      active forms of the coenzyme contain from 4 to 7 glutamyl residues linked by
      amide bonds through the gamma-carboxyl group. These glutamyl residues do not
      serve a direct function in transferring the one-carbon group. The
      tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamates were originally thought to be simply storage forms
      of the coenzyme, but studies now show that the polyglutamate chain of the
      coenzyme affects the transport properties of the coenzyme, alters the kinetic
      properties of many enzymes in one-carbon metabolism, and results in channeling of
      the coenzyme between several enzymes. In general, the dissociation constants of
      this group of enzymes for the tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamates are very low, in the
      0.1 to 1 microM range. The concentration of the coenzyme in the cell appears to
      be similar to the concentration of folate-utilizing enzymes, suggesting that the
      concentration of unbound coenzyme in the cell may be very low. Several of the
      enzymes in one-carbon metabolism are either multifunctional proteins or
      multienzyme complexes. An active area of research is to determine if there is a
      functional relationship between these multifunctional enzymes and the
      polyglutamate portion of the coenzyme.

PMID- 2645827
TI  - Effect of esters of succinic acid and other citric acid cycle intermediates on
      insulin release and inositol phosphate formation by pancreatic islets.
AB  - Esters of carboxylic acids are permeable to cells and once inside the cell are
      hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids. Methyl and ethyl esters of succinate and other
      citric acid cycle intermediates were tested to find out whether they are insulin
      secretagogues. Monomethyl succinate stimulated insulin release from pancreatic
      islets in a concentration-dependent manner with maximal release attained at a
      concentration of 10 mM. Dimethyl succinate (10 mM) was as effective as monomethyl
      succinate, but pyruvate methyl ester, monoethyl succinate, and dimethyl fumarate
      were ineffective as primary secretagogues. However, dimethyl fumarate potentiated
      both leucine- and leucine-plus-glutamine-induced insulin release. Glucose,
      leucine, leucine plus glutamine, and monomethyl succinate increased inositol tris
      , bis- and monophosphate formation in pancreatic islets and antimycin A inhibited
      this formation. Since mitochondrial metabolism is probably essential for glucose
      induced insulin release and the metabolism of succinate and leucine (without or
      with glutamine) involves mitochondrial respiration exclusively, these results
      might indicate that mitochondrial metabolism generates conditions or factors that
      are transmitted to the cytosol to increase inositol trisphosphate formation and
      thus calcium mobilization and insulin release. Since succinate is believed to
      enter metabolism at site II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, it is
      interesting that rotenone, an inhibitor of NADH dehydrogenase and site I of the
      respiratory chain, was a potent inhibitor of monomethyl succinate-induced insulin
      released. Rotenone also inhibited leucine (plus or minus glutamine)-induced
      insulin release. These results indicate that beta cell metabolism of monomethyl
      succinate and leucine, like glucose, influences dehydrogenases that produce NADH.

PMID- 2645828
TI  - Expression of a cDNA encoding a rat liver glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A full length cDNA clone, pGTB38 (C. B. Pickett et al. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259,
      5182-5188), complementary to a rat liver glutathione S-transferase Ya mRNA has
      been expressed in Escherichia coli. The cDNA insert was isolated from pGTB38
      using MaeI endonuclease digestion and was inserted into the expression vector
      pKK2.7 under the control of the tac promoter. Upon transformation of the
      expression vector into E. coli, two protein bands with molecular weights lower
      than the full-length Ya subunit were detected by Western blot analysis in the
      cell lysate of E. coli. These lower-molecular-weight proteins most likely result
      from incorrect initiation of translation at internal AUG codons instead of the
      first AUG codon of the mRNA. In order to eliminate the problem of incorrect
      initiation, the glutathione S-transferase Ya cDNA was isolated from the
      expression vector and digested with Bal31 to remove extra nucleotides from the 5'
      noncoding region. The protein expressed by this expression plasmid, pKK-GTB34,
      comigrated with the Ya subunit on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and
      was recognized by antibodies against the YaYc heterodimer. The expressed Ya
      homodimer was purified by S-hexylglutathione affinity and ion-exchange
      chromatographies. Approximately 50 mg pure protein was obtained from 9 liters of
      E. coli culture. The expressed Ya homodimer displayed glutathione-conjugating,
      peroxidase, and isomerase activities, which are identical to those of the native
      enzyme purified from rat liver cytosol. Protein sequencing indicates that the
      expressed protein has a serine as the NH2 terminus whereas the NH2 terminus of
      the glutathione S-transferase Ya homodimer purified from rat liver cytosol is
      apparently blocked.

PMID- 2645830
TI  - [Preleukemic disorders].
AB  - Certain hematopoietic disorders and immunodeficiency states are known to carry a
      risk of developing acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. In the past some of them have
      been classified by a variety of terms ranging from refractory anemia to
      preleukemia, but are currently grouped into a new concept of the myelodysplastic
      syndromes (MDS). The purpose of this article is to briefly review the updated
      knowledge of the MDS with emphasis on the clonal origin, natural history and
      mechanisms of leukemogenesis.

PMID- 2645829
TI  - Evidence for vicinal thiols and their functional role in glucosamine-6-phosphate
      deaminase from Escherichia coli.
AB  - Methylation of glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase deaminase (2-amino-2-deoxy-D
      glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase, deaminating, or glucosamine-6-phosphate
      deaminase, EC 5.3.1.10), from Escherichia coli produces a modified protein having
      two alkylated sulfhydryls per each polypeptide chain. The enzyme is still active
      and allosteric, but exhibits a lower homotropic cooperativity and its Vmax/Etotal
      is almost exactly half that of the native enzyme. Arsenite produces comparable
      kinetic changes that can be reversed with ethanedithiol but not with 2
      thioethanol or dialysis. Thiols can be oxidized by molecular oxygen using the
      (1,10-phenanthroline)3-Cu(II) complex as catalyst; the enzyme obtained no longer
      has titrable SH groups with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and displays
      kinetic behavior similar to that of the other chemically modified forms of the
      deaminase using monofunctional or bifunctional reagents. The results reported
      indicate that the involved sulfhydryls are vicinal groups, and are located in a
      region of the molecule that moves as a whole in the allosteric transition.

PMID- 2645831
TI  - [Intraperitoneal chemotherapy].
AB  - A fact that the Second International Conference of Intracavitary Chemotherapy was
      held at Sandiego in 1988 clearly suggests that the intraperitoneal chemotherapy
      attracts again the attention as a new administration route aimed at complete cure
      and useful modality against refractory intraabdominal cancer. Basic problems
      (peritoneal circulation, importance of peritoneal clearance, conditions required
      for ip infusion and penetration depth from the tumor surface) are described. As
      to ip infusion of CDDP, pharmacokinetic characteristics (iv vs ip), the
      difference of ultrafiltrable Pt. value (chemical assay vs biological assay) and
      clinical notes are reviewed. Several clinical trials now on going (CDDP-STS
      combination, CDDP-STS-Angiotensin II, CHPP and IPCP) are introduced. Finally the
      future direction of intraperitoneal chemotherapy is discussed.

PMID- 2645832
TI  - [Intravesical chemotherapy of superficial bladder tumors].
AB  - It has been reported that the intravesical instillation therapy had response
      rates ranging from 60 to 70% for bladder cancer and we could expect its
      significant efficacy, in terms of clinical benefits with quick response and lower
      medical cost, in patients of superficial and papillary peduncular tumors with
      multiple diseases and in diameter of maximum 1 cm. The intravesical instillation
      should be performed 2-3 times/week and within 2-3 weeks for the purpose to reach
      the clinical objectives. In order to enhance the efficacy of the intravesical
      instillation therapy, combined use of multiple anticancer agents or
      multidisciplinary treatments have been tried, in combination with systemic
      administration, radiotherapy, hyperthermia and hydro pressure therapy, which
      obtained remarkable clinical results. However, a comparative study has never been
      carried out among these treatments. It's a practical treatment that the
      intravesical instillation is given as an adjuvant therapy after TUR. In case of
      prophylactic purpose, the frequency and the period are still under discussion on
      the administration of the drugs. These is no clear idea yet which is optimal, a
      short period of administration for 1-2 weeks or a longer period for 2-5 years.
      Adriamycin and mitomycin-C have been commonly used for the intravesical
      instillation therapy of bladder cancer. BCG has recently had a good clinical
      response not only for therapeutic purpose of carcinoma in site but also for the
      prophylactic purpose with its intravesical instillation. Many studies indicated
      that the intravesical instillation therapy alone could not inhibit recurrence of
      bladder cancer under the current situation when the incidence of tumor and
      mechanism of recurrence are not yet clarified completely in epidemiological
      points of view. For improvement of treatment of bladder cancer, further
      fundamental studies must be developed and also a randomized trial is clinically
      needed, taking in consideration backgrounds of the patients, for evaluation of
      efficacy of bladder cancer treatment.

PMID- 2645833
TI  - [Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy: clinical applications and current status
      of therapeutic effects on various malignant tumors].
AB  - Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for various malignant tumors in order to
      improve the antitumor effects and to diminish the side effects has been performed
      in general since the 1950's. Numerous reports have shown favourable therapeutic
      effects followed by the development of the new anticancer agents. Although in
      recent years application of intra-arterial administration of anticancer agents
      alone has been limited to such target tumors as liver cancer because of
      application of mechanical arterial embolization using gelatin sponge cubes,
      attempts have been made to enhance the antitumor effect. In order to improve
      targeting and stagnancy of anticancer agents in the tumor area, drug delivery
      systems involving arrangement of the hemodynamics of the tumor area (balloon
      occluded arterial infusion therapy, administration with vasoconstrictive agents
      such as noradrenaline or angiotensin II and/or as administration with various
      drug carriers (microcapsules, lipiodol, albumin microspheres, Degradable Starch
      Microspheres, liposomes, etc.) have been prepared and made available for clinical
      use with various tumors. Furthermore, development of totally implantable
      equipment of intra-arterial use for not only continuous infusion but one-shot
      injection of anticancer agents contributes to the treatment of patients longer
      and more frequently with less trouble. In the future intra-arterial infusion
      chemotherapy will have an important role for treatment of various malignant
      tumors, especially as one part of multimodal treatments, although the
      pharmacokinetics should be more fully-studied.

PMID- 2645834
TI  - [Phase II study of cisplatin in advanced esophageal cancer and gastric cancer].
AB  - Twenty-four patients with advanced gastric cancer and 4 patients with advanced
      esophageal cancer were treated with cisplatin at a dose of 80-100 mg/m2 for one
      day or 10-20 mg/m2 for 5 consecutive days every 3-4 weeks. As for gastric cancer,
      21 of 24 were evaluable for this study according to the criteria of the Japan
      Society for Cancer Therapy. Four of 21 patients (19%) showed partial response
      (PR), 7 displayed no change (NC), and 10 evidenced progressive disease (PD).
      Among 4 PR cases, only one had effective primary lesion. As for esophageal
      cancer, all 4 patients were evaluable, while 2 showed no change (NC) and another
      2 exhibited progressive disease (PD). Gastrointestinal toxicity occurred in 20
      patients despite the use of anti-emetic drugs. Nephrotoxicity and hematological
      toxicity were observed in 14 patients and 22 patients, respectively. These did
      not impede the continuous treatment except one case of hematological toxicity. It
      was concluded that cisplatin is more effective for the metastatic lesion of
      gastric cancer than primary lesion.

PMID- 2645835
TI  - [Effect of high-dose cyclophosphamide plus high-dose etoposide in malignant brain
      tumors of children followed by autologous bone marrow rescue].
AB  - Four pediatric patients with malignant brain tumors were treated with very high
      dose etoposide plus very high-dose cyclophosphamide (HD-VP 16/CPM) followed by
      autologous bone marrow rescue. There were two brain stem gliomas, which were
      refractory to radiation therapy, ACNC, and beta-interferon and two relapsed
      malignant brain tumors. Both of the two with brain stem gliomas achieved
      response, one with clinical improvement and decrease of tumor size on CT
      scanning, the other with clinical improvement. Overall response duration was
      three months and nine months. Two patients with relapsed brain tumors received HD
      VP 16/CPM as adjuvant chemotherapy. Low but significant levels of VP 16 and CPM
      were detected in CSF. Further investigation of HD-VP 16/CPM is needed as a
      chemotherapy for malignant brain tumors in children.

PMID- 2645836
TI  - Studies of polymorphonuclear migration into psoriatic skin using a new in vivo
      method.
AB  - A new method, employing a skin-implanted cell trap already used to study
      chemotaxis in cancer patients, was applied to 35 healthy volunteers and 12
      psoriatic patients. A dacron disk impregnated with 10 microliters of 4-6.10(6)
      live BCG suspension was implanted in the deep dermis. After 24 h the disk was
      removed, and five sections of each disk were counted for polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes. Involved and uninvolved psoriatic skin showed a
      decrease of PMN migration into the disk as compared with controls. No difference
      could be demonstrated between involved and uninvolved skin. Mononuclear cell
      chemotaxis was the same in psoriasis as in controls. These results are in
      agreement with other in vivo data using mainly the skin chamber technique
      indicating a decrease of PMN chemotaxis in psoriatic skin at 24 h.

PMID- 2645837
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of calmodulin in normal and psoriatic epidermis.

PMID- 2645838
TI  - Why is the lower torso protected in traumatic asphyxia? A new hypothesis.
AB  - Traumatic asphyxia secondary to a crush injury of the chest is characterized by
      craniocervical cyanosis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, and severe vascular
      engorgement of the head and neck. These signs are believed to be due to high
      venous pressures causing stasis and capillary rupture. A "fear response" that
      produces a strong Valsalva maneuver is thought to be necessary for their
      development. The lower torso seems to be protected, and previously this was
      thought to be due to its superior system of valves. We present here
      ultrasonographic evidence that the inferior vena cava is compressed or
      obliterated during a Valsalva maneuver, and propose that this compression
      protects the lower torso during traumatic asphyxia.

PMID- 2645839
TI  - Correction of aortico-left ventricular tunnel during the first day of life.
AB  - Two critically ill newborns with aortico-left ventricular tunnel and severe heart
      failure were operated on at six and 14 hours after birth. The diagnosis was
      established clinically by the auscultatory finding of systolic and diastolic
      murmurs and by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In the first
      newborn, the left aortic sinus was connected with the left ventricle below the
      aortic valve by an aneurysmatically dilated tunnel. In the second patient, the
      tunnel connected the right aortic sinus and the left ventricle. The repair was
      performed under deep hypothermia, total hemodilution, and cardiopulmonary bypass.
      The tunnel was closed with two patches of Gore-Tex on the aortic and ventricular
      orifices. Both children are free from symptoms and are developing normally 10 and
      8 months after repair.

PMID- 2645840
TI  - Open heart surgery in infancy.

PMID- 2645841
TI  - Ventricular aneurysm due to blunt chest injury.
AB  - A left ventricular aneurysm developed in 3 patients sustaining blunt chest
      injury. Evidence of an acute myocardial infarction on the electrocardiogram and
      enzyme analysis prompted cardiac catheterization, which revealed total occlusion
      of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 2 of the 3 patients.
      Ventricular aneurysmectomy was performed in each patient. A review of the
      literature revealed 32 previously reported patients with left ventricular
      aneurysm caused by blunt trauma. Clinical features, catheterization or autopsy
      findings, and outcome are examined.

PMID- 2645842
TI  - The place of HDL in cholesterol management. A perspective from the National
      Cholesterol Educational Program.
AB  - The guidelines developed by the Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol
      Education Program identified low density lipoprotein (LDL) as the major
      atherogenic lipoprotein, and high levels of LDL-cholesterol as the primary target
      for cholesterol-lowering therapy. Low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol were recognized as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease.
      This report reexamines in depth the recommendations of the Adult Treatment Panel
      on HDL-cholesterol. Two major questions are discussed: (1) Should HDL-cholesterol
      levels be measured in all adults, as recommended for total cholesterol? (2)
      Should patients found to have a low serum HDL [corrected]-cholesterol level (less
      than 35 mg/dL [less than 0.91 mmol/L]) enter medical therapy to raise the level?
      The guidelines of the Adult Treatment Panel are reaffirmed as appropriate from
      the current perspective. These guidelines recommend that HDL-cholesterol levels
      be determined in patients deemed to be at high risk for coronary heart disease
      and suggest that HDL measurement is optional for individuals with borderline-high
      total levels. The guidelines of the Adult Treatment Panel recommend that low HDL
      cholesterol levels be raised mainly by hygienic means (ie, smoking cessation,
      weight loss, aerobic exercise). When drug therapy is required for high LDL
      cholesterol levels in the presence of low HDL levels, cholesterol-lowering drugs
      that concomitantly raise HDL should be given first priority.

PMID- 2645843
TI  - Evaluation and management of vaginitis. An update for primary care practitioners.
AB  - There are three major causes of vaginitis symptoms that primary care
      practitioners should be able to diagnose and treat expertly. Recent
      investigations have shown that bacterial vaginosis, the most common cause of
      vaginitis symptoms in patients not seen in sexually transmitted disease clinics,
      has a multifactorial etiology: Gardnerella vaginalis is universally present but
      is not, per se, the etiologic agent. Diagnosis and treatment are based,
      therefore, on evidence of a disturbed bacterial ecology as well as the presence
      of "clue" cells that indicate the presence of Gardnerella. Trichomonas vaginitis
      is usually easy to diagnose, but treatment failures occasionally occur. Some
      strains of Trichomonas vaginalis may be relatively resistant to metronidazole,
      and short-course therapy may lead to reinfection from sexual partners. Candida
      vulvovaginitis, the third major type of vaginitis, is not a sexually transmitted
      disease and should be viewed as vaginal "thrush." Earlier treatment regimens have
      been simplified by the introduction of more potent antifungals.

PMID- 2645844
TI  - The drug approval process at the Food and Drug Administration. New biotechnology
      as a paradigm of a science-based activist approach.

PMID- 2645845
TI  - Cardiac status after four years in a trial on nutritional therapy for high blood
      pressure.
AB  - A randomized controlled trial demonstrated the ability of nutritional
      intervention in place of antihypertensive drugs to maintain blood pressure at
      normal levels for four years in 39% of less severely hypertensive patients whose
      blood pressure was previously well controlled by pharmacologic treatment.
      However, average blood pressures during the trial for patients in the
      intervention group were higher than those for a comparison group that continued
      to receive drug therapy throughout the study. Holter monitoring,
      echocardiography, roentgenography, and electrocardiography done at four years to
      determine whether blood pressure differences between groups were associated with
      differences in cardiac status did not indicate any differences in cardiac status
      favorable to one group compared with the other. Further investigation in larger
      samples is needed to assess any long-term differences in cardiac status based on
      such alternate therapies.

PMID- 2645846
TI  - Prevention of deep vein thrombosis in potential neurosurgical patients. A
      randomized trial comparing graduated compression stockings alone or graduated
      compression stockings plus intermittent pneumatic compression with control.
AB  - In a randomized trial of neurosurgical patients, groups wearing graduated
      compression stockings alone (group 1) or graduated compression stockings plus
      intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) (group 2) were compared with an
      untreated control group in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). In both
      active treatment groups, the graduated compression stockings were continued for
      14 days or until hospital discharge, if earlier. In group 2, IPC was continued
      for seven days. All patients underwent DVT surveillance with iodine 125-labeled
      fibrinogen leg scanning and impedance plethysmography. Venography was carried out
      if either test became abnormal. Deep vein thrombosis occurred in seven (8.8%) of
      80 patients in group 1, in seven (9.0%) of 78 patients in group 2, and in 16
      (19.8%) of 81 patients in the control group. The observed differences among these
      rates are statistically significant. The results of this study indicate that
      graduated compression stockings alone or in combination with IPC are effective
      methods of preventing DVT in neurosurgical patients.

PMID- 2645847
TI  - Cystinuria: failure of captopril to reduce cystine excretion.

PMID- 2645849
TI  - Effects of psychotropic drugs on human erection and ejaculation.
AB  - Evidence concerning pharmacological effects on human sexuality suggests that
      dopaminergic receptor activation may be associated with penile erection. Erection
      also appears to involve inhibition of alpha-adrenergic influences and beta
      adrenergic stimulation plus the release of a noncholinergic vasodilator
      substance, possibly vasoactive intestinal peptide. Ejaculation appears to be
      mediated primarily by alpha-adrenergic fibers. Serotonergic neurotransmission may
      inhibit the ejaculatory reflex. An understanding of the neurobiological substrate
      of human sexuality may assist clinicians in choosing psychotropic agents with
      minimal adverse effects on sexual behavior and may also contribute to the
      development of pharmacological interventions for sexual difficulties.

PMID- 2645848
TI  - Fenfluramine and dextroamphetamine treatment of childhood hyperactivity. Clinical
      and biochemical findings.
AB  - Twenty boys (mean age, 9 +/- 2 years) with attention deficit disorder with
      hyperactivity received three weeks each of dextroamphetamine sulfate (0.5
      mg/kg/d), fenfluramine hydrochloride (0.6 mg/kg/d increased to 2.0 mg/kg/d), and
      placebo in a double-blind, random-order, crossover design. Half the boys also met
      criteria for conduct disorder. Dextroamphetamine produced immediate and marked
      improvement in disruptive, overactive behaviors. Fenfluramine had no effect on
      any behavioral measure at either the low or high dosage. Both drugs decreased
      levels of urinary norepinephrine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and
      vanillylmandelic acid. Fenfluramine, however, also produced a significant
      decrease in plasma MHPG levels and a larger decrease in urinary norepinephrine
      levels. It reduced urinary epinephrine levels as well, an effect opposite to that
      of dextroamphetamine. These findings suggest that different mechanisms of action
      are involved in the ability of the two drugs to reduce levels of MHPG and
      vanillylmandelic acid. Fenfluramine increased plasma prolactin levels and
      decreased platelet serotonin levels. Despite the structural similarity of the two
      drugs, some common overall effects on catecholamine metabolism, and similar
      effects on weight, fenfluramine had none of the motor activity or therapeutic
      effects of dextroamphetamine.

PMID- 2645850
TI  - Reduction of cigarette smoking by use of a nicotine patch.

PMID- 2645851
TI  - Screening for hepatitis infectivity among blood donors. A model for blood safety?
AB  - The safety of blood and blood products is based on three interdependent
      activities: selection of safe donors, laboratory testing, and, where applicable,
      treatment of the product to reduce residual infectivity. Posttransfusion
      hepatitis has provided both the initial stimulus and the model for these
      procedures. The procedures have resulted in a progressive increase in the safety
      of the blood supply, which is continuing, as evidenced by a 50% decrease in the
      frequency of reported posttransfusion hepatitis over the past two years.

PMID- 2645852
TI  - Transfusion and recipient immune function.
AB  - For some time it has been known that allogeneic blood transfusions have
      immunologic effects on animal and human recipients. These effects include
      increased numbers of suppressor T cells, decreased natural killer-cell function,
      decreased function of macrophages and monocytes, induction of anti-idiotypic
      antibodies that suppress allogeneic antigen recognition, and decreases in
      alloreactivity of mononuclear cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. The meaning of
      these changes is not clearly understood, nor is the exact clinical importance of
      these alterations known. However, these decreases in immunologic function may
      explain a number of clinical consequences some investigators believe are the
      sequelae of homologous blood transfusions. Clinically important outcomes that are
      associated with transfusions are improved survival of renal allografts and
      increased risks of bacterial infection and cancer recurrence after perioperative
      transfusions. Transfusion of plasma-rich blood components (eg, whole blood) has
      been specifically associated with earlier cancer recurrence and better renal
      allograft survival in some patient groups. The new hypothesis that transfusion of
      stored plasma is a major factor in altering host immune defenses is supported by
      the observation that patients infected with human immunodeficiency acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome more rapidly if they have been transfused with large
      amounts of plasma. Contrary to previous belief, the transfusion of homologous
      stored blood plasma may have as great or greater effects on immunity than
      transfusion of white blood cells. We believe investigation into the immunologic
      effects of transfusions is likely to have a significant impact on transfusion
      medicine research and practice over the coming years.

PMID- 2645853
TI  - Risks and safety practices in hemapheresis procedures.
AB  - In hemapheresis procedures carried out for the collection of blood components,
      healthy donors are subjected to the old familiar risks of blood donation, plus
      those specifically relating to the use of blood cell separators and to the
      selective extraction (and loss to the donor) of individual blood components. The
      responsible physician must actively control these procedures, from the point of
      view of effective component collection and protection of the donor from
      undesirable procedural reactions, as well as potentially dangerous blood
      component depletion. The application of similar hemapheretic techniques to
      patients is quite a different matter. Patients do not have the same tolerance of
      blood manipulative techniques as do healthy donors. Furthermore, therapeutic
      component depletions are usually much more radical than the procedures applied to
      donors. The physician responsible for such therapeutic operations must play an
      active, consultative role with the clinical physician in discussing the likely
      efficacy of such treatment, the identification of risk factors, obtaining
      informed consent, deciding on a schedule of operations, replacement solutions,
      supplementary therapy, and overall supervision of procedures.

PMID- 2645854
TI  - Blood bank support of clinical transplantation programs.
AB  - Blood banks play a key role in the support of transplantation programs and can
      exert a considerable positive influence on the quality of care for the patients.
      Although each organ transplantation program has its idiosyncrasies, the basic
      necessities are the same for all programs and include careful long-term and short
      term planning and the establishment of lucid, specific procedures for every
      activity related to the program.

PMID- 2645855
TI  - Prevention of transfusion-associated graft-vs-host disease.
AB  - Transfusion-associated graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) occurs in certain
      immunocompromised recipients receiving viable lymphocytes in blood and
      components. Transfusion-associated GVHD affects the skin, liver, gastrointestinal
      tract, and most importantly, the bone marrow, and results in death in more than
      90% of affected patients. The best means to prevent transfusion-associated GVHD
      is prophylactic irradiation of blood and components to inactivate contained
      lymphocytes. A dose of 15 Gy delivered by a self-contained cesium 137 irradiator
      is sufficient to prevent transfusion-associated GVHD. Engraftment of transfused
      lymphocytes may occur because of HLA similarity between donor and recipient. The
      HLA differences, however, then facilitate rejection of the host by the engrafted
      lymphocytes and thus make easier the development of transfusion-associated GVHD
      or the Japanese equivalent, postoperative erythroderma.

PMID- 2645856
TI  - Evaluation of prostacyclin production by human gallbladder.
AB  - The prostanoids have been demonstrated to be involved in gallbladder physiology
      and disease. In previous reports, prostaglandin E (PGE) compounds were found to
      be increased in inflamed human gallbladders. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibition
      decreased PGE formation by human gallbladders; however, the relief of symptoms of
      cholecystitis did not correlate well with the decrease in PGE formation. This
      suggested that other prostanoids may be involved in cholecystitis. The purpose of
      this study was to evaluate the production of the proinflammatory arachidonic acid
      metabolite prostacyclin by gallbladders from patients with calculous
      cholecystitis. The formation of PGE and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1
      alpha), the stable metabolite of prostacyclin, in normal human gallbladder
      mucosal cells and muscle tissue was compared with that produced by diseased
      mucosal cells and muscle tissue. Normal human gallbladders produced small amounts
      of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and no differences in formation rates were evident when
      muscle tissue was compared with mucosal cells. Diseased gallbladders produced
      significantly greater amounts of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha than did normal gallbladders,
      and diseased gallbladder muscle produced approximately four times greater amounts
      of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha than did diseased gallbladder mucosa. Prostacyclin formation
      is increased in diseased human gallbladders and may be an important mediator of
      the inflammatory changes of cholecystitis.

PMID- 2645857
TI  - Neutron therapy for nonresectable radioresistant tumors.
AB  - Locally advanced, nonresectable, radioresistant tumors can often be ablated by
      external irradiation using high-energy fast neutron beams. Long-term local
      control has been achieved in a wide range of malignant tumors, notably sarcomas
      of bone and soft tissue and adenocarcinomas in various sites. Complete response
      and long-term remission, with local control rates between 50% and 70%, have been
      reported in a number of very large osteogenic sarcomas, soft-tissue sarcomas
      (particularly neurogenic tumors), melanomas, and adenocarcinomas of the
      alimentary tract. Malignant salivary gland tumors and carcinoma of the prostate
      appear to be the most responsive to neutrons, with a high frequency (70% to 90%)
      of successful remission and significantly improved survival even in advanced
      stages of disease. The biological mechanisms underlying radioresistance of tumor
      cells and the rationale for using heavily ionizing particles are described.
      Neutrons are shown to be a valuable adjunct in managing nonresectable malignant
      tumors that resist conventional therapy.

PMID- 2645858
TI  - Isolated regional perfusion in the treatment of subungual melanoma.
AB  - Subungual melanoma is rare and represents only 1% to 3% of all diagnosed
      melanomas in Western countries. The tumor is frequently mistaken for a benign
      lesion and the delay in diagnosis and final treatment may be responsible for the
      high local recurrence rate and the low disease-free survival rate. From 1965 to
      1982 the combined-modality therapy of amputation and adjuvant isolated regional
      perfusion with melphalan with or without dactinomycin was used in the treatment
      of 22 patients with subungual melanoma. Disease was staged according to the M. D.
      Anderson classification, as follows: stage I (primary melanoma), 11 patients;
      stage IIIA (in-transit metastases and/or satellitosis), three patients; stage
      IIIB (regional lymph nodes), seven patients; and stage IIIAB (in-transit
      metastases and/or satellitosis and regional lymph nodes), one patient. There were
      no cardiovascular complications and no treatment mortality. During a follow-up of
      at least 4.5 years, 12 patients (55%) developed distant metastases, including
      four patients with stage I disease (36%) and eight patients with stage III
      disease (73%). There were no locoregional recurrences. The median survival was
      three years (range, 0.5 to 12.5 years) and the overall five-year survival was
      40%, with 56% of patients having stage I disease and 27% having stage III
      disease. The prognosis of subungual melanoma is determined by the stage of the
      disease. Isolated regional perfusion may prolong disease-free survival in
      patients with subungual melanoma compared with previously published data.

PMID- 2645859
TI  - Strabismus surgery for neurological illness. The Stevens Commission 1887-1889.
AB  - In 1887, the New York Neurological Society appointed a committee of distinguished
      neurologists to investigate the claim of ophthalmic surgeon George Thomas Stevens
      that he could cure chorea and epilepsy through correction of refractive errors
      and strabismus. After 2 1/2 years, the supervised therapeutic trial collapsed
      amid mutual recriminations. The commission issued a bland statement to the effect
      that the treatment was not curative and was insufficiently helpful to recommend.
      The idea of ocular reflex causation and surgical cure of "neuroses" persisted for
      several more decades in the face of increasing skepticism and resistance.

PMID- 2645860
TI  - A neurological Wanderjahr.

PMID- 2645861
TI  - Breast cancer: the role of postoperative radiotherapy.
AB  - Although the role of radiotherapy in breast cancer is controversial, there are
      clearly defined indications for its use. The probability of local relapse can be
      determined by careful evaluation of the histological features of the primary
      tumour, the absolute number of involved axillary nodes and the type and and
      extent of the surgery performed. Using these data, patients can be divided into a
      relatively low risk group who probably do not require radiotherapy and a group at
      significant risk of relapse who, even with adjuvant systemic therapy, are likely
      to benefit from postoperative radiotherapy. Despite the often-repeated view to
      the contrary, radiotherapy is more effective in the locoregional control of
      breast cancer if given postoperatively than if withheld until tumour relapse
      occurs. Radiotherapy at the time of relapse provides long-term control in only 40
      55% of patients. This results in significant morbidity from uncontrolled local
      disease in the one-third of patients who survive 5 years and the one-quarter of
      patients who survive 10 years from the time of local relapse. This paper outlines
      the rationale and indications for the use of radiotherapy in improving
      locoregional control in breast cancer.

PMID- 2645862
TI  - A new technique for chronic venous ulcers of the lower limb: modified Felder-Rob
      procedure.
AB  - Subfascial ligation of perforating veins is a commonly performed operative
      procedure for chronic venous ulcers of the leg. The most widely adopted incision
      currently used is the posterior midline approach described by Felder. This,
      however, is associated with significant morbidity due to necrosis of skin
      overlying the tendo Achillis with consequent exposure-induced necrosis and
      contracture of the tendon. A new incision based on anatomical studies is
      described. The procedure was adopted in 45 limbs with chronic venous ulcers. The
      incision is associated with very minimal morbidity and has given excellent
      results in the form of a major necrosis rate of only 4.4% (none of which involved
      the skin over the tendo Achillis or the tendon itself) and an ulcer recurrence
      rate of 4.4% during the period of follow-up of 2-8 years.

PMID- 2645863
TI  - Small bowel obstructions: the case for investigation for occult large bowel
      carcinoma.
AB  - Over the last century, the incidence of adhesive small bowel obstructions has
      increased as the rate of operative management of abdominal conditions has risen.
      Concurrently, the rate of colonic cancer has also increased. One of the ways in
      which colonic cancer may present is as an isolated small bowel obstruction. Three
      cases of resolving small bowel obstruction secondary to occult carcinoma are
      presented and a survey of the literature is made. The conclusion is that all
      patients who present with a small bowel obstruction, which resolves, and who are
      in the cancer age group should be investigated for colonic cancer, especially
      when the putative causative operation was carried out some years previously;
      otherwise, large bowel tumours presenting as an isolated small bowel obstruction
      may pass undiagnosed.

PMID- 2645864
TI  - Stimulation of insulin secretion by transforming growth factor-beta.
AB  - Effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) on insulin secretion were
      studied in rat pancreatic islets. When islets were incubated in a batch
      incubation system with various concentrations of TGF-beta in the presence of 2.8
      mM glucose, TGF- beta increased insulin release in a concentration-dependent
      manner. Both TGF- beta 1 and TGF- beta 2 were equally effective. The stimulatory
      action of TGF- beta was greater in the presence of stimulatory concentration of
      glucose. In perifusion system, TGF- beta induced an immediate monotonic increase
      in insulin secretion. These results indicate that TGF- beta is a stimulator of
      insulin secretion.

PMID- 2645865
TI  - Pharmacological modulation of the bronchopulmonary action of the vasoactive
      peptide, endothelin, administered by aerosol in the guinea-pig.
AB  - Administration by aerosol for 1 min of solutions of endothelin (ENDO; 1, 5 or 10
      micrograms/ml) to anaesthetized and ventilated guinea-pigs induced a dose
      dependent bronchopulmonary response (BR) which was maximal within 4 to 5 min. In
      contrast, no significant change of the mean arterial blood pressure was observed.
      Pretreatment of guinea-pigs with propranolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.), mepyramine (1
      mg/kg, i.v.), nifedipine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) or verapamil (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) did not
      significantly affect the BR induced by an aerosol of a solution of 10
      micrograms/ml ENDO. In contrast, BR was significantly reduced when the animals
      were pretreated with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (10 mg/kg, i.v.)
      or the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, BN 52021 (10 mg/kg,
      i.v.). These results indicate that aerosolized ENDO induces a BR via the
      generation of secondary mediators such as cyclooxygenase products and PAF in a
      process which is unaffected by the blockers of the voltage-dependent calcium
      channels.

PMID- 2645866
TI  - Internalization and degradation of insulin by a human insulin receptor-v-ros
      hybrid in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing either the wild-type human insulin
      receptor or a hybrid molecule in which the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin
      receptor is replaced with that of the oncogene, v-ros were examined for their
      ability to internalize and degrade insulin. Cells expressing the hybrid receptor
      were found to internalize and degrade insulin at approximately half the rate of
      cells expressing the native insulin receptor. Moreover, insulin was incapable of
      inducing the internalization of the cell-surface hybrid molecule. In contrast,
      the constitutive rate of receptor internalization was found to be the same for
      the hybrid and wild-type receptors. These results obtained were similar to those
      with cells expressing either wild-type or mutant receptors lacking kinase
      activity. In conclusion, the substitution of the specificity of tyrosine kinase
      of the insulin receptor with that of the v-ros oncogene product results in
      defective internalization and degradation of insulin, and loss of ligand-induced
      receptor internalization.

PMID- 2645867
TI  - Supercoil-induced Z-DNA formation within 5'-end of chicken myb proto-oncogene.
AB  - We have analyzed the recently sequenced and characterized 2.9 kb fragment derived
      from the 5'-end of chicken myb proto-oncogene with respect to structural
      perturbations induced by DNA supercoiling. Within the first intron a 50 bp
      sequence stretch was localized, starting approximately 450 nucleotides downstream
      from putative ATG initiation codon, which forms a non-B-DNA structure. Fine
      mapping with structural probes revealed the three adjacent regions with imperfect
      purine-pyrimidine alternation creating together relatively long Z-forming tract,
      parts of which may undergo a B-Z DNA transition at different superhelical
      densities.

PMID- 2645868
TI  - Isolation of the mRNA encoding rat liver catechol-O-methyltransferase.
AB  - A highly specific, well characterized rabbit antiserum to purified rat liver
      catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT; EC 2.1.1.6) and the procedure of polysome
      immunoadsorption have been used to isolate a messenger RNA which encodes a single
      polypeptide when translated in vitro. Western blotting and immune fixation have
      shown multiple active forms of the enzyme to exist; a major, soluble one with MW
      of 23,000 and pI of 5.2 and another, membrane-bound one with MW of 26,000 and a
      pI of 6.2 (1). When translated in vitro, the purified message synthesizes a
      protein of molecular weight (MW) 23,000 and pI 5.2, values in agreement with
      those for purified enzyme reported by other investigators (2,3). Only the soluble
      form is seen after in vitro translation; the other immunoreactive proteins
      possibly arise due to post-translational modifications which do not occur in the
      lysate; or perhaps another mRNA exists. Cloning of the COMT cDNA will resolve
      this issue and should be feasible in light of our data indicating that the mRNA
      isolated here represents 0.46% of total rat liver polyadenylated message.

PMID- 2645869
TI  - Inhibitory action of isovaleryl-L-carnitine on proteolysis in perfused rat liver.
AB  - Isovaleryl-l-carnitine inhibits the proteolysis induced by amino acid deprivation
      in the perfused rat liver to an extent equivalent, or, below 0.4 mM, even greater
      than that previously found for 1-leucine (Ref. 1). Also the typical concentration
      response curve previously found for leucine (Ref. 1) is mimicked by isovaleryl-l
      carnitine. The maximum inhibition (approximately 50% of the control) occurred for
      both l-leucine and isovaleryl-l-carnitine above 0.8 mM. Only at these high
      concentrations also 1-carnitine and isobutyryl-l-carnitine exhibit a significant,
      albeit lower, degree of inhibition. The possible mechanism of this proteolysis
      inhibition is discussed.

PMID- 2645870
TI  - Inhibition of neuroglandular antigen (NGA) glycosylation by phorbol ester in
      human melanoma cells.
AB  - NGA is a human melanoma-associated antigen recognized by a panel of murine
      monoclonal antibodies developed in this laboratory. NGA consists of a 23.5 kDa
      core protein which is glycosylated in vivo to give a family of glycoproteins (30
      60 kDa). Treatment of human melanoma G361 cells with the phorbol ester PMA
      resulted in apparent partial inhibition of NGA glycosylation. After PMA
      treatment, NGA appeared as 3 different bands of 24, 29 and 34 kDa on SDS-PAGE.
      The 29 kDa band is similar to the one obtained by treatment with the ionophore
      monensin, which inhibits NGA O-glycosylation. PMA can modulate plasma membrane
      ion exchange, most likely by activating protein kinase C. In G361 cells PMA may
      produce the same net effect as monensin, by impairing transport in the Golgi
      complex and consequently inhibiting protein O-glycosylation through an ionophore
      like effect. Treatment of G361 cells with both PMA and protein kinase C
      inhibitors re-established the usual NGA glycosylation pattern. Thus the observed
      effect of PMA on NGA glycosylation is reversible and appears to be mediated by
      protein kinase C activation.

PMID- 2645871
TI  - Bioactivity of synthetic C-terminal fragment of rat pancreastatin on endocrine
      pancreas.
AB  - A C-terminal fragment of rat pancreastatin, 26-residue peptide amide was
      synthesized by the Fmoc-based solid phase method and its biological activity was
      evaluated for the first time in the conscious rat. Rat pancreastatin inhibited
      glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and elevated blood glucose levels in a
      concentration of 10 nmol/kg/h. The relative molar potency of that of porcine is
      equivalent. This study suggests that the synthetic rat pancreastatin has a
      biological activity, and may play a physiological role in the endocrine pancreas.

PMID- 2645872
TI  - Endothelin-mediated stimulation of DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Effects of endothelin on DNA synthesis were investigated in two clones of
      vascular smooth muscle cells, 1YB4 and A7r5. The peptide stimulated DNA synthesis
      in both clones with apparent EC50 of less than 1 ng/ml. More than 17 h was
      required before initiating endothelin-stimulated DNA synthesis. The platelet
      derived growth factor at a concentration which had no effects by itself on DNA
      synthesis enhanced the effect of low concentrations of endothelin. A calcium
      antagonist, nifedipine, inhibited endothelin-induced DNA synthesis. These data
      suggest that endothelin stimulates DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells
      through nifedipine-sensitive mechanisms that can be modulated by platelet-derived
      growth factor.

PMID- 2645874
TI  - A double-blind placebo-controlled study of auranofin in patients with psoriatic
      arthritis.
AB  - Two hundred thirty-eight patients with psoriatic arthritis were entered into a 6
      month, multicenter, double-blind trial comparing auranofin and placebo.
      Polyarthritis (greater than 5 tender joints) was present in 90% of the patients,
      and 94% were seronegative. Auranofin treatment was statistically superior to
      placebo treatment, according to physician's global assessment and functional
      scores. A trend in favor of auranofin treatment was seen for each of the other
      disease parameters studied. Psoriasis worsened in 6 auranofin-treated patients
      and in 3 placebo-treated patients. The incidence and nature of other side effects
      were similar to those observed in similar trials of patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis. Our observations suggest that the use of auranofin in the treatment of
      psoriatic arthritis is safe, although its therapeutic advantage over treatment
      with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs alone is modest.

PMID- 2645873
TI  - The estrogen-responsive 110K and 74K rat uterine secretory proteins are
      structurally related to complement component C3.
AB  - Estrogens stimulate the synthesis of specific secretory proteins in the rat
      uterus. Here we show that two of these, polypeptides of relative molecular weight
      110,000 (110K) and 74,000 (74K), are structurally related to C3, the third
      component of complement, a glycoprotein that plays a central role in regulating
      complement-mediated inflammatory and immune responses. The similarities were
      based on the observations that (1) NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the 74K
      polypeptide showed sequence homology with the beta chain of mouse C3, (2)
      comparison of the electrophoretic mobilities of the 110K and 74K polypeptides in
      the presence and absence of reducing agents revealed that they were disulfide
      linked subunits of a protein of Mr approximately 180,000, (3) the native protein
      was immunoreactive with antibodies specific for rat C3, and (4) both polypeptides
      were immunoprecipitated with antibodies to rat C3.

PMID- 2645875
TI  - Methyldopa-induced systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Thirteen months after starting methyldopa therapy, a 55-year-old white male
      patient presented with a syndrome of hemolytic anemia, arthritis,
      photosensitivity, and a positive antinuclear antibody test result. Methyldopa
      induced antinuclear antibodies were mainly IgG, directed against class H1
      histones. Antibodies to native DNA and nonhistone proteins were not detected.
      Upon withdrawal of methyldopa therapy, and with a short course of prednisone and
      danazol therapy, the patient's symptoms and hemolytic anemia resolved. His
      clinical symptoms and serologic abnormalities returned to normal and remained
      negative after 2 years of followup.

PMID- 2645876
TI  - Radiologic assessment as an outcome measure in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2645877
TI  - The coexistence of acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2645878
TI  - Rheumatic fever and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: a case report.

PMID- 2645879
TI  - Computer usage on the rise.

PMID- 2645880
TI  - Lack of attendance at AIDS miniseminar.

PMID- 2645881
TI  - Obtaining grant funding: ten steps to success.

PMID- 2645883
TI  - Projects of national significance: assisting members through funded programs.

PMID- 2645882
TI  - Constructing a competitive proposal.
AB  - Although the proposal abstract is not technically considered in the review
      process, the importance of this single page cannot be overemphasized. It is often
      the first thing read by the reviewers, and may be the only part of the proposal
      that some reviewers read thoroughly. The abstract should provide an effective and
      informative summary of the project, and should address specifically any impact
      indices (e.g., the number of individuals to be served, the number and type of
      products to be developed). It should touch briefly on project need, procedures,
      and outcomes. Grant consultant Liane Reif-Lehrer gave the following advice at a
      seminar on proposal writing: "Don't write the abstract until the proposal is
      done, so it reflects the contents of the application. Present the information in
      the abstract in the same order that it appears in the full proposal for quick
      reference".

PMID- 2645884
TI  - Matching ideas and funds.

PMID- 2645885
TI  - One lover's quarrel revisited. The state of the profession.

PMID- 2645886
TI  - Effect of dietary protein on serum insulin and glucagon levels in hyper- and
      normocholesterolemic men.
AB  - This study was designed to test the effect of dietary protein on blood levels of
      insulin and glucagon. Twelve normocholesterolemic (less than 200 mg/dl) and 11
      hypercholesterolemic greater than 240 mg/dl) healthy male subjects, 31-62 years
      of age, were randomly given 3 liquid test meals 1 week apart. Meals were
      identical except for the protein source (soybean, casein, or protein free). Blood
      was drawn at fasting, and 0.5 and 2 h postprandially. Insulin and glucagon levels
      were measured by radioimmunoassay. Hypercholesterolemic subjects had a higher (P
      less than 0.05) insulin/glucagon ratio (1.5) than normocholesterolemic subjects
      (0.7) 2 h post-prandially when fed the casein test meal. There was no significant
      difference following the soybean test meal. This implies that the post-prandial
      insulin/glucagon ratio was affected by the amino acid composition of the diet.
      There was a consistently higher insulin response to all test meals among hyper-
      versus normocholesterolemic subjects. These results are consistent with our
      hypothesis that the hypocholesterolemic effects of soybean protein and the
      hypercholesterolemic effects of casein were mediated by altered levels of insulin
      and glucagon.

PMID- 2645887
TI  - Differences in the underlying mechanisms of cholesterol- and casein-induced
      hypercholesterolemia in rabbit and rat.

PMID- 2645888
TI  - Longevity among ethnic groups in alcoholic liver disease.
AB  - As part of a multicenter V.A. Cooperative Study, 437 male veterans with varying
      stages of alcoholic liver injury were followed over a 4.5 year period. Their
      ethnic distribution consisted of 256 Caucasians, 109 black Afro-Americans, 63
      Puerto Rican Hispanics, and 9 Native American Indians. Survival analyses revealed
      significant differences between groups (P = 0.0002): 66% of Afro-Americans were
      still living at 42 months; Caucasians were intermediate with 40% survival; and
      only 28% of Hispanics were alive. The number of Native American Indians enrolled
      was too small to draw conclusions but none of those enrolled survived beyond 24
      months. Survival regression analysis of 30 clinical, laboratory, histologic and
      nutritional parameters, revealed the following significant risk factors: clinical
      severity (P less than 0.0001), histologic severity (P less than 0.0001), race (P
      = 0.001), age (P = 0.002), BUN (P = 0.01) and ALT (P = 0.02). These analyses
      indicated that ethnicity, independent of other variables, is significantly
      associated with outcome from the disease.

PMID- 2645889
TI  - Duration of antagonistic effects of nalmefene and naloxone in opiate-induced
      sedation for emergency department procedures.
AB  - Naloxone is an effective opiate antagonist, but its short half-life limits its
      usefulness. For outpatient procedures, a longer acting opiate antagonist could
      eliminate two to four hours of nursing observation in patients postoperatively. A
      controlled, randomized, double-blind trial comparing the effects of nalmefene,
      naloxone, and placebo in reversing opiate-induced sedation was carried out to
      determine efficacy, duration of action, and adverse effects in patients
      undergoing outpatient procedures. Each patient received 1.5 to 3.0 mg/kg
      meperidine intravenously before the procedure. After the procedure, each patient
      received either nalmefene, 1.0 mg; naloxone, 1.0 mg; or saline, 1.0 mL
      intravenously. Vital signs and assessments for alertness were performed for four
      hours. Naloxone significantly reversed sedation for only 15 minutes, whereas
      nalmefene was significantly effective (P less than .05) for up to 210 minutes.
      Nalmefene was significantly more effective than naloxone in reversing sedation at
      60, 90, and 120 minutes. Nalmefene is an effective agent for the reversal of
      opiate-induced sedation after outpatient procedures.

PMID- 2645890
TI  - Emergency department use of hand-held Doppler ultrasonography.
AB  - Doppler ultrasonography (DU) using a hand-held Doppler device represents a
      readily available emergency department (ED) technique that has been used for
      diagnostic testing with conditions associated with abnormal vascular flow, such
      as deep venous thrombosis, testicular torsion, and arterial insufficiency. DU may
      serve as a useful initial diagnostic test in the ED setting. The appropriate
      indications, techniques of examination, and accuracy of DU are summarized for the
      aforementioned conditions.

PMID- 2645891
TI  - Medical aspects of commercial air travel.
AB  - Commercial airline travel is so fast and easy that it attracts many people with
      significant underlying chronic disease. Although most airlines claim no ill
      effects from the stresses of air travel, airlines that fly longer routes tend to
      report a higher incidence of in-flight emergencies and sudden deaths than those
      that fly shorter routes. Reasons for these differences are discussed. The Federal
      Aviation Administration has recently upgraded the first aid kits carried by the
      airlines. Airlines must now report all untoward medical incidents to the
      government; this policy will permit the collection of better data concerning the
      true incidence of in-flight emergencies. Future studies should be oriented toward
      an analysis of the first aid kit's effectiveness and deficiencies. Emergency
      physicians are often required to make recommendations concerning the advisability
      of travel for patients who become ill away from home. Better criteria exist for
      making well-informed decisions for patients with obstructive pulmonary disease
      than for patients with other chronic diseases. A series of studies has suggested
      that physicians should recommend supplemental oxygen for normocapnic jet
      passengers who have a resting preflight Pao2 (at sea level) less than 67 mmHg. If
      available, preflight altitude stress testing should be performed on hypercapnic
      obstructive airways patients who request permission to fly. Poorly supported
      recommendations have been promulgated by several major professional organizations
      concerning flight advisability in a wide variety of other diseases. If these
      recommendations are followed strictly, people who become ill away from home can
      expect significant difficulty in returning home shortly after hospital discharge.

PMID- 2645892
TI  - Blunt scrotal trauma: emergency department evaluation and management.
AB  - Blunt scrotal trauma may result in a variety of injuries, including testicular
      rupture, torsion, dislocation, hematoma, or contusion, as well as epididymal,
      scrotal, and urethral injuries. Testicular rupture occurs in 50% of patients with
      traumatic hematocele, and is probably frequently misdiagnosed. If not
      aggressively diagnosed and surgically repaired, testicular rupture may lead to
      testicular atrophy and loss. Traumatic testicular torsion must also be diagnosed
      early to preclude testicular loss. Testicular scan, when rapidly available, is
      indicated in any case of suspected traumatic torsion. If testicular scanning is
      unavailable or equivocal, surgical exploration is indicated. Once torsion is
      ruled out, ultrasound is a useful diagnostic technique in acute scrotal trauma to
      differentiate those scrotal and testicular injuries requiring surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 2645893
TI  - [Focus on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in infants and young
      children].
AB  - The spectrum of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has broadened to
      include children. A review of the literature revealed 720 pediatric patients with
      AIDS, 558 of whom in the US and 162 in Europe. Based on these data, relevant and
      practically oriented information is given concerning epidemiology, clinical
      presentation and laboratory findings, diagnosis, management and prognosis of this
      newly recognized disorder, especially regarding infants and little children.

PMID- 2645894
TI  - [Significance of anti-gluten IgA levels for detection and monitoring of celiac
      disease].
AB  - Diagnosis of coeliac disease rests in jejunal biopsy. This is recognised as a
      traumatic examination which today may perhaps be replaced by a biological test
      produced by Pharmacia in which the anti-gluten IgA is measured by the ELISA
      method. The sensitivity of the test reaches 100% and the specificity to 96%. This
      biological test makes it possible to follow the development of the coeliac
      illness under diet, since the anti-gluten IgA diminishes significantly, often to
      the normal level.

PMID- 2645895
TI  - [Chronic rhinopathies of childhood (apropos of 265 cases)].
AB  - We observed among 265 children with a chronic rhinopathy: 187 allergic
      rhinopathies, associating sneezing, rhinorrhea and nasal eosinophilia,
      particularly caused by a sensitization for mites. 10 non allergic eosinophilic
      rhinopathies with identical clinical signs, and major nasal eosinophilia without
      any allergic factor. 68 non allergic non eosinophilic rhinopathies, where are
      preponderant nasal obstruction, olfaction troubles, ORL infections (otitis and
      sinusitis). Their etiology is probably various: psychic factors, ciliary
      dyskinesias, vasomotor phenomena...

PMID- 2645896
TI  - [Loeffler's syndrome versus Carrington's disease: sometimes a difficult
      differential diagnosis].
AB  - One clinical observation gives the opportunity of reviewing the clinical,
      radiological, physiological and pathological aspects of two idiopathic
      eosinophilic lung diseases: Loffler's syndrome and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
      (Carrington). The authors catch the eye on the difficulty in making sometimes
      differential diagnosis between the two diseases.

PMID- 2645897
TI  - Use of imaging techniques in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in children.

PMID- 2645898
TI  - Immune defects associated with recurrent infections.

PMID- 2645899
TI  - Infections of the heart.

PMID- 2645900
TI  - Kawasaki syndrome: issues in etiology and treatment.
AB  - To date several infectious agents have been proposed to cause KS, but none of
      these agents have been consistently demonstrated in KS. Epidemiologic studies
      suggest that host factors, including age, race, and sex, play an important role
      in KS. One hypothesis is that primary infection or activation of a latently
      infecting agent may play a role in KS; the other factors may be related to KS by
      activating such an agent. The 13 to 30 days between rug or carpet cleaning and
      onset of KS may represent an incubation or induction period for an infectious
      agent. The presence of certain epidemiologic risk factors and infectious agents
      in some outbreaks and not in others is puzzling (Table 4). Nevertheless, there
      are precedents for intermittently occurring epidemiologic risk factors, as with
      hepatitis, in which enteral and parenteral transmission can occur with the
      associated risk factors for each mode of transmission. The mechanisms by which
      the intermittently associated epidemiologic risk factors of antecedent illness
      and exposure to recently shampooed or spot-cleaned rugs or carpets relate to KS
      remain unknown. Similarly, how living near a body of water relates to KS awaits
      further clarification. The cause of KS remains a fascinating and controversial
      question, and the answer continues to grow in importance with the increasing
      health impact of this disease. As more data accumulate, high-dose IVIG therapy
      appears to brighten the outlook for KS patients as we await identification of the
      cause of this disease and more definitive treatment. Because we have just begun
      to use this therapy in KS, it is most important that any adverse effects that may
      occur be brought to the attention of the medical community. One question
      regarding KS will remain unanswered for years, that is, long-term sequelae of the
      disease in both treated and untreated patients. There have been a few anecdotal
      reports of onset of exertional angina in children several years after onset of
      KS. Histopathologic studies of coronary vessels of five KS patients who died of
      causes unrelated to KS and who apparently had completely recovered from the
      illness revealed abnormalities of the coronary vessels, primarily changes in the
      intima and internal elastic lamina. This has led to speculation that patients
      with a history of KS may have some coronary artery lesions not serious enough to
      be clinically detectable or to become an immediate cause of death but which may
      lead to juvenile arteriosclerosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2645901
TI  - Progress in antibacterial therapy: cephalosporins and quinolones.

PMID- 2645902
TI  - Hemolytic uremic syndrome.
AB  - HUS has now emerged as a common clinical and pathologic syndrome that may result
      from a variety of disease processes. On the basis of clinical and epidemiologic
      criteria, several distinct subgroups of the disorder have been distinguished, the
      most common of which are the result of infectious processes, whereas the rarer
      forms may be genetically determined or acquired defects in vascular homeostasis.
      A related group of bacterial toxins, verotoxins, and Shiga toxin, produced by a
      variety of species of enteric pathogens, have been implicated in the pathogenesis
      of typical childhood HUS. In the few years since verotoxin-producing organisms
      were first incriminated as the possible etiologic agents of HUS, there has been a
      remarkable growth in knowledge of the biology of verotoxin and its role, not only
      in HUS but in hemorrhagic colitis and childhood diarrhea. The availability of
      purified toxin and new tools for detection of verotoxin and verotoxin-producing
      organisms, such as monoclonal antibodies and probes for DNA hybridization, should
      enable definitive studies of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of verotoxin
      associated HUS to be undertaken. The growing understanding of HUS should
      eventually lead to improved treatment and ultimately to prevention of this
      serious childhood disorder.

PMID- 2645903
TI  - Recent advances in bacterial meningitis.

PMID- 2645904
TI  - Prostaglandins and hypertension.
AB  - Alterations in renal prostaglandins (PG) have been reported in hypertensive
      animals and in essential hypertension. Some alterations in the pattern of PG are
      more likely to be secondary to hypertension, whereas others may reflect a
      defective adaptation to the hypertensive state thus contributing to the rise in
      blood pressure. A major role for vasodilatory arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites
      is to modulate the effects of vasoconstrictor stimuli on renal vasculature and
      sodium excretion; thus, an alteration of this interplay may be responsible for
      some forms of experimental and human hypertension.

PMID- 2645905
TI  - A possible primary role for the kidney in essential hypertension.
AB  - The role of the kidney in "essential" or "genetic" types of hypertension has been
      evaluated both in a rat model such as the Milan hypertensive strain (MHS) or in
      humans. In both species, abnormalities of renal function have been demonstrated
      before the development of hypertension. Moreover hypertension could be
      "transplanted" with the kidney when kidney cross-transplantation was carried out
      between MHS and the Milan normotensive strain (MNS). Also in humans, the
      familiality for hypertension of the donor affected the requirement of
      antihypertensive therapy of the recipient. Further studies furnished results that
      were consistent with the hypothesis that a primary increase in Na transport
      across the tubular cell could be responsible for the pressor effect of the kidney
      in MHS or in humans. Because many similarities were found between the function of
      the tubular cell and the red blood cell in MHS, red blood cells were used to gain
      information about the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying these cellular
      changes. The results so far obtained showed that red blood cell abnormalities in
      MHS were genetically determined within the stem cells and genetically associated
      with the development of hypertension in F2 hybrids obtained by crossing the F1
      (MHS X MNS). Moreover, the abnormal Na transport across the cell membrane may be
      due to an abnormal function of the membrane skeleton proteins. Studies are in
      progress to evaluate a possible cause-effect relationship between: membrane
      skeleton protein-ion transport across the cell membrane and the development of
      hypertension.

PMID- 2645906
TI  - Calcium, parathyroid hormone, and blood pressure.
AB  - This review critically analyzes the available information on the relationship
      among calcium, parathyroid hormone, and blood pressure regulation. Both acute and
      chronic hypercalcemia increase blood pressure primarily via direct effects on
      vascular smooth muscle contractility. The evidence for indirect effects through
      activation of hormonal pressor systems is inconclusive. In apparent contrast with
      the notion that hypercalcemia can cause hypertension, more recently it has been
      proposed that calcium deficiency may be important in the genesis of hypertension
      both in humans and in spontaneously hypertensive animals. However, the evidence
      supporting this notion is still conflicting. Parathyroid hormone exerts complex
      actions on the cardiovascular system. On one hand, if injected in pharmacological
      doses, it is a vasodilator and antagonizes the pressor action of norepinephrine
      and angiotensin II; on the other hand, parathyroid hormone can potentiate the
      pressor effect of hypercalcemia.

PMID- 2645907
TI  - Nonpharmacological control of high blood pressure.
AB  - Nonpharmacological therapies are available to help manage hypertension. This
      paper reviews current evidence for the use of the following modalities: weight
      reduction; sodium restriction; supplements of potassium, calcium, and magnesium;
      reduction of saturated fat; limitation of alcohol; regular isotonic exercise, and
      relaxation.

PMID- 2645908
TI  - Physical exercise and hypertension. New insights and clinical implications.
AB  - In the last few years, the role of habitual physical activity in blood pressure
      regulation and in the prevention and treatment of mild hypertension has
      stimulated general interest. Both experimental and observational studies seem to
      show that physical exercise has a lowering effect on blood pressure. Some
      longitudinal training studies supplied data regarding the possibility of using
      physical training in the treatment of hypertensive patients. The mechanisms
      responsible for lower blood pressure induced by physical training are still
      unknown; however, the benefits from physical training last only as long as
      individuals continue to engage in regular physical activity.

PMID- 2645909
TI  - Blood pressure and isometric exercise. Correlation with anthropometric data and
      electrolyte urinary excretion in two groups of trained and untrained young men.
AB  - Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) at rest and at the third minute of hand
      grip exercise (HG), body weight (W), height (H), body index (BI), triceps
      skinfold (TS), arm circumference (AC), and 24-hour excretion of Na, K, and
      creatinine were measured in two groups of 50 males 18 to 21 years of age. The
      subjects were divided in two groups depending on their physical activity. Group 1
      included 50 trained subjects who had been regularly engaging in dynamic exercise
      for at least one month (four one-hour sessions a week); Group 2 included 50
      untrained subjects. In Group 1 there was no significant correlation among
      systolic blood pressure (SBP) and anthropometric data at rest, but it was
      significantly correlated during HG with W, H, BI, and AC. In Group 2, SBP was
      significantly correlated only with W and BI at rest, with W, H, BI, and AC during
      HG. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was well correlated, both at rest and during
      HG, with anthropometric data in both groups studied. No correlation was found
      between BP and urinary excretion of electrolytes. The BP values appeared to be
      slightly lower in Group 1 than the ones in Group 2, both at rest and during HG (P
      less than .05). No significant difference was found in any of the other
      parameters considered. Our data seem to confirm that regular physical exercise
      may have a moderate lowering effect on BP both at rest and during exercise; this
      is independent of any concomitant weight loss.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2645910
TI  - Neural control of renin release.
AB  - Among the major mechanisms controlling the renal release of renin, renal nerves
      are known to exert a direct stimulating action on juxtaglomerular cells that is
      mediated by beta-adrenoceptors. Activation of the renal nerves also exerts an
      important permissive role in order to amplify and possibly accelerate responses
      to stimuli affecting the vascular and macula densa mechanisms. Reduction of renal
      perfusion pressure, intravenous infusion of furosemide, and captopril
      administration cause a greater increase in renin release from innervated kidneys
      than from denervated kidneys. A complex interaction between neural and non-neural
      mechanisms in the control of renin secretion is suggested. Efferent renal nerve
      activity controlling the renin secretion rate is mainly under the inhibitory
      influence of vagal afferent fibers originating from the cardiopulmonary region.
      Recent experiments have demonstrated that a similar reflex tonic inhibition of
      renin secretion is also exerted by renal afferent fibers.

PMID- 2645911
TI  - Renal hemodynamic changes induced by hypertension and its treatment.
AB  - Essential hypertension is associated with increased intrarenal resistance that
      may go undetected unless the fractional distribution of cardiac output to the
      kidney is measured. Several hypotensive drugs induce a transient reduction of
      renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate due to the reduction in renal
      perfusion. This may represent an untoward effect especially in subjects already
      presenting a clinically relevant reduction of renal function. Loop diuretics,
      cardioselective and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) beta-blockers,
      calcium entry-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors either
      do not significantly reduce or even increase renal perfusion. This is one more
      reason for considering these agents as first choice drugs for the treatment of
      hypertension.

PMID- 2645912
TI  - Advantages and limitations of diuretic therapy in essential hypertension.
AB  - The diuretics previously considered the "cornerstone" of the antihypertensive
      treatment have recently undergone a reevaluation and have been considered as a
      potential cause of the lack of "cardioprotection" found in different
      epidemiological studies. The reduction in plasma potassium and the changes in
      lipoproteins should represent the mechanisms of the negative interference of
      diuretics at cardiac levels. In spite of this common opinion, there is no
      clinically consistent evidence that the lowering of serum potassium and the
      changes in lipoproteins are responsible for the lack of cardioprotection during
      antihypertensive therapy. It is possible that other causes, for instance the
      reflex activation of sympathetic nervous system and/or renin secretion, may play
      an important role in determining the cardiac effects of antihypertensive therapy.
      However, it is also true that diuretics have been used in the past at doses that
      were too high, and the changes in serum potassium and lipoproteins can be
      minimized by administering lower doses of diuretics without decreasing their
      antihypertensive efficacy.

PMID- 2645913
TI  - Calcium channel antagonists in hypertension.
AB  - The clinical usefulness of calcium entry-blockers for the treatment of high blood
      pressure is related to their capacity to act upon the primary hemodynamic
      derangement in hypertension: the increased peripheral vascular resistance. They
      can be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents for the
      treatment of various forms of hypertensive disease. The calcium entry-blockers
      appear to be the most useful agents for the treatment of hypertension in the
      elderly and for the treatment of hypertension associated with ischemic heart
      disease, pulmonary obstructive disease, peripheral vascular disease, and
      supraventricular arrhythmias. They are effective in reducing blood pressure in
      pregnancy-associated hypertension and must be considered as first-line therapy
      for the treatment of hypertensive crisis.

PMID- 2645914
TI  - Nicardipine and propranolol in the treatment of essential hypertension.
AB  - Two hundred thirty-four patients with supine diastolic blood pressure of between
      95 and 114 mm Hg were enrolled into a double-blind, randomized, parallel,
      multicenter trial. The patients were randomized to either nicardipine 30 mg tid,
      propranolol 40 mg tid, or nicardipine 30 mg tid and propranolol 40 mg tid for six
      weeks. Two hundred six patients yielded data for analyses. Of the 28 not
      included, seven had missing data, whereas the remaining 21 were excluded because
      they either failed to meet inclusion criteria or were noncompliant at endpoint.
      Both nicardipine and propranolol as monotherapies and in combination achieved
      statistically significant, (P less than .01), supine diastolic blood pressure
      reduction relative to baseline. The combination of nicardipine and propranolol
      showed a greater reduction in supine diastolic and systolic measurements than
      either of the monotherapies. Nicardipine produced greater blood pressure
      reductions one hour after dosing, whereas the propranolol treatment tended to
      produce slightly greater blood pressure decreases eight hours after dose. The
      combination always resulted in the greatest blood pressure reduction, independent
      of time after dose. Adverse experiences were reported by 26% of patients in the
      nicardipine-treated group, most often transient vasodilatory effects, by 17% of
      the propranolol-treated patients, and by 18% of the combination-treated group.
      This study demonstrated at the doses studied that nicardipine alone produced
      equivalent blood pressure reductions to those obtained by propranolol alone, but
      that the combination of these two drugs produced greater reductions in blood
      pressures than either of the monotherapies.

PMID- 2645915
TI  - Antihypertensive effect of insulin reduction in diabetic-hypertensive patients.
AB  - Body weight, urinary volume, sodium and potassium excretion, and blood pressure
      were evaluated for six days in twelve type II diabetic women, taking insulin
      doses over their need, after insulin daily dosage reduction. Six of them were
      suffering from essential hypertension. A significant decrease in body weight with
      an increase in urinary volume and in urinary sodium excretion was found in all
      patients. However, no significant variation in plasma renin activity and urinary
      aldosterone output was observed. Urinary potassium excretion remained unchanged.
      In normotensive subjects no variation of blood pressure levels occurred. On the
      contrary, hypertensive patients exhibited, after insulin reduction, a fall in
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which correlated directly with body weight
      decrease and inversely with urinary volume and urinary sodium excretion
      increases. Hypotheses relating insulin action to hypertension are discussed.

PMID- 2645916
TI  - Hormone and catecholamine responses accompanying the antinatriuresis of glucose
      ingestion.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of various
      neurohormonal systems in mediating the sodium retention associated with glucose
      ingestion. Eight normotensive men were randomized to receive, after an overnight
      fast, glucose (1 mg/kg po) in water, and water alone, during two studies seven to
      ten days apart. Sodium excretion declined 38 +/- 5% from baseline one to two
      hours after glucose ingestion (P less than .005), but did not change
      significantly on the control day. Urinary norepinephrine and dopamine did not
      change during glucose or control studies. Peak serum insulin levels after glucose
      correlated inversely with the decline in sodium excretion (r = .67, P less than
      .10). Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased after glucose ingestion (P less than
      .01), but changes in PRA did not correlate with changes in sodium excretion. We
      conclude that the antinatriuresis following glucose ingestion does not result
      from alterations in noradrenergic-dopaminergic activity or changes in the renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone axis. Insulin may modulate renal sodium metabolism
      directly, or through a yet unknown mechanism.

PMID- 2645917
TI  - Blood pressure and serum calcium responses to altered sodium intake in high renin
      hypertension.
AB  - Subjects with high renin hypertension tend to be sodium-resistant showing
      paradoxical blood pressure responses to alterations in sodium intake. Of twenty
      five subjects with high renin essential hypertension (ten females, 15 males, mean
      age 30 years), 14 were noted to have a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure
      (MAP) when sodium intake was increased from 10 to 100 mmol/d. The percentage
      response of plasma renin activity was greater in these patients than in those
      with an increase in MAP (-55.4 +/- 5.4 v -33.6 +/- 6.9, P = .018). Overall, the
      response of MAP was directly correlated to the percentage response of plasma
      renin activity (r = .549, P = .005), and inversely related to the change in serum
      calcium concentration (corrected for changes in serum albumin) (r = -.547, P =
      .005). No intercorrelation between the changes in plasma renin activity and serum
      calcium concentration was detected. The blood pressure response to increased
      sodium intake in high renin hypertension would appear to be divergent and related
      not only to the suppression of plasma renin activity, but also to changes in
      circulating calcium.

PMID- 2645918
TI  - Short-term and long-term renal response to nifedipine monotherapy.
AB  - Twenty-six essential hypertensive patients were entered into a protocol to assess
      the blood pressure and renal effects of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist,
      nifedipine (30 to 120 mg/d given in divided dosage) administered for twelve
      weeks. Nifedipine monotherapy effectively lowered blood pressure. Glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were increased
      following short-term therapy (four weeks); however, there was no net change in
      GFR or ERPF (compared to placebo) following long-term therapy (12 weeks). Renal
      vascular resistance was reduced. The filtration fraction and urinary albumin
      excretion was unchanged throughout the 12-week protocol. We conclude that
      nifedipine monotherapy does not adversely effect renal function. Tolerance occurs
      to the initial renal vasodilator response; hyperfiltration and hyperperfusion do
      not persist.

PMID- 2645919
TI  - Captopril test in the detection of renovascular hypertension in a population with
      low prevalence of the disease. A prospective study.
AB  - The value of the captopril test as a screening test for identifying renovascular
      hypertension has been outlined by several studies performed in populations with a
      high prevalence of renovascular disease (20% to 50%). We prospectively assessed
      the value of the test in 103 hypertensive patients referred to our center for
      evaluation of their hypertension. They had taken no diuretics and no converting
      enzyme inhibitors for more than four days. The interpretation of the results of
      the test was done according to the criteria defined by Muller et al. All patients
      underwent a digital venous angiography and when positive or doubtful, a
      conventional angiography. Eleven patients (10%) had unilateral or bilateral
      artery stenosis greater than 70%. The sensitivity of the test was 73% with a
      specificity of 84% and a positive predictive value of 35%. The three patients
      with a false negative test underwent a surgical treatment or a transluminal
      angioplasty of the stenosis but remained hypertensive. Thus, the captopril test
      is a useful screening test for identifying patients with renovascular disease,
      even in a population with a low prevalence of the disease.

PMID- 2645920
TI  - Protective action of calcium channel antagonists in atherogenesis and
      experimental vascular injury.
AB  - Experimental research using in vitro and in vivo models of vascular injury have
      delineated several common mechanisms that characterize the arterial damage in
      diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Changes in endothelial
      permeability, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and accumulation of connective
      tissue matrix are major common mechanisms. Chronic hyperlipidemia is a major
      determinant of the proliferative arterial lesions in atherogenic models. Calcium
      antagonists of very diverse structure and function have been shown to have
      antiatherogenic potential in several animal model systems of arterial injury.
      Calcium channel-blockers of several chemical classes have been demonstrated to
      alter endothelial function, intimal smooth muscle proliferation, and lipid
      accumulation in the arterial wall. Cell culture model systems have elucidated
      several potential mechanisms that may contribute to the antiatherogenic potential
      of the calcium channel-blockers. These activities may in part involve protection
      of arterial cells from calcium overload via inhibition of calcium flux across
      voltage-regulated ion channels. However, other activities of these drugs, such as
      inhibition of cholesterol esterification and matrix protein formation, appear to
      function independently of calcium flux. A hypothesis is presented that lipophilic
      calcium channel-blockers are accumulated in cell membranes and perturb metabolic
      function as a result of altering local membrane structure.

PMID- 2645921
TI  - Bibliography of the world literature.

PMID- 2645922
TI  - Glucose metabolism and larger molecule removal in long-term high efficiency
      hemofiltration.
AB  - High efficiency hemofiltration (HF) was carried out for 9 months in 6 patients on
      hemodialysis (HD). Comparative studies on carbohydrate metabolism and 500- to
      1,500-dalton serum solute concentrations were performed during HD and HF. After 5
      months of HF, intravenous glucose tolerance tests showed an improved peripheral
      glucose utilization, with unchanged insulin secretion. Larger solute
      concentrations, measured by gel chromatography, simultaneously dropped in serum
      suggesting that HF removes some toxic substances that inhibit peripheral insulin
      action. After 9 months of HF, an unexpected increase in the larger solute
      concentration coincided with an impaired glucose tolerance, stressing the
      probable toxic rule of such solutes. Changes in other glucoregulatory hormone
      secretions were not unequivocal. On account of the later increase in 500- to
      1,500-dalton solute concentrations, HF failed to prevent larger toxic molecules
      accumulating in uremic sera.

PMID- 2645923
TI  - Does a low protein diet really slow down the rate of progression of chronic renal
      failure?
AB  - In this paper we present evidence from data obtained by different study groups,
      indicating that a low protein diet slows down the rate of progression of chronic
      renal failure. These data also demonstrate that the delay of progression is
      highly dependent on the underlying renal disease. In absolute terms, patients
      suffering from polycystic kidney disease experienced most benefit from a low
      protein diet, while in relative terms, the natural course of the renal disease of
      patients suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis is significantly more delayed
      than in other disease groups. Furthermore, a vegetarian diet seems to be superior
      to a meat-containing diet. Thus, we conclude that there are sufficient data from
      the literature to suggest that a low protein diet delays the progression of
      chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2645924
TI  - Relationship between proteinuria and response to low protein diets early in
      chronic renal failure.
AB  - In a prospective, randomized trial on the use of protein-restricted diets in
      chronic renal failure the impact of the protein intake on proteinuria was
      investigated. Furthermore, the effect on the progression rate of renal disease in
      patients with low versus high proteinuria was assessed. It is concluded, firstly,
      that protein restriction reduces protein excretion substantially. Secondly, over
      18 months follow-up, especially patients with low protein excretion appeared to
      respond to the diet. In patients with heavy proteinuria the diet might have
      beneficial effects in the long term.

PMID- 2645925
TI  - Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of lung tumors: description of
      a convenient technique for use with fine needle biopsy.
AB  - In this paper we describe a convenient procedure for use with fine-needle biopsy
      in the diagnosis of lung and medistinal tumors. Cells obtained from a fine-needle
      aspiration are suspended in a formaldehyde solution and allowed to sediment onto
      a polycarbonate filter, using a filtering device specially designed for this
      purpose. The filter with the aspirated cells is then embedded in paraffin and
      thereafter sectioned and stained in a routine manner. The main advantages with
      this technique, instead of cytology, are: 1. the cells are kept mainly intact,
      mostly in undisrupted clusters, and this increases the possibility of obtaining a
      specific diagnosis, a prerequisite for the diversified clinical management of
      malignant tumors: 2. possibilities exist, when necessary, of further
      immunohistochemical characterization of tumor cells in order to obtain a specific
      diagnosis without thoractomy. This could be of major importance when the
      management of certain tumors and infiltrates (i.e. those preferably treated by
      radio- and chemotherapy) does not require surgical intervention.

PMID- 2645926
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation in the rat. Lytic functions of inflammatory
      leukocytes during acute graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - We have isolated inflammatory leukocytes from various lymphoid and parenchymal
      organs after total body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation from either
      an allogeneic or syngeneic strain and tested their ability to perform lytic
      functions in vitro. No direct lytic activity (i.e. cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTL)
      to relevant strain-derived target cells in the lymphoid or parenchymal target
      organs was seen preceding or during acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD).
      Instead, the leukocytes of the spleen and blood and the inflammatory cells of
      liver and lungs were efficient effector cells against recipient-derived target
      cells in the presence of relevant antibody (antibody dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity, ADCC). The NK activity against YAC-1 (natural killer, NK) target
      cells was first high in the spleen, but when the aGHVD appeared in the allograft
      marrow recipients the NK activity decreased in the spleen with a concomitant
      increase in the liver, but not in the other parenchymal target organs. At the
      same time no NK activity was seen in the syngeneic marrow graft recipients'
      parenchymal organs. These observations suggest functional differences in the
      structure of inflammation in the different target organs of aGVHD.

PMID- 2645927
TI  - CDO turns racecourse doctor.
AB  - Sports medicine is not a common sideline for dentists. However, a medically
      qualified chief dental officer here recounts his experience of Saturdays spent as
      a medical officer to his local rugby club for over 40 years, and after
      retirement, as a racecourse doctor.

PMID- 2645928
TI  - Cadmium, NAG activity, and beta 2-microglobulin in the urine of cadmium pigment
      workers.
AB  - Cadmium (Cd), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, beta 2
      microglobulin (BMG), and creatinine (cr) in urine were measured during April and
      September 1986 in workers exposed to cadmium pigment dust (maximum exposure 3.0
      micrograms/m3/8 h for respirable dust). In April and September urinary Cd ranged
      from 0.2 to 9.5 and from 0.5 to 7.0 micrograms/g cr with a geometric mean of 0.7
      and 1.2 micrograms/g cr, respectively. The correlation coefficient between Cd and
      NAG was 0.261 (n = 61) in April and 0.389 (n = 50) in September. The correlation
      coefficient between Cd and BMG was 0.241 (n = 63) in April and 0.115 (n = 50) in
      September. It appears that urinary Cd concentrations have a closer relation with
      urinary NAG than urinary BMG, even when urinary Cd concentrations are less than
      10 micrograms/g cr. It is concluded that NAG is a more sensitive indicator of Cd
      absorption than BMG even at urinary Cd concentrations of less than 10
      micrograms/g cr.

PMID- 2645929
TI  - Penetrating keratoplasty for corneal scarring due to herpes zoster ophthalmicus.
AB  - We retrospectively studied the postoperative results in nine patients with
      corneal scarring due to herpes zoster ophthalmicus who underwent penetrating
      keratoplasty. This was a highly selected group that satisfied all of the
      following criteria: (a) absence of active disease of the ocular surface and
      eyelids, (b) intraocular pressure under control, and (c) absence of active
      keratouveitis. Penetrating keratoplasty after herpes zoster ophthalmicus may do
      well in patients with long preoperative quiescent periods in whom these
      restrictive preoperative criteria are observed.

PMID- 2645930
TI  - Eikenella corrodens keratitis: case report.
AB  - Eikenella corrodens is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe which is part of the
      normal human oropharyngeal flora and an opportunistic pathogen of mucous membrane
      tissues. We report a case of secondary E. corrodens ulcerative keratitis with
      hypopyon in a 39-year-old male with herpes simplex keratitis. To the best of our
      knowledge this is the first reported case of E. corrodens as a pathogen in
      bacterial keratitis.

PMID- 2645931
TI  - Conjunctival involvement in cicatricial and bullous pemphigoid: a clinical and
      immunopathological study.
AB  - Patients with bullous pemphigoid were found to have significant ocular
      abnormalities. In a group of 18 patients one had conjunctival shrinkage, and 11
      of 15 (73%) had positive linear direct immunofluorescence on conjunctival biopsy
      from a clinically uninvolved site. Our ocular findings in a group of 14 with
      cicatricial pemphigoid are also reported and compared with those from a control
      group of 20. Our findings suggest there is overlap between the pemphigoid groups
      and raise further questions about the pathogenicity of immunoreactants within the
      basement membrane zone. Bulbar conjunctival biopsy was simple and well tolerated,
      and the rate of immunofluorescence positivity of conjunctiva was twice that of
      skin in both pemphigoid groups.

PMID- 2645932
TI  - Congenital adduction palsy and synergistic divergence: a clinical and electro
      oculographic study.
AB  - We studied two patients with a peculiar congenital disturbance of ocular motility
      in which the horizontal movements of the left eye were always opposite the normal
      expected direction. The common features were: (1) congenital monocular adduction
      palsy and exotropia of the left eye; (2) simultaneous abduction of both eyes
      (divergence) on attempted dextroversion; (3) ocular torticollis, head turned to
      the right; and (4) inverse nystagmus of the left eye, occurring spontaneously as
      well as during optokinetic and vestibular testing. Clinical and
      electrooculographic findings suggested a close relationship to Duane's retraction
      syndrome and supported the concept that innervational mechanisms were responsible
      for the phenomenon.

PMID- 2645933
TI  - Do local analgesics injected at the time of third molar removal under general
      anaesthesia reduce significantly post operative analgesic requirements? A double
      blind controlled trial.
AB  - A prospective, controlled, randomised, double-blind trial suggested that: 1. The
      use of bupivacaine 0.5% plain and prilocaine 3% with felypressin 0.03 i.u./ml. as
      peroperative local analgesics reduce postoperative pain scores recorded on the
      first postoperative morning (P less than 0.05). 2. Bupivacaine 0.5% plain reduces
      postoperative opiate requirements (P less than 0.025). 3. Patients do not find
      peroperative bilateral inferior alveolar and lingual nerve blocks with buccal
      infiltrations significantly unpleasant. Thus peri-operative bupivacaine 0.5% is a
      valuable adjunct to third molar removal under general anaesthesia.

PMID- 2645934
TI  - Plunging ranula--an unusual presentation.
AB  - An unusual presentation of a plunging ranula is described which suggests that
      raised air pressures within the oral cavity may be an additional factor in its
      aetiology.

PMID- 2645935
TI  - Ganglion of the temporomandibular joint. Case report and literature survey.
AB  - A case report of a female patient presenting with a painless lump related to the
      right temporomandibular joint is described. The swelling was surgically excised
      and the histopathological examination of the specimen showed a very clear
      resemblance to a ganglion of the synovial membrane. The literature of this rare
      entity is reviewed.

PMID- 2645936
TI  - Immunochemical identification of a tRNA-independent cytokinin-like compound in
      Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Chemical and immunological characterization of Salmonella typhimurium cell
      extracts indicates that this organism produces a molecule which closely resembles
      the plant growth regulator, cytokinin. Alcohol-soluble cationic ultraviolet
      absorbing material was fractionated by reverse-phase HPLC using gradient
      conditions optimized previously for modified nucleoside separation. A single
      hydrophobic compound was identified in the cytokinin region of the gradient, and
      limited quantities of the compound were prepared by HPLC fractionation of crude
      extracts. The compound demonstrated significant activity in a radioimmunoassay
      for cytokinins which detects N6-isopentenylated adenine derivatives. Boronate
      affinity chromatography indicated the compound is likely to be ribosylated and
      therefore a nucleoside. These and other tests indicate the compound has the most
      notable structural characteristics of a cytokinin. Spectral analysis and
      chromatographic comparison with cytokinin standards indicate the compound also
      has some unique structural features. Presence of the compound in extracts of an
      S. typhimurium mutant blocked for synthesis of tRNA-derived cytokinins excluded
      tRNA as a source for the compound and implicates existence of a tRNA-independent
      pathway for cytokinin biosynthesis in this bacterial species.

PMID- 2645937
TI  - Effects of depolarizing agents on the sodium content of rat pancreatic islets.
AB  - Rat pancreatic islets were used for studying the effects of depolarization on
      their sodium content. The islet sodium was markedly affected by small variations
      of extracellular K+. As with increased K+, the presence of low concentrations of
      glucose (5 mM) and arginine (2 mM) decreased the sodium content. The latter
      substances did not lower the sodium concentration below the value obtained by
      depolarization with excessive K+, nor was it possible to obtain a further
      decrease when 10 mM arginine was combined with 5 mM glucose. The sodium content
      was also reduced in the presence of 10 mM L-leucine, 10 mM 2-ketoisocaproate and
      0.1 mM Ba2+. Tolbutamide differed from the other depolarizing agents in that it
      increased the sodium concentration, an effect manifested also in the presence of
      excessive K+. The observation that depolarizing agents other than sulfonylureas
      do not increase but actually reduce sodium implies that islet cells are
      exceptional among electrically excitable cells. The observed reduction of sodium
      may reflect activation of a voltage-sensitive carrier mechanism for outward
      transport of Na+.

PMID- 2645938
TI  - Modulation of vitamin A metabolism during hepatic and intestinal cell culture.
AB  - Vitamin A metabolism was studied in vitro, contrasting primary cultures of
      hepatocytes, passaged cultures of Ito cells (non-parenchymal fat-storing hepatic
      cells) and IEC-6 intestinal crypt cells. The regulation of the retinyl
      esterification process, the central process in vitamin A storage, was evaluated.
      The potential influence of variations in the cell's surrounding extracellular
      collagen millieu was considered by growing the cells on either a type I collagen
      matrix, a type IV collagen matrix or a basement membrane-like matrix. The various
      matrices were used to stimulate changes in the extracellular collagen millieu
      which may occur during various fibrogenic states. In addition, the co-modulating
      influence of transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) was considered since this
      ubiquitous peptide may be prominently involved in tissue fibrosis, a process
      which may be associated with alterations in intracellular vitamin A. It was found
      that each cell type had its own characteristic response to the various collagen
      surfaces and TGF beta. There was a reduction in retinyl esterification when the
      hepatic cells were grown on a type I collagen matrix in the presence of TGF beta
      which might simulate a 'fibrogenic' environment. This did not appear to be due to
      changes in retinyl ester stability. The TGF beta response may be somewhat cell
      specific, since TGF beta exposure increased the amount of retinyl esterification
      in the intestinal cell line. These studies suggest that vitamin A storage may be
      affected by changes in the surrounding extracellular matrix and by soluble
      cytokine mediators.

PMID- 2645939
TI  - Insulin processing and signal transduction in rat adipocytes.
AB  - A glycine-HCl buffer (glycine, 50 mM/NaCl, 0.15 M/HCl, pH 3.5) was used to strip
      insulin bound to adipocyte cell surfaces. Adipocytes retained their integrity in
      the glycine buffer and their binding capacity for [125I]iodoinsulin could be
      completely recovered on transfer of the cells to physiological media. At 37
      degrees C, [125I]iodoinsulin binds rapidly to plasma membrane receptors; maximal
      binding occurs within 10 min. At this temperature, the initial binding is
      followed by rapid internalization, degradation of the hormone and subsequent loss
      of label. Insulin treatment, at 37 degrees C, induced internalization of 37% of
      the plasma membrane insulin receptors. Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a confirmed
      inhibitor of protein internalization, allowed insulin binding but completely
      inhibited degradation of the hormone. Monensin, a carboxylic ionophore which
      impairs uncoupling hormone-receptor complexes, effectively restricted insulin
      degradation over short time periods (less than 30 min). Addition of monensin to
      insulin-stimulated cells did not impair D-glucose uptake. It has previously been
      reported that PAO inhibits hexose transport through the direct interaction with
      the glucose transporters and low concentrations of PAO (1 microM) transiently
      inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. This recovery phenomenon was again
      observed when PAO was added to insulin-stimulated, monensin-treated adipocytes.
      The data suggests that lysosomal degradation of insulin is not requisite for
      signal transduction.

PMID- 2645940
TI  - C-erbB and the epidermal growth-factor receptor: a molecule with dual identity.

PMID- 2645941
TI  - The position of the disulfide bonds in human plasma alpha 2 HS-glycoprotein and
      the repeating double disulfide bonds in the domain structure.
AB  - The positions of the inter- and intra-chain disulfide bonds of human plasma alpha
      2 HS-glycoprotein were determined. alpha 2 HS-glycoprotein was digested with acid
      proteinase and then with thermolysin. The disulfide bonds containing peptides
      were separated by reversed-phase HPLC and detected by SBD-F (7-fluorobenzo-2-oxa
      1,3-diasole-4-sulfonic acid ammonium salt) method. One inter-disulfide bond
      containing peptide and five intra-disulfide bond containing peptides (A-chain)
      were purified and identified as Cys-18 (B-chain)--Cys-14 (A-chain), Cys-71--Cys
      82, Cys-96--Cys-114, Cys-128--Cys-131, Cys-190--Cys-201 and Cys-212--Cys-229,
      respectively. The location of the intra-disulfide bonds revealed that the A-chain
      of alpha 2 HS-glycoprotein is composed of three domains. Two domains were shown
      to possess intramolecular homology judging from the total chain length of the
      domains, size of the loops formed by the S--S bonds, the location of two
      disulfide loops near the C-terminal end of domains A and B, the distance between
      two S--S bonds of each domain, the amino acid sequence homology between these two
      domains (22.6%), number of amino acid residues between the second S--S loops and
      the end of domains A and B, and the positions of the ordered structures.

PMID- 2645942
TI  - Emil Kraepelin, teetotaler.

PMID- 2645943
TI  - A trial of verapamil in the treatment of stuttering in adults.

PMID- 2645944
TI  - Detecting acute drug effects.

PMID- 2645945
TI  - [Braindex--an expert system for the diagnosis of brain death].
AB  - An IBM PC-based system was developed as a decision-supporting system for the
      diagnosis of brain death. Braindex has been realized with the expert system Tool
      PC-Plus, and includes a knowledge base containing 300 rules organized in 8
      frames. Both forward chaining and backward chaining are used in the inference
      engine. Braindex also includes a text archive and a lexicon. The data of 42 brain
      death patients are stored in the data bank (300 parameter per patient). The
      system is presently in the first stage of clinical application.

PMID- 2645946
TI  - Rare occurrence of N-ras point mutations in Philadelphia chromosome positive
      chronic myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Point mutations of the N-ras oncogene are relatively common in acute myelogenous
      leukemia (AML) cells, occurring in some 25% to 50% of patient samples. We used a
      technique involving the direct nucleotide sequencing of in vitro amplified N-ras
      genomic fragments to determine the frequency of N-ras point mutations in chronic
      myeloid leukemia (CML) cells at various stages of the disease. This approach will
      detect N-ras point mutations in a mixed population of cells if the mutation is
      present in 25% or more of the cells. We could not demonstrate any point mutation
      at N-ras codons 12,13 or 59-63 in any of the 44 CML cases analyzed, which
      included 21 blast crisis samples. In contrast with AML N-ras point mutations are
      exceedingly rare in CML.

PMID- 2645947
TI  - Indications for marrow transplantation in chronic myelogenous leukemia.

PMID- 2645948
TI  - Expression of lymphocyte homing receptor as a mechanism of dissemination in non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - To investigate whether the lymphocyte homing receptor (LHR), an adhesion molecule
      believed to play an important role in the control of normal lymphocyte
      circulation, influences the spread of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), expression of
      LHR was examined in 107 NHL of various histologic and immunophenotypic
      subclasses. This analysis revealed that whereas NHL with a putative derivation
      from recirculating mature T and B lymphocytes almost invariably express high
      levels of LHR, those akin to sessile mature or immature lymphocytes tend to
      express lower levels of LHR. Furthermore, in a survey among diffuse large-cell
      lymphomas of the B-lineage, the tumors of 11 of 13 patients with stage III/IV
      disease expressed moderate to high levels of LHR, whereas only two of 17 patients
      with stage I/II disease had tumors that did so. These findings suggest that LHR
      is involved in the dissemination of NHL.

PMID- 2645949
TI  - Ras oncogene mutations are rare late stage events in chronic myelogenous
      leukemia.
AB  - DNA from bone marrow and peripheral blood samples of 44 chronic myelogenous
      leukemia (CML) patients were analyzed for the presence of mutations of codons 12,
      13 or 61 of the N-ras, H-ras, or K-ras genes. In seven patients, samples were
      available from both their chronic phase and blast crisis. A total of 29 samples
      examined were at chronic phase and 22 were at blast crisis (eight lymphoid, eight
      myeloid, and six undifferentiated). No mutations were identified in N-ras or H
      ras. Two patients in myeloid blast crisis had K-ras mutations, one patient at
      codon 12, the other at codon 13. In the former patient the mutation was not
      present and the latter patient was not tested in chronic phase. Our findings
      indicate ras mutations are an infrequent late stage event in CML that occur in
      myeloid blast crisis.

PMID- 2645950
TI  - Alternating v repeated postremission treatment in adult acute myelogenous
      leukemia: a randomized phase III study (AML6) of the EORTC Leukemia Cooperative
      Group.
AB  - The value of a postremission treatment in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), with
      alternating combinations of non-cross-resistant drugs, has been prospectively
      assessed. Of 515 evaluable patients, 347 (67.4%) entered into complete remission
      (CR), following induction treatment with daunorubicin (DNR), vincristine (VCR),
      and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C). After one consolidation course, 248 patients
      were randomized for six courses of intensive maintenance: either repeated
      treatment with DNR-VCR-ara-C, or alternating treatment where amsacrine (AMSA) was
      combined with high dose ara-C on cycle 1,3, and 5 and with 5-azacytidine on cycle
      2, 4, and 6. Ninety-nine patients were not randomized: 57 were introduced in a
      bone marrow transplantation (BMT) program, and 42 went off study, mainly for
      treatment toxicity or refusal. The main prognostic factors for achievement of CR
      were performance status, cytogenetics, and age, and for the disease-free survival
      (DFS): age and number of courses to CR. The rate of second remission was fairly
      high (64%) for patients relapsing off therapy. The DFS appeared identical
      (median, 53 weeks), in the two randomized arms, the alternating treatment not
      showing superiority to the repeated one, in spite of an increased toxicity. The
      median overall survival for patients achieving a CR was 90 weeks. The reason for
      the failure of alternating maintenance treatment to improve the DFS is probably
      related to an insufficient dose intensity: five patients who relapsed during
      maintenance arm B achieved a second CR with a more intensive combination of high
      dose ara-C and AMSA. In addition, 60 patients underwent a BMT (43 allogeneic and
      17 autologous). The DFS of patients treated with allogeneic BMT tended to be
      superior to the one obtained with the chemotherapy program. However the overall
      survival, as well as the event-free survival, seemed equivalent, including
      patients who relapsed before the planned BMT. Comparisons between allogeneic BMT,
      autologous BMT, and intensive consolidation during first CR deserve further
      prospective studies in AML.

PMID- 2645951
TI  - Studies on the myeloid synergistic factor from 5637: comparison with interleukin
      1 alpha.
AB  - A synergistic factor that is produced by the human bladder carcinoma cell line
      5637 (SF-1) stimulates primitive bone marrow progenitor cells, termed high
      proliferative-potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC), in the presence of an
      optimal dose of macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1). Recent reports have
      demonstrated that interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1) is identical to hemopoietin 1 and
      have suggested that IL-1 is the synergistic factor present in 5637 conditioned
      medium (cm). We have compared the ability of recombinant human IL-1 alpha and
      partially purified preparations of SF-1 to synergize with optimal doses of CSF-1
      to stimulate HPP-CFC. In all experiments performed the numbers of HPP-CFC
      colonies formed with IL-1 were significantly less than with SF-1. Replating
      experiments demonstrated that SF-1 plus CSF-1 generated HPP-CFC (responsive to IL
      3 plus CSF-1); however, IL-1 plus CSF-1 resulted in no generation of HPP-CFC.
      Multiple factor combinations of IL-1 and SF-1 with G-CSF, GM-CSF, and CSF-1 also
      resulted in less HPP-CFC colony formation in cultures containing IL-1 compared
      with SF-1. Incubation of SF-1 with an antibody to IL-6 had no effect on HPP-CFC
      colony formation and IL-6 did not synergize with IL-1 plus CSF-1 or SF-1 plus CSF
      1. These data suggest the presence of a factor in 5637 cm, which is distinct from
      G-CSF, GM-CSF, and IL-6, which synergizes with IL-1 to produce the SF-1 effect.

PMID- 2645952
TI  - Expression of human interleukin-3 (multi-CSF) is restricted to human lymphocytes
      and T-cell tumor lines.
AB  - While the cellular sources for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      (GM-CSF) are known to be widely distributed among several cell types, interleukin
      3 (IL-3) gene expression has been demonstrated in only certain T-cell clones and
      in blood mononuclear cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and phorbol
      myristate-acetate (PMA). To determine which blood cells were responsible for this
      expression, we fractionated PHA/PMA-stimulated mononuclear cells and identified T
      lymphocytes as the source of IL-3 mRNA. Low-level IL-3 expression was detected as
      well in several stimulated human T-cell lines. Hematopoietic stromal cells such
      as fibroblasts and endothelial cells could not be induced to express IL-3 mRNA.
      The kinetics of IL-3 mRNA induction in mononuclear cells and lymphocytes
      stimulated with PHA/PMA or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and interleukin-1
      (IL-1) were similar to those observed for GM-CSF expression.

PMID- 2645953
TI  - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Thrombocytopenia is a frequent and sometimes insidious complication of
      anticoagulant therapy with heparin. Two types of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
      with a distinct aetiology have been recognized. Type I is characterized by a mild
      thrombocytopenia of early onset which requires careful monitoring but usually not
      the cessation of heparin therapy. The mild thrombocytopenia is probably due to
      the mild pro-aggregatory properties of heparin and can be more severe in the
      presence of other predisposing factors, e.g. sepsis. Type II heparin-induced
      thrombocytopenia is more severe and usually occurs after a period of 7-10 days.
      Heparin therapy should be ceased immediately and other anticoagulant therapy
      initiated. The thrombocytopenia is believed to be due to the development of a
      heparin-dependent antibody that causes platelet aggregation and release. The
      precise mechanism of heparin-dependent antibody-platelet interaction is still not
      entirely clear but probably involves the binding of an antibody-heparin immune
      complex to the platelet Fc receptor.

PMID- 2645954
TI  - Cyclosporin A versus methotrexate, followed by rescue with folinic acid as
      prophylaxis of acute graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Fifty-seven patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation were randomly
      assigned to receive either cyclosporin A (CsA, n = 26) or methotrexate, followed
      by rescue with folinic acid (MTX + FA, n = 31) as prophylaxis for graft-versus
      host disease (GVHD). All patients but one receiving CsA had evidence of sustained
      engraftment, and there was no difference between the two groups on the day in
      which marrow engraftment was documented. Oropharyngeal mucositis was of similar
      incidence and severity in the two groups. In contrast, patients receiving CsA
      showed higher renal and hepatic toxicity rates than those treated with MTX + FA.
      Severe-to-moderate acute GVHD (grades II-IV) was documented in 12 patients
      receiving CsA and in 12 treated with MTX + FA. The cumulative incidence of this
      complication was similar in both groups (46.1% and 38.7%). Similarly, there was
      no difference in the incidence of chronic GVHD. The leukemic relapse rates were
      also comparable, as well as the estimated probability of survival, which was 55%
      in patients treated with MTX + FA and 41% in those who were given CsA. We
      conclude that MTX + FA is as effective as CsA in the prevention of GVHD, with the
      additional advantage of reduced renal and hepatic toxicities.

PMID- 2645955
TI  - alpha-IFN treatment does not induce Ki-ras expression in hairy-cell leukemia
      patients.
AB  - alpha-Interferon (IFN) is effective in the treatment of hairy-cell leukemia
      (HCL), but the treatment is sometimes over a long period. Biological changes such
      as the increase of tumorigenicity can occur rapidly in vivo as a result of
      beginning this treatment; an increase in c-Ki-ras oncogene expression has also
      been observed. In order to determine whether the findings observed in vitro would
      be duplicated in an in vivo system, we decided to analyze the Ki-ras RNA and
      protein levels in the lymphocytes of three HCL patients, compared with these
      levels in seven normal donors and one non-treated HCL patients. Ki-ras was not
      activated by IFN, at least not in lymphocytes. Therefore, the data suggest that
      the drug could be used for long-term therapy with relatively low risk to the
      patients.

PMID- 2645956
TI  - The Sternberg-Reed cell in Hodgkin's disease--reply to a letter to the editor by
      H. Stein.

PMID- 2645957
TI  - Aplastic anaemia--aetiology and clinical features.
AB  - Acquired aplastic anaemia remains a devastating and frustrating disease from
      which a proportion of patients still die as a result of failure of support
      measures. Its pathogenesis remains a mystery.

PMID- 2645958
TI  - Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.

PMID- 2645959
TI  - Fanconi anaemia--constitutional, familial aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 2645960
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation for Fanconi's anaemia.

PMID- 2645961
TI  - Congenital defects of the marrow stem cell.

PMID- 2645962
TI  - Treatment of severe aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 2645963
TI  - Pathophysiology of aplastic anaemia.
AB  - No single pathophysiological phenomenon--neither the intrinsic defect of
      haemopoiesis nor any of the described immune effects--explains aplastic anaemia.
      Since the intrinsic defect is compatible with near normal haemopoietic function,
      as seen in autologous bone marrow reconstitution, it cannot be the cause of
      severe pancytopenia. On the other hand, immune mechanisms cannot be the primary
      cause of the disease, otherwise haemopoietic function would recover to complete
      normality after immunosuppressive therapy. From these observations we deduce that
      the intrinsic defect, a premalignant haemopoietic disorder, can either be
      clinically quiescent by virtue of repair mechanisms, or induce auto-reactivity of
      the immune system against the abnormal haemopoietic tissue, drugs, chemicals and
      viruses acting as non-specific triggers or amplifiers. In this sense, aplastic
      anaemia could be interpreted as an attempt to 'self-cure' from a variant type of
      preleukaemia. This means that the original concept of aplastic anaemia being a
      hypoplastic variant of leukaemia may be true. The fact that aplastic anaemia can
      present either as acute severe bone marrow failure, as chronic mild pancytopenia
      or as a myelodysplasia-like syndrome does not imply that the underlying
      pathophysiological mechanisms are basically different. Variations of the clinical
      course and the response to immunosuppressive treatment could be explained by
      variations in the balance between the primary defect and the secondary immune
      reaction; the co-involvement of accessory cells in the primary disease; the
      relative time course of the two components and the efficiency of repair
      mechanisms. From repeated in vitro studies in a large group of aplastic anaemia
      patients at various stages of disease this concept can be applied to the majority
      of cases, including chloramphenicol- and virus-induced aplastic anaemia. In a
      small proportion of patients with pancytopenia occurring after exposure to
      certain drugs other than chloramphenicol, aplastic anaemia is rapidly and
      completely reversible after withdrawal of the drug. These patients probably have
      truly benign aplastic anaemia and thus differ from the majority of patients who
      are left with a permanently fragile bone marrow once they have acquired aplastic
      anaemia.

PMID- 2645964
TI  - Bone marrow aplasia due to radiation accidents: pathophysiology, assessment and
      treatment.

PMID- 2645965
TI  - Growth factors in haemopoiesis.
AB  - Haemopoietic growth factors have for over two decades allowed experimentalists to
      grow haemopoietic bone marrow cells in vitro. With refinements in technique and
      the discovery of novel growth factors, all of the known haemopoietic lineages can
      now be grown in vitro. This has allowed a much greater understanding of the
      complex process of haemopoiesis from the haemopoietic stem cell to the mature,
      functioning end-cell. The in vivo action of these growth factors has been harder
      to investigate. Although recombinant technology has afforded us the much greater
      quantities necessary for in vivo work, problems remain with administration
      because of effects on other tissues. Interpretation of results is difficult
      because of the complex inter-relationships which exist between factors. Some of
      these have been defined in vitro and it appears likely that they also operate in
      vivo. Erythropoietin is a physiological regulator of erythropoiesis. It has been
      detected in vivo with levels responding appropriately to stress (i.e. elevated in
      anaemia) and, when administered in pharmacological doses, has been shown to
      correct anaemia. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has
      been detected in vivo and may influence the production and function of
      granulocytes and macrophages, although how it is regulated is unknown.
      Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor are ore lineage-specific. Interleukin 3 (IL-3), although it has not been
      detected in vivo, may act on a primitive marrow precursor by expanding the
      population and making these cells more susceptible to other growth factors, such
      as GM-CSF. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) has been detected in vivo, does not appear to
      have any isolated action on bone marrow (except possibly radioprotection) but
      probably acts synergistically with other growth factors, such as G-CSF.
      Interleukins 2, 4, 5 and 6 have not been detected in vivo. All have effects on B
      cells. In addition IL-2 is an essential factor for the in vitro growth of T-cells
      and may have antitumour effects in vivo. IL-5 is an eosinophil growth factor in
      vitro. Megakaryocytopoiesis is also affected by humoral factors. Factors, alone
      or in combination, may be useful to restore functional granulopoiesis when used
      therapeutically. Some can be used as anticancer agents, although there may be a
      risk of induction of haematological malignancy. Increased understanding of their
      physiological roles will allow a more rational use.

PMID- 2645966
TI  - Pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells give rise to osteoclasts in vitro: effects of
      rGM-CSF.
AB  - Studies involving bone marrow transplantation of osteopetrotic rodents have
      provided evidence for the lineage of the osteoclast. Recent investigations have
      demonstrated that pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (PHSC) isolated from the
      bone marrow of normal animals cure the skeletal sclerosis and result in the
      formation of normal osteoclasts when transplanted into ia osteopetrotic rats. A
      criticism of these findings is that the microenvironment of the osteopetrotic
      bone and the bone marrow compartment may be unique in its ability to induce the
      differentiation of these stem cells into osteoclasts. To test this hypothesis,
      PHSC were co-cultured with fetal metatarsal bones from normal animals. PHSC were
      isolated from normal bone marrow using FITC-labelled monoclonal antibodies
      directed against rat Thy 1.1 and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The PHSC or
      whole mononuclear bone marrow were co-cultured with 20-day fetal rat metatarsal
      rudiments. In some cultures, recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) (250 U per culture) was added in addition to the
      PHSC. After 7 days the fetal bones were prepared for light and electron
      microscopy and the number of osteoclasts generated in vitro was determined. The
      PHSC isolate generated as many osteoclasts as the whole mononuclear bone marrow.
      The addition of rGM-CSF did not enhance the generation of osteoclasts in either
      control bones or in bones cultured with PHSC. These results are equivalent to
      those reported in the osteopetrotic transplant system.

PMID- 2645967
TI  - Neurological defects of the voiding reflex arcs in chronic urinary retention and
      their relation to spina bifida occulta.
AB  - A group of 37 patients (24 female and 13 male) with chronic urinary retention and
      without demonstrable mechanical obstruction had neurophysiological measurements
      of their lower urinary tracts to detect any neurological abnormality which might
      relate to the disorder. These consisted of measurements of the electrosensitivity
      of the dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris and of the urethra, measurement of the
      sacral reflex latencies (SRL) from dorsal nerve to urethra and to anus and
      between urethra and anus and EMG studies of the urethral and anal sphincters. The
      results suggest that female patients in particular have significant neurogenic
      defects in the voiding reflex arcs which find their clinical expression in
      detrusor underactivity with urinary retention. Plain X-rays of the renal tracts
      (KUB films) were also studied for the presence of spina bifida occulta. The
      prevalence of this defect was significantly higher than in normal controls,
      suggesting that in some of these patients the nerve defect might be related to a
      tethered cord in association with spina bifida occulta.

PMID- 2645968
TI  - Poor compliance early in filling in the neuropathic bladder.
AB  - A total of 30 patients with known neuropathy, mostly spina bifida, developed poor
      bladder compliance early in filling demonstrated urodynamically; 20 had bilateral
      hydronephrosis at the time of presentation and 5 also had severely impaired renal
      function. After appropriate treatment all of those with normal upper tracts or
      with bilateral hydronephrosis but normal renal function stabilised or improved.
      However, all 5 with severely impaired renal function progressed to end-stage
      renal failure. Poor compliance early in filling is an absolute indication for
      surgical intervention.

PMID- 2645970
TI  - Acute epididymitis: a microbiological and ultrasonographic study.
AB  - In a prospective study of 24 men (mean age 28.3 years) with acute epididymitis
      who underwent epididymal aspiration, micro-organisms were detected in 15 (62.5%).
      Chlamydia trachomatis accounted for 10 (42%) of the cases, being located in both
      the urethra and epididymis in 5 individuals. Chlamydial serology supported the
      diagnosis of chlamydial infection, there being a strong correlation between the
      detection of C. trachomatis and elevated titres of both chlamydial IgG and IgM
      antibodies. In 4 patients (mean age 55.5 years), Escherichia coli was cultured
      from both mid-stream urine and epididymal aspirate. Transrectal ultrasound
      revealed abnormal prostatic scans in 19 patients (79%). These data confirm the
      aetiological role of C. trachomatis, support the notion that micro-organisms
      spread intra-canalicularly and suggest that the prostate is also involved in the
      inflammatory process in acute epididymitis.

PMID- 2645969
TI  - Analgesic effect and tolerance of Voltaren and Ketogan in acute renal or ureteric
      colic.
AB  - Fifty-six patients with renal or ureteric colic were entered into a randomised,
      prospective, double-blind investigation of the analgesic efficacy and tolerance
      of Voltaren versus Ketogan, both administered intramuscularly. There were no
      significant differences regarding pain-relief but side effects were fewer in
      patients treated with Voltaren.

PMID- 2645971
TI  - Anaesthesia for small animal patients with disease of the hepatic, renal or
      gastrointestinal system.

PMID- 2645972
TI  - [Historical research on international medical terminology].
AB  - The history of medical terminology is part of the history of medicine. Historical
      study of medical terminology involves the following aims: 1. to investigate the
      role of Latin and Greek in medical terminology; 2. to study changes and trends in
      terminology, such as changes induced by better insight into certain phenomena,
      narrowing and broadening of the content of terms, development of models and of
      special means of word formation, fight against foreign elements in terminology,
      and the existence of synonyms and eponyms; 3. research into the origin and
      development of individual terms; 4. to establish the use of terms by individual
      authors; 5. to study trends towards unification of terminology; 6. to investigate
      theoretical views of physicians on medical terminology in the past. (Ref. 93.).

PMID- 2645973
TI  - Relationship between 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-induced cytoskeletal
      perturbations and cellular glutathione.
AB  - Exposure of 3T3 cells to micromolar doses of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, a
      substrate for glutathione-S-transferase, resulted in a rapid depletion of total
      cellular glutathione accompanied by disassembly of microtubules as visualized by
      fluorescence microscopy. However, prolonged incubation resulted in cellular
      recovery from 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene insult as evidenced by a steady rise in
      total cellular glutathione accompanied by microtubule reassembly to their normal
      organization 5 hours after treatment. To evaluate the role of total cellular
      glutathione in modulating the 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-induced cytoskeletal
      perturbation, we used 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and/or buthionine sulfoximine,
      an effective irreversible inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, to manipulate
      cellular glutathione levels. Incubation of 3T3 cells with 2.5 microM 1-chloro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene and 250 microM buthionine sulfoximine for 5 hours resulted in a
      complete depletion of total cellular glutathione accompanied by essentially
      complete loss of microtubules and marked alterations in the density and
      distribution pattern of microfilaments. Buthionine sulfoximine enhanced markedly
      the extent and duration of cellular glutathione depletion and the severity of
      microtubule disruption of 3T3 cells over the level achieved by 1-chloro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene treatment alone. Furthermore, buthionine sulfoximine also
      prevented the restoration of cellular glutathione content and microtubule
      reassembly that normally were evident 5 hours after 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
      treatment. Exposure of 3T3 cells to 50 microM 2-cyclohexene-1-one, which depletes
      free glutathione by conjugation, resulted in a complete depletion of total
      cellular glutathione content without altering the microtubule organization. These
      results suggest that the total glutathione content may be important for cellular
      recovery from 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-mediated cytoskeletal injuries, and
      that microtubule disassembly observed in 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-treated
      cells probably results from depletion of cellular glutathione coupled with
      binding to tubulin and/or other microtubule components.

PMID- 2645974
TI  - Toxicities of antimicrobial agents used in the intensive care arena.
AB  - At a time when complex infectious diseases and newer antimicrobial agents are
      rapidly increasing, appropriate use of the antibiotics remains a challenge for
      everyone in health care. All health care professionals can contribute
      substantially to the safer use of antimicrobial agents by remaining well-informed
      about the toxicities of these important drugs.

PMID- 2645975
TI  - Nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU patient.
AB  - Although mechanically ventilated patients represent only a small proportion of
      the hospital population at risk for pneumonia, they are generally seriously ill
      with disproportionately high rates of pneumonia and fatality. Hand carriage of
      nosocomial pathogens is a well-known mode of transmission and can be
      substantially reduced by proper handwashing. Knowledge of the potential hazards
      of all respiratory therapy equipment and tubing condensate is essential in
      preventing transmission of nosocomial pathogens that are often implicated in
      hospital-acquired pneumonia in ventilated patients. Administration of
      prophylactic antibiotics may reduce the risk of pneumonia, but more studies are
      needed in this area. Over the past decade there has been significant progress in
      the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia, but more research is needed to firmly
      establish the efficacy of these concepts in specific subsets of hospitalized
      patients.

PMID- 2645976
TI  - Nosocomial infections in critical care units: causation and prevention.
AB  - Nosocomial infections reflect a dynamic interaction between host, agent, and
      environment. In the compromised host, the microbes most frequently associated
      with nosocomial infections in the ICU are bacteria that normally reside in or on
      body surfaces or in the environment. Infections occur when the host, compromised
      by the underlying disease, is exposed to a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic
      interventions that disrupt normal physical and chemical barriers and allow direct
      access to the internal milieu of the host. Efforts to prevent nosocomial
      infections in critical care units must take into consideration the interplay of
      all of these factors to be successful.

PMID- 2645977
TI  - Nosocomial sepsis related to intravascular access.
AB  - Many aspects of intravascular catheter care require further detailed study,
      including the optimal duration of cannulation by particular devices at each site,
      the influence of newer catheter materials on rates of bacterial colonization and
      infection, and the degree to which handling the catheter or its connections
      influences the rate of cannula-associated complication. Use of topical
      antibiotics and antimicrobial substances, their frequency of application, and
      similar issues also require further study. If the available knowledge of
      infection control practice could be consistently applied, it has been estimated
      that the rate of nosocomial bacteremia (including those secondary to infection at
      another site) could be reduced by up to 35%.

PMID- 2645978
TI  - Employee health for critical care duty.
AB  - Many patients present for care in critical care settings every day. Some have
      known or suspected infectious diseases, whereas others may have infections that
      remain undetected throughout the hospital course. Through careful attention and
      compliance to the primary, secondary, and tertiary strategies of prevention,
      practitioners in critical care can remain healthy and uninfected while providing
      lifesaving care to their patients.

PMID- 2645979
TI  - Neonatal nosocomial infections.
AB  - Prevention of infection in the high-risk infant presents a challenge for all
      members of the health care team. The infant's condition must be constantly
      assessed for risk factors, and a plan of care must be developed to reduce that
      risk. That plan requires a thorough understanding of the multiple factors (the
      infant host, potential pathogens, and therapeutic procedures) involved in
      neonatal infections and strict adherence to infection control procedures.

PMID- 2645980
TI  - Historical development of the concept of a pulmonary circulation.
AB  - Philosophical speculations and theories regarding the flow of blood through the
      lungs are reviewed from an historical standpoint. Michael Servetus (1511-1553)
      described the pulmonary circulation in his book 'Christianismi Restitutio',
      published in 1553. From manuscripts that were rediscovered and translated in 1924
      we now know that Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288) of Damascus had made the same
      observations three centuries earlier.

PMID- 2645981
TI  - Cardiac arrhythmias: from the bench to the operating room.

PMID- 2645982
TI  - Origin of congenital heart disease: reflections on Maude Abbott's work.
AB  - In honour of Dr Harold Segall's 90th birthday an historical review was made of
      concepts on the etiology of congenital heart disease. The work of Maude Abbott,
      highlighted in alignment with early results of an ongoing population based study,
      illustrates her remarkable perception of a kaleidoscope of risk factors which are
      now gaining acceptance. Abbott's letters to L. Emmett Holt express her belief
      that prenatal infections cause cardiac maldevelopment, but she also raises
      relevant questions on the potential role of inheritance. The Baltimore-Washington
      Infant Study (1981-86) reveals a predominance of genetic factors, evidence of
      intrauterine infection and of a teratogenic effect of maternal diabetes. Among
      environmental agents, alcohol and recreational drug intake appear to affect
      cardiac looping. Harold Segall's historical interests and continued professional
      activities demonstrate the validity of his scholastic motto: "It is good to
      know."

PMID- 2645983
TI  - Development of mechanical heart valves: past, present and future.
AB  - Aortic valve replacement with Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valves in 1753 patients
      gave a 15 year actuarial survival of 54%. Better results were obtained in narrow
      aortic roots and in pure aortic stenosis than in pure aortic insufficiency. Anti
      coagulation was necessary. Bleeding was the most common complication and the most
      common valve related cause of death. With the monostrut, no valve thrombosis nor
      mechanical failure was encountered during five years and a low gradient of 11
      mmHg and an effective orifice area of 1.4 cm2 was obtained in cases with a 21 mm
      valve. Mitral valve replacement with 810 Bjork-Shiley valves gave a 15 year
      actuarial survival of 51%. Most complications such as embolism, valve thrombosis,
      reoperations and deaths have the highest incidences during the first
      postoperative year. Anticoagulation related bleeding continued at a constant
      rate. The convexo-concave valve decreased the incidence of valve thrombosis
      significantly without any increase in bleeding complications but was complicated
      by some strut fractures, especially among the 70 degrees convexo-concave valves.
      With the monostrut Bjork-Shiley valve the risk of strut fracture was eliminated
      and valve thrombosis has not occurred during the first five years in patients
      properly anticoagulated at the Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

PMID- 2645984
TI  - Congenital abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - The authors report the extremely rare occurrence of a congenital abdominal aortic
      aneurysm, 6 cm in diameter, found in a 1-month-old infant. Prenatal
      ultrasonography at 34 weeks' gestation had shown the aneurysm, which at that time
      was interpreted as a renal cyst. At operation, an 8-mm polytetrafluoroethylene
      tube graft was interposed between the infrarenal aorta and the bifurcation.
      Cardiopulmonary bypass facilitated operative management by permitting return of
      blood lost and by maintaining body temperature. In a review of the literature,
      the authors could not find any report of a neonatal aneurysm of this magnitude.
      Regrettably, the cause of this true aneurysm remains obscure.

PMID- 2645985
TI  - Endometrial cancer.
AB  - Abdominal hysterectomy will cure cancer of the endometrium confined to the body
      of the uterus. If the tumour has spread beyond the uterus, adjuvant therapy will
      be needed. The likelihood of such spread can be predicted from postoperative
      histologic examination of the uterus or discovered by surgical staging. Surgical
      staging does not appear to be curative or to reduce the need for adjuvant
      therapy. Prognosis depends on the grade and location of the tumour in the uterus
      and the extent of invasion into the myometrium or beyond the uterus, and not on
      the removal of occult metastases.

PMID- 2645986
TI  - Premenstrual syndrome: current knowledge and management.
AB  - Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has become a popular self-diagnosis. Faulty research
      has led to confusion about the diagnosis, epidemiologic features, causes and
      treatment of this disorder. There is no proof that the premenstrual period is a
      time of increased violence. An association between menstrually related mood
      disorders and other psychiatric illness is also unproven. Despite many theories
      no definitive cause of PMS has been established, and controlled studies of
      various treatments have failed to find a universally effective approach.
      Conservative measures involving support, diet and exercise seem to help in most
      cases. The use of alprazolam and mefenamic acid may help some women. Rectal or
      vaginal progesterone therapy has been proven ineffective and should not be used.

PMID- 2645987
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis infections in infants.
AB  - In recent years considerable progress has been made in understanding chlamydial
      infections. The spectrum of pediatric Chlamydia trachomatis infection includes
      neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis, infantile pneumonia, occasional respiratory or
      genital tract infections in older children and sexually transmitted diseases in
      adolescents. The role of maternal chlamydial infection in prematurity and in
      perinatal death is currently an area of active study. We outline the current
      knowledge of the biologic characteristics of C. trachomatis, the epidemiologic
      features of chlamydial infection, and the clinical aspects, diagnosis and
      treatment of neonatal chlamydial infections.

PMID- 2645989
TI  - Molecular bases of biologic aging.
AB  - The authors outline the progression of thought on the mechanism of the aging
      process, giving emphasis to environmental factors that influence genetic events.
      Discussion is limited to those theories that explain fundamental causes of aging
      and have a firm thermodynamic basis. The authors propose that the cumulative
      result of continual oxidative stress and other thermodynamic processes (such as
      aminoacid racemization and nonenzymatic glycosylation), resulting in altered
      function and increasing the net entropy of living systems, governs the rate of
      the aging process.

PMID- 2645988
TI  - Control of severe pain with sustained-release morphine tablets v. oral morphine
      solution.
AB  - Recently a sustained-release morphine sulfate tablet (MS Contin [MSC]) was
      introduced in Canada. In a randomized double-blind crossover trial we compared
      MSC given every 12 hours with a morphine sulfate solution (MSS) given every 4
      hours to 17 patients suffering from chronic severe pain. After titration of the
      morphine dosage to optimize the analgesic effect, each patient received 10 days
      of therapy with either MSC or MSS, then 10 days of therapy with an equal daily
      dose of the other formulation. Both preparations provided effective pain control,
      with minimal side effects. There was no significant difference between MSC and
      MSS in pain scores on a visual analogue scale (VAS), severity scores for
      tiredness and nausea, amount of supplemental morphine needed for break-through
      pain or patient preference. The plasma morphine concentrations tended to be
      greater during treatment with MSC. The study had an 89% probability of detecting
      a clinically significant difference in VAS pain scores. We conclude that an
      individualized, twice-daily regimen of MSC is as effective as MSS given every 4
      hours for control of severe pain. The twice-daily regimen has several advantages:
      it provides for an uninterrupted night's sleep, it is substantially more
      convenient than the six doses per day required with MSS, and it should help
      reduce both medication errors and noncompliance.

PMID- 2645990
TI  - Changes in sebum secretion and the sebaceous gland.
AB  - New data have shown that sebum secretion is highest in young adults and then
      declines steadily throughout life in both men and women. This parallels the
      decline in androgen levels, but this cannot be the sole factor because there is
      so much overlap in sebaceous gland activity between men and women. The increased
      occurrence of dry skin in the elderly has been shown to be unrelated to the sebum
      secretion rate. This is not unexpected, as children, with even less sebum, rarely
      have this problem. Seborrheic dermatitis, which is also much more common in the
      elderly, is also unrelated to sebum secretion rate.

PMID- 2645991
TI  - Physiologic changes in older skin.
AB  - Clearly, like all other organ systems, the skin undergoes physiologic decline
      with advancing age. In the elderly, the stratum corneum may not be as capable of
      acting as a barrier. Once noxious substances penetrate, they are less likely to
      be rapidly cleared and often will not provoke integumental reactions or pain
      sensations that would serve as warning signals to the aged. Thus older
      individuals are not only more vulnerable to environmental insults but also fail
      to recognize that they are being adversely affected. As a result, these
      substances may accumulate following repeated exposure to the point that the
      threshold for clinical display is exceeded, whereas the threshold would never be
      reached in younger individuals. Thus it is not surprising that many of the common
      problems of the elderly are likely to represent subtle, chronic irritant
      dermatitis. Then, too, because cellular turnover and repair are much slower, the
      time to recover from such damaging insults is prolonged. In conclusion, I would
      like to stress that one of the most important observations to come out of our
      studies is that there exist cutaneous clues to an individual's physiologic age.
      It is generally appreciated that some elderly individuals seem to be much more
      youthful and other much older than their stated ages, suggesting that there may
      be a wide gap between chronologic and physiologic age. Indeed, one of the central
      concerns of gerontology is to develop methods by which physiologic aging can be
      monitored. We are certainly not the first to realize that the skin and its
      appendages may furnish useful markers of physiologic age. In fact, DuNuoy, who
      was the first to formalize the concept of physiologic age, did so on the basis of
      age-associated differences in cutaneous healing. By far the most comprehensive
      ongoing longitudinal study of human aging is that being conducted by the National
      Institute on Aging Gerontology Research Center at the Baltimore City Hospital.
      Although the integument was regretfully ignored, a saving grace of this study was
      the inclusion of a visual estimate of apparent age by the examining physician.
      This made it possible to determine whether individuals who looked older than
      their chronologic age were older physiologically. On 19 of the 24 tests,
      individuals in the subgroup who looked oldest for their age were physiologically
      older as well. Even more important was the finding that the subjects who had died
      since the start of the study were also apparently and physiologically
      older.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2645992
TI  - Connective tissue biochemistry of the aging dermis. Age-associated alterations in
      collagen and elastin.
AB  - Cutaneous aging represents a complex situation in which at least two independent
      factors--innate aging and solar exposure--contribute to the development of
      degenerative changes in the dermis. The biochemical and ultrastructural evidence
      reviewed in this article indicates that reduced collagen deposition, as a result
      of diminished collagen biosynthesis and reduced proliferative capacity of the
      fibroblasts, could explain the development of dermal atrophy and would relate to
      poor wound healing in the elderly. At the same time, perturbations in the
      supramolecular organization of the elastic fiber network lead to alterations in
      the mechanical properties of the skin, as manifested by loose and sagging skin
      with reduced resilience and elasticity.

PMID- 2645993
TI  - Effect of age on epidermal immune function.
AB  - Like other systems in the body, the immune system deteriorates with age. Age
      related changes in epidermal immune function include morphologic and functional
      changes in Langerhans cells, decreased production and response to epidermal
      thymocyte-activating factor (ETAF), and altered allergic contact dermatitis.
      These may be primary age-related changes in epidermal immune function or may be
      secondary to aging of the organism. In either case, the age-related changes in
      epidermal immunity may contribute to the increased susceptibility to cutaneous
      infections and neoplasms with advancing age.

PMID- 2645994
TI  - Nonmelanoma skin cancers in the elderly.
AB  - This article discusses the relationship between aging and development of
      nonmelanoma skin cancer. Possible age-related risk factors for development of
      such cancers are cumulative exposure to ultraviolet irradiation from the sun,
      decreased DNA repair capacity, decreased immunosurveillance, reduced melanocyte
      density, and altered dermal matrix. Clinical features of basal-cell carcinoma,
      squamous-cell carcinoma, and keratoacanthoma are discussed.

PMID- 2645995
TI  - Cutaneous malignant melanoma in the older patient.
AB  - Malignant melanoma can be a devastating disease, especially in the elderly
      patient. These patients may be affected by types of malignant melanoma that are
      seen less frequently in younger patients, namely lentigo maligna melanoma and
      acral lentiginous melanoma. In patients with stage I disease, age per se does not
      correlate directly with prognosis. However, tumor thickness does correlate
      directly with prognosis, and because elderly patients tend to present with
      thicker lesions, they have prognostically poorer outcomes. Currently one can only
      speculate as to why the elderly have on average thicker lesions. Surgical
      excision continues to be the treatment of choice for malignant melanoma. Many
      elderly patients are not able to tolerate more invasive procedures, such as lymph
      node dissections. At this point, the physician should work with the patient and
      the patient's family to assess the need of each and to develop a clear medical
      plan. One should maintain an optimistic attitude in dealing with malignant
      melanoma in elderly patients. Although much work remains to be done with regard
      to developing new, effective therapies, even today the majority of elderly
      patients with malignant melanoma will not die from their disease.

PMID- 2645996
TI  - Wound healing and aging.
AB  - From these observations and others not described in the article, it is clear that
      there are age-dependent differences in wound healing. Classically, observers have
      divided the response to injury into three large phases: inflammatory,
      proliferative, and remodeling. As indicated elsewhere in this volume, the
      inflammatory response is decreased with age, and undoubtedly this bears on some
      of the alterations in healing. The proliferative phase traditionally includes
      cell migration, proliferation, and maturation, all of which are changed with age.
      Remodeling encompasses the tertiary binding of collagen molecules, which is also
      altered with age. Although all of these stages of wound healing differ with age,
      the changes are qualitative. Events begin later, proceed more slowly, and often
      do not reach the same level. However, there are neither new events nor an absence
      of expected events. This is clearly evident by the ease with which the most
      radical elective surgical wounds heal in the elderly patient. The ability of the
      aged to heal so well illustrates, therefore, not that their healing processes are
      equal to those of the young, but rather that our healing capacity is far in
      excess of what is needed.

PMID- 2645997
TI  - Common skin problems in the elderly.
AB  - Aging of the skin is still an inevitable and unavoidable process. The cutaneous
      problems associated with aging can be annoying, cosmetically unacceptable, or, in
      some cases, life-threatening. Fortunately, with the increased interest in
      geriatric medicine, a much broader range of therapeutic modalities is now
      available to treat these disorders.

PMID- 2645998
TI  - The psychology of appearance in the elderly.
AB  - Appearance counts heavily in human affairs. The good-looking have many
      advantages. These benefits also extend to old age. Elderly persons who preserve a
      youthful appearance (look young for their age) are likely to be more optimistic,
      more outgoing, and more social. They rate themselves more highly on many
      psychologic dimensions. Those who look older than their stated age die earlier
      and are not as healthy physiologically. Cosmetics can help the elderly attain
      some of the benefits enjoyed by the physically attractive.

PMID- 2645999
TI  - Sun-induced aging. Clinical and laboratory observations in humans.
AB  - Chronic sun exposure can result in numerous changes in human skin, particularly
      the skin of fair-skinned individuals. These changes include wrinkling, elastosis,
      actinic keratoses, irregular pigmentation, telangiectasia, and skin cancer. Most
      of these alterations had been considered to be caused by UVB wavelengths.
      However, a number of recent studies have demonstrated that UVA can also cause
      burning, elastosis, and skin cancer. Thus, individuals exposed to intense UVB
      from sunlight coupled with intense UVA from suntan parlors are likely at
      increased risk.

PMID- 2646000
TI  - In-vitro studies of aging.
AB  - Research has conclusively established that normal diploid cells in culture have a
      limited replicative life span, and that cells from adult organisms have a shorter
      life span than cells from young organisms or embryos. Although it is unlikely
      that death of the organism is caused by failure in cellular proliferative
      capacity, the changes that accompany alterations in proliferative capacity may
      play significant roles in organismic aging. The causes of the decreased
      proliferative vigor of cells with age are not known, but one factor may reside in
      the fact that with increasing in-vitro or donor age, cells become less able to
      respond to mitogens. Additionally, it is known that proliferative capacity of
      cells in culture is under genetic control, although this control can be modified
      by environmental factors. Thus, although the precise relationship between in
      vitro and in-vivo aging remains undefined, advances in technology give hope that
      a delineation of this relationship may in time be achieved and, with it, an
      increased understanding of organismic senescence.

PMID- 2646001
TI  - Photoaging. Manifestations, prevention, and treatment.
AB  - In recent years there has been an increasing awareness that many of the so-called
      attributes of aging skin are, instead, a reflection of environmental assault upon
      exposed areas of the body. Of special import are the deleterious effects of solar
      radiation on dermal connective tissue, leading to the visible manifestations of
      photoaging. Often termed "premature aging," the salient features of the process
      are distinctly different from those found in normal intrinsic aging. In general,
      chronically irradiated skin is metabolically hyperactive with epidermal
      hyperplasia and neoplasia, increased production of elastic fibers, GAGs,
      accelerated breakdown and synthesis of collagen, and enhanced inflammatory
      processes. In contrast, protected aged skin is usually characterized by a slow
      decline in many of these components. Experimental studies with animal models have
      confirmed the notion that the shorter, more energetic portion of the ultraviolet
      spectrum (UVB) is responsible for the dermal connective tissue destruction
      observed in photoaged skin. More recently, it has been shown that UVA and
      infrared radiation contribute significantly to photoaging, producing, among other
      changes, severe elastosis. Because the three broad wavebands are inseparably
      linked in terrestrial sunlight, all are of concern in the photoaging of human
      skin. Photoaged skin has been thought to be irreversibly damaged. However, our
      findings indicate that destruction and repair go on simultaneously under
      continued assault by actinic radiation. The balance is shifted toward repair when
      the radiation stress is relieved. Both epidermis and dermis are capable of
      moderate self-restoration when exogenous injury ceases, either by avoidance of
      sunlight or by the use of broad-spectrum, high-SPF sunscreens. Repair of the
      dermis, characterized by broad regions of new collagen deposited subepidermally,
      can be pharmacologically enhanced by topical application of retinoic acid.
      Although early protection from sunlight, before severe photodamage occurs, is
      most desirable, it is deemed advisable to counsel even older persons with
      photoaged skin to adopt protective measures, thereby allowing repair processes to
      occur.

PMID- 2646002
TI  - Morphology of aged skin.
AB  - Despite an overall thinning of the epidermis and focal areas of cytologic atypia,
      there was no morphologic evidence that the protective function of this tissue was
      compromised by age. The characteristic morphologic markers associated with the
      keratinization process were not altered either in appearance or in amounts. A
      well-formed stratum corneum was present, suggestive that barrier ability is not
      compromised in senile skin. Whereas alterations in the aged epidermis are slight,
      the dermal-epidermal changes are marked and have greater physiologic
      consequences. The major change is a relatively flat dermal-epidermal junction
      because of retraction of the epidermal papillae as well as the microprojections
      of basal cells into the dermis. This flattening results in a more fragile tissue
      that is less resistant to shearing forces. Retraction of the epidermal
      downgrowths may also explain the loss in proliferative capacity associated with
      the aged epidermis. The major alterations in the aged dermis concern the
      architecture of the collagen and elastin networks. Both fibrous components appear
      more compact because of a decrease in the voids or spaces between the fibers; the
      spaces resulted from a loss of ground substance. Collagen bundles appear to
      unravel, and the individual elastic fibers show signs of elastolysis. The net
      effect of these fibrous rearrangements and alterations is a dermis that is less
      stretchable, less resilient, more lax, and prone to wrinkling.

PMID- 2646003
TI  - Elastic fiber and microvascular abnormalities in aging skin.
AB  - In summary, the aging process in skin has at least two major manifestations:
      elastic fiber abnormalities involving degradation and assembly, and microvascular
      wall alterations of widening and atrophy depending on the functional state of the
      veil cell. The abnormalities of the elastic fiber network most likely correlate
      with the increasing cutaneous laxity associated with aging. The microvascular
      abnormalities are not easily related to any specific clinical feature of aging
      skin. The finding of identical abnormalities in the skin of juvenile diabetes
      strengthens this hypothesis, as well as suggesting that these alterations are
      accelerated in diabetic patients. Diabetic skin might be another model system for
      studying cutaneous aging.

PMID- 2646004
TI  - Randomized trial to evaluate the addition of tamoxifen to cyclophosphamide, 5
      fluorouracil, prednisone adjuvant therapy in premenopausal women with node
      positive breast cancer.
AB  - A randomized clinical trial was performed to determine if the addition of
      hormonal therapy with tamoxifen to a combination chemotherapy regimen was
      superior to the chemotherapy alone for adjuvant treatment of premenopausal women
      after mastectomy for node-positive breast cancer. The chemotherapy regimen
      utilized consisted of cyclophosphamide (C), 5-fluorouracil (F), and prednisone
      (P), and the doses employed were: C, 150 mg/m2 IV days 1 to 5; F, 300 mg/m2 IV
      days 1 to 5; and P, 10 mg orally three times daily on days 1 to 7. A total of ten
      courses of therapy, given every 6 weeks, was planned. Tamoxifen (T) was given at
      a dose of 10 mg twice daily and was stopped 6 weeks after the last course of CFP.
      Four hundred patients are fully eligible and evaluable. With a median observation
      time of 5.3 years, the proportion of recurrences on each arm were: CFP, 95 of 202
      (47%); CFPT, 77 of 198 (39%). The relapse-free survival distribution for CFPT was
      superior to that for CFP, at a borderline level of significance (two-sided P =
      0.06). When significant prognostic factors were considered in covariate analysis,
      CFPT was not significantly better than CFP (P = 0.43). This marked change in
      level was due to imbalance in several factors not considered in stratification.
      Currently, 31% of CFP and 25% of CFPT patients have died, and although there is a
      slight separation of the survival curves in favor of CFPT, the difference is not
      significant (P = 0.21). Analysis within receptor subsets also showed no
      significant advantage for the addition of tamoxifen. This study does not
      establish a significant advantage for the concurrent administration of tamoxifen
      with the CFP regimen. It does, however, clearly demonstrate the importance of
      examination of clinically important prognostic factors, even those not utilized
      in stratification, and consideration of these factors in covariate analysis if
      imbalances are present.

PMID- 2646005
TI  - High-dose, double alkylating agent chemotherapy with DTIC, melphalan, or
      ifosfamide and marrow rescue for metastatic malignant melanoma.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients with widely metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with
      one of three chemotherapy regimens, incorporating high-dose dacarbazine (DTIC).
      The chemotherapy was followed by autologous bone marrow rescue which was
      harvested under local anesthesia in 25 of the patients. The three regimens
      comprised a 24-hour infusion of DTIC (Regimen A for patients less than 45 years
      of age, 4.3 to 10.5 g/m2; B, if greater than 45 years of age 2.7 to 4.0 g/m2; and
      later C, if greater than 45 years of age 7.0 to 8.0 g/m2). The second alkylating
      agent was given at +8 and +16 hours from the start of DTIC. The total doses of
      the melphalan ranged from 60 to 130 mg/m2 for Regimen A and 30 to 40 mg/m2 for
      Regimen B. Ifosfamide 5.0 to 8.0 g/m2 was given instead of melphalan in Regimen
      C. The response rates for the regimens were 81% (25% CR) for A, 27% (11% CR) for
      B, and 20% (with no complete responders) for Regimen C. There was no
      statistically significant difference between the three regimens for survival with
      a median value of 6 months. One of the 16 patients treated with the very high
      dose Regimen A died of septicemia and three of ten patients in Regimen C died
      within the first 2 weeks of treatment. There was statistically significant
      greater myelosuppression, stomatitis, and diarrhea in the very high dosage DTIC
      and melphalan (Regimen A) compared with the other two regimens. No significant
      difference in response rate or toxicity was observed for the different dosages
      escalated within each of the three regimens. Although hematologic and
      gastrointestinal toxicity were very severe, no unusual side effects were noted
      except for one episode of severe acute renal failure in the high-dose DTIC and
      melphalan, Regimen A. Responses occurred mainly in nonvisceral, nodal, and
      cutaneous sites and occasionally in pulmonary metastases. The Karnofsky
      performance improved 4 to 6 months after treatment notably with the high-dose
      DTIC and melphalan therapy. No survival benefit for the combination chemotherapy
      despite the high dosages was detected and such an approach currently cannot be
      recommended.

PMID- 2646007
TI  - Concomitant chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and thrombosis
      with protein C deficiency. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A patient is reported who presented simultaneously with two distinct forms of
      leukemia: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
      The diagnosis of CLL was supported by the presence of lymphocytosis,
      lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly with mature B-cell markers on the population of
      lymphoid cells in the bone marrow. AML was documented by the presence of
      circulating blast cells and 50% blasts with myeloid markers and Auer rods in the
      bone marrow. A complete remission from both forms of leukemia was obtained after
      treatment for the AML. The patient also experienced the temporal occurrence of
      venous thrombosis for the first time at the age of 69 years, shortly before the
      diagnosis of leukemia. Protein C deficiency was documented and may have been
      hereditary as suggested by the strong family history of thrombosis or
      alternatively may have been the consequence of one of the leukemias.

PMID- 2646006
TI  - Verification of the histologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma in relation to
      the binding of an antimesothelial cell antibody.
AB  - The diagnostic value of a recently developed polyclonal antibody to mesothelial
      cells has been tested by means of an immunoperoxidase technique to differentiate
      mesothelioma from lung carcinoma. All 16 unequivocal mesotheliomas reacted with
      the antibody, whereas none of the 31 lung carcinomas did, thus confirming the
      high specificity and the high sensitivity of the antibody. Furthermore, 20 cases
      of serous membranes tumor, in which major diagnostic disagreement was present
      when reviewed by the members of the Commission of the European Communities
      Mesothelioma Panel, were examined. Sixteen of the 20 cases were immunoreactive to
      the antimesothelial cell antibody, thus establishing their mesothelial origin.
      Given conventionally fixed and processed tissues, it appears that this antibody
      may be used as an appropriate diagnostic adjunct to increase the accuracy of the
      diagnosis of mesothelioma.

PMID- 2646008
TI  - Acute promyelocytic leukemia following treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - A case of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) 3 years following the treatment of
      diffuse mixed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is presented. This is the second time
      APL after NHL has been reported in the literature.

PMID- 2646009
TI  - Opportunistic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in lymphoma patients. Report of
      a case and review of the literature.
AB  - Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal parasite that may cause fatal
      opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Herein is reported a
      patient who developed fatal disseminated strongyloidiasis 6 weeks after the
      initiation of chemotherapy for a large cell lymphoma of the small intestine.
      After reviewing the clinical and epidemiologic features of 16 other cases of
      disseminated strongyloidiasis in patients with malignant lymphomas, the currently
      available laboratory methods for the diagnosis of this parasite are outlined.
      Because uncomplicated infections are treatable, candidates for chemotherapy or
      immunosuppression with a relevant geographic history should be screened for S.
      stercoralis prior to the initiation of the treatment.

PMID- 2646011
TI  - Characterization and mutagenicity of 1-nitrosotryptophol and 6-nitrotryptophol
      possible genotoxic substances associated with smoking and alcohol consumption.
AB  - Tryptophol (Typ) is a minor product of tryptophane metabolism in humans which is
      increased with alcohol consumption. Typ can react rapidly with nitrite at pH 3.0
      to form 1-nitrosotryptophol (NO-Typ) in high yield. This product is also formed
      in various organic solvents by the reaction of NO/NO2 mixtures with Typ. Under
      similar conditions, NO2 in the absence of NO will react with Typ to form 6
      nitrotryptophol (NO2-Typ). Both products, NO-Typ and NO2-Typ, are mutagenic when
      tested in the absence of rat liver microsomes with a variety of Salmonella
      typhimurium tester strains.

PMID- 2646010
TI  - Prognostic factors in soft tissue sarcomas. A multivariate analysis of 109 cases.
AB  - Prognostic factors were evaluated in 109 soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities,
      walls of the trunk, head, and neck. All lesions were graded according to the
      systems proposed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the French Federation
      of Cancer Centers (FNCLCC), and a correlation was found between tumor grade and
      prognosis. Univariate analysis selected the following variables as unfavorable
      prognostic factors: invasive tumor margins, extra-compartmental status, deep
      tumors, tumor diameters over 5 cm, inadequate excision, presence of necrosis,
      high mitotic count, histologically undifferentiated tumors, and blood vessel
      invasion. These variables were found to be interdependent. Multivariate analysis
      selected quality of surgery as the most important variable for predicting local
      recurrences. The factors selected with regard to overall and metastasis-free
      survival were tumor size, tumor margins, necrosis, and adequacy of excision.
      These results permitted classification of patients into four prognostic groups:
      two with good and two with bad prognosis. Five-year survival for the four groups
      was 100%, 83%, 53%, and 0%; 5-year metastatic rates were 0%, 12%, 67%, and 100%.
      Similar groups were obtained when the variables of tumor margins and size were
      combined with an adaptation of the NCI grading (low-grade tumors/high-grade
      tumors without necrosis/high-grade tumors with necrosis). Comparative analysis
      showed that patients with tumors of the same histologic grade or type were not
      necessarily classed in the same prognostic groups. A better clinicopathologic
      correlation was obtained using a combination of prognostic factors than with
      histologic grading or typing alone.

PMID- 2646012
TI  - Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in multistage skin carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2646013
TI  - Human melanoma xenografts.

PMID- 2646014
TI  - Immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic applications of anti human melanoma
      associated antigen monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2646015
TI  - Chromosome alterations in human malignant melanoma.
AB  - This review has provided an update on current progress in identifying recurring
      sites of chromosome change in human malignant melanoma. Despite methodologic
      difficulties, a recurring and decidedly nonrandom pattern of chromosome change is
      beginning to emerge for this neoplasia. It appears most reasonable to suggest
      that as an increasing number of cases of melanoma are cytogenetically examined,
      the stratification of patients into defined subgroups based upon specific
      chromosome abnormalities will be possible. At present, the clinical utility of
      chromosome analysis in malignant melanoma is indeterminate. However, the
      pinpointing of regions of the genome which are characteristically altered in this
      tumor may be of significant benefit in targeting future molecular (and hopefully
      mechanistic) investigations. Continued study of the basic genetics of malignant
      melanoma would appear a particularly fruitful avenue to continue and it assuredly
      will add to our understanding of the causation, progression, and ultimately the
      control of this disorder.

PMID- 2646016
TI  - Pathology of human and experimental skin tumors.

PMID- 2646017
TI  - Immunology of murine skin cancers.

PMID- 2646018
TI  - Radiation-induced cancer in rat skin.

PMID- 2646019
TI  - Ultraviolet radiation-induced skin cancer.

PMID- 2646020
TI  - The transformation of human epidermal keratinocytes by carcinogens and viruses in
      vitro.

PMID- 2646021
TI  - Tumor progression in melanoma: the biology of epidermal melanocytes in vitro.
AB  - The propagation of pigmented cells derived from normal skin, common and precursor
      nevi, and primary and metastatic melanoma in tissue culture has allowed the study
      of tumor progression under experimental conditions. In accordance with Clark's
      hypothesis, which is based on histopathological observations, cells isolated from
      different stages of tumor progression show a stepwise development of a malignant
      phenotype as defined by different biological parameters: life span in culture,
      anchorage-independent growth, increased growth autonomy from exogenous growth
      factors, expression of melanoma-associated antigens, progressively severe
      chromosomal abnormalities, and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Qualitative and
      quantitative differences exist between normal melanocytes and nevus cells on the
      one hand, and between VGP primary and metastatic melanoma cells on the other.
      Little information, however, is available on cells from dysplastic nevi and RGP
      primary melanoma cells. Preliminary results suggest that the biologic,
      immunologic and genetic characterization of these cells from the intermediate
      stages of tumor development will significantly increase our understanding of the
      pathogenesis of melanoma.

PMID- 2646022
TI  - Epidemiology of human malignant skin tumors with special reference to natural and
      artificial ultraviolet radiation exposures.

PMID- 2646023
TI  - PUVA and the induction of skin cancer.

PMID- 2646024
TI  - Primary response to lysozyme (HEL) and HEL-LPS in neonatal A/J mice: presence of
      characteristic adult pattern of regulatory idiotype and fine specificity
      restriction.
AB  - The adult primary murine plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to hen egg-white
      lysozyme (HEL) is characterized by a predominant idiotype (IdXE) (congruent to
      50% of population) and a predominant specificity (congruent to 50% of population)
      for a determinant dependent on the 3 amino-terminal residues of HEL (TIP
      dependent PFC). IdXE and TIP specificity, however, are not congruent:
      approximately 1/3 of each population do not overlap (1). To determine whether
      these characteristics result from a prolonged selection process during
      development, we compared the neonatal A/J response profile to HEL-CFA with the
      adult A/J response and found that the adult pattern was present for mice
      immunized as early as 5 days of age. At 5 days, A/J splenic PFC were 80% TIP
      dependent, 71% IdXE positive compared to the adult levels of 56% (+/- 14) TIP
      dependent, 43% (+/- 19) IdXE positive. To attempt to address the B cells directly
      and avoid the need for antigen-specific T-dependent processes, we studied the PFC
      response to HEL-LPS conjugates in adult and 12-day-old A/J mice. At the earliest
      age studied (12 days), the indirect splenic PFC had similar idiotypy and
      specificity as the adult, and the response was similar to that induced by HEL
      CFA. Although the absolute IgM PFC level was equal in adult and neonate, only 11%
      of the adult PFC response was IgM while a large proportion of the 12-day-old HEL
      LPS response was IgM. This IgM PFC response was also characterized by the same
      idiotypy and specificity as the IgG PFC response. These results suggest that the
      characteristic adult mosaic of specificity and idiotypy in the anti-HEL response
      may exist prior to antigenic stimulation since it occurs as early as 5 days after
      immunization and in the IgM PFC responses. Although IdXE predominance may merely
      reflect the germ line repertoire, T cells may also be involved in an idiotype
      based selection, the mechanism of which has not been determined.

PMID- 2646025
TI  - Immunohistological analysis of immigration of thymocyte-precursors into the
      thymus: evidence for immigration of peripheral T cells into the thymic medulla.
AB  - The immigration route of thymocyte precursors into the thymic microenvironment
      was examined in various experiments using two strains of mice (B10.Thy-1.1 and
      C57BL/6) that were identical in H-2 and different in Thy-1 locus. The experiment
      of thymus grafting revealed that there were two types of thymocyte precursors;
      one immigrated into the cortex and vigorously proliferated and the other directly
      immigrated into the medulla. Such a direct immigration of host-type cells into
      the medulla of the grafted thymus was not observed, when thymus was grafted into
      young adult nude mice having no T cells. When bone marrow cells were iv injected
      into intact mice, the direct immigration of donor-type cells was observed only in
      the cortex, not in the medulla. In parabiotic mice, the immigration of partner's
      cells into the medulla was observed independently before the proliferation of
      partner's cell in the cortex. These findings taken together indicate that
      peripheral T cells directly immigrate into and recirculate through the thymic
      medulla.

PMID- 2646026
TI  - Macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances monocyte and macrophage antibody
      dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
AB  - In vitro culture of either human peripheral blood monocytes or murine peritoneal
      macrophages for 72 hr in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M
      CSF) dramatically increased their subsequent ability to mediate antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The M-CSF-treated cells were more
      effective in ADCC at lower effector to target cell ratios and in the presence of
      lower concentrations of tumor-specific monoclonal antibody than the untreated
      control cells. Two other hematopoietic cytokines, granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor and interleukin-3, reported to enhance other macrophage
      effector functions were ineffective in promoting the development of ADCC by
      cultured human monocytes. All three hematopoietic growth factors were capable of
      enhancing the ability of the cultured monocytes to secrete TNF alpha; however,
      TNF alpha is unlikely to be an important cytotoxic factor in ADCC because
      neutralizing antibodies against TNF alpha had no affect on ADCC in vitro.
      Further, much higher concentrations of M-CSF were required to augment monocyte
      TNF alpha release (20-100 ng/ml) than ADCC capacity (1-10 ng/ml). These results
      suggest that M-CSF administration might prove effective in increasing the
      tumoricidal activities of tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies by enhancing the
      capacity of monocytes and macrophages to mediate ADCC.

PMID- 2646027
TI  - L-fucose blocks MIF/MAF priming of rabbit alveolar macrophages for a PMA-induced
      oxidative response.
AB  - The effect of L-fucose on the priming of AM from normal adult rabbits and their
      subsequent chemiluminescent (CL) responses to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was
      investigated. It was observed that 12.5 mM L-fucose, but not D-fucose, blocked
      the "spontaneous" priming of normal AM during an 18-hr incubation period in serum
      free RPMI 1640 medium by about 40% (P less than 0.01) as detected by their CL
      responses to a PMA challenge. In addition, the optimal concentration of L-fucose
      (12.5 mM) blocked MIF/MAF priming during the 3- or 18-hr incubation period by 71
      or 93% (P less than 0.05), respectively, as determined by their CL responses
      following PMA challenge. It is of particular significance that D-fucose was
      inactive. These results, together with previously published data, indicate that L
      fucose (a) blocks priming of AM for an oxidative response, (b) stimulates random
      migration of AM, and (c) reverses migration inhibition produced by migration
      inhibition factor.

PMID- 2646028
TI  - Muscle differentiation and the origin of muscle fiber diversity.
AB  - The biology of muscle development has gone full circle--from classical embryonic
      morphology to cell culture and now back to the embryo at the molecular and
      cellular levels. Recent advances in modern technology have made possible complex
      in vitro and in vivo biochemical and ultrastructural analyses of myogenesis. This
      article correlates theories regarding the events and regulatory factors involved
      in muscle differentiation and fiber-type formation based on findings from the
      model system of isolated muscle cells in culture with actual in vivo situations.

PMID- 2646029
TI  - [Antigenic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum and serodiagnosis of tropical
      malaria].
AB  - The importance of antigenic diversity in immunogenicity of population of P.
      falciparum was studied in regard of immunodiagnosis of tropical malaria. The sera
      from 42 adult non-immune persons with confirmed infection by P. falciparum and
      from 30 persons from Africa with confirmed infection by P. falciparum were
      examined with three antigens differing in geographic origin. Antigen A2 Gambia,
      M94 Thailand, FCQ2 Papua New Guinea were checked. The following results were
      obtained: 1) In the quantity of polyclonal antibodies detected higher frequency
      of higher titres and higher GMRT (statistically significant differences) were
      demonstrated with three antigens in the persons from the endemic areas of
      malaria. 2) Higher variation (antigenic diversity) in the quantity of polyclonal
      antibodies (difference up to 6 dilutions) in the non-immune population in
      contrast to semi-immune population where the differences were only at the level
      of two fold dilutions. 3) The correspondence of titres of polyclonal antibodies
      to all three geographically different antigens was statistically significantly (P
      less than 0.05) more frequent in the sera of semi-immune persons in contrast to
      non-immune individuals. 4) The results have shown that repeated infections in
      endemic areas of malaria with antigenically diverse strains induce the formation
      of polyclonal antibodies against all antigenic varieties and are better
      detectable by antigen of any antigenic variety.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646030
TI  - [Comparison of 2 methods of hemagglutination tests for antibodies against strains
      of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis].
AB  - The authors compare results of the assessment of antibodies against bacterial
      strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The
      examinations were made by the haemagglutination technique. In the reaction of the
      antigen human and ram erythrocytes were used as carriers. The work comprised 462
      examinations of patients with an assumed Yersinia aetiology of the disease and
      200 healthy controls. The values obtained during parallel examinations with
      antigens of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis linked to
      both types of blood cells were processed by statistical methods. It was revealed
      that when human and ram erythrocytes are used, the antibody levels correlate but
      are not identical. In the conclusion the authors recommend to unify the methods
      of different laboratories to facilitate comparison of results.

PMID- 2646031
TI  - [Incidence of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in arthropods (Arthropoda) and
      antibodies in vertebrates (Vertebrata)].
AB  - The paper summarizes data on hitherto assembled findings of Spirochaeta
      burgdorferi, the causal agent of Lyme disease in arthropods and the incidence of
      antibodies in birds and mammals. The authors evaluate some vectors and reservoir
      animals, incl. possible carriers. Borrelia burgdorferi was found so far in 30
      species of Arthropoda, 13 species of mites (Acarina), 15 species of
      flies(Diptera), two species of fleas (Siphonaptera). The role of insects as
      vectors was not proved so far. Antibodies were detected in eight species of birds
      (Aves, Passeriformes) and in 22 mammalian species: one species of marsupiales
      (Marsupialia), 3 species of carnivores (Carnivora), seven species of rodents
      (Rodentia), two species of rabbits and hares (Lagomorpha), in 8 species of even
      toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) and one species of odd-toed ungulates
      (Perissodactyla). The great majority of species comes from the non-arctic area.

PMID- 2646032
TI  - Proficiency testing in a medical-needs context.
AB  - Proficiency testing by State and Federal agencies is an ongoing activity of
      clinical laboratories and an occasional source of anxiety; strict statistical
      evaluations of "snapshot" laboratory values are inappropriate and medical-needs
      criteria should be used. The quality of laboratory results largely depends on
      available technology. Fortunately, for most of the common clinical chemistry
      analytes there has been a steady reduction of imprecision during the past 20
      years. Proficiency testing may have been the stimulus for this improved
      performance. Medical-needs criteria differ, depending on the testing goal. For
      proficiency testing, population screening criteria are appropriate, e.g., the
      College of American Pathologists fixed criteria for the common tests. Stricter
      criteria are needed for short-term (inpatient) and long-term (outpatient)
      monitoring of laboratory data. Explicit proficiency-testing limits are given here
      for nine of the common clinical chemistry tests for each of the three medical
      needs criteria described above. The limits consider total error--i.e., bias from
      the believed correct value, and imprecision. Rather broad limits are acceptable
      for the commonly performed enzyme tests when used for screening purposes.

PMID- 2646033
TI  - Concordance of creatine kinase-MB activity and mass.
AB  - The recent availability of monoclonal antibodies that are highly specific for
      creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) MB isoenzyme should allow for the development of
      rapid, sensitive, and specific assays of CK-MB mass and activity. However, the
      relationship between the mass concentration of CK-MB and its activity in plasma
      has previously been thought by some to be variable. To determine the extent to
      which discrepancies of potential clinical significance might arise between
      measurements of activity and mass in plasma, we compared CK-MB activity and
      concentration in 1298 samples obtained from 226 patients admitted to the cardiac
      care unit. CK-MB activity concentration was determined with an immunoadsorption
      assay, and mass concentration was measured by an automated "sandwich" assay
      (Magic Lite; Ciba Corning Diagnostics). Both of these assays are based on
      specific monoclonal antibodies for CK-MB. Values obtained with these assays
      correlated well (r = 0.94). Normal and abnormal values with the two assays were
      concordant in 96% of the samples. In all but three instances, differences
      occurred late after myocardial infarction and were characterized by minimal
      increases as determined by one method vs values at the upper limit of normal as
      determined with the other. Thus, measurements of CK-MB mass and activity
      concentrations in plasma with assays based on these specific monoclonal
      antibodies are comparable for the detection or exclusion of acute myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2646034
TI  - Rheumatoid factors determined by fluorescence immunoassay: comparison with
      qualitative and quantitative methods.
AB  - Fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), a relatively new technique for measuring
      rheumatoid factors (RF), is automated, quantitative, and calibrated against the
      Centers for Disease Control reference material for RF. We studied the FIA method
      in relation to a panel of RF methods, both qualitative [latex (LA) and sheep cell
      agglutination (SSCA)], and quantitative [nephelometry and enzyme-linked
      immunoassay (ELISA)]. Regression analysis revealed a highly significant
      correlation between FIA and either LA (r = 0.90) or nephelometry (r = 0.87). The
      correlation between FIA and either SSCA (r = 0.62) or ELISA (r = 0.67) was less
      strong. FIA had the highest sensitivity (91%) of all these methods; the
      specificity was 86%. FIA provides an accurate, sensitive, and specific measure of
      RF, and is a good alternative for laboratories wanting to replace titer methods
      with automated laboratory analysis.

PMID- 2646035
TI  - Monoclonal immunoglobulins: affinity blotting for low concentrations in serum.
AB  - I describe a simple, economical technique for identifying low concentrations of
      monoclonal immunoglobulins in the presence of excessive amounts of
      immunoglobulins of other classes. The technique involves binding of specific
      antibody to nitrocellulose, separating proteins by isoelectric focusing or zone
      electrophoresis in agarose gels, using capillary transfer to bind proteins to the
      nitrocellulose via their antibody affinity, and then detecting transferred
      proteins with enzyme-labeled antibody. A monoclonal immunoglobulin can be
      completely characterized in 2 h. No expensive equipment is required. Affinity
      blotting is about 10-fold as sensitive as native blotting, 100-fold as sensitive
      as silver staining.

PMID- 2646036
TI  - Serum prolactin as a rejection marker in heart transplantation.

PMID- 2646037
TI  - Sandwich enzyme immunoassay for serum amyloid A protein (SAA).

PMID- 2646038
TI  - Insulin binding to erythrocytes and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte
      membrane phospholipids in healthy men.
AB  - The relationship between specific insulin binding to insulin receptors on
      erythrocytes and erythrocyte membrane phospholipid fatty acid pattern was
      evaluated in 11 healthy men. A significant negative correlation between insulin
      binding and the proportion of w-6 family essential fatty acids, especially
      linoleic acid (r = -0.82, p less than 0.01) and arachidonic acid (r = -0.73, p
      less than 0.05) in erythrocyte membrane was found. On the other hand significant
      positive correlation between insulin binding and the content of nonessential
      fatty acids (r = +0.65, p less than 0.05) was seen. Data presented support the
      hypothesis that the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids may modify
      properties of insulin receptors.

PMID- 2646039
TI  - Lymphopenia and deranged lymphocyte subsets in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
AB  - The peripheral blood lymphocyte counts of 333 patients with a nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma and 125 control subjects were compared. The mean pretreatment
      lymphocyte count in the patients was significantly lower than that of the normal
      controls (P less than 0.0001). Subgroup analysis of absolute lymphocyte counts in
      different stages of the disease revealed a stage dependent lymphopenia which
      became significant when the disease was stage III or over (P less than 0.001).
      Characterization of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in 81 patients and 46
      normal control subjects revealed a significant reduction of the absolute Pan T
      (T11) lymphocytes in the patients (P less than 0.0001). Both the absolute numbers
      of T helper (T4) and suppressor cells (T8) were reduced in the patients (P less
      than 0.0001 and less than 0.026, respectively). While the percentage of T4 was
      reduced (P less than 0.0001), the percentage of T8 was elevated (P less than
      0.02), resulting in a reduced T4/T8 ratio (P less than 0.0001). The mean absolute
      and percentage counts of T11, T8 and B did not correlate with different stages of
      the disease.

PMID- 2646040
TI  - Investigation of laryngeal pathology: a review of diagnostic techniques.

PMID- 2646041
TI  - Finding and inventing alternative therapies: how I do it.
AB  - The author discusses methods of developing alternative therapies when standard
      treatments have proved ineffective or do not exist. Specific treatments for a
      wide range of stubborn or difficult dermatologic conditions are presented.

PMID- 2646042
TI  - Tips for wound closure. Pearls for minimizing dog-ears and applications of
      periosteal sutures.
AB  - Pearls for minimizing dog-ears and applications of periosteal sutures are shared
      by the author. The discussion begins with the less common methods of minimizing
      dog-ears and includes how to plan the incision, excision techniques, and
      undermining techniques. Next, the author describes how to use periosteal sutures
      to simplify some reconstructions and to improve cosmetic results.

PMID- 2646043
TI  - Sclerotherapy for telangiectasia of the lower extremity.
AB  - Telangiectatic blood vessels of the legs are insignificant in terms of medical
      complications but can be a major affliction in many patients' eyes. Therefore,
      therapeutic aggressiveness must be tailored to the needs of the patient. Today,
      techniques exist that successfully decrease the intensity of these unsightly
      lesions on the legs.

PMID- 2646044
TI  - Compression sclerotherapy techniques.
AB  - Sclerotherapy refers to the technique in which a substance is intravascularly
      deposited for the purpose of eradicating that blood vessel. This procedure may be
      utilized for therapeutic or cosmetic intentions. Excellent results can be
      obtained, but technical expertise and extensive experience are requisite. The
      proper techniques of sclerotherapy are elucidated, with emphasis on explaining
      the rationale for the methods proposed.

PMID- 2646045
TI  - The infrared coagulator in dermatology.
AB  - The infrared coagulator was developed 10 years ago in West Germany. It shares
      some properties with an infrared laser but differs by virtue of its noncoherent,
      multispectral light source. It has evolved to become a cheap, portable instrument
      with a wide spectrum of applications in medicine, including dermatology. The
      treatment of tattoos and vascular lesions with the infrared coagulator is
      discussed, along with the technical considerations and limitations associated
      with this instrument.

PMID- 2646046
TI  - Relaxed skin tension lines.
AB  - In order to obtain the least scarring following a surgical procedure, it is
      crucial that the surgeon always consider the direction of the relaxed skin
      tension lines involved in the procedure and attempt to obtain a scar that follows
      that direction as much as possible. No other factor (except the region where the
      surgery is to be performed) is as important in obtaining an acceptable scar,
      including the too frequently heralded factor, surgical technique. This article
      deals with the determination and surgical application of the relaxed skin tension
      lines.

PMID- 2646047
TI  - Dermatologic therapies you've probably never heard of.
AB  - This article presents numerous alternative therapies for stubborn dermatologic
      conditions. Agents include hypertonic saline, mexiletine, alpha-acetoxymandelic
      acid, deladumone, emulsified steroids, activated charcoal, azelaic acid,
      silymarin, and dexamethasone. Several surgical tips are also included for the
      practitioner's consideration.

PMID- 2646049
TI  - A compilation of alternative therapies.
AB  - The author discusses a number of alternative therapies for common conditions
      often encountered by dermatologists.

PMID- 2646048
TI  - Effective topical dermatologic therapy.
AB  - Experienced dermatologists regularly use a great variety of topical dermatologic
      mixtures. Extemporaneously prepared medications are of great value in the
      treatment of those problems that fail to respond to the usually therapeutic
      commercially available products. These mixtures are also desirable in treating
      individuals in whom corticosteroid preparations were initially beneficial but
      were of less value with continued application. This article presents an
      accumulation of a quarter century of practical extemporaneously compounded
      dermatologic preparations.

PMID- 2646050
TI  - The wisdom of Henry M. Lewis.
AB  - This article is a tribute to clinician Henry M. Lewis. The author shares
      practical therapeutic pearls developed and used over the years by Dr. Lewis.

PMID- 2646051
TI  - Comment on letter of Obermiller and Tzamaloukas [1988 Clin Nephrol 30: 287].

PMID- 2646053
TI  - Adverse reactions and interactions of fluoroquinolones.
AB  - Recent research into fluoroquinolone antibacterials has led to the discovery of a
      number of compounds with greatly improved potency, spectrum, pharmacokinetics and
      clinical efficacy. In general their safety and tolerance mirrors these
      attributes. Like previous naphthyridines, cinnolines, and fluoroquinolones, these
      agents may cause gastrointestinal, central nervous system, and cutaneous
      reactions, but these are usually mild and self-limiting, affect 5-10% of patients
      only and rarely require withdrawal from therapy. Extremely rarely, more serious
      CNS effects including fits and psychosis may accompany high dose therapy.
      Potentially serious problems, predicted by animal testing and including erosive
      arthropathy in juvenile rats and dogs, cataract formation and renal damage
      secondary to crystalluria, have not been encountered in clinical use. All of the
      new agents give positive results in some tests for mutagenesis but there is no
      evidence for mutagenicity or carcinogenicity in man. However, the possibility of
      mutagenesis and joint damage restricts the use of fluoroquinolones in children to
      life-saving indications only. Interactions may occur with other drugs. Absorption
      of these agents is interfered with by co-administered antacids, although not by
      H2 antagonists. Oxo-metabolites of enoxacin and, to a lesser extent, pefloxacin
      and ciprofloxacin interfere with the hepatic elimination of theophylline and
      caffeine and may result in toxicity due to these agents if dosage is not
      modified. With the exception of these avoidable events, the fluoroquinolones have
      proved a particularly safe group of agents in clinical use.

PMID- 2646052
TI  - Long-term outcome of Schonlein-Henoch nephritis in the adult.
AB  - Sixteen adult patients with Schonlein-Henoch nephritis, selected by strict
      inclusion criteria, were studied retrospectively. At the time of discovery of the
      nephropathy, 11 patients had normal plasma creatinine and 5 other patients had
      renal insufficiency. All patients had renal biopsies, which were studied by both
      light and immunofluorescence microscopy. After a mean follow-up of 90.5 +/- 59.1
      months (range 16-261), 3 patients were in chronic dialysis (18.7%), 8 other
      patients had renal function deterioration (50%), with creatinine clearance
      ranging from 31 to 60 ml/min. Four other patients had mild urinary abnormalities
      with normal plasma creatinine (25%) and only 1 patient was in complete clinical
      remission (6%). No clinical features at onset were predictive for the clinical
      outcome of the disease, while in the biopsies the percentage of crescents was
      higher in patients who developed renal insufficiency. High IgA serum levels were
      correlated (p = 0.0242) with a favorable course. It is concluded that Schonlein
      Henoch nephritis of the adult carries a high long-term risk of renal dysfunction.

PMID- 2646054
TI  - The role of fluoroquinolones in the management of skin, soft tissue, and bone
      infections.
AB  - The fluoroquinolones are a group of potent antimicrobials with marked in vitro
      activity against gram negative bacteria and, to a lesser extent, staphylococci.
      Their major advantages include the availability of oral preparations, relative
      safety, and excellent tissue penetration. Controlled clinical studies have shown
      that the oral quinolones are as effective as cephalexin in mild skin and soft
      tissue infections, and that ciprofloxacin is as effective as cefotaxime in more
      severe infections. Uncontrolled studies chiefly with ciprofloxacin in patients
      with acute and chronic osteomyelitis with staphylococci and gram negative
      bacteria have resulted in cure rates of 60-85%. The quinolones offer definite
      advances in the management of gram negative osteomyelitis and could be
      substituted for the aminoglycosides or third generation cephalosporins in
      nosocomial soft tissue infections. However, the quinolones offer no advantage
      over standard therapy for mild skin and soft tissue infections, particularly
      those caused by streptococci or methicillin-sensitive staphylococci. Development
      of resistant mutants may become a problem with indiscriminate use of these
      agents.

PMID- 2646055
TI  - Quinolones in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases.
AB  - Many of the new quinolone-carboxylic acids possess in vitro activity against a
      variety of sexually transmitted pathogens. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Hemophilus
      ducreyi are particularly susceptible to those antimicrobial agents while the in
      vitro sensitivities of Chlamydia trachomatis and genital mycoplasmas vary widely
      amongst the quinolones and range from poor to modest. Clinically, single dose
      therapy with many of the quinolones has been highly effective in curing gonorrhea
      and appears to be promising in the management of chancroid. In contrast, however,
      the quinolones (even when used in multiple dose, 7 to 10 day regimens) have been
      disappointing to date in the treatment of chlamydial and nongonococcal
      infections. Currently there is little data available with regard to other
      sexually transmitted diseases but it appears that the quinolones will not be
      useful in the therapy of syphilis or bacterial vaginosis.

PMID- 2646056
TI  - Emerging role of quinolones in the prevention of gram-negative bacteremia in
      neutropenic cancer patients and in the treatment of enteric infections.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic and antibacterial characteristics of the fluorinated
      carboxyquinolones make them attractive candidates for the treatment and
      prevention of infections arising from the alimentary canal. Norfloxacin and
      ciprofloxacin have been shown to suppress and eliminate the pool of potentially
      pathogenic aerobic gram-negative rods colonizing the alimentary canal of
      neutropenic patients with acute leukemia, thereby reducing infection-related
      morbidity and mortality due to gram-negative sepsis. Although norfloxacin appears
      to have limited efficacy in the prevention of gram-positive infections in
      neutropenic patients, other quinolones with improved in vitro activity against
      such organisms are being evaluated. Co-trimoxazole is considered a standard of
      therapy for many bacterial infectious diarrheal illnesses. However drug
      resistance, and the absence of coverage of Campylobacter jejuni are important
      deficiencies. Early trials suggest that the quinolones are safe and effective
      treatment of a wide variety of bacterial diarrheal illnesses. Despite these
      encouraging results, further controlled trials will be necessary to clarify how
      the quinolones should best be used.

PMID- 2646057
TI  - Choledochocoele complicated by carcinoma.
AB  - A choledochocoele may rarely cause obstructive jaundice. A case is described that
      was initially diagnosed by ultrasound and subsequently found to be associated
      with an ampullary carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, only one other such
      case has previously been recorded.

PMID- 2646058
TI  - Evaluation of diagnostic tests.

PMID- 2646059
TI  - Inferior vena cava filters and when to use them.

PMID- 2646060
TI  - Imaging of children with urinary tract infection: a tailored approach.
AB  - We reviewed the initial imaging studies of 283 children with urinary tract
      infection in order to decide on the most effective approach. A voiding cystogram
      was performed in all, complemented by either urography (147 patients),
      ultrasonography (65), or both (71 patients). In the latter group there was good
      correlation between sonographic and urographic findings, except for a more
      accurate delineation of renal scars and anomalies on urography, all in children
      with vesicoureteral reflux and/or abnormal sonograms. From these data we derived
      two imaging sequences tailored to the clinical circumstances: cystography as the
      initial study in ambulatory patients after infection has subsided, and sonography
      followed by cystography in children hospitalised with severe infection. The upper
      tracts are studied by ultrasonography and/or urography in patients with
      significant vesicoureteral reflex or an abnormal sonogram. Both these sequences
      reduce radiation by omitting the urogram in roughly half of the patients.

PMID- 2646061
TI  - Impact of radiation research on clinical trials in radiation oncology.

PMID- 2646062
TI  - Has hyperthermia a place in cancer treatment?
AB  - Long before ionising radiations were discovered, attempts were made to exploit
      elevated temperatures to control malignant tumours. At irregular intervals over
      the last 100 years, hyperthermia has been suggested for use in cancer therapy but
      has never become established. There is little doubt that heat alone can destroy
      tumours; and it can enhance the anti-cancer effects of radiation and
      chemotherapeutic agents. Laboratory and in vivo animal data provide hyperthermia
      with a strong biological rationale, which gives the more recent revival of
      interest a sounder base than previously. The exact science of hyperthermia,
      however, is still in its infancy, and how it should be employed to its best
      advantage in human cancer therapy remains illusive. We review the current
      position of hyperthermia in clinical cancer management and look to see what
      achievements are likely in the near future.

PMID- 2646063
TI  - Subdural spinal lipoma with posterior fossa extension.
AB  - A case is described of subdural spinal lipoma with posterior fossa extension and
      the world literature is reviewed. A high proportion of high cervical lipomas
      extend into the posterior cranial fossa. Many cases were probably missed in the
      pre-computed tomography era. Those cases with posterior fossa growth are more
      likely to be found in infants or those cases with symptoms dating from birth;
      most present with quadriparesis. All cases of high cervical lipoma demonstrated
      by myelography should be submitted to brain computed tomography in order to
      exclude posterior fossa extension and demonstrate the presence of hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2646064
TI  - Two patients with symptomatic renal metastases.
AB  - Two patients with symptoms referable to the urinary tract who were found to have
      renal metastatic disease are presented. The first case illustrates typical
      radiological features of metastatic malignancy affecting the kidney. In the
      second case angiographic features were suggestive of a grossly dilated renal
      collecting system conflicting with the sonographic appearances of a solid renal
      mass. At surgery the pelvicalyceal system and proximal ureter were found to be
      grossly distended with an intraluminal metastasis.

PMID- 2646065
TI  - The neurological legacy of psychoanalysis: Freud as a neurologist.
AB  - The discipline of psychoanalysis was significantly influenced by Freud's
      experience in neuroanatomy and clinical neurology. Sigmund Freud began his
      medical career as a neuroanatomist and neurologist before he later established
      the theories and techniques of psychoanalysis. Freud made several significant
      contributions to research in neuroanatomy and clinical neurology that were
      overshadowed by his later accomplishments. As the "Father of Psychoanalysis,"
      Freud was, and his legacy always will be, that of a neurologist.

PMID- 2646066
TI  - Hospitalization of obsessive-compulsive patients: the "forgotten" factor in the
      behavior therapy literature.
AB  - The role of hospitalization in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients has
      been neglected to a great extent in the behavior therapy literature. For this
      reason existing therapeutic programs, as described and evaluated in the
      literature, are briefly reviewed with regard to the use of a hospital setting in
      the course of treatment. The advantages and limitations of both inpatient and
      outpatient treatment are discussed. Finally, a few guidelines are offered to
      decide which patients may require admission to an inpatient psychiatric setting.

PMID- 2646067
TI  - Holographic interferometry.
AB  - Since its inception three decades ago, holographic interferometry has proven to
      be a powerful nondestructive testing technique for the measurement of
      displacement and its derivatives. It is a whole-field, noncontact method which
      requires the use of a hologram to record three-dimensional information about the
      surface of an object. After a stress is applied to the object, its new surface
      geometry is compared with the previously recorded state. Changes of the surface
      of the object, which are manifest as a series of interference fringes
      superimposed on the image of the object, can be observed statically or in real
      time to reveal the displacement. Current state-of-the-art techniques such as
      heterodyne and digital phase shifting interferometry, which have extended the
      resolution of holographic interferometry far beyond fringe counting, are
      reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed upon applications in biomedical
      engineering and medicine, although potentially applicable techniques from other
      disciplines are examined. The paper is broken into two main parts. In the first
      part, the scope and potential limitations of this branch of metrology are
      presented. In the second part, a review of applications in biomedical engineering
      is presented. The references cited in the first section are the seminal papers in
      the field. The applications section, which relies upon the results of the first
      section, presents a critical review of the literature by analyzing the results of
      a few representative studies.

PMID- 2646068
TI  - Three-dimensional data visualization and biomedical applications.
AB  - Three-dimensional data visualization is an important tool in several medical,
      scientific, and engineering areas. Visualization methods are based on a primitive
      representational element: contour, surface, or volume. Methods often incorporate
      options to cut open, see around, or see through structures, and form images in
      multiple windows or with animation. To visualize and interpret two or three
      related 3D data sets, composite imaging methods are required. The appropriate
      method depends on the user needs, application area, and available hardware.
      Visualization of 3D medical data is described for cranium/face, musculoskeletal
      systems, spine, intracranial structures, cardiovascular system, and radiation
      therapy.

PMID- 2646069
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of inferior vena cava, right
      ventricle, and left ventricle during positive-pressure ventilation with varying
      levels of positive end-expiratory pressure.
AB  - The effects of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) with 0, 10, and
      15 cm H2O of PEEP on inferior vena cava (IVC), right and left ventricular length
      and septal-lateral dimensions, and cardiac output were examined in 19 patients
      with respiratory failure using two-dimensional echocardiography. In five
      patients, cardiac output was also obtained by the thermodilution technique. As
      PEEP was increased, IVC dimensions increased during both inspiration and
      expiration, and the IVC collapsibility index decreased. This indicated an
      increase in venous stasis and decrease in venous return to the right atrium.
      Increasing PEEP was associated with progressive decreases in cardiac output, and
      length and septal-lateral dimensions of both ventricles. The decreased cardiac
      output during IPPV with 10 and 15 cm H2O PEEP may be due to the decreased venous
      return and ventricular filling. Cardiac output determined by echocardiography was
      correlated closely to that by the thermodilution technique.

PMID- 2646070
TI  - Sodium nitroprusside and positive end-expiratory pressure are not detrimental in
      canine asymmetric pulmonary edema.
AB  - The effects of PEEP and subsequent augmentation of cardiac output by sodium
      nitroprusside (SNP) were examined in a canine model of asymmetric oleic acid
      injury to the right lung. PEEP (9.2 +/- 0.5 cm H2O) was added to six animals to
      decrease venous admixture (Qsp/Qt) from 50.6 +/- 4.4% to 16.0 +/- 1.3% (p less
      than .05). With PEEP, intrapulmonary blood flow distribution (assessed by
      radioactive microspheres) decreased significantly to nondependent lung regions
      while increasing to dependent regions. In six other animals, zero end-expiratory
      pressure (ZEEP) did not alter intrapulmonary blood flow distribution. SNP was
      then administered to increase cardiac output by 40% (to 2.60 +/- 0.21 L/min in
      the ZEEP group and to 1.75 +/- 0.27 L/min in the PEEP group). SNP produced no
      adverse effects on Qsp/Qt or intrapulmonary blood flow distribution.
      Specifically, SNP did not preferentially dilate pulmonary vessels injured by
      oleic acid with or without end-expiratory pressure. Thus, administration of a
      vasodilator drug in asymmetric pulmonary edema appears well tolerated.

PMID- 2646072
TI  - Cerebral function and preservation during cardiac arrest.
AB  - Neurologic impairment remains a serious consequence of cardiac arrest. While
      current investigations are difficult to compare due to their lack of
      standardization, our understanding of the pathophysiology of CNS ischemia has
      been greatly increased. Ion fluxes, especially K and Ca, may contribute to injury
      by initiating a cascade of events culminating in free fatty acid, prostaglandin,
      and free radical formation, with their related pathogenetic potential. Treatment
      measures currently consist of CPR (although disagreement exists as to which form
      of CPR), standard supportive measures, and attention to intracranial pressure
      control. There is some experimental evidence to support the use of calcium
      channel-blockers, phenytoin, prostaglandin inhibitors, and free-radical
      scavengers or inhibitors; however, no human trials have been performed. Steroids
      and barbiturates have been investigated in human trials and do not appear to be
      efficacious in ameliorating CNS injury after cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2646071
TI  - Instrumentation for estimating pulmonary function in patients on positive end
      expiratory pressure.
AB  - For patients requiring PEEP during ventilation, e.g., patients with respiratory
      distress syndrome, performing traditional tests of lung function is a complicated
      problem. The pulmonary mechanics of these patients can change rapidly with
      potential for a negative impact on oxygenation. In an effort to address these
      problems, we designed a system with a three-way valve that permits the patient to
      be switched from the ventilator to a data collection system for the assessment of
      changes in the disease state. The short periods required for data collection (20
      to 30 sec) do not interfere with patient care and are well within the limits of
      safety. A unique feature of the valved system is that it serves to maintain
      positive airway pressure during data collection. Tests show that, within the
      frequency range of interest, the mechanics of the measurement system are not
      altered by the DC pressures applied to the speaker and the valve itself does not
      contribute significantly to the serial impedance of the system.

PMID- 2646073
TI  - Diagnostic interventions in nuclear medicine.
AB  - Diagnostic interventions in nuclear medicine may be defined as the
      coadministration of a nonradioactive drug or application of a physical stimulus
      or physiologic maneuver to enhance the diagnostic utility of a nuclear medicine
      test. The rationale for each interventional maneuver follows from the physiology
      or metabolism of the particular organ or organ system under evaluation.
      Diagnostic inference is drawn from the pattern of change in the biodistribution
      of the tracer in response to the intervention-induced change in metabolism or
      function. In current practice, the most commonly performed interventional
      maneuvers are aimed at studies of the heart, genitourinary system, hepatobiliary
      system, and gastrointestinal tract. The single most commonly performed
      interventional study in the United States is the stress Thallium-201 myocardial
      perfusion scan aimed at the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The stress
      portion of the study is accomplished with dynamic leg exercise on a treadmill and
      is aimed at increasing myocardial oxygen demands. Areas of myocardium distal to
      hemodynamically significant lesions in the coronary arteries become ischemic at
      peak stress due to the inability of the stenotic vessel to respond to the oxygen
      demand/blood flow needs of the myocardium. Ischemic areas are readily recognized
      as photopenic defects on scans obtained immediately after exercise, with
      "normalization" upon delayed imaging. Diuresis renography is aimed at the
      differential diagnosis of hydroureteronephrosis. By challenging the urinary tract
      collecting structures with an augmented urine flow, dilated, unobstructed systems
      can be differentiated from systems with significant mechanical obstruction.
      Obstructed systems have a low ability to respond even after effective diuresis,
      resulting in a characteristic prolonged retention of the radiotracer.
      Hepatobiliary interventions are most commonly employed in the clinical setting of
      suspected acute cholecystitis. Administering a cholecystogogue before a
      hepatobiliary tracer promotes visualization of the gallbladder by causing it to
      go through a contraction/filling cycle in which the filling phase occurs during
      maximum exposure to the radionuclide. This maneuver can convert a false positive
      study that suggests the presence of acute cholecystitis to a true negative study.
      Other gastrointestinal interventions are aimed at enhancing the detection of
      gastroesophageal reflux and gastrointestinal bleeding. Many new interventions
      have been developed that are currently aimed at research problems rather than
      clinical problems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2646074
TI  - Electroventilation. New interest in an old idea.

PMID- 2646075
TI  - Pulmonary manifestations in Behcet's syndrome.
AB  - Among 72 patients with Behcet's syndrome, seven had pulmonary vascular
      involvement. Additional data from 42 cases in the literature are discussed.
      Recurrent episodes of dyspnea, cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis were the primary
      clinical signs, mainly in young men, appearing 3.6 years after the first
      manifestation of Behcet's syndrome. Fever, elevated ESR, and anemia were common,
      and chest x-ray films showed pulmonary infiltrates, pleural effusions, and
      prominent pulmonary arteries. Ventilation-perfusion scans showed perfusion
      defects even when chest x-ray films were normal. Pulmonary artery aneurysms were
      seen in 7/13 in whom angiography was done. Of 42 patients, 16 died, 15 from fatal
      pulmonary hemorrhage, 80 percent within two years from the development of
      pulmonary disease. Histopathologic study results showed vasculitis of pulmonary
      vessels of various sizes, leading to thrombosis, destruction of the elastic
      laminae, aneurysms, and arteriobronchial fistula. In addition, pulmonary emboli
      and the aphthous lesion of the tracheobronchial tree may aid the clinical
      picture. Anticoagulant therapy may be hazardous in patients with aneurysmal
      dilatation of the pulmonary vascular tree, and the beneficial effect of
      corticosteroid therapy is discussed. Pulmonary vasculitis in Behcet's syndrome is
      a unique clinical and pathologic picture, differing from other vasculitides
      affecting the lung, presents a major threat to the patient's life.

PMID- 2646076
TI  - Immunocytology in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Expression of tumor markers and
      distribution of lymphocyte subsets.
AB  - We studied the reactivity of malignant mesothelioma cells with tumor markers and
      the phenotypes of lymphocyte subsets in pleural effusions from 14 patients with
      malignant mesothelioma. For identification of cell surface antigens with
      monoclonal antibodies, the adhesive slide assay was used. The reaction pattern of
      mesothelioma cells was found to be CEA negative, Leu M1 negative, EMA positive,
      BMA-120 positive, My 4 positive, and BA-2 positive. The surface morphology of
      mesothelioma cells may be of additional help for diagnosis. By these markers, the
      distinction between mesotheliomas and carcinomas is facilitated. The
      differentiation of reactive benign mesothelial hyperplasia from malignant
      mesothelioma by surface marker staining is not yet possible, however. In many
      effusions in this study, a concomitant T-lymphocytosis was observed with a non
      specific increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio, as known for other pleural diseases.

PMID- 2646077
TI  - Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

PMID- 2646078
TI  - Life-sustaining treatment for patients with AIDS.
AB  - Physicians increasingly are being called upon to make difficult decisions about
      intensive care for patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
      AIDS patients who require intensive care have a poor prognosis; the in-hospital
      mortality rate of those receiving mechanical ventilation for P carinii pneumonia
      is 86-100 percent in most studies. However, in the past year, two studies
      documenting improved outcome have been published. Physicians should understand
      these outcome data and use well-established ethical principles to allow informed
      competent patients with AIDS to express their preferences regarding intensive
      care. Patients should be encouraged to provide advanced directives regarding life
      sustaining treatments or to designate surrogate decision-makers to be consulted
      should they lose mental competence. The health care system should provide
      alternatives to the ICU for compassionate terminal care. However, arbitrary
      policies denying intensive care to AIDS patients for whom it is medically
      indicated and desired are not warranted.

PMID- 2646079
TI  - Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR.

PMID- 2646080
TI  - Endurance exercise in the presence of heart disease.
AB  - Although patients with heart disease have successfully completed marathon runs,
      the immediate cardiac effects of similar and greater distance endurance exercise
      competition are unknown. Two such cases are presented, demonstrating that
      vigorous exercise and extreme levels of fitness are not precluded in the cardiac
      patient.

PMID- 2646081
TI  - Management of life-threatening bradycardia in spinal cord injury.
AB  - A 19-year-old man with SCI at C5 suffered recurrent life-threatening bradycardia
      and asystole. We detail his course, which included continual movement in a motion
      bed and propantheline-bromide (Pro-Banthine) therapy, over 3 1/2 months. Possible
      causes of bradycardia and autonomic dysfunction in this setting are discussed.

PMID- 2646082
TI  - [Technical modification of surgical therapy of esophageal perforation].

PMID- 2646083
TI  - Comparison of the Valtrac biofragmentable anastomosis ring with conventional
      suture and stapled anastomosis in colon surgery. Results of a prospective,
      randomized clinical trial.
AB  - In a randomized, prospective study of 438 patients, the safety and efficacy of
      the Valtrac biofragmentable anastomotic ring (BAR) was compared with stapling and
      with conventional suture techniques. There was no significant difference in the
      morbidity, mortality, and clinical course of the patients. The BAR can effect
      reestablishment of intestinal continuity somewhat more rapidly, but its major
      advantage is its uniform applicability to all areas of the intestinal tract,
      except the low rectum.

PMID- 2646084
TI  - The application of leukocyte adherence inhibition assay to patients with
      colorectal cancer. Comparison with serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen and
      sialic acid.
AB  - Antitumor immune response to colorectal cancer extracts was tested by leukocyte
      adherence inhibition (LAI) assay. Of 38 colorectal cancer patients, 26 (68.4
      percent) were LAI positive. The sensitivity of LAI assay was found to be
      inversely related to the stage of the disease. In contrast, 2 of 50 (4 percent)
      healthy individuals, 2 of 37 (5.4 percent) patients with nonmalignant
      gastrointestinal diseases, and 2 of 32 (6.3 percent) patients with malignancies
      other than colorectal cancer were LAI positive. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen
      (CEA) and serum sialic acid (SA) also were determined in 38 colorectal cancer
      patients. Using LAI assay in combination with CEA determination could improve the
      detection rate of colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2646085
TI  - The colon, anorectum, and spinal cord patient. A review of the functional
      alterations of the denervated hindgut.
AB  - As humans have become more mechanized, the number of persons sustaining spinal
      cord injuries resulting in quadriplegia or paraplegia has increased. Because
      colorectal function is modulated by a combination of neural, hormonal, and
      luminal influences, many of the normal regulatory mechanisms remain intact in
      patients with spinal cord injuries. Management of these patients, however,
      requires an understanding of altered function in the denervated hindgut. The
      foregut and midgut are innervated by parasympathetic fibers in the vagus and
      sympathetic fibers from the lower six thoracic vertebra. In contrast, the hindgut
      is innervated by parasympathetic fibers arising from the sacral plexus and
      sympathetic fibers from the lumbar spinal column. Consequently, in most spinal
      cord injuries, the foregut and midgut remain normally innervated whereas the
      hindgut looses input from cerebral and spinal cord sources. In high cord lesions
      this results in decreased colonic motility. In low cord injuries there is loss of
      inhibitory influences that normally down-regulate left colonic and rectosigmoid
      sphincter activity. This increased motility causes a loss of left colonic
      compliance and increases left colonic transit, thus leading to chronic
      constipation. At the same time in both high and low cord injuries, reflex
      activity of the anorectum is left unregulated by cerebral input. Once stimulated
      by distention, the rectum spontaneously evacuates its contents. Thus, fecal
      impaction and incontinence in these patients principally results from loss of
      inhibitory influences on rectosigmoid sphincter activity and on rectal reflex
      activity.

PMID- 2646086
TI  - Pancreatic cysts and pseudocysts associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - We reviewed 106 consecutive patients with cysts or pseudocysts of the pancreas
      associated with pancreatitis. A pancreatic fluid collection (PFC) was defined as
      a limited collection containing pancreatic juice either pure or with pus or
      blood. Seventy-seven patients presented with chronic pancreatitis (CP) and 29
      patients presented with acute pancreatitis (AP). CP-associated PFC was observed
      in young alcoholic men (mean age 40.8 years) on a high fat, protein, and
      carbohydrate diet. None of this group had gallstones. In this population, PFC was
      located in the head of the pancreas in 68% of the cases, was partly
      extrapancreatic in 22% of the cases, and resolved spontaneously in 9%. AP
      associated PFC was as frequent in nonalcoholic men as in nonalcoholic women and
      presented with gallstones in 48%. They developed later (mean age 53.0 years),
      resolved spontaneously in 20%, and were located in the body or tail of the gland
      in 69%. CP-PFC may be designated retention cysts or retention pseudocysts
      (extrapancreatic); AP-PFC may be designated necrotic pseudocysts.

PMID- 2646087
TI  - Effect of ranitidine on gastroduodenal mucosal damage induced by nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs.
AB  - The effect of ranitidine in preventing mucosal damage caused by nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was evaluated for eight weeks in a prospective
      study of 144 patients requiring NSAIDs. Patients with normal endoscopic findings
      were randomly assigned to receive either ranitidine 150 mg twice daily or placebo
      for eight weeks, along with either ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, sulindac,
      or piroxicam. Duodenal damage was significantly less in the ranitidine group
      compared with the placebo group by weeks 4 and 8 (P less than or equal to 0.01).
      Duodenal ulcers did not develop in any patients on ranitidine (0/57) compared
      with 4/49 patients (8%) on placebo (P = 0.02). No significant difference was
      found between treatment groups with respect to gastric damage; 6/60 (10%) in the
      ranitidine group compared with 6/50 (12%) in the placebo group developed gastric
      ulcers. These findings suggest that acid suppression is of greater importance for
      mucosal protection in the duodenum than in the stomach, where other defense
      mechanisms may be operative. While ranitidine is an effective prophylaxis for
      NSAID-induced damage in the duodenum, further studies are needed to define
      specific risk groups and to assess the potential usefulness of more complete acid
      suppression in preventing gastric mucosal damage.

PMID- 2646088
TI  - L-364,718, a new CCK antagonist, inhibits postprandial pancreatic secretion and
      PP release in dogs.
AB  - The effects of L-364,718, a new CCK receptor antagonist, on food-stimulated
      exocrine pancreatic secretion and plasma levels of PP, insulin, CCK, and gastrin
      were examined in four conscious dogs with pancreatic fistulas. Intravenous
      injections of L-364,718 (20 nmol/kg) significantly inhibited pancreatic protein
      and enzyme responses by food (33% inhibition) but not juice volume output. Both
      rapid and secondary prolonged postprandial rises of plasma PP were also
      significantly suppressed by L-364,718 (50% inhibition); however, plasma levels of
      insulin were not altered. Postprandial levels of gastrin were not affected by L
      364,718 administration, whereas 3-hr integrated CCK response was significantly
      enhanced by L-364,718. This study indicates that L-364,718 inhibits pancreatic
      protein and enzyme secretion and the release of pancreatic polypeptide stimulated
      by food in conscious dogs. This inhibition might be due to the selective blockage
      of receptor binding of circulating CCK molecules. The results suggest that L
      364,718 may be useful for the physiological and pathophysiological studies
      associated with CCK.

PMID- 2646089
TI  - Chlordiazepoxide vs. methadone in opiate withdrawal: a preliminary double blind
      trial.
AB  - A double blind trial of chlordiazepoxide vs. methadone in the management of the
      opiate withdrawal syndrome was conducted in a group of 24 regular heroin takers.
      Subjective and objective measures including physiological parameters were
      recorded to compare the severity of opiate withdrawal between the two groups. No
      significant difference was found in terms of subjective withdrawal distress
      between the two treatment conditions, although there was a tendency to a return
      of withdrawal symptoms in the methadone group towards the end of treatment. A
      nurse rating scale demonstrated a significantly higher level of withdrawal signs
      in the chlordiazepoxide group on day 3. Physiological measures suggested that
      neither group experienced a severe withdrawal illness. A similar number in each
      group (37%) became completely drug free.

PMID- 2646091
TI  - [Diagnosis of the descending perineum syndrome].

PMID- 2646090
TI  - [Thyroid gland volumes and the incidence of focal changes in euthyroid men and
      women in various age groups].
AB  - Thyroid size and the prevalence of focal changes were determined by ultrasound on
      450 euthyroid men and women living in Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein). The results were
      grouped into three age ranges (20-35, 36-50 and 51-85). Volumes were calculated
      from length x width x thickness x correction factor and expressed in ml. Thyroid
      volume was increased in 24.7%. Men had significantly larger volumes than women;
      in both sexes the right lobe was significantly larger than the left one. Focal
      changes (cysts, nodules, calcifications) were recorded in 21%, with a peak among
      women in the 36-50 year age group. This latter increase was due to a high
      incidence of cystic changes. Cysts were noted in 11%, nodules in 10% of the
      entire sample. A statistically significant increase in the number of nodules was
      noted for both sexes in the 51-85 age groups. Calcifications were recorded in 2%
      of cases, with about equal rates among men and women.

PMID- 2646092
TI  - [Therapy of the descending perineum syndrome].

PMID- 2646093
TI  - [Occupationally induced bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2646094
TI  - [Tumor necrosis factor].

PMID- 2646095
TI  - [Therapy of nephrotic syndrome in childhood].

PMID- 2646096
TI  - [Hemodilution in cerebral ischemia. Farewell to a common treatment concept].

PMID- 2646097
TI  - [The significance of ketonuria in lactating cows].
AB  - In two large sized farms in Hungary and in several small and medium farms in
      Bavaria the authors studied the development of ketonuria in cows after calving.
      In two flocks without problems 30 percent of the cows developed ketonuria,
      whereas the rate was 56 percent in one problematic flock. Milk yield of the cows
      observed was above 5000 kg per year, their age differing only slightly. Cows with
      ketonuria revealed an increased enzyme activity of AST and a decreased plasma
      glucose concentration in comparison to the ketone-free animals. Also, the
      ketonuria cows showed higher amounts of free fatty acids in plasma and lower
      amounts of total cholesterol. Additionally, these animals more often revealed
      reproductive disorders. The rate of culling and emergency slaughter was also
      increased, whereas their pregnancy rate was decreased.

PMID- 2646098
TI  - [Therapeutic use of enilconazole in broiler chicks with aspergillosis].
AB  - The course of a spontaneous outbreak of aspergillosis in a broiler flock was
      studied. Up to the 10th day of life the total mortality was 8%. Surviving broiler
      had an average body weight of 141 g on the 7th day of life, in contrast to the
      normal body weight of 150 g per bird. Aspergillosis was diagnosed in another
      three broiler flocks as well in an early stage of infection. Treatment with
      Enilconazole (Clinafarm Spray, Janssen, Neuss) in these flocks at a single time
      via spray in a dosage of 1.5 g enilconazole per 10 m2 housing ground obviously
      reduced mortality from the second day on after treatment. The average body weight
      of 7-day-old broiler was in a normal range. The success of the treatment depends
      on an early diagnosis and immediate start of the therapy. The source of infection
      (hatchery, transport, litter etc.) should be discovered and eliminated to prevent
      flocks from further infections.

PMID- 2646099
TI  - [Performance testing of mules and Haflinger horses used as pack animals].
AB  - During 20 weeks blood constituents in peripheral blood (Erythrocyte count, Packed
      cell volume, Hemoglobin, Sedimentation rate, activities of Aspartate
      aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Creatine phosphokinase, Lactate
      dehydrogenase, Lactate dehydrogenase-1-isoenzyme, Glucose, Lactate, Total
      bilirubin), pulse and respiration rate were determined at rest and after
      exercise. Significant increase of blood values after exercise could be noted in
      relation to the intensity of exercise and the performance of the animals. The
      well trained horses had an increase of their performance according the tendency
      of the blood values, some horses had a high activity of enzymes as a result of
      muscle cell damage. Differences between Mules and Haflinger horses according
      their performances could be noted.

PMID- 2646100
TI  - [Ethically chosen studies with early-weaned piglets during their raising in pens
      with different applications of straw. 1. The effects of different applications of
      straw and different floor conditions in areas of uniform size].
AB  - In extension of earlier experiments in housing systems with perforated floors,
      utilization rates of solid floor with litter, straw in a rack and deep litter, as
      well as the behaviour and physical condition, especially of claws, were
      investigated. Each pen had an area of 0.45 m2/piglet. In further experiments the
      influences of race (DL instead of DL x Pietrain), kind of rearing (without straw
      instead of rearing with straw), lowering temperature and the effect of a
      preferred perforated floor in comparison with solid floor were investigated. Deep
      litter was preferred for activity and lying behaviour only in the case of low
      temperature (14-18 degrees C) whereas solid floor with litter was preferred in
      the case of higher temperature (19-25 degrees C). The perforated floor was
      equivalent to solid floor on the condition that the area dimension was
      sufficient, temperature 3 degrees C higher than in the other experiments and
      straw in a rack was offered. However, the utilization rates of solid floor
      increased in the case of lowering temperature by 4 degrees C. There was no
      significant influences of the different race or kind of rearing. In the
      experiments there were significant signs of a more harmonious condition of the
      animals and a shorter, respectively no period where the animals had to adapt to
      the housing conditions. These findings were in contrast to those of earlier
      investigations. The possibility of acting with straw led to an undisturbed
      circadian rhythm and to a higher rate of standing within the total activity which
      was as high as in earlier studies. Further social companions and environmental
      objects lost attractiveness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646101
TI  - [Methotrexate in the management of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2646102
TI  - [Liposomes: basic studies in clinical therapeutics].

PMID- 2646103
TI  - [Prognosis of breast tumors by DNA flow cytometric analysis].

PMID- 2646104
TI  - [Confirmation of bacteremia from automated blood culture systems].

PMID- 2646105
TI  - [Treatment of fungal infections of the skin].

PMID- 2646106
TI  - [How can neck, shoulder and upper arm problems be reduced in the workplace?].

PMID- 2646107
TI  - [Range of motion in load-bearing knee injuries].

PMID- 2646108
TI  - [Conservative management of shoulder joint diseases].

PMID- 2646109
TI  - [Physical fitness during the physical therapy of arthritis patients].

PMID- 2646110
TI  - [The physiatrics of stroke rehabilitation].

PMID- 2646111
TI  - [Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries].

PMID- 2646112
TI  - [The effect of immobilization on muscles].

PMID- 2646113
TI  - [Movement in the rehabilitation of axial and locomotor trauma].

PMID- 2646114
TI  - [The effectiveness of research on the treatment of refractory axial and locomotor
      disorders].

PMID- 2646115
TI  - [Why a special issue on physiatrics?].

PMID- 2646116
TI  - [The evaluation of axial and locomotor function in clinical dis- ability].

PMID- 2646117
TI  - Plasmid DNA analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis on an epidemic-associated
      strain of trimethoprim resistant Shiga's bacillus from Gimira Wereda (Keffa
      administrative region, southwest Ethiopia).
AB  - A combination of genetic mating experiments and plasmid DNA analysis by gel
      electrophoresis was carried out on an epidemic-associated Shiga's bacillus with
      resistance type ACSSuTTp, isolated in 1983 from Gimira Wereda, Keffa
      Administrative Region, South West Ethiopia. The donor strain contained 9 plasmid
      species. Their sizes in megadaltons (Mdal) were: 120, 40, 35, 12.5, 6.0, 5.1,
      4.3, 2.5 and 1.7. Analysis of Escherichia coli K12 transconjugants revealed that
      the 40, 35, and 4.3 Mdal plasmids coded for tetracyline-trimethoprim, ampicillin 
      chloramphenicol and streptomycin-sulphadiazine resistance respectively.

PMID- 2646118
TI  - Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinaemia in an Ethiopian: case
      report and literature review.
AB  - A thirty year-old man with angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD) is
      presented. This is the first case recorded from Ethiopia, and few have been
      reported elsewhere in Africa. The patient presented with generalized
      lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, pruritus, skin rashes, anaemia, hepatomegaly
      and pulmonary infiltrates. Lymph node histology was typical of AILD. The
      available literature on this relatively new pathologic entity reveals that little
      is known about the nature of AILD, and since there is no established therapy, an
      individualized approach to management is advisable.

PMID- 2646119
TI  - A high-resolution 1H-NMR study of human transforming growth factor alpha.
      Structure and pH-dependent conformational interconversion.
AB  - The 500-MHz and 600-MHz 1H-NMR spectra of recombinant human transforming growth
      factor alpha have been recorded at pH values of 3.8, 6.5 and 9.4. Analysis of
      various two-dimensional spectra has enabled sequence-specific assignments to be
      made and the secondary structure to be identified. Information on the tertiary
      fold has also been obtained from observed nuclear Overhauser effects and
      titration of histidine residues. The overall fold of the protein is very similar
      to that of epidermal growth factor, as might be expected from the sequence
      similarity. However, the structure of transforming growth factor alpha at pH 3.8
      is found to show interesting differences from those at the two higher pHs and
      from that of epidermal growth factor.

PMID- 2646120
TI  - Isolation of a galactose-free 20-kDa fragment exhibiting butyrylcholine esterase
      and aryl acylamidase activity from human serum butyrylcholine esterase by limited
      alpha-chymotrypsin digestion.
AB  - Purified human serum butyrylcholine esterase (approximately 90-kDa subunit),
      which also exhibits aryl acylamidase activity, was subjected to limited alpha
      chymotrypsin digestion. Three major protein fragments of approximately 50 kDa,
      approximately 21 kDa and approximately 20 kDa were found to be produced, as
      observed by SDS-gel electrophoresis of the chymotryptic digest. The purified
      butyrylcholine esterase could fully bind to a Ricinus-communis-agglutinin
      Sepharose column but after chymotryptic digestion about 15-20% of the enzyme
      activity remained unbound and was recovered in the run-through fractions.
      Sephadex G-75 chromatography of the chymotryptic digest showed an enzymatically
      active fragment eluted at an approximate molecular mass of 20 kDa, apart from the
      undigested butyrylcholine esterase eluted at the void volume. The butyrylcholine
      esterase fragment that did not bind to Ricinus communis agglutinin also was
      eluted at an approximate molecular mass of 20 kDa from a Sephadex G-75 column.
      This enzymatically active low-molecular-mass fragment from Sephadex G-75
      chromatography showed a single protein band of approximately 20 kDa on SDS-gel
      electrophoresis. Neutral sugar analysis of the approximately 20 kDa fragment
      showed the presence of mannose only, whereas the undigested butyrylcholine
      esterase showed the presence of both mannose and galactose. Amino-terminal
      sequence analysis of the approximately 20 kDa fragment showed the sequence Arg
      Val-Gly-Ala-Leu, which agrees with amino acid residues 147-151 reported for human
      serum butyrylcholine esterase [Lockridge et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 549
      557]. Both cholinesterase and aryl acylamidase activities were co-eluted in all
      chromatographic procedures. The results suggested that limited alpha-chymotrypsin
      digestion of human serum butyrylcholine esterase resulted in the formation of a
      approximately 20-kDa enzymatically active fragment with Arg147 as its N-terminal
      residue and which was devoid of galactose.

PMID- 2646121
TI  - Comparative X-ray and Fourier-transform-infrared investigations of conformational
      properties of bacterial and synthetic lipid A of Escherichia coli and Salmonella
      minnesota as well as partial structures and analogues thereof.
AB  - By using the X-ray and infrared spectroscopic characteristics of various
      synthetic analogues and partial structures of lipid A in the dried state, a
      comparison of these compounds with their natural counterparts was undertaken. As
      judged by their X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic features, the
      compounds tested could be divided into two main groups. The first group covered
      those samples synthesized in accordance with a previously assumed structure,
      while those synthesized in accordance with present knowledge on the lipid-A
      primary structure formed the second group. Members of the first group were
      characterized by a liquid-like, alpha-type arrangement of their fatty acyl chains
      in a non-lamellar supramolecular structure, while all members of the second group
      formed bilayered phases with a much more ordered, beta-type conformation of their
      fatty acyl chains. Synthetic Escherichia coli-type lipid A (compound 506), proved
      to be essentially identical to its natural counterpart with respect to those
      conformational properties accessible by our methods. The synthetic hepta-acyl
      species of Salmonella minnesota lipid A (compound 516) revealed an unexpected
      conformational behaviour, whereby a fatty-acyl-chain packing could be detected
      which was different from the hexagonal arrangement found for all other compounds
      of the second group.

PMID- 2646122
TI  - 99mTc-DTPA clearance measured by a dual head gamma camera in healthy subjects and
      patients with sarcoidosis. Studies of reproducibility and relation to
      bronchoalveolar lavage findings.
AB  - 99mTc-DTPA clearance was studied in ten healthy non smokers, five asymptomatic
      smokers and nine non smoking patients with sarcoidosis in the supine position
      with a dual head gamma camera allowing simultaneous information of regional
      clearance rates in frontal and dorsal projections. In the patients with
      sarcoidosis, a bronchoalveolar lavage was performed prior to the clearance study.
      DTPA clearance rate was measured during 60-90 min and data were corrected for
      recirculating radioactivity. The coefficients of variation for measurements on 2
      consecutive days in the 10 healthy non smokers were 9%-11% for the right and left
      lung, anterior and posterior projections. The T1/2 calculated from total lung
      projections were 90-92 min for the anterior view and 84-85 min for the posterior
      view. Regional measurements did not add further information. No apico-basal
      difference was found but there was a significant fronto-dorsal gradient in 99mTc
      DTPA clearance in the supine position. Smokers had significantly (P less than
      0.01) faster clearance rates (T1/2 28 +/- 10 min) than healthy controls. In the
      sarcoidosis group clearance rates were increased in four patients and no
      relationships were found between DTPA clearance rates and inflammatory markers
      (lymphocytes, albumin, ACE) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

PMID- 2646123
TI  - Density analysis of scintigram with flow dynamics at bolus radionuclide
      venography: count correction with velocity.
AB  - The authors analyse the difference in the density of dynamic scintigrams produced
      in radionuclide venography. The difference in density is always connected with
      the velocity of the radionuclide flow. The lost activity is found after
      multiplying the count difference calculated from the time activity curve by
      velocity. The importance of the investigation is that the capacity of different
      venous channels can be determined in radionuclide venography by this method of
      calculation.

PMID- 2646124
TI  - Parametric imaging in cerebral radionuclide angiography (RNA) by planar imaging
      improving presentation and objectivation of cerebral blood flow.
AB  - Methods of parametric imaging of radionuclide angiography using parameters like
      appearance time, peak time, transit time, height of peak, arterial slope and area
      of inflow were developed and evaluated regarding their diagnostic meaning in 111
      patients suffering from TIA or PRIND and in 30 normal persons. The meaning of
      these single parameters could shown depended on the specificity of the diagnostic
      question. Local cerebral blood flow can be estimated most favourably by
      parametric images of area of inflow whereas transit time is most promising as a
      diagnostic tool for evaluation of total cerebral blood flow classified with
      reference to severity of the perfusion disturbance. Appearance time is suited
      very well to estimation of collateral perfusion. Blood flow in great cerebral
      arteries could be seen well by non parametric imaging of radioactivity inflow in
      the brain supplying arterial vessels in the cranial floor. Applying a combination
      of the parametric images, the sensitivity for detection of disturbances of
      cerebral blood flow amounts to 0.91. A specificity of 0.88 and accuracy of 0.90
      were found. The described combination of evaluation of RNA using various
      parameters is considered a well suited method for detection of disturbances in
      local and total cerebral blood flow by means of planar imaging.

PMID- 2646126
TI  - Serial ultrasonic examination to differentiate biliary atresia from neonatal
      hepatitis--special reference to changes in size of the gallbladder.
AB  - We performed serial ultrasonic examinations to differentiate biliary atresia from
      neonatal hepatitis. The subjects studied were 144 children (100 normal neonates
      and infants, 31 patients with neonatal hepatitis and 13 patients with biliary
      atresia). They were examined by ultrasound before, during and after feeding. In
      97 out of 100 normal children and all patients with neonatal hepatitis, the
      gallbladder was identified, and the change in size following oral feeding was
      observed. In four children with severe neonatal hepatitis which could not be
      differentiated from biliary atresia by clinical and laboratory data, we readily
      identified the gallbladder and observed the change in the size following oral
      feeding. In 8 of 13 patients with biliary atresia, we identified a small
      gallbladder whose size was not affected by oral feeding. In the other patients
      the gallbladder was not identified before, during or after oral feeding. On the
      basis of these results, we consider that serial ultrasonic examination with oral
      feeding aids in a differential diagnosis of biliary atresia and neonatal
      hepatitis.

PMID- 2646125
TI  - Acute myelogenous leukaemia in children.
AB  - Acute myelogenous leukaemia in childhood is considerably more resistant to
      chemotherapy than the acute lymphocytic leukaemias. Recently, more aggressive
      therapy has improved the outlook for children with this difficult form of
      leukaemia. Long-term disease-free survival of children achieving remission has
      been reported to be more than 40% in some studies. This paper reviews both the
      present concept of leukaemogenesis as well as some of the more recent therapeutic
      studies on childhood AML.

PMID- 2646127
TI  - Transient stenoses and occlusions of main cerebral arteries in children-
      diagnosis and control of therapy by transcranial Doppler sonography.
AB  - Flow disturbances in main cerebral arteries may cause severe neurological
      symptoms. Using transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) the blood flow velocities
      in the basal cerebral arteries (BCA) can be recorded at any age. Transient
      stenoses or occlusions of main cerebral arteries were detected in 11 children by
      this method and confirmed by other techniques. Vasospasm produced a marked
      increase in flow velocities in the affected arteries which was reduced by
      nimodipine, the calcium channel blocker. Vasospasm also occurred in severe
      bacterial meningitis. In acute hemiplegia due to cerebral arterial obstruction no
      flow velocities could be recorded at the corresponding site. If distal branches
      were obstructed reduced flow velocities were found proximally. Increased flow
      velocities or reversed flow in anastomoses indicated the collateralization. The
      transient nature of the occlusions was shown by repeated recordings. TCD is a
      reliable, noninvasive and rapidly available technique for diagnosing or excluding
      transient flow disturbances in the main cerebral arteries as the cause of
      neurological symptoms in children. It indicates the necessity and most
      advantageous stage for therapy.

PMID- 2646128
TI  - Ultrasound measurement of the subarachnoid space in infants.
AB  - An original non-invasive method for easy and reproducible measurement of the
      subarachnoid space width in infants is described. Preliminary results of normal
      values during the neonatal period are presented as well as of the validity of the
      ultrasound method for abnormal values obtained by available computed tomography
      scanning.

PMID- 2646129
TI  - On-off phenomenon in a child with tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency due to 6
      pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency (BH4 deficiency).
AB  - Marked fluctuations in mobility, known as the on-off phenomenon, frequently
      emerge during the course of chronic treatment with levodopa in patients with
      Parkinson's disease. Similar fluctuations in mobility and mental status have been
      observed in a 10-year-old Japanese girl with tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency (BH4
      deficiency) while receiving neurotransmitter and biopterin supplement. In order
      to define the underlying mechanisms for the phenomenon in our patient, we studied
      the temporal relationship between plasma levodopa levels and clinical status
      during oral (2.0 mg/kg per day) and continuous intravenous (2.0 mg/kg per 12 h)
      administration of the drug. Following each oral levodopa dose, the plasma
      concentration of levodopa peaked at 60-90 ng/ml within 60 min and fell to 5-15
      ng/ml within 2 h. The clinical state of the patient varied acutely in parallel
      with the plasma levodopa concentrations. The clinical swings completely
      disappeared when the plasma levodopa concentrations were stabilized between 120
      150 ng/ml by continuous infusion. Paradoxically, on awakening from sleep, she was
      invariably ambulatory despite very low plasma levodopa levels (less than 10
      ng/ml). These observations indicate that the on-off phenomenon in our patient
      reflect the fluctuations of plasma levodopa levels as demonstrated in Parkinson's
      disease, but there may be substantial differences in levodopa transport across
      the blood-brain barrier and/or striatal dopamine-receptor interaction between
      Parkinson's disease and BH4 deficiency.

PMID- 2646130
TI  - Subependymal pseudocysts in the neonate.
AB  - Serial ultrasound examinations were performed through the anterior fontanelle to
      detect and follow subependymal pseudocysts (SP) in 19 neonates without severe
      malformations. A high-resolution real-time sector scanner was employed. In 8
      cases the SP involved both lateral ventricles, in 11 cases they were unilateral
      and in 7 neonates they were associated with other cerebral abnormalities. Follow
      up showed that in 13 cases the SP had disappeared by 9 months. No neuro
      developmental abnormalities have so far been observed in the 11 children with
      isolated SP at birth, while in 5 of the 7 cases with associated cerebral
      abnormalities neurodevelopmental sequelae developed.

PMID- 2646131
TI  - Combined therapy of enuresis alarm and desmopressin in the treatment of nocturnal
      enuresis.
AB  - Twenty-eight children with primary nocturnal enuresis were blindly allocated at
      random to a combination of enuresis alarm and 20 micrograms intranasal
      desmopressin or alarm and placebo for 2 weeks. Patients received the other
      therapy after a 2-week treatment-free period. The combined treatment of
      desmopressin and alarm showed 5.1 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- SEM) dry nights per week and
      resulted in significantly more dry nights per week during the 2 weeks of
      observation than placebo and alarm (4.1 +/- 0.4, P less than 0.05).

PMID- 2646132
TI  - The mutagenic and carcinogenic properties of three second generation antitumour
      platinum compounds: a comparison with cisplatin.
AB  - The cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and transforming potentials of three second
      generation platinum compounds have been investigated in mammalian cells. All the
      compounds showed positive response in two assay systems in Chinese hamster V 79
      cells, i.e. measurement of mutation induction at the HGPRT locus and of DNA
      damage as indicated by sister chromatid exchange frequencies. At equitoxic doses,
      the compounds in order of decreasing mutagenicities were cisplatin, spiroplatin,
      carboplatin and iproplatin. The BHK transformation assay reflected a similar
      order in the potential carcinogenicity of the drugs. Cisplatin was highly
      carcinogenic, followed by spiroplatin. In comparison, carboplatin and iproplatin
      were potentially weak carcinogens.

PMID- 2646133
TI  - Current status of chemotherapy for gastric cancer.
AB  - High response rates to combination chemotherapy reported by the end of the
      seventies led many oncologists to recommend standard treatment for gastric
      cancer. In randomized trials conducted by different groups, the response rate
      with fluorouracil (F), adriamycin (A), mitomycin C (M) ranged between 17 and 39%
      and was advocated for adjuvant treatment. However, further studies indicate that
      combination chemotherapy has no beneficial effect on survival compared with 5-FU
      alone. Several studies assessing the FAM regimen versus control in the adjuvant
      setting show, so far, no difference between the treatment arms. Other agents and
      combinations have recently been investigated. Cisplatin (P) is active in gastric
      cancer. In six studies using a combination with FA (FAP), the response rate
      ranged between 29 and 55% with a median survival of 4-12 months. Other
      combinations using P with F or etoposide and A have also been promising.
      Recently, the EORTC Gastrointestinal Group, using a combination of sequence of
      high dose methotrexate and F with A (FAMTX) reported 22 positive responses out of
      66 eligible patients, including nine complete responders. These new treatments
      are currently being tested by different groups in a randomized trial. For the
      time being, apart from 5-FU alone, chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer should
      not be administered on a routine basis outside clinical trials.

PMID- 2646134
TI  - Isolation of rat IgM to IgG hybridoma isotype switch variants and analysis of the
      efficiency of rat Ig in complement activation.
AB  - Sequential sublining was used in combination with enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assays to isolate mu----gamma isotype switch variants of the rat IgM secreting
      mouse-rat B cell hybridoma line BA1.8. Switch variants to all four subclasses of
      IgG were obtained. The variant antibodies retained the antigen specificity of the
      parental IgM for the O18 (lipopolysaccharide) antigen of Escherichia coli. In
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels the apparent molecular mass of the
      gamma heavy chains decreased in the order gamma 2b greater than gamma 1 greater
      than gamma 2c greater than gamma 2a. IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG2c of the
      BA1.8 variant family and IgG2b, IgE and IgA of the previously described BA1.2
      family were used for a comparative analysis of the capacity of rat Ig to activate
      complement. Efficient lysis of sheep erythrocytes coated with the O18 antigen was
      observed with IgM and all IgG subclasses, but no lysis was triggered by IgE or
      IgA. One hundred to 1000 IgG molecules were required to mediate the same
      hemolytic activity as one IgM molecule. The four IgG subclasses were equally
      efficient at mediating lysis by rat or human complement, while IgG2a was less
      efficient with guinea pig complement than the other three IgG subclasses.
      Antibody-triggered binding of C3 to pathogenic O18:K1 E. coli bacteria was
      measured using serum containing 125I-labeled C3. K1-encapsulated strains did not
      fix C3 efficiently in the absence of specific antibodies while acapsular mutants
      fixed C3 via the alternative pathway. IgM and all IgG subclasses triggered C3
      binding to the K1 encapsulated bacteria. The capacity of IgM to mediate C3
      fixation was not greater than that observed with IgG.

PMID- 2646135
TI  - Simultaneous production of interleukin 6, interferon-beta and colony-stimulating
      activity by fibroblasts after viral and bacterial infection.
AB  - Different viruses were compared with the double-stranded RNA poly(rI).poly(rC)
      and interleukin (IL) 1 for their IL 6-inducing potential in several human and
      animal cell types. The laboratory viruses Sendai, Mengo and Newcastle disease
      virus were found to dose dependently stimulate IL 6 production in diploid
      fibroblasts. A similar effect was obtained with the human pathogens, measles and
      rubella virus. Concomitantly with IL 6, two other cytokine activities, i.e.,
      interferon-beta and colony-stimulating activity for granulocytes and monocytes,
      were induced. In addition, these three activities were also produced by
      fibroblasts in response to Escherichia coli, whereas lipopolysaccharide was only
      marginally active. The specificity of the induction phenomenon was confirmed by
      the lack of IL 6 induction with inactivated infectious agents and by the complete
      neutralization of produced IL 6 by specific antibodies. This study indicates that
      the coordinate production of hemopoietic growth factors and interferon,
      originating from cells that do not classically belong to the immune system, can
      influence the local and systemic reactions observed during host defence against
      various infectious agents.

PMID- 2646137
TI  - Rat endothelin is a vasodilator in the isolated perfused mesentery of the rat.

PMID- 2646136
TI  - Effects of endothelin on regional hemodynamics in conscious rats.
AB  - Endothelin is a potent vasoactive peptide in anesthetized rats and isolated
      vascular smooth muscle. This study was performed to describe the hemodynamic
      effects of endothelin in conscious, freely moving rats. Endothelin (0.067-2
      nmol/kg i.v.) produced long-lasting, dose-dependent increases in arterial
      pressure, mesenteric and, to a lesser degree, hindquarters vascular resistances
      and decreases in heart rate. We suggest that endothelin may play an important
      role in regulation of arterial pressure by modulating peripheral vasomotor tone.

PMID- 2646138
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to chick crystallins.
AB  - Several monoclonal antibodies against chick crystallins were obtained. Immunoblot
      analysis indicated that the monoclonal antibodies distinguish not only the three
      classes of crystallin (alpha, beta and delta), but also their subclasses.
      Monoclonal antibodies alpha 2 and alpha 1 reacted exclusively with alpha A and
      alpha B, respectively, demonstrating that alpha-crystallin subclasses of the
      chicken are antigenically distinct. An immunohistological study utilizing these
      monoclonal antibodies showed that the two alpha-crystallin subclasses, alpha A
      and alpha B, are co-expressed in the same cells and are more concentrated in the
      epithelium than the fibers in 14-day-old chick embryo lenses. However,
      immunofluorescence suggested different distribution of alpha-crystallin
      subclasses within an epithelial cell. alpha A is distributed evenly in the
      cytoplasm, but alpha B is more concentrated in the fiber-proximal side. Using
      anti-beta monoclonal antibodies, it was shown that beta-crystallins are divided
      into three distinct subclasses according to their antigenicity: 27-kDa and 25-kDa
      beta-crystallins are recognized by beta 1 antibody, 26-kDa and 19-kDa beta
      crystallins by beta 2 antibody, and 35-kDa beta-crystallins by beta 3 antibody.
      All of the anti-delta-crystallin monoclonal antibodies (delta 1 to delta 3)
      obtained here bound to all delta-crystallin molecular species separable by
      isoelectrofocusing.

PMID- 2646139
TI  - Single injections of triazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, lengthen the
      period of the circadian activity rhythm in golden hamsters.
AB  - Single injections of the benzodiazepine, triazolam, induce phase shifts and cause
      a lengthening of the circadian activity rhythm in the golden hamster. The effect
      of triazolam on period depends on the phase of injection, but is not dependent on
      the direction of the phase shifts. Triazolam injections caused increases in
      period that were associated with phase advances as well as phase delays in the
      activity rhythm. This relationship between triazolam-induced phase shifts and
      changes in period is different from the relationship between light-induced phase
      shifts and period changes.

PMID- 2646140
TI  - An improved immunohistostaining procedure for peptides in human brain.
AB  - Floating sections from human brains immersed for more than forty years in
      formalin, or from brains freshly fixed for a short time are treated by KMnO4
      Pal's modified solutions to suppress the endogenous peroxidase activity before
      using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method (PAP), or to remove the
      autofluorescence of lipofuscin, which is very intense in brains from old
      patients, before using the immunofluorescence method. Following this, immersion
      of sections in NaOH and H2O2 allows for the demasking of antigenic sites. These
      treatments enhance the immunolabelling considerably, with results comparable to
      those obtained with freshly fixed tissues, and facilitate the discrimination
      between specifically and unspecifically stained structures.

PMID- 2646141
TI  - Inhibition of interleukin-1 beta release from cultured human peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells by prednisolone.
AB  - Prednisolone, a water-soluble glucocorticoid hormone, suppressed the secretion of
      interleukin-1 beta from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in culture. The
      prednisolone-induced suppression of the monokine release was dose-related and the
      half maximal response was observed at 0.1 nM.

PMID- 2646142
TI  - Atherosclerosis research in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).
AB  - This is a review of the utilization of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
      in atherosclerosis research. Naturally occurring and experimentally induced
      atherosclerosis progression and regression studies are described. This species
      has been utilized as an animal model to study the effects of immunologic injury,
      aging, exercise, and drug intervention on atherosclerotic lesions. Cynomolgus
      macaque atherosclerosis induced by feeding cholesterol is a good model of human
      atherosclerosis because of similar gender-related differences in susceptibility
      to coronary artery atherosclerosis, a relatively high incidence of myocardial
      infarction, and characterized psychosocial factors that influence the development
      of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2646143
TI  - Stimulation of autophagic protein degradation by nutrient deprivation in a
      differentiated murine teratocarcinoma (F9 12-1a) cell line.
AB  - We have evaluated the participation of the lysosomal degradation pathway in the
      increased protein degradation induced by nutrient deprivation in transformed
      cells. To this end we used a clone, 12-1a, derived from a murine teratocarcinoma
      cell line (F9 12-1) induced to differentiate by culture in retinoic acid. Culture
      of 12-1a cells, prelabeled with L-[U-14C]valine, in nutrient-deprived medium
      (Hanks' balanced salt solution plus Ca++) stimulated the protein degradation rate
      from 0.9% hr to 1.4% hr. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that during nutrient
      deprivation, the volume density of lysosomes increased 3-fold; the numerical
      density of lysosomes increased 2-fold; the mean area of lysosomal profiles
      increased 1.7-fold (1.40 microns2 vs 0.81 microns2). The volume density and
      numerical density of the dense bodies tended to decrease by approximately 60%
      without any change in the mean volume of the dense bodies. These data indicate
      that nutrient deprivation increases protein degradation in transformed cells by
      increasing the sequestration of cytoplasm into the lysosomes. The decrease in the
      number of dense bodies indicates that these structures (also termed residual
      bodies) are functional in transformed cells and merge with the lysosomes to
      provide more degradative enzymes to enhance proteolysis. This study provides
      direct evidence that serum factors and nutrients play a crucial role in
      modulation of lysosomal protein degradation in transformed cells.

PMID- 2646144
TI  - Synthesis of paf-acether from exogenous precursors by the prokaryote Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - Paf-acether (paf) is a potent mediator of inflammatory diseases and septic shock.
      Using normal-phase HPLC, a paf-like activity was found in culture supernatants
      from E. coli. Prokaryotic paf exhibited the same biological and physico-chemical
      properties as eukaryotic cells and synthetic paf. Further, reverse-phase HPLC
      indicates that paf generated by bacteria is predominantly of the hexadecyl and
      octadecyl species. When cultures were supplemented with lyso-paf, a dramatic
      increase in paf production was observed. The purity and molecular structure of
      bacterial paf were further characterized by mass spectral analysis. These results
      could be of importance considering the pathogenetic role of enterobacteria.
      Further, it appears that the competence to form and release paf is an early
      phylogenetic development.

PMID- 2646145
TI  - n-butyrate and dexamethasone synergistically modulate the surface expression of
      epidermal growth factor receptors in cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - n-Butyrate was previously found to increase the epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      receptor binding in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. We show here that
      butyrate and dexamethasone synergistically modulate the surface expression of the
      EGF receptors. The butyrate-induced enhancement of high-affinity EGF binding was
      only slight in the absence of glucocorticoid, but was strongly and dose
      dependently amplified by dexamethasone. Butyrate counteracted the inhibition by
      insulin of the dexamethasone-induced increase in EGF binding. The results
      indicate that the glucocorticoid has a permissive effect on a butyrate-sensitive
      process that determines the surface expression of the high-affinity class of EGF
      receptors.

PMID- 2646146
TI  - Dexamethasone regulation of the expression of cytokine mRNAs induced by
      interleukin-1 in the astrocytoma cell line U373MG.
AB  - BSF-2/IL-6, GM-CSF and IL-1 beta mRNAs were induced by recombinant IL-1 in human
      astrocytoma cell line U373MG. The induction of BSF-2/IL-6 and IL-1 beta mRNAs did
      not require de novo protein synthesis while that of GM-CSF mRNA required a newly
      synthesized protein. Dexamethasone inhibited the induction of these cytokine
      mRNAs by IL-1. This process seems to require continued protein synthesis. These
      results suggest that the production of these cytokines are positively and
      negatively controlled by IL-1 and glucocorticoids, respectively, in astrocytes.

PMID- 2646147
TI  - A 'branched' mechanism of the reverse reaction of yeast glutathione reductase. An
      estimation of the enzyme standard potential values from the steady-state kinetics
      data.
AB  - The reduced glutathione-linked NADP+ reduction, catalyzed by yeast glutathione
      reductase, follows a 'sequential' or 'ping-pong' mechanism at high or low NADP+
      concentrations, respectively. The pattern of the NADPH and NADP+ cross-inhibition
      reflects not only the competition for the binding site, but the shift of the
      reaction equilibrium as well. A 'branched' scheme of the glutathione reductase
      reaction is presented. The enzyme standard potential (-255 mV, pH 7.0) was
      estimated from the ratio of the NADPH and NADP+ rate constants corresponding to
      the ping-pong mechanism.

PMID- 2646148
TI  - The B isozyme of creatine kinase is active as a fusion protein in Escherichia
      coli: in vivo detection by 31P NMR.
AB  - A cDNA encoding the B isozyme of creatine kinase (CKB) has been expressed in
      Escherichia coli from a fusion with lacZ carried by lambda gt11. Western blots
      indicate that a stable polypeptide with the appropriate mobility for the beta
      galactosidase-creatine kinase (beta-gal-CKB) fusion protein cross-reacts with
      both beta-gal and CKB antiserum. No significant CK activity is detected in
      control E. coli; however, extracts from cells containing the lambda gt11-CKB
      construct have a CK activity of 1.54 +/- 0.07 mumol/min per mg protein. The
      fusion protein appears to provide this activity because immunoprecipitation of
      protein with beta-gal antiserum leads to a loss of CK activity from extracts.
      That the enzyme is active in vivo was demonstrated by detection of a
      phosphocreatine (PCr) peak in the 31P NMR spectrum from E. coli grown on medium
      supplemented with creatine. As in mammalian brain and muscle, the PCr peak
      detected was sensitive to the energy status of the E. coli.

PMID- 2646149
TI  - Comprehensive, human cellular protein databases and their implication for the
      study of genome organization and function.
AB  - Comprehensive, computerized databases of cellular protein information derived
      from the analysis of two-dimensional gels, together with recently developed
      techniques to microsequence proteins offer a new dimension to the study of genome
      organization and function. In particular, human protein databases provide an
      ideal framework in which to focus the human genome sequencing effort.

PMID- 2646150
TI  - Thermodynamic and kinetic control of ATP synthesis in yeast mitochondria: role of
      delta pH.
AB  - ATP synthesis rate, measured as the variation in external Pi concentration,
      varied as a linear function of either delta  mu H+ or delta Gpin, in such a
      manner that the delta Gpin/delta  mu H+ ratio increased while VATP increased. We
      also observed a linear dependence of the flux control coefficient of the Pi
      carrier on delta pH. All the results presented can be explained by a relatively
      large delta pH drop when VATP increases.

PMID- 2646151
TI  - Heat and cold denaturation of phosphoglycerate kinase (interaction of domains).
AB  - It has been shown that the denaturation of phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) can be
      observed not only when the solution is heated above 30 degrees C, but also when
      it is cooled below this temperature. The disruption of the native PGK structure
      upon cooling and the subsequent formation of this structure upon heating both
      proceed in two distinct stages which correspond to the independent disruption or
      reformation of each of its domains. In contrast, the heat denaturation of PGK
      proceeds in one stage, showing that the two domains of the molecule are
      associated into a single complex which figures in the denaturation process as a
      cooperative unit. It follows that, at elevated temperature, there is a positive
      interaction between the domains, which disappears at lower temperatures. This
      might be due to hydrophobic interactions, which are known to be temperature
      dependent. The temperature decrease leads to a decrease in inter- and intradomain
      interactions, which results in an increase of the independence of the domains and
      a decrease in their stability.

PMID- 2646152
TI  - Expression of ricin B chain in Escherichia coli.
AB  - DNA encoding ricin B chain was fused to that encoding the E. coli OmpA signal
      peptide using the expression secretion vector pIN-111-ompA. When induced, E. coli
      cells transformed with the recombinant plasmid express ricin B chain. The
      recombinant product accumulates in the periplasmic space in a soluble,
      biologically active form.

PMID- 2646153
TI  - Species-specific variation in signal peptide design. Implications for protein
      secretion in foreign hosts.
AB  - Secretory signal peptides from individual prokaryotic and eukaryotic species have
      been analyzed, and the lengths and amino acid compositions of the positively
      charged amino-terminal region, the central hydrophobic region, and the carboxy
      terminal cleavage-region have been compared. We find distinct differences between
      species in all three regions. Implications for protein secretion in foreign hosts
      are discussed.

PMID- 2646154
TI  - Acridine orange, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, abolishes insulin and growth
      hormone stimulation of lipogenesis in rat adipocytes.
AB  - To determine whether protein kinase C plays a role in the actions of insulin and
      growth hormone in rat adipocytes, we tested the effect of acridine orange, a
      potent inhibitor of kinase C, on the lipogenic activity of both hormones. This
      compound completely inhibited the effects of insulin, growth hormone and phorbol
      ester 12-myristate 13-acetate, whereas 9-acridine carboxylic acid, an analog of
      acridine orange which does not inhibit kinase C, had no effect. Acridine orange
      did not act through inhibition of hormone binding. These data are consistent with
      the involvement of kinase C in the action of insulin and growth hormone on
      lipogenesis in rat fat cells.

PMID- 2646155
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen and progesterone receptors in
      endometriosis: comparison with normal endometrium during the menstrual cycle and
      the effect of medical therapy.
AB  - Estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) in 19 endometriotic
      implants from 16 normally cycling and hormonally treated women were measured
      using immunohistochemical techniques and compared with 34 samples of normal
      intrauterine endometrium. Endometriotic implants contained specific ER and PgR in
      both glandular epithelium and stroma. In contrast to intrauterine endometrium,
      receptor content among implants was noted to be more heterogeneous, and did not
      undergo predictable changes in response to endogenous hormones. In the
      endometriotic implants of patients treated with hormonal therapy, there were
      significant decreases in ER and PgR in both the glands and stroma relative to
      untreated patients. These data imply that endometriosis is unpredictable in its
      response to the cyclic hormonal milieu in terms of ER and PgR, but retains the
      ability to respond to hormonal suppression over a prolonged interval.

PMID- 2646156
TI  - Localization of transferrin and its receptor in ovarian follicular cells:
      morphologic studies in relation to follicular development.
AB  - Granulosa cells perform an essential role in ovarian follicle and ovum
      development. Proliferating cells have an absolute requirement for iron, which is
      delivered by transferrin with subsequent intracellular transport via the
      transferrin receptor. Because iron and transferrin concentration increase in
      follicular fluid with advancing follicular maturation, the authors studied the
      distribution of transferrin and its receptor in rat and human granulosa cells
      with light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry. Intense cytoplasmic
      staining was found in granulosa cells, with immunostaining enhancement occurring
      with advanced follicle maturation, including the periovulatory period.
      Immunoelectron microscopy showed transferrin throughout the cytoplasm, often in
      proximity to polyribosomes and vesicular structures. When transferrin was absent
      in the culture medium used to maintain granulosa cells, diminished transferrin
      immunostaining was seen. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that
      follicular maturation is closely related to high levels of cellular transferrin
      and transferrin receptor. Acquisition of transferrin occurs primarily by either
      ultrafiltration or facilitated diffusion, whereas de novo local synthesis does
      not have a major role.

PMID- 2646157
TI  - Transvaginal pulsed Doppler measurement of blood flow velocity in the ovarian
      arteries during cycle stimulation and after follicle puncture.
AB  - In experimental studies, an increase of the ovarian blood flow was found during
      cycle stimulation. In this study, the authors performed transvaginal pulsed
      Doppler measurements of the ovarian arteries in stimulated cycles before and
      after follicle puncture. Four days before follicle puncture, high flow velocities
      in systolis were found compared with diastolis. Toward the day of embryo
      transfer, a marked increase of the diastolic blood flow velocity was observed. In
      patients with high endocrine response, the pulsatility index (PI) was
      significantly lower compared with that of patients with low endocrine response.
      The technique of transvaginal pulsed Doppler measurements offers the possibility
      to study the alterations of the ovarian blood flow under physiologic and
      pathophysiologic conditions.

PMID- 2646158
TI  - Human chorionic gonadotropin localization and morphometric characterization of
      human granulosa-luteal cells obtained during in vitro fertilization cycles.
AB  - The area and cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio (C/N) of cells aspirated from follicles
      with mature oocytes was determined using a computerized image analysis system.
      The presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on the surface membrane and/or
      within the cytoplasm of each cell also was determined using a horseradish
      peroxidase immunocytochemical procedure. Based on morphometric characteristics,
      follicular cells were classified as granulosa or luteal. Granulosa cells were
      less than 75 micron 2 in area with a C/N of approximately 0.5. Luteal cells were
      classified as small (less than 75 micron 2, C/N approximately 1.5), midluteal (76
      to 100 micron 2, C/N greater than 1.5) and large luteal (greater than 100 micron
      2, C/N greater than 1.5). Compared with aspirates from follicles containing
      fertilizable oocytes, aspirates from follicles with nonfertilizable oocytes had
      fewer granulosa cells and more large luteal cells. HCG was localized on the
      membranes of granulosa and small luteal cells and within the cytoplasm of
      midluteal cells. Human chorionic gonadotropin was generally not observed on
      either the membranes or cytoplasm of luteal cells over 120 micron 2. These data
      support the concept that granulosa cells bind hCG to membrane receptors,
      internalize hCG, and begin to luteinize in response to hCG stimulation. Since the
      aspirates from follicles containing nonfertilizable oocytes possessed a higher
      percentage of large luteal cells, it is postulated that the cells from these
      aspirates began the luteinization process earlier than those from follicles
      containing fertilizable oocytes.

PMID- 2646159
TI  - [Low-dose dithranol in psoriasis of the face].
AB  - Ungt. Dithranoli 0.075 and 0.1% L/W cum Spir. Picis lithanthrac. 5% is an
      alternative in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris on the face region as shown by
      bilateral comparison studies with fluocinolone acetonide 0.025% (Flucinar cream).

PMID- 2646160
TI  - [The 100th birthday of Walther Schonfeld: his contribution to the Greifswald
      University Dermatology Clinic (1920-1935) as the first chairman of dermatology
      and venereology].
AB  - Walther Sch+onfeld (1888-1977) was the first professor in ordinary for
      dermatology and venereology in Greifswald. In this report his merits on
      dermatology and medical history in Greifswald are pointed out.

PMID- 2646161
TI  - Childhood moyamoya disease.

PMID- 2646162
TI  - The early management of hips in cerebral palsy.

PMID- 2646163
TI  - Mechanisms by which mammalian cells acquire resistance to drugs that affect
      microtubule assembly.
AB  - The development of resistance in mammalian cells to toxic drugs is a significant
      clinical problem, especially in cancer chemotherapy where drug-resistant tumor
      cells often prove to be refractory to treatment. In this article, we review some
      of the basic mechanisms of drug resistance from the perspective of a single cell
      bathed in medium containing the drug. These mechanisms may be categorized
      according to changes in the cell that affect the ability of the drug to
      accumulate intracellularly, changes in enzymes that are required for drug
      toxicity, alterations in trapping of the drug or detoxification of the drug,
      alterations in binding to an intracellular target, or alterations in cellular
      processes that compensate for the action of the drug. This latter mechanism is
      illustrated in some depth by discussing mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells
      that are resistant to the effects of drugs that interfere with microtubule
      assembly.

PMID- 2646164
TI  - This is FASEB. Publications.

PMID- 2646165
TI  - Animal research vs. animal rights.

PMID- 2646166
TI  - The diagnosis of submucosal tumors of the stomach by endoscopic ultrasonography.
AB  - The clinical value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the diagnosis of
      submucosal tumors (SMTs) of the stomach was examined. We used echo endoscopes
      with a 7.5 or 10.0 MHz radial-scan transducer made by Olympus Co. Ltd. EUS was
      carried out on 80 patients with SMTs of the stomach including 54 cases confirmed
      histologically (24 cases of leiomyoma, 3 of leiomyosarcoma, 12 of cysts, 7 of
      aberrant pancreas, 4 of lipoma, 2 of carcinoid, and 3 of other diseases). Fifty
      nine patients with extraluminal compression were detected by endoscopy and/or x
      ray examination. We examined the effectiveness of EUS based on our analysis of
      the gastrointestinal tract wall seen in the EUS image as a five-layered structure
      corresponding with that of the histological layers. As a result, SMTs and
      extragastric compression were easily distinguishable in the EUS images of the
      lesions. The size, location, and origin of the SMTs could be detected. From the
      location of the SMT in the five-layered structure seen in the EUS image we could
      predict its histological nature. Thus, EUS was a most valuable method not only in
      the diagnosis of intramural and extramural SMTs but also in the detection of
      extragastric compressive lesions and organs.

PMID- 2646167
TI  - Hemostatic effect of local intramural injection of dehydrated ethanol in the
      canine gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - The relative value of a subserosal injection of 98% ethanol (0.2 ml x 4) in
      controlling acute and chronic bleeding from serosal vessels was assessed in 17
      dogs. Blood flow was measured from gastric serosal vessels (average diameter, 1.6
      mm) severed immediately after, 24 hours after, and 48 hours after ethanol
      injection. Blood flow from severed colonic serosal vessels (averaging diameter,
      1.0 mm) was measured before and immediately after ethanol injection. The safety
      of ethanol injection was tested by endoscopically guided submucosal injections
      which were sequentially observed by endoscopy at 1 hour, 24 hours, and weekly for
      4 weeks after injection. Ethanol injection had no effect on bleeding from larger
      gastric vessels unless the injection was made 24 or 48 hours prior to vessel
      severence. Ethanol injection was effective in reducing bleeding from the smaller
      colonic vessels when done immediately prior to vessel severence. Gastric
      submucosal injections led to ulcers which extended into the muscle layer at 1
      week and were completely healed by 3 weeks; none perforated or bled. These data
      support the potential efficacy of therapeutic ethanol injection for the control
      of small vessel (1.0 mm in diameter) bleeding and the potential prophylactic
      value against rebleeding from larger vessels. Further studies are needed to
      determine whether these findings are organ related as opposed to being diameter
      specific.

PMID- 2646168
TI  - Lorazepam as premedication for gastroscopy.

PMID- 2646169
TI  - Endoscopic removal of an eroding silastic band following gastric bypass.

PMID- 2646170
TI  - Wing nut obstruction.

PMID- 2646171
TI  - Delayed and atypical D-glyceraldehyde-induced insulin secretion from the perfused
      duodenum pancreas of chicken.
AB  - Insulin release by the isolated-perfused pancreas of 5-8 week-old chickens was
      studied in response to graded concentrations of D-glyceraldehyde (D-GA) (5-20
      mM). D-GA was perfused for 30 min in the absence or in the presence of glucose
      concentrations (2.8 or 14 mM) which do not evoke insulin release alone. D-GA
      alone or in combination with glucose does not cause a biphasic insulin release.
      As compared to rodents the release is reduced and delayed (at least 16 min) and
      requires higher D-GA concentrations which reveals the insensitivity of the
      chicken pancreas to D-GA. In the absence of glucose, the release is higher at 15
      mM D-GA. Glucose (2.8 or 14 mM) sensitized the pancreas to D-GA by eliciting
      earlier and higher insulin response but never restored an immediate and biphasic
      secretory response to D-GA. Glucose amplified the response to low D-GA levels (5
      and 10 mM) and inhibited the response to higher concentrations (15 and 20 mM). A
      transient insulin rise ("off-response") related to the D-GA concentration was
      observed after withdrawal of D-GA either in the absence or in the presence of
      glucose. Therefore, in addition to glucose, the chicken pancreas is relatively
      insensitive to D-GA suggesting that the mechanism leading to insulin release in
      response to nutrient metabolism is different in chickens as compared to that in
      mammals.

PMID- 2646172
TI  - Multiple molecular forms of insulin and glucagon-like peptide from the Pacific
      ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei).
AB  - The primary structure of an insulin isolated from the pancreas of the
      holocephalan fish, Hydrolagus colliei (Pacific ratfish), has been established as
      A-chain: GIVEQCCHNTCSLANLEGYCN B-chain: VPTQRLCGSHLVDALYFVCGERGFFYSPKPIRELEPLL.
      Three further molecular forms of insulin were also isolated and shown to have the
      same A-chain but truncated B-chains of 31-, 36-, and 37-amino acid residues. It
      is proposed that all four insulins arise from a single proinsulin by proteolytic
      cleavages at different sites within the C-peptide region. The insulin with 38
      amino acids in the B-chain was equipotent with human insulin in inhibiting the
      binding of radiolabelled human insulin to rat fat cells but the maximum effect of
      ratfish insulin upon the transport of 3-O-methylglucose into the cells was only
      65% of the maximum effect of human insulin. Two molecular forms of glucagon-like
      peptide were isolated from the ratfish pancreas. The primary structure of the
      more abundant peptide was established as HADGIYTSDVASLTDYLKSKRFVESLSNYNRKQND. The
      primary structure of the second peptide was the same except that it was extended
      from the C-terminus by the sequence RRM. It is probable, therefore, that both
      glucagon-like peptides also arise from a single proglucagon by different pathways
      of post-translational processing.

PMID- 2646173
TI  - Evidence for the involvement of endogenous opioids in the regulation of
      gonadotropin secretion in male goldfish, Carassius auratus.
AB  - The in vivo effects of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (NAL) alone, and
      in combination with des-Gly10[D-Ala6]LHRH ethylamide (LHRH-A) and the dopamine
      receptor antagonist domperidone (DOM) on serum gonadotropic hormone (GtH) levels
      in male goldfish, Carassius auratus, were investigated. NAL caused a significant
      decrease in serum GtH 1 hr following treatment, with a return to control levels
      by 2 hr. NAL treatment attenuated the stimulation of GtH levels in response to
      DOM; NAL treatment 2 hr prior to or 2 hr following DOM resulted in a
      significantly reduced response to DOM. During late recrudescence, NAL
      pretreatment significantly blocked the stimulatory effects of LHRH-A on serum
      GtH. During early recrudescence, when LHRH-A alone did not significantly elevate
      GtH levels, NAL treatment simultaneously with or 1 hr following LHRH-A
      significantly elevated serum GtH. In DOM-pretreated fish, combined LHRH-A and NAL
      treatment resulted in a nine-fold increase in serum GtH compared to DOM alone.
      These data indicate the ability of NAL to both suppress and increase GtH levels
      in male goldfish. Interactions between NAL, DOM, and LHRH-A suggest that opioids
      modulate both dopamine and GnRH secretion, and possibly the pituitary sensitivity
      to GnRH and dopamine, thus affecting GtH levels.

PMID- 2646174
TI  - The glaucoma suspect: differentiation of the future glaucomatous eye from the non
      glaucomatous suspect eye. 1. Ultrasonic measurements and eye-wall stress.
AB  - We examined the eyes of a group of patients entered into and still continuing in
      a glaucoma suspect study. Over time, some remained unchanged while others
      developed chronic open-angle glaucoma (COAG). By comparing the data obtained by
      ultrasonic measurement of the axial length (A) and central corneal thickness
      (CCT), along with measurement of intra-ocular pressure (IOP) from these patients
      and normal control subjects, we found no differences. However, by combining these
      factors in a calculation of eye-wall stress we found a significant difference
      between the glaucoma suspect and the future glaucomatous eye.

PMID- 2646175
TI  - In vivo thickness of the human detached retina by ultrasonic signal processing.
AB  - Fourier operations on digitized radio-frequency (rf) data can provide the most
      sensitive measure of the thickness of thin, deterministic structures such as
      membranes. After deconvolution against the system transfer function, the cepstrum
      and the analytic signal magnitude can provide measures of membrane thickness on
      the order of a half-wavelength. A total of 19 patients with rhegmatogenous
      retinal detachments were scanned using a diagnostic ultrasound system adapted for
      analog to digital conversion of rf data. Data were analyzed using the signal
      processing techniques described above to measure retinal thickness. Recent
      retinal detachments tended to be significantly thicker than normal attached
      retinas, and thickness decreased with the age of detachment. A statistically
      significant correlation was found to exist between retinal thickness and the
      duration of detachment.

PMID- 2646176
TI  - Full threshold versus quantification of defects for visual field testing in
      glaucoma.
AB  - Nineteen glaucoma patients, 17 ocular hypertensives, and 16 normal subjects
      underwent visual field testing on the Humphrey Field Analyzer using two programs:
      full threshold (thresholding of all test points with double-crossing technique)
      and quantification of defects (thresholding only points that deviated more than 6
      dB from a presumed normal retinal contour). The purpose of the study was to
      compare the diagnostic value of information gained by the latter, less time
      consuming test with that of the full threshold procedure. The average time
      requirement per eye was 13 min 11 s for full thresholding and 4 min 22 s for
      quantification of defects. Of the 104 sets of fields, the diagnosis was at
      variance in 18. The differences were most often due to shallow defects in
      otherwise normal fields or shallow defects surrounding deeper scotomas that had
      been detected by both programs. The shallow defects placed the fields in more
      advanced diagnostic categories and were all detected with the full threshold
      technique.

PMID- 2646177
TI  - Quantitative measurement of biliary excretion and of gall bladder concentration
      of drugs under physiological conditions in man.
AB  - Gall bladder storage of hepatic bile prevents complete recovery of biliary
      excretion of drugs to be obtained under physiological conditions in man. The aim
      of this study was to develop and validate a method for simultaneous measurement
      of gall bladder storage of a cholephilic drug, and of its duodenal excretion and
      t1/2 in bile. Duodenal perfusion using polyethylene glycol as intestinal recovery
      marker for measurement of drug duodenal excretion, with an iv bolus of 99mTc HIDA
      for measurement of drug mass within the gall bladder was used. Gall bladder
      volume was measured by ultrasonography. T1/2 in bile was measured by relating
      drug duodenal excretion to that of bile acid used as an endogenous bile marker.
      The use of bile acid as biliary marker was validated in two subjects receiving
      simultaneous iv infusion of indocyanine green. Seven healthy subjects were
      studied using a beta-lattam antibiotic, Cefotetan 1 g iv, as test drug. Median
      values during the study period (seven hours) were 51.1 mg for Cefotetan duodenal
      excretion, 45.2 mg for gall bladder mass and 2.8 mg/ml for concentration within
      the gall bladder. T1/2 of the drug in bile was 100 minutes. This technique
      enables measurement of mass and concentration of drugs within the gall bladder to
      be carried out, in addition to measurements of t1/2 of drugs in bile. These
      measurements may have specific application for assessment of potential efficacy
      of antibiotics in biliary tract infections, as well as general application for
      assessment of biliary excretory kinetics of drugs.

PMID- 2646178
TI  - Barrett's oesophagus--to screen or not to screen?

PMID- 2646179
TI  - Fibre, fermentation, flora, and flatus.

PMID- 2646180
TI  - Histamine and duodenal ulceration in renal transplant recipients.
AB  - Six of 25 renal transplant recipients had a duodenal ulcer at endoscopy.
      Histamine concentration and the activity of histamine methyltransferase, the
      degrading enzyme of histamine, were measured in gastric mucosal biopsies obtained
      at endoscopy and compared with patients with duodenal ulcer but not undergoing
      transplant and with patients with an apparently normal stomach and duodenum.
      Histamine concentrations in the corpus (no ulcer, median: 151 nmol/g; DU, median:
      122 nmol/g) and in the antrum (no ulcer, median: 118 nmol/g; with DU, median: 113
      nmol/g) of renal transplant patients, irrespective of ulcer diagnosis, and in
      patients with a chronic duodenal ulcer (median corpus histamine: 137 nmol/g and
      median antral histamine: 126 nmol/g) were not different from one another but
      significantly lower than the corresponding values in normal subjects (median
      corpus histamine: 241 nmol/g, p less than 0.01, and median antral histamine: 178
      nmol/g, p less than 0.05). Histamine concentration in the corpus was
      significantly higher than in the antrum in all three groups of patients (p less
      than 0.05). There were no significant differences in histamine methyltransferase
      activity in any of the groups studied. Mucosal histamine and histamine
      methyltransferase activity were significantly correlated in the corpus (p less
      than 0.05) and antrum (p less than 0.02). Plasma concentration of histamine after
      transplant was higher in the patients who subsequently were discovered to have a
      duodenal ulcer (p less than 0.05). The occurrence of ulcer after transplantation
      was not related to the serum creatinine level. The uniform depletion of gastric
      histamine and increase in circulatory histamine after renal transplantation may
      be a factor in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer disease in this clinical
      situation.

PMID- 2646181
TI  - Beneficial effect of 8-ornithin vasopressin on renal dysfunction in decompensated
      cirrhosis.
AB  - In nine patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver and impaired
      renal function the effect of 8-ornithin vasopressin (ornipressin) on renal
      function and haemodynamic parameters was studied. Ornipressin was infused at a
      dose of 6 IU/h over a period of four hours. During ornipressin infusion an
      improvement of renal function was achieved as indicated by an increase of
      creatinine clearance (76 (15)%; p less than 0.01), urine volume (108 (29)%; p
      less than 0.05) and sodium excretion (168 (30)%; p less than 0.05). The
      hyperdynamic circulation of hepatic failure, as characterised by increased
      cardiac index and heart rate as well as decreased systemic vascular resistance
      was reversed to a nearly normal circulatory state during ornipressin infusion.
      The raised noradrenaline plasma concentration (1.74 (0.31) ng/ml) and plasma
      renin activity (13.5 (3.9) ng/ml/h) were lowered during ornipressin infusion to
      0.87 (0.21) ng/ml and 5.9 (2.1) ng/ml/h, respectively (p less than 0.01). The
      efficacy of a vasoconstrictor agent in reverting a hyperdynamic state and
      improving renal function provides evidence for the substantial role of
      accumulation of vasodilator substances and subsequent activation of sympathetic
      nervous system and renin-angiotensin-axis in the pathogenesis of renal
      dysfunction in hepatic failure. Values are expressed as mean (SE).

PMID- 2646182
TI  - Investing in mouth care.

PMID- 2646183
TI  - Tissue expression of CA 125 in benign and malignant lesions of ovary and
      fallopian tube: a comparison with CA 19-9 and CEA.
AB  - Sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens of 11 normal
      ovaries and tubes, 13 tubo-ovarian abscesses, 3 tubal carcinomas, and 115 ovarian
      tumors were investigated by immunohistochemistry. CA 125 and CA 19-9 were
      demonstrated with monoclonal antibodies, CEA with polyclonal antibodies. The
      tissue expression was visualized by the avidin-biotin method. In the germinal
      epithelium of all ovaries no tumor marker was confirmed. In 4 out of 11 tubes the
      epithelium was CA 125 positive, in 2 out of 11 cases CA 19-9 positive. Nine out
      of 13 tubo-ovarian abscesses were CA 125 and 5 out of 13 were CA 19-9 positive in
      their epithelium. Elevated serum levels of these markers might be due to
      expression via the epithelial cell of the inflamed tube. All normal and
      inflammatory adnexal tissues were CEA negative. In serous tumors and
      undifferentiated carcinomas, CA 125 was most frequently confirmed (85 and 70%,
      respectively). All mucinous tumors were CA 125 negative. The most frequently
      confirmed tumor marker was CA 19-9 (77%). In endometrioid tumors, CEA was most
      frequent (44%). In 42% of the borderline tumors and carcinomas only one marker
      was demonstrated, in 7% none. Here, immunohistochemistry may indicate the most
      adequate marker. Tumor marker expression was markedly heterogenous: tumor areas
      with strong, weak, and no reaction were adjacent. The tumor markers revealed no
      specificity for malignancy or disease.

PMID- 2646184
TI  - Malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix: case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix is an extremely rare manifestation, and
      neither retrospective nor prospective studies on this disease entity have been
      published. A patient with this disease entity is described. In addition, the data
      contained in 25 published case reports were collated in an attempt to clarify the
      origin, presenting symptoms, macroscopic appearance, and staging of the tumor.
      Although there is no consensus as to comprehensive treatment, radical
      hysterectomy is generally advocated. The prognosis in these patients is poor.

PMID- 2646185
TI  - Group B streptococcus and premature rupture of membranes and preterm delivery.
AB  - In a population of 1,050 pregnant women the effect of maternal colonization by
      group B Streptococcus on premature rupture of membranes (PROM), preterm delivery,
      and low weight was analyzed. A significant increment was found of the prevalence
      of PROM for patients colonized in the vagina and/or the rectum (26.4%) versus
      noncarrier patients (17.8%). In vaginal and/or rectal group B Streptococcus
      carriers, in whom group B Streptococcus was also isolated from the cervical
      culture, the rate of PROM was higher (41.7%), while when the cervical culture was
      negative, the PROM was similar to noncarriers. THere were no significant
      differences with respect to colonization conditions regarding the incidence of
      preterm delivery or the different preterm delivery indicators analyzed.

PMID- 2646186
TI  - High-dose chemotherapy, total abdomen irradiation and autologous bone marrow
      infusion in ovarian cancer: an observation.
AB  - A case of treatment of an ovarian adenocarcinoma (stage IIIc of the IFGO) is
      reported. The patient underwent a maximal tumor reduction followed by
      polychemotherapy. After this treatment, a 'second-look' laparotomy shows an
      incomplete remission. An intensive chemotherapy with total abdomen irradiation
      and protection of medullary toxicity by an autologous bone marrow infusion is
      performed, with a satisfactory result, without relapse, 16 months after this
      treatment (or 25 months after the first laparotomy). Reasons which led the
      authors to perform an autograft and the conditions under which this treatment may
      be offered are then presented.

PMID- 2646187
TI  - Is induction of labor indicated in prolonged pregnancy? Results of a prospective
      randomised trial.
AB  - In 345 women with a favorable cervical score at due date, labor was either
      induced by means of intravaginal application of tablets containing 3 mg of
      prostaglandin E2 or spontaneous onset of labor was awaited until the 42nd week of
      pregnancy. Eighty percent of the nulliparae and 96.3% of the multiparae of the
      induction group gave birth within 24 h of the administration of the first tablet.
      All pertinent delivery intervals were significantly shorter in this group
      compared to those women where spontaneous onset of labor was awaited. The rate of
      operative deliveries was lower in the induction group. With the exception of 1
      fetal death 3 days after due date, fetal outcome was excellent in both groups.
      Elective induction was at least equivalent to awaiting the onset of spontaneous
      labor and was not associated with higher complication rates due to the method of
      induction.

PMID- 2646189
TI  - [Possibilities of arterioscopy].
AB  - Today, technically optimized fiberoptical systems have become available for
      direct visualization of the arterial inner wall. The increasing significance of
      interventional revascularization techniques opens the door to new adjuvant
      diagnostic and therapeutic indications for arterioscopy, in addition to the
      earlier mainly intraoperative use. Especially for vascular wall reconstruction
      with percutaneous atherectomy, the angioscopic identification of residual
      intraluminal plaque material helps to optimize the procedure. On the basis of our
      own experience, a critical evaluation of arterioscopy is presented.

PMID- 2646188
TI  - [Antihypertensive effect and tolerance to urapidil. Comparison with nifedipine in
      a multicenter double-blind study].
AB  - In a multi-center, double-blind parallel-group study involving patients with
      essential hypertension (grade I/II), the antihypertensive effect and toleration
      of the postsynaptic alpha-1 receptor blocker, urapidil, was compared with that of
      the calcium antagonist, nifedipine. After a one-week wash-out, and one week
      period on placebo, the patients received either urapidil 60 mg in the morning and
      evening (n = 81), or nifedipine retard 20 mg mornings and evenings (n = 87), over
      a period of 12 weeks. The results show that urapidil and nifedipine administered
      alone, produce an effective lowering of blood pressure. The reduction in systolic
      blood pressure-approximately 12 hours after the last administration-was, on
      average, 10 mmHg for urapidil, and 14 mmHg for nifedipine. The reduction in
      systolic blood pressure was more marked under nifedipine (19 mmHg) than under
      urapidil (10 mmHg). The difference in heart rate at the end of the treatment
      phase did not differ significantly from the pre-treatment figure with either
      drug. The 12-week treatment with urapidil and nifedipine had no effect on lipid
      metabolism. Fourteen patients receiving urapidil, and 24 patients on nifedipine
      complained of undesirable side effects (in particular headaches and giddiness).
      Flushing occurred only in the nifedipine group. 8 patients on urapidil and 3 on
      nifedipine discontinued due to side effects.

PMID- 2646190
TI  - [Value of silent myocardial ischemia].
AB  - More recent long-term ECG studies in patients with coronary heart disease have
      resulted in a focusing of interest on silent myocardial ischemia. Diagnostically,
      ECG changes suspicious for ischemia should always be confirmed by a second
      criterion. It has been found that differences between silent myocardial ischemia
      and angina pectoris are to be found mainly in the origination, conduction and
      perception of pain, and not in the underlying ischemia. Accordingly, prognostic
      studies have also shown that, in common with the presence of angina pectoris, the
      demonstration of silent myocardial ischemia is also a prognostically unfavorable
      sign. In severe ischemia, the indication for therapy is based on the prognosis of
      the patient; however, there have so far been no studies aimed at showing whether
      the prognosis of the patient can be improved over the long term by drug
      treatment.

PMID- 2646191
TI  - [Erectile dysfunction. Review and current status of diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - A rational concept of the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of erectile
      dysfunction (ED) is based on the corpus cavernosum drug test (CCDT) employing in
      combination with penis Doppler sonography. A positive CCDT with erection within
      10 minutes indicates psychogenic or neurogenic ED, which is treated with sexual
      therapy of intracavernous (self)injection (ICI, ICSI). An erection after 10-30
      minutes and pathological Doppler sonographic findings document a hemodynamically
      relevant penile blood flow disturbance which is treated with papaverine
      administered by ICI or ICSI. A negative CCDT with normal Doppler findings
      correlates with venous insufficiency as the cause of ED. On the basis of the
      results of drug cavernosography the indication for venous or penile prosthetic
      surgery is established. Depending on the pathological Doppler sonographic
      findings, in negativ CCDT the surgical treatment comprises prosthesis
      implantation or, in suitable cases, revascularization procedures.

PMID- 2646192
TI  - [Interdisciplinary treatment of erectile dysfunction].
AB  - On the basis of 18 months of cooperation between the psychiatric department and
      the urological department of the medical hospital of the Lubeck University, a
      model showing how men with erectile dysfunction can receive improved aid with
      respect to a multidimensional diagnostic evaluation and therapy, is presented.
      First, the present state of the somatic-urological examination procedures is
      outlined, and, in the appendix, summarised in the form of checklists. The
      possibilities of somatic treatment are the described. In the psychiatric
      psychotherapeutic section, sexual counselling and couple psychotherapy are
      briefly considered under the aspect of intra-psychic and interactional causes.
      Provided that a cooperative sexual partner is available, it is then urged that
      invasive treatment methods be replaced by couple therapy, and that treatment of
      erectile dysfunction should not be considered merely a technical repair job.

PMID- 2646193
TI  - [Conservative therapy of arterial occlusive disease].
AB  - Since in stage II of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), according to the
      definition, there is no objective evidence of danger for the involved extremity,
      management is dependent on the extent to which the claudication complaints are
      tolerated (Figure 1). If well tolerated, observation and treatment of risk
      factors, possibly enrollment in an out-patient training group, are sufficient.
      Exceptions are the cases of pending danger to viability as well as isolated
      stenoses in the pelvic region or larger leg arteries easily amendable to
      percutaneous dilatation. If the patient does not tolerate the complaints, for
      aortic and pelvic artery occlusions, training of the muscles of the upper thigh
      is indicated, for occlusions in the thigh training of the calf musculature is
      warranted. The pathophysiologic basis of training lies in an increase in
      perfusion via collaterals due to dilatation of the muscular arterioles distal to
      the stenosis incurred by virtue of work and ischemia. This mechanism may also
      involve a sheer-induced release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Over a
      moderate period of time, there is an organic increase in collateral caliber due
      to the perfusion-dependent growth stimulus. A further effect of training is an
      increase in metabolic activity. If training is unsuccessful, lumen enlarging
      measures ("LEM" in Figure 1) should be considered. Indications for percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty (PTA) are stenoses in the pelvic region or large leg
      arteries as well as short occlusions of the femoropopliteal vessels (less than 10
      cm). With the help of special techniques like rotational angioplasty even
      occlusions of the pelvic arteries are treatable in selected cases. The five-year
      patency rate of dilated pelvic artery stenoses is 82%, three-year patency rate
      for femoral artery stenoses 81% and femoral artery occlusions 78%. Among newer
      procedures are laser and auger angioplasty, catheter atherectomy and stents. The
      question of efficacy of platelet inhibiting drugs of the aspirin type, with
      regard to prophylaxis of early and late re-stenosis remains unsettled. In
      principle new medical approaches are selective inhibition of thromboxane as well
      as inhibition of arteriosclerosis-induced proliferation and migration of active
      mediamyocytes, for example, with highly negative-charged polyanions. For the
      prophylaxis of peripheral arterial occlusion with aspirin, a dosage of one to 1.5
      gram daily would seem appropriate until studies are available to document the
      effects of lower dosages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2646194
TI  - Infrainguinal vascular surgery reconstruction.

PMID- 2646195
TI  - Polymorphonuclear cell count response and duration of antibiotic therapy in
      spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
AB  - The purposes of this study were (a) to measure serially ascitic fluid
      polymorphonuclear cell response in treated spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and
      (b) to determine whether an ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count of less
      than 250 per mm3 on serial paracenteses was a satisfactory endpoint for
      antibiotic therapy. Thirty of 33 patients showed an exponential fall in ascitic
      fluid polymorphonuclear cell count after 48 hr of antibiotic therapy; the
      magnitude of decrease correlated with survival (p less than 0.01). Among the
      patients whose antibiotic therapy was discontinued when the ascitic fluid
      polymorphonuclear cell count reached 250 per mm3 or less, the duration of therapy
      was considerably shorter than for the patients who received "conventional"
      therapy (p less than 0.01). Recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was
      similar in the two groups. Mortality correlated with the severity of underlying
      liver disease but not with duration of antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2646196
TI  - Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver following bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - Liver disease in the early period following bone marrow transplantation may be
      due to a number of causes, including pretransplant cytoreduction with
      chemotherapy and irradiation. Although the relationship of venoocclusive disease
      to these agents has been well established, another process, nodular regenerative
      hyperplasia, may also occur. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the
      incidence and clinical signs of these two processes as defined by histological
      criteria. In 103 patients studied, nine (8.8%) had venoocclusive disease and 23
      (22.5%) had nodular regenerative hyperplasia. Venoocclusive disease was
      significantly associated with transplantation for malignancy other than acute or
      chronic leukemia and use of busulfan as a cytoreductive agent and occurred in
      younger patients. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia did not differ from the
      general transplant population in terms of underlying disease, cytoreductive
      regimen, graft vs. host disease prophylaxis or age. Both venoocclusive disease
      and nodular regenerative hyperplasia were associated with ascites. Venoocclusive
      disease had a poor prognosis, with eight of nine cases dying of or with
      venoocclusive disease, whereas no case of nodular regenerative hyperplasia died
      of liver disease and only 5 of 23 died with nodular regenerative hyperplasia.
      Using retrospective data, five of 11 patients fulfilling clinical criteria for
      the diagnosis of venoocclusive disease actually had nodular regenerative
      hyperplasia, as did all of nine patients fulfilling the criteria for "possible"
      venoocclusive disease. These results indicate that nodular regenerative
      hyperplasia is a process which occurs commonly following bone marrow
      transplantation and which may be clinically misdiagnosed as venoocclusive
      disease.

PMID- 2646197
TI  - The glutathione S-transferases: an update.
AB  - Over the last 15 years, we have passed through an initial period in which
      multiple forms of GST in various organs and different species were identified and
      characterized. The focus of current research is to define the role of the
      numerous isozymes in cell function, to ascertain the relationship between
      structure and function of different isozymes and to determine how the expression
      of GST is regulated in different tissues. During these studies, it is expected
      that new roles for the GST will be proposed, and this family of multifunctional
      proteins will continue to hold the interest of numerous investigators for many
      years.

PMID- 2646198
TI  - Rapid and complete hemopoietic reconstitution following combined transplantation
      of autologous blood and bone marrow cells. A changing role for high dose chemo
      radiotherapy?
AB  - The role of high dose chemo-radiotherapy with autologous bone marrow
      transplantation in the treatment of neoplasia remains to be clearly defined.
      Because of the iatrogenic morbidity, mortality and high cost of the supportive
      care required during the post-transplantation period of prolonged marrow aplasia,
      intensive therapy remains a sophisticated procedure lacking proper evaluation in
      clinical trials. We report here that when autologous bone marrow cells are
      supplemented with a small number of peripheral blood nucleated cells collected
      after prior myelosuppressive chemotherapy, complete hematological recovery is so
      prompt that myeloid toxicity appears no longer the major limiting factor of high
      dose chemo-radiotherapy. The increased therapeutic index made possible by the
      procedure will allow us to address the issue of whether intensive cytoreductive
      therapy can be useful as initial treatment of selected tumors with curative
      intent.

PMID- 2646199
TI  - Terminal transferase positive acute myeloid leukemia: immunophenotypic
      characterization and response to induction therapy.
AB  - A quantitative evaluation of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was
      performed using a highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in 72 previously
      untreated patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Biological analysis of the
      leukemic cells included in all cases cytochemistry, search for Ph' chromosome and
      immunophenotyping with both anti-lymphoid and anti-myeloid monoclonal antibodies
      (MoAbs). Thirteen AML cases (18 per cent) were considered TdT+ by EIA. According
      to the FAB classification, almost all of them (12 out of 13) were within the M1
      and M2 subgroups. A mixed lymphoid-myeloid phenotype was observed in one of the
      13 TdT+ cases, while in none of the others were lymphoid features detected. Nine
      of the 10 EIA TdT+ cases studied in parallel were TdT positive with the
      conventional immunofluorescence assay. All patients received standard protocol
      chemotherapy and in 61 (13 TdT+, 48 TdT--) the response to induction treatment
      was analysable. Only 3/13 TdT+ patients (23 per cent) achieved a complete
      remission (CR), while in the TdT- group 38 patients had a CR (79 per cent) and 10
      were resistant (p less than 0.01). It is suggested that the incidence, biological
      interest and prognostic significance of TdT+ AML should encourage the routine and
      more accurate search for this marker in all patients with AML.

PMID- 2646201
TI  - Hospital groups gear up to stop PPS price cuts.

PMID- 2646202
TI  - Inadequate funding plagues Medicaid expansions.

PMID- 2646200
TI  - Is the Hodgkin cell a T- or B-lymphocyte? Recent evidence from geno- and
      immunophenotypic analysis and in-vitro cell lines.
AB  - The cellular derivation of Hodgkin (H) and Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells remains a
      controversial issue. A large body of conflicting results in the literature led to
      a variety of discordant speculations. The application of immunophenotyping,
      molecular biology and tissue culture provided additional means for investigations
      on the nature of H-RS cells. Using immunoenzymatic staining with monoclonal
      antibodies (McAbs) at the single cell level, H-RS cells from many, albeit not all
      cases, were shown to be positive for T- and/or B-cell markers; none of the cases
      were labelled by anti-myeloid or anti-monocyte/macrophage McAbs. A common feature
      of the otherwise heterogeneous immunoprofile is the expression of activation and
      proliferation antigens besides HLA-DR class II antigen and the X-hapten. Clonal
      rearrangements of T-cell receptor or immunoglobulin chain genes were found in 22
      per cent of cases. The low frequency of positive samples might be due to the
      commonly low number of H-RS cells in the total population which can lay below the
      threshold of sensitivity for genotypic analysis. Several cell lines containing H
      RS-like cells have been established. These cell lines have geno- and
      immunophenotypic characteristics of T- or B-cells, but lack properties of myeloid
      cells or monocytes/macrophages. In the absence of evidence in support of an
      origin from monocytes/macrophages or other non-lymphoid cells the here reviewed
      data, which are based on geno- and immunophenotypic analysis of fresh and
      cultured H-RS cells, provide a lead to a lymphoid derivation of H-RS cells.

PMID- 2646203
TI  - Skilled nursing in U.S. hospitals.

PMID- 2646204
TI  - Interest rates the next Medicare fight?

PMID- 2646205
TI  - 1989 Directory. American Hospital Association.

PMID- 2646206
TI  - Roxithromycin compared with erythromycin against genitourinary chlamydial
      infections.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of roxithromycin 300 mg once a day was compared with that
      of erythromycin 500 mg twice a day, both for seven days, in a double blind study
      of 281 patients (188 men, 93 women) with genitourinary chlamydial infections. At
      the end of the treatment 251 (89%) patients were evaluable, and at follow up two
      weeks later 227 (81%) were evaluable. The bacteriological cure rate was close to
      100% at the end of both treatment regimens. At follow up 55/75 (73%) evaluable
      men and 38/39 (97%) evaluable women treated with roxithromycin were chlamydia
      negative compared with 50/71 (70%) evaluable men and 37/42 (88%) evaluable women
      treated with erythromycin. Of the 47 who were still chlamydia positive,
      reinfection could not be excluded in half the men and all the women. Side effects
      were mainly gastrointestinal and were found in about 15% of patients receiving
      each treatment, but did not necessitate discontinuing treatment in any case.
      Roxithromycin seems to be as safe and efficacious as erythromycin in treating
      chlamydial infections in men and women, and it has the advantage that treatment
      is by a single daily dose.

PMID- 2646207
TI  - Eradication of endemic syphilis in Bosnia.
AB  - The control of syphilis in Bosnia was organised and started by Professor Ernest
      Grin in 1948 and continued to the end of 1951. Regardless of the clinical
      picture, the treatment of endemic syphilis consisted of an oil suspension of
      penicillin with aluminium monostearate (PAM) 3.6 to 4.2 MIU for adults in six or
      seven intramuscular injections of 0.6 MIU every day or 1.2 MIU every other day.
      Today endemic syphilis in Yugoslavia is only historic fact.

PMID- 2646208
TI  - Outputs of paired Gabor filters summed across the background frame of reference
      predict the direction of movement.
AB  - A cortical neural network that computes the visibility of shifts in the direction
      of movement is proposed that computes: 1) the magnitude of the position
      difference between the test and background patterns, 2) localized contrast
      differences at different spatial scales analyzed by computing temporal gradients
      of the difference and sum of the outputs of paired even- and odd-symmetric
      bandpass filters convolved with the input pattern, and 3) using global processes
      that pool the output from paired even- and odd-symmetric simple and complex cells
      across the spatial extent of the background frame of reference to determine the
      direction a test pattern moved relative to a textured background. Evidence is
      presented that magnocellular pathways are used to discriminate the direction of
      movement. Since magnocellular pathways are used to discriminate the direction of
      movement, this task is not affected by small pattern changes such as jitter,
      short presentations, blurring, and different background contrasts that result
      when the veiling illumination in a scene changes.

PMID- 2646209
TI  - Signal transformation and coding in neural systems.
AB  - The subject of signal transformation and coding in neural systems is fundamental
      in understanding information processing by the nervous system. This paper
      addresses this issue at the level of neural units (neurons) using nonparametric
      nonlinear dynamic models. These models are variants of the general Wiener-Bose
      model, adapted to this problem as to represent the nonlinear dynamics of neural
      signal transformation using a set of parallel filters (neuron modes) followed by
      a binary operator with multiple real-valued operands (equal in number to the
      number of modes). The postulated model constitutes a reasonable compromise
      between mathematical complexity and current neurophysiological evidence. It
      incorporates nonlinear dynamics and spike generation mechanisms in a fairly
      general, yet parsimonious manner. Although this study has objectives limited to a
      single unit and represents a small contribution in a vast and complex research
      area, it is hoped that it will facilitate progress in the systematic study of the
      functional organization of neural systems with multiple units.

PMID- 2646210
TI  - Neuronal activities related to higher brain functions--theoretical and
      experimental implications.
AB  - The activities of several single units (6-10) were recorded simultaneously in the
      auditory cortex and in frontal cortical areas of cats and monkeys. The response
      properties of the single units and the interaction between them were studied. It
      is shown that single units in both areas may participate in prolonged processes
      and be involved in more than one process. Adjacent neurons need not function in
      unison; while some neurons are activated, others may stay inactive. The
      interactions among adjacent neurons are weak, and can be modulated by sensory
      stimulation, and by arousal and behavioral states. These properties lead us to
      hypothesize that information is represented in the cortex by coactivation of sets
      of neurons rather than by independent modulation of the single-unit firing rate.
      A single unit may be a member of several representing sets. Thus, each neuron may
      participate in more than one function and each small cortical area may contain
      members of several functional sets. A mechanism for computing and transmitting
      information, based on converging-diverging links, between neuronal sets is
      described and tested by simulations and analysis of experimental data.

PMID- 2646211
TI  - Neuronal assemblies.
AB  - This paper examines the concept of neuronal assembly as it has appeared in
      selected portions of the literature. The context is experimental access to real
      neuronal assemblies in working brains, as made possible by recent technological
      progress. One current measure of assembly organization is based on correlation of
      firing among neurons; recent observations show that such correlations can vary
      rapidly. In this paper, we demonstrate that dynamic firing correlation can be
      caused either by dynamic changes in neuronal connection strengths or,
      alternatively, by the effects of an unobserved (large) pool of other neurons. The
      static connectivity within the pool appears to be important in determining these
      effects.

PMID- 2646212
TI  - Dendritic transformations on random synaptic inputs as measured from a neuron's
      spike train--modeling and simulation.
AB  - Extracellular spike trains recorded from central nervous system neurons reflect
      the random activations from a multitude of presynaptic cells making contacts
      mainly on the extensive dendritic trees. The dendritic potential variations are
      propagated towards the trigger zone where action potentials are generated. In
      this paper, two dendritic propagation modes are modeled: passive and quasi
      active. Synaptic bombardments are modeled as being applied apically, somatically,
      or distributed over the dendritic tree. The resulting simulated neuronal spike
      trains are analyzed by point process techniques. Dendritic inputs resulted in a
      tendency for random bursting, interspike interval histograms with a long tail and
      coefficients of variation larger than one. The autocorrelation histograms
      reflected dynamics of the dendritic tree and they were able to discriminate
      between a passive or a quasi-active propagation mode and between dendritic and
      somatic synaptic inputs.

PMID- 2646213
TI  - T-cell tolerance in transgenic mice expressing major histocompatibility class I
      molecules in defined tissues.

PMID- 2646214
TI  - Idiotypic regulation of T cells in graft-versus-host disease and autoimmunity.

PMID- 2646215
TI  - Cellular mechanisms in neonatal and adult tolerance.

PMID- 2646216
TI  - Renin regulation in type II diabetes mellitus: influence of dietary sodium.
AB  - Numerous abnormalities in the renin-angiotensin system have been described in
      diabetes mellitus. Plasma renin activity (PRA) has been noted to be low, normal,
      and high in diabetic patients; these variable results may be explained by
      differences in patient selection and standardization of study conditions. We
      evaluated PRA and inactive renin responses in Type II normotensive (n = 7) and
      hypertensive (n = 12) diabetic patients specifically selected for no or minimal
      evidence (background retinopathy) for microvascular complications. Patients were
      studied in a metabolic ward after 7 days on a constant low sodium (20 meq/day)
      and 7 days on a high sodium (250 meq/day) diet. Nondiabetic control subjects (n =
      7) were evaluated under similar conditions. On low sodium intake, mean PRA levels
      were significantly reduced in the hypertensive diabetic group, but were not
      different between the control and normotensive diabetic groups. Hypertensive
      diabetic patients on high sodium intake also had greater reductions in PRA
      responses compared with the other study groups. In general, diabetic subjects on
      high sodium intake excreted less sodium and had more cumulative sodium retention
      than control subjects. Levels of inactive renin were not significantly different
      between the normotensive and hypertensive diabetic patients and were comparable
      with the levels in control subjects. Inactive renin levels changed in a similar
      direction and magnitude as PRA in response to sodium intake and posture in the
      three study groups. Infusion of angiotensin II led to comparable reductions in
      PRA in both diabetic groups and in the control group, suggesting an intact short
      feedback loop control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646217
TI  - Effects of chronic infusion of renin inhibitor A-64662 in sodium-depleted
      monkeys.
AB  - The potent and primate-selective renin inhibitor A-64662 (n = 8) or vehicle (n =
      6) was administered intravenously for 7 days to sodium-depleted cynomolgus
      monkeys to investigate the chronic effects on arterial pressure, sodium
      excretion, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. A 0.1-mg/kg i.v. bolus
      followed by a continuous 0.01-mg/kg/min infusion of A-64662 lowered mean arterial
      pressure from 89 +/- 3 (average of 4 control days) to 75 +/- 4 mm Hg (p less than
      0.05) after 1 day of administration. This decrement was associated with marked
      inhibition of plasma renin activity (PRA) from 57.7 +/- 11.1 to 1.3 +/- 0.6 ng
      angiotensin I (Ang I)/ml/hr (p less than 0.05). Similar hypotensive levels (range
      73 +/- 4 to 77 +/- 4 mm Hg) were observed on days 2-7 of A-64662 infusion and PRA
      remained suppressed, ranging from 0.6 +/- 0.4 to 1.9 +/- 1.0 ng Ang I/ml/hr.
      Plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) levels were reduced (p less than 0.05) from the
      control value of 66.7 +/- 20.2 to 12.4 +/- 3.3 and 26.4 +/- 6.5 pg/ml on the
      second and seventh days, respectively, of A-64662 infusion. In contrast, infusion
      of vehicle alone had no discernible effect on mean arterial pressure, PRA, or
      plasma Ang II concentrations. Plasma aldosterone decreased (p less than 0.05)
      from control on the second and third days of A-64662 infusion, although
      differences between the treatment groups were not detected throughout the study.
      Urinary sodium excretion remained at control levels throughout the infusion of A
      64662. Cessation of A-64662 administration resulted in a recovery of mean
      arterial pressure to preinfusion levels within 1 day. This study indicates that
      continuous infusion of A-64662 results in a sustained hypotension in sodium
      depleted monkeys. This effect appears to be related, at least partially, to
      inhibition of PRA and lower plasma Ang II levels.

PMID- 2646219
TI  - Surgical therapy for Crohn's disease.
AB  - Most patients with Crohn's disease will require at least one operation for that
      condition, either an operation to correct a complication of Crohn's disease
      (abscess, fistula, or bleeding) or for intractability (the failure of medical
      management to provide relief of disabling symptoms). Proper timing of surgery and
      careful preoperative preparation of the patient with special attention to control
      sepsis and to improving nutritional status will make the operation safer. Because
      of the tendency for Crohn's disease to progress despite medical or surgical
      therapy recurrences after operation are common and the surgical procedure should
      be limited to correcting the complication at hand. For Crohn's disease of the
      small bowel or of the terminal ileum and right colon, a conservative intestinal
      resection and anastomosis is usually the procedure of choice; nonresective
      procedures such as bypass and strictureplasty are useful in special situations.
      More than half of the patients so treated will eventually develop recurrence that
      may require one or more subsequent operations. The adverse effects of resection
      will be minimized by conservative surgery and by careful long-term management of
      the altered intestinal physiology. Some patients with Crohn's colitis have
      limited colonic disease where continence can be preserved by resection and
      anastomosis, although the recurrence rate is high. Total proctocolectomy for
      Crohn's colitis provides much better assurance of long-term freedom from
      recurrence but at the cost to the patient of a permanent ileostomy. Surgery for
      Crohn's disease is not curative but offers effective palliation for the
      complications of this progressive and poorly understood condition.

PMID- 2646218
TI  - Modulation of phospholipase A2 lytic activity by actin and myosin.
AB  - Prostacyclin (PGI2) production is closely coupled with endothelial cell shape and
      F-actin distribution in vitro. These findings may implicate cytoskeletal
      constituents in a mechanism regulating eicosanoid metabolism. To determine the
      potential for such a regulatory mechanism, cytoskeletal protein effects on the
      rate-limiting eicosanoid cascade enzyme (phospholipase A2; PLA2) were studied.
      Membrane phospholipid degradation was indirectly determined by spectrophotometric
      measurement of PLA2-induced rat red blood cell ghost (RBC-G) hemolysis. PLA2 was
      incubated with actin (skeletal, smooth, or nonmuscle cell) at a nonmuscle cell
      concentration (100 microM) and then exposed to the RBC-G. Comparisons in the
      presence or absence of actin revealed that F-actin stimulated whereas G-actin
      suppressed PLA2 lytic behavior significantly (P less than 0.05). When a 10: or
      100:1 F-actin to myosin ratio was used, the F-actin stimulatory effect was
      significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced. These findings suggest that the in
      vitro correlation between PGI2 production and endothelial cell shape may be the
      result of PLA2 regulation by cytoskeletal elements that impart cellular form.

PMID- 2646220
TI  - Corticosteroids for the management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
AB  - Corticosteroids are of proven value for the treatment of active ulcerative
      colitis and Crohn's disease, but are of little value for the maintenance of
      remission. The development of new steroid compounds with low systemic
      bioavailability should allow higher doses to be given for longer periods without
      risking serious adverse reactions.

PMID- 2646221
TI  - New oral salicylates in the therapy of chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel
      disease.
AB  - Sulfasalazine has been the mainstay of therapy for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's
      disease of the colon. More recently, it has become clear that 5-ASA is the active
      moiety of the compound and that the sulfapyridine component is responsible for
      most of the adverse responses to sulfasalazine. The modes of action of
      sulfasalazine and 5-ASA have not been determined despite active investigations.
      There has been great current emphasis on the development of delivery systems to
      allow maximum concentration of therapeutically active 5-ASA in the colon or other
      gastrointestinal mucosal locations. Olsalazine accomplishes this goal by
      creatively coupling two molecules of 5-ASA to each other by a diazo bond.
      Bacterial azoreductases uncouple the parent drug and deliver 5-ASA to the colonic
      mucosa. Several pharmaceutical manufacturers have devised variations in
      mesalamine (5-ASA) coatings designed to release in pH and time-related manners.
      Oral Rowasa, Claversal, and Asacol accomplish distal delivery with acrylic
      coating of tablets. Oral Pentasa seems unique in distributing 5-ASA throughout
      the small bowel as well as the colon by utilization of small ethylcellulose
      coated microgranules. For this reason, Pentasa may be particularly useful in the
      treatment of small bowel Crohn's disease. There are no data to suggest that
      patients unresponsive to oral sulfasalazine will respond to 5-ASA in any form,
      although it is possible that better toleration of the 5-ASA formulations will
      allow more effective dosage levels to be delivered. There are also preliminary
      data supporting synergism between oral and topical rectal 5-ASA in certain
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646222
TI  - 6-Mercaptopurine and other immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of Crohn's
      disease and ulcerative colitis.
AB  - The role of immunosuppressives in the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative
      colitis will be reviewed. This will include a comprehensive presentation of the
      uncontrolled and controlled studies in both diseases. The author's personal
      experiences with more than 400 patients will be summarized, including efficacy
      and short- and long-term toxicity. A review of the literature regarding the risk
      of superinfections and neoplasia will be presented. Finally, specific indications
      for the use of 6-MP/azathioprine will be listed.

PMID- 2646223
TI  - Dysplasia and cancer surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - There are no absolutely reliable methods of detecting precancerous change in the
      colons of patients with ulcerative colitis. Periodic surveillance colonoscopy and
      biopsy are the mainstay of follow-up of patients with extensive, longstanding
      disease.

PMID- 2646224
TI  - Surgical therapy in ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Ulcerative colitis is cured if the colon and rectum are removed. The total
      proctocolectomy provides the cure, but the ileostomy is not well accepted by
      patients. Thus, alternatives that provide continence but have an increased
      morbidity have been introduced. The continent ileostomy (Koch pouch) has a valve
      created in an ileal pouch which provides continence. Intubation with a catheter
      is necessary and a flat ostomy is present. A colectomy with ileoproctostomy can
      be used to salvage the sphincter. Unfortunately, the diseased rectum is spared
      with its potential for progressive symptoms and cancer. The newest technique is
      also the most morbid. This procedure requires total colectomy, stripping of the
      rectal mucosa, formation of an ileal pouch, anastomosis of the pouch to the anus,
      and placement of a diverting ileostomy to allow complete healing without passage
      of stool. The failure rate is five to ten per cent, but most young people opt to
      save the sphincter and preserve their body image.

PMID- 2646225
TI  - CSF pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in neurosurgical patients with an external
      ventriculostomy.
AB  - In 11 neurosurgical patients (seven women, four men, aged 22-73 years) undergoing
      external ventriculostomy, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pharmacokinetics of
      ceftazidime (CAZ) administered as a chemoprophylactic agent were evaluated.
      Concentrations of CAZ in CSF correlated significantly (p less than 0.05) with
      serum concentrations and with leucocyte counts in CSF. Peak concentrations in CSF
      (range 0-25.5 mg/l) exceeded the MIC90 of Staphylococcus species in two and of
      Pseudomonas and Enterobacter species in five of 11 patients. The MIC90 values of
      the other relevant bacteria causing CNS infections in these patients were
      surpassed in nine of 11 patients.

PMID- 2646226
TI  - Susceptibility of new beta-lactams to the expanded-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-1.
AB  - Forty-three clinical isolates of enterobacteria were selected for the production
      of the new plasmid-mediated expanded-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-1. The geometric
      means of MICs were ranged as follows: ticarcillin, greater than 4096 mg/l;
      ticarcillin + clavulanic acid (2 mg/l), 64-87 mg/l; LY 163892, 8.0-69.1 mg/l;
      cefotaxime, 5.7-26.4 mg/l; temocillin, 8.0-21.8 mg/l; Ro 158074, 4.0-18.7 mg/l
      aztreonam, 1.0-14.4 mg/l and BMY 28142, 1.4-2.8 mg/l. Moxalactam, imipenem and CM
      40876 were resistant to hydrolysis and MICs were lower than 2.0 mg/l. A high
      protective effect on cefotaxime (MIC less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l) was obtained
      by sulbactam (4 mg/l). Escherichia coli transconjugants from each species showed
      similar levels of MICs.

PMID- 2646227
TI  - Antimicrobial activity induction by PSK subfractions: dependence on molecular
      weight.

PMID- 2646228
TI  - Factors influencing spinal anesthesia.

PMID- 2646229
TI  - On the origins of intrathecal anesthesia.

PMID- 2646230
TI  - Spinal anesthetic agents.
AB  - Lidocaine, tetracaine, and bupivacaine are the local anesthetic agents most
      commonly employed for spinal anesthesia in the U.S. Lidocaine provides a short
      duration of anesthesia and is primarily useful for surgical and obstetrical
      procedures lasting less than one hour. Tetracaine and bupivacaine are used for
      procedures lasting 2 to 5 hours. Tetracaine appears to provide a somewhat longer
      duration of anesthesia and a more profound degree of motor block than does
      bupivacaine. On the other hand, compared with tetracaine, bupivacaine has been
      demonstrated to be associated with a decreased incidence of hypotension. In
      addition, bupivacaine may be better than tetracaine for use in orthopedic
      surgical procedures since it appears to be associated with a lower incidence of
      tourniquet pain. Vasoconstrictors can prolong the duration of spinal anesthesia
      of all three agents. However, the greatest duration is seen when vasoconstrictors
      are added to tetracaine solutions. Lidocaine and bupivacaine do not appear to
      benefit as much from the addition of vasoconstrictors. In general, the local
      anesthetic agents that are currently available for spinal anesthesia provide
      significant versatility. By carefully considering the planned surgical procedure,
      the surgeon's requirements, and the patient's characteristics (e.g., age, height,
      gravidity), and by understanding the factors that influence spinal anesthesia,
      the anesthesiologist can select a local anesthetic agent that will assure
      adequate and satisfying spinal anesthesia.

PMID- 2646231
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of spinal anesthesia.

PMID- 2646232
TI  - Respiratory effects of spinal anesthesia.

PMID- 2646233
TI  - Continuous spinal anesthesia.

PMID- 2646234
TI  - Rationale for spinal anesthesia.
AB  - Spinal anesthesia is probably the most widely used form of regional anesthesia
      today. A number of clinical studies suggest that spinal anesthesia may be
      superior to general or epidural anesthesia for certain patients and for certain
      surgical procedures. The endocrine-metabolic response to surgery appears to be
      blunted when spinal anesthesia is employed compared to the response during
      general anesthesia. Blood loss and thromboembolic complications are also reduced
      when spinal anesthesia is used, particularly for major lower limb orthopedic
      procedures. Although long-term survival is not affected by the anesthetic
      technique employed, short-term mortality may be decreased in elderly patients
      having major orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia. Compared to epidural
      blockade, spinal anesthesia provides a more rapid onset, a more predictable level
      of analgesia, and a more profound degree of surgical anesthesia. On the other
      hand, spinal anesthesia is associated with a greater degree of hypotension
      compared to epidural anesthesia. The results of these various investigations show
      that a scientific rationale exists for the continued use of spinal anesthesia.

PMID- 2646235
TI  - [The aminoglycosides].

PMID- 2646236
TI  - [The beta-lactam antibiotics].

PMID- 2646237
TI  - [Fluoroquinolones--antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetics and indications for a
      new group of chemotherapeutic drugs].

PMID- 2646238
TI  - [Chloramphenicol, tetracyclines and macrolide antibiotics].

PMID- 2646239
TI  - [The antimycotic drugs].

PMID- 2646240
TI  - [Determination of the magnesium concentration in body fluids].

PMID- 2646241
TI  - [A 35-year-old patient with stress dyspnea, cyanosis, right heart failure and
      post-thrombotic syndrome].

PMID- 2646242
TI  - [Increasing stress dyspnea in a 31-year-old patient with enlarged heart shadow].

PMID- 2646243
TI  - The myth regarding bone or cartilage involvement by cancer and the likelihood of
      cure by radiotherapy.
AB  - A myth persists that tumor involvement of bone and/or cartilage represents a
      clinical situation in which cure by radiotherapy would be considered unusual.
      There are sufficient data to the contrary. This essay reviews the radiotherapy
      results for (1) primary tumors of bone (benign and malignant), (2) primary
      malignant tumors of cartilage, and (3) benign and malignant tumors that
      secondarily involve bone and/or cartilage. It is hoped that the myth concerning
      radiocurability and bone and/or cartilage involvement will be replaced by an
      appreciation of the relative rates of cure depending on the clinical situation.

PMID- 2646244
TI  - Evaluation of the frontonasal duct in frontal sinus fractures.
AB  - Successful management of frontal sinus fractures depends on correct
      identification of structural pathology, which may lead to inflammatory
      complications. Obstruction of the frontonasal duct is a significant factor
      predisposing to such complications and its evaluation is thus critical in the
      management of these fractures. Specific radiographic CT criteria and an
      intraoperative dye irrigation test are presented to determine the likelihood of
      frontonasal duct injury. Eighteen cases of frontal sinus fractures are reviewed,
      which have been treated based on these principles. A scheme is presented
      outlining the management of frontal sinus trauma using these methods.

PMID- 2646245
TI  - Invasive histoplasmosis of the mandible.
AB  - We present a case of an 82-year-old man with a 1-year history of a slowly
      enlarging, nontender, exophytic oral mucosal lesion with focal ulceration of the
      right alveolar ridge of the mandible associated with cortical bone resorption.
      Two consecutive biopsies revealed histoplasma capsulatum. A review of the
      literature confirms that this is an uncommon manifestation of this fungal
      disease, but must be considered in the differential diagnosis of an oral
      ulcerative lesion.

PMID- 2646246
TI  - Frey's syndrome: treatment with topical glycopyrrolate.
AB  - Gustatory sweating and flushing of the facial skin, or Frey's syndrome, is fairly
      common after parotidectomy. The most likely mechanism is aberrant reinnervation
      of the sweat glands of the face by the severed parotid parasympathetic nerve
      fibers. A survey of 61 patients having undergone parotidectomy yielded 29 (47.5%)
      with gustatory sweating. Twenty-three percent (14 patients) considered the
      symptoms severe. In a double-blind study, five of those 14 patients were
      alternately treated with topically applied placebo and with glycopyrrolate (an
      anticholinergic agent) as 0.5% lotion, 2% lotion, and 2% cream. All five patients
      showed some improvement with the test preparations, but had longer lasting and
      more effective lessening of symptoms with the 2% glycopyrrolate preparations.
      There were no adverse side effects. We therefore believe that the topical
      application of a 2% glycopyrrolate preparation is a safe and effective treatment
      for severe gustatory sweating following parotidectomy.

PMID- 2646247
TI  - [Long-term experiences with histologic control of the incision margin (3-D
      histology)].
AB  - In order to make sure that malignant tumors of the skin are excised completely,
      excisional margin control has been performed in our department for 8 years. For
      this purpose, tissue is excised, fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. The
      tumor and the excisional margins are examined separately. A total of 2016 basal
      cell carcinomas have been followed up for up to 4 years. If histological
      examination of the excised margins still show evidence of the tumor, re-excision
      is performed until the excised margins are free of the lesion. This procedure has
      proven to be very successful, with a recurrence rate of only 0.35%. The tissue is
      processed in a routine histology laboratory according to standard procedures.

PMID- 2646248
TI  - [Grenz ray therapy].
AB  - Grenz rays (ultrasoft X-rays, Bucky rays) have been used in the treatment of
      benign skin disorders for more than 60 years. The mechanism of action, the
      clinical effect and the potential carcinogenic effect have remained largely
      unknown, and many of the reported studies are now obsolete. Recent studies of
      both the clinical and the basic characteristics of grenz rays have shown that the
      number of Langerhans' cells decreases in the human epidermis after treatment and
      that grenz rays can suppress the expression of nickel allergy in sensitive
      individuals. Also, very good results have been reported in the treatment of
      psoriasis of the scalp. A large-scale study involving more than 14,000 patients
      has shown that grenz ray therapy cannot be excluded as a risk factor in the
      development of non-melanoma skin tumors, but this risk factor is small and can
      virtually be disregarded when certain therapy recommendations are followed. This
      article is an attempt to summarize the present knowledge of grenz ray therapy.

PMID- 2646249
TI  - [150 years of the "Handbook of Plastic Surgery"--in memory of Eduard Zeis (1807
      1868)].
AB  - Even before Joseph Lister (1827-1912) discovered and adopted the concept of
      antisepsis in 1867, pioneering work in the field of plastic surgery had already
      begun in Germany very early in the nineteenth century. The best known surgeons
      working in this field at that time were Karl Ferdinand von Graefe (1787-1840) and
      Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (1794-1847) in Berlin and Philipp Franz von Walther
      (1782-1849) in Bonn and Munich. Three early plastic surgeons who were active in
      Dresden can and should be compared to them. These are, in chronological order,
      Johann August Wilhelm Hedenus (the elder; 1760-1834), Friedrich August von Ammon
      (1799-1861) and Eduard Zeis (1807-1868); Zeis' career is reviewed briefly here
      with the accent on Dresden. Born in Dresden on 1 October 1807, after finishing
      his training in 1932 he set up in general practice in his home town. Here he
      wrote his epoch-making "Handbuch der plastischen Chirurgie" (Handbook of Plastic
      Surgery; published in 1838), thus establishing the term "plastische Chirurgie",
      which has been adopted and assimilated into different languages all over the
      world. The best wishes of his friends went with him when Zeis went to take up the
      professorship in Marburg. This position did not live up to his expectations,
      however. In 1849 he returned to Dresden, where he worked until his death as
      senior medical officer in the newly established municipal hospital in Dresden
      Friedrichstadt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646250
TI  - [Metabolism of drugs in the skin].
AB  - The principle metabolic pathways in the skin and their practical implications are
      still largely unknown. Some insight has already been gained from a few in vivo
      methods (application of radiolabelled substances in animal and man) and several
      in vitro methods (skin slice models, use of skin homogenates, skin perfusion
      models). Most of the drugs investigated with these methods have been
      glucocorticosteroids: cortisol (oxidation to cortisone, reduction at C-20 and
      delta 4), diflucortolonvalerate, fluocortinbutylester (ester cleavage). Estradiol
      (oxidation to estrone) and vidarabine-5-valerate (ester cleavage) are drugs of a
      different type that have been examined.

PMID- 2646251
TI  - Bilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to condylomata acuminata of the urinary
      bladder.
AB  - Condyloma acuminatum is a viral infection of near epidemic proportions. Both men
      and women are affected equally. Most lesions are on the external genitalia and
      the mucous membranes of the urethra or the vagina. A rare occurrence of condyloma
      acuminata is involvement of the urinary bladder. To date, only 11 cases have been
      reported. We describe two additional cases, both with bilateral ureteral
      obstruction. Current urologic management and review of the literature are
      presented.

PMID- 2646252
TI  - Chinese herb "destagnation" series I: Combination of radiation with destagnation
      in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): a prospective randomized
      trial on 188 cases.
AB  - The results of a prospective randomized trial on 188 patients with NPC is
      reported to evaluate the validity of Chinese herbal medicine-Destagnation
      combined with radiotherapy. Ninety patients were allotted to the Destagnation
      group (radiation plus Destagnation) and 98, to the control group (radiation
      only). The 5-year success rate (number surviving minus number recurred but
      salvaged by re-treatment) of the Destagnation group is 53% (48/90) in comparison
      to 37% (36/98) of the control group (p less than 0.05). Minor complications of
      Destagnation included occasional anorexia and frequency of bowel movement. The
      reduced rate of local recurrence at the primary site in the Destagnation group
      (14%-13/90) as compared to that of the control group (29%-28/98) (p less than
      0.05) suggests that Destagnation may be a radiosensitizer. The similar metastatic
      rates in both groups; 21% (19/90) in the Destagnation group and 21% (21/98) in
      the control group may refute the belief that Destagnation enhances hematogenous
      spread.

PMID- 2646253
TI  - Randomized clinical trial on the combination of preoperative irradiation and
      surgery in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma: report on 206 patients.
AB  - From June 1977 to May 1985, a prospective randomized clinical trial on pre
      operative radiation for esophageal carcinoma was carried out in 206 patients.
      Lesions under 8 cm in length and patients younger than 65 years, at least on semi
      liquid diet and not contra-indicated for surgery were randomized into a combined
      group (104 patients) or a surgery alone group (102 patients). Eight MV X ray
      units were used for the pre-operative radiation using A-P portals to deliver
      4,000 cGy to the whole mediastinum and the left gastroepiploic lymphatic chain.
      Surgery was carried out after 2 to 4 week's rest. The immediate results of the
      combined group and the surgery alone group were: resection rate 93% and 85%,
      operative mortality 5% and 6%, intra-thoracic anastomotic leak 0% and 1%,
      positive pathology at the esophageal stump 0% and 2%, and lymph nodes metastasis
      27% and 35% respectively. The 5-year survival rates of the combined group and the
      surgery alone group were 35% and 30%. We have noticed that those patients with
      lesions showing radiation reaction of grade III gave a 5-year survival of 50%
      (12/24). Because intra- and extra-thoracic lymphnode metastasis caused failures
      (41% and 34% of these two groups), increasing the preoperative tumor dose to 60
      Gy or designing post-operative irradiation to cover the bilateral supraclavicular
      areas was necessary. The whole mediastinum and the left gastroepiploic lymphatics
      could further improve the results of surgery. Further studies are needed.

PMID- 2646254
TI  - Effect of heat on the cytotoxicity and interaction with DNA of a series of
      platinum complexes.
AB  - The effect of elevated temperature on the cytotoxicity and interaction with DNA
      of a series of platinum(II) complexes was examined. CDDP showed greater
      enhancement in cell killing with heat than the other platinum(II) complexes.
      There were approximately 2 decades enhancement in cell killing by 10 microM CDDP
      at 42 degrees C compared to 37 degrees C. The other potential cross-linking
      agents also showed increasing cytotoxicity with increasing temperature. K2PtCl4
      (500 microM) killed about 15 times more cells at 43 degrees C than at 37 degrees
      C and KPt(NH3)Cl3 (500 microM) killed about 18 times more cells at 43 degrees C
      than at 37 degrees C. The cytotoxicity of the triammine and tetraammine complexes
      was less influenced by temperature. There was no significant difference in the
      cytotoxicity of [Pt(NH3)3Cl]Cl at any of the temperatures examined. The
      cytotoxicity of [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 (500 microM) was increased about 7-fold at 43
      degrees C compared to 37 degrees C, but the total cell killing by this complex at
      43 degrees C was less than 1 log. Carboplatin (250 microM) was about 5 times more
      toxic at 42 degrees C and killed about 2.5 decades more cells at 43 degrees C
      than at 37 degrees C. Although there was little enhancement in the cytotoxicity
      of trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 at 42 degrees C compared to 37 degrees C trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2
      (500 microM) was about 7 times more cytotoxic than at 37 degrees C. The
      interaction of the various drug/temperature treatments with supercoiled pBR322
      plasmid DNA was examined to assess the effect of heat on the reaction of these
      agents with DNA. At 42 degrees C, CDDP was able to gradually alter the gel
      electrophoretic mobility of the plasmid DNA to near that of the linear form. This
      change also occurred at 37 degrees C but at a much slower rate. Carboplatin
      effected similar changes in the superhelical pBR322 DNA, and the effect of
      temperature appeared to increase the rate of the reaction. Trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 also
      interacted with the supercoiled DNA, but at a slower rate than CDDP even under
      hyperthermic conditions. These results indicate that neutral platinum complexes
      capable of cross-linking DNA interact positively with temperature elevation to
      increase cytotoxicity, and, that of the platinum complexes that meet these
      criteria, the effect of hyperthermia is greatest with CDDP.

PMID- 2646256
TI  - The current and potential role of hyperthermia in radiotherapy.
AB  - Current clinical experience strongly suggests that hyperthermia will become an
      important modality as an adjuvant to radiotherapy in the treatment of locally
      advanced solid tumors. Hyperthermia must therefore be considered a topic of
      general interest. Biologically, hyperthermia has two different types of
      interactions with radiation. Firstly, heat has a radiosensitizing effect. This is
      most prominent with simultaneous application, but is of the same magnitude in
      both tumor and normal tissue and will not improve the therapeutic ratio unless
      the tumor is heated to a higher temperature than the normal tissue. Secondly,
      hyperthermia exhibits a direct cytotoxic effect, and a moderate heat treatment
      alone can almost selectively destroy tumor cells in a nutritionally deprived
      chronically hypoxic and acidic environment. Because such cells are the most
      radioresistant, a smaller radiation dose is needed to control the remaining more
      radiosensitive cells. If critical, irradiated normal tissues are also heated, the
      cytotoxicity is best utilised if heat is given at least 3-4 hours after
      irradiation. The magnitude of both the sensitizing and the cytotoxic effect
      depends on temperature and heating time. Clinically, heating of superficial
      tumors (e.g. breast, neck nodes and malignant melanoma) has confirmed the
      biological rationale for using hyperthermia as an adjuvant to radiotherapy. An
      overview of available data gives thermal enhancement ratios of approximately 1.5
      in several superficial tumor sites after external heating. From a practical point
      of view, true simultaneous treatment is almost impossible using external heating,
      and the major effect of the combined treatment will have to rely on hyperthermic
      cytotoxicity. This makes the design of clinical schedules less complicated since
      only a few heat fractions may be needed to achieve an optimal effect. On this
      basis, several randomized clinical trials have been activated with the aim to
      evaluate the role of adjuvant hyperthermia in the primary treatment of advanced
      (superficial) tumors. In addition, studies are underway to specifically elucidate
      the clinical relevance of thermotolerance and other biological issues. So far,
      the clinical evaluation has almost solely been limited to superficial tumors, or
      to situations where interstitial heating is feasible. External heating of "deep"
      seated tumors is still preliminary, and most studies are in Phase I-II, with
      emphasis on toxicity and feasibility. The initial results are promising with
      regard to improved tumor control and acceptable toxicity.

PMID- 2646255
TI  - A phase I/II study of the hypoxic cell sensitizer misonidazole as an adjunct to
      high fractional dose radiotherapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck: a RTOG randomized study (#79-04).
AB  - A randomized prospective trial was performed to study the toxicity and efficacy
      of the hypoxic cell sensitizer, misonidazole (MISO), used as an adjunct to high
      fractional dose radiotherapy in the management of unresectable Stage III and IV
      squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx. From
      June 1979 to February 1983, 42 patients were randomized with 40 patients
      available for analysis. In the radiotherapy (RT) only group, 19 patients received
      a short course of high fractional dose radiotherapy with 400 rad per day, 5 days
      per week, to a total of 4400 to 5200 rad. In the radiotherapy plus misonidazole
      group (RT + MISO) 21 patients received the same radiotherapy plus 1.5 gm/m2 of
      misonidazole 3 times a week for a total of 7 doses. The observed side effects
      associated with misonidazole were: persistent numbness and paresthesia (1
      patient), transient peripheral nerve paresis and persistent paresthesia (1
      patient), and nausea and vomiting (2 patients). The treatment related morbidities
      were similar in both groups. Acute mucositis was seen in 4 of 19 patients in the
      RT group and 3 of 21 patients in the RT + MISO group. Acute airway obstruction
      requiring tracheotomy was seen in 2 patients with massive tumor in the base of
      tongue (1 in each group). Severe dysphagia requiring NG tube feeding was seen in
      3 patients in the RT + MISO group and 3 patients in the RT group. The initial
      complete response rate in the RT group was 53%, versus 48% in the RT + MISO
      group. The estimated 2-year loco-regional control rates were 10% for RT alone and
      17% for RT + MISO (no significancy). These results indicate that the addition of
      misonidazole does not improve the efficacy of high fractional dose radiotherapy
      for management of unresectable head and neck carcinomas. However, high fractional
      dose radiotherapy can be administered for the management of advanced head and
      neck carcinomas with acceptable morbidity and thus, is a useful regimen for
      future clinical trials of hyperbaric oxygen or new hypoxic cell sensitizers.

PMID- 2646257
TI  - Quality assurance problems in clinical hyperthermia and their impact on
      therapeutic outcome: a Report by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.
AB  - Since February 1981, 300 patients with superficial measurable tumors were
      randomized on an RTOG protocol (81-04) involving fractionated radiation therapy
      (4.00 Gy twice weekly for a total of 32.00 Gy), either alone or followed
      immediately by hyperthermia (42.5 degrees C, 60 min). This is a report of 218
      eligible patients with single lesions: 107 treated with radiotherapy alone (RT),
      111 with radiotherapy plus hyperthermia (RT + HT). Only 56% of the 24 tumors less
      than 3 cm and 36% of the 53 lesions larger than 3 cm received what was felt to be
      "adequate" therapy (greater than or equal to 29 Gy and 8 heating sessions).
      Overall complete response (CR) was observed in 28% of the patients treated with
      RT, and 32% of the patients receiving RT and heat. Response has been found in
      previous analyses of this and other RTOG studies to be significantly related to
      both maximum tumor diameter (less than 3 or greater than or equal to 3 cm) and
      site/histology (breast/adenocarcinoma, head and neck/squamous, or other
      site/histologies). In the head and neck tumors less than 3 cm in diameter there
      was no difference in CR with irradiation alone or combined with hyperthermia (46%
      vs 43%). However, in the breast, and trunk and extremities a better CR rate was
      noted with irradiation and heat (55% and 67%) than with irradiation alone (33%
      and 0). In lesions less than 3 cm treated with irradiation and heat the
      probability of remaining in response was 80% compared with 15% with irradiation
      alone. In lesions larger than 3 cm no difference in CR was observed in either
      treatment group. It has been hypothesized that the response rate is higher in
      patients with smaller lesions (less than 3 cm) and in breast/chest wall,
      trunk/extremity lesions because these tumors and anatomical sites are easier to
      heat adequately. Problems encountered in correlating tumor response with quality
      of heating include less than optimal heating in larger lesions and the limited
      ability of current thermometry to accurately represent the temperature
      distribution in a tumor. Furthermore, differences in equipment and treatment
      practices among institutions add to the variability in heat administration data
      collected. In addition, tumor response may be difficult to judge because of short
      survival of some patients and occasionally rapid tumor regression that may cause
      necrosis which may be misinterpreted as persistent tumor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2646258
TI  - Tumor temperature distributions predict hyperthermia effect.
AB  - Review of clinical hyperthermia (HT) trial results shows that there previously
      has not been a robust model relating efficacy of HT treatments to characteristics
      of the temperature distribution. Lack of a model has been an impediment in Phase
      II trials; these trials must include defining the prescription for HT treatment,
      optimizing the schedule of HT treatments, and defining quality assurance
      procedures. We propose a model that is based upon noting that the majority of a
      tumor volume is contained in the outermost "shell" of a solid tumor, across which
      shell the radial temperature distribution is assumed to be linear. Any linear
      distribution can be defined by coordinates of a point and a slope, and we choose
      the temperature at the radiographically defined edge of a tumor and the slope
      (dT/dr) across the outer shell as these determinants of the linear radial
      temperature distribution. A discriminant analysis of success or failure of
      treatment can then be based upon these two descriptors (Tedge, dT/dr). We have
      tested this model using data from patients with soft tissue sarcoma (Stage IIB or
      greater) that have entered an ongoing prospective trial of conventional
      preoperative radiotherapy (5000 cGy/25 Fx/5 wk) together with HT, the latter
      randomized to be given once or twice weekly during the 5 week course. Wide local
      excision of the primary tumor is done 1 month after completion of radiotherapy,
      and the extent of histologic change in the resected specimen is scored. Our model
      has an 86% predictive value for lack of complete or nearly complete necrosis in
      the resected specimen according to whether the time-averaged Tedge and slope
      during each HT treatment satisfy the equation Tedge + 1.2 (slope in degree C/cm)
      less than or equal to 40.6 degrees C in all but one treatment at most.
      Conversely, in 85% of cases with complete or nearly complete tumor necrosis,
      temperature distributions satisfied Tedge + 1.2 (slope in degree C/cm) greater
      than 40.6 degrees C during at least one HT treatment. Requiring greater than or
      equal to one third of treatments of a patient to satisfy the preceeding
      discriminant equation resulted in 80% of patients being correctly classified as a
      responder or nonresponder, with only one false positive prediction (patient
      incorrectly classified as a responder). The model can reveal systematic changes
      in the edge temperature distribution during the treatment course that are
      consistent with tumor perfusion changes inferred and measured by independent
      means.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2646259
TI  - Regional hyperthermia for advanced tumors: a clinical study of 353 patients.
AB  - A Phase I study using deep regional hyperthermia (HT) with an annular phased
      array was conducted in 14 U.S. medical centers from 1980 through 1986. There were
      353 patients whose average age was 57 years. All patients had advanced recurrent
      or persistent tumors. Prior frequently complex, multimodality anti-cancer therapy
      was received by 71% of the patients. Gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma was present
      in 146 (41%) patients, genitourinary tumors in 86 (24%), soft tissue sarcomas in
      46 (13%), malignant melanoma in 21 (6%) and 15% had other tumors. The sites
      treated included: pelvis 55%, abdomen 21%, liver 14%, thorax 6%, and other sites
      3%. All patients received deep regional HT with an average frequency of 55 MHz. A
      total of 1412 HT treatments was administered to these 353 patients with an aim to
      increase the temperature in the volume of interest to greater than 42 degrees C
      for greater than or equal to 30 minutes. Thermal dose (TD in equivalent minutes
      at 42.5 degrees C) was less than 50 in 104 (29%), greater than or equal to 50
      less than 100 in 30 (11%), greater than or equal to 100 in 26 (7%), and greater
      than 200 in 34 (10%). The remaining 150 (42%) patients had TD = 0. In addition to
      HT, 260 (74%) received radiotherapy (RT). RT was given at 180 or 200 cGy daily
      with an average total dose of 33.4 Gy. A total of 42 (12%) patients were given
      chemotherapy (CT) with HT, and 15 (4%) CT + HT + RT/HT alone was given to 47
      (13%) patients. Complete response (CR) was obtained in 35 (10%) and partial
      response (PR) in 59 (17%) patients. CR was 12% in patients who received RT, vs 2%
      in those who did not receive it, p = 0.003. Radiation dose was an important
      factor influencing response, p less than 0.001. Thermal dose was not an important
      parameter influencing tumor response. A duration of CR ranged from 4 to 73 weeks
      with an average duration of 31 weeks and the median duration of 28 weeks. The
      overall 2-year survival was 13% with the median survival of 42 weeks. Patients
      with CR and PR had a 2 year survival of 41%, and a median survival of 71 weeks.
      This compared with 8% 2-year survival and 24 weeks median survival in patients
      who did not have CR or PR, p less than 0.001. Of the patients presenting with
      significant pain, 62% had complete or partial pain relief.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2646260
TI  - Identification of an optimal subgroup for treatment evaluation of patients with
      brain metastases using RTOG study 7916.
AB  - The overall poor prognosis of brain metastases patients has complicated the
      evaluation of treatment effectiveness in previous clinical trials involving
      radiation therapy. Therapy has not been seen to alter survival, which is
      generally short in these patients. Possible benefits of the treatments tested may
      be better assessed using a favorable group of patients who are at lower risk of
      dying quickly from cancer. The determination of a patient subgroup having
      prolonged survival allows for improvement in the design and analysis of
      subsequent clinical trials. An optimal patient group was identified in an RTOG
      study (7916) that evaluated two fractionation schedules (30 Gy/10 fractions/2
      weeks and 20 Gy/6 fractions/3 weeks) with or without the administration of
      misonidazole (MISO) in the treatment of brain metastases. A Cox regression model
      was used to identify the pretreatment characteristics associated with a favorable
      prognosis for survival: Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) of 70-100, an
      absent/controlled primary tumor, age less than 60 years, and metastatic spread
      limited to the brain. A logistic model confirmed that the odds of surviving at
      least 200 days depend on these pretreatment characteristics. Patients with all
      four favorable characteristics constitute 11% of the evaluable study population
      and have a predicted 200 day survival of 52%. Prognostically favorable subgroups
      have been identified as patients having at least three of these four favorable
      characteristics. These patients have predicted probabilities of 200 day survival
      between 33 and 52%. Conversely, unfavorable subgroups are defined as patients
      having two or less favorable characteristics. Subsequent verification of these
      results by a second data set is warranted. The prognostically favorable
      characteristics have been used to define the patient population in a current RTOG
      study evaluating accelerated radiation therapy in patients with brain metastases.

PMID- 2646261
TI  - The influence of cathepsin B and leupeptin on potentially lethal damage repair in
      mammalian cells.
AB  - Cell response to irradiation depends on many micro-environmental and
      intracellular factors. It is known that proteinases control many physiological
      functions and are also involved in progression of the cell cycle. They also could
      be involved in cell response to irradiation. In this work the influence of
      cathepsin B, which is one of the important lysosomal proteinases, and one of its
      inhibitors, leupeptin, on the potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) was
      studied. Chinese hamster V79 cells were irradiated with gamma rays in the plateau
      phase of growth. Immediately after irradiation cathepsin B or leupeptin were
      added to the growth medium. Four hours later, a determined sufficient period of
      time for maximal PLDR, the cells were replated to assess survival and mutation
      induction. Mutation frequency was determined at the hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) locus using resistance to 6-thioguanine (6-TG).
      Simultaneously, the activity of cysteine, aspartic and serine proteinases were
      determined at different postirradiation intervals. The results show that when
      plateau-phase cells were incubated with cathepsin B during the postirradiation
      interval strong inhibition of PLDR was observed, accompanied with a reduced
      number of 6-TG resistant mutants. If leupeptin was added, more modest inhibition
      of PLDR was observed, accompanied with only slight reduction in the mutation
      frequency. The addition of cathepsin B or leupeptin to irradiated cells modified
      the activities of intracellular proteinases. As the highest alterations in
      proteinase activities were observed at the time when maximum repair of DNA
      lesions occurred, the biological consequences could involve a series of
      sequential steps in intracellular proteinase activities.

PMID- 2646262
TI  - The 1987 Franz Buschke lecture: the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of
      chemosensitive tumors.

PMID- 2646263
TI  - Locally advanced breast cancer current status and future directions.
AB  - Patients described as having locally advanced breast cancer comprise a
      heterogeneous group of patients with variable clinical presentations. Systematic
      evaluation of patients with these presentations has been limited, with much of
      our current understanding based on retrospective reviews. Prospective pilot
      studies have demonstrated the feasibility of multimodality therapy. However,
      there have been few well-conducted randomized trials in this setting. Comparison
      of results among studies is made difficult by the varying eligibility criteria
      and the way in which the data are reported. The use of common and consistent
      definitions of operable and inoperable disease is necessary for a more uniform
      understanding of the therapeutic interventions necessary for a given patient
      within this broad category of Stage III or locally advanced breast cancer. There
      are a variety of opportunities for clinical research activities in this group of
      patients including tests of hormonal recruitment or synchronization, high dose
      chemotherapy requiring autologous bone marrow transplantation, perioperative or
      preoperative chemotherapy, and alternating chemotherapy with short course
      radiotherapy. The integration of clinical information with biological
      characteristics of the tumor such as cytokinetics, oncogene amplification, and
      hormone receptors will be an important and necessary focus of future
      investigation in this disease.

PMID- 2646264
TI  - Is the published literature a reliable guide for deciding between alternative
      treatments for patients with early cervical cancer?
AB  - The quality of the methodology and reporting of studies on the treatment of early
      cervical cancer published in English and French language over the period 1975
      1985 were examined using an explicit, pre-defined protocol aimed at assessing
      their internal validity and generalizability. One hundred and fifty-two articles
      reporting results on over 40,000 patients treated with surgery, radiotherapy, or
      the combination of the two, were examined. The astonishing lack of formal
      comparative studies together with the poor quality of those actually carried out
      were the two major findings of our study. More than half of the reviewed papers
      (54%) were single series studies. Among the remaining 46% only a few formally
      compared the two treatments (i.e. surgery vs. radiotherapy), the remainder
      dealing with comparisons of specific surgical or radiotherapeutic techniques.
      With reference to study quality, the existence of a pre-specified research
      protocol could not be ascertained in most studies. A description of patients'
      characteristics and information on the source population were deficient in most
      papers reviewed; information on the two aspects was in fact satisfactorily
      reported in only 7% and 47% of the papers, respectively. Finally, the lack of
      standardization of follow-up methods (i.e. type and modalities) and of
      information on treatment compliance were two other severe methodological
      deficiencies. In view of this poor quality and of the intrinsic difficulty of
      drawing firm scientific conclusions from non-experimental investigations, the
      reliability of this literature remains highly dubious. Another possible caveat is
      that what is published is a biased sample of the overall evidence because of the
      well known tendency of authors to write about and editors to publish positive
      results more frequently than negative ones.

PMID- 2646265
TI  - Arthur Purdy Stout.

PMID- 2646266
TI  - Hormonal cytoreduction in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate treated with
      definitive radiotherapy: preliminary results of RTOG 83-07.
AB  - RTOG 83-07 is a Phase II randomized protocol designed to compare the efficacy and
      toxicity of Megestrol vs Diethylstilbestrol (DES) used as cytoreductive agents
      prior to and during radiotherapy. The end-points of this study include tumor
      clearance rate, effect on serum testosterone, local-regional control, disease
      free interval, and survival. Eligible patients were those with histologically
      confirmed locally advanced adenocarcinoma, clinical Stage B2 and C without
      regional lymph node involvement, or with lymph node involvement limited to the
      pelvis. Patients with medical conditions potentially predisposing to
      cardiovascular (thromboembolic) sequelae of endocrine therapy were not eligible.
      Patients were stratified by clinical stage, histological grade, and nodal status
      and were randomized to receive either Megestrol 40 mg PO tid or
      Diethylstilbestrol 1 mg PO tid. The drugs were started 2 months prior to
      initiation of radiotherapy and were continued throughout the radiotherapy course.
      Radiotherapy consisted of 44 to 46 Gy, 1.8 to 2 Gy per day to the regional
      lymphatics followed by a boost to the prostate consisting of 20 to 25 Gy, 1.8 to
      2 Gy per day to a total of 65 to 70 Gy. Serum testosterone levels were recorded
      throughout the treatment course. Tumor response was assessed clinically and
      radiographically (CT scan). From March 1983 through June 1986 a total of 203
      patients were accessioned to the study; 197 were analyzable. Correlation of the
      incidence of drug related toxicity and treatment arm assignment revealed a
      significantly higher incidence of complications in the Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
      arm. The most prominent were the differences in the incidence of gynecomastia
      (55% vs 7%) and fluid retention (21% vs 6%). The incidence of thromboembolic
      phenomena was comparable (8% vs 5% in the Megestrol arm). Although patients on
      the DES arm demonstrated a significantly greater median decrease in testosterone
      level, correlation of the treatment assigned to the rate of tumor regression and
      the incidence of complete response revealed no significant difference between the
      arms. At 3 years only 6.5% of the evaluable patients manifested evidence of local
      failure. The results of the study indicate comparable efficacy (using tumor
      clearance as an end-point) of DES and Megestrol. While DES appears more effective
      in suppressing testosterone it is also associated with a higher incidence of
      toxicity. The cytoreduction (using either DES, Megestrol, or an alternative
      regimen) concept remains to be tested in a Phase III study comparing it to
      radiotherapy alone.

PMID- 2646267
TI  - A total body irradiation stand for bone marrow transplant patients.
AB  - A stand designed for the immobilization of patients standing during total body
      irradiation (TBI) with horizontal 10 MV X rays is described. The stand reduces
      patient movement and facilitates the initial positioning and repositioning of
      patients during 11 fractions of TBI over a 3 2/3 day period. Details of design
      and use are presented. The stand is regularly used to treat TBI patients.

PMID- 2646268
TI  - Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. A study of the direct immunofluorescence
      technique and a review diagnostic limitations.
AB  - Because of the high prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescent females and
      the high cost of chlamydia cultures, we evaluated the use of the direct
      fluorescein conjugated monoclonal antibody test (DFA) in diagnosing C.
      trachomatis in adolescent females. Chlamydia trachomatis was found in 37 (20.1%)
      of 184 cultures. The sensitivity of the direct smear as compared with the culture
      was 89% and the specificity was 99%. The results of recent studies of the DFA and
      chlamydiazyme tests are reviewed as well as the problems in comparing techniques.

PMID- 2646269
TI  - Mycotic omasitis and rumenitis as sequelae to sepsis in dairy cattle: six cases
      (1979-1986).
AB  - Medical records of 6 cows with mycotic rumenitis or omasitis, but no history of
      grain engorgement, were reviewed. A diagnosis was made at necropsy in all cows,
      although the condition was suspected before euthanasia in 3 cows. Common clinical
      findings included inappetence, rumen stasis, fluid rumen contents, and scant,
      pasty, or loose feces. Postmortem findings included severe ulcerative rumenitis
      or omasitis, with thrombosis of blood vessels in the submucosa, and branching,
      septate fungal hyphae abundant in inflamed tissues. In these cows, mycotic
      omasitis and rumenitis were thought to be sequelae of sepsis, with reflux of
      abomasal fluid into the forestomach and broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy as
      possible predisposing factors for mycotic infections.

PMID- 2646270
TI  - Regulation of insulin synthesis in an insulin-producing cell line (RINm5F): long
      term experiments.
AB  - The insulin-producing cell line RINm5F, has been used in short-term experiments
      to evaluate insulin secretion. We sought to maintain the responsiveness of these
      cells to stimuli for up to 2 days. We examined the course of new insulin
      synthesis over this period by measuring at intervals immunoreactive insulin (IRI)
      in two parts: IRI in the medium (M) and IRI extracted from the cells (C). Control
      cells were incubated in RPMI 1640/2.8 mM glucose/10% fetal bovine serum/200
      micrograms/ml bacitracin (to prevent insulin degradation). The addition of
      dibutyryl cAMP 10 mM to the experimental dishes significantly increased total (M
      + C) IRI at 48 hr to 37% above the insulin content of the control dishes (p less
      than 0.01). Theophylline 10 mM increased total (M + C) IRI by 24% over control (p
      less than 0.05) after 24 hrs. Glucose, glyceraldehyde, leucine, arginine,
      glucagon and tolbutamide, other stimulants of insulin production, had no effect.
      Under the experimental conditions reported here, including the use of bacitracin,
      IRI synthesis can be studied for up to 48 hr.

PMID- 2646271
TI  - Enhancement of pancreatic islet cell monolayer growth by endothelial cell matrix
      and insulin.
AB  - The roles of glucose and insulin in the promotion of DNA synthesis in pancreatic
      islet cell monolayers were assessed using a variety of in vitro conditions.
      Several substrates including collagen, poly-l-lysine, Matrigel, and the
      extracellular matrix produced by cultured bovine endothelial cells (BCEM) were
      compared for their ability to promote monolayer growth. Islets grown on BCEM in
      combination with medium RPMI 1640 supplemented with 22.2 mM glucose or 10
      micrograms/ml insulin gave the best results as determined by new DNA synthesis.
      The new-form monolayers were free of contaminating fibroblasts. These results
      suggest that insulin is critical to pancreatic islet growth when the cells are
      attached to biocompatible matrices.

PMID- 2646272
TI  - A single point mutation results in a constitutively activated and feedback
      resistant chorismate mutase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARO7 gene product chorismate mutase, a single-branch
      point enzyme in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway, is activated by
      tryptophan and subject to feedback inhibition by tyrosine. The ARO7 gene was
      cloned on a 2.05-kilobase EcoRI fragment. Northern (RNA) analysis revealed a 0.95
      kilobase poly(A)+ RNA, and DNA sequencing determined a 771-base-pair open reading
      frame capable of encoding a protein 256 amino acids. In addition, three mutant
      alleles of ARO7 were cloned and sequenced. These encoded chorismate mutases which
      were unresponsive to tyrosine and tryptophan and were locked in the on state,
      exhibiting a 10-fold-increased basal enzyme activity. A single base pair exchange
      resulting in a threonine-to-isoleucine amino acid substitution in the C-terminal
      part of the chorismate mutase was found in all mutant strains. In contrast to
      other enzymes in this pathway, no significant homology between the monofunctional
      yeast chorismate mutase and the corresponding domains of the two bifunctional
      Escherichia coli enzymes was found.

PMID- 2646273
TI  - rpoZ, encoding the omega subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, is in the
      same operon as spoT.
AB  - Highly purified Escherichia coli RNA polymerase contains a small subunit termed
      omega. This subunit consists of 91 amino acids with a molecular weight of 10,105.
      We previously reported the cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding omega,
      which we call rpoZ (D. R. Gentry and R. R. Burgess, Gene 48:33-40, 1986). We
      constructed an rpoZ insertion mutation by placing a kanamycin resistance cassette
      into the coding region of the rpoZ gene. Purified RNA polymerase from strains
      carrying this mutation lacked detectable omega. We found that the insertion
      mutation conferred a slow-growth phenotype when introduced into most strains. We
      mapped the position of rpoZ on the E. coli chromosome by genetic techniques and
      by examining the restriction map of the whole chromosome and found that rpoZ maps
      around 82 min, very close to spoT. We determined that the slow-growth phenotype
      of the insertion mutant is suppressed in relA mutants and that the rpoZ insertion
      results in a classical SpoT- phenotype. This finding strongly suggests that rpoZ
      is upstream of spoT in the same operon and that the slow-growth phenotype
      elicited by the insertion mutation is due to polarity on spoT.

PMID- 2646274
TI  - Molybdenum accumulation in chlD mutants of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The content of molybdenum in wild-type and chlD cells was measured under a
      variety of growth conditions to determine if cells with a defective chlD gene
      were able to accumulate molybdenum. The chlD cells accumulated less molybdenum
      than wild-type cells did but concentrated molybdenum to a level at least 20-fold
      higher than the concentration in the culture medium. Molybdenum was present
      within spheroplasts of chlD cells and was not dialyzable. The chlD cells
      accumulated as much molybdenum as wild-type cells did when grown in medium
      containing 0.1 mM molybdate; thus, the capability of incorporation of molybdenum
      into cellular component(s) was equivalent to that of the wild type under these
      conditions.

PMID- 2646275
TI  - Identification of toxS, a regulatory gene whose product enhances toxR-mediated
      activation of the cholera toxin promoter.
AB  - We describe the cloning of the toxS gene from Vibrio cholerae E1 Tor strain
      E7946. This gene lies downstream from the toxR gene, which encodes the
      transcriptional activator for the cholera toxin (ctx) operon in V. cholerae. We
      show that ToxS acts in conjunction with ToxR to activate expression of the ctx
      operon in Escherichia coli. The classical strain 569B, which is attenuated for
      virulance but which synthesizes high levels of cholera toxin in vitro, carries a
      deletion of 1.2 kilobase pairs of DNA, downstream from the toxR gene, which
      removes toxS. We present evidence that toxS is the downstream gene in an operon
      with toxR.

PMID- 2646276
TI  - Cloning and characterization of a Bacteroides conjugal tetracycline-erythromycin
      resistance element by using a shuttle cosmid vector.
AB  - The Bacteroides conjugal tetracycline resistance (Tcr) elements appear not to be
      plasmids. In many cases, resistance to erythromycin (Emr) is cotransferred with
      Tcr. Using a newly constructed shuttle cosmid, pNJR1, we cloned 44 to 50 kilobase
      pairs of a conjugal Tcr Emr element on overlapping cosmid clones. Cosmid
      libraries were made in Escherichia coli with DNA from the original clinical
      Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron DOT strain containing Tcr Emr-DOT or from a
      Bacteroides uniformis Tcr Emr-DOT transconjugant strain. The cosmid clones were
      mobilized from E. coli into B. uniformis in groups of 10 to 20 per filter mating,
      with selection for Tcr or Emr transconjugants. The Tcr and Emr genes were cloned
      both separately and together on 30-kilobase-pair fragments. Several of the Tcr
      clones also contained transfer genes that permitted self-transfer of the cosmid
      from B. uniformis donors to E. coli or B. uniformis recipients. Neither the Tcr
      nor the Emr gene conferred resistance on E. coli, and the transfer-proficient
      clones did not self-transfer out of E. coli. Southern blot analysis was used to
      compare DNA from independently isolated Bacteroides strains carrying conjugal Tcr
      or Tcr Emr elements and their respective B. uniformis transconjugants. Results of
      these analyses indicate that there are large regions of homology, including
      regions outside the Tcr and Emr genes, but that the elements are not identical.
      Some Tcr clones contained a region which hybridized to chromosomal DNA from the
      wild-type B. uniformis recipient strain that did not carry the Tcr Emr-DOT
      element. This region of homology appeared not to be a junction fragment. It was
      not required in a Bacteroides recipient for successful transfer of the Tcr Emr
      element. Although we are not sure we have cloned a junction fragment between the
      Tcr Emr-DOT element and the B. uniformis chromosome, the preliminary function and
      restriction map appears to be linear.

PMID- 2646277
TI  - Comparison of glucose uptake kinetics in different yeasts.
AB  - The kinetics of glucose uptake were investigated in laboratory wild-type strains
      of Saccharomyces cerevisiae of differing genetic backgrounds, in other species of
      Saccharomyces, and in other yeasts, both fermentative and respiratory. All yeasts
      examined displayed more than one uptake system for glucose. Variations in
      apparent Km values, velocity of uptake, and effects of glucose concentration on
      carrier activity were observed. The three type strains for the species S.
      cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus, and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis gave
      distinctive patterns, and each of the laboratory strains was similar to one or
      another of the type strains. Other fermentative yeasts (Pichia guillermondi and
      Pichia strasburgensis) regulated glucose uptake in a manner similar to that of
      Saccharomyces spp. Such was not true for the respiratory yeasts investigated,
      Pichia heedi and Yarrowia lipolytica, which did not demonstrate glucose
      repression of carrier activity; this finding suggests that this mechanism of
      control of transporter activity may be associated with fermentative ability.

PMID- 2646278
TI  - Analysis of prepro-alpha-lytic protease expression in Escherichia coli reveals
      that the pro region is required for activity.
AB  - The alpha-lytic protease of Lysobacter enzymogenes was successfully expressed in
      Escherichia coli by fusing the promoter and signal sequence of the E. coli phoA
      gene to the proenzyme portion of the alpha-lytic protease gene. Following
      induction, active enzyme was found both within cells and in the extracellular
      medium, where it slowly accumulated to high levels. Use of a similar gene fusion
      to express the protease domain alone produced inactive enzyme, indicating that
      the large amino-terminal pro region is necessary for activity. The implications
      for protein folding are discussed. Furthermore, inactivation of the protease by
      mutation of the catalytic serine residue resulted in the production of a higher
      molecular-weight form of the alpha-lytic protease, suggesting that the enzyme is
      self-processing in E. coli.

PMID- 2646279
TI  - Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene (amyP) for maltotetraose-forming
      amylase from Pseudomonas stutzeri MO-19.
AB  - The gene (amyP) coding for maltotetraose-forming amylase (exo
      maltotetraohydrolase) of Pseudomonas stutzeri MO-19 was cloned. Its nucleotide
      sequence contained an open reading frame coding for a precursor (547 amino acid
      residues) of secreted amylase. The precursor had a signal peptide of 21 amino
      acid residues at its amino terminus. An extract of Escherichia coli carrying the
      cloned amyP had amylolytic activity with the same mode of action as the
      extracellular exo-maltotetraohydrolase obtained from P. stutzeri MO-19. A region
      in the primary structure of this amylase showed homology with those of other
      amylases of both procaryotic and eucaryotic origins. The minimum 5' noncoding
      region necessary for the expression of amyP in E. coli was determined, and the
      sequence of this region was compared with those of Pseudomonas promoters.

PMID- 2646280
TI  - Genetic determinants of a nickel-specific transport system are part of the
      plasmid-encoded hydrogenase gene cluster in Alcaligenes eutrophus.
AB  - Nickel-deficient (Nic-) mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus requiring high levels of
      nickel ions for autotrophic growth with hydrogen were characterized. The Nic-
      mutants carried defined deletions in the hydrogenase gene cluster of the
      indigenous pHG megaplasmid. Nickel deficiency correlated with a low level of the
      nickel-containing hydrogenase activity, a slow rate of nickel transport, and
      reduced activity of urease. The Nic+ phenotype was restored by a cloned DNA
      sequence (hoxN) of a megaplasmid pHG1 DNA library of A. eutrophus H16. hoxN is
      part of the hydrogenase gene cluster. The nickel requirement of Nic- mutants was
      enhanced by increasing the concentration of magnesium. This suggests that the Nic
      mutants are impaired in the nickel-specific transport system and thus depend on
      the second transport activity which normally mediates the uptake of magnesium.

PMID- 2646281
TI  - Cloning, purification, and properties of Candida albicans thymidylate synthase.
AB  - The thymidylate synthase (TS) gene was isolated from a genomic Candida albicans
      library by functional complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
      deficient in TS. The gene was localized on a 4-kilobase HindIII DNA fragment and
      was shown to be expressed in a Thy- strain of Escherichia coli. The nucleotide
      sequence of the TS gene predicted a protein of 315 amino acids with a molecular
      weight of 36,027. The gene was cloned into a T7 expression vector in E. coli,
      allowing purification of large amounts of C. albicans TS. It was also purified
      from a wild-type C. albicans strain. Comparison of several enzyme properties
      including analysis of amino-terminal amino acid sequences showed the native and
      cloned C. albicans TS to be the same.

PMID- 2646282
TI  - Purification and characterization of a low-molecular-weight membrane protein with
      affinity for the Escherichia coli origin of replication.
AB  - A purification procedure was devised for a low-molecular-mass (about 10
      kilodalton) membrane protein from Escherichia coli that was shown to bind
      specifically to the chromosomal replication origin region (oriC). Nitrocellulose
      membrane retention assays showed the binding site to be adjacent to the right
      boundary of the oriC minimal sequence. We determined the amino acid sequence of
      the N-terminal and C-terminal regions as well as the global amino acid
      composition of this membrane protein. Specific antibodies against the protein
      were produced and used to confirm the cell membrane location of the protein.
      These results demonstrate that this is a new membrane protein, different from the
      previously described B' protein, with specific binding activity for the oriC
      region. We propose that this protein be called membrane oriC-binding protein 2
      (MOB2 protein).

PMID- 2646283
TI  - Genetic suppression of a dnaG mutation in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli strains with a temperature-sensitive mutation, dnaG2903, in the
      primase-encoding gene spontaneously reverted to the temperature-insensitive
      phenotype at a high frequency. Many of the reversions were caused by extragenic
      sdg suppressors. About 100 independently isolated sdg suppressors were analyzed.
      They fall into two classes. The sdgA mutations were genetically mapped very close
      to and upstream of the dnaG gene and were found to be cis dominant. DNA
      sequencing of two of them revealed that G----A and C----A base substitutions had
      occurred 43 and 62 bases, respectively, upstream of the dnaG start codon. This
      region represents a transcriptional terminator thought to contribute to control
      of dnaG gene expression. The other class of suppressor, sdgB, seemed to comprise
      mutant alleles in the rpoB gene coding for the beta subunit of RNA polymerase
      core enzyme. Some of them were initially isolated as rifampin-resistant mutants.
      Both the sdgA and sdgB suppressors were found to increase the transcriptional
      activity of dnaG. This finding and other observations led to the proposition that
      sdgA and sdgB suppress the phenotype caused by dnaG2903 by overproducing the
      mutated primase; the quantitative oversupply may compensate for the qualitative
      defect of the dnaG2903 primase. An alternative mechanism of suppression by sdgB
      is discussed.

PMID- 2646284
TI  - Chromosome partitioning in Escherichia coli: novel mutants producing anucleate
      cells.
AB  - To study the chromosomal partitioning mechanism in cell division, we have
      isolated a novel type of Escherichia coli mutants which formed anucleate cells,
      by using newly developed techniques. One of them, named mukA1, is not lethal and
      produces normal-sized anucleate cells at a frequency of 0.5 to 3% of total cells
      in exponentially growing populations but does not produce filamentous cells.
      Results suggest that the mutant is defective in the chromosome positioning at
      regular intracellular positions and fails frequently to partition the replicated
      daughter chromosomes into both daughter cells, resulting in production of one
      anucleate daughter cell and one with two chromosomes. The mukA1 mutation causes
      pleiotropic effects: slow growth, hypersensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate, and
      tolerance to colicin E1 protein, in addition to anucleate cell formation. Cloning
      of the mukA gene indicates that the mukA1 mutation is recessive and that the mukA
      gene is identical to the tolC gene coding for an outer membrane protein.

PMID- 2646285
TI  - Specific amino acid residues in both the PstB and PstC proteins are required for
      phosphate transport by the Escherichia coli Pst system.
AB  - Three mutant alleles of the pstC gene and one mutant allele of the pstB gene were
      produced by site-directed mutagenesis. The pstC gene encodes an integral membrane
      protein of the phosphate-specific transport (Pst) system of Escherichia coli. The
      amino acid substitutions resulting from the pstC gene mutations, Arg-237----Gln,
      Glu-240----Gln, or a combination of both, caused the loss of phosphate transport
      through the Pst system, but the alkaline phosphatase activity remained repressed.
      The pstB gene encodes a peripheral membrane protein of the Pst system which
      carries a putative nucleotide-binding site. The amino acid substitutions Gly-48--
      -Ile and Lys-49----Gln, resulting from the pstB mutations, caused the loss of
      phosphate transport through the Pst system and the derepression of alkaline
      phosphatase activity. The residues Gly-48 and Lys-49 are key residues in the
      putative nucleotide-binding site.

PMID- 2646286
TI  - Characterization of strains containing mutations in the contiguous flaF, flbT, or
      flbA-flaG transcription unit and identification of a novel fla phenotype in
      Caulobacter crescentus.
AB  - During the Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle, flagellin synthesis and filament
      assembly are temporally controlled events which require the products encoded by
      the contiguous flaF, flbT, and flbA-flaG transcription units (P.V. Schoenlein,
      L.S. Gallman, and B. Ely, J. Bacteriol. 171:000-000, 1989). To better define the
      functions of these genes, immunoprecipitation studies, Western blot (immunoblot)
      analyses, and electron microscopic analyses characterized flagellin synthesis and
      assembly in mutant and merodiploid strains. Mutations in the flaF or flbA-flaG
      transcription unit resulted in reduced synthesis of the 25- and 27-kilodalton
      (kDa) flagellins. In contrast, mutations in flbT resulted in overproduction of
      these flagellins. The FlbT phenotype is unique, since all other identified C.
      crescentus fla mutations cause a reduction in the levels of the 25- and 27-kDa
      flagellins. Furthermore, the flbT mutant showed a chemotaxis deficiency even
      though it was motile. Thus, the flbT gene product appears to be involved in the
      regulation of both flagellin synthesis and chemotactic function. Mutations in the
      flbT and flbA-flaG transcription units also resulted in the production of a 22
      kDa flagellin species that is not normally detected in wild-type cells. This
      flagellin species was not detected in the flbT filaments. Furthermore, the 22-kDa
      flagellin was no longer detected in flbA pseudorevertants that assembled
      functional filaments. Thus, the 22-kDa flagellin does not appear to be assembled
      into filaments. Since many of the flbT filaments are shorter than wild-type
      filaments, we discuss the possibility that the 22-kDa flagellin species may
      adversely affect flagellin assembly in this mutant.

PMID- 2646287
TI  - Genetic and biochemical characterization of a mutation (fatA) that allows trans
      unsaturated fatty acids to replace the essential cis unsaturated fatty acids of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophs of Escherichia coli are able to use only
      unsaturated fatty acids of the cis configuration as the required growth
      supplement. A mutation in the fatA gene allows such auxotrophs to utilize
      unsaturated fatty acids with a trans double bond as well as fatty acids having a
      cis double bond. The fatA gene was mapped to min 69 near argG, and the allele
      studied (fatA1) was found to be dominant over the wild-type gene. fatA1 mutant
      strains grew at similar rates when supplemented with elaidate (trans-9
      octadecenoate) or oleate (cis-9-octadecenoate). The fat+ strain, however, lysed
      when supplemented with the trans fatty acid. Physiological characterization of
      the fatA mutant strain was undertaken. The mutation appeared not to be involved
      with long-chain fatty acid transport. Introduction of lesions in known fatty acid
      transport genes abolished trans fatty acid utilization in the fatA mutant strain.
      Also, growth characteristics of the fat+ and the fatA1 mutant strains on elaidate
      as the sole carbon source were identical, which indicated comparables rate of
      fatty acid accumulation. The mutation appeared to be involved with recognition of
      the trans configuration after uptake into the cell. The levels of trans fatty
      acid incorporation into the phospholipids of the fat+ and the fatA strains
      differed considerably, with the mutant incorporating much higher levels. No
      significant accumulation of elaidate into nonphospholipid cellular components was
      observed. The fatA mutation did not appear to be involved with the cellular
      metabolic state, as cyclic AMP had no effect on the ability of the strains to
      utilize trans fatty acids.

PMID- 2646288
TI  - Construction and shuttling of novel bifunctional vectors for Streptomyces spp.
      and Escherichia coli.
AB  - Shuttle vectors for gene transfer between Streptomyces spp. and Escherichia coli
      have been constructed by fusion of an artificial multicopy E. coli replicon and
      DNA fragments of pIJ702. Stable transfer to Streptomyces lividans was obtained.
      Marked differences in transformation efficiency were observed when plasmid DNA
      isolated from E. coli GM119 was used instead of that from strain HB101.

PMID- 2646289
TI  - Modulation of stability of the Escherichia coli heat shock regulatory factor
      sigma.
AB  - The heat shock response of Escherichia coli is under the positive control of the
      sigma 32 protein (the product of the rpoH gene). We found that overproduction of
      the sigma 32 protein led to concomitant overproduction of the heat shock
      proteins, suggesting that the intracellular sigma 32 levels limit heat shock gene
      expression. In support of this idea, the intracellular half-life of the sigma 32
      protein synthesized from a multicopy plasmid was found to be extremely short,
      e.g., less than 1 min at 37 and 42 degrees C. The half-life increased
      progressively with a decrease in temperature, reaching 15 min at 22 degrees C.
      Finally, conditions known previously to increase the rate of synthesis of the
      heat shock proteins, i.e., a mutation in the dnaK gene or expression of phage
      lambda early proteins, were shown to simultaneously result in a three- to
      fivefold increase in the half-life of sigma 32.

PMID- 2646290
TI  - Amplification of bacterial genomic DNA by the polymerase chain reaction and
      direct sequencing after asymmetric amplification: application to the study of
      periplasmic permeases.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to amplify DNA fragments by
      using eucaryotic genomic DNA as a template. We show that bacterial genomic DNA
      can be used as a template for PCR amplification. We demonstrate that DNA
      fragments at least as large as 4,400 base pairs can be amplified with fidelity
      and that the amplified DNA can be used as a substrate for most operations
      involving DNA. We discuss problems inherent in the direct sequencing of the
      amplified product, one of the important exploitations of this methodology. We
      have solved the problems by developing an "asymmetric amplification" method in
      which one of the oligonucleotide primers is used in limiting amounts, thus
      allowing the accumulation of single-stranded copies of only one of the DNA
      strands. As an illustration of the use of PCR in bacteria, we have amplified,
      sequenced, and subcloned several DNA fragments carrying mutations in genes of the
      histidine permease operon. These mutations are part of a preliminary approach to
      studying protein-protein interactions in transport, and their nature is
      discussed.

PMID- 2646291
TI  - A protein that binds to the regulatory region of the Escherichia coli ilvIH
      operon.
AB  - The ilvIH operon of Escherichia coli encodes acetohydroxyacid synthase III, an
      isoenzyme involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis. Transcription of
      the ilvIH operon is repressed by growing cells in the presence of leucine (C.H.
      Squires, M. DeFelice, S.R. Wessler, and J.M. Calvo, J. Bacteriol. 147:797-804,
      1981). A protein in crude extracts of E. coli, termed the ilvIH-binding (IHB)
      protein, bound specifically in vitro to DNA upstream of the ilvIH operon. The
      binding protein, partially purified by Polymin precipitation, gel filtration, and
      phosphocellulose chromatography, has a native molecular weight of 43,000 and is
      composed of two subunits of identical size. As determined by protection against
      lambda exonuclease and DNase I, the protein binds within a region -190 to -260
      relative to the start point of transcription. In addition, the IHB protein binds
      to a site between positions -100 and -40. The following evidence suggests that
      binding of this protein to the region upstream of ilvIH is related to the
      regulation of this operon by leucine. Binding of the IHB protein to the ilvIH
      regulatory region in vitro was reduced by leucine but not by isoleucine, valine,
      or threonine. In a mutant strain isolated by M.V. Ursini, P. Arcari, and M.
      DeFelice (Mol. Gen. Genet. 181:491-496, 1981), transcription was not repressed by
      leucine. A protein in extracts of this mutant strain bound to the ilvIH
      regulatory region, but the complex migrated through agarose gels with a mobility
      different from that of the complex formed by wild-type protein. Furthermore, a
      concentration of leucine that substantially reduced binding of the wild-type to
      DNA did not affect binding of the protein from the mutant strain. A simple model
      consistent with these findings is that transcription from the ilvIH promoter is
      stimulated by binding the IHB protein to one or more sites upstream of the
      promoter and that leucine interferes with this binding.

PMID- 2646292
TI  - Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the Bacillus
      licheniformis bacitracin synthetase 2 gene.
AB  - The structural genes for the entire bacitracin synthetase 2 (component II) and
      for a part of the putative bacitracin synthetase 3 (component III) from Bacillus
      licheniformis ATCC 10716 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. A cosmid
      library of B. licheniformis DNA was constructed. The library was screened for the
      ability to produce bacitracin synthetase by in situ immunoassay using anti
      bacitracin synthetase antiserum. A positive clone designated B-15, which has a
      recombinant plasmid carrying about a 32-kilobase insert of B. licheniformis DNA,
      was further characterized. Analysis of crude cell extract from B-15 by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting (immunoblotting) showed
      that the extract contains two immunoreactant proteins with high molecular weight.
      One band with a molecular weight of about 240,000 comigrates with bacitracin
      synthetase 2; the other band is a protein with a molecular weight of about
      300,000. Partial purification of the gene products encoded by the recombinant
      plasmid by gel filtration and hydroxyapatite column chromatography revealed that
      one gene product catalyzes L-lysine- and L-ornithine-dependent ATP-PPi exchange
      reactions which are characteristic of bacitracin synthetase 2, and the other
      product catalyzes L-isoleucine-, L-leucine, L-valine-, and L-histidine-dependent
      ATP-PPi exchange activities, suggesting the activities of a part of bacitracin
      synthetase 3. Subcloning experiments indicated that the structural gene for
      bacitracin synthetase 2 is located near the middle of the insert.

PMID- 2646293
TI  - Suppression of the Escherichia coli rpoH opal mutation by ribosomes lacking S15
      protein.
AB  - Several suppressors (suhD) that can specifically suppress the temperature
      sensitive opal rpoH11 mutation of Escherichia coli K-12 have been isolated and
      characterized. Unlike the parental rpoH11 mutant deficient in the heat shock
      response, the temperature-resistant pseudorevertants carrying suhD were capable
      of synthesizing sigma 32 and exhibiting partial induction of heat shock proteins.
      These strains were also cold sensitive and unable to grow at 25 degrees C.
      Genetic mapping and complementation studies permitted us to localize suhD near
      rpsO (69 min), the structural gene for ribosomal protein S15. Ribosomes and
      polyribosomes prepared from suhD cells contained a reduced level (ca. 10%) of S15
      relative to that of the wild type. Cloning and sequencing of suhD revealed that
      an IS10-like element had been inserted at the attenuator-terminator region
      immediately downstream of the rpsO coding region. The rpsO mRNA level in the suhD
      strain was also reduced to about 10% that of wild type. Apparently, ribosomes
      lacking S15 can actively participate in protein synthesis and suppress the rpoH11
      opal (UGA) mutation at high temperature but cannot sustain cell growth at low
      temperature.

PMID- 2646294
TI  - Molecular cloning of a gene for indole-3-acetamide hydrolase from Bradyrhizobium
      japonicum.
AB  - A pLAFR1 cosmid genomic library of wild-type Bradyrhizobium japonicum J1063 was
      constructed. A cosmid clone designated pBjJ4, containing a 26-kilobase (kb) DNA
      insert, was identified as being able to confer the ability to convert alpha
      naphthaleneacetamide acid on B. japonicum J1B7 Rifr, which cannot perform this
      conversion. The gene coding for the enzyme that converts alpha
      naphthaleneacetamide to alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid was localized in the 3.5-kb
      region of pBjJ4 by recloning in plasmid pSUP202. The gene coding for the enzyme
      was also mapped by Tn5 insertion mutagenesis to a region of ca. 2.3 kb. When the
      gene was placed behind the lacZ promoter and used to transform Escherichia coli,
      a high level of expression of indole-3-acetamide hydrolase activity was found.
      Since there have been no reports of this activity in E. coli, we have thus
      confirmed that the gene cloned here is a structural gene for indole-3-acetamide
      hydrolase and have designated it as the bam (Bradyrhizobium amidehydrolase) gene.
      Southern hybridization with the central region of the bam gene indicated that a
      high degree of similarity exists among the bam gene, the iaaH gene from
      Pseudomonas savastonoi, and the tms-2 gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The
      result suggests that there is a common origin for the gene that encodes the
      enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of indoleacetic acid.

PMID- 2646295
TI  - Rhizobium meliloti regulatory gene fixJ activates transcription of R. meliloti
      nifA and fixK genes in Escherichia coli.
AB  - When present in Escherichia coli on the multicopy expression vector pUC19, a
      Rhizobium meliloti regulatory gene, fixJ, belonging to a two-component regulatory
      system, activated the expression of two R. meliloti symbiotic genes, nifA and
      fixK. Primer extension by reverse transcription showed that FixJ stimulates nifA
      expression in E. coli by activating pnifA.

PMID- 2646296
TI  - Termination sites T1 and T2 from the Escherichia coli chromosome inhibit DNA
      replication in ColE1-derived plasmids.
AB  - Inhibition sites T1 and T2 from the Escherichia coli terminus functioned with the
      same characteristics in ColE1-derived plasmids and in the chromosome. These
      characteristics included polarity and dependence on tus, a trans-acting factor
      required for inhibition. Inhibition in the terminus region of the R6K plasmid was
      also tus dependent.

PMID- 2646297
TI  - Temperature-sensitive sec mutants of Escherichia coli: inhibition of protein
      export at the permissive temperature.
AB  - Phenotypes of secY and secA temperature-sensitive mutants at permissive (low)
      temperature have been examined. The secY24 mutant was found to be extremely
      susceptible to export inhibition by a basal-level synthesis of the MalE-LacZ 72
      47 hybrid protein or to overproduction of a normal secretory protein such as
      maltose-binding protein or beta-lactamase. Comparison of this phenotype of secY24
      with those of the secY100 and secA51 mutants under similar conditions suggested
      that MalE-LacZ protein and overproduced secretory protein do not nonspecifically
      enhance the partial secretion defect but act synergistically with secY24 to
      inhibit protein export.

PMID- 2646298
TI  - Site-specific recombination between cloned attP and attB sites from the
      Haemophilus influenzae bacteriophage HP1 propagated in recombination-deficient
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Plasmids were constructed which contain both attP and attB DNA segments derived
      from the insertion sites of the lysogenic bacteriophage HP1 and its host,
      Haemophilus influenzae. Similar plasmids containing the two junction segments
      (attL and attR regions) between the phage genome and the lysogenic host
      chromosome were also prepared. The formation of recombinant dimer plasmids was
      observed when attP-attB plasmids were propagated in Escherichia coli HB101
      (recA), while plasmids containing the junction segments did not form recombinant
      dimers. Deletion of the phage DNA segment adjacent to the attP site from the attP
      attB constructions eliminated detectable recombination, suggesting that this
      sequence contains the gene encoding the HP1 integrase. No plasmid recombination
      was observed in strains of E. coli defective in integration host factor. This
      suggests that integration host factor is important in the expression or activity
      of the system which produces the site-specific recombination of sequences derived
      from HP1 and H. influenzae. Further, it suggests that a protein functionally
      analogous to E. coli integration host factor may be present in H. influenzae.

PMID- 2646299
TI  - Purification and sequencing of glycosylation variants of BSF-1, as a MAF, from
      the EL-4 leukaemia cell line.
AB  - Macrophage activation activity was characterized from a PMA-induced subclone of
      the murine EL-4 leukaemic cell line. The MAF was purified from the cell line
      culture supernatant by concentration, CM-Sepharose and lentil lectin Sepharose
      chromatography, AcA 54 gel filtration, Mono Q FPLC and reverse phase HPLC. Four
      protein bands of different abundance were observed on SDS-PAGE with molecular
      weights of 17,500 to 21,000 Da. Three of the four proteins were sequenced from
      the N-terminal and shared homology with the published sequence of BSF-1.
      Variation of the molecular weight due to glycosylation was demonstrated by N
      glycanase treatment, all four proteins gave a band of 14,200 Da after
      deglycosylation. Both glycosylated and deglycosylated forms of BSF-1 were equally
      active in the MAF assay. A monoclonal antibody to BSF-1 neutralized 80% of the
      activity from crude culture supernatants in the MAF assay. These studies have
      indicated that BSF-1 is the major, if not the only, MAF activity from this
      particular subline of the murine EL-4 leukaemic cell line.

PMID- 2646300
TI  - Mumps vaccine L-Zagreb, prepared in chick fibroblasts. I. Production and field
      trials.
AB  - Leningrad-L3 Mumps Vaccine virus has been further attenuated by adaptation and
      passage on SPF chick embryo fibroblast cell cultures. This new mumps strain has
      been designated L-Zagreb and has been used to prepare mumps vaccines which meet
      the WHO requirements. Observations during both the field trial period prior to
      registration and during the later use of the vaccine showed that the few
      reactions observed were mild and that seroconversion was obtained in 88-98% of
      vaccines. The morbidity of mumps in Croatia declined more than tenfold after the
      introduction of the new vaccine. During a mumps epidemic, vaccine efficiency was
      calculated to be 97-100%.

PMID- 2646301
TI  - Intravenous human rabies immunoglobulin for post-exposure prophylaxis: serum
      rabies neutralizing antibody concentrations and side-effects.
AB  - The beneficial effect of passive immunization for post-exposure rabies
      prophylaxis is associated with the appearance of serum neutralizing antibody
      (SNA) earlier than occurs with vaccine alone. We compared the SNA response and
      the side-effects in 30 previously unimmunized healthy volunteers given a
      commercially available human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) intramuscularly (i.m.)
      or an experimental HRIG prepared by DEAE Sephadex column chromatography,
      intravenously (i.v.) with or without human diploid-cell culture rabies vaccine
      (HDCS). The subjects were divided into five equal groups: HDCS alone, HDCS + i.m.
      HRIG 20 IU/kg (currently recommended), i.v. HRIG alone 15 IU/kg, HDCS + i.v. HRIG
      15 IU/kg or HDCS + HRIG 5 IU/kg i.v. plus 10 IU/kg i.m. to simulate local bite
      wound infiltration. HDCS, 1.0 ml, was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) on days 0,
      3, 7, 14 and 28. Only local discomfort at injection sites was observed without
      differences between groups. SNA was demonstrated in all HRIG recipients at day 1,
      but the concentrations were higher in those receiving it intravenously. No
      difference in the SNA response to vaccine was observed between the i.v. and i.m.
      HRIG groups given the same vaccine lot. It would appear that i.v. HRIG 15 IU/kg
      can be substituted for i.m. HRIG 20 IU/kg for post-exposure prophylaxis. Since
      the current regimen is almost 100% protective, there is no way of proving that
      i.v. HRIG 15 IU/kg is more efficacious. The immediate SNA level and economy are
      the chief advantages of i.v. HRIG 15 IU/kg.

PMID- 2646302
TI  - Laser Doppler flowmetry evaluation of burn wound depth.
AB  - Hypothesizing that reduced blood flow to various levels in thermally damaged
      dermis is related to the depth of burn, we studied 59 burns in 41 patients, with
      an age range of 18 months to 67 years, with improved laser Doppler blood flow
      technology to determine burn depth on admission. Two hundred and sixty-eight
      laser Doppler measurements were made in 59 burn wounds in 41 patients. Of the 129
      burn wounds with laser Doppler readings of less than 1.4 on admission, 127 were
      classified ultimately through clinical observation as either deep second- or
      third-degree burns and required excision and closure. Therefore predictive value
      of a positive result (i.e., laser Doppler value less than 1.4) on admission was
      98.4% using laser Doppler measurements. Clinical estimation did not correlate as
      well with the depth of injury.

PMID- 2646303
TI  - Does early excision of burn wounds change the pattern of mortality?
AB  - Ninety-five patients died at the University of Washington Burn Center from 1980
      to 1985. Fifty-seven patients (60%) survived more than 3 days. Thirty-five of
      these patients underwent excision and grafting. The major causes of death were
      pneumonia, burn wound sepsis, and sepsis from multiple sources. Thus infection
      was the cause of death in 26 (74%) of these 35 patients. The other 22 patients
      who survived longer than 3 days did not undergo excision and grafting before
      death. The primary cause of death was pneumonia. Infection was the cause of death
      in 12 patients of this group (55%) and thus was the major cause of death in 62%
      of all patients who survived more than 3 days. Although early wound closure may
      affect overall mortality, it does not appear to materially change the pattern of
      the causes of death in those that die after 3 days of hospitalization.

PMID- 2646304
TI  - The activation of 3H-labeled N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine by isolated hamster
      pancreas cells.
AB  - The activation of 3H-labeled N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine [( 3H]BOP) by
      pancreas acinar and duct tissue from Syrian hamsters and MRC-Wistar rats in vitro
      was measured as DNA alkylation. Hamster tissue was incubated with [3H]BOP (0.1
      mM; 20 microCi/ml) for 2 h. Initial levels of alkylation were similar, 41.7 +/-
      3.7 (acinar) and 51.5 +/- 7.8 (duct) dpm/micrograms DNA. Alkylation persisted for
      longer in duct (t/2 greater than 46 h) than in acinar tissue (t/2 = 6 h). The
      faster repair of alkylation in acinar tissue was not due to acinar cell death. In
      rat duct tissue the level of alkylation 2 h after incubation (38.9 +/- 4.5
      dpm/micrograms DNA) was similar to that in hamster ducts but declined more
      rapidly (t/2 = 27 h). Hamster and rat acinar and duct tissue was incubated with
      BOP followed by [3H]thymidine to measure DNA synthesis. BOP stimulated DNA
      synthesis in hamster but not in rat duct tissue or hamster acinar tissue. These
      data support the hypothesis that the duct tissue is the target tissue for BOP in
      Syrian hamsters.

PMID- 2646305
TI  - Transgenic expression of the muscle-specific intermediate filament protein desmin
      in nonmuscle cells.
AB  - The coding region of the hamster desmin gene was fused to the 5' flanking
      sequences of the hamster vimentin gene and introduced into the germ line of mice.
      The expression of this intermediate filament gene construct (pVDes) was analyzed
      at the RNA and protein level in transgenic mice as well as in fibroblast cell
      lines and primary hepatocyte cultures derived from these mice. In all transgenic
      mice, the pVDes-encoded protein was coexpressed with mouse vimentin in a tissue
      specific fashion and was indistinguishable from normal hamster desmin. Culturing
      of transgenic hepatocytes induced desmin expression indicating that 3.2 kbp of
      the vimentin gene 5' region regulates both tissue-specific and tissue culture
      induced intermediate filament protein expression. Immunohistochemical staining
      and double-label immunoelectron microscopy of cultured transgenic fibroblasts
      showed that the pVDes protein assembled into intermediate filaments which
      colocalized with the mouse vimentin filaments. Endogenous vimentin RNA levels
      were not influenced by high-level pVDes expression. The coexpression of desmin
      and vimentin in nonmuscle cells did not result in detectable developmental,
      morphological, or physiological abnormalities.

PMID- 2646306
TI  - A tumor-associated fibronectin isoform generated by alternative splicing of
      messenger RNA precursors.
AB  - Fibronectin (FN) represents the mixture of a number of structurally different
      molecules (isoforms) whose make-up varies depending on the FN sources. FN from
      cultured transformed human cells has a very different isoform composition with
      respect to its normal counterpart. In fact, SV-40-transformed WI-38VAI3 human
      fibroblasts produce high levels of a FN isoform (B-FN) which is very poorly
      expressed in their normal, WI-38, counterpart. We have recently demonstrated that
      the B-FN isoform derives from a differential splicing pattern of the FN primary
      transcript which leads, in transformed cells, to a high level expression of the
      exon ED-B (Zardi, L., B. Carnemolla, A. Siri, T. E. Petersen, G. Paolella, G.
      Sebastio, and F. E. Baralle. 1987. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 6:2337-2342).
      Here we report on the production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody
      (BC-1) which recognizes an epitope within the protein sequence coded for by the
      ED-B exon. This monoclonal antibody makes it possible to carry out
      immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of the ED-B-containing FN
      isoform (B-FN) in human tissues. The results show that while in normal, adult,
      human tissues total FN has a widespread distribution, the B-FN isoform is
      restricted only to synovial cells, to some vessels and areas of the interstitium
      of the ovary, and to the myometrium. On the contrary, the B-FN isoform has a much
      greater expression in fetal and tumor tissues. These results demonstrate that, in
      vivo, different FN isoforms have a differential distribution and indicate that
      the B-FN isoform may play a role in ontogenesis and oncogenetic processes.

PMID- 2646307
TI  - Membrane-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of human lung fibroblasts.
AB  - Cultured human fetal lung fibroblasts produce some chondroitin sulfate
      proteoglycans that are extracted as an aggregate in chaotropic buffers containing
      4 M guanidinium chloride. The aggregated proteoglycans are excluded from
      Sepharose CL4B and 2B, but become included, eluting with a Kav value of 0.53 from
      Sepharose CL4B, when Triton X-100 is included in the buffer. Conversely, some of
      the detergent-extractable chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans can be incorporated
      into liposomes, suggesting the existence of a hydrophobic membrane-intercalated
      chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan fraction. Purified preparations of hydrophobic
      chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans contain two major core protein forms of 90 and
      52 kD. A monoclonal antibody (F58-7D8) obtained from the fusion of myeloma cells
      with spleen cells of BALB/c mice that were immunized with hydrophobic
      proteoglycans recognized the 90- but not the 52-kD core protein. The epitope that
      is recognized by the antibody is exposed at the surface of cultured human lung
      fibroblasts and at the surface of several stromal cells in vivo, but also at the
      surface of Kupffer cells and of epidermal cells. The core proteins of these small
      membrane-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are probably distinct from
      those previously identified in human fibroblasts by biochemical, immunological,
      and molecular biological approaches.

PMID- 2646308
TI  - Rapid phosphorylation and reorganization of ezrin and spectrin accompany
      morphological changes induced in A-431 cells by epidermal growth factor.
AB  - Addition of EGF to human carcinoma A-431 cells is known to induce membrane
      ruffling after approximately 2 min (Chinkers, M., J. A. McKanna, and S. Cohen.
      1979. J. Cell Biol. 83:260-265) and the phosphorylation of a protein referred to
      as p81, a known substrate for various protein-tyrosine kinases (Cooper, J. A., D.
      F. Bowen-Pope, E. Raines, R. Ross, and T. Hunter. 1982. Cell. 31:263-273). Ezrin,
      a Mr approximately 80,000 cytoskeletal protein of the isolated chicken
      microvillar core, is present in actin-containing cell surface structures of a
      wide variety of cells (Bretscher, A. 1983. J. Cell Biol. 97:425-432). Ezrin was
      then found to be homologous to p81 and to be phosphorylated on tyrosine in
      response to EGF (Gould, K. L., J. A. Cooper, A. Bretscher, and T. Hunter. 1986.
      J. Cell Biol. 102:660-669). Here, the purification of ezrin from human placenta
      is described. Antibodies to human ezrin, together with antibodies to other
      microfilament-associated proteins, were used to follow the distribution and
      phosphorylation of these proteins in A-431 cells after EGF treatment. EGF induces
      the formation of microvillar-like surface structures on these cells within 30 s
      and these give way to membrane ruffles at approximately 2-5 min after EGF
      addition; the cells then round up after approximately 10-20 min. Ezrin is
      recruited into the microvillar-like structures and the membrane ruffles, and is
      phosphorylated on tyrosine and serine in a time course that parallels the
      formation and disappearance of these surface structures. Spectrin is recruited
      into the membrane ruffles and shows a similar rapid kinetics of phosphorylation,
      but only on serine residues, and remains phosphorylated through the rounding up
      of the cells. The microvillar-like structures and membrane ruffles are also
      enriched in fimbrin and alpha-actinin. Myosin becomes rapidly reorganized into a
      striated pattern that is consistent with it playing a role in cell rounding.
      These results show that two cortical proteins, ezrin and spectrin, become
      phosphorylated in a time course coincident with remodeling of the cell surface.
      The results are consistent with the notion that ezrin phosphorylation may play a
      role in the formation of cell surface projections whereas spectrin
      phosphorylation may be involved in remodelling of more planar areas of the cell
      surface.

PMID- 2646309
TI  - Microtubule dynamics investigated by microinjection of Paramecium axonemal
      tubulin: lack of nucleation but proximal assembly of microtubules at the
      kinetochore during prometaphase.
AB  - Microtubule (MT) dynamics in PtK2 cells have been investigated using in vivo
      injection of unmodified Paramecium ciliary tubulin and time-lapse fixation. The
      sites of incorporation of the axonemal tubulin were localized using a specific
      antibody which does not react with vertebrate cytoplasmic tubulin (Adoutte, A.,
      M. Claisse, R. Maunoury, and J. Beisson. 1985. J. Mol. Evol. 22:220-229),
      followed by immunogold labeling, Nanovid microscopy, and ultrastructural
      observation of the same cells. We confirm data from microinjection of labeled
      tubulins in other cell types (Soltys, B. J., and G. G. Borisy. 1985. J. Cell
      Biol. 100:1682-1689; Mitchison, T., L. Evans, E. Schulze, and M. Kirschner. 1986.
      Cell. 45:515-527; Schulze, E., and M. Kirschner. 1986. J. Cell Biol. 102:1020
      1031). In agreement with the dynamic instability model (Mitchison, T., and M.
      Kirschner. 1984. Nature (Lond.). 312:237-242), during interphase, fast (2.6
      microns/min) distal growth of MTs occurs, together with new centrosomal
      nucleation. Most of the cytoplasmic MT complex is replaced within 15-30 min.
      During mitosis, astral MTs display the same pattern of renewal, but the turnover
      of the MT system is much faster (approximately 6 min). We have concentrated on
      the construction of the kinetochore fibers during prometaphase and observe that
      (a) incorporation of tubulin in the vicinity of the kinetochores is not seen
      during prophase and early prometaphase as long as the kinetochores are not yet
      connected to a pole by MTs; (b) proximal time-dependent incorporation occurs only
      into preexisting kinetochore MTs emanating from centrosomes. Consequently, in
      undisturbed prometaphase cells, the kinetochores probably do not act as
      independent nucleation sites. This confirms a model in which, at prometaphase,
      fast probing centrosomal MTs are grabbed by the kinetochores, where tubulin
      incorporation then takes place.

PMID- 2646310
TI  - The isolation and in situ location of adligin: the microtubule cross-linking
      protein from Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Microtubules isolated from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contain long
      stretches of periodic cross-links formed by microtubule-associated proteins
      (MAPs). These cross-links are 5.7 nm long, 3 nm wide, and occur at one tubulin
      dimer (8-nm) intervals along the walls of microtubules (Aamodt, E., and J.
      Culotti, 1986. J. Cell Biol. 103:23-31). The structural protein of the cross
      links was isolated from the MAPs by centrifugation and exclusion chromatography.
      The cross-links were formed exclusively from the most prevalent MAP, a 32,000 mol
      wt protein. We suggest the name adligin for this MAP. Adligin eluted from the
      exclusion column at 33,000 mol wt indicating that it was a monomer in solution.
      Antibodies were made against the purified adligin and affinity purified. The
      affinity-purified antibodies were used to locate adligin in situ and to determine
      its distribution relative to that of tubulin by the use of double label
      immunofluorescence. The anti-adligin antibodies labeled a fibrous network in the
      cytoplasm of most cells of C. elegans. Neurons were labeled especially well. This
      labeling pattern was similar to the labeling pattern obtained with antitubulin,
      but anti-adligin labeled some granules in the gut that were not labeled with
      antitubulin. These results suggest that adligin may be part of the interphase
      microtubule network in C. elegans.

PMID- 2646311
TI  - The emancipation of Miss Menten.

PMID- 2646312
TI  - Therapeutic progress--review XXXIV. Congestive cardiac failure.

PMID- 2646313
TI  - Increased insulin-like growth factor II production and consequent suppression of
      growth hormone secretion: a dual mechanism for tumor-induced hypoglycemia.
AB  - We investigated the pathophysiology of fasting hypoglycemia associated with large
      tumors of mesenchymal origin. We studied two patients with symptomatic fasting
      hypoglycemia (plasma glucose, 1.92 and 2.03 mmol/L) and a large mesenchymal
      neoplasm. Before therapy, the plasma insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) level
      measured by RIA was elevated (1879 and 1084 micrograms/L; normal range, 358-854
      micrograms/L), the serum GH response to hypoglycemia was impaired, and the plasma
      IGF-I level was low in both patients. After treatment of the tumor, all of these
      abnormalities resolved in both patients. Northern blot analysis of tumor RNA
      revealed extremely high levels of IGF-II mRNA (greater than 100-fold higher than
      those in normal adult liver). Tumor fragments released IGF-II into tissue culture
      medium (2.1 and 7.2 micrograms IGF-II/g tissue.24 h). These findings indicate
      that secretion of IGF-II into the circulation by the tumor was the likely source
      of the elevated plasma IGF-II levels. We suggest that the primary event in tumor
      induced hypoglycemia is overproduction of IGF-II by the tumor, which gives rise
      to hypoglycemia by a dual mechanism: increased glucose utilization mediated by
      the insulin-like actions of IGF-II and inhibition of GH secretion.

PMID- 2646314
TI  - The relative contributions of hepatic and peripheral tissues to insulin
      resistance in hyperandrogenic women.
AB  - Insulin resistance is associated with hyperandrogenic states. To determine the
      mechanisms by which androgen excess can affect insulin action, we studied insulin
      sensitivity in five nonobese hyperandrogenic women and six normal women. After
      oral glucose administration, the hyperandrogenic women had higher serum insulin
      concentrations than the normal women (P = 0.05). The mean cumulative peripheral
      serum insulin response in the hyperandrogenic women [79.6 +/- 30.8 (+/- SD)
      nmol/L.300 min] was significantly greater than that in the normal women (46.6 +/-
      15.1 nmol/L.300 min; P less than 0.05). In the basal state and during
      hyperinsulinemic (20 mU/min.m2) euglycemic clamp studies serum insulin levels
      were similar in the two groups. Basal and insulin-mediated suppressions of
      hepatic glucose production determined from [3-3H]glucose specific activity were
      similar in the two groups. Peripheral glucose utilization was markedly diminished
      in the hyperandrogenic women compared to that in the normal women (27.8 +/- 6.7
      vs 48.9 +/- 12.8 mumol/min.kg fat-free mass; P less than 0.01). We conclude that
      the insulin resistance in nonobese hyperandrogenic women is due to peripheral,
      but not hepatic, resistance to the action of insulin. This marked peripheral
      insulin resistance may result from the effects of hyperandrogenemia on skeletal
      muscle fiber morphology and metabolism.

PMID- 2646315
TI  - Somatostatin analog octreotide (SMS 201-995) prevents the decrease in blood
      pressure after oral glucose loading in the elderly.
AB  - In elderly subjects blood pressure (BP) may fall after a meal. The mechanism of
      this phenomenon is unknown, but it has been suggested that it may be mediated by
      insulin and/or vasoactive gut hormones. We studied in normo- and hypertensive
      elderly subjects the effects of the synthetic long-acting somatostatin analog
      octreotide (SMS 201-995) on the BP reduction that follows oral glucose
      administration in subjects who are recumbent and on their postglucose plasma
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and insulin concentrations. After placebo
      treatment, mean arterial pressure fell by 15 +/- 1 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) in
      the 10 hypertensive subjects and by 7 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) in the 10
      normotensive subjects. In contrast, when 50 micrograms octreotide were given sc,
      BP did not change significantly in either group. Oral glucose did not induce a
      rise in plasma VIP after either octreotide or placebo administration. The
      postglucose rises in plasma glucose concentrations were similar after octreotide
      and placebo treatments in both groups. After placebo administration the
      postglucose plasma insulin levels increased from 79 to 519 pmol/L in the
      hypertensive subjects and from 63 to 464 pmol/L in the normotensive subjects,
      whereas after octreotide treatment plasma insulin increased little in either
      group. These data indicate that treatment with octreotide holds promise for
      patients with symptomatic postprandial hypotension, and that VIP does not seem to
      play a role in this phenomenon.

PMID- 2646316
TI  - Discordant secretion of placental protein hormones in differentiating
      trophoblasts in vitro.
AB  - The regulation of trophoblast secretion of the placental proteins CG (hCG),
      placental lactogen (hPL), and pregnancy specific-beta-1-glycoprotein (SP-1) has
      not been fully elucidated. We therefore studied the secretion of hCG, hCG-beta
      subunit, hCG-alpha subunit, hPL, and SP-1, both in the basal state and after
      exposure to 8-bromo-cAMP, during the in vitro differentiation of cytotrophoblasts
      to syncytiotrophoblasts. Term placental tissue was enzymatically digested and
      cytotrophoblasts purified by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. At the time
      of seeding of 4-6 X 10(5) cells/ml in 35-mm flasks all of the cells were
      mononuclear and 48% contained hCG-alpha, but none contained hCG or hCG-beta by
      the avidin-biotin-peroxidase immuno-histochemical method. After 3 days in
      culture, hCG-alpha and hCG or hCG-beta were present in multinucleated
      syncytiotrophoblasts and in the mononuclear cytotrophoblasts. During the 5 days
      in culture, the secretion of hCG, hCG-alpha, hPL and SP-1 into the media
      increased and reached a maximum on day 4 followed by a decrease on day 5. Basal
      hCG-beta secretion was very low and did not change during culture. The ratio of
      hCG-alpha/hCG decreased from days 1-4 of culture. Incubation with 8-bromo-cAMP
      for 24 h stimulated the secretion of hCG and hCG-alpha, whereas hCG-beta and hPL
      levels did not change. The secretion of SP-1, however, was inhibited by 8-bromo
      cAMP. These results indicate that the cytotrophoblasts secrete hCG, hCG-beta and
      hCG-alpha during in vitro differentiation into syncytiotrophoblasts. Since the
      basal ratio of hCG to hCG-alpha secretion changed during 5 days in culture and a
      cAMP analogue differentially modulated the secretion of the different placental
      protein hormones, the physiological regulation of secretion of each of the
      proteins also may differ.

PMID- 2646318
TI  - A live avirulent mutant Legionella pneumophila vaccine induces protective
      immunity against lethal aerosol challenge.
AB  - We have examined the capacity of a live avirulent mutant form of the
      intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila to induce immune
      responses and protective immunity in guinea pigs. The mutant L. pneumophila is
      nonlethal to guinea pigs and does not revert to virulence with passage through
      guinea pigs. In contrast, exposure of guinea pigs to aerosols containing wild
      type L. pneumophila induces a pneumonic illness that clinically and
      pathologically resembles Legionnaires' disease in humans. Guinea pigs immunized
      by aerosol exposure to mutant L. pneumophila developed a strong humoral immune
      response to wild-type L. pneumophila antigens with reciprocal antibody titers of
      32-512 (median 256) by the indirect fluorescent antibody assay, compared with
      titers of less than 2 for control (sham immunized) guinea pigs. Mutant immunized
      but not control guinea pigs also developed strong cell-mediated immune responses
      to wild-type L. pneumophila antigens, as demonstrated in assays of cutaneous
      delayed-type hypersensitivity and in vitro splenic lymphocyte proliferation.
      Mutant immunized guinea pigs developed strong protective immunity to lethal
      aerosol challenge with wild-type L. pneumophila. In four independent experiments
      40-83% of mutant immunized guinea pigs survived compared with 0% of control
      guinea pigs. Overall, 13 of 21 (62%) mutant immunized guinea pigs survived
      compared with 0 of 21 (0%) control guinea pigs (P = 0.00002, Fisher's exact test,
      two-tailed). Mutant immunization induced protection comparable to wild-type
      immunization in these studies; 8 of 14 (57%) guinea pigs immunized by wild-type
      L. pneumophila survived. This study demonstrates that guinea pigs immunized with
      a live avirulent mutant L. pneumophila vaccine (a) develop a strong humoral
      immune response to wild-type L. pneumophila antigens; (b) develop a strong cell
      mediated immune response to wild-type L. pneumophila antigens; and (c) develop
      protective immunity to lethal aerosol challenge with wild-type L. pneumophila.
      This study demonstrates the feasibility of a vaccine against Legionnaires'
      disease.

PMID- 2646319
TI  - Systemic senile amyloidosis. Identification of a new prealbumin (transthyretin)
      variant in cardiac tissue: immunologic and biochemical similarity to one form of
      familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.
AB  - Isolated amyloid fibrils from three cases of systemic senile amyloidosis (SSA)
      contained subunit proteins with molecular masses of 14 (10-20%), 10-12 (60-80%),
      and 5-6 kD (5-10%) when fractionated under reducing and dissociating conditions.
      This grouping was identical to that seen in SKO, a case of familial amyloidotic
      polyneuropathy (FAP) studied earlier. Amino acid sequencing confirmed that SSA
      subunit proteins were in fact prealbumin (transthyretin). Complete sequence
      analysis of one SSA preparation revealed the presence of a new variant Pa (TTr)
      molecule with a single amino acid substitution of isoleucine for valine at
      position 122. Further studies used an antiserum specific for SKO IV, a subunit
      protein of SKO previously shown to correspond to carboxy-terminal 78 residues
      (positions 49-127) of (TTr). Anti-SKO IV reacted with SSA in tissue at equivalent
      dilutions to anti-Pa (TTr) and with the 10-12-kD fraction of SSA on Western
      blots; reactivity was blocked by SKO IV, but not by Pa (TTr). SSA is a form of
      systemic amyloidosis caused by tissue deposition of Pa (TTr) and its fragments,
      with shared conformational or subunit antigenicity to at least one form of FAP.
      Identification of a new variant Pa (TTr) molecule in one case suggests further
      that SSA may be a genetically determined disease expressed late in life.

PMID- 2646317
TI  - Intracellular traffic of newly synthesized proteins. Current understanding and
      future prospects.

PMID- 2646320
TI  - Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis. II. Granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor in rheumatoid synovial effusions.
AB  - A liquid culture technique was used to study 23 synovial fluids (SF) (21 from
      inflammatory joint diseases and 2 noninflammatory SF) and supernatants of two
      cultured rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissues for colony-stimulating factor
      (CSF). The proliferative responses of human peripheral blood macrophage-depleted
      non-T cells treated with synovial fluids, supernatants of synovial tissue
      explants, and recombinant granulocyte-macrophage (rGM)-CSF were compared.
      Aggregates of cells that formed in long-term cultures (15 d) were similar for
      each applied agent and consisted of macrophages, eosinophils, and large blasts.
      Tritiated thymidine incorporation was proportional to the concentration of rGM
      CSF and was accompanied by an increase in number and size of cellular aggregates
      formed in the cultures. CSF activity was observed in inflammatory SF, with
      tritiated thymidine uptake of 3,501 +/- 1,140 cpm in the presence of RA samples
      (n = 15) compared to 1,985 +/- 628 for non-RA inflammatory SF (n = 7) (P less
      than 0.05) and 583 +/- 525 for medium (n = 6) (P less than 0.01). The
      proliferative response to RA SF was often more apparent when the samples were
      diluted, because at higher concentrations the RA SF was inhibitory. Two RA SF
      were fractionated by Sephadex G100 column chromatography; low levels of CSF
      activity were detected in fractions corresponding to Mr of 70-100 kD, but the
      major CSF activity was found in the 20-24-kD fractions. A polyclonal rabbit anti
      GM-CSF antibody eliminated the stimulating activity from both rGM-CSF and RA SF.
      Finally, a specific RIA identified significant levels of GM-CSF (40-140 U/ml) in
      the culture supernatants of 3 additional RA synovial tissues. These data document
      the local production of GM-CSF in rheumatoid synovitis and are the first
      description of this cytokine at a site of disease activity.

PMID- 2646321
TI  - Constitutive production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor by human ovarian
      and breast cancer cell lines.
AB  - Many nonhematologic tumors produce growth factors that may influence cellular
      proliferation either by autocrine or by paracrine mechanisms. In the current
      study, human tumor cell lines were investigated for the constitutive production
      of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Culture supernatants obtained
      from cell lines were analyzed using a radioimmunoassay and a radioreceptor assay
      specific for M-CSF. Among the various cell types analyzed, all the ovarian cell
      lines and a majority of the breast cancer cell lines secreted significant amount
      of an M-CSF-like factor. Treatment of mouse bone marrow cultures with culture
      supernatants from ovarian cancer cells stimulated the production of macrophage
      colonies. Analysis of total cellular RNA obtained from the ovarian cell lines by
      Northern blot showed multiple sizes of M-CSF transcripts with an abundance of a
      4.2-kb message. The relative amount of M-CSF transcripts correlated with the
      level of immunoreactive material seen in the culture supernatants.

PMID- 2646322
TI  - Induction of excessive B cell proliferation and differentiation by an in vitro
      stimulus in culture in human systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - B cell hyperactivity present in the body in patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) can be detectable via almost any measure of B cell function.
      Nonetheless, the basis for the B cell hyperactivity is difficult to study in
      vitro. In this study, we have obtained the resting B cells from patients with
      entirely inactive SLE by collecting them sedimenting in a high density fraction
      on a Percoll density gradient. These resting SLE B cells proliferated in vitro at
      a higher rate than normal B cells when exposed to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I
      (SAC). In addition, significant proliferation was observed earlier in the course
      of culture in SLE patients than in normal controls. Moreover, the SLE resting B
      cells, once triggered by SAC produced abnormally high numbers of immunoglobulin
      secreting cells in response to T cell-derived soluble factors. There was less
      frequency of circulating Leu 1+ B cells in the SLE patients than in normal
      controls. Moreover, not only Leu 1+ B cells but also Leu 1- B cells of SLE
      patients were more responsive to SAC than those of normal controls. The results
      indicate that the B cell hyperactivity in human SLE can be induced by in vitro
      stimuli, and may not be limited to the Leu 1+ B cell subset.

PMID- 2646324
TI  - Treatment and therapeutic devices in the management of frontal sinus fractures.
      Our experience with 42 cases.
AB  - Forty-two cases with frontal sinus fractures were treated at the Department of
      Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of Fujita-Gakuen Health University Hospital
      between December, 1978 and December, 1987; this experience and a discussion of
      our management of these cases are presented herein. Our concept of fundamental
      treatment is based on not obliterating the sinus, but rather removing the
      devitalized mucosa and establishing permanent drainage to the nose. During the
      operation, we use a cold light source, which provides a fine operative field, and
      a special cutting saw which allows us safely to perform bone grafts. Up to now we
      have experienced no significant complications and have achieved uniformly good
      results, both functionally and aesthetically.

PMID- 2646323
TI  - Antigenic polymorphism of human very late activation protein-2 (platelet
      glycoprotein Ia-IIa). Platelet alloantigen Hca.
AB  - We have found evidence for a human alloantigenic system on the very late
      activation protein -2 (VLA-2) heterodimer (platelet GPIa/IIa). Sera from two
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) contained antibodies that
      immunoprecipitated surface molecules from platelets and fibroblasts that
      comigrated on SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional O'Farrell gels with platelet GPIa (VLA
      alpha2 chain) and platelet GPIIa (VLA-beta chain). These SLE antibodies were
      alloreactive as they precipitated VLA molecules from only 5 of 22 normal donors'
      platelets and did not react with the lupus patients' own platelets, despite the
      expression of apparently normal amounts of VLA on the donors' cells. Two
      dimensional O'Farrell analysis demonstrated no differences in the molecular
      weight or isoelectric point of GPIa and GPIIa obtained from platelets of
      alloantibody reactive or unreactive donors. Sequential immunoprecipitation
      experiments with VLA chain-specific monoclonal antibodies, and the pattern of
      immunoprecipitation of several different VLA heterodimers demonstrated that the
      alloantibody-reactive determinant was present on the VLA-2 heterodimer, and not
      other VLA molecules. Thus, these SLE sera demonstrate a previously unrecognized
      antigenic polymorphism of the VLA-2 (platelet GPIa/IIa) heterodimer, platelet
      alloantigen Hca.

PMID- 2646325
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than fifteen years of
      age. Report of a case and review of the literature.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in patients younger than 15 years of age is
      an extremely rare occurrence. There are few published series on the management
      and outcome of these young patients because of the rarity of this disease within
      this age group. A case of carcinoma of the tongue in a 14-year-old girl, the
      first reported in Italy in children is presented, with a review of the most
      relevant literature.

PMID- 2646326
TI  - Phlebectasia of the jugular system.
AB  - Developmental anomalies of the internal jugular system are rare. Phlebectasia of
      the jugular system is an abnormal fusiform dilatation which is seldom described
      in the literature. We present five cases of jugular phlebectasia in the neck. It
      is of interest to note the symptomatology which was different in each of these
      cases.

PMID- 2646327
TI  - Automation of APAAP immunocytochemical technique.
AB  - A tissue processing instrument (the Histokinette) was modified by the addition of
      an electronic timing device which allows an immunocytochemical staining technique
      (the APAAP method) to be performed as a semiautomated procedure. After incubation
      with primary monoclonal antibodies (applied by hand) slides (up to 72 in a batch)
      are placed in racks and cycled through tanks of reagents, comprising anti-mouse
      Ig followed by APAAP complexes with intervening timed draining and washing
      stages. This semiautomated process gave consistent staining results and offered
      considerable savings in time compared with conventional methods. The same reagent
      baths were used over four months on an almost daily basis without deterioration
      in staining intensity, and consequently the calculated overall cost of the
      staining procedure was less than if the reagents had been applied by hand and
      then discarded. The machine is now into its eleventh month of operation; the
      reagents have been changed twice. It is suggested that this approach, because of
      savings in time and increased consistency, may be an attractive technique for the
      routine immunocytochemical staining of slides, and that the nature of the APAAP
      method is particularly suitable for automation as the necessary reagents can be
      produced at low cost.

PMID- 2646328
TI  - Rehydration of air dried smears: application in body cavity fluid cytology.

PMID- 2646329
TI  - Annotation: Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2646330
TI  - Intrinsic factor antibody tests.
AB  - The sensitivity of methods to detect antibodies to intrinsic factor was assessed.
      Five sera of known antibody content were tested in 31 laboratories and 30 sera
      from patients with pernicious anaemia were tested in one laboratory. Five non
      commercial methods and two kits for type I antibodies and one non-commercial
      method for types I and II antibodies are in current use. Differences in
      sensitivity of the non-commercial methods for type I antibodies related more to
      the antigen: antibody ratio in the test system than to the method itself. A
      radioimmune assay for types I and II antibodies showed the best sensitivity but
      that of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was poor.

PMID- 2646331
TI  - Chemiluminescence of peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes from adult
      periodontitis patients.
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) constitute a primary host resistance factor
      against infection. This study investigated the chemiluminescent (CL) response of
      peripheral blood PMN's isolated from human subjects with adult periodontitis. 32
      subjects were categorized on the basis of age and periodontal disease status into
      4 equal groups--young healthy, young diseased, old healthy and old diseased. PMN
      CL was stimulated using heat-killed, serum-opsonized Fusobacterium nucleatum--a
      specific periodontopathic gram-negative anaerobe, and Escherichia coli as a gram
      negative control organism. The results showed a statistically significant
      enhancement (p less than 0.05) in the CL response, which was cell associated, in
      the young diseased subjects. This was not seen in the old subjects (p greater
      than 0.05), suggesting that in periodontal disease in young subjects the
      peripheral blood PMNs may be in a metabolically activated state. There was
      nevertheless a degree of variability between individual subjects within each of
      the 4 clinical groups.

PMID- 2646332
TI  - The effect of a cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) detergent foam compared to a
      conventional toothpaste on plaque and gingivitis. A single blind crossover study.
AB  - A CPC-detergent formulation in a foam vehicle, was compared with a fluoride
      toothpaste for its ability to prevent plaque and gingivitis over a period of 12
      days. Whilst refraining from all other oral hygiene procedures, the foam or
      toothpaste was applied to the teeth in fluoride application trays, in a group of
      14 volunteers. At days 8 and 12 of this crossover study, the following
      assessments were made: gingival crevicular fluid; gingival index; bleeding on
      probing; plaque index; plaque area. Except for plaque area at day 8 of the study,
      there were no significant differences between the 2 products at either day 8 or
      day 12. It is therefore concluded that the CPC-detergent formulation, in its
      present form, does not inhibit plaque and gingivitis more effectively than a
      conventional fluoride toothpaste.

PMID- 2646333
TI  - The buried running dermal subcutaneous suture technique.
AB  - This article illustrates the buried running dermal subcutaneous suture technique,
      a more rapid method for closing large fusiform open skin wounds than vertically
      oriented buried dermal subcutaneous sutures that are individually tied and cut.
      This technique effectively closes dead space, provides excellent strength, and
      relieves wound tension uniformly.

PMID- 2646334
TI  - Instrumentation for the dermatologic surgeon.
AB  - Because dermatologic surgery continues to enjoy widespread popularity as a
      leading treatment modality for skin disease, the skill and training of the
      surgeon are critical to patient care. Equally important, however, are the tools
      the surgeon uses to perform each particular procedure. Surgical instrumentation
      has often been a confusing subject for the novice surgeon, one in which personal
      preference often outweighs technical considerations. This article will present
      the advantages and short-comings of several instruments that constitute the basic
      armamentarium of the dermatologic surgeon.

PMID- 2646335
TI  - The accessory tragus--no ordinary skin tag.
AB  - An accessory tragus can easily be treated by surgical excision. The results are
      quite satisfactory if care is taken to remove any protuberant portion of
      underlying cartilage. This lesion is rarely associated with other developmental
      defects of the first branchial arch.

PMID- 2646336
TI  - Long-term recurrence rates in previously untreated (primary) basal cell
      carcinoma: implications for patient follow-up.
AB  - We reviewed all studies (since 1947) reporting recurrence rates for treatment of
      primary (previously untreated) basal cell carcinomas using surgical excision,
      radiotherapy, cryotherapy, curettage and electrodesiccation, and Mohs
      micrographic surgery. Our findings indicate that recurrences following treatment
      of primary basal cell carcinoma appear later than is generally acknowledged in
      the literature. We found that less than one-third of all recurrences appear in
      the first year following treatment; only 50% appear within the first 2 years
      following treatment; and only 66%, or nearly two-thirds, appear within the first
      3 years following treatment. A good rule of thumb is that the 10-year recurrence
      rate is double, or 2 times, that of the 2-year recurrence rate. Furthermore, 18%
      of recurrences appear between the fifth and tenth year following treatment. These
      results held true, irrespective of treatment modality examined. Seventy-two
      studies reporting short-term recurrence rates (follow-up less than 5 years) had a
      weighted average recurrence rate of 4.2%, whereas 34 long-term studies (follow-up
      of 5 years) had a weighted average recurrence rate of 8.7%, or more than 2 times
      the short-term rate. Five-year recurrence rates by treatment modality are as
      follows: Mohs micrographic surgery 1.0%, surgical excision 10.1%, curettage and
      electrodesiccation 7.7%, radiation therapy 8.7%, and cryosurgery 7.5%. We
      conclude that the reporting of recurrence rate data for basal cell carcinoma
      should be standardized using 5-year life table analysis, and even more important
      is our conclusion that lifetime follow-up is necessary after treatment of primary
      basal cell carcinoma in order both recurrences and new primaries.

PMID- 2646337
TI  - The subcutaneous stitch revisited.

PMID- 2646338
TI  - Estimates of wave front distortion from measurements of scattering by model
      random media and calf liver.
AB  - An expression based on a perturbation method is employed to estimate the
      correlation of path length difference in a plane normal to the direction of wave
      propagation from measurements of ultrasonic scattering by model random media and
      calf liver. The expression gives the correlation function of path length
      difference in terms of an integral of the correlation function of the medium
      variations or an equivalent integral of the power spectrum of medium variations,
      both for a scattering angle of zero degrees. Power spectra derived from
      measurements of average differential scattering cross section over a spatial
      frequency window are used to fit analytic functions that extend over all spatial
      frequencies. The results for the windowed and unwindowed data yield correlation
      functions and corresponding power spectra that are used to estimate the
      correlation function of path length difference. The results suggest that the
      correlation length in calf liver is less than 100 microns and that a root-mean
      square path length variation of about 20 microns results from propagation through
      a 100-mm calf liver path.

PMID- 2646340
TI  - Pseudo-three-dimensional reconstruction of ultrasonic images of the tongue.
AB  - The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a method for the three
      dimensional reconstruction of the surface of the tongue using serial ultrasonic
      images gathered during the production of the sustained fricative /s/. Using a
      phased linear array ultrasonic monitoring system, transducer position, subject
      position, and ultrasonic scan data were recorded simultaneously on composite
      video for off-line analysis. Reconstruction of a series of ultrasound images was
      completed using a microcomputer programmed to transform the ultrasonic image
      contours into three-dimensional space. Additional transformations converting the
      three-dimensional tongue contours into two dimensions for screen plotting were
      also developed. Results are discussed in light of previously reported models of
      the tongue surface.

PMID- 2646341
TI  - Safety of amide local anesthetics in patients susceptible to malignant
      hyperthermia.
AB  - Earlier reports on malignant hyperthermia warned against the use of local
      anesthetics in the amide class in persons susceptible to the syndrome. The
      preponderance of data supports the safety of amide local anesthetics in such
      patients, and these agents should not be withheld from persons at risk for
      developing the syndrome.

PMID- 2646339
TI  - Spectral power determinations of compressibility and density variations in model
      media and calf liver using ultrasound.
AB  - A model of scattering is used to relate average differential scattering cross
      section and power spectra of scattering medium variations. The model expresses
      the average differential scattering cross section as a sum of the power spectrum
      of medium compressibility variations, the power spectrum of density variations
      weighted by the square of the cosine of the scattering angle, and the cross-power
      spectrum of compressibility and density variations weighted by twice the cosine
      of the scattering angle. Known values of the average differential scattering
      cross section at a minimum of three different scattering angles and temporal
      frequencies corresponding to the same spatial frequency are used to calculate
      each of the three power spectra. Since noise and statistical fluctuations are
      present in actual measurements of average differential scattering cross section,
      the calculations of power spectra are obtained from an overdetermined set of
      equations to which a solution is found by using a singular value decomposition.
      Data derived from a model for scattering from a cloud of correlated particles are
      employed to show the influence of additive noise. Calculations are also made from
      measurements of scattering from three suspensions of particles that have a
      different average radius in each suspension but are similarly modeled by
      scattering from a cloud. Additionally, the calculations are applied to
      measurements of average differential scattering cross section of calf liver. The
      results show that determination of the power spectra of scattering medium
      variations can be made under practical conditions, and also imply that density
      variations contribute significantly to scattering by calf liver.

PMID- 2646342
TI  - Dental technology: knocking at high tech's door.

PMID- 2646343
TI  - Fluorescein dye evaluation of glove integrity.
AB  - Several methods of defect detection in disposable latex and vinyl examination
      gloves were evaluated. Results of this research support other findings that glove
      integrity cannot be completely assured by the use of new gloves. The use of the
      fluorescein dye technique was superior, in terms of efficiency and accuracy in
      the clinical setting, when compared with other methods of defect detection,
      including the air inflation-water submersion technique.

PMID- 2646344
TI  - Dentistry on stamps (F.J. Talma).

PMID- 2646345
TI  - Risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus to health care workers
      exposed to HIV-infected patients: a review.
AB  - The possibility of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to
      health care workers with occupational exposure to infected patients has caused
      concern since the beginning of the AIDS crisis. This report summarizes both
      national surveillance data for AIDS among health care workers and the results of
      prospective studies on the risk of HIV transmission in the health care
      professions. All the available evidence indicates that HIV infection in health
      care workers in the United States results primarily from exposure outside the
      health care setting, and is acquired by one of the conventional routes of
      transmission. A small number of health care workers have been infected with HIV
      through occupational exposure. Prospective surveillance studies indicate that the
      risk of seroconversion after needlestick exposure to HIV-infected blood is about
      0.5%. The level of risk associated with exposure of mucous membranes or nonintact
      skin is far less.

PMID- 2646346
TI  - Fabrication of a teaching aid for dental soft tissue management and suturing.
AB  - A technique for fabrication of a model to aid in teaching surgical management and
      suturing is presented. The model, which simulates dentition, supporting
      periodontium, and gingival soft tissue, can be made inexpensively in a dental
      laboratory.

PMID- 2646347
TI  - A changing role for dietary monounsaturated fatty acids.
AB  - Evidence is accumulating that diets low in saturated fatty acids and high in
      monounsaturated fatty acids are effective in controlling blood lipid levels; a
      likely consequence could be a beneficial effect on the risk of coronary heart
      disease. Although as yet limited in number, studies have shown monounsaturated
      fatty acids to be the equivalent of polyunsaturated fatty acids or low-fat diets
      in lowering blood low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. The monounsaturated acids
      apparently have the added advantage of not causing a decrease in high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol or an increase in blood triglycerides, which can be a
      consequence of other dietary modifications. In the past, olive oil was the only
      fat rich in monounsaturated acids that was generally available in the United
      States. Recently, canola oil, a fat also rich in monounsaturates, has appeared in
      retail food outlets. Other potential sources are high oleic sunflower and
      safflower oils. Because the culinary and organoleptic properties of the
      monounsaturated-rich oils can be identical to those of currently used oils, they
      should be readily accepted by the consumer. Whether the preferred healthful diet
      is one low in fat or one high in monoenes or polyenes, the primary dietary
      recommendation remains--decrease the intake of saturated fat and cholesterol.

PMID- 2646348
TI  - Nutritional factors relevant to Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is a devastating form of nonreversible dementia now affecting
      at least 2.5 million persons in the United States. Its course is marked by a
      gradual loss of memory, ability to communicate, and, eventually, physical
      capabilities. Appetite and food intake fluctuate with mood swings and increasing
      confusion. Feeding and alimentation skills regress gradually because of cognitive
      and physical deterioration; uncontrolled weight loss is almost inevitable in
      latter stages, despite quality of care. A number of etiological models exist,
      including some related to vitamin and mineral metabolism, although research has
      not yet yielded a certain cause or cure. Treatment is symptomatic relief through
      interdisciplinary health care intervention. Psychological, medical, nutritional,
      and nursing support are needed by the caregivers as well as by the patients
      themselves.

PMID- 2646349
TI  - The relationship of dietary and supplemental calcium intake to bone loss and
      osteoporosis.
AB  - Calcium supplements have become big business in the United States. The sale of
      calcium supplements increased sevenfold from 1980 to 1985, with +130,000,000
      being spent on calcium supplements during 1985. The median daily dietary calcium
      intake for women in the United States is 574 mg and for men is 826 mg. The
      average American diet contains 389 mg calcium per 1,000 kcal. The Recommended
      Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 800 mg calcium may be insufficient to meet the needs
      of women who are "poor absorbers" of calcium. Research linking calcium intake
      with bone density is confounded by the type of bone measured, the variation in
      efficiency of calcium absorption among individuals, and the methodology for
      measuring calcium intake. Although calcium supplements will retard cortical bone
      loss in some postmenopausal women and are generally safe, they are not so
      effective as estrogen.

PMID- 2646351
TI  - Parkinson's disease and nonpharmacologic treatment programs.

PMID- 2646350
TI  - Nicergoline in mild to moderate dementia. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo
      controlled study.
AB  - In view of some controversies still existing about the real efficacy of ergot
      derivatives in the management of dementia, a double-blind, randomized, parallel
      group trial extending up to 6 months was carried out to compare the effects of
      nicergoline, 60 mg daily, and placebo in 315 patients suffering from mild to
      moderate dementia. Clinical evaluation was performed by the SCAG scale. The
      trial, which included a 1-month placebo run-in period, showed that both placebo
      and nicergoline were associated with some degree of improvement. The effect of
      nicergoline, however, was significantly greater and more sustained, steadily
      increasing with time. In particular, the difference between nicergoline and
      placebo in mean total SCAG score was 5.5 at 3 months (95% confidence interval:
      3.6-7.4) and increased to 9.8 at 6 months (95% confidence interval: 7.8-11.8). A
      comparison of nicergoline versus placebo in the frequencies of changes in each
      item of the SCAG showed also a significant difference at 6 months, the percent of
      patients displaying an improvement by at least 2 points ranging from 13.5
      (bothersome) to 30.2 (disorientation) in nicergoline group, against 4.1 (self
      care) to 14.3 (fatigue) in placebo group. The safety of nicergoline, as judged by
      hemodynamic changes and drug-related adverse reactions, was quite satisfactory.

PMID- 2646352
TI  - The malpractice crisis. Relevance for geriatrics.
AB  - The adverse effects of the current American medical malpractice problem on the
      practice of geriatric medicine have thus far been relatively minor, but real.
      This article discusses some of the prominent public policy issues involved in the
      ongoing debate about malpractice, with special application to older patients and
      their physicians. Suggestions are made for appropriate actions by geriatricians
      individually and collectively, in response to the malpractice situation.

PMID- 2646353
TI  - The nursing home medical director.

PMID- 2646354
TI  - What evolutionary biology can do for gerontology.
AB  - Evolutionary biologists have shown mathematically that aging is an inevitable
      consequence of age-specific natural selection acting on species with somata
      separate from germ lines. Two specific genetic mechanisms are known which could
      underlie the evolution of aging under these conditions: age-specificity of gene
      effects and antagonistic pleiotropy between early and late ages. Comparative
      evidence indicates that senescence occurs only when the stipulations of the
      evolutionary theory are met. Laboratory experiments with Drosophila indicate that
      prolonging the action of natural selection leads to the evolution of postponed
      senescence. The genetic variation involved in such postponed senescence exhibits
      both age-specificity and antagonistic pleiotropy. These theories and empirical
      findings together suggest that the best general theory of aging now available is
      the evolutionary theory. In addition, this work has yielded Drosophila stocks
      with postponed senescence that are being used to unravel physiological mechanisms
      of senescence.

PMID- 2646355
TI  - The effect of exercise on natural killer cell activity in young and old subjects.
AB  - Alterations in immune function have been commonly reported in elderly persons. We
      have examined the effect of age on the responsiveness of natural killer (NK)
      cells to in vitro stimulation with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and in vivo
      stimulation with exercise in 17 healthy subjects (8 young and 9 old). The old
      subjects were found to have NK cell numbers and function that were not
      significantly different from the young subjects at baseline. They also responded
      as well as the young subjects to rIL-2 stimulation of NK cells in vitro. In
      response to maximal bicycle ergometry exercise, there was a marked rise in NK
      activity in the old (7.52 +/- 1.71 LU/10(6) pre-exercise vs 15.20 +/- 3.27
      LU/10(6) post-exercise, p less than .03) and the young (6.29 +/- .48 LU 10(6) vs
      14.56 +/- 1.86 LU 10(6), p less than .005) subjects. Lymphocytes bearing the NK
      marker Leu 11a also rose significantly post-exercise in both old and young
      subjects. We conclude that healthy elderly subjects increase their NK activity in
      response to the acute stressor, exercise, at least as effectively as do young
      subjects.

PMID- 2646356
TI  - Absence of the dawn glucose rise in nondiabetic men compared by age.
AB  - To determine whether the dawn phenomenon occurs in healthy elderly subjects, we
      compared glucose and insulin levels as well as glucose production rates in 10
      young nondiabetic men (mean age 26 +/- 3 years) and 10 old nondiabetic men (mean
      age 69 +/- 3 years) between 0500 to 0800. Young subjects demonstrated a modest
      but significant rise in plasma glucose level (89 +/- 1 mg/dl to 92 +/- 1 mg/dl, p
      less than .05) and glucose production rate (1.7 +/- 0.1 mg/kg/min to 1.9 +/- 0.2
      mg/kg/min, p less than .05) between 0540 and 0800. No rise was detected in the
      plasma glucose or glucose production rate in older subjects as a group, between
      these times. However, a few elderly subjects did display a dawn glucose rise.
      Changes in plasma insulin levels were not significant for either young or old
      subjects. Older subjects had significantly lower mean peak growth hormone levels
      during the night than young subjects (6.7 +/- 1.3 vs 10.1 +/- 1.6 ng/ml, p less
      than .05). These results demonstrate a modest rise in plasma glucose levels and
      glucose production rate in healthy young subjects consistent with previous
      reports of the dawn phenomenon. This modest early morning glucose rise is absent
      in most otherwise healthy older subjects.

PMID- 2646357
TI  - Gastric ulcer recurrence: follow-up of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - Following a multicenter, double-blind trial comparing cimetidine, antacid, and
      placebo for the treatment of gastric ulcer, patients whose ulcers had healed were
      followed prospectively to assess the frequency of ulcer relapse. Fifty-eight
      patients entered the follow-up study. Patients were encouraged to discontinue
      smoking and excessive ethanol intake, but were not maintained on antiulcer
      medications. Clinical evaluation was performed at monthly intervals; repeat
      endoscopy was performed at the time of symptom recurrence or at 6 to 9 months
      after ulcer healing. Gastric ulcer recurred in 20 of 58 patients (35%). While 15
      (75%) with ulcer recurrence had symptoms, 5 (25%) had asymptomatic recurrences.
      There were no differences in the incidence of ulcer relapse or symptom
      recurrences between groups. We conclude that gastric ulcers recur in
      approximately one-third of patients within 9 months of ulcer healing.

PMID- 2646358
TI  - Clinical aspects of liver atrophy.
AB  - The implications of selective liver atrophy in the management of hepatobiliary
      disease have only recently been recognised and discussed. This editorial focuses
      on clinical aspects of liver atrophy together with some relevant experimental
      data.

PMID- 2646359
TI  - The "natural history" of ulcerative colitis: an analysis of the placebo response.
AB  - We have attempted to elucidate the "natural history" of ulcerative colitis by
      studying the placebo groups of 11 controlled trials of 185 patients with active
      disease. Most (182) of the patients were mild to moderately ill, but 3 had severe
      colitis. They were studied by endoscopic, pathologic, and/or clinical criteria
      and followed for 15-42 days. Up to 52% improved clinically and 59%
      sigmoidoscopically. Relapses commonly occurred within 2 months of these
      "spontaneous" improvements. In another six trials of 174 patients in remission
      receiving only placebo therapy (134 followed for 6 months and 40 for 12 months),
      up to 51% remained in remission. Favorable predictive factors for continued
      remission included a normal rectal mucosa on sigmoidoscopy, limited extent of
      colitis, and remission recently achieved by active therapy or maintained by
      therapy for at least 1 year before study entry. Thus, patients can get and stay
      better with no "specific" therapy. We have clarified advantageous predictive
      factors.

PMID- 2646360
TI  - Placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin (glypressin) in the management of acute
      variceal bleeding.
AB  - In a double-blind trial 60% of acute variceal bleeding episodes were controlled
      with terlipressin (glypressin) compared with 37% in patients given placebo (NS).
      Rebleeding was more common in the placebo group so that at 5 days bleeding
      remained under control in 54% of patients treated with terlipressin compared with
      only 19% after placebo therapy (p less than 0.025). Blood transfusion
      requirements were similar in the two groups. Terlipressin appeared to be the most
      effective in those patients with severe hepatic dysfunction.

PMID- 2646361
TI  - Ben Achiya: the first gastroenterologist in ancient Israel?
AB  - Ben Achiya was the name of a Second Temple official who treated the digestive
      problems of ailing Jewish priests approximately 2500 years ago in Jerusalem. This
      article examines Talmudic and Rabbinic sources that provide the earliest
      historical record of a gastrointestinal specialist in ancient Israel.

PMID- 2646362
TI  - Sinusoidal lymphocytosis of the liver in Felty's syndrome with a review of the
      liver involvement in Felty's syndrome.
AB  - A 68-year-old woman with Felty's syndrome had massive hepatomegaly. Liver biopsy
      showed diffuse infiltration of the sinusoids with mature lymphocytes (sinusoidal
      lymphocytosis of the liver). Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver and
      portal fibrosis were not found. Although liver involvement is frequent in
      association with Felty's syndrome, sinusoidal lymphocytosis of the liver is
      unusual.

PMID- 2646363
TI  - Carbimazole-induced acute cholestatic hepatitis.
AB  - A case of carbimazole-induced cholestatic hepatitis is presented. A woman
      received carbimazole for hyperthyroidism for 3 months. Five months later, she had
      prompt recurrence of cholestasis parameters after rechallenge (2 days of
      treatment). Histologic examination showed predominantly centrilobular
      cholestasis. Only 5 other cases have been published in the literature. An
      idiosyncratic mechanism seems likely.

PMID- 2646364
TI  - Fatal liver failure due to disulfiram.
AB  - We present the case of a 30-year-old man with disulfiram-induced hepatitis
      complicated by fatal liver failure. The disease followed a protracted course with
      an interval of 25 days between the onset of jaundice and the onset of
      encephalopathy. In this patient, the severity of the liver disease might have
      been due to reingestion of disulfiram shortly after the onset of jaundice.

PMID- 2646365
TI  - Glucose and insulin metabolism in cirrhosis.
AB  - Glucose intolerance, overt diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance are
      characteristic features of patients with cirrhosis. Insulin secretion, although
      increased in absolute terms, is insufficient to offset the presence of insulin
      resistance. The defect in insulin-mediated glucose disposal involves peripheral
      tissues, primarily muscle, and most likely reflects a disturbance in glycogen
      synthesis. Hepatic glucose production is normally sensitive to insulin; at
      present, it is unknown whether hepatic glucose uptake is impaired in cirrhosis.
      One of the more likely candidates responsible for the insulin-resistant state is
      insulin itself. The hyperinsulinemia results from three abnormalities: diminished
      hepatic extraction, portosystemic/intrahepatic shunting, and enhanced insulin
      secretion.

PMID- 2646366
TI  - Liver fibrosis and extracellular matrix.
AB  - Liver fibrosis and extracellular matrix play a central role in liver function
      impairment. Little information is available on the dynamic aspects and the
      natural history of fibroplasia, even if there is growing evidence that
      extracellular matrix accumulation (collagen I, III, IV, fibronectin, laminin,
      proteoglycans, etc.) is not to be considered only a passive structural support
      for damaged hepatic tissue, but may actively modulate liver cell behaviour.
      Clinicians need to date liver fibrosis and to monitor connective tissue synthesis
      and degradation, but attempts to develop reliable serological markers for
      collagen metabolism are hampered by the absence of a well defined golden standard
      to validate them. Nevertheless, serum type III aminoterminal procollagen peptide,
      at the moment, seems to be the most acceptable parameter of fibrogenesis. The
      data concerning the mechanisms of collagen production-degradation are becoming so
      precise and numerous that even if they have not, to date, led to 'routine'
      advantages for patients, they will end up becoming important tools in the
      clinical practice and management of liver fibrosis.

PMID- 2646367
TI  - Update on vascular tumours of the liver.

PMID- 2646368
TI  - Liver biopsy complications monitored by ultrasound.
AB  - Ultrasound (US) was performed in 96 patients (on 108 occasions) 2-4 h after
      diagnostic liver puncture with a modified Menghini needle. Serious complications
      (major haemorrhages: one intraparenchymal and one into the abdominal cavity) were
      seen in two patients, while seven presented with minor bleedings though without
      any registered clinical abnormality (slight pain in one). On 11 occasions (10
      patients) slight to moderate pain was observed though in combination with a
      normal US. Findings on US and clinical observations showed poor correlation and
      the number of bleeding complications discovered by US examination seems to depend
      upon when the study is performed. US does not replace the clinical follow-up but
      may be helpful in the presence of adverse clinical reactions in order to
      establish the type of lesion: profuse parenchymal haemorrhage versus bleeding
      into the abdominal cavity. This information may be helpful in the choice between
      conservative and surgical therapy.

PMID- 2646369
TI  - Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver following contact with vinyl
      chloride. Recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation.
AB  - Malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver is a recently recognized
      and uncommon neoplasm of vascular origin. Few cases have been reported and the
      treatment remains therefore difficult to define. A relationship to oral
      contraceptive use has been suggested but no other toxic agents have been
      incriminated. We report here the first case occurring after a close contact with
      vinyl chloride. Because of wide hepatic destruction and serious portal
      hypertension with bleeding varices, the patient underwent orthotopic liver
      transplantation. After a disease-free interval of 20 months, he died from
      variceal hemorrhage and encephalopathy due to local tumor recurrence with portal
      thrombosis. Nevertheless, orthotopic liver transplantation remains the only hope
      of salvage when extensive liver destruction and life-threatening complications
      are present.

PMID- 2646370
TI  - Isozyme polymorphisms maintained by lethal loci in inbred strains of Aedes
      triseriatus.
AB  - We analyzed the progeny of brother-sister matings of two inbred strains of the
      treehole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus, at several isozyme loci to determine which
      factors were maintaining heterozygosity at these loci after prolonged inbreeding.
      The triseriatus Kramer (TK) lines were polymorphic for the Odh and Hbd loci after
      12 generations of full-sib mating, and the triseriatus Vero Beach (TV) lines were
      polymorphic for the Odh, Hk-4, Pgm, and Hbd loci after 14 generations of full-sib
      mating. Genetic analysis of 22 TK F13 matings and nine TV F15 matings showed that
      heterozygosity was enforced by lethal loci to which all the polymorphic isozyme
      loci were linked. The lethal loci formed a balanced lethal system. We determined
      the relative positions and map distances of lethals and enzyme loci.

PMID- 2646371
TI  - Liver transplantation.
AB  - A multidisciplinary approach is necessary in addressing the needs of a patient
      with end-stage liver disease. The development of the liver transplant program at
      MHI was a natural extension of the transplant and critical care programs already
      in place. The case report described exemplifies that valuable input from
      ancillary support groups is necessary for a successful liver transplant program.
      Experience gained in the area of liver transplantation not only benefits liver
      transplant patients but also extends to other areas of clinical medicine. One
      year ago, an Indiana resident had to travel out of state to receive this
      specialized form of care. Today this is no longer the case.

PMID- 2646372
TI  - Medical museum notes.

PMID- 2646373
TI  - TCR gamma delta cells--minor redundant T cell subset or specialized immune system
      component?

PMID- 2646374
TI  - Characterization of the immunodeficiency of RIIS/J [corrected] mice. I.
      Association with the CD5 (LY-1) [corrected] B cell lineage.
AB  - RIIIS/J mice produce low antibody responses to several polysaccharide Ag of
      bacterial origin. They have low levels of serum IgM and IgG3 and high levels of
      serum IgG2a and IgG2b. Low serum IgM and IgG3 have been attributed to a low
      frequency of CD5 (Ly-1) B cells, which play an important role in the production
      of natural antibodies. Indeed, RIIIS/J mice have a low frequency of CD5 (Ly-1)+,
      IgM bright+, Ly-5 (B220)dull+ (i.e., CD5 (Ly-1) B) cells in their peritoneum.
      RIIIS/J mice treated with LPS produce a low anti-bromelain-treated mouse RBC
      splenic plaque-forming cell response and a normal anti-mouse transferrin splenic
      PFC response. Those data are compatible with the fact that CD5 (Ly-1) B cells
      contain the precursors of B lymphocytes secreting anti-bromelain-treated mouse
      RBC antibody. However, they have a higher frequency of IgM bright+, Mac-1+ cells
      in their peritoneum. These cells represent the CD5 (Ly-1) "sister population" of
      CD5 (Ly-1) B cells described by others. This suggests that characteristics
      usually associated with the CD5 (Ly-1) lineage are applicable only to the CD5 (Ly
      1)+ Mac-1+ IgM+ population, but not the related CD5 (Ly-1)- Mac-1+ IgM+
      population. RIIIS/J mice should thus prove a valuable model to study the CD5 (Ly
      1) B cell lineage.

PMID- 2646375
TI  - Effector cell expression of NK1.1, a murine natural killer cell-specific
      molecule, and ability of mice to reject bone marrow allografts.
AB  - The rejection of Hh-1 incompatible bone marrow cells in irradiated mice is
      mediated by NK cells and is genetically regulated. We tested the role of the NK
      specific gene, NK1.1, in regulating the rejection of allogeneic bone marrow cell
      grafts. NK1.1+ mice, that are known to display strong resistance against Hh-1
      incompatible grafts, were crossed to H-2/Hh-1 identical NK1.1-, poor responder
      mice, and the progeny were backcrossed to the poor responder parent. The
      segregating mice were individually typed for their expression of NK1.1 and the
      ability to resist Hh-1 incompatible bone marrow cells (BMC). A strong correlation
      was noted between expression of NK1.1 and rejection of H-2d/Hh-1d BMC. Our
      results support the idea that NK1.1 is one of the genes responsible for strong
      resistance to Hh-1d (determinant 2) but not for Hh-1j (determinant 3) BMC grafts.
      We suggest that the NK1.1 molecule functions as an accessory molecule in the
      cellular interactions involving the recognition of Hh-1 determinants.

PMID- 2646376
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against the CD44 [In(Lu)-related p80], and Pgp-1 antigens
      in man recognize the Hermes class of lymphocyte homing receptors.
AB  - An 85- to 95 kDa class of lymphocyte surface molecules, defined in man by
      antibodies of the Hermes series, is involved in lymphocyte binding to high
      endothelial venules and is likely of central importance in the process of
      lymphocyte homing. In this report, we have examined the relationship between
      these Hermes-defined "homing-receptors" and two other 80 to 95 kDa lymphocyte
      surface molecules that have been extensively studied--CD44 [In(Lu)-related p80]
      defined by mAb A1G3 and A3D8, and Pgp-1 defined by antibody IM7. Our findings
      indicate that, in man, similar or identical glycoprotein(s) are recognized by
      these independently and diversely obtained antibodies. All antibodies showed
      identical immunohistologic patterns of reactivity on a variety of lymphoid and
      nonlymphoid human tissues, and demonstrated similar bands on Western blots of
      both crude tonsil lymphocyte lysates and highly purified Hermes-1 Ag
      preparations. Similarly, purified CD44/p80 Ag from RBC and human serum bound
      Hermes-1. Preclearing of tonsil lysates with the Hermes-1 antibody removed
      antigenic activity for all antibodies. Cross-blocking experiments demonstrated
      that A3D8, IM7 (anti-Pgp-1), and Hermes-2 antibodies recognize overlapping
      epitopes. Finally, expression of the epitopes defined by the Hermes-1, Hermes-3,
      H2-7, and H3-61 antibodies on RBC was shown to be regulated by the In(Lu) gene.
      These findings unify several different lines of investigation, and suggest the
      possibility that the CD44/Pgp-1/Hermes class of molecules may serve as cell-cell
      or cell-substrate adhesion/recognition elements for both hematolymphoid and non
      hematolymphoid cell types.

PMID- 2646377
TI  - Inhibition of lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by phorbol
      ester.
AB  - As previously reported, the culture of mouse spleen cells in the presence of high
      amounts of human rIL-2 for 4 days caused proliferation and generation of
      lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, which could lyse a variety of tumor
      cells. However, an addition of PMA to the culture resulted in a striking
      inhibition of the generation of LAK cells. In contrast, IL-2-induced cell
      proliferation, IL-2R expression, and LFA-1 expression were enhanced by the
      addition of PMA. Kinetic studies revealed that the addition of PMA during the
      final 24 h, but not 4 h, of the culture was sufficient to inhibit the generation
      of LAK cells. The same inhibition of LAK activity was observed when 4-day
      cultured LAK cells were pretreated with PMA for over 12 h before cytotoxicity
      assay. Flow cytometry analysis showed that PMA pretreatment had no effect on the
      binding of LAK cells to target cells. PMA pretreatment of LAK cells caused total
      disappearance of protein kinase C (PKC) activity from LAK cells concomitant with
      the loss of LAK activity. However, PMA-pretreated LAK cells cultured for another
      24 h in the absence of PMA revealed levels of PKC activity and cytotoxicity
      identical with untreated LAK cells. These results strongly suggest that PMA
      induced down-regulation of LAK cell-mediated cytotoxicity is due to the
      inactivation of PKC-dependent transduction systems that are essential post LAK
      cell-target cell binding.

PMID- 2646378
TI  - Quantitative assay of a human monoclonal IgM antibody (HA-1A) in human serum.
AB  - A rapid, specific and sensitive radiometric assay was developed capable of
      quantitating serum levels of HA-1A, a human IgM monoclonal antibody to endotoxin.
      'Private' anti-idiotypic murine monoclonal antibodies were produced and utilized
      in the assay to avoid cross-reactivity with normal human IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE or
      IgD. The presence of E. coli or gram-negative lipopolysaccharide in the sera did
      not affect the ability of the assay to detect HA-1A. The sensitivity of the assay
      was calculated to be 25 ng/ml with an interassay coefficient of variation of less
      than 10%. In one patient given 100 mg of HA-1A, peak serum concentration was
      101.5% of the predicted value with a mean plasma half life of 24.5 h. This assay
      will be useful in establishing the pharmacokinetics of HA-1A and in monitoring
      serum levels during phase II and phase III clinical trials.

PMID- 2646379
TI  - ELISA-plaque assay for the detection of platelet antibody-secreting cells. I.
      Studies on optimization of reagent concentrations and culture conditions for
      enumeration of spot-forming cells.
AB  - This report describes a modified ELISA-plaque assay that we have succeeded in
      developing and utilizing for the detection of platelet antibody-secreting cells
      (PASC). We investigated the effects of various culture conditions on the
      formation and specificity of plaques obtained from spleen cells and peripheral
      blood leukocytes (PBL) of mice immunized with human platelets. The values of PASC
      using this plaque assay were compared with the corresponding serum platelet
      binding IgG (PBIgG) levels. The results revealed that plaque formation from
      spleen cells was well correlated with the number of inoculations, whereas that
      from PBL was not. The rise of PBIgG levels in sera was shown to be delayed, as
      compared with the plaque formation from spleen cells.

PMID- 2646380
TI  - Analysis of Candida albicans allergen extracts with a novel crossed enzyme
      immunoelectrophoresis (CEIE) technique. Binding of the colour precipitate to a
      nitrocellulose membrane.

PMID- 2646382
TI  - Evidence that the feeder effect in mammalian cells is mediated by a diffusible
      substance.
AB  - Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), baby hamster kidney (BHK), and NG108-15
      neuroblastoma cells were heated and then plated for the colony-formation assay
      either with or without feeder cells present. Besides these cell lines, four other
      cell types were used as feeders. All cell lines functioned equally well as
      feeders for each of the heated cell lines. In some experiments the heated and
      feeder cells were separated by semipermeable membranes. This separation had no
      effect on the feeder effect, indicating that cell-to-cell contact was not
      requisite. The feeder effect appears to be mediated by a low molecular weight,
      diffusible substance produced by the feeder cells.

PMID- 2646381
TI  - A phase I/II study of combined cisplatin and hyperthermia treatment for
      refractory malignancy.
AB  - Research in animal and human cell cultures has shown that some chemotherapeutic
      agents, cisplatin in particular, have cytotoxicity that is significantly
      potentiated at elevated temperatures. Concurrent administration of systemic
      cisplatin and local hyperthermia in human patients has not been previously
      reported. A phase I/II study was undertaken to assess the systemic and local
      toxicities and activity of concurrently administered local hyperthermia and
      systemic cisplatin in human tumours. Nine patients with histologically proven
      malignant tumours have been treated from March 1985 to July 1987. Their
      histologies were: breast, four; SCC of head and neck, two; SCC of skin, one;
      malignant melanoma, one; synovial cell sarcoma, one. Once-weekly hyperthermia was
      administered for 60 min by external microwave devices in an attempt to achieve
      minimum intratumoral temperatures of 42 degrees C. Plastic catheters were placed
      intratumorally under CT guidance for thermometry purposes. Cisplatin 40-60 mg/m2
      was given over 60 min when steady-state heating was achieved. A total of 44
      treatments are available for analysis. All nine patients had minimum intratumoral
      temperatures below the desired goal of 42 degrees C, and only two patients
      achieved average intratumoral temperatures of 42 degrees C or greater. Two of the
      responding patients sustained significant thermal injury consisting of blistering
      and necrosis. Three patients required transfusion and delay of weekly treatment
      because of anaemia and leukopenia. Four patients had partial response (PR) and
      one patient had minor response (MR) within the heated treatment volume. Three of
      these five patients experienced significant subjective palliation. This
      combination of treatment modalities can be delivered safely.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646383
TI  - Treatment of glue ear in relation to radiographic palatal airway size: a
      predictor for outcome following adenoidectomy?
AB  - Adenoidectomy performed for 'glue ear' accounts for many of the admissions for
      surgery in childhood. In spite of this there are no objective guidelines to
      enable the clinician to select those cases in whom a definite benefit is likely,
      or in whom such procedures might best be avoided. A total of 147 children with
      established bilateral glue ear randomized to adenoidectomy (A) or no pharyngeal
      surgery (NS) treatment groups were examined for clearance of effusion in an
      unoperated ear after one year. Outcome was analysed with respect to the pre
      operative Radiographic Palatal Airway size in three groups in relation to mean
      measurements obtained from matched populations of normal children and those with
      established disease. Those with small airways had significantly increased
      clearance following A when compared with NS between the ages of 3-7 years.
      Adenoidectomy should probably not be performed in those children with large
      airway measurements, although the outcome may ultimately be related to the age at
      which surgery is performed.

PMID- 2646384
TI  - Clinical role of informal tests of hearing.
AB  - Clinical tests of hearing are regularly used in adults but their role, now that
      pure-tone audiometry is almost universally available, has not been evaluated by
      modern methods of analysis including sensitivity and specificity. Free-field
      voice testing was carried out in 101 patients and the Rinne tuning-fork test in a
      different group of 127 patients prior to clinical or audiometric evaluation. The
      results were subsequently compared to air and bone conduction pure-tone
      thresholds assessed using rigorous standards. Depending on the audiometric
      definition as to what constitutes a hearing impairment, the sensitivity of free
      field voice testing to identify such an impairment because of an inability to
      hear a whispered voice at two feet (60 cm.) was 86 per cent or better with the
      specificity being in the region of 90 per cent. In the Rinne test the 256 Hz fork
      was superior to the 512 Hz fork (p less than 0.05) and the loudness comparison
      method superior to the threshold decay method (p less than 0.01) in detecting an
      air-bone gap. Combining the responses to the two forks did not improve the
      results. The Rinne test with the 256 Hz fork will identify correctly 48 per cent
      of individuals with a 15 dB, 69 per cent with a 20 dB, 87 per cent with a 25 dB,
      and 95 per cent with a 30 dB conductive impairment. In all instances the
      specificity is greater than 90 per cent.

PMID- 2646385
TI  - [Value and strategy of paraclinical studies in the diagnosis of aneurysm of the
      abdominal aorta].
AB  - With the development of abdominal echotomography and computed tomography, the
      abdominal aortic aneurysm is no longer explored by arteriography alone. After a
      retrospective review of 167 patients with aneurysms, the authors propose a
      schematic diagnostic procedure in 4 arms: positive diagnosis, extension
      evaluation, emergency statement and follow-up of the aneurysm. The expenditure
      with these tools has to be considered because of the large deviations in cost
      price between them. Arteriography is still selectively used for exploration of
      renal segment but it can often be replaced by computed tomography which is
      cheaper, external, simply and repeatedly used.

PMID- 2646386
TI  - [Double compression of the celiac and mesenteric arteries by the arcuate
      ligament. An unusual cause of abdominal angina in young subjects].
AB  - The authors report the case of a 26 year-old woman hospitalized because of
      epigastric pain with onset a few years previously, occurring primarily after a
      heavy meal, and the recent discovery of a para-umbilical abdominal murmur with
      irradiation to the right iliac artery. The digital aortic angiography showed the
      absence of opacification of the coeliac trunk (CT) at its origin due to a very
      tight stenosis and a 50% narrowing of the proximal part of the superior
      mesenteric artery (SM). The abdominal ultrasonogram with pulsed Doppler clearly
      showed the very tight stenosis of the ostium of the CT and the stenosis of the
      S.M. Surgery confirmed the extrinsic compression of the two vessels by an
      aberrant fibromuscular bundle resembling an arcuate ligament. Section of this
      bundle completely freed the vessels. The course was favorable: the pain and
      murmur disappeared and there was no imprint on either vessel on the control
      angiography. In the discussion, the authors review the numerous atypical
      anatomical abnormalities which have been incriminated in the genesis of these
      compressions and analyze the resulting clinical syndrome. The contribution of the
      pulsed Doppler coupled with ultrasonography is discussed. Treatment is always
      surgical. This case provides an opportunity to review this exceptional entity
      represented by the double coeliac-mesenteric compression by the arcuate ligament.
      This is the first time a patient was examined by pulsed Doppler, which allows for
      rapid noninvasive and detailed work-up of the affection, entirely in agreement
      with the data obtained from the other examinations and the operative
      observations.

PMID- 2646387
TI  - [A comparative study of pulsed Doppler versus continuous Doppler technic without
      spectral analysis in obstetrics].
AB  - We conducted a study in 48 parturients in order to: --assess the possibilities of
      continuous Doppler examination without preliminary ultrasonographic localization
      and without spectral analysis, to measure the traditional hemodynamic parameters
      of fetal development (in particular on the umbilical cord). --to compare these
      results with those obtained using pulsed Doppler-scan as reference. The protocol
      was very strict and neither of the two practitioners was aware of the other
      practitioner's results. With the continuous Doppler examination, the uterine
      arteries were systematically localized and recorded. The technique is simple in
      trained hands. The material included an ultrasonograph fitted with two probes
      (3.5 and 5 MHz, equipped with a pulsed Doppler) and a continuous Doppler (only
      the 4 MHz probe was used). Because the tests were sometimes repeated, 63
      measurements were obtained in 48 parturients, mean age was 29.3 years and mean
      gestational age was 32.9 weeks. The reason for the examination varied:
      intrauterine growth retardation and/or maternal hypertension, diabetes, etc. The
      results obtained from the cord proved to be very encouraging: 42 of the 54
      measurements were comparable (77.7%) showed an index difference less than or
      equal to 0.05. Only 4 (7.4% of the measurements) maximum deviations were observed
      (exceeding 0.10). The mean Pourcelot index on the Doppler scan was 0.677. With
      the continuous Doppler, it was 0.676. The 13 abnormal measurements with the
      pulsed Doppler were also abnormal with the continuous Doppler. The uterine
      arteries were recorded and measured with the continuous Doppler 42 times on the
      right (68.8% of the cases) and 34 times on the left (55.7%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646388
TI  - [Interosseous dorsal artery of the first intermetatarsal space: anatomic
      variations and value in functional vascular studies].
AB  - The first dorsal metatarsal artery (MDA) is usually described as the last
      collateral branch of dorsalis pedis artery (DPA, which anastomoses with the
      lateral plantar branch of the posterior tibial artery (PTA). Doppler assessment
      on DMA of a flow does not always mean that DPA is free, but may show a functional
      plantar arch. The aim of this study was to determinate the patency rate of this
      plantar arch and to appreciate the part of DPA in the vascularisation of the
      foot. Anatomical descriptions were compared with our own dissections, (25
      cadavers and 55 arteriographies in fetus), angiographic analysis and vascular
      plastic casts. The functional aspect of this study was made by Doppler
      examination of DMA using alternative or simultaneous compression of the main
      arteries of the ankle, until doppler curves were canceled. That was done on
      healthy volunteers and arteriosclerotic patients. The results show that, from the
      anatomical viewpoint, the plantar arch is almost always present, since it was
      found in 88% of adult pieces. Nevertheless, on Doppler examination, the plantar
      arch was found functional only in 64% of healthy people. The difference between
      the two rates emphasizes the fact that anatomical anastomosis are note always
      open, according to the subject and probably to the age. Looking after MDA
      permeability in patients with arteriosclerosis leads to point out the main
      vascular access to the foot, for limb salvage, and the leading part of distal
      anastomosis to keep good trophicity of the toes.

PMID- 2646389
TI  - [Screening of subjects at high risk for diabetic microangiopathies].
AB  - Chronic hyperglycemia is the single most important pathogenic factor in the
      diabetic triad: retinopathy, glomerulopathy and neuropathy. But at equal serum
      glucose balance, diabetics are not equally at risk of microangiopathy. Hence the
      importance of timely screening of patients who should be convinced to accept the
      constraints and risk of perfect serum glucose balance or to whom specific therapy
      independent from serum glucose balance could be proposed. But at present, there
      is no genetic or immunologic marker allowing for the individual identification of
      at risk patients. Attention is thus directed towards factors which may be
      directly involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy: --Special
      sensitivity of vascular collagen to protein glycosylation which could be
      reflected in the involvement of tendon and aponeurotic collagen, --platelet
      abnormalities of which the exacerbating role appears to be confirmed by the
      significant efficacy of aspirin in the treatment of nonproliferative retinopathy
      in insulin-independent diabetics, --rheological abnormalities which might
      essentially be secondary to chronic hyperglycemia, --hormonal abnormalities, in
      particular hypersecretion of growth hormone and/or somatomedin C, whose role has
      long been suspected and could be established by therapeutic trials with new
      somatostatin analogues. But the most recent advances concern the study of
      hemodynamic factors. Irreversible organic diabetic microangiopathy is thought to
      be preceded by a phase of reversible functional microangiopathy, characterized by
      increased capillary blood flow, vascular dilatation, hyperpermeability and
      altered regulation of flow. Thus, diabetic glomerulopathy with decreased
      glomerular filtration is preceded by a phase of renal "hyperfunctioning" and
      irreversible proteinuria is the outcome of a progressive increase in
      microalbuminuria, reversible at least while the levels are not too high.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646390
TI  - [Blood rheology abnormalities in diabetes mellitus].
AB  - The diabetic microangiopathy does not arrive accidentally. Since few years
      numerous hemorheological abnormalities have been described among diabetic
      patients. The results of these works are often contradictory. In diabetes
      mellitus, the red cell and whole blood filterability are decreased. The purpose
      of this work is to resume the works know today about the diabetes types (ID or
      NID), the diabetes seniority, the glucose control quality, arteriosclerotic
      complications (peripheral vascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy),
      deformability of erythrocytes. The metabolic state of diabetic patients red cells
      is like premature ageing red cells (decreased level of red cell ATP
      concentration, increased of red cell 2, 3-DPG level). Other hemorheological
      parameters are disturbed: whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, platelet
      aggregation and adhesion. Insulin activity or level or "insulinisation" has a
      main part in opposition to glucose level.

PMID- 2646391
TI  - Bartter's syndrome--treatment with potassium, spironolactone and ACE-inhibitor.
AB  - The treatment of Bartter's syndrome is fraught with difficulties, and there is no
      consensus concerning the pathogenetic mechanisms involved. Potassium depletion
      with hypokaliaemia is a dominant feature of the syndrome. In this case history, a
      42-year-old woman suffering from Bartter's syndrome did not improve on several
      therapeutic trials. An impressive progress was noted, however, after intensive
      potassium repletion with subsequent potassium/spironolactone/ACE-inhibitor
      treatment. After 24 months her condition was unchanged with normal and stable Se
      potassium concentration.

PMID- 2646392
TI  - Birthweights in the Faroe Islands: possible role of isovaleric acid.
AB  - A high intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been suggested as a factor
      in prolonged gestation in the population of the Faroe Islands. It is now
      suggested that isovaleric acid from pilot whales, a species frequently consumed
      in the Faroe Islands, may be the unusual dietary factor. Fatty acid data for
      eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) in blood lipids of
      Faroese and Norwegians is reviewed in terms of the type of fish eaten, apparently
      mostly lean white fish with DHA much greater than EPA. The popular lean fish,
      thus, probably provides too little EPA to produce a marked effect on human
      biochemistry.

PMID- 2646393
TI  - Immunoassay for serologic diagnosis of influenza type A using recombinant DNA
      produced nucleoprotein antigen and monoclonal antibody to human IgG.
AB  - Influenza type A nucleoprotein (NP) derived from the full length cloned gene
      expressed in E. coli was evaluated in a solid phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for
      detection of human antibody to influenza. Monoclonal antibody to human IgG was
      used for detection. Direct and indirect assays were developed and sera were
      tested in serial and single dilution formats. Preliminary results indicated that
      recombinant-and virion-derived NP antigens were comparable in binding ability to
      plastic and binding human antibody. Eighty-seven paired sera from influenza
      patients were tested. The most sensitive assay (indirect-serial dilution)
      detected 56 (64%) rises and the simplest assay (direct-single dilution) detected
      43 (49%) rises, compared to 36 (41%) for complement fixation. Paired sera from 18
      control patients showed no evidence of antibody rises by any of the assays. Forty
      nine paired sera from influenza B infected patients were negative for antibody
      rises except for one borderline rise by the indirect-serial dilution assay. These
      results indicate that the use of recombinant DNA derived nucleoprotein for
      immunoassay is feasible. The sensitivity of immunoassays using NP adsorbed to the
      solid phase and monoclonal antibody specific for human IgG to detect bound
      antibody exceeded that of conventional complement fixation testing for
      establishing serologic evidence of influenza type A infection.

PMID- 2646394
TI  - Replication of measles virus in cultured human thymic epithelial cells.
AB  - Measles virus can replicate in cultures of both infantile and fetal human thymic
      epithelial cells. Virus-induced cytopathology including syncytium formation was
      first evident around 24 hr after viral inoculation of these cultures. At the same
      time, the cultures began to lose their characteristic thymus-like organizational
      structure. Viral antigens were detected in infected cells by indirect
      immunofluorescence, and the presence of progeny virions was demonstrated in
      culture fluids.

PMID- 2646395
TI  - Long-term immune reactivity to pre-S(2)-antigen after acute hepatitis B
      infection.
AB  - We investigated sera from 39 patients, taken 1-8 years after recovery from acute
      hepatitis B for anti-pre-S(2) by Western blotting and for anti-HBs by
      radioimmunoassay. Anti-pre-S(2) antibodies were found in 27 out of 39 sera (69%)
      with the highest frequency in sera with anti-HBs greater than 100 IU/I (92%).
      However, sometimes sera with low anti-HBs titres showed a strong response in
      Western blotting. Acute hepatitis sera were also investigated from a limited
      number of patients (n = 14). Anti-pre-S(2) antibodies were found during
      antigenaemia (four out of six patients) and within 3 months after the maximum of
      alanine amino transferase (ALAT) (seven out of ten patients). Anti-pre-S(2) is an
      early antibody. It remains in the circulation for many years similar to but
      independent of anti-HBs.

PMID- 2646396
TI  - Integrated etiopathogenesis of cancer of mucosal surfaces with emphasis on the
      digestive tract: an appraisal.
AB  - The concept of hydrogen ion concentration [H+] may become the cornerstone of an
      integrated understanding of the mechanisms leading to cancer of the mucous
      membranes, mainly of the digestive tract. From basic research to the different
      situations preceding mucosal malignancies, there is considerable evidence to
      propose that chronic and deep-seated abnormalities in local pH may have both a
      direct and an indirect role in the etiology of epithelial human cancer. A high
      microenvironmental pH also appears to act as a universal mediator and activating
      factor of many different chemical and biological carcinogens.

PMID- 2646397
TI  - Therapeutic murine monoclonal antibodies developed for individual cancer
      patients.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to create antibodies that are highly specific to
      epitopes on the surface of patient tumor cells that, when added together as a
      "cocktail," bind to greater than 99% of the patient's tumor cells. We describe
      the rationale and the methods used to develop new murine hybridomas that secrete
      monoclonal antibodies reactive with surface markers expressed on breast, lung,
      colon, kidney, islet cell, and miscellaneous carcinomas and melanoma. A rapid
      immunofluorescence method (cell concentration fluorescence immunoassay) is also
      described that has been developed to rapidly screen culture supernatants on
      viable patient tumor cells, tumor cell lines, or peripheral blood cells. We
      report the development of one breast, five colon, and three melanoma, three
      nephroma, and two pancreatic islet cell carcinoma antibodies. The breast antibody
      binds to 75% of the breast tumors tested thus far and to the same percentage of
      colon tumors as do the five colon antibodies, 77-85%. The melanoma antibodies
      described react with 90-100% of the melanoma and prostate cancers tested. The
      total process of creating the hybridomas and screening the antibodies for
      potential clinical usefulness has taken from 6 to 9 months to complete, including
      testing normal tissue reactivity by immunohistochemistry and production of gram
      quantities of monoclonal antibodies from ascites.

PMID- 2646398
TI  - Segmental necrosis and its demarcation in experimental micropuncture injury of
      skeletal muscle fibers.
AB  - Muscle fibers of rat gastrocnemii were punctured in vivo with a tungsten wire
      whose tip was 10 microns wide. After two hours, most punctured fibers had clearly
      necrotic segments. The length of necrotic segments appeared to increase between
      three and four hours. Demarcation of surviving stumps from necrotic segments by a
      membrane was complete in most muscles by seven hours. At the boundary between
      necrotic segments and nondemarcated stumps there was a cap of densely aggregated
      or hypercontracted myofilaments which stained strongly for precipitated calcium.
      The membrane which demarcated the stumps was found partially formed in the
      necrotic pulp close to this cap, attached to the plasma membrane. While forming
      it had a free edge and probably resulted from spontaneous aggregation of
      phospholipids in the pulp. Other portions of newly formed membrane were found
      encircling organelles inside necrotic segments. Prompt formation of a demarcating
      membrane probably limits the extent of necrosis in injured fibers.

PMID- 2646399
TI  - Focus groups: a program planning technique.
AB  - To successfully develop nurse retention programs, a thorough organizational
      analysis, including the identification of problems, is necessary. Used as a
      management tool, focus groups that use the organization's nursing staff provide a
      unique method of data collection for identifying problems that now exist in the
      organization. The authors discuss this method for obtaining information for
      strategic planning for retention of nurses.

PMID- 2646400
TI  - Some aspects of the chronobiology of nutrition: more work is needed on "when to
      eat".
AB  - Chronobiology involves the objective resolution with modern hardware and software
      of biologic time structure, now known to characterize most, if not all, body
      functions; it is also the science of timely intervention, a challenge to
      nutritionists. At all ages, yet the sooner the better, starting preferably in the
      womb but at least immediately after birth, the application of the principles of
      chronobiology requires the study of nutrition. In many cases, e.g., in the case
      of an increased risk of developing high blood pressure later in life, dietary
      preventive interventions should eventually precede drug treatment. That such
      intervention should take place at the earliest individualized recognition of risk
      seems reasonable and is an aim of chronobiologic research. In any event, a
      mathematical rhythm spectrum becomes evident in any variable measured with
      sufficient density over an appropriately long span; it constitutes the fabric of
      all life. In the science and practice of nutrition today, "cherchez le controle"
      (i.e., the provision of a control) requires the assessment of a multifrequency
      rhythmic structure.

PMID- 2646401
TI  - Effect of acarbose (BAY-g-5421) on expression of noninsulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus in sucrose-fed SHR/N-corpulent rats.
AB  - The SHR/N-corpulent (cp) rat exhibits some of the metabolic characteristics
      associated with human noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). To
      determine the effect of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose (BAY-g-5421),
      on expression of NIDDM in this model, young male obese and lean littermates were
      fed for 12 wk diets containing either 54% starch, sucrose, or sucrose plus
      acarbose (150 mg acarbose/kg diet). Body weight; fasting levels of serum
      triglyceride, total cholesterol, insulin and glucose; response levels of insulin
      and glucose following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); and total urinary
      glucose were determined. Supplementation of the sucrose diet with acarbose
      reduced final body weight in obese rats, as well as serum triglyceride, total
      cholesterol, response insulin, and urinary glucose in both phenotypes. Glucosuria
      was normalized in acarbose-treated obese rats. In addition, acarbose improved the
      glycemic response following OGTT in both phenotypes. These findings demonstrate
      that acarbose is effective in moderating the metabolic effects of NIDDM in this
      diabetic rodent model, and suggest that acarbose may have potential in the
      management of NIDDM in humans.

PMID- 2646402
TI  - Differential regulation of the degradation of myofibrillar and total proteins in
      skeletal muscle of rats: effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, dietary
      protein and starvation.
AB  - In order to examine the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, dietary
      protein, and starvation on protein degradation in skeletal muscle of perfused rat
      hindquarters, rates of myofibrillar and total protein degradation were estimated
      from the release of 3-methylhistidine (N tau-methylhistidine, 3-MH) and tyrosine,
      respectively. In rats fed a 20% protein diet (controls), the fractional
      degradation rate of myofibrillar protein was approximately 56% of the total
      muscle protein. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, 3-MH release by perfused
      muscle increased significantly on d 1 of treatment and sustained a high level
      thereafter. By contrast, tyrosine release did not change. Feeding a 50% protein
      diet for 1 wk altered neither 3-MH nor tyrosine release. Protein-free feeding,
      though, suppressed tyrosine release to 49% of controls, but did not affect 3-MH
      release. Starvation for 3 d did not affect tyrosine release, but did increase 3
      MH release to 203% of controls. These results indicate that in diabetic and
      starved rats myofibrillar protein is preferentially degraded, while in protein
      deficient rats, non-myofibrillar protein degradation is selectively suppressed.
      From these observations, we conclude that the degradation of myofibrillar and non
      myofibrillar proteins in skeletal muscle can be differentially regulated.

PMID- 2646403
TI  - Simultaneous maxillary sinus floor bone grafting and placement of hydroxylapatite
      coated implants.
AB  - This article outlines the treatment planning, surgical technique, and experiences
      with patients requiring maxillary sinus floor elevation for simultaneous
      autogenous bone grafting and placement of hydroxylapatite-coated dental implants.
      The results of six cases followed for up to 4 years are described.

PMID- 2646404
TI  - The paradental cyst: a clinicopathologic study of six new cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - The paradental cyst is an inflammatory odontogenic cyst arising in conjunction
      with partially erupted vital teeth associated with pericoronitis. In this study
      of six cases, these cysts were found primarily adjacent to the buccal root
      surface of mandibular third molars. Radiographically, they presented as well
      defined radiolucencies superimposed over the roots of the affected teeth. Where
      extracted teeth were available for examination, these cysts were usually
      associated with a developmental enamel projection or ridge extending into the
      buccal bifurcation. These developmental anomalies may be instrumental in the
      pathogenesis of paradental cysts. Although the paradental cyst may represent a
      distinct entity, a variant of the dentigerous cyst, or an occluded periodontal
      pocket, it is a useful descriptive term to explain the unique clinical,
      radiographic, and gross characteristics of this lesion.

PMID- 2646405
TI  - Osteoarthrosis as the cause of craniomandibular pain and dysfunction: a unifying
      concept.
AB  - It has been demonstrated that osteoarthrotic changes in the temporomandibular
      joint (TMJ) and in other synovial joints show a similar course, both clinically
      and (ultra)microscopically. Initially, cartilage changes and possibly also
      changes in the synovial membrane set up a vicious cycle of cartilage breakdown
      accompanied by attempts at repair. When the degradative process exceeds the
      response of repair, the osteoarthrotic disorder progresses into clinically
      detectable stages. Frequently, the gliding capacity of the articular disc is also
      impaired, giving rise to an internal derangement. In this article, a concept is
      presented in which it is suggested that in many cases of craniomandibular pain
      and dysfunction TMJ osteoarthrosis is the basic disorder.

PMID- 2646406
TI  - Treatment of caustic ingestion.
AB  - This article reviews the management of patients following caustic ingestion. The
      initial care is conservative, consisting mainly of IV antibiotics and steroids.
      Patency of the airway is of immediate concern and achieved via either intubation
      or tracheostomy. Early intervention with oral splint therapy is recommended to
      minimize scar contracture. It is important that the oral and maxillofacial
      surgeon be acquainted with the primary care of such patients, as well as with the
      subsequent management of the secondary complications of decreased stomal opening,
      loss of the mucobuccal fold, and limitation of tongue movement.

PMID- 2646407
TI  - Management of a mandibular high-flow vascular malformation.
AB  - A case of a high-flow mandibular vascular malformation successfully treated with
      combined selective embolization, resection, and reconstruction is reported.

PMID- 2646408
TI  - Modified Y-closure after exposure of osseointegrated implants in the maxilla.

PMID- 2646409
TI  - Technique for placement of a discal traction suture during temporomandibular
      joint arthroscopy.

PMID- 2646410
TI  - Oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes: their involvement in cancer.
AB  - We review the involvement of two groups of genes, oncogenes and onco-suppressor
      genes, in malignant transformation. Approximately 40 oncogenes have been
      described mainly through studies on retroviruses and by in vitro functional
      analyses such as transfection of transforming genes into 'normal' cells. Because
      they are more difficult to identify, only a handful of onco-suppressor genes have
      been described so far, but potentially they could number as many as oncogenes.
      Where these genes have been isolated and sequenced, they have been shown to be
      highly conserved among species, suggesting that these genes play an essential
      role in the normal cell. Although some of properties of oncogenes have been
      identified, we do not know in detail the role these genes play in normal cells or
      how genetic damage contributes to malignancy. The effect of oncogene expression
      on a cell depends both on the cell type and on the oncogene, and in some
      circumstances oncogenes act as onco-suppressor genes and vice versa. The
      elucidation of the mechanism of action of oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes
      will not only increase our understanding of these important genes but might also
      provide the framework for a biological approach to the treatment of cancer.

PMID- 2646411
TI  - A morphological study of experimental proteinuria using a novel form of surface
      fixation.
AB  - Careful ultrastructural studies of the rat model of nephrotic syndrome induced by
      puromycin aminonucleoside have demonstrated morphological features which are only
      seen in proteinuric glomeruli fixed without interruption of the blood pressure.
      These consist of balloon-like swellings bounded by attenuated epithelial cell
      cytoplasm, with an area of bare basement membrane at the base. A theory of the
      mechanism of proteinuria was proposed on the basis of these findings. To test the
      proposed wide validity of that theory, we improved the method of surface fixation
      and performed similar studies in sequential manner, using chronic serum sickness
      glomerulonephritis in the rat as a model of proteinuria. Glomeruli were studied
      by light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The findings
      were correlated with the level of proteinuria in the 24 h preceding death and
      with the duration of serum sickness. Epithelial cell 'balloons' are also
      demonstrated in this model, correlating with the presence of proteinuria, but
      with slightly different configurations from those seen in puromycin nephrosis.
      Surface fixation revealed similar balloons in two other models of proteinuria: a
      graft versus host induced model of systemic lupus erythematosus in the mouse, and
      chronic streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat. A lengthy search failed to
      find bare basement membranes in any of these models of proteinuria. We conclude,
      therefore, that the mechanism of proteinuria proposed in puromycin nephrosis does
      not apply in these models, and we suggest an alternative mechanism by which the
      'balloons' may develop, as a further manifestation of the epithelial cell
      dysfunction which causes foot process effacement.

PMID- 2646412
TI  - Cardiac disease and exercise--a modern paradox.

PMID- 2646413
TI  - Microanalysis in histopathology.

PMID- 2646414
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosa: when the skin falls apart.

PMID- 2646415
TI  - Color flow mapping to document normal pulmonary venous return in neonates with
      persistent pulmonary hypertension being considered for extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation.
AB  - This study investigated the value of color flow mapping in documenting normal
      pulmonary venous return in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension who
      were candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Forty newborn
      infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension underwent conventional (two
      dimensional and Doppler) echocardiography and color flow mapping. Of 25
      candidates for ECMO therapy, 18 subsequently received it. Conventional
      echocardiography demonstrated normal pulmonary venous return in only 21 of the 40
      patients. In all 40, however, color flow mapping demonstrated normal right and
      left pulmonary venous drainage entering the left atrium. In three other patients
      with total anomalous pulmonary venous return, conventional echocardiography
      demonstrated the anomalous pulmonary venous pathways, and color flow mapping did
      not show jets emanating from the left atrial wall; the left atrium was shown to
      fill exclusively from right to left shunting through the foramen ovale. We
      conclude that color flow mapping is superior to conventional echocardiography for
      verifying normal pulmonary venous return in neonates with persistent pulmonary
      hypertension.

PMID- 2646416
TI  - Surfactant therapy and spontaneous diuresis.
AB  - The effect of artificial surfactant therapy on renal function and the onset of
      spontaneous diuresis was prospectively evaluated in 19 infants with hyaline
      membrane disease in a double-blind, controlled study. Twelve infants were in the
      surfactant group; seven infants received placebo (0.9% saline solution). There
      was no difference in the time of onset of spontaneous diuresis (as defined by
      output greater than or equal to 80% of intake). The glomerular filtration rate,
      determined by endogenous creatinine clearance, was also similar in the surfactant
      and placebo-treated infants during the first 3 days of life. The fractional
      excretion of sodium was significantly higher in the placebo group at 24 hours and
      36 hours. Infants in the placebo group had a higher negative sodium balance than
      those in the surfactant group. Ventilatory status improved significantly soon
      after surfactant treatment, as evidenced by improvement in the alveolar/arterial
      oxygen pressure ratio and by a lower mean airway pressure. These data suggest
      that ventilatory status can be improved without diuresis; the factors that
      regulate diuresis are multiple and not fully understood.

PMID- 2646417
TI  - Circle of Willis blood flow patterns in healthy newborn infants.

PMID- 2646418
TI  - Effect of subgingival irrigation with tetrapotassium peroxydiphosphate on scaled
      and untreated periodontal pockets.
AB  - A total of 20 test and 20 control subjects completed an 8-week double blind
      clinical trial aimed at testing the therapeutic efficacy of a 7% tetrapotassium
      peroxydiphosphate (PDP) solution administered as a subgingival irrigant to scaled
      and untreated periodontal pockets. Each patient provided similar contralateral
      pockets with probing depths at base line of 5 mm or more (mean 6.25 mm). One
      pocket was selected at random for a thorough scaling, immediately following the
      base line examination (examination 1). The examination of each experimental site
      consisted of Plaque Index (P1I) and Gingival Index (GI) scores, probing depth
      (PD) and attachment level (AL) measurements (in mm), and a differential
      microscopic proportional count of certain subgingival bacterial morphotypes,
      namely coccoid cells, motile bacteria (not including spirochetes), spirochetes
      and all residual bacterial morphotypes. Test patients received coded irrigators
      containing the active ingredient PDP, while control patients received irrigators
      containing a placebo rinse similar to the test solution, but without PDP. The
      participants were instructed to irrigate the test sites twice a day. They were re
      examined after four weeks (examination 2) and eight weeks (examination 3) from
      the base line examination. The results indicated that scaling and irrigation
      produced a significant decrease from the initial P1I and GI scores, and the PD
      and AL measurements. The proportions of coccoid cells were significantly
      increased, while the proportions of motile bacteria and spirochetes were
      significantly decreased. Irrigation of unscaled pockets resulted in a modest, but
      significant decrease in the P1I and GI scores.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646419
TI  - IgG subclasses in gingival crevicular fluid from active versus stable periodontal
      sites.
AB  - Since IgG subclasses are common immunoglobulins associated with the periodontium
      and have different biological characteristics, these subclasses were measured in
      gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from periodontally active (greater than or equal
      to 2 mm clinical attachment loss within three months of sample) versus clinically
      similar but stable or healthy sites. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies was performed to quantitate IgG subclass and
      albumin concentrations in serum and interproximal GCF samples from at least one
      each of the three disease categories from each of 20 periodontal maintenance
      patients. Although much variability existed among sites, mean IgG1 (p less than
      0.05) and IgG4 (p less than 0.01) concentrations were higher in GCF from active
      periodontitis areas than stable sites, even though both had similar clinical
      characteristics. When IgG subclass concentrations were adjusted per mg albumin,
      both IgG1 and IgG4 levels in GCF from active sites were still significantly
      elevated over stable areas (p less than 0.05). Mean adjusted concentrations in
      GCF were generally greater than in serum, especially for IgG4 (active site
      GCF:serum = 24.2:1). GCF IgG4 concentrations may be useful as an indicator of the
      immunopathological changes which occur in active periodontitis.

PMID- 2646420
TI  - Periodontal manifestations of adult onset of histiocytosis X.
AB  - Histiocytosis X, a reticuloendothelial disorder, includes the three clinical
      syndromes: Letterer-Siwe and Hand-Schuller-Christian diseases and eosinophilic
      granuloma of the bone. Twenty-eight cases of adult onset of histiocytosis X
      involving the head and neck region were found in the literature during the past
      20 years; 15 cases were confined to this area, out of which 13 involved jaw
      bones. Characteristic signs and symptoms of periodontal disease were observed in
      22 out of 28 cases (79%) with the lower molar area as a predominant site. A case
      report of a non-osseous chronic disseminated histiocytosis X with periodontal
      involvement is presented. The importance of histiocytosis X, as an entity that
      should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis of a process where destructive
      periodontitis is involved, is discussed.

PMID- 2646421
TI  - Scaling and root planing effectiveness: the effect of root surface access and
      operator experience.
AB  - This study investigated two variables associated with scaling and planning
      (S&RP): operator experience level and root surface access. One hundred and
      fourteen periodontally involved, single-rooted teeth designated for extraction
      were randomly distributed among four operators of various experience levels for
      either an open or closed session of S&RP. Immediately after treatment, the teeth
      were extracted, washed, and scored for residual calculus in a blind manner.
      Results showed that there was no difference in S&RP effectiveness for experience
      level or type of procedure in shallow (1-3 mm) pockets. However, in moderate (4-6
      mm) and deep (greater than 6 mm) periodontal pockets, S&RP combined with an open
      flap procedure was more effective than S&RP alone for both experience levels.
      Also, the more experienced operators produced a significantly greater number of
      calculus-free root surfaces than the less experienced operators in periodontal
      pockets with moderate and deep probing depths. Clinical application of these
      results suggests that surgical access is associated with thorough surface
      debridement in periodontal pockets with moderate-to-advanced probing depths.
      However, more experienced operators could be expected to render more effective
      soft surface debridement.

PMID- 2646422
TI  - Melatonin effects on prolactin secretion in pituitary-grafted male rats.
AB  - Melatonin influences prolactin (PRL) secretion through unknown mechanisms. This
      work was undertaken to study the effects of melatonin administration on PRL
      secretion in pituitary-grafted male rats. Melatonin administration 5 hours before
      dark resulted in a marked decrease of previously high basal plasma PRL levels in
      pituitary-grafted rats, whereas a marked increase was detected in sham-operated
      animals. Vehicle treatment did not modify basal PRL values in grafted or sham
      operated animals. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) administration
      resulted in a marked decrease of plasma PRL levels in vehicle-treated, sham
      operated or grafted rats, as well as in melatonin-treated sham-operated rats. An
      increase in PRL levels was shown in grafted rats treated with melatonin.
      Estradiol benzoate (EB) administration resulted in an increase in plasma PRL
      levels both in sham-operated and grafted vehicle-treated rats. No PRL response
      could be detected in sham-operated, melatonin-treated animals after EB
      administration. In pituitary-grafted animals given melatonin, PRL response to EB
      administration was slight and delayed. From these data, melatonin appears to
      modify PRL secretion through multiple complex mechanisms that may depend on the
      physiological status (hormonal and neurotransmitter) of the animals. A direct
      effect at the pituitary level altering lactotroph sensitivity seems to be one
      plausible explanation for the current findings, although an hypothalamic site of
      action cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2646423
TI  - A study of the mutagenicity of melatonin and 6-hydroxymelatonin.
AB  - The mutagenicity of melatonin and its major metabolite 6-hydroxymelatonin were
      evaluated using the Ames test and three strains of Salmonella typhimurium--TA 97,
      TA 98, and TA 100. Neither compound exhibited mutagenicity whether in the
      presence or absence of an activation system derived from rats induced with
      Aroclor 1254. Positive controls were employed throughout and gave the expected
      response. We conclude that melatonin, 6-hydroxymelatonin, and their microsomal
      metabolites are not mutagenic in the Ames test.

PMID- 2646424
TI  - The use of projective assessment techniques in pediatric research.
AB  - A variety of projective techniques are available to pediatric nurse researchers.
      This article focuses on four of the most frequently used projective assessment
      techniques in pediatric research: the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); the Child
      Apperception Test (CAT); the Rorschach; and Human Figure Drawings (HFDs). Each of
      these techniques is described in terms of the underlying theoretical framework
      for its development, instructions for use with children, reliability and
      validity, and major findings from health care and nursing literature. Ten
      recommendations are provided to help nurse researchers ensure that their data
      meet reasonable criteria for objectivity to allow for replication of their
      investigations. Despite the often contradictory, inconclusive research findings,
      there is a role for projective techniques both in clinical practice and research.

PMID- 2646426
TI  - Suture marking device.

PMID- 2646425
TI  - Palmar sweat index use with children in pain research.
AB  - This article addresses (a) historical support of the palmar sweat index as an
      indication of pain; (b) the utility and appropriateness of this measure as used
      with children; (c) specific patterns and relationships of palmar sweat to the
      pain experience; and (d) developmental issues relevant to children. Areas of
      needed research are discussed.

PMID- 2646427
TI  - Suture problems.

PMID- 2646428
TI  - Surgically induced astigmatism in human cadaver eyes.
AB  - A human cadaver eye model was used to study the effects of various sized limbal
      and scleral-pocket-type incisions on corneal astigmatism. Limbal incisions of 5.0
      mm and 10.0 mm and scleral pocket incisions of 3.5 mm and 7.0 mm were carefully
      placed in human cadaver eyes. These wounds were closed in a uniform fashion,
      first loosely and then tightly, using interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures. Pre
      incision and post-incision keratometer readings were taken and the net change in
      astigmatic error was calculated. The results indicate that tighter sutures,
      larger wound size, and limbal rather than scleral-pocket-type incisions were
      associated with a greater degree of immediate postoperative astigmatism in the
      cadaver eye.

PMID- 2646429
TI  - Astigmatism control for the cataract surgeon: a comprehensive review of
      surgically tailored astigmatism reduction (STAR).
AB  - It is increasingly possible for the cataract surgeon to control astigmatism.
      Based on a review of 4,000 consecutive patients, three categories of astigmatism
      and cataract patients are identified. A specific approach to astigmatism control
      for each category is discussed. Preliminary results on the use of astigmatic
      keratotomy in conjunction with cataract surgery are presented.

PMID- 2646430
TI  - Prevention and treatment of postimplantation astigmatism.
AB  - A series of 100 patients had cataract extraction with intraocular lens
      implantation by the endocapsular method of Galand. The astigmatism was assessed
      at two, six, and 18 weeks postoperatively. The incision and closure and the
      methods of correcting postoperative astigmatism are discussed.

PMID- 2646431
TI  - Long-term corneal astigmatism related to selected elastic, monofilament,
      nonabsorbable sutures.
AB  - The long-term decay of surgically induced corneal astigmatism following planned
      extracapsular cataract extraction has been studied in 395 patients who had limbal
      or scleral pocket incisions of 60 to 140 degrees. Limbal incisions were closed
      with a full-thickness shoelace closure; scleral pocket incisions, with a new,
      modified shoelace closure. Suture material was 10-0 nylon, 9-0 nylon, 10-0
      polypropylene (Prolene), and 10-0 polyester (Mersilene). The nylon sutures
      demonstrated clinically significant hydrolysis beginning at five months (10-0)
      and 12 months (9-0). Because of the adverse hydrolytic effects, 10-0 nylon was
      eliminated from the scleral pocket closure group. The hydrolysis of 9-0 nylon
      caused excessive late astigmatic changes in patients who did not heal normally.
      Prolene and Mersilene showed no tendency toward hydrolysis; however, the
      elasticity of Prolene produced more against-the-rule change in astigmatism than
      desired even though it was stable over the long run. I stopped using nylon
      sutures in cataract (and keratoplasty) wound closures and switched to routine use
      of Mersilene.

PMID- 2646432
TI  - Keratorefractive aspects of the scleral pocket incision and closure method for
      cataract surgery.
AB  - All current cataract incisions induce transient and permanent changes in corneal
      astigmatism. Typically, a two-phase astigmatic response is observed; an initial
      with-the-rule change is followed by an eventual and permanent against-the-rule
      shift from preoperative astigmatism. The earlier literature suggests that the
      magnitude of the net astigmatic swing approximates 6.0 diopters for large limbal
      wounds closed with interrupted sutures. However, applying the tenets of
      keratorefractive surgery to the cataract incision and its closure allows the
      surgeon to limit postoperative iatrogenic astigmatic swings. The reduced
      phacoemulsification incision size in combination with a scleral pocket closed
      with a continuous single knotted 10-0 monofilament nylon suture under tonometric
      and keratometric control significantly dampens the changes in corneal astigmatism
      during the early and late postoperative periods. My published reports, as
      evaluated in the present study, reveal that the net astigmatic swing may be
      reduced to less than 1.5 diopters, thereby affording rapid and stable optical
      results.

PMID- 2646433
TI  - Induced astigmatism in small incision cataract surgery.
AB  - The use of smaller cataract incisions is thought to induce less astigmatism,
      resulting in a more stable refraction. I analyzed the astigmatic changes in 99
      cataract/intraocular lens patients with 4.0 mm incisions. Preoperative
      keratometry measurements were compared with those obtained one week, one month,
      and three months postoperatively. These changes, analyzed by vector analysis,
      revealed 0.13 D of induced with-the-rule astigmatism at one week, degrading to
      0.22 D of against-the-rule at three months. This compares favorably with
      previously reported results of 6.0 mm and 10.0 mm incisions. This low amount of
      induced cylinder and rapid stabilization of the wound confirms an advantage of
      small incision surgery.

PMID- 2646434
TI  - Pellucid marginal corneal degeneration: report on corrective surgery.
AB  - A successful corneal wedge resection was performed to correct the visual
      impairment in the left eye of a 30-year-old male who suffered from bilateral
      pellucid marginal degeneration. The patient had visual impairment in both eyes;
      it was worse in the left. Best corrected visual acuity in the left eye before
      surgery was 20/800 with 15.5 diopters (D) of corneal astigmatism. After surgery,
      corrected visual acuity was 20/50+, and astigmatism was reduced to 5.0 D. Further
      reduction in astigmatism from 5.0 D to 3.0 D was achieved by horizontal corneal
      relaxing incisions at the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock positions. I believe this is
      the first report of the wedge resection procedure to correct visual impairment in
      pellucid marginal degeneration. The procedure may be an effective surgical
      treatment for this unique disorder.

PMID- 2646435
TI  - Modified pocket incision: a simplified technique for astigmatism control and
      wound closure.
AB  - Advantages of small incision cataract surgery are widely known whether performed
      with phacoemulsification or manual fragmentation (phacofracture). A modified
      pocket incision technique that allows predictable astigmatism control without
      reliance on expensive intraoperative keratometers is described. This technique
      requires less dissection than the pocket incision and is less likely to bleed.

PMID- 2646436
TI  - Orthopedic interventions for problems associated with the treatment of cancer in
      childhood.
AB  - Early recognition of the musculoskeletal sequelae of the treatment of childhood
      tumors can lead to well-planned and minimization of deformity. Technological
      advances have improved both our recognition and our ability to manage these
      problems.

PMID- 2646437
TI  - Second malignant neoplasms in childhood cancer survivors.

PMID- 2646438
TI  - Use of an incisal guide plate to achieve anterior guidance for a skeletal Class
      II patient: a clinical report.

PMID- 2646439
TI  - Light-cured composite veneers for provisional crowns and fixed partial dentures.

PMID- 2646440
TI  - Microleakage patterns of porcelain and castable ceramic laminate veneers.
AB  - This investigation evaluated the microleakage of conventional porcelain and Dicor
      castable ceramic laminate veneers bonded either entirely on acid-etched enamel or
      with the cervical margins on dentin. Three brands of light-activated composite
      resin cement systems were used and compared. Laminate veneers were bonded to
      extracted human maxillary central incisors and the extent of the marginal
      microleakage was measured. The findings indicated minimal marginal microleakage
      under both types of ceramic veneers bonded to all-enamel preparations. A markedly
      greater leakage at the dentin-composite resin interface was observed in veneers
      with cervical margins placed on dentin.

PMID- 2646441
TI  - A stress-relieved resin-bonded fixed partial denture.
AB  - Reports of bonding failures with resin-bonded fixed partial dentures (commonly
      called the "Maryland Bridge") are common. Failures are due to individual tooth
      mobility as much as they are to bonding inadequacy. The incorporation of stress
      relievers in the design of resin-bonded fixed partial dentures has created a
      dramatic reversal in bonding failures.

PMID- 2646442
TI  - Marginal closure of composite restorations with the gingival wall in
      cementum/dentin.
AB  - The marginal leakage of five adhesive composites placed in class V cavities
      extending into the root was examined by immersing the specimens in China ink
      after thermal cycling. Clearfil F II-initial bond, Silar-Scotch Bond, and
      Miradapt-D21 materials did not show leakage when all cavity walls were totally
      etched, whereas they showed leakage at the dentinal/cemental wall when only
      enamel was etched. In either conditions Clearfil F II-New Bond materials did not
      show leakage and Miradapt material showed leakage. Manipulative variables
      affected the seal of Clearfil F II-New Bond materials. Insertion later than 3
      minutes after applying New Bond material induced microleakage. The use of
      pressure under a matrix did not affect the seal. Maintaining dryness for 3
      minutes at the etched dentinal/cemental margin and 1 minute at the etched enamel
      margin was sufficient to prevent microleakage. Finishing before the initial
      polymerization of the composite or lining the whole axial wall caused
      microleakage.

PMID- 2646443
TI  - Bond strengths of intraoral porcelain repair materials.
AB  - This study investigated the in vitro shear strength of three porcelain repair
      systems. Glazed and roughened porcelain surfaces were evaluated. The repair
      systems tested were Fusion, Scotchprime, and Ultra-Bond. Porcelain cylinders were
      made. Half of the cylinders were wet-sanded to a flat, nonglazed surface and the
      remaining cylinders retained a smooth, glazed surface. Specimens were subjected
      to a shear force parallel to the composite/porcelain interface by use of an
      Instron Testing machine. Statistical analysis (at the 0.05 confidence level)
      showed significant differences in mean bond strengths related to the porcelain
      repair systems and the surface texture.

PMID- 2646444
TI  - Effects of etching time on surface morphology and adhesion of a posterior resin
      to glass-ionomer cement.
AB  - This study examined the effects of etching time on surface morphology and
      adhesion of posterior composite resin to glass-ionomer cement. Three glass
      ionomer cements and four etch times were studied. Bond shear strength results
      revealed significant differences by both cement and etch time. Glass-ionomer
      surfaces etched for 30 seconds produced the strongest bond to resin. Ketac-Silver
      cement provided greater shear resistance than either Ketac-Bond cement or GC
      lining cement. Scanning electron microscopy revealed greater surface roughness
      for etched versus unetched glass ionomer. However, no subsurface differences were
      noted with increased etch times. These findings indicate that 30 seconds is the
      optimal etch time for glass-ionomer cement and that Ketac-Silver cement provides
      the strongest bond to resin of any of the materials tested. Etched glass-ionomer
      subsurfaces did not reveal marked differentiation in morphology, suggesting that
      an alternative method is necessary to detect these differences.

PMID- 2646445
TI  - Adaptation of a visible light-cured denture base material.
AB  - The Triad light-cured resin system appears to have potential for making processed
      record bases for special patients. The close adaptation of this material to the
      dental cast often results in internal voids and defects. These defects are
      greatly reduced when a dry cast is used instead of one with a high moisture
      content. Vacuum-assisted adaptation using a sheet of rubber dam in connection
      with a vacuum adaptor also results in an improved internal surface. Finger
      pressure alone is not a dependable method of adaptation.

PMID- 2646446
TI  - An investigation of the anatomic position of the posterior palatal seal by
      ultrasound.
AB  - The posterior palatal seal contributes significantly to the retention of a
      maxillary complete denture. It is commonly considered to lie on the tissue
      covering the soft palate. However, no references are available to substantiate
      this correlation between the clinical and anatomic placement. This research used
      ultrasound instrumentation as a noninvasive procedure to locate the anatomic
      structures in the posterior palatal seal region of 15 maxillary edentulous
      patients. The posterior border was determined to lie on the tissue covering the
      soft palate.

PMID- 2646447
TI  - The maxillary immediate surgical obturator prosthesis.
AB  - The use of the maxillary immediate surgical obturator prosthesis has become the
      standard of care for patients undergoing maxillectomies at Memorial Sloan
      Kettering Cancer Center. A protocol of treatment is described that includes
      preoperative, operative, and postoperative guidelines that have yielded
      predictably successful results. The objectives of such treatment include support
      and protection for the surgical dressing, improvement of speech and deglutition,
      and a psychologic boost for the patient's self-image.

PMID- 2646448
TI  - A technique for fabricating a fixed provisional prosthesis on osseointegrated
      fixtures.
AB  - The Branemark technique (and others) of osseointegration involves a second
      surgical phase consisting of exposing the fixtures, removing the healing caps,
      and placement of the cylindrical abutments. This article describes a technique
      that, after altering the existing denture, allows for direct placement onto the
      fixture abutments. The modification provides a trial period of adjustment while
      the final prosthesis is being made and increases the patient's comfort,
      confidence, and expectations.

PMID- 2646449
TI  - Nondestructive, three-dimensional internal fit mapping of fixed prostheses.
AB  - Crown fit may be three-dimensionally mapped by using a nondestructive optical
      technique. Reflected light transmission through thicknesses of a colored
      impression material was shown to follow the Beer-Lambert relationship over a
      range of approximately 10 to 300 microns, a useful range of interest for study of
      cement layer thickness. Control thicknesses of impression material were first
      formed between the measuring platens of a micrometer, and light transmission
      values (relative reflections) were measured through these control thicknesses of
      impression material held against air-abraded, noncast gold alloy. Relative
      reflection values were similarly measured from impression material formed inside
      cast gold crowns seated on their respective dies and these values were plotted
      against direct thickness measurements by using the Beer-Lambert relationship. It
      was established that the micrometer-produced control specimens yielded a valid
      standard curve for use with the cast gold crowns. Precementation space
      measurements determined photometrically were found to correlate significantly (r
      = 0.72, p less than 0.001) with zinc phosphate cement thickness measured on
      subsequently cemented and cross-sectioned crowns. A three-dimensional
      representation of the precementation space inside one crown was developed after
      mapping of 45 points in less than 5 minutes.

PMID- 2646450
TI  - A modification of the Thompson dowel rest for distal-extension removable partial
      dentures.
AB  - A prefabricated Thompson dowel rest semiprecision attachment system for distal
      extension removable partial dentures deserves consideration in the treatment
      planning of periodontally involved dentitions. It is a system that provides for
      rotation and therefore stress-breaking with controlled movement. Many other
      stress-breaking systems provide for rotation without specific control. In
      addition, the Thompson dowel rest system is the only stress-breaker that is
      intracoronal not extracoronal. This prefabricated system offers facilitation of
      laboratory procedures, eliminates the need for utilization of gold for dowels,
      reduces the size of the rest seats, and aids in the preservation of the integrity
      of the hard and soft supporting tissues.

PMID- 2646451
TI  - Accurately positioning a duplicate cast on the surveying table.
AB  - The path of insertion must be registered in such a way that it can be easily
      transmitted to the dental technician who then should also be able to transfer the
      original information from the master cast directly to any necessary duplicate
      casts. A system is presented that fulfills these requirements by means of simple
      tridimensional markings on the master cast, easily reproducible, and whose
      accuracy is not affected by the volumetric changes of duplicating and/or cast
      materials.

PMID- 2646453
TI  - Are there more tumor necrosis factors?

PMID- 2646452
TI  - Electron probe X-ray microanalysis of cellular ions in the eccrine secretory coil
      cells during methacholine stimulation.
AB  - Intracellular concentrations of Na, K, Cl ([Na], [K] and [Cl], respectively) and
      other elements were determined in isolated monkey eccrine sweat secretory coil
      cells using quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis of freeze dried
      cryosections. The validity of the methodology was partially supported by
      qualitative agreement of the X-ray microanalysis data with those obtained by
      micro-titration with a helium glow spectrophotometer. [Na], [K] and [Cl] of the
      cytoplasm were the same as those in the nucleus in both clear and dark cells.
      [Na], [K], and [Cl] of the clear cells were also the same as those of the dark
      cells at rest and after stimulation with methacholine (MCh), suggesting that
      these two cell types behave like a functional syncytium. MCh stimulation induced
      a pharmacologically specific, dose-dependent decrease in [K] and [Cl] (as much as
      65%), and a 3.7-fold increase in [Na]. In myoepithelial cells, a similar change
      in [Na] and [K] was noted after MCh stimulation although the decrease in [Cl] was
      only 20%. The MCh-induced change in [Na], [K] and [Cl] was almost completely
      inhibited by removal of Ca2+ from the medium. 10(-4) M bumetanide inhibited the
      MCh-induced increase in [Na], reduced the decrease in [K] by about 50%, but
      slightly augmented the MCh-induced decrease in [Cl]. 10(-4) M ouabain increased
      [Na] and decreased [K] as did MCh; however, unlike MCh, ouabain increased [Cl] by
      56% after 30 min of incubation. Thus the data may be best interpreted to indicate
      that Ca-dependent K efflux and (perhaps also Ca-dependent) Cl efflux are the
      predominant initial ionic movement in muscarinic cholinergic stimulation of the
      eccrine sweat secretory coils and that the ouabain-sensitive Na pump plays an
      important role in maintenance of intracellular ions and sweat secretion.

PMID- 2646454
TI  - Cancer-related legislation. I. The 100th Congress.

PMID- 2646455
TI  - Quality of life end points in cancer clinical trials: review and recommendations.
AB  - In this presentation, issues that influenced the development of policies for
      inclusion of quality of life end points in certain Southwest Oncology Group
      clinical trials are reviewed. The key policies recommended by us and adopted by
      the Cancer Control Research Committee of the Southwest Oncology Group are as
      follows: (a) Begin assessment of quality of life in specific types of phase III
      protocols. (b) Always measure physical functioning, emotional functioning,
      symptoms (general and protocol specific), and global quality of life separately.
      (c) Include measures of social functioning and additional protocol-specific
      measures if resources permit. (d) Use patient-based questionnaires with
      psychometric properties that have been documented in published studies. In this
      review, we also recommend specific questionnaires. Our recommendations may prove
      useful for other cancer clinical trials groups and for multi-institution trials
      of treatment for chronic diseases.

PMID- 2646456
TI  - 1,2-Dibromoethane and chloroform in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): studies
      on the distribution of nonvolatile and irreversibly bound metabolites.
AB  - The disposition of metabolites from 14C-labeled 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) and
      chloroform (CF) in juvenile rainbow trout was studied by autoradiography and
      quantitation of tissue radioactivity. Whole-body autoradiography of heated tissue
      sections showed a considerable level of nonvolatile metabolites of DBE and CF in
      the liver and certain areas of the body kidney. A lower level of metabolites
      appeared in the gills, intestinal mucosa, and olfactory rosettes in trouts
      exposed to DBE- or CF-containing water. Unlike previous studies in rodents, no
      specific uptake or binding of DBE or CF occurred in the surface epithelia of the
      upper alimentary tract. Microautoradiography and exhaustive tissue extraction
      confirmed a high irreversible binding of DBE metabolites in the liver and in a
      proximal tubular segment of the body kidney in fish exposed to DBE-containing
      water. A high level of radioactivity in the bile indicated fecal excretion of
      metabolites from both compounds. The results suggest that there is marked
      metabolism of DBE and CF in the liver and kidney, whereas the metabolism in the
      surface epithelia is low. The liver and kidney are proposed to be target organs
      of toxicity in fish.

PMID- 2646457
TI  - External carotid-external carotid crossover anastomosis for reconstruction of
      common carotid resection.
AB  - A pilot project studying the feasibility of external carotid-external carotid
      cross-over anastomosis for reconstruction of common carotid artery resection is
      reported. Common carotid artery resection in the treatment of head and neck
      malignancy may be necessary when carcinoma involves the common carotid or when
      the common carotid artery ruptures. Ligation of the common carotid is associated
      with high mortality rates and high rates of neurologic complications. The
      vasculature to the internal carotid can be maintained by anastomosing both
      external carotid arteries across the midline. The diseased common carotid can
      then be ligated below the bifurcation. The crossover anastomosis was performed
      successfully in six cadaveric dissections with unilateral neck dissection and
      laryngectomy. Mobilizing the facial artery in conjunction with the external
      carotid artery provides added length. A large vessel anastomosis across the
      midline was performed in six sheep. Technical errors in two sheep resulted in
      obstruction. The remaining four anastomoses remained patent. The external carotid
      external carotid crossover anastomosis may have application in the management of
      squamous cell carcinoma involving the common carotid or in the treatment of
      carotid artery blowout. Further study is warranted.

PMID- 2646458
TI  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in patients with pelvic kidney. Technical
      considerations and literature review.
AB  - Effective methods for performing abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy associated with
      congenital pelvic kidney are presented. The embryology and surgical anatomy of
      these lesions are reviewed. Ordinarily, successful aortic reconstruction can be
      performed with low risk to the pelvic kidney by use of readily available in situ
      cold perfusion. Two illustrative case reports applying this method are presented.
      The recently reported technique of double proximal clamping of the aorta was also
      employed in one case. This technique allows lumbar collaterals within the
      aneurysm to perfuse the kidney during construction of the proximal aortic
      anastomosis, thereby minimizing absolute renal ischemic time. Both in situ cold
      perfusion and double proximal clamping are effective methods for renal
      preservation that do not rely on complex extraanatomic techniques. A review of
      the literature with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of
      previously reported methods of renal preservation is presented.

PMID- 2646459
TI  - Endothelial injury and vascular dysfunction associated with the Fogarty balloon
      catheter.
AB  - Endothelial-derived relaxing factor is an important modulator of vascular
      relaxation, and its production is very sensitive to endothelial injury. The
      abdominal aortas of five groups of rabbits were subjected to Fogarty balloon
      catheterization via the femoral artery. Some rabbits were killed immediately
      (time 0), and others were killed at weekly intervals. At time 0, isolated
      vascular rings sectioned from the abdominal aortas and suspended in tissue baths
      failed to exhibit any endothelial-derived relaxing factor dependent vascular
      relaxation. Vascular relaxation progressively returned but was not normal until 4
      weeks after the initial injury. Morphologic changes studied by means of Evans
      blue dye and by scanning electron microscopy with silver staining corresponded
      well with these functional changes. At time 0, the delicate endothelium was
      completely denuded, but it progressively regenerated over the subsequent 4 weeks.
      This severe injury to the vascular endothelium and the resultant vascular
      dysfunction may result in an increased risk of early postoperative spasm and
      thrombosis after the use of a Fogarty balloon catheter.

PMID- 2646460
TI  - Multicenter prospective study of nonruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Part II.
      Variables predicting morbidity and mortality.
AB  - A previous article (Part I) described the patient population and operative
      management of 666 patients who had surgery for nonruptured abdominal aortic
      aneurysms. This article details the perioperative complications and, by chi
      square and logistic regression analysis, identifies the variables that are
      associated with each complication. In summarizing the results (below) the
      incidence of each complication is listed, along with the predictive risk factors
      in parentheses that have significance levels less than 0.05. Vascular morbidity
      data are as follows: intraoperative bleeding, 4.8%; postoperative bleeding
      requiring transfusion, 2.3% or repeat operation, 1.4% (large volume of blood
      transfusion and/or use of an autotransfusion device); intraoperative limb
      ischemia, 3.5%; graft thrombosis, 0.9% (femoropopliteal disease and/or distal
      anastomosis at the femoral level); distal thromboembolism, 3.3% (male sex,
      femoral popliteal disease, and/or intraoperative graft thrombosis); amputation,
      1.2%; graft infection, 1 case. General morbidity data are as follows:
      cerebrovascular event, 0.6%; paraplegia, 1 case; cardiac event, 15.1% (age,
      previous episode of congestive heart failure, and/or electrocardiogram [ECG]
      evidence of a previous myocardial infarction); myocardial infarction, 5.2%
      (advancing age, angina, and/or prolonged aortic cross-clamp time); congestive
      heart failure, 8.9% (previous history of congestive heart failure, ECG evidence
      of ischemia, and/or chronic obstructive lung disease); arrhythmia requiring
      treatment, 10.5% (preoperative ventricular premature beats and/or respiratory
      failure requiring ventilation for more than 48 hours); new arrhythmia, 8.4%
      (angina and/or chronic obstructive lung disease); respiratory failure, 8.4%
      (chronic obstructive lung disease, large volume of blood transfused, and/or
      occurrence of postoperative bleeding, cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart
      failure, or myocardial infarction); renal damage with rise in creatinine or blood
      urea nitrogen, 5.4% and/or renal failure requiring dialysis, 0.6% (elevated
      preoperative creatinine, suprarenal aortic cross-clamping, and/or renal vein
      ligation); diarrhea without evidence of ischemia colitis, 7.1% and ischemic
      colitis, 0.6% (pelvic flow interrupted); prolonged ileus, 11.0% (aortoiliac
      occlusive disease, deterioration of renal function, prolonged ventilation, and/or
      preoperative history of angina); superficial wound infection, 1.5% and deep
      infection, 0.5% (femoral anastomosis and/or female sex); coagulopathy, 1.1%
      (large volume of blood transfused).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2646461
TI  - Primary malignant tumor of the aorta.
AB  - Primary malignant tumors of the aorta are extremely rare. Review of the
      literature indicates that there are only 21 recorded cases of primary malignant
      tumors of the aorta. The purpose of this article is to record an additional case
      of primary malignant tumor of the aorta.

PMID- 2646462
TI  - Postoperative carotid duplex scan and ocular pneumoplethysmography.

PMID- 2646463
TI  - [The epidemiology of cancers of the female genital organs].
AB  - According to the Vital Statistics of Japan, the age-adjusted mortality rates for
      cancers of the uterus (all parts), the cervix uteri, the placenta
      (choriocarcinoma), the vagina and the vulva, have been decreasing while those for
      cancers of the ovary, the fallopian tube and the corpus uteri have been
      increasing. The standardized mortality ratio of uterine cancer (all parts) is
      generally higher in the western parts of Japan and that of ovarian cancer is
      generally higher in the northern parts of Japan. From international comparisons,
      the Japanese female shows lower incidences of cancers of the ovary, the corpus
      uteri, the vagina, and the vulva and higher incidences of cervical cancer and
      choriocarcinoma.

PMID- 2646464
TI  - [Early duodenal cancer of the bulb--report of a case].
AB  - A 70-year-old woman was referred for an evaluation of evidence indicating occult
      bleeding found in the feces and epigastralgia. Radiologic and endoscopic
      examinations disclosed a duodenal polyp at the bulb. A pathological examination
      of a biopsied specimen revealed a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient
      underwent a gastrectomy and an extensive duodenectomy, and the surgical specimen
      examined indicated a pedunculated polyp (1.0*2.0) at the duodenal bulb which,
      histologically, consisted of two distinct parts: one, a tubular adenocarcinoma,
      and the other, non-tumorous tissue. Most of the lesion was the former, whereas
      the latter was found at the bottom and at the stalk of the polyp, and consisted
      of hyperplastic foveolar structures with gastric type cells and pyloric type
      glands. The histological findings of the mucosa, which was clearly duodenal
      around the root of the polyp, indicated that the carcinomatous portion was
      confined to the mucosal layer. These findings indicate that the adenocarcinoma in
      this case originated from a duodenal polyp composed of aberrant gastric mucosa.
      Also included in this study is a review of 57 cases of early duodenal cancer of
      the bulb, that have been reported in Japan.

PMID- 2646465
TI  - [A case report of thyroid papillary cancer that manifested leukocytosis and
      hypercalcemia after radiotherapy in bone metastasis].
AB  - Bone metastasis from a thyroid papillary cancer of a 59-year-old woman had been
      successfully treated with radiotherapy (6,000 rad) and iodine-131 (120 mCi). One
      year later, the patient developed leukocytosis (maximum 143,000/mm3) and
      hypercalcemia (16.0 mg/dl). A colony stimulating factor (CSF) was detectable in
      her plasma, and nude mice that had been given metastatic tissues similarly
      developed leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. Leukocytosis and hypercalcemia seemed
      to have been caused by the CSF produced in the bone metastasized tissues of this
      thyroid cancer.

PMID- 2646466
TI  - [Two fatal cases of hepatic failure due to a malignant lymphoma presenting a
      liver injury].
AB  - Reported are two cases of a malignant lymphoma that presented a liver injury in
      which death was brought on by hepatic failure. In both instances on admission,
      liver injury and hepatomegaly were noticed. Abdominal ultrasonography and
      computerized tomography, however, showed no SOL in the liver or any clear lymph
      node mass, though a bright echo and a diffuse low density was observed in one of
      the patients (Case 1). In spite of treatment that included prednisolone, the
      liver injury in both patients progressed towards hepatic failure. Severe jaundice
      increased rapidly in Case 1, and a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
      complicated by jaundice was observed in the other patient (Case 2). Both
      autopsies revealed severe lymphoma cell infiltration into the liver, mainly in
      Glisson's capsule, and diffuse hepatic cell necrosis. Diagnostic imaging of the
      diffuse lymphoma infiltration into the liver proved very difficult, so that it
      was necessary to rely on a differential diagnosis, employing laboratory tests and
      a liver biopsy.

PMID- 2646467
TI  - A cluster of human T-lymphotropic virus type-I carriers found in the southern
      district of Tokushima Prefecture.
AB  - Since we had experience of eight patients with adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma
      from 130 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma between 1978 and 1986, a sero
      epidemiological survey of anti human lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) antibody
      was performed using a gelatin particle agglutination test, an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay and an indirect immunofluorescence assay for 2,190 adults
      (768 men and 1,422 women) aged between 21 and 86 years, in the southern district
      of Tokushima Prefecture. The inconclusive data obtained using the above mentioned
      methods have been re-examined by western blotting analysis using enzyme-labelled
      anti IgM and anti IgG. There was an overall prevalence rate of 6.0% (132/2, 190)
      but higher rate were found in village C (10.9%) and village D (14.2%). These two
      villages together with town K (6.1% seropositive) form one community unit with a
      small population in a mountain area, which could be prone to producing a cluster
      of HTLV-I carriers. Town G with 8.0% sero-positivity is on the Pacific Ocean
      coast neighboring one of the endemic areas in the eastern section of Kohchi
      Prefecture. Interestingly, only IgM antibody was detected in 17 of 137 carriers
      (13%), all females who had never had a blood transfusion, suggesting them to h
      ave been in a sort of immunodeficient state, as reported in cases of HTLV-I
      infection. In 13 of 29 HTLV-I carriers (44.8%) from villages C and D, the viral
      antigen was detected in 1-9% (0.41 +/- 0.19%) of the peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells after being cultured with phytohemagglutinin for three days. The data
      indicate that those carriers had evidently been infected with the HTLV-I virus.

PMID- 2646468
TI  - Intensive chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation for a
      patient having wide-spread embryonal carcinoma in the central nervous system.
AB  - A patient with an intracranial embryonal carcinoma, which was resistant to
      cisplatin-based combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, developed spinal seeding.
      Alpha fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and the beta chain of
      HCG (NCG beta) in serum or cerebrospinal fluid immediately returned to elevated
      levels despite sequential chemotherapy and resection. Accordingly, we treated
      this patient with spinal irradiation and intensive combination chemotherapy
      (cisplatin etoposide, vinblastine, cyclophosphamide and actinomycin D) followed
      by autologous bone marrow transplantation. With this treatment, the clinical
      manifestations showed a tendency to improve and, furthermore, the serum levels of
      AFP and HCG returned to normal. These findings suggest autologous bone marrow
      transplantation to be a potential approach to the treatment of patients with
      embryonal carcinomas.

PMID- 2646469
TI  - Management and efficacy of intensified insulin therapy--starting in outpatients.
AB  - Diabetic patients under multiple injection insulin therapy (i.e., intensified
      insulin therapy, IIT) usually start this treatment during hospitalization. We
      report here on the logistics, efficacy, and safety of IIT, started in
      outpatients. Over 8 months, 52 type I and type II diabetics were followed up
      whose insulin regimens consecutively had been changed from conventional therapy
      to IIT. Two different IIT strategies were compared: free mixtures of regular and
      intermediate (12 hrs)-acting insulin versus the basal and prandial insulin
      treatment with preprandial injections of regular insulin, and ultralente (24 hrs
      acting) or intermediate insulin for the basal demand. After 8 months HbA1 levels
      had decreased from 10.6% +/- 2.4% to 8.0% +/- 1.3% (mean +/- SD). There was no
      difference between the two regimens with respect to metabolic control; but type
      II patients maintained the lowered HbA1 levels better than type I patients. Only
      two patients were hospitalized during the follow-up time because of severe
      hypoglycemia. An increase of body weight due to the diet liberalization during
      IIT became a problem in one-third of the patients. Our results suggest that
      outpatient initiation of IIT is safe and efficacious with respect to near
      normoglycemic control. Weight control may become a problem in IIT patients.

PMID- 2646470
TI  - Prevalence of cytoplasmatic islet cell antibodies and insulin autoantibodies is
      increased in subjects with genetically defined high risk for insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The presence of cytoplasmatic islet cell antibodies (ICA) and IgG insulin
      autoantibodies (IgG-IAA) has been observed in the prediabetic state of type 1
      (insulin-dependent) diabetes (IDDM). We therefore analyzed the prevalence of
      these markers in sera from 1117 healthy HLA-typed first-degree relatives (1
      degree Rel) of IDDM patients. ICA was determined by indirect immunofluorescence
      on cryostat sections of human pancreas. For IgG-IAA measurement a competitive
      solid-phase ELISA was used. ICA were present in 3.5% of 1 degree Rel vs 0.4% of
      controls (P less than 0.025). The highest frequencies of ICA were found in
      individuals of IDDM multiplex families (7.7%) and HLA-DR1,3 (5.4%), -DR1,4
      (5.8%), and -DR3,4 (6.7%) positive subjects. We therefore conclude that the
      prevalence of ICA is increased in 1 degree Rel with high genetic risk for
      diabetes. IgG-IAA occurred in 9.9% of 1 degree Rel vs 1.4% of controls (P less
      than 0.01). Like ICA, IgG-IAA were significantly increased in a group of subjects
      being positive for either HLA-DR1,3 -DR1,4, or -DR3,4 (16.5%, P less than 0.01).
      In multiplex families, however, prevalence of IgG-IAA was not increased. In
      contrast to ICA there was an additional influence of age and sex: IgG-IAA were
      found more often in siblings (mean age, 16.6 years; prevalence, 15.0%) than in
      parents (mean age, 44.1 years; prevalence, 8.3%) of IDDM patients (P less than
      0.01). In brothers the prevalence of IgG-IAA is higher than in other 1 degree
      Rel. Only a weak association between ICA and IgG-IAA was observed in subjects (n
      = 810) tested for both antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646471
TI  - [Survival probability of patients with incidentally detected aneurysm of the
      abdominal aorta].

PMID- 2646472
TI  - A new microvascular "sleeve" anastomosis.
AB  - A new technique for performing a microvascular end-in-end or "sleeve" anastomosis
      is described. The new method utilizes two asymmetrically placed, looped sutures
      that do not enter the active lumen or breach the active intima. It has advantages
      over previous methods because it consistently saves time and because of the
      decrease in the number of possible technical complications. In 77 anastomoses
      performed in white rats by different surgeons, including a few inexperienced
      students of microsurgery, there was only one failure (24-hr patency). After eight
      practice anastomoses, the average time taken from vessel division to final clamp
      release in 30 procedures was 7 min 33 sec, with a standard deviation of 1 min 45
      sec. The sleeve anastomosis performed by this method has shown itself to be as
      reliable as a conventional end-to-end suture method and has the advantages of
      significant time saving and minimization of intimal trauma. The anastomosis of
      vessels of differing sizes is facilitated by the conformation of this new method
      and the technique has clinical potential in the anastomoses of interposition vein
      grafts and in human intravenous anastomoses.

PMID- 2646473
TI  - Xanthine:acceptor oxidoreductase activities in ischemic rat skin flaps.
AB  - Xanthine:acceptor oxidoreductase activities were assayed in free skin flaps
      following prolonged preservation. In normal rat skin, xanthine dehydrogenase
      transfers electrons to NAD+ and accounts for 73% of total oxidoreductase
      activity, and xanthine oxidase transfers electrons to molecular oxygen and
      accounts for the remaining 27%. Xanthine oxidase activity increased significantly
      in skin flaps during ischemia: approximately 30 and 100% increases after 6 and 24
      hr of ischemia, respectively. Allopurinol inhibited xanthine oxidoreductase
      activity: free skin flaps obtained from allopurinol-treated animals exhibited a
      low level of xanthine oxidoreductase activity throughout the period of
      preservation. Systemic allopurinol significantly improved the survival rate from
      32 to 75% of free flaps transferred after 24 hr of preservation at room
      temperature. These observations suggest that the xanthine oxidase system is a
      major source of oxygen free radicals following ischemia/reperfusion in skin. The
      increase in xanthine oxidase is attributable to the conversion of xanthine
      dehydrogenase to oxidase, a conversion which involves sulfhydryl oxidation in
      skin flaps.

PMID- 2646474
TI  - The effect of anti-interleukin 2 monoclonal antibody treatment on the survival of
      rat cardiac allograft.
AB  - The effect of anti-interleukin 2 monoclonal antibody (anti-IL2 MoAb) and the
      accumulation of intravenously administered 125I-labeled anti-IL2 MoAb were
      examined in heterotopic rat cardiac allografts. Mouse anti-human recombinant IL2
      MoAb was obtained by the hybridoma technique. The anti-IL2 MoAb, termed 8H-10,
      was an IgG2a which inhibited IL2-driven [3H]TdR incorporation in cytolytic T
      lymphocyte line cells at a dilution of 2(6). 8H-10 was injected iv at a dose of
      200 micrograms/day for 8 consecutive days, beginning on the day of
      transplantation. Hearts from F344 rats (RT11v1) were transplanted into ACI
      recipient rats (RT1av1). The mean survival time was 7.6 +/- 0.8 days in untreated
      controls, 9.0 +/- 1.2 days in additional controls treated with mouse anti-sheep
      red blood cell monoclonal antibody, and 25.3 +/- 18.4 days in the anti-IL2 MoAb
      (8H-10)-treated group (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, the accumulation of
      intravenously administered 125I-labeled anti-IL2 MoAb (8H-10) was specifically
      seen in the grafted heart. In conclusion, these results suggest that IL2 may play
      an important role in allograft rejection and that anti-IL2 MoAb may serve as a
      useful immunosuppressive agent in clinical transplantation.

PMID- 2646475
TI  - Inhibitory effects of the antiprogestin, RU 486, on progesterone actions and
      luteinizing hormone secretion in pituitary gonadotrophs.
AB  - The effects of RU 486 on the modulation of LH release by progesterone were
      investigated in cultured anterior pituitary cells from ovariectomized adult
      female rats. The inhibitory effect of progesterone on LH secretion was
      demonstrable in estrogen-treated pituitary cells, in which addition of 10(-6) M
      progesterone to cells cultured in the presence of 10(-9) M estradiol for 52 h
      reduced the LH response to GnRH (10(-11) to 10(-7) M). When RU 486 was
      superimposed upon such combined treatment with estradiol and progesterone, the
      suppressive effect of progesterone on GnRH-induced LH release was completely
      abolished. The converse (facilitatory) effect of progesterone on LH secretion was
      observed in pituitary cells pretreated with 10(-9) M estradiol for 48 h and then
      with 10(-6) M progesterone for 4 h. When RU 486 was added together with
      progesterone during the 4 h treatment period, the facilitatory effect of
      progesterone was blocked and LH release fell to below the corresponding control
      value. The direct effect of RU 486 on LH secretion in the absence of exogenous
      progesterone was evaluated in cells cultured in the absence or presence of 10(-9)
      M estradiol and then treated for 4 to 24 h with increasing concentrations of RU
      486 (10(-12) to 10(-5) M) and stimulated with GnRH (10(-9) M) during the last 3 h
      of incubation. In estrogen-deficient cultures, 4 h exposure to RU 486
      concentrations of 10(-6) M and above decreased the LH response to GnRH by up to
      50%. In cultures pretreated with 10(-9) M estradiol, GnRH-stimulated LH responses
      was inhibited by much lower RU 486 concentrations, of 10(-9) M and above. After
      24 h of incubation the effects of RU 486 were similar in control and estradiol
      pretreated pituitary cell cultures. Thus, RU 486 alone has a significant
      inhibitory effect on LH secretion that is enhanced in the presence of estrogen.
      The antiprogestin is also a potent antagonist of both the inhibitory and the
      facilitatory actions of progesterone upon pituitary gonadotropin release in
      vitro.

PMID- 2646476
TI  - On the regulation of sex-hormone-binding globulin--a challenge of an old dogma
      and outlines of an alternative mechanism.
AB  - In this review, the different factors known to affect SHBG levels are discussed
      with respect to their possible significance in the physiological regulation of
      this protein: Sex steroids, puberty, nutritional status, thyroid hormones and
      liver disease. It is concluded that the serum levels of SHBG are related to
      general metabolic factors, nutritional status, growth and ageing than to the
      estrogen/androgen balance. The authors suggest that SHBG is regulated primarily
      by growth hormone, somatomedin-C and possibly other growth factors. Growth
      hormone may promote SHBG synthesis in the liver while somatomedin-C may stimulate
      its extravasation and uptake in target tissues. It is suggested that sex steroids
      merely have an indirect, modulating influence.

PMID- 2646477
TI  - Assessment of diastolic function of the heart: background and current
      applications of Doppler echocardiography. Part II. Clinical studies.
AB  - Evaluation of diastolic filling of the heart has been difficult because of its
      complexity and the numerous interrelated contributing factors. Previous
      determinations have depended on high-fidelity, invasive measurements of
      instantaneous pressure, volume, mass, and wall stress, which could not be done on
      a routine clinical basis. With the advent of Doppler echocardiography,
      intracardiac blood flow velocities can now be noninvasively assessed. For
      application of this technique to evaluation of diastolic function in patients
      with heart disease, it is necessary to understand what the Doppler-derived
      variables represent. It is also necessary to know how they are affected by
      changes in loading conditions and changes in myocardial relaxation. In this
      review, we provide an interpretation of the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, and
      systemic and pulmonary venous inflow velocities in the normal patient and in
      various disease states.

PMID- 2646478
TI  - Cutaneous gangrene, vascular calcification, and hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - We describe the development of necrotic ulcers with underlying vascular
      calcification in a 72-year-old man who had chronic renal failure. These lesions
      had surrounding ecchymoses. The patient had a normal serum calcium concentration,
      an elevated parathyroid hormone level, and findings consistent with a parathyroid
      adenoma on ultrasonography. We consider this another case of a characteristic
      cutaneous syndrome secondary to underlying vascular calcification and
      hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2646479
TI  - Evaluation of preoperative hematology-coagulation screening in liver
      transplantation.
AB  - We retrospectively reviewed the results of preoperative hematology-coagulation
      studies in 66 patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation-24 with the
      primary diagnosis of chronic active hepatitis (CAH), 22 with primary sclerosing
      cholangitis (PSC), and 20 with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The mean
      prothrombin time was above normal in all three diagnostic groups, patients with
      CAH having the highest values. The mean activated partial thromboplastin time was
      normal in patients with PSC or PBC but elevated in those with CAH. Fibrinogen
      levels were above normal in patients with PBC but decreased in 1 patient (5%)
      with PSC and 10 (42%) with CAH. Mean platelet counts were below normal in 68% and
      55% of patients with PSC and PBC, respectively, but in 96% of those with CAH. The
      mean Ivy bleeding time was normal in patients with PSC or PBC but prolonged in
      those with CAH. Patients with PSC or PBC had normal mean activity levels of
      factors II, V, VII, IX, and X, whereas those with CAH had below normal mean
      values for factors II and VII. The antithrombin III activity level was normal in
      patients with PSC or PBC but reduced in those with CAH. Thus, patients with CAH
      have a greater derangement in results of clotting studies in comparison with
      those who have PSC or PBC, but the use of blood did not differ among the three
      diagnostic groups.

PMID- 2646480
TI  - Anesthesia approach to hepatic transplantation.
AB  - Anesthesia support for patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation can
      be complicated because of multiple medical problems in such patients and rapid
      hemodynamic, metabolic, and coagulation changes intraoperatively. Preoperative
      assessment should include careful review of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and
      hematologic systems. Use of isoflurane as the main anesthetic agent will minimize
      toxicity to the liver. During liver transplantation, hemodynamic monitoring and
      immediate laboratory studies should be available. In our experience during the
      first 100 liver transplantations performed at our institution, use of a rapid
      infusion pump and venovenous bypass has helped normalize hemodynamic and renal
      function.

PMID- 2646481
TI  - Hemodynamic and metabolic changes in hepatic transplantation.
AB  - In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the intraoperative hemodynamic,
      laboratory, and coagulation data on the first 83 patients who underwent an
      initial liver transplantation procedure at our institution. The major hemodynamic
      changes at the time of reperfusion of the donor liver were significant decreases
      in arterial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary artery
      temperature and significant increases in cardiac output and pulmonary capillary
      wedge pressure. The alterations in laboratory values reflected intraoperative
      therapeutic manipulations. Citrate toxicity is a concern, and the amount of
      calcium chloride administered reflected the volume of blood transfused. On
      reperfusion, the fibrinogen concentration decreased and both the prothrombin time
      and the activated partial thromboplastin time increased. This coagulopathy was
      also evident in the thromboelastographic values. Aggressive monitoring and prompt
      intervention are necessary to maintain hemodynamic and metabolic homeostasis in
      these patients.

PMID- 2646482
TI  - Plasma glucose concentrations during liver transplantation.
AB  - We reviewed the intraoperative plasma glucose concentrations in 100 consecutive
      patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. The plasma glucose
      concentration increased significantly (P less than 0.05) from 110 +/- 46 mg/dl
      (mean +/- SD) to 204 +/- 60 mg/dl during the preanhepatic phase of
      transplantation (phase I). No significant change in plasma glucose concentrations
      occurred during the anhepatic phase (phase II). During the reperfusion phase
      (phase III), the mean plasma glucose concentration increased significantly (P
      less than 0.05) from 201 +/- 56 mg/dl to 384 +/- 72 mg/dl. The only glucose
      administered was that contained in the blood products. No correlation was found
      between the amount of glucose administered with the blood products and the
      changes in plasma glucose concentrations in these patients. None of the patients
      became hypoglycemic during any phase of the transplant procedure. All patients
      demonstrated a tendency toward hyperglycemia.

PMID- 2646483
TI  - Gastric dysrhythmias: pathophysiologic and etiologic factors.

PMID- 2646484
TI  - Transbronchial needle aspiration--current status.

PMID- 2646485
TI  - Moritz Kaposi: noted dermatologist.

PMID- 2646486
TI  - Assessing the effects of physician-patient interactions on the outcomes of
      chronic disease.
AB  - Growing interest in the doctor-patient relationship focuses attention on the
      specific elements of that relationship that affect patients' health outcomes.
      Data are presented for four clinical trials conducted in varied practice settings
      among chronically ill patients differing markedly in sociodemographic
      characteristics. These trials demonstrated that "better health" measured
      physiologically (blood pressure or blood sugar), behaviorally (functional
      status), or more subjectively (evaluations of overall health status) was
      consistently related to specific aspects of physician-patient communication. We
      conclude that the physician-patient relationship may be an important influence on
      patients' health outcomes and must be taken into account in light of current
      changes in the health care delivery system that may place this relationship at
      risk.

PMID- 2646487
TI  - Quality of life, health status, and clinical research.
AB  - Although interest is increasing in measurement of quality of life, health status,
      and functional status in clinical research, most often the primary focus of the
      research is traditional measures of mortality and morbidity. Quality-of-life
      assessments are usually added as an afterthought once the design, data
      collection, and analytic techniques have been specified. When nonmedical outcomes
      are considered, they are thought of as quality-of-life outcomes. Quality of life
      is not well conceptualized in the medical and health literature. In addition,
      clinical researchers are searching for a single best measure of quality of life.
      Lack of information about clinical significance and sensitivity and uncertainties
      about the advantages of different administration strategies are impediments to
      use of developed measures. These issues and problems are discussed and
      suggestions made about procedures and investigations that could provide guidance.

PMID- 2646488
TI  - Effect sizes for interpreting changes in health status.
AB  - Health status measures are being used with increasing frequency in clinical
      research. Up to now the emphasis has been on the reliability and validity of
      these measures. Less attention has been given to the sensitivity of these
      measures for detecting clinical change. As health status measures are applied
      more frequently in the clinical setting, we need a useful way to estimate and
      communicate whether particular changes in health status are clinically relevant.
      This report considers effect sizes as a useful way to interpret changes in health
      status. Effect sizes are defined as the mean change found in a variable divided
      by the standard deviation of that variable. Effect sizes are used to translate
      "the before and after changes" in a "one group" situation into a standard unit of
      measurement that will provide a clearer understanding of health status results.
      The utility of effect sizes is demonstrated from four different perspectives
      using three health status data sets derived from arthritis populations
      administered the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS). The first
      perspective shows how general and instrument-specific benchmarks can be developed
      and how they can be used to translate the meaning of clinical change. The second
      perspective shows how effect sizes can be used to compare traditional clinical
      measures with health status measures in a standard clinical drug trial. The third
      application demonstrates the use of effect sizes when comparing two drugs tested
      in separate drug trials and shows how they can facilitate this type of
      comparison. Finally, our health status results show how effect sizes can
      supplement standard statistical testing to give a more complete and clinically
      relevant picture of health status change. We conclude that effect sizes are an
      important tool that will facilitate the use and interpretation of health status
      measures in clinical research in arthritis and other chronic diseases.

PMID- 2646489
TI  - Health status measurement in the evaluation of health promotion.
AB  - A step beyond treatment and even the prevention of disease is coming onto the
      health agenda. It is health promotion--"the advancement of well-being and the
      avoidance of health risks by achieving the optimal levels of the behavioral,
      societal, environmental and biomedical determinants of health." It differs from
      medical service in that the latter is directed largely toward overcoming poor
      health, disequilibrium with one's environment. Health promotion is aimed at
      maintaining the level of health and, insofar as possible, strengthening the
      potential (resources) for health. The emergence of health promotion raises an
      issue for those concerned with health status measurement: whether we consider
      health as having only biologic elements as traditionally understood in biomedical
      science, and role (performance) elements as traditionally understood in
      sociomedical science; or whether we add to these considerations a view of health
      as the dynamic equilibrium of individuals or groups of people with their
      environment, their capacity to live physically, mentally, and socially. The
      latter view entails measuring the health of people on a continuum extending from
      "perfect" harmony with one's environment and maximum potential for responding to
      adversities, on the one hand, to extreme invalidism and no reserves, i.e., the
      premorbid state, at the other extreme. That view also entails expanding attention
      to the whole population, not just the sick. It also means considering the
      relative emphasis to be given conceptual and methodologic work, individual versus
      community responsibilities for health, and the alleged medicalization of life.

PMID- 2646490
TI  - Generic and disease-specific measures in assessing health status and quality of
      life.
AB  - Application of generic and specific measures of health status and quality of life
      to different diseases, conditions, states, and populations is increasing. Four
      strategies for using these measures are separate generic and specific measures,
      modified generic measures, disease-specific supplements, and batteries. The
      preferred strategy depends on project aims, methodological concerns, and
      practical constraints. Generic measures are necessary to compare outcomes across
      different populations and interventions, particularly for cost-effectiveness
      studies. Disease-specific measures assess the special states and concerns of
      diagnostic groups. Specific measures may be more sensitive for the detection and
      quantification of small changes that are important to clinicians or patients.
      Comparison studies are needed of the validity, reliability, and responsiveness of
      generic and disease-specific measures in the same population and in minority and
      age-specific groups.

PMID- 2646491
TI  - Barriers to the use of health status measures in clinical investigation, patient
      care, and policy research.
AB  - Despite growing interest and sophistication in health status assessment, these
      measures are not widely used in settings where they would be appropriate. The
      reasons include conceptual, methodologic, practical, and attitudinal barriers,
      some of which are common to a variety of applications (e.g., clinical research,
      patient care, or policy research). These barriers include skepticism about the
      validity and importance of self-rated health; preferences for physiologic
      outcomes or death rates; unfamiliarity with questionnaire scores; a paucity of
      direct instrument comparisons to aid in selection; and the costs of pilot
      testing, data collection, and data manipulation. In clinical trials, the
      uncertain responsiveness of questionnaire instruments to small but clinically
      important changes may be of particular concern. For patient care, additional
      barriers are posed by the need for rapidly processing data, the need for
      providing highly understandable results to clinicians, and clinicians'
      uncertainty about how to use the information. In policy research, there is often
      insufficient time for responding (with health status measurement) to decision
      makers' needs, and many have reservations about concepts such as quality-adjusted
      life years that arise from health status measurement. To facilitate a better
      intuitive grasp of health status scores, more comparisons with traditional
      clinical scales and physiologic measures are needed. More effort should be given
      to demonstrating (and improving) the responsiveness of scales to clinically
      important changes and to developing very brief questionnaires. Better education
      of health professionals about these measurement techniques is needed, as well as
      better methods of presenting results. Finally, a "laboratory" to provide
      measurement services to investigators and clinicians may make use of these scales
      more attractive.

PMID- 2646492
TI  - Assessing patients' utilities. Can the ends justify the means?
AB  - Each of the elements of a utility assessment strategy--defining and describing
      health states of interest, identifying subjects, choosing a scaling task,
      aggregating across subjects, determining reliability and validity--is
      controversial. The controversy is in part explained by the interdisciplinary
      nature of the problem; different disciplinary conceptualizations of utility lead
      to different priorities for methodologic problem solving. Controversy is further
      explained by widely divergent potential applications of utility assessments,
      including individual decisions made with and without (or by) an agent, and
      decisions made for populations that may be homogeneous or heterogeneous with
      regard to utilities for the same health states. Issues can be clarified by
      focusing on the purpose of the utility assessment and, in the case of clinical
      decision making, on the most relevant disease-specific outcomes. The
      prostatectomy decision is an example. Although questions of measurement validity
      need continuing attention, more attention should be paid to validating uses of
      utility assessments: Can utility assessments distinguish prospectively, among
      patients who subsequently experience the same health outcome, those for whom it
      is associated with a high or low level of well-being? Can utility assessments be
      used to predict behavior? Can a decision process that includes utility
      assessments affect decisions in a manner that improves overall well-being?
      Approaches to such questions are complicated by changes in utilities over time,
      departures from the normative model of decision making, the effects of decision
      making responsibility, and biases introduced by the decision-making process.

PMID- 2646493
TI  - The measurement of health status in clinical practice.
AB  - Functional status measurement and the assessment of health status are reaching
      their maturity as technical disciplines. Good tools exist that meet requirements
      such as brevity, validity, reliability, ease of administration, and ease of
      scoring, which make them potentially suitable for use in clinical practice.
      Despite this progress, widespread adoption of measurement tools has not occurred
      in the clinical world. The authors analyze both the potential and the barriers to
      use of health assessment tools in practice and note the need for better
      scientific evidence of their clinical utility, as opposed to their information
      content. Dissemination of these tools among practitioners will require, above
      all, evidence and conviction that the use of measurement instruments will
      actually enhance the very health status outcomes they assess.

PMID- 2646494
TI  - The Wellcome physiological research laboratories 1894-1904: the home office,
      pharmaceutical firms, and animal experiments.

PMID- 2646495
TI  - The cardiology of R.T.H. Laennec.

PMID- 2646496
TI  - Smallpox in seventeenth-century English literature: reality and the metamorphosis
      of wit.

PMID- 2646497
TI  - A medieval Hebrew treatise on obstetrics.

PMID- 2646498
TI  - [Rabies--a current review].

PMID- 2646499
TI  - [Women in medicine--a barber-surgeon, a midwife, a saint, a witch (Elizabeth
      Blackwell)].

PMID- 2646500
TI  - [Pancreatic duct occlusion from the clinical viewpoint: exocrine and endocrine
      consequences].

PMID- 2646501
TI  - [Intraluminal splinting of problematic intestinal anastomoses with biomaterial
      tubes].
AB  - We performed small intestinal dissection in 80 laboratory rats. A critical
      anastomosis was achieved by two point adaptation of small intestine with single
      sutures. 10 control animals receiving no intestinal splinting died within two
      days of operation. The remaining 70 animals underwent intestinal internal
      splinting with tubes of different absorbable (Polyglactine, Collagen, and B111)
      and non-absorbable (Polyurethane) biomaterials. Significantly smaller leakage
      rates in the therapy groups proved the principle of internal splinting of
      complicated anastomoses in this animal model to be effective.

PMID- 2646502
TI  - [Ultrasound control of spongiosa transplant--support of radiologic diagnosis].
AB  - The x-ray control is standard for spongiosa substance plasty and shows three
      periods of healing. In the first two periods (vascularisation and osteogenic
      reaction) the examination is restricted. Ultrasound control is a simple handling
      method although a hyporesonance or non-resonance of calcareous bone exists. The
      follow-ups concerning spongiosa substance plasty are made by ultrasound and x-ray
      control, and more exact assessments are possible. Advantages and disadvantages of
      ultrasound in extremities are discussed.

PMID- 2646504
TI  - Randomized controlled study of propranolol for prevention of recurrent esophageal
      varices bleeding in patients with cirrhosis.
AB  - A randomized controlled trial of propranolol was conducted in 36 adult cirrhotic
      patients after active esophageal variceal hemorrhage had been controlled. Seventy
      eight percent of the 18 patients on propranolol and 72% of the patients on a
      placebo were of Pugh's class A. Of the patients treated with propranolol, 94%,
      87%, 68% and 57% were free from rebleeding 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after entry,
      respectively. The corresponding figures in control patients were 81%, 59%, 30%
      and 15%, respectively. The percentages of patients free from rebleeding were
      significantly higher in the propranolol group than in the control group (P less
      than 0.05). No significant adverse effect was observed during the study, except
      for a patient who developed hepatic decompensation 14 months after propranolol
      therapy. It was concluded that propranolol was a safe and effective drug for the
      prevention of variceal rebleeding in patients with good liver functional reserve.

PMID- 2646503
TI  - [Reactive acalculous cholecystitis: a bland and asymptomatic course--incidence of
      a classical stress disease].
AB  - A systematic search for reactive acalculous cholecystitis (RAC) performed from
      11/85 until 11/87 rendered an incidence of 9 in 1272 patients recovering from
      surgery and 1 in 930 patients treated conservatively for various diseases. 8
      patients presented with typical but discrete clinical symptoms whereas 2 remained
      asymptomatic. Abdominal sonography proved to be the most useful diagnostic
      procedure. The ratio of classic fulminant disease to cases presenting with lesser
      severity was calculated to be 1:50. All patients in this series were managed
      nonoperatively in respect to RAC. The pathoanatomic and pathogenetic context is
      reviewed and the author's impression corroborated that relevant cases may
      frequently go by unnoticed by clinicians.

PMID- 2646505
TI  - DNA synthesis in cultured adult rat hepatocytes: effect of serum and calcium.
AB  - We have investigated the influence of serum and of varying Ca2+ concentrations on
      the DNA synthesis in primary monolayer cultures of adult rat hepatocytes, using a
      defined basic medium. Supplementation of the medium with 10% horse serum did not
      significantly affect the time course of the DNA synthesis induced by insulin and
      epidermal growth factor. Dose effect curves showed that serum moderately
      sensitized the cells to low concentrations of insulin and slightly sensitized
      them to epidermal growth factor, but was not required for full responses to
      maximal concentrations of the hormones. In the serum-free cultures a wide range
      of Ca2+ concentrations (0.4 - 1.8 mmol/l) yielded maximal DNA synthesis,
      suggesting a broad Ca2+ optimum of the S phase entry in the hepatocyte
      monolayers.

PMID- 2646506
TI  - Hepatocellular transferrin receptor expression in secondary siderosis.
AB  - We investigated the hepatocellular transferrin receptor expression in 55 human
      liver specimens with secondary siderosis, with an indirect immunoperoxidase
      technique on frozen sections using 3 monoclonal anti-transferrin receptor
      antibodies. For comparison, specimens were also stained with the monoclonal
      antibody BK19.9, recognizing an antigen which is biochemically similar to the
      transferrin receptor, and with a monoclonal antibody against the epidermal growth
      factor receptor. The degree of iron overload was estimated semi-quantitatively,
      taking into account hepatocellular and Kupffer cell iron deposition. In 47 out of
      55 specimens hepatocellular transferrin receptor expression was present. The
      positivity was predominantly localized on hemosiderin-free hepatocytes. With
      increasing hepatocellular iron deposition, the proportion of cases with absent
      transferrin receptor immunoreactivity increased. This supports the previously
      reported disappearance of hepatocellular transferrin receptor expression in
      primary hemochromatosis cases with severe iron deposition. However, the
      transferrin receptor negative cases included four specimens in which Kupffer cell
      iron deposition clearly exceeded hepatocyte iron load. This finding suggests that
      in addition to hepatocellular iron load other factors may regulate the expression
      of parenchymal transferrin receptors in iron overload diseases. These may include
      plasma levels of various iron sources and/or Kupffer cell iron load. The iron
      deposition did not influence the staining of the hepatocellular epidermal growth
      factor receptor nor the Kupffer cell staining by the BK19.9 antibody. This
      confirms the specificity of the findings concerning the behaviour of the
      transferrin receptor in secondary siderosis.

PMID- 2646507
TI  - Beta-2-microglobulin-associated amyloidosis in chronic hemodialysis patients with
      carpal tunnel syndrome.
AB  - The clinical manifestations of beta-2-microglobulin (beta 2M)-associated
      amyloidosis in chronic hemodialysis patients with carpal tunnel syndrome from a
      medical center hospital are presented. The predominant morbidity of beta 2M
      amyloid was musculoskeletal, with deposits identified in surgical or biopsy
      specimens from trigger fingers, carpal tunnels, fractures, and radiolucent bone
      lesions. Lucent bone lesions were the characteristic radiologic finding of beta
      2M-amyloidosis and were most commonly found in carpal bones, humeral heads, and
      femoral heads. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurred in greater than 20% of our chronic
      hemodialysis patients. The longer the period of time on chronic hemodialysis the
      greater the morbidity from beta 2M-amyloid. Although significant amounts of beta
      2M-amyloid were detected in the perivascular regions of viscera, clinical
      compromise of internal organs from this type of amyloid was not documented. In
      acute studies, beta 2M clearance during hemodialysis was markedly increased using
      the Fresenius polysulfone dialyzers compared to cuprophane dialyzers. In summary,
      beta 2M-amyloid is common and causes significant morbidity in chronic
      hemodialysis patients. Long-term dialysis with highly permeable membranes effects
      greater beta 2M clearance which may result in less tissue deposition of beta 2M
      amyloid, and therefore, fewer clinical complications.

PMID- 2646508
TI  - Disease due to the Legionellaceae (other than Legionella pneumophila).
      Historical, microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological review.
AB  - More than 20 species of the Legionellaceae family of bacteria have been
      discovered since the discovery of Legionella pneumophila. Thirteen have been
      implicated as causative agents of pneumonia including the Pittsburgh pneumonia
      agent (Tatlockia micdadei, Legionella micdadei). Although outbreaks of nosocomial
      pneumonia in immunosuppressed hosts have been well-described, most cases have
      occurred sporadically in the community. The spectrum of disease ranges from
      severe life-threatening pneumonia to a self-limiting febrile illness (Pontiac
      fever). Isolation from the natural aquatic environment has preceded its discovery
      as agents of human disease in 6 species, while environmental isolation has not
      yet been obtained for 3 species implicated in disease. The mode of transmission
      is uncertain, but cases of dual infection by L. pneumophila and the newer species
      suggests that the epidemiology of these new organisms will be similar to that of
      L. pneumophila. The antibiotic of choice appears to be erythromycin. The
      historical background, epidemiology, microbiology, and clinical manifestations of
      these newly-discovered organisms are reviewed in comparative fashion.

PMID- 2646509
TI  - Biologic false-positive serologic tests for syphilis and other serologic
      abnormalities in autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), the first autoimmune disease to be
      recognized, is a manifestation of defective immune regulation. Although often
      associated with a lymphoid neoplasm or an overt immunologic disorder, AIHA
      frequently appears without apparent cause. Many patients with the "idiopathic"
      disease have been found to have various immunologic abnormalities in addition to
      the antibodies reacting with red cells. Although familial AIHA is uncommon, other
      autoimmune diseases and serologic abnormalities have been encountered in
      relatives of numerous patients. Few detailed family studies have been performed,
      but the available data suggest that predisposition to AIHA and to the associated
      immunologic disorders often is genetically transmitted. Less information is
      available about autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, in part because of the
      historic difficulty in recognizing autoantibodies that react with platelets.
      However, there is good evidence for genetically determined predisposing factors
      in some cases. Using the BFP reaction as an indicator, we add to the evidence
      that AIHA and autoimmune thrombocytopenia, like SLE, tend to occur in persons
      with a long-standing occult immunologic defect that often has a genetic basis. In
      our studies, 11 patients with AIHA or ITP had BFP reactions. The serologic
      abnormality in 4 had been known to precede the blood disorder by 6 to 44 years.
      Five of the patients had an additional disease believed to have an immunologic
      pathogenesis. Serologic abnormalities apart from the BFP reaction and the red
      cell or platelet antibodies were demonstrated in 9. Autoimmune diseases or
      serologic changes are known to have affected relatives of 5 patients, including 4
      who had 1 or more relatives with BFP reactions. Serologic tests for syphilis were
      negative in 2 sibs with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura whose father had a
      chronic BFP reaction and thyroiditis, but all 3 had low levels of IgA and IgM.
      Lymphoproliferative disorders appeared in 3 of the patients with BFP reactions,
      and 2 had relatives with lymphoid neoplasms. A lymphoma occurred in a woman with
      cold agglutinin disease 21 years after the discovery of the erythrocyte antibody.
      Our observations support the view that an abnormality of cells of the immune
      system, often genetically determined, may predispose to serologic changes, immune
      deficiency, autoimmune diseases and neoplasia.

PMID- 2646510
TI  - The Lemierre syndrome: suppurative thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein
      secondary to oropharyngeal infection.
AB  - We present 2 cases of the Lemierre syndrome (also called postanginal septicemia),
      along with 36 other cases from a review of recent literature. A review of the
      literature during the preantibiotic era is also included. This disease is caused
      by an acute oropharyngeal infection with secondary thrombophlebitis of the
      internal jugular vein complicated by multiple metastatic infection. The majority
      of cases are caused by anaerobic gram-negative organisms, most frequently
      Fusobacterium necrophorum. An enhanced computed tomographic scan of the neck is
      the technique of choice to demonstrate the thrombosis of the internal jugular
      vein. Prolonged intravenous administration of antimicrobial agents known to have
      a good antianaerobic coverage, along with drainage of purulent collections, will
      usually be successful in the overwhelming majority of patients.

PMID- 2646511
TI  - Microvascular effects of endothelin in the rabbit tenuissimus muscle and hamster
      cheek pouch.

PMID- 2646512
TI  - Transport of fluid and macromolecules in tumors. I. Role of interstitial pressure
      and convection.
AB  - A general theoretical framework for transvascular exchange and extravascular
      transport of fluid and macromolecules in tumors is developed. The resulting
      equations are applied to the most simple case of a homogeneous, alymphatic tumor,
      with no extravascular binding. Numerical simulations show that in a uniformly
      perfused tumor the elevated interstitial pressure is a major cause for
      heterogeneous distribution of nonbinding macromolecules, because it (i) reduces
      the driving force for extravasation of fluid and macromolecules in tumors, (ii)
      results in nonuniform filtration of fluid and macromolecules from blood vessels,
      and (iii) leads to experimentally verifiable, radially outward convection which
      opposes the inward diffusion. The models are used to predict the interstitial
      pressure, interstitial fluid velocity, and concentration profiles as a function
      of radial position and tumor size. The model predictions agree with the following
      experimental data: (i) the interstitial pressure in a tumor is lowest at the
      periphery of the tumor and increases towards the center; (ii) the radially
      outward fluid velocity predicted by the fluid transport model is of the same
      order of magnitude as that measured in tissue-isolated tumors; and (iii) the
      concentration of macromolecules is higher in the periphery than in the center of
      tumors at short times postinjection; however, at later times the peripheral
      concentration is less than the concentration in the center. This work shows that
      in addition to the heterogeneous distribution of blood supply, hindered
      interstitial transport, and rapid extravascular binding of macromolecules (e.g.,
      monoclonal antibodies), the elevated interstitial pressure plays an important
      role in determining the penetration of macromolecules into tumors. If the
      genetically engineered macromolecules are to fulfill their clinical promise,
      methods must be developed to overcome these physiological barriers in tumors.

PMID- 2646513
TI  - [Side effects of ginseng: facts or conjectures?].

PMID- 2646514
TI  - [Vomiting. Causes and therapy].

PMID- 2646515
TI  - Investigation of basic imaging properties in digital radiography. 13. Effect of
      simple structured noise on the detectability of simulated stenotic lesions.
AB  - We investigated the effects of structured background noise on the detectability
      of stenotic lesions. Digital subtraction angiographic (DSA) images of stenotic
      blood vessels were simulated and superimposed onto uniform noise samples.
      Eighteen-alternative forced choice (18-AFC) experiments were employed to
      determine the detectability of the stenotic lesion in the structured-noise
      background of a blood vessel. In this study, the dependence of detectability on
      lesion size, vessel size, and incident x-ray exposure was examined. Our results
      indicate that the presence of structured noise in an image will reduce the
      detectability of a lesion. However, the relative performance of an observer when
      the lesion size and incident exposure were varied was the same with and without
      the presence of the structured background. Thus, conclusions obtained previously
      with regard to changes in the detectability of a lesion in the presence of
      uniform background noise can be applied directly to conditions in which simple
      structured anatomic background is present.

PMID- 2646516
TI  - Image feature analysis and computer-aided diagnosis in digital radiography:
      classification of normal and abnormal lungs with interstitial disease in chest
      images.
AB  - In order to detect and characterize interstitial disease in the lungs, we are
      developing an automated method for the determination of physical texture
      measures, which assess the magnitude and coarseness (or fineness) of lung texture
      in digital chest radiographs. This method is based on an analysis of the power
      spectrum of lung texture. We now describe an automated classification method for
      distinction between normal and abnormal lungs with interstitial disease, in which
      we employ these texture measures and their data base. This computerized method
      includes three independent tests, one for a definitely abnormal focal pattern,
      one for a relatively localized abnormal pattern, and one for a diffuse abnormal
      pattern. The performance of this computerized classification scheme is compared
      with that of radiologists by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
      analysis. Our results indicate that this computerized method can be a valuable
      aid to radiologists in their assessment of interstitial infiltrates.

PMID- 2646517
TI  - Myotonic muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Myotonic muscular dystrophy is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease and
      affects many different organ systems. Genetic research has located the DM gene to
      chromosome 19. Using new DNA probes, highly accurate genetic counseling can be
      provided for families with DM. Isolation of the DM gene is expected in the near
      future and may allow planning of effective therapies.

PMID- 2646518
TI  - The fragile X syndrome.
AB  - Males who possess the fragile X chromosome, a marker on the end of the X
      chromosome at position Xq27.3, have a distinct form of mental retardation, which
      has come to be known as the fragile X [fra(X)] syndrome. This X-linked syndrome
      is the most common Mendelian form of mental retardation. Males who inherit the
      fra(X) chromosome are usually moderately to severely retarded. There are also
      normal carrier men who are nonpenetrant for the mutation. They transmit the
      mutation to their daughters, who can have affected sons. The development of
      methods for detecting fra(X) in blood and amniotic fluid cells has allowed for
      population screening and prenatal diagnosis of the syndrome. New methods using
      DNA probes and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are being
      applied to study the inheritance of fra(X). They have revealed apparent genetic
      linkage heterogeneity. Molecular studies to analyze the underlying mutation are
      underway to define the structural basis.

PMID- 2646519
TI  - Mitochondrial diseases.
AB  - Mitochondrial diseases, and particularly mitochondrial myopathies or
      encephalomyopathies, have drawn increasing attention in the past decade.
      Initially defined by morphologic changes in muscle ("ragged red fibers" and
      ultrastructural abnormalities of mitochondria), mitochondrial encephalomyopathies
      can now be classified according to biochemical defects involving: (1)
      mitochondrial transport; (2) substrate oxidation; (3) Krebs cycle; (4)
      respiratory chain; and (5) oxidation-phosphorylation coupling. For each
      biochemical group of disorders, the authors describe clinical presentations and
      biochemical findings. These disorders are especially interesting from the genetic
      point of view because mitochondria have their own DNA (mtDNA), which encodes 13
      polypeptides, all of them subunits of respiratory chain complexes. Other
      mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA, synthesized in the cytoplasm,
      and imported into the mitochondria by a complex mechanism. Because mtDNA is
      inherited strictly by maternal, cytoplasmic inheritance, mitochondrial diseases
      can be transmitted by Mendelian or by non-Mendelian, maternal inheritance, as
      illustrated by human pathology.

PMID- 2646520
TI  - Disorders of glycogen metabolism of muscle.
AB  - Glycogen is a crucial source of energy in the initial stages of muscle activity
      and during exercise of high intensity. There are 10 well-defined biochemical
      defects of glycogen metabolism expressed in muscle and affecting the following
      enzymes: alpha 1,4 glucosidase (glycogenesis type II), debrancher enzyme (III),
      brancher enzyme (IV), phosphorylase (V), phosphofructokinase (VII), phosphorylase
      b kinase (VIII), phosphoglycerate kinase (IX), phosphoglycerate mutase (X),
      lactate dehydrogenase (XI). These disorders cause two main syndromes: one
      characterized by exercise intolerance with cramps and myoglobinuria, the other by
      fixed weakness. However, there are examples of clinical and biochemical
      heterogeneity for each disease, and molecular genetic analysis is already showing
      evidence of genetic heterogeneity. Although our understanding of the biochemical
      errors has progressed considerably, the pathogenesis of symptoms and signs
      remains incomplete.

PMID- 2646521
TI  - Prader-Willi syndrome.
AB  - People with Prader-Willi syndrome exhibit infantile hypotonia and failure to
      thrive, genital hypoplasia, childhood-onset obesity, mental deficiency and
      behavioral abnormalities, hypogonadism, short stature, and characteristic
      dysmorphology. In over half the affected individuals, prometaphase chromosome
      analysis reveals a small interstitial deletion of chromosome 15q, del 15(q11
      q12); with most of the remaining patients showing apparently normal chromosomes.
      Molecular genetic technology is currently being applied to the relevant region of
      chromosome 15 to determine if there is etiologic heterogeneity and to seek a
      consistent diagnostic marker. Diagnosis at this time is primarily based upon
      clinical criteria.

PMID- 2646522
TI  - Niemann-Pick disease types C and D.
AB  - Patients grouped into categories termed type C Niemann-Pick disease and the Nova
      Scotia isolate called type D Niemann-Pick disease are characterized by mild to
      moderate hepatosplenomegaly, sea-blue histiocytes in the bone marrow,
      supranuclear gaze paresis in the vertical plane, slowly progressing ataxia, and
      mental deterioration. These signs are caused by abnormal intracellular
      cholesterol homeostasis. Cholesterol that enters cells from the circulation
      through the LDL receptor is not processed in a timely, normal manner by cells in
      parenchymal organs and the CNS. It therefore accumulates in toxic quantities as
      unesterified cholesterol causing cellular and tissue damage. Knowledge of the
      primary, consistent disturbance in cholesterol disposition has led to the
      development of tests to diagnose patients, identify heterozygotes, and assure the
      prenatal detection of these disorders. Therapeutic strategies include reduction
      of dietary cholesterol, apheresis techniques designed to reduce LDL cholesterol
      available to cells, and reduction of formation of LDL and increase of synthesis
      of HDL to lower cellular uptake of cholesterol and enhance egress of this lipid
      from intracellular storage sites. The development of procedures that block
      cholesterol formation but do not up-regulate LDL receptors on plasma cell
      membranes is considered to be highly important for the therapy of types C and D
      Niemann-Pick disease.

PMID- 2646523
TI  - The neurogenetics of lissencephaly.
AB  - A comprehensive approach to diagnosis of patients with lissencephaly using
      clinical, CT and MRI scan, and sometimes other laboratory data will allow a
      specific diagnosis to be made in a large majority of patients. The most common
      diagnoses in order of decreasing frequency will probably prove to be WWS, MDS,
      and ILS. The remainder constitute a heterogeneous group. Both diagnosis and
      counseling have been modified by several recent and important advances.
      Diagnostic criteria for WWS have been revised. Several molecular probes have been
      located within the MDS critical region in chromosome band 17p13.3. Prenatal
      diagnosis should prove to be reliable in both WWS and MDS.

PMID- 2646524
TI  - Hereditary motor-sensory neuropathies. Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome.
AB  - The Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) syndrome is also referred to as hereditary motor
      sensory neuropathy (HMSN). It is not a single disease but has a multitude of
      genetic causes. The typical clinical characteristics are distal muscle weakness
      and atrophy, depressed tendon reflexes, often slow motor NCV, and the frequent
      finding of other similarly affected relatives. The most common variant of this
      syndrome is HMSN-I showing autosomal dominant inheritance, markedly slow motor
      NCV and nerve hypertrophy. One form of HMSN-I is linked to the Duffy locus on
      chromosome 1. There are numerous other varieties of HMSN including other
      autosomal dominant conditions such as HMSN-II (with nearly normal motor NCV) and
      several types of familial amyloid neuropathy (with specific amino acid
      substitutions in transthyretin); autosomal recessive conditions such as HMSN-III
      (Dejerine-Sottas hypertrophic neuropathy of childhood) and Refsum's disease
      (defect of phytanic acid metabolism); and conditions produced by mutations on the
      X chromosome such as X-linked HMSN, Fabry trihexoside storage disease, and
      adrenomyeloneuropathy. The known biochemical abnormalities, chromosomal
      locations, clinical findings and genetic counseling of these disorders are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2646525
TI  - [Abnormalities of the kidney and efferent urinary tract].
AB  - A review is presented about the morphological findings of malformations of the
      kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder.

PMID- 2646526
TI  - [Disease, syndrome, sequence].
AB  - A brief review is given of the historical and modern use of the terms "disease,"
      "syndrome," and "symptom complex." In the old use, notably the Greek school of
      empirics, phenotype and disease were thought to be almost synonymous; then Thomas
      Sydenham added etiology and pathogenesis as defining criteria. Today the terms
      "disease," "syndrome," and "symptom complex" are used to signal varying degrees
      of medical knowledge and thus direct medical activity. In accordance with modern
      trends, a "disease" is understood as an etiologically und pathogenetically
      defined entity, a "syndrome" as an etiologically defined entity of unknown
      pathogenesis, and a "sequence" as an etiologically heterogeneous but
      pathogenetically defined disorder. None of these terms should be used for
      "symptom complexes," i.e., for causally undefined or heterogeneous phenotypes.

PMID- 2646527
TI  - [Membrane changes in Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy: lectin binding and
      localization of dystrophin].
AB  - An RCA I-lectin binding glycoprotein of Mr = 370 kD is missing from or altered in
      the plasma membrane of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) skeletal muscle. In the
      present study the carbohydrate chain of this glycoprotein was localized to the
      external face of the plasma membrane in human skeletal muscle, and dystrophin,
      the protein product of the DMD gene, was localized to the inner (cytoplasmic)
      face. On double labelled Western blots the two proteins appeared as closely
      apposed but distinctly separate bands. Comparison of the plasma membrane binding
      of five lectins with overlapping sugar specificities in skeletal muscle from
      patients with DMD and the allelic milder disease form, Becker muscular dystrophy
      (BMD) showed that the RCA I-binding glycoprotein also strongly binds to
      phytohaemagglutinin, thereby largely characterising the carbohydrate binding
      site. This glycoprotein was absent or altered in DMD and markedly reduced in
      clinically manifest BMD but present in preclinical clinical BMD. There was no
      general depletion of plasma membrane glycoproteins in DMD because consistent
      plasma membrane binding could be demonstrated by peanut and maclura pomifera
      lectin. The possible implications of these findings for the pathogenesis of
      DMD/BMD are discussed.

PMID- 2646528
TI  - [The prognosis of bronchial asthma in childhood].
AB  - The prevalence of childhood asthma is about 10% as compared to 6% in adults. 40%
      to 80% of asthmatic children become symptom-free during adolescence, but
      asymptomatic bronchial hyperreactivity may persist. About one third of those
      patients who have become symptom-free during adolescence will have relapses in
      adult life. Some factors seem to predict a worse prognosis of the disease:
      positive family history, concomitant allergic diseases, eczema, severe symptoms
      at the onset of the disease and during adolescence, a high degree of non-specific
      bronchial hyperreactivity, active and passive smoking. Questionable prognostic
      factors include sex, age of onset and breast-feeding.

PMID- 2646529
TI  - Polyarthritis as the initial symptom of secondary syphilis: case report and
      review.
AB  - The differential diagnosis of the patient with acute polyarthritis is lengthy. We
      present the case of a young man with acute inflammation of the knees and ankles
      in whom a diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever was initially considered. The
      clinical course and laboratory findings suggested that secondary syphilis was
      also a likely etiology of his problem. We believe that in some patients with
      acute polyarthritis, secondary syphilis must be seriously considered as part of
      the differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2646530
TI  - Orthotopic liver transplantation in children.

PMID- 2646531
TI  - Single-stranded DNA gaps, tails and loops are repaired in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Uniformly methylated heteroduplex plasmids which contained 6 mismatched regions,
      including loops of 24, 30, 248 and 283 nucleotides, as well as single-stranded
      gaps and free ends were introduced into a recombination-deficient strain of
      bacteria, and the products of repair were analyzed. The results indicate that
      these cells are capable of repairing all of these structures, although with
      different efficiencies. Repair of single-stranded gaps and free ends, which
      occurs most efficiently, is always associated with acquisition of information
      from the uncut strand (unidirectional repair). Regions containing single loops or
      twin loops were repaired at similar efficiencies. In these cases each of the two
      strands was capable of acting as the template for repair (bidirectional repair).
      At sites containing twin or substitution loops, the larger of the loops was
      removed twice as efficiently as the smaller loop. DNA sequencing of the repaired
      regions indicated that the repair is precise. The data also suggest that markers
      separated by only 58 nucleotides do not always segregate together indicating that
      repair tracts may be relatively short.

PMID- 2646532
TI  - Antimutagenicity of some citrus fruits in Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The antimutagenic effect of 10 citrus fruit juices was observed against the
      mutagenicity of N-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) in TA97a and sodium azide in
      TA100 tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium using the Ames test. It was
      noticed that the juices of all these fruits reduced significantly the NPD and
      sodium azide induced revertant colonies. The inhibitory activity was enhanced if
      the mutagen and juice were co-incubated for about 30 min at 37 degrees C prior to
      performing the mutagenicity assay. Dilution with distilled water led to the
      reduction in the inhibitory activity. The antimutagenic activity of synthetic
      ascorbic acid or citric acid or combined ascorbic acid and citric acid was also
      seen. But the results with fruit juices tempted us to believe that in addition to
      ascorbic acid and citric acid, the presence of other factor(s) possessing
      antimutagenic properties cannot be ruled out.

PMID- 2646533
TI  - Influence of the Uvr repair system on the mutagenicity of antiparasitic drugs.
AB  - One amebicide (chloroquine diphosphate) and 2 anthelmintic compounds (niclosamide
      and pyrvinium pamoate) were found to be mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium
      TA1537, TA1538, TA100 and TA98 Uvr- strains respectively. Drugs tested on
      homologous Uvr+ strains (TA1977, TA1978, UTH8414 and UTH8413) showed decreased
      mutagenic activity of the compounds. This indicates that premutational damage
      induced by the drugs was totally or partially repaired. Furthermore, results
      obtained in the present study suggest that niclosamide and pyrvinium pamoate
      induce premutational lesions by adduct formation, and that chloroquine
      diphosphate, known as an intercalating agent, behaves as an adduct-forming
      compound as regards its effects on Uvr- and Uvr+ S. typhimurium strains.

PMID- 2646534
TI  - Genotoxicity and genotoxic enhancing effect of tetrandrine in Salmonella
      typhimurium.
AB  - Tetrandrine has been used for the treatment of silicosis in China. The potential
      genotoxic and carcinogenic hazards of this drug were studied using the
      Salmonella/histidine reversion assay and the SOS/Umu test. The results show that
      tetrandrine was weakly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with metabolic
      activation and did not induce SOS response. However, tetrandrine increased the
      mutagenic activity of benzo[alpha]pyrene, trinitrofluorenone (TNF), 2
      aminoanthracene (2AA), diesel emission particles, airborne particles, and
      cigarette smoke condensate by more than 100%; the activity of aflatoxin B1 and
      fried beef was increased by over 75%. It also increased the 2AA and TNF-induced
      SOS response by more than 300%. These results indicated that tetrandrine was a
      weak promutagen inducing frameshift mutations and was a potent genotoxic
      enhancer. The mechanism for the genotoxic enhancement is not known. However, the
      fact that the increase in mutagenicity was noted only in TA98 and not in TA1538
      suggested that the enhancement of genotoxicity by tetrandrine may result from an
      increase in error-prone DNA repair.

PMID- 2646535
TI  - Urinary mutagenicity tests in lead-exposed workers.
AB  - Urinary mutagenic activity detected by the bacterial fluctuation assay, using
      Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA with and without
      metabolic activation (S9 mix), was studied in a group of 21 workers exposed to
      inorganic lead and a control group of 22 non-occupationally exposed subjects.
      Occupational exposure to inorganic lead had no effect on urinary mutagenicity in
      the strains considered, with or without metabolic activation. In smokers (exposed
      and non-exposed), urinary mutagenic activity appeared to increase compared to non
      smokers (exposed and non-exposed), only with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the
      presence of S9 mix.

PMID- 2646536
TI  - A comparison of oral milrinone, digoxin, and their combination in the treatment
      of patients with chronic heart failure.
AB  - We randomly assigned 230 patients in sinus rhythm with moderately severe heart
      failure to treatment with digoxin, milrinone, both, or placebo. The effects of
      each were compared during a 12-week, double-blind trial. Treatment with milrinone
      or digoxin significantly increased treadmill exercise time as compared with
      placebo (by 82 and 64 seconds respectively; 95 percent confidence limits, 44 and
      123, and 30 and 100). Both treatments reduced the frequency of decompensation
      from heart failure, from 47 percent with placebo to 34 percent with milrinone (P
      less than 0.05; 95 percent confidence limits, 22 and 46) and 15 percent with
      digoxin (P less than 0.01; 95 percent confidence limits, 7 and 26). However, the
      clinical condition of 20 percent of the patients taking milrinone deteriorated
      within two weeks after treatment was begun, as compared with only 3 percent of
      those taking digoxin (P less than 0.05). The left ventricular ejection fraction
      at rest was not significantly changed by milrinone (+0.2 percent; 95 percent
      confidence limits, -1.5 and 1.9), but it was increased by digoxin (+1.7 percent;
      P less than 0.01; 95 percent confidence limits, -0.03 and 3.4) and decreased by
      placebo (-2.0 percent; 95 percent confidence limits, -3.8 and -0.1). Three-month
      survival was related inversely to the base-line ejection fraction. Analysis of
      mortality from all causes according to the intention to treat suggested an
      adverse effect of milrinone (P = 0.064). After adjustment for an excess of
      patients with lower ejection fractions randomly assigned to receive milrinone,
      this trend was not significant (P = 0.26). Increased ventricular arrhythmias
      occurred more frequently in patients who received milrinone than in those who did
      not (18 vs. 4 percent; P less than 0.03). We conclude that milrinone
      significantly increased exercise tolerance and reduced the frequency of worsened
      heart failure. However, in the population of patients studied, milrinone or the
      combination of milrinone and digoxin offered no advantage over digoxin alone.
      Furthermore, our data suggest that milrinone may aggravate ventricular
      arrhythmias.

PMID- 2646537
TI  - Risk factors for coronary artery disease in healthy persons with hyperinsulinemia
      and normal glucose tolerance.
AB  - We studied the relation of serum insulin levels to plasma lipid levels and blood
      pressure in two groups drawn from among 247 healthy, normotensive nonobese
      subjects with normal glucose tolerance. One group of 32 subjects was defined as
      having hyperinsulinemia (serum insulin, greater than 2 SD above the mean) and
      then compared with 32 normoinsulinemic subjects (serum insulin within 1 SD of the
      mean) matched for age (mean, 39 years), sex (22 men and 10 women), and body-mass
      index (24.7). The two groups had similar patterns of smoking, drinking, and
      physical exercise. Plasma glucose levels after an oral glucose challenge were
      significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the hyperinsulinemic group. In
      addition, the mean (+/- SEM) fasting plasma triglyceride levels in subjects with
      hyperinsulinemia were significantly higher (1.73 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.24 +/- 0.1 mmol
      per liter) and the plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations
      were lower (1.21 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.43 +/- 0.06 mmol per liter) than in subjects with
      normoinsulinemia. Both systolic (126 vs. 119 mm Hg; P less than 0.05) and
      diastolic (85 vs. 78 mm Hg; P less than 0.01) blood pressures were significantly
      elevated in the group with hyperinsulinemia. We conclude that healthy persons
      with hyperinsulinemia and normal glucose tolerance have an increase in risk
      factors for coronary artery disease, as compared with a well-matched group of
      healthy subjects with normal insulin levels.

PMID- 2646538
TI  - Insulin resistance--a secret killer?

PMID- 2646539
TI  - Clinical course and prognosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an outpatient
      population.
AB  - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has been investigated mainly at referral
      institutions. Thus, the clinical history of the disease that emerges from
      published studies could be influenced by a bias in patient selection. In the
      present study, we compared the clinical features of an outpatient population of
      25 patients who had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with those reported in 78 studies
      published during the past five years. In the 25 study patients, age, sex, and the
      extent of left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as the prevalence of diastolic
      filling abnormalities, subaortic obstruction, and ventricular arrhythmias, were
      similar to those in patients described in the literature. Cardiac symptoms,
      however, were much less severe in the study patients. Eighteen patients (72
      percent) were asymptomatic, six (24 percent) had mild symptoms, and only one (4
      percent) had moderate-to-severe symptoms. Of 24 patients followed for a mean
      period of 4.4 years (range, 2.9 to 5.7), none died or had clinical deterioration.
      Of 3404 patients described in the 78 studies we reviewed, 2483 (73 percent) came
      from only two referral institutions. Of the 1721 patients in whom severity of
      symptoms was reported, 757 (44 percent) had moderate-to-severe symptoms. However,
      727 (96 percent) of these patients were studied at one of the same two referral
      institutions. We conclude that the natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
      may be more benign than can be inferred from published reports.

PMID- 2646540
TI  - Contraception.

PMID- 2646542
TI  - Computer-virus infection of a medical diagnostic computer.

PMID- 2646541
TI  - Group B streptococcal vaccine in pregnant women.

PMID- 2646543
TI  - Medicine in music.

PMID- 2646544
TI  - Full sequence for E. coli.

PMID- 2646545
TI  - [An echographic study of the prevalence of gallstone disease in Maastricht and
      the surrounding area].
AB  - The prevalence of gallstone disease was studied by ultrasound screening of a
      hospital population of 424 men and 631 women in Maastricht, admitted for elective
      surgery unrelated to gallstone disease. In the youngest age group (20-30 yr) no
      gallstone disease was observed. The prevalence increased with age. In the oldest
      age category (70-80 yr) 16% of the men and 40% of the women were found to have
      gallstone disease. The proportion of men with gallstone disease who had undergone
      cholecystectomy was 39%. In women this was 50%. Data acquired by a list of
      questions of a sample out of the general population indicated that the prevalence
      in the general population may be somewhat lower.

PMID- 2646546
TI  - [Current studies of the effects of immunosuppressive agents on multiple
      sclerosis].

PMID- 2646547
TI  - [Serodiagnosis of Schistosoma infections].

PMID- 2646548
TI  - [What is severe epilepsy?].

PMID- 2646549
TI  - [Neuropsychological and psychosocial aspects of surgical therapy of epilepsy].
AB  - The neurosurgical treatment of therapy-resistent patients with epilepsy has
      gained a new and increasing interest in Germany over the recent years. In the
      context of the extensive, multidisciplinary preoperative work-up of these
      patients the neuropsychological and psychosocial evaluation has become more and
      more important. Therefore the aim of this article is to discuss in detail the
      relevance of these aspects for the selection of appropriate surgical candidates,
      their prognostic and localizing value as well as their importance for the control
      of the postoperative outcome.

PMID- 2646550
TI  - Dermorphin and related peptides in rat tissues.
AB  - Dermorphin (Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2), a naturally occurring peptide
      isolated from arboreal frog skin, is endowed with outstanding structural and
      biological features. It has no structural community with the sequence of
      mammalian opioid peptides and is a unique example of a D-aminoacid containing
      peptide which is synthesized via ribosomal route. Dermorphin is the most potent
      of the opioid peptides or opiates in producing long lasting analgesia and
      catalepsy. Since most amphibians' secretory peptides have counterparts in the
      mammalian central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, we have developed a
      sensitive enzyme immunoassay that can detect 1 pg dermorphin to verify the
      possibility of dermorphin or dermorphin-related peptides occurrence in mammalian
      tissues. Dermorphin-related peptides were purified by fast protein liquid
      chromatography followed by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography.
      Identification was achieved by chromatographic comparison with synthetic
      standards and immunological analysis. A peptide behaving like authentic
      dermorphin was detected (2 ng/g) in rat small intestine. Immunoreactive species
      of higher Mr were also detected in the brain, adrenal glands and gastrointestinal
      tract, they may represent extended forms of dermorphin or homologous peptides.

PMID- 2646551
TI  - An atlas of the regional and laminar distribution of choline acetyltransferase
      immunoreactivity in rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - The distribution of cholinergic fibers in rat cortex was investigated using
      choline acetyl-transferase immunohistochemistry. Previous studies have either
      shown differences in distribution, but have been limited to selected areas, or
      have shown no discernable differences between different cortical areas. In our
      study, we examined all areas of rat cortex and found that there are striking
      interareal and interlaminar differences in cholinergic fiber distribution. We
      have found that certain functionally similar cortical areas (e.g. sensory, motor,
      etc.) have similar patterns of cholinergic innervation and we have designated 13
      general patterns of cortical cholinergic innervation. We have also compared, on
      an area-by-area basis, the pattern of acetylcholinesterase reactivity to that of
      choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity, since acetylcholinesterase has been
      used for many years as a putative cholinergic marker. We found that in most
      cortical areas, the distribution of acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers
      paralleled that of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive fibers; however,
      there were some striking differences, notably primary somatosensory (the
      "barrelfield"), retrosplenial and cingulate cortices. In some areas, a revised
      concept of rat cortical organization, using cytoarchitectonics, was required. The
      results of this study provide a comprehensive microscopic analysis of cholinergic
      fiber innervation of the rat cortex. These results are discussed in relation to
      previous anatomical, physiological and pharmacological studies of cortical
      cholinergic innervation. The possible sources of this innervation are also
      discussed.

PMID- 2646552
TI  - Comparative effects of quisqualic and ibotenic acid-induced lesions of the
      substantia innominata and globus pallidus on the acquisition of a conditional
      visual discrimination: differential effects on cholinergic mechanisms.
AB  - Two experiments tested the hypothesis that the deficits in conditional
      discrimination learning produced by ibotenic acid-induced lesions of the ventral
      pallidum and substantia innominata are produced by loss of the magnocellular
      cholinergic cells in the nucleus basalis and adjacent regions. Experiment 1
      replicated the previously reported deficit in conditional learning produced by
      ibotenate-induced lesions of the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata, but
      failed to demonstrate any restoration of learning by a subchronic regimen of the
      acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine sufficient to produce significant
      (30%), but equivalent, degrees of inhibition in the frontal cortex of ventral
      pallidum/substantia innominata-lesioned or sham-operated rats. Experiment 2
      examined the effects of quisqualic acid-induced lesions of the ventral
      pallidum/substantia innominata. According to most of the measures of learning
      employed, the quisqualic acid-induced lesion of the ventral pallidum/substantia
      innominata failed to impair conditional learning, even though the quisqualate
      induced lesion produced greater degrees of cholinergic neuron destruction than
      the ibotenate-induced lesion, as measured in terms of reductions in cortical
      choline acetyltransferase activity (44% vs 27%). Although consideration of
      individual data suggested that very high (60%) levels of choline
      acetyltransferase reduction in Experiment 2 might have detrimental effects of
      conditional learning, the overall failure of the quisqualate-induced lesions of
      the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata to impair learning is to be contrasted
      with the significant behavioural effects of ibotenate-induced lesions.
      Histological and immunocytochemical analysis showed that the quisqualate-induced
      lesion, unlike that produced by ibotenate, tended to produce less damage to the
      overlying dorsal globus pallidus and to parvocellular neurons of the ventral
      pallidum/substantia innominata, thus implicating these nonspecific effects of
      ibotenate-induced lesions in their behavioural effects. The present results
      question previous interpretations of the behavioural effects of ibotenate-induced
      lesions of the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata in terms of damage
      inflicted on the cortically-projecting cholinergic cells of the nucleus basalis,
      and suggest that quisqualic acid, although also nonspecific in its excitotoxic
      effects, is nevertheless more selective for producing damage to cholinergic
      neurons in the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata than ibotenic acid.

PMID- 2646553
TI  - Endogenous and network bursts induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate and magnesium free
      medium in the CA3 region of the hippocampal slice.
AB  - The epileptogenic properties of N-methyl-D-aspartate and magnesium-free medium
      were investigated in the CA3 region of the hippocampal slice preparation in the
      rat. Bath application of N-methyl-D-aspartate (5-10 microM) or magnesium-free
      medium induced both spontaneous and stimulus-evoked bursts. Both endogenous and
      network bursts were generated, the former always preceding the latter. The
      paroxysmal depolarizing shift underlying the network bursts generated by N-methyl
      D-aspartate and magnesium-free medium resembled a giant excitatory postsynaptic
      potential with a reversal potential near 0 mV and a synaptic input in the apical
      dendrites above the mossy fibre zone. In the presence of N-methyl-D-aspartate or
      magnesium-free medium, population bursts were synchronized by activating single
      CA3 neurons. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists prevented the development
      of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced spontaneous and stimulus-evoked bursts. However,
      the only N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist effective in preventing such
      bursts in magnesium-free medium was DL-3-[(+/-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl-]-propyl
      1-phosphonic acid. Endogenous bursting in the CA3 region has not been observed
      with other convulsants and thus may reflect the novel voltage dependence of the N
      methyl-D-aspartate receptor gated ionic channel. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
      may also partially contribute to the excitatory interaction between CA3 neurons
      and thereby account for the synchronization of the population observed when
      activating single CA3 neurons.

PMID- 2646554
TI  - Enkephalin fibers synapse on cholinergic neurons in the rat sacral
      intermediolateral nucleus: a double-immunostaining at the light and electron
      microscopic levels.
AB  - Relationships between leucine-enkephalin fibers and cholinergic neurons in the
      rat sacral intermediolateral nucleus were examined by light and electron
      microscopy using double-immunostaining method. Cholinergic neurons in the sacral
      intermediolateral nucleus were labeled by a rat-mouse monoclonal antibody to
      choline acetyltransferase and stained bluish green with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3
      indolyl-beta-D- galactoside reaction products using beta-galactosidase as a
      marker. On the same sections, leucine-enkephalin fibers were labeled by a rabbit
      polyclonal antiserum to leucine-enkephalin and stained brown by diaminobenzidine
      reaction products using peroxidase as a marker. After embedding in Epon, the
      sections were examined in light and electron microscopes. In the light
      microscope, choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactive cells were seen in the
      sacral intermediolateral nucleus. In the same region, leucine-enkephalin-like
      immunoreactive cells. In the electron microscope, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta
      D-galactoside reaction products were in the form of coarse electron dense
      deposits in the choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactive structures and
      could be distinguished from the much finer grained diaminobenzidine reaction
      products. Choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactive neurons received synaptic
      inputs from leucine-enkephalin fibers-like immunoreactive terminals. These
      findings suggest that leucine-enkephalin fibers may affect the activity of
      cholinergic parasympathetic preganglionic neurons.

PMID- 2646555
TI  - Trends in the adoption of smoking restrictions in public places and worksites.

PMID- 2646556
TI  - Health effects of involuntary smoking in the workplace.

PMID- 2646557
TI  - Assessment of smoking behavior in relation to worksite smoking policies.

PMID- 2646558
TI  - Economic issues related to smoking in the workplace.

PMID- 2646559
TI  - The role of physicians in America's sterilization movement, 1894-1925.

PMID- 2646560
TI  - A problem-focused quality assurance program.

PMID- 2646561
TI  - Bone grafts for bone loss with total knee replacement.
AB  - Predictable and reproducible use of bone graft for reconstruction of defects with
      total knee replacement requires (1) surface preparation of host bone to expose a
      viable bony bed, (2) definition of the defect and preparation of the graft so
      that excellent fit and fixation are obtained, (3) coverage of the graft by the
      component to prevent resorption of unstressed graft which may compromise the
      press-fit of the graft and lead to failure by collapse, (4) protection of the
      graft from overload by correct alignment of components and limb and by limited
      weight-bearing until union occurs, (5) protection of the graft by use of a
      stemmed component when indicated. In the knee, bone grafts can be expected to be
      successful in 90 to 95 per cent of patients if the above principles are followed.
      Failed grafts can be salvaged by a second graft or by use of custom components if
      the bone is judged to have united.

PMID- 2646562
TI  - Technical considerations in total knee surgery. Management of patella problems.
AB  - Patellofemoral symptoms are now the most common cause of aseptic knee revision;
      however, the majority of patello-femoral problems are self-limited and may be
      managed symptomatically and nonoperatively. A trial of anti-inflammatory
      medications, stretching exercises, and appropriate bracing is always indicated.
      Patellofemoral symptoms are usually related to mechanical malalignment of all
      three components of the total knee arthroplasty. Attention to the fundamental
      principles of total knee arthroplasty, including restoration of the bony
      mechanical alignment, soft tissue stability, and maintenance of the anatomic
      joint line, prevents many of the problems. Meticulous preoperative planning and
      anatomic placement of the component parts are important for a satisfactory long
      term outcome. Present research is directed to providing kinematic analysis of the
      patellofemoral tracking mechanism and to minimizing patellofemoral contact
      stresses with appropriate new designs.

PMID- 2646563
TI  - Diagnosis and management of the infected total knee arthroplasty.
AB  - The infected total knee arthroplasty presents challenges for diagnosis and
      management. Infection develops in patients with compromised host defense
      mechanisms and in those in whom there is compromised wound healing or
      intraoperative wound contamination. A high index of suspicion of infection is
      necessary to diagnose infection in the patient without implant loosening.
      Eradication of the infection is the most important objective of management. The
      treatment option that offers the best possible function for the patient should be
      selected. Prevention of infection by correct patient selection and proper
      surgical technique should remain the goal of the attending surgeon.

PMID- 2646564
TI  - Management of selected problems in revision knee arthroplasty.
AB  - In discussing revision arthroplasty, understanding the failure mode is essential
      to success. In general there are five major categories that one must address in
      assessing the failed knee replacement: Infection, mechanical problems, extensor
      mechanism dysfunction, fractures adjacent to the components, and skin problems.
      These five areas are discussed in this article.

PMID- 2646565
TI  - Total condylar III prosthesis in ligament instability.
AB  - A more constrained knee replacement implant may be necessary in certain severely
      deformed knees in which there is marked ligamentous laxity. The Total Condylar
      III has worked well in these situations. Newer constrained modular systems will
      provide even greater choice to the surgeon in the management of these more
      complex knees.

PMID- 2646566
TI  - Unicompartmental total knee arthroplasty.
AB  - This article traces the evolution of unicondylar design and examines its
      indications, common aspects of surgical technique independent of design, results,
      and complications. The dichotomy of opinion concerning unicompartmental knee
      arthroplasty may reflect differences in patient selection, prosthesis selection,
      and surgical technique.

PMID- 2646567
TI  - Arthroscopic debridement of the knee joint.
AB  - Arthroscopic debridement is a valuable alternative procedure in the management of
      osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Although palliative in nature, in many
      instances it yields permanent relief in the low-demand knee of the elderly. It is
      especially valuable in young individuals who have not yet reached the ideal age
      for reconstruction. The procedure is a demanding one, requiring considerable
      arthroscopic skills. Sclerotic lesions, synovitis, loose bodies, osteophytes,
      chondromalacia, and degenerative tears of menisci are encountered often in
      various combinations and must be addressed judiciously and completely. The
      procedure simplifies rehabilitation, and the risk/benefit ratio is very
      favorable.

PMID- 2646568
TI  - [Combined therapy of malignant testicular tumors].
AB  - The 5-year survival of patients with malignant testicular tumors rose during the
      past 25 years from 10-25% depending on stage to 55-100% after radical castration
      performed from high inguinal opening, retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy, ultra
      tension irradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy. It is stressed that patients
      diagnosed at stage T1-2, N0-2, M0 may even recover perfectly upon complex
      therapy. Three to five-year long or even longer survival may be reached with 50%
      of the patients at the stage T1-3, N1-3, M1. Patients at stage T4, N3-4, M1 die
      because of the recurrence of the tumor and/or the complication of the adjuvant
      treatment within 1-3 years and even the interdisciplinary work which is very
      effective in other stages fails to change this at the present time.

PMID- 2646569
TI  - [Ph measurement in the stomach and duodenum through endoscopy].
AB  - The pH values were measured by means of a flexible glass-electrode through
      endoscope in the stomach and duodenum. The measuring instrument and technique are
      described. The luminal and juxtamucosal pH values were determined. The latter
      indicates the pH value prevailing on the epithelial surface of the viscid mucous
      layer. The gradient between the two values expresses the hydrogen-ion
      neutralizing capacity of the viscid mucus on the surface of the mucosa.
      Quantitative data on the first protective line of the gastric and duodenal mucous
      membrane may be obtained by measuring it. The pH values at different points of
      the stomach and duodenum were determined through endoscope in 24 patients with
      duodenal ulcer and in 15 controls. No significant difference was found between
      the two groups concerning the gastric luminal pH values, however the luminal pH
      of the duodenal bulb was significantly lower in patients with duodenal ulcer than
      that of the controls. In patients with duodenal ulcer the juxtamucosal pH value
      was significantly lower at several points in the stomach and in the duodenum too
      as compared to the controls. This refers to the insufficient neutralizing
      capacity of the viscid mucous layer. The pH measurement performed through
      endoscope furnishes in a simple way valuable clinical data, it is furthermore the
      first quantitative method which can be used routine-like for the examination of
      the barrier function of the viscid mucous surface in the stomach and duodenum of
      man.

PMID- 2646570
TI  - [David Gomori and David Gomory].

PMID- 2646571
TI  - [Bela Spergely (1888-1982), "great old man" of pharmacists].

PMID- 2646572
TI  - [Final body height and puberty in idiopathic hypopituitarism].
AB  - Twenty four children with hypopituitarism were treated with growth hormone from 6
      15 years of age until cessation of growth. The height deficit decreased from 
      4.2SD to -2.2SD. Final height was above the 3rd percentile in half of the
      patients. There was no difference in final height between patients with and
      without additional gonadotropin deficiency. Spontaneous puberty started late but
      at a normal bone age and its course was normal. In girls with gonadotropin
      deficiency low dose oestrogen given at unchanged growth hormone doses did not
      accelerate growth. Final height was closely correlated with the degree of growth
      retardation at the beginning of treatment (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001). In 17 of
      the 79 patients treated with growth hormone compliance was bad. The main cause of
      bad compliance was the low educational level of the parents. It is concluded that
      final height in growth hormone deficiency can be increased with earlier diagnosis
      and improved compliance.

PMID- 2646573
TI  - [Surgical treatment of impotence caused by venous dysfunction].
AB  - The authors examined 94 patients suffering from sexual impotence. On the basis of
      the history, erection induced with papaverine and the results of Doppler's
      operation as well as dynamic cavernosography of the penis venous excape was found
      in the background of impotence of 14 patients. Operation was performed with 13
      patients in the course of which the draining vein depicted by cavernosography was
      ligated. 7 patients have erection spontaneously and 4 on papaverine given
      intracavernously. The operation was unsuccessful with 2 patients which was due in
      one case to the existing spongiocavernous fistula and in the other to the
      development of early collateral circulation.

PMID- 2646574
TI  - [Significance of ultrasonic studies of the splenic hilus in malignant lymphoma].
AB  - In the course of abdominal ultrasonography of patients suffering from malignant
      lymphoma the authors observed frequently morphological alteration of the splenic
      vein in the hilus of spleen. Three conditions were determined which when
      occurring simultaneously created cases of dilated vein in the hilus of spleen.
      The incidence rate of dilated vein of the hilus of spleen has been determined in
      patient group with lymphoma and "healthy" control group. It was studied whether
      in cases with morphological alteration of the vein in the hilus of spleen the
      occurrence of abdominal nodal manifestations or the alteration of the sonographic
      structure of the spleen were detectable at a higher rate in the group of patients
      suffering from lymphoma. On the basis of the results the authors are of the
      opinion that when the sonographic signs of the dilated splenic vein of the hilus
      of spleen are present the negative result of sonography must be considered more
      carefully than usual and other more sensitive diagnostic methods must be applied
      for the detection of the abdominal manifestations of lymphoma.

PMID- 2646575
TI  - [Accurate detection of hemangioma of the liver by SPECT].
AB  - The hemangioma cavernosum is a frequent, benign tumor of the liver. Generally the
      hemangioma becomes suspected during the US examination as a secondary result.
      From the point of view of the differential diagnostics the three-phase blood-pool
      scintigraphy, a new very sensitive isotope diagnostic method, has a great
      importance in these cases. The images taken at the beginning, the early and the
      late-phase show the kind of alteration unambiguously. Since the conventional
      planar scintigraphy is not always able to detect the small (1-2 cm in diameter)
      lesions and the lesions surrounded by intact parenchyma, the SPECT has big
      advantage increasing the resolution of images and introducing the three
      dimensional imaging. The authors illustrate the possibility of specific detection
      of liver hemangioma in a case by SPECT.

PMID- 2646576
TI  - [New aspects of the Kearns-Sayre syndrome].
AB  - The case report of the 23 years old female with Kearn-Sayre syndrome started
      about 15 years ago has some special cardiological aspects. By His band ECG the
      height of III. degree atrioventricular block was located in the atrioventricular
      node which is in sharp contrast with all former findings localizing the block
      into or distal to His band. In the pathogenesis of the unexpected block
      localisation--besides the muscular degeneration accepted generally in KSS--the
      recent myocardial infarction of the patient could have a causal role.
      Electronmicroscopical investigation carried out on the biopsy specimen from the
      right ventricle revealed both the characteristic hallmarks of "generalized
      mitochondriopathy" and the pathological glycogen accumulation having been
      published in skeletal muscles before. The mitral valve prolaps diagnosed in the
      patient has never been mentioned in KSS. Trauma suffered in early childhood might
      have a pathogenetic role. In discordance with literature steroid treatment of the
      diabetic patient with KSS didn't result in lactacidosis.

PMID- 2646577
TI  - [Stages in the development of electron microscopy].

PMID- 2646578
TI  - [The work of Lajos Toth and its relation to the city of Pecs].

PMID- 2646579
TI  - [In commemoration of Karoly Agyagasi].

PMID- 2646580
TI  - Children without health care: whose problem is it anyway?

PMID- 2646581
TI  - Radiological treatment of common bile duct lithiasis in infancy.
AB  - The authors report a series of 10 infants aged from 20 days to 11 months,
      presenting with CBD lithiasis, explored and cured by radiological procedure. US
      showed BD dilatation in 9 cases, sludge in the GB in 5 and in the CBD in 2.
      Histological findings of cholangitis were present in 4 infants. PTC was performed
      by GB puncture in 6 and BD puncture in 4. There was evidence of a filling defect
      in CBD but no anatomical anomaly. Blackish concretions were removed through a
      side-holes catheter or pushed in the duodenum by washing with saline. An external
      drainage was left a few days to allow control cholangiogram. Three infants
      underwent subsequent surgery but no residual lithiasis was found. No recurrence
      has occurred with a follow-up ranging from 10 months to 7 years. Mechanisms of
      this entity are discussed.

PMID- 2646582
TI  - Hypothesis: reduced renal mass with glomerular hyperfiltration, a cause of renal
      hyperechogenicity in children.
AB  - A group of 10 pediatric patients had renal hyperechogenicity and reduced renal
      mass. The authors wish to suggest a relationship between renal hyperechogenicity
      and glomerular hyperfiltration according to Brenner's theory on the progressive
      nature of kidney disease. Reduced renal mass was related to multicystic
      dysplastic kidney (3 cases) nephrectomy (3 cases) and to reflux nephropathy (4
      cases). The hyperechogenicity was diffuse in 6 cases with the preservation of
      cortico-medullary differentiation and was localized in all four cases of reflux
      nephropathy producing a "pseudotumoral" appearance. Hyperfiltration was confirmed
      by isotope studies in all 3 cases where it was performed. This condition together
      with secondary glomerulosclerosis could explain hyperechogenicity. The predictive
      value of such patterns are still unclear; yet such findings should lead to
      appropriate radiolocal, functional, clinical and dietary measures.

PMID- 2646583
TI  - Therapeutic approach to ingested button-type batteries. Magnetic removal of
      ingested button-type batteries.
AB  - Button-type batteries ingested by 13 children were removed from the esophagus and
      the upper gastro-intestinal tract by means of the FE-EX "OGTM-technique". An
      initial radiogram from the nasopharynx to the anus was performed. We used the FE
      EX tube magnet with a cylindric Vacomax/Vacodym magnet. In all cases the button
      type battery was easily detected and retracted under fluoroscopic control with
      the magnet. All patients tolerated the procedure without subjective complaints
      and were discharged soon without a need of anesthesia, surgery/endoscopy or more
      radiography. The FE-EX "OGTM" procedure is a relatively non-invasive approach to
      a potentially catastrophic pediatric problem.

PMID- 2646584
TI  - Thymic hemorrhage: a cause of acute symptomatic mediastinal widening in an infant
      with late haemorrhagic disease. Sonographic findings.

PMID- 2646585
TI  - Pulmonary sequestration with histologic changes of cystic adenomatoid
      malformation.
AB  - Pulmonary sequestration and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) are
      two infrequent congenital pulmonary diseases. The combination of these two
      entities is rare. We report a case where the antenatal ultrasonography showed a
      left pulmonary mass suggesting CCAM. The US done after birth revealed an aberrant
      vascularisation. Pathologic examination confirmed the association of both
      lesions.

PMID- 2646586
TI  - Ultrasound demonstration of prenatal renal vein thrombosis.
AB  - Renal calcification following renal vein thrombosis (RVT) has a virtually
      diagnostic lace-like radiological pattern. It has been seen as early as the first
      day of life, [1-3], indicating prenatal disease. This case report illustrates the
      sonographic appearance of such calcifications which to our knowledge has not been
      described. We observed abnormalities on a prenatal ultrasound at 37 weeks of
      gestation and calcifications within the kidney on ultrasound during the neonatal
      period in an infant of a mother with Class B diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2646587
TI  - Pulsed Doppler sonographic measurement of normal values for the flow velocities
      in the intracranial arteries of healthy newborns.
AB  - 121 healthy premature born infants and full term newborns (corrected gestational
      age 29 to 45 weeks, weight at investigation 1070 to 3750 g) were investigated by
      pulsed Doppler sonography with a 5 MHz transducer. In all infants pulsed Doppler
      recordings were obtained from the internal carotid arteries (ICA), the basilar
      artery (BA) and both anterior cerebral arteries (ACA). From the flow profile the
      maximal systolic velocity (Vs), the endsystolic velocity (Ves) and the
      enddiastolic velocity (Ved), the time average velocity (TAV) and the time average
      maximal velocity (TAMX) as well as the resistance-index (RI) and the pulsatility
      index (PI) were measured. For all parameters the relationship to the gestational
      age was analysed and normal values were established. There was a linear increase
      of all flow velocities with increasing gestational age. Vs in the ICA was about
      20% higher than in the ACA and BA whereas Ves and Ved were not significantly
      different in the three arteries. The TAV in the ICA was 9% higher than in the ACA
      and 15% higher than in the BA. The TAMX in the ICA was 10% higher than in the ACA
      and 14% higher than in the BA. In contrast to the increase of the flow velocities
      neither the RI nor the PI showed a significant age dependency. For the RI in the
      ICA 0.77 +/- 0.08, in the ACA 0.73 +/- 0.08 and in the BA 0.72 +/- 0.09 were
      measured. The PI in the ICA was 3.0 +/- 0.08, in the ACA 2.7 +/- 0.09 and in the
      BA 2.7 +/- 0.7.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646588
TI  - Duplex-scanning of the deep venous drainage in the evaluation of blood flow
      velocity of the cerebral vascular system in infants.
AB  - Doppler investigations of the anterior cerebral (pericallosal) or internal
      carotid arteries have two major limitations: (1) flow velocity in one cerebral
      artery does not necessarily represent flow velocity in other cerebral arteries;
      (2) flow velocity spectra are influenced significantly by transducer-transferred
      pressure. Furthermore, there are substantial pitfalls in the interpretation of
      arterial flow velocity data. We therefore examined Doppler-shift waveforms of the
      deep venous drainage in addition to arterial flow velocity recordings in 186
      infants, including a reference group of 49 infants without significant disease.
      In this group, mean values of peak velocities were 13.2 cm/s, 5.6 cm/s, 5.9 cm/s
      and 5.6 cm/s for the straight sinus, the vein of Galen, the right and the left
      basilar veins respectively. Venous flow velocities were increasing significantly
      with age, but not or only marginally with the weight at the time of examination.
      Three main flow velocity patterns were observed: (1) bandlike (straight sinus
      25%, vein of Galen 59% and basilar veins 63%); (2) sinusoid and synchronous with
      arterial pulse (46%, 27% and 29% respectively; (3) intermittent (3%, 0% and 0%
      respectively). In contrast to the reference group, the intermittent pattern was
      common in severely ill premature infants and was associated with increased
      intrathoracic pressure and adverse outcome, indicating reduced venous volume flow
      irrespective of the arterial flow velocity pattern. Although difficult to
      perform, transcranial and transfontanellar Duplex-scanning of the deep cerebral
      veins might help to avoid pitfalls of arterial velocity interpretation, reveal
      further pathophysiological aspects of intensive care and be an important factor
      for the prediction of outcome.

PMID- 2646589
TI  - Balanitis caused by group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus in an 8-year-old boy.

PMID- 2646590
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the streptokinase gene from a Streptococcus pyogenes type
      1 strain.

PMID- 2646591
TI  - Presence of phosphorylated O-ribosyl-adenosine in T-psi-stem of yeast methionine
      initiator tRNA.
AB  - We report in this paper on isolation and characterization of two unknown
      nucleosides G* and [A*] located in the T-psi-stem of yeast methionine initiator
      tRNA, using the combined means of HPLC protocols, real time UV-absorption
      spectrum, and post-run mass spectrometry by electron impact or fast atom
      bombardment. The G* nucleoside in position 65 was identified as unmodified
      guanosine. The structure of the unknown [A*] in position 64 was characterized as
      an isomeric form of O-ribosyl-adenosine by comparison of its chromatographic, UV
      spectral and mass spectrometric properties with those of authentic O-alpha
      ribofuranosyl-(1"----2')-adenosine isolated from biosynthetic poly(adenosine
      diphosphate ribose). Our studies also brought evidence for the presence of a
      phosphorylmonoester group located on this new modified nucleoside [A*], when
      isolated by ion exchange chromatography from enzymic hydrolysis of yeast
      initiator tRNAMet without phosphatase treatment.

PMID- 2646592
TI  - The acid phosphatase genes PHO10 and PHO11 in S. cerevisiae are located at the
      telomeres of chromosomes VIII and I.
AB  - Of the three regulated acid phosphatase genes in S. cerevisiae (PHO5, PHO10 and
      PHO11) two have previously been cloned (PHO5 and PHO11). We have now identified
      PHO10 and show by restriction mapping that it is highly homologous to PHO11. This
      homology includes not only the coding sequence but also a stretch of about 2 kb
      upstream and 2.2 kb downstream of the genes. Analysis of strains in which either
      gene had been disrupted shows that the two genes are located at the telomeres of
      two different chromosomes. PHO10 3.6 kb from the end of a chromosome I. This
      makes PHO11 the gene closest to the end of a chromosome that has been physically
      mapped so far in S. cerevisiae. The organization of the two genes varies strongly
      from strain to strain consistent with a high incidence of telomere rearrangement.
      In one of twenty transformants examined a conversion event could be directly
      demonstrated that resulted in a chromosome VIII which had acquired a copy of the
      telomere from chromosome I.

PMID- 2646593
TI  - A catalytic 13-mer ribozyme.
AB  - A 13-mer oligoribonucleotide can act as a ribozyme for the specific self-cleavage
      of a 41-mer oligoribonucleotide substrate in the presence of Mg2+. The two
      sequences involved correspond to the self-cleavage hammerhead structure of the
      virusoid of lucerne transient streak virus. The Michaelis-menten kinetic
      parameters for the reaction were; Km 1.3 microM, Vmax 0.012 microM min-1, kcat
      0.5 min-1. The 13-mer RNA is the smallest ribozyme so far reported. A DNA
      analogue of the 13-mer can not substitute for the RNA in the reaction.

PMID- 2646594
TI  - Expression of biologically active middle T antigen of polyoma virus from
      recombinant baculoviruses.
AB  - Two different recombinant baculoviruses have been generated for expressing the
      middle T antigen (MT) of polyoma virus in insect (Sf9) cells. One (pAcI-PyMT)
      produces moderate levels of MT and the other (pVL-PyMT) high levels. Indirect
      immunofluorescence and cellular fractionation studies with pAcI-PyMT infected Sf9
      cells give results similar to those observed with wild type polyoma virus
      infected mouse cells, and show MT to be mainly associated with cytoplasmic
      membranes in the insect cell. In the latter, a sub-population of MT is
      phosphorylated in in vitro protein kinase assays. The yields of MT from pVL-PyMT
      infected cells are high enough to suggest that this protein can now be produced
      by this method in sufficient amounts for definitive biochemical and
      crystallographic analyses.

PMID- 2646595
TI  - New RNA-protein crosslinks in domains 1 and 2 of E. coli 30S ribosomal subunits
      obtained by means of an intrinsic photoaffinity probe.
AB  - Functionally active 70S ribosomes containing 4-thiouridine (s4U) in place of
      uridine were prepared by a formerly described in vivo substitution method.
      Proteins were crosslinked to RNA by 366 nm photoactivation of s4U. We observe the
      systematic and characteristic formation of 30S dimers; they were eliminated for
      analysis of RNA-protein crosslinks. M13 probes containing rDNA inserts
      complementary to domains 1 and 2 of 16S RNA from the 5'end up to nucleotide 868
      were used to select contiguous or overlapping RNA sections. The proteins
      covalently crosslinked to each RNA section were identified as S3, S4, S5, S7, S9,
      S18, S20 and S21. Several crosslinks are compatible with previously published
      sites for proteins S5, S18, S20 and S21; others for proteins S3, S4, S7, S9, S18
      correspond necessarily to new sites.

PMID- 2646596
TI  - Abortive initiation by bacteriophage T3 and T7 RNA polymerases under conditions
      of limiting substrate.
AB  - Initiation of RNA synthesis by the phage polymerases is abortive if the
      concentration of pyrimidine triphosphates is limiting. Under abortive initiation
      conditions the polymerases repeatedly initiate transcription but produce
      ribooligonucleotides that terminate just prior to the first occurrence of the
      limiting substrate. Abortive initiation is most severe if the limiting substrate
      occurs within the first 8-12 nucleotides of the nascent RNA chain and is
      particularly evident when UMP is limiting. The formation of stable elongation
      complexes (as determined by gel retardation experiments) occurs after the
      synthesis of an RNA product 8-12 nucleotides in length.

PMID- 2646598
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the rye chloroplast psbA gene, encoding D1 protein of
      photosystem II.

PMID- 2646597
TI  - Processing pathway of Escherichia coli 16S precursor rRNA.
AB  - Immediate precursors of 16S rRNA are processed by endonucleolytic cleavage at
      both 5' and 3' mature termini, with the concomitant release of precursor
      fragments which are further metabolized by both exo- and endonucleases. In wild
      type cells rapid cleavages by RNase III in precursor-specific sequences precede
      the subsequent formation of the mature ends; mature termini can, however, be
      formed directly from pre-16S rRNA with no intermediate species. The direct
      maturation is most evident in a strain deficient in RNase III, and the results in
      whole cells are consistent with results from maturation reactions in vitro. Thus,
      maturation does not require cleavages within the double-stranded stems that
      enclose mature rRNA sequences in the pre-16S rRNA.

PMID- 2646599
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the rye chloroplast DNA fragment, comprising psbE and psbF
      genes.

PMID- 2646600
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence of the colicin E9 (cei) gene.

PMID- 2646601
TI  - Sequence and length polymorphism of a major malaria vaccine candidate analysed
      following DNA amplification.

PMID- 2646602
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the Candida albicans aspartyl proteinase gene.

PMID- 2646603
TI  - A picture of the past.

PMID- 2646604
TI  - A death with a difference.

PMID- 2646605
TI  - The rise and fall of the male nurse movement.

PMID- 2646606
TI  - Models and perspectives of addiction. Implications for treatment.
AB  - The absence of consistent scientific evidence concerning the etiology and basic
      characteristics of alcoholism and other addictions has created ambiguity and
      uncertainty. These serve to foster and perpetuate the conflicts that inform the
      various theoretical perspectives and associated beliefs held by professionals in
      the addictions field. Addiction is more than a toxic state, a criminal offense, a
      disease, a mental health problem, or an unhealthy habit. It is also a social
      problem that affects every aspect of life--physical, psychological, and
      interpersonal. Given this fact, it is unlikely that one perspective can
      sufficiently guide the treatment of addicted clients. Thus, care of addicted
      clients must be based on a model of health-illness that is inclusive and
      flexible, yet distinct and relevant. Such a model must accommodate the reality
      that health or illness is the outcome of multiple personal characteristics that
      interact with a host of interdependent factors within the larger social
      environment. Nurses, because of their holistic and client-centered focus, are
      uniquely prepared to provide care to addicted clients.

PMID- 2646607
TI  - Co-dependency. Assessment and recovery.
AB  - Co-dependency involves a particular system of thinking, feeling, and behaving
      toward ourselves and others that often causes emotional pain and leads to low
      self-esteem. Co-dependent behaviors are self-destructive. A process of recovery
      from these self-defeating behaviors is discussed.

PMID- 2646608
TI  - Identifying the alcoholic client.
AB  - Although there is no single sign or symptom that provides conclusive evidence of
      alcoholism, a thorough and thoughtful assessment can provide clues for early
      identification of the alcoholic person. The nurse's approach should include an
      accepting, matter-of-fact, nonthreatening attitude. Family members should be
      included in the assessment if possible. The assessment should include information
      about the client's drinking patterns, as well as about physiological,
      psychological, and behavioral signs and symptoms indicative of alcoholism. Astute
      observations and questioning about this combination of factors can result in
      early identification and intervention with alcoholic clients and their families.

PMID- 2646609
TI  - The certification process. History and significance for addictions nursing
      practice.
AB  - The addictions nursing certification process will become a reality for the nurse.
      Ideally, this process will provide a method of ensuring quality care while
      maintaining self-regulation by the profession. The literature supports
      certification based on standards of care as a measure of that quality of care and
      as a voluntary mechanism selected by the practicing nurse. Many professional
      issues lie ahead for specialty nursing practice in the 1990s. The addictions
      nursing certification established by the NNSA offers a quality basis for
      certification implementation. The addictions nursing practice certification
      credential can provide the acknowledgement that the nurse has mastered a body of
      knowledge and skills reflective of a specialty nursing area.

PMID- 2646610
TI  - Home health care and rehabilitation nursing.
AB  - Health care is increasingly being delivered on an outpatient and a home care
      basis than ever before. The Medicare Prospective Payment System, along with the
      implementation of DRGs, has caused an intense scrutiny of the need for and the
      length of hospitalization. Thus, hospitals have increased profit incentives to
      reduce costs and to discharge patients more quickly. Community awareness of the
      availability and effectiveness of home health care is now growing dramatically.
      Concurrently, the delivery of rehabilitation services is also rapidly expanding.
      These combined forces enable the rehabilitation nurse to be a significant member
      of the home health care interdisciplinary team.

PMID- 2646611
TI  - Cognitive retraining. A nursing approach to rehabilitation of the brain injured.
AB  - Rehabilitation of those suffering from brain injury requires the efforts of the
      entire health team. Devising a standard plan of care organizes the efforts of
      team members while meeting the patient and family at the level of their present
      need. The rehabilitation process can be divided into three phases that reflect
      the behaviors of the patient: stimulation, structure, and reintegration. This
      approach to providing care helps reduce the devastating effects of damage to the
      central nervous system and to the individual.

PMID- 2646612
TI  - Rehabilitation and the geriatric patient.
AB  - The true challenge in the care of the elderly is to keep people at home, in the
      community, with a high degree of functional ability. This is beneficial to the
      individual and, from a financial point of view, to the community and public.
      Maintenance and restoration of function are best accomplished within a framework
      that considers the psychosocial and developmental needs of the geriatric patient
      and in a setting specifically intended for the geriatric rehabilitation patient.
      Unlike the rehabilitation process in younger age groups, which is often dramatic,
      successful work with geriatric patients is likely to be subtle, but it will
      result in a return to the community and allow patients to experience a higher
      level of satisfaction (both emotional and functional) at the end of their lives.
      The needs of this population are many, and the health care provider must consider
      disease, physiologic changes associated with aging, and developmental needs when
      planning and implementing care. Initial research has pointed to the efficacy of
      geriatric rehabilitation programs; this would seem to indicate a need for a true
      specialization in geriatrics within the field of rehabilitation.

PMID- 2646613
TI  - Cocaine addiction. Assessment and intervention.
AB  - Assessment and intervention of cocaine addiction is still an evolving science.
      There do exist pioneering efforts that allow for the appropriate assessment of
      this disease. As with other chemical addictions relapse remains a crucial
      treatment issue. Paramount to the treatment of cocaine addiction are the issues
      of early intervention and the management of drug hunger or "craving." The ability
      of health care professionals assisted by the legal profession, industry, and
      others to intervene early in the disease progression is critical. Early
      intervention yields a less guarded treatment prognosis. Accurate assessment of
      medical, behavioral, and psychosocial variables is crucial. Medical science has
      used existing strategies and new regimens to assist in the management of cocaine
      "craving." These strategies alone will not be effective without the time-tested
      delivery of rehabilitative services synergistically applied with self-help
      programs.

PMID- 2646614
TI  - Addictive eating disorders.
AB  - Addictive eating disorders have been a part of history and have only recently
      been recognized as psychiatric disorders. Increased publicity has enabled family
      and friends of eating disordered individuals to recognize the disease and seek
      help for them from trained medical professionals. Everyone is "at risk," but
      certain subpopulations have been "coming out of the closet" in epidemic
      proportions. An ever-increasing number of high school-aged and college-aged
      females have developed some form of eating disorder, from fad diets to self
      induced vomiting. In these individuals, the obsession with thinness takes
      priority over family, friends, schoolwork, or career. Strangely enough, the
      eating disordered person's addiction is not to food but to the feeling of
      numbness her behavior brings. Over time, the need to control is desperately
      sought and many patients transfer their obsession to other patterns of self
      abuse. Nursing intervention should include setting the appropriate example in
      terms of the professional's relationship with food, while providing much needed
      emotional support. An innovative method of intervention available to nursing
      professionals includes the use of creative, visual imagery to repeatedly diffuse
      fear and anxiety about food until a level of personal autonomy over the disorder
      and other emotional concerns is achieved. Therefore, a system of recovery can be
      designed for the anorectic or bulimic patient and the experience of recovery from
      the eating disorder can be a lifelong process of personal growth.

PMID- 2646615
TI  - Family recovery from alcoholism. Mediating family factors.
AB  - The problems families face during recovery from alcoholism are complex and
      pervasive. Sobriety for the alcoholic without concurrent alterations in family
      member relationships and improved family functioning too often leads to relapse
      and the demise of the family unit. The degree to which a family is able to
      modulate demands, use resources, implement effective coping strategies, and make
      necessary relationship adjustments may determine the extent to which treatment
      effects will be maintained. For those families who have successfully worked
      together to overcome the negative effects of alcoholism, the experience becomes a
      major catalyst to continued growth, maturity, and a healthier lifestyle. The
      nurse has a significant role in assisting the family with early recovery needs
      and in developing new behaviors for maintaining therapeutic gains.

PMID- 2646616
TI  - Use of milieu as a problem-solving strategy in addiction treatment.
AB  - Addicted clients begin their recovery through detoxification and treatment in a
      structured inpatient unit. The focus of treatment is most appropriately on
      learning new, more constructive ways for solving problems. Everyday living skills
      can best be learned in a therapeutic milieu where interactions in the here-and
      now are examined and opportunities are present for practicing problem-solving
      skills. A therapeutic milieu can be designed and initiated through efforts of the
      nursing staff and members of other disciplines. It is a group treatment approach
      emphasizing active participation in structured activities, decision-making by
      consensus involving all members of the community, and a reward and restriction
      system based on the appropriateness of client behaviors. Certain problem
      behaviors of addicted clients can be addressed through confrontation and group
      pressure; to be expected are problems with manipulation, avoidance, aggression,
      impulsiveness, and grandiose denial. Staff members who work in a therapeutic
      milieu approach to treatment of addicted clients share certain concerns.
      Strategies need to be developed for dealing with manipulative attempts at
      splitting the staff into opposing forces, clarifying roles, enforcing unit
      policies, and lessening feelings of hopelessness when clients fail to achieve
      sobriety. A cohesive staff who work at trusting each other in an atmosphere of
      open communication and equitable conflict resolution are best able to support
      each other while addressing common concerns. While treatment in a therapeutic
      milieu is an effective beginning in the process of recovery, it must be
      remembered that it is only a beginning in the long, slow process of
      rehabilitation. And during that process, there are likely to be relapses, which
      can be used as learning tools in the development of improved problem-solving
      skills.

PMID- 2646617
TI  - The chemically dependent nurse.
AB  - Although exact numbers are not known, it is recognized that addiction to alcohol
      and other drugs occurs in nurses as it does in other occupations. There is some
      indication that nurses may be at greater risk for the development of addictive
      disease because of factors present in the profession. The nursing profession is
      recognizing the problem impaired practice presents and is working to develop
      programs to ensure that the issue of the impaired nurse is no longer denied by
      institutions, administrators, and individual nurses. There is a need for
      education of the profession in regard to the nature of addictive disease and the
      identification of the nurse whose practice has become impaired because of the use
      of alcohol or other drugs. Nurses also need to know more about intervention,
      treatment, and monitoring of recovery. It is the responsibility of the entire
      profession to see that programs designed to accomplish these tasks are in place
      in all states. The goals of programs for the impaired nurse are to protect the
      safety of individual patients, to safeguard the integrity of the profession, and
      to facilitate treatment and rehabilitation for the chemically dependent nurse.

PMID- 2646618
TI  - Nursing interventions for addicted patient. Strategies for intervention.
AB  - The intervention process is a powerful tool in helping those affected by chemical
      dependency. Intervention presents reality in a manner that penetrates the
      maladaptive defense mechanisms that have developed around this illness, both in
      the person who is thought to be chemically dependent and in those significant in
      his or her life. The process begins with the nurse assessing the extent of the
      problem and the likelihood that chemical dependency is the cause, or at least the
      primary factor. The nurse assists in identifying the persons to be involved in
      the intervention and the ability of the individuals and the group to carry out
      the intervention process. Education and preparation of the group are the next
      steps. Once the group is adequately prepared, the intervention is implemented.
      Throughout the process, the nurse is cautioned to remember (1) the patient/client
      is the person seeking assistance, not the person thought to be chemically
      dependent, and (2) he or she is a facilitator, not an intervener. Follow-up to
      the actual intervention is also important, ensuring the evaluation is completed,
      encouraging the individuals in the group to follow through with the prepared
      plans, and assisting them in dealing with the feelings they experience as a
      result of the intervention. Nurses often function as intervention facilitators.
      Because intervention is so powerful, preparation as a facilitator requires sound
      knowledge of the illness and the process and supervised clinical experience.

PMID- 2646619
TI  - Once-daily propranolol for hypertension: a comparison of regular-release, long
      acting, and generic formulations.
AB  - This randomized, single-blind, crossover study compared three formulations of
      propranolol, each given once daily for hypertension. After an initial titration
      phase, subjects randomly received regular-release, long-acting, or a generic
      propranolol formulation. Each drug was given for 4 weeks and each active
      treatment was separated by a washout phase to allow blood pressure to return to
      baseline. Twelve subjects received all three active treatments. Systolic and
      diastolic blood pressures and pulses were significantly reduced from baseline by
      all formulations. There was no significant difference among drugs. Examination of
      diastolic blood pressures suggested some loss of antihypertensive control at the
      end of the dosing interval. These results indicate that it may be possible to
      administer propranolol once daily for hypertension and that there is no advantage
      for using the long-acting form.

PMID- 2646620
TI  - Transdermal fentanyl: pharmacokinetics and preliminary clinical evaluation.
AB  - A new transdermal drug-delivery system that administers the synthetic opioid
      fentanyl through intact skin was evaluated for 24 hours postoperatively in eight
      patients who had undergone orthopedic surgery. Plasma samples were obtained over
      a 72-hour period for pharmacokinetic analysis in five patients. The patients were
      also evaluated intensively for adequacy of analgesia, frequency of nausea and
      sedation, and occurrence of ventilatory depression. A median lag time of 2.25
      hours after application of the transdermal system was observed before the
      appearance of fentanyl in the blood. Median peak concentration and time to peak
      were 1.0 ng/ml and 22 hours, respectively. The apparent elimination of fentanyl
      after transdermal administration is prolonged relative to previously reported
      values. Absorption analysis indicates zero-order fentanyl administration, and in
      addition, suggests deposition of drug in an epidermal site, with the resultant
      prolonged absorption process giving the appearance of slow elimination. No
      significant toxicities were observed. Four patients required no additional
      analgesia. No consistent correlations among fentanyl concentration and any
      clinical values were observed. Transdermal administration of fentanyl appears to
      be a viable alternative to conventional routes of narcotic administration and
      warrants further study.

PMID- 2646621
TI  - Hepatotoxicity associated with amiodarone therapy.
AB  - Amiodarone has been reported to cause asymptomatic increases in liver function
      tests in 15-55% of patients. Clinically apparent, symptomatic hepatic disease
      occurs less frequently, but patients have been reported to have hepatomegaly,
      jaundice, cirrhosis, or chronic active hepatitis. Less well recognized is the
      fact that amiodarone has been attributed to six deaths. We cared for a patient
      with amiodarone hepatotoxicity, which led us to review the literature associated
      with this serious condition.

PMID- 2646622
TI  - Subacute osteomyelitis presenting as bone tumors.
AB  - The problem of the differential diagnosis between subacute osteomyelitis and
      primary bone tumors is a difficult one. Presenting symptoms, duration of disease,
      laboratory data, and location of the pathologic process are of little assistance.
      The authors reviewed eight typical cases. Preoperative diagnosis included benign
      and malignant bone tumors, as well as osteomyelitis; but the final diagnosis of
      osteomyelitis was made only after open biopsy and culture. The presenting
      symptoms and signs included: pain, usually dull; soft tissue mass; and, rarely,
      low grade fever. The radiographic features were usually a lytic area with various
      degrees of sclerotic reaction. White blood count and sedimentation rate were not
      helpful. The treatment, including surgical curettage and appropriate antibiotic
      therapy, resulted in resolution of the process and healing of the bony defects.

PMID- 2646623
TI  - Osteomyelitis associated with Crohn's disease. A case report and literature
      review.
AB  - The case of a patient with pelvic osteomyelitis in association with Crohn's
      disease is presented. A review of the literature is discussed. The location most
      frequently affected is the right ileum, but other sites may be involved. The
      osteomyelitis usually develops as a result of direct extention of internal
      fistulae, with enteric flora being the infecting organisms. The importance of
      resecting the diseased segment of bowel is discussed. Many patients do not
      require bony resection. The possibility of pelvic osteomyelitis must be
      considered in patients with Crohn's disease who present with suggestive symptoms
      and radiographic evidence of osteomyelitis. Patients who initially present with
      pelvic osteomyelitis should be suspected of having intraabdominal pathology.

PMID- 2646624
TI  - Diaphragmatic hernia presenting in utero as a unilateral hydrothorax.
AB  - A right-sided diaphragmatic hernia presented as a fetal hydrothorax. The fluid
      filled hernial sac enveloped the lung and presumably prevented serious
      compression effects. The implications of fetal thoracic anomalies are discussed.

PMID- 2646625
TI  - Severe bilateral renal disease: correlation of antenatal and autopsy findings.
AB  - We report 20 infants with severe bilateral renal disease examined by prenatal
      ultrasound and by autopsy. In 17, the prenatal and pathologic diagnoses
      correlated well. Although the prenatal and autopsy findings differed in the three
      remaining cases, the autopsy confirmed the presence of severe bilateral renal
      abnormalities. All 20 pregnancies were complicated by oligohydramnios, which was
      severe in 60 per cent. Most of these fetuses had malformation of other organ
      systems. This series supports the utility of prenatal ultrasound examinations,
      but emphasizes the need for postnatal evaluation of congenital renal disease
      including pathologic examination of tissue when possible for correct
      classification and genetic counselling.

PMID- 2646626
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of Schwartz-Jampel syndrome with early manifestation.
AB  - A mother who had given birth to a child with Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS) with
      neonatal manifestations (myotonia, congenital contractures, bowing of femora and
      tibiae) underwent ultrasonic fetal examination during the 17th and 19th week of
      her second pregnancy. Moderately decreased fetal motor activity and constant
      flexion of the fingers were observed at both examinations. In addition, there was
      mild bowing and shortening of the femora. At birth, the child presented with the
      characteristic pattern of SJS similar to her older brother. Prenatal ultrasonic
      diagnosis of Schwartz-Jampel syndrome is possible, at least for the form with
      neonatal onset of myotonia and contractures.

PMID- 2646628
TI  - [The 10th anniversary of the "Der Pathologe"].

PMID- 2646627
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis and management of fetal ovarian cysts.
AB  - Congenital ovarian cysts are a pathological condition which can be diagnosed in
      utero by ultrasound. We report 14 consecutive diagnoses of fetal ovarian cysts,
      obtained in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Congenital ovarian
      cysts have almost invariably a good prognosis, and no change in the standard
      obstetrical management is required. However, the evolution of the disease in
      utero is extremely variable. The cyst may increase in size, decrease or even
      disappear, or undergo complications such as torsion and rupture, which may carry
      some risks to the fetus. When a fetal ovarian cyst is detected, serial ultrasound
      examinations should be performed. If one of the above complications is suspected,
      the option of prompt caesarean section should be considered.

PMID- 2646629
TI  - [Comparison of the receptor content and growth fraction of breast cancers and
      their axillary lymph node metastases].

PMID- 2646630
TI  - [Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast
      cancer using monoclonal antibodies: comparison with biochemical receptor
      analysis].

PMID- 2646631
TI  - [Paul Langerhans (1847-1888)].

PMID- 2646632
TI  - Isolated extramedullary relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia in a tooth.
AB  - We report a case of isolated extramedullary relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia
      in a tooth following bone marrow transplantation. The patient was a 4-yr-old
      child who developed gingival swelling and bleeding while in bone marrow
      remission. Crush artifact prevented definitive diagnosis of leukemic relapse in a
      biopsy of the gingival soft tissue, but decalcification of the tooth showed an
      unequivocal leukemic infiltrate in the dental pulp. Decalcification and
      sectioning of extracted teeth are recommended when equivocal findings are present
      in the gingival soft tissue or when there is a history of lymphoreticular
      malignancy.

PMID- 2646633
TI  - Yeast prohormone processing enzyme (KEX2 gene product) is a Ca2+-dependent serine
      protease.
AB  - The KEX2-encoded endoprotease was overproduced in yeast several hundred-fold and
      further purified to achieve a 10,000-fold enrichment in specific activity. The
      enzyme was (i) membrane-bound, but solubilized by detergents; (ii) able to cleave
      peptide substrates at both Lys-Arg and Arg-Arg sites; (iii) inhibited by EDTA and
      EGTA (but not o-phenanthroline), but fully reactivated by Ca2+; (iv) unaffected
      by 5-10 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, N alpha-(ptosyl)lysine chloromethyl
      ketone, or L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, but inactivated by 1
      2 microM Ala-Lys-Arg-chloromethyl ketone; (v) labeled specifically by 125I
      labeled Tyr-Ala-Lys-Arg-chloromethyl ketone; and (vi) resistant to trans
      epoxysuccinate compounds (which inactivate thiol proteases), but inactivated by
      diisopropyl fluorophosphate (a diagnostic serine protease inhibitor). Mutant
      enzyme molecules lacking as many as 200 C-terminal residues still retained Ca2+
      dependent protease activity and were labeled by 125I-labeled Tyr-Ala-Lys-Arg
      chloromethyl ketone.

PMID- 2646634
TI  - Adaptational "crosstalk" and the crucial role of methylation in chemotactic
      migration by Escherichia coli.
AB  - We investigated roles of methylation in bacterial chemotaxis by characterizing a
      methyl-accepting transducer protein incapable of methylation because of amino
      acid substitutions at the modification sites. Mutant Trg protein recognized
      ligand and generated excitatory signals that affected flagella but was unable to
      mediate efficient adaptation or net cellular migration in a relevant chemical
      gradient. Defects caused by lack of methyl-accepting sites on Trg were suppressed
      by a sufficient cellular content of other transducer molecules with functional
      methyl-accepting sites. These observations establish directly that methylation is
      crucial for transducer-mediated chemotaxis and that neither phosphotransfer
      reactions among the soluble Che proteins nor other interaction among those
      chemotactic components can effectively fulfill the functions of methylation.
      Suppression was correlated with adaptational "crosstalk" in which unoccupied
      methyl-accepting transducers acquired methyl groups, thus apparently substituting
      effectively for blocked methyl-accepting sites on the transducer. A plausible
      model for this phenomenon is that increased methylation of unstimulated
      transducers results from global inhibition of the demethylating enzyme in a cell
      with a normally active methyltransferase and no available methyl-accepting sites
      on the stimulated, mutant transducer. Thus methylation can perform its roles in
      adaptation and gradient sensing even if modification occurs on molecules
      different from those that recognize the stimulating compound. This observation
      emphasizes the central role of methylation and the modular nature of the
      chemosensory system.

PMID- 2646635
TI  - Complementation of recombinant baculoviruses by coinfection with wild-type virus
      facilitates production in insect larvae of antigenic proteins of hepatitis B
      virus and influenza virus.
AB  - We describe the coinfection of insects with wild-type and recombinant
      baculoviruses in which the polyhedrin gene promoter is used to express hepatitis
      B virus envelope protein (hepatitis B virus surface antigen; HBsAg) or influenza
      A virus neuraminidase (NA). Viruses were administered per os to larvae of the
      cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, causing an infection that within 5 days resulted
      in the production of approximately 0.15 mg of HBsAg per insect, representing 1.5%
      of the total extracted protein, or approximately 2.8 mg of NA per insect,
      representing 28% of the total extractable protein. The HBsAg and NA produced by
      infected larvae were purified from insect lysates. These proteins were antigenic
      as determined by conformation-dependent immunoassays. The NA was enzymatically
      active with conventional substrates. The method of infection described allows
      genetic complementation by wild-type virus of recombinant viruses lacking the
      polyhedrin gene essential for infection per os and has implications for the high
      yield production in insect larvae of other recombinant proteins of baculoviruses.

PMID- 2646636
TI  - Conversion of placental alkaline phosphatase from a phosphatidylinositol-glycan
      anchored protein to an integral transmembrane protein.
AB  - Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) is normally anchored to the plasma membrane
      of cells by a phosphatidylinositol-glycan anchor after removal of a carboxyl
      terminal peptide from the nascent enzyme. To investigate the signals required for
      this processing we constructed a chimeric cDNA. The latter was designed to code
      for a truncated precursor form of PLAP, containing the phosphatidylinositol
      glycan attachment site but incapable of any form of membrane attachment, fused to
      a carboxyl-terminal peptide of vesicular stomatis virus glycoprotein. Expression
      of the PLAP-vesicular stomatis virus glycoprotein chimeric cDNA in transfected
      COS cells produced an enzymatically active protein that was attached to the
      plasma membrane, with the PLAP domain on the outer surface. Assays for the
      presence of phosphatidylinositol-glycan attachment proved negative, whereas an
      antibody assay confirmed the presence of the vesicular stomatis virus
      glycoprotein carboxyl-terminal peptide, leading to the conclusion that the
      truncated PLAP is attached to the cells by the membrane-spanning domain of the
      vesicular stomatis virus glycoprotein. In light of previous findings on carboxyl
      terminal requirements of PLAP these studies suggest that an essential signal for
      correct sorting between transmembrane insertion and phosphatidylinositol-glycan
      attachment resides in the cytoplasmic domain.

PMID- 2646637
TI  - Sequence-specific 1H-NMR assignments and identification of two small antiparallel
      beta-sheets in the solution structure of recombinant human transforming growth
      factor alpha.
AB  - Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) is a small mitogenic protein with
      about 35% sequence identity with epidermal growth factor (EGF). TGF alpha-like
      proteins have been proposed to play a role in oncogenesis and wound healing. This
      report describes sequence-specific 1H-NMR resonance assignments for recombinant
      human TGF alpha (hTGF alpha). These assignments provide the basis for
      interpreting NMR data which demonstrate that the solution structure of hTGF alpha
      includes an antiparallel beta-sheet involving residues Gly-19 to Leu-24 and Lys
      29 to Cys-34 and a second, smaller, antiparallel beta-sheet involving residues
      Tyr-38 and Val-39 and His-45 and Ala-46. These data, together with constraints
      imposed by the disulfide bonds, are combined to construct a molecular model of
      the polypeptide chain fold for residues Cys-8 to Ala-46. The resulting structure
      is similar to that of mouse and human EGF. Human TGF alpha and mouse EGF,
      however, differ with respect to their structural dynamics, since amide
      proton/deuteron exchange is much faster for hTGF alpha than for mouse EGF at pH
      3.5.

PMID- 2646638
TI  - Angiogenin stimulates endothelial cell prostacyclin secretion by activation of
      phospholipase A2.
AB  - Angiogenin stimulates capillary and umbilical vein endothelial cell prostacyclin
      secretion but not that of prostaglandins of the E series. The response was
      quantitated by radioimmunoassay and by [3H]arachidonate labeling followed by
      analysis of the secreted prostaglandins. The stimulated secretion lasts for
      several minutes and is optimal at 2-4 min. The dose-response (peak at 1-10 ng/ml)
      is similar to that previously observed for activation of endothelial cell
      phospholipase C. Stimulated secretion was blocked by pretreatment with the
      inhibitors of prostacyclin synthesis, indomethacin and tranylcypromine, and also
      the specific inhibitor of phospholipase A2, quinacrine, as well as pertussis
      toxin and the diglyceryl and monoglyceryl lipase inhibitor RHC 80267. Stimulated
      secretion was also abolished in cells that were either pretreated for 48 hr with
      phorbol ester to down-regulate protein kinase C or incubated with the protein
      kinase inhibitor H7. Hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol by phospholipase A2
      appears to be the source of angiogenin-mobilized arachidonate; angiogenin-induced
      hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine was not detected. Activation of phospholipase
      A2 occurs in the absence of an angiogenin-induced calcium flux. The results are
      discussed in terms of mechanisms of agonist-induced intracellular arachidonate
      mobilization and relevance to angiogenesis.

PMID- 2646639
TI  - tus, the trans-acting gene required for termination of DNA replication in
      Escherichia coli, encodes a DNA-binding protein.
AB  - The components for termination of DNA replication in Escherichia coli include the
      terminator signals T1 and T2 and the trans-acting gene tus. We have shown
      previously that tus maps in a 4-kilobase region of the chromosomal terminus near
      T2. Through the use of deletion and insertion mutants, the location of the tus
      gene has now been precisely identified. We sequenced 2416 nucleotides in this
      region and identified a 927-base-pair open reading frame which encodes Tus.
      Insertion of a kanamycin-resistance gene in this open reading frame abolished tus
      activity. We also demonstrated that crude extracts of tus+ cells contain a
      protein which binds to the T2 terminator sequence.

PMID- 2646640
TI  - Tumorigenic methylcholanthrene transformants of C3H/10T1/2 cells have a common
      nucleotide alteration in the c-Ki-ras gene.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify DNA surrounding the codon 12
      region of the c-Ki-ras gene from C3H/10T1/2 cells and from a number of 3
      methylcholanthrene (MCA)-transformed derivatives of these cells. Sequence
      analysis demonstrated that tumorigenic MCAC116/39 cells, known by DNA-mediated
      transfection to contain an activated c-Ki-ras oncogene, had a G----T transversion
      in the first position of codon 12 of this gene, resulting in a Gly12----Cys
      mutation. A combination of polymerase chain-reaction amplification and
      oligonucleotide hybridization demonstrated that three additional tumorigenic MCA
      transformants of C3H/10T1/2 cells had an identical mutation in the c-Ki-ras gene.
      In contrast, this mutation was not present in an MCA-induced C3H/10T 1/2
      transformant that was not tumorigenic. The molecular specificity of this MCA
      induced mutation resulting in C3H/10T1/2 tumorigenic transformants should provide
      an excellent system in which to study the roles of transcription, replication,
      repair, and exogenous factors in the establishment and expression of
      transformation and tumorigenicity.

PMID- 2646642
TI  - Calcium antagonists and experimental atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2646641
TI  - Inhibition of growth of human mammary tumor cells by potent antagonists of
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.
AB  - Various studies support the view that analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone (LH-RH) exert some direct effects on mammary tumor cells. Recently, new
      LH-RH antagonists [Ac-D-Nal(2)1,D-Phe(pCl)2,D-Trp3,D-Hci6,D-Ala10]-LH-RH (SB-29)
      and [Ac-D-Nal(2)1,D-Phe(pCl)2,D-Trp3,D-Cit6,D-Ala10]LH-RH (SB-30), which are
      devoid of edematogenic effects, were synthesized. In this study, we examined
      whether these LH-RH antagonists inhibit the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 human
      mammary tumor cells in culture. [3H]Thymidine incorporation into DNA and cell
      number were measured. The antagonists induced up to 40% inhibition of
      [3H]thymidine incorporation in MDA-MB-231 cells. This inhibition was dose
      dependent in the 0.3-30 microM range and could be demonstrated after 2 days of
      incubation in the presence of the peptides. An older antagonist, [Ac-D
      Phe(pCl)1,2,D-Trp3,D-Arg6,D-Ala10]-LH-RH (ORG 30276), had a lesser effect, and
      the agonist des-Gly10-[D-Ser(tBu)6]LH-RH ethylamide (buserelin) had no effect.
      The antagonists SB-29 and SB-30 also inhibited the rate of cell growth, as
      measured by cell number, while the LH-RH agonist buserelin had no significant
      effect. These results support the concept that these new LH-RH antagonists can
      directly inhibit the growth of human mammary tumors and thus might be suitable
      for the treatment of breast cancer.

PMID- 2646643
TI  - Dose effect of captopril on renal hemodynamics and proteinuria in conscious,
      partially nephrectomized rats.
AB  - The effect of varying doses of captopril, an angiotensin I-converting enzyme
      inhibitor, on renal hemodynamics, systemic arterial pressure, and the progression
      of chronic renal disease in conscious, three-quarter nephrectomized adult male
      Sprague-Dawley rats was studied. Six weeks following nephrectomy (Week 0), rats
      were randomly divided into five groups. Group 2 (n = 8), 3 (n = 8), 4 (n = 9),
      and 5 (n = 5) were given 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg captopril, respectively, daily
      in drinking water. Group 1 (n = 7) and sham-operated controls (n = 7) were given
      water only. On Weeks -6, 0, 2, and 4, renal function was assessed by 24-hr
      urinary protein excretion and plasma creatinine. Systolic blood pressure was
      measured at these times by the tail cuff method. Following Week 4, glomerular
      filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow were measured in conscious rats
      by single injection clearance of [3H]inulin and [14C]tetraethylammonium bromide,
      respectively. Group 1 had significantly higher (P less than 0.05) 24-h urinary
      protein excretion, plasma creatinine, and systolic pressure compared with Group 5
      and controls by Week 4, whereas values for these parameters for Groups 2-4 ranged
      between these extremes. Although systolic pressures were not significantly
      different (P greater than 0.05), Group 2 had significantly lower proteinuria than
      Group 1 (P less than 0.05) at Week 4. Total kidney glomerular filtration rate was
      similarly decreased in Groups 1-5 compared with control rats. Total kidney
      effective renal plasma flow was higher in captopril-treated groups than in Group
      1, whereas systolic blood pressure was similar or lower, indicating that
      captopril reduced renal vascular resistance. Furthermore, unlike Groups 1-3, the
      groups receiving higher doses of captopril (4 and 5) did not develop anemia
      associated with chronic renal disease. In conclusion, captopril attenuated renal
      functional deterioration in a dose-related manner. The effect on proteinuria was
      evident at low doses of captopril which did not significantly reduce systemic
      blood pressure and was accompanied by an increase in effective renal plasma flow
      and a decrease in renal vascular resistance.

PMID- 2646644
TI  - Changes in pancreatic hormones during aging.

PMID- 2646645
TI  - Evidence that underfeeding acts via the neuroendocrine system to influence aging
      processes.

PMID- 2646646
TI  - Dietary restriction and hypothalamic metabolism: a model of aging and food intake
      control.

PMID- 2646647
TI  - An overview of age-related changes in proteins.

PMID- 2646648
TI  - Overview of the effects of food restriction.

PMID- 2646649
TI  - Anti-retroviral therapy of AIDS and related disorders: general principles and
      specific development of dideoxynucleosides.

PMID- 2646650
TI  - Enhancement of 5-fluorouracil's anticancer activity by dipyridamole.
AB  - Although the interaction between FUra and DP in HCT 116 cells is fairly complex,
      data from other investigators indicate that in cell lines in which inhibition of
      TS is growth limiting at relatively low concentrations of fluoropyrimidines, DP
      appears to augment the cytotoxicity of FUra and FdUrd by blocking the salvage of
      dThd (Miller et al., 1987; Schwartz et al., 1987). The previous in vitro data
      regarding the ability of DP to modulate the toxicity of fluoropyrimidines was
      obtained in exponentially growing cells. An additional observation that warrants
      consideration is a report that the inhibition of nucleoside incorporation by DP
      changed as a function of time in culture (Zhen et al., 1986). Hepatoma 3924A
      cells in lag and log phase were highly sensitive to DP with IC50 values for dThd
      incorporation of 0.2 and 0.32 microM, respectively. In contrast, stationary phase
      cells were insensitive to DP (IC50 = 38.9 microM). Amphotericin B, an antifungal
      agent which perturbs cell membranes, restored the sensitivity to DP in stationary
      cells. Several investigators have presented information on the effect of DP on
      fluoropyrimidines in normal tissues. Lee and Park (1987) examined the effect of
      DP on FUra and MTX toxicity in a soft-agar cloning assay against two human cancer
      cell lines and on pooled normal human bone marrow (CFU-C). DP (1 microM)
      potentiated the action of both MTX (0.1 microM) and FUra (5 microM) on Hep-2
      (epidermoid carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) and CFU-C in medium supplemented
      with either non-dialyzed or dialyzed serum. Woodcock et al. (1987) incubated
      gallbladder mucosa, obtained from patients undergoing elective surgery for
      cholelithiasis, with control medium or varying concentrations of DP for 1 hr, and
      then exposed the mucosal cells to 2.5 microCi [3H]-FdUrd (2.5 microM). After 1
      hr, the uptake of FdUrd into the tissue was inhibited to 49% and 42% of control
      by 0.1 microM and 1 microM, respectively.

PMID- 2646651
TI  - Platelet activating factor and airway smooth muscle.

PMID- 2646652
TI  - The development of hypoxic tumor cell cytotoxic agents.

PMID- 2646653
TI  - Drug metabolism in liver disease.

PMID- 2646654
TI  - Activated c-N-ras in radiation-induced acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: twelfth
      codon aspartic acid.
AB  - We describe the detection and characterization of an activated c-N-ras allele
      from a gamma-radiation-induced canine acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). The
      activated allele was detected by use of the NIH3T3 transfection/transformation
      assay. The leukemia DNA had a transforming activity of 0.0125 foci/microgram. By
      the use of a double anti-ras antibody enzyme-linked immunoblot assay, we have
      dissected the lesion within the activated c-N-ras allele. Aspartic acid has been
      substituted for the normal glycine at position 12 in the activated p21c-N-ras.
      The expression of the mutant p21ras has also been detected in an in vivo passage
      of the radiation-induced canine ANLL from which the activated c-N-ras allele was
      isolated. We have demonstrated sufficient homology between canine c-N-ras genes
      and the human cDNA c-N-ras clone, p6a1, that allows this probe to be used in
      Southern blotting of canine tissues. In addition, anti-ras antibodies generated
      against both murine and human ras antigens are capable of detecting canine p21ras
      species.

PMID- 2646655
TI  - The efficacy of amiodarone in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia or
      ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 2646656
TI  - Efficacy and toxicity of amiodarone for the treatment of supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmias.
AB  - Amiodarone is an effective agent for all types of supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmias regardless of mechanism and may, in fact, control a high
      percentage of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias refractory to conventional
      antiarrhythmic agents. However, its toxicity should temper enthusiasm for the use
      of the medication in non-life-threatening arrhythmias. As always, when
      recommending specific therapies the potential benefit should be weighed in light
      of the related risk. In patients with life disordering, drug-refractory atrial
      fibrillation, it seems reasonable to attempt control with amiodarone. Likewise in
      patients with ectopic atrial tachycardias refractory to conventional agents, this
      seems reasonable as well. Other and better therapies are available for patients
      with life-threatening arrhythmias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White
      syndrome. While amiodarone is moderately effective in these patients, the advent
      of improved surgical techniques and the relatively low risk of an operation make
      surgery the treatment of choice. The role of IV amiodarone, acutely, in the
      treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias remains to be defined.

PMID- 2646657
TI  - Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery.

PMID- 2646658
TI  - Carotid sinus hypersensitivity and the carotid sinus syndrome.

PMID- 2646659
TI  - Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of S-100 protein in insulin
      containing cells of cultured fetal rat islets.
AB  - S-100 protein was long considered to be specific to glial and Schwann cells, but
      was subsequently proved to be present in various organs. In particular, S-100
      proteinimmunoreactivity was demonstrated in the parathyroid gland,
      adenohypophysis and endocrine pancreas. In the present study cultured fetal rat
      islets were investigated in view of the possible presence of S-100 protein
      immunoreactivity in their cells. In the initial 5-day period, continuity between
      islets and ducts could be demonstrated, and the islets appeared to bud from the
      ducts. During this time, S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells were found in either
      the budding islets or ducts. The colocalization of S-100 protein and insulin was
      demonstrated immunocytochemically. In contrast, the newly formed islets from
      endocrine monolayers did not display S-100 protein immunoreactivity. After this
      initial period, numerous free-floating islets were observed, but only some of
      them contained S-100 protein immunoreactivity. S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells
      had the same distribution as those storing insulin, again suggesting the
      coexistence of the two peptides. The results suggest that S-100 protein might be
      involved in the regulation of islet function.

PMID- 2646660
TI  - Cobalt in the environment and its toxicological implications.
AB  - Cobalt is an essential trace element which is widely distributed in nature. Most
      of cobalt consumed is used in the manufacture of alloys, and although not
      released extensively in the environment, it may represent a hazard to human
      health. In addition, excess dietary cobalt produces toxic effects in animals.
      Polycythemia and hyperglycemia with transitory damage to pancreatic alpha-cells
      have been widely reported after cobalt administration. Cobalt salts induce
      respiratory deficiency in yeast. CoCl2 increased sister chromatid exchange (SCE)
      in P388D1 cells and in lymphocytes from two donors. So far it has not been
      possible to induce cancer in experimental animals using cobalt by any other route
      than by injection. Ingestion of cobalt may lead to reproductive changes in the
      male rat such as loss of testicular volume and darkening of testicle color. On
      the other hand, oral administration of cobalt did not produce teratogenicity or
      significant fetotoxicity in the rat at daily doses as high as 100 mg CoCl2/kg.
      However, cobalt affected the period of late gestation as well as the postnatal
      development of the pups. Occupational toxicology of cobalt, hygienic and
      epidemiologic aspects, and treatment of cobalt poisoning are also topics of
      special interest. Cobalt is a metal with marked allergenic potential. Asthma,
      interstitial lung disease and combined asthma and alveolitis have been described
      as occupational health hazards. EDTA, DTPA, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine have been
      suggested as possible antidotes in cobalt intoxication.

PMID- 2646661
TI  - Comparative toxicology of the pyrethroid insecticides.
AB  - The toxic effects elicited by synthetic pyrethroids in animals are varied in
      degree and nature. Their relative safety to birds and mammals contrasts sharply
      with their acute effects on fish and arthropods. Explantation of their
      differences in toxicity depends on examination of all factors of their
      comparative toxicology. Routes of exposure are important, as are metabolism and
      elimination rates, especially for mammals and birds with their considerable
      capabilities for biotransformation. Significant differences in sensitivity at the
      sites of toxic action may also play a role in differential responses to these
      insecticides. Finally, physical properties that influence the environmental
      disposition and subsequently affect bioavailability of the compounds in water,
      soil, air, produce, and nontarget species are also instrumental in determining
      the impact of current and future synthetic pyrethroid insecticides.

PMID- 2646662
TI  - Serodiagnosis of ovine toxoplasmosis: an assessment of the latex agglutination
      test and the value of IgM specific titres after experimental oocyst-induced
      infections.
AB  - The antibody response of 20 pregnant ewes to oocyst infection with Toxoplasma
      gondii was determined by the latex agglutination test (LAT) and compared with the
      indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and a commercially available indirect
      haemagglutination test (IHAT). The LAT and IFAT showed a similar rapid response
      with antibody first appearing by two to three weeks after infection and titres
      that correlated closely (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001). The IHAT response was
      slower and less consistent up to seven weeks after infection. The LAT response
      was biphasic in seven of the sheep. Sera were fractionated using a minicolumn gel
      filtration technique and specific IgM and IgG titres determined by LAT. IgM
      titres peaked three weeks after infection and IgG titres exceeded IgM titres at a
      mean time of 4.7 weeks after infection (range 3 to 7). Eleven sheep exhibited
      fetopathy with abortion/parturition 12 to 53 days after infection; in nine of
      them IgG titres exceeded IgM at that time. A non-specific anti-toxoplasma
      reaction associated with IgM antibody occurred at low titre in one sheep. The
      results indicate that used from a dilution of 1/64 the LAT is a sensitive,
      reliable and rapidly responsive serological test for toxoplasma infection in ewes
      and it may be utilised with sample fractionation techniques to determine IgM
      titres. It is suggested that the best time to examine ewe sera to assist
      diagnosis of toxoplasma abortion is one week after abortion. While the
      determination of specific IgM titres in ewe sera may assist epidemiological
      studies and, sometimes, diagnosis, in the majority of aborting ewe sera it is
      unlikely to aid diagnosis.

PMID- 2646663
TI  - Endocrine late effects among survivors of cancer.

PMID- 2646664
TI  - Late effects of cancer therapy on the central nervous system.
AB  - The number of studies documenting the long-term morbidity of CNS treatment has
      increased dramatically in recent years. Cranial irradiation, in particular, has
      been associated with cognitive deficits and neuroanatomic pathology. Children who
      are treated at an early age and individuals who receive higher doses (2,400 cGy
      or greater) appear to be at greatest risk for these sequelae. Much more research
      on the pathogenesis of delayed injury following CNS treatment is needed. Although
      several compelling mechanisms have been proposed, little empirical evidence is
      available. This knowledge is essential to the identification of agents that may
      protect normal brain tissue from injury. Even less is known about the effects of
      age at time of treatment, type of treatment (radiation v chemotherapy), or dose
      of radiation in relation to delayed injury. Of utmost importance are studies that
      will establish the predictive relationship between brain injury and cognitive
      deficits. This would allow clinicians to predict patients who are at risk for
      cognitive impairment in order to institute appropriate preventive or remedial
      interventions.

PMID- 2646665
TI  - Genetic counseling of the cancer survivor.
AB  - Each year, tens of thousands of persons are diagnosed with cancer, are treated,
      and become survivors while still in their reproductive years. Their concerns
      about possible germ-cell damage as a result of life-saving radiation,
      chemotherapy, or both are plausible, based on evidence from animal models and
      from somatic cell mutations in human beings. A 40-year follow-up of survivors of
      the atomic bomb blasts in Japan showed no detectable genetic damage and suggested
      that the human gonad is more resistant to radiogenic mutation than the laboratory
      mouse. The pooled results of studying 12 series of offspring of cancer patients
      showed a 4% rate of major birth defects (similar to that of the general
      population) and an excess of fetal loss and low birth weight in offspring of
      women who received abdominal radiotherapy. According to preliminary evaluation of
      a new National Cancer Institute collaboration with five cancer registries,
      offspring of survivors of childhood cancers had no more birth defects than
      expected and, beyond an increase in probably familial cancers in children younger
      than 5, no overall increase in childhood cancer. Ideally, genetic and
      reproductive counseling should take place as soon as cancer is diagnosed (before
      therapy starts) and again when pregnancy is contemplated.

PMID- 2646666
TI  - Immunologic late effects in children and adults.

PMID- 2646667
TI  - Late effects in multiple body systems.

PMID- 2646668
TI  - Second malignancies following cancer therapy.
AB  - In the absence of proper treatment, essentially all patients with disseminated
      malignancy and a substantial number of those with more localized disease will die
      of their cancer. Unfortunately, effective cancer therapy usually results in
      exposure to treatment that, in itself, may be carcinogenic. The long-term risks
      attributed to such therapy, however, must be balanced against the benefits of
      therapy for a life-threatening disease. The risk of treatment-related
      malignancies is under intensive investigation. As the follow-up time increases on
      various treatment regimens, our knowledge of these late effects will be advanced
      significantly.

PMID- 2646669
TI  - Psychosocial consequences of childhood cancer.
AB  - This article summarizes findings regarding the psychosocial late effects of
      chronic childhood cancer on long-term survivors. Overall, the psychosocial
      adjustment of many survivors appears to be within the normally expected range.
      Studies that compared cancer survivors with healthy controls on standardized
      scales found few or no significant differences in psychopathology. However, more
      subtle concerns or problems related to physical impairments, vocational
      discrimination, economic burden, and early and open communication within the
      family were identified. More research is needed to fully understand these subtle
      difficulties and to identify intervention strategies to prevent psychosocial late
      effects from occurring, and to ameliorate them when they are present.

PMID- 2646670
TI  - The adult cancer survivor: psychosocial consequences of cure.
AB  - This article has summarized the psychosocial sequelae identified for the adult
      cancer survivor. The themes that have been identified relate to loss, compromise,
      and uncertainty. There is, as yet, no evidence of increased psychopathology in
      this population. Research on this subject is sparse and difficult to interpret.
      Consistent definitions of survival across studies is needed in order to compare
      findings. Although no specific length of time is precise for a given individual,
      information does exist that would assist in defining long-term survival for a
      given disease. The use of sensitive measures and appropriate comparison groups is
      an important consideration in future studies. Instruments that measure
      psychopathology have often been used; however, these instruments appear not to be
      sensitive to the more subtle levels of psychological distress and problems
      associated with long-term survival. Schipper and Levitt have emphasized the need
      for more discriminating tools. Spitzer and colleagues propose the use of in-depth
      psychological interviews as optimal in this regard. Comparison groups have varied
      from neighbors, friends, college students, psychiatric patients, and national
      surveys. In addition to a lack of consistency among these groups, questions have
      been raised in the literature as to what degree these groups represent the
      general population. Schipper and Levitt suggest that patients might best be used
      as their own controls and followed over time. Through increased understanding,
      strategies for prevention and intervention can be designed. An editorial in the
      newsletter for the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship states, "the
      strength of the survivorship movement can be measured, in part, by the fact that
      these activities have developed independently, without coordination.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646671
TI  - Biochemical aspects of peripheral muscle fatigue. A review.
AB  - Muscular fatigue is of critical importance to performance and as such has been
      the subject of numerous investigations. However, a clear cause remains elusive.
      Although many factors have been identified, this review deals only with those
      which occur distal to the neuromuscular junction. Factors discussed include:
      energy supply (ATP/creatine phosphate, glycogen, oxygen, and free fatty acids);
      the accumulation of metabolites (lactate/hydrogen ions, calcium, ammonium,
      electrolyte and water shifts); and, the special case of eccentric work. The
      results of many studies using various methodologies are examined. Peripheral
      fatigue appears to be a complex series of interactions with variable influence on
      the development of fatigue depending upon the nature of the work performed.

PMID- 2646672
TI  - Effects of inactivity and exercise on bone.
AB  - Bone mass and muscular mass show a parallel evolution during growth, and parallel
      involution with age. However, the bone loss related to the withdrawal of
      oestrogens is independent of muscular waste. The extensive study of disuse
      osteoporosis shows that exercise without weightbearing cannot counteract the loss
      of bone mass provoked by bed rest or weightlessness. Physical training, even at
      low frequency (30 to 60 min/day, 2 or 3 days/week), can increase bone mass or
      reduce bone loss associated with age. This effect is even present when exercise
      is practised by very old people at a seemingly low level of muscular tension on
      bone. It is not known whether muscular exercise could be helpful in pathological
      osteopenia. Experiments in animals indicate a short-lived benefit of exercise
      practised during a definite growth period; the long term effect of physical
      training in humans, after cessation of such activity, has not been studied
      extensively. Equal distribution of tension on all parts of the skeleton is
      probably not mandatory to obtain a general effect of exercise on bone mass. It is
      assumed that muscular exercise acts through tension exerted on bone, but the
      exact mechanism is unknown, as are the specifications of effective exercise in
      terms of site of application, intensity, frequency and duration. Moreover, little
      is known about the expected synergy between exercise and occupational activity.

PMID- 2646674
TI  - [Thrombocytosis following pancreas transplantation--a retrospective clinical
      study].
AB  - Thrombosis of the pancreas transplant is one of the main causes for the lower
      success rate of this transplantation compared with other organ transplantations.
      Approximately one quarter of the pancreas transplantations discussed in this
      study were unsuccessful for this reason. This work is a retrospective study
      focussing on the blood platelet measurement from 19 patients with a postoperative
      combined pancreas and kidney transplant, functioning well for at least 1.5
      months. In addition, the drug treatment (immunosuppressive agents, antibiotics,
      thrombosis prophylaxis), the transfusions and the body temperature were
      registered. 19 patients with only a kidney transplant, with similar distribution
      of sex, age and postoperative immunosuppressive treatment, were observed as a
      control group. After a pancreas transplantation the platelet number increases
      considerably and is found to be far above the normal level. There are no proven
      pathophysiological explanations for this thrombocytosis. Different factors such
      as postoperative infections, inflammations, acute blood losses, side effects of
      the drugs and the patients postoperative condition were taken into consideration.
      Other predisposing factors for the thrombosis tendency of the pancreas transplant
      vessels are its abnormal haemodynamic situation and the endothelial change caused
      by the preservation of the transplant, by mechanical or surgical traumas or by a
      possible pancreatitis of the transplant. Because of this increased risk of
      thrombosis, there are clear indications to use platelet inhibitors during the
      first two postoperative months.

PMID- 2646673
TI  - Athletic amenorrhoea. An update on aetiology, complications and management.
AB  - The enormous increase in participation by women in physical recreation and sport
      since the early 1970s, has seen a parallel increase in research into the effects
      of strenuous exercise on the female neuroendocrine and reproductive systems.
      Oligomenorrhoea, primary or secondary amenorrhoea, altered pubertal progression,
      defective luteal phase, anovulation, and infertility may result, most frequently
      in those aerobic type activities associated with the lower bodyweight and fat
      percentages such as running, aerobics, and gymnastics. As well as body
      composition and sport specificity, intensity of training, previous menstrual
      history (in particular delayed menarche) and diet/eating disorders are all
      important associated factors. The neuroendocrinological pathogenesis to this
      altered menstrual function is complex and controversial; however, the evidence
      for accelerated bone loss in these young women with chronic hypo-oestrogenaemia
      is substantial. Since the first studies released in 1982 when amenorrhoeic
      runners' bone mineral content was measured and found equivalent to that predicted
      normal for 52-year-old women, further studies have proposed an association
      between this hypo-oestrogenaemia, reduced bone density and stress fractures.
      Studies so far show that this bone loss continues to occur over time, but the
      most rapid rate of bone loss (approximately 4%/year) occurs early on cessation of
      menses, thus emphasising the importance of early management in preventing bone
      loss occurring in young amenorrhoeic athletes. The role of calcium and oestrogen
      supplementation in management of the hypo-oestrogenic exercising female are
      unclear. The results of longitudinal studies currently under way assessing their
      benefits are awaited. Meanwhile an increased calcium intake to 1500mg per day
      should be advised and consideration of oestrogen and/or progesterone
      supplementation given. It is important that other causes of amenorrhoea are not
      overlooked in this exercising population and the diagnosis of 'athletic
      amenorrhoea' should not be made until a full thorough history, physical
      examination and blood tests have eliminated other common causes. Full dietary
      history and assessment for eating disorders is an essential part of this
      assessment.

PMID- 2646675
TI  - [Has human brucellosis disappeared from Switzerland?].

PMID- 2646676
TI  - [Syphilis and HIV infection].

PMID- 2646677
TI  - [Ambulatory treatment of gonorrhea using ceftriaxone (multicenter study)].

PMID- 2646678
TI  - [Percutaneous electric and magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in man.
      Physiological aspects and clinical applications].
AB  - The new techniques of percutaneous electric and magnetic stimulation of the motor
      cortex in conscious man provide a unique opportunity of functional testing of the
      central motor pathways. These techniques seem to be safe and no immediate or
      delayed adverse reactions have been reported. The physiological studies so far
      performed suggest that the structures which are preferentially excited by these
      methods are the fast conducting pyramidal neurones. It has been shown that a
      single cortical stimulus is able to activate spinal motoneurones repeatedly. This
      phenomenon can easily be explained if the cortical stimulus generates multiple
      descending volleys in the central motor pathways. By comparison with experiments
      of stimulation of the exposed motor cortex in animals, it is likely that electric
      brain stimulation directly activates the axons of the pyramidal neurons at their
      origin and to a lesser extent also recruits these neurons transsynaptically, via
      some cortical interneurones. Magnetic stimulation of the brain at the vertex
      seems to act mostly by the latter mechanism. These different modes of action of
      the two methods of cortical stimulation explain the latency differences of the
      EMG responses obtained with either technique. Increased excitability of the
      spinal motoneurones and the existence of multiple descending volleys in response
      to a single cortical stimulus result in shortening of the latencies and greater
      amplitude of the responses recorded during voluntary contraction of the target
      muscle. Stimulation of the motor cortex has been used in pilot studies conducted
      on patients suffering from various disorders of the central motor pathways, such
      as multiple sclerosis, cervical spondylosis, motor neurone disease or stroke. The
      sensitivity of the technique looks promising. In M.S., the EMG responses usually
      show an increased central conduction latency, a reduced amplitude and a prolonged
      duration. The severity of the electrophysiological abnormalities is not very well
      correlated with clinical weakness, but the correlations seems to be better with
      hyperreflexia and the presence of brisk finger flexor jerks. The same
      abnormalities are observed in cervical spondylosis, although to a lesser extent.
      In motor neurone disease, the responses have a moderately increased latency and
      their size and duration are markedly reduced. Patients with acute hemispheric
      stroke usually show absent responses on the contralateral side. Finally, electric
      cortical stimulation can be very useful in monitoring the functional integrity of
      descending motor tracts during surgical operations performed on the spinal cord.

PMID- 2646679
TI  - [Cranial pachymeningitis of unknown origin. Study of 3 cases].
AB  - The clinical picture in three cases of chronic cranial pachymeningitis of unknown
      origin was dominated by headache, disturbed balance, a confusional state and
      cranial nerve lesions. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was increased and the
      CSF showed inflammatory changes. CT scan imaging showed thickening of the
      tentorium cerebelli, which took up contrast intensely. Meningeal biopsy showed
      the dura-mater to be the site of a non-specific inflammatory process. No precise
      cause was found. Clinical manifestations in these three patients were remarkably
      corticosensitive but lesions did not regress on CT. The development of a state of
      corticodependence led to an attempt at treatment with radiotherapy and/or
      azathioprine, but follow up is insufficient to evaluate results.

PMID- 2646680
TI  - [Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: neuropsychological
      differentiation].
AB  - 54 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), 26 patients with
      Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 18 control subjects, all over 55, have performed
      neuropsychological tests, evaluating global intellectual function (Rosen's
      cognitive scale, WAIS digit symbol, WAIS similitude and WMS logical memory tests)
      and visuospatial functions (Rey lacunar pictures, Poppelreuter and Benton line
      orientation tests). AD group results were distinctly different from those of the
      PD and the control groups (p less than 0.001). In the PD group, only the Rosen's
      scale total score and the visuospatial tests were slightly altered (p less than
      0.05). In a PD subgroup with a normal Rosen's scale result, the Benton line
      orientation test was different from controls (p less than 0.05). In another PD
      subgroup with Rosen's scale score comparable to a midly impaired AD subgroup, all
      the neuropsychological tests were abnormal. Only the WAIS digit symbol test,
      altered in this PD subgroup, was different comparing these 2 subgroups (p less
      than 0.05). With regard to the PD total group, the neuropsychological perturbed
      PD subgroup was older, had a longer duration of disease, a higher depression's
      score, less tremor and a worse equilibrium. These results might reflect a
      neuropsychological defect heterogeneity among PD patients, related to various
      pathophysiological hypothesis which are discussed in this paper.

PMID- 2646681
TI  - [Mitochondrial myopathy. Encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and cerebral
      infarction].
AB  - A 21 year-old man presented with a history of sudden onset of aphasia and
      headache. CT showed a left parietal hypodensity and pallidal calcifications. The
      ECG showed a Wolff-Parkinson-White's syndrome. The patient then developed
      successively focal epileptic seizures, temper disorders, a cardiomyopathy, a
      pepper and salt retinopathy with hemeralopia, a left hemiplegia, deafness, and
      fever of unexplained origin. Left carotid angiography showed thin, irregular or
      occluded branches of the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Blood muscle
      enzymes, lactate and pyruvate, were elevated with acidosis. Muscle biopsy
      revealed a mitochondrial myopathy and blood chemistry showed a severe deficiency
      of respiratory chain enzymes. Death occurred after 28 months. This case showed
      the diagnostic features of Melas, with some elements of the Kearns-Sayre
      syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the first case were serial angiographies
      allowed demonstration of arterial changes capable of explaining cerebral
      infarctions.

PMID- 2646682
TI  - [Acetylcholinesterase activity, choline acetyltransferase and GABA
      immunoreactivity in the ventral horn of the spinal cord of rats during
      chromatolysis].
AB  - A comparative study on the changes of the acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE)
      and of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)- and GABA-like immunoreactivity (LI) has
      been performed in the ventral horn cells of the spinal cord of white rats 1, 2
      and 3 weeks after transection of the right sciatic nerve. For the visualization
      of the AChE the method of Karnovsky and Roots (1964) was used. ChAT-LI was
      demonstrated by means of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method (Hsu et al.,
      1981), whereas GABA-LI was localized using the PAP-method of Sternberger et al.
      (1970). In the control rats AChE-activity was observed on the cellular membrane,
      weaker in the cytoplasm of the perikarya and the proximal processes of the
      motoneurons; a pericellular localization of the reaction product was also
      established. ChAT-like immunoreactivity was mainly observed in the cytoplasm of
      the perikarya and the cellular processes, whereas GABA-like was most intensive in
      the nuclei of a number of motoneurons and in the more distal parts of their
      dendrites; the staining intensity of the perikaryal cytoplasm was weaker. During
      chromatolysis a progressive decrease of the staining intensity of the reactions
      for all the 3 substances was observed. In some neurons there was a total loss of
      the immunoreactivity. These results suggest that during chromatolysis: 1. the
      production of acetylcholine and GABA decreases; 2. the GABA which coexists within
      some cholinergic motoneurons may be expressed by these cells and 3. the AChE
      activity may also in the future be used as a marker of the cholinergic system of
      the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord.

PMID- 2646683
TI  - [Ischemia of the anterior horn of the spinal cord].
AB  - Ischemia of the motoneurons in the anterior horn is a well known pathological
      entity. Their clinical signs and symptoms are similar to those of amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis. Evidence by selective angiography of angiomas of the spinal
      cord or compression or deviation of Adamkiewicz artery may be suggestive of an
      initial vascular lesion. Various data (knowledge of development or lesions during
      experimental ischemia, selective electrophysiologic analysis of anterior horn
      neurons, evidence of precise circumstances of spinal vascular disorder or spinal
      arteriography) suggest that anterior horn ischemia is a multiple aspect
      phenomenon. Our 4 cases illustrate this hypothesis and demonstrate under
      confirmed vascular circumstances the different clinical aspects of anterior horn
      ischemic lesions. In addition to typical amyotrophic paralysis unusual or
      misleading symptoms may occur such as claudication, paroxysmal contractures or
      progressive spastic paraparesis. Investigations required and possible treatment
      of the lesions are simplified by awareness of these various clinical aspects.

PMID- 2646684
TI  - [Progressive spinal muscular atrophy and parathyroid adenoma. Clinico-pathologic
      study of a case].
AB  - A 82 year-old man died 6 years after the onset of a progressive spinal muscular
      atrophy. Post-mortem examination disclosed a parathyroid adenoma. Weakness and
      wasting were prominent in the proximal lower limbs. There were no fasciculations.
      Involvement of the medulla was mild and late. These clinical features were also
      present in 16 reported cases, which were improved by treatment of primary or
      secondary hyperparathyroidism. Our patient differs by the involvement of the hand
      muscles and the loss of tendon reflexes. Neuropathological study, as in one other
      reported case, showed a loss of anterior horn cells. Such cases underline that
      calcium metabolism must be studied in syndromes of spinal muscular atrophy.

PMID- 2646685
TI  - [Acute polyradiculoneuritis after intravenous injection of heroin, HIV
      seropositivity disclosed 3 years later].
AB  - An acute polyradiculoneuritis with tetraplegia and respiratory failure was
      observed in a 27 year-old heroin addict 3 hours after an intravenous injection of
      heroin. Full recovery was obtained after respiratory assistance and plasma
      exchanges. The biological and morphological changes (sural nerve biopsy)
      suggested an immune mediated mechanism. Three years after the recovery, the
      patient was tested for HIV antibody and was seropositive. The role of HIV
      infection and of the injection of heroin are discussed.

PMID- 2646686
TI  - [Evaluation of the probability of the occurrence of pregnancy during oligo
      astheno-teratospermia].
AB  - Analysis of several sperm counts makes possible the positive diagnosis of oligo
      astheno-teratospermia. Attempts to determine their etiology and consequently
      their treatment, remain negative, in most cases. The physician involved must then
      try to answer the couple's concern about the prognosis. The prognosis depends on
      the alterations seen on the sperm count parameters; but there is no threshold
      figure under which no pregnancy is observed (except for zero), concerning the
      count, the gradual mobility or the morphology of the spermatozoids. Motility
      studies, survival tests in cervical secretions, in the female genital apparatus
      and in culture media or fertilization in vitro tests, improve the prognosis.
      However, an answer can only be provided if the fertility takes into account the
      age of the female partner and a study of her fertility as well as the duration of
      the infertility. Management will consist of a choice between discontinuation of
      the treatment, test of fertilization in vitro and temporizing, including trials
      of male treatment and treatment of possibly associated female factors.

PMID- 2646687
TI  - [Immunology and male hypofertility].
AB  - In man, 3 to 15 p. cent of hypofertilities have been ascribed to an antisperm
      auto-immunization, consisting of antibodies against antigens located in the
      spermatozoid membrane. This autoimmunization may be triggered by traumatic or
      infectious processes in the genitalia which resulted in a massive reabsorption of
      these antigens. But very often, there are no previous pathological events nor an
      abnormal physical examination of the genitalia, and the antisperm auto
      immunization is considered in view of the sole spontaneous agglutination of
      spermatozoids in the ejaculation. This agglutination, wether isolated or related
      to previous evocative events, indicates in 55 p. cent of the cases, the presence
      of these antibodies on ejaculation spermatozoids. Antibodies fixed on
      spermatozoids may prevent the transcervical transfer of these cells and their
      migration toward the ovocyte and/or jeopardize the interaction of the two
      gametes. The percentage of antibodies, their class and location on the
      cytoplasmic membrane, may all have an effect upon the level and magnitude of the
      impediment.

PMID- 2646688
TI  - [Intra-cervical homologous artificial insemination with fresh sperm and
      intrauterine artificial insemination after preparation of the sperm].
AB  - After reviewing the literature on the subject of intracervical insemination, the
      author presents a study of 161 cycles in 80 couples stimulated with CC-HMG
      associated with intra-uterine insemination. In the 80 couples that were studied,
      there were sperm anomalies, cervical secretions anomalies or a combination of
      both.

PMID- 2646689
TI  - [The value of fertilization in vitro and derived technics in oligo-astheno
      teratospermia].
AB  - The authors report the advantage of fertilization in vitro and ancillary
      techniques in hypofertility by male component. In their fertilization in vitro
      program, a male indication is individually found in 10% of the cases, but also in
      female indications, even those of tubal origin. In summary, sperm anomalies are
      reported in 25% of couples entering a program of fertilization in vitro.
      Therefore they explain their current approach toward one or two cycles of
      diagnostic FIV, and then propose the most appropriate technique of assisted
      procreation for each case.

PMID- 2646690
TI  - [Substance dependence and substance abuse].

PMID- 2646691
TI  - [Sacred heart ... grafted heart...].

PMID- 2646692
TI  - [Social security. 1].

PMID- 2646693
TI  - [Surveillance of fetal growth].
AB  - While clinical methods are sufficient to evaluate normal foetal growth,
      ultrasonography is indispensable in pathological situations. A knowledge of
      foetal growth is useful mainly in the 3rd trimestre of pregnancy, when the
      gestational age can no longer be determined. Growth is evaluated from abdominal
      parameters, especially perimeters. Disturbance in the development of cranial
      perimeter means that the brain protection mechanisms are overcome. At the moment,
      Doppler velocimetry cannot lead to a decision, but it provides valuable
      information on the perinatal prognosis. Ultrasonography is an accessory decisive
      factor in matters of stunted foetal growth. Cardiotocography provides
      instantaneous data to be used in emergencies, but ultrasonography and Doppler
      ultrasound provide information for long-term use. Despite the accessory position
      of ultrasonography as a decision-making examination, no one today would consider
      doing without it when monitoring foetal growth. Hence the necessity to determine
      exactly when and how should be obtained the data that make ultrasonography so
      valuable for this purpose.

PMID- 2646694
TI  - [An atlas of normal and pathologic echography].

PMID- 2646695
TI  - [Operations guided by echography].
AB  - The considerable development, during the last few years, of the antenatal
      diagnosis of congenital abnormalities is due to progress in cytogenetics but also
      to rapid improvements in obstetrical ultrasonography. With high-resolution
      ultrasound scanners, various interventions performed increasingly early during
      pregnancy can be guided with an ever decreasing risk. Thus, genetic diseases can
      now be detected at a very early stage by chorion biopsy combined with genetic
      engineering, and direct foetal blood sampling with a needle guided by ultrasound
      increases our knowledge of foetal physiology and provides an access to antenatal
      pathology. In the forthcoming years a true antenatal medicine will no doubt
      develop, no longer to eliminate foetuses, but to treat and cure them.

PMID- 2646696
TI  - [Diagnosis and surveillance of multiple pregnancies by echography].
AB  - Twin pregnancies are high-risk pregnancies requiring a particularly close
      supervision in which ultrasonography plays a major role from the beginning to the
      end. At the beginning, ultrasonography shows the presence of a twin pregnancy and
      provides an indication of its anatomical type. It may also detect early
      complications, notably lysis of the ovum. From the second trimester of pregnancy
      onwards, ultrasounds diagnose complications that are not readily accessible to
      physical examination, such as growth retardation of one foetus or both, foetal
      malformations or death in utero of one of the twins. At the end of pregnancy,
      ultrasounds also plays a role in the choice of the mode of delivery.

PMID- 2646697
TI  - [Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy].
AB  - The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy rests on the results of plasma beta-HCG
      hormone assays and on those of ultrasonography. If the plasma level of beta-HCG
      is lower than 10 m IU/ml, the woman is not pregnant; if it is higher than 10
      IU/ml, ectopic pregnancy is excluded when ultrasounds show a gestation sac within
      the uterine cavity from the 5th week of amenorrhoea onward. The diagnosis of
      ectopic pregnancy is certain when ultrasounds show a gestation sac outside the
      uterine cavity; it is highly probable when they show an inhomogeneous masson the
      side of the uterus or a collection of blood in Douglas' pouch.

PMID- 2646698
TI  - Immunohistological analysis of human fetal lymph nodes.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against various lymphoid and non
      lymphoid cell subsets was used to study the lymph nodes of human fetuses of 16-40
      weeks. B cells were of intermediate size and were present at all ages in
      primitive follicles and in the outer cortex. The fetal B-cell immunophenotype is
      indicative of an intermediate stage of development, just preceding the
      differentiation to mature B cell. Forty to sixty per cent Leu1+ B cells were
      observed in the follicles until the end of the second trimester. At all stages, T
      cells showed an immunophenotype similar to type III thymocytes, different from
      adult peripheral T cells, with a marked predominance of CD4+ T cells. Leu7+ NK
      cells were generally absent. OKIa+ interdigitating reticulum cells were present
      in T-cell areas. Some axillary lymph nodes showed strongly CD1+ dendritic cells,
      probably Langerhans' cells. Macrophages and granulocytes were present in varying
      numbers. Altogether, our results indicate that fetal lymph nodes are quite well
      differentiated at an early fetal age, although T and B cells do not (yet) show
      adult immunophenotypes. The expression of the CD38 antigen may be a main marker
      related to the immaturity of fetal T and B cells.

PMID- 2646699
TI  - IgG in murine intestinal secretions. Aging effect and possible physiological
      role.
AB  - To assess the role of, and age-associated alterations in, intraluminal IgG in the
      intestine, total IgG and subclass distribution in small intestinal perfusates and
      pilocarpine-stimulated intestinal secretions were measured under non-fasting
      conditions in three groups of BALB/c mice: 2-3, 12-14, and over 24 months old.
      Total intraluminal IgG and its subclasses (i.e. IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b) increased
      with age. However, the binding capacities of natural intraluminal IgG antibody
      (Ab) for outer membrane antigen (Ag) from normal habitant bacteria (Escherichia
      coli and Enterobacter agglomerans) were markedly reduced in the aged lavage
      samples as compared with such binding in samples from the other two age groups.
      The striking similarity to serum in the magnitude of the increase of intraluminal
      IgG and also in the distribution patterns of its subclasses in the small
      intestinal perfusates from all age groups suggests that the serum is a major
      source of the IgG. The intraluminal IgG may play some role in humoral immune
      protection under physiologic conditions of the gut lumen.

PMID- 2646700
TI  - Intrinsic cell membrane antigens recognized by antichromatin autoantibodies. The
      membrane antigens do not derive from the nucleus.
AB  - The main object of this study was to see whether or not chromatin constituents
      are present in cell membranes. The binding of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) to
      plasma membranes of leucocytes was studied by using autoantibodies and induced
      antibodies to different histones and histone peptides, and autoantibodies to
      double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in adsorption-elution experiments. Eluates were
      subsequently tested for antinuclear antibodies by a solid-phase ELISA. No ANA
      activities in the eluates were observed, except when true cross-reacting ANA were
      employed in the study. Furthermore, no binding of these antibodies to plasma
      membranes could be visualized by indirect membrane fluorescence tests. The
      conclusion of these studies was that freshly isolated viable leucocytes did not
      carry detectable amounts of ectopic chromatin components at the level of plasma
      membranes. Thus, it seems fairly unlikely that chromatin autoantibodies in
      general exert some tissue damage by binding to homologous nuclear antigens
      associated with plasma membranes in vivo.

PMID- 2646701
TI  - Purification of a major Mycobacterium bovis antigen for the diagnosis of bovine
      tuberculosis.
AB  - A Mycobacterium bovis antigen has been purified from culture filtrate by
      chromatofocusing. This antigen is a major component of culture filtrate and cell
      extracts and shows a considerable degree of micro-heterogeneity in electric
      charge and molecular weight. Studies with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies
      raised against the purified antigen show that some of its antigenic determinants
      also occur in higher molecular weight species in culture filtrate and
      particularly in whole cell preparations. Immunoblotting and ELISA studies, using
      sera from M.bovis-infected animals, showed that this antigen is one of the most
      immunoreactive components of M. bovis, recognized by the majority of animals with
      detectable antibody response to M. bovis. The specificity of the purified antigen
      is far superior to that of the crude culture filtrate, with very few false
      positive results. The purified antigen also elicits strong in vivo and in vitro
      cell-mediated responses. The amino acid compositions of two variants of this
      antigen have been determined and found to be similar to that of MPB-70.

PMID- 2646702
TI  - Prospective management of neonates with pelviureteric junction stenosis.
      Therapeutic strategy based on 99m Tc-DPTA studies.
AB  - A prospective therapeutic strategy based on separate glomerular filtration rate
      (SGFR) was evaluated in 14 prenatally detected asymptomatic neonates, suspected
      of having pelviureteric junction obstruction. The patients with low SGFR were
      referred for pyeloplasty with the hope to improve the renal function. A marked
      improvement occurred in only one patient, although the drainage function
      (furosemide test) did improve in all cases. A conservative attitude was adopted
      for those children with normal SGFR. In 6 of them, a progressive increase of SGFR
      was noted, related to the normal maturation of the function, followed by a
      stabilization in the normal range. In 1 patient, a sudden decrease of SGFR was
      observed around 1 year and the patient was shifted into the surgical group. In
      this patient, an initial partial response of the kidney to a furosemide injection
      changed into a persistent non-response, whereas in the other non-operated
      patients, partial or good response was always recorded, although the responses
      were essentially variable on successive tests. On the basis of these data, the
      protocol was slightly modified, the patients with persistent non-response to
      furosemide after 6 months of life being shifted to the surgical group.

PMID- 2646703
TI  - Multicystic transformation of the kidneys in dialysis patients.
AB  - In a dialysis population patients who had been treated merely with haemodialysis
      (HD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) were examined with
      ultrasound. The occurrence of multicystic transformation of the kidney was 4/15
      in HD patients and 8/25 in CAPD patients with no significant difference between
      the two groups. There was a significant association between the occurrence of
      multicystic transformation and the patient age while there was no significant
      association to the duration of dialysis or the duration of the uraemic state. No
      tumour or any other complication to cystic transformation was found. In 582
      persons without renal disease examined as controls we found 44 with cystic
      change. This material does not support the recommendation of regular ultrasound
      examination of our dialysis patients. However, until these results can be
      confirmed by prospective studies we must recommend screening of all maintenance
      dialysis patients after a longer duration of dialysis.

PMID- 2646704
TI  - Chronic urinary tract infection and renal stones.
AB  - In patients with bacteriuria and small and otherwise asymptomatic renal stones,
      the infection should be linked to the stone before surgical removal of the stone
      is considered. In this study the level of infection was determined by ureteric
      catheterisation. The method could discriminate between stone-related infections
      (70%) and infections confined to the lower urinary tract (30%) in virtually all
      of the patients. Even very small stones (3 mm) were shown to be the cause of
      decade-long bacteriurias. The results of operative stone removal were
      encouraging, with eradication of the infection in 87% of the patients with stone
      related infection.

PMID- 2646705
TI  - Polyorchidism with normal spermatogenesis, diagnosed preoperatively by
      ultrasound. A case report.
AB  - Polyorchidism is a rare urological anomaly with less than 60 cases reported in
      the literature. We report a case of right-sided polyorchidism with normal
      spermatogenesis diagnosed preoperatively by ultrasound imaging. Because of the
      high accuracy of ultrasound, surgical explorations are unnecessary if there are
      no signs of testicular torsion or other anomalies requiring operation.

PMID- 2646706
TI  - Mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis.
AB  - Recent investigations on possible mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis are
      reviewed, emphasizing cellular uptake and intracellular translocation of nickel,
      morphological transformation of cells by nickel compounds, chromosomal damage,
      DNA strandbreaks and DNA-protein complexes produced by nickel compounds,
      mutagenic effects of nickel, influence of nickel on the helical transition of B
      DNA to Z-DNA, nickel-induced infidelity of DNA synthesis, free radicals and lipid
      peroxidation induced by nickel exposures, nickel inhibition of DNA repair, nickel
      as a tumor promotor, nickel inhibition of natural-killer (NK) cell activity,
      manganese and magnesium antagonism of nickel carcinogenesis, and speculation that
      Ni2+ might replace Zn2+ in finger-loop domains of transforming proteins. The
      weight of evidence supports the following tentative conclusions: differences in
      the carcinogenic activities of nickel compounds may reflect variations in their
      capacities to provide nickel ions (eg, Ni2+) at critical sites within target
      cells; Ni2+ can initiate carcinogenesis, possibly by mutagenesis, chromosome
      damage, formation of Z-DNA, inhibition of DNA excision-repair or epigenetic
      mechanisms; Ni2+ can function as a tumor promoter; Ni2+ can enhance tumor
      progression by inhibiting NK cell activity; and nickel carcinogenesis can be
      suppressed or modified by certain other metals (eg, manganese and magnesium).

PMID- 2646707
TI  - Hospital faulted for dry eye study.

PMID- 2646708
TI  - NIH probes researcher's fundraising.

PMID- 2646709
TI  - Genetic control of differentiation of the Caenorhabditis elegans touch receptor
      neurons.
AB  - The genetic control of neuronal differentiation has been studied by examining
      mutations that affect the development and function of the six touch receptor
      neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. By screening for touch
      insensitive mutants, it has been possible to identify 18 genes (represented by
      417 mutations) that are required at various stages in the developmental program
      for touch cell differentiation. Two of the genes are needed for the generation of
      precursors in the touch cell lineages; without the precursors, touch cells are
      not made. A third gene, mec-3, specifies the differentiation of the touch cells,
      probably by acting as a transcription factor. The remaining 15 genes are likely
      targets of mec-3 action; mutants defective in these genes have nonfunctioning,
      yet differentiated, touch cells. Some of these latter genes are needed for the
      formation of cell-specific components of the touch cells, such as a set of
      microtubules that are only found in these cells. The study of the touch genes
      should help us understand how touch cell fate is determined, how microtubule form
      is specified, and, perhaps, how mechanical stimuli are transduced.

PMID- 2646710
TI  - A Salmonella locus that controls resistance to microbicidal proteins from
      phagocytic cells.
AB  - Facultative intracellular pathogens pose an important health problem because they
      circumvent a primary defense mechanism of the host: killing and degradation by
      professional phagocytic cells. A gene of the intracellular pathogen Salmonella
      typhimurium that is required for virulence and intracellular survival was
      identified and shown to have a role in resistance to defensins and possibly to
      other microbicidal mechanisms of the phagocyte. This gene may prove to be a
      regulatory element in the expression of virulence functions.

PMID- 2646711
TI  - Macrophage inflammatory protein-1: a prostaglandin-independent endogenous
      pyrogen.
AB  - Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) produced a monophasic fever of rapid
      onset whose magnitude was equal to or greater than that of fevers produced with
      either recombinant human cachectin (or tumor necrosis factor) or recombinant
      human interleukin-1. However, in contrast to these two endogenous pyrogens, the
      fever induced by MIP-1 was not inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor
      ibuprofen. Thus, MIP-1 may participate in the febrile response that is not
      mediated through prostaglandin synthesis and clinically cannot be ablated by
      cyclooxygenase inhibitors.

PMID- 2646712
TI  - Unity in function in the absence of consensus in sequence: role of leader
      peptides in export.
AB  - Passage of proteins across membranes during export from their site of synthesis
      to their final destination is mediated by leader peptides that paradoxically
      exhibit a unity of function in spite of a diversity of sequence. These leader
      peptides act in at least two stages of the export process: at entry into the
      pathway and subsequently during translocation across the membrane. How
      selectivity is imposed on the system in the absence of a consensus among the
      sequences of leader peptides is the main issue discussed here.

PMID- 2646713
TI  - Mouse lymph node homing receptor cDNA clone encodes a glycoprotein revealing
      tandem interaction domains.
AB  - Isolation of a clone encoding the mouse lymph node homing receptor reveals a
      deduced protein with an unusual protein mosaic architecture, containing a
      separate carbohydrate-binding (lectin) domain, an epidermal growth factor-like
      (EGF) domain, and an extracellular precisely duplicated repeat unit, which
      preserves the motif seen in the homologous repeat structure of complement
      regulatory proteins and other proteins. The receptor molecule is potentially
      highly glycosylated, and contains an apparent transmembrane region. Analysis of
      messenger RNA transcripts reveals a predominantly lymphoid distribution in direct
      relation to the cell surface expression of the MEL-14 determinant, and the cDNA
      clone is shown to confer the MEL-14 epitope in heterologous cells. The many novel
      features, including ubiquitination, embodied in this single receptor molecule
      form the basis for numerous approaches to the study of cell-cell interactions.

PMID- 2646714
TI  - The Drug Czar: no "Walter Wallflower".

PMID- 2646715
TI  - Model of the origin of rhythmic population oscillations in the hippocampal slice.
AB  - One goal of mammalian neurobiology is to understand the generation of neuronal
      activity in large networks. Conceptual schemes have been based on either the
      properties of single cells or of individual synapses. For instance, the intrinsic
      oscillatory properties of individual thalamic neurons are thought to underlie
      thalamic spindle rhythms. This issue has been pursued with a computer model of
      the CA3 region of the hippocampus that is based on known cellular and synaptic
      properties. Over a wide range of parameters, this model generates a rhythmic
      activity at a frequency faster than the firing of individual cells. During each
      rhythmic event, a few cells fire while most other cells receive synchronous
      synaptic inputs. This activity resembles the hippocampal theta rhythm as well as
      synchronized synaptic events observed in vitro. The amplitude and frequency of
      this emergent rhythmic activity depend on intrinsic cellular properties and the
      connectivity and strength of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses.

PMID- 2646716
TI  - Hydrogen tunneling in enzyme reactions.
AB  - Primary and secondary protium-to-tritium (H/T) and deuterium-to-tritium (D/T)
      kinetic isotope effects for the catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to
      benzaldehyde by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH) at 25 degrees Celsius have
      been determined. Previous studies showed that this reaction is nearly or fully
      rate limited by the hydrogen-transfer step. Semiclassical mass considerations
      that do not include tunneling effects would predict that kH/kT = (kD/kT)3.26,
      where kH, kD, and kT are the rate constants for the reaction of protium,
      deuterium, and tritium derivatives, respectively. Significant deviations from
      this relation have now been observed for both primary and especially secondary
      effects, such that experimental H/T ratios are much greater than those calculated
      from the above expression. These deviations also hold in the temperature range
      from 0 to 40 degrees Celsius. Such deviations were previously predicted to result
      from a reaction coordinate containing a significant contribution from hydrogen
      tunneling.

PMID- 2646717
TI  - Nucleotides in yeast tRNAPhe required for the specific recognition by its cognate
      synthetase.
AB  - An analysis of the aminoacylation kinetics of unmodified yeast tRNAPhe mutants
      revealed that five single-stranded nucleotides are important for its recognition
      by yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, provided they were positioned correctly in
      a properly folded tRNA structure. When four other tRNAs were changed to have
      these five nucleotides, they became near-normal substrates for the enzyme.

PMID- 2646718
TI  - Heme in the treatment of porphyrias and hematological disorders.

PMID- 2646719
TI  - LHRH analogues for hormonal manipulation in acute intermittent porphyria.
AB  - Preliminary studies of LHRH analogue administration in women with acute
      intermittent porphyria suggest that these agents provide a safe and useful means
      of hormonal manipulation in this endocrine-related disease. Because a variety of
      endogenous and exogenous factors can contribute to clinical expression of this
      disease, it can be expected that this form of treatment will be more useful in
      some patients with acute intermittent porphyria than in others. Further clinical
      trials are needed with special attention to the possibility that more than one
      factor may play an additive role in inciting attacks of this disease in
      individual patients.

PMID- 2646720
TI  - Agents affecting porphyrin formation and secretion: implications for porphyria
      cutanea treatment.

PMID- 2646721
TI  - Control of heme catabolism by Sn-protoporphyrin.

PMID- 2646722
TI  - Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of malignancies.

PMID- 2646723
TI  - Photodynamic therapy and bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2646724
TI  - Zinc protoporphyrin: a product of iron-deficient erythropoiesis.

PMID- 2646725
TI  - Porphyrins and hemoglobin.

PMID- 2646726
TI  - Heme regulation of hemoglobin synthesis.

PMID- 2646727
TI  - Surgical management of colonic inertia.
AB  - Fourteen patients with chronic constipation due to colonic inertia were treated
      with total abdominal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis at the Cleveland Clinic
      Foundation from 1981 to 1986. All patients were white women ranging in age from
      28 to 64 years (mean 41 years). The duration of symptoms averaged 21 years (range
      six to 47 years) and the average time between bowel movements was ten days. The
      preoperative evaluation included barium enema in 12 patients and colonoscopy in
      five (some patients had both studies). Anorectal dysfunction was excluded by
      manometry in ten patients and by rectal biopsy in six. Colonic transit studies
      were accomplished in only two patients. The hospital stay averaged 13 days, and
      there was no operative mortality. Postoperative morbidity included one case of
      small bowel obstruction, necessitating operative correction on postoperative day
      9. Follow-up ranged from three months to five years. At their last clinic visit,
      the patients averaged two bowel movements per day. All patients had excellent
      bowel control and were happy with the procedure.

PMID- 2646728
TI  - Incarceration of the retroverted gravid uterus: report of four patients managed
      with uterine reduction.
AB  - Incarceration of the retroverted gravid uterus may have an adverse effect on
      pregnancy. To evaluate these effects, we reviewed obstetric records to identify
      parturients with the diagnosis of incarceration of the retroverted uterus during
      the years 1977 to 1987. Four such patients were identified by this retrospective
      review, for a calculated incidence in our primary population (patients not
      referred for evaluation who also received prenatal care at only one hospital) of
      one case per 10,384 live births. The incarceration was successfully reduced in
      all four patients without surgical intervention, and all had a normal infant of
      appropriate weight at term.

PMID- 2646729
TI  - Lupus nephritis: efficacy of monthly pulse therapy with intravenous
      methylprednisolone.
AB  - Fourteen patients with severe systemic lupus erythematosus and nephritis were
      treated with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) pulse therapy. Six
      patients (group 1) received one or two courses of 1 gm of IVMP when they were
      acutely ill with rapidly progressive renal failure or with multisystemic disease.
      All patients had a poor outcome; three died and three had end-stage renal
      disease. Eight patients (group 2) were treated with repeated pulses of 1 gm of
      IVMP for four to 21 months. Six of the eight patients had a favorable outcome,
      with four in complete remission and two in partial remission. One of the eight
      patients had partial response with stable renal disease at 16 months after pulse
      therapy. Only one patient had no response, with gradual worsening of renal
      function. All patients in both groups had rapid improvement of levels of anti-DNA
      and CH50 after pulse therapy was started. Patients in group 2 were compared to 21
      randomized patients (group 3) with comparable severity of disease. Renal function
      deteriorated in group 3, with a mean duration of disease of 82.5 +/- 56.4 months.
      Renal function improved in group 2, with a mean duration of disease of 87.8 +/-
      46.8 months. We conclude that repeated monthly pulse therapy with IVMP in severe
      SLE was effective and that major side effects can be avoided with proper timing
      of pulsing.

PMID- 2646730
TI  - Digital subtraction angiography of the foot in atherosclerotic occlusive disease.
AB  - Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) provides additional information regarding
      patency or occlusion of vessels that is not always detected by conventional
      angiography. Patency of distal vessels is a positive prognostic factor in
      predicting salvage of the foot in patients having various treatment procedures
      for occlusive atherosclerotic disease. I evaluated the ability of intra-arterial
      DSA to add important diagnostic and prognostic information concerning the
      vascular anatomy of the ankle and foot in 42 patients whose initial conventional
      diagnostic arteriogram was inadequate. Patency of foot vessels indicates a high
      likelihood of success in patients having revascularization, and absence of flow
      to the foot indicates that amputation is likely to be required.

PMID- 2646731
TI  - Physical treatments in psychiatry: current and historical use in the southern
      United States.
AB  - Several surveys during the 1970s showed a decline in the use of electroconvulsive
      therapy (ECT). Psychosurgery, insulin coma, and continuous sleep treatment are
      widely assumed to be in total disuse. This is the first comprehensive survey on
      the use of physical treatments in psychiatry in the southern United States.
      Seventy-five percent of 315 surveys sent to psychiatric medical directors and
      chief residents were returned. ECT was used in 89% of training hospitals, 57% of
      Veterans Administration hospitals, and 44% of private hospitals, but only 19% of
      state hospitals within the last year. None of the 19 state hospitals begun since
      1970 had started ECT services. Moreover, state hospitals abandoned ECT at a
      higher rate than private hospitals. The lack of this service in the public sector
      is a result of sociolegal pressure rather than lack of confidence or enthusiasm
      for ECT. The other physical treatments were reported to be in almost total
      disuse.

PMID- 2646732
TI  - Psychiatric manifestations of AIDS spectrum disorders.
AB  - This paper reviews the proposed etiology and epidemiology of the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It summarizes the psychiatric symptoms
      associated with members of high-risk groups, patients who have AIDS-related
      complex (ARC) or AIDS, and patients who are seropositive yet asymptomatic. It
      differentiates between psychiatric manifestations predating and following
      prodromal symptoms of immunodeficiency and elucidates diagnostic criteria that
      may assist in this differentiation process. The importance of diagnostic
      distinction between premorbid, reactive, functional, and neuropsychiatric
      manifestations is emphasized. A brief description of suggested treatment and
      management regimens for the various forms of AIDS-related psychopathology then
      follows.

PMID- 2646733
TI  - Intraoperative radiation therapy for locally advanced cancers.

PMID- 2646734
TI  - Double duodenal webs in an adult.
AB  - The duodenal web is an unusual cause of gastric outlet obstruction, but one that
      must be kept in mind in patients with postprandial nausea, vomiting, and
      epigastric pain. We suggest endoscopic evaluation of the second and third
      portions of the duodenum in all such patients. At surgery, direct inspection of
      the duodenal lumen or the confirmation of its patency by passage of a Foley
      balloon should be routine. If a duodenal web is encountered, the procedure of
      choice should be duodenostomy with simple excision of the web.

PMID- 2646735
TI  - Neurogenic pulmonary edema: new concepts of an old disorder.
AB  - Neurogenic pulmonary edema remains an enigmatic disorder that may be difficult to
      diagnose. Initial roentgenographic findings may suggest the diagnosis in
      previously unsuspected cases when the clinician is aware of the entity and its
      pathologic findings. The only radiologic clue may be very homogeneous
      consolidation with prominent air bronchograms, findings that would be unusual in
      cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The precise pathogenetic mechanisms remain
      speculative.

PMID- 2646736
TI  - Gallbladder hydrops in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.
AB  - A 36-month-old boy had acute gallbladder hydrops in association with
      mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A review of 46 other cases of this association
      has shown that patients having MLNS with gallbladder hydrops are older than those
      without gallbladder hydrops. The diagnosis is suggested by abdominal symptoms and
      abnormal results of liver function tests. The diagnosis is confirmed by
      ultrasonography, which shows the gallbladder to be twice the normal size. Cardiac
      complications may be increased. Treatment is largely supportive, but
      cholecystostomy is the procedure of choice in cases requiring operative
      intervention.

PMID- 2646737
TI  - Correction of body height in scoliotic patients using ISIS scanning.
AB  - Measurement of height in scoliotic patients is complicated by changes in spinal
      shape in both the coronal and sagittal planes. A method is described by which
      these changes can be measured and compared with the shape of the normal spine,
      using an automated stereophotogrammetric technique (ISIS). The resultant height
      change may be of use in the prediction of respiratory function.

PMID- 2646738
TI  - Current considerations in the management of neoplastic spinal cord compression.
AB  - Nearly 20% of patients with neoplastic involvement of the vertebral column
      develop spinal cord compression, and in 8% this is the initial manifestation of
      cancer. Important determinants of functional prognosis are: 1) tumor biology, 2)
      pretreatment neurologic status, and 3) tumor location within the spinal canal and
      the therapy employed. Future efforts should be invested in manipulation of the
      last two determinants. Delay in neurologic deterioration may be achieved by
      pharmacologic manipulation of the deleterious pathophysiologic processes
      operating in the compressed spinal cord, as recently demonstrated in experimental
      animal models. Use of modern neuro-imaging techniques (metrizamide myelography
      combined with computed tomography, and/or magnetic resonance imaging) will
      accurately define tumor extent and location. Radiotherapy is indicated in highly
      or moderately radiosensitive tumors. Surgery is reserved for the following
      situations: diagnosis in doubt, previous radiation exposure, radioresistant
      tumors, neurologic deterioration during irradiation, and the presence of spinal
      instability or bone compression of the neural structures. The location of the
      compressing tumor will dictate the surgical approach--a vertebral body resection
      in an anterior or anterolateral tumor and a laminectomy in a posterior or
      posterolateral deposit. Modern instrumentation techniques for spinal column
      stabilization or vertebral body replacement will allow immediate painless
      ambulation and a better quality of life for these patients.

PMID- 2646739
TI  - Transabdominal ultrasound measurement of the lumbar spinal canal. Its value for
      evaluation of lumbar spinal stenosis.
AB  - Lumbar spinal stenosis, most commonly caused by hypertrophic changes in the soft
      tissues of the spinal canal, is itself a clinical entity, but in the early phase
      it can also serve as a factor influencing general back disorder morbidity. It can
      be identified reliably by measuring the anteroposterior diameter of the dural sac
      on myelography films and/or the transverse area of the dural sac on computed
      tomography (CT) scans. In the present study, 76 patients with general back
      disorders were examined with ultrasound (US) transabdominally through the
      intervertebral disc. In those 50 patients (66%) in which all three of the lowest
      lumbar intervertebral spaces could be visualized, the measurements made by US
      differed by +/- 5 mm from those obtained by myelography and +/- 25 mm2 from those
      made by CT. In a subset of ten patients with spinal stenosis, US was able to
      demonstrate the small size of the dural sac, but the cause of the stenosis could
      not be reliably evaluated. In addition to diagnosing central spinal stenosis,
      ultrasonography is also well suited for screening purposes.

PMID- 2646740
TI  - Non-osseous dural compression in rheumatoid atlanto-axial subluxation.

PMID- 2646741
TI  - Cranial Doppler ultrasonography correlates with criteria for ventriculoperitoneal
      shunting.
AB  - Using pulsed Doppler ultrasound through the sonic window of the anterior
      fontanelle in infants, 46 children with ventriculomegaly had sequential
      evaluations of Resistive Index for comparison with the need for
      ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Hydrocephalus was associated with myelomeningocele
      in 17 patients and posthemorrhagic, postmeningitic, or congenital hydrocephalus
      accounted for the rest. The Resistive Index was obtained by dividing the
      difference between the peak systolic and end diastolic frequencies by the
      systolic frequency. Criteria for shunting included massive ventriculomegaly,
      increasing ventriculomegaly with an abnormal increase in head circumference, and
      clinical evidence of symptomatic hydrocephalus. Those patients requiring shunts
      had a Resistive Index of 84 +/- 13% prior to shunting. The Resistive Index fell
      to 72 +/- 11% postshunting with the difference being statistically significant at
      p less than 0.001. Moreover, the postshunting values compared favorably to data
      on 29 normal newborns, having Resistive Indices of 71 +/- 7% and to the Resistive
      Indices of three patients never shunted who had values of 74%, 66%, and 71%.
      Variations included primarily low Resistive Indices in myelomeningocele patients
      whose ventricles were decompressed by the leaking spinal lesions. Resistive Index
      used in conjunction with clinical observations may be extremely helpful not only
      in predicting the need for ventriculoperitoneal shunt, but also in evaluating
      children suspected of shunt malfunctions.

PMID- 2646742
TI  - Thoralf M. Sundt, Jr.

PMID- 2646743
TI  - Anatomic correlates of bacterial cholangiovenous reflux.
AB  - The purpose of these studies was to define the pathways by which bacteria pass
      from bile duct to bloodstream during acute bacterial cholangitis in the rat. The
      respective roles of biliary obstruction and intrabiliary pressure during the
      reflux of biliary bacteria were defined by the infusion of bacteria via the bile
      duct into rats with or without prior bile duct obstruction. As determined by
      quantitative blood culture analysis, bacterial reflux from bile to blood was
      enhanced by increased intrabiliary pressure regardless of presence or absence of
      biliary obstruction. Light microscopic examination of rat liver 48 hours after
      bile duct obstruction revealed bile ductular proliferation and bile canalicular
      dilatation. Light microscopic autoradiographs showed aggregates of tritiated
      thymidine-labeled Escherichia coli outside of interlobular bile ducts in the
      portal tracts. Transmission electron microscopic examination of rat liver
      perfused with a bacterial suspension via the common bile duct showed disruption
      of liver cells and formation of intracellular vacuoles. Bacteria appeared to
      enter the sinusoidal spaces via these intracellular vacuoles. We conclude that
      during retrograde biliary infusion (1) increased intrabiliary pressure is the
      main determinant of increased bacterial reflux into blood; (2) bacteria enter the
      bloodstream by predominantly intracellular pathways; and (3) prior biliary
      obstruction is not a significant factor in bacterial reflux from bile to
      bloodstream.

PMID- 2646744
TI  - Tc-NGA imaging in liver transplantation: preliminary clinical experience.
AB  - Technetium-99m galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin (Tc-NGA) is a new liver imaging agent
      that binds to hepatic-binding protein, a hepatocyte-specific membrane receptor.
      The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of Tc-NGA imaging in
      clinical liver transplantation. A total of 25 studies were performed in nine
      patients. Imaging studies performed in the early posttransplant period in
      patients with good hepatic allograft function revealed diffuse patchiness in
      tracer distribution, a manifestation of preservation damage. Left lobar
      infarction was demonstrated within a few hours of ischemic injury. Right
      posterior segmental infarction was seen in another patient. Comparison of
      kinetic, clinical, and biochemical data revealed good correlation between hepatic
      allograft function and Tc-NGA kinetics. Major kinetic alterations were noted
      during periods of preservation injury, hepatic infarction, and acute rejection.
      These studies indicate: (1) major alterations in Tc-NGA kinetics occur during
      preservation injury, hepatic infarction, and acute rejection, and (2) Tc-NGA
      kinetic data appear to provide an accurate reflection of hepatic allograft
      function. Tc-NGA imaging has the advantages of being noninvasive and of utilizing
      standard nuclear medicine instrumentation, including portable imaging devices. In
      conclusion, Tc-NGA imaging provides a promising noninvasive approach for
      evaluation of liver function in patients undergoing hepatic transplantation.

PMID- 2646745
TI  - Choledochocele: case report, literature review, and a proposed classification.
AB  - Choledochocele or type III choledochal cyst is a rare abnormality of obscure
      etiology that consists of cystic or diverticular dilatation of the terminal
      intramural portion of the common bile duct protruding into the duodenum. It
      should be considered in the differential diagnosis of otherwise unexplained
      biliary colic or recurrent pancreatitis--particularly after cholecystectomy. An
      intraluminal duodenal filling defect on barium study that opacifies during
      cholangiography or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is diagnostic.
      We present one case of choledochocele in which the first use of the biliary
      scintigraphic (HIDA) scan for diagnosis is demonstrated. An additional 47 cases
      found in the literature are reviewed and a new anatomic classification of
      choledochoceles is proposed as a guide for treatment. Treatment options are
      partial excision of the cyst, sphincterotomy, or both.

PMID- 2646746
TI  - Effect of ibuprofen on the pulmonary and systemic response to repeated doses of
      endotoxin.
AB  - We infused 10 doses of Escherichia coli endotoxin, 1 microgram/kg, during a 5-day
      period, into eight unanesthetized sheep with lung and systemic lymph fistulas.
      The animals were then monitored for an additional 5 days. We noted an attenuation
      of the lung microvascular permeability changes with the later endotoxin doses.
      However, a 50% increase in cardiac index and oxygen consumption and a
      leukocytosis were seen beginning with the ninth endotoxin injection; these
      persisted throughout the 15-day postendotoxin period, as did an increase in
      pulmonary artery pressure. The hyperdynamic state was present when plasma
      prostanoids were only modestly increased, and there was no evidence of increased
      lung or systemic vascular permeability. Postmortem lung findings, 5 days after
      endotoxin administration, showed a marked interstitial inflammatory response,
      with infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and some lymphocytes and an
      increase in interstitial fibrous tissue. Six sheep were then given ibuprofen,
      12.5 mg/kg, intravenously before the ninth and tenth doses and on the subsequent
      day. Ibuprofen significantly attenuated the hyperdynamic state and the pulmonary
      hypertension. In addition, the lung inflammation and fibrous tissue deposition
      was markedly attenuated. We conclude that a systemic hyperdynamic state develops
      that corresponds in time with lung inflammation but not with increased
      permeability. The lung and systemic changes may be blocked by ibuprofen. The
      ibuprofen effect may be due to a response other than prostanoid production.

PMID- 2646747
TI  - A forme fruste of von Hippel-Lindau disease: a combination of adrenal
      pheochromocytoma and ipsilateral renal cell carcinoma--a case report.
AB  - A patient with the combination of pheochromocytoma and renal cell carcinoma is
      reported, matching a forme fruste of von Hippel-Lindau disease. A review of the
      literature on this combination is given and a possible relation between the
      overlap syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau disease and the combination pheochromocytoma
      renal cell carcinoma, is discussed.

PMID- 2646748
TI  - Federal antidumping law--hospital and physician responsibility.
AB  - National attention has been directed to the problem of "dumping" of uninsured
      patients upon public hospitals. Federal law addresses only transfers of emergency
      room patients without regard to possible financial motivation. All transfers,
      including those requested by patients, must meet criteria for appropriateness. A
      substantial proportion of confirmed violations have involved failure to
      adequately screen the patient for emergency conditions. Both the hospital and the
      physician responsible for the care of a patient who is transferred in violation
      of the law may be subject to Medicare sanctions, including termination or
      suspension from participation and fines up to $50,000 for each occurrence.
      Proposed regulations affirm that private practitioners who provide uncompensated
      emergency room services under an oral agreement may be subject to sanctions in
      the event of a violation.

PMID- 2646749
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of hypotensive cardiovascular disorders in old age].
AB  - Postural hypotension, defined as a fall in systolic pressure of 20 mmHg or more
      on standing, and other hypotensive conditions are major problems in geriatric
      medicine. In this article the physiology and the pathology of orthostatic blood
      pressure regulation in the elderly are reviewed. Proposals are made for the
      diagnostic evaluation of patients with postural hypotension and for steps to be
      taken in therapeutic management.

PMID- 2646750
TI  - [Bladder infection due to long-term indwelling catheters].
AB  - In the long-term catheterized elderly, damage do the epithelial wall is primarily
      responsible for bladder infections, due to the presence of the catheter as a
      foreign body and its frequent manipulations. The presence of bacteriuria, a
      classic sign of infection in the non-catheterized patient, is of little
      diagnostic importance in the long-term catheterized patient, since it is both
      permanent and inevitable. Routine preventive measures, as frequent catheter
      changes or prophylactic antibiotics, are of no value. Other measures are worth
      considering, since they will, if instituted, reduce the frequency of severe
      complications from long-term catheterization and improve quality of life.

PMID- 2646751
TI  - Thrombolysis with a snake venom protease in a rat model of venous thrombosis.
AB  - A fibrin(ogen)olytic protease isolated from the venom of Crotalus atrox (the
      western diamondback rattlesnake) was tested for thrombolytic activity. The
      protease, called atroxase, solubilized fibrin when tested on fibrin plates and
      hydrolyzed fibrinogen rendering it incoagulable with a specific fibrinogenolytic
      activity of 42 mg fibrinogen/min/mg protein. Atroxase was unable to activate
      plasminogen. In vivo, fibrinolytic activity was tested on artificial thrombi
      induced in the posterior vena cava of Sprague-Dawley rats. Thrombolysis was then
      characterized by angiographic techniques over a period of three hours.
      Intravenous administration of the protease, at a dosage of 6.0 mg/kg, resulted in
      thrombolysis within one hour followed by recanalization of the originally
      occluded vein within two hours. Fibrinogenolytic activity resulted in a 60%
      decrease in the rat's plasma fibrinogen level. Histological examination of
      kidney, liver, heart and lung tissue showed no necrosis nor hemorrhage. These
      results are the first step in evaluating the thrombolytic potential of
      anticoagulant proteases within C. atrox venom using laboratory animals.

PMID- 2646752
TI  - Measuring platelet function with platelet shape change, an early event in
      aggregation.
AB  - Platelet shape change precedes aggregation and is sensitive to significantly less
      stimulant. In this study, differences in percent light transmission (%T) through
      stirred suspensions of spheroid or discoid platelets are exploited for studying
      the response of platelets to Platelet Activating Factor (PAF). Changes in %T
      between stirred and non-stirred suspensions of unstimulated platelets in Platelet
      Rich Plasma (PRP) varied with the starting concentration. Aggregation was blocked
      by the presence of citrate while activation by ADP was minimized by apyrase.
      However, phosphatidic acid formation, ATP release and minimal serotonin release
      occurred. A shape change parameter (SCP) was defined which varied with the
      concentration of PAF. Its dependence on PAF was shifted to lower concentration
      with washed platelets. The dose-response curves for the SCP were found to be
      virtually identical for both sheep and human platelets. Human platelets were then
      used to correlate morphology, as determined by phase contrast microscopy, with
      spectrophotometric data in the form of the SCP. A linear regression analysis of
      SCP and percent activation revealed a virtual 1:1 correspondence with a slope of
      1.066 and an intercept of 0.009 with the standard error of the estimate equal to
      0.053. The correlation coefficient was 0.990, making it significant at p less
      than 0.001. This method provides an alternative to platelet aggregation assays as
      a convenient, sensitive and reliable measure of platelet activation.

PMID- 2646753
TI  - [Piroxicam versus naproxen in primary dysmenorrhea].
AB  - In this study 198 patients with primary dysmenorrhea were entered into a double
      blind, randomized crossover trial to study the efficiency of piroxicam compared
      to naproxen on menstrual pain and associated symptoms. The dosage for piroxicam
      was 40 mg on the first and second day of the menstrual cycle, and if necessary an
      additional 20 mg on the third day. The dosage for naproxen was 1,000 mg on the
      first and second day, and if necessary an additional 500 mg on the third day.
      Piroxicam and naproxen afforded high relief from menstrual pain and associated
      symptoms. The drugs were well tolerated with only a few side effects of a mild
      nature. There were no statistically significant differences between piroxicam and
      naproxen.

PMID- 2646754
TI  - [Treatment of diabetes and quality of life. On possibilities of a more normalized
      life style using an insulin pen for multi-injection therapy].
AB  - Forty-eight insulindependent diabetics were interviewed by a psychologist about
      their experiences when changing from conventional diabetes regimen to multi
      injection therapy using NovoPen (a pen-like insulin injection system). They had
      then used the new therapy for 1 1/2 years. Most of them had made only small
      changes in their eating habits, but they strongly appreciated the new possibility
      for flexibility in eating patterns. The most mentioned advantages were: The new
      therapy was practical and easy to use, gave more freedom, made social life easier
      and improved blood glucose control. Many, mainly women, experienced less feelings
      of guilt, and women also placed the social advantages highest on the list of
      advantages. The youngest persons thought the greatest benefit was increased
      freedom, and persons in middle age the possibilities for improved metabolic
      control. Multi-injection insulin therapy is an important advancement, and is
      probably not acceptable to most diabetics without a practical and reliable
      insulin pen.

PMID- 2646755
TI  - [Leptospirosis in cattle; milker's fever in cattle farmers].
AB  - In this paper the symptomatology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of Leptospira
      interrogans serovar hardjo infections in cattle are reviewed. The possibilities
      on monitoring and control of this disease in both foreign countries and the
      Netherlands are discussed. Special attention is paid to the zoonotic aspects of
      the infection (dairy fever).

PMID- 2646756
TI  - [Medical hemostasis. I. the treatment of hemorrhages and hemorrhagic diathesis in
      veterinary practice].
AB  - Bleeding patients are regularly encountered, often as an emergency, in veterinary
      practice. In many cases local causes will be responsible for the bleeding, but in
      some there will be a generalised haemostatic defect. The approach to the bleeding
      patient, suspected of a generalised haemostatic defect, requires a detailed
      history and careful physical examination in order to differentiate between
      hereditary and acquired haemostatic disorders and, in the case of an acquired
      haemostatic disorder, to detect which underlying disease caused the defect and
      which parts of the haemostatic system are involved. In the majority of cases,
      however, laboratory testing will be necessary to define the defect. As these
      tests are not readily available in most veterinary clinical situations, efforts
      are made to suggest a rational therapeutic approach to the bleeding patient,
      which is based on clinical diagnosis. Several locally applied substances may
      provide assistance in the control of persistent bleeding, when the mechanisms of
      blood coagulation are otherwise intact. When haemostatic defects are present,
      however, topical agents alone are of little or no value; replacement therapy with
      blood or preferentially blood products will be indicated. In addition to vitamin
      K1 (especially in cases of coumarin poisoning), blood (products) and agents for
      topical use, there are only very few agents having a well-defined effect on
      haemostasis, which are of proven clinical value. On the other hand, a rather
      large number of drugs are being propagated as haemostatics. This is the first of
      two papers on the treatment of haemorrhagic disorders in veterinary practice.
      Diagnosis, local treatment and replacement therapy with plasma or blood(products)
      are discussed. Drugs which are contra-indicated in bleeding patients, are also
      referred to. The second paper will critically evaluate the commercially available
      haemostatics.

PMID- 2646757
TI  - [Medical hemostasis. II. Systemic hemostatics, a critical evaluation].
AB  - The control of spontaneous and traumatic haemorrhage is a matter of constant
      concern to veterinary practitioners. In some instances, the control of bleeding
      may be relatively simple using some topical therapeutic procedure, but when
      haemostatic defects are present, treatment with topical agents alone might not be
      sufficient, and more radical and life-saving procedures are indicated:
      replacement therapy with blood or blood products. As this is not easy to perform
      in most veterinary clinical situations, any therapeutic agent, which facilitates
      control of haemorrhage is a welcome addition to the therapeutic armament. Besides
      vitamin K, blood products and agents for topical use, there are only a few agents
      having a well-defined action on the mechanism of haemostasis. On the other hand
      several drugs are propagated in the Netherlands as systemic haemostatics in the
      treatment of bleeding disorders and prevention of haemorrhage during operation.
      None of these is of proven clinical value in veterinary practice. The only agent,
      which possibly showed some clinical effect: ethamsylate, has recently been
      withdrawn from the Dutch market by the manufacturers. Double-blind prospective
      trials with quantitation of loss of blood showed that antifibrinolytic agents
      such as tranexamic acid are clinically effective in certain conditions in humans.
      Because of their mode of action, it might reasonably be expected that these drugs
      might have positive results in veterinary medicine. Therefore, clinical trials
      with antifibrinolytic agents are urgently indicated to evaluate the effectiveness
      and side-effects of these drugs in animals showing severe bleeding or in the
      prevention of peroperative haemorrhage.

PMID- 2646758
TI  - [Contagious equine metritis in The Netherlands].
AB  - Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) was detected in the Netherlands for the first
      time in 1987. A total number of five mares (Dutch saddle-horse) were infected in
      three separate outbreaks. The origin of the infection could not be determined in
      any of the cases. As the isolates of the causal organism, Taylorella
      equigenitalis, showed auto-agglutination, diagnosis was difficult. Therefore, an
      indirect immune fluorescence test as used to diagnose the second isolate. Five
      strains were isolated, which all were resistant to streptomycin. The prevalence
      of CEM since 1981 is summarised. The importance of CEM in horse-breeding is
      discussed.

PMID- 2646759
TI  - Ten years electrophysiologically guided direct operations for malignant ischemic
      ventricular tachycardia--results.
AB  - During the recent 10 years period worldwide more than 1000 patients underwent an
      electrophysiologically guided direct operation for malignant ventricular
      tachycardia in the setting of chronic ischemic heart disease. The published
      results of these operations as regards relief of ventricular tachycardia and
      survival are highly variable. The data presented here are largely based on a
      multi-institutional registry series (n = 665) and the combined Dusseldorf
      Birmingham/Alabama (DUS-UAB) ventricular tachycardia surgery experience (n =
      216). DATA: Survival (hospital deaths included) was 75% one year after operation
      and 45% at 5 years (DUS-UAB). The respective data of the registry series were 78%
      and 55%. The most prevalent mode of death in both analyses was
      acute/subacute/chronic heart failure. More extensive encircling procedures
      (incisional/cryo) for ventricular tachycardia ablation and the combination of
      encircling cryoablation and endocardial resection increased the risk of
      progressive left ventricular dysfunction and death; however, by multivariate
      analysis the severity of the underlying ischemic heart disease (indicated by NYHA
      functional class, LVEDP, No. of previous infarcts, and extensiveness of coronary
      disease) and the absence of a discrete left ventricular aneurysm were more
      powerful predictors for early and late postoperative mortality than the use of
      alternative surgical techniques for ventricular tachycardia ablation. Survival
      was particularly poor after the return of spontaneous sustained ventricular
      tachycardia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646760
TI  - Pros and cons of surgery of the left ventricular aneurysm--a review.
AB  - The prognosis for the patient with a left-ventricular aneurysm depends on the
      size of the aneurysm and the function of the remaining ventricle. Data in the
      literature suggest a 5-year-survival rate of 70-75% and a hospital mortality rate
      of 10% for aneurysmectomy with and without any additional aortocoronary bypass
      surgery. Medical treatment on the other hand is only credited with a markedly
      lower 5-year-survival rate of 45%. To date the only prospective data have been
      derived by the CASS Study, where no significant difference (67% for medical
      treatment, 69% for surgical treatment) was seen in the six-year-survival rate.
      However, considering only the patients with the combination of 3-vessel disease,
      coronary insufficiency, angina pectoris, and high age, the survival time after
      surgical treatment was significantly higher. The indication quoted for
      aneurysmectomy was angina pectoris in 46% of cases, acute or chronic coronary
      insufficiency in 33%, ventricular arrhythmias in 14%, and left ventricular
      thrombi in only 2.5%. The relative value of operative resection among the
      possible methods of treatment of the ventricular aneurysm is still a matter of
      controversy: there is a lack of larger-scale prospective studies comparing
      medical and surgical therapy.

PMID- 2646761
TI  - Heart transplantation--the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage
      ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - Between December, 1967 and August, 1988, 147 heart transplants (64 orthotopic, 68
      heterotopic procedures; 15 heart-and-lung replacements) were performed on 128
      patients. In the majority of the recipients, dilated cardiomyopathy or end-stage
      ischaemic heart disease was diagnosed. From 1985 to the present, 70 transplants
      (45 orthotopic, 11 heterotopic and 14 heart-lung) took place. Seventeen of these
      patients (mean age 46.6 years) suffered from end-stage disabling (NYHA IV)
      coronary artery disease; in each case the angiogram verified severe stenosis or
      occlusion of the three main coronary artery systems. Their histories revealed a
      total of 22 previous myocardial infarctions; 8 patients needed a total of 9
      surgical revascularization procedures. The left ventricular ejection fraction
      (LVEF) ranged from 9% to 24% (mean 15.3%). Before transplantation three patients
      required intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) support. Fourteen of the 17 patients are
      at present still alive with post operative periods ranging from 8 weeks to 3.5
      years (the actuarial 90-days and 1-year-survival rates being respectively 91.7%
      and 81.5%). Twelve of the patients are in NYHA class I; 2 are in class II. Three
      late deaths occurred: one from pneumocystic carinii/cytomegalovirus pneumonia, a
      second from atypical pneumonia and a third from chronic graft rejection.
      Radionuclide ventricular studies demonstrated postoperative left ventricular
      ejection fractions ranging from 54%-81% (mean 71%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2646762
TI  - Comparative effects of kainic, quisqualic, and ibotenic acids on
      phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-containing cells of rat retina.
AB  - Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity is located in a
      subpopulation of amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer of the rat retina.
      Kainic, quisqualic, and ibotenic acids, all of which are analogues of glutamic
      acid, were injected intravitreally to the right and saline to the contralateral
      left eyes of adult male rats in order to determine the effect of these agents
      upon retinal PNMT activity. Animals were sacrificed 1 week later for tissue
      removal. The effect of these agents was measured by radiometric assay for PNMT.
      The fall in PNMT activity was used to measure the sensitivity of the PNMT
      containing cells to these agents. Kainic acid was the most potent, producing the
      greatest reduction in PNMT activity in the smallest doses. Quisqualic acid was
      intermediate in potency to that of kainic and ibotenic acids. Ibotenic acid
      reduced PNMT activity only in extremely high doses. The PNMT-containing cells are
      sensitive to the toxic actions of kainic and quisqualic acids, but relatively
      insensitive to the actions of ibotenic acid.

PMID- 2646763
TI  - Effect of insulin on acute experimental cerebral ischemia in gerbils.
AB  - We studied the effects of insulin with and without food deprivation on
      experimental cerebral ischemia in 197 gerbils. Ischemia was induced by unilateral
      common carotid artery occlusion for 4 hours. Gerbils were divided into four
      experimental groups and were studied for up to 1 week of survival: Group A (n =
      50) was fed but received no insulin, Group B (n = 50) was deprived of food for 24
      hours before surgery but received no insulin, Group C (n = 49) was fed and
      received daily injections of 0.1 IU lente insulin for 3 days before surgery, and
      Group D (n = 48) was deprived of food and received daily insulin injections.
      Insulin treatment was continued in Groups C and D after surgery. Blood glucose
      levels of all gerbils were determined before treatment (overall mean +/- SEM 88.0
      +/- 12.4 mg/dl) and before carotid artery occlusion (Group A 92.2 +/- 18.3 mg/dl,
      Group B 81.4 +/- 11.7 mg/dl [p less than 0.05 different from before treatment],
      Group C 92.8 +/- 22.3 mg/dl, and Group D 66.1 +/- 24.0 mg/dl [p less than 0.001
      different from before treatment]). Among the four groups, 52 gerbils died within
      1 week. Neurologic deficits were scored and histologic evidence of the infarcts
      was graded in survivors at 1 week. Group C gerbils had the best stroke index
      scores. Histologic evaluation revealed that 35.9% of Group A, 21.1% of Group B,
      13.9% of Group C (p less than 0.05 compared with Group A), and 28.1% of Group D
      survivors developed cerebral infarcts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646764
TI  - DNA technology continues to improve.

PMID- 2646765
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies in immunohematology and their potential role in
      understanding autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

PMID- 2646766
TI  - Transfusion and host defenses against cancer recurrence and infection.

PMID- 2646767
TI  - An autobiographical perspective of blood banking, 1946 to 1988.

PMID- 2646768
TI  - Controversies in transfusion medicine. Should donor hemoglobin standards be
      lowered? Con.

PMID- 2646769
TI  - Controversies in transfusion medicine. Should donor hemoglobin standards be
      lowered? Pro.

PMID- 2646770
TI  - Evaluation of two instruments for noninvasive platelet concentrate quality
      assessment.
AB  - The Platelet Monitoring System (PMS) and the Non-invasive Assessment of Platelet
      Shape and Concentration (NAPSAC) instruments which relate light scattering
      characteristics of platelet concentrates (PC) to platelet concentration and
      shape, were evaluated to determine their accuracy in assessing platelet quality
      during storage from 1 to 7 days. The results were correlated with platelet
      concentration, % discs and pH on 121 PC stored in PL732 containers. NAPSAC output
      is in the form of platelet concentration and % discs. When NAPSAC and standard
      method values were compared, correlation coefficients (r) did not exceed 0.76 for
      counts and 0.62 for % discs. PMS output is in the form of lights with red
      indicating poor quality and green or amber indicating acceptable quality.
      Sensitivity of the PMS instrument did not exceed 83% and specificity did not
      exceed 63%. Mean platelet number, % discs and pH were comparable for units
      triggering red versus green or amber lights. In a separate study, 13 PL732 PC
      stored 5 days and transfused autologously were evaluated on the PMS. Three red
      light units exhibited recovery and survival times similar to those observed with
      PC triggering green/amber lights. These data indicate that neither instrument
      adequately assesses the quality of PL732 PC.

PMID- 2646771
TI  - The beneficial effect of intermediate normothermic perfusion during cold storage
      of ischemically injured kidneys. A study of renal nucleotide homeostasis during
      hypothermia in the dog.
AB  - The effect of simple cold storage on ice with or without preceding warm ischemic
      injury on the energy metabolism and posttransplant viability of canine kidneys
      was examined in the present study. In addition, we investigated the possible
      beneficial effect of an intermediate normothermic perfusion half-way through the
      storage period on the preservation of ischemically injured kidneys. Thirty
      mongrel dogs were allocated to 5 experimental groups. In groups I and II kidneys
      were simply stored on ice for 24 and 48 hr, respectively. In groups III and IV
      kidneys were additionally subjected to 30 min warm ischemia before storage. In
      group 5 kidneys were treated as in group IV, but halfway through the storage
      period an intermediate normothermic ex-vivo perfusion was performed. The effect
      of these procedures on renal viability was tested by autologous reimplantation of
      the kidneys. During implantation the contralateral kidney was immediately
      removed. In group I all animals survived, whereas in group IV none of the animals
      survived. In groups II, III, and V, 2 of 6, 1 of 6, and 3 of 6 animals survived,
      respectively. The relationship, if any, between poststorage renal viability and
      the tissue levels of adenine nucleotides, guanine nucleotides, IMP, and purine
      degradation products was assessed by measuring the content of these metabolites
      in tissue specimen of the renal cortex, on which biopsies were done at various
      intervals during the experimental procedures. After an initial drop of about 30%
      in the content of adenine and guanine nucleotides and an increase in IMP, these
      values remained constant during 48 hr of cold storage. In contrast to kidneys
      stored for 24 hr, reimplantation of kidneys stored for 48 hr resulted in a
      significant decrease of adenine nucleotides following 60 min of in vivo
      reperfusion. Warm ischemia for 30 min prior to cold storage lead to lower initial
      nucleotide levels at the start of the storage period. During the first 24 hr
      nucleotide levels did not change, but a further decrease was observed during the
      following 24 hr of storage. Reimplantation after 24 hr of storage resulted in an
      additional decrease in the content of nucleotides. This poststorage decrease was
      absent after 48 hr of cold storage. Intermediate normothermic perfusion halfway
      through the storage for 48 hr significantly prevented the drop in the nucleotide
      content observed during the last 24 hr of storage in the corresponding control
      group. This nucleotide-sparing effect did not increase the level of nucleotides
      at the end of 60 min of reperfusion following reimplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2646772
TI  - Cardiac transplantation in the rat. I. The effect of histocompatibility
      differences on graft arteriosclerosis.
AB  - The development of arteriosclerosis is the most serious and common complication
      in long-term survivors of cardiac transplantation. We have used a variety of
      inbred rat strains with selected histocompatibility differences to examine the
      influence of prolonged, mild rejection reactions on the development of
      pathological changes in long-term cardiac allografts. Heterotopic cardiac
      allografts were exchanged between rat strains that differed for MHC class I
      (RT1.A and/or RT1.E) antigens or groups of minor, non-MHC antigens in MHC
      compatible congenic combinations. Our results demonstrate that in strain
      combinations in which the allograft reaction is mild and prolonged, the donor
      hearts exhibit pathological changes that include a diffuse, interstitial
      myocardial fibrosis, perivascular fibrosis, and intimal proliferation in arteries
      of the graft myocardium. The lesions were less prominent in animals with more
      active rejection and infrequent in strains that differ for class I
      histocompatibility antigens or syngeneic controls. These results suggest that the
      comparable pathological changes seen in long-term human cardiac survivors may
      reflect low-level, persistent allograft reactions rather than factors associated
      with graft anoxia or effects of immunotherapy to prevent graft rejection.

PMID- 2646773
TI  - Portal versus peripheral venous drainage in segmental pancreatic transplantation
      in diabetic rats.
AB  - The effect of the site of venous drainage in segmental pancreatic transplantation
      was investigated in diabetic rats with two surgical procedures anastomosing the
      superior mesenteric vein either on the vena cava (systemic drainage) or on the
      superior mesenteric vein (portal drainage). Both procedures corrected polyuria,
      glycosuria, and blood glucose concentration, and resulted in similar peripheral
      hyperinsulinemia. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed 8 weeks
      after transplantation. In portal-grafted rats, glucose tolerance was strictly
      normalized, with a plasma insulin profile similar to that observed in normal
      rats. In caval-grafted rats, a delayed plasma insulin peak was observed with
      slight abnormalities in the plasma glucose profile, the late plasma glucose
      concentrations being higher than in portal-grafted animals. The extent of
      fibrosis was similar under both conditions. This study, performed in rats, of the
      influence of venous drainage on the metabolic outcome of segmental
      transplantation, demonstrating an abnormal plasma insulin profile during a
      glucose challenge in case of caval drainage, is consistent with other studies
      suggesting that the site of drainage might be important in case of reduced
      grafted mass.

PMID- 2646774
TI  - The importance of the hepatic artery in rat liver transplantation.
AB  - The hepatic artery is important in preventing biliary ischemia and obstruction
      after bile duct reconstruction or orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat. A
      technique of orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat with reestablishment of
      the arterial inflow is described, suitable for studies in immunology and
      preservation. Reestablishment of both venous and arterial inflow is required to
      minimize biliary complications. General survival, hepatic cellular function, and
      biliary drainage are all improved by rearterialization. In all these features,
      the rat illustrates characteristics applicable to human liver transplantation.
      The vital requirement of the adequacy of blood supply to the bile duct in liver
      transplantation surgery in all species is highlighted by these findings, which
      indicate clearly the importance of an arterial blood supply in rat liver
      transplantation and bile duct surgery.

PMID- 2646775
TI  - Cardiac allograft survival across major histocompatibility complex barriers in
      the rhesus monkey following T lymphocyte-depleted autologous marrow
      transplantation. II. Prolonged allograft survival with extensive marrow T cell
      depletion.
AB  - In the present study, we tested the possibility that a vascularized allograft
      might induce immunological tolerance in a myeloablated host, similar to the
      tolerance induced by allogeneic bone marrow grafts. To this end, we developed a
      rhesus monkey model consisting of myeloablative total-body irradiation and T cell
      depleted autologous marrow transplantation followed by MHC-mismatched heterotopic
      cardiac allograft implantation. Limiting dilution analysis was used to quantify
      residual marrow T cells following depletion. We found that (1) allograft survival
      was substantially prolonged in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs (median
      survival = 160 days) over that seen in controls treated identically but receiving
      non-T cell-depleted marrow (median survival = 14 days); (2) there was a
      correlation between allograft survival prolongation and the extent of marrow T
      cell depletion, with a maximum survival of 329 days associated with a residual
      marrow T cell content of 0.00014%; (3) nonspecific immune deficiency--and,
      possibly, specific unresponsiveness of limited duration (determined by
      cryopreserved donor and third-party skin grafting)--contributed to the rejection
      free period seen in recipients of extensively depleted marrow; (4) late allograft
      rejection occurred in 3 of 3 long-term survivors, thereby demonstrating that
      permanent tolerance was not induced by the allograft across MHC barriers; and (5)
      as few as 1.4 x 10(4) infused marrow T cells/kg were sufficient to mediate acute
      allograft rejection, a threshold approximately 10-fold lower than that reported
      for the induction of acute graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic bone
      marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2646776
TI  - Evidence that temporary complete occlusion of splenic vessels prevents massive
      embolization and sudden death associated with intrasplenic hepatocellular
      transplantation.
AB  - It has been reported elsewhere that liver cell suspensions injected at several
      locations retain some proper hepatic functions, significantly improve the
      survival rate of rats with different models of acute fulminant hepatic injury,
      correct some congenital enzyme deficiency diseases, and improve liver function in
      cirrhotic animals. Among several locations, the splenic parenchyma has been shown
      to be the most suitable place for hepatocellular transplantation. Unfortunately,
      infusion of cells into the splenic pulp is not without risk. In fact, portal
      hypertension and hepatic embolizations have been described after intrasplenic
      transplantation of hepatocytes or pancreatic islets or fragments. In addition,
      pulmonary hepatocyte embolizations have been observed in rats with spontaneous
      (unpublished observations) or surgically induced portosystemic shunts. In this
      work, we evaluate the efficacy of temporary occlusion of splenic vessels to
      prevent hepatic and pulmonary embolizations after liver cell transplantation into
      the spleen in portal hypertension cirrhotic rats with portosystemic shunts.

PMID- 2646777
TI  - Total orthotopic allogeneic small bowel transplantation in rats. Attempts to
      ameliorate the graft-versus-host disease by irradiation and transfusions of the
      donor.
AB  - The effect of pretransplant specific blood transfusions and irradiation of the
      donor were studied in total orthotopic small bowel transplantation in rats, with
      the aim of ameliorating the graft-versus-host reaction. Syngeneic transplantation
      with or without irradiation of the donor with 10 Gy showed that small bowel
      transplantation is compatible with a normal nutritional status, when no rejection
      is involved. Transplantation in the histoincompatible WAG-to-BN combination
      without pretreatment resulted in rejection of the small bowel grafts in 16.6 +/-
      2.7 days. Pretreatment with 3 BN blood transfusions to the WAG donor did not
      prolong the survival time; surprisingly, the transfusions induced a more-severe
      GVH reaction. Irradiation of the donor with 10 Gy was very effective in
      ameliorating the GVH disease, but the absence of the immunosuppressive effect of
      the GVH disease did lead to an accelerated graft rejection (7.5 +/- 0.9 days).

PMID- 2646778
TI  - Anti-interleukin 2 receptor monoclonal antibody in the treatment of ongoing acute
      rejection episodes of human kidney graft--a pilot study.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against human interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2-R) have
      been shown to prevent early kidney rejection in animals and humans. We report
      here the effect of an anti-IL-2-R MoAb (33B3.1) inhibiting IL-2 binding high
      affinity sites on activated lymphocytes in 10 declared acute rejection episodes
      of first cadaveric kidney grafts. Six patients were under cyclosporine treatment
      only at the time of diagnosis of the rejection. All rejection episodes but one
      were biopsy-proved cellular rejections. Treatment consisted of intravenous
      infusions of 33B3.1 at 20 mg/day x 2 days, followed by 10 mg/day for 8 additional
      days. In case of MoAb ineffectiveness at day 5, anti-IL-2-R MoAb was discontinued
      and a rescue treatment of corticosteroid boluses (CSb) was given. If not, in all
      cases corticosteroids (CS) were given (1 mg/kg) at the end of MoAb treatment (day
      10) and tapered off thereafter. Two rejection episodes immediately responded to
      33B3.1 treatment. During 33B3.1 treatment four other patients had only a
      stabilization of their blood creatinine concentration, which nevertheless
      returned to prerejection levels after day 10 when anti-IL-2-R was discontinued
      and CS administered at 1 mg/kg (no rescue treatment). The four remaining patients
      had an increase of their blood creatinin levels at day 5 despite 33B3.1
      treatment, and their renal function only improved with CSb rescue treatment. One
      of these patients lost the graft despite rescue treatment, as well as a 9-day
      course of antithymocyte globulin. Trough levels of MoAb reached a plateau as
      early as day 2 (approximately 6 micrograms/ml). All patients developed antibodies
      (IgM and IgG) after day 14. In no instance could unresponsiveness be related to
      low circulating 33B3.1 trough levels or to early host anti-MoAb immune response
      (IgM or IgG). We conclude that 33B3.1, known to be effective in preventing early
      rejection, has only inconsistent and/or incomplete effects on the ongoing
      rejection process. Our data suggest that once IL-2-dependent clones are expanded
      in the rejected graft, interference with IL-2/IL-2-R signals does not block the
      effector mechanisms sustaining acute rejection.

PMID- 2646779
TI  - Allograft renal vascular thrombosis--lack of increase with cyclosporine
      immunosuppression.
AB  - Several recent reports have demonstrated an increased incidence of allograft
      renal vascular thrombosis in patients receiving cyclosporine alone or as part of
      multiple drug regimens when compared with patients receiving azathioprine (AZA)
      and prednisone (P). To determine whether CsA therapy is indeed a risk factor for
      renal artery or vein thrombosis, we examined the incidence of these complications
      in 224 adult renal allograft recipients who were prospectively randomized and
      stratified by risk to treatment with either CsA-P (n = 117) or AZA-P
      antilymphocyte globulin (n = 107) between September 1980 and October 1983, and in
      452 adult and 87 pediatric patients on triple (AZA-P-CsA) or quadruple (AZA-P-CsA
      ALG) therapy protocols between July 1984 and November 1987. In the randomized
      trial, one of 107 AZA-P-ALG patients (0.9%) and two of 117 CsA-P patients (1.7%)
      developed renal vein thrombosis (P = 0.94), and there were no cases of arterial
      thrombosis. Though CsA levels were elevated in one of the two CsA-treated
      patients at the time of their events, and both these patients demonstrated other
      predisposing factors for thrombosis. In the triple/quadruple therapy era, there
      were no cases of renal vein thrombosis, and the only case of renal artery
      thrombosis occurred in a pediatric recipient who was not receiving CsA at the
      time. These data, when taken together with a critical review of the conflicting
      literature, strongly suggest that factors other than immunosuppression with CsA,
      including surgical technique, allograft rejection, use of multiple artery and/or
      pediatric donor kidneys, and postoperative hypotension, are important in the
      pathogenesis of allograft renal vascular thrombosis. It seems possible, however,
      that high initial dosing of CsA might trigger this complication in the early
      posttransplant period when other predisposing factors are present.

PMID- 2646780
TI  - Urine cytologic profile in renal allograft recipients determined by monoclonal
      antibodies. Diagnosis of allograft rejection.
AB  - Controversy exists as to the type of cells present in the urine during renal
      allograft rejection. In order to resolve this controversy as well as to evaluate
      the value of urine sediment examination as a means of detecting AR, we
      quantitated the different cells present in urine during AR using an
      immunoperoxidase technique and monoclonal antibodies reactive with lymphocytes,
      monocytes, granulocytes, glomerular epithelial, tubular, and urothelial cells.
      Urine sediment (n = 176) was examined serially over 3 months in 15 transplant
      recipients. There were 12 episodes of early posttransplant acute tubular necrosis
      and 21 episodes of AR. It was possible to detect AR as well as to distinguish AR
      from ATN. Lymphocyte and tubular cell excretions were increased significantly
      during AR. Excretion of urothelial cells was also significantly increased during
      most episodes of AR suggesting that rejection of ureters occurs concomitantly
      with rejection of the kidneys.

PMID- 2646781
TI  - Evidence of involvement of tumor necrosis factor in adverse reactions during
      treatment of kidney allograft rejection with antithymocyte globulin.
AB  - Serial plasma concentrations of the pyrogenic cytokines tumor necrosis factor and
      interleukin-1 beta were measured during treatment of acute renal allograft
      rejection with antithymocyte globulin in 7 consecutive kidney transplant
      recipients. TNF and IL-1 beta were measured with specific enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays. In 6 of 7 patients TNF could not be detected in the plasma
      before the start of the ATG infusion. During the first ATG infusion, which was
      accompanied by fever and other side effects in all patients, plasma TNF levels
      were shown to be elevated, ranging between 100 and 700 pg/ml. During the second
      ATG infusion, when side effects were minimal or absent, plasma TNF levels were
      only slightly raised. Circulating IL-1 beta could not be detected in any of the
      patients before or during ATG infusion. Additional experiments showed that TNF is
      rapidly secreted in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated with
      both ATG and the monoclonal antibody OKT3. These findings suggest that side
      effects, including fever and chills, during antilymphocyte antibody infusion are
      related to increased plasma levels of the pyrogenic cytokine TNF.

PMID- 2646782
TI  - Cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in cats following topical ocular administration.
AB  - Topical ocular administration of two forms of cyclosporine were studied in the
      cat. Both forms were able to produce measurable whole-blood levels capable of
      suppressing in vitro lymphocyte stimulation. The kinetics of cyclosporine
      following administration of either oral solution or cyclosporine in olive oil
      were variable, with peak concentrations ranging from 450 to 1033 ng/ml and 288 to
      648 ng/ml, respectively. Absorption lag time ranged from 0 to 1.34 hr for oral
      solution, and 0.27 to 1.2 hr for cyclosporine in olive oil. The half-life of
      elimination ranged from 2.41 to 10.04 hr, and 3.09 to 15.75 hr, respectively.
      When compared with the commercially available oral solution, cyclosporine
      dissolved in olive oil was better tolerated during administration. Topical ocular
      administration of cyclosporine in cats offers a possible alternative method of
      treatment for individuals intolerant of oral administration. Topical ocular
      administration might also replace the need for intravenous administration of
      cyclosporine during perioperative periods or during periods of vomiting and
      nausea associated with rejection or other illnesses. Due to individual variation
      in absorption and elimination of topically applied cyclosporine, dosages in each
      cat must be determined by monitoring blood, plasma, or serum levels.

PMID- 2646783
TI  - Soluble HLA antigens in the circulation of liver graft recipients.
AB  - Human liver allografts deliver soluble class I (HLA-A and -B) transplantation
      antigens into the recipients' circulation. These molecules are detectable in
      recipient serum shortly after transplantation and they persist at high
      concentration for as long as the liver graft functions. Levels of graft-derived
      antigens in the recipient serum and self antigens in donor serum are comparable.
      Kinetic studies of these soluble antigens in donor and recipient show that donor
      antigens are continuously exported by the transplanted liver, while in the
      recipient, self antigens are derived from liver and other sources. At least two
      molecular forms of soluble HLA-A and -B antigens are present in sera from donors,
      recipients, and normal individuals. One form with m.w. approximately 50 kd seems
      to be a soluble monomer associated with beta 2-microglobulin, while the other
      forms of higher m.w. may be aggregates and/or complexes. Monitoring of these
      antigens in transplant recipients may be a useful indicator of graft pathology
      and function.

PMID- 2646784
TI  - The relevance of a more sensitive crossmatch assay to renal transplantation.
AB  - While the importance of the standard preoperative crossmatch in predicting renal
      graft success is accepted, a more rapid and sensitive assay may be of additional
      clinical benefit. We have developed a flow cytometric assay to detect the
      presence of antibodies (IgG) in the recipient sera directed against donor
      lymphocytes, prior to transplantation. This assay is more rapid and sensitive
      than the conventional cytotoxic test. In a clinical study the sera of 75 renal
      graft recipients were tested, all of which were negative in their conventional
      crossmatch; 12 of these were identified as having T cell-directed IgG, and 4 had
      B cell antibody. Graft failure was not significantly different in the positive
      and negative antibody groups, as defined by flow cytometry (P = 0.147, chi square
      test). The incidence of postoperative complications was studied in the 60 grafts
      functioning at three months. Recipients with donor B or T cell directed
      antibodies had a longer primary nonfunction (P = 0.0098, Mann-Whitney U test),
      and showed a higher number of rejection episodes (P = 0.014, Mann-Whitney U
      test); accordingly they were more likely to require strong immunosuppressive
      agents such as OKT3 or ATG (P less than 0.05, chi square test). Patients with
      donor-directed antibodies were also hospitalised for a longer period (P = 0.015,
      Mann-Whitney U test) and had a higher creatinine level 3 months after
      transplantation (P = 0.021 Mann-Whitney U test). This study shows that the
      described preoperative flow cytometric crossmatch is capable of defining a
      population of renal transplants who form an at-risk group. Thus this assay has
      considerable potential in pretransplant matching of recipients with a particular
      graft donor.

PMID- 2646785
TI  - Expansion of a CD 3+4-8- TCR alpha/beta- T lymphocyte population in renal
      allograft recipients.

PMID- 2646786
TI  - The risks and benefits of low-dose cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for Pneumocystis
      pneumonia in renal transplantation.

PMID- 2646787
TI  - Depression of the induction of murine delayed-type hypersensitivity responses
      without prolongation of cardiac allograft survival by intravenous neuraminidase
      treated allogeneic lymphocytes.

PMID- 2646788
TI  - The effect of blood group matching on the survival of orthotopic liver
      transplants in the rat.

PMID- 2646789
TI  - Portocaval shunt in preparation for emergency liver transplantation.

PMID- 2646790
TI  - Cyclosporine neurotoxicity late after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2646791
TI  - Suprahepatic vena cava cuffs in rat liver transplantation--a simplified method?

PMID- 2646792
TI  - Understanding the molecular mechanism by which methylation influences gene
      expression.

PMID- 2646793
TI  - How do different transcription factors binding the same DNA sequence sort out
      their jobs?

PMID- 2646794
TI  - Chromosome error propagation and cancer.
AB  - A general characteristic of tumour cells is their unstable karyotype. It is
      suggested here that maintenance of the normal diploid cell depends on the
      presence of two copies of specific genes; a change in gene dosage of one or more
      of these genes, by chromosome nondisjunction or rearrangement, may trigger a
      general loss of accuracy in chromosome segregation at mitosis.

PMID- 2646795
TI  - Somaclonal variation--genetic basis and breeding applications.
AB  - Somaclonal variation, the recovery of genetic changes in plants regenerated from
      tissue culture, offers an opportunity to uncover natural variability and to use
      this variability for the development of new varieties. This review focuses on the
      unique variation generated by this technique and the current use of somaclonal
      variation to develop new plant varieties.

PMID- 2646796
TI  - Embryonic induction and muscle gene activation.
AB  - Embryonic induction, a process in which the differentiation of a cell is
      determined by its proximity to other kinds of cells, is of major importance in
      animal development. We review here what is known of the steps by which a muscle
      specific actin gene is first activated by embryonic induction in early amphibian
      embryos.

PMID- 2646797
TI  - Strategies for virus resistance in plants.
AB  - Virus infections of plants are controlled and suppressed naturally by the action
      of resistance genes encoded within the plant, by interactions between viruses or
      even as a result of the activity of functions encoded by or associated with the
      virus itself. These various regulatory processes are now being manipulated for
      the genetic engineering of virus resistance.

PMID- 2646798
TI  - [Usefulness of ultrasonic scanning in the diagnosis of infantile hypertrophic
      pyloric stenosis].

PMID- 2646799
TI  - [Simultaneous transplantation of the pancreas and kidney in terminal diabetic
      nephropathies].
AB  - Transplantation of the pancreas in late stages of type I diabetes has been
      performed increasingly frequently during recent years. By improved surgical
      techniques and immunsuppressive therapy including cyclosporin A, the 1-year graft
      function has increased to 60-70% and the patient survival to 85-95% in the
      institutions with greatest experience. These results are so good, that they
      nearly reach those from kidney transplantation. Most of the pancreas
      transplantations have been performed simultaneously with kidney transplantation
      in patients with end stage diabetic uremia. The results should therefore be
      evaluated according to these circumstances. In a few institutions transplantation
      of the pancreas is now performed in patients with persistent proteinuria and
      proliferative retinopathy in an attempt to avoid development of severe diabetic
      complications. The first pancreas transplantation in Denmark was performed Januar
      31 st 1987, and since then, 17 further transplantations have been performed. All
      patients had severe diabetic nephropathy and received simultaneous kidney
      transplantation. According to the Danish heart death criteria the organs were
      perfused and cooled during the donor operation to keep the warm ischemia as brief
      as possible. The pancreatic vessels are anastomosed to the iliac vessels. In one
      group of patients the exocrine pancreatic function was preserved by anastomosis
      to the jejunum, and in another group of patients the exocrine function was
      abolished by injection of latex into the pancreatic duct system. The patients
      receive immunosuppression therapy with methylprednisolone, azatioprine and
      ciclosporin A and anti-coagulation therapy.

PMID- 2646800
TI  - Waveguides in medical ultrasonics: an experimental study of mode propagation.
AB  - Experimental results of ultrasound of varying frequency (0.8-5.0 MHz) propagating
      in cold drawn wires of stainless steel and aluminium ranging in diameter from
      0.25 to 1.21 mm are in close agreement with theoretical predictions. This
      agreement is maintained when the coupling medium between the wire and the
      ultrasound source is a short distance of water. Similar measurements for brass
      and copper wires are in less close agreement with theory due, probably, to the
      effect of greater anisotropy.

PMID- 2646801
TI  - Ultrasonic non-destructive measurements of cortical bone thickness in human
      cadaver femur.
AB  - The knowledge of the cortical bone thickness profile in human bone has a two-fold
      clinical significance: to study the stress occurring in a loaded bone structure
      to optimize the design of prostheses; and to predict the onset of advanced bone
      disease such as osteoporosis. In this study, the cortical bone thickness in three
      embalmed human cadaver femora were measured non-destructively using an ultrasonic
      technique. These thickness measurements were also made using a computed
      tomographic (CT) scanning method. Subsequently bones were sectioned and the
      actual bone thicknesses in the same regions were measured using a micrometer. The
      correlation coefficient between the actual thickness and the ultrasonically
      measured thickness was 0.95 and with the CT was 0.62. Thus, these results show
      that, under present experimental conditions, ultrasonic thickness measurements
      compare well with the micrometer actual thickness results. This technique, when
      fully developed, can be used as a non-destructive tool for quantitative cortical
      bone thickness measurements. Moreover, the ultrasonic technique does not use
      ionizing radiation.

PMID- 2646802
TI  - Ultrasonic studies of gall-bladder stones.
AB  - Measurements of ultrasonic speed, attenuation and other derived physical
      properties of gallstones, in vitro, have been evaluated and reported. A double
      probe-contact through-transmission technique was used; the average values of
      ultrasonic speed and attenuation were found to be 1897 m s-1 and 10.2 dB cm-1,
      respectively, at 2.5 MHz (the value of speed thus being about 25% higher than
      that in water or soft biological tissues). The object of the present study was to
      determine the characteristics of stones to permit the optimization of a
      disintegrator design.

PMID- 2646803
TI  - Transcranial pulsed Doppler measurements of blood velocity in the middle cerebral
      artery: reference values at rest and during hyperventilation in healthy
      volunteers in relation to age and sex.
AB  - Transcranial pulsed Doppler analysis of blood velocity in the middle cerebral
      artery was performed in 120 healthy volunteers (age 20-70 y, 12 male and 12
      female subjects per decade), meeting strict selection criteria. The intention was
      to create normative reference data, both at rest and during hyperventilation, for
      the assessment of abnormality in patients with cerebral vascular disorders. The
      measured blood velocity at rest decreased significantly with increasing age.
      Females up to 50 years of age had significantly higher blood velocity values than
      males. Blood velocity diminution was induced by means of voluntary
      hyperventilation, under capnographic control. An age related decline of blood
      velocity as present at rest was not found during hyperventilation, thus the
      relative value of hyperventilation induced changes diminished with increasing
      age. The pCO2 related change in the blood velocity index appeared not to be a
      constant value, as suggested by previous authors. The blood velocity index was
      largest in the change from resting condition to 4 kPa pCO2, and smallest in the
      change 3 kPa pCO2 to 2 kPa pCO2. When examining the blood velocity in the MCA,
      the age, sex and end-tidal pCO2 pressure have to be taken into account for a
      correct interpretation of the data obtained.

PMID- 2646804
TI  - LaPlace transform analysis of femoral artery Doppler signals: the state of the
      art.
AB  - A followup study was conducted to validate our previous experience with the
      LaPlace Transform Analysis (LTA) method for processing Doppler ultrasound signals
      from the common femoral artery to detect significant stenosis of the aorto-iliac
      segment. The first phase used the same instantaneous mean velocity signal
      processor as used in the prior study. A comparison of the Doppler examinations
      with angiograms in 98 legs yielded a sensitivity = 92% and sensitivity = 94% in
      the identification of 50% or greater stenosis of the aorta-iliac segment, results
      almost identical to the last study. Because of theoretical disadvantages of using
      the instantaneous mean velocity signal we carried out a second phase using a peak
      velocity detector. In 148 limbs sensitivity = 87% and specificity = 98%. The
      presence or absence of superficial femoral artery occlusion did not affect the
      accuracy of the waveform analysis in the detection of proximal disease. The LTA
      parameter related to distal resistance, G, was not found to have clinical value
      in the assessment of the femoral-popliteal segment.

PMID- 2646805
TI  - A test of I2t as a dose parameter for fetal weight reduction from exposure to
      ultrasound.
AB  - It has been suggested that fetal weight reduction by ultrasound exposure is
      linearly related to the dose parameter I2t, where I is the intensity and t the
      exposure time. A direct test of the concept was conducted using CF-1 mice. No
      effect on fetal weight was found at values of the dose parameter large enough to
      produce measurable heating in the fetal and maternal tissues.

PMID- 2646806
TI  - Bibliography of biomedical ultrasound. No. 79.

PMID- 2646807
TI  - Transfontanelle pulsed Doppler measurement of blood flow velocity in the internal
      jugular vein, straight sinus, and internal cerebral vein in preterm and term
      neonates.
AB  - This paper presents the range of normal blood flow velocity in different cerebral
      veins in early infancy measured by transfontanelle pulsed Doppler
      ultrasonography. The blood flow velocity of the internal jugular vein (38
      infants), internal cerebral vein (28 infants), and straight sinus (18 infants) in
      a group of clinically stable neonates and young infants (body weight 1060-3750 g,
      age 1-86 d, gestational age 28-41 wk) is specified. The time mean of maximum
      velocity (Vma) of internal jugular vein was 8.4 +/- 4.7 cm/s, of internal
      cerebral vein 5.5 +/- 1.6 cm/s, and of straight sinus 12.6 +/- 7.8 cm/s. While
      the variability between infants was high, the reproducibility of the method was
      in the range of 4.4-10.2% for Vma. This compares well with studies on cerebral
      arteries and offers a noninvasive approach to the study of the venous cerebral
      hemodynamics in neonates undergoing intensive care.

PMID- 2646808
TI  - Effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) on renal tissue. A
      review.

PMID- 2646809
TI  - [Hydatid torsion as a cause of acute scrotum--clinical, sonographic and anatomic
      aspects].
AB  - Out of 82 patients with acute swelling of the scrotum, 25 (30.5%) had hydatid
      torsion. Hydatid torsion was the second most common cause of acute scrotal
      swelling in the entire patient group. In the group of patients up to 14 years of
      age (n = 36), hydatid torsion was found in 47.2% and was the most common cause of
      acute scrotal swelling, followed by torsion of the spermatic cord. Only 3
      patients had torsion of an appendage of the epididymis. All other patients (n =
      22) had torsion of the hydatid of Morgagni (appendage of the testicle). A
      difference in anatomical structure and vascularization during childhood seems to
      be the most important aspect regarding hydatid torsion and hemorrhagic
      infarction. Ultrasonographic examination of the scrotum and checking to see if
      the typical physical signs are present can help in making the exact diagnosis. In
      13 patients with hydatid torsion, the scrotum was examined with ultrasound high
      frequency transducers (7.5, 10 and 12 MHz). In 4 patients, the diagnosis was
      hydatid torsion, as determined by ultrasonography. Two patients were treated
      conservatively with a daily follow-up including a clinical examination and
      investigation of the scrotum with ultrasound. The patients recovered very quickly
      and the acute symptoms resolved within a few days in virtually all instances.
      Thus, in cases where the diagnosis is proven and the course of the disease is
      reasonably mild and painless, conservative management of intrascrotal hydatid
      torsion is possible and can be an effective means of treatment in lien of
      surgical intervention.

PMID- 2646810
TI  - [Diagnosis of venous insufficiency in erectile dysfunction: comparative studies
      of cavernosonography and Doppler sonography].
AB  - In 26 out of 214 patients with erectile dysfunction and venous insufficiency
      proven by cavernosography, bidirectional Doppler ultrasound was also performed to
      demonstrate venous leakage in addition. Except for one, all 25 cases of leakage
      in the superficial and deep dorsal veins could be demonstrated, as could four of
      six cases of cavernosoglandular shunts. Using bidirectional Doppler ultrasound,
      it was possible to visualize a continuous orthograde blood flow from the sulcus
      coronarius to the root of the penis in superficial and deep dorsal penile veins,
      as well as in ectopic penile veins, and a retrograde blood flow in the sulcus
      coronarius in cavernosoglandular shunts.

PMID- 2646811
TI  - Effect of aging on body systems of the dog.
AB  - A common property of all aging systems is that of progressive and irreversible
      change, which may be hastened by the effects of disease, stress, nutrition,
      exercise, genetics, and environment. Current knowledge and technology provide
      increasing opportunity to effect change and improvement in the pursuit of health,
      longevity, and enhanced quality of animal life. Older animals seldom have a
      single disease, but rather each one represents a unique combination of varying
      levels of loss of function at both the cellular and systems level. Veterinarians
      should not accept that poor health and old age are inevitable companions.
      Knowledge of the common pathologic changes associated with age and their effect
      on function allows the clinician to plan more effectively and manage health care
      programs.

PMID- 2646812
TI  - Geriatric ophthalmology.
AB  - The threat of vision loss increases with age owing to a combination of the
      accumulation of untreated or partially managed eye disease (for example, immune
      mediated keratoconjunctivitis) as well as the late-in-life onset of certain
      ocular disorders such as lens subluxation/luxation syndrome and senile/age
      related cataracts. In addition, the ophthalmic effects of age-related systemic
      diseases such as systemic hypertension can be vision threatening as well. The
      veterinarian must always weigh the potential ophthalmic benefits of contemporary
      therapy against the potential patient risk, not only when ophthalmic surgery is
      considered but also with the use of various drugs.

PMID- 2646813
TI  - Neurologic and otologic disorders of geriatric patients.
AB  - The geriatric animal is at increased risk to develop a variety of neurologic
      conditions. The diagnosis of these conditions can be a challenge to veterinary
      practitioners. Many of these conditions have a breed predilection and specific
      neurologic findings that can greatly aid in obtaining a diagnosis. Others demand
      many in-depth tests that require extra care in their selection and performance.
      Obtaining the correct diagnosis is rewarding in those cases where therapy can be
      beneficial. However, as in most chronic conditions, the correct diagnosis results
      in a prognosis that is often poor at best and frustrating to both the owner and
      veterinarian.

PMID- 2646814
TI  - Anesthetic considerations for the geriatric patient.
AB  - The geriatric patient presents an anesthetic challenge due to the physiologic
      alterations that occur during aging. The geriatric patient usually has an
      increased number of disease processes and does not possess the functional organ
      reserve capabilities compared to a younger patient. The geriatric patient seems
      more susceptible to the cardiopulmonary depressant effects of the preanesthetic
      and anesthetic agents in common use and, due to decreased hepatic function and
      other factors, may have a delayed recovery from these drugs. The preanesthetic
      and anesthetic drugs chosen for a geriatric patient will depend on that
      particular patient's physiologic status, the procedure to be done, and the
      experience of the veterinarian. Adequate fluid and monitoring support should
      always be provided for the geriatric patient.

PMID- 2646815
TI  - Geriatric nutrition.
AB  - In recent decades, veterinary medicine has become more successful in prolonging
      the healthy, useful lives of pets. As a result, the practitioner spends a greater
      part of each practice day caring for the geriatric animal, both healthy and
      unhealthy. Because of their longevity, older pets are typically regular family
      members, with owners who seek the finest health care possible for their pets. The
      practice of geriatric medicine most properly should begin not when the dog or cat
      reaches some specific "golden" age, but rather when the wiggly, robust puppy or
      kitten receives its first examination. Like all parts of a sound preventive
      program, geriatric nutrition best follows from a well-considered juvenile and
      adult nutrition program. Furthermore, once it becomes senior, the "well"
      geriatric is as much a candidate for a diet designed especially to accommodate
      old age changes as is his unhealthy contemporary. In fact, evidence suggests that
      appropriate dietary management of the healthy, but often subclinical, patient may
      help postpone the signs of dysfunction and increase quality and length of life. A
      knowledge of the most significant nutrients and the impact of each on aging
      systems is now, and will become increasingly more, important to the progressive,
      skillful veterinarian.

PMID- 2646816
TI  - Client services for geriatric pets.
AB  - Some veterinarians have been reluctant to discuss the prospect of the death of a
      pet because of a sense of discomfort and a lack of understanding about how to
      respond to the client's grief reaction. It is essential to take the time for this
      important communication and help clients deal with fears about the process, any
      feelings of guilt and helplessness, and judgments about the medical aspects of a
      case. Clients must be encouraged to express grief over the loss of a pet,
      particularly a geriatric pet that has lived with them many years and to which
      they are deeply bonded. Veterinarians need to counsel clients about obtaining
      additional pets or another pet. The phrase "replacement pet" must be stricken
      from the veterinarian's vocabulary. One does not "replace" a deceased spouse,
      mother, father, or child. It is possible to have another child or find another
      spouse, but it is not possible to replace a person. Neither can a pet be
      "replaced," because each pet is a unique living being. It is disrespectful to the
      memory of deceased pets to belittle their uniqueness by suggesting that they can
      be replaced. Instead, the veterinarian has the capability and responsibility to
      help pet owners maintain fond and happy memories of an irreplacable pet, while
      finding room in their hearts for another new pet to create happiness for the
      future. Once the grief is resolved, clients will be thankful for having had the
      privilege of sharing their life with an animal and experiencing the joy of the
      bond between two unique individuals.

PMID- 2646817
TI  - Surgery of the geriatric patient.
AB  - The geriatric patient commonly requires surgical intervention. Although
      precaution is warranted, age alone is not a contraindication to surgery. A
      problem-oriented approach is needed, along with proper surgical planning that
      incorporates preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative needs of the
      patient. This article discusses both perioperative management theory and
      practical surgical techniques that can be applied to the aged animal. Many of the
      principles discussed are not limited to the practice of geriatric surgery but
      reflect reactions of aging patients to specific disease pathologies.

PMID- 2646818
TI  - Drug therapy in the geriatric animal: the effect of aging on drug disposition.
AB  - It is clear from this discussion that the predictable effects of aging on the
      disposition and effect of therapeutic agents in veterinary medicine are in dire
      need of study. Theoretical concepts are important in that they may help
      rationalize a therapeutic regimen or help explain a drug toxicity, but they need
      to be explored in well-controlled studies to determine which of all the possible
      alterations in drug behavior are important and which are merely academic
      curiosities. In the meantime, the clinician is advised to treat the geriatric
      patient in a more cautious manner and to develop a therapeutic regimen that is
      based on the patient's probable alterations in physiologic function, remembering
      that although aging is not a disease, its effect on a drug's ability to produce
      both efficacy and toxicity can be just as profound.

PMID- 2646819
TI  - Geriatric dentistry.
AB  - Veterinary dentistry for geriatric patients is a vital part of the health
      maintenance program. For detailed procedures on the many facets of veterinary
      dentistry, there are a number of texts and articles in journals. The practitioner
      who wishes to become more proficient in dentistry should take a planned approach
      of reading, attending seminars, and practicing. Most importantly, look. The
      conditions are there and they are causing problems. If we are to attend to the
      entire health needs of our geriatric patients, then a thorough knowledge of
      veterinary dentistry is absolutely necessary.

PMID- 2646820
TI  - Urologic disorders of the geriatric dog.
AB  - Disorders of the urinary system are common in geriatric dogs. Common urinary
      disorders that are seen in older dogs include chronic renal failure, urinary
      incontinence, bladder tumors, and prostate problems. Therapy for chronic renal
      failure is aimed at both slowing the progression of the disease and ameliorating
      the signs of uremia. Therapeutic recommendations for the conservative medical
      management of chronic renal failure include reducing dietary protein, moderately
      reducing salt intake, maintaining normal serum phosphorus levels, providing free
      access to water, avoiding stress, supplementing water soluble vitamins, using
      anabolic steroids to treat the anemia of chronic renal failure, treating
      acidosis, and controlling hypocalcemia. Urinary incontinence can often be
      controlled or eliminated. The appropriate approach to management of this disorder
      is to identify and remove specific causes. Common causes of urinary incontinence
      are urethral incompetence, urinary tract infection, and polyuria and polydypsia.
      Bladder tumors are, fortunately, not a common tumor of dogs, but are more common
      in geriatric dogs than in the young. The most common bladder tumor is the
      transitional cell carcinoma. Therapy for this tumor is usually palliative because
      of its malignant nature and because it is usually located in the neck of the
      bladder. Its location in the bladder often makes it impossible to resect the
      tumor completely without removing the entire bladder and diverting the ureters.
      New chemotherapeutic modalities are being evaluated that may increase life
      expectancy after diagnosis and, therefore, improve prognosis. Prostate disease is
      also seen in older dogs. Types of prostate abnormalities seen in dogs include
      prostatic hyperplasia, cysts, abscesses, acute and chronic infection, and
      neoplasia. The institution of proper therapy requires an accurate diagnosis;
      neutering is often recommended as a part of therapy regardless of the type of
      prostatic disease present.

PMID- 2646821
TI  - Cardiopulmonary disease in the geriatric dog and cat.
AB  - The incidence of cardiopulmonary disease increases with age. Degenerative
      valvular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and arrhythmias are
      common in the geriatric dog. Chronic bronchial disease, pulmonary neoplasia, and
      arrhythmias occur in the geriatric cat. Systemic diseases in both species often
      show cardiopulmonary manifestations. Medical management to treat the underlying
      disease and to control clinical signs is complicated by altered absorption,
      metabolism, and elimination of drugs.

PMID- 2646822
TI  - Use of an on-farm progesterone assay kit to determine pregnancy in sows.
AB  - Blood samples taken from the ear vein of 1037 sows two to three weeks after
      service were assayed the same day using Ovucheck 'Sowside' kits. Colour
      development was compared with oestrous and pregnancy controls. Reliable data on
      reproductive performance were obtained from 908 sows sampled 17 to 20 days after
      service. The accuracy of identification of 796 pregnant and 12 non-pregnant sows
      was 94.6 per cent and 35.7 per cent, respectively. Excluding animals which
      returned outside the normal range of 18 to 24 days, 52.1 per cent of 48 empty
      sows were identified by the test. Problems with blood sampling were reported on
      seven of 18 farms and this may explain the low accuracy of the kit on some farms.

PMID- 2646823
TI  - Isolation and preliminary characterization of an orbivirus of the Palyam
      serogroup from biting midge Culicoides oxystoma in Japan.
AB  - An orbivirus of the Palyam serogroup was isolated from Culicoides oxystoma
      collected in a cowshed in Kagoshima, Southern Kyushu Island, Japan. This is the
      first isolation of an orbivirus of the Palyam serogroup in Japan. The virus was a
      spherical non-enveloped RNA virus, approximately 60 nm in diameter. The virus was
      resistant to ethyl ether, sodium deoxycholate and freezing-thawing, but readily
      inactivated by trypsin. The virus was not stabilized by 1 M MgCl2, was labile at
      pH 3.0 and was not precipitated by protamine sulfate. Indirect immunofluorescent
      staining of infected Vero cells indicated the virus to be antigenically related
      to D'Aguilar and Bunyip Creek viruses of the Palyam serogroup. Neutralization
      tests showed the virus to have no relationship with D'Aguilar virus, but to have
      a one-way cross-reaction with Bunyip Creek virus. The virus was tentatively
      designated as Kagoshima virus. A serological survey indicated dissemination of
      the virus in cattle populations in Kagoshima Prefecture.

PMID- 2646824
TI  - The detection of Salmonella infection in calves by the fluorescent antibody test.
AB  - The fluorescent antibody test (FAT) was used for the direct detection of
      salmonellas in 182 lymph nodes from adult cattle and from calves submitted for
      autopsy or used for experimental purposes. Salmonellas were detected in 22
      samples by the FAT and in 18 by culture examination. The predictive value of the
      FAT was 68% and it was concluded that the test could be used for the rapid
      presumptive diagnosis of bovine salmonellosis.

PMID- 2646825
TI  - A baculovirus polyhedral envelope-associated protein: genetic location,
      nucleotide sequence, and immunocytochemical characterization.
AB  - Using a polyclonal mouse antiserum produced against purified virions of the
      multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Orgyia pseudotsugata (OpMNPV), two
      immunoreactive lambda gtII clones were identified which contained nonoverlapping
      insert DNAs which mapped to a single open reading frame (ORF) in the HindIII-M
      fragment. Analysis of nucleotide sequence data indicates that this ORF encodes a
      protein with a MW of 32.4 kDa. A trpE-p32 gene fusion containing the entire p32
      ORF was constructed, and the fusion protein was purified and used to immunize
      rabbits. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence studies using the anti-TrpE
      p32 antiserum detected a polyhedra-derived virus (PDV)-associated protein of 32
      kDa at 24 hr postinfection (hr p.i.). The protein was observed in the cytoplasm
      and nucleus at 24 hr p.i. and became concentrated in the cytoplasm late in
      infection. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent microscopy of polyhedra
      solubilized under various conditions indicated that p32 is associated with the
      polyhedral envelope. The predicted amino acid sequence for p32 showed 58% amino
      acid identity with the predicted amino acid sequence for an ORF (ORF 3) in a
      similar region of the genome of the MNPV of Autographa californica (AcMNPV). The
      solubility properties of the p32 protein and reciprocal immunoblotting
      experiments indicate the OpMNPV p32 gene encodes a protein which is homologous to
      the polyhedral envelope-associated phosphoprotein of AcMNPV, pp34, recently
      reported by M.A. Whitt and J.S. Manning [(1988) Virology 163, 33-42].

PMID- 2646826
TI  - [Historical prerequisites for the development of clinical chemistry].
AB  - Clinical Chemistry emerged as an independent discipline about 1840. Important
      roles in this development were played by "the revolution of chemistry"
      (Lavoisier), the "birth of clinic", the "natural historical method in clinical
      medicine" (Schonlein) and reception of the scientific method in medicine.

PMID- 2646827
TI  - [Clinical chemistry in Austria].
AB  - A historical review is presented of the development of clinical chemistry in
      Austria. The present status of clinical chemistry in Austria and certain topical
      problems are discussed.

PMID- 2646828
TI  - [Minor surgery].
AB  - The main task of the general practitioner is not only the early diagnosis of
      oncologic diseases and the follow-up of these patients, but also the emergency
      treatment of acute disorders as well as outpatient surgery. This summary
      overlooks the surgical facilities of the general practitioner to perform urgent
      and elective outpatient surgery. In addition, the focus is on the management of
      acute disorders and complications.

PMID- 2646829
TI  - [Indications and results of surgical therapy of acquired heart valve defects and
      acute bacterial endocarditis].

PMID- 2646830
TI  - [Dental status and stomach diseases].

PMID- 2646831
TI  - [Physioprevention as the main aspect of a healthy life style and health
      education].

PMID- 2646832
TI  - [Christian Andreas Cothenius--14 February 1708 to 5 January 1789].

PMID- 2646833
TI  - [Hormonal contraception in the male].

PMID- 2646834
TI  - [Occupational medicine monitoring of workers exposed to benzene].
AB  - Based on the present level of perception of the benzene biotransformation, the
      influence of reactive metabolites on the haematopoetic system - maintaining low
      MAK rates of 5 mg/m3 and below them - is presented. Consequences for the rate of
      the biological exposition test utilized at present result from this statement.
      The importance of a regular SCE determination in circulating lymphocytes, of the
      longtermed examination of possible damages of sperm and the differentiated
      analysis of individual kinds of lymphocytes, incl. of the cell-mediating immunity
      is emphasized besides the performance of a regular supervision of the external
      exposition, i.e. by means of personal dosimeters. To clarify the benzene
      influence, the research should be orientated on the damages of the cytoskeleton
      and the stroma cells within the haematopoetic system.

PMID- 2646835
TI  - [Photo-degradation of plant-protecting agents].
AB  - The photo degradation of some agents of plant-protecting agents is illustrated by
      survey. The author proves that the photolytic degradation is a relevant process
      of the total degradation in many agents so that it has in an increasing manner to
      be taken into consideration with the ecologic-chemical assessment of plant
      protecting agents. The photolysis of agents is discussed for the conditions in
      water, at surfaces of the ground, plants and glass at open grounds and models.
      The velocity of photolytic degradation of the agent mainly depends on the medium
      at or within which the agent exists. A correlation between stability of the
      photolysis and features of the structure of the chemical compound can be realized
      by means of the quantum efficiency.

PMID- 2646836
TI  - [Effect of welding arcs on the eyes of patients with contact lenses (literature
      study)].
AB  - Two accidents had been reported from abroad, within which contact lense users
      grew blind after staying quite near at electrical arcs. It is supposed that the
      contact lenses had been "welded" with the cornea by influence of the
      electromagnetic radiation. Removal of lenses shall have caused the cornea
      "ablation" and thus the subjects permanent blindness. Nilsson et al. (1, 2, 5)
      performed intensive animal tests which proved, that contact lenses get hot in
      special spectral ranges thus underlying a certain drying up. The "welding"
      between contact lenses and the cornea could not be confirmed by test animals, but
      partial glueing of contact lenses and cornea and surface lesions of the
      epithelium as well in some cases. Huer and Conrads (3, 4) experimenting on
      enucleated pigs' eyes, reported on similar results.

PMID- 2646837
TI  - [Colchicine therapy in liver cirrhosis].

PMID- 2646838
TI  - [Computer-assisted geometric measuring technic in coronary angiography interval
      studies: results of initial angiograms of the International Nifedipine Trial of
      Anti-atherosclerotic Therapy (INTACT) study].
AB  - In 396 of 423 (93.6%) patients with mild to moderate coronary artery disease
      participating in a coronary angiographic follow-up trial, diameters of the
      epicardial coronary arteries were measured with an automatic contour detection
      system (CAAS). The underlying INTACT study (International Nifedipine Trial on
      Antiatherosclerotic Therapy), a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized,
      double-blind multicenter trial, investigates the influence of the calcium
      antagonist nifedipine (80 mg/day) on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis
      over a three-year interval. The study is based on coronary angiograms repeated in
      identical projections after premedication with 10 mg isosorbide dinitrate
      sublingually. For quantitative analysis the coronary artery system was, in
      consideration of all anatomical variations, subdivided into 25 segments. In the
      first angiograms of the 396 patients evaluated up to April 1, 1988, altogether
      5,425 different coronary segments could be analyzed over their entire length in
      one or more angiographic projections--on the average 13.7 +/- 2.8 segments per
      patient. Analysis parameters were the mean diameters of the entire segments and
      of the individual subsegments (about 5 mm in length). The 10 major proximal
      segments could be evaluated in 76-94% of patients respectively in more than two
      different angiographic projections on the average; in 0-13% of patients the
      respective segments were occluded. In 1-4% of patients the evaluation of these
      segments was prevented by poor film quality and in 1-16% of patients prevented by
      anatomical abnormalities (e.g., segment too short or too small). 184 segments
      were found occluded (RCA 42%, LAD 30%, CX 28%) and 909 mostly low-grade to
      moderate stenoses (RCA 34%, CX 32%, LAD 30%, left main 4%) were analyzed with a
      special algorithm. The following obstruction parameters were derived: minimal
      diameter, percentage severity, length, and plaque area. The present data
      demonstrate that in an angiographical multicenter follow-up study such as INTACT
      a nearly complete quantitative morphometric analysis of the visualized coronary
      artery system can indeed be obtained in virtually all angiograms when a computer
      assisted contour detection system is applied.

PMID- 2646839
TI  - [Coronary arteriography with a plasma-isotonic roentgen contrast medium: effects
      on ECG, blood pressure and coronary circulation].
AB  - The nonionic-dimeric compound lotrolan (0.27 osmol/kg, 280 mg J/ml) is the first
      contrast medium with plasma-isotonic osmolality and sufficient iodine content for
      intravascular use. In 15 patients with coronary heart disease, the cardiac side
      effects of 1) lotrolan, 2) nonionic-monomeric lopromide (0.77 osmol/kg, 370 mg
      J/ml and 3) ionic-monomeric Amidotrizoate (2.1 osmol/kg, 370 mg J/ml) were
      compared intraindividually following randomized left coronary artery injections
      (8 ml). Electrocardiographic indices, aortic pressure, coronary sinus flow
      (thermodilution method), and coronary vascular resistance were determined before,
      during, and 60 s after each injection. Heart rate remained almost unchanged with
      lotrolan (+/- 3%) and lopromide (-8%). Amidotrizoate (-16%), however, caused a
      significant bradycardia. Aortic pressure decreased markedly after Amidotrizoate (
      12%) but only moderately after lopromide (-7%) and lotrolan (-6%). Coronary sinus
      flow increased to the same extent with lopromide (+66%) and Amidotrizoate (+72%),
      but less with lotrolan (+43%). Coronary vascular resistance dropped significantly
      more following lopromide (-38%) and Amidotrizoate (-43%) than after lotrolan (
      27%). As opposed to Amidotrizoate and lopromide, lotrolan caused only slight
      changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and coronary hemodynamics, presumably due
      to its plasma-isotonic osmolality. Only minor differences were found between the
      cardiac effects of Amidotrizoate and lopromide. The diagnostic quality of the
      angiograms, however, was better with Amidotrizoate and lopromide. Thus, due to
      its reduced cardiac side effects, lotrolan may only be useful in the case of
      experimental investigations applying digital techniques.

PMID- 2646840
TI  - [The Schultz-Hencke concept of psychosomatics].
AB  - It was quoted by Schultz-Hencke that psychosomatic diseases like psychic symptoms
      are understandable and possible to derive from the drivepsychologic theory of
      neurosis. Following the so called equality in time correlation which says that
      healthy and neurotic persons show a correlation between psychic action and
      organic action, neurotic symptoms may be understood as deriving from a partition
      of a drivecomplex which can show action on the psychic or organic part of a
      person. At the beginning of an organic symptom there is to be found a malfunction
      of an organ or in a functional complex from which an organic disorder will
      develop.

PMID- 2646841
TI  - [Breast cancer. Principles of prevention, early detection, treatment and after
      care].
AB  - The paper is the summary of a workshop and contains guidelines for prophylaxis,
      early detection, treatment and follow-up of breast cancer recommended by the
      Central Institute of Cancer Research as well as the Medical Associations of the
      German Democratic Republic.

PMID- 2646842
TI  - [Non-puerperal breast secretion].
AB  - This study is a general review about the nonpuerperal secretion of the mammary
      gland, the cause and the diagnosis. The consequence is unimportant for the
      diagnosis of carcinoma. About 5 per cent of the breast cancer have pathologic
      secretion, in most cases a blood-stained one.

PMID- 2646843
TI  - [In memory of Christopher Tietze 1908-1984].

PMID- 2646844
TI  - [Chlamydia infections].
AB  - Chlamydia trachomatis is a pathogen with an intracellular developmental cycle.
      Sexually transmitted infection with serotypes D to K can lead to cervicitis,
      endometritis, salpingitis and urethritis, however, symptoms are commonly mild.
      Newborns of mothers with cervical infection or colonisation can acquire inclusion
      conjunctivitis and atypical pneumonia. An efficient prophylaxis is not available
      so far. Antimicrobial therapy should be initiated as soon as chlamydial infection
      is confirmed, e.g. with tetracyclines or erythromycin. Partner treatment is
      mandatory.

PMID- 2646845
TI  - [Secondary lymphedema in gynecologic neoplasms].
AB  - In spite of improved techniques for operations and radiation therapy about 10% of
      all patients with carcinoma of the female genitals and breasts suffer from a
      secondary lymphoedema of the extremities. This lymphoedema can be described as a
      chronical trouble complaint with multifactorial genesis and a tendency to
      progression. The treatment aims not only at the drainage of albuminous oedema but
      also at the avoidance of tissue proliferations and infections. The strategy of
      treatment is based on long-term-measures to empty the oedema in a complex way and
      needs the intensive assistance of those concerned. Only patients who are
      thoroughly informed about their disease are in a position to show the patience
      and understanding necessary to undergo the training programme and to accept the
      maximum load.

PMID- 2646846
TI  - Cimetidine and ranitidine do not affect enflurane metabolism in surgical
      patients.
AB  - Hepatic cytochrome-P-450-linked microsomal metabolism is inhibited by cimetidine,
      and to a lesser extent by ranitidine. Such an inhibition might protect against
      the metabolite-related toxicity of inhalation anesthetics. However, in comparison
      with the values measured in a control group, neither cimetidine (600 mg p.o. +
      200 mg i.m.) nor ranitidine (150 mg p.o. + 50 mg i.m.), both administered 11-12 h
      before anesthesia, inhibited enflurane metabolism as assessed by the increase in
      plasma inorganic fluoride concentration and urinary fluoride excretion in 21 ASA
      I patients anesthetized with enflurane (end-tidal concentration 0.5 +/- 0.05% for
      2-6 h). The inorganic fluoride concentration in the gastric juice remained low in
      all groups.

PMID- 2646847
TI  - Propofol as an induction agent in children: pain on injection and
      pharmacokinetics.
AB  - The efficacy of lignocaine (1%) mixed with propofol in reducing pain on injection
      with propofol was studied in 40 children undergoing elective surgery in a double
      blind, randomized comparison with glucose (5%). The pharmacokinetics of propofol
      in a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg was also studied in eight children participating in
      the same study. Lignocaine (1 mg) significantly reduced pain on injection
      compared to the control group (P less than 0.001). The induction characteristics
      of propofol were not affected by the lignocaine, and no undesirable interaction
      was found between the two drugs. The first-stage elimination half-life (t1/2
      beta) of propofol in children was shorter (mean 9.3 +/- 3.8 (s.d.) min) than the
      values found in adults. This pharmacokinetic alteration may have clinical
      significance following repeated administration or continuous infusion of
      propofol.

PMID- 2646848
TI  - Treatment of post-thoracotomy pain with intermittent instillations of
      intrapleural bupivacaine.
AB  - The effect of intrapleural bupivacaine in the treatment of post-thoracotomy pain
      was evaluated. Bupivacaine, 0.5% 20 ml, with adrenaline (5 micrograms/ml) was
      given through an indwelling intrapleural catheter, at 4-h intervals four times
      daily for 2 days. No pleural suction was applied during and 10 min after each
      injection. A control group received intramuscular oxycodone on request. A visual
      analogue scale (VAS), a pain questionnaire (PQ) and registration of the need for
      supplementary analgesics were used for the assessment of postoperative analgesia.
      Blood-gas analyses showed elevated PaCO2 values in both groups on the day of
      operation and on the first postoperative day, without differences between the
      groups. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine did not reach toxic values, and no
      symptoms of central nervous toxicity or any other untoward reactions were found
      during the study period. Clinically, there was some pain relief after the
      intrapleural bupivacaine. The VAS and PQ scores 30 min after bupivacaine
      instillations diminished to an extent similar to that after oxycodone treatment.
      The need for analgesics during the day of operation was less in the bupivacaine
      group than in the control group (P less than 0.001). The number of oxycodone
      supplementation doses during 48 h postoperatively was, however, not smaller in
      the bupivacaine group than in the control group.

PMID- 2646849
TI  - Residual curarization in the recovery room: atracurium versus gallamine.
AB  - Residual curarization in the recovery room was evaluated in 19 patients randomly
      allocated to two groups with nine and ten patients in each group, respectively.
      In one group atracurium was used for relaxation, and gallamine was used in the
      other. Anaesthesia was achieved with thiopental, diazepam, fentanyl and nitrous
      oxide in oxygen. Mean train-of-four (TOF) ratio in the gallamine and atracurium
      group was 0.63 and 0.91, respectively. Fifty per cent of the patients in the
      gallamine group had TOF ratios below 0.70, and none of these patients were able
      to sustain a head lift for 5 s. All patients in the atracurium group had TOF
      ratios above 0.70, and all of them were able to lift their head for 5 s. All
      patients were fully awake when they were evaluated, and no patient had any sign
      of respiratory difficulty. We conclude that residual curarization in the recovery
      room remains a problem and that this problem seems to be reduced when muscle
      relaxants of intermediate duration of action are used for relaxation during
      operation.

PMID- 2646850
TI  - Anaesthesia for computerised tomography of the brain in children: a comparison of
      propofol and thiopentone.
AB  - Propofol (2,6-di-isopropylphenol) 1.5-2.0 mg/kg i.v. was compared with
      thiopentone 3.0-4.0 mg/kg i.v. as an induction agent in anaesthesia for
      computerised tomography (CT) of the brain in children. Both induction agents were
      combined with diazepam 0.2 mg/kg i.v. Thirty children (ASA physical status I-II)
      aged 3 to 10 years and scheduled for elective examination were included in the
      randomized study. The haemodynamic response to propofol and thiopentone did not
      differ between the groups. Spontaneous respiration was retained in all patients
      and no ventilatory support was required during anaesthesia. The incidence of side
      effects did not differ between the groups. Pain on injection with propofol was
      rare (n = 1) after mixing 1 ml lignocaine (1%) with propofol prior to induction.
      The recovery times were significantly shorter in the propofol than in the
      thiopentone group. Propofol appears to be a promising alternative for use in
      short day-case anaesthesia for CT scanning in children.

PMID- 2646851
TI  - Phorbol ester desensitization of clonal insulin-releasing cell response to
      carbachol involves depletion of an intracellular calcium pool.
AB  - The mechanism by which 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) desensitizes
      carbachol mobilization of glucose-incorporated calcium (Ca2+) was studied in
      clonal insulin-releasing cells (RINm5F) using colour indicators and dual
      wavelength spectrophotometry. The net uptake of Ca2+ stimulated by 20 mM glucose
      reached saturation after 19 +/- 2 min when it corresponded to 1.21 +/- 0.09 mmol
      calcium kg-1 protein. Carbachol then induced a release of 0.21 +/- 0.03 mmol
      calcium kg-1 protein. Half of the remaining Ca2+ was liberated by antimycin A and
      the rest with the Ca2+ ionophore A-23187. When 0.1 microM TPA was added
      initially, the cells lost 0.29 +/- 0.08 mmol calcium kg-1 protein within 10 min.
      The subsequent addition of glucose resulted in a sluggish uptake of only 0.58 +/-
      0.09 mmol calcium kg-1 protein reaching equilibrium after 35 +/- 3 min. Carbachol
      now failed to induce any Ca2+ release. The actions of TPA were essentially
      unchanged by previous exposure to glucose, removal of Na+ from the medium and
      even when some of the glucose-incorporated Ca2+ had been liberated with
      carbachol. The results indicate that TPA desensitization of carbachol-induced
      mobilization of Ca2+ in the RINm5F cells is due to the disappearance of Ca2+ from
      the sensitive pool, an effect which may depend on stimulated extrusion of Ca2+
      from the cells by the (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase.

PMID- 2646852
TI  - Potential benefits of a computer ECG interpretation system for primary care
      physicians in a community hospital.
AB  - One hundred fifteen ECGs from a hospital service were interpreted by 2 primary
      care physicians and 2 expert electrocardiographers. When their interpretations
      were compared with one another and with the Marquette MAC II ECG Interpretation
      Program, there was great variability. Computer ECG interpretations appeared to
      benefit primary care physicians most by providing a backup opinion. This second
      opinion was also of use to expert electrocardiographers. Additional long-term
      benefits that may be derived from computer systems include improvement of
      physician interpretation ability, reduction in interpretation time, and
      standardization of electrocardiographic nomenclature and criteria.

PMID- 2646853
TI  - Advances in anxiety management.
AB  - Recent developments in neurobiology, diagnostic classification, and
      drug/psychotherapy trials have increased our ability to manage patients with
      anxiety disorders. These recent developments, along with epidemiologic surveys
      showing the high frequency of anxiety disorders in the general population as well
      as in the primary care population, have reemphasized the importance of anxiety
      disorders in family practice. This review presents treatment recommendations,
      including dosage, products, guidelines for monitoring, and discontinuation.
      Advances in the neurobiology of anxiety are also included.

PMID- 2646854
TI  - Decubitus ulcers.
AB  - Decubitus ulcers are frequently encountered in the elderly and in bedridden or
      wheelchair-bound patients. Successful treatment is often difficult and expensive.
      Pressure, time, and friction are the major factors involved in the development of
      skin ulcers with such risk factors as age, female sex, and nutritional status
      predisposing to their development. Complications can be life threatening. A
      number of treatment modalities have been used over the years, but the mainstays
      of treatment include attention to preventive measures, relief of pressure over
      bony prominences, and debridement, following the basics of wound care.

PMID- 2646855
TI  - Digitalis toxicity.
AB  - Digitalis toxicity is a frequently encountered clinical problem. Drug
      interactions leading to digitalis toxicity are very common. Within this group,
      the interaction of digitalis and verapamil is increasingly recognized as an
      important cause of digitalis toxicity. The use of digoxin-binding antibodies
      represents a significant advance in the treatment of this problem and can be
      lifesaving in the setting of massive overdose. A case report of digitalis
      toxicity and a review of this problem and its treatment are presented.

PMID- 2646856
TI  - The recognition and significance of the vanishing twin.
AB  - With the advent of sonography, a twin pregnancy may be diagnosed in early
      gestation. Serial sonographic examinations can show the disappearance of one of
      two twins. We offer evidence of an early twin pregnancy with a "vanishing twin,"
      resulting in a liveborn singleton plus a fetus papyraceus. There is an increasing
      body of information about explanations, management, and complications associated
      with a multiple gestation and fetal death. The distinction between monochorionic
      and dichorionic twins is important in their management and for both maternal and
      fetal prognosis. Identification of dizygotic twins through chromosomal or
      sonographic studies, revealing separate placentas, separate membranes, or
      different sexes, theoretically allows the physician to predict a favorable
      outcome for the live twin and the mother.

PMID- 2646857
TI  - Outpatient consultation.

PMID- 2646858
TI  - Gas chromatographic analysis of plasma lipids.
AB  - The brief review points out the improved resolution and quantitation of plasma
      lipids that is possible on nonpolar capillary columns of short length. The main
      advantage over packed columns used previously is the higher recovery of the
      longer chain triacylglycerols, the lower temperature and time requirements for
      completion of the analysis, and the greater ease of column conditioning and
      certainty of obtaining a satisfactory column. The greater resolution of all
      components has resulted in a better definition of lipid classes along with a
      complete resolution of specific molecular species, which was not possible on the
      packed columns. The successful demonstration of the suitability of polar
      capillary columns for high-temperature GLC of plasma lipids promises further
      improvements in the plasma lipid profiling by GLC in the future. The polar
      capillary column resolves the glycerolipids and ceramides according to both
      carbon and double-bond number and results in an essentially complete separation
      of molecular species, except where peak overlaps occur. In combination with
      preliminary TLC resolution of the lipid classes, polar capillary GLC provides the
      most extensive resolution of plasma lipids yet achieved. A total of 200 peaks
      representing over 200 molecular species can be readily recognized and
      quantitatively measured. Neither the nonpolar nor the polar capillary columns are
      capable of resolving the reverse isomers or enantiomers, which overlap completely
      on both columns. Both column types are suitable for GC/MS work, although a mass
      spectrometric examination of the peaks is required only for confirmation of their
      identity. Direct analyses of plasma lipids on the polar capillary columns provide
      extensive information about the composition of the lipid classes and molecular
      species. Furthermore, the polar capillary column profiles of plasma lipids can be
      obtained with conventional equipment over a period of 30 min. At the moment these
      profiles would appear to be best suited for the assessment of dietary and
      potential physicochemical effects on plasma lipoproteins. With more complete
      understanding of plasma lipid biochemistry, these profiles might provide useful
      metabolic information.

PMID- 2646859
TI  - HPLC of penicillin antibiotics.

PMID- 2646860
TI  - Diversity of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily.

PMID- 2646861
TI  - Lymphocyte homing.

PMID- 2646862
TI  - Genetically engineered antibody molecules.

PMID- 2646863
TI  - Antinuclear antibodies: diagnostic markers for autoimmune diseases and probes for
      cell biology.

PMID- 2646864
TI  - Current status of temporomandibular joint imaging for the diagnosis of internal
      derangements.

PMID- 2646865
TI  - Clinical Doppler imaging.

PMID- 2646866
TI  - Bayesian analysis revisited: a radiologist's survival guide.

PMID- 2646867
TI  - Clonorchiasis: sonographic findings in 59 proved cases.
AB  - Clonorchiasis is a parasitic disease of the bile ducts that occurs in endemic
      areas after ingestion of the raw flesh of freshwater fish. We analyzed the
      sonographic findings in 59 patients with clonorchiasis, suspected prospectively
      from sonographic findings and proved subsequently by demonstration of eggs in
      their stools. Diffuse dilatation of the small intrahepatic bile ducts with no or
      minimal dilatation of the large intra- and extrahepatic ducts was observed in all
      cases. The extrahepatic ducts were patent throughout in all except one case. This
      characteristic finding reflects diffuse intrahepatic bile duct obstruction and
      resultant proximal dilatation caused by an adult worm or aggregates of worms, as
      worms reside diffusely in the medium and small intrahepatic bile ducts.
      Cholangitis and multifocal periductal fibrosis with proximal dilatation may play
      an additional role. Increased echogenicity of the intrahepatic bile duct wall was
      present in 39 cases (66%), reflecting cholangitis and periductal fibrosis. In 17
      cases (29%), floating or dependent, discrete, nonshadowing, intraluminal,
      echogenic foci caused by adult worms in the bile were demonstrated in the
      gallbladder. These echogenic foci were distinguished from stones because they
      were fusiform, weak in echogenicity, and floated with a change in position.
      Clonorchiasis should be considered when sonography discloses the characteristic
      pattern of bile duct dilatation with increased wall echogenicity and
      nonshadowing, discrete, echogenic foci in the gallbladder lumen.

PMID- 2646868
TI  - Duplex sonography of the portal venous system: pitfalls and limitations.
AB  - Duplex pulsed-Doppler sonographic examinations of the portal venous systems of 14
      patients were reviewed, and the results were compared with the findings of other
      examinations including endoscopy and angiography. The sonograms of virtually
      every patient in the sample showed at least one of four pitfalls. The "mirror
      image" artifact, in which the Doppler signal contained simultaneous and symmetric
      elements on both sides of the zero baseline, was identified in 11 patients (79%).
      The "flip" artifact, in which the Doppler signal would either flip from one side
      of the zero baseline to the other or would indicate a direction of blood flow
      opposite to that normally expected, was seen in six patients (43%). In four
      patients (29%), a Doppler flow signal could not be obtained from small vessels
      that were identified on standard real-time images. In 10 patients (71%),
      important vascular channels including bleeding gastroesophageal varices were
      obscured by bowel gas, ascites, or the patient's body habitus. Duplex sonography
      may still provide useful information about portal venous hemodynamics. However,
      it remains a prodigious technical undertaking whose accuracy can be severely
      hampered by artifacts and inherent technical difficulties.

PMID- 2646869
TI  - Pregnancies in septate uteri: outcome in relation to site of uterine implantation
      as determined by sonography.
AB  - Sonography was used to study the site of uterine implantation of 12 pregnancies
      in eight patients with complete septation of the uterus. The purpose was to
      determine the incidence of septal implantation in these patients and its relation
      to the outcome of the pregnancies. The live-birth rate in the 12 pregnancies was
      33%. Three pregnancies (25%) went to term and ended in live neonates. One (8%)
      resulted in a premature delivery and the neonate survived. Eight (67%) ended in
      abortion. Sonograms showed that in all four pregnancies that were not aborted,
      implantation was in the lateral wall of the uterus. In comparison, in the eight
      pregnancies that terminated in abortion, implantation was septal in six, mixed in
      one, and undetermined in one. Our experience with this small group of patients
      suggests that pregnancies in septate uteri have a poor prognosis and that
      abortion is related to septal implantation.

PMID- 2646870
TI  - Imaging of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
AB  - There is no single correct approach to evaluate aortic aneurysm. Variations in
      individual cases, equipment availability, technical expertise, and surgeons'
      preference frequently dictate the workup. Sonography is optimal for screening and
      follow-up in uncomplicated cases. CT is excellent in preoperative and
      postoperative evaluation of aneurysms and their potential complications.
      Angiography is used to determine visceral-branch involvement and define
      variations in vascular anatomy, although its routine preoperative use is
      controversial. MR imaging has emerged as a powerful tool to visualize and stage
      aneurysms.

PMID- 2646871
TI  - Osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients: evaluation with plain film, 99mTc
      MDP bone scintigraphy, and MR imaging.
AB  - Diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients may be difficult
      because of the coexistence of chronic cellulitis, vascular insufficiency, and
      peripheral neuropathy. This study compared the diagnostic accuracies of plain
      films, bone scans, and MR imaging studies in diabetic patients with suspicion of
      osteomyelitis of the foot. Twenty-nine plain radiographs, 20 bone scans, and 30
      MR studies were obtained in 24 patients. Twenty-nine bones from 14 patients were
      pathologically proved either positive (25 bones) or negative (four bones) for
      osteomyelitis. Another 15 bones (10 patients) studied with MR had no pathologic
      proof, but the bones healed with only local wound care and/or a short course of
      oral antibiotics. These patients had trauma, cellulitis, or unhealed ulcers. The
      sensitivity and specificity of plain films were both 75%. Bone scans had a very
      low specificity (100% false-positive rate). A negative bone scan should strongly
      exclude the probability of osteomyelitis. Unlike the findings in previous
      reports, MR had much higher sensitivity and specificity than bone scans in
      detecting osteomyelitis in diabetic patients. When the 10 patients without
      pathologic proof (those who presumably had neuroarthropathy, vascular
      insufficiency, and/or cellulitis) were included, the sensitivity and specificity
      of all three techniques decreased. Our experience with this small group of
      patients suggests that MR is a useful imaging technique for diagnosing
      osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients.

PMID- 2646872
TI  - Multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study of gadopentetate dimeglumine as
      an MR contrast agent: evaluation in patients with cerebral lesions.
AB  - A multicenter double-blind randomized study was designed to evaluate and compare
      the safety and diagnostic efficacy of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) (0.1
      mmol/kg) against a saline placebo for use as an IV contrast agent for MR. The
      randomization code provided for a 2:1 ratio of Gd-DTPA and saline patients. Six
      investigators studied 88 patients with signs and symptoms of a cerebral lesion.
      Although safety data were complete in all 88 cases, only 83 had valid efficacy
      data (57 received Gd-DTPA, 26 placebo). Three patients were excluded from
      efficacy evaluation because of incomplete scans or scans with severe motion
      artifacts. Two patients were excluded for protocol variations (did not have a
      mass lesion). The protocol required that spin-echo MR images be acquired both
      before and after infusion at mode 1, 500/30/2 (TR/TE/excitations), and at a
      single-echo mode 2 sequence within a selected range, 1500-2000/56-90/2.
      Additional TEs could also be used at the discretion of each investigator.
      Efficacy was determined by comparing post- with preinjection images for relative
      degree of enhancement and improvement of diagnostic ability after injection, and
      by comparing these results with placebo results. Enhancement was reported in 43
      (75%) of 57 Gd-DTPA patients and in none of the 26 placebo patients. Improvement
      of diagnostic ability was noted in 37 of 57 Gd-DTPA patients and in no placebo
      patients. Of 17 patients receiving Gd-DTPA for whom no diagnosis could be made
      before infusion, nine of 17 were diagnosed after infusion. By comparison, none of
      five patients not diagnosed before infusion of placebo could be diagnosed after
      infusion. Of 43 patients in whom lesion enhancement was observed after Gd-DTPA
      infusion, the diagnosis changed after infusion in 16 (37%) and the number of
      lesions detected after infusion increased in 10 (23%). Safety studies showed no
      clinically significant abnormal trends. Minor changes in blood pressure, pulse,
      and serum iron levels were noted in a higher percentage of Gd-DTPA patients. This
      study confirms that Gd-DTPA is an efficacious contrast agent for use with MR and
      that it exhibits excellent patient tolerance. Enhancement allows for a decisive
      diagnosis to be made in selected cases in which such capability had previously
      been lacking with unenhanced MR.

PMID- 2646873
TI  - Breast cancer screening: all's well that ends well, or much ado about nothing?

PMID- 2646874
TI  - Clinical experience with ciprofloxacin: analysis of a multicenter study.
AB  - In a multicenter study of 128 patients treated with ciprofloxacin (mean daily
      dosage, 982 mg per day; mean duration of treatment, 8.9 days) for a variety of
      infections, 48 were microbiologically proven. Of these, bacteriologic cure and/or
      improvement resulted in 93% of cases. For all 128 infections clinical cure and/or
      improvement resulted in 93.8% of cases. Twenty-nine (23.8%) of all infections
      were classified as chronic. Overall, there were 3/128 (2.3%) adverse reactions
      (ADRs); one case each of diarrhea, malaise, and nausea/vomiting. None were
      related definitely to ciprofloxacin therapy. Therapy with ciprofloxacin was
      discontinued in two (1.6%) of 128 patients because of adverse gastrointestinal
      (GI) effects. One patient elected to continue ciprofloxacin therapy despite mild
      GI side effects.

PMID- 2646875
TI  - RBRVS and family physicians.

PMID- 2646876
TI  - Grateful Med.

PMID- 2646877
TI  - Abnormal liver function tests in asymptomatic patients.
AB  - Liver function abnormalities are often found on routine chemical profiles.
      Abnormal test results are often false positive in asymptomatic patients. Repeat
      testing and confirmation that the liver is the source of the abnormality are the
      first steps of evaluation. A thorough history and physical examination may
      suggest reasons for the abnormalities. If no etiology for the abnormal test
      result is found, further testing is indicated.

PMID- 2646878
TI  - Anemia in the elderly.
AB  - Controversy exists about the occurrence of an age-related decline in hematologic
      parameters. The etiology of anemia in elderly patients is often confounded by
      chronic and inapparent disease. The diagnosis is assisted by knowledge of the
      clues to the causes of hypoproliferative anemia, ineffective hematopoiesis and
      hemolysis.

PMID- 2646879
TI  - Nightmares.
AB  - Although sporadic nightmares may be normal responses to stress, chronic
      nightmares can be troublesome. Nightmare syndrome involves dreams during REM
      sleep and is associated with abnormal psychologic tests and psychiatric
      disorders. Night terrors are most common in childhood, occur during deep sleep
      and rarely reflect underlying pathology. Post-traumatic stress disorder produces
      recurrent and repetitive nightmares. The onset of nightmares in an adult is often
      associated with medication or illness.

PMID- 2646880
TI  - Pleural mesothelioma.
AB  - The incidence of pleural mesothelioma will probably increase into the next
      century. A complete occupational history should include an inquiry about asbestos
      exposure, especially in patients with chest pain or dyspnea. The latency period
      between exposure and mesothelioma is as long as 50 years. In some patients, early
      diagnosis leads to a chance of cure. In most cases, however, there is no cure.
      Accurate diagnosis and a frank discussion of prognosis will allow patients to
      prepare for death.

PMID- 2646881
TI  - Vertebral osteomyelitis.

PMID- 2646882
TI  - Fibrous dysplasia of bone.
AB  - Fibrous dysplasia of bone is a disorder of unknown etiology in which skeletal
      aberrations constitute the cardinal feature. The condition is often monostotic
      but may be polyostotic. The disorder may be accompanied by extraskeletal
      manifestations, such as abnormal cutaneous pigmentation and endocrinopathies,
      most commonly precocious puberty. Surgical therapy is recommended when bony
      deformities become substantial or when function is threatened.

PMID- 2646883
TI  - Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis.
AB  - Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, or Sweet's syndrome, usually occurs in
      middle-aged women with a preceding upper respiratory tract infection. In about 20
      percent of reported cases, the syndrome is associated with an underlying
      malignancy, most frequently acute myelogenous leukemia. A dense infiltrate of
      mature neutrophils is seen in the middle and upper portions of the dermis.
      Corticosteroid therapy produces rapid improvement of all manifestations of the
      syndrome.

PMID- 2646884
TI  - Nicotine dependence.
AB  - Nicotine is a psychoactive drug with effects that reinforce tobacco use despite
      known adverse health consequences. Nicotine dependence can be effectively
      treated. Family physicians are in an excellent position to promote both smoking
      cessation and smoking prevention.

PMID- 2646885
TI  - Nephrolithiasis.

PMID- 2646887
TI  - Equity and the RBRVS.

PMID- 2646886
TI  - Management of salicylate toxicity.
AB  - Salicylate intoxication remains a commonly encountered problem. Early measures to
      prevent drug absorption, along with alkaline diuresis of the drug, are essential
      to successful management. If initial therapy fails to produce a response or if
      the clinical condition rapidly deteriorates, the patient should be treated
      aggressively with prompt hemodialysis.

PMID- 2646888
TI  - Morphologic features of unstable atherothrombotic plaques underlying acute
      coronary syndromes.
AB  - Unstable angina appears to be a good clinical marker for rapidly progressing
      coronary artery disease. Pathologically, an unstable atherothrombotic coronary
      lesion, represented by a raised atherosclerotic plaque with ruptured surface
      causing variable degree of hemorrhage into the plaque and luminal thrombosis
      (rapid plaque progression), usually is present in patients at autopsy after a
      period of unstable angina. The thrombus at the rupture site may be mural and
      limited (just sealing the rupture) or occlusive, depending on the degree of
      preexisting atherosclerotic stenosis. An occlusive thrombus is seldom seen over
      ruptured plaques causing less than 75% stenosis (histologic cross-sectional area
      reduction), but it is found with increasing frequency when severity of stenosis
      increases beyond 75%. Most occlusive thrombi have a layered structure with
      thrombus material of differing age indicating an episodic growth by repeated
      mural deposits, and microemboli/microinfarcts are frequently found in the
      myocardium downstream to coronary thrombi, indicating intermittent thrombus
      fragmentation with peripheral embolization. Such a "dynamic thrombosis" (with or
      without a concomitant focal vasospastic phenomenon) at the site of an unstable
      (ruptured) atherosclerotic lesion obviously may lead to the other thrombus
      related acute coronary events: myocardial infarction or sudden death.
      Accordingly, progression of unstable angina to myocardial infarction or sudden
      death should, in principle, be preventable by the correct timing of current
      available therapies aimed to prevent or eliminate (1) the chronic atherosclerotic
      obstruction, (2) the acute plaque disruption, (3) luminal thrombosis, and (4)
      vasospasm.

PMID- 2646889
TI  - Coronary artery spasm in the genesis of myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Angina pectoris that is mainly caused by coronary artery spasm (coronary spastic
      angina) has 1 or more of the following characteristics: (1) the attack occurs at
      rest, (2) the attack is associated with ST-segment elevation on the
      electrocardiogram (not necessarily so in case of old myocardial infarction), (3)
      the attack has a variable exercise threshold, and (4) the attack is suppressed by
      calcium antagonists but not by beta-adrenergic blocking agents. By this criteria,
      coronary artery spasm is involved in the development of most angina pectoris in
      patients with 1-vessel disease. The role of coronary artery spasm in the
      development of acute myocardial infarction is still controversial. However, in
      this study, injection of nitroglycerin, 0.2 mg, into the totally or subtotally
      occluded coronary artery either released the occlusion or improved the patency in
      13 of the 69 patients (18.8%) with acute transmural myocardial infarction in whom
      coronary arteriography was performed within 4.0 +/- 1.9 hours of the onset of
      symptoms. Thus, coronary artery spasm appears to play a role in the production of
      acute myocardial infarction in these patients.

PMID- 2646890
TI  - Analysis of digital subtraction coronary angiography for estimation of flow
      reserve in critical coronary stenosis.
AB  - To examine the accuracy of digital subtraction angiographic assessment of
      coronary flow reserve in critical coronary stenosis, time-density curves were
      obtained from digital angiograms for a myocardial region of interest. Time-to
      peak contrast (TPC) and contrast washout rate (T) were measured in 11 patients
      with critical 1-vessel lesions before and after percutaneous transluminal
      coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Collectively, the values of TPC and T were
      significantly shortened, from 5.8 +/- 1.1 to 4.4 +/- 1.0 seconds (p less than
      0.01) and from 11.3 +/- 4.0 to 5.2 +/- 1.2 seconds (p less than 0.001) after
      PTCA, respectively. All 11 patients except 1 showed shortened T after PTCA;
      however, in 5 of the 11 patients, TPC after PTCA had approximately the same
      values as those before PTCA. In experiments in dogs with critical circumflex
      stenosis, coronary flow and posterior wall thickening at rest were not different
      from control; however, contrast media-induced hyperemia was markedly attenuated,
      accompanied by a significant prolongation of T (7.7 +/- 4.5 vs 15.8 +/- 1.9
      seconds, p less than 0.01) and completely unchanged TPC (both 6.8 seconds). With
      simultaneous tracings of coronary flow and time-density curves, TPC and the
      washout phase on the curve corresponded with contrast-induced transient flow
      reduction and hyperemic phases, respectively. It is concluded that T appears more
      sensitive than TPC when basal coronary flow is maintained to almost normal
      levels, as in patients with stable effort angina pectoris having critical
      coronary stenosis.

PMID- 2646891
TI  - On whether there is a true increase in myocardial stiffness during myocardial
      ischemia.
AB  - In the experimental animal, acute ischemia by interruption of coronary blood
      supply is accompanied by a steepening of the slope of the left ventricular
      pressure-volume and pressure-segment length relations. This increase in chamber
      stiffness is associated with an increase in myocardial stiffness assessed from
      the slope of the diastolic stress-strain relation. Supply-type ischemia in humans
      brought about by balloon inflation during coronary angioplasty leads to an upward
      shift of the pressure-length relation of the ischemic and the adjacent segment
      combined with a steepening of the slope. In demand ischemia produced by rapid
      pacing in patients with coronary artery disease, an increased radial stiffness
      modulus at any level of radial stress was present when compared with that during
      the resting state. These alterations of the stress-strain relation suggest that
      the physical properties of the myocardium change during both supply and demand
      ischemia. The increased diastolic myocardial stiffness appears to result, at
      least in part, from increased residual interaction between actin and myosin
      filaments.

PMID- 2646892
TI  - Is stiffness increased during ischemia?
AB  - Possible sources of increased ventricular stiffness can be more easily
      appreciated when pressure and volume patterns are considered as a function of
      time. A discussion on sources of effective or apparent stiffness or stiffness
      changes includes viscoelastic properties and active behavior at the muscular
      level. Chamber geometry and coronary vascular pressure and flow are intrinsic
      ventricular components. Together with the pressure head and crosstalk as
      extraventricular components, all these properties are integrated to determine
      intact heart behavior in late relaxation and diastole.

PMID- 2646893
TI  - Is there a true increase in myocardial stiffness with acute ischemia?
AB  - Based on experimental observations, an increase in intrinsic regional myocardial
      stiffness can be demonstrated during complete coronary occlusion at rest when
      there is dyskinesia. There is decreased chamber compliance as well during
      coronary occlusion, while the zero volume intercept of the ventricle in diastole
      is larger, changes that may relate in part to regional ultrastructural
      alterations at the sarcomere level. Postpacing studies suggest that decreased
      chamber compliance also occurs in that setting, but with an opposite shift upward
      of the diastolic pressure-volume relation, which may relate to reperfusion
      effects. The factors involved in such changes in stiffness undoubtedly are
      multiple, and also include delayed ventricular relaxation, which can be magnified
      at rapid heart rates, effects of nonuniformity, and possibly the timing of
      loading conditions during individual contractions. The relative influence of
      these multiple factors undoubtedly varies with the conditions and duration of
      acute ischemia.

PMID- 2646894
TI  - Thrombolytic agents in early myocardial infarction.
AB  - The current revolution in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction by means
      of thrombolytic therapy has as its underlying strategy 3 aims: early restoration
      of the blood flow in order to salvage jeopardized but still viable tissues,
      limitation of the ultimate infarct size, and preservation, as far as possible, of
      ventricular function. The hope is that these 3 achievements will result in
      reduced short- and long-term mortality rates. The techniques used in this overall
      strategy are still under investigation. Three leading pharmacologic compounds vie
      for supremacy: streptokinase as well as its anisoylated form, recombinant
      technique tissue-type plasminogen activator and urokinase with or without
      prourokinase. In addition, the underlying anatomy may require early, or delayed,
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty where needed backed by coronary
      artery bypass grafting. Thus, the tactics of the intervention may vary from case
      to case and indeed from center to center depending on experience and facilities,
      but the conclusion is clearly the same: Early reperfusion is a must if one wishes
      to save ischemic but viable tissue. This report summarizes the current evidence
      for this new strategy.

PMID- 2646895
TI  - Effects of simvastatin and probucol in hypercholesterolemia (Simvastatin
      Multicenter Study Group II).
AB  - This 12-week, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study compared the efficacy,
      tolerability and safety of simvastatin (a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) and
      probucol. Two doses of simvastatin, 20 or 40 mg once daily, were compared to
      probucol, 500 mg twice daily. Both simvastatin doses were significantly more
      effective than probucol in improving the plasma lipid profile. Mean reduction in
      low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was 34% with 20-mg simvastatin and 40%
      with the 40-mg dosage, compared to a mean reduction of 8% with probucol.
      Simvastatin significantly decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipo
      protein B, and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and
      apolipoprotein A-I. Probucol caused some reduction in LDL cholesterol but
      significantly decreased HDL cholesterol. Both simvastatin and probucol were well
      tolerated and no serious drug-related events occurred. Simvastatin appears to be
      a well-tolerated and effective new agent used once-a-day as an adjunct to diet in
      the management of patients with hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2646897
TI  - Abnormalities in jugular venous flow velocity in pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Doppler recordings of jugular venous flow velocity previously performed in this
      laboratory in patients with pulmonary hypertension had shown variations from the
      normal dominant systolic flow (SF) greater than diastolic flow (DF), to SF = DF,
      SF less than DF or DF alone. The mechanisms underlying these flow alterations
      were studied in 25 patients and correlated with hemodynamics. The patients with
      abnormal flow patterns had increased right atrial V-wave pressures. This was
      associated with an increased right ventricular early diastolic pressure. The
      incidence of clinical heart failure was higher in patients with SF less than DF
      or DF alone (8 of 11) compared with 5 of 10 patients with SF = DF. Thus, in
      patients with pulmonary hypertension, the abnormal jugular venous flow patterns
      appear to be caused by both an increased DF velocity and a decrease in SF
      velocity. Because the right atrial V-wave pressures were similar in patients with
      both SF = DF and SF less than DF or DF alone and the incidence of heart failure
      was higher in the latter, the decrease in SF must be a later phenomenon. Serial
      observations confirmed this temporal sequence. The applicability of these
      observations to bedside evaluation of patients with pulmonary hypertension is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2646896
TI  - Effects of reduction in drugs or dosage after long-term control of systemic
      hypertension.
AB  - The possibility of discontinuing--compared to reducing--antihypertensive drug
      treatment was investigated in 606 male hypertensive patients with entry diastolic
      blood pressure (BP) in the range of 90 to 114 mm Hg. Diastolic BP was controlled
      at less than 90 mm Hg with 1 of 4 regimens: low dose hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ),
      25 mg twice daily; high dose HCTZ, 50 mg twice daily; or high dose HCTZ plus a
      low or high dose of a step II drug (propranolol, clonidine or reserpine). After 6
      months of treatment that controlled BP, dosages were reduced in two-thirds of the
      patients. In those patients receiving low dose HCTZ and randomized to dose
      reduction, antihypertensive drugs were completely discontinued. Although
      approximately half of these patients remained normotensive for the first 6
      months, a significantly greater proportion had elevation of BP compared to the
      control group, which continued to receive treatment (p less than 0.0001). In the
      high dose HCTZ drug group, the proportion of patients remaining normotensive did
      not differ among those stepped down to low dose HCTZ and the fully treated
      control group. While not achieving significance the trend was similar with the
      step II regimens. Although some patients remained normotensive after
      discontinuation of step II drugs, a greater proportion returned to elevated BP
      than when step II dosage was unchanged. Therefore, while stopping therapy may be
      effective in some patients, a decreased dosage is significantly more effective as
      a method for maintaining an antihypertensive effect. Decreasing drug dosages
      offers the dual benefit of minimizing side effects and reducing drug costs.

PMID- 2646898
TI  - Changes in jugular venous flow velocity after coronary artery bypass grafting.
AB  - The factors underlying postoperative jugular venous flow velocity and pulse
      contour changes were studied in 25 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass
      grafting. Before operation, all patients had normal right-sided cardiac
      hemodynamics, normal jugular pulse contours and normal jugular venous flow
      velocity patterns, i.e., systolic flow (SF) velocity greater than diastolic flow
      (DF) velocity. After operation, jugular venous flow velocity was abnormal in 24
      patients (SF = DF in 14 and SF less than DF in 10). Neither the right-sided
      cardiac pressures after the operation nor any of the perioperative factors
      examined had any bearing on these flow alterations. Postoperative right
      ventricular ejection fraction was normal in all 5 patients with SF greater than
      DF and SF = DF flow patterns (mean +/- standard error of the mean 48 +/- 3%). It
      was significantly depressed in all 6 patients with SF less than DF flow pattern
      (34 +/- 1%, 2p less than 0.001). These findings suggest that the right atrium
      behaves as a conduit rather than a capacitance chamber. However, the
      postoperative abnormal flow pattern of SF less than DF as opposed to SF = DF
      indicates the additional presence of right ventricular dysfunction. The
      implications of these observations for the clinical assessment of right
      ventricular function in the postoperative patients are discussed.

PMID- 2646899
TI  - Diagnosis and natural history of syncope and the role of invasive
      electrophysiologic testing.

PMID- 2646900
TI  - Effect of age on antiarrhythmic drug efficacy and toxicity.

PMID- 2646901
TI  - Nutritional status, tooth eruption, and dental caries: a review.
AB  - Animal studies have shown that early malnutrition affects tooth structure, delays
      tooth eruption, and results in increased dental caries. However, epidemiologic
      evidence in support of these findings has been elusive. Cross-sectional surveys
      show that populations with a higher prevalence of caries in their deciduous teeth
      also show a lower prevalence of caries in their permanent teeth. However,
      longitudinal data from individuals show exactly the opposite. Caries development
      is also delayed as a consequence of a delayed tooth eruption and thus the bell
      shaped curve that results from plotting deciduous caries prevalence vs age is
      shifted to the right in malnourished children. This effect will result in an
      apparently negative association between caries in deciduous and permanent teeth
      when cross-sectional surveys are compared. Once the effect on tooth eruption is
      taken into account, the contribution of malnutrition to increased caries
      susceptibility may be observed, as demonstrated by a recent cross-sectional study
      involving Peruvian children.

PMID- 2646902
TI  - Conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) to detect subclinical vitamin A
      deficiency: comparison of CIC with biochemical assessments.
AB  - By use of sensitivity and specificity analysis, conjunctival impression cytology
      (CIC) was compared with fasting serum vitamin A levels and relative dose response
      (RDR) of Guatemalan children. One impression was taken from the temporal bulbar
      aspect of each eye, fasting serum vitamin A levels were then drawn, 480 RE of oil
      based retinyl palmitate was given, and a 5-h postdosing vitamin A level was drawn
      (RDR procedure). For a 20% RDR cutoff, the sensitivity of CIC was 23% with a
      specificity of 80% and a positive predictive value of 9% (n = 213 children).
      Compared with fasting vitamin A levels alone (with 0.70 mumol/L as abnormal), the
      sensitivity of CIC was 26%, specificity was 81%, and positive predictive value
      was 22% (n = 221 children). There was no significant difference in the mean serum
      retinol level between those with abnormal and normal CIC. In this study
      population CIC does not identify the same group of children with marginal vitamin
      A as identified biochemically.

PMID- 2646903
TI  - Clinicopathologic and cytogenic features of CD34 (My 10)-positive acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - The authors performed membrane antigen phenotyping on 75 patients with acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia with a panel of myeloid-associated monoclonal antibodies.
      The 34 patients (45%) with CD34-positive leukemia were not significantly
      different from the 41 with CD34-negative leukemia with respect to age,
      hemoglobin, white blood cell count, or platelet count at presentation, but their
      blasts were more likely to lack the CD15 or CD33 antigens and to have FAB M1 or
      M2 morphologic characteristics. CD34-positive leukemia was more likely to arise
      after chemotherapy. Patients with CD34-positive leukemia were less likely to
      enter a complete remission even when analysis was limited to those patients
      receiving a high-dose induction-type chemotherapy regimen. Giemsa-banding
      karyotyping studies were obtained in 55 of the cases. In 30 of these cases (56%)
      clonal karyotypic abnormalities were demonstrated. Although the karyotypic
      abnormalities and phenotypes were varied, there was a high degree of association
      between the karyotypic abnormalities monosomy 7/del (7q) and the CD34-positive
      phenotype; this antigen was expressed on blasts from eight of the nine patients
      displaying this abnormality. Monoclonal antibody phenotyping of myeloid leukemia
      with reagents such as anti-CD34 may help to define biologically interesting
      subsets of ANLL with distinct clinicopathologic expression.

PMID- 2646904
TI  - Hemostatic evaluation in bleeding disorders from native blood. Clinical
      experience with the hemostatometer.
AB  - Primary hemostasis (PH), i.e., hemostatic platelet plug formation, and the
      subsequent coagulation were recorded and quantified from the same
      nonanticoagulated venous blood sample with the use of the Haemostatometer. In
      addition, platelet thrombus formation induced by interaction of flowing native
      blood with a collagen fiber under low shear rates (450 s-1) was simultaneously
      analyzed by this device. The effect of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) directed
      against von Willebrand's factor antigen (vWF:Ag), platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb)
      and the GPIIb/IIIa complex, and fibrinogen were studied. PH was significantly
      inhibited by MoAbs against vWF:Ag, GPIIb/IIIa, and fibrinogen but was unaffected
      by antibody against GPIb. Collagen-induced thrombosis was prevented by MoAbs
      against vWF:Ag and GPIb, slightly inhibited by antifibrinogen, and unaffected by
      blockage of platelet membrane GPIIb/IIIa. The effect of a single 600-mg dose of
      aspirin was monitored, and abnormal PH was still detectable five days later. From
      the 13 hemophiliacs tested, 7 showed significantly prolonged PH. In von
      Willebrand's disease, a characteristic defect of PH with significant inhibition
      or absence of collagen-platelet interaction was observed in all the 11 patients.
      PH was greatly prolonged in both of the two patients with storage pool
      deficiency. The technique detected improvement of platelet function, i.e., PH in
      all of six patients with bleeding disorders after replacement therapy or DDAVP
      infusion. The authors conclude that the Haemostatometer technique is a sensitive
      test for determining platelet dysfunction and monitoring efficacy of factor
      replacement or DDAVP therapy.

PMID- 2646905
TI  - Diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Role of D-dimer.
AB  - Detection of the cross-linked fibrin degradation fragment, D-dimer, in patients
      at risk for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is strong evidence for
      the diagnosis. D-dimer confirms that both thrombin generation and plasmin
      generation have occurred. Patients at risk for DIC (58) and normal controls (7)
      were studied. Thirty-three patients had DIC--with fragment D-dimer identified in
      their serum by immunoblotting. Latex agglutination measurements of fibrin(ogen)
      degradation products (FDPs) and D-dimer were compared with immunoblotting in the
      detection of D-dimer. FDP measurement was extremely sensitive but not specific. D
      dimer measurement was less sensitive but highly specific. Used in tandem,
      screening with FDP and confirming with D-dimer, sensitivity and specificity were
      maximized, rendering a predictive value of a confirmed FDP of 100% in this
      cohort. D-dimer is a valuable adjunct for the laboratory diagnosis of DIC but is
      most appropriately used as a confirmatory test for the very sensitive FDP test.

PMID- 2646906
TI  - Phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid. Comparison of an "ultrasensitive"
      immunologic assay with TLC and enzymatic assay.
AB  - Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in amniotic fluid is recognized as a good indicator of
      fetal lung maturity and is unaffected by moderate amounts of blood or meconium
      contamination. A rapid immunologic agglutination assay, Ultrasensitive AmnioStat
      FLM (FLM), was compared with two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and
      an enzymic, colorimetric procedure (E-PG). Eighty amniotic fluid specimens were
      analyzed. FLM results were reported as high (H), intermediate (I), or low
      positive (L). TLC was compared with FLM:H (n = 27), mean 0.14 (fraction of total
      phospholipids); I (n = 7), mean 0.11; L (n = 9), mean 0.03; negative results had
      no detectable PG by TLC. In 33 cases E-PG was compared with FLM:H (n = 9), mean
      7.0 mumol/L; I (n = 5), mean 8.1 mumol/L; L (n = 3), mean 3.0 mumol/L; negative
      (n = 16), mean 3.2 mumol/L. Records were reviewed in 70 cases. Thirty cases were
      excluded: sample to delivery time was greater than 72 hours; steroids were given
      or sepsis was documented. Fetal lung immaturity was clinically present in six
      cases: respiratory distress syndrome in three cases and transient tachypnea of
      the newborn (TTN) in three cases. One false positive result was identified (TTN,
      FLM:H). FLM sensitivity for fetal lung maturity was 85.3%, specificity was 83.3%,
      and the positive predictive value for fetal lung maturity was 96.7%. FLM is a
      fast, reliable indicator of fetal lung maturity.

PMID- 2646907
TI  - Rapid S-phase determination of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with the use of an
      immunofluorescence bromodeoxyuridine labeling index procedure.
AB  - Cell kinetic measurements are currently being investigated to determine if they
      are useful in the clinical management of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
      (NHLs). Although the tritiated thymidine labeling index (TLI) is the standard
      method of S-phase measurement, it is difficult to perform. The authors describe a
      slide-based immunofluorescence labeling index (LI) method that uses 5-bromo-2
      deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) as the pulsing medium and a monoclonal antibody (BU-1) to
      BrdUrd. The BrdUrd LI was performed on 217 NHLs and compared with routine
      histologic results. The authors found a median BrdUrd LI of 0.9% for low-grade
      NHLs; 7.5% for intermediate-grade; 10.4% for high-grade; and 2.2% for T-cell
      NHLs. This method provides a rapid, reliable S-phase measurement that can be
      easily performed in the clinical laboratory. It should replace the TLI and allow
      wider application of S-phase measurements in the NHL.

PMID- 2646908
TI  - Auto anti-M. Clinical and serologic findings of seven patients from one hospital
      and review of the literature.
AB  - Auto-anti-M antibodies are not commonly documented serologically. A review of the
      literature reveals only ten cases with no consistent clinical or laboratory
      findings. In their institution, over a 12-year period, the authors have
      identified this autoantibody in seven patients, suggesting that it may not be
      such a rare entity but rather may be underdiagnosed. In this article the authors
      describe the pertinent clinical and serologic findings in their seven patients,
      as well as review the salient features of the previously reported cases.

PMID- 2646909
TI  - Evaluation of methods and protocols for hemoglobin screening of prospective whole
      blood donors.
AB  - Fifty-nine volunteers were screened, as if for blood donation, with the use of
      simultaneous fingerstick (FS), earlobe (EL), and venipuncture (VP) samples tested
      by copper sulfate density and two instruments for rapid assay, Statcrit and
      HemoCue. The "true" hemoglobin was determined on the venipuncture sample by
      cyanmethemoglobin assay. Eligibility (pass/fail) was established for each
      site/result with the use of standard and investigational cut-offs. Results were
      used to predict the performance of two-method protocols beginning with copper
      sulfate followed by FS or EL using Statcrit or HemoCue. Individually, the method
      sensitivities for hemoglobin below cut-off were low (12.5-62.5%) with the use of
      standard cut-offs. Assuming 5% prevalence of low hemoglobin, two-method protocols
      would inappropriately pass more than half of those with low hemoglobin, whereas
      the proportion of deferred donors with adequate "true" hemoglobin ranged widely
      (2.8-72.3%). For some methods, investigational cut-offs achieved improved
      sensitivity with no effect on specificity. Despite standard hemoglobin
      "requirements" for blood donation, the ability of the investigated methods to
      correctly classify donors is poor and varies considerably with method and
      protocol. With cut-offs as specified, the standards for FS and EL samples are not
      equivalent; the EL cut-offs are too low and the method is inherently less
      sensitive. Standardization may be better achieved by specifying both required
      hemoglobin and minimum performance for screening methods.

PMID- 2646910
TI  - Evaluation of a new blood culture medium for mycobacteria.
AB  - This study evaluates the sensitivity and detection time of a new radiometric
      broth (BACTEC 13A medium, Johnston Laboratories, Towson, MD) designed for direct
      blood culturing for Mycobacteria. A total of 1,848 blood specimens were cultured
      in parallel by a new method in which blood was directly inoculated into 13A
      medium and a comparative method involving lysis-centrifugation and inoculation of
      7H11 agar and 7H12 broth media. There were 65 blood cultures with positive
      results (64 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and 1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
      from 43 patients. For the direct inoculation and lysis-centrifugation methods,
      the recovery rates were 96.9% and 98.5%, respectively, and the mean times to
      detection were essentially the same (23.6 and 23.8 days, respectively). Thus, the
      direct-inoculation technique using 13A medium showed performance equivalent to
      the lysis-centrifugation method. Also, the direct method has the advantage of
      elimination of the time-consuming manual manipulations that are required by lysis
      centrifugation methods.

PMID- 2646911
TI  - In situ enzyme immunoassay for antiviral susceptibility testing of respiratory
      syncytial virus.
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay (EIA), performed directly on fixed infected monolayers of
      HEp-2 cells in microtiter plates, was compared with the conventional plaque
      reduction assay (PRA) method for the determination of antiviral activity of
      ribavirin against respiratory syncytial virus. A 50% reduction in virus
      replication was observed at 3.4 and 5.9 mg/L of the drug by EIA and PRA,
      respectively. EIA is simple to perform and reproducible and has objective end
      points. Moreover, EIA has advantages over PRA in that results are available
      sooner and a much wider range of inoculum size can be used without affecting
      susceptibility data. EIA is suitable for the rapid susceptibility and accurate
      testing of a large number of clinical isolates.

PMID- 2646912
TI  - Evaluation of two rapid methods to screen pathogens from stool specimens.
AB  - Two rapid methods, the Enteric Pathogen Screen (EPS) cards of the AutoMicrobic
      system (Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, MO) and the Bactigen Salmonella-Shigella
      latex agglutination (LPA) method (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, NJ) were
      compared with conventional biochemical tests to screen stool cultures having
      suspicious colonial morphologic characteristics for the presence of Salmonella
      and Shigella in a study of 481 isolates from stool specimens and 104 stock
      cultures. Compared with conventional testing, overall, 327 of 394 (83%)
      clinically irrelevant organisms resulted in a report of no Salmonella spp.,
      Shigella spp., or Yersinia enterocolitica with EPS. Four hundred forty-nine of
      457 (98%) of clinically irrelevant organisms yielded negative LPA results.
      Because the LPA method is faster, eliminates more clinically irrelevant organisms
      from further testing, and does not require the use of an expensive identification
      system, the authors believe that it is better suited for direct screening for
      Salmonella and Shigella for most clinical laboratories.

PMID- 2646913
TI  - Nesidioblastosis of the pancreas in an adult with persistent hyperinsulinemic
      hypoglycemia.
AB  - The rare finding of pancreatic nesidioblastosis in an adult is described. A 43
      year-old woman presented with a two-year history of hypoglycemic hyperinsulinism.
      Extensive diagnostic procedures revealed no insulinoma. Subtotal (75%)
      pancreatectomy relieved her symptoms; she has normal insulin levels 2.5 years
      after surgery. The pancreatic specimen revealed only discrete islet cell
      abnormalities, namely B-cells budding off ductular epithelium, islets in
      apposition to ducts, slight islet cell hypertrophy, and islet enlargement.
      Immunohistochemistry showed normal total endocrine cell content as well as normal
      proportions of islet cell subpopulations. Review of 20 cases in the literature
      and the authors' experience led to subtotal (75-90%) pancreatectomy as the
      treatment of choice. The authors conclude that the pediatric disease of
      nesidioblastosis may rarely occur in adults and that the paucity of histologic
      findings makes the exclusion of an insulinoma mandatory.

PMID- 2646914
TI  - Functional appliances: a review.
AB  - The purpose of this review was to evaluate the scientific studies that describe
      the effects of functional appliances on the dentofacial structures in the
      treatment of Class II malocclusions. The review is limited to two appliances: the
      activator and the functional regulator.

PMID- 2646915
TI  - The effect on the bonding strength of orthodontic brackets of fluoride
      application after etching.
AB  - Etching of the enamel surface in preparation for bonding orthodontic brackets is
      an essential part of the bonding procedure. In an attempt to alleviate concerns
      regarding the decalcified enamel, it has been suggested that a fluoride solution
      be applied to the etched surface before placing the bonding material. The purpose
      of this study is to test the tensile bonding strength of the composite to
      fluoride-treated enamel. Four groups of 10 teeth each were compared. Group I
      received a solution of 2% NaF in 0.1 M H3PO4 after etching; groups II and III
      received a solution of 4% NaF in 0.1 M H3PO4 after etching; and group IV served
      as the control--that is, no fluoride solution was applied to the enamel after
      etching. The orthodontic brackets were bonded to the teeth in the four groups
      with the same procedure. The 40 teeth were then placed in synthetic saliva.
      Groups I, II, and IV were debonded after 24 hours; group III was debonded after 7
      days. The Instron Universal testing machine was used to determine the tensile
      bonding strength of the adhesive to the teeth. The basic statistics for the
      tensile strength were calculated and the analysis of variance, general linear
      models procedure, was used to determine whether significant differences were
      present among the groups. The findings indicate that the application of either 2%
      or 4% NaF in a 0.1 M H3PO4 solution does not significantly influence the tensile
      bonding strength of the adhesive material to the enamel surface.

PMID- 2646916
TI  - Nontreatment factors affecting treatment outcome in substance abuse.

PMID- 2646917
TI  - The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study: design and objectives. The
      ARIC investigators.
AB  - Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) is a new prospective study to
      investigate the etiology of atherosclerosis and its clinical sequelae and
      variation in cardiovascular risk factors, medical care, and disease by race, sex,
      place, and time. In each of four US communities--Forsyth County, North Carolina,
      Jackson, Mississippi, suburbs of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Washington County,
      Maryland--4,000 adults aged 45-64 years will be examined twice, three years
      apart. ARIC has coordinating, ultrasound, pulmonary, and electrocardiographic
      centers and three central laboratories. Three cohorts represent the ethnic mix of
      their communities; the Jackson cohort, its black population. Examinations include
      ultrasound scanning of carotid and popliteal arteries; lipids, lipoproteins, and
      apolipoproteins assayed in the Lipid Laboratory; and coagulation, inhibition, and
      platelet and fibrinolytic activity assayed in the Hemostasis Laboratory.
      Surveillance for coronary heart disease will involve review of hospitalizations
      and deaths among community residents aged 35-74 years. ARIC aims to study
      atherosclerosis by direct observation of the disease and by use of modern
      biochemistry.

PMID- 2646918
TI  - Effect of screening and treatment on imported intestinal parasite infections:
      results from a randomized, controlled trial.
AB  - A randomized, controlled trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of a
      screening program for intestinal parasite infection in newly arrived Southeast
      Asian refugees to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, during 1982-1983. Families assigned
      to the screened groups were examined, infected persons were treated and followed
      until they were infection-free, and all screened families were reexamined at six
      months. Families assigned to the control groups were examined at six months only.
      Statistically significant prevalence differences in unadjusted and adjusted
      estimates over the six-month study period were found between screened persons and
      controls for each of three groups of refugees from Kampuchea, Laos, and Vietnam,
      respectively. In general, the greatest prevalence differences ascribed to the
      screening program were observed in hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides infections.
      Continued high levels of Giardia lamblia and Strongyloides stercoralis infection
      were observed at six months; this raises concerns over the effective therapeutic
      management of infected persons, the risk of local transmission, and the relevance
      of screening for intestinal parasites in new arrivals from endemic areas.

PMID- 2646919
TI  - Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in
      Huascar, Peru.
AB  - Community-based studies of diarrhea etiology and epidemiology were carried out
      from July 1982-June 1984 in 153 infants residing in a poor peri-urban community
      near Lima, Peru. Study infants had nearly 10 episodes of diarrhea in their first
      year of life. Diarrhea episodes were associated with organisms such as
      Campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli,
      Shigella, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium. These organisms appeared to be
      transmitted to infants in the home through animal feces, through contaminated
      water and food, and by direct person-to-person contact. A particularly important
      route of transmission may have been weaning foods, which were often contaminated
      because of improper preparation and inadequate cleaning of utensils. Improved
      feeding practices, along with avoidance of animal feces and improved personal and
      domestic hygiene, should be considered important interventions in reducing the
      high incidence of diarrhea in infants in developing countries.

PMID- 2646920
TI  - Use of Medicaid data for pharmacoepidemiology.
AB  - Because of the high prevalence of prescription drug use and the incomplete
      understanding of drug effects at the time of licensing, ongoing epidemiologic
      monitoring is required to provide information for clinical and regulatory
      decisions. Data produced through the administration of Medicaid programs have
      been considered for this purpose because the computerized files include
      prescription and diagnostic information for large, defined populations. However,
      the limited amount of data available in the computerized files and the atypical
      demographic characteristics of Medicaid populations create formidable
      difficulties in the use of these data for pharmacoepidemiology. This paper
      reviews these methodological problems and describes pragmatic solutions that have
      been developed through the ongoing use of these data bases for epidemiologic
      studies.

PMID- 2646921
TI  - Back to basics: the urinalysis: a selected national survey and review.
AB  - An accurately performed urinalysis is vital to the screening and assessment of
      renal disease. We sent questionnaires to nephrology training programs throughout
      the United States and compared techniques described in the responses to standard
      urinalysis methodology gleaned from literature review. There were notable
      deviations in performance and interpretation between the nephrologists and the
      standard urinalysis. It appears that additional emphasis should be place don this
      basic and important laboratory test. Further study is needed to determine if more
      accurate performance will influence patient diagnosis and outcome.

PMID- 2646922
TI  - Thromboxane biosynthesis and pharmacologic modulation in progressive
      glomerulosclerosis.

PMID- 2646923
TI  - Platelet-activating factor in renal diseases.

PMID- 2646924
TI  - Treatment of primary glomerulonephritis using immunosuppressive agents.

PMID- 2646925
TI  - Methylprednisolone pulse therapy for primary glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2646926
TI  - Sandimmun (ciclosporin) in autoimmune diseases. Overview on early clinical
      experience (status September 1987).

PMID- 2646927
TI  - Ciclosporin in the treatment of lupus nephritis.

PMID- 2646928
TI  - Ciclosporin in the treatment of nephrosis. Minimal change disease and focal
      segmental glomerulosclerosis.

PMID- 2646929
TI  - Interactions of thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin E2 in the control of glomerular
      mesangial responses.

PMID- 2646930
TI  - Hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2646931
TI  - Pathogenesis of hypertension in glomerular disease.

PMID- 2646932
TI  - The effect of hard contact lens wear on the keratoconic corneal endothelium after
      penetrating keratoplasty.
AB  - Using wide-field specular microscopy, we evaluated the morphologic features of
      the corneal endothelium in 14 eyes of 14 patients with keratoconus who had worn a
      polymethylmethacrylate hard contact lens for at least four years (mean, 71
      months) after penetrating keratoplasty. Comparisons were made with 14 non-lens
      wearing eyes of 14 patients with keratoconus matched for age, length of
      postoperative period, and other variables. Examination of the endothelium of the
      contact lens wearers showed a significantly higher coefficient of variation in
      cell size (polymegethism) and a marked decrease in the percentage of hexagonal
      cells (pleomorphism), with a significant decrease in cell density (P less than
      .05). The cause of these morphologic abnormalities remains unclear but may be
      related to lens-induced hypoxic stress to the corneal endothelium causing ongoing
      cell loss.

PMID- 2646933
TI  - Penetrating keratoplasty for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy associated with
      semiflexible, closed-loop anterior chamber intraocular lenses.
AB  - We performed penetrating keratoplasty on 32 eyes that developed pseudophakic
      bullous keratopathy associated with closed-loop anterior chamber intraocular
      lenses. All lenses were exchanged at the time of keratoplasty. Seventeen patients
      received anterior chamber intraocular lenses and 15 patients had a posterior
      chamber lens sutured to the iris or sclera. Postoperatively, 13 of 32 eyes (41%)
      achieved a visual acuity of 20/100 or better, and 27 of 32 eyes (84%) had a clear
      graft. A high incidence of cystoid macular edema (eight cases), and graft
      rejection (seven cases) resulted in marked visual loss.

PMID- 2646934
TI  - Penetrating keratoplasty for herpes zoster keratopathy.
AB  - We reviewed retrospectively the records of 12 patients with herpes zoster
      keratopathy who had undergone penetrating keratoplasty. Preoperatively, seven
      patients (58%) had noninflamed eyes with visually significant corneal scarring or
      edema. Five patients (42%) had progressive neurotrophic corneal ulceration, and
      four of those had corneal perforation. Tarsorrhaphies were placed in ten patients
      and appeared to be beneficial in preventing postoperative breakdown of the
      corneal surface. At an average follow-up time of 36 months, ten of the 12 grafts
      (83%) remained clear, with nine patients (75%) having a visual acuity of 20/80 or
      better.

PMID- 2646935
TI  - Epikeratophakia after ocular trauma.
AB  - Five patients with long-standing monocular traumatic aphakia and contact lens
      intolerance underwent epikeratophakia. This procedure was chosen to rehabilitate
      the visual function in those eyes that exhibited distorted anterior segment
      anatomy after trauma. Three of the patients had corneal scars associated with
      their old perforation wounds, and all of them had undergone an intracapsular
      cataract extraction soon after their original injuries. Best-corrected visual
      acuity was 20/50 or better in all cases before surgery. Postoperative best
      corrected visual acuity improved to within two lines of the best-corrected
      preoperative visual acuity, after a minimum follow-up period of six months. No
      intraoperative complications were noted. One cornea developed late-onset partial
      scarring of the interface in the area of the original scar, but the process
      arrested spontaneously.

PMID- 2646936
TI  - A laboratory approach to rapid diagnosis of ocular infections and prospects for
      the future.

PMID- 2646937
TI  - Immunolocalization of proteoglycan types in aortas of pigeons with spontaneous or
      diet-induced atherosclerosis.
AB  - The location of different proteoglycan (PG) types in the developing
      atherosclerotic lesion was examined by the use of monoclonal antibodies directed
      toward specific epitopes on distinct PG types. Sections of aorta were prepared
      from young White Carneau pigeons fed an atherogenic diet to induce lesions rich
      in lipid-laden macrophages and from older pigeons that had naturally-occurring
      atherosclerotic lesions. Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) 3-B-3, 9-A-2, or 2-B-6 and 5
      D-4, recognizing delta Di-6S generated from chondroitin 6-sulfate (C6S) PG; delta
      Di-4S generated from dermatan sulfate (DS) PG and from chondroitin 4-sulfate
      (C4S); and sulfated poly N-acetyllactosamine sequences common to keratan sulfate
      (KS), respectively, were used to localize PG types by indirect
      immunofluorescence. In normal aorta, C6S PG was localized primarily in the media
      and showed a fluorescent gradient (inner media greater than outer media greater
      than intima greater than adventitia). In the atherosclerotic plaque, major
      immunoreactivity was observed using MAb 9-A-2 or 2-B-6, whereas lesser amounts
      were observed with 3-B-3. Patterns of immunoreactivity differed; 9-A-2 or 2-B-6
      appeared to be associated with cells whereas 3-B-3 appeared to be intercellular.
      Although normal aorta was negative for antibody 5-D-4, recognizing KS,
      atherosclerotic plaques were consistently positive for this antibody. The pattern
      of 5-D-4 reactivity appeared to be intercellular. Except for immediately below
      the lesion, no reactive product using 5-D-4 was observed in the media. No major
      differences in distribution of PG were observed between naturally-occurring or
      cholesterol-induced fibrous plaques. These results indicate that both 4-sulfated
      PG and a previously undescribed KS glycoconjugate are major components of the
      atherosclerotic lesion.

PMID- 2646938
TI  - The lipid-rich core region of human atherosclerotic fibrous plaques. Prevalence
      of small lipid droplets and vesicles by electron microscopy.
AB  - Abundant extracellular lipid deposits are associated with cell necrosis and
      tissue weakening in the core region of human atherosclerotic fibrous plaques. The
      ultrastructural morphology of the core region, previously undefined because of
      lipid extraction artifacts, was studied with the aid of new osmium
      thiocarbohydrazide-osmium and osmium-tannic acid-paraphenylenediamine sequences
      for tissue processing. Small droplets of neutral lipid (30 to 400 nm profile
      diameter) and lipid vesicles with aqueous centers accounted for more than 90% of
      the area occupied by lipid-rich structures in the core region. No foam cells were
      present. Cholesterol crystals, lipid droplets of a size similar to those in foam
      cells (0.4 to 6 mu), and larger neutral lipid deposits (greater than 6 mu)
      together occupied less than 10% of the total area of lipid structures. Abundant
      lipid vesicles were associated with the nearby presence of cholesterol crystals,
      whereas small lipid droplets were predominant in areas without crystals. Many
      droplets had surface defects in the form of pits and vesicular blebs. These
      morphologic findings are explained most concisely by postulating direct
      accumulation of extracellular lipid from interstitial lipoproteins as a major
      process in core region formation. Moreover, a dynamic state of ongoing
      physical/metabolic transformation of extracellular lipid deposits is suggested.

PMID- 2646939
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation in Wistar rats.

PMID- 2646940
TI  - Physiological regulation at the level of mRNA: analysis of steady-state levels of
      specific mRNAs by DNA-excess solution hybridization.
AB  - Recent appreciation for how systems may be regulated at the protein and mRNA
      levels has dictated that physiological questions be addressed at both. The
      application of novel and sensitive biochemical and molecular biological
      techniques may be necessary to answer questions fundamental to our understanding
      of physiological regulation. For measurement of low-abundance proteins, such as
      receptors for hormones and growth factors, and for measurement of their
      corresponding mRNAs, the need for highly sensitive assays is critical. The
      present work focuses both on recent studies of the regulation of steady-state
      levels of mRNAs and on how mRNAs are quantified by DNA-excess solution
      hybridization assays using highly specific single-stranded probes. Examples of
      physiological regulation are provided in which analysis of mRNA levels has been a
      key facet to our understanding of the mode of regulation. The construction and
      characterization of probes for solution hybridization assays are described using
      the hamster beta 2-adrenergic receptor as a model. Studies on the regulation of
      beta-adrenergic receptors by agonists and by permissive hormones as well as
      investigations on the regulation of apolipoproteins by estrogen and by
      cholesterol in vivo are used to illustrate the many advantages of analyzing the
      steady-state levels of specific mRNAs by DNA-excess solution hybridization.

PMID- 2646941
TI  - Dye-coupling compartments in the human eccrine sweat gland.
AB  - The dye-coupling status of secretory and reabsorptive cells in micro-dissected
      lengths of human eccrine sweat gland was investigated by means of intracellular
      microiontophoresis of the fluorescent naphthalimide dye Lucifer yellow CH (Mr
      457), which passes through gap junctions. Cells of the reabsorptive duct
      exhibited complete dye coupling between the apical and basal layers of the
      epithelium. Conversely, cells of the secretory tubule exhibited selective dye
      coupling. Of the three cell types present, clear, dark, and myoepithelial, the
      dark cells were impaled and labeled almost exclusively in the present study.
      These cells were observed either as single cells or as dye-coupled groups of
      neighboring dark cells. In no instance were dark cells observed to be dye coupled
      to clear cells or to myoepithelial cells. Because myoepithelial cells are known
      to be dye coupled exclusively to neighboring myoepithelial cells, the remaining
      clear cells must either be uncoupled or show selective dye coupling to
      neighboring clear cells. The significance of these findings is considered with
      respect to the regulation and function of the different cell types present in the
      human eccrine sweat gland.

PMID- 2646942
TI  - Transfer of phosphatidic acid from liposomes to cells is collision dependent.
AB  - The kinetics of lipid transfer from unilamellar liposomes to cells in monolayer
      culture were determined for a fluorescent phosphatidic acid, 1-palmitoyl-2-[6-(7
      nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)aminocaproyl] -sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (C6-NBD
      PA), and for the analogous phosphatidic acid without the fluorescent NBD group, 1
      palmitoyl-2-caproyl-sn-[U-14C] glycerol 3-phosphate (C6-[14C]PA). Initial rates
      of liposome-to-cell transfer were measured at 2 degrees C under conditions in
      which the concentration of diffusible monomer in the aqueous medium was constant
      during the course of an experiment and was independent of total liposome
      concentration. Rates were similar for C6-NBD-PA and C6-[14C]PA, indicating that
      the NBD group does not significantly alter the transfer kinetics. It was found
      that liposome-to-cell transfer was dependent on 1) the mole fraction of
      diffusible lipid in the liposomes, 2) the liposome concentration, and 3) the cell
      density. The dependence of rate on the liposome concentration (observed under
      conditions in which aqueous monomer concentration remained constant) cannot be
      explained by a liposome-to-cell transfer mechanism involving the free diffusion
      of monomers through the aqueous medium. Instead, the data are consistent with a
      collision-dependent mechanism of monomer transfer that occurs when liposome and
      cell membranes come into contact but do not fuse.

PMID- 2646943
TI  - Interactions of TPA and insulin on Na+ transport across frog skin.
AB  - The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) activates protein
      kinase C (PKC) and produces an early stimulation of Na+ transport across frog
      skin. The ionic basis for this stimulation was studied with combined
      transepithelial and intracellular electrical measurements. In an initial series
      of experiments, TPA approximately doubled the amiloride-sensitive short-circuit
      current (ISC), apical Na+ permeability (PapNa), and apical membrane conductance
      without affecting the basolateral membrane conductance. The apical effects led to
      a marked depolarization of the short-circuited skin and a small increase in
      intracellular Na+ concentration. TPAs increase of PapNa was sufficient to explain
      the stimulation of basolateral Na+ transport when both the voltage and substrate
      dependence of the pump were taken into account. After the early stimulation, TPA
      later depressed ISC. Added at this point (congruent to 1-2 h after TPA
      administration), insulin had no effect on ISC, whereas a partial response to
      vasopressin was still observed. Measured either early or late after TPA addition,
      the phorbol ester reduced insulin binding by congruent to 40%. Insofar as 60% of
      the specific binding is retained, the abolishment of insulin's natriferic
      response is unlikely to result from the TPA-induced reduction in hormonal
      binding. The data provide further support for the concept that activation of PKC
      produces an early stimulation of Na+ transport by increasing apical Na+
      permeability, and that part of insulin's natriferic effect may be mediated by PKC
      activation.

PMID- 2646944
TI  - Effect of physical training on the insulin resistance of aging.
AB  - Part of the insulin resistance associated with aging may be attributable to a
      loss of physical fitness. It was hypothesized that an increase in level of
      physical training would result in an increase in peripheral insulin action.
      Eleven healthy 60- to 80-yr-old subjects with normal oral glucose tolerance were
      studied by a euglycemic two-step hyperinsulinemic clamp before and after 12 wk of
      physical training. Weight and body composition were held constant, and the clamp
      was separated by 7 days from the last bout of exercise. There was a positive
      correlation before training between maximum O2 uptake (Vo2 max) and total body
      glucose disposal rate (M) at the 40 mU.m-2.min-1 insulin infusion (r = 0.69, P
      less than 0.02). After training Vo2 max increased 6.7%, M increased 13.4% during
      the 40 mU.m-2.min-1 and 11.0% during the 200 mU.m-2.min-1 insulin infusion. These
      results show that peripheral insulin resistance in older persons can be decreased
      by increasing the level of physical training, independent of changes in weight or
      body composition. Therefore a part of the insulin resistance of aging is
      reversible, and level of physical training should be considered in its
      measurement.

PMID- 2646945
TI  - Energy expenditure during carbohydrate overfeeding in obese and nonobese
      adolescents.
AB  - Basal metabolic rate (BMR), thermic effect of food (TEF), and total daily energy
      expenditure (TDEE) were measured in six nonobese and seven obese adolescents
      during periods of weight maintenance and 2 wk of carbohydrate overfeeding. BMR
      and TEF were measured by indirect calorimetry and TDEE by the doubly labeled
      water method. Fasting blood levels of insulin, thyroid, and norepinephrine (NE)
      and urinary excretion of NE and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (VMA) were
      measured before and after overfeeding. Energy intake was 1.61 X BMR during
      maintenance and 2.45 X BMR during overfeeding. BMR increased comparably in both
      groups during overfeeding (obese, 7.9 +/- 1.2%, nonobese, 8.6 +/- 1.9%). TEF was
      similar and did not change significantly during overfeeding (maintenance: obese,
      9.4 +/- 0.6%; nonobese, 9.8 +/- 0.4% vs. overfeeding: obese, 8.6 +/- 0.3%;
      nonobese, 9.2 +/- 0.7%). TDEE did not differ significantly between obese and
      nonobese. Increases in insulin and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine levels were
      significant but did not differ between the two groups. Plasma NE and urinary
      excretion of VMA and NE did not increase during overfeeding. The thermogenic
      response to food or to overfeeding does not appear reduced in obese adolescents,
      nor does facultative thermogenesis appear to be a significant factor in weight
      maintenance in adolescents.

PMID- 2646946
TI  - Oxidative fuel metabolism during mild hypoglycemia: critical role of free fatty
      acids.
AB  - We examined oxidative fuel metabolism (indirect calorimetry) during mild insulin
      induced hypoglycemia in normal subjects. Four groups of studies (4 h each) were
      performed: 1) insulin alone (0.3 mU.kg-1.min-1, 2) insulin plus heparin, 3)
      insulin plus propranolol, and 4) insulin plus propranolol plus heparin (starting
      at 75 min). In all groups, insulin rose threefold (approximately 20 microU/ml),
      whereas glucose concentrations fell by approximately 20 mg/dl (to 65-70 mg/dl)
      due to a transient decrease in glucose production; glucose uptake did not change.
      During insulin alone, carbohydrate oxidation rose markedly during the 1st 60-90
      min (by 85%, P less than 0.05) as circulating free fatty acids (FFA) and fat
      oxidation declined. Subsequently, FFA rose and carbohydrate oxidation declined
      toward base line. The latter changes were completely abolished by propranolol and
      restored when propranolol-induced suppression of FFA was overcome by addition of
      heparin. Heparin, by preventing the insulin-induced fall in FFA, also blocked the
      early rise in carbohydrate oxidation. We conclude that small increments in
      insulin markedly stimulate carbohydrate oxidation without increasing glucose
      uptake. This effect is due to the exquisite sensitivity of lipolysis to insulin
      and is overcome by catecholamine release during hypoglycemia. Mild
      hyperinsulinemia promotes glucose metabolism primarily through indirect effects
      on FFA.

PMID- 2646947
TI  - Response of gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity to hypoglycemia in dogs.
AB  - Previous studies demonstrated that insulin-induced hypoglycemia enhances
      glicentin secretion in piglets and prompted us to investigate the response of
      glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) to hypoglycemia in dogs. Insulin
      hypoglycemia did not induce any rise of plasma total immunoreactive glucagon
      (IRG) measured by nonspecific antiserum to glucagon in normal or
      pancreatectomized dogs under anesthesia. In contrast, insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia clearly increased plasma total IRG in both normal and
      pancreatectomized dogs in a conscious state. Administration of acetylcholine
      resulted in an elevation of plasma total IRG, whereas epinephrine induced a
      slight increase in plasma total IRG. The infusion of alpha- or beta-adrenergic
      blockers did not affect the response of plasma total IRG to hypoglycemia, whereas
      atropine completely blunted the increase in plasma total IRG during insulin
      hypoglycemia. Similarly atropine abolished the rise of plasma total IRG during
      intravenous administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. It is concluded that
      hypoglycemia clearly enhances the secretion of GLI from the gut in dogs and that
      GLI secretion during hypoglycemia is modulated, at least in part, by the
      autonomic nervous system.

PMID- 2646948
TI  - Direct effect of CNS on insulin hypersecretion in obese Zucker rats: involvement
      of vagus nerve.
AB  - It is hypothesized that the vagus nerve makes a major contribution to pancreatic
      insulin hypersecretion in the genetically obese rat (fa/fa) via direct pancreatic
      innervation. An in situ brain-pancreas perfusion model with intact pancreatic
      central nervous system (CNS) innervation was used in these studies. The dynamics
      of insulin secretion in response to a 40-min glucose stimulus (200 mg/dl) was
      investigated in CNS intact (INT), bilateral cervical vagotomized (VGX), and CNS
      functionally ablated (ABL) 11- to 12-wk-old homozygous lean (Fa/Fa) and obese
      (fa/fa) female Zucker rats. The overall pattern of insulin secretory dynamics
      from obese and lean rats was similar. However, insulin released during the entire
      40-min perfusion period by pancreata from obese rats was significantly greater
      than in lean rats. In lean rats, there was no significant difference in insulin
      secretion from pancreata of CNS-INT, VGX, and ABL rats. In obese rats, CNS-INT
      pancreata secreted almost twice as much insulin as pancreata from obese ABL rats
      and four times as much insulin as CNS-INT lean rats. This demonstrates that
      hypersecretion of insulin in obese Zucker rats is comprised of a significant
      direct CNS component. Although vagotomy had little effect on CNS-INT lean rats,
      it reversed the CNS component of hypersecretion present in CNS-INT obese rats.
      Because insulin secretion in CNS-INT obese rats was lowered by vagotomy to that
      equivalent to values of CNS-ABL obese rats, this demonstrates a significant
      contribution by the parasympathetic nervous system to the hyperinsulinemia seen
      in the Zucker obese rat that is attributed to direct parasympathetic innervation
      of the pancreas.

PMID- 2646949
TI  - Differential effects of thyroxine and cortisone on jejunal sucrase expression in
      suckling rats.
AB  - Effects of thyroxine (T4) and cortisone (C) on developmental expression of
      jejunal immunoreactive sucrase-isomaltase (S-I) and sucrase activity in suckling
      rats were studied to determine whether these hormones have distinctive actions.
      Immunoreactive S-I and sucrase activity were absent in infant rats and appeared
      simultaneously on days 16-18, when cells expressing S-I protein were detected at
      the villus base. By day 22, the entire jejunal mucosal surface was covered by new
      cells expressing immunoreactive S-I. Jejunal S-I content surged to adult levels
      on day 22, whereas the sucrase activity of immunoreactive S-I protein increased
      continuously until day 32. Administration of 12.5 nmol of T4 or 1.25 mumol of C
      on day 12 induced precocious expression of jejunal sucrase activity on day 15. T4
      also induced sucrase activity in adrenalectomized rats without increasing serum
      corticosterone concentrations. Both T4 and C appeared to exert their effects in
      crypt cells, since immunoreactive S-I protein appeared only in villus base cells
      24 h after administration. Pulse labeling of [14C]leucine showed that both
      hormones evoked de novo synthesis of S-I. The S-I induced by C had significantly
      higher sucrase activity than that induced by T4. We conclude that postnatal
      development of sucrase activity results from de novo synthesis of S-I with
      progressively higher catalytic activity until day 32 and these developmental
      processes are sequentially modulated by thyroid and adrenocortical hormones.

PMID- 2646950
TI  - Mucosal ornithine decarboxylase in the small intestine: localization and
      stimulation.
AB  - In most tissues increases in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) are associated with
      growth. Refeeding fasted rats. a potent stimulus for mucosal growth, strongly
      increases ODC in both small and large intestinal mucosa. In the small bowel,
      almost all of this increase occurs in the mature villus cells rather than the
      proliferative crypt cells. Nevertheless, inhibition of ODC with
      difluoromethylornithine blocks the growth response. Using a highly specific,
      polyclonal antiserum to ODC, we have determined that in the fasted rat ODC is
      localized almost exclusively to the villus cells. Using antiserum dilution
      techniques, we have shown that, within 2 h, refeeding increases the amount of
      immunoreactive ODC in both villus and crypt cells. Furthermore, the trophic
      hormone gastrin also increases ODC, but only in the crypt cells. Epidermal growth
      factor increased ODC to a greater extent than gastrin, but stimulation was more
      general, including both crypt and villus cells. Perfusing an isolated segment of
      small bowel in situ with glycine for 2 h also increased immunoreactive ODC but
      only in the villus cells. Thus in the small intestine the effect of refeeding on
      ODC activity appears to be mediated by different types of stimuli: luminal
      nutrients increase enzyme levels in the absorbing villus cells, while trophic
      peptides stimulate ODC synthesis in the proliferative crypt cells.

PMID- 2646951
TI  - Phospholipids in signal transduction of mesangial cells.
AB  - Glomerular mesangial cells respond to a variety of hormones, cytokines, and
      autacoids with an immediate hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids, including
      phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine.
      Phospholipid metabolites such as inositol phosphates and diacylglycerol serve as
      initiating signals for subsequent intracellular events, including release of
      intracellular Ca2+ stores, increased conductance of the plasma membrane to
      various ions, changes of intracellular pH, and protein phosphorylation. The
      resting functional responses, including cell contraction and proliferation, are
      in turn regulated by simultaneous release of bioactive lipids such as eicosanoids
      and platelet-activating factor, which recognize receptors on both intrinsic
      glomerular cells and circulating, blood-borne cells. Through this complex
      signaling network, phospholipid metabolism plays a central regulatory role in
      mesangial functions in physiological conditions as well as in inflammatory or
      metabolic derangements of the kidney glomerulus.

PMID- 2646952
TI  - Altered sodium regulation of renal angiotensinogen mRNA in the spontaneously
      hypertensive rat.
AB  - The expression of the intrarenal renin angiotensin mRNAs in Wistar-Kyoto rats
      (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were investigated in rats fed a
      low (0.02%)- or normal (1.6%)-sodium diet for 5 days. Total RNA was isolated from
      the kidneys and analyzed by both Northern and slot blots. The results indicated
      that the kidneys of all four groups of rats containing readibly detectable levels
      of renin and angiotensinogen mRNAs. The kidneys of the WKY contained higher
      levels of angiotensinogen mRNA under normal-salt diet compared with the SHR (P
      less than 0.01). Mild sodium depletion stimulated angiotensinogen mRNA in WKY
      kidneys by almost 50% compared with normal salt diet (P less than 0.01). In
      contrast, there was no significant difference in the renal angiotensinogen mRNA
      levels in the kidneys of SHR fed a low- or normal-sodium diet. Renin mRNA
      concentrations were comparable in both strains. Mild sodium depletion failed to
      yield any detectable changes in renin mRNA levels in either strain. Thus the SHR
      exhibits an alteration in the sodium regulation of intrarenal angiotensinogen
      mRNA expression. These results may have implications in the renal physiology of
      these animals.

PMID- 2646953
TI  - Cardiorespiratory effects of DL-homocysteic acid in caudal ventrolateral medulla.
AB  - We carried out experiments in urethan-anesthetized rats to determine 1) whether
      increasing the activity of small groups of neurons in the caudal ventrolateral
      medulla (CVLM) by injecting picomoles of an excitatory amino acid altered
      cardiovascular and/or respiratory homeostasis and 2) whether the depressor
      responses after chemical excitation in the CVLM were elicited only from the
      immunohistochemically identified catecholamine-containing cell group. In discrete
      sites in the CVLM, unilateral injections of 1-12 nl (20-240 pmol) of DL
      homocysteic acid (DLH; 20 mM, pH 7.4) selectively or concomitantly inhibited
      arterial pressure, heart rate, and diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) activity. In
      the region in which chemical excitation slowed breathing, units were recorded
      extracellularly that discharged with respiratory periodicity. Sites where the
      smallest volumes of DLH decreased arterial pressure were located outside the
      immunohistochemically identified DBH-positive cell bodies. These data suggest
      that either the same or neighboring neurons in the CVLM are involved in the
      central neural circuitry for both cardiovascular and respiratory control and that
      cells other than the catecholaminergic cell group are important in medullary
      depressor responses.

PMID- 2646954
TI  - Kinetic analysis of cerebrovascular transport based on indicator diffusion
      technique.
AB  - The indicator diffusion method was used for studies of the blood-brain barrier in
      rats and [131I]iodoantipyrine (IAP) was used as a highly diffusable model test
      substance. Interlaminar (Taylor) diffusion and effects of red cell carriage were
      studied with 57Co-diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), 125I-human serum
      albumin, and 46Sc-microspheres (15 microns diameter). Vascular shunting from the
      pterygopalatine artery (PPA) into the torcula sinus was observed in some animals,
      and ligation of the PPA was required to obtain reliable data. Dilution curve of
      the reference compound was corrected to compensate for any difference in
      interlaminar diffusion and red cell plus protein carriage of the test substance.
      Apparent extraction ratio of IAP was calculated for each torcula sinus sample and
      found to increase during the initial phase of the dilution curve, reach a peak of
      approximately 0.85, and fall during the latter portion of the curve. These
      results suggest a heterogeneity of intravascular transit times in the cerebral
      circulation and a rapid efflux of IAP from brain into venous blood. Because of
      the topography of cerebral capillaries, we developed a modification of the
      distributed model for intravascular transit and capillary exchange proposed by
      Goresky et al. (J. Clin. Invest. 52: 991-1009, 1973) and Rose and Goresky (Circ.
      Res. 34:541-554, 1976); this modification included a well-mixed tissue
      compartment, as suggested by Johnson and Wilson (Am. J. Physiol. 210: 1299-1303,
      1966) and is named the tissue homogeneity model. The experimental data was
      analyzed by both the tissue homogeneity and Goresky models. The estimated mean
      extraction E (0.95 and 0.94) and the estimated permeability-surface area product
      of influx (PS)1 (3.1 and 2.8 ml.min-1.g-1) for IAP in a whole blood injectate
      were similar using the two different models. The efflux rate constant (k2) for
      IAP was consistently smaller when the tissue homogeneity model was used (0.13 +/-
      0.02 s-1) vs. that obtained with the Goresky model (0.18 +/- 0.02 s-1). Model
      simulations also indicated that the efflux parameter k2 was most sensitive to the
      choice of kinetic models, but we could not discriminate between the two model
      analyses on the basis of the "quality of fit." Nevertheless, from anatomical
      considerations, we suggest that the tissue homogeneity model may be more
      appropriate fro brain.

PMID- 2646955
TI  - Underfeeding and the physiological responses to infused epinephrine in lean
      women.
AB  - Undernutrition leads to a reduction in sympathetic nervous system activity, but
      it is not established whether whole body responsiveness to catecholamines is also
      affected. The physiological responses to a 30-min infusion of epinephrine at 25
      ng.kg-1.min-1 were studied in seven healthy, lean female subjects who had reduced
      their daily food intake to 60 kJ/kg ideal body weight for 7 days. Underfeeding
      led to greater epinephrine-induced increases in blood glycerol [peak increment
      0.14 +/- 0.02 (SE) vs. 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/l, P less than 0.05] and beta
      hydroxybutyrate concentrations (mean increment 0.30 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.04
      mmol/l, P less than 0.05, analysis of variance). Compared with the normally fed
      state, in the underfed state epinephrine also caused greater increases in skin
      temperatures measured over the abdomen (0.94 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.06 degrees
      C, P less than 0.05) and over the thigh (1.00 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.61 +/- 0.12 degrees
      C, P less than 0.01). Underfeeding did not, however, affect the chronotropic,
      thermogenic, or other measured responses to epinephrine. Underfeeding therefore
      caused an enhancement of some but not all physiological responses to infused
      epinephrine.

PMID- 2646956
TI  - Effect of diltiazem on skeletal muscle 3-O-methylglucose transport in bacteremic
      rats.
AB  - This study examined whether alterations in cellular Ca2+ regulation contribute to
      previously observed changes in skeletal muscle sugar transport during bacteremia.
      Fasted male rats received saline (control) or bacteria (4 X 10(10) Escherichia
      coli/kg) intraperitoneally. Twelve hours later, basal and insulin-mediated 3-O
      methylglucose (3MG) transport was measured in isolated soleus muscles.
      Measurements of 3MG transport in the presence of cytochalasin b or at a low
      temperature (0.5 degree C) indicated that altered sugar transport in bacteremic
      rat muscles was not due to nonspecific membrane permeability changes. To
      determine the role of Ca2+ in the pathogenesis of altered sugar transport during
      bacteremia, rats were treated with the Ca2+ antagonist diltiazem (DZ, 0.6-2.4
      mg/kg) at various times (0, 0 + 7.5, 10 h) after saline or bacterial injection.
      In bacteremic rats given 2.4 mg/kg DZ at 10 h, basal and insulin-mediated
      transport were similar to control values. This dose of DZ had little effect on
      control muscles. The addition of 20 microM DZ to the incubation media did not
      affect basal or insulin-mediated 3MG transport in bacteremic rat muscles.
      Addition of the Ca2+ agonist BAY K 8644 to the incubation media had no effect on
      sugar transport in bacteremic rat muscles but caused alterations in control rat
      muscles that were comparable to those observed in bacteremia. These results
      suggest that alterations in Ca2+ regulation could contribute to the previously
      observed changes in sugar transport in skeletal muscles from bacteremic rats.

PMID- 2646957
TI  - Initiation and perpetuation of obesity and obesity resistance in rats.
AB  - A search was made for predisposing factors and sequelae of diet-induced obesity
      (DIO) or resistance to DIO (DR). During 3 mo on a high-energy (CM) diet, two
      thirds of the male Sprague-Dawley rats ate 16% more calories over the first 30
      days and developed DIO. The remaining one-third were DR, gaining the same amount
      of weight as chow-fed controls. Basal and norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated in vivo
      O2 consumption, performed before rats were placed on the CM diet, was the same in
      those rats that later became DR or DIO after 3 mo on the CM diet. DR rats were 4%
      lighter, whereas DIO rats were equal to chow-fed rats before their exposure to
      the CM diet. When CM-fed rats were switched to chow, DIO rats took 14 wk to
      reduce their body and retroperitoneal fat pad weights to those of chow-fed
      controls, whereas DR rats gained only 40% of the body weight, and fat pads were
      34% lighter than controls. After 14 wk, DIO rats were neither hyperinsulinemic
      nor insulin resistant, whereas DR rats had 64% reduced areas under their insulin
      curves after intravenous glucose (1 g/kg) compared with controls. Unlike younger
      rats, animals here had inconsistent plasma NE responses to intravenous glucose.
      Therefore the CM diet produces DR and DIO states that tend to become self
      perpetuating once established.

PMID- 2646958
TI  - Central administration of interleukin 1 elicits hyperinsulinemia in rats.
AB  - This laboratory previously demonstrated that human natural interleukin 1 (IL-1)
      administered intravenously at a dose of 50 U to conscious fasted male Holtzman
      rats elicited unstimulated as well as glucose- and arginine-stimulated
      hyperinsulinemia. The major question posed in the present investigation is
      whether the monokine IL-1 can act centrally on an area of the brain such as the
      preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus, which participates in mediating the
      IL-1-induced febrile response, to elicit insulin secretion by the pancreas.
      Therefore, for this study, injections of IL-1 were administered intravenously
      (iv), intracerebroventricularly (icv), or into the preoptic area of the anterior
      hypothalamus (iPO) in pentobarbital-anesthetized fasted rats. Preliminary
      experiments determined that the hyperinsulinemic response was enhanced in
      anesthetized compared with conscious animals treated iv with IL-1. An icv
      administered 10-U dose of the monokine produced a delayed hyperinsulinemia equal
      to two times the saline control value starting near 20 min postinjection but
      declining quickly. When injected iPO, 5 U of IL-1 elicited a prompt substantial
      hyperinsulinemia equal to more than three times control beginning at 5 min
      postinjection and persisting through the 30-min experimental period. These
      findings indicate that an IL-1-induced signal for pancreatic insulin secretion
      can be generated within the central nervous system.

PMID- 2646959
TI  - Magnetic resonance technology in human brain science: blueprint for a program
      based upon morphometry.
AB  - Magnetic resonance images provide a comprehensiveness of analysis of the human
      brain and levels of resolution never achieved by other modes of pathoanatomic
      analysis. We review a strategy and technology of MRI-based image analysis which
      extracts independent measures of brain volumes, shape and position. These
      parameters are readily correlated with behavioral as well as physiological
      measures derived from PET and the emerging technology of MRI-based in vivo
      spectroscopy. A coordinate program which draws upon these methods will have wide
      applications in human brain science and the study of dynamic properties of human
      brain disease.

PMID- 2646961
TI  - A study of physicians certified in alcohol and drug dependence.

PMID- 2646960
TI  - Strokes in tuberous sclerosis: are rhabdomyomas a cause?
AB  - Abnormalities of the cerebral arteries and the aorta are more common in young
      patients with tuberous sclerosis than in the rest of the population. Strokes have
      been reported but there is no confirmation that embolization of cerebral arteries
      by fragments of cardiac rhabdomyoma plays a role in the higher incidence of
      strokes in these patients.

PMID- 2646962
TI  - Effects of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on ethanol-induced open-field activity:
      evidence for brain catalase mediation of ethanol's effects.
AB  - The role of brain catalase in the mediation of ethanol's effects on motor
      activity was investigated. Male Long-Evans rats were pretreated with i.p.
      injections of the catalase inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT) (1 g/kg) or
      saline (S). Four hours later, animals in each group received i.p. injections of
      one of two doses of ethanol (ETOH) [1.0 g/kg (E1) or 2.0 g/kg (E2)] or one of two
      volumes of distilled water (W1 or W2). Ten minutes after the administration of
      these agents, animals were placed in open-field chambers and motor activity was
      recorded during a 10-min testing period. Results indicated that the motor
      depression produced by 2.0 g/kg of ETOH was significantly attenuated in AT
      pretreated rats (group AT-E2). AT pretreatment, however, had no effect on motor
      activity for subjects injected with 1.0 g/kg ethanol or water. Total brain
      catalase activity in AT-pretreated animals was 15% of control animals. No
      differences in blood ethanol levels were observed between AT- and S-pretreated
      animals. An interaction between ethanol and AT at the level of the central
      nervous system is suggested. The results of the present study suggest that brain
      catalase activity may be involved in ethanol's effects. They also provide further
      support for the notion that acetaldehyde may be produced directly in the brain
      via catalase and that it may be a factor mediating some of ethanol's central
      effects.

PMID- 2646963
TI  - Alcohol and breast cancer: an overview.
AB  - We have reviewed available reports from 1974-1987 linking alcohol consumption
      with breast cancer. Although three prospective studies show a slightly increased
      risk of breast cancer for consumers versus non-consumers of alcohol, the results
      of correlation studies and case control studies have been inconsistent. In both
      positive and negative studies the amount of alcohol consumed by women with breast
      cancer was low, and if there is an association between alcohol and breast cancer,
      then it would appear that complete abstinence would be required to reduce the
      risk of this disease. At present, it seems premature to consider such a drastic
      recommendation until further information becomes available.

PMID- 2646964
TI  - Effect of ethanol on human placental transport of model amino acids and glucose.
AB  - Prior studies in rodents, sheep, and subhuman primates have shown that ethanol,
      especially after chronic exposure, inhibits the transport of amino acids by the
      placenta. A small decrease in glucose transport by rat placenta chronically
      exposed to ethanol has also been noted. With human placental slices, however,
      only pharmacological (high) concentrations of ethanol impaired uptake of amino
      acids, and there are no data on glucose transport. In the present study, the
      effect of brief exposure to ethanol on human placental transport of model amino
      acids and glucose was studied by two techniques not previously jointly employed
      for this--the perfused human placental cotyledon and human placental vesicle
      systems. The nonmetabolizable amino acids, alpha-aminoisobutyric (AIB) acid and
      cycloleucine (CLEU), as well as D-glucose, and nonmetabolized glucose (3-O-methyl
      D-glucose), were used as probes. AIB and CLEU are transferred normally by active
      transport and D-glucose by facilitated transport from maternal to fetal
      compartments. The perfused placental system was exposed to ethanol (300-500 mg%)
      for 2-4 hr and the vesicles to 200-400 mg% ethanol for times varying from 10 min
      to 48 hr. There was no impairment of AIB, D-glucose, or 3-O-methyl-D-glucose
      transfer by ethanol using these techniques. Normally, about 60% of AIB transport
      by human placenta is sodium dependent. This component (using the vesicle system)
      was also not impaired by ethanol. Ethanol caused a very small decrease of CLEU
      clearance by the perfused human placenta (p = 0.05) but not using
      vesicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646965
TI  - Genetic animal models in the study of alcoholism.
AB  - Several methods have been applied to the study of the genetic determinants of
      ethanol (EtOH) sensitivity in animals. The use of inbred strains has indicated
      that virtually all responses to EtOH have a significant degree of genetic
      determination. Studies with large batteries of inbred strains have elucidated the
      common genetic control of several clusters of EtOH-related variables. Studies
      with Recombinant Inbred strains have identified single genes that may influence
      EtOH withdrawal severity and EtOH preference drinking. The best developed method
      has been the use of selective breeding to develop lines of mice or rats differing
      in EtOH-related behavioral characters. Illustrative examples of potentially
      important research findings from experiments with LS/SS, P/NP, and WSP/WSR
      selected lines are discussed. Significant progress has been made in the use of
      genetic animal models to further our understanding of EtOH-related traits.
      Several avenues for further research appear to be promising, and specific
      directions to be pursued are suggested.

PMID- 2646966
TI  - Altered ultrastructure of lactating rat mammary epithelial cells induced by
      chronic ethanol ingestion.
AB  - The ethanol and acetaldehyde uptake by the lactating rat mammary gland as well as
      their effects on this gland at the ultrastructural level have been studied. The
      extraction of acetaldehyde was greater than that of ethanol both after chronic
      and acute ethanol treatment. Chronic ethanol administration resulted in a loss of
      the mammary cell polarization, in a reduction of the Golgi dictyosomal elements
      and in several abnormalities at the level of casein maturation and secretion,
      whereas lipid synthesis and secretion did not seem to be affected. Normal
      spherical casein micelles took on a filament-like structure and casein vesicles
      appeared fused together forming macrovesicles. All these alterations were
      specific of ethanol and/or acetaldehyde action and were not due to the associated
      malnutrition, as deduced from the lack of visible effects in the nutritional
      control group.

PMID- 2646967
TI  - Influence of improved drinking habits on brain atrophy and cognitive performance
      in alcoholic patients: a 5-year follow-up study.
AB  - In the period 1977-1979, a sample of consecutively admitted alcoholic in-patients
      was studied with CT scan of the brain and neuropsychological tests. A subsample
      of 52 patients met the following criteria: age less than 46 years, no history of
      severe head injury or focal signs of traumatic brain damage, and no history of
      liver disease, drug abuse, or long-lasting anticonvulsant therapy. However, 72%
      of the patients showed brain atrophy and 49% intellectual impairment as compared
      to 16% and 13%, respectively, in an age-matched sample of men from the general
      population. Five years later, after excluding patients with head trauma, serious
      alcoholic liver disease and drug abuse, 37 patients were reinvestigated. Sixteen
      patients were abstinent or had greatly improved drinking habits during the 5-year
      follow-up period and 21 were still drinking. Alcohol abstinence was found to be
      associated with a regress of cortical atrophy and central atrophy as assessed by
      the width of the 3rd ventricle. However, the recovery was not complete as
      compared with the prevalence of atrophy in the sample from the general
      population. Among the patients a significant improvement in one cognitive test
      and a trend to improvement in some other tests associated with improved drinking
      habits was observed. Regression of central atrophy as assessed by a decreased
      diameter of the 3rd ventricle was associated with improvement in the very same
      cognitive tests. The results suggest that both atrophy of the brain and cognitive
      ability can improve in alcoholics who give up drinking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2646968
TI  - Effects of mineral and vitamin supplementation on the alcohol-induced fatty liver
      and microsomal induction.
AB  - In rats fed ethanol (36% of total energy) for 1 month as part of a standard
      liquid diet, significant increases in hepatic lipids, microsomal cytochrome P
      450, and in the activity of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system were
      observed. Similar effects were noted in another group of animals treated with the
      same ethanol-containing diet, except that the content of minerals and vitamins
      was increased by 50%. Body weight gains were also comparable in these groups. It
      is concluded that these effects of ethanol are not due to vitamin and mineral
      deficiency secondary to decreased food intake but rather can be attributed to
      ethanol itself.

PMID- 2646969
TI  - Reduced blood aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in smokers.

PMID- 2646970
TI  - American Medical Society on Alcoholism and Other Drug Dependencies, Inc. Program
      highlights of the 20th annual medical-scientific conference at the National
      Alcoholism Forum. April 27-30, 1989, Atlanta, Georgia. Abstracts.

PMID- 2646971
TI  - Beef fat prevents alcoholic liver disease in the rat.
AB  - The amount and type of dietary fat is thought to be important in the pathogenesis
      of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We investigated the role of different dietary
      fats in our rat model for ALD. Liver pathology was evaluated in rats fed ethanol
      and lard or tallow or corn oil over a period of 2 to 6 months. All experimental
      animals were pair-fed the same diet as controls except that glucose was
      isocalorically replaced by ethanol. Rats fed tallow and ethanol developed none of
      the features of ALD, those fed lard and ethanol developed minimal to moderate
      disease, rats fed corn oil and ethanol developed the most severe pathology. The
      degree of histopathological abnormality correlated with the linoleic acid content
      of fat in the diet (tallow 0.7%, lard 2.5%, corn oil 56.6%). We postulate that
      linoleic acid facilitates development of ALD and provides an explanation for our
      previous epidemiological observations.

PMID- 2646972
TI  - Maintenance of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in long-term culture of hepatocytes
      from female rat.
AB  - Conditions for maintaining the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in cultures of
      hepatocytes isolated from female rats were studied. The activity of alcohol
      dehydrogenase in freshly isolated cells was 1.7 U/mg DNA. When cultured, the
      activity declined 20% after one day of culture, irrespective of the culture
      conditions. In a conventional medium with 5 mM glucose the activity after one
      week of culture was only 30% of that initially measured in culture. Addition of
      25 mM glucose or a high concentration of amino acids delayed the decrease. When
      these compounds were added together it was possible to maintain the initial
      activity for one week, but the activity declined during the following week.
      Addition of growth hormone had no effect during the first week of culture but
      abolished the fall during the second week. The initial metabolism of ethanol was
      0.65 mumol/min x mg DNA and declined to two-thirds during the 2 weeks of culture.

PMID- 2646973
TI  - Exposure of rats to ethanol from postnatal days 4 to 8: alterations of
      cholinergic neurochemistry in the cerebral cortex and corpus striatum at day 20.
AB  - Male and female rat pups were administered ethanol (3 g/kg/dose) twice daily by
      intragastric intubation between postnatal Day (PN) 4 and 8. Pups were maternally
      reared throughout the exposure period and until sacrifice on PN20. The
      consequences of this growth spurt exposure to ethanol were measured by an impact
      upon body growth, as well as upon specific growth parameters and cholinergic
      neurochemical factors within the cerebral cortex and corpus striatum. Specific
      endpoints included muscarinic receptor binding dynamics, acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activities, regional wet weights, and
      subcellular protein content. In male pups, ethanol resulted in a significant
      enhancement of body weight gain and an increase in striatal but not cortical
      mass. Additionally, ethanol exposure resulted in a significant increase in
      striatal muscarinic receptor affinity, regardless of gender. This was accompanied
      by evidence of a significantly greater density of striatal muscarinic receptors
      in males versus females, regardless of treatment. Overall, the ethanol-associated
      effects are suggestive of a drug-induced developmental delay. Gender-specific,
      treatment-independent differences were also detected in the developing brain
      regions. Thus, regardless of treatment, cerebral cortical S1-level protein
      content was found to be significantly greater in males than in females.
      Furthermore, there were gender-based, significant differences in AChE activity
      within the striatum of control pups (males greater than females). Ethanol
      exposure resulted in a loss of this gender-based difference. We conclude that the
      cholinergic neurochemical development occurring in the striatum of the female rat
      brain between PN4 and 8 is exquisitely sensitive to ethanol-induced developmental
      delays which are not remediable by 12 subsequent days of maternal rearing in the
      absence of ethanol exposure.

PMID- 2646974
TI  - Diminished insulin-like growth factor-1 levels after chronic ethanol:
      relationship to pulsatile growth hormone release.
AB  - Previous studies have clearly demonstrated a reduction in plasma levels of IGF-1
      in rats chronically fed an ethanol diet. The purpose of this study was to
      determine whether the reduction in IGF-1 was associated with alterations in
      growth hormone secretory dynamics. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a
      liquid diet containing 5% ethanol or an identical volume of diet made isocaloric
      with maltose-dextrin (pair-fed controls). After 4 months of continuous feeding,
      another group of animals of the same age was introduced into the colony and fed
      the maltose-dextrin diet ad libitum. All animals were atrial cannulated 4.5
      months after the initiation of the experiment and serial samples of blood removed
      at 20-min intervals for periods up to 6 hr. Plasma was separated and growth
      hormone and IGF-1 concentrations determined by radioimmunoassay. Growth hormone
      secretory dynamics were analyzed by Cluster Analysis. Our results demonstrated
      that (a) chronic ethanol administration decreases plasma IGF-1 concentrations
      compared to either ad libitum or pair-fed control animals, (b) a reduction in
      dietary intake of approximately 33% reduces both the number of detectable growth
      hormone pulses and nadir concentrations of this hormone but has no effect on peak
      height, peak width, or area under the peak, and (c) ethanol feeding increases the
      amplitude of growth hormone pulses compared to pair-fed rats. We conclude that
      the decrease in plasma IGF-1 levels in ethanol as compared to pair-fed control
      animals is not caused by a further reduction in growth hormone secretory
      dynamics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646975
TI  - Placebo responding in the same direction as alcohol in women.
AB  - Pavlovian conditioning studies with alcohol in humans have been performed
      exclusively with men subjects. Men demonstrate a placebo response opposite in
      direction to alcohol, which Newlin (Alcohol Clin Exp Res 9:411-416, 1985) termed
      an antagonistic placebo response. The current study used normal women subjects
      given alcohol, placebo, or a soft drink control. Placebo significantly (p less
      than 0.05) increased heart rate compared to the control condition, and this
      placebo response was in the same direction as the effect of alcohol. The
      correlation of heart rate change with reported intoxication was +0.44 in women,
      when it was negative in men (Newlin DB: Alcohol Clin Exp Res 9:411-416, 1985).
      These results, when considered in relation to other data concerning individual
      differences in antagonistic placebo responding, suggest a pattern in which risk
      for alcoholism is negatively related to placebo responding.

PMID- 2646976
TI  - Low dose alcohol contracts the human umbilical artery in vitro.
AB  - Beginning at very low concentrations (0.001 g/100 ml), alcohol elicited dose
      dependent contractions of the human umbilical artery in vitro. Additionally, 16
      of the 108 arteries tested had a 5-10-min spasm in response to alcohol. Alcohol
      (0.2 g/100 ml) also increased tension developed in response to all angiotensin II
      doses, but had no effect on serotonin-induced contractions. These results suggest
      that alcohol may increase umbilicoplacental resistance in vivo, thus decreasing
      fetal-placental blood flow.

PMID- 2646977
TI  - Cognitive ability and drinking behavior in a national sample of young adults.
AB  - The role of verbal intelligence (VI) as an antecedent and moderator of alcohol
      related problems was investigated for a national sample of young adults. A
      measure of VI was used to predict alcohol related behavior 5 years later. Results
      indicated that lower VI was associated with lower risk for drinking per se. Lower
      VI was also associated with higher risk for alcohol-related problems among those
      who drink. These findings were robust across gender, age, and to a large extent
      across different areas of alcohol related problems. Cognitive-behavioral
      functions associated with intelligence, such as social judgement, social
      inference, and social skills, are proposed as possible moderators of the
      relationship between intelligence and alcohol-related problems.

PMID- 2646978
TI  - Effect of chronic ethanol administration on protein catabolism in rat liver.
AB  - Hepatic protein catabolism was measured in rats which were pair-fed a liquid diet
      containing either ethanol or isocaloric maltose-dextrin (control diet). Within 12
      days after initiation of pair feeding, the level of total hepatic protein in
      ethanol-fed rats was 26% higher than that in pair-fed control rats. During this
      time interval, the catabolic rates of both short-lived [3H]puromycin-labeled
      proteins and long-lived native [14C]bicarbonate-labeled proteins were measured in
      the two groups of animals. The degradation rate of short-lived [3H]puromycinyl
      proteins and peptides was the same in ethanol-fed and pair-fed control rats.
      However, the overall catabolic rate of long-lived proteins in rats fed the
      ethanol liquid diet for 2-10 days was 37-40% lower than that in pair-fed
      controls. This difference in protein turnover was not a general phenomenon, since
      the time-dependent decay of [14C]proteins in the hepatic microsome fraction of
      ethanol-fed rats was 33% slower than that in pair-fed controls, but the apparent
      rate of cytosolic protein catabolism was the same in both groups of animals. The
      differences in protein turnover did not reflect quantitative changes in lysosomal
      proteases since the activities of four hepatic lysosomal cathepsins were
      unaffected by alcohol administration. When rats were subjected to longer periods
      of pair feeding (16-25 days), the difference in overall hepatic protein
      catabolism between ethanol-fed rats and their pair-fed controls was considerably
      attenuated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646979
TI  - Acetylation phenotype in abstinent alcoholics.
AB  - No association between acetylation phenotype and alcoholism was discovered. Fifty
      four percent of both the alcoholic patients and healthy volunteers were rapid
      acetylators. Acetylation phenotyping is not helpful to the investigation of the
      genetics of alcoholism.

PMID- 2646980
TI  - Diminished proliferative response of con A-blast cells to interleukin 2 in adult
      rats exposed to ethanol in utero.
AB  - The fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with altered immunity. We attempted to
      delineate the mechanism of the decline in cell-mediated immunity observed by
      others by using rats which were exposed to alcohol in utero and tested for immune
      integrity 3 months after birth. We found that concanavalin A-stimulated T
      lymphoblast (Con A T-blast) cells that were obtained from ethanol-exposed rats
      had significantly diminished proliferative responses to both crude and
      recombinant interleukin 2 compared to those obtained from normal and nutritional
      controls. The blunted response of Con A T-blast cells to interleukin 2 may be a
      biomarker of fetal exposure to alcohol.

PMID- 2646981
TI  - Ethanol withdrawal increases sensory responsiveness of single somatosensory
      cortical neurons in the awake, behaving rat.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of ethanol withdrawal on sensory responses of
      single neurons recorded in the somatosensory (SI) cortex of awake, behaving,
      ethanol-dependent rats. Eleven rats were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet
      for 90-120 days, while 11 weight-matched controls were pair-fed an equivalent
      sucrose containing diet to equalize caloric intake. Single SI cortical neurons in
      the chronically treated rats were recorded continuously over several hours after
      withdrawal from ethanol, and after reintoxication induced by intraperitoneal
      injection of 10% (v/v) ethanol solution. Intoxication and withdrawal related
      changes in sensory responsiveness of these neurons were quantitatively measured
      by stimulating through electrodes chronically implanted under the skin of the
      forepaw. Sensory response histograms constructed from these stimuli showed a
      characteristic pattern, typically consisting of two early excitatory peaks (E1a
      and E1b), followed by an inhibition (I1), and in some neurons, a late excitatory
      response (E2). As withdrawal advanced, the sensory response histograms exhibited
      marked increases in the magnitudes of the E1a, I1, and E2 responses, coupled with
      a reduced spontaneous discharge rate. These changes are similar to, but
      quantitatively greater than, those which have previously been observed in normal
      and control rats during "immobile arousal" behaviors, which can be evoked when an
      experimenter holds the animals still, producing an immobile "aversive arousal."
      In withdrawing animals this same "holding" manipulation tended to markedly
      exacerbate and accelerate behavioral and neurophysiological signs of withdrawal.
      By contrast, the same manipulations had little effect when carried out during
      light intoxication or early stages of withdrawal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2646982
TI  - Neurotensin and ethanol interactions on hypothermia and locomotor activity in LS
      and SS mice.
AB  - Ethanol, i.p., produced a greater dose-dependent hypothermia in long sleep (LS)
      than in short sleep (SS) mice with significant decreases in rectal temperature
      observed only at doses greater than 3 g/kg, i.p. Likewise, at doses of 1 to 2
      g/kg ethanol, i.p., these lines of mice differ markedly in locomotor activity.
      Neurotensin (NT), intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.), induced a similar hypothermia
      in both SS and LS mice at doses greater than 0.02 microgram. Doses of ethanol
      (1.0 g/kg) or NT (0.005 microgram, i.c.v.) that failed to cause hypothermia when
      administered separately produced a pronounced hypothermia when administered
      together. Potentiation of NT and ethanol-induced hypothermia was greater in SS
      than in LS mice. Sensitivity to NT-induced hypothermia was greater following
      i.c.v. administration than by infusion into the nucleus accumbens (NA) or the
      ventral tegmental area (VTA). Neurotensin, i.c.v. or intra-NA, markedly inhibited
      ethanol-induced increase in locomotor activity in both SS and LS mice; however,
      NT, intra-VTA, did not alter the effects of ethanol on locomotor activity. The
      results suggest that NT and ethanol act in a synergistic manner on specific
      neuronal processes mediating thermoregulation and spontaneous motor activity.

PMID- 2646984
TI  - The Shroud of Turin.

PMID- 2646983
TI  - Is clonidine useful in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal?
AB  - The comparative efficacy of clonidine and chlormethiazole has been examined in
      the management of acute alcohol withdrawal. A double blind randomized study was
      conducted in consecutive patients admitted to a hospital detoxification unit.
      Patients were assessed regularly by a standard alcohol withdrawal rating-scale.
      Thirty-two patients received either clonidine or chlormethiazole in reducing
      dosages over 96 hr. All the patients receiving chlormethiazole had uneventful
      withdrawals. However, eight patients treated with clonidine were withdrawn from
      the trial due to hallucinations (two), seizures (two), symptomatic orthostatic
      hypotension (three) or drowsiness (one), indicating that clonidine is less
      effective than chlormethiazole in the prevention of the major manifestations of
      alcohol withdrawal.

PMID- 2646985
TI  - Localization of cathepsin B in normal and hyperplastic human prostate by
      immunoperoxidase and protein A-gold techniques.
AB  - Cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, was localized in normal prostate and
      benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using immunoperoxidase and protein A-gold
      techniques. Our objective was to determine whether cathepsin B was involved in
      the prostatic epithelium affected by nodular hyperplasia. All samples were
      collected immediately after prostatectomy. Immunohistochemical studies showed
      that the enzyme was expressed in the supranuclear cytoplasm of columnar cells and
      in numerous basal cells of normal and BPH acini. The strongest localization of
      cathepsin B occurred in acinar basal cells; hence, it is possible that cathepsin
      B could be useful as a marker for such cellular elements. Stromal macrophages
      showed reaction products, but lymphocytes and neutrophils did not. In both normal
      and hyperplastic glands, the enzyme was localized by gold particles in lysosomes,
      secretory granules, and vacuoles of columnar epithelial acinar cells.
      Immunoelectron microscopic study also showed the presence of cathepsin B in the
      heterochromatin (condensed chromatin) and nuclear membranes of columnar and basal
      cells, but not in euchromatin or nucleoli. At present, the function of cathepsin
      B in the nuclei of basal and columnar cells remains unknown. However, the
      cathepsin B in the cytoplasmic compartment might be associated with the lysosomal
      function of the cells. The role of cathepsin B as a marker for basal cell
      participation in the development of prostatic lesions should be studied further.

PMID- 2646986
TI  - Dose-response relationships of doxacurium chloride in humans during anesthesia
      with nitrous oxide and fentanyl, enflurane, isoflurane, or halothane.
AB  - In a two-part study, the dose-response relationships of doxacurium chloride (BW
      A938U) were evaluated during general anesthesia maintained with commonly used
      anesthetic techniques. In part 1, cumulative dose-response methodology was used
      to establish the ED95 of doxacurium in 36 patients receiving 70% nitrous oxide
      and fentanyl, or 50% nitrous oxide and either 1.26% enflurane, 0.84% isoflurane,
      or 0.57% halothane anesthesia. Mechanomyographic response to train-of-four
      stimulation was used to monitor neuromuscular blockade. The peak effect of
      doxacurium following each 5 micrograms/kg incremental dose was noted and a log
      probit dose-response curve was constructed for each individual patient. The
      median ED50s were 11 micrograms/kg, 6 micrograms/kg, 8 micrograms/kg, and 8
      micrograms/kg for patients receiving fentanyl, enflurane, isoflurane, or
      halothane anesthesia, respectively. The median ED95s were 24 micrograms/kg, 14
      micrograms/kg, 16 micrograms/kg, and 19 micrograms/kg for patients receiving
      fentanyl, enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane anesthesia, respectively. In part
      2, 72 additional patients received a rapid single injection of the ED95 (n = 36)
      or 2 X ED95 (n = 36) of doxacurium appropriate for the administered anesthetic as
      estimated from part one of the study. Peak effects of the ED95 given as single
      injections correlated well with the results in part 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2646987
TI  - Prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection: our responsibilities as
      health care professionals.
AB  - The prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major
      responsibility of health care professionals. This paper deals with the virus
      itself--its history and prevalent modes of transmission. The low risk of HIV
      transmission in health care settings and through casual contact is emphasized. A
      discussion of prevalence rates in the United States is followed by an explanation
      of methods to prevent HIV infection through testing, counseling, limiting sexual
      transmission, screening of blood and blood products, reducing risk among
      intravenous drug users, avoiding perinatal transmission, practicing safety
      measures in health care settings, and implementing educational goals.

PMID- 2646988
TI  - Daily change of an antiseptic dressing does not prevent infusion phlebitis: a
      controlled trial.
AB  - We carried out a controlled, randomized study in which we compared the incidence
      of infusion phlebitis in 83 patients whose povidone-iodine dressing over the
      infusion site was changed daily with a control group of 84 patients whose
      original dressing was left unchanged. Over 3 days the cumulative incidence of
      phlebitis in the study group was 60% and in the control group 59%. We conclude
      that the daily change of an antiseptic dressing does not reduce the risk of
      infusion phlebitis.

PMID- 2646990
TI  - "Orthodontistry" and dental occlusion in Etruscans.
AB  - Specimens dating back to the VIII Century B.C. indicate Etruscans may have been
      the first people to employ orthodontic bands to improve tooth alignment. A survey
      of dental occlusion in Etruscan cranial remains, however, shows very good typical
      occlusion and almost no crowding. Thus, these people do not represent the
      earliest development of epidemiologically high prevalence of malocclusion, a
      feature instead reserved for the later industrial world.

PMID- 2646989
TI  - Lower anterior face height and lip incompetence do not predict nasal airway
      obstruction.
AB  - The controversy regarding nasal obstruction and malocclusion has been largely due
      to the inability to quantitate nasal airway function and hence objectively
      determine the mode of breathing. The purpose of this study was to measure the
      nasal airway resistance of patients before and after rapid maxillary expansion
      (RME), to compare them to a control group of subjects not receiving RME, and to
      measure oral/nasal airflow ratios (respiratory mode). An evaluation of the
      statistical associations between anterior facial height, lip posture, oral/nasal
      airflow ratios, and nasal resistance was undertaken. The effects of RME on nasal
      resistance have been reported elsewhere. We found that variation, for resistance
      values, was very high, and thus the median response for the group was not an
      adequate estimation of individual response. In this paper we describe
      associations between lip posture, lower anterior facial height, and nasal
      resistance. No significant correlations could be established between respiratory
      and morphologic features. Lower anterior facial height was greater in the lips
      apart posture group. However, there was no significant correlation between
      percent nasality and lower anterior facial height. A small negative correlation
      (r = -0.47) existed between nasal resistance and percent nasality, but this
      relationship was not linear. Thus, it was not possible to predict percent
      nasality from nasal resistance data. Furthermore, no correlation was found
      between the amount of expansion and changes in nasal resistance. This paper was
      originally submitted June 1986, and revised October 1988.

PMID- 2646991
TI  - A little house in Pasadena.

PMID- 2646992
TI  - Gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory disorders: a review.
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux is an important cause of chronic pulmonary disease.
      Particularly, chronic bronchitis and asthma are two common conditions in which
      there may be a chicken-and-egg association between the pulmonary problems and the
      gastroesophageal reflux. This interesting relationship needs to be considered in
      any patient with chronic pulmonary disease in whom the condition is progressing
      in spite of adequate medical therapy, in whom the history strongly supports this
      concept, and in whom laboratory tests suggest a causal relationship. Recognition
      and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux, either medical or surgical, can lead to
      improvement in the pulmonary condition of a large number of patients.

PMID- 2646993
TI  - Allergy to cow's milk with onset in adult life.
AB  - We report a 29-year-old patient with a history of asthma that is sometimes
      accompanied by urticaria, which is related to the ingestion of milk products.
      Once these were excluded from his diet no symptoms were observed. Skin tests,
      specific IgE, histamine release, and oral food challenges were positive to cow's
      milk and its fractions.

PMID- 2646994
TI  - Correlation of MAST chemiluminescent assay (CLA) with RAST and skin prick tests
      for diagnosis of inhalant allergic disease.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the new multiple allergosorbent
      chemiluminescent assay (MAST CLA) system with the RAST and skin prick tests as an
      adjunct to the diagnosis of inhalant allergies. In this report, MAST CLA and RAST
      have given similar results, but no technique is as sensitive as skin tests for
      allergen-specific diagnosis of inhalant allergic disease.

PMID- 2646995
TI  - Beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray for seasonal allergic rhinitis in
      children.
AB  - A 3-week double-blind, parallel group study comparing the effectiveness and
      safety of an aqueous formulation of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP-AQ) versus
      placebo was undertaken in 101 patients. Children aged 5 to 13 years with a
      diagnosis of seasonal allergic rhinitis received one spray in each nostril twice
      daily of either BDP-AQ (42 micrograms/spray) or an identical placebo spray.
      Patient assessment at the end of treatment indicated statistically significant
      improvement in nasal symptoms for BDP-AQ patients. The physicians overall
      evaluation of treatment indicated that the BDP-AQ-treated patients experienced
      significantly greater (P = .012) improvement as compared with placebo-treated
      patients. There was no difference in the incidence of adverse events between the
      two treatments. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of BDP-AQ
      nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in children.

PMID- 2646996
TI  - Comparison of intermittent and continuous inhalation provocation tests.
AB  - To improve standardization of inhalation provocation tests, two tests utilizing
      intermittent and continuous inhalation of methacholine aerosol were compared in
      five normal and ten asthmatic patients. During the intermittent inhalation test,
      methacholine aerosols with stepwise incremental concentrations were inhaled
      during tidal breathing for two minutes with a following 5-minute pause interval.
      Specific airway conductance (SGaw) and respiratory resistance (Rrs) were measured
      one-half, one and one-half, and five minutes after the end of each inhalation
      period. Specific airway conductance and Rrs were measured with the panting and
      forced oscillation methods, respectively. During the continuous inhalation test,
      the same stepwise incremental concentrations of methacholine aerosol were inhaled
      during tidal breathing for two minutes without a pause while Rrs was continuously
      measured. The cumulative dose of methacholine required to reduce SGaw by 35% of
      the baseline value (PD35 SGaw) during the intermittent inhalation test was
      significantly correlated with the cumulative methacholine dose required to reduce
      Grs (= 1/Rrs) by 35% of the baseline value during the continuous inhalation test
      (PD35 Grs) (r = .98). There was also a significant correlation between the slopes
      of the intermittent inhalation test and continuous inhalation test curves (r =
      .80). The results indicate that methacholine provocation can be measured as
      reliably using a simple continuous inhalation method as by a more complex
      intermittent one.

PMID- 2646997
TI  - Randomized study of epinephrine versus methoxamine in prehospital ventricular
      fibrillation.
AB  - Experimental data suggest that a pure alpha-agonist, such as methoxamine, may
      improve the outcome of patients in ventricular fibrillation. A double-blind,
      randomized, prospective study was conducted in a paramedic system comparing the
      use of methoxamine with epinephrine in enhancing conversion of ventricular
      fibrillation while otherwise following American Heart Association protocols. One
      hundred two patients in ventricular fibrillation not responding to initial
      defibrillations with a pulsatile rhythm were randomized into one of two groups,
      each containing 51 patients. Equipressor doses of epinephrine (0.5 mg) and
      methoxamine (5 mg) were given intravenously and repeated according to American
      Heart Association guidelines. The mean age, sex ratio, and mean paramedic
      response times were comparable for the two groups. The mean time at scene until
      conversion was 22 +/- 10 minutes for methoxamine and 17 +/- 7 minutes for
      epinephrine (P = NS). The methoxamine group received 3.1 +/- 1.4 doses as
      compared with 2.8 +/- 1.3 doses for the epinephrine group (P = NS). Conversion
      rate, defined as the percentage of patients who developed a pulse during
      resuscitation, was 27.5% for the methoxamine group and 49.0% for the epinephrine
      group (P less than or equal to .03). Successful resuscitation, defined as the
      conveyance of a patient to an emergency department with a pulse and rhythm, was
      17.7% for the methoxamine group and 39.2% for the epinephrine group (P less than
      or equal to .02). Save rate, defined as the percentage of patients discharged
      alive after hospitalization, was 7.8% for the methoxamine group and 19.6% for the
      epinephrine group (P less than or equal to .07).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2646998
TI  - A computer-assisted learning tool designed to improve clinical problem-solving
      skills.
AB  - A computer-based teaching and learning program was developed to supplement the
      case load of students on a one-month emergency medicine clinical rotation and
      interactively measure and support improvements in their acute chest pain
      differential diagnostic skills. Students using the program demonstrated a
      significantly higher level of diagnostic accuracy than a control group (one
      tailed t test; N = 88; P less than .018). The success of the program was
      attributed in part to its unique application of advanced interactive software.
      Specifically, students use the software (an expert system shell) to develop a
      computer-based acute chest pain differential diagnostic protocol. Students can
      subsequently challenge their protocol with a number and variety of training cases
      in the program's data bank. The software interactively apprises students of the
      performance of their protocol in terms of its diagnostic accuracy against the
      cases. Students make protocol modifications to improve its diagnostic accuracy
      against the training cases. Interactive reassessments of the protocol's
      performance against the cases follow each modification. This repetitive cycle of
      protocol modifications rapidly followed by interactive performance reassessments
      against training cases appears to result in efficient and effective differential
      diagnostic skills improvements. A new generation of computer-based teaching and
      learning tools may have a significant impact on undergraduate clinical education.

PMID- 2646999
TI  - Disagreeable physical characteristics affecting bystander CPR.
AB  - We determined the frequency of certain disagreeable physical characteristics
      (presence of vomitus, dentures, blood and/or alcohol on the breath) of a cardiac
      arrest patient and the effect these characteristics have on a bystander's
      willingness to perform CPR. Data were collected prospectively on 121 nontraumatic
      cardiac arrest patients, of whom 35 received bystander-initiated CPR involving a
      total of 42 bystanders. Seventy-one (59%) patients had one or more disagreeable
      characteristics identified. Forty (33%) patients vomited; 39 (33%) wore dentures;
      five (4%) had alcohol on their breath; and nine (7%) had visible blood. Of the 42
      bystanders involved, 14 were exposed to one or more of the disagreeable
      characteristics. No bystander interviewed indicated hesitancy in performing CPR
      when encountering disagreeable characteristics. Seven bystanders stated they felt
      inadequately prepared to handle patients who vomited. Because of the high
      incidence of disagreeable characteristics, notably vomitus, in patients suffering
      a cardiac arrest, specific training in handling such characteristics seems
      justified.

PMID- 2647000
TI  - Button battery ingestions.
AB  - Although ingestions of button batteries can have serious complications, the
      majority of these ingestions will be benign. Button batteries that lodge in the
      esophagus should be removed immediately by endoscopy. Other ingestions can be
      managed with observation at home unless symptoms develop. Weekly radiographic
      examinations should be done to follow the progression of the button battery in
      these patients. The expected threat of mercury toxicity has not materialized.
      Patients who ingest mercury-containing button batteries should undergo chelation
      therapy and monitoring of levels only if symptoms characteristic of mercury
      toxicity develop. Cathartics and water-soluble enemas, although not indicated for
      intact button batteries, may be useful in speeding transit of mercury if it is
      released into the bowel. Other metals present in button batteries appear to pose
      no health threat.

PMID- 2647001
TI  - Motor vehicle accident associated with minimal maternal trauma but subsequent
      fetal demise.
AB  - Traumatic fetal injury in the absence of significant maternal injury is rare. A
      21-year-old woman at 27 weeks estimated gestational age sustained a front-end
      motor vehicle collision at 35 mph while wearing a seatbelt and shoulder harness
      with minimal maternal injury. Marked variable fetal heart rate decelerations were
      noted on the patient's presentation. Although the initial ultrasound examination
      was normal, sequential examinations showed an enlarging fetal intracranial mass.
      Fetal demise occurred five days after the accident with necropsy confirming
      cerebral hemorrhage, hepatic hemorrhage, and hemoperitoneum. In this case, an
      abnormality of fetal heart rate first suggested a severe fetal injury, with
      ultrasonography confirming the injury four days later.

PMID- 2647002
TI  - Fulminant streptococcal myositis.
AB  - A previously healthy 70-year-old woman was hospitalized for acute pain and edema
      of her right leg. Deep vein thrombosis was suspected, and she was put on
      anticoagulant therapy. Ten hours later, she developed a massive swelling of the
      leg with a well-demarcated violaceous discoloration of the skin and hemorrhagic
      bullae. She was in deep shock with signs of disseminated intravascular
      coagulation and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Gram stain of an aspirate
      from the bullae revealed short chains of Gram-positive cocci, and multiple blood
      cultures showed abundant growth of Streptococcus pyogenes. Despite intensive
      treatment, the patient died within hours. Autopsy findings showed extensive
      pyomyonecrosis of the leg muscles and changes secondary to septicemia. The
      misleading initial clinical picture and the rarity of this disease entity in
      temperate climates delayed the correct diagnosis and resulted in a fatal outcome.

PMID- 2647003
TI  - Retrovir trial.

PMID- 2647004
TI  - Ryan to depart from ANA leaving record of success.

PMID- 2647005
TI  - As I see it--Bentsen: RNs must maintain advocacy.

PMID- 2647006
TI  - The effects of positive expiratory pressure on isovolume flow and dynamic
      hyperinflation in patients receiving mechanical ventilation.
AB  - The use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or positive end-expiratory
      pressure (PEEP) has been advocated by some to assist in the weaning process of
      patients receiving mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. The efficacy
      of this technique and its effect on respiratory system mechanics are not well
      understood. The theoretical advantage of CPAP or PEEP during the weaning process
      can be obliterated if excessive dynamic hyperinflation is induced. A key
      determinant of the individual response to this proposed weaning technique is the
      recognition of the presence or absence of expiratory flow limitation. We studied
      the effect of progressively increased levels of applied PEEP on isovolume
      expiratory flow and end-expiratory lung volume in seven patients during
      controlled mechanical ventilation. In the absence of expiratory flow limitation,
      passive expiratory flow decreased and end-expiratory lung volume increased when
      any level of PEEP was applied. In contrast, flow-limited patients did not
      demonstrate a change in isovolume expiratory flow or end-expiratory lung volume
      until the applied PEEP reduced the driving pressure for expiratory flow below a
      critical value. All patients demonstrated dynamic hyperinflation during
      controlled ventilation as evident by the existence of intrinsic PEEP. The nominal
      value of applied PEEP that caused a reduction in isovolume expiratory flow was
      unrelated to the initial level of intrinsic PEEP. The clinical implications of
      these findings with respect to CPAP therapy during weaning from mechanical
      ventilation are discussed.

PMID- 2647007
TI  - A placebo-controlled dose-response study of enprofylline in the maintenance
      therapy of asthma.
AB  - We assessed the efficacy and side effects of oral enprofylline in the maintenance
      therapy of 206 asthmatics 19 to 71 yr of age. After a 1-wk placebo run-in,
      patients were randomized to receive in double-blind fashion one of three doses of
      slow-release enprofylline tablets (150 mg, 300 mg, or 450 mg twice daily) or
      matching placebo for 4 wk. At baseline, mean (SD) peak expiratory flow rate
      (PEFR) was 62 (19)% of predicted normal values. The mean increase in morning PEFR
      12 h after dosing was: for 450 mg, 14(17)%; for 300 mg, 8(23)%; for 150 mg,
      2(11)%, for placebo 0(10)%. The increases over baseline for 450 mg and 300 mg
      compared with 150 mg and placebo were statistically significant. The mean asthma
      symptoms score (scale zero to 3) exhibited a dose-related reduction.
      Significantly less beta 2-receptor agonist inhalations were used in the 450-mg
      group than in the placebo group. There was a statistically significant increase
      in headache and nausea with the doses 450 mg and 300 mg given twice daily during
      the first treatment week compared with 150 mg and placebo. Subsequent to the
      first week, there were no differences between the active treatments and placebo
      with respect to the incidence of these and other side effects. We conclude that
      oral enprofylline, in a dosage of 300 to 450 mg twice daily is an effective and
      well-tolerated drug that may be useful in the maintenance therapy of asthma.

PMID- 2647008
TI  - Continuous intravenous infusion of deferoxamine reduces mortality by paraquat in
      vitamin E-deficient rats.
AB  - Paraquat, an oxygen radical-generating agent, is a widely used agrochemical that
      is also toxic for humans, in whom it may cause respiratory failure. In the
      present study, we investigated the effect of deferoxamine (DF), an iron chelator
      with antioxidant capacity, on paraquat toxicity in vitamin E-deficient rats.
      After the administration of paraquat at a dose of 20 mg/kg the animals were
      treated with a continuous intravenous infusion of DF for 14 days. In a dose
      response study, four of six animals receiving 100 mg DF/kg/24 h survived the
      study period of 14 days compared with none in the saline-treated control group (n
      = 6), and three and two animals in the groups receiving 50 (n = 6) and 200 mg
      DF/kg/24 h (n = 6), respectively. In another series of experiments, animals were
      monitored for a total period of 35 days, at which time any survivors were killed,
      and lung histologic examination was carried out. Deferoxamine treatment was
      started simultaneously (n = 21), 6 h (n = 18), and 16 h (n = 18) after paraquat
      poisoning. Percent survival in the various time-point groups was 47.7 (p less
      than 0.01), 38.9 (p less than 0.02), and 22.2 (not significant), respectively,
      compared with 7.1 (n = 14) in the control group. The presence of lung damage was
      seen only in those of the surviving rats where DF was started at the 16 h time
      point after paraquat administration. In ancillary in vitro studies, where
      Escherichia coli was used as a source of enzymic activity for the redox-cycling
      of paraquat, DF completely inhibited the formation of hydroxyl radical
      (.OH).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647009
TI  - Positron emission tomography: theory and its application to the study of lung
      disease.

PMID- 2647010
TI  - Acrylic resin pneumoconiosis: report of a case in a dental student.
AB  - Pneumoconiosis in dental laboratory workers has been associated with exposure to
      metal alloys and silica used in the manufacturing of dental prosthetics. In this
      report, we describe a 27-yr-old dental student who was found to have bilateral
      basal pulmonary interstitial infiltrates and nodules on a chest roentgenogram
      after a brief episode of upper respiratory infection. An open lung biopsy
      revealed interstitial pneumonitis with an abundance of vacuolated macrophages in
      the alveolar spaces. Ultrastructural analysis showed in the alveolar and
      interstitial spaces the accumulation of macrophages laden with electron-lucent
      bodies resembling plastic beads. An inhalation exposure history, taken subsequent
      to these findings, revealed exposure to high levels of acrylic plastic in a
      dental school laboratory. Removal from the site of exposure has resulted in the
      gradual resolution of the roentgenographic abnormalities.

PMID- 2647011
TI  - Airway responsiveness to methacholine does not change during chemotherapy in
      patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchial carcinoma.
AB  - To investigate the role of leukocytes and neutrophils in the peripheral blood on
      airway responsiveness, we studied nine patients with chronic bronchitis and
      histologically proved bronchial carcinoma before and after chemotherapy. The
      concentration of methacholine (in mg/ml) necessary to increase specific airway
      resistance by 100%, PC100SRaw, and the number of leukocytes and neutrophils (in
      cells x 10(6)/ml) were measured before, and 8 and 16 days after chemotherapy.
      Mean (SEM) total number of leukocytes decreased significantly (p less than 0.001)
      from 9.0 (0.8) to 4.4 (0.6) and 3.4 (0.4), and mean (SEM) number of neutrophils
      decreased significantly (p less than 0.005) from 5.1 (0.7) to 2.8 (0.5) and 1.0
      (0.4), respectively. Mean (SEM) PC100SRaw was 3.3 (0.9) at baseline and 3.5 (1.2)
      and 3.8 (1.0) mg/ml at Days 8 and 16, respectively, without significant
      differences. These data suggest that a significant chemotherapy-induced leukocyte
      depletion in the peripheral blood does not influence airway responsiveness in
      patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchial carcinoma.

PMID- 2647012
TI  - The diagnosis of Lyme disease: rewards and perils.

PMID- 2647013
TI  - Methylxanthines in 1989.

PMID- 2647014
TI  - Multipolar electrocoagulation in the treatment of peptic ulcers with nonbleeding
      visible vessels. A prospective, controlled trial.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of treatment with endoscopic
      multipolar electrocoagulation in patients who have ulcers with nonbleeding
      visible vessels. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, sham-controlled trial; patients
      were followed until their discharge from the hospital. SETTING: Urban,
      nonreferral county hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of 75 patients who had
      a bloody nasogastric aspirate sample, melena, or hematochezia; unstable vital
      signs, a transfusion of at least two units of blood in 12 hours, or a drop in the
      hematocrit of at least 0.06 in 12 hours; and endoscopic evidence of an ulcer with
      a nonbleeding visible vessel. INTERVENTION: Sham or real multipolar
      electrocoagulation at the time of diagnostic endoscopy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the group receiving multipolar
      electrocoagulation showed marked improvement in the following variables;
      rebleeding (18% compared with 41%, P less than 0.05; difference, 23%; 95% CI, 3%
      to 43%); need for emergency surgery (8% compared with 30%, P less than 0.05;
      difference, 22%; CI, 5% to 39%); mean number of hospital days (4.3 +/- 0.4
      compared with 6.2 +/- 0.7, P less than 0.05; difference, 1.9; CI, 0.4 to 3.4);
      and cost of hospitalization ($3790 +/- $410 compared with $5730 +/- $650, P less
      than 0.05; difference, $1940; CI, $400 to $3480). The mean transfusion
      requirement in the treatment group was 1.6 +/- 0.3 as compared with 3.0 +/- 0.6
      units in the control group (P = 0.13; difference, 1.4; CI, 0 to 2.8). The overall
      mortality was extremely low: Only 1 (1%) of 75 patients died. Bleeding was
      induced in 7 (18%) of the 38 patients treated with electrocoagulation, and 1
      patient required urgent surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic treatment with
      multipolar electrocoagulation is beneficial in patients who present with major
      upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and are found to have an ulcer with a
      nonbleeding visible vessel.

PMID- 2647015
TI  - High serum levels of lactic dehydrogenase identify a high-grade lymphoma-like
      myeloma.
AB  - Although conferring a grave prognosis in patients with malignant lymphoma, high
      levels of serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) are usually not seen in patients with
      multiple myeloma, a more indolent tumor composed mainly of B cells in their
      terminal stage of differentiation. Thus, only 2 of 118 patients in earlier phases
      of myeloma showed marked LDH elevations to more than 500 U/L, whereas such
      abnormalities were present in 12 of 64 patients with advanced disease progressing
      despite treatment with vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), dexamethasone (VAD)
      (median LDH level, 700 U/L). High LDH levels were associated with high serum
      levels of beta-2-microglobulin, hypercalcemia, extraosseous disease features, a
      short preceding clinical course as well as a short subsequent survival time. A
      poor prognosis was also noted in patients with lower LDH in whom marked
      increments were induced by high-dose chemotherapy; thus, LDH elevations to
      greater than 300 U/L present before or found after high-dose cytotoxic therapy
      were observed in about 50% of patients with VAD-resistant myeloma and define a
      new clinical entity with features of extraosseous disease and an unusually
      aggressive course ("high-grade myeloma"). The shorter survival of newly diagnosed
      patients with high-normal compared with those with low-normal LDH levels (less
      than 200 U/L), regardless of tumor mass, suggests the presence in some patients
      of a tumor subpopulation with high LDH production that escapes growth control
      with standard treatment. Staging of multiple myeloma should therefore include
      measurements of serum LDH levels in addition to beta-2-microglobulin analysis and
      tumor mass estimation.

PMID- 2647016
TI  - Asymptomatic gallstones.

PMID- 2647017
TI  - G syndrome and its otolaryngologic manifestations.
AB  - G syndrome is a familial constellation of congenital anomalies that include a
      distinctive facies, ocular hypertelorism, prominent occiput and forehead, short
      lingual frenulum, stridor, hoarse cry, and laryngotracheoesophageal (LTE) clefts,
      as well as hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Approximately one third of the
      reported cases have also involved cleft lip and/or palate. Thirty cases of this
      syndrome have been reported in the pediatric and genetic literature, with
      variable expression of the syndrome characteristics. The purpose of this article
      is to report two additional cases of G syndrome with LTE cleft. A technique for
      repair of LTE cleft via a lateral pharyngeal approach is described. Although G
      syndrome is rare, otolaryngologists should be aware of its association with LTE
      cleft and its potential life-threatening problems.

PMID- 2647018
TI  - Mona Lisa syndrome: solving the enigma of the Gioconda smile.
AB  - The Mona Lisa smile is presented as a possible example of facial muscle
      contracture that develops after Bell's palsy when the facial nerve has undergone
      partial wallerian degeneration and has regenerated. The accompanying synkinesis
      would explain many of the known facts surrounding the painting and is a classic
      example of Leonardo da Vinci as the compulsive anatomist who combined art and
      science.

PMID- 2647019
TI  - Ultrasound mammography in prosthesis-related breast augmentation complications.
AB  - Ultrasound mammography is presented as a safe, simple, and reliable method of
      assessing prosthesis and prosthesis-related complications in the augmented
      breast. The ability to distinguish between silicone gel, muscle, hematoma, and
      fluid collections has made ultrasound mammography especially valuable in
      diagnosing capsular rupture, implant rupture, or periprosthetic hematoma in
      subpectoral breast augmentations. Examples are given and discussed.

PMID- 2647020
TI  - The question mark ear (congenital auricular cleft): a familial case.
AB  - We describe here 2 patients with question mark ears in one family. They had the
      peculiar auricular deformities bilaterally. Both patients had a cleft between the
      helix and earlobe respectively. The upper portion of the auricle showed marked
      prominence. The mother also showed notching between the helix and earlobe. The
      literature is reviewed and discussed.

PMID- 2647021
TI  - Management of the difficult split-thickness donor site.
AB  - Split-thickness skin graft donor sites are often areas of significant morbidity
      in the elderly, in immunocompromised patients, and in steroid-dependent patients.
      We found that managing these donor sites with split-thickness skin and
      transparent dressings greatly increases the rate of healing and diminishes
      morbidity.

PMID- 2647022
TI  - A comparison of methods to measure the percentage hepatic replacement with
      colorectal metastases.
AB  - The percentage hepatic replacement (PHR) with liver metastases has been
      recognised as an important factor for patient management, prognosis, and clinical
      trial evaluation. The PHR can be assessed by various methods including
      ultrasound, radioisotope, or computed tomography (CT) imaging, or by inspection
      and palpation at laparotomy. We report a prospective study comparing these
      methods of PHR assessment in 56 consecutive patients with colorectal liver
      metastases. When all four methods were used complete agreement was achieved in
      only 35% of cases (9/26). The three imaging techniques agreed in only 37% of
      cases (14/38). Overall, the correlation between different methods was poor with a
      tendency for surgery to underestimate the PHR. However, CT and surgery agreed in
      81% of cases (21/26), and CT gave a higher estimate than surgery in each of the
      other five patients. With such variability in the estimates of PHR derived from
      these different techniques, consideration must be given to which technique is
      used. It is concluded that CT is probably the most accurate for PHR assessment at
      present.

PMID- 2647023
TI  - Vertical gastric plication: an operation for gastro-oesophageal reflux.
AB  - An operation has been devised to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux in which a
      vertical partition is made parallel to the proximal gastric lesser curvature. The
      technique, which can be simply, safely and rapidly performed, prevents reflux in
      the following ways: 1. Increasing the effective length of the 'intra-abdominal
      oesophagus'; 2. Increasing the crural sling and mucosal flap valve effect; 3.
      Sharpening the angle of entry into the gastric reservoir; 4. Creating a flutter
      valve and markedly reducing the gastric cross-sectional area along which reflux
      can occur. The stomach is neither opened nor divided. The efficacy of the
      operation was investigated in six dogs which had their lower oesophageal
      sphincter excised by circular myomectomy before vertical gastric plication. Pre-
      and postoperative manometric and oesophageal pH studies were performed. Vertical
      gastric plication prevented the oesophagitis produced by circular myomectomy
      alone. The operation has been performed in 26 patients over a 2-year period.
      Assessment has been by clinical methods, ambulatory 24 h pH studies and
      endoscopy. Twenty-one patients were classified in Visick grades I and II and
      ambulatory pH recordings showed a marked reduction in reflux in 13 of 14
      patients. The operation is technically simple, quick and safe to perform, being
      accurately and scientifically reproducible.

PMID- 2647025
TI  - Clean up varicose vein surgery--use a tourniquet.
AB  - A controlled randomised trial has been carried out to ascertain if there are
      tangible benefits from using a tourniquet when avulsing varicose veins during
      routine varicose vein surgery. Twenty-six patients have been studied. Twenty
      limbs were operated on with a tourniquet and 20 limbs without a tourniquet. The
      mean weight of varices excised was 2.76 g (range 0.51-8.79 g) with a tourniquet
      and 2.68 g (0.77-11.27 g) without a tourniquet (NS, Wilcoxon's rank sum test).
      Mean blood loss was 16 ml (0-136 ml) with a tourniquet and 107 ml (16-581 ml)
      without a tourniquet (P less than 0.01, Wilcoxon's rank sum test). The mean time
      to complete avulsions was 38 min with a tourniquet and 35 min without a
      tourniquet (NS, Student's t test). The tangible benefits of a tourniquet are
      limited to the saving of blood which can amount to 500 ml per leg. Losses could
      amount to 1 litre in bilateral cases operated upon without tourniquet. The method
      is simple, provides a clean operating field and should be more widely used.

PMID- 2647024
TI  - The late results of renal transplantation and the importance of chronic rejection
      as a cause of graft loss.
AB  - The results of 279 renal transplants performed in a single centre between 1974
      and 1986 are reviewed. Improvements in the management of acute rejection and a
      reduction in mortality have resulted in an improvement in 1-year actuarial graft
      survival rates from 44% for transplants performed before 1980 to 68% for those
      performed after 1983. After the second year post-transplant there has been a
      steady rate of graft failure (6% per annum), mainly due to chronic rejection. In
      total 52 grafts have developed chronic rejection (19% of the total and 30% of
      those at risk at 6 months). Chronic rejection is assuming greater relative
      importance as a cause of graft loss as early results improve.

PMID- 2647026
TI  - An improved method for securing nasogastric tubes.

PMID- 2647027
TI  - Bone transplant recipient found positive for AIDS.

PMID- 2647028
TI  - Targeting cerebral tumors. Combining image-guided stereotactic endoscopy with
      laser therapy.

PMID- 2647029
TI  - Perioperative nursing research. Part II: Intraoperative chemical and physical
      hazards to personnel.

PMID- 2647030
TI  - Cell-mediated and IgE-mediated immune responses in atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 2647031
TI  - Seronegativity and HIV infection.
AB  - An African girl born to an HIV seropositive mother was seropositive during the
      neonatal period, became seronegative, and was again found to be seropositive at
      18 and 20 months of age. We suggest that seronegative children born to
      seropositive mothers should be followed up for months or even years before HIV
      infection can be ruled out.

PMID- 2647032
TI  - Plasma aldosterone and renin activity.
AB  - Eight infants had paired measurements of plasma aldosterone and plasma renin
      activity while being treated for congestive heart failure. There is parallelism
      with aldosterone and renin activity in the presence of a hyperactive renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system. Six patients had plasma renin activity and plasma
      aldosterone measured after commencing captopril and we have shown biochemical
      blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

PMID- 2647033
TI  - High compared with standard dose lipase pancreatic supplement.
AB  - Cotazym-S-Forte, a new pancreatic supplement containing 10,000 BP units of lipase
      activity per capsule, was compared with a standard dose pancreatin supplement
      (Pancrease) with 5000 BP units lipase activity in a randomised crossover trial.
      The number of capsules of Cotazym-S-Forte administered was half the usual number
      of Pancrease capsules and was associated with the same degree of fat absorption
      as Pancrease.

PMID- 2647034
TI  - The investigation of haematuria.

PMID- 2647035
TI  - Hearts with one ventricle: current concepts and management.

PMID- 2647036
TI  - Clinical outcome of fetal uropathy.

PMID- 2647037
TI  - Intervention after birth asphyxia.

PMID- 2647038
TI  - Acute gastroenteritis in well nourished infants: comparison of four feeding
      regimens.
AB  - Two hundred well hydrated babies of 6 weeks to 12 months of age who had been fed
      on formula feeds and who were admitted with acute gastroenteritis were randomly
      allocated to receive either a standard return to full milk feeds, or immediate
      full strength feeds with one of three milk formulas, HN25, SMA Gold Cap, or
      Formula S. There were significant differences in weight change among the four
      treatment groups at two and five days, with initial weight loss recorded only for
      the group of babies who were receiving the graded return to full feeding. There
      was no difference in the duration of diarrhoea after admission, nor in the time
      to discharge. Eighteen babies were classified as failures of treatment. None had
      long term complications. Well hydrated infants with acute gastroenteritis may
      resume full milk feeding immediately.

PMID- 2647039
TI  - High frequency positive pressure ventilation in neonates.

PMID- 2647040
TI  - Acute effects of instillation of surfactant in severe respiratory distress
      syndrome.
AB  - Doppler ultrasound measurements of pulmonary blood flow in 20 babies with severe
      respiratory distress syndrome treated in a randomised controlled trial of
      surfactant replacement showed that the immediate improvement of oxygenation was
      not associated with a significant increase in pulmonary blood flow. Reduction in
      ventilator settings and increases in the extent of chest wall movements measured
      by a cardiorespiratory monitor suggested that the improvement after surfactant
      had been given was a result of alveolar stabilisation and increased pulmonary
      compliance. Further simultaneous studies of pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary
      compliance are needed to confirm these findings.

PMID- 2647041
TI  - Auditory brain stem responses in infants with posthaemorrhagic ventricular
      dilatation.
AB  - Nineteen infants with posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation had auditory brain
      stem responses measured during the period of maximal ventricular dilatation.
      These showed various patterns ranging from normal, through various abnormalities,
      to complete absence of responses. When serial auditory brain stem responses were
      studied in parallel with the evolution of posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation
      it was seen that the abnormalities of auditory brain stem response usually
      resolved irrespective of the persistence or progression of ventricular
      dilatation. No correlation was found between cerebrospinal fluid pressure and
      prolonged interpeak intervals on the auditory brain stem response. In three
      patients with posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation improvement in the auditory
      brain stem response occurred when cerebrospinal fluid was withdrawn. Intermittent
      withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid (by ventricular tap or lumbar puncture) in two
      of these infants was followed by improvement in the auditory brain stem response
      after a period of 24 hours (but not sooner). In one infant born at full term
      improvement in the auditory brain stem response was noted one week after
      shunting.

PMID- 2647042
TI  - Impact of AIDS on neonatal care.

PMID- 2647043
TI  - Effects of ethamsylate on cerebral blood flow velocity in premature babies.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow velocity and cardiac output were measured with ultrasound
      before and 30 minutes after the administration of ethamsylate in a double blind
      placebo controlled study of 19 very low birthweight infants. No differences were
      found before or after treatment in either group.

PMID- 2647044
TI  - Fetal growth signals.

PMID- 2647046
TI  - Relaxation therapy and guided imagery in ESRD.
AB  - This article explores the efficacy of using relaxation techniques and guided
      imagery to enhance patient adjustment to end stage renal disease and dialysis.
      The theoretical bases of this intervention are examined briefly, related nursing
      research reviewed, a patient case study presented, and recommendations for
      nursing practice and research proposed.

PMID- 2647045
TI  - Management of prenatally diagnosed uropathies.

PMID- 2647047
TI  - Coping with uncertainty and ambivalence while awaiting a cadaveric renal
      transplant.
AB  - A qualitative approach was used to identify concerns of candidates awaiting
      cadaveric renal transplant and to identify coping strategies used during the
      wait. Patients who were within 10 days postrenal transplant were interviewed and
      asked to recall their concerns during the wait. Two major concerns were
      identified through the analysis--uncertainty and ambivalence. The problems are
      presented with supporting vignettes and strategies used by the subjects to cope
      with the problem.

PMID- 2647048
TI  - Hormones and the immune response.

PMID- 2647049
TI  - Physiologic approaches to the control of obesity.
AB  - Morbid obesity is a major health problem in this country and throughout the
      world. In addition to its social stigma (in the western world), obesity
      exacerbates several disease states such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiac
      disease and restrictive lung disease. When effective medical treatment of obesity
      becomes available, it will depend in part upon understanding the physiologic
      factors that control satiety. This review summarizes the information available on
      brain and gut control mechanisms of satiety. Brain nuclei located in the lateral
      hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, and other paraventricular areas are the
      sites of action for potent neuropeptides, such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and
      neuropeptide Y, that appear to regulate feeding. Exogenous CCK has been used
      clinically to decrease meal size in obese patients. The sites of the satiety
      cascade that are most often manipulated are the gastric and intestinal phases.
      Physiologic gastric distension is a potent inhibitor of feeding, whereas the
      intermeal interval may be regulated by intestinal signals released by food in the
      gut. Jejunal-ileal bypass has fallen from favor and has been replaced by gastric
      restrictive procedures that create a small proximal gastric pouch that empties
      into the small bowel (gastric bypass) or the distal stomach (gastroplasty). These
      operations rely partially on their ability to produce gastric distension in the
      proximal gastric pouch at an early stage during a meal. Thus, failure results if
      the pouch compensates by distending or if the stoma widens with subsequent loss
      of slow emptying. Improved medical and surgical treatment will be designed to
      intervene at specific sites of the satiety cascade as knowledge of the
      physiologic control mechanisms of satiety increases.

PMID- 2647050
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis in acute nonperforated appendicitis. The Danish
      Multicenter Study Group III.
AB  - In a prospective, block-randomized, multicenter study, the safety and efficacy of
      cefoxitin in preoperative prophylaxis were studied. 1735 patients undergoing
      appendectomy were evaluable, and half of these patients received 2 g of cefoxitin
      before undergoing operation. The patients were divided into three groups:
      patients with a normal appendix, patients with an acutely inflamed appendix, and
      patients with a gangrenous appendix. The study showed for each group a
      significant reduction of the incidence of wound infection in patients receiving
      prophylaxis. However, intra-abdominal abscess formation was not influenced by
      preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Consequently, routine preoperative
      prophylaxis is recommended before appendectomy.

PMID- 2647051
TI  - Intermittent claudication--surgical reconstruction or physical training? A
      prospective randomized trial of treatment efficiency.
AB  - This study reports the initial evaluation of treatment efficiency in 75 patients
      with intermittent claudication who were randomized to three treatment groups: 1)
      reconstructive surgery, 2) reconstructive surgery with subsequent physical
      training, and 3) physical training alone. Before treatment, there were no
      statistically significant differences between the groups in age, sex, smoking
      habits, symptom duration of claudication, ankle-arm blood pressure quotient
      (ankle-index), maximal plethysmographic calf blood flow, symptom-free and maximal
      walking distance, the history of other atherosclerotic manifestations or in the
      medical treatment. The walking performance was improved in all three groups at
      follow-up 13 +/- 0.5 months after randomization. Surgery was most effective, but
      the addition of training to surgery improved the symptom-free walking distance
      even further. In pooled observations of the three groups, age, symptom duration,
      and a history of myocardial ischemic disease correlated negatively with walking
      performance after treatment. In the operated group, the duration of claudication
      and a history of myocardial ischemic disease correlated negatively with the
      walking performance. This was not the case when patients were censored if limited
      by other symptoms than intermittent claudication after treatment. In the trained
      group, the duration of claudication correlated negatively to symptom-free and
      maximal walking distance. Ankle-index and maximal plethysmographic calf blood
      flow after treatment and the change of these variables with treatment correlated
      positively with both symptom-free and maximal walking distance when results were
      pooled for all patients. Although this mainly was a consequence of the improved
      blood flow after surgery, the change of maximal plethysmographic calf blood flow
      also correlated with symptom-free but not with maximal walking distance in the
      trained group. The results demonstrate that, compared with physical training
      alone, operation alone or in combination with subsequent training are superior
      treatment modalities in patients with intermittent claudication.

PMID- 2647052
TI  - The role of prostacyclin in the mesenteric traction syndrome during anesthesia
      for abdominal aortic reconstructive surgery.
AB  - Mesenteric traction syndrome consists of sudden tachycardia, hypotension, and
      cutaneous hyperemia, and frequently occurs during mesenteric traction in patients
      undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) reconstructive surgery. The etiology
      and clinical impact of this phenomenon are unknown, but the symptoms suggest a
      release of vasoactive materials from the mesenteric vascular bed. Thirty-one
      patients who underwent AAA surgery were studied. Mesenteric traction was
      accompanied by a decrease in systolic (p = 0.005) and diastolic (p less than
      0.05) blood pressures, and in systemic vascular resistance (p less than 0.005),
      and was accompanied by an increase in heart rate (HR) (p less than 0.005), and
      cardiac output (p = 0.01). These hemodynamic changes coincided with an increase
      (p less than 0.001) in plasma concentrations of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 (6-K
      PGF1). No apparent change was found in prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, and
      histamine concentrations. The concentration of 6-K-PGF1 was correlated with
      diastolic blood pressure (r = -0.52, p less than 0.005) and HR (r = 0.65, p less
      than 0.001). Cutaneous hyperemia was observed in 58% of the patients. In an
      additional six patients, who had taken aspirin daily before AAA surgery, no
      significant changes were observed in the hemodynamic measurements or 6-K-PGF1
      concentrations. These data suggest that mesenteric traction syndrome may be
      mediated at least in part by a selective release of prostacyclin.

PMID- 2647053
TI  - The 1986 terrorist bombing experience in Paris.
AB  - Between December 7, 1985 and September 17, 1986, eleven terrorist bomb explosions
      took place in Paris. Thirteen people died immediately, 255 others were injured.
      Forty were treated on-site and were not hospitalized, 205 were subjected to
      triage and stabilization and were then hospitalized. These latter 205 patients
      are analyzed in this study. None of them died during transportation, and seven
      eventually died in hospitals. Forty-seven per cent of all victims suffered from
      multiple injuries. All deaths except one occurred in the polytraumatized group.
      The policy of subjecting victims of terrorist bomb explosions to triage and
      stabilization before hospitalization is compared to the so-called "scoop and run"
      technique, more generally applied in mass casualty situations. Its limitations
      and advantages are discussed.

PMID- 2647054
TI  - Bone grafting in femoral neck fractures: results in 28 cases operated on with
      multiple pinning and cancellous bone grafting.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with displaced femoral neck fractures were operated on with
      multiple pinning combined with cancellous bone grafting from the ipsilateral
      greater trochanter. The bone graft was introduced through a drilled channel in
      the femoral neck without exposing the fracture. At follow-up after 2 years, seven
      patients had died. Two patients had been reoperated with prosthetic replacement
      of the hip. Nineteen fractures were united and one had developed segmental
      collapse. In femoral neck fractures, complications from non-union and segmental
      collapse are still a major problem. Even if the impaired vascular supply to the
      femoral head is responsible for most of the complications, anatomic reduction and
      a stable fixation are conductive to fracture union. Comminution of the posterior
      wall of the femoral neck has a negative influence on the security of fixation due
      to a persisting posterior gap after reduction. In previous reports, bone grafting
      of the posterior defect in the femoral neck through an open approach has achieved
      good results. Only a few studies, however, describe a technique of introducing
      bone chips through a drilled channel in the femoral neck. The use of the
      ipsilateral greater trochanter as the sole donor site for bone grafting in
      femoral neck fractures has not been reported previously.

PMID- 2647055
TI  - Ventilator management in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and postpoliomyelitis
      syndrome: twelve years' experience.
AB  - The ventilator management protocol followed over the last 12 years in 23 patients
      with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and six polio survivors with chronic
      respiratory failure (CRF) secondary to the late effects of poliomyelitis or
      postpolio syndrome (PPS) is reviewed. After the onset of respiratory failure,
      patients with DMD continued to show a classic course of progressive, generalized
      muscle weakness and a steadily declining vital capacity from an average of 482mL
      to 336mL. The DMD group required an average increase of 0.95 hours in their daily
      use of assisted ventilation per year. Their overall average length of survival
      was increased from 19 years 9 months to 25 years 9 months. Members of the
      postpolio group, to date, have shown no significant decrease in muscle strength
      nor have they needed more than nocturnal ventilation. Recommended evaluation and
      pulmonary follow-up for patients with CRF secondary to neuromuscular disease is
      outlined. Most of these patients can be managed for a number of years with body
      ventilators before a tracheotomy is necessary.

PMID- 2647056
TI  - Isokinetic testing in young nonathletic able-bodied subjects.
AB  - Isokinetic strength testing has been widely used to assess athletic populations.
      The purpose of this study was to measure isokinetic strength in nonathletic able
      bodied subjects to provide a subsequent comparison with nonathletic injured
      patients. Using a standard isokinetic protocol, with continuous verbal
      encouragement, a single investigator tested 16 women and nine men aged 20 to 30
      years on an isokinetic dynamometer. Subjects had minimal athletic experience, and
      none were varsity performers. Peak torque as a percentage of body weight was
      statistically greater for men than for women in most joints tested both at 60
      degrees and 180 degrees per second. The ratio of the last five to the first five
      of 25 repetitions at 180 degrees/second (Endurance Ratio = ER) rarely (ie, 5/154
      tests) fell below the commonly accepted value of 50%. Many subjects had an
      endurance ratio of 100% or greater (range 4% to 171%). Peak torques were well
      below and endurance ratios well above those published for similarly aged
      athletes. The results suggest that before isokinetic testing is considered as a
      possible way to distinguish malingerers among injured patients, normal values in
      an age-matched, nonathletic, working population should be clearly defined. The
      endurance ratio may reflect the level of athletic training or the level of
      vigorous participation in an exercise program.

PMID- 2647057
TI  - Exercise and osteoporosis.
AB  - Bone formation and resorption are ongoing phenomena. When bone resorption equals
      bone formation, bone mass remains stable. When resorption exceeds formation, bone
      mass is reduced--a process that leads to osteopenia or osteoporosis. Osteopenia
      is reduced bone mass and osteoporosis is reduced bone mass with resultant
      fractures. Reduced bone mass may be postmenopausal or related to ovarian failure
      (type I osteoporosis), it may be age-related (type II osteoporosis), or it may
      result from several other etiologic factors (secondary osteoporosis). Disuse and
      inactivity can cause bone loss, whereas weight-bearing exercises may maintain or
      improve bone mineral density. There is a significant correlation between muscle
      strength and bone mineral density. There is evidence that strengthening exercises
      may lead to an increase in the mineral density of the bones to which the muscles
      are attached. Currently, drug regimens are available to decrease or halt bone
      loss in osteoporotic patients. Properly designed exercise programs may prove to
      be effective for retarding age-related bone loss. In patients with osteoporosis,
      the cause should be investigated before treatment is commenced.

PMID- 2647058
TI  - Lumbar discitis in a patient with quadriplegia: case report.
AB  - The diagnosis of septic discitis, or vertebral osteomyelitis, in able-bodied
      adults is difficult to make and often delayed. Here, the clinical findings and
      events leading to diagnosis and complications of septic discitis occurring in a
      patient with quadriplegia after urinary tract manipulation are presented. The
      diagnosis was delayed nine weeks from onset of fever (11 weeks after urologic
      manipulation), despite a variety of radiologic procedures and repeated blood and
      urine cultures. The patient's symptoms recurred five weeks after IV antibiotics
      were discontinued and while he was still taking oral cephalexin. He underwent
      open debridement and further IV and IM tobramycin, recovering without
      complication. The patient died five months later, reportedly of bowel obstruction
      and pneumonia. A review of the literature revealed only one other case report, of
      a patient with paraplegia, who also presented a diagnostic problem and died one
      year after diagnosis.

PMID- 2647059
TI  - Applying the species concept to plant viruses.
AB  - Plant virologists who maintain that the concept of species cannot be applied to
      viruses argue their case in terms of an obsolete concept of biological species
      defined by gene pools and reproductive isolation and applicable only to sexually
      reproducing organisms. In fact, various species concepts have been used by
      biologists and some of them are applicable to asexual organisms. The rationale
      for applying the species concept in virology is that viruses are biological
      entities and not chemicals: they possess genes, replicate, specialize, evolve and
      occupy specific ecological niches. The following definition is proposed: a virus
      species is a polythetic class of viruses constituting a replicating lineage and
      occupying a particular ecological niche. Such a definition of the species
      category does not and cannot provide a list of diagnostic properties for
      recognizing members of a particular virus species. It should also be stressed
      that a single property such as an arbitrary level of genome homology or the
      extent of serological relationship always fails to establish membership in a
      polythetic class. A binomial system of nomenclature is advocated in which the
      vernacular English name of the plant virus is adopted as the species name and the
      group name is assimilated to the level of genus. Adoption of this system would
      ensure that a universal classification system based on the classical categories
      of species, genus, and family becomes possible for all viruses.

PMID- 2647060
TI  - A physical map of Spodoptera littoralis B-type nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome.
AB  - A physical map for the genome of Spodoptera littoralis (Egyptian cottonworm)
      nuclear polyhedrosis virus of B-type (S1MNPV-B) [Cherry CL, Summers MD (1985) J
      Invertebr Pathol 46: 289-295] was prepared using the restriction endonucleases
      SmaI, SfiI, NotI, ApaI, KpnI, BstEII, PstI, SacI, and HindIII. The size of the
      genome was estimated to 136 kbp for the Morocco isolate (S1MNPV-M2) and to 135
      kbp for the Lyon isolate (S1MNPV-L4). HindIII-K was used as the zero-point of the
      map because it hybridized to EcoRI-I and BamHI-F fragment of Autographa
      californica (AcMNPV) DNA, and the direction of transcription of the S1MNPV
      polyhedrin gene was chosen left to right. Hybridization of six AcMNPV cloned DNA
      fragments with S1MNPV-B genome shows that S1MNPV-B and AcMNPV genomic structures
      are not aligned.

PMID- 2647061
TI  - Evaluation of mouse monoclonal antibodies raised against an isolate of the
      variant avian paramyxovirus type 1 responsible for the current panzootic in
      pigeons.
AB  - Nine monoclonal antibodies raised against "pigeon variant" avian paramyxovirus
      type 1 isolate pigeon/England/617/83 were tested for their ability to react with
      "classical" and other "pigeon variant" isolates. Two of the monoclonal antibodies
      appeared to be specific for 617/83 reacting with no other virus. The remaining
      seven monoclonal antibodies bound to cells infected with all other "pigeon"
      isolates in indirect immunoperoxidase (IIP) tests but four distinct groups of
      other PMV-1 viruses were formed on the basis of the binding patterns. One of the
      monoclonal antibodies 161/617 caused haemagglutination inhibition (HI) of all the
      "pigeon" isolates tested but none of the other PMV-1 viruses and these results
      reflected the IIP results with this monoclonal antibody. 161/617 was also shown
      to inhibit viruses of the avian paramyxovirus type 3 serogroup in HI tests. This
      reaction and the ability to bind to infected cells in IIP tests appeared to be
      restricted to PMV-3 viruses isolated from exotic birds and did not occur with
      viruses of ostensively the same serotype from turkeys.

PMID- 2647063
TI  - Apraclonidine hydrochloride in vitreoretinal surgery.

PMID- 2647062
TI  - A bio-engineered rubella E1 antigen.
AB  - The major rubella envelope protein, E1, and a segment of it, comprising amino
      acids 207-353, have been separately expressed as fusion proteins with the IgG
      binding region of Staphylococcus aureus protein A in Escherichia coli. The
      proteins carry E1-specific antigenicity recognized by monoclonal antibodies
      raised against whole virus confirming that correct glycosylation is not required
      for antigenicity. The use of these bioengineered antigens in immunoassays for
      diagnosis of rubella infection and for immunization in experimental animals is
      described.

PMID- 2647064
TI  - Intraocular pressure in the Diabetic Retinopathy Study.

PMID- 2647065
TI  - Final plea for Medicare payment for assistant surgeons.

PMID- 2647066
TI  - Visual, refractive, and keratometric results of epikeratophakia in children. A
      two-year follow-up.
AB  - Fifty-two patients under the age of 16 years (68 eyes) received epikeratophakia
      grafts for the correction of aphakia. In 27 eyes, epikeratophakia was a primary
      procedure combined with lensectomy. Fifteen children underwent bilateral surgery.
      Overall, the success rate was 91%, and with repeated surgery it was 94%. The
      average change in refractive error was 15.9 diopters (D) and the average
      spectacle overcorrection was +0.3 D. Sixty-one percent (35/57) of the eyes were
      within 1 D of emmetropia and 97% (55/57) were within 3 D of emmetropia. Overall,
      the refraction was stable in the follow-up between six months and 1 1/2 years
      following surgery. However, a myopic shift of 2.0 D occurred between six months
      and 1 1/2 years in very young children following refractive surgery. The corneal
      curvature was measured only in older children and showed an average increase of
      10.7 D. Visual acuity results in verbal patients were comparable to those in
      patients with contact lenses. The majority of smaller children demonstrated
      improvement in visual acuity with a combination of epikeratophakia and amblyopia
      therapy.

PMID- 2647067
TI  - The use of contact lenses after keratoconic epikeratoplasty.
AB  - Thirty-three epikeratoplasties were performed on 31 keratoconic contact lens
      intolerant patients. Thirty-two of these procedures were anatomically successful
      with clear lenticules and flattening of the postoperative keratometric
      measurements in all but one eye. One patient's lenticule developed a persistent
      epithelial defect that eventually required its removal at 42 days. This patient
      subsequently underwent a successful penetrating keratoplasty. Of the 32 eyes that
      were anatomically successful, 20 eyes in 19 patients were able to achieve
      satisfactory visual improvement requiring either no correction or spectacle
      lenses. Twelve eyes in 11 patients were successfully refit with contact lenses
      for anisometropic refractive errors (11 eyes) and residual irregular astigmatism
      (one eye). Three patients (two in the non-contact lens group and one in the
      contact lens group) have subsequently undergone penetrating keratoplasty for
      further visual improvement. Our data suggest that the majority of keratoconic
      epikeratoplasties achieve a satisfactory visual result either unaided or with
      spectacles; however, those patients who wish to resume contact lens wear may do
      so successfully.

PMID- 2647068
TI  - Solitary intraocular lymphoma as an initial presentation of widespread disease.
AB  - A patient presented with a large peripapillary choroidal mass as the initial
      manifestation of widespread, poorly differentiated, large cell lymphoma. The
      choroidal tumor had clinical and ultrasonographic characteristics of a uveal
      malignant melanoma. A systemic evaluation and fine-needle aspiration biopsy
      specimens of the abdomen and choroid established the diagnosis of a lymphoma. On
      rare occasion, other neoplasms can simulate the diagnostic pattern of uveal
      melanoma, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy can be crucial in establishing the
      correct diagnosis.

PMID- 2647069
TI  - Ocular involvement in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
AB  - A 23-year-old man had epidermolysis bullosa acquisita that was diagnosed at the
      age of 20 years. The eye examination showed bilateral, small subepithelial
      vesicles in the cornea. The direct immunofluorescence microscopic examination of
      the conjunctiva revealed homogeneous, linear IgG and fibrinogen deposits in the
      basement membrane area. The same pattern appeared in the skin biopsy specimen. No
      systemic disease common to epidermolysis bullosa acquisita was found in the
      patient.

PMID- 2647070
TI  - Profiles of velocity in coronary arteries of dogs indicate lower shear rate along
      inner arterial curvature.
AB  - Multiple-range, gate-pulsed Doppler velocimetry was used to examine the velocity
      profile within the lumen of the left circumflex and left anterior descending
      coronary arteries of 10 anesthetized, open-chest dogs at rest and after
      administration of propranolol and intracoronary adenosine. The peak diastolic and
      mean profiles of velocity were skewed away from the inner walls of the vessels (p
      less than 0.01). The extent of skewness was not affected by propranolol or
      adenosine. The shear rates were significantly lower along the inner wall in
      comparison to the outer wall under all conditions in both the left circumflex and
      the left anterior descending coronary arteries (p less than 0.017). Irrespective
      of the levels of flow, therefore, the velocity profiles were skewed away from the
      inner wall of the coronary arteries. Consequently, the shear rates were lower
      along the inner walls of the coronary arteries.

PMID- 2647071
TI  - Augmented vasoconstrictor responses to serotonin precede development of
      atherosclerosis in aorta of WHHL rabbit.
AB  - Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits have elevated concentrations of
      plasma cholesterol and develop progressive atherosclerosis. The present
      investigation was undertaken to evaluate the vascular responses to vasoactive
      compounds of aorta from WHHL rabbits and normal New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits
      at 1 and 6 months of age. Rings of distal thoracic aorta were suspended under
      isometric tension in oxygenated Krebs buffer. Developed tension was measured in
      response to graded concentrations of agonists. Maximal responses to KCl (40 mM)
      were the same in aortas from the 1-month-old and 6-month-old WHHL and NZW
      rabbits. Aortas from 1-month-old animals were more sensitive to serotonin than
      aortas from 6-month-old animals. Aortas from WHHL rabbits exhibited an increased
      maximal response to serotonin when compared with NZW controls. In contrast, the
      constrictor responses to norepinephrine were reduced in WHHL rabbits compared
      with NZW rabbits at both age groups. Methacholine decreased tension development
      in serotonin-contracted vessels. This relaxation was greatest in aortas from NZW
      rabbits. In 1-month-old NZW rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet, the constrictor
      responses to serotonin and the relaxation responses to methacholine did not
      differ from NZW rabbits ingesting a normal diet. However, the responses to
      norepinephrine were markedly attenuated in the hypercholesterolemic NZW rabbits.
      Microscopic evaluation of the aortas revealed occasional adherent leukocytes and
      irregularities in the vascular endothelium in 1-month-old WHHL animals. These
      changes were greater in aortas from 6-month-old WHHL animals, with more adherent
      leukocytes, adherent platelets, and severe irregularities in the endothelial
      surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647072
TI  - Transdermal scopolamine: a review of its effects upon motion sickness,
      psychological performance, and physiological functioning.
AB  - Scopolamine is the most effective single drug for the prophylaxis and treatment
      of motion sickness. However, oral or injected scopolamine displays a
      comparatively short duration of action (5-6 hours), and leads to deleterious side
      effects on autonomic and central nervous system cholinergic functions. The
      transdermal scopolamine system was designed to reduce these problems, but while
      it does deliver scopolamine over a prolonged time period (72 h), deleterious side
      effects are also produced. Transdermal scopolamine provides significant motion
      sickness protection, similar in extent to that provided by oral scopolamine or
      dimenhydrinate. Its autonomic nervous system effects comprise reduced salivation,
      bradycardia, and blurred vision due to reduced visual accommodation. The visual
      problems increase following repeated patch applications, with hypermetropic
      ("long sighted") individuals particularly at risk. Central nervous system effects
      comprise reduced memory for new information, impaired attention, and lowered
      feelings of alertness. Variation in response to transdermal scopolamine has also
      been reported, both between individuals, and between different patch applications
      on the same individual.

PMID- 2647073
TI  - Alternobaric vertigo: an aeromedical review.
AB  - In this article a review of literature and clinical review of alternobaric
      vertigo is presented. The population of patients discharged from the USAF School
      of Aerospace Medicine with a diagnosis of alternobaric vertigo from 1 January
      1970 to 31 December 1986 is described. The common characteristics of the seven
      cases are presented. Recommendations and considerations for the future are
      discussed.

PMID- 2647074
TI  - "Starling's Law of the Heart" a historical misinterpretation.

PMID- 2647075
TI  - Distribution pattern of alpha and beta myosin in normal and diseased human
      ventricular myocardium.
AB  - All fibers in three normal, four dilated, and two ischemic human ventricles were
      classified according to their myosin content using three sets of monoclonal
      antibodies each specific for one myosin heavy chain isoform (alpha, beta and
      beta'). Numerous fibers contained only beta myosin heavy chain (denoted as beta
      fibers), others contained either alpha and beta, or beta and beta' myosin heavy
      chain (denoted as alpha beta and beta beta' fibers, respectively). The
      percentages of alpha beta fibers were systematically determined along the walls
      of seven homologous regions of the ventricular myocardium. In all ventricles,
      there was an alpha beta-fiber transmural gradient, with less alpha beta fiber in
      the subendocardium than in the subepicardium. More alpha beta fibers were found
      in the right than in the left ventricular wall but there was no difference
      between the mid-portion and the apex of the free wall of each ventricle. The
      diseased ventricles contained a lower alpha beta fiber percentage than the normal
      hearts. beta beta' fibers were very rare in the normal ventricles (less than 5%)
      and almost inexistent in pathological hearts. The correlation between the mean
      alpha beta fiber percentages of the diseased hearts and their cardiac indices (r
      = 0.88, P less than 0.05) suggests that the small amount of alpha myosin
      distributed in a large number of ventricular fibers could play a role in the
      contractile performance of the heart. In conclusion, this study provides evidence
      for 1) an alpha beta fiber transmural gradient, and 2) a lower alpha myosin ratio
      in diseased than in normal human ventricle.

PMID- 2647076
TI  - [Fluorescence serological and culture detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and
      Mycoplasma hyorhinis in swine lungs].
AB  - The present paper compares the fluorescence-serological detection of M.
      hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis in frozen sections with cultural procedures. In
      161 lungs of swine the agent of enzootic pneumonia, M. hyopneumoniae, was found
      almost exclusively in frozen sections (22 times). Only one strain was cultivable.
      M. hyorhinis was detected 59 times by culture but only 18 times in the sections.
      For the detection of M. hyopneumoniae therefore the fluorescence-serological
      investigation of lung sections is the preferable method.

PMID- 2647077
TI  - [Suture methods for cornea covering].
AB  - Covering the traumatized cornea is often necessary. A suture technique for third
      eyelid flaps is described which prevents irritation of the cornea as well as of
      the lid margin.

PMID- 2647078
TI  - [The rapid identification of Escherichia coli using Bactident E. coli].
AB  - 165 (93.7%) of 175 E. coli strains isolated from various materials of different
      animal species were correctly identified as E. coli with help of commercially
      available Bactident E. coli (E. Merck, D-6100 Darmstadt). Further 52 strains of
      the family of Enterobacteriaceae (2x Providencia sp., 2x Salmonella sp., 7
      Citrobacter sp., 9 Proteus sp., 15 Klebsiella sp., 17 Enterobacter sp.) were
      correctly not identified as E. coli by this test. Bactident E. coli is a suitable
      test for rapid identification of E. coli in veterinary bacteriology.

PMID- 2647079
TI  - Endothelin is a positive inotropic agent in human and rat heart in vitro.
AB  - We have investigated the response to endothelin of isolated atrial and
      ventricular trabeculae from failing human hearts obtained at transplant. Results
      indicate that endothelin exerts a significant positive inotropic effect on human
      atrial and ventricular tissue, with increases in developed tension of 74.6 +/-
      14.1% (+/- SEM) and 9.9 +/- 4.0%, respectively. Further studies on rat cardiac
      muscle demonstrate that the greater inotropic effect on atrial than ventricular
      muscle is also exhibited by the rat heart in vitro, with 39.9 +/- 10.7% and 17.1
      +/- 5.9% increases in developed tension for atria and papillary muscle,
      respectively. Studies in rat atria also provide no evidence for an effect of
      endothelin on the frequency of spontaneous contractions. These results suggest
      that the potential exists for regulation of cardiac function in humans and rats
      by endothelial-derived factors such as endothelin, possibly via augmentation of
      atrial systole.

PMID- 2647080
TI  - Glucose-stimulated efflux of fura-2 in pancreatic beta-cells is prevented by
      probenecid.
AB  - Fura-2 loaded pancreatic beta-cells, isolated from obese hyperglycemic mice, were
      studied with respect to cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), insulin
      release and efflux of indicator. In the absence of glucose there was a continuous
      efflux of fura-2, which was markedly increased by stimulation with a high
      concentration of the sugar. Probenecid both reduced basal efflux of fura-2 and
      prevented that promoted by glucose. There was no interference of the drug with
      glucose-induced either insulin release or rise in [Ca2+]i. When applying fura-2
      in pancreatic beta-cells, the use of probenecid markedly improves the
      measurements of [Ca2+]i.

PMID- 2647081
TI  - Selective antimalarial activity of tetrandrine against chloroquine resistant
      Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Antimalarial activity of tetrandrine was studied using a continuous in vitro
      culture of Plasmodium falciparum. Experimental results showed that tetrandrine
      has potent antimalarial effect on both chloroquine sensitive and resistant
      strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Interestingly, tetrandrine is about three times
      more potent against the chloroquine resistant strain than it is against the
      sensitive strain based on their IC50 values, which were 5.09 x 10(-7) M for the
      sensitive strain and 1.51 x 10(-7) M for the resistant strain. In addition,
      reversal experiments revealed that tetrandrine cannot reverse chloroquine
      resistance, although it has verapamil-like, calcium-channel-blocker activity.

PMID- 2647082
TI  - Identification and expression of the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
      leukotoxin gene.
AB  - The leukotoxin produced by the oral bacterium Actinobacillus
      actinomycetemcomitans has been implicated in the pathogenesis of juvenile
      periodontitis. In order to elucidate the structure of the leukotoxin, molecular
      cloning of the leukotoxin gene was carried out. A DNA library of A.
      actinomycetemcomitans, strain JP2, was constructed by partial digestion of
      genomic DNA with Sau3AI and ligation of 0.5 to 5.0 kilobase pair fragments into
      the Bam HI site of the plasmid vector pENN-vrf. After transformation into E. coli
      RR1 (lambda cI857), the clones were screened for the production of A.
      actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin with polyclonal antibody. Six immunoreactive
      clones were identified. The clones expressed proteins which ranged from 21-80
      kilodaltons, and the clone designated pII-2, producing the largest protein was
      selected for further study. Antibodies eluted from immobilized pII-2 protein also
      recognized the native A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin molecule indicating
      that both molecules shared at least one epitope. DNA sequence analysis
      demonstrated that there are regions of significant amino acid sequence homology
      between the cloned A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin and two other cytolysins,
      Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin and Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin,
      suggesting that a family of cytolysins may exist which share a common mechanism
      of killing but vary in their target cell specificity.

PMID- 2647083
TI  - Characterization of KEX2-encoded endopeptidase from yeast Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae KEX2 gene previously isolated was characterized as
      the gene encoding an endopeptidase required for proteolytic processing of
      precursors of alpha-factor and killer toxin. In this study, the cloned KEX2 gene
      was introduced into the kex2 mutant cells and the KEX2 gene product expressed in
      these cells was partially purified from their membrane fraction. The enzyme
      preparation exhibits a calcium-dependent endopeptidase activity with a substrate
      specificity toward the carboxyl side of Lys-Arg, Arg-Arg and Pro-Arg sequences.
      The enzyme activity was inhibited by serine-protease inhibitors, such as DFP and
      PMSF, indicating that the KEX2 endopeptidase belongs to a serine-protease family.
      The optimal pH was determined to be around 5.5. Thus, the KEX2 endopeptidase was
      found to be a unique calcium-dependent serine-protease distinct from calpain and
      trypsin.

PMID- 2647084
TI  - "In situ" characterization of guanine nucleotide-binding properties of
      erythrocyte membranes.
AB  - Unsealed membranes from human erythrocytes bind GTP and GTP analogs according to
      first order kinetics, a single rate constant being observed. With [35S]GTP gamma
      S this is 0.15 +/- 0.2 min-1. Treatment of the membranes with detergents
      decreases binding considerably. Scatchard plots reveal uncomplicated patterns of
      ligand association, with Kd values of 10.2 +/- 2.3 nM [35S]GTP gamma S, of 18.2
      +/- 4.3 nM [alpha-32P]GTP and of 28.6 +/- 3.5 nM [alpha-32P]GDP, respectively.
      The stoichiometry with the three ligands is strictly comparable, i.e. 65 +/- 7
      picomoles/mg of membrane protein. Binding of each labeled nucleotide is
      competitively inhibited by the other two unlabeled ligands, the inhibition
      constants being very close to the corresponding Kd values. Metabolic depletion
      and subsequent repletion of intact erythrocytes result in membrane preparations
      still active in guanine nucleotide binding, with unmodified Kd values. However,
      the stoichiometry falls to 35 picomoles/mg protein with the "depleted"
      erythrocyte membranes and regains higher values (50 picomoles/mg protein) with
      the "repleted" cell membranes. Accordingly, the "in situ" characterization of
      guanine nucleotide-binding properties of erythrocyte membranes seems to represent
      a new tool for monitoring the metabolic state of intact erythrocytes.

PMID- 2647085
TI  - Chemical synthesis and expression of the HIV-1 protease gene in E. coli.
AB  - The 297bp HIV-1 protease gene was constructed from five discrete synthetic
      fragments and expressed in E. coli. A soluble protein product of 11.5 Kd was
      detected by immunoblotting using protease specific antisera. A quantitative assay
      system, utilizing a synthetic nonapeptide spanning the cleavage site between p17
      p24 in the gag polyprotein, was used to measure the specific protease activity in
      crude extracts. The protease hydrolyzed tyrosyl-proline bonds with an approximate
      specific activity of 43 pmoles/min/micrograms of total protein. The chemical
      synthesis of the protease gene and it's expression provides a feasible method for
      rapid mutant analysis, important for structure-function studies and rational
      design of potential inhibitors.

PMID- 2647086
TI  - Pesticide-related health problems and farmworkers.
AB  - 1. Migrant and seasonal farmworkers are primarily ethnic minorities who are
      excluded from federal laws that protect other workers. Farmworkers live and work
      under substandard conditions that place them at increased risk of pesticide
      related illness. 2. Agriculture uses 80% of all pesticides in the U.S. Handlers
      who mix, load and apply pesticides as well as workers cultivating and harvesting
      crops sprayed with them are at risk of acute poisoning or even death from their
      exposures. Drift and run-off of agricultural pesticides pollute the air, soil and
      water, creating additional hazards to workers' families, community residents, and
      the environment. 3. Chronic effects, including cancer in adults and children,
      adverse reproductive outcomes, delayed neuropathy and neurobehavioral effects,
      are also associated with occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides.

PMID- 2647087
TI  - Cancer in humans and potential occupational and environmental exposure to
      pesticides: selected epidemiological studies and case reports.

PMID- 2647088
TI  - AIDS--challenges to basic and clinical biomedical research.
AB  - The epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) presents unusual
      challenges to basic and clinical biomedical research. The issues of clinical
      trials and access to therapeutic drugs pose dilemmas for researchers, physicians,
      and AIDS patients and their families. Clinical trials are conducted for two
      related but separate purposes: definitive identification of which experimental
      drugs work and which do not (in scientifically controlled trials performed by
      clinical researchers); and to provide data as to whether drugs are safe and
      effective so that they can be licensed and made available (determined by the
      Federal Drug Administration). The public must be made aware of the distinction
      between the two processes and of the need for strict control of the procedures in
      each. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, recognizing the
      need for greater access to clinical trials of investigational drugs by a broader
      spectrum of the infected population, is establishing the Community Programs for
      Clinical Research on AIDS. This national program will involve greater
      participation by community physicians and patients in the design and
      implementation of AIDS-related research projects. Further, the institute is
      committed to addressing the implications of the disproportionate representation
      of blacks and Hispanics among people with AIDS. More minority patients,
      researchers, and physicians must be brought into the clinical trials of AIDS
      therapies.

PMID- 2647089
TI  - The annual awards of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

PMID- 2647090
TI  - The medical school--where does it go from here?
AB  - Two developments profoundly modified the single mission of U.S. medical schools
      to educate physicians: the decision of the federal government to develop federal
      research programs within the nation's universities rather than in separate
      research institutes; and the entry of the federal government into the purchase of
      health services through the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The presence of
      biomedical research in the schools has created dilemmas for educators and
      administrators. The schools need to deploy large amounts of capital for research,
      they find a decreasing relevance of new research knowledge to medical practice,
      and they see a great need to increase interdepartmental collaboration. These
      factors create a new kind of tension that may make the medical school of the next
      generation less attractive as the exclusive institution in which biomedical
      research is conducted within the university. At the same time, cuts in federal
      funding for health services have caused medical schools to organize their
      faculties into practice plans. If the plans feel cuts in income because of
      federal reimbursement mandates, there will probably be controversy among faculty
      members about the plans' continuing contributions to the schools. A hypothetical
      scenario illustrates the plight of a medical school faced with a significant
      reduction in funds to support health services.

PMID- 2647091
TI  - Information technology and undergraduate medical education.

PMID- 2647092
TI  - A review of medical education and medical informatics.
AB  - Physicians have considerable difficulty collecting and interpreting information
      from patients, dealing with the uncertainties associated with diagnosing and
      treating their patients, communicating precisely with one another, keeping up to
      date, and applying recommended procedures when indicated. Some of the advances in
      information technology may help physicians to manage information more effectively
      through more accessible, validated clinical indexes, data bases of diagnostic
      test characteristics, computerized audits of clinical activities with feedback,
      expert systems, on-line access to the medical literature, and other tools of
      medical informatics. Medical educators can catalyze this process by facilitating
      the introduction of information technology into academic clinical settings so
      that students can learn its use first-hand and by promoting the evolution of this
      and other aspects of medical informatics, a new discipline dedicated to the
      solution of information problems in health care. The potential roles for computer
      aided instruction and centralized computer laboratories in medical schools are
      much less clear.

PMID- 2647093
TI  - [A comparison between high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) and conventional
      positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation (CPPV)--an experimental study on
      dogs with acute lung damage].
AB  - In a controlled study on 24 dogs with severe damage to the lungs HFJV was
      compared to CPPV on the basis of selected cardiorespiratory parameters. The
      pulmonary damage was produced by injection of oleic acid (OA) into the right
      atrium under conventional mechanical ventilation (IPPV). After the damage, the
      dogs were randomly allotted into one of two groups. Twelve dogs (group I) were
      ventilated for 5 hours with a PEEP of 10 cm H2O (1 kPA), 12 animals (group II)
      for 5 hours with HFJV. The oleic-acid-induced damage results in the known
      hypoxaemia with an increase in the intrapulmonary shunt. After changing to CPPV,
      the PaO2, which fell from 27.2 +/- 3 kPa to 10.8 +/- 2.9 kPa, rises to 20.3 +/-
      7.7 kPa, but shows no further significant alteration until the end of the
      experiment. In contrast to the clearly improved oxygenation, essential
      cardiocirculatory parameters (CI, SVI, RVSWI, LVSWI, TCO2) are partially reduced
      by more than 50% of the initial values. PAP, PCWP, HR, TPR and PVR increase
      significantly, MAP remaining nearly unchanged. After changeover to HFJV, there is
      first a further fall of PaO2 from 11.1. +/- 3.0 kPa to 9.1 +/- 1.4 kPa following
      OA, then, however, until the end of the experiment, a continuous elevation to
      15.6 +/- 2.4 kPa with a mean airway pressure that is by 75% lower. The
      haemodynamic parameters show no significant changes as compared to the initial
      values, overall, however, they lie significantly below or above those of group I.
      The results from our investigations allow to draw the conclusion that, despite
      haemodynamic advantages, HFJV in consequence of deterioration of the arterial
      oxygenation currently is no alternative superior to CPPV in ventilating the
      severely damaged lung.

PMID- 2647094
TI  - [When is fresh frozen plasma indicated?].
AB  - Fresh frozen plasma is a biological drug for the treatment of selected
      coagulation disturbances, a valuable substance for therapeutic plasma exchange
      and for the therapy of surgical haemorrhages within the blood component treatment
      programme. Since fresh frozen plasma is simultaneously the basic substance for
      the production of containing factor VIII preparations, a non-indicated excess
      consumption in hospitals should be avoided in order not to endanger the supply of
      haemophilia A patients with factor VIII.

PMID- 2647096
TI  - Microbial metabolism, desolubilization, and deposition of heavy metals: metal
      uptake by immobilized cells and application to the detoxification of liquid
      wastes.

PMID- 2647095
TI  - [The history of scopolamine--with special reference to its use in anesthesia].
AB  - Potions from plants, now known to contain scopolamine, were used in antiquity and
      the middle ages. However, wide-spread application of drugs for induction of
      insensibility to pain did not occur, probably because of side-effects and
      unpredictable dose-effect relationships. The word "scopolamine" is derived from
      "Scopolia carniolica", a solanaceous plant so named by Carl von Linne in honour
      of supposed discoverer, J. A. Scopoli. However, description of the effects and
      picture of the same plant have been found in A. P. Matthioli's work. Scopolamine
      is still widely used in anaesthetic practice and has enjoyed applicability in
      other medical fields. Unethical misuse of scopolamine has been known for a
      considerable time. Nowadays, the unwanted effects of scopolamine can specifically
      be antagonized by physostigmine. Scopolamine has been used in folk-lore rituals
      and enjoys great interest among ethno-pharmacologists.

PMID- 2647097
TI  - Digestion of animal slurries: technological, chemical, microbiological, and
      managerial aspects.

PMID- 2647098
TI  - Use of applied fields in biological treatment of toxic substances, wastewater,
      and sludges.

PMID- 2647099
TI  - Methods of anaerobic degradation of toxic compounds in chemical and industrial
      wastewaters.

PMID- 2647100
TI  - Sympathetic nervous control of blood pressure. Role in primary hypertension.
AB  - After a brief historic survey, sympathetic-neurogenic contributions to the
      multifactorial, polygenetically linked etiology of primary (essential)
      hypertension are outlined towards the background of experimental findings both in
      various rat models and in human subjects. It is emphasized how at least some
      variants of both human and rat primary hypertension show a genetically linked,
      central nervous system (CNS)-dependent increase of responsiveness to ordinary
      daily psychosocial stimuli. Such influences, conveyed by way of neurohormonal
      response patterns, seem to act in concert with cardiovascular structural
      adaptation, also sometimes genetically reinforced, so as to gradually elevate the
      pressure equilibrium until a state of "established" hypertension is reached.
      However, also in variants characterized by, eg, a genetically increased
      sensitivity to salt intake of renal or other origin, neurohormonal mechanisms
      seem to be involved early, though probably via other types of central mechanisms,
      thereby helping to convey the pressure-elevating influences of the altered salt
      volume handling. Evidence is now at hand to indicate that these two
      "environmental factors," ie, excitatory psychosocial influences and increased
      salt intake, which at least partly operate via different genetic elements, are in
      fact closely intertwined, and even mutually reinforcing as to their actions. It
      is also briefly outlined how neurogenic contributions seem to vary in extent and
      type of impact, not only between different variants of hypertension but also
      along with the stage of disorder, probably being, in most cases, particularly
      important in the early stages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647101
TI  - Adrenergic receptors. Evolving concepts on structure and function.
AB  - During the past 15 years there has been a striking increase in the understanding
      of the molecular basis of cellular response to catecholamines. In addition to the
      two principal subtypes of beta-adrenergic receptors (beta 1 and beta 2), there
      are at least two (alpha 1, alpha 2) and very likely additional subtypes of alpha
      adrenergic receptors. The discovery of guanine nucleotide binding (G) proteins as
      transducers of receptor occupancy to activation of second messenger systems
      provides a common theme in cellular regulation by catecholamines. Application of
      techniques such as radioligand binding and photoaffinity labeling have
      facilitated the direct identification, quantitation, and ultimately purification
      of alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2 receptors. Each is a plasma membrane
      glycoprotein with a subunit molecular weight (without the carbohydrate portion of
      the glycoprotein) of 40,000 to 55,000 kDa. The recent cloning and sequencing of
      cDNAs for alpha 2-, beta 1-, and beta 2-adrenergic receptors has revealed that
      although each has a unique molecular structure, they appear to share several
      common features, including extracellular amino terminus, seven plasma membrane
      spanning domains, and intracellular carboxy terminus. The application of
      molecular biological techniques together with antireceptor antibodies, which will
      allow studies of adrenergic receptors independent of binding or functional
      properties, should help in answering the many unresolved questions related to
      activation and regulation of adrenergic receptors. Foremost among these is
      whether diseases such as hypertension are characterized by alterations in one or
      more adrenergic receptor subtypes.

PMID- 2647102
TI  - Sympathetic nervous system influences on the kidney. Role in hypertension.
AB  - Efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity (ERSNA) is elevated in human essential
      hypertension as well as several forms of experimental hypertension in animals. In
      addition, bilateral complete renal denervation delays the development and/or
      attenuates the magnitude of the hypertension in several different forms of
      experimental hypertension in animals. Efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity
      is known to have dose-dependent effects on renal blood flow and glomerular
      filtration rate, renal tubular sodium and water reabsorption, and renin secretion
      rate that are capable of contributing, singly or in combination, to the
      development, maintenance, and exacerbation of the hypertensive state. Of the many
      factors known to influence the central nervous system integrative regulation of
      ERSNA, two environmental factors, dietary sodium intake and environmental stress,
      are capable of significant interaction. This resultant increase in ERSNA and
      subsequent renal functional alterations can participate in the hypertensive
      process. This is especially evident in the presence of an underlying genetic
      predisposition to the development of hypertension. Thus, interactions between
      environmental and genetic influences can produce alterations in the sympathetic
      neural control of renal function that play an important role in hypertension.

PMID- 2647103
TI  - Obesity, metabolism, and the sympathetic nervous system.
AB  - The association of hypertension and obesity is poorly understood. Studies
      conducted in our laboratory over the last decade, in conjunction with recent
      clinical and epidemiological observations, suggest that hypertension in the obese
      is derived from a fundamental relationship between dietary intake and sympathetic
      nervous system (SNS) activity. The application of kinetic techniques to the
      measurement of norepinephrine (NE) turnover rate in sympathetically innervated
      tissues of laboratory rodents has defined a relationship between the SNS and
      dietary intake. Fasting or caloric restriction suppresses sympathetic activity in
      a variety of organs of the rat, including heart and interscapular brown adipose
      tissue. Overfeeding a mixed, palatable, "cafeteria" diet stimulates sympathetic
      activity in these same tissues. The stimulatory effect of mixed diets is due to
      the carbohydrate and fat content, because these two latter nutrients stimulate
      sympathetic activity even when total caloric intake is not increased. Insulin
      mediated glucose metabolism within central neurons associated with the
      ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) plays an important role in the relationship
      between dietary intake and SNS activity as indicated by the following
      observations: (1) Hypoglycemia (noninsulin-mediated) is associated with
      suppression of the SNS (despite concomitant adrenal medullary stimulation); (2) 2
      deoxyglucose, an intracellular inhibitor of glucose metabolism, decreases
      sympathetic activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647104
TI  - Noradrenaline release and the pathophysiology of primary human hypertension.
AB  - Measurements of the overflow of norepinephrine to plasma from individual organs
      (using radiotracer methodology) were used to delineate the pattern of sympathetic
      nervous system activation present in primary human hypertension. Mean total
      norepinephrine (NE) spillover in hypertensive patients was 418 ng/min, 42% (124
      ng/min) higher than in subjects with normal blood pressure (BP)(P less than .05).
      Norepinephrine spillover among hypertensive patients was a function of age, only
      being elevated in patients under 40 years of age. Half of the excess in total
      norepinephrine release in hypertensive patients was accounted for by increased
      cardiorenal spillover. Mean renal norepinephrine spillover was 120 ng/min,
      compared with 69 ng/min in healthy subjects (P less than .02). Renal spillover
      was highest in younger patients. Corresponding cardiac norepinephrine spillover
      values were 12.6 ng/min and 5.1 ng/min (P less than .01). The balance of the
      excess total norepinephrine spillover comes from undetermined sites, but not the
      lungs or hepatomesenteric circulation. These measurements of regional
      norepinephrine overflow suggest that sympathetic nervous outflow to the kidneys
      and heart is selectively activated in early hypertension.

PMID- 2647106
TI  - Surgical quality control in head and neck cancer. Study 73-03 of the Radiation
      Therapy Oncology Group.
AB  - The measurement of quality of medical care has always been a topic of concern to
      physicians and other health care professionals. During an age of increasing
      competitiveness in the health care environment, the ability to assess accurately
      the quality of the care delivered has become increasingly important. The head and
      neck surgeons within the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group have examined this
      problem and have developed an evaluation tool that was then applied
      retrospectively in an attempt to evaluate the quality of surgery performed in a
      randomized study. The analysis of the results suggested that the retrospective
      approach to surgical quality control is fraught with hazards and is unlikely to
      fulfill the goals set for it.

PMID- 2647105
TI  - Antibiotic treatment of children with secretory otitis media. A randomized,
      double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
AB  - A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to
      evaluate one month of amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium treatment of children
      with secretory otitis media. In total, 264 children, aged 1 to 10 years, were
      randomly assigned to either antibiotic or placebo treatment; 43 patients were
      excluded during treatment, equally distributed in both groups, leaving 221
      patients completing the trial. The inclusion criterion was a type C2 and type B
      tympanometry result of at least three months' duration. Tympanometry was
      performed every month for 12 additional months. At the end of the treatment
      period, the disease was reversed in 61% in the antibiotic-treated group compared
      with 30% in the placebo-treated group (P less than .0001), and the improvement
      was persistently significant in favor of antibiotic for eight months. The effect
      was present in all age groups and independent of laterality of disease. The
      middle-ear status at the end of treatment was the determining factor for the
      outcome of tympanometry the year following treatment. From the end of treatment,
      there was no difference between tympanometry in a patient having been treated
      with the antibiotic and a patient having been treated with placebo. Antibiotic
      treatment shifts the individual patient from poor to better tympanometric
      conditions, so antibiotics can be recommended in the treatment of secretory
      otitis media before inserting ventilating tubes.

PMID- 2647107
TI  - Determinants of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly.
AB  - The roles of age, gender, diet, plasma lipoproteins, blood pressure, smoking,
      physical activity, alcohol consumption and psychosocial factors as determinants
      of cardiovascular diseases have been studied mainly in the middle aged but little
      in the elderly. The risk factor status of glucose intolerance, body weight, and
      the physical and chemical environment has been less firmly established. This
      review examines the published evidence, emphasising the potential of extending
      the prevention of cardiovascular diseases beyond 60.

PMID- 2647108
TI  - Mediators and the anti-thrombotic properties of the vascular endothelium.
AB  - This review discusses the role of three mediators synthesized by the vascular
      endothelium, which are involved in maintaining the surface of the endothelial
      cells in a non-thrombogenic state. Prostacyclin, discovered in 1976, is a product
      of arachidonic acid metabolism. This labile prostanoid, with a chemical half life
      of approximately three minutes, relaxes vascular smooth muscle and inhibits the
      aggregation of blood platelets. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF),
      discovered in 1980, is even more labile than prostacyclin with a half life
      counted in seconds. It also relaxes smooth muscle and inhibits the aggregation
      and adhesion of platelets. Recently, it has been identified as nitric oxide.
      Prostacyclin and EDRF are released together following stimulation of receptors on
      endothelial cells and cooperate to inhibit platelet aggregation and adhesion. 13
      HODE, acts from inside the cell to make the endothelial surface less adhesive and
      is not released. These mediators act together to form the endothelial defence
      mechanism against adhering blood cells. Underproduction can lead to diseases such
      as hypertension or atherosclerosis. A mainly fish diet, rich in eicosapentaenoic
      acid alters the prostacyclin/thromboxane balance in favour of prostacyclin-like
      activity. This type of diet may provide protection against atherosclerosis and
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2647109
TI  - Demonstration by iodine-131-hippurate renography of a marked sensitivity of some
      transplanted kidneys to volume contraction.
AB  - Incidental observations made in a canine renal transplant model in which both
      native and transplanted kidneys were present revealed that abnormal I-131
      iodohippurate renograms were derived from some of the transplanted kidneys in the
      presence of mild dehydration. In these cases, the renogram normalized with fluid
      administration. In contrast, the renograms derived from the native kidneys were
      unaffected by the mild dehydration of the animals. These findings demonstrate a
      greater sensitivity to dehydration of some transplanted kidneys when compared to
      normal kidneys.

PMID- 2647110
TI  - Validation of diagnostic procedures on stratified populations: application on the
      quantification of thallium myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.
AB  - In this report we present a method for the quantitative description of the degree
      of deviation from the norm of 201thallium single photon emission tomographic
      (SPECT) data. Validation is obtained from the frequency of "positive" outcomes in
      subgroup of patients in whom the prevalence of coronary artery disease, for the
      group as a whole, is known, even if individual patient outcomes are not verified.
      This approach overcomes the bias associated with nonrandomized clinical studies,
      in which the likelihood that a more invasive but definitive procedure (coronary
      arteriogram) will be performed is influenced by the result of the outcome of the
      procedure under study.

PMID- 2647111
TI  - Experience with the renal scintigraphic captopril test in an elderly population.
AB  - The records of 18 consecutive patients referred to a Veterans Administration
      Hospital nuclear medicine service for renal scintigraphic tests to rule out
      renovascular hypertension were reviewed. The men were elderly (mean age, 62
      years), and risk factors for untoward reactions, including long-standing
      hypertension, severe peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, chronic renal
      failure, and recent diuretic use were present. Despite these risks, there was no
      test morbidity, and the authors conclude that the renal scintigraphic test with
      captopril enhancement is well tolerated and deserves continued application and
      evaluation.

PMID- 2647112
TI  - Pharmaceutical quality control of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies and their
      fragments.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies are immunochemical reagents whose functional integrity is
      critical to their clinical applications. Quality control through each stage from
      antibody production through purification and radiolabeling is necessary if
      radiopharmaceuticals with reproducible in vivo characteristics are to be
      achieved. This article describes some of the quality control methods that can be
      used during developmental and clinical stages of evolution of these
      radiopharmaceuticals.

PMID- 2647113
TI  - St Apollonia in Britain.
AB  - Although references to Saint Apollonia are common on the Continent, references to
      the saint are extremely rare in Britain--with the exception of representations in
      rood screens or elsewhere in churches.

PMID- 2647114
TI  - Reducing the risk of ventricular fibrillation by adding sodium to ionic and non
      ionic contrast media with low iodine concentration. Coronary perfusion of the
      isolated rabbit heart with meglumine diatrizoate or iopentol at 140 mg I/ml and 0
      154 mmol Na+/l.
AB  - To compare the fibrillatory propensity of low concentrations of contrast media
      (140 mg I/ml) the ionic, ratio 1.5, contrast medium meglumine diatrizoate, the
      non-ionic, ratio 3, medium iopentol and equimolar glucose (0.37 mol/l) were
      perfused into 35 isolated rabbit hearts. The three substances were compared at
      three levels of sodium concentration (0.77 and 154 mmol Na+/l). Meglumine
      diatrizoate without sodium caused the highest frequency of ventricular
      fibrillation (91%). Iopentol without sodium caused a significantly lower
      frequency of ventricular fibrillation (17%). Glucose without sodium caused no
      fibrillation. The addition of 77 or 154 mmol Na+/l significantly decreased the
      frequency of ventricular fibrillation of both meglumine diatrizoate (3% and 6%)
      and iopentol (0%). Meglumine diatrizoate with sodium added caused a lower
      frequency of ventricular fibrillation than iopentol without sodium. At equal
      sodium concentrations (0.77 and 154 mmol Na+/l) glucose caused smaller reduction
      in contractile force and heart rate than iopentol, and iopentol caused smaller
      reduction in contractile force and heart rate than diatrizoate. It is concluded
      that addition of sodium to ionic or non-ionic contrast media without sodium
      decreases the risk of ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 2647115
TI  - Doppler colour flow mapping: technology in search of an application?
AB  - Although Doppler colour flow mapping may considerably reduce the need for
      conventional pulsed Doppler examination, quantitative flow measurements
      (particularly by continuous wave Doppler) are still essential in the evaluation
      of many conditions such as aortic stenosis. Doppler colour flow mapping is an
      important addition to the accurate non-invasive evaluation of several
      haemodynamic disorders of the heart and, as the technology improves, the range of
      applications will undoubtedly increase. Any technique that provides additional
      diagnostic information, makes an examination easier and quicker to perform, and
      at the same time provides data in a more comprehensible format has surely found a
      niche.

PMID- 2647116
TI  - Cisapride and anaesthesia.

PMID- 2647117
TI  - Relationship between alveolar deadspace and arterial oxygenation in children with
      congenital cardiac disease.
AB  - Fifty-eight children were studied during nitrous oxide in oxygen and fentanyl
      anaesthesia before undergoing closed or open cardiac surgery. FlO2 was 0.5.
      Alveolar deadspace was measured using the carbon dioxide single breath test (SBT
      CO2) obtained from a computerized online system for monitoring expired CO2 and
      airway flow, based on the Servo ventilator, Arterial blood was sampled
      simultaneously for measurement of PaCO2 and PaO2. There was a marked reciprocal
      relationship between PaO2 and the alveolar deadspace fraction. In children with a
      normal pulmonary circulation and good oxygenation, alveolar deadspace fraction
      was approx. 0.05. Shunts which reduced PaO2 to 10 kPa produced a deadspace
      fraction of 0.15. When PaO2 was 3-4 kPa, alveolar deadspace fraction was approx.
      0.4. In well-oxygenated children, alveolar deadspace fraction was only slightly
      greater than predicted by a model of the effects of pure right-to-left shunting.
      In severely cyanotic children, the discrepancy between predicted and observed
      VDalv/VTalv was greater. The mean arterial-end-tidal CO2 difference was zero in
      children in whom PaO2 was greater than 10 kPa, despite a measurable alveolar
      deadspace. In severely hypoxic children, the difference was 1-2 kPa. In a
      retrospective analysis of published data from anaesthetized adults without
      intracardiac shunting, no relationship was found between alveolar deadspace and
      PaO2.

PMID- 2647118
TI  - In-vivo blockage of neutrophil migration by LPS is mimicked by a factor released
      from LPS-stimulated macrophages.
AB  - The present study was performed to determine the effect of an intravenous
      injection of the macrophage-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MNCF) (Cunha &
      Ferreira 1986) on neutrophil migration to rat peritoneal cavities, which were
      challenged with chemotactic stimuli. Macrophage monolayers stimulated by LPS
      release a factor (MW greater than 10,000 D) which, when injected intravenously,
      blocked neutrophil migration in carrageenin-induced peritonitis. This inhibition
      was dependent on dose and lasted more than 2 h. It was not due to neutropaenia,
      hypotension or LPS contamination. Neutrophil migration induced by LPS, MNCF, the
      Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also blocked by intravenous
      administration of the factor. Intravenous injection of recombinant interleukin 1
      beta or tumour necrosis factor-alpha, present in the samples of the factor,
      failed to reproduce the described inhibitory effect on neutrophil migration. The
      release of this factor by LPS-stimulated macrophage monolayers was inhibited by
      dexamethasone but not by indomethacin. It is suggested that the failure of
      neutrophils to migrate during septicaemia may be the result of a continuous
      release of chemotactic factors in the circulation, particularly of the macrophage
      derived neutrophil chemotactic factor(s).

PMID- 2647119
TI  - Lymphohaemopoietic antigens of cultured human glomerular epithelial cells.
AB  - Glomerular visceral epithelial cells (GVEC) from normal human glomeruli were
      grown in tissue culture. Cell surface markers were studied by immunofluorescence
      microscopy using antibodies against lymphohaemopoietic differentiation antigens
      which are known to be present early (BA-1, OKB2, BA-2) and late (J5, anti CR1) in
      renal ontogenesis. Like foetal human glomerular epithelium, the cultured cells
      reacted with BA-1 and OKB2 (identifying an antigen expressed on B cells and
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes), and BA-2 (leukaemia-associated antigen), but were
      consistently negative for CR1 (C3b receptor); J5 which identifies the common
      acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen (CALLA) stained variably. Reactivity with
      antimyosin or anti factor VIII were absent. The cells produced an extracellular
      matrix containing laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin. This study supports
      the notion that GVEC undergo dedifferentiation as shown by the acquisition of
      lymphohaemopoietic differentiation antigens present early in renal ontogeny. In
      addition, the production of extracellular matrix constituents in vitro may be
      useful for the investigation of human glomerular basement membranes.

PMID- 2647120
TI  - Increased vascular permeability and polymorphonuclear leucocyte accumulation in
      vivo in response to recombinant cytokines and supernatant from cultures of human
      synovial cells treated with interleukin 1.
AB  - The inflammatory effects of intradermal injections of the human recombinant
      cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      (GM-CSF) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF alpha) have been assessed in rabbit
      skin, and compared with the effects of a novel polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN)
      stimulating activity (PSA) produced by IL-1-treated human synovial cell cultures.
      IL-1 (84 fmol) and GM-CSF (10 pmol) caused increases in vascular permeability
      with a delayed onset, as assessed by the dermal accumulation of intravenously
      administered 125I-human serum albumin. These cytokines also stimulated
      extravascular accumulation of PMNs. In contrast, PSA-containing supernatant
      caused a more rapid and prolonged increase in vascular permeability and PMN
      accumulation. TNF alpha (84 fmol) was unable to stimulate either of these
      responses. The increases in vascular permeability and PMN accumulation following
      IL-1 administration in vivo may be a consequence of the local generation of PMN
      stimulating activity by connective tissue cells, such as the activity produced by
      IL-1-treated synovial cell cultures that we have described.

PMID- 2647121
TI  - Effect of human recombinant interleukin-I alpha on release of prostacyclin from
      human endothelial cells.
AB  - Incubation of human recombinant IL-1 alpha (hrIL-1 alpha) with cultured human
      endothelial cells induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in the release of
      prostacyclin (PGI2). Above a dose of hrIL-1 alpha 0.05 units/ml and following a
      variable lag phase of between 2 and 4 h, PGI2 release (measured as the stable
      hydrolysis product 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha) was detected in the culture
      supernatant and levels continued to rise throughout a 48-h incubation. The
      release of PGI2 required the continued presence of hrIL-1 alpha, did not
      demonstrate tachyphylaxis and was not reduced by pre-incubation with the protein
      synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide, tunicamycin and actinomycin or by the
      calmodulin antagonist trifluoroperazine. The relationship of these results to
      ultraviolet radiation induced erythema is discussed.

PMID- 2647122
TI  - Ketanserin in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a double-blind controlled
      trial.
AB  - In a randomized, double-blind study, the selective and specific S2-serotonergic
      receptor antagonist, ketanserin was compared with placebo in 24 patients with
      systemic sclerosis. Following a 6-week placebo washout period, patients were
      randomly allocated to receive ketanserin or placebo for 6 months. Ketanserin
      failed to produce a greater improvement than placebo in functional and objective
      clinical signs and symptoms as well as in most subjective assessments. However,
      in a global rating by the physician ketanserin was superior to placebo. No
      difference in the frequency or severity of side-effects was found. The results
      cast doubt on the hypothesis that serotonin may be a major contributing factor in
      the pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis.

PMID- 2647123
TI  - The treatment of chilblains with nifedipine: the results of a pilot study, a
      double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study and a long-term open trial.
AB  - A pilot study, a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised study and a long term
      open trial have indicated that nifedipine is effective in the treatment of
      perniosis. At a dose of 20 mg to 60 mg daily, nifedipine significantly reduced
      the time to clearance of existing lesions and prevented the development of new
      chilblains. Nifedipine also reduced the pain, soreness and irritation of the
      lesions. A comparison of the pre- and post-treatment skin biopsies showed
      resolution of the dermal oedema and diminution of the perivascular infiltrate. An
      increase in cutaneous blood flow following administration of nifedipine suggests
      that the vasodilator action of this drug may be important in its action.

PMID- 2647124
TI  - Short contact dithranol therapy: advantages of a stiff emulsifying ointment base.
AB  - In a single blind trial, 16 in-patients with psoriasis were treated with short
      contact dithranol in stiff Lassar's paste and in a stiff emulsifying ointment
      base of equivalent stiffness. The preparations were equally effective in clearing
      psoriasis and well tolerated. Perilesional treatment burns, reported with soft
      ointments, were not seen with the stiff emulsifying ointment preparation.
      Furthermore, unlike the paste, excess stiff emulsifying ointment can be removed
      by simply wiping with a moistened cloth, thus greatly facilitating home
      management of psoriasis.

PMID- 2647125
TI  - Lichen planus associated with captopril: a further disorder demonstrating the
      'tin-tack' sign.

PMID- 2647126
TI  - Vitamin D and human leukaemia.

PMID- 2647127
TI  - Immune thrombocytopenia more than a year after allogeneic marrow transplantation
      due to antibodies against donor platelets with anti-PlA1 specificity: evidence
      for a host-derived immune reaction.
AB  - We report on a male patient transplanted from his HLA-matched sister for Ph1
      chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia who developed immune
      thrombocytopenia more than 1 year after transplantation. The platelet antibody
      reacted with the platelet specific antigen PlA1 on donor platelets, and also on
      recipient platelets after engraftment. A presumed host-versus-donor induced
      thrombocytopenia was supported by Southern blot analysis using a Y-chromosome
      specific probe demonstrating residual host-origin cells in the patient's excised
      spleen.

PMID- 2647128
TI  - Maternal mortality in developing countries.

PMID- 2647129
TI  - Vaginal ultrasound for ruling out placenta praevia. Case report.

PMID- 2647130
TI  - The fetal outcome in a randomized double-blind controlled trial of labetalol
      versus placebo in pregnancy-induced hypertension.
AB  - The effects of labetalol were compared with those of placebo in a multicentre
      randomized double-blind and prospective study of 152 patients with mild to
      moderate, non-proteinuric pregnancy-induced hypertension. Labetalol in a dose of
      100 mg three times daily, increasing to 200 mg three times daily where required,
      significantly reduced maternal mean arterial pressure. There was some reduction
      in preterm delivery, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and jaundice in the
      labetalol-treated group. Intrauterine growth retardation and neonatal
      hypoglycaemia occurred with the same frequency in both groups. There were no
      perinatal deaths. Labetalol appears to be an effective agent in the management of
      mild to moderate pregnancy-induced hypertension. The data from this study suggest
      possible advantages and no apparent disadvantages for the fetus during its use.

PMID- 2647131
TI  - The use of ultrasound examinations, intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring and
      beta-mimetic drugs in France.
AB  - We conducted a survey of French obstetricians to document their attitudes towards
      routine ultrasound, intrapartum fetal monitoring and beta-mimetics in 1987. A
      questionnaire was sent to 582 obstetricians or gynaecologists who were members of
      two French medical associations. The response rate was 85%. Of the respondents
      92% prescribed two or three routine ultrasound examinations; only one doctor did
      not use electronic fetal monitoring and 99% of the respondents prescribed beta
      mimetics to prevent preterm delivery. Some obstetricians reported a decrease in
      their use of ultrasound and more dramatically in the use of beta-mimetics. Side
      effects were reported to be the major reason for the change in beta-mimetic use.
      Obstetricians who read English language journals were more likely to have reduced
      their use of ultrasound and beta-mimetics than those who read only French
      language journals.

PMID- 2647132
TI  - Blood velocities in the dorsal pedis and radial arteries during labour.
AB  - To detect evidence of aortic compression by the uterus in the supine position
      during labour, blood velocity in the dorsal pedis artery was recorded using
      Doppler ultrasound. Twenty-seven women in labour, 16 with an epidural block
      (epidural group) and 11 with painful contractions (non-epidural group) were
      studied through several contractions in the lateral and supine position. In the
      non-epidural group, blood velocities showed large fluctuations, typical of
      temperature regulation, between contractions. During contractions, velocities
      were reduced by 80% in both positions, most likely due to vasoconstriction caused
      by pain. Radial artery measurements illustrated the same fluctuations between,
      and reductions during, contractions. In the epidural group, blood velocities were
      steadily high without fluctuations between contractions, illustrating sympathetic
      nerve blockade. In 14 of the 16 women, velocities remained high during
      contractions; in the remaining two women velocities decreased, mainly in systole,
      during contractions in the supine but not in the lateral position without
      concomitant fetal heart rate pathology.

PMID- 2647133
TI  - Discontinuation of orthodontic treatment: a study of the contributing factors.
AB  - The article reports on a project to determine the percentage of orthodontic
      patients who failed to complete orthodontic treatment at the Eastman Dental
      Hospital, London, and to identify factors that appeared to influence this.
      Records of patients who had undergone active orthodontic treatment which
      concluded either with successful completion, or early termination due to poor
      attendance, inadequate oral hygiene, or appliance maintenance, were studied and
      analysed statistically.

PMID- 2647134
TI  - The direct bonding of teeth in the buccal segments: a problem eased.
AB  - Modification of an orthodontic debonding plier is described to facilitate the
      bonding of teeth in the posterior buccal segments.

PMID- 2647135
TI  - Body composition of lactating women determined by anthropometry and deuterium
      dilution.
AB  - 1. Body fat, fat-free mass and total body water of ten lactating women were
      estimated from deuterium-dilution spaces and from skinfold thickness
      measurements. Deuterium-dilution spaces were calculated from the 6 h
      (equilibration) and zero-time (extrapolation) deuterium enrichments in saliva,
      urine, human milk and breath water vapour samples. 2. The deuterium spaces
      obtained by equilibration were statistically larger than those obtained by
      extrapolation. Isotope dilution spaces derived from deuterium enrichments in
      saliva, breath water vapour and human milk did not differ with the exception of
      the 6 h equilibration value of milk, which was greater than that estimated from
      saliva. Deuterium-dilution spaces estimated from urine were consistently smaller
      than those derived from the other biological fluids. 3. No significant
      differences in body fat, fat-free mass and total body water were observed between
      anthropometric measurements and deuterium-dilution methods, except for
      extrapolated values derived from deuterium enrichments in urine.

PMID- 2647137
TI  - Evidence of a new metabolic pathway of 5-fluorouracil in Escherichia coli from in
      vivo 19F-NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Two distinct metabolic pathways of 5-fluorouracil are proposed in Escherichia
      coli. The first metabolic pathway is a reductive degradation with the formation
      of dihydrofluorouracil as the first metabolite. The second metabolic pathway is
      shown to be a hydroxylating degradation, possibly with the formation of 5-hydro-6
      hydroxy-5-fluorouracil as the first metabolite. The metabolites of both pathways
      undergo subsequent hydrolytic degradation with fluoride ion as the common final
      product. The chemical structures of these metabolites were partially identified
      by 19F-NMR. The results show a close resemblance between these two metabolic
      pathways with in vivo pyrimidine biodegradation. The reductive degradation has
      been proposed by several laboratories, whereas the hydroxy degradation has not
      been reported before. Both the reductive and hydroxy pathways are demonstrated in
      this report, to be independent reactions.

PMID- 2647136
TI  - Lipolytic enzymes of the human pancreas. II. Purification and properties of
      cholesterol ester hydrolase.
AB  - Cholesterol ester hydrolase (sterol-ester acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.13) was
      purified from human pancreatic tissue by column chromatography and acetone
      precipitation, leading to a 400-fold enrichment. Isoelectric focusing of this
      product reveals a double-band at pH 4.5 and 4.6. The molecular weight was
      estimated at 320 kDa by means of Sephadex filtration on calibrated columns.
      Obviously these large molecules represent a tetrameric form of the monomeric
      subunit (molecular mass 76-80 kDa), which is also enzymatically active. It was
      found together with the dimeric form in pancreatic juice, where the tetrameric
      enzyme is responsible for the major part of the hydrolytic activity, splitting
      cholesterol ester as well as synthetic substrates, such as fluorescein or p
      nitrophenyl esters. Attempts to split the tetrameric cholesterol ester hydrolase,
      isolated from pancreatic tissue, into active subunits found additionally in
      pancreatic juice by the influence of bile acids and proteolytic enzymes failed.
      The spectral shift method using Rhodamine fluorescence was employed in order to
      prove that fluorescein dilaurate forms micellar solutions and mixed micelles when
      bile salts are present.

PMID- 2647138
TI  - The importance of Ca2+ for glucose-induced priming in pancreatic islets.
AB  - Experiments have been performed to determine the importance of Ca2+ in the
      induction of priming by high, stimulatory concentrations of glucose in pancreatic
      islets. It is shown, in paired islets, that as little as 15 min exposure to 16.7
      mM glucose in the presence of Ca2+ induced priming and an enhanced response to a
      subsequent glucose challenge. In contrast, exposure to 16.7 mM glucose for 15-60
      min in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ failed to induce priming. From this and
      other data, it appears that Ca2+ is essential for the induction of priming and
      that Ca2+ synergizes with some aspect of glucose metabolism beyond the triose
      stage in stimulus-secretion coupling, to produce the primed state.

PMID- 2647139
TI  - Effect of extracellular sodium removal upon 86Rb outflow from pancreatic islet
      cells.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to characterize the effect of extracellular Na+
      removal on 86Rb outflow from perifused rat pancreatic islets. Complete Na+
      omission inhibited 86Rb outflow whether the islets were perifused in the presence
      or in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Ouabain (1 mM) did not reduce the
      inhibitory effect of Na+ deprivation, whilst diphenylhydantoin (72.9 microM)
      mimicked the Na+-removal-induced fall in 86Rb outflow. Glucose (16.7 mM) lost its
      capacity to inhibit 86Rb outflow when the perifusate was deprived of
      extracellular Na+. These results indicate that Na+ omission reproduces the
      inhibitory effect of glucose on 86Rb outflow. The reduction in 86Rb outflow
      recorded after Na+ deprivation could be mediated by an intracellular
      acidification and/or a decrease in the intracellular Na+ activity. It is tempting
      to speculate that the capacity of glucose to reduce the B-cell Na+ content may
      participate in the process by which the sugar decreases K+ permeability.

PMID- 2647140
TI  - The regulation of the matrix volume of mammalian mitochondria in vivo and in
      vitro and its role in the control of mitochondrial metabolism.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to describe briefly the methods by which the intra
      mitochondrial volume may be measured both in vitro and in situ, to summarise the
      mechanisms thought to regulate the mitochondrial volume and then to review in
      more detail the evidence that changes in the intra-mitochondrial volume play an
      important part in the regulation of liver mitochondrial metabolism by glucogenic
      hormones such as glucagon, adrenaline and vasopressin. It will be shown that
      these hormones cause an increase in matrix volume sufficient to produce
      significant activation of fatty acid oxidation, respiration and ATP production,
      pyruvate carboxylation, citrulline synthesis and glutamine hydrolysis. These are
      all processes activated by such hormones in vivo. I will go on to demonstrate
      that the increase in matrix volume is brought about by an increase in
      mitochondrial [PPi]. This is able to stimulate K+ entry into the matrix, perhaps
      through an interaction with the adenine nucleotide translocase. The rise in
      matrix [PPi] is a consequence of an increase in cytosolic and hence mitochondrial
      [Ca2+] which inhibits mitochondrial pyrophosphatase. In the final section of the
      review I provide evidence that changes in mitochondrial volume may be important
      in the responses of a variety of tissues to hormones and other stimuli. I write
      as a metabolist with a working knowledge of bioenergetics rather than the
      converse, and this will certainly be reflected in the approach taken. If I cause
      offence to any dedicated experts in the field of bioenergetic by my ignorance or
      lack of understanding of their studies I can only offer my apologies and ask to
      be corrected.

PMID- 2647141
TI  - One- and two-electron reduction of quinones by glutathione reductase.
AB  - Yeast glutathione reductase (E.C. 1.6.4.2) catalyzes the oxidation of NADPH by p
      quinones and ferricyanide with a maximal turnover number (TNmax) of 4-5 s-1.NADP+
      stimulates the reaction and the TNmax/Km value of acceptors is reached at
      NADP+/NADPH greater than or equal to 100. TNmax is increased up to 30-33 s-1. The
      stimulatory effect of NADP+ may be associated with its complexation with the
      NADPH-binding site in the reduced enzyme (Kd = 40-60 microM). It is suggested
      that NADP+ shifts the electron density towards FAD in the two-electron-reduced
      enzyme and, evidently, changes its one-electron-reduction potentials, while
      quinones oxidize an equilibrium form of glutathione reductase containing reduced
      FAD. In the absence of NADP+ the reduction of quinones by glutathione reductase
      proceeds mainly in a two-electron manner. At NADP+/NADPH = 100 a one-electron
      reduction makes up 44% of the total process. At pH 6.0-7.0 the reduced forms of
      naphthoquinones undergo cyclic redox conversions. A hyperbolic dependence exists
      of the log TN/Km of quinones on their one-electron-reduction potentials.

PMID- 2647142
TI  - Molecular aspects of isolated and reconstituted carrier proteins from animal
      mitochondria.

PMID- 2647143
TI  - Absence of a bicarbonate-depletion effect in electron transfer between quinones
      in chromatophores and reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
AB  - Higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are known to require bicarbonate ions for
      electron flow from the first stable electron acceptor quinone QA to the second
      electron acceptor quinone QB, and to the intersystem quinone pool. It has been
      suggested that in Photosystem II of oxygenic photosynthesis, bicarbonate ion
      functions to maintain the reaction center in a proper conformation and, perhaps,
      to provide the protons needed to stabilize the semiquinone (QB-). In this paper,
      we show that bicarbonate ions do not influence the electron flow, from the
      quinone QA to QB and beyond, in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter
      sphaeroides. No measurable effect of bicarbonate depletion, obtained by
      competition with formate, was observed on cytochrome b-561 reduction in
      chromatophores; on the flash-dependent oscillation of semiquinone formation in
      reaction centers; on electron transfer from QA- to QB; or on either the fast or
      slow recovery of the oxidized primary donor (P+) which reflects the P+QA- ----PQA
      or the P+QB- ----PQB reaction. The lack of an observed effect in Rhodobacter
      sphaeroides in contrast to the effect seen in Photosystem II is suggested to be
      due to the amino-acid sequence differences between the reaction centers of the
      two systems.

PMID- 2647144
TI  - Intrinsic molecules in lipid membranes change the lipid-domain interfacial area:
      cholesterol at domain interfaces.
AB  - A theoretical analysis of the effects of intrinsic molecules on the lateral
      density fluctuations in lipid bilayer membranes is carried out by means of
      computer simulations on a microscopic interaction model of the gel-to-fluid chain
      melting phase transition. The inhomogeneous equilibrium structures of gel and
      fluid domains, which in previous work (Cruzeiro-Hansson, L. and Mouritsen, O.G.
      (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 944, 63-72) were shown to characterize the
      transition region of pure lipid membranes, are here shown to be enhanced by
      intrinsic molecules such as cholesterol. Cholesterol is found to increase the
      interfacial area and to accumulate in the interfaces. The interfacial area, the
      average cluster size, the lateral compressibility, and the membrane area are
      calculated as functions of temperature and cholesterol concentration. It is shown
      that the enhancement by cholesterol of the lateral density fluctuations and the
      lipid-domain interfacial area is most pronounced away from the transition
      temperature. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to passive
      ion permeability and function of interfacially active enzymes such as
      phospholipase.

PMID- 2647145
TI  - The accumulation of free and phosphorylated sugars in adipocytes based on a
      dynamic diffusion barrier.
AB  - The simple theory of a dynamic diffusion barrier is described and it is shown how
      this could account for the accumulation, in adipocytes, of those free sugars
      which are also phosphorylated. The standing concentration gradient established by
      this mechanism depends on the recycling of free sugar and sugar phosphate in
      submembrane structures which start in juxtaposition to conventional membrane
      hexose transporters. Although a continual expenditure of metabolic energy is
      involved, there can be a net gain from the potential-energy store of accumulated
      substrates. The hypothesis leads to a series of simple equations which can be
      used as the basis for computer simulations of experimental procedures.

PMID- 2647146
TI  - Covalent modification of serum transferrin with phospholipid and incorporation
      into liposomal membranes.
AB  - A method is described for incorporation of water-soluble proteins into liposomal
      membranes using covalent protein-phospholipid conjugates in detergent solution. A
      disulfide derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine containing a reactive N
      hydroxysuccinimide ester group is synthesized, and the derivative is reacted with
      serum transferrin in deoxycholate-containing buffer. Disulfide-linked transferrin
      phosphatidylethanolamine conjugates containing up to 6 mol phospholipid/mol
      protein are prepared. The amphiphilic conjugates have solubility properties very
      similar to integral membrane proteins. The conjugates self-associate to form
      protein micelles of narrow size distribution (Stokes radii 6-7 nm), and in the
      presence of excess phospholipid (egg phosphatidylcholine), they readily
      incorporate into liposomal membranes upon removal of detergent. Stable
      incorporation into liposomes requires the introduction of two molecules of
      phosphatidylethanolamine into the transferrin. Using the disulfide linker to
      release transferrin from the liposomes, evidence is presented for a function of
      the phosphatidylethanolamine as an anchor-molecule into the liposomal lipid.
      Optimal conditions for preparation of homogeneous liposomes with diameters in the
      range 30-125 nm and with a varying content of transferrin are defined. The
      liposomes appear well suited for studies on liposome-cell membrane interactions.

PMID- 2647147
TI  - Effects of three proposed inhibitors of adipocyte glucose transport on the
      reconstituted transporter.
AB  - Three compounds which inhibit glucose transport in rat adipocytes have been
      proposed to act directly on the glucose transporter protein. We tested these
      proposals by examining the effects of the compounds on the stereospecific glucose
      uptake catalyzed by adipocyte membrane proteins after reconstitution into
      liposomes. Effects on the transport activity reconstituted from human erythrocyte
      membranes were also examined. Glucose 6-phosphate, which was suggested to inhibit
      the transporter noncompetitively (Foley, J.E. and Huecksteadt, T.P. (1984)
      Biochim. Biophys. Acta 805, 313-316), had no effect on either type of
      reconstituted transporter, even when present at 5 mM on both sides of the
      liposomal membranes. Thus, it is unlikely to act directly on the transporter. The
      metalloendoproteinase substrate dipeptide Cbz-Gly-Phe-NH2, which inhibited
      insulin-stimulated but not basal glucose uptake in adipocytes (Aiello, L.P.,
      Wessling-Resnick, M. and Pilch, P.F. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 3944-3950),
      inhibited the reconstituted erythrocyte transporter noncompetitively with a Ki of
      1.5-2 mM. The inhibition of the erythrocyte transporter was identical in
      liposomes of soybean and egg lipid. Transport reconstituted using adipocyte
      membrane fractions was also inhibited by the dipeptide, with the activity from
      basal microsomes more sensitive than that from insulin-stimulated plasma
      membranes. These results indicate that the dipeptide interacts directly with the
      transporter, and may be a potentially useful probe for changes in transporter
      structure accompanying insulin action. Phenylarsine oxide, which was suggested to
      act directly on the adipocyte transporter (Douen, A.G., and Jones, M.N. (1988)
      Biochim. Biophys. Acta 968, 109-118), produced only slight (about 10%) inhibition
      of the reconstituted adipocyte and erythrocyte transporters, even when present at
      100-200 microM and after 30 min of pretreatment. These results suggest that the
      major actions of phenylarsine oxide observed in adipocytes are not direct effects
      on the transporter, but rather effects on the pathways by which insulin regulates
      glucose transport activity (Frost, S.C. and Lane, M.D. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260,
      2646-2652).

PMID- 2647148
TI  - Effect of the chronic ethanol action on the activity of the general amino-acid
      permease from Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus.
AB  - The presence of ethanol and cycloheximide during growth were found to inhibit the
      function of the general amino-acid permease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var.
      ellipsoideus. Contrary to cycloheximide, the effect of ethanol upon growth in
      alcohol-free medium was reversible. The effect of both inhibitors could be
      explained in terms of reduction of the number of active carrier molecules located
      in the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2647149
TI  - Purification and properties of two succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenases from
      Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - Two forms of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase have been isolated in Klebsiella
      pneumoniae M5a1. The two enzymes could be separated by filtration on Sephacryl S
      300 and their apparent molecular weights were approx. 275,000 and 300,000. The
      large enzyme is specific for NADP. The smaller enzyme, which is induced by growth
      on 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and gamma-aminobutyrate, has been purified to 96%
      homogeneity by affinity chromatography. The NAD-linked succinic semialdehyde
      dehydrogenase was able to use NADP as cofactor. Its induction is coordinated with
      3- and 4-hydroxylase, the enzymes which initiate degradation of 3- and 4
      hydroxyphenylacetic acid. The NAD-linked form is also induced by exogenous
      succinic semialdehyde. The large enzyme is specific for NADP and has been
      isolated from a defective mutant which lacked the activity of the NAD-linked
      succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Activity and stability conditions and true K
      m values for substrates and cosubstrates of the two enzymes were determined. Some
      aspects of the induction of the NAD-linked enzyme participating in the metabolism
      of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic and gamma-aminobutyrate were studied.

PMID- 2647150
TI  - Purification of a marsupial insulin: amino-acid sequence of insulin from the
      eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus.
AB  - Insulin has been purified from kangaroo pancreas by acidic ethanol extraction,
      diethyl ether precipitation and gel filtration. The amino-acid sequence of this,
      the first marsupial insulin to be studied, is reported. It differs from human
      insulin by only four amino-acid substitutions, all in regions of the molecule
      previously known to be variable. However, it should be noted that one of these,
      asparagine for threonine at A8, has not been reported before. Computer
      comparisons of all 43 insulin sequences reported to date with kangaroo insulin
      show it to be most closely related to a group of mammalian insulins (dog, pig,
      cow, human) known to be of high biological potency. The measurement of blood
      glucose lowering in the rabbit by kangaroo insulin is consistent with this
      conclusion. Comparisons of amino-acid sequences of other proteins with their
      kangaroo counterparts show a greater difference, in line with the time of
      divergence of marsupials. The limited differences observed in insulin and
      cytochrome c suggest that their structures need to be closely conserved in order
      to maintain function.

PMID- 2647151
TI  - Identification of a calcium-dependent microsomal proteinase responsible for
      monobasic cleavage of chicken proalbumin.
AB  - The location and nature of the endoproteolytic activity involved in processing of
      proproteins has been studied in chicken liver microsomes. A membrane-bound,
      calcium-dependent proteinase was found to cleave chicken proalbumin with a
      monobasic cleavage site approx. 10-times faster than human proalbumin, which has
      a dibasic cleavage site. The mutant (human) proalbumin Christchurch (Arg(-1)---
      Gln), with a potential monobasic site, was not processed. The enzyme, which had a
      pH optimum of between 5.0 and 7.0, was not inhibited by serine or aspartyl
      proteinase inhibitors but was affected by some inhibitors of cysteine
      proteinases. The convertase was specifically inhibited by the reactive centre
      variant alpha 1-antitrypsin Pittsburgh, but not by normal alpha 1-antitrypsin.

PMID- 2647152
TI  - Structural characterization and localization of corticotropin-releasing factor in
      testis.
AB  - To sequence and thereby definitively characterize corticotropin-releasing factor
      (CRF)-like material from a representative peripheral tissue, CRF was obtained
      from 76 ovine testes. The novel extraction procedure involved use of an
      immunoaffinity column to which a high-affinity CRF monoclonal antibody was
      attached as well as fast protein liquid chromatography. The complete sequence was
      elucidated by gas-phase sequencing, carboxyamidopeptidase digestion and cyanogen
      bromide cleavage. Aside from microheterogeneity at position 39, all the other
      amino acids were identical to ovine hypothalamic CRF. Additionally, in
      immunohistochemical studies in the rat, CRF was localized to the Leydig cell.
      These findings along with related observations by ourselves and others are
      compatible with the hypothesis that CRF plays a significant local role, possibly
      by paracrine or autocrine mechanisms.

PMID- 2647153
TI  - Structural studies on bio-active compounds. Part XV. Structure-activity
      relationships for pyrimethamine and a series of diaminopyrimidine analogues
      versus bacterial dihydrofolate reductase.
AB  - The phenylpyrimidine derivative pyrimethamine and its congeners inhibit the
      enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC
      1.5.1.3) and are of interest as antiproliferative agents. In this study the
      equilibrium conformations of some pyrimethamine derivatives, and their
      interactions with Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase, were investigated
      using molecular modelling techniques. In each case the phenyl ring avoided
      coplanarity with the pyrimidine ring and attained a position approximately
      perpendicular to it, in agreement with crystal structures. A meta substituent
      could be placed either side of the pyrimidine plane, forming two non-equivalent,
      slowly interconverting solution conformations. Except for meta
      azidopyrimethamine, both conformations of all the inhibitors were able to bind to
      the active site cleft of the enzyme with the diaminopyrimidine moiety, making the
      normal pattern of enzyme/inhibitor hydrogen bonds. One such conformation of the
      meta-azido compound failed to bind because of unacceptable steric clashes, whilst
      the other showed enhanced binding energy attributable to the occupation of a
      hydrophobic pocket by the azido group. The enhanced binding of 2,4-diamino-6
      ethyl-5-phenylpyrimidine over its 6-methyl analogue was also related to
      attractive hydrophobic interactions.

PMID- 2647154
TI  - Kinetic consequences of site-specific mutation of Glu-239----Gln in E. coli
      aspartate transcarbamylase: comparison with catalytic subunits and Phe-240 mutant
      enzyme.
AB  - The kinetic characteristics of E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase, altered by
      site-specific mutagenesis of Glu-239----Gln, have been determined by equilibrium
      isotope-exchange kinetics and compared to the wild-type system. In wild-type
      enzyme, residue Glu-239 helps to stabilize the T-state structure by multiple
      bonding interactions with Tyr-165 and Lys-164 across the c1-c4 subunit interface;
      upon conversion to the R-state, these bonds are re-formed within c-chains.
      Catalysis of both the [14C]Asp in equilibrium C-Asp and [32P]ATP in equilibrium
      Pi exchanges by mutant enzyme occurs at rates comparable to those for wild-type
      enzyme. Saturation with different reactant/product pairs produced kinetic
      patterns consistent with strongly preferred order binding of carbamyl-P prior to
      Asp and carbamyl-Asp release before Pi. The kinetics for the Gln-239 mutant
      enzyme resemble those observed for catalytic subunits (c3), namely a R-state
      enzyme (Hill coefficient nH = 1.0) and Km (Asp) approximately equal to 6 mM. The
      Glu-239----Gln mutation appears to destablize both the T- and R-states, whereas
      the Tyr-240----Phe mutation destablizes only the T-state.

PMID- 2647155
TI  - Positive effects of captopril in the behavioral despair swim test.
AB  - Captopril, an angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, was evaluated for
      potential antidepressive activity on the forced swim-induced behavioral despair
      (immobility) test in mice. Captopril (10.0 and 30.0, mg/kg ip) significantly
      reduced immobility and mimicked the effects of the antidepressants imipramine
      (30.0 mg/kg, ip) and mianserin (3.0, 10.0, and 30.0 mg/kg, ip). Captopril
      increased the motor activity of mice at these same dosages. Naloxone (2.0 mg/kg,
      ip) blocked the effects of captopril (30.0 mg/kg, ip) in the swim test. These
      data suggest that captopril has potential antidepressive activity. However, the
      conclusion is guarded, as the positive effects may be related to motor
      stimulation. The blockade of the captopril effects by naloxone suggests that
      brain opioid peptides play a role in this behavioral effect of captopril.

PMID- 2647156
TI  - Dissociated effects of amphetamine on arousal and cortical blood flow in humans.
AB  - The effects of intravenous amphetamine infusion (0.3 mg/kg) on cerebral blood
      flow (CBF) and measures of autonomic and behavioral arousal were studied in 12
      normal male volunteers in a placebo-controlled crossover design. Nonsignificant
      decreases were seen in CBF (measured by 133Xe inhalation), despite significant
      increases in autonomic and behavioral arousal. The apparent dissociation of CBF
      and arousal appears to be compatible with other human experiments suggesting that
      amphetamine decreases CBF and metabolism, as well as with neurobiological
      findings on the effects of catecholamines on resting cortical activity and
      mechanisms of increased attention. The results differ substantially, however,
      from findings of increased CBF and metabolism in animals. Although the larger
      doses used in animals most likely explain the discrepancy, technical limitations
      in human brain imaging cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2647157
TI  - The effect of bingeing and vomiting on hormonal secretion.
AB  - Women who are of normal weight and have bulimia nervosa have multiple
      neuroendocrine disturbances. The reasons for these neuroendocrine abnormalities
      are not known, but there are reasons to suspect that bingeing and vomiting
      behavior could be contributory. It is well known that food consumption in healthy
      volunteers increases plasma insulin, cortisol, and prolactin secretion and
      suppresses growth hormone secretion, whereas activation of the emetic reflex
      increases plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion. The purpose of this study
      was to investigate the effects of bingeing and vomiting on these hormones. In
      comparison with healthy control women consuming a large meal, bulimic patients,
      when bingeing and vomiting, had an exaggerated secretion of either the amount
      and/or the duration of insulin, cortisol, and prolactin. Vasopressin secretion
      was not increased during or after bingeing and vomiting, probably because bulimic
      subjects do not become nauseated. In addition, bulimic patients had significantly
      reduced baseline plasma prolactin and possibly elevated baseline cortisol
      compared with controls. In summary, this study supports the presence of
      neuroendocrine disturbances in bulimia and raises a question as to whether or not
      excessive and prolonged food consumption (and/or vomiting) are contributory.

PMID- 2647158
TI  - Molecular structure of the luteinizing hormone receptor.

PMID- 2647159
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization and lectin-binding properties of the 22 kDa
      secretory protein from rat ventral prostate.
AB  - The distribution of the 22 kDa secretory protein from rat ventral prostate was
      studied by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. An anti-22 kDa
      protein antiserum was raised in rabbits and its specificity was tested by Western
      blotting. With the immunofluorescence technique, the 22 kDa protein was detected
      in the luminal secretions and intracellular apical granules of the ventral
      prostate. No reaction was observed in the seminal vesicle or dorsolateral
      prostate. After castration, no intracellular immunoreactivity was detected in
      ventral prostate, although positively labeled secretory material was retained
      within the acinar lumen. Restoration of normal intracellular staining pattern was
      incomplete after 5 daily testosterone injections. At the ultrastructural level,
      labeling was confined to apical secretory granules and condensing vacuoles. The
      22 kDa protein separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose was shown to bind intensely to
      wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) but only faintly to Concanavalin A. This protein was
      thus demonstrated to contain N-acetylglucosamine residues. Accordingly, on tissue
      sections, WGA reacted intensely with condensing vacuoles and secretory granules.

PMID- 2647160
TI  - A proposed mouse model for acute epididymitis provoked by genital serovar E,
      Chlamydia trachomatis.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of the male mouse as a model
      for epididymitis caused by human genital serovar E, Chlamydia trachomatis. C.
      trachomatis was reisolated from all tissues removed on Days 3, 5, and 7 post
      inoculation (pi). Although some infected epididymides removed on Days 10, 14, and
      21 pi were positive, control tissues remained negative. Histopathology of tissues
      showed a heavy, mixed inflammatory infiltrate consisting of polymorphonuclear
      cells and lymphocytes. Serum antibody to C. trachomatis was detected in the
      infected mice only (titer greater than or equal to 1:32). Chlamydial inclusions
      and individual elementary bodies were confirmed by immunofluorescent and
      immunoperoxidase staining up to Day 7 pi. These data show that the male mouse is
      susceptible to C. trachomatis infection and is appropriate for studies dealing
      with the effect of C. trachomatis on male fertility.

PMID- 2647161
TI  - Mutagenesis and gene transfer define site-specific roles of the gonadotropin
      oligosaccharides.
AB  - Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle
      stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone are a family of glycoprotein
      hormones that share a common alpha subunit but differ in their hormone-specific
      beta subunits. Using site-directed mutagenesis and gene-transfer, we analyzed the
      role of the N-linked oligosaccharides of alpha and chorionic gonadotropin
      (CG)beta in the secretion, assembly, and biologic activity of hCG. Absence of
      carbohydrate at alpha asparagine (Asn) 52 decreased combination with CG beta but
      did not alter monomer secretion. Absence of the alpha Asn78 oligosaccharide
      increased the degradation of the alpha subunit, but the presence of CG beta
      stabilized this alpha mutant in an efficiently formed dimer complex.
      Alternatively, absence of both alpha oligosaccharides slowed both secretion and
      dimer formation but allowed an intermediate level of alpha secreted or dimerized
      compared to the single-site mutants. Analysis of the CG beta glycosylation
      mutants revealed that absence of the Asn30 oligosaccharide, but not Asn13, slowed
      secretion but not assembly, whereas absence of both oligosaccharides slowed both
      secretion and dimer formation. Analysis of the receptor binding of the hCG
      glycosylation mutants showed that absence of any or all of the hCG N-linked
      oligosaccharides had only a minor effect on receptor affinity of the derivatives.
      However, the absence of alpha Asn52, but not the alpha Asn78 or the CG beta
      carbohydrate units, reduced the steroidogenic effect, unmasked differences in the
      beta oligosaccharides, and converted the deglycosylated derivatives into
      antagonists.

PMID- 2647162
TI  - Steroid action on gene expression: possible roles of regulatory genes and nuclear
      acceptor sites.
AB  - There has been exciting progress in the understanding of the mechanism of action
      of steroid hormones. The structures and functions of the various receptor protein
      domains as well as the various domains of steroid-regulated genes, including
      steroid response elements, are currently being elucidated. The roles of
      transcription factors in the steroid-altered regulation of gene transcription are
      just being defined. The nature of the nuclear acceptor sites, i.e. nuclear
      binding sites, for steroid receptors are under investigation. The composition,
      location, and function of these nuclear acceptor sites for steroid receptors is
      crucial for understanding the mechanism of steroid regulation of gene expression.
      Possible roles of specific, DNA-binding, chromatin proteins in these acceptor
      sites have been suggested. A very rapid action of steroids on the expression of
      proto-oncogenes that code for nuclear regulatory proteins has recently been
      described. Using this information, we have proposed a novel steroid action model
      utilizing "regulatory genes" whereby the steroids would rapidly alter the
      expression of regulatory genes (early genes) whose protein products would return
      to the nucleus to regulate the expression of structural genes (late genes). The
      latter would occur via binding of these regulatory proteins (e.g. transcription
      factors) to the steroid-regulatory elements neighboring these late genes. This
      model would explain many of the characteristics reported from many laboratories
      on the action of steroid hormones on gene expression.

PMID- 2647163
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of non-prescription sympathomimetic agents.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of non-prescription sympathomimetic agents are discussed
      with respect to absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, volumes of
      distribution, metabolism and renal excretion. Where specific data are not
      available, postulations are made with inference from the chemical structures of
      these agents, or from studies with other drugs. No studies on hypertensive
      patients have been found, but attempts are made to correlate any possible changes
      in the pharmacokinetics of these sympathomimetic agents to hypertensive patients
      as a high proportion of the elderly population is hypertensive. Sympathomimetic
      agents with lesser polar hydroxyl groups, for example, are thought to be more
      lipophilic and are more readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, have
      higher volumes of distribution, and are more extensively metabolized. Major
      metabolic pathways include oxidation, deamination, demethylation, and
      conjugation. Most of these agents are excreted primarily through the kidneys and
      due to their basic nature, the rate of excretion is dependent on urinary pHs. Any
      alteration in kidney functions such as in the aged is, therefore, expected to
      have some clinical significance on the pharmacokinetics of these agents.

PMID- 2647164
TI  - [Characteristics of proteolysis in the gastrointestinal tract in the early
      postnatal period].
AB  - The activity of proteinases was increased, when we used experimental casein for
      artificial feeding of newborn rats. Control casein contained in milk substitutes
      delayed protein evacuation from the stomach. The activity of intestine pancreatic
      proteinases was increased when we used experimental casein and decreased, for
      control casein. When the activity of pancreatic proteinases increased, lysosomal
      intestine activity decreased.

PMID- 2647165
TI  - [Recording of the respiration of skinned cardiac fibers--a method that permits an
      evaluation of the functional parameters of mitochondria without their isolation
      from the tissue].
AB  - Respiratory parameters of cardiac mitochondria were determined in the bundles of
      cardiac fibers skinned by saponin that specifically removed sarcolemma but left
      intracellular structures intact. The described method can be used for
      determination of the mitochondrial respiratory parameters in small biopsy samples
      from the human heart.

PMID- 2647166
TI  - [Effect of x-ray contrast agents on the deformation properties of human
      erythrocytes].
AB  - Using the ectacytometric method the authors observed that the contrast agents:
      bilimin, triombrast 76%, iodamide-380, bilignost 20%, bilignost 50%, metrizamide
      decrease red cell deformability. This effect of the contrast agents depends on
      their osmolality and chemical structure.

PMID- 2647167
TI  - [Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic identification of the cells
      producing serotonin and prostaglandin F2 in the rat thymus].
AB  - Using immunohistochemical and electron microscopic methods the presence of
      serotonin and prostaglandin F2 containing granules in some epithelial cells of
      rat thymus has been shown. The modulatory role of these hormones in the thymic
      immunocompetent cells production is discussed.

PMID- 2647168
TI  - [Distribution of collagen types III and IV in human placental villi].
AB  - Immunofluorescent examination showed more significant accumulation of
      interstitial collagen type III in the stroma of mature placenta compared with
      immature one. Localization of membrane collagen type IV was found neither in
      basal membranes of epithelium and villous vessels of mature term placenta, nor in
      their stroma. The described patterns of distribution of collagen types III and IV
      in human placenta villi were proved by immunoelectronmicroscopic method.

PMID- 2647169
TI  - [Immunocytochemical study of the development of the oral cavity in the rat].
AB  - Flow cytometry and autoradiography are extensively used for the evaluation of the
      number of cells in S-phase in order to study the proliferative activity within
      tissues and organs. The recent development of a monoclonal antibody against 5
      bromo-2'deoxyuridine (BrdUrd), a nonradioactive thymidine analogue that is
      incorporated within DNA-synthetizing cells, allows the immunochemical detection
      of proliferating cells. The use of this antibody allows an immunocytochemical
      detection of proliferating cells "in situ" on tissue sections. We have applied
      this new technique for the identification of proliferating cells within the tooth
      and other organs of rat mouth during development. We believe that this technique,
      for its precision and simplicity, may be a powerful tool for studying the
      cytokinetic and the differentiation of normal and neoplastic cells within the
      mouth as well as in other districts of the body.

PMID- 2647170
TI  - Anaerobes and short-chain fatty acids in crevicular fluid from adults with
      chronic periodontitis.
AB  - Pathogeny of adult chronic periodontitis is still unclear. Bacteriological and
      chemical analysis of crevicular fluid have shown, in active sites of the disease,
      a simultaneous presence of anaerobes and their major by-product: short-chain
      fatty acids. The last can decrease "in vitro" the neutrophil intracellular pH,
      whenever these cells are incubated in an acid medium. Clinical investigations are
      scarce which hold out data useful to attempt verifying this possible
      physiopathological mechanism. This work shows the presence of anaerobes in the
      active periodontal pockets, together with the presence of short-chain fatty acids
      likely to reach a concentration level comparable to that used for inhibiting
      neutrophils "in vitro". Forthcoming studies should investigate about a possible
      intracellular pH drop in the neutrophils and other cells of the inflamed
      periodontium.

PMID- 2647171
TI  - Analysis of metabolic systems with complex slow and fast dynamics.
AB  - We briefly review the results of other authors concerning the analysis of systems
      with time hierarchy, especially the Tikhonov theorem. A theorem, recently proved
      by the authors, making possible rigorous analysis of systems with complex fast
      dynamics is stated and discussed. A model example of a simple enzymatic reaction
      with product activation and slow (genetically driven) enzyme turnover is
      rigorously studied. It is shown that even in such a simple model there exist
      certain regions of parameters for which fast variables oscillate. Thus the
      classical Tikhonov theorem is not applicable here and we are forced to use
      another method--for example the author's presented theorem--or a purely numerical
      solution. These two methods are compared.

PMID- 2647172
TI  - Piperazinedione plus total body irradiation: an alternative preparative regimen
      for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in advanced phases of chronic
      myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous
      leukemia (CML) in advanced phases were treated with piperazinedione (PIP), total
      body irradiation (TBI) and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Eleven were in
      blastic transformation, five were in accelerated phase, and five were in second
      chronic phase. The median age was 29 years (range, 13-41 years); there were 14
      males. All patients but one were rendered aplastic by this regimen. Of these, 17
      had hematologic engraftment, recovering granulocytes to 1.0 x 10(9)/l in a median
      of 28 days (range, 11-52 days). Three patients failed to engraft. Of those who
      engrafted, five relapsed and died of disease, one relapsed and died of a
      polymicrobial wound infection, nine patients died of treatment-related
      complications, including graft-versus-host disease, interstitial pneumonitis and
      sepsis, and one patient developed large-cell lymphoma 27 months after transplant
      and died of this 18 months later. One patient relapsed after 31 months died of
      polymicrobial sepsis at 37 months, and one patient remains disease-free at 54+
      months. The 3-year survival rate was 14%. Survival at 1 year was related to
      having a spleen that did not extend beyond 2 cm below the left costal margin at
      the time of transplantation, and those with a large spleen at initial
      presentation relapsed more often. PIP-TBI with allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation can induce durable remissions in a small proportion of patients
      in advanced phases of CML, but it is not superior to cyclophosphamide-TBI in this
      patient group.

PMID- 2647173
TI  - Prevention of graft rejection in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: I.
      Preclinical studies with antithymocyte globulins.
AB  - Heterologous horse antithymocyte globulins (ATG) were investigated in vitro as
      potential immunotherapeutic reagents in the prevention of bone marrow graft
      rejection by allogeneic recipients. Different lots and concentrations of ATG were
      evaluated for their ability to inactivate natural killer (NK) cells, IL-2
      cultured 'augmented' NK cells, and/or cytotoxic T cells (CTL) using the 51Cr
      release assay for measurement of cytotoxic activity. In vitro incubation of
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with a prototype non-myelotoxic ATG
      (ATGP12) at 0.1 mg/ml (a concentration which can be achieved with an i.v.
      infusion of approximately 30 mg ATG/kg daily) variously inhibited NK activity (0
      100%); whereas treatment with the same concentration of ATGP12 and autologous
      human complement completely inhibited NK, as well as 'augmented' NK function from
      all normal individuals tested. Incubation of T cytotoxic effector cells with
      ATGP12 alone also significantly abrogated primed T cell cytotoxicity. These
      studies demonstrate that lots of ATG can be easily prescreened and titered in
      vitro in order to identify immunosuppressive reagents capable of inhibiting the
      MHC restricted and non-restricted cytotoxic cells, which can survive chemotherapy
      and radiation, and may play a critical role in resistance to engraftment of T
      cell-depleted marrow.

PMID- 2647174
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anaemia using cyclosporin: long
      term follow-up.
AB  - Between 1980 and 1986 we transplanted 49 patients from genotypically identical
      sibling donors for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA). Patients were predominantly
      adults, median age 22 years (3-47). Forty-six were multiply transfused prior to
      referral. The median pre-transplant disease duration was 4 months (1-72). Pre
      transplant conditioning was with cyclophosphamide (CY) 200 mg/kg. Cyclosporin A
      (CSA) was given from 1 day before the transplant and continued for 9-12 months.
      Eight of 48 evaluable patients did not achieve initial engraftment (early graft
      failure). Six of these episodes occurred in the eight cases transplanted more
      than 1 year after diagnosis, four of whom died. Thirteen of 44 (30%) evaluable
      patients (with stable engraftment after one or two transplants) had grade III-IV
      acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Only three of 35 patients surviving more
      than 100 days with sustained engraftment developed generalized chronic GVHD; two
      died. An additional 10 patients developed localized chronic GVHD, which was very
      mild, transient and related to CSA withdrawal. Four long-term survivors are known
      to have autologous marrow function. All survivors have Karnofsky scores of
      greater than 90%. We conclude that the use of CSA after bone marrow
      transplantation for SAA is associated with good long-term survival and minimal on
      going chronic GVHD. Early graft failure was frequent when transplantation was
      delayed beyond 1 year from diagnosis.

PMID- 2647175
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma concentrations of busulfan during high-dose
      therapy.
AB  - A patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia received high-dose busulfan (1 mg/kg
      by mouth every 6 h for 4 days) as myelo-ablative therapy for autologous bone
      marrow transplantation. Rapid entry of busulfan into the cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) was observed. Plasma and CSF concentrations of busulfan were comparable
      during the 4 days of treatment. The elimination half-lives of busulfan in plasma
      and CSF were 2.6 h and 2.8 h respectively during the first 12 h after the last
      dose.

PMID- 2647176
TI  - Second bone marrow transplantation after leukemia relapse in 11 patients.
AB  - Since June 1977 eight patients with acute leukemia and three with chronic
      myelogenous leukemia (CML) have undergone cytoreductive therapy prior to a second
      allogeneic or syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The median age was 24
      years (range 7-49 years) and the median time to second BMT was 495 days (range
      122-1887 days). Prompt hematopoietic recovery was documented in 11/11 patients
      and verified by cytogenetic analysis in 7/11. Early death (less than 100 days)
      was the result of sepsis in one, veno-occlusive disease in one and interstitial
      pneumonitis in two. Of seven patients who survived beyond 1 year, two patients
      subsequently died, one as a result of acute respiratory failure and one of
      leukemia relapse. Five are currently disease-free at 8+, 20+, 42+, 49+ and 72+
      months after the second BMT. In this patient population which is at high risk for
      resistant disease and treatment-related toxicity, a second preparative therapy
      and BMT may offer a durable disease remission with tolerable toxicity.

PMID- 2647177
TI  - Obstruction of nasolacrimal ducts closely related to graft-versus-host disease
      after bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - A 2-year-old boy underwent bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic
      anemia. Eighteen months later he developed chronic lung disease and dryness of
      the eyes. Ophthalmologic examination revealed obstruction of the nasolacrimal
      ducts and marked dilatation of the lacrimal sacs bilaterally. It seems likely
      that the nasolacrimal duct obstruction was a manifestation of chronic graft
      versus-host disease.

PMID- 2647178
TI  - Interferon alpha induced and maintained complete remission in chronic
      granulocytic leukemia in relapse after bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - We describe a patient with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) who relapsed
      after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Interferon alpha 2b (IFN
      alpha 2b) induced and maintained a complete remission. IFN alpha 2b led to full
      restoration of donor bone marrow. This case provides evidence to support a trial
      of IFN alpha in patients with relapsing CGL after BMT.

PMID- 2647179
TI  - Widespread pulmonary fibrosis as a major clinical manifestation of chronic graft
      versus-host disease.
AB  - A 20-year-old Chinese male given an HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplant
      for severe aplastic anemia, who had previously had chronic graft-versus-host
      disease (GVHD) of the mouth, developed myasthenia gravis and widespread pulmonary
      infiltrates with cough and exertional dyspnea at day 820 post-transplant. There
      was nothing to suggest aspiration pneumonia. Lung histology at day 940 showed
      some areas of dense pulmonary fibrosis, some areas of normal parenchyma, and some
      areas of widening of the interstitium and a mild lymphocytic infiltrate. Evidence
      of infection was not found. Treatment with cyclosporin and prednisone resulted in
      slow partial resolution of the infiltrates over 5 months. The myasthenia gravis
      was controlled with pyridostigmine. In view of the association with myasthenia
      gravis, of the absence of infectious agents and the response to
      immunosuppression, we conclude that widespread pulmonary fibrosis can be a major
      clinical manifestation of chronic GVHD. Examination of lung tissue to distinguish
      this from infective interstitial pneumonitis is essential.

PMID- 2647181
TI  - The use of the term chimera in bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2647180
TI  - Intestinal obstruction caused by bezoar: a rare complication after bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - Gastrointestinal complications are described frequently after preparation of
      patients for bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Two patients who underwent BMT
      developed complications due to gastrointestinal bezoars. One patient developed
      intestinal obstruction, which necessitated emergency surgery, and the other
      patient had a gastric bezoar, which caused vomiting. The diagnosis and treatment
      of this rare complication after BMT are described.

PMID- 2647182
TI  - Relevance of complotyping and subtyping of MHC class I gene products in haplotype
      definition for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - In preparation for a bone marrow transplantation 217 patients and their families
      were complotyped for Bf, C4A and C4B in addition to the routinely performed HLA
      A,B,C,DR and HLA-D typing. In 147 families uncertainties in haplotype definition
      occurred which could be solved in 37 cases (25%) by complotyping. Additionally,
      patients and their relatives were subtyped for class I gene products by one
      dimensional isoelectric focusing, a method by which serologically identical HLA
      A, B, or C antigens could be split in five out of 22 cases tested. The results
      obtained clearly show the relevance of both methodologies for finding the best
      match of donor/recipient pairs to help to prevent MHC-induced graft-versus-host
      disease after bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2647183
TI  - Recipients of HLA-identical sibling marrow transplants with severe aplastic
      anemia engraft more quickly, and those with chronic myeloid leukemia more slowly,
      than those with acute leukemia.
AB  - An analysis of the rate of leukocyte reconstitution in 164 recipients of HLA
      identical sibling marrow transplants showed two factors to be independently
      influential. These were the underlying diagnosis and the type of prophylactic
      regimen used to minimize the risk of graft-versus-host disease. Patients with
      severe aplastic anemia had a faster rate of reconstitution of the total white
      blood cell count to levels of both 500 and 1000 x 10(6)/l than patients with
      acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or
      chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA),
      however, did not show a faster rate of reconstitution of blood neutrophils. As
      well as being slower than patients with SAA for total leukocyte reconstitution,
      patients with CML were slower than patients with ANL and ALL in attaining a
      neutrophil count of 500 x 10(6)/l, and slower than patients with ANL in attaining
      a neutrophil count of 1000 x 10(6)/l. Patients given cyclosporin as the sole
      immunosuppressant prophylactic regimen post-transplant had faster reconstitution
      to total leukocyte counts of 500 and 1000 x 10(6)/l and to neutrophils of 1000 x
      10(6)/l than patients given methotrexate alone, methotrexate and cyclosporin, or
      cyclosporin and T cell depletion of the donor marrow. No other factors (including
      the pretransplant preparative regimen) were significant in influencing the rate
      of leukocyte or neutrophil reconstitution. When only patients given cyclosporin
      were analysed, those with severe aplastic anemia continued to show a faster rate
      of leukocyte reconstitution to WBC 500 x 10(6)/l compared to patients with ANL,
      ALL or CML, and a faster rate to WBC 1000 x 10(6)/l than patients with
      CML.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647185
TI  - The role of marrow autografting in neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2647184
TI  - Myeloablative conditioning for marrow transplantation in myelodysplastic
      syndromes and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.
AB  - Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)
      are disorders of pluripotent stem cells resulting in haematopoietic insufficiency
      which can be cured by marrow transplantation. The extent of myeloablative
      conditioning necessary for elimination of the non-malignant and premalignant
      clones is not known. We report our results of marrow transplantation with and
      without myeloablative conditioning in two patients with PNH and seven patients
      with MDS. Conditioning was not used in a patient with PNH and a monozygotic twin
      as donor. In this patient the disease remained unchanged. Myeloablative treatment
      with busulphan (BUS) in addition to immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide (CY)
      was used for conditioning in a patient with PNH and a 2-year-old boy with chronic
      myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML). Fractionated total body irradiation (FTBI) and
      CY was used in six patients with refractory anaemia with excess of blasts (RAEB)
      and RAEB in leukaemic transformation (RAEB-T). Haematopoiesis was fully restored
      in all patients conditioned with myeloablative treatment except for a patient in
      leukaemic transformation with myelofibrosis and a HLA-DR-incompatible donor.
      Chimerism was complete in all patients except for the 2-year-old boy conditioned
      with BUS and CY. Our results and those reviewed in the literature indicate that
      myeloablative conditioning with either BUS or FTBI is advantageous for marrow
      transplantation in PNH and MDS.

PMID- 2647186
TI  - Respiratory virus infection in immunocompromised patients.
AB  - Seventy-eight immunocompromised patients were prospectively evaluated for
      infection with respiratory viruses including parainfluenza viruses, respiratory
      syncytial virus, influenza viruses and adenoviruses beginning before marrow
      transplant and continuing to 60 days after transplant or discharge from hospital.
      Patients were studied both on a fixed surveillance schedule and at any time upper
      or lower respiratory symptoms developed. Fifteen (19%) patients had a respiratory
      virus detected including parainfluenza 1 in six patients, adenovirus in five,
      parainfluenza 3 in two, and influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus in one
      each. Twelve patients had infection before transplant and 11 of these had upper
      respiratory symptoms. Three patients had virus isolated only after transplant.
      Both patients with parainfluenza 3 infection developed pneumonia. One patient
      died with disseminated adenovirus infection. These data suggest that infections
      with respiratory viruses are frequent and often symptomatic in immunocompromised
      patients. Since antiviral therapy is available for some of these infections,
      early specific viral diagnosis is of potential clinical importance in
      immunocompromised patients with respiratory symptoms.

PMID- 2647188
TI  - The use of bone marrow cells grown in long-term culture for autologous bone
      marrow transplantation in acute myeloid leukaemia: an update.
AB  - Eleven patients with acute myeloid leukaemia have been transplanted with
      autologous marrow grown in long-term bone marrow culture. In the high risk group
      (six patients who had all previously relapsed) the procedure induced a remission
      in two patients who were in florid relapse at the time of the transplant. Five
      patients were transplanted in first remission and they remain well and disease
      free between 150 and 12 weeks after their autologous transplant.

PMID- 2647187
TI  - GM-CSF accelerates neutrophil recovery after autologous bone marrow
      transplantation for Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with resistant Hodgkin's disease were treated by an identical
      high dose chemotherapy regimen and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Twelve
      of these patients received recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (rh GM-CSF) in a phase I/II study. rh GM-CSF was administered
      by continuous infusion into an indwelling central venous catheter for 3-21 days
      at doses of 100-400 micrograms/m2/day. The patients receiving rh GM-CSF did not
      differ significantly from those who did not receive growth factor with regard to
      age, previous therapy or number of bone marrow cells infused. rh GM-CSF resulted
      in more rapid neutrophil regeneration, the average time to achieve a neutrophil
      count of greater than or equal to 0.5 x 10(9)/l being 17.5 days compared to 24.9
      days in the control group (p less than 0.01). Platelet recovery was very varied
      and not accelerated by rh GM-CSF. Patients receiving rh GM-CSF had a similar
      infection rate (58% vs 68% in the control group), similar number of febrile days
      (5.0 vs 4.7 days) and similar period of hospitalization to the control group
      (30.1 vs 30.2 days). Randomized controlled trials are now required to define the
      clinical value of rh GM-CSF in the setting of autologous bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 2647189
TI  - Engraftment in 86 with patients lymphoid malignancy after autologous marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - The kinetics of marrow engraftment was retrospectively analysed in 55 patients
      with malignant lymphoma (ML) and 31 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      (ALL) after marrow-ablative therapy followed by autologous bone marrow
      transplantation. Thirty-eight percent of patients with ML, most of whom were
      transplanted in relapse and 13% of patients with ALL, mostly transplanted in
      remission, showed failed or delayed engraftment. Analysis of the total patient
      group showed that failure to recover platelet counts was significantly correlated
      with detection of disease in the marrow early after transplantation (p less than
      0.001). Platelet recovery was also correlated with survival (p = 0.0001), disease
      free survival (p = 0.0001), and the probability of relapse (p = 0.02). In those
      patients achieving engraftment, multivariate regression analysis failed to reveal
      any single in vitro test of marrow nucleated cell or progenitor cell numbers that
      significantly influenced time to achieve recovery of either granulocyte or
      platelet counts.

PMID- 2647190
TI  - Physical and psychosocial functioning of adult survivors of allogeneic bone
      marrow transplantation.
AB  - While prospects for long-term survival following bone marrow transplantation
      (BMT) have increased, little is known about the quality of that survival. The
      present study was intended to document the physical and psychosocial functioning
      of survivors of allogeneic BMT as well as identify factors associated with
      variability in post-BMT functioning. Twenty-three patients who were living at
      home and were between 3 and 52 months post-BMT completed the Functional Living
      Index - Cancer and the Profile of Mood States. Results revealed that current
      functioning varied considerably across patients. The older a patient was at time
      of transplant, the poorer his current functioning was, particularly in the
      physical domain. Current functioning was not significantly associated with time
      since transplant, the diagnosis of acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease, or
      dose of total body irradiation given as part of BMT conditioning. Despite
      differences in functional status, however, only one patient indicated that he
      would not make the same choice again to undergo BMT. Information about the long
      term functioning of BMT survivors is critical for the process of obtaining
      informed consent. Additionally, understanding of factors associated with
      variability in post-BMT functioning can increase the likelihood that patients
      will ultimately return to a normal, productive life.

PMID- 2647191
TI  - The mechanism of graft-host-tolerance in murine radiation chimeras transplanted
      across minor histocompatibility barriers.
AB  - A better understanding of the mechanism(s) involved in graft-host-tolerance
      following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is needed to develop new
      strategies to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Based on previous
      studies, mainly in MHC-mismatched donor-recipient pairs, three hypotheses have
      been proposed: clonal deletion, active suppression and lack of adequate antigen
      presenting cells. Our goal was to identify the mechanism(s) by which tolerance is
      achieved and maintained in radiation chimeras transplanted across minor
      histocompatibility barriers. Healthy (B6----LP) chimeras were obtained following
      injection of 10(7) C57BL/6 marrow cells to irradiated (9.5 Gy) LP hosts and used
      experimentally 100 days after chimerization. The tolerance state of (B6----LP)
      chimeras could not be abrogated after i.v. transfer of 5 x 10(7) donor-type
      spleen cells alone or with repeated i.p. injection of host-type antigen
      presenting cells. No GVHD was observed when 10(7) marrow cells plus 5 x 10(7)
      spleen cells from (B6----LP) chimeras were injected to irradiated LP recipients.
      Chimera spleen cells suppressed GVHD when adoptively transferred to LP recipients
      of a C57BL/6 graft. These results suggest that in this model the presence of
      suppressor cells is both necessary and sufficient to maintain graft-host
      tolerance.

PMID- 2647192
TI  - Oropharyngeal mucositis complicating bone marrow transplantation: prognostic
      factors and the effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinse.
AB  - Oral mucosal ulceration complicating bone marrow transplantation interferes with
      patients' comfort, nutrition and may lead to systemic infection derived from the
      mouth. The mucosal injury results from epithelial damage due to the cytotoxic
      effects of chemotherapy and radiation conditioning as well as from superficial
      oropharyngeal infection. Because chlorhexidine gluconate is a broad spectrum
      topical antimicrobial which has been demonstrably effective in preventing oral
      infection and gingivitis, we performed a randomized, placebo controlled, double
      blind trial of chlorhexidine as a mouth rinse in BMT recipients to study the
      severity of oral mucositis and both oral and systemic infectious complications.
      One hundred patients were randomly assigned to receive either chlorhexidine
      gluconate 0.12% mouth rinse or placebo three times daily from the initiation (day
      -8) of chemoradiotherapy conditioning until day +35 post-BMT. Chlorhexidine use
      resulted in a trend toward improved oral hygiene index (reduced dental plaque) (p
      = 0.06) but did not modify the oral mucositis. Patients using chlorhexidine
      developed a maximum ulceration of 18 +/- 22% of their oral mucosa, while placebo
      patients ulcerated 25 +/- 31% of the mouth. Ulcerative mucositis was
      significantly worse in adults compared with children, in individuals who received
      methotrexate for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis, and was most prominent on
      non-keratinized epithelium. Overall, there was no clinically demonstrable
      additional therapeutic advantage to the use of chlorhexidine in either reducing
      the mucositis, controlling oral pain, facilitating oral nutrition, shortening
      hospital stay, or reducing oral infection with herpes simplex virus. There was a
      trend toward diminished oral candidiasis in chlorhexidine users (p =
      0.06).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647193
TI  - A modified method for human bone marrow filtration prior to bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - A technique is described for filtering harvested bone marrow using disposable
      materials, namely a 4 x 4 inch piece of sterile gauze that is gently packed into
      the barrel of a 60-ml plastic disposable syringe, which is connected directly to
      a blood collection bag. The filtration of marrow directly into the collection bag
      eliminates additional filtration steps and therefore may potentially reduce the
      incidence of inadvertent microbial contamination. In this study we describe this
      filtering technique and compare it to the method described by Thomas and Storb.
      Numbers of granulopoietic progenitors (CFU-GM) and erythropoietic progenitors
      (BFU-E), total white cell counts, percentage of cells positive for the CD3 (OKT3)
      lymphocyte surface membrane marker, and volume changes were studied following
      filtration by each method. The two techniques were shown to be comparable in
      terms of these parameters. Furthermore, when compared with historical controls,
      this method resulted in a reduced incidence of microbial contamination compared
      to filtration using successive stainless steel screens.

PMID- 2647194
TI  - Recommendations for clinical and research evaluation of vocational re-entry
      programmes for survivors of traumatic brain injury.

PMID- 2647195
TI  - A family information system for education following traumatic brain injury.

PMID- 2647196
TI  - Nerve conduction studies.
AB  - Nerve conduction studies provide unique quantitative information about
      neurological function in patients with a variety of neuromuscular disorders. This
      article emphasizes the need for careful selection of the appropriate procedures,
      informed interpretation of the data, and correlation of the results with the
      clinical information about each individual patient's problem, in order to obtain
      the maximum possible value from the investigation.

PMID- 2647197
TI  - Electromyography.
AB  - Electromyography is a useful extension of the neurological examination. This
      article reviews the range of methods available to the electromyographer and the
      types of abnormalities that can be detected.

PMID- 2647198
TI  - Sensory evoked potentials.
AB  - Small potentials, evoked by repetitive visual, auditory or somatosensory
      stimulation in the afferent pathways of the cord, brainstem or cortex, and
      detected by averaging signals from distant electrodes on the skin of the neck or
      scalp, can be used to investigate sensory loss or to detect clinically "silent"
      lesions in multiple sclerosis and other diseases.

PMID- 2647199
TI  - Surgical treatment of vulval carcinoma.
AB  - Carcinoma of the vulva is an uncommon genital tract malignancy which lends itself
      to surgical cure as long as due regard is paid to the tumour's histology and mode
      of spread. Modern surgical concepts have significantly reduced morbidity in this
      elderly group of patients.

PMID- 2647200
TI  - Hyperventilation clinical practice.
AB  - There is uncertainty about the diagnosis and definition of the hyperventilation
      syndrome. We prefer to regard hyperventilation (or hypocapnia with which it is
      synonymous) as a physiological response to abnormally increased respiratory
      "drive", which can be caused by a wide range of organic, psychiatric and
      physiological disorders, or a combination of these. This review outlines a
      clinical scheme for the diagnosis and assessment of hyperventilation and its
      causes.

PMID- 2647201
TI  - Acute organic brain syndromes.

PMID- 2647202
TI  - Actions of bradykinin and related peptides on rabbit coeliac artery rings.
AB  - 1. Rabbit coeliac artery rings were mounted in tissue baths containing Krebs
      solution at 37 degrees C in order to determine whether their response to
      bradykinin is initiated by B1- or B2-receptors. Tension was recorded
      isometrically. 2. Phenylephrine contracted the tissue. Subsequent addition of
      bradykinin or des Arg10-kallidin caused relaxation which was not dependent on an
      intact endothelium. Des Arg10-kallidin, a B1-receptor selective agonist, was more
      potent than bradykinin. 3. [beta-Thienyl alanyl6,9, D-Phe8]-kallidin and [Leu9]
      des Arg10-kallidin antagonized bradykinin and des Arg10-kallidin. [Leu9]-des
      Arg10-kallidin, a B1-receptor selective antagonist, was more potent than [Thi6,9,
      D-Phe8]-kallidin, a less selective drug that acts on both B1- and B2-receptors.
      4. Kinin-induced relaxation was reversibly antagonized by ibuprofen (a cyclo
      oxygenase inhibitor) and by 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride (an inhibitor of
      Na+/H+ exchange). Ibuprofen caused a parallel shift to the right of a semi
      logarithmic plot of the agonist concentration-effect relationship, whereas the
      amiloride analogue depressed the maximum response and reduced the slope. 5. We
      conclude that bradykinin and des Arg10-kallidin relax rabbit coeliac artery by
      combining with B1-receptors. The response is mediated by a cyclo-oxygenase
      product and may be influenced by cellular Na+/H+ exchange.

PMID- 2647203
TI  - Reduction of food intake by central administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide
      in the rat is dependent upon inhibition of brain peptidases.
AB  - 1. The effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of cholecystokinin
      octapeptide (CCK-8) and caerulein, an amphibian decapeptide structurally related
      to CCK-8, are inconsistent in the rat. We have therefore investigated the
      possibility that enzymatic degradation could be responsible for the lack of
      activity of CCK-8 seen in some studies on food intake. 2. Injections of CCK-8 at
      doses of 2.5 nmol and 25 nmol into the lateral cerebral ventricle of rats did not
      reduce the intake of a highly palatable diet whereas injections of the same doses
      of caerulein reduced food intake potently and dose-dependently. 3. Co
      administration of CCK-8 with a combination of the peptidase inhibitors bestatin
      (70 nmol), captopril (100 nmol) and thiorphan (120 nmol) resulted in an
      inhibition of feeding similar to that seen after the injection of caerulein
      alone. The peptidase inhibitors alone did not affect food intake. 4. When
      caerulein was injected i.c.v. in combination with bestatin, captopril and
      thiorphan the effect of caerulein was potentiated, suggesting that enzymatic
      breakdown of caerulein does occur. 5. It is concluded that the effect of
      centrally administered CCK-8 on food intake is dependent on the activity of
      cleaving enzymes in the brain. It is emphasized that the action of brain
      peptidases is a major factor which has to be considered when investigating the
      role of peptides in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2647204
TI  - Tricyclic antidepressants block N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-induced lethality in
      mice.
AB  - It has been suggested on the basis of in vitro studies that tricyclic
      antidepressants interact with the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-receptor
      complex to block the action of NMDA. The present study showed that tricyclic
      antidepressants prevented lethality produced by a large dose of NMDA. The potency
      of the drugs in preventing NMDA-induced lethality correlated with the inhibition
      of [3H]-MK-801 binding at the NMDA receptor complex, and not with effects on
      amine uptake. These in vivo data support the in vitro data of Reynolds & Miller
      (1988a,b).

PMID- 2647205
TI  - Antagonism of PGD2 vasodepressor responses in the rat in vivo by the novel,
      selective antagonist, BW A868C.
AB  - 1. Bolus intravenous injection of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2, 1-160 micrograms kg-1),
      the hydantoin prostanoid BW245C (0.25-160 micrograms kg-1) or prostacyclin (PGI2,
      0.05-0.5 microgram kg-1) caused a dose-dependent fall in systemic arterial blood
      pressure (BP) in the anaesthetized rat, lasting 2-4 min. 2. Intravenous infusion
      of the novel 3-benzyl substituted hydantoin, BW A868C (1-10 micrograms kg-1 min
      1), in doses that had no direct effect on BP, dose-dependently reduced the
      vasodepressor action of PGD2. 3. Bolus injection of BW A868C (30 and 100
      micrograms kg-1, i.v.) likewise dose-dependently antagonized the vasodepressor
      responses to PGD2, causing a 3.4 and 13.2 fold rightward shift of the dose
      response curve. 4. The thromboxane-receptor antagonist, BM 13.177 (2.5 mg kg-1
      i.v.) had little effect on the PGD2 vasodepressor responses, suggesting minimal
      contribution of a PGD2 interaction at thromboxane receptor-sites in the systemic
      vasculature of this species. 5. BW A868C (10 micrograms kg-1 min-1 i.v.) caused a
      rightward shift (59 fold) of the dose-response relationship for BW245C, the
      putative PGD2-receptor agonist. This antagonism lasted for at least 1h after
      termination of the BW A868C infusion. Higher doses of BW A868C (20-100 micrograms
      kg-1 min-1) caused no further antagonism of the vasodepressor responses to
      BW245C, suggesting that this prostanoid also acts at vascular receptors other
      than of the DP-type. 6. BW A868C (10 micrograms kg-1 min-1, i.v.) failed to alter
      the vasodepressor actions of prostacyclin. 7. These findings in the rat in vivo
      support the characterization of BW A868C as a potent and selective antagonist of
      the cardiovascular actions of PGD2 at the DP-receptor.

PMID- 2647207
TI  - Interstitial iridium-192 implantation for malignant brain tumours. Part I:
      Techniques of dosimetry planning.
AB  - Interstitial implants for brain tumours with removable iridium-192 radioactive
      seeds have been performed using a Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic frame. A
      simple and accurate computed-tomography-guided dosimetry pre-planning technique
      and procedure prior to implant have been developed and are discussed.

PMID- 2647206
TI  - The mechanism of action and pharmacological specificity of the anticonvulsant
      NMDA antagonist MK-801: a voltage clamp study on neuronal cells in culture.
AB  - 1. Some possible molecular mechanisms of action of the anxiolytic, anticonvulsant
      and neuroprotective agent MK-801 have been examined in 'whole-cell' voltage clamp
      recordings performed on rat hippocampal and cortical neurones, bovine
      adrenomedullary chromaffin cells and N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells maintained in
      cell culture. 2. Transmembrane currents recorded from rat hippocampal and
      cortical neurones in response to locally applied N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were
      antagonized by MK-801 (0.1-3.0 microM). Blockade was use-dependent, and little
      influenced by transmembrane potential. MK-801 (3 microM) had no effect on
      currents evoked by kainate (100 microM). 3. The antagonism of NMDA-induced
      currents by MK-801 was only slowly and incompletely reversed when the cell
      membrane potential was clamped at -60 mV during washout. Prolonged applications
      of NMDA at +40, but not -60 mV during washout, markedly accelerated recovery from
      block. 4. In contrast to MK-801, ketamine (10 microM) blocked NMDA-induced
      currents in a voltage-dependent manner. Blockade increased with membrane
      hyperpolarization and was completely reversible upon washout. 5. MK-801 (1-10
      microM) produced a voltage- and concentration-dependent block of membrane
      currents elicited by ionophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) recorded from
      bovine chromaffin cells. The block was readily reversible upon washout. 6. gamma
      Aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor-mediated chloride currents of chromaffin
      cells were unaffected by MK-801 (1-100 microM). In contrast, such currents were
      potentiated by diazepam (1 microM). MK-801 (100 microM) had no effect on currents
      evoked by GABA on hippocampal neurones. 7. MK-801 (10 microM) had little effect
      on membrane currents recorded from N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells in response to
      ionophoretically applied 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Such currents were
      antagonized by the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist GR 38032F (1 nM) and also by MK-801
      at high concentration (100 microM). 8. Voltage-activated, tetrodotoxin-sensitive,
      sodium currents of chromaffin cells were unaffected by 10 microM MK-801. However,
      at a relatively high concentration (100 microM), MK-801 reduced the amplitude of
      such currents to approximately 77% of control. 9. The relevance of the present
      results to the central actions of MK-801 is discussed.

PMID- 2647208
TI  - Cystic haemangioma of the spleen: findings on ultrasound and computed tomography.

PMID- 2647209
TI  - Cellular forms of the rat and human beta-amyloid precursor protein (BAPP).
AB  - Using synthetic peptide antisera generated against beta-amyloid precursor protein
      (BAPP) sequences we demonstrate that the newly synthesized BAPP appears as a 94
      kDa peptide in rat brain RNA cell-free translates or polysome runoffs, while from
      similar human brain material we see two bands at 94 and 120 kDa. Immunoblots
      reveal likely post-translational modification of BAPP, and possibly an age
      dependent, endogenous proteolysis of the protein in rat brain. On human brain
      immunoblots an unusual post-translational modification or possibly
      oligomerization of BAPP is seen, particularly in cortical regions.

PMID- 2647210
TI  - Cocaine: evidence for supraspinal, dopamine-mediated, non-opiate analgesia.
AB  - Cocaine (25 mg/kg i.p.) produces analgesia in the rat within 5 min and for a
      duration of 90 min as determined by the formalin test or for 30 min as determined
      by the hot plate test. Cocaine analgesia is unaffected by doses of naloxone that
      are sufficient to attenuate morphine analgesia in both tests. Chlorpromazine (3
      mg/kg i.p.), SCH 23390 (100 micrograms/kg i.p.; a D1 dopamine receptor
      antagonist), and eticlopride (75 micrograms/kg i.p.; a D2 dopamine receptor
      antagonist) each attenuate cocaine analgesia in both tests at doses that alone do
      not affect performance in either test. Measurements of blood pressure and heart
      rate indicate that cocaine analgesia is not due to the activation of baroreceptor
      reflex afferents. We conclude that cocaine is a supraspinally acting, dopamine
      mediated, non-opiate analgesic in the rat.

PMID- 2647211
TI  - Homocysteic acid: convulsant action of stereoisomers in mice.
AB  - An effect of excitatory amino acid antagonists, 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate
      (AP7), a selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, and gamma-D
      glutamylaminomethylsulphonate (gamma-D-GAMS), a preferential kainate/quisqualate
      antagonist, on convulsions induced by intracerebroventricular administration of
      stereoisomers of homocysteic acid (HCA) was tested in mice. AP7, 0.025 mumol,
      blocked myoclonic seizures induced by L-HCA and D,L-HCA, and had no
      anticonvulsant action against D-HCA, gamma-D-GAMS, 0.5 mumol, was preferentially
      active against myoclonic seizures induced by D-HCA, had moderate anticonvulsant
      action against D,L-HCA, and no effect against seizures induced by L-HCA. These
      results indicate that activation of NMDA receptors contributes substantially to
      the convulsant action of L-HCA, while the convulsant action of D-HCA may be
      mediated mainly by non-NMDA related mechanisms.

PMID- 2647213
TI  - A computer program for the generation of problems in genetics for teaching
      purposes.

PMID- 2647212
TI  - The elucidation of protein function by sequence motif analysis.
AB  - Protein sequence motifs are acquiring increasing prominence in the area of
      sequence analysis. This review describes the current methods of their
      construction and their use in the determination of protein function, and offers
      guidelines on interpreting data obtained. An appendix is attached which refers to
      200 motifs of various kinds.

PMID- 2647214
TI  - Ultrasonography in acute appendicitis.
AB  - Although the disease is common, the clinical diagnosis of appendicitis remains
      difficult. Since the indications for surgery are imprecise, greater diagnostic
      accuracy depends on the development of other methods for detection of
      inflammatory changes in the appendix. During eight months, high-resolution
      ultrasonography (US) was used for the evaluation of 37 patients with clinically
      suspected appendicitis. The US findings were confirmed by surgery or pathology
      and clinical follow-up. With a sensitivity of 0.87, a specificity of 0.95, and an
      accuracy of 0.92, high-resolution US is a valuable adjunct in the evaluation of
      appendicitis.

PMID- 2647215
TI  - Ultrasonography of splenic variants.
AB  - We report seven patients in whom unusual left upper quadrant abdominal masses
      were found on ultrasonography (US) and subsequently proven to be splenic
      variants. In five patients, a round discrete mass was present in the left
      suprarenal area, separate from a spleen which appeared to be normal. A sixth
      patient had multiple masses in the splenic region and a postsplenectomy seventh
      patient had a left posterior, para-aortic mass at the level of the renal hilum.
      Computed tomography (CT) confirmed the presence of the mass in four patients. In
      two, the mass was biopsied. Confirmatory radionuclide liver and spleen scans were
      performed in six patients. Single-photon emission CT proved to be most specific
      by demonstrating functioning splenic tissue in the region of the masses.
      Knowledge of the normal anatomy and embryology of the spleen readily explains the
      findings in our patients. Splenic variants should be considered in the
      differential diagnosis of problematic, left upper quadrant masses seen on US.

PMID- 2647216
TI  - Imaging of the digital arteries: digital subtraction angiography versus
      conventional arteriography.
AB  - A retrospective study of 95 patients was undertaken to compare digital
      subtraction angiography (DSA) and conventional arteriography of the hand. Eighty
      patients had conventional angiography and 15 had DSA. In comparison with
      conventional angiography, DSA is more cost-efficient and facilitates outpatient
      angiography. It provides images as acceptable as those of conventional
      angiography. We conclude that intra-arterial DSA is now the procedure of choice
      for angiographic mapping of the digital arteries.

PMID- 2647217
TI  - Annual oration 1989: bring out your barium.
AB  - A critical review of the use of barium examinations of the gastrointestinal tract
      compared with endoscopy provides evidence of a valid role for barium studies in
      contemporary radiology. It is concluded that there is no clinical, scientific, or
      economic justification for the wholesale replacement of barium radiology by
      endoscopy.

PMID- 2647218
TI  - Neonatal aortic thrombosis treated with intra-arterial urokinase therapy.
AB  - We report a newborn infant with neonatal aortic thrombosis (a complication of
      umbilical artery catheterization) successfully treated by intra-arterial
      urokinase therapy.

PMID- 2647219
TI  - False-negative IV-DSA in external jugular phlebectasia.
AB  - We report a patient with external jugular phlebectasia in whom we performed
      intravenous digital subtraction angiography but failed to demonstrate the lesion.
      Direct injection of contrast into the lesion is the preferred method of
      radiological demonstration.

PMID- 2647220
TI  - [Continuous flow propofol during kidney transplantation in the adult].

PMID- 2647221
TI  - The septic syndrome. Definition and clinical implications.
AB  - The septic syndrome can be defined using clinical criteria in patients with
      clinical evidence of an infectious process. The other criteria include fever or
      hypothermia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and evidence of impaired organ perfusion or
      function as manifested by either altered mentation, hypoxemia, elevated plasma
      lactate, or oliguria. A multicenter trial using these criteria found positive
      blood cultures in 45 per cent of 382 patients. The mortality rate was
      approximately 30 per cent and 25 per cent of the patients developed ARDS. With
      respect to these characteristics, this septic syndrome population was very
      similar to the more traditionally defined populations with sepsis. Using the
      septic syndrome definition may allow for earlier detection of septic patients and
      possibly allow for earlier therapeutic intervention. The septic syndrome may help
      identify a population of patients at risk for the various complications of sepsis
      (that is, ARDS), aid in the search for pathophysiologic mechanisms, and allow for
      pharmacological trials earlier in the disease process.

PMID- 2647222
TI  - Review of corticosteroid treatment in sepsis and septic shock: pro or con.
AB  - The use of glucocorticoids in high dosage for the prevention and treatment of
      sepsis, septic shock, and ARDS has been controversial. The state of our knowledge
      has been reviewed, particularly to include some recent critical contributions. It
      is possible that glucocorticoids have a place in the treatment of gram-negative
      bacteremia, because the evidence in this situation is equivocal. There is no
      evidence that such therapy is indicated in other septic states, nor is there
      evidence that glucocorticoids prevent ARDS or improve the outcome. There are
      inadequate data to state categorically that glucocorticoid therapy in sepsis is
      harmful.

PMID- 2647223
TI  - Ventilatory support in the management of septic patients.
AB  - The use of mechanical ventilation in septic patients with or without ARDS remains
      under the category of supportive care. It is the task of clinicians to properly
      manage the ventilated patient and to prevent complications and treat them as soon
      as possible, if they arise. All clinicians eagerly await the introduction of
      agents that will either attenuate the inflammatory response in patients with the
      septic syndrome prior to the development of ARDS or assist in the healing of the
      acute injury.

PMID- 2647224
TI  - Nosocomial infections and secondary infections in sepsis.
AB  - Hospital-acquired infection remains an important cause of morbidity and
      mortality. Many of the measures used in the diagnosis and therapy of septic shock
      may predispose the patient to such infections. Selected aspects of secondary
      infection in patients with septic shock syndrome are reviewed.

PMID- 2647225
TI  - Role of tumor necrosis factor in sepsis and acute lung injury.
AB  - TNF is a small protein secreted by activated monocytes and macrophages that
      mediates the in vivo effects of endotoxin. When injected into experimental
      animals, TNF reproduces the picture of septic or endotoxin shock. In addition,
      antibodies to TNF protect animals against the deleterious effects of IV
      injections of either LPS or live bacteria. Specifically, the available evidence
      suggests that TNF may be necessary for the organ injury and failure seen in
      sepsis. However, TNF probably is not the final common pathway to shock and tissue
      injury. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase is protective from the lethal effects of
      both LPS and TNF infusion, suggesting that prostanoids play an important, and
      perhaps more proximal role in the generation of tissue injury. In addition, TNF
      is produced and cleared from the blood-stream within a short period of time after
      an LPS stimulus, suggesting that TNF sets into motion a chain of events that may
      be self-perpetuating even in the absence of further TNF stimulus. In the near
      future, the treatment of sepsis may involve the administration of antibodies both
      to TNF and to LPS. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors should also begin to play a role in
      the therapy of sepsis. In the more distant future it is likely that we will be
      able to manipulate the state of activation of genes that code for TNF to exert
      some control over its production and secretion. It is perhaps within our grasp to
      finally reduce the morbidity and mortality of this lethal condition.

PMID- 2647226
TI  - Acute lung injury in septic shock.
AB  - Over the past 20 years, substantial information has been gained concerning sepsis
      associated ALI. Although the mortality from ARDS remains unchanged, the spectrum
      of disease has altered. Patients rarely die acutely from the direct sequelae of
      ALI, including hypoxemia, but most commonly demonstrate a protracted clinical
      course that eventuates in MSOF. Further, with improved resuscitation of medical
      and surgical emergencies, the profile of patients who develop ARDS has changed
      and now reflects an older and more complex patient. While the pathophysiology and
      mediators of tissue injury in septic ARDS is now better understood, effective
      therapeutic interventions have not yet resulted from early multicenter trials. It
      is clear from the recent multicenter trials on the effects of methylprednisolone
      dose that apparently useful therapies in animal models must undergo this form of
      investigation before widespread clinical dissemination. Without an effective and
      singular "golden bullet" for the treatment of the varied presentation of ARDS, it
      remains our contention that basic management principles of ARDS must continue to
      emphasize an aggressive approach to the identification and treatment of the
      septic focus while all efforts are concurrently exploited to reduce the
      potentially aggravating effects of secondary injury on microvascular function.
      Currently research into the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of nosocomial
      pneumonia is an example of how secondary injury may be minimized in ALI. Further,
      it is important to recognize the potentially detrimental effects of various
      therapies on the microvascular membrane in ARDS.

PMID- 2647227
TI  - Oxygen delivery and utilization in sepsis.
AB  - Oxygen delivery and utilization is deranged in the setting of sepsis. The most
      likely cause is an inability of the microvasculature to provide sufficient oxygen
      to actively metabolize tissue, probably as a result of diminished autoregulatory
      control and capillary damage. This maldistribution of blood flow results in the
      development of pathological supply dependency of TO2, which correlates with the
      development of multiorgan failure and a high mortality. The ability to monitor
      the adequacy of tissue O2 delivery is limited by technological limitations and
      evidence that we can increase tissue O2 delivery either by improving TO2 or
      altering microcirculatory functioning is not yet available.

PMID- 2647228
TI  - Immune cellular interactions during sepsis and septic injury.
AB  - The cellular activity generated by PMNs and macrophages in association with
      diverse cytokines has a profound impact on all major functional responses of host
      cellular components during sepsis and septic injury. It is the modulation of
      these cellular interactions and their effect on the continuum between appropriate
      and inappropriate responses during inflammation that will dictate the outcome of
      humans with sepsis.

PMID- 2647229
TI  - Myocardial dysfunction in sepsis.
AB  - The characteristic hemodynamic profile of human septic shock consists of a normal
      or elevated cardiac index and a decreased systemic vascular resistance index.
      When a patient with septic shock has a low cardiac index, concomitant hypovolemia
      is usually present. Within 48 hours of the onset of septic shock, most patients
      develop marked dilatation of both ventricles, depressed ejection fractions, and
      alterations of the Frank-Starling and diastolic pressure-volume relationships;
      stroke volume typically is well maintained. In surviving patients, cardiac
      function returns to normal within 10 days. An identical sequence of hemodynamic
      abnormalities occurs in an experimental canine model of sepsis that employs
      intraperitoneal implantation of infected fibrin clots. This myocardial
      dysfunction is not due to global myocardial ischemia; instead, there appear to be
      one or more circulating myocardial depressant substances. The chemical nature of
      these circulation mediators is under intensive investigation clinically, in
      vitro, and in the canine model.

PMID- 2647230
TI  - Noninfectious diseases, metabolic diseases, toxicities, and neoplastic diseases
      of South American camelids.
AB  - Although the SAC generally are healthy and tolerant of a wide variety of
      management schemes, a number of noninfectious diseases have been documented to
      occur, affecting all body systems. Gastrointestinal diseases appear to be the
      most common afflictions, particularly dental diseases, indigestion, ulceration of
      the third compartment, and the various causes of colic, such as enteritis,
      peritonitis, and intestinal accidents. Diseases of the urinary system
      (urolithiasis, amyloidosis, and glomerulonephritis in particular), the nervous
      system (especially various compressive lesions of the spinal cord), and the
      respiratory system (such as obstructive pulmonary diseases) are not uncommon.
      Diseases of the cardiovascular system (other than congenital defects),
      hemolymphatic system, and nonsurgical diseases of the musculoskeletal system only
      rarely are encountered. Heat stress appears to be a very common problem in
      certain areas, but other metabolic diseases (ketosis, hypocalcemia, and
      hypothyroidism) are of minor importance. It is assumed that SAC are susceptible
      to most of the same toxicities that affect domestic livestock species. The best
      documented examples appear to be the Ericaceae family of plants (laurels,
      rhododendrons, and so on) and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. Neoplasia
      occasionally is seen; examples include lymphosarcoma, gastric squamous cell
      carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. As the longevity of these species increases
      because of their pet status, neoplasia can be expected to become more common. The
      treatment of most of these conditions is based upon extrapolation from domestic
      ruminants.

PMID- 2647231
TI  - Infectious diseases of New-World camelids (NWC).
AB  - Although there are notable infectious conditions that are capable of producing
      clinical disease in the NWC, overall, these species are quite healthy. Of the
      bacterial diseases, enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens types C and D
      would be deemed the most significant in North America, while type A also would be
      regarded as important in South America. Other important bacterial infections of
      potential concern are tuberculosis, Johne's disease, anthrax, malignant edema,
      actinomycosis, tetanus, and the South American condition referred to as alpaca
      fever, which, to date, has not been observed in North America. Fungal infections
      include classical ringworm, principally caused by Trichophyton spp., and the
      cases of coccidioidomycosis that are associated with the arid desert lands of the
      southwestern United States. Most notable of naturally occurring viral infections
      in the NWC would be rabies, ecthyma, and a recently described blindness
      neuropathy that has been associated with the equine herpesvirus I. NWC can be
      infected experimentally with agents causing hoof-and-mouth disease and vesicular
      stomatitis, but naturally occurring cases do not seem to occur. Serological
      evidence of exposure to many viral agents, including blue tongue, parainfluenza
      3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus I, bovine viral
      diarrhea, influenza A, and rotavirus, has been demonstrated; however, no clinical
      disease associated with these agents, as yet, is apparent.

PMID- 2647233
TI  - Llama dermatology.
AB  - As llamas become more common in North America, veterinarians will be called on
      ever more frequently to deal with their dermatologic problems. Adherence to the
      basic tenets of the thorough dermatologic work up, including history, physical
      examination, skin scrapings, cytological examinations, fungal culture, skin
      biopsies, and assessing response to judiciously chosen trial therapies will offer
      the best opportunity of arriving at proper diagnoses. Special attention must be
      paid to the fact that llama skin bears some histological differences that may
      prove confusing to the uninitiated. A mild degree of hyperkeratosis, a prominent
      vascular plexus in the superficial dermis that is associated with mild
      perivascular mononuclear cell accumulations, and regional differences in
      sebaceous gland size and numbers, all are considered normal findings.
      Ectoparasites, including sarcoptic mange, chorioptic manage, and pediculosis,
      appear to be the most common causes of pruritus in the llama. Although ivermectin
      therapy would appear to be very effective for the treatment of scabies and,
      indeed, may work well against sucking lice, chorioptic mange and biting lice
      usually do not respond to this medication. Corticosteroids can be used to treat
      pruritus in the llama nonspecifically, using the anti-inflammatory dosages
      established in other species. These drugs are used most appropriately for the
      management of the allergies that we suspect occur in this species, until better
      alternative therapies can be developed. Variably pruritic focal areas of
      alopecia, exudation, and crusting suggest differential diagnoses including
      bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis, dermatophilosis, dermatophytosis, and
      coccidioimycosis. The diagnosis of bacterial problems often is made by assessing
      response to antibiotic therapy. Topical disinfectants and/or systemic penicillin
      or trimethoprim-sulfadiazine are indicated. Dermatophilosis is treated by
      cleaning and drying the leasions, applying topical antibiotics, and,
      occasionally, using parenteral penicillin and streptomycin. Dermatophytosis
      usually is treated with topical antibiotics only. Captan is one of several
      therapies of choice. There is no therapy presently available for
      coccidioidomycosis in the llama. Perhaps most perplexing is the fact that one of
      the most common dermatopathies seen in the llama is an idiopathic keratinizing
      disorder that, in some cases, is responsive to zinc supplementation. We have no
      real idea of the pathogenesis of this problem and recognize that some affected
      animals will not respond to supplementation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2647232
TI  - Llama reproduction.
AB  - The reproductive anatomy, physiology, and breeding behavior of the llama is
      unique enough to make familiarity with it imperative. Female puberty averages 12
      months, while many males are not reproductively functional until after 3 years.
      Proper management of a breeding pair or herd is necessary to maintain maximum
      reproductive performance. Proof of pregnancy is suggested by rejection of the
      male and may/should be confirmed by progesterone assay, rectal palpation, or
      ultrasound techniques. The postpartum female is notable for breeding back
      rapidly, with high pregnancy rates resulting. Both male and female factors enter
      into llama infertility, with each gender having significant incidence of
      reproductive anatomical abnormalities. Management as well as acquired infertility
      problems (heat factors, trauma, infection, neoplasia, and hormonal imbalances)
      contribute to the bulk of infertility cases investigated. Techniques used to
      diagnose infertility in llamas are quite comparable to the equine species;
      however, female body size and semen analysis in the male present significant
      challenges. The approach to therapy has been quite empirical to date, owing to
      lack of consistent problems and numbers to afford conclusive trials. Alterations
      of pregnancy include resorption, abortions, and stillbirths. Resorption between
      30 to 60 days of gestation is reported regularly. Abortions caused by stress
      occur regularly. Infection abortions caused by leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, and
      chlamydiosis are to be expected. Ponderosa pine-related abortions are suspected.
      In summary, I find use for a broad background in large animal theriogenology to
      apply to llama infertility. There no doubt are additional diagnostic techniques
      and therapeutic regimens that have application, and it is up to us all to keep
      good records and share the information.

PMID- 2647234
TI  - Llama medicine. Conformation and soundness.
AB  - Conformational problems tend to be common in llamas and alpacas. Without setting
      a standard, basic conformation can still be evaluated by comparing with equine
      conformation, especially in terms of straightness of limbs. Good conformation
      should evoke a sense of balance in the observer. Conformation faults predispose
      to unsoundness.

PMID- 2647235
TI  - Parasitism in llamas.
AB  - Llamas in North America are infected with a number of helminth parasites,
      including: gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworms, meningeal worms, tapeworms, and
      flukes. Most of these helminths can be treated with the anthelmintic currently
      used to treat cattle and sheep. At least two protozoan parasites, coccidia and
      toxoplasma, have been reported in the llamas in North America. Coccidia can be
      controlled with the anticoccidial drugs used to control these organisms in other
      domestic animals. Toxoplasma has been reported uncommonly in llamas in North
      America and control is very difficult. Several external parasites occur in llamas
      in North America, including lice, mites, ticks, and the deer nasal bot. Except
      for the deer nasal bot, the other external parasites in the llama can be treated
      with pesticides approved for use in cattle.

PMID- 2647236
TI  - Llama herd health.
AB  - Herd health programs for llama owners offer veterinarians the opportunity to
      provide preventive care to an expanding market. Some aspects of llama herd health
      programs are unique but should be based on herd health principles used for other
      livestock species. Vaccinations, parasite control, nutritional consultation and
      reproductive examinations, coupled with feet and teeth care, are some areas to
      cover in herd health programs. Each herd will have slightly different
      requirements and the program should be tailored to the goals of the producer.

PMID- 2647237
TI  - Llama medicine. Physical examination, restraint and handling.
AB  - Llamas are generally docile, easily handled domestic animals. Special chutes have
      been designed for safe, efficient restraint for examination and diagnostic
      procedures, most of which are commonly performed on other species. Anatomic
      differences make some of these procedures unique to the llama.

PMID- 2647238
TI  - Llama medicine. Nutrition.
AB  - The NWC are capable of assimilating a much lower plane of nutrition than we are
      accustomed to offer conventional domestic herbivores. Their unique gastric
      anatomy and physiology no doubt contribute to this apparent superiority, which is
      most evident when compared with sheep under lesser planes of nutrition. Llamas
      tend to be "cafeteria style" eaters, with some preference being given to taller,
      coarser forages. Absolute maintenance requirements for caloric, protein, fiber,
      and mineral content of NWC rations are yet to be finalized using North American
      feedstuffs, but some guidelines are offered. Proper assessment of body condition,
      acknowledgment of any nutritional problems, ration analysis, and assessment of
      management procedures likely will keep NWC nutrition on an even plane here in
      their new-found environment.

PMID- 2647239
TI  - Clinical pathology of llamas.
AB  - Examination of the diseased llama often relies on clinical laboratory information
      to supplement that from the physical examination and history. Because of the
      llama's only recent importance as a companion animal, little information is
      available on the analysis and interpretation of clinical laboratory parameters in
      this species. Llamas possess red blood cells with a unique shape, small size, and
      high hemoglobin content. The hemoglobin has a high oxygen affinity, which helps
      the animal adapt to high altitudes and presents with an oxyhemoglobin
      dissociation curve shifted to the left. The llama maintains high resting blood
      glucose, creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels. It is very efficient at recycling
      urea nitrogen via nonrenal pathways. Most of the clinical pathologic parameters
      can be utilized and interpreted as in other species, but with a different
      baseline of normal values.

PMID- 2647240
TI  - Llama anesthetic programs.
AB  - Llamas are anesthetized conveniently with guaifenesin thiamylal mixes, or, for
      short periods of time, with xylazine/ketamine. Small individuals must be
      accurately weighed. Estimating weight without experience is dangerous in this
      species. The greatest levels of safety and control, especially for critical
      patients, is afforded by inhalation anesthesia techniques using small animal
      equipment. All neonates and juveniles can be masked readily but in adults
      intravenous induction is most satisfactory. Intubation is aided by a long blade
      laryngoscope. Blood pressure monitoring is best accomplished with an arterial
      line in the ear artery. However, doppler equipment on the tail or distal leg
      usually works well.

PMID- 2647241
TI  - Surgical conditions in the llama.
AB  - Various surgical conditions of llamas are discussed, based on the author's
      experience, that of colleagues at Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching
      Hospital, and what little information is available in the literature. Some
      surgery is described for the correction of congenital abnormalities, some of
      which may be inherited. Sterilization of affected animals should be performed to
      prevent further occurrence of such defects. Many of the surgical techniques used
      in llamas are adaptations of methods used in other domestic species. Knowledge of
      the anatomical differences (especially in the gastrointestinal tract) as well as
      the other idiosyncracies of this species is essential for a successful surgical
      outcome. In time, refinements of these techniques as well as reports on the use
      of different or newer techniques will appear in the literature.

PMID- 2647242
TI  - "Celebration of the smile".
AB  - April is Dental Health Month--a month especially set aside to alert Canadians
      that Dental Health is indeed a major ingredient of the total quality of life.
      This year, the campaign's primary focus will not be mastication, function,
      freedom from disease or pain, but "Celebration of the Smile." A Smile is
      infectious, it's contagious, and one of the world's greatest bargains. The
      returns are immeasurable. When truly genuine and freely given, the Smile elicits
      almost instant trust and friendship. No frown can ever do that! And it takes so
      very little effort and energy. We are not sure what anatomist conducted the
      research but it is reported that three times more muscles are required to frown
      than to Smile! Dentists everywhere can take much pride in their contribution to
      enhancing one of Nature's most precious commodities--the Smile. What a long road
      it has been from the primitive attempts of just a hundred years ago when
      alleviating pain was the priority and any crude attempt to enhance appearance was
      secondary. Only 25 years ago silicate cement was often the only material
      available for anterior teeth. Far, far too many beautiful Smiles were marred with
      dark halos around poor fillings and recurrent decay. Missing teeth were
      commonplace; there were gaps, spaces and "flipper dentures." It's hard to believe
      how rapidly we have advanced in so short a time. Taken for granted today are
      caries-free mouths, composite filling materials that defy detection, bonded
      porcelain veneers and fixed prostheses that can even improve where Nature has
      "faltered."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647243
TI  - Dental health month: community activities that work.

PMID- 2647244
TI  - Dental ethics: getting the balance right.

PMID- 2647245
TI  - The role of dentistry in head and neck radiation therapy.
AB  - In the adult patient, oral complications of cancer radiotherapy stem from the
      deleterious effects of radiation on salivary glands, oral mucosa, mandibular
      musculature and alveolar bone. Clinical consequences of such treatment include
      xerostomia, rampant dental decay, mucositis, taste loss, osteoradionecrosis,
      infection, trismus, and nutritional stomatitis. These alterations to the normal
      state occur both during and after completion of head and neck radiation. Fig. 1
      outlines the time frame involved in the development of each particular problem.
      In the past 20 years, many changes have occurred in the management of patients
      receiving radiation therapy. The traditional regimen of dental care in these
      patients was one of extracting all teeth encompassed by the radiation field.
      However, 15 years ago, this concept was questioned due to the incidence of post
      radiation caries (PRC) outside the zone of irradiation. The purpose of this paper
      is to review the major consequences of radiation treatment to the head and neck
      as well as outline the role of the dentist in the management of these patients.

PMID- 2647246
TI  - The unerupted or impacted third molar--a critical appraisal of its pathologic
      potential.
AB  - The prophylactic removal of asymptomatic unerupted or impacted third molars
      constitutes a major proportion of all oral surgical procedures. Patients are
      advised to have this preventive surgery on the basis that such teeth, if
      retained, are likely to cause certain pathologic lesions. The evidence in the
      scientific literature on the prevalence of dentigerous cysts, mural
      ameloblastoma, epidermoid carcinoma and root resorption indicates that this
      concern is exaggerated. The retrospective data on the reasons for extractions of
      third molars confirm this conclusion. Until there are prospective studies which
      demonstrate a significant patient benefit from surgery exceeding the risks of
      retention, the practice should be discontinued. Third molars should be removed
      only where there is a defined pathologic indication.

PMID- 2647247
TI  - Oral precancer: patterns, complexities and clinical guidelines.

PMID- 2647248
TI  - [Improvement in the quality of health: new perspectives].
AB  - Recent advances in understanding the factors that affect the development and
      progression of carious lesions have not been widely adopted by the profession.
      Traditional diagnostic and restorative principles may be incompatible with
      quality care and could contribute to the imposition of unnecessary dental
      treatment. Quality care should be based on appropriate standards of care as well
      as specific diagnostic and treatment criteria consistent with current scientific
      knowledge.

PMID- 2647249
TI  - What do you know about Joseph Babinski?

PMID- 2647250
TI  - An update on the cellular and molecular biology of brain tumors.
AB  - Patients with tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) remain difficult to
      treat despite recent advances in surgical, chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic
      techniques. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of
      neoplasia is providing neuroscientists with a framework on which to devise novel
      therapies for these patients. It thus becomes imperative that neurologists and
      neurosurgeons be aware of these advances in basic science that may eventually
      have a positive impact on patient management. This paper reviews our present
      knowledge of the process of CNS oncogenesis and the roles that chemicals,
      viruses, oncogenes, growth inhibitor genes, and growth factors play in the
      process.

PMID- 2647251
TI  - Dendritic pathology: an overview of Golgi studies in man.
AB  - Study of dendritic morphology through Golgi impregnation techniques has
      significantly furthered our understanding of neuronal development, maturation,
      and senescence. It has also provided insight into the pathogenesis of a wide
      spectrum of disease processes ranging from brain malformations to degenerative
      disorders. Golgi impregnation remains virtually the only method for demonstrating
      dendritic morphology. It delineates the profile of the individual neuron and its
      dendritic ramifications with unsurpassed clarity. Although it has been widely
      applied to experimental neuroscience involving animal tissue, its application to
      human material has been limited. This review summarizes the information on
      dendritic development and pathology in the human brain revealed by the use of the
      Golgi method.

PMID- 2647252
TI  - Epilepsy: relationships between electrophysiology and intracellular mechanisms
      involving second messengers and gene expression.
AB  - It is well known that pure absence epilepsy is a benign form of seizure disorder,
      while most others, particularly partial and convulsive seizures may have
      transient or permanent deleterious consequences and are more difficult to bring
      under therapeutic control by anticonvulsants. The hypothesis is proposed that the
      preservation of GABA-ergic inhibition in absence attacks and its breakdown in
      most other seizures may explain these differences. Breakdown of GABA-ergic
      inhibition allows NMDA receptors to become active. This opens the way for Ca2+ to
      enter the cell. Such Ca2+ entry is a long-lasting phenomenon. It is likely to be
      massive during most seizures except during absence attacks, and may therefore
      damage the neuron transiently or permanently. It may even destroy it. Ca2+ entry
      is also a crucial factor in the activation of the second messenger cascade which
      involves cytosolic as well as nuclear (genomic) components. Activation of this
      cascade converts short-lived electrophysiological processes occurring at the
      membrane into much longer-lasting intracellular processes. These may include
      plastic changes at the synaptic and receptor level and may account for kindling
      and the increasing therapy-resistance of long-standing seizure disorders. Changes
      resulting from massive Ca2+ entry into the neuron may explain why most seizures,
      except absence attacks, may have deleterious consequences of various kinds, some
      short-lived, some of longer duration, and some even permanent.

PMID- 2647253
TI  - The management of athletes with myositis ossificans traumatica.
AB  - Myositis ossificans traumatica (MOT) is often encountered by young male athletes
      participating in contact sports. The purpose of this paper is to review this
      disorder, characterized by a localized bone formation within muscle and other
      connective tissues as a result of a single or repeated contusion. MOT merits
      close attention because it may cause protracted disability and absence from
      competitive and recreational activities. Moreover, it may be mistaken for serious
      pathologies such as sarcoma. Confusion regarding the optimal management of MOT
      may also arise because the literature proposes conservative, experimental and
      surgical treatment approaches.

PMID- 2647254
TI  - Influence of age and physical training on postural adaptation.
AB  - Movement from the supine to the upright position brings about the transfer of
      blood from the upper to the lower body. Cardiac output and central arterial
      pressures are reduced causing, in the normal subject, a reflex increase in
      sympathetic and a decrease in parasympathetic activity. Increased sympathetic
      activity facilitates cardiovascular and skeletal muscular adjustments aimed at
      maintaining cerebral blood flow. If there were no compensatory cardiovascular
      changes, the reduced cardiac output due to the pooling of blood into the
      dependent regions of the body would result in cerebral ischemia and loss of
      consciousness (postural hypotension). This situation is most often experienced in
      the elderly population and can have quite a debilitating influence on daily
      living activities. It is known that as humans age, the efficiency of bodily
      functions often becomes impaired. It is also known that exercise can improve the
      function of the cardiovascular system as shown by an improved work capacity and
      lowered incidence of heart disease and high blood pressure. These exercise
      related changes suggest that exercise may have implications in the management of
      postural hypotension. However, recent studies have given conflicting accounts
      regarding the relationship between regular exercise and postural adaptation, with
      some studies describing an impaired adaptation in athletes. The purpose of this
      paper is to summarize, in detail, the influences of age and physical fitness on
      postural adaptation.

PMID- 2647255
TI  - Abortion.

PMID- 2647256
TI  - The psychologic effects of spontaneous abortion.
AB  - Although 14% to 18% of pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion, miscarriage is
      often not recognized as a significant occurrence. Women may experience grief
      reactions similar to those after the loss of a neonate. If the woman is not given
      an opportunity to deal with her grief, there may be continuing feelings of
      sadness, inadequacy and fearfulness as well as impairment in the relationships
      with her spouse and children. Methods of helping the couple during this time
      include acknowledging the significance of the loss, providing information,
      permitting the couple to see the fetus, if desired, and suggesting a memorial
      service. Some women may require individual or group therapy to deal with their
      feelings.

PMID- 2647257
TI  - Universal precautions for preventing transmission of bloodborne pathogens in
      health care facilities: report of a consensus committee meeting.

PMID- 2647258
TI  - Measles.

PMID- 2647259
TI  - Dengue fever.

PMID- 2647260
TI  - Smallpox.

PMID- 2647261
TI  - Herpes simplex.

PMID- 2647262
TI  - Herpes zoster.

PMID- 2647263
TI  - Consequences of varicella-zoster infection: advances in treatment and prevention.

PMID- 2647264
TI  - Mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV infection.

PMID- 2647265
TI  - Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.

PMID- 2647266
TI  - Rubella.

PMID- 2647267
TI  - Exanthem subitum (roseola infantum).

PMID- 2647268
TI  - Eruptions associated with respiratory and enteric viruses.

PMID- 2647269
TI  - [Major depression in the child: validation of the syndrome and pharmacologic
      treatment].
AB  - The concept of childhood depression has been the object of controversies over
      many years. Recent developments have permitted rapid progress in many areas of
      research. The author offers an update on the validity of the diagnosis of major
      depression in childhood and on pharmacological treatment. He then attempts to
      delineate the uses and limitations of this therapeutic approach. In the latter
      part, practical advice on the use of drugs in childhood depression is given.

PMID- 2647270
TI  - Bulimia: independence of antibulimic and antidepressant properties of
      desipramine.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to identify variables useful for predicting a
      positive response to the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine, amongst bulimic
      subjects. Using a randomized double-blind cross-over design, 24 normal weight
      bulimics completed a 15-week protocol in which they received either desipramine
      (150 mg/day) for six weeks, no drug for three weeks, followed by placebo for six
      weeks, or the reverse sequence. At weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, and 15, each
      subject was assessed using the EDI, SCL-90, POMS and binge records. The DST,
      Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), and a personal and family medical
      psychiatric history questionnaire were administered at initial assessment, while
      plasma desipramine levels were obtained at weeks 4 and 13. Responders were
      defined in terms of both binge frequency reduction, and decrease in depressive
      symptoms. In the sample of 24 subjects, desipramine was significantly more
      effective than placebo in reducing the frequency of weekly binging and vomiting,
      as well as causing a reduction in the fatigue scale of the POMS. No significant
      effect of the drug was obtained on the EDI or the SCL-90. In terms of reduction
      in binge frequency, seven responders were identified; another seven were found to
      be borderline responders, while 10 were labeled as non-responders. The three
      groups did not differ in terms of their initial scores on the SCL-90, POMS, DST,
      DIS results, or psychological subscales of the EDI. However, responders were
      found to have lower EDI bulimia subscale scores, but a higher frequency of
      purging episodes than were non-responders. Eight patients were identified as
      borderline responders with respect to depressive symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647271
TI  - [Recent progress in the study of alcoholism].
AB  - The phenomenon of denial of alcohol dependence prevails not only in a majority of
      alcoholics, but also in the diagnostic and therapeutic behavior of many
      physicians. The reasons for this neglect of alcohol abuse are reviewed. In
      particular, value judgments rather than scientific data seem to lead a number of
      physicians to share the recent views of the U.S. Supreme Court on primary
      alcoholism: a "willful misconduct" rather than an illness. This dichotomy between
      primary and secondary alcoholism, simplistic in itself, is part of current
      attempts to describe a spectrum of alcoholic disorders, some more social, some
      more biological. The biological underpinnings of abnormal drinking behaviour
      include various abnormalities of cerebral neurotransmitters: dopaminergic,
      serotonergic, GABA and endogenous opiate systems among others. These
      abnormalities are partly genetically determined, pre-existing to alcohol abuse
      and explaining why "alcoholism runs in families", and partly secondary to alcohol
      abuse. Their understanding may open the road to the use of specific
      pharmacological adjuvants in alcoholism treatment, in conjunction with
      psychotherapy, rehabilitation and self-help programs.

PMID- 2647272
TI  - [Pharmacologic interventions in agitated mentally retarded patients].
AB  - Aggressive behavior of mental retardates is a frequent problem which semiological
      description is very polymorphic. Some psychiatric etiologies are listed, and then
      the different aspects of idiopathic aggressive behavior are described. These
      aspects give guidelines for more specific treatments which are further reviewed.
      Preferential indications and side effects are described for each in a way to
      suggest a therapeutic strategy. At the end, legal aspects involved are briefly
      exposed.

PMID- 2647273
TI  - Reinduction therapy for advanced or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia of
      childhood.
AB  - Thirty-four children after multiple relapse or with refractory acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with two novel combinations of high-dose
      cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisone.
      The first combination was given to 19 patients. Oncolytic response and marrow
      hypoplasia was achieved in all. There were four early infectious deaths. Thirteen
      of the remaining 15 (87%) in whom the response to therapy could be evaluated
      achieved complete remission. Two achieved good partial remissions. The median
      duration of complete remission and survival on study was 8 and 10 months,
      respectively. The four proven and three suspected fungal infections seen in the
      initial 19 patients was the major toxicity observed. The therapy was modified in
      the last 15 patients to retain efficacy while reducing the period of neutropenia
      from a median of 28 to 22 days. No deep-seated fungal infections were seen in
      these patients. Twelve (80%) achieved a complete remission. Three had an
      oncolytic response without achieving remission. Eighty-three percent of the 30
      evaluable patients, or 74% of all patients entered on study, achieved remission.
      It is anticipated that the therapy described here will not only achieve another
      remission in the majority of patients with advanced ALL but that the patients
      will be able to proceed to alternate therapies with potentially more durable
      benefit.

PMID- 2647274
TI  - Intracranial meningiomas after high-dose irradiation.
AB  - Three patients who presented with intracranial meningiomas 12, 15, and 20 years,
      respectively, after therapeutic high-dose irradiation of a primary brain tumor
      are described. Analysis of these cases and similar documented cases suggests that
      meningiomas after high-dose irradiation constitute a recognizable entity.
      Patients with such tumors received radiation therapy at a young age (mean age,
      9.4 years). After a latent period of 2 to 47 years (mean, 19.8 years) they
      developed meningiomas at the site of irradiation, at a much younger age than
      patients with "spontaneous" meningiomas. Similar to the situation with
      meningiomas after low-dose irradiation, a relatively high proportion of
      meningiomas induced by high-dose irradiation tend to be malignant and
      biologically aggressive. A very young age at the time of irradiation seems to
      predispose to the induction of malignant meningiomas, rather than benign tumors.
      These unusual features provide indirect evidence that high-dose radiation may
      play a role in the pathogenesis of meningiomas.

PMID- 2647275
TI  - Transrectal ultrasound. A case report related to the natural history of prostate
      cancer.
AB  - This is a case report of a man with prostate cancer diagnosed 10 years ago by
      digital rectal examination and prostatic biopsy. He was followed with serial
      transrectal ultrasound examinations for the last 22 months. Transrectal
      ultrasound enabled us to observe the natural history of his cancer. Because of
      accelerated tumor growth, a radical prostatectomy was performed. The tumor was
      confined within the prostate capsule and thus considered a "cure." Transrectal
      ultrasound is an invaluable tool for continuous monitoring of patients with
      prostate cancer.

PMID- 2647276
TI  - Immunohistochemical study of epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor
      receptor in gastric carcinoma.
AB  - Immunohistochemical study for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and epidermal growth
      factor receptor (EGFR) was performed on 222 specimens of gastric carcinoma. The
      authors placed each carcinoma into one of the following three groups: group 1,
      neither EGF nor EGFR was stained (123 cases); group 2, either EGF or EGFR was
      stained (64 cases); and group 3, both EGF and EGFR were stained (35 cases).
      Compared with the carcinomas in groups 1 and 2, those in group 3 had
      significantly higher rates of infiltrative gross type, microscopically
      infiltrative type, poorly differentiated type, scirrhous type, and deep invading
      type. These results suggest that carcinomas in group 3 may have more
      proliferative and invasive activity and thus may have an autocrine mechanism,
      that is, the ability of cancer cells to produce and respond to their own growth
      factor.

PMID- 2647277
TI  - ras oncogene expression and prognosis of invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the
      uterine cervix.
AB  - By using anti-ras p21 mouse monoclonal antibody rp35, the authors studied the
      reactivity of 170 squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix of different
      histologic types. The overexpression of p21 was noted in 57.1% of keratinizing
      type (K type) and 54.2% of large cell nonkeratinizing type (LNK type), but only
      38.7% of small cell type (S type). Upon statistical analysis of the correlations
      between p21 overexpression and patient prognosis with the Kaplan-Meier method and
      generalized Wilcoxon text, the p21-positive K and LNK types showed poorer
      prognosis, whereas the positive S type showed better prognosis in comparison with
      the negative cases. These findings suggest that the expression of ras p21 is one
      of the parameters related with prognosis of cervical cancers, but the mode of the
      correlation is dependent on their histologic types.

PMID- 2647278
TI  - Prognostic significance of Ki-67 reactivity in soft tissue sarcomas.
AB  - Proliferative activity of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) in 34 cases was estimated by
      immunohistochemical procedures (avidin-biotin complex [ABC] method) with
      monoclonal antibody Ki-67 which reacts with a nuclear antigen expressed in all
      phases of cell cycle except G0. In 20 of 34 cases (59%), varying numbers of Ki-67
      positive tumor cells were detected with a range from 5 to 382 per 10 high power
      fields (HPF) (mean 57.2/10 HPF). Ki-67 index (the number of Ki-67-positive tumor
      cells/10 HPF) positively correlated with mitotic count (r = 0.428, P less than
      0.02), cellularity (r = 0.447, P less than 0.01), and histologic grade (r =
      0.473, P less than 0.01). The Ki-67 low index group (less than 50/10 HPF) showed
      more favorable prognosis than the high index group (more than 50/10 HPF) (P less
      than 0.005). Three cases with low mitotic count and unfavorable prognosis were
      proved to be the Ki-67 high index group (142-382/10 HPF). These results indicated
      that reactivity of tumor cells for Ki-67 is a useful prognostic marker in the
      patients with STS, and might be used as one of the histologic factors for the
      grading of STS.

PMID- 2647279
TI  - Spontaneous remission of acute leukemia after the termination of pregnancy.
AB  - A 28-year-old woman in the third trimester of her pregnancy was found to have
      acute myelocytic leukemia. The baby was delivered by Cesarean section and her
      leukemia underwent spontaneous remission. However, 3 months later, she presented
      with massive painful leukemic infiltration of the breasts as initial
      manifestation of relapse, followed by systemic symptoms of leukemia. In vitro
      culture of the leukemic cells demonstrated characteristics of macrophage cell
      line. This case illustrates a unique sequence of events: spontaneous remission
      after the termination of pregnancy, which has profound hormonal alterations, and
      relapse in a very hormone-sensitive organ, the breast, a few months later when
      the hormonal milieu was resumed. This suggests hormonal dependence of her
      leukemic cells and potential for hormonal manipulation in a certain subset of
      human leukemia.

PMID- 2647280
TI  - The impact of computer systems in a medical environment.
AB  - The acceptance and proliferation of computer technology in health care has not
      been as rapid as many expected. Research in this area suggests that several
      factors are related to computer acceptance including social network processes,
      attitudes toward computers, and personality characteristics. Potential
      implications for the field of magnetic resonance imaging are discussed.

PMID- 2647281
TI  - Image processing for the rest of us: the potential utility of inexpensive
      computerized image analysis in clinical pathology and radiology.
AB  - Recent progress in computer technology in both hardware and software, combined
      with marked cost reductions, have placed quantitatively accurate video
      densitometry systems within the reach of the individual clinician, biomedical
      researcher, and community hospital. While much of the attention generated by
      advances in image processing has focussed on larger scale procedures, such as
      CAT, chemical shift, and positron emission tomography, important applications can
      be found for considerably more modest systems. In this article, we discuss three
      such applications of DUMAS, a personal computer-based imaging system developed by
      the Image Processing Center at Drexel University. A potential technique for
      quantifying numbers of estrogen receptors in tumorous breast tissue samples as a
      predictor of patient responsiveness to hormonal therapy is described first, along
      with possible sources of error. The second application, also related to clinical
      pathology and cancer, outlines methods for relating changes in nuclear and cell
      morphology to the diagnosis of Sezary Cell Syndrome. The utility of binary image
      filtering methods in the classification of cell types is discussed. The third
      application involves the development of a semi-automatic procedure for the
      determination of vessel diameter in arteriograms. A detailed description of the
      optimization and curve-fitting algorithms is provided along with preliminary test
      results comparing various approaches. The need for user demand to fuel research
      and development in small-scale imaging systems is also discussed.

PMID- 2647282
TI  - Positron emission tomography of the brain.
AB  - Positron emission tomography (PET) is a technique of transverse tomographic
      imaging in which detection of two photons emitted from the annihilation of a
      positron and an electron is used to reconstruct the distribution of a positron
      emitting isotope within an object. PET provides the capacity to quantitatively
      measure the local tissue distribution of a variety of radionuclides that are
      attached to compounds that distribute according to function. Although this
      technique has been used to measure multiple functions and receptors within the
      brain, one of the most widespread uses is the measurement of local cerebral
      glucose metabolism based on the deoxyglucose method. In this article, the
      application of PET to clinical disorders such as dementia, brain tumors,
      psychiatric disease, epilepsy, movement disorders, and stroke as well as to
      normal states such as aging are examined.

PMID- 2647283
TI  - Early systemic effects on the hepatic mitochondria of tumour bearing mice.
AB  - The activities of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase, mitochondrial marker
      enzymes, were evaluated in the liver of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing mice
      during the life span of the inoculated animals. After 10 days of tumour
      transplantation, when cell proliferation has ceased, a 30-40% decrease of these
      activities was detected in both liver and kidney. Simultaneously, an increase in
      the total acidic proteinase activity (50-60%) was observed. The gel filtration
      profiles of liver proteinase activities from inoculated animal extracts displayed
      different patterns to those of the controls; low molecular weight proteinase
      activities appear to be enhanced in the livers of tumour-bearing animals.

PMID- 2647284
TI  - Over expression of proto-oncogenes: ki-ras, fos and myc in rat liver cells
      treated in vitro by two liver tumor promoters: phenobarbital and biliverdin.
AB  - Among the liver cell strains established in the laboratory from the liver of 10
      day-old rats, some of them (FV) underwent spontaneous neoplastic transformation
      after a number of subcultures. However, one (Cl3) had maintained a non
      transformed phenotype (persistence of contact inhibition, lack of growth in soft
      agar and of gamma glutamyltranspeptidase activity). These cells were grown either
      for a short time (48 h) or a longer time (3 weeks) in the presence of two liver
      tumor promoters: phenobarbital (0.2 x 10(-3) M) or biliverdin (10(-6) M). Total
      RNA was analysed by dot blot and Northern blot, then hybridized with ki-ras, fos
      and myc probes, previously labelled with 32P by nick translation. The three
      oncogenes were well expressed by the two strains but while an over-expression was
      observed for the Cl3 non-transformed cells when they were grown in presence of
      phenobarbital or biliverdin, the FV-transformed cells were not sensitive to the
      two promoters.

PMID- 2647285
TI  - Tumoricidal interactions of hyperthermia with carboplatin, cisplatin and
      etoposide.
AB  - Interactions of hyperthermia with carboplatin, cisplatin and etoposide were
      investigated in vitro in JM, a human, T cell, lymphoblastic cell line. Thermal
      enhancement ratios (TER) for carboplatin killing increased with temperature (2.3
      at 40.5 degrees C, 3.2 at 41.8 degrees C) and were similar to those for cisplatin
      killing (2.6 at 40.5 degrees C, 3.6 at 41.8 degrees C). In a separate experiment,
      cytotoxicity was additive when carboplatin and cisplatin were given
      simultaneously at 37 degrees C and at 41.8 degrees C. Etoposide, which synergizes
      with platinum agents, did not have supra-additive cytotoxic interactions with
      hyperthermia. The data presented are relevant to the conduct of clinical
      hyperthermia trials.

PMID- 2647286
TI  - Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation by a novel growth regulator from placenta:
      modulation of membrane phosphorylation and oncogene expression.
AB  - The tumor specific inhibition of thymidine uptake by a negative growth regulator
      isolated from the maternal part of the bovine placenta is in concert with an
      inhibited expression of ras oncogenes. The results indicate that primary
      processing is blocked in case of Ha-ras, while a lower transcription rate or a
      stimulated degradation of mRNA is more likely for N-ras. These reactions are
      preceded by a specific binding of the inhibitor to tumor cell surface membranes.
      A modulated phosphate incorporation into some of the surface components is
      observed as a result of the binding process.

PMID- 2647287
TI  - The importance of circular DNA in mammalian gene amplification.

PMID- 2647288
TI  - Production of hepatocellular carcinoma by oval cells: cell cycle expression of c
      myc and p53 at different stages of oval cell transformation.
AB  - In rats maintained on a carcinogenic diet (choline deficient containing 0.1%
      ethionine), the levels of c-myc and p53 mRNAs increased by 4 wk after animals
      were placed on the diet. Cell isolation studies showed that the change in c-myc
      takes place in oval cells, while p53 increases predominantly in oval cells but
      also in hepatocytes. To determine whether this increase is a consequence of cell
      proliferation or is associated with transformation, we have developed an in vitro
      model of hepatocarcinogenesis using epithelial cells isolated from the livers of
      rats fed the carcinogenic diet. When maintained in vitro with infrequent
      subculture, this cell line (LE/6) undergoes spontaneous transformation.
      Inoculation s.c. of the transformed cells into nude mice yields tumors
      histologically identified as hepatocellular carcinoma. We have used these cell
      lines to compare the cell cycle expression of c-myc and p53 mRNAs in
      untransformed, partially transformed, and tumorigenic LE/6 cells. We find that
      the expression of both genes is under cell cycle control in untransformed and
      partially transformed cells. However, complete transformation of this cell line
      is associated with constitutive expression of myc but not p53 transcripts. On the
      basis of this work we suggest that constitutive expression of c-myc may be a late
      event in hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2647289
TI  - Suppression of tumorigenicity in human cell hybrids derived from cell lines
      expressing different activated ras oncogenes.
AB  - Four different human tissue-derived cell lines, each previously shown to express
      either a Ha-, Ki-, or N-ras-activated oncogene, were fused in four different
      paired combinations. The three combinations that involved the tumor line HT1080
      (activated N-ras oncogene) were found to be tumorigenic in nude mice, but to
      different degrees. However, the fusion of the tumor lines EJ and SW480 (activated
      Ha-ras and Ki-ras, respectively) resulted in hybrid cells suppressed for
      tumorigenicity. The EJ x SW480 hybrids were found to harbor and express both of
      the activated ras oncogenes. The results suggest that tumorigenic suppression can
      occur in the presence of two transforming oncogenes of the ras family and that
      tumorigenicity associated with ras oncogene activation involves additional
      mechanisms that may differ among tumor cells.

PMID- 2647290
TI  - Immunolymphoscintigraphy for the detection of lymph node metastases from breast
      cancer.
AB  - The presence of metastases in the regional lymph nodes is the major prognostic
      factor in breast cancer in the absence of overt distant metastases and is also an
      important indicator of the need for adjuvant therapy in "early" breast cancer.
      Currently, the accurate assessment of axillary lymph node status requires
      axillary dissection which has an associated morbidity. An alternative method of
      identifying patients who are "node positive" has been developed by means of
      immunolymphoscintigraphy with s.c. administered radioiodinated monoclonal
      antibody. The 131I-labeled anti-breast cancer antibody (RCC-1; 400 micrograms)
      and cold iodine-labeled "blocking" antibody (Ly-2.1; 2 mg which is nonreactive
      with breast cancer) were injected s.c. into both arms and scintigraphy images
      were obtained 16-18 h after the injection, using the axilla contralateral to the
      side of the breast cancer as the control. Studies were reported as positive (and
      therefore indicative of lymph node metastases) if the amount of background
      subtracted radioactive count in the axilla of interest exceeded the normal side
      by a radio equal to or greater than 1.5:1.0 as assessed by computer analysis. In
      38 of 40 patients the findings on scintigraphy were correlated with operative and
      histopathological findings on the axillary dissection specimen or cytological
      findings of fine needle aspiration of axillary lymph nodes. In a prospective
      study of 26 patients, the method is more sensitive (86%) and specific (92%) than
      preoperative clinical assessment (57% sensitivity, 58% specificity) in the
      detection of axillary lymph node metastases; and by combining both modalities of
      assessment, there was an improvement in the sensitivity (100%) but a
      deterioration in the specificity (50%). There was no significant complication
      from this essentially outpatient procedure and only 1 of 40 patients developed a
      human anti-mouse antibody response. This novel and safe method of imaging may
      become a most useful adjunct in the surgical management of breast cancer.

PMID- 2647291
TI  - Phase I trial of human lymphoblastoid interferon with whole body hyperthermia in
      advanced cancer.
AB  - Laboratory studies have shown a potentiation of the biological effects of
      interferons (IFN) by elevated temperatures (39.5-40.5 degrees C). Based on such
      observations a Phase I clinical trial involving 17 cancer patients was conducted
      to assess the toxicity and biological effects of combining whole body
      hyperthermia (WBH) (40.5 degrees C for 75 min) and IFN. The study design
      incorporated a treatment schedule which allowed comparisons of WBH alone, to IFN
      administered i.m., to combinations of the two modalities. Human lymphoblastoid
      IFN was given for 6 days in weeks, 2, 4, and 6. At least 4 patients were entered
      at each of three IFN dose levels (1 x 10(6) units/m2; 3 x 10(6) units/m2; 10 x
      10(6) units/m2). WBH was delivered on day 1 of week 1, day 6 of week 4, and days
      4 and 6 of week 6. IFN was administered 1 h prior to WBH. The schedule used
      allowed for the development of tachyphylaxis to IFN-induced fever. Maximum
      temperatures were not significantly higher 24 h post-IFN/WBH than after a
      comparable number of days of human lymphoblastoid IFN alone. There was no
      statistically significant difference in toxicity assessments, hematological and
      hepatic blood parameters, serum IFN levels, or biological response modulation
      (i.e., 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity; beta 2-microglobulin levels;
      natural killer cell cytotoxicity, using K562 target cells and Chang cells) 24 h
      posttreatment between human lymphoblastoid IFN alone or combined modality
      therapy. No cumulative toxicity was observed in 6 patients receiving maintenance
      therapy for up to 1 year. Prior preclinical observations, together with the
      clinical safety reported in this study, encourage further investigation into the
      interactions between IFNs and hyperthermia.

PMID- 2647292
TI  - Association of Ki-ras with amplified DNA sequences, detected in human ovarian
      carcinomas by a modified in-gel renaturation assay.
AB  - A modified in-gel DNA renaturation technique, which detects DNA sequences
      amplified greater than 7-fold in human DNA, was used to analyze gene
      amplification in surgical specimens of primary and metastatic ovarian carcinomas.
      Amplified DNA sequences were detected in two of eight tumors. Hybridization of
      these samples with different oncogene probes revealed that both tumors contained
      an amplified Ki-ras gene, which in one case was coamplified with c-myc. In one of
      the tumors, Ki-ras was found to be amplified in both the primary tumor and three
      different metastatic nodules. No mutations at codons 12 or 61 of Ki-ras were
      detected in these tumors. No additional cases of Ki-ras or c-myc amplification
      were detected by Southern hybridization in the tumors that were found to be
      amplification negative by modified in-gel renaturation assays. These results
      indicate that gene amplification in ovarian carcinomas is likely to involve the
      Ki-ras oncogene.

PMID- 2647293
TI  - Influence of the alkyl substituent on mutagenicity and covalent DNA binding of
      bay region diol-epoxides of 7-methyl- and 7-ethylbenz(a)anthracene in Salmonella
      and V79 Chinese hamster cells.
AB  - The anti-isomers of the bay region diol-epoxides of the strong carcinogen 7
      methylbenz(a)anthracene and of the weak carcinogen 7-ethylbenz(a)anthracene were
      investigated for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium (reversion of the his -
      strains TA98 and TA100 to prototrophy) and V79 Chinese hamster cells (acquisition
      of resistance to 6-thioguanine and ouabain; formation of micronuclei). In
      addition, in the V79 cells, the levels of the DNA adducts formed were determined
      by 32P-postlabeling analysis. In terms of mutations per nmol compound
      administered, the methyl derivative was four to 10 times more potent, depending
      on the genetic endpoint, than its ethyl congener. However, when the results were
      expressed as mutations per adduct, the difference between the two diol-epoxides
      was small. Therefore, a higher level of DNA modification appears to be the major
      reason for the stronger mutagenicity of the methyl derivative. However, both diol
      epoxides had similar half-lives (about 9 min) in physiological buffer, as
      determined from the decline in mutagenic activity after preincubation of the test
      compound. These results suggest that the effect of the 7-alkyl group on the
      extent of reaction with DNA is more a result of steric factors than of a change
      in the intrinsic chemical reactivity of the diol-epoxides.

PMID- 2647294
TI  - Randomized trial of recombinant alpha 2b-interferon with or without indomethacin
      in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
AB  - alpha-Interferon has antitumor activity in a variety of malignancies but is
      frequently associated with unacceptable toxic side-effects. The routine use of
      agents potentially capable of reducing these side-effects has not been
      recommended out of concern for possible reductions in the therapeutic activity of
      interferon. We conducted a prospective randomized trial of alpha-interferon given
      with or without indomethacin to patients with malignant melanoma to determine
      what effect, if any, indomethacin might have on the toxic, immunomodulatory, and
      therapeutic properties of interferon in this disease. 53 patients were stratified
      according to performance status and randomized to receive alpha 2b-interferon, 20
      million units per m2 i.v., 5 days per week for 4 weeks followed by 10 million
      units per m2 s.c. three times per week, either with or without indomethacin, 25
      mg orally three times a day. The overall major response rate was 13% (three
      complete responders and three partial responders among 47 evaluable patients) and
      was the same on both arms. The mean maximal temperature elevation induced by
      interferon was significantly reduced (from 102.1 to 100.7, P = 0.0002) by
      indomethacin, but the incidence and severity of interferon-related fatigue,
      reduction in performance status, headache, depression, confusion, elevations in
      liver function tests, and myelosuppression were no different in either arm of the
      study. Indomethacin did not reduce the frequency of dose reductions for toxic
      side-effects and did not permit the administration of higher interferon doses.
      Peripheral blood natural killer activity was significantly enhanced in patients
      during maintenance therapy whether or not they received indomethacin.
      Indomethacin appeared to inhibit augmentation of natural killer activity during
      high dose induction therapy. Immunological changes did not correlate with
      response status. We conclude that indomethacin can reduce the fever associated
      with interferon therapy in patients with malignant melanoma without interfering
      with its therapeutic or chronic immunomodulatory activities. Since fever is
      rarely the dose-limiting toxicity of interferon, indomethacin is of marginal
      benefit to patients with malignant melanoma receiving interferon at the doses
      outlined in this study.

PMID- 2647295
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in the hypophysis and saccus
      vasculosus of the elasmobranchs Mustelus manazo and Scyliorhinus torazame.
AB  - S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated by immunocytochemical
      procedures in the hypophysis and saccus vasculosus of two species of
      elasmobranchs (Mustelus manazo and Scyliorhinus torazame). In the saccus
      vasculosus of M. manazo, immunoreactivity was detectable exclusively in the
      fibrous portions interposed between the epithelial layer and the blood vessels.
      In the neurohypophysis, tanycytes and astrocytes of the median eminence were
      immunostained, but only a few labeled cells were found in the neurointermediate
      lobe. In S. torazame, the neurohypophysis displayed a similar distribution of
      immunoreactivity, but there were no labeled cells in the saccus vasculosus. In
      both species, none of the glandular cells of the hypophysis displayed
      immunoreactivity. Electron-microscopic examination showed that the immunostained
      cells in the saccus vasculosus correspond to astrocytes.

PMID- 2647296
TI  - Endocytosis of native and glycosylated bovine serum albumin by duct cells of the
      rat parotid gland.
AB  - The ability of duct cells of the rat parotid gland to internalize bovine serum
      albumin (BSA) and several glycosylated albumins (glucosamide, galactosamide,
      fucosamide, lactosyl, p-aminophenyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosamide, p-aminophenyl-N
      acetyl-D-mannopyranoside, p-aminophenyl-N-acetyl-D-galactosamide) was
      investigated. The various BSA preparations were infused into the gland via the
      main excretory duct, after which the tissues were fixed and prepared for light
      and electron microscopy. Immunolocalization of native BSA, as well as the
      glycosylated BSAs, was performed on thin sections, using an unlabeled antibody to
      BSA followed by protein A-colloidal gold. Gold particles were present over the
      lumina of both intercalated ducts and striated ducts, and over small endocytic
      structures and large vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm of both duct cell types.
      Endocytosis of the glycosylated BSAs by duct cells was greater than native BSA.
      Fucosylamide-BSA and mannopyranoside-BSA was taken up to a greater extent than
      the other glycosylated BSAs. Uptake by intercalated duct cells was greater than
      by striated duct cells, was independent of the concentration of the glycosylated
      BSA, and was reduced by an excess of the corresponding sugar. Striated duct cells
      showed some damage by the glycosylated BSAs that was concentration-dependent, and
      which was reduced in the presence of an excess of the corresponding sugar. These
      results suggest that endocytosis by salivary gland duct cells may involve
      specific recognition of carbohydrate residues and that the endocytosis of acinar
      secretory proteins observed in certain conditions may be due to increased and/or
      altered protein glycosylation.

PMID- 2647297
TI  - Identification of cell types containing S-100b protein-like immunoreactivity in
      the islets of Langerhans of the guinea pig pancreas with light and electron
      microscopy.
AB  - Cell types containing S-100b protein-like immunoreactivity in the islets of
      Langerhans of the guinea pig were studied by light- and electron-microscopic
      immunocytochemistry using antisera to S-100b protein, insulin, glicentin,
      somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Two types of S-100b-immunoreactive
      cells were identified. The first type was stellate and characterized by thin
      cytoplasmic processes sheathing endocrine-type cells, especially pancreatic A
      cells. It was located predominantly in the neuro-insular complex and in large
      islets, both of which were located near the main pancreatic duct. Intense
      immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasmic matrix as well as in the
      nucleoplasm. Nerve fibers or endings were occasionally ensheathed by its
      cytoplasmic processes. The second type, whose immunoreactivity was rather weak
      and varied from one cell to another, was oval to polygonal in shape and located
      randomly throughout the islets. It was an endocrine cell-type and its
      immunoreactivity was located in the secretory granule. With the use of
      immunostained consecutive sections for demonstrating pancreatic endocrine cell
      types, it was found that a portion of the pancreatic B-cell population expressed
      S-100b-like immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2647298
TI  - Induced locomotion of human and murine macrophages: a comparative analysis by
      means of the modified Boyden-chamber system and the agarose migration assay.
AB  - This study was designed to gain detailed information concerning the kinetic
      activity of connective tissue-derived macrophages from living human specimens.
      Their kinetic activity in vitro was estimated using the agarose-migration assay
      and the modified Boyden-chamber, and compared with that of murine peritoneal
      macrophages. These assays permit the distinction of chemotactic and chemokinetic
      patterns as well as spontaneous migration. These kinetic activities were
      stimulated by and calculated for ultrasound-crushed suspensions of Escherichia
      coli, zymosan-activated human serum, human serum albumin, casein-activated human
      serum, tripeptide f-Met-Leu-Phe (N-alpha-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L
      phenylalanine), phytohemagglutinin, modified Eagle's medium and phosphate buffer.
      Investigation of the migratory performance (in micron) in the Boyden-chamber and
      by the agarose migration assay for chemokinetics and chemotaxis by using
      tripeptides as chemotactically attracting agents revealed a somewhat higher
      activity in murine than in human macrophages.

PMID- 2647299
TI  - The inducing role of tumor necrosis factor in the development of bactericidal
      granulomas during BCG infection.
AB  - Granuloma formation in the liver of mice infected with BCG coincides with local
      TNF synthesis. Injection of rabbit anti-TNF antibody, after 1 or 2 weeks of
      infection, dramatically interferes with the development of granulomas (both in
      number and size, large epithelioid cells failing to appear) and subsequent
      mycobacterial elimination. Furthermore, fully developed BCG granulomas, after 3
      weeks of infection, rapidly regress after anti-TNF treatment. Antibody treatment
      also prevents or suppresses accumulation of TNF mRNA and protein, which resumes
      after disappearance of the antibody. Peritoneal macrophages exposed to TNF
      transiently accumulate TNF mRNA, and show an enhanced increase in TNF mRNA in
      response to gamma interferon. We propose that TNF released from macrophages in
      the microenvironment of developing granulomas is involved in a process of
      autoamplification: acting in an autocrine or paracrine way, it enhances its own
      synthesis and release, thus favoring further macrophage accumulation and
      differentiation leading to bacterial elimination.

PMID- 2647300
TI  - A new role for a yeast transcriptional silencer gene, SIR2, in regulation of
      recombination in ribosomal DNA.
AB  - The yeast SIR2 gene is involved in regulating nucleosome phasing and
      transcription in the mating type system. We have found that SIR2 also plays
      another important role in the cell. Specifically, in wild-type SIR2 strains
      recombination between the tandemly repeated ribosomal RNA genes is depressed. In
      sir2 mutants, both mitotic and meiotic intrachromosomal recombination increase 10
      to 15-fold. In striking contrast to its effect on rDNA, the SIR2 gene does not
      affect intrachromosomal recombination between non-rDNA gene duplications.
      Furthermore, in the absence of the SIR2 gene product, rDNA acquires a partial
      dependency on recombination gene functions (RAD50 and RAD52) that are normally
      dispensable for exchange in the rDNA array. Thus, SIR2 may function in excluding
      the rDNA region from the general recombination system. Here we demonstrate that
      SIR2's effect is not restricted to controlling mating type expression, but rather
      that SIR2 functions in a more general way in the genome.

PMID- 2647301
TI  - Rapid redistribution of Golgi proteins into the ER in cells treated with
      brefeldin A: evidence for membrane cycling from Golgi to ER.
AB  - In cells treated with brefeldin A (BFA), movement of newly synthesized membrane
      proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus was blocked.
      Surprisingly, the glycoproteins retained in the ER were rapidly processed by
      cis/medial Golgi enzymes but not by trans Golgi enzymes. An explanation for these
      observations was provided from morphological studies at both the light and
      electron microscopic levels using markers for the cis/medial and trans Golgi.
      They revealed a rapid and dramatic redistribution to the ER of components of the
      cis/medial but not the trans Golgi in response to treatment with BFA. Upon
      removal of BFA, the morphology of the Golgi apparatus was rapidly reestablished
      and proteins normally transported out of the ER were efficiently and rapidly
      sorted to their final destinations. These results suggest that BFA disrupts a
      dynamic membrane-recycling pathway between the ER and cis/medial Golgi,
      effectively blocking membrane transport out of but not back to the ER.

PMID- 2647302
TI  - Cloning of a lymphocyte homing receptor reveals a lectin domain.
AB  - Lymphocytes express cell surface molecules, termed homing receptors, that mediate
      their selective attachment to specialized high endothelial venules found within
      secondary lymphoid organs. Previous work has demonstrated that the adhesive
      interaction between lymphocytes and the endothelium of peripheral lymph nodes
      appears to involve a lectin-like activity. Moreover, MEL-14, a monoclonal
      antibody that blocks lymphocyte-peripheral lymph node binding and presumably
      recognizes the homing receptor mediating this adhesive interaction, appeared to
      detect the lectin-like receptor. In this paper we describe the cloning of a
      murine cDNA that encodes the antigen recognized by the MEL-14 antibody.
      Characterization of the cDNA encoding the putative mouse peripheral lymph node
      specific homing receptor shows that it contains a lectin domain that appears to
      be involved in the binding of lymphocytes to peripheral lymph node endothelium,
      thus defining a new type of cellular adhesion molecule. This result supports a
      novel mechanism for the distribution of lymphocyte populations to various
      lymphoid organs.

PMID- 2647303
TI  - Drosophila sex determination: a cascade of regulated splicing.

PMID- 2647304
TI  - Adhesion molecules controlling lymphocyte migration.
AB  - Two newly characterized structural families of adhesion molecules, in concert
      with known members of the integrin and immunoglobulin supergene families, mediate
      the interaction of circulating lymphoid cells with the vessel wall. The
      Hermes/CD44 antigen family participates in attachment to multiple vascular beds
      and consists of a common polypeptide core showing amino-terminal homology to
      cartilage link proteins. In contrast, the node-specific homing receptor Mel-14
      consists of substructures homologous to calcium-dependent lectins, EGF, and
      complement binding proteins. The sequence of Mel-14 provides structural support
      for the hypothesis that lectin-carbohydrate interactions mediate physiologically
      significant adhesion events in the course of lymphocyte recirculation. The
      discovery of a similar structure in ELAM-1 and GMP-140 extends the reach of this
      family to other leukocyte and platelet interactions with the vessel wall.

PMID- 2647305
TI  - Retroviral proteases: first glimpses at the anatomy of a processing machine.

PMID- 2647306
TI  - Homologous pairing and the formation of nascent synaptic intermediates between
      regions of duplex DNA by RecA protein.
AB  - The RecA protein from E. coli gains access to duplex DNA, by nucleation from a
      short single-stranded gap, to form a spiral nucleoprotein filament that is
      capable of interaction with homologous duplex DNA. The observations described
      here demonstrate that any part of the nucleoprotein filament, whether it contains
      single- or double-stranded DNA, is capable of pairing with homologous duplex DNA.
      Homologous contacts between regions of duplex DNA lead to an increase in the
      initial rate and final extent of joint molecule formation. The experiments
      indicate that pairing is facilitated by the formation of nascent synaptic
      intermediates between duplex DNA sequences. Using chimeric form I DNA, which is
      incapable of forming an inter-wound or plectonemic joint with the gapped DNA due
      to the presence of flanking heterologous sequences, we show that these duplex
      duplex pairing reactions involve extensive underwinding of the double helix.

PMID- 2647307
TI  - Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and hemolytic uremic syndrome--the Alberta
      experience.

PMID- 2647308
TI  - [The practical significance of the concept of borderline disorders].
AB  - There is not agreement on borderline disorders. The authors support the view that
      borderline disorders are related to other classified mental disorders, i.e. that
      they are their abortive forms. There is a continuous transition between abortive
      and non-abortive forms of those classified mental disorders which are the basis
      of non-specific manifestations of borderline mental disorders. The authors feel
      that is of practical importance to differente a small circle of abortive forms
      which resemble various non-psychotic disorders where an axial disposition is
      assumed but where, contrary to recognized abortive forms (e.g. pseudoneurotic
      schizophrenia or hysteriform depression), they cannot be identified at a
      psychopathological level. The diagnosis of a borderline disorder corresponding to
      this narrow basic circle of abortive forms makes it possible to avoid
      inadequately founded diagnoses of psychosis or an authoritative refusal of the
      diagnosis of psychosis, and it makes the doctor search for symptoms of latent
      axial disposition.

PMID- 2647309
TI  - [Memory functions and models of their disorders in animals].

PMID- 2647310
TI  - In vitro effect of liposome-incorporated valinomycin on growth and macromolecular
      synthesis of normal and ras-transformed 3T3 cells.
AB  - Valinomycin is a depsipeptide antibiotic that selectively translocates potassium
      ion across biologic membranes. This drug has been reported to display antitumor
      effects, but its use has been limited by its extreme toxicity. However, its
      incorporation into lipid vesicles (liposomes) has resulted in a reduction in
      toxicity and in the enhancement of the drug's therapeutic index. As a preliminary
      investigation of the mechanistic basis for this enhancement, the in vitro
      response of normal 3T3 and ras-transformed cells to free (VM) and liposomal
      valinomycin (VM-MLV) was examined. The incorporation of [3H]-leucine and [methyl
      3H]-thymidine was used to assess macromolecular synthesis, and the MTT vital dye
      assay was used to measure cell survival and growth. Pretreatment of exponentially
      growing NIH/3T3 cells with 20 nM VM for 1 h decreased [3H]-leucine and [methyl
      3H]-thymidine incorporation by 90% and 80%, respectively. However, Ha-ras 3T3
      cells showed resistance to VM treatment with inhibitory doses in the range of 200
      nM. At equimolar VM concentrations, VM-MLV was found to be less inhibitory than
      VM for protein and DNA synthesis. Specifically, marked protective activity was
      apparent with normal 3T3 cells. In this report we also demonstrate that VM
      selectively killed normal cells compared with ras-transformed cells grown in
      vitro. However, VM-MLV displayed a modest cytotoxic selectivity (3- to 4-fold) to
      ras-transformed cells. Our data suggests that first, there is good correlation
      between growth inhibition and inhibition of DNA and protein synthesis by VM, and
      second, VM-MLV exhibits a modest, selective toxicity to the ras-transformed 3T3
      cell line as compared with nontransformed 3T3 cells, whereas free VM has the
      opposite selectivity.

PMID- 2647311
TI  - Toxicity and antitumor activity of cis-bis-carboxylato(trans-R,R-1,2
      diaminocyclohexane) platinum(II) complexes entrapped in liposomes.
AB  - A new series of highly lipid-soluble cis-bis-carboxylato(trans-R,R-1,2
      diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by
      their elemental analysis and by various spectroscopic techniques [infrared (IR),
      195pt nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)]. cis-bis-Neopentanoato(trans-R,R-1,2
      diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II ) (NPDP), cis-bis-neodecanoato(trans-R,R-1,2
      diaminocyclohexane)-platinum(II ) (NDDP), and cis-bis-n-decanoato(trans-R,R-1,2
      diaminocyclohexane)-platinum(II) (DEDP) complexes were entrapped in multilamellar
      vesicles composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoyl
      phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) at a 7:3 molar ratio and tested for toxicity and
      antitumor activity. The entrapment efficiency of the liposomal platinum (L-Pt)
      complexes (L-NPDP, L-NDDP, L-DEDP) was greater than 95%, and the stability in
      0.9% NaCl solution at 4 degrees C was greater than 95% at day 14 in each case.
      The LD50 values of L-NPDP, L-NDDP, and L-DEDP when injected i.v. were 30, 54, and
      150 mg/kg, respectively. L-NPDP, L-NDDP, and L-DEDP had no significant
      nephrotoxicity [as evidenced by a lack of elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
      levels]. The percentages of T/C obtained after a single i.p. injection of the
      optimal dose of L-NPDP, L-NDDP, and L-DEDP tested against L1210 leukemia were
      175%, 187%, and 212%, respectively [160% for cisplatin (CDDP)]. When a multiple
      i.p. injection schedule was used (on days 1, 5, and 9), L-NPDP, L-NDDP, and L
      DEDP were more active than CDDP (percentage of T/C: 312%, 312%, 277%, and 220%,
      respectively). When injected i.v., only L-NDDP showed significant activity
      against L1210 leukemia i.v. (percentage of T/C: 186%). L-NDDP and L-DEDP were
      markedly active against L1210 leukemia resistant to CDDP (percentage of T/C: 200%
      and 145% vs 112% for CDDP). L-NPDP, L-NDDP, and L-DEDP also had good activity
      against i.p. B16 melanoma when they were injected i.p. on days 1, 5, and 9
      (percentage of T/C: 206%, 225%, and 306%, respectively). L-NDDP and L-DEDP were
      more effective than CDDP in inhibiting the growth of liver metastases of murine
      M5076 reticulosarcoma, whereas L-NPDP was not active. The results obtained to
      date suggest that L-NDDP is the best L-Pt-complex candidate for further
      developmental studies.

PMID- 2647312
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of (glycolate-0,0')-diammine platinum (II), a new platinum
      derivative, in comparison with cisplatin and carboplatin.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of (glycolato-0,0')-diammine platinum (II) (254-S; NSC
      375101D), one of the new platinum analogues, was examined in a phase I study of
      this drug and compared with that of cisplatin and carboplatin. All drugs were
      given in short-term (30-min) i.v. drip infusions; the doses of 254-S, cisplatin,
      and carboplatin were 100, 80, and 450 mg/m2, respectively. Platinum
      concentrations in whole plasma, plasma ultrafiltrate, and urine were determined
      by atomic absorption spectrometry. After the infusion, the plasma concentration
      of total platinum for the three agents decayed biphasically. Ultrafilterable
      platinum in plasma decreased in a biexponential mode after infusions of 254-S and
      carboplatin, whereas the free platinum of cisplatin showed a monoexponential
      disappearance. The peak plasma concentrations and AUC for free platinum were 5.31
      micrograms/ml and 959 micrograms/min per ml for 254-S, 3.09 micrograms/ml and 208
      micrograms/min per ml for cisplatin, and 19.90 micrograms/ml and 3446
      micrograms/min per ml for carboplatin, respectively. The mean ratio of plasma
      ultrafilterable platinum to total platinum were calculated, and the results
      showed that the protein-binding abilities of 254-S and carboplatin were almost
      identical. More than 50% of the 254-S was excreted in the urine within the first
      480 min after its administration. Thrombocytopenia was reported as a dose
      limiting toxicity for both 254-S and carboplatin. This similarity in side effects
      may mainly be due to the comparable pharmacokinetic behavior of these two
      platinum compounds.

PMID- 2647313
TI  - Oral dipyridamole and methotrexate in human solid tumors: a toxicity trial.
AB  - Dipyridamole (DP) blocks nucleoside salvage by inhibiting uptake at the cell
      membrane. At the usual oral doses DP has no cytotoxic activity, but when combined
      with an antimetabolite, it results in synergistic cell kill in vitro. In this
      study, 45 patients with advanced solid tumors were treated with oral DP and i.v.
      or i.m. methotrexate (MTX) to define the toxicity of this combination. The DP
      dose was 75 mg b.i.d. in the first 16 patients, 150 mg b.i.d. in the next 2, and
      75 mg q.i.d. in the remaining 27 patients. MTX was given weekly at an initial
      dose of 10-30 mg/m2 and increased weekly by 5-10 mg/m2 to the maximum tolerable
      dose (MTD) or a maximum of 60 mg/m2; thereafter that dose was given every other
      week. DP levels ranged from 2.76 to 11.46 microM, with a mean of 5.67 microM in
      four patients taking 75 mg q.i.d. The combination of oral DP and MTX was
      generally well tolerated and did not appear to result in any more myelotoxicity
      or mucositis than that expected for MTX alone. One patient experienced severe
      headaches related to DP, ten patients experienced grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and/or
      thrombocytopenia, and four patients had grade 3 mucositis. Although this trial
      was not designed as a phase II study, one partial remission was observed in a
      patient with metastatic pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland and seven
      patients showed significant improvement.

PMID- 2647314
TI  - Hepatic arterial chemotherapy for primary and metastatic liver cancers.
AB  - Hepatic arterial chemotherapy represents a means of selectively exposing hepatic
      tumor to cytotoxic agents. Although 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine has been shown to
      generate a higher response rate in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases
      than that achieved by intravenous infusion, responses are largely incomplete and
      rarely of long duration. This review describes the rationale for the use of the
      thymidine analogs 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine in hepatic
      arterial infusions and indicates how combination therapy adding radiotherapy,
      specifically with hepatic arterially administered yttrium-90 microspheres, might
      generate a new, more efficient and effective therapeutic approach.

PMID- 2647315
TI  - Randomized controlled study of mitomycin C/carboquone/5-fluorouracil/OK-432 (MQ-F
      OK) therapy and mitomycin C/5-fluorouracil/doxorubicin (FAM) therapy against
      advanced liver cancer.
AB  - We have previously reported that the combination of mitomycin C, carboquone, 5
      fluorouracil and OK-432, including the intra-arterial administration of mitomycin
      C and carboquone (MQ-F-OK therapy), was effective in the treatment of advanced
      liver cancer. The Cooperative Study Group conducted a controlled study on MQ-F-OK
      therapy and the combination of mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin,
      including the intra-arterial administration of mitomycin C and doxorubicin (FAM
      therapy), against advanced liver cancer. Forty patients with advanced primary or
      secondary liver cancer were enrolled in this study and randomized into the MQ-F
      OK group and the FAM group. Seventeen of the 21 cases in the MQ-F-OK group and 16
      of the 19 cases in the FAM group were eligible for response evaluation in
      accordance with the criteria of the Japan Society for Cancer Therapy. There was
      no significant difference in the patient characteristics between the two groups.
      Three cases in the MQ-F-OK group and two in the FAM group showed partial
      response. There was, however, no significant difference in the response rates and
      the prolongation of life between the two groups. As for the side-effects, only
      anemia was observed more frequently in the FAM group than in the MQ-F-OK group.
      In conclusion, we could not preferentially recommend either MQ-F-OK therapy or
      FAM therapy for advanced liver cancer. The performance status of the patient was
      one of the most important factors in the treatment of advanced liver cancer
      because patients with poor performance status showed poorer results.

PMID- 2647316
TI  - Lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis de novo in liver and adipose tissue.
      Alterations of lipid metabolism by the effect of short- and long-term
      thioacetamide administration to rats.
AB  - Enzyme activities related to fatty acid synthesis were determined in liver
      extracts of rats treated with thioacetamide (TAM) for 8 weeks. Lipogenesis and
      cholesterogenesis in vivo were evaluated both in liver and in epididymal adipose
      tissue. The enzymatic activities of ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl CoA carboxylase,
      fatty acid synthetase, glycerol kinase and NAD-kinase decrease progressively when
      TAM was chronically administered. However, in the same experimental conditions
      malic enzyme and other NADP-enzymes were noticeably increased. This increase can
      be related to an excess of NADPH production necessary for detoxification rather
      than for lipogenesis. The rate of in vivo incorporation of 3H2O into non
      saponifiable fraction in liver showed an increase in the acute phase (1-3 days)
      of TAM-treatment. In the chronic phase of TAM intoxication this rate returned to
      values close to normality. The rate of in vivo incorporation of 3H2O to fatty
      acid fraction increased in the liver during the acute phase of TAM-treatment and
      showed a sharp decrease during the subacute and chronic phases of the
      intoxication. At the end of the 60-day period of TAM-treatment, the radioactivity
      incorporated into fatty acids was significantly lowered. These data showed that
      the alterations in hepatic lipogenesis observed during TAM administration are
      related to changes in the activities of lipogenic enzymes and probably are a
      consequence of alterations in plasma insulin concentration. Disturbances in lipid
      metabolism should play an important role in the pathogenesis of liver damage and
      its physiological significance could involve metabolic changes in proliferative
      and neoplastic liver diseases.

PMID- 2647317
TI  - Release of chloroethyl ethyl sulfide-modified DNA bases by bacterial 3
      methyladenine-DNA glycosylases I and II.
AB  - Treatment with chloroethyl ethyl sulfide introduces the following modified bases
      into DNA: 7-ethylthioethylguanine, 3-ethylthioethyladenine, and O6
      ethylthioethylguanine. Using the ethylthioethylated bases as models for DNA
      modifications involving relatively bulky alkyl groups, we have investigated the
      release of these bases by Escherichia coli 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylases I and
      II. 3-Methyladenine-DNA glycosylase I releases only 3-ethylthioethyladenine from
      chloroethyl ethyl sulfide-modified DNA, but does so at a rate which exceeds the
      rate of release of 3-methyladenine (m3A) from methyl nitrosourea-modified DNA
      under these conditions. 3-Methyladenine-DNA glycosylase II releases both 3
      ethylthioethyladenine and 7-ethylthioethylguanine at rates approximating or
      exceeding the rate of release of m3A from methylnitrosourea-modified DNA. We
      conclude that these glycosylases may offer some protection against the toxicity
      of agents which introduce bulky groups into E. coli DNA.

PMID- 2647318
TI  - Circadian variation and triggers of onset of acute cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Information obtained during the past decade suggests the need to reexamine the
      possibility that the onset of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death is
      frequently triggered by daily activities. The importance of physical or mental
      stress in triggering onset of coronary thrombosis is supported by the findings
      that 1) the frequencies of onset of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death,
      and stroke show marked circadian variations with parallel increases in the period
      from 6:00 AM to noon, 2) transient myocardial ischemia shows a similar morning
      increase, and episodes are often preceded by mental or physical triggers, 3) a
      ruptured atherosclerotic plaque, often nonobstructive by itself, lies at the base
      of most coronary thrombi, 4) a number of physiologic processes that could lead to
      plaque rupture, a hypercoagulable state or coronary vasoconstriction, are
      accentuated in the morning, and 5) aspirin and beta-adrenergic blocking agents,
      which block certain of these processes, have been shown to prevent disease onset.
      The hypothesis is presented that occlusive coronary thrombosis occurs when 1) an
      atherosclerotic plaque becomes vulnerable to rupture, 2) mental or physical
      stress causes the plaque to rupture, and 3) increases in coagulability or
      vasoconstriction, triggered by daily activities, contribute to complete occlusion
      of the coronary artery lumen. Recognition of the circadian variation--and the
      possibility of frequent triggering--of onset of acute disease suggests the need
      for pharmacologic protection of patients during vulnerable periods, and provides
      clues to mechanism, the investigations of which may lead to improved methods of
      prevention.

PMID- 2647319
TI  - Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. A prospective study comparing duplex
      scanning to contrast venography.
AB  - Duplex scanning has been proposed as a safe alternative to contrast venography
      for diagnosing deep venous thrombosis, but its accuracy has not been proved. In
      this prospective, double-blind study of 47 patients, the sensitivity and
      specificity of duplex scan criteria were determined relative to contrast
      venography for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. Criteria considered to
      show the presence of deep venous thrombosis included visualization of thrombus
      (T), absence of spontaneous flow by Doppler ultrasonography (F), absence of
      phasicity of flow with respiration (P), and incompressibility of the vein with
      probe pressure (VC). When analyzed individually, the variables T and F had low
      sensitivities (50% and 76%) but high specificities (92% and 100%). VC had low
      values for both (79% and 67%, respectively). The best single variable was P
      (sensitivity and specificity = 92%). The best combinations of variables were T+P
      (sensitivity = 95%, specificity = 83%), T+F+P (sensitivity = 95%, specificity =
      83%), F+P (sensitivity and specificity = 92%), and F+T (sensitivity = 92%,
      specificity = 87%). The low specificity of vein incompressibility was secondary
      to cases in which normal veins were difficult to compress in the thigh. All false
      negative cases were from isolated calf vein thrombi. We conclude that isolated
      criteria from duplex scanning should not be used to diagnose deep venous
      thrombosis. In cases of suspected calf vein thrombosis, repeat duplex examination
      should be obtained in 3-4 days to determine the most appropriate therapy. In
      equivocal cases of proximal vein thrombosis, a contrast venogram should be
      obtained.

PMID- 2647320
TI  - Mechanism of intestinal calcium transport and clinical aspects of disturbed
      calcium absorption.

PMID- 2647321
TI  - Aspirin and gastroduodenal injury.
AB  - Aspirin almost invariably causes acute mucosal injury to the stomach or duodenum
      as evidenced by erosions seen endoscopically, extensive surface cell disruption
      on histology, reduced mucosal potential difference and increased gastric
      bleeding. This injury is usually minor and transient, and not associated with
      symptoms. However, in the elderly recent aspirin intake may be associated with
      bleeding peptic ulcer, and along with other NSAIDs, may be causal in a third of
      cases. Regular chronic aspirin intake may also be associated with gastric
      ulceration. Such ulceration, however, although seemingly capable of healing
      despite continued aspirin or other NSAID use, may take longer to do so. Although
      aspirin and other NSAIDs have a strong connection with gastroduodenal problems
      the risk in an individual needs to be balanced by the likelihood of such events.
      Given their widespread use, the serious side effects of these drugs occur in only
      a small proportion of users. This, however, does not mitigate against careful
      prescription.

PMID- 2647322
TI  - Chest pain of esophageal origin.

PMID- 2647323
TI  - Etiology and management of chronic gastritis.
AB  - There are reasons to believe that chronic antral gastritis and chronic body
      gastritis are different clinical conditions. While both are associated with
      aging, chronic antral gastritis is much more commonly associated with gastric or
      duodenal ulcer. The natural history of chronic antral gastritis in asymptomatic
      normals and patients with peptic ulcer appears the same. Chronic body gastritis
      deteriorates rapidly with age in patients with gastric ulcer, but does not
      progress in patients with duodenal ulcer. With spontaneous healing of duodenal
      ulcer, chronic antral gastritis improves but persists. All these observations
      suggest that gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and chronic antral gastritis are
      involved in a common mucosal inflammatory process. C. pylori occurs commonly on
      the antral mucosa affected by chronic gastritis, but is found to a much less
      extent at the site of peptic ulceration, and spontaneous ulcer healing is not
      affected by the presence of the organisms. It remains to be established whether
      C. pylori is the cause of chronic antral gastritis, is an aggravating factor of
      the gastritis, or is simply an inhabitant of the inflamed antral mucosa. Other
      known associations of chronic gastritis include pernicious anemia, bile reflux,
      and gastric cancer. Whether chronic antral or body gastritis is associated with
      clinical symptoms remains controversial. Histological improvement can be obtained
      with the use of prostaglandins, sucralfate, or bismuth compounds, which have one
      common property--they all possess mucosal-protective mechanisms.

PMID- 2647324
TI  - Bloom's syndrome. XII. Report from the Registry for 1987.
AB  - Bloom's syndrome has been known as a clinical entity for 34 years. Careful
      records of cases diagnosed throughout the world have been maintained since its
      recognition as an entity, and most instances of cytologically verified Bloom's
      syndrome have been accessioned to what has been referred to as the Bloom's
      Syndrome Registry since the mid-1960s. Presented here is the fourth in a series
      of progress reports from the Registry of information accumulated during this long
      term surveillance of affected families, along with mention of selected recent
      advances that have been made in the understanding of the syndrome. 130 persons
      had been accessioned to the Registry by the end of 1987; 96 of these were alive,
      their mean age being 18.9 years. Although a number of clinical complications
      occur in Bloom's syndrome, the most important is malignant neoplasia. In the 130
      persons in the Registry, 57 malignant neoplasms had been detected, the mean age
      at diagnosis being 24.8 years. Neoplasia in Bloom's syndrome is noteworthy not
      only because of its frequency and exceptionally early age of emergence but for
      its variety of histological types and sites of origin.

PMID- 2647325
TI  - 1988 Presidential address of the Clinical Immunology Society: clinical immunology
      is everywhere and nowhere--strength or weakness?

PMID- 2647326
TI  - Balloon valvuloplasty 1988: a review.
AB  - Catheter balloon valvuloplasty is a procedure which has been applied in stenotic
      lesions of all four cardiac valves in the last several years. This review
      discusses available data regarding the mechanism of effect, risks, and clinical
      utility of balloon valvuloplasty as it is applied to stenotic lesions of the
      pulmonic, mitral and aortic valves.

PMID- 2647327
TI  - Sustained inotropic effects of a new cardiotonic agent. OPC-8212 in patients with
      chronic heart failure.
AB  - OPC-8212, a newly synthesized noncatecholamine, nonglycosidic, orally effective
      inotropic agent, has been shown to exert a potent cardiotonic action in acute
      administration to patients with heart failure. However, its long-term effect has
      not yet been established. Eight patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (New York
      Heart Association functional class II-III) were given a single dose of 60 mg of
      OPC-8212 daily for 4 to 8 weeks. OPC-8212 produced symptomatic improvement in
      four patients. Though there were no detectable changes in arterial pressure and
      left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, heart rate and end-systolic dimension
      significantly decreased after administration of OPC-8212. Baseline fractional
      shortening rose significantly and depression of shortening in response to acute
      pressor stress (afterload mismatch) was corrected after OPC-8212. The end
      systolic pressure-dimension relation was shifted to the left with a steeper
      slope. These findings indicate that the inotropic state was substantially
      enhanced by the drug. No adverse effects were observed in any patient. Thus, the
      drug appears to hold promise for the chronic treatment of patients with moderate
      congestive heart failure who are essentially asymptomatic at rest, but develop
      severe impairment of cardiac function in a stressed state.

PMID- 2647328
TI  - Myocardial rupture in expanded infarcts: repair using pericardial patch.
AB  - Myocardial rupture is found in approximately 20% of fatal infarctions, but the
      diagnosis is rarely made before death. Rupture occurs in "expanding" transmural
      infarctions. The diagnosis should be considered in any patient who develops
      recurrent chest pain and cardiovascular instability within the first week after
      infarction. Echocardiographic evidence of a dilated infarct with pericardial
      effusion is confirmatory. Three cases are described, and previous reports are
      reviewed. Because most patients have multivessel disease, we recommend
      pericardiocentesis and rapid cardiac catheterization. Infarctectomy may be
      appropriate when the edges of the lesion are obvious, but the more typical
      diffuse, serpiginous defects should be closed with dacron-bolstered sutures
      covered with a wide autologous pericardial patch. Myocardial rupture is a
      treatable condition, and a high index of suspicion is necessary in order to
      recognize it more frequently.

PMID- 2647329
TI  - Tinsley Randolph Harrison: medical investigator, physician, and educator (1900
      1978).

PMID- 2647330
TI  - Characterization of thrombospondin synthesis, secretion and cell surface
      expression by human tumor cells.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that thrombospondin (TSP) is an adhesion factor for
      some human tumor cells. The previous studies have shown further that tumor cells
      which utilize TSP as an adhesion factor also synthesize it. This study continues
      the effort to understand how TSP production and expression are regulated in human
      tumor cells and the consequences of this for the cells. It is shown that
      differences among cell lines in their capacity to biosynthesize TSP are
      associated with differences in TSP specific mRNA levels. This indicates that
      biosynthesis is regulated at the transcriptional level. There is also a direct
      relationship between TSP biosynthesis and secretion into the culture medium and
      expression at the cell surface. The cells which are the most biosynthetically
      active secrete amounts of TSP into the culture medium that are sufficient to
      elicit a detectable response in the cell-substrate adhesion assay. The kinetics
      of TSP secretion by these cells are in accord with the kinetics of attachment and
      spreading of the same cells in the absence of exogenous adhesion factors. These
      data are consistent with the idea that endogenously produced TSP promotes the
      adhesion of the cells which synthesize it in an autocrine manner.

PMID- 2647331
TI  - The encapsulation of tumours.

PMID- 2647333
TI  - General theory and principles of external fixation.
AB  - Starting with a review of the capabilities and main complications of external
      fixators, this paper shows how advances made during the past two decades have
      rendered the method safe, reliable, and predictable. Improved component designs,
      new techniques of pin care, the discovery of three basic concepts that govern the
      safe and effective application of pin and ring fixators, and the recognition that
      preoperative and long-term planning are crucial to the success of the method have
      made external fixation the most adaptable, versatile, and gentle method for
      stabilizing complex injuries of soft tissue and bone.

PMID- 2647332
TI  - Correlation between Ha-ras gene amplification and spontaneous metastasis in NIH
      3T3 cells transfected with genomic DNA from human skin cancers.
AB  - Our previous studies have shown that DNA from some human skin cancers contained
      activated Ha-ras oncogenes capable of inducing tumorigenic transformation when
      introduced into NIH 3T3 cells by DNA-mediated gene transfer. In addition, we
      found that NIH 3T3 cells transfected with DNA from one of the human skin cancers
      not only induced s.c. tumors at the site of injection but also metastasized
      spontaneously to the lungs in 100 per cent of nude mice injected. In this present
      study we examined the relationship between Ha-ras oncogene amplification and
      metastatic potential in tumors induced by various human skin cancer DNA
      transfectants. Total cellular RNA was extracted from nude mouse tumor cell lines
      and analyzed by northern blot hybridization to a 32P-labeled, nick-translated Ha
      ras probe. The metastatic potential of nude mouse tumor cell lines was assessed
      by their ability to form lung colonies after i.v. or s.c. injection. It was found
      that only the tumors expressing high levels of Ha-ras gene transcripts induced
      spontaneous metastasis after s.c. injection. There appeared to be little
      correlation between the level of Ha-ras oncogene amplification and experimental
      metastasis. These results suggest that amplification and overexpression of Ha-ras
      oncogene may play a role in the escape of cells from the primary tumor rather
      than in the ability of cells to survive in the circulatory system and colonize
      secondary sites.

PMID- 2647334
TI  - The effect of rigidity on fracture healing in external fixation.
AB  - Knowledge of the basic biomechanics of external fixation is necessary to obtain
      the full benefits of the technique for bone fracture treatment. The rigidity of
      external fixation, including pin-bone interface stresses, is discussed and bone
      healing and remodeling under different fixation stiffnesses and fracture gap
      conditions are described. The rigidity of fixation ultimately depends on the
      biomechanical characteristics of the fracture, the accuracy of reduction, and the
      amount of physiologic loading. Comparative experiments using a canine tibial
      fracture model have suggested that fixation rigidity is important in early bone
      healing and in the prevention of pin loosening. Bone union can be achieved under
      external fixation through different pathways, ranging from callus-free gap
      healing under a rigid neutralization configuration to direct-contact healing with
      periosteal new bone formation under axially dynamized stable fixation. Cortical
      reconstruction by secondary osteons seems to be important for the ultimate
      strength of the bone union.

PMID- 2647335
TI  - Normal and heterotopic periosteum.
AB  - Normal periosteum is an osteoprogenitor cell-containing bone envelope, which can
      be activated to proliferate by trauma, retroviruses, tumors, and lymphocyte
      mitogens. Activated periosteum produces cartilage and bone, and is colonized by
      bone-resorbing cells. The osteogenic activity of periosteum is maintained in
      heterotopic sites and in vitro. Ectopic bone, however, is colonized by bone
      marrow precursor cells but does not develop a true periosteum. The absence of
      true periosteal envelope in the heterotopically induced bone may be the major, if
      not the only, difference between heterotopic and orthotopic bone deposits.

PMID- 2647336
TI  - An abridged report on external skeletal fixation. 1939.

PMID- 2647337
TI  - The role of external fixation in pelvic disruptions.
AB  - External fixation has a definite role in the management of pelvic fractures.
      Biomechanically, it is not useful for maintaining reduction of the unstable,
      vertically migrating pelvis and must be used with some other form of treatment,
      such as traction, spica cast, or internal fixation. In vertically stable
      fractures, that is, rotationally unstable fractures, the anteroposterior and
      lateral compression injuries, the external fixator should probably be the first
      course of treatment.

PMID- 2647338
TI  - Biological boundaries: a concept in facial skeletal restructuring.
AB  - The concept of biological boundaries is based on observations of craniofacial
      restructuring. It describes the body's intrinsic sense of physical surface and
      how this knowledge can be used to determine when to use bone grafts, segment
      shifts, or synthetic material.

PMID- 2647339
TI  - Membranous bone healing and techniques in calvarial bone grafting.
AB  - Membranous bone grafts have become an integral part of facial skeletal
      reconstruction. The convenience of harvesting the graft material from a single
      operative site was no doubt the reason for its initial utilization. In recent
      years membranous bone has been shown to be more resistive to resorption and
      perhaps even provide greater strength per unit volume than does its endochondral
      counterpart. These facts plus a relatively hidden, nonpainful donor site make
      membranous bone a desirable graft material. Grafts can be harvested in a variety
      of forms from dust to vascularized segments, totally dependent on the need. The
      various techniques of harvesting and methods of utilization are discussed. Rigid
      fixation has enhanced these techniques, and as the technical aspects improve, so
      do the results. The use of membranous bone has expanded from the field of
      congenital craniofacial surgery to the correction of traumatic facial deformities
      to purely aesthetic surgery. As more experience is gained, the utilization and
      indications for membranous bone grafting will continue to expand rapidly.

PMID- 2647340
TI  - Rigid internal fixation and vascularized bone grafting in mandibular
      reconstruction.
AB  - The technique of mandibular reconstruction utilizing rigid internal fixation and
      vascularized bone grafts has been described. This type of repair should be
      considered in all patients undergoing mandibular resection for head and neck
      malignancies. Although no ideal method of reconstruction has yet been described,
      it appears that rigid internal fixation combined with vascularized bone grafts
      most satisfactorily fulfills the requirements associated with reconstruction of
      jaw defects.

PMID- 2647341
TI  - The effects of mandibular immobilization on the masticatory system. A review.
AB  - It is clear from this review that mandibular immobilization is not as benign a
      procedure as once thought. Detrimental effects on several tissues within the
      masticatory apparatus have been observed following mandibular immobilization.
      Atrophy of the muscles of mastication, degenerative changes within the mandibular
      condyle, and decreases in range of passive bite opening are all consistent
      findings following several weeks of mandibular immobilization. The use of
      fixation procedures which avoid the use of mandibular immobilization (i.e., rigid
      internal fixation) has been shown to minimize these problems. As with any
      procedure, however, the risks and benefits of rigid internal fixation must be
      weighed against the time-honored standard (i.e., maxillomandibular fixation). It
      is hoped that future research and clinical experience will direct the surgeon to
      select whichever technique is in the best interest of the patient.

PMID- 2647342
TI  - Rigid fixation: variations in osteotomy design and technique.
AB  - The application of rigid fixation devices has expanded the craniomaxillofacial
      surgeon's armamentarium and allows greater versatility of osteotomy design and
      fixation. Further studies are under investigation to determine the degree of
      "interference" with growth as a result of application of rigid fixation devices.
      Our preliminary thought is that bone is dynamic and "liquid" enough to allow the
      driving forces of the developing cerebral tissue to remodel and recontour the
      bone tissue into a normal configuration and contour. Problems with relapse and
      resorption appear greatly reduced for both bone grafts and bone flaps. As the
      biomaterials industry continues to perfect rigid fixation devices, further
      advances will be forthcoming.

PMID- 2647343
TI  - Cleft lip rhinoplasty: the role of bone and cartilage grafts.
AB  - Correction of the cleft lip nasal deformity involves repositioning of the lower
      lateral cartilage on the cleft side to raise the dome, lengthening the columella
      and bringing it toward the midline, and correcting any asymmetries of the nasal
      floor. Additional structural support in the form of bone or cartilage grafts is
      often required in order to achieve the desired projection and angularity. Our
      experience with these grafts in a large number of patients over the past 20 years
      has shown them to produce good, predictable results that are long lasting, with
      minimum donor site morbidity. Long-term follow-up indicates that these grafts
      maintain their volume and original features, resulting in satisfaction among our
      patients.

PMID- 2647344
TI  - Rigid fixation and facial asymmetry.
AB  - The use of rigid fixation for the correction of facial asymmetry is in principle
      no different from its use in other forms of craniomaxillofacial deformity. The
      use of screws and plates demands more precise techniques than the use of wires.
      Attention to detail in passively fitting the plate to the defect and accurate
      insertion of the drill holes and screws enables the production of good occlusion
      and a symmetrical face. The precise osteotomies and bone grafts needed in the
      correction of all forms of skeletal asymmetry are as described for hemifacial
      microsomia or temporomandibular ankylosis. In a young child whose secondary
      dentition has not yet erupted it is not possible to insert screws, neither is the
      bone in a costochondral graft solid enough to permit screw fixation without the
      use of intermaxillary fixation. Therefore, rigid fixation can be used for
      osteotomies and bone grafts in patients whose main permanent dentition has
      erupted and in whom the cortex of the bone graft is strong enough to retain the
      screws against the pull of facial muscles.

PMID- 2647345
TI  - Stability in correction of hypertelorbitism and Treacher Collins syndromes.
AB  - In the authors' experience, correction of hypertelorbitism either by facial
      bipartition or by moving only the orbits has proved to be very stable. This is
      based on the design of the osteotomies and the use of the frontal bar. On the
      contrary, the rotation of the midfacial segment combined with mandibular
      lengthening for the correction of Treacher Collins has a strong tendency to
      relapse because of the backward pull of the soft tissues. Primary stability in
      these cases depends on the quality of bone grafts, their placement, and skeletal
      fixation.

PMID- 2647346
TI  - Theoretical considerations in rigid fixation of facial bones.
AB  - The classic facial fracture patterns have gradually been changing toward more
      severe comminutions. This necessitates an early and accurate anatomical reduction
      and a fixation in this position until the fragments have united. Stable fixation
      favors early mineralization in the fracture gap. The mechanical function of the
      implants is thus only needed for a short term. Similar considerations are true
      for the incorporation of grafts. Mechanics of fixation of facial bones is
      influenced by the structural properties as well.

PMID- 2647347
TI  - Vascularized bone grafts for maxillofacial reconstruction.
AB  - Vascularized bone transfers are the ideal bone graft since they provide their own
      blood supply and all necessary osteoinductive, osteoconductive, and
      osteoprogenitor elements. These attributes allow them to be used in compromised
      recipient sites. When used as onlay grafts to augment skeletal contour they
      provide the best opportunity to maintain volume. Vascularized bone grafts used to
      provide mechanical stability are most often used to reconstruct the mandible
      after portions of it have been removed for tumor and further treated with
      radiation therapy. The considerable number of free bone graft donor sites allows
      considerable flexibility in design for mandibular reconstruction. In instances in
      which complex composite defects in the mandible, and particularly the maxilla,
      exist, restoring a well-vascularized soft tissue milieu with a free soft tissue
      transfer allows successful skeletal reconstruction with nonvascularized bone
      grafts. Vascularized bone allografts are a theoretically appealing way to
      reconstruct large bone defects. At this time their benefits are outweighed by the
      toxicity of current immunosuppressive therapy.

PMID- 2647348
TI  - The Luhr fixation system for the craniofacial skeleton.
AB  - The use of miniplates and screws in elective osteotomies or acute trauma of the
      craniofacial skeleton has revolutionized this field. In jaw surgery, rigid
      fixation has eliminated the need for intermaxillary fixation in most cases. Bone
      grafts and bone segments are more easily kept in place by screws or plates,
      rather than the balancing act that had to be done with wire fixation. This has
      decreased morbidity and the risks of postoperative airway obstruction. Thus, more
      complex procedures can be done and younger children treated. Most craniofacial
      surgeons now using plates and screws are finding less postoperative swelling
      after elective surgery. The reason for this is not immediately obvious, although
      supposition is possible. The disadvantages of the use of plates and screws are,
      first, that the surgery must be more precise than when wire fixation is used
      especially jaw surgery. Second, all the systems are more expensive than wires.
      However, in a well-organized insurance system, the cost is offset by decreased
      use of intensive care units, decreased hospital stay, greater safety and less
      morbidity for the patient, and probably fewer complications from slippage of bone
      segments or infection.

PMID- 2647349
TI  - Classification and treatment of orbitozygomatic and orbitoethmoid fractures. The
      place of bone grafting and plate fixation.
AB  - The classification of orbitozygomatic fractures is presented, and, using this, a
      decision can be made as to when to examine the fracture with CT scans and how to
      decide on employing a coronal approach for exposure. Three-point fixation is
      advocated using wires and miniplates. All portions of the fracture should be
      stabilized. In this way, the complications of enophthalmos, diplopia, dystopia,
      and flattening of the nose and cheek may be avoided. The method of treating late
      deformity resulting from orbitozygomatic and orbitoethmoid fractures is
      presented, stressing wide exposure, good fixation of osteotomies with miniplates,
      and cranial bone grafting to reduce orbital volume and correct enophthalmos.

PMID- 2647351
TI  - Problems in radiology: CT assessment of the thymus.

PMID- 2647350
TI  - Complex facial trauma: the evolving role of rigid fixation and immediate bone
      graft reconstruction.
AB  - The problem of high velocity facial injuries with multiple facial fractures
      concerns the severity of the bony injury. Attempts at closed reduction of the
      large comminuted segments common to these fractures result in eventual bony
      collapse and soft tissue shrinkage. The solution to these problems lies in the
      early exposure of all fracture segments and their repair using internal fixation
      techniques.

PMID- 2647352
TI  - Imaging in myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2647353
TI  - Controversies in radiology: Doppler of the carotid arteries.

PMID- 2647354
TI  - Radiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2647355
TI  - Computed tomography in the diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta.
AB  - Over a 26-month period, 25 patients admitted to the Trauma Unit at UCSD Medical
      Center following blunt trauma were investigated for suspected traumatic rupture
      of the thoracic aorta by computed tomography (CT) of the chest. A retrospective
      review of these patients was performed. Twenty-one (84%) also had CT of other
      body areas, most commonly the head or abdomen. Nine of the 25 patients
      subsequently had aortography; in 15 patients the CT findings were felt at the
      time to exclude rupture, and one patient was not investigated further because of
      severe head injuries. In general, if CT failed to show a mediastinal haematoma,
      aortography was not performed. However, five patients with CT evidence of a
      haematoma, including two with vertebral fractures, were not investigated by
      aortography. Two of the 25 patients (8%) had angiographically proven aortic
      ruptures; in both CT had shown not only a haematoma but also an abnormal outline
      of the aorta on contrast-enhanced scans. The haematoma was large in one patient
      and small in the other. Although 10 of the 25 patients had unenhanced scans, no
      case of aortic rupture is known to have been missed. During the same study
      period, 47 patients were investigated for suspected aortic rupture solely by
      aortography. Four patients (8% of this group) had aortic rupture, and two had
      subclavian or innominate artery ruptures. Only a minority (approximately one
      quarter) also had CT of the head or abdomen. The role of CT in the diagnosis of
      traumatic rupture of the aorta is critically assessed in the light of our
      experience and a review of the literature.

PMID- 2647356
TI  - Extensive cystic leucomalacia: correlation of cranial ultrasound, magnetic
      resonance imaging and clinical findings in sequential studies.
AB  - Cranial ultrasound (US) was used in 14 neonates to define three categories of
      extensive cystic leucomalacia, namely periventricular, mixed, and subcortical.
      The initial US findings were compared with serial magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) and the neurodevelopmental outcome of the children. In the infants with
      periventricular leucomalacia, MRI showed a decrease in the size of the cystic
      areas with age. Six of these seven children showed an increase in the level of
      myelination upon follow-up examination, although white matter development was
      slower in the vicinity of the cysts. The lateral ventricles of these children
      were slightly enlarged and the occipital horns showed an irregular angular
      outline. In the infants with mixed leucomalacia, MRI showed cystic areas which
      remained obvious at the final examination. Myelination was grossly delayed in
      these patients. The lateral ventricles were enlarged and remained unchanged, with
      the exception of one infant whose ventricles collapsed after shunt revision. In
      the three children with subcortical leucomalacia, MRI confirmed shrinkage of the
      cysts in two of the three infants upon the first follow-up examination but
      thereafter the cysts remained unchanged. No supratentorial myelination was
      demonstrated in these patients. The ventricles were enlarged and the cortical
      sulci were prominent in all these infants. A strong correlation was shown between
      the MRI appearances and the clinical outcome in these children. MRI may be most
      useful for making the diagnosis of cystic leucomalacia in children not submitted
      to US examination as neonates or in whom only some of the classical US features
      have been identified.

PMID- 2647357
TI  - Percutaneous stone and stent removal from renal transplants.
AB  - Techniques developed for removal of stones from normally sited kidneys can be
      safely employed in the transplanted kidney. We describe our experience in
      removing stones, stent material and organised blood clot from renal transplant
      collecting systems, using modified percutaneous techniques.

PMID- 2647358
TI  - The role of ultrasound in the management of ovarian masses in children.
AB  - A retrospective study of 64 girls with ovarian cysts and tumours, diagnosed by
      ultrasound over 4 years, was undertaken. Most ovarian cysts were benign and
      conservative management with serial ultrasound scans helped to avoid unnecessary
      surgery. The incidence of surgery decreased from 18 operations in the first 2
      years of the study to 10 operations in the second 2 years. All children for whom
      surgery is considered should have a pre-operative scan to determine whether the
      cyst has resolved. Immediate surgery is indicated in children who have a palpable
      mass, a solid mass, a mass associated with calcification, or a mass associated
      with persistent pyrexia. Appendix abscesses may mimic ovarian masses and can be
      correctly diagnosed by ultrasound.

PMID- 2647359
TI  - Total lymphoid irradiation preceding bone marrow transplantation for chronic
      myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - Between August 1985 and October 1987 we treated 35 patients with chronic myeloid
      leukaemia (CML) by high dose chemotherapy, total body irradiation (TBI) (1000 or
      1200 cGy, n = 31) and total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) (800 or 600 cGy, n = 35)
      preceding allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Both TBI and TLI were
      given at 200 cGy/fraction. Twenty-three patients had HLA-identical sibling
      donors, nine patients had HLA-matched but unrelated donors, and three partially
      HLA-mismatched donors. Twenty-two patients received T-cell depleted marrow. The
      addition of TLI to the standard protocol did not add greatly to the toxicity.
      Four patients had recurrent leukaemia before engraftment was evaluable. The other
      31 patients engrafted and no graft failed. Twenty-two patients survive at a
      median time from transplant of 305 days (range 81-586 days). Fourteen have no
      evidence of disease; eight have or had only cytogenetic evidence of leukaemia. We
      conclude that the addition of TLI to pretransplant immunosuppression increases
      the probability of reliable engraftment in patients receiving T-cell depleted
      marrow. This benefit is not associated with significantly increased toxicity.

PMID- 2647360
TI  - Mortality patterns over 34 years of breast cancer patients in a clinical trial of
      post-operative radiotherapy.
AB  - Between January 1949 and June 1955 a clinical trial was held in which patients
      with operable breast carcinoma were subjected to a radical mastectomy and then
      randomised to either have immediate post-operative radiotherapy (radiated group)
      or delayed radiotherapy on recurrence (watched group). Data relating to the 1461
      patients entered in the trial have been analysed to investigate the late effects
      of treatment, if any, over a period of 34 years. A logrank comparison of the
      survival patterns of the radiated and watched groups, considering all deaths,
      during the first 15 years of follow-up did not show any statistically significant
      difference (P = 0.37). However, after 15 years there was a significantly
      increased mortality in the radiated group (P = 0.0025). The relative risk after
      15 years for the radiated group relative to the watched group was 1.43 with a 95%
      confidence interval of 1.13 to 1.81. Taking the series as a whole, this increased
      mortality was attributable to deaths from cardiovascular disease (excluding
      cerebrovascular disease). There was no evidence that the increased mortality due
      to cardiovascular disease was significantly different between patients who had a
      left- or right-sided tumour. There was also no significant difference between the
      watched and radiated group from mortality due to breast cancer or other
      malignancies. The data analysed here relate to patients treated 40 years ago.
      Neither the type of surgery nor the techniques and quality of radiation are used
      any longer. Furthermore, an artificial radiation menopause has also fallen into
      disuse. Data should be prospectively gathered from more recent trials, to see if
      there is any hazard in the very long term from present day methods of treatment.
      These should include patients treated by lesser forms of surgery, supervoltage
      therapy, adjuvant hormone and/or chemotherapy.

PMID- 2647361
TI  - Diffuse skeletal hyperostosis in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism.
AB  - A case of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (IHP) is reported with extensive
      ligamentous and tendinous ossification and soft tissue calcification. The
      pertinent radiological features of IHP and the unusual findings in this case are
      reviewed together with similar previously reported cases. Whether IHP is a
      causative or aggravating factor in the aetiology of the skeletal changes is
      discussed with particular reference to their similarity to diffuse idiopathic
      skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). We conclude that, in patients with an ossifying
      diathesis, IHP acts as a stimulant resulting in exuberant skeletal hyperostosis
      that is indistinguishable from DISH.

PMID- 2647362
TI  - Events leading to insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2647364
TI  - Effects of infusion of prostacyclin on anatomical intrapulmonary right to left
      shunt: a useful model of human hypoxic vasoconstriction?
AB  - 1. Eleven infants and children (mean age 4.3 years, range 0.2-12 years) with
      pulmonary vascular disease secondary to congenital cardiac anomalies (n = 6) or
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia (n = 5), were studied during cardiac catheterization
      while ventilated on 100% oxygen. 2. All had a raised pulmonary vascular
      resistance (mean 11.8 units, range 4.1-26.0 units, normal value less than 3
      units) and a raised anatomical intrapulmonary right to left shunt (mean 22%,
      range 8-50%, normal value less than 5%). The elevated shunt was attributed to the
      effects of 100% oxygen and general anaesthesia causing alveolar collapse, with
      only partial compensation for impairment of gas exchange by compensatory local
      hypoxic vasoconstriction. 3. When prostacyclin was infused, pulmonary vascular
      resistance fell by 3.2 +/- 1.8 units (mmHg litre-1 min m2), and pulmonary blood
      flow rose by 1.0 +/- 0.7 litre min-1 m-2 (mean +/- 95% confidence intervals). 4.
      Intrapulmonary right to left shunt fraction increased in eight of 11 patients,
      with a maximal rise for the group of 5.9 +/- 4.6% (mean +/- 95% confidence
      intervals). However, even at doses of prostacyclin sufficient to cause systemic
      vasodilatation and tachycardia, there was no evidence for a selective increase in
      shunt fraction. 5. We suggest that studying the effects of therapeutic
      interventions on intrapulmonary shunt fraction may be a useful model in vivo of
      human hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2647363
TI  - Attenuation of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats by pretreatment with
      chloroquine.
AB  - 1. The effect of chronic administration of chloroquine on glucose homoeostasis
      was investigated in normal and diabetic rats by determining fasting plasma
      glucose, glycated plasma protein, plasma immunoreactive insulin, plasma protein
      and glycated haemoglobin. Animal weights, as well as the survival of the diabetic
      animals without insulin therapy, were also observed. 2. Apart from an elevation
      in the plasma immunoreactive insulin levels (4.1 +/- 0.6 vs 2.1 +/- 0.4
      micrograms/l, P less than 0.025), there were no significant differences among the
      other parameters compared with age-matched controls up to week 12 for the normal
      rats on chloroquine treatment. After 20 weeks of treatment, however, plasma
      glucose (7.2 +/- 0.1 vs 8.4 +/- 0.2 mmol/l, P less than 0.005) and glycated
      haemoglobin (2.9 +/- 0.1 vs 3.3 +/- 0.1%, P less than 0.01) levels were lower in
      the treated animals. Diabetic rats treated with chloroquine for 12 weeks before
      the onset of diabetes showed significantly higher plasma insulin and protein
      levels than control diabetic animals, while plasma glucose (17.7 +/- 2.5 vs 29.4
      +/- 1.7 mmol/l, P less than 0.005), glycated plasma protein and glycated
      haemoglobin (6.6 +/- 0.4 vs 7.8 +/- 0.4%, P less than 0.05) levels were lower. 3.
      It is concluded that after a prolonged administration of chloroquine there is a
      hypoglycaemic effect in normal animals, and pretreatment with the drug
      ameliorates diabetes induced subsequently.

PMID- 2647365
TI  - The renin gene in patients with malignant hypertension and raised plasma renin
      activity.
AB  - 1. We have examined the hypothesis that the raised plasma renin activity in
      patients with malignant hypertension without an underlying cause is the
      consequence of expression of a duplicate renin gene. 2. DNA extracted from
      leucocytes of patients with malignant hypertension and of normotensive controls
      was digested with the restriction endonuclease PstI and hybridized with a
      radioactively labelled human renin complementary DNA probe. As an internal
      control the DNA was concurrently hybridized with a human c-myc protooncogene
      probe. 3. The signals for each subject from the two probes were quantitatively
      compared by densitometry. 4. There was no evidence of duplication of the renin
      gene in the patients with malignant hypertension.

PMID- 2647366
TI  - Increased rates of hepatic cholesterogenesis and fatty acid synthesis in septic
      rats in vivo: evidence for the possible involvement of insulin.
AB  - 1. Sepsis induced by caecal ligation and puncture increased the rates of hepatic
      cholesterogenesis and fatty acid synthesis in vivo compared with sham-operated
      rats. These changes were accompanied by higher concentrations of lactate and
      pyruvate in blood and liver and an increase in plasma insulin. 2. The total
      activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.88) in
      liver was increased by sepsis, but there was no significant change in the
      expressed activity. Short-term insulin deficiency (induced by mannoheptulose or
      streptozotocin) decreased the rates of cholesterogenesis and fatty acid synthesis
      in livers of septic rats but did not alter the expressed/total activity of HMG
      CoA reductase. 3. It is concluded that the increased rate of hepatic
      cholesterogenesis in septic rats is in part a result of the higher plasma
      insulin, the hormone acting to maintain the total activity of HMG-CoA reductase
      and to stimulate a step before the formation of HMG-CoA. 4. These changes may
      contribute to the hypertriacylglycerolaemia associated with sepsis.

PMID- 2647367
TI  - Inhibition of endogenous oxalate production: biochemical considerations of the
      roles of glycollate oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase.
AB  - 1. Both the peroxisomal, flavin-linked glycollate oxidase [(S)-2-hydroxy-acid
      oxidase; EC 1.1.3.15] and the cytosolic, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
      linked lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate dehydrogenase; EC 1.1.1.27) are thought
      to contribute to the formation of oxalate from its immediate precursors,
      glycollate and glyoxylate, but the relative contributions of each enzyme to
      endogenous oxalate production is not known. 2. In rat liver homogenates,
      [14C]oxalate production from labelled glycollate is halved and that from labelled
      glyoxylate is increased fourfold by the addition of either NAD or NADH. 3. In
      isolated rat hepatocytes, the 3-hydroxy-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione derivatives of
      glycollate, which are specific inhibitors of glycollate oxidase, have a greater
      effect on glycollate metabolism than on glyoxylate metabolism. 4. These findings
      are consistent with an important role for lactate dehydrogenase in oxalate
      formation from glyoxylate. 5. With human and rat liver homogenates and with
      purified human liver glycollate oxidase and rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase,
      DL-phenyl-lactate (2 mmol/l) completely inhibits glycollate oxidase but has not
      effect on lactate dehydrogenase. On the other hand, the reduced form of a
      chemically synthesized, NAD-pyruvate adduct (1 mmol/l) almost completely
      inhibited lactate dehydrogenase but had no effect on glycollate oxidase. 6.
      Either alone or in combination, DL-phenyl-lactate and reduced NAD-pyruvate adduct
      reduce oxalate production from glycollate and glyoxylate in isolated rat
      hepatocytes, but do not abolish it completely. 7. These findings support a role
      for another enzyme, probably glycollate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.14), in oxalate
      production in integrated cell metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647368
TI  - Update on Medicare.

PMID- 2647369
TI  - Lowering blood cholesterol to reduce coronary heart disease risk.
AB  - Key recent findings provide definitive evidence that lowering blood cholesterol
      in humans reduces coronary heart disease risk. These research advances serve as
      the basis for national guidelines concerning the medical and public health
      implications of lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease.

PMID- 2647371
TI  - The status of hypertriglyceridemia as a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
AB  - The three-decade long controversy surrounding the status of triglycerides as an
      independent risk factor for coronary heart disease is presented. The studies that
      reported an association and the clinical trials of cholesterol-lowering
      medications are examined. Because of the inconsistency between the observational
      findings and the consistently negative clinical trial findings, treatment of
      isolated hypertriglyceridemia cannot be recommended at present.

PMID- 2647370
TI  - Apoprotein measurements and their clinical application.
AB  - The apoproteins structurally are closely associated with specific lipoproteins,
      for example, apoprotein B with VLDL and LDL and apoprotein A-I with HDL. The
      levels of these apoproteins provide information about the plasma concentrations
      and metabolism of the lipoproteins with which they are associated. The levels of
      apoprotein B and apoprotein A-I and the Lp(a) lipoprotein can serve as important
      predictors of coronary heart disease risk and can provide information not
      available from blood lipid and lipoprotein lipid levels. For clinicians and
      public health interests, the decision to use apoprotein measurements and to
      estimate cardiovascular risk depends on the clinical setting, the availability of
      standardized apoprotein methods that can be related to age- and sex-specific
      population-based reference values, and the cost of the measurements. In addition,
      these apoproteins can be used in specific cases to answer diagnostic questions
      and provide information about therapeutic response.

PMID- 2647372
TI  - Triglyceride measurement and its relationship to heart disease.
AB  - Elevated triglycerides are clinically important owing to their direct
      relationship to pancreatitis, and their association with glucose intolerance, and
      renal and hepatic disease. Their direct role in atherosclerosis is still
      controversial and their inter-relationships with other lipoproteins make clarity
      of this issue difficult. Triglyceride measurements, as part of lipid evaluation
      for atherosclerotic risk, are important as they provide the only convenient and
      cost-effective method for routinely estimating LDL cholesterol. Their inverse
      relationship to HDL makes triglyceride measurements a cost-effective screening
      procedure. Unlike cholesterol measurements, triglycerides should always be
      assessed in the fasting state. Analytical methods are predominantly based on
      enzymatic reagent systems that reliably measure the glycerol component after
      fatty acid hydrolysis. Standardization (that is, accuracy) is still a major
      problem, while precision appears satisfactory in most clinical laboratories.

PMID- 2647373
TI  - New guidelines for lowering blood cholesterol.
AB  - An expert panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program issued a report
      that presents new, detailed guidelines for cholesterol treatment. The report
      provides specific recommendations for classifying patients according to their
      cholesterol levels. By using these guidelines, physicians dealing with individual
      patients will be able to determine who should be treated to lower blood
      cholesterol and to decide how such patients should be treated.

PMID- 2647374
TI  - Screening for high blood cholesterol.
AB  - The detection and treatment of high blood cholesterol will require a sizeable
      screening effort. To a large extent, the screening can be accomplished through
      routine medical care, but screenings conducted at public or community sites also
      offer promise. The NCEP will ultimately recommend whether or not public screening
      should supplement that performed in the physician's office. In the meantime, the
      National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute has issued screening guidelines that
      address critical issues including reliability of cholesterol measurement,
      compliance to the education and referral advice given at screening, and physician
      readiness to evaluate and treat those referred. Findings from the Model System
      for High Blood Cholesterol Screening and other research projects provided a basis
      for such recommendations. It is hoped that these guidelines will ensure high
      quality public screening.

PMID- 2647375
TI  - The need for accurate total cholesterol measurement. Recommended analytical
      goals, current state of reliability, and guidelines for better determinations.
AB  - We have approached a dawn of a new era in detection, evaluation, treatment, and
      monitoring of individuals with elevated blood cholesterol levels who are at
      increased risk for CHD. The NHLBI's National Cholesterol Education Program will
      be the major force underlying this national awareness program, which is dependent
      on the clinical laboratories providing reliable data. Precision or
      reproducibility of results is not a problem for most of the laboratories, but
      accuracy is a major concern. Both the manufacturers and laboratorians need to
      standardize the measurement for cholesterol so that the accuracy base is
      traceable to the NCCLS NRS/CHOL. The manufacturers need to adopt a uniform policy
      that will ensure that the values assigned to calibration, quality control, and
      quality assurance or survey materials are accurate and traceable to the
      NCCLS/CHOL. Since, at present, there are some limitations of these materials
      caused by matrix effects, laboratories are encouraged to use the CDC-NHLBI
      National Reference Laboratory Network to evaluate and monitor their ability to
      measure patient blood cholesterol levels accurately. Major areas of analytical
      problems are identified and general, as well as specific, recommendations are
      provided to help ensure reliable measurement of cholesterol in patient specimens.

PMID- 2647376
TI  - Measurement of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of LDL and HDL are generally measured in terms of their
      cholesterol content. This requires the separation of the appropriate lipoprotein
      containing fractions. The separation and measurement of each fraction are
      described.

PMID- 2647377
TI  - The National Cholesterol Education Program.
AB  - The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) is a cooperative effort by the
      major health and medical organizations in the United States. The goal of the
      program is to reduce the prevalence of elevated blood cholesterol and thereby
      contribute to reducing coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality.
      Through educational efforts aimed at professionals and the public, the NCEP seeks
      to raise awareness and understanding about high blood cholesterol as a risk
      factor for CHD and about the benefits of lowering elevated cholesterol as a means
      of preventing CHD.

PMID- 2647378
TI  - Measurement of cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL using compact analysis
      systems.
AB  - The compact analyzers facilitate rapid measurement of cholesterol and other lipid
      parameters outside the conventional laboratory setting. The current generation of
      instruments has very different features, operating parameters, and performance
      characteristics, and they must be selected in accordance with the intended
      application. All three of the common screening instruments, the DT-60, the
      Reflotron, and the VISION, have demonstrated the capability to meet current
      performance guidelines, provided they are operated correctly. Attention to
      quality assurance will, nevertheless, be essential in achieving reliable results.
      Further refinements in the instruments, reagents, and applications will improve
      their utility in screening programs.

PMID- 2647379
TI  - The National Reference System for Cholesterol.
AB  - The NRS/CHOL is a reality that is progressively becoming the way in which
      accuracy of cholesterol results is being ensured. Proof of traceability to
      NRS/CHOL within each segment of the clinical laboratory, now an expectation, will
      soon be the norm that makes a sound conceptual reference system into an everyday
      reality that reaches into the many thousands of working sites that measure
      cholesterol in serum on patient samples.

PMID- 2647380
TI  - Cirrhosis of the liver: new concepts.
AB  - Cirrhosis is a histologic term that requires liver biopsy for definitive
      diagnosis. Although we may usefully classify cirrhosis by cause, such as
      alcoholic cirrhosis, the morphologic diagnosis is confined to only a few
      descriptive terms. Cirrhosis is the end result of hepatocellular necrosis that
      initiates the inflammatory process. Hepatocellular necrosis induced by the
      hepatoviruses is caused by the host response to the parasitized cells rather than
      by the viruses themselves. Inflammatory cells, apparently by diverse mechanisms
      that include the immune system, stimulate the deposition of collagen around
      hepatocytes and in sinusoidal membranes, causing profound alteration in
      hepatocyte function and hepatic blood flow. Fully developed cirrhosis cannot be
      reversed with therapy presently available. Efforts to change morbidity and
      mortality of this common disease include preventive measures, attempts to
      manipulate the immune response, efforts to influence the biologic process of
      fibrosis, and, finally, attempts to induce resorption of established collagen. No
      acceptable therapy to prevent cirrhosis currently exists, but there is reason to
      believe that one can and will be developed in the future, probably through the
      discovery of better methods of eliminating the persistent infection by
      hepatoviruses. The most encouraging results to date come from experiments using
      prednisone followed by interferon, and from very preliminary results with
      methotrexate in specific circumstances. In the meantime, the clinician will
      continue to support the existing physiology, minimize and treat the
      complications, and offer support to the patient and family.

PMID- 2647381
TI  - Update: inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2647382
TI  - The aging gut--concerns for the clinician.

PMID- 2647383
TI  - Computer-assisted diagnosis of acute abdominal pain.
AB  - An acute abdominal pain program run on a microcomputer is described and the
      experiences tabulated for a series of 194 patients seen in a general hospital
      setting. The initial diagnostic accuracy of the program compared favorably with
      that of attending physicians and house staff, and suggests that improvements in
      the program can lead to a more effective and more accurate abdominal pain
      program. The possibilities for developing other programs, particularly chest
      pain, fever, and other global categories, are obvious. We are presently working
      on a chest pain program and a diagnostic strategy program. Based on the results
      reported here, we believe that several factors could improve program accuracy.
      For example, with additional clinical studies and refinement of the program
      structure, with more expert knowledge, and with further algorithmic development,
      the program could be made to outperform the average clinician and possibly
      approach the level of true clinical experts in abdominal pain diagnosis by
      mimicking their analysis. Indeed, since a program of this type is capable of
      incorporating the expertise of many different clinicians, it has the potential of
      outperforming any given expert in specific cases.

PMID- 2647384
TI  - Pathophysiology and management of reflux esophagitis.

PMID- 2647385
TI  - Pathogenesis and treatment of fulminant liver failure.

PMID- 2647386
TI  - Causes, diagnosis, and management of colonic bleeding.

PMID- 2647387
TI  - Collagenous colitis.

PMID- 2647388
TI  - Long-term management of peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Maintenance therapy to reduce the risk of ulcer relapse and subsequent ulcer
      complications should be offered to patients who are likely to suffer a relapse by
      virtue of their past history or current risk factors. The most effective form of
      ulcer maintenance therapy appears to be continuous low-dose nocturnal therapy
      with H2-receptor antagonists. Patients who are observed expectantly and develop
      recurrent ulcer symptoms can be treated with full-strength therapy on an
      intermittent basis. Patients with a definite seasonal trend to their ulcer
      disease may benefit from a seasonal approach to therapy. Ulcer surgery is
      reserved for patients with ulcer complications or severe symptoms unresponsive to
      standard maintenance therapy. Just how long continuous low-dose maintenance
      therapy can or should be continued remains unclear. Whether ulcer disease is ever
      truly cured (never to recur again), as suggested by pre-endoscopic studies, is a
      matter of conjecture. Nevertheless, the use of maintenance-dose therapy appears
      to be safe over relatively long periods of time, and it appears that cumulative
      ulcer relapse rates decline with continued use of such therapy. The risk of
      recurrent symptoms, hemorrhage, and other complications is also reduced by
      maintenance therapy, and the economic aspects of ulcer disease are influenced in
      a positive fashion by these regimens. The role that C. pylori will ultimately
      play in the etiology and pathogenesis of peptic ulcers and their relapse is still
      not known with any certainty, although it appears to represent an important
      marker (if not an important pathogenetic cause) for ulcer disease. As such, it
      may be considered a risk factor to be eliminated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2647389
TI  - Gastroesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2647390
TI  - Dietary therapy in gastrointestinal disease.
AB  - Diet therapy is an important factor in overall care of most GI patients.
      Historically, diets have been used unscientifically in many of these patients
      without positive results. Nutritional care and diet therapy are critical for two
      reasons. First, malnutrition is an expected sequelae to most, if not all, GI
      diseases or disorders. Failure to eat, digest, or assimilate nutrients can
      provoke malnutrition in just a few weeks, although careful assessment of
      anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and nutritional history by a trained
      professional can protect against this. Diet therapy through the elimination of
      offending foods such as wheat gluten or lactose, or inclusion of specialized
      products such as medium chain triglycerides or elemental formulas, can sustain
      nutritional status. Dietary components such as insoluble fiber appear to have
      physiologic effects, while soluble fibers may have metabolic effects important to
      diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There is a high potential for malnutrition
      in Crohn's disease during active and remittent phases. Elemental enteral formulas
      or TPN are used during the active phase to ensure optimal nutritional status and
      bowel rest. Hyperalimentation using the GI tract during remittent stage maintains
      this. Avoiding offending foods by Crohn's patients is an acceptable practice as
      long as entire categories of foods are not deleted. Avoiding all foods containing
      gluten from wheat, rye, barley, and oats, however, is a crucial prerequisite to
      recovery from celiac disease. Gluten is commonly used as a stabilizer,
      emulsifier, and extender in the food industry and is not always shown on food
      labels. Careful consultation with a registered dietitian can identify hidden
      sources of gluten in the diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647391
TI  - Some aspects of isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and
      glucosephosphate isomerase in fish.
AB  - 1. The present paper reports some aspects of the isozymes of LDH, MDH and GPI in
      fish. 2. In Petromyzontiformes LDH is encoded by a single Ldh-A gene locus. In
      Myxiniformes and in most vertebrates LDH is encoded by two gene loci, A and B. A
      third Ldh-C locus is characteristic of the bony fishes Actinopterygii. 3. In fish
      the MDH isozymes are generally encoded by three gene loci Mdh-M, Mdh-A and Mdh-B.
      4. In most diploid bony fish the GPI is controlled by two independent gene loci
      Gpi-A and Gpi-B. 5. The relationships of isozymes with evolution of vertebrates,
      tissual specificity, ontogenetic changes, with physiological and metabolic roles
      are discussed.

PMID- 2647392
TI  - Comparative aspects of propionate metabolism.
AB  - 1. The catabolism of propionate has been studied extensively in vertebrates and
      the major pathway has been shown to be its derivatization to propionyl-CoA,
      carboxylation to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, isomerization to L-methylmalonyl-CoA and
      then conversion to succinyl-CoA via a vitamin B12 dependent methylmalonyl-CoA
      mutase. 2. By contrast, in all insect species studied to date, many of which do
      not contain detectable levels of vitamin B12, the major metabolic pathway of
      propionate is its conversion to 3-hydroxypropionate and then to acetate. Carbon-3
      of propionate becomes the carboxyl carbon of acetate and carbon-2 of propionate
      becomes the methyl carbon of acetate. 3. A number of species of non-insect
      arthropods and other invertebrates contain relatively high levels of vitamin B12
      and catabolize propionate by the same pathway as that of vertebrates. Under
      anoxic conditions, some invertebrates, including bivalves, convert succinate to
      propionate. 4. In plants, evidence has been presented for the metabolism of
      propionate to both acetate and succinate. Micro-organisms possess a myriad of
      pathways by which they produce and catabolize propionate.

PMID- 2647393
TI  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae porphobilinogenase: some physical and kinetic
      properties.
AB  - 1. Properties of porphobilinogenase (PBGase), the enzyme complex converting
      porphobilinogen (PBG) into uroporphyrinogens, were studied in a wild strain, D273
      10B and a mutant, B231, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2. A well-defined maximum of
      enzyme activity was observed for the mutant strain after 20 hr of growth; whilst
      the activity in the wild strain did not vary significantly during growth. 3.
      Neither PBG consumption nor uroporphyrinogen formation were modified by the
      presence of air either in the wild or in the mutant strain. 4. In both the wild
      and mutant strains uroporphyrinogen formation increased linearly with both
      protein concentration and incubation time. 5. The addition of a mixture of sodium
      and magnesium salts to the assay system inhibited the enzyme activity of both
      strains by 50% without modifying the isomer composition. 6. The same optimum pH
      (7.4) and mol. wt (50,000 +/- 5000) was found for the enzyme from both strains.
      7. The enzyme from both the wild and mutant strains shows Michaelis-Menten
      kinetics when isolated from cells at either the exponential or the stationary
      phases of growth. Accumulation of porphyrins and delta-aminolevulinic acid
      occurring during the exponential phase in the mutant strain, did not modify the
      kinetics.

PMID- 2647394
TI  - Computer-assisted predictive mathematical relationship among plasma acetaminophen
      concentration and time and hepatotoxicity in man.
AB  - A microcomputer program in BASIC for predicting hepatoxicity in man resulting
      from a single overdosage ingestion of acetaminophen was designed. A formula used
      in this program is derived from the data reported by Prescott and his coworkers
      (Lancet i (1971) 519-522). Analysis of the actually reported and the computer
      assisted predicted data has shown that the computer-assisted predictive formula
      may be clinically helpful in determining if the plasma acetaminophen level is in
      the toxic or nontoxic range.

PMID- 2647395
TI  - Database interface for digital calipers.
AB  - With emphasis on an advanced user interface this program was designed to collect
      measurements from digital sliding calipers and micrometers for subsequent
      inclusion into a database. The original project was measurements of dental casts,
      but the general nature of the program makes it adaptable to fields as diverse as
      medicine, archaeology and industrial quality control. The gain realized, compared
      to earlier manual methods, is a substantial reduction of the time spent on actual
      measuring, as the error-prone scale reading and handling of the results (writing
      down, entering, etc.) have been made superfluous. The CALIPER program runs on
      suitably equipped IBM personal computers while digital instruments, gauge blocks
      and multiplexer interface are supplied by Mitutoyo Co.

PMID- 2647396
TI  - First experiences with the modelling and simulation package MIRACLES applied to a
      picture archiving and communication system (PACS) in a clinical environment.
AB  - Since the construction of picture archiving and communication systems (PACS)
      appears to be extremely difficult, computer modelling and simulation are used as
      decision support tools. The package MIRACLES (Medical Image Representation,
      Archiving and Communication Learned from Extensive Simulation) has been developed
      at BAZIS in order to support the construction of simulation models of image
      information systems. This article discusses the application of MIRACLES to a
      prototypical PACS as being installed in a clinical environment. Attention is
      focussed to the required system analysis and difficulties which arose during the
      construction of the simulation model. The emphasis is on the presentation of the
      results of the simulation study, which show that simulation can be fruitfully
      used to predict, to analyse and to assist in solving performance problems. The
      simulation study confirmed assumptions and suppositions concerning both the
      system performance itself and strategies to improve the performance. The study
      also resulted in a number of concrete recommendations which might be useful for
      the set-up of the prototypical PACS.

PMID- 2647397
TI  - A computer aid for early diagnostic classification of jaundice (the COMIP
      program).
AB  - We describe the Computer Icterus Program (COMIP), a computer-assisted diagnosis
      (CAD) program which is designed to facilitate the early choice of a diagnostic
      strategy in cases of jaundice. To anticipate transfer to other centres, the COMIP
      program offers facilities to make local adjustments for relative disease
      incidences and for laboratory data. This is a useful extension for CAD systems.

PMID- 2647399
TI  - Postpartum psychiatric disorders: a review.
AB  - Postpartum emotional disorders generally fall into one of three categories:
      "blues," depressions, or psychoses. Such postpartum syndromes are described as to
      their presenting symptomatology, phenomenology, treatment, and prognosis. The
      role of the appropriate use of psychotropic medication in these conditions, after
      proper diagnosis, is also discussed. This overview is meant to be helpful to
      consultation-liaison psychiatrists and to other psychiatrists who work closely
      with obstetricians and primary care physicians.

PMID- 2647398
TI  - CDP-choline for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a small negative series.
AB  - Based on the cholinergic-deficiency hypothesis of tardive dyskinesia (TD), we
      administered cytidine diphosphoryl choline (CDP-Choline) (a naturally occurring
      biochemical intermediary in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine), 500 mg twice a
      day orally, to four women and one man with TD for 2 to 8 weeks in a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled crossover trial. Although the small sample size provides only
      limited power to detect a treatment effect, there was no evidence of efficacy,
      adverse effects, or changes in psychopathology.

PMID- 2647400
TI  - Cocaine abuse and treatment.

PMID- 2647401
TI  - Social phobia syndrome in Japan.
AB  - Recently, social phobia has been described in DSM-III and in International
      Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 (1986 Draft), as a diagnostic entity and
      classified under the anxiety disorders. Since the 1920s, Japanese psychiatrists
      have paid particular attention to these phobic states. Though, they have not yet
      given explicit behavioral diagnostic criteria to social phobia, they have
      elucidated many important facets of this phobic symptom complex, especially those
      of obsessional and delusional features manifested in embodied communications of
      the patient with this phobia. Thus, in Japan, social phobia syndrome has not been
      considered as a mere phobic anxiety disorder described in DSM-III or ICD-10.

PMID- 2647402
TI  - The nosologic status of the remitting atypical psychoses.
AB  - For many decades clinicians have recognized the importance of some nonorganic
      psychoses that have no obvious relationship to either schizophrenia or affective
      illness. These atypical psychoses are characterized by sudden onset, florid and
      fluid symptoms, brief duration, remitting outcome, and a pattern of recurrences.
      They are presumed to be caused by major stress or characterologic defects or
      both. Systematic investigations into these conditions have been comparatively
      sparse. This report reviews the literature concerning these remitting atypical
      psychoses, proposes descriptive criteria for their recognition, and makes
      suggestions for further research.

PMID- 2647403
TI  - Isolated visual hallucinations and the Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review of the
      literature and presentation of six cases.
AB  - Vivid visual hallucinations without other psychopathology have been reported for
      several hundred years. However, there is no consensus on whether these
      hallucinations should be considered a separate syndrome, the Charles Bonnet
      syndrome, or whether eye disease or brain disease is a necessary or exclusionary
      criterion for diagnosing this syndrome. In an attempt to resolve these issues,
      this article reviews the literature on isolated visual hallucinations and
      presents follow-up data from six cases. Criteria for diagnosing the Charles
      Bonnet syndrome are suggested.

PMID- 2647404
TI  - Leg ulcers are people, too.

PMID- 2647405
TI  - A glance back--to December 1946.

PMID- 2647406
TI  - Nephrolithiasis resulting in intermittent ureteral obstruction in a cow.
AB  - Bilateral nephrolithiasis with intermittent ureterolithiasis was diagnosed in a 7
      year old Holstein cow. Two episodes of ureterolithiasis resulted in severe
      azotemia which resolved after spontaneous movement of the stone. A third episode
      of obstruction one year after the initial episode resulted in rupture of one
      kidney, necessitating euthanasia. The histopathological examination of the kidney
      was diagnostic for chronic pyelonephritis. Corynebacterium sp. was cultured from
      a nephrolith. In this case it is believed that the chronic pyelonephritis
      predisposed to the calculi formation.

PMID- 2647407
TI  - Equine giant cell tumor of soft tissues.
AB  - During a routine necropsy examination of a 4-year-old standardbred mare, a well
      demarcated dermal mass was seen near the right elbow. Grossly, the mass consisted
      of multifocal variably sized areas of dark brown, firm material that was
      separated by thin white septa. Histologically, within the individual
      compartments, there were numerous multinucleated giant cells, macrophages, and
      free erythrocytes. A diagnosis of giant cell tumor of soft tissues was made.

PMID- 2647408
TI  - Penetrating keratoplasty in the management of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome.
AB  - The clinical results of penetrating keratoplasty for iridocorneal endothelial
      (ICE) syndrome are presented. Nine cases of penetrating keratoplasty for ICE
      syndrome were reviewed retrospectively. All grafts remain clear, with posterior
      corneal changes occurring in only one case, after a mean follow-up of 43 months.
      Penetrating keratoplasty produced visual improvement in 7 of the 9 cases, relief
      of pain in 6 of 6 cases, and prevention of further corneal infection in 1 case.
      We believe that penetrating keratoplasty has a place in the treatment regimen of
      this disease, not only to achieve improvement in vision, but also for relief of
      pain, and avoidance of recurrent corneal infections, and to allow a clear media
      for careful monitoring of optic disc and field changes in the associated
      glaucoma.

PMID- 2647409
TI  - Nocardia asteroides keratitis presenting as a persistent epithelial defect.
AB  - An elderly male presented with epithelial defect which resisted all medical and
      therapeutic approaches until Gram stain and cultural report documented the
      presence of Nocardia asteroides of the offending organism. A 3-month course of
      chronic keratitis with persistent epithelial defect resolved in 48 h following
      the use of topical trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

PMID- 2647410
TI  - Donor eyes. A comparison of characteristics and outcomes for Eye Bank and local
      tissue.
AB  - The Corneal Recipient Registry was begun in 1985 to collect information on all
      recipients of corneal grafts in the province of Ontario, Canada, and on the
      donors providing tissue. While most of the tissue is handled by the Eye Bank of
      Canada (Ontario Division), ophthalmologists in centers away from the Eye Bank
      often use local tissue when it is available. Comparison of the donor
      characteristics of local tissue with that obtained through the Eye Bank revealed
      that local donors were 9-10 years younger (p less than 0.01), their times to
      enucleation were an hour less (p less than 0.02), and they were much more likely
      to be the victims of trauma than the donors of Eye Bank eyes. Prognosis of the
      graft, assessed using life table methods, suggested that success of local eyes
      was 89% after 6 months, compared with 80% for Eye Bank eyes in the same period,
      but this was not a significant difference (p greater than 0.05). While the Eye
      Bank is a more common source of tissue, eyes obtained locally are more likely to
      represent the "ideal" tissue for many corneal surgeons.

PMID- 2647411
TI  - Pseudomonas cepacia keratitis.
AB  - Pseudomonas cepacia has recently become recognized as a virulent pathogen
      responsible for nosocomial infections in hosts with altered immunity. It has been
      implicated in endophthalmitis and conjunctivitis, and is resistant to
      conventional antipseudomonal therapy. No cases of P. cepacia keratitis have been
      reported in the literature. We report such a case in association with topical
      steroid and contact lens use following penetrating keratoplasty. In addition, we
      developed an experimental model of P. cepacia keratitis in the rabbit. P. cepacia
      should be considered as a cause of infectious keratitis especially in nosocomial
      infections in immunocompromised corneas.

PMID- 2647412
TI  - Long-term corneal retention of a plant foreign body.
AB  - A fragment of sunflower stalk had been retained in the cornea of a 71-year-old
      man for 58 years. During initial healing of the wound, which included formation
      of a retrocorneal membrane over the foreign body in the anterior chamber, there
      was probably loss of endothelial cells. This probably predisposed the cornea to
      the endothelial decompensation that occurred following cataract extraction and
      implant of an intraocular lens 56 years after the foreign body first appeared in
      the cornea.

PMID- 2647413
TI  - The use of crystalloidal and colloidal solutions for volume replacement in
      hypovolemic shock.
AB  - A wide variety of colloidal and crystalloidal fluids, as well as blood and blood
      products, are available to the clinician for treatment of the hypovolemic
      patient. These fluids vary with respect to the size, shape, and concentrations of
      electrolytes, colloidal molecules, and/or cellular components, duration of volume
      expanding effects, incidence of allergic reactions, and effect on the coagulation
      system. When these fluids are administered intravenously, their distribution in
      the vascular, interstitial, and cellular compartments can be predicted from
      fundamental physiological principles as well as from the results of laboratory
      and clinical research. It is thus recognized that colloidal fluids and blood
      provide more rapid expansion of the intravascular space when compared with
      crystalloidal fluids. Similar volumes of crystalloidal fluids more rapidly expand
      the interstitial and intracellular spaces. These principles guide therapy in
      hypovolemic shock. A logical decision regarding intravenous fluid therapy may be
      based on the nature of the volume deficit (blood, plasma, or selective protein
      loss, loss of free water and/or electrolytes) and the predicted changes in
      cellular and extracellular compartments.

PMID- 2647414
TI  - Human immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin G subclasses: biochemical, genetic, and
      clinical aspects.
AB  - Human IgG consists of two identical heavy (H) chains and two identical light (L)
      chains joined by interchain disulfide bridges. Heterogeneity in the amino acid
      sequences of the H and L polypeptides results in at least three types of IgG
      variants at the structural and genetic levels. The four isotypic forms are IgG1,
      IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, which share extensive homologies in the primary structure
      of their H chains. As a result, the subclasses cross-react antigenically, but
      they can be differentiated on the basis of subtle architectural dissimilarities.
      The biological and effector properties of the IgG isotypes have been associated,
      in part, with their structural differences. Genes determining the synthesis of
      human IgG heavy chains are located on chromosome 14. In several clinical
      situations the isotypes appear to be regulated or expressed in patterns
      reflecting the gene arrangement. The numeric designations of the subclasses
      correspond to the order of their proportional amounts in healthy adult serum:
      IgG1 greater than IgG2 greater than IgG3 greater than IgG4. Awareness of the
      importance of the roles of the four IgG isotypes in human health has steadily
      increased since they were first described in the 1960s. The recognition that
      deficits or increases in selected IgG subclasses may have clinical consequences
      has prompted considerable interest in quantifying the four isotypes in clinical
      specimens. In particular, deficiencies of IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, singly or
      combined, are associated with chronic infections which may not be readily
      recognized in otherwise healthy people with normal serum total IgG
      concentrations. Different assay methods using polyclonal or monoclonal antisera
      with various calibrants have been applied; however, no standardized method exists
      at the present. IgG deficits are associated with gene defects and are acquired in
      secondary immunodeficiencies in conjunction with other disorders. IgG isotype
      selectivity has been recognized in autoimmune diseases and in response to
      carbohydrate and protein antigens derived from pathogenic microorganisms and
      common allergens.

PMID- 2647415
TI  - Aluminum and chronic renal failure: sources, absorption, transport, and toxicity.
AB  - In normal subjects the gastrointestinal tract is a relatively impermeable barrier
      to aluminum with a low fractional absorption rate for this metal ion. Aluminum
      absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is normally excreted by the kidneys; in
      the presence of impaired renal function aluminum is retained and accumulates in
      body tissues. Aluminum-containing medications are given, by mouth, to patients
      with chronic renal failure as phosphate-binding agents for the therapeutic
      control of hyperphosphatemia. Patients with chronic renal failure are also
      exposed to aluminum in domestic tap-water supplies used either for drinking or,
      in those on dialysis treatment, in the preparation of their dialysate. In
      patients with end-stage chronic renal failure, particularly in those on treatment
      by hemodialysis, the accumulation of aluminum in bone, brain, and other tissues
      is associated with toxic sequelae. An increased brain content of aluminum appears
      to be the major etiological factor in the development of a neurological syndrome
      called either "dialysis encephalopathy" or "dialysis dementia"; an increased bone
      content causes a specific form of osteomalacia. An excess of aluminum also
      appears to be an etiological factor in a microcytic, hypochromic anemia that
      occurs in some patients with chronic renal failure on long-term treatment with
      hemodialysis. The various mechanisms involved in the toxic phenomena associated
      with the accumulation of aluminum in body tissues have not been clearly defined
      but are the subject of extensive investigations.

PMID- 2647416
TI  - Bladder diseases and imaging methods.
AB  - New and exciting diagnostic modalities which substantially change the evaluation
      of the urinary bladder have become available in the last decade. This is a review
      of the principles involved in and the advantages of diagnostic imaging using the
      modalities available to study the urinary bladder in a modern radiologic
      facility. It emphasizes the values of the different modalities in specific
      disease states. Excretory urography, cystography, and voiding cystourethrography
      were the mainstay of the evaluation of bladder pathology. These modalities are
      still good screening methods under certain circumstances but are relatively
      limited in comprehensive assessment of the bladder. Bladder studies using
      radionuclides, such as nuclear cystography, still have a space in the long-term
      follow-up of pediatric patients due to their relative low radiation dose. Since
      the addition of ultrasonography, computed tomography, and more recently, magnetic
      resonance imaging to the radiologist's armamentarium of imaging modalities, there
      has been a tremendous improvement not only in the demonstration of bladder
      abnormalities, but also in the staging of bladder neoplasms. The relative merits
      of these past and present imaging modalities are illustrated. Their appropriate
      contributions to improved quality of care of patients with bladder disease are
      also discussed.

PMID- 2647417
TI  - Modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables.
AB  - Modified atmospheres (MA), i.e., elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and
      reduced levels of oxygen and ethylene, can be useful supplements to provide
      optimum temperature and relative humidity in maintaining the quality of fresh
      fruits and vegetables after harvest. MA benefits include reduced respiration,
      ethylene production, and sensitivity to ethylene; retarded softening and
      compositional changes; alleviation of certain physiological disorders; and
      reduced decay. Subjecting fresh produce to too low an oxygen concentration and/or
      to too high a carbon dioxide level can result in MA stress, which is manifested
      by accelerated deterioration. Packaging fresh produce in polymeric films can
      result in a commodity-generated MA. Atmosphere modification within such packages
      depends on film permeability, commodity respiration rate and gas diffusion
      characteristics, and initial free volume and atmospheric composition within the
      package. Temperature, relative humidity, and air movement around the package can
      influence the permeability of the film. Temperature also affects the metabolic
      activity of the commodity and consequently the rate of attaining the desired MA.
      All these factors must be considered in developing a mathematical model for
      selecting the most suitable film for each commodity.

PMID- 2647418
TI  - Pleurotus mushrooms. Part III. Biotransformations of natural lignocellulosic
      wastes: commercial applications and implications.
AB  - Species of Pleurotus are endowed with the capacity to degrade unfermented natural
      lignino-cellulosic wastes. From the time the substrate is spawned until the end
      of cropping, there occurs a spectrum of qualitative and quantitative changes in
      the various substrate constituents, viz., cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin,
      sugars, amino acids, phenols, ash, nitrogen, etc. In general, cellulose,
      hemicellulose, and lignin are degraded, solubility of the substrate is increased,
      phenolic content is decreased, sugar and amino acid contents are increased, as is
      the ash content due to a constant utilization of the organic matter. The ability
      of Pleurotus to effect these degradative changes is discussed under both sterile
      (monoculture) and nonsterile culturing conditions. The enzymatic aspects
      affecting these various chemical changes in the lignino-cellulosic substrates are
      brought out. The various commercial applications and implications of the spent
      substrate, such as use as an upgraded form of ruminant feed, production of
      biogas, manufacture of paper/cardboard, recycling into Agaricus compost, garden
      fertilizer, production of single cell proteins, etc., are critically evaluated.

PMID- 2647419
TI  - Primary immunodeficiency disease in children: an update.

PMID- 2647420
TI  - Atypical resections of the lung: bronchoplasties, sleeve resections, and
      segmentectomies--their evolution and present status.

PMID- 2647421
TI  - Pulse oximetry.

PMID- 2647422
TI  - Influenza A pneumonitis in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV).
AB  - Influenza A results in considerable morbidity, mortality and economic costs.
      Although immunoprophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis are targeted toward high-risk
      groups, persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have not been
      widely recognized as being at increased risk of influenza infection. We report a
      case of influenza A pneumonitis in a patient infected with HIV. The literature on
      influenza immunization of HIV-infected patients is reviewed and the implications
      for public health are discussed. Consideration should be given to influenza
      immunization and chemoprophylaxis in this enlarging population. Further
      investigation of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of influenza in HIV-infected
      patients is warranted.

PMID- 2647423
TI  - Jet flow-regulated expiratory resistance to maintain constant CPAP during the
      entire respiratory phase.
AB  - We have developed a new continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device that
      consists of a microcomputer, a pressure transducer, and a pair of electronic
      interface valves. One of these valves creates the inspiratory demand flow, and
      the other creates the opposing jet flow by acting as an expiratory valve to
      maintain a constant CPAP. By controlling the two electronic interface valves, the
      airway pressure can be kept constant during the entire respiratory cycle. We
      compared our device with CPAP systems supplied with commercially available
      ventilators: the Puritan-Bennett 7200a, the Bear 5, the Servo 900C, and the CV
      2000. A two-chambered spring loaded model lung was used to simulate inspiration
      and a piston pump model lung to simulate active exhalation. We compared both the
      inspiratory triggering work (WWIt) and expiratory flow-resistive work (WE) of
      each ventilator while in CPAP mode by calculating the corresponding areas of the
      pressure-volume loops using electrical integration. The WWIt of our apparatus and
      demand-flow ventilators was much smaller than that of the CV 2000. In our device,
      WE was also much smaller than those of the others. These results indicate that
      our device can be used for CPAP without causing airway pressure fluctuation, and
      therefore, without imposing an extra workload on the patient.

PMID- 2647424
TI  - The assessment and management of acute life-threatening asthma.

PMID- 2647425
TI  - Computed tomography of the pulmonary parenchyma. An overview.

PMID- 2647426
TI  - The challenge of bilateral bronchopleural fistula.

PMID- 2647427
TI  - Children in a disaster: an overview.
AB  - Most children have psychopathological reactions to disasters, which are
      individually-based and vary according to age, developmental level, proximity to
      family members, specifics of their situation, losses during and after the
      disaster, and the responses of the family and community. Treatment should be
      individualized since children's improvement is not determined by parental
      response.

PMID- 2647428
TI  - The role of the speech and language clinician on a multidisciplinary team.
AB  - This article describes the role of the speech and language clinician on a
      psychoeducational multidisciplinary team. The effects of language disorders on
      children's behavior and treatment are discussed along with specific ways in which
      the speech and language clinician can intervene.

PMID- 2647429
TI  - The etiology, diagnosis and treatment of the fire-setting behaviour of children.
AB  - This article considers the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of fire setting. The
      causes reported include child abuse, identification problems, poor parent
      relationship and severe conduct disorders. Diagnosis is varied and rarely
      specific. Treatment approaches vary and include close observation, negative
      practices or satiation procedures and positive and negative reinforcement.

PMID- 2647430
TI  - Studies in infantile autism.
AB  - The most dominant view about the etiology of infantile autism is that it is
      biologically determined. None of the attributed causes have withstood the test of
      time. Arguments supporting the organic ideology is that parents of autistic
      children are not of higher SES, they seem to be adjusted and the disorder is to
      be found all over the world. An analysis of the literature indicates that such
      conclusions are open to question. Conflicting findings may be due to the fact
      that children that do not fulfill Kanner's criteria are included in the samples
      studied.

PMID- 2647431
TI  - Intrinsically difficult problems: the kinetics of body proteins and amino acids
      in man.

PMID- 2647432
TI  - The in vivo study of cardiac and skeletal muscle protein turnover.

PMID- 2647433
TI  - Protein and amino acid metabolism after injury.

PMID- 2647434
TI  - Influence of nutrient intake on protein turnover.

PMID- 2647435
TI  - The need for indispensable amino acids: the concept of the anabolic drive.

PMID- 2647436
TI  - Biology of regional body fat distribution: relationship to non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Our studies support the view that body fat distribution and the accompanying
      metabolic abnormalities could be exacerabated by variability in the
      androgenic/estrogenic balance. Sensitivity to the androgenic milieu might be
      initiated by an early developmental aberration in sexual dimorphism. The possible
      direct and indirect sites of interaction between androgenic activity and the
      abnormal metabolic pathways in upper body obesity are summarized in Figure 19.

PMID- 2647437
TI  - Acute renal failure.
AB  - Although a wide variety of disease processes can result in a failure of renal
      excretory function, the vast majority of cases with "acute renal failure" (ARF)
      are due to the syndrome of acute tubular necrosis (ATN). The syndrome is usually
      initiated by an acute injury to the proximal renal tubular epithelial cells by
      ischemic or nephrotoxic events. This is followed by progressive and often rapid
      increases in the concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine.
      In the average case, the failure of renal excretory function persists for 1 to 3
      weeks, to be followed by recovery. Oliguria (urine volume less than 400 ml) is
      present in about half of the patients. The pathogenesis of the retention of
      nitrogenous waste in human ATN is the subject of controversy, but the balance of
      data in most patients suggests that the predominant mechanism is a profound
      secondary vasoconstriction in response to tubular cell injury. This may represent
      a teleologically appropriate response to prevent catastrophic losses of fluid
      that would occur, if the normally high rates of glomerular filtration continued,
      in the face of reduced tubular reabsorptive capacity. The mechanisms by which the
      tubular cell injury is communicated to the vasculature, and the mediators of the
      hemodynamic changes, remain to be established. The differential diagnosis in a
      patient with ARF, usually involves exclusion of an obstruction to the urinary
      tract as an initial step. The next step is to differentiate the patients with ATN
      from those who have renal hypoperfusion in response to events in the systemic
      circulation, but who otherwise have functionally and structurally intact kidneys,
      i.e., prerenal ARF. The kidneys of patients with prerenal ARF exhibit the normal
      renal response to an acute reduction in renal blood flow and glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR). This consists of avid reabsorption of the filtered salt
      and H2O, so that a small amount of concentrated and NaCl-poor urine is
      elaborated. The tubular cell injury in ATN syndromes prevents this response from
      maximally occurring, so that the urine is isosmotic and relatively rich in NaCl.

PMID- 2647438
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of two forms of trout growth hormone cDNA:
      expression and secretion of tGH-II by Escherichia coli.
AB  - We constructed a cDNA library using mRNA isolated from rainbow trout pituitaries.
      Two types of cDNA clones encoding growth hormone (GH) were isolated and their
      complete nucleotide sequences determined. Twenty seven nucleotide substitutions
      in the coding region and 108 in the noncoding region distinguish the cDNAs of
      trout GH-I and II. Both cDNAs encode polypeptides of 210 amino acids, including a
      putative signal peptide of 22 amino acids, which differ by 12 residues. In both
      trout and salmon, GH-I mRNA is predominant, which suggests that the variation in
      the amount of secreted GH originates from a transcriptional event. Moreover,
      comparison of rainbow trout and chum salmon GH reveals that, in both cases, the
      predominant GH-I has mutated less than its GH-II counterpart. Mature tGH-II was
      expressed in Escherichia coli using the pIN-III-ompA-Hind secretion vector.

PMID- 2647439
TI  - Rainbow trout prolactin cDNA cloning in Escherichia coli.
AB  - We describe the isolation and characterization of a cDNA for trout prolactin
      (tPrl). An extensive analysis of tPrl recombinant clones by restriction analysis
      and sequencing revealed the presence of only one form of tPrl mRNA. The deduced
      protein sequence consists of 210 amino acids, including a signal peptide of 23
      amino acids. The amino acid sequence of the mature protein is compared among
      teleosts and mammals, showing two domains of strong similarity that may be
      involved in biological activity.

PMID- 2647440
TI  - Sophisticated mesh filtration technique of a large-scale isolation of islets and
      their function.
AB  - A large-scale isolation of islets is required for islet transplantation. We
      improved our conventional method, and could obtain about three times more islets
      than by the conventional methods. Pancreata of adult Wistar rats were inflated by
      injection of buffer with (A) or without 1.3 mg/ml collagenase (B). The rats were
      bled from the inferior vena cava and the aorta in (A) simultaneously with the
      inflation. They were further digested with collagenase and filtered through two
      different meshes (pore size: 1190 and 590 microns) (A1) or three different meshes
      (pore size: 1190, 590 120 microns) (A2) in order. Insulin released from islets
      isolated in this manner was determined by 1-h incubation with 3.3 and 16.7 mM
      glucose. Besides, 600 islets each were transplanted into the liver of
      streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats and their fasting plasma glucose was
      measured at weekly intervals. (1) With these methods more numerous islets were
      harvested by A1 (mean: 554) and A2 (mean: 746) than B (mean: 224). (2) Insulin
      released at both glucose concentrations was similar among islets obtained by A1,
      A2 and B. (3) The plasma glucose-lowering effect was similar among the islets
      obtained by these methods. (4) A more selected range of islet sizes was obtained
      by A2 than A1. These observations indicate that the present techniques (A1 and
      A2) are less time-consuming and simpler for a large-scale isolation of islets.

PMID- 2647441
TI  - W-7 specifically inhibits insulin-induced increase in glucose transport.
AB  - To elucidate the role of calmodulin in insulin action, we examined the effect of
      the calmodulin antagonists, W-7 and W-5, on glucose transport in isolated rat
      adipocytes. W-7 inhibited insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake by 18% at 100
      microM, but it did not affect basal uptake levels. W-5, a less potent analogue of
      W-7, however, had no significant effect at the same concentration, indicating
      that the effect was specific to calmodulin. Similar results were observed in a 3
      O-methylglucose uptake study. Kinetic analysis of 2-deoxyglucose uptake revealed
      that W-7 affected the insulin-induced increase in Vmax but not Km. These results
      suggest that calmodulin modifies insulin action in the glucose transport system.

PMID- 2647442
TI  - Decrease in insulin binding to aortic endothelial cells cultured with high
      glucose concentration.
AB  - We studied the effects of glucose on specific insulin binding to cultured
      endothelial cells from the bovine aorta. We cultured the cells in Dulbecco's
      modified Eagle's medium, containing 100 or 300 mg/dl glucose or 100 mg/dl glucose
      plus 200 mg/dl mannitol. We added 125I-insulin to monolayers of these cells and
      counted the radioactivity resulting. Specific insulin binding increased with time
      and dosage. Maximal binding resulted from 0.17 nM 125I-insulin being incubated
      for 30 min at 37 degrees C, and amounted to 0.35% per 10(5) cells being bound in
      cultures of 100 mg/dl glucose. The higher concentration of glucose led to
      significantly less binding (P less than 0.05) (0.24 +/- 0.03% vs. 0.38 +/- 0.02%,
      n = 6). The addition of mannitol, on the other hand, did not affect binding. All
      three incubation conditions produced curvilinear competition curves. Scatchard
      analysis showed that insulin bound significantly less (P less than 0.05) to
      endothelial cells in 300 mg/dl glucose than to those in 100 mg/dl glucose (4.0 +/
      1.2 nmol/l vs. 12.8 +/- 3.1, n = 6, mean +/- SEM). Insulin binding capacity,
      however, did not change. We conclude that glucose can reduce insulin binding to
      endothelial cells and that it may reduce receptor-related insulin transport into
      and out of the cells.

PMID- 2647443
TI  - Plasma insulin levels in Japanese and Japanese-American men with type 2 diabetes
      may be related to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Sixty-eight second-generation Japanese-American (Nisei) men 45-74 years old and
      26 Tokyo Japanese men 40-72 years old with type 2 diabetes were given 75 g
      glucose by mouth, and their venous blood levels of glucose and insulin were
      measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min. Blood glucose levels were similar
      for the two groups but the Nisei had higher levels of insulin at all time points
      (P less than 0.006). The Nisei men had a higher mean body mass index (P less than
      0.001) and the Tokyo men had had diabetes for a longer duration (P less than
      0.001). Data were also compared following selection of a subgroup of Nisei men (n
      = 39) with a diabetes duration of 2-25 years, making this group more similar to
      the Tokyo men with respect to this variable. The Nisei still had significantly
      higher plasma insulin levels. Because of a significant (P less than 0.01)
      positive correlation between plasma insulin and body mass index in Nisei, but not
      in Tokyo men, data comparing the Nisei subgroup and Tokyo men were re-examined by
      analysis of covariance. With an adjustment for body mass index in the analysis,
      all differences in plasma insulin, except for the fasting insulin level, were no
      longer significant between the Nisei and Tokyo men, suggesting that body mass
      index was responsible for these differences.

PMID- 2647444
TI  - Prevalence of retinopathy in diabetic subjects from out-patient clinics in
      Lombardy (Italy), and associated risk factors. A multicentre epidemiologic study.
AB  - There is little information on the prevalence of diabetic complications in Italy.
      For this reason, a multicentre population-based study was carried out in 1983
      1985 in 12 representative out-patient clinics for the treatment of diabetes in
      the Lombardy region. Out of a total population of 17,704 patients 1160 diabetic
      subjects were randomly selected within strata based on their duration of disease
      (less than or equal to 5; 6-10; 11-20; greater than 20 years). Eight hundred and
      thirty-eight responders were examined using standardised protocols. The estimated
      prevalences (adjusted for duration of disease) for the total population involved
      in the study were 29.7% and 7.6% for background and proliferative retinopathy
      respectively. The overall standardised rates were higher in insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (53.6%) than in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (NIDDM) (34.7%) for both background (41.1%, 28.4% respectively) and proliferative
      (12.5%, 6.2% respectively) retinopathy, and increased with the duration of
      disease. The analysis of the relationship between diabetic retinopathy and the
      calculated risk factors did not show any association with hypertension or
      metabolic control, except for post-prandial blood glucose in subjects with
      durations 6-10 and greater than 20 years; an association with azotaemia was found
      in subjects with durations less than or equal to 5 and 11-20 years. Diabetic
      retinopathy appeared to be independently associated with the type of treatment
      and not with the type of diabetes, metabolic control, or hypertension.

PMID- 2647445
TI  - Islet function after storage at -2 degrees C and -196 degrees C.
AB  - The radical treatment of type 1 diabetes by transplantation requires the
      extracorporeal storage of islets, and this has frequently been studied. Damage
      from ice formation, however, has prevented the development of any satisfactory
      method for preservation. We compared islet function after frozen storage with
      that after non-frozen storage. Isolated rat islets immersed in 10% dimethyl
      sulfoxide were kept at -2 degrees C (group A) and -196 degrees C (group B) for 7
      days. After one day of culture, some of the islets were incubated in 3.3 and 16.7
      mM glucose-containing Krebs--Henseleit bicarbonate buffer for 60 min. The other
      islets were incubated with 3H-leucine for 2 h. The radioactivity of whole-islet
      homogenate and the insulin extracted from it were measured. We also counted the
      number of islets before and after the 7-day storage. The islets thus preserved
      were transplanted into streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and the fasting
      plasma glucose was determined weekly. Non-cooled islets were used as controls
      (group C). Insulin release in the presence of 16.7 mM glucose did not
      significantly differ between groups C and A, whereas it was lower in group B than
      in groups A or C. The islet uptake of 3H-leucine was lower in A and B compared
      with C, but the insulin synthesis was similar in all three groups. More islets
      were recovered from A than B. Fasting plasma glucose was lowered similarly in the
      diabetic rats after transplantation of islets from A and B. The relative ease of
      preservation at -2 degrees C, and the positive results of this experiment, favor
      this method of preservation.

PMID- 2647446
TI  - Insulin abuse in long-standing IDDM.
AB  - Two patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) for 42 and 46 years
      respectively were diagnosed to produce factitious hypoglycemia. They had several
      properties in common: abnormal personality, refusal to stop incipient
      hypoglycemia, ideal body weight, good hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values, non-specific
      changes in the EEG, and brain atrophy sparing the periventricular areas. The
      addiction forced the patients to continue their habit during hospital stay. The
      dose of surreptitiously injected regular insulin always produced serum insulin
      concentrations large enough to clarify the diagnosis.

PMID- 2647447
TI  - Pupillary light reflex in borderline diabetes mellitus.
AB  - It is well known that in diabetes mellitus the early phase insulin release
      response to glucose becomes blunted. Besides, autonomic neuropathy develops
      frequently. The autonomic nerve function is related to insulin release in normal
      subjects. Therefore, in the present study the autonomic function was investigated
      in different degrees of the early phase insulin release response to glucose
      loading in borderline diabetes mellitus (B-DM) as well as the early stage of
      diabetes mellitus (E-DM). In our study the pupillary light reflex seemed to be
      more sensitive for the detection of autonomic neuropathy than the cardiac beat-to
      beat variation in B-DM and E-DM. The light reflex, therefore, was used and the
      following results were obtained. (1) Autonomic neuropathy was detected even in B
      DM, though it was slighter than in E-DM. (2) The parasympathetic nerve appeared
      to be impaired more than the sympathetic in B-DM and this was especially the case
      in subjects with relatively good insulin release response. Therefore, the
      suppression of the early phase insulin release in B-DM may be caused by this
      autonomic neuropathy already present. (3) In B-DM with reduced insulin release
      autonomic neuropathy seemed to be more advanced and it became more remarkable in
      E-DM. Particularly the sympathetic abnormality was loaded in this regard. These
      observations suggest that it is necessary to consider an involvement of autonomic
      nerve dysfunction for the understanding of the pathogenesis of B-DM.

PMID- 2647448
TI  - [How can melanoma be stopped? The prevention of melanoma and early recognition of
      melanoma precursors].

PMID- 2647449
TI  - [Achalasia as a mask of cardial carcinoma].

PMID- 2647450
TI  - [Indications and importance of thrombendarterectomy of the internal carotid
      artery].

PMID- 2647451
TI  - [Changes in the understanding of infection in clinical medicine].

PMID- 2647452
TI  - [Definition and pathogenesis of unstable angina pectoris].

PMID- 2647453
TI  - [Diagnostic value of transesophageal echocardiography in internal intensive
      medicine].

PMID- 2647454
TI  - [Sequencing of deoxyribonucleic acid as a part of genomic analysis].
AB  - The main characteristics of the chemical structure of Deoxyribonucleic acid is
      described. The methods of sequencing of DNA used today are represented, the base
      specific cleavage reactions used in the chemical sequencing procedure and the
      chain-termination reactions used in the enzymatic procedure. From own studies
      bovine genomic sequences are shown and some important methodical aspects
      explained. The application of the sequence analysis is shown with the
      organization of the porcine growth hormone gene and with the sequence dependence
      of DNA conformation.

PMID- 2647455
TI  - [Preservation by deep freezing of oocytes and embryos].
AB  - Although cryopreservation experiments with mammalian embryos have been performed
      for more than 30 years, definite progress was only achieved in the seventies.
      Investigations with mouse embryos have mainly contributed to the establishment of
      cryopreservation procedures for livestock embryos. Today the freezing of sheep
      and cattle embryos is applied to practice, but still transfer results range about
      10% to 15% below comparable results obtained from transfer with fresh embryos.
      Procedures for the cryopreservation of mammalian oocytes and subsequent in-vitro
      fertilization of frozen/thawed oocytes are just being developed. Until now, only
      in the mouse a reproducable method for this purpose has been found. Meanwhile
      children were born from human in-vitro fertilization programs after
      cryopreservation of oocytes as well as embryos, although the cryopreservation of
      human embryos is facing major ethical objections.

PMID- 2647456
TI  - [Gene transfer in laboratory animals].
AB  - Describing purpose and method of genetransfer by pronuclear microinjection
      comprehensively application on laboratory animals are reviewed. Experiments on
      the production of rabbits and mice transgenic for several uteroglobin-hybrid
      genes (B2B3UG CAT; H/B/72/CAT; UG TAg; UG 11.8) were performed and resulted in
      four rabbit fetuses and one stillborne rabbit transgenic for UG TAg and one mouse
      transgenic for UG 11.8. These experiments are part of investigations on
      uteroglobin as a model of geneexpression regulated by steroid hormones.

PMID- 2647457
TI  - [Use of synthetic peptides in virology].
AB  - A survey of the potential use of synthetic oligopeptides in the field of virology
      is given. The potential value of synthetic peptides as vaccines and diagnostic
      antigens is discussed. The advantages compared to conventional vaccines as well
      as the limitations, e.g. the poor efficiency of immune response, are described.

PMID- 2647458
TI  - [Limits and risks of biotechnology in veterinary medicine from the viewpoint of
      the reproductive biologist].
AB  - New biotechnical methods in reproduction have been introduced in animal breeding
      via embryo transfer. There are no serious objections against these methods as
      long as the variety of species is reassured and the animal protection law is
      considered. More substantial objections exist against genetic engineering methods
      which alter the genome of animals. Beside for legal protection there is a strong
      public demand for the adequete awareness and responsibility of scientists who are
      active in this field. Comprehensive information on such research projects can
      lead to a better understanding of the aims and methods and might, therefore, help
      to reduce inadequate apprehensions.

PMID- 2647459
TI  - [Epidemiologic studies of worm burden in the Swabia piglet production and
      fattening industry].
AB  - By means of collected samples the status of parasites in 121 farms of piglet
      producing management in Swabia was coproscopically investigated in almost 5250
      animals of various groups, taking into consideration the different methods of
      control. In contrast to the animals in 2 of 14 fattening farms (=14.3%) the pigs
      in 78 of 121 farms, including pure breeding and fattening production (=64.5%)
      were considerably affected with worms. The highest proportion was with 41 and
      56.3% the nudular worms, ascarids occurred, depending on the type of management
      in anything between 16.2 and 375%, coccidia infestations were determined in 18.8
      and 19% and whipeworms i.e. stomach worms could be found in 8.5 i.e. 1% relative
      values between 1.9 and 12.5% were established in threadworms. With prolonging the
      intervals of therapy according to the different animal groups as well as a more
      frequent stay on pasture, a high risk of infection seems to be certain, while the
      difference of single of mass treatment proved to be insignificant.

PMID- 2647460
TI  - [Blindness following digoxin therapy in a horse].

PMID- 2647461
TI  - [Use of low-energy laser radiation in experimental and clinical oncology].
AB  - Experimental data concerning the action of low-energy (nondamaging) laser
      radiation on the malignant cells in vitro and on animal tumours are reviewed. It
      is shown that under certain conditions the helium-neon and helium-cadmium laser
      radiation inhibits the tumour cell growth. This inhibition may be mediated by the
      activation of the organism protection mechanisms. The encouraging results of the
      application of the low-energy laser radiation in the complex treatment of
      oncological patients are presented.

PMID- 2647462
TI  - [Effect of the level of "tar" in tobacco smoke on the risk of the occurrence of
      malignant tumors].
AB  - Carcinogenic effect exerted by smoking on people depends on the chemical
      composition of tobacco smoke. It has been shown that relative risk of lung
      cancer, as well as its incidence and mortality are closely related to "tar"
      yield. Cigarettes produced in the USSR contain still high levels of "tar" and
      nicotine. A decrease of "tar" levels in the Soviet cigarettes may cause in 15-20
      years a substantial reduction of lung cancer incidence and mortality in young and
      middle-aged people.

PMID- 2647463
TI  - [The current criteria of cell identification in acute lymphoblastic leukemia].
AB  - The categorization of subvariants of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is made
      on the basis of the data from literature on the study of immunological phenotype,
      gene rearrangements, chromosomal abnormalities and oncogene expression in
      neoplastic lymphoid cells. It is supposed, that such combined approach to
      categorization of ALL will promote further development of precise identification
      of leukemic cells and, consequently, the elaboration of optimal regimen of the
      therapy.

PMID- 2647464
TI  - Pubertal changes in gonadotropin-releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin gene
      expression in the brain of the male rat.
AB  - Pubertal development in mammals is in part attributable to a brain-dependent
      process, whereby increased pulsatile GnRH secretion leads to the awakening of the
      entire reproductive system. However, the brain mechanisms controlling this event
      are unknown. The apparent increase in GnRH secretion at puberty could reflect an
      autonomous change in the activity of GnRH neurons themselves or in the afferent
      networks leading to GnRH neurons. If there were a significant increase in the
      secretion of GnRH with puberty onset, we hypothesized that there would be a
      commensurate increase in the biosynthetic capacity of GnRH neurons to meet the
      increasing demand. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the level of cellular
      prepro-GnRH mRNA (GnRH mRNA) observed between prepubertal (25-day-old; n = 5) and
      adult (75-day-old; n = 4) male rats by in situ hybridization. We detected no
      significant change with puberty in GnRH mRNA signal levels in any of the
      anatomical areas examined, which included the vertical limb of the diagonal band
      of Broca, medial septum, lateral preoptic area, and medial preoptic area. Given
      the variance of our analytical technique, we determined that there was a greater
      than 90% probability that we would have detected a 20% increase in GnRH mRNA had
      there been one. Endogenous opioid peptides have been implicated in timing the
      onset of puberty in the rat, with the argument being that a loss in opioid tone
      could effect a disinhibition of GnRH secretion. One opioid peptide, beta
      endorphin, is among several peptides cleaved from the precursor POMC. We
      hypothesized that with puberty, POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus would have an
      attenuated capacity to produce beta-endorphin. We tested this hypothesis by
      comparing cellular pre-POMC mRNA (POMC mRNA) levels in the arcuate nuclei of
      prepubertal (n = 6) and adult (n = 7) male rats with in situ hybridization. We
      observed an increase in POMC mRNA levels with puberty; prepubertal rats had
      relative POMC mRNA signal levels of 119 +/- 10 grains/cell, while adult rats
      contained 167 +/- 12 grains/cell (P less than 0.02). This increase in cellular
      POMC mRNA was confined to the rostral portion of the arcuate nucleus. We conclude
      that the GnRH gene is fully expressed well before the time of normal puberty
      onset and that the increase in POMC mRNA that occurs with the onset of puberty
      may be important for the development of pulsatile GnRH secretion.

PMID- 2647465
TI  - Distribution of angiotensin II receptors and renin in the mouse fetus.
AB  - To investigate the ontogeny of the renin-angiotensin system we studied the
      characteristics and location of angiotensin II (AII) receptors in mouse fetuses
      and examined sites of renin mRNA expression by in situ hybridization and Northern
      blot analysis. Autoradiographic analysis of the binding of 125I-[Sar1,Ala8]AII to
      slide-mounted frozen sections of 17-day-old DBA/2N mice revealed abundant AII
      receptors widely distributed throughout the body. High receptor density was found
      in primitive mesenchymal tissue under the epidermis and surrounding muscle and
      cartilage, in skeletal and smooth muscle, and in all layers of the adrenal
      cortex. Lower receptor density was seen in the kidney, liver, and lungs. The
      autoradiographic staining was abolished by incubation of the sections with excess
      unlabeled AII. Scatchard analysis of the binding of 125I-[Sar1,Ala8,]AII to
      membrane-rich fractions of eviscerated fetuses showed a single type of high
      affinity receptors with a Kd of 2.9 x 10(-9) M and a receptor concentration of
      3300 fmol/mg protein. Localization of renin mRNA was analyzed by in situ
      hybridization using an antisense 35S-labeled riboprobe transcribed from a mouse
      renin2 cDNA clone. Hybridization to fetal tissue sections showed high intensity
      staining in the kidney and adrenal cortex. Northern blot analysis confirmed the
      high expression of renin mRNA in the fetal kidney. The presence of an active
      renin-angiotensin system in the fetus was confirmed by the demonstration of renin
      like activity and bioactive AII in fetal extracts. The widespread distribution of
      AII receptors in the fetus, compared to the discrete localization to specialized
      tissues in the adult, may indicate a unique role for the peptide during
      development.

PMID- 2647466
TI  - Induction of intestinal differentiation by systemic and not by luminal
      corticosterone in adrenalectomized rat pups.
AB  - Potential effects of corticosterone (cort) from maternal milk on intestinal
      differentiation were studied using adrenalectomized (adx) rat pups fed a formula
      containing differing amounts of cort. Formula cort concentrations in the range
      found in milk (0.1-0.5 micrograms/ml) increased the survival of adx rats, but did
      not induce intestinal differentiation. Formulae containing 1.0-50.0 micrograms/ml
      cort caused a dose-dependent elevation of serum cort concentrations and jejunal
      maltase activity and precocious jejunal sucrase induction. Adx rats receiving the
      formula containing 10 micrograms/ml cort showed serum cort concentrations similar
      to those in day 15 control rats and jejunal sucrase and maltase activities
      equivalent to those in day 18-20 control rats, suggesting that the rise in serum
      cort that occurs during postnatal development suffices to modulate intestinal
      differentiation. To distinguish between direct local and systemic effects of
      luminal cort on intestinal differentiation, expression of sucrase was determined
      in jejunal isografts and in host jejunum from adx rats fed luminal cort. Jejunal
      isografts and host jejunum expressed similar sucrase activities and showed
      similar immunofluorescent staining. Moreover, administration of cort by continual
      ip infusion was more effective than continual intragastric infusion in inducing
      intestinal sucrase and maltase activities. These data imply that luminal cort is
      absorbed and transported into the systemic circulation before inducing intestinal
      epithelial cell differentiation through the systemic route.

PMID- 2647467
TI  - Qualitative changes in luteinizing hormone and prolactin responses to N-methyl
      aspartic acid during lactation in the rat.
AB  - The suppression during lactation of pulsatile LH release and pituitary GnRH
      receptors has been attributed to a primary deficit in hypothalamic GnRH release.
      In the present investigation we have attempted to characterize the responsiveness
      of the lactational hypothalamus using the excitatory amino acid receptor agonist
      N-methyl-aspartic acid (NMA) to stimulate LH and PRL secretion. Lactating rats
      were ovariectomized on day 2 postpartum, and their litters were adjusted to eight
      pups. Dual venous catheters were implanted 6-7 days later, and rats were fitted
      with protective tethers and jackets for chronic pulsatile infusions of GnRH and
      NMA. GnRH pulses (5 or 10 ng/pulse once every 50 min) were administered for 20 h
      to up-regulate GnRH receptors and restore pituitary responsiveness to GnRH. Rats
      were then infused with NMA (40 mg/kg BW.pulse) once every 50 min for four pulses
      or once every 2 h over a 24-h period. Blood samples were collected at 10-min
      intervals at times surrounding the final two GnRH pulses, the first several NMA
      pulses, and the final three NMA pulses 24 h later. Samples were analyzed for LH
      and PRL by RIA. Procedural control experiments were performed in normal adult
      rats with NMA administered at 20 mg/kg BW.pulse in males and at 20 and 40 mg/kg
      BW.pulse in females. Whereas normal rats responded to NMA pulses with unambiguous
      LH and PRL peaks, lactating rats failed to show LH responses either acutely or
      after 24 h of treatment. PRL responses to the drug depended upon the circulating
      levels of the hormone immediately preceding each NMA pulse. When levels were
      elevated (presumably due to intermittent suckling by the pups), NMA infusion
      resulted in an acute suppression of PRL. When PRL levels were low, NMA appeared
      to neither stimulate nor inhibit this hormone. These data suggest that GnRH
      release from the hypothalamus of the lactating rat is refractory to NMA
      stimulation, perhaps due to suckling-induced activation of endogenous opioid
      peptide or gamma-aminobutyric acid systems that could suppress GnRH neurons.
      Conversion of the PRL response from stimulation by NMA in normal animals to
      inhibition during lactation might be attributed to simultaneous activation of
      both dopamine neurons and the PRL-releasing factor system. According to this
      hypothesis, the response to NMA would be dominated by PRL-releasing factor in
      normal rats and by dopamine in lactating animals, which have a lower dopamine
      turnover rate and thus a greater potential for becoming activated by NMA.

PMID- 2647468
TI  - Changes in cytosolic free calcium ion concentrations in individual rat granulosa
      cells: effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.
AB  - Changes in the cytosolic free calcium ion concentrations ([Ca2+]i) induced by
      LHRH were studied in individual rat granulosa cells using fura-2
      microspectrofluorimetry. The resting [Ca2+]i concentration was 96.7 +/- 2.9 nM (n
      = 115). The majority of the granulosa cells responded to LHRH at doses between
      10(-7) and 10(-5) M; the latter dose was the highest concentration required to
      initiate alterations in [Ca2+]i in these cells. The alterations in [Ca2+]i
      induced by LHRH were transient and returned to resting levels within 84 +/- 3 sec
      (n = 64). A potent LHRH antagonist completely blocked the effect of LHRH on
      [Ca2+]i. Within a single granulosa cell, three consecutive injections of the same
      dose of LHRH, delivered 5 min apart, induced three discrete peaks of [Ca2+]i of
      similar amplitudes. Sustained perfusions of LHRH, however, resulted in a
      desensitization of the [Ca2+]i response to LHRH, but not to the calcium ionophore
      Br-A23187. These results, which were obtained from individual cells, provide
      strong support for the hypothesis that acute changes in [Ca2+]i are involved in
      the early cellular transduction of the LHRH signal in the ovary.

PMID- 2647469
TI  - The insulin-mimetic effect of vanadate is not correlated with insulin receptor
      tyrosine kinase activity nor phosphorylation in mouse diaphragm in vivo.
AB  - The in vivo administration of sodium orthovanadate stimulated the incorporation
      of [14C]glucose into [14C] glycogen, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, in
      mouse diaphragm. Activation of diaphragm insulin receptor was measured by
      exogenous tyrosine kinase activity and an antibody that recognizes a
      conformational change in the receptor beta-subunit upon autophosphorylation.
      Neither method detected insulin receptor activation by in vivo vanadate
      administration, suggesting that vanadate's insulin-mimetic effect on mouse
      diaphragm glycogenesis occurs at a site distal to the insulin receptor.

PMID- 2647470
TI  - Characterization of an estrogen-binding protein in the yeast Candida albicans.
AB  - An estrogen-binding protein (EBP) has been identified and characterized in the
      cytosol of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Binding of [3H]estradiol was
      found to be optimal at pH 7.4 in the presence of 0.3 M KCl and was linearly
      related to protein concentration. Binding was very rapid, reaching maximal levels
      in about 30 min, and was reversible with a dissociation rate constant of 13.2 +/-
      1.7 x 10(-4) sec-1. EBP binding was destroyed by treatment with proteolytic
      enzymes and by high temperatures. Scatchard analysis of the [3H]estradiol
      equilibrium binding data of C. albicans (strain stn-1) yielded an apparent
      dissociation constant of 12.3 +/- 2.1 nM and a maximal binding capacity of 753 +/
      145 fmol/mg protein. Binding competition experiments showed very high
      specificity and stereoselectivity of EBP, demonstrating the following order of
      potency in displacing [3H]estradiol: 17 beta-estradiol greater than estrone
      greater than estriol greater than 17 alpha-estradiol. Negligible competitive
      potency was found for other mammalian steroid hormones, diethylstilbestrol,
      tamoxifen, or fungal hormones. The abundance of EBP was 4- to 10-fold higher
      during the early logarithmic growth phase of yeast cells than during the
      stationary phase. The molecular size of EBP, measured by Sephacryl S-200 gel
      exclusion chromatography, yielded a Stokes radius of approximately 29 A. Sucrose
      density gradient sedimentation showed a sedimentation coefficient (S2020,W) of 4,
      with no ionic dependent aggregation of the [3H]estradiol-EBP complex. The
      apparent mol wt of the EBP is approximately 46,000, with an axial ratio of 1,
      indicating the symmetrical shape of the molecule. In summary, in addition to the
      previously described corticosterone-binding protein, a separate high affinity,
      stereospecific, estrogen-selective binder has been demonstrated in the cytosol of
      C. albicans.

PMID- 2647471
TI  - Relaxin stimulates prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary cells.
AB  - The anterior pituitary has recently been implicated as a relaxin target issue
      because of the cAMP elevation after relaxin treatment. We attempted to correlate
      this finding with an endocrine response to relaxin in rats. Anterior pituitary
      cells were enzymatically dispersed and subjected to the reverse hemolytic plaque
      assay. PRL secretion was significantly stimulated 1.31-fold by human relaxin at
      the lowest concentration studied (30 pM) and maximally stimulated 1.65-fold at
      0.3 nM relaxin. Antibodies directed against relaxin inhibited this effect, as did
      the PRL inhibitory hormone, dopamine. In contrast to the response of PRL cells,
      there was no effect or a slight inhibition of LH release after incubation with
      relaxin. In conclusion, we propose that one of the pituitary cell types
      responsive to relaxin in culture is the PRL-secreting mammotroph.

PMID- 2647472
TI  - Effect of felbamate on phenytoin and carbamazepine serum concentrations.
AB  - Felbamate (FBM) is a novel antiepileptic drug (AED) undergoing clinical trials in
      the United States. During a double-blind, cross-over clinical trial, patients
      received concomitant phenytoin (PHT) and carbamazepine (CBZ). Dosages of PHT and
      CBZ were adjusted to maintain serum concentrations +/- 20 and +/- 25% of baseline
      values. All patients required a PHT dosage decrease of 10-30% during active FBM
      treatment to maintain stable concentrations. CBZ serum concentrations decreased
      significantly in patients receiving active FBM. The mean decrease was 1.3
      micrograms/ml and occurred in 30 of 32 patients. Therefore, FBM apparently causes
      a bidirectional effect on the serum concentrations of PHT and CBZ when all three
      drugs are taken concomitantly.

PMID- 2647473
TI  - Integrated control of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem
      cells.
AB  - The physiological control of cellular proliferation and differentiation is an
      integrated regulatory process. This conclusion is based upon observations using
      numerous in vivo and in vitro experimental systems of which murine BALB/c 3T3 T
      mesenchymal stem cells represent an excellent in vitro model. In these cells the
      coupling of growth arrest and differentiation occurs at a distinct biological
      state, and this predifferentiation arrest state is distinguishable by a variety
      of criteria from other restriction points, such as the growth factor deficiency
      arrest state and the nutrient deficiency arrest state. Most importantly, only
      cells at this predifferentiation arrest state acquire the potential to
      differentiate without undergoing DNA synthesis. From this state, differentiation
      can then occur as a two-step process. Cells first undergo nonterminal
      differentiation and, second, they terminally differentiate. Nonterminal
      differentiation is characterized by expression of a completely differentiated
      adipocyte phenotype with retention of proliferative potential. Thereafter, when
      nonterminally differentiated cells undergo the terminal event in differentiation,
      they irreversibly lose their proliferative potential. In this paper, data are
      reviewed which establish that the integrated control of proliferation and
      differentiation in 3T3 T mesenchymal stem cells is mediated both at the
      predifferentiation arrest state and at the state of nonterminal differentiation.

PMID- 2647475
TI  - Multistep process of squamous differentiation in tracheobronchial epithelial
      cells in vitro: analogy with epidermal differentiation.
AB  - The lung, in particular the bronchial epithelium, is a major site for tumor
      formation in humans. Environmental factors, such as cigarette smoke, in
      conjunction with genetic factors are important determinants in this disease.
      Malignant cells exhibit alterations in their control of proliferation and
      differentiation. It is believed that the acquisition of defects in the regulation
      of these processes is important in the process of carcinogenesis. A clear insight
      into the basic mechanisms of the regulation of proliferation and differentiation
      is required to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor development
      and in other pathological conditions. Studies using in vitro cell culture systems
      of tracheobronchial epithelial cells provide useful models in which to study the
      regulation of differentiation and proliferation. The clonogenic cells derived
      from the treacheobronchial epithelium are pluripotent: They have self-renewal
      capacity and can differentiate along either a normal, mucosecretory, or a
      squamous cell pathway. Squamous differentiation in tracheobronchial epithelial
      cells has many morphological, biochemical, and regulatory properties in common
      with epidermal differentiation. This pathway of differentiation is a multistep
      process consisting of at least three stages. In the initial stage, cells become
      committed to terminal cell division. This is followed by the expression of the
      squamous differentiated phenotype and finally cornification. Various factors,
      such as several growth factors, retinoids, calcium ions, and phorbol esters,
      regulate the program of differentiation at different stages. Studies have
      indicated that the controls of proliferation and differentiation are
      interrelated. Cell lines established from tracheobronchial epithelial cells
      expressing SV 40 large T-antigen, as well as carcinoma cell lines, exhibit
      altered responses to growth and differentiation regulatory factors. Alterations
      in the commitment to terminal cell division must be a crucial step in the
      transition of a normal to a malignant cell.

PMID- 2647476
TI  - c-myc protooncogene expression in mouse erythroleukemia cells.
AB  - Murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells are erythroid progenitors whose programs of
      erythroid differentiation has been interrupted by transformation with the Friend
      virus complex. As a result of the ability of certain chemicals such as
      dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to induce terminal erythroid differentiation, the cells
      have been used as a model for understanding the molecular basis of cellular
      differentiation. Recent work on MEL cells as well as other differentiating
      systems indicates that expression of cellular protooncogenes is implicated in
      chemically mediated differentiation. In MEL cells the expression of the c-myc
      protooncogene undergoes unusual biphasic changes following inducer treatment.
      Levels of c-myc mRNA decrease 10- to 20-fold between 1 and 2 hr and are then
      reexpressed between 12 and 24 hr. These changes occur as a result of complex
      transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory events. Recent DNA
      transfection experiments, in which MEL cells were transfected with myc expression
      vectors, indicate that both the early decrease in c-myc expression and its
      subsequent reexpression are important events in the differentiation pathway. The
      work on MEL cells, as well as on other models of differentiation, is directed at
      understanding the molecular basis of leukemogenic transformation and cellular
      differentiation. The ability of c-myc, as well as other protooncogenes, to
      influence both of these events indicates that cellular protooncogenes play a
      central role in their regulation.

PMID- 2647474
TI  - Regulation of the differentiation of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.
AB  - The PC12 clone, developed from a pheochromocytoma tumor of the rat adrenal
      medulla, has become a premiere model for the study of neuronal differentiation.
      When treated in culture with nanomolar concentrations of nerve growth factor,
      PC12 cells stop dividing, elaborate processes, become electrically excitable, and
      will make synapses with appropriate muscle cells in culture. The changes induced
      by nerve growth factor lead to cells that, by any number of criteria, resemble
      mature sympathetic neurons. These changes are accompanied by a series of
      biochemical alterations occurring in the membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus
      of the cell. Some of these events are independent of changes in transcription,
      while others clearly involve changes in gene expression. A number of the
      alterations seen in the cells involve increases or decreases in the
      phosphorylation of key cellular proteins. The information available thus far
      allows the construction of a hypothesis regarding the biochemical basis of PC12
      differentiation.

PMID- 2647477
TI  - Coupling growth arrest and adipocyte differentiation.
AB  - The complete differentiation program of preadipose cells can be divided into
      early and late events. The expression of early markers takes place at growth
      arrest (G1/S boundary), whereas that of late markers, leading to terminal
      differentiation, takes place after a limited number of mitoses of early marker
      containing cells. Only terminal differentiation requires the presence of growth
      hormone and triiodothyronine and results in the formation of triacylglycerol
      filled, nondividing cells. The events of adipose cell differentiation which take
      place in vitro allow a better understanding of the development of adipose tissue
      in vivo.

PMID- 2647478
TI  - Chemical inducers of differentiation in a long-term renal cell line.
AB  - The long-term renal epithelial cell line LLC-PK1 expresses at confluence several
      differentiated characteristics of renal proximal tubule including Na/glucose
      cotransport and several brush border membrane hydrolases. The differentiation
      inducing chemical hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) triggers a dramatic induction
      of Na+/glucose symport, trehalase and maltase, expressed as an increase in the
      number of cells in the culture that express the differentiated phenotype.
      Characteristics of the induction response are reviewed in terms of proposed
      mechanisms of inducer action. New evidence suggests that in addition to elevation
      of intracellular Na levels mediated by partial inhibition of the sodium pump,
      HMBA treatment also alters polyamine levels via effects on ornithine
      decarboxylase. These responses may be mediated by HMBA effects on protein kinase
      C activity. The possible role of polyamine fluctuations and DNA demethylation in
      mediating HMBA effects on differentiated gene expression is currently being
      investigated.

PMID- 2647479
TI  - Induced differentiation of erythroleukemia cells by hexamethylene bisacetamide: a
      model for cytodifferentiation of transformed cells.
AB  - There is considerable evidence that malignant transformation need not eliminate
      the potential for a cell to express its developmental capabilities. This review
      explores the process whereby polar compounds, hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA)
      in particular, induce murine erythroid leukemoid cells (MELC) to express the
      differentiated erythroid phenotype, including hemoglobin production and cessation
      of cell division. This is a multi-step process which, although the mechanisms of
      action of HMBA are not yet fully understood, is amenable to experimental
      definition and analysis. Early effects, including changes in protein kinase C
      activity, in ion transport, and in expression of certain nuclear proto-oncogenes,
      have been examined in relation to the onset of terminal cell differentiation.
      This experimental experience has formed the context for initiating preliminary
      clinical studies designed to examine the pharmacology of HMBA and to explore its
      potential for modifying the natural history of cancer.

PMID- 2647480
TI  - Hemopoietic stem cells: stochastic differentiation and humoral control of
      proliferation.
AB  - The central feature of hemopoiesis is life-long, stable cell renewal. This
      process is supported by hemopoietic stem cells which, in the steady state, appear
      to be dormant in cell cycling. The entry into cell cycle of the dormant stem
      cells may be promoted by such factors as interleukin-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and
      granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Once the stem cells leave G0 and
      begin proliferation, the subsequent process is characterized by continued
      proliferation and differentiation. While several models of stem cell
      differentiation have been proposed, micromanipulation studies of individual
      progenitors suggest that the commitment of multipotential progenitors to single
      lineages is a random (stochastic) process. The proliferation of early hemopoietic
      progenitors requires the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3), and the intermediate
      process appears to be supported by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor (GM-CSF). Once the progenitors are committed to individual lineages, the
      subsequent maturation process appears to be supported by late-acting, lineage
      specific factors such as erythropoietin and G-CSF. Synthesis of a hemopoietic
      factor may take place in different cell types and is regulated by multiple
      factors. The physiological regulator of erythropoiesis is erythropoietin, which,
      by a feedback mechanism, provides fine control of erythrocyte production.
      Feedback mechanisms for leukocyte production have not been identified. It is
      possible that there is no feedback regulator of leukopoiesis. In this model,
      leukocyte production in the steady state is maintained at a genetically
      determined level. When an infection occurs, the bacterial lipopolysaccharides may
      augment the production of interleukin 1 alpha and beta, tumor necrosis factor,
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor, etc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647481
TI  - Effect of substratum and retinoids upon the mucosecretory differentiation of
      airway epithelial cells in vitro.
AB  - The lining of the trachea consists of a pseudostratified, mucociliary epithelium
      that under a variety of conditions, such as vitamin A deficiency, toxic and
      mechanical injury, becomes a stratified squamous epithelium. Several in vitro
      cell culture models have been established to study the regulation of the
      mucosecretory phenotype. Such studies have indicated that the mucosecretory
      phenotype in tracheal epithelial cells can be modulated by substratum and the
      presence of retinoids. Cells grown on a collagen type I gel matrix in the absence
      of retinoids undergo stratification and squamous cell differentiation. Cells
      grown on a collagen gel matrix in the presence of retinoids express a
      mucosecretory phenotype. As in the normal tracheal epithelium, these cultures
      contain columnar, polarized cells that exhibit apical tight junctions and
      secretory granules. Biochemical analysis of radiolabeled glycoconjugates released
      into the medium indicate the synthesis of mucinlike glycoproteins. Retinoids
      appear to determine whether tracheal epithelial cells become committed to a
      pathway of squamous differentiation or to a mucosecretory pathway of
      differentiation. The collagen gel matrix appears not to determine the commitment
      of the pathway of differentiation but allows the expression of the secretory
      phenotype in retinoic acid-treated cultures. The mechanisms by which retinoids
      and substratum modulate differentiation in tracheal epithelial cells is still
      poorly understood. It is clear that differentiation into squamous or mucous cells
      requires the activation and suppression of different genes. In the case of
      retinoids, the alterations in gene activity may be mediated by the nuclear
      retinoic acid receptor. In summary, in tracheal epithelial cells the substratum
      and extracellular matrix in conjunction with hormonal factors such as retinoids
      determine the ultimate function of these cells.

PMID- 2647482
TI  - Changes in c-onc expression during embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation.
AB  - Protooncogenes expressed in murine embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells or their
      differentiated daughter cells include more or less ubiquitously expressed
      protooncogenes such as c-myc, c-K-ras, and c-abl, as well as c-onc genes with a
      very restricted expression pattern. Examples of the latter are N-myc, c-mos, and
      int-2. These c-onc genes are transcriptionally active in EC cells, as well as in
      germ cells and/or early embryonic cells. When EC cells are induced to
      differentiate some protooncogenes or oncogene-related products undergo changes in
      expression. Thus, EC cell differentiation has been associated with increased
      expression of c-src, c-fos, int-1, int-2, and the epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      receptor, whereas decreased expression has been observed for c-mos, c-K-ras, c
      myc, N-myc, and platelet-derived growth factor. The relationships between these
      changes in expression and EC cell differentiation are not understood. They may be
      important for the differentiation process or for expression of a differentiated
      phenotype. They may, however, also be secondary events with no functional
      significance to EC cell differentiation.

PMID- 2647483
TI  - Differentiation of mammary stem cells in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The fully differentiated cells of the rat mammary parenchyma, the ductal
      epithelial, alveolar, and myoepithelial cells, are distinguished by their
      ultrastructure and by their accumulation of immunocytochemically detectable
      marker proteins. The different cell types probably develop from primative ductal
      structures called terminal end buds, which are present in the developing rat
      mammary glands, and these structures contain relatively undifferentiated cells.
      Clonal epithelial stem cell lines, obtained from normal rat mammary glands or
      benign mammary tumors, differentiate under appropriate conditions along a pathway
      to droplet-cell/doming cultures of primative alveolarlike cells. Under different
      culture conditions, the epithelial stem cells differentiate along a separate
      pathway to myoepitheliallike cells. They accumulate some of the specific marker
      proteins of myoepithelial cells in vivo, including type IV collagen, laminin, and
      Thy-1 antigen. In addition, these myoepitheliallike cells in culture contain an
      abundance of a potential calcium-binding protein, p9Ka, which also occurs in
      myoepithelial cells of histological sections from mammary glands. The
      accumulation of type IV collagen, laminin, Thy-1, and p9Ka occurs asynchronously
      along the pathway to the myoepitheliallike cells in vitro. Furthermore, the
      steady-state levels of these different marker proteins arise by alterations in
      the controls at the transcriptional, the posttranscriptional processing, and the
      translational stages of their production. These results suggest a stepwise
      control of synthesis of myoepithelial cell marker proteins, and in the case of
      p9Ka and Thy-1 antigen, this altered control may arise through their possession
      of novel transcriptional promoters.

PMID- 2647484
TI  - Mechanisms of differentiation in melanoma cells and melanocytes.
AB  - Literature is reviewed on the mechanisms of differentiation in mammalian melanoma
      cells and normal melanocytes. Pigment cells are particularly useful for studies
      requiring the observation of differentiation in living cells, for example,
      studies of commitment. Topics discussed include melanin synthesis and other
      markers of pigment cell differentiation; stochastic models of differentiation and
      commitment; the lability of early stages of differentiation; extracellular
      factors affecting pigment cell differentiation, with implications for
      intracellular controls; the role of proliferation and the cell cycle in
      differentiation, and the relative roles of changes in transcription, translation,
      and posttranslational processes.

PMID- 2647485
TI  - Regulation of functional cytodifferentiation and histogenesis in mammary
      epithelial cells: role of the extracellular matrix.
AB  - Primary mammary epithelial cells provide a versatile system for the study of
      hormone and extracellular matrix (ECM) influences on tissue-specific gene
      expression. We have characterized the formation of alveolarlike morphogenesis and
      mammary-specific functional differentiation that occur when these cells are
      cultured on a reconstituted basement membrane (EHS). Cells cultured on EHS
      exhibit many ultrastructural and biochemical features indicative of polarized and
      functionally differentiated mammary epithelium in vivo. The increased expression
      and specific vectorial secretion of milk proteins into lumina formed in culture
      are accompanied by large increases in milk protein mRNA expression. However, when
      individual ECM components are tested, smaller increases in milk protein mRNA are
      measured on heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and laminin, and these responses
      are not associated with full functional cytodifferentiation or histotypic
      configuration. This indicates that multiple levels of regulation are involved in
      mammary-specific gene expression, and that in addition to individual ligand
      requirements cooperative interactions between various ECM molecules and cells are
      necessary for functional differentiation in culture. We have also shown that
      endogenous production of ECM molecules and changes in cell geometry are
      correlated with changes in functional and histogenic gene expression. We have
      previously proposed a model of cell-ECM interactions that is consistent with
      these data.

PMID- 2647488
TI  - A conceptual framework for the validation and use of biologic markers.
AB  - Biologic markers have been discussed extensively in the scientific literature in
      the past 5 years. That literature generally has focused on the promise and
      limitations of markers. Currently, a great amount of effort is under way in
      government, academia, and the private sector to move the field forward. This
      effort may be characterized by the inventory and review of potential markers and
      their use. The next requirement is to add a consideration of research and design
      strategies for the validation and use of biologic markers, especially as they
      pertain to the assessment of xenobiotic exposures and resultant health
      impairments. This paper delineates a conceptual framework for the validation and
      use of biologic markers. It expands on the concept of a continuum of events
      between ambient exposure to a xenobiotic substance and resultant clinical
      disease. Strategies for research and marker validation are presented. Biologic
      markers are considered useful in etiologic and mechanistic research, in secondary
      prevention of disease, in risk assessment, and in assessing the effectiveness of
      environmental controls.

PMID- 2647486
TI  - Regulation of mammary differentiation by the extracellular matrix.
AB  - In multicellular organisms cell growth and differentiation are influenced by
      soluble factors, cell-cell interactions and cell-extracellular matrix
      interactions. We have used the rat mammary gland as a model system to study the
      role of extracellular matrix components in the regulation of milk protein gene
      expression. Since mammary epithelial cells differentiate on a basement membrane
      in vivo, we investigated the effects of basement membrane components on the
      expression of the milk protein genes, alpha-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, and
      transferrin. We have demonstrated that a basement membrane gel, as well as its
      major basement membrane component, laminin, induced alpha-casein and alpha
      lactalbumin expression as much as 160-fold compared to tissue culture plastic. We
      demonstrate that laminin affects mRNA stability as well as having an effect on
      protein stability and secretion. Laminin interacts with mammary epithelial cells
      via an 68 kD cell surface receptor which is capable of interacting with the
      cellular cytoskeleton. In order to provide evidence that laminin affects on
      mammary differentiation are mediated through this receptor via the cytoskeleton,
      we examined the effects of cytoskeletal disrupting agents on milk protein gene
      expression. We demonstrate that cytochalasin D or colchicine selectively block
      laminin-mediated milk protein gene expression by affecting mRNA stability. Based
      on these experiments, we propose a model in which laminin affects mammary gene
      expression through interaction with cell surface receptors which interact with
      the cytoskeleton resulting in stabilization of mRNAs for milk protein genes.

PMID- 2647489
TI  - Trypanothione reductase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Catalytic properties of the
      enzyme and inhibition studies with trypanocidal compounds.
AB  - Trypanothione reductase of Trypanosoma cruzi is a key enzyme in the antioxidant
      metabolism of the parasite. Here we report on the enzymic and pharmacological
      properties of trypanothione reductase using glutathionylspermidine disulfide as a
      substrate. 1. Both pH optimum (7.5) and the ionic strength optimum (at 30 mM) are
      unusually narrow for this enzyme. 40 mM Hepes, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5 was chosen as a
      standard assay buffer because in this system the kcat/Km ratio had the highest
      values for both natural substrates, glutathionylspermidine disulfide (2.65 x
      10(6) M-1 s-1) and trypanothione disulfide (4.63 x 10(6) M-1 s-1). 2. Using the
      standardized assay, trypanothione reductase and the phylogenetically related host
      enzyme, human glutathione reductase, were studied as targets of inhibitors. Both
      enzymes, in their NADPH-reduced forms, were irreversibly modified by the
      cytostatic agent, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). Nifurtimox, the
      drug used in the treatment of Chagas' disease, is a stronger inhibitor of
      glutathione reductase (Ki = 40 microM) than of trypanothione reductase (IC50 =
      200 microM). 3. Of the newly synthesized trypanocidal compounds [Henderson, G.
      B., Ulrich, P., Fairlamb, A. H., Rosenberg, I., Pereira, M., Sela, M. & Cerami,
      A. (1988) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., 85, 5374-5378] a nitrofuran derivative, 2-(5
      nitro-2-furanylmethylidene)-N,N'-[1,4-piperazinediylbis (1,3
      propanediyl)]bishydrazinecarboximidamide tetrahydrobromide, was found to be a
      better inhibitor for trypanothione reductase (Ki = 0.5 microM) than for
      glutathione reductase (IC50 = 10 microM). A naphthoquinone derivative, 2,3-bis[3
      (2-amidinohydrazono)-butyl]-1,4-naphthoquinone dihydrochloride, turned out to be
      both an inhibitor (IC50 = 1 microM) and an NADPH-oxidation-inducing substrate (Km
      = 14 microM). This effect was not observed with human glutathione reductase. Such
      compounds which lead to oxidative stress by more than one mechanism in the
      parasite are promising starting points for drug design based on the three
      dimensional structures of glutathione and trypanothione reductases.

PMID- 2647490
TI  - Mutant proteins of human interleukin 2. Renaturation yield, proliferative
      activity and receptor binding.
AB  - Muteins, i.e. proteins altered by mutation of their genes, of interleukin 2 (Il2)
      were generated by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis in vitro. All acidic and
      basic residues conserved between man and mouse were exchanged as well as four
      lipophilic residues contained within four hydrophobic segments of the protein.
      The muteins were produced in Escherichia coli and submitted to a renaturation and
      purification protocol, before bioactivity and receptor binding of each of them
      was determined. All muteins besides two (K44/T125 and Q110/T125) could be
      renatured and purified. One mutein (K94/T125) exhibited a more than tenfold
      improved renaturation yield. One amino exchange (Asp-20 to Asn) resulted in an
      about 20-fold reduction in proliferative activity and high-affinity receptor
      binding. The binding to the low-affinity Il2-binding protein (Tac antigen) was
      unimpaired. A second exchange (Arg-38 to Gln) had no effect on proliferative
      activity. The binding to both the high- and the low-affinity receptor, however,
      was reduced about 20-fold. Preliminary trials on the stability of these muteins
      by guanidinium hydrochloride denaturation studies detected no differences between
      wild-type interleukin 2 and muteins. It is suggested that Asp-20 forms part of
      the binding site for the large receptor subunit whereas Arg-38 is involved in the
      contact site to the small subunit.

PMID- 2647487
TI  - Growth control and differentiation in mammary epithelial cells.
AB  - Growth and differentiation of the mammary gland are controlled by various
      hormones and other environmental factors. The role of hormones and growth factors
      in mammary development is discussed with regard to animal species, physiological
      stages, and the various experimental systems in vitro. In the female embryo,
      mammary morphogenesis is induced by the mesenchyme and is hormone independent,
      whereas androgens cause the partial necrosis of mammary epithelium in the male.
      Ductal growth during adolescence requires estrogen and prolactin or growth
      hormone. During pregnancy, progesterone participates in the development of the
      lobuloalveolar structure of the gland. After parturition, changes in the hormonal
      environment lead to production and secretion of milk. Proliferation and
      differentiation of mammary epithelium can be induced in culture systems. Insulin
      and epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulate mammary cell proliferation in vitro.
      EGF is required for the optimal growth of the mammary gland during pregnancy. EGF
      also appears to play an important role in mammary tumorigenesis in certain mouse
      strains. Production of milk proteins can be induced in vitro by the synergistic
      interactions of prolactin, insulin, and glucocorticoids and is inhibited by EGF
      and progesterone. Complete or partial sequencing of several milk protein genes
      and comparative analysis have led to identification of a sequence of high
      homology and conservation in the 5' flanking region that is likely to be involved
      in the regulation of milk protein gene expression.

PMID- 2647491
TI  - Molecular cloning, primary structure and disruption of the structural gene of
      aldolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A yeast cDNA genetic library in a bacteriophage expression vector was screened
      using an antiserum reacting with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Radio-labelled probes of selected immunopositive clones
      were used for screening of a yeast genomic library. From the genomic clones a
      yeast/Escherichia coli shuttle plasmid was constructed containing on a 1990-base
      pair fragment the entire structural gene FBA1 coding for yeast aldolase. The
      primary structure of the FBA1 gene was determined. An open reading frame
      comprises 1077 base pairs coding for a protein of 359 amino acids with a
      predicted molecular mass of 39,608 Da. As observed for other strongly expressed
      yeast genes, codon usage is extremely biased. The 810 base pairs at the 5' end
      and the 90 base pairs at the 3' end of the coding region of the cloned FBA1 gene
      are sufficient for normal expression and show characteristic elements present in
      the noncoding sequences of other yeast genes. Aldolase is the major protein in
      yeast cells transformed with a high-copy-number plasmid containing the FBA1 gene.
      The aldolase gene was disrupted by insertion of the yeast URA3 gene into the
      coding region of one FBA1 allele in a homozygous diploid ura3 strain. The haploid
      offsprings with the defective aldolase allele fba1::URA3 lack aldolase enzymatic
      activity and fail to grow in media containing as a carbon source metabolites of
      only one side of the aldolase reaction.

PMID- 2647492
TI  - Study of the arrangement of the functional domains along the yeast cytoplasmic
      aspartyl-tRNA synthetase.
AB  - Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase from yeast (AspRS) was screened for functional domains
      by measuring the effect of two types of amino acid mutations on its catalytic
      properties: (a) insertion of a dipeptide or a tetrapeptide along the polypeptide
      chain, (b) deletion of various lengths from the enzyme C-terminal. It was shown
      that insertion mutations significantly affect the kinetic properties of AspRS
      only when occurring in the second quarter of the molecule and the two centrally
      located mutations even inactivate the enzyme completely. Analysis of kinetic data
      strongly suggests that, in fact, all the observed activity modifications result
      from alteration of the activation reaction rate constant, kappa cat only. This
      led to the conclusion that the domain involved in aspartic acid activation should
      be located in the second quarter of the molecule. Furthermore, a deletion mutant
      with a modification of the last five amino acid residues was isolated. This
      mutant is fully active in the activation step, but has lost 80% of the wild-type
      aminoacylation activity. This involvement of the C-terminus in acylation implies
      that it has to be folded towards strategic regions of the enzyme, thus favouring
      conformations required for catalysis or maintaining the tRNA in a functional
      position.

PMID- 2647493
TI  - The evaluation of ventricular function using gated myocardial imaging with Tc-99m
      MIBI.
AB  - Left ventricular function is an important prognostic indicator in patients with
      coronary artery disease. We have assessed a method of providing this information
      as an adjunct to myocardial perfusion imaging using Tc-99m MIBI (2-methoxy-2
      methyl-isopropyl-1-isonitrile). Two separate studies, at rest and during
      exercise, were performed following an injection of 400-600 M Bq of Tc-99m MIBI in
      62 patients. Cardiac gating permitted excellent myocardial edge definition during
      the cardiac cycle. Radionuclide fractional shortening (RFS) was calculated from
      the anteroposterior (AP) and the septum to lateral wall (SL) axes in diastole and
      systole. Results were compared with echocardiographic fractional shortening (EFS)
      and the ejection fraction (EF) obtained from the gated equilibrium blood pool
      using Tc-99m-labelled red blood cells. The RFS in the AP axis correlated closely
      with echocardiographic FS (r = 0.89, P less than 0.001). The RFS in both axes was
      averaged to provide a global RFS. Global RFS correlated closely with LV
      radionuclide EF (r = 0.83, P less than 0.001). Inter- and intra-observer
      reproducibility studies have shown a variability for the procedure of less than
      10%. In conclusion, gated perfusion imaging with Tc-99m MIBI, provides useful
      functional information as an adjunct to perfusion imaging.

PMID- 2647494
TI  - Prevention of aortocoronary vein-graft attrition with low-dose aspirin and
      triflusal, both associated with dipyridamole: a randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled trial.
AB  - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed in 209
      patients to evaluate the efficacy of a low dose of aspirin plus dipyridamole or
      that of a new antiplatelet agent (triflusal) plus dipyridamole in the prevention
      of aortocoronary vein-graft occlusion. An angiographic control performed in 161
      patients 9 days after surgery showed no significant differences between groups,
      but a new control on 138 of those patients 6 months later did show significant
      linear trends towards fewer distal anastomosis occlusions (P = 0.027) from the
      placebo (24%, 22/91) to the aspirin (16%, 17/106) and to the trifusal groups
      (12%, 10/86), and towards fewer new occlusions (P = 0.056) from 12% (9/78) to 10%
      (10/99) and to 2.6% (2/78), respectively, in the same groups. A multivariate
      logistic regression model, used to determine the effect of 33 variables on distal
      anastomosis occlusion at 6 months control, demonstrated that diameter of distal
      bed (P = 0.006), moderately to severely atherosclerotic distal bed (P = 0.003)
      and the interactions between poor distal bed and triflusal (P = 0.005) were
      independent predictors of occlusion. Thus, triflusal plus dipyridamole appeared
      superior to low-dose aspirin plus dipyridamole in the prevention of vein-graft
      occlusion, independently of coronary and vein-graft determinants of occlusion.

PMID- 2647495
TI  - Objective evaluation of gallopamil in patients with chronic stable angina.
      Exercise testing, Holter monitoring, cross-sectional echocardiography and plasma
      levels.
AB  - In this double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study the effects of two
      dosages of gallopamil on exercise tolerance were evaluated in 12 patients with
      stable effort angina. After a pre-study screening aimed at assessing the
      reproducibility of the exercise response, the patients entered the study which
      consisted of three 7-day consecutive periods during which placebo or gallopamil
      50 mg t.i.d. or gallopamil 75 mg t.i.d. were administered according to a
      randomized sequence. 24-hour Holter monitoring and cross-sectional
      echocardiography were performed on the 6th and 7th day of each treatment period,
      respectively. On the 7th day of each treatment period, patients underwent an
      exercise test 2 and 8 h after the last administration of gallopamil or placebo.
      Blood samples for plasma gallopamil concentrations were taken just before each
      exercise test. The results were analysed using a three-way analysis of variance;
      intergroup differences were evaluated by the Newman-Keuls test. At 2 h, 11
      patients with placebo and three with gallopamil experienced angina; both dosages
      of gallopamil significantly prolonged exercise time and -1 mm time and also
      reduced ST segment depression and the rate-pressure product at submaximal
      workload. No significant change in the rate-pressure product was observed either
      on the appearance of 1 mm ST depression or at peak exercise. At 8 h, 11 patients
      with placebo and gallopamil 50 mg t.i.d. and 10 with gallopamil 75 mg t.i.d.
      experienced angina; although exercise time was significantly prolonged by both
      dosages of gallopamil, the increase in -1 mm time and reduction of ST segment
      depression at submaximal workload did not reach statistical
      significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647496
TI  - The molecular basis of mutations induced by deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pool
      imbalances in mammalian cells.
AB  - Alterations of the balanced supply of the precursors of DNA synthesis, the
      deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, have dramatic genetic consequences for
      mammalian cells including the induction of mutations, the sensitization to DNA
      damaging agents, and the production of gross chromosomal abnormalities. The use
      of recombinant DNA techniques has allowed the analysis of some of these effects
      and has revealed further mechanisms by which mammalian cells control the accuracy
      of DNA replication.

PMID- 2647497
TI  - Production of interferon-beta upon induction with polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic
      acid during the cell cycle of human fibroblasts.
AB  - The production of interferon-beta was examined at various stages of the cell
      cycle in synchronized and unsynchronized cell populations induced by
      poly(I):poly(C). Human fibroblasts were synchronized with mitotic detachment and,
      at different stages of the cell cycle, poly(I):poly(C) was added for induction of
      interferon-beta. One hour after induction, cell-free medium was collected and
      assayed for secreted interferon-beta. The cells were then fixed and stained with
      a DNA-specific fluorochrome, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), for cell cycle
      analysis by microfluorometry. The data indicated that interferon-beta was
      produced in every stage examined of the cell cycle. In addition, the level of
      intracellular interferon-beta was quantitatively measured in single cells of an
      unsynchronized cell population using a specific antibody. In the same individual
      cell, DAPI fluorescence intensity was measured for determination of the cell
      cycle position. The results show that interferon-beta protein can be detected
      throughout the cell cycle.

PMID- 2647498
TI  - Growth factor regulated expression of poly(A)+ binding protein messenger RNA.
AB  - A 72,000 mol wt protein designated PABP binds to the poly(A)+ track of messenger
      RNAs with high affinity and has been suggested to play an important role in mRNA
      metabolism in eucaryotic cells. We have employed a human PABP cDNA probe to study
      the expression of this gene at the mRNA level in BALB/c3T3 mouse cells under
      different growth conditions and in exponentially growing HeLa cells throughout
      the cell division cycle. We describe experiments which establish that in
      BALB/c3T3 cells the expression of this gene is growth factor regulated. Moreover,
      the gene behaves like a primary response gene in that its induction in quiescent
      cells does not require the prior synthesis of other growth factor-regulated
      proteins. In exponentially growing HeLa cells PABP mRNA is expressed throughout
      the cell division cycle indicating that the expression of this gene is not
      limited to a specific phase of the cell cycle.

PMID- 2647499
TI  - Synacrosomal formation after cell fusion of round spermatids of Xenopus laevis.
AB  - Cell fusion was induced by hypotonic medium in pairs of spermatids which were
      derived from single secondary spermatocytes. In a pair of fused spermatids, a
      single acrosome (synacrosome) eventually formed whenever the cell fusion was
      induced during the course of acrosomal formation. Direct observation of the
      process of synacrosomal formation was made on pairs of fused spermatids which had
      completed acrosomal formation. Two patterns occurred, namely, fusion of two
      acrosomes or enlargement of one with diminution of the other. The total volume of
      the two acrosomes before synacrosomal formation almost equaled the volume of the
      coalesced synacrosomes in fused spermatids. Neither colchicine nor cytochalasin B
      prevented synacrosomal formation in spermatids which were fused after each had
      completed acrosomal formation. These results indicate that neither microtubules
      nor microfilaments seem to play a role in the formation of a synacrosome in pairs
      of fused spermatids. However, cycloheximide did inhibit acrosomal formation when
      present during the early stage of acrosome differentiation in pairs of spermatids
      which had been fused just after second meiotic division. This fact indicates that
      acrosomal formation is mediated by some protein(s) which are synthesized during
      the initial period of acrosomal formation.

PMID- 2647500
TI  - Human lens membrane proteinase: purification and age-related distributional
      changes in the water-soluble and insoluble protein fractions.
AB  - A proteinase from human lens membrane was purified by a procedure previously
      developed for a similar proteinase from bovine lenses (Srivastava, 1988a). The
      purification of the human proteinase was achieved by solubilization of the enzyme
      from membranes with 2% sodium deoxycholate followed by two consecutive passages
      through an Agarose A-1.5 m column. The purified proteinase exhibited molecular
      weight of 38 kDa on a SDS-polyacrylamide gel. A polyclonal antiserum was raised
      against bovine lens membrane proteinase, and used as a probe to examine
      distribution of the enzyme among water-soluble and insoluble proteins of human
      lenses of different ages. The antiserum had strict specificity to the human
      membrane proteinase as it showed immunoreaction to only the proteinase among
      human membrane proteins and crystallins. In addition, the antiserum also
      inhibited the proteinase activity on incubation. The Western blot of water
      soluble proteins from 2-yr-old lens showed a 22 kDa immunoreactive protein, but
      an additional protein of 43 kD in lenses older than 19 years was observed. A
      similar Western blot analysis of the water-insoluble proteins from these lenses
      showed a single protein of 18 kDa that was identified as the subunit of the
      bovine lens membrane proteinase (Srivastava, 1988a). Furthermore, the
      immunoreactive 18 kD protein of the water-insoluble protein fractions could be
      solubilized with urea. The proteinase activity was found to increase with aging,
      as judged by the extraction of the enzyme with 2% deoxycholate from membranes of
      lenses of different ages and proteinase activity determination. Similarly, an age
      related increase in the immunoreaction was also observed on measuring radio
      iodinated protein A bound to an immunoreactive 18 kD protein of the water
      insoluble protein fractions.

PMID- 2647501
TI  - Differential expression of N-ras in metaplastic retinal pigmented epithelium.
AB  - Changes in expression of proto-oncogenes have been suggested as a key element in
      controlling the proliferative and differentiated status of a cell. We studied the
      expression of several of these genes in proliferating normal and metaplastic RPE
      cells. Using cDNAs to the c-myc, N-ras and n-myc genes we performed Northern blot
      analysis on the cytoplasmic RNA in normal and metaplastic RPE cells. We found
      that proliferating normal and metaplastic RPE cells exhibit similar patterns of
      expression of the c-myc gene. In contrast, when compared to normal cells,
      proliferating metaplastic RPE cells exhibited early and abnormally high levels of
      a 4 kb N-ras RNA. These changes in N-ras expression precede the vitreous-induced
      phenotypic change from an epithelial to a fibroblastic morphology. Understanding
      what role, if any, the N-ras gene plays in this metaplasia may lead to a better
      understanding of proliferative disorders such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

PMID- 2647502
TI  - Changes in the distribution of insulin-like growth factor I, thioredoxin,
      thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase during the development of the
      retina.
AB  - The postnatal development of the rat retina offers good opportunities to follow
      migration and differentiation of neuroectodermal cells. In this study we have
      analyzed, by immunohistochemical methods, the distribution of several protein
      antigens and the trophic peptide insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I; somatomedin
      C). The latter contains disulfide bonds, which in vitro are reduced by the
      thioredoxin system, i.e. thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and NADPH.
      Ribonucleotide reductase provides growing cells with deoxyribonucleotides,
      necessary for DNA synthesis, and thioredoxin is an in vitro hydrogen donor. By
      immunofluorescence IGF-I immunoreactivity was observed throughout the Muller
      neuroglial cells in the developing retina, but only to a very small extent in the
      mature retina. Nerve cells showed transient expression of IGF-I during their
      development. The IGF-I immunoreactivity is likely to be due to local synthesis,
      since we could demonstrate retinal IGF-I mRNA. Treatment with the transport
      blocking agent colchicine caused the Muller glial cells and the retinal pigment
      epithelium cells to become IGF-I immunoreactive. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin
      reductase immunoreactivities are confined to neurons and photoreceptor cells in
      the developing retina. Ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 immunoreactivity was
      only observed during the first postnatal week in proliferating neuroectodermal
      cells. In conclusion, IGF-I and ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1
      immunoreactivities are transiently expressed by neuroectodermal cells in the
      developing rat retina. In contrast, the proteins of the thioredoxin system are
      demonstrable also in the mature retina.

PMID- 2647503
TI  - Leishmania aethiopica: infections in laboratory animals.
AB  - Leishmania aethiopica parasites were inoculated into 11 different strains and
      species of small laboratory animals. Clinical lesions were only produced
      following inoculation of hamster noses and thus this parasite is highly selective
      in both species and site for the laboratory animals tested. Parasites could,
      however, be recovered from draining lymph nodes 3 weeks after infection of BALB/c
      mice. Lesions in hamsters were progressive and nonulcerating (up to 1 year) and
      histologically resembled diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DTH) in man. Pronounced
      delayed hypersensitivity responses to L. aethiopica antigens only developed in
      mice despite the absence of clinical lesions. Weak DTH responses were produced in
      hamsters with clinical lesions only after 25 weeks of infection.

PMID- 2647504
TI  - Lytic rabbit IgG for tissue culture trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi alters
      the extent and form of complement deposition.
AB  - Infective and vertebrate stages of Trypanosoma cruzi are resistant to lysis by
      the alternative pathway of complement. To further elucidate the mechanism of
      complement evasion and to study how some immune sera render the infective stage
      sensitive to lysis, we compared the interaction of complement components C3 and
      C9 with the surface of complement susceptible, vector stage epimastigotes and
      vertebrate stage trypomastigotes of T. cruzi. Our studies showed that, upon
      incubation in human serum, complement resistant tissue culture trypomastigotes
      (TCT) bound five- to eightfold less C3 or C9 than complement sensitive
      epimastigotes (Epi). C3 bound to Epi is mainly in the hemolytically active C3b
      form, while TCT bear predominantly the hemolytically inactive iC3b fragment,
      which cannot participate in C5 convertase formation or lead to deposition of the
      lytic C5b-9 complex. Three- to sixfold more C3 and two- to threefold more C9 were
      deposited on TCT when lytic rabbit immune IgG with broad specificity was used to
      sensitize the parasites, and nearly one-half of bound C3 was present as C3b. In
      contrast, a comparison of three different sources of IgG from immune human serum
      showed a less clear correlation between the titer or specificity of anti-T. cruzi
      antibody, enhancement of C3 or C9 deposition, change in the form of bound C3, or
      killing. These results show that lytic rabbit IgG for T. cruzi changes the form
      and amount of bound complement components in anticipated fashion, but that human
      immune IgG does not give predictable changes in the extent or form of C3 or C9
      deposition.

PMID- 2647505
TI  - Giardia lamblia: characterization of proteinase activity in trophozoites.
AB  - The proteinase activity of Giardia lamblia trophozoites, Portland 1 strain, was
      characterized with respect to substrate specificities and inhibitor
      sensitivities. Proteinase activity with urea-denatured hemoglobin (UDH), alpha-N
      benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA), and alpha-N-benzoyl-argininamide
      (BAA) as substrates exhibited pH optima of 5.8, 3.8, and 5.0, respectively. For
      BANA, the apparent Km was 0.20 mM and the Vmax was 2.56 microM. For BAA, the
      apparent Km was 4.0 mM and the Vmax was 8.69 microM. Dithiothreitol (DTT, 5 mM)
      enhanced proteinase activity threefold for UDH, fourfold for BAA, and fivefold
      for BANA. Iodoacetamide, L-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK),
      and N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), each at 1 mM, inhibited
      proteinase activity by greater than 90% with BANA and BAA. Iodoacetamide
      inhibited proteinase activity by 35% with UDH; TPCK and TLCK inhibited activity
      greater than 70% with UDH. Activity on BAA was inhibited by 91% with Zn2+ and
      activity on UDH was inhibited by 30% with Cu2+. Virtually complete inhibition of
      proteinase activity on BANA and BAA was obtained with leupeptin and chymostatin
      at 1 microgram/ml. Pepstatin A, chelators, and other heavy metals had no apparent
      effect on proteinase activity. Two polypeptide bands (ca. 105 and 40 kDa)
      indicative of proteinase activity were visualized by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      gelatin polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 105 kDa band was visible over the
      pH range of 4 to 7, but with greater intensity from pH 5 to 7. The 40 kDa band,
      while present at pH 5, was most intense at pH 6 and 7.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2647506
TI  - Extracellular proteases of Onchocerca.
AB  - Two important events in infection by Onchocerca parasites involve cutaneous
      tissue migration by larval stages. L3 larvae migrate from the blackfly bite site
      to subcutaneous locations for adult development, and microfilariae from
      subcutaneous nodules to distant regions of the skin and sometimes the eye. By
      analogy to other tissue-invasive helminth larvae, it has been proposed that
      migration of Onchocerca larvae through cutaneous tissue is facilitated by
      secretion of proteolytic enzymes. To test this hypothesis, neutral protease
      activity capable of degrading a model of cutaneous extracellular matrix was
      assayed using live L3 larvae of O. lienalis and microfilariae of O. cervicalis
      and O. cervipedis. Five hundred L3 larvae degraded most of the matrix within 24
      hr of incubation. Substrate gel electrophoresis and other protease assays showed
      a 43-kDa serine elastase was secreted by O. lienalis L3 larvae. Larvae and adults
      of the free-living nematode, Caenorhobditis elegans, by contrast, did not secrete
      neutral proteases and large numbers of motile C. elegans juveniles and adults
      produced no degradation of the extracellular matrix. Expression of Onchocerca
      neutral protease activity was stage specific. No protease activity corresponding
      to that seen in L3 larvae was found in adult worms. Microfilariae of O.
      cervicalis and O. cervipedis produced both a serine and a metalloprotease, but
      the level of protease activity of these microfilariae was substantially lower
      than that of L3 larvae, and no significant protease activity was detected in
      extracts of O. lienalis microfilariae. Uterine microfilariae of O. cervicalis had
      different protease species than skin microfilariae, suggesting that changes in
      protease expression parallel other morphologic and biochemical changes in the
      development of skin microfilariae. The serine protease of L3 larvae probably
      plays an important parasitic function, facilitating L3 migration from the
      blackfly bite site to distant regions of the body where adults will develop and
      form nodules. The protease activity of microfilariae, while individually
      considerably less than that of L3 larvae, may still contribute to the tissue
      destruction seen with heavy skin densities of microfilariae.

PMID- 2647507
TI  - Echinococcus multilocularis: in vitro secretion of antigen by hybridomas from
      metacestode germinal cells and murine tumor cells.
AB  - Hybrid cells were produced from Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode germinal
      cells and murine tumor cells. Small colonies were formed which, while ceasing to
      grow after a few generations, remained viable for at least 10 weeks. These
      hybridoma cells secrete antigen(s) reacting in indirect immunofluorescence and
      ELISA specifically with sera from patients suffering from an E. multilocularis
      infection. The antigen(s) appear suitable for the differential diagnosis of E.
      multilocularis and E. granulosus. Thus, hybridoma cells may produce helminth
      antigens.

PMID- 2647508
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: insulin independence.
AB  - Several authors have reported that schistosomes are affected by host hormones,
      including insulin. We found that insulin in a 10,000-fold range of concentrations
      failed to affect glucose consumption of males, females, or pairs of Schistosoma
      mansoni incubated for periods up to 24 hr. Insulin, vasopressin, or tetradecanoyl
      phorbol acetate (an insulin mimic) did not affect the uptake and incorporation of
      [14C]glucose and [14C]deoxyglucose over the active transport range. Competitive
      binding studies using 125I-insulin and 125I-insulin-like growth factor II, with
      varying concentrations of unlabeled hormones, demonstrated only nonspecific
      binding to intact worms or subcellular fractions. This generalized nonspecific
      uptake of label was also shown by autoradiography, suggesting that specific
      insulin receptors are absent from S. mansoni. We conclude that plasma glucose
      levels are sufficient to supply the metabolic requirements of schistosomes by
      diffusion, and that no insulin-dependent mechanisms have evolved in these
      parasites.

PMID- 2647509
TI  - The activity of tricyclic antidepressant drugs against Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Imipramine and related derivatives were tested as possible chemotherapeutic
      agents against Trypanosoma cruzi parasites in vitro. The IC50 values and the
      lethal concentrations for two cloned stocks of the parasite were determined. 2
      Nitrodesmethylimipramine was the most effective compound tested (IC50 = 4-7
      microM). Parasites that were able to grow and to complete the intracellular cycle
      in mammalian cells in the presence of the drug could be selected. Differences in
      susceptibility to some imipramine analogs between T. cruzi-cloned stocks were
      found. The study also shows that modification of the imipramine molecule by
      electron-withdrawing groups greatly enhances its biological activity.

PMID- 2647510
TI  - Antigenic variation in Giardia lamblia.
AB  - Giardia lamblia undergo surface antigenic variation in vitro and in vivo. The
      presence of variant trophozoites can be detected in clones after exposure to
      cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies. Surviving Giardia (progeny) no longer possess
      the initial major surface antigen which is replaced by new antigens. Exposure of
      a clone from one progeny to another cytotoxic mAb specific to one newly appearing
      surface antigen resulted in the loss of this antigen and replacement by another
      set of antigens. The frequency of change was rapid (1:100-1:1000) and was
      dependent upon the isolate. The presence of variant populations in clones was
      confirmed by direct and indirect immunofluorescence using mAbs to major surface
      antigens of subsequent progeny. The putative amino acid sequence of a portion of
      one antigen revealed a cysteine-rich composition which was confirmed in this
      variant protein as well as others by preferential uptake of [35S]cysteine. The
      mechanism(s) responsible most likely involves genomic rearrangements since
      Southern blots revealed a family of related genes which changed frequently
      compared to other areas of the genome. However, expression-linked copies have not
      been detected. Loss and gain of surface antigens have also been found in gerbils
      and humans infected with defined clones, but there does not appear to be cyclical
      appearance of variant populations. The biological importance of antigenic
      variation is not known but it may contribute to chronic and/or repeated
      infections.

PMID- 2647511
TI  - Malaria vaccines: results of human trials and directions of current research.
AB  - Recent human trials of candidate vaccines against the sporozoite and asexual
      blood stages of the malaria parasite have produced encouraging evidence that
      synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins can stimulate an antibody response
      and provide at least limited protection from malaria infection. Current research
      is focused on the continued evaluation of asexual blood stage antigens and on the
      improvement of the immunogenicity of candidate antigens through stimulation of
      more effective cellular and humoral responses. Efforts are also being directed
      toward the development of transmission-blocking vaccines based on antigens of
      sexual stages of the parasite.

PMID- 2647512
TI  - Protective immunity in lymphatic filariasis.

PMID- 2647513
TI  - Peptidergic innervation of the temporomandibular disk in the rat.
AB  - The peptidergic innervation of the temporomandibular disk was investigated in the
      postnatal young rat by using an indirect immunofluorescence method. Calcitonin
      gene-related peptide-containing nerve fibers were located around the blood
      vessels and terminated as free nerve endings in the disk. These nerve fibers may
      be of a sensory nature.

PMID- 2647514
TI  - Stromal cells from the bone marrow: evidence for a restrictive role in regulation
      of hemopoiesis.

PMID- 2647515
TI  - On the role of fatty acid binding proteins in fatty acid transport and
      metabolism.

PMID- 2647516
TI  - Immunological evidence that insulin activates protein kinase C in BC3H-1
      myocytes.
AB  - Effects of insulin on immunoreactive protein kinase C were examined in BC3H-1
      myocytes. Insulin provoked rapid dose-dependent decreases in cytosolic enzyme,
      and transient increases and subsequent decreases in membrane-associated enzyme.
      Phorbol esters provoked similar changes. Our findings suggest that insulin
      provokes the translocative activation of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2647517
TI  - Studies of in vivo phosphorylated proteins in BC3H-1 myocytes suggest that
      protein kinase C is involved in insulin action.
AB  - Insulin (10 and 100 nM) and phorbol esters increased the phosphorylation of
      several proteins, including 40, 47 and 80 kDa proteins, which are markers for
      protein kinase C activation. Insulin effects were evident at 2 min and increased
      over 20 min. These findings suggest that insulin activates protein kinase C in
      BC3H-1 myocytes.

PMID- 2647518
TI  - Crystal structure of thermitase from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris at 2.2 A
      resolution.
AB  - The crystal structure of thermitase from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris has been
      determined by x-ray diffraction at 2.2 A resolution. The structure was solved by
      a combination of single isomorphous replacement and molecular replacement
      methods. The structure was refined to a conventional R factor of 0.24 using
      restrained least square procedures CORELS and PROLSQ. The tertiary structure of
      thermitase is similar to that of subtilsin BPN'. The greatest differences between
      these structures are related to the insertions and deletions in the sequence.

PMID- 2647519
TI  - Location of enzymatic and DNA-binding domains on E. coli protease La.
AB  - Escherichia coli protease La is an ATP-dependent enzyme that has a DNA-binding
      site. The locations of the enzymatic and DNA-binding sites are not known. We
      report that a 75-residue segment at the carboxy-terminus of the protease La is
      similar to part of Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase, a serine enzyme. The
      comparison score is 8.2 standard deviations higher than that obtained with 10,000
      comparisons of randomized sequences of these segments. The probability of
      obtaining such a score by chance is 1.2 x 10(-16). We also find that a 107
      residue segment in the amino-terminus half of protease La is similar to part of
      the sopB protein, a DNA-binding protein of the plasmid F of E. coli. The
      comparison score for these segments is 8 standard deviations (P = 6 x 10(-16)).
      These strong amino acid sequence similarities suggest the locations of the
      catalytic serine and the DNA-binding domains of protease La.

PMID- 2647520
TI  - Presence of immunoreactive endothelin in human plasma.
AB  - A highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay has been established for
      measurement of human endothelin (hET) in human plasma. After extraction of plasma
      with an octyl-silica column, this assay allowed for detection of immunoreactive
      (IR) hET as low as 0.2 fmol/ml. In 16 healthy subjects, the mean concentration of
      plasma IR-hET was 0.6 fmol/ml. Reverse-phase HPLC coupled with radioimmunoassay
      revealed two major IR-hET components, one corresponding to authentic hET(1-21)
      and another with more hydrophilicity than hET(1-21). These data indicate that ET
      is a circulating vasoconstrictor hormone in man.

PMID- 2647521
TI  - The complete amino acid sequence of ribosomal protein S18 from the moderate
      thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of ribosomal protein S18 from Bacillus stearothermophilus
      has been completely determined by automated sequence analysis of the intact
      protein as well as of peptides derived from digestion with Staphylococcus aureus
      protease at pH 4.0 and cleavage with cyanogen bromide. The carboxy-terminal
      region was verified by both amino acid analyses of chymotryptic peptides and by
      mass spectrometry from the terminal region. The protein contains 77 amino acid
      residues and has an Mr of 8838. Comparison of this sequence with the sequences of
      the S18 proteins from tobacco and liverwort chloroplasts and E. coli shows a
      relatively high similarity, ranging from 42 to 55% identical residues with the B.
      stearothermophilus S18 protein. The regions of homology common to all four
      proteins consist of several positively charged sections spanning the entire
      length of the protein.

PMID- 2647522
TI  - Circular dichroism and fluorescence studies on five mutant forms of protein
      synthesis initiation factor eIF-4E, from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - CD studies have shown that five tryptophan to phenylalanine (W----F) mutants of
      eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF-4E) contain low amounts of alpha-helix, the
      main elements of secondary structure being beta-sheets/turns and aperiodic
      regions. Interactions with the cap analog m7GpppG are accompanied by changes in
      overall secondary structure which include reductions, and in one case an increase
      in alpha-helix content, as well as increases in total beta-structure (3 mutant
      forms) and decreases in total beta-structure (2 mutant forms). These changes may
      also involve more significant perturbations of localized regions containing
      phenylalanine residues either involved in nucleotide binding, or close to the
      nucleotide-binding site. Measurements of intrinsic Trp fluorescence have shown
      different quantum yields and reduced m7GpppG-induced quenching (with one
      exception). Acrylamide quenching studies yielded similar parameters for 4 of the
      mutants but 1 form displayed significantly reduced values. Melting experiments
      showed that the Trp fluorescence of 4 of the mutants decreased as the temperature
      was increased, this effect being reduced in 3 cases in the presence of m7GpppG. W
      58 F showed an increase in fluorescence as the temperature was raised and this
      effect was accentuated in the presence of nucleotide. A preliminary attempt has
      been made to correlate the spectroscopic data with the known biological
      importance of the individual Trp residues.

PMID- 2647523
TI  - GTP-dependent Ca2+ release from rat liver microsomes. Vesicle fusion is not
      required.
AB  - The GTP-dependent calcium release from rat liver microsomes is known to be
      promoted in the presence of colloids like polyethyleneglycol (PEG),
      polyvinylpyrrolidine, or albumin. Dawson et al. [(1987) Biochem. J. 244, 87-92]
      using the 'fusogen' PEG have concluded that both GTP-induced calcium efflux and
      the enhancement of InsP3-promoted calcium release in the presence of GTP could be
      attributed to a GTP-dependent vesicle fusion. Here, using the more physiological
      colloid albumin we report that GTP-induced calcium release from rat liver
      microsomes may not be linked to vesicle fusion.

PMID- 2647524
TI  - Sta!le and transient expression of mouse submaxillary gland renin cDNA in AtT20
      cells: proteolytic processing and secretory pathways.
AB  - Apart from kidney, where renin synthesis takes place in all mammals, the
      submaxillary gland (SMG) of most mouse strains constitutes an important source of
      an isoenzyme, renin-2, that is highly homologous to renal renin, but
      unglycosylated [(1982) Nature 298, 90-92]. This unique phenotype is due to the
      presence of an extra copy of th renin gene. A puzzling observation is that
      (pro)renin-2 cannot be detected in the kidney of these animals, although both
      mRNAs accumulate at similar levels [(1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 6196
      6200]. In order to investigate whether (pro)renin-2 expression is detectable in
      mouse heterologous cell lines we transfected the renin-2 cDNA into AtT20
      (pituitary corticotrope) and BTG9A (hepatoma) cells. Stable clones expressing
      renin were obtained in both cases. BTG9A cells secreted only prorenin while AtT20
      cells secreted prorenin and active renin. In addition, in AtT20 cells the
      secretion of active renin was stimulated by 8-Br cAMP. Our results show that
      unglycosylated (pro)renin-2 can be expressed and secreted in two murine cell
      lines. Moreover, it is correctly processed to active renin and secreted upon
      stimulation in AtT20 cells.

PMID- 2647525
TI  - Translocation of protein kinase C in rat islets of Langerhans. Effects of a
      phorbol ester, carbachol and glucose.
AB  - In unstimulated rat islets (2 mM glucose), most of the ion-exchange purified
      protein kinase C (PKC) activity was associated with the cytosolic fraction. Both
      carbachol and phorbol myristate acetate caused a significant translocation of PKC
      activity from cytosolic to membrane fractions, but under the same conditions,
      glucose (20 mM) did not cause such a redistribution of PKC activity. PMA-induced
      translocation of PKC to the membrane fraction was also observed in electrically
      permeabilised islets, in which recovery of the enzyme activity was enhanced by
      buffering the intracellular Ca2+ concentration to 50 nM and supplying the
      permeabilised islets with protease inhibitors.

PMID- 2647526
TI  - Preparation of 2-azidoadenosine 3',5'-[5'-32P]bisphosphate for incorporation into
      transfer RNA. Photoaffinity labeling of Escherichia coli ribosomes.
AB  - 2-Azidoadenosine was synthesized from 2-chloroadenosine by sequential reaction
      with hydrazine and nitrous acid and then bisphosphorylated with pyrophosphoryl
      chloride to form 2-azidoadenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate. The bisphosphate was
      labeled in the 5'-position using the exchange reaction catalyzed by T4
      polynucleotide kinase in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP. Polynucleotide kinase
      from a T4 mutant which lacks 3'-phosphatase activity (ATP:5'
      dephosphopolynucleotide 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.78) was required to
      facilitate this reaction. 2-Azidoadenosine 3',5'-[5'-32P]bisphosphate can serve
      as an efficient donor in the T4 RNA ligase reaction and can replace the 3'
      terminal adenosine of yeast tRNAPhe with little effect on the amino acid acceptor
      activity of the tRNA. In addition, we show that the modified tRNAPhe derivative
      can be photochemically cross-linked to the Escherichia coli ribosome.

PMID- 2647527
TI  - Ovarian renin production in vitro and in vivo: characterization and clinical
      correlation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the in vitro production of prorenin and
      active renin by human theca cells and to examine the clinical significance of
      this production by correlating prorenin and active renin levels with oocyte
      maturity in follicular fluid samples. Human theca cell cultures were established
      and were found to produce both prorenin as well as active renin. Androstenedione
      levels (126 +/- 28 pg/500,000 cells/24-hr incubation) correlated with prorenin
      levels (8.5 +/- 1.1 ng angiotensin I per milliliter per hour (AI/ml/hr) in
      culture supernatant (r = 0.61, P less than 0.05). Active renin levels in
      follicular fluid were higher in stimulated versus spontaneous cycles (359 +/- 67
      versus 126 +/- 37 ng AI/ml/hr, P less than 0.05). Renin substrate levels were
      similar in follicular fluid and in the peripheral serum (1,610 +/- 216 versus
      2,160 +/- 490 ng/ml) in spontaneous cycles. Follicular fluid prorenin and active
      renin did not correlate with oocyte maturity or with steroid levels. The authors
      conclude that ovarian theca cells produce renin in vitro. However, renin
      production does not correlate with oocyte maturity or follicular fluid steroids
      in vivo.

PMID- 2647528
TI  - [Detection of erythrocyte-bound antigen and serum albumin properties in the
      saliva and oral structures. Review of the literature].
AB  - The blood group and the blood plasma protein properties can, by means of special
      methods, be proved also in saliva, in the mouth soft tissue, in the teeth, in the
      dental deposit and in the dental socket extension. These--among other things--are
      of great importance in the judical dental practice.

PMID- 2647529
TI  - [Serotonin effect on gastric secretion induced by various stimuli].
AB  - Subcutaneous injection of serotonin (0.3 mg/kg) inhibited the carbocholine
      gastric secretion in dogs. The insulin secretion was suppressed only by the i.v.
      injection of serotonin. The latter decreased the blood flow in the stomach mucosa
      and intensified the motility of gastro-intestinal tract in hungry and replete
      dogs. The vagotomy and benzohexonium weakened the inhibitory serotonin effect on
      the secretion induced with peripheral stimuli. The effect of serotonin on the
      gastric secretion in the conditions of natural digestive process in discussed.

PMID- 2647530
TI  - Current situation on regulations for mycotoxins. Overview of tolerances and
      status of standard methods of sampling and analysis.
AB  - A worldwide enquiry was undertaken in 1986-1987 to obtain up-to-date information
      about mycotoxin legislation in as many countries of the world as possible.
      Together with some additional data collected in 1981, information is now
      available about planned, proposed, existing or absence of legislation in 66
      countries. Details about tolerances, legal bases, responsible authorities,
      prescribed methods of sampling and analysis and disposition of commodities
      containing inadmissible amounts of mycotoxins, are given. The information
      concerns aflatoxins in foodstuffs, aflatoxin M1 in dairy products, aflatoxins in
      animal feedstuffs, and other mycotoxins in food- and feedstuffs. In comparison
      with the situation in 1981, limits and regulations for mycotoxins have been
      expanded in 1987 with more countries having legislation (proposed or passed) on
      the subject, more products, and more mycotoxins covered by this legislation. The
      differences between tolerances in the various countries are sometimes quite
      large, which makes harmonization of mycotoxin regulations highly desirable.

PMID- 2647531
TI  - Evidence for the safety of gum karaya (Sterculia spp.) as a food additive.
AB  - Gum karaya (GK), accepted as Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) in the USA since
      1961, was accepted temporarily (Annex II) as a food additive by the EEC in 1974.
      Since then no adverse incident involving human health has been attributed to the
      ingestion of GK, which is used in extremely small amounts in foods. This report
      collates the evidence of safety now available and presents the data on Need,
      production tonnages and dietary intake levels.

PMID- 2647532
TI  - Precautions to be taken in the analysis of total N-nitroso compounds.
AB  - Methodologies used to assess N-nitroso compounds as a group by chemical
      denitrosation with hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid have been described.
      Carrying out these analyses without precautions can cause considerable variations
      in results. Some pitfalls must be avoided in order to obtain valuable results and
      accurate interpretations.

PMID- 2647533
TI  - A basis for estimation of consumption: literature values for selected food
      volatiles. Part III.
AB  - Quantitative data on volatile compounds have been reported in 16 food items. No
      publications reporting quantitative data were found for two of these 16 food
      products, i.e. avocado and jackfruit. About 550 volatile compounds have been
      assayed globally in the other 14 food products. Mango and raspberry were the
      products with the greatest number of volatile compounds; the most representative
      substances were benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, limonene, and 2-phenylethanol.

PMID- 2647534
TI  - Alopecia areata: more on pathogenesis and therapy.

PMID- 2647535
TI  - Double-blind placebo-controlled study with topical 2% ketanserin ointment in the
      treatment of venous ulcers.
AB  - Previous animal and human data have shown that ketanserin, the first specific
      serotonin2 antagonist, may have beneficial effects on peripheral vascular
      diseases and on the healing of ulcers. In this double-blind study a 2% ketanserin
      ointment in a polyethylene glycol base was used to treat 23 patients with venous
      ulcers (13 ketanserin, 10 placebo). Classical wound care measures were maintained
      in both groups; therefore, conventional ulcer therapy (with placebo in a
      polyethylene glycol base) was in reality compared with conventional ulcer
      treatment plus ketanserin. The most important parameter for evaluation in this
      study was the development of granulation tissue (first sign of successful wound
      healing). The evolution of granulation was significantly better with ketanserin
      than with placebo (p less than 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). According to the
      investigator's evaluation, ketanserin showed a response in 10 out of 11 patients
      as opposed to 5 out of 10 placebo patients at the end of the study. This first
      double-blind placebo-controlled study suggests that topically applied ketanserin
      promotes the healing of venous ulcers.

PMID- 2647536
TI  - Quantification of fetal motor activity in early pregnancy.
AB  - Real-time ultrasonography in obstetrics has proved that active movements are
      already present in the first trimester of pregnancy. A new semi-automatic
      ultrasound method was developed for objective quantitative recording of fetal
      movements in early pregnancy using a real-time multi-linear array scanner and a
      Time-Distance recorder. The equipment registers changes in the distance between a
      fixed marker and the fetal structures displayed on the screen of the ultrasound
      scanner. The output signals are recorded on a polygraph. Fetal movements were
      recorded continuously for 30 min in 62 normal 10-, 11- and 12-week-old fetuses.
      The median number of movements did not differ significantly in the three groups,
      being 150, 159 and 154, respectively. The median time incidence of movements was
      17, 18 and 17%, respectively. The method is now being applied in studies
      evaluating various drug effects on fetal motor behaviour in early pregnancy.

PMID- 2647537
TI  - Habitual abortion: a review.

PMID- 2647538
TI  - Premature ovarian failure. I: The association with autoimmunity.
AB  - Twenty-four patients were investigated for non-organ-specific and organ-specific
      autoantibodies (Aab) in order to establish a relationship between premature
      ovarian failure (POF) and autosensitization. Regarding the non-organ-specific
      Aab, prevalences of clearly raised ANA (42%), nDNA Ab (25%), rheumatoid factors
      (41%) and smooth muscle Aab (53%) were found in the POF patients. Less outspoken
      higher prevalences of organ-specific Aab in these patients were also found:
      parietal cell Aab (23%), islet of Langerhans Aab (20%). Fifteen percent of the
      patients showed Aab to the adrenal gland, and a single patient had Aab towards
      the steroid-producing cells (Stpc) of the ovary. Although no single immune
      parameter could be clearly identified to correlate with POF, autoimmune (AI)
      phenomena were detected in the majority of the patients (92%). Since AI disease
      could be present for a considerable time without any clinical symptoms, a further
      immunological screening and follow up of POF patients may enable us to better
      understand and manage these patients.

PMID- 2647539
TI  - Premature ovarian failure. II: Considerations of cellular immunity defects.
AB  - Twenty-three patients with premature ovarian failure (POF), were investigated on
      the basis of cell-mediated immunity. An increase in T-cells and especially T
      helper cells was found in the group of POF patients, while T-suppressor cells and
      B-cells did not exceed the counts compared to healthy controls matched for age
      and sex. The macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) assay showed a
      decreased activity towards Haemophiles influenza. Candida albicans and Varidase
      antigens in the POF group. Levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM) did
      not exceed the normal levels. The relationship between the hormonal status of POF
      patients and their immunological profile is discussed.

PMID- 2647540
TI  - Ultrasonography in extended placental retention and intra-uterine adhesions; a
      case report.
AB  - A case report of extended placental retention and subsequent intra-uterine
      adhesions is presented. Three months after a second trimester abortion,
      ultrasonography was used to confirm the diagnosis of placental retention and to
      guide emptying of the uterus when normal curettage had failed. Later ultrasonic
      guidance was also used in the application of an IUD for the treatment of intra
      uterine adhesions.

PMID- 2647541
TI  - Embryonic neurons as in vitro inducers of differentiation of nephrogenic
      mesenchyme.
AB  - Nephrogenic mesenchyme differentiates into epithelium as a result of
      morphogenetic tissue interactions. In vivo, the ureter bud is thought to induce
      tubular differentiation of the mesenchyme. In vitro recombination experiments
      have shown that various embryonic tissues can act as inducers when put in close
      proximity to nephrogenic mesenchyme. Induction also occurs across a porous
      filter. In the present study we show that only a few embryonic tissues are potent
      inducers in transfilter cultures in which mesenchyme and inducing tissue are
      separated by a membrane filter. Of the tissues tested, only embryonic spinal cord
      and brain were effective, whereas the ureter bud did not induce. All tissues
      tested sent processes through the filter. Weak inducing capacity of embryonic
      tissues is thus not due to a failure of the cells to make contact with the
      mesenchyme. To analyze which cell type within the embryonic brain possesses
      inducing capacity, neurons were selectively removed from primary cultures of
      chick tectal cells by antibody and complement-mediated cell lysis. These
      cultures, consisting of glial and undifferentiated cells, were then recombined
      with nephrogenic mesenchyme. They proved to be ineffective in inducing
      tubulogenesis, whereas cell populations containing neurons retained their
      inducing capacity. In transfilter cultures, ingrowth of neuronal processes deep
      into the mesenchyme, as assayed by anti-neurofilament staining, occurred within
      the first 24 hr of culture. Thus, it is not the time needed for processes to grow
      through the filter, but the time needed to grow into the mesenchyme that
      corresponds to the minimal induction time. These studies suggest that embryonic
      neurons are the most effective inducers of nephrogenic mesenchyme in vitro.
      Differentiation may be triggered by neuronal processes that establish cell
      contacts deep within the mesenchyme. Neurons might be important for nephrogenesis
      in vivo as well, although we can present no direct evidence to support this idea,
      since we failed to detect neurons at early stages of kidney development when the
      first tubules are induced.

PMID- 2647542
TI  - Tubulin isotype usage in vivo: a unique spatial distribution of the minor
      neuronal-specific beta-tubulin isotype in pheochromocytoma cells.
AB  - The neuronal cells of vertebrates express two beta-tubulin isotypes, called Class
      II and Class III, that are neuronal specific. In order to determine the
      distribution of the minor Class III isotype, site-directed antibodies were raised
      to synthetic peptides representing the carboxyl terminal, isotype-defining
      domains of the tubulins. These antibodies were applied to PC12 cells at various
      stages of differentiation. The Class III isotype was found to be expressed in
      undifferentiated PC12 cells as well as in cells at every stage of
      differentiation. The concentration of the Class III isotype, relative to the
      total beta-tubulin complement, did not change significantly. Indirect double
      immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the Class III isotype was found
      in the soma and the neurites of differentiated PC12 cells; this spatial pattern
      of Class III expression paralleled the total beta-tubulin pattern. Although the
      anti-Class III antiserum could stain in vitro assembled neuronal microtubules in
      a filamentous pattern, a close examination of the Class III staining pattern in
      flattened PC12 cells revealed that this isotype was not incorporated into the
      nonaxoplasmic array of microtubules. Rather, the Class III isotype was localized
      in a nonfilamentous, granular pattern that was not readily extracted with
      nonionic detergent. Cells treated with taxol and then flattened and stained
      showed that the Class III isotype could be induced to assemble into microtubule
      bundles by taxol. Thus, the minor neuronal beta-tubulin isotype appears to be
      spatially specialized in its pattern of expression.

PMID- 2647543
TI  - Insulin gene expression in chicken ontogeny: pancreatic, extrapancreatic, and
      prepancreatic.
AB  - Insulin has metabolic, growth, and differentiation effects in chicken embryos in
      vivo and it is required for normal development. Whether the pancreas is the sole
      source of insulin in embryogenesis is controversial. In the present study we
      investigated (1) the developmental pattern of expression of the chicken insulin
      gene in the pancreas; (2) the expression of the insulin gene in three
      nonpancreatic tissues, liver, brain, and lower limb, during chicken development;
      and (3) the expression of the insulin gene at prepancreatic stages and during
      chicken embryo organogenesis. Hybridization of synthetic species-specific insulin
      oligonucleotides to pancreatic frozen section in situ and to Northern blots
      revealed a major increase in insulin messenger RNA (mRNA) levels during the third
      week of embryonic development. The hybridization histochemistry showed both an
      increase in the levels of insulin mRNA per pancreatic islet and, in addition, an
      increase in the number of insulin mRNA containing islets with development. By
      Northern analysis there was a major polyadenylated transcript of 0.6 kb, which
      increased in abundance approximately 30-fold during this interval. Under the same
      stringency conditions used for pancreatic RNA an insulin transcript was detected
      in liver RNA blots. The abundance of this hepatic insulin mRNA was about 100-fold
      less than the pancreatic insulin mRNA and, in contrast to the latter, did not
      increase in late development. Primer extension experiments demonstrated that the
      insulin transcripts of pancreas and liver had similar 5' ends. No insulin mRNA
      was detected by Northern analysis or primer extension either in whole brain or
      lower limb total RNA from several developmental stages. A very low abundance
      insulin mRNA was detected in whole embryo at Day 8 and body regions at Day 4 and
      Day 5 when organogenesis of the pancreas takes place. Interestingly, a
      polyadenylated insulin transcript was detected, as well, in whole Day 2 and Day 3
      embryos (stages 10 to 20, with 20 to 40 somites) before differentiation of beta
      cells occurs. Thus, there is differential developmental regulation of the insulin
      gene in several chicken embryo tissues and the expression of insulin precedes
      pancreatic maturation. These findings support the proposed role of insulin in
      differentiation and development in vivo and suggest a paracrine type of action of
      the hormone in early embryos before blood circulation begins.

PMID- 2647544
TI  - A new membrane antigen revealed by monoclonal antibodies is associated with
      motoneuron axonal pathways.
AB  - Chick embryonic motoneurons selectively grow out from the spinal cord as the
      first step of their selective axonal growth. In order to detect the molecules
      responsible for motoneuron outgrowth from the cord, we produced and
      immunohistochemically screened many monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against cord and
      somite. We found that two of them, called M7412 and M7902, selectively bound to
      the cell surface of the anterior half of the sclerotome, where motoneurons
      selectively extend their axons. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblot results were
      identical for these antibodies and the antigen was called M7412 antigen. Although
      neural crest cells also migrate into the anterior half of the sclerotome, the
      expression of M7412 antigen by sclerotome cells was independent of the neural
      crest, because neural crest removal did not affect the appearance of the antigen.
      Furthermore, MAb M7412 bound to the mesenchymal cells along presumptive major
      nerve trunks in the limb and to the structures surrounding myotubes in muscles
      during the formation of intramuscular nerve branches. These results suggest that
      M7412 antigen might be a substrate for general, but not specific, growth of
      motoneuron axons. If this is the case, we must also infer that some molecule
      inhibitory for motoneuron growth is localized in the posterior half of
      sclerotome, because at upper cervical levels the M7412 antigen was also expressed
      intensely in the posterior sclerotome, whereas motoneurons still grew only into
      the anterior half. The M7412 antigen was transiently expressed in such various
      tissues as somite; muscles; blood vessels; spinal cord cells, especially
      motoneurons innervating the limb; and dorsal root and other peripheral ganglion
      cells. The M7412 antigenic molecule was extractable with NP40 from a membrane
      fraction of whole chick embryos and its molecular weight was estimated to be 70
      kDa from immunoblot analysis. Thus, our monoclonal antibodies have revealed a new
      membrane-associated molecule which is likely to play a role in cell-cell
      interactions during development of motoneurons.

PMID- 2647545
TI  - Axon outgrowth along segmental nerves in the leech. I. Identification of
      candidate guidance cells.
AB  - We studied the development of the major extraganglionic components of the
      germinal plate in embryos of the glossiphoniid leech Helobdella triserialis to
      improve our understanding of the mechanism of segmental nerve formation. We
      examined the outgrowth of groups of axons from ganglionic neurons into the
      segmental nerves, the migration of peripheral neurons and epidermal
      specializations to their definitive sites, and the development of circular and
      longitudinal muscle fibers. We visualized axons, as well as neurons and epidermal
      specializations, by means of fluorescent cell lineage tracers injected earlier
      into blastomeres and muscle fibers by means of immunofluorescence. The
      development of cells in all groups was found to follow a stereotyped pattern.
      Axons of ganglionic neurons approach some identified peripheral neurons located
      along the segmental nerve paths but not, in general, epidermal specializations
      and muscle fibers. Near the somata of a subset of peripheral neurons they
      approach, axons cease or interrupt their growth. These findings identify a set of
      candidate guidance cells for axonal outgrowth in the leech, similar to those
      previously described in the developing nervous system of insects.

PMID- 2647546
TI  - Amphibian (urodele) myotomes display transitory anterior/posterior and
      medial/lateral differentiation patterns.
AB  - Myotome differentiation during Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum)
      somitogenesis was analyzed by employing anti-actin and anti-myosin monoclonal
      antibodies as molecular probes. Myotome differentiation occurs after segmentation
      and proceeds in the cranial-to-caudal direction along the somite file. Within
      individual somites myotome differentiation displays distinct polarities.
      Examination of the somite file at the tailbud stage revealed that soon after
      segmentation, actin/myosin accumulate predominantly in the anterior and medial
      region of the myotome initially. Subsequently, cells within the myotome
      differentiate in an anterior-to-posterior and medial-to-lateral direction.
      Experimental analysis of presomitic paraxial mesoderm grafts before segmentation
      revealed that this transient myotome polarity is autonomous. Comparative analyses
      indicate that this myotome differentiation pattern is urodele specific. Cynops
      pyrrhogaster undergoes myotome differentiation like the axolotl, while two
      anurans, Xenopus laevis and Bombina orientalis, do not.

PMID- 2647547
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a novel type of sialoglycoproteins
      (hyosophorin) from the eggs of medaka, Oryzias latipes: nonapeptide with a large
      N-linked glycan chain as a tandem repeat unit.
AB  - We found a novel type of sialoglycoprotein (SGP) with apparent molecular mass
      ranging from 15,000 to 100,000 Da in the unfertilized eggs of the medaka fish,
      Oryzias latipes. From fertilized eggs we isolated the corresponding
      sialoglycopeptides of apparent molecular weight 7000. The amino acid and
      carbohydrate compositions of these glycoproteins and glycopeptides are very
      similar, if not identical, and they contain 90%, by weight, of carbohydrate, the
      predominant sugars being Gal, GlcNAc, and NeuAc. The chemical and physical data
      indicate that 15- to 100-kDa SGPs are made up of tandem repeat structures whose
      repeating unit is 7-kDa sialoglycopeptide, and, upon fertilization, higher
      molecular weight SGPs undergo proteolytic depolymerization to the least
      structural unit, 7-kDa sialoglycopeptide. As is the case with
      polysialoglycoproteins (PSGP) found in salmonid fish eggs, a novel family of
      sialoglycoproteins has been proven to be a major component of cortical alveoli of
      medaka eggs, namely, hyosophorin. However, we found that they differ markedly
      from PSGPs (salmonid fish egg hyosophorins) in terms of the carbohydrate
      composition. The chemical composition and the results of Smith degradation
      indicate that SGP contains one large N-linked glycan chain per repeat unit. We
      have determined the amino acid sequence of 7-kDa sialoglycopeptide: Asp-Ala-Ala
      Ser-Asn*-Gln-Thr-Val-Ser, where * indicates the asparagine residue to which a
      large glycan chain consisting of Fuc2Man3Gal15GlcNac9NeuAc6 is attached. The
      direct experimental evidence for the presence of a polyprotein structure suggests
      that the covalent nature of the higher molecular weight SGPs should be expressed
      as [Asp-Ala-Ala-Ser-Asn*-Gln-Thr-Val-Ser]N, where N = 2 to 14 but for the major
      fraction N = 12.

PMID- 2647548
TI  - Decreased sympathochromaffin activity in IDDM.
AB  - Catecholamines released from the sympathochromaffin system produce metabolic
      changes similar to those of diabetes mellitus. However, increased
      sympathochromaffin activity does not appear to be a feature of insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (IDDM), although physiologic catecholamine increments may
      contribute to short-term metabolic derangements under some conditions. Increased
      glycemic sensitivity to epinephrine is a feature of IDDM but is the result of the
      inability to secrete insulin rather than of increased cellular sensitivity to
      catecholamines. Absolute insulin deficiency results in increased metabolic
      (glycemic, lipolytic, and ketogenic) sensitivity to catecholamines. More
      generalized hypersensitivity occurs in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. However,
      the clinical relevance of these alterations in sensitivity remains to be
      established. On the other hand, decreased sympathochromaffin activity is common
      and causes considerable morbidity and some mortality in people with diabetes. In
      addition to increased sensitivity to catecholamines, decreased sympathochromaffin
      activity results in the clinical syndromes of postural hypotension, hypoglycemia
      unawareness, defective glucose counterregulation, or a combination of these. The
      latter two syndromes cause an increased frequency of severe iatrogenic
      hypoglycemia, at least during intensive therapy of IDDM. Thus, decreased rather
      than increased sympathochromaffin activity often complicates IDDM. Clearly, ways
      to prevent, correct, or compensate for this component of diabetic autonomic
      neuropathy must be learned before diabetes can be managed effectively and safely
      in all patients who suffer from the disease until diabetes mellitus is
      eradicated.

PMID- 2647549
TI  - Erythrocytes and glucose homeostasis in rats.
AB  - The capacity of erythrocytes to modify their glycogen stores to compensate for
      changes in glucose concentration in plasma was studied. Experiments in vitro and
      in vivo demonstrated that erythrocytes absorbed and incorporated glucose into
      their glycogen stores when glucose concentration in the medium was high and
      liberated it when the concentration was low. Epinephrine administration inhibited
      glucose absorption by erythrocytes, and in its presence, erythrocytes liberated
      glucose from their glycogen stores, being unable to compensate for this rise in
      glucose concentration in plasma. Similar results were obtained when endogenous
      secretion of epinephrine was enhanced by carotid sinus-chemoreceptor stimulation.
      Insulin had no effect on the capacity of erythrocytes to absorb glucose. These
      data suggest a role for erythrocytes in the transport of glucose to different
      regions in the organism's circulation and in the regulation of glucose
      concentration in plasma.

PMID- 2647550
TI  - Tolbutamide as mimic of glucose on beta-cell electrical activity. ATP-sensitive
      K+ channels as common pathway for both stimuli.
AB  - It is accepted for insulin-secreting cells in culture that the closure of ATP
      sensitive K+ channels causes the glucose-dependent depolarization of pancreatic
      beta-cells seen at subthreshold levels (less than 100 mg/dl) of glucose. The
      question remains for the more thoroughly studied beta-cells in freshly dissected
      intact islets, however, whether closure of these channels is responsible for
      subthreshold glucose-dependent depolarization and suprathreshold glucose
      dependent regulation of membrane electrical activity. To answer this, we took
      advantage of the ability of tolbutamide, an orally active antidiabetic agent, to
      specifically inhibit ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic beta-cells to
      determine whether these channels are active at sub- and suprathreshold levels of
      glucose and whether channel closure by tolbutamide reproduces the
      electrophysiological effects of glucose stimulation. We recorded membrane
      electrical activity from freshly dissected adult mouse pancreatic islets exposed
      to various levels of glucose and tolbutamide. As previously found by others,
      tolbutamide depolarizes islet cells in the absence of glucose, but we have found
      that, although the depolarization can trigger Ca2+ action potentials (spikes), a
      glucose-dependent permissive factor may be required for the normal bursting
      pattern of spiking. More significantly, we found that, unlike other beta-cell
      stimuli, tolbutamide specifically mimics the effects of glucose stimulation on
      the pattern of suprathreshold electrical activity. The effects were seen with
      levels of tolbutamide that correspond to those required to inhibit ATP-sensitive
      K+ channels. These data suggest that ATP-sensitive K+ channels are active at sub-
      and suprathreshold levels of glucose and may be the sole pathway by which either
      glucose or tolbutamide depolarizes beta-cells and controls beta-cell electrical
      activity.

PMID- 2647551
TI  - Metabolite-regulated ATP-sensitive K+ channel in human pancreatic islet cells.
AB  - In patch-clamped surface cells of human islets, we identified an inwardly
      rectifying, voltage-independent K+ channel that may be a crucial link between
      substrate metabolism and depolarization-induced insulin secretion. It is the
      major channel open at rest. It closes on exposure of the cell to secretagogue
      concentrations of glucose or other metabolic fuels and oral hypoglycemic
      sulfonylureas but reopens on addition of either a metabolic inhibitor that
      prevents substrate utilization or the hyperglycemic sulfonamide diazoxide. Onset
      of electrical activity coincides with channel closure by the secretagogues. In
      excised patches, the activity of this channel is inhibited at its cytoplasmic
      surface by ATP. These results suggest that in humans, as in rodents, 1) rises in
      cytoplasmic ATP levels during substrate metabolism trigger K+-channel closure and
      cell depolarization and 2) clinically useful sulfonamides modulate glucose
      induced insulin secretion, in part by affecting a readily identifiable resting
      conductance pathway for K+.

PMID- 2647552
TI  - Risk factors for progression of background retinopathy in long-standing IDDM.
AB  - Risk factors for the development of severe forms of diabetic retinopathy were
      examined prospectively in a group of 153 patients with long-standing insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus. During a 4-yr follow-up study, 34 individuals
      progressed to preproliferative and proliferative retinopathy. The risk of
      progression to severe forms of diabetic retinopathy was determined by the degree
      of background diabetic retinopathy and several systemic factors. It increased
      steeply with hemoglobin A1c, declined proportionally with increasing age, and was
      dramatically different in patients with diastolic blood pressure below versus
      above 70 mmHg. Although the mechanisms of action of these systemic factors are
      unclear, the findings emphasize the multifactorial nature of the pathogenesis of
      severe forms of eye lesions.

PMID- 2647553
TI  - Synthesis-secretion coupling of insulin. Effect of cyclosporin.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of cyclosporin (Cs) on insulin secretion and
      synthesis from the endocrine pancreas. With in vitro perfused pancreases from
      control and Cs-treated rats (1, 5, 10, or 25 mg.kg-1.day-1 for 2 wk), a dose
      response relationship between Cs dose and inhibition of insulin secretion was
      demonstrated. Examination of the dynamic secretory response to a glucose stimulus
      (200 mg/dl) over a 3-h perfusion revealed an inhibition of all three secretory
      phases. Similarly, the ability of the pancreases to synthesize insulin decreased
      as a function of Cs dose. Reversibility of Cs toxicity on the pancreas was
      established by 2 wk after cessation of treatment. To evaluate the effect of Cs
      treatment in vivo, intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed. Rats
      treated with 25 mg.kg-1.day-1 Cs for 2 wk had significantly lower k values (slope
      of log glucose concentration over time) than controls. At 10 mg.kg-1.day-1,
      although curves that appeared abnormal were observed, k values were not
      significantly different from those of controls. In summary, this study
      demonstrates the profound inhibitory effect of Cs on the endocrine pancreas.

PMID- 2647554
TI  - Functional and morphological changes in mediobasal hypothalamus of streptozocin
      induced diabetic rats. In vitro study of LHRH release.
AB  - To investigate the role of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) in diabetic gonadal
      axis disorders, the MBHs of adult male streptozocin-induced diabetic (STZ-D) rats
      were examined after incubation in basal conditions or in K+-enriched medium and
      compared with those of controls. Diabetes lasted 1 mo. Both luteinizing-hormone
      releasing hormone (LHRH) release and MBH morphology were studied. After
      incubation in basal conditions, the LHRH release was unchanged. By light
      microscopy, the dilated-axon cross sections were more numerous (P less than .01)
      in the basal arcuate nucleus and in the median eminence. By electron microscopy,
      the ratio of exocytoses to neurosecretory granules observed in the median
      eminence axon cross sections was smaller (P less than .05). The total LHRH
      immunoreactivity, the number of labeled axons, and the amount of positive
      material in the axons were reduced (P less than .05). After incubation in K+
      enriched medium, the LHRH release was markedly reduced (P less than .01). The
      number and area of dilated-axon cross sections, possibly because of the relation
      between exocytosis and physiological dilation, were less augmented (P less than
      .01). Whereas the number of exocytoses and the ratio of exocytoses to
      neurosecretory granules were not decreased, the total LHRH immunoreactivity and
      the number of labeled axons were reduced (P less than .05). The releasable LHRH
      pool therefore seems to be exhausted in control MBH because of long-term
      stimulation and reduced in the MBH of STZ-D rats because of diabetes. In
      conclusion, STZ-D causes functional and anatomical MBH lesions that should be
      pathogenetically relevant for the disorders of the gonadal axis documented in
      this animal model.

PMID- 2647555
TI  - Exercise-induced fall in insulin and increase in fat metabolism during prolonged
      muscular work.
AB  - The role of the exercise-induced fall in insulin in fat metabolism was studied in
      dogs during 150 min of treadmill exercise alone (controls) or with insulin
      clamped at basal levels by an intraportal infusion to prevent the normal fall in
      insulin concentration (ICs). To counteract the suppressive effect of insulin on
      glucagon release, glucagon was supplemented by an intraportal infusion in ICs. In
      all dogs, catheters were placed in a carotid artery and in the portal and hepatic
      veins for sampling and in the vena cava and the splenic vein for infusion
      purposes. Glucose levels were clamped in ICs to recreate the glycemic response
      evident in controls. In controls, insulin fell by 7 +/- 1 microU/ml but was
      unchanged from basal levels in ICs (0 +/- 2 microU/ml). Glucagon, norepinephrine,
      epinephrine, and cortisol rose similarly in controls and ICs. Arterial free-fatty
      acid (FFA) levels rose by 644 +/- 126 mu eq/L in controls but did not increase in
      ICs (-12 +/- 148 mu eq/L). Arterial glycerol levels rose by 337 +/- 43 and 183 +/
      19 microM in controls and ICs. Hepatic FFA delivery and fractional extraction
      increased by 17 +/- 3 and 0.06 +/- 0.02 mumol.kg-1.min-1, respectively, in
      controls. In ICs, hepatic FFA delivery increased by only 1 +/- 2 mumol.kg-1.min
      1, whereas hepatic fractional extraction fell slightly (-0.03 +/- 0.03).
      Consequently, net hepatic FFA uptake rose by 4.8 +/- 1.5 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in
      controls but decreased slightly in ICs (-0.5 +/- 1.1 mumol.kg-1.min-1).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647556
TI  - Effect of aspirin alone and aspirin plus dipyridamole in early diabetic
      retinopathy. A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. The DAMAD Study
      Group.
AB  - In a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in two French
      and two United Kingdom centers, the effect of antiplatelet agents, i.e., aspirin
      alone (330 mg 3 times daily) or in combination with dipyridamole (75 mg 3 times
      daily), was tested versus placebo in 475 patients with early diabetic
      retinopathy. The assessment of retinopathy was based on change in the number of
      microaneurysms (MAs) present in the macular field, as seen on fluorescein
      angiograms, over 3 yr. Forty-one patients did not complete the study. At least
      three readable initial and yearly angiograms were available on 420 patients (266
      treated with insulin and 154 not treated); the results reported are based on
      these patients. The mean yearly increase in definite MAs was similar in insulin
      treated and non-insulin-treated diabetic patients. There was no significant
      difference between the aspirin-alone group (0.69 +/- 5.1 mean +/- SD, n = 145)
      and the aspirin-plus-dipyridamole group (0.34 +/- 3.0, n = 142). In the placebo
      group the mean yearly increase (1.44 +/- 4.5, n = 133) was significantly higher
      than in the treated group (P = .02, 1-tailed t test). There was a clear
      relationship between the deterioration in ophthalmological signs and the increase
      in mean yearly MAs (clinically stable, 0.38 +/- 3.96, n = 293; deteriorating,
      1.79 +/- 4.89, n = 127; P = .002, 2-tailed t test). We conclude that aspirin
      alone and in conjunction with dipyridamole significantly slows the progression of
      MA evolution in early diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2647557
TI  - Effect of d-fenfluramine on basal glucose turnover and fat-feeding-induced
      insulin resistance in rats.
AB  - There is evidence that fenfluramine improves insulin action independently of its
      anorectic and weight-loss-inducing properties. Chronic d-fenfluramine also
      reduces hypothalamic noradrenergic tone, which correlates highly with hepatic
      glucose output. We report that chronic d-fenfluramine (5 mg.kg-1.day-1)
      ameliorates insulin resistance induced by high-fat feeding. Insulin action was
      assessed in adult male rats at basal insulin levels and at hyperinsulinemia
      (approximately 140 mU/L with the euglycemic clamp technique). Hepatic glucose
      production, peripheral glucose disposal, and individual tissue glucose metabolism
      were determined from bolus injections of [3H]-2-deoxyglucose and [14C]glucose.
      Food intake was matched between groups. Basal glucose turnover was reduced 28% (P
      less than .05) in fat-fed rats receiving d-fenfluramine (fat + fen). The glucose
      infusion rate to maintain euglycemia was 22.0 +/- 1.1 mg.kg-1.min-1 in the high
      carbohydrate-fed rats, 8.2 +/- 1.0 in fat-fed rats, and 15.1 +/- 0.5 in the fat +
      fen group. Peripheral glucose disposal, reflecting measured skeletal muscle
      changes, was reduced by fat feeding (from 23.5 +/- 1.0 to 13.8 +/- 0.6 mg.kg
      1.min-1) but was improved by d-fenfluramine (16.9 +/- 0.5, P less than .05 vs.
      fat fed). Impaired suppression of hepatic glucose output by insulin, caused by
      fat feeding, was totally reversed by d-fenfluramine. Thus, d-fenfluramine
      counteracted diet-induced insulin resistance, with the predominant effect on the
      liver. We hypothesize that d-fenfluramine improves insulin action by reducing
      hypothalamic noradrenergic tone, which in turn reduces the neural drive to
      hepatic glucose output and improves the hepatic response to insulin.

PMID- 2647558
TI  - Long-term study of normal kidneys transplanted into patients with type I
      diabetes.
AB  - We examined the rate of development of the lesions of diabetic nephropathy in
      transplanted kidneys residing for 6-14 yr in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic
      kidney-allograft recipients. Although each recipient had end-stage diabetic
      nephropathy with his/her own kidneys, there was marked variability in the rate of
      development of mesangial expansion observed in the transplanted kidneys. The
      progression of glomerular pathology, including widening of the glomerular
      basement membrane and expansion of the mesangium, did not correlate significantly
      with several potential risk factors (e.g., donor source--cadaver or living
      related, histocompatibility match, age of the recipient or donor, age at onset of
      diabetes, duration of diabetes before renal failure, immunosuppressive drug dose,
      blood pressure, and severity of lesions of chronic rejection). However, there was
      a direct albeit imprecise relationship between the index of mesangial expansion
      at the final biopsy and the index of glycemic control (r = .61, P less than .01).
      These observations suggest that currently unknown factor(s) may modulate the
      progression of diabetic renal disease, even in a population that had uniformly
      demonstrated nephropathy risk. Our data support the hypothesis that in addition
      to glycemic control per se, there are risk factors intrinsic to the kidney
      itself.

PMID- 2647559
TI  - Abnormal action of catecholamines on lipolysis in adipocytes of type I diabetic
      patients treated with insulin.
AB  - Catecholamine-induced lipolysis was investigated in adipocytes obtained before
      and after 30 min of exercise from 10 insulin-treated type I (insulin-dependent)
      diabetic men and 10 male matched control subjects. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      mediated antilipolytic effect of catecholamines was normal, but the beta
      adrenoceptor-mediated lipolytic sensitivity was increased 10-fold (P less than
      .01) in diabetic subjects before and after exercise. The latter correlated
      inversely (r greater than .7) with the circulating norepinephrine level, which
      was significantly reduced in diabetic subjects. Basal lipolysis and lipolysis
      activated at different steps distal to the beta-receptor were similar in the two
      groups. There was no major change in the total number of beta- and alpha
      adrenoceptors in the diabetic patients. However, the proportion of high-affinity
      beta-adrenoceptors was significantly increased in these patients compared with
      control subjects. In the diabetic patients, approximately 50% of the beta
      adrenoceptors were in a high-affinity state, compared to approximately 30% in the
      control subjects (P less than .025). In diabetic subjects there was an enhanced
      plasma glycerol response to exercise, despite a blunted plasma norepinephrine
      response. The data suggest enhanced sensitivity of catecholamine-induced
      lipolysis in type I diabetes due to an increase in the number of high-affinity
      (i.e., coupled) beta-adrenoceptors in fat cells. This mechanism may be due to low
      levels of circulating norepinephrine and may also explain the exaggerated
      lipolytic response to exercise in the diabetic state.

PMID- 2647560
TI  - Initial pathogenic events in IDDM.
AB  - A workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human
      Development was held in June 1988 to discuss the initial events in the
      pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes and to make recommendations for future
      studies. Better definition of immunological markers to reliably predict the
      disease will enable the detection and study of the earliest pathogenic events
      involved. The precise autoimmune mechanisms and the role of the environment, both
      in the initiation of the disease process and precipitation of clinically overt
      disease, need to be accurately determined to define strategies that might
      eventually lead to its prevention.

PMID- 2647561
TI  - Phenoxy herbicides and cancer: insufficient epidemiologic evidence for a causal
      relationship.
AB  - The question as to whether or not any or all of the phenoxy herbicides are
      carcinogenic to humans continues to be evaluated. We review the evidence
      available from the retrospective cohort and case-control epidemiology studies.
      Graphs of the individual probability densities for the odds ratios from the eight
      case-control studies of soft-tissue sarcoma, Hodgkin's disease, or non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma demonstrate gross inconsistencies which are not likely to be
      attributable to chance. Early studies, conducted in Sweden, had indicated strong
      associations, but subsequent work from New Zealand and the United States has
      failed to substantiate those findings. The reasons for the discordant results may
      relate more to methodologic problems in the earlier studies than to qualitative
      or quantitative differences in the exposures of the underlying populations. The
      retrospective cohort studies offer the advantage of having focused on
      occupational groups believed to have had the highest exposures, although they
      have been criticized as being individually too small to assess the risks of the
      rarer forms of cancer. Consideration of the combined cohort studies of workers
      exposed to the phenoxy herbicides per se provides little or no evidence of
      carcinogenicity. Thus, the total weight of evidence currently available does not
      support a conclusion that the phenoxy herbicides present a carcinogenic hazard to
      humans.

PMID- 2647562
TI  - Clinical measurement.
AB  - Clinical measurement is performed using personal observations and from using
      instruments. Acts of clinical measurement yield data that inform patient care and
      research. This article reviews several purposes of clinical measurement, a number
      of clinical measurement tools, interpretation of clinical data, and measurement
      accuracy. Examples relevant to the work of family physicians are provided.
      Throughout, the purpose is to suggest that clinical measurement lies at the heart
      of patient care and research. Measurement deserves the attention of family
      physicians in all phases of their work.

PMID- 2647563
TI  - [Borderline chronic active hepatitis/primary biliary cirrhosis, associated with
      autoimmune thrombopenic purpura].

PMID- 2647564
TI  - [Adsorption potency of 2 clays, smectite and kaolin on bacterial enterotoxins. In
      vitro study in cell culture and in the intestine of newborn mice].
AB  - The use of clays in the treatment of enterocolitis is justified by their ability
      to adsorb viruses, biliary acids and bacterial toxins secreted into the
      intestinal lumen. We have studied the in vitro inactivation of the LT toxins of
      Vibrio cholerae and E. coli, the ST toxin of ETEC and the verotoxin of EHEC.
      These various toxins were incubated with two types of clays, smectite and kaolin,
      to investigate the influence of dose, pH variations and the duration of contact
      of the clays with the toxins. Irrespective of their presence or absence in the
      supernatant, the biological activity of the toxins was assessed in cell culture
      and in the newborn mouse test. Both clays inactivated the LT toxin. Smectite was
      more efficient than kaolin as it was active immediately especially at the pH of
      intestinal chyme. The LT toxins were adsorbed on the clays by hydrogen bonding.
      This permitted the segregation of the toxins and prevented them from being fixed
      to the membrane receptors on the cells. The two clays were ineffective against
      the verotoxin of EHEC when the pH was alkaline although they were more efficient
      at acid pH. ST toxin of ETEC was slightly adsorbed by smectite and kaolin.

PMID- 2647565
TI  - [Comparison of the implantation and metabolic activity of human and rat fecal
      flora administered to axenic rats].
AB  - Gnotobiotic rodents are increasingly used as a model for studying in vivo the
      characteristics of human colonic flora. However, the value of this model has been
      poorly assessed. In this study fecal bacterial flora provided either by a
      conventional rat (group RFR) or by man (group RFH) was administered orally to two
      groups of 6 germ-free rats. One month later, quantitative bacteriological
      analyses of feces revealed that bacterial populations were close to those of
      donors in both groups. The metabolic activity of the genuine flora was further
      compared in groups RFR and RFH with that of the implanted flora: a)
      concentrations of each fecal volatile fatty acid and of fecal bile acids were
      similar in conventional and RFR rats as well as the percentage of transformation
      of cholesterol into coprostanol (48 p. 100 and 54 +/- 5 p. 100 respectively; m +/
      SD); b) similar concentrations of fecal volatile fatty acids were obtained from
      the human donor and RFH rats. Alpha, beta and omega muricholic acids absent in
      human donor's feces were found in RFH feces. Cholesterol transformation was lower
      in RFH rats (48 +/- 9 p. 100) than in man (85 p. 100); c) a single dose of
      lactulose (3 g/kg) increased breath hydrogen excretion in man but not in
      conventional or in RFR rats and RFH. Chronic lactulose ingestion (3 g/kg d.i.b.
      for 8 days) had no effect in conventional or RFR rats. Hydrogen excretion was
      decreased in man, whereas it was significantly increased in RFH rats.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647566
TI  - [Is Campylobacter pylori responsible for ulcer disease?].

PMID- 2647567
TI  - [Anatomopathologic staging of colorectal cancer].

PMID- 2647568
TI  - Colorectal cancer and colonic Crohn's disease. A matter for analysis and
      reflection.

PMID- 2647569
TI  - [Antibiotics and cirrhosis].

PMID- 2647570
TI  - [Campylobacter pylori: diagnostic value of the urease test during endoscopy].
AB  - The aims of this prospective study were a) to evaluate the diagnostic value of
      the urease test for the detection of C. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens, b) to
      specify the prevalence of C. pylori in a sample of 74 patients from the Grenoble
      area undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, c) to analyze the density of
      bacteria according to the biopsy site (antrum, body, edges of ulcer), d) to
      demonstrate any possible correlation between the histologic state of the antral
      and body mucosa and the presence of C. pylori. An antral biopsy was taken for the
      urease test during endoscopy. Biopsies were also taken from the body, the antrum
      and the edges of gastric or duodenal ulcers for bacterial and histologic studies,
      and urease test in the bacterial laboratory. The sensitivity and the specificity
      of the urease test during endoscopy varied according to the delay in observation
      of the color change. They were 0.81 and 0.84, respectively, at 2 h 30. The
      sensitivity and specificity of the urease test in the bacterial laboratory were
      0.67 and 0.95, respectively, for the same delay. The global prevalence of C.
      pylori was 51 p. 100: it was 42 p. 100 in the absence of ulcer, 67 p. 100 in the
      presence of gastric ulcer, and 71 p. 100 in the presence of duodenal ulcer (p
      less than 0.05 compared to the group without ulcer).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2647571
TI  - [Hepatic undifferentiated (or embryonal) sarcoma. Diagnostic and therapeutic
      problems apropos of botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma].
AB  - Primary undifferentiated sarcomas (also called embryonal sarcomas or malignant
      mesenchymomas) are an exceptional form of cancer of the liver, occurring
      preferentially in children or adolescents. They can exhibit poor differentiation,
      embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma being the most frequent. To date, therapeutic success
      has been reported only rarely. The authors describe the case of a 16 year old boy
      with primary hepatic sarcoma showing a rhabdomyoblastic differentiation, who is
      in complete remission two years after total surgical resection and
      polychemotherapy.

PMID- 2647572
TI  - Immunohistochemical examination for mycobacteria in intestinal tissues from
      patients with Crohn's disease.
AB  - We conducted an immunohistochemical search for mycobacteria in the intestinal
      tissues of patients with Crohn's disease. Tissues obtained by biopsy or surgical
      resection and fixed by a variety of methods (formalin, periodate-lysine
      paraformaldehyde, fresh-frozen) were reacted by an immunoperoxidase method with
      antibodies to (a) Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strain linda, (b) M.
      tuberculosis, and (c) the common mycobacterial antigen, lipoarabinomannan. Each
      of the antibody preparations was shown capable of detecting a variety of typical
      and atypical mycobacteria (M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, M. fortuitum, M.
      chelonei, M. paratuberculosis, and cell wall-defective as well as cell wall
      intact forms of M. avium intracellulare) under conditions identical to those used
      for staining the patients' tissues. We did not detect mycobacteria in any of the
      67 specimens from 30 patients examined. These results, in conjunction with those
      of our previous serologic studies, do not support the hypothesis that infection
      with a Mycobacterium causes Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2647573
TI  - Experimental evaluation of an endoscopic ultrasound probe: in vitro and in vivo
      canine studies.
AB  - We developed an endoscopic echo probe that can be passed via the biopsy channel
      of a flexible fiberoptic or video endoscope with a 3.5-mm channel. The probe
      moves along the gastrointestinal wall under direct endoscopic vision. The
      translational scanning action is sensed by a position potentiometer and combines
      with the ultrasonic B-mode echoes to produce a cross-sectional image of the wall.
      The system uses an ultrasound frequency of 20 MHz to produce high-resolution
      images. The device was used to image canine gastrointestinal tissue in vitro and
      in vivo during endoscopy. Ultrasound images of the gut wall correlate with
      histologic structure. This probe overcomes some of the problems associated with
      the combined ultrasound endoscopes now in use. Use of the probe with video
      endoscopy allows the endoscopic and ultrasound images to be displayed side by
      side, simplifying coordination of application of the two techniques.

PMID- 2647574
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence for a lack of ferritin in duodenal absorptive
      epithelial cells in idiopathic hemochromatosis.
AB  - Patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis exhibit an unexplained increase in
      intestinal iron absorption. The aim of this work was to study immunohistochemical
      H- and L-ferritin distribution in duodenal mucosal cells of patients with
      idiopathic hemochromatosis, and of subjects with various degrees of iron loading.
      Biopsy sections of gastrointestinal mucosa from 24 patients with idiopathic
      hemochromatosis, 10 patients with secondary iron overload, 6 normal subjects, and
      13 iron-deficient subjects were analyzed with monoclonal antibodies for the
      presence of immunohistochemical H and L ferritin types, and with Perls' stain for
      hemosiderin. Ferritin content of duodenal homogenates was evaluated in 5 cases.
      The absorptive duodenal cells were found to contain ferritin, mostly of the L
      type, in apical granules; these ferritin granules were present in all normal,
      iron-deficient, and iron-over-loaded subjects, but were absent in 21 (87%) of the
      patients with established idiopathic hemochromatosis. In cells other than those
      of the duodenal epithelium, such as lamina propria or antral mucosa, ferritin and
      hemosiderin contents were related to iron loading and no difference was evident
      between primary and secondary iron overload. These findings indicate that (a)
      idiopathic hemochromatosis is associated with an altered ferritin expression in
      the duodenal absorptive epithelial cells, (b) this alteration cannot be detected
      by analysis of duodenal homogenates, (c) idiopathic hemochromatosis does not
      affect ferritin accumulation in the other cell types analyzed, and (d) ferritin
      in absorptive duodenal cells may have a regulatory role in iron absorption.

PMID- 2647575
TI  - Interaction of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 0111 with rabbit intestinal
      mucosa in vitro.
AB  - A model system using rabbit intestinal mucosal explants has been developed to
      examine the characteristic ultrastructural damage to the brush border induced by
      enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 0111. In this model, as in others, bacterial
      adherence to the microvillous membranes occurred in two morphologically distinct
      stages. Initial attachment of enteropathogenic strains of E. coli to ileal mucosa
      appeared to be a goblet cells and the mucous layer covering the microvilli. The
      next stage involved binding of enteropathogenic strains of E. coli to the bases
      of the microvilli that became elongated and vesiculated. Eventually, large areas
      of brush border effacement occurred with close apposition between bacterial and
      enterocyte membranes, leading to cup and pedestal formation. With a relatively
      large inoculum of bacteria (10(8) cfu/ml) these changes occurred within 4 h, but
      even with much lower inocula (10(5) cfu/ml) localized areas of damage were seen
      within 8 h. Although the bacteriostatic antibiotic tetracycline (700 mg/L)
      inhibited bacterial replication, it did not prevent the characteristic damage
      produced by enteropathogenic strains of E. coli. Enteropathogenic strains of E.
      coli 0111 were able to produce attaching effacement to gastric, duodenal,
      jejunal, ileal, and colonic mucosa.

PMID- 2647577
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasonography in achalasia.
AB  - Six patients with known achalasia were examined by endoscopic ultrasonography
      before dilatation therapy. At the level of the lower esophageal sphincter, a
      typical enlargement of the echolayer corresponding to the muscularis propria was
      observed in 5 cases. Endoscopic ultrasonography is a complementary procedure to
      manometry and x-ray for diagnosing achalasia. It helps differentiate achalasia
      from pseudoachalasia. In pseudoachalasia there is tumor infiltration.

PMID- 2647576
TI  - Differential effects of atropine and a cholecystokinin receptor antagonist on
      pancreatic secretion.
AB  - The present study evaluates the effect of atropine and of the cholecystokinin
      receptor antagonist loxiglumide on feedback regulation of basal pancreatic
      secretion in 6 healthy volunteers. The intraduodenal instillation of the protease
      inhibitor camostate reduced enzymatic activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin by
      80%. This was accompanied by a strong increase in amylase and lipase output. The
      intravenous infusion of atropine (5 micrograms/kg.h) completely abolished the
      stimulatory effect of camostate on enzyme output. The infusion of loxiglumide (10
      mg/kg.h) caused no changes in camostate-induced stimulation of enzyme output.
      Plasma levels of cholecystokinin were not altered after intraduodenal
      instillation of camostate whether atropine, loxiglumide, or saline were infused.
      We suggest that the protease inhibitor camostate, by inhibition of the enzymatic
      activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin, interferes with feedback regulation of
      basal pancreatic secretion in humans, and this mechanism is predominantly
      mediated by the cholinergic system.

PMID- 2647578
TI  - A multiclinic trial evaluating arbaprostil [15(R)-15-methyl prostaglandin E2] as
      a therapeutic agent for gastric ulcer.
AB  - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiclinic trial evaluated
      arbaprostil [15(R)-15 methyl prostaglandin E2] for the treatment of acute gastric
      ulcer, achieving an overall enrollment of 124 patients (of which 113 were
      considered evaluable). This 6-wk trial used an arbaprostil dose of 10 micrograms
      q.i.d., which has little gastric acid antisecretory activity. Endoscopies were
      performed after 21 and 42 days of treatment, at which times the arbaprostil and
      placebo healing rates, respectively, were 6/59 (10.2%) and 4/53 (7.6%) on day 21
      and 25/59 (42.4%) and 16/50 (32.0%) on day 42. No significant differences between
      the treatment groups were found for pain relief, antacid consumption, and mucosal
      healing. This trial documents that a 10-micrograms dose of arbaprostil (which may
      be considered cytoprotective because of its small effect on gastric acid
      secretion), although safe and associated with no side effects, is not efficacious
      in healing acute gastric ulcers.

PMID- 2647579
TI  - Insulin and the regulation of glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis in American
      eel hepatocytes.
AB  - The regulation of glycogenolysis and alanine and lactate gluconeogenesis,
      glycogenesis, and oxidation by porcine insulin was studied in isolated American
      eel hepatocytes. Experiments were performed in the summer, winter, and spring
      using naturally fluctuating water temperatures to establish the seasonal
      dependence of these processes and their hormone sensitivities. Porcine insulin
      (10(-8) M) maintained glycogen content, decreased total glucose production,
      increased lactate and alanine flux to glycogen in hepatocytes from summer and
      winter eels, and had a small stimulatory effect on alanine gluconeogenesis in the
      spring. The hormone counteracted bovine glucagon-stimulated glycogen depletion
      and glucose production, but only offset the glucagon effect on gluconeogenesis
      when glycogen content was below summer values. Effects of the two hormones on
      oxidation were additive in the summer, but were equivocal at other seasons. The
      magnitudes of the hormone effects on metabolism were generally smaller in the
      winter than in the other seasons. Anglerfish glucagon (10(-8) M) effects, studied
      in the spring, mimicked those of bovine glucagon. Porcine insulin effects in the
      presence of anglerfish glucagon were the same as in the presence of bovine
      glucagon. These studies generally support the antagonistic role between insulin
      and glucagon and the insulin-stimulated C3 precursor flux to glycogen reported in
      mammalian hepatocytes. Although these metabolic processes are seasonally
      adjusted, the precise mechanism involved is not understood.

PMID- 2647580
TI  - Alcoholism: etiologies proposed and therapeutic approaches tried.
AB  - Alcohol, probably the most popular mood-altering drug, has frightening
      consequences when abused. Genetic factors and sociocultural influences contribute
      to alcoholic behavior. Study of endocrines, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides
      may reveal biological markers to help identify those at risk for alcoholism.
      Drinking patterns are often based on the expectation of alcohol's mood-altering
      quality. The focus of treatment has expanded to include not only drinking
      behavior but also emotional, social, and vocational adjustment. Controlled
      drinking has proved effective for some, so that complete abstinence is no longer
      the sole goal of therapy. Behavioral, martial, group and individual, outpatient
      and inpatient therapy, and drugs as adjuncts, all help some alcoholics, but none
      is a cure for all. Answers still lag behind questions but researchers have
      registered some advances that challenge therapists to enlarge therapeutic
      approaches to fit the multifaceted picture of alcoholism.

PMID- 2647581
TI  - Induction of hypodense eosinophils and nuclear hypersegmentation of eosinophils
      by various chemotactic factors and lymphokines in vitro.
AB  - We have previously reported pulmonary eosinophils in eosinophilic pneumonia (PIE
      syndrome) showed two characteristics: hypodensity and nuclear hypersegmentation.
      Our present working hypothesis is that the eosinophil chemotactic factor and
      certain lymphokines may be involved in the induction of these characteristic
      features. Therefore, we examined whether these stimuli can induce two
      characteristics in vitro. Results were as follows. 1) Chemoattracts (ECF-A,
      histamine and PAF) can induce both nuclear hypersegmentation and hypodense
      eosinophils. 2) Hypodense eosinophils can be induced earlier than induction of
      hypersegmented nuclei (hypodense eosinophils within three hours, hypersegmented
      nuclei: 12 hrs). 3) Furthermore, lymphokines can not induce hypodense eosinophil.
      4) However, PHA-lymphocyte culture medium (PHALCM), gamma-IFN and IL-3 + GM-CSF
      can induce hypersegmented nuclei but IL-2 has no effect on nuclear segmentation
      of eosinophils.

PMID- 2647582
TI  - The eosinophil, eosinophilia, and eosinophil-related disorders. III. Clinical
      assessments and eosinophil related disorders.

PMID- 2647583
TI  - The eosinophil, eosinophilia, and eosinophil-related disorders. IV. Eosinophil
      related disorders (continued).

PMID- 2647584
TI  - Complexities of establishing an early diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary
      aspergillosis in children.
AB  - The problem of attempting to diagnose allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
      (ABPA) in children at an early age, prior to the development of undesirable
      sequelae, such as bronchiectasis, is reviewed. Two cases of ABPA with onset under
      the age of ten are presented as illustrations of the complexities of securing an
      early diagnosis of ABPA. ABPA is not infrequent in children, with children under
      ten representing an estimated 9% to 10% of patients with the disorder. A high
      index of suspicion and persistence are important in establishing the diagnosis.
      ABPA may be identified in patients with detectable central bronchiectasis (ABPA
      CB) or in patients seropositive (ABPA-S) who do not yet have bronchiectasis. Some
      complexities in making an early diagnosis of ABPA include: 1) insensitivity of CT
      scans in detecting central bronchiectasis, 2) lack of current chest radiographic
      infiltrates, 3) lack of peripheral blood eosinophilia and precipitins to A.
      fumigatus and 4) weakly reactive immediate skin test to Aspergillus.

PMID- 2647585
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease: specific concerns in the elderly.
AB  - Despite recent improvements in our knowledge concerning IBD in the elderly, much
      is still unknown. Fundamental issues which remain unresolved are: the true
      frequency of disease onset in old age; the natural history and location of
      disease; the response of these patients to medical therapy; the indications for
      surgery; the incidence of postoperative recurrence; and the incidence of cancer
      complicating existing disease. Nevertheless, reasonably successful treatment
      options are available to many elderly IBD patients, given that an alert and
      careful diagnostician identifies the problem.

PMID- 2647586
TI  - Evaluation of weight loss in the elderly.
AB  - Weight loss among elderly patients is a common clinical problem that may herald
      numerous medical and psychosocial disorders. Up to 50% of patients claiming
      weight loss will not have their complaint corroborated by medical records or
      family members. Since modest weight loss may occur as a physiologic change with
      advancing age, the practicing physician must have a working definition of
      pathologic weight loss that triggers an appropriate diagnostic evaluation. After
      a careful initial history, physical exam, and a limited laboratory test battery,
      physicians will identify most patients with physical causes for weight loss. Like
      many other geriatric syndromes, weight loss may require the identification and
      correction of multiple contributing factors.

PMID- 2647587
TI  - Geriatric hearing loss: myths, realities, resources for physicians.
AB  - The recommended protocol for receiving a hearing aid is: a hearing evaluation to
      determine candidacy for a hearing aid and/or ALD; an examination by a physician
      to rule out medical contraindication to hearing aid use; hearing aid selection
      and fitting by a dispensing audiologist or a hearing aid dealer; hearing aid
      orientation/counseling. It is well accepted that sensorineural hearing loss is
      one of the most frequent by-products of the aging process, with prevalence
      ranging from 30 to 50%. The hearing loss and resulting difficulty understanding
      speech can have a negative effect on the quality of one's daily activities and,
      hence, can interfere with the enjoyment of an elderly individual's remaining
      years. The myths of "hearing loss as an inevitable part of aging" no longer
      prevail, however. Advances in biomedical technology have enabled the development
      of smaller hearing aids with wide fitting ranges, making hearing aids a realistic
      option for the majority of elderly hearing-impaired individuals. To maximize
      benefit from hearing aids, the elderly must be identified early via routine
      hearing screening and referred to an audiologist for evaluation and management.

PMID- 2647588
TI  - Alternative first-line therapies in geriatric hypertension.
AB  - Between 45 and 60% of elderly persons have mild to moderate hypertension. In
      those with combined systolic/diastolic hypertension, blood pressure reduction
      significantly reduces morbidity and mortality. Secondary causes of hypertension,
      particularly renovascular, should be considered in elderly patients with a recent
      history of hypertension. Because of their proven efficacy and low cost, low-dose
      thiazide diuretics remain an important first-line therapy. Angiotensin-converting
      enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and calcium-channel blocking agents have also been shown
      to be effective and well-tolerated in the elderly. Increased attention is being
      paid to adverse drug effects and to the overall effect of antihypertensive
      therapy on quality of life. ACE inhibitors are particularly attractive in the
      elderly due to their possibilities in this area. In the elderly, the combination
      of a low-dose thiazide diuretic with an ACE inhibitor enhances antihypertensive
      efficacy while blunting the adverse metabolic effects of the diuretic.

PMID- 2647589
TI  - Pressure sores: a plan for primary care prevention.
AB  - Pressure sores are a preventable cause of increased morbidity, mortality, and
      treatment cost. Prevention begins with a knowledge of risk factors, both external
      and internal, and specific interventional measures for each. Management is best
      implemented using a team: the physician, nurse, nurse's aide, rehab nurse,
      physical therapist, dietitian, and occupational therapist, with an informed
      physician as team director. New management tools available include risk factor
      assessment scales to help in targeting resources.

PMID- 2647590
TI  - Antirheumatic agents: CNS toxicity and its avoidance.
AB  - Altered drug metabolism, polypharmacy, multiple diseases, and errors in self
      medication are all factors seen in the elderly which increase the risk for side
      effects from antirheumatic drug therapy. The geriatric presentation of central
      nervous system (CNS) toxicity, which is common yet frequently overlooked, is
      reviewed as it pertains to various drugs commonly used to treat rheumatic
      disease. Practical advice on avoiding common pitfalls in antirheumatic
      prescribing is offered.

PMID- 2647591
TI  - Concepts related to the study of reactive oxygen and cardiac reperfusion injury.
AB  - The phenomenon of reperfusion injury remains poorly defined. Questions remain
      about whether injury occurs in addition to that produced by hypoxia or ischemia,
      or whether the observed changes simply reflect the unmasking of an underlying
      injury. Various pathological processes which occur upon the return of oxygen to
      hypoxic and ischemic heart tissue have been quantitated to assess the extent of
      reperfusion injury, yet it is not known if they reflect identical or different
      processes. In addition, the mechanism(s) responsible for these diverse changes
      may not be the same in the various model systems used to study reperfusion
      injury. Although reactive oxygen species clearly are formed at reperfusion,
      conclusive evidence that they are producing injury, particularly during the first
      seconds, is not available. Several sources of these reactive oxygen species have
      been proposed but none have been clearly linked with injury in several species or
      model systems. As research in the field of reperfusion injury continues, it is
      imperative for scientists to clearly define the system they are using so that
      studies examining mechanisms of cell lysis at reperfusion are not confused with
      those assessing the occurrence and mechanisms of damage in addition to that
      produced by oxygen deprivation.

PMID- 2647592
TI  - [Sutures and anastomoses of the aorta and large arteries].
AB  - The problems of air-tightness of vascular sutures are discussed. The authors
      suggested and used in the clinic successfully a double-row buried suture of the
      anterior wall of the aorta, pulmonary trunk, and femoral artery under conditions
      of using heparin. The incision for forming the proximal anastomosis in correction
      of coarctation of the aorta is discussed. A circular suture applied to the aorta
      and pulmonary trunk with a single thread was developed in experiments and
      performed in the clinic.

PMID- 2647593
TI  - [Modeling of pulmonary cysts and a method of their treatment].
AB  - A cyst of the lung was modelled by implanting a celloidin ball into its tissue.
      Experiments were conducted on 43 male and female mongrel dogs whose weight ranged
      from 8 to 22 kg. Implantation of a foreign body into the lung leads to the
      development of an inflammatory reaction in its tissue with the formation of a
      connective-tissue capsule which can be compared with acquired cysts of the lung.
      Liquidation of an experimental cyst by means of MK-7 glue causes aseptic
      inflammation terminating in the formation of a connective-tissue scar.

PMID- 2647594
TI  - [Cardiomyoplasty].

PMID- 2647595
TI  - [The motion stable intraosseous wire suture--a prospective study].
AB  - In a prospective study the results of 86 cases of transverse metacarpal and
      phalangeal fractures, corrective osteotomies and bone grafts treated by
      intraosseous wiring were reviewed six months postoperatively. The follow-up rate
      was 98%. Data included the time off work, the functional results in terms of
      total active range of motion of finger joints, intraoperative and postoperative
      complications, and additional stabilizing procedures.

PMID- 2647596
TI  - [Surgical therapy of malacia of the semilunar bone with a modified Graner
      method].
AB  - All operations for lunatomalacia are linked to considerable alteration and
      functional loss of the afflicted wrist joint. The risk of secondary arthrosis due
      to incongruity is very high, and not only because of the complicated biomechanics
      of the carpal bones. The authors present their experiences and results with
      seventeen patients treated for Kienbock's disease, of whom fourteen have been
      reviewed, by a modification of the operation described by Orlando Graner. On the
      basis of this evaluation and comparison to the results described by other
      authors, the method of Graner seems to be definitely suitable, even for younger
      patients. The disadvantage of the relatively obvious restriction in mobility is
      offset by a nearly complete freedom from pain, full strength, and only minor
      secondary arthrosis, even with long postoperative periods.

PMID- 2647597
TI  - Fatality management in mass casualty incidents.
AB  - Medical involvement in mass casualty incidents requires proper planning and
      preparedness. In disaster situations, legal aspects concerning the dead add to
      the general problem of a lack of time, place and resources to maintain routine
      working conditions, and demand authority and competence. The aspects of planning
      the recovery of the dead, transportation and morgue facilities, establishment of
      cause of death, identification, and the final disposition of the dead are
      discussed. The implementation of forensic mass fatality teams is felt to be the
      right answer for a better planning and coordination.

PMID- 2647598
TI  - [Adhesive strength and bonding behavior in graphite-marked bracket positioning].
AB  - During a one-year observation period eleven patients treated with fixed
      appliances and 164 brackets which had been bonded in pairs, were checked at
      periodic intervals. Every patient had brackets positioned on the teeth in the
      first and fourth quadrant without graphite marking and in the second and third
      quadrant with graphite marking. In a parallel in-vitro study with eight pairs of
      teeth the above described conditions were applied. These specimens were examined
      in an universal testing machine in order to determine the magnitude of the shear
      forces. In the in-vivo as well as in the in-vitro study no statistically
      significant correlations were revealed between the graphite marking and the
      durability of adhesion as well as the required shear force of the examined
      brackets. Utilising light microscopy studies, the penetration of adhesive was
      determined in relation to the position of the graphite marking in etched enamel;
      at was harmlessness of the reference medium.

PMID- 2647599
TI  - [Care of anterior diastemata in patients with lip-jaw-palate clefts].
AB  - Missing or peg-shaped upper lateral incisors in cleft patients require different
      treatment. The Maryland bridge, recontouring the tooth with composite or
      reconstruction of the alveolar bone with subsequent prosthetic treatment
      influences the result of orthodontic treatment in a positive procedures way: the
      procedures help to shorten the retention period and to improve the aesthetic
      result.

PMID- 2647600
TI  - [The growth dynamics of malignant melanomas. Long-term establishment of
      melanomas].
AB  - Malignant melanomas have become common skin tumors, with an annual incidence of
      new cases of about 11/100,000 population (applies to Hesse, 1984). Early
      detection and excision of the lesion has found general acceptance. It can be
      calculated from tumor kinetics that, on average, it takes about 10 to 15 years
      for an initial-invasive, superficially spreading melanoma to develop into an
      advanced tumor with invasion of the subcutaneous tissue. On the basis of its
      localisation in the skin, striking pigmentation, and the protracted growth of the
      initial melanoma, early detection ought to be possible in the majority of cases.
      The clinical aspect of the lesion should, in the first instance, be decisive for
      excision, since anamnestic information provided by the patient can lead to wrong
      conclusions. Patients with a light skin sensitive to the sun, and numerous,
      possibly dysplastic, birthmarks, are considered to be at increased risk, and
      should therefore be examined prophylactically every year.

PMID- 2647601
TI  - [Immune modulators in the treatment of malignant melanoma].
AB  - The experience gained to date with immunomodulators used as therapeutical and
      adjuvant measures in the treatment of cutaneous malignant melanoma is reviewed.
      In large studies no therapeutic effect has been shown for levamisole, DNCB and
      BCG preparations. The effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies, histamine type 2
      receptor antagonists, thymus factors and mistletoe extracts cannot yet be
      assessed due to a lack of clinical studies. The recent use of the lymphokines:
      tumor-necrosis factor, interleukin 2 and interferons, has shown that tumor
      therapy with immunomodulators is possible, but many questions still remain to be
      answered, so that their use, especially as an adjuvant measure, should be
      restricted to controlled studies.

PMID- 2647602
TI  - [Modern insulin injection aids in type II diabetic patients].
AB  - In 33 type II diabetics, the effects of switching over to the use of modern
      insulin-injection devices ("injection pens"), on metabolism, the reasons for
      switch-over and acceptance of the devices by the patient, were investigated. The
      switch-over to an "insulin pen" was due to a considerable impairment of vision in
      ten cases, restrictions in the use of the hands in four cases, and a marked fear
      of conventional injection techniques in 14 cases. Thirty-two of the 33 patients
      were satisfied or very satisfied with the injection devices. In 22 patients the
      mean HbA1c values decreased from 8.2 +/- 0.9% to 6.8 +/- 1.0% (p less than 0.01,
      Wilcoxon test, matched pair signed rank test) after 9.1 +/- 3.6 months.

PMID- 2647604
TI  - Frontier Nursing Service--then and now.

PMID- 2647603
TI  - [Reduction of postoperative swelling. Objective measurement of swelling of the
      upper ankle joint in treatment with serrapeptase-- a prospective study].
AB  - Using a quantitative standardized procedure, the swelling of the ankle produced
      by supination trauma was measured. In the 66 patients with fresh rupture of the
      lateral ligament treated surgically at our Department between December 1986 and
      April 1987, a prospective study of the effect of serrapeptase (Aniflazym) on post
      operative swelling and pain was carried out in 3 randomized groups of patients.
      In the group receiving the test substance, the swelling had decreased by 50% on
      the third post-operative day, while in the other two control groups (elevation of
      the leg, bed rest, with and without the application of ice) no reduction in
      swelling had occurred at that time. The difference is statistically significant
      (p = 0.013). Decreasing pain correlated for the most part with the reduction in
      swelling. Thus, the patients receiving the test substance more rapidly became
      pain-free than did the control groups. On the basis of these results,
      serrapeptase would appear to be an effective preparation for the post-operative
      reduction of swelling, in comparison with the classical conservative measures,
      for example, the application of ice.

PMID- 2647605
TI  - Glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) infused intravenously is
      insulinotropic in the fasting state in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - The effects of an intravenous infusion of porcine GIP on beta-cell secretion in
      patients with untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus have been studied. The subjects
      were studied on two separate days. After a 10 h overnight fast and a further 120
      min basal period they were given an intravenous infusion of porcine GIP (2
      pmol.kg-1.min-1) or control solution in random order from 120-140 min. Frequent
      plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide and GIP measurements were made throughout and
      the study was continued until 200 min. Plasma glucose levels were similar
      throughout both tests. During the GIP infusion there was an early significant
      rise in insulin concentration from 0.058 +/- 0.006 nmol/l to 0.106 +/- 0.007
      nmol/l (P less than 0.01) within 6 min of commencing the GIP infusion and insulin
      levels reached a peak of 0.131 +/- 0.011 nmol/l at 10 min (P less than 0.01).
      Insulin levels remained significantly elevated during the rest of the GIP
      infusion (P less than 0.01-0.001) and returned to basal values 20 min post
      infusion. No change in basal insulin values was seen during the control infusion.
      C-peptide levels were similarly raised during the GIP infusion and the increase
      was significant just 4 min after commencing the GIP infusion (P less than 0.05).
      GIP levels increased from 16 +/- 3 pmol/l prior to the infusion to a peak of 286
      +/- 24 pmol/l 20 min later. At 4 min when a significant beta-cell response was
      observed GIP levels were well within the physiological range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647606
TI  - Effect of different insulin administration modalities on vitamin D metabolism of
      insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
AB  - The vitamin D status of IDDs was studied in 3 groups of patients who were treated
      for several months with (i) conventional insulin therapy (group I, n = 17, HbA1 =
      10.1 +/- 0.5%); (ii) continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII, group II, n
      = 11, HbA1 = 8.9 +/- 0.6%); and (iii) continuous intraperitoneal insulin infusion
      (CPII, group III, n = 13, HbA1 = 8.0 +/- 0.4%). In all patient groups the plasma
      concentration of vitamin D metabolites were within normal range. However plasma
      25 OH D (ng/ml) was significantly lower in groups I (13.0 +/- 0.8, P less than
      0.01) and II (12.5 +/- 1.5, P less than 0.02) than in group III: 22.1 +/- 2.3
      (normal range 7-27). Plasma 24,25-(OH)2D (ng/ml) was positively correlated to
      plasma 25 OH D and was significantly decreased in groups I (1.5 +/- 0.2, P less
      than 0.05) and II (1.4 +/- 0.2, P less than 0.05) compared with group III: 2.3 +/
      0.3. No significant differences were found in plasma 1,25-(OH)2D between the
      three groups of diabetics. Plasma PTH was similar in the three groups. The same
      differences in plasma 25 OH D were observed between the patients treated with
      CPII and 15 subcutaneously treated patients matched for diabetic control (HbA1
      less than 10 per cent). The present results seem to indicate that insulin might
      have a stimulatory effect on the hepatic 25 hydroxylase activity.

PMID- 2647607
TI  - Cell-density-dependent release of hepatic lipase from cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Cultured rat hepatocytes release the enzyme hepatic lipase. In this study we
      investigated the effect of cell density on this metabolic function under a
      variety of experimental conditions. The release of hepatic lipase from cultured
      rat hepatocytes exhibits a cell-density dependence, the secretion per mg cell
      protein being increased with increasing cell density. When cell density
      dependence was taken into consideration no significant effect of insulin on the
      release of hepatic lipase from cultured hepatocytes was observed, whereas
      glucagon suppressed the release. Glucose stimulating the release of the enzyme,
      especially in cultures with high cell density.

PMID- 2647608
TI  - Persistently low immunoreactive and normally bioactive plasma LH during male
      puberty.
AB  - Low basal and LRH-stimulated (50 mcg/m2 i.v.) levels of plasma immunoreactive
      (IR) LH were repeatedly found in 8 boys aged 13 to 16 years who had been referred
      because of delayed onset of puberty (basal IR-LH 0.19 +/- 0.1 and peak 0.48 +/-
      0.2 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.09 and 1.71 +/- 0.9 mIU/ml in matched normal controls,
      respectively). Upon termination of puberty (no more than 3.5 years after
      referral) IR-LH levels were still low in all 8. Using a rat Leydig cell bioassay
      system with LER-907 (NPA) as standard, LH bioactivity in these patients was
      compared with that in 8 matched controls (basal LH was 0.32 +/- 0.33 and 0.11 +/-
      0.07, and peak levels 0.8 +/- 0.47 and 1.22 +/- 0.44 mIU/ml respectively). The
      ratio of basal LH bioactivity to IR-LH was higher in the patients (1.24 +/- 0.95)
      than in controls (0.47 +/- 0.26, P less than .05) as was that of peak bioactivity
      (1.89 +/- 1.2 vs. 0.83 +/- 0.35, P less than .05). In the three patients tested
      during sleep IR-LH levels showed no significant change. Basal plasma testosterone
      levels were appropriate for pubertal stage (400 +/- 80 ng/dl) and in the four
      patients tested following prolonged LRH stimulation (500 mcg i.v. over 3 hours)
      increased to 530 +/- 60 ng/dl. It is concluded that in some boys there may be
      consistently low plasma levels of IR-LH in association with normal LH
      bioactivity.

PMID- 2647609
TI  - Potentiation of cholinergic tone counteracts the suppressive effect of oral
      glucose administration on the GH response to GHRH in man.

PMID- 2647610
TI  - The aminopyrine breath test predicts the outcome of hepatic transplantation in
      pigs.
AB  - The aminopyrine breath test has been performed on Day 1 and Day 7 in pigs
      following experimental liver allografting. The results show that at 24 hr after
      surgery there was a significant reduction in liver function in all animals as
      measured by the elimination rate constant of 14CO2 in the breath. This was very
      profound in the group that died within 5 days (0.09 +/- 0.01 hr-1) and was
      significantly different from the group that survived (0.16 +/- 0.01 hr-1). There
      appears to be a critical value of the elimination rate constant (= 0.12 hr-1)
      which predicts death within 5 days. These results would justify a trial of the
      aminopyrine breath test in patients after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2647611
TI  - Impaired liver function in stable renal allograft recipients.
AB  - Hepatic failure as a cause of death is increased in stable renal allograft
      recipients when compared with patients on dialysis. In order to assess the
      magnitude and the natural history of the hepatic functional derangement, the
      kinetics of xenobiotics which are metabolized by cytosolic (galactose) or
      microsomal (prednisolone, cyclosporine A) enzymes were determined in 28
      consecutive stable kidney transplant patients 1 month and 1 year after
      transplantation. Renal transplant patients had a decreased mean (+/- S.D.)
      galactose elimination capacity at 1 month (6.26 +/- 0.94 mg per min x kg) and at
      1 year (5.93 +/- 0.96 mg per min x kg), when compared with a different group of
      28 healthy control subjects (7.52 +/- 0.78 mg per min x kg, p less than 0.001)
      and a decreased total body clearance of prednisolone at 1 month (2.13 +/- 0.34 ml
      per min x kg vs. 2.71 +/- 0.43 ml per min x kg in controls, p less than 0.001),
      which further decreased over the following year to 1.76 +/- 0.32 ml per min x kg
      (p less than 0.001). The clearance of cyclosporine A declined significantly
      during the first year of successful transplantation (5.9 +/- 2.1 ml per min x kg
      vs. 4.9 +/- 1.2 ml per min x kg, p less than 0.05). In conclusion, a substantial
      proportion of stable renal transplant recipients have decreased cytosolic and
      microsomal liver functions despite the absence of clinical and laboratory
      evidence of significant liver disease.

PMID- 2647612
TI  - Experimental systems for the study of hepadnavirus and hepatitis delta virus
      infections.
AB  - The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the number of approaches
      available for the study of hepadnavirus and hepatitis delta virus infections. In
      this review, we have summarized the recent applications of these approaches to
      the study of virus replication, tissue specificity, liver injury and
      hepatocellular carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2647613
TI  - The coming of age of vitamin E.

PMID- 2647614
TI  - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease).
AB  - A child of 11 years with a solitary involvement of the right radius by sinus
      histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease) is presented.
      The literature of bone involvement in this condition is reviewed.

PMID- 2647615
TI  - Medicare PPOs may help control Part B costs.

PMID- 2647616
TI  - Medicaid budget prompts lawsuit in Michigan.

PMID- 2647617
TI  - Bispecific antibody-producing hybrid hybridoma and its use in one-step
      immunoassays for human lymphotoxin.
AB  - A hybrid hybridoma cell line secreting a bispecific monoclonal antibody (MAb) was
      constructed by fusing horseradish peroxidase (HRPO)-immunized mouse splenocytes
      with previously established mouse hybridomas secreting anti-human lymphotoxin
      (hLT). This cell line was grown in ascitic fluid in mice to obtain large
      quantities of hybrid MAbs and a bispecific antibody, reacting with both HRPO and
      hLT, was separated from the monospecific antibody or other inactive
      immunoglobulin populations by hydroxylapatite chromatography. Sodium
      dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the
      bispecific antibody molecule contained two different types of heavy and light
      chains of both anti-HRPO and anti-hLT origin. The bispecific antibody was used to
      establish one-step enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) employing competitive and sandwich
      systems. The simple sandwich EIA was able to detect 1-100 U/ml of hLT and there
      was good correlation (r = 0.96) between hLT concentrations measured by the one
      step EIA and a bioassay using L929 cell-lysis.

PMID- 2647618
TI  - Supporting families during chronic illness.

PMID- 2647619
TI  - Another look at psychologic complications of hysterectomy.
AB  - As with any surgical procedure, hysterectomy has associated physiological and
      psychological complications. While the picture of physiological complications has
      changed markedly over the past 45 years in response to research findings and
      medical advances, there seems to have been little change in the perception and
      treatment of psychological complications. Textbooks in medicine and nursing
      remain close to the current research when citing physiological complications,
      their diagnosis and treatment. However, in these same texts, sections concerning
      psychological complications continue to cite very early studies linking
      hysterectomy and depression. Current research has failed to support this link
      between hysterectomy and depression.

PMID- 2647620
TI  - Responses to high technology infertility treatment.

PMID- 2647621
TI  - Fear of contagion: the public response to AIDS.
AB  - The threat of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has triggered a specific
      public response: fear of contagion, an anxiety over the perceived threat of
      catching the disease. Four behaviors characterize this fear: avoidance,
      attempting extreme precautions, lack of regard for the victims, and expressions
      of fear of catching the disease. Social and cultural values, which attach a deep
      symbolic meaning to AIDS, combine with misperceptions about transmission to
      create this public reaction. This fear results in the isolation and rejection of
      AIDS and potential AIDS clients. Fear of contagion may be a useful concept in
      nursing interventions for motivating risk-reduction behavior and creating a more
      therapeutic environment for persons with AIDS. Agendas for nursing research are
      suggested.

PMID- 2647622
TI  - [Borna disease].
AB  - Using Borna disease as a model, the consequences of persistent virus infections
      of the central nervous system, in particular of "slow virus diseases", are
      briefly described. Both latent and active forms of the disease have much in
      common with chronically progressive diseases of the central nervous system in
      animals and man which have until now remained unexplained. Virologically and
      serologically there exist simple laboratory procedures to examine the
      pathogenesis and immunology of the disease, in addition to suitable laboratory
      animals and a variety of cell cultures.

PMID- 2647623
TI  - [Immunoscintigraphy with radionuclide-labeled monoclonal antibodies for tumor
      diagnosis and in benign diseases].
AB  - Immunoscintigraphy using radiolabeled (technetium-99m, indium-111, iodine-131)
      monoclonal antibodies is successfully (sensitivity over 80%, specificity over
      90%) applied since some years in the clinic for the detection of CEA- and or CA
      19-9-producing colorectal and CA 125-positive ovarian carcinoma recurrences and
      just recently for the diagnosis of benign diseases (myocardial
      infarction/transplant rejection/thrombosis/abscess localization.

PMID- 2647624
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - The value of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) produced against renal, bladder and
      prostate cancer antigens is demonstrated. These mAb allow a molecular
      classification of urological cancers as well as therapeutic approaches in cancer
      treatment. Anti-T-cell mAb can also be used in cellular rejection of kidney
      transplants.

PMID- 2647625
TI  - [Methods and problems of Legionella diagnosis].
AB  - 33 species of legionellae with 50 different serotypes are known. Phenotypical and
      biochemical similarities as well as immunologic cross-reactions impede their
      identification. Chemical analysis of structural features such as
      isoprenoidquinones, fatty acids or membrane proteins may facilitate the species
      classification of new isolates. A simple analytical procedure exists for
      ubiquinone determination. The microbiological diagnostics of legionellosis
      remains complex, however. Culture, direct immunofluorescence, and antigen
      detection in urine should be used complementary. The development of nucleic acid
      probes is promising but has not yet reached the stage for wide application.
      Serological diagnostic assays are still useful; at least in the diagnostics of
      non-pneumophila legionellosis the result of enzyme immunoassay and
      immunofluorescence should be completed by immunoblotting with distinct membrane
      antigens.

PMID- 2647626
TI  - Anti-IL-2 receptor monoclonal antibody AMT-13 increases soluble IL-2 receptor
      levels in vivo.
AB  - A rat anti-interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) monoclonal antibody (mAb), AMT-13, has
      been shown to prolong cardiac allograft survival in mice. However, neither the
      mechanism of its immunosuppressive action, nor its other in vivo effects, have
      been studied extensively. We investigated the effect of AMT-13 on serum-soluble
      IL-2R levels by a quantitative ELISA technique. Following administration of
      multiple doses of AMT-13, sufficient to delay fetal pancreatic graft rejection, a
      rapid and lasting increase in soluble(s) IL-2R levels of up to 20-fold was
      observed. Levels returned to normal by Day 9 despite continued AMT-13
      administration. A similar though less marked increase was observed following a
      single injection of AMT-13. Irradiation with 350 rads decreased sIL-2R levels,
      whilst rat Ig-treated control mice had sIL-2R levels within the normal range. In
      vivo administration of recombinant IL-2 also increased sIL-2R levels, but the
      effect was transient and slight. No effect on either the release of sIL-2R or
      expression of cell surface-associated IL-2 receptors was noted when splenocytes
      were cultured in the presence of AMT-13. We speculate that the increased
      concentration of sIL-2R in the serum of AMT-13-treated mice may play a role in
      the immunosuppressive action of this mAb.

PMID- 2647627
TI  - The distribution of immunoreactive interferon-alpha in normal human tissues.
AB  - The cellular distribution of immunoreactive interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) was
      studied in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded normal human tissues from 36
      different organs. These samples were drawn from over 300 individuals none of whom
      had evidence of viral infection. Tissue histiocytes from all organs in the body,
      with the exception of brain and renal cortex and medulla, stained positively for
      IFN-alpha. Kupffer cells, pulmonary alveolar macrophages and lymph node
      macrophages were also positive. Parenchymal cells in some other organs also
      appeared to contain immunoreactive IFN-alpha. These included cuboidal lining
      cells of the choroid plexus in the brain, thyroid follicular cells, pituitary
      endocrine cells, adrenocortical cells and parathyroid principal and oxyphil
      cells. These findings are compatible with previous suggestions that IFN-alpha may
      be synthesized and released in the absence of viral infection and may thus have a
      role in normal physiology. The presence of IFN-alpha in most cells of the
      mononuclear phagocyte system suggests that these cells may play a major part in
      defence against viral infection.

PMID- 2647628
TI  - Interaction of human eosinophils or neutrophils with Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro
      causes bystander cardiac cell damage.
AB  - We studied in vitro whether human eosinophils (EOS) or neutrophils (PMN), which
      infiltrate the cardiac lesions of patients with Chagas' disease, have the
      potential to contribute to pathogenesis upon interaction with Trypanosoma cruzi.
      Incubation of EOS or PMN with T. cruzi amastigotes in the medium overlaying heart
      myoblast monolayers for 1-6 hr resulted in myoblast injury denoted by cell
      detachment (35-85%) accompanied by a small but reproducible degree of cell lysis
      (less than 15%). Myoblast injury was not due to infection because the amastigotes
      did not invade these cells. No significant myoblast detachment or lysis occurred
      when EOS, PMN or parasites were tested separately. Myoblast injury was evidenced
      by using a radiometric method and was readily confirmed microscopically. Deposits
      of peroxidase, major basic protein, cationic protein and neurotoxin from EOS
      granules were found on myoblasts incubated with EOS plus T. cruzi; PMN
      myeloperoxidase was detected when PMN and parasites were used, implicating
      granule components from these inflammatory cells in the mechanisms of myoblast
      injury. These deposits were absent when the myoblasts were incubated with EOS or
      PMN alone. Sodium azide (EOS peroxidase inhibitor) and the polyanions heparin and
      dextran sulphate (which neutralize the toxicity of EOS granule cationic proteins)
      inhibited myoblast injury caused by EOS-T. cruzi co-cultures. Albumin, gelatin
      (inhibitors of the EOS peroxidase-H2O2-halide system) and catalase (scavenger of
      H2O2) were also inhibitory. Cell injury caused by PMN-parasite mixtures was
      inhibited by catalase and by potassium cyanide or sodium azide (myeloperoxidase
      inhibitors), suggesting that PMN myeloperoxidase mediated cytotoxicity. Myoblast
      injury appeared to be mediated by EOS and PMN secretion products since
      supernatants of co-cultures of EOS or PMN with T. cruzi produced detachment,
      inhibitable by the reagents listed above. These results, and our previous
      demonstration of deposits of EOS granule components at necrotic chagasic
      myocardial lesions, point to EOS and PMN as possible contributors to the
      pathogenesis of Chagas' disease.

PMID- 2647629
TI  - Effects of IL-4 on macrophage functions: increased uptake and killing of a
      protozoan parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi).
AB  - We studied whether interleukin-4 (IL-4) could modulate two macrophage functions
      relevant to their microbicidal activity (uptake and killing), using non-invasive
      [amastigote (AMA)] forms of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Treatment
      of cultures of mouse resident peritoneal macrophages (MPM) with the supernatant
      of cultures of cells transfected with IL-4 cDNA increased both the capacity of
      the MPM to take up the organisms and the rate of intracellular killing with
      respect to MPM mock-treated with medium alone. The presence in the medium of a
      monoclonal antibody specific for IL-4 during MPM treatment inhibited both
      effects, pointing to recombinant IL-4 (rIL-4) as the active principle in the
      supernatant. Kinetic studies revealed that at least a 24-hr pretreatment of the
      MPM with the rIL-4-containing supernatant was required for these effects to be
      produced. The rate of intracellular parasite killing was also significantly
      increased when the rIL-4 treatment was applied after AMA ingestion by MPM. This
      result confirmed that MPM could be activated by rIL-4 for greater intracellular
      killing and showed that this enhancement was not necessarily dependent on the
      initial rIL-4-mediated increase in parasite load. The use of scavengers of
      reactive oxygen reduction intermediates indicated that hydrogen peroxide,
      superoxide anion and singlet oxygen, but apparently not hydroxyl radicals, were
      involved in parasite killing modulated by rIL-4. These results document for the
      first time the capacity of IL-4 to enhance the microbicidal activity of
      macrophages and suggest that this lymphokine might play a role in host defence
      against T. cruzi infection.

PMID- 2647630
TI  - In memoriam Ruggero Ceppellini 1917-1988.

PMID- 2647631
TI  - Odd page. Watson, Darwin, and Janacek.

PMID- 2647632
TI  - Flow pattern and structural changes at carotid bifurcation in hypertensive
      cynomolgus monkeys.
AB  - Blood flow pattern and morphological changes within the extracranial carotid
      system were studied in M. fascicularis before, immediately after, and at various
      intervals (4 hours, 4 days, 10 days, and 4 weeks) after the introduction of
      systemic hypertension by surgical coarctation of the thoracic aorta. Intra
      arterial hemodynamics were assessed by means of both continuous-wave Doppler
      signal spectrum analysis and multigate pulsed-wave Doppler flow velocity profile
      processing. Diminished peak frequencies throughout the carotid system and
      enlargement of the lumen diameter in the common carotid artery and the carotid
      bulb were major findings and were suspected to be due to cerebral autoregulation
      at high levels of intracranial vascular resistance. In the internal carotid
      artery of pure muscular type, the lumen diameter was diminished so the carotid
      bulb became an area of structural and hemodynamic transition. As a consequence,
      flow irregularities already observed in this region before surgery considerably
      increased during hypertension. In addition, endothelial disarray and leucocytic
      adherence and activation were associated with these hemodynamic alterations
      within the carotid bulb. Their mutual role in early atherogenesis is discussed.

PMID- 2647633
TI  - Nature and distribution of mucosal lesions associated with enteropathogenic and
      enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in piglets and the role of plasmid-mediated
      factors.
AB  - Bacterial attachment-effacement (att-eff) is emerging as an important virulence
      characteristic common to both enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and
      enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). The contribution of the plasmid-encoded EPEC
      adherence factor to the production of mucosal lesions and diarrhea was
      investigated in gnotobiotic piglets. Bacterial att-aff in the intestinal mucosa
      of piglets infected with plasmid-cured EPEC strain E2348/69 (O127) was
      indistinguishable from that in piglets infected with the parent strain, but the
      distribution of lesions was different; it occurred in the small intestines of 6
      of 7 piglets infected with the parent strain compared with only 2 of 11 (P =
      0.006) infected with the plasmid-cured strain. Plasmid-encoded factors in EPEC
      and EHEC strains did not appear to contribute to bacterial competition with
      normal gut microflora. Of 13 strains belonging to five EPEC serogroups, O55,
      O142, O26, O119, and O111, 3 fulfilled the criteria for EHEC (2 O26 and 1 O111).
      There were three distinct patterns of bacterial association with the intestinal
      mucosa of infected piglets. (i) EHEC strains caused bacterial att-eff associated
      with extensive destruction of surface and glandular epithelia in the large
      intestines with little or no inflammatory response. (ii) Some EPEC strains caused
      severe diarrhea which correlated with the extent of bacterial att-eff in the
      proximal small intestine, disruption of the epithelial cell membrane, and
      inflammation. It is suggested that, with respect to virulent strains, this degree
      of involvement determines the clinical outcome. Mildly pathogenic strains (O127
      and O119), in which bacterial att-eff was restricted to the distal halves of the
      small and large intestines, caused little or no diarrhea. In such strains,
      nonimmune host factors (smaller, poorly feeding, and lethargic piglets) tended to
      play a determining role with regard to the degree of involvement of the small
      intestine and hence the clinical outcome. (iii) One strain (O55) caused illness
      and mucosal damage which could not be accounted for by the sparse bacterial att
      eff observed in the gut. Instead, bacteria penetrated into and proliferated in
      the lamina propria, undermining the villous tips in the small intestine.
      Bacterial att-eff was the most important virulence factor in most of the strains
      examined, but plasmid-mediated factors facilitated bacterial adhesion in the
      small intestine, which may explain the reduced pathogenicity of the plasmid-cured
      variant of strain E2348/69 for human volunteers.

PMID- 2647634
TI  - Penicillin-binding proteins and peptidoglycan of Treponema pallidum subsp.
      pallidum.
AB  - Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (T.
      pallidum) were characterized by using [3H]penicillin G and a conjugate consisting
      of ampicillin and 125I-labeled Bolton-Hunter reagent. Both antibiotics
      specifically radiolabeled proteins with molecular masses of 94, 80, 63, and 58
      kilodaltons (kDa); 125I-labeled Bolton-Hunter reagent-ampicillin also
      radiolabeled several polypeptides with lower molecular masses. The 94- and 58-kDa
      proteins demonstrated the highest binding affinities for [3H]penicillin G and
      were radiolabeled at concentrations of 8 and 40 nM, respectively. Radiolabeling
      of PBPs was detectable after 1 min of incubation in 1 microM [3H]penicillin G and
      was nearly maximal within 10 min. The rapidity of penicillin binding contrasted
      with the observation that only 40% of virulent treponemes became immobilized
      during prolonged incubation in vitro with a much higher concentration (1 mM) of
      unlabeled penicillin. Two lines of evidence indicated that most, if not all, of
      the PBPs are integral cytoplasmic membrane proteins: (i) preincubation of
      organisms in 0.1% Triton X-100 solubilized nearly all of the outer membranes but
      did not affect radiolabeling of PBPs, and (ii) except for the 80-kDa protein, the
      PBPs partitioned into the detergent phase following extraction with the nonionic
      detergent Triton X-114. The presence of peptidoglycan in T. pallidum was
      confirmed by the detection of muramic acid in the sodium dodecyl sulfate
      insoluble, proteinase K-resistant residue obtained from Triton X-114-extracted
      organisms.

PMID- 2647635
TI  - Actin accumulation at sites of bacterial adhesion to tissue culture cells: basis
      of a new diagnostic test for enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
      adhere to the intestinal mucosa and produce an attaching and effacing (AE) lesion
      in the brush border microvillous membrane; the AE lesion is characterized by
      localized destruction of microvilli and intimate attachment of bacteria to the
      apical enterocyte membrane. A similar lesion is seen when bacteria adhere in
      vitro to a variety of human tissue culture cell lines. In both cases, dense
      concentrations of microfilaments are present in the apical cytoplasm beneath
      attached bacteria. Using a fluorescein-labeled phallotoxin, we have shown that
      these microfilaments are composed of actin. Cells infected with EPEC and EHEC
      strains known from electron microscopic studies to produce the AE lesion all
      exhibited intense spots of fluorescence which corresponded in size and position
      with each adherent bacterium; cells infected with adherent E. coli strains known
      not to produce the AE lesion did not produce this striking pattern of
      fluorescence and were indistinguishable from uninfected control cells. These
      results indicate that such site-specific concentrations of cytoskeletal actin are
      characteristic of the AE membrane lesion and can form the basis of a simple,
      highly sensitive diagnostic test for EPEC and EHEC.

PMID- 2647636
TI  - Edema disease-like brain lesions in gnotobiotic piglets infected with Escherichia
      coli serotype O157:H7.
AB  - Gnotobiotic piglets inoculated with Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 strains
      that produced Shiga-like toxin II developed brain lesions similar to those
      observed in edema disease of swine, including arteriolar necrosis and malacia.
      Loss of ability to produce Shiga-like toxin II resulted in loss of ability to
      cause brain lesions.

PMID- 2647637
TI  - Construction of a plasmid for expression of foreign epitopes as fusion proteins
      with subunit B of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.
AB  - A novel vector (pFS2.2) for high-level expression of fusion polypeptides with the
      nontoxic subunit B (LT-B) of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin in
      Escherichia coli and salmonellae is presented. It carries the complete coding
      sequence of LT-B under lac promoter control and a universal polylinker site for
      the in-frame insertion of foreign genes at the LT-B gene 3' end. By using this
      vector, fusion proteins comprising parts of the human or woodchuck hepatitis B
      virus surface and nucleocapsid antigens are expressed in E. coli and salmonella.

PMID- 2647638
TI  - Selective and specific adsorbents for medical therapy.

PMID- 2647639
TI  - Histocompatibility antigens in primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of
      the larynx.
AB  - A series of 38 primary laryngeal and hypopharyngeal tumours, 15 lymph-node
      metastases and normal tissue were evaluated in frozen sections for the expression
      of MHC class I and II antigens, using monomorphic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to
      HLA-ABC, beta 2-microglobulin, DR, DP, DQ, HLA-B and polymorphic HLA-ABC
      antigens. Normal distant mucosa of larynx reacted to anti-class I antibodies but
      not to anti-class II. In 9 primary tumours (23.7%) HLA class I antigens were not
      observed. The remaining 29 showed a strong reaction to not observed. The
      remaining 29 showed a strong reaction to anti-HLA-ABC (heavy chain) and anti-beta
      2-microglobulin, although in 3 cases out of 29 no staining was observed with anti
      HLA-B locus-specific MAbs. These selective losses were confirmed using the
      corresponding anti-HLA polymorphic MAbs. For HLA class II molecules, only DR was
      observed in 3 of 38 cases. Defective HLA class I expression statistically
      correlates with high scores according to Jakobsson's criteria for
      histopathological tumour grading. Loss of HLA-ABC antigens was most frequent
      among the cases with poor differentiation (6/8 cases). On the contrary, class II
      antigen expression was correlated with a well differentiated pattern and a more
      favourable prognosis (p less than 0.001). We have found differences in HLA class
      I expression when comparing primary tumours and autologous metastases (3/9
      cases). Immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE of class I antigens, Northern and
      Southern blot analyses of MHC class I genes were performed. We have not detected
      class I gene rearrangement using HLA coding and locus-specific non-coding probes.
      However, we have found a class I transcription defect that corresponds with a
      class-I-negative phenotype.

PMID- 2647640
TI  - Immunodetection of cathepsins B and L present in and secreted from human pre
      malignant and malignant colorectal tumour cell lines.
AB  - Pre-malignant and malignant human colorectal tumour epithelial cell lines both
      secreted precursor forms of the 2 cysteine proteinases, cathepsins B and L. The
      amount of proteinases secreted by these cell lines varied according to the cell
      density. Comparison at similar cell densities showed that the pre-malignant,
      adenoma-derived cell line (PC/AA) secreted as much, or more, of both cathepsin B
      and L precursors as did the malignant, carcinoma-derived cell line (PC/JW/FI).
      However, mature forms of cathepsins B and L were detected in the culture media of
      only the carcinoma-derived cell line, thus indicating that the invasive potential
      of a tumour may be related to its ability to process extracellularly the secreted
      precursor enzyme to a mature and consequently active enzyme, rather than to the
      amount of proteinase synthesized and/or secreted. Similar results were obtained
      using 2 other epithelium-derived tumour cell lines, HT/29 (carcinoma) and SP/AN
      (adenoma). Immunolocation studies showed that cathepsin B was lysosomal while
      cathepsin L appeared to have a distribution more consistent with a plasma
      membrane association. Purified human cathepsins B and L (mature form) were
      capable of solubilizing an isolated basement membrane matrix (bovine anterior
      lens capsule) in vitro, thus indicating that the secreted mature enzymes and the
      membrane-associated cathepsin L could potentially degrade basal laminae or sub
      endothelial basement membranes in vivo.

PMID- 2647641
TI  - In vivo localization of a bispecific antibody which targets human T lymphocytes
      to lyse human colon cancer cells.
AB  - A bispecific MAb was derived from the fusion of a hybridoma producing MAb CD3
      with a hybridoma producing MAb L-DI (which is directed against a 41-kDa
      glycoprotein expressed in most gastro-intestinal and pancreatic carcinomas).
      Bispecific antibody molecules were isolated from parental antibody molecules by
      the use of hydroxylapatite-HPLC and shown to target human cytolytic T
      lymphocytes, irrespective of their original specificity, to specifically lyse
      human colon carcinoma cells. Localization studies in vivo using nude mice bearing
      human colon carcinoma xenografts showed significant accumulation of the HPLC
      purified 125I-labelled bispecific antibodies into the tumor compared to 131I
      labelled control CD3 antibody.

PMID- 2647642
TI  - Dopamine treatment of locally procured donor hearts: relevance on postoperative
      cardiac histology and function.
AB  - Administration of catecholamines can lead to myocyte damage. Dopamine treatment
      is often used in potential cardiac donors to attain hemodynamic stability. Donor
      hearts exposed to dopamine are rejected or selected for transplantation without
      clearly defined criteria. A prospective study was undertaken to analyze the
      clinical relevance of dopamine-induced myocardial lesions in 25 hearts (21 male,
      4 female; 15-40 years, mean: 26 +/- 7) that were later used for transplantation.
      Donors were divided into those who had received dopamine and those who had not.
      Dopamine doses ranged from 2-12.5 micrograms/kg/min (mean: 6.3 +/- 3). Time of
      administration was 3-26 hours (mean: 16 +/- 8). Use of dopamine was unrelated to
      donor electrocardiographic findings, intra- or postoperative death, or difficulty
      coming off by-pass. Postoperatively, filling pressures were similar in both
      groups of patients at 2 and 10 days postoperatively. Left ventricular ejection
      fraction was similar in the two groups. Dopamine requirements were significantly
      higher in the dopamine-treated hearts (P = 0.05). Histologic findings at first
      biopsy revealed infiltration and cell damage in a similar proportion of patients
      in both groups. IN CONCLUSION: donor hearts exposed to dopamine can be accepted
      for transplantation if doses ranging from 2-12.5 micrograms/kg/min have been
      administered up to 24 hours.

PMID- 2647643
TI  - Atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries?
AB  - This paper discusses the consequences of the loss of elasticity by the aorta and
      large arteries in old age. As the heart compresses its own arteries during
      contraction, much of the myocardium is perfused only during diastole, so that
      adequate diastolic pressure is a vital necessity for it. Diastolic pressure
      depends largely on the elasticity of the aorta and large arteries, constituting
      the arterial reservoir, which stores energy by its distension during systole and
      returns it to the system during diastole. Loss of elasticity with advancing age
      means that the arterial reservoir can store less energy and becomes less
      effective in evening out the pulsating pressure imposed on the system by the left
      ventricle. Hence, systolic pressure tends to rise and diastolic pressure to drop.
      Together with other imperfections developing in old age, and combined with
      atherosclerotic and thrombotic obstructions, circumstances can arise when the
      arterial reservoir becomes incapable of producing sufficient pressure for the
      adequate perfusion of some regions of the heart.

PMID- 2647644
TI  - Effect of metoprolol on early exercise-induced ST-segment changes and ventricular
      arrhythmias in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - One-hundred and ninety-seven consecutive patients admitted for suspected acute
      myocardial infarction were randomized to double-blind treatment with intravenous
      followed by oral metoprolol or matching placebo within 24 hours (mean 6.9 hours)
      after onset of symptoms. A symptom-limited exercise test was performed 15 days
      after admission in 132 patients (70 patients receiving metoprolol; 62 placebo).
      Patients treated with metoprolol had a lower observed frequency of exercise
      induced ST-segment elevation (11.4% vs. 22.6%; P less than 0.05) and less
      ventricular arrhythmias (7.1% vs. 19.4%; P less than 0.05) on the predischarge
      exercise test compared to placebo-treated patients; however, ST-segment
      depressions were equally distributed to the two treatment groups. Mean exercise
      capacity was the same in the two groups. Early administration of metoprolol to
      patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction reduces early exercise
      induced parameters related to a bad prognosis and may therefore improve the long
      term prognosis without reducing physical performance.

PMID- 2647645
TI  - The effect of chronic antihypertensive therapy on the index of left ventricular
      mass in patients with essential hypertension.
AB  - M-mode echocardiography was used in 80 patients with essential hypertension to
      study changes in the index of left ventricular mass during treatment over 3 years
      with reserpine, prazosin, indapamide and atenolol, separately or in combination.
      Forty patients completed a follow-up period of 36 months, while 5 patients died
      during this period. In all 5 groups, the index of left ventricular mass decreased
      significantly from the baseline after 1 and 3 years of treatment, except in those
      patients receiving prazosin in which there was no significant difference in the
      index of left ventricular mass between 1 and 3 years of treatment. Our results
      confirm that effective treatment of blood pressure results in a significant
      reduction in the index of left ventricular mass. Furthermore, this reduction was
      seen with all modes of treatment and suggests that it was reduction of blood
      pressure rather than any specific pharmacological property of the drugs that was
      of major importance.

PMID- 2647646
TI  - Bimodality, dimensionality, and the notion of hypnotic types.
AB  - The notion of hypnotic types--of qualitative differences in the mechanisms by
      which people respond to hypnotic suggestions--is examined with respect to the
      kind of evidence that has traditionally been seen to support it. Bimodality in
      the distribution of hypnosis scores has been taken as evidence for two "types" of
      hypnotizability. It is argued that little can be said about the nature of
      underlying processes from the distribution of raw scores. The relationship of
      factor analytic results to possible underlying typologies is examined. It is
      concluded that the present evidence simply does not allow an evaluation of the
      merits of current typological formulations.

PMID- 2647647
TI  - Origins of authority: the organization of medical care in Sweden.
AB  - Earlier research by Gardell and Gustafsson indicates a general discrepancy
      between perceived needs and organizational structure in Swedish somatic
      hospitals; the work organization directs the work process as if cure and medical
      treatment were the only appropriate goals in almost all kinds of health care
      settings. The standard organizational model for general hospitals, here named
      "the acute care model"--which is a merger of medical and administrative
      hierarchies--forces great segments of the staff into a work content that is
      neither appropriate for patients' needs nor satisfying for the personnel. The
      present study is a historical-sociological discourse in which the structural
      antecedents of the acute care model are traced. It gives an expose of the main
      stages in the formation of the Swedish health care system from the middle ages to
      the present. In 1864 a regulation of the hospital boards was issued. This meant
      the definite consolidation of the acute care model and was in line with earlier
      developments, which were characterized by an incremental interorganizational
      activity demarcation that divided the core of institutional care into three
      branches: somatic hospitals, mental hospitals, and homes for the elderly. The
      driving forces in the formation of the total health care system are shown to be
      closely related to premedical and extramedical factors, such as military needs,
      mercantilism, and the emergence of the middle class.

PMID- 2647648
TI  - [Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages].

PMID- 2647649
TI  - [Colic of the ureter].

PMID- 2647650
TI  - [Rhabdomyolysis following body building].

PMID- 2647651
TI  - [Simultaneous occurrence of hyperparathyroidism and multiple myeloma].

PMID- 2647652
TI  - [Atypical pneumonia with simultaneous acute hemolysis in a 33-year- old patient].

PMID- 2647653
TI  - [Emergency and intensive care medicine].

PMID- 2647654
TI  - [Transcutaneous stimulation in the emergency therapy of cardiac arrhythmias].

PMID- 2647655
TI  - [Decompensated aortic valve stenosis--valvuloplasty as an emergency
      intervention].

PMID- 2647656
TI  - [Score systems in intensive care medicine].

PMID- 2647657
TI  - [Bronchoscopic intervention in emergency and intensive care medicine].

PMID- 2647658
TI  - [Acute lung failure--pathophysiology and therapeutic implications].

PMID- 2647659
TI  - Histopathology of rejected orthotopic corneal grafts in the rat.
AB  - We have used an orthotopic graft model in the rat to study the histologic
      characteristics of corneal allograft rejection. Unrejected allogeneic grafts
      could not be distinguished from clear syngeneic grafts. Although donor Langerhans
      cells are necessary for the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH),
      the histopathological characteristics of rejecting corneal allografts in
      immunologically naive hosts were identical regardless of the presence or absence
      of donor Langerhans cells. By contrast, preimmunization had a dramatic effect on
      the histology of graft rejection. Untreated allografts placed onto pre-immunized
      recipients underwent a marked cellular necrosis accompanied by minimal
      inflammation that easily distinguished these grafts from the previous groups.
      These results suggest that neither the presence nor absence of DTH responsiveness
      correlates with the histopathological events that accompany corneal graft
      rejection. However, preimmunization leads to a different histologic pattern of
      rejection that is characterized by an intense cellular necrosis.

PMID- 2647660
TI  - The role of inflammation in CW Nd:YAG contact transscleral photocoagulation and
      cryopexy.
AB  - Cyclodestructive modalities in humans have been shown to be effective when
      applied 3.5 mm or more posterior to the limbus. Therefore, CW Nd:YAG contact
      transscleral laser and cryopexy were applied 6 mm posterior to the limbus of
      pigmented rabbits. The intraocular pressure (IOP), flare, iritis, cells and
      conjunctival hyperemia were monitored clinically up to 3 weeks. The pressure
      lowering effect was -7.5 +/- 7.7 mm Hg for laser retinopexy and -14.2 +/- 6.0 mm
      Hg for retinocryopexy at 3 weeks and was comparable to application of the same
      modalities directly over the ciliary body. Similarly, induction of intraocular
      inflammation by injecting 10 micrograms of endotoxin intravitreally lowered IOP
      significantly. These findings suggest that hypotension may not be directly due to
      cyclodestruction but may be related to the ocular irritative response and extent
      of neuroepithelial defect, irrespective of its distance from the limbus.

PMID- 2647661
TI  - Post polio syndrome: a common condition in need of recognition.

PMID- 2647662
TI  - Inappropriate readmissions.

PMID- 2647663
TI  - Lupus vulgaris caused by Mycobacterium bovis.

PMID- 2647664
TI  - Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of cystic hygroma associated with fetal hydrops-
      report of two cases.

PMID- 2647665
TI  - Neuroimmunomodulation: the interaction between the nervous system and the immune
      system.

PMID- 2647667
TI  - Non-invasive treatment of vascular and muscle contraction headache: a comparative
      longitudinal clinical study.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the long-term course of non
      invasively treated chronic headache. A total of 1015 adult patients with primary
      diagnosis of vascular/migraine or muscle contraction headache participated in the
      study investigating symptom frequency and severity over a 36 month period after
      receiving treatment. Treatment consisted of either: relaxation training (stepwise
      relaxation/hypnosis/autogenic training/cognitive behavior therapy); biofeedback
      (thermal/photoplethysmograph/EMG); micro-electrical therapy
      (TENS/Neurotransmitter Modulation) or multimodal treatment (combination of any of
      the above two treatments). Seven hundred and ninety-three patients returned
      sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Patients were randomly assigned
      to treatment groups and received either short term intervention (15 or less
      treatments) or long term intervention (greater than 15 treatments). Results
      indicate that all treatment conditions significantly reduced frequency and
      intensity of cephalalgia. Repeated measure analysis of variance indicated that
      grouping variables of Biofeedback treatment, symptoms being evidenced less than 2
      years and receiving over 15 treatment sessions best predicted successful
      intervention.

PMID- 2647666
TI  - Flunarizine i.v. in the acute treatment of common or classical migraine attacks-
      a placebo-controlled double blind trial.
AB  - The efficacy and tolerance of 20 mg flunarizine i.v. were tested in comparison
      with placebo in a multicentre randomised double-blind trial in the acute
      treatment of migraine attacks. Sixty case reports were included in the
      evaluation; 31 patients were treated with flunarizine and 29 with placebo.
      Flunarizine proved to be significantly superior in its effect on the intensity of
      pain and the typical concomitant symptoms of the attacks. Patients were classed
      as responders who displayed a reduction in pain intensity by at least 50% within
      60 minutes after the administration of flunarizine. 23 patients (= 74.2%) were
      responders, including 11 patients being without pain after 60 minutes. In the
      placebo group the responder rate was 27.6% The fact that both groups were
      comparable in all respects should be emphasized. The tolerance of intravenously
      administered flunarizine was excellent and corresponded to that of placebo. Apart
      from a sedative effect reported by 9 patients there were no side-effects. The
      circulatory conditions remained largely stable. The result of this study seems to
      indicate that an intravenous injection of 20 mg flunarizine might represent a
      genuine alternative, and as regards tolerance even a superior one, to the
      parenteral administration of ergotamine in migraine attacks.

PMID- 2647668
TI  - A strategic approach for negotiating with hospital stakeholders.
AB  - Executives should consciously formulate negotiation strategies which are linked
      to the broader strategic posture of the hospital. This approach provides a
      diagnostic and action-oriented framework for (1) determining and focusing on
      desired outcomes and (2) anticipating actions stakeholders are likely to take.

PMID- 2647669
TI  - Market administration in health care delivery.
AB  - Market and segment administration represent an alternative perspective to
      recently popular product or product line administration approaches. By focusing
      on specific markets and segments of interest, market administration can further
      the organization's mission and promote its financial viability.

PMID- 2647670
TI  - Agency costs and complex contracts in health care organizations.
AB  - Agency theory explains the results of conflicts of incentive between principals
      and their agents. Health care organizations offer many examples of agency
      problems, among which are conflicts between patients and physicians and between
      administrators and investors.

PMID- 2647671
TI  - Patrolling the turbulent borderland: managerial strategies for a changing health
      care environment.
AB  - Contemporary health services administrators face tasks of complex decision
      making. One approach is to identify the dominant problem, then respond. An
      inventory of such problems and responses can play a vital role in organizational
      survival.

PMID- 2647672
TI  - Management strategies to minimize nursing turnover.
AB  - The nursing shortage continues nationwide. Many factors contribute to the
      recurring crisis. Some realistic recommendations for short- and long-term
      solutions are presented here.

PMID- 2647673
TI  - Physician goals: impact on hospital performance.
AB  - Controversy prevails concerning the relative superiority of for-profit versus not
      for-profit hospitals. Presented here are three variations to each of two basic
      theoretical models that contrast performance of for-profit and not-for-profit
      hospitals.

PMID- 2647674
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: realistic concerns and appropriate
      precautions.
AB  - Few topics generate as much misinformation and fear as the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome. As a result, many physicians and nurses believe that
      universal testing of hospitalized patients would decrease their risk of
      inadvertent exposure to undiagnosed carriers of the human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV). Quite the contrary may be the case. Therefore, in this article the
      advantages and disadvantages of routine testing are examined in relationship to
      established risk factors for health care personnel. Realistic concerns are
      discussed and appropriate precautions are stressed, while some of the myths are
      dispelled. These include potential transmission of HIV by saliva and mosquito
      bites, and the superiority of one glove material over another.

PMID- 2647675
TI  - Maladaptive coping in the critically ill population with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome: nursing assessment and treatment.
AB  - A diagnosis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a devastating
      experience, placing those with the syndrome at high risk for ineffective coping.
      During the acute stage of illness, when the patient is admitted to a critical
      care setting, a crisis can ensue and precipitate intense anxiety, anger, denial,
      depression, and even suicidal ideation. Although it is imperative that critical
      care nurses become proficient in accurately assessing, diagnosing, and treating
      the disease in individuals who have an increased risk of maladaptive coping,
      there is no systematic basis for assessing the coping of patients with AIDS. Our
      purpose is to present a theoretically based explanation of the coping experience
      of persons with AIDS and to delineate nursing interventions designed to deal with
      maladaptive responses. The early and deliberate assessment, diagnosis, and
      treatment of such responses by means of a full range of psychosocial
      interventions are needed to enhance the coping efforts of the patients and
      optimize their psychosocial adjustment.

PMID- 2647676
TI  - Nursing management of patients receiving epidural narcotics.
AB  - Epidural analgesia is an important intervention in patients with pain after
      surgery. This article presents a brief overview of the anatomy of the epidural
      space and the physiology of pain transmission, including the action of narcotics
      in pain relief. The importance of written nursing protocols and in-service
      education for nursing staff members is discussed as being a necessary
      prerequisite for the safe use of epidural analgesia. A flow diagram with
      rationale illustrates the epidural injection technique. Nursing care of patients
      receiving epidural narcotics is detailed. The discussion emphasizes the
      management of potential side effects from epidural narcotics (respiratory
      depression, urinary retention, pruritus, pain on injection, dizziness, nausea,
      and vomiting) and includes information on the use of a narcotic antagonist.
      Recommendations are made for preoperative and postoperative teaching of the
      patient and family. A variety of tools for assessing patients' pain levels are
      described, and a comprehensive nursing care plan with nursing diagnoses and
      nursing interventions is provided.

PMID- 2647677
TI  - Psychologic preparation for cardiac catheterization.
AB  - Cardiac catheterization is an invasive medical procedure that is anxiety arousing
      for most patients. Four psychologic preparatory strategies designed to reduce
      anxiety and enhance adaptation were compared with an attention placebo control
      intervention. Sixty adult patients scheduled for cardiac catheterization were
      randomly assigned to one of five groups: sensory-procedural information,
      modeling, cognitive-behavioral coping skills, modeling plus coping skills, or
      attention placebo control. Subjects' reactions to cardiac catheterization were
      assessed by using self-report, behavioral, and physiologic measures. Results
      indicated that subjects in the modeling and modeling plus coping skills groups
      were rated as less anxious and better adjusted during the catheterization than
      control subjects. Compared with controls, subjects in the two modeling groups
      also reported less subjective anxiety and greater perceived coping ability during
      the catheterization. All subjects who received a preparatory treatment
      demonstrated lower levels of autonomic arousal both during and after the test
      than did control subjects. The results support the efficacy of preparatory
      strategies that include a patient model.

PMID- 2647678
TI  - New horizons: infant cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Cardiac transplantation has become firmly established as a modality of therapy
      for end-stage heart disease. Application of this procedure to the neonatal and
      infant age group is a relatively recent innovation. In this article we describe
      nursing experience with neonates and infants under 6 months of age who have
      undergone cardiac transplantation at one university-affiliated medical center.
      Preparation for infant cardiac transplantation, donor and recipient selection
      criteria, donor resources, and the transplant process are discussed. Issues in
      postoperative management are reviewed.

PMID- 2647679
TI  - Surgical management of congenital tracheal stenosis.
AB  - Congenital tracheal stenosis is a rare and potentially lethal malformation.
      Although congenital tracheal stenosis carries a high mortality rate, advances in
      surgical treatment have increased the likelihood of survival, and these patients
      are seen with increasing frequency in intensive care units. The surgical options
      available are dilation, resection, and tracheoplasty. Because of the lack of a
      prosthetic replacement, resection is generally limited to lesions involving less
      then one third of the trachea. Tracheoplasty with a variety of graft materials
      has, in some cases, been successful in increasing the diameter of the stenotic
      trachea. Postoperative care involves maintaining paralysis and sedation until
      healing is established, with close attention to preventing complications. The
      needs of the family are addressed through teaching and support. A case of
      successful tracheal reconstruction, by use of an autologous cartilage graft, in a
      14-day-old infant with severe stenosis from just below the vocal cords extending
      to the hilum is presented.

PMID- 2647680
TI  - Cardiac rhythm responses. 2. Review of 22 years of nursing research.
AB  - To discover what questions nurses have been asking about cardiac rhythm
      responses, a literature search was conducted. A total of 57 nursing studies
      reported from 1964 through 1987 were identified. Research studies of cardiac
      rhythm responses could be grouped into four broad categories: (1) those that
      explored the phenomenon itself; (2) those that measured cardiac rhythm responses
      alone or in conjunction with other dependent variables as an index of another
      phenomenon such as fear, stress and anxiety, biologic (circadian) rhythms, pain
      severity and pain coping, sensory stimulation and overstimulation, fatigue,
      metabolic energy expenditure, and fetal well-being-fetal oxygen reserve; (3)
      those that measured cardiac rhythm responses to evaluate the safety or efficacy
      of various nursing interventions and routines; and (4) those that measured
      cardiac rhythm responses to evaluate recovery from acute myocardial infarction or
      cardiac surgery including evaluation of the success of cardiac rehabilitation
      programs. Four landmark studies that contributed new knowledge or changed
      practice are discussed. In addition, questions suggesting areas for future
      research are listed.

PMID- 2647681
TI  - Postpericardiotomy syndrome: etiology, manifestations, and interventions.
AB  - Postpericardiotomy syndrome (PPS) is a complication of any cardiac surgery or
      procedure involving entry into the pericardium. The syndrome presents as a
      delayed pleural or pericardial reaction, characterized by fever, chest pain, and
      a friction rub. Although symptoms often identify PPS, diagnosis may be aided by
      the use of radiography, echocardiography, electrocardiography, and laboratory
      analysis. PPS can cause considerable discomfort and anxiety. Furthermore,
      patients are at risk of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. For these
      reasons and because the complication often extends hospitalization, health care
      professionals must familiarize themselves with the syndrome, recognize signs and
      symptoms early, and plan interventions accordingly.

PMID- 2647683
TI  - Medicare and the nurse: the 485/86 quiz.

PMID- 2647682
TI  - A judicial victory for home care.

PMID- 2647685
TI  - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Once formerly thought to be a rare disorder, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
      (TTP) is becoming increasingly recognized. It is characterized by a pentad of
      clinical findings, including microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic
      purpura, neurologic and renal abnormalities, and fever. Following a case report,
      the major clinical findings, pathophysiologic findings, diagnoses, and use of
      various therapeutic modalities are discussed.

PMID- 2647684
TI  - A double staining method for measuring DNA content of specific cell populations
      utilizing computerized microscopy.
AB  - A method for identifying specific cell populations with the computerized
      microscope is described. This method utilizes double staining techniques using
      immunofluorescent antibodies and the Feulgen technique. It was applied to measure
      the area and DNA content of the nuclei of beta-cells in patients with Persistent
      Neonatal Hypoglycemia with Hyperinsulinism (PNHH). A significant increase in the
      area and DNA content was found in nuclei of patients compared to a control group.
      This method may be applied to sample cells from other tissues as well.

PMID- 2647686
TI  - Human Pavlovian HR decelerative conditioning with negative tilt as US: a review
      of some S-R, stimulus-substitution evidence.
AB  - Interest in human Pavlovian heart rate (HR) conditioning with conventional shock
      and loud noise unconditional stimuli has declined, as measured by reports in the
      literature. Accompanying this decline have been the following views: (a) that HR
      should be abandoned as a psychophysiological index of the psychological
      (learning) process of Pavlovian conditioning; (b) that, following psychology's
      shift to a more cognitive emphasis, the self-regulation (S-R), stimulus
      substitution view of pavlovian conditioning is wrong, because there is no
      equivalence in direction between shock- and loud noise-induced HR-accelerative
      unconditional response and the conditional response. This paper reviews recent
      reports of human Pavlovian conditioning of HR deceleration with negative tilt as
      the unconditional stimulus. The results support an S-R, stimulus-substitution
      interpretation of conditioning. In addition, these studies have potential
      therapeutic application in the teaching of (medically desirable) HR deceleration,
      especially when Pavlovian procedures are combined with instrumental (biofeedback)
      ones. However, such physiological aspects of the decelerative unconditioned
      response as the degree of vagal involvement are difficult to investigate in the
      human preparation.

PMID- 2647687
TI  - Adolescent smoking. A review of prevalence and prevention.
AB  - This review critically evaluates the extensive literature on the epidemiology and
      prevention of adolescent smoking. Trends in adolescent smoking attitudes and
      behavior as well as the immediate and long-term health consequences of adolescent
      smoking are discussed. The factors associated with adolescent smoking and several
      smoking interventions are analyzed. Suggestions are made for improving the
      evaluation of future programs designed to prevent adolescent smoking.

PMID- 2647688
TI  - The psychosocial adaptation of adolescents with cystic fibrosis. A review of the
      literature.
AB  - This article reviews the literature pertaining to the psychosocial adaptation of
      adolescents with cystic fibrosis. This chronic debilitating illness is
      exceptionally stressful to the patient and his or her family. It may result in
      significant individual and family psychopathology, yet social adaptation is
      reported to be remarkably good. Mediating variables in adaptation are reviewed,
      with special emphasis on family function variables. Directions for current
      interventions and future research are suggested. An expanded role for psychologic
      intervention with individual patients and their families is recommended.

PMID- 2647689
TI  - Acalculous cholecystitis in Crohn's disease.
AB  - A 15-year-old boy with Crohn's ileocolitis developed marked gallbladder
      enlargement. Ultrasonographic findings were consistent with acalculous
      cholecystitis (AAC) or hydrops. At laparotomy a gangrenous gallbladder was found.
      The diagnostic modalities currently used to distinguish between hydrops, a benign
      condition generally treated expectantly, and AAC, a potentially life-threatening
      condition requiring surgical treatment are reviewed. Failure to distinguish
      between these two conditions with acalculous gallbladder enlargement and similar
      clinical and radiologic features may have serious consequences.

PMID- 2647690
TI  - Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in a patient with
      Reiter's disease.
AB  - An adolescent female with Reiter's disease and positive for HLA-B27 is presented.
      Chlamydia trachomatis was cultured from the eye and Ureaplasma urealyticum and
      Mycoplasma were isolated from the urogenital tract. Joint and serologic evidence
      for Chlamydia and Ureaplasma were present. A brief review of Reiter's disease in
      children and adolescents is discussed.

PMID- 2647691
TI  - Egg-related salmonellosis stimulates responses.

PMID- 2647692
TI  - FSIS takes action to combat E coli in ground beef.

PMID- 2647693
TI  - A career of limitless opportunities.

PMID- 2647694
TI  - Use of an enzyme immunoassay to determine concentrations of progesterone in
      caprine plasma and milk.
AB  - Concentrations of progesterone (P4) were determined using enzyme immunoassay kits
      on plasma and milk samples obtained on the same days from 18 lactating dairy
      goats. Progesterone profiles documenting anestrus, short estrous cycles, normal
      estrous cycles, a prolonged follicular phase, and prolonged luteal phases were
      established. When plasma P4 concentrations were used as an accurate indication of
      the presence or absence of functional luteal tissue, milk P4 concentrations
      agreed with plasma determinations in 79.4% of the 465 samples tested. Milk
      samples could not be used to make a definitive decision because of marginal
      values in 11.2% of the determinations. Milk P4 concentrations were high when
      plasma P4 concentrations were low in 6.2% of the paired samples, especially those
      obtained around the time of estrus when peripheral P4 concentrations were
      changing rapidly. The remaining 3.2% of milk samples had low milk P4
      concentrations when plasma P4 concentrations were high. Composite milk from 8
      does in estrus or 8 does in the luteal phase was not consistently different from
      strippings in butterfat percentage or P4 concentration.

PMID- 2647695
TI  - Pyloric obstruction after toggle-pin fixation of left displaced abomasum in a
      cow.
AB  - One potential complication of blind abomasopexy techniques, including the toggle
      pin technique, is the possibility of creating pyloric outflow obstruction. Cows
      that have had left displaced abomasum corrected by this method should be observed
      closely for the first 48 postsurgical hours for signs of deterioration. If
      pyloric obstruction is suspected and the securing sutures are cut before fibrous
      adhesions have formed, permanent damage may be minimized.

PMID- 2647696
TI  - Use of megestrol acetate in cats.

PMID- 2647697
TI  - Use of ketoconazole in the treatment of canine nasal aspergillosis.
AB  - Fifteen dogs with nasal aspergillosis were treated with ketoconazole (5 mg/kg of
      body weight, q 12 h, PO) for 2 to 18 weeks. Four dogs whose conditions
      deteriorated during treatment received ketoconazole for less than the prescribed
      6 weeks. Six months or more later, only 47% of the dogs were determined to be
      disease-free, on the basis of no fungal growth on culture. It was concluded that
      ketoconazole at this dosage is a useful treatment for canine nasal aspergillosis,
      but is no more effective than thiabendazole.

PMID- 2647698
TI  - Malignant lymphoma with cardiac and bone involvement in a dog.
AB  - Malignant lymphoma involving bone and heart was diagnosed in a 4-year-old
      Whippet, using radiography, histologic examination, nuclear scintigraphy of the
      skeleton and heart, and cardiac ultrasonography.

PMID- 2647699
TI  - Policy issues relevant to independent practice of the health professions.

PMID- 2647700
TI  - Responses from the professional associations: summary.

PMID- 2647701
TI  - The impact of independent practice upon allied health education.

PMID- 2647702
TI  - Practice opportunities for allied health professionals in a deregulated health
      care industry.

PMID- 2647703
TI  - L-671,329, a new antifungal agent. I. Fermentation and isolation.
AB  - In screening for new antifungal agents from fungi, a new lipopeptide antifungal
      agent, L-671,329, similar to echinocandin B, has been isolated from Zalerion
      arboricola. Studies indicate that L-671,329 is produced under both solid and
      liquid fermentation conditions.

PMID- 2647704
TI  - L-671,329, a new antifungal agent. III. In vitro activity, toxicity and efficacy
      in comparison to aculeacin.
AB  - L-671,329 is a novel, echinocandin-like natural product that possesses potent
      anti-Candida activity, including activity against Candida parapsilosis. The in
      vitro MICs of L-671,329 were comparable to aculeacin against 18 yeasts and three
      filamentous fungi in an agar dilution assay. L-671,329 lysed mouse red blood
      cells (RBCs) at a concentration of 400 micrograms/ml, but not at 50 or 12.5
      micrograms/ml. Aculeacin lysed RBCs at 400 and 50 micrograms/ml. L-671,329
      significantly prolonged survival of mice infected with Candida albicans (ED50
      3.38 mg/kg) following twice-daily intraperitoneal dosing for five consecutive
      days. The prolongation observed was greater than that seen with aculeacin therapy
      (ED50 6.44 mg/kg). No acute or chronic toxicities of L-671,329 or aculeacin (as
      measured by mortality) were detected at a concentration of 100 mg/kg following
      intraperitoneal administration (TD50 greater than 100 mg/kg). Both L-671,329 and
      aculeacin eradicated cells of C. albicans from the kidneys of infected mice. L
      671,329 eradicated the yeast at therapeutic concentrations of 12.5 to 100 mg/kg.
      Aculeacin eradicated yeast cells at therapy concentrations of 25 to 100 mg/kg. L
      671,329 has potential as an anti-Candida compound.

PMID- 2647705
TI  - Nitrogen and protein metabolism and metabolites in plasma and urine of beef
      steers treated with somatotropin.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of daily injection of
      bovine somatotropin (bST) on the metabolism of N and 1-[14C]leucine and on
      hormone and metabolite concentrations in growing beef steers. Injection of bST
      increased N retention (P less than .05) primarily through decreased (P less than
      .10) urinary N excretion. Plasma concentration of somatotropin, insulin and
      glucose increased (P less than .01) and of urea-N (P less than .01) and alpha
      amino-N (P less than .10) decreased with bST compared with excipient injection.
      Total leucine flux was not altered by treatment; however, the partition of flux
      was. Leucine oxidation decreased (P less than .05) and leucine used for protein
      synthesis (P less than .10) increased, with bST compared with excipient
      injection. During excipient injection, 10.3 g protein were synthesized for each
      gram crude protein deposited, whereas during bST injections only 6.4 g were
      required. The average maximum contribution of myofibrillar protein degradation to
      whole body protein degradation, calculated from excretion of 3-methylhistidine,
      was 16%. Although the ratio of protein deposition/protein synthesis was low for
      both excipient- and bST-injected steers, the incremental efficiency of protein
      deposition was 50%, reflecting a dilution of protein synthesis required for
      turnover and a proportionately greater increase in protein synthesis than protein
      degradation with bST injection. In growing beef steers, bST stimulated whole body
      protein synthesis and decreased leucine oxidation. The change in partition of
      leucine flux, but not of total flux (irreversible loss), demonstrates a chronic
      redirection in metabolism consistent with homeorhetic control. These data from
      steers injected with bST suggest mechanisms by which bST affects metabolism
      during normal growth.

PMID- 2647706
TI  - The clinical evaluation of antibacterial drugs. Report of a Working Party of the
      British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.

PMID- 2647707
TI  - Expression of eukaryotic genes in insect cultures.

PMID- 2647708
TI  - Anti-c-myc DNA increases differentiation and decreases colony formation by HL-60
      cells.
AB  - The proto-oncogene c-myc, whose gene product has a role in replication, is
      overexpressed in the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line. Treatment of
      HL-60 cells with an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide complementary to the start
      codon and the next four codons of c-myc mRNA has previously been observed to
      inhibit c-myc protein expression and cell proliferation in a sequence-specific,
      dose-dependent manner. Comparable effects are seen upon treatment of HL-60 cells
      with dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO), which is also known to induce granulocytic
      differentiation of HL-60 cells. Hence, the effects of antisense oligomers on
      cellular differentiation were examined and compared with Me2SO. Differentiation
      of HL-60 cells into forms with granulocytic characteristics was found to be
      enhanced in a sequence-specific manner by the anti-c-myc oligomer. No synergism
      was observed between the anti-c-myc oligomer and Me2SO in stimulating cellular
      differentiation. In contrast, synergism did appear in the inhibition of cell
      proliferation. Finally, the anti-c-myc oligomer uniformly inhibited colony
      formation in semisolid medium. It is possible that further reduction in the level
      of c-myc expression by antisense oligomer inhibition may be sufficient to allow
      terminal granulocytic differentiation and reverse transformation.

PMID- 2647709
TI  - Current perspectives on substance abuse in youth.
AB  - The literature on substance abuse in youth is reviewed and current terminology is
      defined. Perspectives are presented on epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and
      differential diagnosis, prevention, treatment, outcome, associated problems,
      issues of interface with other professionals, and directions for future research.
      Substance abuse in children and adolescents is a major public health problem. The
      definitive cause is unknown; there is a progression from legal to illegal drugs.
      Prevention methods are most effectively aimed at stopping initial use, and
      treatment remains variable. Child and adolescent psychiatrists are encouraged to
      become more involved in the problem.

PMID- 2647710
TI  - Lithium: a therapeutic magic wand.
AB  - The premodern and modern history of lithium in medicine spans 130 years. While
      today the drug has a firmly established role in psychiatry, many issues have yet
      to be fully resolved. Discussed within (but still not fully resolved) are the
      effectiveness of lithium in treatment-resistant depression, whether a rebound
      relapse occurs following abrupt discontinuation, which serum levels are most
      desirable for acute and maintenance therapy, whether a certain dosage schedule is
      kinder to the kidney, the relationship of dosage schedule to 12-hour serum level,
      how to best monitor thyroid function, whether lithium causes kidney rot, and
      whether lithium and neuroleptics make a uniquely neurotoxic combination.

PMID- 2647711
TI  - Ergoloid mesylates and ECT.
AB  - Amnesia is the most common adverse effect among patients receiving
      electroconvulsive therapy. In a double-blind pilot study, patients receiving
      bilateral ECT were pretreated with ergoloid mesylates (N = 5) or placebo (N = 5).
      Consistent with the hypothesis that ergoloid mesylates might protect against ECT
      associated amnesia, nonsignificant trends on some memory tests showed better
      performance for patients receiving active treatment. Unexpectedly, patients
      treated with ergoloid mesylates had a significantly better antidepressant
      response.

PMID- 2647712
TI  - Current status of antidepressants: clinical pharmacology and therapy.
AB  - Effective antidepressants, including imipramine and monoamine oxidase (MAO)
      inhibitors, were discovered serendipitously in the 1950s. Many additional agents
      have been introduced since then, but most are chemically or pharmacologically
      similar to those known for nearly four decades. Some recently introduced
      antidepressants offer either lesser or dissimilar side effects, but none exceeds
      older treatments in efficacy. Selective serotoninpotentiating agents and short
      acting MAO-A inhibitors promise efficacy with greater safety. Progress is made
      difficult because atypical or treatment-resistant patients are more often
      available for study than typical patients, and because most studies must rely
      heavily on potentially misleading "standard drug versus new drug" comparisons.
      Rational development of novel or better agents is slow, in part, due to limited
      understanding of the biological basis of major affective disorders and some
      circularity in relating actions of known drugs to pathophysiologic hypotheses.
      Action mechanisms of antidepressants are subtle and complex: adaptive changes
      occur in brain monoaminergic neurotransmission following repeated administration
      of agents of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) type that may lead to net
      facilitation of alpha 1-adrenergic transmission. Important advances have been
      made in using plasma TCA levels to guide individualization of dosing, in
      exploring higher doses of antidepressants when ordinary doses prove ineffective,
      and in recognizing a broadening spectrum of possible indications for
      antidepressants in adults and children. These indications include panic disorder,
      obsessive compulsive disorder, attention deficit disorder, and bulimia. Evidence
      for the prophylactic effects of antidepressants after the first months following
      recovery from an index episode of major depression is weak, and the treatment of
      common recurrent or chronic depression remains unsatisfactory. Gains have been
      made in increasing clinicians' and the general public's awareness of the common
      occurrence and appropriate treatment of major depression, even when the
      depression is associated with other medical or psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2647713
TI  - Treatment of premenstrual depression with nortriptyline: a pilot study.
AB  - There are no reports on treatment of premenstrual syndrome with antidepressants,
      although depression is a common symptom of the syndrome. Eleven women who met DSM
      III-R criteria for late luteal phase dysphoric disorder were treated with
      nortriptyline in an open pilot study after they failed to respond to placebo or
      another medication. Eight of 11 patients had a good therapeutic response. The
      efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of premenstrual depression needs
      confirmation with double-blind studies.

PMID- 2647714
TI  - Imipramine-related tinnitus.

PMID- 2647715
TI  - Probing the determinants of protein folding and stability with amino acid
      substitutions.

PMID- 2647716
TI  - Reconstitution of endosomal proteolysis in a cell-free system. Transfer of immune
      complexes internalized via Fc receptors to an endosomal proteolytic compartment.
AB  - The presence of acid proteases in the endosomal compartment of macrophages has
      been recently demonstrated (Diment, S., Leech, M. S., and Stahl, P. D. (1988) J.
      Biol. Chem. 263, 6901-6907). This proteolytic activity allows the early
      degradation of ligands internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis. To study
      the early steps that initiate the proteolytic processing of ligands, immune
      complexes formed with anti-dinitrophenol monoclonal IgG and radiolabeled
      dinitrophenol-derivatized bovine serum albumin were bound at 4 degrees C to Fc
      receptors of J774 macrophages. Cells were allowed to internalize immune complexes
      bound to the plasma membrane for different periods of time at 37 degrees C.
      Vesicle preparations generated from these cells were incubated in vitro at acidic
      pH to allow the hydrolysis of ligands located in protease-positive compartments.
      Ligand hydrolysis was observed after about 5 min of internalization, suggesting
      that at earlier times immune complexes were located in protease-free vesicles.
      Upon incubation of cell lysates under conditions that support in vitro endosome
      endosome fusion, early protease-free endosomes containing ligand acquire
      proteolytic activity. Reconstitution of fusion-dependent proteolysis required
      energy, ions, membrane-associated factors, and cytosol. Cytosol was inactivated
      by incubation with N-ethylmaleimide. The proteolytic compartment formed upon in
      vitro incubation colocalized with endosomes in the light region of a Percoll
      gradient. Reconstitution was also achieved using an endosomal preparation
      separated from lysosomes in a Percoll gradient. Our results indicate that a
      fusion step between newly formed endocytic vesicles and a light density, protease
      positive compartment triggers the proteolytic processing of ligands internalized
      by receptor-mediated endocytosis.

PMID- 2647717
TI  - Heterogeneity in human interleukin-3 receptors. A subclass that binds human
      granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor.
AB  - 125I-Labeled recombinant human interleukin-3 (IL-3) was used to study the
      characteristics and distribution of receptors for IL-3 on human cells. Receptors
      were found on primary monocytes, on some strains of KG-1 cells, and on pre-B cell
      lines. Binding was rapid at 37 degrees C, while requiring several hours to reach
      equilibrium at 4 degrees C. Equilibrium binding studies indicated that IL-3 bound
      to a single class of high affinity receptor (less than 500 receptors/cell) with a
      Ka of approximately 1 x 10(10) M-1. Inhibition studies revealed that human
      granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor partially inhibited the binding
      of 125I-IL-3 to human monocytes but not JM-1 cells. Additional analysis showed
      that on KG-1 cells, both IL-3 and GM-CSF partially competed specific binding of
      heterologous radiolabeled ligand, with approximately equivalent capacities. This
      competition occurred at both 37 and 4 degrees C. These results suggest
      heterogeneity in the binding sites for IL-3 and GM-CSF in which a subset of
      receptors binds only IL-3, a subset only GM-CSF, and another subset can bind
      both, all with high affinity. Additional heterogeneity was suggested by
      equilibrium binding of 125I-IL-3 to KG-1 cells which revealed a biphasic
      Scatchard plot containing a low affinity component not observed on monocytes and
      JM-1 cells.

PMID- 2647718
TI  - The Pseudomonas oleovorans alkane hydroxylase gene. Sequence and expression.
AB  - We have identified and sequenced the Pseudomonas OCT plasmid-encoded alkane
      hydroxylase gene (alkB) and its promoter. The transcription initiation site of
      the alkBAC mRNA was determined by nuclease S1 mapping. A putative interaction
      site with RNA-polymerase was identified based on homology of the alk promoter
      with other Pseudomonas promoters. The alkB gene encodes a 401-amino acid
      polypeptide which, despite an unusual codon composition, can be expressed at high
      levels in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas. The amino-terminal sequence of the
      purified cytoplasmic membrane alkane hydroxylase was determined and was found to
      be in agreement with the nucleotide sequence. The translation product of the alkB
      gene contains nine hydrophobic sequences of which eight are sufficiently long to
      be membrane-spanning segments. The amino-terminal sequence resembles that of
      several bacterial integral membrane proteins and is not cleaved off following
      translation.

PMID- 2647719
TI  - The Pseudomonas oleovorans alkBAC operon encodes two structurally related
      rubredoxins and an aldehyde dehydrogenase.
AB  - The Pseudomonas oleovorans alkBAC operon encodes seven proteins, of which at
      least three are involved in alkane hydroxylase (alkBA) and alkanol dehydrogenase
      (alkC) activities. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the 2.5-kilobase
      pair alkA region and analyzed the role of its translation products in alkane
      oxidation. The alkA region contains three coding sequences, encoding two related
      rubredoxins (alkF and alkG) of 14- and 18-kDa molecular mass and a 52-kDa
      aldehyde dehydrogenase (alkH). Deletion analysis indicated that neither the 14
      kDa alkF gene product (rubredoxin 1) nor the amino-terminal part of the 18-kDa
      alkG gene product (rubredoxin 2) is required for alkane hydroxylase activity in
      vivo. The product of the alkH cistron restores growth of a P. oleovorans aldehyde
      dehydrogenase mutant on aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes. Its amino acid sequence
      shows considerable homology to previously characterized aldehyde dehydrogenases
      from mammalian and fungal origin. The nucleotide composition of the alk genes
      (47% G + C) differs considerably from the G + C content of the P. oleovorans
      genome suggesting that the alk regulon may originate from an unrelated organism.

PMID- 2647720
TI  - Escherichia coli promoters. I. Consensus as it relates to spacing class,
      specificity, repeat substructure, and three-dimensional organization.
AB  - Fifty-two of the best characterized Escherichia coli promoters in the Hawley and
      McClure [1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 8, 2237-2255) listing were used to determine
      the distribution of information content in promoters and to describe the basic
      features underlying the existence of several different promoter spacing classes,
      which are defined by the number of bases separating the -35 and -10 regions. The
      contact regions at -35 and -10 do not, on the average, contain sufficient
      information to specify a promoter. The search for additional specifying bases led
      to two conclusions: 1) the consensus nucleotide sequence in the noncontact
      regions of a promoter appears to be distinct for each of the major promoter
      spacing classes; 2) promoters appear to contain a 15-20 base subset of the 40-50
      additional optimal noncontact bases. This improved view of the extended consensus
      sequence allows the detection of a 10-base degenerate palindrome which may be the
      basic unit of promoter structure. Contiguous direct repeats of this sequence
      produce a sequence closely related to the consensus for the 18-base pair spacing
      class. This underlying structure is also evidenced in the 17- and 16-base pair
      spacing classes; however, the start points of the fourth and subsequent
      repetitions of the sequence element are moved one and two bases upstream,
      respectively, relative to their location in the 18-base pair spacing class. These
      consensus sequences, when viewed in a helical format, all present the opportunity
      for two alternative sets of a dyad repeat. The -35 region is common to both sets
      and is paired with an extended -10 region in one set and with a pseudo-10 region
      in the other. Possible implications of these arrangements are discussed.

PMID- 2647721
TI  - Escherichia coli promoters. II. A spacing class-dependent promoter search
      protocol.
AB  - A computer search protocol for finding Escherichia coli bacterial and phage
      promoters is presented. This protocol relies heavily on the description of
      promoter sites developed in the preceding paper (O'Neill, M. C. (1989) J. Biol.
      Chem. 264, 5522-5530), with particular emphasis on the existence of a distinct
      consensus sequence for each of the three major spacing classes. The input
      sequence is tested independently for promoters with 16, 17, or 18 bases
      separating the -35 and -10 regions. Within a given spacing group, a series of six
      tests is employed to define possible promoters. These tests were developed
      empirically to identify members of the known promoter database with high
      efficiency while producing a minimal level of false positives. The degree to
      which this aim is met is discussed in the context of searches of random sequence,
      of pBR322, and of lambda.

PMID- 2647722
TI  - Characterization of thermotropic state changes in myosin subfragment-1 and heavy
      meromyosin by UV difference spectroscopy.
AB  - Thermotropic structural transitions in rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin
      and subfragment-1 (S-1) have been quantitatively investigated by using nucleotide
      induced UV difference spectroscopy. The magnitude of the adenylyl 5'
      imidophosphate (AMP-PNP)-induced difference spectrum is temperature-dependent for
      both S-1 and heavy meromyosin (HMM). The transition observed here appears to be
      the same transition observed by 31P NMR of bound AMP-PNP (Shriver, J., and Sykes,
      B. D. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 2004-2012). The ADP-induced spectrum is temperature
      independent, which differs from the 31P NMR data, indicating that the chromophore
      contributing to the difference spectrum resides in a domain distinct from the
      active site, at least when ADP is bound. Although the magnitudes of the AMP-PNP
      induced spectra are equal in magnitude for S-1 and HMM on a globular head basis,
      the temperature dependence of the AMP-PNP induced difference spectrum for S-1
      differs significantly from that of HMM. The van't Hoff enthalpy for the apparent
      two-state transition in S-1 is half that observed with HMM: 19 (+/- 7.5) kcal/mol
      for S-1 and 35 (+/- 5) kcal/mol for HMM. This indicates an additional cooperative
      interaction in HMM which is not present in S-1. Modification of SH1 results in
      the loss of the temperature dependence of the AMP-PNP-induced difference
      spectrum, and the resulting difference spectra appear identical to those induced
      by ADP.

PMID- 2647723
TI  - Regulation of granulocyte- and monocyte-colony stimulating factor mRNA levels in
      human blood monocytes is mediated primarily at a post-transcriptional level.
AB  - Human blood monocytes secrete a number of cytokines following activation
      including two hematopoietic growth factors, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
      (G-CSF) and monocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). The genes for
      these two factors can be both coordinately and independently expressed. Treatment
      of monocytes with phorbol myristic acid or cycloheximide induces both genes,
      while lipopolysaccharide selectively and transiently induces G-CSF transcripts.
      Interleukin-3 or granulocyte/monocyte-colony stimulating factor selectively
      induce M-CSF transcripts. Using nuclear run-on transcription assays and Northern
      blot analysis of actinomycin D-treated cells to estimate mRNA half-life, we show
      that the induction of both genes is due to mRNA stabilization. In resting
      monocytes, the levels of transcripts for both G-CSF and M-CSF are very low.
      Following stimulation with phorbol myristic acid, cycloheximide,
      lipopolysaccharide, or interleukin-3 the estimated transcription rate of both
      genes does not increase. However, the half-life of M-CSF mRNA increases to
      approximately 2 h, whereas G-CSF mRNA half-life increases to as long as 4 h.
      Thus, the control of CSF gene expression in monocytes is likely to involve more
      than one post-transcriptional mechanism.

PMID- 2647724
TI  - The FokI restriction-modification system. II. Presence of two domains in FokI
      methylase responsible for modification of different DNA strands.
AB  - Based on the previous findings that the FokI methylase (MFokI) consists of 647
      amino acid residues and contains two copies of the segment specific for adenine
      methylase, Asp-Pro-Pro-Tyr, at amino acid positions 218-221 and 548-551, the role
      of these copies in the methylation reaction was investigated by introduction of a
      mutation into each segment. The MFokI gene was inserted into M13 vectors, and the
      Asp residues in the two segments were converted to Gly and Ala by oligonucleotide
      directed mutagenesis. The wild-type and mutant genes were recloned into an
      expression vector, from which gene products were purified. A short DNA fragment
      carrying the FokI recognition site was treated with each of these enzymes, and
      after separation of the two strands by duplex formation with M13 viral DNAs
      carrying the respective strands, the presence or absence of modification was
      judged from susceptibility to FokI endonuclease. The results of analysis showed
      that different strands were modified in an asymmetric way by the introduction of
      mutations into one of the two segments, and that the segments at the N-terminal
      and C-terminal moieties participated in modification of the strands carrying 5'
      GGATG-3' and 3'-CCTAC-5', respectively. We concluded that MFokI contained two
      functional domains each of which was responsible for modification of different
      strands in the target DNA.

PMID- 2647725
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against COOH-terminal peptide of human liver manganese
      superoxide dismutase.
AB  - Three stable hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies specific for
      human liver manganese superoxide dismutase were established, and one monoclonal
      antibody, PG 11, was chosen for immunochemical studies. Immunoblotting
      demonstrated that the monoclonal antibody binds exclusively to the manganese
      superoxide dismutase. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that the enzyme is
      localized in the matrix of human liver mitochondria. To localize antibody-binding
      epitope, synthetic peptides of the NH2-terminal (residues 1-16) and COOH-terminal
      (residues 182-189, 190-196, and 182-196) parts of the enzyme were synthesized,
      and then their effects on the binding were studied using an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay method. All of the above COOH-terminal peptides inhibited the
      binding whereas the NH2-terminal ones did not, indicating that PG 11 recognizes
      several peptides of COOH termini of manganese superoxide dismutase. This is the
      first report of monoclonal antibodies against human manganese superoxide
      dismutase with a distinct epitope and of the immunocytochemical demonstration of
      manganese superoxide dismutase.

PMID- 2647726
TI  - A 113-amino acid fragment of CD4 produced in Escherichia coli blocks human
      immunodeficiency virus-induced cell fusion.
AB  - A gene encoding a 113-amino acid, NH2-terminal fragment of CD4, rsT4.113, was
      constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli under the control of the tryptophan
      operon promoter. Following induction, rsT4.113 is produced at 5-10% of total E.
      coli protein, and it is found in inclusion bodies. The protein is purified in two
      steps under denaturing and reducing conditions. Solubilized rsT4.113 is first
      purified on a column of Q-Sepharose to remove low molecular weight contaminants
      and then purified to greater than 95% homogeneity by gel filtration. Renaturation
      of rsT4.113 is achieved at approximately 20% yield by dilution and dialysis. High
      performance liquid chromatography analysis of renatured rsT4.113 reveals a less
      than 15% contaminant of reduced protein. Purified and renatured rsT4.113 contains
      epitopes for both OKT4a and Leu3a, anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies which block CD4
      gp 120 association, but lacks measurable affinity toward a nonblocking anti-CD4
      monoclonal antibody, OKT4. By comparison to a longer form (375 amino acids) of
      recombinant soluble T4 produced in mammalian cells that contains the entire
      extracellular domain, rsT4.113 has a comparable affinity for binding to OKT4a and
      Leu3a in a radioimmunoassay. Analysis of antiviral activity of rsT4.113
      demonstrates that the E. coli-derived protein inhibits human immunodeficiency
      virus-induced syncytium formation with an IC50 of 5-10 micrograms/ml. These data
      demonstrate that the human immunodeficiency virus-binding domain of CD4 is
      localized within the NH2-terminal 113 amino acids of CD4 and is contained within
      a structure homologous to the kappa variable-like domain of immunoglobulins.

PMID- 2647727
TI  - Characterization of the calmodulin-binding site of nonerythroid alpha-spectrin.
      Recombinant protein and model peptide studies.
AB  - An important function of the mammalian nonerythroid alpha-spectrin chain (alpha
      fodrin) that distinguishes it from the closely related erythroid isoform is its
      ability to bind calmodulin. By analysis of a series of deleted recombinant
      spectrin fusion proteins, we have identified a region in the nonerythroid alpha
      chain involved in calcium-dependent binding of calmodulin. The region is
      distinctive in that the sequence is absent from the homologous domain of the
      erythroid alpha chain and diverges from the normal internal repeat structure
      observed throughout other spectrins. In order to determine limits of this
      functional site, a synthetic peptide as small as 24 residues was shown to compete
      with either recombinant or brain alpha-spectrin in binding to calmodulin. The
      active peptide, which was derived from a segment between repeats 11 and 12, was
      composed of the following sequence: Lys-Thr-Ala-Ser-Pro-Trp-Lys-Ser-Ala-Arg-Leu
      Met-Val-His-Thr-Val-Ala-Thr-Phe-Asn - Ser-Ile-Lys-Glu. Comparison of this
      sequence with functional sites in other diverse calcium-dependent calmodulin
      binding proteins has revealed a structural motif common to all of these proteins,
      namely clusters of hydrophobic residues interspersed with basic residues. When
      folded into alpha-helical conformations, these binding sites are predicted to
      form amphipathic structures.

PMID- 2647728
TI  - Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase.
      Evidence for its evolutionary relationship to other pyridine nucleotide-dependent
      dehydrogenases.
AB  - A 1.7-kilobase pair cDNA clone encoding 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase has
      been isolated by screening a rat liver lambda gt11 library with a 17-base
      oligonucleotide probe which corresponds to a portion of the N-terminal amino acid
      sequence of rabbit liver 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase. The cDNA contains an
      open reading frame of 1038 base pairs which includes an amino acid sequence that
      matches the N-terminal 35 amino acid sequence of rabbit 3-hydroxyisobutyrate
      dehydrogenase at 33 residues. The cDNA predicts a 300-amino acid mature protein
      with an amino acid composition and molecular weight very similar to that of
      rabbit liver 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase. Northern blot analysis of total
      RNA from several rat tissues shows an mRNA of approximately 2.0 kilobase pairs in
      each tissue. Relative mRNA levels were: kidney greater than liver = heart greater
      than muscle. The amino acid sequence of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase shows
      similarity to several other pyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases. The
      resemblance to malate and lactate dehydrogenases suggests that the nucleotide
      binding domain is located in the N-terminal region of the protein.

PMID- 2647729
TI  - Insulin receptor recycling in vascular endothelial cells. Regulation by insulin
      and phorbol ester.
AB  - Endothelial cell insulin receptors mediate the transcytosis of insulin from
      luminal to abluminal cell surface. We have investigated the kinetics of insulin
      receptor translocation by immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled receptors at
      various times before and after trypsin treatment of intact endothelial cells.
      Insulin receptors were constitutively internalized with t1/2 = 18 +/- 2 min and
      were recycled to the cell surface. Insulin stimulated receptor internalization
      and externalization rates 2.6- and 2.4-fold, respectively. Changes in cell
      surface binding of 125I-insulin were consistent with the receptor translocation
      rates observed in surface-labeling experiments. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)
      treatment increased the rate of insulin-stimulated receptor externalization 1.7
      fold. PMA treatment increased the constitutive externalization rate 3.5-fold
      without affecting the constitutive internalization rate, suggesting that
      recycling might occur via a mobilization of receptors from intracellular sites in
      a manner independent of internalization rate. Analysis of the intracellular
      distribution of receptors by 125I-insulin binding and immunogold electron
      microscopy revealed that less than one-third of the total insulin receptor pool
      resided on the cell surface. In summary, endothelial cell insulin receptors are
      constitutively recycled, and internalization and externalization rates are
      increased by receptor occupancy and PMA treatment.

PMID- 2647730
TI  - Intramolecular DNA triplexes in supercoiled plasmids. I. Effect of loop size on
      formation and stability.
AB  - The capacity of four oligopurine.oligopyrimidine (pur.pyr) sequences with
      different lengths of interruptions in the center [GAA)4(N)n(GAA)4G) (n = 3, 5, 7,
      and 9) to adopt intramolecular DNA triplexes was evaluated in recombinant
      plasmids. The hyperreactive patterns of the pur.pyr inserts to specific chemical
      probes (OsO4, diethyl pyrocarbonate, and dimethyl sulfate) at the base pair level
      demonstrate that intramolecular triplexes with identical 12-base triads in the
      stem but with different loop sizes (4, 6, 8, and 10 bases) can form in
      supercoiled plasmids. Furthermore, the extent of OsO4 modification was measured
      as a function of temperature and of average negative supercoil density. In
      addition, the transition free energy of B-DNA to triplexes at pH 4.5 was
      determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. These comparative studies show
      that longer loops require more supercoil energy for triplex formation and are
      less thermostable than triplexes with shorter loops. Also, it may be that not
      only the loop size but the base composition of the loop region affects the
      structural transition and triplex stability. Thus, these results significantly
      broaden the range of natural pur.pyr sequences that may adopt triplexes.

PMID- 2647731
TI  - Intramolecular DNA triplexes in supercoiled plasmids. II. Effect of base
      composition and noncentral interruptions on formation and stability.
AB  - The effects of interruptions in the homopurine bias and the G+C content of the
      homopurine.homopyrimidine (pur.pyr) sequences on intramolecular triplex formation
      and stability in supercoiled plasmids were evaluated. In addition, the
      interconversion of triplex and duplex, after altering the stabilizing factors
      (low pH or supercoiling), was studied. We conclude: (a) a 42-base pair pur.pyr
      sequence with three consecutive interruptions does not form a large triplex with
      three unpaired nucleotides in the stem. Instead, a mixture of two smaller (27-
      and 28-nucleotide) triplexes forms. (b) A 28-nucleotide sequence with a single
      interruption forms a triplex with one unpaired nucleotide in the stem. This
      interruption causes the triplex to be 7 degrees C less thermostable and requires
      more superhelical energy for formation than the control triplex. (c) As the G+C
      content of a pur.pyr sequence increases, the thermostability of the triplex
      increases and the triplex requires less supercoiling for formation. (d) The
      interconversion between duplex and triplex is fast. After negative supercoiling
      is removed, all triplex becomes duplex in about 3 min. When the pH is shifted
      from 8.0 to 5.2, the conversion of duplex to triplex in a negatively supercoiled
      plasmid is complete in less than 2 min. Hence, these kinetic properties are
      consistent with important biological roles for triplexes. In summary, the results
      from both this and the accompanying paper show that a substantial amount of
      sequence imperfections is tolerated for triplex formation and stability.

PMID- 2647732
TI  - DNA polymerase alpha.

PMID- 2647733
TI  - Limited proteolysis of T-kininogen (thiostatin). Release of comparable fragments
      by different endopeptidases.
AB  - Limited proteolysis of T-kininogen by heterologous and homologous endopeptidases
      (bovine trypsin, human leukocyte elastase, rat submaxillary gland endopeptidase
      k, and rat mast cell chymase) produced similar fragmentation. Amino-terminal
      sequence analysis of whole T-kininogen lysates and purified proteolytic fragments
      identified four susceptible regions which contained all the preferential cleavage
      sites for these proteinases. Two of these susceptible regions were close to the
      junction between heavy chain cystatin-like domains, the third was in the kinin
      containing region, and the fourth was close to the carboxyl terminus of the T
      kininogen light chain. There was only one primary site for each proteinase in the
      kinin-containing region, which explains why catalytic amounts of these
      proteinases did not release immunoreactive kinin from this kininogen. However,
      preferential cleavage of T-kininogen close to the junction between cystatin-like
      domains released fragments which, provided they included cystatin-like domains 2
      and/or 3, strongly inhibited papain and cathepsin L. The fragments were
      inhibitory even when parts of the amino-terminal ends of the domains were
      lacking. The highly conserved glycyl residue, thought to be involved in the
      inhibitory reactive site of cystatin-like inhibitors, was not required in
      purified domain 3 for inhibition of cathepsin L.

PMID- 2647734
TI  - A new protein subunit k for RNA polymerase from Xanthomonas campestris pv.
      oryzae.
AB  - During the purification of RNA polymerase from Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae,
      a new subunit named k was found to be associated with this enzyme. The removal of
      subunit k from holoenzyme by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography results in a
      decrease in specific activity of the enzyme. The readdition of subunit k to
      subunit k-depleted holoenzyme results in restoration of enzymatic activity.
      Subunit k increase the activity of RNA polymerase; the activation was in
      proportion to the concentration of subunit k added. Antiserum against holoenzyme
      devoid of subunit k was prepared. This antiserum did not react with purified
      subunit k; therefore, subunit k may not be the proteolytic fragment of the beta,
      beta', sigma, or alpha subunit. When this antiserum was used to precipitate RNA
      polymerase obtained from a crude extract of bacterial cells, subunit k was
      coprecipitated as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretic
      analysis. The molecular mass of subunit k is approximately 29 kDa, and the molar
      ratio of beta:beta':sigma:alpha:k was estimated to be 1:1:1:2:4. When native Xp10
      DNA was used as template, subunit k stimulated subunit k-depleted holoenzyme, but
      not core enzyme. When the synthetic polynucleotide poly[d(A-T)] was used, subunit
      k activated both subunit k-depleted holoenzyme and core enzyme. Subunit k also
      activated the binding of RNA polymerase to template DNA.

PMID- 2647735
TI  - Purification and properties of the Escherichia coli heat shock protein, HtpG.
AB  - As a preliminary to the understanding of the function of the highly conserved
      Escherichia coli heat shock protein HtpG, the protein was purified and partially
      characterized. The htpG gene was subcloned into the inducible expression vector,
      pT7-6. Upon induction, the HtpG protein accumulated to approximately 30% of the
      total protein in the cell. A purification scheme was devised which involved
      column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, and Sephacryl S-200.
      The amino acid composition of the purified protein corresponded closely with the
      predicted amino acid composition derived from the DNA sequence, and the sequence
      of the 8 amino-terminal residues matched the predicted sequence exactly. The
      molecular weight of the denatured protein is 65,500 and the native molecular
      weight is 144,620, as calculated by using both the Stokes radius and the
      sedimentation coefficient. As the molecular weight predicted from the DNA
      sequence is 71,429, this indicates the HtpG protein is a dimer. The HtpG protein
      was found to be a phosphoprotein. Thus, HtpG is structurally similar to its
      eukaryotic homologue, hsp83, which is also a phosphoprotein and a dimer.

PMID- 2647736
TI  - Lipopolysaccharide interaction with lysozyme. Binding of lipopolysaccharide to
      lysozyme and inhibition of lysozyme enzymatic activity.
AB  - Experiments have been carried out to characterize the binding of lysozyme (LZM)
      to bacteriol lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The formation of LPS.LZM complexes can be
      readily demonstrated using either physical-chemical separation techniques or a
      radiolabeled photoaffinity LPS probe. The binding affinity of LZM for LPS has
      been estimated to be approximately 10(8) liters/mol. Binding of LPS results in
      loss of LZM enzymatic activity by a noncompetitive inhibition, as assessed by
      either particulate or soluble substrates. This interaction of LPS with LZM is
      dictated primarily by hydrophobic interactions and appears to be a general
      property of both constituents. Binding can be demonstrated with LZM of both human
      and avian sources, as well as with LPS isolated from a variety of Gram-negative
      organisms. The addition of LPS to biologically relevant fluids containing LZM
      results in dose-dependent inhibition of LZM enzymatic activity suggesting that
      such interactions may have relevance in Gram-negative infections. Finally LZM has
      been shown to reduce the endotoxic activity of LPS as assessed by gelation of
      Limulus amoebocyte lysates.

PMID- 2647737
TI  - The flexible region of protein L12 from bacterial ribosomes studied by proton
      nuclear magnetic resonance.
AB  - The dimeric protein L7/L12 from bacterial ribosomes has a highly elongated and
      flexible structure. We have, using 1H NMR methods, analyzed the extent of the
      flexible region and also the size of the organized structures of the molecule. A
      number of mutants of the protein as well as monomeric and dimeric forms of the
      protein and a COOH-terminal fragment have been used for the identification of
      certain resonances. Thus, residues 37-50 were found to be highly mobile whereas
      the amino-terminal and COOH-terminal regions are organized into folded domains.
      The flexibility between the domains and its relation to functional properties of
      the protein are discussed.

PMID- 2647738
TI  - Proteolytic modification of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase.
AB  - Proteolytic modification of the native alkaline phosphatase dimer is restricted
      to sites in the amino-terminal portion of the sequence. Complementing previous
      studies of the product of trypsin cleavage at the R-11, A-12 bond (Roberts, C.
      H., and Chlebowski, J. F. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 729-733; Roberts, C. H., and
      Chlebowski, J. F. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7557-7561) circular dichroic
      spectroscopy indicates that cleavage at this site results in a rearrangement of
      secondary structure and change in tertiary structure as monitored in the far and
      near UV regions, respectively. Under more vigorous reaction conditions, trypsin
      cleaves at the R-35, D-36 bond. The deletion of an additional 24 residues yields
      a species whose functional and structural properties are similar to the initial
      product of trypsin cleavage. Treatment of the enzyme with Protease V-8 results in
      cleavage at the E-9, N-10 bond. In contrast to the products of trypsin treatment,
      this truncated enzyme is similar to the native enzyme. These results indicate
      that the residues at the N-10 and R-11 positions play a unique role in
      maintaining the structural integrity and catalytic potency of the enzyme although
      this locus is distant from the enzyme active centers. These observations are
      discussed in terms of the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme.

PMID- 2647739
TI  - Deduced protein sequence of bone small proteoglycan I (biglycan) shows homology
      with proteoglycan II (decorin) and several nonconnective tissue proteins in a
      variety of species.
AB  - The small proteoglycans (PG) of bone consist of two different molecular species:
      one containing one chondroitin sulfate chain (PG II) and the other, two chains
      (PG I). These two proteoglycans are found in many connective tissues and have Mr
      = 45,000 core proteins with clear differences in their NH2-terminal sequences.
      Using antisera produced against synthetic peptides derived from the human PG I
      and PG II NH2 termini, we have isolated several cDNA clones from a lambda gt11
      expression library made against mRNA isolated from human bone-derived cells. The
      clones, which reacted with antisera to the PG II peptide, were sequenced and
      found to be identical with the PG II class of proteoglycan from human fibroblasts
      known as PG-40 or decorin. The clones reacting to the PG I antisera, however, had
      a unique sequence. The derived protein sequence of PG I showed sufficient
      homology with the PG II sequence (55% of the amino acids are identical, with most
      others involving chemically similar amino acid substitutions) to strongly suggest
      that the two proteins were the result of a gene duplication. PG II (decorin)
      contains one attached glycosaminoglycan chain, while PG I probably contains two
      chains. For this reason, we suggest that PG I be called biglycan. The biglycan
      protein sequence contains 368 residues (Mr = 42,510 for the complete sequence and
      Mr = 37,983 for the secreted form) that appears to consist predominantly of a
      series of 12 tandem repeats of 24 residues. The repeats are recognized by their
      conserved leucines (and leucine-like amino acids) in positions previously
      reported for a diverse collection of proteins (none of which is thought to be
      proteoglycans) including: two morphogenic proteins (toll and chaoptin) in the
      fruit fly; a yeast adenylate cyclase; and two human proteins, the von Willebrand
      Factor-binding platelet membrane protein, GPIb, and a rare serum protein, leucine
      rich glycoprotein.

PMID- 2647740
TI  - The protein components of the 12-nanometer microfibrils of elastic and nonelastic
      tissues.
AB  - A procedure has been developed which is much more specific for the solubilization
      of the elastin-associated microfibrils from fetal bovine nuchal ligament using
      treatment with reductive saline in place of reductive guanidine hydrochloride
      buffer. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, reductive saline extracts were shown to contain only five major
      protein bands with Mrs of 340,000, 78,000, 70,000, 31,000, and 25,000. The 31-kDa
      species was identified immunologically as the previously described macromolecule
      named microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MAGP) (Gibson, M. A., Hughes, J. L.,
      Fanning, J. C., and Cleary, E. G. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 11429-11436). The
      proteins were purified by gel permeation, ion exchange, and affinity
      chromatography. Amino acid analyses showed that each protein had a profile which
      was distinct from that of MAGP although each was also high in acidic amino acids
      and cystine. The 340- and 78-kDa species were each demonstrated by immunoelectron
      microscopy with affinity-purified antibodies to be derived from the elastin
      associated microfibris, and these were provisionally named microfibrillar protein
      340 (MP340) and microfibrillar protein 78 (MP78), respectively. Each of the above
      antibodies gave a tissue distribution identical to that of anti-MAGP antibodies,
      and thus MP340 and MP78 also were identified with the 12-nm microfibrils of
      nonelastic tissues. MP340 was shown to absorb out completely the microfibrillar
      immunoreactivity of anti-(reductive guanidine hydrochloride extract) antibodies,
      indicating that MP340 was (a) the major microfibrillar constituent in these
      extracts and (b) the second unidentified microfibrillar antigen described
      previously. The relationship of the 70- and 25-kDa proteins to microfibrils is
      yet to be established. Immunoblot and immunoabsorption studies showed that MAGP
      and MP78 were immunologically related to MP340 but not to each other. Cyanogen
      bromide peptide mapping indicated that MAGP was structurally related to MP340. It
      is postulated that MAGP and MP78 are constituents of MP340 which in turn is the
      subunit of which the 12-nm microfibrils are composed.

PMID- 2647741
TI  - Differential targeting of an epithelial plasma membrane glycoprotein in polarized
      Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
AB  - Using monoclonal antibodies directed against the plasma membrane of Madin-Darby
      canine kidney (MDCK) cells, we demonstrated previously that a glycoprotein with
      an Mr = 23,000 (gp23) had a non-polarized cell surface distribution and was
      observed on both the apical and basolateral membranes (Ojakian, G. K., Romain, R.
      E., and Herz, R. E. (1987) Am. J. Physiol. 253, C433-C443). However, in parallel
      studies on MDCK clonal lines (D11, D18) with high transepithelial electrical
      resistances and in kidney cells in vivo it was determined that gp23 had a
      polarized cell surface distribution, being localized only to the basolateral
      membrane. The cell surface distribution of other glycoproteins was identical in
      both MDCK and MDCK clonal lines, indicating that MDCK cells were not deficient in
      the ability to properly sort membrane glycoproteins. Metabolic labeling with
      radioactive substrates followed by immunopurification and gel electrophoresis
      demonstrated that gp23 from both MDCK and MDCK clone D11 had many biochemical
      similarities including electrophoretic mobility, glycosylation, and palmitate
      incorporation. However, proteolytic digestion of gp23 from MDCK and clone D11
      cells produced unique peptide maps suggesting that these closely related
      glycoproteins may have different primary sequences. In this report, we present
      evidence that the differential targeting of gp23 may be due to differences
      between the primary sequences of the basolateral and non-targeted proteins. The
      possibility that the observed differences in gp23 targeting are due to the
      presence of a basolateral recognition signal in gp23 from clone D11 cells is
      discussed.

PMID- 2647742
TI  - Uncoupling of co-translational translocation from signal peptidase processing in
      a mutant rat preapolipoprotein-A-IV with a deletion that includes the COOH
      terminal region of its signal peptide.
AB  - In order to characterize the function of the COOH-terminal (c) region of
      eukaryotic signal peptides, a 14-amino acid long segment was deleted from a
      secreted rat liver and intestinal protein, preapolipoprotein-A-IV. This deletion
      spanned the c-region plus all potential signal peptidase cleavage sites. The
      functional consequences of this mutation were assessed using an in vitro
      transcription/translation/microsomal membrane processing system. Removal of these
      residues had no effect on interaction of the nascent preprotein with signal
      recognition particle as measured by a translational arrest assay. Although no
      signal peptidase cleavage of the mutant was detected, the efficiency of its co
      translational translocation was similar to the wild type protein. A
      postinitiation translocation assay was utilized to compare the translocation
      capabilities of nascent wild type and mutant proteins as their chain lengths were
      progressively increased. No difference was detected between the two species
      suggesting that their initial conformations are functionally equivalent as
      measured by the translocation machinery. We conclude from these studies of
      preapolipoprotein-A-IV that (i) the efficiency of translocation is not dependent
      on signal peptidase cleavage and (ii) structural features present in the c-region
      of the signal peptide are not necessary for interaction with signal recognition
      particle or for subsequent targeting to, and translocation across, microsomal
      membranes.

PMID- 2647743
TI  - Isolation and properties of a liver mitochondrial precursor protein to aspartate
      aminotransferase expressed in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The precursor to rat liver mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase has been
      expressed in Escherichia coli JM105 using the pKK233-2 expression vector. This
      mammalian natural precursor has been isolated as a soluble dimeric protein. The
      amino-terminal sequence and the amino acid composition of the isolated protein
      correspond to those predicted from the inserted cDNA (Mattingly, J. R., Jr.,
      Rodriguez-Berrocal, F. J., Gordon, J., Iriarte, A., and Martinez-Carrion, M.
      (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149, 859-865). The isolated precursor
      contains bound pyridoxal phosphate and shows catalytic activity with a specific
      activity equal to that of the mature form of the enzyme. This precursor can also
      be processed by mitochondria into a form with the sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis mobility of mature enzyme. The isolation of
      this precursor as a stable and catalytically active entity indicates that the
      presequence peptide does not necessarily interfere with much of the folding and
      basic structural properties of the mature protein component.

PMID- 2647744
TI  - Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding the murine NAD-dependent
      methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase.
AB  - Forty cDNA clones corresponding to the bifunctional NAD-dependent
      methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase
      enzyme were isolated from a mouse lambda gt11 library. Two classes of cDNA clones
      were shown by Northern analysis to correspond to the two mRNA species of 1.7 and
      2.0 kilobases present in transformed cells but not in normal tissues and that
      apparently are derived from alternate polyadenylation signals. The 1050-base pair
      coding region encodes a protein of 350 amino acids which contains a putative
      mitochondrial-targeting signal peptide of 34 amino acids following the initiator
      methionine. The 20 amino acids immediately following the signal peptide
      correspond exactly to those determined by sequence analysis of the amino terminus
      of the purified protein. The derived amino acid sequence of the NAD-dependent
      dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase shows extensive homology with the corresponding
      amino-terminal sequence of the trifunctional NADP-dependent dehydrogenase
      cyclohydrolase-synthetase enzyme from human cells (approximately 40%), yeast
      cytosol (approximately 36%), and yeast mitochondria (approximately 45%).

PMID- 2647745
TI  - Evidence that the 90-kDa heat shock protein is necessary for the steroid binding
      conformation of the L cell glucocorticoid receptor.
AB  - Using L cell glucocorticoid receptors that have been immunopurified by adsorption
      to protein A Sepharose with a monoclonal antireceptor antibody, we have developed
      an assay to study the requirements for maintenance of steroid-binding capacity.
      After rapid purification by immunoadsorption, heteromeric receptor complexes
      retain the ability to bind glucocorticoid hormone. When the receptor complexes
      are warmed at 20 degrees C, steroid-binding capacity is lost, and the 90-kDa heat
      shock protein (hsp90) dissociates from the receptor. The rates of both
      temperature- and salt-dependent dissociation of hsp90 parallel the rates of loss
      of hormone-binding activity. Molybdate and hydrogen peroxide stabilize the hsp90
      receptor complex against temperature-dependent dissociation. Molybdate, however,
      is much more effective in stabilizing steroid-binding capacity than peroxide.
      Receptors that have been inactivated in the absence of molybdate or peroxide
      cannot be reactivated. Inactivation of steroid-binding capacity occurs in the
      presence or absence of reducing agent, and inactivation is not accompanied by
      receptor cleavage or dephosphorylation. Under no conditions does an hsp90-free
      receptor bind steroid. Receptor bound to hsp90 can be cleaved to the 27-kDa
      meroreceptor in the presence of molybdate with retention of both hsp90 and
      steroid-binding activity. These observations lead us to propose that hsp90 is
      necessary but not sufficient for maintaining a competent high affinity
      glucocorticoid-binding site. Although the 27-kDa meroreceptor fragment is not
      itself sufficient for a competent binding site, it is sufficient when it is
      associated with hsp90.

PMID- 2647746
TI  - Reconstitution of the histidine periplasmic transport system in membrane
      vesicles. Energy coupling and interaction between the binding protein and the
      membrane complex.
AB  - The periplasmic histidine transport system of Salmonella typhimurium has been
      reconstituted in isolated right-side-out membrane vesicles. The reconstituted
      system is entirely dependent on both the periplasmic protein, HisJ, and the
      membrane-bound complex, composed of proteins HisQ, HisM, and HisP. Transport is
      also dependent on the presence of ascorbate and phenazine methosulfate, which
      provide the energy for transport. Ascorbate oxidation generates a proton-motive
      force, which allows ATP synthesis. ATP (or a cogenerated molecule) appears to be
      the immediate energy donor. Dissipation of the proton-motive-force or reduction
      of the level of ATP by a variety of treatments results in inhibition of
      transport. Vanadate inhibits transport, indicating that ATP utilization is
      necessary to energize transport. The interaction between liganded HisJ and the
      membrane complex has been measured directly: it displays Michaelis-Menten type
      kinetics, with a K1/2 of approximately 65 microM. The significance of this
      finding in terms of transport properties of whole cells is discussed.

PMID- 2647747
TI  - Heparin cofactor IIOslo. Mutation of Arg-189 to His decreases the affinity for
      dermatan sulfate.
AB  - Heparin and dermatan sulfate increase the rate of inhibition of thrombin by
      heparin cofactor II (HCII) approximately 1000-fold by providing a catalytic
      template to which both the inhibitor and the proteinase bind. A variant form of
      HCII that binds heparin but not dermatan sulfate has been described recently in
      two heterozygous individuals (Andersson, T.R., Larsen, M.L., and Abildgaard, U.
      (1987) Thromb. Res. 47, 243-248). We have now purified the variant HCII
      (designated HCIIOslo) from the plasma of ne of these individuals. HCIIOslo or
      normal HCII (11 nM) was incubated with thrombin (9 nM) for 1 min in the presence
      of heparin or dermatan sulfate. Fifty percent inhibition of thrombin occurred at
      26 micrograms/ml dermatan sulfate with normal HCII and greater than 1600
      micrograms/ml dermatan sulfate with HCIIOslo. In contrast, inhibition of thrombin
      occurred at a similar concentration of heparin (1.0-1.5 micrograms/ml) with both
      inhibitors. To identify the mutation in HCIIOslo, DNA fragments encoding the N
      terminal 220 amino acid residues of HCII were amplified from leukocyte DNA by the
      Taq DNA polymerase chain reaction and both alleles were cloned. A point mutation
      (G----A) resulting in substitution of His for Arg-189 was found in one allele.
      The same mutation was constructed in the cDNA of native HCII by oligonucleotide
      directed mutagenesis and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant HCIIHis
      189 reacted with thrombin in the presence of heparin but not dermatan sulfate,
      confirming that this mutation is responsible for the functional abnormality in
      HCIIOslo.

PMID- 2647748
TI  - The primary structure of Escherichia coli L-threonine dehydrogenase.
AB  - The complete primary structures of Escherichia coli L-threonine dehydrogenase has
      been deduced by sequencing the cloned tdh gene. The primary structure so
      determined agrees with results obtained independently for the amino acid
      composition, the N-terminal amino acid sequence (20 residues), and a short
      sequence at the end of an internal peptide of the purified enzyme. The presence
      of a predicted Asp-Pro bond at residues 148 and 149 was confirmed by treatment of
      purified threonine dehydrogenase with dilute acid and subsequent analysis of the
      resulting cleavage products. The primary structure of L-threonine dehydrogenase
      from E. coli has been examined for possible homology to other NAD+-dependent
      dehydrogenases; indications are that this enzyme is a member of the zinc
      containing long-chain alcohol/polyol dehydrogenase family.

PMID- 2647749
TI  - Genetically engineered polymers of human CuZn superoxide dismutase. Biochemistry
      and serum half-lives.
AB  - CuZn superoxide dismutase is a highly stable dimer of identical subunits with a
      combined molecular mass of 32,000 daltons. Two human superoxide dismutase genes
      have been joined in the same translational reading frame, using spacers of
      different lengths, to encode single chain proteins consisting of two identical
      human superoxide dismutase subunits. The first construct encodes two directly
      linked subunits; the terminal glutamine codon of the first gene was changed to a
      methionine codon and followed immediately by the second gene. The second
      construct encodes two subunits linked by a 19-amino-acid human immunoglobulin
      IgA1 hinge sequence. Both constructs produce high levels of catalytically active
      superoxide dismutase when expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein containing
      the IgA1 hinge sequence forms polymers up to 750,000 in molecular weight, which
      are linked together noncovalently by the hydrophobic bonding of the dimer
      interface. The polymers are soluble, thermostable, and of near normal specific
      activity. Site-directed in vitro mutagenesis was used to inactivate one of the
      two human superoxide dismutase subunits. The resulting human superoxide dismutase
      polymers have approximately 50% activity, thus confirming that the products of
      both genes are catalytically active. Large amounts of individual polymeric forms
      have been purified from recombinant yeast and tested for serum stability in rats.
      The serum half-life is approximately 7 min for both the two-chain wild type human
      superoxide dismutase dimer (Mr 32,000) and the single chain molecule consisting
      of a human superoxide dismutase dimer covalently linked by the immunoglobulin
      hinge region (Mr 34,000), whereas the higher molecular weight polymers (Mr
      greater than or equal to 68,000) all have half-lives of approximately 145 min.

PMID- 2647750
TI  - Tenodesis of the long head of the biceps brachii for chronic bicipital
      tendinitis. Long-term results.
AB  - Fifty-four shoulders in fifty-one patients were followed for an average of
      thirteen years (range, two to twenty-three years) after surgical tenodesis of the
      long head of the biceps brachii for the treatment of chronic tendinitis. At an
      average of six months postoperatively, in all but three shoulders (forty-eight
      patients) some benefit was evident. However, after a longer follow-up, a
      satisfactory result was achieved in only twenty-eight shoulders (approximately 50
      per cent). About one-third of the shoulders continued to be pain-free, and in
      eight shoulders (15 per cent) an additional operation was performed. Tenodesis of
      the long head of the biceps tendon, therefore, was not an effective treatment for
      tendinitis over the long term.

PMID- 2647751
TI  - Current concepts review. The definitions of terms for motion and position of the
      knee and injuries of the ligaments.

PMID- 2647752
TI  - The femoral head in osteonecrosis. A quantitative study of osteocyte population.
AB  - The occurrence of osteonecrosis following renal transplantation is well
      recognised but its pathogenesis remains unknown. We have quantified the number of
      empty osteocytic lacunae in the subchondral bone of femoral heads from a control
      group of patients, and compared these with femoral heads from a group of renal
      transplant recipients without evidence of overt osteonecrosis. There is a
      significant increase in empty osteocytic lacunae in renal transplant patients. We
      conclude that loss of osteocytes precedes other manifestations of osteonecrosis.

PMID- 2647753
TI  - Measurement of anteversion of the femoral neck. Ultrasound and computerised
      tomography compared.
AB  - Anteversion of the femoral neck of 30 unpaired dry bones was measured directly,
      by ultrasound, and by computerised tomography. The angles measured directly
      corresponded well with the angles found by CT scan, but there was poor
      correlation between these and the angles measured by ultrasound. At present
      ultrasound seems to be unsuitable for the measurement of anteversion of the
      femoral neck.

PMID- 2647754
TI  - Ultrasound measurement of vertebral rotation in idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - Ultrasound can be used to outline the spinous processes and the laminae, and thus
      to measure axial rotation. Using our own technique, we measured vertebral
      rotation in 47 patients with idiopathic scoliosis. There was a strong linear
      relationship between the Cobb angle and the rotation of the apical vertebra in
      untreated patients, but this relationship was lost in patients who had had brace
      treatment. Vertebral rotation can easily be measured by ultrasound. This is a
      harmless and fairly rapid investigation which can be used at routine follow-up
      examination of patients with idiopathic scoliosis.

PMID- 2647755
TI  - Serratia osteomyelitis causing neurological deterioration after spine fracture. A
      report of two cases.
AB  - We report two cases of Serratia marcescens infection at the sites of spinal
      fractures and emphasise the fact that neurological deterioration soon after
      spinal fracture may be due to acute vertebral osteomyelitis.

PMID- 2647756
TI  - Triceps to biceps transfer for established brachial plexus palsy.
AB  - We have reviewed seven patients who had triceps transfer after an old brachial
      plexus injury. All patients had a useful functional improvement with a good range
      of powerful elbow flexion; five patients could manage to bring their hand to
      their mouth. The basis of patient selection and the relative advantages of
      triceps transfer are discussed.

PMID- 2647757
TI  - Reconstruction for lateral ligament injuries of the ankle.
AB  - Seventy-six patients (83 ankles) with chronic lateral instability of the ankle
      were treated by a simple reconstructive operation, namely, a subperiosteal
      release on the distal part of the lateral malleolus. The released flap, including
      the insertion of both the anterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular ligaments,
      was reattached to the malleolus more proximally. Seventy-five patients (82
      ankles) were examined at a mean of 24 months (range 12 to 70) after operation. In
      78 ankles (95%) the result was excellent or good. Forty-four of the 51 patients
      (86%) whose sporting activities were restricted before operation had no
      restriction at follow-up. Recurrence of instability occurred in one ankle,
      following a further injury two years after operation.

PMID- 2647758
TI  - Ultrasonic imaging of the lateral artery of the capital femoral epiphysis: brief
      report.

PMID- 2647759
TI  - Transplantation--resources. Matas memorial lecture.

PMID- 2647760
TI  - Excision of papillary endocardial tumor.
AB  - We report the eighth case of surgical removal of a papillary endocardial tumor.
      The surgical approach was aided by intraoperative two-dimensional
      echocardiography. The tumor was attached to the chorda tendinea of the mitral
      valve and was successfully removed via a left atrial approach.

PMID- 2647761
TI  - Fate of the patient with chronic leg ischaemia. A review article.
AB  - Much has been published on the surgical treatment of leg ischaemia but relatively
      little is known about the incidence of claudication and the fate of the majority
      of patients presenting with chronic leg ischaemia who never come to surgery. A
      review of the available literature suggests the following conclusions: (1) about
      1.5% of men under 49 and 5% of men over 50 will develop symptoms of intermittent
      claudication. The incidence of asymptomatic arterial disease is much higher; (2)
      the incidence of claudication in women is only slightly less, but the local
      disease follows a more benign course; (3) compared to the general population of
      comparable age the mortality of men presenting with chronic leg ischaemia is two
      to three times higher after 5 years; (4) about 50% of deaths will be due to
      myocardial ischaemia, 15% to stroke and 10% to vascular disease in the abdomen.
      In only 25% will the principal cause of death be unconnected with the
      circulation; (5) there is virtually no reliable information available at the
      moment on the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke in these
      patients.

PMID- 2647762
TI  - Laser Doppler flowmetry in evaluation of skin post-ischaemic reactive hyperaemia.
      A study in healthy volunteers and atherosclerotic patients.
AB  - Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to evaluate skin post-ischaemic reactive
      hyperaemia. Four groups of subjects were examined: healthy young and elderly
      controls (groups A and B) and patients with intermittent claudication or critical
      ischaemia (groups C and D). The occlusion tourniquet was placed just proximal to
      the patella, and measurements were performed on the toe pulp (study 1) and leg
      skin (study 2). The hyperaemic response on both pulp and leg skin was delayed,
      diminished and prolonged in claudicators compared with controls. On the toe pulp
      most patients with critical ischaemia had no hyperaemic response at all,
      indicating that the local vasodilatory capacity was exhausted at rest. The time
      from tourniquet deflation to pulp peak hyperaemia was the parameter that most
      clearly separated between the groups [Group A: 21.5 secs (median), group B: 17
      secs, group C: 73 secs and group D: greater than 300 secs]. The time from
      tourniquet deflation to the first increase in flux is probably dependent on
      hemodynamic factors in the large extremity vessels, and it is possible that this
      parameter could be used to define levels of hemodynamic significant stenosis in
      patients with lower limb atherosclerosis. The results also indicate that laser
      Doppler flowmetry performed during stress testing may be of value in determining
      appropriate amputation levels.

PMID- 2647763
TI  - Review of Salmonella mycotic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta.
AB  - Transient bacteremia leading to hematogenous infection of atherosclerotic vessels
      is the most common cause of mycotic aneurysms. Salmonella species, which are
      especially potent pathogens, often are the infecting organisms. A high index of
      suspicion is the cornerstone of diagnosis. Patients with salmonella cultured from
      the sputum, blood, or urine without adequate explanation must be suspected of
      intravascular infection. Surgical intervention with adjuvant ampicillin therapy
      should be expediently initiated after diagnosis. Provided no gross infection
      exists and prompt debridement and drainage are obtained, an "in situ"
      interposition graft is adequate. A ring graft has the advantage of allowing a
      shorter cross clamp time and eliminates the risks inherent in contaminated
      anastomotic suture lines. Prolonged, possibly life-long, antibiotic therapy
      offers the best prognosis for this disease after surgical repair.

PMID- 2647764
TI  - Intestinal epithelial differentiation: new insights from chimeric and transgenic
      mice.

PMID- 2647765
TI  - Higher order chromosome structure is affected by cold-sensitive mutations in a
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene crm1+ which encodes a 115-kD protein
      preferentially localized in the nucleus and its periphery.
AB  - We isolated a novel class of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cold-sensitive mutants
      with deformed nuclear chromosome domains consisting of thread- or rodlike
      condensed segments at restrictive temperature. Their mutations were mapped in a
      novel, identical locus designated crm1 (chromosomal region maintenance). The crm1
      mutants also show the following phenotypes. DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses
      diminish at restrictive temperature. At permissive temperature, the amount of one
      particular protein, p25, greatly increases. The mutant growth is hypersensitive
      to Ca2+ and resistant to protein kinase inhibitors. We cloned the 4.1-kb-long
      crm1+ gene that rescued the above phenotypes by transformation and determined its
      nucleotide sequence, which predicts a 1,077-residue protein. Affinity-purified
      antiserum raised against the crm1+ polypeptide expressed in Escherichia coli
      detected a 115-kD protein in S. pombe extracts. Genomic Southern hybridization
      and immunoblotting suggested that the crm1+ product might be highly conserved in
      distant organisms. Through immunofluorescence microscopy, the crm1+ protein
      appeared to be principally localized within the nucleus and also at its
      periphery. We speculate that the crm1+ protein might be one of those nuclear
      components that modify the chromosome structures or regulate the nuclear
      environment required for maintaining higher order chromosome structures.

PMID- 2647767
TI  - Lateral distribution and diffusion of plastocyanin in chloroplast thylakoids.
AB  - The lateral distribution of plastocyanin in the thylakoid lumen of spinach and
      pea chloroplasts was studied by combining immunocytochemical localization and
      kinetic measurements of P700+ reduction at high time resolution. In dark-adapted
      chloroplasts, the concentration of plastocyanin in the photosystem I containing
      stroma membranes exceeds that in photosystem II containing grana membranes by a
      factor of about two. Under these conditions, the reduction of P700+ with a
      halftime of 12 microseconds after a laser flash of saturating intensity indicates
      that to greater than 95% of total photosystem I a plastocyanin molecule is bound.
      An analysis of the labeling densities, the length of the different lumenal
      regions, and the total amounts of plastocyanin and P700 shows that most of the
      remaining presumable mobile plastocyanin is found in the granal lumen. This
      distribution of plastocyanin is consistent with a more negative surface charge
      density in the stromal than in the granal lumen. During illumination the
      concentration of plastocyanin in grana increases at the expense of that in stroma
      lamellae, indicating a light-driven diffusion from stroma to grana regions. Our
      observations provide evidence that a high concentration of plastocyanin in grana
      in the light favors the lateral electron transport from cytochrome b6/f complexes
      in appressed grana across the long distance to photosystem I in nonappressed
      stroma membranes.

PMID- 2647766
TI  - Structure, biosynthesis, and localization of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase B, an
      integral membrane glycoprotein of the yeast vacuole.
AB  - We have characterized the structure, biogenesis, and localization of dipeptidyl
      aminopeptidase B (DPAP B), a membrane protein of the yeast vacuole. An antibody
      specific for DPAP B recognizes a 120-kD glycoprotein in yeast that behaves like
      an integral membrane protein in that it is not removed from membranes by high pH
      Na2CO3 treatment. Inspection of the deduced amino acid sequence of DPAP B reveals
      a hydrophobic domain near the NH2 terminus that could potentially span a lipid
      bilayer. The in vitro enzymatic activity and apparent molecular weight of DPAP B
      are unaffected by the allelic state of PEP4, a gene essential for the proteolytic
      activation of a number of soluble vacuolar hydrolases. DPAP B is synthesized as a
      glycosylated precursor that is converted to the mature 120-kD species by
      carbohydrate addition. The precursor form of DPAP B accumulates in sec mutants
      (Novick, P., C. Field, and R. Schekman. 1980. Cell. 21:205-215) that are blocked
      at the ER (sec18) or Golgi apparatus (sec7), but not at secretory vesicles
      (sec1). Immunolocalization of DPAP B in wild-type or sec1 mutant cells shows that
      the protein resides in the vacuolar membrane. However, it is present in non
      vacuolar compartments in sec18 and sec7 cells, confirming that the delivery of
      DPAP B is blocked in these mutants. Interestingly, DPAP B appears to stain the
      nuclear envelope in a sec18 mutant, which is consistent with the accumulation of
      DPAP B in the ER membrane at the restrictive temperature. These results suggest
      that soluble and membrane-bound vacuolar proteins use the same stages of the
      secretory pathway for their transport.

PMID- 2647768
TI  - Development of tight junctions de novo in the mouse early embryo: control of
      assembly of the tight junction-specific protein, ZO-1.
AB  - Tight junction development during trophectoderm biogenesis in the mouse
      preimplantation embryo has been examined using monoclonal antibodies recognizing
      the tight junction-specific peripheral membrane protein, ZO-1. In immunoblots,
      mouse embryo ZO-1 had a molecular mass (225 kD) equivalent to that in mouse
      liver, was barely detectable in four-cell embryos although later stages exhibited
      increasing levels. ZO-1 was first detected immunocytochemically at the compacting
      eight-cell stage, coincident with or just after the expression of basolateral
      cell adhesion and apical microvillous polarity. Initially, ZO-1 was present as a
      series of spots along the boundary between free and apposed cell surfaces in
      intact embryos or cell couplets, but subsequently staining became more linear
      with blastocyst trophectoderm cells being bordered by a continuous ZO-1 belt.
      Inhibition of cell adhesion at the 8-cell stage delayed ZO-1 appearance and
      randomized its surface distribution in a reversible manner. Microfilament
      disruption, but not microtubule depolymerization, produced major disturbances in
      ZO-1 distribution. ZO-1 assembly de novo appeared to be independent of proximate
      DNA and RNA synthesis but was inhibited substantially in the absence of protein
      synthesis during the eight-cell stage, a treatment that did not prevent
      intercellular adhesion and polarization. ZO-1 surface assembly, but not adhesion
      and polarization, was also perturbed when single eight-cells were combined with
      single four-cells. The results suggest that tight junction development in mouse
      embryos is a secondary event in epithelial biogenesis, being dependent upon cell
      adhesion and cytoskeletal activity for normal expression, and can be disrupted
      without disturbing the generation of a stably polarized phenotype.

PMID- 2647769
TI  - The SPA2 protein of yeast localizes to sites of cell growth.
AB  - A yeast gene, SPA2, was isolated with human anti-spindle pole autoantibodies. The
      SPA2 gene was fused to the Escherichia coli trpE gene, and polyclonal antibodies
      were prepared to the fusion protein. Immunofluorescence experiments indicate that
      the SPA2 gene product has a sharply polarized distribution in yeast cells. In
      budded cells the SPA2 protein is present at the tip of the bud; in unbudded
      cells, it is localized to one edge of the cell. When a-cells are induced to form
      schmoos with alpha-factor, the SPA2 protein is found at the tip of the schmoo.
      These areas of SPA2 localization correspond to cellular sites expected to be
      involved in bud formation and/or cell growth. The SPA2 antigen is present in a
      cells, alpha-cells, and a/alpha-diploid cells, but is absent in mutant cells in
      which the SPA2 gene has been disrupted. spa2 mutant cells are viable, but display
      defects in the direction and control of cell growth. Compared to wild-type cells,
      spa2 mutant cells have slightly altered budding patterns. Entry into stationary
      phase is impaired for spa2 mutants, and mutants with one particular allele, spa2
      7, form multiple buds under nutrient-limiting conditions. Thus, SPA2 is a newly
      identified yeast gene that is involved in the direction and control of cell
      division, and whose gene product localizes to the site of cell growth.

PMID- 2647770
TI  - Continuous maintenance of transformed fibroblasts under reduced serum conditions:
      utility as a model system for investigating growth factor-specific effects in
      nonquiescent cells.
AB  - We report the continuous growth maintenance of untransformed and chemically
      transformed fibroblasts (AKR-2B, AKR-MCA cells) in low concentrations of serum
      (0.1% FBS). The cell lines established (AKR-0.1F, MCA-0.1F) proliferated at rates
      comparable to cells maintained under high serum conditions (10% FBS). Complete
      removal of serum from the cells did not induce quiescence. The MCA-0.1F cells
      were more similar to the untransformed AKR-2B fibroblasts in their morphology,
      saturation density, inability to form colonies under anchorage-independent
      conditions, steady-state level of c-myc expression, and kinetics of induction of
      c-myc in response to specific growth factors. This report demonstrates the
      utility of this cell line as a nonquiescent model system for investigating growth
      factor-specific effects in serum-free, cycling cells. Addition of transforming
      growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) (5 ng/ml) to proliferating MCA-0.1F cells, in the
      absence of any serum, induced a multilayered growth pattern at confluency,
      similar to that of AKR-MCA cells maintained in 10% FBS. Other growth factors
      tested did not elicit this effect. The induction of this growth pattern by TGF
      beta was associated with a sustained induction of the c-myc proto-oncogene at
      confluency, but not with a restoration of anchorage-independent growth. The data
      suggest that TGF-beta may play a role in the up-regulation of c-myc at confluency
      previously described for AKR-MCA cells maintained in 10% serum.

PMID- 2647771
TI  - Protein synthesis during induction of DNA replication in thyroid epithelial
      cells: evidence for late markers of distinct mitogenic pathways.
AB  - The synthesis of specific protein has been investigated in primary cultures of
      dog thyroid epithelial cells, which can be induced to progress into G1 phase, in
      the presence of insulin, by different types of mitogens: thyrotropin (TSH) acting
      through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), epidermal growth factor (EGF), 12
      O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), or 10% serum. EGF, TPA, or serum
      specifically induce [35S] methionine labeling of protein 1 (Mr approximately
      80,000). The effect of EGF on protein 1 labeling and DNA replication is dependent
      on insulin. The level of protein 1 labeling as well as that of DNA synthesis is
      higher when TSH or TSH + serum are added together with EGF. It peaks in mid-G1.
      TSH alone, in the presence of insulin, stimulates DNA replication without
      inducing protein 1 synthesis, which thus represents a cell-cycle-dependent event
      that is not obligatory in mitogenic activation through cyclic AMP. Among the
      eight proteins whose synthesis is stimulated by TSH, only the labeling of protein
      7, molecular weight ratio (Mr approximately 38,000), correlates with the DNA
      synthetic activity of the cells. The present authors identified protein 7 as
      cyclin/proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the auxiliary protein of DNA
      polymerase-delta. The effect of TSH on cyclin synthesis is already detectable
      when most of the cells are in late G1, but its stimulation by EGF or EGF + serum
      is delayed and detected only after extending the labeling period to the S-phase.
      These data support the view that the cAMP-mediated mitogenic pathway remains
      partly distinct from the better known pathways induced by growth factors and
      tumor promoters, even at late stages of the G1-phase.

PMID- 2647772
TI  - Alteration of microtubule physiology in hepatocytes by insulin.
AB  - Incubation of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with insulin caused an
      alteration in several parameters of microtubule physiology. There was a transient
      decrease in total cellular tubulin levels and, at the same time, an apparent
      stabilization of microtubule polymers which was also transient. The level of
      microtubule polymer, however, was not altered, which indicated that an insulin
      inducible decrease in the level of nonpolymerized tubulin was responsible for the
      decrease in total cellular tubulin. These changes were followed by an increase in
      tubulin mRNA levels and, shortly thereafter, by an increase in tubulin protein
      synthesis. This study demonstrates that microtubule physiology in hepatocytes is
      modulated by insulin and, further, suggests a model by which insulin-induced
      changes in microtubule physiology may play a role in regulating other insulin
      responses.

PMID- 2647773
TI  - Effects of five recombinant hematopoietic growth factors on enriched human
      erythroid progenitors in serum-replaced cultures.
AB  - Erythroid progenitors from normal human marrow were purified by a two-step immune
      panning method permitting both the enrichment of erythroid progenitors (plating
      efficiency up to 10%) and the separation of CFU-E from BFU-E. The purified
      erythroid progenitors were grown in serum-replaced conditions; in some
      experiments at an average of one cell per well. Human recombinant granulocyte
      macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 3 (IL3), erythroid
      potentiating activity (EPA), and human erythropoietin (Epo) either recombinant or
      homogenous native were tested for their effect on CFU-E growth. Epo was an
      absolute requirement for CFU-E growth and was sufficient to obtain colony
      formation at the unicellular level whereas GM-CSF and IL3 did not further
      increase the plating efficiency. EPA potentiated the effect of Epo on this
      progenitor only in experiments performed at unicellular level. Human recombinant
      GM-CSF, IL3, Interleukin 1 alpha (IL1 alpha), and Epo were subsequently tested
      for their ability to promote BFU-E growth. GM-CSF and IL3 supported the growth of
      erythroid bursts in the presence of Epo, even at the unicellular level. However,
      IL3 promoted a higher number of bursts than GM-CSF under all conditions tested.
      These two growth factors have no or very small additive effects when tested in
      combination. IL1 alpha added to Epo alone had no effect on the growth of BFU-E
      whereas it potentiated the combined action of IL3 and GM-CSF on the primitive BFU
      E. In conclusion, this study confirms at the unicellular level and under serum
      free conditions that erythroid progenitors are regulated by multipotential growth
      factors in early phases of erythropoiesis and become sensitive only to Epo in
      later phases of differentiation.

PMID- 2647774
TI  - [Primary malignant teratoma of the thyroid in adults. Report of 1 case and review
      of the literature].
AB  - Malignant teratomas of the thyroid gland are exceptional in adults. One case is
      presented. It brings to 11 the total number of cases reported in the literature.
      The histological diagnosis of these lesions raises few problems, but their
      histogenesis remains controversial. Their very poor prognosis justifies total
      thyroidectomy with lymphadenectomy associated with cervical and mediastinal
      radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy. In the case reported here, this triple
      therapeutic combination has allowed the disease-free survival of the patient for
      27 months after surgery.

PMID- 2647775
TI  - [Cardiopexy using the umbilical ligament of the liver in the treatment of gastro
      esophageal reflux. Results of experience with 100 cases].
AB  - The authors report their experience of the surgical treatment of gastroesophageal
      reflux using a circular cardiopexy with the ligamentum teres (Rampal-Marchal's
      procedure) associated with a 180 degrees posterior fundoplication. 100 patients
      with severe reflux (76% oesophagitis) were operated on with this procedure over a
      6 year period. Symptoms of reflux disappeared immediately in 99% cases, which
      corresponded to the healing of oesophagitis with 45 out of the 46 patients
      controlled with endoscopy, and to a significant increase of inferior sphincteric
      pressure (from 12 cm H20 to 24 cm H20). Objective controls by post prandial
      pHmetry evidenced persistent reflux with 4 patients, but 3 of them are totally
      free of symptoms. Operative mortality was 2%. Transient dysphagia was observed in
      25% cases. 96 patients were reviewed with a mean follow up of 23 months. 3
      clinical recurrence of reflux were observed (4%) but no oesophagitis was found on
      endoscopic controls with these 3 patients and none had to be reoperated on.
      Actuarial chance to remain free of recurrence was estimated at 96.6% up to 48
      months according to the Kaplan-Maier's method. Cardiopexy with the ligamentum
      teres ensures the lengthening of the abdominal portion of the esophagus and
      anchors the antireflux assembly within the positive pressure environment of the
      abdomen in a strong and flexible way. It seems to be an advisable procedure for
      the treatment of GE reflux.

PMID- 2647776
TI  - [Post-traumatic idiopathic pneumopericardium and pneumoperitoneum].
AB  - One case of "idiopathic pneumoperitoneum" following closed thoraco abdominal
      injury, primitively associated with a pneumopericardium is reported. No etiology
      was discovered about these two aeric effusions. Also it was interesting to
      compare this experience with literature to know frequency of such association;
      physiopathologic mechanism responsible and management of the described other
      cases.

PMID- 2647777
TI  - Early bilingual development: one language or two?
AB  - It is commonly thought that children learning two languages simultaneously during
      infancy go through a stage when they cannot differentiate their two languages.
      Virtually all studies of infant bilingual development have found that bilingual
      children mix elements from their two languages. These results have been
      interpreted as evidence for a unitary, undifferentiated language system (the
      unitary language system hypothesis). The empirical basis for these claims is re
      examined and it is argued that, contrary to most extant interpretations,
      bilingual children develop differentiated language systems from the beginning and
      are able to use their developing languages in contextually sensitive ways. A call
      for more serious attention to the possible role of parental input in the form of
      mixed utterances is made.

PMID- 2647778
TI  - Expressed emotion in family relationships.

PMID- 2647779
TI  - Pathways from childhood to adult life.
AB  - Principles and concepts of development are reviewed in relation to life-span
      issues noting the need to consider: development in its social context; timing of
      experiences; intrinsic and experiential factors; continuities and
      discontinuities; parallels and differences between normal and abnormal
      development; heterotypic and homotypic continuities; key life transitions; risk
      and protective factors; indirect chain affects; mediating mechanisms; age as an
      index of maturational and experiential factors. Developmental findings from
      childhood to adult longitudinal studies are reviewed for possible mediating
      factors. These include: genetic mechanisms; the (non-genetic) biological
      substrate; shaping of the environment; cognitive and social skills; self-esteem
      and self-efficacy; habits, cognitive sets and coping styles; links between
      experiences.

PMID- 2647780
TI  - The history of child and adolescent psychiatry: its present day relevance.

PMID- 2647781
TI  - Unawareness of deficits in neuropsychological syndromes.
AB  - Damage to different regions of the brain can cause a variety of
      neuropsychological deficits, including specific disturbances of language, memory,
      perception and motor function. A significant number of brain-damaged patients are
      unaware of their deficits, even when they are profound and have debilitating
      effects on patients' performance. This article reviews clinical observations and
      experimental investigations concerning unawareness of deficits, considers
      methodological issues, and critically evaluates different interpretations of the
      phenomenon. An integrative theoretical framework is proposed to account for
      unawareness of deficits in diverse neuropsychological syndromes. Possible
      directions for future research are outlined.

PMID- 2647782
TI  - Plasma exchange with selective immunoadsorption of anti-acetylcholine receptor
      antibodies.
AB  - Protein A-Sepharose and tryptophan polyvinyl alcohol affinity gels have been
      evaluated as possible agents for the selective, extracorporeal removal of anti
      acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies from the sera of patients with
      myasthenia gravis. Protein A-Sepharose was shown to be very effective. Specific
      anti-AChR IgG antibodies of subclasses 1 and 2 were reduced to the same extent
      (i.e. from 50 to 60% decrease) as the total IgG, although the latter was present
      at concentrations more than a 1000-fold greater. Anti-AChR antibody of subclass
      IgG3 was less effectively adsorbed. A full-scale in vitro experiment using one
      plasma volume and an automatic continuous monitor demonstrated the removal of 43%
      of the circulating anti-AChR antibodies and the IgG within 70 min, which is
      comparable to the amount removed by the present, unselective, membrane plasma
      exchange technique. In contrast, tryptophan polyvinyl alcohol was not effective
      in immunoadsorption under these circumstances.

PMID- 2647783
TI  - Lower limb lengthening by a modified Wagner technique.
AB  - A series of 50 patients who underwent femoral and tibial lengthenings using the
      Wagner apparatus is reviewed. Satisfactory gains in leg length with an acceptably
      low complication rate were achieved. Both substitution of cortical osteotomy for
      complete osteotomy and delaying of distraction increased callus formation. The
      particular problems of lengthening the congenital short femur and tibia are
      discussed.

PMID- 2647784
TI  - Ultrasonography in developmental displacement of the hip: a critical analysis of
      our results.
AB  - In a prospective study to evaluate developmental displacement of the hip, we have
      used real-time sector scanner ultrasonography. One thousand eight
      ultrasonographic examinations performed on 444 hips were evaluated. The study was
      performed by an independent assistant who compared his interpretations to the
      interpretations of the principal authors. The results show that real-time sector
      scanning has not been proven to be an absolute imaging method. We believe that
      these disadvantages might be eliminated by proper use of real-time linear
      scanners.

PMID- 2647785
TI  - Ischemia of the femoral head in Perthes' disease: is the cause intra- or
      extravascular?
AB  - We examined selected parameters of the clotting and fibrinolytic system of 26
      boys with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and then evaluated the pressure of
      the fluid in the cavity of the hip joint with the help of ultrasonic examination.
      No disturbances were discovered in the coagulation system and ultrasonography
      ruled out the possibility that extravascular pressure had caused the necrosis. We
      confirmed a significantly greater level of alpha 1-antitrypsin in comparison with
      the control group, which may indicate a decrease in fibrinolytic activity and
      confirm the hypothesis that there is an intravascular pre-disposition towards the
      appearance of clots in the vascular system of the femoral head in patients with
      Perthes' disease.

PMID- 2647786
TI  - Congenital dislocation of the knee.
AB  - Congenital dislocations of the knee (CDK) are rare, occurring 40-80 times more
      rarely than congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH). In a multicentric study of
      the European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, 56 cases of CDK were found in 46
      babies. Many other malformations associated with CDK were noticed, and muscular
      abnormality was always found at the knee. According to the classification of
      Leveuf, three grades have to be considered: grade 3, or complete dislocation, was
      the most frequent. At birth, treatment consisted of physiotherapy with rigid
      splint. Twenty-four patients with CDK have been treated only by the conservative
      technique. Operations were performed according to the abnormalities of the
      extensor apparatus: a progressive release and lengthening of the quadricipital
      tendon was necessary in all cases. In all forms of treatment, the range of the
      knee flexion was 120 degrees. Only two children had a bad result because of
      unstable knees. Results were always better with conservative treatment.

PMID- 2647787
TI  - The clinical use of autologous marrow to improve osteogenic potential of bone
      grafts in pediatric orthopedics.
AB  - The high osteogenic potential of living autologous marrow cells can be combined
      with foreign bone to enhance new bone formation. Xenogeneic bone was combined
      with autologous red marrow and used in 23 patients aged 5-17 years. Kiel bone was
      impregnated with marrow aspirated from the iliac crest and, apart from one case
      of lesion recurrence, gave excellent results in all patients under conditions
      covering a wide range of indications for bone grafting. Unlimited supplies of
      xenograft bone and other bone substitutes can be rendered osteogenic by a simple
      procedure. Combining fresh autologous red marrow with other types of bank bone
      allograft or xenograft, or even with biological or synthetic biocompatible
      material that favors the induction of new bone, may provide even better results.

PMID- 2647789
TI  - The use of an in vitro flooding package in the treatment of traumatized
      adolescents.
AB  - An in vitro flooding package was used to treat the posttraumatic stress disorders
      of two adolescents. Traumatic scenes were identified through nonstructured
      interviews, and stimulus response imagery cues were presented according to a
      multiple baseline across traumatic scenes design. Posttreatment and 6-month
      follow-up assessments revealed meaningful improvements in the patients'
      affective, behavioral, and cognitive parameters.

PMID- 2647788
TI  - Monteggia and equivalent lesions in childhood.
AB  - One hundred two children with acute Monteggia lesions treated over a 25 year
      period were reviewed. Using the Bado classification system, type 1 (53%) and type
      3 (26%) fractures were the most common. The type 1 equivalent injury associated
      with a proximal radius fracture is more common in children than previously
      reported. The majority of injuries could be treated with closed reduction, except
      the type 1 equivalent lesions, which required operative treatment in 10 of 14
      children. Varus angulation of the ulna was the most common deformity after closed
      treatment. Nerve injuries occurred in 11% of the injuries, and resolved in all
      cases without operative treatment.

PMID- 2647790
TI  - Behavioral diagnosis in nonorganic failure-to-thrive: a critique and suggested
      approach to psychological assessment.
AB  - Studies of behavioral diagnosis in children with nonorganic failure-to-thrive
      (NOFTT) are critically reviewed. Prior studies have been based on several
      problematic assumptions: (1) specific behavioral abnormalities are associated
      with NOFTT, (2) NOFTT is a homogeneous population, and (3) a strict dichotomy
      between organic and environmental influences on physical growth is a valid
      distinction. An alternative way to organize data from behavioral assessment is
      presented which emphasizes the heterogeneity of NOFTT and the consequences of
      environmental and biologic risk factors on psychological development. A
      comprehensive approach to behavioral assessment can facilitate the clinical
      management of NOFTT and encourage research concerning the developmental processes
      which affect the psychological outcomes of NOFTT children.

PMID- 2647791
TI  - Electroencephalography (EEG) in the differential diagnosis of dementia.
AB  - Recent technical advances in neurodiagnostic procedures have improved
      significantly our knowledge of the pathophysiology of a number of disease
      processes and how they relate to behavioral manifestation. This paper focuses on
      advances in electroencephalography (EEG) and the implications that this growing
      body of research has for the diagnosis of suspected brain disorders in older
      patients.

PMID- 2647792
TI  - Validation of child sexual abuse: the psychologist's role.
AB  - Because of the recent increase in the reporting of child sexual abuse, validation
      of sexual abuse allegations has become a major focus of interest. Validation
      investigations typically have been carried out by a number of professionals
      involved in social service and law enforcement agencies. Lack of coordination and
      collaboration among professionals has led to confusion as to the credibility of
      reports of child sexual abuse. This paper discusses the role of the psychologist
      in determining the validity of sexual abuse allegations and makes suggestions as
      to how existing validation procedures can be improved.

PMID- 2647793
TI  - Personality theory and personality assessment measures: how helpful to the
      clinician?
AB  - One of the most important role-defining functions of the clinical psychologist is
      personality assessment. Because of the wide range of personality assessment
      instruments available, there is a need for the clinician to be aware of their
      relative strengths and weaknesses. This article discusses the extent to which our
      present-day tests of personality and theories of personality are helpful in
      guiding the clinician to meaningful conclusions and predictions. Indirect methods
      of assessment, such as the Rorschach and TAT, encourage the subject's free and
      open-ended response to a small number of ambiguous stimuli so as to circumvent
      the subject's censorship of responses. To varying degrees, indirect methods have
      suffered from difficulties in establishing acceptable scoring systems and
      standardized norms. Direct measures, such as the MMPI, limit freedom of
      expression and assess fewer, but more clearly defined variables. Well-defined and
      objective scoring and interpretation are considered major advantages of direct
      over indirect methods. However, direct methods are not without disadvantages.
      Some important concerns are limitations in subject's self-knowledge,
      falsification of responses, and the development of response sets.

PMID- 2647794
TI  - MR imaging of cerebral hematomas at different field strengths: theory and
      applications.
AB  - Existing theory on relaxation effects in blood and their field dependence is
      related to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of hematomas. These effects include
      (a) relaxation caused by protein and other macromolecules; (b) inhomogeneous
      susceptibility created by paramagnetic forms of hemoglobin (Hb) (deoxy and met)
      within the red blood cells; and (c) direct interaction of water protons with
      paramagnetic metHb. The effect of proton density is also discussed. These effects
      combine in a complex way to create hypo- or hyper-intensity on MR images of
      hematomas. Further, the effects change as the hematoma evolves both physically
      and chemically. In particular, there are five stages that are associated with
      typical image appearance: (a) oxygenated blood; (b) deoxygenated blood; (c)
      conversion to metHb; (d) hemolysis; and (e) protein resorption.

PMID- 2647795
TI  - Intravascular bronchioloalveolar tumor: CT and pathologic correlation.
AB  - Intravascular bronchioloalveolar tumor of the lung is an unusual neoplasm that
      usually presents as multiple pulmonary nodules in asymptomatic young women. The
      course of the disease is often indolent with some patients eventually dying of
      respiratory failure secondary to progressive tumor infiltration of the pulmonary
      interstitium. The cell of origin appears to be an endothelial cell, and
      epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of liver or other soft tissues is a
      pathologically identical neoplasm. Open lung biopsy is necessary for diagnosis.
      The radiologist should be aware of this tumor and suggest the diagnosis in the
      appropriate clinical setting.

PMID- 2647796
TI  - Closed-loop obstruction of the small bowel: CT and sonographic appearance.
AB  - Two patients with closed loop obstruction diagnosed by CT and sonography are
      reported. Abdominal radiograph was nonspecific. The characteristic CT and
      sonographic features included (a) isolated conglomerate of dilated, fluid-filled
      bowel loops; (b) fixation of these "U" shaped distended loops; (c) thickened
      bowel wall; and (d) extraluminal fluid.

PMID- 2647797
TI  - MR imaging of uterine inversion.
AB  - Inversion of the uterus is a postpartum complication that is an obstetric
      emergency. This report describes a case of inversion of the uterus in which
      clinical evaluation was inconclusive, and magnetic resonance (MR) of the pelvis
      revealed findings virtually pathognomonic of incomplete inversion of the uterus
      with far greater conspicuity than on corresponding ultrasound. The MR findings
      directly resulted in earlier therapeutic intervention with a possible decrease in
      morbidity.

PMID- 2647798
TI  - Effect of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced
      mastitis in the cow.
AB  - Effects of intramammary infusion of prednisolone (40 mg) or intramuscular
      injection of dexamethasone (30 mg) or flumethasone (5 mg) on local and systemic
      signs in Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced mastitis were studied. The effect of
      varying intervals (0, 2, and 4 h) between intramammary infusion of endotoxin and
      prednisolone in the same quarter was determined. Intramammary infusion of
      endotoxin (.01 mg lipopolysaccharide of E. coli) produced inflammation of the
      infused quarter, fever, tachycardia, and leukopenia followed by a neutrophilic
      leukocytosis in the blood and a decrease in plasma zinc and iron concentrations.
      All corticosteroid treatments, except intramammary administration of prednisolone
      4 h after endotoxin infusion, enhanced leukocytosis and diminished local signs of
      inflammation. Intramuscular injection of dexamethasone or flumethasone together
      with intramammary infusion of endotoxin and intramammary administration of
      prednisolone 2 h after lipopolysaccharide infusion completely abolished the
      febrile response. Abolishment of fever and attenuation of several hematologic and
      blood biochemical changes may be explained by diminished synthesis of endogenous
      mediators within the inflamed quarters due to glucocorticosteroid action.

PMID- 2647799
TI  - Random sampling, randomization, and equivalence of contrasted groups in
      psychotherapy outcome research.
AB  - Random sampling and random assignment (randomization) are some of the most
      popular methods of equating contrasted groups on pre-existing nuisance variables.
      However, the small samples typically used in psychotherapy outcome studies raise
      some questions about the extent to which these methods eliminate the pretreatment
      nonequivalence of groups in this area of research. This article identifies
      conditions under which equivalence is likely (and unlikely) to be attained with
      simple random sampling and randomization in psychotherapy efficacy studies of the
      kind examined in recent meta-analyses. Some consequences of nonequivalence are
      viewed as manifestations of Simpson's paradox. Misinterpretations of estimates of
      the relative efficacy of treatments are expected in view of belief in the law of
      small numbers. The minimum sample sizes needed to protect against nonequivalence
      are compared with those needed to satisfy several other criteria.

PMID- 2647800
TI  - Families of chronically ill children: a systems and social-ecological model of
      adaptation and challenge.
AB  - A family systems model is presented for understanding adaptation and coping in
      childhood chronic illness. The importance of a systems perspective in work with
      children and families who may not display psychopathology is stressed. A general
      overview of systems and social-ecological theories relevant to children with
      chronic illnesses and their families is presented. Literature on stress and
      coping in these families is reviewed, then some of the unique issues that merit
      consideration in this area of research and intervention are examined. Finally,
      the importance of these models for responding to the growing number of families
      with children with AIDS is discussed.

PMID- 2647801
TI  - The role of cognitions in marital relationships: definitional, methodological,
      and conceptual issues.
AB  - Although there have recently been numerous investigations exploring the role of
      couples' cognitions in an attempt to understand marital distress, at present
      there is little cohesion and direction in the study of how couples think about
      their relationships. The current article asserts that this lack of direction
      results from at least three factors: (a) a lack of delineation of the important
      cognitive variables to be considered in marital functioning, (b) conceptual and
      methodological difficulties that arise in attempts to operationalize cognitive
      variables, and (c) a dearth of models of marital functioning that incorporate
      cognitions in a detailed manner. These three factors are discussed, along with a
      review of empirical investigations supporting the importance of cognitions in
      intimate relationships.

PMID- 2647802
TI  - Marital therapy and spouse involvement in the treatment of depression,
      agoraphobia, and alcoholism.
AB  - This article examines the literature on marital therapy and spouse involvement as
      treatments for major psychopathology. The focus is on three disorders that have
      attracted a sufficient number of empirical findings: depression, agoraphobia, and
      alcoholism. For each of these disorders, we first examine the relation between
      marital dynamics and the disorder and next discuss empirical efforts to evaluate
      the impact of marital therapy or spouse involvement on the disorder. In addition,
      we summarize trends and suggest methodological refinements for future research.

PMID- 2647803
TI  - A conceptual framework and methodological criteria for family therapy process
      research.
AB  - This article presents a conceptual framework for family therapy process research
      that integrates a new process perspective with family systems theory. Consistent
      with a systemic epistemology, the framework focuses on the circular interaction,
      over time, between and within the therapist and family systems and their
      subsystems. Attacking the process--outcome distinction, the framework targets key
      variables and patterns in change processes that occur within and outside of
      sessions. The empirical implications of each framework component are explored.
      The article concludes with three methodological criteria for developing and
      evaluating certain research instruments to be used in process studies within the
      new conceptual framework.

PMID- 2647804
TI  - The shorthand vertical mattress stitch--a rapid skin everting suture technique.
AB  - The shorthand vertical mattress stitch illustrated here provides the same amount
      of wound eversion in half the time as the classic vertical mattress suture
      technique.

PMID- 2647805
TI  - Tissue movement--a macrobiomechanical approach.
AB  - The surgical movement of skin involves both a respect for the biological
      integrity of the involved tissues and an understanding of its mechanical
      properties. The interaction of tissue biology and mechanics on the level of the
      organism therefore represents a macrobiomechanical approach to tissue movement.
      An understanding of anatomy and tissue movement dynamics is key in the
      performance of successful cutaneous surgery.

PMID- 2647806
TI  - The significance of primary nursing.
AB  - Primary nursing is a relatively new phenomenon in the organization of ward-based
      nursing. This paper seeks to answer the question of what lies behind primary
      nursing's sudden and startling rise in popularity. Factors within nursing which
      are implicated include most importantly the adoption of the nursing process, and
      the attempt to provide truly individualized patient care. Nursing's search for
      professional status has played its part, primary nursing frequently being seen as
      a key strategy in its achievement. Other areas of wider social change have also
      had an impact, from the nascent dominance of new right political/social values,
      to the micropolitical scene within the British National Health Service. While
      appearing to be the ideal answer to some of nursing's current problems, primary
      nursing contains some inherent contradictions, most evident being those
      surrounding the concept of accountability. It may also threaten the cohesiveness
      of the nursing team on the ward, and may lead to the uncovering of conflicts
      between doctors and nurses. Finally, perhaps one of the major reasons for its
      continuing success is the way it brings together the various nursing interest
      groups and current managerialism in the NHS.

PMID- 2647807
TI  - Management of pain during abortion.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of three cognitive
      behavioural strategies in the management of abortion pain. The interventions were
      drawn from the multidimensional model of pain suggested by the gate control
      theory. Forty patients undergoing abortion with local anaesthesia were instructed
      in one of four interventions: relaxation, pleasant imagery, analgesic imagery,
      and a pain discussion (attention control) group. Pain was measured using
      Johnson's two-dimensional graphic rating scales labelled sensation and distress.
      Speed of recovery and analgesic use were included as objective dependent
      measures. No significant differences were found among the four groups on any
      dependent measures although subjects receiving the pleasant imagery intervention
      reported the lowest subjective ratings of pain sensation and distress. Findings
      are discussed in terms of past research and implications for the management of
      acute pain experienced during abortion.

PMID- 2647808
TI  - Depression: viewed from a transcultural nursing theoretical perspective.
AB  - Phenomena related to depression are discussed transculturally and examined within
      the context of Leininger's theory of transcultural diversity and universality of
      care and health. Mental health and mental illness are viewed within the social
      structure and world view in order to derive culturally congruent nursing care.
      Recommendations for future research are suggested.

PMID- 2647809
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a male college student population.
AB  - Male university students were studied to evaluate the merit of routine screening
      for chlamydia urethritis. Two hundred fourteen sexually active male students
      answered a questionnaire about symptoms of urethritis and exposure to and
      treatment for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). All subjects were screened
      for chlamydia by enzyme immunoassay (Chlamydiazyme, Abbott Laboratories).
      Overall, Chlamydiazyme was positive in 42 of 214 subjects (19.6%). Eighty-six
      subjects had no symptoms and no history of untreated exposure to STD; 6 of these
      had positive Chlamydiazyme assays. Based on our results, we conclude that the
      proportion of male urethral chlamydia infections that are asymptomatic may be
      much higher than has previously been believed. We further conclude that
      asymptomatic sexually active male students on this campus are a high-risk
      population for whom routine chlamydia screening is appropriate.

PMID- 2647810
TI  - Health consequences of loneliness: a review of the literature.

PMID- 2647811
TI  - Pathophysiology and current therapy of congestive heart failure.
AB  - Congestive heart failure is a common clinical syndrome, with a relatively poor
      prognosis in its advanced stages. During the development of heart failure, there
      is a decline in myocardial contractility and activation of neurohormonal systems.
      An overshoot of some of these compensatory mechanisms sets the stage for
      therapeutic interventions. Any of the three therapeutic classes of drugs
      (inotropic drugs, diuretics or vasodilators) can be used as first-line therapy.
      Other classes can be added to produce additive effects on ventricular function.
      Because vasodilators have been shown to prolong life, they should be used
      routinely in patients with heart failure. Arrhythmias and sudden death are
      relatively common in heart failure, although the value of antiarrhythmic therapy
      is less certain. Although current therapy is very helpful in patients with heart
      failure, it is clear that preventive approaches will be more effective in
      decreasing morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2647812
TI  - Familial aortic dissecting aneurysm.
AB  - A family is described in which nine members over two generations had an aortic
      dissecting aneurysm or aortic or arterial dilation at a young age. The family has
      been followed up since 1977 after the death of a second teenager from a kindred
      of 11. None of the patients had the Marfan syndrome or a history of systemic
      hypertension. Three members died of ruptured aortic dissecting aneurysm and acute
      hemopericardium at 14, 18 and 24 years of age, respectively; a fourth member died
      suddenly at age 48 years, a few years after aortic repair for aneurysmal
      dilation. One member underwent surgical repair of an ascending aortic dissecting
      aneurysm at age 18 years and is still alive. Four members are currently under
      close medical observation for aortic or arterial dilation. Histologic examination
      of the aortic wall at autopsy or surgery in three patients revealed a loss of
      elastic fibers, deposition of mucopolysaccharide-like material in the media and
      cystic medial changes. Types I and III collagen from cultured fibroblasts
      appeared normal on gel electrophoresis. Results of indirect immunofluorescent
      studies of the elastin-associated microfibrillar fiber array in skin and
      fibroblast culture from multiple family members were also normal. This dramatic
      familial cluster of aortic dissecting aneurysm and aortic or arterial dilation
      suggests a genetically determined disease of autosomal dominant inheritance
      although the basic defect remains unknown.

PMID- 2647813
TI  - The lessons of history as reflected in the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.

PMID- 2647814
TI  - Doppler characterization of left ventricular diastolic function in cardiac
      amyloidosis.
AB  - Sixty-four patients with primary systemic amyloidosis-53 with two-dimensional
      echocardiographic features of cardiac involvement (Group I) and 11 without
      cardiac involvement (Group II)--underwent Doppler echocardiographic assessment of
      left ventricular diastolic function. Pulsed wave Doppler recordings of left
      ventricular inflow velocities and pulmonary vein flow velocities with respiratory
      monitoring in these patients were compared with findings in a normal group.
      Patients in Group I showed striking abnormalities of left ventricular diastolic
      filling when classified into subgroups by mean left ventricular wall thickness:
      early greater than 12 but less than 15 mm; advanced greater than or equal to 15
      mm. In early amyloidosis, relaxation was abnormal, with decreased peak early
      velocity (75 +/- 20 versus 86 +/- 16 cm/s; p less than 0.01), increased late
      velocity (71 +/- 22 versus 56 +/- 13 cm/s; p less than 0.01), decreased early to
      late velocity ratio (1.2 +/- 0.6 versus 1.6 +/- 0.5; p less than 0.01) and
      prolonged isovolumic relaxation time (87 +/- 15 versus 73 +/- 13 ms; p less than
      0.01) compared with normal values. In advanced amyloidosis, there was a
      restrictive filling pattern with a markedly shortened deceleration time (148 +/-
      50 versus 199 +/- 32 ms; p less than 0.001), decreased pulmonary vein peak
      systolic flow velocity (34 +/- 16 versus 54 +/- 12 cm/s; p less than 0.01) and
      increased diastolic flow velocity (55 +/- 20 versus 44 +/- 12 cm/s; p less than
      0.01) compared with normal values. Group and the subgroup with early amyloidosis
      had similar flow velocity patterns. Thus, this study documents that in cardiac
      amyloidosis, a spectrum of diastolic filling abnormalities exists; the
      restrictive filling pattern is seen only in the advanced stages.

PMID- 2647815
TI  - Doppler color flow mapping of simulated in vitro regurgitant jets: evaluation of
      the effects of orifice size and hemodynamic variables.
AB  - The spatial distribution of simulated regurgitant jets imaged by Doppler color
      flow mapping was evaluated under constant flow and pulsatile flow conditions.
      Jets were simulated through latex tubings of 3.2, 4.8, 6.35 and 7.9 mm by varying
      flow rates from 137 to 1,260 cc/min. Color jet area was linearly related to flow
      rate at each orifice (r = 0.96, SEE = 3.4; r = 0.99, SEE = 1.6; r = 0.97, SEE =
      2.3; r = 0.97, SEE = 3.2, respectively), but significantly higher flow rates were
      required to maintain the same maximal spatial distribution of the jet at the
      larger regurgitant orifices. Constant flow jets were also simulated through
      needle orifices of 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mm, with a known total volume (5 cc) injected
      at varying flow rates and with differing absolute volumes injected at the same
      flow rate (0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 cc/s, respectively). Again, maximal color jet area
      was linearly related to flow rate at each orifice (r = 0.97, SEE = 2.3; r = 0.97,
      SEE = 2.4; r = 0.92, SEE = 3.9, respectively), but was not related to the
      absolute volume of regurgitation. Color encoding of regurgitant jets on Doppler
      color flow maps was demonstrated to be highly dependent on velocity and, hence,
      driving pressure, such that color encoding was obtained from a constant flow jet
      injected at a velocity of 4 m/s through an orifice of 0.04 mm diameter with flow
      rates as low as 0.008 cc/s. Mitral regurgitant jets were also simulated in a
      physiologic in vitro pulsatile flow model through three prosthetic valves with
      known regurgitant orifice sizes (0.2, 0.6 and 2.0 mm2). For each regurgitant
      orifice size, color jet area at each was linearly related to a regurgitant
      pressure drop (r = 0.98, SEE = 0.15; r = 0.97, SEE = 0.20; r = 0.97, SEE = 0.23,
      respectively), regurgitant stroke volume (r = 0.77, SEE = 0.55; r = 0.94, SEE =
      0.30; r = 0.91, SEE = 0.41, respectively) and peak regurgitant flow rate (r =
      0.98, SEE = 0.16; r = 0.97, SEE = 0.21; r = 0.93, SEE = 0.37, respectively), but
      the spatial distribution of the regurgitant jets was most highly dependent on the
      regurgitant pressure drop. Jet kinetic energy calculated from the summation of
      the individual pixel intensities integrated over the jet area was closely related
      to driving pressure (r = 0.84), but integration of the power mode area times
      pixel intensities provided the best estimation of regurgitant stroke volume (r =
      0.80).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2647816
TI  - Treatment of coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2647817
TI  - Multicenter trial of intravenous anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator
      complex (APSAC) in acute myocardial infarction: effects on infarct size and left
      ventricular function.
AB  - Two hundred thirty-one patients with a first acute myocardial infarction were
      randomly allocated within 5 h after the onset of symptoms either to treatment
      with anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC), 30 U over 5
      min, or to conventional heparin therapy, 5,000 IU in a bolus injection. Heparin
      was reintroduced in both groups 4 h after initial therapy at a dosage of 500
      IU/kg per day. One hundred twelve patients received APSAC and 119 received
      heparin within a mean period of 188 +/- 62 min after the onset of symptoms. Both
      groups were similar in age, location of the acute myocardial infarction, Killip
      functional class and time of randomization. Elective coronary arteriography was
      performed on an average of 4 +/- 1.2 days after initial therapy. Follow-up
      radionuclide angiography and thallium-201 single photon emission computed
      tomography were performed before hospital discharge. Infarct size was estimated
      from single photon emission computed tomography and expressed as a percent of
      total myocardial volume. The patency rate of the infarct-related artery was 77%
      in the APSAC group and 36% in the heparin group (p less than 0.001). Left
      ventricular ejection fraction determined from contrast angiography was
      significantly higher in the APSAC group than in the heparin group. This was true
      for the entire study group (0.53 +/- 0.13 versus 0.47 +/- 0.12; p = 0.002) as
      well as for the subgroups of patients with anterior and inferior wall infarction
      (0.47 +/- 0.13 versus 0.40 +/- 0.11; p = 0.04 and 0.56 +/- 0.10 versus 0.51 +/-
      0.11; p = 0.02, respectively). At 3 weeks, the difference remained significant
      for the anterior myocardial infarction subgroup. A significant 31% reduction in
      infarct size was found in the APSAC group (33% for the anterior infarction
      subgroup [p less than 0.05] and 16% for the inferior infarction subgroup [p =
      NS]). A close inverse relation was found between the values of left ventricular
      ejection fraction and infarct size (r = -0.73, p less than 0.01). By the end of a
      3 week follow-up period, seven APSAC-treated patients and six heparin-treated
      patients had died. In conclusion, the early infusion of APSAC in acute myocardial
      infarction produced a high early patency rate, significant limitation of infarct
      size and significant preservation of left ventricular systolic function, mainly
      in anterior wall infarction.

PMID- 2647818
TI  - Specific IgE, IgG, and IgA antibody response to oral immunotherapy in birch
      pollinosis.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with birch pollinosis participated in a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled trial of oral immunotherapy (OIT) for 18 months. They were
      treated with increasing doses of freeze-dried birch-pollen antigens for 16
      months, reaching a cumulative dose of 280 x 10(6) biologic units. This is about
      200 times more than the dose used in conventional subcutaneous immunotherapy
      (IT). In the placebo-treated group, but not in the actively treated group, there
      was a rise in postseasonal birch-specific IgE antibody levels. A significant
      decline in postseasonal values after 1 year of treatment was recorded in the
      actively treated, but not in the placebo-treated, group. Compared to the placebo
      treatment, there was a significant rise in birch-specific IgG antibodies in
      patients administered active treatment; however, the rise was less than that
      usually observed during subcutaneous IT. No significant change in birch-specific
      serum IgA was found in either group. The changes in IgE and IgG antibody levels
      demonstrate that OIT affects the immune system. This supports our recent findings
      that OIT demonstrates a beneficial effect in the treatment of birch pollinosis in
      adults. But, as with subcutaneous IT, there was no clear relationship between
      antibody response and clinical findings in the patients. The underlying
      mechanisms responsible for the relief of symptoms thus remain unknown.

PMID- 2647819
TI  - Albuterol treatment for children with asthma: a comparison of inhaled powder and
      aerosol.
AB  - A dose-ranging study and a 12-week treatment study were conducted in children
      with asthma, aged 4 to 12 years, to assess the efficacy and safety of albuterol
      inhaled as either an aerosol or as dry powder. Both studies were double-blind and
      placebo-controlled with randomized assignment to treatment. The dose-ranging
      study in 30 patients indicated that similar single doses of albuterol aerosol and
      powder had comparable effects with the intermediate doses (i.e., 180 micrograms
      of aerosol and 200 micrograms of powder) providing effective bronchodilation with
      minimal adverse effects. In the subsequent 12-week, parallel-group study, 204
      children received albuterol as either aerosol, 180 micrograms, or powder, 200
      micrograms four times a day. Both formulations were equally effective with no
      untoward cardiovascular effects and only one incident of mild tremor. Among those
      children who expressed a preference for one of the delivery systems,
      significantly more children preferred the powder (44% versus 26%, p less than
      0.01). Albuterol taken four times a day as either aerosol or dry powder is both
      effective and well tolerated in children with asthma.

PMID- 2647820
TI  - Pain control.
AB  - 1. There is a need for more data about the epidemiological nature of pain in
      older adults. Some evidence suggests that pain is a prevalent but under-reported
      symptom in this age group. 2. Some experimental studies have suggested that older
      adults have a different criteria for labeling a stimulus as painful. It is also
      likely that older adults attribute certain symptoms to aging, and this influences
      the coping responses to the symptoms. 3. The clinical presentation of pain in
      older adults may be modified by the presence of multiple diseases super-imposed
      on the aging process. 4. Effective pharmacological management of pain should
      consider the older adult's increased susceptibility to troublesome side effects,
      medication interactions, and low dose toxicity. 5. Nonpharmacological approaches
      such as an exercise program help improve functional ability as well as assist the
      individual to cope and live with the pain.

PMID- 2647821
TI  - Anaerobic bacteremia in patients with acute leukemia.
AB  - We reviewed 402 hospital admissions of patients with acute leukemia to define the
      frequency and characteristics of anaerobic bacteremia in this patient population.
      Six (5.2%) of the 116 septicemia episodes documented in these patients were
      caused by anaerobes (Bacteroides species, 3; Fusobacterium species, 2; and
      Clostridium tertium, 1); two of these episodes were polymicrobial. Five patients
      had had prior bacteremia. All six patients were receiving broad-spectrum
      antibiotics, including an anti-pseudomonal penicillin, at the time of the
      episode. In each instance, the absolute granulocyte count was 0/mm3. Five
      patients had clinically apparent sources of infection, including perirectal
      abscess, gastrointestinal bleeding, or Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.
      Anaerobic bacteremia is an infrequent occurrence in granulocytopenic patients
      with acute leukemia, but may occur when there is obvious disruption of normal
      gastrointestinal anatomic barriers.

PMID- 2647822
TI  - Nosocomial infections in hospitals in Poznan, Poland.

PMID- 2647823
TI  - Evaluation of new in vitro diagnostic test procedures in clinical microbiology.

PMID- 2647824
TI  - Extended body image in the ventilated patient.
AB  - This paper explores the experience of altered body image in unexpected critical
      illness, with particular interest in the extended body image of ventilated
      patients. It examines from the patients perspective, the impact that ventilation
      within the intensive care environment, can have on an individuals body image. The
      concept is developed to explore nursing strategies aimed to support and promote a
      positive body image in ventilated patients.

PMID- 2647825
TI  - Bateson's two Toronto addresses, 1921: 1. Chromosomal skepticism.
AB  - William Bateson gave two addresses at the Toronto meeting of the American
      Association for the Advancement of Science in December 1921. Although both were
      controversial, the text of the second, "The Outlook of Genetics," was never
      published. I present a transcript of a partial text and notes of this address in
      which Bateson explains, for the first time in public, a recent change in his
      views on the chromosome theory of heredity which resulted from a week spent with
      T. H. Morgan's group in New York en route to Toronto. He now accepts "the main
      essentials" but withholds assent from what he calls "the many extensions" of
      chromosome theory (such as linkage theory). He devotes considerably more space to
      discussing what he sees as difficulties precluding an unqualified acceptance of
      chromosome theory in its entirety. All in all, his tone is defiant rather than
      penitent.

PMID- 2647826
TI  - Bateson's two Toronto addresses, 1921: 2. Evolutionary faith.
AB  - William Bateson's plenary address to the American Association for the Advancement
      of Science meeting in Toronto in 1921 was titled "Evolutionary Faith and Modern
      Doubts." In it he expressed his deep-seated skepticism about the causes of
      evolution (and in particular, his dissatisfaction with Darwinian natural
      selection) while reaffirming his belief in the reality of evolution itself. The
      address led to controversy at both the scientific and popular levels. Scientific
      criticism centered on Bateson's rejection of natural selection; popular
      controversy, as evidenced by contemporary newspaper clippings, was very
      widespread, not least because religious fundamentalists misrepresented Bateson in
      their campaign against evolution. I draw attention to the forgotten case of F.E.
      Dean, a superintendent of schools at Fort Sumner, New Mexico, who in 1922 was
      forced to resign his post for merely challenging a resolution of the local school
      board banning the teaching of evolution in schools. Dean deserves to be
      remembered, along with John T. Scopes, as an early hero of the continuing fight
      for the right to teach evolution in U.S. schools.

PMID- 2647827
TI  - Systemic fungal infections: diagnosis and treatment II. Preface.

PMID- 2647828
TI  - Aspergillosis.
AB  - The wide spectrum of disease states caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus is
      dependent in large measure on environmental conditions leading to exposure, and
      to local and systemic host defenses. Allergic aspergillosis occurs in individuals
      hypersensitive to the fungus and is treated by immunosuppression, whereas
      invasive aspergillosis predominates in the severely immunocompromised and is
      treated with antifungal therapy. Aspergillomas generally arise from saprophytic
      colonization of a pre-existing pulmonary cavity with Aspergillus, and may be
      complicated by life-threatening hemoptosis.

PMID- 2647829
TI  - Candidiasis.
AB  - C. albicans and its related species have become major nosocomial causes of
      morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised and in other severely ill
      patients. Diagnosis of the severe forms of the disease remains difficult and
      depends on the basis of a composite of clinical findings. Treatment for most
      forms of severe Candida infections remains amphotericin B despite its toxicities.
      Until more effective prevention of the disease becomes feasible, Candida
      infections are likely to increase in frequency as major iatrogenic problems.

PMID- 2647830
TI  - The management of fulminant meningitis in the intensive care unit.
AB  - Fulminant meningitis requires aggressive management in an intensive care unit
      setting. The pathophysiology of the various factors that damage the central
      nervous system in this disease have been reviewed, as well as the management of
      the many complications of this serious, often devastating, infection. The
      etiologic agents according to age group have been discussed, and recommendations
      for empiric therapy have been made.

PMID- 2647831
TI  - The septic multiple-trauma patient.
AB  - Sepsis in the multiple trauma patient is being seen with increased frequency now
      that more of these patients are surviving the initial period. Traumatic
      destruction of tissue barriers, the placement of various tubes and drains, and
      surgical repair with debridement all provide conduits for colonization and
      infection with pathogens. Many components of the host immune system also become
      altered after trauma and surgery, predisposing this population to infectious
      complications. The site of infection can be cryptic in the moribund trauma
      patient; locating it may require many special diagnostic procedures. Continuing
      close surveillance is important to prevent or to identify infections at the
      earliest possible time. The liberal use of antibiotics should be discouraged so
      that development of resistant organisms and superinfection is kept to a minimum.
      Handwashing between patient contacts may be the most important prophylaxis
      against the spread of pathogens within a trauma unit.

PMID- 2647832
TI  - Zygomycosis.
AB  - Zygomycosis represents an excellent example of an opportunistic fungal infection
      that generally occurs in the debilitated, immunocompromised, or acidotic host.
      Infections are usually fulminant, with etiologic agents exhibiting predilection
      for invasion of blood vessels with resultant infarction and necrosis. The
      spectrum of agents capable of inciding zygomycosis has broadened and the
      incidence has increased in contemporary medicine. Nevertheless, an increased
      index of suspicion, better mycological acumen, aggressive surgical debridement of
      diseased tissue, and prompt therapy with amphotericin B have rendered substantial
      improvement in the prognosis of an otherwise fatal infectious disease. Rapid and
      accurate diagnostic techniques and the availability of less toxic, efficacious
      antifungal agents should be sought after goals for the enhanced management of
      zygomycosis.

PMID- 2647833
TI  - Trichosporonosis.
AB  - Disseminated trichosporonosis due to Trichosporon beigelii is an uncommon but
      increasingly reported infection in immunocompromised patients. It often presents
      as fungemia, cutaneous lesions, pulmonary infiltrates, and azotemia. This
      systemic mycosis is often refractory to conventional antifungal therapy and is
      frequently fatal.

PMID- 2647834
TI  - Malassezia furfur.
AB  - Malassezia furfur is a saprophytic fungus that is part of the normal cutaneous
      microflora of adults. It frequently causes tinea versicolor and less often, a
      distinctive folliculitis. In infants and occasionally in adults the fungus is
      associated with a sepsis syndrome that heralds a deep-seated infection. These
      entities, their diagnosis, and their treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2647835
TI  - Emerging opportunists.
AB  - The number and types of opportunistic fungal pathogens are increasing
      dramatically. It is likely that this trend will continue as the numbers of
      immunosuppressed patients escalate. Both the clinician and laboratorian must
      maintain a high index of suspicion for mycoses in these settings. Responsible
      fungal agents may be classified across the entire fungal kingdom and include both
      yeasts and molds. In addition to the need for improved methods of diagnosis and
      therapy, it is truly time for medical professionals to "think fungus"!

PMID- 2647836
TI  - Cryptococcosis.
AB  - Cryptococcosis emphasizes the importance of the host-parasite interaction. C.
      neoformans has developed factors to invade the host but generally requires host
      immune dysfunction to establish infection. Cryptococcal infection has increased
      as our immunocompromised pool of patients enlarges. Although many questions
      regarding management of cryptococcosis remain, it is a well-studied infection
      with excellent guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

PMID- 2647837
TI  - Critics and dissenters: reflections on "anti-psychiatry" in the United States.
AB  - During the 1970s various professionals and social activists adopted an explicitly
      anti-psychiatry position which was perceived by many as a new phenomenon.
      Hostility to psychiatry actually predates the establishment of psychiatry as a
      profession in 1844, and organized opposition to psychiatric practices appeared in
      the late nineteenth century. The deinstitutionalization of the 1970s, which was
      aided by development within psychiatry, had a strong anti-psychiatry component,
      but the novel aspect was the organization of ex-mental patients themselves. By
      the 1980s the decline of psychiatric power, dissension among ex-patients, and new
      social trends vitiated the anti-psychiatry movement.

PMID- 2647838
TI  - Enzyme histochemical discrimination between tryptase and chymase in mast cells of
      human gut.
AB  - We tested four synthetic substances for their histochemical value to demonstrate
      the catalytic activities of chymase or tryptase in mast cells in sections of
      human gut. Both Suc-Ala-Ala-Phe-4 methoxy-2-naphthylamide (MNA) and N-acetyl-L
      methionine-alpha-naphthyl ester (alpha-N-O-Met) reacted with chymase but not
      tryptase in mast cells. Conversely, D-Val-Leu-Arg-MNA and Z-Ala-Ala-Lys-MNA were
      hydrolyzed by mast cell tryptase but not chymase. These results were confirmed by
      use of two inhibitors of chymotrypsin-like activity, chymostatin and Z-Gly-Leu
      Phe-chloromethyl ketone (CK) and two inhibitors of trypsin-like activity, Tos-Lys
      CK and D-Val-Leu-Arg-CK. Excellent staining reactions were obtained on cryostat
      sections of unfixed or aldehyde-fixed tissues and on paraffin sections of Carnoy
      fixed tissues. For chymase, however, Suc-Ala-Ala-Phe-MNA is preferred on cryostat
      sections because it is more specific. On paraffin sections alpha-N-O-Met is
      preferred because other cells are not then stained. For tryptase, Z-Ala-Ala-Lys
      MNA was more selective and more specific and is the preferred general purpose
      substrate on cryostat sections of aldehyde-fixed tissues and for paraffin
      sections. D-Val-Leu-Arg-MNA is the preferred substrate for cryostat sections of
      unfixed tissue. Only a limited number of mast cells showed a reaction for
      chymase, and these occurred mainly in the submucosa. All mast cells, however,
      gave a reaction for tryptase, and we recommend the use of either substrate for
      this enzyme for routine detection of mast cells in human tissues. Double staining
      for the two main mast cell proteases is most conveniently undertaken on paraffin
      sections of Carnoy-fixed tissues using MNA substrates for tryptase and alpha-N-O
      Met for chymase.

PMID- 2647839
TI  - Non-deleterious inhibition of endogenous peroxidase activity (EPA) by
      cyclopropanone hydrate: a definitive approach.
AB  - Endogenous peroxidase activity (EPA) poses a serious problem in immunoperoxidase
      localization of antigens unable to withstand deleterious effects of aldehyde
      fixatives, alcohols, and various oxidative reagents. This has forced the
      development of more selective inhibition methods. Of these, phenylhydrazine or
      azide combined with small amounts of H2O2 have proved quite effective. However,
      the precise mechanism of the action of these compounds on EPA generating proteins
      is not understood. Cyclopropanone hydrate is a compound whose inhibitory action
      on the heme moiety of horseradish peroxidase is well understood. The aim of this
      study was to investigate the effect of this compound on EPA and to compare its
      efficiency with that of optimal phenylhydrazine and sodium azide regimens. In
      addition, any gross deleteriousness of cyclopropanone hydrate towards
      immunoperoxidase immunolocalization of three of the most delicate lymphocyte
      surface antigens was investigated. Cyclopropanone hydrate was found to inhibit
      EPA with progressing strength between 0.15-15 mM. Over this range, H2O2 was found
      necessary for inhibition only for cyclopropanone hydrate concentrations up to
      0.15 mM. Beyond this amount, the compound inhibited EPA equally strongly in the
      presence or absence of H2O2, reaching near-maximum inhibition at 15 mM. This and
      the H2O2-requiring regimens were found to cause no gross diminution in
      immunoperoxidase staining of CD4, CD6, and CD8 antigens in snap-frozen, acetone
      fixed human tonsil sections. Cyclopropanone hydrate therefore provides a
      definitive non-deleterious mode of inhibiting EPA for immunoperoxidase staining
      of delicate antigens.

PMID- 2647840
TI  - Detection of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) by flow cytometry in
      leukemic disorders.
AB  - We applied a new technique to the detection of intracellular TdT in 26 leukemic
      patients, including 16 non-T acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), four T-ALL, one
      T-lymphoblastic lymphoma in leukemia phase, one undifferentiated leukemia, one de
      novo lymphoblastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia, and three acute monocytic
      leukemias (AMOL). Mononuclear cell suspensions were incubated in saponin to
      permeabilize the cell membrane. The cells were then stained by indirect
      immunofluorescence (IF) using anti-human TdT monoclonal antibodies and were
      analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). The TdT results were compared with those
      obtained by biochemical TdT assay (26 cases), immunoperoxidase determination
      (PAP) (12 cases), and fluorescence microscopy (seven cases). The results obtained
      by PAP and fluorescence microscopy were 100% concordant with those obtained by
      FCM and biochemical assay. TdT determination by FCM allows the analysis of large
      numbers of cells in a fast, objective, and reliable manner, as compared with
      biochemical assay, PAP, and fluorescence microscopy determinations.

PMID- 2647841
TI  - Expression of c-myc proto-oncogene in normal human intestinal epithelium.
AB  - We studied the expression of the human c-myc proto-oncogene in normal human colon
      epithelium by both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. c-myc was
      found to be expressed uniformly throughout the entire thickness of the colon
      epithelium. The present findings do not support the contention that the c-myc
      proto-oncogene is primarily expressed in proliferating intestinal epithelial cell
      compartments.

PMID- 2647842
TI  - Double labeling of SIgG+ cells.

PMID- 2647843
TI  - Bibliography of the current world literature in hypertension.

PMID- 2647844
TI  - Kidney renin mRNA levels in the early and chronic phases of two-kidney, one clip
      hypertension in the rat.
AB  - The effect of clipping the left renal artery on left and right kidney renin mRNA
      levels during the early and chronic phases of two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt
      hypertension in the rat was studied. Renin mRNA levels were determined using
      northern and dot blotting. Four weeks after clipping, renin mRNA levels were
      sixfold higher in the left kidney and eightfold lower in the right kidney of the
      Goldblatt rats compared with the left kidney of the sham-operated rats. Similar
      analysis at 20 weeks after clipping showed a fourfold increase in the left kidney
      and a 16-fold suppression in the right kidney compared with age-matched sham
      operated control rats. The study demonstrates the profound changes that occur in
      renin gene expression in the clipped and contralateral kidneys in this model of
      hypertension and shows that these changes persist into the chronic phase of the
      hypertension.

PMID- 2647845
TI  - Increased secretion of immunoglobulins in malignant hypertension.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that immunogenic factors may be of importance for
      development and maintenance of severe hypertension. Twenty-three patients with a
      previously malignant phase of hypertension (MH) were investigated with respect to
      serum levels as well as actual production of immunoglobulins (lgs) and compared
      with a group of 22 patients with non-malignant hypertension (NMH) and 45 matched
      normotensive control subjects (C). Patients with MH had a significantly elevated
      secretion of IgG and IgA as compared with C. Total serum concentration of lgs did
      not differ between the groups, but a raised level of the subclass IgG3 was found
      in MH. There was a significant positive correlation between systolic blood
      pressure (SBP) and secretion of IgA and IgG when all hypertensive patients were
      studied. Six patients were subjected to repeated investigations during the first
      year after malignant phase. If examined in an early phase of MH (within 4 months)
      the secretion of IgG, IgA and IgM was enhanced compared with later stages (after
      5-12 months). The results suggest that an immunological process is involved in
      MH. This could either be a primary immunological disturbance or more plausibly
      secondary effects due to the vascular damage caused by the very high blood
      pressure.

PMID- 2647846
TI  - Effects of perindopril on ambulatory intra-arterial blood pressure,
      cardiovascular reflexes and forearm blood flow in essential hypertension.
AB  - The effects of monotherapy with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
      perindopril (8 mg once daily) on 24-h ambulatory intra-arterial blood pressure,
      forearm blood flow, left ventricular mass, vasoactive hormones and cardiovascular
      reflexes were determined in eight hypertensive patients using a randomized,
      double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over protocol. Six weeks of perindopril
      treatment was associated with a significant reduction of ambulatory blood
      pressure and a significant increase in forearm blood flow. Whilst the
      haemodynamic responses to Valsalva's manoeuvre, tilt, isometric forearm exercise
      and cold pressor testing were unaffected by perindopril, significant augmentation
      of the bradycardia during facial immersion was seen after chronic therapy. Sino
      aortic baroreceptor-heart rate reflex resetting was apparent within 2 h of the
      first dose; this effect persisted throughout the active treatment period.
      Withdrawal of treatment was associated with a persisting hypotensive effect and
      an increase in heart rate which was not accompanied by an increase in plasma
      catecholamines. We conclude that perindopril, in a dose of 8 mg once daily, was
      an effective antihypertensive agent. We postulate that chronic therapy was
      associated with a sustained increase in parasympathetic tone.

PMID- 2647847
TI  - Immunofluorescence analysis of IgA binding by human mononuclear cells in blood
      and lymphoid tissue.
AB  - The nature of IgA-binding cells and their tissue distribution was examined by an
      indirect immunofluorescence assay with the use of IgA1 and IgA2 paraproteins and
      fluorochrome- or biotin-labeled F(ab')2 fragments of idiotype-specific
      antibodies. The frequency of IgA-binding mononuclear cells was approximately 13%
      in blood and spleen samples but less than 1% in tonsil samples. IgA binding could
      be visualized by flow immunocytometry on monocyte/macrophages, but not on T and B
      cells. IgA polymers were bound better than IgA dimers and monomers. Nonhomologous
      IgA myelomas of both IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses inhibited the IgA-binding to
      monocytes, whereas aggregated normal serum IgG, IgM paraproteins, and an IgG
      myeloma did not. IgA binding was relatively insensitive to changes in temperature
      or cation concentration. IgA-binding monocytes were found in IgA-deficient
      patients at the same frequency as in normal individuals. The results indicate
      that monocytes constitutively express class-specific binding sites for both IgA1
      and IgA2 molecules.

PMID- 2647848
TI  - Definition of an immunologic marker for type II pneumocytes.
AB  - Based on our previous finding in lung parenchyma of high concentration of the
      shared epitopes of gp600, a well characterized kidney glycoprotein, we attempted
      to identify the anatomic site of these epitopes and characterize them
      biochemically. Affinity-purified polyclonal anti-gp600 antibody was used as the
      probe. Immunocytochemically in lung on light and electron microscopy the probe
      reacted exclusively with type II pneumocytes and no other lung cell. The reaction
      was also demonstrated on freshly isolated and cultured type II pneumocytes. Both
      approaches showed the reaction to localize on the cell membrane of type II
      pneumocytes. Immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled type II pneumocyte cell
      membranes identified two 270- to 290-kDa polypeptides as the reactive proteins.
      We conclude that the reactive epitopes for anti-gp600 in lung parenchyma are
      exclusively localized on type II pneumocytes and have a Mr of approximately 270
      to 290 kDa and that anti-gp600 may be used as a specific immunologic marker for
      the type II pneumocytes. Finally, it is possible that the differences in the
      molecular forms of the cross-reactive proteins in lung and kidney identified in
      this report are the reason for the known non-nephritogenicity of rat lung for the
      induction of Heymann nephritis in rat.

PMID- 2647849
TI  - The effect of various cytokines on the in vitro induction of antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity in murine cells. Enhancement of IL-2-induced antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity by IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that incubation with IL-2 can induce ADCC
      activity in murine cells and that this activity was mediated by asialo GM1+, FcR+
      cells. In the present study we show that the cytokines IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma,
      TNF-alpha, and IL-1 alpha are unable to induce antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) in murine cells; however, TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha could
      substantially augment the ADCC induced by IL-2. IL-1 increased the IL-2-induced
      ADCC activity in a dose-dependent fashion and in cells isolated from the thymus
      and spleen. The precursors of the ADCC induced by the combination of IL-1 and IL
      2 were asialo GM1+ cells, similar to the precursor cells of IL-2-induced ADCC.
      The effect of IL-1 and TNF on ADCC was not the result of an increase in the FcR
      density on the cell surface or the result of an increase in the number of FcR+
      cells although IL-1 increased the recovery of viable cells in culture. The main
      effect of IL-1 and TNF was the enhancement of the lytic ability of the IL-2
      cultured cells as indicated by increased intra-cellular benzyloxycarbonyl L
      lysine thiobenzylester-esterase activity. These results suggest that lymphokines
      such as IL-1 and TNF may synergize with IL-2 in the induction of ADCC and could
      thus potentially be useful for the immunotherapy of established tumors when
      combined with the administration of specific anti-tumor antibodies.

PMID- 2647850
TI  - IL-3-dependent growth of basophil-like cells and mastlike cells from human bone
      marrow.
AB  - Human bone marrow cultured in the presence of human rIL-3 has been reported to
      give rise to basophils. In contrast, mouse bone marrow, cultured in the presence
      of mouse IL-3, leads to the growth of mast cells. To determine if human rIL-3
      might also stimulate the growth of human mast cells, we cultured human bone
      marrow in the presence of human rIL-3 in suspension cultures, methylcellulose,
      and in "interphase" cultures where cells are layered over agar. The presence of
      mast cells was determined using a variety of histochemical techniques. In
      agreement with previous reports, basophil-like cells were identified in all
      culture systems. Mastlike cells were identified only in interphase cultures. By 3
      wk, such cultures consisted of basophil-like cells (20 to 50%) and mastlike cells
      (1 to 5%). Cultures supplemented with rIL-4 showed no additional increase in
      basophil-like and mastlike cells. Both basophil-like and mastlike cells
      fluoresced with o-phthaldialdehyde and exhibited IgE receptors. Unlike basophil
      like cells, mastlike cells were chloroacetate esterase, amidase, and human mast
      cell tryptase positive. We conclude that human rIL-3 can support the growth of
      human mastlike cells under selected culture conditions.

PMID- 2647851
TI  - Ig allotype-linked regulation of class and subclass composition of natural
      antibodies to group A streptococcal carbohydrate.
AB  - To determine the importance of genes located in or near the Ig constant regions
      in regulating the human antibody response, we correlated Ig allotypic markers
      with total Ig concentrations and natural antibody concentrations to the
      streptococcal group A carbohydrate (A-CHO) in 193 healthy adult blood donors. The
      major correlations between Ig allotypes and total Ig and specific antibody
      concentrations were observed with the Gm(f;n;b) haplotype. When compared with
      Gm(f;n;b) negative individuals, Gm(f;n;b) positives had significantly higher
      concentrations of total IgG2 (p less than 0.001) and IgG2 anti A-CHO (p less than
      0.05), lower concentrations of total IgG1 (p less than 0.001) and IgG1 anti A-CHO
      (p less than 0.001), and lower concentrations of total IgM (p less than 0.001)
      and IgM anti A-CHO (p less than 0.05). We conclude that individuals with the
      Gm(f;n;b) haplotype respond preferentially with IgG2 rather than IgG1 subclass
      antibodies. This increased capacity to respond with IgG2 antibodies may be
      reflected in the magnitude of the total antibody response when the IgG2 subclass
      comprises a major proportion of the response, as occurs in the adult response to
      many polysaccharide Ag.

PMID- 2647852
TI  - Translocation of serum proteins adsorbed to immunological microsticks.

PMID- 2647853
TI  - The specific determination of hydroxyprolyl3-bradykinin using a competitive
      binding enzyme immunoassay.

PMID- 2647854
TI  - In vitro stimulation of immune spleen cells enhances the number of anti-lipid A
      producing hybridomas.
AB  - An in vitro stimulation method for the generation of hybridomas producing
      antibodies with specificity for the weakly immunogenic lipid A is described.
      Conditions influencing in vitro stimulation of immune spleen cells were
      investigated. Depending on the experimental conditions the percentage of specific
      antibody-producing hybridomas varied between 0 and 39%. Most successful was
      stimulation with both antigen and the synthetic adjuvant muramyl dipeptide (MDP)
      for 3 days. In vitro stimulation of spleen cells from animals classically
      immunized with Salmonella Re mutant enhanced the number of lipid A-specific IgG
      producing hybridomas from six after direct fusion to 17 after stimulation. These
      experiments indicate that the synergistic action of antigen and MDP is caused by
      preferential action on antigen selected B cells.

PMID- 2647855
TI  - A rapid assay for circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in
      Goodpasture syndrome.
AB  - A rapid ELISA for the detection of circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane
      antibodies in Goodpasture syndrome is described. The specificity of the test was
      shown to be highly dependent on the antigens used. Using the purified Goodpasture
      antigen it was possible to shorten the incubation times to 10 min in a routine
      assay using alkaline phosphatase-labeled second antibodies and the total assay
      was complete in 30 min. 200 reference sera, 500 sera from patients with various
      types of glomerulonephritis and 32 sera from patients with Goodpasture syndrome
      were analyzed by this rapid assay. The assay was able to discriminate between
      Goodpasture syndrome and other forms of glomerulonephritis. Using enzyme
      amplification it was possible to further shorten the incubation times to 1 min
      and the total time of the assay to 6 min.

PMID- 2647856
TI  - Specific removal of IgE by therapeutic immunoadsorption system.
AB  - A therapeutic immunoadsorption system was developed that can remove IgE
      effectively and specifically from the plasma of patients with an allergy or other
      hyper-IgE syndrome. The immunoadsorbent (IA) consists of immunoaffinity purified
      anti-IgE antibody (a-IgE ab) immobilized on controlled pore glass beads (50 nm
      pore size). Adsorption isotherms for IgE, which were reduced by the Freundlich
      adsorption equation, were obtained with IA that immobilized various amounts of a
      IgE ab. An optimum amount of a-IgE ab to be immobilized was selected. IA worked
      sufficiently in a wide range of IgE concentrations. Clinical treatment requires
      an amount of 41 mg of IgE to be removed from a patient's plasma for 3 h. An IA
      for clinical use was designed to contain 10 g of the support binding 325 mg or
      more of the antibody. In fact, our study in vitro simulating a clinical case
      showed that serum IgE was removed by IA, as expected: the level decreased from
      11,000 to 3000 U/ml after a 3 h perfusion (1 U = 2.3 ng). A very small amount of
      a-IgE ab (goat IgG) was found to be detached from IA by flowing plasma; the
      average level was 20 ng/ml, which seems to be safe. However, we installed the
      second column in a circuit that adsorbs a-IgE ab leaked into plasma, because the
      amounts of a-IgE ab infused into the patient must be minimized. The second column
      contained IgE immobilized on the same support, since IgE as a ligand adsorbed
      more a-IgE ab than did anti-goat IgG antibody. This is an effective and safe
      therapeutic immunoadsorption system and has been subjected to clinical tests.

PMID- 2647857
TI  - A sensitive sandwich-enzyme immunoassay for human endothelin.
AB  - A sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for human endothelin(1-21) has been
      established. The assay is based on a sandwich method that uses two differing
      capture and detection anti-endothelin antibodies. A monoclonal anti-endothelin
      antibody AwETN40, which did not react with an endothelin C-terminal heptapeptide,
      was used as an immobilized antibody. The Fab' fragment of rabbit antibodies
      against the endothelin C-terminal heptapeptide was used as an enzyme-labeled
      detector antibody after being coupled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The
      assay is sensitive enough to detect as little as 0.2 pg/well (80 amol/well) of
      endothelin. Preliminary investigations indicated that the basal level of
      immunoreactive endothelin in male plasma (n = 24) extracted with Seppak C-18
      cartridges was 1.59 +/- 0.32 pg/ml.

PMID- 2647858
TI  - Antibodies to cyclosporine A (CsA) by a novel route and their use to monitor
      cyclosporine levels by radioimmunoassay (RIA).
AB  - Anti-cyclosporine antibodies were generated in rabbits, using an antigen derived
      from CsA. CsA was linked to carrier proteins by means of a photoactive cross
      linking reagent, 4-benzoylbenzoic acid (BBa), an alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone.
      In the presence of CsA, photolysis of BBa results in hydrogen abstraction and
      random insertion into the cyclosporine molecule, generating a population of CsA
      with carboxyl groups at various positions. Immunization with CsA-BBa-bovine serum
      albumin gave rise to high affinity antibodies to CsA, with Kd = 9.8 +/- 2.8 x 10(
      11) M, as determined by Scatchard analysis. Specificity was determined by
      competition experiments in a radioimmunoassay (RIA), using a panel of six
      cyclosporine derivatives, substituted at different positions. The derivatives
      could be arranged into three groups according to their affinities. One derivative
      with the lowest affinity had a bulky O-t-butyl-D-serine in place of D-alanine in
      position 8. Serum CsA levels in 25 transplant patients were measured by RIA, and
      compared to levels determined with a commercially available polyclonal antibody,
      which is routinely used clinically. The rabbit antiserum gave values that
      correlated well with the results using the commercial antibody.

PMID- 2647860
TI  - Protective effects of murine monoclonal antibodies in experimental septicemia: E.
      coli antibodies protect against different serotypes of E. coli.
AB  - Murine monoclonal antibodies that bind outer membrane antigens of the J5 mutant
      of Escherichia coli O111:B4 were derived from spleen cells of BALB/c mice
      immunized with killed whole cells and boosted with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and
      LPS-associated proteins. Seven hybridomas were selected for their reactivity
      against the J5 LPS; they cross-reacted with O111, O55, O127, and O128 E. coli
      LPS. One (B7B3) also reacted with the Serratia marcescens LPS and Klebsiella
      pneumoniae lipid A. A protective effect was obtained with D6B4 antibody in a
      lethal endotoxemia model induced by LPS from O111, O127, and O128 E. coli
      serotypes in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice. D6B4 and D6B3 antibodies protected
      mice infected with E. coli O111:B4, when administered before infection. The D6B4
      antibody was also protective when administered after infection. The antibodies
      D6B3 and D4B5 were protective in heterologous infection induced by E. coli O2:K1.

PMID- 2647859
TI  - Efficacy and safety of vaccination of marrow transplant recipients with a live
      attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.
AB  - Long-term immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella viruses was studied in 57
      patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Among patients who were
      seropositive at the time of transplant, 51% had retained antibodies to measles,
      42% had retained antibodies to mumps, and 76% had retained antibodies to rubella
      2 y later. There was no difference in the ability to retain antibodies to these
      viruses between patients with and those without chronic graft-versus-host disease
      (GVHD). Twenty seronegative patients without active chronic GVHD or ongoing
      immunosuppressive treatment were vaccinated with a live attenuated trivalent
      vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella. No early or late side effects were
      detected after the vaccinations. The percentages of patients who seroconverted
      after vaccination were 77%, 64%, and 75% for measles, mumps, and rubella,
      respectively. Vaccination of transplant recipients with a live attenuated vaccine
      against measles, mumps, and rubella is safe and usually effective 2 y after
      transplant if the patients do not have active chronic GVHD or ongoing
      immunosuppressive treatment at the time of vaccination.

PMID- 2647861
TI  - Dissemination of trimethoprim-resistant clones of Shigella sonnei in Bulgaria.
AB  - Bacterial dysentery due to Shigella sonnei remains a serious public health
      problem in developed countries, including Bulgaria. At the National Shigella
      Reference Laboratory in Sofia, 17,126 strains of S. sonnei from epidemics and
      sporadic cases collected from 1973 to 1987 were studied. Antibiotic
      susceptibility testing, phage typing, colicin typing, and biotyping were
      performed for all strains to allow intraspecies differentiation and to track any
      clonal distribution. Of all strains, 84.3% were resistant to one or more
      antimicrobials, the most frequent being tetracycline (Tet), streptomycin (Str),
      sulfonamide (Sul), chloramphenicol (Chl), ampicillin (Amp), and trimethoprim
      (Tmp). Resistance patterns most prevalent for successive 5-y periods included
      Tet, StrSulTet, and AmpChlStrSulTet, respectively. For the final 5 y, a new
      pattern (AmpKanStrSulTetTm [Kan = kanamycin]) was spread throughout the country
      by two trimethoprim-resistant clones. High-level resistance to trimethoprim (MIC
      greater than 1500 micrograms/mL) in both clones was determined by dihydrofolate
      reductase type I. The genes for trimethoprim resistance were located on a
      conjugative R-plasmid of approximately 145 kilobases which cotransferred all
      other antimicrobial resistances. A similar-sized R-plasmid had been found in
      earlier isolates of Bulgarian S. sonnei, suggesting that new antimicrobial
      resistance genes had been sequentially added to an ancestral R-plasmid.
      Controlling the expression of these new as well as older antimicrobial
      resistances, particularly for enteric pathogens, must involve reduction in usage
      of generic antimicrobial agents.

PMID- 2647862
TI  - The relationship of Leishmania braziliensis subspecies and immune response to
      disease expression in New World leishmaniasis.
AB  - Multivariate analyses of clinical presentation, subspecies identity of the causal
      organism, and the Leishmania-specific immune response parameters (indirect
      fluorescent antibody test [IFAT], cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity [DTH],
      and in vitro lymphocyte transformation [LT]) of 441 patients with tegumentary
      leishmaniasis were used to examine the human host-parasite interaction in L.
      braziliensis infection. Mucocutaneous disease (P less than .002) and L.
      braziliensis braziliensis infection (P less than .001) were independently
      associated with significantly higher IFAT titers and cutaneous DTH than were
      cutaneous disease or L. braziliensis panamensis infection. Lesion size was also
      correlated with IFAT titer (P. less than .001). Although time of lesion evolution
      was highly correlated with all parameters, differences associated with subspecies
      and disease form were independent of lesion duration (three-way analysis of
      variance). In contrast with the cutaneous DTH response, the in vitro lymphocyte
      proliferative response to Leishmania antigen did not correlate with disease form
      and only weakly with infecting subspecies when time of evolution and subspecies
      were controlled. The association of mucosal disease presentation with a
      particular subspecies and the independent correlation of both variables with
      heightened IFAT titers and cutaneous DTH to Leishmania antigen supports the
      possibility of immune mechanisms of pathogenesis in human tegumentary
      leishmaniasis.

PMID- 2647863
TI  - Comparative efficacy of two, three, or four doses of TY21a live oral typhoid
      vaccine in enteric-coated capsules: a field trial in an endemic area.

PMID- 2647864
TI  - ABO blood groups and cholera: new observations on specificity of risk and
      modification of vaccine efficacy.

PMID- 2647865
TI  - Continuous peritoneal infusion of Shiga-like toxin II (SLT II) as a model for SLT
      II-induced diseases.

PMID- 2647866
TI  - Response of tumour red blood cell flux to hyperthermia and/or hyperglycaemia.
AB  - Laser Doppler flowmetry has been applied to subepidermal rat tumours during
      localized ultrasound hyperthermia and/or moderate, short-term hyperglycaemia.
      Blood glucose levels were elevated 4-fold by continuous i.v. infusion of D
      glucose (4.8 g/kg/60 min). To determine whether the effects of hyperglycaemia on
      tumour blood flow involved increased rates of glycolysis and lactic acid
      production, galactose, a sugar not metabolized by the tumour, was administered
      using the same dose schedule. Hyperglycaemia was accompanied by a 3-fold increase
      in blood lactate levels and a slight hypervolaemic haemodilution without any
      significant systematic changes of the arterial blood pressure or respiratory
      blood gas parameters. pH of the arterial blood decreased only slightly. Results
      suggest that neither i.v. glucose nor i.v. galactose alone can cause any
      statistically significant changes in the red blood cell flux within superficial
      tumour regions. Doses of hyperthermia which had no effect on tumour
      microcirculation (e.g. at 40 degrees C), also had no impact on RBC flux when
      combined with moderate, short-term hyperglycaemia. However, hyperglycaemia (mean
      blood glucose levels 60 min after initiation of glucose loading: 21-25 mM) in
      conjunction with appropriate heating can decrease tumour blood flow to a greater
      extent than heat alone. This effect was more pronounced during 42 degrees C
      hyperthermia than during heating at 44 degrees C. Thus moderate short-term
      hyperglycaemia is recognized as a potentiator for hyperthermia at 42-44 degrees
      C. Intensified glycolysis and restricted venous drainage of lactic acid seem to
      play an important part in these pathogenetic events.

PMID- 2647867
TI  - Molecular mimicry as a mechanism for virus-induced autoimmunity.

PMID- 2647868
TI  - Target organ defects in thyroid autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2647870
TI  - [Congenital anomalies associated with lower celosomia and their prenatal
      diagnosis].

PMID- 2647869
TI  - Coxsackievirus infection as a trigger of cardiac autoimmunity.

PMID- 2647871
TI  - [Comparison of ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of
      paraaortic lymphnode metastasis in patients with gynecologic malignancies].
AB  - Fifty-one patients with gynecologic malignancies were tested for paraaortic
      lymphnode metastasis by ultrasound and computed tomography (CT). Eleven patients
      were found to have paraaortic lymphnode metastasis by ultrasound, and CT also
      showed the same metastatic image in the same patients. The site and size of the
      positive image found by both means were identical. The other forty patients
      diagnosed by ultrasound as free of metastasis were also proved to have no
      metastasis by CT. Ultrasound is as useful as CT in the evaluation of paraaortic
      nodes. However, ultrasound is more convenient and easier to use than CT.

PMID- 2647872
TI  - [Isolation of cisplatin-resistant subline from human ovarian cancer cell line and
      analysis of its cell-biological characteristics].
AB  - The cisplatin (CDDP)-resistant subline TYK-nu (R) was developed by culturing TYK
      nu (human ovarian cancer cell line in vitro) with exposure to CDDP in stepwise
      increasing concentrations. The characteristics of both cell lines were compared
      and the results were as follows; 1. Both cell lines formed a monolayer in a
      pavement-like arrangement and large cells were occasionally present in TYK-nu (R)
      rather than TYK-nu. The population doubling time of TYK-nu and TYK-nu (R) was 43
      hr and 48 hr, respectively. 2. IC50 (microgram/ml) in 96 hr treatment with CDDP
      and carboplatin (CBDCA) was 0.035 and 0.5 in TYK-nu and 0.62 and 2.0 in TYK-nu
      (R), respectively. 3. In the intracellular CDDP concentration, there was no
      marked difference between TYK-nu and TYK-nu (R) after CDDP (2.0 micrograms/ml)
      treatment in 2hr. 4. After treatment with CDDP (0.2 microgram/ml) or CBDCA (2.0
      micrograms/ml), a decrease in S and G2 + M compartments was observed in the
      pattern of the DNA histogram of TYK-nu, but not in that of TYK-nu (R). 5. The
      majority of chromosomes in both cell lines were in hyperdiploid areas and the
      mode of TYK-nu and TYK-nu (R) was 56 and 51, respectively. The karyotype of TYK
      nu (R) showed deletion of chromosome 7q. Thus, compared to TYK-nu, TYK-nu (R) was
      17.7 times more resistant to CDDP and 4 times more resistant to CBDCA. The
      results suggest that the mechanism of resistance to CDDP may be due to genetic
      changes at the cellular level.

PMID- 2647873
TI  - The early history of contracture of the palmar fascia. Part 3: The controversy in
      Paris and the spread of surgical treatment of the disease throughout Europe.

PMID- 2647874
TI  - Congenital absence of the thumb and digits.

PMID- 2647875
TI  - Foreign bodies in tendons.
AB  - At the National Institute of Traumatology in Budapest, a search has been made for
      foreign bodies in tendons over the last 15 years. 53 foreign bodies have been
      found in 931 tendons removed at operation and 45 foreign bodies in 950 tendon
      samples at autopsy. The foreign material was found to be organic in 29 cases,
      metal in 20 cases and plastic in six cases. In the others, glass, sand, mineral
      grease and textiles could be detected. In 33 cases the material could not be
      identified. The foreign bodies were found in the tendons of the upper extremities
      in 51 cases and the lower extremities in 47 cases. Foreign bodies in the tendons
      were more likely to cause problems in the upper limbs than in the lower limbs:
      these problems were purulent tendonitis, necrosis, foreign body granuloma,
      fibrosis and peritendonitis and calcification.

PMID- 2647876
TI  - The dorsal carpal ligaments: their anatomy and function.
AB  - The dorsal carpal ligaments were studied in 50 embalmed wrists. The radial
      collateral ligament was thin and oblique. The distribution of the dorsal radio
      carpal ligament varied and it was classified into four subtypes. Neither ulnar
      collateral ligament nor dorsal radio-ulnar ligament was isolated as a discrete
      structure: instead, there were confluent soft tissues on the dorso-ulnar aspect
      of the wrist. The dorsal radio-carpal ligament and the dorso-ulnar component of
      the triangular fibro-cartilage complex, as well as the fibrous septa and the
      extensor tendons, were found to be the most important stabilizers of the wrist
      dorsally.

PMID- 2647877
TI  - Neutrophil chemiluminescence induced by opsonized group A streptococcal
      particles: an effective probe of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations.
AB  - We compared the capacity of eight different intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
      preparations to opsonize streptococcal group A particles and to induce luminol
      enhanced chemiluminescence in neutrophil granulocytes. Antibodies to the
      streptococcal group A carbohydrate (A-CHO) antigen exposed on the particles were
      present in all preparations at high concentrations. In some preparations, anti-A
      CHO consisted predominantly of either immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) or IgG2, whereas
      in others, both IgG subclasses were equally represented. Dilutions of the IVIGs
      and of a normal IgG reference preparation were adjusted for their anti-A-CHO
      content, incubated with streptococcal particles, and exposed to neutrophil
      granulocytes isolated from normal blood. The various IVIGs differed in their
      capacity to elicit chemiluminescence signals. Some preparations, particularly
      those consisting of chemically modified IgG molecules, showed little activity,
      whereas others were comparable to the reference preparation. We concluded that to
      some extent such differences could be related to the IgG subclass composition of
      the antibody. However, of greater importance were the manufacturing procedures by
      which both the antigen-binding fragment and crystallizable fragment portions, and
      thus the functional integrity of the IgG molecules, were more or less severely
      affected.

PMID- 2647878
TI  - Harvey W. Cushing, MD (1869-1939).

PMID- 2647879
TI  - The Resource Based Relative Value Scale studies. A report by AMA.

PMID- 2647880
TI  - Metastatic gall bladder carcinoma of the palatine tonsil.

PMID- 2647881
TI  - Cryptococcosis of the larynx.
AB  - An unusual case of cryptococcosis of the larynx is described in a non
      immunocompromised patient. To our knowledge this is the second reported case in
      the literature.

PMID- 2647882
TI  - Oxidative responses of rabbit alveolar macrophages: comparative priming
      activities of MIF/MAF, sera, and serum components.
AB  - The comparative abilities of various reagents to prime rabbit alveolar
      macrophages (AM) to produce reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in a
      chemiluminescent (CL) assay were investigated. It was noted that AM from normal
      rabbits cultured in a serum-free medium for 18 hr exhibited a "spontaneous"
      priming response following a challenge with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA);
      however, "spontaneous" priming was not evident when the AM were cultured for only
      3 hr. It was further established that pretreatment of normal AM for 3 or 18 hr
      with MIF/MAF preparations (serum-free), fetal bovine serum (FBS), or bovine serum
      albumin (BSA) exhibited marked increases in their CL responses following
      challenge with PMA. When FBS was used in the culture medium, the priming activity
      of MIF/MAF was masked because of the high CL responses of controls due to the
      priming effects of FBS. BSA at concentrations approximately equivalent to the
      amount in FBS also displayed marked priming activity. Bacterial products
      (lipopolysaccharide and muramyl dipeptide), latex particles, rabbit IgG, PMA, and
      opsonized as well as nonopsonized zymosan and bacteria (BCG and Staphylococcus
      epidermidis) were inactive as priming agents. In comparison, AM from BCG-immune
      rabbits that were primed in vivo yielded a very large CL response when challenged
      with PMA. Opsonized zymosan and bacteria produced twofold increases in the CL
      responses in BCG-immune AM compared to nonopsonized preparations. The marked
      priming effect of serum on AM cultured for even a short period (3 hr) indicates
      that normal AM undergo marked changes in culture that complicate the
      interpretation of AM function when AM are cultured in vitro in media containing
      serum.

PMID- 2647883
TI  - Beta-carotene stimulates human leukocytes to secrete a novel cytokine.
AB  - The effect of beta-carotene on cytokine production by human peripheral blood
      leukocytes was tested. Beta-carotene stimulated the secretion of a novel
      cytotoxic cytokine when peripheral blood cells were exposed to carotenoid
      concentrations between 10(-6) and 10(-10) M. Beta-carotene-treated supernatants
      caused the cytolysis of four out of the six human tumor cell lines tested. Low
      level toxicity was also observed when normal diploid fibroblast lines were
      exposed to beta-carotene-treated leukocyte supernatants. The cytotoxic activity
      elicited by beta-carotene was found to be distinct from characterized cytokines
      based on both antisera neutralization and target cell specificity studies. This
      study demonstrates that beta-carotene can induce human leukocytes to secrete one
      or more cytokines that can manifest cytotoxic activity against human tumor cells
      in vitro.

PMID- 2647884
TI  - Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics: a bibliographic analysis.
AB  - The first 9 years of the Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
      (JMPT) (1978-1986) were surveyed to determine concentrations of research
      activity, educational backgrounds of contributors, sources of funding for
      chiropractic science, and the volume and kinds of research in chiropractic. Most
      articles were authored by chiropractors but a fourth of all articles included
      contributors with scientific/academic doctorates. Most chiropractors were
      affiliated with a chiropractic college, but collaboration among chiropractic
      colleges was rare. A recent increase in contributions from private practitioners
      was also evident. Authors with medical training were uncommon (6%). National
      College and Canadian Memorial together accounted for 43% of all articles, and 72%
      of papers whose authors gave chiropractic college affiliations. Authors
      acknowledged 30 funding sources, and the Foundation for Chiropractic Education
      and Research (FCER) accounted for a third of all grants (18 of 55). Empirical
      studies increased in frequency from 1978 to 1986, but accounted for less than
      half of the papers. Case reports have been the most common form of original data
      report; 39 were published in JMPT during the 9 year period. Controlled clinical
      trials of chiropractic healing methods were extremely rare (3 of 334 papers). A
      need for greatly expanded clinical research in chiropractic is suggested.

PMID- 2647885
TI  - Scoliosis: biomechanics and rationale for manipulative treatment.
AB  - This paper discusses methods to biomechanically evaluate scoliosis. From a
      chiropractic point of view, an understanding of the biomechanics of scoliosis is
      of paramount importance. By understanding the pathogenesis, the chiropractic
      physician can apply a rational approach to outline a treatment regimen. Spinal
      curvatures in the median plane change during growth, and in normal children the
      thoracic kyphosis reduces in size between the ages of 8 to 14. However, the
      change occurs at different times for boys and girls. Since scoliosis is a
      lordotic problem, associating lateral curvatures with gender, age, and attitude
      of the thoracics during growth spurt may answer questions of a female disposition
      and a male tendency to Scheuermann's disease. Further, this paper evaluates the
      lateral curvatures of the spine concerning normal curve mechanics and idiopathic
      scoliosis. Mechanical stability is considered, applying engineering principals to
      understand buckling and critical loading. By examining the factors of spine
      slenderness, flexibility and strengths of the trunk muscles, and applying this
      understanding to curve mechanics-biomechanics of scoliosis, the chiropractor has
      a rationale for the treatment of mild lateral curves.

PMID- 2647886
TI  - Omovertebral bone.
AB  - A case of unilateral Sprengel's deformity with an associated omovertebral bone is
      presented. A review of proposed mechanisms of development is included in the
      discussion of this rare anomaly. The condition is largely one of cosmetic
      deformity rather than signs and symptoms. The significance of identifying it's
      presence lies in uncovering the many less obvious, but more potentially serious,
      anomalies that may be associated with it. Conservative management is discussed.

PMID- 2647887
TI  - Potentiation of growth hormone activity in sheep using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody OA11 was raised against ovine GH; its effects on GH activity
      were examined in a target species relevant for animal production in vivo. The
      monoclonal antibody was found to enhance the galactopoietic response to exogenous
      GH in adult lactating ewes and also to potentiate the diabetogenic activity of
      both exogenous and endogenous GH in ewe lambs. Thus it was shown that GH activity
      may be manipulated above its usual dose-response range in normal, intact animals
      of commercial importance via immunological means.

PMID- 2647888
TI  - A critical assessment of the interactions between the immune system and the
      hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.

PMID- 2647889
TI  - Histamine, mast cells and ovarian function.
AB  - Mast cells, endothelial cells, basophils and platelets are potential sources of
      histamine in the ovary. Little is known about the role of the latter three cell
      types in ovarian function. Several studies have revealed changes in the number
      and degranulation (release of histamine) of mast cells in the ovary during the
      cycle. Mast cells degranulate on pro-oestrus in the rodent ovary, and mast cells
      numbers increase in the theca externa of the dominant follicle in the bovine
      ovary. In rodents, mast cells are limited to the ovarian hilum and are not
      observed in follicles, corpora lutea and interstitium; this contrasts with larger
      species such as man, cows and monkeys where mast cells are observed throughout
      the ovary. Evidence is accumulating that mast cell degranulation in the ovary may
      be regulated by neuronal input. Neurones have been shown to have close
      morphological relationships with mast cells in the ovary. Histamine participates
      in regulating capillary permeability and blood flow in the ovary. These actions
      are induced by injections of LH, yet the mechanism by which LH induces mast cell
      degranulation is unknown. Histamine stimulates ovarian contractility, ovulation
      and follicular progesterone secretion in vitro. Whether these actions of
      histamine occur in vivo are currently unknown. This review gives a chronological
      description of the discoveries of the effects of histamine on ovarian function
      and makes suggestions for future research in this area.

PMID- 2647890
TI  - Properly timed injections of cortisol and prolactin produce long-term reductions
      in obesity, hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance in the Syrian hamster
      (Mesocricetus auratus).
AB  - Naturally obese female Syrian hamsters were injected daily with prolactin at 0 or
      12 h after cortisol injections for 10 days while held in constant light. Controls
      were similarly injected with saline. Animals were then held on short daylengths
      (10 h light:14 h darkness) for 10 weeks. They were allowed free access to food
      and water from birth to time of death. Ten weeks after treatment, retroperitoneal
      fat stores, plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose, and hypoglycaemic
      responsiveness to exogenous insulin were determined. The control groups as well
      as the 12-h hormone treatment group were obese, hyperinsulinaemic and insulin
      resistant. However, the 0-h treatment dramatically reduced retroperitoneal fat
      stores (41-55%), plasma insulin concentration (60-70%) and the insulin to glucose
      ratio (63-68%) compared with controls. Values for these parameters in the 0-h
      treatment groups were similar to those of their lean litter-mates. Furthermore,
      the 0-h group but not the 12-h group was more sensitive than control animals to
      the hypoglycaemic effects of exogenous insulin at doses 0.2 and 2.0 U/kg body
      weight. These results demonstrate that timed daily injections of cortisol and
      prolactin in specific temporal relationships can produce marked reductions in
      obesity, hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance in the Syrian hamster that
      persist long after the termination of treatment. This study also suggests an
      important role for the interactions of circadian neuroendocrine systems in the
      regulation of these metabolic states.

PMID- 2647891
TI  - Requirements for the induction and adoptive transfer of cyclosporine-induced
      syngeneic graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - These studies further delineate the requirements for the establishment and
      transfer of SGVHD. We show that (a) two mechanisms distinguishable by radiation
      and drug sensitivities exist, (b) lethal irradiation correlates with a 100%
      incidence in the induction of SGVHD, whereas (c) both sublethal or lethal
      irradiation and cytoxan therapy are effective in ablating the host autoregulatory
      system in order to transfer autoreactivity, (d) unfractionated as well as nylon
      wool-nonadherent splenocytes effectively inhibit the transfer of autoimmunity,
      and (e) OX19 depletion of that population, however, destroys the autoregulatory
      effect present in normal splenocytes. To demonstrate complete inhibition of
      immune reactivity, twice the number of unfractionated splenocytes from normal
      animals was required for every splenocyte from autoimmune donors. Last, the
      infusion of effector splenocytes on 4, 7, and 14 d after transplantation
      correlates to a decrease from 100%, 70 to 0% incidence of SGVHD, thus emulating
      the incidence obtained in a pretransplant rat within 2 wk. These findings further
      clarify the immunobiological complexity of SGVHD and suggest that since
      autoregulatory cells already exist in normal animals that CsA-induced
      autoimmunity is a reflection of not an induced reactivity specific to one
      therapeutic reagent but the uncoupling of normal immunologic mechanisms essential
      in controlling autoimmunity.

PMID- 2647892
TI  - Identification and characterization of specific receptors for monocyte-derived
      neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF) on human neutrophils.
AB  - Specific receptors for a recently purified and cloned monocyte-derived neutrophil
      chemotactic factor (MDNCF) have been identified on the surface of normal human
      peripheral blood neutrophils using 125I-labeled recombinant human MDNCF (125I
      MDNCF). Competitive binding of 125I-MDNCF to human neutrophils reached a maximal
      level at 1-3 h at 4 degrees C. The Scatchard analysis showed that there are
      approximately 20,000 receptors per cell with a single type of high affinity
      binding (Kd, 8 x 10(-10) M). The receptors for MDNCF are clearly distinct from
      the receptors for other cytokines and chemotactic agents, e.g., IL-1 alpha, TNF
      alpha, and FMLP, C5a, leukotriene B4, and platelet activating factor. Based on
      the SDS-PAGE analysis of chemically crosslinked 125I-MDNCF receptor complex,
      there are two polypeptides that bind MDNCF; the molecular weight of these two
      MDNCF receptors were estimated to be 67,000 and 59,000. Treatment of a
      promyelocytic cell line, HL60, with 1.25% DMSO for 5 d in vitro increased the
      number of receptors up to 7,000 receptors/cell with a Kd of 1.2 x 10(-9) M.

PMID- 2647893
TI  - Mixed isotype class II antigen expression. A novel class II molecule is expressed
      on a murine B cell lymphoma.
AB  - The structures of Ia molecules expressed by two BALB/c B cell lymphoma lines, A20
      1.11 (A20) and 2PK3, were analyzed in an effort to explain the differences in
      antigen-presenting capacity displayed by these cells. Alloreactive T cell
      hybridomas specific for I-Ad and antigen-specific, I-Ad-restricted T cells
      responded well to A20 as the APC. The same alloreactive T cell hybridomas
      responded weakly or not at all to 2PK3 and the responses of the antigen-specific,
      I-Ad-restricted T cells were consistently lower to antigen presented by 2PK3 as
      compared with A20. T cells restricted to I-Ed responded equally well to either
      A20 or 2PK3 as APC. Additionally 2PK3, but not A20, stimulated a strong syngeneic
      mixed lymphocyte response. Structural analyses of the Ia antigens revealed that I
      A and I-E molecules were expressed by A20, whereas an I-E and a novel I-A-like
      molecule were expressed by 2PK3. The novel class II molecule was affinity
      purified from 2PK3 cells using an mAb specific for Ad beta (MK-D6), and this
      molecule was subsequently shown by an RIA to react with an E alpha-specific mAb
      (14-4-4S) as well. Chain-specific polyclonal antisera raised against I-A and I-E
      alpha and beta chains indicated that the 2PK3 "I-A" alpha chain reacted in
      immunoblot with E alpha-specific and not A alpha-specific antisera, whereas the
      beta chain reacted with A beta- and not E beta-specific antisera. Peptide map and
      partial amino acid sequence analyses indicated that the "I-A" molecule expressed
      by 2PK3 represented a mixed isotype structure resulting from the pairing of Ed
      alpha with Ad beta. By immunofluorescence staining analysis, 2PK3 did not react
      with an mAb specific for Ad alpha. 2PK3 was capable of limited antigen
      presentation through the mixed isotype molecule to I-Ad-restricted OVA-specific T
      cell hybridomas, although the responses induced were low compared with
      presentation through I-A on A20. Previous descriptions of the expression of mixed
      isotype class II molecules in the mouse have resulted primarily from DNA-mediated
      gene transfer experiments. The results presented indicate that a mixed isotype
      class II molecule can be expressed naturally.

PMID- 2647895
TI  - Endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor challenges in dogs simulate the
      cardiovascular profile of human septic shock.
AB  - Survivors of both human and animal bacterial shock develop a characteristic
      pattern of progressive changes in cardiovascular function over a period of 7-10
      d. In this present study, we examined whether endotoxin (a product of Gram
      negative bacteria) or TNF (a cytokine released from macrophages) could reproduce
      the same complex cardiovascular changes observed in septic shock over a period of
      7-10 d. To test this hypothesis, we implanted a thrombin-fibrin clot containing
      purified endotoxin from E. coli into the peritoneal cavity of eight dogs, and
      infused TNF into eight different dogs. Over the next 10 d, serial simultaneous
      heart scans and thermodilution cardiac outputs were performed in these awake
      nonsedated animals. By day 2 after challenge with either endotoxin or TNF,
      animals developed a decrease (p less than 0.05) in both mean arterial pressure
      and left ventricular ejection fraction. With fluid resuscitation, animals
      manifested left ventricular dilatation (increased [p less than 0.05] end
      diastolic volume index), increased or normal cardiac index, and decreased or
      normal systemic vascular resistance index. In surviving animals, these changes
      returned to normal with 7-10 d. The time course of these changes was concordant
      (p less than 0.05) with that previously described in a canine model of septic
      shock using viable bacteria. During the 10-d study, control animals receiving
      sterile clots or heat-inactivated TNF had not significant changes in
      hemodynamics. The results from this canine model demonstrate that either
      endotoxin or TNF alone can produce many of the same hemodynamic abnormalities
      seen in human septic shock and in a canine septic shock model induced by live
      bacteria. These findings support the hypothesis that the action of endogenous
      mediators (TNF) responding to bacterial products (endotoxin) is the common
      pathway that produces the serial cardiovascular changes found in septic shock.

PMID- 2647894
TI  - Induction of classical transplantation tolerance in the adult.
AB  - Transplantation tolerance across histoincompatibilities in multiple non-H-2
      minors (B10.BR into CBA/Ca) and "minor" plus H-2D (B10.A into CBA/Ca) antigens
      has been achieved successfully by combined adult bone marrow transplantation and
      treatment with CD4 and CD8 mAbs. The tolerant state was confirmed by permanent
      acceptance of donor strain skin grafts, and in vitro unresponsiveness to donor
      cells. Tolerance was associated with partial donor chimerism to various degrees.
      Tolerance to minor transplantation antigens induced in this manner was restricted
      to recipient-type MHC. The possibility was raised that tolerance resulted, at
      least in part, from clonal anergy rather than deletion.

PMID- 2647896
TI  - Principles of cancer pain management. Use of long-acting oral morphine.
AB  - Oral morphine is increasingly recognized as the pharmacologic standard for cancer
      pain management. Yet for the primary care physician and oncologist alike,
      misconceptions of the safety and efficacy of oral morphine along with lack of
      recognized guidelines for use have often resulted in inadequate cancer pain
      therapy. Use of controlled-release oral morphine sulfate (MSC) requires
      additional guidelines for optimum analgesia. Proposed are ten principles of
      dosing oral morphine, especially MSC, which were followed in a clinical trial
      involving cancer patients. MSC dosed at 8-, 10-, and 12-hour intervals was
      compared with immediate-release morphine (IRMS) dosed every four hours, and with
      prestudy analgesics. Patients achieved satisfactory analgesia at daily doses
      (mean +/- SE) of 118.0 +/- 8.6 mg and 111.4 +/- 12.6 mg (P greater than .05) for
      IRMS and MSC, respectively. Dosing endpoints were determined by titration with
      IRMS and MSC to a minimal and equivalent amount of supplemental short-acting
      analgesic. Side effects were typical for opioids and tolerated except for one
      dropout on IRMS (nausea and constipation). The ten principles have been
      incorporated into a dosing scheme as a practical guide for MSC therapy.

PMID- 2647897
TI  - Derivation and validation of a decision rule for predicting seat belt
      utilization.
AB  - Information from 3,108 health risk appraisals completed by Tennessee residents in
      1986 was used to develop a decision rule for predicting seat belt utilization.
      The data set was randomly divided into derivation and validation sets. The
      dependent variable was self-reported seat belt use (percentage). Using multiple
      linear regression, the following rule was derived: score = [age (years) X 0.24] +
      [mood-affecting drug use X 4.09] + [miles driven per year X 5.08] + [education
      level X 11.18] - [race X 18.31] - [cigarette use X 2.73] - [satisfaction with
      life X 3.50] - [body mass (kg/m2) X 0.83] - [urban/rural residence X 4.08].
      Likelihood ratios for persons stating 0 to 25 percent seat belt use were compared
      with those for persons stating 76 to 100 percent use. The prevalence of 0 to 25
      percent seat belt use was 31 percent in the derivation set and 33 percent in the
      validation set. At the lowest quintile of score (-1 or less), the likelihood
      ratios were 4.18 and 3.31 in the derivation and validation sets, respectively. At
      the highest quintile of score (26 or more) the likelihood ratios were 0.29 and
      0.38, respectively. At score levels less than 10 the decision rule had a
      sensitivity of 59 percent and 55 percent and a specificity of 80 percent and 81
      percent in the derivation and validation sets, respectively. This decision rule
      may be used by primary care physicians to identify persons likely not to use seat
      belts and target them for health promotion efforts.

PMID- 2647898
TI  - Varicella in pregnancy.

PMID- 2647899
TI  - The quality of care provided by family physicians.
AB  - In the debate about which specialty should provide primary care for adults in the
      United States, part of the issue is the type of training given to the primary
      care provider and the overall quality of care provided by those who complete the
      training. This paper presents a literature review that summarizes the quality of
      care of family physicians by outcome and process measures. Studies in the
      literature are flawed by methodologic weaknesses, including the frequent lumping
      of all general and family physicians as a group and the general lack of
      description of the physicians involved. Some studies measuring the process of
      care indicate poorer process by family physicians or general practitioners, such
      as recording fewer medical process criteria used to measure quality of care. The
      quality of care by outcome measures, however, appears to be similar to that of
      other specialties. In general, the study of quality of care is in its infancy,
      and further work needs to be done to assess what training is needed to produce
      the highest quality primary care physicians.

PMID- 2647900
TI  - Bureaucratic harassment must stop.

PMID- 2647901
TI  - Functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
AB  - Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is a new approach to the diagnosis and
      management of sinusitis. The technique emphasizes accurate diagnostic evaluation
      and conservative surgery designed to restore normal drainage pathways. This
      report provides an overview of the theory and technique of this advance in
      treatment of chronic sinusitis.

PMID- 2647902
TI  - A closer examination of physician responsibility for expanding health care costs.

PMID- 2647903
TI  - [3H]desipramine binding to rat brain tissue: binding to both noradrenaline uptake
      sites and sites not related to noradrenaline neurons.
AB  - The pharmacological and biochemical characteristics of [3H]desipramine binding to
      rat brain tissue were investigated. Competition studies with noradrenaline,
      nisoxetine, nortriptyline, and desipramine suggested the presence of more than
      one [3H]desipramine binding site. Most of the noradrenaline-sensitive binding
      represented a high-affinity site, and this site appeared to be the same as the
      high-affinity site of nisoxetine-sensitive binding. The [3H]desipramine binding
      sites were abolished by protease treatment, a result suggesting that the binding
      sites are protein in nature. When specific binding was defined by 0.1 microM
      nisoxetine, the binding was saturable and fitted a single-site binding model with
      a binding affinity of approximately 1 nM. This binding fraction was abolished by
      lesioning of the noradrenaline neurons with the noradrenaline neurotoxin N-(2
      chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4). In contrast, when 10 microM
      nisoxetine was used to define the specific binding, the binding was not saturable
      over the nanomolar range, but the binding fitted a two-site binding model with KD
      values of 0.5 and greater than 100 nM for the high- and low-affinity components,
      respectively. The high-affinity site was abolished after DSP4 lesioning, whereas
      the low-affinity site remained. The binding capacity (Bmax) for binding defined
      by 0.1 microM nisoxetine varied between brain regions, with very low density in
      the striatum (Bmax not possible to determine), 60-90 fmol/mg of protein in
      cortical areas and cerebellum, and 120 fmol/mg of protein in the hypothalamus.
      The binding capacities of these high-affinity sites correlated significantly with
      the regional distribution of [3H]noradrenaline uptake but not with 5
      [3H]hydroxytryptamine uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647904
TI  - Arthritis of the basal joint of the thumb. A critical analysis of treatment
      options.
AB  - The basal joint of the thumb is commonly afflicted with degenerative changes,
      especially in postmenopausal women. This can be debilitating because of the
      importance of the thumb to overall hand function. There are a variety of
      treatment options for the patient with arthritis of the basal joint of the thumb.
      Most patients can successfully be treated conservatively, which includes
      splinting, antiinflammatory medications, physical therapy, and activity
      modification. For those who fail conservative therapy, surgical treatment is
      based on clinical staging. Patients with early degenerative changes are
      candidates for ligament reconstructive procedures or arthrodesis. Those with more
      advanced disease may benefit from excision, tendon interposition arthroplasty,
      suspensionplasty, silicone implant arthroplasty, or total joint arthroplasty. The
      advantages and disadvantages of each procedure, as well as the relative
      indications and contraindications of each, are critically assessed.

PMID- 2647905
TI  - Recurrent infection of a total hip arthroplasty associated with radiation-induced
      ulcerative colitis. A case report.
AB  - A case of recurrent sequential infections of a total hip implant in a patient
      with active radiation colitis is presented. The infections involve two distinctly
      different organisms, both of normal bowel flora. Though not recognized with
      orthopaedic implants, cases of bacteremic seeding with bowel flora to prosthetic
      implants such as heart valves have been reported. Treatment of this patient and
      the implications regarding management of patients with active bowel disease who
      plan to have hip arthroplasty are discussed.

PMID- 2647906
TI  - The nucleus basalis of Meynert in 20 definite cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
AB  - The population of neurons and the neuronal size in the nucleus basalis of Meynert
      (nbM) were studied in 20 patients with definite Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
      When compared with a normal control group, the 20 CJD brains showed a significant
      loss of neurons and reduction of neuronal size, mainly in the middle level of the
      nbM and mostly affecting the right side. Since these findings show some
      parallelism with the amount of cortical damage and given the scarce gliosis and
      spongiosis found in only six of the 20 CJD brains, we postulate that the
      involvement of the nbM in CJD is a retrograde abnormality secondary to the damage
      of the neocortex.

PMID- 2647907
TI  - The Sydney Multicentre Study of Parkinson's disease: a report on the first 3
      years.
AB  - One hundred and twenty nine de novo patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease
      are being followed over a 5 year period in a double-blind multicentre study
      comparing low-dose bromocriptine (less than 30 mg/day) with low-dose levodopa
      carbidopa (less than 600/150 mg/day). Sixty six patients have been randomised to
      bromocriptine and 63 patients to levodopa-carbidopa. Improvement has been greater
      in the levodopa-carbidopa group than in the bromocriptine group. Involuntary
      movements have so far only occurred in patients on levodopa-carbidopa, the
      incidence being much lower than is usually described with conventional doses.
      Mild, end-of-dose failure has occurred in both treatment groups; however, no
      patient has developed the "on-off" phenomenon. Low-dose levodopa-carbidopa
      appears to be a more effective anti-Parkinsonian treatment than low-dose
      bromocriptine but more prone to cause dyskinesia.

PMID- 2647908
TI  - Cerebellar degeneration in neuroleptic malignant syndrome: neuropathologic
      findings and review of the literature concerning heat-related nervous system
      injury.
AB  - A selective subtotal cerebellar neuronal degeneration was found in a patient who
      died 4 1/2 months after suffering neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), a rare,
      potentially fatal disorder associated with neuroleptic medications. It is
      suggested that the cerebellar neuronal degeneration in this case was due to
      hyperpyrexia, a cardinal clinical feature of NMS. Similar pathologic findings
      appear not to have been previously reported in NMS but have been described in
      heat-induced central nervous system (CNS) injury. The findings imply that a
      cerebellar syndrome might be encountered in patients who survive NMS complicated
      by a particularly high febrile course.

PMID- 2647909
TI  - Environmental influence on altered receptor function in a genetic disease:
      insulin and glucose affect insulin receptors in myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - Insulin action in vivo and insulin binding to monocytes in vitro were correlated
      in patients with myotonic dystrophy (MyD) and compared with healthy controls.
      Confirming our previous studies and those of others, the present results show
      that the glucose infusion rate (DR), an estimate of in vivo insulin sensitivity,
      was significantly diminished in MyD. At the same per cent of ideal body weight DR
      in MyD patients was considerably less than controls suggesting that obesity could
      not solely account for decreased insulin sensitivity in MyD. The relative
      capacity (RC), and relative affinity (ED50) of the insulin receptor in monocytes
      was significantly less in patients. The relative affinity (ED50) was improved by
      changing environmental insulin levels while receptor numbers (RC) were not.
      Insulin sensitivity and RC showed a trend toward a positive correlation although
      this did not reach statistical significance. Our data suggest that the alteration
      of the insulin receptor in MyD is different from obesity and from other disorders
      of the motor unit such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, where insulin
      sensitivity and RC are reduced but ED50 is unchanged. Thus, in MyD the receptor
      may be one of the loci where the resistance occurs.

PMID- 2647910
TI  - Central nervous system AIDS.
AB  - The retrovirus that causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has two
      targets: the immune system and the nervous system. Central nervous system (CNS)
      manifestations of AIDS are protean. This review describes the opportunistic
      infections and malignancies that affect the nervous system in AIDS, and discusses
      the syndromes resulting from primary infection of the CNS by the AIDS virus.
      Possible mechanisms of CNS injury are cited as well as potential predictors of
      neurologic expression of AIDS.

PMID- 2647911
TI  - Distribution of dystrophin, nebulin and Ricinus communis I (RCA-I)-binding
      glycoprotein in tissues of normal and mdx mice.
AB  - Dystrophin, the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene
      locus, appeared as an immunoreactive triplet of polypeptides in striated muscle
      tissues from normal mice on Western blot analysis. In smooth muscle tissues, an
      immunoreactive doublet of corresponding molecular weight was detected. No
      dystrophin was found in normal mouse brain, not even after enrichment for the
      Triton X-100 insoluble fraction. Dystrophin was absent from all corresponding
      tissues from the mdx mutant mouse strain which is known to lack dystrophin. The
      possibility that these immunoreactive bands represent isoforms is discussed. We
      have also investigated two other high molecular weight proteins which show
      secondary abnormalities in DMD muscle, namely nebulin and the 370 kDa Ricinus
      communis I lectin (RCA I)-binding glycoprotein. Nebulin levels were reduced in
      skeletal muscle from 6-week-old mdx mice but not in oesophagus from the same
      animals. By contrast, the RCA I-binding 370 kDa glycoprotein which is greatly
      reduced in DMD skeletal muscle was present in normal amounts in mdx skeletal
      muscle. These findings show, for the first time, that mdx myopathy differs from
      DMD myopathy not only morphologically, but also in its secondary biochemical
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2647913
TI  - A phase II study of interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells in
      patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with metastatic melanoma were entered into a study of the
      therapeutic efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy with high-dose interleukin-2 (IL
      2) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Thirty-two patients who received
      all components of the therapy are evaluable for response, and all patients are
      evaluable for toxicity. Sites of disease included lung, liver, subcutaneous
      nodules, and intra-abdominal metastases. One complete response (CR) and five
      partial responses (PRs) resulted from treatment (19% response rate). The median
      response duration was 5 months, with the durable CR continuing at 31+ months and
      one durable PR continuing for 13 months. Sites of response included lung, liver,
      subcutaneous nodules, and lymph nodes. Response, response duration, or site of
      response did not correlate with the total dose of IL-2 administered, rebound
      lymphocytosis, or the number of LAK cells infused. Toxicity included hypotension,
      fluid retention with a "capillary leak syndrome" in most patients, and transient
      multiorgan dysfunction that resolved promptly after the completion of therapy.
      Adverse cardiac events occurred in 16% of patients, with one myocardial
      infarction leading to a death. This study confirms the activity of the initial IL
      2/LAK cell regimen in metastatic melanoma reported by Rosenberg et al, supporting
      the concept of adoptive immunotherapy as an important new treatment approach for
      this disease.

PMID- 2647914
TI  - Interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy of solid tumors:
      analysis of toxicity and management guidelines.
AB  - The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Extramural IL2/LAK Working Group treated 93
      patients with 114 cycles of high-dose intravenous (IV) interleukin-2 (IL-2) and
      lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in three phase II trials. Thirty-six
      patients had metastatic melanoma, 35 had metastatic renal cell cancer, and 22 had
      colorectal cancer. All patients had a Karnofsky performance status greater than
      or equal to 80% and normal laboratory tests and organ function, and had received
      no more than one prior form of immunotherapy or chemotherapy. Objective
      responders were eligible to receive up to two additional courses of therapy at 12
      week intervals. The most frequent toxicities were a capillary leak syndrome
      resulting in marked extravascular fluid shifts, and hypotension requiring
      treatment with large volumes of IV fluids and vasopressor agents. Laboratory and
      clinical evidence of hepatic and renal dysfunction were virtually universal.
      Intensive care-level support was routinely provided and the toxicity observations
      confirmed the need for this level of care. The life-threatening toxicities were
      cardiac and pulmonary. Five of the 27 patients who experienced significant
      respiratory compromise required intubation and mechanical ventilatory support.
      Twenty patients developed cardiac arrhythmias, the majority of which were
      supraventricular. There was a single episode of ventricular tachycardia requiring
      cardioversion. Four patients had transient cardiac ischemia, and an additional
      four had myocardial infarctions, one of which was fatal. With these exceptions,
      all toxicities were rapidly reversible. The occurrence of only a single therapy
      related death and a very low incidence of other irreversible or life-threatening
      events is comparable to the level of toxicities often observed in other phase II
      trials. Although the intensity of this regimen limits this approach to a subset
      of cancer patients with excellent performance status and adequate organ function,
      because of the frequency and apparent durability of complete responses, this
      treatment warrants further investigation.

PMID- 2647912
TI  - Pulse oximetry.
AB  - The pulse oximeter, a widely used noninvasive monitor of arterial oxygen
      saturation, has numerous applications in anesthesiology and critical care.
      Although pulse oximetry is considered sufficiently accurate for many clinical
      purposes, there are significant limitations on the accuracy and availability of
      pulse oximetry data. This article reviews both the clinical uses of the pulse
      oximeter and the limitations on its performance. The pulse oximeter is generally
      acknowledged to be one of the most important advances in the history of clinical
      monitoring.

PMID- 2647915
TI  - Bone marrow autotransplantation for solid tumors--prospects.
AB  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation (AuBMT) is in clinical trial for patients
      with metastatic solid tumors, particularly breast cancer. This review deals with
      the potential of this approach. AuBMT is curative for the leukemias and
      lymphomas. Curative cancer chemotherapy has, almost without exception, required
      combinations of agents wherein dose was well maintained. However, curative
      chemotherapy strategies for the hematologic neoplasms have not proven successful
      for the common solid tumors. An important exception is that standard adjuvant
      chemotherapy can "cure" some micrometastatic tumors. Preclinical studies indicate
      the effectiveness of alkylating agents in terms of maintained dose effect through
      multiple logs of tumor cell kill; difficulty in developing drug resistance;
      general lack of cross resistance; and synergy for alkylating agents used in
      combination. There is an increasingly effective experimental basis for the
      construct of intensification regimens employing combinations of alkylating
      agents. Differing nonmyelosuppressive toxicity for alkylating agents provides a
      basis for maintaining dose when employed in combination in the autologous marrow
      situation. The aforementioned studies and cytokinetic analyses of combined
      intensive alkylating agent therapy for breast cancer support the potential of
      this approach. Clinical trials indicate a high response rate in refractory breast
      cancer. Trials involving induction chemotherapy followed by combined alkylating
      agent intensification have produced substantial complete remission rates. The
      duration of response has, in most studies, been short. This approach is
      associated with major toxicity, including mortality, and is expensive.
      Experimental and preliminary clinical evidence as marshalled in this review
      indicate that this is a promising area for therapeutic research.

PMID- 2647916
TI  - The role of heredity in cancer.
AB  - Heredity is generally felt to play a minor role in the development of cancer.
      This review critically examines this assumption. Topics discussed include
      evidence for heritable predisposition in animals and humans; the potential
      importance of genetic-environmental interactions; approaches that are being used
      to successfully locate genes responsible for heritable predisposition;
      comparability of genetic findings among heritable and corresponding sporadic
      malignancies; and future research directions. Breast, colon, and lung cancer are
      used to exemplify clinical and research activity in familial cancer; clinical
      phenotypes, segregation and linkage analyses, models for environmental
      interactions with inherited traits, and molecular mechanisms of tumor development
      are discussed. We conclude that the contribution of heredity to the cancer burden
      is greater than generally accepted, and that study of heritable predisposition
      will continue to reveal carcinogenic mechanisms important to the development of
      all cancers.

PMID- 2647917
TI  - Treatment of colloid cysts of the third ventricle by stereotaxic microsurgical
      laser craniotomy.
AB  - The therapeutic strategies employed in the management of anterior third
      ventricular mass lesions remain controversial. Resection by conventional
      craniotomy, whether via a transcallosal or transcortical approach, carries well
      known risks and limitations. Alternatively, in this region traditional stereotaxy
      has been relegated to use with biopsy only or cyst aspiration procedures.
      Combining aspects of both conventional and stereotaxic techniques has allowed
      total removal of 12 colloid cysts in six women and six men ranging in age from 25
      to 71 years. No mortality and minimal morbidity have been associated with the
      procedures. There has been no evidence of recurrence in an average follow-up
      period of 19 months. By coupling the benefits of stereotaxic precision and
      localization to the microsurgical management of colloid cysts, several rewards
      have been realized: 1) only a limited cortical dissection is needed; 2) the
      hazards of callosal or forniceal injury can be avoided; 3) the lesion is easily
      localized regardless of ventricular size; 4) hemostasis can be readily achieved
      with bipolar cautery or defocused laser power; and 5) most importantly, a total
      resection is possible with little risk to the patient. Stereotaxic microsurgical
      laser craniotomy provides a new option for the management of colloid cysts and
      other anterior third-ventricular lesions.

PMID- 2647918
TI  - Evaluation of selective transsphenoidal adenomectomy by endocrinological testing
      and somatomedin-C measurement in acromegaly.
AB  - A series of 29 previously untreated patients with acromegaly underwent
      transsphenoidal adenomectomy. Pre- and postoperative evaluation consisted of
      measuring growth hormone (GH) secretory dynamics during an oral glucose tolerance
      test (OGTT), the insulin hypoglycemia test, and the thyrotropin- and gonadotropin
      releasing hormone (TRH/GnRH) test, and by obtaining the basal somatomedin-C
      level. After surgery, clinical and biochemical amelioration was achieved in all
      but two patients. In the whole group, basal GH and somatomedin-C levels decreased
      from a mean (+/- standard error of the mean) of 52.3 +/- 12.7 to 11.1 +/- 6.3
      ng/ml and from 7.6 +/- 0.7 to 2.5 +/- 0.5 U/ml, respectively. Application of
      different criteria of cure revealed that 19 patients (66%) had basal GH levels
      below 5 ng/ml, 17 patients (59%) had normal somatomedin-C values, 16 patients
      (55%) had complete GH suppression (less than 1 ng/ml) during OGTT, and 13
      patients (45%) met the above-mentioned criteria with disappearance of the
      paradoxical GH response to TRH/GnRH test. Evaluation of GH secretion by insulin
      hypoglycemia testing was useless in assessing the outcome after neurosurgery.
      When only patients with a normal somatomedin-C level and complete GH
      suppressibility during OGTT were considered "cured," the main favorable
      prognostic factor was intrasellar tumor localization, since 15 (75%) of 20
      patients were "cured," as opposed to only one (11%) of nine with extrasellar
      extension of the adenoma. During the follow-up period, no tumor recurrence was
      detected in any of the "cured" patients. In these subjects somatomedin-C levels
      remained stable in all except two patients, who showed a slow increase within the
      normal range of somatomedin-C concentration. These data confirm that
      transsphenoidal surgery is the most effective form of treatment in previously
      untreated acromegalic patients and that normalization of somatomedin-C levels
      reflects normal GH secretion. Measurement of somatomedin-C could replace more
      extensive endocrinological testing during monitoring of treated acromegalic
      patients.

PMID- 2647919
TI  - CSF production in acute ventriculitis.
AB  - Clinically, there appears to be a significant reduction in cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) formation during acute ventriculitis--an observation that has not been well
      documented by experimental studies. To examine this phenomenon, an inoculum of
      Escherichia coli was injected into the lateral ventricles of New Zealand White
      rabbits. Approximately 18 hours later, the survivors (64%) underwent a 3-hour
      ventriculocisternal perfusion of carbon-14-dextran (MW 7 X 10(4)) as a reference
      marker for CSF formation. On the average, CSF formation in this experimental
      group was reduced by one-half to two-thirds of normal, confirming the clinical
      observation. Histologically, the stroma of the choroid plexus was the site of an
      extensive inflammatory infiltrate. Meningitis, ependymitis, and focal
      encephalitis completed the picture. Vasculitis was not present in the choroid
      plexus. The epithelium of the choroid plexus underwent patchy cellular swelling
      or frank necrosis and destruction. It is postulated that the changes in the
      choroid plexus caused by the inflammatory process were responsible for the
      diminished CSF formation in this acute setting. Reduced choroidal blood flow
      and/or enterotoxin may play a role in these alterations.

PMID- 2647920
TI  - Management of juvenile spinal AVM's by embolization and operative excision. Case
      report.
AB  - A small group of spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) most commonly present
      in children or young adults, are characterized by a large size, high flow, the
      presence of multiple feeders, and frequent extension to paraspinous structures.
      Cardiac output requirements may be significantly increased by these so-called
      "juvenile" malformations, and a bruit is commonly noted. This report describes
      the obliteration of a juvenile spinal AVM. Staging of embolization and operative
      procedures was used to obliterate the AVM successfully without morbidity.

PMID- 2647921
TI  - Posterior fossa stereotaxic biopsy using the Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotaxic
      system. Technical note.
AB  - Stereotaxic biopsy has been shown to be a reliable means of diagnosing posterior
      fossa lesions. The authors describe a technique for infratentorial
      transcerebellar stereotaxic access to posterior fossa parenchymal lesions using
      the Brown-Roberts-Wells apparatus in its standard commercial configuration. The
      necessity for tissue diagnosis of these lesions is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2647922
TI  - A comparison of two obstetric risk assessment tools.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to examine the usefulness of two existing obstetric
      risk assessment instruments in predicting intrapartum complications at term. One
      tool, although not designed to predict problems in labor, is widely used in
      general populations. The other tool was specially designed for use in a free
      standing birth center. Neither instrument performed well when applied to a sample
      of 699 clinic patients at term. This inability to identify those who will need
      hospital care reinforces the necessity for effective referral and transport
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2647923
TI  - Anorexia nervosa.
AB  - Many theories have been advanced in an attempt to understand and treat anorexia
      nervosa, an eating disorder primarily affecting adolescent females. A description
      of clinical signs and symptoms and the criteria for diagnosis is provided. A
      current review of the literature summarizes the major theories of etiology and
      treatment. A case study is presented, and nursing goals, as part of a
      multidisciplinary team, are discussed.

PMID- 2647924
TI  - The use of breastfeeding as a contraceptive.
AB  - Breastfeeding generally is considered an ineffective method of birth control.
      Yet, in non-Western cultures breastfeeding has been shown to be a beneficial
      method for spacing births. The physiological effect of breastfeeding on
      ovulation, breastfeeding patterns that delay the return of ovulatory activity,
      and the practice of fertility awareness during the postpartum period are
      reviewed. Guidelines are suggested for assessing, teaching, and referring women
      desiring to use breastfeeding as a contraceptive method.

PMID- 2647925
TI  - Combined registry for the clinical use of mechanical ventricular assist pumps and
      the total artificial heart: second official report--1987.

PMID- 2647927
TI  - Heart transplantation in children.
AB  - Heart transplantation in children is being performed with increasing frequency.
      As experience has accrued, problems of rejection, graft atherosclerosis, and
      growth have been noted. Seventeen children (seven boys and 10 girls) between the
      ages of 5 months and 14 years have undergone heart transplantation since 1981.
      The preoperative diagnosis was cardiomyopathy in 13 children, congenital heart
      disease in two, and endocardial fibroelastosis in two. Immunosuppressive therapy
      has included a tapering schedule of cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone.
      There are 13 children alive, with four hospital deaths (two of infection, one of
      rejection, and one of graft failure). Rejection occurs as frequently in children
      as in adults. Two children have undergone retransplantation for rejection. Long
      term hemodynamics are normal. Growth has been delayed in two of five children who
      are younger than age 10 years. Kidney function remains stable. Rehabilitation is
      100% among the discharged patients. Heart transplantation in children represents
      an effective therapeutic modality. Heart transplantation in the young has
      emphasized morbidity caused by current immunosuppressive agents.

PMID- 2647926
TI  - Induction of donor major histocompatibility complex antigens in coronary arterial
      vessels: mechanism of arterial vasculitis in rat allografts treated with
      cyclosporine.
AB  - Recently, a potentially lethal pattern of vascular rejection has been described
      in heart transplant patients treated with cyclosporine. The purpose of this study
      was to identify potential immune mechanisms responsible for the development of
      coronary vascular injury associated with acute rejection. Our hypothesis was that
      changes in histocompatibility (MHC) expression induced by immunosuppressive
      therapy with cyclosporine plays an important role in directing an immune response
      to the arterial bed. With the ACI to Lewis allograft model, we compared the
      histology and immunohistology of both unmodified allograft rejection at days 2,
      3, and 4 after transplantation, and allograft rejection modified by pretreatment
      with cyclosporine. Both models exhibit histologic evidence of early rejection
      before extensive myocyte necrosis is seen. Unmodified early rejection develops
      rapidly and is associated with dense MHC class I antigen expression on both
      myocytes and venous endothelium. Cyclosporine-modified rejection develops more
      slowly and is characterized by an arterial vasculitis. This modified pattern of
      rejection is associated with increased myocardial expression of MHC class II
      antigens with the arterial bed preferentially expressing increased MHC antigens.
      It is interesting to speculate that in the setting of a slower developing
      rejection process, the preferential expression of MHC antigens within the
      arterial bed produces a delayed-type hypersensitivity response directed toward
      either the endothelium and/or adjacent MHC class II expressing myocytes. A
      prolonged periarterial and intraluminal inflammatory reaction may then produce a
      true vasculitis, which may be detrimental to the survival of the graft.

PMID- 2647928
TI  - Effect of ABO blood type on survival of heart transplant patients treated with
      cyclosporine.
AB  - We conducted a retrospective analysis of how ABO blood type matching affects the
      survival rate of heart transplant recipients. The study included 189 patients
      treated with cyclosporine who had heart transplantations at the Texas Heart
      Institute, Houston, between July 1982 and June 1987. There were 78 patients with
      blood type A, 28 with type B, five with type AB, and 78 with type O. Therefore,
      33 patients had B antigen (types B and AB), and 156 lacked B antigen (types A and
      O). Of the 189 patients, 152 received ABO identical hearts and 37 received ABO
      nonidentical hearts from donors with compatible blood types. The 1-year graft
      survival for patients with B antigen was 66.7% compared with 78.1% for those
      without B antigen (p less than 0.05). More patients in the B antigen group,
      however, had transplantations with ABO nonidentical hearts. Patients with type O
      blood had the best 1-year survival (80.7%). Recipients of ABO identical donor
      hearts had a better graft survival than those with ABO nonidentical donor hearts:
      for type A patients, survival was 78.5% and 64.7%, respectively; for type B
      patients, survival was 75.0% and 62.5%, respectively. The 1-year survival was
      better for the patients with ABO identical hearts (79.5%) than for those with ABO
      nonidentical hearts (62.2%, p less than 0.01). The incidence of fatal rejection
      in ABO nonidentical hearts was higher than in ABO identical hearts (13.5% versus
      2.6%, p less than 0.05). Over the last 6 years we have used various criteria for
      recipient and donor selection and for determining which immunosuppressive
      regimens are most effective. From this series of patients we believe that ABO
      identical matching of heart transplant recipients and donors improves the long
      term survival rate.

PMID- 2647929
TI  - Arterial hypertension in heart transplant recipients treated with triple-drug
      immunosuppressive therapy.
AB  - Arterial hypertension occurs in the majority of heart transplant recipients
      treated with high dosages of cyclosporine. The incidence of hypertension with
      lower loading and maintenance dosages of cyclosporine, as used with triple-drug
      immunosuppressive therapy is unknown. Fifty-six patients who had transplantation
      at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, from December 1983 through December
      1986, received low loading (6 to 10 mg/kg) and maintenance dosages of
      cyclosporine in addition to azathioprine (2 to 2.5 mg/kg/day) and prednisone. Two
      weeks after transplantation 68% of the patients were hypertensive (blood pressure
      greater than 140/90 mm Hg) despite normal serum creatinine levels (1.14 +/- 0.33
      mg/dl). The number of patients requiring treatment for hypertension increased
      progressively, with 92% of the patients being hypertensive by 6 months. No
      correlation was found between blood pressure values, serum creatinine levels, and
      cyclosporine levels in the blood. Systemic vascular resistances were elevated 1
      year after transplantation, whereas cardiac output and ventricular filling
      pressures were normal. Circulating norepinephrine levels, abnormally elevated
      before transplantation, normalized after operation. In 13 heart recipients in
      whom sequential measurements were obtained, plasma norepinephrine levels
      decreased within 2 weeks after transplantation. These data indicated that
      hypertension develops in almost all patients after heart transplantation despite
      the lower dosage of cyclosporine used with the triple-drug immunosuppressive
      therapy and the absence of significant renal impairment with this regimen, and
      probably it is not the result of activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2647930
TI  - Heterotopic heart transplantation: a reliable option for a select group of high
      risk patients.
AB  - From July 1982 through February 1988, 229 patients underwent heart
      transplantations at the Texas Heart Institute, Houston, 11 of whom had
      heterotopic transplantations. Indications for the heterotopic procedure included
      pulmonary hypertension (eight patients) and marked body-weight mismatch (greater
      than or equal to 20%) between the recipient and donor (three patients). The 1
      year actuarial survival rate for the heterotopic group is 80.4% compared with
      77.9% for the orthotopic group. Despite similar immunosuppressive regimens, the
      incidence of advanced rejection within 60 days after transplantation was 9.1%
      (one of 11 patients) for the heterotopic patients and 33.7% (68 of 202 patients)
      for the orthotopic group. The one heterotopic patient who experienced rejection
      in this period had a positive retrospective lymphocyte crossmatch. Seven patients
      who had heterotopic heart transplantations had right pleural effusions; three of
      these required tube thoracotomy. Two others experienced angina of the native
      heart, but the symptoms abated with cessation of native heart function. Despite
      anticoagulant therapy, one patient had reversible neurologic events caused by
      emboli. Some of the patients had pulmonary and embolic complications, but all of
      these problems were readily manageable and resolved without permanent sequelae.
      In orthotopic transplantation, the presence of pulmonary hypertension can
      compromise donor heart function in the intraoperative or immediate postoperative
      periods. Patients with this problem, previously considered unsuitable candidates
      for transplantation, may have a successful transplantation with the heterotopic
      technique. Although heterotopic heart transplantation is technically more
      demanding and may be associated with complications that do not occur in
      orthotopic transplantation, our experience has shown that it is a reliable
      surgical option for these high-risk patients.

PMID- 2647931
TI  - Myocardial tissue blood flow in allotransplanted rat heart with a special
      reference to acute rejection.
AB  - To evaluate the severity of acute rejection of the homologous heart, myocardial
      tissue blood flow was measured after a heterotopic heart transplantation in rats.
      The autograft group (Lewis to Lewis) and the allograft group (DA to Lewis) were
      compared by graft survival time, myocardial tissue blood flow, myocardial water
      content, and degrees of histologic alterations. Average graft survival times were
      longer than 100 days in the autograft group and 5.9 +/- 0.4 days in the allograft
      group. In the autograft group, myocardial tissue blood flows on postoperative
      days 1 and 5 were 206 +/- 12 and 189 +/- 18 ml/min/100 gm myocardial wet weight
      in the left ventricle and 205 +/- 11 and 188 +/- 12 ml/min/100 gm myocardial wet
      weight in the right ventricle, respectively. In the allograft group, myocardial
      tissue blood flows on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5 were 222 +/- 30, 164 +/- 22,
      and 141 +/- 49 ml/min/100 gm myocardial wet weight in the left ventricle and 202
      +/- 17, 156 +/- 15, and 147 +/- 46 ml/min/100 gm myocardial wet weight in the
      right ventricle, respectively. Myocardial tissue blood flows in both ventricles
      showed significant decreases on days 3 and 5 as compared with those on day 1.
      Myocardial water content did not alter significantly by day 5 in the autograft
      group, registering 77.9% +/- 0.6% and 78.4% +/- 1.6%. Myocardial water contents
      in the allograft group increased significantly as rejection progressed.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647932
TI  - Efficacy and safety of constant-rate intravenous cyclosporine infusion
      immediately after heart transplantation.
AB  - Oral cyclosporine therapy immediately after heart transplantation is erratic and
      difficult to predict. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative
      efficacy and safety of cyclosporine when administered by constant-rate infusion
      immediately after transplantation. Nineteen patients (17 men and two women) aged
      50 years (range 25 to 61 years) who weighed 71 +/- 9 kg, participated in the
      study and received cyclosporine, 7 to 10 mg/hr (117 +/- 15 micrograms/kg/hr). The
      infusions were initially maintained for 26 +/- 5 hours (range 18 to 42 hours)
      without adjustments in dosage. Whole blood samples were obtained at hourly
      intervals for the first 8 to 12 hours and then daily throughout the 7-day study
      period and were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Constant-rate
      cyclosporine infusion resulted in therapeutic blood levels (350 to 450 ng/ml) at
      6 hours. These levels remained relatively steady throughout the 7-day infusion,
      requiring only minimal dosage adjustments. Kidney function was not altered
      significantly after 7 days of intravenous cyclosporine therapy as evidenced by a
      mean serum creatinine level of 1.3 mg/dl before therapy and 1.4 mg/dl after
      therapy. There, however, was a transient rise in serum creatinine level in most
      patients on the second or third day after transplantation that resolved without a
      reduction in cyclosporine dosage. The mean endomyocardial biopsy score at 1 week
      after transplantation was 0.1, and only four of the patients required additional
      immunosuppressive therapy to treat rejection during the first 6 weeks after
      transplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2647933
TI  - Randomized study of high dose oral cyclosporine therapy for mild acute cardiac
      rejection.
AB  - Mild acute rejection progresses to moderate rejection in approximately one third
      of the cases. Standard rejection therapy would then be instituted with the
      attendant risk of infection and other side effects. We randomized 40 episodes of
      mild acute rejection (20 episodes in each group) to receive no additional therapy
      or to have the oral cyclosporine dose increased for 7 to 10 days with repeat
      endomyocardial biopsy performed. In the group with no additional therapy 30%
      progressed to moderate rejection, whereas in the group with increased doses of
      oral cyclosporine, 10% progressed to moderate rejection (p = 0.10). As the
      purpose of our study was to assess the efficacy of increased cyclosporine levels
      for preventing progression from mild to moderate rejection, the treated group was
      redefined according to whether the cyclosporine level increased by greater than
      or equal to 50% during the study. In this treated group average cyclosporine
      levels increased from 169 +/- 78 to 413 +/- 267 ng/ml. Progression to moderate
      rejection occurred in one of 21 cases (5%) compared with seven of 19 cases (37%)
      in the group without an increase in cyclosporine level (p less than 0.05). The
      transient increase in cyclosporine levels was well tolerated. This study
      demonstrates that the use of high dose oral cyclosporine to treat mild acute
      rejection is well tolerated and may reduce progression to moderate rejection when
      a significant increase in cyclosporine level is achieved.

PMID- 2647935
TI  - The International Society for Heart Transplantation. Ninth annual scientific
      sessions. April 23-25, 1989, Munich, Germany. Abstracts.

PMID- 2647934
TI  - Rejection prophylaxis with murine monoclonal CD-3 antibody (OKT3): considerations
      for early hospital discharge.
AB  - Murine monoclonal CD-3 antibody (OKT3) is a significant new addition to the
      immunosuppressant armamentarium for treatment of heart transplant rejection. In
      the Utah Transplantation Affiliated Hospitals (UTAH) Cardiac Transplant Program,
      Salt Lake City, a broad experience with OKT3 has been acquired. Fifteen patients
      were treated for refractory rejection, whereas 68 patients were treated for early
      rejection prophylaxis therapy utilizing either 10- or 14-day protocols. To
      facilitate early hospital discharge, 12 patients were able to complete OKT3
      therapy as outpatients. A retrospective review of length of initial hospital stay
      and clinical results revealed that patients who received OKT3 had an average
      hospital stay (+ standard deviation) of 17.1 days, and their 12-month survival
      was 96%. Patients who received antithymocyte globulin and/or steroids had an
      average stay of 27.4 days (p less than 0.05) and a 12-month survival of 93%. In
      conclusion, the possibility for reduced hospital stay and consequent cost
      reduction exists with the use of OKT3, especially when completion of therapy can
      be managed in an outpatient setting.

PMID- 2647936
TI  - Spina bifida occulta: early clinical and radiographic diagnosis.
AB  - Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is produced by traction of the lumbosacral spinal
      cord. Clinically, patients with tethered cord syndrome present with various
      combinations of neurologic, orthopedic, and cutaneous abnormalities. These
      abnormalities are often subtle. Early diagnosis, and treatment when indicated, is
      essential to prevent progressive and frequently irreversible neurological
      deterioration. Early diagnosis is aided by a high degree of clinical suspicion.
      Plain spine films are useful in the preliminary evaluation of suspected
      dysraphism. When plain film abnormalities are present, magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) has been found to be the single most effective procedure for both initial
      diagnosis and pre-operative evaluation of patients with myelodysplasia.

PMID- 2647937
TI  - Ptosis of the chin and lip incompetence: consequences of lost mentalis muscle
      support.
AB  - Ptosis of the chin and lip incompetence are worrisome complications of surgery in
      the mandibular symphyseal region. This article relates the normal anatomy and
      physiology of the muscles in this region to these complications. It suggests a
      sequence of surgical planning that can prevent them and also offers ways of
      dealing with the problems should they occur.

PMID- 2647938
TI  - Reconstruction of the mandibular condyle using ramus osteotomies: a preliminary
      report.
AB  - Reconstruction is required for a number of conditions in which condylar bone is
      lost resulting in dental and skeletal change. Ramus osteotomies are described as
      an alternative to the currently used methods. Four cases are described to
      illustrate the use of this technique. These osteotomies have several advantages
      over other methods and have the potential for better functional results.

PMID- 2647939
TI  - Arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint: an anatomic perspective.
AB  - Anatomic relationships in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region related to
      arthroscopic surgery were analyzed in cadaver dissections and dry skulls. The
      study showed that the maxillary artery and the main bifurcation of the facial
      nerve are located a safe distance from the usual arthroscopic approaches to the
      TMJ. The frontal branch of the facial nerve are located a safe distance from the
      usual arthroscopic approaches to the TMJ. The frontal branch of the facial nerve
      may be as close as 3 mm anterior to the midpoint of the lateral pole of the
      condyle. The neurovascular complex of the superficial temporal vessels and the
      auriculotemporal nerve may also be very close to puncture sites. The roof of the
      glenoid fossa had an average thickness of 0.9 mm. The external soft tissue
      auditory canal courses anteriorly to meet the bony external auditory canal. A
      skin puncture perpendicular to the bony canal was approximately 7 mm anterior to
      the posterior aspect of the tragus.

PMID- 2647940
TI  - AIDS: legal issues in a growing epidemic.
AB  - The article reviews selected legal issues regarding AIDS and HIV infection.
      Following an overview of the legislative and regulatory structure of public
      health laws in the United States, the article describes legal issues relating to
      the development of an AIDS vaccine, determination of appropriate professional
      liability standards in diagnosing and treating persons with AIDS or HIV
      infection, availability of tort law damages for persons negligently or
      intentionally exposed to infection, use of criminal laws against individuals who
      engage in conduct likely to transmit the virus, and protections against
      discrimination available to individuals with AIDS or HIV infection.

PMID- 2647941
TI  - Type VII collagen antibody LH 7.2 identifies basement membrane characteristics of
      thin malignant melanomas.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (LH 7.2) to the carboxy terminal of type VII collagen has
      been used in an indirect immunoperoxidase method on frozen sections of biopsies
      of benign compound and intradermal cellular naevi, dysplastic naevi, and
      malignant melanomas, to label the epidermal basement membrane. Benign intradermal
      naevi had an intact membrane with the dermal naevus cell component lying beneath
      it. Compound naevi showed proliferating junctional nests of naevus cells pushing
      through the membrane towards the dermis beneath. In contrast, dysplastic naevi
      and melanomas showed a progressive displacement of the membrane downwards. Thin
      lesions were confined above the membrane. With increasing tumour thickness,
      discontinuities in the membrane were seen and foci of invasive growth through the
      line of the membrane were identified. These studies suggest that the good
      prognosis of thin melanomas is associated with confinement of the tumour within
      an expanded epidermis above the basement membrane.

PMID- 2647943
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of homozygous protein C deficiency. Report of the Working
      Party on Homozygous Protein C Deficiency of the Subcommittee on Protein C and
      Protein S, International Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.
AB  - This report summarizes the documented cases of homozygous protein C deficiency in
      the United States and Europe. Procedures for diagnosing and treating this
      disorder (both initially and over the long term) have been compiled by a working
      party on homozygous protein C deficiency of the Subcommittee on Protein C of the
      International Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Homozygous protein C
      deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that usually manifests itself by
      purpura fulminans and, less commonly, by massive large vein thrombosis; severe
      diffuse intravascular coagulation also develops in these infants, and there is
      evidence of intrauterine thrombosis. For confirmation of homozygous protein C
      deficiency in a neonate with purpura fulminans or massive venous thrombosis, the
      infant should have undetectable protein C activity and both parents should be
      heterozygous for protein C deficiency. At the onset of symptoms, the initial
      treatment should be plasma (8 to 12 ml/kg every 12 hours) until all lesions have
      healed. Two modalities for long-term treatment are accepted as useful in these
      children: oral anticoagulant therapy or protein C replacement (fresh frozen
      plasma or prothrombin complex concentrate). Liver transplantation has been
      performed in only one child, with success. Oral anticoagulation (vitamin K
      antagonists, maintaining the prothrombin time from one and one-half to two times
      control values or at the International Normalized Ratio of 2.5 to 4.4) is our
      recommendation of choice for long-term treatment. With appropriate care, these
      children are able to be free of coagulopathy and live relatively normal lives.

PMID- 2647942
TI  - Progress in worldwide control and elimination of disease through immunization.

PMID- 2647944
TI  - Viremia and neutralizing antibody response in infants with exanthem subitum.
AB  - Mononuclear cell-associated viremia caused by human herpesvirus type 6 was
      detected in 39 (66%) of 59 blood samples from 38 children with exanthem subitum
      between day 0 and day 7 of the disease. The rate of virus isolation from
      mononuclear cells was 100% (26/26) on days 0 to 2 (just before appearance of skin
      rash), 82% (9/11) on day 3, 20% (2/10) on day 4, 7% (2/12) on days 5 to 7, and 0%
      (0/37) on day 8 and thereafter. The cell-free virus was detected in blood in 10
      (21%) of 47 blood samples during the same period. The antibody activity to the
      virus, evaluated by a newly developed neutralization assay, was first detected on
      day 3 of the disease with a positive rate of 18% (2/11). It became 60% (6/10) on
      day 4, 75% (9/12) on days 5 to 7, and 100% on day 8 and thereafter. Thus the
      disappearance of the virus from blood was associated with the induction of
      specific immunity to the virus.

PMID- 2647945
TI  - Extracardiac chest ultrasonography in infants and children: radiographic and
      clinical implications.
AB  - Extracardiac chest ultrasonography was performed in 51 children for
      characterization and localization of pleural disease (29 children), for
      evaluation of chest and mediastinal masses (12), and for determining the cause of
      unilateral chest radiographic opacification (10). Ultrasonography clearly
      differentiated drainable fluid from pleural thickening, accurately characterized
      chest and mediastinal masses, guided aspiration and drainage procedures, and
      allowed rapid diagnosis of causes of unilateral opaque hemithorax.

PMID- 2647946
TI  - Ovarian ultrasound appearances in Turner syndrome.
AB  - We performed pelvic ultrasound assessment in 104 patients with Turner syndrome
      aged 0.2 to 17.4 years; 69 had the 45,X karyotype and 35 had variant karyotypes.
      Ovarian appearances were classified as "streak" (n = 70, including 30 patients in
      whom no ovary could be seen) or "nonstreak" (n = 34). The nonstreak ovaries
      ranged from small glands, sometimes containing minute cysts, to ovaries
      indistinguishable from those which are normal for age. Nonstreak ovaries retained
      a range of function, as evidenced in some cases by spontaneous breast development
      and uterine enlargement. The proportion of nonstreak ovaries followed a U-shaped
      pattern, with a nadir from 4 to 10 years; this follows the known biphasic pattern
      of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion. Only those
      patients with karyotype variants in which the long arm of the X chromosome was
      retained fared better than those with the 45,X karyotype.

PMID- 2647947
TI  - Mental and motor development, social competence, and growth one year after
      successful pediatric liver transplantation.
AB  - We measured intellectual and motor function, social competence, and growth in 29
      children (mean age 4 years 7 months) before liver transplantation and 1 year
      later. We used either the Bayley Scales, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale,
      and the Minnesota Child Development Inventory (MCDI), Motor Age Quotient, or the
      Wechsler Scales, depending on the age of the child at testing. Social function
      was measured with the MCDI or the Child Behavior Checklist. All anthropometric
      measures were expressed relative to normal values for age and sex. Patients whose
      intellectual and motor scores were less than 80 before transplantation gained an
      average of 8 points, but these changes were not statistically significant, nor
      were the changes on these measures for the group as a whole. The development of
      children with onset of liver disease in the first year of life was more likely to
      remain delayed after transplantation. Older subjects improved significantly in
      social competence (p less than 0.008). There were significant increments after
      transplantation in weight, head circumference, and arm anthropometrics (p less
      than 0.0001 to 0.04), but there was no change in linear growth rate. Increments
      in length correlated negatively with steroid dosage, and change in head
      circumference was associated with age at time of transplantation (p less than
      0.005 to 0.10).

PMID- 2647948
TI  - Clinical and immune recovery from Omenn syndrome after bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 2647949
TI  - Imaging of cerebrovascular injury in infants treated with extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation.

PMID- 2647950
TI  - Campylobacter pylori: a new pathogen.

PMID- 2647951
TI  - Nocturnal enuresis: epidemiology, evaluation, and currently available treatment
      options.
AB  - Treatment of childhood enuresis must begin with a careful history, physical
      examination, urinalysis, and urine culture to determine if one is dealing with
      uncomplicated or complicated enuresis. The majority of patients will have
      uncomplicated enuresis; there are several treatment options available to the
      physician that can be tailored to the individual patient. Parental support,
      empathy, and patience are key elements in any successful plan of management of
      the child with enuresis. Likewise, reassurance, periodic feedback, and
      encouragement of the parents and child by the physician are necessary for optimal
      results.

PMID- 2647952
TI  - Nocturnal enuresis: psychologic implications of treatment and nontreatment.

PMID- 2647953
TI  - Clinical experience with desmopressin: efficacy and safety in central diabetes
      insipidus and other conditions.
AB  - Because of its selective antidiuretic activity, desmopressin is recognized as the
      drug of choice for central diabetes insipidus. Compared with previously available
      treatments, it has a greatly enhanced therapeutic profile, allowing more specific
      antidiuresis without adverse reactions. Its selective antidiuretic activity is
      used with advantage in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis and as a diagnostic
      test of tubular function. Desmopressin is available for intranasal and parenteral
      administration; antidiuretic doses range from 10 to 40 micrograms intranasally
      and from 2 to 4 micrograms intravenously or subcutaneously. For its hemostatic
      effect, a single infusion of desmopressin at a dose of 0.3 microgram/kg has been
      used in most studies. Well-documented evidence shows that desmopressin is safe
      and efficacious as a selective antidiuretic agent for the treatment of central
      diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis and as a diagnostic test of tubular
      function. Even at the 15-fold higher doses used in bleeding disorders,
      desmopressin appears to be well tolerated.

PMID- 2647954
TI  - Clinical efficacy and safety of desmopressin in the treatment of nocturnal
      enuresis.

PMID- 2647955
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of the major glutathione S-transferases in adult
      Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - Indirect immunofluorescence was used to investigate the tissue distribution of
      the major isoenzymes of Schistosoma mansoni glutathione S-transferase (GSH S
      transferase). When polyclonal rabbit antisera against GSH S-transferase
      isoenzymes SmGST-1, -02, and -3 were applied to cryostat or plastic-embedded
      sections of fixed adult worms, a punctate pattern of enzyme distribution was
      observed that was restricted to the parenchyma. Labeling was much more pronounced
      in males than females, consistent with the biochemically determined distribution
      of these enzymes between the sexes. Intense immunolabeling was noted within the
      subectocytoplasmic core tissue of the tubercles of the male that appeared to be
      connected to deep parenchymal cells by immunoreactive cell processes.
      Immunofluorescence could be blocked completely by prior incubation of antisera
      with affinity-purified enzyme. Although schistosome GSH S-transferases have been
      reported to be protective antigens, no immunoreactivity was detected within or on
      the tegument, including the dorsal spines of the male. The lack of tegumental
      immunoreactivity was confirmed by immunoblotting of tegumental membrane
      preparations following SDS-PAGE. Muscle fibers, vitelline cells, and cecal
      epithelium also failed to react. The fact that the GSH S-transferases were not
      uniformly distributed among all parenchymal cells suggests the existence of
      subpopulations of parenchymal cells that are preferentially involved in the
      conjugation of electrophiles with glutathione.

PMID- 2647956
TI  - Light and scanning electron microscopy of the ecdysis of Haemonchus contortus
      infective larvae.
AB  - During the second ecdysis of ruminant trichostrongyles, a region of the second
      molt cuticle is digested by a 44-kDa Zn-metalloprotease. We have examined this
      digestion process by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The substrate
      region of the cuticle appeared, during the ecdysis process, as an indented ring
      at the 20th cuticular annulus coincident with the anterior terminus of the
      lateral alae. Continued digestion of the cuticle resulted in holes in the ring
      region that expanded until they became continuous and separation occurred between
      the anterior and posterior portions of the cuticle. Mechanical movements of the
      L3 forced aside the cuticle cap that generally remained attached on one side to
      the posterior portion as the larva escaped from the sheath. The site of secretion
      of the 44-kDa ecdysing enzyme causing cuticle digestion was not clear from
      morphological observations; however, existing evidence strongly points to the
      release of enzyme from the esophageal (pharyngeal) glands through the mouth.

PMID- 2647957
TI  - The Uganda I/CDC strain of Plasmodium malariae in Saimiri sciureus boliviensis.
AB  - The Uganda I/CDC strain of Plasmodium malariae, initially adapted to monkeys of
      the genus Aotus, was studied in splenectomized Saimiri sciureus boliviensis. Mean
      maximum parasitemia ranged from 248 to 22,134/mm3. Only 1 mosquito was infected
      of 2,238 examined. After the parasite was adapted to this host, infections were
      characterized by periods of detectable parasitemia extending up to 269 days and
      by sustained periods when parasite counts were greater than 1,000/mm3. After 4
      linear passages, the developmental time required before the primary peak parasite
      count was approximately 2 mo.

PMID- 2647958
TI  - Serial transmission of Caryospora bigenetica Wacha and Christiansen, 1982
      (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) between different species of rodents.
AB  - Transmission of Caryospora bigenetica by cannibalism between cotton rats, between
      cotton rats and mice, and between mice was demonstrated. All experimental animals
      developed swollen muzzles and scrota 8 days after ingestion of infected tissues.
      Infections were confirmed by light microscopy of fresh tissue smears. Tissues of
      cannibalized animals contained caryocysts that, after ingestion by the next host,
      released sporozoites that underwent merogony, gamogony, sporogony, and caryocyst
      formation in dermal tissues. This study demonstrates that C. bigenetica can be
      transmitted by predation between species of rodents and that, in the recipient
      host, asexual and sexual reproduction occur before caryocysts appear.

PMID- 2647959
TI  - Role of immune globulin in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2647960
TI  - Relaxation techniques for children and young people.
AB  - The relaxation response, relaxation with mental imagery/self-hypnosis, and
      centering are techniques that can be used by the nurse practitioner in a variety
      of clinical situations to help children and young people manage stress. These
      approaches also can be used to treat certain common pediatric problems, such as
      headaches, enuresis, acute and chronic pain, and habit disorders. The techniques
      and their appropriate use are described.

PMID- 2647961
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound.

PMID- 2647962
TI  - The role of structure in coreference assignment during sentence comprehension.
AB  - This paper examines the role of syntactic constraints on the reactivation and
      assignment of antecedents to explicit and implicit anaphoric elements during
      sentence comprehension. Evidence from on-line studies examining the time course
      of coreference processing supports the view that reactivation of potential
      antecedents is restricted by grammatical constraints when they are available.
      When structural information cannot serve to constrain antecedent selection, then
      pragmatic information may play a role, but only at a later point in processing.

PMID- 2647963
TI  - Notes on the biology of syntactic processing.
AB  - Recent developments in psycholinguistics, neurology, and brain imaging technology
      may have made it possible to integrate linguistic, psychological, and
      neurological approaches to the study of syntactic processing. In an integrated
      approach, observations of the brain itself, or observations that are linked to
      it, enrich the database on which processing theory is built and by which it is
      constrained.

PMID- 2647964
TI  - Future directions in psychiatric nursing from the perspective of history.

PMID- 2647965
TI  - Recent developments in clinical nutrition. A review.

PMID- 2647966
TI  - A long journey for women.

PMID- 2647967
TI  - Physicians' perceptions of anxiety and depression among their outpatients:
      relationships with patients and doctors' satisfaction with their interviews.

PMID- 2647968
TI  - The big five. A centenary tribute to Johns Hopkins Hospital.

PMID- 2647969
TI  - Propionibacterium acnes immunotherapy in chronic recurrent canine pyoderma. An
      adjunct to antibiotic therapy.
AB  - In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, dogs with chronic
      recurrent pyoderma were treated with antibiotics plus intravenous injections of
      either Propionibacterium acnes or placebo. Responses (an increase, decrease, or
      clearing of lesions) were measured and evaluated statistically. Eighty percent
      (12 of 15) of the dogs treated with antibiotics and P acnes compared with 38%
      (five of 13) of the dogs treated with antibiotics and placebo responded with
      significant improvement or complete remission of lesions at the end of the 12
      week treatment schedule (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 2647970
TI  - The pathogenesis of reactive systemic amyloidosis.
AB  - The diagnosis of amyloidosis is based on the presence of extracellular tissue
      deposits of proteinaceous material that demonstrate a characteristic green color
      when stained with Congo red and viewed under polarized light. Several different
      proteins are amyloidogenic but, in domestic animals, spontaneously occurring
      systemic amyloidosis is reactive in nature and characterized by the presence of
      amyloid protein AA. This type of systemic amyloidosis may occur secondary to
      chronic inflammatory or neoplastic disease, but in many instances no predisposing
      disease is found. A sustained increase in the serum concentration of serum
      amyloid A protein (SAA) is necessary but not sufficient for the development of
      reactive amyloidosis. Other inherited and acquired host-related factors are
      likely to be important in the development of reactive amyloidosis because this
      condition develops in few patients with chronic inflammatory disease. The tissue
      tropism of amyloid deposits varies with the amyloid protein itself and species
      affected. The consequences of amyloidosis for the host depend upon the tissues
      involved and the response of these tissues to the presence of the amyloid
      deposits. In domestic animals, reactive systemic amyloidosis is nephropathic,
      leading to end-stage renal disease, and the clinical presentation is that of
      uremia.

PMID- 2647971
TI  - Mitchiner memorial lecture, 1988: July 1st 1916.

PMID- 2647972
TI  - Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy in Nepal.
AB  - The indications for and results of 243 upper gastro-intestinal endoscopies
      performed in the British Military Hospital in Dharan are reviewed. The simplicity
      of the technique in experienced hands is stressed. It is a very cheap
      investigation after the initial outlay for the necessary equipment.

PMID- 2647973
TI  - Hyperprolactinemia and female infertility.
AB  - Hyperprolactinemia is a common endocrine cause of infertility in women. The
      pathophysiology of hyperprolactinemia in infertility is understood incompletely;
      however, the adverse effects of high circulating levels of prolactin on the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis cause chronic anovulation and other defects
      of ovarian function. Mechanisms for prolactin-induced anovulation have been
      postulated, and there are several contemporary approaches to the diagnosis and
      treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas.

PMID- 2647974
TI  - Workup for male infertility.
AB  - Male infertility is evaluated primarily with the semen analysis. Infertile men
      can be classified as hypogonadotropic, hypergonadotropic or normal gonadotropic.
      Even normal results on the semen analysis, however, can indicate male
      infertility. The presence of infections or sperm antibodies can diminish
      fertilizing capacity. Subtle biochemical abnormalities can result in defects in
      the sperm head that can be detected with the hamster oocyte penetration assay. A
      thorough evaluation of the male partner is necessary in all cases of infertility.
      Reevaluation is important in men with a normal semen analysis when no cause of
      decreased fertility is apparent or when therapy in the woman fails to result in
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2647975
TI  - Ultrasound and infertility.
AB  - The development of ultrasound has provided the clinician with the opportunity to
      visualize the pelvic reproductive organs noninvasively. The use of ultrasound for
      the diagnosis and treatment of infertility has progressed rapidly to become an
      integral part of the management of the infertile woman. Examinations for each
      component of the reproductive tract have been refined. Thus, the diagnosis of
      uterine, tubal and ovarian pathology has been facilitated by the use of
      sonography. Ovarian follicular development is monitored effectively with
      ultrasound and has resulted in the widespread use of the technique in both
      spontaneous and induced cycles of ovulation. The development of the transvaginal
      ultrasound probe, with its better resolution, has enabled the clinician to
      routinely recover oocytes for in vitro fertilization without the risk of general
      anesthesia in a surgical procedure and has also enhanced the clinician's ability
      to diagnose early ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 2647976
TI  - Ectopic pregnancy. What to do during the 20-day window.
AB  - An analysis of serial serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels in 357
      pregnant women revealed that the rise in hCG in normal intrauterine pregnancies
      differed from that in both ectopic gestations and abnormal intrauterine
      pregnancies. However, measurement of serial hCG levels cannot differentiate an
      ectopic from an abnormal intrauterine pregnancy. A protocol was developed for the
      management of patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy before ultrasound can
      reliably confirm an intrauterine gestation.

PMID- 2647977
TI  - Mesenteric cysts in pregnancy. A case report.
AB  - Mesenteric cysts are rare. These large, often asymptomatic growths may be
      misinterpreted easily by the clinician as representing either benign or malignant
      ovarian tumors, renal masses, or hepatic tumors or cysts. We treated a women for
      a mesenteric cyst complicating her second pregnancy. Because of the increasing
      use of ultrasound in a wide variety of pregnancy complications, and because of
      the mesenteric cysts's unique sonographic appearance (resembling that of a benign
      ovarian tumor), such a cyst must be included in the differential diagnosis of
      large, cystic abdominal masses in pregnancy.

PMID- 2647978
TI  - Vitamin A deficiency today: conjunctival xerosis in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2647979
TI  - The future of general anaesthesia in the dental surgery: discussion paper.

PMID- 2647980
TI  - What physicians have in common with Sherlock Holmes: discussion paper.

PMID- 2647981
TI  - Lycanthropy: a review.

PMID- 2647982
TI  - The surgical instrument maker: an historical perspective.

PMID- 2647983
TI  - William Somerset Maugham: medical student at St Thomas's Hospital 1892 to 1897-
      'Liza of Lambeth'.

PMID- 2647984
TI  - Giant cell arteritis presenting as limb claudication.

PMID- 2647985
TI  - My 70 years in medicine in Northumbria.

PMID- 2647986
TI  - Skin tumours in renal allograft recipient.

PMID- 2647987
TI  - Bilateral fourth nerve palsy due to cerebellar haemangioblastoma.

PMID- 2647989
TI  - Gold, frankincense and myrrh.

PMID- 2647988
TI  - Klebsiella pneumoniae endocarditis.

PMID- 2647990
TI  - Diving: occupation or physiological experiment?

PMID- 2647991
TI  - Treatment of compressed-air decompression accidents.

PMID- 2647993
TI  - Medical treatment, medical research and informed consent.

PMID- 2647992
TI  - The reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol by metformin is maintained
      with long-term therapy.
AB  - Changes in serum lipoproteins were studied in 14 non-insulin dependent diabetics
      on long-term metformin therapy, after 6 weeks' placebo, and again 6 weeks after
      restarting active drug therapy. Withdrawal of metformin resulted in a rise of
      fasting blood glucose, HbA1, serum total and low density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol. Restarting the drug reversed these changes. Multivariate analysis
      showed that serum total and LDL cholesterol varied with treatment but not with
      glycaemic control. Metformin can lower serum total and LDL cholesterol in non
      insulin dependent diabetics and this effect is maintained long term.

PMID- 2647994
TI  - Antibodies against Trichosporon beigelii in vaginal washings from asymptomatic
      women.
AB  - Trichosporon beigelii was isolated from vaginal washings from three asymptomatic
      women. All three women had IgG or IgA anti-T. beigelii antibody titres greater
      than or equal to 20 when tested by an indirect immunofluorescence assay against
      the three strains isolated. Titres greater than or equal to 160 were found when
      each patient was tested against her own isolate. Patients with Candida albicans
      vulvovaginitis, or from whom C. albicans or Toruloposis glabrata was isolated
      from vaginal washings, or who had negative cultures for yeasts, had titres less
      than or equal to 20.

PMID- 2647995
TI  - Pentobarbital's effect in a combination antiemetic regimen for cisplatin induced
      nausea and vomiting.
AB  - Twelve patients with histologically confirmed gynecologic cancer treated with a
      chemotherapy regimen containing cisplatin were randomized in a double-blind cross
      over trial utilizing two antiemetic combination regimens during the first four
      treatment courses. Regimen A consisted of pentobarbital, prochlorperazine, and
      dexamethasone. Regimen B contained dexamethasone, prochlorperazine, and placebo.
      Patients chose Regimen A over B 70% of the time (p less than 0.0268). In 50% of
      the treatment courses, objective assessment of Regimen A's antiemetic effect was
      complete compared with 4.5% for Regimen B. Sleep and reduced apprehension of
      cisplatin-induced emesis were the major factors why patients chose Regimen A. The
      authors concludes that intravenous pentobarbital-induced sleep, when added to a
      combination antiemetic regimen, is effective in reducing vomiting episodes.
      Moreover, it provides a more pleasant chemotherapy experience in patients
      undergoing cisplatin containing chemotherapy.

PMID- 2647996
TI  - Comparison of ultraviolet irradiation-induced mutagenesis of the lacI gene in
      Escherichia coli and in human 293 cells.
AB  - We report the sequence changes in the Escherichia coli lacI gene in 133 mutants
      detected after passage of an ultraviolet-irradiated shuttle vector human 293
      cells. The results are compared with our previous studies of the lacI gene after
      ultraviolet light treatment in E. coli. In human cells, base substitutions
      predominate, and frameshifts are found much less frequently than in bacteria. The
      most frequent base change is the G.C to A.T transition. Overall, 110 to 112
      transitions were G.C to A.T. Some of the hotspots seen in lacI in bacteria are
      prominent also in human 293 cells, suggesting that the same lesions are targeting
      mutations in both systems. Transitions are found almost exclusively at sequences
      at which pyrimidine-pyrimidine photoproducts can form. The data are consistent
      with the notion that a significant fraction of ultraviolet irradiation-induced
      mutagenesis in mammalian systems occurs by adding an A across from a photolesion.
      Double mutations are significantly more frequent in human cells than in bacteria.
      Reasons for this difference are discussed.

PMID- 2647997
TI  - ban operon of bacteriophage P1. Mutational analysis of the c1 repressor
      controlled operator.
AB  - The repressor of bacteriophage P1, encoded by the c1 gene, represses the phage
      lytic functions and is responsible for maintaining the P1 prophage in the
      lysogenic state. The c1 repressor interacts with at least 11 binding sites or
      operators widely scattered over the P1 genome. From these operators, a 17 base
      pair asymmetric consensus sequence, ATTGCTCTAATAAATTT, was derived. Here, we show
      that the operator, Op72 of the P1ban operon consists of two overlapping 17 base
      pair sequences a and b forming an incomplete palindrome. Op72a matches the
      consensus sequence, whereas Op72b contains two mismatches. The evidence is based
      on the sequence analysis of 27 operator mutants constitutive for ban expression.
      They were identified as single-base substitutions at positions 2 to 10 of Op72a
      (26 mutants) and at position 8 of Op72b (one mutant). We conclude from gel
      retardation and footprinting studies that two repressor molecules bind to the
      operator and that positions 4, 5 and 7 to 10 of the operator play an essential
      role in repressor recognition.

PMID- 2647998
TI  - Structure of phage 434 Cro protein at 2.35 A resolution.
AB  - The crystal structure of phage 434 Cro protein has been determined and refined
      against 2.35 A data to an R-factor of 19.5%. The protein comprises five alpha
      helices and shows the helix-turn-helix motif found in other repressor proteins.

PMID- 2647999
TI  - Expression of native rabbit light meromyosin in Escherichia coli. Observation of
      a powerful internal translation initiation site.
AB  - The cDNA-sequence coding for rabbit skeletal muscle light meromyosin (LMM) was
      placed under the control of the lambda promoter (PL) of an Escherichia coli
      expression vector. The resulting plasmid pEXLMM74 expressed non-fused rabbit
      skeletal muscle LMM with yields ranging from 1 to 5% of the total proteins of E.
      coli. This LMM was specifically recognized by polyclonal antibodies raised
      against chicken pectoralis muscle myosin. It could be highly enriched from E.
      coli extracts by using two cycles of high and low ionic strength buffer. The
      partially purified protein contained a major side-product, with a calculated
      molecular mass of 59 kilodaltons, that is produced by translation initiation from
      a site in the coding region of LMM. After deletion of the translation initiation
      site derived from the expression plasmid, only the 59 kilodalton protein is
      expressed in E. coli from the resulting plasmid pEXLMM59. Both the 74 and 59
      kilodalton proteins were shown to form paracrystals. They were studied by
      electron microscopy using negative staining and were found to show characteristic
      striations with an axial periodicity of about 43 nm. By circular dichroism
      measurement we showed that the purified 59 kilodalton protein is folded mostly as
      an alpha-helix.

PMID- 2648000
TI  - Temporal regulation and overlap organization of two Caulobacter flagellar genes.
AB  - The biogenesis of the bacterial flagellum and chemotaxis apparatus in both
      Escherichia coli and Caulobacter crescentus requires the ordered expression of
      over 40 genes whose expression is controlled by a trans-acting regulatory
      hierarchy. In C. crescentus, additional control mechanisms ensure that the
      transcription of these genes is initiated at the correct time in the cell cycle.
      We demonstrate here that two flagellar genes, flaE and flaY, whose products
      function in trans to modulate the level of transcription of other flagellar
      genes, are themselves temporally controlled. DNA sequence analysis of the 3413
      base-pairs encompassing the flaE and flaY coding sequences and the 5' regulatory
      region showed that flaE encodes a protein of 16,000 Mr and flaY a protein of
      17,000 Mr. Evidence that flaE and flaY are transcribed as a polycistronic message
      includes (1) the polar effect of Tn5 insertions; (2) deletion analysis showing
      that the flaE promoter is essential for complementation of both flaE and flaY
      alleles; and (3) nuclease S1 assays showing protection of a transcript spanning
      both genes. The transcript start site in front of flaE was determined and the -10
      region conforms to the E. coli sigma 28 promoter consensus sequence. Nuclease S1
      analysis also revealed a protected fragment whose size was consistent with a
      transcript initiating in vivo at a consensus "nif" promoter sequence in front of
      the flaY gene. The entire promoter region and an upstream consensus sequence that
      might be a regulatory element for the flaY gene lies within the carboxyl-terminal
      coding sequence of the flaE gene.

PMID- 2648001
TI  - Regulation of expression of the ada gene controlling the adaptive response.
      Interactions with the ada promoter of the Ada protein and RNA polymerase.
AB  - The Ada protein of Escherichia coli catalyzes transfer of methyl groups from
      methylated DNA to its own molecule, and the methylated form of Ada protein
      promotes transcription of its own gene, ada. Using an in vitro reconstituted
      system, we found that both the sigma factor and the methylated Ada protein are
      required for transcription of the ada gene. To elucidate molecular mechanisms
      involved in the regulation of the ada transcription, we investigated interactions
      of the non-methylated and methylated forms of Ada protein and the RNA polymerase
      holo enzyme (the core enzyme and sigma factor) with a DNA fragment carrying the
      ada promoter region. Footprinting analyses revealed that the methylated Ada
      protein binds to a region from positions -63 to -31, which includes the ada
      regulatory sequence AAAGCGCA. No firm binding was observed with the non
      methylated Ada protein, although some DNase I-hypersensitive sites were produced
      in the promoter by both types of Ada protein. RNA polymerase did bind to the
      promoter once the methylated Ada protein had bound to the upstream sequence. To
      correlate these phenomena with the process in vivo, we used the DNAs derived from
      promoter-defective mutants. No binding of Ada protein nor of RNA polymerase
      occurred with a mutant DNA having a C to G substitution at position -47 within
      the ada regulatory sequence. In the case of a -35 box mutant with a T to A change
      at position -34, the methylated Ada protein did bind to the ada regulatory
      sequence, yet there was no RNA polymerase binding. Thus, the binding of the
      methylated Ada protein to the upstream region apparently facilitates binding of
      the RNA polymerase to the proper region of the promoter. The Ada protein
      possesses two known methyl acceptor sites, Cys69 and Cys321. The role of
      methylation of each cysteine residue was investigated using mutant forms of the
      Ada protein. The Ada protein with the cysteine residue at position 69 replaced by
      alanine was incapable of binding to the ada promoter even when the cysteine
      residue at position 321 of the protein was methylated. When the Ada protein with
      alanine at position 321 was methylated, it acquired the potential to bind to the
      ada promoter. These results are compatible with the notion that methylation of
      the cysteine residue at position 69 causes a conformational change of the Ada
      protein, thereby facilitating binding of the protein to the upstream regulatory
      sequence.

PMID- 2648002
TI  - Stacked beta-bulges in thymidylate synthase account for a novel right-handed
      rotation between opposing beta-sheets.
AB  - The beta-sandwich in thymidylate synthase comprises two six-stranded mixed beta
      sheets, each contributed by one subunit of the dimeric molecule. In contrast to
      other proteins of known structure in which beta-sheets stack face to face, the
      central beta-sheets in the thymidylate synthase dimer are related by a right
      handed rather than a left-handed twist. Using a highly refined model of an
      Escherichia coli thymidylate synthase ternary complex, we show that the
      individual beta-sheets in each subunit are severely distorted by an unusual
      series of stacked beta-bulges, which partitions each larger sheet into two
      smaller beta-sheets approximately orthogonal to one another. These stacked beta
      bulges are locally stabilized by hydrogen bonding involving eight conserved
      residues. This extended structure anchors the phosphate of bound dUMP and
      controls the precise orientation of the catalytically essential active site
      cysteine. Stereochemical factors associated with the pronounced crease caused by
      these stacked bulges account for the right-handed twist of opposing beta-sheets.

PMID- 2648003
TI  - Preliminary crystallographic analysis of glutamine-binding protein from
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Glutamine-binding protein from Escherichia coli, an essential component in the
      active transport of L-glutamine across the cytoplasmic membrane, has been
      crystallized by vapor diffusion in the presence of ammonium sulfate. The crystals
      exhibit pseudo-tetragonal symmetry with cell constants a = 77.5 A, b = 78.5 A and
      c = 90.2 A. Analysis of the diffraction data indicates that the space group is
      P2(1)2(1)2(1). There are two molecules per asymmetric unit and the solvent
      content is estimated to be 53%.

PMID- 2648004
TI  - D-alanine-D-alanine ligase (ADP) from Salmonella typhimurium. Overproduction,
      purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis.
AB  - The ddlA gene from Salmonella typhimurium coding for D-alanine-D-alanine ligase
      (ADP-forming) has been subcloned behind the tac promotor in the plasmid pKK223-3,
      with expression in Escherichia coli JM105. The overexpression system yields 58 mg
      of active enzyme from 12 g of wet cell paste after 40-fold purification to
      homogeneity. 5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) titrations indicate that all
      four cysteine residues exist as free thiols. Two crystal forms of the 39,300 Mr
      enzyme have been produced. A tetragonal form grows at 21 degrees C from 10 to 15%
      (w/v) polyethylene glycol 8000 in space group P4(1)2(1)2, with two molecules in
      the asymmetric unit; it has cell constants a = b = 83.8 A, c = 220.0 A, and
      diffracts to 2.9 A. A monoclinic form grows from 30% (w/v) ammonium sulfate in
      space group P2(1), with two molecules in the asymmetric unit; it has cell
      constants a = 60.4 A, b = 102.1 A, c = 64.3 A, beta = 115.7 degrees, and
      diffracts to 2.2 A resolution.

PMID- 2648005
TI  - Molecular size and symmetry of the bacterioferritin of Escherichia coli. X-ray
      crystallographic characterization of four crystal forms.
AB  - X-ray crystallographic data from four crystal forms of Escherichia coli
      bacterioferritin show that the molecule has a diameter in the range 119 to 128 A.
      Molecules are composed of 24 subunits arranged in 432 symmetry. In both size and
      symmetry the molecule resembles ferritin from eukaryotes. The four crystal forms
      are monoclinic, space group P2(1) with unit cell dimensions a = 118.7 A, b =
      211.6 A, c = 123.3 A and beta = 119.1 degrees; orthorhombic, C222(1), a = 128.7
      A, b = 197.1 A, c = 202.8 A; tetragonal, P4(2)2(1)2, a = b = 210.6 A, c = 145.0 A
      and cubic, I432, a = 146.9 A.

PMID- 2648006
TI  - Bent DNA is needed for recombinational enhancer activity in the site-specific
      recombination system Cin of bacteriophage P1. The role of FIS protein.
AB  - A series of recombinational enhancer mutants was constructed by manipulating the
      ClaI site between the two FIS binding sites of the Hin enhancer. These mutants
      include insertions from two to 12 base-pairs and two deletions of one or two base
      pairs. Recombinational enhancer activity was found only with four mutants
      carrying either a four base-pair substitution, ten base-pair insertions or a one
      base-pair deletion, respectively; two other ten base-pair insertion mutants,
      however, were inactive, although FIS protein binding was unaffected. So, besides
      binding of FIS protein to its specific sites within the enhancer sequence and the
      correct helical positioning of these sites on the DNA, another criterion for
      enhancer activity must be fulfilled. DNA bending assays identify this requirement
      as a change of the enhancer DNA conformation, which FIS protein is able to induce
      and to stabilize. This conformational change of the DNA can be blocked by
      mutations in the central segment between the two FIS binding sites of the Hin
      enhancer. This sequence has special functions for the recombinational enhancer
      activity.

PMID- 2648008
TI  - Base methylation and local DNA helix stability. Effect on the kinetics of
      cruciform extrusion.
AB  - We have studied the effect of base methylation on the rate of cruciform
      extrusion. A number of inverted repeats with central restriction sites were
      methylated at N6-adenine and C-5-cytosine, and rate constants for cruciform
      extrusion at 37 degrees C were measured. The effect of A-methylation at two bases
      was to enhance the rate for extrusion by nearly fourfold, while C-methylation
      lead to reduced extrusion rates, by factors of 1.7 and 2.7. The bkb inverted
      repeat, which has a central GGATCC sequence, was independently and simultaneously
      methylated at adenine and cytosine. It was found that the effects of the two
      kinds of modification could be treated effectively independently. The results
      reveal the local helical destabilization and stabilization due to A and C
      methylation, respectively.

PMID- 2648007
TI  - Image reconstruction of the flagellar basal body of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The basal body is thought to be a part of the rotary motor of the bacterial
      flagellum. It consists of a central rod coaxial with a set of four rings, which
      are associated with the cell envelope. We used single-particle averaging methods
      to analyze images of negatively stained basal bodies of Salmonella typhimurium.
      Several averages were computed, so that the reliability of features could be
      assessed. We carried out the same analysis on electron micrographs of isolated,
      negatively stained L-P rings. In order to interpret the averages in terms of a
      three-dimensional structure, we carried out image reconstruction on them. The
      resulting three-dimensional map corresponds to the cylindrically averaged
      structure of the basal body. To show that the reconstruction procedure is
      legitimate, we demonstrate it on model data. The results of the modelling show
      that features very near to the axis of the reconstruction are not reliable but
      that broader, off-axis features are represented faithfully. The L ring is L
      shaped, with the long arm of the L parallel to the axis of the rod, and the short
      arm pointing away from the rod. The P ring, on the other hand, appears to be a
      ring or disk. The position of the L-P ring complex on the rod seems to vary
      somewhat, consistent with its putative role as a bushing. The cross-sectional
      shape of the S ring is that of a frustum rather than a disk. The M ring, which is
      oval in cross section, sits atop the S ring, making contact with it at an outer
      radius. The S ring appears to make contact with the rod, whereas the M ring does
      not. This situation, if true, is difficult to reconcile with the common notion
      that the S ring is stationary and the M ring rotates. It seems more likely that
      the S ring and rod rotate as a unit.

PMID- 2648009
TI  - Crystallization of thermitase, a thermostable subtilisin, from a sodium formate
      solution by means of an automated procedure.
AB  - A new crystal form of native thermitase has been obtained using sodium formate as
      the precipitating agent and employing an automated crystallization procedure. The
      crystals have the form of tetragonal bipyramids, the longest dimension being
      about 0.4 mm. The space group is P4(1)2(1)2 or P4(3)2(1)2, with a = 182 A and b =
      c = 53.3 A. The crystals diffract beyond 2.5 A.

PMID- 2648010
TI  - FLP recombinase of the 2 microns circle plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae bends
      its DNA target. Isolation of FLP mutants defective in DNA bending.
AB  - The FLP recombinase is encoded by the yeast plasmid 2 microns circle and
      catalyses a site-specific recombination reaction that results in inversion of a
      segment of the 2 micron plasmid. We describe a method for the isolation of
      inactivating mutations in the FLP gene. The analysis of the recombination and
      binding activity of defective FLP proteins in vitro resulted in the
      identification of two classes of mutations: those that completely abolish FLP
      function by interfering with DNA binding and others that block recombination
      after the binding step. We have shown that FLP-mediated recombination is
      accompanied by bending of the DNA target and that mutations in the FLP
      recombinase that block bending also eliminate recombination.

PMID- 2648011
TI  - Spectrum of N4-aminocytidine mutagenesis.
AB  - N4-Aminocytidine, a nucleoside analog, is a potent mutagen towards phages,
      bacteria, Drosophila and mammalian cells in culture. In vitro, biochemical
      studies indicate that this reagent acts by being incorporated into DNA. To
      elucidate the mechanism of N4-aminocytidine mutagenesis, it is essential to
      identify the nature of DNA sequence alterations taking place during the
      mutagenesis. We have analyzed the nucleotide sequence changes in the lac promoter
      lacZ alpha region of M13mp2 phage induced by treatment of phage-infected
      Escherichia coli with N4-aminocytidine. The sequence alterations of DNA samples
      from 89 mutants of the phage were determined. These mutants had single point
      mutations, except one mutant, in which a double point mutation was detected.
      Several hot spots were found: however, there are no apparent relations to
      particular DNA sequences regarding the locations of these spots. All the
      mutations are transitions; neither transversions nor deletions/insertions were
      found. A feature in these transitions is that the A/T to G/C and G/C to A/T
      changes occur at approximately equal rates. The overall picture of the
      mutagenesis is consistent with a scheme in which misincorporation and
      misreplication caused by the modified cytosine structure are the key steps in the
      DNA replication leading to transitions. Similar nucleotide alterations were found
      for the mutagenesis induced by an alkylated derivative, N'-methyl-N4
      aminocytidine. N4-Aminocytidine also induced reversions of these mutants; both
      A/T to G/C and G/C to A/T transitions again took place.

PMID- 2648012
TI  - A lower size limit exists for export of fragments of an outer membrane protein
      (OmpA) of Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - The ompA gene codes for a 346 residue precursor of a 325 residue protein of the
      outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12. Internally and/or COOH-terminally
      deleted genes were constructed that encode 123, 116, 88, 72 or 68 residue
      precursors. The former three were processed and localized to the periplasmic
      space; the latter two were not processed and remained cytosolic. These data
      suggest that the signal sequence has to interact with a component of the export
      apparatus (the Sec pathway) before translation is finished. Comparison of these
      results with others obtained for prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems shows that:
      (1) a very similar lower size limit exists for membrane translocation of the 147
      residue chicken prelysozyme or the 229 residue bovine preprolactin; (2)
      precursors smaller than those reported here can be translocated in both systems;
      (3) the latter translocation, in contrast to, for example, the ompA gene
      products, does not depend on the cellular export machinery but most likely
      requires folding of the precursors into an export-competent conformation. In
      general, at least two quite different, not necessarily mutually exclusive,
      mechanisms for translocation of a protein across or assembly into a membrane
      appear to exist.

PMID- 2648013
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of recombinant human granulocyte
      macrophage colony stimulating factor.
AB  - Human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) is an important
      regulator of growth and differentiation for mononuclear and polymorphonuclear
      phagocytes. Here we report the crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of
      Escherichia coli-expressed hGM-CSF. The crystals are orthorhombic, with the space
      group P212121, and have unit cell dimensions a = 46.62 A, b = 58.73 A and c =
      126.42 A. Recombinant hGM-CSF crystals diffract X-rays to 2.4 A resolution and
      are thus suitable for X-ray structural studies.

PMID- 2648014
TI  - Synthesis of chimeric mouse nerve growth factor precursor and human beta-nerve
      growth factor in Escherichia coli: immunological properties.
AB  - The complete mouse prepro-nerve growth factor (NGF) DNA was fused to the carboxyl
      terminus of the beta-galactosidase (lac-z) gene of Escherichia coli. Similarly, a
      genomic fragment encoding the human NGF comprising codons 11 to 106 (from a total
      of 118) was fused to the fifth codon of the amino terminus of beta-galactosidase.
      Both bacterial vectors produce high amounts of the chimeric proteins. After cell
      lysis most of the chimeric mouse preproNGF protein is insoluble and appears in
      the pellet, whereas the majority of the chimeric human beta-NGF remains in the
      supernatant. Purification of the fusion proteins from the soluble fraction was
      achieved by affinity chromatography to p-aminophenyl beta-D-thio-galactoside
      Sepharose. Yields of the purified chimeric proteins were increased threefold to
      fourfold by the addition of protease inhibitors in the lysis and chromatography
      buffers. Their antigenic similarity to the preproNGF and mouse beta-NGF was
      examined by their interaction to sera raised against synthetic peptides which
      reproduce sequences of the precursor protein and to sera directed against native
      and denatured mouse beta-NGF using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA)
      techniques. Antibodies to the peptide N2 (-163 to -139) interacted with high
      affinity with the chimeric mouse preproNGF protein. Antisera to native and
      denatured mouse beta-NGF interacted with both chimeric proteins but with a
      variable degree of affinity. These results provide direct evidence that certain
      antisera to mouse beta-NGF can cross-react with the human beta-NGF molecule.

PMID- 2648015
TI  - Occult diaphragmatic injury from stab wounds to the lower chest and abdomen.
AB  - Ninety-five patients with stab wounds to the lower chest and abdomen underwent
      routine abdominal exploration. Eighteen of these patients had diaphragmatic
      injury and in five patients it was the only injury found. Isolated diaphragmatic
      injury in asymptomatic patients cannot be reliably delineated by either serial
      physical examination or peritoneal lavage. Delayed recognition of incarcerated
      diaphragmatic hernia after stab wounds to the lower left chest and upper abdomen
      has an associated mortality rate of 36%. The anatomic area of concern can be
      defined as stab wounds that penetrate the left side of the chest below the fourth
      intercostal space anteriorly, the sixth intercostal space laterally, and the tip
      of the scapula posteriorly. Exploratory laparotomy is necessary in these patients
      until a reliable nonoperative method is established that can exclude injuries to
      the diaphragm.

PMID- 2648016
TI  - Static stability as a predictor of overturn in fatal motor vehicle crashes.
AB  - Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) files for the years 1981-1984 were
      examined for rollover crash involvement of 15 utility and passenger vehicle make
      models for which static stability values (1/2 track width divided by height of
      center of gravity) were published. The values ranged from highs of 1.57-1.62 for
      the pre-1979 Ford LTD, the pre-1979 Chevrolet Nova, and the pre-1982 Pontiac
      Firebird to lows of 1.01-1.07 for the Jeep CJ-5 and CJ-7 and the pre-1978 Ford
      Bronco. Rollover as the first harmful event and as the most harmful event per
      100,000 vehicles registered was strongly predicted by stability. Stability was
      unrelated to nonrollover crashes. The low-stability vehicles were much more
      likely to roll over on the road rather than after leaving the road. Other road,
      driver, and environmental risk factors recorded in the FARS files were not
      correlated to stability in such a way as to explain the high rollover of low
      stability vehicles. Using Federal Highway Administration vehicle mileage
      estimates, calculations were made of the mileages under various conditions which
      the vehicles with low stability values would have to have been driven if mileage
      or hazardous-condition differences rather than stability differences accounted
      for their substantially higher fatal rollover fatal crash rates. This analysis
      indicates that fatal rollover rates of low-stability vehicles could not have
      occurred at reasonable mileage.

PMID- 2648018
TI  - An analysis of 1,423 facial fractures in 788 patients at an urban trauma center.
AB  - The hospital records of all patients presenting to a large urban trauma center
      emergency department with facial fractures from 1980 through 1984 were reviewed
      retrospectively. There were 788 patients in the study group, averaging 1.8
      fractures per patient for a total of 1,423 facial fractures. The study population
      had 638 (80.9%) males and 150 (19.1%) females. Racial mix was 71.6% black, 27.8%
      white, and 0.6% oriental. The most frequent fracture involved the zygoma (23.6%),
      followed by the orbital floor (21.4%), maxilla, mandible, and nasal bones. The
      most frequent etiology was assault with a blunt object or fist (70.1%) followed
      by motor vehicle accidents (13.5%), falls (9.3%), and gunshot wounds (6.1%).
      Initial diagnostic procedures included a facial X-ray series in 99.9%, tomograms
      in 43.1%, and CT studies in 8.1%. Surgical intervention was required in 61.2% of
      cases. Prosthetic materials were used in 8.5% of the cases. At our institution,
      personal assault was found to be the primary cause of both midface fractures and
      mandibular fractures.

PMID- 2648017
TI  - A modified formula of GIK (glucose-insulin-potassium) therapy for treatment of
      extensive burn injury in dogs.
AB  - The effectiveness of a modified glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) formula, which
      was derived from the results of a previous study (the maximal glucose disposal
      rate of 400 mg/M2/min required an insulin infusion rate at 1,200 mU/M2/min and
      KCl supplement rate at 0.08 mEq/M2/min), was evaluated in the treatment of
      extensive acute burn injury (EABI) in dogs. Under anesthesia initially with
      intravenous sodium pentobarbital 35 mg/kg followed by a maintenance dose of 5
      mg/kg/hr, a third-degree burn of about 50% of the total body surface was created
      by acetylene torch over the ventral wall of the chest and abdomen. Cardiovascular
      parameters including heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, pulmonary wedge
      pressure, cardiac index, and cardiac contractility (dP/dt of left ventricular
      pressure), as well as blood chemical data of pH value and K+ concentration were
      monitored. The present GIK therapy in EABI dogs effectively prevented a decrease
      in cardiac function, markedly enhanced cardiac function, steadily prolonged
      cardiac enhancement, and safely avoided hypoglycemic attack.

PMID- 2648019
TI  - Synchronized independent lung ventilation in the management of pediatric
      unilateral pulmonary contusion: case report.
AB  - Utilizing a double-lumen endobronchial tube, synchronized independent lung
      ventilation (SILV) was successfully employed to manage severe unilateral
      pulmonary contusion in a 6-year old trauma patient. This appears to represent the
      youngest reported patient in whom this technique has been utilized. Early
      institution of this treatment modality may substantially increase survival.

PMID- 2648020
TI  - Traumatic testicular torsion: case report.
AB  - Trauma has been reported as an infrequent cause of testicular torsion. A case of
      trauma-induced testicular torsion is reported and literature reviewed. The
      inclusion of torsion in the differential diagnosis of post-traumatic acute
      scrotal pain is important to ensure early appropriate management.

PMID- 2648021
TI  - Relationship between RNA polymerase II and efficiency of vaccinia virus
      replication.
AB  - It is clear from previous studies that host transcriptase or RNA polymerase II
      (pol II) has a role in poxvirus replication. To elucidate the participation of
      this enzyme further, in this study we examined several parameters related to pol
      II during the cycle of vaccinia virus infection in L-strain fibroblasts, HeLa
      cells, and L6H9 rat myoblasts. Nucleocytoplasmic transposition of pol II into
      virus factories and virions was assessed by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting
      by using anti-pol II immunoglobulin G. RNA polymerase activities were compared in
      nuclear extracts containing crude enzyme preparations. Rates of translation into
      cellular or viral polypeptides were ascertained by labeling with [35S]methionine.
      In L and HeLa cells, which produced vaccinia virus more abundantly, the rates of
      RNA polymerase and translation in controls and following infection were higher
      than in myoblasts. The data on synthesis and virus formation could be correlated
      with observations on transmigration of pol II, which was more efficient and
      complete in L and HeLa cells. The stimulus for pol II to leave the nucleus
      required the expression of both early and late viral functions. On the basis of
      current and past information, we suggest that mobilization of pol II depends on
      the efficiency of vaccina virus replication and furthermore that control over
      vaccinia virus production by the host is related to the content or availability
      (or both) of pol II in different cell types.

PMID- 2648022
TI  - Expression and characterization of hepatitis B virus surface antigen polypeptides
      in insect cells with a baculovirus expression system.
AB  - The baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus was used as an
      expression vector to produce hepatitis B virus surface antigen with and without
      the pre-S domain. The S gene product was expressed as both fusion and nonfusion
      polypeptides. No difference was observed in the posttranslational modification of
      the fusion and nonfusion polypeptides. The S proteins were not secreted into the
      medium but were inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum, glycosylated, and
      partially extruded into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum as 22-nm
      lipoprotein particles. The oligosaccharide chains on the insect cell-derived S
      protein were of the N-linked high-mannose form, in contrast to the complex-type
      oligosaccharides detected on plasma-derived hepatitis B virus surface antigen.
      The pre-S-S polypeptides were inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum,
      glycosylated, and modified by fatty acid acylation with myristic acid. A
      procedure was developed to purify the S protein from cellular membranes by using
      detergent extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography. The purified S protein
      was in the form of protein-detergent micelles and was highly antigenic and
      immunogenic.

PMID- 2648023
TI  - Synthesis of biologically active influenza virus hemagglutinin in insect larvae.
AB  - The hemagglutinin of influenza (fowl plague) virus was expressed in larvae of
      Heliothis virescens by using recombinant Autographa californica nuclear
      polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) as a vector. Animals were infected with the
      recombinant virus either by parenteral injection or by feeding. For oral uptake,
      recombinant virus occluded in polyhedra obtained from cultured Spodoptera
      frugiperda cells after coinfection with authentic AcNPV was used.
      Immunohistological analyses of infected animals revealed that the hemagglutinin
      was expressed only in those tissues that are also permissive for the replication
      of authentic AcNPV. These tissues included hypodermis, fat body, and tracheal
      matrix. After oral infection, hemagglutinin was also detected in individual gut
      cells. The amount of hemagglutinin synthesized in larvae after parenteral
      infection was 0.3% of the total protein, compared with 5% obtained in cultured
      insect cells. The hemagglutinin was transported to the cell surface and expressed
      in polarized cells only at the apical plasma membrane. It was processed by
      posttranslational proteolysis into the cleavage products HA1 and HA2.
      Oligosaccharides were attached by N-glycosidic linkages and were smaller than
      those found on hemagglutinin obtained from vertebrate cells. Hemagglutinin from
      larvae expressed receptor binding and cell fusion activities, but quantitation of
      the hemolytic capacity revealed that it was only about half as active as
      hemagglutinin from vertebrate or insect cell cultures. Chickens immunized with
      larval tissues containing hemagglutinin were protected from infection with fowl
      plague virus. These observations demonstrate that live insects are able to
      produce a recombinant membrane protein of vertebrate origin in biologically
      active form.

PMID- 2648024
TI  - Role of hemagglutinin cleavage and expression of M1 protein in replication of
      A/WS/33, A/PR/8/34, and WSN influenza viruses in mouse brain.
AB  - The combined presence of WSN gene segments 6 (neuraminidase), 7 (M1 and M2), and
      8 (NS1 and NS2) in reassortants of WSN with A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) has been found by
      others to be necessary for full expression of neurovirulence in mice. We are
      examining the expression of the analogous three gene segments in brains of mice
      after intracerebral infection with non-neuroadapted strains A/WS/33 (WS) (from
      which WSN was derived) and A/PR/8/34 (PR8). Our aim is to determine possible
      mechanisms by which one or more of the five gene products may restrict
      replication of these strains in mouse brain cells to a single cycle, yielding
      noninfectious hemagglutinating particles (incomplete growth cycle). We found that
      minority subsets of such particles did produce plaques, provided they were
      activated by trypsin (analogous to other abortive systems producing virions with
      uncleaved HA), a step obviated for some WSN virions by indirect promotion of
      hemagglutinin cleavage by the neuraminidase of that strain. The percentage of
      such potentially infectious virions, relative to total hemagglutinating
      particles, was significantly lower in WS- or PR8-infected than in WSN-infected
      brains, suggesting possible defects in synthesis or function of M1 protein in the
      former. Cells in immunostained sections and appropriate bands in Western blots
      (immunoblots) of viral proteins electrophoretically separated from lysates of PR8
      infected brains reacted with antibody to nucleoprotein but not to M1 protein.
      Either method revealed the presence of both proteins in WSN-infected brains. In
      contrast, Western blot analyses of particles concentrated from PR8-, WS-, or WSN
      infected brains by hemadsorption, elution, and pelleting did reveal NP and M1
      bands with comparable relative peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining intensities.
      The findings suggest that availability of M1 protein is a factor influencing the
      extent or rate of assembly of potentially infectious (i.e., trypsin-activated)
      progeny virions in mouse brains and that in this respect the two non
      neurovirulent strains differ from WSN quantitatively rather than qualitatively.

PMID- 2648026
TI  - Antibodies directed against a synthetic peptide enable detection of a protein
      encoded by a vaccinia virus host range gene that is conserved within the
      Orthopoxvirus genus.
AB  - A vaccinia virus gene required for multiplication in some cell lines but not in
      others has been previously isolated and sequenced. A synthetic peptide predicted
      from the nucleotide sequence and corresponding to the carboxy-terminal 18 amino
      acids was used to raise antibodies in rabbits. The immune serum enabled detection
      of a 29-kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide by either immunoprecipitation or Western
      immunoblot assays. Synthesis of the 29-kDa polypeptide occurred immediately after
      infection and lasted for about 3 h. Shutoff of its synthesis was concomitant with
      the appearance of a delayed early polypeptide that may be antigenically related
      to the 29-kDa polypeptide. Analysis of cloned segments of the genomes of other
      orthopoxviruses by hybridization with the vaccinia virus host range gene
      demonstrates that it is well conserved within this genus.

PMID- 2648027
TI  - Intravesical formalin for hemorrhagic cystitis: analysis of therapy.
AB  - In an extensive search of the literature 235 cases of intractable hemorrhagic
      cystitis treated with intravesical formalin were identified. Effectiveness of
      therapy, rate of recurrence of hematuria, morbidity and mortality were analyzed
      with respect to concentration of formalin and to the etiology of hematuria.
      Increasing concentrations of formalin slightly improved effectiveness of therapy
      and reduced the rate of recurrence of hematuria. However, this often resulted in
      an increase in morbidity. When patients were categorized according to the
      etiology of intractable hematuria it was noted that lower concentrations of
      formalin were effective in controlling hematuria caused by either
      cyclophosphamide cystitis or unresectable carcinoma of the bladder. In contrast,
      higher formalin concentrations were required to control bleeding due to radiation
      cystitis.

PMID- 2648025
TI  - Effects of cell differentiation on replication of A/WS/33, WSN, and A/PR/8/34
      influenza viruses in mouse brain cell cultures: biological and immunological
      characterization of products.
AB  - The responses of mouse embryo brain (MEB) cell cultures and of Madin-Darby canine
      kidney cells and chicken embryo fibroblasts to infection with A/PR/8/34 (PR8),
      A/WS/33 (WS), or the neurovirulent WSN variant were compared in terms of (i)
      single-cycle yields of hemagglutinating and associated neuraminidase (NA)
      activities and plaque-forming particles, the latter with or without trypsin
      activation [PFU(TR++) or PFU(TR--), respectively], and (ii) expression of
      nucleoprotein (NP), M1, and NS1 protein, determined for specific cell types by
      immunostaining, for whole culture lysates by Western blot analysis of NP and M1.
      Primary MEB cultures grown in serum-enriched medium were infected after 6 days
      (young), when none of the cells reacted specifically and exclusively with any of
      the nerve cell marker antibodies used, or after greater than or equal to 21 days
      (aged), when astrocytes (the predominant cell type), neurons, and
      oligodendrocytes were morphologically and immunologically mature. Secondary
      astrocyte-enriched cultures were used when they contained 90 to 99% of their
      cells as astrocytes at an early stage of differentiation. By all criteria, young
      MEB cultures were only marginally less permissive for each of the three viruses
      than were chicken embryo fibroblasts or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Aged MEB
      cultures, by comparison, produced undiminished NP, hemagglutinin, and
      neuraminidase, but yields of PFU(TR++) and expression of M1 protein (relative to
      NP) were reduced for all three viruses, most for PR8 and least for WSN; relative
      reduction of NS1 protein was demonstrable only in PR8-infected aged cultures.
      Immunostaining revealed low levels of M1 and NS1 expression only in astrocytes,
      not in oligodendrocytes and neurons. In PR8-infected mature astrocytes, NP
      accumulated in the nucleus; it persisted in some cells for at least 8 weeks after
      infection. The presence of NP did not seem to interfere with cell division.
      Secondary MEB cultures containing 90 to 99% immature astrocytes were less
      restricted than were aged primary cultures. Thus, it appears that reduced
      permissivity of nerve cell cultures, as measured in this study, is most closely
      correlated with advancing differentiation and maturity of astroglial cells.
      Assembled virions, including those that score as PFU(TR++) in restricted cultures
      (e.g., PR8-infected aged MEB), may be mainly products of mature oligodendrocytes
      and neurons.

PMID- 2648028
TI  - Evaluation of gamma-enolase as a tumor marker for renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - To evaluate whether serum gamma-enolase is a useful marker for renal cell
      carcinoma alpha and gamma-enolases in tissues of 36 renal cell carcinomas and 13
      normal kidneys, and in sera of 103 renal cell carcinoma patients were determined
      with an enzyme immunoassay system. Tissue gamma and alpha-enolase levels were 34
      and 2.3 times higher, respectively, in renal cell carcinoma than in normal renal
      cortex. The tissue gamma enolase-to-total enolase value of renal cell carcinoma
      (5.3 per cent) was significantly higher than that of normal cortex (0.29 per
      cent) and medulla (0.51 per cent). Over-all serum gamma-enolase levels were
      elevated (more than 6.0 ng. per ml.) in 53 of 103 patients (51 per cent) with
      renal cell carcinoma. In regard to stage the positive rates were 34 per cent (12
      of 35) of patients with stage I, 22 per cent (2 of 9) with stage II, 80 per cent
      (12 of 15) with stage III, 61 per cent (22 of 36) with stage IV and 61 per cent
      (5 of 8) with recurrent disease. The mean value of serum gamma-enolase in renal
      cell carcinoma (8.0 +/- 5.7 ng. per ml.) was significantly higher than that of
      normal subjects (3.1 +/- 0.9 ng. per ml., p less than 0.001). The mean value of
      serum gamma-enolase in patients with high stage tumors (III and IV, 9.9 +/- 6.8
      ng. per nl.) was significantly higher than that of low stage tumors (I and II,
      5.8 +/- 3.0 ng. per ml., p less than 0.001). In 39 patients treated by complete
      surgical excision serum gamma-enolase was significantly reduced postoperatively
      (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, 7 of 8 patients whose serum gamma-enolase levels
      were determined serially had levels within the normal range postoperatively that
      increased when distant metastases appeared. These results indicate that serum
      gamma-enolase could be a useful tumor marker to stage disease and monitor
      treatment in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2648029
TI  - Combined biopsy techniques: an approach to the diagnosis of prostatic malignancy.
AB  - We present our results of 3 biopsy techniques applied to each of 62 patients with
      clinically suspicious prostatic nodules. Transrectal digitally guided and
      sonographically guided transperineal fine needle aspiration biopsies were
      followed by digitally guided transperineal core biopsy in all cases.
      Adenocarcinoma was confirmed in 25 patients by 1 or more of these techniques. Our
      results indicated that 7 of 25 cancer cases (28 per cent) were detected by only 1
      of 3 applied methods of biopsy and 56 per cent were detected by all 3 techniques.
      When a clinical suspicion of malignancy remains after a negative aspiration or
      core biopsy consideration should be given to alternative forms of biopsy to
      establish a diagnosis.

PMID- 2648030
TI  - Accuracy of bladder volume determinations in children using a suprapubic
      ultrasonic bi-planar technique.
AB  - Accurate residual urine determination is an important measurement in children. We
      developed a suprapubic ultrasonic method using a bi-planar volume estimation
      technique to obtain this information in a noninvasive manner. Our data confirm
      that this method accurately detects an empty bladder in children and can provide
      reliable estimates of bladder volume.

PMID- 2648031
TI  - Rhabdomyosarcoma of the penis in children.
AB  - A rare case of a young boy with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the penis is
      presented and the literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2648032
TI  - Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a renal allograft: a case report.
AB  - We report a case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a renal allograft. The
      kidney was not removed and there was an initial response to antibiotic therapy,
      with amelioration of toxicity and improvement in renal function. However, the
      kidney failed 10 months later in association with histological changes of chronic
      rejection.

PMID- 2648033
TI  - Coumarin necrosis of the penis.
AB  - Coumarin-induced necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue is an uncommon but
      well recognized complication of anticoagulant therapy. Although any area of skin
      may be involved necrosis of the penis is rare. We report a case of penile
      necrosis associated with coumarin therapy and review the literature.

PMID- 2648034
TI  - Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing: variance among Candida albicans
      extracts.

PMID- 2648035
TI  - Enforcing patient preferences. Linking payment for medical care to informed
      consent.
AB  - The legal and ethical doctrine of informed consent is well accepted in modern
      medicine. Nonetheless, medical interventions sometimes take place in the absence
      of informed consent, particularly in the case of life-sustaining medical
      procedures. These procedures ordinarily are reimbursed by third-party payers.
      This article proposes as a strategy to ensure greater attention to patient
      preferences in medical decision making that financial reimbursement for each
      medical service be linked to a requirement of valid patient (or surrogate)
      consent to the service involved. Utilization review bodies could monitor informed
      consent in the same way that other aspects of necessity, appropriateness, and
      quality are now monitored.

PMID- 2648036
TI  - Medical education in the United States: a century of change.

PMID- 2648037
TI  - Three great living physicians.

PMID- 2648038
TI  - Quackery.

PMID- 2648039
TI  - Hib vaccine efficacy trials continue; data needed about use in younger children.

PMID- 2648040
TI  - Grade A eggs as a source of Salmonella enteritidis infections.

PMID- 2648041
TI  - Coronary thrombolysis--it's worth the risk.

PMID- 2648042
TI  - Approach to management of the heartbeating 'brain dead' organ donor.
AB  - In recent years, transplantation has assumed an important role in the treatment
      of patients with end-stage diseases of most major organ systems. However, the
      greatest limitation in organ transplantation today is organ supply. Among factors
      that can affect the organ supply favorably, donor management has received the
      least attention. This review addresses management of the multi-organ donor within
      the intensive care unit. With an increased awareness of donor management issues
      and the application of a rational physiological approach, the supply of
      functional organs for transplantation can be increased.

PMID- 2648043
TI  - Increasing rates of depression.
AB  - Several recent, large epidemiologic and family studies suggest important temporal
      changes in the rates of major depression: an increase in the rates in the cohorts
      born after World War II; a decrease in the age of onset with an increase in the
      late teenaged and early adult years; an increase between 1960 and 1975 in the
      rates of depression for all ages; a persistent gender effect, with the risk of
      depression consistently two to three times higher among women than men across all
      adult ages; a persistent family effect, with the risk about two to three times
      higher in first-degree relatives as compared with controls; and the suggestion of
      a narrowing of the differential risk to men and women due to a greater increase
      in risk of depression among young men. These trends, drawn from studies using
      comparable methods and modern diagnostic criteria, are evident in the United
      States, Sweden, Germany, Canada, and New Zealand, but not in comparable studies
      conducted in Korea and Puerto Rico and of Mexican-Americans living in the United
      States. These cohort changes cannot be fully attributed to artifacts of
      reporting, recall, mortality, or labeling and have implications for understanding
      the etiology of depression and for clinical practice.

PMID- 2648044
TI  - Dyslexia. Council on Scientific Affairs.
AB  - Experts disagree on the etiology and definition of dyslexia. Neurological
      research is ongoing but is not yet conclusive. Specific educational techniques
      for diagnosis and remediation are available. Physicians can serve on
      multidisciplinary diagnostic teams and can act to support and provide
      informational resources to affected families.

PMID- 2648045
TI  - On becoming a psychiatrist: 1934-1942.

PMID- 2648046
TI  - Overview of gastrointestinal disorders due to diabetes mellitus: emphasis on
      nutritional support.
AB  - Gastrointestinal disorders associated with diabetes mellitus have a prevalence
      rate of 30 to 75%. The most prominent disorders are gastroparesis, diarrhea, and
      constipation. Severity of symptoms range from mild to severe with the most
      affected patients being at risk for the development of protein calorie
      malnutrition. An historical review of the major studies which defined the
      diagnosis, pathophysiology, and prevalence of these disorders is presented.
      Guidelines for accurate nutritional assessment, which is essential to the
      decision to initiate nutritional therapy in this difficult to assess population,
      are also included. Current methods devised for treatment of diabetic
      gastroparesis and related disorders are presented. Emphasis is placed on recent
      developments in nutritional support techniques which make it possible to meet the
      energy requirements of all such patients. Practical outlines for glucose control
      in patients receiving TPN or enteral feeding and guidelines for transitioning
      from parenteral feeding to an oral diet are also presented.

PMID- 2648047
TI  - In situ breakage of a totally implanted venous access system.
AB  - Totally implantable systems for venous access are now in wide clinical use. They
      have been shown to have several advantages when compared with earlier systems.
      However, the advantages of total implantation also contain risks for new
      complications. In situ breakages may have disastrous results when unnoticed. In
      situ separations have been reported with systems consisting of a separate
      reservoir and catheter. A case is reported where in situ breakage occurred in a
      system with prefixed catheter. The catheter migrated into pulmonary artery and
      was removed with Odman catheter and foreign body extractor. The precise cause for
      the separation could not be ascertained. It is emphasized that during insertion
      the silicone catheter should not be handled with surgical instruments and that
      the continuity of the system should be checked prior to use.

PMID- 2648048
TI  - [Two cases of cardiac tamponade, complicated by malignant, effusive pericarditis
      and treated by creating a pericardial peritoneal window].
AB  - Reported are two cases of a cardiac tamponade complicated by a malignant,
      effusive pericarditis were treated by a pericardial, peritoneal window. In both
      cases, a reaccumulation of pericardial fluid was noticed, within a month after
      percutaneous, continuous pericardial drainage, and a tumor invasion was seen to
      the anterior mediastinum creating a pericardial, peritoneal window was considered
      useful for the treatment of the cardiac tamponade, secondary to the malignant,
      effusive pericarditis.

PMID- 2648049
TI  - [A primary gastric adenosquamous carcinoma with remarkable lymphatic metastasis
      diagnosed by the stomach and lymph node biopsy].
AB  - This report describes the case of a 74-year-old female, who had been admitted to
      hospital because of epigastralgia and appetite loss. An ultrasonogram and a CT
      scan of the abdomen revealed a remarkable lymph node metastasis. Through an upper
      gastrointestinal tract (UGI) X-ray, a Borrmann III type gastric carcinoma was
      detected. Under endoscopic guidance, a gastric and a lymph node specimen were
      taken and biopsied, revealing a keratinous, well-differentiated squamous cell
      carcinoma and a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, leading to a diagnosis of a
      primary gastric adenosquamous carcinoma with a remarkable lymphnode metastasis.
      After chemotherapy, a CT scan, a UGI X-ray, and an endoscopic examination
      revealed distinct tumor reduction.

PMID- 2648050
TI  - [Ulcerative colitis complicated by early carcinoma of the rectum and
      cholecystolithiasis].
AB  - Reported is a case of a 73-year-old male with a history of ulcerative colitis
      that had started at the age of 57. In 1985, on receiving a barium enema, a
      polypoid lesion was found in his rectum. In 1986, the results of a colonoscopy
      showed that the polypoid lesion had reached an IIa-aggregated elevation, and
      biopsies of this lesion were diagnosed as an adenoma or a hyperplastic polyp. A
      year later, in 1987, another biopsy specimen was taken and was histologically
      diagnosed as being an adenomatous cancer. Thus, a pull-through operation and a
      cholecystectomy were performed. The lesion was 4.5 x 3.0 cm in diameter, and the
      histological findings showed it to be a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with a
      submucosal invasion. Accordingly, physicians should be advised that patients with
      a longstanding ulcerative colitis ought to undergo periodic examination that
      includes a colonoscopy and a biopsy of any suspicious growth.

PMID- 2648051
TI  - Association between the cell-wall peptidoglycan and the progenitor toxin of
      Clostridium botulinum type C.
AB  - Clostridium botulinum type C progenitor toxin with a molecular weight of 500 k
      daltons (C1 L toxin), purified from the bacterial cells, bound at pH 2 to the
      cell-wall peptidoglycan derived from certain strains. The carbohydrate moiety of
      the peptidoglycan contained arabinose and galactose at a certain ratio, both of
      which may directly be associated with the binding. The binding, being dependent
      on the quality and quantity of the sugars, enhanced the oral toxicity of the
      toxin to the chicken as well as the mouse.

PMID- 2648052
TI  - Effects of LHRH on the display of receptive and proceptive behaviors in female
      rats following removal of the vomeronasal organ.

PMID- 2648053
TI  - Demonstration of the correlation of a 36-megadalton Salmonella serovar
      enteritidis plasmid to virulence in mice by reintroduction of the plasmid.

PMID- 2648054
TI  - Immunocytochemical component of endocrine cells in pancreatic islets of horses.
AB  - The endocrine cell components in the pancreatic islets of the following 4
      pancreatic regions of the horse were investigated by immunohistochemical methods:
      lobus pancreatis sinister (left lobe); lobus pancreatis dexter (right lobe); and
      2 regions of Corpus pancreatis (body), the duodenal lobe which lies along the
      cranial duodenal flexure and descending duodenum, and the intermediate lobe which
      is situated around the portal vein. The islets in the left and intermediate lobes
      contained a central mass of glucagon cells surrounded by insulin cells, a few
      somatostatin cells and sporadic pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells. On the other
      hand, the islets in the duodenal lobe were small in size compared with the other
      3 regions, and were predominant in insulin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells,
      but almost lacked in glucagon cells. These findings suggested that the duodenal
      lobe was derived from the ventral pancreatic primordium, and the left and
      intermediate lobes were originated from the dorsal pancreatic primordium. In the
      right lobe, the composition and distribution of the islet cells were almost the
      same as those in the left and intermediate lobes, but there were several lobules
      containing numerous PP cells as seen in the duodenal lobe.

PMID- 2648055
TI  - A rapid phospholipase A2 bioassay using 14C-oleate-labelled E. coli bacterias.
AB  - Two methods of phospholipase A2 determination using 14C-labelled E. coli
      bacterias as substrate were compared. One method works with a filter membrane for
      separation of cleaved 14C-oleate from remaining phospholipids, the other uses the
      well-known thin-layer chromatography for lipid analysis. Some features of human
      serum phospholipase A2 regarding pH and Ca2+ dependency were investigated.
      Possible sources of errors were discussed. It was shown that either method can
      differentiate between normal and pathologically elevated phospholipase A2 levels,
      but that the filter method is superior in terms of sensitivity and workload.

PMID- 2648056
TI  - Acid phospholipase A1 in liver--a brief survey.
AB  - Acid phospholipase A1 activity in liver (rat, human) is predominantly localized
      in lysosomes. A minor proportion (less than 3% of the total activity) is also
      present in the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum, presumably due to
      enzymatically active precursors of the corresponding lysosomal enzyme. Lysosomal
      phospholipase A1 is the most important enzyme initiating the intralysosomal
      catabolism of diacylphosphoglycerides. It has been purified 50,600-fold, with a
      yield of about 26%. The enzyme prefers phosphatidyl-ethanolamine as a substrate,
      which at 200 microM and pH 4.5, is hydrolysed at a rate of approximately 8.2
      U/mg. Lysosomal phospholipase A1 is a glycoprotein of about 29 kDa with an
      isoelectric point of pH 5.3. Unspecific extralysosomal endogenous inhibitors of
      this enzyme are pH range, inorganic cations, and various proteins. Divalent
      cations are more potent inhibitors than monovalent ones. Most endogenous intra-
      and extracellular proteins inhibit the enzyme, the cationic species exhibiting
      high inhibitory potencies, glycoproteins only little. Inhibitory proteins act
      through their binding to the substrate. Lysosomal phospholipase A1 seems to be an
      important target in drug-induced lipidosis. This lipid storage disease is caused
      by various cationic amphiphilic drugs that are trapped intralysosomally by
      protonation. In lysosomes such compounds raise the pH, interact with the polar
      lipids to be degraded and the lysosomal lipolytic enzymes, such as phospholipase
      A1. These mechanisms result in impaired intralysosomal phospholipid degradation
      and hence in intralysosomal phospholipid accumulation.

PMID- 2648057
TI  - Immunocytochemical evidence of phospholipase A2 in pancreatic tumors--diagnostic
      values.
AB  - Phospholipase A2 is an enzyme which is produced in acinar cells, and persists
      even in regressive states of chronic pancreatitis, when the production of other
      enzymes diminishes. We therefore tested this enzyme as a marker of acinar descent
      in various pancreatic tumors. This enzyme could be seen in 50% of the acinar-cell
      carcinomas, in 60% of solid and papillary pancreatic tumors, and in 50% of
      microglandular carcinomas. Ductal cancers and isletcell cancers were negative. In
      contrast to other markers of acinar matrix (amylase, antitrypsin), phospholipase
      A2 gave fewer false-positive or false-negative results.

PMID- 2648058
TI  - Serum phospholipase--regulatory and pathophysiological aspects.
AB  - The development of a photometric procedure to measure phospholipase A activity
      has extended previous observations that this enzyme activity increases in several
      pathological states including pancreatic and inflammatory diseases. Serum
      phospholipase A in pancreatitis was characterized as a mixture of the pancreatic
      enzyme and a different phospholipase with a pH optimum at 8.0. The latter enzyme
      was also observed in nonpancreatic diseases like septicemia and acute lung
      failure which are characterized by an increase in tissue phagocyte activity. The
      possible pathogenic role of phospholipase(s) A, their intracellular regulation
      and the proposed mechanisms of release into the blood stream are discussed with
      respect to the present pathobiochemical knowledge. This includes the mechanism of
      activation of phagocytosis and the possible role of lipocortins known to be
      stimulated by glucocorticoid treatment.

PMID- 2648059
TI  - The role of phospholipase A2 in human acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Several studies suggest that the activation of pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
      and its release from injured acinar cells play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Elevated catalytic activity of PLA2 in serum
      is associated especially with severe forms of the disease. PLA2 has been purified
      from human cadaver pancreas and an antiserum raised against the enzyme in
      rabbits. Immuno-histochemical localization of PLA2 in pancreatic tissue was
      abnormal in acute pancreatitis. A time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for human
      pancreatic PLA2 has been developed. Increased serum concentrations of
      immunoreactive PLA2 were found in acute pancreatitis during the first week after
      hospital admission. The values returned to normal somewhat more slowly than
      corresponding serum amylase values. The immunochemical determination of PLA2 in
      serum provides a fast and specific detection of injury to pancreatic acinar
      cells. The pancreas is not the only source of PLA2 in acute pancreatitis. The
      nonpancreatic PLA2 may originate from various inflammatory cells, but this
      hypothesis remains to be proven.

PMID- 2648062
TI  - [Ursodeoxycholic acid--a new therapy concept in cholestatic liver diseases].

PMID- 2648061
TI  - Therapeutic value of calcium antagonists in autonomous hyperaldosteronism.
AB  - The chronic effect of the calcium antagonist nitrendipine was investigated on
      blood pressure (BP), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma renin
      activity (PRA), and serum potassium in six patients with primary aldosteronism,
      either due to an (unilateral) aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA; n = 3; age, 44
      +/- 4 years; PAC, 312 +/- 96 pg/ml; PRA, less than 0.1 ng/l.h; serum potassium,
      2.8 +/- 0.3 mmol/l) or to bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA; n = 3;
      age, 49 +/- 1 years; PAC, 212 +/- 32 pg/ml; PRA, 0.1 +/- 0.1 ng/l.h; serum
      potassium, 3.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/l). After withdrawal of antihypertensive medications
      at least 3 weeks prior to the study, nitrendipine was given orally in a daily
      dosage of 40 to 60 mg. BP, PAC, PRA, and serum potassium were determined before
      (see data above) and after 4 weeks of nitrendipine therapy. After 4 weeks, BP was
      significantly reduced (178 +/- 10 to 165 +/- 6 mmHg systolic, 109 +/- 7 to 101 +/
      6 mmHg diastolic) in three patients with APA and in two with IHA. No significant
      changes of PAC, PRA, and serum potassium were observed in these patients.
      However, one patient with clinical characteristics of IHA and a long-term history
      of diuretic therapy showed a complete normalization of BP, PAC, PRA, and serum
      potassium, suggesting that the etiology of autonomous hyperaldosteronism in this
      patient might differ from typical primary aldosteronism. From these findings we
      conclude that calcium antagonists may be helpful in lowering BP in those patients
      with primary aldosteronism who develop intolerable side effects under treatment
      with spironolactone or trilostane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648063
TI  - [Bronchial asthma in children].
AB  - Asthma occurs worldwide as a chronic disease of the lungs in children and in
      adult. Recently there were some reports on the increasing prevalence of asthma in
      children from western countries and from other areas of the world. There are
      numerous different triggers of asthma such as allergens, dust, gases, cold air,
      infections and malformations of the bronchial system. The release of preformed
      and new generated mediators is the cause of chronic inflammation in the lungs.
      The basic defect causing bronchial hyperreagibility of the lungs is still
      unknown. The therapy of asthma is a longtime treatment, the composition depends
      of the type and the severety of the asthma to be treated. In addition to the drug
      therapy, physiotherapy, asthmasports and appropriate climatic conditions are
      essential tools for the treatment of asthma. The aim of the therapy is a symptom
      free patient. The prognosis of children suffering from asthma is good.

PMID- 2648060
TI  - The apolipoprotein multigene family: structure, expression, evolution, and
      molecular genetics.
AB  - The plasma apolipoproteins can be classified into two subgroups: the soluble
      apolipoproteins including apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, A-II, A-IV, C-I, C-II, C-III,
      and E, and the apoBs including apoB-100 and apoB-48. The soluble apolipoproteins
      have very similar genomic structures, each having a total of three introns at the
      same locations; apoA-IV is an exception in that it has lost its first intron.
      Using the exon/intron junctions as reference points, we can obtain an alignment
      of the coding regions of all the soluble apolipoprotein genes. The mature peptide
      regions of the genes are almost completely made up of tandem repeats of 11
      codons. The part of mature peptide region encoded by exon 3 contains a common
      block of 33 codons, whereas the part encoded by exon 4 contains a much more
      variable number of internal repeats of 11 codons. On the basis of the degree of
      homology of the various sequences, and the pattern of the internal repeats in
      these genes, an evolutionary tree has been proposed for the soluble
      apolipoprotein genes. ApoB-100 differs considerably from the soluble
      apolipoproteins. It is the largest apolipoprotein containing 4536 amino acid
      residues. Two types of internal repeats are identified in apoB-100: amphipathic
      alpha-helical repeats and proline-containing repeats with high beta-sheet
      content. The apoB gene contains 29 exons and 28 introns. Its evolutionary
      relationship to the soluble apolipoprotein genes is unclear. The 3' end of the
      apoB gene contains a region of variable number of tandem 12-16-base pair
      repeats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648064
TI  - Toxic effects of cytokines in vivo.

PMID- 2648065
TI  - Mechanism of mineral formation in bone.
AB  - The mechanism of mineral formation in bone is seen best where active new bone
      formation is occurring, e.g., in newly forming subperiosteal bone of the embryo,
      in the growing bone of young animals, and in healing rickets where the
      calcification process in osteoid is reactivated. A large body of ultrastructural
      evidence, using conventional and anhydrous methods for tissue preparation, has
      shown convincingly that extracellular matrix vesicles are present at or near the
      mineralization front in all of the above, and that these vesicles are the initial
      site of apatite mineral deposition. Thus bone resembles growth plate cartilage,
      predentin, and turkey tendon in having calcification initiated by matrix
      vesicles. Once the calcification cascade is begun, matrix vesicles are no longer
      needed to support mineralization and are consumed by the advancing mineralization
      front in which performed crystals serve as nuclei for the formation of new
      crystals. The rate of crystal proliferation is promoted by the availability of
      Ca2+, PO4(3-), and the presence of collagen, and retarded by naturally occurring
      inhibitors of mineralization such as proteoglycans and several noncollagenous
      calcium-binding proteins of bone including bone-Gla protein (osteocalcin),
      phosphoproteins, osteonectin, and alpha-2HS-glycoproteins. New electron
      microscopic immunocytochemical findings in our laboratory suggest that the origin
      of alkaline phosphatase-positive bone matrix vesicles is polarized to the mineral
      facing side of osteoblasts and may be concentrated near the intercellular
      junctions of human embryonic osteoblasts.

PMID- 2648066
TI  - Regulation of insulin and interleukin-1 release after Propionibacterium acnes
      induced macrophage activation in mice.
AB  - The administration of a potent activator of macrophages (M phi),
      Propionibacterium acnes, in nondiabetic mice was associated with the release of
      significant amounts of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the peritoneal cavity and plasma
      within 4 hours after treatment. Shortly before IL-1 peaks were observed, the
      levels of pancreatic insulin, [3H]leucine-proinsulin, and insulin/total protein
      ratio were elevated, and followed by a transient but marked hyperinsulinemia at 4
      hours after treatment. A single dose of recombinant murine IL-1 in mice was also
      associated with a 2- to 9-fold increase in the levels of insulin in the pancreas
      and plasma at 4 hours after treatment. During the period of observation after the
      administration of P. acnes, plasma glucose levels in treated mice were
      significantly less than in parallel controls. Mild hypoglycemia was observed at 7
      to 10 days posttreatment. Although circulating IL-1-like activity could not be
      detected in plasma 1 to 10 days after P. acnes treatment, this activity was
      measured in activated peritoneal and liver M phi. IL-1-like activity (specific
      activity: 276 units/mg protein) was detected in plasma, after it was
      chromatographed on a Sephadex G-150 column to remove proteins with higher
      molecular weight. Peritoneal and liver M phi from P. acnes mice were also able to
      elaborate significant amounts of IL-1-like activity in their supernatants with or
      without Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. At the same time, total protein
      synthesis and insulin content in the pancreas in P. acnes mice were significantly
      lower than the parallel control (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that P.
      acnes-induced M phi activation in mice was associated with the modulation of
      insulin release and glucose homeostasis which may be attributed to the
      accumulation and release of IL-1 by activated M phi.

PMID- 2648067
TI  - Three positive shifts away from marijuana use, 1979-1988.

PMID- 2648068
TI  - A theoretical approach to school-based HIV prevention.
AB  - To develop effective school-based programs to prevent the spread of AIDS,
      programmers must apply principles related to learning and behavior change. Due to
      the complexity of influencing contemporary adolescent sexual behavior, a
      multidisciplinary approach using multiple intervention strategies is essential.
      Health promotion efforts should include policy mandates, direct intervention,
      instruction, environmental support, media, role modeling, and social support.
      Consistent, continuous messages through multiple channels (school, home,
      community, and media) and by multiple agents (parents, peers, and health and
      education professionals) need to be provided. Examples of appropriate
      intervention strategies that may be employed by the professionals working in the
      school and the community are provided.

PMID- 2648069
TI  - Dental pit and fissure sealants: implications for school health personnel.
AB  - While tooth decay among schoolchildren has declined in recent years, 95% of all
      schoolchildren still experience tooth decay. School-based fluoride rinse programs
      have made a significant contribution to the decrease in tooth decay. Pit and
      fissure sealants, one other preventive dentistry measure, also fight tooth decay.
      A pit and fissure sealant placed on the chewing surfaces of permanent molars acts
      as a barrier and protects caries-prone areas of the teeth. For sealants to be
      effective, it is important that school health educators, nurses, and
      administrators have the dental health knowledge necessary to make informed
      decisions about school-based dental sealant programs. Examples of successful
      programs are discussed.

PMID- 2648070
TI  - A dynamic model of angiotensin II infusion experiments.
AB  - Applications of control theory in studies of biological system dynamics have come
      to be called compartmental modelling. A second order, nonlinear, compartmental
      model is developed which describes the dynamics of the hormone angiotensin II
      (AII) and arterial blood pressure (BP) during AII infusion experiments. The model
      is partially identified using dose response data for constant infusion rates
      between 0.01 and 0.10 microgram/kg/min over a period of several minutes. This
      study represents a first step in understanding the dynamics of regulation of
      arterial blood pressure by the renin-angiotensin system. AII is a vasoconstrictor
      and is known to participate in the natural regulation of BP. AII is also believed
      to be an agent in the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis. The model
      is used to identify causal mechanisms which are consistent both with the
      established correlation between plasma AII concentration and arterial BP and with
      current physiological knowledge. The study demonstrates how a simple state
      variable model can be used to provide guidance concerning the design of future
      infusion experiments.

PMID- 2648071
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: a brief history.

PMID- 2648073
TI  - Medicare program; Utilization and Quality Control Peer Review Program; third
      Scope of Work for Peer Review Organizations.
AB  - This notice describes new requirements for the third Scope of Work for
      Utilization and Quality Control Peer Review Organizations (PROs) for fiscal year
      1989, beginning October 1, 1988. This notice implements section 4091(b)(1) of the
      Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (Pub. L. 100-203), which requires us to
      publish a new policy or procedure adopted by the Secretary that affects
      substantially the performance of contract obligations at least 30 days before the
      date the policy or procedure is to be used. It also implements other provisions
      of Pub. L. 100-203, as well as requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
      Act of 1986.

PMID- 2648072
TI  - Sunday games.

PMID- 2648074
TI  - Presumptive eligibility: early access to prenatal care.

PMID- 2648075
TI  - The primary prevention of alcohol problems: a critical review of the research
      literature.
AB  - The research evaluating the effects of programs and policies in reducing the
      incidence of alcohol problems is critically reviewed. Four types of preventive
      interventions are examined including: (1) policies affecting the physical,
      economic and social availability of alcohol (e.g., minimum legal drinking age,
      price and advertising of alcohol), (2) formal social controls on alcohol-related
      behavior (e.g., drinking-driving laws), (3) primary prevention programs (e.g.,
      school-based alcohol education), and (4) environmental safety measures (e.g.,
      automobile airbags). The research generally supports the efficacy of three
      alcohol-specific policies: raising the minimum legal drinking age to 21,
      increasing alcohol taxes and increasing the enforcement of drinking-driving laws.
      Also, research suggests that various environmental safety measures reduce the
      incidence of alcohol-related trauma. In contrast, little evidence currently
      exists to support the efficacy of primary prevention programs. However, a systems
      perspective of prevention suggests that prevention programs may become more
      efficacious after widespread adoption of prevention policies that lead to shifts
      in social norms regarding use of beverage alcohol.

PMID- 2648076
TI  - Penis cancer: a review by the Joint Radiotherapy Committee of the European
      Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Genitourinary and
      Radiotherapy Groups.
AB  - A review of the literature on penis cancer has been undertaken. The disease is
      rare and most of the cumulative experience is reported in retrospective series.
      Multi-institutional international collaboration will be needed to study
      prospectively facets of this disease where controversy presently exists.
      Suggested areas of research are in the treatment of early invasive tumours, the
      diagnosis and treatment of inguinal metastases, the improvement of radiotherapy
      techniques, and the development of effective chemotherapy and effective
      combinations of therapies. This will potentially lead to a greater degree of
      organ sparing. Studies of palliation, and aspects of quality of life, are also
      needed. Public education about the condition and genital hygiene, including the
      necessity for the early treatment of phimosis, may further reduce the incidence
      of penis cancer.

PMID- 2648077
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in northern Israel: a study of 481 patients with emphasis
      on ethnic-related patterns.
AB  - During the period between 1970-1984, 481 patients with previously untreated non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma were referred to the Northern Israel Oncology Center, Haifa.
      There were 264 (54.9%) Ashkenazi Jews, 123 (25.6%) non-Ashkenazi Jews, and 86
      (17.9%) Arabs. The mean age at diagnosis was 60 +/- 15 years for Ashkenazi Jews,
      45 +/- 22 years for non-Ashkenazi Jews, and 36 +/- 22 years for Arabs. Ashkenazi
      Jews had a higher rate of nodular lymphoma compared to non-Ashkenazi Jews and
      Arabs. Extranodal lymphoma occurred more frequently in non-Ashkenazi Jews and
      Arabs. Lymphoma of the small intestine was more common in Arabs than in Ashkenazi
      and non-Ashkenazi Jews. Despite these differences in the pattern of disease, 5
      year actuarial survival figures for the various ethnic groups were similar.

PMID- 2648078
TI  - Improved survival of surgically treated patients with triple vessel coronary
      artery disease and severe angina pectoris. A report from the Coronary Artery
      Surgery Study (CASS) registry.
AB  - We examined survival rates during a 6-year follow-up of patients in the registry
      of the Coronary Artery Surgery Study who had three vessel coronary artery disease
      and Canadian Cardiovascular Society class III-IV angina pectoris. All patients
      had a stenosis of 70% or greater in either the mid or proximal segment of all
      three coronary arteries. There were 679 medically treated patients and 1921
      surgically treated patients in this nonrandomized comparison. Patients were
      stratified by left ventricular wall motion score and number of proximal coronary
      artery stenoses; after adjustment for these variables, the estimated probability
      of being alive at 6 years was 82% for surgically treated patients and 59% for
      medically treated patients (p less than 0.0001). Among patients with the most
      severe left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular wall motion score of 16 to
      30), the 6-year survival rate was 63% for surgically treated patients and 30% for
      medically treated patients (p less than 0.0001). Those with three proximal
      lesions (all gradations of left ventricular score) had an 81% 6-year survival
      rate with surgical treatment and 40% with medical treatment (p less than 0.0001).
      Ninety percent of surgically treated patients with normal ventricular function
      were living at 6 years and 78% of medically treated patients (p less than
      0.0001). Among these patients, the survival rate was significantly better after
      surgical treatment than after only medical treatment if two or three proximal
      stenoses were present. If no proximal lesions were present (all categories of
      left ventricular function), 84% of surgically treated patients and 67% of
      medically treated patients were alive at 6 years (p less than 0.0001). In a
      multivariate (Cox) analysis of preoperative clinical, hemodynamic, and
      angiographic factors, early operation was a strong predictor of survival
      (estimated relative risk 0.38).

PMID- 2648079
TI  - A new solution (UCLA formula) for lung preservation.
AB  - In previous studies, we revealed the beneficial effects of verapamil and glucose
      insulin-potassium solution in lung preservation. In this study, we composed a new
      solution (UCLA formula) containing both of these factors and compared it with
      Collins-Sachs solution in a canine autotransplantation model. A total of 15 dogs
      were used. The animals were assigned randomly to the two study groups. The left
      lungs of seven dogs were perfused with the UCLA formula and the left lungs of
      eight dogs with Collins-Sachs. Both solutions were at 4 degrees C. After 6 hours
      of preservation, the left lungs in both groups were autotransplanted. In the UCLA
      formula group, seven of seven dogs (100%) survived for the entire period of 2
      weeks after the operation. In contrast, two of eight dogs in the Collins-Sachs
      group (25%) survived for longer than 24 hours. Pulmonary artery resistance
      (dyne.sec.cm-5) after transplantation was 499.8 +/- 144.8 in the UCLA group and
      780.9 +/- 174.5 in the Collins-Sachs group (p less than 0.01). Pulmonary artery
      resistance was also ascertained with the right pulmonary artery occlusion test
      and showed 539.5 +/- 95.4 in the UCLA group and 1469.3 +/- 573.6 in the Collins
      Sachs group (p less than 0.01). Oxygen tension (mm Hg) after lung transplantation
      was 74.1 +/- 10.6 in the UCLA group and 35.9 +/- 3.5 in the Collins-Sachs group
      (p less than 0.01). Postoperative oxygen tension with the right pulmonary artery
      occlusion test was measured daily for 7 days. Two survivors in the Collins-Sachs
      group showed significant deterioration of oxygen tension from the third
      postoperative day. Also, the relationship between the airway pressure and tidal
      volume showed a significant reduction in the Collins-Sachs group (p less than
      0.01). In conclusion, the transplanted lung in which UCLA solution was used
      demonstrated improved lung function after 6 hours of preservation in comparison
      with function in lungs preserved with Collins-Sachs solution.

PMID- 2648080
TI  - Simplified rat lung transplantation using a cuff technique.
AB  - A cuff technique is introduced to anastomose pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery
      in rat lung transplantation. In 11 consecutive cases, the average graft ischemic
      time was 13.5 +/- 2.0 minutes and operating time 100.7 +/- 4.8 minutes: The time
      for ischemia was less than one third of previous reports and the time for
      operation one half of previous reports. Excluding two operative deaths, the
      survival rate was 88.8% (8/9) on postoperative day 11, when contralateral
      pneumonectomy revealed excellent graft function supporting the oxygenation of the
      animals.

PMID- 2648081
TI  - Pulmonary venous anastomosis in lung transplantation without donor left atrium.
      Experimental and clinical results.
AB  - Single lung transplantation now is a therapeutic option for some patients with
      end-stage lung disease. Cyclosporine immunosuppression and refinements in
      bronchial anastomosis have been responsible for recent successes. Since 1953, the
      usual pulmonary venous anastomosis, both in experimental animals and in humans,
      has been an atrium-to-atrium connection. This technique may limit the
      availability of usable donor lungs, since the donor heart, along with the atrium,
      is usually harvested for another recipient. Although techniques can be developed
      to allow both transplant teams to harvest atrial tissue, this study was
      undertaken to determine if, in fact, anastomosis with donor left atrium is
      necessary. Twenty-four dogs were anesthetized and a left thoracotomy performed.
      After heparinization (3 mg/kg), the pulmonary artery and left atrium were
      occluded. One of four different pulmonary venous anastomoses was performed at
      3.5x magnification: superior pulmonary vein end to end (group I), inferior
      pulmonary vein end to end (group II), superior pulmonary vein implantation into
      left atrium (group III), and left atrium-to-left atrium anastomosis as control
      (group IV). Everting mattress sutures of 7-0 polypropylene were used in groups I,
      II, and III and 6-0 in group IV. Average crossclamp time for group I, group II,
      and group IV was 20 minutes. The average crossclamp time for group III was 10
      minutes. All anastomoses were patent at the time of 1-week reevaluation. Gross
      and microscopic examination demonstrated establishment of an intimal lining;
      organized nonocclusive thrombus was present in only one anastomosis. We conclude
      that atrium-to-atrium anastomosis is not necessary for a successful single lung
      transplantation, and that transplantation of a single lobe is feasible. The best
      alternative is implantation of the pulmonary vein into the left atrium, which
      will easily allow use of the heart and both lungs from a single donor to
      different recipients. We have used this anastomosis in one patient without
      difficulty.

PMID- 2648082
TI  - Airway obstruction after autologous reimplantation of the porcine lobe.
AB  - Bronchiolitis obliterans (irreversible small airway obstruction) is a late
      complication of heart-lung transplantation. Chronic immune rejection is believed
      to be the major cause of this complication. Our hypothesis was that denervation
      might contribute to airway obstruction. To test this hypothesis in the absence of
      immune rejection, we performed a lobectomy of the upper lobe of the left lung and
      autologous reimplantation of the lower lobe of the left lung in 13 growing pigs.
      To serve as age-matched controls, six other pigs had sham left thoracotomy and
      nine others had a lobectomy of the upper lobe of the left lung alone. Nine to 10
      weeks after operation, the animals were anesthetized and the lungs mechanically
      ventilated. The lobes were then isolated in vivo to measure differential
      transrespiratory mechanics and volumes. Dynamic compliance was significantly
      lower in the reimplanted lobe than it was in the contralateral right lung. This
      was the case after lobectomy of the upper lobe of the left lung or sham
      thoracotomy. Dynamic resistance was significantly higher in the reimplanted lobe
      than it was in the contralateral right lung and in the left lung after sham
      thoracotomy. Measurements of extravascular lung water, dry lobe weight, alveolar
      cross-sectional area, and volumetric proportions of lung parenchyma and alveolar
      spaces did not demonstrate abnormal structural growth after reimplantation. We
      conclude that lobectomy of the upper lobe of the left lung and autologous
      reimplantation of the left lower lobe leads to adverse changes in flow-dependent
      measurements of airway patency. Changes in bronchomotor regulation imposed by
      denervation may contribute to airway obstruction after heart-lung
      transplantation.

PMID- 2648083
TI  - Cooperative effects of human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor and human recombinant erythropoietin in inducing erythroid
      differentiation of the human erythroleukaemia cell line K 562 clonogenic cells.
AB  - Human acute erythroleukaemia arises from the inability of the haemopoietic stem
      cell to differentiate. K 562 cell line provides a homogeneous population of
      primitive erythroleukaemic cells that are at the same point of differentiation.
      The effect of human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      and human recombinant erythropoietin on the differentiation of K 562 clonogenic
      cells was studied. Cells were cultured in methylcellulose culture for 5 days at
      37 degrees C in humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 in air and scored for
      erythroid differentiation by benzidine staining. A combination of both growth
      factors induced erythroid differentiation in more than 80% of K 562 clonogenic
      cells. This combination may be useful in the treatment of patients with
      erythroleukaemia.

PMID- 2648084
TI  - Proto-oncogene expression during early myeloid differentiation of normal
      peripheral blood progenitor cells.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in liquid medium with fetal calf
      serum undergo differentiation to myeloblasts (7 days) and then mature
      granulocytes (14-21 days). This culture system was used to study proto-oncogene
      expression during pre-myeloblast myeloid differentiation. c-myc mRNA was present
      in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells placed into culture, fell during the
      first 2-4 days of culture and then rose between days 2-4 and day 7 of culture,
      prior to and coincident with the appearance of myeloblasts. Histone H3 mRNA was
      absent or present at very low levels at initiation of cultures, and then rose
      throughout the first 7 days of culture. c-fms mRNA was absent at initiation of
      cultures, and appeared on days 2-5 of culture, prior to the appearance of
      myeloblasts. c-fos mRNA was not detected during differentiation of peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells to myeloblasts. Elucidation of patterns of proto-oncogene
      expression during normal myeloid differentiation is a prerequisite for
      interpretation of proto-oncogene expression in myeloid leukemia cells.

PMID- 2648085
TI  - Cytogenetic abnormalities in a secondary lymphoma complicating cardiac
      transplantation.
AB  - We report a case of secondary lymphoma in the brain in a cardiac transplant
      recipient. Cytogenetic analysis revealed the presence of clonal cytogenetic
      abnormalities. Two clones with unrelated chromosomal abnormalities were noted; in
      both abnormal clones, trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 11 was observed. Our
      observations, combined with single cases previously reported, suggest that a gain
      of the long arm of chromosome 11 may represent a characteristic cytogenetic
      abnormality that is associated with secondary lymphoma.

PMID- 2648086
TI  - The proliferation of AML-193 is regulated by multiple hematopoietic growth
      factors and cytokines.

PMID- 2648087
TI  - The ownership of health facilities and clinical decisionmaking. The case of the
      ESRD industry.
AB  - The growth of investor-owned health care facilities raises questions about the
      relationship between profit seeking and medical decisionmaking. The authors
      compared the treatment received by patients with end-stage renal disease in
      private nonprofit, for-profit, and public facilities. Using data collected by the
      Health Care Financing Administration in 1981, they found that facility ownership
      had a significant independent effect on treatment of renal failure. In
      particular, patients at for-profit facilities were more likely to be dialyzed in
      the center and less likely to receive kidney transplants, home dialysis, or
      peritoneal dialysis than were their counterparts in nonprofit and public
      facilities. These findings persisted after controlling for characteristics of
      patients, the facility, and the local health care system, suggesting the need for
      further research and policy initiatives to deal with this issue.

PMID- 2648088
TI  - [Extracorporeal circulation in severe failure in a patient with transplanted
      heart--waiting for a new heart].

PMID- 2648089
TI  - [Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody as a new serologic marker].

PMID- 2648090
TI  - [More known abroad than here. Robin Fahraeus--the discoverer of blood
      sedimentation].

PMID- 2648091
TI  - Low-energy laser therapy: controversies and new research findings.

PMID- 2648092
TI  - Role of primary photoacceptors in low-power laser effects: action of He-Ne laser
      radiation on bacteriophage T4-Escherichia coli interaction.
AB  - The effect of He-Ne laser radiation (lambda = 632.8 nm) on bacteriophage T4
      Escherichia coli WP2 interactions was studied. Irradiation of bacteria having
      respiratory chain components as primary photoacceptors accelerated their division
      in a dose-dependent manner, but irradiation had no effect on the properties of
      the phage (measured as its ability to infect host cells). At the same time,
      exposure of bacteria to stimulating doses of He-Ne laser radiation (from 10(3) to
      6 x 10(4) J/m2) increased their ability to promote the growth of unexposed
      phages. These results clearly indicate that low-power laser effects require
      primary photoacceptors (phage contains no chromophores for red light).

PMID- 2648093
TI  - [Pathophysiology of cholesterol gallstones].
AB  - Cholelithiasis is a civilization-related disease with multifactorial causation.
      The supersaturation of the bile with cholesterol is a deciding risk factor,
      which, however, does not lead to gallstone formation in each individual case. The
      connection between supersaturated bile and the formation of stone whose primary
      constituent is cholesterol, are the cholesterol-monohydrate crystals. Several
      risk factors lead to cholesterol supersaturation of the bile. Other risk factors
      induce or maintain the nucleation of the cholesterol crystals. In the following
      paper the nucleating and inhibiting factors and the pathophysiology of
      cholesterol gallstones will be discussed.

PMID- 2648094
TI  - Ethanol induced teratogenesis: characterization, mechanisms and diagnostic
      approaches.
AB  - Extensive research has been aimed at characterising FAS and FAE. Whereas the
      symptomology for FAS has been established, that of FAE remains to be fully
      characterized. Various mechanisms of ethanol induced teratogenesis have been
      proposed however it remains to be defined how these mechanisms combine to produce
      the entire constellation of teratogenic characteristics observed. At present,
      impaired placental transport, abnormal muscle organogenesis and fetal hypoxia
      have limitations in explaining the entire spectrum of defects in FAS. The role of
      prostaglandins and hormones requires further research. Also, other as yet
      unidentified mechanisms may exist. Even if the composite mechanism can be
      established, ethanol effects in utero will likely not be preventable by any
      approach other than consumption modification. In light of this notion, future
      research into identifying high-risk pregnant drinkers for clinical intervention
      is emphasized. Intervention leading to abstinence or, if this is not possible,
      removing the infant as early as possible from an intrauterine environment that is
      causing growth retardation and fetal distress, are the only solutions available
      at present.

PMID- 2648095
TI  - Alcohol suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor activity in
      serum and lung.
AB  - Ethanol intoxication has been shown to suppress selected functions of the immune
      system thereby compromising host defense against bacterial infections. Tumor
      necrosis factor, a secretory protein produced by the macrophage in response to
      lipopolysaccharide, mediates the inflammatory cascade and stimulates phagocyte
      functions. Acute ethanol intoxication markedly suppressed both serum and lung
      tumor necrosis factor elicited in response to lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore,
      ethanol inhibited intratracheal lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophil recruitment
      into the alveoli and prevented the fall in circulating neutrophils in response to
      intravenous lipopolysaccharide. Thus, the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol
      may be secondary to suppression of macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor.

PMID- 2648096
TI  - Differential effect of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) on
      [3H]SCH23390 and [3H]forskolin binding in rat striatum.
AB  - The binding of [3H]forskolin to a homogeneous population of binding sites in rat
      striatum was enhanced by NaF, guanine nucleotides and MgCl2. These effects of NaF
      and guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) were synergistic with MgCl2, but NaF and
      Gpp(NH)p together elicited no greater enhancement of [3H]forskolin binding. These
      data suggest that [3H]forskolin may label a site which is modulated by the
      guanine nucleotide regulatory subunit which mediates the stimulation of adenylate
      cyclase (NS). The D1 dopamine receptor is known to stimulate adenylate cyclase
      via NS. In rat striatum, the Bmax of [3H]forskolin binding sites in the presence
      of MgCl2 and NaF was approximately two fold greater than the Bmax of [3H]SCH23390
      labeled D1 dopamine receptors. Incubation of striatal homogenates with the
      protein modifying reagent EEDQ elicited a concentration-dependent decrease in the
      binding of both [3H]SCH23390 and [3H]forskolin, although EEDQ was approximately
      14 fold more potent at inactivating the D1 dopamine receptor. Following in vivo
      administration of EEDQ there was no significant effect on [3H]forskolin binding
      sites using a dose of EEDQ that irreversibly inactivated greater than 90% of D1
      dopamine receptors. These data suggest that EEDQ is a suitable tool for
      investigating changes in the stoichiometry of receptors and their second
      messenger systems.

PMID- 2648097
TI  - Effects of environmental conditions on the psychological well-being of primates:
      a review of the literature.
AB  - Amendments made to the Animal Welfare Act in 1985 require primate researchers to
      provide "a physical environment adequate to promote the psychological well-being
      of primates". Regulations have not yet been promulgated, in part because "the
      psychological well-being" of primates is extremely difficult to define. Ideally,
      those regulations would be based upon observable changes in behavior rather than
      assumed psychological changes. Regardless, new primate care regulations
      pertaining to social environment, cage size, exercise and other forms of
      environmental enrichment are anticipated. A review of the literature suggests
      that there is little scientific data to support changing existing regulations.
      For instance, although it is clear that total social isolation in very young
      primates can be behaviorally devastating in terms of normal social behaviors,
      there are few, if any, demonstrable adverse effects of individual housing in
      adult primates. On the other hand, group housing, particularly with groups
      changing frequently in composition, increases aggression, trauma and disease
      transmission. In addition, existing research suggests there are important species
      differences in terms of social preferences. It is impossible to justify an
      increase in cage size based upon the available literature. An additional
      practical consideration is that any change in cage size requirements will
      necessitate replacement of current primate housing on a national level, an
      enormously expensive proposition. Regarding environmental enrichment, research
      suggests that providing a naturalistic environment is not as critical as
      arranging dynamic events that are contingent upon behavior. However, new research
      is necessary to specify the types of environmental enrichment that are valuable
      and appropriate before useless, even damaging, and expensive changes are
      mandated.

PMID- 2648098
TI  - Changes in phospholipid composition of the mitochondrial membrane after
      orthotopic liver transplantation.
AB  - Changes in phospholipids and their fatty acid composition in liver mitochondria
      obtained from allogenic rats with orthotopic liver transplants were measured with
      and without immunosuppressive treatment. In untreated allogenic rats,
      mitochondrial phosphorylation activity was severely deteriorated at 8 days after
      transplantation. A significant change was also found in the amount of cardiolipin
      compared with other classes of phospholipids. Namely, cardiolipin decreased, and
      lysodiphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol increased concomitantly.
      Furthermore, the percentage of linoleic acid in cardiolipin decreased
      dramatically. Decrease in cardiolipin and changes in its fatty acid composition
      may be attributed to the deterioration of mitochondrial function upon acute
      rejection.

PMID- 2648099
TI  - Cardiac glycoside toxicity in small laboratory animals.
AB  - Cardiac glycosides are frequently administered to laboratory animals for research
      purposes. The effects achieved depend not only upon the particular glycoside and
      dose administered, but also upon an entire array of variables from the species of
      animal to the temperature of the animal housing facility. We review a number of
      these factors and their influence upon the effects achieved by the administration
      of cardiac glycosides to laboratory animals.

PMID- 2648100
TI  - [Radionuclide methods in the diagnosis of diabetic nephroangiopathy].
AB  - A total of 70 and 38 patients with diabetes mellitus were investigated to compare
      the diagnostic significance of radio-isotope renography (RRG) with 131I-hippuran
      and a radioimmunoassay with beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG) in renal
      involvement. The first method was shown to be less informative than the beta 2-MG
      test: at the 1st (prenephrotic) stage of diabetic nephroangiopathy the
      detectability of glomerular disturbances with the beta 2-MG test was a 2-fold
      higher and was still growing in the presence of proteinuria. In progressive
      stages (II and III) of diabetic nephroangiopathy the detectability of glomerular
      disturbances rose almost twice using both methods but a tendency to the use of
      the second one was preserved. Dysfunction of the proximal tubules of the kidney
      was noted only in the patients with progressive diabetic nephroangiography using
      both methods equally.

PMID- 2648101
TI  - [Methodologic characteristics of scintigraphy of the myocardium using 201Tl
      chloride].

PMID- 2648102
TI  - Localization and subcellular distribution of cellular ras gene products in rat
      brain.
AB  - Localization and subcellular distribution of the cellular ras gene products (c
      ras p21s) in rat brain were studied by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting
      using a monoclonal antibody recognizing all of Ki-, Ha- and N-ras p21s. In
      immunohistochemical analysis, strong immunoreactivity for ras p21s was observed
      in the neuropile of cerebral and cerebellar cortex. On the other hand, the
      immunoreactivity of the neuronal perikarya and that of white matter were weak and
      that of non-neuronal cells was undetectable. In subcellular fractionation
      analysis of cerebrum, c-ras p21s were found mostly in the particulate fractions
      and almost half of the particulate-bound c-ras p21s were recovered in the P2
      fraction containing myelin, synaptosomes and mitochondria, approximately one
      third were in the P3 fraction containing microsomes, and the rest were in the P1
      fraction containing nuclei and cell debris. In further fractionation of the P2
      fraction, most of c-ras p21s were associated with synaptosomal fraction. In the
      synaptosomal fraction, c-ras p21s were highly concentrated in the fractions rich
      in synaptic plasma membranes and were poorly present in the other fractions rich
      in synaptic vesicles, intrasynaptosomal mitochondria or postsynaptic densities.
      The content of c-ras p21s of the original homogenate was calculated to be 0.05%
      of the total protein and c-ras p21s were distributed in the fractions rich in
      synaptic plasma membranes with approximately 4-fold enrichment over the original
      homogenate. These results indicate that c-ras p21s are mainly localized in the
      synaptic plasma membranes and microsomes and suggest that they may participate in
      some specific neuronal functions at these sites.

PMID- 2648103
TI  - [The contribution of the outstanding Russian jurist A. F. Koni to the development
      of medical ethics].

PMID- 2648104
TI  - [Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev].

PMID- 2648105
TI  - Telethermographic evaluation of NSAIDs in the treatment of sports injuries.
AB  - In a multicenter double-blind clinical trial, forty-five athletes, 39 males and 6
      females, mean age 20.87 yr (SD 4.48), affected by sports injuries were treated
      with diclofenac, suprofen, or placebo, orally administered for a period of 1 wk.
      An objective examination like telethermography was performed with the clinical
      evaluations (pain on movement or at pressure, motility, and swelling) before and
      after the treatment period, in all patients. Moreover, at the end of the trial
      both investigator and patient gave their global judgement of efficacy. The
      statistical analysis showed a significant superiority of diclofenac sodium versus
      suprofen and placebo both in patients' and in investigators' global evaluations
      (P less than 0.05--Kruskal-Wallis tests). This superiority appeared particularly
      clear in the telethermographic evaluation (P less than 0.05), which is more
      objective than the clinical one, attesting to the usefulness of the early
      administration of anti-inflammatory drugs in management of sports injuries.
      Furthermore, a correlation analysis showed that telethermography is a good
      technique in controlling the recovery process.

PMID- 2648106
TI  - Social relationships of adolescents with moderate mental retardation.
AB  - The social relationships of 64 adolescents with moderate mental retardation from
      seven classes in a special day school were examined via two sociometric measures.
      Results indicated that the classes contained social structures similar to those
      found in regular classrooms for students without retardation. Students were
      selective in choosing friends and playmates, there was reciprocity in their
      friendship choices, and classes had popular and rejected students. Further,
      students frequently chose as friends members of the opposite sex, peers from
      other classes, and adults in the school and community. Implications for future
      research concerning the nature and development of friendships among students with
      mental retardation were discussed.

PMID- 2648107
TI  - Image fidelity: characterizing the imaging transfer function.

PMID- 2648108
TI  - Fluorescent standards.

PMID- 2648109
TI  - Fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy.

PMID- 2648110
TI  - Fluorescent indicators of membrane potential: microspectrofluorometry and
      imaging.

PMID- 2648111
TI  - Resonance energy transfer microscopy.

PMID- 2648112
TI  - Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.

PMID- 2648113
TI  - Designing, building, and using a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
      instrument.

PMID- 2648114
TI  - Interpretation of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photobleaching
      recovery in terms of molecular interactions.
AB  - The theoretical basis and experimental implementation of FCS and FPR measurements
      are now well established. Because of the requirements for system stability and
      long data acquisition times FCS is relatively rarely used. But FCS can provide
      unique information, especially about extents of aggregation or polymerization and
      therefore is a useful supplement to FPR for certain applications. FPR
      measurements are now carried out routinely in many laboratories in a variety of
      formats using different beam profiles, optical systems, and analytical schemes. A
      particular version may be better adapted to a specific application. The spot
      photobleaching approach, however, seems simplest and most versatile for cellular
      studies and is now most often used. Important experimental considerations in
      setting up a spot photobleaching instrument are discussed in detail in Chapter 10
      by Wolf (this volume) and elsewhere (Petersen et al., 1986a). In interpreting FPR
      measurements it is also important to take into account the possibility of
      systematic errors from a number of sources. In Chapter 10 in this volume, Wolf
      discusses many factors that must be properly controlled in carrying out FPR
      measurements. Additional consideration of some of these points is presented by
      Petersen et al. (1986a). One potentially troublesome type of error arises from
      the possibility that chemical reactions initiated by the photobleaching pulse or
      during the measurement of recovery could significantly perturb the system.
      Evidence from a variety of sources [summarized, for example, in Petersen et al.
      (1986a)] indicates that photobleaching fluorophores can induce chemical cross
      linking of cellular proteins under some conditions. But measurements in a number
      of different systems have demonstrated that, even if these types of reactions
      occur in FPR measurements, nevertheless they do not perturb the measured
      mobilities. If possible, however, this point should be checked for each new
      system because variations in structure or environmental conditions could enhance
      the chemical cross-linking reactions mediated by photogenerated free radicals. In
      practice, the principal difficulty in carrying out FPR measurements on cells is
      frequently the low intensity of the fluorescent signal which can be obtained from
      specifically labeled cell surface ligands or microinjected components. This low
      intensity results from the typically low capacity of an individual cell for the
      specifically labeled macromolecule. Even in the absence of systematic errors, low
      emission intensity will reduce the accuracy of measurements due to shot noise.
      This is an important practical limitation on measuring accuracy. Low measurement
      accuracy severely limits the extent to which the data can be interpreted
      mechanistically. Precision can be improved by averaging many recovery
      experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2648115
TI  - Fluorescence polarization microscopy.

PMID- 2648116
TI  - Three-dimensional confocal fluorescence microscopy.

PMID- 2648117
TI  - Emission of fluorescence at an interface.

PMID- 2648118
TI  - Multiple spectral parameter imaging.

PMID- 2648119
TI  - Validation of an imaging system: steps to evaluate and validate a microscope
      imaging system for quantitative studies.
AB  - The processing methods described in this article are general and can be used with
      any computer with adequate software without reference to a specific experimental
      apparatus. To achieve appropriately corrected images, the operations must be
      performed correctly and in a specific order to extract meaningful information
      from digital images. The operations are subtraction of the dark current, a
      shading correction after low pass filtering of the shading mask, a geometric
      correction with a reference grid obtained at the longest wavelength of interest,
      and finally registration. Since the digital data sets are too large for manual
      evaluation, statistical criteria must be used to define the analytical
      capabilities and error limits of the system before the more interesting cellular
      studies can be undertaken.

PMID- 2648120
TI  - Imaging of unresolved objects, superresolution, and precision of distance
      measurement with video microscopy.

PMID- 2648121
TI  - Prostaglandins, brown fat and weight loss.
AB  - In obesity, a situation is created in which energy intake exceeds energy
      expenditure. The three components of energy expenditure are resting metabolism,
      physical activity, and thermogenesis. Increasing attention is being paid to the
      role of impaired energy expenditure in obesity. Evidence indicates that
      impairment in activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which stimulates
      thermogenic processes, contributes to the etiology of obesity. In addition,
      insulin resistance, a well-recognized metabolic consequence of obesity, appears
      to interfere with feeding-related, insulin-mediated increases in thermogenesis in
      brown adipose tissue. This thermogenic defect results in reduced energy buffering
      by brown adipose tissue leading to deficient energy expenditure and an increased
      efficiency in weight gain. A unique weight loss program, The Princeton Metabolic
      Diet Program, is presented. The Program stimulates metabolism by stimulating the
      sympathetic nervous system and correcting insulin resistance, thereby enhancing
      thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Methods include: 1) alternating diet
      composition and caloric intake and, 2) the use of nutritional metabolic
      stimulants. This type of non-toxic therapy, directed at correcting biochemical
      defects, will enhance metabolic mechanisms and induce weight loss.

PMID- 2648122
TI  - AIDS: is a safe vaccine readily available?
AB  - Intense efforts are presently being made world-wide to produce an efficient AIDS
      vaccine. Based on a review of current medical research and scientific papers, a
      strategy to obtain quickly an effective, safe and marketable AIDS Vaccine with
      available monoclonal antibodies is described.

PMID- 2648123
TI  - Leanness, peptide hormones and premenopausal breast cancer.
AB  - Environmental factors promote the development of and decrease survival from
      Breast Cancer. Prospective morphological and hormonal studies indicate biological
      markers for this disease are evident in premenopausal women. The majority of
      premenopausal patients are non-obese (Body Mass Index, BMI less than 25). Lean
      women have a greater proportion of estrogen receptor negative (ER-) tumours,
      which may grow faster and have a higher concentration of epithelial growth factor
      (EGF). We have reported that lean, BMI less than 23, versus obese, BMI greater
      than 28, women have a different gut-pancreatic peptide hormone response to meals
      and that differences in these peptide hormones occur between healthy and age
      weight matched premenopausal patients. We hypothesize that the diet peptide
      hormone control of food intake in lean women is associated with the development
      of mammary dysplasia, change in growth factor profile and steroid hormone
      metabolism.

PMID- 2648124
TI  - The role of platelets in progressive glomerulosclerosis: mechanisms for
      intraglomerular platelet activation and pathogenetic consequences.
AB  - Purkerson et al. have hypothesized that platelet aggregation and release
      reactions contribute to the progressive sclerosis of remnant nephrons. The
      suggested mechanism for platelet activation is disruption of endothelium by the
      high hydraulic pressures characteristic of remnant nephrons, with platelet
      exposure to basement membrane collagen. We herein postulate additional mechanisms
      whereby platelets might be activated in the microcirculation of remnant nephrons:
      (i) kinetic activation due to high plasma flow rates; (ii) close cell contact due
      to concentration of blood cells and platelets in the glomerulus; (iii)
      concentration of protein macromolecules that act as agonists for platelet
      release; (iv) glomerular release of saturated and monenoic fatty acids that
      stimulate platelet synthesis of thromboxane A2; (v) glomerular release of
      membrane-bound pro-coagulant factor, triggering a chain reaction that activates
      both platelets and the intraglomerular coagulation cascade. Platelet activation
      could play a pathogenetic role in many of the known derangements of structure and
      function in remnant nephrons. This paradigm may also be partially applicable to
      the glomerulosclerosis of diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2648125
TI  - Mechanism of action of antimitotic drugs: a new hypothesis based on the role of
      cellular calcium.
AB  - The antimitotic drugs such as colchicine, podophyllotoxin, etc. are currently
      believed to exert their cytotoxic and antimitotic effects due to binding of the
      drug-tubulin complex to the growing ends of microtubules (MTs), leading to an
      "end-capping or poisoning" effect. However, to account for a number of apparently
      puzzling observations regarding antimitotic drugs (which cannot be readily
      explained by the current model) and the mitotic process, a new hypothesis
      regarding the mechanism of action of antimitotic drugs is proposed. The key
      observations in this context are as follows: (i) The antimitotic drugs bind
      specifically to free tubulin. (ii) Cell growth by these drugs is specifically
      blocked in metaphase, and interphase microtubules do not seem to play any role in
      the drugs' cytotoxic or antimitotic effects. (iii) Tubulin is specifically
      associated with a number of membranous organelles (viz. mitochondria, plasma
      membranes, endoplasmic reticulum) which are responsible for intracellular Ca+2
      homeostasis. (iv) Fluorescent derivatives of antimitotic drugs also bind to the
      above membranous organelles and not to MTs. (v) Ca+2 plays a central role in the
      control of MT assembly/disassembly in vivo and a Ca+2 pulse is necessary for the
      metaphase to anaphase transition. (vi) Cellular mutants which exhibit specific
      resistance to various antimitotic drugs are altered in either tubulin(s) or
      mitochondrial matrix proteins. To account for these observations, it is suggested
      that free tubulin present in the above membranous organelles serves as the
      cellular receptor for these drugs and this binding interferes with the Ca+2
      regulatory/signalling mechanism essential for anaphase chromosome movement. The
      effect of these drugs on interphase MTs appears to be a secondary consequence of
      this alteration in Ca+2 regulation. The observed changes in mitochondrial matrix
      proteins in many of the mutants resistant to antimitotic drugs further indicate
      that mitochondria should play an important role in Ca+2 homeostasis, as it
      relates to mitosis. The possible mechanisms by which these drugs may interfere
      with the Ca+2 regulation and some implications of this hypothesis are discussed.

PMID- 2648126
TI  - Hyperinsulinemia; a mediator of decreased food intake and weight loss in anorexia
      nervosa and major depression.
AB  - Decreased food intake and weight loss are seen in eating and depressive
      disorders. No satisfactory pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to
      explain those findings. While it should be kept in mind that the etiology of
      those diseases is still unclear, it seems reasonable to propose that the
      maintenance of anorectic behavior in the eating disorders as well as the
      decreased food intake of major depression, leading to continued weight loss seen
      in both conditions, are either caused or mediated by insulin in levels which are
      elevated but insufficient to cause hypoglycemia. A brief review is made of the
      role of insulin in satiety and in the control of body weight, and of the newly
      available techniques to accurately quantify secretion, hepatic extraction, and
      post-hepatic delivery rates of insulin. Neural, metabolic, and endocrine stimuli
      affect insulin secretion. The hypothesis is therefore compatible with several
      etiologic factors leading to hyperinsulinemia in anorexia nervosa and major
      depression, and resulting in decreased food intake and weight loss.

PMID- 2648127
TI  - Flurbiprofen.

PMID- 2648128
TI  - Physiological basis for nutrition in sepsis.

PMID- 2648129
TI  - Autonomously replicating episomes contain mdr1 genes in a multidrug-resistant
      human cell line.
AB  - Gene amplification in human tumor cells is frequently mediated by
      extrachromosomal elements (e.g., double minute chromosomes [DMs]). Recent
      experiments have shown that DMs can be formed from smaller, submicroscopic
      circular precursors referred to as episomes (S. M. Carroll, M. L. DeRose, P.
      Gaudray, C. M. Moore, D. R. Needham-Vandevanter, D. D. Von Hoff and G. M. Wahl,
      Mol. Biol. 8:1525-1533, 1988). To investigate whether episomes are generally
      involved as intermediates in gene amplification, we determined whether they
      mediate the amplification of the mdr1 gene, which when overexpressed engenders
      cross resistance to multiple lipophilic drugs. A variety of methods including
      electrophoresis of undigested DNAs in high-voltage gradients, NotI digestion, and
      production of double-strand breaks by gamma irradiation were used to distinguish
      between mdr1 sequences amplified on submicroscopic circular molecules and those
      amplified within DMs or chromosomal DNA. The gamma-irradiation procedure provides
      a new method for detecting and determining the size of circular molecules from 50
      kilobases (kb) to greater than 1,000 kb. These methods revealed that some of the
      amplified mdr1 genes in vinblastine-resistant KB-V1 cells are contained in
      supercoiled circular molecules of approximately 600 and approximately 750 kb.
      Analysis of the replication of these molecules by a Meselson-Stahl density shift
      experiment demonstrated that they replicate approximately once in a cell cycle.
      The data lend further support to a model for gene amplification in which DMs are
      generally formed from smaller, autonomously replicating precursors.

PMID- 2648130
TI  - Ribosomal protein L7a is encoded by a gene (Surf-3) within the tightly clustered
      mouse surfeit locus.
AB  - The mouse Surfeit locus, which contains a cluster of at least four genes (Surf-1
      to Surf-4), is unusual in that adjacent genes are separated by no more than 73
      base pairs (bp). The heterogeneous 5' ends of Surf-1 and Surf-2 are separated by
      only 15 to 73 bp, the 3' ends of Surf-1 and Surf-3 are only 70 bp apart, and the
      3' ends of Surf-2 and Surf-4 overlap by 133 bp. This very tight clustering
      suggests a cis interaction between adjacent Surfeit genes. The Surf-3 gene (which
      could code for a basic polypeptide of 266 amino acids) is a highly expressed
      member of a pseudogene-containing multigene family. By use of an anti-peptide
      serum (against the C-terminal nine amino acids of the putative Surf-3 protein)
      for immunofluorescence and immunoblotting of mouse cell components and by in
      vitro translation of Surf-3 cDNA hybrid-selected mRNA, the Surf-3 gene product
      was identified as a 32-kilodalton ribosomal protein located in the 60S ribosomal
      subunit. From its subunit location, gel migration, and homology with a limited
      rat ribosomal peptide sequence, the Surf-3 gene was shown to encode the mouse L7a
      ribosomal protein. The Surf-3 gene is highly conserved through evolution and was
      detected by nucleic acid hybridization as existing in multiple copies (multigene
      families) in other mammals and as one or a few copies in birds, Xenopus,
      Drosophila, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The Surf-3 C-terminal anti-peptide
      serum detects a 32-kilodalton protein in other mammals, birds, and Xenopus but
      not in Drosophila and S. pombe. The possible effect of interaction of the Surf-3
      ribosomal protein gene with adjacent genes in the Surfeit locus at the
      transcriptional or posttranscriptional level or both levels is discussed.

PMID- 2648131
TI  - c-myc RNA degradation in growing and differentiating cells: possible alternate
      pathways.
AB  - Transcripts of the proto-oncogene c-myc are composed of a rapidly degraded
      polyadenylated RNA species and an apparently much more stable, nonadenylated RNA
      species. In this report, the extended kinetics of c-myc RNA turnover have been
      examined in rapidly growing cells and in cells induced to differentiate. When
      transcription was blocked with actinomycin D in rapidly growing cells, poly(A)+ c
      myc was rapidly degraded (t1/2 = 12 min). c-myc RNA lacking poly(A) initially
      remained at or near control levels; however, after 80 to 90 min it was degraded
      with kinetics similar to those of poly(A)+ c-myc RNA. These bizarre kinetics are
      due to the deadenylation of poly(A)+ c-myc RNA to form poly(A)- c-myc, thereby
      initially maintaining the poly(A)- c-myc RNA pool when transcription is blocked.
      In contrast to growing cells, cells induced to differentiate degraded both
      poly(A)+ and poly(A)- c-myc RNA rapidly. The rapid disappearance of both RNA
      species in differentiating cells suggests that a large proportion of the poly(A)+
      c-myc RNA was directly degraded without first being converted to poly(A)- c-myc
      RNA. Others have shown that transcriptional elongation of the c-myc gene is
      rapidly blocked in differentiating cells. We therefore hypothesize that in
      differentiating cells a direct, rapid degradation of poly(A)+ c-myc RNA may act
      as a backup or fail-safe system to ensure that c-myc protein is not synthesized.
      This tandem system of c-myc turnoff may also make cells more refractory to
      mutations which activate constitutive c-myc expression.

PMID- 2648132
TI  - A synthetic intron in a naturally intronless yeast pre-tRNA is spliced
      efficiently in vivo.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae glutamine tRNA(CAG) is encoded by an intronless, single
      copy gene, SUP60. We have imposed a requirement for splicing in the biosynthesis
      of this tRNA by inserting a synthetic intron in the SUP60 gene. Genetic analysis
      demonstrated that the interrupted gene produces a functional, mature tRNA product
      in vivo.

PMID- 2648133
TI  - Adjacent upstream activation sequence elements synergistically regulate
      transcription of ADH2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A 22-base-pair (bp) inverted repeat present in the ADH2 promoter is an upstream
      activation sequence (UAS1) which confers ADR1-dependent activation upon a
      heterologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae promoter. UAS1 was nonfunctional when
      placed within an intron 3' to the transcription start site. The 11-bp sequence
      which constitutes one-half of the UAS1 palindrome did not activate transcription
      in a single copy, as direct repeats, or in an inverted orientation opposite to
      that of ADH2 UAS1. Furthermore, two pairs of symmetrical point mutations within
      UAS1 significantly reduced activation. This result suggests that a specific
      orientation of sequences within UAS1 is necessary for ADR1-dependent activation.
      We determined that an ADR1-dependent complex was formed with UAS1 and, to a
      lesser extent, with the nonfunctional 11-bp half palindrome. However, the 11 bp
      did not confer UAS activity, suggesting that ADR1 binding is not sufficient for
      activation in vivo. ADR1 did not bind to mutant UAS1 sequences in vitro,
      indicating that their decreased activation is attributable to a reduced affinity
      of ADR1 for these sequences. We also identified an additional 20-bp ADH2 element
      (UAS2) that increased the expression of CYC1-lacZ 20-fold when combined with
      UAS1. UAS2 permitted ADR1-independent, glucose-regulated expression of the hybrid
      gene. Consistent with this observation, ADR1 did not form a detectable complex
      with UAS2. Deletion of UAS2 at the chromosomal ADH2 locus virtually abolished
      ADH2 derepression and had no effect on glucose repression.

PMID- 2648135
TI  - Three forms of monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF)
      distinguished by different lengths of the amino-terminal sequence.
AB  - Human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF) was purified from
      culture supernatant of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood
      mononuclear leukocytes on a column of Sepharose-bound murine monoclonal anti
      MDNCF. About 65% of the culture fluid chemotactic activity was bound to the
      column. The unbound 35% probably represents chemotactic activity of other
      cytokines in the culture fluid. More than 85% of the bound activity was eluted by
      pH 2.5 glycine buffer. When this material was applied to an HPLC-CM column,
      gradient elution produced four well-separated A280 peaks, each of which had
      chemotactic activity. N-terminal amino acid analysis of the four peaks revealed
      three different sequences. One (MDNCF-c) was identical to the sequence that we
      reported previously. The other two (MDNCF-a and -b) had seven and five additional
      amino acids, respectively, at the N-terminus. MDNCF-a, -b and -c accounted for 8,
      47 and 45% of the total MDNCF peptide. Alignment with the MDNCF cDNA sequence
      shows that MDNCF-a results from cleavage of a 20 residue signal peptide. MDNCF-c
      results from culture fluid proteolytic cleavage of the N-terminal sequences of
      MDNCF-a and -b at an R-S bond. The three peptides occurred in the four HPLC-CM
      peaks in different ratios. The bulk of any one peptide was distributed in two
      adjacent HPLC-CM peaks. This suggests that each peptide exists in a minimum of
      two states. In contrast to our previous multi-step purification, the
      immunoaffinity and HPLC-CM column sequence resulted in complete purification of
      MDNCF in two steps and led to identification of two additional MDNCF peptides,
      one of which has not heretofore been detected.

PMID- 2648134
TI  - Retroviral transduction of the human c-Ha-ras-1 oncogene into midgestation mouse
      embryos promotes rapid epithelial hyperplasia.
AB  - Infection of mouse embryos at 8 days of gestation with a replication-defective
      retrovirus carrying the human c-Ha-ras-1 oncogene led to efficient and rapid
      induction of hyperplastic lesions. Twenty-four percent of viable off-spring
      developed abnormal growths after infection with purified virus. The lesions
      contained a single integrated provirus and produced viral RNA and the Ha-ras
      oncogene product (p21). The latency period between the time of infection and
      appearance of the lesions suggested that secondary alterations in addition to
      activated ras were necessary for neoplasms to develop. The earliest and most
      abundant growths were cutaneous and appeared from 4 to 36 weeks of age, with a
      median of 4 weeks of age. A number of subcutaneous lesions also developed over
      the same time span but at a median of 18 weeks of age. The rapid development of
      cutaneous lesions in response to transduction of the ras oncogene contrasts with
      other studies in which adult skin required secondary treatment with promoters
      prior to ras induction of epithelial hyperplasia. These results demonstrate that
      infection of midgestation mouse embryos allows rapid analysis of oncogene potency
      in skin.

PMID- 2648136
TI  - Posttraumatic movement disorders: a review.

PMID- 2648138
TI  - Effect of the orientation of nitro substituent on the bacterial mutagenicity of
      dinitrobenzo[e]pyrenes.

PMID- 2648137
TI  - Use of data from bacteria to interpret data on DNA damage processing in mammalian
      cells.
AB  - The most important reason for determining the changes in base sequence in the
      processing of DNA damage is to determine mechanisms. Currently, much more is
      known about these mechanisms in prokaryotes, partly because the experiments are
      easier and quicker to do in bacteria, and partly because of the wealth of well
      characterized bacterial mutants deficient in various DNA repair pathways. This
      paper summarizes some information on the mechanisms in bacteria that are involved
      in the induction by various agents of base change mutations, 1- and 2-base
      deletions or additions that cause frameshifts, and more complicated insertions
      and deletions that involve up to tens of base pairs. For gross DNA rearrangements
      such as large deletions involving hundreds or thousands of base pairs, there is
      actually more information available in mammalian cells than in bacterial cells.
      It is suggested that deletions of several kilobases or more in bacteria are not
      easy to detect because they have a high probability of deleting both the gene
      under study and an adjacent essential gene, forming a nonviable cell. In
      mammalian cells, the large size (30-40-kb pairs) of the average gene, including
      both introns and exons, means that a large deletion is more likely to be confined
      to a single gene and less likely to lead to a nonviable cell.

PMID- 2648139
TI  - Mutagenicity of nitro- and amino-substituted phenazines in Salmonella
      typhimurium.
AB  - The nitro- and amino-substituted phenazines were synthesized and assayed for
      their mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA98NR. Of 7 tested
      nitrophenazines, 4 were mutagenic in the absence of a microsomal metabolic
      activation system (S9 mix) and were more mutagenic in TA98 than in TA98NR. The
      order of mutagenicity of nitrophenazines in TA98 is 1.7- less than 2- less than
      2.8- less than 2.7-substituted phenazine. Of 7 tested amino derivatives, 4
      exhibited mutagenic activity with S9 mix in TA98. 1-Nitro-, 1-amino, 1.6-dinitro
      , 1.9-dinitro-, 1.6-diamino- and 1.9-diamino-phenazine were not mutagenic. As
      regards the relationship between mutagenic potency and chemical structure of the
      phenazines, the results suggested that structural requirements favoring mutagenic
      activity were the presence of substituents at the 2 and/or 7 position.
      Furthermore, 2.7-disubstituted phenazines were extremely mutagenic, 2.7
      dinitrophenazine and 2.7-diaminophenazine induced 36,450 and 12,110 rev./nmole,
      respectively. In the preliminary study, 2.7-diaminophenazine was identified by
      gas chromatography/mass spectrometry from the reaction mixture of m
      phenylenediamine and hydrogen peroxide.

PMID- 2648140
TI  - Mutagenicity of 1-, 3- and 6-nitrosobenzo[a]pyrene in Salmonella typhimurium and
      Chinese hamster ovary cells.

PMID- 2648141
TI  - Identification of Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes using a probe
      containing repetitive DNA.
AB  - A cloned repetitive DNA sequence (rep20) was evaluated as a diagnostic probe
      specific for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites using experimentally infected
      mosquitoes squashed directly on nylon filters. Head/thorax portions of
      mosquitoes, killed 14-16 days after ingesting P. falciparum-infected blood, gave
      positive signals when examined for the presence of P. falciparum sporozoite DNA
      by hybridisation. This correlated with the number of oocysts found in a sample of
      the same batch of mosquitoes examined by dissection. No positive signals were
      obtained with 50 Plasmodium berghei-infected mosquitoes probed with the rep20
      sequence. The results indicate that a probe containing rep20 may be useful in the
      rapid and specific incrimination of vectors carrying P. falciparum sporozoites.
      The value of repetitive DNA in the diagnosis of malaria is discussed.

PMID- 2648142
TI  - A general approach to isolating Plasmodium falciparum genes using non-redundant
      oligonucleotides inferred from protein sequences of other organisms.
AB  - We have constructed a number of oligonucleotide probes and tested their utility
      in identifying various genes in Plasmodium falciparum. The probe sequences were
      based on known conserved regions of proteins from other organisms, coupled with
      an analysis of the codon usage of the parasite. By using long single
      oligonucleotides, we have successfully isolated the DHFR-TS gene, two actin genes
      and two tubulin genes from the K1 (Thailand) isolate of P. falciparum. We compare
      these single probes to multiply-redundant short oligonucleotide probes and to
      heterologous probes. We also present a detailed quantitative analysis of optimal
      probe design, and of how this approach can best be implemented as a general
      method of isolating plasmodial genes.

PMID- 2648143
TI  - Graft-versus-host disease as adoptive immunotherapy in patients with advanced
      hematologic neoplasms.
AB  - The occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation for leukemia is thought to decrease the probability of
      recurrence. To study this effect (called adoptive immunotherapy) we modified the
      prophylaxis of GVHD in patients with advanced hematologic neoplasms (mostly
      leukemia) who received bone marrow transplants. Patients under 30 years of age
      were randomly assigned to one of three regimens of post-transplantation
      immunosuppression: Group I (n = 44) received a standard course of methotrexate
      for 102 days after transplantation, Group II (n = 40) received an abbreviated (11
      day) course of methotrexate, and Group III (n = 25) received the standard course
      of methotrexate plus viable buffy-coat cells from the marrow donors. All 109
      patients received cyclophosphamide (60 mg per kilogram of body weight on each of
      two days), total-body irradiation (2.25 Gy daily for seven days), and unmodified
      marrow from HLA-identical sibling donors. The frequency of GVHD of Grades II
      through IV was 25 percent in Group I, 59 percent in Group II, and 82 percent in
      Group III (P = 0.0001). The incidence of chronic GVHD, however, did not differ
      significantly among the groups (33, 51, and 44 percent, respectively), nor did
      the five-year probability of recurrence of disease (38, 45, and 33 percent,
      respectively). However, mortality from causes other than cancer was 34 percent in
      Group I, 45 percent in Group II, and 64 percent in Group III (I vs. III, P =
      0.024); the deaths were due primarily to infections complicating the course of
      GVHD. With a median follow-up of 5.1 years (range, 3.9 to 7.4), disease-free
      survival was 41 percent in Group I, 30 percent in Group II, and 24 percent in
      Group III (the differences were not statistically significant). We conclude that
      abbreviating methotrexate prophylaxis or infusing donor buffy-coat cells
      increased the incidence of acute GVHD and related mortality without altering the
      incidence of chronic GVHD or the recurrence of malignant disease.

PMID- 2648144
TI  - Hemostatic effect of tranexamic acid mouthwash in anticoagulant-treated patients
      undergoing oral surgery.
AB  - We carried out a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study of the
      hemostatic effect of tranexamic acid mouthwash after oral surgery in 39 patients
      receiving anticoagulant agents because of the presence of cardiac valvular
      stenosis, a prosthetic cardiac valve, or a vascular prosthesis. Surgery was
      performed with no change in the level of anticoagulant therapy, and treatment
      with the anticoagulant agent was continued after surgery. Before it was sutured,
      the operative field was irrigated in 19 patients with 10 ml of a 4.8 percent
      aqueous solution of tranexamic acid (an inhibitor of fibrinolysis) and in 20
      patients with a placebo solution. For seven days thereafter, patients were
      instructed to rinse their mouths with 10 ml of the assigned solution for two
      minutes four times a day. There were no significant differences between the two
      treatment groups in base-line variables, including the level of anticoagulation
      at the time of surgery. Eight patients in the placebo group had a total of 10
      postoperative bleeding episodes, whereas only 1 patient in the tranexamic acid
      group had a bleeding episode (P = 0.01). There were no systemic side effects. We
      conclude that local antifibrinolytic therapy is effective in preventing bleeding
      after oral surgery in patients who are being treated with anticoagulants.

PMID- 2648145
TI  - Pressure ulcers among the elderly.

PMID- 2648146
TI  - A comparison of childhood and adult type I diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The incidence rate of insulin-dependent (Type I) diabetes mellitus is bimodal:
      one peak occurs close to puberty, and the other in the fifth decade. To evaluate
      possible differences in these forms of the disease, we examined the clinical,
      biochemical, autoimmune, and genetic features of 82 children and adolescents (1.3
      to 18.2 years old) and 44 adults (20.0 to 55.8 years old) when they presented
      with Type I diabetes. The mean (+/- SEM) duration of symptoms before diagnosis
      was longer in the adults (7.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.4 weeks; P less than 0.001),
      and their serum C-peptide concentrations at diagnosis were higher (0.29 +/- 0.03
      vs. 0.17 +/- 0.01 nmol per liter; P less than 0.001), suggesting that they had
      more residual beta-cell function. There were no significant differences between
      the two groups in sex ratio, blood glucose levels, hemoglobin A1 values, degree
      of metabolic decompensation, or frequency of Type I diabetes in first-degree
      relatives. Thirty-four of 80 children tested (42.5 percent) were positive for
      insulin autoantibodies, as compared with only 1 of 26 adults (3.8 percent; P less
      than 0.001). However, the frequencies of islet-cell autoantibodies were similar
      in the adults and children (conventional autoantibodies, both 81 percent;
      complement-fixing autoantibodies, 46.2 percent and 60 percent). More children
      than adults were heterozygous for both HLA-Dw3/4 antigens (26.6 percent vs. 9.8
      percent; P less than 0.05) and HLA-DR3/4 antigens (36.6 percent vs. 12.5 percent;
      P less than 0.05). We conclude that Type I diabetes that begins in adulthood is
      characterized by a longer symptomatic period before diagnosis, better
      preservation of residual beta-cell function, and lower frequencies of insulin
      autoantibodies and HLA-D3/D4 heterozygosity than Type I diabetes that begins in
      childhood or adolescence.

PMID- 2648147
TI  - Association of protamine IgE and IgG antibodies with life-threatening reactions
      to intravenous protamine.
AB  - Life-threatening reactions to intravenous protamine, administered to reverse
      heparin anticoagulation, have been reported with increasing frequency as a
      consequence of the escalating use of cardiac catheterization and coronary bypass
      surgery. Retrospective studies have shown that such reactions are more common in
      diabetic patients receiving daily subcutaneous injections of protamine-insulin
      preparations. To determine whether anti-protamine IgE or IgG antibodies might
      explain the increased risk for protamine reactions among patients with protamine
      insulin-dependent diabetes, we conducted a case-control study of 27 patients
      (diabetic and nondiabetic) who had acute reactions to intravenous protamine and
      43 diabetic patients who tolerated protamine without a reaction during diagnostic
      or surgical procedures. Cases and controls were grouped according to previous
      exposure to protamine-insulin preparations. In diabetic patients who had received
      protamine-insulin injections, the presence of serum antiprotamine IgE antibody
      was a significant risk factor for acute protamine reactions (relative risk, 95; P
      = 1.0 X 10(-5), as was antiprotamine IgG (relative risk, 38; P = 1.2 X 10(-5). No
      patients without previous exposure to protamine-insulin injections had serum
      protamine IgE antibodies. In this group, anti-protamine IgG antibody was a risk
      factor for protamine reactions (relative risk, 25; P = 0.0062). We conclude that
      in protamine-insulin-dependent diabetics, the increased risk of serious reactions
      when intravenous protamine was given appeared to be caused largely by antibody
      mediated mechanisms. In nondiabetic subjects, the presence of protamine IgG was
      significantly associated with an increased risk of acute protamine reactions,
      although many nondiabetic subjects who had reactions had no IgG antibodies.

PMID- 2648148
TI  - Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its
      atherogenicity.

PMID- 2648149
TI  - Recombinant human GM-CSF in myelosuppression of chemotherapy (continued)

PMID- 2648150
TI  - A multicenter randomized, placebo-controlled trial of surfactant therapy for
      respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - We carried out a multicenter randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the
      efficacy and safety of surfactant in the treatment of respiratory distress
      syndrome. The study population was made up of newborn infants weighing 750 to
      1750 g who were receiving assisted ventilation with 40 percent or more oxygen.
      The eligible infants received a single dose of either surfactant (100 mg of
      phospholipid per kilogram of body weight [4 ml per kilogram]) or an air placebo
      (4 ml per kilogram), administered into the trachea within eight hours of birth by
      an investigator not involved in the clinical care of the infant. When compared
      with the infants who received the placebo (n = 81), the infants who were treated
      with surfactant (n = 78) had a 0.12 greater average increase in the ratio of
      arterial to alveolar oxygen tension (P less than 0.0001), a 0.20 greater average
      decrease in the fractional inspiratory oxygen concentration (P less than 0.0001),
      and a 0.26-kPa greater average decrease in the mean airway pressure (P less than
      0.0001) during the 72 hours after treatment. Pneumothorax was less frequent among
      the infants treated with surfactant than in the control group (13 percent vs. 37
      percent; P = 0.0005). There were no statistically significant differences between
      the groups in the proportion of infants in each of five ordered clinical-status
      categories on day 7 (P = 0.08) or day 28 (P = 0.75) after treatment. There were
      also no significant differences between the groups in the frequency of
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis,
      or periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage. In each group, 17 percent of the
      infants died by day 28. We conclude that treatment with the single-dose
      surfactant regimen used in this study reduces the severity of respiratory
      distress during the 72 hours after treatment and decreases the frequency of
      pneumothorax, but that it does not significantly improve clinical status later in
      the neonatal period and does not reduce neonatal mortality. Further study of
      different surfactant regimens and patient-selection criteria will be required to
      determine whether this initial improvement can be translated into reductions in
      mortality or serious morbidity.

PMID- 2648151
TI  - The role of the vitamin D endocrine system in health and disease.

PMID- 2648152
TI  - The antihypertensive effects of fish oil. A controlled study of polyunsaturated
      fatty acid supplements in essential hypertension.
AB  - Both n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fats have been suggested to lower blood
      pressure, an effect ascribed to altered biosynthesis of eicosanoids. To test
      these hypotheses, we studied blood pressure and eicosanoid production during
      supplementation of dietary fat for four weeks in 32 men with mild essential
      hypertension. Supplementation was preceded and followed by four-week run-in and
      recovery periods. Groups of eight subjects received either 10 ml or 50 ml of fish
      oil (3 or 15 g of n-3 fatty acids) daily, 50 ml of safflower oil (39 g of n-6
      fatty acids), or 50 ml of a mixture of oils that approximated the types of fat
      present in the American diet. The biosynthesis of eicosanoids was assessed by the
      measurement of urinary metabolites. Blood pressure decreased in the men who
      received the high dose of fish oil (systolic pressure by a mean of 6.5 mm Hg [P
      less than 0.03] and diastolic pressure by 4.4 mm Hg [P less than 0.015]), but not
      in the other groups. Although the formation of vasodilatory prostacyclins
      (prostaglandins I2 and I3) increased initially, this increase was not maintained
      as blood pressure fell. The level of thromboxane A2 metabolites fell; metabolites
      of thromboxane A3 were detected in the groups receiving fish oil. The formation
      of prostaglandin E2 increased during supplementation with safflower oil and
      tended to decrease with fish oil; no prostaglandin E3 metabolite was detected.
      Our data indicate that high doses of fish oil can reduce blood pressure in men
      with essential hypertension. However, the clinical usefulness and safety of fish
      oil in the treatment of hypertension will require further study.

PMID- 2648153
TI  - bcl-2 and other genomic alterations in the prognosis of large-cell lymphoma.
AB  - Approximately half the patients with diffuse or follicular large-cell or mixed
      large- and small-cell lymphoma enter a prolonged remission or are cured after
      receiving combined-drug therapy. It has been unclear, however, why the other half
      do not respond. We evaluated 54 previously untreated patients with diffuse
      lymphoma and 20 with follicular lymphoma, all of whom had a large-cell component
      and Stage II through IV disease, subsequently treated with combined chemotherapy.
      Different recurrent genomic defects were associated with differences in the
      response to treatment. Among the 54 patients with diffuse lymphoma, all 12
      patients with a duplication of chromosome 3p had a complete clinical remission
      after a median follow-up of 39 months (11 patients survived). In contrast, all
      seven patients with a duplication of chromosome 2p had a partial response or no
      response to treatment and a median survival of six months (all died). Among the
      20 patients with follicular lymphoma, all 5 patients with duplication 3p or +3
      had a complete clinical remission (all survived), and 3 of 4 patients with
      duplication 2p or +2 had no response or a partial response to treatment and died.
      Twenty-three patients with B-cell non-immunoblastic lymphoma or follicular
      lymphoma who had a bcl-2 oncogene rearrangement had a poorer response to therapy
      (7 of 23 with complete remission) than the patients without bcl-2 rearrangement
      (21 of 26 with complete remission). We conclude that in large-cell or mixed-cell
      lymphoma, duplication of chromosome 3p is associated with a relatively good
      prognosis and duplication of chromosome 2p or bcl-2 oncogene rearrangement is
      associated with a relatively poor prognosis. Because such multiple recurrent
      genomic defects are also common in most other types of cancer, they may have
      general prognostic importance.

PMID- 2648154
TI  - Prevention of falls among the elderly.

PMID- 2648155
TI  - Lipoprotein lipase. A multifunctional enzyme relevant to common metabolic
      diseases.
AB  - Lipoprotein lipase is an important regulator of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.
      It also contributes to the lipid and energy metabolism of different tissues in
      varying ways. Although the synthesis, manner of secretion, and mechanism of
      endothelial binding of lipoprotein lipase appear similar in all tissues, the
      factors that control gene expression and posttranslational events related to
      processing vary from tissue to tissue. The actual molecular events that determine
      this tissue specificity are not yet understood. In the future, however, it may be
      possible to stimulate or inhibit the activity of lipoprotein lipase in specific
      tissues and to alter metabolic processes so as to improve the quality and length
      of life in patients with metabolic diseases such as hypertriglyceridemia, HDL2
      deficiency, and obesity.

PMID- 2648156
TI  - The search for the causes of breast and colon cancer.
AB  - Epidemiological studies of breast and colon cancers implicate diet as a causative
      factor but the evidence is stronger for colon cancer, the occurrence of which may
      be reduced by diets with less animal fat and more fruit and vegetables.

PMID- 2648157
TI  - Telomere formation in yeast.

PMID- 2648158
TI  - Alternative splicing of human dystrophin mRNA generates isoforms at the carboxy
      terminus.
AB  - Dystrophin is the protein product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy
      locus. It has a relative molecular mass of 427,000 and is encoded by a large RNA
      transcript processed from more than 65 exons spread over two million base pairs
      of the human X chromosome. We have used the polymerase chain reaction to see
      whether any of these exons are used alternatively in the different tissues that
      express dystrophin. As reported for rat dystrophin, we find that the first exons
      of the human dystrophin transcript is different in brain and muscle, indicating
      that dystrophin expression could be differentially regulated in these tissues by
      usage of distinct promoters. The 3' end of the dystrophin transcript can be
      alternatively spliced to create numerous isoforms differing at their carboxyl
      domains; this is the only domain of dystrophin that does not share any similarity
      with the related cytoskeletal alpha-actinins. These alternative transcripts yield
      dystrophin molecules which may interact with different proteins of the tissues
      expressing dystrophin.

PMID- 2648159
TI  - Compliance of bacterial flagella measured with optical tweezers.
AB  - The development of the gradient force optical particle trap ('optical tweezers')
      has made it possible to manipulate biological materials using a single beam of
      laser light. Optical traps can produce forces in the microdyne range on intact
      cells without causing overt damage: such forces are sufficient to arrest actively
      swimming bacteria and can overcome torque generated by the flagellar motor of a
      bacterium tethered to a glass surface by a flagellar filament. By calibrating the
      trapping force against Stokes' drag and measuring the twist that is sustained by
      this force, we determined the torsional compliance of flagella in tethered
      Escherichia coli and a motile Streptococcus. Flagella behaved as linear torsion
      springs for roughly half a revolution, but became much more rigid when turned
      beyond this point in either direction.

PMID- 2648160
TI  - Vaccination against ovine cysticercosis using a defined recombinant antigen.
AB  - Cysticercosis caused by larval tapeworms is a major public health problem and a
      cause of substantial economic losses in the farm-animal industries. Taenia ovis
      in sheep is a particularly important example. Immunity to reinfection with the
      larvae has a central role in regulating natural transmission of the parasites,
      and vaccination with antigens from the early larval oncosphere stage can induce
      complete protection against infection. As it is impractical to obtain enough
      oncospheres for a commercial vaccine against these tapeworms, an alternative
      approach is to use recombinant DNA methods to generate a cheap and plentiful
      supply of antigens. We report here the expression in Escherichia coli of
      complementary DNA encoding T. ovis antigens as fusion proteins with the
      Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase. Vaccination of sheep with these
      fusion proteins gave significant, although not complete, immunity against
      challenge infection with T. ovis eggs. Commercial development of a vaccine is
      being pursued.

PMID- 2648161
TI  - Phenol stabilizes more helix in a new symmetrical zinc insulin hexamer.
AB  - SINCE insulin was first shown by Scott to crystallize in the presence of zinc
      ions in 1934, a variety of Zn-containing insulin crystals have been grown. The
      structures of insulin in the related rhombohedral crystals of 2Zn-insulin and 4Zn
      insulin have been solved and reveal that the molecule is a hexamer, organized as
      three dimers, each containing a 2-fold symmetry axis and held together by Zn
      ions. In 2Zn-insulin the hexamer is nearly symmetrical with the two axial Zn ions
      and the two molecules of the dimer related closely by a local 2-fold axis. But in
      4Zn-insulin the two molecules in the dimer differ remarkably, creating an
      asymmetric 4Zn-hexamer in which one trimer is essentially equivalent to that in
      2Zn-insulin and the other is different by virtue of an additional stretch of N
      terminal helix between residues B1 and B8 (refs 6, 7). We report here the
      structure of a new symmetrical hexamer, in which all six molecules have the B1-B8
      helix seen in 4Zn-insulin. Phenol molecules, found bonding specifically to each
      molecule, evidently stabilize this new helical conformation.

PMID- 2648162
TI  - Unna's boot.

PMID- 2648163
TI  - Ancient medical history.

PMID- 2648164
TI  - Salmonella meningitis. Unusual presentation and successful treatment with
      cefuroxime.

PMID- 2648165
TI  - Myxedema. An historical reconnaissance.

PMID- 2648166
TI  - American Medical Student Association. A success story.

PMID- 2648167
TI  - Effect of reimbursement changes on hospital-based units: a case example.

PMID- 2648168
TI  - Hospice costs and medicare reimbursement: an application of break-even analysis.
AB  - The adequacy of Medicare reimbursement to cover hospice costs is examined using
      break-even analysis. Since hospice costs are high during the first few days after
      enrollment, a long period of enrollment is required for per diem reimbursement to
      cover costs. Under a variety of specifications, the length of stay required for
      the hospice to break even is greater than the median length of stay.

PMID- 2648169
TI  - [Incest: diagnosis and management].

PMID- 2648170
TI  - [Is acute rheumatic fever increasing?].

PMID- 2648171
TI  - [Alcohol problems and the physician].

PMID- 2648172
TI  - [Literature retrieval and storage by library users with the aid of a
      microcomputer].

PMID- 2648173
TI  - [Echography in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis].

PMID- 2648174
TI  - [ISIS-2, an international study of survival after a heart infarct: the power of
      large numbers?].

PMID- 2648176
TI  - A review of the pathophysiology of proliferative vitreo-retinopathy.

PMID- 2648175
TI  - [Osteolytic foci: cancer or not?].

PMID- 2648177
TI  - Effects of hydrocephalus and surgical decompression on cortical norepinephrine
      levels in neonatal cats.
AB  - Norepinephrine (NE) changes during hydrocephalus, and the effects of surgical
      decompression on these changes, were studied using a new model of neonatal
      hydrocephalus. Kittens 4 to 10 days old received intracisternal injections of a
      sterile solution of 25% kaolin. Control kittens were injected similarly with
      sterile injectable saline. Ultrasonography was used to follow the progression of
      ventriculomegaly and the initial effects of the shunts. A subgroup of
      hydrocephalic animals was shunted using a cerebrospinal fluid lumbar-peritoneal
      catheter. Hydrocephalic animals were killed at approximately 25 days of age (16
      21 days after kaolin injection). Surgical decompression was performed at 12, 16,
      and 17 days after kaolin injection; these animals were killed 30 days after the
      shunts were inserted. Control animals were killed at 29 and 53 days of age, to
      correlate with the ages of the hydrocephalic and shunted animals, respectively.
      Cortical samples equivalent to Brodmann's areas 4, 22, and 17 were measured for
      NE using high-performance liquid chromatography. Hydrocephalus caused NE levels
      to decrease significantly in all cortical areas. These alterations followed a
      rostrocaudal gradient in severity, with mean reductions of 65.8, 83.9, and 95.8%
      in areas 4, 22, and 17, respectively. Partial recovery occurred in animals that
      received shunts 16 and 17 days after kaolin injection, such that NE reductions of
      75.7, 56.2, and 81.6% were noted in areas 4, 22, and 17, respectively. Shunting
      at 12 days after kaolin injection produced complete recovery in areas 4 and 22,
      with only a 67.7% decrease in area 17. These results suggest that the projection
      fibers from the locus ceruleus are damaged by the direct effects of
      hydrocephalus. Axotomy or neuropraxia of these fibers could result in decreases
      in NE throughout the cerebral cortex. In addition, there appears to be a period
      of time during which surgical decompression will allow neuropraxic fibers to
      recover with partial restoration of NE levels. Earlier insertion of a shunt
      appears to allow for more recovery than later decompression.

PMID- 2648178
TI  - De novo aneurysm formation following carotid ligation: case report and review of
      the literature.
AB  - The authors report a patient with an aneurysm of the carotid siphon who underwent
      ligation of the cervical carotid artery. Six years after this procedure, the
      patient suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage from an apparent de novo aneurysm.
      Pertinent literature is reviewed to determine the incidence of this occurrence,
      and congenital arteriosclerotic and hemodynamic factors causing aneurysm
      enlargement are discussed.

PMID- 2648179
TI  - Stereotactic drainage of Aspergillus brain abscess with long-term survival: case
      report and review.
AB  - Aspergillus species are second only to Cryptococcus neoformans as the most common
      cause of fungal infections of the central nervous system in immunocompromised
      patients. Survival following treatment of Aspergillus brain abscess has been
      reported only 4 times. In each case, craniotomy was performed for abscess
      drainage. We present a case of long-term survival following stereotactic drainage
      of a bilateral Aspergillus brain abscess. In all reported cases, including the
      present one, histological examination of the abscess contents established the
      correct diagnosis. Amphotericin B was used in combination with operation in 4 of
      the 5 cases of long-term survival.

PMID- 2648180
TI  - Stereotactic radiosurgery with the linear accelerator: treatment of arteriovenous
      malformations.
AB  - An original stereotactic radiosurgical approach coupling a) Talairach's
      stereotactic methodology, b) a specially devised mechanical system, and c) a
      linear accelerator is detailed. The authors present their preliminary results on
      66 patients with nonsurgical intracranial arteriovenous malformations. The doses
      delivered for treatment varied from 20 to 70 Gy. Doses of no more than 40 Gy were
      used in 80% of patients. An angiographic study was performed when the computed
      tomographic scan controls showed relevant modifications of the lesion volume.
      Total obliteration was obtained in 27 of the 41 patients (65.8%) who were
      followed up for at least 24 months. The percentage of the cured patients is
      significantly higher when a) the entire malformation is included in the 75%
      isodose (96%) and b) the maximum diameter of the lesion is less than 12 mm (81%).
      Two patients died of rebleeding at 18 and 29 months after treatment.

PMID- 2648181
TI  - Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in clean neurosurgical operations.
AB  - Four controlled trials and one case control study have presented data supporting
      the efficacy of perioperative administration of antibiotics in reducing the rate
      of infection following clean neurosurgical procedures. Their results are, for the
      most part, consistent with uncontrolled studies reported since 1980. Taken
      together, these studies clearly and consistently demonstrate the value of
      perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in clean neurosurgical operations.

PMID- 2648182
TI  - Magnetic movement of a brain thermoceptor.
AB  - Hyperthermia has significant potential as an adjuvant form of brain tumor
      therapy. Current intracranial hyperthermia methods, however, are limited in their
      ability to control spatiotemporal thermal distribution. A stereotaxic magnetic
      movement system that may be capable of heating discrete regions of brain to a
      preselected temperature is described. With this system, a ferromagnetic object
      (referred to as a thermoceptor) is directed through the brain by an external
      drive magnet. Real time thermoceptor position is monitored with biplanar
      fluoroscopy and superimposed on a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan
      using a computer. Once in position, the thermoceptor can be inductively heated by
      externally generated radiofrequency signals. Experiments on the magnetic drive
      and imaging aspects of this system have been conducted in vitro and in vivo.
      Mechanical studies of cadaver dog brains revealed that a mean force of 0.07 +/-
      0.03 N was required to move a 3-mm diameter sphere through brain at a speed of
      less than 1 cm/15 s. A cranial phantom with mechanical properties similar to
      brain was constructed of gelatin and Plexiglas. With the use of a "neck loop"
      design drive magnet with a maximum magnetic field strength of 0.10 T, a 3 x 3 mm
      cylindrical neodymium iron boron thermoceptor was smoothly directed through the
      phantom in two dimensions. Additional experiments were conducted with a larger
      drive magnet in five anesthetized dogs. Neodymium iron boron and samarium cobalt
      thermoceptors of various shapes and sizes were placed into the cerebral cortex
      through a burr hole, then directed with the drive magnet. Fluoroscopy was used to
      follow the thermoceptor movements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648183
TI  - Investigative protocols to treat malignant brain tumors in North America.

PMID- 2648184
TI  - Between Magendie and Brown-Sequard: Isaac van Deen's spinal hemisections.

PMID- 2648185
TI  - Genetic abnormalities in Duchenne and Becker dystrophies: clinical correlations.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are two
      allelic forms of an X-linked muscle disorder exhibiting phenotypic heterogeneity.
      We studied 49 individuals clinically diagnosed as having classic DMD, female DMD,
      mild DMD "outliers," and BMD. The patients' DNA was analyzed and alterations
      detected were correlated with particular phenotypes. We found that 14 of 32
      classic DMD patients have an internal deletion in the same, relatively small,
      region of the gene; therefore this region may undergo deletions at a higher rate
      than the remainder of the gene. We could detect no alterations in the DNA in the
      remaining 18 patients. Selected patients from both groups failed to show muscle
      dystrophin. Seven of 11 patients with a mild DMD or BMD phenotype showed
      deletions at the 5' end of the gene. The other 4 patients failed to show
      deletions. Three of the patients with both a mild phenotype and a deletion at the
      5' end had normal or low amounts of a dystrophin of smaller molecular weight.
      Patients with classic DMD who had a detectable deletion had a milder clinical
      course than those without. Contrary to a previous report, no patient in the
      population of clinically precisely defined DMD boys showed a deletion at the 5'
      end; thus, the outlier and BMD patients may be genetically different from boys
      with classic DMD. This correlation may be of diagnostic and prognostic
      significance.

PMID- 2648186
TI  - Downbeating nystagmus and other ocular motor defects caused by lithium toxicity.
AB  - We report the clinical and neuropathologic findings of a 63-year-old woman who
      died following an accidental lithium overdose that produced coma, respiratory
      depression, horizontal gaze palsy, and downbeating nystagmus. She also had mild
      hypomagnesemia. The pathology was cytotoxicity, predominantly in the regions of
      the nuclei prepositus hypoglossi and medial vestibular nucleus. Damage to this
      area with kainate and ibotenate in rhesus monkeys has produced horizontal gaze
      palsy and downbeating nystagmus. In addition, we report our clinical experience
      during the past 6 years with other examples of downbeating nystagmus in patients
      receiving lithium.

PMID- 2648187
TI  - Central pontine myelinolysis after liver transplantation.
AB  - Eight adults and 3 children out of 85 patients who had neuropathologic
      examination after death following orthotopic liver transplantation showed central
      pontine myelinolysis (CPM). Four patients also had extrapontine myelinolysis.
      Eight patients had significant serum sodium changes. In 5, the fluctuation
      occurred perioperatively and 4 had a clinical picture consistent with CPM,
      although no patient had this as an antemortem diagnosis. We emphasize the role of
      hepatic dysfunction as a cause of CPM and recommend careful monitoring of
      electrolytes in the perioperative period of patients undergoing liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2648188
TI  - Amount and distribution of dietary protein affects clinical response to levodopa
      in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Reducing dietary protein improves the effectiveness of levodopa (LD) but the most
      effective distribution of a low-protein diet (0.8 g/kg) is unclear. We compared a
      1.6 g/kg protein diet, a 0.8 g/kg diet with protein evenly distributed between
      meals, and a 0.8 g/kg diet with protein restricted to the evening meal in 5
      parkinsonian patients with motor fluctuations. We monitored clinical response,
      plasma LD, and plasma large amino acids (LNAAs) hourly throughout the day. Mean
      "on" times were 51% (1.6 g/kg diet), 67% (0.8 g/kg evenly distributed), and 77%
      (0.8 g/kg restricted). Hourly averages of plasma LD did not differ between the
      diets. The mean plasma LNAAs were 732 nmol/ml (1.6 g/kg diet), 640 (0.8 g/kg
      distributed), and 542 (0.8 g/kg restricted), and the diurnal pattern reflected
      the distribution of protein intake. In conclusion, the amount and distribution of
      dietary protein affect clinical response to LD. These effects are not related to
      LD absorption but are explained by the variation in plasma LNAAs.

PMID- 2648189
TI  - The difference between Duchenne and Becker dystrophies.

PMID- 2648190
TI  - Comparison of single-dose meperidine, butorphanol, and dihydroergotamine in the
      treatment of vascular headache.
AB  - We treated 64 emergency room patients with a primary vascular headache with
      dihydroergotamine (DHE), meperidine, or butorphanol. Post-treatment pain scores
      were lowest in the DHE group (p less than 0.01). Eight of 21 patients receiving
      DHE had greater than 90% reduction in pain compared with three of 19 patients
      receiving butorphanol and none of 22 receiving meperidine.

PMID- 2648191
TI  - Acceptance of placebo-control trial design by progressive multiple sclerosis
      patients. The Canadian Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis Study Group.

PMID- 2648192
TI  - Procurement of the liver and the whole pancreas from a single cadaver donor.
AB  - Safely harvesting the liver as well as the whole pancreas from a single donor is
      not yet common practice in transplantation surgery, since these organs have a
      partially common blood supply. Two harvesting procedures are described followed
      by successful transplantation of five solid organs from each donor, including
      liver and whole pancreas. Important details of the preferred surgical technique
      are the division of the hepatic artery just distal to the splenic artery and
      keeping the aortic patch, including superior mesenteric artery and coeliac trunk
      with the pancreas graft. Using this technique the liver and the whole pancreas
      could be transplanted without extra vascular anastomoses, while vascular grafts
      were not necessary. The risk of thrombosis during pancreas and liver
      transplantation is minimized in this way, while the primary function of each of
      the five harvested organs was excellent.

PMID- 2648193
TI  - [Comparison of high-resolution arterial echography and angiography in the
      diagnosis of atheromatous lesions of the external carotid].
AB  - Personal experience about a correlative study on ultrasonographic and
      angiographic methods executed on carotid artery is reported. Usual techniques are
      described and result discordances are considered. Stenosis level is subdivided in
      four different types: normal, less than 45, 45-75%, greater than 75%. Authors
      examine in which stenosis range one technique can be superimposed on the other
      one and show limits and possibilities. Moreover complementary and interdependence
      position of these two techniques are stressed with respect to atherosclerotic
      disease study.

PMID- 2648194
TI  - [Diagnostic potentials and limits of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in cerebral
      neoplastic pathology].
AB  - The current possibilities and limitations of NMR in the diagnosis of brain
      tumours are described with emphasis on the need to consider intrinsic tumoural
      variations, peritumoural oedema and the mass effect. It is concluded that MR
      should currently be considered complementary to the CAT scan.

PMID- 2648195
TI  - [Echotomography in abdominal emergencies. Apropos of 16 controlled clinical
      cases. (A description of some of them)].
AB  - A personal series of abdominal emergencies subjected to ultrasound studies is
      reported. The results of these studies were identical to the surgical and
      histological findings. It is therefore concluded that even in the absence of
      other diagnostic techniques (scintiscans, angiographic, CAT scans, etc.)
      ultrasound imaging can make a major contribution to the diagnosis of intra and
      extraperitoneal abdominal emergencies especially in district hospitals.

PMID- 2648196
TI  - [The clinical prognostic importance of routine study of the aorta during
      abdominal echotomography in the elderly patient].
AB  - Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta (AAA) is encountered with increasing frequency
      and is often observed at fixation or rupture, events which can be treated
      surgically but suffer from high operative mortality. Given the current tendency
      to extend the surgical indication to increasing sectors of patients, the clinico
      prognostic significance of routine study of the abdominal aorta with
      echotomography has been investigated. This examination is reliable in all elderly
      patients who undergo ultrasound examination for different clinical indications.
      In the 147 patients considered, aged more than 60 and of both sexes, 12 AAA not
      suspected clinically were observed. For this the surgical indication or
      echotomographic monitoring was discussed in relation to age and clinical
      condition and with due consideration for the morphologic volumetry of the lesion.
      The finding of the 12 cases of AAA is an indicator of the usefulness of a routine
      study of the aorta in elderly patients, for awareness of the lesion means that
      the best therapeutic decisions can be taken and makes it possible to act
      effectively in emergency situations such as fixation, rupture and distal
      embolism.

PMID- 2648197
TI  - [Early diagnosis of intestinal infarcts].
AB  - In view of the often poor prognosis of intestinal infarctions personal experience
      and reports in the literature are reviewed in order to identify the clinical,
      laboratory and radiological dates that can contribute to early diagnosis. It is
      concluded that only emergency selective arteriography of the upper mesenteric
      artery will enable the surgeon to diagnose and accurately locate the infarction.

PMID- 2648198
TI  - [Intramural infiltration of gastric cancer].
AB  - The relationship between the degree of intramural infiltration and the aspect and
      macroscopic dimensions of stomach cancer is investigated in the light of personal
      experience and reports in the literature. Statistics in the literature suggest
      that the choice between total and subtotal gastrectomy is only available in
      antropyloric cancers.

PMID- 2648199
TI  - [Thucydides' syndrome].
AB  - The epidemic that broke out in Athens during the Peloponnesian War was certainly
      one of the biggest disasters described in the history of mankind. In the past
      numerous scholars have unsuccessfully attempted to identify the aetiological
      agent of the plague. Two new hypotheses have also recently been put forward but
      do not fully clarify all the diverse aspects of the plague whose
      aetiopathogenesis apparently remains a still unsolved problem.

PMID- 2648200
TI  - [Anatomico-clinical aspects of a case of squamous cell carcinoma arising from a
      lateral cyst of the neck].
AB  - After a consultation of the literature on branchial cleft defects and double
      neoplastic pathology, it was decided to report the case of a patient given a
      cystectomy for bladder cancer (1983) and referred to hospital four years later
      with branchial cyst that had developed into epidermoid cancer.

PMID- 2648201
TI  - Auditory brainstem nuclei in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Serial sections of 7 Alzheimer brainstems were examined. The histopathological
      hallmarks were demonstrated by means of Kongo red- and silver-stained
      preparations. A subsequent counterstaining with a Nissl dye, allowing the
      cytoarchitectonical interpretation, revealed a considerable plaque formation in
      the central nucleus and the dorsomedial nucleus of the inferior colliculus. To a
      lesser degree plaques were also present in the deep layers of the dorsal cortex
      of the inferior colliculus. All other auditory brainstem nuclei were devoid of
      neuritic plaques. Neurofibrillary tangles were rarely seen. They occur in the
      dorsal cochlear nucleus, the periolivary region, the ventral nucleus of the
      lateral lemniscus, and in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus.

PMID- 2648202
TI  - 1989: Shaping a human agenda for the nineties: trends that demand our attention
      as managed care prevails.

PMID- 2648204
TI  - The Bush budget: cuts likely, with some Medicaid expansion.

PMID- 2648203
TI  - The new Medicare Catastrophic Coverage act: will it affect nursing?

PMID- 2648205
TI  - Measles, mumps, rubella and chickenpox in the adult population.
AB  - The common "childhood diseases" of measles, mumps, rubella and chickenpox do
      appear in the adult population. It is important for health care practitioners to
      recognize these diseases in adults and be alert for possible complications which
      may be more serious than those found in children. This article discusses
      epidemiology, transmission, signs and symptoms, treatment, possible
      complications, confirmatory tests and immunization recommendations for each of
      the four diseases.

PMID- 2648206
TI  - Identifying female sexual dysfunctions.
AB  - Despite the presence of an ideology of sexual enlightenment in contemporary
      society, many females experience a sexual dysfunction. The media reinforce
      women's right to experience sexual fulfillment by creating ideal types that in
      many instances are unrealistic and promote additional sexual frustration.
      Unfortunately, myths about sexuality persist and clients are often not encouraged
      to discuss their sexual concerns during clinic encounters. This article presents
      an overview of female sexual dysfunctions, a format for eliciting information to
      reveal sexual problems, and some management techniques that can be implemented by
      clinicians.

PMID- 2648207
TI  - Lyme disease: a review for primary health care providers.
AB  - Late spring and summer are the times when tick exposure is the greatest. Lyme
      disease, a spirochete infection, usually follows a bite from an Ixodes (hard
      bodied) tick; the symptoms of infection frequently occur between the months of
      May and August. Classically, Lyme disease begins with a characteristic skin
      lesion (erythema chronicum migrans) along with flu- or meningitis-like symptoms.
      If not recognized or if left untreated, Lyme disease may progress with
      neurologic, cardiac and arthritic manifestations. This disease is endemic to the
      Northeast, Midwest and Western portions of the United States and is annually
      increasing in incidence. Health care providers should be knowledgeable about Lyme
      disease and able to recognize its varied presentations.

PMID- 2648208
TI  - Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: the need for early intervention in the
      elderly.
AB  - Herpes zoster is an acute nervous system infection that commonly affects the
      elderly. Because the causative agent is a virus, herpes zoster is often treated
      symptomatically in the primary care setting. While this approach is acceptable
      for immunocompetent patients less than 50 years of age, it can leave older
      patients at greater risk of developing painful and debilitating complications
      such as postherpetic neuralgia. There is evidence that appropriate treatment
      initiated within 48 to 72 hours after the onset of the zoster eruption can
      decrease healing time, reduce acute pain, decrease ocular complications and may
      prevent the development of postherpetic neuralgia in this age group. The health
      care practitioner in a primary care setting is ideally placed to identify elderly
      clients with herpes zoster in the early stages; to consult with physicians about
      therapies such as steroids, antiviral agents and sympathetic nerve blocks; to
      monitor treatment effects; and to provide supportive therapy to those who develop
      postherpetic neuralgia.

PMID- 2648209
TI  - Preventing nervous system sports injuries.
AB  - Physical fitness and sports remain integral components of overall good health and
      a cornerstone of preventive medicine. When performed safely, under adequate
      supervision, and with appropriate protective gear, most of these activities are
      enjoyable, healthful and psychologically gratifying. When not performed safely by
      trained athletes, these same activities can be treacherous, injurious and
      permanently disabling. The goals of this article are to review and describe low
      risk and high-risk sports activities. A number of underlying mechanisms
      responsible for a particularly alarming amount of morbidity in sports will be
      reviewed. Fundamentals of the diagnosis and emergency treatment of many injuries
      will be discussed. Most important, a series of steps to be taken to improve upon
      sports safety will be outlined. The responsibility for the prevention, diagnosis,
      evaluation and management of patients with nervous system sports injuries is one
      shared by participating athletes, coaches, trainers and the entire health care
      community.

PMID- 2648210
TI  - Plastic surgery: more realistic reconstruction.

PMID- 2648211
TI  - The core of true presence: a loving center.

PMID- 2648212
TI  - Dr Tom Garland--a pioneer in occupational health.

PMID- 2648213
TI  - Oral acyclovir in the treatment of herpes zoster in general practice.
AB  - A double-blind, randomised trial evaluated the efficacy of oral acyclovir, 800 mg
      5 times daily for 7 days, in acute herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia.
      Forty patients aged 16 years or over, presenting to their general practitioners
      within 3 days of rash onset, received acyclovir, while 43 patients received
      placebo. Acyclovir reduced the extent and duration of the rash, the spread of the
      rash to adjacent dermatomes and the incidence of disseminated lesions. It
      shortened the period of new lesion formation and reduced the incidence of
      ulceration. The weekly prevalence of pain was reduced on acyclovir by the fourth
      week, with a reduction in the monthly prevalence of chronic pain in the second
      and third months and a reduction in associated local neurological symptoms
      between months 3-6. Total analgesic use in the first 4 weeks was reduced by
      acyclovir, but during follow up there was no difference in the prevalence of
      analgesic use between groups. There were slightly fewer medical events on
      acyclovir in the second week, but the frequency was the same in each group for
      the rest of the 6 months. Biochemical and haematological tests showed no adverse
      effects of treatment.

PMID- 2648214
TI  - Autoimmunity and immunointervention.

PMID- 2648216
TI  - Student handbook revised.

PMID- 2648215
TI  - Obesity: time for sanity and humanity.

PMID- 2648217
TI  - The significance of high isolation rates of group A streptococci in pharyngeal
      cultures of school children.

PMID- 2648218
TI  - Fluoridation trials.

PMID- 2648219
TI  - Nursing staff reductions: plans, process and aftermath.

PMID- 2648220
TI  - Rethinking staffing patterns in critical care nursing.

PMID- 2648221
TI  - Child abuse and neglect: dentistry's role.
AB  - While the actual incidence of child abuse has not been determined, the available
      statistics are grim. The dentist must view himself as a child advocate. Simply
      treating dental and facial injuries of abused children while ignoring the social
      needs of the child and family is unacceptable. State laws mandate reporting as
      well as protect the dentist from civil or criminal liability. Dentistry's
      contribution in the management of nonaccidental injuries is the recognition of
      the possibility of physical abuse, the treatment of orofacial injuries and
      reporting to the appropriate authorities.

PMID- 2648222
TI  - Assisted reproduction in the diagnosis and treatment of the male factor.

PMID- 2648223
TI  - Trial of labor following cesarean section: dilemma.

PMID- 2648224
TI  - Psychological impact of the diagnosis of gestational diabetes.
AB  - The psychological impact of the diagnosis of gestational diabetes was examined in
      68 pregnant women. No differences between the women with gestational diabetes and
      50 non-diabetic pregnant controls, matched for gestational age, were found on the
      Profile of Mood States--Bipolar Form. Contrary to clinical lore, the prescription
      of insulin was not found to have an adverse effect on the emotional status of
      women with gestational diabetes. In this diabetic population whose blood glucose
      levels were well controlled, psychological status was not found to be related to
      blood glucose levels. The results suggest that the majority of pregnant women
      adapt readily to the unexpected diagnosis of gestational diabetes.

PMID- 2648225
TI  - Tumor markers CA 125, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, and carcinoembryonic
      antigen in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix.
AB  - Between 1978-1987, 439 patients with primary cervical carcinoma were admitted to
      our department. Seventy-seven patients (17.5%) had cervical adenocarcinoma and
      are reviewed in this retrospective study. Serial serum samples of these 77
      patients were analyzed for cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), squamous cell carcinoma
      antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen. Before treatment, only elevated serum CA
      125 levels varied directly with the clinical stage of disease. In stages IB and
      II disease (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO]), the
      incidence of elevated serum CA 125 levels was highest in patients with
      adenosquamous tumor. Serum marker levels, measured 3 months after therapy,
      concurred with the treatment results. At that time, 17 of the 23 cases (74%) with
      at least one elevated serum marker level either had residual disease (N = 9) or
      developed recurrent disease during follow-up (N = 8), compared with six of the 40
      cases (15%) with normal serum marker levels (P less than .001). Increasing serum
      marker levels during follow-up coincided with or preceded the clinical detection
      of recurrent disease. Tumor relapse, clinically located in the vaginal vault,
      occurred concomitant with a rise of at least one serum marker level in six of the
      seven cases (86%). All 15 patients with abdominal recurrence showed elevation of
      CA 125. In progressive disease, very high serum CA 125, squamous cell carcinoma
      antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen levels were determined in patients with
      adenosquamous tumor, whereas patients with adenocarcinoma demonstrated only high
      CA 125 levels. We conclude that all three markers are important for monitoring
      patients with cervical adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2648226
TI  - Primary mass closure of midline incisions with a continuous running monofilament
      suture in gynecologic patients.
AB  - Over a 42-month period, 210 patients had a lower midline incision, usually
      extending around the umbilicus, that was closed with a continuous, running number
      2 polypropylene suture. Patients in this study had various predisposing factors
      for wound disruption. Over 60% were operated upon because of gynecologic cancer.
      Additional high-risk factors included obesity in 56%, diabetes in 28%, previous
      irradiation or chemotherapy in 17%, and ascites in 8%. The operative procedures
      performed ranged from hysterectomies with node sampling to bowel resections and
      exenterations; wound complications were noted in seven patients. One patient had
      an incisional hernia. No eviscerations occurred. The closure is safe, expedient,
      and cost-efficient, and distributes tension equally over a continuous line.

PMID- 2648228
TI  - The fetal femur/foot length ratio: a new parameter to assess dysplastic limb
      reduction.

PMID- 2648227
TI  - Reliability of a rapid latex fixation test for detecting group B streptococci in
      the genital tract of parturients at term.
AB  - The purpose of this prospective investigation was to determine the reliability of
      a rapid latex particle agglutination test in detecting group B streptococci in
      the lower genital tract of laboring women. Five hundred asymptomatic patients
      with intact membranes who were in labor at term underwent sterile speculum
      examination. Secretions from the endocervix and vagina were collected with
      sterile swabs. One swab was inoculated directly onto a blood agar plate for
      culture. The other was initially placed into a Culturette transport system and
      then transferred into a test tube containing an enzyme extraction reagent. After
      a 60-minute incubation at 37C, the latex fixation test was performed on the
      residual liquid in the tube. The frequency of positive cultures in our population
      was 5.0%. The sensitivity and specificity of the rapid slide test were 88 and
      99.6%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 91.7 and
      99.4%, respectively. The group B streptococci latex fixation test appears to be a
      rapid and reliable means of detecting group B streptococci in the lower genital
      tract of term patients with intact membranes. Use of this method should permit a
      more selective approach to the intrapartum chemoprophylaxis of women colonized
      with group B streptococci.

PMID- 2648229
TI  - Reactive membrane on a foldable silicone lens implant in the posterior chamber of
      a human eye.
AB  - A foldable silicone posterior chamber intraocular lens implant caused irritation
      and glaucoma postoperatively in the eye of a diabetic patient who subsequently
      was treated with steroids and a laser capsulotomy. Because the lens implant was
      loose in the capsular bag and caused considerable glare, it was removed about 4
      months after placement. Pathologic study revealed the entire surface of the
      implant to be covered by a continuous and firmly adherent protein membrane with
      excrescences and of irregular thickness. Sessile macrophages found on the
      membrane were not firmly attached.

PMID- 2648230
TI  - Effect of collagen shields on corneal epithelialization following penetrating
      keratoplasty.
AB  - To evaluate the effects of collagen shields on corneal epithelial healing
      following keratoplasty, we conducted a prospective study of 89 consecutive
      penetrating keratoplasty patients over a 9-month period, applying collagen
      shields in alternate cases. Eyes were evaluated on the first and on the eighth
      postoperative day. The appearance of the epithelium was graded on a scale from 0
      to 4. Independent variables, such as donor age, patient age, patient and donor
      sex, death to preservation time, and donor time in K-Sol media prior to surgery,
      were also evaluated. Donor corneas treated with collagen demonstrated less
      epithelial staining and smaller epithelial defects on the first day following
      surgery. The results were evaluated with a Student's t test and were found to be
      significant (P less than 0.001). We conclude that the application of porcine
      collagen shields following keratoplasty is an effective means of encouraging
      reepithelialization of the graft.

PMID- 2648231
TI  - Newton rings on the surface of implanted intraocular lenses.
AB  - Using clinical specular microscopy, we studied a postoperative cellular reaction
      on the anterior surface of implanted artificial intraocular lenses in living
      human eyes. An amorphous coating filled the spaces between fibroblast-like cells,
      histiocytes, and foreign body giant cells in 29 of 118 eyes. In most cases the
      coating was observed as interference fringes (Newton rings). We observed the
      rings from seven to 63 days after surgery. Clinically, the patients did not show
      any visual disturbance at the time of these observations. With time, fibroblast
      like cells decreased in number. By two months after surgery, most of the cells on
      the implants had already disappeared.

PMID- 2648232
TI  - Use of apraclonidine to reduce acute intraocular pressure rise following Q
      switched Nd:YAG laser iridotomy.
AB  - We evaluated the effectiveness of topical apraclonidine (ALO 2145, p-amino
      clonidine hydrochloride) in suppressing an acute postoperative intraocular
      pressure (IOP) rise following Nd:YAG laser iridotomy. Fifty-eight eyes (45
      patients) with chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma underwent Q-switched Nd:YAG
      laser iridotomy. Twenty-nine eyes followed prospectively underwent Nd:YAG laser
      iridotomy following the topical administration of 0.5% apraclonidine prior to and
      immediately following the procedure. A retrospective control group of 29 eyes
      underwent Nd:YAG laser iridotomy without topical apraclonidine. Only one eye
      (3.4%) treated with apraclonidine experienced an IOP rise greater than 10 mm Hg
      over baseline, while five among 29 untreated eyes (17.2%) developed an IOP rise
      greater than 10 mm Hg.

PMID- 2648233
TI  - Internal suture occlusion of the Molteno glaucoma implant for the prevention of
      postoperative hypotony.
AB  - The Molteno glaucoma drainage implant procedure is useful for managing refractory
      glaucoma, but a significant concern has been the avoidance of postoperative
      hypotony due to temporary excessive filtration. We have developed a method of
      temporarily closing the translimbal tube with an internally-placed occluding
      suture (4-0 or 5-0 chromic). Seven to 12 days later this suture was removed,
      without surgery, in an outpatient setting. We have used this method on 30
      patients. The advantages are that postoperative hypotony is reduced, and the
      Molteno drainage implant can be inserted in a single operation.

PMID- 2648234
TI  - Modified Spigelman technique.

PMID- 2648235
TI  - Distention of the lacrimal sac in neonates.
AB  - We present seven cases of neonatal lacrimal sac distention, ranging from sterile
      dacryocystocele, subacute dacryocystitis, and acute dacryocystitis. Three
      patients were cured by probing, one by digital pressure decompression, and two by
      silicone tube intubation.

PMID- 2648236
TI  - Positive anatomic orientation of corneal transplant tissue.
AB  - Anatomic orientation of corneal donor tissue is consistently possible by cutting
      a "V"-shaped notch in the scleral rim at 12 o'clock. An obvious marker improves
      the evaluation of suspicious lesions by other observers, facilitates accurate
      communication of findings to corneal surgeons, and aids in instructing new eye
      bank technicians. A further possible benefit is that the marker permits
      anatomically correct orientation of corneal tissue.

PMID- 2648237
TI  - Complications of cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation.
AB  - Due to continued improvement in lens design, lens manufacturing, and surgical
      technique, the incidence of complications of cataract surgery with intraocular
      lens (IOL) implantation have decreased in recent years. Complications may be
      categorized into operative and postoperative, both early and late onset.
      Operative complications include posterior capsule rupture with or without
      vitreous loss, loss of all or part of the lens nucleus, iris damage, and
      stripping of Descemet's membrane. Early postoperative complications include
      pupillary block, hyphema, elevation of the intraocular pressure associated with
      the use of viscoelastic substances, persistent uveitis with or without hypopyon,
      and endophthalmitis. Late postoperative complications include IOL malposition,
      secondary glaucoma, cystoid macular edema, retinal detachment, and pseudophakic
      bullous keratopathy.

PMID- 2648238
TI  - An evaluation of the clinical applications of diagnostic ultrasonography in oral
      surgery.
AB  - This article reviews the available literature on the ultrasonographic examination
      of the head and neck as related to oral and maxillofacial surgery, presents
      clinical case summaries illustrating these applications, and evaluates the role
      of ultrasonography in current clinical practice.

PMID- 2648239
TI  - Dyspnea resulting from accumulation of pleural effusion after radical neck
      dissection. A case report.
AB  - The patient became dyspneic 3 days after radical neck dissection on the left
      side. A chest radiography showed bilateral pleural effusion.During the operation,
      a lymphatic leak was noted. In this case, the factor of an associated perforation
      of the pleural had not been demonstrated. Fresh frozen plasma was administered
      and positive end-expiratory pressure was applied. The patient had no residual
      pulmonary sequelae.

PMID- 2648240
TI  - Multiple autoextractions: oral self-mutilation reviewed.
AB  - Oral self-mutilation occurs in a variety of clinical settings. The etiology of
      oral self-mutilation can be divided into organic and functional categories.
      Organic etiologic factors include metabolic and genetic disorders. Functional
      self-mutilation is performed knowingly, as a response to certain stimuli, and may
      or may not serve a cognitive purpose. The occurrence of oral self-mutilation with
      a functional cause represents a diagnostic challenge to practitioners. In this
      article, a case of autoextraction of multiple posterior teeth in a psychotic 27
      year-old white man is presented. Though a wide range of self-mutilation in a
      person in a psychotic state is well documented, oral self-mutilation,
      particularly autoextraction, is rare. Although the case reported is extreme in
      nature, incidence of oral self-mutilation is not uncommon and should be
      considered in the differential diagnosis of lesions of unknown cause.

PMID- 2648241
TI  - Effect of nystatin and chlorhexidine digluconate on Candida albicans.
AB  - Polyene antibiotics such as nystatin and amphotericin B are among the most widely
      recommended drugs for use against oral candidiasis. It is also generally accepted
      that chlorhexidine gluconate is an appropriate adjunct or an alternative to
      specific antimycotic drugs. The aim of the present study was to examine the
      effect of the combination of nystatin and chlorhexidine digluconate on Candida
      albicans in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for the
      combination of the two drugs was found to be significantly higher than the values
      for each of the drugs alone, approximately 33 times the MIC value for the
      nystatin solution and 4 times the value for chlorhexidine digluconate. The
      results of the MIC study and the presence of a precipitate in all combinations of
      nystatin and chlorhexidine digluconate showed that the combination of the drugs
      is not effective in vitro against Candida albicans. The most likely reason is
      that a low solubility chlorhexidine-nystatin salt is formed, thus rendering the
      combined drug complex ineffective as an antibiotic agent.

PMID- 2648242
TI  - Classification of oral lesions associated with HIV infection.
AB  - This article proposes a classification for oral lesions associated with HIV
      infection. The lesions can be classified into those with fungal, bacterial, or
      viral origin whereas other subgroups include neoplasms, neurologic disturbances,
      and lesions of unknown cause. This proposal is neither final nor exhaustive and
      is forwarded as a basis for epidemiologic surveys.

PMID- 2648243
TI  - Granuloma annulare of the buccal mucosa in association with AIDS.
AB  - This case report describes the occurrence of a lesion of granuloma annulare in
      the buccal mucosa. This skin condition occurs rarely on the mucous membranes and
      has not been previously described in the oral cavity. It was initially seen as a
      raised, firm lesion with a 1-month history in a 31-year-old patient with acquired
      immune deficiency.

PMID- 2648244
TI  - An improved head-and-neck phantom for radiation dosimetry.
AB  - To obtain accurate estimates of radiation doses within the head and neck, a
      phantom was constructed. The osseous structures were represented by a human skull
      and cervical vertebrae with Mix D simulating the soft tissues originally with the
      bone. The soft tissues of the head and neck were also represented by this mixture
      of wax, plastic, magnesium oxide, and titanium dioxide with the x-ray absorption
      and scattering properties nearly equal to water and soft tissue. Soft tissue
      thicknesses and facial contours were based on depths reported in the literature
      and supplemented by cadaver measurements. Air passages, air cells, sinuses, and
      the oral cavity were left open to accurately simulate the patient. The locations
      of 16 anatomic sites were based on cadaver dissection and measured relationships
      to osseous landmarks and the skin surface. To confirm the accuracy of the
      phantom, doses were measured with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters
      and compared with the results of other investigations reported in the literature.

PMID- 2648245
TI  - Radiation dosimetry in specific area radiography.
AB  - An improved head-and-neck phantom was constructed from a human skull, cervical
      vertebrae, and Mix D, a mixture of wax, plastic, and metal oxides with x-ray
      absorbing and scattering properties similar to water and soft tissues. Lithium
      fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters were calibrated and then exposed within the
      phantom. The doses at 17 anatomic sites were calculated for each of the 18
      specific area radiographs in a complete intraoral radiographic survey.

PMID- 2648246
TI  - [Istvan Rusznyak, founder of a school].

PMID- 2648247
TI  - [Gas gangrene cases in Hungary 1979-1986].
AB  - The authors evaluate epidemiologic data of 182 patients suffering from gas
      gangrene during an eight year period from 1979 to 1986. Of the patients surveyed
      127 died; thus lethality reached 69.2%. The average age of the survivors was 49.9
      year as opposed to the 66.1 year of the fatal cases. More than half of the
      illnesses followed amputation of extremities, and a quarter of them was a
      consequence of an accident. Samples of the bacteriologically examined wound
      discharges yielded in 93.1% bacteria from the Clostridium genus. Hygiene was poor
      in operation theatres and in the hospital environment in 1/4-th of the cases.
      Sixty six patients died within 24 hours after diagnosis. The presented data
      suggest that in Hungary the number of gas gangrene cases and deaths surpass those
      of tetanus.

PMID- 2648248
TI  - [Familial occurrence of carcinoid of the small intestine].
AB  - The case of a 41 year old woman has been reported, whose "flush" syndrome was
      caused by a carcinoid tumor originated from the jejunum. The patient's father had
      to be operated for intestinal carcinoid tumor several times. The occurrence of
      different forms of carcinoid tumors, especially in the gastrointestinal tract,
      has been discussed in connection with the diagnostic approaches and therapeutical
      possibilities. The authors considered the case interesting for publications,
      because carcinoid is a rather rare tumor, and one cannot find its familiar
      occurrence in the available literature.

PMID- 2648249
TI  - [Possibility of early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathies].
AB  - The serum and urine level of beta-2-microglobulin was examined by the authors in
      different stages of nephropathy of 250 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus
      (I type 178 pts, II type 72 pts). Beta-2-microglobulin values measured in
      diabetic patients without renal microangiopathy did not show any difference
      compared with that of the controls. In patients with freshly discovered diabetes
      mellitus significantly decreased beta-2-microglobulin levels were found, probably
      due to the increased glomerular filtration rate. Increasing beta-2-microglobulin
      values indicating an early glomerular lesion--were observed in incipient diabetic
      nephropathy. These values were significantly higher compared with that of healthy
      individuals and diabetic patients without renal microangiopathy. In the IV stage
      of disease the serum and urine beta-2-microglobulin levels were equally found to
      be elevated, indicating an impaired function of proximal tubuli beside the
      vascular lesions. The most expressed beta-2-microglobulin value elevations were
      observed in the stage of nephropathy. The authors emphasize the importance of
      determination and common evaluation of 24 hours protein excretion and serum urine
      beta-2-microglobulin values the earliest diagnosis of incipient renal lesion.
      According to their results, the introduction of this method may be very useful
      for early indication and follow-up of specific renal complications in diabetes
      mellitus patients.

PMID- 2648250
TI  - [Acute dissection of the ascending aorta diagnosed by two-dimensional
      echocardiography].
AB  - The authors present a case of acute dissection of ascending aorta diagnosed by
      two-dimensional echocardiography. Echocardiographic findings were subsequently
      confirmed by angiography. The patient was successfully operated and has been
      asymptomatic since the operation. The authors point out the importance the
      echocardiographic examination in case of any clinical suspicion. The authors have
      not found any previous report on the echocardiographic diagnosis of aortic
      dissection in the Hungarian literature.

PMID- 2648251
TI  - [Metastasis in the kidney].
AB  - Renal metastatic tumors are seldom diagnosed. Their differentiation from primary
      renal tumors means severe problem. In connection with their cases the authors
      deal with this important problem. Their diagnostic and therapeutic tactics are
      described and publications in the literature of the past 15 years dealing with
      similar problems are reviewed.

PMID- 2648252
TI  - Characterization of bcr gene products in hematopoietic cells.
AB  - The bcr gene plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of two human leukemias
      associated with the Philadelphia chromosome: chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
      and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In both instances a chimeric gene, formed
      between bcr and the abl protooncogene, results in expression of fused bcr-abl
      proteins with tyrosine kinase activity. There is controversy regarding the normal
      gene products of bcr. We investigated this problem by several techniques and
      found proteins of 190/185, 155, 135, 125, 108, 83 and 47 kDa in several human
      cell lines by immunoprecipitation with two distinct site-directed anti-bcr
      antibodies termed anti-bcr(738-753) and anti-bcr(898-911). The 190/185, 155, 125
      and 108 kDa proteins were consistently detected by anti-bcr(898-911) antibodies
      by immunoblotting. Antibodies pre-reacted with excess bcr peptide did not detect
      these proteins. These proteins were labeled with [32P]orthophosphate in vivo and
      in vitro by [gamma 32P]ATP in immune complex kinase assays performed with anti
      bcr antibodies indicating that these proteins are phosphorproteins. Following
      labeling in kinase assays, phosphoamino acid analyses detected both phosphoserine
      and phosphothreonine. In structural studies using one dimensional peptide maps
      derived by partial V8 protease treatment, the 185, 155, 135, 125 and 108 kDa
      proteins shared several peptide fragments but contained unique fragments as well.
      Similarly 2-dimensional maps of proteins labeled in the kinase assay exhaustively
      digested with trypsin, revealed homology between the 155, 135, 125, 108, and 83
      kDa proteins. bcr proteins sedimented in glycerol gradients as putative complexes
      detected in the cytoplasm of the cell. A 47 kDa protein as well as the recently
      identified Ph-P53 protein appeared to be associated with bcr proteins based on
      their co-sedimentation in glycerol gradients and co-immunoprecipitation with
      several different anti-bcr antibodies. None of the proteins exhibited a precursor
      product relationship in pulse-chase experiments conducted with [35S]methionine.
      We conclude that human cells express several different bcr gene products ranging
      in size from 190 to 83 kDa, and that these proteins can form specific
      intracellular cytoplasmic complexes with other cellular proteins.

PMID- 2648253
TI  - High frequency of ras oncogene activation in all stages of human thyroid
      tumorigenesis.
AB  - Using polymerase chain reaction amplification and oligonucleotide probing, the
      activation of ras oncogenes in 24 benign and 20 malignant human thyroid neoplasms
      was examined. The frequency of ras oncogene activation was similar at all stages
      of tumorigenesis in this system, being found in 33% of adenomas overall (50% of
      microfollicular tumours), 53% of differentiated follicular carcinomas and 60% of
      undifferentiated carcinomas. This supports the contention that mutation of these
      oncogenes occurs at an early step in tumorigenesis. The predominant amino acid
      substitution in the differentiated tumours was glutamine to arginine at position
      61 of Ha-ras or N-ras, but this mutation was not found in any of the
      undifferentiated tumours. It was noted that while transition mutations
      predominated in differentiated tumours (both benign and malignant), transversions
      were more common in the undifferentiated tumours.

PMID- 2648254
TI  - Modulation of the c-myb, c-myc and p53 mRNA and protein levels during induced
      murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation.
AB  - The induction of murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC) to terminal differentiation
      by hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) is accompanied by changes in the levels of c
      myb and c-myc mRNA, and in p53 protein levels. We simultaneously examined the
      effects of HMBA on modulation of c-myb, c-myc and p53 mRNA and protein levels,
      and examined the relationship between these changes and commitment to terminal
      cell division. In MELC cultured with HMBA, c-myb protein levels paralleled c-myb
      mRNA levels except at 24h, when the protein level was equivalent to the level in
      control cultures, whereas the mRNA had decreased. The c-myc protein paralleled c
      myc mRNA throughout induction. The p53 mRNA and protein behaved in a discordant
      fashion. The p53 protein decreased to very low levels between 4 and 8 h and
      remained low, while the mRNA, which initially decreased, reaccumulated by 24 and
      48 h. Transfer of MELC after 12 to 48 h of culture with HMBA to medium without
      inducer resulted in rapid (less than 3 h) reaccumulation of the c-myb mRNA, c-myb
      protein, and p53 protein, and cessation of recruitment of cells to commitment.
      Cells already induced to commit to terminal differentiation continued to express
      the differentiated phenotype.

PMID- 2648255
TI  - DMSO induced modulation of c-myc steady-state RNA levels in a variety of
      different cell lines.
AB  - The nuclear proto-oncogene c-myc is believed to play a regulatory role in
      eukaryotic cellular growth and differentiation. Several studies have demonstrated
      rapid down-regulation of the steady-state levels of c-myc RNA during DMSO induced
      differentiation of the human 'promyelocytic' cell line, HL-60. However, little is
      known about the effect of DMSO on c-myc regulation in cells which are not induced
      to differentiate by DMSO. We have examined the effect of DMSO on c-myc RNA levels
      in a number of cell lines with different lesions in the c-myc gene, including
      those which do not differentiate in response to DMSO treatment. Here we
      demonstrate that DMSO induces a rapid, but transient, reduction in the steady
      state level of c-myc RNA in human 'erythroid' K562 cells, Burkitt lymphoma lines
      Daudi and Raji, human T cell lymphoblastoid line CEM and mouse lymphoma line
      L1210. However, DMSO treatment does not produce a similar effect in the human
      colon adenocarcinoma cell line COLO 320 or HeLa epithelial cervical carcinoma
      cells. These observations demonstrate that the DMSO induced modulation of c-myc
      RNA levels is a more common phenomenon than previously recognised, and is not
      necessarily correlated with either the induction of cellular differentiation or
      growth arrest.

PMID- 2648256
TI  - Ph1+bcr- acute leukemias: implication of Alu sequences in a chromosomal
      translocation occurring in the new cluster region within the BCR gene.
AB  - Chromosomal breakpoints on chromosome 22 are located in the first intron of the
      bcr gene in half of the Philadelphia-positive acute leukemias (Ph1+bcr- AL). We
      have previously shown that, in these cases, the breakpoints are clustered in the
      3' portion of the bcr gene first intron, particularly in a region called bcr2 or
      m-bcr-1. In order to search for mechanisms underlying the reciprocal chromosome
      translocation, molecular analysis of breakpoints on chromosome 9 and 22 were
      performed in a Ph1+bcr- acute lymphoblastic leukemia with bcr2 rearrangement. The
      comparison of rearranged sequences with their normal counterparts showed that
      human repetitive Alu sequences were physically linked to the translocation on
      both chromosomes. In addition an inverted Alu repeat was found 5' to each
      rearranged Alu sequence on chromosome 22 and 9, with an intervening sequence of
      210 and 90bp respectively. This allows to propose a new model, still to be
      confirmed, of recombination after formation of two hairpin structures which could
      facilitate the genesis of the chromosomal accident.

PMID- 2648257
TI  - Comparative immunohistochemical reactivity of monoclonal and polyclonal
      antibodies to H-ras p21 in normal and neoplastic tissues of rodents and humans.
AB  - Five mouse monoclonal antibodies (mES 2, 4, 8, 13 and 20) produced against
      bacterially expressed BALB ras p21 and five other monoclonal or polyclonal
      antibodies (Cetus rabbit or mouse pan p21, RAP-5, Triton Ha-ras, Y13-259) to H
      ras p21 were used for comparative immunohistochemical detection of H-ras p21 by
      the avidin biotin peroxidase-complex technique in selected normal fixed tissues
      and tumors from rats, mice, and humans. Nine of these antibodies were
      immunoreactive with cell membranes and cytoplasm of harvey sarcoma virus-induced
      sarcoma cells, but usually only with Bouin's fixed tumors. A few normal tissues
      were immunoreactive with some of the antibodies except for many immunoreactive
      tissues found with mES 13. Although mES 13 stained sarcoma cells on the cell
      membrane, a prominent granular staining, which appeared to be mitochondrial or
      lysosomal, was seen in many normal and neoplastic rodent tissues and in normal
      human colon, colon polyps, and carcinomas. Interpretation of positive
      immunoreactivity with any antibody was sometimes difficult due to nonspecific
      (background) staining. The cellular pattern of specific reactivity (membrane or
      granular) and inhibition of immunoreactivity by absorption of the antisera with H
      ras p21 was therefore important. Western blots with BALB transforming (Lys 12)
      p21 expressed in E. coli revealed reactivity of all antibodies except for RAP-5.
      In addition, immunoblots of solubilized proteins from the EJ cell line with RAP-5
      indicated reactivity of this monoclonal antibody with proteins of several
      different molecular weights. RAP-5 also never specifically immunoreacted with
      cell membranes of normal or malignant cells including EJ cells. Interpretation of
      these findings in comparison with those in published reports of H-ras p21
      localization in fixed tissue sections is discussed, including the importance of
      fixative, specific antibody and controls.

PMID- 2648258
TI  - Protective immunity to malaria: studies with cloned lines of rodent malaria in
      CBA/Ca mice. IV. The specificity of mechanisms resulting in crisis and resolution
      of the primary acute phase parasitaemia of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi and P.
      yoelii yoelii.
AB  - Low numbers of parasites from cloned lines of the rodent malaria parasites,
      Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS and P. yoelii yoelii A, injected into CBA/Ca mice
      produce acute but usually self-limiting infections. During crisis, i.e. 1-2 days
      after peak parasitaemia, 'pre-immune' mice experiencing such 'background'
      infections were reinfected intravenously with homologous parasites or parasites
      of heterologous strains or species. P. c. chabaudi AS pre-immune mice controlled
      an AS challenge with essentially the same kinetics as the background infection.
      Reinfection of AS pre-immune mice with the heterologous (CB and IP-PCI) P. c.
      chabaudi strains or P. chabaudi adami DS had little effect on the initial growth
      of these parasites, although eventually the parasitaemia was controlled. In
      contrast, a partial inhibitory effect on the growth of P. vinckei lentum DS was
      evident. Challenge with the non-lethal (A) or lethal (YM) variants of P. y.
      yoelii resulted in an increase in both the growth and virulence of these
      parasites. P. y. yoelii A pre-immune mice controlled a homologous challenge, but
      were less effective at controlling the YM variant. In addition, they were unable
      to clear rapidly a P. c. chabaudi AS or P. v. lentum DS challenge. Both the
      multiplication and virulence of P. berghei ANKA were enhanced. These findings
      demonstrate that resolution of the primary acute parasitaemia in P. c. chabaudi
      AS- and P. y. yoelii A-infected mice is predominantly mediated by species- and
      strain-specific mechanisms.

PMID- 2648259
TI  - Diagnostic imaging of tarsal and metatarsal stress fractures. Part I.
AB  - As the preoccupation with physical fitness grows in this country, the problem of
      "stress fracture" has become more clinically significant. Reliable techniques for
      imaging the musculoskeletal system have also continued to grow, allowing the
      clinician to better diagnose and manage this condition. However, the radiographic
      findings of stress fracture are sometimes difficult to interpret. This review
      compares plain radiography, scintigraphy, CT, and MRI in the imaging of stress
      fractures.

PMID- 2648260
TI  - Reapproximation of femoral anatomy in a young hip arthroplasty patient. A case
      report.
AB  - A 33-year-old white man with a total hip arthroplasty presented with a malunion
      deformity of his femur following a fracture. Careful reapproximation of normal
      anatomy was achieved through a corrective angled osteotomy procedure. An attempt
      was made to reduce anticipated risks associated with future revision
      arthroplasty, and the patient's difficulties in ambulation were alleviated.

PMID- 2648261
TI  - Unusual cause of knee pain in the older adult.
AB  - An unusual cause of knee pain in the older adult is presented. Two case reports
      illustrate diagnostic approach and treatment options.

PMID- 2648262
TI  - Tips of the trade #9. An easy technique for obtaining cancellous bone graft from
      bulk sources.
AB  - Many orthopaedic procedures require the use of cancellous bone grafts, either
      fresh autograft, frozen allograft, or freeze-dried allograft. On many occasions
      bulk graft requires conversion to cancellous morselized graft to fill defects.
      Several commercial bone mills are available, but they can be expensive and
      cumbersome. This paper describes a simple method of obtaining cancellous graft
      from femoral heads, either allograft or autograft, with "cheese grater" type
      acetabular reamers.

PMID- 2648264
TI  - Small bone grafts of an ulna nonunion.

PMID- 2648263
TI  - Approaches to senior care #7. Shoulder pain in the geriatric patient. Part II.
      Treatment options.
AB  - Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints in the
      elderly. The rewards of accurate diagnosis and early treatment often elude the
      orthopaedist without a systematic approach to this region. A thorough
      understanding of shoulder anatomy, pain referral patterns, and the
      pathophysiology of the aging process must be combined with an awareness of the
      latest treatment modalities and surgical techniques.

PMID- 2648265
TI  - [A 2-year evaluation of antibacterial serology adapted to the diagnosis of
      reactive arthritis (168 cases)].
AB  - The diagnosis of reactive arthritis requires the identification of a trigger
      infection. Since 1984 we have carried out a series of serological tests that we
      have called "serology of reactive arthritis": they aim at detecting antibodies
      against the most common infectious agents in this particular pathology. This
      serology is essentially based on the complement-fixation test. Here we report the
      results obtained over a period of two years, comparing them with clinical and
      biological data: 168 cases have been studied. They include to two groups of
      patients: group A reassembling seronegative spondylarthropathies and including
      reactive arthritis (N = 104), and group B with patients suffering from a typical
      rheumatic affection usually having no relation to spondylarthropathies (N = 64).
      We propose for each antigen a level of positivity from which the presence of
      antibodies can be taken into consideration as part of the diagnosis. With
      reference to these levels we have obtained a significant relationship to recent
      antecedents (genito-urinary and intestinal), to the presence of IgM circulating
      immune complexes and to the precocity of the serological tests. The contribution
      of this type of serology to the recognition of reactive arthritis has been
      studied together with the other diagnosis factors of the diseases. We have been
      able to show significant rates of antibodies in more than 50% of the cases. The
      negative results and limits of this serodiagnosis are discussed.

PMID- 2648266
TI  - [Surface electrogastrography (EGG) in cancer: influence of the localization and
      tumor characteristics on the spectral components of the signal].
AB  - 1) The present paper concerns the relationship between localization and extension
      of gastric cancers and the spectral characteristics of the EGG in 73 subjects (32
      women and 41 men). 2) The recordings were made in the morning (during 1 h) on
      fastened patients. Three sets of bipolar cutaneous electrodes were placed on the
      abdomen around the pyloric radiological projection taken for axis (radius 7 cm;
      angle 60 degrees); sampling period for analysis is 1 per sec. The spectrum is
      computed (FFT) for 256 samples in each channel. 3) In the control subjects (n =
      72: 24 women and 48 men), the "normal characteristics" of the peak EGG are the
      following: frequency: 2.89 +/- 0.2 c/min; amplitude 40 +/- 20 microV (2-5
      derivation), whatever the age. 4) In the cancerous subjects significative
      increase of the mean spectral component amplitude of the gastric frequency was
      always found in all different localizations. However, this criterion of amplitude
      was missing for the corpus localization. 5) The process of infiltration of the
      wall was accompanied by a significative decrease of the mean frequency. But in
      ulcerous, vegetant or stenosant cases the frequency was not affected in contrast
      with the amplitude. 6) In extensive cases the decrease of the frequency was more
      important. If in several cases (early cancers, mucous cancers of the lesser or
      greater curvature), no significative abnormality of the spectrum was observed,
      abnormalities are frequent in cardiac, fundic and antral neoplasies.

PMID- 2648267
TI  - [Lysosomal enzyme deficiency: in vitro correlation of deficient cells using a
      conditioned medium or by co-culturing with non-deficient cells].
AB  - We demonstrate that lysosomal enzyme (alpha-L-fucosidase) can enrich deficient
      fibroblasts, with purified enzyme brought by the medium, or with an enzyme supply
      by various cell sources. The co-culture systems lead to a deficient cell
      correction, whatever donor cells are lymphocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. This
      correction arise only with alive cells, and is strongly inhibited by mannose-6
      phosphate. Our results do not support the hypothesis that cell to cell contact
      independently of mannose-6-phosphate binding site is necessary for transfer of
      lysosomal enzyme from lymphocytes to fibroblasts. We suggest that the
      neighbourhood of cells leads to a phosphorylated precursor increase in the
      pericellular area, which creates an enzyme stabilizing effect favourable at its
      incorporation.

PMID- 2648268
TI  - [Enterobacter, Serratia, Acinetobacter or Pseudomonas septicemias].
AB  - During 1985 and 1986, 48 bacteremias due to Enterobacter spp, Acinetobacter spp,
      Serratia spp or Pseudomonas spp were collected by the SES Group. The mortality
      rate of those infections due to multiresistant organisms appeared high (27.9%).
      Among all factors influencing the prognosis, the following, age over 75 years,
      hospital-acquired infections, occurrence of shock and single antimicrobial
      therapy, are those associated with a high fatality rate. Given that clinical
      signs are not specific, nosocomial bacteremias should be treated by antimicrobial
      agents having wide spectrum, rapid onset of action and most often in combination.

PMID- 2648269
TI  - [A 3-year evaluation of systematic research on Salmonella, Shigella,
      Campylobacter and Yersinia at a Montpellier hospital].
AB  - This work aims at assessing the prevalence of four bacterial genus that are the
      most frequently involved in infectious diarrhoea, among patients usually kept
      apart from this type of pathology (there is not a department of Digestive Tract
      Diseases, of Infectious Diseases, of Pediatry). Among 3.626 stools received in
      our laboratory from 1.163 patients, 12 strains of Campylobacter, 11 strains of
      Salmonella and only one strain of Yersinia were isolated. No strain of Shigella
      was found. Of the 12 strains of Campylobacter, 6 were found in patients in the
      department of Hematology. The effect of Campylobacter upon immunocompromised
      hosts and/or during decontamination of the digestive tract is discussed. Of the
      11 strains of Salmonella that were isolated, we didn't notice any actual
      predominance of one of the species. Finally the scarcity of Yersinia in spite of
      twofold patterns of enriching is commented upon.

PMID- 2648270
TI  - [HLA and auto-immune thrombopenic purpura in an HIV-positive population].
AB  - An increased frequency of HLA-DR5 antigen is reported in 34 patients with
      thrombocytopenic purpura HIV related. That increase of HLA-DR5 antigen support
      the fact that DR5 could be the witness of the predisposition to develop clinical
      symptoms.

PMID- 2648271
TI  - [Evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of a radioimmunologic assay: the example
      of thyroid tests].
AB  - Optimization of the utilization of a new radioimmunoassay (RIA) requires the
      identification of explicit criteria regarding when this new RIA should be used.
      The first step consists in the definition of the normal range on a well defined
      learning sample of patients. The authors describe the methods which can be used;
      mean and standard deviation, ROC analysis, Bayes theorem. These limits must be
      therefore validated on a control sample. The second step of this diagnostic
      evaluation must estimate the impact of the new RIA on the medical decision
      procedure. The historical account of thyroid function testing illustrates these
      different points.

PMID- 2648272
TI  - [Role of monoclonal antibodies in the study of breast cancer].
AB  - Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women in western countries, where
      it represents about one third of tumors. Many laboratories utilized monoclonal
      antibodies technology for studying this pathology and for clinical applications.
      Different immunisation strategies have been utilized in the aim to produce
      monoclonal antibodies specific of mammary epithelial cells, of cancer cells or of
      cell secretions products. Despite efforts none of these are entirely specific,
      either for the normal tissue or for malignant tumors derived from it. However
      several of them had applications in fundamental study of oncogenesis and/or in
      tumor diagnostic, and in therapeutic assays. In this review we analysed described
      monoclonal antibodies, their reactive antigens and their applications.

PMID- 2648273
TI  - [Evaluation of a qualitative test for the demonstration of microalbuminuria].
AB  - ALBU SCREEN is a commercial latex inhibition agglutination slide test to detect
      subclinical elevation of urinary albumin (microalbuminuria). We have appraised
      two different lots of latex with a sensitivity of 30 and 20 mg/l respectively.
      The results were compared to immunonephelemetric measurements of urinary albumin.
      195 diabetic subjects urines (24 hours) were tested. 182 patients are well placed
      with the latex test (38 positive and 144 negative). This test could be an
      interesting substitute to the usual dipstick techniques, to look after potential
      nephropathic diabetic patients.

PMID- 2648274
TI  - [Implants of fired ceramics in the dog. Preliminary study. Morphology of bone
      coaptation after 3 and 7 months].
AB  - An experimental study of biocompatibility for ceramic material was undertaken in
      dogs. We used 8 implants and 1 filling-up material in the alveolar bone. A
      regular radiographic control of the good coaptation and tolerance of these
      implants was done after various intervals. The sacrifice was performed at 3 and 7
      months after the implantation. The good coaptation between alveolar bone and
      implant was demonstrated by means of different morphological methods. Thus,
      microradiographs of anatomical specimens, routine histological study following
      decalcification, analysis of some specimens without decalcification showed the
      tight coaptation between implant and alveolar bone, without any foreign-body
      granuloma or allergic reaction. Besides, by transmission and scanning electron
      microscopy, we could identify the various types of cells (macrophages,
      fibroblasts and osteoblasts) noted at the interface of the implant matrix at
      various intervals after the operation. By histoenzymological methods, we also
      tested the functional activity of these cells, peculiarly their possible
      osteogenic ability (alkaline phosphatase and ATPase highly positives in some of
      these cells).

PMID- 2648275
TI  - Pediatric management of depression.

PMID- 2648276
TI  - Pediatric management of anxiety disorders.
AB  - The first step in the pediatric management of anxiety disorders is to determine
      whether a child or adolescent has acute, situational anxiety symptoms or a
      pervasive, chronic anxiety disorder. Such anxiety symptoms can most frequently be
      handled with reassurance and practical advice to the child and the parents, and
      followed by monitoring. However, if an anxiety disorder is suspected, then
      referral to a mental health professional is in order for confirmation of the
      diagnosis and institution of comprehensive treatment. Medication currently has a
      limited role in the treatment of any anxiety disorder, although
      psychopharmacologic treatment may become part of the overall care of obsessive
      compulsive disorder in the future. Pediatricians may wish to learn more about
      behavioral-cognitive treatment approaches used by mental health professionals in
      the treatment of anxiety symptoms and disorders in children and adolescents. An
      excellent general text has been edited by R. Gittelman, Anxiety Disorders of
      Childhood.

PMID- 2648277
TI  - Risk taking behaviors in the adolescent patient: are they impulsive?

PMID- 2648278
TI  - Pediatric management of suicidal behavior.
AB  - Emergency evaluation of the adolescent suicide attempter presents the
      pediatrician with a complex challenge. The attempter is acutely ill, in a
      psychosocial crisis, and may have one or more major mental disorders and a highly
      disturbed family. The adolescent rarely has planned the attempt for more than a
      few minutes, and usually does not know the dangerousness of the chosen method.
      Suicide attempts are quite common among adolescents and suicide quite rare, yet
      the risk of later death among attempters is substantial. Suicide is associated
      with a variety of problems and diagnoses, and in most ways attempters do not
      differ from other emotionally troubled adolescents. Suicide attempters and their
      families are often quite resistant to treatment, and this resistance seems to
      increase with the number of problems identified. How should the clinician
      proceed? We have stressed the importance of rapid evaluation of parent and
      adolescent to identify individual and family risk factors (Table 1). As the
      number of risk factors increases, greater caution should be exercised. A short
      hospitalization can allow a more thorough evaluation of complicated cases. Brief,
      problem-oriented therapy (Table 2) is most likely to be accepted by the family
      and can result in rapid improvement. A smaller number of adolescents will require
      long term care.

PMID- 2648279
TI  - Childhood aggressive behavior.

PMID- 2648280
TI  - Controversies concerning neonatal seizures.
AB  - Five issues are discussed with respect to the diagnosis, etiology, treatment,
      prognosis, and pathogenesis of neonatal seizures. The presentation of a newborn
      with seizures represents a true emergency and frequently indicates significant
      neurologic dysfunction or damage to the immature nervous system. Despite the
      urgency to establish a diagnosis, several unique aspects of neonatal seizures
      impede prompt recognition. In addition, several etiologic possibilities may be
      associated with seizures. The efficacy of antiepileptic drugs and the prediction
      of outcome of patients with neonatal seizures are controversial. Experimental
      research in developing animals suggests both a selective vulnerability and
      resistance of the brains of immature animals subjected to neonatal seizures.

PMID- 2648281
TI  - Status epilepticus.
AB  - Status epilepticus generally is considered to be a medical emergency requiring
      immediate intervention to prevent permanent injury to the brain. Tonic-clonic
      status epilepticus is a very frightening event; the inexperienced parents
      invariably believe that their child is dying. Emergent management is imperative
      for convulsive tonic-clonic (grand mal) status epilepticus, but there are
      nonconvulsive types of status epilepticus in which the problem is more one of
      correct diagnosis than emergent management. This article reviews aspects of
      status epilepticus, particularly the classification and treatment of the various
      types of status.

PMID- 2648282
TI  - Electroencephalographic and neuroradiologic evaluation of children with epilepsy.
AB  - In summary, CT scans are frequently abnormal in children with partial seizures.
      Although most of the abnormalities will not alter management of the child, in a
      small but significant percentage an unexpected neoplasm or other treatable lesion
      will be discovered. In addition, even when the CT scan does not alter therapeutic
      management, it may offer the clinician valuable information regarding the
      etiology of the seizures. A normal CT scan also serves to ensure both the
      physician and the parent that "nothing is being missed." As a guideline, I would
      recommend that all patients, with the exception of those with absence seizures,
      benign rolandic epilepsy, febrile seizures, and typical absence seizures have a
      CT scan with and without contrast enhancement. Even with a normal CT scan,
      however, the physician should follow the patient closely because a change in
      neurologic examination or the development of focal slowing on the EEG indicates
      the necessity for a repeat study.

PMID- 2648283
TI  - Medical treatment and pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs.
AB  - Antiepileptic drugs are effective even when metabolic, infectious, or structural
      lesions are present. Therefore, the underlying cause should be sought, and not
      just the seizure treated. After this is done, the drug therapy can be directed to
      controlling the seizure.

PMID- 2648284
TI  - Efficacy and adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs.
AB  - One must balance carefully the need for seizure control and the resulting
      toxicity of the antiepileptic agent. The perfect antiepileptic drug is as yet
      unavailable; until it is, physicians must be aware of individual variations with
      regard to drug response and efficacy.

PMID- 2648285
TI  - Educational, social, and life-long effects of epilepsy.

PMID- 2648286
TI  - Effects of inhaled metaproterenol and atropine on the pulmonary mechanics of
      infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
AB  - We evaluated the individual and combined effects of an inhaled beta-adrenergic
      agent (metaproterenol) and an inhaled anticholinergic agent (atropine) on the
      pulmonary function of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In this
      randomized, double-blind study we studied 15 infants at a mean postnatal age of
      15.8 weeks (range 4-28 weeks). On 4 successive days, pulmonary function tests
      were measured before and after a single treatment with one of the following four
      aerosols: placebo, metaproterenol, atropine, and combined metaproterenol and
      atropine. Following treatment with metaproterenol, atropine, and combined
      metaproterenol and atropine, airway resistance and maximal expiratory flow at
      functional residual capacity improved significantly when compared with baseline.
      Pulmonary function values returned toward baseline by 3 hours after the
      treatments. We found no significant differences between the effects of
      metaproterenol and atropine and were unable to show any synergy of the two
      agents.

PMID- 2648287
TI  - Pathogenesis of otitis media related to vaccine efficacy.

PMID- 2648288
TI  - The microbiology of otitis media.

PMID- 2648289
TI  - Epidemiology of pneumococcal capsular types causing pediatric infections.

PMID- 2648290
TI  - Natural history of pneumococcal infections.

PMID- 2648291
TI  - Haemophilus influenzae as a cause of acute otitis media.

PMID- 2648292
TI  - Genetically determined variation in the immune system: implications for host
      defense.

PMID- 2648293
TI  - Antimicrobial drugs and surgical procedures in the prevention of otitis media.

PMID- 2648294
TI  - Animal models for nontypable Haemophilus influenzae otitis media.

PMID- 2648295
TI  - Studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza virus vaccines in the
      chinchilla otitis media model.

PMID- 2648296
TI  - Somatic antigens of Haemophilus influenzae as vaccine components.

PMID- 2648297
TI  - Pulmonary clearance of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae.

PMID- 2648298
TI  - Vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b as models for an otitis vaccine.

PMID- 2648299
TI  - Viral vaccines in the control of otitis media.

PMID- 2648300
TI  - Vaccination trials in otitis media: experiences in Finland since 1977.

PMID- 2648301
TI  - Pneumococcal otitis media vaccine trials.

PMID- 2648302
TI  - Standardization of antibody assays for measuring the response to pneumococcal
      infection and immunization.

PMID- 2648303
TI  - Sample size considerations in vaccine trials.

PMID- 2648304
TI  - Searching MEDLINE for randomized clinical trials involving care of the newborn.
AB  - Randomized clinical trials make up only a small fraction of published articles
      concerning care of the newborn infant and an even smaller fraction of articles
      about all human subjects. The busy pediatrician who wants to keep abreast of the
      medical literature requires strategies to detect such relevant studies promptly
      and reliably. Computer searching of MEDLINE is an attractive, potentially
      powerful but not sufficiently validated means of achieving this goal. Therefore,
      the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of two MEDLINE search
      strategies designed to detect randomized clinical trials for prevention and
      treatment of newborn diseases among all original articles about human subjects
      appearing in ten pediatric and general medical journals during 1985 were
      determined. The yield of both MEDLINE searches was compared to that of a manual
      search. Fifty-three randomized clinical trials of newborn care were identified by
      hand search among 233 articles concerning care of the newborn and 2,988 original
      articles about human subjects. The sensitivities of the MEDLINE searches were 53%
      and 34%, respectively, and the positive predictive values were 82% and 69%,
      respectively. Specificity of both computer searches was virtually 100%. Twenty
      one randomized clinical trials were not identified by either MEDLINE search
      strategy, 17 of them for failure of the indexer to assign any methodologic terms
      at all or failure to assign sufficiently stringent methodologic terms.
      Consequently, sensitivities were higher, 77% and 68% respectively, when no
      methodologic terms were used during repeat searches. However, positive predictive
      values decreased concomitantly to 20% or less.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648305
TI  - Prevention of child maltreatment: what is known.
AB  - There has been increasing awareness of the need to prevent child maltreatment. In
      this review, prevention programs that have been evaluated are critically
      assessed. This is based on computer searches of the relevant literature spanning
      the last decade and final reports regarding prevention programs to state and
      federal agencies. Although many programs have been implemented, relatively few
      have been evaluated, and of those that have been, many have serious methodologic
      flaws. Interventions that do appear promising include home visiting, lay
      counseling, group and family therapy, and education about sexual abuse. In
      addition, comprehensive programs that address the multiple contributory factors
      of child maltreatment appear to be a valuable approach. Suggestions are made as
      to how the practicing pediatrician might play a preventive role. Finally, there
      is a need for good evaluation research of prevention programs.

PMID- 2648306
TI  - What's new in pediatric surgery--1988.

PMID- 2648307
TI  - Science of reading.

PMID- 2648308
TI  - Pseudomonas meningitis therapy recommendation questioned.

PMID- 2648309
TI  - Geophysical variables and behavior: LIV. Zeitoun (Egypt) apparitions of the
      Virgin Mary as tectonic strain-induced luminosities.
AB  - Temporal analyses were completed between the occurrence of intense displays of
      exotic luminous phenomena over a church in Zeitoun (Egypt) during the years 1968
      through 1969 and regional seismicity. These phenomena, viewed by thousands of
      onlookers, began one year before an unprecedented increase (factor of 10) in
      seismic activity about 400 km to the southeast. Monthly analyses also
      demonstrated a moderate (0.56) correlation between increases in seismicity and
      the occurrence of luminous phenomena during the same or previous month. These
      results were interpreted as further support for the hypothesis that most
      anomalous (terrain-related) luminous phenomena are generated by factors
      associated with tectonic strain.

PMID- 2648310
TI  - Effects of physical exercise on peripheral vision and learning in children with
      spina bifida manifesta.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of active exercise of
      the arms on various physiological, perceptual, and cognitive parameters of
      children with spina bifida manifesta who were aged 9 to 12 yr. Following a 5-min.
      rest interval, subjects were either not exercised (control days) for a 6-min.
      period or were exercised (experimental days) for a 6-min. period. Cardiac
      measures, respiratory function, peripheral vision, and figural learning trials
      were recorded after exercise. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests were
      computed on the means of the exercise and no-exercise conditions for each
      measure. Six minutes of active exercise resulted in significant increases in
      peripheral vision, respiratory and cardiac measures and significant decreases in
      figural learning trials for these children. A floor effect was noted for the
      figural learning test. It was concluded that exercise increased blood flow
      through the lungs allowing for greater oxygen diffusion in the brain and other
      facilitatory effects resulting in more effective cerebral activity. Curriculum
      revisions for such children seem to indicate the importance of activity in
      facilitating subsequent learning.

PMID- 2648311
TI  - The registered distance of the celestial sphere: some historical cross-cultural
      data.
AB  - Estimates of the diameters of the sun and moon expressed in centimetres have been
      reported by several authors in the past. These estimates imply that the sizes of
      the sun and moon are perceived as if these bodies are only some tens of metres
      distant. In this study five units of length that were used by ancient astronomers
      to estimate arcs on the celestial sphere were investigated. The purpose was to
      determine whether the lengths and angles represented by these units imply a
      specific registered distance of the star sphere. The sizes of the Babylonian
      cubit, Arab fitr and shibr, Greek eclipse digit, and Chinese chang support the
      conclusion that the registered distance of the stars was about 10 to 40 metres in
      these four cultures over the last two millennia.

PMID- 2648312
TI  - Using the Bender-Gestalt test to predict graphomotor dimensions of the Draw-A
      Person test.
AB  - The investigators examined four correlated aspects of the Bender-Gestalt and the
      Draw-A-Person tests. Subjects were 41 boys and 14 girls classified as seriously
      emotionally disturbed or seriously behavior disordered by their school system in
      southwest Georgia. Each subject's Bender-Gestalt and human figure drawings were
      placed on a digitizing pad and encoded to provide information relative to the
      width, height, average point of location on the fourth quadrant abscissa and
      ordinate of each drawing. The widths of Bender Figures 2 and 8 correlated
      significantly with the widths of human drawings; the heights of Figures A, 5, and
      7 were significantly correlated with the heights of the human drawings. Bender
      Figure 1 was significantly correlated with average points of location on the
      abscissa of human figure drawings (distance from the left margin of the page),
      but correlations between the average points of location from the top of the page
      were nonsignificant. Comparison of these results with data from other samples
      might refine diagnosis.

PMID- 2648313
TI  - Free visual imagery sequences in reactors and nonreactors.
AB  - The technique of Free Visual Imagery Sequences was used with 32 outpatients, M
      age of 33.9, to determine the differences between Visual Imagery Reactors and
      Nonreactors as defined in previous studies. Reactors showed significantly more
      responses associated with Affect/Conflict material, frequently including bizarre
      and distorted images. The Affect/Conflict responses occurred earlier and had
      longer duration spans in Reactors. Neutral content was more prevalent in
      Nonreactors. An interpretive approach involving a regulatory processing system is
      proposed. Free Visual Imagery Sequences appears to be a simple and efficient
      clinical technique which can contribute data useful in determining the extent to
      which imagery techniques could be employed in certain forms of psychotherapy.

PMID- 2648314
TI  - Geophysical variables and behavior: LV. Predicting the details of visitor
      experiences and the personality of experients: the temporal lobe factor.
AB  - The visitor experience, a more intense form of the normal sense of presence,
      emphasizes the deep belief of personal contact with an extraterrestrial (or
      religious) entity. Phenomenological details of visitor experiences are expected
      to reflect the functions of deep temporal lobe structures; common details involve
      cosmic meaningfulness, vestibular experiences, flickering, complex visual
      sensations and alimentary references. After intense experiences, interictal-like
      behaviors similar to religious conversions (widening affect, sense of personal,
      desire to spread the word, concern about Man's destiny) emerge. Normal people who
      are prone to these experiences show frequent temporal lobe signs and specific
      personality characteristics that include enhanced creativity, suggestibility,
      mild hypomania, anxiety, and emotional lability. Learning histories that
      encourage the use of right temporal lobe functions for the consolidation of
      memory, such as compartmentalization of beliefs or repression due to early sexual
      abuse, predispose to intense visitor experiences. The most frequent precipitants
      are psychological depression, personal (existential) stress and proximal exposure
      to the focal tectonic strain fields that accompany luminous phenomena. Possible
      neuropsychological mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 2648315
TI  - Neonatal pediatrics at the century mark.

PMID- 2648316
TI  - Paradigms of science/society interaction: the abortion controversy.

PMID- 2648317
TI  - A personal history of the origin of the somatomedin hypothesis and recent
      challenges to its validity.

PMID- 2648318
TI  - John B. Murphy, Theodore Roosevelt, and the W.B. Saunders Company.

PMID- 2648319
TI  - The evolving purposes of the autopsy: twenty-first-century values from an
      eighteenth-century procedure.

PMID- 2648320
TI  - The 150-year anniversary of multiple sclerosis: does its early history give an
      etiological clue?

PMID- 2648321
TI  - Tropical rain forests: potential source of new drugs?

PMID- 2648322
TI  - Public attitudes and expectations in the escalation of health care costs.

PMID- 2648323
TI  - The chiropractors and the AMA: reflections on the history of the consultation
      clause.

PMID- 2648324
TI  - The Oath: an investigation of the injunction prohibiting physician-patient sexual
      relations.

PMID- 2648325
TI  - Demonstration of A-currents in pancreatic islet cells.
AB  - Voltage-activated K+ currents resistant to TEA but blockable by 4-AP were
      recorded from mouse pancreatic islet cells. These currents first become
      observable during depolarizations to voltages more positive than -40 mV, reaching
      a peak amplitude of 120 +/- 34 pA at +6 mV (n = 4), display rapid turn on (tau =
      3.3 +/- 1.1 ms at +6 mV) and inactivate completely within 250 ms (tau = 65 +/- 5
      at +6 mV). The current is subject to steady-state inactivation. The midpoint (Vh)
      of the inactivation curve (h infinity) was observed at -72 +/- 2 mV. The
      properties of this current resemble those reported for the A-current in neurons.

PMID- 2648326
TI  - Evaluation in staff development education.

PMID- 2648327
TI  - ERIC: a resource for researchers in nursing education.
AB  - This chapter provides information on the ERIC system of bibliographic information
      covering the field of education. Information on topics related to nursing and
      specifically to research in nursing education is presented. The number of
      references in these areas and in the ERIC database and the content of these
      references is described.

PMID- 2648328
TI  - Video and computers in instructional media research.

PMID- 2648329
TI  - A novel tRNA(Ala) gene and its adjacent sigma element downstream from the CYP1
      (HAP1) gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 2648330
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the narL gene that is involved in global regulation of
      nitrate controlled respiratory genes of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The DNA sequence was determined for the narL gene of Escherichia coli. This gene
      is involved in global regulation of a number of nitrate controlled genes
      including frdABCD, tor, narGHJI, and adhE which are associated with bacterial
      respiration and fermentation. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of
      narL to that of other bacterial genes revealed significant homologies to the
      phoB, ompR, and virG gene products based on the presence of similar protein
      domains. These DNA binding proteins are members of two-component regulatory
      systems. The similarities suggest that narL may also participate in such a two
      component regulatory system and that the narR gene, which lies upstream of narL,
      may encode a second component required for nitrate control of gene regulation. In
      vitro protein synthesis experiments using a narL plasmid identified a putative
      NarL protein of 29 kDa in size consistent with the DNA sequence analysis. Primer
      extension experiments revealed the presence of two 5' termini for narL mRNA, and
      indicates that transcription may be complex.

PMID- 2648331
TI  - The sequence of the two extra exons in rat preA4.

PMID- 2648332
TI  - Partial sequence of the asexually expressed SU rRNA gene of Plasmodium vivax.

PMID- 2648333
TI  - Expression of functional Xenopus TFIIIA in Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2648334
TI  - Randomized clinical trials: issues for researchers.
AB  - The clinical trial is a randomized prospective study of human subjects in which
      the effectiveness of an intervention is compared against a control. Such a trial
      is considered to be a critical test of an innovative therapy. Trials require
      careful design and planning to be scientifically valid and clinically pertinent.
      In this review the clinical trial and its role in research are defined, and major
      ethical, methodological, and feasibility issues associated with trial design and
      organization are described.

PMID- 2648335
TI  - Use of magnitude estimation for estimating the parameters of dyspnea.
AB  - Magnitude estimation, a psychophysic method, allows examination of variables
      associated with the respiratory sensation of loaded breaths. The subject's
      perceptual sensitivity can be quantified by magnitude-scaling exponents which
      describe the rate of growth of the dyspnea sensation associated with increases in
      the magnitude of the stimulus. Measurement of the perception of dyspnea by
      magnitude estimation can complement other measurements of variables that
      contribute to this complex sensation. Use of magnitude estimation techniques can
      enhance the study of similar clinical problems such as pain and fatigue.

PMID- 2648336
TI  - Effect of fetal movement, ultrasound scans, and amniocentesis on maternal-fetal
      attachment.
AB  - The effects of fetal movement, ultrasound scans, and amniocentesis on maternal
      fetal attachment and perception of fetal development in normal pregnancy were
      examined in 91 women during the second trimester. Women who reported feeling
      fetal movement early in pregnancy had higher maternal-fetal attachment scores and
      higher perception of fetal development scores. Ultrasound scans had no effect on
      either variable. Women who had genetic amniocentesis had lower attachment scores
      before the procedure, but one month later the attachment scores were not
      significantly different from those of other women. Both maternal-fetal attachment
      and perceptions of fetal development increased significantly from 16 to 20 weeks
      of gestation. There was a small but significant correlation between attachment
      scores and perception of fetal development.

PMID- 2648337
TI  - Quest. NT's educational supplement.

PMID- 2648338
TI  - Quest. At the touch of a button.

PMID- 2648339
TI  - Quest. Take me to your leader.

PMID- 2648340
TI  - Quest. Keeping in touch.

PMID- 2648341
TI  - Robertson's revolution.

PMID- 2648342
TI  - Computers in Nursing News. Creating a program.

PMID- 2648343
TI  - Preparing for bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2648344
TI  - The science of labour?

PMID- 2648345
TI  - Effect of treatment on the expression of estramustine-binding protein (EMBP) in
      prostatic cancer patients: an immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Estramustine-binding protein (EMBP) was determined immunohistochemically in
      prostatic cancer (PC) specimens taken from patients before and after therapy. The
      EMBP staining intensity was correlated with the tumor malignancy grade in
      untreated PCs. The effect of various treatments (i.e., androgen-withdrawal
      therapy, treatment with estramustine phosphate or radiation) on the expression of
      EMBP was also investigated. Although a rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against
      rat EMBP was used all through the study, all untreated PCs (n = 53) examined so
      far displayed a positive immunoreaction. The staining intensity was higher in
      moderately and poorly differentiated than in well-differentiated tumors.
      Furthermore, two types of staining patterns were observed, that is, a diffuse
      type in about 70% and a focal in the remaining cases, which might reflect the
      multifocal appearance of PCs. The prognostic significance of these staining
      patterns is discussed. Irrespective of the treatment used, EMBP staining was
      reduced to lower or undetectable levels in PCs where cytological as well as
      clinical regression were indicated after 6-30 months of therapy. In nonresponders
      or patients with refractory disease, however, EMBP expression reappeared and
      returned to pretreatment levels. In a short-term follow-up, the diminuation of
      EMBP was evident as early as 10 days after androgen-withdrawal therapy and
      persisted as long as the patient responded to therapy. When estramustine
      phosphate was given as secondary treatment to hormone refractory PCs, EMBP
      decreased to undetectable levels in 3/4 of the specimens, suggesting response to
      therapy. In conclusion, a decreased EMBP staining was well correlated with
      favorable cytological regression as well as with clinical regression, whereas
      unchanged staining intensity was indicative of clinical progression and a poor
      cytological regression grade. The high levels of EMBP in moderately and poorly
      differentiated tumors as well as in relapsing PCs, despite continued androgen
      withdrawal, strongly support a regulation of EMBP that is not under androgenic
      control. Based on the present findings, we suggest the use of EMBP as a therapy
      marker. Provided that immunohistochemical measurements can be performed on fine
      needle aspirates, EMBP analysis may be a direct and early means to distinguish
      between responding patients and nonresponders.

PMID- 2648346
TI  - Semisynthetic anti-LHRH vaccine causing atrophy of the prostate.
AB  - A modified luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analog (D-lys)6 was
      synthesized and linked to epsilon-amino caproic acid at the 6th position. The
      free amino group thus generated was used for conjugation to diphtheria toxoid.
      Immunogenicity and bioefficacy studies of this conjugate vaccine were carried out
      in rodents. All immunized animals produced antibodies reactive with native LHRH.
      A gradual decline in testosterone levels accompanied the rise in anti-LHRH
      titers. On necropsy, after 10 weeks, a significant reduction in the relative
      weights of testes and accessory sex organs was noticed. Of particular
      significance was the marked atrophy of the prostate, indicating a possible
      therapeutic application of this vaccine in the treatment of androgen-dependent
      carcinoma of the prostate.

PMID- 2648347
TI  - Determination of canine prostatic size in situ: comparison of direct caliper
      measurement with radiologic and transrectal ultrasonographic measurements.
AB  - The use of transrectal ultrasonography to estimate canine prostatic size in situ
      was evaluated and compared to that of direct measurement via calipers and an in
      situ radiologic procedure. The length, width, and depth of prostates were
      measured by transrectal ultrasound in both the transverse and sagittal planes
      from which prostatic volume was calculated. Prostatic volumes were subsequently
      transformed into prostatic weights using the following nomogram: prostatic Weight
      (g) = 0.602 x prostatic Volume (cm3) + 1.16. Prostatic weights estimated by
      ultrasound as well as by direct measurement with caliper were similar (P greater
      than 0.10) to the true gravimetric weight; however, prostate weights estimated by
      the radiological X-ray procedure were significantly (P less than 0.01) lower. The
      relationship between true gravimetric prostate weight and that estimated by
      ultrasound was described by the following regression equation: estimated weight
      (g) = 1.127 gravimetric weight (g) - 1.665; r = 0.900; P less than 0.001; n = 23.
      In summary, the results of this study demonstrate that transrectal
      ultrasonography can be used to accurately predict canine prostatic weight.

PMID- 2648348
TI  - Striated muscle in the biopsy specimen of the prostate.
AB  - We had a chance to see striated muscle fibers in the biopsy specimen of the
      prostate. We examined the prostate specimens of autopsied cases and biopsy
      specimens. The distribution of striated muscle fibers was studied with an
      immunohistochemical method for myoglobin to obtain their anatomical distribution
      in detail. We showed that the striated external sphincter muscle fibers were
      present in the peripheral zone of the prostatic gland (9.1%). Therefore, if
      striated muscle fibers are found in biopsy specimens of prostatic cancer,
      pathologists and urologists should not diagnose simply that the cancer invades
      beyond the prostatic capsule.

PMID- 2648349
TI  - Chlamydial infections. Gaining control of a growing epidemic.
AB  - Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis are wide-spread, costly, and damaging.
      Consequences are harshest for women because of the adverse effects on the
      reproductive system. Newborns of infected mothers may also be affected. Screening
      of sexually active patients is important, because many infected patients are
      asymptomatic. Newer, improved laboratory techniques are available. Treatment with
      doxycycline, tetracycline, or erythromycin is preferred. Simultaneous treatment
      of sexual partners is vital.

PMID- 2648350
TI  - Clues to the mystery of multiple sclerosis.
AB  - While the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains obscure, epidemiologic
      investigation suggests that environmental factors encountered years before onset
      could be responsible. Studies elucidating age-specific onset curves, worldwide
      distribution, epidemics, clustering, and risk of contraction after migration are
      consistent with the belief that MS may be caused by exposure to an infectious
      agent, possibly viral, at or shortly after puberty. Indirect evidence from
      serologic studies of serum and CSF shows elevated antibody titers to a number of
      viruses in MS patients. Although the absence of reproducible direct evidence of
      virus or viral remnants in brain tissue of patients with MS casts doubt on the
      viral hypothesis, it cannot be excluded. The theory that MS represents a
      complicated virus-host interaction with a secondary mechanism that initiates or
      prevents the process and its exacerbations implies that at least two components
      are present--one producing the disease and one immunizing against it. Results
      from studies of geographic distribution, migration, and age at onset make this
      model plausible. Further understanding of the molecular biology of viruses and
      results of epidemiologic studies of migration will help settle this argument and
      may lead to prevention of the disease.

PMID- 2648351
TI  - Complications of imaging procedures in six elderly patients.

PMID- 2648352
TI  - Diagnosis of undetected knee injuries. Interpreting subtle clinical and
      radiologic findings.
AB  - The vast majority of knee problems can be diagnosed by taking a complete history,
      performing a comprehensive physical examination, and obtaining appropriate x-ray
      films. However, diagnosis of anterior and posterior cruciate ligament tears,
      patellofemoral subluxation, tibial tubercle fracture, and fibular head
      dislocation is challenging because they often present like common, less serious
      knee disorders. Accurate assessment of these five injuries depends upon the
      examiner's knowledge of the specific presenting complaints and the subtle
      clinical and radiologic findings associated with these conditions.

PMID- 2648353
TI  - Third-generation cephalosporins. A plea to save them for specific infections.
AB  - Third-generation cephalosporins are indicated for treatment of sexually
      transmitted diseases, resistant salmonellosis, and infections in the febrile
      leukopenic host. The practicing physician must weigh the expanding role of these
      agents against their limitations. Some potential problems include bleeding
      (confined to the use of moxalactam [Moxam] or cefoperazone [Cefobid]), a reaction
      like that to disulfiram (Antabuse) when combined with alcohol (also confined to
      the use of moxalactam or cefoperazone), and superinfection. A prolonged course of
      treatment entails significant expense. Further evaluation and clinical experience
      is necessary before use of third-generation cephalosporins for some of the newer
      indications (eg, late stages of Lyme disease, neurosyphilis) becomes routine
      medical practice.

PMID- 2648354
TI  - Diabetes mellitus. Control and complications.

PMID- 2648355
TI  - Type I diabetes. Control with individualized insulin regimens.

PMID- 2648356
TI  - Type II diabetes. More than 'just a touch' of diabetes.
AB  - Type II diabetes is a challenge, not only because it is complex to treat but also
      because many physicians and patients do not appreciate the seriousness of the
      disease and thus do not undertake therapy aggressively. Only with the recognition
      that treatment and follow-up monitoring of type II diabetes require the same
      careful approach as type I diabetes can physicians be assured that these patients
      are getting the best care.

PMID- 2648357
TI  - A practical guide to using insulin.

PMID- 2648358
TI  - Gastric carcinoma. Battling a stalwart enemy.

PMID- 2648359
TI  - Dysphagia. Diagnostic pitfalls and how to avoid them.
AB  - Oropharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia involve different phases of swallowing,
      have different causes, and can usually be distinguished by a thorough patient
      history. Initial evaluation of patients with suspected oropharyngeal dysphagia
      includes patient history, physical and neurologic examination, and careful
      videofluoroscopic study of pharyngeal dynamics. Initial evaluation of patients
      with suspected esophageal dysphagia includes patient history and barium swallow
      with esophagography. Lesions such as Schatzki's ring or peptic stricture may not
      be detected unless the esophagus is sufficiently distended and the patient is
      given a bolus challenge.

PMID- 2648360
TI  - AIDS update.
AB  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a new and frightening epidemic.
      Epidemiology has clearly delineated the mechanisms of spread as sexual
      intercourse, transfer of blood, and vertical transfer from infected mother to
      newborn child. Although much remains to be answered about infection with the AIDS
      virus, present information will allow containment of its spread while methods of
      controlling the threat, such as development of vaccine and therapy, are
      vigorously pursued.

PMID- 2648361
TI  - Treatment of pancreatitis. When do antibiotics have a role?
AB  - Experimental and clinical data on the use of antibiotics in treatment of
      pancreatitis vary widely, depending on the cause of the disease. Antibiotics have
      little effect on alcoholic or idiopathic pancreatitis, but they play a major role
      in treatment of bacterial infections in gallstone pancreatitis. Some antibiotics
      are effective in necrotizing pancreatitis; however, surgery and extensive
      debridement are often necessary when abscess is present or multiple-organ failure
      occurs.

PMID- 2648362
TI  - Systolic hypertension in the elderly. Relationship with cardiovascular disease.
AB  - The risk of stroke and myocardial infarction is increased in patients with
      elevated systolic blood pressure. Although treatment trials have demonstrated the
      benefit of antihypertensive therapy in elderly patients with diastolic
      hypertension, the only trial conducted in elderly patients with isolated systolic
      hypertension is currently in progress. A six-month trial of nonpharmacologic
      therapy should generally be the initial treatment in patients with isolated
      systolic hypertension. Then, if systolic pressure remains elevated, a cautious
      trial of drug treatment is reasonable. The drug used should be started in a low
      dose, and the dose should be titrated slowly. With this approach,
      antihypertensive treatment of elderly patients with isolated systolic
      hypertension may be well tolerated and ultimately beneficial.

PMID- 2648363
TI  - Depression. Management techniques in primary care.
AB  - Depression is a commonly encountered problem in primary medical care. In cases of
      mild reactive depression, supportive psychotherapy by the primary care physician
      may be sufficient treatment. Referral for specialized psychotherapy
      (interpersonal, cognitive, or behavioral therapy) should be considered when
      psychological risk factors are thought to play an important role in the patient's
      depression. According to recent clinical trials, specialized psychotherapy is as
      effective in treating depression as standard tricyclic anti-depressant therapy
      and can be used as an alternative to medication. When used in conjunction with
      medication, psychotherapy may enhance compliance and therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 2648364
TI  - Dermatologic symptoms without signs. Seeking the cause of itching, pain, and
      burning.
AB  - A patient may seek medical help because of dermatologic itching, pain, or burning
      that is unaccompanied by visible lesions. Although referral to a dermatologist
      may be necessary, the primary care physician is at times able to manage such
      patients if he or she is aware of some of the common causative diseases,
      including preeruptive herpes zoster, polyneuritis, and aquagenic pruritus.

PMID- 2648365
TI  - Head and neck melanoma. How to recognize and treat this increasingly common
      tumor.

PMID- 2648366
TI  - Diagnostic peritoneal lavage. Questions and answers.
AB  - Peritoneal lavage is a useful adjunct to physical examination and to other
      traditional means of assessing the patient with potential intraabdominal injury.
      The procedure is safe in experienced hands and may be easily and rapidly
      performed with a minimum of equipment. The information that lavage provides may
      spare some patients an exploratory laparotomy and, more important, may identify
      those patients who appear to be in stable condition but who, in fact, need
      immediate lifesaving intervention.

PMID- 2648367
TI  - Age-related changes in calcium metabolism. Why they occur and what can be done.
AB  - Aging has myriad effects on calcium homeostasis and metabolism. Levels of
      parathyroid hormone rise, making the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism
      more difficult. Vitamin D levels decline, affecting the rate of calcium
      absorption from the intestine. As more and more physicians attempt to combat
      osteoporosis with calcium supplements, an increasing number of cases of
      hyperparathyroidism will likely be diagnosed. The use of supplemental calcium is
      probably appropriate for most elderly patients, particularly white women, but
      experimental evidence supporting this recommendation is surprisingly scanty. The
      patient's age is a major consideration when assessing laboratory results, disease
      risk, and optimal therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 2648368
TI  - A new algorithm for diagnosis of anemia.
AB  - Studies of the cognitive processes of diagnosis have shown that use of heuristics
      (eg, shortcuts, rules of thumb) dominates clinical problem solving. Thus, an
      algorithmic approach to diagnosis can be particularly useful. Because the
      sensitivity and specificity of many tests are not known, however, this approach
      is not perfect. Therefore, algorithms should be taken as a general guide to
      diagnosis but should not be applied too rigidly. In the past, algorithms for
      anemia did not apply any principles of decision analysis. The algorithm presented
      in this article is based on test operating characteristics reported in the
      literature. Disease is excluded by highly sensitive tests (screening tests) and
      confirmed by highly specific tests (pathognomonic findings). This algorithm can
      reduce the need for expensive, complex procedures, including radioisotope studies
      (eg, chromium 51 red blood cell study, ferrokinetics). It provides a rational and
      semiquantitative estimation of diagnostic possibilities. Alternate pathways to
      diagnosis may arise in individual cases. Also, the algorithm is difficult to
      apply to multifactorial anemias.

PMID- 2648369
TI  - Peritoneal dialysis. Current technology and techniques.
AB  - The use of chronic peritoneal dialysis has increased greatly in recent years. The
      procedure has few contraindications, and complications such as mild peritonitis
      respond quickly to intraperitoneal antibiotics. At present, a continuous
      ambulatory regimen, which can be performed by the patient anywhere, is the
      predominant form of peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2648370
TI  - Clinical implications of fever.

PMID- 2648371
TI  - Helping diabetic patients avoid guilt when 'out of control'.

PMID- 2648372
TI  - Oral and pharyngeal candidiasis. Topical agents for management and prevention.
AB  - About half of the general population harbors Candida species in oral flora, and
      oral candidal infections are common. However, in immunocompromised or
      immunosuppressed patients, candidiasis may progress to life-threatening systemic
      disease. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome, HIV disease, diabetes, or leukemia are particularly
      prone to serious systemic infection. Chemotherapy for cancer and bone marrow and
      organ transplantation also provide physiologic opportunities for candidal
      colonization. Topical therapy has the potential to prevent and treat candidiasis
      with less risk of side effects and drug interactions than systemic therapy. Among
      the effective topical agents are polyene antifungal antibiotics and imidazole
      compounds. Some of these agents have been found useful in prevention of serious
      candidal infection in high-risk patients; however, more study is needed in this
      area.

PMID- 2648373
TI  - Why do women live longer than men? Biologic differences that influence longevity.
AB  - Women enjoy a natural relative immunity to coronary atherosclerosis compared with
      their male counterparts because of their sex hormone status, especially in the
      premenopausal years. This advantage is likely to be extended to the
      postmenopausal years by the current widespread prescription of estrogen (coupled
      with cyclic progestin) therapy. Currently available forms of exogenous estrogen
      preparations do not confer similar benefits on men, nor would their feminizing
      side effects be acceptable to men. Therefore, to narrow the sex differential in
      longevity, with its devastating burdens of loneliness and dependency on elderly
      women and monetary and time burdens on healthcare resources, men must adopt
      behaviors that reduce their risk of coronary artery disease. Such behaviors are
      cessation of cigarette smoking, early detection and long-term control of
      hypertension, and early detection and long-term control of dyslipoproteinemia (as
      best reflected in the ratio of low-density lipoprotein to high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol). Fortunately, the recent advent of effective dietary
      and, especially, drug therapy for both hypertension and dyslipoproteinemia makes
      such approaches to reducing male cardiovascular mortality feasible, effective,
      and of acceptable cost in both economic and personal terms.

PMID- 2648374
TI  - Fecal occult blood testing. Problems, pitfalls, and diagnostic concerns.
AB  - The diagnostic approach to the asymptomatic patient who has tested positive for
      fecal occult blood varies among clinicians. Colonoscopic evaluation is the
      procedure of choice in initiating the workup of patients 50 years of age and
      older. In younger patients, examination by sigmoidoscopy and barium enema using
      air for contrast (double contrast study) may be considered as an alternative to
      colonoscopy as the initial test. Evaluation of the upper gastrointestinal tract
      should be considered if a colonic source is not detected. The challenge in
      diagnostic test selection lies in choosing the most appropriate and cost
      effective procedure for detecting disease, especially neoplastic lesions.

PMID- 2648375
TI  - Lyme disease. The hidden pandemic.
AB  - Physicians will recognize Lyme disease faster if they maintain a high index of
      suspicion in a young patient with arthritis accompanied by negative rheumatoid
      factor and antinuclear antibody in combination with cardiac conduction problems
      or lymphocytic meningitis. The Lyme spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) has notable
      sensitivity to tetracycline, penicillin, and erythromycin; therefore, proper and
      complete treatment of the disease, once it is identified, can be easily achieved.
      Finkel observed that Lyme disease manifests itself as a "great imitator," as do
      many disorders caused by a spirochete. The total impact of Lyme disease on public
      health will be known only when the disease is fully recognized, consistently
      reported, and adequately managed.

PMID- 2648376
TI  - Use of cardiovascular drugs in the elderly. What difference does age make?
AB  - Pharmacologic treatment of cardiovascular disease is both challenging and
      rewarding. Multiple medications and the variable nature of most cardiac problems
      necessitate careful monitoring of drug regimens in patients of any age. The
      elderly require even more attention to optimize therapy in light of variable drug
      absorption, effects, metabolism, and excretion. This challenge will present
      itself more frequently as the US population ages.

PMID- 2648377
TI  - Rehabilitation of the patient with coronary heart disease. New information for
      improved care.
AB  - The benefits of early ambulation and predischarge exercise testing for stable
      patients after acute myocardial infarction have been well documented. Early
      exercise testing can help stratify patients into risk categories; these can guide
      recommendations for further diagnostic testing for medical or surgical
      interventions, as well as suggest appropriate activity levels after hospital
      discharge. The scope of cardiac patients currently considered eligible for
      exercise rehabilitation is far greater than in the past. Exercise training can
      improve functional capacity, predominantly mediated by peripheral adaptations;
      guidelines must be developed for the exercise training and surveillance of
      severely ill and elderly coronary patients. Education in coronary risk reduction
      and counseling to limit psychosocial complications of coronary disease and
      encourage return to work when appropriate can improve the coronary patient's
      functional status and clinical outcome. Further research is needed to determine
      the rehabilitative needs of more severely impaired, medically complex patient
      subgroups and the most cost-effective means of delivering rehabilitative
      services.

PMID- 2648378
TI  - Perioperative risk assessment. Common misconceptions.
AB  - Proper assessment of the preoperative patient is a blend of the art and science
      of medicine. The body of literature dealing with the various facets of this
      assessment has grown in the past few years. Unfortunately, this core of knowledge
      is neither well taught to residents-in-training nor well appreciated by many
      practicing physicians. Thus, evaluation of the surgical patient is often guided
      by personal anecdotes and unjustified assumptions. Seven common misconceptions
      are addressed in this article.

PMID- 2648379
TI  - Gastroduodenal effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

PMID- 2648380
TI  - Solvation effects.

PMID- 2648381
TI  - Purification and analysis of RNA polymerase II transcription factors by using
      wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography.
AB  - We recently found that many RNA polymerase II transcription factors are modified
      with N-acetylglucosamine residues. These sugar moieties confer upon transcription
      factors an ability to bind the lectin wheat germ agglutinin. We have taken
      advantage of this interaction to devise a purification procedure for the "GC-box"
      binding transcription factor Sp1. Crude nuclear extracts are first subjected to
      wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography and then subjected to sequence
      specific DNA affinity chromatography. The Sp1 protein purified by this procedure
      is at least 95% pure, and the overall recovery is greater than 80%. In addition
      to yielding larger quantities of Sp1 than conventional schemes, the new
      purification procedure is also simpler and more rapid. We show that wheat germ
      agglutinin affinity chromatography can also be used to purify the glycosylated
      forms of the CCAAT-binding transcription factor. Thus, wheat germ agglutinin
      affinity chromatography may aid the purification of other transcription factors
      that bear N-acetylglucosamine residues. Furthermore, the ability to separate
      glycosylated forms of transcription factors from their unglycosylated
      counterparts by wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography should facilitate
      investigations into the role of N-acetylglucosamine residues in the functioning
      of transcription factor proteins.

PMID- 2648382
TI  - Nucleocytoplasmic transport of ribosomes in a eukaryotic system: is there a
      facilitated transport process?
AB  - We have examined the kinetics of the process by which ribosomes are exported from
      the nucleus to the cytoplasm using Xenopus laevis oocytes microinjected into the
      germinal vesicle with radiolabeled ribosomes or ribosomal subunits from X.
      laevis, Tetrahymena thermophila, or Escherichia coli. Microinjected eukaryotic
      mature ribosomes are redistributed into the oocyte cytoplasm by an apparent
      carrier-mediated transport process that exhibits saturation kinetics as
      increasing amounts of ribosomes are injected. T. thermophila ribosomes are
      competent to traverse the Xenopus nuclear envelope, suggesting that the basic
      mechanism underlying ribosome transport is evolutionarily conserved.
      Microinjected E. coli ribosomes are not transported in this system, indicating
      that prokaryotic ribosomes lack the "signals" required for transport.
      Surprisingly, coinjected small (40S) and large (60S) subunits from T. thermophila
      are transported significantly faster than individual subunits. These observations
      support a facilitated transport model for the translocation of ribosomal subunits
      as separate units across the nuclear envelope whereby the transport rate of 60S
      or 40S subunits is enhanced by the presence of the partner subunit. Although the
      basic features of the transport mechanism have been preserved through evolution,
      other aspects of the process may be mediated through species-specific
      interactions. We hypothesize that a species-specific nuclear 40S-60S subunit
      association may expedite the transport of individual subunits across the nuclear
      envelope.

PMID- 2648383
TI  - Human hepatitis delta virus RNA subfragments contain an autocleavage activity.
AB  - Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) contains a single-stranded circular RNA genome of 1.7
      kilobases. In this report we demonstrate that subfragments of HDV RNA can undergo
      autocatalytic cleavage. This cleavage requires at least 500 microM of Mg2+ or
      Ca2+, is not affected by varying the pH from 5.0 to 9.1, and occurs with RNA
      fragments as small as 133 nucleotides. The larger RNA fragments containing
      additional HDV sequences have a lower efficiency of cleavage. Deletion analysis
      at both ends of RNA subfragments suggested that the catalytic ability of HDV RNA
      resides in a stretch of no more than 117 nucleotides around the cleavage site.
      The cleavage occurs at the phosphodiester bond between nucleotides 688 and 689 on
      the HDV genomic map, generating a 5' fragment with a terminal uridyl 2',3'-cyclic
      monophosphate residue and a 3' fragment with a guanosyl residue with a 5'
      hydroxyl group. The smallest autocleaving RNA does not contain the "hammerhead"
      sequence required for the autocleavage of other known self-cleaving RNA. The
      cleavage of HDV RNA occurs at a much faster rate, even at a very low Mg2+
      concentration, than that of other "ribozymes." Thus, HDV RNA represents a
      distinct class of ribozyme.

PMID- 2648384
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease expressed in Escherichia coli behaves as
      a dimeric aspartic protease.
AB  - Recombinant human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) protease, purified from a
      bacterial expression system, processed a recombinant form of its natural
      substrate, Pr55gag, into protein fragments that possess molecular weights
      commensurate with those of the virion gag proteins. Molecular weights of the
      protease obtained under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions (11,000 and
      22,000, respectively) and chemical crosslinking studies were consistent with a
      dimeric structure for the active enzyme. The protease appropriately cleaved the
      nonapeptide Ac-Arg-Ala-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Val-Val-NH2 between the tyrosine and
      proline residues. HIV-1 protease was sensitive to inactivators of the aspartic
      proteases. The aspartic protease inactivator 1,2-epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propane
      produced irreversible, time-dependent inactivation of the protease. The pH
      dependent kinetics of this inactivator were consistent with the requirement of an
      unprotonated carboxyl group in the active site of the enzyme, suggesting that HIV
      1 protease is also an aspartic protease.

PMID- 2648385
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of a human monocyte chemoattractant, a putative
      mediator of cellular immune reactions.
AB  - In a study of the structural basis for leukocyte specificity of chemoattractants,
      we determined the complete amino acid sequence of human glioma-derived monocyte
      chemotactic factor (GDCF-2), a peptide that attracts human monocytes but not
      neutrophils. The choice of a tumor cell product for analysis was dictated by its
      relative abundance and an amino acid composition indistinguishable from that of
      lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor (LDCF), the agonist thought to account for
      monocyte accumulation in cellular immune reactions. By a combination of Edman
      degradation and mass spectrometry, it was established that GDCF-2 comprises 76
      amino acid residues, commencing at the N terminus with pyroglutamic acid. The
      peptide contains four half-cystines, at positions 11, 12, 36, and 52, which
      create a pair of loops, clustered at the disulfide bridges. The relative
      positions of the half-cystines are almost identical to those of monocyte-derived
      neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF), a peptide of similar mass but with only
      24% sequence identity to GDCF. Thus, GDCF and MDNCF have a similar gross
      secondary structure because of the loops formed by the clustered disulfides, and
      their different leukocyte specificities are most likely determined by the large
      differences in primary sequence.

PMID- 2648386
TI  - Phosphorylation and disassembly of intermediate filaments in mitotic cells.
AB  - As baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells enter mitosis, networks of intermediate
      filaments (IFs) are transformed into cytoplasmic aggregates of protofilaments.
      Coincident with this morphological change, the phosphate content of vimentin
      increases from 0.3 mol of Pi per mol of protein in interphase to 1.9 mol of Pi
      per mol of protein in mitosis. A similar increase in phosphate content is
      observed with desmin, from 0.5 mol of Pi per mol of protein to 1.5 mol of Pi per
      mol of protein. Fractionation of mitotic cell lysates by hydroxylapatite column
      chromatography reveals the presence of two IF protein kinase activities,
      designated as IF protein kinase I and IF protein kinase II. Comparison of two
      dimensional 32P-labeled phosphopeptide maps of vimentin and desmin phosphorylated
      in vivo in mitosis, and in vitro using partially purified kinase fractions,
      reveals extensive similarity in the two sets of phosphorylation sites.
      Phosphorylation of in vitro polymerized IFs by IF protein kinase II induces
      complete disassembly as determined by negative-stain electron microscopy. The
      results support the idea that the disassembly of IFs in mitosis is regulated by
      the phosphorylation of its subunit proteins.

PMID- 2648387
TI  - Molecular mechanism in the formation of a human ring chromosome 21.
AB  - We have characterized the structural rearrangements of a chromosome 21 that led
      to the de novo formation of a human ring chromosome 21 [r(21)]. Molecular cloning
      and chromosomal localization of the DNA regions flanking the ring junction
      provide evidence for a long arm to long arm fusion in formation of the r(21). In
      addition, the centromere and proximal long arm region of a maternal chromosome 21
      are duplicated in the r(21). Therefore, the mechanism in formation of the r(21)
      was complex involving two sequential chromosomal rearrangements. (i) Duplication
      of the centromere and long arm of one maternal chromosome 21 occurred forming a
      rearranged intermediate. (ii) Chromosomal breaks in both the proximal and
      telomeric long arm regions on opposite arms of this rearranged chromosome
      occurred with subsequent reunion producing the r(21).

PMID- 2648388
TI  - Outer membrane ultrastructure explains the limited antigenicity of virulent
      Treponema pallidum.
AB  - Freeze fracture and deep etching were used to investigate the ultrastructural
      basis for the observation that anti-treponemal antibodies bind poorly to the
      surface of virulent Treponema pallidum. Fractures of T. pallidum outer membranes
      contained scarce, uniformly sized intramembranous particles (IMPs). IMPs on the
      convex faces often appeared to form linear arrays that wound in spirals about the
      organism. In contrast to the outer membrane, IMPs of the cytoplasmic membrane
      were randomly distributed, numerous, and heterogeneous in size. In Escherichia
      coli and T. pallidum cofractures, IMPs of the E. coli outer membranes were
      densely packed within the concave fracture faces, while the T. pallidum fractures
      were identical to the experiments lacking the E. coli internal controls. Outer
      membranes of two representative nonpathogenic treponemes, Treponema phagedenis
      biotype Reiter and Treponema denticola, contained numerous IMPs, which segregated
      preferentially with the concave halves. Examination of apposed replicas and deep
      etched specimens indicated that at least some of the IMPs extend through the T.
      pallidum outer membrane and are exposed on the surface of the organism. The outer
      membrane of intact T. pallidum appears to contain a paucity of integral membrane
      proteins that can serve as targets for specific antibodies. These findings appear
      to represent an unusual parasitic strategy for evasion of host humoral defenses.

PMID- 2648389
TI  - Visualization of chandelier cell axons by parvalbumin immunoreactivity in monkey
      cerebral cortex.
AB  - Antibodies directed against the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin label a
      subpopulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-releasing neurons in the cerebral cortex
      that is thought to have particular metabolic and physiological properties. The
      chandelier cell is a well-characterized morphological type of gamma-aminobutyric
      acid-releasing cortical interneuron, the axon of which possesses very distinctive
      terminal portions located around the initial axon segments of pyramidal cells. In
      the pre- and postcentral gyri of the monkey, we found that these distinctive
      terminal portions of chandelier cell axons were immunocytochemically stained for
      parvalbumin in a manner that reveals their complete structure. The chandelier
      cell axons were identified light-microscopically as short, vertically oriented
      rows of parvalbumin-positive puncta (PV-Rs). The PV-Rs varied in both length and
      complexity and were located beneath unstained pyramidal cells. PV-Rs were very
      numerous in layers II-III, where most pyramidal cells appeared to have a PV-R
      beneath them. Fewer PV-Rs were found in deeper layers, and in layer VI PV-Rs were
      rare. With EM all PV-Rs could be seen to form multiple synaptic contacts of the
      symmetrical type on the initial segments of pyramidal cell axons. Parvalbumin
      immunoreactivity can therefore be used as a reliable marker for chandelier cell
      axons.

PMID- 2648390
TI  - Oxygen-sensitive ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase is present in anaerobic
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase from Escherichia coli and mammalian cells
      provides the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates for DNA synthesis. The active
      enzyme contains a tyrosyl free radical whose formation requires oxygen. Earlier
      genetic evidence suggested that the enzyme is not required for anaerobic growth
      of E. coli, implicating the activity of a different enzyme or enzyme system for
      deoxyribonucleotide synthesis in the absence of oxygen. We now conclude from
      isotope incorporation experiments that E. coli during anaerobiosis obtains its
      deoxyribonucleotides by reduction of ribonucleotides. Extracts from anaerobically
      grown bacteria contain a different enzyme activity capable of reducing CTP to
      dCTP. To obtain an active enzyme, strict anaerobiosis must be maintained during
      extract preparation and during assay of the enzyme. The reaction is stimulated by
      NADPH, Mg2+, and ATP. Inhibition by deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates suggests
      that the anaerobic enzyme has allosteric properties. Antibodies raised against
      the aerobic enzyme do not inhibit the new activity, and hydroxyurea, a potent
      scavenger of the tyrosyl radical of the aerobic enzyme, only weakly inhibits the
      anaerobic enzyme. The anaerobic enzyme has interesting evolutionary aspects since
      it might reflect on an activity that in the absence of oxygen made possible the
      transition from an "RNA world" into a "DNA world."

PMID- 2648391
TI  - Human immunodeficiency viral long terminal repeat is functional and can be trans
      activated in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contains
      the viral promoter, which is responsible for viral gene expression in eukaryotic
      cells. We have demonstrated that HIV LTR can also function as a promoter in
      Escherichia coli. A recombinant plasmid containing the HIV LTR linked to the
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene can express the enzyme efficiently upon
      transformation into bacteria. Mung bean nuclease analysis mapped the bacterial
      transcriptional start site of the promoter to the U3 region of the LTR, in
      contrast to transcription in eukaryotic cells, which initiates in the U3-R
      boundary of the LTR. The HIV LTR, besides being fully functional in E. coli, can
      also be specifically trans-activated by the HIV tat gene product. Trans
      activation is demonstrated by an increase in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
      activity as well as an increase in the mRNA level of the enzyme. This trans
      activation of HIV LTR by tat protein in bacteria offers a useful system to
      investigate further the specific interaction between tat protein with HIV LTR and
      the mechanisms of trans-activation.

PMID- 2648392
TI  - Replacement of aspartic acid-96 by asparagine in bacteriorhodopsin slows both the
      decay of the M intermediate and the associated proton movement.
AB  - The photocycle, electrical charge translocation, and release and uptake of
      protons from the aqueous phase and release and uptake of protons from the aqueous
      phase were investigated for bacteriorhodopsin mutants with aspartic acid-96
      replaced by asparagine or glutamic acid. At neutral pH the main effect of the Asp
      96----Asn mutation is to slow by 2 orders of magnitude the decay of the M
      intermediate and the concomitant charge displacement associated with the
      reprotonation of the Schiff base from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The
      proton uptake measured with the indicator dye pyranine is likewise slowed without
      affecting the stoichiometry of proton pumping. The corresponding results for the
      Asp-96----Glu mutant, on the other hand, are very close to those for the wild
      type protein. These results provide a kinetic explanation for the fact that at pH
      7 and saturating light intensities the steady-state proton pumping is almost
      abolished in the Asp-96----Asn mutant but is close to normal in the Asp-96----Glu
      mutant. Thus, the pump is simply turning over much more slowly in the Asp-96---
      Asn mutant. The time constants of the decay of M and the associated charge
      translocation increase strongly with increasing pH for the Asp-96----Asn mutant
      but are virtually pH-independent for the Asp-96----Glu mutant and wild-type
      bacteriorhodopsin. At pH 5 the M decay of the Asp-96----Asn mutant is as fast as
      for wild type. These results suggest that Asp-96 serves as an internal proton
      donor in the proton-uptake pathway from the cytoplasm to the Schiff base.

PMID- 2648393
TI  - One-step preparation of competent Escherichia coli: transformation and storage of
      bacterial cells in the same solution.
AB  - We have developed a simple, one-step procedure for the preparation of competent
      Escherichia coli that uses a transformation and storage solution [TSS; 1 x TSS is
      LB broth containing 10% (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol, 5% (vol/vol) dimethyl
      sulfoxide, and 50 mM Mg2+ at pH 6.5]. Cells are mixed with an equal volume of ice
      cold 2 x TSS and are immediately ready for use. Genetic transformation is equally
      simple: plasmid DNA is added and the cells are incubated for 5-60 min at 4
      degrees C. A heat pulse is not necessary and the incubation time at 4 degrees C
      is not crucial, so there are no critical timing steps in the transformation
      procedure. Transformed bacteria are grown and selected by standard methods. Thus,
      this procedure eliminates the centrifugation, washing, and long-term incubation
      steps of current methods. Although cells taken early in the growth cycle (OD600
      0.3-0.4) yield the highest transformation efficiencies (10(7)-10(8) transformants
      per micrograms of plasmid DNA), cells harvested at other stages in the growth
      cycle (including stationary phase) are capable of undergoing transformation
      (10(5)-10(7) transformants per micrograms of DNA). For long-term storage of
      competent cells, bacteria can be frozen in TSS without addition of other
      components. Our procedure represents a simple and convenient method for the
      preparation, transformation, and storage of competent bacterial cells.

PMID- 2648394
TI  - The ras and myc oncogenes cooperate in tumor induction in many tissues when
      introduced into midgestation mouse embryos by retroviral vectors.
AB  - Midgestation embryos were infected with replication-defective retroviral vectors
      that either transduced the myc oncogene, the ras oncogene, or both oncogenes
      simultaneously. The myc virus induced tumors in diverse organs at a very low
      frequency and with a long latency period, while approximately 20% of the mice
      derived from embryos infected with the ras virus developed tumors in the skin
      with a latency of 4-8 weeks. In contrast, infection of embryos with the ras/myc
      double oncogene virus resulted in 27% of the animals developing rapidly growing
      and malignant tumors in a great variety of tissues after a median latency period
      of 2-3 weeks. All tumors were of monoclonal origin, as shown by Southern analysis
      using the provirus as a molecular marker. Our results are consistent with the
      hypothesis that the ras and myc oncogenes cooperate in transforming cells, but
      that additional alterations are necessary for realization of the fully malignant
      phenotype. Our observations also suggest that a much wider range of cell types
      become targets for malignant transformation when the embryos are exposed to the
      myc and the ras oncogenes simultaneously than when exposed to the same oncogenes
      separately. Infection of mouse embryos with vectors carrying different oncogenes
      or oncogene combinations may be an efficient and rapid method for evaluating the
      spectrum of cell types at risk for malignant conversion following mutation of a
      protooncogene to a transforming gene.

PMID- 2648395
TI  - Binding of a soluble factor of Escherichia coli to preproteins does not require
      ATP and appears to be the first step in protein export.
AB  - We have constructed a mutant form of the maltose binding protein precursor,
      termed preMBP*, that, unlike its wild-type counterpart preMBP, retains
      translocation competence after synthesis. In a homologous Escherichia coli
      translation/translocation system, preMBP* was translocated either co- or
      posttranslationally with virtually 100% efficiency into inverted vesicles (INV)
      derived from the E. coli plasma membrane. Translation of preMBP* mRNA in a wheat
      germ system and subsequent incubation with INV yielded no translocation. However,
      addition of increasing amounts of an E. coli postribosomal supernatant (PRS) to
      the wheat germ extract stimulated preMBP* translocation with virtually 100%
      efficiency occurring at 100 micrograms of PRS per 50 microliters of incubation
      mixture. The activity in the E. coli PRS appears to be identical to the
      previously described "export" factor. The soluble activity can bind to preMBP*
      posttranslationally and in the absence of ATP. Subsequent targeting to INV and/or
      translocation, however, requires ATP. Binding of the soluble activity to preMBP*
      thus appears to be the first step in a multistep translocation reaction.

PMID- 2648396
TI  - Deregulated expression of human c-jun transforms primary rat embryo cells in
      cooperation with an activated c-Ha-ras gene and transforms rat-1a cells as a
      single gene.
AB  - While the ability of the retroviral oncogene V-jun to transform chicken cells led
      to its discovery, the oncogenic potential of its cellular homologue, c-jun, which
      encodes a transcription factor, is unknown. We isolated a 1070-base-pair cDNA
      clone containing the unmutated entire open reading frame of c-jun from a human
      small cell lung cancer line. This cDNA as well as a 5.6-kilobase normal human
      genomic DNA fragment containing the c-jun gene were placed under the control of
      retroviral long terminal repeats and introduced into primary rat embryo cells
      (RECs), with or without other oncogenes, and into an immortal rat fibroblast cell
      line, Rat-1a, as a single gene. In Rat-1a cells the expression of human c-jun
      mRNA was associated with the ability to clone in soft agarose and form tumors in
      nude mice. When the c-jun cDNA or genomic DNA constructs were introduced into
      RECs, no foci of transformed cells were seen with c-jun alone or c-jun
      cotransfected with deregulated c-myc or L-myc protooncogenes. However,
      cotransfection of the c-jun constructs with an activated human c-Ha-ras gene led
      to foci of transformed cells which gave rise to immortalized cell lines that
      cloned in soft agarose and formed tumors in nude mice. Furthermore, formation of
      foci of transformed RECs by the c-jun/ras combination was augmented 3-fold by the
      tumor promoter phorbol 12-tetradecanoate 13-acetate. We conclude that deregulated
      expression of human c-jun can participate in malignant transformation of normal
      mammalian cells.

PMID- 2648397
TI  - Repair of the Escherichia coli chromosome after in vivo scission by the EcoRI
      endonuclease.
AB  - We prepared a set of temperature-sensitive mutants of the EcoRI endonuclease.
      Under semipermissive conditions, Escherichia coli strains bearing these alleles
      form poorly growing colonies in which intracellular substrates are cleaved at
      EcoRI sites and the SOS DNA repair response is induced. Strains defective in SOS
      induction (lexA3 mutant) or SOS induction and recombination (recA56 and recB21
      mutants) are not more sensitive to this in vivo DNA scission, whereas strains
      deficient in DNA ligase (lig4 and lig ts7 mutants) are extremely sensitive. We
      conclude that although DNA scission induces the SOS response, neither this
      induction nor recombination are required for repair. DNA ligase is necessary and
      may be sufficient to repair EcoRI-mediated DNA breaks in the E. coli chromosome.

PMID- 2648398
TI  - An essential yeast protein, encoded by duplicated genes TIF1 and TIF2 and
      homologous to the mammalian translation initiation factor eIF-4A, can suppress a
      mitochondrial missense mutation.
AB  - We describe the isolation and characterization of two previously undescribed
      genes, TIF1 and TIF2, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The protein-encoding
      sequences of the two genes are highly conserved, resulting in two completely
      identical proteins, whereas the flanking regions show no obvious homology. The
      two yeast proteins are highly similar to the translation initiation factor eIF-4A
      from mouse. Elevated gene dosage of TIF1 or TIF2 results in the suppression of a
      missense mutation in the mitochondrial oxi2 gene, which codes for subunit III of
      cytochrome-c oxidase, although the sequence of the Tif protein indicates its
      cytoplasmic localization. Inactivation of either gene by gene disruption has no
      effect on cell viability or on mitochondrial functions. However, simultaneous
      inactivation of both genes is lethal to the cell.

PMID- 2648399
TI  - Mutagenic specificity of a potent carcinogen, benzo[c]phenanthrene (4R,3S)
      dihydrodiol (2S,1R)-epoxide, which reacts with adenine and guanine in DNA.
AB  - Mutations were induced in the supF gene of the pS189 shuttle vector by treatment
      with optically active benzo[c]phenanthrene (4R,3S)-dihydrodiol (2S,1R)-epoxide in
      vitro and replication in human cells. The induced mutation frequency was 60-fold
      greater than the spontaneous rate, and most of the mutations analyzed were
      transversions (86%), which principally consisted of similar numbers of A.T----T.A
      and G.C----T.A changes. The unusual susceptibility of A.T pairs to mutation by
      this chemical agent is consistent with its chemical reactivity toward adenine and
      argues that the mutations are targeted to the adducts formed. The central base in
      the sequences 5'-AGA-3', 5'-AAC-3', and 5'-GAG-3' was particularly susceptible to
      mutation. Twelve "hotspots" in the supF gene accounted for most mutations seen.
      Some of these hotspots differed from those found by others for racemic
      benzo[a]pyrene dihydrodiol epoxide and, even when a hotspot was common, the
      mutagenic changes were not always the same. Although adenine insertion opposite a
      noninstructional lesion could account for most of the data, no single mutagenic
      mechanism could encompass all of it. The cellular machinery that converts
      chemical damage to mutations must determine the mutational result to a large
      extent, but the findings herein show that the chemical agent itself plays a large
      role in determining both the location and the nature of the mutations that arise.

PMID- 2648400
TI  - TCR3: a third T-cell receptor in the chicken.
AB  - Avian homologues of mammalian gamma delta and alpha beta T-cell antigen
      receptors, TCR1 and TCR2, have been identified with monoclonal antibodies. These
      TCR isotypes are associated with the avian CD3 proteins on the T-cell surface.
      During chick development, T-cell subpopulations bearing CD3/TCR1 or CD3/TCR2
      receptor complexes are generated sequentially in the thymus and seeded to the
      periphery in the same order. In this study, we used two-color immunofluorescence
      to identify the subsequent development of a third subpopulation of T cells,
      provisionally named TCR3. These CD3+ cells, which expressed neither TCR1 nor
      TCR2, were first detected in the blood 1 week after hatching and increased
      numerically as a function of age to account for approximately 15% of the
      circulating T-cell pool in adults. Most (greater than 80%) of the TCR3 cells
      expressed the CD4 accessory molecule. The relative incidence of the TCR3
      subpopulation increased dramatically as a consequence of embryonic treatment with
      anti-TCR2 antibody and thymectomy after hatching. Two disulfide-linked
      polypeptides, of Mr 48,000 and 40,000, were associated with the CD3 complex on
      the TCR3 cells. Examination of the TCR protein backbones and peptide mapping of
      the TCR chains after partial proteolysis indicated that the TCR3 heterodimer
      differs from both TCR1 and TCR2. These results suggest the existence of a third
      class of T-cell receptors in birds.

PMID- 2648401
TI  - Mutations in the KRAS2 oncogene during progressive stages of human colon
      carcinoma.
AB  - A series of colon carcinomas, adenomas, and adjacent tissues were analyzed for
      ploidy alterations and mutations in KRAS2. To increase the sensitivity for
      identifying mutations, we used histological enrichment, cell sorting, and DNA
      amplification by the polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction followed by direct DNA
      sequence analysis. Of the 40 carcinomas analyzed, 27 contained aneuploid cells
      and 26 contained mutations at the first position of codon 12 of KRAS2. Of the 12
      adenomas studied, 4 contained aneuploid cells and 9 contained the same mutation
      at codon 12. In both adenomas and carcinomas, mutations were identified in both
      diploid and aneuploid cells. In some cases, regions of histologically benign
      mucosa adjacent to the carcinoma contained mutations. These combined results
      suggest that mutations in KRAS2 occur early in the development of human colon
      carcinoma, before change in ploidy, and that these mutations exist in diploid
      cells from which an aneuploid subpopulation arises. Furthermore, mutations may
      exist in histologically normal mucosa in regions adjacent to carcinoma,
      suggesting that a field of genetically abnormal mucosa may surround these tumors.

PMID- 2648402
TI  - Colorimetric detection of specific DNA segments amplified by polymerase chain
      reactions.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure has many potential applications in
      mass screening. We describe here a general assay for colorimetric detection of
      amplified DNA. The target DNA is first amplified by PCR, and then a second set of
      oligonucleotides, nested between the first two, is incorporated by three or more
      PCR cycles. These oligonucleotides bear ligands: for example, one can be
      biotinylated and the other can contain a site for a double-stranded DNA-binding
      protein. After linkage to an immobilized affinity reagent (such as a cloned DNA
      binding protein, which we describe here) and labeling with a second affinity
      reagent (for example, avidin) linked to horseradish peroxidase, reaction with a
      chromogenic substrate allows detection of the amplified DNA. This amplified DNA
      assay (ADA) is rapid, is readily applicable to mass screening, and uses routine
      equipment. We show here that it can be used to detect human immunodeficiency
      virus sequences specifically against a background of human DNA.

PMID- 2648403
TI  - Subtelomeric chromosome deletions in field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum and
      their relationship to loss of cytoadherence in vitro.
AB  - Subtelomeric deletions are responsible for the loss of expression of several
      Plasmodium falciparum antigens, including the knob-associated histidine-rich
      protein (KAHRP). Such deletions are detectable by two-dimensional pulsed-field
      gradient electrophoresis (PFGE) in which the chromosomes separated in dimension 1
      are cleaved with Apa I, and the sizes of telomeric fragments are determined in
      dimension 2. This sensitive technique has enabled us to examine the role of
      subtelomeric deletions in two aspects of the biology of Plasmodium falciparum.
      First, we show that similar subtelomeric deletions to those that occur in vitro
      also occur in field isolates. Second, we demonstrate a correlation between
      subtelomeric deletions and loss of the phenotype of "cytoadherence" in cultured
      isolates. Subclones were generated from the cytoadherent cloned isolate ItG2F6,
      and their phenotypes were examined with respect to cytoadherence, the expression
      of "knobs," and agglutination of infected erythrocytes with rabbit antiserum. The
      only chromosomal change detectable by two-dimensional PFGE among subclones that
      differ from wild type in each of these three characteristics is a deletion of
      approximately 100 kilobases at one end of chromosome 2. This deletion includes
      the gene coding for KAHRP and the subtelomeric repeat designated rep20.

PMID- 2648404
TI  - Molecular and biological characterization of a replication competent human
      immunodeficiency type 2 (HIV-2) proviral clone.
AB  - We obtained complete genomic clones of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV
      2) from the DNA of the neoplastic human cell line HUT 78 freshly infected with a
      HIV-2 isolate, strain SBL6669. The recombinant phage DNA was transfected into the
      lymphocytes of CD4-positive HUT 78 cell line to test the replication competence
      of the proviral DNA. One genomic clone, designated HIV-2SBL/ISY, yielded
      retroviral particles after a few weeks of culture of the transfected cells. The
      HIV-2SBL/ISY clone contained a complete provirus and cellular flanking sequence.
      We obtained the DNA sequence of the provirus and compared it with the published
      sequence of two other HIV-2 isolates. The degree of variability among HIV-2
      isolates is comparable to that observed among African HIV-1 isolates sequenced to
      date. Immunologically, HIV-2SBL/ISY is similar to the parental virus (HIV
      2SBL6669) but differs in the envelope transmembrane protein that is truncated
      (gp32-34) in the parental virus and not in HIV-2SBL/ISY (gp41). Both the parental
      and the cloned viruses are infectious and cytopathic for some human T-cell lines,
      induce syncytia, and infect a human macrophage cell line (U937) in vitro. The
      availability of a biologically active HIV-2 clone provides the means to study the
      role and interaction of HIV-2 genes in vitro as well as to assess the functional
      similarities among HIV-1 and HIV-2 genes. Since HIV-2SBL/ISY cloned virus infects
      fresh peripheral blood T cells from Rhesus macaques in vitro and infects the same
      animal in vivo, its use in animals may represent a model for functional study of
      viral genes in vivo as well as for development of experimental approaches to
      prevent and cure retroviral infection in humans.

PMID- 2648406
TI  - Endotoxin pretreatment increases endogenous myocardial catalase activity and
      decreases ischemia-reperfusion injury of isolated rat hearts.
AB  - Hearts isolated from rats pretreated 24 hr before with endotoxin had increased
      myocardial catalase activity, but the same superoxide dismutase, glutathione
      peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      activities, as hearts from untreated rats. Hearts isolated from rats pretreated
      with endotoxin 24 hr before also had increased myocardial function (decreased
      injury) after ischemia and reperfusion (Langendorff apparatus, 37 degrees C), as
      assessed by measurement of ventricular developed pressure, contractility
      (+dP/dt), and relaxation rate (-dP/dt), compared to control hearts. In contrast,
      hearts isolated from rats pretreated with endotoxin 1 hr before isolation or
      hearts perfused with endotoxin did not have increased catalase activity or
      decreased injury following ischemia and reperfusion. Aminotriazole pretreatment
      prevented increases in myocardial catalase activity and myocardial function after
      ischemia-reperfusion in hearts from endotoxin-pretreated rats. The results
      suggest that endotoxin pretreatment decreases cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury
      and that increases in endogenous myocardial catalase activity contribute to
      protection.

PMID- 2648407
TI  - A diabetic-like condition of turkey embryos maintained in shell-less culture.
AB  - Serum insulin concentration and pancreatic insulin content were determined for
      turkey embryos incubated in ovo and in long-term shell-less culture (ex ovo).
      Insulin was undetectable (less than 10 pg) in serum from 87% of the ex ovo
      embryos compared with their in ovo counterparts. This was evident at all
      incubation ages, although insulin was detectable in more of the ex ovo embryos on
      Day 24. Insulin increased in the embryos incubated in ovo from 122 (Day 15) to
      levels exceeding 2000 pg/ml at hatching. Total pancreatic insulin content was
      greater in the cultured embryos on Days 15, 17, and 22 compared with their in ovo
      counterparts. Serum glucose was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the
      ex ovo embryos at all ages. In response to an infusion of L-arginine, serum
      insulin increased from 566 to 1256 pg/ml in the in ovo embryos, whereas no change
      was evident in the ex ovo embryos (233 vs 257 pg/ml). When embryos incubated in
      ovo were injected with insulin, a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction of
      serum glucose was observed at 60 min after injection. Serum glucose
      concentrations remained elevated in the embryos incubated ex ovo despite the
      insulin injection. Liver glucose 6-phosphatase activity, assessed on Days 15 and
      22 of incubation, was found to be significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in the
      ex ovo embryos. Turkey embryos incubated in shell-less culture exhibited chronic
      hyperglycemia in concert with extremely low circulating levels of insulin. The
      pancreatic beta cells of these embryos were not responsive to arginine or
      elevated glucose. Taken together these findings suggest the occurrence of a
      diabetic-like condition in the ex ovo embryos. This defect in insulin secretion
      may, in part, be responsible for some of the developmental abnormalities
      characteristic of the turkey embryo cultured ex ovo.

PMID- 2648405
TI  - Puberty in monkeys is triggered by chemical stimulation of the hypothalamus.
AB  - Gonadal quiescence prior to puberty in primates results from a diminished
      secretion of the pituitary gonadotropic hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone
      and luteinizing hormone, which, in turn, is occasioned by an interruption of
      pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus
      during this phase of development. A discharge of GnRH may be provoked from the
      hypothalamus of prepubertal monkeys, however, by an i.v. injection of N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA), an analog of the putative excitatory neurotransmitter,
      aspartate. Since this action of NMDA is blocked by the specific NMDA receptor
      antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, the release of GnRH is likely
      mediated by NMDA receptors located either on the GnRH neurons themselves or on
      afferents to the GnRH cells. We report here that prolonged intermittent NMDA
      stimulation of GnRH neurons within the hypothalamus of the juvenile monkey for 16
      30 wk results, with surprising ease, in the onset of precocious puberty with full
      activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-Leydig cell axis and initiation of
      spermatogenesis. These findings demonstrate that, in primates, the network of
      hypothalamic GnRH neurons, which in adulthood provides the drive to the
      gonadotropin-secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland, must now be viewed
      together with the pituitary and gonads as a nonlimiting component of the control
      system that governs the onset of puberty in these species.

PMID- 2648408
TI  - Role of adrenoceptors in diphenylhydantoin-stimulated renin release.
AB  - We have previously shown that diphenylhydantoin (DPH)-stimulated renin release is
      mediated by, or requires the presence of, the renal nerves. In the present study,
      we examined the effects of adrenergic blockers in DPH-stimulated renin release in
      five groups of anesthetized dogs. In vehicle-treated dogs, DPH at a dose of 0.18
      mg/kg-min increased renin secretion rate (RSR) from 56 +/- 14 to 269 +/- 60 and
      returned to 84 +/- 30 ng of angiotensin (ANG) l/hr-min (P less than 0.01,
      analysis of variance). In metoprolol-treated dogs, DPH produced no significant
      changes in RSR (90 +/- 28 to 144 +/- 67 to 100 +/- 51 ng of ANG l/hr-min).
      Likewise, in atenolol-treated dogs, RSR was 34 +/- 10 before, 59 +/- 15 during,
      and 23 +/- 8 ng of ANG l/hr-min after the infusion of DPH. In contrast, after
      pretreatment with ICI 118,551 (a beta 2 adrenoceptor antagonist), RSR was 37 +/-
      9 before, 151 +/- 57 during, and 47 +/- 12 ng of ANG l/hr-min after the infusion
      of DPH (P less than 0.01). In phentolamine-treated dogs, RSR was 69 +/- 20
      before, 295 +/- 53 during, and 95 +/- 17 ng of ANG l/hr-min after the infusion of
      DPH (P less than 0.01). Changes in renal blood flow, renal vascular resistance,
      and UNa V were in the same directions in all groups. These data suggest that DPH
      stimulated renin release is mediated by beta 1 adrenoceptors since both beta 2
      and alpha adrenoceptor antagonists have no effects on DPH-stimulated renin
      release.

PMID- 2648409
TI  - Altered control of carbohydrate metabolism in endotoxemia.
AB  - Based on our data, we envisage the following sequence of events to occur after
      the administration of a moderately severe dose of endotoxin: Sympathetic
      stimulation due to hypotension, and possibly other factors, increases plasma
      concentration of catecholamines. Increased hepatic phosphorylase a activity
      depletes existing glycogen stores and causes transient hyperglycemia. Lactate
      release from skeletal muscle is also enhanced, due to the more sustained
      activation of muscle phosphorylase a and increased uptake of plasma glucose.
      Stimulation of the immunologically active tissues by endotoxin with the
      participation of mononuclear phagocytes and TNF results in elevated glycolysis in
      these tissues as well, thus further enhancing the hyperlactacidemia. The
      increased precursor concentration and their delivery to the liver stimulate
      gluconeogenesis, in spite of endotoxin-induced suppression of PEPCK activity.
      Thus, an elevated precursor supply accelerates gluconeogenesis which is primarily
      responsible for the increased glucose Ra when hepatic glycogen stores are
      depleted. It appears that both an increase in blood lactate and catecholamines
      are important in maintaining the increased gluconeogenesis. This is illustrated
      schematically in Fig. 4. We postulate that in the fasted nutritionally
      nonsupported rat, endotoxin enhances glucose utilization in immunologically
      active tissues as well as in muscle. The presence of catecholamines and the
      glycolytically produced lactate stimulates gluconeogenesis. These events support
      the mounting of an effective immune response and aid the body to maintain the
      immune response by conserving glucose carbon.

PMID- 2648410
TI  - The role of endotoxin in human septic shock: therapeutic potential of lipid A
      analogs.

PMID- 2648411
TI  - Macrophages, monokines, and the metabolic pathophysiology of septic shock.

PMID- 2648412
TI  - Orchestration of septic shock by cytokines: the role of cachectin (tumor necrosis
      factor).

PMID- 2648413
TI  - Role of monokines in altering hepatic metabolism in sepsis.
AB  - Multiple organ failure continues to be the primary cause of death after trauma
      and sepsis. This clinical syndrome represents the transition from a
      hypermetabolic response to injury to a syndrome of progressive organ failures and
      death. Risk factors include: perfusion deficits, persistent foci of dead or
      injured tissue, an uncontrolled focus of infection, the presence of the
      respiratory distress syndrome, persistent hypermetabolism, and preexisting
      fibrotic liver disease. Once initiated, most treatment modalities for the organ
      failure syndrome become progressively ineffective including: ventilation,
      antibiotics, nutrition, and surgery. The best treatment remains prevention and
      rapid control of risk factors including restoration of oxygen transport and
      aggressive nutrition support. There seems to be no treatment "magic bullet"
      either experimentally or clinically once the syndrome has occurred. The metabolic
      response to injury involves alterations in physiology and in the metabolism of
      carbohydrate, fat and amino acids. These changes seem to reflect the modulation
      of the end-organs by the mediator systems activated in response to the stress
      stimuli. The transition from hypermetabolism to organ failure appears to reflect
      the clinical appearance of liver failure. It is hypothesized that this liver
      failure may represent a state of regulatory dysfunction induced in large part by
      the activated hepatic macrophage, the Kupffer cell. The activation of these
      macrophages is hypothesized to represent the final stage of a series of
      stimulating events, eg. hypoxia, endotoxin, bacteria, and gut translocated
      toxins. The precise monokine(s) responsible are not yet completely characterized,
      although Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) appear to be
      involved as do prostaglandins (Pg) such as PgE2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648414
TI  - Role of the endothelium in modulating vascular adrenergic receptor actions.

PMID- 2648415
TI  - Influence of a plasma fraction of human blood, rich in high density lipoprotein,
      on in vitro formation of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2).
AB  - The influence of a plasma fraction of human blood, rich in high density
      lipoprotein (HDL), was investigated on the "in vitro" formation of PGI2 and TXA2.
      The addition of 1 mg HDL-cholesterol per ml incubation fluid stimulated
      significantly the biotransformation of prostaglandin H2 into PGI2 by the
      microsomal fraction of pig aorta. The TXB2 formation capacity of whole clotted
      blood was inhibited by administration of HDL in a dose dependent manner. These
      results suggest that added HDL is able to enhance the ratio PGI2:TXA2. This did
      not depend on the preparation of HDL either by ultracentrifugation or by
      precipitation.

PMID- 2648416
TI  - Methods of measuring skin blood flow.

PMID- 2648417
TI  - Integrating physiological principles into the comprehensive management of
      cardiopulmonary dysfunction.
AB  - Impairment of oxygen transport can be conceptualized as a motion disorder based
      on the framework previously reported by Hislop and Zadai. Extensive literature
      exists that demonstrates the beneficial effects of body positioning and
      mobilization on impaired oxygen transport. This article integrates this existing
      information and attempts to extend the framework of Hislop and Zadai in
      cardiopulmonary physical therapy. To provide a basis for discussion, we describe
      the multisystemic consequences of immobility from bed rest. We also discuss the
      role of body positioning and mobilization as therapeutic interventions that can
      be used to directly enhance all components of oxygen transport in patients with
      cardiopulmonary dysfunction. This approach may improve the efficacy of treatment
      in these patients and thus may address some of the limitations of current methods
      of practice. Further research is needed, however, to clarify and extend the
      application of this approach.

PMID- 2648418
TI  - Control and function of sebaceous glands.
AB  - This review describes the various types of sebaceous glands, their locations, and
      where possible their different functions. All sebaceous glands are similar in
      structure and secrete sebum by a holocrine process. However, the nature of this
      secretion and the regulation of the secretory process seem to differ among the
      various types of glands. Methods for measuring sebum secretion and assessing
      sebaceous gland activity are also described. The area of major interest during
      the last 20 years has undoubtedly been the mechanisms that control sebaceous
      gland function. Most studies have focused on the endocrine control and in
      particular on the role of androgens and pituitary hormones, although evidence
      suggests that nonendocrine factors may also be important. However, many questions
      remain and during the next few years attention will certainly be given to the
      role of retinoids and their mode of action in the treatment of acne.

PMID- 2648419
TI  - Ion transport, membrane potential, and cytoplasmic pH in lymphocytes: changes
      during activation.

PMID- 2648420
TI  - Posttranslational processing of gastrin.

PMID- 2648421
TI  - Ion transport across gallbladder epithelium.

PMID- 2648422
TI  - Dental replacement resorption after bone grafting to the alveolar cleft.
AB  - In a review of 100 consecutively performed bone grafts to the alveolar cleft,
      replacement resorption was found in 7 teeth adjacent to the cleft. Damage to the
      periodontal tissues during surgery is considered to be the main cause of this
      complication: granulation tissue from the bone graft may have some influence.
      Treatment of the affected teeth eventually includes extraction or surgical
      removal. To minimize the risk for this complication, we suggest that bone
      grafting should be done when the canine (or lateral incisor) is in an early stage
      of eruption and that orthodontic uprighting of the medial incisor should be done
      after surgery.

PMID- 2648423
TI  - Conchal cartilage and composite grafts for correction of lower lid retraction.
AB  - Lower eyelid retraction may be due to vertical deficiency of the anterior
      lamella, supporting cartilage, or posterior lamella. We have used autologous
      cartilage grafts from the conchal bowl for reconstruction of the central lamella,
      reestablishing and augmenting support of the lower lid. The positioning of the
      graft is dependent on the specific anatomic deficiency, and the etiology of the
      lid retraction must be carefully evaluated. In patients with posterior lamella
      deficiency, the contracted lower lid retractors and conjunctiva are released and
      the graft is placed facing the bulbar conjunctiva and is allowed to
      reepithelialize. In patients in whom there is an associated skin deficiency,
      composite auricular grafts are used. We present our experience in 33 patients
      with lower lid retraction. Twenty-three patients required placement of a
      cartilage graft only, while 10 patients had an associated skin deficiency
      requiring placement of composite cartilage. In nine patients the cartilage graft
      was seated against the bulbar conjunctiva and allowed to reepithelialize.
      Reepithelialization was complete within 3 1/2 weeks in all but two of these
      patients. This technique has provided stable lid support in all 33 patients.

PMID- 2648424
TI  - Conchal transposition flap for postburn ear deformities.
AB  - Severe thermal injuries to the external ear often lead to extensive loss of
      peripheral structures such as helix and lobule but frequently spare the more
      central parts of the ear, even though they may be grossly deformed by scar
      contracture. The use of spared conchal structures as a transposition flap in
      combination with remodeling of the residual auricle and release of surrounding
      scar when indicated has been a useful technique in the reconstruction of a
      frequently occurring type of postburn ear deformity. Twenty-four ears have been
      reconstructed in 18 patients over the past 5 years using a conchal transposition
      flap. The residual concha with its overlying skin can be transposed superiorly,
      based on a very narrow pedicle in the area of the crus helicis. The raw central
      area remaining is then resurfaced with a split-thickness skin graft. This
      technique maximally utilizes the unique remaining auricular elements and can
      provide a satisfactory reconstruction in selected patients without resorting to
      more complex and extensive procedures. There have been no significant
      complications in this series, and patient acceptance of the results has been
      excellent.

PMID- 2648425
TI  - Free-flap reconstruction of large defects of the scalp and calvarium.
AB  - Beyond a certain size, full-thickness defects of scalp are not amenable to local
      flap repair. Staged distant flaps have now been virtually eliminated by free-flap
      reconstruction. The authors present 12 patients in whom full-thickness scalp
      defects with an average area of 275 cm2 were reconstructed utilizing free flaps.
      Nine patients had corresponding large calvarial defects. Ten patients had
      reconstruction with free latissimus dorsi muscle flaps and overlying skin grafts,
      and one patient had reconstruction with a scapular free flap. Of the 12 patients,
      8 had extirpative surgery for tumor with immediate reconstruction and the
      remaining 4 had reconstruction for chronic radionecrosis of the scalp, usually
      associated with infected osteoradionecrosis of the calvarium. Of this latter
      group, 2 patients underwent simultaneous acrylic cranioplasty. The technique and
      results are discussed.

PMID- 2648426
TI  - Longitudinal assessment of breast development in adolescent female patients with
      burns involving the nipple-areolar complex.
AB  - Long-term follow-up of breast development in adolescent female patients with
      burns of the anterior chest wall is poorly documented. Between 1971 and 1976, 28
      female patients with photographic documentation of burns to the anterior chest
      wall involving the nipple-areolar complex were reviewed. All patients were
      followed at least until their early teens. The mean age at the time of thermal
      injury was 5.9 +/- 2.5 years, with a mean follow-up time of 8.9 +/- 2.6 years.
      Thirteen patients (46 percent) were admitted to the Shriners Burns Institute in
      Galveston for acute care of their burns. Fifteen patients (54 percent) were
      referred for long-term follow-up or specific reconstructive procedures following
      care of the acute burns. In spite of significant thermal injury to the anterior
      chest wall with involvement of the nipple-areolar complex, no patient failed to
      develop breasts. Twenty patients (71 percent) required releases of the anterior
      chest wall to assist breast development. All anterior chest wall releases were
      accomplished with the use of skin grafts or local skin flaps.

PMID- 2648427
TI  - A new technique of vaginal reconstruction using neurovascular pudendal-thigh
      flaps: a preliminary report.
AB  - The blood supply to the skin of the perineum, medial groin, and upper thigh was
      studied in fresh female cadavers. The pudendal-thigh flap was designed as a
      result to reconstruct the vagina. The flaps are raised bilaterally in the groin
      crease just lateral to the labia majora and then are transposed toward the
      midline and sutured together to form a skin-lined cul-de-sac which opens at the
      introitus. The technique has been used successfully in three patients to
      reconstruct the vagina. The first patient, an adult, was reconstructed after
      total pelvic exenteration for malignancy, while two children had reconstructions
      for congenital vaginal anomalies. This technique is superior to currently
      available methods because it is simple and reliable. No stents or dilators are
      needed. It is safe technique without complications in our hands. The
      reconstructed vagina has a natural angle for intercourse and is sensate. The
      donor scars in the groin are well hidden.

PMID- 2648428
TI  - Free-flap coverage of the exposed Achilles tendon.
AB  - Posterior skin loss of the distal lower leg enhances the risk of exposure of the
      Achilles tendon. Most commonly, these wounds are a sequela to peripheral vascular
      insufficiency or else posttraumatic in origin. As a consequence, local flaps or
      skin grafts frequently are inadequate options for achieving coverage. Free-tissue
      transfers have proven to be a reasonable alternative in these situations for
      preservation of tendon function or even limb salvage. In this series of 12
      patients, small defects were best covered with fasciocutaneous flaps, whereas the
      larger and usually chronic, concomitantly suppurating wounds required muscle
      flaps. Eighty-three percent (10 of 12) of patients remained ambulatory with
      healed wounds, obviating the need for extremity amputation.

PMID- 2648429
TI  - Difficult reconstruction of an extensive injury in the lower extremity with a
      large cross-leg microvascular composite-tissue flap containing fibula.
AB  - In the absence of proper recipient vessels, a large microvascular composite
      tissue flap was transferred successfully for reconstruction of a leg with an
      extensive crush injury. This was accomplished by using vessels of the normal leg.
      The microvascular flap containing skin, muscle, and 15 cm of fibula survived well
      after division of the pedicle. To achieve good bone healing, the leg was
      protected by a brace while gradually increasing weight bearing. The functional
      result is satisfactory.

PMID- 2648430
TI  - Cantilever nasal bone grafting with miniscrew fixation.
AB  - A technique of rigid miniscrew fixation of cantilever nasal bone grafts is
      described. This produces stable, predictable nasal contour and tip projection
      without significant bone graft resorption.

PMID- 2648431
TI  - Mechanics of movement for rotation flaps and a local flap template.
AB  - After studying the mechanics of rotational movement, it has become apparent that
      there exists a local flap template for triangulated defects. Predominant rotation
      and transposition movements lie at extreme ends of its spectrum. This concept
      offers a design improvement by which these flaps can be executed with ease and
      confidence in all areas of the body. Several design variations are available from
      the template, making the hypothesis versatile and flexible. Underlying this
      success is the strategic placement of the triangulated defect within an imaginary
      circle of skin tissue around it. The concept also provides a logical and
      comprehensive teaching model.

PMID- 2648432
TI  - Virchow and the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis: a translation of his original
      work.

PMID- 2648433
TI  - On the significance of an anthropological approach to schizophrenia.
AB  - Psychotic disturbances like those termed schizophrenia are universal in human
      groups. Anthropological and social historical studies underscore the varied
      appearance and significance of such disturbances. In contemporary psychiatry,
      neurobiological emphases and the exigencies of positivistic research have tended
      to standardize the picture of schizophrenia. This is reflected in the rationale,
      methodology and results of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (IPSS),
      which have tended to support the validity of diagnostic criteria that have
      evolved in modern Western European societies. Thus, contemporary psychiatric
      theory appears to stipulate a homogeneous picture of a phenomenon that abounds
      with social, cultural and psychological complexity as well as human poignancy.
      There are reasons for challenging this picture of schizophrenia and the biases
      and limitations in it. Reductionistic and standardized accounts may further
      immediate, short-range, and practical needs, but they be-cloud academic questions
      having wide-ranging significance in psychiatry, the social sciences, and the
      humanities.

PMID- 2648434
TI  - Women and autonomy: using structural analysis of social behavior to find autonomy
      within connections.
AB  - In their work to construct psychological theories about women's development,
      Carol Gilligan and Jean Baker Miller both highlight the centrality of
      interpersonal connections in women's lives. As they describe how women's senses
      of self and morality are organized around relationships, Gilligan and Miller tend
      to contrast affiliation with autonomy. The message that readers often take from
      this view is that autonomy has no meaning for women--is somehow beneath them,
      beyond them, or unnatural to them. Although Miller and Gilligan dichotomize
      affiliation and autonomy, they also provide numerous examples in which women's
      feelings of worth, ability, and self-consideration enhance relatedness. We argue
      that autonomy can be understood as a sense of freedom and personal integrity that
      encompasses these same characteristics, and we use the Structural Analysis of
      Social Behavior to clarify how autonomy makes critical contributions to
      interpersonal connections.

PMID- 2648435
TI  - Patients who hate.
AB  - Few experiences in the life of the mental health professional are more unpleasant
      than being intensely hated by a patient he is trying to help. In most cases the
      hatred is mitigated by periods where the patient sees the treater as more helpful
      and less malevolent, a shift that makes the treatment process more tolerable.
      However, there are patients who hate relentlessly, presenting a challenge that
      taxes the therapist's emotional and intellectual resources to an extraordinary
      degree.

PMID- 2648436
TI  - Decision rules for selecting effect sizes in meta-analysis: a review and
      reanalysis of psychotherapy outcome studies.
AB  - This study deals with some of the judgmental factors involved in selecting effect
      sizes from within the studies that enter a meta-analysis. Particular attention is
      paid to the conceptual redundancy rule that Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) used
      in their study of the effectiveness of psychotherapy for deciding which effect
      sizes should and should not be counted in determining an overall effect size.
      Data from a random sample of 25 studies from Smith et al.'s (1980) population of
      psychotherapy outcome studies were first recoded and then reanalyzed meta
      analytically. Using the conceptual redundancy rule, three coders independently
      coded effect sizes and identified more than twice as many of them per study as
      did Smith et al. Moreover, the treatment effect estimates associated with this
      larger sample of effects ranged between .30 and .50, about half the size claimed
      by Smith et al. Analyses of other rules for selecting effect sizes showed that
      average effect estimates also varied with these rules. Such results indicate that
      the average effect estimates derived from meta-analyses may depend heavily on
      judgmental factors that enter into how effect sizes are selected within each of
      the individual studies considered relevant to a meta-analysis.

PMID- 2648437
TI  - Attentional problems in dysfunctional mother-child interactions: an
      interbehavioral model.
AB  - A review of the literature on dysfunctional mother-child interactions indicates a
      consistent association between dysfunction and environmental stressors. The
      association does not always seem due to an absence of parenting skills but more
      so due to a stress-induced deficiency in maternal attention. Some mothers, who
      also live in the midst of stressors, are not in synchrony with cues offered
      through their children's various behaviors. The literature suggests that the
      stress-induced attention problem is mediated by organizational properties of a
      mother's response repertoire. These properties, conceptualized by the term
      response class, refer to covariations among the various behaviors composing the
      mother's repertoire. According to this interbehavioral model, mothers who
      manifest high response class intercorrelations will also be most susceptible to
      the attention-debilitating influences of stress. The heuristic value of this
      model is outlined in a section on clinical strategies geared to changing a
      mother's attention. Clinical teaching procedures described as analysis and
      synthesis are presented.

PMID- 2648438
TI  - Sex offender recidivism: a review.
AB  - The increasing recognition of the large number of people victimized by sexual
      assault has focused considerable attention on methods for deterring its
      perpetrators. In particular, law enforcement and mental health professions alike
      seek ways to prevent sex offenders from repeating their criminal behavior. Some
      evidence suggests sex offenders often continue offending even after incarceration
      or clinical treatment. However, recidivism rates for sex offenders are unusually
      hard to establish, owing to gross underreporting of sex crimes. This article
      presents a comprehensive review of empirical studies of sex offender recidivism.
      It brings together data from a wide variety of studies on both treated and
      untreated sex offenders of all types. Because of the variety and gravity of
      methodological problems in these studies, guidelines are discussed for sample
      selection and description, study design, criterion assessment, and data analysis.
      With these methodological principles in mind, the results of some 42 studies are
      examined for what they can tell us about sex offender recidivism and efforts to
      reduce it.

PMID- 2648439
TI  - Effects of personal experience on self-protective behavior.
AB  - This article seeks to further our understanding of self-protective behavior by
      examining the effects of a particularly powerful stimulus to action: personal
      experience. It reviews the effects of automobile accidents on seat belt use,
      criminal victimization other than rape on individual crime prevention efforts,
      natural hazards experience on both natural hazards preparedness and compliance
      with evacuation warnings, and myocardial infarction on smoking. Theories
      suggesting mechanisms that could link personal experience to behavior are
      described, and data concerning the effects of experience on some key variables in
      these theories are discussed. Tentative propositions are offered to resolve the
      many apparent discrepancies in this literature. These propositions concern the
      effects of experience on risk perceptions, the influence of experience on risk
      salience, the specificity of responses to victimization, and the duration of
      experience effects.

PMID- 2648440
TI  - Racial differences in stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity and hypertension:
      current status and substantive issues.
AB  - Essential hypertension is perhaps the number-one health problem of Black
      Americans. Research has indicated that stress-induced cardiovascular
      hyperreactivity may be a significant contributor to essential hypertension. The
      high prevalence of hypertension among Blacks suggests that this group, in
      comparison with Whites, may be particularly susceptible to cardiovascular
      hyperreactivity. The first portion of this article reviews research to date that
      has examined racial differences in resting and stressor-induced cardiovascular
      activity. The second half of this article overviews some critical methodological
      and conceptual issues involved in the study of racial differences in reactivity.
      These issues include the effects of Black-White differences in plasma renin
      levels and sodium excretion, the effects of experimenter race, and differences in
      perceptions of the laboratory environment. Additionally, the issue of racial
      group classification and the implications this has for interpreting Black-White
      differences in reactivity is discussed. Two perspectives on racial group
      classification, the genetic and the sociocultural, are addressed in some detail,
      and the relevance of each to research on racial differences in stress reactivity
      is presented.

PMID- 2648441
TI  - Sensitive periods in development: structural characteristics and causal
      interpretations.
AB  - The presence or absence of a particular experience at a particular time in the
      life cycle may exert an extraordinary and dramatic influence over structure or
      function well beyond that point in development. Such sensitive periods are
      thought to be widespread in animal and in human neurobiology and psychology. A
      comprehensive treatment of the sensitive period needs minimally to include
      information about its structural characteristics as well as an interpretation of
      its causes, including why the sensitive period arises in terms of the natural
      history of the species and how the sensitive period is regulated in terms of
      physical, physiological, and psychological processes. This article provides a
      framework for research and theory concerning specific sensitive periods and the
      sensitive period generally conceived. The framework delimits four sets of
      parameters, which encompass 14 structural characteristics that define sensitive
      periods, and two levels of causal interpretation that guide research and theory
      into sensitive periods however they may be manifested.

PMID- 2648442
TI  - Psychophysiology of chronic pain: do chronic pain patients exhibit symptom
      specific psychophysiological responses?
AB  - Theoretical as well as methodological issues associated with psychophysiological
      mechanisms of chronic pain syndromes are reviewed and discussed. Results of
      studies on psychophysiological responses in patients with recurrent headaches,
      chronic back pain, and temporomandibular pain disorders are presented. These
      studies are evaluated on the basis of a set of 12 theoretical and methodological
      criteria that include diagnostic procedures, use of control groups, sample
      description, use of multiple and relevant physiological measures, introduction of
      ecologically valid and actually stress-inducing stressors, use of adequate
      adaptation and baseline periods, adequacy of data acquisition, and analysis.
      Results on baseline levels, reactivity to stress and pain stimuli, and return to
      baseline levels are presented. When only the most methodologically sound studies
      are included, the data suggest that baseline levels, regardless of type of
      physiological measure, are not generally elevated in chronic pain patients. The
      presence of symptom-specific stress-related psychophysiological responses is more
      commonly observed, and the evidence on return to baseline is at this time
      inconclusive.

PMID- 2648443
TI  - Socioeconomic status and obesity: a review of the literature.
AB  - A review of 144 published studies of the relationship between socioeconomic
      status (SES) and obesity reveals a strong inverse relationship among women in
      developed societies. The relationship is inconsistent for men and children in
      developed societies. In developing societies, however, a strong direct
      relationship exists between SES and obesity among men, women, and children. A
      review of social attitudes toward obesity and thinness reveals values congruent
      with the distribution of obesity by SES in different societies. Several variables
      may mediate the influence of attitudes toward obesity and thinness among women in
      developed societies that result in the inverse relationship between SES and
      obesity. They include dietary restraint, physical activity, social mobility, and
      inheritance.

PMID- 2648444
TI  - Tutorial on modeling ordered categorical response data.
AB  - In the past decade there has been great progress in the development of
      methodology for analyzing ordered categorical data. Logit and log linear model
      building techniques for nominal data have been generalized for use with ordinal
      data. There are many advantages to using these procedures instead of the Pearson
      chi-square test of independence to analyze ordered categorical data. These
      advantages include (a) more complete description of the nature of associations
      and (b) greater power for detecting population associations. This article
      introduces logit models for categorical data and shows two ways of adapting them
      to model ordered categorical data. The models are used to analyze a cross
      classification table relating mental impairment and parents' socioeconomic
      status.

PMID- 2648445
TI  - A neural theory of binocular rivalry.
AB  - When the two eyes view discrepant monocular stimuli, stable single vision gives
      way to alternating periods of monocular dominance; this is the well-known but
      little understood phenomenon of binocular rivalry. This article develops a neural
      theory of binocular rivalry that treats the phenomenon as the default outcome
      when binocular correspondence cannot be established. The theory posits the
      existence of monocular and binocular neurons arrayed within a functional
      processing module, with monocular neurons playing a crucial role in signaling the
      stimulus conditions instigating rivalry and generating inhibitory signals to
      implement suppression. Suppression is conceived as a local process happening in
      parallel over the entire cortical representation of the binocular visual field.
      The strength of inhibition causing suppression is related to the size of the pool
      of monocular neurons innervated by the suppressed eye, and the duration of a
      suppression phase is attributed to the strength of excitation generated by the
      suppressed stimulus. The theory is compared with three other contemporary
      theories of binocular rivalry. The article closes with a discussion of some of
      the unresolved problems related to the theory.

PMID- 2648446
TI  - Person memory and judgment.
AB  - Two general types of information about a person are considered in this article:
      One pertains to specific behaviors a person has manifested, and the other refers
      to more abstract personality dispositions or behavioral tendencies. A theoretical
      model of person memory that incorporates both types of information is developed.
      The model accounts for a large number of factors that are known to affect the
      recall of social information, the making of interpersonal judgments, and the
      relation between what is recalled and the judgments that are made. A major
      strength of the model is its applicability to a wide range of person memory and
      judgment phenomena that are observed in several different experimental paradigms.

PMID- 2648447
TI  - Treatment of adjustment disorders: a comparative evaluation.
AB  - With the aim of assessing four forms of therapy with adjustment-disordered
      outpatients, we randomly assigned 70 subjects to the following treatments:
      supportive psychotherapy (psychoanalytically oriented), viloxazine (an
      antidepressant), lormetazepam (a benzodiazepine), and S-adenosylmethionine (a
      methyl donor with antidepressive properties). A further group of 15 subjects
      received a placebo, orally administered. The trial lasted 4 wk. None of the
      treatments had clearly superior effects over others on scores on the Zung Self
      rating Depression Scale. All produced a significant improvement. However, groups
      given S-adenosylmethionine and supportive psychotherapy had the highest mean
      scores.

PMID- 2648448
TI  - A controlled study of a standardized behavioral stepped treatment for
      hypertension.
AB  - A standardized behavioral stepped care (SC) treatment for hypertension (blood
      pressure monitoring followed by self-administered systolic blood pressure
      biofeedback and relaxation, in sequence, as needed) was administered to 51
      patients whose blood pressures were medically controlled to within normal limits.
      The effects of treatment upon blood pressure, medication requirements, and cost
      of care were compared with those of 51 referred care (RC) control patients who
      continued their usual care for hypertension. SC and RC patients were matched in
      groups on the basis of medication requirements (Group I, diuretics; Group II,
      beta-blockers alone or with a diuretic; and Group III, vasodilators alone or with
      a drug from Group I or II). The duration of the SC procedure was 1, 4, or 7
      months--as necessary--and the follow-up period was 12 months. The RC protocol
      lasted 19 months. Medication requirements for SC patients declined to levels
      significantly (p less than 0.05) lower than those of RC patients from the
      biofeedback phase throughout follow-up for all drug groups combined. However,
      when the drug groups were analyzed separately, this was true for Groups I and II
      only. Similarly, the cost of care for all drug groups combined was lower for SC
      patients from the biofeedback phase through 9 months of follow-up, also
      reflecting changes seen in Drug Groups I and II only. Blood pressure levels
      remained controlled, in all groups, throughout the investigation. Clinical
      possibilities for combined behavioral and pharmacological treatment of
      hypertension are discussed relative to the pathophysiology of hypertension, and
      questions for future research are suggested.

PMID- 2648449
TI  - Engel's "Psychogenic Pain and the Pain-Prone Patient:" a retrospective,
      controlled clinical study.
AB  - Engel's hypothesis of pain-prone patients having a distinct pattern of
      developmental psychosocial experiences was tested in a controlled design
      including four groups of 20 patients each: A) psychogenic pain, B) organic pain,
      C) psychogenic bodily symptoms, and D) organic disease. On admission an open
      ended interview, including childhood experiences, was tape-recorded. Measures
      were taken to minimize observer bias. Patients in group A had, compared to the
      other groups, significantly increased prevalence of: "Parents, verbally and/or
      physically abusive of each other," "parents, abusive of the child," "child,
      deflecting aggression from one parent to the other onto himself," "parents, who
      suffered from illnesses/pain," "parent of the same gender as the patient
      suffering from pain," "pain of patient and parent in the same location," "number
      of operations in adulthood," "disturbance of interpersonal relationships," and
      "disturbance of work life." Factor analysis produced two factors explaining 73%
      of the variance in group A: F1 ("Brutality-Overcompensation") was related to
      "duration of pain," and F2 ("Submission-Inhibition") was related to "number of
      operations, accidents" in adulthood.

PMID- 2648450
TI  - Comparison of the gastrointestinal syndrome after total-body or total-abdominal
      irradiation.
AB  - In pathogen-free mice, but not standard conventionally housed laboratory rodents,
      two distinctly different modes of early radiation lethality can be identified by
      modifying the irradiation technique (total-body versus abdominal irradiation) or
      by therapeutic intervention such as rescue of total-body-irradiated mice with
      syngeneic bone marrow or spleen. While damage to the gastrointestinal tract is
      usually designated as the predominant cause of death occurring within 10 days of
      radiation exposure, it was demonstrated that damage to the
      hematopoietic/lymphopoietic system can result in animal lethality over the same
      period as the gastrointestinal syndrome and that this target cell population is
      more radiation-sensitive than the gastrointestinal epithelium.

PMID- 2648451
TI  - [The mutagenic effect of accelerated heavy ions on E. coli cells].
AB  - In studying E. coli mutation rate as a function of dose of different types of
      ionizing radiation it was found that mutagenic efficiency of helium ions (LET-22,
      54 and 72 keV/microns) was higher than that of gamma-rays. As LET increased the
      mutagenic efficiency decreased. The mutation rate for all types of radiation
      under study was both a power function and a linear-quadratic function of dose.

PMID- 2648452
TI  - [The effect of pre-irradiation conditions of cultivation on the induction of
      mutations in E. coli bacteria by gamma radiation].
AB  - The influence of preirradiation cultivation conditions on the survival rate and
      mutation frequency in gamma-irradiated E. coli AB 1,157 and Hfr has been
      investigated. Radiosensitivity of cells and mutagenesis have been shown to vary
      depending on the growth medium. These differences are related to different
      efficiency of gene expression regulating the inducible SOS-response of cells.

PMID- 2648453
TI  - Historical aspects of hyperthermia in cancer therapy.
AB  - The use of hyperthermia in cancer therapy had its origin in antiquity. Recently,
      some have hailed hyperthermia as the new fourth method of cancer therapy, and
      others have branded the treatment as "quackery" surrounded by mysticism,
      ignorance, and confusion. The American Cancer Society has been ambivalent, first
      placing it on its infamous unproven cancer therapy methods list, along with
      Laetril, Hoxey's cancer pills, hot water enemas, snake root oil, and other
      various and sundry "cancer cures." A few years ago the Society removed it from
      its list after deciding that hyperthermia may indeed have a place in future
      cancer therapy. This brief historical review highlights some of the most
      important early clinical discoveries and basic laboratory studies, which should
      help convince even the most avid skeptics of hyperthermia of the necessity of
      continuing the study of this most controversial form of cancer therapy.

PMID- 2648454
TI  - Microwave hyperthermia. Principles and quality assurance.
AB  - This article discusses some of the basic principles involved in the deposition of
      microwave power in the tissue. Insight is offered into the characteristics of the
      instrumentation, its limitations, and the necessary quality control needs.

PMID- 2648455
TI  - Biologic rationale for hyperthermia.
AB  - This article discusses the basic biologic data relative to the use of
      hyperthermia as an adjuvant to ionizing radiation in the treatment of solid
      tumors. The cytotoxic effects of hyperthermia are presented, as are parameters
      that modify cellular sensitivity. In vivo physiologic changes associated with
      hyperthermia are also considered. Finally, the in vitro and in vivo interactions
      between hyperthermia and radiation are discussed, particularly as they relate to
      improved tumor response.

PMID- 2648456
TI  - Animal modeling and thermal dose.
AB  - This article reviews historical clinical data wherein correlations were observed
      between simple descriptors of temperature distributions and prognosis from
      thermoradiotherapy. Methods for obtaining more accurate descriptor that could be
      tested in the future for their prognostic validity are discussed in detail.

PMID- 2648457
TI  - Clinical considerations in the use of external microwaves for local hyperthermia.
AB  - This article focuses on the clinical indications for local microwave
      hyperthermia, on the equipment and techniques involved in treatment planning, and
      on some of the controversies yet to be solved with regard to prescribing a course
      of hyperthermia treatments. Clinical results reviewed are restricted to three
      similar trials with microwave heating devices in patients with multiple
      superficial neoplasms. Matched-pair analysis of the responses of these lesions
      provides convincing evidence for the efficacy of local hyperthermia. In
      conclusion, the need for better equipment and new clinical protocols is stressed.

PMID- 2648458
TI  - Clinical trials with local (external and interstitial) irradiation and
      hyperthermia. Current and future perspectives.
AB  - There is a growing body of experience in the clinical use of either external or
      interstitial (local) hyperthermia. A great deal has been learned about the
      technical and prognostic factors that influence the efficacy of heat combined
      with irradiation. Despite some technologic advances, substantial limitations
      remain to the optimal delivery of heat and monitoring of the temperature
      throughout the treatment volume with localized techniques. Additional efforts to
      improve present equipment are paramount, and further studies should be encouraged
      to establish the optimal conditions for the delivery and temperature monitoring
      of local hyperthermia combined with irradiation or cytotoxic agents. It is
      possible to induce tumor regression and produce satisfactory palliative results
      in selected groups of patients with recurrent or advanced tumors. The clinical
      application of hyperthermia, particularly in previously irradiated patients,
      should be continued. Adequately designed clinical trials to amplify our
      understanding of this modality and its optimal clinical applications should be
      strongly supported.

PMID- 2648459
TI  - Advanced ultrasonic techniques for local tumor hyperthermia.
AB  - Scanned, intensity-modulated, focused ultrasound (SIMFU) presently is the
      modality of choice for localized, controlled heating of deep as well as
      superficial tumors noninvasively. With the present SIMFU system, it was possible
      to heat 88 per cent of deep tumors up to 12 cm in depth and 15 cm in diameter, to
      43 degrees C in 3 to 4 minutes. The infiltrative tumor margins could be heated to
      the desired therapeutic temperature. The temperature outside the treatment field
      fell off sharply. Excellent objective responses were obtained without local or
      systemic toxicity. Multiinstitutional clinical trials of local hyperthermia by
      this promising technique are clearly warranted.

PMID- 2648460
TI  - Interstitial thermoradiotherapy.
AB  - The more recent engineering and clinical aspects of interstitial hyperthermia are
      reviewed. The advantages and difficulties of microwave, radiofrequency, and
      ferromagnetic seeds are evaluated and some future directions for improvements are
      outlined.

PMID- 2648461
TI  - Practical aspects of ferromagnetic thermoseed hyperthermia.
AB  - Thermoseeds are needle-shaped devices that are interstitially placed into tumors,
      similar to brachytherapy implants. Heating is accomplished by an externally
      applied electromagnetic induction field, requiring no connections to an external
      power source. Thermoseeds made of special alloys provide automatic temperature
      control. Therapeutic efficacy has been demonstrated in initial clinical
      applications.

PMID- 2648462
TI  - Whole body hyperthermia in the treatment of neoplastic disease.
AB  - Hyperthermia, the elevation of body or tissue temperature, has been used to treat
      various ailments including cancer since ancient times. During the past 15 years,
      laboratory evidence has developed to provide a scientific rationale for its use
      in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. Generally, temperatures in excess of 41
      degrees C in vitro will kill neoplastic cells exponentially as a function of
      time. The direct cytotoxic effects of heat alone, however, may have limited
      clinical utility due to poor response rates and response durations. The greatest
      potential of hyperthermia resides in its use as an adjunct to other forms of
      therapy. As hyperthermia is nonmyelosuppressive and can potentiate the
      tumoricidal effects of radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, its use as
      part of a multimodality treatment approach is attractive. Three forms of
      hyperthermia have been developed for clinical application: local, regional, and
      whole body. As WBH addresses the issue of cancer as a systemic disease, it has
      perhaps the greatest potential for curative success when used as an adjunct to
      other therapeutic modalities. Using a variety of WBH methodologies, core
      temperatures have been maintained at 41 degrees C or 42 degrees C in humans for
      several hours with variable morbidity and occasional mortality. Most systems for
      WBH include a requirement for general anesthesia, as well as complex equipment to
      regulate patient temperature. The system most used to date worldwide is based on
      extracorporeal heating. A hot water suit system, developed at the National Cancer
      Institute, has also undergone extensive testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648463
TI  - Clinical hyperthermia and chemotherapy.
AB  - Hyperthermia may act additively or synergistically with a majority of clinically
      useful chemotherapeutic agents in vitro. In some cases enhanced responses are
      essentially linear at temperatures from 39 to 43 degrees C (thiotepa, the
      nitrosoureas, cisplatin), while other drugs become more effective only at 42 to
      43 degrees (doxorubicin, bleomycin, amphotericin B). Synergism has been observed
      in vivo with methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, the nitrosoureas, doxorubicin,
      bleomycin, and cisplatin. Optimum enhancement occurs when heat and drug are given
      simultaneously. Clinical studies employing WBH at 41 to 41.8 degrees C have shown
      evidence of potential usefulness, but have been limited by high toxicity and a
      low benefit-to-risk ratio. Regional perfusion of metastatic melanoma of the
      extremity treated with L-phenylalanine mustard at 40 to 41 degrees C was
      significantly better than when treated with the drug alone, but some
      investigations suggest that heat alone may be just as effective. Localized
      hyperthermia combined with nearly all the standard types and doses of single and
      combination agents has shown objective responses in about one third of patients
      treated, without evidence of increased drug toxicity by either the IV or IA
      route. Responses appear to be thermal-dose related. Maximum enhancement appears
      at about 40 to 43 degrees C and prior drug resistance does not appear to confer
      heat resistance. The lack of enhanced drug toxicity with loco-regional
      hyperthermia with potential improvement in response of advanced disease suggests
      that thermochemotherapy is a viable and important option to drug treatment alone.
      Further in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies are needed to increase our
      understanding of drug-heat interactions for the optimization of therapy.

PMID- 2648464
TI  - [Digital subtraction angiography (i.v. DSA) in the planning of infradiaphragmatic
      irradiation of malignant lymphoma].
AB  - Intravenous digital subtraction angiography (i.v. DSA) - an almost non-invasive
      imaging procedure - makes it possible to visualize the vascular topography of the
      upper abdominal region, with the parenchyma of spleen and kidney, simultaneously
      with bony structures (spine) in a frontal view. With the aid of a subtrascope,
      spleen and kidney and the vascular topography can be directly superimposed on a
      simulation film. By this procedure an individual target volume can be delineated.
      From December 1985 to December 1987, planning procedures for 44 treatment
      regimens were evaluated using i.v. DSA. With reference to the determination of a
      precise and individual target volume, DSA-assisted treatment planning was found
      to be superior to non-individualized standard definitions.

PMID- 2648465
TI  - [Ultrasound versus abdominal visualization of a problem abdomen in a young
      patient? An unusual cause of epigastric pain].
AB  - The case of a 24-year-old woman with epigastric pain is reported. A past history
      of slight abdominal pain for 4 weeks was recorded in the patient's history; no
      other illnesses were reported. Sonography revealed an unrecognizable longitudinal
      structure and extraenteric fluid. In view of the patient's age and the
      possibility of a pregnancy an abdominal X-ray examination was performed 3 h after
      admission, revealing a foreign body in the duodenum. A 15-cm-long pencil was
      removed by surgical operation; it had penetrated the duodenum with its hard end.

PMID- 2648466
TI  - High-resolution MR imaging with local coils.
AB  - We propose the following rules to govern the choice of local coils by the
      practicing radiologist: 1. Smaller coils permit smaller FOVs and better
      resolution. The coil should be as small as possible. 2. Match the ROS of the coil
      to the FOV, which will be determined by the anatomic region of interest. 3. For
      the case of a choice between surface coils or between a surface and a whole- or
      partial-volume coil, the anatomic region should lie on the high side of the
      crossover point. For the case of a choice among whole-volume coils, the smallest
      coil that surrounds the region of interest should be chosen. 4. Considerations in
      regard to the anatomic shape or the need to vary the position of the structure
      may alter the choice of coil from that obtained by S/N considerations alone.

PMID- 2648467
TI  - Abnormal US appearance of the cerebellum (banana sign): indirect sign of spina
      bifida.
AB  - Certain fetal cranial abnormalities found on second-trimester sonograms can be
      signs of an open spina bifida. In particular, an abnormal configuration of the
      cerebellum, known as the banana sign, has been associated with neural tube
      defects. To further evaluate the usefulness of this sign, the authors compared
      images of the posterior fossa in 23 fetuses who had documented neural tube
      defects with those of 38 control fetuses who underwent sonography because of an
      elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein level. Twenty-two of the 23 fetuses
      with neural tube defects had compression and anterior alignment of the cerebellar
      hemispheres (the banana sign), and follow-up confirmed the presence of an open
      neural tube defect. One fetus had a normal-appearing posterior fossa; however,
      the neural tube defect at birth was completely covered with skin. Four of the
      neural tube defects were difficult to see sonographically, and the abnormal
      configuration of the cerebellum, as well as the flattening of the frontal bone
      (lemon sign), was instrumental in suggesting the correct diagnosis. The 38
      control fetuses had normal-appearing posterior fossae.

PMID- 2648468
TI  - Duplex pulsed Doppler US versus intracranial pressure in the neonate: clinical
      and experimental studies.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine if the resistive index (RI) could be used
      for the examination and follow-up of neonates with increased intracranial
      pressure. First, in a laboratory model with four mongrel dogs, RI was found to
      correlate linearly with cerebral perfusion pressure. Second, RI was studied in 57
      healthy neonates and 285 neonates with abnormal clinical or head ultrasound
      findings. Average RI for healthy newborns was 75 +/- 10 and was inversely related
      to gestational age. RI in newborns with abnormal findings was uniformly elevated,
      but these values varied considerably and were not statistically different from
      normal values. Third, the RI was found to decrease significantly after patent
      ductus arteriosus ligation, tapping of subdural effusions, ventricular tapping
      (later cerebrospinal fluid shunting led to a further drop in RI), and
      ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Elevated RI indicates possible intra- or
      extracranial abnormality affecting cerebral blood flow. Doppler RI is valuable in
      following up neonates with abnormal or unstable conditions and in assessing the
      effectiveness of therapies to improve cerebral perfusion.

PMID- 2648469
TI  - Advanced laryngeal cancer: sonographic assessment.
AB  - Endoscopy permits visualization of the endolaryngeal spread of laryngeal tumors,
      yet the depth of tumor infiltration often remains unclear. The authors used high
      resolution sonography in 37 patients with advanced laryngeal cancer to assess the
      tumors and the cervical lymph nodes. Sonographic findings were compared to
      operative and histologic reports. Sonography demonstrated histologically
      confirmed infiltration into the thyroid (n = 8) and cricoid cartilages (n = 1),
      preepiglottic space (n = 12), base of the tongue (n = 4), hypopharynx (n = 8),
      subglottic space (n = 3), and thyroid gland (n = 2). Except for the
      retrolaryngeal portion of the tumor, sonography was valuable in assessing
      extralaryngeal spread of advanced cancers. It enabled detection of subclinical
      lymph node metastases in four patients. Furthermore, invasion of the wall of the
      carotid artery was found in two patients. For evaluating the endolaryngeal and
      hypopharyngeal portions of the tumor, endoscopy remains mandatory.

PMID- 2648470
TI  - The role of liposomes in diagnostic imaging.

PMID- 2648472
TI  - Pulmonary parenchymal high-resolution CT: to be or not to be.

PMID- 2648471
TI  - Intravenous digital subtraction renal angiography: use in screening for
      renovascular hypertension.
AB  - Intravenous digital subtraction renal angiography (DSRA) has been compared with
      conventional angiography only in small, selected series of hypertensive patients.
      The authors prospectively examined with intravenous DSRA 94 patients at increased
      risk for renovascular hypertension and compared these studies with conventional
      angiography. A stenosis of at least one main renal artery was identified with
      intravenous DSRA in 22 patients and confirmed in 20 patients. No significant
      stenoses were seen with conventional angiography in any of the 64 patients in
      whom lesions were not seen with intravenous DSRA. Since inadequate DSRA studies
      were considered positive for renal artery stenosis, the sensitivity of
      intravenous DSRA was 100% (25 of 25); specificity, 93% (64 of 69); positive
      predictive value, 83% (25 of 30); and negative predictive value, 100% (64 of 64).
      The authors conclude that intravenous DSRA is a sensitive test for identifying
      stenosis of the main renal arteries and is appropriate to use as a screening test
      among patients at increased risk for renovascular hypertension.

PMID- 2648473
TI  - Lymphoceles: percutaneous treatment with povidone-iodine sclerosis.
AB  - Although percutaneous procedures have gained a degree of acceptance for treatment
      of lymphoceles, success rates for aspiration and drainage have been less than
      optimal. The authors investigated transcatheter sclerosis of pelvic lymphoceles
      with povidone-iodine as a method to increase the success rate of percutaneous
      management. Eight patients with a total of nine pelvic lymphoceles were treated
      with this method. Eight of the nine lymphoceles (89%) resolved without
      complications. Four patients had undergone lymphadenectomy and four, renal
      transplantation. The duration of catheter drainage ranged from 15 to 37 days.
      Four of the lymphoceles were found to be infected at initial drainage, but this
      did not alter the amount of time the catheter was left in place. One lymphocele
      failed to heal with sclerotherapy and required internal drainage. The early
      results with transcatheter povidone-iodine sclerosis of postoperative lymphoceles
      are encouraging and warrant further evaluation.

PMID- 2648474
TI  - Postbiopsy renal transplant arteriovenous fistulas: color Doppler US
      characteristics.
AB  - Color Doppler ultrasound (US) with point-spectral analysis was performed on eight
      patients with postbiopsy renal transplant arteriovenous fistulas. Waveform
      analysis of the supplying artery documented decreased resistive indices in all
      cases and increased flow velocities in seven. The peak-systolic flow velocity in
      the arteries supplying the fistulas ranged from 55 to 180 cm/sec (mean, 92
      cm/sec), while the range in normal arteries was 20-52 cm/sec (mean, 32 cm/sec).
      The resistive indices of the arteries supplying the fistulas ranged from 0.31 to
      0.50 (mean, 0.45), while the resistive indices of the normal arteries ranged from
      0.60 to 0.92 (mean, 0.74). Arterialization of the venous waveform from the
      draining vein was also documented in all cases. In six cases, the increased flow
      velocities resulted in increased color saturation toward white in the supplying
      artery (n = 2) or in both the artery and the draining vein (n = 4), which was
      detectable on the realtime image. In six cases, flow turbulence resulted in
      localized tissue vibration, which appeared as random color assignment in
      extravascular renal parenchyma adjacent to the fistula. Knowledge of these
      imaging and Doppler characteristics should aid in the identification of renal
      transplant arteriovenous fistulas with color Doppler US.

PMID- 2648475
TI  - Breast immobilization for occult mass aspiration.

PMID- 2648476
TI  - Percutaneous US needle localization of occult breast lesions.

PMID- 2648477
TI  - Biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma: CT and sonographic findings.
AB  - Eight women (ages 18-65 years; mean, 47 years) with biliary cystadenoma (n = 3)
      or cystadenocarcinoma (n = 5) were examined with computed tomography and
      sonography. The appearance of the tumors varied from unilocular cystic masses to
      multilocular cystic masses with multiple satellite tumors, although the majority
      (n = 6) of tumors were single, multilocular, and cystic. Cystic areas showed
      attenuation numbers under +30 HU. Papillary excrescences, nodular thickening of
      internal septa, and mural nodules, which showed contrast enhancement, were seen
      in one case of cystadenoma and all five cases of cystadenocarcinoma. One
      cystadenoma and one cystadenocarcinoma contained calcifications. Three cases
      showed connection to the intrahepatic bile ducts. Biliary cystadenoma and
      cystadenocarcinoma should be the primary diagnostic consideration when one
      detects in a middle-aged woman a well-encapsulated, multilocular cystic mass
      connected to the biliary system or prolapsing into the bile duct.

PMID- 2648478
TI  - Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: report of five cases.
AB  - Results of computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography (US), angiography, and
      radionuclide imaging were analyzed in five cases of histologically proved hepatic
      epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE), a rare vascular tumor of adults that has
      a variable but often long clinical course. All patients received palliative
      treatment. CT and US were performed repeatedly over a period of up to 53 months.
      Initial radiologic examination showed two types of hepatic lesions: multiple
      nodules in both lobes (nodular lesions, n = 2) and large masses with or without
      calcifications that generally spread along the hepatic margins (diffuse lesions,
      n = 3). Nodular lesions may be an earlier form of hepatic EHE, as they later
      gradually changed into the diffuse type. Follow-up CT after treatment showed
      definite regression of tumors in two cases. In the differential diagnosis, the
      radiologic findings of diffuse lesions were considered to be specific to hepatic
      EHE, while those of nodular lesions were nonspecific.

PMID- 2648479
TI  - MR imaging of the breast with Gd-DTPA: use and limitations.
AB  - Between August 1985 and November 1987, 150 patients with 167 biopsy-proved
      lesions were examined with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging enhanced with
      gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, mammography, and palpation. Of
      these patients, 113 with 123 lesions were also examined with ultrasound.
      Enhancement above 300 normalized units (NU) on MR images was considered
      significant; between 250 and 300 NU, borderline; and below 250, nonsignificant.
      All 27 fibroadenomas and 70 of 71 carcinomas showed significant enhancement; one
      carcinoma showed borderline enhancement. Nonproliferative dysplasia showed
      nonsignificant enhancement in 15 of 16 cases and significant enhancement in one,
      whereas proliferative dysplasia showed usually diffuse enhancement varying from
      nonsignificant (five of 30 cases) to borderline (five of 30 cases) to significant
      (20 of 30 cases). In the nonblind evaluation of the modalities, MR imaging
      compared favorably. When limitations of the technique were considered, MR imaging
      seemed beneficial as a supplement in selected, diagnostically difficult cases.

PMID- 2648480
TI  - Residual haemopoietic damage in the mouse after fractionated gamma-irradiation,
      down to 0.1 Gy per fraction.
AB  - Residual damage in haemopoietic progenitor cell populations, spleen and
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-S and GM-CFC) was detected in
      mice after 15 daily fractions where the dose per fraction was as low as 0.1 Gy.
      The injury was dose-dependent and after higher total fractionated doses of 7.5-10
      Gy the CFU-S population recovered to about 50% of control between 2 and 12 months
      after irradiation. Residual damage was also detected in the stroma, in the form
      of reduced numbers of fibroblastoid colony-forming cells and of CFU-S in ossicles
      under the kidney capsule. The response to a second course of 15 fractions, given
      3 weeks after the end of the first course, was similar and additive to the
      response to the first course in the short term. However, in the long term,
      recovery levels were similar after either one or two courses.

PMID- 2648481
TI  - [Diagnostic contribution of various imaging technics in renal masses].

PMID- 2648482
TI  - [Duodenal hamartoma: apropos of a case report].

PMID- 2648483
TI  - [Echographic aspects of a case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the rectum].

PMID- 2648484
TI  - [75 years of La Radiologia Medica].

PMID- 2648485
TI  - [Potentials of the echographic documentation of hip epiphysiolysis].
AB  - The results are presented of a study on patients affected by hip joint
      epiphyseolysis. The sonographic examination was performed using a unit with a
      linear 5 MHz probe; oblique scans were obtained, along the axis of the neck of
      the femur. Typical US findings are described, namely a small step corresponding
      to a positioning defect of the cartilage between head and neck of the femur and
      dilatation of the infracapsular space due to the presence of intra-articular
      fluid.

PMID- 2648486
TI  - A sociocultural history of Alcoholics Anonymous.
AB  - Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) has not only helped numerous alcoholics, it has also
      influenced the current generation's view of, and response to, the alcoholic. This
      chapter describes the emergence of AA and analyzes its successful growth. During
      the period of reduced alternatives for helping the alcoholic, AA began and soon
      flourished, helped by favorable publicity, committed members, and AA
      publications. We argue that its founder, Bill W., played a crucial role as a
      charismatic leader and that AA found a unique organizational solution to the
      problem of charismatic succession, a solution that helped AA maintain growth and
      stability beyond the life of its founder. This chapter also reviews the social
      response to AA including early research on AA, the generally favorable response
      to AA, criticism of AA, and the widespread imitation of AA by other problem area
      groups.

PMID- 2648488
TI  - Alcoholism and family interaction.
AB  - This chapter reviews the family interaction literature concerned with families of
      alcoholics. The development of this area is traced from early reports that
      focused on individual family members to more recent approaches concerned with the
      family as an interacting unit. Theories that suggest that family processes
      reinforce patterns of abusive drinking are examined in light of existing
      empirical evidence. The interpretation of findings is limited by an insufficient
      number of studies, a lack of replication, and a lack of systematic programs of
      research. Recently, more rigorously controlled experiments have demonstrated that
      the interactions of families of alcoholics can be differentiated from those of
      nondistressed and other distressed families. Suggested future directions include
      exploration of family interactions with respect to female alcoholics and
      offspring outcome.

PMID- 2648487
TI  - Family, alcohol, and culture.
AB  - During the 1970s and 1980s a small but rich tradition of anthropological and
      sociological studies of family culture, cultural context, and alcohol has
      developed. Ideally, ethnographic analysis of a cultural group and in-depth
      holistic examination of family process are incorporated in such research. In
      conducting family, culture, and alcohol investigations, researchers are
      encouraged to reexamine some conceptual assumptions: (1) their working definition
      of culture; (2) their relative emphasis on family culture or cultural context;
      (3) their attention to socialization as an active process in the transmission of
      culture within and across generations; and (4) their adoption of a holistic and
      cross-generational perspective. To apply this line of research to preventive and
      intervention strategies, two questions are especially relevant: Why are
      particular alcohol traditions established and maintained within families? What
      incentives and constraints from the family's cultural context help create,
      preserve, and/or terminate particular drinking practices?

PMID- 2648489
TI  - Alcoholism and family factors. A critical review.
AB  - This chapter provides a critical review of empirical research in the area of
      alcoholism and family psychosocial factors. The review describes the early
      conceptualizations of the alcoholic family system as a unitary phenomenon and
      summarizes a series of laboratory studies using simulation games that sought to
      identify salient characteristics of alcoholic family interaction. The chapter
      traces the evolution of family psychosocial research and highlights the current
      interest in the field in articulating alcoholic family typologies. The discussion
      focuses on two major bodies of research: (1) a collection of studies that form
      the basis for a theory of alcoholism and family development; and (2) an ongoing
      series of projects that address the relationship between different patterns of
      alcohol consumption and family interaction. Topics addressed in the research
      include the possible adaptive functions of alcohol in family systems, the
      relationship between phasic drinking patterns and family regulatory dimensions,
      and the effects of family response style on long-term family functioning and
      intergenerational transmission of alcoholism.

PMID- 2648490
TI  - Outcomes of family-involved alcoholism treatment.
AB  - This chapter reviews current studies of the effectiveness of family-involved
      alcoholism treatment. Three theoretical perspectives on family-involved treatment
      are reviewed: disease model perspectives, behavioral perspectives, and family
      systems perspectives. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of treatment derived
      from each viewpoint are described. It is concluded that despite the widespread
      popularity of family-involved alcoholism treatment, there is a paucity of well
      controlled research in this area, that all of the reported research has evaluated
      marital rather than family therapy, and that there are notable discrepancies
      between the popularity of clinical practices and the empirical bases of practice.

PMID- 2648491
TI  - Serotonin and ethanol preference.
AB  - This chapter brings together evidence indicating the involvement of serotonin (5
      HT) in ethanol preference using data mainly obtained from selectively bred
      alcohol-preferring and alcohol-nonpreferring lines of rodents. Although several
      laboratories have established rodent lines that will consume large quantities of
      ethanol daily, only one line thus far has been established that satisfied all the
      criteria for an animal model of alcoholism and that would be suitable for
      studying the biological basis of ethanol preference. This is the P line of
      alcohol-preferring rats that: (1) freely consumes 5-9 g ethanol/kg body wt/day;
      (2) drinks sufficient alcohol to produce intoxicating blood alcohol
      concentrations; (3) works to obtain alcohol; (4) self-administers ethanol for its
      CNS pharmacological effects; and (5) develops chronic tolerance to and dependence
      on alcohol with free-choice drinking. Relative to the NP line of alcohol
      nonpreferring rats, the P rat has lower 5-HT levels in several CNS regions,
      including some, such as the nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, and frontal cortex,
      which are involved in the brain reward circuitry. Furthermore, both acute and
      chronic ethanol administration have effects on the 5-HT pathway from the dorsal
      raphe nucleus to the nucleus accumbens in the P rat. Pharmacological studies have
      demonstrated that fluoxetine, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, reduced the oral
      consumption or intragastric self-administration of alcohol in the P rats. In
      addition, administration of a 5-HT1B agonist also attenuated the oral intake of
      ethanol by P rats. It is hypothesized that the serotonergic pathway from the
      dorsal raphe nucleus to the nucleus accumbens is involved in the reinforcing
      actions of alcohol in the P line of rats.

PMID- 2648492
TI  - Use of serotonin-active drugs in alcohol preference studies.
AB  - Interest in finding a cure for alcoholism has sparked enthusiastic research into
      drugs that might accomplish this goal. Since decreases in brain serotonin had
      been shown to influence voluntary ethanol ingestion, numerous studies were
      conducted with the intent of establishing a basis on which a treatment for the
      alcoholic could be based. Along the path of discovery many inconsistencies have
      been encountered. After considerable research it became clear that the hope for
      an effective treatment resided not with impairment of but rather with enhancement
      of brain serotonergic function. One of the first effective therapeutic approaches
      has apparently emerged in the case of selective serotonin uptake inhibition.
      However, even with a wealth of information available, the mechanism by which an
      elevation of brain serotonergic function diminishes ethanol intake is unclear.
      The research conducted in this area has resulted not only in a potential
      therapeutic drug but also insight into the complexity of alcoholism as well. The
      intent of research reviewed here has been a better understanding of the role that
      brain serotonergic function may play in the regulation of ethanol ingestion.

PMID- 2648493
TI  - Serotonin uptake blockers and voluntary alcohol consumption. A review of recent
      studies.
AB  - Previous research demonstrated that serotonin uptake blockers (e.g., zimeldine,
      sertraline, fluoxetine) reduce voluntary ethanol consumption in rats and humans.
      However, the mechanism of action of these compounds is not well understood. It
      has been suggested, for example, that serotonin uptake blockade interferes with
      the processes that mediate the reinforcement derived from ethanol ingestion. On
      the other hand, there is considerable experimental evidence that suggests that
      the effects on alcohol intake may be an expression of a more general inhibitory
      role that serotonin plays in consummatory behavior. This chapter presents
      evidence that suggests that serotonin uptake blockers may affect ethanol intake,
      in part via a reduction of food intake. Current issues concerning the central
      versus peripheral mediation of these effects, receptor specificity, as well as
      alternate mechanisms of action are considered.

PMID- 2648494
TI  - Serotonin uptake blockers and the treatment of alcoholism.
AB  - There is growing research and clinical interest in the role of brain serotonin in
      regulating alcohol consumption, based on two lines of evidence: negative
      correlations between brain serotonin levels and spontaneous alcohol consumption
      in rodents, and decreased alcohol intake produced by drug-induced increases in
      brain serotonin activity in rodents and humans. Specific blockers of neuronal
      serotonin uptake, such as citalopram, fluoxetine, and zimelidine, are the major
      drugs used in such studies. More than a dozen studies have consistently found
      that such specific serotonin uptake blockers reduce alcohol preference and intake
      in rodents, whereas nonspecific monoamine uptake blockers (e.g., amitriptyline,
      doxepin) do not. The effect begins within 1 hr of administration, wears off
      within several days of stopping drug, and often shows tolerance after 4-10 days
      of daily administration (the opposite time course from antidepressant action in
      humans). In four human, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, citalopram (40
      mg but not 20 mg daily), fluoxetine (80 mg daily), and zimelidine (200 mg more
      than 300 mg daily) significantly reduced alcohol intake 10-26% in social
      drinkers, early problem drinkers, and chronic alcoholics. The effect occurred
      within a few days, wore off within several days of stopping drug, and lasted
      throughout the 2-4 weeks of drug administration, except that in the fluoxetine
      study with chronic alcoholics the effect was significant only during the first
      week. The reduced alcohol intake was not due to sedation, antidepression, or
      antianxiety effects, or an aversive drug-alcohol interaction, but could be
      explained in part by decreased appetitive behavior (two studies found that
      subjects lost weight) or a conditioned (taste) aversion to alcohol promoted by
      serotonin (as occurs in animals). Further research is also needed to clarify the
      neuropharmacological mechanism of action, since the alcohol intake-reducing
      effects in rodents are not blocked by serotonin receptor antagonists or brain
      serotonin depletion. Regardless of mechanism, serotonin uptake blockers offer a
      potentially promising new treatment for alcoholism.

PMID- 2648495
TI  - Treatment of chronic organic mental disorders associated with alcoholism.
AB  - Considering the magnitude of the problem, the treatment of alcoholism-associated
      chronic organic mental disorders has not been extensively studied. Alcoholic
      organic brain disease is heuristically viewed as the admixture of clinical
      syndromes of impairment [alcoholic amnestic disorder or Korsakoff's psychosis
      (KP) and dementia associated with alcoholism (DAA)], each with its distinguishing
      cognitive, neuropathological, and neurochemical characteristics. Differences
      between KP and DAA are highlighted by studies that compare KP patients with those
      having Alzheimer's disease or depression. Furthermore, treatment of cognitive
      deficits in KP and DAA may be modeled after strategies that have proved effective
      for these other neuropsychiatric disorders. Although abstinence and proper
      nutrition remain the cornerstones of treatment, pharmacological modification of
      neurotransmitter function and/or enhancement of cerebral metabolism combined with
      behavioral methods may also be beneficial. Serotonergic approaches to improve
      memory in detoxified alcoholics may also reduce alcohol intake, and this has
      implication for treatment of less impaired alcoholics.

PMID- 2648496
TI  - Methodological and ethical issues in alcohol research.
AB  - A commitment to scientific endeavors is an important part of the healing mission
      and public apprehension derived from this type of activity should not inhibit
      efforts to gain new knowledge. This imperative, however, does not dismiss the
      responsibility of every investigator to be deeply concerned with the morality of
      research activities and its impact on the health and welfare of the persons who
      participate as subjects. It was therefore considered important to review in this
      chapter some of the ethical principles that guide research, and in particular
      those relevant to research paradigms that incorporate the administration of
      alcohol (ethanol) as one of the variables.

PMID- 2648497
TI  - Alcoholics Anonymous: membership characteristics and effectiveness as treatment.
AB  - Reports published since 1976 were reviewed with respect to the characteristics of
      alcohol-dependent individuals who affiliate with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). No
      "AA personality" was identified inasmuch as systematic differences have not been
      observed between affiliates and nonaffiliates. Evaluation studies were reviewed
      with regard to data on AA's effectiveness as treatment, leading to several
      observations. When "alcoholics" participate in AA in addition to professional
      treatment, their outcome on drinking and other indices is no worse, and may be
      better, than that of patients who do not involve themselves in AA. AA involvement
      tends to be associated with relatively high abstinence rates but with only fairly
      typical total improvement rates. The effectiveness of AA as compared to other
      treatments for "alcoholism" has yet to be demonstrated. Reliable guidelines have
      not been established for predicting who among AA members will be successful. An
      alcohol-involved person's chances of participating in AA are related to the type
      of drinking outcome achieved. Caution was raised against rigidly referring every
      alcohol-troubled person to AA.

PMID- 2648498
TI  - Some limitations of Alcoholics Anonymous.
AB  - While recognizing AA's many positive features, this chapter focuses on AA's
      limitations with respect to the kinds of help the movement provides as well as
      its overall efficacy and appeal to persons with alcohol-related problems. Among
      the issues identified as limiting AA's effectiveness are the movement's
      preoccupation with drinking and sobriety and lack of concern for other problems.
      Also, the possibility is raised that AA's insistence that its members are but
      "one drink away from a drunk" can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Empirical
      studies indicate that those who affiliate with AA are, in several respects,
      different from those who do not. In particular, AA seems to appeal to drinkers
      who have a long history of drinking and have experienced loss of control.
      Reasonable levels of social stability, a lack of significant psychopathology, and
      signs of religiosity and authoritarianism have also been shown to characterize
      those who affiliate with AA. Some implications of these and other limitations for
      management of alcohol abuse are discussed. Specific emphasis is placed on the
      need for systematic assessment and the ongoing monitoring of AA referrals. The
      need for further research into the efficacy of AA is also emphasized.

PMID- 2648499
TI  - Alcoholics Anonymous and contemporary psychodynamic theory.
AB  - AA's success rests on its ability to establish and maintain abstinence. This
      basic and essential accomplishment has tended to detract from the fact that AA is
      successful in good part because it is a sophisticated psychosocial form of
      treatment that addresses human psychological vulnerabilities that alcoholics and
      others share related to problems of self-regulation. The "character defects" that
      AA addresses are related to attitudes about self and others that are embodied in
      character traits and styles that make interdependence, experience, and expression
      of feelings and self-care problematical and difficult. AA confronts these
      "defects" by effectively advocating surrender, acceptance of a Higher Power, and
      challenging human self-centeredness. In its insistence on openness, support,
      sharing of experiences, and mutual concerns, AA imaginatively employs group
      psychology to address vulnerabilities in self-governance and problems in
      regulating feelings and self-care.

PMID- 2648500
TI  - Al-Anon and recovery.
AB  - The history of Al-Anon and its current demographics are reviewed. In order to
      understand 12-step recovery and psychotherapy for family members of alcoholics,
      the concept of codependence is defined with a set of diagnostic criteria
      consistent with the DSM-III-R definition of personality traits and disorders. At
      the core of codependence are denial and an unrealistic relationship to willpower.
      The therapeutic implications of considering codependence as a personality
      disorder are explored, as are the characteristics that make codependence unique
      among personality disorders: the central role of denial and the existence of a
      self-help organization to facilitate recovery. The dynamics of working the 12
      steps on codependent characteristics are outlined. A synergistic relationship
      between psychotherapy and the 12 steps is described. Special attention is given
      the emergence of Al-Anon adult children of alcoholic meetings, and the future of
      codependence is discussed.

PMID- 2648501
TI  - Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder: a pictorial essay.
AB  - This paper is an overview of the imaging characteristics of primary carcinoma of
      the gallbladder, based on the premise that more general knowledge of the imaging
      patterns of the primary tumor and its modes of spread might increase the
      likelihood of accurate preoperative diagnosis of this lesion. Primary tumor
      patterns discussed and illustrated are: (I) an intraluminal mass, (II) focal or
      diffuse thickening of the gallbladder wall, and (III) replacement of the
      gallbladder by a mass. Illustrated patterns of tumor spread include direct
      extension and lymphatic and hematogenous metastases.

PMID- 2648502
TI  - Radiology on postage stamps. Part 3.

PMID- 2648503
TI  - Ultrasound case of the day. Cystic neuroblastoma with metastatic disease of the
      liver.

PMID- 2648504
TI  - Problem solving and strategy production in mentally retarded persons.
AB  - Three decades of research purportedly show that mentally retarded persons neither
      spontaneously produce nor generalize problem-solving strategies. These
      observations are often attributed to deficiencies in superordinate skills and
      knowledge that control or influence the use of problem-solving strategies. This
      review shows that mentally retarded persons are often strategic when
      comprehension of the task requirements is ensured, and that generalization can be
      obtained when instructional experience with multiple task exemplars is given.
      Superordinate, representational, and nonvolitional factors are implicated in the
      production and generalization of strategies by mentally retarded persons.

PMID- 2648505
TI  - A 20 year review of punishment and alternative methods to treat problem behaviors
      in developmentally delayed persons.
AB  - Relevant journals were reviewed (n = 23) for a 20 year period (1967 to 1987) to
      assess the status of treatments for severe behavior problems of developmentally
      delayed persons. A hand search of journals was made; 382 studies were identified.
      Procedures were analyzed by problem behaviors treated, side effects reported,
      whether the procedure involved painful stimuli, nonpainful stimuli, food
      satiation, positive procedures, extinction or combinations of methods. The number
      of studies reported yearly was also plotted. The implication of these data for
      federal and state policy makers and for treatment programs dealing with difficult
      to treat clients is discussed.

PMID- 2648506
TI  - [Mechanism of action and effects of corticoids in asthma].
AB  - The value of oral or inhaled glucocorticoids (GCS) in asthma is well recognized.
      Their use has remained empirical for a long time. However, some progress has been
      achieved recently in the understanding of their general mode of action and of
      their bronchial effects suggesting that in the near future ther may be some new
      therapeutic perspectives. The fundamental action of GCS involves a close
      intracellular interaction between the specific glucocorticoid hormone receptor
      and the cellular genome which results in the activation of the genes coding the
      proteins responsible for the phenotypic response of the cell and thus for their
      biological action. The place of the extra-genomic mechanisms remains ill
      understood. The immunomodulating action of GCS is difficult to dissociate from
      their anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects which seem to predominate in
      asthma. They inhibit all stages of the inflammatory reaction in acting on the key
      mediators of the inflammatory response, the pharmacologically active lipids (LPA:
      prostaglandins, leukotrienes, PAF-acether) which are a result of the catabolism
      of arachidonic acid which occurs during the course of membrane activation. The
      phospholipid A2 (PLA2), a membrane enzyme responsible for the splitting of the
      phospholipids in the presence of calcium and leading to the liberation of LPA is
      the driving force of the reaction in such a way that the products of the nuclear
      activation subsequently reactivated. GCS is considered as a natural modulator of
      inflammation, inducing the synthesis of lipocortin, an inhibitory protein of
      PLA2, which explains the blockage in the generation of LPA and thus the
      inflammatory reaction. The regulation of the activity of these or of the
      lipocortin seems to lead to the intervention of the phosphorylation. But numerous
      questions remain concerning the precise action of PLO2, the existence of
      endogenous lipocortin, their secretion and their extra-cellular action. In spite
      of these unknown facts it is not impossible to envisage a clinical potential for
      lipocortin, once sequenced and produced, when the pharmacological and
      immunological problems have been surmounted. In asthma the effect of GCS
      essentially involve: the inhibition of all the bronchial components of
      inflammation: the synthesis, liberation and peripheral action of the mediators;
      the oedema and mucous congestion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2648507
TI  - [Chronic hypoxia and tissue adaptation (excluding the right heart) in chronic
      obstructive bronchopathies].
AB  - In this report, the authors review the diverse mechanisms of compensation to
      chronic hypoxaemia, that is principally a displacement to the right of the
      haemoglobin dissociation curve and polycythaemia which tends to improve the
      supply of oxygen to the cells. The tissue effects of this chronic hypoxaemia are
      specified (excluding the right heart). As regards the left ventricle, ventricular
      function seems to be conserved until late yet there is a risk of arrhythmias
      which appears to increase proportionately to the degree of desaturation. Chronic
      respiratory failure produces clear cut neuropsychological deficits which
      correlate with the degree of hypoxaemia as well as problems with the quality of
      life and interference with memory. These troubles seem to be limited or even
      partially reversed by oxygen therapy. These patients also have troubles with
      urine output of water and sodium and there are also sexual problems as well as
      peripheral neuropathy.

PMID- 2648508
TI  - [Physiology of pulmonary capillary recruitment].
AB  - At the apices of the lungs in man there is a poorly perfused zone (zone 2) which
      in certain circumstances can be recruited. The pulmonary capillary recruitment in
      this zone has been studied in the anaesthetised and ventilated dog. Following a
      thoracotomy a metal window with a small transparent viewing area was applied to
      the surface of the right lung, and the dog was placed in the left lateral
      decubitus position. The sub-pleural pulmonary microcirculation which is in this
      case in zone 2 was examined using a microscope. Alveolar hypoxaemia led to an
      increase in the number of pulmonary capillaries that were perfused. This
      recruitment of the pulmonary capillaries was independent of the cardiac output,
      the left auricular pressure and the pulmonary venous pressure. The recruitment
      disappeared if the rise in hypoxic pulmonary artery pressure was prevented using
      prostaglandin E1. There is a very good correlation between pulmonary arterial
      pressure and capillary recruitment. The hypoxic capillary recruitment is
      associated with a rise in capillary volume measured by DLCO. This capillary
      recruitment observed in the upper part of the lung is linked to a redistribution
      of the blood flow from the bases towards the apices of the lung as is shown in
      studies using radioactive microspheres. In conclusion, the response of the
      pulmonary circulation to generalised alveolar hypoxaemia may be outlined as
      follows: diffuse pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction leads to a rise in pulmonary
      artery pressure, which redistributes the blood flow towards the upper part of the
      lung recruiting capillaries and also increasing the pulmonary surface available
      for gas exchange.

PMID- 2648509
TI  - [Amyloidosis and amyloid deposits. Amyloidosis of the lower respiratory tract].
AB  - Amyloid is defined by its affinity for Congo red, which gives it a characteristic
      green birefringence in polarised light. This peculiarity is the result of its
      structure in beta-fibrillary folds, which is common to all biochemical varieties
      of amyloidosis whatever the origins of the immunoglobulin, reactive AA or
      prealbumin for example. Tracheobronchial amyloidosis exists in two forms: a
      pseudotumoral mass of a few millimeters in diameter discovered by chance at
      endoscopy without producing any clinical signs; and multi-focal sub-mucosal
      plaques which lead to bronchial stenosis and which can be destroyed by laser.
      Parenchymal amyloid can be nodular, or diffuse and interstitial. The amyloid
      nodules are single or multiple and their size varies from a few millimeters to
      several centimeters; they lead to few symptoms and do not require any treatment
      in the majority of cases if the diagnosis has been achieved by transparietal
      puncture for example (but the diagnosis is made above all by the excision of a
      mass which is presumed to be neoplastic). Diffuse interstitial parenchymal
      amyloid involves the alveolar region: it is a not uncommon finding at necropsy
      when it only infiltrates the vessels, it can give rise to the symptomatology of
      an interstitial pneumonia when there is widespread infiltration of the alveolar
      capillary zone. The distinction between this type of diffuse interstitial amyloid
      and the miliary micro-nodular amyloidosis is sometimes difficult with overlapping
      between these two entities. Amyloid may also involve the pleura, the mediastinal
      nodes, the respiratory muscles and in particular the diaphragm; macroglossia may
      be responsible for obstructive sleep apnoea. Tracheobronchial amyloid and
      pulmonary nodules are generally localised to the respiratory system, whereas
      diffuse interstitial amyloid is combined in a group along with systemic amyloid.
      There is no specific treatment for amyloidosis.

PMID- 2648510
TI  - [A controlled survey comparing 2 short-term therapeutic regimes in lymph node
      tuberculosis].
AB  - To study the efficacy of short term chemotherapy in the treatment of peripheral
      glandular tuberculosis a controlled trial was carried out in Algiers in March
      1982 comparing two therapeutic regimes. All the patients admitted to the study
      presented with glandular tuberculosis which was proved either histologically or
      bacteriologically. They were recruited in three clinics serving the Algerian
      population and were required to live in Algiers. The two anti-tuberculous regimes
      used consisted of an initial phase of four drugs: Rifampicin (R), Isoniazid (H),
      Streptomycin (S) and Pyrazinamide (Z) every day for two months. This initial
      phase was followed by R.H. every day for four months in regime A, making six
      months treatment in all and for seven months in regime B making nine months
      treatment in all. 141 patients were thus admitted to the study, of whom 117 could
      be used for analysis at the end of treatment. Of these 68 were female making up
      58% of the total. 12 patients or 10% were under 15 years of age. After two years
      of review following the end of treatment there were nine therapeutic failures
      (7.7%) of whom five were in regime A and four were in regime B (no significant
      difference). Amongst the failures large volume nodes persisted in three patients
      and two patients presented with new nodes. The lymph nodes increased in volume at
      the end of treatment in two cases; and finally two patients presented again with
      fistulae at the end of treatment. There were eight unfavourable outcomes in nine
      patients under observation during treatment or at the end of chemotherapy. There
      was only one failure noted some time after the finish of treatment at the end of
      two years of follow up.

PMID- 2648511
TI  - [Therapeutic trial of a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide in
      the first 2 months of treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - 250 patients suffering from smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis who had never
      been treated before, received a six-month regimen combining isoniazid and
      rifampicin every day with a supplement of pyrazinamide for the first eight weeks
      of treatment. The three drugs given during the initial phase of therapy were
      administered in two different forms: either as separate tablets or in a form
      combining all three drugs in fixed proportions (each tablet contained 50 mg of
      isoniazid, 120 mg of rifampicin and 300 mg of pyrazinamide). The patients were
      randomised into two groups of 125 receiving one or other combination of
      medications with the dose adapted for their weight. An analysis of the results at
      the end of the second month of treatment was carried out on 240 cases who could
      be analysed for tolerance and acceptability and in 193 cases who were analysed
      for the efficacy of therapy as judged by negative cultures. The treatment results
      were excellent in both groups, as was patient acceptability. The level of side
      effects was significantly lower in the group receiving combined medication (p
      less than 0.02). Both groups gave a similar proportion of negative cultures at
      the end of two months. The combined medicaments studied are thus well tolerated
      and at least as effective as individual drugs. They may thus replace them.

PMID- 2648512
TI  - Guidelines for treatment of chronic depression in the aphasic patient.
AB  - This article defines the language disorder of aphasia and the motor speech
      disorders of apraxia of speech and the dysarthrias. Discussion includes
      depression and the five definable sets of behaviors related to the phenomenon:
      motor-expressive behaviors, affective, cognitive, motivational, and somatic, and
      the relationship of self-concept to both depression and visual and verbal
      thought. Detailed discussion of treatment of chronic depression inpatients with
      non-organic reactive factors is presented. These include positive reinforcement
      of desirable behaviors, avoidance of verbal punishment, labeling the disorder for
      the client and family, and time structuring or scheduling to assist in
      motivation. In addition, implementation of support from family, friends, and
      social relationships, tolerance of expressions of frustration and anger by the
      client, and environmental manipulation are considered therapeutic interventions.

PMID- 2648513
TI  - [Testing with the computer--the Diamed System].
AB  - The Diamed System has been developed to reduce the time-consuming testing
      routines involved in psychopathometric studies of disease course in the field of
      medicine. Test administration was to be relieved of those activities, in
      particular in repeat testing, examiners experienced as weary, unpleasant,
      repetitive, and uncreative. An important aim had been to permit data collection
      by as independent a dialogue as possible between the patient and the micro
      computer, and extremely simple operations and instructions were considered of
      great importance. The opportunity has, however, also been utilized to implement
      promising performance testing procedures for measuring basic parameters of mental
      capability. Beside mental-amnestic capacity, the procedures cover subjective
      complaints because these, too, frequently are relevant in measuring the course of
      psychic disorders. The procedures incorporated in the Diamed System permit
      reliability verifications as to whether self-assessment and independent
      computerized testing might not be asking too much of the patients intellectually.
      Most of the procedures will be used for studying disease course in acute Organic
      Psychosyndromes and in all disorders that are associated with changes in mood
      and/or with subjective complaints. Diagnostic assistance moreover is offered for
      determining the presence of acute Organic Psychosyndromes. Under the name of
      "brain jogging", an economical programme is introduced for mental training, aimed
      at maintaining and improving basic central information processing capacities. Its
      effect on intelligence and memory has been demonstrated on in-patient
      populations, both with and without brain-organic disorders. Notably in the case
      of acute Organic Psychosyndromes, it has turned out to be an effective supplement
      to drug treatment.

PMID- 2648514
TI  - Growth hormones. II. Structure-function relationships.
AB  - Localization of the somatotropic activity of growth hormones from several species
      and from different organs was attempted using different approaches. Sequences
      were compared in order to detect one or several regions with a common homology.
      The technique of peptide recombinants as well as chemical changes affecting some
      amino acids was applied to these hormones; the biological function in vivo of
      growth or binding to somatotropic receptors was then estimated. The few data
      available on biosynthetic molecules and secondary structures of natural growth
      hormones are reported. This study indicates the somatotropic function of
      particular sites.

PMID- 2648515
TI  - [Properties of skeletal muscle fibers. II. Hormonal influences].
AB  - The skeletal muscle contains fibers with various contractile and metabolic
      properties. These populations of muscle fibers differ in their sensitivity and
      their response to circulating hormones which also affect the muscular
      differentiation (multiplication and fusion of myoblasts into myotubes). This
      review deals with the regulations of energy metabolism and of protein synthesis
      in muscles by several hormones acting either directly, or in association with
      other hormones, or by induction of growth factors. In most cases, hormonal
      effects seem to depend on the type and level of activity of the constitutive
      muscle fibers. The muscle fiber types involved in the anabolic properties of
      estrogens have not yet been clearly described. In the case of growth hormone and
      insulin, the slow fiber type is mainly affected; their effects are partially
      mediated through an increased secretion of somatomedins (IGFs) or by interaction
      on IGF receptors. The other reported hormones or factors induce a shift toward a
      more potent fast contracting activity, ultimately increasing the percentage of
      fast glycolytic fibers. Androgens, catecholamines and beta-agonists are anabolic
      and produce an enlargement of these fibers, whereas thyroid hormones or
      glucocorticoids in excess increase their catabolism.

PMID- 2648516
TI  - Clinical efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - The anemia associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is primarily due to a
      deficiency in renal-derived erythropoietin. Through advances in genetic
      engineering, the gene for erythropoietin has been isolated and cloned, and
      recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO; EPOGEN, AMGEN Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA)
      is now available for clinical use. Study results indicate that r-HuEPO is highly
      effective in ameliorating symptomatic anemia in patients with chronic renal
      failure. Sustained dose-dependent increases in hematocrit values are achieved in
      at least 97% of patients, with improvement in quality of life, exercise
      tolerance, decrease in total body iron stores, and virtual elimination (40-fold
      reduction) of transfusion requirements. Hypertension is the most common side
      effect, but is easily controlled. To date, anti-erythropoietin antibodies have
      not been detected in patients treated with this product. Doses between 100 and
      150 U/kg body weight are sufficient to increase hematocrit levels to normal in 2
      months or less, with iron replacement therapy needed in most patients. The
      correction of anemia in ESRD patients promotes an increase in appetite, causing
      ingestion of more protein, potassium, and sodium. The resulting need for
      increased dialysis may burden existing dialysis facilities. Experience with 36
      patients receiving r-Hu-EPO demonstrates that high-flux short-time hemodialysis
      is as effective as conventional hemodialysis. There were no significant
      differences between the groups in laboratory parameters including blood urea
      nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, phosphate, mean arterial pressure, and weight
      loss, although hematocrit values were slightly higher in the high-flux dialysis
      patients. Adverse effects resulting from r-HuEPO treatment were minor and were
      not more common in the group receiving high-flux short-time hemodialysis.

PMID- 2648517
TI  - Quality of life: subjective and objective improvements with recombinant human
      erythropoietin therapy.
AB  - The debilitating symptoms of the anemia associated with end-stage renal disease
      (ESRD) may have a profound effect on patients' quality of life. Until now it has
      been difficult to differentiate symptoms caused by the anemia from those caused
      by uncleared uremic toxins and other concomitant diseases. Treatment with
      recombinant human erythropoietin (EPOGEN, AMGEN Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA) largely
      eliminates the anemia associated with ESRD; it therefore offers a means of
      improving patients' quality of life while also clarifying the possible causes of
      the various symptoms. However, because quality of life involves many factors,
      such as self-concept, interpersonal relations, and work identity, an improvement
      in the anemia will have a varying impact on different individuals.

PMID- 2648518
TI  - Overview of anemia associated with chronic renal disease: primary and secondary
      mechanisms.
AB  - The development of hypoproliferative anemia with generally normocytic red blood
      cells in most patients with chronic renal failure impairs the success of
      maintenance dialysis therapy, particularly hemodialysis. Anemia can be a
      complication of the hemodialysis procedure itself, with its associated blood
      losses and mild effect on oxygen transport functioning. However, the primary
      cause of anemia in the chronic dialysis patient is decreased erythropoiesis. The
      most important mechanism leading to decreased erythropoiesis involves the
      production of subnormal levels of erythropoietin (EPO). Insufficient nephric
      output of EPO or, possibly, suppression of the effect of EPO by uremic inhibitors
      may cause this decreased erythropoiesis. Other factors, such as iron deficiency,
      hyperparathyroidism, systemic infections, and aluminum toxicity may contribute to
      anemia in some patients. Increased hemolysis, a comparatively mild factor in the
      anemia of chronic dialysis patients, may be related to retention of protein
      metabolism products, hypersplenism, hypophosphatemia, drugs, or other conditions
      in affected patients. There are several traditional treatment options for anemia:
      transfusions; iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid supplementation when indicated; a
      change to peritoneal dialysis; parathyroidectomy; and administration of
      androgens. None of these treatments have proved satisfactory, and some, such as
      transfusions and androgen therapy, pose risks and have serious side effects. A
      comparatively new approach, administration of genetically engineered
      erythropoietin (r-HuEPO; EPOGEN, AMGEN inc, Thousand Oaks, CA), has been found
      effective in treating anemia in clinical trials. Patients have shown improved
      cardiac performance as well as enhanced quality of life, and hypertension appears
      to be the most serious side effect of r-HuEPO therapy.

PMID- 2648519
TI  - Adverse effects of therapy for the correction of anemia in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - The traditional options available for the correction of hemodialysis-related
      anemia are blood transfusions and androgen therapy to stimulate erythropoiesis. A
      new therapeutic option, recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO; EPOGEN, AMGEN
      Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA), is currently undergoing clinical trials. Each treatment
      alternative has certain attendant adverse effects. The adverse effects of
      transfusion include transmission of infections such as hepatitis or acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome, iron overload, and sensitization to histocompatibility
      antigens. Androgen therapy can cause masculinization of women and children and,
      in some forms, is associated with a high incidence of abnormal liver function.
      Treatment with r-HuEPO has some potential adverse effects, including
      hypertension, thrombosis of arteriovenous fistulae, prolonged duration of
      dialysis, hyperkalemia, and iron deficiency. Gradual and careful introduction of
      r-HuEPO should prevent hypertension from becoming problematic.

PMID- 2648520
TI  - Comparison of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in the management of anemia
      related to chronic renal disease.
AB  - A number of conditions can contribute to the development of the anemia that
      inevitably occurs with end-stage renal disease. The primary ones are decreased
      production of erythropoietin (EPO), decreased response to EPO by the bone marrow,
      and shortened red cell survival. Dialysis improves hematocrit levels by reducing
      plasma volume and by increasing red cell mass as a result of clearing some of the
      middle molecule uremic toxins that affect EPO efficiency and red cell survival
      time. Patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis generally
      show higher hematocrits and lower transfusion dependencies than hemodialysis
      patients. The development of recombinant human EPO (EPOGEN, AMGEN Inc, Thousand
      Oaks, CA) largely ends the transfusion dependence of hemodialysis patients and
      may prove efficacious in those patients who are not transfusion dependent but
      whose low hematocrit levels may cause debilitating symptoms.

PMID- 2648521
TI  - [Hyperparathyroidism and depression: a clinical case and review of the
      literature].
AB  - A case of a patient with a primary hyperparathyroidism presenting essentially
      with psychiatric signs is described. The physiopathological mechanisms are
      discussed with a review of the cases described in the literature. The chief role
      of the calcium in the genesis of this unusual symptomatology is emphasized.

PMID- 2648522
TI  - [Nutrition of diabetic children in 1989].
AB  - Diabetic children should consume the number of calories normal for their age,
      with an ideal % nutrient distribution: +/- 55% carbohydrate (especially delayed
      resorption carbohydrates), +/- 30% lipid and +/- 15% protein. In some countries
      e.g. Belgium, the excessive proportion of fat in the diet must be reduced.
      Calorie requirements may vary a lot from one day to the next, but nutrient
      fluctuations do not entail proportional changes in metabolic control, as long as
      insulin adaptation is adequate. It is essential that diabetic children adapt
      their food intake to their appetite; they do not have set needs, since they are
      growing and their physical activity varies. Imposing a weighed and measured diet
      is neither desirable for diabetic control nor for the psychological factor. A
      diet which reduces only carbohydrates automatically favours an excessive supply
      of lipids which is bad for the blood vessels. A general calorie restriction
      prevents normal growth and this, in extreme cases, can lead to Mauriac's
      syndrome. At the other extreme, a disordered diet causes large glycaemic
      fluctuations with hypoglycaemic accidents and hyperglycaemic spurts responsible
      for degenerative complications. Dietary democracy, rather than anarchy or
      authoritarianism, leads to better control of diabetics. The diet must be well
      balanced and individually adapted, bearing in mind insulin, physical activity,
      etc. Where two daily insulin injections are given, what is most important is the
      distribution of glucides over the various meals. The use of pen-injector provides
      for greater freedom in the diet. It must be borne in mind that the hyperglycaemic
      effect of sucrose is restrained if the sucrose is mixed with proteins and lipids
      during a meal; some sweets may be allowed even in the absence of intense physical
      activity or hypoglycaemia. The use of synthetic sweeteners and "diabetic" diet
      products, often useless and expensive, is not recommended.

PMID- 2648523
TI  - [Pulmonary arterial hypertension in newborn infants and children].

PMID- 2648524
TI  - [Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome. Apropos of a case diagnosed in utero].

PMID- 2648525
TI  - [Smoking, the pill and pregnancy].
AB  - The intake of modern low-dose oral contraceptives (estrogen dose less than 50
      micrograms, gestagen without androgen function) does not augment the danger for
      cardiovascular disease, especially if individual risk factors are missing. These
      include besides age, hypertension, obesity and disturbances of lipid and
      carbohydrate metabolism especially smoking. Women older than 35 years of age who
      smoke (more than 15 cigarettes per day) should strongly be advised to use other
      contraceptive means. There are numerous disturbances that may occur in utero and
      post partum in the child if the pregnant woman or mother smokes actively. Most
      obvious are intrauterine retardation of fetal growth, neurological and psychic
      disorders, pulmonary problems and an increased risk for cancer in small children.
      Since there is also danger for unborn and small children in passive smoking, we
      must become more aware of the problem and take measures accordingly.

PMID- 2648526
TI  - [Current trends in the epidemiology of smoking, passive smoking and lung cancer].
AB  - In this review of new developments in the field of "smoking and health", three
      questions are more closely analyzed. The first concerns the health consequences
      of passive smoking. Based on the example of bronchial carcinoma, evidence is
      shown on which independent expert committees have come to the conclusion that a
      causal relationship has to be accepted as probable. A graph is presented showing
      that among more than a dozen epidemiologic studies, most point clearly to a dose
      response relationship. In addition it has been shown that passive smoking
      involves mainly inhalation of sidestream smoke containing significant amounts of
      carcinogens. The second question concerns the trend of smoking habits in
      Switzerland. Among men, the proportion of smokers has dropped from at least 60 to
      70% in the nineteen fifties to 40% today, and among women, a downward trend has
      also been observed in recent years. Finally, lung cancer rates have started to
      decline in several countries and levelled off among men in Switzerland. A decline
      of the proportion of smokers and a reduction of the tar content of cigarettes by
      the tobacco industry are seen as principal factors in this development.

PMID- 2648527
TI  - [Medical and psychological problems of smoking].
AB  - In the medical part of this review the devastating role of the "modern plague"
      smoking is exposed. The numerous and variable diseases of this habit or
      dependence are depicted. The most serious consequences of smoking concern--next
      to pulmonary diseases--the vascular system. Smokers are at risk for ischemic
      heart disease, cerebrovascular insults, peripheral arterial occlusive disease and
      thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. The pathogenic mechanisms promoting
      atherosclerosis and thrombosis are reviewed: smoking promotes atherogenesis on
      one hand, on the other hand it initiates thrombotic and spastic vascular
      occlusion. Sympathico-adrenergic and hemostatic mechanisms thus affect the
      coronary system, partly in a reversible manner. This view is supported by the
      high incidence of mainly acute coronary events (infarction, instable angina,
      ventricular fibrillation) in smokers with rapidly improved prognosis after
      tobacco withdrawal. In the psychologic part of the review smoking is viewed as
      self-medication, and the attempt is made to depict the various types of smokers
      and their psychologic profiles.

PMID- 2648528
TI  - [Pulmonary rehabilitation in pulmonary emphysema].
AB  - Respiratory rehabilitation in patients with pulmonary emphysema should be
      focussed first on the prevention and elimination of harmful inhalative factors,
      e.g. smoking habits and environmental or occupational pollution. In addition,
      distinct therapeutical procedures are mostly effective in preventing a
      progressive course of the disease and interrupting the vicious circle of dyspnea,
      physical inactivity and overall disability as well. In patients with advanced
      disease, mostly complicated by features of chronic respiratory insufficiency and
      cor pulmonale, long-term administration of oxygen often relieves symptoms,
      increases physical performance and may even reduce hospital admissions for a
      longer period. As a consequence, most patients with severe disability also suffer
      from severe psychological and social problems which should be considered more
      attentively within the concept of the overall rehabilitation program.

PMID- 2648529
TI  - [Ventilation problems in emphysema patients].
AB  - It may be difficult to decide if respiratory/ventilatory failure in patients with
      emphysema has resulted from a reversible process, such as pneumonia, acute on
      chronic bronchitis or cardiac decompensation. Therefore, we favour early
      institution of mechanical ventilation. Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV),
      continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and the new modes of pressure support
      (PS) help the patient to recover the strength of his musculature. Measures for
      bronchodilatation, antibiotics and optimal nutrition (including fat calories)
      allow to successfully wean most patients from the respirator. The prognosis for
      survival, however, is very uncertain and in general not very promising.

PMID- 2648530
TI  - [A great revolutionary physician of the 18th century, Dr. Theodore Tronchin].
AB  - Tronchin, student and later successor of Boerhaave from Leiden, the most well
      known physician of the 18th century, took care of numerous famous patients.
      Interestingly, he treated several of them by correspondence only. In the archives
      of the Geneva university library are kept more than five hundred prescriptions
      written out by Tronchin. Based on these precious documents, one can see that
      Tronchin extensively fought against the use of venous bleedings, which was one of
      the medical treatments of the time. Some of the patients had previously gone
      through up to a hundred of these bleedings. He was in favour of a return to
      "nature" and of physical exercise. He acted on his patients, who travelled from
      all parts of Europe to see him, mostly through his personnel authority and the
      confidence he was able to induce.

PMID- 2648531
TI  - [Acute retrosternal pain].
AB  - A 52 year old patient was admitted for retrosternal pain not responding to
      nitroglycerin. Two years before he had suffered myocardial infarction. He had
      known cholecystolithiasis. Reinfarction was excluded, but the patient developed
      right upper quadrant abdominal pain with rebound tenderness, fever and
      leukocytosis. Abdominal sonography supported the diagnosis of acute
      cholecystitis. Acute illness resolved rapidly without complications under
      treatment with antibiotics. The patient underwent cholecystectomy during the free
      interval four weeks after discharge from the hospital. Intraoperative diagnosis
      was empyema of the gallbladder with cholecystolithiasis.

PMID- 2648532
TI  - Sleep deprivation in the rat: I. Conceptual issues.
AB  - Sleep deprivation is a potentially powerful strategy for discovering the
      function(s) of sleep, but the approach has had limited success. Few studies have
      described serious physiological consequences of sleep deprivation, perhaps
      because the deprivation has not been maintained long enough. However, prolonging
      deprivation usually requires sustained, frequently intense stimulation, which
      makes it difficult to determine whether subsequent impairment resulted from the
      sleep loss or from the stimulation per se. Accordingly, several older studies
      that showed severe impairment have been neglected or discounted, because the
      impairment could have resulted from the stimulation. To evaluate the effects of
      sleep deprivation independent of the stimulation used to enforce deprivation, we
      have used an apparatus that can awaken experimental rats while delivering the
      same gentle stimulation to control rats according to a schedule that only
      moderately shortens their sleep.

PMID- 2648533
TI  - Sleep deprivation in the rat: X. Integration and discussion of the findings.
AB  - The results of a series of studies on total and selective sleep deprivation in
      the rat are integrated and discussed. These studies showed that total sleep
      deprivation, paradoxical sleep deprivation, and disruption and/or deprivation of
      non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep produced a reliable syndrome that included
      death, debilitated appearance, skin lesions, increased food intake, weight loss,
      increased energy expenditure, decreased body temperature during the late stages
      of deprivation, increased plasma norepinephrine, and decreased plasma thyroxine.
      The significance of this syndrome for the function of sleep is not entirely
      clear, but several changes suggested that sleep may be necessary for effective
      thermoregulation.

PMID- 2648534
TI  - Growth of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing, tryptophan-requiring strains of
      Staphylococcus aureus associated with the presence of Escherichia coli.
AB  - More than 80 percent of TSST-1-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus are
      tryptophan auxotrophs (Trp-). Chromosomal mapping has located the genetic
      determinant for TSST-1 (tst) in the trp operon for strain S411 (Trp-) and near
      the tyrB site for strain FRI1169 (Trp*). Auxonographic screening on tryptophan
      free medium of 28 strains of S. aureus (TSST-1-positive and -negative, Trp+ and
      Trp-) against Escherichia coli (strains 6094, 7603, and 7877) and other strains
      of Enterobacteriaceae showed that Trp- S. aureus strains responded only to E.
      coli and tryptophan. Neither E. coli nor tryptophan inhibited TSST-1 production.
      Cocultivation of strain FRI1169 or S411 with E. coli strain 7877 showed that TSST
      1 production by FRI1169 was not enhanced. In contrast, TSST-1 production by S411
      was equal to that of S. aureus alone (less than 640 ng/mL) or enhanced (greater
      than 12,000 ng/mL) if the input log10 cfu of S. aureus was of equal or greater
      ratio to input E. coli and if the recovered S. aureus was greater than log10 5
      cfu. These results suggest that nutritionally deficient toxicogenic strains of S.
      aureus may overcome growth limitation by coexisting in dynamic balance with
      strains of E. coli.

PMID- 2648535
TI  - Role of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in toxic shock syndrome: overview.

PMID- 2648537
TI  - Epidemiology of toxic shock syndrome in the United States: overview.
AB  - Studies were undertaken to detect a possible reporting or diagnostic bias that
      might have affected the results of previous epidemiologic investigations of toxic
      shock syndrome (TSS). The methods used in this reassessment of initial findings
      regarding TSS epidemiology (which were obtained through passive- and active
      surveillance systems) included record review and analysis of discharge diagnoses.
      Results obtained with both the latter methods confirmed the broad outlines of the
      descriptive epidemiology of TSS. Some recent studies have focused on nonmenstrual
      cases of TSS and on risk factors for the development of TSS. Key findings include
      the more frequent isolation from nonmenstrual TSS cases of Staphylococcus aureus
      strains not producing TSS toxin 1 and a higher case-fatality rate for cases in
      men and for "non-vaginal" cases in women than for vaginal cases (defined as
      menstrual, postpartum, vaginal nonmenstrual, and contraceptive cases). Studies of
      the relation between tampon use and TSS suggest that both the degree of
      absorbency and the chemical composition of the tampon are involved; however, the
      mechanism by which tampons increase the risk of TSS remains unknown.
      Contraceptive sponges and diaphragms may be linked to an increased risk of
      nonmenstrual TSS, whereas oral contraceptives may play a protective role; these
      possibilities require further study.

PMID- 2648536
TI  - Alteration of proteins reacting with antibody to toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by
      endogenous proteases of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Many cases of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) have been associated with Staphylococcus
      aureus strains that produce in vitro a 22,000-dalton protein called toxic shock
      syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). TSST-1 has been shown to be linked phenotypically to
      the production of the type II (thiol) staphylococcal protease; however, some
      strains clearly associated with TSS do not produce TSST-1. With the use of a
      variety of antibodies to TSST-1, representatives of both TSST-1-positive and TSST
      1-negative TSS-associated strains were shown to produce proteins of 32,000,
      53,000, and 76,000 daltons that cross-reacted with TSST-1 but that did not appear
      to be TSST-1 aggregates or to be protein A. TSST-1-negative strains were
      significantly (P less than .05) more likely than TSST-1-producing strains to
      produce the type I protease and less likely to produce the type II protease. In
      vitro the type I (serine) protease digests purified TSST-1. When combinations of
      type II and type III protease chemical inhibitors were used, the production of
      the high-molecular-weight cross-reacting proteins during in vitro growth could be
      selectively enhanced. Since the infected foci (e.g., abscess, vagina) associated
      with TSS may contain natural protease inhibitors, it is possible that such TSST-1
      cross-reacting proteins may be expressed in vivo or that levels of TSST-1 may be
      increased by an inhibitor of the serine protease.

PMID- 2648538
TI  - Regulation and control of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1: overview.

PMID- 2648539
TI  - Animal models for toxic shock syndrome: overview.

PMID- 2648540
TI  - Mediators in the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome: overview.

PMID- 2648541
TI  - Microbiology of toxic shock syndrome: overview.
AB  - The discovery of TSST-1 production by TSS-associated strains of S. aureus
      provided the first major breakthrough in the understanding of the pathogenesis of
      TSS. Soon, associations between TSST-1 production and other phenotypic and
      genotypic characteristics of S. aureus became apparent. In the end, appreciation
      of the microbiology and molecular genetics of TSST-1 and TSS-associated S. aureus
      has not only enhanced our knowledge of the pathogenesis of TSS, it will
      undoubtedly bring new concepts and insights into the possible mechanisms and host
      parasite interactions in other microbial infections or intoxications as well.

PMID- 2648542
TI  - Genetics and expression of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1: overview.

PMID- 2648543
TI  - [Experience and results with a lactate dehydrogenase marker in vaginal secretions
      of women at high risk for endometrial cancer].
AB  - The authors present and discuss the results obtained with 202 Gynaegnost
      experiments in 161 women, between 45 and 65 years, nulliparous, or having
      experienced a late pregnancy, with menopause occurring after the age of 52 and
      undergoing or not estrogen-therapy after menopause, and presenting high blood
      pressure, obesity or diabetes. The purpose of this multicenter study, to be
      continued, was to demonstrate the efficacy of this tumor marker, in the early
      diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma, in high-risk women.

PMID- 2648544
TI  - [Ovarian vein syndrome].
AB  - After initial scepticism about its reality and despite a few disagreements, many
      authors now recognize the ovarian vein syndrome as a separate clinical entity,
      secondary to ureteral obstruction caused by dilation of the ovarian veins, which
      may cause lumbar pain, recurring pyelonephritis and/or lithiasic complications.
      The right side most frequently is affected because anatomical configuration of
      the right ureter is more susceptible to compression, and in fact, pregnancy
      appears to be an essential initiating or exacerbating factor. Thus, this anomaly
      might explain why painful and infectious manifestations and hydronephrosis so
      often develop on the right side (in over 95 p. cent of cases) during pregnancy.
      Its diagnosis thus must be known to be able to envisage its possible onset, by
      taking a careful history, and may be confirmed by certain radiological
      examinations. The latter, as well as treatment, depend on whether or not the
      patient is pregnant, its term, as well as severity of symptoms. Hence, erroneous
      diagnoses and incorrectly oriented surgical procedures may be avoided, while
      appropriate therapy is effective.

PMID- 2648545
TI  - [Spontaneous abortion with an IUD and Candida chorioamnionitis].
AB  - Interruption and expulsion of a stillborn fetus in patients with an IUD Candida
      albicans chorioamniotic infection is a very rare obstetrical event. Generally,
      the diagnosis is established in retrospect by the routine histological
      examination of the products of expulsion and the demonstration of a specific
      chorioamniotic infection. This infection occurs by upward dissemination in a
      pregnancy where the amniotic membrane is unbroken, with the IUD being the
      facilitating factor of infection. Prevention appears to be the withdrawal of an
      IUD at the beginning of pregnancy.

PMID- 2648546
TI  - [History of a fall. Prolapse of the umbilical cord].

PMID- 2648547
TI  - [The unfortunate pregnancy of the first French feminist, Olympe de Gouges].
AB  - Olympe de Gouges, born in 1748, led in Paris, the brilliant and dissolute life of
      a rather mediocre writer and a passionate feminist, demanding for women the right
      to go into politics. Unfortunate mother, she offended Robespierre and was put in
      jail. Sentenced to death by Fouquier-Tinville, she simulated a pregnancy, as the
      execution of pregnant women was usually postponed until delivery. But Fouquier
      Tinville disregarded this, since Olympe forty-five years old, the pregnancy
      unlikely and the medical reports inconclusive. Olympe was guillotined on November
      3, 1793. Pons, the representative from Verdun, on April 12, 1795, made his
      colleagues adopt a resolution, specifying that pregnant women should not be
      executed and should be released.

PMID- 2648548
TI  - Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation and cancer--is there a relationship?
AB  - A number of problems become evident when we attempt to assess the data in this
      review. We must first acknowledge the fact that EM radiation, as opposed to some
      chemical and physical pollutants which can be seen, tasted, or detected by odor,
      is in most situations not detected by human senses. This fact alone, however,
      does not prove or disprove the conjecture that EMR is a potential health hazard.
      The studies on the effects of EMR on cell systems, animals, and human subjects,
      report results which promote in some and reject in others the hypothesis that EMR
      in the ELF and microwave range is carcinogenic. Much of the criticism of the
      studies on human subjects centers around (1) quantifying exposure to EM Fields;
      (2) the epidemiologic-statistical methods used to gather, study, and interpret
      the data; and (3) lack of data studying co-carcinogens. Although there is no
      convincing evidence that EMR is carcinogenic, the uncertainty, in addition to the
      ubiquity of EMR, makes study of its possible health effects and its carcinogenic
      potential an essential part of future medical and epidemiologic research.

PMID- 2648549
TI  - Diabetes now--safe travel tips for the diabetic patient (continuing education
      credit).

PMID- 2648550
TI  - Helping a caregiver keep up the good work.

PMID- 2648551
TI  - Remembering yesterday: Marjorie Brown. Interview by Diana Ritchie.

PMID- 2648552
TI  - [Bone metastases diagnosed by ultrasound].
AB  - Osteoclastic bone metastases - mostly associated with soft tissue infiltration -
      but also osteoblastic metastases present a typically sonographic appearance.
      These patterns are discussed in two cases. Nearly 50% of skeletal metastases are
      located in sonographically easily accessible regions. The use of this low-cost
      and simple method complementary to other diagnostic procedures is discussed.

PMID- 2648553
TI  - [Angiomyolipomatosis of the kidneys--possibilities and limitations of imaging
      procedures].
AB  - The authors report on a 31-year old female patient with recurrent renal colic
      since 1981 because of bilateral renal angiomyolipomas. The value of different
      diagnostic methods of imaging (ultrasonography, IVP, CT, angiography) with regard
      to the differential diagnosis and their probability of error are discussed. CT
      follow-up is recommended for all patients not subjected to surgical treatment.

PMID- 2648554
TI  - [Radiologic diagnosis of bone metastases].
AB  - The diagnostic relevance of the various radiological examination methods -
      skeleton scintigraphy, conventional x-ray film, computed tomography, sonography
      and magnetic resonance - was analysed on the basis of an examination of 4765
      clinically or scintigraphically suspect skeleton segments in order to arrive at
      an effective but also economically justifiable diagnostic approach. Conventional
      skeleton scintigraphy should be employed as the first method of choice, since it
      has a sensitivity of 93% and is hence very suitable as a searching tool. To
      differentiate benign and malignant lesions it is absolutely imperative to conduct
      at the same time a x-ray control of any abnormal accumulation of nuclides, or of
      parts of the skeleton that display signs or symptoms. Conventional x-ray film
      diagnosis enabled correct diagnosis of the type of disease in 95% of the cases.
      In its capacity as a complementary examination method, computed tomography
      enabled correct diagnosis in 52% of the cases that had remained
      roentgenologically unclear. A pathological bone scintigram without any x-ray or
      CT correlate must be considered as being suspect of metastases if trauma is
      absent. Magnetic resonance proved to be the most sensitive method in identifying
      malignant infiltrations of the medullary space in two patients suffering from a
      clearly delineated pain syndrome with normal x-ray and CT findings. Sonography
      proved superior in detecting extraosseous tumour portions. The value of
      angiography is the preoperative vascular imaging of metastases of the possibility
      of performing therapeutic embolisation or intraarterial drug therapy.

PMID- 2648555
TI  - [Corneal graft].
AB  - As an architectonic, transparent and dioptric structure, the cornea plays an
      important role in the anatomy and physiology of the eye. Corneal grafting
      consists of replacing an irreversibly damaged cornea by a healthy cornea taken
      from a donor. Lamellar and transfixiant keratoplasty techniques are now well
      codified in their modus operandi and their indications. The marvellous and
      dramatic results achieved in some types of corneal lesions, such as keratoconus,
      stand in sharp contrast with the still mediocre results obtained in other
      lesions. Technical, surgical and above all biological research is therefore
      needed to improve our knowledge of rejection mechanisms and surgical failures.

PMID- 2648556
TI  - Age-dependent increase of Campylobacter pylori antibodies in blood donors.
AB  - Antibodies against Campylobacter pylori were determined in 500 blood donors aged
      18 to 65 years. Acid extract from a C. pylori strain was used as antigen in
      enzyme immunoassay. The proportion of donors with high antibody titers increased
      with age. For IgG antibodies it was 10% in the age group from 18 to 25 years but
      60% in the group from 56 to 65 years; the increase for IgA and IgM antibodies was
      from 5 to 42% and from 7 to 21%, respectively. The geometric mean titers of those
      with high values showed no clear changes with age, which would imply chronic
      antigenic stimulus.

PMID- 2648557
TI  - Significance of a sonographic secretin test in the diagnosis of pancreatic
      disease. Results of a prospective study.
AB  - In a prospective study the pancreatic duct diameter was measured sonographically
      before and after secretin stimulation in 20 healthy controls and 59 patients with
      upper abdominal pain, weight loss, and/or diarrhea. Whereas healthy controls and
      patients without pancreatic disease after secretin stimulation showed a distinct
      pancreatic duct dilatation of more than 90% of basal duct diameter, no distinct
      secretin-induced duct enlargement was observed in most patients with chronic
      pancreatitis. Patients with circumscript pancreatic duct stenosis even had a
      marked and longer-lasting duct dilatation after stimulation. In patients with
      anomalies of the pancreatic duct system, no uniform response was found after
      secretin injection. In this study the sonographic secretin test showed a
      sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 95% for diagnosis of chronic
      pancreatitis. The results confirm that this diagnostic method can be recommended
      as a reliable screening test for pancreatic disease.

PMID- 2648558
TI  - [Psychogenic water intoxication].
AB  - Six new cases of psychogenic water intoxication are discussed in the light of 150
      observations published in the literature since 1935. 87% of all patients were
      schizophrenic, and 13% had other psychoses and a variety of functional and
      organic psychopathies. Psychogenic polydipsia is a prerequisite of psychogenic
      water intoxication. Water intake either overrides an intact osmoregulation (46%
      of all cases) or, allied to an inadequate urinary dilutional capacity (54%),
      leads to a transitory, sometimes repeated, and (in 8% of all cases) lethal water
      intoxication and hypoosmolality. - The consequence of hypoosmolality is metabolic
      encephalopathy, with agitation, convulsions and coma as its most common symptoms.
      Profuse diuresis, enuresis and urinary retention, gastric dilatation, watery
      vomiting and watery diarrhea are diagnostically helpful symptoms of polydipsia
      typically denied by the patients. Hypoosmolality/hyponatremia are the hallmarks
      of water intoxication. However, fewer than 50% of all patients present with the
      expected maximal urinary dilution. Inadequate ADH activity and increased
      sensitivity of the renal tubule to antidiuretic hormone are the pathogenetic
      factors in this inappropriate urinary dilution, while psychosis, psychotropic
      drugs, diuretics, nicotine and alcohol withdrawal are possible causes and
      cofactors of polydipsia and inadequate urinary dilution. New aspects of treatment
      are discussed.

PMID- 2648559
TI  - [Late reaction in asthma].
AB  - In addition to an immediate bronchoconstrictive reaction, about half of patients
      with allergen-induced bronchial asthma have a second, delayed and more prolonged
      obstructive response after inhalation of allergen. This late response is more
      difficult to treat than the immediate bronchoconstriction and is associated with
      inflammatory changes in the bronchial walls, an increase in bronchial
      responsiveness and increased severity of asthmatic symptoms for days or weeks.
      Therefore, mechanisms leading to late responses may play a central role in the
      pathophysiology of asthma. Pathogenetic mechanisms, pathology and pharmacology of
      the late response are discussed.

PMID- 2648560
TI  - [Clinical counseling and management of HIV-positive patients--secondary
      individual prophylaxis in patients with HIV infection].
AB  - In patients with HIV infection, secondary prophylaxis should prevent HIV
      associated complications caused by opportunistic infections and psychosocial
      morbidity. This overview presents the possibilities of chemoprophylaxis and
      control of transmission to prevent opportunistic and non-opportunistic
      infections. Indications for immunization in HIV-positive patients are also
      discussed. Both medical treatment and psychological and social support are
      equally important for optimal patient care.

PMID- 2648561
TI  - [Hemorrhoid excision with primary wound closure].
AB  - After a number of years' experience with hemorrhoidectomy by the method of
      Milligan and Morgan, a prospective study was started using closed
      hemorrhoidectomy preserving Treitz's muscle. In 50 consecutive patients this
      method proved superior with respect to postoperative pain (30% vs 50%), primary
      healing of the excision wounds (95% vs 0%), and need for anal bougienage (0% vs
      20%). Plastic hemorrhoidectomy and primary wound closure produced excellent
      functional and anatomic results.

PMID- 2648562
TI  - [The dental hygiene profession. The history and development of the dental hygiene
      profession in Switzerland].

PMID- 2648563
TI  - Macromolecular crystals.
AB  - X-ray crystallography is a powerful technique for revealing the structure of
      large molecules. The first requirement-and a difficult one-is to make nearly
      flawless crystals of the protein or nucleic acid under study.

PMID- 2648564
TI  - The biology of obsessions and compulsions.
AB  - Samuel Johnson kept darting through doorways; a teen-ager named Sergei is unable
      to stop washing. Such repetitive, ritualistic behavior can make a person unable
      to function. The author thinks obsessive-compulsive disorder has biological roots
      in specific brain structures; she has treated it with certain drugs initially
      developed as antidepressants.

PMID- 2648565
TI  - The turnover of messenger RNA.

PMID- 2648566
TI  - Sensory function in the harbor seal.

PMID- 2648567
TI  - Environmental impact of used motor oil.
AB  - The information concerning the effects of used motor oil on the environment is
      reviewed. The production and fate of used motor oil are analyzed and the effects
      on soil and aquatic organisms are described. The combustion of waste crankcase
      oil, with particular reference to environmental impact, is discussed. The
      mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of used motor oil are described. Information
      on the biodegradation of lubricating motor oil is also reviewed. The available
      information shows that used motor oil is a very dangerous polluting product. As a
      consequence of its chemical composition, world-wide dispersion and effects on the
      environment, used motor oil must be considered a serious environmental problem.

PMID- 2648568
TI  - Glial cell diversification in the rat optic nerve.
AB  - A central challenge in developmental neurobiology is to understand how an
      apparently homogeneous population of neuroepithelial cells in the early mammalian
      embryo gives rise to the great diversity of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting
      cells (glial cells) in the mature central nervous system. Because the optic nerve
      is one of the several types of glial cells but no intrinsic neurons, it is an
      attractive place to investigate how neuroepithelial cells diversify. Studies of
      developing rat optic nerve cells in culture suggest that both cell-cell
      interactions and intrinsic cellular programs play important parts in glial cell
      diversification.

PMID- 2648569
TI  - The neutrophil-activating protein (NAP-1) is also chemotactic for T lymphocytes.
AB  - T lymphocyte chemotactic factor (TCF) was purified to homogeneity from the
      conditioned media of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human blood mononuclear
      leukocytes by a sequence of chromatography procedures. The amino-terminal amino
      acid sequence of the purified TCF showed identity with neutrophil-activating
      protein (NAP-1). Both TCF and recombinant NAP-1 (rNAP-1) were chemotactic for
      neutrophils and T lymphocytes in vitro supporting the identity of TCF with NAP-1.
      Injection of rNAP-1 into lymphatic drainage areas of lymph nodes in Fisher rats
      caused accelerated emigration of only lymphocytes in high endothelial venules.
      Intradermal injection of rNAP-1 caused dose-dependent accumulation of neutrophils
      and lymphocytes.

PMID- 2648570
TI  - Endothelial cell gene expression of a neutrophil chemotactic factor by TNF-alpha,
      LPS, and IL-1 beta.
AB  - Human endothelial cells produced a neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) upon
      stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL
      1 beta), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The expression of endothelial cell-derived
      NCF messenger RNA and biological activity was both time- and concentration
      dependent. Maximal NCF mRNA expression occurred at 10 and at 2 nanograms per
      milliliter for TNF and IL-1 beta, respectively; mRNA expression was first
      observed 1 hour after stimulation and was maintained for at least 24 hours. In
      situ hybridization analysis showed that NCF mRNA peaked in treated cells by 24
      hours, whereas unstimulated cells were negative. These studies demonstrated that
      endothelial cells may participate in neutrophil-mediated inflammation by
      synthesizing a chemotactic factor in response to specific monokines and LPS.

PMID- 2648571
TI  - Topology and formation of triple-stranded H-DNA.
AB  - Repeating copolymers of (dT-dC)n.(dA-dG)n sequences (TC.AGn) can assume a hinged
      DNA structure (H-DNA) which is composed of triple-stranded and single-stranded
      regions. A model for the formation of H-DNA is proposed, based on two-dimensional
      gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA's with different lengths of (TC.AG)n
      copolymers. In this model, H-DNA formation is initiated at a small denaturation
      bubble in the interior of the copolymer, which allows the duplexes on either side
      to rotate slightly and to fold back, in order to make the first base triplet.
      This nucleation establishes which of several nonequivalent H-DNA conformations is
      to be assumed by any DNA molecule, thereby trapping each molecule in one of
      several metastable conformers that are not freely interconvertible. Subsequently,
      the acceptor region spools up single-stranded polypyrimidines as they are
      released by progressive denaturation of the donor region; both the spooling and
      the denaturation result in relaxation of negative supercoils in the rest of the
      DNA molecule. From the model, it can be predicted that the levels of supercoiling
      of the DNA determine which half of the (dT-dC)n repeat is to become the donated
      third strand.

PMID- 2648572
TI  - Activation of the cellular proto-oncogene product p21Ras by addition of a
      myristylation signal.
AB  - The 21-kD proteins encoded by ras oncogenes (p21Ras) are modified covalently by a
      palmitate attached to a cysteine residue near the carboxyl terminus. Changing
      cysteine at position 186 to serine in oncogenic forms produces a nonpalmitylated
      protein that fails to associate with membranes and does not transform NIH 3T3
      cells. Nonpalmitylated p21Ras derivatives were constructed that contained
      myristic acid at their amino termini to determine if a different form of lipid
      modification could restore either membrane association or transforming activity.
      An activated p21Ras, altered in this way, exhibited both efficient membrane
      association and full transforming activity. Surprisingly, myristylated forms of
      normal cellular Ras were also transforming. This demonstrates that Ras must bind
      to membranes in order to transmit a signal for transformation, but that either
      myristate or palmitate can perform this role. However, the normal function of
      cellular Ras is diverted to transformation by myristate and therefore must be
      regulated ordinarily by some unique property of palmitate that myristate does not
      mimic. Myristylation thus represents a novel mechanism by which Ras can become
      transforming.

PMID- 2648573
TI  - Clinical versus actuarial judgment.
AB  - Professionals are frequently consulted to diagnose and predict human behavior;
      optimal treatment and planning often hinge on the consultant's judgmental
      accuracy. The consultant may rely on one of two contrasting approaches to
      decision-making--the clinical and actuarial methods. Research comparing these two
      approaches shows the actuarial method to be superior. Factors underlying the
      greater accuracy of actuarial methods, sources of resistance to the scientific
      findings, and the benefits of increased reliance on actuarial approaches are
      discussed.

PMID- 2648574
TI  - The pathway of infection of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in
      an insect host.
AB  - An immunohistochemical study was conducted to detect the temporal infection
      sequence of Autographa californica M nuclear polyhedrosis virus in Trichoplusia
      ni larvae. Staining patterns indicated that the initial infection occurred in the
      midgut, simultaneously in columnar epithelial and regenerative cells, but that
      subsequently this tissue recovered. A major envelope glycoprotein stained in a
      polar fashion when it was expressed in columnar epithelial cells, but not when
      expressed in other cells types. Systemic infection was mediated by free virus for
      some tissues whereas infected hemocytes appeared to spread virus to other tissues
      by an unknown mechanism. A cell to cell spread within several tissues was
      detected. These results have important implications for baculoviruses engineered
      for improving their pesticide potential.

PMID- 2648575
TI  - Lyme disease, 1988: immunologic manifestations and possible immunopathogenetic
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2648576
TI  - Contractures in diabetes mellitus: the syndrome of limited joint mobility.

PMID- 2648577
TI  - Treatment of systemic sclerosis in 1988.

PMID- 2648578
TI  - Male lupus: retrospective analysis of the clinical and laboratory features of 52
      patients, with a review of the literature.
AB  - In conclusion, in a review of 52 male lupus patients we found an increased
      incidence of thrombocytopenia and renal disease without any other notable
      differences in clinical, laboratory, or serological parameters. Of further
      interest was the finding of an early peak in the age of onset of disease
      resembling that found among female SLE patients, and a generally poor prognosis
      as has been reported by others.

PMID- 2648579
TI  - Calcium oxalate and other crystals associated with kidney diseases and arthritis.
AB  - The recognition of tissue deposits of crystalline material in a variety of
      organs, including the kidney, predated the association of crystals and arthritic
      disease. Because of this, the pathophysiology of crystal formation and its
      resultant inflammation is based in part on studies of renal stones. A number of
      disease states involving renal and articular crystallization exist. The most
      common of these, uric acid precipitation, or gout, and calcium phosphate
      precipitation were not reviewed in this discussion. This review described a
      variety of less common disease states involving articular and renal crystal
      deposition. The renal diseases discussed included both parenchymal or ectopic
      crystal deposition, as seen in nephrocalcinosis or cystinosis, and ductal
      crystallization as seen in renal calculus disease. The crystals involved included
      not only calcium oxalate, but also aluminum, amino acids and proteins (cystine,
      hemoglobin, cryoglobulins, and immunoglobulins), purine metabolites (xanthine,
      hypoxanthine), and even lipids and their degradative enzymes (cholesterol,
      phospholipids, phospholipase, and fatty acids). The simultaneous occurrence of
      crystals in both kidneys and joints was found in some cases to result from the
      systemic deposition of an excess of a particular biological compound. However, of
      more interest, some renal deposits were shown to more selectively reflect the
      normal or abnormal function of the kidney in its secretory and excretory roles.
      This is particularly evident in the variety of arthritic states described in end
      stage renal disease.

PMID- 2648580
TI  - Idarubicin v daunorubicin: preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic studies.

PMID- 2648581
TI  - A phase-three trial comparing daunorubicin or idarubicin combined with cytosine
      arabinoside in acute myelogenous leukemia.

PMID- 2648582
TI  - Idarubicin in acute leukemia: an effective new therapy for the future.

PMID- 2648583
TI  - Rational uses of hepatic imaging modalities.
AB  - Hepatic imaging studies have been a tremendous benefit in the care of patients
      with liver diseases. However, uncertainty regarding the rational use of these
      studies, as with other diagnostic studies, generally promotes overuse. Some
      principles emerge from the information reviewed here. Generally, duplicative
      studies with similar test characteristics add little to the diagnostic process,
      and oftentimes confuse it. Costs are difficult to calculate and usually do not
      enter into the selection process. The result of each test must be interpreted in
      light of the clinical process that prompted its use, and when it will not change
      the diagnostic or therapeutic approach regardless of the result, the test is
      probably not indicated. Finally, rational use of the studies depends on an
      understanding of the information that they can and cannot provide.

PMID- 2648584
TI  - Hepatic ultrasound.

PMID- 2648585
TI  - Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the liver.

PMID- 2648586
TI  - Angiography in the diagnosis of liver disease.
AB  - Although necessity for angiography has been reduced somewhat because of the
      development of newer imaging modalities, such as ultrasound and CT, celiac or
      hepatic arteriography, portography, and hepatic venography often prove useful in
      the diagnosis of liver disease. They can be utilized for therapeutic purposes as
      well in certain vascular abnormalities.

PMID- 2648587
TI  - Direct cholangiography.
AB  - The role of direct cholangiographic methods has evolved significantly over the
      last two decades as other high-resolution imaging modalities have become
      available. Most of the time, careful clinical evaluation of a patient combined
      with ultrasonography or CT will enable a physician to arrive at a correct
      diagnosis with a high level of precision. In this article we have attempted to
      indicate situations in which direct cholangiographic methods are necessary to
      diagnose and treat certain hepatobiliary problems. Considerable controversy
      exists concerning the application of these methods for treatment of biliary
      problems. However, in circumstances in which the issues are openly discussed,
      application of these techniques can be agreed on. Direct cholangiography, like
      coronary angiography, is a technology that provides considerable valuable
      information that at present cannot be obtained by other techniques, and, in well
      defined circumstances, is necessary for precise diagnosis and therapy.

PMID- 2648588
TI  - Hepatic radionuclide planar imaging.
AB  - 99mTc colloid scans, hepatobiliary scans with IDA derivatives, 67Ga scans, and
      labeled red blood cells or indium-labeled white blood cells are the major imaging
      procedures that are currently widely available to visualize the liver. The use of
      labeled antibodies to a specific tumor is being explored as an investigative
      procedure but is complicated by the high circulating background activity. In this
      overview of planar liver radionuclide imaging, it was emphasized that these
      procedures are noninvasive, may be performed at the bedside, are inexpensive, and
      provide important data for formulating the further investigation of intrahepatic
      masses, gallbladder disease, vascular and inflammatory diseases. The functional
      status of the liver is the basis of the radionuclide imaging procedures, and the
      more accurate anatomic technique do not give these data.

PMID- 2648589
TI  - Single photon emission computed tomography of the liver.

PMID- 2648590
TI  - Role of positron emission tomographic scanning in the diagnosis of liver disease.

PMID- 2648591
TI  - Imaging in hepatic transplantation.

PMID- 2648592
TI  - AIDS in Africa: emerging trends.
AB  - This paper reviews the literature on AIDS in Africa. By 29 February, 1988, 9760
      cases of AIDS had been reported in Africa. This review addresses the currently
      accepted belief in the African origin of AIDS, the distribution (cluster) of AIDS
      in Africa, identified modes of transmission, and changing sexual and drug use
      behaviors in Africa. There is no conclusive evidence to show that the AIDS virus
      originated in Africa. Even if the progenitor virus had a habitat in central
      Africa, certain high-risk sexual behaviors which were introduced in the 60s and
      70s may have initiated the infectious process. The distribution pattern does not
      suggest a transcontinental spread; rather, it suggests a contigual and
      transatlantic spread. The primary mode of transmission is heterosexual activity.
      This paper raises a number of questions relating to heterosexual behaviors. Other
      issues addressed include drug use behavior, homosexuality, and high-risk sexual
      activities of Africans and foreigners in Africa. Other modes of transmission are
      transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products, use of nonsterile needles,
      and perinatal transmission. It is not likely that traditional (folk) medicine
      will contribute to the spread of AIDS. Traditional doctors use fresh razor blades
      for cuts and not hollow instruments such as needles. The impact of the political
      and socioeconomic climate in most of Africa during the 60s and early 70s is
      evaluated. Finally, we make suggestions for future direction, which include
      confirmatory testing of HIV Positive samples, conducting clinical epidemiology
      and social science-based research, and developing innovative education programs
      that are culturally relevant.

PMID- 2648593
TI  - Differences between Kallawaya-Andean and Greek-European humoral theory.
AB  - Kallawaya Andeans and Classic Greeks have a humoral epistemology based on
      analogical thinking and systems of correspondence, but they are culturally
      different systems. This does not imply that the latter system derived from the
      earlier but rather than Andeans and Greeks emphasized the relationship of body
      and humors to climate and land. Ethnographic data indicates that Kallawaya
      Andeans have a topographical-hydraulic model for understanding the physiology of
      their bodies. This differs from Greek-European humoral theory, which scholars
      consider the basis of Latin American folk medicine, in that Greeks try to balance
      their body fluids, whereas Kallawayas understand their fluids in centripetal and
      centrifugal motion. Kallawayas conceive of the body in more holistic concepts
      than Greeks and Europeans who distinguish between thought and matter, body and
      soul, and inner and outer. The fact that Kallawayas employ hot/cold, and wet/dry
      categories suggest either that they adopted this from Greek European humoral
      theory from the Spaniards or that these categories were pre-Columbian.
      Epistemological similarities facilitate the adoption into Kallawaya
      ethnophysiology of foods, medicines, and illnesses classified as hot/cold, and
      wet/dry in Spanish herbal books, which were used in the Andes after the Conquest.

PMID- 2648594
TI  - As children survive: dilemmas of aging in the developing world.
AB  - The decline in infant mortality now occurring in the developing world assures a
      growing population of older persons with a chronic disease morbidity burden that
      is predictable and costly. The health needs and related social requirements of
      the elderly are not always well met even in countries where resources are
      substantial. In the developing world, this morbidity burden can quickly overwhelm
      fragile and often underfinanced health infrastructures already unable to meet
      fully the prevention and treatment needs of a younger population with relatively
      low-cost, easy-to-prevent, easy-to-treat illnesses. Inappropriate application of
      costly technology could easily result, accompanied by diversion of resources from
      existing primary-care services, and paradoxically poor service to the emerging
      aging population. This paper examines the dilemma, and spells out the issues by
      examining several chronic diseases in detail. We conclude with suggestions for a
      policy-oriented research agenda aimed at the development of affordable and humane
      approaches to the health needs of aging populations, and the prevention and care
      of chronic diseases in the developing world.

PMID- 2648595
TI  - Perceptual correlates of physician referral to physical therapists: implications
      for role expansion.
AB  - From an interprofessional role boundary maintenance perspective, this paper
      traces the historical development of physical therapy relative to physicians.
      Then, using survey data of 206 physicians in a metropolitan area of the United
      States, two hypotheses are tested regarding the prospects of physical therapy
      expanding its role to include highly autonomous skills. The first, from a set of
      structural-functionalist assumptions about role differentiation, posits that role
      expansion will precede status enhancement. The other, from conflict-theory
      assumptions about status politics, posits the opposite. A panel of physical
      therapists rated 24 procedures as requiring high, moderate and low skills. There
      was no significant difference in frequency of physician referral for the three
      levels; referral was associated with patient needs rather than physicians'
      perceptions of practitioner competency and status. The structural-functional
      hypothesis was supported, and two policy implications are noted: (1) an expanding
      physical therapy role is not likely to stimulate 'turf battles' with physicians,
      and (2) currently, greater professional autonomy is likely to be acquired by
      physical therapists making physicians aware of the extent of therapists'
      capabilities (role expansion), rather than through legislating more stringent
      curricular and license standards (status enhancement). The study is preliminary
      due to a small response rate.

PMID- 2648596
TI  - Nutrition and the commoditization of food systems in Latin America and the
      Caribbean.
AB  - Commoditization of food systems, defined as the use of agricultural goods for
      sale rather than for home consumption, affects nutrition of rural families via
      economic, social and ecological mechanisms in addition to direct dietary effects.
      Broad-scale mechanisms include alterations in land tenure, increased
      stratification of wealth, widespread labor migration, urban bias, food price
      changes, disruption of traditional reciprocal social relations, and ecological
      changes accompanying commercial agriculture that may limit long-term food
      production. At the family level, the replacement of food with cash is often
      problematic as regards nutrition, due to low prices to producers, increased cash
      needs, the 'lumpiness' of earnings during the year, reduced decision-making power
      of women, and often decreased dietary diversity. Three case studies in Latin
      America and the Caribbean, from Peru, Jamaica, and Mexico, illustrate that
      commoditization tends to have a negative impact on nutrition in poor rural
      households. Although commoditization is theoretically advantageous on a national
      level by allowing the use of 'comparative advantage', in actuality its potential
      benefits are eroded by inequitable uses of foreign exchange. Commoditization is
      in essence a more efficient means by which to extract surplus value from small
      agricultural producers. While commoditization is a necessary component of
      economic growth, policies to safeguard health and nutrition and improve the
      status of women in development programs must be implemented within an overall
      strategy to meet basic needs of the population.

PMID- 2648597
TI  - Nutrition and the commoditization of food in sub-Saharan Africa.
AB  - During the past decade, Africa, more than any other continent, has been
      associated with famine and malnutrition. The Sahelian drought of the early 1970s,
      the Wollo and Karamoja famines and most recently, mass starvation in Ethiopia,
      have followed one another in rapid succession. The term 'food crisis' continually
      crops up in the popular and academic press. An increasing number of researchers
      probe possible causes; many seek a systemic reason for the present situation. One
      working hypothesis is that increasing commoditization of food has undermined
      Africa's food systems. This paper does not purport to prove or disprove this.
      Less ambitiously, its aim is to draw attention to inter-relationships between
      commoditization and physical and social aspects of African food systems, tracing
      their possible effects on the nutritional status of the African population. In so
      doing, some of the complexities of developing food production and consumption in
      the transition from peasant societies to more urban-based national economies
      become evident. The paper is divided into three main parts: a discussion of
      conceptual categories and general background information about sub-Saharan
      African food zones and commodity and factor markets; a review of literature on
      rural food availability and nutrition; and a review of urban food availability
      and nutrition.

PMID- 2648598
TI  - Commodity relations and nutrition under apartheid: a note on South Africa.
AB  - The influence of commodity relations upon human nutritional status has recently
      received a good deal of attention in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. This
      paper takes up the question for the case of contemporary South Africa. It is
      argued that the structure of racial capitalism in South Africa exaggerates the
      negative influences of commodity relations on nutrition. In the extreme physical
      and social environments artificially created by apartheid in both Bantustan and
      urban township, the survival strategies employed by parents elsewhere in Africa
      fail to safeguard the nutritional well being of their children. Whereas elsewhere
      in this Special Issue Bryceson shows that commodity relations can have both
      positive and negative impacts on nutrition, the South African case reveals only
      the negative.

PMID- 2648599
TI  - Women's health in east Africa.
AB  - The MCH/FP services for women in Africa offer today limited services that do not
      cater to the multiple and complex problems that women face during their long
      productive lives. Many women are infertile, many suffer and die from abortions,
      many cannot get access to safe contraceptive technology or safe and sterile
      delivery services. At the same time women are more stressed than ever before with
      a proletarianisation process that has left them very often as the sole providers
      for their households, and with an intensified role in agricultural production.
      The health needs of women have thus intensified and become increasingly shaped by
      their growing role in production and in the social reproduction of the household.
      The paper examines the changing health needs of women in East Africa, why MCH/FP
      health services have failed to meet these needs, and identifies the types of
      services that women increasingly require.

PMID- 2648600
TI  - Women, household and health in Latin America.
AB  - Although recent studies have identified some of the links in Latin America
      between uneven capitalist economic development and health, the impact of
      development on either the health of women or on household health is still largely
      unknown. This account identifies several areas of needed research. It focuses on
      how changing women's roles and patterns of domestic production affect women's
      reproductive behavior, and the consequences of these changes for the health of
      women and other members of their households.

PMID- 2648601
TI  - Industrial production, health and disease in sub-Saharan Africa.
AB  - Industrial development in Africa has carried with it significant health costs.
      These costs are normally defined rather narrowly by those concerned about
      occupational or industrial health and safety and refer only to the health
      consequences of worker exposure to specific hazardous processes, materials or
      environmental conditions associated with the workplace. A more comprehensive
      measurement of industrial health costs, however, must also include an assessment
      of the impact which industrial development and the creation of an industrial
      workforce has on ecological relationships, environmental conditions and patterns
      of sickness and health in the areas surrounding industrial centers. Traditional
      definitions of occupational health also tend to focus attention on the immediate
      causal linkages which exist between the development of particular industrial
      processes and specific health hazards. Yet any attempt to fully understand the
      causes of industrial health problems in Africa must look beyond these immediate
      causal linkages and examine the wider political and economic forces which
      determine the shape of industrial development and the extent to which the health
      costs of this development are borne by industrial workers and their families, as
      well as by people who may not be directly or even indirectly connected to
      industrial development, but may, nonetheless, be exposed to its health risks. The
      paper surveys the direct and indirect health costs of mining, large scale
      agriculture, and manufacturing in Africa and examines the economic and political
      interests which have determined the distribution of these costs.

PMID- 2648602
TI  - The state, class and the allocation of health resources in southern Africa.
AB  - In Africa the literature specifically linking the state, class and the allocation
      of health resources is sparse, and the evidential base for health research is
      inadequate and difficult to interpret. This paper looks at some of the ways in
      which state, class and health may be related in southern Africa. The region
      provides useful comparisons because of the starkness of the relationships between
      class and race and disease patterns and health care in much of the sub-continent;
      the different types of state and class structure within southern Africa; and the
      changes in ideology and to some extent health practice which came with the
      political independence of some of its component parts. Using both historical and
      contemporary data, it pinpoints the importance of analysing the specific and
      changing form of the state in the different countries of the region, in order to
      understand the social determinants of disease and the allocation of health
      resources, and looks at the significance of class, race, ethnicity and gender in
      the incidence of health and the state's response. It highlights the specific
      colonial legacies, continuing imperial linkages and location of countries in the
      international division of labour which inhibit changes in health care. Within the
      region, the migrant labour system and South Africa's aggressive policies of
      destabilisation create particular problems for weak states and for individuals
      within them attempting to implement more progressive health care programmes. The
      paper also argues that the ideological role played by health care has to be
      understood, and shows the diverse uses to which it is put across the region. The
      paper concludes that while the position of the state in the international and
      regional economy, its specific form and the nature of its class relations are
      predictors in some sense of health and health care, a variety of micro-level
      political and social decisions and mediations have also to be taken into account.
      While most of the countries of the region are in some sense part of the
      'periphery', and a product of colonialism, these labels are insufficient to
      explain the differences between them in terms of disease patterns and health care
      systems. The specificities of internal social dynamics, local class ethnic and
      gender struggles and political conflicts are also crucial.

PMID- 2648603
TI  - What happens in hospices: a review of research evidence.
AB  - The growth of the modern hospice movement has been accompanied by some evaluative
      research, although this has been pursued with greater vigour in the United States
      than in Britain. Most studies employ the method of outcome measurement (patient
      or carer satisfaction for example) and only incidentally report on processes
      occurring within hospices or hospitals. A review of the research evidence
      suggests that processes of patient care may not always be very different between
      hospices and hospitals. This may be because hospital staff have learned from the
      example of hospices, but may also be due to hospice staff associated with
      traditional care systems compromising their ideals. Evidence from evaluative and
      from participant observation studies is reviewed to examine differences between
      hospital and hospice care in five major areas: medical therapies, psychosocial
      care, disclosure of prognosis, carers' involvement, in-patient care and relations
      between staff. The quality and scope of the research evidence in many instances
      needs extending. The relevance of a hospice approach to non-cancer patients is
      discussed and priorities for future research on the process of hospice care are
      outlined.

PMID- 2648604
TI  - Sociocultural determinants of infant and child mortality in Turkey.
AB  - This paper is an attempt to review and integrate international and Turkish
      research on infant and child mortality. Recent research and multivariate analyses
      in African, Latin American and Asian countries have revealed that in many
      countries mother's education is a powerful predictor of child survival. The
      present review of research in Turkey has indicated that urban/rural and regional
      differentials in infant mortality have been clearly established as by-products of
      fertility, contraception, and health surveys covering nationally representative
      samples. However, there are only a few multivariate explanatory models of
      infant/child mortality in Turkey to isolate and measure the effects of mother's
      education in relation to other variables. Nevertheless, existing studies in
      Turkey seem to suggest that mother's and father's education might link socio
      economic, psychocultural, and biomedical variables with each other at community,
      household, and individual levels, providing clue for the formulation of future
      research designs and policy decisions.

PMID- 2648605
TI  - Physician motivations for nonscientific drug prescribing.
AB  - Although there is increasing concern about inappropriate physician prescribing
      and how to devise programs to improve drug therapy decisions, little research has
      been published documenting the reasons for such misprescribing. We analyzed the
      motivations reported by 141 physicians who were part of a large multi-state
      randomized controlled trial of 'academic detailing.' The physicians were
      identified from state Medicaid prescribing records as moderate to high
      prescribers of cerebral or peripheral vasodilators, propoxyphene, or cephalexin,
      and were visited by clinical pharmacists serving as outreach educators in a
      medical school-based prescribing improvement program. Physicians' motivations for
      their prescribing patterns were discussed in an informal, interactive manner; all
      responses were recorded in detail by the pharmacists immediately following each
      visit. Of the 110 responses elicited, the most common reason offered by
      physicians for use of these medications was patient demand (51 statements, or
      46%). Physicians also frequently attributed their prescribing of these drugs to
      intentional use of placebo effect (24%). An equally common reason was
      prescribers' assertion that their own clinical experience indicated that these
      drugs were actually therapies of choice in the conditions presented (26%),
      despite evidence from the research literature that this was not the case. Such
      indications included the use of the 'vasodilators' for senile dementia or
      peripheral vascular disease, cephalexin for viral upper respiratory infections,
      and propoxyphene instead of acetaminophen or aspirin for mild pain. Greater
      attention must be paid to physicians' attitudes and motivations concerning
      suboptimal prescribing if programs are to succeed in replacing these practices
      with more rational clinical decision-making.

PMID- 2648606
TI  - [Status of the development and clinical applications of dual-energy CT].

PMID- 2648607
TI  - Human liver transplantation.

PMID- 2648608
TI  - Increased placental resistance and late decelerations associated with severe
      proteinuric hypertension predicts poor fetal outcome.
AB  - The flow velocity wave forms generated by Doppler ultrasound examination of the
      umbilical artery were correlated with fetoplacental blood flow and numerically
      expressed as a ratio between the systolic (A) and the end-diastolic point (B).
      The technique is non-invasive and simple to perform. A cohort analytical study
      was done to see whether useful information could be obtained from the A/B ratio
      that could help in the management of patients with severe proteinuric
      hypertension. Fifty patients with severe proteinuric hypertension at less than 34
      weeks' gestation were studied and serial Doppler ultrasound examinations of the
      umbilical artery were performed. No ultrasound results were made available to the
      clinician. An A/B ratio of 6 or greater was regarded as increased. Twenty-eight
      of the patients had an increased A/B ratio; in this group these 14 infants were
      small for gestational age, 14 developed late decelerations and there were 12
      perinatal deaths. The remaining 22 patients had an A/B ratio of less than 6 and
      only 3 produced infants which were small for gestational age; 2 fetuses developed
      late decelerations and there was 1 perinatal death. A significant difference was
      found between the two groups in respect of these results. The group with an
      abnormal A/B ratio also experienced more neonatal morbidity. The A/B ratio of the
      umbilical artery wave form may assist in planning delivery of patients with
      severe proteinuric hypertension more accurately.

PMID- 2648610
TI  - Secondary prophylaxis of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal throat infections.

PMID- 2648609
TI  - Irritation associated with tear-replacement ophthalmic drops. A pharmaceutical
      and subjective investigation.
AB  - Artificial tears, commonly prescribed for correction of the dry-eye syndrome, are
      formulated with suitably preserved aqueous polymeric solutions to promote corneal
      wetting without causing such side-effects as burning, itching, blurred vision and
      scratchiness. Four of the most commonly used commercial tear-replacement
      solutions were investigated after complaints of irritation by some users. The
      solutions were tested for tonicity, viscosity and pH and found to be in the
      tolerable range (tonicity equivalent to 0.5-1.5% m/v sodium chloride, viscosity 1
      15 centipoise and pH 4-9). A double-blind cross-over study was conducted on 16
      subjects and the degree of discomfort (non-irritant, irritant, and highly
      irritant) was determined subjectively. Results indicated that 3 of the tear
      solutions were acceptable. However, over 50% of the subjects reported irritation
      from the solution comprising polyvinyl alcohol 1.4% m/v preserved with 0.5% m/v
      chlorobutanol. To identify the cause of irritation, two extemporaneously prepared
      controls containing polyvinyl alcohol 1.4% m/v, with and without chlorobutanol
      0.5% m/v as preservative, were also included in the study. The irritant response
      was found to be caused by the presence of chlorobutanol in the formulation. An
      attempt is made to identify and explain formulation properties likely to elicit
      adverse responses.

PMID- 2648611
TI  - Tamoxifen instead of mastectomy in elderly women with breast cancer.

PMID- 2648612
TI  - Leishmaniasis in South West Africa/Namibia to date.
AB  - A total of 34 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) have been diagnosed in
      South West Africa/Namibia since 1970. Visceral leishmaniasis has not occurred. So
      far a sandfly Phlebotomus rossi has emerged as a possible vector of the disease
      in man. Several aspects of vector incrimination and bionomics still need
      clarification. Further carefully planned and directed field studies are required
      in an attempt to identify the reservoir host for human CL.

PMID- 2648613
TI  - Cutaneous reaction to zinc--a rare complication of insulin treatment. A case
      report.
AB  - A diabetic patient presented with furunculoid lesions at the sites of insulin
      injections. These lesions were diagnosed as representing a manifestation of a
      cutaneous reaction to the zinc component of an intermediate-acting insulin. The
      differential diagnosis of furunculoid lesions in insulin-dependent diabetic
      subjects is discussed.

PMID- 2648614
TI  - Current diagnostic imaging modalities of the liver.
AB  - Although there are many complementary and supplementary types of diagnostic
      imaging of the liver, a logical sequence for most liver pathology begins with
      high-quality ultrasound. It is noninvasive and inexpensive but very operator
      dependent. In other settings, CT may be the preferable screening modality, as it
      gives an excellent picture of the global anatomy and is easily reproducible.
      Frequently, the two modalities are complementary and indicated; on other
      occasions, one method will suffice. Radionuclide evaluation of the liver is
      usually reserved for hepatobiliary imaging for biliary obstruction or the
      question of acute cholecystitis and tagged-red cell scanning for hemangioma. It
      is also frequently used for gallium scanning in hepatoma, but lymphoma and
      inflammatory diseases are also gallium avid. The invasive imaging tests of the
      liver--angiography and transhepatic and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography-
      are performed when insufficient information is obtained by the other methods (as
      in diagnostic transhepatic cholangiography) or when the procedure offers therapy
      (as for biliary drainage, percutaneous transhepatic removal of common bile duct
      stones, percutaneous cholecystosis with gallstone dissolution and liver
      embolization, or the angiographic evaluation for portal shunting or liver
      resection). The impact of magnetic resonance imaging and fourth-generation raid
      angiotomography CT scanning has yet to be felt. The use of intraoperative
      ultrasound is to be encouraged prior to liver resection because it can
      demonstrate lesions as small as 3 mm in diameter.

PMID- 2648615
TI  - Liver abscesses.
AB  - Clinical suspicion of a liver abscess mandates an investigation of the liver for
      evidence of a liver abscess by radionuclide, ultrasound, or CT scan. Amebic
      abscesses have a lower mortality rate than pyogenic abscesses. Amebic and
      pyogenic abscesses can be distinguished on the basis of epidemiologic, clinical,
      and laboratory studies. The definitive studies for identifying amebic liver
      abscesses are hemagglutinin or gel diffusion studies. Amebic abscess of the liver
      may be complicated by extension to the lung, with pulmonary complications.
      Patients suspected to have amebic abscesses require metronidazole. Emetine or
      chloroquine may be added if there is no response or if the abscess recurs. Unless
      there is a failure of the amebic abscess to resolve or secondary infection
      occurs, there is seldom a need to aspirate or drain these abscesses. Pyogenic
      abscesses should be treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics to cover gram
      negative aerobes and anaerobic organisms. All pyogenic abscesses larger than 1.5
      cm in diameter should be aspirated, and the aspirate should be Gram stained and
      cultured. Percutaneous or surgical drainage should then be performed. Operative
      intervention is required in those patients with intra-abdominal pyogenic
      infections that are seeding the liver abscess. The marked reduction in the
      mortality rate of pyogenic liver abscess witnessed in this decade is multifaceted
      and attributable in part to earlier diagnosis, permitting definitive treatment in
      a timely fashion, as well as to improved intensive unit care, antibiotic
      management, and operative technique.

PMID- 2648616
TI  - Surgery for liver trauma.
AB  - Hepatic injuries are found in 30 per cent of patients undergoing operation after
      penetrating abdominal wounds and in 15 to 20 per cent of patients undergoing
      operation after blunt trauma. Signs of blood loss, peritonitis, or peritoneal
      traverse by a missile prompt early operation in many patients. Stable patients
      who have suffered stab wounds in proximity to the liver may be safely evaluated
      by diagnostic peritoneal lavage, whereas CT evaluation is now used in stable
      patients suffering blunt trauma that may involve the liver. "Simple" techniques
      of repair such as suture hepatorrhaphy, application of topical agents, or
      application of fibrin glue suffice in 60 per cent (blunt trauma) to 90 per cent
      (penetrating trauma) of patients with hepatic injuries. The remainder require
      "advanced" techniques of repair such as extensive hepatorrhaphy, hepatotomy with
      selective vascular ligation, resectional debridement with selective vascular
      ligation, lobectomy or segmentectomy, selective hepatic artery ligation, or
      perihepatic packing. Using the techniques described, the mortality rate for all
      patients with hepatic injuries will be approximately 10 per cent, with 75 to 80
      per cent of all deaths occurring in the perioperative period from shock or
      transfusion-related coagulopathies. The most common major complications in
      survivors are perihepatic abscesses and postoperative hemorrhage, both of which
      are frequently treated by the interventional radiologist.

PMID- 2648617
TI  - Management of cystic disease of the liver.
AB  - The management of cystic diseases of the liver requires an understanding of their
      pathophysiology and natural history. Surgery for congenital solitary cysts and
      polycystic disease should be reserved for patients with significant symptoms.
      Caroli's disease requires careful preoperative evaluation and planning and long
      term follow-up. Surgery for echinococcal liver cysts should be performed before
      complications of rupture and superinfection develop.

PMID- 2648618
TI  - Experience with colorectal carcinoma metastatic to the liver.
AB  - The predilection of colorectal cancer metastases for the liver is probably the
      result of several factors, including the blood supply, the "homing"
      characteristics of the tumor cells, and the state of the liver. Five-year
      survival rates after hepatic resection for colorectal cancer metastases range
      from 20 to 40 per cent, and some other patients obtain palliative benefit. The
      authors discuss the three presentations of liver metastases, operative
      techniques, and prognostic factors.

PMID- 2648619
TI  - The role of transplantation in liver disease.
AB  - Liver transplantation is rapidly emerging as the most effective treatment pathway
      for a growing number of acute and chronic liver disease states. Indications and
      contraindications to transplant are undergoing continuous revision and
      clarification as experience is accrued in the expanding number of treatment
      centers. For some disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing
      cholangitis, and chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis, the role of
      transplantation in patient management is obvious. For other hepatic diseases such
      as primary hepatic neoplasm, clear definition of the role of transplantation is
      likely to await development of improved early diagnostic techniques and more
      effective chemotherapy regimens. Standardization of the technical aspects of
      liver transplant and recent advances in graft preservation have led to reduction
      in the logistical problems that previously plagued this complex therapy.
      Refinements in immunosuppression with the introduction of cyclosporine and
      monoclonal antibody therapy have extended chances for survival and contributed to
      considerable improvement in quality of life following transplant. Further
      extension of transplantation as a treatment option to individuals with liver
      disease will require the concerned effort of the primary care or referral
      physician in the early recognition and management of patients with liver disease.

PMID- 2648620
TI  - Liver resection. Preoperative and postoperative care.
AB  - Liver resection is an increasingly common procedure. Despite a wide variety of
      indications, the preoperative and postoperative care required is similar.
      Experience with liver resection and transplantation has brought to light the
      significant alterations in fluid and electrolytes, hemostasis, metabolism, and
      pulmonary function that may result. A thorough understanding of these changes is
      required to minimize the morbidity and mortality rates of these procedures.
      Postoperative hepatic failure is a devastating complication, and careful patient
      selection is required to avoid this. More work is needed to identify better
      methods of evaluating functional hepatic reserve.

PMID- 2648621
TI  - Status of ischemic therapy for hepatic tumors.
AB  - The use of hepatic artery ligation or permanent dearterialization as the sole
      procedure for the palliation of patients with malignant hepatic tumors has no
      proved value. The combination with cytotoxic drug administration via the portal
      route may offer some advantage. The use of transient dearterialization with one
      longer ischemic period has been successful in the treatment of metastatic
      carcinoid disease with carcinoid syndrome but ineffective in the treatment of
      other hepatic tumors. New knowledge of the effects of transient ischemia on the
      formation of arterial collaterals and the pathophysiologic mechanisms in cellular
      injury has led us to further refinement of this therapeutic principle. The first
      results of repeated short periods of ischemia are promising and give some hope
      for the future palliation of this group of tumor patients.

PMID- 2648622
TI  - Hepatic artery embolization for bleeding and tumors.
AB  - Hepatic artery embolization has become a standard treatment for liver hemorrhage
      from a variety of lesions, including trauma, pseudoaneurysms, hematobilia, and
      arteriovenous fistulas. Embolization is also useful in properly selected cases of
      bleeding secondary to portal hypertension. It is valuable for many primary and
      secondary neoplasms when the lesion is unresectable and either there is no other
      effective treatment or other treatment has failed. Hypovascular tumor deposits
      have poor response rates, and the author no longer embolizes such lesions,
      whereas the benefits can be dramatic in the case of a hormone-secreting tumor.
      Hemorrhage from a tumor can also be controlled.

PMID- 2648623
TI  - Hepatic cryosurgery.
AB  - Cryoablation of liver metastases from colorectal and neuroendocrine tumors was
      accomplished in 20 patients using liquid nitrogen delivered through insulated
      probes. Intra-operative ultrasound was used to detect liver metastases and to
      monitor freezing and thawing. Tumor response was evaluated by histologic
      examination, CT, and serum tumor markers. This study established the safety and
      technical feasibility of hepatic cryosurgery and provided guidelines for treating
      liver tumors of diverse origins.

PMID- 2648624
TI  - Alexis Carrel on science and pseudoscience.

PMID- 2648625
TI  - The emerging genetics of cancer.
AB  - The rapid progress in molecular biology has allowed investigators to define some
      of the basic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. At the molecular level, cellular
      transformation results from the occurrence of two or three distinct genetic
      events that uncouple the cell from its normal regulatory mechanisms. One family
      of genes, the oncogenes, may be particularly important in the process. The
      aberrant expression of oncogenes, either by mutation or simply by increased
      transcription, may result in cellular transformation. The genes usually code for
      growth factors, growth factor receptors or for proteins involved in the
      transduction of growth signals into the nucleus. Genetic activation causes the
      cell to continuously sense a message to undergo mitosis, and the cell no longer
      responds to its normal regulatory signals. The concepts are rapidly moving into
      the clinical realm as the genetic mechanisms of particular neoplasms have been
      investigated. The neuroblastoma is the first tumor system in which the biologic
      characteristics of the tumor were found to be related to a known oncogene; the
      amplification of the myc gene is an independent marker of the aggressiveness of
      the tumor. In addition, much progress has been made in defining the specific
      genetic lesions responsible for retinoblastomas, Wilms' tumors and carcinomas of
      the colon that arise in patients with familial polyposis coli. As more knowledge
      accumulates regarding the exact mechanisms through which the proteins encoded by
      oncogenes affect these carcinomas and others, it may become possible to design
      pharmacologic agents rationally to hinder their growth selectively.

PMID- 2648626
TI  - The biology, pathogenesis and spread of malignant glioma.

PMID- 2648627
TI  - Assessing clamp-related vascular injuries by measurement of associated vascular
      dysfunction.
AB  - The development of vascular clamps requires a reliable method to quantitate clamp
      related vascular injuries. The degree of vessel damage usually is estimated
      subjectively from photomicrographs made with scanning electron microscopy. In
      order to test whether the use of vascular rings to assess residual vascular
      function may be a better method, rabbit thoracic aortas were occluded by five
      types of clamps: a Fogarty softjaw bulldog, a Fogarty Hydragrip, a 6-inch
      Satinsky clamp, an Edslab bulldog, and a silicone vessel band. Each area of clamp
      injury was sectioned into a vascular ring and suspended in a tissue bath.
      Residual vascular function was determined by contraction in response to
      phenylephrine and by relaxation in response to methacholine chloride and sodium
      nitroprusside. Morphologic studies with use of Evans blue dye and scanning
      electron microscopy complemented the vascular-function studies. The Fogarty
      bulldog clamp was the best at preserving vascular contraction and relaxation; the
      more crushing Satinsky clamp was the worst. The testing of vascular rings for
      residual function appears to be a useful technique for objectively quantitating
      vascular clamp-related vascular damage.

PMID- 2648628
TI  - Prevention of postoperative intestinal intussusception by prophylactic morphine
      administration in dogs used for organ transplantation research.
AB  - In this report 149 kidney transplants were performed as part of experiments on
      renal perfusion preservation, and the effect of morphine treatment on the
      incidence of postoperative intussusception was concurrently evaluated. Intestinal
      intussusception developed in 17% (14 of 83 dogs transplanted) of untreated dogs
      after transplantation. Intraoperative intravenous administration of morphine (0.5
      mg/kg) resulted in a reduction in the rate of intussusception to 3.3% (2 of 61
      dogs transplanted). Postoperative administration of morphine was ineffective in
      reducing the incidence of intussusception. The results indicate that
      intraoperative administration of morphine is effective in preventing
      postoperative intussusception in dogs used for experimental transplantation and
      may reduce animal losses and research costs in experimental surgical
      laboratories.

PMID- 2648629
TI  - Role of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in altered glucose metabolism after
      removal of the jejunum in dogs.
AB  - To investigate the role of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in the abnormal
      glucose metabolism occurring after resection of the small intestine, we performed
      a serial observation on secretion of GIP in dogs before and after removal of the
      jejunum. After removal of the jejunum, glucose intolerance was observed when
      glucose was administered intraduodenally but not intravenously. Significant
      decreases were simultaneously observed in the responses of both insulin and GIP
      1, 3, and 6 months after the surgery compared with the preoperative controls. The
      insulin response to intravenous glucose was not altered by removal of the
      jejunum. The response of GIP to intraduodenal lipid also remained decreased for 6
      months after the operation. These results indicate that the GIP deficiency caused
      by removal of the jejunum may play a role in the poor insulin response to luminal
      stimuli, which contributes to glucose intolerance.

PMID- 2648630
TI  - A crucial effect of splenectomy on prolonging cardiac xenograft survival in
      combination with cyclosporine.
AB  - In this study we investigated the effect of splenectomy in combination with
      cyclosporine (CsA) on survival of heterotopic cardiac xenografts from hamster to
      rat. A 12-fold prolongation of mean cardiac xenograft survival, to 41 days, was
      accomplished with the combined therapy. In both untreated controls and CsA
      treated recipients rejection occurred in 3 days. Splenectomy by itself prolonged
      xenograft function to 5 days. Evidence of humoral-mediated rejection in this
      cross-species combination was given for the extensive thrombosis and hemorrhage
      in the subepicardial area, the appearance of lymphocytotoxic titers just before
      graft function ceased, and the presence of IgM deposits in subepicardial vessels
      of the xenograft. CsA by itself could not modify this pattern of rejection.
      Splenectomy decreased antibody formation significantly and rejection became more
      cellular in nature. The regimen of splenectomy in association with CsA suppressed
      antibody titers and produced a CsA dose-dependent prolongation of xenograft
      survival. Thus, a complementary or synergistic effect is the result of the
      immunosuppressive regimen of splenectomy and CsA in hamster-to-rat cardiac
      xenografts. In this study the effect of splenectomy in controlling the humoral
      response in concordant xenografts and its role in future clinical xenografting is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2648631
TI  - Harvey Williams Cushing: founder of the Society of Clinical Surgery.

PMID- 2648632
TI  - Hematobilia resulting from heterotopic stomach in the gallbladder neck.
AB  - Hemorrhage has never been described as a complication of gastric heterotopia of
      the gallbladder. A case of a heterotopic stomach perforated into the Calot's area
      and causing hematobilia by arteriobiliary fistula in a young man is described.
      The clinical presentation, radiologic features, operative and histologic findings
      are presented, as well as the mechanism of hematobilia and the probable
      embryologic cause. Extensive review of the literature indicates that this case is
      unique both in its presentation of hematobilia and by the pathologic
      configuration of the heterotopic gastric tissue.

PMID- 2648633
TI  - Review: cholinergic mechanisms and epileptogenesis. The seizures induced by
      pilocarpine: a novel experimental model of intractable epilepsy.
AB  - High-dose treatment with pilocarpine hydrochloride, a cholinergic muscarinic
      agonist, induces seizures in rodents following systemic or intracerebral
      administration. Pilocarpine seizures are characterized by a sequential
      development of behavioral patterns and electrographic activity. Hypoactivity,
      tremor, scratching, head bobbing, and myoclonic movements of the limbs progress
      to recurrent myoclonic convulsions with rearing, salivation, and falling, and
      status epilepticus. The sustained convulsions induced by pilocarpine are followed
      by widespread damage to the forebrain. The amygdala, thalamus, olfactory cortex,
      hippocampus, neocortex, and substantia nigra are the most sensitive regions to
      epilepsy-related damage following convulsions produced by pilocarpine.
      Spontaneous seizures are observed in the long-term period following the
      administration of convulsant doses of pilocarpine. Developmental studies show age
      dependent differences in the response of rats to pilocarpine. Seizures are first
      noted in 7-12 day-old rats, and the adult pattern of behavioral and
      electroencephalographic sequelae of pilocarpine is seen in 15-21-day-old rats.
      During the third week of life the rats show an increased susceptibility to the
      convulsant action of pilocarpine relative to older and younger animals. The
      developmental progress of the convulsive response to pilocarpine does not
      correlate with evolution of the brain damage. The adult pattern of the damage is
      seen after a delay of 1-2 weeks in comparison with the evolution of seizures and
      status epilepticus. The susceptibility to seizures induced by pilocarpine
      increases in rats aged over 4 months. The basal ganglia curtail the generation
      and spread of seizures induced by pilocarpine. The caudate putamen, the
      substantia nigra, and the entopeduncular nucleus govern the propagation of
      pilocarpine-induced seizures. The antiepileptic drugs diazepam, clonazepam,
      phenobarbital, valproate, and trimethadione protect against pilocarpine-induced
      convulsions, while diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine are ineffective.
      Ethosuximide and acetazolamide increase the susceptibility to convulsant action
      of pilocarpine. Lithium, morphine, and aminophylline also increase the
      susceptibility of rats to pilocarpine seizures. The pilocarpine seizure model may
      be of value in designing new therapeutic approaches to epilepsy.

PMID- 2648634
TI  - Evaluation of the bioeffects of prenatal ultrasound exposure in the cynomolgus
      macaque (Macaca fascicularis): I. Neonatal/infant observations.
AB  - The frequency of use of ultrasonography for evaluating the developing
      embryo/fetus has continued to rise although the possible risks from exposure
      still remain uncertain. The cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is currently
      being used in our laboratory as a model to assess these risks. In utero exposure
      was performed utilizing a commercial real-time mechanical sector scanner with a
      7.5 MHz scanhead (ATL, MK 600). Maximum acoustic power output for this unit is as
      follows: I(SPTA) = 12.0 mW/cm2, I(SPPA) = 98 W/cm2, and Im = 137 W/cm2. Animals
      exposed to ultrasound (N = 16) were scanned five times weekly on gestational days
      (GD) 21-35 +/- 2 for 10 minutes/exam (m/e), three times weekly on GD 36-60 +/- 2
      for 10 m/e, and once weekly on GD 61-150 +/- 2 for 20 m/e. Controls (N = 14) were
      "scanned" with the unit placed on standby. Assessment of simian Apgar scores at
      1, 5, and 10 minutes of life revealed higher scores for treated animals at 10
      minutes (P less than or equal to 0.045); greater scores in muscle tone (P less
      than or equal to 0.013) and color (P less than or equal to 0.016) were observed.
      Evaluation of morphometrics at birth including weight, biparietal diameter,
      occipitofrontal diameter, head circumference, hand and foot lengths, humerus and
      femur lengths, arm circumference, chest circumference, tail length, skinfold
      thickness, and crown-rump length (CRL) indicated a significant reduction in only
      two parameters, birth weight (P less than or equal to 0.027) and CRL (P less than
      or equal to 0.033). Hematologic analysis at 2 +/- 1, 9 +/- 1, and 16 +/- 1 days
      of life revealed a significant difference in white blood cell counts (WBCs).
      Treated animals displayed lower WBCs with reductions in numbers of segmented
      neutrophils and monocytes at all ages observed. Hematologic differences were not
      significant by 5-6 months of age. No abortions, gross malformations, or
      stillbirths were observed in the exposed animals.

PMID- 2648635
TI  - Evaluation of the bioeffects of prenatal ultrasound exposure in the cynomolgus
      macaque (Macaca fascicularis): II. Growth and behavior during the first year.
AB  - The extensive use of ultrasonography for the prenatal assessment of growth and
      development continues to present questions regarding biological effects. We are
      currently evaluating a nonhuman primate model (Macaca fascicularis) exposed to
      ultrasound from gestational day (GD) 21 to 152 +/- 2. Exposures were performed
      with a commercial real-time sector scanner (ATL, MK 600); animals were scanned
      five times weekly on GD 21-35 +/- 2, three times weekly on GD 36-60 +/- 2, and
      once weekly on GD 61-150 +/- 2. The length of exposure was approximately the same
      as human exposure (GD 21-60 +/- 2 = 10 min/exam and GD 61-150 +/- 2 = 20
      min/exam) although the frequency of the examinations was considerably greater.
      Initial reports indicated differences between control and treated animals
      including lower birth weight, higher simian Apgar scores, and changes in select
      hematologic parameters. Follow-up evaluations of growth during the first year
      included measurements of body weight, hand and foot lengths, humerus and femur
      lengths, biparietal and occipitofrontal diameters, head circumference, arm
      circumference, chest circumference, skinfold thickness, and crown-rump length.
      Results indicated a significant reduction in body weight in treated animals
      during the first three months, with nonsignificant differences during the
      following nine months. Hematologic analysis including complete blood counts (CBC)
      and clinical biochemistry at 6, 9, and 12 months of age were not significantly
      different. A series of behavioral evaluations including a neurobehavioral test
      battery (NBT) and tests assessing motor and cognitive skills were included. The
      NBT revealed increased muscle tone in treated animals at one, two, and four days.
      In an observation cage (week 1-14) more quiet activities were displayed by
      treated animals. Group differences in performance of motor and cognitive tasks
      were observed and may be attributable to agitation and difficulties in adjusting
      to test environments. There were no group differences observed in discrimination
      learning. When considering the possible implications to the human population, it
      is important to consider the amount of exposure these animals received, and the
      fact that most of the effects observed appeared to be transitory. Although human
      epidemiological studies have not revealed any significant bioeffects, the
      "prudent use" of diagnostic ultrasound should still be kept in mind. This is
      especially significant with the current rise in the use of endovaginal scanning
      and pulsed Doppler.

PMID- 2648636
TI  - Penicillin allergy: a review.
AB  - Penicillin allergy has been extensively studied and has become a prototype for
      the study of allergic drug reactions. A significant number of patients have been
      incorrectly labeled as allergic to penicillin and therefore are denied this
      effective, nontoxic, and relatively inexpensive antibiotic. On the other hand,
      penicillin is by far the most common cause of allergic drug reactions and the
      leading cause of anaphylaxis in the United States. We have the tools to identify
      patients at a high risk of anaphylaxis from penicillin and should therefore be
      able to decrease the incidence of penicillin-related anaphylaxis and fatalities
      and to avoid denying the benefits of penicillin to a large segment of the
      population that has been labeled as penicillin allergic.

PMID- 2648637
TI  - RBRVS offers chance for compromise--or fragmentation.

PMID- 2648638
TI  - OIG investigations and physicians' rights.
AB  - The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) was established to investigate the
      programs of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). It recommends
      policy to promote economy and efficiency in the administration of HHS programs
      and also informs Congress about the problems and deficiencies of such programs
      (1). The President appoints the inspector general with the advice and consent of
      the Senate. While the inspector general is under the supervision of the secretary
      of HHS, he may be removed from office only by the President (2). The OIG's
      authority is wide ranging. It has a staff with specific responsibility for anti
      fraud and abuse activities (3). The inspector general has access to all records
      that are available to HHS and which relate to programs the inspector general has
      the responsibility to police. It also may subpoena all records and evidence
      necessary for performance of its duties, which are enforceable by the order of
      any United States District Court (4). Of particular interest to physicians is the
      OIG's authority to take certain actions against physicians and against a hospital
      or other facility that has a contract to participate in Medicare or Medicaid.

PMID- 2648639
TI  - Physician payment reform.

PMID- 2648640
TI  - Acute bronchiolitis in infancy: treatment and prognosis.

PMID- 2648641
TI  - Reversibility and reproducibility of histamine induced plasma leakage in nasal
      airways.
AB  - Plasma exudation is one cardinal factor in airways defence and inflammation. In
      inflammatory airway diseases such as rhinitis and asthma, however, plasma leakage
      may also have a pathogenetic role. Experimental data from animals indicate that
      highly sensitive, active, and reversible processes regulate the vascular and
      mucosal permeability to macromolecules. With the use of a nasal lavage model for
      the recovery of liquids on the mucosal surface the effect of histamine on the
      macromolecular permeability of the airway endothelial-epithelial barriers was
      studied in normal subjects. The concentrations of albumin, kinins, and N-alpha
      beta-tosyl-L-arginine-methyl esterase (TAME) in nasal lavage fluid were measured
      and nasal symptoms assessed by a scoring technique. The reproducibility of three
      repeated challenges with 30 minute intervals on the same day was studied in 12
      subjects and compared with the same procedure (three challenges) on a different
      day. Sneezing decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) after the first
      histamine challenge but was maintained thereafter. Otherwise, the mean values for
      symptoms and for markers of vascular leakage were very similar both for the three
      challenges in the same session and for the two challenge sessions on a different
      day. Sneezing, blockage, and secretions were associated with increased
      concentrations of TAME esterase (maximum 9000 cpm/ml), kinins (1.4 ng/ml), and
      albumin (0.3 g/l) in lavage fluid. Both the symptoms and the measures of plasma
      exudation were reversible and reproducible in the three repeat histamine
      challenges and at two challenge sessions on different days. These findings
      support the view that non-injurious, active processes regulate the inflammatory
      flow of macromolecules across airways endothelial-epithelial barriers. The
      present experimental approach would be suitable for studies of the modulatory
      effects of inflammatory stimulus induced plasma leakage and symptoms in human
      airways.

PMID- 2648642
TI  - Effects of ranitidine treatment on patients with asthma and a history of gastro
      oesophageal reflux: a double blind crossover study.
AB  - Forty eight patients with moderate to severe asthma were enrolled in a double
      blind crossover study designed to evaluate the effects of ranitidine treatment,
      150 mg twice daily for four weeks, on gastro-oesophageal reflux, asthma control,
      and bronchial reactivity. All 48 had a history of reflux symptoms and 27 had in
      addition reflux associated respiratory symptoms. Thirty two patients had
      objective evidence of acid reflux on 24 hour pH monitoring (pH of less than 4 for
      more than 1% of the 24 hours) and 27 patients had a positive result in the acid
      perfusion test. Reflux symptoms were significantly improved after ranitidine
      treatment. Ranitidine treatment was associated with modest improvements in
      nocturnal asthma and daily use of inhaled bronchodilator drugs but there was no
      significant change in bronchial reactivity, lung function, peak flow, or the
      number of eosinophils in the blood. Comparisons between the effect of ranitidine
      treatment on asthma control were performed between patients with and without a
      history of reflux associated respiratory symptoms, with and without a positive
      result in the acid perfusion test, and with and without objective evidence of
      gastro-oesophageal reflux. A history of reflux associated respiratory symptoms
      was the only factor that predicted an improvement in asthma control after
      ranitidine treatment. These results indicate that antireflux treatment will
      produce only small improvements in asthma control in asthmatic patients with a
      history of gastro-oesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2648643
TI  - Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage shown by duplex sonography, computed
      tomography, and plain radiography.
AB  - In a patient with the scimitar syndrome duplex Doppler sonography was used to
      show the point of entry of the abnormal pulmonary vein into the inferior vena
      cava to determine blood flow. Chest radiography and computed tomography also
      showed the vein descending to the diaphragm.

PMID- 2648644
TI  - An early report of growth of an Aspergillus species on the wall of a lung cavity.
AB  - A report by Bristowe in 1854 of a vegetable fungus growing in a lung cavity and
      identified as an Aspergillus was almost certainly one of the earliest reports of
      A fumigatus colonisation.

PMID- 2648645
TI  - Effects of salbutamol on bronchoconstriction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and
      leucocyte responses induced by platelet activating factor in man.
AB  - Platelet activating factor, a potent mediator of inflammation, causes a sustained
      increase in airway responsiveness to methacholine in man and has been implicated
      in asthma. The effect of the beta 2 agonist salbutamol (200 micrograms by
      inhalation) on platelet activating factor induced bronchoconstriction and airway
      hyperresponsiveness was studied in seven normal subjects in a double blind,
      crossover study. Salbutamol only partially inhibited the platelet activating
      factor induced fall in partial flow at 30% of vital capacity (Vp30) (mean
      percentage fall 47.6 (SEM 7.9); p less than 0.001), whereas it completely blocked
      a similar degree of bronchoconstriction induced by methacholine. Salbutamol did
      not prevent the accompanying transient flushing and chest irritation and did not
      affect the transient neutropenia (mean % fall 69.5 (13.6); p less than 0.01) or
      the rebound neutrophilia (mean % increase 84.7 (24.7); p less than 0.05) that
      followed platelet activating factor. There was an increase in the airway
      responsiveness to methacholine following inhalation of platelet activating
      factor, the maximum mean change being a three fold increase in PC40 (the
      provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 40% fall in Vp30) on day 3 (p
      less than 0.01). Salbutamol caused a significant attenuation of this response on
      day 3 (p less than 0.02) but had no significant effect on days 1 and 7. Thus a
      therapeutic dose of salbutamol caused partial inhibition of platelet activating
      factor induced bronchoconstriction and had a minimal effect on the increased
      bronchial responsiveness following platelet activating factor.

PMID- 2648646
TI  - Effects of platelet activating factor on airway calibre, airway responsiveness,
      and circulating cells in asthmatic subjects.
AB  - The effects of inhaled platelet activating factor were compared with those of
      inhaled methacholine (control) on airway calibre, airway responsiveness to
      methacholine and isoprenaline, and circulating cells in eight subjects with mild,
      stable asthma. Platelet activating factor was given in six doses at 15 minute
      intervals and airway response measured as change in partial expiratory flow at
      30% of vital capacity (Vp30). Platelet activating factor caused a fall in Vp30,
      the mean (SEM) maximum percentage fall being 28.9 (4.2) five minutes after the
      first dose (12 micrograms) and 50.9 (8.0) after the second dose (24 micrograms).
      Tachyphylaxis occurred, however, with the four subsequent doses of inhaled
      platelet activating factor. There was transient neutropenia after the first dose,
      from a mean of 3.6 (0.2) x 10(9) to 2.2 (0.5) x 10(9) neutrophils/l; this
      response also showed tachyphylaxis with subsequent doses. The mean PC40 (the
      concentration of methacholine needed to cause a 40% fall in Vp30) was unchanged
      one, three, and seven days after administration of platelet activating factor.
      There was no significant correlation between baseline PC40 methacholine and the
      maximal fall in Vp30 after either the first (12 micrograms) or the second dose
      (24 micrograms) of platelet activating factor. The control challenge with
      methacholine produced a degree of bronchoconstriction similar to that of platelet
      activating factor but was not associated with any significant change in bronchial
      responsiveness or in circulating cells. The bronchodilator response to inhaled
      isoprenaline measured three days after inhalation of platelet activating factor
      and of methacholine was similar after the two challenges. Thus asthmatic subjects
      who are hyperresponsive to methacholine show a similar bronchoconstrictor
      response to platelet activating factor, as has been observed in normal subjects;
      overall this did not cause airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine.

PMID- 2648647
TI  - Relation of airway responsiveness to duration of work in a dusty environment.
AB  - Health selection within a workforce has been found in several industries and
      appears to be more pronounced in dustier occupations. In this study of airway
      disease among workers exposed to asbestos and man made mineral fibres, 215 of 246
      construction insulators 50 years old or less and currently working in the
      Montreal area were examined. Spirometry was completed successfully in 214 workers
      without known asbestosis and 207 underwent methacholine bronchoprovocation
      testing. Airway responsiveness was expressed as PC15, the concentration of
      methacholine causing a 15% fall in the forced expiratory volume in one second
      (FEV1). Exposure to asbestos and synthetic mineral fibre dust was estimated from
      the total hours of work in the trade since first employment. After the effect of
      age, height, and pack years of smoking had been taken into account, no relation
      was found between hours of work and any indices obtained from the forced
      expiratory manoeuvre (FEV1/FVC, MMF). After the effect of airway calibre
      (FEV1/FVC), age, and pack years of cigarette consumption had been taken into
      account, airway responsiveness decreased as the total hours of work in the trade
      increased. These findings suggest that workers with greater levels of airway
      responsiveness are more sensitive to exposure in a dusty workplace and in
      consequence are less likely to continue. In studies of workforces a survivor
      effect of this nature will tend to weaken the relation between lung function
      abnormality and occupational exposure.

PMID- 2648648
TI  - Captopril or prostaglandin E1 ameliorate adverse renal hemodynamic effects of
      indomethacin in uninephrectomized rats.
AB  - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like indomethacin and angiotensin converting
      enzyme inhibitors like captopril have contrasting effects on compensatory changes
      in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow following partial nephrectomy.
      Conjoint treatment has been little studied. Effects of 7 days of treatment with
      captopril, indomethacin, or captopril + indomethacin in drinking water were
      studied in 50% nephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Urinary protein excretion,
      glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), mean arterial
      pressure, renal vascular resistance, and remnant kidney weight were measured.
      Renal clearance studies were performed using a double-isotope, single-injection
      method, in conscious rats infused with either saline or saline + prostaglandin
      E1. Indomethacin induced significant (p less than 0.05) increases in renal
      vascular resistance (RVR) which were attenuated by either concurrent treatment
      with captopril or infusion of PGE1 at the time of study. Compensatory growth of
      the remnant kidney appeared not to be dependent on increments in renal blood
      flow; captopril decreased RVR and increased ERPF but had no effect on kidney
      weight, while indomethacin had no effect on ERPF and augmented remnant kidney
      weight. It appears effects of captopril and indomethacin on intrarenal
      hemodynamics in the residual kidney were counteractive, and that conjoint therapy
      in renal disease should be approached with caution.

PMID- 2648649
TI  - A long-term intravenous model of aluminum maltol toxicity in rabbits: tissue
      distribution, hepatic, renal, and neuronal cytoskeletal changes associated with
      systemic exposure.
AB  - We studied the toxicity of an intravenously injected, water-soluble aluminum
      complex (aluminum maltol) in 20 young adult male New Zealand white rabbits over a
      period of 8 to 30 weeks. Sixteen rabbits injected with aluminum-free maltol and
      15 untreated rabbits served as controls. Rabbits were injected three times per
      week with 75 mumol of aluminum maltol per injection, or a molar equivalent amount
      of maltol alone, through an indwelling jugular catheter. Liver contained the
      highest concentrations of aluminum among the aluminum maltol-treated rabbits, and
      aluminum accumulation was correlated with the appearance of periportal
      multinucleated giant cells in 13 of 20 rabbits. These cells stained positively
      for aluminum when a fluorescent (Morin) stain was applied to tissue from rabbits
      with a high concentration of aluminum in the liver. Proximal renal tubular
      necrosis or atrophy was found in 15 of 20 aluminum maltol-treated rabbits but not
      in maltol-treated and untreated controls. Renal tubules in rabbits with acute
      proximal renal necrosis stained positively for aluminum. Neurofibrillary tangles,
      immunoreactive with a monoclonal antibody to the 200-kDa subunit of
      neurofibrillary protein, were observed in the oculomotor nucleus of 3 aluminum
      maltol-treated rabbits (treated for 12, 20, and 29 weeks), but in none of the two
      groups of controls. These tangles were present in 3 of 10 aluminum-treated
      rabbits in which the nucleus was located. None of the 17 animals in both control
      groups in which the nucleus was found demonstrated tangles. A slight increase in
      brain tissue aluminum concentration was confirmed by an electrothermal atomic
      absorption spectrophotometric method. There were no specific findings in heart or
      lung tissue from aluminum-treated rabbits, although the aluminum content of these
      tissues was 10 to 20 times greater than control values. This model should be
      useful for investigating the effects of systemic exposure to high concentrations
      of solubilized aluminum.

PMID- 2648650
TI  - A randomized trial of aspirin or heparin in hospitalized patients with recent
      transient ischemic attacks. A pilot study.
AB  - In a randomized pilot study we compared the efficacy of temporary anticoagulation
      with intravenous heparin sodium to the efficacy of aspirin in preventing cerebral
      infarction in hospitalized patients with recent (less than 7 days) transient
      ischemic attacks (TIAs). Fifty-five patients (33 men, 22 women) aged 36-81 (mean
      62.7) years met entry criteria and agreed to participate. Symptoms prompting
      hospitalization were referable to the carotid distribution in 43 patients (34
      hemispheric, nine retinal); 12 patients had vertebrobasilar distribution TIAs.
      Twenty-seven patients received heparin and 28 received aspirin. Patients were
      treated until surgery or until long-term medical therapy was instituted, 3-9
      (mean 5.5) days in the heparin group and 3-15 (mean 5.8) days in the aspirin
      group. Recurrent TIAs occurred in eight patients given heparin and in seven
      treated with aspirin. Infarction occurred in one patient in the heparin group and
      in four patients in the aspirin group (three brain, one retinal infarction).
      Initial symptoms in these five patients were referable to the carotid
      distribution in two and to the vertebrobasilar distribution in three. All
      patients but the one with a retinal infarction had recurrent TIAs prior to
      stroke. Our pilot study suggests that hospitalized patients with recent TIAs are
      at high risk for recurrent TIAs (15 of 55, 27%) and brain infarction (five of 55,
      9%) and that patients with recent vertebrobasilar distribution TIAs have a
      marginally significantly higher risk (odds ratio 6.83, 95% confidence interval
      0.65-88.66) of infarction than patients with recent carotid distribution TIAs.

PMID- 2648651
TI  - Morning increase in onset of ischemic stroke.
AB  - The time of onset of ischemic stroke was determined for 1,167 of 1,273 patients
      during the collection of data by four academic hospital centers between June 30,
      1983, and June 30, 1986. More strokes occurred in awake patients from 10:00 AM to
      noon than during any other 2-hour interval. The incidence of stroke onset
      declined steadily during the remainder of the day and early evening. The onset of
      stroke is least likely to occur in the late evening, before midnight.

PMID- 2648652
TI  - Caregiver assessment of personal adjustment after stroke in a Veterans
      Administration Medical Center outpatient cohort.
AB  - We evaluated 80 stroke patients to examine the contributions of caregiver
      anxiety, self-care ability, age, time since onset, marital and residential
      status, and need for health care services on personal adjustment as reported by
      caregivers. Mean age of the patients was 65.4 years, and the average time from
      stroke onset to evaluation was 415 days. Multiple regression analyses indicated
      that a significant amount of variance in patient adjustment was accounted for by
      caregiver anxiety (R2 = 0.28, p less than 0.05) and patient self-care ability (R2
      = 0.13, p less than 0.05). Compared with community norms, stroke patients were
      reported to be more depressed, confused, and anxious and they demonstrated fewer
      household management skills. Stroke patients were not different from a normative
      sample on measures of interpersonal involvement or social activity. Caregivers
      had high levels of anxiety compared with norms. Our results may aid in developing
      methods for identifying stroke patients and caregivers at risk for suboptimal
      adjustment.

PMID- 2648654
TI  - [Education Spring 1989. The Society's prospectus].

PMID- 2648653
TI  - Effects of elevated plasma magnesium versus calcium on cerebral ischemic injury
      in rats.
AB  - Both Mg2+ and Ca2+ have been implicated as having roles in the pathomechanisms of
      cerebral ischemia. To further study the effects of these ions on postischemic
      histologic outcome, fasted rats were given one of three intravenous infusions:
      5.0 mmol/kg MgCl2, 5.0 mmol/kg MgCl2 + 0.035 units/kg regular insulin, or 1.0
      mmol/kg CaCl2. This resulted in elevated plasma Mg2+ or Ca2+ concentrations in
      the corresponding groups. A fourth group received 0.9% NaCl (saline). Preinfusion
      plasma glucose concentration was similar for all groups and was unchanged after
      infusion in rats receiving either saline or MgCl2 + insulin. In contrast,
      postinfusion glucose concentration was increased in the MgCl2 group (p less than
      0.001) and decreased in the CaCl2 group (p less than 0.001) relative to saline
      treated rats. Following respective infusions, all rats underwent 10 minutes of
      reversible forebrain ischemia (bilateral carotid artery occlusion and systemic
      hypotension) followed by 7 days' recovery. Six of 12 CaCl2-treated rats died 2-3
      days after ischemia; all other rats remained neurologically indistinguishable,
      without gross neurologic deficits. Histologic injury in the neocortex and caudate
      was moderate in all groups. In the hippocampus, MgCl2 + insulin resulted in 66 +/
      6% (mean +/- SD) dead CA1 pyramidal cells, which was similar to the amount in
      saline-treated rats (68 +/- 10%). Injury was increased in the MgCl2 group (79 +/-
      4% dead cells), while in surviving CaCl2-treated rats, injury was decreased (54
      +/- 13%). We conclude that the increased injury in MgCl2-treated rats and the
      decreased injury noted in surviving rats receiving CaCl2 are due to the plasma
      glucose concentrations present prior to ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2648655
TI  - [Control of refraction in cataract surgery].
AB  - The optical problems associated with cataract surgery are reviewed and methods to
      control the refractive state of the eye after the operation are presented. The
      clinical benefit of a calculation of intraocular lens (IOL) power from
      measurements of corneal curvature and eye length is demonstrated in a series of
      operated patients from two Danish eye departments. It is concluded, that the
      postoperative refraction can be controlled with a reasonable accuracy. Large and
      unexpected deviations in the postoperative refraction are avoided in this way,
      and in a number of cases it is possible to reduce the need for spectacles after
      the operation.

PMID- 2648656
TI  - Tissue gas exchange models and decompression computations: a review.
AB  - Mathematical models for inert gas transport and decompression are summarized.
      Both semi-infinite and finite media are treated, and resulting analytic
      expressions are obtained and compared against each other. One-dimensional plane
      and cylindrical geometries are considered, and limiting forms are explicitly
      detailed. Models are placed into three categories for discussion--bounded, bulk,
      and perfusion-diffusion. The intent is to collect treatments and techniques into
      one source for reference. Staging criteria, where appropriate to a model, are
      also included in the development. Bounded, bulk, and perfusion-diffusion models
      are described in supersaturation, statistical, and thermodynamic frameworks. Some
      strengths and weaknesses of deterministic and statistical models are noted.
      Today, models can be nested in hi-tech decomputers utilizing precision depth
      sensors and elapsed timers. The ability to solve equations and check criteria in
      an essentially continuous time mode imparts new dimensionality, enhancing
      capability and optimizing performance. However, there are limits on all
      computational models, both in theory and application, and herein we review range,
      physical correctness, and history of the algorithm.

PMID- 2648657
TI  - Therapeutic management of upper urinary tract stone disease in 172 subjects.
AB  - Three hundred one patients with recurrent renal calculi were studied: 129
      patients received no treatment, and 172 received either bendrofluazide (90) or
      allopurinol (82). The renal stone recurrence rate was assessed over a five-year
      period, and it was noted that the incidence of recurrence was significantly lower
      in patients receiving either bendrofluazide or allopurinol. In male patients
      there was no difference in recurrence rates in those receiving the different
      drugs, but female patients receiving allopurinol had a significantly lower five
      year recurrence rate when compared with those receiving bendrofluazide.

PMID- 2648658
TI  - Successful implantation of penile prostheses in organ transplant patients.
AB  - We present our experience with implantation of penile prostheses in 6 organ
      transplant recipients, including 2 patients after renal transplantation and 4
      patients after cardiac transplantation. We have seen no problems related to
      prosthesis surgery in this patient population, and in particular have experienced
      no infectious complications. All patients received strict perioperative
      antibiotic and steroid coverage. We conclude that erectile impotence in the male
      organ transplant patient can be successfully treated with penile prosthesis
      surgery without incurring undue morbidity and with considerable benefit in terms
      of quality of life in a generally young patient population.

PMID- 2648659
TI  - Posterior urethral valves in siblings.
AB  - The etiology and incidence of posterior urethral valves is unknown. We report on
      a pair of non-twin siblings with identical pathology stemming from type I
      posterior urethral valves as well as discordance in a pair of monozygotic twins.
      Familial posterior urethral valves have been reported before in both twin and non
      twin siblings. The occurrence of identical pathology in non-twin siblings
      suggests the possibility of an inherited trait as does its occurrence in
      identical twins. However, non-identical clinical manifestation is as common as is
      identical presentation in both groups. There are also instances of discordance in
      monozygotic twins suggesting the possibility of a random mutation. As such, we
      recommend urologic evaluation of the male siblings of affected patients with
      posterior urethral valves. Further prospective and retrospective analyses are
      needed to define the genetic etiology of valves.

PMID- 2648660
TI  - Modified Deschamps needle for securing dorsal vein complex and urethra during
      radical retropubic prostatectomy.

PMID- 2648661
TI  - Thomas Hillier and percutaneous nephrostomy.

PMID- 2648662
TI  - General principles of fluid therapy in small animal medicine.
AB  - The clinician's knowledge about total body water distribution and the appropriate
      choice of fluids for treatment can have an important effect on the eventual
      outcome of his or her patients. The ability to calculate fluid deficits and to
      compute infusion rates appropriately is an essential aspect of top-quality
      patient care. The principles of fluid therapy that were provided in this article
      should provide one with a logical and practical means for prescribing fluid
      treatments.

PMID- 2648663
TI  - Hyponatremia.
AB  - The serum sodium concentration reflects the osmolality of the extracellular fluid
      and provides no direct information about total body sodium content. Patients with
      hyponatremia may have decreased, normal, or increased total body sodium content.
      The first step in the approach to the patient with hyponatremia is measurement of
      plasma osmolality. Hyponatremia with normal plasma osmolality results from
      hyperlipemia or hyperproteinemia whereas hyponatremia with increased plasma
      osmolality results from hyperglycemia or mannitol infusion. Patients with
      hyponatremia and decreased plasma osmolality may be hypovolemic, hypervolemic, or
      normovolemic. The volume status of the patient is best determined by history,
      physical examination, and a few ancillary tests (e.g., total plasma protein
      concentration, hematocrit, blood pressure, central venous pressure). The clinical
      signs of hyponatremia are related more to the rapidity of onset than to the
      severity of the associated plasma hypoosmolality and reflect influx of water into
      the central nervous system. The main goals of treatment in hyponatremia are to
      manage the underlying disease and, if necessary, to increase serum sodium
      concentration and plasma osmolality.

PMID- 2648664
TI  - Hypernatremia.
AB  - Hypernatremia is a potentially life-threatening electrolyte abnormality. This
      problem develops most often because of loss of water from the animal, but in rare
      cases hypernatremia results from gain of sodium chloride. Important conditions
      predisposing to hypernatremia include diarrhea, vomiting, heat stroke, fever,
      limited access to water, excessive diuretic use, renal diseases, and pituitary
      diabetes insipidus. This condition rarely develops if animals have adequate
      access to water. Clinical signs relate to central nervous system derangements and
      can progress to seizures and coma. Diagnosis is based on the serum sodium
      concentration; treatment should be instituted if it is greater than 170 mEq per
      L. Treatment is based on knowledge of the volume status of the patient and the
      probable cause for the hypernatremia. In general, 5 per cent dextrose in water or
      other hypotonic fluids are given slowly intravenously. The rate of administration
      should be adjusted so the water deficit is replaced over 48 to 72 h. Too rapid
      correction of hypernatremia can lead to cerebral edema and worsening of the
      animal. In cases of salt intoxication, diuretics must be given in addition to
      slow water replacement to avoid the development of pulmonary edema.

PMID- 2648665
TI  - Disorders of potassium homeostasis.
AB  - Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are common problems that may be artifactual,
      iatrogenic, or due to altered body homeostatic mechanisms. ECG may help one to
      recognize hyperkalemia but not hypokalemia. Excessive K supplementation is a
      common iatrogenic cause of hyperkalemia whereas fluid therapy is a common cause
      of iatrogenic hypokalemia. The most common causes of spontaneous hyperkalemia are
      renal failure and hypoadrenocorticism whereas the most common causes of
      spontaneous hypokalemia are vomiting, diarrhea, and renal wasting. Symptomatic
      therapy is usually done until the underlying cause(s) is resolved.

PMID- 2648666
TI  - Hypercalcemia.
AB  - Elevated serum calcium occurs relatively uncommonly in dogs and rarely in cats.
      Hypercalcemia can serve as a marker of disease that enables diagnosis but may
      also contribute to development of lesions and the clinical signs of disease.
      Specific clinical signs do not necessarily accompany hypercalcemia, and its
      presence will frequently be unsuspected. Fortuitous hypercalcemia is often
      discovered after a review of serum biochemical profile results. This article
      emphasizes malignancy-associated hypercalcemia and the emergence of
      cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicity as an important cause of hypercalcemia, as
      well as its treatment.

PMID- 2648667
TI  - Simple acid-base disorders.
AB  - The body regulates pH closely to maintain homeostasis. The pH of blood can be
      represented by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pK + log [HCO3-]/PCO2
      Thus, pH is a function of the ratio between bicarbonate ion concentration [HCO3-]
      and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2). There are four simple acid base disorders: (1)
      Metabolic acidosis, (2) respiratory acidosis, (3) metabolic alkalosis, and (4)
      respiratory alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis is the most common disorder encountered
      in clinical practice. The respiratory contribution to a change in pH can be
      determined by measuring PCO2 and the metabolic component by measuring the base
      excess. Unless it is desirable to know the oxygenation status of a patient,
      venous blood samples will usually be sufficient. Metabolic acidosis can result
      from an increase of acid in the body or by excess loss of bicarbonate.
      Measurement of the "anion-gap" [(Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + HCO3-)], may help to diagnose
      the cause of the metabolic acidosis. Treatment of all acid-base disorders must be
      aimed at diagnosis and correction of the underlying disease process. Specific
      treatment may be required when changes in pH are severe (pH less than 7.2 or pH
      greater than 7.6). Treatment of severe metabolic acidosis requires the use of
      sodium bicarbonate, but blood pH and gases should be monitored closely to avoid
      an "overshoot" alkalosis. Changes in pH may be accompanied by alterations in
      plasma potassium concentrations, and it is recommended that plasma potassium be
      monitored closely during treatment of acid-base disturbances.

PMID- 2648668
TI  - Diagnostic approach to polydipsia and polyuria.
AB  - A variety of metabolic disturbances account for the majority of cases of
      polydipsia and polyuria. This chapter presents guides to differential diagnosis
      as well as a discussion of the etiology and clinical features of the primary
      causes--central diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and
      psychogenic polydipsia.

PMID- 2648669
TI  - Fluid therapy for acute and chronic renal failure.
AB  - Animals with renal failure have a number of fairly predictable metabolic
      abnormalities. They are commonly presented to the veterinarian in a state of
      negative water balance, although prior fluid therapy in an oliguric patient may
      result in overhydration. Animals with oliguric ARF have sodium retention; those
      with polyuric ARF have increased urinary sodium loss. Chronic renal failure does
      not necessarily affect the ability of the renal tubule to conserve or excrete
      sodium, although the response to changes in sodium load is much slower than in
      the normal animal. Potassium retention occurs in oliguric ARF and potassium
      wasting in polyuric ARF; potassium balance is approximately normal in animals
      with CRF. Both ARF and CRF cause metabolic acidosis, although the acid-base
      status in a given animal will be affected by respiratory compensation, as well as
      other problems such as vomiting. Calcium levels are usually normal to slightly
      decreased in renal failure, whereas phosphorus levels are generally increased.
      The basic principles of fluid therapy should be used when constructing a plan for
      such therapy in an animal with renal failure. Intravenous administration of
      fluids is almost always necessary. The choice of the type of fluid, solutes, and
      electrolytes to be administered is based on the predicted abnormalities
      associated with renal failure as well as the laboratory abnormalities in the
      animal. Careful monitoring of the patient and periodic assessment of various
      laboratory parameters are necessary in order to make appropriate adjustments in
      fluid therapy.

PMID- 2648670
TI  - Experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: a review.
AB  - Whenever a 'new' disease is discovered and the putative agent responsible is
      isolated, it has been customary to attempt to reproduce the disease in similar
      animals under controlled experimental conditions. If an identical syndrome is
      produced, then the agent is considered to be responsible for producing the field
      disease. As early as 1892, Nocard did just that in relation to bovine pneumonic
      pasteurellosis (shipping/transit fever). His work however, appears to have
      escaped the attention of many subsequent workers. In the 1930s many workers
      attempted to reproduce the disease with crude preparations obtained from either
      sick or dead animals, but most of them failed. After 1950 several agents (bovine
      herpes virus 1 [BHV1], parainfluenza-3 virus [PI3] and mycoplasmas) were isolated
      from cases of shipping fever in North America. These, together with physical
      stress, were thought to be involved in the aetiology and pathogenesis of the
      disease, with pasteurellae playing the role of secondary invader. Many
      experimenters then used multiple agents in different combinations, but their
      degree of success in reproducing the disease was variable. Greater success was
      achieved when P haemolytica A1 was given to calves four days after exposure to
      BHV1. This success, although only moderate, reinforced the concept of the
      secondary role of pasteurellae. After 1977 however, it became increasingly clear
      that P haemolytica A1 was capable of causing the disease as a primary pathogen,
      provided that two conditions were fulfilled. First, the calves had to be
      susceptible, that is, non-immune, and secondly, P haemolytica A1 in the
      logarithmic growth phase had to be administered to the trachea or lungs in
      numbers greater than 5 x 10(9) colony forming units.

PMID- 2648671
TI  - Experimental Salmonella enteritidis infection in chicks.

PMID- 2648672
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides: a literature review.
AB  - The chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides (CPAHs) appear to have similar
      pharmacokinetics. They are rapidly and almost completely absorbed from an oral
      dose. They distribute to other tissues and are highly protein-bound in the
      plasma. The CPAHs are rapidly eliminated unchanged in the urine by an active
      process in the kidneys. Increasing doses apparently influence absorption,
      metabolism, distribution and elimination of the CPAHs so that biological effects
      are increased. Combinations of CPAHs are likely to result in additive or
      potentiated biological effects. Data suggest that CPAH toxicosis may be
      alleviated by treatment with fluids and bicarbonate to increase urinary pH and
      volume, thereby increasing excretion.

PMID- 2648673
TI  - Methemoglobinemia resulting from smoke inhalation.
AB  - Methemoglobinemia following fire exposure is largely unrecognized. Fire related
      morbidity and mortality are customarily attributed to thermal injury, associated
      trauma, and carbon monoxide poisoning. More recently, cyanide poisoning has been
      described from the inhalation of hydrogen cyanide liberated from of burning
      plastics (1). Symptoms of tissue hypoxia and cyanosis resulting from
      methemoglobinemia may be difficult to diagnose in the presence of thermal injury,
      cyanide and/or carbon monoxide poisoning. Relatively low levels of methemoglobin
      could complicate concomitant carbon monoxide poisoning by additive or synergistic
      effects on oxygen binding and delivery. We report 3 cases of significant
      methemoglobinemia (levels of 19, 12, and 12%) in survivors of a dwelling fire and
      review the literature with regard to this phenomenon.

PMID- 2648674
TI  - The combination of surgery and radiation in the treatment of cancer. A review.
AB  - Although radiation and surgery have been combined for the treatment of cancer in
      humans and animals since the 1920s, little has been written about the methods of
      combining radiation and surgery and the efficacy of this combination for the
      treatment of animal tumors. This article reviews the rationale for combining
      radiation and surgery for the treatment of cancer and the ways in which these two
      modalities can be combined with emphasis placed on the advantages and
      disadvantages of preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy. The role of
      preoperative and postoperative irradiation for the treatment of various animal
      tumors is discussed. Directions for future clinical trials are pointed out.
      Finally, the importance of surgeons and radiation oncologists communicating with
      each other and participating in cooperative treatment methods is stressed.

PMID- 2648675
TI  - [Immunoenzyme phenotyping of cells of domestically-produced monoclonal antibodies
      on dried smears of peripheral blood and bone marrow].
AB  - The authors describe the indirect immunoperoxidase method which makes possible
      immunophenotyping of cells on dried smears of peripheral and bone marrow. They
      used only local currently available monoclonal antibodies with a diagnostic value
      in lymphoproliferative conditions. The above procedure makes it possible to
      examine stored non-fixed smears, to evaluate the morphology of positive and
      negative cells and to evaluate findings retrospectively.

PMID- 2648676
TI  - [Clinical importance of changes in antibody immunity in gout].
AB  - In 77 patients with gout (16 with acute attacks and 61 during an attack-free
      period), in 30 healthy subjects, 30 patients with IgM RF serum positive
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 20 cases of IgM RF serum negative RA the authors
      examined serum values of 10 parameters of antibody immunity: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD,
      IgE, beta-2 microglobulin (beta-2 MG), immunocomplexes (IK), IgM RF/LFT,
      IgM/RF/HAT and ANA/IF. Data obtained by quantitative analyses were processed by
      stepwise discrimination with the consecutive selection of characteristics
      significant for the differentiation of the investigated groups and by assessment
      of classification functions which make it possible to classify individuals
      selected at random. The authors consider the following particularly important
      from the clinical aspect: acute gouty attack--IgM RF serum positive RA (IK and
      beta-2 MG), attack-free stage of gout--healthy subjects (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, IK,
      IgE). IgM RF were detected in 5/77 patients with gout, ANA/IF not in a single
      patient.

PMID- 2648677
TI  - [The Apple II e microcomputer as a databank for registering special donors].
AB  - The authors introduced in the Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion in
      Prague records of special donors, voluntary donors of bone marrow and voluntary
      donors for the separator using the microcomputer Apple II and the system ArchTex.
      These provisions make it possible to select a suitable donor much more quickly
      than by the hitherto used system of cards which, however, still are essential for
      the work of the special donor station.

PMID- 2648678
TI  - [Interleukin-2 and cancer immunotherapy].

PMID- 2648679
TI  - [75th anniversary of the first mammography].

PMID- 2648680
TI  - [Interpretation of the epitaph on the grave of Paracelsus (1493-1541) in the St.
      Sebastian cemetery in Salzburg].
AB  - The inscription on Paracelsus' epitaph in the cemetery of Saint Sebastian in
      Salzburg is critically reviewed with regard to an allusion to Job, Chapter 19.

PMID- 2648681
TI  - Acute rheumatic fever in Wisconsin.
AB  - Medical records of patients discharged from Children's Hospital of Wisconsin from
      January 1980 to May 1988 who fulfilled the revised Jones criteria for acute
      rheumatic fever were reviewed. A total of 13 patients were hospitalized with a
      first attack of acute rheumatic fever during this period. Migratory polyarthritis
      was present in 92% of the patients and carditis in 62%. Mitral regurgitation was
      present in all cases of carditis. Only six patients (46%) had a history of a
      preceding streptococcal infection, half of whom were treated with antibiotics.
      While there is no evidence to support a new outbreak of acute rheumatic fever in
      Wisconsin, our data demonstrate that the disease is still prevalent within the
      eastern region of the state. Patients with Group A streptococcal pharyngitis must
      be identified and treated to prevent this disease from increasing in incidence.

PMID- 2648682
TI  - Medicaid patients' use of HMO services.
AB  - In October 1984 the state Department of Health and Social Services established
      the Preferred Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Enrollment Initiative, a
      mandatory HMO plan for Medicaid-Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
      recipients residing in Dane and Milwaukee counties. This study examines the
      effect of the plan over two years on a family practice residency center that
      contracted with the state to provide primary care for 2,500 medical assistance
      recipients. Data showed that visits by Medicaid patients increased from 1.1 per
      person per year in 1982 to 3.5 in 1986 and that the percent of visits by these
      patients compared to total visits to the center increased from 20.8% in 1982 to
      56% in 1986. This increased use by Medicaid patients was accompanied by a decline
      in visits by fee-for services patients. The potential effects on patient care and
      resident education are discussed.

PMID- 2648683
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary disorders of patients with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
AB  - It is apparent that the lung is frequently involved by a number of opportunistic
      pathogens and neoplasms in AIDS patients. What is even more disconcerting is the
      fact that often several infections or infection and neoplasm can coexist [236].
      At this time, although effective therapy is at hand for most of the disorders
      mentioned, the patient's underlying immunodeficiency prevents any long-term
      survival and also usually leads to relapse when treatment is discontinued.
      Perhaps the use of newer antiviral compounds such as azidothymidine [237] or
      immunomodulating agents will help to reconstitute the waning immunocompetence and
      allow more durable responses in these currently fatal complications.

PMID- 2648684
TI  - [Infections of the skin caused by gram-negative pathogens. Foot infections--wound
      infections--folliculitis].
AB  - Gram-negative bacilli are ubiquitous. They are found in 10-15% of the
      intertriginous bacterial flora and the most important one is Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa. Heat, moisture, mazeration, and reduction of the normal Gram-positive
      flora favor a rapid establishment of Gram-negative bacilli and the ensuing
      development of clinical infections. The diagnosis depends of the characteristic
      clinical features and localization, the patient's history, as well as the result
      of bacteriological investigation. The significance of the isolation of Gram
      negative bacilli from non-specific lesions must be carefully evaluated. Cutaneous
      lesions respond well to therapy if they can be dried. Systemic antibiotics acting
      against Gram-negative bacilli have been found helpful. In patients with acne and
      Gram-negative folliculitis, isotretinoin has a good effect.

PMID- 2648685
TI  - [Fungal involvement of the penis in patients with penile condylomata acuminata].
AB  - In a study on 129 patients with penile condylomata acuminata we recognised an
      incidence of 32% penile yeast affection. Candida was found in 54%, Torulopsis in
      30% and Rhodotorula in 17% of all cases. The high rate of yeasts not belonging to
      the candida species is remarkable. There was no correlation between our test
      results regarding the cell-mediated immunity against candida albicans and the
      local yeast infection.

PMID- 2648686
TI  - [Treatment of brittle fingernails with biotin].
AB  - Frailty and brittleness of the finger nails is frequently seen, particularly in
      women. In veterinary medicine, it has been documented that defect hooves of
      horses or claws of swines respond well to oral application of biotin.
      Accordingly, we studied the effect of biotin on human dystrophic finger nails, a
      keratin structure as well. 71 patients were treated with a daily oral dose of
      biotin of 2.5 mg. Out of the 45 cases which finally could be evaluated, 41 (91%)
      showed definite improvement with firmer and harder finger nails after an average
      treatment of 5.5 +/- 2.3 months. In 4 of the 45 patients (9%), the improvement
      was questionable. None of the patients considered the treatment altogether
      ineffective. We conclude that biotin in most of the cases provides an effective
      therapy also for human patients with brittle nails.

PMID- 2648687
TI  - [Doppler sonographic diagnosis of secondary popliteal and femoral vein
      insufficiency].

PMID- 2648688
TI  - Diagnostic methods for chlamydial infections in a high-risk population.
AB  - An enzymeimmunoassay test performed well in comparison with cell culture in
      detecting chlamydial infections among 209 women at a public health clinic,
      detecting 73% of the infected patients. Clinical and epidemiological criteria
      alone identified only 52%. The authors consider the test an essential supplement
      to other criteria when looking for chlamydial infection in a high risk
      population.

PMID- 2648689
TI  - In rural Virginia, world-class medicine: John Peter Mettauer, 1787-1878.
AB  - When he devised a method for repairing vesico-vaginal fistulas, the great Marion
      Sims took notice and did likewise. For his original work in congenital
      deformities he was called America's first plastic surgeon. "A genius of his
      time," summed up an article describing his innovations in ophthalmology. He was
      Peter Mettauer of Prince Edward Courthouse, Virginia.

PMID- 2648690
TI  - The value of the lateral projection in preoperative assessment of abdominal
      aortic aneurysms by IV-DSA.
AB  - 25 consecutive patients with known abdominal aneurysms were examined pre
      operatively by IV-DSA. In all patients a lateral view was taken in addition to
      the standard posteroanterior view. The state of the visceral arteries was best
      assessed on the lateral projection. In 24% of examinations the renal arteries
      could not be visualised satisfactorily in the lateral view. In 37% of the 19
      patients in which the distance between the renal arteries and the aneurysm neck
      could be measured there was a greater than 1 cm discrepancy between the two
      projections indicating that both views are necessary for accurate measurement. It
      is concluded that both a lateral and a postero-anterior projection should be
      routinely taken for IV-DSA in pre-operative assessment of abdominal aortic
      aneurysms.

PMID- 2648691
TI  - [Comparison of the effectiveness of intra-arterial and intravenous administration
      of buflomedil in patients with intermittent claudication].
AB  - Buflomedil is a vasoactive agent widely used in the treatment of peripheral
      arterial disease. 42 patients with peripheral obliterative arterial disease
      (POAD) in the intermittent claudication stage were treated in a randomized
      controlled study with 200 mg Buflomedil either intraarterially or intravenously.
      The infusions with this vasoactive agent were given daily for 15 days, on
      weekends the patients took 300 mg Buflomedil orally twice. Painfree walking
      distance on a treadmill was below 75 m at entrance. The treatment was controlled
      by treadmill test and systolic blood pressure gradients. The painfree walking
      distance was improved in the i.v. group from 38.7 to 91.7 m (+137%); in the i.a.
      group from 43.4 to 126m (+190%). There was a significant difference between the
      increases of painfree walking distances in both groups. No changes of doppler
      gradients occured. The result of this controlled study confirm that i.a.
      administered Buflomedil increases painfree walking distances more pronounced than
      i.v. infusions in patients with intermittent claudication due to POAD.

PMID- 2648692
TI  - [Long-term results following fibrinolytic treatment of deep venous thromboses in
      the area of the pelvis and leg].
AB  - 68 patients who underwent fibrinolytic treatment due to deep vein thrombosis of
      the lower extremity were followed-up after a median time interval of 6.3 years.
      Phlebography was carried out in all patients prior to and following fibrinolytic
      treatment. 28% of all patients showed complete patency and 38% partial patency.
      34% showed no improvement. For the long term follow-up, physical examination,
      doppler-sonography, phlebodynamometry and vein occlusion plethysmography were
      assessed. The acute intervention, regarding treatment, turned out to be the
      crucial prognostic parameter. While late symptoms and clinical findings on the
      one hand and site, extent and age of thrombosis prior to fibrinolytic treatment
      on the other hand did not correlate with one another, symptoms and clinical
      findings did indeed correlate quite well with the outcome of fibrinolytic
      treatment. Postthrombotic syndrom was rare in cases with complete patency. In
      cases where patency was only partially or not at all achieved, postthrombotic
      syndrom was present to a higher degree the more central and the more extensive
      the remaining thrombosis was.

PMID- 2648693
TI  - Aneurysms of aberrant right subclavian artery: a rare cause of the superior vena
      cava syndrome.
AB  - Aneurysms of an aberrant right subclavian artery are very rare. Since 1956, only
      36 cases have been reported in the literature. 2 cases of aneurysms of an
      aberrant right subclavian artery are presented. The patients were admitted with
      the symptoms of a superior vena cava syndrome. During the radiographic
      examination, the presence of superior mediastinal masses was noticed. The
      aneurysms were resected successfully. The clinical presentation, surgical
      management and prognosis of our two cases of aneurysms of an aberrant right
      subclavian artery are reported, and a review of the literature is added.

PMID- 2648694
TI  - Analysis of chromosomal DNA patterns of the genus Kluyveromyces.
AB  - Using an improved procedure of pulsed field gel electrophoresis, yeast
      chromosomes were separated over a wide range of molecular size (250-4000 kbp) on
      single gels. The chromosomal DNA patterns of all the species belonging to the
      genus Kluyveromyces were examined. Within the species K. marxianus, the varieties
      lactis, drosophilarum and vanudenii showed closely related patterns: very
      different from them, the varieties bulgaricus and marxianus were related to each
      other, forming a distinct group; the strains commonly called 'K. lactis' and 'K.
      fragilis' were unambiguously different from each other in chromosome patterns.
      These differences were correlated with the presence of characteristic repetitive
      sequence elements in the mitochondrial DNA of the former group and not in the
      latter. Analysis of Candida macedoniensis, which had been considered to be an
      anamorph of K. marxianus var. marxianus, showed that these two yeast species were
      indeed similar in chromosome patterns and in mitochondrial DNA restriction
      patterns.

PMID- 2648695
TI  - Cloning and characterization of baker's yeast alpha-glucosidase: over-expression
      in a yeast strain devoid of vacuolar proteinases.
AB  - Two alpha-glucosidase (maltase) genes, designated GLUCPI and GLUCPII, have been
      cloned from an industrial strain of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by
      complementation of a maltase-negative mutant strain. The different genes were
      identified according to their alternatively expressed isoenzymes PI and PII in
      transformants after isoelectric focusing and activity staining in separated cell
      lysates. The gene encoding alpha-glucosidase PI (GLUCPI), which was not present
      in laboratory strains of S. carlsbergensis with a defined MAL1, 2, 3, 4 or 6
      locus, was sequenced and compared with the recently published MAL6S gene. This
      comparison revealed single amino acid deviations at three positions in the
      predicted polypeptide sequence. In addition, the divergent promoter region of
      GLUCPI differed from MAL6S by a triple repeated 147-bp DNA segment. Maltose
      induction and glucose repression of alpha-glucosidase PI were not affected by the
      deletion of the repeated DNA segment. However, the absolute expression of alpha
      glucosidase PI increased two- to four-fold. In addition, a two-fold increase in
      the maltase synthesis occurred when the cloned positive regulator gene MAL2-8ep
      was on the same plasmid. Furthermore, stability of the alpha-glucosidase in
      cultures in the stationary growth phase was greatly enhanced using a host strain
      lacking the proteinases A and B and the carboxypeptidases Y and S. Promoter
      trimming, MAL2-8cp stimulation and the use of a host strain deficient in four
      vacuolar proteinases resulted in alpha-glucosidase PI expression of about 13% of
      the soluble protein.

PMID- 2648696
TI  - Yeast KEX2 protease and mannosyltransferase I are localized to distinct
      compartments of the secretory pathway.
AB  - The KEX2 protease (product of the KEX2 gene) functions late in the secretory
      pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cleaving the polypeptide chains of prepro
      killer toxin and prepro-alpha-factor at paired basic amino acid residues. The
      intracellular vesicles containing KEX2 protease sedimented in density gradients
      to a position distinct from those containing mannosyltransferase I (product of
      the MNN1 gene), a marker enzyme for the Golgi complex. The recovery of intact
      compartments containing these enzymes approached 80% after sedimentation. We
      propose that the KEX2 protease and mannosyltransferase I reside within distinct
      compartments.

PMID- 2648697
TI  - Extraction and rapid inactivation of proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by
      trichloroacetic acid precipitation.
AB  - Methods currently used for the extraction of proteins from yeast involve
      relatively long time periods between sampling cells from a culture and analysis
      of their proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-sodium dodecylsulphate.
      Often it is desirable to inactivate cellular metabolism rapidly after sampling
      and here we show that trichloroacetic acid precipitation techniques, often used
      for rapid extraction and inactivation of proteins from higher eukaryotes, can be
      adapted for use with organisms which have cell walls.

PMID- 2648698
TI  - Sequence and mutational analysis of ESS1, a gene essential for growth in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A newly isolated gene, ESS1, was shown to encode a protein required for
      vegetative growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The nucleotide sequence of ESS1
      revealed a 172 amino acid open reading frame predicting a highly basic, 19.5
      kilodalton product. Although the gene was isolated by cross-hybridization with
      the vertebrate v-sis oncogene, the primary amino acid sequence bears only a
      slight resemblance to the p28sis protein. ESS1 was shown to be single copy in the
      yeast genome and transcriptionally active during logarithmic growth. It is
      located on the right arm of chromosome X, 6 centimorgans distal to ilv3. The
      genetic map location indicates it is not allelic to any previously characterized
      mutation in this organism. Both inactivation of ESS1 by gene disruption and
      overexpression by fusion to a heterologous promoter were detrimental to growth in
      both haploid and diploid cell types. Under non-permissive conditions, the
      terminal phenotype of strains containing a suppressible amber mutation within
      ESS1 was one of aberrant multibudded structures. Examination of this morphology
      indicates that loss of ESS1 function may lead to a defect in cytokinesis or cell
      separation.

PMID- 2648699
TI  - Gene regulation in macrophage development and activation.

PMID- 2648700
TI  - The tolerance defect. Properties and fate of tolerant B cells in adult mice.

PMID- 2648701
TI  - Natural killer cells: function in search of a phenotype.

PMID- 2648702
TI  - Natural killer cells and tumor immunity: 1987.

PMID- 2648703
TI  - C3 convertases of complement. Molecular genetics, structure and function of the
      catalytic domains, C2 and B.

PMID- 2648704
TI  - The mechanism of ciclosporin immunosuppression.

PMID- 2648705
TI  - Immunology of inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2648706
TI  - T cell antigen receptor: structure, assembly and function.

PMID- 2648707
TI  - [Neuropathology and prenatal medicine].

PMID- 2648708
TI  - [Intracranial ependymoma with extraneural metastases].
AB  - A report is given on a 14-year-old boy with an ependymoma of the brain which was
      3 times operated upon. At autopsy, a widespread leptomeningeal and
      intraventricular dissemination was found. Extraneural metastases developed in the
      soft tissues of the neck as well as in the pleura and lung on the left side.
      Immunohistochemically, the cells of the brain tumor and extraneural metastases of
      the neck showed a positive GFAP-reaction. According to Tables 17 to 19 of Janisch
      and co-workers (1976; 1988) and Table 1 of this paper, 48 intracranial,
      intraspinal and ectopic (subcutaneous sacrococcygeal) ependymomas with
      extraneural metastases were collected from the literature.

PMID- 2648709
TI  - Levels of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 production among Staphylococcus aureus
      strains and clinical implications.
AB  - Among 250 S. aureus clinical isolates, the incidence of TSST-1 production was
      18.0%. S. aureus var. hominis strains were predominant (95.6%), producing high
      levels of toxin in vitro, within the range of 0.6 to 4.3 micrograms/ml and
      exhibiting crystal violet binding with C/D pattern. No correlation was found
      between the level of TSST-1 production in vitro and the clinical course. Two
      (3.4%) of the var. bovis strains produced toxin in amounts less than 0.6
      micrograms/ml and did not bind crystal violet. None of the 24 var. canis isolates
      produced TSST-1. Fifty five per cent of the isolates of phage group I produced
      TSST-1 and corresponded to 57.8% of the toxigenic strains. Two of the 250
      patients developed toxic shock syndrome.

PMID- 2648710
TI  - The significance of the ipazyme IgA and IgG antibody test in the diagnosis of
      urogenital chlamydial infections.
AB  - Urogenital specimens from 200 male and female patients were cultivated for the
      detection of C. trachomatis. For comparison, serum of the same patients was
      investigated with the Ipazyme IgA and IgG test. This comparison of culture and
      serological tests revealed a sensitivity of the IgA Ipazyme test of 56% and a
      specificity of 81%. For the IgG Ipazyme test, the corresponding values were 77%
      and 39%. The sensitivity of the conventional immunofluorescence test reached 46%
      and its specificity was 50% for the same group of patients. Antibiotic treatment
      of 13 IgA-positive patients resulted in a significant decrease of the titre in
      only one case. The introduction of the Ipazyme test does not open a new aspect in
      chlamydial serology, i.e. the diagnostic value of serology for the detection of a
      current chlamydial infection remains low.

PMID- 2648711
TI  - Rapid detection of group B streptococci in vaginal swabs of parturients by latex
      particle agglutination.
AB  - Duplicate high vaginal swabs were obtained from 200 parturient women at Abeokuta
      (Nigeria). By culture on a selective agar twenty-two women (11%) were found to
      harbour group B streptococci. The second swab was subjected to a 45 min enzymatic
      extraction procedure and then tested in a latex agglutination test for group B
      streptococcal antigen (Wellcogen Strep B; Wellcome Diagnostics, Dartford, UK).
      The latex test permitted the detection of three out of 22 colonized women
      (overall sensitivity 13.6%). The sensitivity for detection of heavy colonization
      was 50% (three out of six women). It is concluded that the sensitivity of the
      method employed for rapid detection of group B streptococcal antigen in vaginal
      swabs is still unsatisfactory.

PMID- 2648712
TI  - Quantitative assessment of human neutrophil chemiluminescence induced by
      opsonized Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - The interaction of opsonized E. coli K-12 bacteria and polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes (PMN) was quantified, using luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) as
      a parameter of PMN stimulation. On a double-logarithmic scale light emission
      depended on the opsonin concentration used during pre-opsonisation. The most
      potent CL-inducing agent was fresh human serum, and its stimulatory activity
      depended on an intact complement (C) system. Both inactivation of C by heating or
      blocking the classical C pathway with EGTD decreased the CL-inducing potency by a
      factor of 8 to 16. Hypogammaglobulinemic heated serum mediated little CL. IgG for
      intravenous use mediated CL generation, but reduction/alkylation and
      sulphitolysis reduced the stimulatory power. Evidence is presented that the anti
      K-12 antibodies within commercial IgG and IgM used for substitution do not
      improve the stimulatory power of IgG-deficient, IgM- and C-sufficient serum,
      unless very high Ig concentrations are substituted.

PMID- 2648713
TI  - Proteolytic and lysosomal enzymes in acute trauma-induced lung injury in sheep.
AB  - Surgical preparation of a lung lymph fistula in sheep was previously shown to
      induce temporary permeability disturbance of pulmonary microvessels. Flow and
      composition of lung lymph were compared in 19 sheep with acute, and 16 with
      chronic lymph fistula. Lymph and plasma were analyzed regarding activities of
      prothrombin, antithrombin III, prekallikrein, kallikrein, functional kallikrein
      inhibitors and 11 acid hydrolases of lysosomal origin. Levels of prothrombin and
      antithrombin III fell postoperatively in plasma and reached even lower values in
      lymph, indicating systemic activation of the coagulation system as well as local
      activation in the lung. The studied components of the plasma-kallikrein system
      were unchanged. Lysosomal enzymes were released in lung lymph, reflecting cell
      injury in the lung. Local activation of proteolytic enzyme systems thus occurs in
      the lung after trauma. Analysis of organ-specific lymph (= interstitial fluid)
      may contribute to better understanding of the pathophysiology of trauma.

PMID- 2648714
TI  - MHC status of primary human colorectal carcinoma: biological significance and
      implications for host immune recognition.

PMID- 2648715
TI  - Interactions of cytokines in the host.

PMID- 2648716
TI  - Perspectives on hybridoma technology in radioimmunodetection and therapy.

PMID- 2648717
TI  - Immunotherapy of tumors with monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2648718
TI  - Treatment of malignant melanoma with interferon.

PMID- 2648719
TI  - CA 50 and CA 19-9 in serum as tumor markers for pancreatic cancer: a review of
      the literature.

PMID- 2648720
TI  - Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural findings in a case of rare carcinoma of
      the pancreas with predominance of malignant squamous cells in an intraoperative
      needle aspirate.
AB  - The cytologic diagnosis by intraoperative needle aspiration of a rare carcinoma
      of the pancreas composed predominantly of malignant squamous cells is reported.
      Both poorly differentiated and keratinized well-differentiated squamous cells
      were seen in the aspirate. Tissue for histologic confirmation was not obtained
      because of the position of the mass. Confirmatory ultrastructural and
      immunoperoxidase studies were thus done on the aspirated material to confirm the
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2648721
TI  - Detection of adenocarcinoma in peritoneal washings by staining with monoclonal
      antibody B72.3.
AB  - Peritoneal washings are routinely performed in the staging evaluation of
      carcinomas of the ovary and in "second-look" explorations; major problems in the
      evaluation of these specimens continue to be the distinction between atypical
      mesothelium and adenocarcinoma and the identification in an otherwise
      inflammatory specimen of rare cells of adenocarcinoma, which may be undetected by
      the most trained individual. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3, reactive with an
      oncofetal, tumor-associated glycoprotein (termed TAG-72; MW greater than 1000 kd)
      expressed in a variety of epithelial malignancies but not generally expressed in
      benign or malignant mesothelium, was reacted with sections from the paraffin
      embedded cell blocks of 185 peritoneal washings from 180 patients with extant
      cancer or a prior history of malignancy. One hundred four of the washings were
      initially interpreted as atypical mesothelium, with no evidence of malignancy;
      when reacted with MAb B72.3, 6 of these specimens demonstrated groups of
      metastatic adenocarcinoma cells not appreciated by the usual cytologic criteria.
      Of the 81 washings interpreted as showing cells of adenocarcinoma, 73
      demonstrated expression of TAG-72 from both gynecologic and nongynecologic
      malignancies. In the remaining 49 cases without an associated malignant process,
      MAb B72.3 did not stain atypical mesothelium, but did react, however, with benign
      endometrial cells and mullerian inclusions in two cases. MAb B72.3 may be used as
      a diagnostic adjunct to the routine cytologic evaluation of malignancy in
      peritoneal washings; reactivity with MAb B72.3 may indicate the need for further
      evaluation to define the presence of a malignancy or an advanced cancer.

PMID- 2648722
TI  - Papillary clusters in voided urine associated with Salmonella epididymitis in a
      renal transplant patient.

PMID- 2648723
TI  - Metformin improves peripheral but not hepatic insulin action in obese patients
      with type II diabetes.
AB  - Nine obese patients with Type II diabetes mellitus were examined in a double
      blind cross-over study. Metformin 0.5 g trice daily or placebo were given for 4
      weeks. At the end of each period fasting and day-time postprandial values of
      plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide and lactate were determined, and in vivo
      insulin action was assessed using the euglycemic clamp in combination with [3
      3H]glucose tracer technique. Metformin treatment significantly reduced mean day
      time plasma glucose levels (10.2 +/- 1.2 vs 11.4 +/- 1.2 mmol/l, P less than
      0.01) without enhancing mean day-time plasma insulin (43 +/- 4 vs 50 +/- 7 mU/l,
      NS) or C-peptide levels (1.26 +/- 0.12 vs 1.38 +/- 0.18 nmol/l, NS). Fasting
      plasma lactate was unchanged (1.57 +/- 0.16 vs 1.44 +/- 0.11 mmol/l, NS), whereas
      mean day-time plasma lactate concentrations were slightly increased (1.78 +/-
      0.11 vs 1.38 +/- 0.11 mmol/l, P less than 0.01). The clamp study revealed that
      metformin treatment was associated with an enhanced insulin-mediated glucose
      utilization (370 +/- 38 vs 313 +/- 33 mg.m-2.min-1, P less than 0.01), whereas
      insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production was unchanged. Also
      basal glucose clearance was improved (61.0 +/- 5.8 vs 50.6 +/- 2.8 ml.m-2.min-1,
      P less than 0.05), whereas basal hepatic glucose production was unchanged (81 +/-
      6 vs 77 +/- 4 mg.m-2.min-1, NS). CONCLUSIONS: 1) Metformin treatment in obese
      Type II diabetic patients reduces hyperglycemia without changing the insulin
      secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648724
TI  - Changes in the bioactivity to immunoreactivity ratio of circulating luteinizing
      hormone in impotent men treated with testosterone undecanoate.
AB  - Testosterone undecanoate was administered orally (80 mg twice daily) for 30 days
      to 10 impotent men with mild Leydig cell failure, age 28 to 42 years. Placebo was
      administered for 30 days both before and at the end of testosterone undecanoate
      therapy. Serum levels of bioactive LH, immunoreactive LH and testosterone were
      determined in basal conditions (day zero), 30 days after the first placebo
      administration, at the 15th and 30th day of testosterone undecanoate therapy, and
      at the end of the second treatment with placebo (90th day). Bioactive LH was
      measured by a sensitive and specific in vitro bioassay based on testosterone
      production by mechanically dispersed mouse Leydig cell preparations.
      Immunoreactive LH and testosterone were determined by a double-antibody RIA
      technique. The results were compared with those obtained in 30 untreated normal
      young men. In the basal state, serum concentrations of immunoreactive LH were
      significantly higher in the patients (P less than 0.02) than in control subjects,
      whereas testosterone levels were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in the
      impotent men. In contrast, bioactive LH levels and the bioactive LH to
      immunoreactive LH ratios were similar in the two groups. In the patients, at the
      15th day of treatment with testosterone undecanoate, serum levels of testosterone
      and bioactive LH were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than basal values,
      whereas immunoreactive LH concentrations showed no significant changes.
      Consequently, the bioactive LH to immunoreactive LH ratios rose significantly (P
      less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648725
TI  - Anti-goat immunoglobulin antibodies in diabetic children at diagnosis and follow
      up: comparison with islet cell antibodies and other autoantibodies.
AB  - The presence of antibodies reacting with human as well as animal immunoglobulins
      in sera from recent onset Type I diabetic patients has been recently demonstrated
      by some of our group. In the present study, the occurrence of these antibodies
      has been evaluated in sera from 19 Type I diabetic patients, at diagnosis and at
      follow-up within three years, and from 26 normal subjects, and has also been
      compared with the presence of islet cell antibodies and other organ-specific
      autoantibodies. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been used: serum was incubated
      in goat immunoglobulin-coated wells and the binding of 125-I-anti-human
      immunoglobulin antibodies was evaluated. Anti-goat immunoglobulin antibodies were
      above the 90th percentile of normal values in all diabetic patients at diagnosis
      (median, interquartile range, in micrograms 125I-antibody bound/1 serum: 83, 77.5
      88, versus 51.5, 44.5-62 in normal subjects, P less than 0.001) and significantly
      declined with time after diagnosis (P less than 0.001). Islet cell antibodies
      were present in 79% of patients at diagnosis, whereas at least one other auto
      antibody was found in 21% of patients. In the follow-up study the decline in anti
      goat immunoglobulin antibody levels was different from that of islet cell
      antibody positivity. A circulating immunoglobulin reacting with other
      immunoglobulins is thus present in the early stages of Type I diabetes and may
      well play a part in the complex immunopathogenetic interactions.

PMID- 2648726
TI  - Effects of acute insulin deficiency on catecholamine and indoleamine content and
      catecholamine turnover in microdissected hypothalamic nuclei in streptozotocin
      diabetic rats.
AB  - The effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on catecholamine and indoleamine
      concentrations and catecholamine turnover rates in individual microdissected
      hypothalamic nuclei known, or believed, to be involved in the control of
      neuroendocrine function, were examined in control, insulin-treated diabetic and
      acutely insulin-withdrawn diabetic female rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes
      and acute insulin deficiency were demonstrated to result in increased
      concentrations of epinephrine in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, decreased turnover
      of epinephrine in the arcuate nucleus and decreased turnover of dopamine in the
      ventromedial nucleus was found to be increased in the insulin-treated diabetic
      animals. These data indicate that experimental diabetes and acute insulin
      deficiency result in the rapid onset of detectable alterations in epinephrine and
      dopamine activity in specific hypothalamic nuclei. These diabetes-induced changes
      may cause, or contribute to, the development of secondary neuroendocrine
      abnormalities known to occur in the diabetic condition.

PMID- 2648727
TI  - Fee schedule begins, subject to retroactive change.

PMID- 2648728
TI  - Pathologic features of various ventilatory strategies.
AB  - Five pathologic findings have been found to be associated with ventilatory
      induced lung injury in the premature baboon model of hyaline membrane disease.
      They are: (1) tracheal and major bronchial lesions, (2) small airway changes, (3)
      inflation pattern aberrations, (4) bronchoalveolar hemorrhage, and (5) air leak
      problems. The use of immediate high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)
      prevents the bronchiolar overdistension (small airway), atelectasis (inflation
      pattern), and air leak problems. The lesions in the trachea and large bronchi of
      prematures all show injury secondary to prolonged intubation, but after HFOV the
      lesions are no worse than those seen in PPV-treated tracheas. HFOV does increase
      the incidence of bronchoalveolar hemorrhages, and this lesion plus some of the
      non-pulmonary complications will require further investigation.

PMID- 2648729
TI  - Humidification techniques in high-frequency ventilation. A review.

PMID- 2648730
TI  - The use of high frequency oscillation in hyaline membrane disease.

PMID- 2648731
TI  - Role of lung volume in lung injury: HFO in the atelectasis-prone lung.

PMID- 2648732
TI  - Clinical use of high frequency ventilation.
AB  - High-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) and high-frequency positive pressure
      ventilation (HFPPV) occupy a specific place in the wide range of ventilatory
      support techniques available for anesthesia and critical care. In anesthesia,
      HFJV and HFPPV have been proved to be superior to conventional ventilation in ENT
      surgery, laryngoscopies, laser surgery, bronchoscopies, surgery of the upper
      airways, surgical resection of aneurysms involving the thoracic descending aorta,
      vocal cord surgery, microsurgery for superficial temporal artery to middle
      cerebral artery anastomosis and lithotripsy. In intensive care, HFJV and HFPPV
      offer some advantages over conventional ventilation with PEEP in the presence of
      acute respiratory failure with circulatory shock, acute ventricular failure,
      bronchopleural fistula with large airleak flows and tracheal lesions secondary to
      tracheostomy or prolonged intubation. In many other clinical situations HFJV and
      HFPPV have produced results identical with those obtained with conventional
      ventilation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma are absolute contra
      indications to both techniques because overdistension and/or hypoventilation
      occur in the presence of increased respiratory compliance and/or elevated
      bronchial resistance. In unilateral lung disease HFJV and HFPPV offer no
      advantage over conventional ventilation.

PMID- 2648733
TI  - Clinical experience with several types of high frequency ventilation.

PMID- 2648734
TI  - Regulation of high frequency ventilation combined with conventional mechanical
      ventilation.

PMID- 2648735
TI  - Monitoring of physiological parameters during high frequency ventilation (HFV).
AB  - Non-biological descriptors such as jet feeding pressure and oscillator stroke
      volume are often used to describe HFV. This results in confusion and hinders
      acceptance of HFV. The goal of this paper is to show how physiological parameters
      which are valid during HFV can be monitored. Airway pressure measured in narrow
      tubes with high linear flow rates is underestimated. A relevant airway pressure
      must be measured well below the tracheal tube. Pressure measured higher up should
      be validated against peripheral pressure measurements. Minute ventilation and
      expired CO2 concentration can be determined with a ServoVentilator and a CO2
      analyzer arranged at its exit port. Minute ventilation and CO2 elimination can
      thereby be continuously monitored during high frequency jet ventilation or so
      called "combined high frequency jet ventilation" to prevent undetected
      disturbance of ventilation and perfusion. Physiological dead space can be studied
      for optimization of ventilatory pattern. The principle of gas analysis at the
      exit port of the ventilator may be used for FRC determinations with sulfur
      hexafluoride.

PMID- 2648736
TI  - Aerodynamic valving in the avian lung.

PMID- 2648737
TI  - Biodynamic behavior of the trunk and the abdomen during whole-body vibration.
AB  - Vibration strain may be defined as the sum of all reactions of the human being to
      vibration exposure. This also includes the biomechanical behavior of particular
      parts of the body. Knowledge about these reactions is necessary in the field of
      occupational health and ergonomics. Biomechanical models, experimental methods,
      and results are presented. It can be shown that under vibration exposure with
      different conditions (body posture, vibration direction), the body parts are in
      resonance at varying frequencies, mainly in a low frequency range.

PMID- 2648738
TI  - Mechanics of the respiratory system during high frequency ventilation.
AB  - No rational approach has evolved for selecting operating conditions for clinical
      application of high-frequency ventilation (HFV). To this end, we divide our
      discussion of HFV into considerations of mechanics versus transport, and treat
      the latter as a constraint. After describing some of the phenomena that influence
      distending pressure (and its distribution) expressed across pulmonary tissues, we
      address the pressure costs per unit ventilation and the factors that influence
      them. This narrowly defined approach leads to some fundamental strategies,
      compromises, and dilemmas. In particular, consideration of the mechanical
      interaction of the lung and chest wall leads to a paradox, and points out that
      the influence of the chest wall upon phasic regional lung distension is not well
      understood.

PMID- 2648739
TI  - In what respect does high frequency positive pressure ventilation differ from
      conventional ventilation?
AB  - The original rationale for HFPPV was that under certain conditions adequate
      alveolar ventilation could be achieved with high ventilatory frequencies and
      small tidal volumes. It was theorized further that increased ventilatory
      frequencies and low tidal volumes would decrease the airway pressures,
      barotrauma, and cardiovascular and other systemic consequences seen with
      conventional mechanical ventilation. The first clinical applications of HFPPV
      were in bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes.
      Apart from these endoscopic applications, volume-controlled HFPPV has been
      compared with conventional ventilation in upper abdominal surgery and coronary
      artery bypass grafting. The possible advantages of HFPPV over conventional volume
      controlled ventilation in the intensive care setting are still unclear. Provided
      that the mean lung volumes are similar, oxygenation in acute respiratory failure
      is similar with both ventilation methods. Although the role of HFPPV in the
      management of pulmonary diseases still remains to be clarified, it does provide
      effective ventilation in selected types of patients needing ventilatory support.
      New modes of pressure-controlled ventilation have not resolved all clinical
      problems in severe ARDS and/or acute respiratory failure. The search for means of
      optimal ventilatory support with minimal complications must continue, as
      conventional ventilation does not always offer the best treatment.

PMID- 2648740
TI  - Toward improved methods of high frequency ventilation: a study of gas transport
      mechanisms.
AB  - Prior studies of gas transport mechanisms are reviewed with the aim of using
      these results to suggest improvements over current methods of ventilation. These
      concepts are cast in a simpler framework that more clearly identifies those
      factors that limit the rate of gas transport under conditions typical of HFV. One
      simplification introduced simulates the enhancement of molecular diffusion due to
      the movement of gas back-and-forth through regions of varying cross-sectional
      area. The region of the lung that currently poses the greatest resistance to gas
      transport is represented by those airways having diameters in the range of 1.0 to
      2.5 mm. This suggests that new efforts should be devoted to better understanding
      the nature of transport in this zone and to the development of variations in the
      method of ventilation that have the greatest influence there.

PMID- 2648741
TI  - Delivered volume during high-frequency ventilation.

PMID- 2648742
TI  - The ventilatory effect of external oscillation.
AB  - High frequency ventilation (HFV) may be achieved by external oscillation
      (external HFV) applied around the chest wall (HFCWO) in large animals and humans,
      or over the entire body (HFBSO) in small animals, instead of being applied via
      the trachea (internal HFV). We present a synthesis of the results obtained with
      external HFV in both normal and bronchoconstricted subjects. Whereas external and
      internal HFV were found to be equivalent in terms of gas exchange in normal rats,
      external HFV was found to have a beneficial effect in bronchoconstricted rabbits,
      but internal HFV did not. From the frequency-oscillatory tidal volume
      relationship determined in normocapnic rabbits, HFBSO at 5 Hz was found to be the
      optimal frequency at which to ventilate with tidal volumes close to the dead
      space volume, and which was also shown to be the optimal volume to obtain
      normocapnia. Moreover, 5 Hz oscillations (HFCWO) at 20 ml and 40 ml superimposed
      on tidal breathing accelerated nitrogen washout, i.e., gas exchange in normal
      humans. Unfortunately, only oscillations with much smaller volumes (5-10 ml) were
      obtainable in COPD patients. Nevertheless, they produced a clear change in
      breathing pattern associated with a slight improvement in gas exchange and a
      potentially positive effect on inspiratory muscle fatigue. These results support
      the concept that non-invasive external HFV technique may be of use in assisting
      ventilation in bronchoconstricted subjects and may possibly replace conventional
      controlled ventilation, at least in subjects with high lung compliance, such as
      babies, neonates and normal adults.

PMID- 2648743
TI  - Leukocyte types in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood enumerated
      immunoenzymatically in aseptic meningitis and the Guillain-Barre syndrome.
AB  - To study celltype distribution simultaneously in peripheral blood (PB) and
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with aseptic meningitis (AM) (n = 14) and
      Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) (n = 9) we used an immunoenzymatic method that
      enabled the use of several monoclonal antibodies, also in CSF samples with normal
      cellcounts. In both patient groups a different cell-distribution in CSF compared
      to PB was found with regard to pan T cells (CD5+/anti-Leu1+), T cell
      subpopulations (CD4+/anti-Leu3+, CD8+/anti-Leu2+), B cells (OKB2+, OKB7+),
      monocytes/macrophages (CD11+/OKM1+) and HLA/DR expressing cells, whereas the
      distribution of HLA/DC+ cells was similar in CSF and PB. Thus, the CSF cell
      distribution does not reflect the distribution in PB. The proportion of T cells
      was higher and the proportion of B-cells was lower in CSF than in PB in both
      patient groups, which is a finding similar to that in patients with multiple
      sclerosis. The OKT9 marker, labelling proliferating cells expressing the
      transferrin receptor, was not useful as marker of local proliferation.

PMID- 2648744
TI  - Immune-inflammatory response in infected arthroplasties.
AB  - We studied the immunocytology of synovial fluid in purulent endoprosthetic
      infections using cell subtype-specific monoclonal antibodies in avidin-biotin
      peroxidase complex staining. Two thirds of the monocytes were CD15-positive,
      whereas CD2-positive T lymphocytes only formed one third of all the mononuclear
      cells. The synovial fluid monocyte-activated T-cell ratio differed from findings
      in sterile inflammatory, reactive and rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2648745
TI  - Sonography in soft-tissue trauma of the shoulder.
AB  - Seventy-five patients with soft-tissue trauma in the shoulder region were
      examined by ultrasonography. Normal conditions were found in 21 patients,
      distension of the acromioclavicular joint in 17, muscle hematoma or edema in 9,
      biceps tendinitis in 8, hematoma or partial rupture of the biceps tendon in 5,
      rupture of the biceps tendon in 1, and supraspinatus tendinitis or partial
      rupture in 14. A correlation was found between the sonography and clinical
      course; normal sonography was consistent with recovery in less than 1 week,
      whereas patients with pathologic changes in the supraspinatus or biceps tendon
      generally had symptoms for at least 1 month. We concluded that sonography is a
      useful diagnostic tool for evaluation of soft-tissue trauma in the shoulder.

PMID- 2648746
TI  - Arthroplasty for congenital hip dislocation. Techniques for acetabular
      reconstruction.
AB  - We investigated a series of 63 arthroplasties for chronically dislocated hips or
      severe dysplasia with at least two thirds of the femoral head uncovered. Direct
      cementation into the neoacetabulum at the pelvic wing was followed by 6/20
      revision arthroplasties and 3/20 impending failures. Cups supported by cortical
      bone grafts were revised in 8/16 and found loose in 2/12 arthroplasties. The best
      technique was restoration of the rotational center of the hip joint and roof
      reconstruction with a femoral head graft with 2/25 revisions and signs of
      loosening in 2/25.

PMID- 2648747
TI  - Inner ear disturbances following inoculation of endotoxin into the middle ear.
AB  - Inner ear function was assessed by a frequency-specific (+/-100 Hz) auditory
      brainstem response (ABR) technique after a single instillation of a suspension of
      purified E. coli lipopolysaccharide in sterile water into the round window (RW)
      niche in rats. Instillation of endotoxin caused a transient concentration and
      tonotopically dependent dysfunction of the inner ear. The largest threshold
      impairment occurred in the high-frequency region anatomically located close to
      the RW. At 31.5 kHz the threshold impairment persisted throughout the study.
      Morphologic damage to the inner ear was not detected at the light microscopic
      level when using serial sections from decalcified specimens. Our study supports
      the clinical hypothesis that remnants of non-viable bacteria such as endotoxins,
      when trapped in the middle ear, can promote middle ear effusion and dysfunction
      of the inner ear.

PMID- 2648748
TI  - Cytoskeletal identification of intermediate filaments in the inner ear of the
      jerker mouse mutant.
AB  - The expression of the five main groups of intermediate filaments (IF) and their
      subgroups, especially cytokeratins, was analysed in cryosections of the labyrinth
      of the jerker mouse mutant and compared with normal CBA/CBA controls. Fourteen
      different well characterized monoclonal antibodies were used. In principle the
      same pattern of IF was found in the two mouse strains. IF were not found in hair
      cells of the mouse inner ear, which may reflect a disparity as compared with
      human fetal hair cells. Chain-specific (epitope-specific) differences were
      visualized in cytokeratin no. 8 with regard to cells in epithelia involved in the
      homeostasis of inner ear fluids. Differences in immuno-staining occurred between
      adjacent cells in the same epithelium, for instance in the semicircular canals.

PMID- 2648749
TI  - Localization of filaggrin in human middle ear cholesteatoma.
AB  - Filaggrin, a histidine-rich protein, was located immunohistochemically in human
      middle ear cholesteatoma by specific antibody. It was found to be localized in
      the cytoplasm of the granular layer cells and cornified layer. The pattern of
      distribution is similar to that of epidermis. Filaggrin is a major component of
      keratohyalin which is a distinct component of the differentiating epidermal
      cells. Thus the presence of filaggrin in cholesteatoma suggests epidermal
      characteristics of the cholesteatoma.

PMID- 2648750
TI  - Allergen-induced specific and non-specific nasal reactions. Reciprocal
      relationship and inhibition by topical glucocorticosteroids.
AB  - The correlation between allergen-induced specific and non-specific (histamine)
      nasal reactions was studied, especially as regards topical glucocorticosteroid
      effects on the non-specific reactions. Thirteen patients with strictly seasonal
      allergic rhinitis participated. A nasal challenge with histamine and three
      increasing doses of allergen was performed on the first day. The patients were
      rechallenged 24 h later with the same histamine dose and the lowest allergen dose
      from the previous day. The same 2-day challenge was also performed after
      pretreatment for one week with budesonide in 8 of these patients. Symptom scores
      were recorded. The N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine-methyl-esterase (TAME esterase)
      activity in nasal lavages was determined. The nasal symptoms and the TAME
      esterase activity increased at rechallenge for both histamine and allergen,
      compared with the initial challenge. The mean ( +/- SE) composite nasal symptom
      score after histamine increased from 3.5 +/- 0.49 to 4.9 +/- 0.35 (p less than
      0.01) and after allergen from 1.62 +/- 0.3 to 3.2 +/- 0.5 (p less than 0.01) at
      rechallenge. Similar increases were recorded for the TAME-esterase activity. A
      close correlation between the allergen-induced increase in specific (allergen)
      and non-specific (histamine) reactivity was found (r = 0.7, p less than 0.01,
      composite nasal symptom score). Treatment with topical glucocorticosteroids
      abolished the allergen-induced increase in both specific (p less than 0.001) and
      non-specific (histamine) (p less than 0.01) nasal reactivity.

PMID- 2648751
TI  - Networks of peptide-containing nerve fibres in laryngeal nerve paraganglia. An
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Sections of rat superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves (SLN and RLN) with
      enclosed paraganglia and ganglionic cells were incubated with antisera against
      five different neuropeptides. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like
      immunoreactivity (VIP-LI) and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-LI was detected in a large
      number of varicose nerve fibres in the paraganglia. A few varicosities of the
      paraganglia showed substance P (SP)-LI or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)
      LI, whereas there were no signs of enkephalin (ENK)-LI in these varicosities. The
      paraganglionic cells never exhibited immunoreactivity for any of the peptides
      tested, whereas some of the associated ganglionic cells showed NPY-LI, VIP-LI or
      ENK-LI. The study shows that the paraganglia of the SLN and RLN receive a
      significant peptidergic innervation and suggests that the peptide-containing
      nerve fibres in these structures originate from cells other than the
      paraganglionic cells. The findings imply that in further studies defining the
      function of laryngeal nerve paraganglia in larynx physiology, the role of
      neuropeptides should be examined.

PMID- 2648752
TI  - Cellular retinol-binding protein in mucosa, in benign and malignant non-squamous
      cell tumours of the head and neck.
AB  - The measurement and localisation of cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), in
      samples of normal oral mucosa, larynx papilloma and malignant lymphoma of the
      oropharynx, was performed with a radioimmunoassay and immunolocalisation
      techniques. As compared with CRBP concentration in normal mucosa, those in
      laryngeal papilloma were significantly higher, but those of malignant lymphoma
      were similar. CRBP concentrations were highest in maturing keratinocytes within
      the prickle cell layers of normal mucosa and in laryngeal papillomas, as
      estimated on the basis of immunoreactivity to CRBP. The retinyl palmitate
      concentrations in extracts of oral mucosa correlated to the retinol
      concentrations, both in plasma and mucosal extracts, but not to the CRBP content
      in mucosal extracts. The immunolocalisation of a cellular retinoic acid-binding
      protein (CRABP) like antigen in normal oral mucosa showed much the same picture
      with strongest staining of the maturing keratinocytes of the prickle cell layers.

PMID- 2648753
TI  - Endotoxin permeability through the round window.
AB  - The permeability of the round window membrane to Salmonella typhimurium derived
      endotoxin was examined using a total of 17 chinchillas. One mg of endotoxin was
      instilled into the tympanic cavity via the superior bulla. Endotoxin activity in
      middle ear effusions (MEEs), perilymph (both inoculated and non-inoculated side),
      and sera was determined by Limulus lysate assay after 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 h
      following endotoxin instillation. Endotoxin was detected in perilymph on the
      inoculated side by 12 h after endotoxin instillation and persisted for 5 days
      during the present measurement period. Endotoxin level peaked at 24-48 h post
      instillation, and steadily declined afterwards. This result suggests that the
      maximum penetration occurred during the active inflammatory stage. Histologic
      investigation revealed marked pathological changes in the inner ear, including
      bleeding and inflammatory cell recruitment, mostly in the perilymphatic spaces
      (e.g. scalae tympani and vestibuli, spiral ligament), strial swelling, and
      sensory cell degeneration. These results suggest that endotoxin, when introduced
      into the middle ear, can permeate through the round window membrane and can cause
      inner ear tissue damage in this animal model.

PMID- 2648754
TI  - Humoral immune response in acute otitis media.
AB  - A short summary of the middle ear mucosal defence system and the characteristics
      of the infecting bacteria associated with purulent acute otitis media (AOM) is
      given. Data on humoral immune factors in middle ear effusions and serum during
      AOM are presented and the possibility that children with frequent recurrences of
      AOM exhibit an impaired ability to produce antibodies against AOM-associated
      antigens is discussed.

PMID- 2648755
TI  - Review of round window membrane permeability.
AB  - The round window membrane (RWM) is permeable to certain biological substances.
      Those substances that can pass through the RWM have the potential to cause inner
      ear damage, leading to functional disturbances. The RWM is permeable to water,
      and the existence of osmotically active substances in the middle ear cavity can
      induce an alteration of inner ear fluid osmolality, leading to membrane
      displacement. However, several limiting factors exist that prevent free passage
      of substances from the middle ear to the inner ear. These include the
      morphological barrier of the three-layered RWM, the molecular weight of the
      substances, and the nature and concentration of substances in the middle ear
      cavity. The degree and duration of the inflammation in the middle ear cavity, as
      well as the morphological integrity of the RWM, also play an important role in
      controlling the passage of noxious substances into the inner ear. Further
      characterization of the factors involved in RWM permeability, and clarification
      of the mechanisms of the inner ear damages caused by substances passing into the
      inner ear through the RWM, are necessary for an understanding of the inner ear
      dysfunction caused by middle ear inflammation.

PMID- 2648756
TI  - Toxic effects on inner ear of noxious agents passing through the round window
      membrane.
AB  - The effects on inner ear of Xylocain, EMLA, phenol, endotoxin and hydrocortisone
      were analysed before treatment and 24 h-6 months after instillation of each drug
      into the round window (RW) niche, where the substance was left. Inner ear
      function was determined by repeated auditory brainstem recordings (ABR). All
      cochleae were analysed morphologically at the light microscopic level.
      Hydrocortisone, Xylocain and endotoxin caused functional changes without
      morphological correlates, even at long-term follow-up. In contrast, phenol and
      EMLA caused both functional impairment and graded morphological damage to the
      organ of Corti in the basal coil. Outer hair cells (OHC) were more vulnerable
      than inner hair cells (IHC).

PMID- 2648757
TI  - Sensorineural hearing loss in acute and chronic middle ear diseases.
AB  - Clinical studies of SNHL in various acute and chronic middle ear diseases are
      reviewed. Reported incidences of SNHL in acute otitis and secretory otitis are
      compared with those found in our epidemiological studies. We conclude that the
      overall incidence of SNHL is small. In chronic otitis, the incidence varies
      according to the pathology. A systematic study of 67 patients operated on for
      adhesive otitis, with a mean follow-up of 11 years, showed SNHL exceeding 10 dB
      for one of the frequencies tested in 76% of the patients. Problems involved in
      the study of SNHL in clinical series are discussed.

PMID- 2648758
TI  - Survey of interactions between middle ear and inner ear.
AB  - Diseases with interaction between the middle ear and inner ear include 1)
      congenital anomalies, 2) trauma, 3) infection/inflammation, 4) tumors, 5)
      granulomas, 6) ototoxic eardrops, 7) cochlear implants, 8) otosclerosis, 9)
      Meniere's disease-decompensated, and Meniere's disease with perilymphatic
      fistula, and 10) perilymphatic hypertension. Clinical and pathological
      characteristics are briefly categorized in this survey. The clinical utility of
      exploratory tympanotomy in diagnosis and treatment of middle ear pathology and
      middle ear/inner ear interactions is commented upon.

PMID- 2648759
TI  - Inborn errors of amino acid and fatty acid metabolism with hypoglycemia as a
      major clinical manifestation.
AB  - During the last decade it has become increasingly clear that severe hypoglycemia
      may be caused by specific enzymatic defects of amino acid and fatty acid
      metabolism. Several reports have presented hypoglycemic syndromes with reduced
      fatty acid transport or oxidation, decreased ketogenesis, or abnormalities of the
      Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. It is of particular interest that
      several enzymatic defects here discussed may present as Reye's syndrome. An
      intriguing fact is a highly variable clinical presentation, even in the presence
      of well-defined enzyme deficiencies. Some patients are desperately ill in the
      newborn period, whereas in other cases there are symptoms only during catabolic
      phases later in childhood. The presence of hypoglycemia may be related to low
      levels of acetyl CoA, with consequently reduced gluconeogenesis; alternatively
      the glucose-sparing effect of ketones is lost in states of reduced ketone body
      production. Treatment with pharmacological doses of vitamins may be attempted,
      depending upon the established or suspected diagnoses. With manifest hypoglycemia
      i.v. glucose infusion is the treatment of choice. By such means convulsions, and
      brain damage may be prevented.

PMID- 2648760
TI  - Measurement of ventilation and respiratory mechanics during continuous positive
      airway pressure (CPAP) treatment in infants.
AB  - A new method has been evaluated for measuring ventilation and lung mechanics in
      spontaneously breathing infants by means of a face chamber. Airway flow is
      measured with a pneumotachograph inserted between the face chamber and a stable
      pressure source. Oesophageal pressure is measured via a water-filled oesophageal
      catheter. The method is suitable for use in conjunction with continuous positive
      airway pressure (CPAP) treatment in neonatal intensive care. A flat frequency
      response curve up to 15 Hz for the two measuring systems (i.e., airway flow and
      oesophageal pressure), and a time shift between the two respective signals of
      less than 2 msec are prerequisites for correct evaluation of respiratory
      mechanics. In preterm infants with chest distortion, the inhomogeneity of pleural
      pressure affects the significance of resistance and compliance values, as
      calculated from oesophageal pressure. Supra-diaphragmatic pressure variations
      reflect the resistive and elastic load on the diaphragm exerted by the lungs and
      thorax. Thus, oesophageal pressure is still useful in studies of respiratory
      mechanics in preterm infants.

PMID- 2648761
TI  - Does caffeine affect cerebral blood flow in the preterm infant?
AB  - Caffeine, used for treatment of idiopathic apnea in preterm infants, may have a
      vasoconstrictive effect on cerebral vessels. The ensuing reduction in cerebral
      blood flow may play a role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain damage. In 25
      preterm infants possible changes in cerebral blood flow due to caffeine
      administration were assessed using Doppler ultrasound. During caffeine treatment
      PaCO2 was reduced. However, no changes were found in cerebral blood flow velocity
      suggesting absence of major changes in cerebrovascular resistance and actual
      cerebral blood flow following caffeine medication.

PMID- 2648762
TI  - Epidemiologic study of neonatal subcutaneous gangrene caused by multi-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Forty-five cases of neonatal subcutaneous gangrene were admitted between Nov.
      1985 and Feb. 1987, with a mortality of 6.6%. This paper presents the first
      epidemiologic study of 20 cases of this disease caused by multi-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus. Eight of 20 cases were caused by an epidemic strain
      belonging to phage 29 (group I) and carrying 2.8, 3.3, 4.2 and 28.5-34.0 kb
      plasmid DNA. The restriction endonuclease analysis confirmed that the plasmid DNA
      of approximately similar size in different isolates were identical or highly
      homologous. According to the results of an epidemiologic study the source of
      infection of one patient who died was her grandmother and the other one was her
      mother, so the family members can also be the source of neonatal infection caused
      by multi-resistant S. aureus.

PMID- 2648763
TI  - Safety and efficacy of three oral rehydration solutions for children with
      diarrhoea (Edinburgh 1984-85).
AB  - Of 357 children with acute diarrhoea admitted to the City Hospital, Edinburgh,
      over a 12-month period, only 5 (1.4%) required IV infusions. Three hundred and
      nineteen were treated with oral rehydration (OR). Of these 269 were studied in
      detail and 43% had signs of dehydration, but in none of them was it severe. There
      were no fatalities. Patients were randomly allocated to treatment with one of
      three OR solutions in a double blind trial. The solutions had sodium
      concentrations of 35, 50 and 90 mmol (mEq)/l, and dextrose of 200 (36 g/l), 111
      (20 g/l) and 110 (19.8 g/l) mmol/l, respectively. Hypernatraemia was not a
      clinical problem and only 5 children (2%) were biochemically hypernatraemic on
      admission. Treatment did not cause clinical hypernatraemia. At the second
      assessment only 3 children were biochemically hypernatraemic, one from each
      treatment group, and no one had clinical signs. All three solutions were safe and
      effective in the relatively mildly dehydrated patients currently seen in the UK.

PMID- 2648764
TI  - Clinical significance of urinary C-peptide excretion in children with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - In order to evaluate the accuracy of urinary C-peptide determination and the
      clinical significance of C-peptiduria for the early course of insulin-dependent
      diabetes (IDDM), the rate of urinary excretion of C-peptide was determined in 32
      children and adolescents with IDDM and correlated with serum C-peptide
      concentration, urinary excretion of albumin and beta 2-microgloublin and with the
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured in terms of the clearance of 99mTc
      DTPA. The age of the subjects ranged from 9.1 to 17.1 years (mean 13.1) and the
      duration of diabetes from 0.3 to 11.9 years (mean 4.6). There was a good
      correlation between postprandial serum C-peptide concentration and the 24-hour
      urinary C-peptide excretion rate (r = 0.81; p less than 0.001). GFR and urinary
      albumin excretion were slightly elevated in the diabetic patients as compared
      with non-diabetic subjects (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001,
      respectively), but C-peptide excretion was unrelated to the degree of
      hyperfiltration or albuminuria, neither was there any correlation between the
      excretion rate of beta 2-microglobulin and C-peptide. Glycaemic control was
      poorer in the diabetic children who had only trace amounts of C-peptide in their
      urine (less than 0.05 nmol/m2/24 h) than in those with minimal (0.05-1.0 nmol/m2)
      or moderate 24-hour urinary C-peptide excretion (greater than 1.0 nmol/m2). It is
      concluded that urinary C-peptide excretion serves very well to reflect residual
      beta-cell function and is unrelated to the slight renal hyperfunction and
      albuminuria often seen in diabetic subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648765
TI  - Effects of three different cholecystokinin receptor antagonists on basal and
      stimulated insulin and glucagon secretion in mice.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonists may be valuable tools for
      investigating the physiological role of CCK in islet function. In this study, the
      effects of the three different CCK receptor antagonists, proglumide, CR 1409 and
      L-364,718, on basal and stimulated insulin and glucagon secretion were
      investigated in vivo in the mouse. Each of the CCK antagonists was injected
      intravenously, either alone or together with one of the secretagogues CCK-8 (5.3
      nmol kg-1), carbachol (0.16 mumol kg-1) or glucose (2.8 mmol kg-1). At a low dose
      level, proglumide (28 mumol kg-1) inhibited selectively CCK-8-induced insulin and
      glucagon secretion. However, at a higher dose level (280 mumol kg-1), proglumide
      inhibited also carbachol- and glucose-induced insulin secretion. Furthermore,
      proglumide elevated basal plasma levels of both glucagon and glucose. CR 1409
      inhibited CCK-8-induced insulin secretion at a high (21 mumol kg-1) but not at a
      low (0.21 mumol kg-1) dose level. In contrast, CCK-8-induced glucagon secretion
      was not affected by CR 1409. L-364,718 (2.4 mumol kg-1) inhibited both CCK-8
      induced insulin and glucagon secretion. In contrast, L-364,718 did not affect
      basal plasma levels of insulin, glucagon or glucose or those levels after
      stimulation with carbachol or glucose. We conclude that, of these three CCK
      antagonists, L-364,718 is the most specific CCK receptor antagonist for studies
      of both insulin and glucagon secretion in the mouse.

PMID- 2648766
TI  - Patterns of care in the field of mental health. Conceptual definition and
      research methods.
AB  - The concept "patterns of care" plays a central role in research focusing on the
      evaluation of mental health care. It is a concept encompassing a number of
      dimensions. The primary ingredients are the type, the setting, the intensity and
      the duration of care. In this paper, a critical survey is provided of a total of
      7 classifications or scales of patterns of care. An argument is advanced for
      developing a more systematic working method within this research area, in which
      new scales of patterns of care are developed, building on the methodology already
      in existence. Standardization is urgently needed if comparative research is to
      yield better results than it has in the past.

PMID- 2648767
TI  - A combination of hypothalamic phospholipid liposomes with trazodone for treatment
      of depression. An open controlled study.
AB  - In an open controlled trial of 48 patients with major depression illness
      (according to DSM-III), the patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups. One
      group of 25 patients was treated with 200-300 mg/day of trazodone and a second
      group of 23 patients was treated with 200-300 mg/day trazodone plus 1 ampoule
      (corresponding to 1000 gamma of lipidic phosphorous) twice daily of hypothalamic
      phospholipids (HPL). The effectiveness of treatment was evaluated by the Hamilton
      Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). Side effects of treatment with trazodone were
      looked for by measuring systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate and
      from EEG made before and on the 7th and 30th days of treatment. Combination with
      HPL shortened the typical latency of action of the antidepressant trazodone,
      definitely improved the subjective symptoms, especially the psychosomatic
      symptoms, on the HRDS and decreased the incidence of such side effects of
      trazodone as hypertension, reflex tachycardia and asthenia.

PMID- 2648768
TI  - An open, noncomparative study of amoxapine in borderline disorders.
AB  - Five patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and 5 patients with
      schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) completed at least 3 weeks of treatment
      with amoxapine. The patients fulfilled DSM-III criteria for borderline disorders
      and scored 7 points or more in Gunderson's Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines
      (DIB). The final median medication in patients with BPD was 200 mg amoxapine/day
      and 42 mg oxazepam/day. Duration of treatment averaged 28 days. In patients with
      SPD the corresponding figures were 250 mg amoxapine/day, 36 mg oxazepam/day and
      39 days. The study suggests that amoxapine improves schizophrenic-like and
      depressive symptoms in patients with schizotypal personality disorders (SPD). No
      effect could be shown in patients with borderline personality disorders (BPD).

PMID- 2648769
TI  - Asymptomatic extradural haematomas. Results of a multicenter study of 158 cases
      in minor head injury.
AB  - The authors report a study conducted in three Italian neurosurgical centres on
      158 patients admitted after a minor head injury and with CT findings of a
      hitherto asymptomatic significant extradural haematoma. All patients were
      examined both prospectively by means of a computerized record containing 18
      clinical and radiological parameters, and retrospectively by logistical
      regression analysis, in order to ascertain which factors influenced most the
      choice of surgical vs. conservative management. The size of the haematoma, rather
      than its location, and the degree of midline shift were the factors most
      influential in deciding in favour of surgical treatment, with a specificity of
      0.83 and a sensitivity of 0.92. Conservative management of haematomas having a
      maximum thickness of less than 10 mm with a midline shift of less than 5 mm
      appears as safe. Outcome was "good recovery" in both the surgical and the
      nonsurgical patients, with only one death in the whole series, unrelated to the
      extradural lesion. This study focuses attention on a group of patients who are
      seldom examined by CT scan, but who can harbour potentially lethal lesions.
      Extension of CT scan examination to all adult patients with a minor head injury
      and a skull fracture can be recommended in order to identify significant
      haematomas in an asymptomatic phase.

PMID- 2648770
TI  - On the haemodynamics of arteriovenous fistulas in the rat.
AB  - Direct and indirect arteriovenous fistulas were applied to the cervical vessels
      of 19 rats in order to study the haemodynamic parameters of angioma-like, rapid
      blood flow in small vessels. Flow was measured electromagnetically and
      intraoperatively using the Doppler sonography, and both methods were compared.
      Resultant alterations in vessel walls were examined under the electron
      microscope. Following fistula application, the flow rates increased by a factor
      of ten. At the same time, the flow pattern profile and stream resistance also
      changed. At present, the Doppler sonography device employed here is the only one
      commercially available, yet it could not detect rapid flow rates (greater than 85
      cm/sec). The abnormal haemodynamic strain on the venous walls led to
      morphologically and angiographically detectable alterations.

PMID- 2648771
TI  - A new ultrasound-guided brain biopsy technique through a burr hole. Technical
      note.
AB  - There is a disadvantage in brain biopsy by ultrasonic guidance comparing it with
      the CT guided approach. It is the fact that the ultrasonic method requires a
      small craniotomy or multiple trephinations because the size of the transducer
      exceeds the diameter of the burr hole and the echographic information from the
      trocar which houses the biopsy forceps, becomes poor when the sound beams run
      nearly parallel with the site of its insertion. The authors devised a brain
      biopsy technique through only one burr hole under real time monitoring, using a
      small foot-print transducer, 12 mm in diameter, and a special trocar with
      engraved scales on its surface. We believe that this new biopsy technique
      surpasses the traditional CT directed and ultrasound-guided methods in many
      respects. A representation case biopsied by this technique is presented.

PMID- 2648772
TI  - Vaccines produced by conventional means to control major infectious diseases of
      man and animals.

PMID- 2648773
TI  - The development of biosynthetic vaccines.

PMID- 2648774
TI  - Infectious recombinant vectored virus vaccines.

PMID- 2648775
TI  - Live bacterial vaccines and their application as carriers for foreign antigens.

PMID- 2648776
TI  - Vaccines for parasitic infections.

PMID- 2648777
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus: an agent that defies vaccination.

PMID- 2648778
TI  - Immune response to vaccination.
AB  - Effective immune responses requires a synchronization of a number of different
      physiological and immunological events. Effective vaccines simulate natural
      invasion of the body by microbes or parasites. The route of administration of
      vaccines contributes to the effectiveness of preventing or controlling local or
      systemic infections. Immune responses to microbial agents usually involve more
      than one mechanism. For instance, toxins may be neutralized by a single antibody,
      while cellular interactions are required for destruction of more complex
      microorganisms. These systems have been illustrated in this review.

PMID- 2648779
TI  - Ventricular septal and free wall rupture complicating acute myocardial
      infarction: experience in the Multicenter Investigation of Limitation of Infarct
      Size.
AB  - Left ventricular rupture was studied in 849 patients enrolled in the Multicenter
      Investigation of Limitation of Infarct Size. Although documented rupture occurred
      in only 14 cases (1.7%), it accounted for 14% of in-hospital mortality. Seven of
      the 14 ruptures occurred within 2 days and 10 within 4 days of the MB-creatine
      kinase-determined onset of infarction. Three easily determined baseline
      characteristics defined a set of patients with a markedly increased risk of
      myocardial rupture. Rupture was 9.2 times more likely to occur in patients with
      all of the following characteristics than in the remaining patients: (1) no
      history of previous angina or myocardial infarction, (2) ST segment elevation or
      signs of Q wave development on the initial ECG, and (3) peak MB-creatine kinase
      value (greater than or equal to 150 IU/L). The risk of myocardial rupture with
      these three characteristics was 5.5%. Although these predictors are likely to be
      of little therapeutic value for free wall rupture, since most patients with that
      complication die within minutes of its onset, they may aid in alerting physicians
      to the early diagnosis and timely surgical correction of ventricular septal
      rupture.

PMID- 2648780
TI  - "Non-Q wave," alias "nontransmural," myocardial infarction: a specific entity.
AB  - Although Q wave and non-Q wave MI are often referred to as "transmural" and
      "nontransmural," there is no anatomic evidence to justify this distinction.
      Nevertheless, a distinction is important, because the two entities have a
      different prognosis. At the present time, between 25% and 35% of MIs are non-Q
      wave. They are frequently observed in patients with previous coronary events.
      They occur in a relatively older population and involve a slightly higher
      proportion of women than do Q wave MIs. The degree of cardiac damage is less,
      reflected by a smaller rise in enzyme level and less impairment of left
      ventricular ejection fraction; early reperfusion may occur, after spontaneous
      thrombolysis or resolution of coronary spasm. The immediate mortality rate is
      half that of Q wave MI but identical in the long term. Reinfarction and angina
      are more frequent because of a peri-infarction zone of ischemia maintained by a
      high-grade coronary stenosis and inadequate collateral circulation. Early
      characterization of those MIs likely to progress is important. Diltiazem seems
      effective in this context if given between 24 and 72 hours of the onset of the
      event. Other therapeutic approaches need further assessment.

PMID- 2648781
TI  - New insights and new approaches for the treatment of essential hypertension:
      selection of therapy based on coronary heart disease risk factor analysis,
      hemodynamic profiles, quality of life, and subsets of hypertension.
AB  - The pharmacologic therapy of mild primary hypertension (diastolic blood pressure
      less than 105 mm Hg) has effectively reduced hypertensive arteriolar end organ
      disease such as cerebrovascular accidents, congestive heart failure, and
      nephropathy, but there has been no convincing evidence that coronary heart
      disease (CHD) or its complications, acute myocardial infarction or angina, have
      been reduced. The risks of therapy with certain antihypertensive drugs may
      outweigh their treatment benefits as it relates to CHD. The optimal treatment
      strategy should be to reduce all CHD risk factors, reverse the hemodynamic
      abnormalities present by lowering the systemic vascular resistance (SVR),
      preserving cardiac output (CO) and perfusion, and to select the best
      antihypertensive drug for concomitant medical diseases or problems while
      maintaining a good quality of life. Antihypertensive drugs that have favorable or
      neutral effects on CHD risk factors include alpha blockers, calcium channel
      blockers, central alpha agonists, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
      On the other hand, diuretics and beta blockers without intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity have unfavorable effects on many CHD risk factors. Baseline and serial
      evaluation of the effects of these drugs on serum lipids, lipid subfractions,
      glucose, uric acid, electrolytes, exercise tolerance, left ventricular
      hypertrophy, blood pressure, SVR, CO, perfusion, concomitant diseases, and side
      effects is necessary to evaluate overall cardiovascular risk.

PMID- 2648782
TI  - 'Generic substitution' in New Jersey, 1979-87.
AB  - A total of 76,385 prescription orders from 543 randomly selected New Jersey
      community pharmacies were reviewed from 1979 to 1987 to ascertain the overall
      extent of drug product selection, or generic substitution. Also assessed were
      factors affecting generic substitution such as extent of ordering generically,
      prescribers' and patients' disapproval of generic substitution, the limitations
      of a formulary, and pharmacists' compliance with the generic substitution law.
      Over the study period generic substitution more than doubled, from an average of
      6.6% to an average of 14.2% of all new prescription orders. Prescribers
      disallowed generics on 32% of all eligible prescription orders in 1979 and on 42%
      in 1987. Patients disallowed generics on 3.7% of all eligible prescription orders
      in 1979 and on 5.7% in 1987. Pharmacists' compliance with state law mandating
      generic substitution rose from 47% in 1979 to 74% in 1987. A companion analysis
      of 4.64 million prescription payment records (2 million of which were for
      generics) from two state prescription reimbursement programs demonstrated an
      average savings of $5.73 and $8.74 per generic prescription order when compared
      to their branded counterparts. Prescribers and pharmacists were found to be the
      major impediments to more extensive generic substitution.

PMID- 2648783
TI  - American Industrial Hygiene Association. January 1989. Consultants listing.

PMID- 2648784
TI  - Disorder and early sorrow in the OSHA program.

PMID- 2648785
TI  - On welding, wheezing, and whimsy.
AB  - The various exposures, hazards, and diseases that may be accounted by welders are
      described. The hazards of welding may be subdivided conveniently into acute toxic
      effects, chronic toxic effects, chronic respiratory effects, and carcinogenetic
      effects. Each is considered in turn and their effects on morbidity and mortality
      are discussed. The evidence suggests that welding is not a particularly hazardous
      occupation provided care is taken to limit exposure to the toxic effects of any
      fumes that are generated. Nonetheless, the technical aspects of welding are
      constantly undergoing change, and continual vigilance is necessary lest a new
      process introduces a formerly unrecognized hazard.

PMID- 2648786
TI  - Comparison of clinical presentation of acute myocardial infarction in patients
      older than 65 years of age to younger patients: the Multicenter Chest Pain Study
      experience.
AB  - To assess whether the manifestations of acute ischemic heart disease in the
      elderly are less typical than in younger patients, the presenting clinical
      features and their associated relative risks for acute myocardial infarction
      (AMI) were compared in 2,625 patients greater than or equal to 65 years of age
      and 5,109 patients less than 65 years of age. These patients were evaluated for
      acute chest pain in the emergency departments of 7 hospitals. The same features
      were associated with increased relative risks for AMI in younger and elderly
      patients. The relative risks among older patients, however, were consistently
      closer to 1.0 for classic features, including male gender, pressure-like quality
      of pain, substernal location, typical pattern of pain radiation and
      electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia or AMI. Analyses for the endpoint
      "acute ischemic heart disease" (i.e., AMI or unstable angina) yielded similar
      findings. Elderly patients were more likely to be admitted to the hospital (56 vs
      35%; p less than 0.0001) and to the coronary care unit (37 vs 23%; p less than
      0.0001) in the absence of either AMI or unstable angina. These data support the
      hypothesis that diagnosis of acute chest pain is especially difficult in elderly
      patients.

PMID- 2648787
TI  - Usefulness of propafenone for recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
AB  - To evaluate the efficacy of propafenone for suppression of recurrent paroxysmal
      symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF), patients with frequent episodes of AF
      entered an open-label, dose-ranging study to determine the maximal tolerated dose
      of propafenone and were subsequently randomized to alternate between propafenone
      and placebo every month for 4 months. Patients recorded each episode of AF in a
      diary and recorded a simultaneous electrocardiographic rhythm strip by means of a
      transtelephonic recorder and transmitter to validate the presence of AF. Eighteen
      patients were eligible for study. During dose ranging, 4 patients withdrew due to
      inadequate drug efficacy or poor compliance, 2 withdrew due to intolerable side
      effects and 1 died. The mean dose of propafenone at the end of dose ranging was
      644 +/- 189 mg/day. During the crossover study, the percentage of days with an
      attack of AF was significantly reduced by propafenone compared with placebo (27
      +/- 34 vs 51 +/- 34%, p less than 0.01). The rate of early crossover or
      withdrawal from the crossover study was 13.6% with propafenone and 45% with
      placebo (p = 0.056). Five patients went on to receive long-term propafenone and 4
      continued treatment with suppression of AF for 12 to 21 months. During the
      crossover study there were 29 reported minor side effects with propafenone and 11
      with placebo.

PMID- 2648788
TI  - Incidence and clinical relevance of QT prolongation caused by the new selective
      serotonin antagonist ketanserin.
AB  - Efficacy and safety of ketanserin were studied prospectively in a randomized,
      double-blind trial involving 221 patients treated for hypertension or coronary
      artery disease, or both. Since ketanserin has been suggested to cause QTc
      prolongation, the incidence and severity of this effect were investigated, as was
      the incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias during Holter monitoring.
      After a 1-week run-in period, all patients were examined: blood pressure was
      measured and electrocardiograms and 24-hour Holter electrocardiograms were
      obtained. Two thirds of the patients (n = 147) were then randomized to receive
      ketanserin for 1 week (20 mg twice daily) followed by 3 weeks of 40 mg twice
      daily; one third of the patients (n = 74) received placebo (twice daily) for 4
      weeks. After 4 weeks of treatment, blood pressure, electrocardiograms and 24-hour
      Holter electrocardiograms were repeated. In hypertensive patients, ketanserin
      significantly reduced systolic (mean reduction 17 +/- 2 mm Hg, p less than
      0.0001) and diastolic blood pressure (12 +/- 1 mm Hg, p less than 0.0001)
      compared to baseline, and to the placebo group (p less than 0.005 for systolic
      and diastolic blood pressure). The QTc interval was prolonged with ketanserin
      (mean 400 to 418 ms, p less than 0.01) but not with placebo (399 vs 402 ms). In
      the ketanserin group 30% of patients and in the placebo group 8% of patients had
      QTc prolongation greater than 30 ms (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2648790
TI  - Nongeometric Doppler stroke volume determination.

PMID- 2648789
TI  - Risk factors for extracranial internal or common carotid arterial disease in
      persons aged 60 years and older.

PMID- 2648791
TI  - Importance of effective, early and sustained reperfusion during acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - The determinants of myocardial salvage after thrombolytic therapy during acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI) have not been clearly defined. In 1984, a prospective
      randomized trial was undertaken to define the relations between delay to
      treatment and effectiveness of perfusion to salvage of myocardium. Patients
      presenting within 2 hours of symptom onset received intravenous streptokinase
      immediately (group 1, 20 patients) or 5 hours after symptom onset (group 2, 16
      patients). Effective perfusion (less than or equal to 90% residual stenosis with
      rapid distal runoff) occurred in 63% of patients in both groups. Five patients,
      all in group 1, had recurrent AMI; 4 of the 5 had effective perfusion. There was
      no group difference in left ventricular ejection fraction at baseline or before
      discharge. However, group 1 patients with effective perfusion tended to have a
      greater predischarge mean ejection fraction than those in group 1 with
      ineffective perfusion (53 +/- 13 vs 44 +/- 16%, p less than 0.10) and had a
      greater mean value than those in group 2 with ineffective perfusion (53 +/- 13 vs
      38 +/- 17%, p less than 0.03). The ejection fraction did not change significantly
      between admission and discharge in either group, but it increased significantly
      in group 1 patients with effective perfusion and no recurrent AMI (delta EF = +6
      +/- 8%, p less than 0.04). Group 1 patients with ineffective perfusion had a
      significant decrease in ejection fraction (delta EF = -4 +/- 4%, p less than
      0.04). In group 2 patients the ejection fraction did not change, regardless of
      the state of perfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648792
TI  - Effect of low dose acetylsalicylic acid on the frequency and hematologic activity
      of left ventricular thrombus in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - In this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial the effect of 100 mg
      acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) once daily on the incidence, hematologic activity and
      embolic potential of left ventricular (LV) thrombosis was studied in 100
      consecutive patients with a first anterior wall acute myocardial infarction
      (AMI). Patients were randomized to ASA or placebo less than 12 hours after onset
      of symptoms. Heparin, 5,000 IU subcutaneously twice daily, was given to all
      patients during immobilization. Echocardiography was performed less than 24
      hours, 48 to 72 hours and 1, 2, and 12 weeks after AMI. LV thrombosis was
      detected by echocardiography in 30 (33%) of the 92 evaluable patients (15
      patients given ASA and 15 given placebo). Indium-111 platelet scintigraphy was
      done in 17 of the 22 patients with an LV thrombus at the second week
      echocardiogram. Among 7 ASA-treated patients, 4 had positive images; among 10
      placebo patients, 5 had positive images. LV thrombus resolution was noted in 3 of
      9 patients with a positive scan and in 5 of 8 patients with a negative platelet
      scan. In 7 of 10 ASA-treated patients and 5 of 12 placebo-treated patients
      thrombus resolution was observed (difference not significant). Systemic embolism
      occurred in 2 patients, both given ASA, during the first week after AMI. Thus,
      low dose ASA has no effect on the incidence, hematologic activity and embolic
      potential of LV thrombosis in anterior wall AMI.

PMID- 2648793
TI  - Frequency of familial nature of dilated cardiomyopathy and usefulness of cardiac
      transplantation in this subset.
AB  - A familial etiology was identified on the basis of family history in 16 (8.75%)
      of 184 patients undergoing cardiac transplantation at Stanford for endstage
      dilated cardiomyopathy (DC). These 16 patients, from 11 families, included 5
      sibling pairs. To help determine optimal management of such patients, their case
      histories and posttransplant courses were reviewed. Mean age of patients at
      presentation was 23 +/- 15 years. In sibling pairs, duration of symptoms from
      onset to diagnosis was 14 +/- 5 weeks for the first sibling, but only 4 +/- 2
      weeks for the second. Progressive cardiac enlargement was documented
      radiographically in siblings of transplant recipients in 2 families before the
      onset of symptoms. The posttransplant course with regard to rejection incidence,
      infectious complications, coronary artery disease and malignancy was similar to
      that of the 168 patients with nonfamilial DC. Actuarial survival at 5 years after
      transplantation was 80%. Thirteen patients (including all sibling pairs) are
      alive 1 to 11 years after transplantation. Sepsis was the cause of death in 3
      patients, occurring during the early postoperative period in 2 and following
      retransplantation for graft atherosclerosis 7 years after the initial transplant
      in the third patient. Thus, diagnosis of DC in childhood or adolescence mandates
      evaluation and surveillance of family members, because this disease can progress
      rapidly. The favorable results of cardiac transplantation for familial DC suggest
      that it should be promptly considered for such patients with end-stage disease.

PMID- 2648794
TI  - Michel Mirowski and the automatic implantable defibrillator.

PMID- 2648795
TI  - Hormonal response to overfeeding.
AB  - We assessed the hormonal status of adult female volunteers before and during a 3
      wk period of weight gain induced by mixed diet overfeeding. Forty-six percent of
      the 4.3-kg average weight gain experienced by these subjects consisted of lean
      body mass (LBM) and it is of interest that there were also increases in plasma
      Somatomedin-C/Insulin-like Growth Factor (SM-C/IGF-1) and testosterone
      concentrations as well as insulin. We suggest that it was the combined anabolic
      effect of these three hormones that facilitated the increase in LBM. Of the other
      assays done, increases were recorded for urinary 17-ketosteroids, 17
      hydroxysteroids, epinephrine, and creatinine, whereas there were no changes in
      serum cortisol or triiodothyronine (T3), or urine norepinephrine; serum thyroxine
      (T4) fell slightly. Thus it appears that energy surfeit as well as energy deficit
      (reported by others) has an effect on blood hormone concentrations.

PMID- 2648796
TI  - Thermogenesis in men and women induced by fructose vs glucose added to a meal.
AB  - Energy expenditure (EE) was measured by indirect calorimetry in 20 subjects (10
      men and 10 women) for 30 min before and 6 h after the ingestion of a mixed meal
      containing 20% protein, 33% fat, and either 75 g glucose or 75 g fructose as
      carbohydrate source (47%). Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and the rate of
      carbohydrate oxidation were significantly greater with fructose (12.4 +/- 0.6%
      and 54.8 +/- 2.1 g/6 h, respectively) than with glucose (10.7 +/- 0.7%, p less
      than 0.01, and 48.3 +/- 2.4 g/6 h, p less than 0.01, respectively). The DIT of
      male (12.1 +/- 1% and 13.9 +/- 0.8% with glucose and fructose, respectively) was
      greater than that of female subjects (9.2 +/- 0.7%, p less than 0.05, and 11.0 +/
      0.7%, p less than 0.05, respectively). In contrast to the glucose meal,
      negligible changes in plasma levels of glucose and insulin were observed with the
      fructose meal but plasma levels of lactate increased more with fructose than with
      glucose (peak values: 3.3 +/- 0.6 vs 1.5 +/- 0.1 mmol/L, respectively). When
      fructose provides the only carbohydrate source of a mixed meal, it induces a
      larger increase in carbohydrate oxidation and thermogenesis than when glucose is
      the carbohydrate source.

PMID- 2648797
TI  - Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects of fermented milk.
AB  - Many claims have been made concerning prophylactic and therapeutic effects of
      fermented bovine milk consumption. Of these, the amelioration of lactose
      intolerance symptoms in humans and rats due to the reduced lactose level caused
      by fermentation is convincingly documented and corroborated. In addition, some
      kinds of fermentation microbes can contribute to lactose digestion in vivo thus
      augmenting the preingestive fermentative decrease of lactose. Relief of the
      growth inhibition and the gastrointestinal infection susceptibility due to high
      dietary lactose levels can also be achieved by fermentation of milk lactose. The
      hypocholesterolemic activity of fermented milk is apparently related to a similar
      uncharacterized activity of ordinary milk. Antitumorigenic effects in rats have
      been reported. Microfloral alterations due to dietary dairy microbes have been
      reported to retard the development of colon cancer. Purported human longevity
      effects have not been supported by appropriate data.

PMID- 2648798
TI  - Circulating and excreted levels of chromium after an oral glucose challenge:
      influence of body mass index, hypoglycemic drugs, and presence and absence of
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The aim of this study was to observe the effect of obesity on the plasma chromium
      profile and excretion after a glucose challenge in control subjects and
      noninsulin-dependent (NIDD) and insulin-dependent diabetics (IDD). All subjects
      were given 75 g glucose orally; serial blood and urine samples were collected for
      Cr analysis. Lean control subjects had significantly lower plasma Cr and insulin
      values than did obese control subjects at all times except zero (1 h, 12.69 +/-
      6.73 vs 22.31 +/- 13.27 nmol/L, p less than 0.020). No significant differences
      were seen between lean and obese NIDDs and IDDs. NIDDs taking drugs had higher Cr
      values than did lean control subjects (13.08 +/- 0.58 vs 22.31 +/- 5.00 nmol/L, p
      less than 0.02). Cr concentration of oral drugs was 22.4 ng/tablet and of the
      soluble insulins was 0.012 +/- .003 ng/U. The lean IDDs excreted higher levels of
      Cr than did the control subjects; however, Cr excretion within individual groups
      was not found to be significantly different. The results suggest Cr metabolism is
      influenced by BMI in control subjects but not in diabetics.

PMID- 2648799
TI  - Vitamin A concentrations in liver determined by isotope dilution assay with
      tetradeuterated vitamin A and by biopsy in generally healthy adult humans.
AB  - The vitamin A status in 11 generally healthy surgical patients was estimated by
      measuring the dilution of a 45-mg oral dose of tetradeuterated retinyl acetate
      (99% pure). After purification of retinol by high-performance liquid
      chromatography, the ratio of 2H4-retinol:1H-retinol in plasma was measured by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry. On the basis of the observed ratios of
      [2H4]retinol:[1H]retinol over 19-47 d, the total body reserves and liver
      concentrations of vitamin A were calculated. Liver biopsy samples taken at
      surgery were directly analyzed for vitamin A. The correlation coefficient between
      calculated and measured liver vitamin A concentrations for 10 of the subjects was
      0.88, and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was 0.95 (p less than
      0.002). Thus, total body reserves of vitamin A in humans can be estimated validly
      in the marginal and satisfactory ranges by a benign, relatively noninvasive
      procedure.

PMID- 2648800
TI  - Amyloid localized to tenosynovium at carpal tunnel release. Natural history of
      124 cases.
AB  - One hundred fifty-two patients with amyloid in the tenosynovium who had carpal
      tunnel release were identified. Twenty-eight patients were excluded because of
      systemic amyloidosis: primary systemic amyloidosis (AL) in 24, secondary
      amyloidosis (AA) in 3, and familial amyloidosis (AF) in 1. The remaining 124
      patients (82%) had carpal tunnel syndrome with local deposition of amyloid and no
      evidence of systemic amyloidosis. Median survival of the 124 patients from
      diagnosis of amyloidosis was 12 years. Only two patients had systemic amyloidosis
      develop--9 and 10 years after recognition of tenosynovial amyloid. Of particular
      interest were 12 patients who had an M-protein in the serum or urine. None of the
      12 patients have had evidence of systemic amyloidosis or multiple myeloma during
      the median follow-up of 14 years. The authors conclude that amyloid may be
      localized to the tenosynovium and that systemic amyloidosis rarely develops
      during long-term follow-up.

PMID- 2648801
TI  - Infection of cultured human fetal pancreatic islet cells by rubella virus.
AB  - A high incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been reported
      in children and young adults previously afflicted with congenital rubella
      syndrome (CRS). The authors have studied the effect of rubella virus infection on
      human pancreatic islet cells in tissue culture. These experiments were performed
      with the use of both monolayers and free-floating human fetal islets of
      Langerhans tissue. Levels of production of immunoreactive insulin by islet cells
      that had been infected by rubella virus were lower than those observed in control
      cultures, under conditions of high glucose concentration (11.1 mmol/L) in the
      medium. The presence of rubella viral antigens in human pancreatic beta and non
      beta cells was demonstrated by double-label immunofluorescence. These results
      suggest that rubella virus can infect human pancreatic islet cells and that such
      infection may lead to significant reductions in levels of secreted insulin.

PMID- 2648802
TI  - Gliomatosis peritonei associated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
AB  - The authors describe a seven-month-old male patient with non-teratomatous
      gliomatosis peritonei secondary to the placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
      The glial nodules were discovered during microscopic examination of bilateral
      herniorrhaphy specimens. The glial nature of the implants was confirmed
      immunohistochemically. The pathogenesis and implications of this finding are
      discussed, and shunt-related tumor transplantations are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2648803
TI  - Human necrotizing splenitis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.
AB  - A 25-year-old Hispanic male presented to the emergency room with complaints of
      severe left upper quadrant pain. Physicians determined that the patient had an
      acute inflammatory process with a possible diagnosis of splenic abscess. A
      splenectomy was performed. Histologic examination of the tissue sections revealed
      extensive necrosis and inflammation, but no etiologic agent was discernible.
      Microbiologic cultures of the tissue had negative results. A Dieterle silver
      stain revealed an overwhelming number of spirochetal bacteria most closely
      resembling Borrelia spp. The patient's serum was tested for serologic evidence of
      antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi with the following results; by indirect
      fluorescent antibody 1:32; by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgM, 1:320;
      and Western blotting had positive results for the presence of B. burgdorferi
      outer-surface protein antibodies. This is the first human case report of an acute
      necrotizing splenitis resulting from B. burgdorferi.

PMID- 2648804
TI  - Puzzled by cholesterol guidelines.

PMID- 2648805
TI  - Blood transfusion. An historic and current perspective.

PMID- 2648807
TI  - Biosensors. A new analytic technology for real-time, on-line biochemical
      monitoring.
AB  - A new technology is evolving that has the potential of improving patient
      management while substantially reducing the overall cost of health care. This new
      technology is based on biosensors, analytic microelectronic devices that use
      biologic detector molecules (e.g., antibodies, enzymes, receptor proteins,
      lectins, nucleic acids) as the sensing or signal transducing elements. An array
      of different biosensor configurations are under development, spurred on by recent
      advances in biotechnology and solid-state electronics. Although not all
      biosensors can detect their target analytes instantaneously, nor perform
      continuous measurements, certain biosensors embody both capabilities. Real-time,
      on-line biochemical monitoring will offer important information heretofore
      unavailable to the physician. It is also inevitable that biosensor-based
      instruments will decentralize patient testing, but telemetric systems can
      maintain the active and necessary involvement of the clinical pathologist.

PMID- 2648806
TI  - Applications of flow cytometry in diagnostic pathology.
AB  - The growth of flow cytometry in diagnostic pathology has been aided by the
      development of instruments that can be incorporated into the pathology laboratory
      and new assays that have expanded the role of flow cytometry in clinical
      medicine. The evaluation of DNA content in solid tumors is rapidly becoming a
      routine procedure in surgical pathology; this topic is only briefly covered here
      and has been more completely reviewed elsewhere. Other assays are more completely
      discussed, including reticulocyte analysis, identification of antiplatelet and
      antineutrophil antibodies in immune cytopenias, and lymphocyte antibodies in
      organ transplant cross-matching. Mitogen cell cycle analysis, detection of
      nuclear antigens, and neutrophil function assays are also briefly covered. This
      review is intended to increase the awareness of how flow cytometry can be
      incorporated into the clinical pathology laboratory, beyond its traditional use
      in monoclonal antibody immunophenotyping.

PMID- 2648808
TI  - Commercial avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex kits.

PMID- 2648809
TI  - Anorectal trauma. Medicolegal and forensic aspects.
AB  - A review of both deliberate and accidental anorectal trauma is presented. The
      mechanisms and types of injuries as well as the complications are discussed.
      Injuries resulting from sexual assaults are discussed in detail.

PMID- 2648810
TI  - The confined space. A review of a recently discerned medical entity.
AB  - This paper presents an extensive review of the literature relating to the
      industrial confined space. It defines the various types of confined spaces,
      classifies their associated noxious atmospheres, and identifies the potential
      hazards of each. A newly recognized confined space, the environment of the
      surgical amphitheater in which the surgical patient undergoes general anesthesia,
      has been added. Pathological alterations bearing upon these hazards and the
      forensic principles of confined space injuries are examined in depth. In
      addition, recent methods are described for prevention and control of the perils
      of the confined space.

PMID- 2648811
TI  - Incapacitation and fires.
AB  - Traditionally quoted levels of the products of combustion are too high to account
      for all the problems of incapacitation and death in fires. Because people may not
      die instantly in a fire, they can continue to inhale toxic gases after collapse.
      Collapse may occur very quickly. Experience drawn from analysing the effects of
      the Manchester Boeing 737 accident and a building fire are used to debate this
      issue.

PMID- 2648812
TI  - The man who killed Warrington Dawson.
AB  - On March 12, 1889, at about 4:00 p.m., the editor of the Charleston, South
      Carolina, News and Courier--Francis Warrington Dawson--was shot to death by
      Thomas Ballard McDow, M.D., a successful Charleston physician, in Dr. McDow's
      office. The investigation of the crime and the trial and acquittal of McDow have
      not been subjected to critical scrutiny in this century. This article offers an
      analysis of character and motivation of the principals, an examination of some of
      the evidence, a view of the prosecution and defense, and some conclusions based
      on these elements.

PMID- 2648813
TI  - The bones in the Abbey: are they the murdered princes? A review of the evidence.
AB  - In 1674, the skeletons of two children were found in the Tower of London. They
      were believed to represent the remains of the "Princes in the Tower" (who had
      disappeared in 1483), and were reinterred as such in Westminster Abbey. Popular
      belief and conventional historical tradition held that the princes had been
      murdered by their uncle, King Richard III, to clear his path to the throne. In
      1933, the bones in the Abbey were disinterred and examined, with the conclusion
      that they were indeed those of the princes. One skull was also thought to show
      evidence of death by suffocation, supporting another feature of popular legend.
      Later reviews of the investigation, however, revealed significant errors and
      omissions. This report summarizes the inconsistencies present in the scientific
      record and suggests that reexamination of the remains with improved techniques in
      both carbon dating and forensic science would provide a much more accurate
      analysis, thus helping to clarify the historical record.

PMID- 2648814
TI  - Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

PMID- 2648815
TI  - Campylobacter pylori: associations with antral and fundic mucosal histology and
      diagnosis by serology in patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms.
AB  - We obtained a sample of serum and mucosal biopsies from the antrum and usually
      from the corpus of the stomach from 35 symptomatic patients during routine
      endoscopy to analyze for the relationship between Campylobacter pylori infection,
      inflammation, and the diagnostic utility of a C. pylori IgG antibody assay. C.
      pylori was identified prospectively by culture and/or silver stain in gastric
      biopsies from 24 patients, and the antibody was detected in 19 (79%) of these
      patients. The antibody assay was positive in three other patients, two of whom
      had C. pylori, on reexamination of their biopsies. The accuracy of the antibody
      assay was 83%. Inflammation was detected in all C. pylori-positive antral
      biopsies (N = 19). However, five (71%) of seven antral biopsies from patients in
      whom all tests were C. pylori negative, also had inflammation, constituting 17%
      of all patients with antral gastritis (N = 30). Both antral and fundic mucosa
      were obtained from 26 patients and, in this group, C. pylori was detected in
      fundic mucosa from all patients in whom the organism also was present in the
      antrum (N = 15). In significant (p less than 0.001) contrast to C. pylori
      positive antral histology, fundic mucosal histology was normal in 6 (40%) of 15
      C. pylori-positive biopsies, all from patients with peptic ulcer disease. We
      conclude that C. pylori antibody assays will be useful for epidemiological
      studies and initial screening of the C. pylori status of individual patients. In
      addition, there is a high concordance rate between antral and fundic mucosa for
      the prevalence of C. pylori, but in contrast to the probable etiological role of
      C. pylori in antral gastritis, the organism appears to be only a commensal of
      fundic mucosa. Moreover, C. pylori infection is not evident in all patients with
      type B gastritis.

PMID- 2648816
TI  - Adequacy of "hot biopsy" for the treatment of diminutive polyps: a prospective
      randomized trial.
AB  - Patients with diminutive polyps in the rectum or sigmoid colon were randomized to
      "hot biopsy" treatment for either 1) electrocautery for 2 s (fixed duration
      cautery) or 2) cautery until visible necrosis of the polyp base was evident
      (variable duration cautery). Sigmoidoscopy was performed 4 wk after treatment to
      determine the adequacy of polyp eradication. In the fixed duration cautery group,
      11 of 21 polyps (52%) were eradicated, compared with 12 of 14 polyps (86%) in the
      variable duration cautery group (p = 0.04). When analyzed according to whether or
      not visible necrosis was achieved (some of the polyps in the fixed duration
      cautery group showed necrosis with 2 s cautery), 19 of 23 polyps (83%) were
      eradicated when necrosis was evident, compared to 5 of 12 (42%) without necrosis
      (p = 0.004). We conclude that hot biopsy treatment for diminutive polyps is
      significantly more effective when visible necrosis is achieved during cautery.
      Furthermore, even with visible necrosis, there is a 17% failure rate of polyp
      eradication.

PMID- 2648817
TI  - Malignant papillomatosis of the bile ducts: a new indication for liver
      transplantation?

PMID- 2648818
TI  - Tribute to Torbjorn Caspersson.

PMID- 2648819
TI  - Dystrophin: what is in the name?

PMID- 2648820
TI  - Teaching human genetics in biochemistry by computer literature searching.
AB  - We describe a new user-intense-learning experience that incorporates the teaching
      of clinical and research applications of human genetics in biochemistry while
      training first-year medical students to develop skills in computer access to the
      literature. Human genetics was incorporated into the biochemistry curriculum by
      providing each student with experience in on-line literature searching in
      MEDLINE, using Grateful Med, in order to write an abstract about a specific
      inherited biochemical disorder. We stressed the need for the students to obtain
      current information in order to understand and interpret the rapidly changing
      field of human genetics. We taught the students that the most efficient method of
      obtaining such information was by searching the medical literature via computer.

PMID- 2648821
TI  - Human genetics education videoshare: Round One.

PMID- 2648822
TI  - Underestimation of cardiac output by thermodilution in patients with tricuspid
      regurgitation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study was done to assess the accuracy and reliability of the
      thermodilution technique in measuring cardiac output in patients with tricuspid
      regurgitation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 30 subjects (17 men, 13 women, aged 50 +/
      14 [mean +/- SD] years), cardiac output was measured in close temporal proximity
      by thermodilution as well as Fick or indocyanine green dye, after which the
      presence and severity of tricuspid regurgitation were assessed by contrast right
      ventriculography or pulsed Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: In the 13 patients
      without tricuspid regurgitation, there was excellent agreement between the
      results of thermodilution and Fick or indocyanine green dye cardiac output
      determinations (4.95 +/- 1.19 liters/minute by thermodilution, 4.90 +/- 1.11
      liters/minute by Fick or indocyanine green dye; NS). In contrast, in the 17
      patients with tricuspid regurgitation, the results of thermodilution were
      consistently lower than those of Fick or indocyanine green dye (4.22 +/- 1.45
      liters/minute by thermodilution, 4.99 +/- 1.67 liters/minute by Fick or
      indocyanine green dye; p less than 0.001). CONCLUSION: Thus, the thermodilution
      technique of measuring cardiac output is inaccurate in patients with tricuspid
      regurgitation, yielding results that are consistently lower than the actual
      outputs.

PMID- 2648823
TI  - Cognitive errors in diagnosis: instantiation, classification, and consequences.
AB  - To identify diagnostic errors caused by faulty clinical cognition, we analyzed 40
      consecutive transcripts of problem-solving exercises published in a pedagogic
      series of clinical reasoning. The analysis disclosed multiple errors in cognition
      and produced a provisional classification of these errors based on a framework
      derived from cognitive science. Faults in cognition were identified in all steps
      of the diagnostic process, including triggering, context formulation, information
      gathering and processing, and verification. We instantiated each type of error by
      providing detailed specific examples, and identified the consequences of each
      error. We conclude that cognitive errors can be identified and classified, that
      they can produce serious morbidity, and that a classification of cognitive errors
      is a step toward a deeper understanding of the epidemiology, causes, and
      prevention of diagnostic errors.

PMID- 2648824
TI  - Mechanisms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric damage.
AB  - The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the gastric
      mucosa are well documented. The complex mechanisms of gastric damage, however,
      are not fully understood. This review examines current knowledge about the normal
      function of the gastric mucosal barrier; the role of prostaglandins in
      cytoprotection and repair; the mechanisms by which aspirin and other weak organic
      acids are absorbed by the stomach; and the subsequent cascade of events-
      including ion trapping and back diffusion of hydrogen ions--that leads to gastric
      erosion and bleeding. A hypothesis describing NSAIDs' dual insult on the stomach
      is advanced.

PMID- 2648825
TI  - An enlarging neck mass in a 71-year-old woman.

PMID- 2648826
TI  - Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2648828
TI  - Dizygotic twinning in mothers of spina bifida.

PMID- 2648827
TI  - Salicylate-associated asystole: report of two cases.

PMID- 2648829
TI  - Dystrophin immunocytochemistry in muscle culture: detection of a carrier of
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Dystrophin is the gene product which is affected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
      (DMD). We studied differentiating clonal muscle cultures derived from normal
      muscle and from the mother of a DMD patient by immunocytochemistry, using anti
      dystrophin antibody. While clonal cultures derived from normal muscle expressed
      dystrophin in all myotubes, two populations of myogenic cells could be
      demonstrated in muscle from this possible DMD carrier; in 13 clones the myotubes
      expressed dystrophin and in 7 clones dystrophin was undetectable. No DNA
      deletion, duplication or rearrangement was detected by Southern blot analysis of
      DNA from this family using cDNA probes. Thus, immunocytochemical analysis of
      clonal muscle cultures may be a useful method to determine whether mothers of DMD
      patients are carriers of the DMD mutation, especially in the absence of
      demonstrable gene defects.

PMID- 2648831
TI  - Twin with hydramnios: treating premature labor at source.
AB  - Six twin pregnancies complicated by hydramnios and premature labor were
      prospectively studied to determine whether indomethacin reduces amniotic fluid.
      Requirements for study entry included a gestational age less than 32 completed
      weeks and an amniotic fluid greater than 10 cm in one or both sacs. The amniotic
      fluid was measured using real-time ultrasonography before, during, and after
      treatment. Indomethacin treatment was initiated as a 100 mg rectal suppository
      and maintained thereafter by 50 mg orally every 6 hours. Treatment was
      discontinued after 32 completed weeks' gestation, if the patient was asymptomatic
      and the amniotic fluid was "normal" (less than 8 cm) or after the onset of
      oligohydramnios in one or both sacs (less than 2 cm). The interval from
      initiation of treatment to delivery ranged from 12 to 101 days. A coincidental
      reduction in amniotic fluid was observed in all seven treatment cycles. The time
      interval to obtain "normal" fluid ranged from 4 to 20 days (mean, 12.5 days).
      There were no perinatal complications attributable to indomethacin treatment.
      These data suggest that in selected pregnancies complicated by hydramnios,
      indomethacin may be of value not only in prolonging gestation but also in
      amniotic fluid reduction.

PMID- 2648830
TI  - Prostaglandin E2 gel for cervical ripening and induction of labor: a critical
      analysis.
AB  - This report summarizes the cumulative experience of 3313 pregnancies represented
      in 59 prospective clinical trials in which intracervical or intravaginal
      prostaglandin E2 gel was used for cervical ripening before induction of labor.
      Results indicate that local prostaglandin E2 is superior to placebo or no therapy
      in enhancing cervical effacement and dilation, reducing initial induction
      failures, shortening the induction-delivery interval, reducing oxytocin use, and
      lowering the rate of cesarean section because of failure to progress. Certain
      advantages also exist for labor induction in the presence of a favorable cervical
      state. Uterine hyperstimulation or pathologic fetal heart rate patterns before
      oxytocin administration occur in less than 1% of reported cases and are usually
      dose related, self contained, and reversible with the use of beta-adrenergic
      tocolytic therapy. Maternal systemic effects in these low doses are negligible.
      Worldwide clinical experience has clearly demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 gel
      administered before induction of labor is of major therapeutic benefit and should
      become commercially available for more than investigational use.

PMID- 2648832
TI  - The ultrasonographic prediction of chorionicity in twin gestation.
AB  - In a prospective study of 69 consecutive twin gestations, chorionicity was
      assessed ultrasonographically, by the new technique of counting the number of
      layers visualized in the dividing membrane. For purposes of the study the
      antenatal categorization of chorionic type was based only on the number of layers
      observed. The pregnancy was classified as monochorionic when only two layers were
      identified and as dichorionic if three or four layers were seen. Confirmation of
      chorionic type was obtained after delivery by histopathologic examination of the
      placenta. The ultrasonographic technique used correctly determined chorionicity
      in 68 of 69 twin pregnancies. The predictive accuracy was 100% for 51 pregnancies
      designated by ultrasonography as dichorionic and 94.4% for 18 pregnancies
      considered to be monochorionic. These results suggest that counting the number of
      layers seen in fetal membranes by ultrasonography examination is an accurate way
      of determining chorionicity in twin gestation.

PMID- 2648833
TI  - Rapid detection of vaginal colonization with group B streptococci by means of
      latex agglutination.
AB  - Latex agglutination testing for colonization of the vagina with group B
      streptococci was carried out in 1100 patients. Samples underwent latex testing
      after 8 to 12 hours of preincubation in selective growth medium. This technique
      allowed a sensitivity of 91.8% and specificity of 97.6%. This study demonstrates
      the usefulness of latex agglutination testing in the detection of vaginal
      colonization with group B streptococci.

PMID- 2648834
TI  - Early ultrasonic appearance of fetal bladder outlet obstruction.
AB  - A case in which fetal ultrasonography detected increased fetal bladder size at 11
      weeks' gestation is reported. A subsequent scan at 13 weeks' gestation showed
      increased fetal bladder size along with bilateral hydronephrosis, which confirmed
      the diagnosis of fetal bladder outlet obstruction.

PMID- 2648835
TI  - A modified scheme for biophysical profile scoring.
AB  - A modified scheme for biophysical profile scoring based exclusively on real-time
      ultrasonographic examination is proposed and includes expanded scores of fetal
      movements and fetal breathing and only qualitative assessment of accelerated
      placental maturation, subjective ultrasonographic impression of oligohydramnios,
      and decreased fetal tone. This method was compared with the method of Vintzileos
      et al. in the first phase of this observational study and was found to have good
      correlation in different score categories. This method was then applied in the
      second phase of the study to 180 high-risk pregnancies to examine correlation
      with perinatal outcome variables. The relationship between results of the last
      total score and perinatal outcome variables shows good predictive values. Results
      of this preliminary study suggest that real-time ultrasonographic evaluation
      based scoring of acute fetal events, namely, movements and breathing alone, may
      have an important role in perinatal management.

PMID- 2648836
TI  - Atraumatic antepartum subdural hematoma causing fetal death.
AB  - A case of atraumatic antenatal fetal subdural hematoma, severe enough to cause
      death, is reported. Although it is often associated with traumatic delivery, its
      occurrence before labor suggests that assumptions of causation require some
      medical investigation or corroboration before trauma is accepted as the etiologic
      factor.

PMID- 2648837
TI  - Pregnancy in a patient with diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the uterus.
AB  - This is the first reported case of successful conservative treatment of a
      pregnant woman with a diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the uterus. Marked
      autotransfusion from the hemangioma during labor contractions was clinically
      apparent and was confirmed by invasive hemodynamic monitoring.

PMID- 2648838
TI  - Serum CA 125 levels and surgical findings in patients undergoing secondary
      operations for epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - Serum CA 125 levels and surgical findings were prospectively compared in 96
      secondary laparotomies performed on patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. All
      patients had documentation of an elevated CA 125 level (greater than 35 U/ml) at
      a time when ovarian cancer was present, and thus the tumors were known to be
      "marker positive." Operation was performed in 45 patients who were clinically
      free of disease and in 51 patients in whom there was clinical evidence of
      disease. At the time of operation, 29 patients had normal CA 125 levels;
      persistent disease was documented in 18 (62%) of these. Of the patients with
      normal CA 125 levels at the time of operation, those with persistent disease had
      a significantly higher mean CA 125 level (16.9) than those with no disease
      detected (8.8, p = 0.001). At exploration, cancer was found in 84 patients. There
      was a correlation between the maximum diameter of the largest residual tumor mass
      and the accuracy of the CA 125 level as follows: microscopic to 1 cm disease, 55%
      accuracy; greater than 1 to 5 cm disease, 80% accuracy; greater than 5 cm
      disease, 92% accuracy (p = 0.013). There was no correlation of CA 125 accuracy
      with the patient's age, number of months from initial diagnosis, tumor stage,
      grade, or cell type, or the highest-ever level of CA 125. Of the 84 patients with
      tumor found at exploration, 66 had elevated CA 125 levels, yielding a sensitivity
      of 78.5%. There were 12 patients with no tumor found at exploration; 11 of these
      had normal CA 125 levels. The one patient who had an elevated CA 125 level
      subsequently had a recurrence; the corrected specificity is thus 100%. An
      elevated CA 125 level is an accurate predictor of persistent disease. Most of
      these patients will have gross tumor present. The accuracy of the CA 125 level in
      detecting disease is related to the amount of tumor present. In our population,
      the predictive value of an elevated CA 125 level was 100%; the predictive value
      of a normal CA 125 level was 38%.

PMID- 2648839
TI  - Biochemical changes associated with blood pressure reduction induced by calcium
      supplementation during pregnancy.
AB  - In a study population that comprised 34 normal black pregnant women, biochemical
      changes are compared between a group of women who received 1.5 gm of calcium
      supplementation a day and a group of women who received placebos. The blood
      pressure-lowering effect of calcium supplementation appears to involve a
      mechanism that relates parathyroid hormone and plasma renin activity. Other
      alterations in calcium and magnesium metabolism, as reflected by increased
      urinary calcium excretion and serum magnesium levels, may also contribute to this
      effect. Subgroups of study participants with initial (less than 26 weeks'
      gestation) low levels of serum calcium and plasma renin activity are the ones
      with the largest reductions in blood pressure. Whether these alterations can
      produce a reduction in the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension is the
      next question to be answered in this area.

PMID- 2648840
TI  - Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern during breathing is related to the
      respiratory sinus arrhythmia: a case report.
AB  - The sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern is a phenomenon of elusive
      pathophysiologic features and uncertain clinical significance. We present a case
      of sinusoidal fetal heart rate that occurred in association with fetal breathing.
      The degree and type of synchrony between the sinusoidal fetal heart rate and
      breathing movements suggest that the sinusoidal fetal heart rate and the
      respiratory sinus arrhythmia are related phenomena.

PMID- 2648841
TI  - Doppler assessment of the pulsatility index in the cerebral circulation of the
      human fetus.
AB  - To determine whether the pulsatility index was similar in all cerebral vessels,
      30 fetuses at 23 to 37 weeks' gestation were studied. There were 12 normal
      fetuses, 14 growth-retarded fetuses, and 4 fetuses that were transfused in utero
      because of Rh isoimmunization. The middle cerebral artery and the internal
      carotid artery were studied in all fetuses. The proximal anterior cerebral artery
      was also studied in addition to the other two vessels in 12 fetuses from the
      three groups. The pulsatility index was significantly higher in the middle
      cerebral artery than in the internal carotid artery in all three groups. The
      pulsatility index of the proximal anterior cerebral artery was between the values
      shown for the middle cerebral artery and the internal carotid artery. The
      pulsatility index of the proximal anterior cerebral artery was significantly
      different from the index for the middle cerebral artery and not significantly
      different from the index for the internal carotid artery. These data indicate the
      importance of knowing exactly which cerebral vessel is being insonated, so that
      the Doppler waveform can be interpreted correctly.

PMID- 2648842
TI  - Hemostasis in blood vessels after ligation.
AB  - The length of time required to achieve hemostasis after ligation of blood vessels
      with a diameter of 1.0 to 3.5 mm was studied. Canine limb vessels were ligated
      with stainless steel clips. These were removed at 48, 60, 72, 84, or 96 hours
      after ligation, and the degree of hemostasis was evaluated by observing the
      effect of varying amounts of trauma applied to the vessels. The vessels were
      first observed for 1 minute. In the second phase the vessels were stroked for 15
      seconds and then observed for 1 minute. In the second phase the vessels were
      stroked for 15 seconds and then observed for any bleeding. An additional 15
      seconds of stroking followed by observation completed the evaluation. All blood
      vessels achieved hemostasis after 96 hours of secure ligation despite the trauma.
      All ligating devices must provide secure ligation to achieve hemostasis for at
      least 96 hours. The presence of disease processes or medications interfering with
      clotting would necessitate a longer period of secure ligation to achieve
      hemostasis.

PMID- 2648843
TI  - Effects of insulin infusion on plasma catecholamine concentration in fetal sheep.
AB  - To evaluate the response of the sympathoadrenal system in fetal sheep receiving
      exogenous insulin infusion, we measured plasma catecholamine levels in 14
      chronically catheterized fetal sheep before and during an infusion of insulin for
      2 days. Catecholamine values were measured in fetal arterial plasma by an
      electrochemical detection method. Fetal plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine
      concentrations increased significantly during insulin infusion. Significant
      inverse correlations were observed between the log norepinephrine concentration
      and fetal arterial oxygen content and glucose values. A significant direct
      correlation between the log norepinephrine concentration and fetal arterial
      carbon dioxide concentration was also observed. The log epinephrine concentration
      correlated inversely with plasma glucose concentration. Increases in fetal heart
      rate during both the noninfused and insulin-infused states correlated
      significantly with increases in norepinephrine concentration. We conclude that
      the sympathoadrenal system is activated during fetal insulin infusion,
      potentially supporting some of the fetal cardiovascular responses to insulin
      infusion.

PMID- 2648844
TI  - Idiopathic recurrent fetal growth retardation and aspirin-dipyridamole therapy.

PMID- 2648845
TI  - Isolation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus from the placenta.

PMID- 2648846
TI  - S-100 sensitivity as a marker for Langerhans' cells.

PMID- 2648847
TI  - Corneal topography of transverse keratotomies for astigmatism after penetrating
      keratoplasty.
AB  - We used a topography system to evaluate retrospectively the pattern of power
      distribution seen preoperatively and postoperatively in six patients with high
      postkeratoplasty astigmatism. The relaxing incisions had all been placed based on
      visual inspection of keratoscope mires alone. Computer analysis of keratoscope
      photographs showed considerable individual variation in the degree of surface
      irregularity in preoperative topography. Our data suggest that the steep axis of
      the postkeratoplasty graft is better conceptualized as two steep hemimeridians.
      These hemimeridians were separated by an angle other than 180 degrees (two of six
      cases), and often showed fairly large changes in power from the most central to
      peripheral areas of the graft analyzed (three of six cases). Asymmetry of power
      between the two steep hemimeridians was seen in all cases. Areas of maximum
      steepening were often present in the peripheral portions of the graft in areas
      other than the major hemimeridians. Individual variation in preoperative corneal
      irregularity and asymmetry appeared to have an effect on the success of the
      relaxing incisions.

PMID- 2648848
TI  - Slowed saccades in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - We recorded eye movements using infrared oculography in ten patients with the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and ten control subjects of similar
      age. Peak saccadic velocity for the AIDS group was significantly lower than that
      of the control group for both adducting and abducting saccades (P less than
      .001). Saccadic duration for the AIDS group was significantly greater than that
      of the controls for both adducting and abducting saccades (P less than .02 for
      adduction and P less than .01 for abduction). There was no difference in saccadic
      latencies between the two groups. We add slowed saccades to the ocular motility
      manifestations of AIDS. Our study indicated that analysis of ocular motility may
      be of value in providing early detection of neurologic dysfunction, and may also
      be an important quantitative measure of the responsiveness of patients to
      different types of potential therapies.

PMID- 2648849
TI  - Results of a temporary balloon buckle in the treatment of 500 retinal detachments
      and a comparison with pneumatic retinopexy.
AB  - Five hundred detachments with a single break or a group of breaks close together
      were treated with parabulbar balloon and cryopexy in Tubingen between November
      1980 and September 1986. Follow-up ranged from six to 91 months. Primary
      attachment was achieved in 466 eyes (93%). Twelve (2.4%) redetached after the
      balloon was removed. After a second operation, 490 eyes (98%) were attached and
      after a third, 493 (99%) were attached. The results with the extraocular balloon
      were compared with results of a similar group of detachments treated with an
      intraocular gas bubble. The primary attachment rate with the expanding gas
      operation was 91%; 11% of these eyes redetached. Although the final attachment
      rate was 99%, the complications after gas were much more frequent and of serious
      consequence.

PMID- 2648850
TI  - The persistent challenge of ocular trauma.

PMID- 2648851
TI  - Streptococcus salivarius endophthalmitis from contaminated donor cornea after
      keratoplasty.

PMID- 2648852
TI  - Blue Cross reviewers clarify statements in Medicare article.

PMID- 2648853
TI  - Sex differences in children's response to parental divorce: 2. Samples,
      variables, ages, and sources.
AB  - This second of a two-part review examines four possibilities for explaining the
      discrepancy across studies in findings of sex differences in children's responses
      to parental divorce: sample type, nature of outcome variables, age of the child,
      and sources of data. Recommendations are made for further research that could
      clarify the nature and origins of differences by child gender in reactions to
      parental divorce. Part 1, reviewing research methodology and post divorce family
      forms, was published by this Journal in July 1988.

PMID- 2648854
TI  - Psychopathology in fragile X syndrome.
AB  - The fragile X syndrome is the most common known familial form of mental
      retardation. Young males commonly demonstrate hyperactivity and a short attention
      span, as well as physical abnormalities, some of which may lead to a diagnosis of
      Pervasive Developmental Disorder. Heterozygous females frequently demonstrate
      both a range of involvement with learning disabilities in math, and social
      anxiety. The more classical physical and behavioral features of this syndrome are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2648856
TI  - America's family support movement: strengths and limitations.
AB  - Current social and environmental trends have increased the family's need for
      support. Both grass roots and university-based programs have emerged to meet this
      need. This paper, the first of four on the family support movement, outlines the
      advantages of integrating these two types of program, discusses problems of
      funding and evaluation, and underscores the importance of family support and
      education programs finding their niche within the established social services
      system.

PMID- 2648855
TI  - The search for effective prevention programs: what we learned along the way.
AB  - Efforts by an American Psychological Association task force to identify model
      prevention programs for high-risk groups throughout the life span are summarized.
      Criteria for selection and program content are described, and implications for
      the construction, implementation, and evaluation of effective programs are
      discussed.

PMID- 2648857
TI  - Yugoslav Mesolithic dental reduction.
AB  - Yugoslav Mesolithic dentition exhibits maximum mesiodistal reduction compared
      with contemporary European and North African groups. This reduction is not
      explained entirely by attrition, and may be seen as a continuation of the
      European Upper Paleolithic trend. Buccolingual dimension does not reduce as much.
      In fact, this dimension in premolars and molars is larger than in other groups.
      This observation also occurs in Natufians, who were grain collectors, hunters,
      and gatherers. The Yugoslav Mesolithic group was collecting and domesticating
      Cerelia as well as fishing and hunting. Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEH) indicate
      childhood stress through the fifth year, which corroborates previously reported
      incidence of rickets in this group. The central maxillary incisors and canines
      manifest higher degrees of LEH, but the appearance on the second molars suggest a
      more severe physiological disruption. Sex differences in distributions of
      alveolar resorption and calculus suggest differences in diet or nutritional
      stress. Previous reports indicate that females had higher incidence of
      osteomalacia. If so, female nutritional stress may explain the extreme
      mesiodistal reduction and minimal sexual dimorphism in this group.

PMID- 2648858
TI  - Odontometric profile of a prehistoric southeastern Florida population.
AB  - This study analyzes and compares the dental size variation and sexual dimorphism
      of the Highland Beach Mound people, a late southeastern prehistoric aboriginal
      Florida population (ca. 800-1200 AD) with a somewhat earlier midwestern group
      (ca. 200-800 AD) and an Archaic sample (ca. 4160-2558 BC). The lengths and
      breadths of maxillary and mandibular permanent teeth of 99 individuals were
      measured, and crown surface areas were calculated for the molars. Results
      indicated that there was little sexual dimorphism. Only the mesiodistal
      dimensions of the upper P2 and lower C were significantly different at the P less
      than 0.05 level. In terms of dental size, what appears to be a chronologically
      based reduction in most points of comparison was seen in all three groups, with
      the exception of the molars, which were larger in the Highland Beach sample than
      in the earlier Schultz Mound.

PMID- 2648859
TI  - Enlarged occlusal surfaces on first molars due to severe attrition and
      hypercementosis: examples from prehistoric coastal populations of Texas.
AB  - During an examination of prehistoric samples from the Texas coast, individuals
      consistently exhibited a suite of traits on the first molars that included severe
      wear, hypercementosis, and resorption of the buccal margin of the alveolus. The
      occlusal surface of the tooth was worn below the cervical margin, with the
      subsequent incorporation of the buccal surface of the buccal roots into the
      occlusal plane. This expanded occlusal surface, which extends the buccal surface
      beyond the normal edge of the tooth, is composed of a combination of original
      enamel, secondary dentin, and cementum. There is a marked rounding of the buccal
      aspect of the occlusal surface. These conditions were noted in both maxillary and
      mandibular first molars. The resorption of alveolar bone surrounding the buccal
      roots resembles resorption associated with periodontal infection and is thought
      to be the result of severe levels of stress being applied to this portion of the
      dentition.

PMID- 2648860
TI  - Reflections on the face of Japan: a multivariate craniofacial and odontometric
      perspective.
AB  - Craniofacial variables for modern and prehistoric Japanese were subjected to
      multivariate analysis to test the relationships of the people of Japan with
      mainland Asian and Oceanic samples. The modern Japanese are tied to Koreans,
      Chinese, Southeast Asians, and the Yayoi rice agriculturalists who entered Japan
      in 300 B.C. Together they make up a Mainland-Asia cluster of related populations.
      The prehistoric Jomon foragers, the original inhabitants of the Japanese
      archipelago, are the direct ancestors of the modern Ainu, who made a recognizable
      contribution to the warrior class--the Samurai--of feudal Japan. Together, they
      are associated with Polynesians and Micronesians in a Jomon-Pacific cluster of
      related populations. Jomon-to-Ainu tooth size reduction proceeded at the same
      rate as that observable in the post-Pleistocene elsewhere in the Old World.

PMID- 2648861
TI  - Peopling of Andean South America.
AB  - Archeological, craniometrical, and genetic information is utilized to reconstruct
      possible migration routes used in the peopling of Andean South America. Special
      emphasis is given to the elaboration of craniometrical isoline maps and its
      application in testing models of population displacement based on archeological
      data. A genetic distance analysis among linguistic groupings complements the
      conclusions based on archeological and craniometrical information.

PMID- 2648862
TI  - Small tooth sizes in a nineteenth century South Carolina plantation slave series.
AB  - Sub-Saharan African (and derived) populations typically exhibit larger mean tooth
      crown diameters than whites in spite of considerable population variability. We
      report on a 19th century series of American black slaves from a single cemetery
      near Charleston, South Carolina, that possessed notably smaller crown sizes.
      Analysis identifies a characteristic set of differences compared to caucasians,
      including retention of large maxillary lateral incisors and disproportionately
      large premolars and molars. Regression of principal components scores (derived
      from the mesiodistal diameters) on the sum of all diameters (used here as a
      measure of overall tooth mass) confirms a basic ethnic difference between black
      and white odontometrics: significantly more of the tooth mass is apportioned to
      the cheek teeth (premolars, molars) in blacks than whites. The difference
      (expressed as residuals from linear regression on tooth mass) holds for the
      several groups assessed here despite considerable intergroup variability in tooth
      sizes. Potential explanations for the notably small diameters of this plantation
      series are speculative, but may involve kin-based divergences and/or reflect the
      natural intergroup differences extant in the African slave sources.

PMID- 2648863
TI  - Genetic differentiation among some endogamous populations of Andhra Pradesh,
      India.
AB  - Endogamous populations belonging to Brahmin, Vysya, Mala, and Madiga castes of
      Andhra Pradesh, South India, were investigated for certain red cell enzyme and
      serum protein genetic markers. Frequency values were statistically analyzed to
      assess genetic variation among the populations. Average heterozygosity of ten
      loci and genetic diversity within and between the populations were calculated by
      using the methods of Nei. Nei's index was used to calculate genetic distances
      between the pairs of populations. A dendrogram was drawn adapting the modified
      unweighted pair group method suggested by Li, which agreed with the history of
      the populations.

PMID- 2648864
TI  - Genetics and psychiatry: past discoveries, current dilemmas, and future
      directions.
AB  - Family, twin, and adoption studies have suggested an important role for
      hereditary factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of several psychiatric
      disorders. Advances in molecular and statistical genetics may very well reveal
      the identity of these factors, which may include single genes. Linked markers,
      critical to the discovery of abnormal genes in several medical conditions, have
      been reported for Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorder,
      and schizophrenia. Psychiatric disorders pose particular problems (etiologic
      heterogeneity, incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity) for genetic
      research. New practical and ethical questions also arise. Nevertheless, knowledge
      may emerge that will suggest new approaches to diagnosis, prevention, and
      treatment.

PMID- 2648865
TI  - Splitting in hospital treatment.
AB  - Splitting is a concept that is used in a variety of ways to describe several
      different phenomena commonly seen in hospital treatment. As defined in this
      paper, it should be reserved for situations in which intrapsychic and
      interpersonal splitting occur simultaneously, recreating the patient's internal
      object world in the milieu. Through projective identification, staff members
      unconsciously identify with projected aspects of the patient and behave
      accordingly. A clearer conceptual understanding of splitting in the hospital
      allows for its differentiation from common variants of splitting and for the
      development of strategies to manage splitting.

PMID- 2648866
TI  - The DST in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder.
AB  - The authors analyzed dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results from 13
      prospective studies on the use of the DST in children and adolescents with
      psychiatric disorders. Sensitivity of the DST was significantly higher among the
      children than among the adolescents with major depressive disorder (69.6% and
      47.1%, respectively), and specificity was significantly lower (69.7% and 80.2%).
      Significantly more adolescents with major depressive disorder than with other
      psychiatric diagnoses, especially conduct disorder, were nonsuppressors. The
      authors discuss possible explanations for the high DST sensitivity among the
      children and point out the potential usefulness of the DST in differentiating
      major depressive disorder from conduct disorder.

PMID- 2648867
TI  - A controlled trial of desipramine in 18 men with posttraumatic stress disorder.
AB  - Eighteen male U.S. veterans meeting DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress
      disorder (PTSD) completed a 4-week double-blind, crossover study comparing
      administration of 200 mg/day of desipramine with placebo. Response was measured
      by using the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression,
      the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, and the Impact of Event Scale. Overall,
      the only apparent response to desipramine was in some symptoms of depression;
      there were no changes in anxiety and other PTSD symptoms.

PMID- 2648868
TI  - Early interest in the idiot savant.

PMID- 2648869
TI  - Reflections on creativity and madness.
AB  - The author reflects on the long-assumed relationship between creativity and
      madness. He comes to the conclusion that, while not a prerequisite, a touch of
      madness could enhance creativity. He attempts to define creativity and breaks it
      down into the basic elements of creative person, creative process, and creative
      product. He touches on the influence of a particular culture on the emergence of
      creative works.

PMID- 2648870
TI  - The dilemma of contemporary psychiatry.
AB  - The factionalized state of contemporary psychiatry is considered from clinical,
      historical, and philosophical points of view. Six schools of psychiatric thought
      and practice are described and six potential routes toward their future
      rapprochement are examined.

PMID- 2648871
TI  - Physician ratings of appropriate indications for three procedures: theoretical
      indications vs indications used in practice.
AB  - We previously reported substantial disagreement among expert physician panelists
      about the appropriateness of performing six medical and surgical procedures for a
      large number of theoretical indications. A recently completed community-based
      medical records study of about 4,500 patients who had one of three procedures-
      coronary angiography, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and carotid
      endarterectomy--shows that many of the theoretical indications are seldom or
      never used in practice. However, we find that there is also substantial
      disagreement (5, 25, or 32 per cent for angiography, endoscopy, or
      endarterectomy, respectively) about the appropriateness of indications used in
      actual cases if disagreement is defined by first discarding the two extreme of
      nine ratings, then looking for at least one rating near the bottom (1 to 3) and
      one near the top (7 to 9) of the 9-point scale. Patients should know that a
      substantial percentage of procedures are performed for indications about which
      expert physicians disagree.

PMID- 2648872
TI  - High frequency electrical stimulation in muscle strengthening. A review and
      discussion.
AB  - This review of the published literature presents and discusses major findings and
      observations concerning the effects of high frequency electrical stimulation (ES)
      on strengthening the quadriceps femoris of healthy subjects. The paper does not
      focus on clinical studies, although clinical uses of ES, suggestions for further
      research, and measurement considerations are discussed.

PMID- 2648873
TI  - Anatomy of the posterior cruciate ligament. A review.
AB  - PCL injuries are major injuries of the knee. Most of the literature on PCL injury
      has focused on mechanism of injury, diagnosis, and treatment. We are presenting a
      review of the anatomy of the PCL. Different portions of the PCL are taut at
      different degrees of knee flexion and extension. The PCL, thus, along with the
      ACL, contributes to the "screwhome mechanism" of the knee. The anatomy of the
      meniscofemoral ligaments (ligaments of Wrisberg and Humphrey) reveals the
      intimate relationship among the PCL, the popliteus muscle, and the lateral
      meniscus. Understanding the anatomy of the PCL is important in the diagnosis and
      treatment of ligamentous injuries and also in total knee arthroplasty.

PMID- 2648874
TI  - Comparative functional analysis of the Bristow, Magnuson-Stack, and Putti-Platt
      procedures for recurrent dislocation of the shoulder.
AB  - Literature on anterior shoulder instability deals most often with elimination of
      recurrence following reconstruction. We analyzed the subjective function, loss of
      motion and shoulder strength of three operative procedures: Magnuson-Stack,
      Bristow, and Putti-Platt. A retrospective review of 27 patients, 9 in each
      surgical group, with no postoperative dislocations or on-going pain was
      performed. All patients were male, right hand dominant with the right shoulder
      affected. Average time of followup was 6.75 years (range, 4.2 to 10.3 years). All
      patients completed a questionnaire and had their range of motion measured by a
      hand-held goniometer and their shoulder strength tested on the Cybex II
      Dynomometer. Peak torque as a percent of body weight and side-to-side differences
      were calculated for six arm positions and compared to nine right hand dominant
      controls of similar age and recreational activity. Sixty percent returned to
      throwing sport. One Magnuson-Stack and Bristow patient felt full functional
      return to preinjury level. Three patients in each of these two groups returned to
      unmodified throwing sport whereas no Putti-Platt patient attained this level.
      Deficit of external rotation at shoulder neutral measured 4.7 degrees, Magnuson
      Stack; 12.2 degrees, Bristow; and 21.8 degrees, Putti-Platt. At 90 degrees
      shoulder abduction, similar deficits in external rotation measured 6.4 degrees,
      11.6 degrees, and 28.8 degrees respectively. These values were statistically
      significant employing analysis of variance. We compared the operative groups as a
      whole to the controls and compared the operative groups to each other.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648875
TI  - Meningioma, meningeal hemangiopericytoma (angioblastic meningioma), peripheral
      hemangiopericytoma, and acoustic schwannoma. A comparative immunohistochemical
      study.
AB  - The relationship between meningeal hemangiopericytoma (angioblastic meningioma),
      meningiomas of meningothelial derivation, and peripheral hemangiopericytoma is
      controversial; and immunohistochemical studies have yielded conflicting results.
      Likewise, immunohistochemistry has been touted as a reliable means of
      differentiating fibrous meningioma from acoustic schwannoma. By the
      immunoperoxidase method, we studied 40 meningiomas (11 meningotheliomatous, four
      transitional, 11 fibrous, three secretory, four metaplastic, one xanthomatous,
      one papillary, four atypical, one malignant), five arachnoid granulations, 13
      angioblastic meningiomas, nine peripheral hemangiopericytomas, and seven acoustic
      schwannomas. Antisera to vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), keratin, S
      100 protein, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), desmin, factor VIII, Ulex europeaus,
      and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were utilized. All meningiomas and
      arachnoid granulations stained for vimentin and EMA; 15% and 12% of meningiomas
      were S-100 and keratin positive, respectively. The latter was noted primarily in
      areas of secretory (pseudopsammomatous) differentiation. In contrast, all
      angioblastic meningiomas stained for only vimentin. This profile of
      immunoreactivity was also seen in the peripheral hemangiopericytomas, with the
      exception of single cases that stained focally for EMA and S-100 protein,
      respectively. Acoustic schwannomas all stained positively for S-100 protein,
      vimentin, and were variably reactive for EMA, a pattern not distinct from
      meningioma. We conclude that (a) meningiomas express both epithelial and
      mesenchymal markers as do arachnoid granulations, (b) that angioblastic
      meningiomas demonstrate only mesenchymal markers, (c) that angioblastic
      meningiomas express identical markers to peripheral hemangiopericytoma and should
      thus be considered a variant thereof, (d) among meningiomas, CEA and keratin
      appear to be relatively specific markers for the "secretory" variant, and (e)
      because of overlap in S-100 and EMA reactivity, these markers are unreliable in
      differentiating meningioma from acoustic schwannoma.

PMID- 2648876
TI  - Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy--type of T-cell lymphoma with a high content
      of epithelioid cells. Histopathology and comparison with lymphoepithelioid cell
      lymphoma.
AB  - A peripheral T-cell lymphoma with a high content of epithelioid cells--an entity
      that reveals morphologic and clinical characteristics resembling those seen in
      angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD)--was separated from lymphoepithelioid
      cell lymphoma (Lennert's lymphoma, or LeL); it was considered a variant of the
      AILD type of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (AILD-PTCLep). A histologic evaluation of
      135 lymph node biopsies from 98 patients with AILD-PTCLep showed that AILD-PTCLep
      and LeL share certain features, but there are also differences between the two. A
      finding common to both lymphomas was the mixture of neoplastic T-lymphocytes and
      a large number of epithelioid cells, which accumulated mostly in small, poorly
      defined clusters. Additionally, typical Sternberg-Reed and Hodgkin cells as well
      as giant cells resembling them were observed only rarely in either of these
      lymphomas. In contrast to LeL, AILD-PTCLep showed a great increase in follicular
      dendritic cells, which were sometimes identifiable in routine slides as so-called
      burned-out germinal centers. In AILD-PTCLep, the number of small vessels
      (predominantly epithelioid venules) and fibers is also usually greatly increased,
      whereas in LeL this is not the case, or the increase is only slight. Hypocellular
      and lymphocyte-depleted areas and PAS-positive intercellular material were seen
      in AILD-PTCLep (18% and 34%, respectively), but not in LeL. Large numbers of
      eosinophils, plasma cells and plasma cell precursors, and diffuse neoplastic
      infiltration of the capsule and extranodal tissue were observed much more
      commonly in AILD-PTCLep. Corresponding to these differences in the histologic
      pictures are differences in the clinical pictures. Hyperimmune phenomena
      (pruritus, skin rash, hemolytic anemia, allergy to antibiotics) and
      hypergammaglobulinemia were much more common in AILD-PTCLep than in LeL. Allergy
      to chemotherapeutic agents was observed only in AILD-PTCLep patients. Carcinomas
      were observed as a second neoplasm in 11% of the patients with AILD-PTCLep, but
      not at all in LeL. The similarities between the two lymphomas include the age and
      sex distribution (peak in the seventh decade and slight predominance of the male
      sex) and a similar median survival time. Another similarity is the possibility
      that the disease will develop into a large-cell malignant lymphoma. This was
      observed in 13% of the cases of AILD-PTCLep and 8% of the cases of LeL.

PMID- 2648877
TI  - The immunohistochemical diagnosis of mesothelioma. Differentiation of
      mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Despite numerous histochemical, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical studies,
      differentiation between malignant epithelial pleural mesothelioma and
      adenocarcinoma of the lung remains extremely difficult. Although there is general
      agreement that immunohistochemical methods can aid in this distinction, some
      studies have produced conflicting results with some of the proposed markers for
      mesothelioma. To obtain comparable and reproducible results, 19 unequivocal
      epithelial mesotheliomas and 23 unequivocal primary lung adenocarcinomas were
      studied by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method on formalin-fixed,
      paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. Well-characterized, commercially available
      antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a high- and low-molecular-weight
      keratin, vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen, human milk fat globule, Leu-M1,
      TAG-72 (identified by monoclonal antibody B72.3), beta 1 pregnancy-specific
      glycoprotein (SP1), human placental lactogen, secretory component (SC), CA19-9,
      and S-100 protein were used. Twenty-one adenocarcinomas (91.3%) reacted for CEA,
      14 (60.9%) for Leu-M1, 14 (60.9%) for SC, nine (39.1%) for CA19-9, and eight
      (34.8%) for SP1; no mesotheliomas stained for any of these markers. Nineteen
      adenocarcinomas (82.6%) and one mesothelioma (5.3%) reacted with B72.3.
      Adenocarcinomas and mesotheliomas did not significantly vary in reaction to the
      remaining antibodies. None of the antibodies used was specific for mesothelioma,
      but CEA was the single most useful marker. One of the two adenocarcinomas
      negative for CEA was positive for TAG-72, Leu-M1, and SC, and the only B72.3
      positive mesothelioma was negative for CEA, Leu-M1, SC, CA19-9, and SP1. These
      findings indicate that greater sensitivity in differentiating mesothelioma and
      adenocarcinoma can be achieved by immunostaining for both CEA and one or more of
      the markers TAG-72 (B72.3), Leu-M1, SC (these three have the highest sensitivity
      and specificity after CEA), CA19-9, and SP1.

PMID- 2648878
TI  - Endocrine cell carcinoma (carcinoid) of the gallbladder.
AB  - We report two cases of endocrine cell carcinoma of the gallbladder associated
      with adenocarcinoma. The patients were women with numerous gallstones.
      Histologically, the tumors consisted of adenocarcinoma and endocrine cell
      carcinoma. An apparent transition was noted between the two types. Tumor cells of
      both the endocrine cell carcinoma and the adenocarcinoma were argyrophilic. In
      one case the tumor was surrounded by metaplastic mucosa; in the other case, it
      was surrounded by dysplastic and metaplastic mucosa. The nonneoplastic mucosae
      also contained argyrophil cells in varying number. These findings suggest that
      endocrine cell carcinoma of the gallbladder is derived from metaplastic
      epithelium of the gallbladder.

PMID- 2648879
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the gastric stump. A case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Adenosquamous and pure squamous cell carcinomas of the stomach are very rare.
      This report is apparently the first published case of pure squamous cell
      carcinoma of the gastric stump. It occurred in a 67-year-old patient 37 years
      after Billroth II resection. This case satisfied the criteria established in the
      literature for the diagnosis of gastric squamous cell carcinoma. A diagnosis of
      adenosquamous carcinoma was excluded by extensive histologic investigation of a
      large number of tissue samples--a total 122 sections from 25 blocks--that
      revealed neither glandular structures nor mucin. The tumor stroma contained an
      unusually large number of eosinophils. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells
      reacted with a monoclonal antibody against keratin (KL1), but not with antibodies
      against neuroendocrine or endothelial markers, or alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. The
      tumor may possibly originate from ectopic squamous epithelium, squamous
      metaplasia of the gastric mucosa, or an undifferentiated mucosal stem cell.
      However, we excluded an endothelial origin (which has been proposed by other
      authors) on the basis of immunohistochemical findings.

PMID- 2648880
TI  - Bone core biopsies. Plastic or paraffin?
AB  - Plastic embedding of bone core biopsy specimens has been promoted as providing
      superior morphology, primarily because semi-thin sections can thereby be cut at 1
      2 mu. The major disadvantages of plastic embedding are that it increases the
      technical load, is more expensive, and potentially has its own intrinsic
      problems, including difficulties in performing special stains and
      immunoperoxidase studies. In order to investigate the possibility that semi-thin
      paraffin sections may provide similar morphological results without the intrinsic
      disadvantages of plastic sections, we examined 45 bone core biopsy specimens that
      were sufficiently large to process one half in plastic and the other half in
      paraffin following decalcification. Both were cut at 1-2 mu. Although many
      plastic sections appear esthetically more pleasing, semi-thin paraffin sections
      of very high quality can also be obtained routinely. Additional advantages of
      paraffin sections were the ability to perform peroxidase studies, lower cost,
      less technologist time, and avoidance of problems occasionally arising with
      plastic, such as difficulties with impregnation or problems with polymerization.
      Peroxidase studies were particularly useful in patients with possible myeloma
      that was not overt on hematoxylin-and-eosin section and in confirming the
      presence or source of metastatic carcinoma. We therefore recommend the use of
      semi-thin (1-2 mu) paraffin sections for routine examination of bone core biopsy
      specimens.

PMID- 2648881
TI  - Stage specific actions of antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum in culture.
AB  - Chemicals with antimalarial effects show different patterns against ring stages,
      trophozoites, and schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum in culture. Amodiaquine,
      mefloquine, quinine, quinacrine, primaquine, qinghaosu, halofantrine, rifampin,
      antimycin A1, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D were preferentially toxic to the
      mature stages. Ammonium chloride killed ring stages faster than mature forms,
      while tetracycline, clindamycin, and halofuginone acted with equal speed on all 3
      stages.

PMID- 2648882
TI  - Sequential changes of the connective matrix components of the myocardium
      (fibronectin and laminin) and evolution of cardiac fibrosis in mice infected with
      Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Interstitial matrix alterations due to chronic Trypanosoma cruzi myocarditis were
      studied in mice by immunofluorescent microscopy with specific purified antibodies
      against the main different collagen isotypes, laminin and fibronectin. During the
      early subacute stage (26-30 days postinfection), sarcolemmal and perivascular
      deposits of laminin and fibronectin were prominent. The presence of fibronectin
      appeared to correlate with the presence of inflammatory cells. By the late
      subacute phase and early chronic phase (50-90 and 80-90 days postinfection,
      respectively), laminin and Type IV collagen were present. These were the
      principal features, although fibronectin continued to be found among inflammatory
      cells, and pro-III and III collagens formed irregular bands and periarteriolar
      deposits. During the late chronic phase (150-200 days postinoculation) the
      interstitium was enlarged and irregular, with positive staining for laminin,
      Types III, pro-III, and IV collagens; fibronectin appeared as focal,
      subendocardial, interstitial, and perivascular deposits. The relative absence of
      Type I collagen and the apparent positive correlation between interstitial matrix
      amplification and the presence of mononuclear inflammatory cells suggest that
      fibrotic changes in chronic T. cruzi myocarditis can be reversed if the
      inflammatory changes subside.

PMID- 2648883
TI  - Evaluation of a specific enzyme immunoassay for onchocerciasis using a low
      molecular weight antigen fraction of Onchocerca volvulus.
AB  - A micro-ELISA technique has been developed for the diagnosis of onchocerciasis.
      With the use of a low molecular weight (LMW) fraction of a soluble, adult
      Onchocerca volvulus extract as an antigen, the problem of nonspecificity observed
      with the crude worm extract is negligible. Seventy-three sera from proven cases
      of other filarial infections were weakly reactive or nonreactive. From cross
      sectional and longitudinal surveys in a West African village hyperendemic for
      onchocerciasis, we concluded that this assay detects antibodies elicited when
      female worms start to produce microfilariae. Thirty-two of 33 children aged less
      than or equal to 15 years with positive skin snips were seropositive. High
      antibody levels could also be found in children who only became parasitologically
      positive 1-4 years after seroconversion. This leads to the conclusion that
      serology is more sensitive than the 2-snip method. In individuals with chronic
      infection (exposed for greater than 15 years), antibody titers were consistently
      lower (independent of the density of skin microfilariae) than in the early phase
      of a patent infection. A comparative serological study in a mesoendemic village
      revealed that the assay can serve to assess onchocerciasis prevalence by testing
      individuals aged 5-15 years.

PMID- 2648884
TI  - Immunofluorescent localization of eosinophil granule major basic protein in fatal
      human cases of Baylisascaris procyonis infection.
AB  - We examined eosinophil degranulation in tissues from patients infected with
      Baylisascaris procyonis as shown by the extracellular deposition of granule major
      basic protein (MBP). We utilized immunofluorescence to localize MBP in
      eosinophils and at sites of degranulation to study specimens from 2 fatal cases
      of B. procyonis infection. Large numbers of intact eosinophils were present in
      the brain around blood vessels and necrotic migration tracks and in mesenteric
      granulomata. Extensive extracellular MBP deposition was present in the necrotic
      migration tracks in the brain and around larvae in the mesenteric granulomata in
      association with the radiating eosinophilic deposits characteristic of the
      "Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon." The Splendore-Hoeppli deposits consist in part of
      eosinophil granule MBP. Release of the cytotoxic MBP in response to invading
      larvae may cause tissue damage. Central nervous system tissue damage by cytotoxic
      eosinophil granule proteins may contribute to the neurologic symptoms of B.
      procyonis infection.

PMID- 2648885
TI  - Hormones and breast cancer.
AB  - Patients with successfully managed breast cancer have generally been denied
      subsequent exposure to increased levels of estrogen (endogenous or exogenous)
      based on the belief that exacerbation of the cancer would occur. The advent of
      oral contraceptives, the trend toward childbearing later in life, and the
      demonstration of the protective value of menopausal estrogen replacement therapy
      against osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease requires that this issue be
      reexamined. New information bearing on this subject includes the recognition of
      estrogen receptors, the isolation of youth rather than pregnancy as the factor
      resulting in poor prognosis, epidemiologic studies showing no increased risk of
      breast cancer in women using oral contraceptives or taking hormonal replacement
      therapy, the beneficial effect of pregnancy subsequent to successfully managed
      breast cancer, and the absence of an adverse effect of oral contraceptives upon
      established breast cancer. In view of the lack of evidence relating estrogen to
      exacerbation of existing breast cancer, it may be in the best interest of our
      patients to liberalize our attitude to renewed hormonal exposure in patients with
      successfully managed breast cancer.

PMID- 2648886
TI  - Antibiotic beads in the management of surgical infections.
AB  - Polymethyl methacrylate antibiotic beads have been used successfully in the
      treatment of surgical infections. Presented are their mechanism of action, their
      use in experimental and clinical settings, and their complications.

PMID- 2648887
TI  - Establishment of human mucosal microvascular endothelial cells from inferior
      turbinate in culture.
AB  - Human microvascular endothelial cells were isolated and cultured from the mucosa
      of inferior turbinates. Using dish-coated collagen and a medium composed of a 1:1
      mixture of sarcoma 180-conditioned medium and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
      (containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 75 micrograms/mL endothelial cell growth
      factors prepared from bovine pituitary glands), these cells grew rapidly to
      confluence and survived serial passages until the 16th population doubling level.
      The cells were identified as endothelial cells by their morphology,
      immunostaining of factor VIII antigen, and cytochemical staining with Ulex
      europeus agglutinin. Furthermore, Weibel-Palade bodies and numerous pinocytotic
      vesicles were confirmed by electron microscopy. Proliferation experiments
      demonstrated the need for either endothelial cell growth factor or tumor
      conditioned medium. An exogenous matrix was also required for these cells in
      tissue culture. A tubule-like morphology appeared in the original monolayer of
      human microvascular endothelial cells after 1 month in the same plate, indicating
      that these cells have the ability to form tubules in the presence of sarcoma 180
      conditioned medium.

PMID- 2648888
TI  - Nursing information systems.

PMID- 2648889
TI  - Anaesthetic management of the patient with a permanent pacemaker.
AB  - Over 25,000 people in Britain now have pacemakers, and the number is increasing
      steadily. Anaesthetists encounter patients with pacemakers regularly. Knowledge
      about the increasingly wide range of pacemakers available is necessary to ensure
      safe management of these patients, many of whom are frail and elderly. This
      review outlines the indications for permanent pacing, the types of pacemaker used
      and the assessment and management of pacemaker patients for anaesthesia.

PMID- 2648890
TI  - Failure of rectal diclofenac to augment opioid analgesia after cholecystectomy.
AB  - The analgesic efficacy of a single 100-mg suppository of diclofenac sodium given
      after elective cholecystectomy was studied in 30 healthy patients in a double
      blind randomised controlled manner. The mean 24-hour postoperative morphine
      consumption of the placebo group and the diclofenac group was similar (45 mg).
      Analysis of the cumulative hourly morphine consumption from the patient
      controlled analgesia system failed to show any statistically significant
      differences between the groups. Peak expiratory flow rate, forced expiratory
      volume at 1 second and forced vital capacity decreased 24 hours after operation
      to less than 50% of pre-operative values in both groups. Subjective experiences
      of pain, nausea and drowsiness assessed by linear analogue scoring were similar
      in both groups.

PMID- 2648891
TI  - Is halothane obsolete? Two standards of judgement.

PMID- 2648892
TI  - [Amniotic fluid embolism].
AB  - A 38-year old quintipara with an unremarkable medical history suddenly complained
      of nausea during delivery, became pulseless and cyanotic, and lost consciousness.
      The ECG showed evidence of tachycardia, ventricular extrasystoles, and right
      ventricular strain. Within 30 min there were also hemorrhage and a consumption
      coagulopathy (Table 1). Kerato-hyaline cell material was found in central-venous
      blood. Following cardiopulmonary resuscitation, emergency cesarean section,
      hemotherapy (Table 2), and intensive care (acute renal failure, ARDS, sepsis) the
      patient was able to be released with no permanent sequelae. The etiology,
      epidemiology, and clinical aspects of amniotic fluid embolism are discussed.

PMID- 2648893
TI  - Comparative immunohistochemical study of the presence of glial fibrillary acidic
      protein in the pituitary of several vertebrates.
AB  - The presence and distribution of the astrocytic marker protein GFAP (glial
      fibrillary acidic protein) in the pituitaries of several mammalian as well as of
      some submammalian vertebrates were examined immunohistochemically. Our study
      revealed that GFAP-immunoreactive pituicytes, probably reflecting the presence of
      the filament-rich fibrous type of pituicyte, are a common feature of the
      mammalian neural lobe. Moreover, interspecific and interindividual differences of
      the neurohypophyseal immunostaining could be observed. In the distal
      neurohypophysis of some submammalian vertebrates, processes of ependymal glia
      showed GFAP-like immunoreactivity. Our results are in agreement with the well
      established evolutionary stability of GFAP elsewhere in the brain. In contrast to
      the neurohypophysis, GFAP-positive cells within the intermediate lobe were
      inconstantly present in only some species. They may be derived from
      neurohypophyseal glia. Folliculo-stellate cells of the adenohypophyseal pars
      distalis were not stained.

PMID- 2648894
TI  - Fifty-seven years ago in Anesthesia & Analgesia. M. B. Greene, J. Kaufman:
      Anesthetic and therapeutic nerve block by three-dimensions X-ray localization
      method. Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia: 1932;11:241-51.

PMID- 2648895
TI  - Considerations for anesthetic management during veno-venous bypass in adult
      hepatic transplantation.
AB  - Intraoperative data from 42 adult orthotopic hepatic transplant recipients were
      analyzed retrospectively to assess the hemodynamic, coagulation, and thermal
      effects of heparinless veno-venous bypass using a constrained vortex pump.
      Transient hemodynamic changes occurring at the onset of bypass included decreases
      in temperature (-10.7%), heart rate (-18.7%) and arterial pressure (-15.1%); and
      increases in central venous pressure (27.6%) and ECG T wave amplitude (231.6%).
      Abrupt decreases in cardiac output and pump flow occurred with termination of the
      portal limb of bypass, which is required to allow completion of the portal vein
      anastomosis. However, significant continuous decreases were observed in bypass
      flow and cardiac output during the entire bypass period. The blood volume became
      concentrated as indicated by increases in hematocrit, colloid osmotic pressure,
      serum osmolality and serum sodium. Changes in colloid osmotic pressure were
      inversely related to bypass flow. These data, along with an accumulating base
      deficit, suggest that veno-venous bypass is associated with less than optimal
      perfusion of the abdomen and lower extremities. Flow dependent third space fluid
      accumulation is most likely responsible for decreasing cardiac output and pump
      flow during the bypass period. No clinically significant coagulopathy could be
      attributed to the use of veno-venous bypass. There were no significant changes in
      platelet counts, fibrinogen levels or prothrombin times. The activated partial
      thromboplastin time decreased from 60.5 to 50.2 seconds. Patient core temperature
      decreased three times more rapidly (0.9 degrees C/hr) during bypass than at any
      other time during the procedure.

PMID- 2648896
TI  - Anesthetic management for obstetric hysterectomy: a multi-institutional study.
AB  - A prospectively designed review of all obstetric hysterectomies performed in five
      university hospitals between November 1, 1984 and October 31, 1987 has been
      performed. There were 41,107 deliveries and 46 obstetric hysterectomies, an
      incidence of 0.11%. Twenty-five hysterectomies were elective and 21 were
      emergent. The indication for 11 of the 21 emergency hysterectomies was placenta
      previa and/or accreta. Women in the emergency group had greater intraoperative
      blood loss, were more likely to have intraoperative hypotension, and were more
      likely to receive donor blood than women in the elective group (P less than
      0.05). Twelve patients (eight from the elective group and four from the emergency
      group) received continuous epidural anesthesia, and none required intraoperative
      induction of general anesthesia. There was no evidence that epidural anesthesia
      significantly affected blood loss, crystalloid replacement, or requirement for
      transfusion in the elective group. Abnormal placentation now represents a major
      indication for emergency obstetric hysterectomy. Furthermore, significant
      hemorrhage is more likely with emergency obstetric hysterectomy than with
      elective hysterectomy. Finally, elective cesarean hysterectomy is not a
      contraindication to performance of continuous epidural anesthesia.

PMID- 2648897
TI  - Comparison of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate and an oral solution of
      meperidine, diazepam, and atropine for premedication in children.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of premedication with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate
      (OTFC) was compared with that of an orally administered solution of meperidine,
      diazepam, and atropine and no premedication in 59 children about to undergo
      elective operations. The patients were randomly assigned to receive no
      premedication (n = 19); 0.25 ml/kg of the oral solution (containing meperidine,
      1.5 mg/kg, diazepam, 0.2 mg/kg, and atropine, 0.02 mg/kg, n = 20); or OTFC (15-20
      micrograms/kg, n = 20). Children had activity (sedation) and anxiety scores,
      vital signs (including systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures and heart
      and respiratory rates) and pulse oximetry determined oxygen saturation measured
      before and at 10-min intervals after premedication until they were taken to the
      operating room. Quality of induction and recovery was evaluated using scoring
      schedules; recovery times were measured and side effects noted. OTFC was readily
      accepted and provided significant reductions in preoperative activity (sedation)
      and anxiety starting after 30 min. After OTFC, sedation and anxiolysis were
      significantly greater than in children having no premedication but similar to
      children having the oral solution for premedication. Vital signs and oxygen
      saturations remained unchanged preoperatively in all groups. Induction and
      recovery evaluations and recovery times were similar in the three groups,
      although children having OTFC had the lowest requirements for narcotics in the
      recovery room. OTFC caused an 80% incidence of mild preoperative facial pruritus
      and a higher overall incidence of postoperative vomiting (37%) than premedication
      with the oral solution (5%) or no premedication (18%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2648898
TI  - Analytical evaluation of twenty assays for determination of thyrotropin (TSH).
AB  - This paper summarises the results of the evaluation of several assays of
      thyrotropin in serum. The authors assessed 8 radioimmunoassays (IRMA techniques)
      and 10 enzyme immunoassays, including ELISA, luminescent immunometry and
      fluoroimmunometry, also covering a broad spectrum of actual assays. An unique
      protocol based on identical human samples for all assays was used in order to
      compare precision, linearity, detection limit, matrix effects and correlation.
      The authors found a wide spread in precision results between the evaluated
      assays; as distinct from enzyme immunoassays, discrepant analytical results of
      the radioimmunoassays are mainly due to differences in standardization
      procedures. All assays were linear in a smaller or larger range. Sensitivity was
      generally in agreement with the manufacturer's specification. One assay was not
      acceptable for clinical use because the practical detection limit only reached
      1.5 mU/l. Three other assays (from the same origin) demonstrated particular
      problems with the stability of the chromogenic reagent. The study of matrix
      effects was performed using different artificial matrices and the results varied
      from one assay to another; in the test conditions, some assays were not sensible
      to matrix manipulations, others were extremely influenced by ion strength or
      protein concentration. The correlation study confirmed the results of the
      precision study: assays with a good intraassay precision had also the best
      correlations. In a general appreciation of the evaluated methods the authors
      notice that most of the evaluated "classical" enzyme immunoassays operate around
      the sensitivity limits of spectrophotometry, explaining also the inferior
      results. Some radioimmunoassays and the enhanced luminescent technique gave the
      best results in this evaluation study.

PMID- 2648899
TI  - [Bioluminescence assay of luteinizing hormone in plasma and urine].
AB  - The authors describe a bioluminescent immunoassay of LH in plasma and urine. It
      uses two monoclonal antibodies, one is labelled with glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase, the other one is coimmobilized together with bioluminescent
      enzymes from marine bacteria on the same adsorbent (Sepharose). This assay can be
      performed directly on 20 microliters plasma or 10 microliters urine. The protocol
      is very fast, no separation step is required to remove the excess labeled
      antibodies. The inhibitory effect of the biological sample on luminescent
      reaction is determined by adding NADH to the assay tubes. The working range of
      this assay is 3 to 300 Ul/l, with a sensitivity of detection of 0.5 Ul/l.
      Recovery, linearity, within and between assay precision were evaluated and
      appeared to be satisfactory. The authors have observed a good correlation between
      results obtained with our method and with radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2648900
TI  - [HLA, A, B, C, DR, C4, Bf in insulin-dependent diabetics in the Tunisian
      population].
AB  - There is no doubt that the autoimmune process in human disease depends on genetic
      factors. Varying associations were noticed between HLA DR and autoimmune
      disorders. The frequency of HLA-A-B and DR antigens as well as the Bf and C4
      allotypes have been investigated in insulinodependant diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
      and compared to that of healthy controls in Tunisian population. An increase of
      A30, DR3, DR4, BfF1, C4AQ0 and C4BQ0 and decrease of B40, DR2, DR5 and DR6 were
      found in diabetes when compared to the value observation controls. The strongest
      association was noticed with HLA, DR3 and DR4. The prospective role of DR2 and
      DR5 antigens were also confirmed. Examination of HLA, Bf and C4 alleles. Two
      supratypes associated with IDDM have been observed among the Tunisian patients.

PMID- 2648901
TI  - [Correlation of the cause and composition of renal calculi. Value of morphologic
      and infrared analysis].
AB  - The morphological and infrared spectrophotometric analysis of the urinary stones
      of 300 patients have been reported in this article. Calculi are classified into
      six morphological types with their corresponding mineralogical natures. The type
      I (whewellite or C1) is pure in 18 p. cent of lithiasis, more often present in
      the center than on the surface, with hyperoxaluria in 81 p. cent. Calculi linked
      to piridoxilate intake (3 p. cent) have this composition. The type II (weddellite
      or C2) rarely pure, often associated with calcium phosphate are present in 47 p.
      cent of lithiasis, more often on the surface than in the center, and linked to
      hypercalciuria in 70 p. cent. The oxalates (C1 plus C2) are the most frequent
      components of calculi (75 p. cent). The type IIIa and IIIb (anhydrous and
      dehydrated uric acid) are pure in 8 p. cent, mixed in 6 p. cent; due to
      hyperuraturia in 55 p. cent, due to urinary acid pH in 60 p. cent. The type IVa
      (carbapatite) is pure in 5 p. cent, mixed in 26 p. cent, linked to hypercalciuria
      in 40 p. cent. The types IVb and IVc (struvite plus carbapatite) are present in
      12 p. cent, due to urinary infection (90 p. cent), linked to proteus (70 p.
      cent). The type V (cystine) is rare, linked to hypercystinuria. The type VIa (1
      p. cent) is made of proteins. The type VIb (2 p. cent) is composed of medications
      (triamterene, glafenine, antrafenine).

PMID- 2648902
TI  - Functional and metabolic activity of bovine pulmonary lavage cells phagocytically
      stimulated with pathogenic isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica.
AB  - Live Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 isolates (n = 3) and
      Escherichia coli K-12, strain W3110, were reacted with bovine pulmonary lavage
      cell (PLC) suspensions. The comparative effects of the different bacteria on the
      functional and metabolic activity of alveolar macrophages (AMO) in the PLC
      suspensions were assessed simultaneously by use of 51Cr release, luminol
      dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL), and AMO bactericidal assays. The bovine PLC
      responded differently to E coli, than to the 3 P haemolytica isolates in each of
      the 3 experimental test systems; however, responses to each of the P haemolytica
      isolates were not found to be significantly different. Unopsonized live P
      haemolytica cells adversely affected the functional and metabolic response of
      PLC, whereas there was no evidence of a cytotoxic (cytocidal) influence of E
      coli. A difference in 51Cr release for reaction mixtures containing E coli and P
      haemolytica was not detected at zero time; however, at each subsequent time,
      reaction mixtures phagocytically stimulated with P haemolytica had significantly
      increased amount of 51Cr release (P less than 0.05), compared with those mixtures
      containing E coli. Bovine AMO in the PLC suspensions were able to effectively
      kill E coli in vitro, but were unable to prevent survival and subsequent growth
      of P haemolytica. The luminol-dependent chemiluminescence profiles for reaction
      mixtures phagocytically stimulated with E coli provided evidence of sustained
      production of oxygen radicals with antimicrobial capabilities by bovine AMO in
      the PLC. Production of these highly reactive antimicrobial oxidants appeared
      initially in cultures containing P haemolytica but, subsequently, their
      production declined precipitously and ceased altogether.

PMID- 2648903
TI  - Complement, bacteriostatic, and enzymatic activities in sera from guinea pigs
      given aflatoxin and/or rubratoxin.
AB  - The relationship of serum complement activity and bacteriostatic activity was
      investigated in male guinea pigs given aflatoxin and/or rubratoxin. In experiment
      1, guinea pigs were given 0.6 mg of aflatoxin/kg of body weight, PO, once. In
      experiment 2, guinea pigs were given 0.02 mg of aflatoxin/kg, PO, and/or 8 mg of
      rubratoxin, PO, 11 times. Aflatoxin (0.02 mg/kg) had no effect given alone, but
      potentiated the effect of rubratoxin. In both experiments, changes in complement
      activity were accompanied by similar but not always significant (P less than
      0.05) changes in bacteriostatic activity of serum. Guinea pigs given 0.06 mg of
      aflatoxin/kg had significant (P less than 0.05) changes in complement titers and
      in serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate
      aminotransferase activities. Guinea pigs given repeated oral doses of aflatoxin
      and/or rubratoxin had changes in complement titers, bacteriostasis, and alkaline
      phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, but not in alanine
      aminotransferase activities. Significant differences were detected only when
      average values for all guinea pigs given rubratoxin or rubratoxin with aflatoxin
      were compared with average values for guinea pigs not given rubratoxin.

PMID- 2648904
TI  - Suppression of preovulatory luteinizing hormone surges in heifers after
      intrauterine infusions of Escherichia coli endotoxin.
AB  - A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that high cortisol concentrations
      associated with products of infections (endotoxin) cause derangement in the
      neuroendocrine mechanism controlling ovulation in heifers. Eight Holstein heifers
      were given 2 injections of prostaglandin (PG), 11 days apart, to synchronize
      estrus. Starting from 25 hours after the second injection of PG (PG-2), the
      uterus of each heifer was infused with 5 ml of pyrogen-free water (control, n =
      3) or Escherichia coli endotoxin (5 micrograms/kg of body weight) in 5 ml of
      pyrogen-free water (treated, n = 5), once every 6 hours for 10 treatments. Blood
      samples were obtained every 15 minutes via indwelling jugular catheter for an
      hour before and 2 hours after each infusion, then hourly until an hour before the
      next infusion. Ultrasonography of the ovaries was performed every 12 hours,
      starting 24 hours after PG-2 injection until 96 hours after PG-2 injection. Serum
      concentrations of luteinizing hormone and cortisol were determined by validated
      radioimmunoassays. Changes in cortisol concentrations were not detected in
      control heifers with preovulatory luteinizing hormone surges at 60 to 66 hours
      after PG-2 injection, followed by ovulations 72 to 96 hours after PG-2 was
      injected. None of the treated heifers ovulated, and the resulting follicular
      cysts (14 to 18 mm diameter) persisted for 7 to 21 days. In all treated heifers,
      serum cortisol concentrations increased (4- to 10-fold) during the first 2 hours
      after each infusion and then decreased gradually until the next infusion.
      Luteinizing hormone concentrations remained at baseline values throughout the
      treatment period in all treated heifers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648905
TI  - Administration focuses on cabinet, budget.

PMID- 2648906
TI  - Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.
AB  - Major perspectives concerning stress are presented with the goal of clarifying
      the nature of what has proved to be a heuristic but vague construct. Current
      conceptualizations of stress are challenged as being too phenomenological and
      ambiguous, and consequently, not given to direct empirical testing. Indeed, it is
      argued that researchers have tended to avoid the problem of defining stress,
      choosing to study stress without reference to a clear framework. A new stress
      model called the model of conservation of resources is presented as an
      alternative. This resource-oriented model is based on the supposition that people
      strive to retain, project, and build resources and that what is threatening to
      them is the potential or actual loss of these valued resources. Implications of
      the model of conservation of resources for new research directions are discussed.

PMID- 2648907
TI  - Family burden and family stigma in major mental illness.

PMID- 2648908
TI  - Psychologists and families of the severely mentally ill. The role of family
      consultation.

PMID- 2648909
TI  - The dual crisis: mental illness and substance abuse. Present and future
      directions.

PMID- 2648910
TI  - Does aluminum smelting cause lung disease?
AB  - The evidence concerning a relationship between work in the aluminum industry and
      lung disease has been reviewed using epidemiologic criteria. Adequate data on
      environmental exposure are rarely presented. Case series on aluminum potroom
      workers over the past 50 years have identified an asthmalike syndrome that
      appears to be due to an irritant rather than an allergic mechanism. These studies
      have been supported by evidence of within shift variability of measures of lung
      function. However, to date, there is inadequate evidence to resolve the question
      of whether potroom exposure initiates asthma or merely precipitates asthmalike
      symptoms in a predisposed individual. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated
      evidence of reduced lung function, consistent with chronic airflow limitation. In
      exposed aluminum smelter workers compared to unexposed control subjects.
      Cigarette smoking, the major potential confounding variable, has been measured
      and accounted for in multivariate analyses. To date, evidence is lacking from
      longitudinal studies about the development of disabling chronic obstructive lung
      disease. Exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles in the production and consumption
      of anodes has biologic plausibility for an association of lung cancer with work
      in an aluminum smelter. Although retrospective mortality studies have failed to
      account for the probable high prevalence of smoking in blue collar workers, the
      relative risk of lung cancer is very low if present at all. Pulmonary fibrosis
      has not been shown to be a significant problem in aluminum smelter workers.
      Future research in the aluminum industry needs to concentrate on longitudinal
      studies, preferably with an inception cohort for the investigation of potroom
      asthma.

PMID- 2648911
TI  - A controlled trial of 3-month, 4-month, and 6-month regimens of chemotherapy for
      sputum-smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Results at 5 years. Hong Kong Chest
      Service/Tuberculosis Research Centre, Madras/British Medical Research Council.
AB  - Of 1,710 Chinese patients with radiologically active pulmonary tuberculosis but
      with sputum negative for acid-fast bacilli on four or more initial microscopic
      examinations who were studied for 5 yr, 592 (35%) had one or more initial sputum
      cultures positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These 592 patients were
      randomly allocated to receive streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide
      daily for 4 months or 3 times a week for either 4 or 6 months. The remaining
      1,118 patients with all their initial cultures negative were randomly allocated
      to receive the same four drugs daily for 3 months or 3 times a week for either 3
      or 4 months. There were no bacteriologic failures during chemotherapy, and the
      relapse rates for the 4-month regimens during the 5 yr were 2% in 293 patients
      with drug-susceptible cultures initially (95% confidence limits, 1 to 5%); 8% in
      59 patients with cultures resistant to isoniazid, streptomycin, or both drugs,
      but susceptible to rifampin initially; and 4% in 325 patients with all their
      cultures negative initially (95% confidence limits, 1 to 7%). The combined
      relapse rate for the 3-month regimens was 7% in 709 patients with all their
      cultures negative initially (95% confidence limits, 5 to 9%). In Hong Kong, 4
      months of chemotherapy is now used routinely in the treatment of patients with
      smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis, whether their initial sputum cultures are
      positive or negative.

PMID- 2648912
TI  - Objective monitoring of the allergic inflammatory response of the nasal mucosa in
      patients with hay fever during natural allergen exposure.
AB  - A method is presented for the objective monitoring of the inflammatory response
      of the nasal mucosa to natural allergen exposure through measurements of
      biochemical markers such as TAME-esterase activity in a daily nasal lavage. Nine
      patients with strictly seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by birch pollen and five
      healthy nonatopic control subjects participated in the present study, which
      started 1 wk before the birch pollen season and continued throughout the entire
      pollen season. A diary card was used to assess daily nasal symptoms, and a daily
      nasal lavage was performed once every afternoon. The degree of pollen exposure
      was assessed by daily pollen counts. The TAME-esterase activity in the lavage
      fluid from the allergic patients, but not in that from the nonallergic control
      subjects, increased significantly during pollen exposure despite low pollen
      counts and was found to correlate with daily nasal symptoms (r = 0.36; p less
      than 0.05) and the degree of pollen exposure (r = 0.45; p less than 0.01). The
      area under the curve for the daily TAME-esterase measurements thus differed
      significantly (p less than 0.02) between allergic patients (158 +/- 28) and
      control subjects (74 +/- 9). This approach for the monitoring of patients with
      hay fever during natural allergen exposure will make further objective studies on
      the pathophysiology and pharmacology of hay fever possible. We also provide
      support for the validity of previous findings obtained in allergen challenge
      situations utilizing the lavage approach.

PMID- 2648913
TI  - [Behavior of insulin in children with constitutional short stature].
AB  - Secretion of insulin in a group of children with normal stature and without
      endocrine-metabolic (47 cases), versus another group with constitutional short
      stature (35 cases). Is study authors made a glucose tolerance test (1 g/kg) to
      both groups and they study the fisiologic secretion of insulin during 24 hours.
      It was observed that rates of insulin were similar after glucose tolerance test
      in both groups, but study of fisiologic secretion of insulin during 24 hours
      shows low rates of insulin in the group of constitutional short stature (p less
      than 0.005). The problem group rises higher rates of insulin after a glucose
      tolerance test than after the study of fisiologic secretion of insulin in 24
      hours, but the other group shows similar answer in both tests.

PMID- 2648914
TI  - [Childhood shigellosis: clinical and microbiological characteristics].
AB  - Authors present a retrospective study on 89 cases of pediatric shigellosis
      detected between 1983-1987. Most frequent isolated strain was S. sonnei with
      67.4% and S. flexneri with 31.4% cases. 73.9% of all isolements were marked
      between the months october-december. Mean age of patients was 4.4 years and 44.9%
      of them need not to be hospitalized. Only 3.3% of patients presented a clinical
      syndrome of bacillar disentery with blood and mucus. Strains were resistent to
      ampicilin in 84.2% and to thrimetoprim-sulphimethosaxol in 80.9% of cases.

PMID- 2648915
TI  - [Spontaneous chylothorax: seven cases of prenatal diagnosis].
AB  - Authors present 7 cases of spontaneous congenital chylothorax, all of them
      diagnosed antepartum echographycally. Six of them needed cardiopulmonary
      resucitation but none presented fetal anoxia. Three cases had associated
      malformations. Treatment included thoracocenthesis, pleural drainage, assisted
      ventilation and appropriate nutrition. Pleural effusion lasted from 14 days to 6
      months. Complications were: pneumothorax, metabolic acidosis and bacterial
      infections. Three patients died by respiratory failure. Pulmonary hypoplasia was
      present in two of them, and suspected in the third one. Survivors are free of
      symptoms.

PMID- 2648916
TI  - [Iodine overload in newborn infants caused by the use of PVP-iodine for perineal
      preparation of the mother in vaginal delivery].
AB  - The high incidence of transient thyroid dysfunction in newborns from our hospital
      (0.6%), led us to investigate whether povidone perineal prep. during delivery and
      daily postpartum antisepsis, induced iodine overload in the newborn, and whether
      breast milk was the vehiccle. In a controlled randomized trial we used either
      povidone-iodine or clorhexidine in 36 mothers, and we investigated in them and in
      their newborns iodine levels and thyroid function. Iodine levels in cord blood,
      maternal urine and newborn urine were significantly higher in povidone treated
      group (p less than 0.001) up to the 4th postpartum day. These levels were also
      significantly higher in breast fed than in formula-fed babies within the group of
      povidone-iodine-treated mothers. Maternal prepartum urine iodine, and thyroid
      function in mothers and newborns were not significantly different in both groups.

PMID- 2648917
TI  - [Interrelation of bilirubin and free fatty acids in newborn infants with
      pathologic conditions].
AB  - Authors analyzed total and free bilirubin concentrations (TB and FB) and free
      fatty acid levels (FFA) (by enzymatic methods) in the serum (S) and cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) of 26 sick newborn infants. Relationship between these three
      biochemical parameters in both S and CSF and also between these latter 15 studies
      FFA serum concentration of neonates (n: 9) with TB less than 2 mg/dl - 70.15
      (15.63) (+/- SEM) mg/l - was not statistically different from those calculated in
      CSF - 67.45 (13.80) mg/l - (p: NS): while newborn infants (n: 17) with TB greater
      than 2 mg/dl had FFA serum levels - 152.75 (22.84) less than 0.002). There was a
      positive correlation between TB and FFA in S (n: 26, r: 0.52, p less than 0.01).
      There was no correlation of the FFA levels between S and CSF (n: 26, r: -0.02, p:
      NS). In CSF, FFA concentrations were correlated with albumin levels (n: 26, r:
      0.67, p less than 0.005) and white cell recound (n: 26, r: 0.53, p less than
      0.01). Authors discuss results and conclude that: a) bilirubin interferes with
      FFA metabolism, probably as the result of a toxic effect on extraneuronal tissue;
      b) an increase of FFA serum concentrations does not cause them to rise in the CSF
      by transport across blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier; and c) although, the
      source of the FFA in CSF is varied (from serum or loss of myelin, for instance,
      as a consequence of an asphyxial insult, or devitalized white cells) their
      increased concentrations are correlated with enhanced albumin levels and white
      cell recounts.

PMID- 2648918
TI  - [Vertical transmission of hepatitis B].
AB  - Five cases of perinatal HBV infections of vertical transmission (mother-child)
      are reported. The authors comments the most important clinical and
      epidemiological characteristics of this way of transmission in paediatrics
      patients and emphasized the interest that has the screening in pregnant women.
      Finally, the guide-lines of neonatal prophylaxis recommended is described.

PMID- 2648919
TI  - [Meningitis caused by Salmonella enteritidis in an infant].

PMID- 2648920
TI  - [Occlusion of the internal carotid artery caused by blunt injuries sustained in
      childhood].

PMID- 2648921
TI  - Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Feedback on American College of Physicians
      guidelines.

PMID- 2648922
TI  - Performance characteristics of serologic tests for human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1 (HIV-1) antibody among Minnesota blood donors. Public health and clinical
      implications.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate performance characteristics of sequential enzyme
      immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
      antibody testing in a low-risk population. DESIGN: Three-year prospective study
      of a selected sample from a community-based population. SETTING: Two blood
      collection facilities in Minnesota. POPULATION: Minnesota blood donors. RESULTS:
      During the study period, 630,190 units of blood (donations) from an estimated
      290,110 Minnesota-resident donors were screened for HIV-1 antibody. Seventeen
      Minnesota-resident donors were identified as positive for HIV-1 antibody. Sixteen
      donors were available for follow-up HIV-1 culture: all were culture positive. The
      other donor, who was not available for follow-up culture, was likely infected
      with HIV-1 based on a history of high-risk behavior and positive serologic
      findings for hepatitis B surface antigen. Using 95% binomial confidence
      intervals, performance characteristics for sequential EIA and Western blot HIV-1
      antibody serology were as follows: false-positive rate by number of donations, 0%
      to 0.0006%; specificity by number of donations, 99.9994% to 100%; predictive
      value of a positive test, 81% to 100%. CONCLUSIONS: In this low-risk population,
      the false-positive rate of serologic tests for HIV-1 antibody, using HIV-1
      culture as the definitive standard for infection status, was extremely low and
      test specificity was extremely high.

PMID- 2648924
TI  - Occupational infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Risks and risk
      reduction.
AB  - As the epidemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) expands, the
      prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in health care
      environments will increase and health care workers in many locations are likely
      to be at increased risk for exposure. The Fifth Annual Advances in Occupational
      Cancer Conference, held in December 1988 in San Francisco, addressed occupational
      HIV infection. Symposium participants concluded that the risk of HIV infection
      for health care workers is low but not zero. Implementation of universal blood
      and body fluid precautions was agreed to as an appropriate method of preventing
      exposure to HIV, especially for preventing needlestick accidents. Current
      standards for hospital waste disposal were judged to be adequate to prevent
      transmission of HIV, and confidential testing for HIV antibody in health care
      workers with follow-up counseling was recommended where indicated. It was also
      agreed that the risk of occupational exposure to HIV does not free health care
      workers from the responsibility to provide care to infected persons.

PMID- 2648923
TI  - Screening asymptomatic adults for cardiac risk factors: the serum cholesterol
      level.
AB  - From our review of the epidemiologic and clinical literature, we have developed
      recommendations for using the serum cholesterol test as a component of strategies
      to prevent coronary heart disease in asymptomatic adults. Total cholesterol, high
      density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels are risk factors for
      coronary disease and early mortality in middle-aged men. Weaker evidence suggests
      that hypercholesterolemia increases the risk for coronary disease in women or
      elderly men, or that hypertriglyceridemia increases the risk in men or women. A
      reduction in cholesterol levels lowers the incidence of and the mortality from
      coronary disease in asymptomatic, hypercholesterolemic, middle-aged men, but has
      not been shown to reduce overall mortality. The efficacy of treatment in women
      and elderly persons has not been studied. Screening and treatment plans should be
      individualized; a 5-year period between tests is adequate for asymptomatic, low
      risk men, whereas more frequent testing is appropriate for high-risk men.
      Screening is optional for women and elderly persons.

PMID- 2648925
TI  - Aerosolized pentamidine and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

PMID- 2648926
TI  - Corticosteroids in severe alcoholic hepatitis.

PMID- 2648927
TI  - Methylprednisolone therapy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. A
      randomized multicenter trial.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of a corticosteroid in reducing the
      short-term mortality of patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. DESIGN:
      Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. SETTING: Four
      university teaching hospitals. PATIENTS: We enrolled 66 patients with alcoholic
      hepatitis and either spontaneous hepatic encephalopathy or a discriminant
      function value greater than 32, calculated using the formula: 4.6 (prothrombin
      time - control time) + serum bilirubin [in mumol/L]/17.1. Fifty-nine patients
      (89%) completed the study. Two patients withdrew from the trial. The other 64
      patients were hospitalized for the duration of the trial; however, treatment was
      discontinued in 5 patients because of potential drug toxicity. INTERVENTIONS:
      Patients were randomly assigned to receive either methylprednisolone (32 mg) or
      placebo within 7 days of admission. Treatment was given for 28 days. The doses
      were then tapered over 2 weeks and discontinued. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      The endpoint of the study was death. Of the 31 recipients of placebo, 11 (35%)
      died within 28 days of randomization compared with 2 (6%) of the 35 patients
      given methylprednisolone (P = 0.006). The 95% CI for the difference in mortality
      was 12% to 70%. In the patients with spontaneous hepatic encephalopathy at entry,
      9 of 19 recipients of placebo died (47%) compared with 1 (7%) of the 14 patients
      given methylprednisolone (P = 0.02). The 95% CI for the difference in mortality
      was 14% to 66%. The Cox proportional hazards regression model showed the
      advantage of methylprednisolone over placebo after adjustment for other
      potentially important prognostic variables (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS:
      Methylprednisolone therapy decreases short-term mortality in patients with severe
      alcoholic hepatitis manifested either by spontaneous hepatic encephalopathy or a
      markedly elevated discriminant function value.

PMID- 2648928
TI  - Pulmonary edema associated with tocolytic therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To familiarize the general internist with the unique features of
      pulmonary edema occurring in association with tocolytic therapy (drugs used to
      inhibit uterine contractions). DATA IDENTIFICATION: The literature in English was
      searched using MEDLINE (1.966 to 1988), and bibliographies of pertinent articles
      and texts were reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Fifty-eight case reports were examined
      by both authors and served as the database. DATA EXTRACTION: Several clinical
      variables, when available, were extracted from each case reported. Each variable
      was analyzed to provide an accurate composite description of pulmonary edema
      resulting from tocolytic therapy. RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Patients with this
      syndrome present with dyspnea and may or may not have chest pain. Women at risk
      are receiving or have recently received sympathomimetic agents to arrest uterine
      contractions, with or without steroids. The incidence of the syndrome is higher
      in women with twin gestations. In postpartum cases, the syndrome usually occurs
      within 12 hours of delivery. Most women have intact membranes at presentation.
      Patients rarely have hypotension but usually have tachycardia and tachypnea.
      Chest roentgenograms usually show bilateral alveolar infiltrates and a normal
      sized heart. Arterial blood gas values reveal an increased alveolar-arterial
      oxygen gradient. Hemodilution may cause a decrease in potassium values and the
      hematocrit. Patients respond rapidly to treatment with diuresis and oxygen
      administration and show clinical improvement usually within 24 hours. The
      underlying mechanism appears to be related to increased hydrostatic pressure and
      not to increased permeability or a direct toxic effect of tocolytic agents.
      CONCLUSIONS: Familiarity with the clinical features outlined above should
      increase the internist's ability to manage this problem without further invasive
      or noninvasive testing that might otherwise be used in evaluating dyspnea in
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2648929
TI  - Voluntary screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Weighing
      the benefits and harms.
AB  - Voluntary screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may help
      prevent the spread of the HIV epidemic if persons who test positive alter
      behaviors that may transmit infection. Protecting persons from unknowingly being
      exposed to HIV infection must be balanced against respecting the autonomy of
      individuals being screened. Seropositive patients may feel a stigma and be
      subjected to discrimination if confidentiality of test results is breached. In
      patients without high-risk behaviors, the positive predictive value of HIV
      testing may be substantially increased if tests are done in reference
      laboratories and if further confirmatory tests are run on a second blood
      specimen. For persons with high-risk behaviors, HIV testing can be recommended to
      those who want to reduce uncertainty about their HIV status or whose medical care
      would change if they were seropositive. Health care workers can maximize benefits
      of screening and minimize harm by educating and counseling patients before HIV
      testing, discussing the confidentiality of HIV test results, urging patients to
      disclose positive test results to sex partners, and advising patients on how to
      reduce high-risk behaviors.

PMID- 2648931
TI  - Uveitis in childhood--Part I. Anterior.
AB  - Uveitis in children creates unique problems in the management of ocular
      inflammatory disease. While a child's symptoms may differ only slightly from
      those of adults in many cases, there are substantial differences in the signs,
      symptoms, etiology, and treatment. These are summarized extensively in this
      paper. The treatment of both the primary disease and discussion of the
      complications and the usual course of the illness in children is highlighted.
      Differential diagnosis poses key problems because some of the masquerade
      syndromes including juvenile xanthogranuloma and retinoblastoma may confuse the
      clinician in diagnosis. This is the first of a three-part series of articles.

PMID- 2648930
TI  - Therapy-related acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with monocytic features and
      rearrangement of chromosome 11q.

PMID- 2648932
TI  - Uveitis in childhood--Part II. Intermediate.
AB  - Intermediate uveitis poses a significant problem in treatment for the clinician.
      Guidelines for its treatment have been outlined in this paper including visual
      acuity decreases to 20/40, disc edema, subretinal exudation, and significant
      symptoms from vitreous floaters. Periocular adrenocorticosteroids are suggested
      as the treatment of choice. A brief account of the signs, symptoms, and suggested
      etiologic evaluation is included. This is the second in a three-part series of
      articles.

PMID- 2648933
TI  - Uveitis in childhood--Part III. Posterior.
AB  - Toxoplasma, nematodes, and cytomegalovirus are the most common causes of uveitis
      in children involving the posterior pole. Discussion of treatment and management
      is detailed. Rubella retinitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis are
      specific entities which are limited in their initial presentation in children.
      Panuveitis including sympathetic ophthalmia, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada, and Behcet's
      syndromes, while relatively rare in their occurrence, demand early treatment
      intervention. Specific antimicrobial therapy and adrenocorticosteroids as well as
      therapeutic suggestions are also included. This is the last part of a three-part
      series of articles.

PMID- 2648935
TI  - [The new penicillins in the treatment of children].
AB  - The new penicillins developed over the last few years have helped improve our
      therapeutic armamentarium against enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, beta-lactamase
      producing Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria, Acinetobacter and anaerobes.
      However, they are of no benefit in the treatment of infections caused by
      staphylococci, streptococci and Listeria. These new molecules have little
      toxicity and represent a breakthrough in the development of drugs with improved
      pharmacokinetic properties and resistance to bacterial beta-lactamases. However,
      none has escaped the development of resistant bacteria that may cause clinical
      failures; this event is to be expected as resistant strains have been recovered
      from stools.

PMID- 2648934
TI  - Anopheles sergenti (Theobald) a potential malaria vector in Egypt.
AB  - Two immunoassays for malaria sporozoite detection and identification, the
      immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      using the species-specific monoclonal antibodies are routinely performed in our
      laboratory. We analyzed (573) anopheline mosquitoes of A. sergenti (463), A.
      pharoensis (81) and A. multicolor (29) collected from Siwa-oases and Faiyum
      Governorate (two known active malaria foci in Egypt), for detection of P.
      falciparum and P. vivax sporozoites. P. falciparum sporozoites were detected by
      both IRMA and ELISA tests in two A. sergenti mosquitoes (one from Siwa 1/389 =
      (0.26%) and one from Faiyum Governorate 1/74 = (1.35%)). No P. vivax sporozoites
      were detected. This finding is important in explaining the malaria transmission
      and provide first incrimination of An. sergenti as the responsible vector of
      malaria in Siwa-oasis, Egypt.

PMID- 2648936
TI  - [Infective endocarditis in children. Apropos of 13 cases].
AB  - From 1978 through 1987, thirteen pediatric patients aged 14/12 years to 16/12
      years were hospitalized for infective endocarditis (IE). Ten cases presented as
      acute septicemia with modification or development of a murmur and/or heart
      failure. Three patients had subacute endocarditis. Prior to the endocarditis, ten
      patients had recognized heart disease, whereas three had no known cardiac
      abnormality. The organism was recovered in seven cases, from blood cultures in
      six cases (3 Staphylococcus aureus, 1 group D streptococcus, 1 Staphylococcus
      albus, and 1 Salmonella typhi) and from a prosthesis in one case
      (Corynebacterium). Echocardiography confirmed the diagnosis in every patient
      except the one that had a prosthesis. Although all the patients received
      parenteral antimicrobial therapy, selected according to bacteriologic data when
      available, complications developed in every case, including heart failure in nine
      patients. Three children died, eight underwent valve replacement or repair once
      the infection was under control, and two have residual valvular disease. This
      study confirms that, in pediatric patients, the prognosis of IE remains severe
      despite advances in antimicrobial therapy and the contribution of
      echocardiography.

PMID- 2648937
TI  - [Streptococcus group B tardive meningitis revealing chronic septic
      granulomatosis].
AB  - A first-born boy operated on D20 for an abscess of the anal margin (E. Coli,
      Klebsiella) developed purulent meningitis due to a group B serotype III
      streptococcus on D35. The outcome was rapidly fatal. Results of immunologic
      investigations done on the day before death were suggestive of chronic
      granulomatous disease (CGD) as complete absence of reduction of nitroblue
      tetrazolium (NBT) was evidenced. Studies of polymorphonuclear cells from the
      mother showed normal production of oxygen, chemiluminescence and NBT reduction.
      During the subsequent pregnancy, fetal blood was sampled 19 weeks after the last
      menstrual period; results showed the fetus was male and the polymorphonuclear
      cells were incapable of reducing NBT and exhibited decreased chemiluminescence
      and oxygen production. The pregnancy was terminated. This case shows that delayed
      group B streptococcus infection can occur as the first manifestation of CGD,
      although this condition is usually responsible for infections due to
      staphylococci, enterobacteriaceae and yeasts.

PMID- 2648938
TI  - [Pleuropulmonary colibacillus infection in a 9-year-old boy leading to the
      diagnosis of Bruton agammaglobulinemia].
AB  - A nine-year-old boy was hospitalized for pneumonia of the left lower lobe. A left
      pleural effusion developed 48 hours later. The same E. coli strain was recovered
      from five blood cultures, pleural fluid, and middle ear fluid. Recovery was
      achieved after two months. Pleural lavage was performed twice daily for the first
      15 days and parenteral antimicrobial therapy was given for 45 days. Because E.
      coli is not usually responsible for ENT or lower respiratory tract infections, an
      immune deficiency was sought for. The index patient had a twin in whom a history
      of osteomyelitis at the age of 2 and pneumonia at the age of 8 was found.
      Recurrent otitis had been a problem in both twins from the age of 14 months. In
      both twins, immunoglobulin assays led to the diagnosis of Bruton
      agammaglobulinemia. These two children are now receiving intravenous infusions of
      human immunoglobulins every three weeks. Bruton agammaglobulinemia is
      infrequently diagnosed at so late an age.

PMID- 2648939
TI  - [Treatment of acute otitis media in infants using an amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
      formulation (in the form of an oral suspension for pediatric use)].
AB  - In a multicenter study, Augmentin pediatric suspension was given to 1,227 young
      children (3 months - 3 years) with otitis media seen in private practice.
      Patterns of otitis included first episodes, recurrences, and forms that had
      failed to respond to previous antimicrobial therapy. The study medication was
      given as a first-line treatment, on the basis of epidemiologic data, in a daily
      dose of 40 mg/kg for 7 to 10 days. In the 3 months to 3 years age group, two
      micro-organisms are prevalent, ie. Haemophilus influenzae, which is the most
      common agent and may produce beta-lactamases (10 to 18% of strains), and
      Streptococcus pneumoniae. Among our patients, the otitis-conjunctivitis syndrome
      caused by Haemophilus influenzae was fairly frequent (8.7% of cases). Clinical
      effectiveness as evaluated between D8 and D11 was good or very good in 91.2% of
      cases. Tolerance was satisfactory in 83% of patients. Side effects were uncommon
      and consisted primarily in gastrointestinal symptoms. We point out the
      potentially deleterious effect of concurrent anti-inflammatory treatment.
      Acceptability of the suspension was judged satisfactory by the parents in 91.6%
      of cases. Augmentin proved well-suited to epidemiologic data, outstandingly
      effective, well tolerated, and easy to use because of its presentation as a
      pediatric suspension; it is therefore an appropriate first-line drug in the
      common indication addressed in our study.

PMID- 2648940
TI  - [Glucose and its protein environment in vivo].
AB  - The non-enzyme reaction by which glucose can combine with free amines has been
      known since the beginning of the century: in 1912, Mallard reported the
      combination of glucose with amino acids. This reaction results in the formation
      of cetoamine or fructosamine as well as often complex sub-products responsible
      for a change in the color of the medium that turns brown. This process, which
      food chemists are well-familiar with, was not observed in vivo until three
      quarters of a century later. In 1975, hemoglobin A was shown to combine with
      glucose by means of a non-enzyme reaction, producing hemoglobin A1c. HbA1c is now
      believed to be a "black box", i.e. a cumulative reflection of all the
      hyperglycemic episodes that occurred over the last hundred days. This discovery
      was followed by an impressive number of similar observations: nearly all the
      available amines seem able to participate in this kind of reaction. Plasma
      proteins, membrane proteins, structural proteins such as collagen, the
      apolipoproteins of circulating lipoproteins, intracellular tubulines, and even
      nucleic acids seem capable of undergoing glycation. A great number of bioclinica
      uses of this phenomenon have already been developed. Diabetes mellitus has
      benefited most from these investigations and, from a broader viewpoint, studies
      in this field are unquestionably central to our understanding of atherosclerosis,
      inflammation, and cancer. Furthermore, the entire spectrum of these observations
      are related to ageing.

PMID- 2648941
TI  - [Nephronophthisis, tapeto-retinal degeneration, encephalopathy and vermian
      agenesis: a new association. Apropos of 3 familial cases].
AB  - We observed a combination of nephronophthisis, tapetoretinal degeneration,
      vermian agenesis and encephalopathy in three first cousins. Juvenile
      nephronophthisis, the main inherited renal disease of childhood, is occasionally
      associated with a genetically linked disease involving the eyes and/or bone
      and/or liver and/or nervous system. We have assembled approximately one hundred
      cases of complex nephronophthisis. We discuss the various associations, among
      which the Senior syndrome (nephronophthisis + tapetoretinal degeneration) is the
      most frequent. The familial combination seen in our patients has apparently not
      been previously reported and seems to represent a new expression of the disease.

PMID- 2648943
TI  - [Appearance and evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics].
AB  - Concomitant with antibiotic use has been the appearance of resistance bacteria
      which seem able to emerge as rapidly as new antibiotics are introduced. Although
      initially encountered in hospitals, resistant bacteria are now being detected as
      causes of human and animal infections and as colonizers of the gut. Moreover,
      resistant bacteria are isolated from the environment.

PMID- 2648942
TI  - [Thyroglobulin and thyroid pathology in children].
AB  - Thyroglobulin, a marker for thyroid vesicles, is a normal constituent of serum.
      For the last ten years, thyroglobulin has been routinely assayed using a
      radioimmunologic double antibody technique. In children, normal values are
      usually under or equal to 30 ng/ml. Neonates have higher levels. The main
      indications of thyroglobulin assays in pediatrics include diagnosis of metastases
      of differentiated thyroid epitheliomas and etiologic diagnosis of congenital
      hypothyroidism. Thyroglobulin assays are less helpful in the other childhood
      thyroid diseases (goiter, hyperthyroidism).

PMID- 2648944
TI  - An in vivo assay for the detection of cytotoxic strains of Escherichia coli.
AB  - We have examined the local and systemic responses produced in mice by the
      inoculation of the footpad with cell-free sonicates from cytotoxic and non
      cytotoxic strains of Escherichia coli. The cytotoxic strains, previously
      characterized in HeLa cell culture assay, produced one of the following
      cytotoxins: (1) cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF; 5 strains); (2) a cytotoxin
      that induced polynucleation of cells but was serologically distinct from CNF (4
      strains); (3) Shiga-like toxin (3 strains). Whereas extracts from non-cytotoxic
      strains induced only a slight and transitory local edema, those from cytotoxic
      strains produced a marked local inflammatory response. This response, specific
      for the type of cytotoxin, was measured by increase in footpad thickness,
      persistence of inflammation and occurrence of necrosis of the leg extremity. Type
      1 and 2 extracts produced persistent inflammatory lesions with, in the case of
      type 2 extracts only, necrosis of the leg extremity. Conversely, type 3 activity
      was characterized by a transient local infiltration with no apparent residual
      lesions. The mouse footpad test therefore provides an in vivo assay for the
      differential diagnosis of cytotoxic strains of E. coli.

PMID- 2648945
TI  - The journey of a neuroembryologist.

PMID- 2648946
TI  - Axonal growth-associated proteins.

PMID- 2648947
TI  - Short-term synaptic plasticity.

PMID- 2648948
TI  - Learning arm kinematics and dynamics.
AB  - In this review I have discussed how the form of representation used in internal
      models of the motor apparatus affects how and what a system can learn. Tabular
      models and structured models have benefits and drawbacks. Structured models
      incorporate knowledge of the structure of the controlled motor apparatus. If that
      knowledge is correct, or close to the actual system structure, the structured
      models will support global generalization and rapid, efficient learning. Tabular
      models can play an important role in learning to control systems when either the
      system structure is not known or only known approximately. Tabular models are
      general and flexible. Techniques for combining these different representations to
      attain the benefits of both are currently under investigation. In the control of
      multijoint systems such as the human arm, internal models of the motor apparatus
      are necessary to interpret performance errors. In the study of movements
      restricted to one joint, the problem of interpreting performance errors is
      greatly simplified and often overlooked, as performance errors can usually be
      related to command corrections by a single gain. When multijoint movements of the
      same motor systems are examined, however, the complex nature of the control and
      coordination problems faced by the nervous system become evident, as well as the
      sophistication of the brain's solutions to these problems. Recent progress in the
      understanding of adaptive control of eye movements provides a good example of
      this (Berthoz & Melvill-Jones 1985). Experimental studies of the psychophysics of
      motor learning can play an important role in bridging the gap between
      computational theories of how abstract motor systems might learn and
      physiological exploration of how actual nervous systems implement learning.
      Quantitative analyses of the patterns of motor learning of biological systems may
      help distinguish alternative hypotheses about the representations used for motor
      control and learning. What a system can and cannot learn, the amount of
      generalization, and the rate of learning give clues as to the underlying
      performance architecture. It is also important to know the actual performance
      level of the motor system (Loeb 1983). Different proposed control strategies will
      be able to attain different performance levels, and the use of simplifying
      control strategies may be evident in the control and learning performance of
      motor systems.

PMID- 2648949
TI  - Emerging principles governing the operation of neural networks.

PMID- 2648950
TI  - Fluorescent probes of cell signaling.

PMID- 2648951
TI  - The cell biology of vertebrate taste receptors.
AB  - New technologies in neurophysiology and ultrastructural research are bringing
      about rapid advances in our understanding of taste, particularly at the cellular
      level. The model of chemosensory processing in the taste bud presented here can
      now be explored in great detail. The synaptic organization of the taste bud
      indicates a potential for intriguing peripheral integrative mechanisms, including
      cross-talk between taste cells, summation of chemoreceptor responses by
      interneurons (basal cells) in the taste bud, and centrifugal control of taste
      buds via efferent input from the CNS. Figure 2 summarizes these findings. The
      existence of voltage-gated ionic channels on taste cells and their unequal
      distribution in apical and basolateral membrane suggests mechanisms for
      chemosensory transduction: A primary event in the transduction process for many
      taste stimuli is likely to be the closure of apical potassium channels, thus
      leading to a depolarizing receptor potential. The closure of these apical
      potassium channels is probably mediated via cyclic nucleotides or intracellular
      Ca2+.

PMID- 2648952
TI  - Integrating with neurons.

PMID- 2648953
TI  - Startle, categorical response, and attention in acoustic behavior of insects.

PMID- 2648954
TI  - Visual and eye movement functions of the posterior parietal cortex.

PMID- 2648955
TI  - Spider toxins: recent applications in neurobiology.

PMID- 2648956
TI  - Biochemistry of altered brain proteins in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2648957
TI  - Immortalization of neural cells via retrovirus-mediated oncogene transduction.

PMID- 2648958
TI  - Extracellular matrix molecules that influence neural development.

PMID- 2648959
TI  - The macroglial cells of the rat optic nerve.

PMID- 2648960
TI  - Structure of the adrenergic and related receptors.
AB  - The isolation and sequencing of a number of G protein-coupled receptors has now
      provided extensive primary structure information for this family of homologous
      proteins. The diverse nature of these receptors suggests that the family of
      proteins may grow to include receptors for many neurotransmitters and perhaps
      many peptide hormones. The topography of these receptors, a single polypeptide
      with seven transmembrane segments, appears to have features well suited for the
      transmission of signals, via conformational changes, to the interior of the cell.
      Detailed site-directed mutagenesis studies are now underway in many laboratories
      to understand the significance of the topography and also the regions of homology
      evident in the structures of all of these receptors. Obvious features of interest
      are the precise residues involved in the coupling of the receptors to the G
      proteins and the identification of the residues required for ligand binding in
      each of the receptors, as well as domains of these receptors involved in the
      regulation of receptor function. In addition, the availability of molecular
      probes for this family of proteins will permit the elucidation of mechanisms of
      regulation at the gene level.

PMID- 2648961
TI  - Long-term depression.
AB  - LTD has now been established as a synaptic plasticity specific to the cerebellum.
      Cellular and molecular mechanisms of LTD have been elucidated to some extent, but
      still a number of questions are left open. The most crucial question may concern
      its time course, as to how long the LTD lasts beyond the limit of the present
      maximum observation time of 3 hr, and whether and how it is eventually
      transformed to a permanent memory. Molecular mechanisms underlying LTD should be
      investigated further in respect to Ca2+ binding and storage, protein kinase C,
      phosphorylation of glutamate receptors, GTP proteins, etc. The ineffectiveness of
      mass field potentials in representing LTD makes such studies relatively
      difficult, and a hope for future development may be placed in reproduction of LTD
      in tissue cultured Purkinje cells or even in isolated glutamate receptors in a
      simplified form. The cerebellar neuronal network incorporating LTD as a memory
      element has been conceived as a simple perceptron-like (Albus 1971) or adaptive
      filter-like (Fujita 1982a) parallel processing computer. Such a neuronal computer
      incorporated in a reflex or a more complex movement system would endow the system
      with subtle capabilities of adaptation and learning. The scheme of the floccular
      control of the VOR closely resembles that of a self-tuning regulator, a type of
      adaptive control system. For cerebellar control of voluntary movements, however,
      another version of the adaptive control system, the model reference control
      system, seems to be more applicable (Ito 1986). This system continuously
      readjusts its dynamics by referring to errors derived through comparison of its
      performance with that of an internal model. It is important to note that a model
      for an unknown system can be built based on the same principle, by feeding errors
      derived from their comparison to adjust the model. It may thus be conceived that
      an internal model is built within the cerebellum in the manner of model reference
      adaptive control, and that an internal model so formed is utilized for adaptive
      control of movement. A recent simulation study successfully reproduced learning
      in formation of an arm trajectory based on these principles of model reference
      control (Kawato et al 1987). On the experimental side, however, the complex
      neural organization for control of locomotion, posture, and voluntary movements
      still eludes full elucidation. Nevertheless, evidence is accumulating to support
      the cerebellar learning hypothesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2648962
TI  - [Esophagoplasties].

PMID- 2648963
TI  - [Hemorrhagic gastric ulcer: which procedures should be performed?].
AB  - Gastrectomy retains an important place in the treatment of haemorrhagic gastric
      ulcer, but conservative surgery in the form of haemostasis alone or associated
      with vagotomy also has indications depending on the type of ulcer, its site and
      the clinical context.

PMID- 2648964
TI  - [Hemorrhagic duodenal ulcer: which procedure should be performed?].
AB  - The authors reviewed the emergency treatment of 64 duodenal ulcers operated
      during the haemorrhagic period in order to evaluate the results of an approach
      adapted to the site of the ulcer and to the lesions observed. Twenty-four ulcers
      were situated in the post-bulbar region (37.5%) and need to be considered
      separately as their anatomical situation and the frequently callous and burrowing
      nature raise difficult problems in the diagnosis and surgical approach.
      Conservative treatment (vagotomy, pyloroplasty, direct suture) was possible in
      75% of cases. Sixteen gastrectomies (25%) were necessary because of the severity
      of the duodenal disease with a significantly higher rate in the case of post
      bulbar ulcers. The overall postoperative mortality was 25%; it was due to a
      surgical cause in one half of cases. The surgical morbidity was dominated by
      recurrent haemorrhages (11%) with 85% mortality. The authors believe that suture
      vagotomy, which is the basic treatment for bulbar ulcers, also constitutes
      treatment of choice in the post-bulbar variety when the duodenum appears to be
      suturable after haemostasis. In the opposite case, duodenal resection is
      necessary and should extend beyond the ulcer crater. In every case,
      identification of the common bile duct and the papilla constitutes an essential
      precaution.

PMID- 2648965
TI  - [A case of cholestatic hepatitis caused by amiodarone].
AB  - The authors report the case of a 70 year old male patient, who was treated with
      amiodarone for 9 months (200 mg/d-5 days/7) for alcohol-induced hypokinetic
      cardiomyopathy, complicated by ventricular dysrhythmia and hospitalized for
      jaundice, pruritus, and deterioration of his general condition. Alkaline
      phosphatases were elevated significantly (7 times the upper limit for normal)
      with a moderate rise in serum transaminases twice the upper limit for normal).
      Ultrasound of the liver and biliary tract was normal. There were no serum markers
      for hepatitis B virus. No anti-tissue antibodies were found. A liver biopsy
      revealed portal and septal fibrosis, and polymorphous inflammatory infiltration
      with a majority of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and Mallory bodies.
      Intracellular and intralysosomal phospholipid inclusions were observed with
      electron microscopy. Clinical and laboratory test value outcome was favorable two
      weeks after cessation of administration of amiodarone.

PMID- 2648966
TI  - [Effects of antihypertensive treatment on the relaxation of the left ventricle in
      hypertensive patients].
AB  - To increase our understanding of the interaction between anti-hypertensive drug
      therapy and left ventricular filling, 23 hypertensive patients (DBP 100 +/- 4
      mmHg) had their myocardial mass measured and underwent gamma-angiography
      (determination of maximum volume of filling, MVF, end-diastolic volume/s-1, and
      the maximum time for filling, MTF, ms) before and after therapy with propranolol
      (100 mg/d), captopril (50 mg/d), nitrendipine (28 mg/day) or xipamide (20 mg/d).
      Blood pressure was recorded in the four treatment groups, and myocardial mass
      regressed only in those treated with propranolol or nitrendipine. Only the latter
      drug acts simultaneously on MVF (2.19 +/- 0.22 vs 2.47 +/- 0.43 EDV/s -1) and MTF
      (221 +/- 21 vs 192 +/- 20 ms) significantly (p less than 0.05). Xipamide only
      improved MTF (228 +/- 28 vs 209 +/- 20 ms; p less than 0.05). These data compared
      to those of the literature demonstrate the variability in the antihypertensive
      effects on ventricular filling, while its improvement may be proposed as a usual
      objective in treatment of hypertensive disease.

PMID- 2648967
TI  - [Cardiac arrhythmia in moderate arterial hypertension. Epidemiologic survey of
      251 cases. Effect of sotalol].
AB  - 251 untreated patients with mild to moderate hypertension were included in a
      multicenter study aimed 1) to detect arrhythmias (24-H Holter recording) and 2)
      to assess the efficacy of sotalol on blood pressure and possible arrhythmias.
      Patients with coronary heart disease or previously documented arrhythmias were
      excluded. Atrial arrhythmias such as premature beats, fibrillation, flutter and
      paroxysmal atrial tachycardia were detected in 16% of patients. Monomorphic
      ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) (Lown I and II) were detected in 41% of
      patients and polymorphic VPCs or duplets/triplets (Lown III and IV) in 14%. A
      correlation seems to exist between the level of hypertensive cardiopathy, judged
      on electrocardiographic data (Tarazi classification), age of patients and
      severity of arrhythmias. Sotalol was administered during 2 months at a mean dose
      of 160 mg per day. The treatment was effective on blood pressure and arrhythmias
      (82% improvement of severe VPCs) and the drug was well tolerated. It was
      difficult to conclude if these good results are due to the betablocking
      properties or specific class II antiarrhythmic effects of sotalol or to the
      combined activity.

PMID- 2648968
TI  - [Hypoglycemia caused by cibenzoline. Apropos of a new case].
AB  - The rare cases of hypoglycemia reported during treatment with cibenzoline, have
      been observed with drug overdoses, in combination with kidney failure, and with
      ECG signs of drug intoxication. A case report involving an 80 year old man is
      presented. He had a moderate degree of kidney failure and was on high drug
      dosage, considering his age and weight. Nevertheless, serum concentrations of
      cibenzoline were normal, and the QRS wave was not widened on the ECG. The
      hypothesis of an individual susceptibility to this agent is postulated. The
      absence of any ECG changes is emphasized. Monitoring of blood sugar is routinely
      required in patients treated with cibenzoline.

PMID- 2648969
TI  - [Spontaneous dissection of the renal artery].
AB  - In this paper we describe a case involving spontaneous dissection of the renal
      artery (DRA) successfully treated with an aorto-renal venous graft. DRA is a rare
      disorder which strikes men especially. Hypertension is the most frequent sign of
      its presence, which is usually of sudden onset, and with major adverse impact on
      the eye and brain. Arteriography is the key diagnostic examination. The most
      typical image is that of "cuffing". Treatment is surgical in nearly 50% of cases
      and should be as conservative as possible since these lesions may be bilateral.

PMID- 2648970
TI  - Expression of foreign genes in insects using baculovirus vectors.

PMID- 2648971
TI  - Structure and function of the deutocerebrum in insects.

PMID- 2648972
TI  - Essay concerning color constancy.

PMID- 2648973
TI  - The intensity of motivation.

PMID- 2648974
TI  - Animal cognition: the representation of space, time and number.

PMID- 2648975
TI  - Brain dopamine and reward.
AB  - While the evidence is strong that dopamine plays some fundamental and special
      role in the rewarding effects of brain stimulation, psychomotor stimulants,
      opiates, and food, the exact nature of that role is not clear. One thing is
      clear: Dopamine is not the only reward transmitter, and dopaminergic neurons are
      not the final common path for all rewards. Dopamine antagonists and lesions of
      the dopamine systems appear to spare the rewarding effects of nucleus accumbens
      and frontal cortex brain stimulation (Simon et al 1979) and certainly spare the
      rewarding effects of apomorphine (Roberts & Vickers 1988). It is clear that
      reward circuitry is multisynaptic, and since dopamine cells do not send axons to
      each other or receive axons from each other, dopamine can at best serve as but a
      single link in this circuitry. If dopamine is not a final common path for all
      rewards, could it be an intermediate common path for most rewards? Some workers
      have argued against such a view, but at present they must do so on incomplete
      evidence. For example, Phillips (1984) has argued that there must be multiple
      reward systems, functionally independent and organized in parallel with one
      another. His primary evidence, however, is the fact that brain stimulation is
      rewarding at different levels of the nervous system. As we have seen in the case
      of midline mesencephalic stimulation, the location of the electrode tip in
      relation to the dopamine cells and fibers tells us little about the role of
      dopamine in brain stimulation reward. It seems clear that the ventral tegmental
      dopamine system plays a critical role in midline mesencephalic reward, despite
      the distance from the electrode tip to the dopamine cells where morphine causes
      its dopamine-dependent facilitory effects or to the dopamine terminals where low
      dose neuroleptics presumably cause theirs. Until pharmacological challenge has
      been extended to the cases discussed by Phillips, we can only speculate as to the
      role of dopamine in each of those cases. In the cases where pharmacological
      challenge has been examined, only nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex have been
      found to have dopamine-independent reward sites. It is not consistent with the
      dopamine hypothesis that dopamine-independent reward sites should exist in these
      areas, since any reward signals carried to nucleus accumbens or frontal cortex by
      dopamine fibers would-unless we are to believe that reward "happens" at these
      sites-have to be carried to the next stage of the circuit by nondopaminergic
      fibers (there are no dopaminergic cell bodies in any of the dopamine terminal
      areas).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2648976
TI  - Personality.

PMID- 2648977
TI  - Facial efference and the experience of emotion.

PMID- 2648978
TI  - Social cognition.

PMID- 2648979
TI  - Mechanisms of cognitive development.

PMID- 2648980
TI  - Neurobiological aspects of learning and memory.

PMID- 2648981
TI  - Auditory physiology: present trends.

PMID- 2648982
TI  - Intergroup relations.

PMID- 2648983
TI  - Neurobehavioral aspects of affective disorders.

PMID- 2648984
TI  - Health psychology.

PMID- 2648985
TI  - Diagnosis and clinical assessment: current status and major issues.
AB  - This chapter presented an overview of the current scene in the classification and
      assessment of psychopathology. Recent research on DSM-III and DSM-III-R was
      reviewed, and potential alternatives for, or supplements to DSM-III-R were
      examined. DSM-III-R was seen as a modest improvement over its predecessor, and
      several suggestions for its improvement were put forward. The societal and
      professional implications of the concept of mental disorder were considered, and
      the desirability of health insurance being extended to cover nonpathological
      personal crises was emphasized. Recent advances in clinical assessment methods,
      subdivided into checklists and rating scales, interview schedules, and
      psychological tests, were reviewed. The recent period was remarkable for the
      revision of important psychological tests, including the MMPI, CPI, and MCMI, and
      for the emergence of new inventories, including the BPI and the ISI. It is
      important to see all present diagnostic taxonomies, including the DSM-III-R, as
      tentative systems, due to be altered or replaced as additional research
      accumulates. The great need in the field reviewed is for additional, inspired
      research to further dispel the darkness that currently limits our understanding
      of the basic nature of human distresses and abnormal behaviors.

PMID- 2648986
TI  - Burn treatment. Covering burn wounds with autologous microskin grafts.

PMID- 2648987
TI  - Perioperative nursing research. Part I: Preoperative psychoeducational
      interventions.

PMID- 2648988
TI  - Occurrence and distribution of Vibrio spp., Listonella spp., and Clostridium
      botulinum in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan.
AB  - The distribution of Vibrio species in samples of surface water, bottom water
      (water 2 m above the sediment), and sediment from the Seto Inland Sea was
      studied. A simple technique using a membrane filter and short preenrichment in
      alkaline peptone water was developed to resuscitate the injured cells, followed
      by plating them onto TCBS agar. In addition, a survey was conducted to determine
      the incidence of Clostridium botulinum in sediment samples. Large populations of
      heterotrophs were found in surface water, whereas large numbers of total vibrios
      were found in bottom water. In samples from various water sampling regions, high
      counts of all bacterial populations were found in the inner regions having little
      exchange of seawater when compared with those of the open region of the inland
      sea. In the identification of 463 isolates, 23 Vibrio spp. and 2 Listonella spp.
      were observed. V. harveyi was prevalent among the members of the Vibrio genus.
      Vibrio species were categorized into six groups; an estimated 20% of these
      species were in the so-called "pathogenic to humans" group. In addition, a
      significant proportion of this group was hemolytic and found in the Bisan Seto
      region. V. vulnificus, V. fluvialis, and V. cholerae non-O1 predominated in the
      constricted area of the inland sea, which is eutrophic as a result of riverine
      influence. It was concluded that salinity indirectly governs the distribution of
      total vibrios and analysis of variance revealed that all bacterial populations
      were distributed homogeneously and the variance values were found to be
      significant in some water sampling regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2648989
TI  - Identification of two distinct Bacillus circulans xylanases by molecular cloning
      of the genes and expression in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Two genes coding for xylanase synthesis in Bacillus circulans were cloned and
      expressed in Escherichia coli. After digestion of genomic DNA from Bacillus
      circulans with EcoRI and PstI, the fragments were ligated into the corresponding
      sites of pUC19 and transformed into Escherichia coli. Restriction enzyme mapping
      of the two inserts coding for xylanase activity indicated distinctly different
      nucleotide sequences. Cross-hybridization assays confirmed the absence of
      sequence homology between the two genes. In vitro transcription-translation
      assays indicated that the cloned genes encoded for proteins with molecular
      weights of 22,000 and 59,000. The gene products displayed different substrate
      specificities. The 22,000-dalton enzyme readily hybrolyzed aspeen, larchwood, and
      oat spelt xylans, whereas the second was unable to extensively depolymerize oat
      spelt xylan and resulted in very limited reducing sugar release from any of the
      xylan substrates tested. Both of the xylanases had isoelectric points of
      approximately 9.0.

PMID- 2648990
TI  - Combined effect of water activity and pH on inhibition of toxin production by
      Clostridium botulinum in cooked, vacuum-packed potatoes.
AB  - The effects of water activity (aw, 0.955 to 0.970), pH (4.75 to 5.75), and
      storage time (up to 60 days) on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in
      cooked, vacuum-packed potatoes were studied by using factorial design experiments
      and most-probable-number methodology. Samples were inoculated with 10(3), 10(4),
      or 10(5) spores of a mixture of five type A and five proteolytic type B strains,
      incubated at 25 degrees C, and analyzed for toxin production. Toxin was produced
      at pH levels of greater than or equal to 4.75 when the aw was greater than or
      equal to 0.970, pH greater than 5.25 when the aw was 0.965, and pH greater than
      or equal to 5.75 at an aw of 0.960. No toxin was detected when the aw was 0.955.
      The probability of toxigenesis was significantly affected (P less than 0.0001) by
      storage time, aw, pH, and the interactions aw.pH and aw.storage time. The
      response to a decrease in pH was linear, while the response to a decrease in aw
      was curvilinear. Using multiple linear regression, equations were derived which
      could predict the length of time until toxin production and the probability of
      toxigenesis by a single spore under defined conditions.

PMID- 2648991
TI  - Significance of microflora in proteolysis in the colon.
AB  - Protease activities in human ileal effluent and feces were compared by using a
      variety of native and diazotized protein substrates. In many cases the diazotized
      proteins had altered susceptibilities to hydrolysis compared with the native
      proteins. Proteolytic activity was significantly greater than (P less than 0.001)
      in small intestinal effluent than in feces (319 +/- 45 and 11 +/- 6 mg of
      azocasein hydrolyzed per h per g, respectively). Moreover, fecal proteolysis was
      qualitatively different in that ileal effluent did not hydrolyze the highly
      globular protein bovine serum albumin, whereas all fecal samples tested degraded
      this substrate. Inhibition experiments provided further evidence that fecal
      protease activity differed from that in the small intestine. Physical disruption
      of fecal bacteria released large quantities of proteases, indicating that the
      lysis of bacteria in the colon may contribute to the extracellular proteolytic
      activity in feces. Protease inhibition studies with washed fecal bacteria showed
      that they produced serine, cystine, and metalloproteases, and experiments with
      synthetic p-nitroanilide substrates indicated that low levels of trypsin- and
      chymotrypsin-like activities were associated with whole cells. An elastase-like
      enzyme was bound to the outer membranes of some fecal bacteria.

PMID- 2648992
TI  - Applying research in practice: parenting the premature infant.
AB  - As the survival rate for premature infants increases, studies examining the
      interaction of parents with their premature infants have begun to appear in the
      literature. This review of the research can guide nurses in a variety of settings
      in clinical intervention strategies with these families.

PMID- 2648993
TI  - Respiratory muscle fatigue research: implications for clinical practice.
AB  - Research into respiratory muscle fatigue and failure has centered around three
      issues: the factors that place individuals at risk for fatigue; the physiologic
      manifestations of fatigue development; and the various treatment alternatives
      available to prevent and respond to respiratory muscle failure. Selected studies
      in this field of investigation are discussed, and applications to clinical
      practice are proposed.

PMID- 2648994
TI  - Molecular aspects of the adenine nucleotide carrier from mitochondria.
AB  - The ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) of mitochondria is a functionally central and
      characteristic component of the eukaryotic cell. By linking the thermodynamically
      divergent metabolites in the intra- and extramitochondrial compartments, it had
      to evolve with the emergence of the eukaryotic cell. Because of a number of
      unique properties, the AAC provided advanced insight into the molecular basis of
      solute transport through biomembrane carriers. With highly specific and unusually
      large substrates, ADP and ATP, and with high-affinity inhibitors binding
      selectively either from the inside or the outside, the first molecular
      demonstration of the single-binding-center gated pore mechanism was made. This
      framework can only partially be interpreted with the available yet rapidly
      increasing structural information on the AAC. The primary structure, first
      established for the AAC from beef heart mitochondria, showed a relatively wide
      distribution of hydrophilic residues which permits assignment of only two
      hydrophobic transmembrane stretches. However, a striking tripartition of the
      primary structure into about three 100-residue-long domains allows a more
      significant assignment of transmembrane elements. With alignment of these three
      domains for maximum conservation of structurally critical residues, each domain
      can be assigned to have two transmembrane alpha elements between 18 and 22
      residues long. The interdomain homology between these alpha regions is low. The
      central regions flanked by these helices contain most of the polar residues and
      are significantly interdomain conserved. With lysine probes the central regions
      are assigned to the matrix side (m-side) and the two connecting regions as well
      as C and N termini to the cytosolic side (c-side). Out of the central regions a
      loop is assumed to protrude through the membrane, probably for lining the
      translocation channel. This localization of a major protein mass within the
      membrane agrees with hydrodynamic evidence, the carrier being an oblate ellipsoid
      with only about 50 A along the short axis. In accordance, the loops of domains 2
      and 3 are affinity labeled by azido-ADP or azido-atractylate. Primary structures
      of AAC from other sources (fungi, plants) also exhibit the tripartition. The
      interdomain conserved residues are also interspecies conserved, thus showing that
      they are essential. These repeat domains have probably evolved from a common gene
      coding for about 100 residues. Isoforms of the AAC exist, as shown by primary
      structure analysis of human cDNA libraries from different organs. Three different
      isoforms are identified in human organs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2648995
TI  - Carboxypeptidase inhibitors from Ascaris suum: the primary structure.
AB  - The carboxypeptidase A inhibitor from Ascaris suum was isolated from aqueous
      extracts by affinity chromatography toward immobilized carboxypeptidase A. The
      amino acid sequence is
      DQVRKCLSDT10DCTNGEKCVQ20KNKICSTIVE30IQRCEKEHFT40IPCKSNNDCQ50VWAHEKICN K60LPWGL65
      . The carboxypeptidase A inhibitor is not homologous with the
      chymotrypsin/elastase or trypsin inhibitors from Ascaris, but shows homology in a
      9-residue internal sequence with the 37/39-residue carboxypeptidase inhibitors
      from tomato and potato. The carboxy-terminal 5 (4) residues in the three
      inhibitors are similar, suggesting a common mechanism of inhibition.

PMID- 2648997
TI  - Escherichia coli K99 binds to N-glycolylsialoparagloboside and N-glycolyl-GM3
      found in piglet small intestine.
AB  - Escherichia coli K12, which possess the K99 plasmid and synthesize K99 fimbriae
      (E. coli K99), cause severe neonatal diarrhea in piglets, calves, and lambs but
      not in humans. The organism binds specifically and with high affinity to only two
      glycolipids in piglet intestinal mucosa as demonstrated by overlaying glycolipid
      chromatograms with 125I-labeled bacteria. These glycolipids, which are N-glycolyl
      GM3 (NeuGc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer) and N-glycolylsialoparagloboside
      (NeuGc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer), occur at
      about 13 and 0.3 micrograms per gram wet weight of mucosa, respectively. E. coli
      K99 grown at 18 degrees C, a temperature at which the K99 fimbriae are not
      expressed, do not bind to these glycolipids. Of the standard glycolipids tested
      in solid phase binding assays, E. coli K99 binds with highest affinity to N
      glycolylsialoparagloboside, with less affinity to N-glycolyl-GM3, and with very
      low affinity to N-acetylsialoparagloboside. The bacteria do not bind to GM3
      (NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer), GM2 (GalNAc beta 1-4[Neu-Ac alpha 2
      3]Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer), GM1 (Gal beta 1-3GalNAc beta 1-4[NeuAc alpha 2
      3]Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer), or several other N-acetylsialic acid-containing
      gangliosides and neutral glycolipids at the levels tested. N-Glycolylsialyl
      residues are found in the glycoproteins and glycolipids of piglets, calves, and
      lambs but not in the glycoproteins and glycolipids of humans. Possibly this
      distribution of sialyl derivatives explains the host range of infection by the
      organism.

PMID- 2648996
TI  - Biosynthesis of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine: hydrogen exchange at C-2' and
      oxygen exchange at C-3' of adenosine.
AB  - The data presented here describe new findings related to the bioconversion of
      adenosine to 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) by Streptomyces
      antibioticus by in vivo investigations and with a partially purified enzyme.
      First, in double label in vivo experiments with [2'-18O]- and [U-14C]adenosine,
      the 18O:14C ratio of the ara-A isolated does not change appreciably, indicating a
      stereospecific inversion of the C-2' hydroxyl of adenosine to ara-A with
      retention of the 18O at C-2'. In experiments with [3'-18O]- and [U-14C]
      adenosine, [U-14C]ara-A was isolated; however, the 18O at C-3' is below
      detection. The adenosine isolated from the RNA from both double label experiments
      has essentially the same ratio of 18O:14C. Second, an enzyme has been isolated
      and partially purified from extracts of S. antibioticus that catalyzes the
      conversion of adenosine, but not AMP, ADP, ATP, inosine, guanosine, or D-ribose,
      to ara-A. In a single label enzyme-catalyzed experiment with [U-14C]adenosine,
      there was a 9.9% conversion to [U-14C]ara-A; with [2'-3H]-adenosine, there was a
      8.9% release of the C-2' tritium from [2'-3H]adenosine which was recovered as
      3H2O. Third, the release of 3H as 3H2O from [2'-3H]adenosine was confirmed by
      incubations of the enzyme with 3H2O and adenosine. Ninety percent of the tritium
      incorporated into the D-arabinose of the isolated ara-A was in C-2 and 8% was in
      C-3. The enzyme-catalyzed conversion of adenosine to ara-A occurs without added
      cofactors, displays saturation kinetics, a pH optimum of 6.8, a Km of 8 X 10(-4)
      M, and an inhibition by heavy metal cations. The enzyme also catalyzes the
      stereospecific inversion of the C-2' hydroxyl of the nucleoside antibiotic,
      tubercidin to form 7-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-4-aminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine. The
      nucleoside antibiotic, sangivamycin, in which the C-5 hydrogen is replaced with a
      carboxamide group, is not a substrate. On the basis of the single and double
      label experiments in vivo and the in vitro enzyme-catalyzed experiments, two
      mechanisms involving either a 3'-ketonucleoside intermediate or a radical cation
      are proposed to explain the observed data.

PMID- 2648998
TI  - Effect of spermidine on the development of bacteriophage SP6.
AB  - Bacteriophage SP6 is a virulent phage of Salmonella typhimurium which behaves
      differently than other phages of the same host. The effect of spermidine on SP6
      infection of S. typhimurium has been found to depend on the time of addition of
      spermidine with respect to the time of addition of the phage and also on the
      composition of the growth medium. If spermidine was added prior to or within a
      short time after infection, the cells survived. Under this condition the invading
      DNA appeared to remain trapped in the cell membrane, and there was no expression
      of the phage genome. If spermidine was added after the initiation of the
      infection process, the replication of the phage was inhibited but the cells did
      not survive. Furthermore, if spermidine was added after DNA synthesis was over,
      there was no effect of spermidine on phage multiplication. Spermidine was found
      to affect phage DNA synthesis but not host DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2648999
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of chicken liver acyl carrier protein derived from
      the fatty acid synthase.
AB  - The acyl carrier protein domain of the chicken liver fatty acid synthase has been
      isolated after tryptic treatment of the synthase. The isolated domain functions
      as an acceptor of acetyl and malonyl moieties in the synthase-catalyzed transfer
      of these groups from their coenzyme A esters and therefore indicates that the
      acyl carrier protein domain exists in the complex as a discrete entity. The amino
      acid sequence of the acyl carrier protein was derived from analyses of peptide
      fragments produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage and trypsin and Staphylococcus
      aureus V8 protease digestions of the molecule. The isolated acyl carrier protein
      domain consists of 89 amino acid residues and has a calculated molecular weight
      of 10,127. The protein contains the phosphopantetheine group attached to the
      serine residue at position 38. The isolated acyl carrier protein peptide shows
      some sequence homology with the acyl carrier protein of Escherichia coli,
      particularly in the vicinity of the site of phosphopantetheine attachment, and
      shows extensive sequence homology with the acyl carrier protein from the
      uropygial gland of goose.

PMID- 2649000
TI  - [Current status of hyperthermia for deep-seated tumors].
AB  - The current status of hyperthermia for deep-seated tumor is reviewed. Heating
      methods include external heating, intraluminal heating and interstitial heating,
      all of which have inherent advantages and disadvantages. Hyperthermia alone has
      significant effects on deep-seated tumors. The combination of hyperthermia and
      radiotherapy has been widely applied, resulting in 10-15% complete regression and
      10-40% partial regression in the treatment of locally advanced tumors. The
      response rate of thermoradiotherapy was higher than that of radiotherapy for
      tumors in the brain, rectum and esophagus in the non-randomized study. The
      clinical application of thermochemotherapy is increasing and its effect is
      demonstrated in the prevention and treatment of peritoneal dissemination of
      gastric cancers. Reports of serious complications are rare. The technology for
      deep-heating and thermometry, and the new criteria for the assessment of
      thermotherapy for deep-seated tumors seems a promising new treatment modality.

PMID- 2649001
TI  - [Problems in evaluating the effects of cancer chemotherapy].
AB  - A clinical response of a solid tumor can obviously be defined as some measurable
      reduction in the patients total tumor burden lasting for at least one month.
      However, this is a variable definition. Many pitfalls exist in interpreting
      improvement in a measurable criterion of response as evidence of an anticancer
      effect. Measurement error on palpation has been widely mentioned. Furthermore, on
      the x-ray examination, it is difficult to be sure that we are measuring even
      accurately across the same planes from one examination to the next. Patients with
      only non-measurable (but evaluable) lesions should be excluded from those
      clinical trials that are designed to assess response. Because of measurement
      error, minor response and stable disease categories should be abandoned unless
      they are of long duration. A period of regression lasting for only one month
      usually conveys little or no benefit in terms of quality or quantity of life to
      patients. To search for antitumor activity in a modality by using survival as an
      endpoint is a far too complex and time-consuming effort. In some rare tumors
      biochemical measurements performed on peripheral blood give an indication of the
      total tumor burden. However, in the most common tumors, no such reliable markers
      exist. One more major deficiency in assessing response to treatment is the lack
      of methods for reliably assessing the quality of life of the treated patients.
      Furthermore, large differences in rates of response are probably due to variable
      and inappropriate exclusion of patients from analysis of results. Differences in
      policies for excluding patients from analysis are a source of variation in
      reporting the results. We believe that some measure of change in tumor size will
      continue to be viewed as an acceptable endpoint until better methods of assessing
      response become available. On the other hand, at present, since we cannot
      eliminate the measurement error, it would seem advisable to make an effort to
      understand it, to learn how great an effect it can have on the validity of
      reporting results, and consider how to defend against it. Finally, more stringent
      criteria that relate to the true clinical benefit be required as measures of
      response to treatment.

PMID- 2649002
TI  - [Some problems of the criteria for response evaluation of cancer chemotherapy of
      the digestive organs].
AB  - The criteria for response evaluation of cancer chemotherapy of digestive organs
      were discussed on the clinical application of stomach and esophagus cancer which
      the criteria are almost established. The responses of primary site are evaluated
      on the changes of tumor size by imaging diagnosis, and the uniformity and
      objectivity of response representation due to the sort of lesion cause the
      problems, so for studies are carrying out in many cases. Furthermore, response
      rate, survival time and quality of life were discussed in relation to clinical
      studies how to manage it at present and the problems in future referred. The
      criteria for response evaluation is a rule and interpreted different senses due
      to the objects of clinical studies. According to accumulate the clinical studies
      with exact significances and objects, various problems will be solved.

PMID- 2649003
TI  - [Hepatic cancer].
AB  - Several problems in the evaluation of the antitumor effects of chemotherapy for
      hepatic cancer were discussed: tumor biopsy, complicating of liver cirrhosis,
      measuring errors of tumor size, evaluation of inner change of tumors after
      chemotherapy, AFP and evaluation of unchanged tumor size after chemotherapy.

PMID- 2649004
TI  - [Critics and proposals for the response criteria of the Japan Lung Cancer
      Society].
AB  - The successful conduct of cancer treatment trials is dependent upon the use of
      consistent criteria for response and for toxicity. In 1982, the Japan Lung Cancer
      Society published its own criteria which conformed to the response criteria of
      the Japan Society for Cancer Therapy, with some additional comments for the
      evaluation of tumors on the chest X-ray. Although the criteria have been used on
      all studies in Japan and have made a contribution to qualify clinical trials of
      lung cancer, these criteria must be updated by the introduction of modern
      techniques such as computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
      In this paper, the author dare criticized the criteria, referred to points of
      question and proposed some revisions in a small part of the criteria.

PMID- 2649005
TI  - [Evaluation of chemotherapy of hematological malignancies].
AB  - Criteria for the evaluation of chemotherapy for acute leukemia, chronic leukemia,
      Myelodysplastic syndrome and polycythemia vera were discussed. In leukemia
      patients the changes in the number of leukemic and normal cells are easily
      quantitatively evaluated. The criteria depends on the reduction and recovery of
      leukemic cells and normal cells. In acute leukemia because considerable parts of
      complete remissions ended with relapse, the evaluation seems necessarily to
      differentiate good remission from standard remission. For such purpose 5,000
      leukocyte differential seemed effective. In the phase II study of anti-leukemia
      drugs, however, it seemed necessary to find efficacy less than remission, to
      avoid underestimation of drug efficacy because pretreated patients are usually
      studied in the phase II study. In the evaluation of chronic myelogenous leukemia,
      chronic myelomonocytic leukemia or polycythemia vera, short term judgment needs
      to be further studied about the correlation with longterm efficacy such as
      survival. The treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome is very hard to evaluate,
      reduction of blasts and increase of normal cells may be necessary for the
      improvement of symptoms. The relation of the efficacy and survival seemed
      necessary to be studied.

PMID- 2649006
TI  - [Summary of problems in evaluating effects of cancer chemotherapy].

PMID- 2649007
TI  - [Comparative studies of the antitumor activities of CDDP and the analogs--using
      gynecological carcinomas transplanted into nude mice].
AB  - In the present study, comparison of the therapeutic effects of CDDP and the
      analogues (CBDCA, 254S, DWA2114R and NK121) on human gynecological carcinomas
      transplanted into nude mice (uterine cervical cancer; UZ-1-N, endometrial cancer;
      UE-1-N, ovarian cancer; OCl-1-N, OS-4-N and OS-8-N) was made. CDDP (5 mg/kg),
      CBDCA (50 mg/kg), 254S (25 mg/kg), DWA (50 mg/kg) and NK121 (18 mg/kg) were
      administered intraperitoneally every four days at three doses. Simultaneously the
      tumor size and the body weight were measured and the peripheral WBC and BUN were
      examined. The results were as follows: 1) The administration of 254S caused a
      marked inhibition of the tumor growth against all xenografts into nude mice. 2)
      CDDP and CDDP analogues except 254S were not effective against UE-1-N, but in
      this xenograft antitumor activity of 254S was remarkable. 3) With 254S, there
      were a decrease in body weight and the peripheral leukopenia and the elevation of
      BUN level were more severe. Although 254S has severe side effects, 254S is seemed
      to be recommendable for the treatment of gynecological malignancies.

PMID- 2649008
TI  - [Experimental study on combination chemotherapy with platinum compounds and 5
      fluorouracil].

PMID- 2649009
TI  - [Technics in molecular biology for cancer research--electrophoretic mobility
      shift assay].

PMID- 2649010
TI  - Cyclosporine in lamellar ichthyosis.
AB  - In an open trial, five patients with lamellar ichthyosis showed no response to
      four weeks of treatment with oral cyclosporine (cyclosporine A) (6 mg/kg/d).
      Histologic examination of lamellar ichthyosis revealed hyperkeratosis;
      psoriasiform acanthosis; dilated, tortuous capillaries; and a slight perivascular
      lymphocytic infiltrate. Immunofluorescence studies revealed, in the epidermis,
      normal numbers of T6+DR+ Langerhans' cells and an absence of T cells and
      intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. In the papillary dermis, there were
      prominent capillaries as detected by staining with anti-factor VIII-related
      antigen. The endothelial cells also expressed large amounts of HLA-DR and
      intercellular adhesion molecule-1, suggesting that they were activated. Only
      occasional Langerhans' cells were found in the dermis. Histologic and
      immunofluorescence findings were unchanged with cyclosporine therapy. The effects
      of cyclosporine on lamellar ichthyosis are contrasted with those reported for
      psoriasis. Since lamellar ichthyosis and psoriasis share similar features of
      epidermal hyperproliferation and the presence of activated, dilated, tortuous
      vessels, but differ in the lack of immunologic cellular activity, their
      contrasting response to cyclosporine suggests that the target of the action of
      cyclosporine is the immune system rather than the keratinocyte or the
      endothelium. However, other factors may have to be considered.

PMID- 2649011
TI  - Long-term follow-up of skin cancer in the PUVA-48 cooperative study.
AB  - Five-hundred fifty-one psoriasis patients receiving therapy with psoralen plus
      UVA light in seven medical centers for up to 10 years were evaluated for the
      development of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma developed in 13 patients (2.4%),
      and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) developed in 9 (1.6%), an incidence that is
      significantly elevated over that in the general population. The increase in basal
      cell carcinoma was found only in patients with exposure to other carcinogenic
      agents, whereas the increase in SCC was also seen in patients without such
      exposures. Cumulative UVA dosage was not correlated with the development of basal
      cell carcinoma, but there was a trend of increasing numbers of SCCs in patients
      with higher dosages. Five of 9 patients had SCCs on sites that were not sun
      exposed. All patients with tumors had them treated surgically, and, to date, none
      have recurred. This study confirms a previous report of an increase in the
      incidence of SCC in psoriatic patients treated with PUVA.

PMID- 2649012
TI  - 19-DEJ-1, a hemidesmosome-anchoring filament complex-associated monoclonal
      antibody. Definition of a new skin basement membrane antigenic defect in
      junctional and dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - A murine monoclonal antibody (19-DEJ-1) was recently produced that recognizes a
      unique antigenic epitope of human skin basement membrane localized to the
      midlamina lucida exclusively in those areas bordered by overlying hemidesmosomes.
      To determine whether the antigen defined by 19-DEJ-1 is normally expressed in one
      or more forms of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) known to have structural and
      antigenic defects in skin basement membrane, we examined by indirect
      immunofluorescence 46 specimens of clinically normal skin from 43 patients
      representing each of the four forms of inherited EB (simplex, 15 patients;
      junctional, nine patients; dominant dystrophic, seven patients; and recessive
      dystrophic, 15 patients). All nine junctional EB specimens revealed absent 19-DEJ
      1 binding; similarly, seven of 15 and one of six recessive and dominant
      dystrophic EB skin specimens, respectively, showed lack of antibody recognition.
      In contrast, binding was normal in 15 of 15 EB simplex specimens and five of six
      dominant dystrophic EB specimens. Absent binding of 19-DEJ-1 to junctional EB
      skin correlates well with the localization of this antigen to the region of the
      midlamina lucida. Its absence in approximately 50% of patients with recessive
      dystrophic EB further suggests, for the first time, that an inherited defect in
      basement membrane is shared in patients with junctional and some recessive
      dystrophic EB. The difference in site of skin cleavage in the latter two
      disorders gives additional support to the hypothesis that 19-DEJ-1 recognizes a
      structure, such as the anchoring filament, which both bridges the entire basement
      membrane and contributes to epidermal-dermal adhesion.

PMID- 2649013
TI  - Progeria.
AB  - Progeria, also known as the Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome, is an extremely rare
      condition that was initially reported by Johnathan Hutchinson in 1886 and further
      described by Hastings Gilford in 1904. Transmission is most likely from a
      sporadic autosomal dominant mutation. Clinical manifestations are evident by the
      first or second year of life and include the physical characteristics usually
      associated with the elderly. Mentally, patients are alert and attentive with
      normal intelligence and emotions. Histopathologic changes occur primarily in the
      skin, bone, and cardiovascular tissues, while other organs appear to be
      unaffected. Laboratory findings are unremarkable, with the exception of an
      increased urinary excretion of hyaluronic acid. The diagnosis rests on the
      clinical presentation; at present, no treatment has been proved to be effective.
      Death results from cardiovascular abnormalities in the majority of cases and
      usually occurs between the ages of 10 and 15 years. Current research suggests an
      underlying defect of hyaluronic acid that may possibly account for the entire
      process.

PMID- 2649014
TI  - Risk assessment of PUVA and cyclosporine. Lessons from the past; challenges for
      the future.

PMID- 2649015
TI  - Surgery for epilepsy.

PMID- 2649016
TI  - Intracranial haemorrhage and non-accidental injury.

PMID- 2649017
TI  - The captopril test: an aid to investigation of hypertension.
AB  - Twenty three children aged from 5 to 16 with mild to moderate hypertension were
      investigated using the orally active angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
      captopril. Falls in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure after a single
      dose of captopril were significantly correlated with initial plasma renin
      activity. In addition, some information about the aetiology of hypertension was
      deduced from the renin response to captopril. The blood pressure response to
      captopril is a useful screening test for renin dependent hypertension in
      childhood.

PMID- 2649018
TI  - [Implications of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry data in the concept
      of mixed tumors of the thyroid].
AB  - The role played by the ultimobranchial body in the histogenesis of thyroid tumors
      is discussed in the light of the results of studies of several types of thyroid
      carcinomas: poorly differentiated intermediate carcinomas, medullary carcinomas
      with thyroglobulin immunoreactivity, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas with
      "follicular" and "parafollicular" differentiation.

PMID- 2649019
TI  - [Differentiated thyroid carcinoma of follicular origin: new data in 1988].
AB  - The problems raised by the histologic diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of
      differentiated thyroid carcinomas developed from follicles (DTCs) have
      significantly changed over recent years, partly as a result of the development of
      medical data processing and immunodetection techniques. From the body of current
      data, the following fundamental points emerge. First, the importance of factors
      that influence the course of these tumors can be accurately assessed only through
      computer-performed multifactorial statistic studies. The main prognostic factors
      include age, tumor spread at the time of diagnosis, and histologic features.
      Essential histologic features include demarcation of tumors and degree of
      differentiation. Second, differential diagnosis between papillary and follicular
      carcinomas, based primarily on cytologic criteria, may prove difficult. The
      usefulness of this distinction is even challenged occasionally. The value of
      cytokeratin immunodetection for distinguishing these two tumor types is
      discussed. Third, it may be impossible to ascertain the malignity of highly
      differentiated follicular tumors. No truly significant marker for malignity has
      been identified to date. The decision must therefore be reached by the cautious
      use of histologic criteria, including cytologic and architectural features, none
      of which is diagnostic per se.

PMID- 2649020
TI  - [Medullary cancer of the thyroid: recent data].
AB  - We briefly review recent data on the morphology and immunohistochemistry of
      medullary carcinomas of the thyroid (MCT). Mixed medullary and follicular
      carcinomas are discussed. In discriminating between familial and sporadic forms,
      emphasis is put on C cell hyperplasia and incipient MCTs. Attention is drawn to
      the possibility of occult MCTs. Histogenesis is briefly discussed in the light of
      the presence of SCN.

PMID- 2649021
TI  - [Jean Godinot and patients with cancer in Reims].

PMID- 2649022
TI  - Evening primrose oil in rheumatoid arthritis: changes in serum lipids and fatty
      acids.
AB  - The serum concentration of lipids and composition of fatty acids after overnight
      fasting were studied in 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated for 12
      weeks with either 20 ml of evening primrose oil containing 9% of gamma-linolenic
      acid or olive oil. The serum concentrations of oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid,
      and apolipoprotein B decreased and those of linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid,
      dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid increased during treatment with
      evening primrose oil. During olive oil treatment the serum concentration of
      eicosapentaenoic acid decreased and those of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol
      and apolipoprotein A-I increased slightly. The decrease in serum eicosapentaenoic
      acid and the increase in arachidonic acid concentrations induced by evening
      primrose oil may not be favourable effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
      in the light of the roles of these fatty acids as precursors of eicosanoids.

PMID- 2649024
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection and the rheumatologist.

PMID- 2649023
TI  - A tissue kallikrein in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Tissue kallikrein is an enzyme that forms the vasoactive peptide kallidin from an
      endogenous substrate L-kininogen. Tissue kallikrein has been identified in joint
      fluids and in inflammatory infiltrates within synovial membranes. It is suggested
      that tissue kallikrein and kinins have an important role in synovitis and joint
      damage. Immunoreactive tissue kallikrein and amidase activity were both measured
      in the synovial fluid of 24 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 12 with
      osteoarthritis (OA). Active enzyme concentrations were higher in RA than in OA
      and correlated well with the lysosomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase and lactate
      dehydrogenase. Both total immunoreactive tissue kallikrein and the proenzyme
      values were similar in RA and OA. Tissue kallikrein was localised by
      immunocytochemistry to the polymorphonuclear leucocytes present in the synovial
      fluid and membranes of patients with RA.

PMID- 2649025
TI  - Gait analysis.

PMID- 2649026
TI  - Is chronic renal failure a risk factor for the development of erosive
      osteoarthritis?
AB  - Erosive osteoarthritis of the hands of unusually early onset and severity was
      seen in two patients treated for chronic renal failure by long term haemodialysis
      and renal homograft respectively. The significance of this observation is
      discussed in the light of previous studies of erosive arthropathy in patients
      with chronic renal failure. Factors associated with chronic renal failure may
      predispose to the development of erosive osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2649027
TI  - In vivo leucocyte migration in Behcet's syndrome.
AB  - Serial studies of leucocyte migration in vivo were carried out in 15 patients
      with Behcet's syndrome using a skin window technique. Where possible, patients
      with and without active disease were studied during and in the absence of
      treatment. In patients with active disease neutrophil migration was frequently
      greater than normal, particularly with respect to numbers of cells migrating.
      There was also an increased frequency of emigrating neutrophils with less or more
      nuclear lobes than normal. In three patients in whom function of skin window
      neutrophils was studied nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and phagocytosis and
      killing of Candida guilliermondiae were normal. The monocyte component of the
      skin window was more often reduced in patients than in normal controls.
      Corticosteroid treatment did not exert a major effect on leucocyte migration,
      though the doses involved were relatively small. Neutrophil abnormalities were
      common in patients and particularly those with active disease. These results
      suggest that neutrophil hyperactivity may have an important role in the
      pathogenesis of Behcet's syndrome.

PMID- 2649028
TI  - What should we hope to achieve when treating rheumatoid arthritis?

PMID- 2649030
TI  - Cardiac transplantation in a private hospital.

PMID- 2649031
TI  - Esophageal resection for achalasia: indications and results.
AB  - Although esophagomyotomy is highly effective as the initial surgical treatment of
      most patients with achalasia, those with either recurrent symptoms after a
      previous esophagomyotomy or a megaesophagus do not respond as well to
      esophagomyotomy. Total thoracic esophagectomy was performed in 26 patients
      (average age, 49 years) with achalasia. Eighteen had a history of a previous
      esophagomyotomy, and 18 had a megaesophagus (esophageal diameter of 8 cm or
      larger). In 24 patients, a transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy was the
      operative approach; 2 patients required a transthoracic esophagectomy because of
      intrathoracic adhesions from prior operations. The stomach was used as the
      esophageal substitute in all patients; it was positioned in the posterior
      mediastinum, and a cervical anastomosis was performed. Intraoperative blood loss
      averaged 765 mL. Major postoperative complications included mediastinal bleeding
      requiring thoracotomy (2), chylothorax (2), and anastomotic leak (1). There were
      no postoperative deaths. The average postoperative hospital stay was ten days.
      Follow-up is complete and ranges from 3 to 91 months (average duration, 30
      months). All but 1 patient with severe psychiatric disease eat a regular,
      unrestricted diet without postprandial regurgitation. Early postoperative
      anastomotic dilation was required in 10 patients. Dumping syndrome has occurred
      in 5 patients. It is concluded that esophagectomy provides the most reliable
      treatment of esophageal obstruction, pulmonary complications, and potential late
      development of carcinoma in the patient with a megaesophagus of achalasia or a
      failed prior esophagomyotomy and that it is a far better option in these patients
      than esophagomyotomy, cardioplasty procedures, or limited esophageal resection.

PMID- 2649029
TI  - The surgeon's role in the management of portal hypertension.
AB  - Patients with portal hypertension are referred to surgeons for several reasons.
      These include the management of continued active variceal bleeding; therapy after
      a variceal bleed to prevent further recurrent bleeds; consideration for
      prophylactic surgical therapy to prevent the first variceal bleed; or, rarely, an
      unusual cause of portal hypertension which may require some specific surgical
      therapy. Injection sclerotherapy is the most widely used treatment for both acute
      variceal bleeding and long-term management after a variceal bleed. Unfortunately
      it has probably been overused in the past. The need to identify the failures of
      sclerotherapy early and to treat them by other forms of major surgery is
      emphasized. The selective distal splenorenal shunt is the most widely used
      portosystemic shunt today, particularly in nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients. The
      standard portacaval shunt is still used for the management of acute variceal
      bleeding as well as for long-term management, particularly in alcoholic cirrhotic
      patients. For acute variceal bleeding the surgical alternative to sclerotherapy
      or shunting is simple staple-gun esophageal transection, whereas in long-term
      management the main alternative is an extensive devascularization and transection
      operation. Liver transplantation is the only therapy that cures both the portal
      hypertension and the underlying liver disease. All patients with cirrhosis and
      portal hypertension should be assessed as potential liver transplant recipients.
      If they are candidates for transplantation, sclerotherapy should be used to treat
      bleeding varices whenever possible, as this will interfere least with a
      subsequent liver transplant.

PMID- 2649033
TI  - Bjork-Shiley strut fracture and disc escape: literature review and a method of
      disc retrieval.
AB  - Embolization of a prosthetic valve poppet is a rare but life-threatening event.
      It was reported sporadically before the introduction of the Bjork-Shiley 70
      degree convexoconcave prosthesis in 1980. Since that time, there have been a
      large number of reported mechanical failures with disc escape. The rate for the
      29-mm to 33-mm mitral valves is estimated as 5.2%. In 29 of 35 patients
      (including the 2 presented here) in whom the site of disc lodgment could be
      determined, the disc was in the descending or abdominal aorta. Fifteen of these
      patients died. Six survivors had the disc removed at the same operation and 6 at
      a later operation. In 2 patients, the disc was not removed. In 2 patients in whom
      the disc was not removed initially, it was thought to contribute to postoperative
      complications. Two more cases of structural failure of the Bjork-Shiley
      convexoconcave prosthesis are presented. A transpericardial approach to the
      descending aorta on bypass is described. It allows easy removal of the disc and
      eliminates the need for a second operation.

PMID- 2649032
TI  - Noninvasive detection of cardiac allograft rejection by analysis of the unipolar
      peak-to-peak amplitude of intramyocardial electrograms.
AB  - The use of standard electrocardiographic monitoring to detect cardiac allograft
      rejection has become unreliable since the advent of cyclosporine
      immunosuppression. Unipolar peak-to-peak amplitude analysis has been shown to be
      a quantitative measure of ischemic myocardial injury. This study was performed to
      determine if unipolar peak-to-peak amplitude analysis could accurately detect
      cardiac allograft rejection as determined by blinded endomyocardial biopsies. Ten
      adult mongrel dogs underwent heterotopic (n = 7) or orthotopic (n = 3) cardiac
      transplantation with placement of sutureless screw-in electrodes (Medtronic, Inc,
      Minneapolis, MN) on the anterior and posterior aspect of each ventricle.
      Postoperatively, animals were immunosuppressed for seven to ten days with
      cyclosporine and prednisone and then allowed to reject the transplant. Digitally
      processed intramyocardial electrograms were obtained daily. Endomyocardial biopsy
      was performed 1 week postoperatively and then at three to five day intervals for
      histological correlation. A unipolar peak-to-peak amplitude decline of 15% or
      greater occurred one to three days before the biopsy detection in 10 of 10
      episodes of rejection. There were no false negatives and one false positive
      (although a small focal lymphocytic infiltrate was present). Thus, noninvasive
      unipolar peak-to-peak amplitude analysis was 100% sensitive and 90% specific in
      predicting and detecting cardiac allograft rejection.

PMID- 2649034
TI  - Sutureless fixation of long aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts with oxidized
      regenerated cellulose.
AB  - A technique of sutureless epicardial fixation of long aortocoronary saphenous
      vein grafts using oxidized regenerated cellulose is illustrated. Sutureless
      fixation has been previously performed with fibrin glue. Possible advantages of
      using oxidized regenerated cellulose instead of fibrin glue are discussed.

PMID- 2649035
TI  - In the beginning. Surgical correction of aortic insufficiency. 1954.

PMID- 2649036
TI  - Congenital lesions of the lungs.

PMID- 2649037
TI  - A market analysis comparing the practices of psychiatrists and psychologists.
AB  - Data are analyzed that describe the clinical work of representative samples of
      psychiatrists and clinical psychologists who practiced in one of 62 markets for
      mental health services in the United States during 1982 and 1983. For
      psychiatrists, intensity of treatment (ie, mean face-to-face treatment minutes
      per patient per month) varied from 107 to 368 minutes vs 124 to 283 minutes for
      psychologists. Multiple regression models explain these variations somewhat
      differently for each provider group. Whereas the patient's severity or stage of
      illness is explanatory for both psychiatrists and psychologists, only
      psychologists appear to alter intensity of treatment in response to local
      economic conditions. Psychiatrists have large diversified practices, whereas
      psychologists tend to treat fewer persons and the bulk of these have less severe
      mental and emotional conditions. Neither practitioner group appeared to provide
      services in excess of their perceptions of patient need. These and other
      important similarities and differences are explored, and the advantages of local
      market focus for examining relevant public policy issues are discussed.

PMID- 2649038
TI  - Premorbid personality assessments of first onset of major depression.
AB  - This is a report on personality traits associated with the first onset of major
      depression in a sample of high-risk subjects. The subjects are the first-degree
      relatives, spouses, and their controls of patients with affective disorders. None
      of these subjects had any history of mental disorder as of their initial
      evaluation. In the subsequent six years, 29 subjects had a first onset of major
      depression. These first onset subjects were compared with 370 subjects who
      continued to be free of illness during the six-year follow-up. Personality traits
      were assessed at the initial evaluation (ie, before the onset of depression in
      subjects with first onset) by means of scales from five self-report inventories.
      Lower emotional strength and resiliency significantly differentiated the first
      onset from the never ill group; overall differences were not found on measures of
      interpersonal dependency or extraversion. Age was a significant predictor of
      first onset, both alone (younger age predicted first onsets) and in interaction
      with personality measures. Among younger subjects (17 to 30 years of age),
      personality variables did not significantly discriminate between the two
      comparison groups. Among older subjects (31 to 41 years of age), however,
      decreased emotional strength, increased interpersonal dependency, and increased
      thoughtfulness were associated with first onset of depression.

PMID- 2649039
TI  - Energy-storing prosthetic feet.
AB  - At least six brands of energy-storing prosthetic feet (ESPF) are now commercially
      available in the US. These are designed to permit lower extremity amputees to
      participate in a wide variety of activities, such as running and jumping sports,
      as well as vigorous walking. Although kinesiologic studies of these devices have
      not been completed, clinical experience suggests that the Flex-Foot provides the
      highest performance, followed by the Carbon Copy II and the Seattle Foot. The
      S.A.F.E. Foot, the STEN Foot, and the Dynamic Foot provide less energy storage
      and may be suitable for less active patients or those with special needs such as
      walking on uneven ground. All of the ESPF except the Flex-Foot may be attached to
      a realigned conventional prosthesis. The Flex-Foot incorporates a pylon and foot
      in one unit and requires special fabrication technologies. The additional cost of
      most of the ESPF (compared to a Solid Ankle Cushion Heel Foot) may add little to
      the cost of a finished prosthesis although it provides greatly increased
      function. The Flex-Foot, however, is significantly more expensive. Advances in
      kinesiology and materials science are being applied in the design of prosthetic
      components that are lighter, stronger, and more resilient. Clinicians can now
      choose from a variety of innovative commercially available devices but have been
      hampered by a lack of published information. This paper will review the design
      philosophy, materials, and applications of ESPF, and will supplement the
      information available from individual manufacturers and the prosthetic
      literature.

PMID- 2649040
TI  - The Veterans Administration and surgical education in the United States.

PMID- 2649041
TI  - Use of sequential B-mode ultrasonography to manage abdominal aortic aneurysms.
AB  - The utility and safety of sequential B-mode ultrasonography to treat male
      patients with small (less than 6.0 cm in diameter) abdominal aortic aneurysms
      (AAAs) were studied retrospectively in 149 consecutive patients. Sixty-three of
      these patients have had operative repair of the AAA. Eight-six remain unoperated
      on. Mean growth rate was 0.79 cm/y (1.06 cm/y in the operated-on group and 0.36
      cm/y in the unoperated-on group). Seven patients sustained rupture of the AAA
      during follow-up and 4 patients died as a consequence of elective repair, for a
      combined mortality rate of 7.4% (11/149). Only one AAA that was less than 5.0 cm
      ruptured. This has proved to be an effective way to manage AAAs in this
      population.

PMID- 2649042
TI  - Pentoxifylline increases extremity blood flow in diabetic atherosclerotic
      patients.
AB  - Pentoxifylline, a new trisubstituted methylxanthine derivative known for its
      hemorrheologic action, has been shown to improve exercise tolerance in
      atherosclerotic patients. We examined the responses of diabetic atherosclerotic
      patients to pentoxifylline administration, measured by Doppler waveform analysis
      and exercise tolerance. Standard exercise tolerance and Doppler waveform analytic
      studies of the lower extremity, specifically the right dorsalis pedis artery,
      were performed before and after three months of pentoxifylline administration
      (400 mg three times a day). The study group comprised ten subjects (six men and
      four women) with a mean (+/- SD) age of 60 +/- 3.3 years. Data were analyzed
      using a paired Student t test. All ten subjects showed a significant increase in
      exercise tolerance after pentoxifylline treatment. Eight of ten subjects
      demonstrated a significant increase in right dorsalis pedis arterial flow.

PMID- 2649043
TI  - Microvascular free-tissue transfer. The Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical
      Center experience.
AB  - The entire microvascular tissue transfer experience from 1977 through 1987 at the
      Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center has been reviewed. Seventy-four
      free flaps were done in 68 patients. Assessable records were available in 52
      patients who had 58 reconstructive procedures. The most frequently used flaps
      were jejunum in 15 patients (25.8%), latissimus dorsi in 11 patients (18.9%),
      rectus abdominis in eight patients (13.8%), and gracilis in seven patients
      (12.1%). Major complications occurred in 43.1% of the cases. Total flap loss
      occurred in eight patients (13.8%); from 1977 through 1982, four (28.6%) of 14
      patients had total flap loss, and from 1983 through 1987, four (9.1%) had total
      flap loss. Partial flap loss occurred in four cases (6.9%). Of the 52 patients,
      43 had their problems resolved expeditiously by free-tissue transfer. We conclude
      that in a university-affiliated Veterans Administration medical center,
      microvascular reconstruction is an important and necessary surgical tool. Failure
      rates have decreased markedly with time and increasing experience. Definition of
      new anatomic microvascular units for transfer has increased the number of
      reconstructive choices.

PMID- 2649044
TI  - The role of isolated profundaplasty for the treatment of rest pain.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the efficacy and durability of
      profundaplasty and define preoperative factors predictive of success. The
      hospital charts, vascular laboratory data, and arteriograms of 20 patients having
      21 isolated profundaplasties for ischemic rest pain between 1979 and 1987 were
      reviewed. Follow-up extended to 72 months (mean, 26 months). Early success was
      achieved in 12 extremities (57%) and life-table analysis showed continued success
      to six years in 11 extremities (55%). Of the multiple preoperative factors
      assessed, only a low-thigh/ankle gradient pressure index (TAGI) of less than 0.55
      was predictive of success. Life-table analysis for limbs with a TAGI of less than
      0.55 showed an 89% success rate at six years compared with only a 32% success
      rate for limbs with a TAGI of more than 0.55. Isolated profundaplasty for the
      treatment of ischemic rest pain can be an efficacious and durable procedure when
      patients are selected based on objective hemodynamic measurements.

PMID- 2649045
TI  - The association of Escherichia coli virulence and pulmonary microvascular damage.
AB  - Bacterial virulence indicates the degree of pathogenicity of a given strain of
      microbe for a given host. The effect of Escherichia coli virulence on lung
      microvascular permeability was studied in sheep with chronic pulmonary lymph
      fistulas following peritoneal contamination. The study was divided into four
      groups: (1) wild-type E coli (WT group, 2.5 x 10(9) colony-forming units
      [CFUs]/kg); (2) virulent E coli (PV group, 2.3 x 10(9) CFUs/kg); (3) nonvirulent
      E coli (PNV group, 2.6 x 10(9) CFUs/kg); (4) high-inoculum wild-type E coli (HIWT
      group, 6.1 x 10(9) CFUs/kg). In the late period (two to six hours), the increase
      in lung lymph flow in the PV group was significantly greater than the WT, PNV,
      and HIWT groups, with no difference noted among groups with respect to the
      pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, or albumin lymph/plasma
      ratio. It was concluded that (1) increased E coli virulence results in increased
      lung microvascular damage and (2) increased lung microvascular damage as a
      function of E coli virulence may not be solely due to increased bacterial numbers
      as a function of time.

PMID- 2649046
TI  - Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy in cadaveric kidney transplantation.
AB  - The presence of a nonfunctional bladder is a common finding in some patients with
      end-stage renal disease in whom transplantation is a proposed option. Over the
      last 20 years, we have performed six terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomies for
      urinary drainage during kidney transplantation. Neurogenic bladder in five
      patients and exstrophy in one patient prohibited use of the bladder. Four long
      term graft survivors (19 months and 4, 10, and 20 years) experienced no short
      term problems with the procedure, but two episodes of pyelonephritis have
      occurred. In our patients no graft dysfunction or loss could be attributed to
      infection, and no stomal stenosis or revision has occurred. We conclude that
      terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy is feasible using normal-caliber ureters,
      and is a safe, effective means of urinary drainage during kidney transplantation
      when the bladder is not available. It also eliminates the necessity of
      preparatory bowel surgery that has its attendant risk of contamination in an
      immunocompromised patient.

PMID- 2649047
TI  - Recent trends in the management of incisional herniation.
AB  - There is a high incidence of risk factors for incisional herniation in
      hospitalized veterans. Almost half the defects appear more than 12 months after
      celiotomy. "Buttonholing" of the rectus sheath by a sawing motion of the
      continuous nonabsorbable suture may be responsible for this later herniation.
      Suturing with synthetic, slowly absorbed monofilament may reduce delayed
      herniation. The recurrence rate after primary repair was 24.8% (n = 206), and
      after a second repair the recurrence rate was 41.7% (n = 36). Plastic prostheses,
      used only in difficult cases (18% of the sample), were associated with a
      recurrence rate similar to that associated with sutures because of protrusion
      around the edge. The use of larger and better fixed ("sandwich") polypropylene
      mesh (Marlex) is indicated. Subxiphoid epigastric hernias following sternotomy do
      not require prosthetic herniorrhaphy.

PMID- 2649048
TI  - Biochemical adaptation of venous patches placed in the carotid circulation.
AB  - The influence of venous patching on luminal prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane
      A2 (TBX) production of endarterectomized arteries was studied in a canine model.
      Fifteen dogs underwent bilateral common carotid endarterectomies. In each dog,
      one artery was closed primarily and the contralateral artery was closed by vein
      patch angioplasty. At six and 12 weeks after operation, luminal prostanoid
      production from the venous patch, adjacent endarterectomized artery, and control
      artery and vein was measured by radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1
      alpha and thromboxane B2. Venous patches underwent "incomplete" biochemical
      adaptation with decreased luminal production of PGI2 compared with control and
      endarterectomized arteries. Thromboxane production from venous patches was
      increased compared with normal vein but similar to control and endarterectomized
      arteries. At six weeks, PGI2 production of vein-patched arterial segments was
      increased compared with arteries closed primarily. These data indicate that vein
      patch angioplasty favorably influences surface thrombogenicity of healing,
      endarterectomized arteries and support its use in reparative carotid surgery.

PMID- 2649050
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration for breast masses.

PMID- 2649049
TI  - Successful reconstruction of late portal vein stenosis after hepatic
      transplantation.
AB  - Stenosis of the portal vein anastomosis occurred in three pediatric patients
      seven to 42 months after transplantation. Dominant symptoms were those of portal
      hypertension and hypersplenism. Diagnosis was made by angiography. Successful
      surgical reconstruction was possible in all three patients.

PMID- 2649051
TI  - Care--old style.

PMID- 2649052
TI  - Mesenteric panniculitis resulting in bowel obstruction: response to steroids.
AB  - Two patients with mesenteric panniculitis are presented. The first developed
      obstruction of the sigmoid colon requiring a decompressing proximal sigmoid end
      colostomy; the second presented with an incomplete small bowel obstruction. A
      convincing, immediate, symptomatic response to steroids was noted in both
      patients. The first patients responded to such an extent that closure of the
      colostomy was possible some 10 months later. It would appear that active subacute
      mesenteric panniculitis, as evidenced by continuing fever, high erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate and predominance of inflammatory cells with only minimal
      fibrosis on histologic section, is likely to respond favourably to steroid
      treatment. Review of the surgical literature indicates that, once the condition
      has progressed to established fibrosis, steroid treatment is probably
      ineffectual.

PMID- 2649053
TI  - An ELISA for the detection of anergic tuberculous cattle.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for bovine antibody to antigens in
      unheated Mycobacterium bovis culture filtrate was standardised against a
      reference serum from an experimentally infected cow. Two Northern Territory herds
      with a total of 561 cattle were tested. All cattle reacting in the caudal fold
      tuberculin test, those giving strong reactions in the ELISA and those with
      visible lesions of tuberculosis were subjected to a detailed bacteriological
      examination. Of the 19 cattle which yielded isolates of M. bovis, only 4 were
      positive to the tuberculin test. Serum samples from 5 cattle gave ELISA values
      greater than 7.0 units. None of these 5 reacted in the tuberculin-test and 2 had
      no visible lesions. Of the 10 remaining cattle from which M. bovis was isolated,
      3 had ELISA values between 6.5 and 7.0 units and were also without visible
      lesions. The ELISA values for the remaining 7 infected cattle ranged down to 4.6
      units. Forty cattle yielded no M. bovis on culture of their tissues. They
      included 7 which were reactors in the tuberculin test and 23 with ELISA values of
      7.0 units or more. The evident low specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA make
      it of little value as an alternative to the tuberculin test, but it can detect
      some anergic cattle at the cost of increasing the number of false positive
      reactors. This may be acceptable in some circumstances and would justify the use
      of the ELISA as a complement to the tuberculin test or to an in vitro assay of T
      cell immunity. In the 2 Northern Territory herds described, the removal of 5 of
      the anergic cattle would have required a cull of 28 animals of 5% of the total. A
      cut off value of 6.5 units would have eliminated 3 more, but at the cost of
      culling 80 animals or nearly 15% of the cattle. Even so, 7 cattle from which M.
      bovis was isolated would have remained undetected by either test.

PMID- 2649054
TI  - Effect of a new pelleting process on the level of contamination of poultry mash
      by Escherichia coli and Salmonella.
AB  - The efficacy of a new pelleting process in eliminating naturally occurring
      Escherichia coli and salmonella from poultry mash was assessed by comparing the
      microbial load in raw and processed mash. Instead of using steam produced in a
      boiler, the new process conditioned mash in an Original Vertical Conditioner with
      steam and other hot gases generated by direct combustion in a Vaporator. E. coli
      was isolated from 72-100% of samples of raw mash in all trials, and the mean
      number of colony-forming units of E. coli/g of samples was 6.8 +/- 4.0 X 10(4).
      Salmonellae (S. senftenberg, S. bredeney, and S. mbandaka) were isolated from 5
      10% of samples of raw mash utilized in three of the seven trials. Within
      limitations of the sampling and analytical tests utilized, the new pelleting
      process eliminated salmonella from all mash in which the organism was known to be
      present but eliminated E. coli in only three trials. The process appeared to be
      100% effective against both organisms when mash entering the pellet mill from the
      conditioner had a temperature of 85.7 C and a moisture content of 14.5% and had
      been retained and treated with steam and hot gases for 4.1 minutes.

PMID- 2649055
TI  - In vitro microbicidal activity of avian peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - Peritoneal exudate macrophages collected from 4-wk-old broilers were capable of
      in vitro bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and fungistatic activity
      against Candida tropicalis. Bactericidal activity was inhibited by treatment of
      macrophages with 2-deoxyglucose. These assays may be used to evaluate macrophage
      function in normal, diseased, and immunomodulated birds or to assess the direct
      effects of cytokines and toxins on macrophage microbicidal activity.

PMID- 2649056
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies that recognize specific antigens of Mycoplasma
      gallisepticum and M. synoviae.
AB  - The polypeptide profiles of the type strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (PG 31)
      and M. synoviae (WVU 1853) resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis were compared. Except for a few discrete peptides that were
      similar, the species varied considerably in peptide profiles. Congruence was
      observed between the type strains of each species and homologous cloned
      serotypes. Protein blots of each species were probed with 2 mouse monoclonal
      antibodies. Monoclonal antibody G 46 was specific for the antigen p 110 (G) in M.
      gallisepticum, and S 221 was specific for an antigen complex p 45-50 (S) in M.
      synoviae. The 2 monoclonal antibodies clearly distinguished between all serotypes
      of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae that were examined by Western blot transfer.
      Autoradiographs of 125I-labeled M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae indicated that p
      110 (G) and p 45-50 (S) were surface membrane peptides. Indirect
      immunofluorescence of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae in Vero cell cultures
      supported the autoradiographic findings. The p 110 (G) antigen of M.
      gallisepticum was heat-stable, pronase-sensitive, and resistant to periodate
      oxidation, suggesting that its chemical composition is protein. In contrast, the
      p 45-50 antigen complex of M. synoviae appeared as a broad band in protein blots
      treated with monoclonal antibody S 221, was sensitive to pronase, and responded
      to Schiff's reagent but was not completely inhibited by periodate oxidation,
      suggesting that it is a complex of repeating sequences probably composed of
      glycosylated peptides.

PMID- 2649057
TI  - The first 200 years of Australian psychiatry.
AB  - Accomplishments in the various fields of Australian psychiatry are traced from
      the first asylums, through the history of the peaks and troughs of progress, down
      to the present state of disorganisation of the services and the struggle for
      psychiatry to find an honourable place in Australian history.

PMID- 2649058
TI  - Beethoven's creative illness.
AB  - One phase of Beethoven's life, between his 45th and 50th year, characterized by
      very low creativity and overwhelming stress situations, is subjected to a
      psychiatric interpretation. The historical background is briefly sketched and 5
      precipitating stress factors are outlined. The symptoms of his illness are
      described, using Beethoven's letters as source material. A brief discussion of
      Beethoven's musical style prior to and after his illness is based on quotations
      from three eminent musical scholars. A resume of Beethoven's physical and
      psychological disorders during his life are given and the conclusion is reached
      that between 1815 and 1820, Beethoven experienced a creative illness which was
      psychotic in type, ended in recovery and radically changed his musical
      creativity.

PMID- 2649059
TI  - History and present status of moral insanity.

PMID- 2649060
TI  - Murderous Science.

PMID- 2649061
TI  - Psychoanalysis: a creed in decline.
AB  - Psychoanalysis is in decline. Its methods disbar it from serious consideration as
      a natural science and its claims to therapeutic efficacy are in tatters. The role
      it performed earlier in the century as part of the narrative knowledge of western
      culture is in eclipse. Trainees in psychiatry are still, however, on occasion
      seduced by its faded charms, to their detriment. The time has come to relegate
      psychoanalysis to its proper place as a moment in the historical development of
      psychiatry and a ripple in 20th century western culture.

PMID- 2649062
TI  - Suicide: the role of the media.
AB  - Studies addressing the issue of media reporting of suicide and subsequent suicide
      are reviewed. The majority demonstrate a statistically significant association
      between the amount of such reporting and ensuing increases in suicide. Restraint
      is clearly indicated. The media could assist by publicising alternative coping
      mechanisms, rather than "normalizing" suicidal behaviour by reporting it.

PMID- 2649063
TI  - Schizophrenia and biological determinism.
AB  - Conceptual developments in mid-twentieth century medicine, the many factors known
      to influence course and outcome in schizophrenia, and recent systemic models of
      brain function all suggest the value of re-assessing the view of schizophrenia as
      biologically determined. Although the current view of schizophrenia as a brain
      disease, invoking the natural history model of disease, has mobilised research
      and public interest, it encourages a new biological determinism in thinking about
      schizophrenia which current evidence does not warrant and which restricts
      research and clinical advances.

PMID- 2649064
TI  - Psychiatry, molecular genetics and ethics: the new discoveries and the new
      issues.
AB  - Recent developments in molecular genetics are examined with particular reference
      to psychiatry. The new technologies available have allowed significant advances
      in the understanding of certain illnesses such as familial Alzheimer's disease
      and Huntington's chorea, and will provide powerful tools to explore many other
      important psychiatric illnesses. The area of genetic counselling is already
      characterized by complex ethical issues. We can expect that as the new
      technologies provide the prospect of positive germ line genetic engineering,
      these ethical issues will become more complex. It is important that psychiatrists
      prepare themselves for these future developments and take an active role in
      leading the debate.

PMID- 2649066
TI  - Two cases of accidental immersion hypothermia with different outcomes under
      identical conditions.
AB  - Two cases of accidental immersion hypothermia are presented, both occurring
      during the same aircraft ditching. One victim survived while the other patient
      died despite identical immersion time and environmental conditions. Pertinent
      literature is reviewed to attempt to explain the different patient outcomes. The
      most important discriminating factor appears to be skinfold thickness, which
      reflects body fat.

PMID- 2649065
TI  - Phobic disorders and anxiety states: how do they differ?
AB  - A review of the clinical literature to date has shown that the nature of the
      relationship between phobic disorders and anxiety states is still unclear. As a
      wide range of symptoms are shared by patients with all DSM-III anxiety disorder
      diagnoses, at this stage there is still a need to investigate the latent
      dimensions which distinguish the anxiety disorder subtypes. In the present study
      176 patients with the DSM-III diagnoses of agoraphobia with panic attacks, social
      phobia, panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder completed the Fear Survey
      Schedule, Fear Questionnaire, Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire,
      Maudsley Personality Inventory, and the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales.
      Group membership was significantly predicted by a discriminant analysis which
      yielded a Fear Questionnaire agoraphobia function and a social phobia function.
      The results from discriminant analysis suggests that agoraphobia and anxiety
      states may be closely related. Classification errors were also determined,
      providing further evidence with which to refute the claim that agoraphobia has
      "all or none" characteristics.

PMID- 2649067
TI  - M-mode ultrasonic detection of microbubbles following saturation diving: a case
      report and proposal for a new grading system.
AB  - An M-mode ultrasound system was used to obtain a reliable method for the
      evaluation of microbubbles caused by decompression. When the probe is focused in
      the outflow tract of the right ventricle it is easy to recognize a linear
      configuration of the echoes caused by the microbubbles. A quantitative study of
      microbubbles can be done by counting the number of linear echoes per second.
      Application of this method is reported following saturation diving decompression.
      We think the reported method is worthy of further use.

PMID- 2649068
TI  - Observations on the physical effects of flying. 1917.

PMID- 2649069
TI  - Rats (Rattus norvegicus) selectively bred to differ in avoidance behavior also
      differ in response to novelty stress, in glycemic conditioning, and in reward
      contrast.
AB  - The behavior of the Syracuse high avoidance (SHA) and Syracuse low avoidance
      (SLA) rats, selectively bred by Brush (F. R. Brush, J. C. Froehlich, & P.
      Sakellaris, 1979, Behavior Genetics, 9, 309-316) to differ in avoidance behavior,
      was examined in several different tasks. The SLA rats showed a greater elevation
      in plasma glucose when exposed to a novel environment; after 7 days of exposure
      to this environment there was evidence of habituation in the SHA rats but not in
      the SLA rats; the SHA rats showed a hyperglycemic conditioned response in a
      glycemic conditioning procedure, the SLA rats showed no evidence of conditioning
      but had higher overall levels of plasma glucose; both strains showed reliable
      successive negative contrast effects in consummatory behavior when shifted from
      32 to 4% sucrose, but the contrast was larger in the SLA rats; the administration
      of chlordiazepoxide eliminated negative contrast in the SLA rats but had no
      effect on contrast in the SHA rats; and the SLA rats were reliably heavier than
      the SHA rats. The behavioral differences were considered in the context of
      differences in emotional reactivity between the two strains.

PMID- 2649070
TI  - A comparative study of rodent ultrasonic vocalizations during copulation.
AB  - The temporal patterning of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during copulation was
      recorded for male-female pairs of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus campbelli),
      prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), and montane voles (Microtus montanus). Each
      species appears to utilize a single major frequency band for USVs, centered
      around 31 kHz for the vole species and 71 kHz for hamsters. Djungarian hamsters
      exhibited low rates of USVs prior to introduction of the female and following
      ejaculation, but a high USV rate during periods of copulatory activity. Both vole
      species called at high rates during all stages of the copulatory sequence,
      although calling rates decreased following ejaculation. Anesthetization trials,
      where one pair member was awake and the other anesthesized, suggest that it is
      the male of each species that produces most USVs. The results were compared with
      six other muroid species for which data on the temporal patterning of USVs during
      copulation are available. These data extend our knowledge of the patterning of
      USVs during copulatory behavior and suggest the need for additional comparative
      investigations.

PMID- 2649071
TI  - [Diseases of the exocrine pancreas in the cat].
AB  - In contrast to the dog in which pancreas dysfunction is usually clinically
      diagnosed and frequently described in the literature, this diseases is mostly
      discovered at necropsy and rarely reported in cats. The objective of this review
      is to show increased attention to the occurrence of pancreatic diseases in cat.

PMID- 2649072
TI  - [Follicular development in cattle; changes in their count and size during the
      ovarian cycle].
AB  - Follicular development was examined by transrectal ultrasound scanning in 12
      heifers during 51 oestrous cycles. Internal diameters of largest and second
      largest follicles and the number of smaller ovarian vesicles were determined.
      Diameters of dominant follicles showed inverse growth pattern to the second
      largest follicles and numbers of smaller follicles (greater than or equal to 5
      mm). There was an increase in diameters of the largest follicles from beginning
      of dioestrous to day 9 and from time of luteolysis to ovulation, which was
      coincident which a decrease in diameters of the second largest follicles and
      numbers of smaller ovarian vesicles. Smaller follicles increased in count and
      diameter, when the dominant follicle achieved its largest dimension and started
      to regress. The cyclic corpus luteum had no local influence on diameters of the
      largest and second largest follicles in the ovary bearing the corpus luteum
      versus the contralateral ovary. Internal diameters of oestrous follicles measured
      14.7 +/- 2.6 mm in heifers and 15.3 +/- 2.9 mm in cows at the day of oestrous (p
      greater than 0.05; t-test). Dioestrous follicles with similar size were detected
      during various stages of the oestrous cycle. The diameter of the dominant
      follicle is not an accurate criterion for determining the stage of the oestrous
      cycle.

PMID- 2649073
TI  - Effects of hypothyroidism on the sensitivity of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis
      to insulin in the soleus muscle of the rat.
AB  - 1. The effects of hypothyroidism on the sensitivity of glycolysis and glycogen
      synthesis to insulin were investigated in the isolated, incubated soleus muscle
      of the rat. 2. Hypothyroidism, which was induced by administration of
      propylthiouracil to the rats, decreased fasting plasma levels of free fatty acids
      and increased plasma levels of glucose but did not significantly change plasma
      levels of insulin. 3. The sensitivity of the rates of glycogen synthesis to
      insulin was increased at physiological, but decreased at supraphysiological,
      concentrations of insulin. 4. The rates of glycolysis in the hypothyroid muscles
      were decreased at all insulin concentrations studied and the EC50 for insulin was
      increased more than 8-fold; the latter indicates decreased sensitivity of this
      process to insulin. However, at physiological concentrations of insulin, the
      rates of glucose phosphorylation in the soleus muscles of hypothyroid rats were
      not different from controls. This suggests that hypothyroidism affects glucose
      metabolism in muscle not by affecting glucose transport but by decreasing the
      rate of glucose 6-phosphate conversion to lactate and increasing the rate of
      conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glycogen. 5. The rates of glucose oxidation
      were decreased in the hypothyroid muscles at all insulin concentrations.

PMID- 2649074
TI  - Regulation of the biosynthesis of insulin-secretory-granule proteins. Co-ordinate
      translational control is exerted on some, but not all, granule matrix
      constituents.
AB  - The regulation of the biosynthesis of the insulin-secretory-granule matrix
      proteins insulin II, chromogranin A and carboxypeptidase H was studied in
      isolated rat islets of Langerhans. Islets were labelled with [35S]-methionine,
      and incorporation into total protein was determined by trichloroacetic acid
      precipitation and that into specific proteins by immunoprecipitation followed by
      polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Islets incubated in the
      presence of 16.7 mM-glucose incorporated 3 times as much [35S]-methionine into
      total protein as did islets incubated with 2.8 mM-glucose. The same conditions
      produced more than a 20-fold increase in incorporation into both proinsulin and
      chromogranin A, with no observable effect on carboxypeptidase H. The
      concentration-dependencies of the glucose-stimulated synthesis of chromogranin A
      and proinsulin were parallel, and in both cases the response to 16.7 mM-glucose
      was typified by an initial lag of 20 min, followed by a rapid activation to a new
      steady state over the ensuing 40 min. Synthesis of total protein, although
      activated to a lesser extent, responded with similar kinetics. Extracellular Ca2+
      depletion did not affect the basal or glucose-stimulated biosynthesis of any of
      the proteins under investigation. Mannoheptulose (20 mM) abolished glucose
      stimulated synthesis of insulin, chromogranin A and total protein, but had no
      effect on the synthesis of carboxypeptidase H. It is concluded that the
      biosynthesis of insulin and chromogranin A is regulated principally at the
      translational level by the same intracellular signal generated from the
      metabolism of glucose. Such regulation is not common to all insulin-secretory
      granule proteins, since the synthesis of carboxypeptidase H was unaffected by the
      same stimulus.

PMID- 2649075
TI  - Increased expression of the gene for the pro alpha 1(IV) chain of basement
      membrane procollagen in cultured skin fibroblasts from two variants of
      osteogenesis imperfecta.
AB  - Fibroblasts from two lethal variants of osteogenesis imperfecta were shown to
      synthesize increased amounts of type IV procollagen. Previous studies established
      that one of these variants had a non-functional allele for the pro alpha 2 chain
      of type I procollagen, whereas the other pro alpha 2(I) allele contained a
      mutation leading to synthesis of shortened pro alpha 2(I) chains. In the two
      variants, the relative level of mRNA for pro alpha 1(IV) was 31 and 42% of the
      level of mRNA for pro alpha 1(I) chains. A value of less than 2% was found for a
      third lethal and four non-lethal variants of osteogenesis imperfecta.
      Immunofluorescent staining of fibroblasts from the two variants synthesizing
      increased amounts of type IV procollagen indicated that a homogeneous population
      of cells synthesized both type IV and type I procollagen. The results suggest
      that mutations in the type I procollagen genes that result in osteogenesis
      imperfecta can be associated with increased expression of the genes for type IV
      procollagen.

PMID- 2649076
TI  - Biosynthesis of normal and low-molecular-mass complement component C1q by
      cultured human monocytes and macrophages.
AB  - High levels of low-molecular-mass complement component C1q (LMM-C1q), a
      haemolytically inactive form of C1q, are found in serum of individuals with
      inherited complete (functional) C1q deficiency and in serum of patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus, whereas lower levels are present in normal serum
      [Hoekzema, Hannema, Swaak, Paardekooper & Hack (1985) J. Immunol. 135, 265-271].
      To investigate whether LMM-C1q is a (by-)product of C1q synthesis or the result
      of degradation of C1q, cultures of blood monocytes and of alveolar macrophages,
      which secrete functional C1q, were studied. A considerable portion of C1q-like
      protein secreted by these cells was found to be LMM-C1q. In contrast with the C1q
      fragments that resulted from degradation of normal C1q during phagocytosis,
      culture-derived LMM-C1q appeared to be identical with LMM-C1q found in serum, as
      judged by sedimentation behaviour, subunit structure and recognition by poly- and
      mono-clonal antibodies raised against C1q. The presence of LMM-C1q in cytoplasmic
      organelles compatible with the Golgi apparatus and the inability to generate LMM
      C1q by impeding hydroxylation and triple-helix formation of C1q further argues
      against degradation as its source. Monocyte cultures of homozygous probands from
      two families with complete functional C1q deficiency reflected the abnormalities
      in serum, i.e. absence of functional C1q, but increased levels of LMM-C1q. By
      contrast, secretion of C1q and LMM-C1q by cells from healthy individuals was
      clearly co-ordinate, indicating that LMM-C1q in serum may provide a unique marker
      of C1q synthesis in vivo.

PMID- 2649077
TI  - Cloning, sequence analysis and over-expression of the gene for the class II
      fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA inserted in
      the plasmid pLC33-5 of the Clarke and Carbon library [Clarke & Carbon (1976) Cell
      9, 91-99] revealed the existence of the gene, fda, encoding the Class II (metal
      dependent) fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase of E. coli. The primary structure
      of the polypeptide chain inferred from the DNA sequence of the fda gene comprises
      359 amino acids, including the initiating methionine residue, from which an Mr of
      39,146 could be calculated. This value is in good agreement with that of 40,000
      estimated from sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the
      purified dimeric enzyme. The amino acid sequence of the Class II aldolase from E.
      coli showed no homology with the known amino acid sequences of Class I (imine
      forming) fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolases from a wide variety of sources. On
      the other hand, there was obvious homology with the N-terminal sequence of 40
      residues already established for the Class II fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase
      of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These Class II aldolases, one from a prokaryote and
      one from a eukaryote, evidently are structurally and evolutionarily related. A
      1029 bp-fragment of DNA incorporating the fda gene was excised from plasmid pLC33
      5 by digestion with restriction endonuclease HaeIII and subcloned into the
      expression plasmid pKK223-3, where the gene came under the control of the tac
      promoter. When grown in the presence of the inducer isopropyl-beta-D
      thiogalactopyranoside, E. coli JM101 cells transformed with this recombinant
      expression plasmid generated the Class II fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase as
      approx. 70% of their soluble protein. This unusually high expression of an E.
      coli gene should greatly facilitate purification of the enzyme for any future
      structural or mechanistic studies.

PMID- 2649078
TI  - Tissue distribution of a novel neurotensin-degrading metallopeptidase. An
      immunological approach using monospecific polyclonal antibodies.
AB  - A monospecific polyclonal antiserum was raised against a recently purified rat
      brain neurotensin-degrading metallopeptidase. The purified IgG fraction
      immunoprecipitated the peptidase and inhibited its proteolytic activity. Western
      blot analyses revealed that the immune fraction recognizes only one protein in
      rat brain homogenates, and this corresponds closely to the purified enzyme. The
      IgG displayed a restricted specificity towards the peptidase from murine origin.
      In the rat, the neurotensin-degrading enzyme was widely distributed throughout
      peripheral organs with the noticeable exception of the duodenum. In addition, the
      peptidase was detected in various cell lines or membrane preparations of neural
      or extraneural origin in which it had been previously characterized by means of
      biochemical methods. In light of this widespread distribution, the putative role
      of the peptidase in the metabolism of neuropeptides is discussed.

PMID- 2649079
TI  - Evidence that guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate stimulates plasma membrane
      Ca2+ inflow when introduced into hepatocytes.
AB  - 1. Slowly hydrolysable analogues of GTP were introduced into hepatocytes by
      incubating the cells in the absence of Mg2+ and in the presence of ATP4-.
      Experiments using guanosine 5'-[gamma-[35S]thio]triphosphate (GTP[35S])indicated
      that about 50% of the GTP[S] loaded into the cells was subsequently hydrolysed.
      2. In cells loaded with GTP[S] and incubated in the absence of added
      extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o), the rate of activation of glycogen phosphorylase
      observed after addition of 1.3 mM-Ca2+o was 250% greater than the rate observed
      in unloaded cells. Smaller effects (130%) were observed in cells loaded with
      either guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate or guanosine 5-[beta-thio]diphosphate
      (GDP[S]). Cells loaded with adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate showed no
      increase in glycogen phosphorylase activity on addition of Ca2+o. 3. The effect
      of a submaximal concentration of GTP[S] on the Ca2+-induced activation of
      glycogen phosphorylase was additive with that of a half-maximally effective
      concentration of vasopressin. GTP[S] did not increase the effect of a maximally
      effective concentration of the hormone. 4. Cells loaded with GTP[S] exhibited an
      increased initial rate of 45Ca2+ exchange measured at 1.3 mM-Ca2+o. 5. GTP[S] did
      not affect the amount of 45Ca2+ exchanged by cells incubated at 0.1 mM-Ca2+o or
      the ability of vasopressin to release 45Ca2+ from these cells. 6. It is concluded
      that the introduction of slowly hydrolysable analogues of GTP to the liver cell
      cytoplasmic space stimulates the inflow of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane
      through a channel similar to that activated by vasopressin.

PMID- 2649082
TI  - Insulin action on the lactating-rat mammary gland: intracellular glucose and its
      phosphorylation.

PMID- 2649081
TI  - Interaction between complement subcomponent C1q and bacterial
      lipopolysaccharides.
AB  - The heptose-less mutant of Escherichia coli, D31m4, bound complement subcomponent
      C1q and its collagen-like fragments (C1qCLF) with Ka values of 1.4 x 10(8) and
      2.0 x 10(8) M-1 respectively. This binding was suppressed by chemical
      modification of C1q and C1qCLF using diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC). To investigate
      the role of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in this binding, biosynthetically labelled
      [14C]LPS were purified from E. coli D31m4 and incorporated into liposomes
      prepared from phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
      [PC/PE/LPS, 2:2:1, by wt.]. Binding of C1q or its collagen-like fragments to the
      liposomes was estimated via a flotation test. These liposomes bound C1q and
      C1qCLF with Ka values of 8.0 x 10(7) and 2.0 x 10(7) M-1; this binding was
      totally inhibited after chemical modification of C1q and C1qCLF by DEPC.
      Liposomes containing LPS purified from the wild-strain E. coli K-12 S also bound
      C1q and C1qCLF, whereas direct binding of C1q or C1qCLF to the bacteria was
      negligible. Diamines at concentrations which dissociate C1 into C1q and (C1r,
      C1s)2, strongly inhibited the interaction of C1q or C1qCLF with LPS. Removal of 3
      deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid; KDO) from E. coli
      D31m4 LPS decreases the binding of C1qCLF to the bacteria by 65%. When this
      purified and modified LPS was incorporated into liposomes, the C1qCLF binding was
      completely abolished. These results show: (i) the essential role of the collagen
      like moiety and probably its histidine residues in the interaction between C1q
      and the mutant D31m4; (ii) the contribution of LPS, particularly the anionic
      charges of KDO, to this interaction.

PMID- 2649080
TI  - The 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes: recent advances.

PMID- 2649084
TI  - Insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle. Evidence for a protein-kinase-C
      dependent component which is unaltered in insulin-resistant mice.
AB  - The aim of our work was to investigate a possible role of protein kinase C (PKC)
      in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse skeletal muscle, and to search for
      a defect in PKC activation in insulin resistance found in obesity. In isolated
      soleus muscle of lean mice, insulin (100 nM) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13
      acetate (TPA) (1 microM) acutely stimulated glucose uptake 3- and 2-fold
      respectively. The effects of insulin and TPA were not additive. When PKC activity
      was down-regulated by long-term (24 h) TPA pretreatment, before measurement of
      glucose transport, the TPA effect was abolished, but in addition insulin
      stimulated glucose transport returned to basal values. Furthermore, polymyxin B,
      which inhibits PKC in muscle extracts, prevented insulin-stimulated glucose
      uptake in muscle. In muscle of obese insulin-resistant mice, glucose uptake
      evoked by insulin was decreased, whereas the TPA effect, expressed as a fold
      increase, was unaltered. Thus both agents stimulated glucose transport to the
      same extent. Furthermore, no difference was observed when PKC activation by TPA
      was measured in muscle from lean and obese mice. These results suggest that: (1)
      PKC is involved in the insulin effect on glucose transport in muscle; (2) PKC
      activation explains only part of the insulin stimulation of glucose transport;
      (3) the defect in insulin response in obese mice does not appear to be due to an
      alteration in the PKC-dependent component of glucose transport. We propose that
      insulin stimulation of glucose uptake occurs by a sequential two-step mechanism,
      with first translocation of transporters to the plasma membrane, which is PKC
      dependent, and second, activation of the glucose transporters. In obesity only
      the activation step was decreased, whereas the translocation step was unaltered.

PMID- 2649083
TI  - Bovine serum conglutinin is a lectin which binds non-reducing terminal N
      acetylglucosamine, mannose and fucose residues.
AB  - Carbohydrate recognition by bovine serum conglutinin has been investigated by
      inhibition and direct binding assays using glycoproteins and polysaccharides from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast), and neoglycolipids derived from N
      acetylglucosamine oligomers, mannobiose and human milk oligosaccharides. The
      results clearly show that conglutinin is a lectin which binds terminal N
      acetylglucosamine, mannose and fucose residues as found in chitobiose (GlcNAc
      beta 1-4GlcNAc), mannobiose (Man alpha 1-3Man) and lacto-N-fucopentaose II [Fuc
      alpha 1-4(Gal beta 1-3)GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc] respectively.

PMID- 2649085
TI  - Binding of FAD to 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase apoenzyme prevents degradation of
      the holoenzyme.
AB  - Expression of the 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase (6-HDNO) gene from Arthrobacter
      oxidans cloned into Escherichia coli showed a marked temperature-dependence.
      Transformed E. coli cells grown at 30 degrees C exhibited a several-fold higher 6
      HDNO activity than did cells grown at 37 degrees C. This effect did not depend on
      the promoter used for expression of the cloned gene in E. coli, nor was it an
      effect of 6-HDNO mRNA instability at 37 degrees C. Studies performed in vivo and
      in vitro revealed that an increased susceptibility of apo-6-HDNO to proteolytic
      attack at 37 degrees C was responsible for the observed phenomenon. Extracts from
      cells grown at 37 degrees C showed on Western blots a decrease in immunologically
      detectable 6-HDNO polypeptide when compared with extracts from cells grown at 30
      degrees C. The 6-HDNO polypeptide is covalently modified by attachment of the
      cofactor FAD to a histidine residue. It could be shown that covalent
      flavinylation of the apoenzyme in vitro, i.e. formation of holoenzyme, by
      incubation of cell extracts with FAD and phosphoenolpyruvate protected the 6-HDNO
      polypeptide from degradation at 37 degrees C. Of a variety of proteinase
      inhibitors tested only the cysteine-proteinase inhibitor L-3-trans-carboxyoxiran
      2-carbonyl-L-leucylagmatine (E64) prevented degradation, by up to 70%, of the
      apoenzyme.

PMID- 2649086
TI  - Insulin regulation of the activity and phosphorylation of branched-chain 2-oxo
      acid dehydrogenase in adipose tissue.
AB  - The activity of the intramitochondrial branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase
      (BCDH), like that of pyruvate dehydrogenase, is regulated, at least in part, by
      interconversion between the active dephosphorylated enzyme and its inactive
      phosphorylated form. The stimulatory effect of insulin on BCDH activity was
      compared with its effect on phosphorylation of the enzyme. Intact tissues were
      incubated in the presence or the absence of insulin, and then mitochondria were
      isolated and disrupted before assaying for enzyme activity or estimating the
      extent of enzyme phosphorylation. Tissues were incubated in either the presence
      or the absence of leucine, which also stimulated BCDH activity up to 10-fold.
      Insulin (1 munit/ml) doubled the activity of BCDH in the absence and in the
      presence of leucine. Together, 1 mM-leucine and insulin appeared to stimulate
      BCDH activity fully. Phosphorylation of BCDH was estimated indirectly by
      measuring the incorporation of 32P into phosphorylation sites that remained
      unesterified after preparing mitochondrial extracts under conditions that
      preserved the effect of insulin on BCDH activity. Increased incorporation of 32P
      in these experiments implies decreased phosphorylation in situ when tissues were
      incubated with insulin and leucine. In the absence of leucine, little
      incorporation of 32P into BCDH was detected. In the presence of leucine, however,
      incorporation of 32P into BCDH was markedly increased, and insulin increased 32P
      incorporation still further. The results support the hypothesis that leucine and
      insulin both stimulate the activity of BCDH by promoting its dephosphorylation.

PMID- 2649087
TI  - High-level expression of fully active yeast flavocytochrome b2 in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - Wild-type flavocytochrome b2 (L-lactate dehydrogenase) from the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three singly substituted mutant forms (F254, R349
      and K376) have been expressed in the bacterium Escherichia coli. The enzyme
      expressed in E. coli contains the protohaem IX and flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
      prosthetic groups found in the enzyme isolated from yeast, has an electronic
      absorption spectrum identical with that of the yeast protein and an identical Mr
      value of 57,500 estimated by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. N-Terminal
      amino-acid-sequence data indicate that the flavocytochrome b2 isolated from E.
      coli begins at position 6 (methionine) when compared with mature flavocytochrome
      b2 from yeast. The absence of the first five amino acid residues appears to have
      no effect on the enzyme-catalysed oxidation of L-lactate, since Km values for the
      yeast- and E. coli-expressed wild-type enzymes were identical within experimental
      error. The F254 mutant enzyme expressed in E. coli also showed kinetic parameters
      essentially the same as those found for the enzyme from yeast. The R349 and K376
      mutant enzymes had no activity when expressed in either yeast or E. coli. The
      yield of flavocytochrome b2 from E. coli is estimated to be between 500- and 1000
      fold more than from a similar wet weight of yeast (this high level of expression
      results in E. coli cells which are pink in colour). The increased yield has
      allowed us to verify the presence of FMN in the R349 mutant enzyme. The
      advantages of E. coli as an expression system for flavocytochrome b2 are
      discussed.

PMID- 2649088
TI  - Re-examination of the putative roles of insulin and prolactin in the regulation
      of lipid deposition and lipogenesis in vivo in mammary gland and white and brown
      adipose tissue of lactating rats and litter-removed rats.
AB  - 1. The effects of various treatments to alter either plasma prolactin
      (bromocryptine administration or removal of litter) or the metabolic activity of
      the mammary gland (unilateral or complete teat sealing) on the disposal of oral
      [14C]lipid between 14CO2 production and [14C]lipid accumulation in tissues of
      lactating rats were studied. In addition, the rates of lipogenesis in vivo were
      measured in mammary gland, brown and white adipose tissue and liver. 2.
      Bromocryptine administration lowered plasma prolactin, but did not alter
      [14C]lipid accumulation in mammary gland or in white and brown adipose tissue. 3.
      In contrast, complete sealing of teats results in no change in plasma prolactin,
      but a 90% decrease in [14C]lipid accumulation in mammary gland and a 4-fold
      increase in white and brown adipose tissue. The rate of lipogenesis in mammary
      gland was decreased by 95%, but there was no change in the rate in white and
      brown adipose tissue. Unilateral sealing of teats resulted in a decrease in
      [14C]lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue. 4. Removal of the litter for 24
      h (low prolactin) produced a similar pattern to complete teat sealing, except
      that there was a 6-fold increase in lipogenesis in white adipose tissue. Re
      suckling for 5 h increased plasma prolactin, but did not alter the response seen
      in litter-removed lactating rats. 5. Changes in lipoprotein lipase activity and
      in plasma insulin paralleled the reciprocal changes in [14C]lipid accumulation in
      white and brown adipose tissue and in mammary gland. 6. It is concluded that the
      plasma insulin is more important than prolactin in regulating lipid deposition in
      adipose tissue during lactation, and that any effects of prolactin must be
      indirect.

PMID- 2649090
TI  - The inhibition of proinsulin-processing endopeptidase activities by active-site
      directed peptides.
AB  - Inhibitor studies were performed on the two endopeptidase activities involved in
      proinsulin conversion in isolated insulin secretory granules [Davidson, Rhodes &
      Hutton (1988) Nature (London) 333, 93-96]. The active-site-directed peptides L
      alanyl-L-arginyl-L-arginylmethyldimethylsulphonium and L-alanyl-L-lysyl-L
      arginylmethyldimethylsulphonium inhibited these activities in accordance with the
      observed cleavage pattern, suggesting that the primary amino acid sequence of the
      dibasic site was an important determinant of the endopeptidase substrate
      specificities.

PMID- 2649091
TI  - Differentiation of rapid and slower-acting effects of insulin on mitochondrial
      processes in brown adipose tissue from streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - Insulin treatment of streptozotocin-diabetic rats restores the depressed
      palmitoyl-group oxidation observed in brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria from
      diabetic rats. A relatively rapid effect of insulin (5 h) to increase carnitine
      dependent oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA and to increase overt carnitine
      palmitoyltransferase activity is differentiated from a slower effect of the
      hormone (1 day) to increase palmitoylcarnitine oxidation.

PMID- 2649092
TI  - Antibodies specific for the pancreatic islet amyloid polypeptide associated with
      type 2 diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Antibodies raised to a lysine solubilized peptide composed of residues 20-29 of
      the pancreatic islet amyloid polypeptide react selectively and specifically with
      this polypeptide and with islet amyloid deposits in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
      These antibodies may prove useful in studies employing radioimmunoassay of body
      fluids and islet cell cultures in order to define if a pathogenic relationship
      exists between the islet amyloid polypeptide and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2649089
TI  - Recognition mechanisms in the synthesis of animal virus DNA.

PMID- 2649093
TI  - Immunolocalization of type VIII collagen in vascular tissue.
AB  - Type VIII collagen was first detected in the culture medium of aortic endothelial
      cells. Subsequently its synthesis by a number of other cell lines was
      demonstrated. Its presence in vascular tissue is reported here. It is a component
      of sheep aorta and carotid artery but could not be demonstrated in the jugular
      vein. It is principally localized in the subendothelial region but this can only
      be demonstrated after pretreatment of the tissue with proteases. Thus type VIII
      collagen is a constituent of blood vessels.

PMID- 2649094
TI  - Peptide substrates and inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease.
AB  - Oligopeptides containing the consensus retroviral protease cleavage sequence
      Ser/Thr-X-Y-Tyr/Phe-Pro are substrates for purified recombinant HIV-1 protease
      with Km's in the millimolar range. The minimum sequence containing the consensus
      pentapeptide which serves as a good substrate is a heptapeptide spanning the P4
      P3' residues. Substitution of reduced Phe-Pro or Tyr-Pro dipeptide isosteres or
      the statine analog 3-hydroxy-4-amino-5-phenylpentanoic acid for the scissile
      dipeptide afforded inhibitors of HIV-1 protease with Ki values in the micromolar
      range, three orders of magnitude better in affinity than the corresponding
      substrates. Inhibitors of HIV-1 protease may provide a novel and potentially
      useful therapeutic approach to the treatment of acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome (AIDS).

PMID- 2649095
TI  - Growth defects in intramitochondrial energy depleted cells: role of mitochondrial
      biogenesis.
AB  - Simultaneous inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by rho- mutation and adenine
      nucleotide exchange by op1 mutation or bongkrekic acid results in
      intramitochondrial energy depletion and cessation of growth in yeast. Effect of
      energy depletion of mitochondria on mitochondrial biogenesis was studied in
      intact yeast cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed an overall decrease in cellular
      content of two mitochondrial proteins - ADP/ATP translocase and beta subunit of
      mitochondrial ATPase - together with their lower ability to reach the proper
      intramitochondrial compartment. Both effects indicate disturbed biogenesis of
      energy depleted mitochondria. Quantitative differences in growth abilities and
      mitochondrial damage observed in two studied systems - op1 rho- double mutants
      and rho- cells treated with bongkrekic acid - can be explained by different
      degree of intramitochondrial energy depletion due to leakiness of op1 mutation in
      op1 rho- cells.

PMID- 2649096
TI  - Differential stimulation of growth related metabolism in cultured smooth muscle
      cells from SHR and WKY rats by combinations of EGF and LDL.
AB  - We have reported previously that vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) were more responsive to epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      than their normotensive derived Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls. This differential
      responsiveness is evident for several cellular processes including activation of
      S6-kinase, elevation of intracellular pH and stimulation of both phosphoinositide
      metabolism and DNA synthesis. Quiescent smooth muscle cells exposed to low
      density lipoprotein (LDL) exhibited a similar differential responsiveness (SHR
      greater than WKY) in terms of S6-kinase activation, which was time- and dose
      dependent (10(-10)-10(7) M), but neither cell type responded appreciably to LDL
      in terms of a stimulation in [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Exposure of the same
      cells to EGF and LDL in combination elicited a marked synergistic stimulation in
      DNA synthesis, the extent of which was greater for SHR than WKY. The sensitivity
      of both cell types to EGF was increased in the presence of LDL, although cells
      from hypertensive animals still exhibited their greater (vs. WKY) sensitivity. In
      both cell types, activation of nuclear protooncogenes c-fos and c-myc by LDL was
      minimal, whereas oncogene induction by EGF was approximately five-fold greater
      for SHR-derived cells compared to those from WKY animals. No marked synergistic
      effect on the time-dependent induction of either entity was observed for cells
      exposed to EGF and LDL simultaneously, and the response of SHR-cells remained
      greater than WKY-cells.

PMID- 2649097
TI  - Renin expression in the kidney and brain is reciprocally controlled by captopril.
AB  - The tissue distribution of rat renin mRNA was examined. Sensitive RNase
      protection analyses demonstrated that renin mRNA are produced by the extra-renal
      tissues such as adrenal, brain, liver, lung, pituitary and testis. In response to
      sodium depletion and captopril treatment, the expression of mRNAs encoding rat
      renin were in a tissue-specific manner. The level of kidney renin mRNA remarkably
      increased in sodium-depleted rats treated with captopril, whereas that of brain
      renin mRNA definitely decreased. No significant change in the level of liver
      renin mRNA was observed after the same treatment. These results suggest that the
      expression of cerebral renin is regulated by physiological stimuli independent of
      its extra-cerebral expression.

PMID- 2649098
TI  - Half-life of proteasomes (multiprotease complexes) in rat liver.
AB  - Proteasomes (large multicatalytic proteinase complexes) are abundant in rat
      liver, constituting approximately 1.0% of the total soluble proteins. In the
      present study, the apparent half-life of the proteasomes was determined to be 12
      15 days from the decay curve of isotopically labeled enzymes in vivo, suggesting
      their slow turnover. This finding together with the ubiquitous distribution of
      proteasomes in eukaryotic cells (Tanaka et al., 1988 J. Biol. Chem. 263, 16209
      16217) indicates that proteasomes belong to a family of proteins with house
      keeping function.

PMID- 2649099
TI  - Endothelin and the production of cerebral vasospasm in dogs.
AB  - We attempted to determine whether or not endothelin (ET) plays a physiological
      role in cerebral vasospasm. ET (10(-11) - 3 x 10(-8) M) induced a concentration
      dependent contraction in isolated canine basilar arteries. Intracisternal
      injection of 10 to 1,000 pmol ET into dogs induced a dose-dependent decrease in
      the basilar artery diameter, as measured angiographically on the 1st day. On the
      3rd day after the injection of ET (10 pmol), the diameter of the basilar artery
      had diminished to 76% of the value seen in the control. There were no effects on
      blood pressure or heart rate. Thus, ET seems to be a potent constrictor of
      cerebral arteries in vivo, and these effects are long-lasting.

PMID- 2649100
TI  - Co-localization of a glucose transporter and the insulin receptor in microsomes
      of insulin-treated rat adipocytes.
AB  - Microsomal vesicles prepared from rat adipocytes were immuno-adsorbed to
      formaldehyde-fixed Staphylococcus aureus cells (Pansorbin) coated with anti-human
      erythrocyte-glucose-transporter IgG. More than 75% of the glucose transporter
      detected was precipitated. The glucose transporter was about 10-fold enriched by
      the adsorption procedure. On insulin treatment, the insulin receptor in plasma
      membranes was internalized and the receptor in the microsome fraction increased 5
      fold. Thirty-five % of the insulin receptor in the microsome fraction was
      recovered with the glucose-transporter-containing vesicles. These observations
      indicate that on insulin treatment a considerable portion of the microsome
      vesicles containing the insulin receptor fuses or becomes tightly associated with
      ones containing the glucose transporter.

PMID- 2649101
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates the expression of endothelin mRNA by
      vascular endothelial cells.
AB  - Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial
      cells. Incubation of the serum-deprived confluent porcine aortic endothelial
      cells with 10-300 pM TGF-beta 1, resulted in a several fold increase in
      endothelin mRNA levels with a peak time of 2 h. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay revealed that the levels of endothelin in endothelial cell conditioned
      media was also increased by TGF-beta 1. These results suggest that TGF-beta 1,
      secreted by activated platelets, is involved not only in wound healing, but in
      the regulation of local vascular tone by stimulating endothelin production in the
      endothelial cells.

PMID- 2649102
TI  - Glucose-induced buffering of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in the pancreatic beta-cell--an
      artifact or a physiological phenomenon?
AB  - The effects of stimulated metabolism on the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration
      (Ca2+i) of insulin-releasing pancreatic beta-cells were studied. When the glucose
      concentration was increased from 5 to 20 mM, some cell preparations responded
      with initial lowering of Ca2+i followed by a rise, whereas Ca2+i only increased
      in others. After prolonged exposure to 5 or 10 mM of the sugar, depolarization
      with high concentrations of sulfonylurea or K+ caused rapid increases of Ca2+i.
      However, when subsequently raising glucose to 20 mM there were pronounced
      temporary decreases of Ca2+i. Marked Ca2+i reducing effects were also obtained
      after prolonged exposure to 20 mM glucose, when metabolism was augmented further
      by exposure to leucine or beta-2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid.
      The results indicate that buffering of Ca2+i is not an artifact but may have
      physiological significance.

PMID- 2649103
TI  - Bioactivity of human pancreastatin and its localization in pancreas.
AB  - Synthetic human pancreastatin and its C-terminal fragment were first evaluated
      with respect to the biological activity on the insulin secretion in the isolated
      rat islets. Both these pancreastatins inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin
      secretion at a concentration of 100 nM. The relative molar potency of human
      pancreastatin compared to that of porcine pancreastatin was equivalent. The
      pancreastatin-reactive cells were widely located in the islets of Langerhans, and
      not observed in exocrine acinar cells by immunocytochemistry using human
      pancreastatin C-terminal specific antibody. These results suggest that human
      pancreastatin may modulate endocrine function of the pancreas, especially insulin
      secretion.

PMID- 2649104
TI  - 50 residues coded by exon 2 of chicken lysozyme carry residual catalytic
      activity.
AB  - The generally accepted hypothesis that exons code for fundamental polypeptide
      structures was tested with a fusion protein consisting of almost the entire
      polypeptide coded by exon 2 of chicken lysozyme fused to the N-terminus of beta
      galactosidase of E.coli. Exon 2 encodes residues 28-81 of lysozyme. It thus
      contains Glu 35 and Asp 52, which are essential for hydrolysis of glycosidic
      bonds. The exon 2-beta-galactosidase fusion protein hydrolysed the substrate 4
      methylumbelliferyl-N,N',N''-triacetyl-chitotrioside with a reaction rate about
      1/40,000 of that of native lysozyme. The low hydrolysis rate of exon 2-peptide is
      partially caused by its low affinity to its substrate.

PMID- 2649105
TI  - Interleukin-6 gene expression in human endothelial cells: RNA start sites,
      multiple IL-6 proteins and inhibition of proliferation.
AB  - Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine which is not only produced by a wide variety
      of different cells but one which also affects the function of diverse tissues. We
      have studied the expression of the IL-6 gene in freshly explanted human umbilical
      vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and have also evaluated the effect of IL-6 on
      HUVEC proliferation. Cytokines like interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and tumor
      necrosis factor (TNF) as well as bacterial products such as the
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rapidly enhance production of biologically active IL-6
      by HUVEC (IL-6 bioassay: increase in alpha 1-antichymotrypsin secretion by Hep3B2
      cells and its neutralization by antiserum to E. coli-derived human IL-6). The two
      inducible RNA start sites in the IL-6 gene that are used in cytokine-induced
      fibroblasts (at +1 and -21) are also used in the same relative proportion (+1
      greater than -21) in cytokine or LPS-induced HUVEC as determined by S1-nuclease
      protection assays for IL-6 transcripts. Immunoaffinity chromatography followed by
      Western blotting shows that IL-6 species secreted by IL-1 alpha-induced HUVEC are
      of molecular mass 23-25, 27-30 and 45 kDa as judged by SDS-PAGE under reducing
      conditions. Finally, rIL-6 inhibits [3H]-thymidine incorporation by HUVEC in a
      dose-dependent manner. Thus IL-6 is not only produced by HUVEC but may also
      affect its proliferation. The ability of the vascular endothelium to rapidly
      secrete IL-6 in response to inflammation-associated cytokines is of strategic
      value since it generates a circulatory signal which helps mobilize the acute
      phase plasma protein response and enlists the immune system in host defence.

PMID- 2649106
TI  - Growth hormone, lymphocytes and macrophages.

PMID- 2649107
TI  - Nitrofuran inhibition of yeast and rat tissue glutathione reductases. Structure
      activity relationships.
AB  - Nitrofuran derivatives bearing unsaturated five- or six-membered nitrogen
      heterocycles or related substituents were more effective inhibitors of yeast and
      rat tissue glutathione reductases than those bearing other groups, such as
      nifurtimox, nitrofurazone and 5-nitro-2-furoic acid. The inhibitory action proved
      independent of electron withdrawal from the reduced enzyme, as a consequence of
      redoxcycling of the nitro group. Uncompetitive kinetics was obtained with
      nitrofurantoin and nifurtimox. Most of the assayed nitrofurans inhibited the
      yeast enzyme Coenzyme A glutathione disulfide reductase activity, though less
      than oxidized glutathione reduction. The transhydrogenase activity was not
      inhibited to a significant degree. Benznidazole (a 2-nitroimidazole derivative),
      2-nitroimidazole, 5-nitroindole and chloramphenicol did not inhibit glutathione
      reductase. Under the same experimental conditions, liver glutathione peroxidase
      was not affected by the nitro compounds.

PMID- 2649109
TI  - Cartilage collagens. What is their function, and are they involved in articular
      disease?

PMID- 2649108
TI  - Elevation of blood pressure in young rats fed a low calcium diet. Effects of
      nifedipine and captopril.
AB  - Hypertension was developed in 5-week-old male rats fed a low calcium diet, which
      evokes hypocalcemia and nutritional hyperparathyroidism, for 2 weeks. Blood
      pressure returned to normal after changing to a normal calcium diet. These
      changes of blood pressure were preceded by changes of calcium levels in plasma.
      In parathyroidectomized rats receiving a normal calcium diet, blood pressure did
      not rise, though the plasma calcium level decreased to a similar extent as in
      rats fed the low calcium diet. These findings seem to indicate that
      hyperparathyroidism, not hypocalcemia, is involved in the elevation of blood
      pressure in rats fed a low calcium diet. The elevated blood pressure was reduced
      by a calcium antagonist, nifedipine, but not by an inhibitor of angiotensin
      converting enzyme, captopril. This may indicate that hypertension due to
      nutritional hyperparathyroidism responds to the calcium antagonist nifedipine and
      calcium supplementation, and is not dependent on renin.

PMID- 2649110
TI  - Binding of double-stranded DNA to glomeruli of rats in vivo.
AB  - In vivo binding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to renal glomeruli of rats was
      examined. 125I-dsDNA (600 basepairs) was perfused with 131I-IgG as a blood marker
      into the right renal artery of normal rats, and blood flow was restored. After 10
      minutes, isolated glomeruli showed a specific uptake of DNA, which increased in a
      saturable fashion with increasing doses of administered DNA. To exclude the
      possibility that 125I in the glomeruli represented only DNA breakdown products,
      we extracted the DNA from the glomeruli for analysis by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The extracted DNA was 120-200 bp in size, which is large enough
      to bind antibodies to DNA. In contrast, the radioactivity of DNA taken up by the
      liver or renal tissues other than glomeruli was predominantly trichloroacetic
      acid soluble, i.e., less than 15 bp. Immunofluorescence studies showed that
      antibodies to DNA, administered after DNA, were present in glomeruli. Our data
      indicate that dsDNA binds to glomeruli in vivo in a saturable manner, and remains
      large enough to be antigenic. Therefore, the binding of DNA to glomeruli,
      followed by interaction with antibodies to dsDNA may be a mechanism for DNA-anti
      DNA complex formation in glomeruli in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2649111
TI  - Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus during PUVA therapy for psoriasis: case
      report and review of the literature.
AB  - Lesions typical of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus developed in an elderly
      woman after 6 months of PUVA (8-methoxypsoralen and longwave ultraviolet light)
      therapy for psoriasis. Pancytopenia, antibodies to double-stranded DNA, and
      hypocomplementemia developed concurrently with the appearance of the cutaneous
      lesions. With discontinuation of photochemotherapy, the cutaneous lesions
      disappeared and the pancytopenia improved.

PMID- 2649112
TI  - Relationships between serum testosterone, fasting insulin and lipoprotein levels
      among elderly men.
AB  - We have previously reported the existence of an association between endogenous
      male sex hormone and lipoprotein levels in elderly men confined to a nursing
      home. In a further attempt to elucidate the significance of the association
      mentioned, we studied the relationship existing in that population between serum
      testosterone and fasting insulin levels, and between fasting insulin level and
      lipoprotein pattern. The data were analysed by means of stepwise multiple
      regression analyses. Serum testosterone and fasting insulin were found to be
      strongly correlated; this is consistent with the notion that androgen secretion
      affects directly circulating insulin level. But no independent relationship was
      demonstrable between fasting insulin and the three lipid-lipoprotein categories
      studied, namely total serum cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol,
      suggesting that in this particular population, the effect of male sex hormones
      upon lipoproteins is not mediated through insulin. Together, these various
      observations support the belief that androgen secretion affects significantly CAD
      risk factor levels in elderly men.

PMID- 2649113
TI  - Reduced stimulatory activity on prostacyclin production by cultured endothelial
      cells in serum from aged and diabetic patients.
AB  - Reduced prostacyclin (PGI2) generation by the vascular wall shows a close
      relationship with the development of atherosclerosis. The present study found
      plasma-derived serum (PDS) to contain an activity which stimulated PGI2
      production by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Diabetic and aged
      patients with atherosclerotic disease were examined for abnormalities in that
      stimulatory activity in PDS. PDS obtained from both diabetics (NIDDM) and aged
      patients showed a significant reduction in the stimulation of PGI2 production by
      cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells compared with age-matched controls and
      young healthy volunteers, respectively. It was suggested that the reduced PGI2
      stimulatory activity in PDS may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms of vascular
      lesions such as atherosclerosis in diabetics and aged humans.

PMID- 2649114
TI  - Epidemiology of accidents in a Swedish municipality.
AB  - Total population injury surveillance was implemented in a geographical area with
      a population of over 41,000. All accidents taking place over one year that
      required medical care were noted. A total of 4,926 were registered, for a rate of
      118.9 per 1,000. They consisted of accidents in the home (35.0%), sports
      accidents (18.9%), accidents at work (13.7%), traffic accidents (12.8%), and
      "other" accidents (19.5%). Men were involved in 62.2%, and were overrepresented
      in all age groups but 70 years and over. The commonest cause of injury was
      falling (36.4%), followed by injuries due to falling objects or blows (17.7%),
      cutting or piercing objects (15.0%), and physical overexertion (12.9%). Half of
      the victims covered by health insurance were put on sick leave in connection with
      the accident, and 12.6% of these were admitted to the hospital. The age group 13
      19 years, and also men 20-29 years of age, showed the highest accident rate. The
      risk of accident was four times the average in mining and quarry workers. The
      number of accidents per resident for people living in single-family houses was
      almost twice that for people living in flats, a phenomenon not previously
      reported. Sports caused many serious injuries. In some respects the accident
      pattern in this study differed from that in another, comparable study and from
      official statistics. The difference is especially great concerning the number of
      accidents in the home.

PMID- 2649115
TI  - Measures of effect size in the reporting of rehabilitation research.
AB  - Effect size measures were computed for a sample of 100 research studies published
      in four leading rehabilitation journals. The effect size measures were
      categorized as small, medium, or large according to established criteria.
      Analysis of the effect size measures revealed that the average treatment effect
      was in the medium range (0.69). Further data analysis exposed a statistically
      significant difference in mean effect size values across articles contained in
      the four rehabilitation journals. A regression analysis indicated that
      characteristics of the study design were not significant predictors of effect
      size values in the 100 studies. The interpretation of effect size measures in
      relation to statistical significance testing is discussed and the argument made
      that reporting measures of effect size will assist researchers in determining the
      sensitivity of experimental manipulations in rehabilitation research.

PMID- 2649116
TI  - Assessing sincerity of effort in maximal grip strength tests.
AB  - The measurement of maximum hand grip strength in ergonomic or clinical settings
      has been a useful means of assessing physical characteristics, progress in
      rehabilitation and degree of disability in upper extremity injuries. The validity
      of the peak forces observed in such measurements is compromised by the
      requirement of subject cooperation in giving a maximum effort. Thus, an easily
      administered analysis of subject sincerity would improve this basic strength
      testing tool. Several variables were developed for the discrimination of faking
      (submaximal) from sincere (maximal) grip contractions. A microcomputer-based grip
      force data collection system was assembled in which analog output from a Jamar
      hand dynamometer was sampled at 200 Hz and digitally analyzed. A total of 43
      normal subjects (20 male, 23 female) were tested under sincere and faking
      conditions (three trials of each condition for each hand). The force-time curves
      of each trial were analyzed for peak and average forces and force variability.
      From these basic parameters five discriminator variables were developed. The
      frequency distribution of the sincere values for each of these variables was used
      to determine a criterion value for discrimination of sincere from faking trials.
      The five discriminators correctly detected 95.0, 92.5, 100, 100 and 97.5% of the
      male faking trials. Female faking was less successfully detected: 59.7, 52.2,
      78.3, 71.7 and 87.0% correct detection resulted for the variables (with a 95%
      confidence level of correctly identifying sincerity). Multiple variable
      predictions improved the female faking detection up to 93.5% with little apparent
      decrement in sensitivity to sincerity identification.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2649117
TI  - Updates on the diagnosis and management of posttraumatic hydrocephalus.
AB  - Posttraumatic hydrocephalus is a vital subject for the practitioner caring for
      patients with traumatic encephalopathy, as a large number of brain trauma
      patients develop ventricular enlargement. The managing physician should
      understand which ventriculomegalic patients are suffering from hydrocephalus,
      which have cerebral atrophy and which stand a reasonable chance of improvement on
      surgical placement of a ventricular shunt. This paper highlights this decision
      process in two patients, and offers the physician a practical overview of
      posttraumatic hydrocephalus and its management.

PMID- 2649118
TI  - Haloperidol treatment with chronically medicated residents: dose effects on
      clinical behavior and reinforcement contingencies.
AB  - Twenty residents, most of whom had previously received neuroleptic maintenance
      therapy, were assessed in a double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of
      haloperidol. Haloperidol was administered in standardized doses of .025 and .05
      mg/kg/day, for 3 weeks each. Clinical changes were confined to a slight reduction
      in ratings of stereotypic behavior and an increase in gross-motor activity under
      the high dose. Under reinforcement conditions, there was a marked tendency for
      instruction following performance to improve under the high dose condition.
      Subjects were divided according to degree of stereotypic behavior. Those with
      initially high levels of stereotypy tended to show a significantly more favorable
      response to haloperidol than did those with low levels of stereotypy.

PMID- 2649119
TI  - Isometric exercise in the denervated heart: a Doppler echocardiographic study.
AB  - The haemodynamic responses to isometric exercise of eight recipients of
      orthotopic heart transplants and eight healthy controls were studied. Each
      performed sustained exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction for three
      minutes on a handgrip dynamometer. Cardiac output was measured by combined
      Doppler and cross sectional echocardiography before exercise and every 30 seconds
      during and after exercise. In the controls cardiac output and blood pressure
      increased significantly owing to an increase in heart rate with no change in
      stroke volume. In the transplant group cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke
      volume remained unchanged throughout exercise. In contrast with its response to
      dynamic exercise the denervated human heart is unable to increase cardiac output
      during isometric exercise. The pressor response that occurs is mediated via an
      increase in peripheral vascular resistance.

PMID- 2649120
TI  - The effects of treatment with felodipine as a single agent in coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - In an earlier study one dose of the vasodilator felodipine improved haemodynamic
      function in patients with angina without having a negative inotropic effect. The
      haemodynamic response of sustained treatment with felodipine as a single agent in
      stable angina was investigated in a double blind crossover study of 25 patients.
      The dosage of felodipine was increased from 5 mg twice daily to 10 mg twice daily
      after two weeks. Twenty one patients completed the study, two were withdrawn
      because of acute myocardial infarction, and a further two because of symptoms of
      vasodilatation. Felodipine reduced both supine and erect blood pressure and
      increased the resting heart rate. Median exercise time was increased by 10% at
      two weeks and 7% at four weeks. There was a sustained reduction in the number of
      angina attacks and use of sublingual nitrate on active treatment. Felodipine has
      antianginal effects but these are limited and seem less than those of other
      related compounds. This finding is unexpected and possibly related to increased
      heart rate.

PMID- 2649121
TI  - Air embolism during total hip replacement: comparison of two surgical techniques.
AB  - The frequency of air embolism was studied in 21 patients during total hip
      replacement. Two groups were examined, one having femoral shaft cement insertion
      by hand, the other by Exeter cement gun. Venous air embolism was common
      throughout the hip surgery, but was especially so during prosthesis positioning
      in the femoral shaft. There were fewer air emboli and cardiovascular sequelae
      detected in the gun-inserted cement group, and the only patients to show
      clinically significant cardiovascular abnormalities during insertion of cement
      and prosthesis were those having cement insertion by hand. We conclude that the
      incidence of air embolism and associated cardiovascular changes during total hip
      replacement may be expected to be reduced in those patients in whom a cement gun
      is used to place the cement.

PMID- 2649122
TI  - Low-dose intrathecal diamorphine analgesia following major orthopaedic surgery.
AB  - In a randomized double-blind study we examined the effect of adding diamorphine
      0.25 mg and 0.5 mg to intrathecal bupivacaine anaesthesia for major orthopaedic
      surgery. Duration of postoperative analgesia was considerably greater in patients
      given either doses of intrathecal diamorphine than in a control group of patients
      given bupivacaine alone (P less than 0.001). However, there was no significant
      difference between the two diamorphine doses (0.25 mg and 0.5 mg), each providing
      prolonged analgesia (10.8 and 9.9 h, respectively). Although there was no
      evidence of late respiratory depression, the frequency of adverse effects, in
      particular urinary retention, nausea and vomiting, was high in both groups
      receiving intrathecal diamorphine.

PMID- 2649124
TI  - Cerebral blood flow during anaesthesia: influence of pretreatment with metoprolol
      or captopril.
AB  - We have studied the influence of a beta adrenergic blocking agent and an
      angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor on cerebral blood flow (CBF) during
      general anaesthesia before surgery. Nine patients served as controls and received
      no special pretreatment. Two other groups were allocated randomly to receive
      either metoprolol 0.07 mg kg-1 i.v. (nine patients) at the time of induction or
      captopril 1 mg kg-1 by mouth (11 patients) 1.5 h before induction. There was no
      significant difference in CBF or CBF values corrected for changes in PaCO2 (CBF
      corr.) between the metoprolol group and controls. In the group pretreated with
      captopril, CBF corr. values were significantly lower compared with the metoprolol
      group. Low CBF corr. in association with low mean arterial pressure was observed
      in two patients treated with captopril. These findings suggest that treatment
      with ACE-inhibitors should be discontinued before anaesthesia.

PMID- 2649123
TI  - Continuous thoracic extradural 0.5% bupivacaine with or without morphine: effect
      on quality of blockade, lung function and the surgical stress response.
AB  - Twenty-two patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery were entered into a
      randomized, double-blind study to receive extradural (T7-T8) 0.5% bupivacaine 9
      ml followed by 25 mg h-1 with or without additional extradural morphine (bolus 4
      mg plus 0.5 mg h-1), for 16 h after operation. Addition of morphine was
      associated with total alleviation of pain, and a stable level of sensory
      analgesia, but not with changes in blood glucose and cortisol concentrations or
      postoperative impairment of lung function (PEFR, FEV1, FVC). Two patients were
      withdrawn because of hypotension or respiratory depression.

PMID- 2649125
TI  - Evaluation of the Ambu CPAP system.
AB  - We have assessed a Venturi driven device for delivering continuous positive
      airway pressure (CPAP) using a reservoir bag and expiratory valve under
      conditions of continuous flow and simulated spontaneous breathing. The system
      performed well and was economical, consuming only 3.5 litre min-1 of fresh gas.
      One Venturi was partially blocked and performed inadequately, but the function of
      a second one was close to the manufacturer's specification (inspired oxygen 33%,
      flow 20 litre min-1 against end-expiratory pressures of 0-1.8 kPa). Compliance
      curves for two reservoir bags (new and old) were defined; these showed that
      compliance increased as the pressure in the circuit increased. The
      characteristics of the expiratory valve approached those of a threshold resistor.
      Small fluctuations in airway pressure occurred at all settings of CPAP and
      decreased with the increasing compliance of the circuit at higher values of CPAP.
      The method provided to monitor the airway pressure was inaccurate and
      overestimated the true pressure by 20% at pressures greater than 1 kPa.

PMID- 2649126
TI  - Chemotherapy for osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2649127
TI  - Can psychological therapy improve the quality of life of patients with cancer?

PMID- 2649128
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies for imaging and therapy.

PMID- 2649129
TI  - HLA class I gene expression on human primary tumours and autologous metastases:
      demonstration of selective losses of HLA antigens on colorectal, gastric and
      laryngeal carcinomas.
AB  - The expression of HLA class I antigens was studied in 99 primary tumour
      (colorectal, gastric and laryngeal carcinomas) and 57 autologous metastases using
      immunohistological techniques and monoclonal antibodies against class I
      monomorphic determinants, HLA-B isotypic determinants and HLA polymorphic
      determinants. Fourteen per cent of colorectal, 9.6% of gastric and 20% of
      laryngeal carcinomas completely lacked class I molecules. Selective losses of HLA
      B antigens were also detected in 8.8, 3.4 and 5.8% of these tumours respectively.
      Taking into account complete and selective loss of HLA-B the average alteration
      in the class I molecules expression totalled 21%. The comparison of class I
      expression between primary tumours and autologous metastases showed differences
      in 24% of the patients. These differences consisted mainly in a decrease of class
      I expression by metastases. Nevertheless, four types of divergence were detected
      in laryngeal carcinomas, namely: +/-, +/+, -/+, -/-. In addition, a clear
      correlation between degree of differentiation and class I expression was observed
      in laryngeal tumours. Finally, when class I gene RFLPs were compared with DNA
      from 15 tumours and autologous normal mucosa or peripheral lymphocytes, no
      differences were detected between these samples.

PMID- 2649131
TI  - CA125 in ovarian tumour tissue at second laparotomy.

PMID- 2649130
TI  - Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy in advanced breast
      cancer: associations with metastatic sites and long-term survival. The Western
      Cancer Study Group and The Southeastern Cancer Study Group.
AB  - Two hundred and twenty-two patients with advanced breast cancer were randomised
      in two separate trials of similar design to either concomitant combination
      treatment or sequential use of the same drugs given as single agents changed only
      at disease progression. Both trials used cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5
      fluorouracil and prednisone; the WCSG using triiodothyronine and the SECSG using
      vincristine as the remaining agent. A common data base was generated for these
      trials and combined for analysis. Considering all patients, combination treatment
      was associated with a significantly increased response (46 versus 25%, P less
      than 0.05) but not survival improvement. For the 141 patients without liver
      involvement, survival was closely comparable in both treatment arms. Combination
      therapy did result in significant survival benefit for patients with liver
      involvement (P less than 0.05). These studies demonstrate: (1) in the majority of
      breast cancer patients, sequential single agent therapy can result in survival
      comparable to combination treatment; and (2) sole consideration of response
      frequency does not represent the optimal criterion to compare therapeutic
      approaches in advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 2649132
TI  - Prognosis of conjunctival melanomas in relation to histopathological features.
AB  - Twenty-six patients (age 29-85 years) with primary malignant melanoma of the
      conjunctiva were analysed for usefulness of various histopathological and
      immunohistochemical features of the primary, recurrent and metastatic tumours in
      evaluating their prognosis. The mean follow-up time was 5.5 years, ranging from 8
      months to 17 years. Eight patients developed metastases and seven have died. The
      mean time from diagnosis to death due to metastasis was 3.8 years (range 1-6
      years). The site of the primary tumour seemed to be most closely correlated to
      high metastatic risk. Only two of the sixteen limbal melanomas metastasised,
      whereas two of the four bulbar, all three tarsal and the only diffuse primary
      tumour caused metastatic disease. Two of the metastasising primary tumours were
      less than 1.5 mm thick, but all exceeded 0.8 mm in thickness. The mitotic rate,
      the amount of inflammatory infiltrate, the cell type or the presence of adjacent
      intraepithelial involvement did not obviously correlate to treatment outcome.
      Furthermore, the expression of S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE),
      both suggested to be prognostic indicators in cutaneous melanoma, did not
      correlate to the tendency of the conjunctival melanomas to recur or metastasise.

PMID- 2649133
TI  - Continuous, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy (CHART).

PMID- 2649134
TI  - Human non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas serially transplanted in nude mice
      conditioned with whole-body irradiation.
AB  - Direct transplantation of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma into athymic nude mice
      was successfully achieved after whole-body irradiation (5 Gy). Twenty-seven per
      cent (6/22) of transplanted lymphomas were established as nude mouse lines. The
      successful lines were derived solely from the patients with diffuse lymphoma who
      showed advanced clinical stage, high LDH value, large mass and poor prognosis.
      The histological, immunophenotypic and chromosomal characteristics of the nude
      mouse lines were compared with those of the original lymphomas, and the
      proliferative characteristics of the lines were examined. The transplanted
      lymphomas substantially retained the characteristics of the original lymphomas,
      and could be useful in biological, oncological and therapeutic studies of human
      malignant lymphoma.

PMID- 2649135
TI  - Beta thalassaemia mutations in Mediterranean populations.

PMID- 2649136
TI  - In situ immunophenotyping of lymphocytes in human bone marrow: an
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Lymphoid cells in human bone marrow are either assembled focally or occur in a
      diffuse, loosely scattered infiltrate. While the focal lesions are easily
      detected, the lymphoid cells of the diffuse infiltrate are hardly recognizable
      with conventional stains. Quantitative immunohistological analysis of 103
      trephine biopsies, including cases with reactive disorders (e.g. myeloid
      hyperplasia, aplastic anaemia) and neoplastic processes (e.g. myeloproliferative
      disorders, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas) and some specimens with normal
      architecture yielded the following results: (1) Various antibodies recognizing B
      cells (L26, 4KB5, MB1, Ki-B3), T cells (UCHL1, MT1) and NK cells (Leu-7) are
      effective in paraffin-embedded bone marrow sections, thus enabling analysis of
      the in situ distribution of normal lymphocyte subsets and subtyping of
      lymphomatous infiltrates. (2) The lymphocytes of the diffuse infiltrate
      constituted about 1-5% of all nucleated cells in normal bone marrow. (3) In the
      diffuse infiltrate, T lymphocytes were regularly observed in higher numbers than
      B cells, and Leu-7+ cells were rare or virtually absent, irrespective of the
      diagnosis. (4) The focally assembled lymphoid cells were mainly B lymphocytes,
      but many T cells were always intermingled. This was true for both reactive
      follicles and neoplastic lymphomatous infiltrates, which generally cannot be
      differentiated on the basis of immunohistological findings alone.

PMID- 2649137
TI  - Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor induced changes in cellular
      adhesion molecule expression and adhesion to endothelium: in-vitro and in-vivo
      studies in man.
AB  - The administration of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor (rhGM-CSF) causes a transient leucopenia. Radionuclide labelling studies
      showed this to be due to margination of neutrophils and monocytes predominantly
      in the pulmonary vasculature. No evidence of complement activation was found. A
      rapid in-vivo rise in neutrophil cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) expression was
      observed paralleling the development of the neutropenia. Neutrophils exposed to
      rhGM-CSF in-vitro showed similar rapid increases in CAM expression. The adherence
      of chromium-labelled neutrophils to endothelial cell cultures was modestly but
      highly significantly increased by rhGM-CSF, an effect that was reduced by the
      binding of a monoclonal antibody to the beta chain of neutrophil CAM. The
      margination of phagocytic cells induced by rhGM-CSF administration is therefore
      likely to be due at least in part to increased expression of adhesion promoting
      glycoproteins. The demargination, however, occurred at a time when neutrophil CAM
      expression was still high, suggesting that dissociation of the neutrophil
      endothelial cell interaction depends on factors other than downregulation of CAM
      expression. In-vivo modulation of phagocyte CAMS and adhesive properties by GM
      CSF may be of importance in the normal inflammatory response.

PMID- 2649138
TI  - In-vitro differentiation of cells of patients with acute undifferentiated
      leukaemia.
AB  - The diagnosis of acute undifferentiated leukaemia (AUL) is made when the cells of
      patients with acute leukaemias cannot be classified as myeloid or lymphoid by
      means of morphological, cytochemical and immunological criteria. The mononuclear
      cells of eight different AUL patients were cultured in suspension for 3 d with or
      without TPA. After culture, especially in the presence of TPA, the cells of all
      patients expressed at least one myeloid membrane antigen. It was shown that this
      antigen expression was dependent on de novo protein synthesis and not influenced
      by inhibition of proliferation.

PMID- 2649139
TI  - No detectable malignant B cells in the peripheral blood of patients with multiple
      myeloma.
AB  - Previous studies have reported the presence of idiotypic B lymphocytes in the
      peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma (MM), suggesting that they may
      belong to the malignant clone. This led us to investigate by Southern blot
      analyses the presence of tumour-specific immunoglobulin-gene (Ig-gene)
      rearrangements in the peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of 21 MM patients. This
      method was shown to detect clonal cells when they represent as little as 2% of
      the cell population. B-cell-enriched fractions were also studied in nine cases.
      An occasional contamination by circulating malignant plasma cells was carefully
      evaluated using immunofluorescence. Clonal rearrangements were observed in only
      two cases, in which a contamination by myeloma cells was evident. In these cases
      the use of different endonucleases clearly demonstrated that these Ig-clonal
      rearrangements involved post-switched cells. No clonal rearrangement was found
      when contamination by myeloma cells was absent. Our results demonstrate the
      absence of detectable B cells involved in the myeloma clone in the peripheral
      blood of patients with MM.

PMID- 2649140
TI  - Maturation of human acute myeloid leukaemia in vitro: the response to five
      recombinant haematopoietic factors in a serum-free system.
AB  - The abilities of human recombinant IL-3, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF and Epo to induce
      maturation in human AML cells in vitro were investigated using cell specimens
      from 25 AML patients. The experiments were carried out under exactly defined
      serum-free culture conditions. In the absence of CSFs, monocytic and/or
      granulocytic maturation was detected in 14/25 cases. IL-3, GM-CSF, G-CSF and M
      CSF elevated the proportions of monocyte/macrophages in 3/25, 2/25, 1/25 and 6/25
      cases respectively, and increased the percentages of mature granulocytes in 2/25,
      1/25, 1/25 and 0/25 cases, and if so only to a limited extent (values below 50%).
      The 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) uptake studies revealed that IL-3, GM-CSF, G-CSF and M
      CSF were efficient stimulators of DNA synthesis of AML cells in 19, 15, 13 and
      four of those cases, respectively. Thus, although the cells in most cases
      responded to CSFs by activation of DNA synthesis, they were unable to give rise
      to terminally differentiated stages. Provision of CSFs in combination was more
      frequently effective in enhancing maturation and also increased the magnitude of
      maturation response. Monocytic versus granulocytic maturation of AML cells after
      culture did not correlate with the FAB cytology nor with the type of CSF
      presented; but generally granulocytic maturation was an infrequent phenomenon.
      Epo stimulated erythroid differentiation and DNA synthesis only in the case of
      erythroleukaemia, but it had no effect on the cells of 10 other AML cases.
      Extrapolation of these in vitro findings would suggest that CSFs would have a
      limited therapeutic utility to induce AML cell maturation in vivo and that
      hazards of stimulating blast cell proliferation with these factors may be
      anticipated.

PMID- 2649141
TI  - GIMEMA ALL 0183: a multicentric study on adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in
      Italy. GIMEMA Cooperative Group.
AB  - In 1983 a multicentre trial for adult patients with ALL (excluding the B
      phenotype) was initiated to evaluate: (a) complete remission (CR) rate and length
      in a protocol with a mild induction and an intensive consolidation therapy; (b)
      the efficacy of a mild versus an intensive post consolidation treatment in
      prolonging disease-free survival; (c) CNS relapse rate on a protocol substituting
      intrathecal chemotherapy and intermediate dose i.v. methotrexate (MTX) and
      cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) for cranial radiotherapy. 358 patients entered the
      protocol between January 1983 and April 1987: 284 (79.3%) attained complete
      remission, 26 (7.3%) died during induction and 48 (13.4%) had resistant disease.
      Median overall survival was 21.7 months, with a projection that 29.4% of the
      patients will survive more than 55 months. The median duration of complete
      remission was 19.2 months: 21.9% of responders are projected to remain in
      continuing complete response for more than 50.6 months. Among the 284 responding
      patients, 154 (54.2%) relapsed (95 while on therapy, 59 off-therapy): major sites
      of relapse were bone marrow (103), CNS alone (23), or both (11). 14 patients died
      while in CR. Only 12 patients (2.2%) were lost to follow-up, while therapy was
      interrupted in 7 (2%) because of side effects and in 12 (3.3%) because of the
      patient's refusal. By multivariate analysis increasing age and presence of
      infection at diagnosis were associated with a lower remission rate; risk of
      relapse was greater in L2 subtypes and in patients with higher WBC at diagnosis;
      survival was inversely correlated to age. The high response rate was not achieved
      at expense of an increased risk of induction death. The low incidence of isolated
      CNS relapse (8.0% of responding patients) suggests that CNS prophylaxis as used
      in this study is effective. No statistically significant difference in survival
      and relapse rate emerged between the two arms of post consolidation therapy.
      Moreover, the protocol therapy was well tolerated, required minimal supportive
      care, which could be provided even in small centres, and compliance proved
      acceptance for patients and staff.

PMID- 2649142
TI  - Acquired factor VII deficiency associated with aplastic anaemia: correction with
      bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - We report a patient with severe aplastic anaemia found to have a prolonged
      prothrombin time due to acquired factor VII deficiency. No evidence for a factor
      VII inhibitor or inactivator was demonstrable. Laboratory studies identified
      deficiency both of factor VII activity and factor VII antigen. The factor VII
      deficiency persisted from clinical presentation until approximately 50 d after
      allogeneic marrow transplantation when restoration of factor VII activity and
      antigen was noted. The patient's serum could be depleted of factor VII activity
      by in vitro incubation with Protein A bound to Sepharose, suggesting the presence
      of an IgG or IgG containing complex able to bind factor VII, but not neutralize
      its procoagulant activity. A dual specificity solid phase immunoassay identified
      a factor VII binding immunoglobulin which was detectable throughout the course of
      factor VII deficiency. The concordant appearance of this factor VII reactive
      immunoglobulin and the factor VII deficiency suggested the pathologic role of
      this immunoglobulin in the aetiology of the factor VII deficiency. This factor
      VII binding immunoglobulin may have induced rapid plasma clearance of the factor
      VII molecule or, alternatively, may have modified factor VII synthesis. The
      immunosuppressive therapy and subsequent lymphohaematopoietic engraftment
      following allogeneic marrow transplant was accompanied by complete resolution of
      the factor VII deficiency.

PMID- 2649143
TI  - Renal tubular function of workers exposed to low levels of cadmium.
AB  - Cadmium induced renal tubular effects were examined in 65 female workers in a
      factory manufacturing nickel cadmium batteries. Urinary beta 2-microglobulin
      (beta 2m), urinary N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase activity (NAG), and serum
      creatinine and serum urea concentrations were used to assess the renal effects.
      Of the four measures, only urinary NAG and urinary beta 2m showed a strong
      positive correlation with blood cadmium concentrations (r = 0.49 and 0.43
      respectively); NAG showed a weaker correlation with urinary cadmium
      concentrations (r = 0.35). Urinary beta 2m has weak correlation with urinary
      cadmium (r = 0.04). Only urinary NAG showed a significant deterioration in renal
      function among the exposed group. NAG detects the largest proportion of
      abnormalities among the exposed group. Abnormal urinary beta 2m is detected in
      only 15.4% of the workers, half of whom have blood cadmium above 10 micrograms/l.
      The proportion of abnormalities detected by urinary NAG differs significantly
      from the proportion of abnormalities detected by urinary beta 2m (p less than
      0.01). The age adjusted mean urinary NAG excretion showed a significant rise with
      urinary cadmium of above 3 micrograms/g creatinine. Urinary beta 2m failed to
      show any significant rise. With blood cadmium concentrations, the age adjusted
      mean urinary NAG excretion showed a rise from 1 microgram/l of blood cadmium
      followed by a plateau between blood cadmium concentrations of 3-10 micrograms/l.
      No significant rise in mean urinary excretion in beta 2m was seen until blood
      cadmium concentrations exceeded 10 micrograms/l.

PMID- 2649144
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in women.

PMID- 2649145
TI  - Choriocarcinoma in mother and child. Case report.

PMID- 2649146
TI  - Posterior corneal folds and endothelial cell damage in human donor eyes.
AB  - Posterior folds in human donor corneas stored as whole eyes in moist chambers, or
      isolated in McCarey-Kaufman medium at 4 degrees C, have been studied by light and
      scanning electron microscopy to determine whether or not endothelial cells on the
      folds are damaged. Extensive, often irreversible cell damage was found associated
      with most of the folds. Hence posterior folds in donor corneas are of importance
      in that they indirectly reduce the quality of the donor cornea for
      transplantation.

PMID- 2649147
TI  - Epiblepharon with inverted eyelashes in Japanese children. II. Surgical repairs.
AB  - We used lid bracing sutures, buried sutures, and skin resection operations to
      correct epiblepharon in Japanese children. Epiblepharon and ocular irritation in
      103 children (254 eyelids) were treated first with lid bracing sutures.
      Postoperatively the inversion of eyelashes resolved in 73 patients (196 eyelids).
      Of these 103 patients 30 (58 eyelids) developed recurrences, which included 11
      who also complained of foreign body sensation and ocular pain. These 11 patients
      (22 eyelids) underwent a second surgical procedure (buried sutures or skin
      resection) before they became free of symptoms. No severe complications were
      noted in any of the 103 patients. We believe that lid bracing sutures correct
      most cases of mild epiblepharon in children and that buried sutures or skin
      resection are valuable for more severe conditions.

PMID- 2649149
TI  - Slow-release artificial tear inserts in the treatment of dry eyes in patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with rheumatoid arthritis and moderate to severe bilateral
      keratoconjunctivitis sicca were treated with artificial tears and a soluble slow
      release artificial tear insert in a crossover trial. While using the inserts all
      but two patients reported an improvement in their symptoms. All the patients
      showed an improvement in the degree of conjunctival and corneal staining while
      using the inserts (p = 0.0001 and 0.00001 respectively). Nineteen patients (86%)
      found the inserts an acceptable form of therapy and 14 (64%) preferred them to
      other treatment regimens. Placement of the insert was not a problem despite all
      the patients having rheumatoid changes in their hands resulting in varying
      degrees of deformity. Two patients experienced initial difficulties with
      placement, but these were quickly resolved.

PMID- 2649148
TI  - Effects of fusidic acid on staphylococcal keratitis.
AB  - We treated 20 consecutive patients suffering from staphylococcal keratitis with
      topical fusidic acid 1% suspension in a carbomer gel. Fifteen (79%) of the
      isolated Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were resistant to methicillin, but
      all were sensitive to fusidic acid by in-vitro testing. The keratitis showed
      evidence of healing in 17 (85%) of the 20 patients. The healing times ranged
      between 5 and 21 days (mean 10.5 days). In this open clinical trial fusidic acid
      proved to be a safe and effective antibiotic for the treatment of staphylococcal
      keratitis.

PMID- 2649150
TI  - The kinetics of interfacial catalysis by phospholipase A2 and regulation of
      interfacial activation: hopping versus scooting.

PMID- 2649151
TI  - Intermediate filaments: known structure, unknown function.

PMID- 2649153
TI  - The methylation pattern of normal and truncated amplified human c-myc oncogenes.
AB  - COLO320DM and COLO320HSR are two human cell lines with 30-40-fold c-myc
      amplification. Half of the c-myc gene copies in COLO320DM are truncated and
      expressed as the predominant mRNA, while half are normal. Most c-myc copies in
      COLO320HSR are normal and expressed. Truncated c-myc genes are fully methylated,
      while the normal ones are fully demethylated irrespective of their stage of
      expression. The normal transcriptionally active c-myc from fibroblast cells is
      fully methylated, while c-myc from granulocytes (probably downregulated) is
      almost fully demethylated. These results indicate a lack of correlation between
      expression and the state of methylation for human c-myc oncogenes. Furthermore,
      exons 1 and 2 and intron 1 of c-myc are CpG-rich islands. Since these islands are
      constitutively demethylated, it is assumed that demethylation is the constitutive
      state and methylation the facultative state of the c-myc oncogene.

PMID- 2649152
TI  - Construction and expression of human aldolase A and B expression plasmids in
      Escherichia coli host.
AB  - E. coli expression plasmids for human aldolases A and B (EC 4.1.2.13) have been
      constructed from the pIN-III expression vector and their cDNAs, and expressed in
      E. coli strain JM83. Enzymatically active forms of human aldolase have been
      generated in the cells when transfected with either pHAA47, a human aldolase A
      expression plasmid, or pHAB 141, a human aldolase B expression plasmid. These
      enzymes are indistinguishable from authentic enzymes with respect to molecular
      size, amino acid sequences at the NH2- and COOH-terminal regions, the Km for
      substrate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and the activity ratio of fructose 1,6
      bisphosphate/fructose 1-phosphate (FDP/F1P), although net electric charge and the
      Km for FDP of synthetic aldolase B differed from those for a previously reported
      human liver aldolase B. In addition, both the expressed aldolases A and B
      complement the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the aldolase mutant of E. coli
      h8. These data argue that the expressed aldolases are structurally and
      functionally similar to the authentic human aldolases, and would provide a system
      for analysis of the structure-function relationship of human aldolases A and B.

PMID- 2649154
TI  - Studies on the binding substances on human erythrocytes for the heat-labile
      enterotoxin isolated from porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The binding substance for the heat-labile enterotoxin (LTp) isolated from porcine
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was studied by competitive binding assays. The
      binding of 125I-labeled LTp to neuraminidase-treated human type A erythrocytes
      was most effectively inhibited by ganglioside GM1 among inhibitors used. Mono-,
      di- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins and lectins were over 10(4)-times less
      potent inhibitors. Similar results were also obtained in competitive binding
      assays with 3H-labeled ganglioside GM1 and LTp-coupled Sepharose 4B. On the other
      hand, hemagglutination of neuraminidase-treated human type A erythrocytes by LTp
      was inhibited by methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside, galactose, melibiose and some
      glycoproteins, but not effectively inhibited by ganglioside GM1 at the highest
      concentration used. Preincubation of LTp with an appropriate amount of
      ganglioside GM1 resulted in much higher hemagglutination than LTp alone. Although
      these findings show that there may be fundamental differences between
      interactions with ganglioside GM1 in hemagglutination compared to interactions
      with ganglioside GM1 in binding, the predominant binding substance for LTp on
      neuraminidase-treated human type A erythrocytes is suggested to be ganglioside
      GM1.

PMID- 2649155
TI  - Bindings of axial ligands to cytochrome P-450d mutants: a difference absorption
      spectral study.
AB  - By site-directed mutagenesis, we made several cytochrome P-450d (P-450d) mutants
      as follows: Asn310Phe (D13), Ile312Leu (D14), Glu318Asp (D15), Val320Ile (D16),
      Phe325Thr (D19), Asn310Phe,Ile312Leu (M6), Glu318Asp,Val320Ile (M7), Phe325Thr,
      Glu318Asp (M3). This region (Asn-310-Phe-325) is supposed to be located in the
      distal helix above the heme plane in P-450d, being conjectured from the structure
      of P-450cam. We studied Soret spectral changes of those mutants by adding several
      axial ligands such as aniline, pyridine, metyrapone, 2-phenylimidazole and 4
      phenylimidazole. Binding constants (Kb) of aniline and pyridine to the single and
      double mutants were higher than those to the wild type by 2-10-times. The double
      mutations did not additively increase the Kb values compared with those to the
      single mutants. In contrast, Kb value (1.0.10(5) M-1) of metyrapone to the double
      mutant M3 was much higher than that (2.0.10(3) M-1) of the wild type and those of
      the single mutants, D15 (4.5.10(4) M-1) and D19 (1.6.10(4) M-1). The increased
      affinity of metyrapone to the mutant M3 may be attributed to an interaction of
      the hydrophobic group of metyrapone with nearby hydrophobic group(s) produced
      cooperatively by the double mutation of P-450d. Kb values of 2-phenylimidazole
      and 4-phenylimidazole to the mutant M3 were also the highest among those of the
      mutants and the wild type. Therefore, it was suggested that this region (from Asn
      310 to Phe-325) must be located at the distal region of the heme moiety and form,
      at least, a substrate-binding region of membrane-bound P-450d.

PMID- 2649157
TI  - Amphetamine challenge test, response to treatment, and lateral ventricle size in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - The hypothesis of two independent pathologies in schizophrenia proposed by Crow
      (1980) were tested. Two dimensions of the dopamine variable, namely, the
      behavioral response during the Amphetamine Challenge Test (ACT) and the response
      to neuroleptic treatment, were studied in a cohort of 19 subjects with a research
      diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 18) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 1) in an
      acute inpatient setting. The size of the lateral ventricle was assessed by
      mesauring the ventricle-brain ratio (VBR) on the computerized tomographic brain
      scan. Patients who had greater symptom reduction with the neuroleptic treatment
      worsened more in their positive psychotic symptoms during the ACT. Those with
      larger VBRs showed less treatment responsiveness and no worsening during the ACT.
      The findings are supportive of Crow's hypothesis. The ACT has the potential to be
      an index of both Type I and Type II pathologies.

PMID- 2649156
TI  - Verapamil in affective disorders: a controlled, double-blind study.
AB  - Eighty-six depressed inpatients were divided into four groups: patients in each
      of three groups were treated, respectively, with identical capsules of verapamil,
      amitriptyline, or placebo, whereas the fourth group was treated eclectically by
      the ward physician with so-called state-adjusted treatment (SAT). Each treatment
      period lasted 5 weeks. Psychopathology was assessed with the Hamilton Rating
      Scale for Depression, by the Zung self-rating scale, by the 100-mm analog scale,
      and by general clinical impression. Results indicated that amitriptyline and SAT
      were superior to verapamil or placebo. There was no significant difference
      between verapamil and placebo or between SAT and amitriptyline. This finding was
      more definitive in the homogeneous subgroup of 55 women with DSM-III diagnosis of
      Major depression. In addition, 12 manic inpatients (DSM-III) were treated orally
      with verapamil, 24 with neuroleptics, and 11 with both neuroleptics and lithium
      carbonate. The decline of their psychopathology, assessed by the Brief
      Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and general impression, was fully comparable.
      Using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the statistical difference among courses of
      psychopathology expressed as total BPRS scores reaches borderline significance in
      favor of verapamil. In contrast to neuroleptics, verapamil did not induce any
      sedative, hypnotic, or cataleptic effects, and was well tolerated.

PMID- 2649158
TI  - Imipramine-responsive panic-like symptomatology in schizophrenia/schizoaffective
      disorder.

PMID- 2649159
TI  - Captopril treatment of major depression with serial measurements of blood
      cortisol concentrations.

PMID- 2649160
TI  - Treatment of chronic schizophrenia with cyproheptadine.

PMID- 2649161
TI  - Reconstitution of membrane proteins: a selected bibliography from Biophysical
      Society workshop on membrane protein reconstitution, 2 March 1988.

PMID- 2649162
TI  - Dielectric behavior of aqueous solutions of plasmid DNA at microwave frequencies.
AB  - The relative permittivity and dielectric loss of aqueous solutions of plasmid
      (pUC8.c1 and pUC8.c2) DNA have been measured at 20 degrees C over the frequency
      range 100 MHz-10 GHz. The solutions had a concentration of 0.1% DNA, and were
      studied both in the relaxed and the supercoiled form. The dielectric measurements
      were made using a variety of techniques including frequency domain and time
      domain methods of operation. No evidence of any resonance absorption, nor of any
      other kind of enhanced absorption, was observed.

PMID- 2649163
TI  - Three-dimensional reconstruction of the ribosome from Escherichia coli.
AB  - Three-dimensional image reconstruction has been applied to electron micrographs
      of noncrystalline, negatively stained ribosomes obtained from Escherichia coli.
      Several independent reconstructions all show an overall appearance resembling
      models that had been derived earlier by direct visual interpretation of electron
      micrographs. The reconstructed ribosomes show numerous structural details not
      recognized previously, some of which may be functionally significant. A large
      elongate cavity (approximately 8-nm long x 5-nm wide x 6-nm [maximal] deep) is
      present on the surface of the ribosome near the base of its stalk and is
      identifiable as a portion of a feature termed the interface canyon, which was
      detected in prior reconstructions of the large ribosomal subunit (Radermacher,
      M., T. Wagenknecht, A. Verschoor, and J. Frank. 1987. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol.
      Organ.) J. 6:1107-1114). On the back of the ribosome, near the base of the
      central protuberance, is a hole leading to the interface canyon, which likely
      represents an exit site for the elongating polypeptide produced during protein
      biosynthesis. The exposed portion of the interface canyon appears well suited to
      bind two tRNA molecules in a configuration that is consistent with biochemical
      and structural data on the mechanism of peptide bond biosynthesis.

PMID- 2649164
TI  - Variations of the three-dimensional structure of the Escherichia coli ribosome in
      the range of overlap views. An application of the methods of multicone and local
      single-cone three-dimensional reconstruction.
AB  - Electron microscopic techniques are among the most important tools for obtaining
      structural information of biological specimens. However, the three-dimensional
      (3D) structural analysis of asymmetrical specimens that do not form crystalline
      sheets has traditionally presented serious methodological obstacles to its
      accomplishment. One of the fundamental questions to be addressed in this type of
      structural study is in what way, and to what degree, does the 3D structural
      conformation depend on the orientation of the specimen with respect to the
      electron microscopic support films. As a step in studying this problem, we have
      analyzed the variations of the 3D structure of the Escherichia coli 70S monosome
      by performing four different 3D reconstructions of the 70S monosome from subsets
      of images in the so-called overlap range of views. These subsets were selected
      according to a multivariate statistical analysis performed on the total
      population of overlap-range specimen images. A certain amount of structural
      variability exists among the 3D reconstructions, although many of the main
      morphological characteristics, as the relative orientation between the ribosomal
      subunits, remain unchanged. We have also generalized the random conical
      reconstruction technique (Radermacher, M., T. Wagenknecht, A. Verschoor, and J.
      Frank. 1987. J. Microsc. 146: 113-136) to include those cases where the specimen
      exhibits a rocking behavior with respect to the support. The resulting Multicone
      Reconstruction Technique has been applied to computer-generated images as well as
      the E. coli 70S monosome images from part of the overlap range of views.

PMID- 2649165
TI  - Fluorescence lifetime studies with staphylococcal nuclease and its site-directed
      mutant. Test of the hypothesis that proline isomerism is the basis for
      nonexponential decays.
AB  - Using frequency domain methods, the fluorescence decay of Trp-140 in
      staphylococcal nuclease and its site-directed mutant (Pro-117----Gly) has been
      examined. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies (Evans, P. A., C. M.
      Dobson, R. A. Kautz, G. Hatfull, and R. O. Fox. 1987. Nature [Lond.]. 329:266
      268), it is believed that nuclease exists in two macroscopic, native
      conformations and that the slow interconversion of these conformations is
      controlled by the cis----trans isomerization of Pro-117. The above mutant shows
      only one native conformation in NMR experiments. To test the hypothesis that the
      biexponential fluorescence decay of Trp-140 of nuclease can also be related to
      the existence of these conformational states of the protein, we have compared the
      decay patterns of the wild type and mutant. Essentially no difference was
      observed, which indicates that there is some other basis for the nonexponential
      decay of Trp-140. We have used global nonlinear least squares analysis to link
      the fit of data at several temperatures.

PMID- 2649166
TI  - A review of the molecular genetics of the human alpha-globin gene cluster.

PMID- 2649167
TI  - Uncoordinated expression of fibrinogen compared with thrombospondin and von
      Willebrand factor in maturing human megakaryocytes.
AB  - The localization of three known alpha-granule proteins, thrombospondin (TSP), von
      Willebrand factor (vWF), and fibrinogen (Fg) has been studied in human
      megakaryocytes (MK) by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. For this
      study, highly purified populations of MK were prepared from human bone marrow
      either by counterflow centrifugal elutriation or by cell culture from normal
      subjects and from two patients with megakaryoblastic leukemia. In normal bone
      marrow immature MK, TSP, and vWF were observed in the Golgi-associated vesicles
      and in small immature alpha-granules; in mature MK, they were found in the matrix
      of the mature large alpha-granules. Surprisingly, Fg was detected neither in the
      Golgi area, nor in the small precursors of alpha-granules; it was only found in
      the mature alpha-granules but this labeling was generally weaker than in blood
      platelets. In order to confirm these differences between the expression of Fg and
      vWF or TSP additional studies were performed on cultured maturing MK:
      immunofluorescent and ultrastructural immunogold labeling confirmed that vWF
      appeared early in the maturation while the same immature MK were negative for Fg.
      In the late maturation stage, the three proteins were detected in the alpha
      granules. In order to know whether Fg was lately synthesized or endocytosed from
      the outside medium, normal MK were grown in the presence of either normal or
      afibrinogenemic plasma, and normal serum. Fg was detected only in the alpha
      granules of MK grown in normal plasma. Similar results were observed with
      malignant MK, whose maturation was independent of the culture conditions. In
      conclusion, this study brings immunocytochemical evidence that vWF and TSP are
      synthesized by immature MK, whereas Fg appears later in the MK alpha-granules and
      its expression is dependent of the presence of an exogenous Fg source.

PMID- 2649168
TI  - Diamond-Blackfan anemia: promotion of marrow erythropoiesis in vitro by
      recombinant interleukin-3.
AB  - To clarify the defective erythropoiesis in eight patients with Diamond-Blackfan
      anemia, we studied their bone marrow response in vitro to recombinant human
      interleukin-3 (IL-3) and recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor (GM-CSF). In an erythropoietin-containing assay system, specimens from six
      of the eight patients yielded low numbers of erythroid colonies compared to
      control values, and in five of these no erythropoietin dose-response could be
      elicited. Addition of IL-3, GM-CSF or both to cultures from the six patients had
      no effect on CFU-E-derived colonies. In contrast, IL-3 but not GM-CSF induced a
      marked increase in the number (183%) and size of the BFU-E-derived colonies in
      five of the six cases and partially corrected the impaired dose-response to
      erythropoietin in four. Bone marrow from the other two patients yielded numbers
      of CFU-E and BFU-E colonies comparable to controls and manifested similar
      increments in colonies with increasing concentrations of erythropoietin. When IL
      3 was added to these cultures, further increments were observed in the number and
      size of BFU-E colonies. We conclude that IL-3 enhanced the marrow erythropoiesis
      in most of the patients and exerted a corrective effect on the aberrant colony
      formation in the presence of erythropoietin. The data raise the possibility of IL
      3 as a therapeutic agent in Diamond-Blackfan anemia.

PMID- 2649169
TI  - Interleukin-3 down-regulates its own receptor.
AB  - To gain insight into the mechanisms involved in regulating murine interleukin-3
      (mIL-3) receptor expression, we have examined the effects of mIL-3 and murine
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) on mIL-3 receptor
      internalization and re-expression and studied the relationship between mIL-3 cell
      surface receptor density and growth factor sensitivity. As a source of cells for
      our studies, we used a B6SUtA clone, B6SUtA1, which grows equally well in mIL-3
      or mGM-CSF when supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (FCS) in RPMI 1640.
      Intracellular processing studies carried out in the presence and absence of
      methylamine suggested that mIL-3 is cleaved at two specific sites before its
      complete digestion within lysosomes. However, unlike its ligand, cycloheximide
      studies indicated that internalized mIL-3 receptors are recycled to the cell
      surface. When B6SUtA1 cells were continuously passaged in mIL-3, cell populations
      allowed to exhaust the mIL-3 in the medium (high density cells) expressed more
      than ten times (ie, approximately 100,000/cell) the mIL-3 receptor number of
      those growing exponentially at low cell concentrations (low density cells). Since
      the high density cells were no larger than the low density cells, the marked
      increase in mIL-3 receptor number per cell reflects a true up-regulation of
      receptor expression. A kinetic analysis of this up-regulation revealed that it
      begins within one hour of mIL-3 exhaustion. Moreover, proliferation assays with
      these two cell populations, using 3H-thymidine incorporation, suggested that the
      high density cells were 30-fold more responsive to mIL-3. However, when B6SUtA1
      cells were passaged in mGM-CSF, there was no difference in mIL-3 receptor number
      between high density and low density cells (ie, approximately 100,000/cell).
      Identical studies carried out with another mIL-3 dependent cell line, 32D C3,
      demonstrated that this phenomenon was not unique to B6SUtA1 cells.

PMID- 2649170
TI  - Erythropoietin stimulates a rise in intracellular-free calcium concentration in
      single BFU-E derived erythroblasts at specific stages of differentiation.
AB  - Human cord blood progenitor-derived erythroblasts have recently been shown to
      respond to erythropoietin (Epo) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor (GM-CSF) with a transient increase in intracellular free calcium
      concentration [Cac]. However, the importance of [Cac] changes in mediating cell
      proliferation and/or differentiation is undefined. In the present study, the
      response of erythroid precursors at different stages of differentiation to Epo
      was examined. Erythroblasts were derived from adult blood erythroid progenitors
      (BFU-E) at day 7 or day 10 of culture. [Cac] was measured in individual Fura-2
      loaded cells with fluorescence microscopy coupled digital video imaging. The
      dynamic range (Rmax/Rmin) of intracellular Fura-2 was similar to that measured in
      free solution, suggesting insignificant amounts of intracellular Ca insensitive
      forms of Fura-2. Baseline [Cac] of erythroid cells calculated with an in vitro
      calibration method was 44 +/- 4 nmol/L and with an in vivo method was 46 +/- 4
      nmol/L. Treatment of day 7 BFU-E derived erythroblasts with Epo resulted in no
      significant increase in [Cac]. In contrast, in more mature erythroblasts (day 10
      of culture), Epo stimulated a large increase in [Cac] from 49 +/- 11 nmol/L at
      baseline to 279 +/- 47 nmol/L. This [Cac] increase occurred in phosphate buffered
      saline (PBS) containing no added calcium. The increase in [Cac] persisted for 18
      minutes and was dose dependent. Day 7 and day 10 control cells treated with
      either insulin or media showed no significant change in [Cac] during 18 minutes
      of observation. Our data demonstrate that early (day 7) and late (day 10)
      erythroblasts display different responses to Epo, at least in terms of
      intracellular Ca++ fluxes. The differential [Cac] response observed in early and
      late erythroid precursors to growth factor stimulation suggests that [Cac] may be
      an important signal in cell differentiation.

PMID- 2649171
TI  - Expression in Escherichia coli of the human fibrinogen B beta chain and its
      cleavage by thrombin.
AB  - The human fibrinogen B beta chain was expressed in Escherichia coli to study the
      functions of fibrinogen associated with this subunit. Recombinant B beta chains
      were expressed at 100 ng/mL in an IPTG-dependent manner. A first cistron
      sequence, inserted into the expression vector 5' to the B beta chain cDNA, was
      required to express the protein. Recombinant B beta chains were expressed within
      five minutes after induction with IPTG and were soluble in physiologic buffers.
      The recombinant B beta chains migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) at a rate identical to B beta chains from
      fibrinogen treated with N-glycanase. Recombinant B beta chains were cleaved by
      thrombin, as demonstrated by the loss of cross-reactivity with a monoclonal
      antibody (MoAb) specific for the undigested B beta 1-42 fragment. The levels of
      expression of the B beta chain were much lower than those reported previously for
      the gamma chain of fibrinogen expressed in a similar vector in E coli. However,
      these levels are sufficient to allow further characterization of this fibrinogen
      subunit.

PMID- 2649172
TI  - Susceptibility of monocytes to lymphokine-activated killer cell lysis: effect of
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3.
AB  - Cultured human monocytes have been shown to be susceptible to lysis by autologous
      lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. To determine factors that might modulate
      the sensitivity of monocytes to lysis, we cultured adherent peripheral blood
      leukocytes (PBL) in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3 (IL-3) since these cytokines have been reported
      to affect both functional and physical characteristics of monocytes. Both
      recombinant human GM-CSF and IL-3 were found to significantly enhance the
      susceptibility of monocytes to lysis by LAK cells in a dose-dependent manner,
      with GM-CSF being slightly more effective. In a kinetics study, the lysability of
      monocytes increased after two days of incubation with either cytokine, with
      maximal susceptibility occurring after four to six days of culture. The effects
      of GM-CSF and IL-3 appeared to be specific for monocytes since culture of either
      nonadherent cells or granulocytes, which are normally resistant to LAK-mediated
      lysis, did not induce sensitivity. While the effects of GM-CSF and IL-3 have been
      shown to be synergistic in some cases, they did not act synergistically to induce
      monocyte susceptibility to LAK lysis. In cold target experiments cytokine-treated
      monocytes reciprocally blocked lysis, suggesting that similar target structures
      were modulated with either factor. FACS analysis and sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated comparable modulation
      of surface antigens with either GM-CSF or IL-3. Thus, these cytokines can serve
      to augment susceptibility of monocytes to LAK cells, emphasizing the complex
      interactions that occur in the immune system.

PMID- 2649173
TI  - Comparative biochemical and cytogenetic studies of childhood acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome and other 22q 11 variants.
AB  - We studied the relationship of direct karyotypes, determined at diagnosis and
      remission, to Abelson-related tyrosine kinase activity and the cytogenetic
      features of erythroid and myeloid colonies derived from remission marrow of six
      children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These patients had either the
      characteristic Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) [t(9;22)(q34;q11)] or
      cytogenetically similar variants with a 22q11 breakpoint but no detectable
      cytogenetic involvement of 9q34. The findings suggested two distinct subtypes of
      ALL: one defined by t(9;22)(q34;q11) and expression of P185BCR-ABL tyrosine
      kinase and one with variant karyotypes and no P185BCR-ABL expression. The former
      comprises cases with Ph1 + marrow cells and Ph1 + erythroid and (or) myeloid
      colonies in remission marrow and others in which the t(9;22) is undetectable in
      remission marrow cells. In the latter subgroup, the disease may reflect more
      extreme mosaicism with a similar stem cell that is cytogenetically undetectable.
      Variant karyotypes included a del(22)(q11) in one patient and a t(6;22;15;9)
      (q21;q11;q?22;q21) in another; in both instances, the malignant blast cells
      lacked P185BCR-ABL expression. Thus ALL with t(9;22)(q34;q11) should be
      distinguished from ALL with other involvement of the 22q11 breakpoint by
      molecular studies including protein expression. The diversity of karyotypic
      findings in cases with involvement of 22q11 suggests at least two mechanisms of
      leukemogenesis in patients with ALL defined by this breakpoint.

PMID- 2649174
TI  - Immune reconstitution following bone marrow transplantation: comparison of
      recipients of T-cell depleted marrow with recipients of conventional marrow
      grafts.
AB  - The reconstitution of hematopoietic cells and in vitro assays of immunologic
      function have been followed in leukemic patients after conventional bone marrow
      transplantation (BMT) (N = 34) and T-cell depleted BMT (N = 52) from human
      leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling donors. No effects of the T-cell
      depletion could be seen on the recovery of myeloid or lymphoid cells as measured
      by the day to engraftment or by the absolute number of cells through day 100.
      Normal numbers of lytically active natural killer cells returned the earliest and
      were rapidly followed in both groups of patients by the appearance of circulating
      B cells and normalization of the responses to B-cell mitogens. However, the
      recovery of normal T-cell proliferative responses were more delayed in recipients
      of T-cell depleted grafts. Significant quantitative differences were seen only
      during the first 3 months after transplantation. Neither the number of CD3+ T
      cells nor the ratio of CD4:CD8 positive cells differed markedly between the two
      transplant groups. Mitogen-induced immunoglobulin production by peripheral blood
      lymphocytes (PBL) from patients following T-cell depleted BMT was quantitatively
      less than that of conventional marrow recipients through the first year, with low
      normal IgM production reached by 4 to 6 months in both groups. IgG production
      reached low normal 7 to 9 months after conventional BMT but did not remain at
      this level until 1 year following either type of transplant. Assessment of the
      incidence of infections from the day the absolute neutrophil count reached 500
      until day 180 after transplant revealed no significant differences between the
      two groups; indeed, the overall nonleukemic mortality was higher in the
      recipients of conventional bone marrow. Thus, in our series, the removal of
      mature cells from the marrow graft did not affect the rate or degree of recovery
      of myeloid and lymphoid cells but did affect the regeneration of in vitro T-cell
      dependent functions. We noted early quantitative differences and a delay in the
      normalization of the T-cell functions measured rather than prolonged absolute
      deficiencies. The in vitro deficiencies did not result in significant clinically
      apparent differences between the two groups.

PMID- 2649175
TI  - Deleterious effects of irradiation and bone marrow transplantation therapy in the
      genetically anemic an/an mouse.
AB  - The efficacy and outcome of bone marrow transplantation therapy following lethal
      irradiation were examined in syngeneic mice that had a hereditary macrocytic
      anemia (an/an) or were genotypically normal (+/+). Successful RBC and WBC
      replacement, based on blood cell parameters and donor genetic markers, were
      observed in all combinations of transplant therapy. Nevertheless, the an/an mice
      died prematurely several months after treatment, whether they received +/+ or
      an/an marrow cells. In contrast, the +/+ recipients of either +/+ or an/an marrow
      cells survived for at least 1 year after transplantation. Premature death of the
      an/an mice was associated with lymphopenia, anemia, kidney lesions, and severe
      pathogen-free pneumonitis. On the basis of our results, we hypothesize that the
      premature deaths of an/an mice are caused by a kind of chronic irradiation damage
      to which an/an mice are especially susceptible.

PMID- 2649177
TI  - Simultaneous presentation of T- and B-cell malignant lymphoma with bcl-2 gene
      involvement.

PMID- 2649176
TI  - Calcium-dependent proteolysis of actin during storage of platelet concentrates.
AB  - In an ongoing study of the changes that occur in platelet concentrates during
      storage, we investigated two 28-26-Kd proteins designated SP-1 and SP-2,
      respectively, which increase markedly during blood-bank storage of platelet
      concentrates at room temperature. Formation of SP-1 and SP-2 was inhibited by
      storage at 4 degrees C as well as by treatment of the concentrates with
      leupeptin, N-ethylmaleimide, and EDTA; DFP and PPACK had no effect. The calcium
      ionophore A23187 markedly stimulated production of SP-1 and SP-2. After partial
      purification, the two proteins were found to be associated with platelet
      cytoskeletal protein. Two-dimensional peptide mapping and amino acid sequencing
      identified SP-1 and SP-2 as fragments of actin formed by cleavage on the N
      terminal side of residues Thr-106 and Ala-114, respectively. Generation of SP-1
      and SP-2 during storage of platelet concentrate is likely attributable to calcium
      dependent neutral protease degradation of actin and may have implications for
      development of the platelet storage lesion.

PMID- 2649178
TI  - Multiple levels of regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis.
AB  - A working hypothesis for the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis is described on
      the basis of current data. The hypothesis proposes that in vivo megakaryocytes
      are generated by 1) the expansion of clonable progenitor cells into immature
      megakaryocytes by locally produced (and regulated) interleukin-3 (IL-3) and 2)
      the development and maturation of immature megakaryocytes by a dual system; by a
      lineage specific mechanism involving thrombopoietic stimuli in the steady state
      and thrombocytopenic conditions, and by a lineage nonspecific mechanism via IL-3
      in damaged or reconstituting marrow. The hypothesis predicts that if IL-3 is a
      significant in vivo regulator of megakaryocyte formation and development,
      receptor for IL-3 should be present on megakaryocytes and may be vestigially on
      platelets. Small but significant levels of 125I IL-3 were found to bind to
      platelets from normal mice. The level of binding on platelets was found to be
      enhanced sevenfold from mice that had received high levels of irradiation
      followed by bone marrow transplantation. This contrasted with a twofold increase
      in the level of binding to platelets from mice made acutely thrombocytopenic with
      antiplatelet serum. The data suggest that IL-3 may be involved in the in vivo
      regulation of murine megakaryocytopoiesis and may be a significant factor in
      rebound thrombopoiesis following bone marrow damage.

PMID- 2649179
TI  - Regulators of thrombopoiesis: their biochemistry and physiology.

PMID- 2649180
TI  - Megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor (Mk-CSF): its physiologic significance.
AB  - Megakaryocyte colony-stimulating activity (Mk-CSA) is required for in vitro
      megakaryocyte colony formation. Its in vivo significance in megakaryocytopoiesis
      is unknown. We studied 12 patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
      at our institution. The bone marrow megakaryocyte progenitor cells (CFU-Mk), the
      serum level of Mk-CSA, and the platelet count on the 28th day after BMT were
      studied. Patients with elevated Mk-CSA levels had less CFU-Mk in their bone
      marrow than did patients with a normal or decreased Mk-CSA (p less than 0.01).
      Animal experiments using murine models have documented that several purified
      molecules including erythropoietin, multi-CSF and GM-CSF possess Mk-CSA. The in
      vitro Mk-CSF of WEHI-3-conditioned medium is multi-CSF. The in vivo significance
      for megakaryocytopoiesis of these factors is not clear. In the human system, Mk
      CSA is increased in conditions with decreased bone marrow megakaryocytes.
      Recombinant human or primate CSFs have in vitro Mk-CSA utilizing both human and
      murine cells as targets. However, the presence of these activities does not fully
      explain the Mk-CSA in human serum rich in Mk-CSA. The precise regulation of human
      blood cell levels and the studies discussed suggest that there is a specific Mk
      CSF that responds to in vivo changes in megakaryocyte numbers. Proof of its
      physiologic role awaits the isolation of a pure factor.

PMID- 2649181
TI  - Stimulators and inhibitors of megakaryocytopoiesis in human plasma.

PMID- 2649182
TI  - Mechanisms of platelet production.
AB  - The precise mechanism by which platelets are formed from megakaryocytes (MK)
      remains unclear, despite numerous studies which have been performed during this
      century. Models have been proposed that attempt to account for platelet formation
      from disruption of elongated processes of MK cytoplasm, designated proplatelets,
      or by fragmentation of MK cytoplasm. MK demarcation membranes are hypothesized by
      some investigators to delineate platelet territories in the MK cytoplasm, and by
      others to act as a membrane reservoir for MK process formation. Platelet
      production has been variously speculated to occur primarily in the bone marrow or
      lung. Each theory or model has attempted to elucidate the phenomenon of size
      heterogeneity of circulating platelets and the changes that occur under
      conditions of altered thrombopoiesis. In this article, we have analyzed and
      compared the characteristics of previously proposed models for platelet
      production and suggested additional techniques for future studies of
      thrombopoiesis.

PMID- 2649183
TI  - Animal models with inherited hematopoietic abnormalities as tools to study
      thrombopoiesis.
AB  - Animals with hereditary abnormalities of hematopoiesis are quite useful in the
      study of regulatory pathways of megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet formation.
      Seven such animal models are analyzed here. The Wistar Furth rat has been
      recently discovered to have reduced platelet number, but large mean platelet
      volume, and is, therefore, a model of hereditary macrothrombocytopenia. Study of
      the Wistar Furth rat may help to elucidate the process of platelet formation. Two
      mouse mutants the S1/S1d and W/Wv, have macrocytic anemia with reduced
      megakaryocyte number, but normal platelet count. In these mice, the platelet
      count is maintained by increased platelet production per megakaryocyte. These
      models demonstrate that factors other than platelet level are monitored in the
      feedback regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production, and further
      study should lead to a better understanding of the regulation of megakaryocyte
      size. The Belgrade rat has severe microcytic anemia with decreased megakaryocyte
      number. Megakaryocyte size is increased, but platelet count is moderately reduced
      and thus the megakaryocyte-platelet picture resembles that of severe iron
      deficiency anemia. A more in depth examination of this model should delineate the
      effects of iron deficiency and hypoxia on megakaryocytopoiesis. The grey collie
      dog has cyclic hematopoiesis with large asynchronous fluctuations in all blood
      cell counts at approximately 2-week intervals. Megakaryocytes have not been
      studied. This model should be a tool to define the relationships between
      hematopoietic growth factors and differentiation of the various hematopoietic
      cell lineages. The br/br rabbit has a transient disturbance in fetal
      megakaryocytopoiesis and brachydactyly due to spontaneous amputation. Further
      study of this model may provide a better understanding of fetal megakaryocyte
      development and establish whether an association exists between the abnormal
      megakaryocytes and the limb amputations. The nude mouse with its severe T
      lymphocyte deficiency has been studied to ascertain whether T cells play a
      regulatory role in normal and acute thrombocytopenia-stimulated
      megakaryocytopoiesis. The question of whether T cells or their products are
      responsible for reactive thrombocytosis in chronic inflammation could be examined
      with this model. These animal mutants have provided and should continue to
      provide important models for understanding the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis
      and platelet production.

PMID- 2649184
TI  - Limits of phenotypic markers for the diagnosis of megakaryoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Diagnosis of megakaryoblastic and early erythroid leukemia requires the use of
      differentiation markers that in most cases permit their precise diagnosis. In
      some cases, their use can be misleading. Here we report and discuss some
      examples. A platelet peroxidase (PPO) activity is detected in most cases of early
      erythroid leukemias as well as in the CFU-E-like cells of normal marrow, thus
      providing evidence that PPO activity must be studied along with other
      (immunologic or ultrastructural) markers to permit a reliable diagnosis of
      megakaryoblastic leukemia. Ferritin molecules an erythroid marker, could be
      detected as a cluster at ultrastructural level in leukemic platelets and in
      micromegakaryocytes of one patient. However, in blasts of the erythroid lineage,
      ferritin molecules are also either dispersed in the cytoplasm or localized in
      theta granules. Immunologic markers have also their own limit. Indeed, in one
      patient, GB IIb and IIIa were detected on erythroid blasts, resulting in a
      phenotype very similar to HEL cells. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) I, an early
      erythroid marker, was detected in the platelets of four leukemic patients and was
      present along with an increased expression of CA II. This study emphasizes the
      fact that precise diagnosis of leukemia cannot be performed with a single marker
      of differentiation, but requires the simultaneous use of several lineage
      restricted markers.

PMID- 2649185
TI  - Localization of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
AB  - In the bone marrow, megakaryocytes are located in the extravascular space,
      applied to the abluminal surface of endothelium. In this position, they send
      cytoplasmic projections into the lumen. Some of these projections are organelle
      free and may serve to anchor the cell to the endothelium. They could also serve
      to monitor the circulation and to receive information as to the requirement of
      the body for platelet formation. Megakaryocytes also send organelle containing
      projections into the lumen. This may be an early step in the migration of these
      cells into the lumen or, alternatively, part of the proplatelet formation. These
      proplatelets are 2.5 x 120 microns elongated structures that penetrate the lumen
      and can each subsequently make 1000 platelets. Each megakaryocyte can make six to
      eight proplatelets. In the perisinal position, megakaryocytes may subserve an
      adventitial function as well; many blood cells can then take a
      transmegakaryocytic route to reach the endothelium and enter the circulation.

PMID- 2649186
TI  - The relationship between megakaryocyte ploidy and platelet volume.
AB  - The origins and biologic significance of platelet heterogeneity in general, and
      platelet volume heterogeneity in particular, have been controversial scientific
      issues during the past decade. Although it has generally been held that specific
      megakaryocyte properties, especially ploidy level, are important determinants of
      platelet volume, the precise relationship between megakaryocyte properties and
      platelet properties is not well defined. The physiologic processes that
      specifically determine the relationship between megakaryocyte ploidy and platelet
      volume are unclear, and understanding of these processes has been further
      complicated due to the multiplicity of experimental and clinical models used to
      study the problem. Although it is generally true that increases in megakaryocyte
      ploidy are associated with increases in megakaryocyte volume, it is not well
      established that platelet volume is also increased during normal or abnormal
      thrombopoiesis as a direct result of a change in the ploidy level. Reexamination
      of earlier studies and some recent investigations suggest that changes in
      platelet volume and megakaryocyte ploidy are in fact dissociated in response to
      experimental thrombocytopenia. Critical review of the literature concerning the
      relationship between megakaryocyte ploidy and platelet volume reveals a limited
      number of conclusions that are well substantiated and emphasizes the relative
      lack of understanding about the events governing the complex process of platelet
      production and platelet heterogeneity.

PMID- 2649188
TI  - Identification of the target platelet glycoprotein in autoimmune thrombocytopenia
      occurring after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - We report the case of a patient who developed autoimmune thrombocytopenia after
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from her HLA-identical sister. An IgG
      autoantibody was detected that bound to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and to
      the HLA class I proteins. Immunoprecipitation studies with radiolabeled platelets
      revealed additional antibody binding sites on proteins of 214 kDa molecular
      weight under nonreduced conditions and 65 and 56 kDa molecular weight under
      reduced conditions.

PMID- 2649189
TI  - HIV-2 antibody testing of blood donors with doubtful immunoblot results for HIV
      1.
AB  - Antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) in samples from
      blood donors are commonly detected by various enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
      (ELISA) and by confirmatory tests, e.g., "Western blot" or immunofluorescence
      tests. Immunoblot reactivity, which is directed only towards the HIV-1 core
      proteins p 18, p 24 and p 55, may represent false-positive reactions. Out of
      125,000 blood donations, 140 were repeatably HIV-1 antibody reactive by ELISA; of
      these, 20 were doubtful positive sera with isolated p 18 and/or p 24 bands in the
      HIV-1 confirmatory assay. Antibodies to HIV-2 are known to cross-react with these
      HIV-1 core proteins. We therefore assayed the 20 sera by immunofluorescence and
      immunoblotting for the presence of antibodies to HIV-2. None of these doubtful
      HIV-1 antibody positive blood donor sera was found to have antibodies to HIV-2.

PMID- 2649190
TI  - Plasmacytoma of the breast. Unusual initial presentation of myeloma: report of
      two cases and review of the literature.
AB  - Two patients who presented initially with breast masses proven to be
      plasmacytomas, are described. In both cases the breast masses led to the
      diagnosis of multiple myeloma, which was retrospectively already present at the
      time of the breast biopsy. One patient with IgG lambda-type myeloma developed
      plasma cell leukemia and amyloidosis and failed to respond to radiochemotherapy.
      The second patient was in complete remission, four years after therapy, but has
      subsequently relapsed and died. All cases of breast plasmacytoma, described in
      the medical literatures are reviewed, and guidelines for future therapy are
      suggested.

PMID- 2649191
TI  - The Northern Ireland Plastic Surgery and Maxillo-Facial Unit.

PMID- 2649192
TI  - A large trial of intravenous Conray 325 and Niopam 300 to assess immediate and
      delayed reactions.
AB  - The trial was designed as an investigation into the incidence of both immediate
      and delayed reactions to the intravenous administration of Conray 325 (sodium
      iothalamate) (844 patients) and Niopam 300 (iopamidol) (855 patients) for
      urographic examination. Information was obtained from questionnaires returned by
      patients about a week after their examination, with a response rate of 81%.
      Significant differences were found in the incidences of both types of reactions
      to the two media with respect to nausea and vomiting, arm pain, and taste in the
      mouth, which was commoner in patients receiving Conray 325, whereas the incidence
      of delayed skin rashes and parotid swelling was commoner with Niopam 300. The
      occurrence of a flu-like illness, so-called "iodism", was found to be equal for
      the two contrast media.

PMID- 2649187
TI  - Polypeptides controlling hematopoietic cell development and activation. I. In
      vitro results.
AB  - Recombinant DNA technology has been central in answering some of the most
      relevant questions in the research of regulation of the functional status of
      hematopoietic progenitor cells and their progeny. This leading article will focus
      on recent results that have emerged from studies utilizing recombinant molecules
      that control hematopoietic blood cell development and activation. The following
      features will be detailed: The molecular and biological characteristics and
      biochemistry of hematopoietic growth factors, synergizing factors and releasing
      factors, their role in the regulation of hematopoiesis and activation of normal
      and leukemic cells, their cellular sources, and regulation of production.

PMID- 2649193
TI  - Ultrasound diagnosis of gallbladder perforation in a case of xanthogranulomatous
      cholecystitis.

PMID- 2649194
TI  - The unseen radiation hazards of ultrasound.

PMID- 2649195
TI  - Urological history-taking and management recommendations by microcomputer.
AB  - A system has been developed to acquire a complete urological history using an
      Apple microcomputer. The system can ask up to 300 multiple choice questions which
      the patient answers using a light pen. The questions are grouped into blocks for
      urological symptoms and complicating factors. A printout summarises the history
      and the recommended further investigations. A copy of this is given to the
      patient and the referring doctor. The clinician discusses the printout and
      proposed investigations with the patient. The system has been tested against
      experienced clinicians and the results are presented. The computer system was
      evaluated for 26 patients and was found to record all of the important
      information. The system is now in regular use in the out-patient clinic as the
      first part of the diagnostic work-up in suitable referrals. This system has
      shortened waiting times for first appointments. To date 261 patients have used
      the system. The consultant urologist continues his practice of reading all
      referral letters and allocating priorities. Conditions requiring immediate
      physical examination (e.g. testicular swelling) are not suitable for this type of
      approach.

PMID- 2649196
TI  - Transvaginal ultrasound in the assessment of bladder volumes in women.
      Preliminary report.
AB  - Transvaginal linear array ultrasound is described as a method of measuring
      bladder volumes in the range 2 to 175 ml, overcoming the limitations of abdominal
      ultrasound at these smaller (though clinically important) volumes. The mean error
      over the range 10 to 175 ml was 23%. Statistical analysis of preliminary data
      obtained by this technique shows that bladder volume in ml can be calculated by
      the formula: Volume = 5.9 x (height x depth) - 14.6 ml (95% confidence limits =
      +/- 37 ml)

PMID- 2649197
TI  - Patients at high risk of cardiovascular complications in oestrogen treatment of
      prostatic cancer.
AB  - The aim of this study was to predict cardiovascular complications in patients
      with prostatic cancer treated with oestrogen. A randomised prospective study of
      oestrogen therapy versus orchiectomy was performed. Patients with pre-existing
      cardiovascular morbidity were excluded (16%). Prior to the initiation of therapy,
      patients were subjected to exercise stress tests, physiological evaluation of
      peripheral circulation, blood volume estimation, chest X-ray, blood test,
      including hormones, lipoproteins, and antithrombin III, and a physical
      examination and history by a cardiologist. The oestrogen treatment and the
      orchiectomy group did not differ with regard to these pretreatment variables; 25%
      of the patients given oestrogen therapy had cardiovascular complications during
      the initial treatment year compared with none in the orchiectomy group. Three
      statistical discriminating techniques were employed and they allowed us to
      identify 2 strong discriminating variables for cardiovascular complications if
      oestrogen therapy is instituted in patients with prostatic cancer but without
      overt clinical cardiovascular disease. These 2 discriminators were luteinising
      hormone (LH) and ST-segment depression during exercise. This means that a patient
      with ST-segment depression during an exercise test and/or a high luteinising
      hormone concentration should not be treated with oestrogen.

PMID- 2649198
TI  - Emphysematous pyelonephritis: diagnosis by ultrasound.

PMID- 2649199
TI  - Peyronie's disease.

PMID- 2649200
TI  - Renal function after autotransplantation with direct pyelocystostomy. Long-term
      follow-up.
AB  - The function of 20 human autologous kidney grafts was studied for 4 to 8 years
      (mean 5 1/2) after autotransplantation with a direct pyelocystostomy. The
      indications for the operation were low-grade, low-stage tumour of the renal
      pelvis and/or ureter, frequently recurrent renal stones and remaining outflow
      obstruction after pyeloplasty for hydronephrosis. The wide pyelocystostomy
      implies reflux of urine from the urinary bladder to the renal pelvis but no
      significant changes were found in glomerular or tubular function, studied with
      51Cr-EDTA clearance, 131I-Hippuran renography, analysis of beta 2-microglobulin
      and total protein excretion in urine, and determination of concentration ability
      after administration of desmopressin. No increase in the severity or frequency of
      urinary tract infections was observed.

PMID- 2649201
TI  - Vaginal endosonography in the post-operative assessment of colposuspension.
AB  - Vaginal endosonography has been used to investigate the post-operative results of
      colposuspension. The anatomical relationships of the bladder neck, proximal
      urethra and symphysis pubis can be demonstrated with this technique. A successful
      symptomatic and anatomical result was observed in 29/40 women; 11/40 had
      persistent or recurrent symptoms at varying intervals after the operation. Four
      different anatomical configurations were associated with these symptoms, which
      included "early" and "late" recurrent stress incontinence, persistent
      incontinence, voiding difficulties and the frequency-urgency syndrome. Persistent
      or recurrent urinary symptoms were associated with a variety of anatomical
      configurations after colposuspension. Vaginal endosonography is a simple and
      convenient method to investigate the early and late post-operative results of
      operations for urinary stress incontinence.

PMID- 2649202
TI  - Percutaneous surgery of the transplanted kidney.

PMID- 2649203
TI  - A new solution for liver preservation.

PMID- 2649204
TI  - Current management of venous thromboembolic disease.

PMID- 2649205
TI  - Metabolic response to sepsis and trauma.
AB  - This review examines current knowledge regarding the metabolic responses to
      trauma and sepsis. The factors which may mediate the responses are discussed and
      the potential value of pharmacological or nutritional manipulation is reviewed.

PMID- 2649206
TI  - Social stimuli augment estrogen receptor binding in preoptic area of female
      prairie voles.
AB  - In female prairie voles ovarian estrogen secretion is stimulated by exposure to
      males. The present study determined that social stimuli can also enhance the
      neural response to estrogen. Ovariectomized female voles given a fixed amount of
      estradiol and exposed to males had higher levels of estrogen receptor binding in
      cell nuclei in the preoptic area than did females given estrogen and not exposed
      to males.

PMID- 2649207
TI  - Dopamine may influence striatal GABA release via three separate mechanisms.
AB  - We have examined the influence of dopamine (DA) on the spontaneous and
      electrically evoked release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from striatal
      slices prepared from rat brain. We observe that DA has at least 3 separate
      effects on GABA release. These effects include both excitatory and inhibitory
      influences, and involve DA receptors of the D1- and D2-subtypes as well as a
      mechanism that is not mediated by either of these receptors.

PMID- 2649208
TI  - Low doses of accumbens dopamine modulate amygdala suppression of spontaneous
      exploratory activity in rats.
AB  - The effect of pharmacological stimulation of the amygdala on spontaneous
      locomotor activity in the rat and its modulation by accumbens dopamine were
      investigated. Bilateral injection of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid into the
      basolateral nucleus of the amygdala produced a dose-dependent suppression of
      spontaneous locomotor activity in the rat. The suppression of locomotor activity
      was reversed completely by injection of L-glutamic acid diethyl ester, a putative
      glutamatergic antagonist, into the nucleus accumbens but partially enhanced by
      injection of nipecotic acid, a GABA uptake inhibitor, into the ventral pallidum.
      Furthermore, low doses of dopamine injected into the accumbens, which by itself
      did not elicit hyperactivity in the animals, completely reversed the suppression
      of locomotor activity following amygdala stimulation. These results show that the
      projection from the amygdala to nucleus accumbens has an inhibitory effect on
      spontaneous locomotor activity in rats and that dopamine in the accumbens
      attenuated this suppression effect possibly due to its neuromodulatory action as
      demonstrated in previous electrophysiological experiments.

PMID- 2649209
TI  - Cyclosporine-induced lymphoma following a unilateral lung transplant. The Toronto
      Lung Transplant Group.
AB  - Lymphomas are a well-known complication of therapy following organ
      transplantation. To date we have seen one lymphoma develop in a group of 24
      patients who have undergone single or double lung transplantation. We report a 16
      year-old man who developed multiple, rapidly appearing pulmonary nodules four
      months following transplantation. The Epstein-Barr virus and immunosuppressant
      drugs such as cyclosporine A have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this
      patient's rapidly progressive and fatal course.

PMID- 2649210
TI  - Digital teleradiology: Seaforth--London network.
AB  - A total digital teleradiology system using a prototype DuPont laser beam scanner
      (DTR 2000) and a Bell Canada digital transmission network was evaluated. A total
      of 489 radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were transmitted for
      interpretation from a 41-bed rural community hospital in Seaforth to the
      University Hospital in London, Ontario, 80 km away. There was concurrence in 98%
      of these examinations, i.e. the laser-sensitive facsimile film clearly duplicated
      the original film findings and allowed a confident interpretation to be made. We
      conclude that this system could readily serve the needs of family physicians in
      rural communities for radiologic consultation, diagnosis, management, and triage
      of patients 24 hours per day.

PMID- 2649211
TI  - The relationship between viral infections and onset of allergic diseases and
      asthma.
AB  - The pathogenesis of both allergic diseases and asthma remains an unsolved
      mystery. Of considerable interest, and perhaps insight, into this problem are
      clinical observations that viral illnesses play an important role in the allergic
      diathesis. Conclusive evidence to establish a relationship linking viral
      illnesses to clinical allergy has yet to be established. Nonetheless, recent
      observations in this arena are intriguing to scientist and clinician alike. The
      following discussion reviews recent investigations that evaluate the relationship
      between viral illnesses and development of allergic disease and asthma.

PMID- 2649212
TI  - T cell responses in allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis.
AB  - Although clinical responses to allergens have been shown to primarily involve IgE
      antibodies, there is often no clear correlation between the amount of allergen
      specific IgE present in the serum and the nature and severity of allergic
      symptoms. This observation raises the question of the possible role of non-IgE
      mediated types of immune responses in this reaction. It is not known to what
      extent components of T cell-mediated immunity are involved in IgE-mediated
      reactions but several observations suggest an association between atopic disease
      and alterations in cellular immune function. These include the frequent
      association of high serum IgE levels with: (i) several of the primary and
      acquired immunodeficiencies characterized by partial T cell deficiency; (ii) the
      defective cell-mediated immunity and resultant recurrent infections seen in the
      hyper-IgE syndrome; and (iii) the sudden rise in serum IgE levels associated with
      reduced numbers of suppressor T cells in bone marrow transplant recipients during
      the acute graft vs host disease. In this review, we will examine the recent
      evidence suggesting that the T lymphocyte may play a primary role in the
      pathogenesis of atopic disorders.

PMID- 2649213
TI  - Prolonged treatment with topical glucocorticoids results in an inhibition of the
      allergen-induced weal-and-flare response and a reduction in skin mast cell
      numbers and histamine content.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of topical glucocorticosteroid treatment on the immediate
      dermal allergic reaction were studied in 10 patients in a double, randomized,
      placebo-controlled fashion. The aim was to study whether a prolongation of the
      treatment time would enhance the inhibitory effect beyond the 30-40% reduction
      previously reported after 1 week of treatment, and whether any changes in skin
      reactivity were accompanied by changes in the level of mast cells or histamine at
      the challenge site. Allergen and histamine skin-prick tests were performed on
      both forearms before the start of the study and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment
      with placebo cream on one forearm and with 0.05% clobetasol-17-propionate cream
      on the other. Punch biopsies from the skin treated actively and with placebo were
      taken after 4 weeks in eight of the patients. The specimens were used for the
      light-microscopic evaluation of mast cell density and for the measurement of
      histamine and protein content. After 4 weeks of treatment we found a reduction in
      the allergen-induced weal (72%; P less than 0.001) and flare (62%; P less than
      0.05) response. There was also a minor reduction in the histamine-induced weal
      (38%; P less than 0.05) but not the flare response, suggesting that the
      glucocorticoid treatment induced a reduced mediator release at allergen
      challenge. This could be partially explained by the finding of a reduction in the
      number of detectable skin mast cells (85%; from 0.78 to 0.11 mast cells per unit
      area) and in the histamine content of the skin as related to the tissue wet
      weight (36%; P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649215
TI  - Clinical nurse specialist: a facilitator for clinical research.
AB  - The role of the clinical nurse specialist is continuing to expand to include
      participation in clinical research. There is, however, a lack of clinical
      researchers available to conduct nursing research. A clinical nurse specialist
      with a joint appointment between a clinical and an academic setting can
      facilitate clinical research through collaboration. Such collaborative efforts
      can result in improved patient care and nursing practice. This article describes
      several major collaborative models used to join the academic and practice
      settings and discusses their strengths and weaknesses. It also describes in
      detail a collaborative approach in which the clinical nurse specialist play a
      more pivotal role by acting as a facilitator for the collaboration. We discuss
      the formation of the collaborative team, the roles of the participants, and the
      research plan of the team. Suggestions for implementing this model in other
      settings are offered.

PMID- 2649214
TI  - Relationship between skin-prick tests, the multiple allergosorbent test and
      symptoms of allergic disease.
AB  - In 47 atopic subjects, skin-prick testing to 10 common allergens was performed,
      and specific IgE to the same allergens was assessed by the multi-allergosorbent
      chemiluminescent assay (MAST-CLA). Overall agreement between the tests was 66.4%
      for conventionally positive skin tests (weal diameter greater than or equal to 3
      mm), rising to 78.5% when a positive skin test was defined as having a weal
      diameter greater than or equal to 5 mm. Agreement between the tests was
      statistically significant for all allergens except Alternaria. A history was
      obtained from each subject of the presence or absence of allergic symptoms on
      exposure to cats, and whether there was a history of grass pollen allergy. MAST
      CLA testing for specific IgE to cat dander predicted a history of cat allergy
      with an efficiency of 74.5%, while a positive MAST-CLA test for Cocksfoot grass
      predicted a history of grass pollen allergy with an efficiency of 85.1%. Similar
      results were obtained on skin testing for these allergens. We conclude that MAST
      CLA gave results comparable to those obtained by skin-prick testing, and
      correlated equally well with the history of allergic symptoms.

PMID- 2649216
TI  - Clinical nurse specialization: an annotated bibliography--evaluation and impact.

PMID- 2649217
TI  - Health maintenance alteration: a nursing diagnosis of the elderly.
AB  - The continually growing numbers of elderly persons in our society and the
      corresponding increase in health care needs for those over age 65 are providing
      significant challenges to the health care delivery system. Diminishing health
      care resources and a desire to avoid institutionalization of the elderly client
      are creating nursing roles for helping the elderly maintain healthful living
      within the community. Accurate assessment provides the nurse with access to
      client perceptions of health status as well as a picture of the health management
      practices of the older adult. A nursing diagnosis of health maintenance
      alteration is the basis for an individualized plan of care of nursing
      intervention which is directed toward reducing risk factors and assisting the
      elderly client to achieve optimum levels of function and independence within the
      limits of defined health maintenance alterations.

PMID- 2649218
TI  - Determining the efficacy of breast cancer screening.

PMID- 2649219
TI  - Maternal drug use and risk of childhood nonlymphoblastic leukemia among
      offspring. An epidemiologic investigation implicating marijuana (a report from
      the Childrens Cancer Study Group).
AB  - The Childrens Cancer Study Group conducted a case-control study designed to
      assess in utero and postnatal exposures in children with acute nonlymphoblastic
      leukemia (ANLL). Analyses were performed for reported maternal use of medications
      and drugs in the year preceding and during the index pregnancy of the 204 case
      control pairs. An 11-fold risk (P = 0.003) was found for maternal use of mind
      altering drugs just prior to or during the index pregnancy. Compared with ANLL
      cases not exposed to marijuana, exposed cases were significantly younger at
      diagnosis of ANLL (P less than 0.01) and were more often of the myelomonocytic
      and monocytic subtypes (P less than 0.01). Use of antinausea medication for more
      than 11 weeks was also associated with a significantly elevated relative risk of
      2.81 and a dose-response relationship was noted (P = 0.05 for trend). These
      results suggest that maternal drug use of marijuana may have an etiologic role in
      childhood ANLL and may be specific for morphologically defined subgroups.

PMID- 2649220
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma in childhood.
AB  - Seven children with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma younger than 20 years of
      age diagnosed between 1975 and 1986 (inclusive) were treated with a uniform
      adjuvant chemotherapy regimen, which consisted of vincristine (1.5 mg/m2; day 1),
      doxorubicin (45 mg/m2; day 1), 5-fluorouracil (8 mg/kg; days 1 through 5), and
      cyclophosphamide (7 mg/kg; days 1 through 5). This combination chemotherapy was
      given for 12 to 24 months after completion of radiation therapy. The radiation
      doses to the primary sites ranged from 6000 cGy to a maximum of 6800 cGy. The
      radiation doses for neck prophylaxis ranged from 4500 cGy to a total of 5000 cGy.
      Involved sites were irradiated to at least an additional boost of 1000 cGy. One
      patient had an external dose 6000 cGy to the primary site boosted with
      brachytherapy of 3000 cGy at the surface of an ovoid. After chemotherapy
      myelosuppression occurred in all patients and was tolerable. All seven patients
      are surviving, six disease-free, for 22 months to 12 years (median, 4 years).
      This study suggests that the combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy as
      used here has acceptable toxicity and is effective and further suggests that
      children with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, even in its advanced stage at diagnosis,
      may be curable.

PMID- 2649221
TI  - Randomized clinical trial of CFP versus CMFP in women with metastatic breast
      cancer.
AB  - A randomized trial was performed to determine relative efficacy and toxicity of
      two first-line combination chemotherapy regimens in women with metastatic breast
      cancer: CFP (cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, prednisone) and CMFP
      (cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, prednisone). Both regimens have
      reported efficacy in this setting but differ in dosages and scheduling of the
      agents they have in common. Three hundred thirty-six women with no prior
      chemotherapy for metastatic disease were eligible and evaluable, and 309 had
      either measurable or evaluable disease and were assessable for objective
      response. Responses were seen in 65 of 153 (42%) on CFP and 83 of 156 (53%) on
      CMFP (two-sided P = 0.06). Median durations of response were 7.1 months for CFP
      and 8.5 months for CMFP (log-rank, two-sided P = 0.67). Considering all 336
      patients, the median times to disease progression were 4.7 months for CFP and 6.2
      months for CMFP (log-rank P = 0.31) and median survivals were 15.2 and 14.9
      months, respectively (log-rank P = 0.88). Covariate analysis did not alter these
      findings. Median leukocyte nadirs were 1800 for CFP and 1500 for CMFP, with 22%
      and 21%, respectively, having nadirs less than 1000/microliters. Emesis was more
      frequent on CFP (49%) than on CMFP (26%) but was severe in only 7% and 5%,
      respectively. It is concluded that despite a higher response rate on CMFP and
      some differences in toxicities including a higher reported incidence of emesis on
      CFP, there was no substantial difference in efficacy or tolerability between the
      two regimens.

PMID- 2649222
TI  - Reduced incidence of the somnolence syndrome in leukemic children with steroid
      coverage during prophylactic cranial radiation therapy. Results of a pilot study.
AB  - Chemotherapeutic regimens for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
      include a remission induction period with high, daily doses of prednisone among
      other agents. A period of central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis follows,
      during which steroids are often tapered entirely before cranial radiation (CRT)
      is completed or even initiated. The somnolence syndrome (SS) has been described 4
      to 6 weeks after completion of CRT in up to 60% of the children with doses as low
      as 1800 cGy. A pilot study of continuous steroid coverage during CRT in childhood
      ALL was conducted. From July 1984 to July 1986, 38 children entered on Children's
      Cancer Study Group ALL protocols received CRT of 1800 cGy (180 cGy x 10). All
      patients received oral prednisone throughout the entire course of CRT at daily
      doses varying from 3.0 to 60.0 mg/m2. The overall incidence of the SS was 13%
      (five patients). The development of the syndrome was steroid dose-dependent:
      greater than or equal to 15 mg/m2/d (one of 32 patients), 3% incidence; less than
      15 mg/m2 (four of six patients), 67% incidence. The presence of headache during
      CRT was also steroid dose-related: greater than or equal to 15 mg/m2, one of 32
      patients; less than 15 mg/m2, six of six patients. Of the seven patients with
      headache during CRT, five developed the SS. The two patients (both of the less
      than 15 mg/m2 group) who did not develop the SS were the only cases treated with
      increased steroid doses at the onset of headache symptoms. Steroid coverage at a
      dose of greater than or equal to 15 mg/m2 during CRT appears to significantly
      reduce the incidence of acute radiation reactions and the SS. A prospective
      randomized study is planned to confirm these initial findings.

PMID- 2649223
TI  - A case of fatal pemphigus vulgaris in association with beta interferon and
      interleukin-2 therapy.
AB  - Beta interferon (beta-IFN) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been utilized in
      experimental cancer therapy because of their effects on the immune system. We
      report here a patient treated with IL-2 and beta-IFN who rapidly developed an
      immune-mediated, bullous exfoliative dermatitis and who ultimately died. Various
      etiologic mechanisms are proposed.

PMID- 2649224
TI  - An exceptional 18-year follow-up after cardiac transplantation. How can
      malignancies occur during immunosuppressive therapy?
AB  - The present report considers the autopsic study of an homograft recipient who had
      been living for 18.5 years after a cardiac transplantation. The patient was
      treated by immunosuppressive therapy associating azathioprine and steroids.
      During the exceptionally long follow-up, two skin carcinomas and a lung carcinoma
      occurred successively. In addition, the autopsy allowed observation of a kidney
      adenocarcinoma associated to a polycystic disease, and a liver regenerative
      nodular hyperplasia containing several areas of severe dysplasia. These findings,
      when compared with those usually observed in immunodeficient patients, suggested
      the possibility that long-term immunosuppressive therapy may give rise to
      malignancies other than those arising after a short therapy.

PMID- 2649225
TI  - Hypercalcemia and vitamin D metabolism in Hodgkin's disease. Is there an
      underlying immunoregulatory relationship?
AB  - Hypercalcemia is not common in Hodgkin's disease, but in reported cases is often
      unassociated with bone involvement. A case is presented demonstrating a mechanism
      involving elevated levels of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (calcitriol). Similar
      cases in the literature are reviewed. Data implicating calcitriol as a
      hematolymphoid regulatory hormone are discussed as they may relate to lymphomas,
      leukemias, and paraneoplastic lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage activity.

PMID- 2649226
TI  - Alveolar soft part sarcoma. An ultrastructural and immunocytochemical
      investigation of its histogenesis.
AB  - Fourteen alveolar soft part sarcomas were studied using electron microscopic
      analysis and a battery of immunocytochemical procedures in order to critically
      assess the extent to which these methods could explain the histogenesis of the
      tumor. All the tumors were stained with antibodies against keratin, vimentin, S
      100 protein, Leu-7, neuron-specific enolase, desmin, muscle-specific actin,
      myoglobin, smooth muscle myosin, and fast and slow myosins. Eight tumors stained
      for vimentin, eight for desmin, eight for neuron-specific enolase, two for muscle
      specific actin, and one for fast myosin. No reactivity was detected with the
      other antibodies. Electron microscopic study showed a consistent pattern of fine
      structure and clarified the mode of formation of the distinctive cytoplasmic
      crystals which were detected in all 14 tumors. Intermediate filaments were sparse
      and specific myofilaments were not detected. Alveolar soft part sarcoma has a
      myogenic phenotype and the cells show skeletal muscle differentiation but do not
      closely resemble any known prototypic normal cell.

PMID- 2649227
TI  - Immunohistochemical determination of estrogen and progesterone receptors in human
      breast carcinoma. Correlation with histopathology and DNA flow cytometry.
AB  - Human breast carcinomas (n = 232) were evaluated for estrogen and progesterone
      receptors (ER, PR) by immunohistochemical study and by cytosol steroid-binding
      assay (n = 185). The staining was scored (histoscore) by estimates of relative
      nuclear staining intensity and the percentage of positively stained carcinoma
      cells. Of the invasive ductal carcinomas 72% were ER-positive and 55% were PR
      positive. The invasive lobular, intraductal, tubular, and mucinous carcinomas
      were the most frequent ER-positive tumor types, whereas comedo and medullary
      carcinomas only rarely contained ER. Progesterone receptor was most frequently
      present in intraductal, tubular, and mucinous carcinomas. Better differentiated
      tumors with lower histologic grade were significantly associated with high
      prevalence of immunohistochemically determined ER and PR (P less than 0.0001).
      Proliferative cell fraction, determined by DNA flow cytometric study (n = 63),
      was inversely related to ER (P = 0.03) and PR (P = 0.05) status. Aneuploidy was
      independent of ER or PR content.

PMID- 2649228
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the thyroid.
AB  - Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the thyroid is an uncommon occurrence that can
      cause clinical and pathologic problems in diagnosis. The authors report seven
      cases from the files of The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center,
      Houston, Texas. Each presented clinically as a palpable thyroid nodule months or
      years after the primary renal cell carcinoma had been resected. Although renal
      cell carcinoma is more common in men, we found a female predominance of 6:1 in
      this series. These lesions appear as solitary "cold" nodules on iodine 131 scans
      and may be misdiagnosed as primary thyroid neoplasms, especially if the renal
      primary is still unrecognized. A correct diagnosis is important because surgical
      management can be curative. The diagnosis is facilitated by the use of fat
      stains, electron microscopic study, and immunoperoxidase stains.

PMID- 2649229
TI  - Radiological image compression using full-frame cosine transform with adaptive
      bit-allocation.
AB  - We report a new bit-allocation scheme based on the full-frame cosine transform
      for radiological image compression. The new technique differs from a previously
      reported method in its use of a two-dimensional bit-allocation table to encode
      the compression data. This allows for an improved treatment of high frequency
      components in the transform domain. Consequently, it has the capability of
      faithfully reproducing limited numbers of high-contrast sharp edges in the image.
      Previously reported artifacts, induced in the reconstructed image by sharp edges
      in the original, have been eliminated. Experiments with 10 radiological chest
      images show almost no perceivable degradation in the reconstructed image at
      compression ratios below 10:1. Image quality at a fixed compression ratio is, in
      every case, comparable or superior to results using the old method. Furthermore,
      the new algorithm lends itself to hardware implementations that are both simple
      and fast.

PMID- 2649230
TI  - Fine structure and localization of anionic sites on the surface of microfilaria
      of Wuchereria bancrofti.
AB  - The fine structure of the sheath and the cuticle of microfilaria of Wuchereria
      bancrofti was analysed and the results obtained were compared with those from
      other filarial parasites. Cationized ferritin particles bind to the surface of
      the sheath and the epicuticle. No binding of colloidal iron hydroxyde particles
      to the microfilaria surface was observed. Reaction product indicative of
      carbohydrates containing vic-glycol groups was not observed in thin sections of
      microfilaria submitted to the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate
      technique. The results obtained are discussed in relation to previous studies
      using lectins.

PMID- 2649231
TI  - Culture of fibroblast-like cells derived from normal human liver. Identification
      by morphologic and immunologic criteria.
AB  - Fibroblast-like cells were isolated from liver biopsies of normal adult donors.
      The cells were grown in tissue culture first as a heterogeneous population,
      afterwards as homogeneous cultures of fibroblast-like cells. Phase contrast
      microscopy demonstrated that cultured human liver fibroblast-like cells grew as
      monolayers of slender, spindle-shaped cells in parallel arrays. By transmission
      electron microscopy (TEM), cultured human liver fibroblasts were seen to have
      morphological characteristics of in vitro fibroblasts. By
      immunoelectronmicroscopy, cultured fibroblast-like cells were seen to produce
      components of connective tissue, such as fibronectin, collagen type I, type III,
      and small amounts of collagen type IV. These studies demonstrate that it is
      possible to culture morphologically and immunologically identifiable human liver
      fibroblasts from normal human liver.

PMID- 2649232
TI  - Primitive neuroepithelial tumours of soft tissues and of bone: further
      ultrastructural and immunocytochemical clarification of 'Ewing's sarcoma',
      including freeze-fracture analysis.
AB  - The ultrastructural appearances of 7 primitive neuroepithelial tumours (PNETs)
      originating in soft tissues and bone are described. Three of the tumours
      represented primary soft tissue lesions, while locally recurrent tumour or
      pulmonary metastases were studied from the 4 skeletal tumours, all of which had
      been diagnosed previously as Ewing's sarcomas. Rosettes were present in one of
      the soft tissue lesions and although not seen in the primary skeletal neoplasms,
      they were identified by light microscopy (LM) in 2 of 3 pulmonary metastases, one
      of which had the morphology of a neuroepithelioma, with innumerable Homer Wright
      rosettes. Conventional TEM revealed cytoplasmic processes in all cases and
      rosettes in varying stages of development were also evident, but the appearances
      did not achieve the level of cellular organization seen in neuroblastoma:
      microtubules were few, while dense-core granules varied in number but were
      generally sparse and pleomorphic, resembling lysosomes. However, typical
      neurosecretory granules were found in one lung metastasis; the neoplastic cells
      comprising the same tumour also had epithelial markers in the form of well
      constructed desmosomes, while freeze-fracture analysis demonstrated elaborate
      tight junctions. In thin sections, junctions in the other tumours appeared
      rudimentary, but freeze-fracture of a further case revealed small collections of
      membrane particles suggesting extremely poorly developed desmosomes.
      Immunocytochemical study of 4 tumours (2 originating in soft tissue and 2 in
      bone) demonstrated weak to moderate immunostaining for neurone-specific enolase
      and with several monoclonal antibodies reactive with neuroblastomas, but there
      was no evidence of immunolabelling for tyrosine hydroxylase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2649233
TI  - Chromosome 22 breakpoints in variant Philadelphia translocations and Philadelphia
      negative chronic myeloid leukemia.
AB  - The standard t(9;22)(q34;q11) found in Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome positive
      chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) involves a highly restricted (5.8 kb) chromosome
      22 breakpoint cluster region (bcr), which results in the formation of a chimeric
      gene comprising exons from the 5' end of bcr and protooncogene c-abl coding
      sequences from chromosome 9. In a survey of 21 patients with hematologic and
      clinical features of CML we detected rearrangement of the chromosome 22 bcr by
      gene probe analysis in all cases, including 16 with a standard t(9;22), two with
      variant Ph translocations [t(10;22)(q26;q11);t(11;22)(p15;q11)], one with a
      complex Ph translocation [t(9;11;22)(q34;q13;q11)], one with a complex
      translocation and a masked Ph[t(9;14;22) (q34;q24;q11)], and one Ph-negative case
      with a t(1;9)(p32;q34). These observations further substantiate the suggestion
      that, despite karyotypic heterogeneity, a common underlying molecular lesion, the
      bcr-abl gene chimera, is involved in the disease pathogenesis of CML.

PMID- 2649234
TI  - A simple method of chromosomal analysis for colonic adenomatous polyps.

PMID- 2649235
TI  - Analysis of c-Ki-ras mutations in human colon carcinoma by cell sorting,
      polymerase chain reaction, and DNA sequencing.
AB  - We have analyzed colon carcinomas by a combination of histological enrichment,
      cell sorting, polymerase chain reaction, and direct sequencing of the c-Ki-ras-2
      gene. DNA was chemically extracted from 50-microns sections of paraffin-embedded
      colon carcinomas and amplified in vitro, and mutations were documented directly
      by DNA sequencing. Enrichment for tumor cells was obtained histologically and by
      sorting nuclei on the basis of DNA content differences. Mutations in codon 12
      were present in both aneuploid and diploid subpopulations of sorted carcinomas,
      suggesting that these mutations precede ploidy alterations in the progression of
      these neoplasms. We have demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing DNA from
      tissues treated with different fixatives, including methyl carnoys, formalin, and
      Hollande's solution. This procedure allows one to retrospectively reconstruct the
      temporal relationship between the occurrence of mutations and sequential
      morphological changes during tumorigenic progression.

PMID- 2649236
TI  - Glucocorticoid resistance in humans and nonhuman primates.
AB  - In humans, the syndrome of cortisol resistance is characterized by the absence of
      signs and symptoms of Cushing's syndrome, elevated total and unbound plasma
      cortisol concentrations, and increases in urinary free cortisol excretion and
      plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone. In one family, a severely affected member had
      hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis associated with increased plasma
      concentrations of corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone. These patients are
      resistant to suppression of the pituitary-adrenal axis by dexamethasone.
      Dexamethasone therapy, however, effectively corrected hypertension and
      hypokalemic alkalosis in the severely affected patient, without causing signs of
      glucocorticoid excess. The glucocorticoid receptor from these patients has a low
      affinity for glucocorticoids and is unstable during thermal activation. Both the
      molecular weight of the glucocorticoid receptor and the size of the corresponding
      mRNA are similar to those of normal controls. Transformation of B-lymphocytes
      with Epstein-Barr virus leads to induction of glucocorticoid receptors. Receptor
      induction, however, is lower in patient cells than those obtained from normal
      controls. This decreased induction parallels decreased expression of
      glucocorticoid receptor mRNA. Thus, in this form of glucocorticoid resistance the
      glucocorticoid receptor is abnormal and leads to diminished target organ
      responsiveness. Many New World primates exhibit glucocorticoid "resistance,"
      without apparent pathology. These species have markedly elevated plasma cortisol,
      both total and unbound concentrations, increased urinary free cortisol excretion,
      and marked increases in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and beta-endorphin.
      The glucocorticoid receptors of these primates have decreased affinity for
      glucocorticoids, are thermolabile, and are not induced by Epstein-Barr virus
      transformation as indicated by specific binding and mRNA expression. Both the
      molecular weight of the glucocorticoid receptor and the size of the corresponding
      mRNA are similar to those of normal controls. Despite the high plasma cortisol
      concentrations in these primates, there is no sodium retention and aldosterone
      levels are actually increased. The kidney aldosterone receptor cross-reacts
      poorly with cortisol, explaining the absence of sodium retention. New World
      primates also have progesterone, estrogen, aldosterone, and vitamin D
      insensitivity, suggesting a common factor linking steroid hormone receptors.

PMID- 2649238
TI  - The Mr approximately 90,000 heat shock protein: an important modulator of ligand
      and DNA-binding properties of the glucocorticoid receptor.
AB  - This brief report deals with some recent observations relating to the assoclation
      of the Mr approximately 90,000 heat shock protein (hsp90) with the glucocorticoid
      receptor. In its nonactivated state, stabilized by sodium molybdate, the
      glucocorticoid receptor exists as a 9S heteromeric complex containing a single Mr
      approximately 94,000 steroid-binding unit and a dimer of hsp90. Monospecific
      antibodies raised against the purified rat glucocorticoid receptor-associated
      hsp90 interact with the molybdate-stabilized receptor. They also
      immunoprecipitate the Mr approximately 27,000 steroid-binding fragment of the
      receptor generated by trypsin treatment. Thus, hsp90 interacts with the ligand
      binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor. Furthermore, dissociation of the
      glucocorticoid receptor-hsp90 complex results in a major reduction of the
      affinity of the Mr approximately 94,000 receptor entity for its ligand. The
      heteromeric 9S complex does not bind to DNA. When it is activated to a DNA
      binding state, the hsp90 dissociates from the ligand-binding protein. In vitro,
      activation of the cytosolic rat glucocorticoid receptor to a DNA-binding state is
      inducible by the binding of ligand. Taken together, our observations indicate the
      existence of important connections between the association of hsp90 and the
      functions of ligand- and DNA-binding of the glucocorticoid receptor.

PMID- 2649240
TI  - Cor pulmonale: a lethal complication of ventriculoatrial CSF diversion.
AB  - We report the case of a child with cor pulmonale due to chronic thromboembolism
      from a ventriculoatrial shunt. The patient's pulmonary hypertension and heart
      failure did not resolve after removal of the atrial catheter and conversion to a
      ventriculoperitoneal system, and death ensued 2 months later. The reasons for the
      historical ascendancy of ventriculoperitoneal over ventriculoatrial shunts must
      be recalled when circumstances make the peritoneal cavity an unsuitable
      receptacle for CSF diversion. Patients with ventriculoatrial shunts must be
      monitored for cardiopulmonary complications.

PMID- 2649237
TI  - Interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with the Mr 90,000 heat shock protein:
      an evolving model of ligand-mediated receptor transformation and translocation.
AB  - Reports from several laboratories support a model for glucocorticoid receptor
      (GR) transformation in cytosol in which a heteromeric 9S complex of GR and the Mr
      90,000 heat shock protein undergo a temperature-dependent and hormone-promoted
      dissociation to yield the free DNA-binding form of the receptor. In this paper,
      we review evidence that the 9S heteromeric complex is derived from the normal
      inactive state of the receptor in the intact cell and that both Mr 90,000 heat
      shock protein and the untransformed GR localize by immunofluorescence with
      specific monoclonal antibodies to microtubules in a variety of cell types in
      culture. We propose that an association with cytoskeleton may be required for
      translocating the GR from its cytoplasmic site of synthesis to its nuclear site
      of action and that the 9S complex is derived from this cytoskeleton-associated
      form. Similar molybdate-stabilized 9S complexes can be obtained for all of the
      steroid receptors, several of which clearly are localized to the nucleus prior to
      exposure to hormone. These receptors may have moved to the terminus of the
      translocation pathway where they remain in a cytoskeleton-bound "docking"
      position. We speculate that, in the intact cell, ligand-dependent dissociation of
      Mr 90,000 heat shock protein permits the steroid receptors to progress by some
      ordered mechanism to their high affinity sites of action within the nucleus.

PMID- 2649239
TI  - Transient mutism following removal of a cerebellar tumor. A case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - A 14-year-old boy developed mutism 24 h after the removal of a vermian low-grade
      astrocytoma. The mutism was not accompanied by long tract signs or cranial nerve
      palsies. He started to regain his speech 3 weeks postoperatively, and 4 months
      after the operation he was minimally dysarthric. Seven similar cases of transient
      muteness following cerebellar operations and not accompanied by long tract signs
      or cranial nerve palsies have been reported in the literature. In most of them
      there was delayed postoperative onset of the mutism. In all patients the recovery
      of speech started to appear 2 weeks to 3 months postoperatively and passed
      through a dysarthric phase. The absence of long tract or other brain stem signs,
      together with the presence of dysarthria during the recovery of speech, suggests
      a cerebellar cause for the transient muteness.

PMID- 2649241
TI  - Quo vadis, neurochirurgia paediatrica?

PMID- 2649242
TI  - Unusual complication of peritoneal drainage: migration of a shunt in the subdural
      space.
AB  - Quite a number of cases of upward shunt migration have already been reported in
      the literature. The authors report the case of a newborn boy who presented a
      sequential alternate change of pressure gradients based, according to their
      opinion, on fields of pressures exerted by fluids in different compartments of
      the patient's body. The authors propose a physicoanatomical explanation on the
      basis of the surgical findings.

PMID- 2649243
TI  - Congenital AIDS: review of neurologic problems.
AB  - Congenital AIDS results from active maternal infection even though the infant's
      mother may be asymptomatic when the first sign of infection presents in her
      child. In most instances the initial symptoms are not referable to the nervous
      system, however this may be misleading due to the age of the patient. By eighteen
      months of age over 90% have evidence of static or progressive encephalopathy.
      This is almost always due to HIV infection of the central nervous system (CNS)
      since secondary CNS infections are uncommon in children with AIDS.

PMID- 2649245
TI  - Identification, biogenesis, and localization of precursors of Alzheimer's disease
      A4 amyloid protein.
AB  - To study the putative precursor proteins (PreA4(695), PreA4(751), and PreA4(770]
      of Alzheimer's disease A4 amyloid protein, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
      were raised against a recombinant bacterial PreA4(695) fusion protein. These
      antibodies were used to identify the precursors in different cell lines as well
      as in human brain homogenates and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The precursors are
      tyrosine-sulfated, O- and N-glycosylated membrane proteins and have half-lives of
      20-30 min in cells. Cells express the polypeptides at their surface but also
      secrete C-terminal truncated proteins into the medium. These proteins are also
      found in CSF of both Alzheimer's disease patients and normal individuals. The
      proteins are derived from their cognate membrane-associated forms by proteolysis
      and have apparently lost the cytoplasmic and the transmembrane domains. Since the
      latter contributes to the A4 amyloid sequence, it seems possible that this
      proteolytic cleavage represents the first step in the formation of A4 amyloid
      deposits.

PMID- 2649244
TI  - Intratumour factors influencing the access of antibody to tumour cells.
AB  - The histological structure and biochemical composition of human tumours is very
      varied, as is the structure of the microvascular network. It can be expected,
      therefore, that the extravasation, diffusion and convection of macromolecules
      will vary between tumours - and also between areas in the same tumour. The major
      factors influencing the intratumour distribution of injected antibody are
      reviewed and an attempt made to identify the tumour types in which therapeutic
      antibody, with or without a cytotoxin, will distribute most effectively.

PMID- 2649246
TI  - Identification of a DNA binding factor involved in cell-cycle control of the
      yeast HO gene.
AB  - Transcription of the HO gene is controlled by at least eleven trans-acting
      regulators, which are responsible for limiting expression to mother cells and to
      one period in the cell cycle. A subset of these regulators and a repeated element
      (the cell-cycle box, CCB) are required for expression of HO during late G1. We
      describe gel retardation and footprinting experiments that identify a factor,
      CCBF (cell-cycle box factor), that binds to multiple cell-cycle box elements. We
      show that the SWI4 and SWI6 genes are required for formation of the CCBF-promoter
      complex in vitro, either as components of CCBF or as modulators of CCBF activity.
      The other SWI genes (SWI1, 2, 3, and 5) are not required. We also show that SWI4
      and SWI6 are the only SWI genes required for expression in vivo from the CCB
      sequences. These observations indicate that the CCBF is responsible for cell
      cycle regulation of HO and lead to the view that two of the SWI genes, SWI4 and
      SWI6, are specifically involved in this regulatory event.

PMID- 2649247
TI  - bcl-2-immunoglobulin transgenic mice demonstrate extended B cell survival and
      follicular lymphoproliferation.
AB  - Human follicular B cell lymphomas possess a t(14;18) interchromosomal
      translocation that juxtaposes the putative proto-oncogene bcl-2 with the
      immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain locus. We generated minigene constructs
      representing the bcl-2-Ig fusion gene found at this chromosomal breakpoint. These
      constructs were placed into the germ line of mice to assess the effects of the
      t(14;18) during development. The transgene demonstrates a lymphoid pattern of
      expression and uniformly results in an expanded follicular center cell
      population. Hyperplastic splenic follicles coalesce to form massive regions of
      splenic white pulp. Mice over 15 weeks of age demonstrate regional
      lymphadenopathy with abnormal cellular infiltrates. The expanded lymphoid
      compartment is composed predominantly of polyclonal B220-positive, IgM/IgD
      positive B cells. Provocatively, the bcl-2-Ig transgene confers a survival
      advantage to a population of mature B cells assessed in vitro. bcl-2-Ig
      transgenic mice document a prospective role for the t(14;18) in B cell growth and
      the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma.

PMID- 2649248
TI  - Enzyme/crystallins: gene sharing as an evolutionary strategy.

PMID- 2649249
TI  - Visualization of detyrosination along single microtubules reveals novel
      mechanisms of assembly during cytoskeletal duplication in trypanosomes.
AB  - We have been able to use immunogold labeling with monoclonal antibodies specific
      for tyrosinated alpha-tubulin to define new microtubule assembly within the T.
      brucei pellicular cytoskeleton. Using this approach, we have been able to
      visualize and define the detyrosination gradient along single microtubules in
      vivo. New microtubules are seen to invade the cytoskeletal array early in the
      cell cycle between old microtubules. In post-mitotic cells, a unique form of
      microtubule assembly occurs, with very short microtubules being intercalated in
      the array. We propose that these are nucleated by lateral interaction with the
      MAPs on existing adjacent microtubules. This construction pattern suggests a
      templated morphogenesis of microtubule arrays with semi-conservative distribution
      to the daughter cells.

PMID- 2649250
TI  - Disruption of the single tropomyosin gene in yeast results in the disappearance
      of actin cables from the cytoskeleton.
AB  - The yeast tropomyosin gene, designated TPM1, is present in a single copy per
      haploid genome and encodes a protein with a predicted molecular weight of 23.5
      kd. The protein sequence is homologous to higher cell tropomyosins, including the
      characteristic hydrophobic-hydrophilic pseudoheptapeptide repeats. Indirect
      immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that tropomyosin is localized with actin
      cables in wild-type cells. Disruption of TPM1 is not lethal, but results in a
      reduced growth rate and disappearance of actin cables. Strains carrying the
      conditional actin mutation act1-2 also lack actin cables; overexpression of
      tropomyosin in these strains partially restores actin cables. These results
      strongly suggest that tropomyosin interacts with F actin in vivo and may play an
      important role in assembling or stabilizing actin cables in yeast.

PMID- 2649252
TI  - Conservation of mitotic controls in fission and budding yeasts.
AB  - In fission yeast, the initiation of mitosis is regulated by a control network
      that integrates the opposing activities of mitotic inducers and inhibitors. To
      evaluate whether this control system is likely to be conserved among eukaryotes,
      we have investigated whether a similar mitotic control operates in the distantly
      related budding yeast S. cerevisiae. We have found that the protein kinase
      encoded by the mitotic inhibitor gene wee1+ of fission yeast, which acts to delay
      mitosis, is able also to delay the initiation of mitosis when expressed in S.
      cerevisiae. The wee1+ activity is counteracted in S. cerevisiae by the gene
      product of MIH1, a newly identified gene capable of encoding a protein of MW
      54,000, which is a structural and functional homolog of the cdc25+ mitotic
      inducer of fission yeast. Expression of wee1+ in a mih1- strain prevents the
      initiation of mitosis. These data indicate that important features of the cdc25+
      wee1+ mitotic control network identified in S. pombe are conserved in S.
      cerevisiae, and therefore are also likely to be generally conserved among
      eukaryotic organisms.

PMID- 2649251
TI  - Purification of MPF from starfish: identification as the H1 histone kinase
      p34cdc2 and a possible mechanism for its periodic activation.
AB  - MPF extracted from starfish oocytes copurifies with an M phase-specific H1
      histone kinase encoded by a homolog of the fission yeast cell cycle control gene
      cdc2+. The most purified preparations contain p34cdc2 as the only major protein.
      Activation of the p34cdc2 kinase is correlated with appearance of the MPF
      activity both in vivo and in vitro. The increase in protein kinase activity is
      associated with p34cdc2 dephosphorylation and the decrease in protein kinase
      activity on leaving M phase with rephosphorylation. Microinjection of a peptide
      perfectly conserved in p34cdc2 from yeast to humans induces meiotic maturation,
      suggesting that an inhibitory component in G2 arrested oocytes interacts with
      this region of the p34cdc2 kinase. We propose that initiation of M phase is
      brought about by the dephosphorylation of p34cdc2, leading to increase in its
      protein kinase activity.

PMID- 2649253
TI  - Identification of a novel gene encoding an insulin-responsive glucose transporter
      protein.
AB  - Insulin, rapidly and independently of new protein synthesis, stimulates glucose
      transport in sensitive target tissues. A cDNA has been cloned from a skeletal
      muscle library that encodes a novel glucose transporter protein exhibiting the
      following properties of an insulin-regulated hexose carrier protein: it is
      expressed exclusively in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and heart, the principal
      organs with insulin-responsive glucose transport; RNA transcribed from the muscle
      cDNA, when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, encodes a protein capable of
      cytochalasin B inhibitable 2-deoxyglucose transport; and treatment of isolated
      rat adipocytes with insulin effects a redistribution of "muscle" transports from
      low density microsomes to the plasma membrane to an extent comparable to the
      activation of glucose transport.

PMID- 2649255
TI  - Lysis of mycobacteria-infected monocytes by IL-2-activated killer cells: role of
      LFA-1.
AB  - Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) is a ubiquitous soil contaminant that
      rarely causes disseminated disease in adults regardless of immunological status.
      In AIDS patients, however, this organism invades virtually every tissue and
      organ, and most conventional chemotherapeutic agents are usually ineffective
      against MAI. We report here that monocytes, in which MAI has established an
      intracellular parasitic stage, are under the control of natural killer (NK)
      cells. Autologous large granular lymphocytes (LGL), purified from human
      peripheral blood leukocytes, were capable of efficiently lysing autologous MAI
      infected monocytes in a 5-hr 51Cr release assay. More importantly, interleukin 2
      (IL-2) was able to activate the LGL to a higher degree of lysis of infected
      monocytes. LGL cultured in medium alone could not kill normal monocytes, but
      showed some degree of lysis of MAI-infected cells. IL-2 activated killer (LAK)
      cells, on the other hand, lysed normal monocytes to a moderate degree and this
      activity was makedly enhanced if the monocytes were infected with MAI. The
      sensitivity of monocytes was directly proportional to the inoculating number of
      bacteria, indicating that increased bacterial burden would enhance susceptibility
      to LAK-mediated lysis. Finally, the addition of monoclonal antibodies to LFA-1
      (both alpha and beta chains), but not LFA-2 or LFA-3, blocked lysis of both
      infected and uninfected monocytes when added directly to the cytotoxicity assays,
      indicating that this adhesion protein is involved in the lysis of autologous,
      infected monocytes. Thus, NK/LAK cells may be important in containment of
      infection by lysis of infected monocytes before the bacteria can multiply and
      spread to other sites.

PMID- 2649254
TI  - B-cell-mediated depression of the granulomatous response to BCG in mice.
AB  - The depression of the granulomatous response to Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG in
      mice infected intravenously with 2 x 10(7) CFU of the microorganism turned out to
      be mediated by various types of cells arising at different times after infection.
      Anti-PPD B lymphocytes were found to play a major role at Day 1 after infection
      and to be no longer effective 4 days later. At this time the depression was
      mediated by anti-idiotype B lymphocytes, whereas T lymphocytes proved to be
      involved in later phases of the infectious process. These results show that B
      lymphocytes may be of critical importance in the regulation of cell-mediated
      immune reactions to this facultative intracellular parasite.

PMID- 2649256
TI  - Augmentation of the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against syngeneic tumor
      cells by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor.
AB  - In order to clarify the effect of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rHu
      TNF) on the antitumor T cell immune response, we examined the effect of rHu-TNF
      on the generation of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) against syngeneic tumor cells.
      Spleen cells from X5563 plasmacytoma-transplanted mice were stimulated in vitro
      with mitomycin C-treated X5563 cells in the presence or absence of rHu-TNF. The
      generation of CTL was augmented in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of rHu
      TNF. The augmenting effect of rHu-TNF was more marked when indomethacin was added
      to the culture. The augmenting effect was observed only when rHu-TNF was added at
      the early stage of the generation of CTL. The cell surface phenotype of CTL
      generated was L3T4- and Lyt2+. The augmentation was shown not only by the
      chromium-51 release assay but also by the Winn assay. As to the specificity, the
      augmentation of CTL generation was observed by the addition of rHu-TNF when
      responder-primed spleen cells were stimulated with the tumor cells in vitro. On
      the other hand, augmentation was not observed when responder spleen cells were
      not stimulated with the tumor cells in vitro, or when responder spleen cells were
      obtained from normal mice. The CTL generated was not cytotoxic against other
      tumor cells of the same haplotype. Thus, rHu-TNF augmented the generation of CTL
      against syngeneic tumor cells in an antigen-specific manner. The in vivo effect
      of rHu-TNF was examined by administering rHu-TNF into X5563-bearing mice. The
      spleen cells of rHu-TNF-injected mice generated a much higher CTL activity
      against X5563 cells in vitro than did the spleen cells of uninjected mice. From
      these results, a possibility can be considered that in some cases, rHu-TNF may
      exert its antitumor activity by stimulating the immune system.

PMID- 2649257
TI  - Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies recognizing follicle
      epithelial M cells in rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissues.
AB  - A panel of mouse B cell hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed
      against rabbit M cell-containing epithelia was developed. By
      immunohistochemistry, the mAb 5D9, 5B11, 1D9, and 4G2 were found to label
      approximately 50% of the follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cell populations
      overlying lymphoid follicles in Peyer's patches, cecal patch, sacculus rotundus,
      and appendix. The cell staining was localized to FAE cell basolateral surfaces
      outlining the M cell pockets which enclosed clusters of mononuclear leukocytes,
      and extended from the crypts of Peyer's patches and sacculus rotundus, and
      appendiceal crevices, to the apices of domes. In contrast, the stem cell and
      proliferative regions facing the lamina propria were devoid of immunologically
      reactive sites. The mAb 5D9, 1D9, and 4G2 did not recognize antigens associated
      with non-FAE cells in the intestinal lymphoid tissues examined. Only the mAb 5B11
      labeled apical surfaces of Peyer's patch and cecal patch non-FAE. However, this
      mAb did not label interdomal colonic epithelial cells in sacculus rotundus and
      appendix. Besides recognizing FAE cells, the mAb 4G2 recognized a cross-reactive
      antigen displayed by dome and lymphoid follicle lymphocytes. By flow cytometry,
      the mAb 5D9, 5B11, and 1D9 were shown to stain from 14 to 29% of the cells in M
      cell-enriched populations prepared from Peyer's patches, sacculus rotundus, and
      appendix, whereas mAb 4G2 was found to recognize 44-54% of the cells. Two-color
      flow cytometric analysis showed that the mAb stained a functionally distinct
      subpopulation of Peyer's patch phagocytic cells and did not recognize spleen
      macrophages. These findings indicate that the panel of mAb recognized novel
      antigens expressed by FAE cells overlying intestinal lymphoid aggregates, and
      that the mAb allow identification of phagocytic M cells in suspensions of FAE
      cells.

PMID- 2649258
TI  - Differential expression of guinea pig class II major histocompatibility complex
      antigens on vascular endothelial cells in vitro and in experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that vascular endothelial cells do not normally
      express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II antigens either in vivo
      or in vitro. In this investigation it was found that endothelial in the central
      nervous system (CNS) of normal guinea pigs constitutively express MHC Class II
      antigens recognized by the monoclonal antibodies HLA-DR, 27E7, and MSgp8. This
      phenotype is retained when these CNS-derived endothelial cells are propagated in
      tissue culture. Furthermore, examination of CNS tissue taken from animals in the
      acute phase of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis shows
      that additional epitopes of the MHC Class II antigen, detected by the monoclonal
      antibodies CI.13.1 and 22C4, are present during the diseased state. This study
      not only demonstrates constitutive expression of certain MHC Class II
      determinants by guinea pig endothelial cells, but also shows that other Class II
      determinants can be differentially expressed in certain disease states.

PMID- 2649259
TI  - Oxidative stress and muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Oxidative stress may be the fundamental basis of many of the structural,
      functional and biochemical changes characteristic of the inherited muscular
      dystrophies in animals and humans. The presence of by-products of oxidative
      damage, and the compensatory increases in cellular antioxidants, both indicate
      oxidative stress may be occurring in dystrophic muscle. Changes in the
      proportions and metabolism of cellular lipids, abnormal functions of cellular
      membranes, altered activity of membrane-bound enzymes such as the SR Ca2+-ATPase,
      disturbances in cellular protein turnover and energy production and a variety of
      other changes all indicate that these inherited muscular dystrophies appear more
      like the results of oxidative stress to muscle than any other type of underlying
      muscle disturbance. Particular details of these altered characteristics of
      dystrophic muscle, in combination with current knowledge on the processes of
      oxidative damage to cells, may provide some insight into the underlying
      biochemical defect responsible for the disease, as well as direct research
      towards the ultimate goal of an effective treatment.

PMID- 2649260
TI  - Endogenous steroids in the pathophysiology of breast cancer.
AB  - The search for major endocrine abnormalities as causes for breast cancer has not
      been successful, whether it has been directed at patients with this disease or at
      different groups or populations at risk. An early-onset, long-lasting ovulatory
      cycle function seems to be prevalent in different risk categories for breast
      cancer. Women with early menarche, compared with those with late menarche, are
      additionally characterized as having higher circulating estradiol and lower sex
      hormone-binding globulin concentrations. A number of additional findings point to
      estradiol as a central agent in the development of breast cancer, and cyclic
      progesterone secretion does not seem to have a clearly opposing action.

PMID- 2649261
TI  - Structure and regulation of the erythroid system at the level of progenitor
      cells.
AB  - Considerable ground has been covered since the first clonal assays for
      hemopoietic cells were described. The possibility of studying populations of
      progenitor cells and the regulatory factors that influence them has already
      thrown considerable light on our understanding of the structure and physiology of
      the normal erythroid system and its alterations in disease. The relative
      importance of humoral and short-range factors and of possible cell-to-cell
      interactions in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation in the
      erythroid cell lineage is now being studied actively in several laboratories. The
      possibility of analyzing possible regulatory networks involving such highly
      reactive cells as lymphocytes and monocytes-macrophages in defined in vitro
      conditions now exists. As these studies are being extended to the diseased state,
      concepts related to alterations in regulatory mechanisms in syndromes with
      abnormal cell proliferation can be tested. Clinical applications in the treatment
      of patients with hematological disease are being contemplated. The usefulness of
      Epo for the treatment of the anemia of renal disease has been demonstrated
      already.

PMID- 2649262
TI  - Malignant cell glycoproteins and glycolipids.
AB  - The cell surface is involved in cell growth and division, cell-cell interaction,
      communication, differentiation and migration, and other processes likely to be
      involved in malignant transformation and/or the metastatic spread of cancer.
      Although there are many alterations of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the
      malignant cell surface, it is unclear whether these alterations are epiphenomena
      or an integral part of the malignancy process. This article reviews the recent
      literature and some earlier studies relevant for understanding emerging concepts
      and trends with respect to malignant cell glycoconjugates. Emphasis is on
      structural alterations of the carbohydrate portions of malignant cell
      glycoproteins and glycolipids and on the enzymes (glycosyltransferases and
      glycosidases) involved in their metabolism. Practical applications derived from
      malignant cell glycoconjugate studies are discussed briefly with respect to the
      diagnosis, staging, monitoring, and treatment of malignant disease. The review
      concludes by indicating which research areas on malignant cell glycoconjugates
      are likely to be fruitful in increasing our basic understanding of, and ability
      to deal effectively with, malignant disease.

PMID- 2649263
TI  - Quantitative immunofluorescence assay for cyclobutyldithymidine dimers in
      individual mammalian cells.
AB  - An indirect immunofluorescence procedure was developed for the measurement of
      cyclobutyl dithymidine dimers in DNA of individual Syrian hamster embryo cells
      using a specific monoclonal antibody. A fluorescein-labeled secondary antibody
      and a fluorochrome which binds to DNA were used to measure the photoproduct and
      total DNA in the same nucleus. Fluorescence intensity was quantitated with a
      computer-assisted microfluorometric system which was calibrated with a uranyl
      oxide impregnated glass slide. Similar dose-response curves, i.e. normalized
      fluorescence intensity plotted as a function of dose of germicidal irradiation,
      were obtained with two different cell types. Normalized fluorescence intensity
      per nucleus was related to thymidine dimer content with a competitive enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay using DNA isolated from cells given doses of
      germicidal irradiation identical to those used in the immunofluorescence assay.
      Thymidine dimer levels produced by 10 J/m2 of germicidal irradiation
      (approximately 8 x 10(5)/nucleus) and which allow for 15-30% cell survival can
      readily be detected. The specific monoclonal antibody was labeled with tritium
      and used in the immunofluorescence assay to relate the number of antibodies bound
      to the number of thymidine dimers per cell. The data revealed that approximately
      45% of the thymidine dimers in cells exposed to 100 J/m2 of germicidal
      irradiation and essentially all the T mean value of T in cells receiving 20 J/m2,
      were being detected in the indirect immunofluorescence assay. This technique can
      provide a sensitive means for measuring various types of DNA damage in individual
      cells given that the appropriate probes are available. It can be especially
      useful for monitoring occupationally or environmentally exposed populations where
      usually only small samples of cells or tissues are available.

PMID- 2649264
TI  - Repair of O6-methylguanine, O6-ethylguanine, O6-isopropylguanine and O4
      methylthymine in synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides by Escherichia coli ada gene O6
      alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase.
AB  - Self-complementary oligodeoxynucleotides have been synthesized containing O6
      methylguanine (O6meG), O6-ethylguanine (O6etG), O6-isopropylguanine (O6iprG) and
      O4-methylthymine (O4meT). They anneal in solution to give double-stranded DNA.
      These double helices have been used as substrates for the DNA repair protein O6
      alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase coded for by the ada gene of Escherichia coli.
      The repair followed second-order chemical kinetics. O6meG was repaired by the 19
      kd transferase at a rate of 2.54 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 which is close to the
      theoretical limit for a diffusion-controlled reaction; O6etG and O4meT are
      repaired 1,000 and 10,000 times more slowly. The 39-kd alkyltransferase (which is
      precursor to the 19-kd form) and the 19-kd transferase repaired O6etG at similar
      rates. O6iprG was not repaired. The repair of oligomers containing O6meG was only
      slightly inhibited by the presence of nonalkylated oligomers. Oligomers
      containing O6etG were only slightly more effective as inhibitors of repair than
      the nonalkylated oligomers, indicating that the transferase does not bind
      selectively to alkylated DNA. Parallel structural studies have shown that O6
      alkylguanine:C and O4-alkylthymine:A base pairs have a similar geometry with the
      alkylated base displaced into the major groove of the DNA in contrast to O6
      alkylguanine:T and O4-alkylthymine:G base pairs which retain the Watson-Crick
      alignment with N1 of the purine juxtaposed to N3 of the pyrimidine. Measurement
      of the rate of repair of these different base pairs suggests that pairs with the
      alkyl group exposed in the major groove may be repaired more rapidly than those
      with the alkyl group more deeply buried in the helix.

PMID- 2649265
TI  - Immunological detection of DNA-protein complexes induced by chromate.
AB  - A select group of non-histone proteins becomes complexed to DNA after Chinese
      hamster ovary (CHO) cells are treated with potassium chromate. The most abundant
      complexed protein has a mol. wt of approximately 45 kd and is thought to be
      actin. An antiserum to the chromate-induced DNA-protein complexes (DPCs) was
      prepared to facilitate the study of these complexes. Rather than detecting the
      predominant silver-stained proteins of DPCs described in an earlier study, this
      antiserum reacts primarily with an acidic 95-kd protein (p95) that does not
      silver stain. The antiserum can be used routinely to assay for the induction of
      p95-DNA complexes produced by chromate and perhaps by other carcinogens.
      Immunofluorescent staining of CHO cells and immunoblotting of cell fractions show
      the reactive antigens are within the cell nucleus. Blotting experiments with the
      antiserum indicate the chromate-induced p95-DNA complex dissociates in the
      presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, suggesting similarity to the DPCs formed by
      carcinogenic platinum compounds. A reduced species of chromium (probably Cr3+)
      may form DPCs by binding to the nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms of proteins and
      DNA. These results illustrate the usefulness of immunological detection methods
      to study specific DNA-protein interactions induced by carcinogens. The possible
      relevance of DPCs in the carcinogenic process is discussed.

PMID- 2649266
TI  - Carcinogenicity of N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine, N-nitrosobis(2
      hydroxypropyl)amine and cis-N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine administered
      continuously in the Syrian hamster, and the effect of dietary protein on N
      nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine carcinogenesis.
AB  - The effect of continuous week-long administration of the three pancreatic
      carcinogens N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine (HPOP), N-nitrosobis(2
      hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP), and cis-N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine (cis-NNDM),
      by a s.c. implanted osmotic pump, was examined in Syrian hamsters. HPOP at total
      doses of 220-250 mg/kg body weight induced ductal adenocarcinomas in the pancreas
      (41%), and cholangiomas (18%) and cholangiocarcinomas (18%) in the liver, 25
      weeks following the initiation of treatment. Higher doses of HPOP resulted in
      severe hepatic injury and increased mortality (LD50 = 280 mg/kg). Cis-NNDM and
      BHP were less toxic than HPOP and induced pancreatic lesions at doses of 950
      mg/kg. These data document that a week-long schedule of continuous administration
      of HPOP for the induction of pancreatic cancer compares favorably with those
      involving weekly injections. Application of this model to study the effect of
      dietary protein in HPOP-induced carcinogenicity showed that the number of cystic,
      intermediate and tubular complexes in the pancreas was significantly higher in
      animals fed a 20% as compared to an 8% protein diet 2 weeks prior to HPOP
      administration. Furthermore, the incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinomas and in
      situ carcinomas was only 13% in the hamsters fed the low-protein diet as compared
      to 46% in those fed the high-protein diet.

PMID- 2649267
TI  - Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of smoked meat from Nagaland, a region of India
      prone to a high incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer.
AB  - The incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) in the northeastern part of India is
      reported to be high. A possible correlation between consumption of smoked meat by
      the tribal people and high suceptibility to NPC has been postulated. The charred
      portion of smoked beef and meat of other animals was collected from this area,
      extracted with acetone and the extract (SME) was tested using the Ames test as
      well as for chromosomal aberration in mouse bone marrow cells and carcinogenicity
      using Swiss bare mice. It was observed that SME was mutagenic in all five strains
      of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA1538, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537), with or
      without S9 mix, and was clastogenic in a mammalian test system. SME also has the
      potential to induce skin papilloma as well as systemic tumours in Swiss bare
      mice. Chemical analysis of SME revealed the presence of low concentrations of
      volatile nitrosamines.

PMID- 2649268
TI  - Effect of vitamin E on survival, glutathione reductase and formation of chromium
      (V) in Chinese hamster V-79 cells treated with sodium chromate (VI).
AB  - The effect of vitamin E on cytotoxicity induced by Na2CrO4 was evaluated by
      colony-forming assay using Chinese hamster V-79 cells. Pre-treatment with alpha
      tocopherol succinate (vitamin E) for 24 h prior to exposure to Na2CrO4 resulted
      in a marked decrease in the cytotoxicity caused by this compound. The reduction
      of chromate-induced cytotoxicity was observed at all concentrations of Na2CrO4 (5
      15 microM), and the protective effect increased with higher concentrations of
      vitamin E (5-25 microM). The level of glutathione reductase activity, which is
      capable of reducing chromate, was not affected by cellular pre-treatment with
      vitamin E. However, Na2CrO4 decreased glutathione reductase activity in a
      concentration-dependent fashion (5-15 microM) and pretreatment with vitamin E
      resulted in a significant recovery of enzyme activity suppressed by Na2CrO4,
      suggesting that this enzyme inhibition is linked to the cytotoxicity of this
      metal. Electron spin resonance studies showed that a paramagnetic chromium (V)
      complex was formed in cells treated with Na2CrO4, and that cellular pre-treatment
      with vitamin E reduced the formation of this chromium (V) intermediate. These
      results indicate that vitamin E protects cells from chromate-induced cytotoxicity
      as well as from enzyme inhibition, and also suggest that Na2CrO4-induced
      cytotoxicity is mediated by the generation of a reactive intermediate.

PMID- 2649269
TI  - Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4
      (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in human and hamster cells.
AB  - 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a nicotine derived N
      nitrosamine, is a carcinogen that induces tumors in mice, rats and hamsters. To
      assess the ability of NNK to interact with the cellular DNA as an essential step
      in carcinogenesis, the induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was examined
      in cultured normal human lymphocytes (HL) and Chinese hamster V79 cells. SCE
      formation is a sensitive indicator of carcinogen-DNA interaction that correlates
      with the induction of mutation and neoplastic cell transformation. HL and V79
      cells were treated for 2 h with 20, 50, 100 and 200 micrograms/ml of NNK with and
      without application of metabolic activation S-9 mixture, and subsequently
      incubated for two rounds of replication in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine
      required for SCE visualization. In V79 cells NNK produced a dose-dependent
      increase in SCE only with metabolic activation. In HL NNK induced a small but
      statistically significant increase in SCE with or without metabolic activation.
      These data provide the first evidence that NNK and/or its metabolic derivatives
      are able to induce DNA damage leading to SCE formation both in hamster and human
      cells. The differences in response between the two cell types suggests the
      existence of a difference in susceptibility associated with NNK metabolism and
      its interaction with cellular DNA.

PMID- 2649270
TI  - Stimulation of aortic smooth muscle prostacyclin by serotonin: role of distinct
      receptors in contractile and synthetic states.
AB  - It has been shown previously that serotonin stimulates the production of
      prostacyclin by bovine aortic smooth muscle cells in culture, via 5-HT2 receptors
      (Coughlin SR, Moskowitz MA, Antoniades HN, Levine L. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
      1981;78:7134-7138). These cells express a synthetic phenotype, whereas the
      majority of the smooth muscle cells in the media from adult arteries are in a
      contractile state. We have now compared 5-HT stimulated prostacyclin production
      in bovine aortic media explants, a preparation of contractile smooth muscle, with
      cultured smooth muscle cells derived from the explants. In the 1-10 microM range,
      serotonin stimulates the release of prostacyclin from the explants of bovine
      aortic media, cultured for a short period. In the presence of cocaine (30
      microM), 1 microM was sufficient to produce a maximal effect. The stimulatory
      action of serotonin was sustained with time and did not induce a lasting
      desensitization. The effect of serotonin on the explants was inhibited only
      partially (+/- 30%) by ketanserin, a selective and potent 5-HT2 antagonist. It
      was mimicked by 5-carboxamido-tryptamine, a 5-HT1 agonist, but was only weakly
      inhibited by methiothepin, a 5-HT1 antagonist. As expected, in cultured smooth
      muscle cells, 5-carboxamido-tryptamine was only a weak agonist in stimulating
      prostacyclin production. In conclusion, it appears that the serotonin effect on
      prostacyclin production is mediated by different receptors in media explants from
      bovine aortic media and cultured cells obtained by outgrowth from these explants:
      a 5-HT2 receptor in the smooth muscle cells in culture and a receptor presenting
      some similarities with 5-HT1 receptors in the explants.

PMID- 2649271
TI  - Atherosclerosis and the cholesterol connection: evolution of a clinical
      application.

PMID- 2649272
TI  - An algorithm for testing and reporting serum choriogonadotropin at clinically
      significant decision levels with use of "pregnancy test" reagents.
AB  - We present an algorithm for monitoring the concentration of human
      choriogonadotropin (hCG) in serum at various clinical decision levels with use of
      fast, simple, and cost-effective qualitative pregnancy test reagents for hCG in
      serum. Based on correlation between laboratory data and clinical observations
      described in the literature, the following concentrations of hCG in serum can be
      considered as clinically significant decision levels: 5 int. units/L to exclude
      or "rule out" the presence of increased hCG; 25 int. units/L for "confirming
      pregnancy" or confirming the presence of increased hCG from sources other than
      the trophoblast; and 6500 and 82 500 int. units/L to enhance the sonographic
      diagnoses of ectopic pregnancies and molar pregnancies, respectively. We used
      Tandem Icon II (Hybritech) pregnancy test reagents and evaluated the reagents for
      possible "false-positive" findings at the 25 int. units/L limit of hCG
      detectability by analyzing 100 post-menopausal and more than 4000 premenopausal
      serum specimens. The performance of the reagents was validated also at 5 int.
      units/L and at limits of hCG detectability greater than 25 int. units/L.

PMID- 2649274
TI  - Solid-phase enzymoimmunoassay of estrone in saliva.
AB  - In this solid-phase enzymoimmunoassay for estrone in saliva, microtiter plates
      are used after extraction of the sample with diethyl ether. No chromatographic
      step is involved. The detection limit of the assay is 450 fg per well (33
      pmol/L). Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation for the assay of low,
      medium, and high concentrations of estrone in saliva were respectively 4.2, 12.7;
      5.2, 8.7; and 2.7, 5.8%. Using this assay, we found a highly significant
      correlation (P less than 0.001) between estrone concentrations in time-matched
      serum and saliva samples. The analytical procedure is rapid and relatively
      simple. One person can assay 50-60 saliva samples during a normal working day. We
      conclude that the assay is very suitable, even in small laboratories, for saliva
      estrone measurements, which, in facilitating serial sampling, enables dynamic
      observations of estrone concentrations and ovarian activity to be more easily
      made.

PMID- 2649273
TI  - Cyclosporine concentrations in blood after liver transplantation: correlation of
      immunoassay results with clinical events.
AB  - To investigate the clinical utility of immunoassays for cyclosporine and
      metabolites in plasma and whole blood, we monitored 25 patients after orthotopic
      liver transplantation. We compared cyclosporine as measured by TDx fluorescence
      polarization immunoassay (of both plasma and whole blood) and by two polyclonal
      radioimmunoassays (from Sandoz and INCSTAR). We found considerable differences in
      measured cyclosporine concentrations, which were dependent on method, matrix, and
      clinical condition. Correlation coefficients between results by the various
      methods for samples from individual patients ranged from 0.825 to 0.996. The
      three methods used for monitoring cyclosporine in whole blood gave proportional
      results (Sandoz less than INCSTAR less than TDx) in individual patients, but
      results for the two methods for plasma sometimes differed by more than 100%. In
      some cases, ratios of plasma cyclosporine concentration (result by TDx/result by
      Sandoz) were correlated with disturbances in hepatic excretory function or kidney
      function. This ratio may be useful in monitoring for nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2649275
TI  - Immunoradiometric assay of carcinoembryonic antigen with use of avidin-biotin
      labeling.
AB  - In evaluating an enzyme-linked immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) we
      found that the IgG fraction of polyclonal anti-CEA antibodies (DAKO) bound very
      well to the walls of polypropylene test tubes. We therefore developed an
      immunoradiometric CEA assay based on this binding of polyclonal anti-CEA
      antibody. We biotinylated a commercially available monoclonal antibody
      (Hybritech) and bound this to the CEA-anti-CEA bound to the tube wall. For
      detection we used 125I-labeled streptavidin. In comparison with several
      immunoassays for CEA this system offered several advantages such as greater
      linearity of the standard curve (from 0 to 74 micrograms/L), a steeper dose
      response curve, and smaller coefficients of variation in the clinically useful
      range. This assay system may be used for other large molecules, so that only one
      tracer, the 125I-labeled streptavidin, has to be labeled; thus the technique
      seems suited for several different assays.

PMID- 2649276
TI  - Determination of cyclosporine in plasma: specific radioimmunoassay with a
      monoclonal antibody and liquid chromatography compared.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay of cyclosporine (Sandimmune) involving use of a mouse
      monoclonal antibody was tested to monitor specifically the parent drug in plasma.
      The cyclosporine concentrations obtained by RIA were compared with those obtained
      by the HPLC method. For the RIA method, the within- and between-assay CVs are
      less than 6%, the limit of detection is about 10 micrograms/L for a 50-microL
      sample of plasma. For the HPLC method, the within- and between-assay CVs are less
      than 20%, the limit of detection is about 15 micrograms/L for a 1-mL sample of
      plasma. The concentrations by RIA correlated well with those by HPLC in samples
      from patients receiving bone-marrow (n = 39), heart (n = 52), or liver (n = 51)
      transplants. In all indications, the ratio of values by RIA to those by HPLC for
      these samples remained stable and close to 1 during the drug-monitoring period,
      i.e., for up to 202 days. Therefore, the specific RIA can be used instead of HPLC
      to measure the parent drug in plasma.

PMID- 2649277
TI  - Separation and identification of urinary proteins and stone-matrix proteins by
      mini-slab sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Mini-slab electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel can be
      used to detect protein in unconcentrated urines containing more than 100 mg of
      protein per liter. Several urinary proteins--including albumin, transferrin, and
      the Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein--precipitate, partly or totally, if urine samples
      are stored at 4 degrees C for one or two days. The present procedure permits
      identification of the albumin and transferrin in unconcentrated urines, thus
      avoiding their partial loss. Stone-matrix proteins in 10 mg or more of urinary
      calculi also could be detected. Albumin, transferrin, and Tamm-Horsfall
      mucoprotein accounted for greater than 40% of the total matrix protein in most of
      the urinary stones analyzed. The precipitation properties of these proteins and
      their high concentrations in stone matrix relative to those in urine suggest that
      they may play a role in stone formation and growth.

PMID- 2649278
TI  - Rapid determination of ferritin in serum by the "stratus"
      fluoroenzymoimmunometric assay.

PMID- 2649279
TI  - Shaking polystyrene beads during coating with antibody: effect on the precision
      profile of enzyme immunoassay of triiodothyronine.

PMID- 2649280
TI  - Immune cell functions in iron overload.
AB  - A number of studies done in the last 10 years demonstrate the importance of iron
      in regulating the expression of T lymphoid cell surface markers, in influencing
      the expansion of different T cell subsets and in affecting different immune cell
      functions in vitro. It has been argued that some of the results obtained could be
      explained by the formation of iron polymers in the experimental conditions used
      in vitro (Soyano Fernandez & Romano, 1985). In this review the results of studies
      of immunological function in clinical situations of iron overload are analysed.
      From this analysis, it is concluded that the majority of the observations made in
      vitro have a counterpart in vivo, thus providing additional compelling evidence
      for the importance of iron as an immunoregulator.

PMID- 2649281
TI  - Cellular infiltration in induced rat thyroiditis: phenotypic analysis and
      relationship to genetic restriction.
AB  - We have investigated the responsiveness to thyroglobulin (Tg) plus complete
      Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and B. pertussis in a variety of inbred and MHC congenic
      strains of rats in terms of both Tg-autoantibody titres and histological
      thyroiditis index. Severity of thyroiditis was strongly Tg-dependent and closely
      related to the RT.1-MHC haplotype. Phenotypic examination of the inflammatory
      thyroid infiltrate using single and double indirect immunofluorescence techniques
      revealed a high proportion of macrophages and T lymphocytes, mainly of the
      cytotoxic/suppressor subset, in the high responder strains. Thyroid epithelial
      class II MHC expression although not prominent was strain-restricted and related
      to the amount of Ia+ leukocyte infiltrate.

PMID- 2649283
TI  - Immunological aspects of cerebral lesions in murine malaria.
AB  - The majority of male C57Bl/Rij mice died infected with Plasmodium berghei early
      in the second week. Death was closely correlated to collapse of the
      thermoregulation of the body, with perivascular oedema and petechial haemorrhages
      in the brain. Mice that did not show a collapse of thermoregulation (temperature
      drop below 30 degrees C) and survived for more than 2 weeks after infection did
      not show haemorrhages. Development of this syndrome (temperature below 30 degrees
      C; early death; haemorrhages) during infection depended on the presence of the
      spleen and was prevented by irradiation of the spleen or a timely treatment with
      dexamethasone, anti-T-cell serum or immune serum.

PMID- 2649282
TI  - Autoimmune abnormalities in a murine model of accelerated senescence.
AB  - Immunopathological abnormalities in senescence-accelerated mice (SAM) were
      studied by comparison of senescence-prone (SAM-P/1) and senescence-resistant (SAM
      R/1) mice. Sera from SAM-P/1 mice contained a number of autoantibodies, including
      natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody (NTA), anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and IgG
      anti-single-stranded and anti-double-stranded (ss and ds) DNA antibodies.
      Furthermore, an earlier increase in serum IgG2 levels and an earlier appearance
      of IgG circulating immune-complexes (CIC) associated with low C3 levels, were
      observed in SAM-P/1 mice. These serological findings were distinctive features in
      SAM-P/1 mice, which could almost discriminate these mice from SAM-R/1 mice. In
      addition, age-associated glomerular mesangial and capillary lesions with granular
      IgG and C3 deposition were frequently observed in SAM-P/1 mice, whereas SAM-R/1
      mice even at 10 months of age showed only mild mesangial lesions. These findings
      suggest that autoimmune abnormalities may contribute to the accelerated
      senescence in these mice.

PMID- 2649284
TI  - Immunocytochemical analysis of cellular responses to BCG.
AB  - The study reported here was performed to find out whether changes in the number
      of mycobacteria in various organs of BCG-infected mice can be related to changes
      in the phenotype of monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes in the blood, various
      tissues, and peritoneal cavity and to the formation of granulomas in the spleen,
      liver and lungs. The relative amounts of various antigens on the leukocytes were
      assessed semi-quantitatively after immunocytochemical detection of the binding of
      monoclonal antibodies. Granuloma formation was determined after
      immunocytochemical staining of cells in sections of liver and lung tissue with a
      monoclonal antibody against the common leukocyte antigen and in sections of the
      spleen with a monoclonal antibody against the Mac-2 antigen. The results showed
      that during the first week of infection the number of BCG in spleen, liver and
      lungs declined considerably. Multiplication of mycobacteria during the second
      week of infection was associated with decreased expression of antigen F4/80 and
      increased expression of Ia antigen and Mac-2 antigen by blood monocytes and
      macrophages. Reduction of the numbers of BCG in the spleen and liver during the
      third week after i.v. injection of BCG and in lungs during the fourth week of the
      infection was found to be correlated with the degree of granuloma formation in
      these organs. After intravenous injection of killed BCG no changes were observed
      in the phenotype of monocytes and the macrophages in spleen, liver, lungs and
      peritoneal cavity. These mice showed considerably less granuloma formation than
      BCG-infected mice. The present results indicate that live but not killed
      mycobacteria induce macrophage activation.

PMID- 2649285
TI  - Antibodies to phosphocholine-bearing antigens in lymphatic filariasis and changes
      following treatment with diethylcarbamazine.
AB  - Sera from a total of 78 patients infected with Wuchereria bancrofti or
      appropriate controls were assayed for anti-phosphocholine antibodies in an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent-assay (ELISA), using phosphocholine as an antigen. Anti-PC
      antibodies (both IgM and IgG) were observed in patients with all clinical forms
      of filariasis but, unexpectedly, were not significantly different from those of
      normal controls. Among the filariasis patients, however, individuals with patent
      microfilaraemia had significantly lower IgM-anti-PC titres (P less than 0.05)
      than did those of the other clinical groups. Competitive studies showed that
      'naturally occurring' anti-PC antibodies interfere with PC antigen detection.
      Transient increases in the levels of circulating PC antigen were found by 3 days
      after treatment of microfilaraemic individuals with the filaricidal drug
      diethylcarbamazine. The subsequent decreases in antigen levels were generally
      associated with increased IgM- and IgG-anti-PC antibody levels. Such changes
      likely affect not only the ability to monitor the parasitological status of such
      individuals, but also the patient's subsequent immune interactions with filarial
      parasites.

PMID- 2649286
TI  - Natural and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in different clinical stages of human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC, from 64 HIV-1-infected patients were
      tested for natural killer (NK) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
      (ADCC) functions against HIV-1-infected U937 clone 2 cells. The ADCC function was
      tested both with serum and effector cells from the same patient, with an HIV-1
      antibody positive serum and with rabbit IgG antibodies against beta 2
      microglobulin expressed on the virus-infected target cells. NK and ADCC functions
      were often found to be suppressed in HIV-1-infected individuals regardless of the
      severity of HIV-1 infection. The fact that impaired effector cell functions could
      be detected even in asymptomatic carriers, suggests that profound changes in
      cellular immunity may be present at an early stage of HIV-1 infection.

PMID- 2649288
TI  - Circulating monocyte migration inhibitory factor in serum of Graves'
      ophthalmopathy patients: a parameter for disease activity?
AB  - A factor which inhibits the random migration of monocytes in vitro was found in
      the serum of nearly half of Graves' ophthalmopathy patients. This factor was
      found in serum of only 4% of the healthy controls. When the Graves'
      ophthalmopathy patients were subdivided, on clinical criteria (pain, redness,
      swelling and impaired function), into patients with active disease and patients
      with inactive disease, the serum factor was found in 61% of the patients with
      active inflammatory disease and only in 14% of the patients with inactive
      disease. Furthermore this factor was also found in the serum of patients with an
      acute episode of uveitis, suggesting that it may be a useful marker for
      assessment of a localized inflammatory process.

PMID- 2649287
TI  - Role of the LFA-1 adhesion glycoprotein in neutrophil adhesion to endothelium and
      plastic surfaces.
AB  - Neutrophil adherence to endothelium is known to be mediated, at least in part, by
      adhesion molecules such as LFA-1. Deficiency of these adhesion molecules leads to
      recurrent infection and early death from infection. As screening for defects of
      these adhesion glycoproteins is often performed by the ability of neutrophils to
      adhere to plastic plates, in this study a comparison of neutrophil adherence by
      the CD18/CD11a (LFA-1) mechanism to endothelium and plastic surfaces was
      examined. Baseline neutrophil adherence was two-fold higher to plastic than to
      endothelium (17% +/- 9 for plastic, 8% +/- 5 for endothelium). Baseline adherence
      to endothelium was partially inhibitable by anti-LFA-1 antibodies, whereas no
      inhibition of adherence occurred on plastic. Neutrophil stimulants increased
      adherence to both surfaces, although only on endothelium was this increase
      attributable to the LFA-1 mechanism. IL-1 increased adherence to endothelium, but
      had no effect on plastic. We conclude that adherence of neutrophils to plastic
      surfaces probably represents overall activation status through undefined
      mechanisms, is not by LFA-1 receptor ligand interactions, and is therefore a non
      physiological phenomenon. Endothelial receptors are pivotal in neutrophil
      adherence. It would be more appropriate to screen leucocytes for leucocyte
      adhesion deficiency by assaying for specific receptor occupancy with monoclonal
      antibodies, rather than an assay such as adhesion to plastic where the adhesion
      ligand is non specific.

PMID- 2649289
TI  - Quantitative analysis of cultured thymic reticulo-epithelial cells labelled by
      different antibodies: a flow cytometric study.
AB  - Quantitative measurements of cultured human and murine thymic, and human thymoma
      reticuloepithelial cells (REC), immunolabeled by different antibodies (Ab) (TE3,
      TE4, anti-HTLV p19(p19), lu5, K11 and Aks) and by thymic hormones (thymulin and
      thymosin alpha 1 (Ta1)) within these cells, were performed using a flow
      cytometric technique. The anti-keratin polyclonal Ab labeled nearly the whole
      human or murine population. The p19 monoclonal Ab (MoAb), specific for the
      subcortical/medullary thymic regions, labelled 37-77% of the human REC. The TE3
      MoAb, specific for the cortical region, labelled 54-83% of the REC. These
      percentages suggest that the cultured thymic REC (TREC) had markers of both
      regions together and therefore that these markers are not absolutely specific to
      determine their subcortical/medullary or cortical thymic origin. For the three
      populations there were more cells containing Ta1 than thymulin. The overlap of
      the percentage of labelled cells suggests that the same cell could synthesize the
      two hormones and that these hormones could be localized within the TE3 positive
      cells.

PMID- 2649290
TI  - A syngeneic monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody against HNK-1: characterization and
      cytotoxic activity in vitro.
AB  - A syngeneic, monoclonal, anti-idiotype antibody, G6D9, was raised against the
      mouse monoclonal IgM HNK-1. G6D9, characterized as an IgG1-kappa, inhibits the
      binding of HNK-1 to the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). G6D9 does not
      interfere with the binding of various human monoclonal anti-MAG IgM to their
      specific antigen. G6D9 binds HNK-1 hybridoma cells on their surface and within
      their cytoplasm, as demonstrated using indirect immunofluorescence. In the
      presence of complement, G6D9 is cytotoxic for HNK-1-secreting cells. A cell lysis
      of 32% was observed and compared to lysis obtained with other antibodies directed
      against mouse lymphocyte antigens. The use of G6D9 as a tool to study specific
      cytotoxicity and immunotherapy in vivo is discussed.

PMID- 2649291
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against rat platelets. I. Tissue distribution in vitro and
      in vivo.
AB  - In this study we describe a new monoclonal antibody (MoAb PL.1) against rat
      platelets. Immunohistology of various rat tissues showed staining of platelets,
      especially in the spleen, and staining of megakaryocytes in bone marrow and
      spleen red pulp. In the liver small platelet aggregates and endothelial cells
      were stained. After in-vivo administration of MoAb PL.1 an acute severe
      thrombocytopenia was observed. In general the distribution of the antibody and/or
      antibody-coated platelet aggregates showed the same pattern as after in-vitro
      incubation, i.e. staining of rat platelets and platelet aggregates in spleen red
      pulp, and staining of megakaryocytes in spleen and bone marrow. Platelet
      aggregates were observed in the liver and electron microscopy indicated that they
      were associated with Kupffer cells. Furthermore, liver endothelial cells were
      positively stained. Comparison of the molecular weight of the antigens recognized
      by this MoAb and by human anti-platelet MoAbs, as well as comparison of staining
      patterns of megakaryocytes indicated that MoAb PL.1 is probably directed to a
      GPIIb/IIIa complex analogue. Since MoAb PL.1 is of the non-complement-binding
      mouse IgG1 isotype, it can be used for studying clearance of platelet aggregates
      by Fc-receptors of the MPS. It also promises to be a useful tool in the study of
      platelet involvement in rats with experimental nephritis.

PMID- 2649292
TI  - MAC technique (morphology antibody chromosomes) in phenotypic identification of
      proliferating NK and T cells in interleukin-2-stimulated lymphocyte cultures.
AB  - Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were activated with recombinant interleukin 2
      (rIL-2) and cultured in fetal calf serum (FCS)- or human-AB-serum-supplemented
      media. Proliferative cells were identified by the MAC technique (morphology
      antibody chromosomes) which enables the immunoenzymatic identification of both
      mitotic and non-proliferating cells in unfractionated lymphocyte populations. The
      results indicate that the phenotype of more than 90% of proliferative lymphocytes
      can be characterized by using antibodies against T cells and NK cells.
      Substantial mitotic activity of CD4-positive (CD4+) T cells was observed only in
      FCS-supplemented cultures, whereas in serum-free or human-AB-serum-supplemented
      cultures mostly CD8+ T cells and NK cells proliferated. The proportion of NK
      cells among all mitotic cells varied between 14 and 32%. Interestingly, in
      unfractionated cultures approximately 13% NK cells entered mitoses in the
      presence of rIL-2, suggesting that the poor proliferative capacity of purified NK
      cells demonstrated previously may be due to the lack of accessory stimulatory
      signals. The proliferation of B cells was minimal in all experiments. The MAC
      technique is a useful addition to the techniques by which lymphocyte growth
      regulation is monitored.

PMID- 2649293
TI  - Insulin autoantibodies in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.
AB  - Anti-insulin autoantibodies were detected in NOD mice using ELISA. The antibodies
      were detected as early as at 5 weeks of age, long before onset of clinically
      overt diabetes, especially in diabetes-prone female mice. The anti-insulin
      specificity was verified by passage on affinity chromatography insulin columns
      and demonstration that the anti-insulin activity was located on the F(ab')2
      region of the immunoglobulins. The presence of anti-insulin antibodies in
      prediabetic NOD mice provides a unique possibility for studying their
      significance and their eventual pathogenic role in the development of insulin
      dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2649294
TI  - Local reactivity, local resistance and systemic dissemination in Mycobacterium
      lepraemurium (MLM) infection.
AB  - Local reactivity measured as swelling of the infected footpad, local resistance
      to bacterial multiplication, and capacity to limit systemic dissemination were
      studied in C57BL, C3H/Bom, C3H/HeJ, and A/Sn mice inoculated with Mycobacterium
      lepraemurium. C57BL mice developed a strong local reaction with a sudden onset,
      and effectively limited local multiplication as well as systemic dissemination of
      bacteria to the liver and spleen as determined 19 weeks after the inoculation.
      C3H/Bom mice showed no local reaction, had high numbers of bacteria locally, and
      had extensive systemic dissemination of the infection. C3H/HeJ mice, on the other
      hand, developed a small local reaction and had less systemic dissemination of
      bacteria than C3H/Bom mice. In C57BL mice and in the two C3H substrains local
      reactivity, local resistance to infection, and resistance to systemic spread of
      the infection paralleled each other. In contrast, A/Sn mice showed a small local
      reaction, had the most extensive bacterial multiplication at the site of
      inoculation of the four mouse strains tested, and at the same time were the mice
      that most effectively restricted systemic dissemination of the infection. Thus,
      the mechanisms restricting local bacterial multiplication may be different from
      the mechanisms limiting bacterial dissemination. Neither bacterial growth locally
      at the site of subcutaneous inoculation in the footpad, nor systemic
      dissemination of the infection, followed a mouse strain pattern consistent with
      the Ity/Lsh/Bcg gene model. In experimental mycobacterial infection both local
      bacterial growth at the site of inoculation and systemic dissemination should be
      determined.

PMID- 2649296
TI  - Infectious diseases: diagnosis utilizing DNA probes. Understanding a developing
      clinical technology.

PMID- 2649295
TI  - Isolation and immunological characterization of a group of new B lymphomas from
      CBA mice.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized a new series of B lymphoma which occurred
      spontaneously in a group of CBA/N mice that were transferred with spleen or lymph
      node cells from 24-month-old CBA/Ca mice. Tumor cell lines from six CBA/N mice
      that received spleen cells were rescued and designated as BKS-2, BKS-3, BKS-4,
      BKS-5, BKS-6, and BKS-7. Also, tumor cells from a recipient of lymph node cells
      were rescued and the resulting cell line was designated BKL. These tumor cells
      expressed membrane immunoglobulin (mu, kappa), major histocompatibility complex
      Class I and Class II molecules, B220, Lyb8, Fc receptors, J11d, interleukin 2
      receptors, and Ly1. All of the tumors did not express the T cell specific markers
      Thy 1.2, L3T4, and Lyt2.1. They appeared to be clonal in origin, since they
      exhibited common rearrangements at both heavy and light chain immunoglobulin
      loci. Phenotypically, these lymphomas appeared to be analogous to immature B
      cells. Also, these lymphomas displayed different functional reactivities when
      treated with various B cell mitogens and growth factors in vitro. Anti-mu
      antibodies which normally induce B cell growth inhibited the proliferation of
      these lymphoma cells in vitro, whereas they responded to lipopolysaccharide, T
      cell-derived growth factors, and interleukin 5 by enhanced proliferation. These
      tumor cells expressed constitutively high levels of c-myc mRNA.

PMID- 2649297
TI  - Thyroiditis. Differentiation of acute suppurative and subacute. Case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Acute suppurative thyroiditis is rarely seen during childhood. The classic
      clinical features of this illness (fever, neck pain, and a swollen, tender mass
      over the thyroid gland) can differentiate acute thyroiditis from the more common
      subacute thyroiditis. In less typical cases, however, this distinction can be
      difficult. An adolescent male presented with a swollen, tender thyroid gland.
      Atypical laboratory findings and the lack of fever and toxicity delayed the
      diagnosis and treatment of acute suppurative thyroiditis. A review of the
      pediatric literature summarizes clinical and diagnostic features valuable in the
      differential between acute suppurative thyroiditis and subacute thyroiditis in
      childhood. The important contribution of fistulae between the piriform sinus and
      thyroid gland to the pathogenesis and acute suppurative thyroiditis is
      emphasized. Such a fistula should be sought in every patient in whom this entity
      is diagnosed.

PMID- 2649298
TI  - Kenny-Caffey syndrome. Case report and literature review.
AB  - Kenny-Caffey Syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by growth retardation,
      uniformly small slender long bones with medullary stenosis, thickened cortex of
      the long bones, hypocalcemia possibly with tetany at an early age,
      hyperphosphatemia, ocular abnormalities, and normal intelligence. We report a
      child with Kenny-Caffey Syndrome and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and present a
      review of the literature summarizing the reported cases of this rare syndrome.

PMID- 2649299
TI  - Effect of transdermal clonidine on the endocrine responses to insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia in essential hypertension.
AB  - Clonidine hydrochloride via the central nervous system lowers blood pressure,
      inhibits ACTH and catecholamine release, and stimulates growth hormone secretion.
      To evaluate the effect of this drug on the release of glucoregulatory hormones
      during hypoglycemia, we studied the responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia
      (0.1 units/kg) in 10 patients with mild essential hypertension before and after
      treatment for 16 weeks with transdermal clonidine. Clonidine significantly
      lowered blood pressure, basal plasma norepinephrine levels, and epinephrine and
      renin activity but did not affect basal growth hormone concentrations. Clonidine
      significantly reduced the norepinephrine and epinephrine responses to
      hypoglycemia (norepinephrine AUC from 207 +/- 16 SE to 156 +/- 25 nmol/L/min,
      epinephrine from 157 +/- 28 to 99 +/- 29 nmol/L/min; both p less than 0.05) and
      increased the growth hormone response (AUC from 763 +/- 148 ng/min/ml to 1164 +/-
      292 ng/min/ml; p less than 0.05) but did not affect the cortisol response or the
      magnitude or rate of glucose recovery from hypoglycemia. Thus transdermal
      clonidine has several effects on glucose counterregulatory hormones that do not
      significantly alter insulin sensitivity or impair recovery from hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2649300
TI  - Nicardipine and hydrochlorothiazide in essential hypertension.
AB  - Nicardipine is an investigational dihydropyridine calcium channel blocking agent.
      One hundred fifty-one patients with hypertension received either 30 mg
      nicardipine t.i.d. or 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide b.i.d. in a double-blind,
      randomized, multicenter trial. After 4 weeks of therapy and at the end of the
      dosing interval, nicardipine reduced arterial pressure by 10/6 mm Hg and 12/6 mm
      Hg in the supine and standing positions, respectively (all p less than 0.01). In
      the hydrochlorothiazide group, the reductions were 12/6 mm Hg and 14/6 mm Hg,
      respectively (all p less than 0.01). The maximum reduction in blood pressure of
      16/14 mm Hg supine and 20/15 mm Hg standing occurred within 1 hour after
      administration of nicardipine. The mean reduction in the hydrochlorothiazide
      group after 1 hour was 14/11 mm Hg supine and 16/12 mm Hg standing. Neither drug
      affected autonomic reflexes associated with maximum exercise. Nicardipine
      increased urinary sodium excretion during the 4-hour period after the first dose.
      Adverse effects of nicardipine were primarily extensions of its vasodilator
      effect and included flushing, headache, and edema.

PMID- 2649301
TI  - On the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the American
      Federation for Clinical Research. A look to the future.

PMID- 2649302
TI  - Microcomputer-aided studies of cry jitter uttered by newborn children based upon
      high-resolution analysis of fundamental frequencies.
AB  - The metrological and computational problems of detecting very weak variations in
      the frequencies of the fundamental tone are discussed from a signal processing
      point of view. An appropriate computer method of high-resolution analysis of the
      fundamental frequency is proposed. When applying high-resolution fundamental
      frequency analysis to cry signals, a jitter was found to exist in the fundamental
      frequency curve of both healthy babies and those suffering from cerebral
      disorders. A method is given to separate the jitter from the fundamental
      frequency curve. The separated jitter curve depends on the degree of slope of the
      fundamental frequency curve and shows differences between healthy and ill babies.
      For an objective evaluation of the jitter abnormities, an integral parameter--the
      so-called cry-jitter index--is proposed.

PMID- 2649303
TI  - PEPTY: a knowledge-based program for assisting medical reasoning in peptic
      diseases.
AB  - PEPTY is a program developed with the aim of providing a diagnostic and
      therapeutic assistance in managing peptic diseases. Its theoretical basis is an
      accurate analysis of current concepts in peptic disease diagnosis and treatment.
      This was done by reviewing recent literature and consulting skilled
      gastroenterologists. The decision tree includes three sections dealing with
      diagnostic, therapeutic and monitoring problems. The diagnostic section starts by
      evaluating clinical data from patient history and physical examination; the
      diagnostic hypotheses given at this level are refined and eventually confirmed by
      further information in the following section. Here the decision tree becomes
      modular in that a proper therapeutic and monitoring pathway is defined for four
      disease classes: gastroduodenal peptic ulcer and duodenitis, gastro-oesophageal
      reflux, erosive gastritis, and chronic antral gastritis. In the therapeutic
      section a cost-benefit analysis of possible therapeutic choices is always
      performed, but the final decision is made by the user. Complications, side
      effects and treatment efficacy are also considered and the program finally
      suggests the appropriate maintenance treatment. Patient data display, storage and
      retrieval, and explanation facilities are supplied. The system can provide a
      'second opinion' in the medical practice and may be a useful learning tool for
      medical students.

PMID- 2649304
TI  - Skin photoplethysmography--a review.
AB  - The photoplethysmograph has been used for over 50 years but there are still
      misconceptions in how and what is the information obtained. A photoplethysmograph
      signal from any site on the skin can be separated into an oscillating (a.c.) and
      a steady-state (d.c.) component, their amplitudes dependent upon the structure
      and flow in the vascular bed. Many simple applications are available: pulse
      counters, using the a.c. component, skin colour and haemoglobin saturation
      meters, using the d.c. component. The d.c. component of the photoplethysmograph
      signal is a function of the blood flux beneath the device. A good emitter for use
      in a photoplethysmograph of skin blood flow is one in the frequency range 600-700
      nm and the best signal for a.c. analysis is obtained from the finger pulp. The
      frequency range of the electronic circuitry should be from 0.01 to 15 Hz, then
      all the information in the signal can be extracted about the autonomic nervous
      system control of the cardiovascular system, particularly between 0.01 and 2 Hz.
      Comparative studies may be drawn between similar skin sites on a subject or
      between subjects if the afferent inputs to the brain stem are controlled or
      driven at a known frequency. These afferents, inputs, will modulate the
      efferents, outputs, which generate variations in the a.c. component of the
      detected photoplethysmograph signal.

PMID- 2649305
TI  - Combination antiarrhythmic therapy.

PMID- 2649306
TI  - Shoot out at the RBRVS corral.
AB  - 1. If one understands and believes what has been noted above, then the conclusion
      is that some new system must be devised for payment of medical services. 2. While
      the Board of Trustees report in evaluation and recommendations of the RBRVS study
      was ultimately acceptable to the delegates, the Hsiao study was not. (It is
      incomplete and flawed in many ways and is to be reviewed further and ruled upon.)
      3. The problems of rural v urban differential will be addressed. 4. A gradual
      phasing in of this entire program to avoid disruptions is mandatory. 5. The
      acceptance of a "balance billing concept" will be necessary and only fair to
      allow full access to medical care. There seems to be some "inherent
      reasonableness" to the fact that the well-to-do senior citizen would expect to be
      balance billed, and on the other hand, the indigent elderly person would receive
      excellent medical care, as proposed by our present "courtesy card program." 6.
      Ongoing surveillance by medical authorities will be needed to avoid the
      subversion that so often happens to well-intentioned programs. Dr. Russell Roth
      (past president of the AMA) has helped lighten the atmosphere among many of our
      stormy debates over the years. He has done this by well designed and appropriate
      limerics. The one that he concocted for this particular problem goes as follows:
      "It is true that our health depends, On our congressional friends, To grant this
      convention, this brief intervention, Remember Jesus saves and Congress spends."
      It can thus be seen from all of the above, that this "shoot out" wound up not
      being a deadly and divisive affair. A note of harmony allowed all of the factions
      to "spike their guns." Great credit for this belongs to not only the excellent
      report AA of our Board of Trustees but also to the long range perceptiveness of
      our membership who realized the necessity for this approach.

PMID- 2649307
TI  - The world's longest insulin patient.

PMID- 2649308
TI  - Trial of antihypertensive interventions and management. Design, methods, and
      selected baseline results.
AB  - The Trial of Antihypertensive Interventions and Management was a multicenter
      randomized, placebo-controlled trial designed to assess the effectiveness of
      various combinations of pharmacologic and dietary interventions in the treatment
      of mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 90-100 mmHg). The primary outcome
      was blood pressure change between baseline and 6 months. The study consisted of a
      3 X 3 factorial design wherein participants were randomly allocated to nine drug
      diet treatment groups. Drugs included placebo, diuretic, and beta-blocker. Diets
      were usual, weight loss, and low sodium/high potassium. The basic strategy was to
      address clinical questions of interest by comparing mean blood pressure changes
      of selected drug-diet combinations. This paper describes the study including
      experimental design, sample size considerations, statistical analysis,
      organizational structure, and baseline findings.

PMID- 2649309
TI  - Factors related to outcome in intensive care: French multicenter study. The
      French Multicenter Group of ICU Research; The Inserm Unit 169 of Statistical and
      Epidemiological Studies.
AB  - Four factors influence ICU outcome: age, previous health status (HS), severity of
      disease, and diagnosis. To assess the specific influence of each factor, 3,687
      patients from 38 French ICUs were studied. For each patient, the following were
      noted: age, Simplified Acute Physiologic Score (SAPS), previous HS, diagnosis,
      ICU group (medical [M], surgical unscheduled [S], surgical scheduled or elective
      [E]), and the immediate outcome. The multivariate analysis ranks the factors in
      the following order: SAPS, age, ICU group, and previous HS. Diagnosis played a
      key role in prognosis, e.g., with SAPS score between 10 and 15 points, mortality
      was 0 for drug overdose, 12% for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 38%
      for cardiac shock. For most patients, it was difficult to assign only one
      diagnosis; 37% were given one diagnosis, 39% two diagnoses, 17% three diagnoses,
      and 7% four and more diagnoses. Using ICU group instead of diagnosis, the mean
      death rate for groups M, S, and E was 20%, 27%, and 5%, respectively (p less than
      .001). Our study shows that each of the four factors influences the immediate
      outcome. It is thus possible to describe and classify ICU patients by this
      method, but the individual prognosis remains imprecise.

PMID- 2649310
TI  - Automated selection of high-risk patients with acute pancreatitis.
AB  - One hundred six early features were retrospectively collected on 44 patients with
      acute pancreatitis and stored in a database programmed on a microcomputer.
      Intraoperative/autopsy findings or clinical course categorized patients as having
      severe (n = 16) or mild (n = 28) pancreatitis. The frequency of 88 early
      available variables was analyzed. Twenty significant differences were found and
      used to program a Bayesian prediction of severity, assuming their independence.
      The computer's performance was assessed by retrospective testing of the patients,
      and a further 47 (14 severe, 33 mild) were studied prospectively, with a
      comparison carried out involving the unaided prediction of the clinicians.
      Finally, all 91 patients were retrospectively tested with the early predictive
      Ranson's signs and the results were compared with the computer's output. In the
      prospective evaluation, the computer's performance was 89.4% accuracy, 100%
      sensitivity, 84.8% specificity, while that of the physicians was 65.9%, 71.4%,
      63.6%, respectively, like the performances of Ranson's criteria. Methodologic
      problems were: selecting patients to study, based on wide inclusion and exclusion
      in hindsight of the false-positives; dividing them into groups, based on both
      pathologic and clinical criteria; and the assumption of independence within the
      variables. The use of the procedure in other populations requires a specific
      analysis of the discriminant variables, but this study suggests a method to
      compare several samples of patients which allows prospective and controlled
      clinical trials.

PMID- 2649311
TI  - Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome of infants and children.

PMID- 2649312
TI  - Noninvasive determination of effective (nonshunted) pulmonary blood flow in
      normal and injured lungs.
AB  - PEEP is utilized in acute respiratory failure to decrease intrapulmonary shunting
      and improve oxygenation. Despite these beneficial effects, PEEP may adversely
      affect cardiac output, thus reducing oxygen delivery. To monitor some of the
      cardiopulmonary effects of PEEP, we utilized a noninvasive rebreathing technique
      to measure effective (nonshunted) pulmonary blood flow (Qepr) and compared the
      results to those measured by thermodilution (Qepi) in normal and oleic acid
      injured canine lungs. Qepr was highly correlated with Qepi (r = .92, r2 = .85, p
      less than .001) despite large variations in PEEP before lung injury (0 to 15 cm
      H2O) and after lung injury (0 to 20 cm H2O). This close correlation was found
      even with wide ranges in cardiac output (1.01 to 6.45 L/min) and intrapulmonary
      shunt fractions (0.03 to 0.67). This technique may prove valuable as a
      noninvasive method by which to monitor and adjust PEEP therapy in patients with
      acute lung injury.

PMID- 2649313
TI  - Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in severe tetanus: current perspectives.
AB  - The enigma of autonomic nervous system dysfunction in severe tetanus is discussed
      in the light of recent and older evidence concerning the nature and action of
      tetanus toxin, its clinical effects, and therapy. Some suggestions for the
      pathogenesis and management of the cardiovascular disturbances are made.

PMID- 2649314
TI  - Noninvasive monitoring of pulmonary blood flow.

PMID- 2649315
TI  - Biological control of insect pests affecting man and animals in the tropics.
AB  - Biological control of pests affecting the health of man and animals is practiced
      in various forms throughout the tropics. In this paper, the use of parasitic
      viruses, bacteria, protozoa, predatory arthropods, and fish against pests such as
      various mosquitoes, tse tse flies, and screwworm flies as published in the
      literature are reviewed. Mention is also made of the usefulness and applicability
      of the sterile insect technique, genetic control by chromosomal aberrations, and
      the exploitation of various incompatabilities. These are reviewed against the
      background of the present state of technology and limited resources that exist in
      many tropical countries. Most authors maintain that due to the relative length of
      time required to get a biological control system working efficiently, and the
      perennial nature of most tropical pest species, there is often the need to
      initially reduce the pest population by conventional means. There will thus be a
      balance between biological and chemical control in most systems. Emphasis is
      placed on meeting the urgent need for the exchange of research and development
      information on biological control of pests affecting man and his animals in the
      tropics.

PMID- 2649316
TI  - Aeromonas as a human pathogen.
AB  - Although the first Aeromonas strain was described by Zimmermann as early as in
      1890, it took 60 years until Caselitz established human pathogenicity of strains
      then called "Vibrio jamaicensis". Since then, and especially in the last 10
      years, there have been increasing numbers of reports on different infections
      caused by members of the genus Aeromonas. These include sepsis; meningitis;
      cellulitis; necrotizing fasciitis; ecthyma gangrenosum; pneumonia; peritonitis;
      conjunctivitis; corneal ulcer; endophthalmitis; osteomyelitis; suppurative
      arthritis; myositis; subphrenic abscess; liver abscess; cholecystitis and/or
      ascending cholangitis; urinary tract infection; endocarditis; ear, nose, and
      throat infections; balanitis; etc. The role of Aeromonas in gastrointestinal
      disease is very controversial. Increasing epidemiological data suggest that these
      organisms play a major role in enteric infections, but so far enteropathogenicity
      has not been demonstrable in experiments where volunteers were given high numbers
      of Aeromonas possessing different virulence factors. Virulence factors include
      hemolysin(s), enterotoxin(s), hemagglutinins, invasivity, and others; but these
      are not found more frequently in strains isolated from patients with diarrhea
      than from healthy controls. Whether there is a correlation between species and
      disease remains to be elucidated and requires more information about the taxonomy
      of this genus.

PMID- 2649317
TI  - A pooled, double-blind comparison of the effects of buspirone, diazepam and
      placebo in women with chronic anxiety.
AB  - Pooled data were analyzed for 367 female patients enrolled in a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial comparing buspirone, a non-benzodiazepine
      anxiolytic, and diazepam in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. After
      a 4 to 7-day wash-out period, patients were allocated at random to receive one or
      other of the trial medications or placebo over a 4-week period. Mean daily
      dosages were 24.5 mg for buspirone and 20.8 mg for diazepam (range 10 mg to 60 mg
      for both drugs). Patients were assessed on entry and at weekly intervals using
      the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and at the end of treatment both patients and
      physicians gave an overall opinion of response to treatment. Details of adverse
      events were also recorded. The results showed that both buspirone and diazepam
      were approximately equal in efficacy and superior to placebo. Menstruation and
      the occurrence of premenstrual tension did not alter the anxiolytic activity of
      either drug. Patients taking diazepam had significantly more adverse effects,
      i.e. drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, inco-ordination and depression, than did
      those in the buspirone group. In a separate commentary, the anxiety disorder and
      the data from the study are reviewed to place them in the overall perspective of
      gynaecological care.

PMID- 2649318
TI  - Treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with fenofibrate: a review.
AB  - Hypercholesterolaemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated total and
      LDL-cholesterol levels. Patients with hypercholesterolaemia are at high risk for
      coronary artery disease, and current guidelines recommend treatment for patients
      with elevated total or LDL-cholesterol levels. Fenofibrate is a fibric acid
      derivative that has been available in much of the world for over 10 years. In
      controlled and comparative clinical trials, fenofibrate has been shown to lower
      significantly plasma levels of total and LDL-cholesterol as well as plasma
      triglycerides. In addition, fenofibrate is associated with a relatively low
      incidence of adverse effects with some gastro-intestinal, dermatological and
      musculoskeletal reactions. Based on its efficacy and tolerability profile,
      fenofibrate would appear to be an appropriate choice for treatment of
      hypercholesterolaemia in selected patients.

PMID- 2649319
TI  - 0.05 percent betamethasone dipropionate in optimized cream vehicle for psoriasis.
AB  - A multicenter open clinical evaluation of 0.05 percent betamethasone dipropionate
      in optimized cream vehicle for the treatment of psoriatic lesions was conducted
      to investigate its efficacy. There were 348 patients with moderate to severe
      psoriasis who completed the three-week clinical trial. Three hundred and ten
      patients used the cream twice a day and another 38 patients used it once a day.
      All patients responded well to treatment. Significant improvement was observed at
      all follow-up visits on days 8, 15, and 21 (p less than 0.001) for measures of
      erythema, induration, and scaling of lesions. The response was equally impressive
      whether the patient's psoriatic status prior to the treatment was stable or
      worsening, involved more than 50 percent of the skin surface or less, or had
      lasted more than ten years or less. The response of psoriasis to once-a-day
      application of cream was as good as that seen with twice-a-day application. Side
      effects, noted in a small percentage of patients, were burning, dry skin, and
      pruritus. We conclude that the cream is a safe and highly effective treatment for
      psoriasis. The once-a-day application is probably adequate for control of
      psoriasis.

PMID- 2649320
TI  - Coping with family transitions: winners, losers, and survivors.
AB  - This article presents the results of a longitudinal study of the effects of
      divorce and remarriage on children's adjustment. It was found that individual
      characteristics, such as children's temperament, family relations, and
      extrafamilial factors, played an important role in exacerbating or buffering
      children from negative consequences associated with their parents' marital
      transitions. Although boys in divorced families and children in remarried
      families showed more problems in adjustment than did children in nondivorced
      families, some also showed remarkable resiliency in the face of multiple life
      stressors.

PMID- 2649321
TI  - Effect of pacing on small intestinal motor activity and hormonal response in
      dogs.
AB  - In seven beagle dogs with a Thiry-Vella loop, the effect of pacing on small
      intestinal motor activity was examined by means of extraluminal strain gauge
      force transducers. Recordings were obtained from the loop and from the remaining
      small intestine. Our study showed that pacing of the loop results in a
      significant reduction of the motility of the loop in the overnight fasted state
      (up to 39%), during loop feeding (up to 55%), and oral feeding (up to 39%); a
      similar reduction of the motility of the remaining small intestine (up to 43%);
      and a significant postprandial increase of insulin (9.0 microU/ml) and decrease
      of glucagon (94 pg/ml). The motility reduction of the loop and of the remaining
      small intestine as well as the anabolically improved pancreatic endocrine
      function (shown by an increase of the insulin-glucagon ratio) suggests that this
      form of pacing could be of benefit for motility disorders with decreased transit
      time.

PMID- 2649322
TI  - Liver abscess due to Yersinia enterocolitica: case report and review of the
      literature.

PMID- 2649323
TI  - Pancreatic nesidioblastosis in adults.
AB  - Nesidioblastosis, a condition characterized by diffuse islet cell hyperplasia
      arising from the ductal epithelium, is often associated with hyperinsulinemic
      hypoglycemia. This is a childhood disease and is rarely found in adults. Only 10
      histologically proven cases have been recorded, including 3 new cases described
      in this article. Most clinical and biochemical features are identical to those of
      an insulinoma, except the proinsulin-like component of circulating immunoreactive
      insulin, which is usually within the normal range in nesidioblastosis. Limited
      observations show that some patients may be managed medically with diazoxide.
      Patients who remain hypoglycemic despite medical therapy require pancreatectomy,
      although greater than 90% resection frequently results in insulin dependency and
      permanent diabetes.

PMID- 2649325
TI  - Genetically programmed selective islet beta-cell loss in diabetic subjects with
      Wolfram's syndrome.
AB  - Insulin-producing beta-cells were selectively absent from the islets of
      Langerhans in postmortem specimens from two patients with Wolfram's syndrome. In
      families with multiple cases of this syndrome, we found a very high concordance
      rate (r = .910, P less than .001) among siblings for age at onset of diabetes
      mellitus. Taken together with the lack of markers for an autoimmune process,
      these findings suggest that diabetes mellitus in this syndrome results from
      genetically programmed selective beta-cell death.

PMID- 2649324
TI  - Double-blind crossover trial of isophane (NPH)- and lente-based insulin regimens.
AB  - Isophane (NPH) and lente insulin preparations have been the basis of insulin
      injection regimens for many decades but were never formally compared. After a 2
      mo run-in period, 82 patients were randomized to NPH (Protaphane) or lente
      (Monotard) insulin preparations given together with Actrapid as a twice-daily
      injection regimen in a double-blind study. Patients were seen monthly and crossed
      over after 5 mo of treatment. Control as assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin (NPH
      9.2 +/- 0.1%, lente 9.3 +/- 0.1%, mean +/- SE) and fructosamine (1.55 +/- 0.02
      and 1.57 +/- 0.02 mM) concentrations was identical for the two regimens as were
      home-collected laboratory-measured fasting blood glucose (BG) (NPH 8.8 +/- 0.5
      mM, lente 9.0 +/- 0.5 mM) and mean BG (8.2 +/- 0.3 and 7.6 +/- 0.3 mM)
      concentrations. For both regimens, the major control problem was the BG
      concentration before and after breakfast. Total insulin dosage was similar (NPH
      56.3 +/- 0.6 U/day, lente 57.2 +/- 0.6 U/day) with no tendency for a difference
      in the evening intermediate-acting dose (NPH 17.0 +/- 0.3 U/day, lente 17.0 +/-
      0.3 U/day) to counter fasting hyperglycemia. Serum lipid concentrations and body
      weight confirmed the equivalence of control. Hypoglycemic events were recorded in
      personal diaries and graded by predetermined criteria. Self-treated, relative
      assisted, and hospital/doctor-treated hypoglycemic events did not differ in
      frequency. We conclude that lente- and NPH-based twice-daily human insulin
      regimens give indistinguishable metabolic control.

PMID- 2649326
TI  - Behavioral strategies for weight reduction in obese type II diabetic patients.
AB  - This article reviews strategies that have been shown to be helpful in the
      treatment of obesity and are applicable to obese type II (non-insulin-dependent)
      diabetic patients. Emphasis is placed on the use of behavior modification
      strategies, including careful description of the behavior to be changed, setting
      of goals for new behavior, and procedures for modifying the environmental cues
      and reinforcers that control behavior. It is recommended that weight-loss
      programs for obese diabetic patients include intensive long-term contact with the
      patient, therapists with training in behavior modification, and a multifaceted
      intervention involving behavior modification, diet, and exercise.

PMID- 2649327
TI  - Unbiased and flexible iterative computer program to achieve glucose clamping.
AB  - Glucose clamping has become a widely used test for assessing insulin sensitivity
      and beta-cell function. We present a new method of achieving a reliable and
      unbiased clamp using an iterative computer program. After initial parameter
      estimation, the program uses no fixed algorithm or physiological preconceptions
      but makes predictions according to previous glycemic responses to infusion rates.
      The program can be used for human or animal studies and for euglycemic or
      hyperglycemic clamps. The program has flexible data entry, graphic display,
      running statistics of mean infusion data, and mean glucose levels and their
      standard deviations. These form part of the criteria for the assessment of
      glucose clamping, which includes the sampling interval, the duration of the
      clamp, the achieved glucose concentration (together with its coefficient of
      variation), and the percent change of glucose infused at the end of the clamp.
      Data for 151 consecutive clamp studies were analyzed. Median coefficient of
      variation of glucose values at the end of the clamp was 2%.

PMID- 2649328
TI  - Relevance of endocrine pancreas nesidioblastosis to hyperinsulinemic
      hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2649329
TI  - Factors associated with fasting and postglucagon plasma C-peptide levels in
      middle-aged insulin-treated diabetic patients.
AB  - We studied fasting and postglucagon plasma C-peptide levels and factors
      associated with them in two representative studies of middle-aged insulin-treated
      diabetic patients whose diabetes had been diagnosed after the age of 30 yr.
      Altogether, 75 men and 79 women from East Finland and 83 men and 62 women from
      West Finland aged 45-64 yr were studied. Of these patients, 44.4% had
      undetectable fasting and 38.5% undetectable postglucagon C-peptide
      concentrations. The phi-coefficient expressing the concordance of fasting and
      postglucagon C-peptide concentrations in the classification of diabetic patients
      into nonresponders and responders was .75 in men and .91 in women. In multiple
      stepwise regression analyses, body mass index (BMI) and the period between
      diabetes diagnosis and the initiation of insulin treatment were positively and
      duration of diabetes inversely associated with fasting and postglucagon C-peptide
      levels in both sexes. We concluded that 1) insulin deficiency is not uncommon in
      middle-aged insulin-treated diabetic patients whose diabetes has been diagnosed
      after the age of 30 yr; 2) fasting C-peptide levels contain basically the same
      information as postglucagon C-peptide levels; and 3) a low BMI, a need for
      insulin treatment soon after the diagnosis of diabetes, and a long duration of
      diabetes are predictive of insulin deficiency.

PMID- 2649330
TI  - Effects of peer-group intervention on metabolic control of adolescents with IDDM.
      Randomized outpatient study.
AB  - In children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), deterioration in
      metabolic control frequently occurs during early adolescence. To prevent this
      predictable increase in blood glucose levels, we randomly assigned young
      adolescents with IDDM to an intervention based on problem solving with self
      monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) integrated into standard outpatient care or to
      standard care only for an 18-mo period. At follow-up, 50% of the standard-care
      adolescents exhibited greater than 1% increase in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1)
      levels over baseline values, indicating a deterioration in metabolic control,
      compared to only 23% of the intervention group. Follow-up HbA1 means +/- SD were
      10.10 +/- 2.00% for intervention and 11.04 +/- 2.28% for standard-care
      adolescents, indicating a significantly lower value in the intervention group (P
      = .04). At follow-up, a greater percentage of intervention than standard-care
      adolescents reported using SMBG information when they exercised (60.0 vs. 33.3%,
      chi 2 = 4.29, P = .04). Our data suggest that clinic-based problem-solving groups
      can be more effective with young adolescents with IDDM than conventional
      treatment in preventing the expected deterioration in blood glucose.

PMID- 2649331
TI  - Motor vehicles, hypoglycemia, and diabetic drivers.
AB  - Individuals with diabetes are increasingly persuing employment in fields
      previously restricted as a result of the development of chronic complications.
      Improved glycemic control resulting from use of sophisticated insulin delivery
      and monitoring systems has also led to the recognition of recurrent hypoglycemia
      as a potential major clinical and occupational hazard. No data concerning the
      occupational safety of individuals with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (ITDM)
      are available. We review the literature on diabetic drivers in an effort to
      examine the impact of certification of ITDMs as commercial drivers. In the
      absence of significant worldwide experience with ITDMs as commercial drivers, the
      discussion is necessarily based on projected accident rates derived from data on
      frequency of hypoglycemia. These studies are universally flawed by variable
      definitions of hypoglycemia, ascertainment bias, and patient selection. They do,
      however, provide a worst-case/best-case scenario for discussion. It is imperative
      that any expansion of employment opportunities for ITDMs be followed carefully
      with prospective studies to assess the impact on public safety.

PMID- 2649332
TI  - Emphysematous pyelonephritis. Complicated urinary tract infection in diabetes.
AB  - Renal emphysema is rare condition that may affect diabetic patients. Radiographic
      demonstration of gas limited to the collecting system is often treated with
      antibiotics. However, intraparenchymal gas requires early nephrectomy because
      mortality rates are high without surgical intervention.

PMID- 2649333
TI  - Biochemical manifestations of diabetes mellitus in microscopic layers of the
      cornea and retina.
AB  - Biochemical evidence of glucose toxicity was found in the retinal and corneal
      layers of diabetic rabbits. It can be reasonably assumed that the observed
      changes are causally related to the morphological and physiological diabetic
      pathologies of the retinal and corneal cells. Intracellular glucose is greatly
      increased, and the polyol pathway activity appears to be enhanced, resulting in
      an accumulation of intracellular sorbitol, which can be assumed to be oxidized to
      fructose. Accompanying the alterations of glucose metabolism are disturbances in
      myoinositol and Na+ handling by the affected structures. The detailed
      relationship of the observed metabolic effects of hyperglycemia to changes in
      cellular ion handling and the observed morphological and functional disturbances
      has yet to be elucidated. The morphologically and functionally discrete
      populations of RPE and CEN cells, which are readily amenable to experimental
      manipulation in situ and in cell culture may serve as unique models for
      systematic examination of the causes and the consequences of diabetes leading to
      ocular complications in particular and to the complications of other more complex
      tissues such as nerve and kidney. The present data show that the findings in one
      population of cells may not be completely reproducible in another as can be seen
      in the diverse myoinositol responses of the retinal and corneal layers to
      diabetes mellitus. The diverse responses perhaps reflect unique adaptive
      capabilities of individual tissues to the diabetic condition. It is a challenge
      for complications research to fully appreciate diverse responses of various
      tissues to persistent glucose intoxication and to delineate meticulously the time
      courses of such heterogeneous responses, which might result in debilitating
      pathology in certain cases but in a compensated chronic disease state in others.
      The corneal endothelium and the RPE are relatively resilient structures compared
      with the mural and endothelial cells of the retinal microvessels which are
      destroyed by the diabetic condition. Factors and components that protect tissues
      against the persistent effects of hyperglycemia need to be uncovered. Success in
      such an endeavor could be of benefit in the management of diabetic complications.

PMID- 2649334
TI  - Effect of nutrient composition on the metabolic response to very low calorie
      diets: learning more and more about less and less.

PMID- 2649335
TI  - Control of protein synthesis and ribosome formation in rat heart.

PMID- 2649336
TI  - Mechanism and regulation of protein degradation in liver.
AB  - The degradation of intracellular protein and other cytoplasmic macromolecules in
      liver is an ongoing process that regulates cytoplasmic mass and provides amino
      acids for energy and other metabolic uses early in starvation. Cellular proteins
      are conveniently divided into two general classes according to readily
      discernable differences in average rates of turnover. A short-lived class, having
      a half-life of approximately 10 min, comprises about 0.6% of total protein. Its
      degradation is not physiologically controlled, and the mechanism is probably
      nonlysosomal in nature. The second or long-lived group, with an average half-life
      250 times greater, constitutes more than 99% of the cell's protein. By contrast,
      its breakdown is strongly regulated, and the site of catabolism is believed to be
      the vacuolar-lysosomal system. Cytoplasmic sequestration by lysosomes can be
      divided into two categories; macro- and microautophagy. The first is induced by
      amino acid and/or insulin deprivation. Amino acids are considered to be primary
      regulators, since they can control this process over the full range of induced
      proteolysis in the absence of hormones. Glucagon, cyclic AMP, and beta-agonists
      also stimulate macroautophagy in hepatocytes but have opposite effects in
      myocytes. Micrautophagy differs from the former in that the cytoplasmic "bite" is
      smaller and the uptake process is not acutely regulated. However, the latter does
      decrease during starvation in parallel with basal proteolysis, effects that might
      be linked to the loss of endoplasmic reticulum. The primary control of
      macroautophagy is accomplished through a small group of direct regulators (Leu,
      Tyr/Phe, Gln, Pro, Met, His, and Trp) and a specific coregulatory action of
      alanine. As a group, regulatory amino acids produce direct inhibitory responses
      in the perfused rat liver that are identical to those of the complete amino acid
      mixture at 0.5x and 4x (times) normal plasma concentrations. However, they lose
      effectiveness almost completely within a narrow zone centered at normal levels, a
      loss that can be abolished by the addition of alanine at its normal plasma
      concentration (0.5 mM). At this level, alanine does not inhibit directly.
      Interestingly, this zonal loss is also eliminated by insulin. Glucagon, though,
      specifically blocks the initial inhibition evoked by 0.5x amino acid mixtures and
      thus induces maximal rates of protein degradation at normal amino acid
      concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2649337
TI  - The metabolism and metabolic effects of ketoacids.

PMID- 2649338
TI  - Simultaneous evaluation of insulin secretion and action using a model.
AB  - For the simultaneous evaluation of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, a
      glucose regulation model has been developed. In order to estimate the parameters
      of the model, an intravenous glucose infusion test (GIT, 100 mg/kg.min x 2 min
      and 10 mg/kg.min x 118 min) was carried out on 15 healthy subjects (N), 12
      subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 20 non-insulin-dependent
      diabetics (NIDDM) and 13 patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). The coefficient
      (microU/mg) for insulin secretion depending on blood glucose concentration in
      IGT, NIDDM and CP were lower (35.9 +/- 2.7, 24.5 +/- 3.3, 43.1 +/- 3.1) than in N
      (77.5 +/- 7.9). The coefficients (microU.min/mg) for insulin secretion depending
      on rate of change in blood glucose concentration in IGT and NIDDM were
      significantly lower (6.5 +/- 2.1, 3.8 +/- 1.2) than in N (52.8 +/- 8.8). The
      insulin sensitivity index (ISI; 10(-2) mg/(microU/ml).kg.min) in NIDDM was lower
      (4.98 +/- 0.75) than in N (11.37 +/- 1.08). Administration of exogenous insulin
      did not significantly affect the value of ISI in N and NIDDM. ISI showed a
      tendency to increase (15.09 +/- 1.92) in CP. It was demonstrated that the
      proposed model which estimates both insulin secretory ability and insulin
      sensitivity simultaneously is quite useful for analyzing the mechanism of
      impaired glucose tolerance.

PMID- 2649339
TI  - Effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease risk in women with NIDDM.
AB  - The effect of a 4-month exercise program on measures of cardiovascular disease
      (CHD) risk was observed in women (mean age = 59.2 +/- 3.9 years) of
      postmenopausal years with NIDDM, who demonstrated fair to normal control of blood
      glucose control. The women were randomly assigned to either an exercise (n = 5)
      or control (n = 5) group. Initially, both groups had a similar body mass index,
      resting heart rate and blood pressures, blood glucose and hemoglobin A1. After 4
      months, the exercise group demonstrated a 32% increase (P less than 0.03) in both
      absolute and relative maximum oxygen uptake (VO2) while the control group
      remained unchanged. Significant differences were found between the exercisers and
      non-exercisers for absolute (F(1,8) 4.94, P = 0.057) and relative (F(1,8) 7.67, P
      = 0.024) maximum VO2 from pretest to posttest. Body weight (kg) and body fat (%)
      remained unchanged for both groups. Although total cholesterol was found to be
      reduced by 13% for the exercise group (P less than 0.03) and 11% for the controls
      (P less than 0.01), a 15% decrease (P less than 0.03) in high-density lipoprotein
      (HDL) was observed for the control group, only. Hence, a marked difference (P
      less than 0.03) in the risk ratio was observed between the exercise and control
      groups. These data suggest that physical exercise may play an important role in
      the maintenance of HDL mass and in the reduction of CHD risk factors in women of
      postmenopausal years with NIDDM.

PMID- 2649340
TI  - The influence of different insulin regimens on quality of life and metabolic
      control in insulin-dependent diabetics.
AB  - Administration of insulin with premeal boluses of short-acting insulin using a
      new injection device (Novopen) was compared with a conventional three times daily
      injection regimen regarding aspects of quality of life and metabolic control in
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Eighteen C-peptide-negative patients
      with IDDM (16 men, two women, aged 31.0 +/- 7.4 years, duration of diabetes 13.0
      +/- 4.6 years; mean +/- SD) participated in the study. All patients had been
      treated with three daily insulin injections for at least 1 year prior to the
      study. The patients were randomized into two groups. Group A started a 3-month
      treatment period with premeal injections of short-acting insulin and intermediate
      acting insulin at bedtime. This period was followed by another 3 months using the
      initial three times daily injection regimen. Group B completed the study in the
      reverse order. Quality of life was assessed by using questionnaires and personal
      interviews by the same clinical psychologist. Metabolic control was assessed by
      measuring the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin. The results show that both
      treatment groups experienced a general improvement in mood and well-being during
      the period with multiple insulin injection treatment. Furthermore, during the
      periods of insulin pen treatment, an increased experience of freedom and less
      dependence on fixed meal times were noted. Overall metabolic control, insulin
      dosage, body weight, and number of hypoglycemic episodes did not change during
      the study. It is concluded that metabolic control, safety, and number of
      hypoglycemic episodes using premeal doses of short-acting insulin using Novopen
      were not different from those seen during conventional treatment.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649341
TI  - High prevalence of proliferative retinopathy in diabetic patients with low
      pancreatic B-cell capacity.
AB  - A retrospective study on the role of pancreatic B-cell insulin secretory capacity
      in the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was performed in 160
      diabetic patients with a duration of diabetes of more than 10 years (mean 19.5 +/
      7.9 years). Pancreatic B-cell insulin secretory capacity was assessed in terms
      of the quantity of C-peptide excreted into urine per day (24-h urinary C
      peptide). When the patients were divided into three groups according to the
      quantity of 24-h urinary C-peptide (group I, C-peptide less than 30 micrograms, n
      = 49; group II, 30 micrograms less than or equal to C-peptide less than 80
      micrograms, n = 76; and group III, C-peptide greater than or equal to 80
      micrograms, n = 35), the prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was
      much higher in group I (26.5%) than in group II (5.3%) or group III (2.9%). The
      incidence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy during the follow-up period (mean
      9.8 +/- 4.8 years) was also highest in group I (20.0%, 2.7%, and 2.9% in groups
      I, II, and III, respectively). Other factors which might affect the development
      of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, including duration of diabetes and past
      glycemic control, were comparable in these three groups. In contrast, a division
      of the patients according to glycemic control revealed a strong correlation
      between glycemic control and background diabetic retinopathy whereas no such
      correlation was apparent with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. These data are
      consistent with the view that low pancreatic B-cell insulin secretory capacity
      may be a risk factor for the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2649342
TI  - The presence of islet cell antibodies in malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The etiology of malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus (MRDM), mostly seen in the
      developing countries, is still unknown, though an excessive consumption of
      cassava and a low intake of protein are considered to be its causative factors.
      Previous immunological studies, though rarely performed, have so far, to our
      knowledge, shown no case of MRDM with iselt cell antibodies (ICA). We found a 16
      year-old MRDM boy with ICA and report on this in the present communication.

PMID- 2649343
TI  - Low prevalence of ICA in MRDM.

PMID- 2649344
TI  - [Transesophageal ultrasonography of the spinal canal].
AB  - Transoesophageal ultrasound imaging of the spinal canal through an intervertebral
      disc was successfully achieved in 44 of 50 adults (18 women and 32 men; mean age
      56 years, range 22-79) who, for cardiological indications had transoesophageal
      echocardiography. On average, five (range 1-11), usually sequential, segments
      were visualized. In 37 patients pulse-synchronous sagittal displacement of the
      spinal cord was noted, presumably caused by cerebrospinal fluid pulsation. In one
      woman, with known syringomyelia, the spinal cord cavity was well shown. Real-time
      demonstration of dynamic events in the spinal canal opens up new possibilities
      for the diagnosis and follow-up monitoring of spinal diseases.

PMID- 2649345
TI  - [Clinical application of 3-dimensional ultrasound display. Initial results].
AB  - Using a newly developed ultrasound transducer and a corresponding computer
      program, it proved possible to construct a three-dimensional (3-D) display--at 7,
      9, 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy, respectively--of three structures lying one
      inside the other: embryo, amniotic sac and uterus. By means of a special computer
      technique the three structures could be displayed both in relation to one another
      and singly. Spatial rotations of the reconstructed body can be displayed on the
      video screen as can the individual bodies in different cross-sections. With
      narrow angles between individual sections this method may become important in the
      intra-uterine diagnosis of malformations and also of neoplasms.

PMID- 2649346
TI  - [Therapy of gastrointestinal bleeding].

PMID- 2649347
TI  - [Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2649348
TI  - [The incidence of the secondary failure of sulfonylurea therapy. Epidemiological
      research].
AB  - The proportion of secondarily insulin-dependent diabetics among all insulin
      dependent diabetics and the incidence of secondary failures among all those
      receiving sulphonylurea preparations was determined for a defined region of
      Berlin (DDR). Among all diabetics receiving insulin, 40% were type I diabetics on
      primary insulin treatment. But the remaining 60% were secondary failures who had
      been on diet alone or in combination with oral antidiabetics. Among 3071
      diabetics on glibenclamide secondary failures occurred in 5% per year. The ratio
      of primary to secondary insulin-receiving diabetics, between 1:5 and 1:6, defined
      the number of new insulin-dependent patients per year. The findings indicate that
      insulin-receiving diabetics constitute an epidemiologically heterogeneous patient
      group.

PMID- 2649349
TI  - [Diagnosis of collagenous colitis].

PMID- 2649350
TI  - [Inoculation against hepatitis B. Vaccines, mechanism of action, duration of the
      inoculation protection and revaccination].

PMID- 2649351
TI  - [Principles of relapse therapy in acute myeloid leukemia].

PMID- 2649352
TI  - [Therapy as science].

PMID- 2649353
TI  - Lofepramine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and
      therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness.
AB  - Lofepramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that is structurally similar to
      imipramine and is extensively metabolised to desipramine. In the absence of other
      major pharmacological effects it appears that its antidepressant activity stems
      from the facilitation of noradrenergic neurotransmission by uptake inhibition,
      and possibly by the additional facilitation of serotoninergic neurotransmission.
      The overall therapeutic efficacy of lofepramine is comparable to that of
      imipramine, amitriptyline, clomipramine, maprotiline and mianserin in patients
      with depression of varying severity, and coexisting anxiety. Dry mouth is the
      most commonly reported side effect of usual therapeutic doses of lofepramine, but
      the incidence of this and other anticholinergic side effects is less among
      patients treated with lofepramine than with imipramine. Lofepramine has not been
      associated with adverse effects on cardiac function even in cases of attempted
      suicide by overdose. Thus, providing its apparent favourable side effect profile
      is confirmed in practice, lofepramine may be a valuable alternative for treatment
      of the depressed patient where a tricyclic is indicated.

PMID- 2649354
TI  - Carboplatin. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
      properties and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of cancer.
AB  - Carboplatin is a 'second-generation' platinum compound advocated for use in the
      treatment of patients with ovarian cancer and it has also shown promise in small
      cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and seminomas.
      Overall, it would appear to have a similar qualitative spectrum of activity to
      cisplatin. There have been few comparative trials with carboplatin, either alone
      or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, but the limited data
      suggest comparable efficacy with cisplatin in ovarian cancer. Importantly, the
      toxicity profile of carboplatin is markedly different from that of cisplatin,
      with nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and ototoxicity occurring only infrequently
      with carboplatin. As with cisplatin, nausea and vomiting occur in many patients
      after carboplatin administration, but symptoms are usually delayed for several
      hours and are mild to moderate in severity - dose-limiting nausea and vomiting
      are infrequent with carboplatin. The dose-limiting toxicity of carboplatin is
      myelosuppression, with severe thrombocytopenia and less often leucopenia, which
      may be more severe in older patients or in those with renal impairment or those
      who have had previous chemotherapy. Thus, preliminary data suggest that
      carboplatin is a therapeutically equivalent alternative to cisplatin, but with a
      differing toxicity profile that should offer advantages over cisplatin in many
      patients.

PMID- 2649355
TI  - Thrombolysis in the management of acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina
      pectoris.
AB  - Thrombolytic therapy has recently gained ascendance as an accepted form of
      treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Since the majority of patients with
      acute infarction have an occlusive coronary thrombus, plasminogen activators
      administered to these patients generate plasmin that proteolysis the fibrin
      elements of the thrombus and thereby reestablishes coronary patency. In addition
      to the conventional agents streptokinase and urokinase, newer, more fibrin
      selective plasminogen activators are currently available for use or study,
      including tissue plasminogen activator and pro-urokinase. In acute myocardial
      infarction, the agents that have been studied most extensively are streptokinase
      and tissue plasminogen activator. Among the major recent studies of the use of
      these activators, several important observations have been made, including the
      need for administration of agent within 3 hours of the onset of pain, the
      efficacy of the intravenous route of administration, significant reduction in
      mortality with early administration, and significantly improved left ventricular
      function with early administration. Haemorrhagic complications remain a problem,
      but with judicious dosing their incidence can be kept to a minimum. Early studies
      in patients with unstable angina suggest that plasminogen activators may also
      have a role in the management of this clot-dependent disorder.

PMID- 2649356
TI  - A rational approach to the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal
      osteoporosis.
AB  - Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a common disorder. Its importance is measured by
      the mortality and morbidity associated with increasing numbers of fractures and
      the enormous social and economic cost to the community. Although the precise
      aetiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis remains unclear, prevention is now
      possible and treatment may be effective if commenced early enough in the course
      of the disease. Combination therapy with oestrogens and progestogens is currently
      the treatment of choice for prevention, in conjunction with calcium
      supplementation and changes in lifestyle. Prophylaxis should be offered to women
      at 'high risk', although the identification of this group is difficult at
      present. Treatment of existing disease is less effective, although oestrogens
      should be tried first, with calcitonin as a second choice. There is no place at
      present for vitamin D, anabolic steroids or parathyroid hormone. The use of
      fluoride or diphosphonates cannot be recommended outside research centres until
      further long term studies are completed, which will enable a comparison of the
      relative risks and benefits. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is now a preventable
      disease; however, further knowledge of risk factors and the identification of
      those at risk is essential. Treatment can then be directed at women who need it
      and healthy women can be spared a lifetime of unnecessary medication.

PMID- 2649357
TI  - Management of hypertension in actively exercising patients. Implications for drug
      selection.
AB  - In general, rises in systolic blood pressure to over 200 mm Hg during exercise
      with a workload of 100W are regarded as pathological. Excessive exercise blood
      pressure values are to be expected in principle in all hypertensives. However,
      there are so far no generally accepted criteria for diagnosis of isolated
      systolic exercise hypertension (with normal values of resting blood pressure).
      The incidence of isolated systolic exercise hypertension is estimated to be about
      10% of a selected population. In patients with excessive rises in blood pressure
      during exercise who want to engage actively in sport, general measures (reduction
      of obesity, restriction of alcohol and salt intake) and endurance training should
      be recommended initially. For endurance training, sporting activities that
      involve dynamic exercise are to be recommended (walking, running, mountain
      hiking, cycling, swimming, cross-country skiing). Activities involving isometric
      exercise (rowing, diving, tennis) and sport of a competitive nature are not
      suitable. In moderately severe and severe hypertension (diastolic blood pressure
      values in excess of 105 mm Hg), sporting activities and endurance training are
      contraindicated. If the exercise blood pressure values cannot be lowered below
      220 mm Hg with the general measures mentioned, pharmacotherapy is to be
      considered. The drugs of choice for suppressing excessive rises in blood pressure
      during exercise are beta-blockers. In this group, beta 1-blockers are to be
      preferred to non-selective beta-blockers because of the metabolic neutrality of
      the former. beta-Blockers without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) lower
      the blood pressure-pulse rate product more effectively than beta-blockers with
      ISA. Alternatively, calcium antagonists of the verapamil type and ACE inhibitors
      can be employed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649358
TI  - A rational approach to anaesthetic premedication.
AB  - Rational use of premedication for anaesthesia must always be modified and updated
      to keep pace with the evolving fields of anaesthesiology and surgery, as well as
      to meet changing patient needs and preferences. It is no longer axiomatic that
      all patients require, and therefore should receive, premedication. Unfortunately,
      a variety of traditional reasons have been proposed to justify routine
      premedication in many institutions. Smoothing induction, decreasing reflexes and
      arrhythmias, decreasing nausea and vomiting, decreasing pain, decreasing
      secretions, and producing sedation and amnesia have all been claimed historically
      as beneficial results of premedication. Modern anaesthetic agents and techniques
      have come a long way towards eliminating the routine need for premedication. In
      the preoperative period, the goal of an anxiety-free patient who is
      physiologically uncompromised requires an individualised approach based on
      experience and an adequate knowledge of current pharmacology. As our knowledge of
      potential problems associated with anaesthesia has expanded, we have added other
      classes of drugs such as the H2-histamine receptor blockers and antacids to our
      premedicant armamentarium. Outpatient and short-stay patients have further
      challenged our preoperative goal of an anxiety-free patient by requiring
      individuals to be 'street ready' within a brief period of time after surgery.
      Even for in-house elective procedures, not every patient is a candidate for
      routine premedication. A frank preoperative discussion is all that is necessary
      to effectively allay anxiety in many persons. In these and other special
      situations, this article will hopefully guide the reader toward a more rational
      approach to premedicating patients.

PMID- 2649359
TI  - [Bile acids].

PMID- 2649360
TI  - [Tetanus].

PMID- 2649361
TI  - [Anti-leukocyte antibodies--a new diagnostic test for Wegener's granulomatosis].

PMID- 2649362
TI  - [Prostate carcinoma and its management].

PMID- 2649363
TI  - [Patent foramen ovale and cerebral infarction].

PMID- 2649364
TI  - [Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in medicine].

PMID- 2649365
TI  - [The physician, the patient and psychosomatic signs].

PMID- 2649366
TI  - [Therapeutic methods for continuous joint movement].

PMID- 2649367
TI  - [Serum lipid screening in children and young people].

PMID- 2649368
TI  - [Cluster headache].

PMID- 2649369
TI  - [Clinical signs and laboratory findings in primary hyperthyroidism].

PMID- 2649370
TI  - [Management of staphylococcal infections].

PMID- 2649372
TI  - Is aggressive chemotherapy more effective in the treatment of plasma cell
      myeloma?

PMID- 2649371
TI  - Efferent and afferent fibres in human sacral ventral nerve roots: basic research
      and clinical implications.
AB  - Single extracellular action potentials have been recorded at 2 sites from human
      S4 ventral nerve roots, and their amplitude, duration and conduction time
      measured. Conduction velocity frequency distribution histograms have been
      constructed. Three classes of a-motoneurons could be identified, which had mean
      conduction velocity values of 61.5 (a1), 49 (a2) and 37.5 m/sec (a3) for a young
      adult at about 37 degrees C. The conduction velocity of single motor fibres has
      been correlated with its action potential amplitude and duration. The action
      potential amplitude increased and the duration decreased with the conduction
      velocity. Touch-stimulated and other afferences have been identified in these
      motor roots. The fastest afferents had about the same conduction velocity as the
      a1-motoneurons and the touch-stimulated afferents had conduction velocities of
      between 20 and 41 m/sec at about 34 degrees C. Also the amplitude of the afferent
      single unit potentials increased and the duration decreased with the conduction
      velocity. The electrophysiologically measured roots have been removed and
      morphologically analysed with the light and electron microscope. Nerve fibre
      diameter frequency distribution histograms have been constructed with respect to
      4 myelin sheath thickness ranges. In the diameter histograms 3 a-motoneuron peaks
      with mean values of about 12.5 (a1), 10.3 (a2) and 8.3 microns (a3) and 1 peak of
      touch stimulated afferences with a mean value of 11.2 microns could be identified
      for myelin sheath thicknesses between 1.8 and 2.3 microns. A teased fibre
      dissection gave a factor of 100 between the internode length and the nerve fibre
      diameter. The electrophysiologic parameters have been correlated with the
      morphologic parameters. Approximate factors between the mean conduction
      velocities and the mean nerve fibre diameters of the a-motoneuron classes were
      5.1 (a1), 4.85 (a2) and 4.4 m/sec/microns (a3) at about 37 degrees C. Comparable
      approximate conversion factors for group I and fastest touch-stimulated ventral
      root afferents were 4.5 (gr. I) and 3.5 m/sec/microns (touch). By comparing the
      number of nerve fibres of each class of motoneurons with the number of
      spontaneously occurring action potentials, it was found that the a3-motoneurons,
      most likely supplying the slow fatigue resistant muscle fibres, had the highest
      activation at rest. The existance of ventral root afferents has been discussed
      with respect to pain treatments by deafferentation and ventral root stimulation
      to improve the bladder function in paraplegia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2649373
TI  - Removal of tumour cells from bone marrow: overview.

PMID- 2649374
TI  - Carboplatin and continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil for advanced head and neck
      cancer.
AB  - Fifty-one patients with recurrent or advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head
      and neck received carboplatin 70 mg/m2/day bolus X 5 days i.v. and 5-fluorouracil
      (5-FU) 1000 mg/m2/day by continuous infusion i.v. for 5 days as initial
      chemotherapy. There were four complete responders (CR) and 12 partial responders
      (PR). Durations of CR were 6.8 months, 7.2+ months and 14.8+ months with one
      patient lost to follow up after achieving CR. For objective responders the median
      relapse-free survival from the time of response was 5.3 months and survival from
      registration 11.7 months. The median survival for all patients was 4.8 months.
      The major toxicities were myelosuppression and mucositis. Neutropenia (less than
      1.0 X 10(9)/l) occurred in 19% of patients, thrombocytopenia (less than 50 X
      10(9)/l) in 17% and severe (WHO grade three or four) mucositis was experienced by
      28% patients. This combination had less gastrointestinal and nephrotoxicity than
      platinum containing combinations and can be used in patients with a poorer
      performance status.

PMID- 2649375
TI  - Gonadotropin releasing hormone binding sites in human epithelial ovarian
      carcinomata.
AB  - As a first step to investigate whether gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
      analogs might be able to modulate directly the proliferation of human epithelial
      ovarian carcinomata, we checked if binding sites for GnRH are present in these
      malignancies. Specific binding of [125I][D-Ala6-des Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide (GnRH
      agonist = GnRH-A) could be demonstrated in plasma membranes from 32 out of 40
      ovarian carcinomata tested. This binding was dependent on temperature, time and
      plasma membrane concentration. Mathematical analysis of the binding data showed
      that the interaction of GnRH-A with the binding sites was consistent with a
      single class of low affinity, high capacity binding sites (Ka = 1.42 +/- 0.14 X
      10(5) M-1; range: 0.3-3.8 X 10(5) M-1; R = 209 +/- 69 X 10(-12) M/mg membrane
      protein; range 16-400 X 10(-12) M/mg MP; means +/- S.E., n = 32). Native GnRH and
      the GnRH antagonist [D-p-Glu1, D-Phe2, D-Trp3,6]-GnRH had Ka values comparable to
      those of the GnRH-A used. [125I]GnRH-A binding could not be displaced by
      oxytocin, thyrotropin releasing hormone and corticotropin releasing factor in
      concentrations up to 10(-4) M. Somatostatin cross-reacted with binding sites from
      some carcinomata, while it did not displace GnRH-A binding in membranes from
      others. Though the functional role of this specific binding site for GnRH in
      human epithelial ovarian carcinomata is still obscure, it might be part of an
      autocrine regulatory system and provide a possible point of attack for
      therapeutic approaches using GnRH analogs in this malignancy.

PMID- 2649376
TI  - Mutagenicity profiles of newer amsacrine analogues with activity against solid
      tumours: comparison of microbial and mammalian systems.
AB  - Amsacrine, an acridine derivative used clinically in the treatment of acute
      leukaemia, has formed the basis for the development of further compounds with
      high activity against experimental solid tumours, one of which is currently in
      clinical trial. We have compared the ability of these drugs to cause point
      mutations in bacteria, 'petite' mutations in yeast and mutations in mammalian
      cells. Several of the compounds are frameshift mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium
      TA1537 while some cause 'petite' mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All are
      highly clastogenic and have significant mutagenic activity at the 6-thioguanine
      locus in cultured V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts following 1 h drug exposures.
      None are mutagenic at the ouabain locus of these cells. The relationship between
      different indicators of mutagenicity has been studied using an additional set of
      amsacrine analogues, some of which are mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA98. There is
      a highly significant relationship between mutation frequency (measured as
      resistance to 6-thioguanine) and either cytotoxicity (D37 values in a clonogenic
      assay) or clastogenicity (ability to induce micronuclei). However, there is no
      correlation with mutagenicity in microbial systems. The results suggest that the
      cytotoxicity, clastogenicity and mutagenic activity of the amsacrine analogues is
      mediated by similar mechanisms, probably involving the enzyme DNA topoisomerase
      II.

PMID- 2649377
TI  - Tumor grade as a prognostic factor in primary breast cancer.

PMID- 2649378
TI  - Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia. An EBMT-EORTC retrospective analysis of
      chemotherapy versus allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - In a retrospective analysis, patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML),
      treated in first complete remission (CR) with chemotherapy or with allogeneic or
      autologous bone marrow transplantation were compared with respect to their
      leukemia-free survival from CR. Two hundred and thirty-six patients treated with
      chemotherapy according to the EORTC AML-5 and AML-6 trials were included. The
      data of the transplanted patients were taken from two EBMT registries; 453 with
      an allogeneic and 182 with an autologous BMT. The very different sources of the
      data (trials and registries) forced us to be cautious in our conclusions.
      However, for the patient cohorts analyzed in the present study, BMT patients
      tended to have a better leukemia-free survival than chemotherapy patients. This
      was especially the case for the allogeneic BMT after 6 months of transplant.

PMID- 2649379
TI  - Relationship of histological subtypes to prognosis in early stage Hodgkin's
      disease: a review of 312 cases in a controlled clinical trial. The Groupe Pierre
      et Marie Curie.
AB  - To assess the prognostic significance of a newer histologic classification of
      Hodgkin's disease (HD), microscope slides from the time of diagnosis of 312
      clinical stage IA or B, IIA or B and IIIA patients were reviewed in 1987, 6-10
      years after their participation in a radiochemotherapeutic trial (1976-1982).
      Overall, the diagnostic reproducibility of the Rye classification by the same
      pathologist was confirmed. However, a new analysis showed an improvement in the
      differential diagnosis between HD and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) by the
      identification of 24 NHL (8%) amongst the patients originally diagnosed as HD.
      Most of the NHL identified on review had been classified originally as mixed
      cellularity. On review, none of the new histological subtypes of HD was
      significant for prognosis of relapse-free survival or overall survival. Only
      identification of NHL was shown to have an independent prognostic value on
      relapse rate (P = 0.012) and on overall survival (P = 0.10). It is concluded that
      diagnosis of HD by itself remains, in 1988, the sole histologic factor
      influencing the prognosis of these patients.

PMID- 2649380
TI  - Plasminogen activators in (pre)malignant conditions of the colorectum.
AB  - Plasminogen activators have been implicated in the process of tumour growth,
      invasion and metastatic spread. Recent studies indicate that urokinase (mu-PA) is
      the major type of plasminogen activator correlated with the evolution of
      adenocarcinomas of the colon. Comparable changes in the plasminogen activator
      profile have been found in premalignant conditions of the colon as observed in
      adenocarcinomas. The feasibility of determining plasminogen activators in
      endoscopical biopsies may provide diagnostic opportunities for the detection of
      early malignant changes in the human colon.

PMID- 2649381
TI  - Bu-1 antigen expression as a marker for B cell precursors in chicken embryos.
AB  - Genetically polymorphic cell surface antigen, Bu-1, is expressed on B cells as
      well as on a subset of macrophages. Bu-1+ cells are also present in embryonic
      spleen and bone marrow, and these could represent prebursal precursors for B
      cells and Bu-1+ macrophages. To test the repopulation capacity of these cells we
      sorted 14-day embryonic spleen cells from Bu-1a-homozygous donors into Bu-1a+ and
      Bu-1a- fractions and transferred them into age-matched irradiated Bu-1b
      homozygous recipients. Four to six weeks after hatching, the recipients were
      analyzed for Bu-1 chimerism. The results demonstrate that B cell precursors are
      exclusively present in the Bu-1+ population of 14-day embryonic spleen, whereas
      the Bu-1+ macrophage subpopulation can be repopulated by either the Bu-1+ or the
      Bu-1- fraction of these embryonic cells. Bone marrow cells from young chickens
      could also repopulate the Bu-1+ macrophage subset but not the B cell compartment,
      thus confirming previous data that postnatal bone marrow does not contain B cell
      precursors. These results demonstrate that all B cell precursors in the 14-day
      embryonic spleen carry the Bu-1 antigen, and suggest that there is no lineage
      relationship between the Bu-1+ cells and macrophages.

PMID- 2649382
TI  - Epidemiology in general practice.

PMID- 2649383
TI  - Cyclical patterns and predictability in infection.

PMID- 2649384
TI  - On the new clinical fashion in epidemiology.

PMID- 2649385
TI  - Haemagglutinating activity of Aeromonas spp. from different sources; attempted
      use as a typing system.
AB  - The haemagglutinating ability of 141 isolates of Aeromonas spp. for human, horse
      and guinea-pig erythrocytes was examined. Although the majority of isolates
      (136/141) agglutinated human group O erythrocytes, all the eight possible
      patterns of agglutination were observed. Haemagglutination of human group O
      erythrocytes, but not horse or guinea-pig, was associated with the ability to
      agglutinate yeast cells (Saccharomyces) and with aggregation in a low
      concentration of ammonium sulphate. Haemagglutinating ability was further
      characterized by reactions in the presence of mannose, galactose or fucose. All
      the possible patterns of inhibition with individual sugars were observed, but
      haemagglutination of human group O erythrocytes not inhibited by mannose,
      galactose or fucose was more common among isolates from patients with diarrhoea,
      and isolates producing a Vero cell cytotoxin than would be expected by chance.
      This might represent a virulence factor. When used as a typing system
      haemagglutination patterns did not correspond with the clustering of isolates
      expected on epidemiological grounds. Repeated subculturing resulted in a loss of
      agglutinating ability, an increase in the number of sugars inhibiting
      haemagglutination and an increase in the salt concentration required for
      aggregation. Haemagglutination did not seem to be useful as a means of typing
      aeromonads.

PMID- 2649386
TI  - Isolation of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli from milk filters in south
      western Ontario.
AB  - A total of 1012 milk filters collected from 498 dairy farms in south-western
      Ontario during three study periods (December 1985-March 1986) were tested for the
      presence of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC). VTEC were detected
      and isolated using a Vero cell assay. Supernatants from 20 of the milk filter
      cultures had verocytotoxic activity and 7 VTEC strains were isolated from these
      positive samples. The prevalence of VTEC in the samples in each of the three
      study periods were 0.44, 0.65 and 0.99% respectively. All seven VTEC strains
      isolated were sensitive to commonly used antimicrobial agents. The serotypes of
      these strains were O 26.H11, O43.H2, O 153.H25, O ?. H8, O? .H19, O ?. non
      motile, and Orough.H19. Two of these serotypes (O 153.H25 and O 26.H11) have
      previously been associated with disease in humans.

PMID- 2649387
TI  - Plasmodium berghei: malaria infection causes increased cardiac output in rats,
      Rattus rattus.
AB  - Thirty-two 4-week-old male Wistar rats were infected with Plasmodium berghei
      malaria. On Days 12 through 14, blood volume, arterial blood pressure, right
      ventricular pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, hematocrit, and
      vascular resistances were determined. All of the cardiovascular parameters
      measured, with the exception of calculated pulmonary vascular resistance, changed
      progressively as the peripheral blood parasitemia increased. With a rising
      parasitemia, cardiac output increased, despite a reduced heart rate. The highest
      parasitemia of 63% was accompanied by a doubling of the normal cardiac output.
      The relationship between parasitemia and cardiac output can be described by the
      equation, cardiac output = (6.14) x % parasitemia + 452 ml/min/kg. The mean
      arterial blood pressure was lower than controls when parasitemia exceeded 20%,
      whereas systolic right ventricular pressure was elevated only at the highest
      parasitemias. When noninfected control rats were compared with those animals
      having parasitemias greater than 40%, in the infected animals, mean arterial
      pressure was 28% lower (P less than 0.01) and systolic right ventricular pressure
      rose by 21% (P less than 0.02). A 50% decline was observed in the total
      peripheral vascular resistance (P less than 0.01), although the pulmonary
      resistance was apparently unchanged. With P. berghei infection, there is also a
      marked anemia, an increase in plasma volume, and a 16% increase in blood volume
      (% body weight). It is concluded from these results that although the hemodynamic
      changes previously reported in the literature indicate that infection with
      malaria may result in focal blockages in microvessels and poor tissue perfusion,
      the total systemic effect, in the rat, is an increase in cardiac output secondary
      to a reduced peripheral resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649388
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi: quantitative studies of development of two strains in small
      intestine and rectum of the vector Triatoma infestans.
AB  - This paper describes the development stages and numbers of flagellates of two
      strains of Trypanosoma cruzi living in the small intestine and rectum of the
      insect, Triatoma infestans, during the first 12 weeks postinfection (pi). Mainly
      epimastigotes and occasionally amastigotes and final trypomastigotes developed in
      the small intestine but after starvation periods of 3 or 4 weeks higher
      percentages of spheromastigotes including their transitional forms to/from
      epimastigotes were found. In the rectum, the percentage of final trypomastigotes
      increased in two steps; the second, but not the first, correlated with the
      development of intermediates originating from epimastigotes. For both strains the
      total number in the small intestine increased during the first 8 or 9 weeks,
      although there were reduced numbers when the bugs had starved for 3 or 4 weeks.
      In the rectum the numbers increased up to 10 weeks pi; only about 25% of these
      lived in the lumen, the others were located at the rectal wall. In small
      intestine and rectum the "Chile 5" strain of T. cruzi (zymodeme 1) nearly always
      reached higher population densities than the "Chile 7" strain (zymodeme 2).

PMID- 2649389
TI  - Plasmodium berghei: gametocyte production, DNA content, and chromosome-size
      polymorphisms during asexual multiplication in vivo.
AB  - In this study the DNA content and the karyotype of clones of Plasmodium berghei,
      which differed in the capability to produce gametocytes, were determined. The DNA
      content per haploid genome was established by cytofluorometric methods after
      staining of the haploid merozoites with DNA-specific fluorescent dyes. Field
      inversion gel electrophoresis was used to establish the number and size of the
      chromosomes. Parasites of a high gametocyte producer clone (original HP) and a
      low producer clone (original LP) contained 13 to 14 chromosomes in the size range
      of 0.5-3.8 megabase. In four independent experiments parasites of the original HP
      clone were maintained in mice and were mechanically transmitted for prolonged
      periods of time (up to 90 weeks). During the transmission period the capability
      to produce gametocytes decreased in all four lines. After mosquito transmission
      of parasites from these low producer lines, the gametocyte production returned to
      the level of the original HP clone. The total DNA content per haploid genome of
      low producer parasites was not significantly different from that of HP parasites.
      During prolonged periods of asexual multiplication of the HP clone in vivo,
      changes in the relative size of several chromosomes were detected. Mosquito
      transmission of the original HP clone did not result in a change of the
      karyotype. However, novel karyotypes were readily observed after mosquito
      transmission of parasites of the low producer lines. The decrease of the
      capability to produce gametocytes did not necessarily involve detectable changes
      in DNA content or in karyotype.

PMID- 2649390
TI  - Blastocystis hominis: phylogenetic affinities determined by rRNA sequence
      comparison.
AB  - In 1912 Blastocystis hominis was identified as a new species and classified as a
      yeast (Brumpt 1912). In the early 1920s several groups confirmed its
      classification as a yeast, specifically a member of the genus Schizosaccharomyces
      (discussed by Zierdt et al. 1967). Apart from an occasional case report, the
      classification of B. hominis and its role as a harmless intestinal yeast was not
      questioned for another 50 years. Then, Zierdt (1967) suggested that it should be
      classified in the phylum Protozoa, subphylum Sporozoa, and that it should be
      considered as a potential pathogen. The likely role of B. hominis as a human
      pathogen has recently become more firmly established (Garcia et al. 1984; Sheehan
      et al. 1986) and its classification has been changed. Although the classification
      of B. hominis as a protozoon was assumed widely, classification as a sporozoon
      was not accepted, and the most recent definitive classification of the Protozoa
      did not even list B. hominis (Lee et al. 1985). Then, based essentially on a
      review of the known characteristics of the organism, it was recently reclassified
      into the subphylum Sarcodina (Zierdt 1988). Clearly, the phylogeny of this
      emerging human pathogen needs definitive analysis (Mehlhorn 1988).

PMID- 2649391
TI  - Leishmania donovani: immunochemical localization and secretory mechanism of
      soluble acid phosphatase.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies specific for the soluble, secreted acid phosphatase (EC
      3.1.3.2) of Leishmania donovani were used to investigate the localization of this
      enzyme in extracellular promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Indirect
      immunofluorescence showed a weak general staining in the promastigote cytoplasm,
      together with strong fluorescence in the flagellar reservoir. Immunofluorescence
      studies on U937 cells infected in vitro with L. donovani showed that the
      pathogenic amastigote stage also produced soluble acid phosphatase. Metabolic
      labeling experiments using promastigotes indicated that the intracellular enzyme
      was soluble prior to secretion and no evidence was found for the association of
      secretory acid phosphatase with cell membranes after protein synthesis. The rapid
      release of acid phosphatase from the flagellar reservoir was energy dependent and
      may be coupled to beating of the flagellum. The results demonstrated that acid
      phosphatase was secreted into the flagellar reservoir by Leishmania promastigotes
      using a conventional constitutive secretory mechanism, and subsequently released
      from the reservoir into the extracellular medium.

PMID- 2649392
TI  - Expanding Medicaid coverage for pregnant women: estimates of the impact and cost.
AB  - An estimated 361,000 pregnant women are expected to be newly eligible for
      Medicaid coverage when all states raise the income ceiling for such coverage to
      100 percent of the federal poverty level by 1990, as Congress has mandated.
      According to a methodology for projecting the effects of recent congressional
      changes in the Medicaid program, about 64 percent of these women would be
      otherwise uninsured, at least for maternity care, and the rest would have some
      insurance, so Medicaid would be the payer of last resort. Congress has also given
      states the option to cover pregnant women with incomes from 100 to 185 percent of
      poverty. If all states were to do so, another 552,000 women would become
      eligible, 29 percent of whom would otherwise have no insurance coverage for
      maternity care. The estimate of newly eligible women with incomes below 185
      percent of poverty represents 24 percent of the 3.8 million women who give birth
      in the United States each year. Under the 100-percent-of-poverty ceiling, the
      estimated number of poor women eligible for coverage ranges from 4,000 or fewer
      in 18 states and the District of Columbia to 41,000 in California and Texas. At
      185 percent of poverty, the number ranges from 4,000 or fewer in 11 states and
      the District of Columbia to more than 90,000 in California and Texas. Eight
      states have already elected to extend Medicaid coverage to the 185-percent-of
      poverty ceiling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649393
TI  - Pleural exudate in a tropical hospital.
AB  - In one hundred consecutive patients with non-purulent pleural exudates without
      apparent cause, the final diagnosis was tuberculosis in 58, malignancy in 20,
      pyogenic infection in four, cardiomyopathy in two, pulmonary infarction in one.
      The aetiology remained unknown in 15. The technique of "semi-open" pleural biopsy
      was performed under local anaesthesia. It accurately detected 70% of cancer and
      69% of tuberculosis cases with a 9% complication rate and no mortality.
      Tuberculosis was seen at all ages but mainly between 20 and 39 yrs, where it
      represented 75% of cases. In this age group, malignancy was relatively rare: 10%
      of cases. In our environment of limited facilities, early chemotherapy trial for
      tuberculosis is justified for unknown pleural exudates in patients below the age
      of 40 yrs.

PMID- 2649394
TI  - Magnetopneumography: a general review.
AB  - Magnetopneumography is the study of the remanent magnetism of foreign
      intrathoracic ferromagnetic particles after magnetization by an external magnetic
      field. Given knowledge of the magnetic characteristics of the inhaled particles,
      this highly sensitive and non-invasive technique allows the measurement of lung
      dust loads. Many groups of workers have been examined in this way, e.g. welders,
      coalminers, asbestos, foundry and steel workers. Magnetopneumography also allows
      analysis of the distribution of aerocontaminants in the different anatomical
      structures and, when repeated, the study of clearance speeds and migration from
      site to site of such particles. Emphasis has been laid on the importance of study
      of the fading of the remanent magnetic signal as time elapses. This short-term
      phenomenon, called relaxation, seems highly significant for the study of the
      dynamic properties of the immediate environment of extra pulmonary particles and
      especially for the study of macrophage activity.

PMID- 2649395
TI  - Ultrasound detection of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer.
AB  - Presence or absence of lymph node metastases is the most accurate prognostic
      indicator in breast cancer. Clinical examination is unreliable in detecting
      involved nodes. Preoperative ultrasound scan of the axilla has been performed in
      140 consecutive women with breast cancer. The sensitivity for involved nodes was
      66% which was significantly higher than clinical examination (42%) (P = less than
      0.01). However ultrasound gave more false positives than clinical examination and
      thus no overall improvement in prognostic information was achieved.

PMID- 2649396
TI  - Choriocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder--a case report and
      review of the clinical evolution of disease in reported cases.
AB  - The sixth reported case of choriocarcinoma associated with transitional cell
      carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder is described. A 67-year-old female presented with
      haematuria and was found to have a bladder tumour with both poorly differentiated
      TCC and trophoblastic elements. The tumour was confirmed as being limited to the
      bladder at laparotomy. The patient was treated with combination chemotherapy but,
      after an initial response, relapsed and died of disease. Postmortem examination
      revealed multiple metastatic choriocarcinoma and no TCC. A review of the clinical
      evolution in the reported cases suggests that transitional cell carcinoma is the
      cell of origin of these tumours by the process of progressive
      retrodifferentiation.

PMID- 2649397
TI  - Monoclonal antibody and cytological detection of free malignant cells in the
      peritoneal cavity during resection of colorectal cancer--can monoclonal
      antibodies do better?
AB  - Detection of free malignant cells in the peritoneal cavity following curative
      resections of colorectal cancer may explain why some patients develop local or
      peritoneal recurrence after favourable operations. We have examined the incidence
      of peritoneal malignant cells using standard cytological methods and by indirect
      immunoperoxidase staining using monoclonal antibodies (CEA L11/285/14 and HMFG 1
      and 2) in 30 patients having resection for colorectal cancer. Peritoneal washings
      were collected on opening the peritoneal cavity and immediately prior to closing
      the abdominal wall following resection. Abnormal cells were only demonstrated in
      10 patients. Cytology revealed abnormal cells in seven patients (three
      preresection and three postresection, one patient had pre- and postresection
      positive cytology). Monoclonal antibody staining revealed abnormal cells in seven
      patients (two preresection and four postresection, one patient had both pre- and
      postresection positive stains). Only two patients had identical results using
      cytology and antibody staining. Seven of these 10 patients had hepatic
      metastases. The correlation between the assessment of free malignant cells using
      cytology and monoclonal antibody staining is poor. Long-term follow-up is
      required to see if 'free cells' have prognostic significance.

PMID- 2649398
TI  - [The Shchetkin-Blumberg peritoneal symptom].

PMID- 2649399
TI  - Evaluation of routine ultrasound examination for the prenatal diagnosis of
      malformation.
AB  - In 1986, a retrospective survey was undertaken in the southern part of the
      province of Hainaut, Belgium, in order to measure the frequency of ultrasound
      examinations during pregnancy and to evaluate the effectiveness of the routine
      practice of echography screening for the detection of congenital malformations in
      an unselected population. The reference populations comprised 8316 pregnancies
      covered by the EUROCAT Registry of Hainaut. In 1986, 190 congenital malformations
      cases were registered. For each of the 190 cases, one control ending in the birth
      of a non-malformed infant was retrospectively selected. The analysis showed that
      an average of four ultrasound examinations were performed during pregnancy. When
      all malformations are considered, the sensitivity of the screening is 14%
      (27/190). Sensitivity of detection varied from 100% for gross malformations such
      as anencephaly to 0% for defects of a minor size such as facial clefts. In these
      27 cases, obstetrical interventions following prenatal diagnosis were termination
      of pregnancy in 14 cases and induction of labor in 3 cases. Antenatal care was
      planned in 8 cases, 5 of which had early surgical repair. In the control group, a
      malformation was suspected in 3 of the 144 pregnancies (specificity of detection,
      98%).

PMID- 2649400
TI  - Piperacillin for prophylaxis in gynecological surgery.
AB  - The effectiveness of perioperative Piperacillin for prevention of operative-site
      infection after gynaecological surgery was studied in a total of 100 patients. In
      an open randomized clinical trial of 52 women undergoing abdominal or vaginal
      hysterectomy Piperacillin was compared to the combination
      Gentamicin/Metronidazole. Piperacillin was well-tolerated. Surgical-site
      infection was diagnosed in the Piperacillin group in two patients and in the
      Gentamicin/Metronidazole group in one patient. The occurrence of postoperative
      febrile morbidity was also similar between the two group. In 48 patients
      undergoing complicated gynecological surgery of long duration, only Piperacillin
      was administered perioperatively. Thirty-five of these 48 women underwent
      oncological operations and the mean operative length was 3.3 h. One patient
      developed a transient rash after the administration of Piperacillin. No other
      adverse side-effects were observed. Nine of these 48 patients developed a
      surgical-site infection postoperatively, and this was found to be significantly
      more often than in the first group of 52 patients. It was concluded that
      Piperacillin seems to be a valuable alternative for perioperative prophylaxis in
      gynecological surgery. Its effectiveness in vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy is
      similar to the combination of Gentamicin/Metronidazole, but after complicated
      surgery of long duration a decreased effectiveness should be reckoned with.

PMID- 2649401
TI  - NMR studies of the interactions of substrates with enzymes and their peptide
      fragments.
AB  - Metal-nucleus distances measured by paramagnetic effects on T1 and interproton
      distances measured by the nuclear Overhauser effect have been used to determine
      the conformations, arrangement, locations of enzyme-bound substrates with respect
      to specific amino acid residues, and to dock them into X-ray structures of
      enzymes. Synthetic peptide fragments of enzymes that range from 45 to 50 residues
      in length in some cases retain enough secondary and tertiary structure to bind
      substrates with affinities and in conformations similar to those found on the
      complete enzymes. The entire structure of peptides of this size can be determined
      in solution by 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. The
      applications of NMR methods to enzymology are exemplified by studies of adenylate
      kinase, ketosteroid isomerase, staphylococcal nuclease, and DNA polymerase I.-
      Mildvan, A. S. NMR studies of the interactions of substrates with enzymes and
      their peptide fragments.

PMID- 2649402
TI  - Oncogene-associated tumor antigens as targets for immunotherapy.
AB  - Cellular antigens encoded by tumor viruses and some antigens encoded by cellular
      oncogenes offer advantages as targets for immunotherapy by being inextricably
      associated with the neoplastic phenotype. For example, monoclonal antibodies
      (MAb) specific for an antigen encoded by the neu oncogene have a direct
      inhibitory effect on proliferation of antigen-positive tumor cells. Many of the
      oncogene-encoded cell surface molecules are growth factor receptors, as are some
      tumor-associated differentiation antigens (TADAs). Therefore, it is not
      surprising that their level of cancer specificity is similar. There have been
      some promising findings from using TADAs as targets for various forms of
      immunotherapy, and one would expect the results to further improve by targeting
      to molecules that are more directly involved in cell proliferation and/or in
      maintaining the malignant state.

PMID- 2649403
TI  - Promoter specificity and modulation of RNA polymerase II transcription.
AB  - RNA polymerase II is a multisubunit enzyme involved in the transcription of
      protein encoding genes. Recently acquired knowledge of the transcription process
      and of the RNA polymerase molecule as well as the isolation of subunit clones
      have led to a better understanding of the enzyme's functional regulation.
      Specific transcription initiation occurs at promoter regions located upstream of
      the gene and requires a minimum of five basic factors in addition to the enzyme.
      Furthermore, proteins that bind to specific DNA elements within the promoter also
      regulate transcriptional activity. Additional factors are required for the
      elongation and, possibly, termination of transcription. Two elongation factors,
      SII and TFIIF, interact directly with the RNA polymerase II molecule. Functional
      domains of RNA polymerase II have been determined by analysis of genomic clones
      for the two largest subunits of the enzyme. For example, the 240-kDa largest
      subunit contains a highly phosphorylated carboxyl-terminal heptapeptide domain
      repeated 26-52 times that is absolutely required for transcription in vivo.
      Analysis of the polymerase molecule and its interaction with basic gene-specific
      transcription factors will aid in our studies of the control of gene expression.

PMID- 2649404
TI  - This is FASEB. The Life Sciences Research Office.

PMID- 2649405
TI  - Gallbladder function is altered in sickle hemoglobinopathy.
AB  - Despite comparable rates of hemolysis, only 50% of patients with sickle
      hemoglobinopathy (SH) develop pigment gallstones by age 20 yr. Thus, pathogenetic
      factors, other than hemolysis, may contribute to gallstone formation. In the
      present study we determined whether gallbladder function, measured by real-time
      ultrasonography or bile acid metabolism, determined by isotope dilution-mass
      spectrometry, were altered in adolescents and young adults with SH. Compared with
      healthy controls, SH subjects had larger fasting (27 +/- 16 vs. 15 +/- 5 ml, p
      less than 0.02), and residual (8 +/- 6 vs. 4 +/- 2 ml, p less than 0.03) volumes
      of the gallbladder, but similar rates of emptying (0.029 +/- 0.016 vs. 0.034 +/-
      0.029 min-1) and percentage of fasting volume emptied (71% +/- 13% vs. 72% +/-
      14%). In SH subjects, the volume and emptying of the gallbladder were similar
      between those with and without gallstones. Some SH subjects had stasis of bile
      within the gallbladder, as demonstrated by isotopic disequilibrium between the
      circulating bile acid pool and bile stored in the gallbladder. Subjects with SH
      with gallstones tended to have smaller bile acid pools than SH subjects without
      gallstones (81 +/- 11 vs 163 +/- 91 mumol/kg, p = 0.051). We conclude that
      adolescents and young adults with SH have enlarged gallbladders that retain an
      increased postprandial volume of bile. Bile retention within the gallbladder may
      lead to stasis and contribute to the pathogenesis of pigment gallstones.

PMID- 2649406
TI  - Pancreolauryl pancreatic function test.

PMID- 2649407
TI  - [Diagnosis in patients with habitual abortion].
AB  - Since promising immunological concepts for treatment of patients with three or
      more miscarriages have been introduced, an exact clarification of all possible
      etiological factors has become even more urgent, because an infection risk
      associated with leucocyte therapy cannot be ruled out. Own experiences with 47
      couples with a history of habitual abortion who had been diagnostically evaluated
      in a special screening program in our hospital between 1985-1988 are discussed in
      the light of surveys of the recent literature. A critical revision of several
      factors which had been classified as etiological factors of habitual abortion in
      the past, seems important. While genetic factors are undoubtedly the most
      important cause of miscarriages in the first trimenon, the role of anatomical
      uterine anomalies (amongst our patients in 7 per cent), luteal insufficiency
      (among our patients in 9 per cent) and endometriosis cannot be evaluated with
      certainty yet because different diagnostic criteria have been established for
      diagnosis in the literature. Based on newly published data immunological factors
      seem to become etiologically more important; other anomalies, like infections or
      diabetes do not seem to be associated with an increased risk for habitual
      abortion. According to our experiences, habitual abortion may present as a
      problem involving different pathogenetic factors (among our patients in 79 per
      cent) so that sequential therapeutic steps may be required for treatment of a
      possibly-multifactorial disease.

PMID- 2649408
TI  - [Pregnancies following kidney transplantation and in immunosuppression with
      cyclosporin A].
AB  - From 1984 to 1987, offspring from six renal transplant-patients were delivered in
      the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Medical School of Hannover.
      The patients received cyclosporine and cortisone as an immunosuppressive therapy
      during the pregnancies. All pregnancies ended with live births; in two cases, a
      caesarean section was performed. Serious congenital malformations of the newborns
      were not observed, only two newborns being small. In the blood of the newborns,
      the cyclosporine concentrations were between 85 and 65% of the maternal blood
      levels. In two patients, the kidney functions deteriorated significantly during
      and after pregnancy. An increase in blood pressure or a hypertonic crisis,
      however, did not occur.

PMID- 2649409
TI  - [The course and treatment of an ovarian pregnancy in the 3d trimester].
AB  - The course of a right ovarian pregnancy advanced up to the 35th week is
      described. The only pathognomonical symptom was a constant retrocervical tumor
      which was not identified as the contracted uterus. The analysis of this and 16
      further cases of such ovarian pregnancies published between 1950 and 1981 leeds
      to the following conclusions: 1. Predisponant factors for an ovarian pregnancy
      occurring in a frequency of ca. 1:30,000 of all pregnancies are inflammatory
      diseases, surgery of the pelvis and fertility-disorders in the case-history. 2.
      The course of the ovarian pregnancy progreeded up to the third trimester in
      around 12% of the cases is characterised by an almost complete lack of symptoms.
      Vaginal bleedings and pain in the adnex-area may occur. 3. The monitoring as
      cardiotocography, chemical analysis of the placental function and the
      ultrasonography do not provide any clear findings to confirm the diagnosis. 4. As
      essential clinical indications can be considered a tumor in the pelvis of
      constant size discovered during the pregnancy mainly in combinations with a
      dislocated cervix of the uterus, a persistent anomaly of the fetal position, and
      a fetus palpable directly under the abdominal wall. 5. If an ovarian pregnancy is
      assumed an immediate operative revision is indicated. Exceptionally, in the
      second half of the pregnancy a delay of the operation can be justified until the
      fetus is able to survive. 6. The surgery of the advanced ovarian pregnancy should
      be as conservative as possible and reduced to the removal of the concerning
      adnexe.

PMID- 2649410
TI  - [Detection of cyclosporin A in breast milk--is breast feeding contraindicated?].
AB  - Cyclosporin A (CyA) was measured simultaneous in breast milk and maternal and
      fetal blood with a new monoclonal specific radioimmunoassay in a patient who was
      treated with Cyclosporin A during pregnancy because of kidney transplantation.
      CyA-levels in breast milk were 15 to 90% higher than in maternal blood. In case
      of breast feeding a child would take up less than 5 percent of an
      immunosuppressive dose. However, we would recommend ablactation because of the
      toxicity and the unknown side effects of CyA for the child's immunologic system.

PMID- 2649411
TI  - [Estrogens and osteoporosis].

PMID- 2649412
TI  - [Recurrence of non-puerperal mastitis. Limits of surgical and conservative
      therapeutic possibilities].

PMID- 2649413
TI  - Acid induced duodenal ulcer pain: the influence of symptom status and the effect
      of an antispasmodic.
AB  - The aims of this study were to determine whether the development of acid induced
      duodenal ulcer pain was influenced by the symptomatic status of the patient and
      whether the administration of an antispasmodic could abolish pain. One hundred
      millilitres of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid was infused onto the ulcer craters or
      scars of 143 duodenal ulcer patients on 168 occasions. Symptomatic patients were
      randomised to receive 40 mg of hyoscine intravenously before acid infusion, or to
      a control group. Typical ulcer pain developed in seven of 55 (13%) instances for
      non-symptomatic patients, 24/57 (42%) of control symptomatic patients, and 20/56
      (36%) of symptomatic patients given hyoscine. (Asymptomatic group v control
      symptomatic group, p less than 0.005; control symptomatic group v hyoscine group,
      NS - 95% confidence limits 12% in favour of the control and 24% in favour of the
      hyoscine group). The results suggest that acid infusion seldom reproduces ulcer
      pain in non-symptomatic duodenal ulcer patients and that the pathogenesis of acid
      induced duodenal ulcer pain probably involves a mechanism other than spasm, as
      pain was not prevented by an anticholinergic.

PMID- 2649414
TI  - Prevalence of biliary tract disease in India: a sonographic study in adult
      population in Kashmir.
AB  - Sonography was used to investigate the prevalence of symptomatic and silent
      biliary tract disease, in free living urban population in Kashmir. A randomly
      drawn sample of 1695 subjects aged 15 years or above was interviewed by a
      questionnaire. Twenty six had previous cholecystectomies, all for gall stones.
      Ultrasonography was carried out on 1104 (65.1%). The responder rates for
      ultrasonography in men (64.3%) and in women (66.0%) were similar (p greater than
      0.2). Gall stones were detected in 49 adults. Three of these had previous biliary
      symptoms. The prevalence of gall stones in adult population was 6.12% (men 3.07%
      and women 9.6%). The prevalence of gall stones rose with age in both sexes to a
      peak in the sixth decade prevalence of gall stones was significantly higher in
      age adjusted parous women than in nullipara. There was no correlation with
      obesity, diet, or socioeconomic status. Five subjects had sonographic appearances
      of the worm Ascaris lumbricodis in the bile ducts: and had previous biliary
      symptoms.

PMID- 2649415
TI  - Silicone in the liver: possible late effects.
AB  - We describe two renal transplant recipients who presented with clinical and
      biochemical abnormalities of liver function in whom liver scarring and silicone
      particles were identified in the liver by light microscopy. The presence of
      silicon in the particles was confirmed by x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy.
      In one patient liver abnormalities were first noted more than two years after
      haemodialysis was discontinued and in a second patient abnormalities were still
      present more than four years after successful kidney transplantation. No other
      specific cause for the chronic liver abnormalities was determined and we consider
      that these may be related to the presence of silicone degradation products in the
      liver. Other patients haemodialysed using a siliconised peristaltic blood pump
      insert system may also be a risk of developing similar late complications.

PMID- 2649417
TI  - Reaching a consensus on incontinence.

PMID- 2649416
TI  - Hepatic haemodynamics as related to blood flow through gut, spleen, and pancreas.

PMID- 2649418
TI  - Leiomyoma of the fetal membranes: report of a case.
AB  - A leiomyoma of the fetal membranes was incidentally discovered on examination of
      a spontaneously expulsed placenta following an uneventful pregnancy and delivery
      of a healthy neonate. Perusal of the literature uncovered only a single report of
      a placental leiomyoma.

PMID- 2649419
TI  - Synchronous adenocarcinoma and carcinoid of the uterine cervix:
      immunohistochemical study of a case and review of literature.
AB  - Mixed neoplasms, adenocarcinoma and carcinoid, have been reported to occur in
      several areas of the body, including gastrointestinal tract, breast, prostate,
      lung, skin, and kidney. Mixed tumors of the uterine cervix are very rare. Their
      histogenesis, immunohistochemical profile, and prognosis are not well
      established. Here, we report a case of a 49-year-old female with infiltrating
      adenocarcinoma of the cervix within which was found a separate nodule of small
      cell endocrine carcinoma.

PMID- 2649420
TI  - Vulvovaginal melanoma: report of seven cases and literature review.
AB  - Five cases of primary vaginal melanoma were treated at UCLA Medical Center
      between 1976 and 1986. Two additional cases of melanoma arising at the junction
      of the vulva and vagina are presented. One of seven (13%) patients is alive, with
      a median time to recurrence of 7 months, and median survival of 31 months. Four
      of five vaginal melanomas were located in the distal vagina, and all were
      advanced at diagnosis (greater than 3 mm depth). Mean size was 3 cm. Initial
      therapy was local excision in four patients and radical surgery in three. All
      patients had suboptimal surgical margins: two vaginal primaries had positive
      margins after local excision, both recurred vaginally within 5 months. Two
      patients had margins less than 1 mm, one died of distant metastases, the other is
      alive with disease 30 months after radical distal vaginectomy and hemivulvectomy
      with post-op pelvic radiotherapy. Three patients had melanoma in situ at the
      surgical margins, and each had pelvic recurrences between 6 and 26 months. Five
      of seven cases developed local recurrence as the initial site of treatment
      failure. All five vaginal cases ultimately developed distant disease, but only
      two patients had distant disease without local-regional recurrence. Chemotherapy
      and immunotherapy enabled disease stabilization in three patients. The
      vulvovaginal junction at the introitus is a high risk site for vaginal and vulvar
      melanoma. Intraoperative management requires assessment of lateral and deep
      spread of invasive and in situ melanoma.

PMID- 2649421
TI  - Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: report of four cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Four cases of malignant melanoma arising in the vagina are described, and the
      literature related to this unusual tumor is reviewed. The 2-year survival rate is
      better following radical surgery than after other treatment modalities; however,
      the 5-year survival rate is unrelated to type of therapy. Radical surgery appears
      to control local disease, but fails to address systemic spread of the tumor.
      Therefore, improvement in survival will require effective systemic therapy.

PMID- 2649422
TI  - Sensitivity of the screening program for cervical cancer in the Florence
      District.
AB  - Cervical cancer screening has been ongoing in the Florence district since 1966.
      All invasive cervical cancers occurring from 1975 to 1985 in the district have
      been considered and their screening histories have been investigated to estimate
      screening sensitivity. In the years 1975-1984, 236,045 women were screened
      initially. In this population all interval cancers have been recorded to estimate
      first screening sensitivity values according to the length of the interval since
      the first Pap test: 0.90 at 1 year, 0.78 at 3 years, and 0.68 at 5 years.
      Sensitivity values for subsequent screenings were lower than those for the first
      screening (0.68 at 1 year, 0.43 at 3 years), probably due to a lower number of
      prevalent cancers and to a progressive selection of cancers which are difficult
      to detect. The high sensitivity values confirm our choice of a screening
      frequency of 3 years.

PMID- 2649423
TI  - Recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma: presentation as a splenic mass mimicking
      malignant lymphoma.
AB  - We report the case of a 72-year-old woman in whom the sole manifestation of
      recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma was a large splenic mass. The clinical
      presentation mimicked that of malignant lymphoma. Although as many as 9% of
      carcinomas are associated with splenic metastases, such involvement is typically
      encountered only at autopsy and associated with widespread extrasplenic
      metastases. In contrast, we have found only three other reported cases of
      gynecological malignancy in which a splenic mass was the sole presenting
      manifestation of recurrent tumor.

PMID- 2649424
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: prognostic factors and patterns of
      recurrence.
AB  - Survival data, prognostic factors, and patterns of recurrence were analyzed for
      70 women with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix treated between 1968 and 1982.
      The 5-year survival rates for stages I, II, and III-IV were 82, 90, and 38%,
      respectively. Control of pelvic tumor was achieved in 82, 80, and 12.5% of cases
      of stage I, II, and III-IV disease, respectively. When radiation therapy
      techniques alone were employed, pelvic control was achieved in 100% of stage I
      and 75% of stage II cases. Tumor grade was an important prognostic factor in
      stage I disease, with 92% of patients with grade 1 and 2 lesions surviving 5
      years, in contrast to 68% of patients with grade 3 lesions (P less than 0.05, log
      rank test).

PMID- 2649425
TI  - Asbestos: toxicology and risk assessment for the general population in The
      Netherlands.
AB  - Within the scope of the preparation of Integrated Criteria Documents for priority
      compounds in The Netherlands, the possible health effects of oral and inhalatory
      exposure to asbestos for the general population were evaluated. It was concluded
      from the results of experiments in animals that exposure to asbestos by the oral
      route is not carcinogenic and is not expected to present a health risk to the
      general population. Inhaled asbestos, however, is distinctly carcinogenic to man,
      giving rise to lung tumours, and mesotheliomas of the pleura and peritoneum.
      Chrysotile asbestos appears to be less potent in inducing mesotheliomas than the
      amphiboles, but all types of asbestos appear to have a similar potency for
      inducing lung cancer. The risk of mesothelioma is not expected to be influenced
      by smoking, whereas the risk of lung cancer is expected to be ten times higher in
      smokers than in non-smokers exposed to the same asbestos concentrations. Risk
      assessment models for the inhalatory route, for the general population, are based
      on linear non-threshold extrapolation of occupational exposure to much lower
      environmental concentrations. These models give only a rough approximation of the
      risk of environmental exposure to asbestos. In accordance with the Air Quality
      Guidelines of the World Health Organization (World Health Organization, 1987), it
      was estimated that an extra risk of lung cancer of one in 10(6) (in the general
      population, with 30% smokers) may be presented by lifetime exposure to asbestos
      fibres longer than 5 microns, measured by electron microscopy, at concentrations
      of 100-1000/m3. It was further estimated that an extra risk of mesothelioma of
      one in 10(6) may be presented by lifetime exposure to 10-100 amphibole fibres/m3
      or to a range of 100-10000 chrysotile fibres/m3 (fibres longer than 5 microns).
      From the current asbestos concentrations, the risk of mesothelioma for the
      general population in The Netherlands appears to be negligible; the extra risk of
      lung cancer is expected to be higher than 1 in 10(6) near asbestos sources,
      whereas it appears to be negligible in background areas and in most large cities
      and industrial areas. However, it must be borne in mind that the validity of the
      risk figures given is difficult to judge.

PMID- 2649426
TI  - Immunocytochemical diagnosis of early myocardial ischaemic/hypoxic damage.
AB  - The sensitive and reliable dinitrophenyl (DNP) hapten sandwich staining (DHSS)
      procedure (B. Jasani et al., Virchows Arch (Pathol. Anat.), 406 (1985) 441-448)
      was used to study the distribution of immunoperoxidase staining seen with
      antibodies to seven protein markers in post-mortem heart tissue. This was
      obtained from 12 cases with macroscopic myocardial infarction and 17 cases
      without myocardial infarction (10 with and 7 without significant coronary artery
      atherosclerosis). The immunostaining patterns were compared with the appearances
      seen in adjacent sections stained by the routine haematoxylin and eosin (H & E)
      and phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin (PTAH) methods and a method previously
      recommended for the detection of early myocardial infarction, the haematoxylin
      basic fuchsin picric acid (HBFP) stain. Loss of immunostaining with an antibody
      to myoglobin was found to be a reliable and more objective marker of both early
      and established myocardial infarction compared with the histological stains.
      Antibodies to myosin, caeruloplasmin, C-reactive protein and pre-albumin gave
      similar but less reliable results, whilst those to complement factor C3b and
      alpha-1 anti-trypsin gave the least reliable results for early myocardial
      ischaemic/hypoxic damage. The immunocytochemical results are considered
      sufficiently encouraging to extend the work to a large number of sudden death
      cases in order to establish a new, more reliable approach to the detection of
      histologically latent ischaemic/hypoxic damage in the myocardium.

PMID- 2649427
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis. 2: Treatment of the complicated course].
AB  - Owing to its tendency to produce severe local and systemic complications, the
      hemorrhagic necrotic form of acute pancreatitis is still associated with a high
      mortality rate. Major local complications are pseudocystic space-consuming
      masses, arterial bleeding and abscess formation. The major systemic complications
      include circulatory shock, metabolic disorders, renal failure, respiratory
      insufficiency and sepsis. Of decisive importance for the prognosis is
      prophylaxis, early detection, and suitable treatment of these threatening
      complications, which is achieved on the basis of a combination of standardized
      basic treatment with problem- and symptom-oriented supplementary treatment. In
      the present paper, the current prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic concepts
      are described. In addition, a number of invasive measures and the indications for
      surgery are discussed.

PMID- 2649429
TI  - [AIDS. Initial successes with antiviral therapy].

PMID- 2649428
TI  - [Capsular ligament injuries of the knee joint. Significance of anamnesis and
      findings].
AB  - Despite the enormous developments in imaging procedures, the patient's history
      and clinical examination remain the basis for the diagnosis of fresh injuries to
      the knee. The description of the mechanisms of the accident as revealed by the
      case history already provides important clues. The clinical examination must
      cover all the anatomical detection of lesions of individual parts of the capsular
      ligaments. With an appropriate knowledge of anatomy, and adequate experience in
      performing the examination, the general physician (with no specialized orthopedic
      knowledge) can obtain a good idea of the nature and severity of the injury.

PMID- 2649430
TI  - Stark seeks MRI cost study, referral reform.

PMID- 2649431
TI  - New system helps prevent Medi-Cal claim delays.

PMID- 2649432
TI  - Hospital-productivity measure draws criticism.

PMID- 2649433
TI  - Medicare litigation: rewards for perseverance.

PMID- 2649434
TI  - Chromosomal aberrations as markers of oncogene amplification.

PMID- 2649435
TI  - Epithelioid sarcoma or malignant rhabdoid tumor of soft tissue? Epithelioid
      immunophenotype and rhabdoid karyotype.
AB  - Two children and one young adult with extremity sarcomas demonstrating an
      aggressive clinical behavior are described. Histologically, all three tumors
      displayed features compatible with a deep-seated epithelioid sarcoma or with a
      malignant rhabdoid tumor of soft tissue. Immunohistologically, both vimentin and
      epithelial antigens were demonstrated; however, no desmin was detectable. In all
      three cases, the DNA profile was diploid. In one case, a trisomy of chromosome 2
      was found in the tumor cells, a phenomenon also observed in embryonal
      rhabdomyosarcomas. It is concluded that, although the immunohistologic findings
      support the epithelioid character of the tumors, this chromosomal finding
      suggests a relationship with rhabdomyosarcomas and justifies the designation of
      rhabdoid.

PMID- 2649436
TI  - Visualization: guiding your client to optimum health through imagery.

PMID- 2649437
TI  - Immunochemistry at interfaces.
AB  - The immunochemistry of antibody binding to solid-phase immobilized antigen is
      reviewed. Experimental data are compared with different theoretical models of
      reaction mechanisms at solid-liquid interfaces. It was found that reactions at
      the solid-liquid interface can become limited by the diffusion rate due to
      depletion of reactants close to the surface, even though the intrinsic
      bimolecular reaction at the surface is reaction-rate limited. The forward
      reaction-rate constant decreases with increasing concentration of bound
      antibodies at the surface, and when not limited by diffusion the forward reaction
      rate can be more than 1000-fold slower than the corresponding reaction in a
      liquid solution. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed. The
      dissociation of bound antibodies is a slow process at solid phases. The antigen
      antibody complexes formed are practically irreversible. Some evidence is
      presented which indicates that the stability of these complexes can be due to
      attractive lateral interactions between bound antibodies.

PMID- 2649438
TI  - Comparison of concentration and avidity of specific antibodies to E. coli in
      breast milk and serum.
AB  - To investigate the relationship between mucosal and systemic immunity we analysed
      the specific anti-Escherichia coli antibody concentration and avidity of IgA in
      colostrum and IgG in paired blood samples from 47 mothers giving birth to
      premature neonates. The avidity of each sample, expressed as an avidity index,
      was determined using a novel enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-based procedure, while
      specific antibody determinations were performed by means of conventional sandwich
      EIA techniques. All subjects had detectable antibody to E. coli in serum and
      breast milk. The median avidity index for specific IgA antibody in breast milk
      (3.53 M NH4SCN, range 2.77-4.90) was significantly higher (P less than 0.0001)
      than that for specific IgG antibody in serum (median 2.03 M NH4SCN, range 1.15
      3.65). Using Spearman correlation analysis, a weak but significant association
      was found between the avidity of colostral IgA antibody and the avidity of
      systemic IgG antibody to pooled E. coli polysaccharides (rs = 0.29, P = 0.02).
      There was also a weak correlation between the concentrations of specific serum
      IgG antibody and of specific colostral IgA antibody (rs = 0.36, P = 0.006). There
      was no correlation between the concentration of IgA anti-E. coli antibody in
      colostrum and the avidity of colostral IgA antibody (rs = 0.14, P less than
      0.05). Similarly, there was no correlation between the concentration and the
      avidity of serum IgG anti-E. coli antibody (rs = 0.23, P less than 0.05). The
      findings of this study suggest independent regulation of concentration and
      avidity of specific IgA antibody in preterm breast milk. Similar results were
      seen for specific IgG antibody in serum. The correlations between systemic and
      mucosal antibody with respect to both concentration and avidity were significant,
      but are relatively weak and therefore suggest that there also may be independent
      factors which afford differential regulation of systemic and mucosal antibody
      responses.

PMID- 2649439
TI  - Latest state of research on lactitol and dental caries.
AB  - Research on the dental properties of lactitol as a bulk sweetener to replace
      dietary sugar is reviewed under three headings: microbiological experiments in
      vitro, investigations in laboratory animals, and studies in man. Lactitol was not
      easily metabolized by acidogenic and polysaccharide-forming oral micro-organisms,
      its enamel-demineralizing potential in vitro intra-oral acid development and
      dental plaque formation from lactitol in man were substantially lower than from
      sucrose. The indications for dental health benefits are promising.

PMID- 2649440
TI  - Detection of high-risk groups and individuals for periodontal diseases.
AB  - Though gingivitis has a prevalence of close to 100 per cent in many populations,
      most forms of the 'disease' are self-limiting and reversible: tooth support and
      function are not compromised so the public health importance of the condition is
      questionable. Periodontitis occurs in a number of different clinical forms which
      may have quite different aetiological factors and--perhaps more importantly--host
      predispositions. Collectively, however, these diseases result in only a minority
      (approximately 5-20 per cent) of most populations which have been adequately
      surveyed having destructive periodontitis of a 'clinically significant' degree,
      i.e. with pockets over 6 mm, attachment loss over 4 mm or teeth requiring
      extraction because of their periodontal condition alone. Indeed, current evidence
      shows the reasons for tooth loss, though complex, to be primarily related to
      caries and its sequelae (both infective and iatrogenic). Indeed, in populations
      without access to dental health care services most people keep most of their
      teeth for most of their lives. Destructive periodontitis, therefore, is not the
      public health problem it was until recently assumed to be. Nevertheless, a
      prevalence of 5-20 per cent constitutes an endemic disorder of very significant
      proportion. The ability to identify such individuals in advance would be a major
      breakthrough, as would methods for detecting the intraoral sites of those
      individuals susceptible to breakdown, or undergoing a phase of active and
      destructive periodontitis. The former may be approached by genetic and general
      health screening, plus measurement of immune status to relevant microbial
      virulence factors; the latter by microbiological, biochemical and immunological
      screening of oral fluids--notably gingival crevicular fluid samples on a site
      specific basis.

PMID- 2649441
TI  - A monoclonal antibody (D612) with selective reactivity for malignant and normal
      gastro-intestinal epithelium.
AB  - We describe the generation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody (MAb),
      designated D612, with selective reactivity for malignant and normal gastro
      intestinal epithelium. MAb D612, a murine IgG2a, was generated using a membrane
      enriched fraction of a human colon carcinoma biopsy as immunogen. Employing
      radioimmunoassays (RIAs) of biopsy extracts to a range of normal and neoplastic
      tissues, and both immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase assays on frozen
      sections of a range of normal and neoplastic tissues, we have shown that MAb D612
      binds to 82% of colorectal carcinomas tested (n = 67) and to normal gastro
      intestinal epithelium, but does not bind similarly to either neoplastic or normal
      tissues from a wide range of other sites. Western blotting has shown MAb D612 to
      react with a high-molecular-weight antigen. Live cell RIAs and FACS analyses
      demonstrate the reactive epitope to be present on the surface of colon carcinoma
      cells. Immunohistochemical studies have shown intense membrane staining of colon
      adenocarcinomas with MAb D612; the vast majority of both primary and metastatic
      colon adenocarcinomas from a variety of sites were positive with many lesions
      showing homogeneous staining of virtually all cells present. Using human effector
      cells, we also showed that MAb D612 mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediated
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human colon carcinoma cells; this activity was enhanced in
      the presence of interleukin (IL-2). Radiolabelled D612-purified IgG selectively
      binds a human colon carcinoma xenograft in situ. The pattern of membrane
      associated staining, the molecular weight of the reactive antigen, the IgG2a
      isotype, the ability to mediate ADCC in the presence of IL-2, and the
      immunohistochemical and RIA studies demonstrating highly restricted reactivity to
      malignant and normal gastro-intestinal tissue, all distinguish MAb D612 from
      other MAbs thus far described.

PMID- 2649442
TI  - Immunophenotypic characterization of follicle-center-cell-derived non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas.
AB  - The distribution of the BLA, CALLA (CD 10), AC-2 (CD 39), MHM-6 (CD 23), LB-I,
      and 351C5 (CD 45R) antigens in 40 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was demonstrated by
      immunohistochemical staining of frozen tissue sections. Nine out of 10
      centroblastic and centrocytic follicular and diffuse type of lymphomas (CB/CC
      F/D) and all 10 cases of CB/CC follicular lymphomas were BLA+ and CALLA+. A few
      cases also showed weak expression of activation antigens (AC-2, MHM-6 and LB-I)
      and 351C5. In contrast, 3 CC and 3 lymphoblastic (non-Burkitt) lymphomas showed a
      heterogeneous pattern of distribution with dominating activation antigen
      expression. A single case of lymphoblastic lymphoma of Burkitt-like type
      expressed BLA and CALLA but not activation antigens. In reactive follicular
      center and FCC lymphomas different cell populations appeared to express BLA and
      activation antigens, respectively. Assessment of staining intensity and
      proportion of the stained cells indicated that almost all BLA+ cells are CALLA+.
      CALLA+ BLA- cells were regularly present, in addition. The co-expression of BLA
      and CALLA in the same cell was confirmed by double immuno-enzymatic staining. By
      the same technique, BLA+ and CALLA+ cells were shown to be activation-antigen
      negative.

PMID- 2649443
TI  - Murine polyclonal T-lymphocyte activation induced by phytohemmagglutinin;
      differential lymphokine requirements of two unusual activation pathways defined
      by resistance to blockade by barium and by cyclosporin A.
AB  - We have recently demonstrated that polyclonal T-cell activation induced by PHA
      defines an activation pathway which is resistant to blockade by barium (Ba2+)
      ions. Other modes of T-cell activation, including ConA-induced responses, are
      completely blocked by Ba2+, which seems to affect an early Ca2+-dependent step of
      T-cell activation, as determined by kinetic and competition experiments. In the
      present study, we have analysed the lymphokine requirements of Ba2+-resistant
      pathway of PHA-induced T-cell activation by means of functional blocking
      experiments with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against mouse IL-2 (mAb
      S4B6) and against mouse IL-4 (mAb 11B11). We found that Ba2+-resistant T-cell
      activation can be blocked by either S4B6 or 11B11. Thus, both IL-2 and IL-4
      participate in Ba2+-resistant T-cell growth induced by PHA. In addition, we found
      that cyclosporin A (CsA) completely blocks T-cell activation induced by either
      ConA or by PHA plus Ba2+, but not T-cell activation induced by PHA in the absence
      of Ba2+, which is reduced by less than 50% in most experiments. This CsA
      resistant proliferative component of the PHA response is, thus, distinct from the
      Ba2+-resistant response, and is carried out by proliferating T-cells. Although
      mAbs S4B6 and 11B11 are potent blockers of ConA-induced responses, they failed to
      block CsA-resistant T-cell growth induced by PHA. At the doses of CsA employed,
      no IL-2 and/or IL-4 activity could be detected in the supernatants of CsA
      treated, PHA-stimulated T-cell cultures. The data indicate that this CsA
      resistant pathway is both IL-2 and IL-4-independent. The lymphokine involved in
      this T-cell activation pathway remains to be identified.

PMID- 2649444
TI  - Epinephrine and some other hormonal responses to exercise in man: with special
      reference to physical training.

PMID- 2649445
TI  - Glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose load in body builders.
AB  - To find out to what extent body composition affects glucose tolerance, blood
      glucose (BG) and insulin (IRI) responses to a 100-g oral glucose tolerance test
      (OGTT) were compared in 10 male body builders, 11 untrained lean control
      subjects, and 11 mildly obese men, all of similar age (19-35 years). In
      comparison with the remaining two groups, the body builders had the lowest
      percentage of fat, although their lean body mass (LBM) in absolute terms did not
      differ from that in obese subjects. Both BG and IRI concentrations during the
      OGTT were the lowest in body builders, medium in controls, and the highest in
      obese men. The differences in glucose tolerance between the groups were also
      demonstrated by comparison of the subjects' BG levels during the OGTT with the
      respective mean BG values obtained in a reference group of 42 healthy nonobese
      men aged from 20 to 55 years. The data indicate that body builders show better
      glucose tolerance and improved insulin action in comparison with untrained,
      nonobese subjects of similar age and body weight. Lean body mass in absolute
      terms cannot, however, be considered as a sole determinant of the insulin action
      in the body since in mildly obese subjects glucose tolerance was considerably
      reduced in spite of the fact that their LBM was similar to that in body builders.
      Either muscle hypertrophy or reduced adiposity may account for the beneficial
      effects of body building on glucose metabolism.

PMID- 2649446
TI  - Plasma cortisol, renin, and aldosterone during an intense heat acclimation
      program.
AB  - The physiologic responses to an intense heat acclimation (HA) regimen (treadmill,
      41.2 degrees C, 8 days, 56 min exercise/44 min rest) and the effects on stress
      and fluid balance hormone responses were examined in 13 unacclimated male
      volunteers. Venous blood samples were collected before (PRE) and after (POST)
      exercise (days 1, 4, 8) and analyzed for plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone
      (ALD), cortisol (PC), plasma volume shifts (delta PV%), sodium concentration
      (Na+), and potassium concentration (K+). HA responses (day 1 vs day 8) indicated
      reduced strain (P less than 0.05): decreased heart rate, rectal temperature, skin
      temperature, improved defense of PV, and attenuated PC responses. While plasma
      Na+ demonstrated no change during daily exercise, K+ (P less than 0.01), PC, PRA,
      and ALD increased (P less than 0.05) more than delta PV%(day 1: -7.1%, day 8: 
      5.1%) accounted for. Na+ and K+ did not change as a result of HA, and there was
      no change in fluid balance hormones (e.g., PRA, ALD). It was concluded that this
      intense heat acclimation regimen reduced physiologic strain by mechanisms other
      than alterations in fluid balance hormones and offered few physiologic advantages
      which cannot be gained through conventional heat acclimation techniques (e.g.,
      walking).

PMID- 2649447
TI  - Solubilization of immobilized protein substrates by metastatic tumor cells.
AB  - A new, sensitive automated assay based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      was developed for measuring proteolytic enzyme activity produced by metastatic
      tumor cells. In this assay, a suitable protein substrate is adsorbed onto the
      surface of microplates and incubated with dilutions of standard proteinases,
      viable tumor cells, or tumor-cell-conditioned medium. The loss of immobilized
      protein due to proteolysis is then detected by means of antibodies directed
      against the target protein, and is measured by a microplate reader. Both casein
      and fibronectin were useful as substrates for the assay of various well-defined
      proteinases. The assay was successfully used to detect degradative activity
      elaborated by the mouse B16-BL6 melanoma and the human HT1080 fibrosarcoma cell
      lines. Both cell lines extensively removed immobilized protein substrates when
      the cells were seeded directly on the protein films. In addition, substrate
      removal could also be detected in the serum-free culture medium conditioned by
      the tumor cells. The results indicate that soluble proteinases secreted by tumor
      cells may be important during tissue invasion.

PMID- 2649448
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of GABA-containing neurons during postnatal
      development of the rat retina.
AB  - The localization of neurons containing gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)
      immunoreactivity has been studied in the rat retina during postnatal development.
      Two populations of GABA-positive cells were observed. The first was located in
      the inner layers of the retina, with the number of cells and their
      immunoreactivity increasing during development until adulthood. Previous studies
      in adult rat enabled identification of these cells as a subpopulation of amacrine
      cells. The second was located in the outer layers of the retina. These cells
      displayed a transient GABA labelling, with no immunoreactivity detectable after
      postnatal day 15. Their localization and morphology corresponded to calbindin D
      27kDa-positive horizontal cells. It was concluded that the transient GABA
      positive cells were horizontal cells.

PMID- 2649449
TI  - A practical method for obtaining an index of lens density with an automated
      perimeter.
AB  - Uncontrolled variables often limit meaningful assessment of visual sensitivity.
      Previously, we developed a procedure and apparatus for in vivo assessment of
      light absorption by the human lens. In the current study, we modified a widely
      used automated perimeter to include our procedure for obtaining an index of lens
      density. Nineteen individuals were tested on both the original apparatus and the
      modified perimeter. Results were comparable with a correlation of r = 0.92 (P
      less than 0.01). We conclude that employing the procedure on an automated
      perimeter is a practical method for obtaining an accurate lens density index.

PMID- 2649450
TI  - Boerhaave's syndrome: case report and review of the literature.

PMID- 2649451
TI  - Traumatic rhabdomyolysis ("crush syndrome")--updated 1989.
AB  - In rescue operations for people trapped under fallen debris, i.v. replenishment
      of the massive internal fluid volume losses should be started as soon as physical
      contact has been established with the injured person. This should be followed by
      induced alkaline-mannitol diuresis. This regimen will stabilize the impaired
      hemodynamics, prevent myoglobinuric and hyperuricosuric renal failure, and
      correct the hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis often seen in rhabdomyolysis.
      This treatment is effective even in individuals rescued after 28 h. Local
      treatment of the crushed limbs should be conservative. A closed injury should not
      be converted into an open one unless distal arterial perfusion has been
      compromised.

PMID- 2649452
TI  - Fetal habituation to repeated sound stimulation.
AB  - Habituation is the progressive decrement of response with repeated stimulation.
      Neonatologists use this phenomenon to assess newborns for various pathological
      conditions of the CNS. The present study examined the time required for
      habituation of the startle response in 103 fetuses at various gestational ages
      (32 to 40 weeks). The external stimulus was produced by a door buzzer (80 to 90
      db). Habituation time decreased as gestational age increased. About 85% of the
      fetuses showed habituation after less than 20 stimuli, and about 95% after less
      than 30 stimuli. In all cases habituation time never exceeded 50 stimuli.

PMID- 2649453
TI  - Speculative philosophy, the troubled middle, and the ethics of animal
      experimentation.

PMID- 2649454
TI  - Bioethics on the congressional agenda.

PMID- 2649455
TI  - Theology and bioethics.

PMID- 2649456
TI  - Health education, health promotion and the open society: an historical
      perspective.
AB  - This article provides an historical perspective within which two recent,
      alternative directions for health education are examined. Each direction is seen
      as reflecting a unique vision of health promotion, with the first focusing
      primarily on personal behavior change and the latter on a broad
      empowerment/environmental model of health promotion. Key historical developments
      in the evolution of these two perspectives are examined, as are some of the
      assumptions and ideological values underlying these alternative approaches. The
      World Health Organization's "Healthy Cities Project" then is used to illustrate
      the broader vision of health promotion in practice. While recognizing that the
      health educator has contributions to make on both the micro and macro change
      levels, a case is made for moving the field of health education further in the
      direction of this broader model of health promotion, and roles for the health
      educator within such a paradigm are outlined.

PMID- 2649457
TI  - Promoting nutrition at the point of choice: a review.
AB  - The modification of dietary behaviors on a community-wide basis requires broad
      based, multilevel approaches. Dietary interventions at the point of choice have
      the potential, as one approach, of reaching a large number of individuals at
      minimal cost. This article presents the potential advantages and limitations of
      point-of-choice interventions, and describes the controlled evaluations of their
      efficacy in restaurants/cafeterias and supermarkets. Discussion addresses the
      refinement and extension of successful restaurant-based strategies and the
      challenge of developing more powerful strategies for influencing supermarket
      purchases.

PMID- 2649458
TI  - Health promotion in context: the effects of significant others on health behavior
      change.
AB  - Maintenance of health behavior change over the long-term has been routinely
      difficult. One of the reasons for this difficulty is that only individuals'
      attitudes or behavior are changed, without concomitant support from the social
      environment. The purpose of this study was to explore several of the ways in
      which significant others--family members, friends, and coworkers--may affect
      changes in health behavior. Eighty-four participants in a work site health
      promotion program were the subjects of the study. Self-reports of health
      behaviors were gathered at baseline and at the end of the 7-week program; in
      addition, subjects reported the extent to which significant others generally
      supported health behavior changes, encouraged them to maintain changes they had
      made, and made changes in their own health behaviors. Results provide support for
      the general hypothesis that one individual attempting to change health behavior
      may be positively influenced by significant others during the course of the
      change process. Family members were particularly helpful, and overall
      supportiveness was more helpful than others' change in health habits or
      encouragement. Behaviors most influenced by others were exercise and fat
      consumption. Suggestions for future theoretical development, research, and
      intervention are discussed.

PMID- 2649460
TI  - Keynote address: hypoxic cell sensitizers: clinical developments.
AB  - "Tumours having small islands of cells should be radiosensitive, and those having
      large masses, radioresistant. This was found to be the case and there is a ready
      explanation for this: the outside cells are close to blood vessels and will thus
      be well supplied with oxygen, whilst the inside cells are not well placed in this
      respect. Now it is known that cells well supplied with oxygen are radiosensitive,
      compared to the same cells deprived of oxygen; it is therefore likely that for
      this reason, variation in blood supply, that the outside cells are more easily
      destroyed than those within."

PMID- 2649459
TI  - [The value of sonography in salivary gland tumors].
AB  - In a prospective study, 178 patients with tumours of the salivary glands were
      examined both clinically and by ultrasound. All patients have since been operated
      upon, and the diagnosis was confirmed histologically. The diagnostic accuracy of
      clinical examination is compared with that of ultrasound. Every tumour of the
      salivary glands could be diagnosed by ultrasound. In the benign group, an exact
      diagnosis of the tumour type was possible in 83% of cases. In the malignant group
      an exact diagnosis was only possible in 57% of cases. Furthermore, it is possible
      with ultrasound to recognise multiple and bilateral tumours, to determine whether
      a tumour is intra- or extraglandular, and to show the nature of the tumour (cyst,
      abscess, central necrosis) to a much greater extent than with clinical
      examination alone. In addition, a fairly good assessment of the cervical and
      intraglandular lymph nodes is obtained. We believe that ultrasound is of great
      importance in the diagnosis of tumours of the salivary glands.

PMID- 2649461
TI  - Intratumoral and parametrial infusion of metronidazole in the radiotherapy of
      uterine cervix cancer: preliminary report.
AB  - In a recently started clinical trial, the short-term effects of radiotherapy of
      cervix cancer Stage IIb and III in combination with topical infusion of
      metronidazole solution were evaluated by determining the local clearance rate and
      cytologic damage in randomized and non-randomized cases. In regard to the short
      term effects the combined treatment was found to be superior to treatment without
      metronidazole.

PMID- 2649462
TI  - Misonidazole combined with split-course radiotherapy in the treatment of invasive
      carcinoma of larynx and pharynx: report from the DAHANCA 2 study.
AB  - Between October 1979 and May 1985, 626 patients with pharynx and larynx carcinoma
      were randomized to two different split-course radiation regimens and given either
      misonidazole (MISO; 11 g/m2) or placebo during the initial 4 weeks of treatment.
      Patients in the different treatment groups were evenly distributed among stages.
      The small number of females (136) gave an uneven distribution, thus making
      analysis difficult. The results show that females had a statistically better loco
      regional control (45 vs. 33%; 5-year actuarial value). Overall, the MISO treated
      group did not have a significantly better control rate than the placebo groups
      (37 vs. 34%). However, a difference was found in patients with pharynx carcinomas
      (38 vs. 27%; p less than 0.05). The pre-irradiation hemoglobin (Hb) concentration
      was found to be a prognostic parameter. In females, loco-regional control for IIb
      values below or above 8 mmol/l were 37 and 47%, respectively. In males, the same
      values were below or above 9 mmol/l 26 and 38%. Hb influence on local control was
      only seen in supraglottic and pharynx tumors. This effect was independent of
      tumor size, which also was of prognostic value. In addition Hb concentration and
      MISO had an apparent additive effect. Thus in the male pharynx group, placebo
      patients with low Hb had a 14% disease rate compared to 40% in MISO treated
      patients with Hb above 9 mmol/l. MISO induced significant peripheral neuropathy
      in 26% of the treated patients, whereas other drug related side effects were
      minimal and tolerable.

PMID- 2649463
TI  - Misonidazole combined with radiotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the
      uterine cervix.
AB  - Between April 1979 and January 1982, 331 patients were included in a study to
      establish whether misonidazole (MISO) had any effect as an adjuvant to
      radiotherapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix
      (FIGO Stage IIb, III, and IVa). Patients were randomized to receive either MISO
      (12 g/m2 applied within 6 weeks) or placebo. This was given in conjunction with
      each institution's normal radiotherapy schedule and thus varied with regard to
      external and intracavitary irradiation. The analysis was performed based on
      patients' status at January 1986, with all patients observed for at least 4
      years. One hundred and sixty-four patients received MISO and 167 placebo.
      Compliance to radiotherapy was good and MISO was well tolerated. The overall
      rates for MISO vs. placebo were as follows: local tumour control, 50 vs. 54%;
      disease-free survival, 47 vs. 46%, and crude survival, 39 vs. 45%. A similar lack
      of MISO effect was found in the individual stages. However, patients in all
      stages with hemoglobin concentrations below 7 mmol/l had a significantly lower
      local control probability (overall 24 vs. 47%), whereas the incidence of distant
      metastases was unaffected. We conclude that the addition of MISO did not
      influence the radiation response in advanced uterine carcinoma. The reasons for
      this ineffectiveness are yet to be clarified.

PMID- 2649464
TI  - Micropharmacokinetics of chemical modifiers.
AB  - Classical pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma, urine and tissue specimens
      continues to be of major value to the rational development of chemical modifiers
      of cancer treatment. However, in addition, increasingly sophisticated analytical
      techniques are becoming available which allow the pathways of microdistribution
      and micrometabolism of drugs to be traced down to the cellular and molecular
      level. New developments described here include flow cytometry, magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy, and molecular enzymology. These are predicted to have a major
      impact on the optimization of chemical modification.

PMID- 2649465
TI  - Keynote address: cellular reduction of nitroimidazole drugs: potential for
      selective chemotherapy and diagnosis of hypoxic cells.
AB  - Nitroimidazole drugs were initially developed as selective radiosensitizers of
      hypoxic cells and, consequently, as adjuvants to improve the local control
      probabilities of current radiotherapies. Misonidazole (MISO), the prototype
      radiosensitizing drug, was found in Phase I clinical studies to cause dose
      limiting neurotoxicities (mainly peripheral neuropathies). MISO was also found to
      be cytotoxic in the absence of radiation and to covalently bind to cellular
      molecules, both processes demonstrating rates much higher in hypoxic compared
      with oxygenated cells. It is likely that neurotoxicity, cellular cytotoxicity and
      adduct formation results from reactions between reduction intermediates of MISO
      and cellular target molecules. Spin-offs from radiosensitizer research include
      the synthesis and characterization of more potent hypoxic cytotoxins and the
      exploitation of sensitizer-adducts as probes for measuring cellular and tissue
      oxygen levels. Current developments in hypoxic cell cytotoxin and hypoxic cell
      marker research are reviewed with specific examples from studies which
      characterize the cellular reduction of TF-MISO, (1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-3[2,2,2
      trifluoroethoxy]-2-propanol).

PMID- 2649466
TI  - Quantitation of hypoxia in multicellular spheroids by video image analysis.
AB  - Polyclonal antibodies to a series of radiation chemically produced 2
      nitroimidazole-protein adducts have been used in the indirect immunofluorescent
      detection of hypoxic cells in EMT6/Ed spheroids. The spheroids were incubated
      with the radioactive 2-nitrioimidazoles under atmospheres of air, several
      intermediate oxygen concentrations, and nitrogen. The fluorescence intensity of
      the marker across radii of spheroids labeled at various oxygen tensions, as
      measured by video image analysis, paralleled the autoradiographic grain density.
      Thus, we conclude that the immunohistochemical approach provides a quantitative
      measure of the distribution of 2-nitroimidazole adducts in spheroids. The
      advantages of speed, technical simplicity, economy, and independence from the
      requirement of radiolabeled precursor render the fluorescent marker of potential
      use in the clinical detection of cellular hypoxia and tissue ischemia.

PMID- 2649467
TI  - Assessment of the repair and damage of DNA induced by parent and reduced RSU
      1069, a 2-nitroimidazole-aziridine.
AB  - The cellular repair and damage of DNA induced by parent and reduced RSU-1069, a 2
      nitroimidazole-aziridine, was assessed at both the molecular and cellular level.
      At the molecular level, after in vitro incubation with parent or reduced RSU
      1069, plasmid DNA was transfected into Escherichia coli (AB1157) with subsequent
      selection for gene expression. For equivalent levels of DNA strand breakage
      following such treatment it is evident from the relative transformation
      frequencies that interactions with reduced RSU-1069 lead to DNA damage consistent
      with bifunctional action of a metabolite(s). At the cellular level, the
      cytoxicity of RSU-1069 was determined for a series of repair deficient mutants of
      E. coli under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. The differential
      aerobic:hypoxic cytotoxicity ratio is approximately 3. We conclude that the
      repair of cellular DNA damage induced by RSU-1069 involves activation of the gene
      products under the control of the recA gene and not those under the control of
      the ada gene. The ability of cellular systems to repair damage induced by RSU
      1069 may play a significant role in determining its efficiency to act as a
      hypoxic cell radiosensitizer and a hypoxia selective cytotoxin.

PMID- 2649468
TI  - Keynote address: hypoxic cell radiosensitizers: where next?
AB  - The second generation hypoxic cell radiosensitizers SR 2508 (etanidazole) and Ro
      03-8799 (pimonidazole) are now undergoing Phase III clinical trials and are
      predicted from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies to be equivalent to an
      increase in the tolerable dose of Miso of 5-6 fold. Nonetheless, this will only
      produce an SER of the hypoxic cells of approximately 1.5 when given with each
      dose of a 24 fraction course of radiotherapy. There is ample opportunity,
      therefore, for a sufficiently improved third generation radiosensitizer to
      warrant the considerable time, effort, and money that would be involved for its
      clinical testing. Many groups are now involved in the synthesis and testing of
      drugs with the goal of producing this third generation sensitizer. The purpose of
      the present review is to summarize what we have learned from the many studies of
      new radiosensitizers and attempt to draw conclusions about the most fruitful
      directions for further work. One of the conclusions is that in vitro testing of
      radiosensitizers, essential though it is as a first screen, can lead to many
      false predictions. Fortunately, these in vitro systems tend to "overpredict"
      (i.e., produce false positives rather than false negatives) for in vivo activity.
      There is only one class of drugs, so far, (those that increase tumor oxygenation)
      which radiosensitize tumors in vivo, but not hypoxic cells in vitro. Another
      major conclusion is that the physico-chemical characteristics of drugs that have
      been shown to be important in enhancing radiosensitization or reducing toxicity
      (electron affinity, pKa, partition coefficient, DNA binding), have not been
      systematically optimized in any one compound. Systematic rational drug design is
      needed to achieve this. The search for new hypoxic cell radiosensitizers must not
      detract from the fact that a sensitizer of aerobic cells to low radiation doses
      is needed. A major challenge in achieving a useful drug for radiotherapy is the
      desirability for such a drug to be tumor specific. We present data which show
      that tumor hypoxia might be exploited to achieve this goal.

PMID- 2649469
TI  - Comparative DNA damage and repair induced by misonidazole, CB 1954 and RSU 1069.
AB  - We have studied the ability of CB 1954, misonidazole, and RSU 1069 to induce
      biologically relevant DNA damage in single- and double-stranded phi X174 DNA
      under oxic, anoxic, and anoxic reductive conditions using a double transfection
      technique. In addition, the ability of the three drugs to induce the SOS repair
      response in E. coli under the same conditions was measured. Whereas the relative
      order of DNA damage was RSU 1069 greater than CB 1954 greater than misonidazole
      the order in inducing SOS repair was RSU 1069 greater than misonidazole greater
      than CB 1954. Drug-induced damage by RSU 1069 involves enhanced damage by
      endonuclease III suggesting drug-induced pyrimidine damage. There appears to be
      no correlation between drug-induced damage and the degree of SOS repair
      induction. Thus it appears that enzymes other than, or in addition to, those of
      the SOS repair system are involved in the repair of DNA damage induced by these
      drugs.

PMID- 2649470
TI  - [All my years as midwife].

PMID- 2649471
TI  - From upstate New York to Concord, Mass: an experience to cherish.

PMID- 2649472
TI  - Fate of conceptus and corpus luteum after induced embryonic loss in heifers.
AB  - Ultrasonography was performed to determine the fate of the conceptus and the
      corpus luteum after induced embryonic loss in heifers. When embryonic loss was
      induced by administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha (25 mg, IM) on day 28 (n =
      10) or day 42 (n = 10), embryonic death occurred 2.3 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SEM) and
      2.6 +/- 0.2 days, respectively, after treatment, and subsequent ovulation
      occurred 2.4 +/- 0.3 and 2.7 +/- 0.2 days, respectively, after embryonic death.
      Administration of a mitotic inhibitor (1 mg of colchicine, intrauterine; n = 4)
      on day 42 resulted in embryonic death in 1.2 +/- 0.2 days and ovulation in 20.8
      +/- 3.1 days after embryonic death. Rupture of the amnion on day 42 (n = 3)
      resulted in immediate death of the embryo and ovulation in 35 +/- 3.5 days. In
      prostaglandin-treated heifers, area of the corpus luteum decreased (P less than
      0.01) between days -2 and -1, relative to day of embryonic death. Volume of
      uterine contents remained approximately constant for 2 or 3 days after treatment,
      then decreased greater than 75% between examinations on consecutive days.
      Embryonic death apparently resulted from luteolysis and was characterized by
      rapid loss of the conceptus with minimal conceptus degeneration; an intact
      conceptus was recovered from the vagina of 3 heifers treated on day 42. In
      heifers treated with colchicine or in which the amnion was ruptured, embryonic
      death was associated with maintenance of the corpus luteum and prolonged
      retention of the conceptus, which underwent extensive degeneration.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649473
TI  - Pyelonephritis in cows: 15 cases (1982-1986).
AB  - Medical records of 15 adult cows with a final diagnosis of pyelonephritis were
      evaluated retrospectively. Only 3 cows had obvious clinical signs that indicated
      urinary tract disease. Physical examination, including rectal and vaginal
      examinations, and urine chemical reagent strip screening detected abnormalities
      in all 15 cows and allowed subsequent confirmation by culture results of urine
      samples obtained using a catheter. Bacteriologic cultures of urine revealed
      Corynebacterium renale infection in 6 cows and Escherichia coli infection in 9
      cows. Long-term treatment with antimicrobial drugs resulted in recovery in 9 of
      11 treated cows. Of these, 4 of 4 cows with C renale infection and 5 of 7 cows
      with E coli infection recovered; the remaining 2 cows with E coli infection died.

PMID- 2649475
TI  - Check your references or Rediscovering the wheel.

PMID- 2649474
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced luteinizing hormone release in heifers:
      effect of nutrition during gestation.
AB  - The effects of nutrition during the last two trimesters of gestation on GnRH
      induced LH release were assessed in crossbred heifers. Heifers (n = 58) were
      allotted at 90 d gestation to one of three levels of an experimental diet fed at
      1, 1.5 or 2% of BW to attain maternal BW loss, BW maintenance or BW gain,
      respectively, at parturition. Twenty-two heifers were injected (i.m.) once with
      100 micrograms GnRH between d 14 and 1 before parturition, and 32 heifers were
      injected (i.m.) once with 100 micrograms GnRH between d 8 and 21 after
      parturition. Jugular blood samples were collected before and at 30-min intervals
      after GnRH for 4 h. Least squares means for BW change differed (P less than .01)
      among BW loss (-17.6%), BW maintenance (-6.0%) and BW gain (7.0%) heifers. Basal
      plasma LH concentration was not influenced by nutritional treatment and was
      similar before and after parturition for all groups. However, in response to
      GnRH, peak plasma LH concentration was greater (P less than .10) for prepartum
      than for postpartum heifers. Mean LH peak amplitude in prepartum heifers was
      approximately twofold greater (P less than .10) in the BW loss and maintenance
      groups compared with the BW gain group. Prepartum LH release was related
      inversely (r = -.64) to change in heifer BW and increased (P less than .01) as BW
      loss increased during gestation. After parturition, mean LH peak amplitude and
      area under the response curve averaged 50% less (P less than .10) in the BW loss
      and maintenance groups than in the BW gain group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2649476
TI  - Deletion hot spots in chimeric Escherichia coli plasmids.
AB  - Deletions form frequently in chimeric plasmids composed of M13mp2, pBR322, and
      pC194 (B. Michel and S. D. Ehrlich, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:3386-3390,
      1986). They are generated by joining of the nucleotide neighboring the nick site
      in the M13 replication origin to a nonadjacent nucleotide. This nucleotide is
      most often located within particular short plasmid regions, named deletion hot
      spots. Three natural hot spots were present in the chimeric plasmids. Two were
      active only when the DNA replication initiated at the M13 origin was allowed to
      progress; the third was active only in the presence of wild-type amounts of DNA
      ligase. Three artificial hot spots were generated by creating palindromic
      sequences in the plasmids.

PMID- 2649477
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the wild-type RAD4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
      characterization of mutant rad4 alleles.
AB  - Shuttle plasmids carrying the wild-type RAD4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      cannot be propagated in Escherichia coli (R. Fleer, W. Siede, and E. C.
      Friedberg, J. Bacteriol. 169:4884-4892, 1987). In order to determine the
      nucleotide sequence of the cloned gene, we used a plasmid carrying a mutant
      allele that allows plasmid propagation in E. coli. The wild-type sequence in the
      region of this mutation was determined from a second plasmid carrying a different
      mutant rad4 allele. We established the locations and characteristics of a number
      of spontaneously generated plasmid-borne RAD4 mutations that alleviate the
      toxicity of the wild-type gene in E. coli and of several mutagen-induced
      chromosomal mutations that inactivate the excision repair function of RAD4. These
      mutations are situated in very close proximity to each other, and all are
      expected to result in the expression of truncated polypeptides missing the
      carboxy-terminal one-third of the Rad4 polypeptide. This region of the gene may
      be important both for the toxic effect of the Rad4 protein in E. coli and for its
      role in DNA repair in S. cerevisiae.

PMID- 2649478
TI  - Osmoregulation in Escherichia coli: complementation analysis and gene-protein
      relationships in the proU locus.
AB  - The proU locus in Escherichia coli encodes an osmotically inducible transport
      system for two substrates, glycine betaine and L-proline, whose intracellular
      accumulation represents an important component in the physiology of
      osmoregulation. Several osmoresponsive proU::lac mutants were isolated and tested
      for complementation with plasmids carrying different functional regions of proU.
      Three classes of mutations were identified which were physically mapped to
      distinct regions of DNA from this locus. Tn1000-insertion mutagenesis of cloned
      proU DNA also yielded three phenotypic classes of mutations whose physical
      distribution approximately corresponded with those of the chromosomal mutants
      above. Three proteins, of Mr 44,000, 35,000, and 33,000, were shown to be
      products of proU, and the last of these was localized to the periplasmic space.
      The data indicate that proU is an operon with three genes, designated in order
      proV, proW, and proX, encoding respectively the gene products above. All three
      genes were shown to be necessary for exhibition of the proU-mediated
      osmoprotective effects of both glycine betaine and L-proline in E. coli.

PMID- 2649479
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the osmoregulatory proU operon of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The sequence of 4,362 nucleotides encompassing the proU operon of Escherichia
      coli was determined. Three open reading frames were identified whose orientation,
      order, location, and sizes were in close accord with genetic evidence for three
      cistrons (proV, proW, and proX) in this operon. Similarities in primary structure
      were observed between (i) the deduced sequence of ProV with membrane-associated
      components of other binding-protein-dependent transport systems, in the
      nucleotide-binding region of each of the latter proteins, and (ii) that of ProW
      with integral membrane components of the transport systems above. The DNA
      sequence data also conclusively established that ProX represents the periplasmic
      glycine betaine-binding protein. Two copies of repetitive extragenic palindromic
      sequences were identified beyond the 3' end of the proX gene. The primer
      extension technique was used to identify the 5' ends of proU mRNA species that
      are present in cells grown at high osmolarity; the results suggest that at least
      some of the osmotically induced proU transcripts have a long leader region,
      extending as much as 250 base pairs upstream of the proV gene. Evidence was also
      obtained for the existence of a sequence-directed bend in DNA in the upstream
      regulatory region of the proU operon.

PMID- 2649480
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the McrB region of Escherichia coli K-12 and evidence for
      two independent translational initiation sites at the mcrB locus.
AB  - The McrB restriction system of Escherichia coli K-12 is responsible for the
      biological inactivation of foreign DNA that contains 5-methylcytosine residues
      (E. A. Raleigh and G. Wilson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:9070-9074, 1986).
      Within the McrB region of the chromosome is the mcrB gene, which encodes a
      protein of 51 kilodaltons (kDa) (T. K. Ross, E. C. Achberger, and H. D. Braymer,
      Gene 61:277-289, 1987), and the mcrC gene, the product of which is 39 kDa (T. K.
      Ross, E. C. Achberger, and H. D. Braymer, Mol. Gen. Genet., in press). The
      nucleotide sequence of a 2,695-base-pair segment encompassing the McrB region was
      determined. The deduced amino acid sequence was used to identify two open reading
      frames specifying peptides of 455 and 348 amino acids, corresponding to the
      products of the mcrB and mcrC genes, respectively. A single-nucleotide overlap
      was found to exist between the termination codon of the mcrB gene and the
      proposed initiation codon of the mcrC gene. The presence of an additional peptide
      of 33 kDa in strains containing various recombinant plasmids with portions of the
      McrB region has been reported by Ross et al. (Gene 61:277-289, 1987). The
      analysis of frameshift and deletion mutants of one such hybrid plasmid, pRAB-13,
      provided evidence for a second translational initiation site within the McrB open
      reading frame. The proposed start codon for translation of the 33-kDa peptide
      lies 481 nucleotides downstream from the initiation codon for the 51-kDa mcrB
      gene product. The 33-kDa peptide may play a regulatory role in the McrB
      restriction of DNA containing 5-methylcytosine.

PMID- 2649481
TI  - Effect of cell cycle stages on the central density of Enterococcus faecium ATCC
      9790.
AB  - Cultures of Enterococcus faecium growing at various rates were examined for
      timing of cell division cycle events by using the method of residual divisions
      and a morphological analysis. Both methods gave essentially the same timing for
      the onset of D1 (completion of chromosome replication) and of D2 (completion of
      septation). Frequencies of cells exhibiting a phase-reversed center in bovine
      serum albumin at various growth rates were determined. The data fit a model in
      which rapidly growing cells increase in refractive index (which is assumed to
      represent central density) at completion of the chromosome replication cycle
      involved in the ongoing division, whereas slowly growing cultures increase in
      central density at the time of completion of septation. There was no correlation
      between the timing of increase in central density and the timing of initiation of
      new sites of surface growth.

PMID- 2649482
TI  - Temperature-dependent insertion of prolipoprotein into Escherichia coli membrane
      vesicles and requirements for ATP, soluble factors, and functional SecY protein
      for the overall translocation process.
AB  - The requirements for the translocation of prolipoprotein into membrane vesicles
      were examined in an in vitro system. As measured by the eventual modification and
      processing of the prolipoprotein to form mature lipoprotein, the overall
      translocation process was found to require ATP hydrolysis, the presence of some
      heat-labile soluble cytoplasmic translocation factors, and the function of a
      cytoplasmic membrane protein, SecY/PrlA. However, the initial step of complete
      insertion of prolipoprotein into the membrane vesicles occurred without apparent
      requirements of a nucleotide, cytoplasmic translocation factors, or a functional
      SecY/PrlA membrane protein. Immunopurified prolipoprotein spontaneously inserted
      into membrane vesicles at elevated temperatures and required ATP and cytoplasmic
      translocation factors to form mature lipoprotein. The prolipoprotein inserted
      most efficiently into liposomes made of negatively charged phospholipids,
      indicating the importance of phospholipids in protein translocation. These
      results suggest that ATP hydrolysis and the actions of both cytoplasmic
      translocation factors and a functional SecY/PrlA membrane protein occur at a
      step(s) after the insertion of the precursors into membrane vesicles. The initial
      step of spontaneous insertion of prolipoprotein into membranes is in good
      agreement with membrane trigger hypothesis proposed by W. Wickner (Annu. Rev.
      Biochem. 48:23-45, 1979) and the helical hairpin hypothesis proposed by D. M.
      Engleman and T. A. Steitz (Cell 23:411-422, 1981).

PMID- 2649483
TI  - Polyamines and regulation of ornithine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The growth rate of several polyamine-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli was
      very low in minimal medium and increased markedly upon the addition of
      putrescine, spermidine, arginine, citrulline, or argininosuccinic acid. The
      endogenous content of polyamines was not significantly altered by the
      supplementation of polyamine-starved cultures with arginine or its precursors. In
      contrast, these compounds as well as putrescine or spermidine caused a 40-fold
      reduction in intracellular ornithine levels when added to polyamine-depleted
      bacteria. In vivo experiments with radioactive glutamic acid as a precursor and
      in vitro assays of the related enzymes showed that the decrease in ornithine
      levels was due to the inhibition of its biosynthesis rather than to an increase
      in its conversion to citrulline or delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid and
      proline. High endogenous concentrations of ornithine were toxic for the E. coli
      strains tested. The described results indicate that the stimulatory effect of
      putrescine and spermidine on the growth of certain polyamine-starved bacteria may
      be partially due to the control of ornithine biosynthesis by polyamines.

PMID- 2649484
TI  - An alkyl hydroperoxide reductase induced by oxidative stress in Salmonella
      typhimurium and Escherichia coli: genetic characterization and cloning of ahp.
AB  - The ahp genes encoding the two proteins (F52a and C22) that make up an alkyl
      hydroperoxide reductase were mapped and cloned from Salmonella typhimurium and
      Escherichia coli. Two classes of oxidant-resistant ahp mutants which overexpress
      the two proteins were isolated. ahp-1 was isolated in a wild-type background and
      is dependent on oxyR, a positive regulator of defenses against oxidative stress.
      ahp-2 was isolated in an oxyR deletion background and is oxyR independent.
      Transposons linked to ahp-1 and ahp-2 or inserted in ahp mapped the genes to 13
      min on the S. typhimurium chromosome, 59% linked to ent. Deletions of ahp
      obtained in both S. typhimurium and E. coli resulted in hypersensitivity to
      killing by cumene hydroperoxide (an alkyl hydroperoxide) and elimination of the
      proteins F52a and C22 from two-dimensional gels and immunoblots. ahp clones
      isolated from both S. typhimurium and E. coli complemented the cumene
      hydroperoxide sensitivity of the ahp deletion strains and restored expression of
      the F52a and C22 proteins. A cis-acting element required for oxyR-dependent, rpoH
      independent heat shock induction of the F52a protein was present at the S.
      typhimurium but not the E. coli ahp locus.

PMID- 2649485
TI  - Release of flagellar filament-hook-rod complex by a Salmonella typhimurium mutant
      defective in the M ring of the basal body.
AB  - A Salmonella typhimurium strain possessing a mutation in the fliF gene (coding
      for the component protein of the M ring of the flagellar basal body) swarmed
      poorly on a semisolid plate. However, cells grown in liquid medium swam normally
      and did not show any differences from wild-type cells in terms of swimming speed
      or tumbling frequency. When mutant cells were grown in a viscous medium, detached
      bundles of flagellar filaments as long as 100 microns were formed and the cells
      had impaired motility. Electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy revealed
      that the filaments released from the cells had the hook and a part of the rod of
      the flagellar basal body still attached. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that the rod
      portion of the released structures consisted of the 30-kilodalton FlgG protein.
      Double mutants containing this fliF mutation and various che mutations were
      constructed, and their behavior in viscous media was analyzed. When the flagellar
      rotation of the mutants was strongly biased to either a counterclockwise or a
      clockwise direction, detached bundles were not formed. The formation of large
      bundles was most extreme in mutants weakly biased to clockwise rotation.

PMID- 2649486
TI  - The Escherichia coli cell division mutation ftsM1 is in serU.
AB  - The ftsM1 mutation is believed to be in a gene implicated in the regulation of
      cell division in Escherichia coli because it displayed the lon mutation
      phenotypes. In this study, we show that this mutation is located in serU, a gene
      which codes for tRNA(Ser)2, and has the phenotypes of the serU allele supH. Both
      ftsM1 and supH suppressed the leuB6 and ilvD145 missense mutations, and both
      conferred temperature and UV light irradiation sensitivity to the harboring
      cells. Cells which carried the ftsM1 mutation or the supH suppressor had very low
      colony-forming abilities on salt-free L agar, and this phenotype was almost
      completely abolished by the presence of plasmids bearing the ftsZ+ gene.
      Furthermore, sensitivity of the mutant cells to UV irradiation was also markedly
      diminished when they carried a ftsZ+-bearing plasmid. These results suggest that
      supH-containing cells have reduced FtsZ activities, in accordance with their
      displaying the phenotypes of the lon mutant cells. The possibility that ftsM1
      (supH) is functionally involved in the biosynthesis of a specific protein which
      affects cell division is discussed.

PMID- 2649487
TI  - Suppression of a frameshift mutation in the recE gene of Escherichia coli K-12
      occurs by gene fusion.
AB  - The nucleotide sequences of a small gene, racC, and the adjacent N-terminal half
      of the wild-type recE gene are presented. A frameshift mutation, recE939,
      inactivating recE and preventing synthesis of the active recE enzyme, exonuclease
      VIII, was identified. The endpoints of five deletion mutations suppressing
      recE939 were sequenced. All five delete the frameshift site. Two are intra-recE
      deletions and fuse the N- and C-terminal portions of recE in frame. Three of the
      deletions remove the entire N-terminal portion of recE, fusing the C-terminal
      portion to N-terminal portions of racC in frame. These data indicate that about
      70% of the N-terminal half of recE is not required to encode a hypothesized
      protein domain with exonuclease VIII activity.

PMID- 2649488
TI  - DNA ligase and the pyridine nucleotide cycle in Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Bacterial DNA ligases use NAD as an energy source. In this study we addressed two
      questions about these enzymes. First, what is the physiological consequence of
      completely removing the NAD-dependent enzyme and replacing it with an ATP
      dependent DNA ligase? We constructed Salmonella typhimurium strains in which the
      endogenous NAD-dependent DNA ligase activity was inactivated by an insertion
      mutation and the ATP-dependent enzyme from bacteriophage T4 was provided by a
      cloned phage gene. Such strains were physiologically indistinguishable from the
      wild type, even under conditions of UV irradiation or treatment with alkylating
      agents. These results suggest that specific functional interactions between DNA
      ligase and other replication and repair enzymes may be unimportant under the
      conditions tested. Second, the importance of DNA ligation as the initiating event
      of the bacterial pyridine nucleotide cycle was critically assessed in these
      mutant strains. Surprisingly, our results indicate that DNA ligation makes a
      minimal contribution to the pyridine nucleotide cycle; the Salmonella strains
      with only an ATP-dependent ligase had the same NAD turnover rates as the wild
      type strain with an NAD-dependent ligase. However, we found that NAD turnover was
      significantly decreased under anaerobic conditions. We suggest that most
      intracellular pyridine nucleotide breakdown occurs in a process that protects the
      cell against oxygen damage but involves a biochemical mechanism other than DNA
      ligation.

PMID- 2649489
TI  - Formation of supercoiling domains in plasmid pBR322.
AB  - Twin domains of positive and negative supercoiling are thought to form in DNA
      molecules whenever free rotation of a transcription complex around the DNA helix
      is impeded. Evidence for these domains has come from findings with Escherichia
      coli strains that are deficient in DNA topoisomerase I (top mutants) or that have
      been treated with DNA gyrase inhibitors. Plasmid pBR322 is highly supercoiled in
      these strains, whereas some of its deletion derivatives are not. The studies of
      pBR322 derivatives presented here show that high negative supercoiling in top
      strains requires translation as well as transcription of the first 98 codons of
      the tet gene and does not require the divergently transcribed amp gene. The N
      terminal region of the TetA protein is thought to insert into the inner membrane.
      Our results favor models in which supercoiling domains are created when DNA
      segments are anchored to a large cellular structure via coupled transcription,
      translation, and membrane insertion of a nascent protein.

PMID- 2649490
TI  - Streptokinase mutations relieving Escherichia coli K-12 (prlA4) of detriments
      caused by the wild-type skc gene.
AB  - A novel phenotype is described for Escherichia coli K-12 carrying the prlA4
      allele determining a membrane component of the protein export mechanism. It is
      manifest as transformation deficiency for plasmids containing the cloned group C
      streptococcal streptokinase gene, skc. Streptokinase plasmid mutations relieving
      the prlA4 strain of this deficiency fell into three classes. Class 1 included
      skc::IS5 insertions, with IS5 integrated in a region encoding the Skc signal
      sequence and inactivating skc. Class 2 included IS1 insertions leaving skc intact
      but reducing skc expression, presumably by altering the function of the skc
      promoter as judged by an insertion site close to the -35 region. The most
      interesting class, 3, included skc deletions removing the entire signal sequence
      or a tetrapeptide from its hydrophobic core. The tetrapeptide deletion reduced
      the size, hydrophobicity, and predicted alpha-helicity of the central region of
      the Skc signal sequence but facilitated the export of mature Skc in both the wild
      type and the prlA4 mutant. These findings indicate that the incompatibility
      between prlA4 and skc is related to deleterious effects of the Skc signal
      sequence. The tetrapeptide deletion may function by altering the conformation of
      the signal sequence so as to render interaction with both the PrlA wild-type
      protein and the PrlA4 mutant protein less detrimental to the export mechanism.
      These findings also provide an explanation for the difficulties encountered in
      cloning streptokinase genes in E. coli plasmids and maintaining their structural
      stability.

PMID- 2649491
TI  - Specific cesium transport via the Escherichia coli Kup (TrkD) K+ uptake system.
AB  - Escherichia coli cells which contain a functional Kup (formerly TrkD) system took
      up Cs+ with a moderate rate and affinity. Kup is a separate K+ uptake system with
      relatively little discrimination in the transport of the cations K+, Rb+, and
      Cs+. Regardless of the presence or absence of Kup, K+-replete cells took up Cs+
      primarily by a very low affinity mode, proportional to the ratio of the Cs+ and
      K+ concentrations in the medium.

PMID- 2649492
TI  - Structure of genes narL and narX of the nar (nitrate reductase) locus in
      Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - narL and narX mediate nitrate induction of nitrate reductase synthesis and
      nitrate repression of fumarate reductase synthesis. We report here the nucleotide
      sequences of narL and narX. The deduced protein sequences aid in defining
      distinct subclasses of regulators and sensors in the family of two-component
      regulatory proteins.

PMID- 2649493
TI  - Use of gene replacement to construct Escherichia coli strains carrying mutations
      in two genes required for stability of multicopy plasmids.
AB  - Escherichia coli mutants completely defective in ColE1 cer-mediated site-specific
      recombination have been mapped to two genes, xerA and xerB. In this study, xerA
      xerB double mutants were constructed by gene replacement with a lambda dv plasmid
      and were shown to be both viable and defective in ColE1 site-specific
      recombination.

PMID- 2649494
TI  - In vitro proteolytic cleavage of the Escherichia coli Ada protein by the ompT
      gene product.
AB  - Down regulation of the adaptive response to alkylation damage in Escherichia coli
      has been proposed to occur by proteolytic cleavage of the regulatory Ada protein.
      In this paper, it is shown that proteolysis of the Ada protein as observed in
      cell extracts is caused by the ompT gene product. This protease, however, was not
      involved in switching off the adaptive response in vivo.

PMID- 2649495
TI  - A novel location for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase processing sites in the alkaline
      extracellular protease of Yarrowia lipolytica.
AB  - A stretch of 10 consecutive dipeptides with the sequence -X-Ala- or -X-Pro-,
      possible cleavage sites for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DPAPase) activity, are
      located in the prepro-region of the alkaline extracellular protease (AEP)
      beginning at Leu14. Evidence for DPAPase processing of this dipeptide stretch was
      obtained by characterizing the polypeptide secreted by a strain carrying a xpr6
      mutation. The secreted polypeptide reacted with antibodies specific for AEP and
      was essentially identical to the 52-kilodalton intracellular AEP precursor based
      on mobility during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      content of N-linked carbohydrate, and peptide mapping. Amino-terminal amino acid
      sequencing of this secreted precursor revealed that it consisted of at least
      three major polypeptides. One began at the end of the stretch of dipeptides, and
      two of the others began two and four amino acids upstream. These results confirm
      that DPAPase activity is involved in the formation of the 52-kilodalton AEP
      precursor. In other reported cases of DPAPase processing, the dipeptides are
      located directly upstream of the mature polypeptide. For AEP, the dipeptide
      stretch is located over 120 amino acids upstream from the N terminus of mature
      AEP. The novel location of the dipeptide stretch may provide a mechanism for
      preventing premature activation of AEP in the secretory pathway.

PMID- 2649496
TI  - Colicin M inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis by interfering with lipid carrier
      recycling.
AB  - Colicin M is unique among the colicins in that it causes lysis of cells.
      Synthesis of peptidoglycan was inhibited before colicin-induced cell lysis
      occurred. This suggested that inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis was the
      primary effect of the colicin which was followed by cell lysis. Following colicin
      M treatment, soluble peptidoglycan nucleotide precursors accumulated, and
      radioactivity associated with the membrane-bound carrier lipid almost
      disappeared. Further metabolism of radiolabeled intermediates bound to the lipid
      carrier (lipid intermediates) was not inhibited by colicin M. The two lipid
      intermediates decreased to a level where equal amounts of both were present. The
      data indicated that translocation of nucleotide precursors to the lipid carrier
      was not inhibited. In vitro peptidoglycan synthesis agreed with the in vivo
      results. It is concluded that colicin M inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis by
      preventing regeneration of the lipid carrier.

PMID- 2649497
TI  - The interaction of small oligomers of complement 3B (C3B) with phagocytes. High
      affinity binding and phorbol ester-induced internalization by polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes.
AB  - The binding of soluble, multimeric ligands of the major cleavage fragment of
      complement component 3 (C3b) to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) has been
      examined. The oligomers bound entirely via complement C3 receptor type 1 (CR1).
      There was a single affinity of binding (0.65 nM) at 37 degrees C, while this high
      affinity binding accounted for only a minority of ligand bound at 0 degree C,
      with the rest showing a 50-100-fold lower affinity. Azide, fluoride, cytochalasin
      B, and colchicine had no effect on oligomer binding to PMN. Binding of oligomers
      had no effect on CR1 expression by PMN. C3b oligomers were not spontaneously
      internalized by PMN, but were internalized in response to phorbol dibutyrate
      (PDBu). Both CR1 initially present on the PMN plasma membrane and CR1 initially
      present in the internal pool of receptors were able to participate in PDBu
      induced ligand internalization. C3b oligomers attached to the detergent-insoluble
      cell cytoskeleton during incubation at 37 degrees C, but cytochalasin B did not
      inhibit PDBu-induced ligand internalization. Internalized ligand was no longer
      associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton. These data demonstrate that
      1) some CR1 diffusion is required for optimal oligomer binding; 2) high affinity
      ligand is not a signal for plasma membrane expression of the internal pool of
      CR1; 3) CR1 cross-linking is not a sufficient signal for endocytosis; and 4)
      functional CR1 association with the cytoskeleton which occurs at the plasma
      membrane is not required for ligand internalization.

PMID- 2649498
TI  - The alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase. Evidence that aspartic acid 60 is a
      catalytic residue and that the double alteration of residues 175 and 211 in a
      second-site revertant restores the proper geometry of the substrate binding site.
AB  - Our studies, which are aimed at understanding the catalytic mechanism of the
      alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from Salmonella typhimurium, use site
      directed mutagenesis to explore the functional roles of aspartic acid 60,
      tyrosine 175, and glycine 211. These residues are located close to the substrate
      binding site of the alpha subunit in the three-dimensional structure of the
      tryptophan synthase alpha 2 beta 2 complex. Our finding that replacement of
      aspartic acid 60 by asparagine, alanine, or tyrosine results in complete loss of
      activity in the reaction catalyzed by the alpha subunit supports a catalytic role
      for aspartic acid 60. Since the mutant form with glutamic acid at position 60 has
      partial activity, glutamic acid 60 may serve as an alternative catalytic base.
      The mutant form in which tyrosine 175 is replaced by phenylalanine has
      substantial activity; thus the phenolic hydroxyl of tyrosine 175 is not essential
      for catalysis or substrate binding. Yanofsky and colleagues have identified many
      missense mutant forms of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from
      Escherichia coli. Two of these inactive mutant forms had either tyrosine 175
      replaced by cysteine or glycine 211 replaced by glutamic acid. Surprisingly, a
      second-site revertant which contained both of these amino acid changes was
      partially active. These results indicated that the second mutation must
      compensate in some way for the first. We now extend the studies of the effects of
      specific amino acid replacements at positions 175 and 211 by two techniques: 1)
      characterization of several mutant forms of the alpha subunit from S. typhimurium
      prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and 2) computer graphics modeling of the
      substrate binding site of the alpha subunit using the x-ray coordinates of the
      wild type alpha 2 beta 2 complex from S. typhimurium. We conclude that the
      restoration of alpha subunit activity in the doubly altered second-site revertant
      results from restoration of the proper geometry of the substrate binding site.

PMID- 2649499
TI  - Role of the phenylalanine B24 side chain in directing insulin interaction with
      its receptor. Importance of main chain conformation.
AB  - We have investigated (by use of semisynthetic insulin analogs and isolated canine
      hepatocytes) the role of invariant residue PheB24 in determining the affinity of
      insulin-receptor interactions. Our results confirm that replacement of PheB24 by
      D-Phe is not detrimental to ligand binding to receptor, show that D-Ala is well
      tolerated at position B24 (whereas Ala is not), and demonstrate that
      [GlyB24]insulin retains as much as 78% of the receptor binding potency of native
      insulin. Additional findings show that replacement of PheB24 by D-Pro or by alpha
      aminoisobutyric acid results in analogs with severely decreased binding potency,
      and that the COOH-terminal domain containing residues B26-B30 plays a positive
      role in determining receptor binding potency in GlyB24-substituted insulin
      (whereas it plays a negative role in determining the receptor binding potency of
      its GlyB25-substituted counterpart). We interpret our results as identifying (a)
      a critical role for the insulin main chain near residue B24 in determining the
      affinity of receptor for ligand, (b) the importance of main chain flexibility in
      achieving a high affinity state of receptor-bound hormone, and (c) a potential
      interaction of the PheB24 side chain with receptor which initiates main chain
      structural changes in the natural hormone, but which does not itself confer
      affinity to ligand-receptor interactions.

PMID- 2649500
TI  - Isolation, characterization, and expression in Escherichia coli of the DNA
      polymerase gene from Thermus aquaticus.
AB  - The thermostable properties of the DNA polymerase activity from Thermus aquaticus
      (Taq) have contributed greatly to the yield, specificity, automation, and utility
      of the polymerase chain reaction method for amplifying DNA. We report the cloning
      and expression of Taq DNA polymerase in Escherichia coli. From a lambda gt11:Taq
      library we identified a Taq DNA fragment encoding an epitope of Taq DNA
      polymerase via antibody probing. The fusion protein from the lambda gt11:Taq
      candidate selected an antibody from an anti-Taq polymerase polyclonal antiserum
      which reacted with Taq polymerase on Western blots. We used the lambda gt11 clone
      to identify Taq polymerase clones from a lambda Ch35:Taq library. The complete
      Taq DNA polymerase gene has 2499 base pairs. From the predicted 832-amino acid
      sequence of the Taq DNA polymerase gene, Taq DNA polymerase has significant
      similarity to E. coli DNA polymerase I. We subcloned and expressed appropriate
      portions of the insert from a lambda Ch35 library candidate to yield
      thermostable, active, truncated, or full-length forms of the protein in E. coli
      under control of the lac promoter.

PMID- 2649501
TI  - Association of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with the plasma membrane
      of the intact human red blood cell.
AB  - Glycolytic enzymes have been observed to associate in vitro with membranes and
      cytoplasmic filaments in a variety of systems, but their distribution in vivo is
      contested. We have therefore examined the distribution of glyceraldehyde-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD) in the intact human erythrocyte using indirect
      immunofluorescence and affinity-purified rabbit antibodies to G3PD. Antibody
      specificity was demonstrated by immunoblotting as well as immunofluorescence
      experiments with ghosts specifically depleted of and reconstituted with G3PD.
      Anti-G3PD immunolabeling experiments utilized both fixed whole cells and fixed
      cell suspensions infused with 2.3 M sucrose, frozen and thick-sectioned. In all
      experiments a two-step fixation protocol was employed which ensured that
      cytoplasmic hemoglobin was retained when cells were subjected to Triton X-100
      permeabilization, the anti-genicity of G3PD was preserved, and antibody
      penetration was complete. We used mixtures of biotinylated affinity-purified
      antibodies to G3PD and dichlorotriazinylaminofluorescein-labeled, affinity
      purified antibodies to hemoglobin, followed by rhodamine-streptavidin, in double
      label experiments. In both whole and sectioned human erythrocytes, G3PD staining
      was predominantly membrane associated while hemoglobin staining was diffusely
      distributed throughout the cytoplasm. In isolated ghosts, some G3PD was tightly
      bound to the membrane and was resistant to elution with phosphate-buffered saline
      and NAD+/arsenate. However, in immunolabeled rat reticulocytes and erythrocytes
      G3PD was cytoplasmic. Nucleated human blood cells and platelets also exhibited
      cytoplasmic G3PD. In approximately 10% of the human erythrocyte population G3PD
      was also cytoplasmic. These cells were flatter in shape and exhibited strong
      cytoplasmic immunolabeling for hemoglobin which was sometimes concentrated along
      the cell membrane; possibly, these cells were late reticulocytes or early
      erythrocytes. We conclude that G3PD is preferentially associated with the plasma
      membrane of human erythrocytes in a specific fashion.

PMID- 2649502
TI  - Suppression of amber codons in vivo as evidence that mutants derived from
      Escherichia coli initiator tRNA can act at the step of elongation in protein
      synthesis.
AB  - The absence of a Watson-Crick base pair at the end of the amino acid acceptor
      stem is one of the features which distinguishes prokaryotic initiator tRNAs as a
      class from all other tRNAs. We show that this structural feature prevents
      Escherichia coli initiator tRNA from acting as an elongator in protein synthesis
      in vivo. We generated a mutant of E. coli initiator tRNA in which the anticodon
      sequence is changed from CAU to CUA (the T35A36 mutant). This mutant tRNA has the
      potential to read the amber termination codon UAG. We then coupled this mutation
      to others which change the C1.A72 mismatch at the end of the acceptor stem to
      either a U1:A72 base pair (T1 mutant) or a C1:G72 base pair (G72 mutant).
      Transformation of E. coli CA274 (HfrC Su- lacZ125am trpEam) with multicopy
      plasmids carrying the mutant initiator tRNA genes show that mutant tRNAs carrying
      changes in both the anticodon sequence and the acceptor stem suppress amber
      codons in vivo, whereas mutant tRNA with changes in the anticodon sequence alone
      does not. Mutant tRNAs with the above anticodon sequence change are aminoacylated
      with glutamine in vitro. Measurement of kinetic parameters for aminoacylation by
      E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase show that both the nature of the base pair at
      the end of the acceptor stem and the presence or absence of a base pair at this
      position can affect aminoacylation kinetics. We discuss the implications of this
      result on recognition of tRNAs by E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase.

PMID- 2649503
TI  - Association of the VLA alpha 6 subunit with a novel protein. A possible
      alternative to the common VLA beta 1 subunit on certain cell lines.
AB  - On platelets and other cell types, VLA-6 is a typical integrin heterodimer, with
      alpha 6-beta 1 subunit association. However, on colon carcinoma cell lines and
      other epithelial cells the alpha 6 subunit associates with a novel protein
      (called beta 4) rather than the VLA beta 1 subunit. The beta 4 protein differs
      from beta 1 because (i) it is not recognized by anti-beta 1 antibodies, (ii) it
      yields different V8 protease cleavage products, (iii) it has a more limited cell
      distribution, (iv) it has multiple forms, each larger in size than beta 1, and
      (v) it is susceptible to protease digestion which does not effect beta 1.
      Although different in many respects, the beta 4 subunit does have partial N
      terminal sequence similarity to the already defined integrin beta 1, beta 2, and
      beta 3 subunits. The presence of alpha 6-beta 4 complexes was demonstrated by
      coprecipitation of beta 4 with an anti-alpha 6 antibody and by covalent cross
      linking experiments. Although alpha 6-beta 4 complexes were present on certain
      cells, other VLA alpha subunits on those same cells remained associated with the
      VLA beta 1 subunit to form typical VLA heterodimers (e.g. VLA-1, VLA-2, VLA-3).
      By the criteria of N-terminal amino acid sequencing, antibody recognition, V8
      peptide maps, and reduced/nonreduced gel migration, the alpha 6 subunit which
      associates with beta 4 appears identical to the alpha 6 associated with the VLA
      beta 1 subunit on platelets and other cell types. The beta 4 subunit may be of
      major importance because (i) it is highly abundant on the surface of colon
      carcinoma cell lines, and (ii) it is highly immunogenic relative to other surface
      proteins.

PMID- 2649504
TI  - Purification of DNA polymerase II, a distinct DNA polymerase, from Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - Yeast DNA polymerases I and III have been well characterized physically,
      biochemically, genetically and immunologically. DNA polymerase II is present in
      very small amounts, and only partially purified preparations have been available
      for characterization, making comparison with DNA polymerases I and III difficult.
      Recently, we have shown that DNA polymerases II and III are genetically distinct
      (Sitney et al., 1989). In this work, we show that polymerase II is also
      genetically distinct from polymerase I, since polymerase II can be purified in
      equal amounts from wild-type and mutant strains completely lacking DNA polymerase
      I activity. Thus, yeast contains three major nuclear DNA polymerases. The core
      catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase II was purified to near homogeneity using a
      reconstitution assay. Two factors that stimulate the core polymerase were
      identified and used to monitor activity during purification and analysis. The
      predominant species of the most highly purified preparation of polymerase II is
      132,000 Da. However, polymerase activity gels suggest that the 132,000-Da form of
      DNA polymerase II is probably an active proteolytic fragment derived from a
      170,000-Da protein. The highly purified polymerase fractions contain a 3'----5'
      exonuclease activity that purifies at a constant ratio with polymerase during the
      final two purification steps. However, DNA polymerase II does not copurify with a
      DNA primase activity.

PMID- 2649505
TI  - Insulin and glucose-dependent regulation of the glucose transport system in the
      rat L6 skeletal muscle cell line.
AB  - Differentiated rat L6 skeletal muscle cell cultures maintained in glucose
      deficient medium containing 25 mM xylose displayed a rapid, reversible, time- and
      concentration-dependent 3-5-fold increase in glucose transport activity. Glucose
      deprivation in the continuous presence of insulin (24 h) resulted in an overall 9
      10-fold stimulation of glucose transport activity. In contrast, acute (30 min)
      and chronic (24 h) insulin treatment of L6 cells maintained in high glucose (25
      mM)-containing medium resulted in a 1.5- and 4-fold induction of glucose
      transport activity, respectively. Acute glucose deprivation and/or insulin
      treatment had no significant effect on the total amount of glucose transporter
      protein, whereas the long-term insulin- and glucose-dependent regulation of
      glucose transport activity directly correlated with an increase in the cellular
      expression of the glucose transporter protein. In situ hybridization of the L6
      cells demonstrated a 3-, 4-, and 6-fold increase in glucose transporter mRNA
      induced by glucose deprivation, insulin, and glucose deprivation plus insulin
      treatments, respectively. Similarly, Northern blot analysis of total RNA isolated
      from glucose-deprived, insulin, and glucose-deprived plus insulin-treated cells
      resulted in a 4-, 3-, and 9-fold induction of glucose transporter mRNA,
      respectively. The continuous presence of insulin in the medium, either in the
      presence or absence of glucose, resulted in a transient alteration of the glucose
      transporter mRNA. The relative amount of the glucose transporter mRNA was
      maximally increased at 6-12 h which subsequently returned to the basal steady
      state level within 48 h. These data demonstrate a role for insulin and glucose in
      the overall regulation of glucose transporter gene expression which may account
      for the alteration of glucose transporter activity of muscle tissue observed in
      pathophysiological states such as type II diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2649506
TI  - Spinal cord monitoring.

PMID- 2649507
TI  - Astrocytes and intracerebral immune responses.
AB  - The astrocyte is the most abundant cell within the central nervous system (CNS).
      This cell subserves a multiplicity of important functions that contribute to the
      process of neural development as well as to the integrity of normal brain
      function. Adding to the already exhaustive list of capabilities, the astrocyte
      has now been demonstrated to function as an intracerebral antigen presenting
      cell. These findings are serving to revise our view of the brain as an
      immunoprivileged site and perhaps will shed some light on the pathogenetic
      mechanisms involved in a number of CNS disorders of immune dysregulation. In this
      review we provide some perspective on the regulatory mechanisms that influence
      astrocyte immune functions. Specifically, we address the role played by the major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens as well as adhesion molecules in the
      initiation of brain immune responses.

PMID- 2649509
TI  - Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a surface marker of oligodendrocyte
      maturation.
AB  - The myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a minor component of central
      nervous system myelin. Using neonatal rat optic nerve oligodendrocyte cultures we
      have compared the development in vitro of MOG with galactocerebroside, myelin
      basic protein and 2' ,3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase. MOG appears on
      the surface of oligodendrocytes 1-2 days later than these other oligodendrocyte
      markers, suggesting that MOG may be a useful indicator of oligodendrocyte
      maturation. The relevance of these findings for investigating mechanisms of
      myelin injury in vitro and the role of oligodendrocyte damage in demyelinating
      disease is discussed.

PMID- 2649508
TI  - Phenotypical and functional heterogeneity of the large granular lymphocytes
      increased after various treatments in a patient with combined immunodeficiency.
AB  - A boy with combined immunodeficiency having low natural killer (NK)-cell activity
      received thymopoietin pentapeptide (TP-5) treatment, transplanted with T cell
      depleted HLA-haploidentical bone marrow (BMT) cells from his father and with
      thymus tissue from an infant at different times during the first year of life. He
      showed a marked increase in large granular lymphocytes (LGL) both during the
      treatment with TP-5 and after BMT. The LGL generated following TP-5 injection had
      a T3+Leu11- surface phenotype and low NK activity. In contrast, the LGL appearing
      after BMT showed T3-, Leu7+, and/or Leu11+ surface phenotypes, had high NK- and K
      cell activities, and were lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)-cell precursors.
      These killer activities were assigned to the Leu7-Leu11+ subset and proved to be
      of recipient origin. LGL proliferation following BMT was accompanied by
      neutropenia, which was improved in association with a reduction in the number of
      LGL and the appearance of T cells of BMT donor origin following thymus
      transplantation. This suggested the inhibition of granulopoiesis by the LGL and
      an in vitro study revealed that the Leu7+Leu11- subset of LGL suppressed the
      growth of granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming units. These results indicated
      that phenotypically different LGL could be generated by different treatments and
      that the LGL showing NK activity were distinct from those regulating
      granulopoiesis. It was also suggested that the generation of LGL was controlled
      by T cells.

PMID- 2649510
TI  - Decreased expression of HLA-DR antigens on monocytes in patients with multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - Immunofluorescence, cell binding assays and enzyme immunoassays were used to
      investigate the expression of class II major histocompatibility antigens on
      peripheral blood monocytes in 67 patients with multiple sclerosis. Monocytes from
      patients with active disease expressed fewer HLA-DR molecules on their surface
      than normal monocytes; furthermore the percentage of cells which exhibited
      detectable amounts of surface HLA-DR antigens was decreased in patients with
      active multiple sclerosis. During the inactive stage of the disease both
      deficiencies were milder, probably representing secondary pathogenetic phenomena.
      Quantitation of monocyte surface HLA-DR antigen expression could be valuable in
      assessing the clinical disease activity. The demonstration of a molecular defect
      in patients with multiple sclerosis will improve our understanding of the
      pathogenesis of the disease.

PMID- 2649511
TI  - Loosening tight junctions. Lessons from the intestine.

PMID- 2649512
TI  - Influence of body fat distribution on free fatty acid metabolism in obesity.
AB  - In order to determine whether differences in body fat distribution result in
      specific abnormalities of free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism, palmitate turnover, a
      measure of systemic adipose tissue lipolysis, was measured in 10 women with upper
      body obesity, 9 women with lower body obesity, and 8 nonobese women under
      overnight postabsorptive (basal), epinephrine stimulated and insulin suppressed
      conditions. RESULTS: Upper body obese women had greater (P less than 0.005) basal
      palmitate turnover than lower body obese or nonobese women (2.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.1
      +/- 0.2 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.2 mumol.kg lean body mass (LBM)-1.min-1, respectively), but
      a reduced (P less than 0.05) net lipolytic response to epinephrine (59 +/- 7 vs.
      79 +/- 5 vs. 81 +/- 7 mumol palmitate/kg LBM, respectively). Both types of
      obesity were associated with impaired suppression of FFA turnover in response to
      euglycemic hyperinsulinemia compared to nonobese women (P less than 0.005). These
      specific differences in FFA metabolism may reflect adipocyte heterogeneity, which
      may in turn affect the metabolic aberrations associated with different types of
      obesity. These findings emphasize the need to characterize obese subjects before
      studies.

PMID- 2649513
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the 60-kD component of
      the human SS-A/Ro ribonucleoprotein autoantigen.
AB  - SS-A/Ro is a nucleocytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particle that is a common
      target of autoimmune response in Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE). Previously, SS-A/Ro has been shown to be composed of at
      least two polypeptide antigens of 60 and 52 kD noncovalently associated with a
      set of small RNAs, designated Y1-Y5. A serum from an SS patient was selected to
      screen a lambda gt11 cDNA library constructed from human T cell lymphoblastic
      leukemia (MOLT-4) mRNA. An immunoreactive clone was isolated that possessed a 1.8
      kb cDNA insert. In vitro transcription and translation of the cDNA resulted in
      the synthesis of a 57.5-kD polypeptide which was specifically immunoprecipitated
      by SS-A/Ro antisera. The identity of the cDNA encoded protein as the 60-kD SS
      A/Ro antigen was established by proteolytic peptide mapping of the cDNA-encoded
      protein and the 60-kD HeLa cell antigen. The sequence of the cDNA shows that the
      60-kD SS-A/Ro protein possesses both RNA binding protein consensus sequences and
      a single zinc-finger motif. Recombinant SS-A/Ro antigen produced in bacteria
      proved to be a sensitive and specific reagent for detection of anti-SS-A/Ro
      antibodies in patient sera. The availability of the 60-kD SS-A/Ro cDNA will
      enable detailed analysis of the molecular structure and function of the SS-A/Ro
      RNP particle and its role in autoimmune pathology.

PMID- 2649514
TI  - Control of glomerular hypertension by insulin administration in diabetic rats.
AB  - Micropuncture studies were performed in Munich Wistar rats made diabetic with
      streptozotocin and in normal control rats. Diabetic rats received daily
      ultralente insulin to maintain moderate hyperglycemia (approximately 300 mg/dl).
      Group 1 diabetic rats studied after routine micropuncture preparation exhibited
      elevation of the single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) due to
      increases in the glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference and
      glomerular plasma flow rate. In group 2 diabetic rats infusion of insulin to
      achieve acute blood glucose control normalized the glomerular transcapillary
      pressure gradient while increasing the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient, so
      that SNGFR remained elevated. Persistent elevation of SNGFR despite normalization
      of the transcapillary pressure gradient was also observed in group 3 diabetic
      rats infused with insulin plus sufficient dextrose to maintain hyperglycemia.
      These studies indicate that glomerular capillary hypertension in diabetes is an
      acutely reversible consequence of insulin deficiency and not the result of renal
      hypertrophy.

PMID- 2649515
TI  - Abnormal responses of myeloid progenitor cells to granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor in human cyclic neutropenia.
AB  - Granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM) from four patients with childhood
      onset cyclic neutropenia demonstrated abnormal in vitro proliferative responses
      to purified, recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      (rhGM-CSF) when examined in detailed dose-response studies. Marrow aspirate
      specimens were obtained for these studies from cyclic neutropenia patients (both
      during neutropenic nadirs and during recovery phases of cycles), from leukemia
      patients in remission who had received myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and from
      healthy normal volunteers. Nucleated marrow cells were then isolated by density
      gradient centrifugation and cryopreserved to permit studies of CFU-GM from
      patients and controls to be carried out at the same time and in replicate.
      Maximum clonal growth of CFU-GM from normal subjects and from individuals
      recovering from drug-induced myelosuppression was elicited by 20-100 pmol/liter
      rhGM-CSF, and the CSF concentrations that induced half-maximal responses (ED50)
      were between 1.0 and 3.0 pmol/liter. In contrast, maximum growth of CFU-GM from
      the cyclic neutropenia patients required greater than or equal to 1.0 nmol/liter
      rhGM-CSF and ED50's were greater than 30.0 pmol/liter. These abnormalities in the
      GM-CSF responsive growth of myeloid progenitors were independent of cycle time
      and were most apparent with the predominantly neutrophilic 7-d CFU-GM. Moreover,
      differences in the growth of 14-d CFU-GM could be attributed mostly if not
      entirely to differences in the generation of neutrophilic colonies. These
      findings indicate that childhood onset cyclic neutropenia is associated with an
      underlying disturbance in the GM-CSF responsive growth of myeloid progenitors
      committed to neutrophilic differentiation.

PMID- 2649517
TI  - Statistics on microcomputers: a non-algebraic guide to the appropriate use of
      statistical packages in biomedical research and pathology laboratory practice. 6.
      Statistical methods for diagnostic tests.

PMID- 2649516
TI  - Induction of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and c-myc gene expressions by
      angiotensin II in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Recently, angiotensin II (Ang II) has been shown to cause hypertrophy of cultured
      quiescent rat aortic smooth muscle (RASM) cells. This observation along with the
      demonstration of angiotensinogen mRNA in the vessel wall has led us to postulate
      a role for vascular angiotensin in hypertensive blood vessel hypertrophy. To
      investigate further the possible molecular mechanisms, we examined the effect of
      Ang II on the expression of two genes known to be involved with cellular growth
      response. Near-confluent RASM cells were made quiescent by 48-h exposure to a
      defined serum-free medium. Ang II (10(-6) to 10(-11) M) resulted in an induction
      of the protooncogene c-myc mRNA within 30 min which persisted for 6 h.
      Interestingly, 6 h after the addition of Ang II, platelet-derived growth factor
      (PDGF) A-chain mRNA expression was elevated, peaked in 9 h, and persisted for 11
      h. This was accompanied with a 15-20-fold increase in PDGF concentration in the
      culture medium. These effects were dose-dependent and were blocked by saralasin.
      Whereas the inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide resulted in a
      stabilization of c-myc mRNA, cycloheximide abolished the elevation of the PDGF A
      chain mRNA. Taken together, our data show that exposure of RASM cells to Ang II
      results in the sequential activation of c-myc and PDGF A-chain mRNA expressions.
      This sequential activation of protooncogene and growth factor gene may be an
      important mechanism in angiotensin-induced smooth muscle growth and hypertrophy.

PMID- 2649518
TI  - Distribution of HBcAg in hepatitis B detected by immunoperoxidase staining with
      three different preparations of anti-HBc antibodies.
AB  - To evaluate the role of the expression of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in
      liver cell damage the immunoperoxidase staining pattern of cryostat liver biopsy
      specimens from 16 chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was
      investigated using three different kinds of anti-HBc antibodies. Polyclonal
      antibody prepared from recombinant HBcAg seemed to be more sensitive in detecting
      HBcAg than did monoclonal antibody from the same antigen. The topographical
      distribution of HBcAg detected by these two antibodies was similar, showing a
      close correlation to the histological activity of disease. Furthermore, the
      predominant localisation of cytoplasmic HBcAg usually reflected an active and
      severe ongoing hepatitis. On the other hand, monoclonal antibody prepared from
      purified Dane particles resulted in the prominent cytoplasmic staining for HBcAg
      regardless of histological severity of the hepatitis. The quantitative expression
      and topographical distribution of HBcAg depended on the type of anti-HBc
      antibodies used.

PMID- 2649519
TI  - Construction of a database to identify Staphylococcus species.
AB  - A database was constructed for the routine identification of Staphylococcus
      species, isolated from man. The method comprised 15 conventional characterisation
      tests using substrates incorporated into agar plates and a multipoint inoculation
      system. The database was constructed from results of 125 reference strains and
      1567 clinical isolates. In an evaluation trial, using a probability profile index
      generated from the database, 529 of 559 (94.6%) further clinical isolates were
      identified to species level. A further 20 (3.6%) gave low discrimination between
      two species. The proposed scheme was rapid, reliable, and inexpensive.

PMID- 2649520
TI  - Plastic embedded core biopsy: a complementary approach to bone marrow aspiration
      for diagnosing acute myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - Bone marrow aspirates and biopsy specimens were taken at diagnosis from 51
      patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The diagnosis was based on
      morphological and cytochemical analyses, and the leukaemias were classified by
      FAB criteria. A considerable difference was observed between the results of bone
      marrow aspirates and the findings of plastic-embedded bone marrow biopsy
      specimens, particularly in marrow cellularity, extent of blast cell infiltration,
      and cell type involved in the leukaemic process. The myelomonocytic cell type
      seemed to predominate in the sections. In four cases there was considerable
      marrow infiltration with maturing, but dysplastic, granulocytic cells in the
      sections, but not in the aspirate smears. Features of potential prognostic
      importance, such as bone marrow infiltration with inflammatory cells, were easily
      recognised and quantified in the sections. These results indicate that plastic
      embedded bone marrow biopsy sections complement the findings of bone marrow
      aspiration in the diagnosis of AML and may also provide information of
      independent prognostic importance that cannot be obtained by other means.

PMID- 2649521
TI  - Effect of somatotropin injection and dietary protein concentration on milk yield,
      and kinetics of hormones in dairy cows.
AB  - Four lactating Holstein cows averaging 155 d postpartum were used in a cross-over
      design to examine the influence of somatotropin administration (33 mg/d for 28 d)
      and dietary CP (11 vs. 16% CP) concentration on milk yield and kinetics of
      glucagon, insulin, glucose, and somatotropin. Somatotropin and dietary CP were
      without influence on DM intake and digestibility. Milk yields were increased by
      both somatotropin administration and increased dietary CP. Increased dietary CP
      increased turnover of glucose. Injection of somatotropin increased entry rate,
      pool size, and basal concentrations of somatotropin but was without effect on
      kinetics of glucagon, insulin, or glucose. The absence of major changes in the
      kinetics of hormones and glucose suggests that other factors play a role in
      somatotropin enhancement of milk production. However, the observed changes are
      consistent with the homeorhetic influence of somatotropin on milk production.
      Adequate dietary CP is required to obtain maximal responses to somatotropin
      administration.

PMID- 2649522
TI  - Effect of somatotropin and dietary protein concentration on hormone and
      metabolite responses to single injections of hormones and glucose.
AB  - Four lactating Holstein cows averaging 155 d postpartum were used in a crossover
      design to examine the influence of somatotropin administration (33 mg/d for 28 d)
      and dietary CP (11 vs. 16% CP) concentration on physiological responses to single
      intravenous injections of glucagon, insulin, glucose, and somatotropin. Dietary
      CP was without influence on plasma hormone or metabolite responses to the
      challenges but increased basal concentrations of FFA. Basal concentrations of
      glucagon, glucose, and insulin were not significantly increased by somatotropin
      treatment; however, there was a tendency for insulin concentrations to be higher
      in somatotropin-treated cows. Somatotropin treatment increased basal
      concentrations of somatotropin and FFA. Increases in glucose concentrations after
      glucagon challenge occurred more quickly, reached a greater peak, and lasted
      longer for cows treated with somatotropin than for control cows. Insulin
      concentrations were decreased after somatotropin challenge in control cows, but
      not in somatotropin-treated cows. Responses of metabolites and hormones to
      glucose or somatotropin challenges were not influenced by somatotropin treatment.
      Changes in the metabolism of glucose and insulin suggest that cows treated with
      somatotropin have a greater ability to synthesize and conserve glucose than
      control cows. Data obtained support the concept of the homeorhetic action of
      somatotropin.

PMID- 2649523
TI  - An aid for teaching periodontal suturing techniques.

PMID- 2649524
TI  - Teaching the younger patient.

PMID- 2649525
TI  - Evaluating mattress overlays and pressure relieving systems: a question of
      perception or reality?

PMID- 2649526
TI  - The social bases of discrepancies in health/illness perceptions.
AB  - Health care professionals generally assume that their perceptions and assessments
      of their patients' health status are accurate and are congruent with those of the
      patient and other health care providers. However, despite the patient education
      process, there is evidence that discrepancies in perceptions persist. These
      discrepancies are of particular concern to nurses because they may interfere with
      the provision of quality patient care. Poor communication, non-compliance with
      the treatment regimen, inadequate or unnecessary treatment, and ethical problems
      could be outcomes of discrepancies in perceptions. In this paper, the literature
      pertaining to discrepancies in health/illness perceptions is reviewed. As well,
      several social factors that may affect perceptions are described. These include
      cultural background, gender, socioeconomic status, experience and role. The
      effect of occupational role on health/illness perceptions has not been examined
      systematically. Regarding differences in perceptions of physicians, nurses and
      patients, further research is required to clarify and explain the nature of
      discrepancies in health/illness perceptions.

PMID- 2649527
TI  - Values and ethical principles in nursing.
AB  - In this paper I explore what kind of values enter into the different dimensions
      of the human being and how the principles of freedom, brotherhood and equality
      relate to the well-being of man, and further how technology, bureaucracy and
      specialization may curtail the observance of humaneness in nursing care. I also
      discuss the compatibility or incompatibility of values in nursing and the
      increasingly scientific nature of nursing. Respect for freedom is a condition for
      personal growth and development; recognition of the value of brotherhood is a
      condition for social participation; and equality a condition for meeting physical
      needs. However, these values are linked together and form a whole. The scientific
      nature of nursing contributes to the clarification of values in nursing. My
      doctoral dissertation, 'Self-care and nursing', on which this paper is based,
      deals with values and principles in nursing.

PMID- 2649528
TI  - The college student-athlete: psychological considerations and interventions.
AB  - This article reviews the literature dealing with problems brought by student
      athletes to college counseling and mental health centers. Among the issues
      discussed are fear of success; identity conflict; social isolation; poor athletic
      performance; academic problems; and career or vocational concerns. In addition,
      the authors examine the paradox that although athletes experience as much or more
      psychological distress as nonathletes, research indicates that athletes use
      professional services less often than nonathletes. Finally, the authors review
      approaches to psychological intervention, including short-term psychotherapy,
      very brief interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy, and career/vocational
      counseling, and discuss special considerations for conducting therapy with
      athletes.

PMID- 2649529
TI  - Laxative abuse: a hazardous habit for weight control.
AB  - Laxative abuse is an increasingly popular weight-loss method on college campuses,
      particularly for individuals with eating disorders. It is a dangerous habit,
      which many mistakenly believe will prevent caloric absorption and weight gain.
      Serious medical problems that may occur with laxative abuse include electrolyte
      and fluid imbalance, structural and functional colonic changes, and allergic
      reactions. Because patients are often secretive about abusing laxatives, laxative
      abuse should be considered if there is suspicion about the use of potentially
      destructive weight-control methods or about an eating disorder. A complete
      history and physical exam are essential parts of an assessment that should also
      include questions about diet, eating and exercise habits, and body image.
      Laboratory tests may provide additional supportive data. Treatment includes
      education, discontinuation of laxatives, medical follow-up as necessary, and
      psychotherapy. A college campus is an ideal forum for education, referral, and
      prevention programs.

PMID- 2649530
TI  - The challenge of cardiomyopathy.
AB  - The combined clinical and pathophysiologic characteristics and diagnostic
      features as well as current concepts of pathogenesis, therapy and prevention of
      the principal forms of cardiomyopathy are reviewed. These include hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy and specific
      cardiac muscle disease. Emphasis is placed on recent developments and unresolved
      questions requiring application of newer techniques of molecular biology and
      genetics and adult myocyte culturing.

PMID- 2649531
TI  - Cardiac electrophysiology: promises and contributions.

PMID- 2649532
TI  - Ventricular entrapment of a Swan-Ganz catheter: a technique for nonsurgical
      removal.
AB  - Entrapment of a balloon-tipped flow-directed catheter by atrial sutures during
      open heart surgery is a rare but serious complication. Several methods have been
      used to free such catheters with nonsurgical techniques. A case of entrapment in
      the right ventricle after repair of a ventricular septal defect is presented and
      a method for percutaneous removal described.

PMID- 2649533
TI  - Does thrombolytic therapy reduce infarct size?

PMID- 2649534
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction: a failure of timely, spontaneous thrombolysis.

PMID- 2649535
TI  - Silent defects.

PMID- 2649536
TI  - Attributes and qualifications that employers seek when hiring dietitians in
      business and industry.
AB  - A study was conducted to assess the employment trends of dietitians in business
      and industry and to identify attributes and qualifications essential to succeed
      in this segment of the industry. Results of the delphi process were utilized in
      the design of a questionnaire which would identify attributes and qualifications
      essential for success. The questionnaire was administered to a random sample of
      300 members of the Dietitians in Business and Industry Practice Group and 300
      prospective and current employers of dietitians. Response rates of 45.7% (no. =
      137) and 29.0% (no. = 87) were attained for the dietitians and employers,
      respectively. The majority of current employers (72%) and prospective employers
      (62%) and dietitians (73%) responded that the trend of hiring dietitians in
      business and industry was increasing. Both dietitians (53%) and employers (41%)
      reported that new positions were being created for dietitians in their
      organizations. Operational experience was more important for positions in sales,
      whereas clinical experience was more important for positions in manufacturing
      organizations. Employers ranked a master's degree in business administration
      (MBA) as the second most important qualification; dietitians rated the MBA as
      fifteenth in importance. Dietitians ranked registration status (RD) as, fourth in
      importance; however, employers rated registration status as least important of
      the qualifications. Both employers and dietitians ranked communication skills as
      essential to succeed in business and industry positions.

PMID- 2649537
TI  - Nutritional impact of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a unique counseling
      opportunity.
AB  - The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) presents a challenge for
      dietitians. Changes in the immune system have a potentially detrimental effect on
      nutritional status as a result of conditions such as anorexia, infection,
      diarrhea, and drug side effects. Conversely, poor nutrition status may adversely
      alter the immune systems. Dietary guidelines for the management of these
      conditions and additional obstacles are discussed. When counseling patients with
      AIDS, the dietitian needs to be aware of and sensitive to alternative therapies,
      to evaluate their effectiveness, and to assist in determining their place in the
      patient's treatment. Psychosocial factors that could influence nutritional
      status, such as dementia, unemployment, and isolation, must also be taken into
      consideration. A nutrition program has been established to address the needs of
      AIDS patients at AIDS Project Los Angeles-Necessities of Life Program (APLA
      NOLP), a food distribution center. The goal of the program is to maintain or
      improve the client's nutritional status by providing education and counseling.
      The nutrition program has been enthusiastically received, and the outcome of the
      program on the nutritional status of the participants is currently under study.
      The dietitian is in a unique position to intervene by providing resource
      information, food preparation tips, and individualized nutrition plans. It is
      imperative that the dietitian become familiar with the AIDS disease process and
      its implications for nutritional status to be considered an expert in the
      nutrition management of such patients.

PMID- 2649538
TI  - Incorporating hard boxes and soft bubbles into the dietetics curriculum.
AB  - Dietitians have been challenged to learn the skills of creative thinking in order
      to become proficient managers in a rapidly changing world. We reviewed the
      literature to determine the prerequisites of creative thinking and assessed the
      management and administrative dietetics curriculum for our dietetic internship to
      determine whether those prerequisites were being met. A major concern in the
      dietetics profession is that students are not being adequately prepared to assume
      top management positions. A review of business school curriculums reveals that an
      emphasis on management theory and quantitative analysis does not adequately
      prepare students to function effectively in a world where creative problem
      solving is required. Effective managers at high levels of responsibility rely on
      intuition and hunches in addition to logical thought processes. Two thinking
      models are employed by managers--a rational one (hard box) and an intuitive one
      (soft bubble). These thinking models, or cognitive styles, can also be defined as
      left and right brain skills. Effective managers use left and right brain skills
      plus a combination of the two, or integrative brain skill. We reviewed the
      competencies, behavioral objectives, and planned experiences for the management
      level rotations of our dietetic internship to develop a conceptual model for the
      use of right, left, or integrative thought processes. We discovered that although
      integrative brain skills are used at all levels of our management rotations,
      especially the top management rotation, no rotation exclusively fosters right
      brain skill development. A dietetic internship offers a fertile environment for
      developing the creative problem-solving skills that are required in management
      positions in the health care profession today.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649539
TI  - Intermittent urethral catheterization in the elderly.
AB  - Thirty-five elderly patients receiving intermittent urethral catheterization in a
      Veterans Administration Hospital and attached nursing home care unit were
      prospectively studied for development of bacteriuria and/or urinary tract
      infection. Thirty-one of the 35 patients (88.6%) developed urinary tract
      colonization. The mean time from initiation of catheterization to development of
      colonization was 5.7 +/- 1.3 days. Persistent bacteriuria with one or several
      different microorganisms developed in 17 patients. The most common colonizing
      organisms were coagulase negative staphylococci, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and
      enterococcus. Four patients (11%) developed symptomatic urinary tract infection.
      Although urinary tract colonization was common in patients receiving intermittent
      urethral catheterization, especially in those with poor functional status,
      infection was uncommon. Based on these results, intermittent urethral
      catheterization appears to be a safe and effective method of bladder drainage in
      elderly male patients when performed with sterile techniques over short periods
      of time in the nursing home or hospital setting.

PMID- 2649540
TI  - Salivary gland fluid secretion during aging.
AB  - Salivary gland function is generally well-preserved in healthy older persons.
      Similar results are observed in the laboratory rat. Older people are, however,
      more likely to experience salivary disorders due to disease or its treatment. For
      many patients with remaining salivary gland parenchymal tissue, improved function
      may result from pharmacological therapy.

PMID- 2649541
TI  - Comprehensive geriatric assessment. AGS Public Policy Committee.

PMID- 2649542
TI  - Cross-cultural studies. An important development in aging research.

PMID- 2649543
TI  - Soft tissue metacarpophalangeal reconstruction for treatment of rheumatoid hand
      deformity.
AB  - The long-term results of soft tissue metacarpophalangeal reconstruction without
      articular resection were reviewed in 16 hands of 12 patients with painful ulnar
      deviation-subluxation deformity. No splinting was used beyond 3 weeks. Patients
      had either lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. The mean age at operation was 66 years,
      with mean disease duration of 15.9 years before operation. At follow-up (mean, 81
      months), complete pain relief occurred in 88% of patients and 56 degrees and 64
      degrees mean active metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal range of
      motion was present, respectively. Ulnar drift was corrected to 6 degrees on the
      average. The first semiobjective grading scale for metacarpophalangeal
      reconstruction was introduced. There were 82% good or excellent results.

PMID- 2649544
TI  - Ring avulsion injuries: classification and prognosis.
AB  - Fifty-five cases of ring avulsion injury were reviewed to examine how extent of
      injury and surgical management correlated with results. After injury, three
      patients had adequate circulation. Of 52 patients with inadequate circulation, 8
      had primary amputation; salvage was attempted in 44. Of these 44, 9 fingers were
      amputated secondarily, 19 were successfully revascularized, and 16 were
      successfully replanted. Return-to-work time averaged between 4.5 and 10.3 weeks.
      Cold symptoms occurred in 65% of salvaged fingers. Range of motion was usually
      normal at the metacarpophalangeal joint; most patients had 90 degrees or better
      combined arc of motion at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints. Two
      point discrimination of less than 10 mm returned in 47% of patients with injured
      nerves. Most patients whose fingers were successfully salvaged were glad they had
      had the procedure. We conclude that amputated digits are salvageable and propose
      a classification system that includes skeletal injury.

PMID- 2649545
TI  - Digital replantation at the level of the distal interphalangeal joint and the
      distal phalanx.
AB  - Forty-two complete, single digit amputations at the level of the distal
      interphalangeal joint or distal phalanx are reviewed. Viability was 81%.
      Operative time averaged 4.6 hours. Average age of patients was 28 years and 90%
      were male. Forty-eight percent of the amputations involved the thumb; 79% were at
      the distal interphalangeal joint and 21% were more distal. One artery was
      repaired in 64% of replantations, two or three veins were repaired in 61%, and
      veins grafts were used in 19% of cases. Sixty-nine percent of the crush-avulsion
      injuries succeeded compared with 89% of lacerations. Two-point discrimination
      averaged 10 mm and proximal interphalangeal motion averaged 91 degrees. Patients
      returned to work an average of 2.5 months after replantation and none required
      additional procedures. The average total cost of treatment was $7500.00. Compared
      with conventional procedures, disadvantages of replantation at or distal to the
      distal interphalangeal joint are that it does require microsurgical training,
      initial operating time is longer, and it is more expensive. Advantages are that
      it is a one-stage procedure that gives good distal soft tissue coverage, adequate
      sensibility without painful neuroma, good metacarpophalangeal and proximal
      interphalangeal joint motion; it preserves the nail, maintains digit length, is
      cosmetically pleasing, and the patient is satisfied.

PMID- 2649546
TI  - The assessment of hand function: a critical review of techniques.
AB  - The tests and procedures used to evaluate the sensory and motor capabilities of
      the hand are reviewed in the context of normative studies that provide evidence
      of their reliability and validity. Three broad areas of assessment are
      distinguished, ranging from the measurement of strength and joint motion to the
      evaluation of the functional capacity of the hand. The strengths and limitations
      of the techniques used to evaluate hand function are examined, and the importance
      of considering a number of variables (e.g., hand preference, age) when
      interpreting test results from patients is discussed. The problems in predicting
      the functional capacity of the hand from scores on specialized sensory and motor
      tests suggest that more versatile measuring instruments are required. This issue
      is addressed with reference to recent studies of prehension in normal subjects.

PMID- 2649547
TI  - External fixation of injured nail bed with the INRO surgical nail splint.
AB  - The use of the nail as a splint is desirable in the management of acute nail bed
      injuries. However, when the nail plate is destroyed and during secondary
      reconstruction of the nail bed, the nail is not available for use as a splint.
      Several substitutes, notably silicone sheet have been used, but without much
      success. The INRO surgical nail, with qualities similar to the nail splint was
      developed for use as a substitute. During the period of study from 1983 to 1985,
      89% of patients had good results.

PMID- 2649548
TI  - Doppler mapping in hypothenar syndrome: an alternative to angiography.
AB  - Four patients with hypothenar hammer syndrome were evaluated preoperatively with
      Doppler mapping and angiography. Both tests documented ulnar artery occlusion. In
      one patient, the proximal extent of thrombosis could not be identified by
      angiography. In all cases Doppler mapping accurately documented the extent of
      occlusion as confirmed by surgical exploration. Doppler mapping is a noninvasive
      alternative to angiography in the evaluation of hypothenar hammer syndrome.

PMID- 2649549
TI  - Radial styloid impingement after triscaphe arthrodesis.
AB  - Painful radial styloid impingement after a successful triscaphe arthrodesis has
      been seen a number of times in a review of our patients undertaken to study this
      problem. Ninety-one patients with 93 triscaphe arthrodeses were seen at an
      average of 23 months after operation. Thirty-one patients (33%) were believed to
      have radial styloid impingement characterized by radial side pain on wrist
      flexion or limitation of motion in radial deviation. Average time of presentation
      was 19 months. Patients who had rotary subluxation of the scaphoid tended to
      develop impingement more frequently than those whose operation was done for
      treatment of degenerative arthritis or avascular necrosis of the lunate.
      Seventeen patients (18%) subsequently had a partial radial styloidectomy for
      treatment of this impingement. On the basis of these findings we now incorporate
      a partial radial styloidectomy as a routine procedure during a triscaphe
      arthrodesis.

PMID- 2649550
TI  - Use of sonography in the early detection of suppurative flexor tenosynovitis.
AB  - Eighteen patients with swollen fingers suggesting acute suppurative tenosynovitis
      were studied by ultrasonography. All patients received intravenous antibiotics.
      Twelve patients required surgical drainage. Eleven of 12 patients had sonographic
      evidence of both a swollen tendon and fluid in the flexor sheath. Eleven of the
      12 patients operated on had purulent fluid in the flexor sheath. Four of the
      operative cases were culture positive and four were culture negative. All six
      patients treated only with antibiotics had swollen tendons, but five of the six
      had no sonographic evidence of fluid in the flexor sheath. All patients had a
      full recovery. Sonographic evidence of fluid in the flexor sheath is a useful
      sign in the early diagnosis of acute suppurative flexor tenosynovitis.

PMID- 2649551
TI  - Arthroscopy of the wrist: anatomy and technique.

PMID- 2649552
TI  - Congenital pseudarthrosis of the forearm.

PMID- 2649553
TI  - Pedestrian accidents: adult and pediatric injuries.
AB  - An epidemologic review of 217 pedestrian injuries treated at a level one trauma
      center during a one-year period is presented. Injuries that occurred in pediatric
      age group patients were reviewed separately from adults. In both categories
      approximately 60% were admitted to the hospital. Hospital length of stay and
      severity of injuries was found to be much worse in adults. Seven percent of
      adults and 3% of children died after arrival at the hospital. The most common
      areas of injury in both groups were the head and the distal extremities. Nearly
      25% of adults sustained tibia-fibular fractures. This study shows that the
      incidence of critical injuries in pedestrians is high, and adults sustain more
      severe injuries than children. We clarify types of injuries commonly seen in
      pedestrian trauma.

PMID- 2649554
TI  - EMS response at a hazardous material incident: some basic guidelines.
AB  - Emergency medical response to a scene where hazardous materials are potentially
      involved is becoming more commonplace. Following routine response procedures
      could result in the incapacitation of the rescue crew. Unique to this paper are
      some suggestions from the fire fighting literature on how to deal with these
      incidents. As with any type of potential disaster, it has been found that
      response is much more effective if potential problems are examined beforehand and
      protocols developed. Emergency physicians in their role as on-site emergency
      medical services (EMS) medical controllers should play a leading part in the
      development and implementation of these protocols.

PMID- 2649555
TI  - Toxic epidermal necrolysis.
AB  - Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a life-threatening condition in which the
      epidermis blisters and peels in large sheets. The clinical syndrome and diagnosis
      are reviewed. Current treatment and prevention of complications are discussed.
      The key to low morbidity and mortality in TEN is early intervention. Physicians
      should be knowledgeable about TEN and the appearance of the skin in its initial
      presentation.

PMID- 2649556
TI  - Retrosternal epiphyseal disruption of medial clavicle: case and review in
      children.
AB  - Retrosternal dislocations of the clavicle have been reported previously in adults
      throughout the orthopedic literature. However, in children few cases have been
      noted in either the pediatric, emergency, or orthopedic literature. The potential
      for great vessel injury as well as acute airway compromise makes the retrosternal
      disruption of the sternoclavicular joint a surgical emergency that must be
      diagnosed quickly. Diagnosis is enhanced by the cephalic tilt view and by
      computed tomography (CT scan), as planar x-ray and tomography do not always
      reveal this potentially life-threatening condition. Surgical consultation must be
      sought acutely; however, management may need to begin prior to definitive repair.
      Emergency management begins by suspecting the injury, and with immediate airway
      and circulatory support for the patient.

PMID- 2649557
TI  - Characterization of antibody against human liver guanase by immunoblotting and
      immunohistochemical staining of human liver guanase by a direct labeling antibody
      enzyme method.
AB  - Human liver guanase was purified and a specific antibody against it was raised in
      rabbits. The antiserum formed a single precipitin line with human liver extract,
      and also completely inhibited the activity of the liver enzyme. An immunoblotting
      study showed that the antibody bound specifically to one band of protein with
      guanase activity and not to other proteins. Therefore, we concluded that this
      antiserum against the liver enzyme was suitable for use in immunohistochemical
      demonstration of guanase. In tissue sections, the immunohistochemical reaction
      with this antibody was positive in the same locations as the histochemical
      guanase reaction with DAB (3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride).

PMID- 2649558
TI  - Heterogeneity of rat macrophages recognized by monoclonal antibodies: an
      immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic study.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies, designated RM-1, TRPM-1, and TRPM-2, were raised
      against rat peritoneal macrophages. By the immunoperoxidase method, antigens
      recognized by these antibodies were distributed throughout most tissue and free
      macrophages examined, including those of splenic red pulp, lymphatic sinus,
      connective tissue, and peritoneal cavity, as well as Kupffer cells of liver and
      alveolar macrophages. The numbers of positive cells were different for each
      antibody. RM-1 and TRPM-1 were also reactive with interdigitating cells (IDCs) in
      the thymus-dependent area and with Langerhans cells in the skin, whereas TRPM-2
      failed to demonstrate IDCs in thymic medulla and Langerhans cells. The reactions
      of each antibody were observed by immunoelectron microscopy in the different
      ultrastructural compartments of the cells. RM-1 recognized a cell surface
      antigen; reaction products for TRPM-1 were found on a part of the cell membrane
      and in the cytoplasmic vacuoles; and those of TRPM-2 were present along the
      nuclear envelope and intracytoplasmic vacuoles. These antibodies seem to be
      useful not only for the detection of macrophages in tissue sections but also for
      investigation of macrophage heterogeneity in different tissues.

PMID- 2649559
TI  - Autoantibody in MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice. A monoclonal antibody specific for the
      abnormal T cells from mice bearing the lpr/lpr gene.
AB  - We generated mAb from an unimmunized autoimmune MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mouse. One of
      these mAb A108, reacted with cell surface Ag present on abnormal T cells from
      MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr, C3H-lpr/lpr, and C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice. We failed to detect
      significant numbers of A108 bearing cells in the lymph nodes of MRL-Mp/+/+,
      normal C3H or normal C57BL/6 mice. Therefore, the expression of A108 correlates
      with the presence of the lpr/lpr gene. A108 binds to a variety of murine T cell
      tumor lines (e.g., EL4, BW5147, and YAC-1) and human T cell tumor lines (e.g.,
      MOLT-3, Sup T1, and Jurkat). A108 does not bind to normal human PBL.
      Immunoprecipitation of surface iodinated EL-4 and BW5147 with A108 identified one
      major protein with a Mr of about 17.5-kDa. The significance of these findings
      with respect to the development of lymphoid proliferation and autoimmune disease
      in mice bearing the lpr/lpr gene will be discussed.

PMID- 2649560
TI  - Role of beta 2-microglobulin in the intracellular transport and surface
      expression of murine class I histocompatibility molecules.
AB  - We have examined the requirement for beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) in the
      intracellular transport of murine class I histocompatibility molecules to the
      cell surface. R1E cells that are defective in the synthesis of beta 2m were
      transfected with either the class I H-2Kb or H-2Db genes alone, or together with
      the beta 2m gene. Kb or Db heavy chains synthesized in the presence of beta 2m
      were transported rapidly through the cell and expressed efficiently at the cell
      surface. In the absence of beta 2m, no "free" Kb heavy chains were detectable at
      the cell surface and their intracellular transport was blocked at an early stage.
      In contrast, a significant quantity of "free" Db heavy chains could be detected
      at the cell surface as we have reported previously. However, we have shown here
      that defects in intracellular transport were apparent in that the majority
      (approximately 70%) of newly synthesized Db heavy chains accumulated
      intracellularly and were degraded. Therefore, although Kb and Db heavy chains
      differ in their abilities to be expressed at the cell surface in the absence of
      beta 2m they both require association with beta 2m for efficient intracellular
      transport. In addition, R1E cells transfected with a deletion construct of the Kb
      gene expressed a truncated molecule lacking the alpha 3 extracellular domain (Kb
      3) at the cell surface, but, like free Db, most newly synthesized Kb-3 molecules
      accumulated intracellularly. The free Kb, Kb-3, and Db heavy chains were not
      recognized by most mAb specific for Kb and Db, respectively. Therefore, even the
      transported forms of free Db and Kb-3 were not native in conformation, which is
      surprising given the current view that correct folding is essential for
      intracellular transport. Interestingly, the free Db and Kb-3 heavy chains that
      reached the cell surface differed in their detergent binding properties from
      those retained within the cell. This suggests that the transported heavy chains
      may have folded differently thus allowing their export to the cell surface.

PMID- 2649561
TI  - Isolation and characterization of the highly immunogenic cell wall-associated
      protein of Mycobacterium leprae.
AB  - In a recent study, we demonstrated that certain reactivities crucial to the
      immune response in leprosy are due to protein associated with the cell wall
      peptidoglycan "core" of Mycobacterium leprae. We now describe a primary method
      for the isolation of a highly immunogenic, large molecular-size, cell wall
      protein (CW-P) complex from M. leprae, freed of soluble proteins, bound
      mycolates, arabinogalactan, and much of the peptidoglycan. The complex is of
      apparent relative molecular size 2 x 10(6) to 20 x 10(6) Da, is distinguished by
      a high content of Ala, Gly, Leu, Asx, and Glx, and some peptidoglycan, and
      represents up to 7% of the bacterial mass. It is stable to a variety of
      dissociation and reductive processes and, in accord with its size, is not
      resolvable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The mAb to the CW-P complex
      also react with the heat shock 65-kDa protein of M. leprae. Conversely,
      antibodies that recognize internal epitopes within the polypeptide chain of the
      heat shock protein also react with CW-P; however, antibodies that recognize the N
      and C termini of the 65-kDa protein fail to react with CW-P, and some anti-CW-P
      mAb do not recognize any of the soluble proteins of M. leprae. Alternate methods
      to derive the large peptidoglycan-associated protein result in lower yield and
      less of the associated heat shock protein, implying that the 65-kDa protein may
      not be crucial to the immunogenicity of the complex. In an accompanying paper, we
      demonstrate that T cell clones raised to CW-P also selectively recognize soluble
      proteins, primarily of 7-kDa and 16-kDa size. Thus, the image of the CW-P complex
      of M. leprae is of a few immunoreactive polypeptides in avid association with a
      modicum of peptidoglycan to which the 65-kDa polypeptide may be variably
      attached, perhaps due to involvement in assembly of the complex.

PMID- 2649563
TI  - Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: screening and diagnosis.

PMID- 2649562
TI  - Characterization of Mycobacterium leprae cell wall-associated proteins with the
      use of T lymphocyte clones.
AB  - Development of a vaccine against leprosy depends on the identification of Ag that
      stimulate cell-mediated immune responses. We have previously demonstrated that
      cell wall proteins of Mycobacterium leprae are highly immunogenic. By using human
      cell wall-specific T cell clones we have begun to characterize soluble proteins
      that integrate into the cell wall skeleton. T cells from leprosy lesions were
      expanded with IL-2 in vitro yet retained specificity to Ag of the insoluble cell
      wall core (CWC) in vitro, indicating that T cells had been activated by CWC Ag in
      vivo. A cell wall protein-peptidoglycan complex and cell wall protein
      preparations lacking carbohydrates and lipids from CWC retained T cell
      reactivity. To identify immunogenic protein component(s) of cell wall protein, T
      cell lines were established to cell walls and tested against M. leprae proteins
      separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose. Greatest T cell
      reactivity was observed to proteins of Mr 7 kDa, 16 kDa, and 28 kDa. T cell
      clones reactive with 7-kDa and 16-kDa Ag from gels failed to respond to proteins
      of other Mr separated under either reducing or nonreducing conditions, indicating
      that these molecules are not subunits of larger proteins and may represent
      monomeric units polymerized into cell walls. The approaches described herein for
      characterization of immunodominant T cell Ag of M. leprae may be useful for study
      of T cell Ag in cell walls of bacterial pathogens of man.

PMID- 2649564
TI  - Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: prevalence and natural history.
AB  - The natural history presented in this chapter applies only to AIS. Other types of
      scoliosis have their own natural history and associated problems that may
      significantly affect the ability of the patient to meet the demands of daily
      life. Increased public awareness and screening clinics have resulted in an
      increased number of children referred for orthopaedic opinion, less severe curve
      magnitude at initial detection, and earlier institution of treatment. Treatment
      of each patient must be individualized, taking into consideration the probability
      of curve progression based on curve magnitude, skeletal maturity, sexual
      maturity, and age (Table 6-7). Overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment must be
      avoided. As our knowledge of the natural history of AIS expands, treatment
      decisions can be based on objective rather than subjective data. Any proposed
      treatment of this condition must have a reasonable chance of altering the natural
      history in a positive way. The information available on natural history has been
      accumulated on relatively small groups of patients and the conclusions presented
      represent generalities. There are probably many "natural histories" for AIS,
      especially with reference to curve progression; therefore, treatment decisions
      must be individualized. Long-term results of various treatments for scoliosis
      must take into consideration the natural history of the disorder.

PMID- 2649566
TI  - Surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - The surgical management of idiopathic scoliosis requires knowledge in several
      areas. In selecting patients for surgical care, it is necessary to know the
      natural history for the type of curve present during the teenage years, as well
      as what can be expected of this type of curve during adult life. Preoperative
      evaluation must include screening for other than idiopathic causes before surgery
      is advised. Appropriate attention to preoperative radiographs, possible
      autologous blood utilization, and planning for spinal cord monitoring are
      essential. Finally, the ability to use a variety of techniques in spinal
      deformity surgery is needed, as is the knowledge of which technique or
      instrumentation is best in each situation. Although the surgical care of spinal
      deformity has become more complex and requires attention in several areas, the
      advances in surgical care and in spinal instrumentation allow us to correct
      spinal deformity more safely and predictably in a more three-dimensional manner
      than was feasible even a decade ago.

PMID- 2649565
TI  - Nonoperative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - Nonoperative treatment of spinal deformity will continue to change. In recent
      years, many long-held tenets regarding the natural history and response to
      various treatment methods have been challenged, and we do not yet have answers to
      many of the questions that have been raised. New orthotic devices and electrical
      stimulation have multiplied treatment approaches. From this array of options, the
      clinician must decide whom to treat and what method to use. On the basis of the
      current consensus, patients who have significant, progressive deformity and an
      immature spine should be treated by one of the nonoperative techniques. The
      various TLSOs are most favored, although the Milwaukee brace still has a definite
      role in certain curve patterns and remains the standard of braces. The role of
      electrical spinal stimulation is uncertain at present, and further research is
      necessary. We have learned that only appropriate orthotic treatment of scoliosis
      produces long-term stabilization of deformity. Impressive initial curve
      correction does not signify the end result, and patients who have curves that are
      unacceptable when the patient is first seen should be considered for surgical
      treatment. Thus, while questions remain, the guidelines for treatment outlined in
      this chapter are appropriate for the present.

PMID- 2649567
TI  - Arthroplasty of the hand and wrist: complications and failures.

PMID- 2649568
TI  - Degenerative spondylolisthesis.
AB  - Degenerative spondylolisthesis is a unique form of spondylolisthesis that is
      characterized in most patients as a hypertrophic arthritis of the facet joint
      resulting in segmental instability predominantly in the sagittal plane. Disk
      degeneration is associated with degenerative spondylolisthesis to a varying
      degree. Joint involvement may not be uniform in all patients, and a rotary
      component, although small, is often present. The fourth to fifth lumbar level is
      most often involved, particularly in association with a relatively rigid
      lumbosacral segment. Degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in females and
      in blacks, and it seldom occurs before the age of 40 years. Symptoms are
      generally due to lateral stenosis that compromises the inferior nerve roots,
      usually at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra. However, the superior nerve
      roots can be compressed in more advanced cases. Neurogenic claudication and
      radiculopathy are commonly reported symptoms at the time a patient is first
      examined. The findings of physical examination vary; less than half of the
      patients examined exhibit a neurologic deficit. Rarely, a patient has cauda
      equina syndrome at the time of initial examination. Mild cases can be
      successfully treated surgically, but significant neurologic symptoms can only be
      diminished by adequate decompression. We recommend posterolateral fusion because
      of the deformity's propensity to progress postoperatively.

PMID- 2649569
TI  - Technique and instrumentation for shoulder arthroscopy.

PMID- 2649570
TI  - Arthroscopic treatment of impingement of the shoulder.
AB  - Arthroscopic subacromial decompression is an alternative to open anterior
      acromioplasty in patients who have advanced stage II and selected stage III
      impingement syndromes. This procedure can be performed in an outpatient setting
      and postoperative morbidity is minimal; however, the procedure is technically
      demanding. Because the deltoid is not detached, immediate full range of active
      motion is possible, allowing an early return to activities of daily living.
      Substantial pain relief can be anticipated in a large majority of patients.

PMID- 2649571
TI  - Shoulder arthroscopy for shoulder instability.
AB  - The arthroscope is a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder
      instability. Throwing athletes with shoulder pain, and those with subluxation in
      particular, may require diagnostic arthroscopy to clarify the instability
      pattern. Labral debridement, if confined to the portion above the equator of the
      glenoid, can provide symptomatic relief. Arthroscopic stabilization of the
      shoulder is still in an evolutionary phase. No long-term data exist as to which
      technique or material provides the most secure fixation. All of these techniques
      are technically demanding and require a skilled arthroscopist.

PMID- 2649572
TI  - Shoulder instability: management of failed reconstructions.

PMID- 2649573
TI  - Treatment of two- and three-part fractures of the proximal humerus.

PMID- 2649574
TI  - Lesions of the brachial plexus revisited.

PMID- 2649575
TI  - Bone graft epiphysiodesis in the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

PMID- 2649576
TI  - The role of osteotomy in the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

PMID- 2649577
TI  - Problems and complications of slipped capital femoral epiphysis.
AB  - In summary, epiphysiodesis, by either "pinning" or "pegging," seems to be
      necessary to further prevent displacement of the SCFE. To minimize complications,
      aggressive closed reduction, open reduction, pin penetration, and unnecessary
      drill holes should be avoided. Avascular necrosis and chondrolysis, the most
      frequent and devastating complications, appear to be related to the severity of
      the slip and the type of treatment.

PMID- 2649578
TI  - Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.

PMID- 2649579
TI  - Complications and salvage of trapeziometacarpal arthroplasties.

PMID- 2649580
TI  - Nonsurgical treatment of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.

PMID- 2649581
TI  - Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: a review of current knowledge.

PMID- 2649582
TI  - Congenital malformations and deformities of the hand.

PMID- 2649583
TI  - Equalization of lower-limb inequality by lengthening.

PMID- 2649584
TI  - Metaphyseal and physeal lengthening.
AB  - The potential problems associated with physeal distraction and the relative
      success of callus distraction favor callus distraction as the procedure of choice
      for equalization of major limb-length discrepancies. Indications for lengthening
      are the same as in the Wagner procedure. The expected results and soft-tissue
      complications of callus distraction are similar to those of the Wagner technique.
      However, the number of procedures required and the osseous complications of
      lengthening appear to be reduced with these newer methods of limb lengthening.

PMID- 2649585
TI  - Principles of physeal bridge resection.

PMID- 2649586
TI  - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome associated with hemophilia in the United
      States.
AB  - Persons with hemophilia and other coagulation disorders were at risk for
      infection with HIV as a result of receiving blood products, particularly
      concentrated clotting factors. Because these products are now donor-screened and
      heat-treated to inactivate HIV, the risk of further infection in this population
      has been minimized. However, before the introduction of these interventions, many
      persons with hemophilia had been infected. As of Jan 4, 1988, 463 cases of
      hemophilia-associated AIDS had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control.
      Most patients had severe hemophilia and received commercially produced
      concentrated clotting factors. These patients may constitute as many as 25% of
      those hemophilic men known to be infected with HIV. Through heterosexual and
      perinatal transmission, the partners and offspring of persons with hemophilia can
      become infected with HIV. The seroprevalence rate for female sex partners of men
      with hemophilia may be as high as 21%, and 16 AIDS cases have already been
      reported. Counseling and public health interventions are needed to prevent the
      further spread of HIV infection in sex partners and offspring of these patients
      and to prevent the associated morbidity and fatalities. Because HIV infection can
      be transmitted by exposure to infected blood or blood components, health-care
      workers whose activities involve contact with infected blood or body fluids are
      also at risk for HIV infection. Prospective studies suggest this risk is very
      low; nevertheless, health-care workers need to adhere rigorously to infection
      control precautions to minimize the risk of exposure to blood and body fluids.
      These precautions include wearing gloves, masks, protective eyewear, and gowns
      depending on the type of exposure anticipated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649587
TI  - Nonsurgical management of hemophilic arthropathy.

PMID- 2649588
TI  - The evaluation of a soft-tissue mass in the extremities.
AB  - A soft-tissue mass in an extremity may present a diagnostic dilemma for the
      evaluating surgeon. A decision either to observe or remove the mass is required.
      An algorithm can assist in the decision-making process. A careful history may aid
      in determining the etiology. A history of thigh-muscle trauma, for instance, may
      suggest myositis ossificans as the diagnosis of a malignant soft-tissue tumor. A
      large, firm mass that is fixed to deep structures or located within muscle should
      prompt the following studies: (1) plain radiographs of the extremity; (2) an
      ultrasound study of the mass; and (3) a three-phase technetium 99m methylene
      diphosphonate bone scan.

PMID- 2649589
TI  - Preoperative staging techniques for soft-tissue neoplasms.
AB  - Preoperative staging studies need not be limited to one of the techniques
      discussed since each has its own specific advantages and disadvantages in the
      overall evaluation of soft-tissue neoplasms. Among orthopaedic oncologists,
      however, it is apparent that MRI is becoming the preoperative staging study of
      choice. It is by the careful, judicial use of one or all of these techniques that
      optimal diagnostic information is obtained and the patient given the best
      treatment alternatives.

PMID- 2649590
TI  - Preoperative intra-arterial doxorubicin and low-dose radiation for high-grade
      soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities.

PMID- 2649592
TI  - Rotator cuff surgery.
AB  - The surgical concepts and techniques presented here are superior to the
      traditional techniques that I used previously. The primary goal is to restore
      health to the rotator cuff. The new techniques of glenohumeral joint exposure and
      the augmentation tendon patch graft have expanded the possibilities of surgical
      shoulder care. The concept of primary impingement and traditional acromioplasty
      techniques warrant strong cautions.

PMID- 2649591
TI  - Rotator cuff tendinitis: basic concepts of pathoetiology.
AB  - A discussion of the etiologic and pathologic factors associated with rotator cuff
      tendinitis and rupture concludes that intrinsic muscle contractile tension
      overload rather than primary impingement is the major factor in the etiology of
      rotator cuff tendinitis. Treatment is predicated on restoring health to the
      rotator cuff rather than enlarging the coracoacromial space.

PMID- 2649593
TI  - Compartment syndromes.

PMID- 2649594
TI  - Evaluation of impairment of hand and upper extremity function.

PMID- 2649595
TI  - IgG subclasses of intercellular and basement membrane zone antibodies: the
      relationship to the capability of complement fixation.
AB  - There are four main subclasses of human IgG: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, among
      which IgG1-IgG3 activate complement, but IgG4 does not. We studied the IgG
      subclasses of anti-intercellular (IC) antibodies in pemphigus patients and anti
      basement membrane zone (BMZ) antibodies in bullous pemphigoid (BP) patients by
      immunofluorescent staining using mouse monoclonal antibodies against human IgG1
      IgG4. At the same time, the capability of complement fixation of each serum was
      determined by means of complement immunofluorescence. In both pemphigus and BP
      autoantibodies, various distributions of IgG subclass were shown, but specific
      patterns were not observed. In BP, all of the complement fixing antibodies had at
      least one of IgG1-IgG3 subclasses, while noncomplement fixing antibodies only
      possessed IgG4. This result agreed well with the biologic characteristics of IgG
      subclasses in respect of complement fixing capability. On the contrary, in
      pemphigus, the circulating antibodies showed a distribution of IgG subclass which
      did not correlate with the biologic characteristics in terms of complement
      activation. This discrepancy may further dispute the roles of the complement
      system on the bulla formation in pemphigus.

PMID- 2649596
TI  - Stratum corneum activation of complement through the antibody-independent
      alternative pathway.
AB  - We provide evidence that stratum corneum (SC) activates complement through the
      alternative pathway to generate C5a anaphylatoxin. By immunofluorescence studies
      it was shown that in addition to circulating IgG autoantibody, there were anti-SC
      antibodies of IgM and IgA classes in the sera from normal individuals. However,
      all the titers were significantly lower than the level of C3 deposition between
      corneocytes. By contrast, no C1q deposition occurred. Immunoelectrophoretically
      the orthokeratotic SC homogenates were found to induce the conversion of C3 from
      native C3 to C3b in fresh human serum even when the classic pathway was blocked
      by Ca2+-chelation. Enzyme immunoassay showed that factor B split product, Bb, was
      generated by the SC homogenates in the Ca2+-chelated serum. Radioimmunoassay for
      C5a also demonstrated that the SC homogenates could generate C5a anaphylatoxin in
      serum to an extent similar to that in non-treated serum when restricted to the
      alternative pathway activation; neutrophil chemotactic activity was generated in
      Ca2+-chelated serum at levels comparable to that generated in non-treated fresh
      serum. We separated the SC samples into a cornified envelope and soluble and
      keratin fractions. The cornified envelope was more effective in activating
      complement. This activity resided in heat-stable and non-lipid substances of
      corneocytes. Our hypothesis is that when the SC comes in contact with serum, it
      activates complement mainly through the alternative pathway to induce chemotactic
      C5a anaphylatoxin. Hence, inflammation in normal individuals after a traumatic
      injury to the skin or rupture of acne comedones, or epidermal cysts and possibly
      the formation of subcorneal sterile pustules noted in several dermatoses are
      explainable through this mechanism.

PMID- 2649597
TI  - The carboxyl-terminal domain of type VII collagen is present at the basement
      membrane in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - Recent studies showing that type VII collagen is a component of anchoring fibrils
      suggests that the absence of anchoring fibrils in recessive dystrophic
      epidermolysis bullosa may be due to a defect in the synthesis, secretion, and
      deposition of type VII collagen. That hypothesis is further supported by recent
      studies suggesting that monoclonal antibodies to type VII collagen do not react
      with the basement membrane in most patients. To investigate further, we examined
      skin from 12 patients by electron microscopy and by immunohistology and
      immunoelectron microscopy using a concentrated and purified monoclonal antibody
      to the carboxy-terminal domain of Type VII collagen. Although anchoring fibrils
      were not detected by electron microscopy, the results of immunohistology showed
      definite, but reduced, binding of the monoclonal antibody to type VII collagen at
      the basement membrane in a linear pattern in 11 of 12 patients. By immunoelectron
      microscopy, reduced deposition of anti-type VII collagen antibody was detected
      beneath the lamina densa. The results of this study show that the carboxyl
      terminal domain of type VII collagen is synthesized, secreted, and deposited at
      the basement membrane zone in 11 of 12 patients with recessive dystrophic
      epidermolysis bullosa and suggest that the absence of anchoring fibrils may be
      due either to deposition of abnormal type VII collagen, reduced levels of normal
      type VII collagen, defective assembly of type VII collagen into anchoring
      fibrils, or destruction of the collagenous domain of type VII collagen.

PMID- 2649599
TI  - The history of the Society for Investigative Dermatology: a revolution in
      American dermatology.

PMID- 2649598
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of stratum corneum lipids from normal and essential fatty
      acid-deficient mice.
AB  - Among the cutaneous effects of an essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) diet are
      hyperdesquamation, increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and altered lipid
      profiles, characteristics also common to inflammatory dermatoses. Because fatty
      acids are antimicrobial, we examined the indigenous skin flora of normal and EFAD
      hairless mice, and compared the antimicrobial efficacy of lipids extracted from
      their stratum corneum. EFAD mice supported 100-fold more bacteria than normal
      mice, and were the only group from which Staphylococcus aureus were routinely
      isolated. Despite this greater carriage, in vitro experiments demonstrated that
      EFAD lipids are more lethal than normal lipids against Streptococcus pyogenes, S.
      aureus, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus sp., and a coryneform. Skin fungi were
      equally susceptible to both extracts. After thin layer chromatography, the most
      active fractions were found to be glycosphingolipids and phospholipids. EFAD
      extracts had 35% more free fatty acids and 75% more glycosphingolipids; normal
      extracts had more triglycerides and phospholipids. S. aureus strain 502A survived
      equally well on EFAD as on normal mice. Normal lipids applied on EFAD mice had no
      additional effect, but EFAD lipids on normal mice brought about a 35% reduction
      of the inoculated bacteria. If the mice were pretreated with alcohol, carriage of
      strain 502A was reduced by 71%. If instead the mice were previously washed with
      acetone to increase TEWL, a 97% reduction of the staphylococcus occurred. The
      application of normal flora to such acetone-washed mice decreased the efficacy to
      76%. EFAD and normal lipids on human subjects were equally ineffective in
      eliminating strain 502A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649600
TI  - Fifty years of cell biology in The Journal of Investigative Dermatology.

PMID- 2649601
TI  - Biochemistry of the skin: 50 years in The Journal of Investigative Dermatology.

PMID- 2649602
TI  - Fifty years of clinical research in The Journal of Investigative Dermatology.

PMID- 2649603
TI  - The genesis of American investigative dermatology from its roots in Europe.
AB  - During a century of development of investigative dermatology (1880s-1980s), the
      center of gravity in the field has moved west, from Europe to North America. The
      foundation of the American Dermatological Association, the discipline's oldest
      national society, has forshadowed this development. The foundation of the Society
      for Investigative Dermatology (and also of the American Academy of Dermatology),
      have marked the height of this shift. The foundation of the European Society for
      Dermatological Research and its participation in the Journal of Investigative
      Dermatology, as a junior partner, concludes this process, and at the same time,
      illustrates the change that has taken place. The following article attempts to
      outline some of the pathways along which this shift has occurred, as seen from a
      central European perspective.

PMID- 2649604
TI  - The 200 most cited articles from The Journal of Investigative Dermatology.

PMID- 2649605
TI  - The identification of contact allergens by human assay. III. The Maximization
      Test: a procedure for screening and rating contact sensitizers. 1966.

PMID- 2649606
TI  - Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy for the treatment of psoriasis: a cooperative
      clinical trial. 1977.
AB  - Extensive psoriasis in 1,308 patients has been treated two or three times a week
      with oral 8-methoxypsoralen followed by high intensity, long-wave ultraviolet
      light (PUVA). Excluding 169 patients still under early treatment, psoriasis
      cleared in 88% and failed to clear in 3%. One percent dropped out due to
      complications of treatment, and 8% for other reasons. The twice-a-week schedule
      was superior for patients with lighter skin types. Once a remission was induced,
      there was no difference in its maintenance when patients were treated once a
      week, once every other week, or once every third week. Each of these schedules
      was superior to no maintenance treatment. Immediate side effects of the 45,000
      treatments administered in the first 18 months of this study were uncommon,
      temporary, and generally mild. No clinically significant changes in laboratory
      screening or eye examinations attributable to PUVA have been uncovered.

PMID- 2649607
TI  - The role of Langerhans cells in allergic contact hypersensitivity. A review of
      findings in man and guinea pigs. 1976.
AB  - Evidence in favor of a role for Langerhans cells in contact allergic
      hypersensitivity reactions has been reviewed. This includes mononuclear cell to
      Langerhans cell apposition and damage to some Langerhans cells at sites of
      specific challenge to a variety of contact allergens. Such apposition occurs in
      actively sensitized patients and guinea pigs and in passively sensitized guinea
      pigs. In addition, in passively sensitized guinea pigs, Langerhans cells
      circulate in dermal vessels resembling lymphatics and are much increased in the
      dermis after challenge with the contact allergen. These observations, together
      with the existing knowledge that Langerhans cells occur in the lymph nodes and
      thymus, suggest that these cells may be involved not only in contact allergic
      reactions but also in other immunologic reactions, particularly in cell-mediated
      reactions in the skin.

PMID- 2649608
TI  - The immunopathology of pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. 1968.

PMID- 2649609
TI  - NIH centennial: the influence of NIH on dermatology research training.

PMID- 2649610
TI  - The state of research in cutaneous biology: a perspective in the 50th anniversary
      year of the Society for Investigative Dermatology and The Journal of
      Investigative Dermatology.

PMID- 2649611
TI  - Naomi M. Kanof, 1912-1988.

PMID- 2649612
TI  - The Society for Investigative Dermatology. Winners of the Stephen Rothman Award.

PMID- 2649613
TI  - Photobiology 1937-1987.

PMID- 2649614
TI  - Immunology/inflammation of the skin--a 50-year perspective.

PMID- 2649615
TI  - Pigment cell biology: an historical review.

PMID- 2649616
TI  - Extracellular matrix of the skin: 50 years of progress.
AB  - The extracellular connective tissue matrix of the skin is a complex aggregate of
      distinct collagenous and non-collagenous components. Optimal quantities and
      delicate interactions of these components are necessary to maintain normal
      physiologic properties of skin. This overview summarizes the progress made in
      understanding the normal biology and biochemistry of the extracellular matrix,
      and will highlight cutaneous diseases with underlying molecular defects in the
      structure and expression of extracellular matrix components.

PMID- 2649617
TI  - The chronicle of the Society for Investigative Dermatology. 1954.

PMID- 2649618
TI  - Cutaneous pharmacology: perspectives on the growth of investigation of mediators
      of inflammation.

PMID- 2649619
TI  - Issues in symptom control. Part 4. Oral complications in patients with advanced
      cancer.
AB  - Disturbances caused by lesions of the oral cavity play an important part in the
      alteration of the quality of life of cancer patients. The main complications
      affecting the oral cavity are infections (fungal, viral, bacterial), neutropenic
      ulcers, drug-induced stomatitis, dry mouth, and taste alteration. Most of the
      information available about these entities has been acquired in the cancer
      patient without advanced disease. The little knowledge about the epidemiology and
      physiopathology of such lesions in the advanced phase of cancer is presented, and
      approaches to management are suggested.

PMID- 2649620
TI  - Biochemistry of Mycobacterium leprae: its implications in culture of the bacillus
      and chemotherapy of leprosy.

PMID- 2649621
TI  - Some observations on non acid fast bacilli grown from lepromatous tissues.

PMID- 2649623
TI  - Mucormycosis of the head and neck.
AB  - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is an uncommon but devastating infection of the head
      and neck. The fungus most commonly affects diabetics who are in ketoacidosis, but
      can affect other immunosuppressed individuals such as leukemics, burn patients,
      and patients with chronic renal failure. The pathogenicity of the organism is
      characterized by a ketone reductase system and its ability to invade arterial
      blood vessels. Treatment is directed towards correction of the underlying
      disorder, surgical debridement, intravenous antifungal agents, and possibly a new
      adjuvant, hyperbaric oxygen. A detailed review of this disease process is
      provided, along with the recent advances and successes in treating rhinocerebral
      mucormycosis.

PMID- 2649622
TI  - Serological pattern of hepatitis B virus markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs, IgM anti-HBc
      and HBV specific DNA polymerase) in leprosy patients.
AB  - Sera of 134 lepromatous (LL/BL) and 57 tuberculoid (TT/BT) leprosy patients were
      analysed for four HBV markers. HBsAg was detected in 6.71% of lepromatous and
      3.5% of tuberculoid sera. The per cent positivity of lepromatous and tuberculoid
      sera for anti-HBs antibodies was 30.59% and 35.08%, respectively. The positivity
      of normal sera for HBsAg and anti-HBs was 3.60% and 21.69%, respectively. The
      difference in the positivity of three groups of sera (lepromatous, tuberculoid
      and normal) for HBsAg or anti-HBs was not statistically significant. Anti-HBc
      (IgM) antibodies were detected in 6% of lepromatous sera. HBV-specific DNA
      polymerase activity was found in 22.22% of HBsAg positive (but anti-HBc negative)
      sera, and 66.66% of anti-HBc positive (but HBsAg negative) sera. The pattern of
      acute HBV infection in leprosy patients followed the typical pattern prevalent in
      the normal population.

PMID- 2649624
TI  - Recent insight into the structure and function of the glucocorticoid receptor.

PMID- 2649625
TI  - Unexplained neurological problems after mastoid surgery.

PMID- 2649626
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid in the rhinitis clinic.
AB  - The Rhinitis Clinic at the Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital is a
      direct referral clinic dealing with approximately 300 new cases a year. Last year
      three cases of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhoea were diagnosed. In each case long term
      topical steroid sprays had been prescribed and the patients had been referred for
      further management of their 'rhinitis'. Spontaneous CSF rhinorrhoea is
      potentially life threatening as failure to recognize the problem may lead to the
      development of meningitis and possibly death. The diagnosis is simple and is
      based on a good clinical history which may be confirmed by chemical pathology.
      Radiology is often non-contributory, the site of the leak may have to be
      identified at surgery. Morbidity and mortality are reduced if an extracranial,
      trans-nasal/external ethmoid route for repair of the fistula is employed. Three
      case reports are presented and the diagnosis and management of CSF rhinorrhoea is
      reviewed.

PMID- 2649627
TI  - Self-efficacy and cognitive achievement: implications for students with learning
      problems.
AB  - This article presents a self-efficacy model of achievement that comprises entry
      characteristics, self-efficacy for learning, task engagement variables, and
      efficacy cues. Students' sense of self-efficacy for learning is influenced as
      they work on tasks by cues that signal how well they are learning. Research is
      summarized on the effects of social and instructional variables on self-efficacy
      and achievement behaviors. Empirical evidence supports the idea that self
      efficacy predicts student motivation and learning. Future research directions are
      provided, along with educational implications for students with learning
      problems.

PMID- 2649628
TI  - Effects of curriculum-based measurement on teachers' instructional planning.
AB  - This study assessed the effects of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) on
      teachers' instructional planning. Subjects were 30 teachers, assigned randomly to
      a computer-assisted CBM group, a noncomputer CBM group, and a contrast group. In
      the CBM groups, teachers specified 15-week reading goals, established CBM systems
      to measure student progress toward goals at least twice weekly, and
      systematically evaluated those data bases to determine when instructional
      modifications were necessary. Contrast teachers monitored student progress toward
      Individualized Education Program (IEP) goals as they wished and were encouraged
      to develop instructional programs as necessary. At the end of a 12- to 15-week
      implementation period, teachers completed a questionnaire with reference to one
      randomly selected pupil. Analyses of variance indicated no difference between the
      CBM groups. However, compared to the contrast group, CBM teachers (a) used more
      specific, acceptable goals; (b) were less optimistic about goal attainment; (c)
      cited more objective and frequent data sources for determining the adequacy of
      student progress and for deciding whether program modifications were necessary;
      and (d) modified student programs more frequently. Questionnaire responses were
      correlated with verifiable data sources, and results generally supported the
      usefulness of the self-report information. Implications for special education
      research and practice are discussed.

PMID- 2649629
TI  - Leukocyte function in Pelger-Huet anomaly of dogs.
AB  - Leukocyte function was evaluated in five dogs with Pelger-Huet (P-H) anomaly and
      in five control dogs. No significant differences were found between groups in
      neutrophil adherence, random movement, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, or bacterial
      killing of Staphylococcus intermedius. Neutrophils migrated rapidly into
      inflammatory sites where progressive nuclear lobulation was noted over time.
      Antibody titers to exogenous antigens were similar in the P-H and control groups
      indicating B- and T-lymphocyte cooperation in humoral immunity. Lymphocyte
      blastogenesis to phytohemagglutinin also was similar in both groups suggesting
      the presence of a responsive T-lymphocyte population. These findings indicate
      that no apparent predisposition to infection or immunodeficiency exists in dogs
      with P-H anomaly.

PMID- 2649630
TI  - Differential production of tumor necrosis factor, macrophage colony stimulating
      factor, and interleukin 1 by human alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Human alveolar macrophages (AMO) have been investigated for their ability to
      produce three monokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (CSF-1), and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1). No TNF activity was
      found in supernatants of unstimulated AMO cultured for 20 h, although TNF mRNA
      was detected in the cells by Northern blot analysis. Stimulation of the cells
      with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced production and release of high levels of
      TNF into the culture supernatant. Increased levels of TNF mRNA were detectable at
      90 min after LPS stimulation by dot blot analysis, reaching maximum expression
      between 4 and 8 h and declining thereafter. TNF activity peaked at approximately
      8 h in the AMO supernatants. After 24 h TNF production had ended. Compared to
      autologous monocytes the AMO produced 5.7 times more TNF on a per cell basis
      (activity accumulated in 20 h supernatants). Uncultured AMO expressed CSF-1 mRNA
      which was translated into active protein recovered in supernatants upon culture
      in the absence of stimulus. The addition of LPS to AMO slightly reduced both mRNA
      levels and amount of factor in the supernatants. In contrast to the AMO, monocyte
      production of CSF-1 was enhanced by LPS. CSF-1 production by AMO continued for at
      least 48 h of culture. Spontaneous production of low amounts of IL-1 was found in
      one-third of the AMO samples, while low levels of IL-1 mRNA were present in all
      tested preparations. LPS stimulation induced increase in IL-1 mRNA within 90 min;
      mRNA levels peaked between 12 and 20 h and stayed high for at least 42 h.
      However, while all LPS-stimulated AMO expressed high levels of IL-1 mRNA
      biologically active IL-1 was again detected only in a fraction of the AMO
      supernatants. These results show that the production of monokines CSF-1, TNF, and
      IL-1 is differentially regulated by LPS in alveolar macrophages and has different
      responses as compared to monocytes. The longevity of the messages for each of the
      factors is possible indicators of the relative contribution of these factors to
      the response to endotoxin-induced injury and repair processes in the lung.

PMID- 2649631
TI  - Cardiac transplantation: emerging role of the internist/cardiologist.

PMID- 2649632
TI  - Changes in serum phosphate during beta-blockade in healthy men are not due to
      changes in the renal handling of phosphate.
AB  - Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), phosphate, ionized calcium, magnesium, alkaline
      phosphatase and creatinine and the urinary excretion of phosphate and creatinine
      were studied after 1 and 3 weeks beta-blockade in 32 young healthy men given
      either atenolol at 50 mg, metoprolol at 100 mg, propranolol at 80 mg or placebo
      twice a day. After 1 week treatment serum phosphate (mean (range] increased in
      the propranolol-treated subjects (1.17 (0.99-1.30) to 1.32 (1.08-1.71) mmol l-1
      (P = 0.03), minor changes were found in the atenolol and the metoprolol-treated
      subjects but not in the placebo group. Serum phosphate was unchanged compared to
      pretreatment values after 3 weeks. Renal clearance and urinary excretion of
      phosphate and creatinine was unchanged after both 1 and 3-weeks treatment. Serum
      PTH, ionized calcium, magnesium and alkaline phosphatase were unchanged in all
      groups, whereas serum urate and creatinine increased in the metoprolol-treated
      subjects after both 1 and 3 weeks.

PMID- 2649633
TI  - Applying quality of life data in practice. Considerations for antihypertensive
      therapy.
AB  - Quality of life issues have become increasingly important in tailoring
      antihypertensive therapy to individual patients. The application of quality of
      life data to the practice setting is frequently difficult, however. The effective
      use of this information requires an understanding of its definition and
      measurement, as well as of study methods. Quality of life findings may be
      specific to particular disease states, patient populations, and pharmacologic
      agents. The addition of hydrochlorothiazide to concurrent methyldopa,
      propranolol, or captopril therapy has been reported to reduce patients' overall
      sense of well-being. beta-Adrenergic blockers may exert either positive or
      negative effects on quality of life. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitors may have positive effects on quality of life; however, the cost of
      therapy is an important consideration. Information on calcium antagonists is
      limited. The findings of the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) may
      eventually provide comparative quality of life data on the four first-line
      antihypertensive therapies.

PMID- 2649634
TI  - Initial resuscitation of major burn patients.
AB  - Family physicians living in rural areas must be familiar with the initial stages
      of resuscitation of the major burn patient, as they may often be the providers of
      first contact before the patient is transferred to a burn center. Correct initial
      resuscitation may have an impact on morbidity and mortality in the subsequent
      early recovery period. The mnemonic SAVE A PATIENT is useful in reminding one of
      each of the steps that must be considered in the initial resuscitation of such
      patient.

PMID- 2649635
TI  - Is exercise tolerance testing indicated for diagnoses and/or screening in family
      practice? An affirmative view.

PMID- 2649636
TI  - Is exercise tolerance testing indicated for diagnoses and/or screening in family
      practice? An opposing view.

PMID- 2649637
TI  - Type A behavior and the social production of cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Since the turn of the century, there has been a continued interest within
      medicine in the psychosocial and behavioral risks for cardiovascular disease.
      Current research supports type A behavior and its components as risk factors. At
      various points in time, researchers have suggested that the context in which
      emotion and behavior occurs is an important determinant of the risk-enhancing
      nature of these factors, but little systematic work has been done. It is argued
      here that future research on cardiovascular disease should more explicitly take
      social context into account to provide a better understanding of the nature of
      disease, and to provide more accurate models for medical education and patient
      care.

PMID- 2649638
TI  - Chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of chromium (III) derivatives of insulin:
      evidence for stabilization of the protein through interactions with metal ions.
AB  - We investigated the chymotrypsin-promoted hydrolysis of a series of chromium(III)
      insulin complexes containing chelating or macrocyclic ligands. It has been shown
      that Cr(III) stabilizes insulin against the chymotrypsin-promoted hydrolysis of
      the protein. The molecular weights of Cr(III) containing peptides have been
      estimated to be of the order of 2,700-3,700 daltons. The Cr(III) containing
      peptides are richer in glutamic acid than the intact insulin and are devoid of
      any isoleucine. High molecular weights and the observed glutamic acid/histidine
      ratios in Cr(III) containing peptides have been rationalized in terms of Cr(III)
      being associated with insulin aggregates rather than the monomer of the protein.
      The chymotrypsin hydrolysis of Cr(III) insulin derivatives is influenced markedly
      by the nature, charge, and type of Cr(III) complex with which the protein has
      been reacted. Arguments have been advanced that chymotrypsin-promoted hydrolysis
      of insulin Cr(III) derivatives does not lead to cleavages at or near every
      tyrosine residue.

PMID- 2649639
TI  - Chromium(III)-insulin derivatives and their implication in glucose metabolism.
AB  - Insulin has been reacted with five chromium(III) complexes that are capable of
      relatively facile substitution of aquo ligands. The new Cr(III) insulin
      derivatives have been characterized by means of electronic and infrared spectra,
      and evidence for major changes in the protein structure, including the state of
      aggregation, has been presented. Supporting evidence for the arguments favoring
      the beneficiary role of chromium(III) in glucose metabolism has been obtained
      using in vivo studies, and it has been shown that insulin derived with Cr(salen)
      (H2O)2+ is capable of reversing the blood sugar, serum cholesterol, and
      phospholipids levels to those of normal rats. The results emphasize the
      dependence of biopotency on the structure of Cr(III) complexes used for
      derivation of insulin and discount the postulates that Cr(III) serves to assemble
      insulin and receptor units through metal-sulphur bonding. The influence of
      Cr(III) on the structural stability and state of aggregation of insulin and their
      possible role in glucose metabolism is discussed.

PMID- 2649640
TI  - A double-blind crossover comparison of Sinemet CR4 and standard Sinemet 25/100 in
      patients with Parkinson's disease and fluctuating motor performance.
AB  - Fourteen Parkinsonian patients with fluctuations in therapeutic response to
      levodopa completed a double-blind, crossover trial of controlled-release
      levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet CR4) vs standard Sinemet 25/100 (STD). Significant
      increases in mean interdose interval and per cent of the waking day spent "on",
      as well as reductions in the number of daily medication doses and number of "off"
      episodes were noted. In the double-blind part of the study, relative to open
      treatment with STD, ten patients rated themselves as improved while taking CR4,
      whereas only three considered themselves improved with STD. Difficulties using
      CR4 included an increased "lag-time" to the onset of antiparkinson effect, a
      tendency to produce increasingly severe dyskinesia late in the day, and a
      somewhat lessened predictability of motor response. Nonetheless, since the
      overall level of motor function through the day was equal to or better than that
      attained with STD, but with fewer medication administrations, Sinemet CR4 should
      prove a useful antiparkinsonian agent.

PMID- 2649641
TI  - Implant infections and antibiotic-impregnated silicone rubber coating.
AB  - A method is described for coating silicone rubber-encapsulated implant devices
      with an outer layer of silicone rubber impregnated with a mixture of gentamicin
      sulphate and diethanolamine fusidate. A coating of this sort provides
      bactericidal activity lasting for a few days in the film of fluid surrounding
      such an implant. When used for coating our implants, the retrospective rate of
      implant infections believed to have been introduced at the time of surgery was
      reduced to 0.7% (coated), compared with 10.0% (uncoated), a highly significant
      difference (p less than 0.001). Systemic perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis was
      not shown to confer any such benefit.

PMID- 2649642
TI  - Creutzfeld-Jacob like syndrome due to lithium toxicity.

PMID- 2649643
TI  - Multiple microabscesses in the central nervous system: a clinicopathologic study.
AB  - We reviewed 2,107 consecutive autopsies with neuropathologic examination at the
      Medical Center Hospital of Vermont, and identified 92 cases with significant
      pathologic evidence for infection involving the central nervous system (CNS). Of
      these, 35 took the form of multiple microabscesses. There were 19 men and 16
      women, mean age 56. All patients were chronically ill, usually with an associated
      impaired immunity. The lung was the most frequent site of primary infection, and
      sepsis was often present. The most commonly identified causative organisms were
      Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Patients with CNS microabscesses
      developed a progressive encephalopathy associated with waxing and waning signs
      and symptoms. Laboratory and neuroradiologic studies were not helpful in
      elucidating the problem. We conclude that multiple microabscesses are a frequent,
      usually unrecognized, manifestation of CNS infection, and should be considered in
      the differential diagnosis of encephalopathy in hospitalized patients with
      chronic disease, immunosuppression and sepsis.

PMID- 2649644
TI  - Interventional dysrhythmia management and the role of laser.
AB  - Drug-resistant dysrhythmias may require interventional management. Laser energy
      can be used for interruption or destruction of dysrhythmia-generating foci or
      conductive pathways. Lasers may, therefore, be useful tools for interventional
      management of supraventricular or ventricular dysrhythmias and preexcitation
      syndromes. Although the role of lasers in interventional dysrhythmia management
      is not clearly defined, the advantages may be substantial.

PMID- 2649645
TI  - Monounsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol metabolism: implications for dietary
      recommendations.
AB  - Dietary fat is known to affect serum concentrations of total and lipoprotein
      cholesterol. However, all components of dietary triglycerides--saturated,
      monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids--do not have identical effects
      on serum cholesterol levels. Until recently, most attention has been given to
      saturated fatty acids, which raise cholesterol levels, and polyunsaturated fatty
      acids, which are thought by many to lower cholesterol levels. Monounsaturates in
      contrast have been given little attention. However, recent studies carried out in
      our laboratory and in others have shown that monounsaturates can have favorable
      effects when substituted for saturated fatty acids in the diet. In this exchange,
      the monounsaturates reduce low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, but
      do not lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. In contrast, an
      HDL-lowering action has been noted for polyunsaturates. Also, monounsaturates
      appear to alter lipoproteins more favorably than carbohydrates, which can raise
      triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol levels. Therefore, monounsaturated fatty
      acids appear to have more potential for use in cholesterol-lowering diets than
      previously recognized.

PMID- 2649646
TI  - Evidence for an intraluminal mediator in rat pancreatic enzyme secretion:
      reconstitution of the pancreatic response with dietary protein, trypsin and the
      monitor peptide.
AB  - New evidence has been obtained suggesting that the "monitor" peptide is an
      essential intraluminal mediator in the stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion
      in response to protein intake in rats. Experiments were performed in vivo using a
      mixture of 50 mg of ovalbumin, alpha-lactalbumin or casein, 2 micrograms of
      purified protease-sensitive, cholecystokinin-releasing monitor peptide and 1 mg
      of porcine trypsin which was infused by cannula into the duodenum of atropine
      treated rats. The small intestine had previously been washed with bicarbonate to
      eliminate proteases and the pancreatic juice was diverted. The amount of trypsin
      secreted in 2 h was comparable to that of rats in which the pancreatic juice was
      returned into the duodenum. However, in the presence of a monitor peptide-
      specific antibody which recognizes the N-terminal region of the peptide, the
      monitor peptide did not induce any pancreatic response. Therefore, the
      characteristic pattern of pancreatic enzyme secretion in response to protein
      intake can be reproduced by infusing only three components--dietary proteins,
      porcine trypsin and the purified monitor peptide.

PMID- 2649647
TI  - Insulin resistant glucose transport activity in adipose cells from the SHR/N
      corpulent rat.
AB  - Young male obese (cp/cp) and lean (cp/+ or +/+) littermates of the SHR/N
      corpulent (cp) strain were fed purified diets containing 54% carbohydrate as
      either sucrose or cooked starch for 12 wk. A significant effect of phenotype
      (obese greater than lean) was observed on body weight, epididymal fat pad weight
      and fat cell size. A diet effect (sucrose greater than starch) was observed on
      body weight, fat pad weight, and fat cell size. No effect of phenotype or diet
      was observed on basal 3-O-methylglucose transport in isolated adipose cells.
      However, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was decreased 70-80% in isolated
      adipose cells from obese SHR/N-cp rats. No effect of diet on insulin-stimulated
      glucose uptake was observed in obese SHR/N-cp rats. Scatchard analysis of insulin
      binding data demonstrated no differences in the dissociation constant (KD) for
      the insulin receptor:insulin complex. However, obese rats exhibited a decreased
      number of insulin receptors compared to lean SHR/N-cp rats. These data
      demonstrate that the obese SHR/N-cp rat exhibits insulin-resistant glucose
      transport. This altered insulin sensitivity may be one factor contributing to the
      development of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in these animals.

PMID- 2649648
TI  - Cobalt, chromium, and nickel concentrations in body fluids of patients with
      porous-coated knee or hip prostheses.
AB  - Co, Cr, and Ni concentrations were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry in serum and urine specimens collected from a group of 28
      patients at intervals of from 1 day to 2.5 years after total knee or hip
      arthroplasty with porous-coated prostheses fabricated of Co-Cr alloy (ASTM F-75
      82). Two control groups were also tested: (a) 42 healthy adults and (b) 16
      orthopaedic patients after total knee or hip arthroplasty with porous-coated
      prostheses fabricated predominantly of Ti-Al-V alloy (ASTM F-136-84). All
      prostheses contained polyethylene components to avoid metal-to-metal contact.
      Mean Co concentrations in serum and urine were slightly increased in patients
      with Co-Cr knee implants at 6-120 weeks after surgery, compared with (a)
      preoperative values, (b) corresponding values in patients with Co-Cr hip
      implants, and (c) corresponding values in control patients with Ti-Al-V knee and
      hip prostheses. Substantially increased Co levels were observed in serum and
      urine of two patients at 7 weeks and 22 months postarthroplasty, associated with
      loosening of the prostheses; one of the patients also had elevated Cr levels in
      serum and urine. Although ASTM F-75-82 and F-136-84 alloys contain very little Ni
      (less than 1.0 and less than 0.2% Ni, respectively, by wt), mean Ni
      concentrations in serum and urine were greatly increased at 1-2 days after
      implantation of Ti-Al-V and Co-Cr prostheses, diminishing by 2 weeks. The
      postoperative hypernickelemia and nickeluresis may reflect contamination of the
      operative field with Ni-containing particles from the drills, cutting jigs, and
      drilling jigs, or it may represent a previously unrecognized pathophysiological
      response to surgery.

PMID- 2649649
TI  - Water-soluble contrast media in obstructed in ischemic small intestine. A
      clinical and experimental study.
AB  - In this study the attention was focused on the possible application of the new
      low-osmolar water-soluble contrast media in already existing routines for
      radiologic diagnostic work-up and management of the abdominal emergencies of
      simple intestinal obstruction and ischemia: Iohexol was a good, or better,
      alternative to sodium diatrizoate regarding taste acceptance and patient
      reactions: Seventy-five per cent of patients characterized the taste of iohexol
      as good or neutral, while 52% gave sodium diatrizoate similar scores. The scores
      were also consistently in favor of iohexol as compared with sodium diatrizoate
      for the other chosen criteria; nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, but a larger number
      of patients may be needed for conclusive evaluation. Water-soluble media may have
      therapeutic effects on intestinal obstruction when preceded by conventional
      gastric suction using a short gastric tube: Twenty-three of 25 patients with
      subtotal small bowel obstruction due to peritoneal adhesions improved following
      the ingestion of either iohexol or sodium diatrizoate. Hyperosmolar contrast
      media might stimulate peristalsis and dilute the bowel contents, hence, easing
      the passage through a subtotally obstructed bowel. In rats, a direct relationship
      was found between contrast medium osmolality and the degree of intestinal
      distension, fluid influx to the bowel lumen and the speed of contrast medium
      progression. The water-soluble, low-osmolar contrast media seem promising as
      diagnostic aids in examination of the gastrointestinal tract: The low-osmolar
      contrast media gave better intestinal details on films than both barium sulphate
      and sodium diatrizoate in rats with intestinal obstruction or ischemia when high
      volumes of radiopaques were employed. Also in patients iohexol retained its
      radiographic density in the small bowel better than sodium diatrizoate. The
      diagnostic efficacy of the water-soluble radiographic media varied directly with
      their osmolality and the resulting fluid influx to bowel lumen. Hyperosmolality
      stimulated contrast medium progression and bowel distension, and reduced the
      radiographic density of the contrast media and the alignment to the bowel wall.
      Water-soluble contrast media may aid the diagnosis of bowel ischemia and the
      evaluation of the degree of ischemic injury: No bladder opacification, following
      absorption of water-soluble contrast media from the simply obstructed bowel, was
      observed in the majority of the animals and was only faintly present in 8%.
      Distinct radiographic opacification of the urinary bladder in rats with
      intestinal ischemia was demonstrated as early as 1-2 hours after the
      administration of contrast medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2649650
TI  - Mosaic analysis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

PMID- 2649651
TI  - A case study of qualitative versus quantitative reviews: the maternal-infant
      bonding controversy.
AB  - This study used meta-analysis methodology to examine a series of studies in
      maternal-infant attachment. The results of this quantitative analysis were
      compared with those of a classic qualitative analysis of the same subject. The
      advantages and disadvantages of both quantitative and qualitative approaches to
      literature reviews are discussed and compared with quantitative and qualitative
      analyses of individual research studies.

PMID- 2649652
TI  - Does HIV cause AIDS? An historical perspective.

PMID- 2649653
TI  - Glycosylation and processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope
      protein.
AB  - The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein is synthesized
      as a gp160 precursor that is cleaved to a 120 kDa exterior glycoprotein (gp120)
      and a 41 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41). The HIV-1 envelope protein was
      stably expressed under the control of the transactivator proteins tat and rev, in
      wild-type and mutant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The mutant, ldlD, is
      conditionally defective for the addition of galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine
      to oligosaccharide chains. The effects of glycosylation modification on the HIV-1
      envelope's structure and function were examined. The effects of galactosylation
      on the structure of the envelope proteins suggest that cleavage of the gp160
      precursor into gp120 and gp41 occurs intracellularly, apparently concurrent with
      the addition of galactose to N-linked oligosaccharides of the envelope proteins.
      No evidence for O-linked glycosylation of the envelope proteins in CHO cells was
      observed. The envelope protein in the transfected hamster cells mediated the
      fusion of these cells with CD4-positive lymphocytes, and this fusogenic activity
      was independent of the addition of either galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine to
      oligosaccharides in the transfected cells.

PMID- 2649654
TI  - Comparison of four different antigen-capture assays for the detection of human
      immunodeficiency virus antigen (HIV-Ag).
AB  - Three enzyme immunoassays (EIA), two polyclonal and one monoclonal, and one
      polyclonal radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of human immunodeficiency
      virus antigen (HIV-Ag) have been evaluated and compared. The three EIAs had
      similar sensitivity in detecting HIV viral lysate and were more sensitive than
      the RIA, which was the only assay with a one-step probing-detection format.
      However, the EIA that used a monoclonal anti-p24 as the capturing reagent was
      unable to detect any of the serial supernatant samples of a positive viral
      culture from an HIV-infected patient. Only the two polyclonal, non-p24-restricted
      assays were able to detect an unusual expression of HIV-Ag in the serum of an
      acute HIV-infected patient. Overall, the sensitivity of HIV-Ag capture assays was
      enhanced when (a) the capture antibody was polyclonal rather than monoclonal, (b)
      the polyclonal antibody was broad rather than p24-restricted, and (c) the probing
      detecting procedure was in a two-step format rather than one-step format. In
      addition, the use of neutralizing assays to confirm the results was absolutely
      necessary.

PMID- 2649655
TI  - Pitfalls in HIV serology: reagent-dependent changes in sensitivity and
      specificity of ELISA kits.
AB  - Using confirmed positive and false-positive serum samples stored in deep frozen
      state we studied the reproducibility of the results obtained by different anti
      HIV enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits. Experiences obtained with 3 kits are
      presented. Two types of observations were made: (a) significant inter-lot, intra
      lot and even inter-box sensitivity difference was found with some kits and (b)
      reactivity of the plates for true-positive and false-positive sera independently
      changed among different lots of the same kit: while reactivity for true positive
      sera was constant, a significant decrease or increase in reactivity for false
      positive sera was found. These observations point to poor reproducibility of some
      commercial anti-HIV EIA kits that can cause serious difficulties in screening
      laboratories.

PMID- 2649656
TI  - Effects of phencyclidine and other N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists on the
      schedule-controlled behavior of rats.
AB  - The behavioral effects of phencyclidine (PCP) were compared with those of several
      compounds known to antagonize the actions of N-methyl-D-aspartate using two
      patterns of schedule-controlled responding in rats. Rates of variable interval
      responding suppressed by punishment were increased greatly by the benzodiazepine
      chlorodiazepoxide and showed small increases after MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11
      dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine] . However, no consistent increases
      in response rates were produced by PCP, by the stereoisomers of N
      allylnormetazocine (NANM: SKF 10,047) or by the anti-ischemic drug, ifenprodil.
      Small doses of PCP did increase rates of unpublished variable interval
      responding, as did a low dose of MK-801. Timing behavior maintained by a
      differential reinforcement of low rate schedule was disrupted by all the
      compounds studied. Response rates were increased by at least one dose of PCP, MK
      801, (+)-NANM and 3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid. The
      effect of MK-801, however, was considerably greater than that of the other
      compounds. Ifenprodil and (-)-NANM did not increase rates of responding but, at
      high doses, produced decreases in reinforcement frequency indicating that
      efficient timing behavior had been disrupted. These results show that although
      PCP, MK-801 and (+)-NANM produce generally similar behavioral effects, there may
      also be some differences between the compounds, notably a more consistent effect
      of MK-801 on punished responding. These behavioral effects may be related to
      antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate but ifenprodil, which is also an N-methyl-D
      aspartate antagonist, does not show a similar behavioral profile.

PMID- 2649657
TI  - In vivo evaluation of the effects of altered cyclosporine metabolism on its
      immunosuppressive potency.
AB  - The dose-response and plasma concentration-response relationships of cyclosporine
      after both inducing and inhibiting its metabolism were studied in a mouse heart
      transplant model. The metabolism of cyclosporine was altered by coadministering
      phenobarbital and cimetidine as metabolism inducing and inhibiting agents,
      respectively. We found that phenobarbital depressed the immunosuppressive potency
      of cyclosporine by enhancing its metabolism resulting in lower cyclosporine blood
      levels. On the other hand, when cimetidine was administered concurrently with
      cyclosporine, the immunosuppressive effect was enhanced due to inhibition of the
      metabolism of cyclosporine which produced higher cyclosporine blood levels. When
      graft survival was evaluated relative to blood cyclosporine concentrations,
      however, it appeared that cimetidine had a direct negative effect on the survival
      of transplanted organs independent and contrary to its effect on the accumulation
      of cyclosporine. The immunosuppression produced by cyclosporine at these elevated
      blood levels was less than expected. The accrued data support the conclusion that
      cyclosporine and not its metabolites are primarily responsible for its
      immunosuppressive activity in the mouse.

PMID- 2649658
TI  - A pharmacological analysis of the discriminative stimulus properties of d
      amphetamine in rhesus monkeys.
AB  - Rhesus monkeys (n = 4) were trained to discriminate d-amphetamine (AMPH; 0.67 or
      1.33 mumol/kg i.v.) from saline in a two lever, food-reinforced drug
      discrimination paradigm. After acquisition of the discrimination (average, 127
      sessions), the monkeys were tested with a series of compounds selected to
      characterize the neuronal mechanism(s) of the discrimination. AMPH (0.08-2.6
      mumol/kg), cocaine (0.06-1.0 mumol/kg; n = 4), the dopamine (DA) uptake inhibitor
      bupropion (0.25-2.0 mumol/kg; n = 2) and the norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitor
      nisoxetine (1.0-16 mumol/kg; n = 4) produced dose-related increases in the
      percentage of responses that occurred on the AMPH-appropriate lever during test
      sessions in all monkeys tested. For all other drugs tested, individual
      differences in effects were noted. Compounds with primarily D2 DA receptor
      activity, including apomorphine (0.06-1.0 mumol/kg; n = 4), piribedil (0.25-8.0
      mumol/kg; n = 4), bromocriptine (0.12-1.0 mumol/kg; n = 4) and
      propylbutyldopamine (0.25-4.0 mumol/kg; n = 3) occasioned AMPH-appropriate
      responding in one or two monkeys. The D1 agonist SKF 38393 (0.5-64 mumol/kg; n =
      4) and pentobarbital (4.0-32 mumol/kg; n = 4) substituted for AMPH in only one
      monkey. In tests for antagonism, the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.015-0.03
      mumol/kg; n = 2) blocked completely the discriminative stimulus effects of AMPH
      in a dose-related manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649659
TI  - Reproduction and fertility in the mink (Mustela vision).

PMID- 2649660
TI  - Role of prostaglandin F-2 alpha and oxytocin in the regression of GnRH-induced
      abnormal corpora lutea in anoestrous ewes.
AB  - Anoestrous Romney Marsh ewes with (+P) and without (-P) progesterone pretreatment
      were induced to ovulate by multiple low-dose injection of GnRH followed by a
      bolus injection of GnRH. Luteal function was assessed by twice daily measurement
      of plasma progesterone. Animals were slaughtered on Days 3 or 5 after the end of
      GnRH treatment and CL and endometrium were recovered. In all Day-5 ewes, blood
      samples were collected at 30-min intervals for 8 h on Days 3 and 5 for
      measurement of PGFM and oxytocin. At slaughter 92% of the Group +P ewes had
      ovulated compared with 54% of the Group -P ewes. The ovaries of some of the Group
      -P ewes only contained luteinized cysts either alone or in association with CL.
      In the ewes that ovulated, progesterone profiles were normal in all Group +P
      ewes, whereas Group -P ewes had 'normal' or 'abnormal' profiles in which plasma
      progesterone was declining prematurely. All of the CL from ewes with abnormal
      progesterone profiles were associated with follicular cysts, and were
      significantly smaller and with a lower progesterone content on Day 5. PGFM levels
      decreased (P less than 0.05) between Days 3 and 5 in ewes in Groups +P and -P
      with 'normal' CL but increased (P less than 0.01) in Group -P ewes with
      'abnormal' CL. Oxytocin levels were lower in Group -P ewes with 'abnormal' CL on
      Day 5, than in 'normal' ewes in Groups -P (P less than 0.01) or +P (P less than
      0.05). In 3/5 Day-5 ewes with 'abnormal' CL there was a clear association between
      a major peak of oxytocin and a rise in PGFM during the frequent sampling period
      on Day 3 or Day 5, and endometrial oxytocin binding sites were present at
      slaughter. This suggests that the premature regression of 'abnormal' CL occurs
      via the normal luteolytic mechanism. Although ewes in Groups +P and -P with
      'normal' CL had similar progesterone profiles, plasma oxytocin was significantly
      higher (P less than 0.05) in the Group -P ewes and oxytocin binding sites were
      present only in this group, suggesting that progesterone pretreatment can
      influence the production of both oxytocin and its receptor.

PMID- 2649661
TI  - Growth factors and their cellular actions.

PMID- 2649662
TI  - Growth factors in ovarian function.

PMID- 2649663
TI  - Polypeptide growth factors in uterine tissues and secretions.

PMID- 2649664
TI  - Growth factors in mammary gland function.

PMID- 2649665
TI  - Growth factors as autocrine and paracrine modulators of male gonadal functions.

PMID- 2649666
TI  - Anovulatory infertility. Causes and cures.
AB  - Disorders of ovulation rank with tuboperitoneal disease as the most common causes
      of female infertility. A proper diagnosis and selection of therapy can also make
      anovulation the most treatable form of infertility. A review provides a framework
      for understanding the various etiologies of anovulation, its detection and
      current treatment modalities.

PMID- 2649667
TI  - Diagnosis of female infertility. A comprehensive approach.
AB  - The evaluation of the infertile woman involves a careful history, physical
      examination and laboratory tests. A thorough and systematic investigation is of
      paramount importance to establish the diagnosis and generate a treatment plan.

PMID- 2649668
TI  - Assisted reproductive technology. A clinical appraisal.
AB  - With the various types of reproductive technology now available, the overall
      pregnancy rates still are less than 25%. An increase in those rates would permit
      physicians to provide relief from infertility to a much larger population.

PMID- 2649669
TI  - Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy using transvaginal ultrasound scanning.
AB  - A new technique was developed for transvaginal ultrasound scanning in the routine
      evaluation of women with suspected early ectopic pregnancy. This approach enables
      us to detect early pregnancies that could not be visualized previously with
      routine abdominal ultrasound. Transvaginal scanning shows the location of the
      gestational sac very clearly, whether it is within or outside the uterus. Our
      introduction of this technique into the evaluation process has reduced patients'
      risk by minimizing delays in diagnosis and treatment and also has shortened
      hospital stays, thereby reducing costs.

PMID- 2649670
TI  - Diagnosis of adrenal ganglioneuroma in pregnancy with magnetic resonance imaging
      and ultrasonography. A case report.
AB  - A right adrenal gland mass was found during sonographic examination of the right
      upper quadrant during a workup for hyperemesis gravidarum. Magnetic resonance
      imaging was used to clarify the origin of the mass. The tumor was nonfunctional.
      Because of the possibility of a malignancy, the patient underwent a successful
      second-trimester exploratory laparatomy with right adrenalectomy. Pathology
      demonstrated a benign ganglioneuroma.

PMID- 2649671
TI  - Seat belts--six years on.

PMID- 2649673
TI  - Intravenous antibiotics at home in children with cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2649672
TI  - Malignant mesothelioma.

PMID- 2649674
TI  - Interrelation between alcohol and accidents.

PMID- 2649675
TI  - Autoimmunity in Graves' ophthalmopathy: a review.

PMID- 2649676
TI  - What's new in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? A review.

PMID- 2649677
TI  - The ailment of Dr Anton Chekhov.

PMID- 2649678
TI  - Aspects of pneumococcal infection including bacterial virulence, host response
      and vaccination.

PMID- 2649679
TI  - A physiological classification of viridans streptococci by use of the API-20STREP
      system.
AB  - Physiological reactions of viridans streptococci were examined by the API-20STREP
      system and a selection of conventional tests. Cluster analysis of these results
      produced a classification similar to a taxonomic scheme based on that of Colman
      and Williams. The organisms could be divided into the six recognised species-
      Streptococcus mutans, S. bovis, S. mitior, S. sanguis, S. salivarius and S.
      milleri. Analysis confirmed that S. mitior and S. sanguis can be distinguished in
      the API-20STREP test by hydrolysis of arginine but not by dextran production.
      Although S. mutans, S. mitior and S. sanguis can be divided into two further
      subgroups, the taxonomic significance of this is unclear. With this means of
      classification, most organisms could be identified easily by a small number of
      tests. API-20STREP is convenient for performing physiological tests on viridans
      streptococci, but the information provided by the manufacturers in regard to
      identification and nomenclature is in need of revision.

PMID- 2649680
TI  - Bacterial growth and toxin production in ileostomy effluents.
AB  - Escherichia coli (2), Vibrio cholerae (2) and Aeromonas sobria (1) strains were
      examined for their ability to grow and produce toxins in samples of ileostomy
      fluid. Three categories of response were observed: no detectable growth, growth
      without detectable toxin, and growth with detectable toxin. Clear differences
      were apparent between samples of ileostomy fluid obtained from different
      individuals and between samples obtained from the same individual at different
      times. The patterns of response were unique for each of the five test strains. We
      propose that the procedure developed forms a basis for investigating the host
      parasite relationship in diarrhoeal disease.

PMID- 2649681
TI  - Allan Watt Downie, 5th September 1901-26 January 1988.

PMID- 2649682
TI  - Periplasmic binding protein structure and function. Refined X-ray structures of
      the leucine/isoleucine/valine-binding protein and its complex with leucine.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of the native unliganded form of the Leu/Ile/Val
      binding protein (Mr = 36,700), an essential component of the high-affinity active
      transport system for the branched aliphatic amino acids in Escherichia coli, has
      been determined and further refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 0.17 at 2.4
      A resolution. The entire structure consists of 2710 non-hydrogen atoms from the
      complete sequence of 344 residues and 121 ordered water molecules. Bond lengths
      and angle distances in the refined model have root-mean-square deviations from
      ideal values of 0.05 A and 0.10 A, respectively. The overall shape of the protein
      is a prolate ellipsoid with dimensions of 35 A x 40 A x 70 A. The protein
      consists of two distinct globular domains linked by three short peptide segments
      which, though widely separated in the sequence, are proximal in the tertiary
      structure and form the base of the deep cleft between the two domains. Although
      each domain is built from polypeptide segments located in both the amino (N) and
      the carboxy (C) terminal halves, both domains exhibit very similar supersecondary
      structures, consisting of a central beta-sheet of seven strands flanked on either
      side by two or three helices. The two domains are far apart from each other,
      leaving the cleft wide open by about 18 A. The cleft has a depth of about 15 A
      and a base of about 14 A x 16 A. Refining independently the structure of native
      Leu/Ile/Val-binding protein crystals soaked in a solution containing L-leucine at
      2.8 A resolution (R-factor = 0.15), we have been able to locate and characterize
      an initial, major portion of the substrate-binding site of the Leu/Ile/Val
      binding protein. The binding of the L-leucine substrate does not alter the native
      crystal structure, and the L-leucine is lodged in a crevice on the wall of the N
      domain, which is in the inter-domain cleft. The L-leucine is held in place
      primarily by hydrogen-bonding of its alpha-ammonium and alpha-carboxylate groups
      with main-chain peptide units and hydroxyl side-chain groups; there are no salt
      linkages. The charges on the leucine zwitterion are stabilized by hydrogen-bond
      dipoles. The side-chain of the L-leucine substrate lies in a depression lined
      with non-polar residues, including Leu77, which confers specificity to the site
      by stacking with the side-chain of the leucine substrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2649683
TI  - Structure of the L-leucine-binding protein refined at 2.4 A resolution and
      comparison with the Leu/Ile/Val-binding protein structure.
AB  - The three-dimensional X-ray structure of the leucine-binding protein (36,900 Mr
      and 346 residues), an active transport component of Escherichia coli, has been
      determined by the method of molecular replacement, using the refined structure of
      the Leu/Ile/Val-binding protein (344 residues) as the model structure. The two
      amino acid-binding proteins have 80% sequence identity and, although both
      crystallize in the same space group, they have very different unit cell
      dimensions. The rotation function yielded one significant peak, which
      subsequently led to a single self-consistent translation function solution. The
      model was first refined by the constrained least-squares method, with each of the
      two domains of the molecule treated separately to allow for any small change in
      the relative orientation of the two domains. The model was then modified in order
      to reflect the 72 changes in amino acid side-chains and two insertions in going
      from the Leu/Ile/Val-binding protein sequence to that of the L-leucine-binding
      protein. Final structure refinement, using the restrained least-squares
      technique, resulted in an R-factor of 0.20 for 13,797 reflections to a resolution
      of 2.4 A. The model is comprised of 2600 protein atoms and 91 solvent molecules.
      The L-leucine-binding protein structure is, as expected, very similar to the
      Leu/Ile/Val-binding protein structure; both are in the unliganded conformation
      with the cleft between the two domains wide open and easily accessible. The
      superimposing of the structures yields a root-mean-square difference of 0.68 A in
      the alpha-carbon atoms of the 317 equivalent residues. The five regions of the
      leucine-binding protein structure that differ by more than 1.6 A from the
      Leu/Ile/Val-binding protein structure are far from the major portion of the
      ligand-binding site, which is located in one domain of the bilobate protein.
      Between the structures, there are three differences in the amino acid side-chains
      that form the major portion of the substrate-binding sites. These substitutions,
      by themselves, fail to clearly explain the differences in the specificities for
      branched aliphatic amino acids.

PMID- 2649684
TI  - Analysis of the ligand-promoted global conformational change in aspartate
      transcarbamoylase. Evidence for a two-state transition from boundary spreading in
      sedimentation velocity experiments.
AB  - A global conformational change in the regulatory enzyme aspartate
      transcarbamoylase of Escherichia coli was demonstrated 20 years ago by the 3.5%
      decrease in the sedimentation coefficient of the enzyme upon its interaction with
      carbamoyl phosphate and saturating amounts of the aspartate analog succinate.
      This "swelling" of aspartate transcarbamoylase attributable to the T----R
      allosteric transition was observed also in subsequent studies when the enzyme was
      completely saturated with the bisubstrate analog N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate.
      In neither of these studies was a direct attempt made by an analysis of boundary
      spreading (expressed as an apparent diffusion coefficient) on partially liganded
      enzyme to determine whether the solution contained only T and R-state molecules,
      as expected for a concerted transition, or a mixture of more than two distinct
      conformational states. The sensitivity of boundary spreading measurements was
      tested with a known mixture of fully liganded wild-type enzyme (R-state) and an
      inactive T-state mutant that did not bind either succinate or the bisubstrate
      ligand. This experiment yielded broad boundaries with an apparent diffusion
      coefficient about 10% greater than that of T-state enzyme, due to the
      differential sedimentation of the two independent species. Identical boundary
      spreading was obtained theoretically by simulating an equimolar mixture of T and
      R-state aspartate transcarbamoylase. These results proved that the boundary
      spreading measurement was sensitive to the presence of heterogeneity. Analogous
      experiments with only wild-type enzyme in the presence of sub-stoichiometric
      amounts of the tightly bound bisubstrate ligand sufficient to promote a 1.8%
      decrease in sedimentation coefficient also exhibited broader boundaries,
      corresponding to a 10% increase in the apparent diffusion coefficient relative to
      the unliganded enzyme. In contrast, such broad boundaries were not observed in
      experiments when the weakly bound succinate was present in quantities sufficient
      to cause the same 1.8% decrease in sedimentation coefficient. The differences in
      boundary spreading observed with the two active-site ligands were accounted for
      by the affinities of the respective ligands for the enzyme and the transport
      theory of a ligand-promoted isomerization of the protein. In the presence of sub
      stoichiometric levels of the tight-binding bisubstrate ligand, the dynamic
      equilibrium between the T and the R-state is essentially uncoupled and the
      species sediment at slightly different rates to give broad boundaries.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649685
TI  - Boundary spreading in sedimentation velocity experiments on partially liganded
      aspartate transcarbamoylase. A ligand-mediated isomerization.
AB  - Transport theory for rapidly reversible interacting systems was used to analyze
      boundary spreading in sedimentation velocity experiments on partially liganded
      aspartate transcarbamoylase. In the presence of sub-stoichiometric amounts of a
      bisubstrate analog, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, which is bound with high
      affinity to the enzyme (Kd approximately 100 nM), broad boundaries were observed
      consistent with the presence of two conformational forms. The theoretical
      treatment showed that under these conditions, the interconversion between the
      compact (11.7 S) and swollen (11.3 S) forms of the enzyme appears uncoupled, due
      to the formation of a gradient of free ligand that is caused by the re
      equilibration resulting from the differential sedimentation of the two enzyme
      forms. Sedimentation velocity patterns for such systems are interpretable in
      terms of two independent species. When, however, the enzyme is in the presence of
      a sub-saturating amount of the weakly bound ligand, succinate (Kd approximately 1
      mM), the re-equilibration caused by the differential sedimentation does not
      perturb the large background of free ligand and form a gradient. Instead, the two
      different forms of the enzyme are in dynamic equilibrium, resulting in a boundary
      having average sedimentation and diffusion coefficients. The observed boundary
      spreading experiments with different ligands are satisfactorily interpreted in
      terms of a ligand-mediated isomerization of aspartate transcarbamoylase from a
      compact to a swollen conformation.

PMID- 2649686
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the human c-H-ras-oncogene
      product p21 complexed with GTP analogues.
AB  - The catalytic domain (amino acid residues 1 to 166) of the human ras-oncogene
      product p21 complexed with the GTP analogues beta,gamma-imido-GTP (GMPPNP),
      beta,gamma-methylene-GTP (GMPPCP), and guanosine-5'-(gamma-thiotriphosphate) (GTP
      gamma S) have been been crystallized. Crystals of the GMPPNP and GMPPCP complexes
      are well suited for high resolution X-ray crystallography. They belong to space
      group P3(1)21 (or its enantiomorph P3(2)21) with unit cell axes a=b=40.3 A and c
      = 162.2 A.

PMID- 2649687
TI  - Synergy between Escherichia coli CAP protein and RNA polymerase in the lac
      promoter open complex.
AB  - Characterization of ternary complexes containing an Escherichia coli lac promoter
      DNA fragment, CAP protein and RNA polymerase, separated on non-denaturing
      polyacrylamide gels and footprinted in the gel slice, reveals a striking
      stabilization of CAP against dissociation in the open complex, compared to the
      CAP-DNA complex lacking RNA polymerase. The stabilization is lost when half a
      helical turn of DNA is inserted between CAP and polymerase sites, but is
      partially restored with an 11 base-pair insert; stimulation of transcription
      parallels the stabilization effect. This behavior suggests a direct protein
      protein interaction. Comparison of initiation kinetics for wild-type and a mutant
      in which the P2 promoter has been inactivated shows that CAP both strengthens
      binding in the closed complex and accelerates isomerization to the open complex;
      the latter effect accounts for the bulk of the observed transcriptional
      activation.

PMID- 2649688
TI  - Delivery of novel therapeutic agents in tumors: physiological barriers and
      strategies.

PMID- 2649689
TI  - Initiation of replication of the human hepatitis delta virus genome from cloned
      DNA: role of delta antigen.
AB  - Beginning with three partial cDNA clones of the RNA genome of human hepatitis
      delta virus (HDV), we assembled the complete 1,679-base sequence on a single
      molecule and then inserted a trimer of this into plasmid pSLV, a simian virus 40
      based eucaryotic expression vector. This construct was used to transfect both
      monkey kidney (COS7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HuH7) cell lines. In
      this way we obtained replication of the HDV RNA genome and the appearance, in the
      nucleoli, of the delta antigen, the only known virus-coded protein. This proved
      both that the HDV genome could replicate in nonliver as well as liver cells and
      that there was no requirement for the presence of hepatitis B virus sequences or
      proteins. When the pSVL construct was made with a dimer of an HDV sequence with a
      2-base-pair deletion in the open reading frame, genome replication was reduced at
      least 40-fold. However, when we cotransfected with a plasmid that expressed the
      correct delta antigen, the mutated dimer achieved a level of genome replication
      comparable to that of the nonmutated sequence. We thus conclude that the delta
      antigen can act in trans and is essential for replication of the HDV genome.

PMID- 2649691
TI  - Identification, sequence, and transcriptional mapping of the major capsid protein
      gene of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
AB  - The gene encoding the major capsid protein of the baculovirus Autographa
      californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) was identified, sequenced, and
      transcriptionally mapped. The location of the gene was determined by
      immunological screening of an expression library of AcMNPV open reading frame
      beta-galactosidase fusions with an antibody raised to virus structural proteins.
      The DNA sequence of the corresponding region, which mapped within 56.6 and 58.0
      map units on the AcMNPV genome, revealed a 1,040-base-pair open reading frame
      capable of encoding a 39-kilodalton polypeptide. The identity of the polypeptide
      was determined by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of purified empty capsids
      with an antibody raised to the capsid-beta-galactosidase fusion protein. The
      identity of the peptide encoded by the gene was confirmed by immunoprecipitation
      of an in vitro translation product with RNA selected by hybridization to DNA
      sequences from the coding region of the gene. Transcripts of the capsid gene were
      analyzed by Northern (RNA) blots and mapped by nuclease protection and primer
      extension analysis. The capsid gene is transcribed maximally at 12 and 24 h
      postinfection but not in the presence of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis
      inhibitor, or aphidicolin, a viral DNA synthesis inhibitor, and is therefore
      classified as a late gene. The gene is transcribed in a counterclockwise
      direction with respect to the circular map. There are three transcriptional start
      sites, all containing the AGTAAG consensus sequence found at the start site of
      all late AcMNPV genes.

PMID- 2649690
TI  - Human liver plasma membranes contain receptors for the hepatitis B virus pre-S1
      region and, via polymerized human serum albumin, for the pre-S2 region.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus particles contain three related viral envelope proteins, the
      small, middle, and large S (surface) proteins. All three proteins contain the
      small S amino acid sequence at their carboxyl terminus. It is not clear which of
      these S proteins functions as the viral attachment protein, binding to a target
      cell receptor and initiating infection. In this report, recombinant hepatitis B
      surface antigen (rHBsAg) particles, which contain only virus envelope proteins,
      were radioactively labeled, and their attachment to human liver membranes was
      examined. Only the rHBsAg particles containing the large S protein were capable
      of directly attaching to liver plasma membranes. The attachment was saturable and
      could be prevented by competition with unlabeled particles or by a monoclonal
      antibody specific for the large S protein. In the presence of polymerized human
      serum albumin, both large and middle S protein-containing rHBsAg particles were
      capable of attaching to the liver plasma membranes. Small S protein-containing
      rHBsAg particles were not able to attach even in the presence of polymerized
      human serum albumin. These results indicate that the large S protein may be the
      viral attachment protein for hepatocytes, binding directly to liver plasma
      membranes by its unique amino-terminal (pre-S1) sequence. These results also
      indicate that polymerized human serum albumin or a similar molecule could act as
      an intermediate receptor, attaching to liver plasma membranes and to the amino
      acid sequence (pre-S2) shared by the middle and large S proteins but not
      contained in the small S protein.

PMID- 2649693
TI  - Unmyristylated Moloney murine leukemia virus Pr65gag is excluded from virus
      assembly and maturation events.
AB  - The gag precursor polyprotein of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) is normally
      modified by myristylation of the N-terminal glycine. Previous work showed that
      the Pr65gag lacking the myristylation site does not associate with cellular
      membranes or assemble into virus particles. We now report that it also is not
      cleaved to the mature gag cleavage products within the cell and that it sediments
      as a free 65-kilodalton monomer in detergent-free cell extracts containing 0.3 M
      NaCl. Even when the cells containing the mutant are productively infected with
      wild-type MuLV, the mutant Pr65gag is not processed into cleavage products and is
      not incorporated into the virions produced by these cells. Thus, the mutant gag
      molecules seem unable to participate in the normal processes of self-assembly and
      maturation. We propose that myristate-mediated membrane association is an
      essential first step in MuLV assembly. This association may also play a role in
      budding of MuLV.

PMID- 2649694
TI  - It's too early to tell, but polypeptide growth factor research already generates
      some enthusiasm.

PMID- 2649692
TI  - The 1A protein of respiratory syncytial virus is an integral membrane protein
      present as multiple, structurally distinct species.
AB  - The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 1A protein was previously identified as a
      7.5-kilodalton (kDa) nonglycosylated species that, on the basis of its predicted
      sequence determined from the sequence of its mRNA, contains a hydrophobic central
      domain that was suggestive of membrane interaction. Here, four major,
      structurally distinct intracellular species of the 1A protein were identified in
      cells infected by RSV or by a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the 1A gene.
      The four species of 1A were: (i) the previously described, nonglycosylated 7.5
      kDa species that appeared to be the full-length, unmodified 1A protein; (ii) a
      nonglycosylated 4.8-kDa species that was carboxy-coterminal with the 7.5-kDa
      species and might be generated by translational initiation at the second AUG in
      the sequence; (iii) a 13- to 15-kDa species that contained one or two N-linked
      carbohydrate side chains of the high-mannose type; and (iv) a 21- to 30-kDa
      glycosylated species that appeared to be generated from the 13- to 15-kDa species
      by further modification of the N-linked carbohydrate. All four forms of the 1A
      protein were synthesized and processed on intracellular membranes, and several
      lines of biochemical evidence showed that all four species were integral membrane
      proteins. Thus, the 1A protein is a third RSV integral membrane protein and is
      present as such in both glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms. With the use of
      antiserum raised against a synthetic peptide representing the C terminus of the
      1A protein, indirect immunofluorescence showed that the 1A protein was expressed
      at the cell surface. Antibody-antigen complexes formed at the surface of intact
      infected cells were immunoprecipitated, showing that the 7.5-kDa, 13- to 15-kDa,
      and 21- to 30-kDa, but not the 4.8-kDa, species, were accessible to extracellular
      antibodies. Thus, the 1A protein is a candidate to be a viral surface antigen.
      The small size, gene map location integral membrane association, and cell surface
      expression of the 1A protein strongly suggested that it is a counterpart to the
      SH protein that has been described for simian virus type 5. We suggest that, in
      the future, the RSV 1A protein be given the same designation, namely, SH.

PMID- 2649695
TI  - The Resource-Based Relative Value Scale.

PMID- 2649696
TI  - Lowering cholesterol with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

PMID- 2649697
TI  - The Physician Payment Review Commission report to Congress.

PMID- 2649698
TI  - AMA policy on the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale and related issues. A
      summary of AMA Board of Trustees Report AA.

PMID- 2649699
TI  - Utilization strategies for intensive care units.
AB  - Critical care resources in the United States are being rationed, that is, not all
      critical care expected to be beneficial is being provided to all patients who
      desire it. Although the extent of rationing is uncertain, it is an everyday
      occurrence in some hospitals and is likely to occur at least some of the time in
      many hospitals. Substantial evidence suggests that current rationing practices
      are highly subjective and perhaps inequitable. Critical care is widely believed
      to be beneficial to many patients, despite a striking dearth of supportive data.
      Since this type of care is being inequitably denied to some patients, hospitals
      should either adopt formal rationing guidelines or, alternatively, they should
      take clear steps to avoid rationing by altering the supply of or the demand for
      critical care. Reasonable arguments are presented in support of both approaches,
      as are suggestions for their implementation.

PMID- 2649700
TI  - Patient access to experimental therapy.

PMID- 2649701
TI  - Controlled clinical trials of AIDS drugs: the best hope.

PMID- 2649702
TI  - ICU access and prospective payment.

PMID- 2649703
TI  - Mammographic screening in asymptomatic women aged 40 years and older. Council on
      Scientific Affairs.
AB  - Currently, age-specific recommendations for screening mammograms in asymptomatic
      women that have been developed by professional, voluntary, and governmental
      organizations differ. While there is strong epidemiologic evidence that
      mammographic screening in asymptomatic women aged 50 years or older reduces
      breast cancer mortality, the evidence for mortality reduction is not as clear for
      women aged 40 to 49 years. However, as described in this report, findings of
      further mortality and survival follow-up of subjects in earlier studies, as well
      as observations from more recent studies, suggest reductions in mortality and
      better survival in younger women as well. While mammography is currently the most
      effective method for detecting early breast cancers, some breast cancers may
      develop during the intervals between screening mammograms. The costs of
      mammographic screening also require consideration in the process of making
      national screening recommendations.

PMID- 2649704
TI  - [A review of prevention against cancer of the breast].
AB  - Establishment of preventive countermeasures against cancer of the breast is
      earnestly desired because death from breast cancer has been rapidly increasing.
      In this paper preventive countermeasures against it was discussed from a point of
      view of system analysis. Primary prevention (prevention against occurrence of
      breast cancer) was discussed by multiple regression method and pass analysis. The
      result showed the today's most effective primary prevention was restriction of
      fat in food, however there might be more strong unknown risk factors. Secondary
      prevention (prevention against death from breast cancer) was also discussed with
      data of breast examination and breast self-examination in Kanagawa Prefecture.
      The result showed ratios of women who attended breast examination or practiced
      breast self-examination were not high, the effort to heighten these ratios was
      important and the most effective preventive countermeasures against breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2649705
TI  - [Effectiveness, accuracy, and acceptability of breast self-examination as a
      breast cancer screening method].
AB  - (Breast self-examination) BSE was reviewed in terms of effectiveness, accuracy,
      and acceptability. Evidence on the effectiveness of BSE is inconsistent. Some
      researches show the effect of BSE for early detection and better prognosis of
      breast cancer, but others do not. Sensitivity and specificity of BSE has not been
      determined yet, but they are assumed to be lower than those of the clinical
      examination and mammography. Education of BSE for women consistently attained an
      improvement in frequency and skill of BSE practice. BSE may be a useful method
      for detecting breast cancer at the interval of periodic clinical examination.

PMID- 2649706
TI  - [Epidemiological study using molecular biologic markers].
AB  - It seems to be important for the epidemiological study on cancer etiology to
      conduct molecular biological approach. IARC/WHO held "International Course on
      Molecular Biology for Epidemiologist" in order to promote the molecular
      epidemiology. I described here the content of the course and our study on lung
      cancer etiology using c-Ha-ras VTR marker of leukocyte DNA in peripheral blood,
      and discussed the possibility of molecular epidemiology.

PMID- 2649707
TI  - [Evaluation of cancer screening from the epidemiologic point of view].
AB  - In Japan four kinds of cancer screening programs, namely screening programs for
      stomach cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer, have been
      conducted under the Health and Medical Law for the Aged People. Now, however, it
      is demonstrated that cancer screening is not always effective in reducing cancer
      mortality. Therefore, new cancer screening programs, including colo-rectal cancer
      screening, should be evaluated by a well-designed study, like randomized
      controlled trial, before implementation as a public health policy.

PMID- 2649708
TI  - Carbon monoxide poisoning: the rest of the story.
AB  - There is more to the story of CO poisoning than anemic hypoxia and more to its
      treatment than breathing 100% oxygen. For moderate to severe poisoning,
      hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the treatment of choice. Hyperbaric oxygen can
      bypass bound hemoglobin and can oxygenate tissues by dissolving oxygen in plasma.
      In addition, HBO appears to retard encephalopathic sequelae. Recent studies have
      indicated that the mechanism for that is prevention of the rise of brain lipid
      peroxides in CO victims. HBO therapy also drastically reduces the time it takes
      to eliminate CO by respirations.

PMID- 2649709
TI  - Chronic occult carbon monoxide poisoning.
AB  - Chronic occult carbon monoxide poisoning can be a lethal complication of being in
      a confined environment. The subtlety of the symptoms and the need for immediate
      care make the role of the emergency department triage nurse essential in helping
      to facilitate the diagnosis. Posttreatment nursing care also involves instructing
      the victim and cohabitants on prevention, recognition of signs and symptoms, and
      the need to monitor for aftereffects.

PMID- 2649710
TI  - Agency nurses in the emergency department--who's responsible?

PMID- 2649711
TI  - A collaborative university/emergency student nurse preceptorship program.
AB  - At this point several students have graduated and pursued emergency nursing
      careers. Preceptors continue to welcome students as a part of the team and enjoy
      sharing their knowledge and expertise with these future emergency nurses.

PMID- 2649712
TI  - Carbon monoxide poisoning. Patient care guidelines.

PMID- 2649713
TI  - A lethargic 2-year-old child. Triage decisions.

PMID- 2649714
TI  - Teaching trauma care in the Quebec wilderness. Interview by Beth Coleman.

PMID- 2649715
TI  - Impressions--my job; their lives.

PMID- 2649716
TI  - Promise and pragmatism: The secretary's Commission on Nursing Final Report is
      released.

PMID- 2649717
TI  - Hyperbaric oxygen therapy suggested for compartment syndrome.

PMID- 2649718
TI  - Orientation for new emergency nurses.

PMID- 2649720
TI  - Crutch walking and discharge instructions.

PMID- 2649719
TI  - Children's antidrug program is working.

PMID- 2649721
TI  - Don't forget inner city emergency nurses.

PMID- 2649722
TI  - Fatal i.v. colchicine injection in a 60-year-old woman.
AB  - Colchicine is a rather benign drug when used appropriately and with an
      understanding of its potential side effects and toxicity. However, colchicine
      toxicity, though uncommon, is life-threatening. It is especially devastating to
      geriatric or debilitated patients because of its cumulative effects. There are no
      toxicology tests that can detect specific blood levels of colchicine and there is
      no specific antidote for colchicine toxicity. Oral colchicine is administered
      until GI symptoms such as diarrhea occur. But when colchicine is administered
      intravenously, as in this patient, GI symptoms may not occur until it is too late
      and irreversible multiorgan system failure occurs. Careful consideration of
      dosage and route of administration of this drug can be crucial.

PMID- 2649723
TI  - Use of protocols for ED patients with sickle cell anemia.

PMID- 2649724
TI  - Use of clinical skills performance evaluation for emergency nurses.

PMID- 2649725
TI  - Abdominal pain in pediatric patients: assessment and management update
      (continuing education credit).

PMID- 2649726
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: implications for emergency
      nursing.

PMID- 2649727
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: implications for emergency
      nursing.

PMID- 2649728
TI  - Role of thrombolytic therapy in emergency care.

PMID- 2649729
TI  - Patient selection and administration of thrombolytic therapy (continuing
      education credit).
AB  - In selecting patients for thrombolytic therapy, four areas must be closely
      assessed. The patient's medical history and any family history of cardiovascular
      disease should be elicited. Once a diagnosis of acute MI is established, the
      patient must be assessed for any contraindications to thrombolytic therapy, thus
      avoiding potential complications, and such therapy must be properly administered.
      In each of these steps, the emergency nurse plays a pivotal role.

PMID- 2649730
TI  - Nursing care of the patient receiving thrombolytic therapy.
AB  - Care of the patient with MI who receives thrombolytic therapy is an exciting
      challenge for the emergency nurse. By interrupting the process of cellular
      ischemia and necrosis, thrombolysis can salvage jeopardized myocardial tissue and
      lead to better patient outcome. Nursing interventions can help prevent possible
      complications of thrombolytic therapy, such as bleeding, dysrhythmias, and
      reocclusion. In addition, careful and continuous patient assessment enables the
      nurse to detect and manage these complications immediately.

PMID- 2649731
TI  - Implementation of a thrombolytic protocol in the emergency department.
AB  - The emergency department plays a pivotal role in the identification, selection,
      and treatment of candidates for thrombolytic therapy. Organized treatment
      protocols offer direction to the emergency staff and enhance their efficiency and
      success. However, the process of drug administration is not a one person job. It
      requires the efforts of a "support team," all of whom must be educated regarding
      protocol goals and expectations. With the creation of special tools,
      implementation becomes an achievable task, and staff demands are reduced
      proportionately. As patient outcomes are known, it is essential to pass these
      data on to all team members. There is no greater payback for a dedicated
      caregiver than to realize his positive impact on patient outcome.

PMID- 2649732
TI  - Implementation of a thrombolytic program: one hospital's experience.

PMID- 2649733
TI  - Helicopter transport of the patient receiving thrombolytic therapy.
AB  - Since thrombolytic therapy with t-PA is now available for use in all hospitals,
      the need for air transport of patients with acute MI for enrollment in clinical
      trials has decreased. However, air transport will continue to be used for the
      thrombolytic therapy candidate requiring further intervention. This patient
      population will most likely include those with large areas of myocardium at risk,
      those who failed to reperfuse, or those with symptoms of reocclusion. Transfer to
      tertiary care centers for coronary angiography, PTCA, and aortocoronary artery
      bypass will no doubt contribute further to the need to transport the patient with
      acute MI receiving thrombolytic therapy. The New England Life Flight experience
      and that of others have documented the safety and feasibility of air transport of
      the thrombolytic therapy recipient.

PMID- 2649734
TI  - Prehospital administration of thrombolytic therapy.

PMID- 2649735
TI  - [Retrograde protection of the myocardium in cardiac surgery].

PMID- 2649736
TI  - [Ultrasonic study of the bile ducts in patients after cholecystectomy].
AB  - Ultrasonic examination (USE) of the bile tract was conducted in 287 patients with
      removed gallbladder. The choleretic test based on comparative appraisal of the
      lumen of the bile ducts before and after medication with pharmacological agents
      stimulating bile secretion was performed in 167 cases to increase the USE
      efficacy. USE allowed choledocholithiasis to be diagnosed in 24 of 30 patients
      and obstruction of the bile ducts in 60 of 67 patients. The sensitivity of USE in
      pneumobilia detection was appraised highly. Preference was given to radiological
      methods of examination of patients with external biliary fistulae and drains in
      the common biliary duct in comparison with USE. The authors believe USE to be the
      optimal means for primary diagnosis of biliary pathology in persons with removed
      gallbladder, which can be undertaken in out-patient conditions and which reduces
      the need for conducting invasive radio-endoscopic examination (endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiography) in such patients.

PMID- 2649737
TI  - [Treatment of pancreatic cysts using percutaneous punctures and drainage under
      ultrasonic control].
AB  - Percutaneous punctures and drainage of pancreatic cysts under USE control were
      conducted in 12 patients. It was found that the method is relatively simple, less
      injurious, and makes it possible in infected cysts to perform rapid cleansing and
      drainage of the purulent cavity without the hazard of the development of
      complications and to achieve in some cases complete sclerosis of the cystic
      cavity if it is not connected with the ductal system.

PMID- 2649738
TI  - [Organoid nevus syndrome (Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome): case report
      and literature].
AB  - The main symptom of the organoid nevus syndrome (Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims
      Syndrom) is the nevus sebaceous, which is mostly linear and can be of variable
      expression. Malformations of the skeletal system and the eyes are usually
      associated, while malformations of the cardio-vascular system are less common.
      Neurological findings such as mental retardation and seizures are of clinical
      relevance. We describe a case and discuss this rare syndrome.

PMID- 2649739
TI  - [Hemihypertrophy as the main symptom of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica].
AB  - Report of a case of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica with congenital partial
      hemihypertrophy as main symptom. This diagnosis could be ascertained in a boy at
      the age of four years by typical rentgenographic findings although a clinical
      suspicion existed earlier. In all cases of hemihypertrophy with impaired mobility
      of the great joints this disease should be considered.

PMID- 2649740
TI  - Electroconvulsive therapy.
AB  - Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), introduced in 1938 by Cerletti, has been of
      value in the treatment of depression in spite of the use of stimuli which were
      usually standardized and the wide variation in the inter-electrode impedance and
      in the resistivity of the tissues traversed. Accurate measurement of the peak
      current and the peak voltage in a large number of treatments has shown the need
      for a considerable choice of constant current values. The lack of measurements
      accounts for much of the variability in the clinical results.

PMID- 2649741
TI  - The academic surgeon in an era of socioeconomic and litigious restraint.

PMID- 2649742
TI  - Modulation of MHC class I antigen decreases pancreatic islet immunogenicity.
AB  - Pretreatment regimens directed at reducing the immunogenicity of pancreatic
      islets have emphasized the elimination or alteration of the major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive dendritic cells within the
      islet. Unfortunately, the efficacy of such pretreatment regimens has been
      extremely variable and the relative contribution of the dendritic cells to the
      overall immunogenicity of pancreatic islets has remained ambiguous. Recent
      evidence has suggested that the MHC class I antigen present on the endocrine
      cells within the islets may play an important role in the alloimmune response.
      This study utilized the in vitro mixed lymphocyte-islet co-culture system to
      determine if pretreatment of whole islets with an anti-MHC class I monoclonal
      antibody specific to the donor strain would block the generation of cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes (CTL) in the in vitro mixed lymphocyte-islet coculture. Pretreatment
      of B10.BR (H-2k) and DBA/2J (H-2d) islets with an allospecific anti-MHC class I
      monoclonal antibody blocked the generation of allospecific CTL when the
      pretreated islets were placed into coculture with C57Bl/6 (H-2b) splenocytes. If
      such a pretreatment regimen is similarly effective in vivo, it could potentially
      be used as an antirejection strategy in pancreatic islet allotransplantation.

PMID- 2649743
TI  - Monocyte activation after burns and endotoxemia.
AB  - We describe the settings in which monocytes (M) are activated, as monokines may
      mediate organ dysfunction occurring after surgery and sepsis. To monitor M
      activation, we measured the relative number of M cell surface receptors for C3b
      and iC3b by indirect immunofluorescence. M exposed to increasing concentrations
      of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) expressed increased mean cell surface C3b
      receptor-dependent fluorescence (35 buffer alone vs 354 LPS at 1000 ng/ml) and
      iC3b receptor-dependent fluorescence (78 vs 404). To determine whether this M
      activation could be reproduced by endotoxemia, normal volunteers were randomly
      administered saline or a single dose of LPS (20 u/kg). We found increased M cell
      surface C3b receptors 4 hr after LPS (341 LPS (n = 22) vs 168 saline (n = 20))
      which returned to control levels at 24 hr. A similar transient increase was seen
      at 4 hr with M cell surface iC3b receptors (304 LPS (n = 23) vs 104 saline (n =
      20)). To determine whether this could be used clinically, seven patients with
      burns (10-70% body surface area) were serially sampled up to 50 days. Each
      patient demonstrated elevations of M cell surface C3b and iC3b receptors, which
      gradually decreased over many weeks. For the group as whole, mean M cell surface
      C3b receptor-dependent fluorescence was 287, Days 0-5 postburn (vs 132 in 147
      normals); 315, Days 6-9; 217, Days 10-13; 237, Days 14-19; and 185, Days
      20+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649744
TI  - Effect of elimination of OX-19+ and OX-8+ T-cell subsets upon pancreatic
      allograft survival.
AB  - Depletion of T cell subsets with monoclonal antibody (mAb) permits analysis of
      cellular events mediating allograft destruction. Mab OX-19 and mAb OX-8 were used
      singly and in combination together with a short pretransplant course of
      cyclosporine A (CsA) to deplete OX-19+ cells (all T cells) and OX-8+ cells
      (cytotoxic/suppressor and NK cells), respectively, in diabetic Lewis (Lew)
      recipients of a Wistar Furth (WF) pancreatic allograft. Depletion of lymph node T
      cell subsets was assessed at rejection (blood sugar greater than 250 mg/dl) by
      flow cytometry. Untreated Lew recipients (Group 1) rapidly rejected their
      allograft (11.5 +/- 2.5 days). MAb OX-19 administration on the day prior to
      surgery (Day -1), on the day of surgery (Day 0), and alternate days thereafter
      until rejection (Group 2) prolonged graft survival (15.0 +/- 1.6 days, P less
      than 0.05). MAb OX-19 administration on alternate days beginning 14 days prior to
      transplantation (Day -14) until rejection (Group 3) further prolonged graft
      survival (22.6 +/- 3.4 days, P less than 0.01). At rejection large numbers of OX
      19+ cells were present in both groups. Administration of mAb OX-8 alone (Group 4)
      failed to prolong graft survival despite marked depletion of OX-8+ cells at
      rejection. Administration of mAb OX-19 from Day -14 together with CsA (15 mg/kg)
      from Days -14 to -8 inclusive (Group 5) resulted in a marked and sustained
      depletion of OX-19+ cells at rejection but only a modest prolongation of graft
      survival (27.6 +/- 6.0 days, P = 0.11). CsA alone from Days -14 to -8 failed to
      prolong graft survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649745
TI  - Inhibition of casein synthesis by progestagens in vitro: modulation in relation
      to concentration of hormones that synergize with prolactin.
AB  - We studied the effect of progesterone and its agonist, R 5020, on casein and
      transferrin production in pregnant rabbit mammary gland explant culture and its
      modulation by hormones that synergize with prolactin. The glands were obtained
      from rabbits on days 12-14 of gestation. The progestins had no effect alone, but
      significantly inhibited ovine and porcine prolactin stimulation of casein
      synthesis in a dose dependent manner. There were no effects on transferrin
      content of the tissue, demonstrating a specific effect of progesterone on casein
      synthesis. In approx 15% of the cultures, prolactin stimulated casein production
      to very high levels and the progestins lost their inhibitory action. Progestins
      were also ineffective when the tissue was cultured with prolactin and
      unphysiologically high levels of insulin (5 mg/l) or cortisol (280 nmol/l), which
      stimulated casein synthesis to higher levels than prolactin alone. The
      concentration of cortisol used was 10 times higher than the serum levels seen in
      rabbits at the stage of gestation studied (approx 10 ng/ml) and corresponded to
      levels seen at the end of gestation, a period when the glands are secreting milk
      and progesterone serum levels have commenced to decrease. Thus, when the
      prolactin effect upon casein synthesis had been potentiated, whether
      spontaneously or through synergism with insulin or corticoids, progestins were
      unable to inhibit it, as is the case in lactating tissues. The results show that
      utilization of unphysiological levels of hormones in culture may distort the
      response of the tissue, masking responses that are clearly seen in vivo.

PMID- 2649746
TI  - Development of a direct microplate enzyme immunoassay for the determination of
      pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide in urine.
AB  - A sensitive direct enzyme immunoassay for urine pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide
      was developed. The assay system involves the use of an antiserum against
      pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide and an enzyme-labelled antigen chemically
      prepared by linking beta-D-galactosidase to 20 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnane 3(O
      carboxymethyl)oxime. Free from antibody-bound antigen was separated by a solid
      phase double antibody method, using a microplate coupled with goat anti-rabbit
      gamma-globulin. This solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for urine pregnanediol-3
      alpha-glucuronide was validated in terms of specificity, accuracy and
      sensitivity. When urine samples were assayed for pregnanediol-3 alpha
      glucuronide, the results obtained by the solid phase enzyme immunoassay and
      conventional radioimmunoassay methods agreed well (n = 30, r = 0.922). This assay
      system has an advantage over radioimmunoassay, because it does not require the
      use of radioisotopes. The procedure of this method is very simple, since it does
      not require purification steps of the biological samples.

PMID- 2649747
TI  - In vivo method for the assessment of platelet accumulation.
AB  - Platelets labeled with 111Indium have been injected intravenously into
      anesthetised guinea pigs, and intrathoracic content of 111Indium-labeled
      platelets has been monitored continuously using a microcomputer-based system
      (AIMSplus). Dose-effect relationships have been described for ADP, collagen, and
      PAF, and effects of drugs upon selected responses illustrate the potential of
      this test system for routine in vivo screening of agents that may inhibit
      aggregation of platelets.

PMID- 2649748
TI  - Adrenal medullary autograft transplantation into the striatum of patients with
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - In eight patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, we performed autograft
      transplantation of adrenal medulla to the head of the caudate nucleus. Our
      technique was similar to that developed by Madrazo and co-workers in Mexico City.
      No major perioperative complications occurred except for somnolence in one
      patient for 8 days postoperatively. The follow-up period has been at least 6
      months in seven of the patients, and only limited benefit has been apparent. The
      early morning Parkinson examination score in the "off" (unmedicated) state was
      significantly improved in one patient and slightly better in the other six. Diary
      card entries suggested a mild trend toward improvement (not statistically
      significant). Four of the seven patients were taking less levodopa 6 months after
      the operation than they had been preoperatively; three of five patients were no
      longer taking dopamine agonists postoperatively. We cannot exclude a placebo
      effect contributing to any of this improvement. A reduction in medication-induced
      dyskinesia was also noted, but this result may have been due to adjustments in
      doses or a slightly less potent effect of medication (or both factors). In
      summary, we have not yet been able to replicate the dramatic success reported for
      adrenal medullary transplantation by Madrazo's group, although our patients may
      have experienced mild to moderate improvement. We continue to maintain follow-up
      surveillance of these patients.

PMID- 2649749
TI  - Arvo Ylppo, Finnish pediatrician.

PMID- 2649750
TI  - Comparison of analgesic requirements after liver transplantation and
      cholecystectomy.
AB  - In a prospective study of 10 patients who underwent liver transplantation and 10
      patients who underwent cholecystectomy, we analyzed the postoperative analgesic
      requirements and the resultant plasma morphine concentrations. Analgesia was more
      intense, with less medication, and the plasma morphine concentration was
      significantly lower in the liver transplant group than in the cholecystectomy
      group. This finding is most likely attributable to endogenous factors rather than
      to altered morphine pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2649751
TI  - Neural transplantation: problems and prospects--where do we go from here?

PMID- 2649752
TI  - The condition of the literature on differences in hospital mortality.
AB  - The quiescent interest in understanding the variations in the quality of hospital
      care has been revitalized recently with the government's release of hospital
      specific mortality data. The authors reviewed all published studies that either
      named hospitals and gave their death rates or explored which of their
      characteristics explained the differences in their rates. The literature is only
      in fair condition. It is sparse and flawed, and, before the government's release,
      did not identify an individual hospital's mortality experience by name. Twenty
      two studies were analyzed; only five (23%) met criteria for validity. Seventeen
      (77%) focused on in-hospital mortality. Data were collected for a short time,
      were not gathered uniformly, and came from a sample of local hospitals.
      Researchers identified and explained limitations in their studies and were
      particularly concerned with their inability to measure differences in patients
      that might affect death rates. Several characteristics of hospital care were
      found to be associated with lower inpatient mortality: communication among and
      commitment of staff, clinical experience and performing operations frequently,
      board certification, size, and teaching status. The authors urge caution in
      applying the literature's findings to evaluations of hospital quality and offer
      suggestions for researchers. Improved research is critically important in
      facilitating current policy discussions regarding the use of mortality as a
      measure of hospital quality.

PMID- 2649753
TI  - Biased selection and regression toward the mean in three Medicare HMO
      demonstrations: a survival analysis of enrollees and disenrollees.
AB  - Mortality of aged Medicare enrollees in three demonstration health maintenance
      organizations (HMOs) was compared with that of three cohorts of local fee-for
      service (FFS) beneficiaries as a measure of group differences in health status.
      Mortality of the HMO and FFS cohorts was tracked via life-table analysis for 6
      years after enrollment to measure the persistence of health status differences
      existing at enrollment. After adjustment for age, sex, Medicaid-eligibility, and
      institutional status, HMO enrollee mortality was lower than FFS at all three
      plans in the first year after enrollment. Enrollee mortality at two plans
      increased to near FFS levels in year 2 and remained relatively stable thereafter.
      Enrollee mortality at the third plan increased toward FFS levels more gradually
      and was significantly below FFS levels for the first 5 years of follow-up.
      Mortality of disenrollees in the 2 years after disenrollment was significantly
      higher than that of the continuously enrolled in one plan and marginally
      significantly higher in a second. These findings suggest a pattern of favorable
      selection at enrollment, followed by different rates of decay in the favorable
      health status of enrollees. Other health status measures may exhibit different
      patterns, however. Selection effects may cause payments based on Medicare's AAPCC
      to be too high or low, in some cases for several years after enrollment.

PMID- 2649754
TI  - Physician supply and Medicaid participation. The causes of market failure.
AB  - This paper offers an explanation for the counterintuitive relationship between
      physician competition and Medicaid participation found by many investigators.
      Contrary to standard predictions, a number of studies have found strong negative
      relationships between the supply of physicians and Medicaid participation and
      equally strong positive relationships between supply and the concentration of
      Medicaid patients in small numbers of large Medicaid practices. The model
      advanced here argues that the residential segregation of Medicaid patients and
      differences in the minimum-efficient scale of practice for treatment of Medicaid
      and private patients create strong incentives for physicians in competitive urban
      areas to: 1) take either few Medicaid patients or 2) many and 3) make it costly
      to maintain a Medicaid practice share between these two extremes. In less
      competitive areas, these incentives are weaker, if not altogether absent.

PMID- 2649755
TI  - Classifying trauma severity based on hospital discharge diagnoses. Validation of
      an ICD-9CM to AIS-85 conversion table.
AB  - This report describes the development and validation of a computerized system for
      converting ICD-9CM rubrics to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) scores. In
      collaboration with the Committee on Injury Scaling of the Association for the
      Advancement of Automotive Medicine, AIS-85 scores were assigned to 2,062 injury
      related ICD-9CM rubrics. To validate the conversion table, AIS and Injury
      Severity Scores (ISS), derived using the conversion, were compared with those
      obtained by reviewing the complete medical record for 1,120 trauma cases. Percent
      agreement in maximum AIS scores (MAXAIS) ranged from 48% for head/neck injuries
      to 74% for extremity injuries. In 68% of the cases, grouped ISS scores (one to
      12; 13 to 19; 20+) were in agreement. Previous studies of the interrater
      reliability of AIS coding directly from the medical charts have shown that
      agreement in MAXAIS scores ranges, on average, between 62% for head/neck injuries
      to 76% for extremity injuries. Grouped ISS scores agree, on average, 75% of the
      time. The results show that while the computerized conversion is not perfect, it
      provides reasonably good information on severity that might otherwise be
      unavailable for large population-based research and evaluation. This paper
      discusses the potential applications of the conversion table with specific
      attention to its use in evaluating the extent of trauma care regionalization.

PMID- 2649756
TI  - The fetus as a patient.
AB  - In the last 20 years, there has been an explosion of technology designed to
      diagnose fetal health. The purpose of this article is to review perinatal
      definitions, causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality, the efficacy of high
      risk identification, and the most common and newer methods of fetal surveillance.
      There is a special emphasis on the predictive power and complications of the new
      technology.

PMID- 2649757
TI  - The role of the medical consultant in pregnancy.
AB  - We are entering an era during which there will be a greater need for medical
      consultation in obstetric patients, a result of two major trends. The first is
      the improvement in medical management and surgical intervention which has enabled
      women with profound medical problems to live to a child-bearing age. The second
      trend is the delay in child-bearing by women born after 1950. Medical problems
      and complications increase in frequency with increasing maternal age. The unique
      features of medical consultations in pregnancy are discussed.

PMID- 2649758
TI  - Breastfeeding and medical disease.
AB  - Breastfeeding is an important opportunity for both mother and infant. There are
      nutritional, immunologic, infection protection, and psychological reasons to
      preserve lactation when illness intervenes. The internist will have patients with
      acute self-limited disease who are breastfeeding and patients with chronic long
      term illness who wish to breastfeed their infants. The internist will need to
      consider the breastfeeding and the infant when planning treatment. The risk of
      treatment to the infant versus the great benefits of breastfeeding in most cases
      will support continuing breastfeeding. This article discusses the key
      considerations in managing the lactating woman with an illness.

PMID- 2649759
TI  - Autoimmune disease in pregnancy.
AB  - Autoimmunity, whether present in a recognized syndrome such as systemic lupus
      erythematosus or represented by the production of subclasses of autoantibodies,
      adversely affects reproduction. While fertility of patients with autoimmune
      disorders is generally unimpaired, important exceptions exist. Recent data
      regarding the impact of intercurrent pregnancy upon women with SLE suggest that
      the overall course of this disorder is not affected. The impact of SLE and
      related autoimmune phenomena during pregnancy primarily relates to adverse fetal
      outcome. Pregnancy wastage is excessive, and premature delivery and poor fetal
      growth are commonly encountered. The occurrence of fetal complications correlates
      with the level of maternal disease activity and the presence of specific
      autoantibodies. Management of pregnancy complicated by SLE or the production of
      autoantibodies associated with poor reproductive outcome should be directed at
      maintaining maternal disease quiescence. The adverse effect of the maternal
      disorder on fetal growth and development far outweighs actual or theoretical
      risks attributable to maternal drug therapy.

PMID- 2649760
TI  - Acute hypertensive crisis in pregnancy.
AB  - Severe pre-eclampsia is a state of acute afterload increase where compensation
      may be total by use of the Frank-Starling mechanism and/or increased adrenergic
      drive, or may be uncompensated in a patient with limited or exhausted preload
      reserve. As such, we are presented with a diverse group of patients and
      antihypertensive therapy ideally should be individualized. In reality we are
      dealing with a complex situation because of the presence of the fetus raising
      concerns about direct effects on the fetus as well as on uteroplacental blood
      flow. This limits our choice of agents to those with extensive use in pregnancy
      except in complicated or resistant cases. For these reasons, hydralazine is the
      antihypertensive agent of choice for treatment of acute hypertensive emergencies
      in pregnancy. In the complicated case other agents such as sodium nitroprusside
      or nitroglycerin may be more appropriate and, in these cases, hemodynamic
      monitoring should be performed to allow not only greater safety, but also to
      tailor therapy to the individual hemodynamic profile.

PMID- 2649761
TI  - Cardiac disease in pregnancy.
AB  - Pregnancy produces many hemodynamic alterations of the cardiovascular system.
      Consideration of these alterations must be given in the management of pregnant
      patients with cardiac disease. This article reviews the cardiovascular
      hemodynamic alterations of pregnancy, and the management of pregnant patients
      with specific cardiac lesions.

PMID- 2649762
TI  - Asthma in pregnancy.
AB  - The main pregnancy-induced changes in respiratory physiology are increased minute
      ventilation, due primarily to an increase in tidal volume; a 20 per cent decrease
      in the functional residual volume; and a decrease in the arterial pCO2 resulting
      from increased alveolar ventilation. The management of acute asthma is changed
      very little by pregnancy. Beta-adrenergic agonists, theophylline, and
      glucocorticoids are all as safe as they are in the nonpregnant state; they are
      not teratogenic. Iodides are contraindicated in pregnancy. Ephedrine and
      combination products containing theophylline are best avoided during pregnancy,
      not because they are dangerous but because better preparations are available.

PMID- 2649763
TI  - Seizure disorders in pregnancy.
AB  - For maternal and fetal safety, active seizure disorders require treatment during
      pregnancy. Since all anticonvulsant medications have been implicated in
      teratogenesis, an obvious clinical dilemma exists. For maximal safety, the
      minimal effective dose of a single drug should be used. With careful management,
      over 90 per cent of patients can expect a healthy child.

PMID- 2649764
TI  - Pregnancy in organ transplant recipients.
AB  - Pregnancy in women who are renal transplant recipients carries risks of
      hypertension and worsening of renal function for the mother and risks of
      prematurity, growth retardation, and infection in the infant. The risks for
      mother and child are greater if the transplant recipient has moderate renal
      insufficiency or hypertension prior to conception; even in patients with moderate
      renal insufficiency, birth of a viable infant is the rule. Pregnancy should not
      be discouraged in renal transplant recipients, but both mother and fetus should
      be carefully followed through the pregnancy and neonatal period. The restoration
      of fertility should be included as a benefit of transplant in discussions with
      young women deciding between dialysis and transplant for treatment of renal
      failure.

PMID- 2649765
TI  - Diabetes and pregnancy.
AB  - Prior to the introduction of insulin, a vast majority of pregnancies complicated
      by diabetes ended in perinatal death, with an associated risk of maternal death.
      Currently, virtually all diabetic women can undergo pregnancy with the
      expectation of good maternal and fetal outcome. However, many challenges still
      remain in preventing congenital anomalies and macrosomia.

PMID- 2649766
TI  - HIV infection and pregnancy.
AB  - Although coexistent HIV infection and pregnancy are still rare in most
      communities, as the prevalence of HIV and AIDS continues to rise, the practicing
      physician can expect to see this more frequently. The internist plays a crucial
      role in educating these patients as to the importance of "safe sex" practices and
      pregnancy prevention. As with any complex medical problem, once pregnant, these
      patients are best managed with a team approach, involving the obstetrician,
      internist, neonatologist, and social worker.

PMID- 2649767
TI  - Severe infections in pregnancy.
AB  - Although genital and wound infections are not uncommon in the puerperal patient,
      these cases often resolve with appropriate medical therapy-usually a rational
      program of antibiotics and supportive therapy. In the severely ill obstetric
      patient, however, surgical intervention may be the only choice of management.

PMID- 2649768
TI  - Acute coagulopathy in pregnancy.
AB  - Pregnancy alters both the fibrinolytic system and coagulation cascade. In
      addition, pregnancy presents unique triggering mechanisms for DIC. Management of
      DIC in pregnancy should include removal of the triggering mechanism, blood, and
      factor replacement. Inherited coagulation defects, while rarely resulting in
      bleeding diathesis in the pregnant patient, do require monitoring of maternal
      factor levels. Genetic counseling should be offered to all patients with
      inheritable coagulation disorders.

PMID- 2649770
TI  - Testing reality: the introduction of decision-support technologies for
      physicians.

PMID- 2649769
TI  - [Uses and advantages of a computer-assisted microbiologic diagnosis and database
      system for antibiotic therapy in surgery].
AB  - To demonstrate the value of a computer assisted microbiological diagnosis and
      database system for clinical use, epidemiological aspects of three important
      infections were investigated: urinary tract, respiratory tract and wound
      infections. The first two examples presented revealed significant differences in
      incidence of pathogens between a single patient group and the overall statistic.
      The third example demonstrates that even within a department susceptibility
      patterns of staphylococcus epidermidis were changing in dependence of the ward
      investigated. In the last example the evaluation of susceptibility testing
      revealed changing patterns of some pathogens during the observation periods. By
      means of a computer assisted diagnosis and database on file at the moment of
      diagnosis thus allowing statistical evaluations at every time within a few hours.
      The clinician provided with actual data concerning his ward or department may
      administer an empiric therapy according to the real situation. Besides this,
      automated susceptibility testing may shorten the time required for diagnosis up
      to 24 h, thus further contributing to a more rational antimicrobial therapy. In
      conclusion computer assisted diagnosis and automated instruments support the
      clinician by means of actual epidemiological data and rapid reporting in choosing
      and controlling antimicrobial therapy.

PMID- 2649771
TI  - Knowledge engineering for clinical consultation programs: modeling the
      application area.
AB  - Developers of computer-based decision-support tools frequently adopt either
      pattern recognition or artificial intelligence techniques as the basis for their
      programs. Because these developers often choose to accentuate the differences
      between these alternative approaches, the more fundamental similarities are
      frequently overlooked. The principal challenge in the creation of any clinical
      consultation program - regardless of the methodology that is used - lies in
      creating a computational model of the application domain. The difficulty in
      generating such a model manifests itself in symptoms that workers in the expert
      systems community have labeled "the knowledge-acquisition bottleneck" and "the
      problem of brittleness". This paper explores these two symptoms and shows how the
      development of consultation programs based on pattern-recognition techniques is
      subject to analogous difficulties. The expert systems and pattern recognition
      communities must recognize that they face similar challenges, and must unite to
      develop methods that assist with the process of building of models of complex
      application tasks.

PMID- 2649772
TI  - AIDSLINE.

PMID- 2649773
TI  - A bird's-eye view of the RBRVS.

PMID- 2649774
TI  - Medicare provisions explained.

PMID- 2649775
TI  - Radio-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy of neuroblastoma: conflicting results,
      when compared with standard investigations.
AB  - Seventy-one patients with neuroblastoma (NB) and 25 patients with other
      neoplastic or nonneoplastic diseases were studied with MIBG scintigraphy.
      Sensitivity and specificity at diagnosis were 94% and 88%, respectively. Of 52
      patients with NB studied during follow-up, 14 had on one or several occasions
      conflicting results, when the findings at MIBG scintigraphy were compared to
      standard investigations (SI: CT scan, bone scan, x-ray, and ultrasound). The
      correlation of MIBG scintigraphy and SI to clinical outcome were in these 14
      patients not significantly different. Adding VMA-excretion measurements did not
      significantly improve the predictive value of MIBG scintigraphy or SI. Patients
      with tumor-suspected lesions only at MIBG scintigraphy should be followed closely
      and the nature of the lesions should be explored through biopsy.

PMID- 2649776
TI  - Leukemic infiltration of the eye: results of therapy in a retrospective
      multicentric study.
AB  - A multicentric retrospective study on leukemic ophthalmopathy (LO) is reported,
      including 38 patients (21 males, 17 females) with acute leukemia (AL) observed
      from 1976 to 1985. LO developed in four patients at the time of diagnosis of AL;
      ten were in first complete remission (eight off therapy), 12 in second remission,
      and 12 in combined relapse. The children were treated according to different
      schedules of systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy
      (RT) of the affected eye. Ocular remission occurred in 32 of 38 patients, but
      with subsequent ocular relapse in six of the 32. Complete remission after LO
      treatment lasting for more than 24, 30, 40, and 78 months was observed in four of
      the ten children with isolated LO in first AL marrow remission. The authors
      concluded that systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy probably is associated with
      RT (at least 30 Gy to the affected eye). Aggressive treatment is justified
      because children with isolated ocular relapse can still be cured.

PMID- 2649777
TI  - Avascular necrosis of bone in bone marrow transplant patients.
AB  - Avascular necrosis of the hips occurred in two patients after allogeneic bone
      marrow transplantation. One had been receiving steroid therapy for prophylaxis of
      graft-versus-host disease, the other for the treatment of this condition. This
      complication has been reported infrequently, but the incidence could be as high
      as 10% in long-term survivors of bone marrow transplantation. While other drugs
      and irradiation may also contribute to this condition, it is likely that steroids
      are the major cause. An awareness of this risk should encourage minimizing the
      use of steroid therapy after bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2649778
TI  - Testicular relapse in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia: a case report and
      literature review.
AB  - In the pediatric age group, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) may involve the
      testicles during complete remission of the disease in the marrow. We report a
      case of testicular involvement with ALL in an adult and review 11 cases of this
      phenomenon reported previously, to draw attention to the fact that it can occur
      at any age. Recognition of this fact is important, because testicular involvement
      may be the first manifestation of systemic relapse. The treatment of choice is
      irradiation to both testicles and combination chemotherapy.

PMID- 2649779
TI  - Structural basis of the developmental plasticity in the human cerebral cortex:
      the role of the transient subplate zone.
AB  - We correlated neuroanatomical developmental parameters with sequential
      ultrasonography scans to reveal the structural basis of functional recovery after
      early focal hypoxic lesions of the human frontal lobe in premature infants. We
      studied the transient fetal subplate zone in the premotor and prefrontal cortex
      in premature, newborn, infant, and young adult brains by acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE) histochemical, Golgi, and immunocytochemical methods. The structural in
      vivo rearrangements of the cerebral wall after perinatal lesions were studied on
      serial real-time sector scans (5-MHz transducer). The subplate zone contains
      "waiting" axons and randomly oriented fetal neurons, its developmental peak is
      between 22 and 34 weeks of gestation, and it is present in the frontal cortex of
      newborns and disappears after the sixth postnatal month, but individual subplate
      like neurons remain until adulthood. Ultrasonography revealed remarkable
      structural rearrangements of the cerebral wall when the hypoxic lesion occurred
      during the developmental peak of the subplate zone: anechoic cavities ("cysts")
      develop rapidly (within 3 weeks) in premature brains, the rebuilding of these
      lesions continues after birth, and cavities disappear around the 11th month. We
      propose that the transient population of "waiting" axons and cells of the
      subplate zone participate in the structural and functional plasticity of the
      human cerebral cortex after perinatal brain damage.

PMID- 2649780
TI  - Neuron-glial relationship during regeneration of motorneurons.
AB  - Following axonal interruption, structural, metabolic and physiological parameters
      change in motorneurons. Also, glial cells are involved in this process. Microglia
      proliferate and express new proteins such as vimentin or MHC antigens. Astrocytes
      show hypertrophy, increased GFAP synthesis, and formation of lamellae. Both glial
      cell types participate in deafferentation and insulation of regenerating neurons,
      a process with significance for post-lesioning functional impairment.

PMID- 2649781
TI  - Dopamine and dobutamine: neonatal indications and implications.

PMID- 2649782
TI  - Vancomycin: current perspectives and guidelines for use in the NICU.
AB  - Vancomycin is an important antibiotic agent that is being used with increasing
      frequency in the NICU. The nurse administering this agent must have adequate
      knowledge of the indications and pharmacologic actions of this product.
      Appropriate drug administration and patient assessment are also essential in
      maximizing therapy and reducing the risk of toxicity.

PMID- 2649783
TI  - Captopril.

PMID- 2649784
TI  - The neonate's unique response to drugs: unraveling the causes of drug
      iatrogenesis.

PMID- 2649785
TI  - [Clinical studies on 228 renal transplants].
AB  - We studied patient survival and graft survival rates by dividing 228 renal
      transplants into seven groups according to their immunosuppressive regimen and
      the degree of histocompatibility. Both patient survival and graft survival rates
      of HLA identical sibling (Id Sib), living related transplantation with
      cyclosporin (CYA), transplantation with donor-specific transfusion and anti
      lymphocyte globulin (DST.ALG) and cadaveric transplantation with cyclosporin
      (CYA.Cad) groups were better than those of living related transplantation with
      ALG, without DST (ALG), living related transplantation with azathioprine and
      steroid (Non-DST.Non-ALG) and cadaveric transplantation without cyclosporin
      (Conv.Cad) groups. The incidence and severity of acute rejection were lower in Id
      Sib, CYA, DST.ALG and CYA.Cad groups than in other groups. The incidence of
      infections was the highest in Conv.Cad group and that of fatal infections was
      higher in ALG, Non-DST.Non-ALG and Conv.Cad groups than in other groups. These
      results indicated that acute rejection and infection were two important factor
      that influenced the survival rates of these patients. Up to now, the graft
      survival rate of CYA.Cad group has been much improved as compared to that of
      Conv.Cad group and was better than those of ALG and Non-DST.Non-ALG groups. The
      fact urges us to promote more cadaveric renal transplantation in our country by
      virtue of ciclosporin.

PMID- 2649786
TI  - [Atypical coarctation of the thoracic aorta with fibromuscular dysplasia--report
      of a successful surgical repair and review of the literature].
AB  - We report a case of 14-year-old woman of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) with
      involvement of the thoracic aorta. Our case is characterized by a segmental
      stenosis of the thoracic aorta with multiple systemic arterial branch lesions.
      Atypical coarctation of the thoracic aorta was replaced with Dacron woven graft
      and the specimen of the lesion demonstrated medial fibroplasia. There have been
      reported only 9 cases of FMD of the aorta so far and all were female except one
      case. This report is the first case report of FMD of the thoracic aorta.

PMID- 2649787
TI  - [A case of traumatic subclavian steal syndrome].
AB  - A 44-year-old man who had sustained injuries to the chest and left upper
      extremity was admitted to our hospital. The radial pulse was not palpated at the
      left wrist. Angiography showed occlusion of the left subclavian artery with
      mediastinal hematoma. The left vertebral artery filled in a retrograde direction
      and the distal left subclavian artery could be visualized by filling from the
      left vertebral artery. He had no ischemic neurological symptom but was
      immediately operated on to prevent hemorrhage. Through a median sternotomy the
      injured portion of the left subclavian artery was removed and replaced by a
      dacron prosthesis. The specimen represented that the artery was completely
      divided and occluded with thrombus. Recovery was uneventful. This was the seventh
      case of traumatic subclavian steal syndrome. Vascular repair should be made soon
      in traumatic subclavian steal syndrome because collateral circulation is poor
      compared with that in arteriosclerotic obstruction.

PMID- 2649788
TI  - [A right common iliac aneurysm perforating into the inferior vena cava with
      resultant congestive heart failure].
AB  - A 69 year-old male with a right common iliac aneurysm perforating into the
      inferior vena cava was admitted with severe cardiomegaly and dyspnea. He had been
      suffering from recurrent congestive heart failure for the last 8 years prior to
      surgery. At operation, the fistula of 15mm diameter was closed with interrupted
      sutures of 3-0 nylon with pledgets within the aneurysm by controlling bleeding
      from the fistula by digital compression. The right common iliac aneurysm was
      resected and replaced with a double velour knitted dacron graft of 10mm diameter.
      The postoperative course was uneventful. The CTR was reduced to 57% from 70%, and
      the cardiac index was normalized from 6.10 to 3.39 l/min/m2. This complication is
      rare with only 4 previous reports in Japan. Hemodynamic improvements were
      dramatic after surgery in spite of poor response to medical treatments. This
      complication should be surgically managed as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed.

PMID- 2649789
TI  - [Correlation between coagulase typing and antibiotic susceptibility in
      methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus].
AB  - One hundred and fifty-two strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical
      specimens from 1983 to 1987 were examined in their susceptibility against various
      antibiotics and in their coagulase typing. The isolation frequency of methicillin
      resistant strains (MRSA) was 61.6%, and highly methicillin resistant (MIC greater
      than 100 micrograms/ml) group occupied 81.3% of MRSA in 1987. From the study of
      coagulase type, it was found that current epidemic strains in our ward was type
      II. In MRSA, type IV strains were predominantly isolated until 1984, but after
      1986 most of all MRSA strains belonged to type II. According to the coagulase
      type-classification of MRSA, the isolation frequency of type II was 97.5% of
      highly methicillin resistant group. Type II strains were more sensitive to MINO
      and OFLX than type IV, although in the susceptibility to DMPPC type II was less
      sensitive than type IV. In type IV, the percentage of beta-lactamase-producing
      strains was 79.3%, and type II, 33.3% with the high significance of statistical
      difference (p less than 0.01). In conclusion, a close correlation was suggested
      between beta-lactamase producing activity and the mechanism of resistance to non
      beta-lactam antibiotics as to MINO, OFLX in type IV strains. On the other hand,
      in type II strains the mechanism of resistance seemed to be simply explained by
      changes of penicillin-binding-protein (PBP), and there was little concern with
      beta-lactamase, and other antibiotic-modifying enzymes.

PMID- 2649790
TI  - [Postoperative changes in cholecystosonogram and gallbladder motor function
      following gastrectomy--a prospective serial ultrasonographic study].
AB  - In 48 gastrectomized patients, presence of gallstones (GS) and debris echoes
      (DBS) in the gallbladder were examined serially before and 1, 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6
      and 12 months after operation. Fasting gallbladder area (FGBA) and maximal
      gallbladder contraction rate (MGCR) after caerulein injection (0.2 micrograms/kg
      i.m.) were measured ultrasonographically. GS developed in 7 (14.6%) of 48
      patients. Within 1 month, DBS were visualized in 19 (45.2%) of 42 patients.
      However, in only 2 of these 19 patients, transition from DBS to GS was confirmed
      thereafter. No DBS were detected in 4 of 7 patients who developed GS. FGBA,
      measured postoperatively, increased significantly compared with preoperative
      value. MGCR decreased significantly compared with preoperative value in 1 month,
      but gradually recovered thereafter. Although 19 patients with DBS showed
      significant increase of FGBA and decrease of MGCR within 1 month compared with 23
      patents without DBS, no discrepancies were observed between 7 patients with GS
      and 41 patients without GS, as to these postoperative changes of FGBA and MGCR.
      These findings suggest that enlargement and contractile dysfunction of
      gallbladder in early postgastrectomy periods, which are closely related to the
      formation of DBS, are not necessarily essential factors in the pathogenesis of
      postgastrectomy gallstones.

PMID- 2649791
TI  - Expression of a human P-450IIC gene in yeast cells using galactose-inducible
      expression system.
AB  - A cDNA of a human liver cytochrome P-450, corresponding to P-450 human-2, was
      expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by the use of a galactose-inducible
      expression vector containing the GAL7 promoter and terminator. In Western blots
      using anti-P-450 human-2 IgG, a single band, which exhibited mobility identical
      to that of authentic P-450 human-2 purified from human liver, was detected in
      microsomes of the yeast cells. The amount synthesized in yeast was estimated to
      be approximately 1% of the total cell protein, and approximately 25% of the
      cytochrome existed in the holoenzyme state. Microsomes from the P-450 human-2
      producing yeast showed a catalytic activity towards benzo(a)pyrene, and the
      activity was significantly enhanced by the addition of purified NADPH-cytochrome
      P-450 reductase. The yeast microsomes also catalyzed (S)-mephenytoin 4
      hydroxylation but not the demethylation. The present results indicate that the
      yeast cells containing P-450 human-2 cDNA synthesize a functionally active form
      of the enzyme, the chemical and catalytic properties of which are identical to
      those of the human liver preparation.

PMID- 2649792
TI  - Binding of antigen to Ia molecules on intact antigen presenting cells
      demonstrated by photoaffinity labeling.
AB  - We used a photoaffinity labeling technique to investigate whether a molecular
      interaction occurs between antigen and Ia molecules on antigen presenting cells
      (APC) in the absence of T lymphocytes. M.12.4.1 B lymphoma cells (Iad), which are
      able to present bovine insulin to Iad lymph node primed T cells, were given
      radioiodinated bovine insulin derivatized with the photoreactive group (2-nitro-4
      azidophenylacetyl) at Lys 29 of the B chain of the insulin molecule. Processing
      of insulin was allowed by incubating the APC with antigen for increasing periods
      of time at 37 degrees C or 4 degrees C. The covalent coupling of the processed
      photoreactive antigen to any neighboring cellular protein was thereafter induced
      by u.v. irradiation. Immunoprecipitation of membrane proteins by monoclonal
      antibodies showed that under these conditions, the alpha and beta subunits of the
      Ia molecules were selectively photolabeled. Labeling was time- and temp-dependent
      as was the internalization of insulin. The apparent mol. wts of the antigen-Ia
      molecule complexes were not significantly different from that of native Ia
      molecules radioiodinated by surface labeling, indicating that only a small
      fragment of the antigen was covalently coupled to Ia molecules. Similar
      experiments performed with human B lymphoma cells (526 cells) gave similar
      results. These observations therefore indicate: (1) that Ia molecules expressed
      by intact APC are able to bind antigens in the absence of T lymphocyte antigen
      receptor; and (2) that this association, at least for insulin, requires uptake
      and a proteolytic fragmentation of the antigen by the APC.

PMID- 2649793
TI  - Genotoxic effects of niclosamide in Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - A 2-5-month treatment with niclosamide, a widely used drug in developing
      countries, has been reported to induce lymphosarcomas in toad liver and kidney.
      The genotoxic effects of this drug have also been evaluated in Salmonella
      typhimurium, in somatic and germinal cells of mice and in human lymphocytes
      exposed in vitro and in vivo. The present study shows that niclosamide is also
      capable of inducing mitotic crossing-over and non-disjunction in Aspergillus
      nidulans, which points to the wide potential of this drug as a genotoxic agent.

PMID- 2649794
TI  - Fecapentaene concentration and mutagenicity in 718 North American stool samples.
AB  - The fecapentaenes (FP) are the predominant fecal mutagens identified to date, but
      they have not been shown to be carcinogenic. Epidemiologists looking for other
      fecal mutagens that may be related to colorectal cancer must disentangle from
      their investigations the pervasive mutagenic effect of the fecapentaenes. As a
      first step to studying the epidemiology of fecal mutagenicity independent of
      fecapentaenes, we compared FP measurements and Salmonella mutagenicity assay
      results for 718 acetone-extracted stool samples collected from a variety of
      subjects in the Washington DC metropolitan areas. In this large group, 50% of
      mutagenic samples contained elevated fecapentaenes. Specifically, three-quarters
      of the samples mutagenic in TA100 contained high FP levels. In contrast,
      mutagenicity in TA98 was not generally explainable by fecapentaenes, suggesting
      that non-fecapentaene TA98 mutagenicity should be one focus of future efforts to
      uncover colorectal carcinogens of etiologic importance.

PMID- 2649795
TI  - Fibronectin binding mediated by a novel class of surface organelles on
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Gram-negative bacteria are known to produce two types of surface organelles:
      flagella, which are required for motility and chemotaxis, and pili (fimbriae),
      which play a part in the interaction of bacteria with other bacteria and with
      eukaryotic host cells. Here we report a third class of E. coli surface organelles
      for which we propose the name curli. Curli are coiled surface structures composed
      of a single type of subunit, the curlin, which differs from all known pilin
      proteins and is synthesized in the absence of a cleavable signal peptide.
      Although the gene encoding this structural subunit, crl, is present and
      transcribed in most natural isolates of E. coli, only certain strains are able to
      assemble the subunit protein into curli. This assembly process occurs
      preferentially at growth temperatures below 37 degrees C. The ability of curli to
      mediate binding to fibronectin may be a virulence-associated property for wound
      colonization and for the colonization of fibronectin-coated surfaces.

PMID- 2649796
TI  - Identification of gamma-tubulin, a new member of the tubulin superfamily encoded
      by mipA gene of Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - Microtubules, which are essential for mitosis and many other cytoskeletal
      functions, are composed primarily of alpha- and beta-tubulin. The properties of
      microtubules are due, in part, to proteins other than tubulins that are part of,
      or interact with, microtubules and the identification and characterization of
      such proteins is important to understanding how microtubules function. Analyses
      of mutations at the mipA (microtubule interacting protein) locus of Aspergillus
      nidulans have suggested that the product of mipA interacts specifically, probably
      physically, with beta-tubulin in vivo and is involved in microtubule function. We
      have cloned and sequenced the wild-type mipA gene as well as complementary DNA
      copies of its messenger RNA. Comparisons of the predicted product of mipA with
      tubulins from diverse organisms reveal that mipA is a previously undiscovered
      member of the tubulin superfamily of genes; the only member yet discovered that
      does not encode alpha- or beta-tubulin. We propose that the product of mipA be
      called gamma-tubulin.

PMID- 2649797
TI  - The Uncompensated Care Trust Fund and the Medicare waiver.

PMID- 2649798
TI  - Dr. Muriel M. Gardiner: psychiatrist and philanthropist.

PMID- 2649799
TI  - Success of ceftizoxime in E. coli ventriculitis.
AB  - The results of this single case report suggest that ceftizoxime may be an
      excellent antibiotic in the therapy of E. coli meningitis with ventriculitis.

PMID- 2649800
TI  - Methotrexate in the rheumatic diseases.

PMID- 2649801
TI  - Diet and atherogenesis.

PMID- 2649802
TI  - Cellular pathology. As based upon physiological and pathological histology.
      Lecture XVI--Atheromatous affection of arteries. 1858.

PMID- 2649803
TI  - The calcium deficiency model for osteoporosis.
AB  - Calcium deficiency causes osteoporosis in experimental animals because the
      skeleton is sacrificed for the preservation of the plasma (ionic) calcium and to
      meet obligatory calcium losses in the feces and urine. (Vitamin D deficiency, on
      the other hand, causes rickets and osteomalacia largely because of the loss of
      the calcemic action of vitamin D, which leads to hypocalcemia, secondary
      hyperparathyroidism, and hypophosphatemia.) The concept that human osteoporosis,
      particularly in postmenopausal women, results from negative calcium balance
      represents a working hypothesis that fits many, but not all of the available
      data. In normal women, the crucial event is a rise in obligatory urinary calcium
      loss, which may result from an increase in the complexed fraction of the plasma
      calcium, due in turn to an increase in plasma bicarbonate. Prospective trials
      with calcium supplements have, however, yielded conflicting results. In
      osteoporotic women, a further increase in urinary calcium combined with calcium
      malabsorption produces a further increase in bone resorption, but some impairment
      of bone formation due to declining androgens may constitute an additional risk
      factor with advancing age. The suppressibility of urinary hydroxyproline by
      calcium supplementation in those patients who can absorb calcium, and by
      calcitriol in those who cannot, supports the calcium deficiency model, but more
      trials are needed to establish its validity.

PMID- 2649804
TI  - Transfer of isotopic dietary fatty acids into human milk.

PMID- 2649805
TI  - Measuring human muscle protein synthesis.

PMID- 2649806
TI  - How ketones spare protein in starvation.

PMID- 2649807
TI  - Annals of internal medicine, Volume 27, 1947: Osteoporosis.

PMID- 2649808
TI  - Age decreases the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the retina.

PMID- 2649809
TI  - Carnitine metabolism in B12 deficiency.

PMID- 2649810
TI  - Ca2+ priming and differentiation induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

PMID- 2649811
TI  - Postcoital contraception: a family planning study.
AB  - The New Zealand Family Planning Association undertook a prospective study of
      Yuzpe's postcoital method of contraception (0.1 mg ethinyloestradiol and 1 mg d1
      norgestrel taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse and repeated 12 hours
      later). The study also used pills containing levonorgestrel. Both pill
      formulations were equally effective. All participants were drawn from six family
      planning branches throughout the country. The study covered a period of one year.
      There were 909 participants with 8% lost to follow up. Strict criteria excluded
      women on medication or hormone therapy. The ages ranged from 11 to 43 years with
      92% aged 19 years and under. Results revealed an overall failure rate of 2.3% and
      a significantly higher failure rate (4.49%) if the method was taken after 48
      hours of unprotected intercourse and a significantly lower failure rate (1.22%)
      if taken before 12 hours of unprotected intercourse. Vomiting occurred in 17% but
      it did not affect the failure rate.

PMID- 2649812
TI  - The impact of implants on dental practice. A review of the 1988 NIH Consensus
      Development Conference.
AB  - The Consensus Development Conference process for the second time in ten years has
      come to grips with the dynamic field of oral implantology and has given it
      unquestioned scientific legitimacy and clear future clinical and research
      direction. Hopefully, for the millions of patients who could benefit from implant
      therapies, practitioners, hospitals, academic institutions, government agencies,
      health care insurance carriers, etc. will not wait to be forced to confront the
      reality of the success of implants, but they will begin or continue to
      restructure their practices, curricula, health care policies and benefits to
      provide the quality of life reasonably desired by our citizens.

PMID- 2649813
TI  - The need for integrating TMJ therapy with implant prosthodontic cases.
AB  - In this paper, guidelines for TMJ diagnosis and treatment were reviewed, and a
      case history was presented demonstrating the need for the integration of TMJ
      therapy. The case history presented is just one of many cases in the author's
      practice where the implant candidate also presented with a CM-TMJ disorder. The
      author emphasizes the incorporation of a CM-TMJ disorder screening exam and
      history to complement the initial consultation by all practitioners. This should
      include: 1) check for pops, clicks, in front of ears, (opening, closing,
      protruding); 2) range of motion (three fingers opening); 3) headaches; 4) grind
      or brux (night or day); 5) palpate key masticatory muscles of the head and neck;
      6) tooth interferences; and 7) bite feels off. The author understands that not
      all practitioners have access to various diagnostic instrumentation, but
      emphasizes that this should not prevent the practitioner from diagnosing and
      treating CM-TMJ disorders or referring for such treatment. The literature has not
      indicated the overall benefits of implant prosthodontics other than allowing
      mastication of food and a feeling of self-esteem; but the benefits also allow the
      treatment and relief of CM-TMJ disorders via a stable occlusion.

PMID- 2649814
TI  - A comparison of current root form implants. Biomechanical design and
      prosthodontic applications.

PMID- 2649815
TI  - An eclectic approach to implant dentistry.

PMID- 2649816
TI  - Has osseointegration become implant osseohysteria?

PMID- 2649817
TI  - Selective second-trimester termination of the anomalous fetus in twin
      pregnancies.
AB  - Selective termination of the affected fetus was performed during the second
      trimester in 17 pregnancies in which one twin was diagnosed to be anomalous. The
      affected twin had a chromosomal aneuploidy in 14 cases, neural tube defect in two
      cases, and an inborn error of metabolism in one case. With increasing operator
      skill and improvement in technique, a striking improvement occurred in pregnancy
      outcome in the last 11 patients as compared with the first six. In four of the
      first six cases, the entire pregnancy was lost. Among the last 11 patients, on
      the other hand, no pregnancy was lost. All 11 women delivered healthy, viable
      infants; eight delivered at term and three delivered between 31-35 weeks. Of the
      various techniques used, we found intracardiac injection of potassium chloride to
      be the most effective, but it should not be used in monochorionic twin
      gestations.

PMID- 2649818
TI  - A sonographic and karyotypic study of second-trimester fetal choroid plexus
      cysts.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken of 513 women between 15.6-24.1 weeks'
      gestation who had a level II ultrasound examination followed immediately by a
      genetic amniocentesis. The presence or absence of fetal choroid plexus cysts was
      noted and the results correlated with the fetal karyotype. Thirteen cases of
      choroid plexus cysts were observed sonographically, a prevalence of 2.5%. The
      size of the cysts ranged from 3-10 mm, with a median of 6 mm. There were no other
      sonographically detectable congenital abnormalities in these 13 cases, and the
      fetal karyotype was normal in all. An association between fetal choroid plexus
      cysts and autosomal trisomies was not found in this series.

PMID- 2649819
TI  - Ethical dilemmas in fetal echocardiography.
AB  - Recent technology permits detection of congenital heart diseases as early as the
      17th or 18th week of gestation. These detectable defects include hypoplastic left
      heart syndrome, Ebstein anomaly, and atrioventricular canal malformation.
      Surgical treatments for these problems raise ethical as well as medical questions
      regarding patients whose prenatal diagnosis reveals congenital heart disease. We
      report six cases of in utero diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome and
      other complex congenital heart anomalies. Empirical factors relevant to our
      management were gestational age, severity of the anomaly, degree of certainty of
      diagnosis and prognosis, possibilities for treatment, and parental wishes
      regarding the fetus or newborn. Each of these factors was examined in the context
      of the reported cases and correlated with ethical principles applicable to
      obstetrics and neonatology: 1) respect for parental autonomy, 2) promotion of the
      infant's welfare, and 3) fairness in distributing scarce medical resources. We
      maintain that the first two principles are paramount in ethical decisions
      regarding individual patients, while the third is foremost in policy decisions
      affecting others as well.

PMID- 2649820
TI  - The reliability and predictive value of an amniotic fluid scoring system in
      severe second-trimester oligohydramnios.
AB  - Sixty-two cases of oligohydramnios diagnosed by ultrasound between 13-28 weeks'
      gestation were reviewed. Three experienced ultrasonographers used a subjective
      scale to rate the oligohydramnios as mild, moderate, severe, or anhydramniotic.
      Interobserver reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient
      0.81). The overall perinatal mortality rate was 43%, and the incidence of
      pulmonary hypoplasia was 33%. One-third had lethal congenital anomalies. The
      frequency of adverse outcome correlated strongly with the most severe degrees of
      oligohydramnios; 88% of the fetuses with severe oligohydramnios or anhydramnios
      had lethal outcomes, compared with 11% in the mild/moderate group. The presence
      of an anuric urinary tract anomaly was associated with the most severe grades of
      oligohydramnios and was uniformly fatal. Pulmonary hypoplasia was diagnosed in
      60% of the severe group versus 6% in the moderate group. We conclude that
      subjective grading of oligohydramnios by experienced observers is both reliable
      and predictive of outcome. The finding of severe oligohydramnios in the second
      trimester is highly predictive of poor fetal outcome and should stimulate a
      thorough search for etiology and consideration of intervention. Moderate grades
      of reduced amniotic fluid may be managed with relative optimism.

PMID- 2649821
TI  - Comparison of abdominal and vaginal sonography in suspected ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - We compared the accuracy of vaginal sonography in 100 women suspected of having
      an ectopic pregnancy, in whom a living fetus was not seen by abdominal
      sonography. Vaginal sonography provided more useful diagnostic information in 44%
      of the cases, 31% of the ectopics and 52% of the intrauterine pregnancies. Among
      the 39 ectopic gestations, vaginal scanning was more accurate than abdominal
      scanning in detecting the ectopic pregnancy (90 versus 80%) and cul-de-sac fluid
      (77 versus 46%), in identifying an ectopic gestational sac (69 versus 44%), and
      in diagnosing a tubal pregnancy as unruptured (76 versus 50%). Only one false
      positive diagnosis was made by each method of scanning. Among the 61 intrauterine
      pregnancies, vaginal scanning allowed a more accurate detection of the content of
      the sac (fetus/yolk sac) in 49% of the cases. In two women, normal intrauterine
      sacs of 2 and 2.5 mm were detected only by vaginal scanning, at hCG levels of 740
      and 840 IU/L (First International Reference Preparation), respectively. Vaginal
      scanning appears important for early diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy and more
      accurate diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 2649822
TI  - Laser vaporization versus laser excision conization in the treatment of cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasia.
AB  - One hundred patients with histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial
      neoplasia suitable for ablative therapy were randomly allocated to treatment by
      either laser vaporization or laser excision conization under local anesthesia in
      the outpatient colposcopy clinic. The two methods were compared with respect to
      the immediate surgical complications, ease of performance, and long-term
      complications. They were comparable in most respects, and both were well accepted
      by the patients. Laser excision had the added advantage of providing further
      material for histologic examination to confirm the absence of invasion and the
      completeness of excision of the lesion.

PMID- 2649823
TI  - Use of ultrasonography in the difficult postmenopausal dilation and curettage.
AB  - Six patients from our series of 21 cases are presented to illustrate the use of
      real-time ultrasound to complete the D&C. Thirteen of the 21 had concomitant
      ultrasound because of stenosis of the cervix or vagina, three because of previous
      vaginal procedures that distorted the anatomy, and five because of concern
      regarding perforation.

PMID- 2649824
TI  - Ovulation prediction by monitoring salivary and vaginal electrical resistance
      with the PEAK Ovulation Predictor.
AB  - We investigated the ability of the PEAK Ovulation Predictor to predict the
      expected date of ovulation in 21 infertile, spontaneously ovulating women. A
      nonsignificant correlation (R = 0.15; P = .51) existed between the predicted date
      of ovulation and the day of the serum LH peak. A moderately strong correlation (R
      = 0.61; P less than .01) was observed between the day of the salivary electrical
      resistance peak and that of the serum LH peak. However, the serum LH peak
      occurred between 4-9 days after an identified peak in salivary electrical
      resistance. Twice-daily urine LH testing correlated strongly with both the serum
      LH peak (R = 0.93; P = .0001) and the ultrasound-detected day of ovulation (R =
      0.81; P = .0001). A statistically significant peak in the mean salivary or
      vaginal electrical resistance on a particular day relative to the day of the
      serum LH peak could not be demonstrated. When identified, the nadir in vaginal
      electrical resistance occurred no earlier than 2 days before the serum LH peak
      and thus may mark the endpoint of the fertile period for natural family planning
      methods. We conclude that, whereas the PEAK Ovulation Predictor is of little
      value in accurately predicting ovulation, measurements of salivary and vaginal
      electrical resistance may be helpful in timing inseminations. However, for
      detection of the serum LH surge, twice-daily urine LH testing demonstrated a
      stronger correlation and narrower frequency distribution than did those
      determinations based on electrical resistance.

PMID- 2649825
TI  - Successful full-term pregnancy in homozygous beta-thalassemia major: case report
      and review of the literature.
AB  - Patients afflicted by homozygous beta-thalassemia suffer from severe anemia and
      hypersplenism and are dependent on blood transfusions. The consequent hypoxia and
      massive tissue iron deposition lead to concomitant cardiac, hepatic, and
      endocrine system failure. Hemodynamic changes related to gestation may aggravate
      the underlying multiorgan damage of the pregnant mother and lead to high fetal
      wastage. These entanglements may be prevented by performing thorough maternal and
      fetal surveillance and by maintaining the hemoglobin concentration above 10 g/dL.
      We describe a successful full-term pregnancy in a patient with transfusion
      dependent homozygous beta-thalassemia major.

PMID- 2649826
TI  - Term interstitial pregnancy with uterine torsion: sonographic, pathologic, and
      clinical findings.
AB  - Interstitial pregnancy which resulted in a term, live infant was found in
      association with pathologic torsion of the uterus. Antenatal sonograms revealed a
      hypervascular area anterior to the uterus.

PMID- 2649827
TI  - Spontaneous resolution of fetal cystic hygroma and hydrops in Turner syndrome.
AB  - On a routine ultrasound examination, a cystic hygroma and hydrops were noted at
      21 weeks' gestation in a fetus with a 45,X karyotype. Serial studies demonstrated
      a marked reduction in the size of the cystic hygroma and complete resolution of
      ascites. At birth, the term infant had features characteristic of the Turner
      syndrome, including a webbed neck. A critical coarctation of the aorta required
      repair in the neonatal period. Our case provides glimpses of the intrauterine
      evolution of the Turner phenotype. We suggest that the possibility of survival
      when such lesions are detected prenatally may be greater than previously thought.

PMID- 2649828
TI  - Survival of twins after acute fetal hemorrhage from ruptured vasa previa.
AB  - Vasa previa was suspected when sudden bleeding occurred in a twin pregnancy
      during an attempt to attach a scalp electrode. Shortly thereafter, we observed
      sustained fetal bradycardia using a portable ultrasound. Delivery was
      accomplished immediately with cesarean section, and an exsanguinated twin A and a
      normal twin B were delivered. After appropriate resuscitation and transfusion,
      twin A recovered, and both neonates appear normal at the age of 6 months.
      According to our review of the literature, this is the first reported case in
      which both twins survived vasa previa complicated by ruptured membranes.

PMID- 2649829
TI  - Group B streptococcal breast abscess in a mother and mastitis in her infant.
AB  - Group B streptococcus is a common cause of postpartum infection, but breast
      abscess in a lactating woman has not been reported. Seven days postpartum, a
      woman developed mastitis resulting from type Ib/c group B streptococcus. She was
      treated with oral antibiotics for 1 week, with apparent resolution. Breast
      feeding was continued, but at reduced frequency on the affected side. Two days
      later, local and systemic symptoms recurred, and a large breast abscess was
      surgically drained. Five days into the mother's initial episode of mastitis, her
      infant developed type Ib/c group B streptococcal mastitis, requiring
      hospitalization and parenteral antibiotic therapy. It is likely that the
      pathogenesis of infection in this mother-infant pair was circular, and that
      either early abscess formation during the mother's first clinical infection
      and/or milk stasis due to decreased frequency of breast-feeding resulted in
      transient group B streptococcal bacteremia, with seeding of breast tissue in the
      newborn.

PMID- 2649830
TI  - Capillary hemangioma of the vagina and urethra in a child: response to short-term
      steroid therapy.
AB  - Short-term oral steroid therapy was used to treat a capillary hemangioma of the
      vagina and urethra in a young child. After 8 weeks of prednisolone therapy (40 mg
      every other day decreasing to 2.5 mg every other day), vaginal bleeding has not
      recurred. At 2 years and 8 months, the patient presented with severe hematuria.
      Visualization revealed hemangioma within the bladder, but the urethra and vagina
      were normal by cystoscopy and vaginoscopy, respectively. After cauterization of a
      single bleeding point, the patient again received prednisolone. She has had no
      hematuria for 4 months. Steroid therapy should be considered for the management
      of genitourinary hemangiomas.

PMID- 2649831
TI  - Hysterosalpingographic diagnosis of uterine adenomyoma.
AB  - True adenomyomas (encapsulated) are uncommon tumors of the uterus. At
      hysterosalpingography, detection of a network of fine channels in a very well
      circumscribed area of the myometrium, connected with the uterine cavity, allows a
      preoperative diagnosis.

PMID- 2649832
TI  - Ovarian vein thrombosis with atypical presentation: role of sonography and duplex
      Doppler.
AB  - Ovarian vein thrombosis was diagnosed in two patients, one postoperatively and
      one postpartum, with mild, atypical presentations, using sonography and duplex
      Doppler. Demonstration of the dilated ovarian vein with internal thrombus,
      without demonstrable flow by Doppler, was diagnostic. We propose that sonography
      with duplex Doppler be the initial screening examination in at-risk patients with
      typical or atypical presentations.

PMID- 2649833
TI  - Cowden disease in a young girl: gynecologic and immunologic overview in a case
      and in the literature.
AB  - There is an increased risk of cancer (mainly breast cancer) in patients with
      Cowden disease. Little is known of the etiopathogenic mechanisms of this
      condition, but immunologic abnormalities may be evoked. A young patient with
      Cowden disease was submitted for gynecologic examination and immunologic
      investigations. Although no neoplastic disorder had appeared, laboratory
      investigations disclosed abnormalities of the humoral and cellular immune
      compartments in the peripheral blood. This rare observation of gynecologic
      involvement in a very young girl with family antecedents of Cowden disease
      prompted a review of the gynecologic features and etiopathogenic bases of Cowden
      disease. The possible role of neoplasia such as breast cancer in this syndrome
      makes early diagnosis a criterion for good prognosis.

PMID- 2649834
TI  - Virilizing Brenner tumor of the ovary: case report.
AB  - A case of ovarian Brenner tumor displaying androgenic activity and clinical
      masculinization is reported in a 65-year-old woman. Plasma androstenedione,
      dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), testosterone, dihydrotestosterone,
      cortisol, estradiol, FSH, LH, and prolactin were measured before and after
      suppression with dexamethasone and stimulation with hCG, and again after removal
      of the tumor. The plasma androgenic compounds were measured in both ovarian and
      peripheral veins. Basal levels of androstenedione and of total testosterone were
      significantly elevated, decreasing to normal ranges after operation and remaining
      after 3 months. There was a sharp increase of total testosterone, DHEAS, and
      dihydrotestosterone levels after administration of hCG. The levels of
      androstenedione, DHEAS, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone were higher in the
      ovarian vein than in the peripheral vein. These findings indicate that the tumor
      was the main source of these androgenic hormones.

PMID- 2649835
TI  - Transvaginal needle bladder neck suspension procedures for stress urinary
      incontinence: a comprehensive review.
AB  - Transvaginal needle bladder neck suspension procedures for surgical correction of
      stress incontinence are increasing in popularity among genitourinary surgeons.
      Since 1959, three main modifications of the originally described procedure have
      emerged as representing various needle suspension procedures, ie, the modified
      Pereyra procedure among gynecologic surgeons and the Stamey and the Raz
      procedures among urologic surgeons. The overall success rate of 85% (range 40
      100%) among a total of 1967 surgical procedures reported in the published
      literature may be misleading; the majority of reported studies relied upon
      subjective clinical cures rather than objectively demonstrable cures of urinary
      incontinence. The majority of studies lacked long-term follow-up of successfully
      treated patients. Few studies reported urodynamic changes after needle suspension
      procedures in terms of increased functional urethral length and improved pressure
      transmission to the proximal urethra. A 20-50% incidence of postoperative voiding
      difficulties has been reported in various studies. This publication reviews the
      controversies in the nomenclature of various needle suspension procedures,
      indication, suture materials, procedural details, and results of previously
      published needle suspension procedures and their modifications. Differences among
      commonly performed procedures are pointed out and analyzed for their role in the
      correction of stress urinary incontinence.

PMID- 2649836
TI  - Ethical decision making: models and processes.

PMID- 2649837
TI  - Dohrmann Kaspar Pischel and the Academy's oral history series.

PMID- 2649838
TI  - Clinicopathologic characteristics of premalignant and malignant melanocytic
      lesions of the conjunctiva.
AB  - Primary acquired melanosis (PAM), a disease that affects mostly middle-aged white
      patients, is predominantly a proliferative condition of the melanocytes that
      normally populate the conjunctival epithelium. Primary acquired melanosis without
      atypia (low risk for the development of melanoma) is typically created by
      increased numbers of melanocytes restricted to the basilar region of the
      epithelium without nuclear hyperchromasia or prominence of the nucleoli. Primary
      acquired melanosis with atypia, a formal precursor of melanoma, is characterized
      by the proliferation of small polyhedral cells, spindle cells, large dendritiform
      melanocytes, or epithelioid cells that may: remain restricted to the basilar
      region (basilar nests); form nests at all levels of the epithelium; spread
      individually to all levels of the epithelium (pagetoid extension); or proliferate
      in a sheet-like fashion approximating a melanoma in situ. Lesions composed of
      epithelioid cells or exhibiting intraepithelial pagetoid extension have,
      respectively, a 75 or 90% chance of eventuating in invasive melanoma. Primary
      acquired melanosis in an adult should not be confused with "a junctional nevus,"
      which is almost always restricted to childhood. Invasive melanomas measuring less
      than 0.8 mm in thickness tend not to be associated with metastases; the tumor
      cells may be small polyhedral (in which case confusion with a compound nevus
      often arises), epithelioid, spindled, or ballooned. Nodules composed of spindle
      cells in part or in toto tend to have less metastatic potential at a given
      thickness measurement than comparable nodules composed of epithelioid or
      polyhedral cells. The clinical features, electron microscopic findings, and
      biologic principles underwriting clinical management are also presented.

PMID- 2649839
TI  - Dermis-fat grafts and evisceration.
AB  - Dermis-fat grafts (DFGs) are currently accepted as a viable reconstructive tool
      in select cases for primary enucleation, replacing an extruded or migrated
      implant after enucleation, augmenting superior sulcus defects, and reconstructing
      socket contracture and enophthalmos. The authors describe a new application using
      dermis-fat grafting either primarily or secondarily in conjunction with
      evisceration of selected phthisical globes. Enucleation is no longer the only
      option available when phthisis is present. Evisceration provides improved
      cosmesis and motility over enucleation. Implementing a DFG with the authors'
      method allows improvement in the enophthalmos concomitant with a phthisical
      globe.

PMID- 2649840
TI  - [SPECT--single photon emission computer tomography. A new imaging method in
      isotope diagnosis].
AB  - The paper gives an introduction to the basis and quality control of a relatively
      new imaging method. First the different kinds of SPECT instruments, and then the
      aspects of diagnostic application are described. Details are given on
      examinations of the central nervous system, the abdomen, the hearth and the
      skeletal system, on the possibilities of immunoscintigraphy, and also on the
      indications of SPECT studies and the clinical performance. Finally, the state and
      future of this technique in Hungary are considered.

PMID- 2649841
TI  - [Differences in platelet aggregation in various microangiopathic complications of
      diabetes mellitus].
AB  - In vitro platelet aggregometry with epinephrine, adenosine-diphosphate, collagen
      and arachidonic acid was performed in 201 patients with diabetes, and in 106
      healthy subjects. Those patients who were free of nephropathy showed
      hyperaggregability to collagen and arachidonic acid, and also to epinephrine and
      adenosine diphosphate, when neuropathy occurred. Patients with nephropathy, both
      with and without azotaemia, had diminished platelet responses to each of the four
      aggregating agents as compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Aggregability
      was not dependent on type of diabetes. It is concluded that diabetic nephropathy
      is characterized by decreased in vitro reactivity of platelets. Further
      researches are necessary to explain in vitro hypoaggregability besides the
      numerous evidence of in vivo hyperfunction of platelets in diabetes.

PMID- 2649842
TI  - [Gabor Petri (1914-1989)].

PMID- 2649843
TI  - [Sonography of the locomotor system. Indications, possibilities, limits and
      perspectives].
AB  - Based on 10 years' experience with sonography in the locomotor system and having
      participated in the education of about 2,000 colleagues to teach them how to use
      ultrasonography, the technical and methodological limitations of sonography are
      reported in the field of muscles and tendons, the spine, shoulder, knee and hip
      joints, and tumors. The sonographic standards in orthopedics that are performable
      but not relevant in treatment are discussed, and the nonsense is also pointed
      out. An attempt is made to make a critical statement about the potentials of
      orthopedic sonography today.

PMID- 2649844
TI  - [Acute hip pain in the adult--assessment by magnetic resonance tomography].
AB  - Using the modern cross-sectional imaging technique of MRI, significant
      improvement has been achieved in the early diagnosis of acute hip diseases, such
      as avascular femoral head necrosis, transient osteoporosis, coxitis, and tumors,
      the demarcation of which can be seen by MRI. Studies with MRI in patients with
      transient osteoporosis have revealed three stages during the clinical course. The
      focal stage is similar to femoral head necrosis, but always without the typical
      sclerotic rim. To obtain complete remission, transient osteoporosis only requires
      immobilization. There are difficulties in diagnosing infected and neoplastic
      processes.

PMID- 2649845
TI  - [Digital radiography: a new approach in roentgen diagnosis].
AB  - Digital electronics now play a role in every branch of diagnostic imaging. One of
      the most recent methods, digital radiography (DR) makes it possible to store and
      view radiographs in the form of a matrix of discrete values. The present review
      describes the components needed for DR imaging and archiving as well as the
      advantages and disadvantages of the system. The use of storage phosphor is hereby
      of special interest. By enableing the viewer to process the images, it is hoped
      that DR will open up new possibilities for projection radiography and strengthen
      its position as a routine method in comparison to other digital imaging systems,
      e.g. CT. It remains to be seen whether or not DR, as an isolated system, will be
      widely used. But in any case it represents the missing link in the chain of
      digital imaging methods and opens new ways of imaging archiving and
      administration.

PMID- 2649846
TI  - Transformation of murine myelomonocytic cells by myc: point mutations in v-myc
      contribute synergistically to transforming potential.
AB  - The v-myc oncogenes of chicken retroviruses (including MC29) bear point mutations
      relative to chicken c-myc. These mutations result in several amino acid
      differences in the encoded proteins. We have used recombinant murine retroviruses
      containing various myc alleles to analyse the myelomonocytic transforming
      potential of the myc oncogene. The myc alleles used were MC29 v-myc, chicken c
      myc, chimeric genes combining 5' sections of v- or c-myc with 3' sections of c-
      or v-myc, and mouse c-myc. The same retroviral vector (based on the genome of
      Moloney leukemia virus) was used for each allele and the genes were translated
      from genomic message. By infecting the primary mouse tissues, bone marrow,
      peritoneal-derived macrophages and mixed embryonic tissue with the recombinant
      viruses, variation was found in the transforming efficacy of these alleles: v-myc
      was most effective, followed by the two chimeric genes, whereas c-myc (chicken or
      mouse) was least effective in eliciting myelomonocytic transformation. Viral gag
      sequences were not necessary for this transformation. In each case, the
      transformed monocytes were growth factor-dependent and non-immortal. However, v
      myc transformed monocytes (though not monocytes transformed by other myc alleles)
      were able to progress to an immortal, growth factor-independent phenotype. Our
      results indicate that v-myc is far more effective than c-myc in eliciting
      myelomonocytic transformation; that this is due to combinatorial effects of 5'
      and 3' mutations in the v-myc gene; and that secondary events in addition to
      these mutations are required for transformation of myelomonocytic cells to an
      immortal, tumorigenic phenotype.

PMID- 2649847
TI  - Characterization of the HST-related FGF.6 gene, a new member of the fibroblast
      growth factor gene family.
AB  - By screening a mouse cosmid library with a human HST probe under reduced
      conditions of stringency, we isolated several positive clones. One of them was
      identified as a new member of the fibroblast growth factor gene family, and
      called FGF.6. The human FGF.6 gene was subsequently isolated and sequenced. The
      deduced amino-acid sequence exhibited 70% identity with the HST gene product over
      the C-terminal two-thirds of the putative protein. FGF.6 was mapped to chromosome
      12 at band p13 by in situ hybridization. The cloned normal human gene was able to
      transform mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts using both focus- and tumorigenicity-assays.

PMID- 2649848
TI  - SIS/PDGF-B expression in benign and malignant human breast lesions.
AB  - Northern blots with poly(A)-selected RNAs were prepared from four primary human
      breast carcinomas and hybridized with a SIS/PDGF-B gene probe. High expression of
      a normal-sized 3.7 kb SIS/PDGF-B transcript was observed in three samples. These
      three carcinomas were all T3 (greater than 5 cm) lesions and were histologically
      infiltrating ductal carcinomas accompanied by moderate to marked desmoplasia.
      Furthermore in situ hybridization with photobiotinylated probes was performed and
      demonstrated that the SIS/PDGF-B expression was localized within the epithelial
      cells of malignant as well as benign lesions. It is possible that SIS/PDGFB
      expression within the epithelial cell components of nonmalignant as well as
      malignant breast lesions may be in part responsible for the stromal reaction.

PMID- 2649849
TI  - The binding of guanine nucleotide to N-ras p21--a phosphorous and proton magnetic
      resonance study.
AB  - One dimensional [1H] and [31P] nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies have been
      carried out on purified wild type and mutant (Gly-12----Asp) N-ras protein
      expressed at high level in E. coli. Both proteins were isolated as stable 1:1
      molar complexes with GDP with the upper limit for the first order rate constant
      for nucleotide dissociation 3 x 10(-4)s-1. From observation of the [31P] NMR
      spectrum after the addition of GTP it was concluded that the rate of nucleotide
      hydrolysis is appreciably greater than that of nucleotide exchange. Differences
      in the [31P] spectra of mutant and wild type proteins suggest that the mutation
      has a direct influence on the catalytic step. [1H] NMR spectra obtained for both
      mutant and wild type p21 were consistent with proteins of considerable stability
      and the addition of urea to concentrations of 4M appeared to cause little
      disruption in secondary structure. Additionally, the protein environment of the
      bound nucleotide remained well defined in the presence of a number of added
      reagents and over the pH range 5.8-9.5. The data are discussed in the light of
      the known crystal structure for H-ras p21 and indicate that the transforming
      mutation of aspartate for glycine-12 results in structural perturbations near the
      nucleotide binding site.

PMID- 2649850
TI  - Identification of fyn-encoded proteins in normal human blood cells.
AB  - We have previously reported that carboxyl terminal truncations of the normal
      human fyn gene, a member of the src subfamily, can transform immortal mouse
      fibroblasts to full malignancy. In search of evidence which suggests the possible
      activation of the human fyn gene, we have screened DNAs and RNAs from a number of
      human tumor cell lines. The results indicate that the fyn gene is not frequently
      changed grossly in the naturally occurring tumors. To establish a basis for
      understanding the physiological function(s) of this highly conserved gene, we
      have prepared specific antibodies to the fyn-encoded proteins. Using them we have
      shown the presence of fyn proteins in human lymphocytes and monocytes and their
      protein-tyrosine kinase activity.

PMID- 2649851
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of secretory otitis media.
AB  - The majority of patients with secretory otitis media present with signs and
      symptoms characteristic of an inflammatory condition. The authors describe the
      use of various techniques to detect secretory otitis media. They then present
      options for treatment.

PMID- 2649852
TI  - Digital hearing aid technology: medical perspective.
AB  - This article provides a nontechnical introduction to digital hearing aids and the
      impact of digital signal processing on the delivery of hearing health care.
      Issues related to matching the patient's needs to signal processing solutions are
      covered, and specific recommendations with respect to criteria by which new
      hearing aid performance should be evaluated are discussed. The pivitol role
      played by medical personnel in initiating patient awareness of available options
      and in directing needs assessment is emphasized.

PMID- 2649853
TI  - Implantable hearing devices. State of the art.
AB  - The use of implantable hearing devices to help persons with conductive hearing
      loss is still in its infancy. The advantages and disadvantages of the various
      models of implantable hearing devices currently being developed are discussed.
      Their clinical use is described, and the potential benefits of each are
      presented.

PMID- 2649854
TI  - Current status of electromagnetic implantable hearing aids.
AB  - The indications for use of implantable hearing aids are presented. Features of
      the devices that are currently available are presented. Comparisons with
      conventional hearing aids are also made.

PMID- 2649855
TI  - Preservation of hearing in the surgical removal of cerebellopontine angle tumors.
AB  - It is claimed that postsurgical hearing preservation is possible in about 5 to 8
      per cent of cases of acoustic neuroma. Even with small tumors, hearing
      preservation can be accomplished in about half of the patients who are fortunate
      to have anatomic integrity of facial and cochlear nerves, as well as intact inner
      ear blood supply at the end of the surgical procedure. Monitoring of seventh and
      eighth nerve function through evoked potentials may be important. On the other
      hand, even if evoked potentials are preserved during surgery with wave V latency
      and amplitude similar to preoperative recording, hearing may still be completely
      lost during the immediate postoperative period. There is no predictable pattern
      that assures postoperative preservation of hearing. In Case 2, the seventh and
      eighth nerves as well as the inner ear blood supply were carefully dissected and
      anatomically and electrophysiologically preserved during the intraoperative
      period. At the end of the surgical procedure, the evoked potentials were the same
      as preoperatively. Nevertheless, the patient ended up with no detectable hearing
      postoperatively. We feel that the suboccipital-retrosigmoid transcanal approach
      can be safely used for the removal of cerebellopontine angle tumors of all sizes.
      We believe the argument that "only the translabyrinthine approach can accomplish
      total tumor removal" is not valid. No complications have been attributed by
      having the patient in the semisitting position. Older patients, who cannot
      tolerate the semisitting position, are operated on while in the park bench
      position. Planned subtotal removal of a CPA tumor is done with the patient in the
      supine position (transmastoid-retrolabyrinthine or retrosigmoid). The
      relationship between the otologic surgeon and neurosurgeon is very important. The
      surgical approach used should be selected on the basis of the combined experience
      of the surgical team. Finally, an attempt should be made to preserve facial nerve
      function and hearing in all suitable patients. The postoperative course using the
      suboccipital-retrosigmoid approach is usually benign, and the patients are
      discharged from the hospital between 7 and 10 days following surgery. The
      translabyrinthine approach, in our opinion, should be reserved for smaller
      lesions in patients with anacusis or with residual hearing that is not worth
      saving.

PMID- 2649856
TI  - Issues of candidate selection for a cochlear implant.
AB  - The cochlear implant has been successful in providing sound to deaf patients. A
      wide spectrum of results, from sound awareness to word understanding without
      lipreading, has been achieved. However, because of the unpredictable nature of
      the results, appropriate candidate selection is imperative. Medical and surgical
      criteria for treatment of adults and children are presented.

PMID- 2649857
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of sensorineural hearing loss in children.
AB  - Sensorineural hearing loss can arise from a multitude of etiologic factors. In
      evaluating hearing loss in a child, it is important to determine if the loss is
      congenital or delayed and if it is genetic or nongenetic in origin. Examples of
      etiologies based on this classification are given, including the symptoms and
      extent of impairment. Determining the extent and etiology of hearing impairment
      is only the first step; the aim is to maximize the speech and language
      development of the hearing-impaired child.

PMID- 2649858
TI  - New technology in infant hearing screening.
AB  - Early identification of hearing loss is critical in enhancing auditory and
      language skills in the hearing-impaired infant. Various strategies for infant
      hearing screening are discussed. The current status of technology for screening,
      including auditory brainstem response audiometry, is also discussed.

PMID- 2649859
TI  - The computerized audiology clinic.
AB  - Computer-assisted audiologic testing is undergoing a transition from laboratory
      settings to audiology clinics, resulting in increased accuracy, efficiency, and
      sophistication in the evaluation and treatment of patients. The computerized
      clinic also offers superior information storage and analysis capabilities and
      increasingly significant economic advantages. Implementation of new test
      techniques with software modification, rather than expensive new electronic
      instrumentation, is an advantage unique to the computer-based audiologic system.
      Decisions regarding the selection from a variety of system architecture designs
      and human interface schemes are critically important and unique to this new
      technology. The replacement of traditional audiometric instruments with computer
      controlled systems will accelerate as system sophistication increases and cost
      continues to decrease.

PMID- 2649860
TI  - Notes on Pavlov written while I was in Russia (1922-1927).

PMID- 2649861
TI  - Motivation and reinforcement. Interdisciplinary dictionary.
AB  - Pavlov (1954) considered the significance of various manifestations of the higher
      nervous system as a necessary preliminary condition of brain mechanisms. He
      wrote, "First of all it is important to comprehend psychologically and then
      translate into physiological language." Unfortunately, there are no conventional
      definitions of such notions as need, motivation, emotion, reinforcement,
      consciousness, will, etc. I. M. Sechenov (1952) wrote, more than a century ago,
      "...try to speak about one and the same subject with psychologists of different
      schools--each school has a new opinion; and if you start, by comparison, a
      conversation about sound, light, electricity with a physicist of any country-
      you'll receive, essentially, the same responses from all of them." There is a
      need to create such theoretic conceptions which would be initially of an
      interdisciplinary character and would be useful not only in one, but in a number
      of special fields of science, such as psychology, physiology, and sociology. In
      this article the author suggests a brief dictionary of terms, based on the need
      informational approach to the study of the psyche and behavior. These were
      created over the last 25 years (Simonov 1986).

PMID- 2649862
TI  - Helping your patient cope with Tourette syndrome.
AB  - Tourette Syndrome is a neurological disorder of unknown origin. The individual
      suffering from Tourette Syndrome encounters tics and often additional behaviors
      such as speech, sleep, and learning difficulties, as well as social isolation.

PMID- 2649863
TI  - Reducing inadvertent PEEP by controlling end-tidal pressures in the trachea.
AB  - Mechanical ventilation using exhalation times too brief for completion of
      exhalation results in inadvertent positive end-expiratory pressure (IPEEP) and
      increased functional residual capacity (FRC). The endotracheal (ET) tube with
      side lumen allows us to monitor tracheal airway pressures and to determine the
      contributions of the ET tube to IPEEP. We hypothesized that, during rapid rate
      ventilation, controlling the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) level in the
      trachea rather than at the ET tube adaptor will counter effects of the ET tube on
      IPEEP and result in less increase of FRC. Thirteen anesthetized rabbits were
      ventilated at rates of 30, 60, 90, and 120 breaths per minute (BPM). Peak
      inspiratory pressure was held constant, and PEEP was adjusted to 2 cmH2O,
      measured conventionally at the proximal end of the ET tube. Pulmonary function
      tests were made and then repeated while PEEP was held constant in the trachea,
      measured at the distal end of the ET tube. Controlling PEEP conventionally
      resulted in mean (+/- SE) FRC values of 13.7 +/- 3.8, 14.8 +/- 3.9, 17.1 +/- 4.5,
      and 21.1 +/- 5.3 ml/kg at 30, 60, 90, and 120 BPM, respectively. Controlling PEEP
      at the trachea yielded FRC values of 13.7 +/- 3.8, 13.6 +/- 3.4, 15.3 +/- 4.4,
      and 16.3 +/- 5.4 ml/kg, respectively. Increasing the ventilator rate above 60 BPM
      did not affect minute ventilation or blood gases. These results suggest that
      controlling PEEP in the trachea reduces effects of IPEEP on FRC by countering the
      contribution of the ET tube to the resistance of gas flow during exhalation.

PMID- 2649864
TI  - Closure of the ductus arteriosus and mechanics of breathing in preterm infants
      after surfactant replacement therapy.
AB  - Treatment of premature infants with exogenous surfactant is thought to increase
      the incidence of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) due to improved mechanics of
      breathing and the resultant reduced pulmonary vascular resistance. As part of a
      prospective, blinded, controlled study of human amniotic fluid-derived
      surfactant, we assessed the time of closure of the PDA, defined by Doppler
      echocardiographic studies, performed at 6-h intervals, and the mechanics of
      breathing at 6, 18, and 30 h of age in 61 infants (gestational age, 25-29 wk, and
      birth wt, 450-1580 g). All infants had respiratory distress syndrome as confirmed
      by immature surfactant phospholipid profiles determined on either amniotic fluid
      and/or tracheal aspirate analysis, and chest radiograph, and all had a PDA at 6 h
      of age. Surfactant treatment was associated with more frequent clinically
      determined need for treatment of the PDA, but did not prolong the patency of the
      ductus in infants with spontaneous closure or in those requiring treatment with
      indomethacin. Infants with spontaneous closure of the PDA had significantly
      higher dynamic lung compliances and lower oxygen requirements and were treated
      with lower mean airway pressures than those requiring PDA treatment, although
      their arterial blood gas status was the same. The dynamic lung compliance of
      infants with right to left ductal shunting was significantly lower than those
      with left to right shunting at 6 and 18 h but was not different thereafter. This
      study suggests that the maturity of the ductus arteriosus, reflected by its
      tendency to close spontaneously, parallels the maturity of the lungs, reflected
      by their mechanical stability, and that ductal closing is not significantly
      altered by surfactant therapy.

PMID- 2649865
TI  - Salmonella renal abscess in a four-year-old child.

PMID- 2649866
TI  - The neonatal human's immune response to herpes simplex virus infection: a
      critical review.
AB  - The neonate has a variety of quantitative defects in its immune response in
      elements of both the early containment phase and the later curative phase to HSV
      infection (Table 2). It is likely that the combination of these defects, and
      possibly others yet to be delineated (IL-2 response, T cell cytotoxicity
      response, etc.), account for dissemination or for locally progressive illness in
      newborn infants. It is unlikely that all these defects can be reconstituted by
      current available modalities (immunoglobulin, interferons, interleukins). One
      would hope that improving one or a few of these mechanisms may tilt the balance
      away from dissemination or central nervous system disease and allow the neonate
      to mature immunologically.

PMID- 2649867
TI  - A multicenter therapeutic study of 1100 children with brucellosis.
AB  - A 6-year multicenter therapeutic study was performed on 1100 children with
      brucellosis in order to compare several antibiotic combinations and duration of
      treatment. The patients were randomized to receive oral therapy with
      oxytetracycline, doxycycline, rifampin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
      (TMP/SMX) either alone or in combination with each other or combined with
      streptomycin or gentamicin injections. The patients were also randomized into
      three groups based on the duration of oral therapy: 500 patients were treated for
      3 weeks; 350 for 5 weeks; and 250 for 8 weeks. When intramuscular aminoglycosides
      were used, streptomycin was given for 2 weeks and gentamicin for 5 days. In oral
      monotherapy oxytetracycline, doxycycline and rifampin showed comparable results
      with low relapse rates (less than or equal to 9%) and no statistically
      significant differences were found among 3-, 5- or 8-week durations of therapy.
      TMP/SMX alone showed an unacceptably high relapse rate (30%) with all durations
      of therapy. In combined oral therapy rifampin plus oxytetracycline, rifampin plus
      TMP/SMX and oxytetracycline plus TMP/SMX showed comparable results with low
      relapse rates ranging from 4 to 8% in patients receiving therapy for 3 or 5
      weeks, no relapses occurred in patients treated for 8 weeks. When oral
      monotherapy was combined with either streptomycin or gentamicin, very few
      relapses were seen, irrespective of the duration of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2649868
TI  - Infections in pediatric orthotopic heart transplant recipients.
AB  - The infectious complications of 31 orthotopic heart transplants in 27 patients
      performed between 1982 and 1987 were reviewed. Fifteen patients (56%) are alive
      704 to 1829 days posttransplantation. Five of the 27 patients died within the
      first week posttransplantation of noninfectious causes. Infection occurred in 17
      of the remaining 22 patients and was the major cause of death in 3 of the 12
      fatalities. There were 10 proved and 4 probable bacterial infections. Three of
      the 10 proved bacterial infections were cases of sepsis with focal complications
      (two Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one Serratia marcescens) resulting in 2 deaths. The
      cases of sepsis occurred within 12 days of transplantation. There were 11 viral
      infections. Cytomegalovirus accounted for 7 of these including 1 fatal and 2
      nonfatal episodes of disseminated disease. The mean time of onset of
      cytomegalovirus infection was 33 days. Two cases of fungal disease were
      identified at autopsy. One additional patient who received intense
      immunosuppression because of chronic rejection developed Pneumocystis carinii
      pneumonia. The most frequent site of infection was the lung with early pneumonias
      caused by Gram-negative bacteria and later episodes by viral (cytomegalovirus or
      respiratory syncytial virus) agents.

PMID- 2649869
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of two genes encoding the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b
      binding protein of rice.

PMID- 2649870
TI  - Temperature gradient increases FIGE resolution.

PMID- 2649871
TI  - Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis: a case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis (NEH) is a recently recognized dermatosis
      occurring in patients receiving chemotherapy for a variety of malignancies. We
      report the second pediatric case. An 11-year-old boy with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      developed widespread erythematous papulopustules beginning two days after
      receiving high-dose cytarabine (Ara-C) in preparation for a bone marrow
      transplant. The lesions spontaneously regressed in two weeks. Histologic
      examination revealed a neutrophilic infiltrate around and within the eccrine
      ducts and secretory coils. Bacterial, fungal, and viral cultures were negative.
      These findings are characteristic of NEH. The condition should be differentiated
      from infectious dermatoses that may require treatment.

PMID- 2649872
TI  - Controversy: are systemic steroids indicated in the treatment of erythema
      multiforme?
AB  - The treatment of erythema multiforme major with systemic steroids became
      established during the 1950s. Recently, two retrospective case reviews comparing
      steroid-treated and nonsteroid-treated groups of patients with erythema
      multiforme found that these agents may be associated with complications. As a
      result, many clinicians have become uncertain as to the appropriate therapy of
      this disease entity. We successfully treated the condition with steroids in two
      children and one adolescent. The controversy over the potential efficacy of such
      therapy for erythema multiforme persists, however.

PMID- 2649873
TI  - Children of parents with affective disorder.
AB  - Depression is a family illness. The pediatrician's involvement is as a physician
      for the family. Initially, his or her role is as a diagnostician for the family.
      The presence of depressive symptoms in either a parent or a child requires
      investigation and may signal distress in other members of the family as well as
      the individual with symptoms. Often, even for parents, depressive symptoms will
      be first evident to the pediatrician. This provides a significant responsibility
      and the opportunity to function as a physician for the family in distress. An
      ongoing collaborative relationship with a psychiatrist or other mental health
      professional will aid in the treatment of disorder in the parents. Furthermore,
      in the absence of acute illness, there is an opportunity to discuss and help the
      family to understand the illness and to encourage resiliencies within the child
      or children. There is also the opportunity for continued follow-up, both of the
      parental distress and of the children's adaptive functioning.

PMID- 2649874
TI  - Intestinal disaccharidases of young turkeys: temporal development and influence
      of diet composition.
AB  - An experiment was done to determine maltase, sucrase, isomaltase, and trehalase
      activities in mucosa of different segments of small intestines of young turkeys
      as influenced by age and diet. Two-day-old poults were fed diets containing no
      added fat [44.6% starch, 2.2% ether extract by weight (HC)], 10% tallow (T), or
      10% corn oil [(CO) 29.0% starch, 10.9% ether extract]. Diets HC, T, and CO were
      calculated to contain 2,705, 3,083, and 3,196 kcal ME/kg, respectively, and
      constant protein, TSAA, and lysine:ME ratios were maintained. Appreciable maltase
      and isomaltase specific activities (micromoles of substrate hydrolyzed per
      milligram protein per hour) were observed in 2-day-old poults, and activities of
      these enzymes increased in poults fed the HC diet through 7 and 14 days,
      respectively. At 2 days, specific activity of sucrase was low, and trehalase
      activity was not detected. Sucrase activity increased steadily through 28 days of
      age in poults fed the HC diet. Trehalase activity was detected at 7 days of age
      and reached a maximum by Day 21 after hatch. By Day 28, trehalase activity had
      disappeared from all segments except for the proximal jejunum. In 28-day-old
      poults fed the HC diet, specific activities of all disaccharidases were greatest
      in the jejunal segments; i.e., 21, 1.06, 7.24, and .034 mumol/mg protein/h for
      maltase, sucrase, isomaltase, and trehalase, respectively, in the proximal
      jejunum. Poults fed the T or CO diets had significantly lower disaccharidase
      activities than did those fed the HC diet, beginning at 7 days of age. Changes in
      specific activities of disaccharidases as related to age or diet or both were not
      always parallel, suggesting that each enzyme may be regulated by or affected by
      diet in a partly independent way.

PMID- 2649875
TI  - [Effect of acute tuberculous intoxication on the intensity of energy metabolism
      of the vascular walls in rabbits].
AB  - Acute tuberculous intoxication in rabbits was accompanied by impairment of energy
      metabolism in the vessel walls: lower intensity of oxidative processes and higher
      activity of glycolysis. In the arteries which are vessels highly sensitive to
      sclerotic affections the observed metabolic disorders were much more pronounced
      than in the veins which are vessels resistant to angiosclerosis.

PMID- 2649876
TI  - [The place of Soviet phthisiology research in the world literature].

PMID- 2649877
TI  - Immunohistochemical characterization of the mononuclear cells in the brain of the
      rat with an experimental chronic Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
AB  - The distribution of T-cell subsets, B cells, and class II MHC antigens was
      examined within the CNS of rats chronically infected with Trypanosoma brucei
      gambiense, using appropriate mouse monoclonal antibodies. The mononuclear
      infiltrates of the leptomeninges and the perivascular areas (Virchow-Robin
      spaces) were composed of IgM-producing plasma cells and Mott cells and T
      helper/inducer cells. Cells defined phenotypically as suppressor/cytotoxic T
      cells were rare. Anti-Ia reactive cells were also abundant in these inflammatory
      lesions and in the white matter, representing Ia-expressing neuroglial cells, B
      cells, activated T cells, and macrophages. The Ia-positive neuroglial cells,
      possibly acting as accessory cells, associated with numerous T-helper/inducer
      cells and cells from the B-cell lineage, suggest that a T-dependent B-cell immune
      response can be initiated within the CNS of rats with a chronic T. b. gambiense
      infection.

PMID- 2649878
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi: the effect of variations in experimental conditions on the
      levels of macrophage infection in vitro.
AB  - A comparative and systematic analysis of the different experimental conditions
      used in Trypanosoma cruzi-macrophage interaction assays is presented. A pH range
      from 6.2 to 6.9 is favorable for parasite invasion, as is the use of Dulbecco's
      Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). The washing procedures used in purification
      protocols also enhance the parasites' ability to penetrate macrophages. However,
      the main factor affecting the quantitative parameter of this in vitro infection,
      regardless of the parasite: cell ratio, is the number of macrophages provided to
      the parasites. These results, reviewed and compared with the corresponding
      literature, strongly suggest that macrophage surface areas and/or receptors are
      the limiting factors for optimal quantitative determination of the interaction of
      T. cruzi in vitro.

PMID- 2649879
TI  - Lectin-binding sites in the midgut of the mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi Liston
      and Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae).
AB  - The presence and distribution of binding sites for eight different lectins, Con
      A, DBA, HPL, LFA, RCA I, SBA, UEA I, and WGA, were compared in the midguts of
      Plasmodium gallinaceum-infected Aedes aegypti and Plasmodium berghei-infected
      Anopheles stephensi. Lectins with high specificity for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
      (GlcNAc) exhibited high binding preference for the peritrophic membrane and
      microvillar glycocalyx of Ae. aegypti; the same structures were preferentially
      labeled by N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc)-specific lectins in An. stephensi.
      No differences could be observed in the lectin-binding patterns of the
      intercellular spaces or cellular organelles and structures. The Plasmodium
      ookinete surface did not react with any of the lectins tested. It appears that
      sugars are involved in vector recognition by the parasite and that the
      peritrophic membrane and/or glycocalyx may be crucial structures for the
      penetration of the gut epithelium by the ookinete.

PMID- 2649880
TI  - A cDNA clone encoding part of the major 25,000-dalton surface membrane antigen of
      adult Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - Immunoscreening of an adult Schistosoma mansoni cDNA expression library, using
      antibodies raised against purified adult worm tegumental surface membranes,
      identified a recombinant clone containing a 141-bp insert. Antibodies raised
      against the recombinant antigen bound specifically to the tegument of adult worms
      and immunoprecipitated the major 25,000-dalton surface membrane antigen as well
      as a 22,000-dalton nascent polypeptide generated by cell-free translation of
      adult S. mansoni mRNA. The mature 25,000-dalton antigen was found to be
      precipitated by antibodies from infected mice, rats and humans.

PMID- 2649881
TI  - Family stress after pediatric heart transplantation.
AB  - Parents of ten children who underwent cardiac transplantation at the authors'
      institution participated in this study to evaluate the effect of heart
      transplantation on the family. Parents completed the Hymovich Chronicity Impact
      and Coping Instrument (CICI) and/or the Feetham Family Function Survey (FFFS) 3
      to 24 months (mean, 8.4 months) after the transplant. Results indicate that
      parents face significant psychological and social stresses after their child's
      heart transplantation related to (1) the uncertainty of the child's future health
      and well-being, (2) role strain, (3) social isolation, and (4) financial burdens.
      Recommendations for nursing practice are suggested.

PMID- 2649882
TI  - Multiple states of protein-DNA interaction in the assembly of transcription
      complexes on Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5S ribosomal RNA genes.
AB  - Multiple stages of protein-DNA interaction in the assembly of RNA polymerase III
      transcription complexes on a Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5S rRNA gene have been
      distinguished by DNase I "footprinting" and gel retardation. Transcription factor
      IIIA interacts with approximately 35 base pairs of the internal promoter region.
      Transcription factors IIIC and IIIB incrementally extend the interaction along
      the 5S gene, if, and only if, transcription factor IIIA is also bound. Complexes
      assembled from the complete set of purified transcription factors or from a
      complete transcription system extend over the entire transcription unit together
      with almost 50 base pairs of 5' flanking sequence.

PMID- 2649883
TI  - A glucose transport protein expressed predominately in insulin-responsive
      tissues.
AB  - Using low-stringency hybridization to the rat brain glucose transporter (GT), a
      2489-base-pair cDNA clone was isolated from a rat soleus lambda gt10 cDNA
      library. It encodes a 509-amino acid protein whose sequence and predicted
      membrane structure is very similar to those of the rat brain and liver GTs. The
      muscle GT-like protein is 65% identical in amino acid sequence to the rat brain
      GT and 52% identical to the rat liver GT; the major differences are in the NH2-
      and COOH-terminal hydrophilic segments. This GT-like mRNA is expressed
      predominately in tissues where glucose transport is sensitive to insulin,
      including striated muscle, cardiac muscle, and adipose tissue; low-level
      expression is also detected in smooth muscle and kidney mRNA. This GT-like cDNA
      is the fourth member of the mammalian GT-related gene family identified to date.
      We propose that it encodes an insulin-sensitive GT.

PMID- 2649884
TI  - Transfer of the inducible lac repressor/operator system from Escherichia coli to
      a vaccinia virus expression vector.
AB  - Cis- and trans-acting elements of the Escherichia coli lac operon were
      transferred to vaccinia virus and used to regulate gene expression. A recombinant
      virus that constitutively expresses a modified lac repressor gene (lacI) was
      constructed. We calculated that each infected cell contained approximately 2 x
      10(7) active repressor molecules (and 1-2 x 10(4) copies of the vaccinia virus
      genome). A strong vaccinia-virus late promoter was modified by insertion of the
      lac operator (lacO) at various positions. The ability of each modified promoter
      to regulate expression of beta-galactosidase was tested by transient assays in
      cells infected with wild-type or lacI-containing vaccinia virus. Placement of the
      lacO just downstream of the conserved TAAAT sequence of a late promoter was
      consistent with a minimal effect on basal expression and good repressibility,
      whereas basal expression was severely inhibited when lacO overlapped or preceded
      the TAAAT motif. A single recombinant vaccinia virus containing lacI and the beta
      galactosidase gene under control of the optimal lacO promoter was constructed. In
      the absence of inducer, cells infected with this double recombinant virus
      synthesized little or no detectable beta-galactosidase. Addition of isopropyl
      beta-D-thiogalactoside restored expression to greater than 20% of the unrepressed
      level. This inducible vector system has potential applications for expression of
      heterologous and homologous genes.

PMID- 2649885
TI  - Native and mutant 5-lipoxygenase expression in a baculovirus/insect cell system.
AB  - Human 5-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.34), the key enzyme involved in the
      transformation of arachidonic acid to the potent biologically active
      leukotrienes, has been overexpressed in insect cells using a baculovirus
      expression system. A recombinant baculovirus (3B6) carrying the human 5
      lipoxygenase coding sequence downstream of the strong polyhedrin protein promoter
      was isolated. Approximately 48 hr after infection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells
      with the recombinant baculovirus, maximal intracellular enzyme activity and
      protein levels were detected. The recombinant 5-lipoxygenase in 10,000 x g
      supernatant fractions was able to synthesize large amounts of 5-hydroperoxy
      6,8,10,14-icosatetraenoic acid, together with smaller amounts of the nonenzymatic
      hydrolysis products of leukotriene A4, and exhibited a dependence on Ca2+ and ATP
      for maximal activity. Immunoblot analysis of supernatant proteins from human
      leukocytes and recombinant virus-infected cells indicated the presence of
      indistinguishable approximately 80-kDa bands. However, 5-lipoxygenase protein in
      recombinant-infected cells was found to be present in amounts 50-200 times that
      present in leukocytes on a per-cell basis. Histidine-362 and histidine-372,
      potential iron-atom ligands within a putative iron-binding domain, were changed
      to serine residues. Recombinant baculoviruses carrying the mutations were
      isolated and used to infect insect cells. Although infected cells were able to
      express mutant 5-lipoxygenase protein, enzyme activity was not substantially
      altered, suggesting the nonessential nature of these histidines in binding iron
      at the putative ferric catalytic site.

PMID- 2649886
TI  - Identification and purification of a single-stranded-DNA-specific exonuclease
      encoded by the recJ gene of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The Escherichia coli recJ gene product was overproduced using a plasmid that
      carries the recJ gene downstream of a strong regulatable promoter and a strong
      ribosome-binding site. Overexpression of recJ produced a concomitant increase in
      the levels of single-stranded-DNA-specific nuclease activity present in crude
      cell extracts. This nuclease activity was purified to homogeneity and found to
      reside in a 60-kDa polypeptide. This polypeptide was induced with recJ
      overexpression and had the size and N-terminal amino acid sequence identical to
      the predicted RecJ protein sequence. The RecJ nuclease degraded linear single
      stranded DNA but did not have exonuclease activity on linear double-stranded
      substrates or endonuclease activity on either single-stranded or double-stranded
      substrates. The RecJ exonuclease had greater activity on duplex DNA molecules
      with 5'-rather than 3'-single-stranded tails.

PMID- 2649887
TI  - Activation of glucose uptake by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in
      Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Xenopus laevis oocytes possess a glucose transport system that is activated 3- to
      5-fold by insulin-like growth factor I (Ka = 3 nM) and insulin (Ka = 200-250 nM),
      properties suggesting activation mediated by an insulin-like growth factor I
      receptor. This activation increases the Vmax of hexose uptake and has little or
      no effect on the Km for deoxyglucose (Km = 1-2 mM). Activation by hormone
      requires about 60 min and is inhibited by cytochalasin B but not by
      cycloheximide. The dependence of hexose uptake rate on hexose concentration
      exhibits cooperativity with Hill coefficients of 1.8 and 1.4 for the basal and
      hormone-activated states, respectively. Microinjection of a monoclonal antibody
      directed against the tyrosine kinase domain of the human insulin receptor blocks
      activation of hexose uptake by insulin-like growth factor I and insulin but has
      no effect on basal uptake. Taken together the results implicate the tyrosine
      specific protein kinase activity of a cell-surface insulin-like growth factor I
      receptor in the activation of glucose transport in the Xenopus oocyte.

PMID- 2649889
TI  - In photosynthetic reaction centers, the free energy difference for electron
      transfer between quinones bound at the primary and secondary quinone-binding
      sites governs the observed secondary site specificity.
AB  - The secondary quinone-binding site (QB site) of bacterial reaction centers from
      Rhodobacter sphaeroides is generally regarded to be highly specific for its
      native ubiquinone-10 molecule. We demonstrate here that this is a misconception
      rooted in the kinetic methods used to assay for occupancy of a quinone in the QB
      site. We show that observance of occupancy of the QB site, revealed by kinetic
      assay, is sensitive to the free-energy difference for electron transfer between
      the quinone at the primary quinone-binding site (QA site) and the QB site (-delta
      G0e-). For many of the compounds previously tested for binding at the QB site,
      the -delta G0e- between QA and QB is too small to permit detection of the
      functional quinone in the QB site. With an increased -delta G0e- achieved by
      replacing the native ubiquinone-10 at the QA site with lower-potential quinones
      or by testing higher-potential QB candidates, it is shown that the QB site binds
      and functions with the unsubstituted 1,4-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and
      9,10-phenanthraquinone, as well as with their various substituted forms.
      Moreover, quinones with the ortho-carbonyl configuration appear to function in a
      similar manner to quinones with the para-carbonyl configuration.

PMID- 2649888
TI  - Yeast GCN4 transcriptional activator protein interacts with RNA polymerase II in
      vitro.
AB  - Regulated transcription by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (Pol II) requires the
      functional interaction of multiple protein factors, some of which presumably
      interact directly with the polymerase. One such factor, the yeast GCN4 activator
      protein, binds to the upstream promoter elements of many amino acid biosynthetic
      genes and induces their transcription. Through the use of affinity chromatography
      involving GCN4- or Pol II-Sepharose columns, we show that GCN4 interacts
      specifically with Pol II in vitro. Purified Pol II is retained on the GCN4
      Sepharose column under conditions in which the vast majority of proteins flow
      through. Moreover, Pol II can be selectively isolated from more complex mixtures
      of proteins. Conversely, GCN4 protein, synthesized in vitro or in Escherichia
      coli, specifically binds to the Pol II-Sepharose column under equivalent
      conditions. Using deletion mutants, we also show that the DNA-binding domain of
      GCN4 is both necessary and sufficient for this interaction. We suggest the
      possibility that this GCN4-Pol II interaction may be important for transcription
      in vivo.

PMID- 2649890
TI  - Generation of fibrosarcomas in vivo by a retrovirus that expresses the normal B
      chain of platelet-derived growth factor and mimics the alternative splice pattern
      of the v-sis oncogene.
AB  - A retrovirus containing the entire human platelet-derived growth factor B-chain
      (PDGF-B) gene was constructed in order to investigate the in vivo biological
      activity of its encoded growth factor. When this virus was introduced into
      newborn mice, it reproducibly generated fibrosarcomas at the site of inoculation.
      Proviruses in each fibrosarcoma analyzed had lost 149 nucleotides downstream of
      the PDGF-B coding region. This deletion originated from an alternative or
      aberrant splice event that occurred within exon 7 of the PDGF-B gene and mimicked
      the v-sis oncogene. Thus, deletion of this region may be necessary for efficient
      retrovirus replication or for more potent transforming function. Evidence that
      the normal growth factor coding sequence was unaltered derived from RNase
      protection studies and immunoprecipitation analysis. Tumors were generally
      polyclonal but demonstrated clonal subpopulations. Moreover, tumor-derived cell
      lines became monoclonal within a few tissue culture passages and rapidly formed
      tumors in vivo. These findings argue that overexpression of the normal human PDGF
      B gene product under retrovirus control can induce the fully malignant phenotype.

PMID- 2649891
TI  - c-myc gene amplification during hepatocarcinogenesis by a choline-devoid diet.
AB  - Liver tumors arise in rats fed a choline-devoid diet without added carcinogens.
      We found amplification of the c-myc gene in 13/13 of these tumors. The
      amplification ranged from 2- to 70-fold and was accompanied by an increase in c
      myc gene expression. Amplification of c-myc was larger in tumors of rats fed a
      choline-devoid diet followed by a choline-supplemented diet than in tumors from
      animals fed a choline-devoid diet exclusively. In the former animals, low levels
      of c-myc gene amplification were also detected in nontumorous regions of tumor
      bearing livers. The choline-devoid diet provides an in vivo experimental model
      for the induction of gene amplification in the rat liver. In this setting,
      amplification of the c-myc gene may be an early and critical event in
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2649892
TI  - Cytosolic factor purified from Escherichia coli is necessary and sufficient for
      the export of a preprotein and is a homotetramer of SecB.
AB  - We have purified to homogeneity a cytosolic factor from Escherichia coli that is
      required for the translocation of a preprotein into inverted vesicles of the E.
      coli plasma membrane. The preprotein used is a precursor of mutant maltose
      binding protein. This mutant contains alterations of the carboxyl terminus.
      Unlike the precursor for wild-type maltose-binding protein, the mutant precursor
      does not acquire a protease-resistant conformation after synthesis and retains
      posttranslational translocation competence. The purified cytosolic factor, added
      posttranslationally, is necessary and sufficient to yield virtually 100%
      translocation of the mutant precursor into inverted vesicles. The purified factor
      amounts to 0.08% of the cytosolic proteins and is a 64-kDa tetramer consisting of
      four identical 16-kDa subunits. Amino-terminal sequence analysis revealed that it
      is identical to the secB gene product. The purified SecB homotetramer is part of
      a larger 150-kDa complex that represents the "export" factor activity. During
      purification, the export factor activity dissociates into a 64-kDa SecB
      homotetramer and unidentified component(s). For the posttranslational integration
      of another preprotein, the precursor for the lamB gene product, into inverted
      vesicles, the 64-kDa SecB homotetramer is also required but additional factor(s)
      makes integration more efficient.

PMID- 2649893
TI  - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana is
      structurally distinct from the yeast and animal enzymes.
AB  - We have isolated the Arabidopsis thaliana gene (HMG1) encoding 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl-CoA reductase [HMG-CoA reductase; (S)-mevalonate:NAD+ oxido
      reductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.88], the catalyst of the first committed step
      in isoprenoid biosynthesis. cDNA copies of the plant gene were identified by
      hybridization with a short, highly conserved segment of yeast HMG-CoA reductase
      as probe. DNA sequence analysis reveals that the COOH-terminal domain of the
      Arabidopsis HMG-CoA reductase (containing the catalytic site of the enzyme) is
      highly conserved with respect to the yeast, mammalian, and Drosophila enzymes,
      whereas the membrane-bound amino terminus of the Arabidopsis protein is truncated
      and lacks the complex membrane-spanning architecture of the yeast and animal
      reductases. Expression of the Arabidopsis gene from the yeast GAL1 promoter in a
      yeast mutant lacking HMG-CoA reductase activity suppresses the growth defect of
      the yeast mutant. Taken together, the sequence similarity to other cloned HMG-CoA
      reductase genes and the suppression of the yeast hmg- mutant provide strong
      evidence that the novel Arabidopsis gene we have cloned encodes a functional HMG
      CoA reductase enzyme.

PMID- 2649894
TI  - Yeast translation initiation suppressor sui2 encodes the alpha subunit of
      eukaryotic initiation factor 2 and shares sequence identity with the human alpha
      subunit.
AB  - Genetic reversion of HIS4 initiator codon mutations in yeast has identified three
      unlinked genes, sui1, sui2, and SUI3 (suppressors of initiator codon mutations),
      which when mutated confer the ability to initiate translation at HIS4 despite the
      absence of an AUG start codon. We have previously demonstrated that the SUI3 gene
      encodes the beta subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) and that
      mutations at a Zn(II) finger motif of SUI3 alter the start site selection process
      in yeast. In this report, molecular and biochemical characterizations show that
      the sui2 suppressor gene encodes the alpha subunit of eIF-2. The amino acid
      sequence of sui2 is 58% homologous to that encoded by the cDNA of the human eIF-2
      alpha. Mutations in the sui2 suppressor alleles occur in the amino-terminal
      portion of the protein and change amino acids that are identical at the same
      relative position in the yeast and human proteins. Protein sequence analysis
      shows that a sui2 mutant yeast strain allows initiation at a UUG codon in the
      absence of an AUG codon at HIS4. These data further suggest that eIF-2 is an
      important component of the preinitiation complex that mediates ribosomal
      recognition of a start codon during the scanning process.

PMID- 2649895
TI  - Amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles coexist in the same neuron in
      Alzheimer disease.
AB  - In Alzheimer disease, paired helical filaments accumulate in the neuron, and
      amyloid fibers are found in the extracellular space in the neuropil and brain
      vessels. Amyloid and paired helical filaments are morphologically distinct.
      Although messenger RNA that encodes the amyloid has also been shown in several
      tissues, including brain, the intracellular expression of the protein has not
      been observed. By using monoclonal antibodies to a synthetic amyloid beta
      peptide, the present study demonstrates that amyloid reactivity is present in
      both Alzheimer patients and normal individuals in different types of neurons,
      including the neurons with the neurofibrillary tangles, but not in the tangle
      itself.

PMID- 2649896
TI  - The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct
      isopeptides predicted by three separate genes.
AB  - Three distinct human endothelin-related genes were cloned by screening a genomic
      DNA library under a low hybridization stringency with a synthetic oligonucleotide
      probe encoding a portion of the endothelin sequence. Genomic Southern blot
      analysis with the same oligonucleotide probe showed three corresponding
      chromosomal loci not only in the human genome but also in porcine and rat
      genomes. The nucleotide sequences of the three human genes were highly conserved
      within the regions encoding the 21-residue (mature) endothelins, in spite of the
      fact that the immediately upstream exon sequences, which encode a part of the
      propeptides, retained little similarity. Moreover, each of the human genes
      predicted a putative 21-residue peptide, similar to but distinct from each other:
      (i) the "classical" endothelin (ET-1), (ii) [Trp6,Leu7]endothelin (ET-2), and
      (iii) [Thr2,Phe4,Thr5,Tyr6, Lys7,Tyr14]endothelin (ET-3). Synthetic ET-1, ET-2,
      and ET-3 were prepared according to the deduced amino acid sequences, and the
      biological activities were assayed by contraction of isolated porcine coronary
      artery strips and by intravenous injection to anesthetized rats. All these
      synthetic peptides produced strong vasoconstrictor and pressor responses.
      However, the quantitative profiles of the pharmacological activities were
      considerably different among the three isopeptides, suggesting the possible
      existence of endothelin receptor subtypes.

PMID- 2649897
TI  - Effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I on insulin secretion and
      renal function in normal human subjects.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is an important mediator of growth hormone
      (GH) action and it appeared tempting to evaluate possible clinical applications.
      Recombinant IGF-I was infused s.c. at a dose of 20 micrograms/kg of body weight
      per hour during 6 days in two healthy adult subjects. Blood glucose and fasting
      insulin levels remained within normal limits and IGF-II levels were suppressed.
      In contrast to insulin, fasting C peptide levels were decreased. GH secretion was
      also suppressed by IGF-I. Our preliminary data allow us to distinguish between
      the effects of GH per se and those of IGF-I: GH causes hyperinsulinism, whereas
      IGF-I leads to decreased insulin secretion. Glomerular filtration rate, as
      estimated by creatinine clearance, increased to 130% of preinfusion values during
      the IGF-I infusion. Total creatinine and urea excretion remained unchanged. We
      conclude that IGF-I influences kidney function and, in contrast to GH, exerts an
      insulin-sparing effect. It may be speculated that the therapeutic spectrum of IGF
      I is quite different from that of GH.

PMID- 2649898
TI  - Characterization of a cDNA encoding a 34-kDa Purkinje neuron protein recognized
      by sera from patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
AB  - Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is a neurological disorder of unknown
      cause occurring in patients with an identified or occult cancer. An autoimmune
      etiology is likely since autoantibodies directed against the Purkinje cells of
      the cerebellum have been found in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of some
      patients. Two Purkinje cell-specific antigens are recognized by these
      autoantibodies, a major antigen of 62 kDa (CDR 62, cerebellar degeneration
      related 62-kDa protein) and a minor antigen of 34 kDa (CDR 34). Our previous
      studies have described the isolation and characterization of a human cerebellar
      cDNA that encodes an epitope recognized by sera from patients with paraneoplastic
      cerebellar degeneration. We have now established by two independent methods that
      this gene is uniquely expressed in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and
      corresponds to the minor antigen CDR 34. This antigen is also expressed in tumor
      tissue from a patient with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.

PMID- 2649899
TI  - Cervical cancer screening in primary care: issues and recommendations.
AB  - The essential controversy about cervical cancer screening is not whether or not
      it should be done, but who should be screened, how often they should be screened,
      and how to obtain the best sample for the screen. This section highlights these
      issues, emphasizing the role of the primary care provider in cervical cancer
      control.

PMID- 2649900
TI  - Prevention of colon cancer in primary care practice.
AB  - Colorectal cancer is a common disease with a high mortality rate. Surgical
      resection in early stages is the only effective treatment, therefore, recent
      attention is focused on diagnosing early colon cancer by screening asymptomatic
      subjects. Principles and current technology supporting early detection of
      colorectal cancer are critically evaluated. Current guidelines for screening
      average risk asymptomatic subjects and high-risk groups are discussed.

PMID- 2649901
TI  - Adult immunization.
AB  - Although often overlooked in adults, vaccination is an inexpensive, cost
      effective means of preventing serious morbidity and mortality from infectious
      diseases. Primary care physicians have a unique opportunity to implement systems
      to ensure that their patients are adequately immunized. Recommendations are
      included for eight vaccines to consider for use in adult primary care.

PMID- 2649902
TI  - Open-angle glaucoma.
AB  - Open-angle glaucoma is a common cause of blindness and visual impairment, and is
      characterized by elevated intraocular pressure, optic nerve degeneration and
      visual field loss. Risk factors include increasing age, black race, positive
      family history and diabetes. Since many high risk individuals are seen
      periodically by primary care physicians, the office or clinic is a logical site
      for screening for open angle glaucoma. Tonometry is a useful screening maneuver,
      but is little used in the primary care setting. If primary care physicians can
      acquire the necessary skills, ophthalmoscopy may be a simple, safe and
      inexpensive alternative to tonometry.

PMID- 2649903
TI  - Preventive health screening in adolescent patients.
AB  - This article describes an approach to health screening and promotion in
      adolescents. Key concepts in interviewing adolescents are presented along with
      practical suggestions for health education. Emphasis is given to psychosocial
      topics that contribute to morbidity in adolescents that is potentially
      preventable.

PMID- 2649904
TI  - Issues of aging in preventive medicine and the example of osteoporosis.
AB  - Aging introduces a unique dimension into the theory and practice of preventive
      medicine. Preserving functional status and quality of life assume particular
      importance in old age. Effective preventive care can serve these goals by
      compressing the morbidity of old age into a shorter period prior to death and by
      increasing longevity towards its biological potential. The prevalence of
      osteoporosis and many other chronic diseases increases steadily with age, as does
      the clinical significance of these conditions. The pathophysiology of
      osteoporosis, options for its early detection and treatment and the importance of
      falls as a precipitant of osteoporotic fractures among the elderly are discussed
      in detail.

PMID- 2649905
TI  - Barriers to clinical preventive medicine.
AB  - The successful integration of preventive services into the primary care setting
      requires the effective interaction of the patient, physician and health care
      delivery system. This article defines barriers to preventive service delivery
      operating at each of these levels and provides an introduction to subsequent
      articles which address their resolution.

PMID- 2649906
TI  - Information management in clinical prevention.
AB  - Good preventive care requires the management of large quantities of patient
      specific information in a logical and timely manner with careful monitoring for
      uncommon but significant clinical events. With an increase of informational
      pressures on the busy practicing physicians, they are turning to computers for
      help. This article discusses the evolution of computers in medicine, their
      current status, the rationale for their use in preventive care and their future
      roles in clinicians' offices.

PMID- 2649907
TI  - Facilitating patient participation: the doctor-patient encounter.
AB  - Our purpose in undertaking this review has been to extract from the literature
      behavioral prescriptions for physicians and strategies for prevention. We have
      demonstrated that the physician who wishes to be a successful counselor needs to
      ensure that the patient knows what to do, work toward patient commitment to
      behavior change, negotiate and tailor the specifics of the treatment, and be a
      warm, attentive interviewer who provides support to patients by attending to
      emotional responses as they arise. We have suggested ways that the encounter can
      be embedded in a functioning primary care organization where other members of the
      team are involved, and where follow-up mobilization of social support and the
      systematic application of behavioral techniques can achieve permanent behavior
      change.

PMID- 2649908
TI  - One hundred years of clinical preventive medicine in America.
AB  - The history of clinical preventive medicine has been shaped by the interactions
      of biomedical knowledge and sociopolitical forces. In the late nineteenth
      century, medical thinking shifted from the belief that diseases were caused by
      general bodily imbalances to the belief that diseases were caused by specific
      agents, and that they might be amenable to specific preventive and therapeutic
      approaches. During the twentieth century, preventive medicine moved from
      advocating a public health, community-based approach toward preventing specific
      diseases in individual patients. The establishment of preventive medicine as a
      discipline has been fostered both by recent concerns that medical care emphasizes
      cure, rather than care, and by efforts to reduce health care costs.

PMID- 2649909
TI  - Treatment and control of hypertension as preventive therapy.
AB  - Hypertension increases the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events such as
      stroke, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. Studies have shown that
      treatment of even mild hypertension can reduce the occurrence of these adverse
      cardiovascular events--particularly stroke, congestive heart failure, and
      progression to more severe hypertension. Patients with newly diagnosed
      hypertension can be treated pharmacologically with thiazide-type diuretics, beta
      blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or calcium channel blockers.
      Nonpharmacologic therapy such as weight reduction can also play an important role
      in treatment. Additional study is needed to identify optimal drug treatment
      regimens and to clarify the association between treatment of hypertension and the
      occurrence of adverse effects from ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2649910
TI  - Smoking cessation in practice.
AB  - Smokers expect health care professionals to help them stop smoking. Brief
      physician advice effectively increases cessation rates and should be given in a
      supportive and positive atmosphere emphasizing short-term benefits of cessation.
      Accurate information on withdrawal, weight gain, and nicotine gum should be
      offered, and systematic follow-up should be provided.

PMID- 2649911
TI  - Exercise and prevention of coronary heart disease.
AB  - Exercise programs can be used to improve functional capacity, lower the
      myocardial energy cost of performing work, and favorably alter one's
      cardiovascular risk profile. In addition, a large body of data support the role
      of exercise in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Standardized
      exercise programs are safe and effective for a large majority of patients.

PMID- 2649912
TI  - [The life and work of Th. von Uexkull. His work].

PMID- 2649913
TI  - Digital imaging of the chest.
AB  - During the past several years, image acquisition in nuclear medicine, computed
      tomography, ultrasonography, subtraction angiography, and magnetic resonance has
      been by digitization. Despite these advances, research in the development of
      digital imaging in conventional radiography has lagged behind. Although studies
      with a variety of digital techniques have been carried out on several fronts, we
      still do not possess a method that has captured the imagination of the majority
      of radiologists and other physicians to a point where it could replace
      conventional screen-film imaging. This article reviews the current status and
      general principles of the technology, focusing on the four digital radiographic
      techniques that have shown the greatest promise - film digitization, an image
      intensifier - based system, photostimulable phosphor plates, and a scanned
      projection system. The physical aspects of each of the four systems and the
      clinical results that have been reported to date, as well as the advantages and
      disadvantages of each system, are presented.

PMID- 2649914
TI  - Current imaging approach to the temporal bone.

PMID- 2649915
TI  - Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis with US: receiver-operating characteristic analysis
      of multidimensional caudate lobe indexes.
AB  - To assess the utility of changes in the volume of the caudate lobe in the
      sonographic diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, the authors studied 58 patients with
      histologically proved cirrhosis, 18 patients with fatty liver, 28 patients with
      liver metastases, seven patients with lymphomatous liver involvement, and 75
      healthy individuals. The longitudinal (CL), transverse (CT), and anteroposterior
      (CAP) diameters of the caudate lobe and the transverse diameter of the right lobe
      (RL) were measured, and one-, two-, and three-dimensional caudate lobe indexes
      and ratios were calculated. The analysis of the diagnostic performance of these
      criteria, compared by means of receiver-operating characteristic curves, revealed
      that the ratio of the three-dimensional caudate index (CI3) to the right lobe
      diameter (CI3/RL = [CL X CT X CAP]/RL) was superior to all other calculated
      criteria. At a specificity of 95%, the sensitivity of CI3/RL was 94.7%, compared
      with 73.3% for CT/RL. No significant differences were found between the control
      group and patients with fatty liver, metastases, or lymphomatous involvement. The
      study suggests that CI3/RL is the most reliable quantitative criterion for the US
      diagnosis of liver cirrhosis.

PMID- 2649916
TI  - Biliary lithotripsy: early observations in 106 patients. Work in progress.
AB  - One hundred six patients underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for
      cholelithiasis. Of these, 28 patients underwent cholangiographically guided
      lithotripsy for bile duct stones to assist nonoperative stone removal by
      endoscopic or radiologic intervention. Fragmentation occurred in 20 of 28 cases
      (71%) with an average of two lithotripsy sessions. Hemobilia was observed in four
      patients (14%) for a 24-hour period. Seventy-eight of the 106 were outpatients
      with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis with one to five calculi who underwent
      cholecystographic or ultrasound-(US) guided shock wave lithotripsy as definitive
      therapy. US examination showed stone fragmentation in 86% of cases. With an
      average of 1.6 treatment sessions and 4,750 shocks, fragments were 4 mm or
      smaller in 46% of patients. Nine percent of patients had no fragments after an
      average of 10 weeks, but long-term follow-up is not yet available. Two patients
      developed acute pancreatitis attributable to fragment passage and one patient
      acute cholecystitis, likely due to cystic duct obstruction by a fragment.

PMID- 2649917
TI  - Invasive papillary breast carcinoma: mammographic and sonographic appearance.
AB  - A retrospective study of the records of xeromammographic examinations of 940
      patients with invasive carcinoma of the breast diagnosed during an 11-year period
      in an out-patient facility yielded four cases of invasive papillary carcinoma. In
      each of these four patients, xeromammography demonstrated multiple, round or
      oval, circumscribed areas of density in one quadrant of a breast. Sonographic
      examination of three patients showed the lesions to be solid. Two patients had
      previously had multiple benign intraductal papillomas, and one patient had had a
      solitary papilloma in the same breast. The possible association of invasive
      papillary carcinoma with previous multiple intraductal papillomas suggests that
      close clinical and radiographic monitoring of these patients may be necessary.

PMID- 2649918
TI  - Morton neuroma: sonographic evaluation.
AB  - One hundred consecutive patients with symptoms suggestive of Morton neuroma were
      examined with sonography, and 134 intermetatarsal masses were demonstrated. Forty
      five patients underwent surgical exploration, which revealed Morton neuromas. The
      typical sonographic appearance is that of an ovoid, hypoechoic mass oriented
      parallel to the long axis of the metatarsals. Most masses were between the second
      and third or third and fourth metatarsals and seemed to produce symptoms when
      reaching a diameter of 5 mm.

PMID- 2649919
TI  - Normal sonographic appearance of the fetal neck late in the first trimester: the
      pseudomembrane.
AB  - A linear specular reflection simulating a membrane was visualized along the back
      of the neck on sonograms of ten normal fetuses ranging in age from 10 to 14
      menstrual weeks. Follow-up ultrasound studies of eight of the fetuses and
      postpartum clinical examinations of all subjects were normal, revealing no
      evidence of neck abnormalities. Although this pseudomembrane is similar in
      appearance to published examples of early cystic hygroma, it is a normal finding
      that can be distinguished from early cystic hygroma on the basis of its less
      bulbous appearance and the absence of underlying septations. This structure
      corresponds in distribution to the skin along the back of the fetus and likely
      represents a specular reflection from the skin surface.

PMID- 2649920
TI  - Malignant carotid artery invasion: sonographic detection.
AB  - To assess the reliability of sonography in the detection of absence of invasion
      of the carotid artery by tumor, high-resolution ultrasound, surgical, and
      pathologic findings were prospectively evaluated in 24 patients with disease
      metastatic to the neck. Sonography performed with 5- and 10-MHz transducers had a
      sensitivity of 100% for the demonstration of absence of carotid invasion.
      Stringent criteria were used to eliminate false-negative studies. There were only
      five false-positive studies, for a positive predictive rate of 44.4%. Specific
      criteria for diagnosis of carotid invasion included visualization of an obvious
      break in the carotid wall with an offset in two planes and sonographic
      demonstration of gross tumor within the lumen. False-positive interpretations are
      more likely if there is inability to image the vessel at a perpendicular
      interface, if the abnormality cannot be seen in two planes, or if the neoplastic
      mass adjacent to the carotid considerably attenuates the acoustic beam.

PMID- 2649921
TI  - Primary thyroid lymphoma: comparison of CT and US assessment.
AB  - Sixteen patients with primary thyroid lymphoma were studied with computed
      tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US), and findings were compared. In 13 of 16
      patients, detection of the primary tumor with US and CT were comparable. US was
      superior in one case, and CT in another. One tumor was not detected with either
      technique. Thyroid lymphomas appeared as extremely hypoechoic masses intermingled
      with echogenic structures. Although echogenicity of unaffected thyroid tissue was
      also low because of coexisting Hashimoto thyroiditis, thyroid lymphomas were
      relatively well differentiated as markedly hypoechoic areas. Five tumors showed
      contiguous spread into both thyroid lobes. US and CT were equally sensitive in
      detection of superficial lymphomatous nodes (seven of 16 cases). CT was superior
      to US in the definition of tumor extent in two patients with intrathoracic tumor
      extension and in one with laryngeal invasion. In patients with suspected thyroid
      lymphoma, CT should be the primary radiologic technique used for diagnosis and
      staging; US will be useful in local follow-up.

PMID- 2649922
TI  - Hypermedia techniques for diagnostic imaging instruction: videodisk
      echocardiography encyclopedia.
AB  - Because of the visual complexity of medical images and the intensive tutorial
      experience required to develop image recognition expertise, professional training
      programs have concentrated on educating limited numbers of experts. Videodisk and
      CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory) image storage media now make it possible
      for a microcomputer workstation to provide a learning environment substantially
      equivalent to that of conventional time-consuming tutorial methods. A
      demonstration hypermedia program on echocardiography was constructed that
      provides a user-controlled learning environment with instant access to 54,000
      video frames encompassing 1,200 clinical items. The instructional module is
      controlled by a microcomputer, which provides electronic linkage to relevant
      graphics, animations, text, categorized data bases, and digitized sound. The
      system has been successfully used in a residency program as the primary
      instructional tool for achieving an intermediate level of clinical expertise.
      Hypermedia offer substantial advantages over conventional books as a clinical
      reference source.

PMID- 2649923
TI  - Deep veins of the calf: assessment with color Doppler flow imaging.
AB  - The authors studied the ability of real-time ultrasound aided by color Doppler
      flow imaging to demonstrate the deep veins of the calf in ten healthy subjects
      and 49 patients (91 limbs) with suspected deep venous thrombosis. Posterior
      tibial and peroneal veins demonstrated flow accentuation in 98% (74 of 75) and
      96% (72 of 75), respectively, of the limbs without thrombosis and in all 20
      normal limbs. Sixteen legs were involved with deep venous thrombosis. Peroneal
      veins could not be seen in three legs with marked calf swelling due to proximal
      thrombosis. There were two cases of thrombosis limited to the calf, nine of
      popliteal thrombosis (seven with contiguous spread of thrombus), and five of
      thrombosis limited to above the knee (four with sparing of the deep veins of the
      calf). Visualization of anterior tibial veins, achieved in 65% of all legs, did
      not correlate with thrombosis. The authors conclude that color Doppler flow
      imaging can demonstrate patency of posterior tibial and peroneal veins in most
      patients without deep venous thrombosis and aid in detection of below-the-knee
      thrombosis.

PMID- 2649924
TI  - Human abdominal aorta: comparative measurements of blood flow with MR imaging and
      multigated Doppler US.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has proved to be a new alternative method for the
      noninvasive detection and quantification of blood flow in human vessels. By means
      of standard gradient echo sequences triggered with electrocardiography on a 1.5-T
      whole-body imaging system, the authors measured the flow-induced phase shift in
      the abdominal aorta of healthy volunteers. The instantaneous two-dimensional
      velocity profiles and the integrated flow rate were determined in intervals down
      to 21 msec throughout the cardiac cycle. The results were validated by means of
      comparative measurements with a multigated Doppler ultrasound instrument. The
      velocity values acquired with this instrument in one spatial dimension in the
      anteroposterior direction of the abdominal aorta agreed to a great extent with
      the temporal and spatial corresponding values recorded with MR imaging. The same
      high correlation between the two methods was found for the calculated
      instantaneous total blood flow.

PMID- 2649925
TI  - Duplex Doppler US of the kidney: differentiation of obstructive from
      nonobstructive dilatation.
AB  - Distinction of the obstructed from the nonobstructed dilated renal collecting
      system is a difficult problem often requiring interventional procedures and
      pressure measurements. The authors prospectively performed duplex Doppler
      ultrasound (US) evaluations in 21 kidneys (obstructed, n = 14; nonobstructed, n =
      7) immediately before percutaneous nephrostomy. In addition, ten of the
      obstructed kidneys were evaluated with follow-up Doppler US after percutaneous
      nephrostomy. Renal obstruction caused a change in the Doppler waveform detected
      by means of the resistive index (RI). Thirteen of the 14 obstructed kidneys had a
      RI value greater than .70, while none of the nonobstructed kidneys had a RI value
      exceeding .70. Relief of the obstruction resulted in a reduced RI; in nine of ten
      kidneys, the RI was less than or equal to .70 (similar to that of the
      nonobstructed kidneys). When a dilated collecting system is being imaged,
      additional evaluation with duplex Doppler US may help distinguish obstructed from
      nonobstructed dilatation, which may be of particular benefit in patients with
      conditions that usually predispose them to collecting system dilatation.

PMID- 2649926
TI  - Grade I hydronephrosis: pulsed Doppler US evaluation.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine whether the presence of blood vessels
      could mimic the appearance of grade I hydronephrosis on sonograms and thus cause
      false-positive readings. One hundred consecutive patients with grade I
      hydronephrosis were examined. Sample volumes were obtained with pulsed Doppler
      ultrasonography (US) at the site of the greatest separation of the central renal
      sinus echoes to determine if the separation was fluid accumulating in the
      collecting system, as in obstruction, or if the separation was actually caused by
      vessels that mimic hydronephrosis. Vascular structures accounted for the
      separation of the sinus echoes in 43% of patients. In patients 12 years of age or
      younger, this frequency rose to 61%. The simple procedure of evaluating the renal
      sinus echo separation with pulsed Doppler US should decrease the frequency of
      false-positive diagnoses of hydronephrosis and thus diminish the need for further
      confirmatory testing.

PMID- 2649927
TI  - Palpable prostatic nodules: comparison of US and digital guidance for fine-needle
      aspiration biopsy.
AB  - This study was undertaken to evaluate the use of transrectal sonographically
      guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and to compare sonographic with digital
      guidance for biopsy. In 62 patients in whom prostatic carcinoma was suspected at
      digital rectal examination, fine-needle aspiration biopsies were performed
      transperineally under sonographic guidance and transrectally under digital
      guidance. These patients had 89 nodules, 73 of which were sampled with both
      techniques. Malignant cells were obtained under digital guidance in 17 of 73
      nodules (23%) and under sonographic guidance in 16 (22%). An additional seven
      nodules, which were not seen sonographically, were sampled under digital guidance
      and proved to be negative. In nine other nodules that were nonpalpable and
      evident only with sonography, malignant cells were obtained under sonographic
      guidance in three. These findings indicate that sonographic guidance for fine
      needle aspiration biopsy is as good as digital guidance for palpable lesions.

PMID- 2649928
TI  - Breast skin calcifications: localization with a stereotactic device.
AB  - Calcifications that lie within the skin of the breast may be mistakenly thought
      to be intraparenchymal on mammograms if they are projected over breast tissue in
      two views. A simple, reliable technique was developed to determine calcification
      location. It uses a commercially available stereotactic localization device and
      has been used successfully in six patients.

PMID- 2649929
TI  - Amniocentesis needle with improved sonographic visibility.
AB  - A new amniocentesis needle was developed to be more clearly depicted during
      sonographic monitoring. Side holes in the aspiration cannula are designed to
      reduce the number of "dry" taps. The diameter of each side port approaches the
      wavelength of a standard 3.5-MHz beam, making the needle shaft more easily imaged
      with real-time ultrasound. The spherical wavefront of isotropic diffraction is
      clearly seen, even outside the transducer focal plane.

PMID- 2649930
TI  - Stress-coping strategies identified from school age children's perspective.
AB  - School age children, 8 to 12 years old (N = 103), reported on the strategies they
      use to help them deal with stressors. Individual questionnaires contained 518
      coping strategies that were sorted into 13 categories inductively derived from
      the content of the behaviors. Girls named significantly more social support and
      emotional behaviors than boys, while boys named significantly more physical
      exercise activities than girls. Examination of the data by age revealed
      significant differences in the frequency with which all categories of strategies
      were used except for aggressive motor and spiritual activities. The data also
      revealed particular strategies that were used in different stages of the coping
      process, and strategies that the children perceived to be helpful versus not
      helpful to them.

PMID- 2649931
TI  - [Meniscal injuries of the knee: arthrographic and echographic study].
AB  - In order to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of sonography (US) in meniscal
      lesions of the knee, 65 unquestionable cases of meniscopathy at arthrography were
      studied with high-resolution US. In 92% of the cases, inhomogeneous echo
      structure was demonstrated in correspondence with pathological meniscus, with
      irregular hyperechoic areas and, in some cases, with hyperechoic lines
      corresponding to the tear. 40% of patients presented with tumefaction and
      external bulging of the parameniscal region, while in 87% of the cases the
      articular capsule was thickened. These results confirm that, as reported by some
      authors, US is a promising method for the study of meniscopathies. We therefore
      believe that US could nowadays be at least employed as a complement to clinical
      examination, while its diagnostic capabilities are further assessed through other
      studies.

PMID- 2649932
TI  - [Renal parenchymal neoplasm as a chance finding during hepatobiliary echography].
AB  - Renal cell carcinomas are often diagnosed as incidental findings during abdominal
      US or CT carried out for extra-urological reasons. In order to ascertain the
      incidence of renal carcinoma two groups of patients were considered: a) 2400
      outpatients who had undergone hepato-biliary US for routine screening; b) 1330
      inpatients who had undergone US, for non-urological purposes, which had been
      systematically extended to the kidneys. Two cases of renal cell carcinoma (PT1)
      were found in group A. Four cases were found in group B--2 of them were stage
      PT1, and 2 were PT3. These results show how a certain number of unsuspected and
      early-stage renal cell carcinomas can be diagnosed by US, even when the
      examination is not intended as a renal study. On the basis of the above
      observations, we suggest that US be performed in all upper abdomen examinations.
      At any rate, right kidney US seems to us mandatory when hepatobiliary US is
      performed.

PMID- 2649933
TI  - [The impact of echo-guided percutaneous biopsy in the diagnosis of focal hepatic
      lesions].
AB  - In order to assess the clinical efficacy of percutaneous echo-guided biopsy
      (PBE), the authors evaluated its contribution to the diagnostic work-up and
      therapy selection in 165 cases of confirmed focal hepatic lesions. The cases were
      studied prospectively using a survey form. PBE yielded a significant contribution
      to the diagnosis in 79.4% of the cases. It was of substantial or conclusive value
      to therapeutic selection in 65% of the cases. Moreover, PBE allowed a high number
      of diagnoses which were unsuspected considering the previous standard clinical
      and instrumental work-ups. The clinical usefulness of PBE in focal hepatic lesion
      diagnoses is stressed. Its use saves time in the diagnostic management with
      considerable cost saving.

PMID- 2649934
TI  - [Echo-guided renal biopsy in patients with a medical nephropathy].
AB  - Ninety-five percutaneous renal biopsies under ultrasound guidance were performed
      on 89 patients with nephrologic diseases. Accurate diagnosis was reached in 93%
      of cases at the first biopsy, and the figure increased to 100% after a second
      biopsy. The use of 18 and 16 gauge needles allowed correct histological diagnosis
      in 95% of patients, and satisfactory histology in the extant 5%. US guidance and
      the use of 18 and 16 gauge needles reduced the complications related to renal
      biopsy: in fact, severe hematuria occurred in 2 cases only.

PMID- 2649935
TI  - [Echography in renal parenchymal tumors in the adult].

PMID- 2649936
TI  - [Simple or orthotopic ureterocele. Echographic study of an unusual case].

PMID- 2649937
TI  - [Cysts of the seminal vesicles associated with homolateral renal agenesis.
      Echotomographic verification].

PMID- 2649938
TI  - [Hemorrhagic lymph node metastasis from testicular carcinoma. The echo-CT-MR
      correlations].

PMID- 2649939
TI  - [A case of hydrometrocolpos observed prenatally by echography].

PMID- 2649940
TI  - [Malignant hemangioendothelioma. The CT and ultrasonographic aspects of a case
      located retroperitoneally].

PMID- 2649941
TI  - [Medullary sponge kidney in childhood: the diagnostic contribution of
      echography].

PMID- 2649942
TI  - [Systemic hemodynamic imbalance in liver cirrhosis].

PMID- 2649943
TI  - [Osteochondroplastic tracheopathy. Diagnostic confirmation. Experience with 8
      cases].
AB  - We report our experience in 8 patients with osteochondroplastic tracheopathy and
      consider the importance of its diagnosis y biopsy in order to confirm histology
      and if possible etiology, because specific treatment could change the course of
      the disease. Methods such as radiology, CT-scan, respiratory function tests only
      give diagnostic suspicion, which is a previous step before confirmation by
      bronchoscopy with biopsy. To date, with the exception of a few cases, the
      diagnosis is made by necropsy. Thus, this justifies our emphasis in the diagnosis
      of this rare disease when it is suspected in living patients.

PMID- 2649944
TI  - [Disaster medicine].
AB  - The authors have reviewed the concept of catastrophe from the health care stand
      point as well as, that concerning medicine in catastrophies. The basic outlines
      for planning adequate health care when a massive number of victims have to be
      attended are pointed-out as well as, the prevention means for possible flare ups
      of transmissible diseases.

PMID- 2649945
TI  - [Algorithms and medicine].

PMID- 2649946
TI  - [Infections in geriatrics].

PMID- 2649947
TI  - [Intraluminal gastrointestinal lesion in a patient after previous abdominal
      surgery].

PMID- 2649948
TI  - [Analysis of adenosine deaminase and its subfractions as a diagnostic parameter
      in tuberculous pleural effusion].
AB  - In this paper we present the results of a study about the diagnostic utility of
      Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) determination for diagnosing the tuberculous pleural
      effusion. We carried out this study in 71 patients who came to our Hospital and
      were diagnosed for pleural effusion. The ADA determination was made in sera and
      pleural effusion of all these patients. Also we determined how much of this ADA
      activity was linked to microsomes or not (soluble ADA), by ultracentrifugation as
      a separative method. Taking as a base the data obtained and using 43 U/l as
      cutoff point, the Diagnostic Sensitivity of ADA determined in pleural liquid
      calculated was 1. This means that all patients with tuberculous pleural effusions
      had ADA activities higher than 43 U/l in their pleural liquid. On the other hand,
      Diagnostic Specificity was of 0.83. This was due to the existence of 10 false
      positives: 2 malignancies, 3 empyemas, 1 postpneumonia, 1 secondary to
      thromboembolic pulmonary disease, 1 secondary to rheumatoid arthritis and 2 of
      unknown origin. Results obtained show the utility, with some limitations, of ADA
      determination in pleural liquid in order to diagnose tuberculous pleural
      effusions. Neither ADA determination in sera nor quantity of ADA linked to
      microsomes or solubles ADA in pleural liquid seem to have great clinical
      interest.

PMID- 2649949
TI  - Relative importance of Salmonella-specific antibody isotypes in phagocytosis of
      Salmonella typhimurium by ovine mammary neutrophils.
AB  - The comparative opsonic efficiency of ovine salmonella-specific antibody isotypes
      was determined by measurement of specific phagocytic uptake of opsonised virulent
      Salmonella typhimurium by ovine mammary neutrophils. An in vitro phagocytosis
      assay revealed that IgM was superior to IgG2 in promoting the phagocytosis of
      opsonised virulent organisms. IgG1, on the other hand, was non-opsonic.
      Superiority of the IgM isotype over IgG2 as an opsonin was also evident in
      studies on the viability of opsonised S typhimurium upon phagocytosis. It was
      revealed that the percentage of organisms killed was appreciably greater when
      opsonisation was carried out with the IgM than with the IgG2 isotype, although
      after ingestion by neutrophils there was essentially no difference in the
      efficiency with which the ingested organisms were killed.

PMID- 2649950
TI  - Experimental infections of goats with Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides, LC
      type.
AB  - In five experiments 29 goats were infected experimentally by five different
      routes with a strain of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides, LC type,
      isolated from a contagious caprine pleuropneumonia-like outbreak on a farm in
      northern Sweden. All the goats were colonised except those inoculated
      subcutaneously with small doses. In its pattern of pathogenicity this strain was
      similar to other experimentally tested strains except that peroral infection in
      kids produced no clinical signs. A 'contact' goat was also colonised but the
      clinical signs seen in it were probably due to a concomitant infection with
      Pasteurella haemolytica.

PMID- 2649951
TI  - Pathological changes following implantation of intramammary devices (IMD) and
      immunological mediator release by cells on recovered IMDs.
AB  - Implantation of abraded polyethylene intramammary devices (IMD) for six months in
      the mammary glands of cows resulted in macroscopic and microscopic pathological
      changes in udder tissue. These changes were characterised by hyperplasia and
      metaplasia of the epithelial cells and hypertrophy of the subepithelial
      connective tissue examined by light and electron microscopy (EM). Quarters
      containing IMDs also had increased numbers of neutrophils and macrophages in the
      subepithelial stroma compared with control quarters. IMDs recovered six months
      after implantation were shown by transmission and scanning EM to be covered with
      plaque and cells. These cells were mainly macrophages, although other leucocytes
      were also present. In vitro culture of recovered IMDs in the presence of
      lipopolysaccharide resulted in the release of neutrophil chemotactic factor, or
      factors, and interleukin-1. Some quarters with IMDs also had concurrent
      infections at the time of slaughter. In these cases both the pathological changes
      seen in the tissues and the release of soluble mediators following in vitro
      culture of the IMDs were significantly increased compared with sterile quarters
      containing IMD.

PMID- 2649952
TI  - Sensitivity of Fisher's exact test to minor perturbations in 2 x 2 contingency
      tables.

PMID- 2649953
TI  - [The treatment of aortic dissection in 1988. When should surgery be used?].

PMID- 2649954
TI  - [Double-blind randomized multicenter study with tenoxicam, piroxicam and
      diclofenac sodium retard in the treatment of ambulatory patients with arthroses
      and soft tissue rheumatism].
AB  - In a randomized, double-blind comparative study involving a total of 1630
      outpatients, tenoxicam, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug belonging to
      the oxicam group, piroxicam and diclofenac retard were tested for their efficacy
      und tolerability in the treatment of osteoarthritis and extra-articular
      rheumatism. Single doses of 20 mg tenoxicam, 20 mg piroxicam or 100 mg diclofenac
      sodium retard were administered daily. Tenoxicam was found to be as effective as
      piroxicam and diclofenac-sodium retard in treating degenerative and extra
      articular rheumatic disorders of the musculoskeletal system. When baseline values
      were compared with values obtained at all subsequent examinations, all evaluation
      parameters for all three substances showed improvement. In analyses of frequency,
      degree of severity and type of undesired effects tenoxicam proved to be superior
      to the reference drugs. This was particularly evident from an improved GI and CNS
      tolerance and a lower rate of withdrawal from treatment. Tenoxicam has a
      favourable risk-benefit ratio and can be recommended for the treatment of chronic
      pain due to inflammation resulting from degenerative and extra-articular
      rheumatic disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

PMID- 2649955
TI  - Polymicrobial bacteremia: clinical and microbiologic patterns.
AB  - Between 1971 and 1987, 97 patients with polymicrobial bacteremia (PMB) were seen
      by a consulting infectious disease service. Seventy-four had severe underlying
      illnesses, and infection was hospital acquired in 80. PMB resulted from
      intraabdominal, urinary tract, or soft tissue infection in 45 patients, but a
      wide range of sources were implicated in the rest. Eleven patients had more than
      one source for the bacteremia, and, despite intensive diagnostic efforts, 24 had
      no identifiable source for at least one blood isolate. Bacteremia due to gram
      negative bacilli most commonly occurred in intraabdominal, urinary tract, and
      wound infections; Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species were most frequently
      isolated. Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant
      gram-positive isolates. Certain bacterial combinations seemed to provide a clue
      for predicting the source of PMB: for example, S. aureus together with gram
      negative facultative rods usually arose from a skin or soft tissue source,
      whereas S. faecalis together with a gram-negative bacillus could often be traced
      to an intraabdominal infection. No unique clinical features appeared to predict
      the occurrence of bacteremia due to multiple rather than to a single organism.
      The mortality in patients was 21%, lower than has previously been described in
      PMB but similar to that reported for bacteremia due to a single organism.

PMID- 2649956
TI  - Spirochete-like organisms in the human gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Spirochete-like organisms were first detected in human feces in 1884. In the
      century since that observation an appreciable amount of epidemiologic and
      morphologic information has been published; nevertheless, it is not known how
      many species of cultivable human intestinal spirochetes exist, nor is the role of
      these organisms in health and disease known. Recent advances in microbiologic
      techniques, coupled with the recognition that the rate of carriage of such
      spirochetes in certain populations is approximately 30%-40%, should provide the
      impetus for careful scientific study of these organisms and of their importance
      if any-to human health.

PMID- 2649957
TI  - Liver abscess caused by Streptococcus milleri.
AB  - There is now convincing evidence that Streptococcus milleri is an important cause
      of pyogenic liver abscesses. The clinical course is no different from that of
      pyogenic infections of the liver arising from other causes. A positive blood
      culture should alert the clinician to the possibility of hepatic suppuration.
      Treatment consists of drainage by laparotomy or percutaneous aspiration combined
      with approximately 6 weeks of penicillin administration. Patients with liver
      abscesses who receive metronidazole may not respond if S. milleri is the
      infecting organism.

PMID- 2649958
TI  - Human microsporidiosis and AIDS.
AB  - Several protozoan parasites of the phylum Microspora, previously only rarely
      recognized in humans, are being detected with increasing frequency in patients
      with AIDS. These protozoa are small obligate intracellular parasites of the
      intestine, liver, muscles, cornea, and several other tissues. They are difficult
      to detect because they stain poorly, often evoke little or no tissue response,
      and require electron-microscopic methods for classification. Although there are
      no human isolates, serologic evidence in humans (using an animal pathogen
      [Encephalitozoon cuniculi] as the antigen) suggests that clinically silent
      infections may occur in humans, as they do in mice, rabbits, dogs, foxes,
      squirrel monkeys, and birds. Experiments in mice suggest that patients with
      impaired T cell functions may be vulnerable to clinical disease caused by these
      parasites. There is no known treatment.

PMID- 2649959
TI  - Antimicrobial drugs, microorganisms, and phagocytes.
AB  - The literature on the interaction between antimicrobial drugs, microorganisms,
      and phagocytes is reviewed. Critical assessment of the methods used in various
      studies is indispensable in the interpretation of results. The available data
      seldom permit firm conclusions, but a number of interactions can be postulated.
      Chemotaxis is influenced by beta-lactam antibiotics, which induce an increased
      release of chemoattractants from bacteria; inhibitors of protein synthesis
      (erythromycin, tetracyclines) reduce the release of chemoattractants. Rifampin
      and tetracyclines inhibit chemotactic activity of granulocytes. Phagocytosis is
      diminished by tetracyclines and bacitracin. Intracellular killing is impaired by
      trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit protein
      synthesis alter the surface of bacteria, changing the opsonic requirements for
      phagocytosis. Antimicrobial agents that act on the cell wall or disrupt the
      organization of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria increase bacterial
      vulnerability to the lethal action of granulocytes. Cellular enzymes of
      granulocytes act synergistically with a variety of drugs. Synergism between
      monocytes and penicillins has also been shown. The degree of penetration of an
      antimicrobial drug into phagocytic cells is not correlated with the intracellular
      activity of the drug. Polymyxin B, colistin, rifampin, vancomycin, clindamycin,
      and quinolones kill bacteria phagocytosed by granulocytes. Penicillins, rifampin,
      and chloramphenicol show microbicidal activity against bacteria ingested by
      monocytes or macrophages.

PMID- 2649960
TI  - Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in rape victims.
AB  - Rape is a violent crime that is increasing rapidly in incidence. Victims can
      include male and female adults and children. These victims may be at risk for the
      acquisition of many sexually transmitted conditions. The risk will vary with the
      sex and socioeconomic status of the assailant as well as with the nature of the
      sexual contact. Infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis,
      Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, and Treponema
      pallidum have all been found to occur following sexual assault of female adults
      or children. Although data are lacking, male victims of homosexual rape are
      presumably at risk for the acquisition of the above infections as well as
      hepatitis B, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and other infections
      prevalent among homosexual men. All victims of sexual assault should undergo a
      comprehensive physical examination with a complete history. Baseline and follow
      up laboratory tests should be performed. In some instances, prophylactic
      administration of antimicrobial agents may be warranted.

PMID- 2649961
TI  - Epidemiology of pertussis.
AB  - The epidemiology of pertussis may be approximately represented by an equation
      that relates the rate of increase in incidence of pertussis to the contagiousness
      of pertussis, the number of contacts per case, and the proportion of the
      population susceptible. By use of this equation it is possible to estimate the
      proportion of the population that is susceptible to pertussis at any stage of a
      pertussis epidemic. Data from pertussis epidemics in England and Wales in the
      last 10 years suggest that the level of immunity to pertussis has fluctuated
      between 92% and 94% of the total population. During this period pertussis vaccine
      uptake in England and Wales has risen from a low of 30% to the present level of
      approximately 80%. Comparison with other countries suggests that a further
      increase in vaccine uptake to levels above 90% would reduce pertussis incidence
      to less than one-tenth of its present level. These aspects of pertussis
      epidemiology are likely to be of relevance in the planning and interpretation of
      future pertussis vaccine trials, such as are expected to start in England
      shortly.

PMID- 2649962
TI  - Aspergillus endocarditis in patients without prior cardiovascular surgery: report
      of a case in a liver transplant recipient and review.
AB  - Aspergillus flavus mural endocarditis was diagnosed after death in a 19-year-old
      man who had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation 4 months before death. His
      course was complicated by severe acute graft rejection, which required additional
      transplants 2 and 4 months, respectively, after the first. Review of the medical
      literature documented an additional 28 cases of aspergillus endocarditis in
      patients without prior cardiac surgery. The majority of the patients were
      immunosuppressed. The most common presenting feature was fever, and embolic
      phenomena occurred in half of the patients during illness. No blood cultures
      yielded Aspergillus species. Laboratory findings were nonspecific. The diagnosis
      was made before death in only seven cases. It was based on histologic examination
      of either embolectomy tissue (four patients) or skin biopsy tissue (one patient)
      and on echocardiographic demonstration of vegetations (two patients).
      Echocardiography failed to show vegetations in five of nine cases tested. Two
      patients survived. Aspergillus endocarditis should be considered in an
      immunocompromised host who presents with fever and embolic phenomena, with or
      without a cardiac murmur, and whose blood cultures are sterile.

PMID- 2649963
TI  - Role of ceftriaxone in sexually transmitted diseases.
AB  - Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial and
      pharmacokinetic characteristics that make it an excellent choice for the
      treatment of gonococcal infection and chancroid. Adverse effects are unusual.
      Clinical efficacy in all reported studies has been excellent. Additional studies
      are required for further elucidation of the role of ceftriaxone in the treatment
      of pelvic inflammatory disease and syphilis. Chlamydial infections are not
      altered by ceftriaxone, and additional treatment is necessary if Chlamydia is
      present concurrently with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

PMID- 2649964
TI  - Diagnostic value of serum antibody and antigen detection in heroin addicts with
      systemic candidiasis.
AB  - The diagnostic value of antibody detection by indirect hemagglutination (IHA),
      indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and of
      Candida albicans mannan antigen detection by latex agglutination was studied in
      36 cases of systemic candidiasis in heroin addicts. The IHA and IFA techniques
      were highly sensitive (97% and 91%, respectively), but their specificity was low
      (60% and 50%). When a titer of greater than or equal to 1:2,560 was used as a
      criterion for IHA positivity, the specificity of the test rose to 87%, with
      sensitivity at 75%. CIE had a high degree of specificity (96%) but a low degree
      of sensitivity (58%). A good correlation was found between clinical evolution of
      infection and serologic data. Two of 12 patients who could be followed for 9-16
      months had a rise in antibody titer detected either by IFA or by IHA and CIE.
      These two patients had a persistent chondrocostal tumor and C. albicans
      endocarditis, respectively. All of the other patients, who were cured, had a
      decrease in titer detected by IHA and IFA and had negative CIE results at the end
      of follow-up. Serum mannan antigen was not found in any case. The detection of
      antibody to C. albicans may be useful for diagnosis and follow-up of such
      patients.

PMID- 2649965
TI  - Lemierre's disease: postanginal bacteremia and pulmonary involvement caused by
      Fusobacterium necrophorum.
AB  - The combination of acute pharyngotonsillitis, neck pain, fever, and pulmonary
      septic emboli caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum in a healthy young person is
      extremely rare. The entity was described by Lemierre in 1936 as a typical
      syndrome easy to recognize and diagnose exclusively on clinical grounds. A case
      of Lemierre's disease is reported, and 10 other cases found in the medical
      literature are reviewed.

PMID- 2649966
TI  - Meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b resistant to ampicillin and
      chloramphenicol.
AB  - Invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) resistant to
      chloramphenicol and ampicillin is rare in the United States. Review of the
      literature reveals that all previously reported cases occurred in children with
      meningitis. These children were treated initially with ampicillin and
      chloramphenicol and had complicated courses characterized by delayed
      sterilization of the cerebrospinal fluid. The present report describes an infant
      who developed meningitis due to ampicillin- and chloramphenicol-resistant Hib.
      The patient received cefotaxime from the onset of therapy and had an
      uncomplicated course. The presence of Hib strains resistant to chloramphenicol
      and ampicillin should be considered in patients with meningitis due to Hib who
      respond poorly to treatment with these two drugs. Furthermore, the in vitro
      susceptibility of all Hib isolates to chloramphenicol (as well as to other
      antimicrobial agents) should be evaluated routinely. If the incidence of such
      resistant organisms increases, a change will be warranted in the commonly
      recommended combination of ampicillin and chloramphenicol as empiric therapy for
      bacterial meningitis in pediatric patients.

PMID- 2649967
TI  - Cure of bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination abscesses with erythromycin.
AB  - Postvaccination subcutaneous abscess due to bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is an
      uncommon complication and is especially rare in the United States, where the
      general population is not vaccinated with BCG. This type of abscess is usually
      chronic, and optimal therapy has not been defined. Two Americans, a husband and
      wife, underwent primary BCG vaccination abroad and developed chronic subcutaneous
      abscesses at the primary inoculation site. Four months after vaccination,
      Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG was cultured from material aspirated from both
      lesions. Direct susceptibility studies revealed a minimal inhibitory
      concentration of less than 3.0 micrograms of erythromycin/mL for both isolates.
      Erythromycin was given orally to the husband and wife for 3 and 4 weeks,
      respectively, during which time complete healing occurred in both cases.

PMID- 2649968
TI  - The intestinal bacteria of the neonate and breast-fed infant. 1885.

PMID- 2649969
TI  - [HMG CoA reductase inhibitors: a new class of hypocholesterolemic agents].

PMID- 2649970
TI  - [Recurrent oxalocalcium lithiasis. 2: Risk factors and prevention of recurrence
      of calcium urinary lithiasis].

PMID- 2649971
TI  - [Determinants of feeding behavior].
AB  - Food intake is the homoeostatic behaviour through which all beings regulate their
      energy balance. Short-term control is exerted by the brain at each meal,
      according to the nutritional requirements. The purpose of this control is to
      ensure long-term regulation of the energy (or adipose) mass reserve which is the
      principal determinant of bodyweight. After 75 years of investigation, it now
      appears that the systemic stimulus which initiates food intake probably is a fall
      in the capacity of cells to produce energy (and therefore power) and that this
      parameter is most likely to be measured by hypothalamic receptors. The
      discontinuation of food ingestion behaviour always takes long before the
      nutriments ingested have been absorbed and have been able to correct the hunger
      signal. This means that it has its own inhibitory mechanisms the starting point
      of which is the various sensitivities aroused by food intake and by nutriments
      before they reach the milieu interne, viz.: the oronaso-pharyngeal analyser
      system, the gastric stretch receptors and the intestinal or portal-hepatic
      chemoreceptors. Their activation rests on conditioning processes or on reflex
      processes one of the effects of which is to induce a change in the affective
      component associated with food stimuli. It is through these mechanisms that
      hedonic factors are integrated in the control of food intake. In terms of
      neurophysiology, it is certain that the main role is played by the ventro-medial
      and lateral nuclei of the thalamus, although these nuclei should no longer be
      regarded as centres of hunger or satiety but as integrating areas acting
      synergistically with many other cerebral structures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2649972
TI  - [Pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with chronic respiratory
      insufficiency].

PMID- 2649973
TI  - [Destructive arthropathies].
AB  - Destructive arthropathy occurs not only in septic arthritis and inflammatory
      rheumatism but also in osteo-arthrosis. The destruction may be slowly progressive
      or conversely very fast. Old age, female sex and local overload are contributing
      factors. There is no clear-cut evidence that the articular chondrocalcinosis and
      apatite deposits are associated with destructive arthropathy. Enzymatic release
      due to the phagocytosis of the microcrystals could be one of the causes of the
      destruction. There is no clear-cut evidence that the clinical use of
      intracorticosteroids or of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is reasonable
      for destructive arthropathy.

PMID- 2649974
TI  - Microbial aspects of frequent intake of products with high sugar concentrations.
AB  - The Vipeholm Study showed that a frequent intake of products with high sugar
      concentrations increases caries activity. This effect of sugar was explained by
      the acid production of bacteria on the teeth. In the following 40 yr many
      microbial characteristics have been described, which are important in the
      pathogenesis of dental caries. This contribution focuses on one characteristic of
      the cariogenic bacteria; their acidurance. Compared to other oral bacteria the
      cariogenic lactobacilli and mutans streptococci have enzymes with greater
      resistance to acid, and greater capacities of the cells to extrude protons from
      the cytoplasm. The most important enzyme for the extrusion of protons is a
      membrane-bound proton-translocating ATPase. This enzyme is found in higher
      amounts and is working at lower pH in the cariogenic bacteria. Another important
      characteristic of the cariogenic bacteria is their production of lactic acid when
      they are exposed to high concentrations of sugar. Lactic acid has a pK of 3.8,
      while other carboxylic acids have a pK of 4.8. The bacterial cell membrane is
      permeable to undissociated carboxylic acids. These undissociated acids act as
      carriers to bring protons back into the cytoplasm. Bacteria with lactic acid as
      fermentation product have therefore the possibility to grow and produce acids at
      one pH unit lower than bacteria with, for example, acetic, propionic, or butyric
      acid as fermentation product.

PMID- 2649975
TI  - Distribution of mutans streptococci in populations with different levels of sugar
      consumption.
AB  - The observations in the Vipeholm Study regarding sugar consumption and oral
      lactobacillus counts were reviewed in relation to recent data on the epidemiology
      of mutans streptococci. The mutans streptococci were not present in higher counts
      in a population with high level of sugar consumption compared to two populations
      with a low level. As expected, differences were found in the caries prevalence
      between the different populations. An association between bacterial count and
      dental caries status could be demonstrated at the low level of sugar consumption
      and caries prevalence. Strains of mutans streptococci isolated in a population
      with extremely low caries prevalence were shown to be cariogenic in the hamster
      model. It is apparent that the observations made in the Vipeholm Study and the
      present finding have similarities, although different bacteria are studied. It
      was concluded that the difference in diet between the populations or groups were
      not sufficient to affect the counts of lactobacilli or mutans streptococci, but
      may have been sufficient to create the differences in caries prevalence.

PMID- 2649976
TI  - After the myocardial infarction. A medical and psychological study with special
      emphasis on perceived illness.
AB  - Each year, more than 10,000 persons are admitted to Norwegian hospitals for a
      myocardial infarction (MI). The purpose of this study was to examine the medical,
      psychological, and social consequences of a MI, with special emphasis on the role
      of cognitive factors for the readjustment and coping process. Three hundred and
      eighty-three MI-patients below 67 years of age were followed by means of self-
      administered questionnaires during hospitalization and 1-2 weeks, 6 weeks, 6
      months, and 3-5 years after the MI. In addition, a quasi- experimental evaluation
      of an in-hospital educational program was carried out. A high participation rate,
      relatively high reliability coefficients for methods developed for this study,
      and good correspondence with proxy information indicate satisfactory quality of
      data. Special attention was given to patients' cardiac health knowledge and
      expectations; two central aspects of perceived illness. Knowledge was represented
      by three scales covering basic understanding, lifestyle related aspects, and
      common misconceptions about coronary heart disease. Expectations were represented
      by four scales, pertaining to the subjective estimates of, respectively, reduced
      physical ability, autonomy, emotional control, and work capacity. Knowledge and
      expectations were only moderately correlated. Level of cardiac knowledge among
      the MI patients was primarily determined by socioeconomic status and amount of
      standardized information received during hospitalization. More negative
      expectations were strongly associated with hopelessness and a worse self-rated
      pre-MI health status. Self-assessed health was clearly reduced after the MI
      compared with pre-MI levels. About two-thirds of the patients were limited in
      their physical activities by chest pain or breathlessness. Over the 3-5 years
      follow-up period, about half of the surviving patients were readmitted to
      hospital; in more than two-thirds of the cases for heart-related reasons. Almost
      one third had a major recurrence, either death (17%) or a non-fatal reinfarction
      (14%). However, long-term use of physician consultations did not exceed that of
      the general population. Within 6 months, 73% of previously employed patients had
      returned to work with a mean sick-leave period of 15 weeks. Of previous smokers,
      41% had resumed smoking 6 months after the MI whereas 49% smoked at the 3-5 years
      follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2649977
TI  - Anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis: role of cytokines.

PMID- 2649978
TI  - Bacterial infection following intra-articular injection. A brief review.
AB  - The literature on 443 cases of postinjection bacterial arthritis is reviewed. The
      utter rarity of the condition may have been overemphasized in the past.
      Haematogenous infection of the puncture track may be more important than the
      transfer of skin bacteria into the joint.

PMID- 2649979
TI  - The purine path to chemotherapy.
AB  - Research on antimetabolites of nucleic acid purines led to drugs for the
      treatment of acute leukemia (6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine), gout and
      hyperuricemia (allopurinol), and herpesvirus infections (acyclovir), and for the
      prevention of organ transplant rejection (azathioprine).

PMID- 2649980
TI  - A general method for site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into
      proteins.
AB  - A new method has been developed that makes it possible to site-specifically
      incorporate unnatural amino acids into proteins. Synthetic amino acids were
      incorporated into the enzyme beta-lactamase by the use of a chemically acylated
      suppressor transfer RNA that inserted the amino acid in response to a stop codon
      substituted for the codon encoding residue of interest. Peptide mapping localized
      the inserted amino acid to a single peptide, and enough enzyme could be generated
      for purification to homogeneity. The catalytic properties of several mutants at
      the conserved Phe66 were characterized. The ability to selectively replace amino
      acids in a protein with a wide variety of structural and electronic variants
      should provide a more detailed understanding of protein structure and function.

PMID- 2649982
TI  - Insight from historical documents.

PMID- 2649983
TI  - Ifosfamide--pharmacologic overview.
AB  - Ifosfamide and its structural analogue cyclophosphamide are oxazaphosphorine
      nitrogen mustards, a group of compounds synthesized in West Germany more than 20
      years ago. Whereas both chloroethyl groups of cyclophosphamide are attached to
      the same exocyclic nitrogen, one of ifosfamide's chloroethyl groups is attached
      to an endocyclic nitrogen. This minor structural change may account for the
      different pharmacologic behavior of these two compounds as well as their
      different spectrums of clinical activity and toxicity. Initial clinical trials of
      ifosfamide explored the use of a single intravenous dose. Hemorrhagic cystitis
      appeared to be dose-dependent and limited the use of this agent. However, the
      development of a systemic thiol uroprotector, such as mesna, has overcome this
      toxicity, permitting higher ifosfamide doses to be administered. Currently,
      ifosfamide is usually administered daily for five days in combination with mesna.
      The pharmacology and metabolism of ifosfamide may explain the toxicities
      associated with this compound and should be considered when designing schedules
      of administration.

PMID- 2649981
TI  - Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that allelic deletions of the short arm of
      chromosome 17 occur in over 75% of colorectal carcinomas. Twenty chromosome 17p
      markers were used to localize the common region of deletion in these tumors to a
      region contained within bands 17p12 to 17p13.3. This region contains the gene for
      the transformation-associated protein p53. Southern and Northern blot
      hybridization experiments provided no evidence for gross alterations of the p53
      gene or surrounding sequences. As a more rigorous test of the possibility that
      p53 was a target of the deletions, the p53 coding regions from two tumors were
      analyzed; these two tumors, like most colorectal carcinomas, had allelic
      deletions of chromosome 17p and expressed considerable amounts of p53 messenger
      RNA from the remaining allele. The remaining p53 allele was mutated in both
      tumors, with an alanine substituted for valine at codon 143 of one tumor and a
      histidine substituted for arginine at codon 175 of the second tumor. Both
      mutations occurred in a highly conserved region of the p53 gene that was
      previously found to be mutated in murine p53 oncogenes. The data suggest that p53
      gene mutations may be involved in colorectal neoplasia, perhaps through
      inactivation of a tumor suppressor function of the wild-type p53 gene.

PMID- 2649984
TI  - The role of ifosfamide in the treatment of sarcomas.
AB  - The alkylating agent ifosfamide has demonstrated significant activity against
      advanced sarcomas. In advanced soft tissue sarcomas, doxorubicin and ifosfamide
      are the most active single agents. Their combination results in response rates of
      34% to 41% in various trials. In advanced osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma,
      ifosfamide also is active. In Ewing's sarcoma, the above combination with
      etoposide has resulted in high response rates.

PMID- 2649985
TI  - Ifosfamide in pediatric malignancies.
AB  - In pediatric malignancies, particularly sarcomas, alkylating agents play an
      important role in the curative, combination chemotherapy approach. Since high
      doses of ifosfamide, the structural isomer of cyclophosphamide, were made
      tolerable with mesna uroprotection, high-dose ifosfamide (5 to 10 g/m2) has
      replaced conventional-dose cyclophosphamide (900 to 1,500 mg/m2) in some
      combination chemotherapy regimens. In Ewing's sarcoma and soft tissue sarcoma,
      the response rate and proportion of patients surviving disease free have been
      increased (at least for poor-prognosis patients) by 15% to 20% with an ifosfamide
      containing regimen, as used in ongoing trials of the German Society of Pediatric
      Oncology. In germ cell tumors, the combination of ifosfamide and etoposide has
      proved to be an effective salvage regimen in patients resistant to vinblastine,
      bleomycin, and cisplatin. In stage IV disseminated neuroblastoma, however, the
      introduction of ifosfamide-containing regimens has not altered the poor
      prognosis. Results reflecting the value of ifosfamide in osteosarcoma, Wilms'
      tumor and Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are pending. It is not yet known
      whether high doses of akylating agents will increase the risk of late sequelae in
      cured patients.

PMID- 2649986
TI  - Experience with ifosfamide combinations in malignant lymphomas.
AB  - Results of a salvage combination regimen, MIME (methyl-glyoxal-bis
      guanylhydrazone [methyl-GAG], ifosfamide, methotrexate, etoposide), as well as a
      front-line study, both containing ifosfamide, are described. The MIME regimen is
      associated with an overall response rate of 60% and a complete response (CR) rate
      of 24% in 208 patients. Twenty-five percent of complete responders with
      aggressive lymphomas have had sustained remissions longer than 2 years. The long
      term survival of the whole group of patients with intermediate-grade lymphoma is
      15%. Complete responders with low-grade lymphoma, in contrast, show an initially
      favorable relapse pattern, but a plateau has not been observed in the relapse
      free survival curve. In view of the activity observed with ifosfamide as a single
      agent, a front-line regimen was devised that was aimed at maximizing the CR rate
      by changing the chemotherapy according to the response obtained after every three
      courses. CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) was
      administered initially, and if CR was not obtained, a second regimen, HOAP-Bleo
      (doxorubicin, vincristine, cytarabine, prednisone, bleomycin), was given. Again
      if after three courses CR was not attained, IMVP-16 (ifosfamide, methotrexate,
      etoposide) was administered. The CR rate was 81% and the long-term survival (at
      10 years) was 62%, which compares favorably with other third-generation regimens.

PMID- 2649987
TI  - The role of ifosfamide in testicular cancer.
AB  - Ifosfamide is one of the most active agents in testicular cancer, with a single
      agent activity of 66% in untreated and 21% in cisplatin-pretreated patients. The
      antitumor effect is comparable in nonseminoma and seminoma. The 23% complete
      response (CR) rate in patients not pretreated with cisplatin is lower than for
      those pretreated with cisplatin. This indicates that ifosfamide is less active
      than cisplatin, and more active than bleomycin, the vinca alkaloids, and possibly
      etoposide. Ifosfamide and cisplatin are not cross-resistant, with a 67% response
      rate for cisplatin in ifosfamide-pretreated patients. In a prospective,
      randomized trial with 203 patients from 1978 to 1982, no significant survival
      advantage could be seen for PVB (cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin) plus
      ifosfamide v PVB after a 10-year follow-up. In patients refractory to or
      progressing with cisplatin treatment, ifosfamide-containing regimens rarely
      induce either partial responses (PRs) or CR. However, in patients relapsing or
      progressing after a favorable response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy,
      ifosfamide seems to potentiate the activity of cisplatin and etoposide therapy
      with about 30% CRs and 15% to 20% long-term, disease-free survivors. This can be
      explained by the synergism demonstrated in preclinical trials among these three
      drugs. Due to this high activity in relapsing patients, the cisplatin-etoposide
      ifosfamide combination is currently being investigated as first-line treatment in
      poor risk testicular cancer patients. The optimal dose and schedule still have to
      be determined, particularly in the combination with granulocyte-granulocyte
      macrophage colony stimulating factors that may allow dose escalation of these
      drugs. An important result of the 15-year follow-up of ifosamide in first-line
      treatment is the absence of late organ toxicity and particularly of secondary
      malignancies (1/331 patients) in this young patient population.

PMID- 2649988
TI  - Ethical issues surrounding informed consent. Part I. A brief history and ethical
      foundations surrounding informed consent.

PMID- 2649989
TI  - The use of QALYs in health care decision making.
AB  - This paper seeks to highlight some of the critical issues concerning the use of
      the Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) to measure the outcome of health care
      choices, in decisions related to both individual patient care and social resource
      allocation. Much of the support for the QALY is based on its simplicity as a tool
      for resolving complex choices. However, it may be the case that the QALY is not
      sufficiently refined or robust, failing perhaps to take into account some of the
      critical factors which affect preferences over different health care scenarios.

PMID- 2649990
TI  - Family-oriented prevention of cardiovascular disease: a social epidemiological
      approach.
AB  - A social epidemiological approach has been used to study social factors
      associated with chronic disease, as well as to promote community-oriented
      intervention programs to modify risk for cardiovascular disease. The present
      review suggests using a social epidemiological approach in a third way; to
      promote efforts directed toward family-oriented primary prevention of
      cardiovascular disease. Evidence is presented which shows an association between
      three family social factors (marital status, family socioeconomic status, family
      size) and risk for cardiovascular disease. The real determinants of risk,
      however, may be the underlying health-related behaviors indicated by each of
      these factors. Evidence is also presented which shows the importance of a fourth
      family social factor (family age) in promoting effective health education efforts
      to modify risk. Thus, a social epidemiological approach is more valuable than a
      single discipline-based approach in identifying, understanding, and modifying
      family social influences on cardiovascular risk.

PMID- 2649991
TI  - A social history of psychotropic drug advertisements.
AB  - Psychotropic drug advertising for psychiatrists serves many purposes beyond its
      ostensible function of providing technical information. Medical advertising
      research has tended almost exclusively to use 'conspiratorial theory'--that is,
      they embrace the notion that one group (the advertisers) manipulates the other
      (the physicians). An examination of psychiatric journals from 1955 to 1980 shows
      the situation to be more complex. Such advertising seems to serve an orienting
      and therapeutic function for the physician, mirroring and supporting his
      professional identity or image. Such a view is in conformation with more recent
      research on nonmedical advertising.

PMID- 2649992
TI  - Medical technologies in developing countries: issues of technology development,
      transfer, diffusion and use.
AB  - The difficulties experienced in transfer of medical technology to developing
      countries are aggravated by partial and incomplete understanding of the cultural,
      social, economic, and institutional factors affecting technology development,
      transfer, dissemination and use. In this paper, it is argued that a more dynamic
      and comprehensive approach is needed for the analysis of these factors. Such an
      approach would provide the basis for linking existing information stemming from
      partial analyses of problems related to individual users, the health services or
      systems, and the technology itself. The starting point of any comprehensive
      analysis must be the structure of the society in which the technology is to be
      used. The value of a comprehensive analytical approach is illustrated by
      discussion of a medical technology still under development, a vaccine against
      malaria. This discussion further indicates that consideration of cultural,
      social, economic, and institutional factors in the developmental phases of a
      technology can contribute to ensuring acceptability and sustainability of the
      technology under the multifaceted conditions in which it is to be used.

PMID- 2649993
TI  - Chronic respiratory illness and disability: a critical review of the psychosocial
      literature.
AB  - The paper attempts to offer a critical review of the current psychosocial
      literature on chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD: emphysema, chronic
      obstructive bronchitis and chronic asthma) from a (medical) sociological
      perspective. Following a brief exposition of the clinical nature of COAD and its
      epidemiology the paper reviews some of the main psychosocial literature in the
      field. It then focuses on some of the problems concerning issues of methodology
      and measurement within the existing research, particularly the inadequacy of many
      of the 'quality of life' instruments and disability measures used; the lack of
      research which combines both quantitative and qualitative data; and the
      predominant concern with the psychological aspects of the condition to the
      detriment of the social dimensions involved. Using the International
      Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) as its
      conceptual scaffold, the paper then goes on to argue that a sociological
      perspective is both a necessary and essential complement to existing research in
      this area in order to achieve a fuller understanding of chronic respiratory
      illness/disability and its sequelae. Finally, the paper attempts to offer some
      possible reasons why chronic respiratory and disability has received relatively
      little attention from within the social sciences and concludes with some
      reflections and suggestions on possible future developments in research into
      chronic respiratory illness and disability from within the social sciences.

PMID- 2649994
TI  - Personal control and health promotion.
AB  - Personal control is an individual's belief about the degree that he or she can
      bring about good events and avoid bad events. High personal control is associated
      with intellectual, emotional, behavioral, and physiological vigor in the face of
      challenging situations and events; low personal control is associated with
      maladaptive passivity and poor morale. In this paper, we sketch the roots of the
      personal control concept and propose a composite theory of personal control. Then
      we apply this composite theory to health promotion, a field defined by a cluster
      of techniques without a unifying theory. We believe that the personal control
      concept can be the cornerstone for a theory of health promotion.

PMID- 2649995
TI  - Communication of information about therapeutic alternatives: end-stage renal
      disease model.
AB  - We analyzed data from questionnaires obtained from 59 patients with end-stage
      renal disease and nine nephrologists and transplant surgeons to determine outcome
      of transplantation and dialysis (probability estimates) and the relative
      advantages of these two treatments (attitudinal responses). Data from national
      and local studies were available for comparison with the probability estimates.
      Results indicate that although personal experience with transplantation can bias
      a patient's estimate of treatment outcome, neither physicians nor patients had a
      bias toward optimism. Attitudinal responses were similar for patients and
      physicians, suggesting that physicians communicate personal views more easily
      than information. Results suggest that shortcomings in information processing
      need not make informed consent procedures invalid.

PMID- 2649996
TI  - Single-dose piperacillin versus triple-dose cefoxitin prophylaxis at vaginal and
      abdominal hysterectomy.
AB  - Two hundred fourteen women having vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy were entered
      into a prospective, randomized, blind clinical trial comparing a preoperative
      intravenous dose of piperacillin to three perioperative intravenous doses of
      cefoxitin given over an eight-hour period. Interregimen clinical, surgical, and
      outcome variables of the 207 evaluable subjects were statistically similar, but
      there were significant interprocedure differences in a variety of categories;
      many benefits exist when vaginal hysterectomy is possible. Efficacy of a single
      dose of piperacillin was similar to that of three cefoxitin doses. Seven women
      (3.4%) had major postoperative infection requiring parenteral antimicrobial
      therapy, two (1.9%) after vaginal hysterectomy and five (4.8%) after abdominal
      hysterectomy. Three of the latter five infections (60%) occurred after discharge
      from the hospital. Even with prophylaxis, postoperative anemia was associated
      with increased frequency of infection at the operative site after both
      procedures, and diabetes was associated with late infection of the abdominal
      incision after abdominal hysterectomy.

PMID- 2649997
TI  - Granulomatous vasculitides of the lung: a clinicopathologic approach to diagnosis
      and treatment.
AB  - The granulomatous vasculitides of the lung are uncommon. Overlap of their
      clinical and histopathologic features may create a confusing picture for the
      clinician and pathologist. This confusion is of concern because therapy differs
      depending on the exact diagnosis, with concomitant variations in associated drug
      toxicity. An integrated clinical and pathologic approach must be used to arrive
      at a prompt and accurate diagnosis. The true granulomatous vasculitides, a group
      that includes Wegener's granulomatosis, allergic granulomatosis and angiitis
      (Churg-Strauss syndrome), and necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis, have various
      degrees of systemic involvement. Therapy is mainly immunosuppressive, and
      prognosis is generally good. The lymphoproliferative granulomatous vasculitides,
      which include benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis, lymphomatoid
      granulomatosis, and malignant lymphoma with angioinvasion, are progressively
      abnormal lymphoproliferative processes. Therapy may require combination
      chemotherapy, and prognosis is often poor.

PMID- 2649998
TI  - A different sort of diagnosis.

PMID- 2649999
TI  - Peripartum cardiomyopathy treated with a left ventricular assist device as a
      bridge to cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a congestive cardiomyopathy that occurs within the
      last month of pregnancy or first six months after delivery. Early diagnosis and
      prompt treatment are of paramount importance. Our patient did not respond to
      conventional therapy and needed a left ventricular assist device and subsequent
      orthotopic cardiac transplantation to survive.

PMID- 2650000
TI  - Carcinoma of the colon diagnosed by ultrasonography.

PMID- 2650001
TI  - [The stereotaxic marking of conspicuous changes in the breast].

PMID- 2650002
TI  - [The child within the family from the end of the 19th century to our time].

PMID- 2650003
TI  - Open wound drainage versus wound excision in treating the modern assault rifle
      wound.
AB  - Military dogma of the past 20 years preaches that excision of all injured tissue
      around the path of a penetrating projectile is essential in wound treatment. To
      find out whether excising injured muscle surrounding a bullet path benefits
      healing over and above the benefit provided by a simple release of tension by
      incision, two groups of 90 kg swine were shot in the hind leg with a replica of
      the AK-74 assault rifle projectile. One group was treated by excision of injured
      tissue around the projectile path; in the other group no tissue was excised. Both
      groups were given parenteral penicillin for 5 days, and simple gauze dressings
      were used to cover the wounds. No difference in healing time occurred; the wounds
      in both groups had closed, and no epithelial defect remained by 20 to 22 days.
      These results indicate that the simple extremity wound caused by the modern
      generation assault rifle, provided with adequate open drainage and systemic
      penicillin, heals as rapidly when the body defense mechanisms handle the
      disrupted tissue as when an attempt is made to excise it surgically.

PMID- 2650004
TI  - von Hippel-Lindau syndrome presenting as pancreatic endocrine insufficiency: a
      case report.
AB  - The visceral manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome rarely are clinically
      significant until late in the disease process. Pancreatic endocrine insufficiency
      in the syndrome is extremely uncommon. We report a case of a 32-year-old woman
      with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome whose initial diagnosis came to light because of
      a clinical presentation with complications related to pancreatic endocrine
      insufficiency.

PMID- 2650005
TI  - Immunologic studies on myasthenia gravis. II: A new chemotactic factor for
      lymphocytes found in patients with myasthenia gravis.
AB  - A specific chemotactic factor for lymphocytes was found in thymic tissue extract
      from myasthenic patients who had undergone thymectomy. Biologic activities and
      the biochemical nature of this factor were examined. The major findings were as
      follows: (1) The factor from myasthenic thymus was specifically chemotactic for T
      lymphocytes. Marker analysis of target cells revealed that only OKT4 positive
      cells (helper/inducer T cells) responded to the factor. Chemotactic activity was
      also found in the normal thymus, but its activity was different from that found
      in the myasthenic thymus. Interestingly, OKT8 positive cells
      (suppressor/cytotoxic T cells), as well as OKT4 positive cells, migrated toward
      the normal thymic extract (2) Chromatography of the extract by gel filtration
      gave three peaks with chemotactic activity; molecular size were 160,000 to
      100,000, 25,000 to 15,000, and smaller than 1350 daltons (3) The factor was
      inactivated by heating for 30 minutes at 56 degree C and was also destroyed under
      conditions of pH 4 and pH 10. The factor was also sensitive to treatment by
      trypsin, sodium metaperiodata, 8 mol/L urea, reduction, or alkylation. (4) The
      chemotactic activity in the myasthenic thymus was distinct from other known
      chemotactic factors, including C5a, interleukin-1, and interleukin-2. (5)
      Chemotactic activity for lymphocytes was found in both the aqueous extract and
      the culture supernatant of thymic stromal cells, but not in thymocyte extract or
      in the serum. These findings indicate that the chemotactic factor specific for
      OKT4 positive cells may be secreted by stromal cells of the myasthenic thymus but
      not of the normal thymus.

PMID- 2650006
TI  - Pancreatoduodenectomy with pyloric preservation for carcinoma of the pancreas: a
      cautionary note.
AB  - Radical pancreatoduodenectomy for treatment of pancreatic carcinoma has been the
      surgical standard of care for the past four decades. The recent popularization of
      pylorus-sparing pancreatoduodenectomy to treat benign pancreatic disease, because
      of its decreased morbidity and long-term nutritional consequences, has led to the
      use of this procedure in cases of pancreatic carcinoma. We report recent
      experience with three patients with pancreatic carcinoma in whom pyloric
      preservation would have compromised the potential chance for curative resection
      or compromised palliation because of occult spread of tumor to a region not
      resected with this new operative approach. Two patients had proximal, microscopic
      intramural spread of pancreatic adenocarcinoma within the duodenum or antrum--a
      mode of spread not previously reported with pancreatic carcinoma. Both patients
      had no other evidence of metastatic involvement, and both would have had positive
      surgical margins in a pylorus-sparing pancreatoduodenectomy. A third case
      demonstrates a true submucosal recurrence of pancreatic carcinoma after a pylorus
      sparing pancreatoduodenectomy. It is debatable that any case demonstrating
      intramural spread within the duodenum could be cured with a standard Whipple
      resection as this may well represent another sign of incurability, like lymphatic
      or perineural spread, but it is clearly a major potential obstacle to palliation
      if submucosal recurrences occur as a result of the use of the pylorus-sparing
      pancreatoduodenectomy in cases of pancreatic cancer. The use of pylorus-sparing
      pancreatoduodenectomy in resectable pancreatic cancers must be viewed skeptically
      at this time.

PMID- 2650007
TI  - Biliary stone disease in adults with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - A 27-year-old woman with cystic fibrosis had a 6-month history of fatty food
      intolerance and biliary colic. Ultrasonographic studies confirmed the presence of
      gallstones. A cholecystectomy and appendectomy were performed. An intraoperative
      cholangiogram showed anomalous drainage of the cystic duct into an accessory
      right hepatic duct. Patients with cystic fibrosis now commonly survive into
      adulthood and are at high risk for the development of cholelithiasis. The
      diagnosis may be obscured by other common gastrointestinal complications of
      cystic fibrosis. Optimal surgical management includes meticulous preoperative and
      postoperative pulmonary care. The surgeon must also have a thorough knowledge of
      the biliary tract anomalies that have been described in patients with cystic
      fibrosis.

PMID- 2650008
TI  - Adrenal hemangiomas: two case reports with a review of the literature.
AB  - Hemangiomas, although frequently found elsewhere, are rarely encountered in the
      adrenal gland. Only 17 surgical cases of adrenal hemangiomas have been reported,
      with an additional case not surgically treated. The pertinent literature has been
      reviewed. Two additional cases, one identified preoperatively and both removed
      surgically, are presented herein. Ultrasonograms and computed tomographs showed
      large, necrotic masses without calcifications. Preoperative angiograms taken for
      case 1 demonstrated pooling of contrast media within this mass, strongly
      suggesting a diagnosis of hemangioma; case 2 lacked similar angiographic
      findings. The radiologic finding of calcifications, when present, along with the
      characteristic angiographic appearance of a hemangioma, allows the radiologist to
      correctly diagnose this benign tumor preoperatively. Although rare, these tumors
      should be part of the differential diagnosis of adrenal neoplasms.

PMID- 2650009
TI  - Pancreatic lithiasis: a rare cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
AB  - The rare instance of a gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by a lithiasis of the
      duct of Wirsung is described. The world literature records only 13 other cases.
      Pancreatic calculi cause hemorrhage by either migrating through the pancreatic
      parenchyma to perforate the duodenum, ulcerating the vessels of the periductal
      parenchyma, or rupturing the pancreas. The usual sign of this complication of
      chronic calcifying pancreatitis, difficult to diagnose, is repeated
      gastrointestinal hemorrhages and sometimes pain, as in epigastric colitis. The
      immediate therapy is control of the hemorrhage. With transcatheter occlusive
      techniques, radical surgery can be postponed until it is more tolerable.

PMID- 2650010
TI  - Muscarinic receptor subtypes: implications for lung disease.

PMID- 2650011
TI  - Supplemental oxygen and quality of sleep in patients with chronic obstructive
      lung disease.
AB  - The hypothesis that supplemental oxygen could improve the quality of sleep was
      tested in 23 consecutive patients (14 male, nine female; age 42-74 years) with
      chronic obstructive lung disease (mean (SD) FEV1 0.81 (0.32) litre, FEV1/FVC 37%
      (12%). Patients breathed compressed air or supplemental oxygen via nasal cannulas
      on consecutive nights in a randomised, double blind, crossover trial. Quality of
      sleep was assessed by questionnaire and by electroencephalographic sleep staging.
      The study had a power of 80% to detect, at the 0.05 level, a 20% improvement in
      total sleep time. Seventeen patients slept for two nights in the laboratory.
      Oxygenation during sleep was improved by oxygen administration, but there was no
      improvement in quality of sleep. There was an acclimatisation effect with better
      sleep on the second night. Six patients spent an additional acclimatisation night
      in the laboratory as well as the two study nights. There was no difference in
      sleep quality between the second and third nights or between the compressed air
      and the oxygen nights in these patients. Subgroups of patients with an arterial
      carbon dioxide tension of over 43 mm Hg (5.7 kPa) (n = 12) and arterial oxygen
      saturation of less than 90% (n = 11) while awake did not show any improvement in
      quality of sleep on the oxygen night. It is concluded that supplemental oxygen
      improves nocturnal oxygenation but does not immediately improve the quality of
      sleep in the laboratory in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.

PMID- 2650012
TI  - Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in severe idiopathic obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.
AB  - Eleven patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, which was fully
      reversed by treatment with nasal continuous positive airways pressure, underwent
      uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. All patients were followed for at least 12 months
      after surgery. One patient with large tonsils was cured. Of the remaining 10
      patients, two showed minimal objective improvement at 12 months and the rest were
      unchanged. Four patients subsequently developed cardiac failure due to
      obstructive sleep apnoea. Thus uvulopalatopharyngoplasty was not effective in
      these patients with severe idiopathic obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.

PMID- 2650013
TI  - [Placebo--nocebo].

PMID- 2650014
TI  - [Nocebo--the opposite of placebo].
AB  - It is well documented that placebo represents Pavlovian conditioned reflexes
      activated by positive anticipation of healing. The pain-relieving effects of
      placebo are due to a psychical activation of the endogenous opioid-serotonergic,
      pain-inhibitory descending system. The opposite effect is nocebo, a term
      introduced in 1961 by Kennedy (10). Nocebo-effects similarly appears to be
      produced by conditioned reflexes, but are activated by negative expectations (fig
      1). A number of examples of nocebo are given. Nocebo-stimuli, such as anxiety,
      fear, mistrust and doubt, may reduce a placebo-effect; it may induce negative
      side-effects in placebo-treatment; it may produce new aversive symptoms; and it
      may reverse symptoms from positive ones to negative ones (e.g. revert an
      analgesic response to hyperalgesia). In its most extreme, nocebo-stimuli may
      cause death, as in voodoo-death in primitive societies, an example of the fear
      paralysis reflex. Whether the outcome is positive or negative is determined,
      inter alia, by the subject's possibility of coping with the situation. In a
      setting where the animal has no control over an aversive stimulus, as in
      inescapable foot shocks, nocebo-effects predominate. It is postulated that
      noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus in the brain stem are involved in the
      production of nocebo-effects. The "placebo-system" and the "nocebo-system" exert
      a reciprocal inhibition at a brainstem level (fig 3).

PMID- 2650015
TI  - [Acyclovir creme in recurrent herpes genitalis].
AB  - A multicenter clinical, double-blind crossover trial was conducted in 65 men and
      31 women experiencing recurrent episodes of genital herpes in order to compare
      the effect of acyclovir in propylenglycol (40% cream) with that of cream alone
      (placebo). 59.4 of the patients on acyclovir experienced a beneficial effect in
      relation to the usual clinical course of their herpetic eruptions. The
      corresponding figure for placebo was 34.4%. These percentages were 76.6 and 33.3
      respectively if the treatment started within four hours after appearance of
      symptoms or skin lesions. Pain and burning lasted less than four days in 70.8% of
      the patients on acyclovir and in 36.4% of those on placebo cream (p less than
      0.001). The average duration until complete healing of all skin lesions was 32
      hours shorter for patients on acyclovir. In 42 patients on acyclovir and 31
      patients on placebo (p less than 0.001) it was less than four days. As regards
      duration of symptoms and skin lesions, the effect was significantly better if
      treatment was started early (e.g. less than 4 h). Slight to moderate side-effects
      were reported in 13.5% of the patients on both treatment regimens.

PMID- 2650016
TI  - The genetic basis of susceptibility to lung tumors in mice.
AB  - This is the first in a series of review articles describing the current state of
      research on mouse lung tumorigenesis. The system is valuable as a biological
      model for studying stages of tumor development and the interaction of genetic and
      environmental factors which dispose towards neoplasia. Additionally, these tumors
      are analagous to bronchiolo-alveolar cancer in man. Three pulmonary adenoma
      susceptibility (Pas) genes regulate susceptibility; 1 of these is the proto
      oncogene, K-ras2. Candidates for the other 2 genes include the H-2
      histocompatibility locus and genes which regulate the basal proliferative rate of
      the cells from which these tumors arise. Tumor development is favored by a
      depressed immune system, immature age, and decreased levels of circulating
      corticosterone.

PMID- 2650017
TI  - Consensus statement on the health significance of nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2650018
TI  - Nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics.
AB  - Aminoglycoside antibiotics cause transient, usually nonoliguric, renal failure in
      up to 10-30% of patients treated with these drugs, and are the cause of the
      largest proportion of drug-induced acute nephrotoxicities. The toxic mechanism
      includes (i) uptake of the drug by proximal tubular cells, where it is first
      sequestered within lysosomes and (ii) development of a lysosomal
      phospholipidosis, which is rapidly associated with cell necrosis and various
      alterations to subcellular structure and function. Tubular necrosis is often
      accompanied by (and probably triggers) tubular regeneration and peritubular
      proliferation. The means whereby such tubular alterations eventually cause a
      decline in glomerular filtration and hypo-osmotic polyuria has not been
      established. Various in-vitro and acellular models have been designed to assess
      and screen for the nephrotoxic potential of aminoglycosides; of these, methods
      based on the analysis of aminoglycoside-phospholipid interactions appear to be
      the most meaningful. A number of patient- and drug-related risk factors have been
      identified, and their avoidance could significantly reduce the risk of
      nephrotoxic reactions. Because the uptake of aminoglycosides by the kidney is
      saturable, administration of daily doses of these drugs as one or two injections,
      rather than as multiple injections or by continuous infusion, may also decrease
      the risk for toxicity.

PMID- 2650019
TI  - Cyclosporin A: action and side-effects.
AB  - Cyclosporin A (CSA) is a new, potent immunosuppressive agent which is of proven
      value in organ transplantation. The use of CSA is associated with numerous side
      effects, of which a dose-dependent nephrotoxicity is the most serious. CSA
      nephrotoxicity can be divided into two major groups: (i) functional toxicity
      without significant morphological lesions and (ii) morphological forms of
      toxicity with tubular and/or vascular-interstitial lesions. Vascular-interstitial
      toxicity is the most serious form because the renal lesions are irreversible.

PMID- 2650020
TI  - Preclinical detection of nephrotoxicity: description of the tests and appraisal
      of their health significance.
AB  - The prevention of renal diseases induced by chemicals requires the use of tests
      with which adverse renal effects can be detected at a stage when removal from
      exposure to the offending agent(s) may lead to complete recovery or may at least
      prevent an accelerated decline in renal function. The screening tests used in
      clinical medicine for assessing the functional integrity of the kidney are not
      sufficiently sensitive to attain this objective. In this review, we describe the
      tests currently available for detecting incipient renal damage and attempt to
      assess their health significance. A minimal battery of tests is recommended for
      the detection of groups in industry or in the general population who are at risk.
      If an increased prevalence of abnormal values for these parameters is found
      repeatedly in a population, efforts should be made to identify the causal
      agent(s) and, if possible, to reduce the exposure. Follow-up examinations of
      subjects identified in this way are also indicated, in order to define the
      predictive value of the detected changes better.

PMID- 2650021
TI  - Epidemiology and mechanistic basis of analgesic-associated nephropathy.
AB  - End-stage renal failure (ESRF) due to analgesic nephropathy is still a common
      clinical condition in several countries, but the prevalence in dialysis patients
      shows large geographical differences. The frequency of ESRF of unknown aetiology
      is the inverse of that linked to analgesic abuse, and data suggest that the
      occurrence of analgesic nephropathy may be underestimated. The study of analgesic
      nephropathy is difficult because the earliest damage to the kidney is a renal
      papillary necrosis (RPN), which cannot easily be diagnosed. Continued analgesic
      abuse generally leads to a progressive secondary cortical degeneration which is
      easier to diagnose. If analgesic abuse is stopped at an early enough stage in
      nephropathy, clinical symptoms stabilize or improve, and ESRF may be averted. A
      high incidence of upper urothelial carcinoma (UUC) is also observed in
      individuals with a history of analgesic abuse, but it is still not clear if the
      two have a related pathogenesis. Study of the mechanism of RPN in animals
      administered analgesics and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) has been
      difficult owing to their extrarenal toxicity. Several model compounds cause
      identical clinical changes and have as their selective target the renal medullary
      interstitial cells; subsequently, other changes (including cortical and
      glomerular degeneration) develop as a secondary cascade. A number of mechanisms
      have been proposed to explain RPN (e.g., counter-current concentrating mechanism,
      ischaemic injury, altered prostaglandin metabolism, immunological changes), but
      peroxidative metabolism of papillotoxic chemicals within the interstitial cells
      seems to be the most likely cause. Analgesic abuse is a costly socioeconomic
      condition for which there is currently no clinical treatment. If it is diagnosed
      early enough, severe renal degeneration can be prevented. Additional
      epidemiological information is needed to establish the causative role of
      analgesics and other chemicals, in order to determine the relative risk of each.
      Additional animal experiments are needed in order to clarify the molecular
      pathogenesis of RPN and UUC, to differentiate the stages in progression to ESRF
      and to develop more sensitive and selective diagnostic criteria.

PMID- 2650022
TI  - Mechanisms of lead and cadmium nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Exposure to lead results in accumulation in proximal renal tubular lining cells
      in the form of morphologically discernible inclusion bodies which are lead
      protein complexes. Acute nephrotoxicity consists of proximal tubular dysfunction
      and can be reversed by treatment with chelating agents. Chronic lead
      nephrotoxicity consists of interstitial fibrosis and progressive nephron loss,
      azotaemia and renal failure. Potential complications of lead nephropathy include
      gout and hypertension. Cadmium accumulates in renal tubular lining cells bound to
      metallothionein, a small protein containing 30% cystine. Metallothionein protects
      against nephrotoxicity by binding cadmium in a nontoxic form. Renal tubular
      dysfunction and chronic interstitial fibrosis occur when cadmium levels in the
      renal cortex exceed the critical concentration of about 200 micrograms/g.
      Recommendations are made for specific research needs.

PMID- 2650023
TI  - Cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Cisplatin is used widely in the treatment of a large number of carcinomas. The
      clinical use of cisplatin, however, can be complicated by myelotoxicity,
      ototoxicity and intestinal toxicity; we review briefly cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
      The principal route of its excretion is via the kidney, and accumulation of
      cisplatin in the renal cortex has been demonstrated. Three to five days following
      administration of cisplatin to rats, degenerative changes appear in the proximal
      tubule, including cytoplasmic vacuolization, tubular dilatation and pyknotic and
      hydropic degeneration. A decrease in renal plasma flow was observed very early on
      in patients receiving cisplatin at a dose of 20 mg/m2 over a period of 4 h, and
      an increase in urinary enzymes occurred rapidly. Hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia
      and hypokalaemia were frequent. The mechanism of cisplatin nephrotoxicity remain
      unclear. Biotransformation of cisplatin could play an important role; a decrease
      in sulphydryl groups in the kidney may be a primary event, and reactive
      metabolites may be formed. The incidence of cisplatin nephrotoxicity has been
      observed to decrease when patients are prehydrated, and it was proposed recently
      that administration of a calcium blocker might reduce the nephrotoxic effects of
      cisplatin. The clinical recommendations are to avoid rapid cisplatin infusion
      rates (over 1 mg/kg per hour) and to induce hydration at least during and after
      cisplatin administration. New compounds with the same or better antitumour
      activity and less toxicity should be prepared. At present, carboplatin appears to
      be preferable to cisplatin because of the reduced incidence of untoward effects.

PMID- 2650024
TI  - Detection of renal diseases in humans: developing markers and methods.
AB  - This review covers the tests currently available or being developed for early
      detection of renal damage and dysfunction induced by exogenous chemicals.
      Relevant markers are discussed with regard to their application and their level
      of validation. Some of these tests are being used routinely within health
      surveillance programmes of individuals exposed to known nephrotoxic agents. More
      sensitive tests can be applied in epidemiological surveillance programmes aimed
      at the identification and removal of relevant risk factors. The earliest changes
      might have little clinical significance, although new perspectives may be opened
      by various markers and approaches that are being developed.

PMID- 2650025
TI  - Use of urinary enzymes as markers of nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Urinary excretion of enzymes can be monitored continuously at low cost, with
      commonly available laboratory equipment; there is little discomfort for the
      animal or person investigated. Under controlled conditions, the time-course and
      dose-dependence of some pathophysiological events in the kidney can be followed
      by measuring urinary enzymes. The activities of enzymes in urine are, however,
      affected by a large number of parameters, even under physiological conditions.
      Furthermore, the heterogeneity of the kidney renders application of urinary
      enzymes for diagnostic purposes difficult. Assessment of renal injury by urinary
      analysis may be possible only if the pathophysiological mechanisms and the time
      sequence of the nephrotoxicity are known.

PMID- 2650026
TI  - Markers of tubular dysfunction.
AB  - Since the first description of tubular proteinuria in 1958, much progress has
      been made with regard to diagnostic means for detecting small changes in the
      function of the proximal tubule. Small increases in the excretion of low
      molecular-weight proteins can now be determined with great accuracy.
      Determination of total protein is an economic way of screening large populations
      but does not give specific information on the type of damage. Determinations of
      glucose, phosphate and amino acids are relatively insensitive methods, since
      their excretion is also dependent on diet and nutritional status. Determination
      of high-molecular-weight enzymes released from damaged tubular cells may be of
      use for studies of acute as well as chronic effects of nephrotoxic agents, but
      more data are needed.

PMID- 2650027
TI  - Mechanisms leading to toxin-induced impairment of renal function, with a focus on
      immunopathology.
AB  - Environmental, occupational and therapeutic exposure to nephrotoxic compounds may
      cause different forms of renal disease and constitutes a major health problem.
      This paper discusses pathogenetic mechanisms leading to impairment of renal
      function and early detection of its symptoms, with special emphasis on
      immunopathology. Finally, it focuses on ways of identifying potentially
      nephrotoxic compounds.

PMID- 2650028
TI  - Early renal involvement and nephropathy. Can treatment modalities be predicted
      from identification of risk factors in diabetics?
AB  - There is now circumstantial evidence indicating that initiation and progression
      of renal disease in diabetes is associated with the degree of metabolic control,
      although modifying factors, such as elevation of blood pressure and, possibly,
      dietary protein intake, are important. Further, there is differential
      susceptibility, and more studies are clearly needed to clarify why some patients
      develop nephropathy and others do not, despite similar metabolic control.
      Metabolic control, blood pressure level and protein intake are probably not only
      risk factors but are also involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
      Thus, intervention by optimizing glycaemic control and blood pressure treatment
      and by low-protein diets appears possible and can be recommended as a prudent
      treatment programme. Early clinical detection of patients at risk for late
      nephropathy is already possible, since easy, rapid, inexpensive methods for
      detecting microalbuminuria are now available.

PMID- 2650029
TI  - Renal functional reserve.
AB  - Renal functional reserve represents the capacity of the kidney to increase its
      level of operation in response to certain demands. The reserve of glomerular
      filtration rate and of renal blood flow is discussed from the following points of
      view: evaluation, measurement, mechanisms involved and significance. Data from
      the literature are discussed which show (i) that the mechanism of the
      hyperfiltration seen in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy may be different
      from the hyperfiltration induced by infusion of amino acids, (ii) that the
      remaining kidney in healthy kidney donors maintains its functional reserve, and
      (iii) that the functional reserve is fairly well maintained as long as the
      glomerular filtration rate is decreased only moderately. The reserve of tubular
      functional capacity is discussed from the point of view of concentration and
      dilution and of acidification and alkalinization.

PMID- 2650030
TI  - Detection of chemically induced renal injury: the cascade of degenerative
      morphological and functional changes that follow the primary nephrotoxic insult
      and evaluation of these changes by in-vitro methods.
AB  - A diversity of chemicals cause discrete lesions in the kidney by a number of
      different mechanisms, and similar types of chemicals may give rise to more than
      one target cell injury. Screening for these lesions in vivo may be unreliable if
      a single noninvasive or invasive criterion is used. Instead, evidence of
      nephrotoxicity must be based on an array of tests, applied over a period of time.
      These should include biochemical, pathological and histochemical tests conducted
      in tandem. A primary toxic injury to the kidney may give rise to recovery, to
      permanently altered functional reserve or to a clinically identifiable effect,
      such as acute or chronic renal failure or malignancy. These clinical effects
      occur as a result of a cascade of degenerative changes which are a consequence of
      a primary lesion but also affect other parts of the kidney. A number of factors
      can modulate the progression of the primary insult to the end-effect. In-vitro
      nephrotoxicity screening is also difficult, but a rational approach can be based
      on current understanding of how chemicals target for and damage cells in
      anatomically well-defined regions of the kidney. In-vitro techniques can provide
      answers to specific questions about the mechanisms by which chemicals damage
      these discrete cell types. It is essential that a number of different in-vitro
      systems be developed in parallel to address the mechanistic aspects and screening
      of nephrotoxicity properly. Data generated in vitro must be related to the
      situation in vivo and used to devise reliable noninvasive tests for assessing
      nephrotoxicity in man.

PMID- 2650031
TI  - Early detection of renal dysfunction: practical recommendations.
AB  - Test programmes for early detection of renal dysfunction are urgently needed.
      They should be adapted to the population under investigation, whether the general
      population or an occupationally or medically exposed population. At present,
      there is no clinically relevant definition of renal dysfunction on the basis of
      pathological test results. Due to the complex function and structure of the
      kidney, measurement of a single parameter is not sufficient for early detection
      of renal dysfunction. However, any prophylactic and prospective protocol should
      take into account the sensitivity and specificity of the applied tests, the
      amount of work involved and the possible positive effects for the population at
      risk.

PMID- 2650032
TI  - Identification of groups at risk for renal diseases (including nephrotoxicity).
AB  - An assessment of the health significance of renal disease due to nephrotoxicity
      and identification of groups at risk for toxic nephropathy is difficult because
      the incidence is likely to be underestimated in the available registry data. In
      more than 50% of all cases of end-stage renal failure, the causality is not
      known. In end-stage toxic nephropathy, the kidney may show the morphological
      changes of chronic interstitial nephritis as well as those of chronic
      glomerulonephritis. Therefore, additional epidemiological data and information on
      exposure are necessary. Physiological, social and educational factors may
      aggravate exposure, and the role of multiple exposures is unknown, although
      individuals at risk are not only those with the highest burden of exposure.
      Differential sensitivity is explained in part by genetic factors, as shown for
      abnormal sulphoxidation and slow acetylation. Early identification of groups at
      risk for nephropathy of clinical significance still relies on the methods of
      classical nephrology, i.e., measurement of proteinuria or decreased glomerular
      filtration rate, but several new tests are currently under evaluation.

PMID- 2650033
TI  - Risk factors for toxic nephropathies.
AB  - The best definition of risk factors for renal injury, irrespective of the
      aetiological agent, comes from observations in patients with acute renal failure.
      From such observations, two subdivisions have evolved, i.e., acute insults and
      host risk factors. Acute renal insults include: hypertension, sepsis, use of
      nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., aminoglycoside antibiotics and contrast media),
      haemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria, liver disease and extracellular volume
      depletion. Host risk factors include: advanced age, hypertension, gout and
      hyperuricaemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure and use of diuretics.
      Furthermore, the mechanism of acute renal injury can be correlated with different
      risk factors: for a tubular toxic agent, acting either directly on the cells or
      haemodynamically, a dose-dependency is characteristic; while for immunologically
      mediated injury, genetic predisposition is more important. The identification of
      risk factors for chronic toxic injury is confounded by the possibilities of
      multiple episodes of subclinical renal injury, the distinct possibility that a
      major component of the ageing process may be a loss of renal reserve, and a
      progressive body burden, of, e.g., cadmium, which may deplete intrinsic
      protective mechanisms. However, clinically relevant risk factors can alert the
      clinician to exercise additional caution when prescribing medications that are
      potentially nephrotoxic. Such factors include dehydration, pre-existing renal
      disease, age, co-existing diseases that cause renal ischaemia, gender,
      concomitantly administered drugs, and electrolyte abnormalities.

PMID- 2650034
TI  - Health impact of renal disease due to nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Both acute and chronic renal failure are reported in the context of
      nephrotoxicity. This overview of some major nephrotoxins reflects both the
      magnitude and the cost of this preventable health problem. Aminoglycosides and
      other antibiotics, contrast media and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are
      the best documented nephrotoxins related to acute renal failure. Analgesic
      nephropathy is the best known drug-induced chronic renal disease. The cost of
      renal failure due to nephrotoxicity is not easy to compute. Drug-induced acute
      renal failure costs more than 2750 ECU per patient, depending on whether dialysis
      is required or not, and chronic renal failure costs at least 128,000,000 ECU
      annually in the European Communities. Recent epidemiological evidence, however,
      indicates that the cost may be even higher.

PMID- 2650035
TI  - Aetiology of nephrotoxic damage to the renal interstitium and tubuli.
AB  - The kidney is particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of drugs, and
      drug-induced nephropathies are now fairly well understood. All the components of
      the renal parenchyma can be affected, but we have focused our attention on
      tubulointerstitial nephropathies. All of the pathophysiological mechanisms are
      not known, but it is possible to describe two types of renal alteration. The
      first is due to a direct toxic action by, for example, antibiotics, contrast
      media, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, antalgics and analgesics. The second
      type of alteration appears to be due to immunoallergic reactions to, for
      instance, penicillin and its derivatives, rifampin, sulphonamides and
      phenindione. We also underline the risk factors that favour the occurrence of
      renal complications and the means that can be used to prevent them.

PMID- 2650036
TI  - Contribution of immunological reactions to nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Several toxic agents, such as mercurials and agents with a sulphydryl group
      (e.g., gold salts, D-penicillamine and captopril), are associated with the
      occurrence of membranous glomerulopathy. DR3 antigen-positive subjects and poor
      sulphoxidators are at higher risk than other patients when treated with gold
      salts or D-penicillamine. Other drugs, mainly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
      agents and lithium salts, are responsible for the nephrotic syndrome with minimal
      glomerular changes, a T-cell-mediated disease. Several models of drug-induced
      membranous glomerulonephritis have been developed. These have been used to
      confirm the role of most of the above-mentioned agents and have made it possible
      to shed some light on the possible mechanisms involved. Mercurials induce a
      polyclonal activation of B cells in rats which is related to the appearance of
      autoreactive T cells. Finally, numerous agents may induce immunologically
      mediated acute interstitial nephritis. Although cell-mediated immunity appears to
      be involved in most cases, experimental models are lacking to substantiate this
      hypothesis.

PMID- 2650037
TI  - Potential involvement of renal transport mechanisms in nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Among the various physiological factors involved in the development of a
      nephrotoxic insult, certain renal transport systems may be important. The
      movement of exogenous organic anions and cations from the blood to the tubular
      fluid is well recognized. The anion transport system, which has been extensively
      characterized for the transport of p-aminohippuric acid, may have particular
      relevance. The nephrotoxic effect of citrinin, certain cephalosporin antibiotics
      and cysteine conjugates in rats and in isolated renal cells can be blocked by
      probenecid, a drug known to block the organic anion transporter competitively.
      The reduction in toxic response is correlated with the renal and cellular content
      of the nephrotoxic chemical.

PMID- 2650038
TI  - Role of coagulation in glomerular injury.
AB  - A role for coagulation in renal diseases is suggested by the presence of
      glomerular fibrin deposits in numerous experimental and human renal diseases,
      some of which are of toxic origin. Fibrin may exert detrimental effects by
      occluding glomerular capillaries, by attracting macrophages or by direct
      cytotoxicity to mesangial cells. Intraglomerular fibrin deposition or formation
      may result in part from changes in the normal multiple haemostatic properties of
      glomeruli. In glomerular clotting of systemic origin, e.g., glycerol-induced
      acute renal failure with intravascular coagulation, inhibition by drugs of
      glomerular fibrinolytic activity leads to persistent thrombi and permanent renal
      damage. In immune glomerulonephritis, fibrin formation may depend on activation
      of glomerular prothrombotic properties: for example, glomerular procoagulant
      (tissue factor-like) activity is enhanced at the peak of mercuric chloride
      induced autoimmune glomerulonephritis, characterized by massive fibrin deposits.
      Finally, fibrin deposits probably contribute to the progressive renal lesions and
      chronic renal failure seen in rats with kidney damage, in which anticoagulant
      therapy has a beneficial effect.

PMID- 2650039
TI  - Mechanism of nephrotoxic action due to organohalogenated compounds.
AB  - A number of organohalogenated chemicals cause nephrotoxicity in experimental
      animals and man. Studies in animals have shown that metabolic activation of the
      chemical is required to produce toxicity. Currently, two major pathways of
      metabolism, mediated either via cytochrome P-450 or glutathione conjugation, have
      been implicated. Chloroform is discussed as an example of cytochrome P-450
      mediated activation and dihaloethanes and hexachloro-1,3-butadiene as examples of
      glutathione conjugation followed by activation. Acute human exposure to certain
      organohalogenated compounds can sometimes result in proximal tubular injury.
      These intoxications usually occur after either accidental or deliberate ingestion
      and are rarely occupational. Chronic low-level exposure can occur in the work
      place, and several biological tests have been developed to detect chronic
      nephrotoxicity. A few studies have been undertaken of workers exposed to
      organohalogenated chemicals; these have provided no indication that exposure to
      these chemicals causes chronic renal damage.

PMID- 2650040
TI  - Myoglobin and haemoglobin: role of distal residues in reactions with haem
      ligands.

PMID- 2650041
TI  - Photosynthetic antenna proteins: 100 ps before photochemistry starts.
AB  - All photosynthetic organisms require a light harvesting system to funnel
      excitation energy towards the photosynthetic reaction centre, a process which can
      take 100 ps. Laser spectroscopy allows us to measure rates of energy transfer
      between pigments of the light harvesting system for the first time. These rates
      are correlated with models of the light harvesting apparatus.

PMID- 2650042
TI  - Site of influx of inflammatory white cells into a rejecting rat renal allograft.
AB  - In this paper we demonstrate that the vascular endothelium of a normal kidney and
      a syngeneic kidney graft binds only poorly syngeneic or allogeneic lymphocytes in
      an in vitro binding assay. On the contrary, the peritubular capillary endothelium
      of an allograft binds almost 7 times more lymphocytes than the peritubular
      capillary of a normal kidney. These findings suggest that the site of influx of
      inflammatory capillary white cells into the graft during rejection is the
      peritubular capillary endothelium.

PMID- 2650043
TI  - Inability of cyclosporine to completely prevent the recurrence of focal
      glomerulosclerosis after kidney transplantation.
AB  - From January 1984 through July 1986, 15 patients with biopsy-proven focal
      glomerulosclerosis (FGS) underwent kidney transplantation. Following
      transplantation, all patients were immunosuppressed with cyclosporine and
      prednisone. There were 8 men and 7 women with a mean age of 33 years (range, 16
      47 years). Five patients (33%) had recurrence of FGS. Two patients had received
      kidneys from HLA identical siblings, and 3 patients were transplanted with
      cadaveric kidneys. In 4 out of 5 patients, the recurrence of FGS occurred within
      3 months of transplantation. Of the 2 graft losses in this group, one was from
      recurrence of FGS. Ten patients followed for a mean of 25 months did not develop
      recurrence of FGS. No graft loss occurred in this group. Three patients with end
      stage renal disease of unknown etiology were found to have FGS in the renal
      allograft and were presumed to have recurrence of FGS. All 3 patients developed
      the nephrotic syndrome following transplantation, and 1 patient has had
      progressive renal failure. Cyclosporine did not prevent the recurrence or the
      clinical manifestations of FGS following kidney transplantation. Additional
      studies are needed to determine if cyclosporine is effective in certain subgroups
      of patients with FGS.

PMID- 2650044
TI  - Prevention of transfusion-induced broad sensitization in renal transplant
      candidates.
AB  - Blood transfusions can induce broadly reactive anti-HLA cytotoxic antibodies,
      particularly in patients who have had previous transplants or pregnancies. To
      evaluate if HLA-matched transfusions were less immunogenic, renal transplant
      candidates at high risk of becoming sensitized were transfused with blood from
      partially or totally HLA-matched donors. The study was performed in multiparous
      patients who in addition had low level antilymphocyte antibodies detected by flow
      cytometry. Only 1/24 patients (4.2%) developed cytotoxic antibodies. Crossover
      studies were possible in 3 patients. In 2 patients the HLA-matched transfusions
      did not elicit a response, but the patients produced cytotoxic antibodies of
      broad reactivity when they were subsequently transfused with random donor blood.
      The third patient developed cytotoxic antibodies after transfusions mismatched
      for only one HLA-A,B antigen. Subsequent transfusions mismatched for a different
      antigen did not, in contrast, result in sensitization. These results demonstrate
      that HLA-matched transfusions, unlike regular and leukocyte-free transfusions
      evaluated in previous studies, can prevent sensitization in patients with a high
      probability of becoming untransplantable if transfused with random donor blood.

PMID- 2650045
TI  - Phenotype and function of T lymphocytes infiltrating the skin during graft-versus
      host disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Seven lymphocyte populations were expanded from skin samples of patients with
      acute or chronic GVHD following allogeneic genotypically identical BMT. After
      amplification without in vitro antigenic stimulation or addition of mitogens, 5
      of the 7 cell lines showed a large majority of mature CD4+ T cells (in contrast
      to published immunopathological data). One cell line showed an equal number of
      CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and another a predominance of CD4+ cells along with a large
      number of cells with a phenotype suggestive of non-MHC-restricted CTLs. After in
      vitro antigenic stimulation, various cytotoxicity patterns were seen: specific
      antihost cytotoxicity was seen in half the cell lines, NK activity was seen in 5
      of the 7 lines, and a strong LAK activity was seen in 1 of the 7 cell lines.
      These results point to a diversity of cytotoxic effectors involved locally in
      GVHD and emphasize the need for further study of these local events. The cell
      lines established now constitute basic functional material for the in vitro study
      of cellular and humoral interactions at the site of GVHD lesions.

PMID- 2650046
TI  - Correlation of fetal kidney and testis congenic graft survival with reduced major
      histocompatibility complex burden.
AB  - Prolonged survival was enjoyed by fetal and postnatal testis and midgestational
      renal grafts transplanted beneath the renal capsule of adult congenic mice,
      confirming previous findings in nonimmunosuppressed outbred rats (3,5). The
      strategies that enable immature tissues to escape rejection in a graft survival
      assay were studied by comparing expression of major histocompatibility class I
      and class II protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in each tissue at
      different ages. In general, graft survival was best when class I and II
      expression was low. After transplantation, surviving kidney and testis grafts
      both showed marked induction of class I and II mRNA measured using donor and
      recipient-specific oligonucleotide probes. Immunohistochemically detected protein
      of both classes, however, could not be found in the kidney and was minimal in the
      testis. Fetal tissues appear to express lower levels of protein and mRNA--and,
      although invading lymphocytes may induce expression of class I and II mRNA after
      transplantation, protein was not inducible. The failure of these tissues to
      express significant levels of transplantation antigens may explain the prolonged
      survival of these immature grafts.

PMID- 2650047
TI  - Lung biopsy evaluation of acute rejection versus opportunistic infection in lung
      transplant patients.

PMID- 2650048
TI  - Improved renal transplant monitoring in outpatient clinics.

PMID- 2650049
TI  - Postpartum renal failure in a renal transplant patient.

PMID- 2650050
TI  - Early and late (15-17-year) transplant function of 33 machine-preserved cadaveric
      kidneys from pediatric donors 13 and under.

PMID- 2650051
TI  - Acute human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antigen detection and
      seroconversion in immunosuppressed patients.

PMID- 2650052
TI  - HIV infection in cadaveric renal allograft recipients in the North Italy
      Transplant Program.

PMID- 2650053
TI  - Membranous nephropathy in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients.

PMID- 2650054
TI  - Effective timing of allopurinol administration in the ischemic liver.

PMID- 2650055
TI  - Comparison of cardioplegic and UW solutions for short-term rabbit heart
      preservation.

PMID- 2650056
TI  - The absence of a deleterious effect of mechanical kidney preservation in the era
      of cyclosporine.

PMID- 2650057
TI  - Effects of interleukin-6 on hematopoiesis in bone marrow-transplanted mice.

PMID- 2650058
TI  - Twelfth international congress of the Transplantation Society. August 14-19,
      1988, Sydney, Australia. Proceedings.

PMID- 2650059
TI  - The legacy of Sir Peter Medawar.

PMID- 2650060
TI  - Class II antigen and interleukin-2 expression in renal allograft recipients.

PMID- 2650061
TI  - Immunosuppression with an anti-IL-2 receptor monoclonal antibody in a baboon
      renal allograft model.

PMID- 2650062
TI  - Treatment of presensitization with IL-2 receptor antibody plus alloantigen.

PMID- 2650063
TI  - Anti-T cell monoclonal antibodies for in vivo treatment of cardiac allograft
      rejection in mice.

PMID- 2650064
TI  - Anti-TAC MOAB prolongs renal allografts in cynomolgus monkeys.

PMID- 2650065
TI  - 15-Deoxyspergualin: a powerful rescue drug for rejection in canine kidney
      grafting.

PMID- 2650066
TI  - A new immunosuppressant, 15-deoxyspergualin, inhibits production of IL-1 from
      isolated hepatic sinusoidal lining cells in swine liver transplantation.

PMID- 2650067
TI  - Effective use of 15-deoxyspergualin in kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2650068
TI  - Immunosuppressive effect of deoxyspergualin on acute renal allograft rejection in
      dogs.

PMID- 2650069
TI  - Administration schedule of 15-deoxyspergualin and combination therapy with
      cyclosporin A in rat tail skin transplantation.

PMID- 2650070
TI  - Synergistic efficacy of staged total lymphoid irradiation and cyclosporine in the
      preoperative preparation of high-risk hyperimmunized canine renal allograft
      recipients.

PMID- 2650071
TI  - Total lymphoid irradiation and cyclosporine prolongs cardiac allograft survival
      in the sensitized rat model.

PMID- 2650072
TI  - Induction of unresponsiveness after local low-dose cyclosporine administration.

PMID- 2650073
TI  - Transplantation of rat kidneys following perfusion with anti-Ia monoclonal
      antibody.

PMID- 2650074
TI  - Feasibility of vascular catheter placement for intrarenal infusion in a canine
      autotransplant model.

PMID- 2650075
TI  - Graft rejection can be treated effectively by local immunosuppression.

PMID- 2650076
TI  - Treatment with a diphtheria toxin-related interleukin 2 fusion protein prolongs
      cardiac allograft survival in mice.

PMID- 2650077
TI  - The effect of ex vivo irradiation of donor spleen on pancreas allograft rejection
      in the dog.

PMID- 2650078
TI  - New method of immunosuppression by selective destruction of CTL by a photodynamic
      effect.

PMID- 2650079
TI  - Alteration of in vivo allogeneic functions by ultraviolet B.

PMID- 2650080
TI  - Didemnin B prolongs rat heart allograft survival.

PMID- 2650081
TI  - Efficacy of didemnin B in suppressing allograft rejection in mice and rats.

PMID- 2650082
TI  - Cyclophosphamide inhibition of anamnestic humoral immunity.

PMID- 2650083
TI  - Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and skin graft survival in 9-(1, 3
      dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine (DHPG) treated mice.

PMID- 2650084
TI  - Histoincompatible skin and marrow grafts in mice given cholera toxin.

PMID- 2650085
TI  - Thromboxane synthesis inhibition and renal allograft function.
AB  - These data indicate that chronic administration of CGS-12970 to renal allograft
      recipients maintains renal allograft function. These effects are probably due to
      selective inhibition of local tissue TXA2 production. These data also suggest
      that elevations in renal allograft tissue prostacyclin production may be
      secondary to ischemia since improving renal blood flow and GFR with selective
      thromboxane synthesis inhibitors leads to normalization of renal prostacyclin
      synthesis. The possible utility of using CGS-12970 as an adjunct therapy in human
      renal allotransplantation should be strongly considered.

PMID- 2650086
TI  - Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) can reverse the blood transfusion effect.

PMID- 2650087
TI  - Transfusion-induced skin allograft enhancement across an H-2 class-I mismatch is
      caused by a clonal deletion of donor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors
      within the allograft.

PMID- 2650088
TI  - Early rejection following donor-specific transfusion prior to HLA-mismatched
      living related renal transplantation.

PMID- 2650089
TI  - Effects of multiple blood transfusions and cyclosporine A treatment on pancreas
      transplantation in the rat.

PMID- 2650090
TI  - Donor-specific serum transfusion prolongs survival of orthotopic liver
      transplantation in the rat.

PMID- 2650091
TI  - Prevention of transfusion-induced sensitization by heating of donor blood.

PMID- 2650092
TI  - Blood transfusions do not contribute to long-term pancreas graft survival.

PMID- 2650093
TI  - Biochemical monitoring of acute rejection with BLT serine esterase activity.

PMID- 2650094
TI  - Antigen specific effector mechanisms in skin allograft rejection.

PMID- 2650095
TI  - Survival of cytotoxic T-cell clones (Tc) in vivo and their ability to effect skin
      allograft rejection in T-cell depleted mice.

PMID- 2650096
TI  - Pathology and immunopathology of solid organ graft rejection.

PMID- 2650097
TI  - The relative importance of local versus systemic immune response in allograft
      rejection.

PMID- 2650098
TI  - Indirect presentation of alloantigen in vivo.

PMID- 2650100
TI  - T-lymphocyte subsets: major histocompatibility antigens rejection of H-2K or H-2I
      region disparate skin allografts by either Lyt-2+ or L3T4+ T-lymphocyte subset.

PMID- 2650099
TI  - Effector mechanism of H-Y and non-H-2 incompatible skin graft rejection in mice.

PMID- 2650101
TI  - Depletion of RT6+ T lymphocytes prolongs skin allograft in rats.

PMID- 2650103
TI  - Differential in vivo function of splenocytes and lymphocytes harvested from
      rejecting allografts.

PMID- 2650102
TI  - Human T cell receptors.

PMID- 2650104
TI  - Comparison of natural elimination of i.v. transplanted lymphoid and nonlymphoid
      cells by unsensitized allogeneic and syngeneic recipients.

PMID- 2650105
TI  - Differential effects of immunosuppressive agents on mononuclear cells
      infiltrating human renal allografts.

PMID- 2650106
TI  - Modulation of insulitis following thymus transplantation.

PMID- 2650107
TI  - The interleukins as lymphocyte growth factors.

PMID- 2650108
TI  - Cyclosporin-induced autoimmunity: a role for marrow-derived cells presenting self
      antigens in the thymus.

PMID- 2650109
TI  - Engraftment of allogeneic bone marrow following administration of anti-T cell
      monoclonal antibodies and low-dose irradiation.
AB  - A nonlethal conditioning regimen involving administration of mAb in vivo, low
      dose WBI and 700 rads of thymic irradiation, permits engraftment of T cell
      depleted allogeneic BM. Engraftment of class I + II disparate allogeneic BM after
      conditioning with this regimen required depletion of both L3T4 and Lyt2 host T
      cell subsets in vivo. Treatment with a combination of specific mAbs to each
      subset (GK1.5 plus 2.43) was more effective than treatment with an anti-Thy1 mAb
      (30-H12). The low incidence of engraftment after 30-H12 treatment is probably due
      to reduced efficiency of 30-H12 in depletion of host alloreactive cell
      populations rather than an effect of this mAb on a particular population of donor
      cells that are important for engraftment.

PMID- 2650110
TI  - Effect of timing of bone marrow injection on the prolongation of skin grafts in
      ALS-treated mice.

PMID- 2650111
TI  - Allogeneic lymphocytes are rejected in hyperacute fashion by enhanced rats
      bearing a heart allograft from the same donor.

PMID- 2650112
TI  - Tolerance induction to murine class II MHC molecules by anti-CD4 antibody.

PMID- 2650113
TI  - Decreased frequency of alloantigen-specific T cells following immunosuppression
      with extracted donor histocompatibility antigen and a brief course of
      cyclosporine.

PMID- 2650115
TI  - Bone marrow cells that prolong graft survival in ALS-treated mice:
      characterization for markers related to lymphocyte ontogeny.

PMID- 2650114
TI  - Suppression of second set rejection of skin allografts by donor bone marrow
      cells.

PMID- 2650116
TI  - Use of posttransplant-administered peripheral blood lymphocytes for prolonging
      allograft survival in ALS-treated mice.

PMID- 2650117
TI  - Regulation of the activity of graft survival-prolonging bone marrow cells.

PMID- 2650118
TI  - Cholera toxin induced tolerance to murine allografts.

PMID- 2650119
TI  - Specificity of immune complex/complement deposits in the mediation of immunologic
      injury to renal allografts.

PMID- 2650120
TI  - Immunohistological analysis of the early renal allograft biopsy.

PMID- 2650121
TI  - Morphological analysis of glomerular lesions in renal transplants
      immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A (CYA): has CYA induced a new transplant
      glomerular lesion?

PMID- 2650122
TI  - Mast cells in ureters from rejected allografts.

PMID- 2650123
TI  - Renal pelvic urothelial lesions in allograft rejection.

PMID- 2650124
TI  - Experimental model of chronic renal allograft rejection in rats and therapeutic
      efficacy of a new selective thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthetase inhibitor (CV-4151).

PMID- 2650125
TI  - Lymphokine production in allografts--analysis of RNA by northern blotting.

PMID- 2650126
TI  - Origin of elevated IL-2 and IL-2R in the urine of rejecting renal allograft
      recipients.

PMID- 2650127
TI  - Enhanced expression of a novel cytotoxicity-linked serine esterase by T
      lymphocytes during allograft rejection.

PMID- 2650128
TI  - Are peripheral blood lymphocytes the source of elevated B-2-microglobulin in
      renal transplant recipients?

PMID- 2650129
TI  - Inflammatory mediators in allograft malfunction: a new concept in the cyclosporin
      era.

PMID- 2650130
TI  - Leukocyte adhesion molecules involved in inflammation.

PMID- 2650131
TI  - Vascular endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules and HLA antigens in
      renal allografts.

PMID- 2650132
TI  - Antigenic expression of biopsy sections and cells cultured from the same human
      renal transplant biopsy.

PMID- 2650133
TI  - Class II antigens and interleukin 2 expression in renal allograft recipients.

PMID- 2650134
TI  - Correlation of HLA class II antigen induction and cellular infiltration in renal
      allograft rejection.

PMID- 2650135
TI  - Expression of MHC class I and class II antigens in cultured human kidney cells.

PMID- 2650136
TI  - How is the thymus affected by alterations in immunologic environment?

PMID- 2650137
TI  - Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens and HLA-DR
      incompatibility.

PMID- 2650138
TI  - Ability of a CD4-positive, MRC OX22 "low" T-cell subpopulation to initiate renal
      allograft rejection in the athymic nude rat.

PMID- 2650139
TI  - Renal allograft rejection induces MHC class II upregulation in autologous kidney
      and liver of the recipient.

PMID- 2650140
TI  - Site of influx of inflammatory leukocytes into rejecting renal allograft
      parenchyma.

PMID- 2650141
TI  - Renal parenchymal damage in the local renal GVH reaction is mediated by CD4+
      cells.

PMID- 2650142
TI  - Enumeration of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor frequencies in normals and renal
      allograft recipients using limiting dilution analysis: evidence for HLA-DR
      restricted regulatory cells of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

PMID- 2650143
TI  - Cytotoxic cells alone are not sufficient to mediate renal graft rejection.

PMID- 2650144
TI  - Gamma-interferon protects graft parenchymal target cells from LAK/mediated lysis.

PMID- 2650145
TI  - Phenotype and function of extrathymic cells invading rejecting renal allografts
      in the nude rat.

PMID- 2650146
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies to study in vivo and in vitro-activated lymphocytes.

PMID- 2650147
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in renal
      allograft rejection.

PMID- 2650148
TI  - Implication of IgA and complement in the alterations in renal blood flow
      associated with allograft rejection.

PMID- 2650149
TI  - Phenotypic analysis of mononuclear cells infiltrating rat renal allografts during
      ongoing rejection.

PMID- 2650150
TI  - Suppressive phenomena and absence of clonal deletion evidenced by limiting
      dilution analysis (LDA) of donor-specific IL2 secreting cells (IL2 SC) and
      cytotoxic precursors (CTLp).

PMID- 2650151
TI  - The identification of lymphocyte phenotypes in peripheral blood of long-term
      renal allograft patients.

PMID- 2650152
TI  - Comparison of the effect of protein micelles containing purified class I MHC
      antigen and a cytosolic preparation containing water soluble class I molecules on
      rat renal allograft survival.

PMID- 2650153
TI  - In vitro and in vivo alloreactivity of T-cell lines from rat renal allografts.

PMID- 2650154
TI  - Immunosuppressive strategies for the induction of unresponsiveness to canine
      renal allografts.

PMID- 2650155
TI  - Induction and mechanisms of unresponsiveness in a rat renal allograft model after
      recipient pretreatment with specific antigen and cyclosporin and donor
      pretreatment with irradiation and cyclophosphamide.

PMID- 2650156
TI  - Mechanism of immunosuppression in long surviving (LS) monkey allograft
      recipients.

PMID- 2650157
TI  - Synergistic effects of cyclosporine and steroid therapy in the induction of
      specific unresponsiveness to DLA-identical canine renal allografts.

PMID- 2650158
TI  - B lymphocytes from stable renal transplant patients do not respond to exogenous
      lymphokines: comparison of azathioprine and cyclosporin treated patients.

PMID- 2650159
TI  - Patterns of macrophage immigration and differentiation in human liver grafts.

PMID- 2650160
TI  - Characterization of interstitial dendritic cells in human tissues.

PMID- 2650161
TI  - Vanishing bile duct syndrome in canine liver allotransplants.

PMID- 2650162
TI  - Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on vascular
      endothelium of spontaneously tolerated liver allografts.

PMID- 2650163
TI  - Estrogen and androgen receptors in the liver after orthotopic liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650164
TI  - In situ and systemic cellular immunity associated with orthotopic rat liver
      allograft acceptance or rejection.

PMID- 2650165
TI  - High levels of donor HLA antigens in the circulation of human liver graft
      recipients.

PMID- 2650166
TI  - Reversal of ongoing liver graft rejection by administration of serum from liver
      transplanted rats.

PMID- 2650167
TI  - Long-term enhancement of rat renal allografts by serum from liver grafted rats.

PMID- 2650168
TI  - Hypercholesterolemia does not exacerbate arterial intimal thickening in
      chronically rejecting rat cardiac allografts.

PMID- 2650169
TI  - Nonspecific increase of interleukin-2 receptor serum levels during immune events
      in heart transplantation.

PMID- 2650170
TI  - LTC4, thromboxane B2 and 6-keto PGF1 in syngeneic and allogenic heterotopic
      cardiac transplant in rats.

PMID- 2650171
TI  - Contrast of mediators: identification of cells and cytokines in human heart
      tissue with acute rejection and myocarditis.

PMID- 2650172
TI  - Expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
      antigens in rejecting human heart grafts.

PMID- 2650173
TI  - Patterns of donor major histocompatibility complex antigen expression in rat
      heart grafts and a model of chronic vascular rejection.

PMID- 2650174
TI  - Correlation of macrophage and NK cell numbers with "activation markers" in rat
      cardiac allografts.

PMID- 2650175
TI  - Expression of class I and class II MHC antigens in normal and transplanted human
      lung.

PMID- 2650176
TI  - Differential influence of poly I:C on class II and CD4-like markers on
      interstitial dendritic cells in the heart.

PMID- 2650177
TI  - Myocardial tissue blood flow in allo-transplanted rat hearts with a special
      reference to acute rejection and capillary changes in the myocardium.

PMID- 2650178
TI  - Anti-idiotypic antibodies regulate the immune response to HLA in heart allograft
      recipients.

PMID- 2650179
TI  - The composition of inflammatory cells infiltrating rejecting heart allografts in
      rats is not reflected in the blood or lymph.

PMID- 2650180
TI  - Lung transplantation in the rat: cellular mechanisms of allograft rejection.

PMID- 2650181
TI  - Splenectomy abrogates the ability of thoracic duct lymphocytes of tolerant rats
      to transfer suppression.

PMID- 2650182
TI  - Depletion of donor class II MHC positive passenger cells and reduction of
      immunogenicity in longstanding rat heart allografts.

PMID- 2650183
TI  - Donor bone marrow cell induced prolongation of murine cardiac allografts.

PMID- 2650184
TI  - Prolonged survival of allotransplanted lungs in beagles conditioned with short
      term immunotherapy.

PMID- 2650185
TI  - Host-graft relationship in accelerated rejection of rat cardiac allografts.

PMID- 2650186
TI  - Second generation transplantation biology through the molecular revolution.

PMID- 2650187
TI  - Quantitative analysis of the microvasculature of rat pancreas transplants during
      the acute rejection process.

PMID- 2650188
TI  - Analysis of non-fibroblastic interstitial cells of human pancreas.

PMID- 2650189
TI  - Xenografts.
AB  - Increasing success in clinical organ transplantation has had the paradoxical
      effect of highlighting the problem of donor organ shortage. Even with improved
      procurement of human organs, there remains a shortage. This factor has provided a
      continuing stimulation for studies directed toward eventual use of non-human
      organs in man. Studies done a quarter-century ago showed that chimpanzee kidneys
      transplanted into patients functioned for as long as nine months. There are
      serious logistic and ethical problems surrounding the use of this species. We
      have studied cardiac transplantation in a lower primate model (monkey-baboon),
      and these studies provide encouragement in the field of xenotransplantation.

PMID- 2650190
TI  - The mechanism of discordant xenograft rejection.

PMID- 2650191
TI  - Rejection/acceptance of xenografts.

PMID- 2650192
TI  - Prolongation of allograft and xenograft survival with 15-deoxyspergualin.

PMID- 2650193
TI  - Prolonged cardiac xenograft survival by 15-deoxyspergualin combined with
      splenectomy.

PMID- 2650194
TI  - Effect of plasma exchange on guinea pig-to-rat heart xenografts.

PMID- 2650195
TI  - Prolongation of graft survival in hamster to rat xenografting.

PMID- 2650196
TI  - 15-Deoxyspergualin--a new perspective of immunosuppressive therapy in
      experimental xenogeneic kidney transplantation (XKTP).

PMID- 2650197
TI  - Prolongation of heart xenograft survival in the rat: effectiveness of
      cyclosporine in preventing early xenoantibody rebound after membrane
      plasmapheresis.

PMID- 2650198
TI  - Can cardiac allografts and xenografts be transplanted across the ABO blood group
      barrier?

PMID- 2650199
TI  - Prolongation of graft survival in sensitized xenotransplantation.

PMID- 2650200
TI  - The role of M-CSF and GM-CSF in fostering placental growth, fetal growth, and
      fetal survival.

PMID- 2650201
TI  - Antiidiotypic responses in the suppression of allograft rejection.

PMID- 2650202
TI  - Structure/function studies of major histocompatibility antigens.

PMID- 2650203
TI  - The reasons for MHC polymorphism in man.

PMID- 2650204
TI  - Antibodies and graft rejection.

PMID- 2650205
TI  - What crossmatches are required in organ transplantation?

PMID- 2650206
TI  - Long-term survival of kidney grafts.
AB  - 1. In the long-term period, the half-life effectively measured loss rate. For HLA
      identical sib donors the half-life was 25 years; for parental donors, 13 years;
      and for cadaver donors, 8 years (now possibly 11 years). 2. HLA-A,B,DR matching
      exerted the greatest effect on half-life, for a half-life of 17 years was
      achieved for cadaver donors. This rate was not quite as high as that for A,B,DR
      matched siblings but was higher than the one haplotype mismatched parental donor
      transplants. 3. Caucasian recipients had a half-life of 8 years compared to 5
      years for black recipients. 4. Excellent centers had a 10-year half-life compared
      to 5 years for fair centers. 5. Cold ischemia time over 24 hours, recipient age
      over 55, and donor age of 50-60 had a small effect on the half-life in the order
      of 1 to 3 years. 6. Among the short-term factors that affect the 1-year graft
      survival, there was a 12% difference between excellent and fair centers. An 11%
      difference between A,B,DR matched transplants and 6 A,B,DR mismatched grafts was
      noted. First-cadaver donor grafts had a 10% higher graft survival at 1-year than
      second grafts. Other factors together with the difference in 1-year graft
      survival between the extremes were as follows: sensitization 9%, race 8%,
      transfusion 6%, donor age 6%, diabetic 3%, recipient age 3% and cold ischemia 1%.
      Thus more factors affect short-term survival than long-term survival.

PMID- 2650207
TI  - Human kidney specific non-MHC antigen: isolation and characterization using
      eluates from rejected renal allografts.

PMID- 2650208
TI  - Biochemically detected HLA-DQ polymorphism in DR-matched donors and recipients of
      renal allografts.
AB  - We performed a retrospective biochemical analysis of HLA-D-region antigens of
      serologically DR-compatible donors and recipients of renal allografts. No
      incompatible D-region antigens were detected in grafts with a stable clinical
      course--i.e., there were no rejection episodes--whereas incompatibility for one
      or more D-region antigens was found in all 13 grafts with rejection. Thus,
      mismatched D-region antigens may provide a stimulus for early rejection in these
      grafts.

PMID- 2650209
TI  - Subclasses of ABO isoagglutinins in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2650210
TI  - Antigen presentation by neonatal spleen cells: a novel finding.

PMID- 2650211
TI  - Hemopoietic growth factor gene transfer.
AB  - Introduction of hemopoietic growth factor genes into hemopoietic cells using
      retroviral vectors or by the generation of transgenic mice has been a valuable
      approach in analyzing the role of these growth factors in leukemia development
      and in determining the pathological consequences of stimulation by excess levels
      of growth factors.

PMID- 2650212
TI  - Modulation of the HLA-A, -B, -DR matching effect by cyclosporin therapy.

PMID- 2650213
TI  - Arguments against HLA-A, -B, -DR mismatching in kidney transplant recipients.

PMID- 2650214
TI  - The benefits of HLA matching on renal transplantation relative to cyclosporine
      use and organ sharing.

PMID- 2650215
TI  - HLA-B, DR matching and cadaver renal allograft survival in New England. New
      England Organ Bank.

PMID- 2650216
TI  - Selection of cross-match negative HLA-A and/or -B mismatched donors for highly
      sensitized patients.

PMID- 2650217
TI  - Zero-HLA haplotype matched siblings as living related renal donors.

PMID- 2650218
TI  - Effect of HLA matching supersedes many others for long-term cadaver kidney
      transplants.

PMID- 2650219
TI  - Repeated DR mismatching need not be hazardous to kidney graft survival.

PMID- 2650220
TI  - Influence of donor/recipient HLA-DR antigen disparities on cadaver kidney graft
      survival: an alternative for recipient selection.

PMID- 2650221
TI  - Long-term results of O-antigen match cadaver transplants--a single-institution
      study.

PMID- 2650222
TI  - Positive B cell crossmatches: specificity of antibody and graft outcome.

PMID- 2650223
TI  - Are maternal HLA antigens protective for antibody formation?

PMID- 2650224
TI  - Renal allograft survival in CSA-treated patients with positive donor-specific B
      cell crossmatches.

PMID- 2650225
TI  - Prospective study of kidney transplantation across positive T warm crossmatches.

PMID- 2650226
TI  - Removal of anti-HLA antibodies prior to transplantation: an effective and
      successful strategy for highly sensitised renal allograft recipients.

PMID- 2650227
TI  - The effect of historical crossmatches and sensitization of renal allograft
      survival.

PMID- 2650228
TI  - Influence of antimucin antibody in kidney transplantation.
AB  - A protein in saliva that is resistant to boiling and has a molecular weight
      greater than 400,000 daltons was found. Antibody against this antigen occurred
      naturally in about 20% of 92 normal and 334 dialysis patients. This antibody was
      associated with an early graft failure in studies of 201 first and 133 multiple
      graft patients. The effect was strong in male patients and absent in female
      patients. This antimucin antibody may explain some early graft failure in
      negative crossmatches.

PMID- 2650229
TI  - Assessment of production of tumor necrosis factor alpha under the influence of
      immunosuppressive drugs.

PMID- 2650230
TI  - Immunoblot analysis of sera specific for vascular endothelial cells.

PMID- 2650231
TI  - Non-complement-fixing antibodies as indicators for impending renal allograft
      rejection.

PMID- 2650232
TI  - A past positive crossmatch does not affect allograft survival for cyclosporine
      immunosuppressed primary and secondary renal transplant recipients.

PMID- 2650233
TI  - Artificially low antibody activity in sera from patients called for cadaver renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650234
TI  - Frequency of DR antibody in patients awaiting a renal allograft.

PMID- 2650235
TI  - Prediction of humoral immune responses to HLA through antiidiotypic antibody
      studies.

PMID- 2650236
TI  - Humoral rejection in two HLA identical living related donor kidney transplants.

PMID- 2650237
TI  - Successful transplantation across positive crossmatches: a result of detailed
      pretransplant antibody analysis.

PMID- 2650238
TI  - Risk factors in the development of antibodies to vascular endothelial cells.

PMID- 2650239
TI  - Pretransplant crossmatch--relationship with ischemic graft injury: successful
      renal transplantation without preoperative crossmatches in sensitized patients.

PMID- 2650240
TI  - An expert system for the difficult renal crossmatch.

PMID- 2650241
TI  - Humoral rejection with negative crossmatches.

PMID- 2650242
TI  - Improved crossmatch prediction with DTT-treated sera.

PMID- 2650243
TI  - A microabsorption assay to determine acceptable HLA-A and B mismatches for highly
      immunized patients.

PMID- 2650244
TI  - A micromethod for absorption of HLA class I antibodies.

PMID- 2650245
TI  - OKT3-directed T cell selection for rapid HLA and crossmatch testing.

PMID- 2650246
TI  - Elimination of antibodies in transplanted patients using cryofiltration.

PMID- 2650247
TI  - Attempt at depletion of anti-HLA antibodies in sensitized patients awaiting
      transplantation using extracorporeal immunoadsorption, polyclonal IgG, and
      immunosuppressive drugs.

PMID- 2650248
TI  - Effect of peak PRAs on the outcome of cadaver kidney transplants.

PMID- 2650249
TI  - Outcome of renal transplantation after DFPP treatment in presensitized
      recipients.

PMID- 2650250
TI  - Lymphocytic IgM antibody in highly sensitized (greater than 50% PRA) autologous
      negative renal allograft candidates.

PMID- 2650251
TI  - Transplantation of highly sensitized patients based on crossmatches using DTT
      treated sera.

PMID- 2650252
TI  - Historical positive cross-matches in renal transplantation with living donors: an
      analysis of thirteen cases.

PMID- 2650253
TI  - Successful renal allografts in recipients with a positive standard, DTE negative
      cross-match.

PMID- 2650254
TI  - Anti-idiotypic activity in cytotoxic sera from highly sensitised patients (HSP)
      given cyclosporin A and blood transfusion from a specific donor (ST).

PMID- 2650255
TI  - The development of a positive donor-specific cross-match after kidney
      transplantation is detrimental to the graft.

PMID- 2650256
TI  - Successful management of the highly sensitized renal allograft recipient.

PMID- 2650257
TI  - Anti-HLA antibodies in recipients of renal allografts.

PMID- 2650258
TI  - Modulation of lymphocytotoxic activity in highly sensitised patients by anti
      idiotypic antibodies.

PMID- 2650259
TI  - Clinical significance of a blood vessel crossmatch in patients with a positive
      current T cell crossmatch.

PMID- 2650260
TI  - Detection of anti-idiotypic antibodies to HLA (anti-anti-HLA antibodies) by use
      of human monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2650261
TI  - Successful transplantation in highly sensitized patients.

PMID- 2650262
TI  - Successful transplantation after conversion of a positive crossmatch to negative
      by dissociation of IgM antibody.

PMID- 2650263
TI  - Anti-HLA antibodies following the transplantation of highly sensitised renal
      allograft recipients.

PMID- 2650264
TI  - False-positive crossmatch owing to autoantibodies induced by donor-specific
      transfusions without development of alloantibodies.

PMID- 2650265
TI  - Differential cytokine production by natural killer cells and T cells of the alpha
      beta and gamma delta T-cell receptor classes.

PMID- 2650266
TI  - Sustained high panel reactive antibody levels in highly sensitized patients:
      significance of continued transfusions.

PMID- 2650267
TI  - Procedure in highly immunized patients treated with kidney transplants.

PMID- 2650268
TI  - ABO incompatible kidney transplantation with skin grafting.

PMID- 2650269
TI  - ABO incompatible renal transplantation: a qualitative analysis of native
      endothelial tissue ABO antigens after transplantation.

PMID- 2650270
TI  - Effect of DRw6 antigen in recipients and donors on survival after liver
      transplant.

PMID- 2650271
TI  - HLA alloimmunization and blood requirements in orthotopic liver transplantation.

PMID- 2650272
TI  - The role of RT1.a major histocompatibility antigens in prolonging the survival of
      hepatic allografts in the rat.

PMID- 2650273
TI  - The influence of HLA matching, donor/recipient sex, and incidence of acute
      rejection on survival in cardiac allograft recipients receiving cyclosporin A and
      azathioprine.

PMID- 2650274
TI  - The role of individual minor histocompatibility antigens in cardiac allograft
      rejection.

PMID- 2650275
TI  - The influence of ABO blood groups on the incidence of cardiac allograft rejection
      in males.

PMID- 2650276
TI  - The effect of HLA lymphocytotoxic antibody status and crossmatch result on
      cardiac transplant survival.

PMID- 2650277
TI  - Anti-HLA antibodies and heart allograft survival.

PMID- 2650278
TI  - The cyclosporins.

PMID- 2650279
TI  - Transplantation tolerance: a 1988 perspective.

PMID- 2650280
TI  - Single or multiple drug therapy.

PMID- 2650281
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-drug/toxin immunoconjugates in transplantation.

PMID- 2650282
TI  - Noncompliance in organ transplant recipients.

PMID- 2650283
TI  - Identification of a sulfate conjugate of cyclosporin.

PMID- 2650284
TI  - Rat cardiac allografts protected with cyclosporin A are rejected in the presence
      of LS-2616 (Linomide).

PMID- 2650285
TI  - Immunosuppression by cyclosporine in vivo need not block effector T-cell function
      in mice.

PMID- 2650286
TI  - A comparison of cyclosporine binding by cyclophilin and calmodulin.

PMID- 2650287
TI  - Cyclosporine A inhibits lymphocyte activation at more than one site in vivo.

PMID- 2650288
TI  - Sex differences in the prolongation of allogeneic skin graft survival in rats
      treated with cyclosporin A: effects of orchiectomy and pregnancy.
AB  - As reported previously, only male rats were susceptible to immunosuppression by
      CsA in allogeneic skin grafts. We have further investigated the sex differences
      observed in the prolongation of skin allograft survival time, focusing on the
      role of sex-related organs. Adult male DA (RT1a) rats (14 weeks old), which had
      been preorchiectomized at 5 weeks old or just 2 days prior to the operation, had
      fully allogeneic skin grafts from male AO (RT1u) rats, followed by CsA treatment.
      A small but significant reduction of graft survival time was observed in the
      recipients orchiectomized when fully mature. On the other hand, adult rats
      preorchiectomized while immature (five weeks old), showed a graft survival time
      similar to that of the comparable sham-operated group. DA female rats with
      syngeneic or allogeneic pregnancies always rejected AO skin, even in the course
      of CsA treatment, without showing any differences in graft survival time compared
      with nonpregnant rats.

PMID- 2650289
TI  - Analysis of cyclosporin A (CsA) concentrations by fluorescence polarization
      immunoassay (FPIA): comparison with radio immunoassay (RIA) and liquid
      chromatography (HPLC).

PMID- 2650290
TI  - Comparison of a fluorescence polarization immunoassay and a radioimmunoassay for
      the quantitation of cyclosporine A in organ transplantation.

PMID- 2650291
TI  - Screening for abnormal cyclosporine A metabolite concentrations.

PMID- 2650292
TI  - Overestimation of cyclosporin-A levels, using the polyclonal and monoclonal RIA,
      increased due to the accumulation of crossreactive metabolites.

PMID- 2650293
TI  - Cyclosporine measurement by fluorescent polarization immunoassay utilizing Abbott
      TDx instrument.

PMID- 2650294
TI  - A novel technique for plasma CsA determination--application to drug monitoring
      during transplantation.

PMID- 2650295
TI  - Isolation, characterization and in vitro activity of human cyclosporin A
      metabolites.

PMID- 2650296
TI  - Reduction of cyclosporin (CSA) nephrotoxicity by imipenem/cilastatin after kidney
      transplantation in rats.

PMID- 2650297
TI  - Effect of HLA matching in heart transplantation. Collaborative Heart Transplant
      Study.

PMID- 2650298
TI  - Synergistically enhanced immunosuppressive effect by combined use of cyclosporine
      and mizoribine.

PMID- 2650299
TI  - Effect of cyclosporin A supplementation and on renal allograft survival in ALS
      plus bone marrow treated dogs.

PMID- 2650300
TI  - Prolongation of rat kidney allograft survival induced by the synergistic effect
      of a small dose of cyclosporin directly injected into the thoracic duct and
      splenectomy.

PMID- 2650301
TI  - Cyclosporin therapy for treatment of rat heart allograft rejection.

PMID- 2650302
TI  - The effects of OKT3 anti-rejection therapy on in situ allograft infiltrating
      lymphocytes.

PMID- 2650303
TI  - Differences in antibody formation to OKT3 between kidney and heart
      transplantation recipients.

PMID- 2650304
TI  - Determination of serum OKT3 levels with flow cytometry.

PMID- 2650305
TI  - Production and use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to rat interleukin-2.

PMID- 2650306
TI  - Mechanism of action of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) monoclonal antibody (MAb)
      therapy: target cell depletion or inhibition of function?

PMID- 2650307
TI  - Effects of immunosuppression on glucose and lipid metabolism after heart
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650308
TI  - Renal consequences of a low dose cyclosporine triple therapy regimen in cardiac
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650309
TI  - Comparison of three immunosuppressive protocols in cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2650310
TI  - Comparison of the safety and efficacy of oral vs constant-rate intravenous
      infusion cyclosporine immediately following orthotopic heart transplantation.

PMID- 2650311
TI  - Intravenous administration of cyclosporine for immunosuppression in heart
      transplant patients.

PMID- 2650312
TI  - Intravenous cyclosporine for heart transplantation.

PMID- 2650313
TI  - Heart transplantation in 234 patients: review of the Texas Heart Institute six
      year experience.

PMID- 2650314
TI  - Adjusted triple drug immunosuppression and kidney function following heart
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650316
TI  - Reproducibility and reliability of cytoimmunological monitoring (CIM) of heart
      transplanted patients (HTP).

PMID- 2650315
TI  - Infectious complications in heart transplant recipients with combined low dose
      cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisolone (triple drug) immunosuppression.

PMID- 2650317
TI  - Monocytes and macrophages in the rejection of human cardiac allografts.

PMID- 2650318
TI  - Correlation of interleukin-2 receptor positive circulating lymphocytes and acute
      cardiac rejection.

PMID- 2650319
TI  - Cytoimmunological monitoring to detect rejection after heart transplantation.

PMID- 2650320
TI  - Cytoimmunologic monitoring for the diagnosis of acute rejection after heart
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650321
TI  - DNA analysis of circulating blood mononuclear cells for diagnosis of rejection in
      heart transplant patients.

PMID- 2650322
TI  - Changes in mononuclear cell DNA profiles during rejection in a cardiac transplant
      patient.

PMID- 2650323
TI  - Acute humoral rejection in a heart transplant recipient.

PMID- 2650324
TI  - A high incidence of early acute rejection does not correlate with the number of
      late rejections following heart transplantation.

PMID- 2650325
TI  - Diagnosis of acute cardiac rejection by changes in left ventricular volumes.

PMID- 2650326
TI  - Relevance of immunological parameters to detect allograft rejection in heart
      transplant recipients.

PMID- 2650327
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging to detect heart transplant rejection: sensitivity and
      specificity.

PMID- 2650329
TI  - Immunological reactivity before and after cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2650328
TI  - Electrophysiologic and histopathologic evaluation of the transplanted rat heart.

PMID- 2650330
TI  - Special problems in use of the total artificial heart as a bridge to
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650331
TI  - Prior cardiac surgery as a determinant of survival in heart transplant
      recipients.

PMID- 2650332
TI  - Prostaglandin E1 for treatment of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in
      patients undergoing cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2650333
TI  - Two complex congenital cardiac malformations with progressive pulmonary
      hypertension: indications for isolated orthotopic heart transplantation?

PMID- 2650334
TI  - Improved evaluation of pulmonary vascular resistance prior to heart
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650335
TI  - Refined techniques for heterotopic cardiac transplantation in the rat.

PMID- 2650336
TI  - Experimental study of cervical heterotopic cardiac transplantation as a temporary
      left ventricular assist device.

PMID- 2650337
TI  - Left ventricular pressure-volume relationships in brain-dead canine hearts-
      preoperative evaluation of donor hearts.

PMID- 2650338
TI  - Successful management of catastrophic intraabdominal complications following
      cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2650339
TI  - Early detection of lung rejection by measurement of bronchial mucosal blood flow
      using laser Doppler flowmeter.

PMID- 2650340
TI  - Lung transplantation in humans, with emphasis on en bloc technique for
      simultaneous bilateral transplantation without the heart.

PMID- 2650341
TI  - Simplified rat lung transplantation using a cuff technique.

PMID- 2650342
TI  - Acute graft-versus-host disease after lung transplantation.

PMID- 2650343
TI  - Is there a future for fetal pancreas transplantation?

PMID- 2650344
TI  - Autoimmunity and diabetes.

PMID- 2650345
TI  - Prolonged function of intrasplenic canine pancreatic fragment autografts.

PMID- 2650346
TI  - Identification of novel blood group-reactive monoclonal antibodies cytotoxic to
      human acinar cells but not islets.

PMID- 2650347
TI  - Magnetic microspheres (MMS) coupled to selective lectins: a new tool for large
      scale extraction and purification of human pancreatic islets.

PMID- 2650348
TI  - Improved human fetal pancreatic tissue survival following hyperbaric oxygen
      culture.

PMID- 2650349
TI  - Reversal of diabetes in hyperglycaemic nude mice by human fetal pancreas.

PMID- 2650350
TI  - Functional maturation of porcine fetal pancreatic explants.

PMID- 2650351
TI  - Reversal of experimental diabetes in miniature swine by fetal pancreas
      allografts.

PMID- 2650352
TI  - Immunogenicity of rat foetal pancreas allografts: the role of interstitial IA
      positive cells.

PMID- 2650353
TI  - Prolongation of mouse allogenic skin grafts on long-term bearers of adult and
      neonatal pancreatic tissue allografts.

PMID- 2650354
TI  - Heating reduces the sensitization induced by allogeneic blood and red blood cells
      for rat foetal pancreas allografts.

PMID- 2650356
TI  - Pregraft donor strain transfusions of blood and red blood cells fail to decrease
      the rate of rejection of rodent foetal pancreas allografts.

PMID- 2650355
TI  - Azathioprine decreases insulin secretion in human islets.

PMID- 2650357
TI  - Is there an indication for pancreatic transplantation?

PMID- 2650358
TI  - Pancreas Transplantation Registry report.

PMID- 2650359
TI  - Pancreaticoduodenal allograft procurement in combination with liver allograft
      procurement.

PMID- 2650360
TI  - Development of an improved immunosuppressive regimen for pancreas
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650361
TI  - Elevation in urinary prostaglandin (PGE2) as an early marker of pancreas
      allograft rejection.

PMID- 2650362
TI  - Cyclosporine-associated toxicity in pancreatic islet cells and its prevention by
      K-MAP in cyclosporine-treated animals.

PMID- 2650363
TI  - Pancreatic juice cytology (PJC) for early detection of pancreas allograft
      rejection.

PMID- 2650364
TI  - Interleukin-2 assay in serum and urine as a means of monitoring pancreatic
      allograft rejection.

PMID- 2650365
TI  - Serial radionuclide determinations of graft perfusion in pancreas
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650366
TI  - Studies of radioimmunoreactive urinary insulin (RUI) in the human: a new test for
      diagnosis of pancreas rejection.

PMID- 2650367
TI  - Duct obstruction of segmental grafts in pancreas transplantation.

PMID- 2650368
TI  - Surgical complications after segmental pancreatic transplantation with enteric
      exocrine diversion.

PMID- 2650369
TI  - Puzzling angiographic findings in pancreatic transplantation.

PMID- 2650370
TI  - Contribution of graft duodenum to metabolic disorders in canine recipients of
      whole pancreaticoduodenal transplants with bladder drainage.

PMID- 2650371
TI  - Comparison of graft survival between orthotopic and heterotopic segmental
      pancreas allotransplantation.

PMID- 2650372
TI  - Experimental pancreas transplantation in litter mate and random dogs.

PMID- 2650373
TI  - The effect of a distal splenic arteriovenous fistula on tissue blood flow in the
      pancreatic segment.

PMID- 2650374
TI  - Cystoscopically directed biopsy technique in canine pancreaticoduodenal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650375
TI  - Results after transplantation of canine pancreatic grafts with preserved exocrine
      drainage.

PMID- 2650376
TI  - The in vitro perfused pancreas: a model for rigorous comparison of pancreatic
      transplant techniques.

PMID- 2650377
TI  - Renal allograft and patient survival in combined pancreas/kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2650378
TI  - Combined kidney-pancreas transplantation with pancreaticocystostomy.

PMID- 2650379
TI  - Comparison of fasting serum cholesterol levels between diabetic recipients who
      undergo renal-pancreas transplants and renal transplantation only.

PMID- 2650380
TI  - Effects of donor size on long-term function of simultaneous renal and pancreatic
      transplants from pediatric donors.

PMID- 2650381
TI  - Differences in post-cyclosporin A (CyA) graft acceptance following individual and
      combined kidney and pancreas transplantation in the rat.

PMID- 2650382
TI  - Long-term outcome of pancreas transplants functioning at one year.

PMID- 2650383
TI  - Evidence for reversibility of diabetic microangiopathy following pancreas
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650384
TI  - Long-term metabolic control in recipients of duct-occluded segmental pancreatic
      grafts.

PMID- 2650385
TI  - Effect of graft pancreatitis on the outcome of whole pancreatic transplants.

PMID- 2650386
TI  - Clinical pancreas transplantation: a learning curve of its management.
AB  - In this evolving experience, acceptable patient and graft survival after PTX
      appear best secured by the use of whole duodenopancreatic grafts, enteric
      drainage, triple immunosuppression induced by OKT3, and the monitoring of
      postprandial blood glucose and serum amylase for detection of rejection.

PMID- 2650387
TI  - Seven-year experience in clinical pancreatic transplantation using duct occlusion
      technique.

PMID- 2650388
TI  - Pancreatic transplantation: long-term outcome of 21 grafts.

PMID- 2650389
TI  - Effects of pancreatic transplantation on diabetic complications.

PMID- 2650390
TI  - Absence of microvascular complications in long-term duct-occluded segmental
      pancreas autografts in dogs.

PMID- 2650391
TI  - Intestinal transplantation: current status.
AB  - Gut transplantation is at a stage comparable to that of transplantation of the
      heart and liver in the late 1960s. The feasibility of this procedure has been
      demonstrated in large animals but has not been successful in clinical practice.
      Rejection, sepsis, and possible GVHD are the major obstacles. Ongoing clinical
      trials can be justified on the basis of the limited options that are available
      for patients with the short gut syndrome who develop complications while on TPN,
      the improved results in animals studies, the recent clinical success of
      pancreaticoduodenal transplantation, and the demonstrated ability to detect
      rejection and remove the intestinal graft without mortality (Table 1).

PMID- 2650392
TI  - Long-term survival and tolerance in allogeneic rat small bowel transplant
      recipients treated with cyclosporine.

PMID- 2650393
TI  - Orthotopic small bowel transplantation in rats: pretreatment of the donor with
      the aim of ameliorating graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2650395
TI  - Graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease in marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2650394
TI  - Combined small bowel and kidney transplantation in the rat.

PMID- 2650396
TI  - Congress review: progress and prospects in bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2650397
TI  - Matched unrelated donor transplantation.

PMID- 2650398
TI  - Long-term results of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2650399
TI  - The efficiency of long-term bone marrow suspension cultures performed with
      transplant marrow.

PMID- 2650400
TI  - Selective allogenic donor T cell subsets in experimental bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650401
TI  - MHC fully allogeneic bone transplantation after physical T-cell depletion with
      magnetic microspheres (MAMIS).

PMID- 2650402
TI  - Replacing total body irradiation with busulfan as conditioning of patients with
      leukemia for allogeneic marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2650403
TI  - The use of melphalan in conjunction with total body irradiation as treatment for
      acute leukaemia.

PMID- 2650404
TI  - Timing of marrow transplantation in secondary leukemias and myelodysplastic
      syndromes.

PMID- 2650405
TI  - Efficacy and toxicity of a conditioning regimen with continuous infusion of
      anthracyclines in lymphocyte-depleted bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2650406
TI  - Total lymphoid irradiation allows allogeneic bone marrow engraftment without GVHD
      in dogs but requires MHC matching.

PMID- 2650407
TI  - Role of anti-donor antibodies in bone marrow transplant rejection: evaluation by
      flow cytometry and effect of plasma exchanges.

PMID- 2650408
TI  - Alleviation of neurologic symptoms after bone marrow transplantation in twitcher
      mice.

PMID- 2650409
TI  - Graft-versus-leukemia reactions in humans. The Advisory Committee of the
      International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry.

PMID- 2650410
TI  - Marrow transplantation from unrelated HLA-matched volunteer donors.

PMID- 2650411
TI  - Induction of autologous graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2650412
TI  - Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes in the diagnosis of acute graft
      versus-host disease.

PMID- 2650413
TI  - A new approach to the prevention of graft-versus-host disease using XomaZyme-H65
      following histo-incompatible partially T-depleted marrow grafts.

PMID- 2650414
TI  - Results of four different protocols for prophylaxis against graft-versus-host
      disease.

PMID- 2650415
TI  - Combination prophylactic immunosuppression in bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2650416
TI  - Autoreactive T cells isolated during graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) may be
      involved in the generation of an anti-leukemic effect after bone marrow
      transplantation (BMT).

PMID- 2650417
TI  - Genetic analysis of the anti-leukemic effect of mixed allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650418
TI  - Inhibition by deoxyspergualin of allo-reactive cytotoxic activity in mouse graft
      versus-host disease.

PMID- 2650419
TI  - Age-related factors in the induction of syngeneic GVHD.

PMID- 2650420
TI  - Comparison of immunosuppressive agents for prevention of graft rejection in
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2650421
TI  - Prevention of graft-versus-host disease in neonatal F1 hybrid mice by pre
      immunisation of their mother with paternal spleen cells.

PMID- 2650422
TI  - The use of total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) for prevention of rejection of T
      lymphocyte depleted bone marrow allografts in non-malignant hematological
      disorders.

PMID- 2650423
TI  - Antilymphocytic antibodies and marrow transplantation: ATG suppresses
      antiantibody formation against monoclonal anti-T-cell antibodies.

PMID- 2650424
TI  - Can morbidity and mortality of matched allogeneic marrow grafts be reduced?

PMID- 2650425
TI  - Defective interleukin 2 (IL2) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      (PBMC) of bone marrow transplant recipients is not due to accessory cell or T
      cell receptor defects.

PMID- 2650426
TI  - The relevance of HLA in survival following bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2650427
TI  - Psychosocial aspects and the physiological effects of a cardiopulmonary exercise
      program in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for acute
      leukemia (AL).

PMID- 2650428
TI  - Influence of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation on the endocrine system in
      children.

PMID- 2650429
TI  - Histological improvement and enzyme replacement in the brains of fucosidosis dogs
      after bone marrow engraftment.

PMID- 2650430
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for canine ceroid lipofuscinosis.

PMID- 2650431
TI  - Follow-up of chimeric state during early hematopoietic reconstitution after
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation using oligonucleotide probes from
      minisatellite gene regions.

PMID- 2650432
TI  - Renal function in children following bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2650433
TI  - Fetal liver transplantation in rhesus monkeys.

PMID- 2650434
TI  - Corneal transplantation: state of the art.

PMID- 2650435
TI  - Eye banking.

PMID- 2650436
TI  - The corneal endothelium in corneal transplantation.

PMID- 2650437
TI  - Immunosuppression for corneal transplantation and treatment of graft rejection.

PMID- 2650438
TI  - The role of histocompatibility in human corneal transplantation.

PMID- 2650439
TI  - Transfer of infection via corneal transplantation.

PMID- 2650440
TI  - Interaction between prognostic factors for corneal allograft survival.

PMID- 2650441
TI  - Report from the Australian Corneal Graft Registry.

PMID- 2650442
TI  - An analysis of corneal graft rejection in the rat.

PMID- 2650443
TI  - Donor-specific cytotoxic T-cell alloreactivity in successfully engrafted high
      risk cornea patients.

PMID- 2650444
TI  - Immunological considerations in neural transplantation.

PMID- 2650445
TI  - Expression of MHC antigens in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2650446
TI  - The immune response to intraparenchymal fetal CNS transplants.

PMID- 2650447
TI  - Cross-species retinal transplantation to the central nervous system.

PMID- 2650448
TI  - Cellular events associated with induced rejection of neural xenografts placed
      into neonatal rat brains.

PMID- 2650449
TI  - Prolongation of graft survival in allogeneic limb transplantation by 15
      deoxyspergualin.

PMID- 2650450
TI  - Severe lymphoproliferative disease and Kaposi sarcoma in transplant patients.

PMID- 2650451
TI  - Increased frequency of posttransplant lymphomas in patients treated with
      cyclosporin, azathioprine, and prednisone.

PMID- 2650452
TI  - A parametric analysis of the hazard of cancer after transplantation.

PMID- 2650453
TI  - Studies on chromosome aberrations of peripheral T lymphocytes in cadaveric kidney
      allograft recipients.

PMID- 2650454
TI  - The incidence of Kaposi sarcoma in renal transplant patients and its relation to
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2650455
TI  - Abnormal serum gamma globulin concentrations in renal transplant patients.

PMID- 2650456
TI  - [Toxic organic damage].
AB  - Pathohistological findings are playing an important role in the advice of toxic
      organ damages. After presentation of some details about the frequency of toxic
      organ damages, the pathways of toxic agents in the organism are discussed. In
      cells toxic damage may induce cell necrosis, functional disturbance, inhibition
      of cell proliferation or malignant transformation; in extracellular structures it
      may lead to degradation phenomena in the connective tissue matrix. As
      demonstrated in example of calciphylaxis, a combination of different noxes may
      not only add but even potentiate the effects of the single noxes. In
      intracellular reparation processes the lysosomal system is involved. In case of
      necrosis regeneration is possible in most kinds of tissues, if connective tissue
      rails are preserved. Otherwise an irreversible reparative fibrotic alteration of
      organ structure is induced which develops according to particular general and
      schematic rules. As mostly character and course of the tissue reaction is
      unspecific, pathohistological findings do not enable conclusions on the type of
      inducing toxic agent. The following presentation of some examples of toxic
      damages with pathognomonic histological appearance deals with asbestosis,
      silicosis, chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy, aluminum-induced osteopathy and a
      recently described liver cirrhosis in early childhood induced by copper
      containing drinking water. Some limits of traditional pathohistological
      evaluation of toxic organ damages have been overcome by application of new
      morphological techniques. Own investigations revealed that the immunocytochemical
      demonstration of the C5b-9-complement complex enables a better and earlier
      detection of irreversibly damaged cells. Discrimination of toxic and virus
      induced tissue damage is facilitated by the technique of in-situ-hybridization.
      Sometimes a specific recognition and localization of toxic agents is achieved by
      X-ray microanalysis, electron-spectroscopic imaging (= ESI) resp. laser
      microprobe mass spectrometry (= LAMMA); comparing these techniques X-Ray
      microanalysis and ESI, both, enable specific identification of chemical elements,
      while LAMMA, in addition, offers some information about the involved molecules
      and isotopes.

PMID- 2650457
TI  - [New immunologic methods in cancer therapy].
AB  - Biotherapeutic methods are on the way to become the 4th column of cancer therapy
      in addition to operation, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The main effector
      mechanisms of the immune system are represented by T lymphocytes, natural killer
      cells, lymphokine activated killer cells, macrophages, granulocytes and B
      lymphocytes. The immunotherapy of malignant tumors consists of the unspecific
      immunomodulation with biological response modifiers, with cytokines, with
      monoclonal antibodies, and with lymphokine activated killer cells. Die active
      specific immunotherapy on the other hand is using the principle of specific
      immunization of the patients with autologous tumor antigens. Essential for the
      progress of immunotherapy are intelligent ideas and before all exact therapeutic
      studies for critical evaluation of the treatment for detection of the best way to
      solve the problem.

PMID- 2650458
TI  - [Naturopathy procedures. Problems in differentiation from unconventional and
      scientifically generally unrecognized diagnostic and therapeutic methods].
AB  - The methods of true biological medicine are well defined and acknowledged by the
      classical medicine. In contrary to them, there is a number of methods which
      should be defined as "scientifically (now) not generally acknowledged". This term
      is neither positively coloured nor negatively and does not include, that these
      methods are ineffective--it just signifies, that (at least until now) the
      effectivity could not be proved unobjectionably. Of course, just these methods
      have to be examined carefully in regard to their basic theory, their claim of
      efficiency and their relation of benefit and risk. Undoubtedly there are also
      some other methods mostly with a magic-occult base which can only be defined by
      the term "paramedicine".

PMID- 2650459
TI  - Bivens arm virus: a new rhabdovirus isolated from Culicoides insignis in Florida
      and related to Tibrogargan virus of Australia.
AB  - During field studies in 1981 on the transmission of bluetongue viruses in
      ruminants in Florida, a virus was isolated from Culicoides insignis collected
      near water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) recently imported from Trinidad. Electron
      microscopy showed that this isolate, for which the name Bivens Arm virus is
      proposed, has rhabdovirus morphology. Serologic comparisons were made with
      recognized rhabdoviruses from terrestrial vertebrates and hematophagous
      arthropods. Indirect fluorescent antibody, complement fixation and neutralization
      tests indicated antigenic reactivity between Bivens Arm virus and two
      rhabdoviruses found only in Australia, Tibrogargan and Coastal Plains viruses.
      The Australian isolates cause subclinical infections in cattle and water buffalo
      and are believed to be transmitted by Culicoides. Initially, it was thought that
      Bivens Arm virus may have been introduced to Florida with the water buffalo from
      Trinidad, but a serologic survey of cattle serum, collected before the
      importation of the buffalo revealed antibody to the virus in cattle on farms
      located in diverse areas of Florida.

PMID- 2650460
TI  - Selected phenotypic and cloning properties of a bovine lymphoblastoid cell line,
      BL20.
AB  - A bovine lymphoblastoid cell line, BL20, was shown to express a BoLA antigen and
      surface IgM, implying that it was probably of B-cell origin. At low density (less
      than 10(5)/ml), the cells failed to grow. Inclusion of growth factor-containing
      supernatants from concanavalin A or pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-activated bovine
      lymphocytes or from thymus fibroblast-like cells did not improve cloning of the
      cells. Feeder cells also did not enhance cloning of the cells except for bovine
      thymus fibroblast-like cell monolayer.

PMID- 2650461
TI  - Glycosylation is not required for the fusion activity of the G protein of
      vesicular stomatitis virus in insect cells.
AB  - The gene encoding the complete glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV,
      Indiana serotype G protein) with potential asparagine-linked glycans at amino
      acid residues 179 and 338 was inserted into a baculovirus transfer vector pAcYM1,
      derived from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica (AcNPV).
      The gene was placed under the control of the AcNPV polyhedrin promotor and
      expressed by the derived recombinant viruses to high levels in Spodoptera
      frugiperda cell lines. The principal product was the glycosylated version of the
      G protein, although some alternative (including probable degradation) forms of
      the protein were also observed. Similar recombinant viruses were prepared with
      deletion of one, the other, or both glycosylation sites of the VSV G protein. All
      forms expressed VSV G protein derivatives and mediated cell fusion and the
      production of syncytia at low pH. The fusogenic properties of the VSV G protein
      expressed on the surface of insect cells was prevented using anti-VSV sera, or by
      elevating the pH above 6.2. A reduction of the pH to 5.5, or 5.0, accelerated the
      rate of syncytia formation.

PMID- 2650462
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the polyhedrin gene of Euxoa scandens cytoplasmic
      polyhedrosis virus (EsCPV).
AB  - The double-stranded RNA genome of Euxoa scandens cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus
      (EsCPV) was reversely transcribed to the double-stranded DNA and cloned into
      pIBI30. The complete nucleotide sequence of cloned genome segment 10, which
      encodes the virus polyhedrin polypeptide, was determined. The EsCPV polyhedrin
      gene consists of 881 bp and possesses an open reading frame that codes for a
      polypeptide of 269 amino acids (MW 30.1K), consistent with an apparent MW of 30K
      determined by SDS-PAGE for purified polyhedrin. The sequence is identical to that
      reported for the amino terminus of polyhedrin from the CPV of Orgyia
      pseudotsugata; however, no amino acid or nucleotide sequence homology was found
      between the EsCPV polyhedrin and that from Bombyx mori CPV (BmCPV) or several
      nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. The hydrophilic profiles and predicted secondary
      structures of both EsCPV and BmCPV polyhedrin show some similarities, mainly in
      the amino half of the polypeptides. These data should be helpful in identifying
      the domains responsible for the polyhedrin crystallizing properties.

PMID- 2650463
TI  - [Embryonic prealbumin as a tumor marker].

PMID- 2650464
TI  - [The differential diagnostic potentials of echography in oncology].

PMID- 2650465
TI  - [The initial forms of rectal cancer].
AB  - The paper discusses the tumor characteristics and long-term results of treatment
      of 6875 cases of rectal cancer admitted to oncological institutions of the USSR
      within 1968-1980. Stage I-IIa ("minimal") tumors were detected in 9.4% of
      patients. Organ-saving procedures (local excision included) were performed in
      57%. Five-year actuarial survival following surgery was 63% according to the All
      Union Center for Research on Effectiveness of Cancer Treatment and 74%--according
      to the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology data.

PMID- 2650466
TI  - [The role of endorectal echography for determining the extent of an operation].
AB  - The paper discusses the usefulness of endorectal echotomography and
      adenolymphoscintigraphy--two new diagnostic methods which allow surgeons to know
      preoperatively tumor extension beyond the rectal wall and lymph nodes
      involvement. Though the statistical data presented are not numerous, it is hoped
      that, using these two diagnostic methods in cases of rectal tumors, surgeons will
      be able to choose better between local excision and abdominoperineal resection
      thus avoiding unnecessary and mutilating operations.

PMID- 2650467
TI  - The sin revenue enhancement or 'sin tax'.

PMID- 2650468
TI  - Sudden cardiac death.
AB  - This article reviews the epidemiology of sudden cardiac death, and outlines
      suggested management of patients who are successfully resuscitated from cardiac
      arrest. Emphasis is placed on the favorable impact of newer means of therapy on
      the very high recurrence rate using empiric antiarrhythmic treatment.

PMID- 2650469
TI  - Unusual site for an unusual disease. Malacoplakia of the prostate.
AB  - Malacoplakia is an unusual granulomatous disease that most frequently affects the
      urinary tract, but also may affect other organ systems. Only about 200 cases have
      been reported in the literature (11), and only 11 have involved the prostate (1
      10). We report the twelfth case of malacoplakia of the prostate.

PMID- 2650470
TI  - [Excretory urography: comparison of the ionic contrast medium amidotrezoic acid
      with the non-ionic contrast medium iohexol].
AB  - The contrast media diatrizoic acid and iohexol were compared in a randomized
      double-blind study on the basis of 100 excretory urograms. It was found that side
      effects are less frequent under the non ionic contrast medium than under the
      ionic agent, the difference being statistically significant at the level alpha =
      0.05. No statistically significant difference was recognizable concerning the
      overall quality of the urograms.

PMID- 2650471
TI  - [The importance of the trace element selenium in internal diseases].
AB  - Issuing from the existence of selenium and its interactions with other elements
      its essentiality in biochemical processes of man was explained. In correspondence
      with other research teams also own results speak for a relative selenium
      deficiency in the Middle-European region. Alterations of the cell integrity
      caused by selenium deficiency may play a role in the etiopathogenesis and
      perpetuation of chronic cardiovascular diseases as well as of disturbances of the
      immunoregulation. Recent epidemiological studies and clinical experimental
      investigations show potential tendencies for prophylaxis and therapy of diseases
      which are remarkable in health policy.

PMID- 2650472
TI  - [Modification of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive lung
      diseases using calcium antagonists in an acute trial].
AB  - Since the life expectancy of the patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases
      (COLD) is essentially determined by the size of the pulmonary hypertension, today
      the efforts are directed to an early and effective therapy of the precapillary
      hypertension. Apart from a treatment of the pulmonary basic disease the therapy
      with vasodilators stands in the centre of interest. The influence on mean
      pressure of the pulmonary artery and vascular resistance of the lung by verapamil
      (39 patients) and nifedipine (21 patients) was investigated. In patients with
      latent pulmonary hypertension the two calcium antagonists showed a reduction of
      the pressure of the pulmonary arteries and vascular resistance of the lungs,
      which was more distinct when nifedipine was given. An influence on the
      haemodynamic parameters in patients with manifest pulmonary hypertension could
      not be ascertained. In correspondence with the findings in literature the results
      show that the use of calcium antagonists for part of the patients with
      precapillary hypertension appears as an enrichment of the therapeutic
      possibilities. At present a prerequisite for this, however, are still individual
      haemodynamic investigations. The question of the effectivity of a long-term
      therapy is not yet satisfactorily clarified.

PMID- 2650473
TI  - [Results of therapy of 100 patients with acute leukemia--a retrospective
      unicenter 5-year analysis].
AB  - The results of therapy in 100 patients who newly fell ill (68 AML, 32 ALL) with
      acute leukaemia were evaluated (1981 to 1985). The 5-year-survival chance of all
      patients is 15% for AML, 18% for ALL, first of all it is depending on the degree
      of remission obtained. The CR rate is nearly 43% (AML) and 66% (ALL),
      respectively, shows a dependence upon age and is impaired above all by a high
      early death rate (supportive therapy). With increasing aggressiveness the results
      of the remission induction therapy improve, as it becomes clear in a comparison
      with an evaluation of patients 1965-1980 (CR: 15-32%). Also in the postremission
      therapy the results of intensive forms of therapy are more favourable: 4 years
      recurrence-free survival after CR in autologous bone marrow transplantation 50%,
      in allogenic bone marrow transplantation 40%, in cyclic chemotherapy 17%, in oral
      permanent therapy 0%. Starting from these findings the present conception of the
      therapy of acute leukaemias is discussed in connection with the literature.

PMID- 2650475
TI  - Long and short term planning for nursing information systems.

PMID- 2650474
TI  - Complementation and analysis of an NP mutant of influenza virus.
AB  - Cell lines were constructed so as to express the influenza A virus nucleoprotein
      (NP) at levels approximating 5% of the total NP made throughout virus infection.
      Two types of cell lines were analyzed. One cell line (NP-5) expresses only the NP
      while another cell line was constructed which expresses the three viral
      polymerase proteins in addition to the NP (3PNP-4). Both cell lines were able to
      complement the growth of an NP mutant, ts56, at the non-permissive temperature.
      The 3PNP-4 cell line, constructed by transfecting a cell line already expressing
      the three polymerase proteins, continued to be able to complement viral PB2
      mutants. In addition, sequence analysis was performed on the NP gene segment of
      A/WSN/33 and ts56 viruses. This analysis revealed that the mutant phenotype
      exhibited by ts56 at non-permissive temperature is due to a single serine to
      asparagine change (at codon 332) within the protein.

PMID- 2650476
TI  - Quality assurance and nursing process--an historical perspective.

PMID- 2650477
TI  - John Caffey award. MR imaging determination of the location of the normal conus
      medullaris throughout childhood.
AB  - This retrospective study was designed to determine the location of the conus
      medullaris in normal children by reviewing a series of MR images of the lumbar
      spine. The study group consisted of 184 children ranging in age from newborn to
      20 years who had a normal conus level as reported by the radiologist of record.
      The range of conus levels for the entire group of normal children was T12 to L3.
      The range for the 0-2-year-old group was T12 to L2-L3 with an average of L1-L2.
      The range of conus levels for the 19-20-year-old group was L1 to L2 with an
      average of L1-L2. We conclude that the conus medullaris does not ascend
      throughout childhood as stated by previous authors but attains the adult level
      sometime during the first few months of life. A conus level at L2-L3 or above
      should be considered normal at any age. A conus level at L3 is indeterminate,
      since it is possible for a normal or a tethered conus to be located at this
      level.

PMID- 2650478
TI  - Imaging of infants and children with AIDS.

PMID- 2650479
TI  - Closed spinal dysraphism: analysis of clinical, radiological, and surgical
      findings in 104 consecutive patients.
AB  - We reviewed 104 consecutive cases of closed dysraphism in patients seen at one
      institution between December 1984 and June 1987. All patients had myelographic
      studies, and 43 had associated CT examinations. Clinical and surgical findings
      (64 patients) were correlated with myelographic information. Twenty-three
      patients (22%) with clinical or plain film findings compatible with dysraphism
      had normal-appearing cords on conventional myelography, movement between supine
      and prone positions, and no lesions in the spinal canal. Cerebellar tonsillar
      ectopia (majority of tonsils between foramen magnum and C1) was found in 17
      patients (16%). Six patients (6%) exhibited varying degrees of hydromyelia. In
      the supine position, CT-myelography of meningoceles, meningomyeloceles, or
      lipomeningomyeloceles may limit demonstration of the neural placode and nerve
      roots because of compression of the CSF-containing sac. In the decubitus
      position, CT scans improved demonstration of neural tissue-CSF space
      relationships. CT scans were useful in demonstrating anomalous paraspinal bones,
      diastematomyelia spurs, and spinal and sacral bone deficiency. Axial CT
      myelography of intradural lipomas showed apparent neural tissue extension into
      the lipomas.

PMID- 2650480
TI  - Absolute intracranial blood-flow velocities evaluated by duplex Doppler
      sonography in asymptomatic preterm and term neonates.
AB  - Thirty-eight asymptomatic preterm and term neonates were studied with pulsed
      Doppler sonography to assess absolute (true) intracranial blood-flow velocities.
      The middle and posterior cerebral arteries were evaluated by a transcranial
      approach, and the anterior cerebral artery was evaluated via the anterior
      fontanelle. Intracranial velocities were seen to increase with increasing
      gestational age and with increasing age of the neonate. The rate of increase in
      velocity was greater with higher gestational age. Middle cerebral artery
      velocities were greater than anterior cerebral velocities. Likewise, antegrade
      diastolic flow was always seen in these normal neonates. Intracranial velocities
      increased with gestational age and with increasing age of the child; the
      resistive index decreased progressively with age.

PMID- 2650481
TI  - Color Doppler imaging of intracranial vessels in the neonate.
AB  - This study was performed to examine the effectiveness of color Doppler imaging
      (CDI) in demonstrating the neonatal intracranial vessels and altered intracranial
      flow patterns and to determine the optimal approach in imaging and intracranial
      vasculature. The study was conducted in two parts. First, 14 neonates were
      examined with CDI by using a standard approach through the anterior fontanel.
      Whenever possible, views through the posterior fontanel and the temporal bone
      were obtained also. The anterior cerebral, M1 segment of the middle cerebral,
      distal internal carotid, and basilar arteries were demonstrated consistently.
      Portions of the vertebral distal middle cerebral, and posterior cerebral arteries
      were frequently visualized. In the second part of the study, we examined 10
      neonates who had undergone extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. In this group of
      patients, CDI was able to demonstrate occlusion of the right internal carotid
      artery and the reversal of flow through the ipsilateral A1 segment. Increased
      flow on the contralateral side and in the basilar artery was observed in several
      patients. The anterior fontanel approach was shown to be the most useful in
      identifying most of the major intracranial arteries and veins with CDI. In
      addition, the body weights and gestational ages of the neonates were found to
      significantly influence the success rate in visualizing the intracranial
      vasculature.

PMID- 2650482
TI  - Color-flow Doppler and conventional duplex scanning of the carotid bifurcation:
      prospective, double-blind, correlative study.
AB  - Color-flow Doppler is a useful adjunct in duplex sonography of peripheral
      vessels. This study was undertaken to see if color-flow Doppler could give
      semiquantitative information about the degree of stenosis at the origin of the
      internal carotid artery. The factors evaluated on color flow are the width of the
      lumen as estimated from the color-flow image relative to the width of the vessel,
      the degree of turbulence (evidenced by the mosaic pattern), and the pulse
      repetition frequency necessary to prevent aliasing. A double-blind comparison
      with conventional duplex scanning in 146 carotid bifurcations in 74 patients was
      carried out. In 91%, the color-flow assessment was in complete agreement with the
      duplex assessment. In the remaining 9%, the color flow differed from the duplex
      by only one stenosis group, and the distributions of over- and under-estimation
      were equal. These results showed comparable assessment of the degree of stenosis
      with conventional duplex and color Doppler technology.

PMID- 2650483
TI  - Aorto-left renal vein fistula: diagnosis by duplex sonography.

PMID- 2650484
TI  - Percutaneous procedures guided by color-flow Doppler sonography.

PMID- 2650485
TI  - Willard Gibbs and the Gibbs phenomenon.

PMID- 2650486
TI  - Intrahepatic rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst: sonographic and CT
      demonstration.

PMID- 2650487
TI  - Sonographic findings in torsion of a Meckel diverticulum.

PMID- 2650488
TI  - Transabdominal and transvaginal sonography in early pregnancy.

PMID- 2650489
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic interventional gallbladder procedures.

PMID- 2650490
TI  - Imaging hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma: identification of
      candidates for partial hepatectomy.

PMID- 2650491
TI  - Radiology of penile prostheses.

PMID- 2650492
TI  - Percutaneous insertion of the Greenfield filter.

PMID- 2650493
TI  - Nonionic vs ionic contrast media: what do the data tell us?

PMID- 2650494
TI  - Surgical defects of the pericardium: radiographic findings.

PMID- 2650495
TI  - CT of primary lymphoma of the liver.
AB  - Primary lymphoma of the liver is a rare disease. In each of six cases, a large,
      often poorly defined mass of low attenuation was present within the liver. Four
      lesions originated in the right lobe and two originated in the left lobe.
      Satellite nodules were seen at presentation in one case and developed after
      presentation in two others. Other features, such as enhancement after contrast
      administration, necrosis, and calcification, were variable. Three of six lesions
      had areas of very low density, suggestive of necrosis. One mass had
      calcifications. After IV contrast administration, no enhancement occurred in
      three tumors, patchy enhancement occurred in two, and an enhancing ring was seen
      in the remaining tumor. The radiologic presentation of primary lymphoma of the
      liver differs from that of secondary involvement of the liver in systemic
      lymphoma. Whereas secondary lymphoma is often diffusely infiltrative and
      difficult to detect on CT, the lesions of primary lymphoma of the liver are
      easily identified on CT scans even before the administration of IV contrast
      material. Although rare, primary lymphoma of the liver should be included in the
      differential diagnosis of a large, hypodense liver mass on CT.

PMID- 2650496
TI  - Pneumatosis intestinalis in bone-marrow transplantation patients: diagnosis on
      routine chest radiographs.
AB  - We report seven cases of pneumatosis intestinalis that was initially detected on
      routine chest radiographs made in adult bone-marrow transplantation patients. The
      cases were collected over a 13-month period. The chest radiographs generally
      underestimated the extent of the pneumatosis, as subsequently seen on plain
      abdominal films. However, the portions of bowel most extensively involved were
      those seen on the chest radiographs (transverse colon, hepatic and splenic
      flexures, stomach). One patient had pneumoperitoneum also. Pneumatosis developed
      within 6-293 days after transplantation. The cause of pneumatosis intestinalis
      was multifactorial. Three patients were asymptomatic. Clinical management of all
      seven patients was altered because of the detection of pneumatosis. The dose of
      steroids was increased in three patients to treat graft-vs-host disease,
      antibiotic drugs were given to three patients for enteric pathogens, and bowel
      rest was prescribed for one patient with mucosal injury from intense chemotherapy
      and radiation therapy. These cases show that the chest radiograph makes early
      diagnosis of pneumatosis intestinalis possible in posttransplantation patients.

PMID- 2650497
TI  - Lichen planus.
AB  - The typical early lesion is a polygonal, flat-topped, shiny papule. In the later
      stages, fine scales may appear on the surfaces of the lesions. Histopathologic
      examination may aid in differential diagnosis. Topical corticosteroid therapy is
      beneficial in symptomatic patients.

PMID- 2650498
TI  - Phytophotodermatitis.
AB  - Phytophotodermatitis is a skin eruption resulting from the interaction of the
      sun's radiant energy and photosensitizing compounds found in various plants.
      Common offenders are celery, limes and certain oranges, as well as natural
      grasses. The acute phase of the skin eruption is characterized by edema and
      erythema. In the chronic phase, hyperpigmentation may develop at the contact
      site.

PMID- 2650499
TI  - Dysphagia due to diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.
AB  - Although diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis generally affects the lumbar
      spine, any segment of the spine may be involved. When the cervical spine is
      affected, dysphagia may occur. Diabetes mellitus is commonly present. A history
      of previous cervical trauma is an indication to obtain cervical spine
      radiographs. Barium swallow and endoscopy provide confirmation of etiology.
      Surgery is curative.

PMID- 2650500
TI  - Metabolic acidosis with an elevated anion gap.
AB  - Determining the cause of metabolic acidosis with a high anion gap may present a
      diagnostic challenge. Possible causes include ketoacidosis, certain toxic
      ingestions, renal failure and lactic acidosis. Many of these entities present
      with nausea, vomiting and changes in mental status; however, there are specific
      hallmarks in the signs, symptoms and laboratory findings that help to
      differentiate among them.

PMID- 2650501
TI  - Alcohol abuse in the elderly.
AB  - Alcoholism is often difficult to recognize in the elderly. Information about
      alcoholic behavior cannot always be accurately extrapolated to older drinkers.
      Consequences of alcohol abuse and responses to treatment may be quite different
      in young and elderly alcoholics. Treatment must focus on such day-to-day problems
      as loneliness, loss of independence and declining health. Gentle persistence is
      required in guiding the patient to an awareness of the problem.

PMID- 2650502
TI  - Hypospadias.
AB  - Hypospadias is a common congenital problem in boys. Neonatal recognition is
      essential, and circumcision must be avoided. Although there is no increase in
      risk of other genitourinary anomalies, hypospadias, when associated with
      cryptorchidism, warrants further evaluation to exclude an intersex disorder.
      Surgical reconstruction ideally should be performed when the child is between six
      and nine months of age.

PMID- 2650503
TI  - Complications of phenylpropanolamine.
AB  - Phenylpropanolamine is a sympathomimetic agent present in over 100 proprietary
      and prescription anorectics, nasal decongestants, psychostimulants and treatments
      for premenstrual syndrome. It is often found in street drugs prepared to look
      like amphetamines. Phenylpropanolamine has precipitated paranoid psychosis,
      severe anxiety, cerebrovascular accidents and hypertensive crises. Hypertensive
      crises can be treated with phentolamine. Psychiatric symptoms and anxiety are
      managed with benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2650504
TI  - Renal disease and pregnancy.
AB  - Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women has been linked to an increased
      incidence of pyelonephritis, preeclampsia, hypertension, intrauterine growth
      retardation and premature delivery. Pyelonephritis and cystitis require different
      antibiotics and dosages in pregnant patients. Renal calculi can be difficult to
      detect during pregnancy. Women with preexisting renal disease usually do well
      during pregnancy if renal function is preserved and hypertension is not present.

PMID- 2650505
TI  - Gynecomastia.
AB  - Gynecomastia may be physiologic, familial, pathologic, drug-induced or, in many
      cases, of unknown etiology. Breast enlargement is usually unilateral and
      asymptomatic. Mechanisms of gynecomastia involve increased estrogen stimulation,
      decreased testosterone levels or a decreased androgen/estrogen ratio.
      Hyperprolactinemia is not a cause. Treatment of gynecomastia should be directed
      at the underlying cause when one can be identified. Most cases are benign and can
      be managed by explanation, reassurance and observation.

PMID- 2650506
TI  - Streptococcus bovis septicemia and large bowel neoplasia.
AB  - Streptococcus bovis septicemia is a relatively uncommon entity that is associated
      with an increased incidence of colonic neoplasms. Three of four patients with S.
      bovis endocarditis subsequent to septicemia underwent colonoscopy. The fourth
      patient underwent a barium enema and a proctoscopic examination. Polyps were
      found in three patients, and adenocarcinoma of the colon in one. Patients with S.
      bovis endocarditis should be considered at high risk for colonic neoplasms.
      Screening colonoscopy is recommended for these patients, and follow-up
      colonoscopy may be warranted.

PMID- 2650507
TI  - Antidepressants in chronic pain syndromes.
AB  - Antidepressants are often effective in the management of chronic pain syndromes.
      They are most useful for certain types of pain complaints, such as headache,
      diabetic neuropathy, arthritis and facial pain. The choice of antidepressant
      depends on the side effects and the patient's ability to tolerate the medication.
      The dose is usually half of that used in the management of depression.

PMID- 2650508
TI  - Dementia.
AB  - Dementia is a clinical syndrome of progressive decline of intellectual abilities.
      It is common, affecting 3.7 million Americans. Many diseases can cause dementia;
      the most common is Alzheimer's disease. Additional causes of dementia include
      multiple cerebral infarctions, depression, alcoholism and hydrocephalus. It is
      important to look for treatable causes of dementia. At present, Alzheimer's
      disease cannot be cured, but understanding its pathophysiology may at least lead
      to amelioration of some of its devastating symptoms.

PMID- 2650509
TI  - Medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2650510
TI  - Cyclosporine update.

PMID- 2650511
TI  - Magnesium and blood pressure: review of the epidemiologic and clinical trial
      experience.
AB  - Observational and clinical trial experience suggest the possibility that
      magnesium may have both a physiologic and pharmacologic role in patients with
      essential hypertension. Unfortunately, the evidence from epidemiologic studies is
      inconsistent and many of the clinical trials are small and methodologically
      imperfect. In theory, magnesium supplementation could be used as a
      nonpharmacologic hypotensive agent in the individual patient with established
      hypertension or as a population-based treatment strategy aimed at achieving a
      slight downward shift in the entire distribution of blood pressure. Our current
      level of uncertainty is likely to persist until results from large, rigorously
      controlled observational and interventional studies become available.

PMID- 2650512
TI  - Physiology of magnesium metabolism and the important role of magnesium in
      potassium deficiency.
AB  - Magnesium, the second most abundant intracellular cation, has several critically
      important roles in the body. In addition to energy production and maintaining
      electrolyte balance, magnesium is essential for normal neuromuscular function as
      well as calcium and potassium transport. Evidence suggests that a deficit of
      magnesium is closely interrelated to potassium deficiency and refractory
      potassium repletion. Although the consequences of hypokalemia are widely
      documented and recognized, it is only recently that the importance of magnesium
      deficiency as a cause of potassium depletion has gained clinical attention.
      Because of the association between hypokalemia and ventricular ectopy/sudden
      death, familiarity with the causes of magnesium loss, as well as enhanced
      identification and treatment, appear to be important.

PMID- 2650513
TI  - Importance of magnesium chloride repletion after myocardial infarction.
AB  - Data pertinent to the role of magnesium deficits in coronary artery disease and
      myocardial infarction are reviewed. Results of clinical, laboratory and
      epidemiologic studies indicate an association between magnesium deficiency and a
      poor prognostic outcome in patients who have had myocardial infarction. It
      therefore appears to be a reasonable prophylactic measure to monitor closely
      magnesium status in patients with coronary heart disease and other patients at
      risk of acute myocardial infarction, and to supplement with magnesium chloride
      when clinically necessary. In addition, recent studies provide supportive
      evidence that supplementation of magnesium chloride may reduce the incidence of
      fatal and nonfatal arrhythmias after an infarct.

PMID- 2650514
TI  - Importance of magnesium in congestive heart failure.
AB  - There are many reasons to expect magnesium deficiency in patients with chronic
      congestive heart failure. Medical therapy, neurohormonal activation and decreased
      dietary intake could all contribute to low concentrations of serum and muscle
      magnesium. Although the ideal serum level of this electrolyte is not known,
      multiple studies have documented lower magnesium concentrations in patients with
      heart failure than in normal persons. Magnesium deficiency could theoretically
      produce hemodynamic deterioration and ventricular arrhythmias. These
      complications have been observed in animals and in patients without heart
      failure, and magnesium repletion has reversed the adverse effects of
      hypomagnesemia in some patients. However, the consequences of chronic depletion
      of the electrolyte have not been adequately evaluated. Because of the high
      incidence of sudden death in patients with severe congestive heart failure, well
      designed investigations to determine the importance of magnesium are needed.

PMID- 2650515
TI  - Cardiovascular consequences of magnesium deficiency and loss: pathogenesis,
      prevalence and manifestations--magnesium and chloride loss in refractory
      potassium repletion.
AB  - Dietary magnesium (Mg) deficiency is more prevalent than generally suspected and
      can cause cardiovascular lesions leading to disease at all stages of life. The
      average American diet is deficient in Mg, especially in the young, in alcoholic
      persons, and in those under stress or with diseases or receiving certain drug
      therapies, who have increased Mg needs. Otherwise normal, Mg-deficient diets
      cause arterial and myocardial lesions in all animals studied, and diets that are
      atherogenic, thrombogenic and cardiovasopathic, as well as Mg-deficient,
      intensify the cardiovascular lesions, whereas Mg supplementation prevents them.
      Diuretics and digitalis can intensify an underlying Mg deficiency, leading to
      cardiac arrhythmias that are refractory unless Mg is added to the regimen.
      Potassium (K) depletion in diuretic-treated hypertensive patients has been linked
      to an increased incidence of ventricular ectopy and sudden death. K
      supplementation alone is not the answer. Mg has been found to be necessary to
      intracellular K repletion in these patients. Because patients with congestive
      heart failure and others receiving diuretic therapy are also prone to chloride
      loss leading to metabolic alkalosis that also interferes with K repletion, the
      addition of Mg and chloride supplements in addition to the K seems prudent.

PMID- 2650516
TI  - Magnesium treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - The association between marked hypomagnesemia and arrhythmias, particularly those
      associated with digitalis intoxication, has long been recognized. More recently,
      acute intervention with magnesium in patients who are not hypomagnesemic has
      demonstrated arrhythmia suppression in 3 settings: digitalis intoxication, long
      QT-related arrhythmias and arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction.
      Although the electrophysiologic effects of magnesium are not clearly understood,
      magnesium treatment is emerging as an important adjunct in managing certain
      serious ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 2650517
TI  - Efficacy and safety of intravenous diltiazem for treatment of atrial fibrillation
      and atrial flutter. The Diltiazem-Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter Study Group.
AB  - This study evaluates the effectiveness and safety of intravenous diltiazem for
      the treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. A double-blind,
      parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled protocol was used, and 6 large, urban
      hospitals, both university-affiliated and private, participated. The study
      involved 113 patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter, a ventricular rate
      greater than or equal to 120 beats/min and systolic blood pressure greater than
      or equal to 90 mm Hg without severe heart failure. The dose of intravenous
      diltiazem (or identical placebo) was 0.25 mg/kg/2 minutes followed 15 minutes
      later by 0.35 mg/kg/2 minutes if the first dose was tolerated but ineffective. If
      a patient did not respond, the code was broken and the patient was allowed to
      receive open-label diltiazem if placebo had been given. Of 56 patients, 42 (75%)
      randomized to receive diltiazem responded to 0.25 mg/kg and 10 of 14 responded to
      0.35 mg/kg, for a total response rate of 52 of 56 patients (93%), whereas 7 of 57
      patients (12%) responded to placebo (p less than 0.001). After the double-blind
      protocol, 49 of the 57 patients who received placebo were then given diltiazem;
      47 of 49 responded, for an overall response rate of 99 of 105 patients (94%) with
      diltiazem. The median time from the start of drug infusion to the maximal
      decrease in heart rate was 4.3 minutes. Side effects occurred in 14 patients, 7
      of whom had asymptomatic hypotension not requiring intervention. Thus,
      intravenous diltiazem was rapidly effective for slowing the ventricular response
      in most patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Blood pressure
      decreased slightly. Side effects were mild.

PMID- 2650518
TI  - Michel Mirowski and the automatic implantable defibrillator.

PMID- 2650519
TI  - Renin response to sympathetic stimulation in cyclosporin-treated heart-transplant
      patients.

PMID- 2650520
TI  - Atherosclerosis and aging: a scenario in flux.
AB  - Atherosclerosis is an age-related process that reflects the interaction between
      aging per se (primary aging) and factors that influence the rate of
      atherogenesis. Some of the latter are physiologic, notably sex steroid levels and
      possibly changes in adiposity, whereas others are modulated by diet and other
      aspects of lifestyle, such as cigarette smoking and hypertension. Recent declines
      in atherosclerotic disease suggest that the rate of atherogenesis is amenable to
      both changes in lifestyle and effective pharmacologic management of risk factors,
      deferring the onset of clinical disease until late in life or preventing its
      emergence altogether.

PMID- 2650521
TI  - Hypertension in the aged: a pathophysiologic basis for treatment.
AB  - According to major surveys, hypertension is found in over half the population
      aged 65 years or over. In this age group, systolic blood pressure is at least as
      important as diastolic blood pressure as a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity
      and mortality. Overall, the presence of hypertension is associated with
      approximately a threefold increase in the likelihood of major events. Differing
      factors contribute to the hypertension. Loss of proximal arterial compliance,
      affecting the larger conduit vessels, occurs often with aging and explains the
      tendency for systolic pressure to increase while diastolic pressure remains
      constant or even decreases. A loss of baroreceptor sensitivity also may
      contribute to hypertension. There is an increase in responsiveness of the
      sympathetic nervous system and an enhanced sensitivity to its effects in the
      elderly, perhaps reflecting a decline in the buffering activity of peripheral
      vascular beta receptors. It is possible, too, that sodium retention may
      contribute to hypertension in some older patients. Although diuretics
      traditionally have been the mainstay of treatment in these patients, it is now
      recognized that other classes of antihypertensive agents may be equally as
      effective yet less prone to metabolic or symptomatic adverse events.
      Sympatholytic drugs, calcium channel blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitors, either as monotherapy or in combination with low-dose diuretics, have
      been shown to be efficacious in the elderly. These agents also can produce
      regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, an additional property that may
      contribute to a reduction in serious cardiac complications.

PMID- 2650522
TI  - Diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the elderly: concomitant hyperlipidemia and
      coronary heart disease risk.
AB  - Age is an important factor in predicting risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Age
      is currently treated as an independent variable in assessing risk, but it is also
      related to other major risk factors including hyperlipidemia, hypertension and
      diabetes, all of which increase in prevalence with age. Current evidence
      indicates that a combination of 2 or more of the major risk factors predisposes a
      person to a high risk of MI. In the experience of the Prospective Cardiovascular
      Munster study, patients with diabetes alone have twice the risk of MI, but those
      with diabetes and hyperlipidemia have about a 15-fold increased risk. Similarly,
      patients with hypertension alone have twice the risk of MI, but those with
      hypertension combined with hyperlipidemia have approximately a 15-fold increased
      risk.

PMID- 2650523
TI  - Prevention or reversal of atherosclerosis: review of current evidence.
AB  - Treatment with lipid-reducing agents is associated with reduced morbidity and
      mortality from coronary heart disease. Such treatment appears to work at the
      level of the atherosclerotic lesion, causing stabilization, slowed progression
      and, in some cases, regression of lesions. Morbidity and mortality studies of
      cholestyramine and gemfibrozil treatment have shown that a reduction of lipid
      levels was associated with reduced mortality from coronary heart disease; niacin
      treatment has been shown to have long-term effects on reducing cardiovascular
      mortality. Angiographic studies have documented that beneficial effects of
      treatment with lipid-reducing agents and intensive computer-assisted diet
      counseling occur at the level of the coronary atherosclerotic lesion.

PMID- 2650524
TI  - Relation between baseline lipid and lipoprotein values and the incidence of
      coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study.
AB  - A 34% reduction in the incidence of definite coronary heart disease events was
      observed in dyslipidemic men treated with gemfibrozil in the Helsinki Heart
      Study, a controlled 5-year, double-blind primary prevention trial for coronary
      heart disease. Over the entire study period, gemfibrozil therapy induced mean
      decreases of 10% in serum total cholesterol levels, 11% in low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, 35% in triglyceride levels, and a mean increase of
      11% in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, compared with placebo.
      The differences in percentage changes in LDL cholesterol between gemfibrozil- and
      placebo-treated men varied among Fredrickson hyperlipoproteinemia types; after 1
      year of treatment the difference was greatest for type IIA hyperlipoproteinemia
      (14 percentage units) and smallest for IIB hyperlipoproteinemia (3 percentage
      units). The treatment-associated changes in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides did
      not differ materially between the 3 hyperlipoproteinemia types, when calculated
      in the same way. The gemfibrozil-associated reduction in incidence of definite
      coronary events varied among Fredrickson types and among tertiles of baseline HDL
      cholesterol and triglycerides. The greatest rate reductions were seen in subjects
      with type IIB hyperlipoproteinemia, low initial HDL level or high initial
      triglycerides. These results suggest that subjects with low HDL cholesterol and
      type IIB hyperlipoproteinemia (and possibly type IV hyperlipoproteinemia) would
      benefit from treatment with gemfibrozil.

PMID- 2650526
TI  - Basic considerations in the reversal of atherosclerosis: significance of high
      density lipoprotein in stimulating reverse cholesterol transport.
AB  - Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the elderly is the result of several
      decades of cholesterol accretion. Advanced lesions may not be amenable to
      treatment, but a reversal of cholesterol accumulation may be possible. High
      density lipoproteins (HDL) could serve an important function in this reversal
      through their role in the process of reverse cholesterol transport, which removes
      cholesterol from the body. Reverse cholesterol transport could be stimulated by
      raising plasma HDL level, but the efficacy of the process may be determined by
      the way in which HDL level is elevated. The increase of HDL synthesis rate may be
      the best approach. The antiatherosclerotic effects of gemfibrozil, a lipid
      lowering agent that appears to raise HDL synthesis rate, may be mediated through
      this mechanism.

PMID- 2650525
TI  - Treating high blood cholesterol in the older patient.
AB  - Although the general importance of treating high blood cholesterol to prevent
      coronary heart disease (CHD) is now widely accepted, its application to the older
      patient has not been well-defined. The association between total blood
      cholesterol levels and CHD morbidity and mortality weakens with age. However,
      because age itself is a major risk factor for CHD, treatment of
      hypercholesterolemia in the elderly may bring about a greater reduction in
      absolute risk than is obtained in younger persons. More research that directly
      addresses the benefits of the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in the elderly is
      needed.

PMID- 2650527
TI  - High-dose melphalan, misonidazole, and autologous bone marrow transplantation for
      the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma. A phase I study.
AB  - To augment the antitumor effect of high-dose melphalan and determine
      pharmacokinetics we conducted a phase I trial of escalating doses of high-dose IV
      melphalan with the chemosensitizer misonidazole for patients with advanced
      colorectal carcinoma. Fourteen patients with modified Dukes D adenocarcinoma of
      the colorectum were treated with a single course of melphalan (40-60 mg/m2 i.v.
      bolus q.d. X 3 days) and misonidazole (1-3 g/m2 p.o. q.d. X 3 days) followed by
      autologous bone marrow transplantation. Toxicity consisted of severe
      myelosuppression, moderate nausea and vomiting, and mild mucositis and diarrhea.
      One patient developed unexplained renal tubular acidosis, and a diffuse
      encephalopathy occurred in another patient. Three patients died within the first
      30 days after the start of treatment, two due to tumor progression and one due to
      sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation-induced intracerebral
      hemorrhage. Six of 14 patients achieved a partial response, and the median
      response duration was 4 months (range 3-10 months). Analysis of misonidazole
      serum concentrations showed similar pharmacokinetics to those previously
      reported, suggesting no significant drug interaction with intravenous melphalan.
      Mean peak serum concentrations ranged from 81.8 micrograms/ml to 115.2
      micrograms/ml at the second and third misonidazole dose levels, which approximate
      those known to provide effective chemosensitization with melphalan in animal
      models. In this phase I study, we showed that maximally tolerated doses of
      intravenous melphalan can safely be combined with oral misonidazole. In view of
      the large volumes of oral misonidazole required at the highest dose level,
      subsequent studies to determine the maximally tolerated dose of misonidazole
      should employ the intravenous form.

PMID- 2650528
TI  - Does blood transfusion predispose to cancer recurrence?
AB  - Retrospective studies of the relationship between perioperative blood transfusion
      and cancer recurrence are reviewed. Control for variables related to blood
      transfusion and potentially affecting disease recurrence--anemia, blood loss,
      duration of surgery, magnitude of the procedure, and stage of disease--was
      notably absent from the majority of studies. None of the negative studies had
      sufficient number of both transfused and untransfused patients to answer the
      question with statistical validity. No consensus emerged regarding the
      significance of blood transfusion for the cancer patient and no recommendations
      concerning the use of blood in patients with malignancies are justified on the
      basis of these studies.

PMID- 2650529
TI  - Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. A report of 20 cases and a review
      of the literature.
AB  - Twenty patients with primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the central nervous system
      (CNS) were seen at Vanderbilt and its affiliated hospitals between 1974 and 1986.
      Histologically, the most common subtypes were large, noncleaved cell lymphoma and
      immunoblastic lymphoma of B cells. However, multiple histologies were identified.
      Lesions most commonly involved the frontal lobes and/or deep nuclei. Positive
      cerebrospinal fluid cytology was rare at initial presentation. Seventeen patients
      were treated with surgical biopsy or resection followed by whole brain
      radiotherapy at a median dose of 5,000 cGy (range: 3,000-5,600 cGy). Seven
      patients have been followed for less than 12 months since diagnosis. Of the
      remaining patients, 7 (54%) survived at least 1 year. The extent of surgery
      performed, dose of radiotherapy administered, subclass of lymphoma diagnosed, or
      location(s) of involvement within the CNS did not influence survival. Treatment
      rarely caused a dramatic improvement in performance status despite objective
      signs of response. New treatment strategies are needed to improve the management
      of these tumors.

PMID- 2650530
TI  - An American Board of Orthodontics case report. Orthodontic treatment of a patient
      born with a severe right unilateral cleft lip and palate.
AB  - The patient was born with a severe cleft of the right lip, alveolus, and palate.
      After surgical correction of these defects at a very young age, the patient began
      a 6-year period of active orthodontic treatment at the Eastman Dental Center.
      With the cooperation of the patient and his parents, successful results, both
      dentally and skeletally, have been achieved. The treatment results have been
      stable during the 3-year period following the initial placement of retention. The
      postretention records show a molar relationship within normal limits and some
      return of the original spacing located in the mandibular anterior segment. The
      bonded "Maryland bar" is still in place and the cast single-tooth partial is
      still being used. At the proper time, a fixed permanent bridge is planned.

PMID- 2650531
TI  - An evaluation of a fluoride-releasing, visible light-activated bonding system for
      orthodontic bracket placement.
AB  - In spite of improved preventive measures, decalcification around bonded
      orthodontic appliances continues to be a problem for the clinician. Various
      fluoride-containing mediums have been proposed as aiding in the elimination of
      this problem; however, almost all are dependent on patient cooperation for their
      success. An ideal preventive system would be one that would operate independently
      of patient cooperation. The purpose of the present study was to compare a visible
      light-activated, fluoride-releasing bonding system with a visible light-activated
      conventional bonding system relative to bracket retention and prevalence of
      decalcification. Twenty-two patients were entered into the study, representing
      206 experimental brackets and 206 control brackets. The average treatment period
      was 25 months. No significant differences in bracket retention rates were found
      between the two systems. Significantly, 26 teeth in the control group
      demonstrated decalcification (12.6%), whereas none of the teeth in the
      experimental group did. The results of this study suggest that a visible light
      activated, fluoride-releasing bonding system is capable of adequately retaining
      brackets while aiding in the prevention of decalcification around bonded
      appliances.

PMID- 2650532
TI  - A visible light-activated direct-bonding material: an in vivo comparative study.
AB  - A clinical trial was carried out to evaluate and compare the clinical performance
      of a visible light-cured material with a chemically cured adhesive. This was used
      in combination with two types of bracket base. Fifty-two patients entered the
      trial and 542 bracket bases were placed. The incidence and site of bond failure
      were recorded. The overall failure rate for the light-cured material in
      combination with both types of bracket was 4.7% and 6% for the chemical-cured
      adhesive. There were no significant differences detected between the failure
      rates for both types of adhesive in combination with either bracket base, and no
      bracket base/adhesive combination proved superior (p greater than 0.05). When the
      data were examined in an overall manner, a significantly higher posterior tooth
      failure rate was detected for all adhesive/base combinations (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2650533
TI  - A three-cycle in vivo evaluation of reconditioned direct-bonding brackets.
AB  - To evaluate the potential for reducing costs without impairing the quality of
      orthodontic treatment, the practicality of the reuse of direct bonding brackets
      has been evaluated for three 1 1/2-year cycles. Although the percentage of
      appliances damaged during removal and those of enlarged slots slightly increases
      with each reuse, the average arch wire adjustments needed to accommodate the
      variety of cases and the percentages of bond failures remain almost the same. The
      reuse of "dissolution"-reprocessed appliances thus becomes an effective way by
      which the clinician can keep overhead costs lower while the cost of new
      appliances are steadily climbing.

PMID- 2650534
TI  - Adhesion and its ten commandments.
AB  - Despite the fact that retention has been widely discussed in many specialty
      papers, there is still a lack of information regarding it. The author of the
      following article happens to have been both a designer or orthodontic adhesives
      for a major manufacturer and a principal scientist of a Fortune 200 company (in
      charge of adhesion projects like the substitution of riveting through bonding for
      airplanes and advanced composites metal/plastics). Based upon his experience,
      he's trying to relate knowledge which is common in the bonding industry to the
      needs of the orthodontist.

PMID- 2650535
TI  - Emergence of highly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant Shigella in a native
      American population: an epidemiologic study.
AB  - Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) emerged among Shigella
      isolates from the Navajo Reservation in the southwestern United States in 1985,
      years after this antimicrobial agent came into common use. In the study area, TMP
      SMX resistance increased dramatically from 3 per cent in 1983 to 21 per cent in
      1985. Resistance was polyclonal and occurred in both S. sonnei and S. flexneri.
      No single plasmid was common to all resistant strains. However, all 28 TMP-SMX
      resistant isolates examined were resistant to ampicillin and streptomycin and had
      minimum inhibitory concentrations to sulfamethoxazole of greater than or equal to
      4,096 micrograms/ml and to trimethoprim of greater than or equal to 1,024
      micrograms/ml. The authors found that 28 of 101 Navajo children with
      gastrointestinal symptoms who were not taking antimicrobials had TMP-SMX
      resistant aerobic fecal flora. To determine risk factors for acquiring resistant
      strains, they compared 40 case-patients with TMP-SMX-resistant Shigella to 66
      controls with TMP-SMX-sensitive Shigella. Case-patients were more likely than
      controls to have used antimicrobials recently (p = 0.004) and to be hospitalized
      for shigellosis (p = 0.05). These findings suggest that polyclonal highly TMP-SMX
      resistant Shigella emerged by transfer of trimethoprim resistance genes from
      aerobic bowel flora to endemic Shigella strains, that use of antimicrobials can
      lead to symptomatic shigellosis and thus the persistence of trimethoprim
      resistant Shigella, and that appropriate therapy of shigellosis on the
      reservation is now a major challenge.

PMID- 2650536
TI  - Pituitary abscess after autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The first case of pituitary abscess arising in a patient during recovery from
      autologous bone marrow transplantation is reported. A 31-year-old man with a 9
      month history of T-cell lymphoma died suddenly more than 60 days after successful
      treatment with high-dose cyclophosphamide, total body irradiation, and autologous
      bone marrow infusion. Autopsy revealed a pituitary abscess associated with
      clinically silent sphenoid sinusitis. Unique aspects of this case are presented
      and clinical and pathologic features of pituitary abscess are reviewed. Although
      rare, pituitary abscess may complicate recovery from bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2650537
TI  - Renal vascular and thrombotic effects of cyclosporine.
AB  - Cyclosporine A (CyA) given to prevent xenograft rejection induces renal function
      impairment. In the last few years many studies have been devoted to understanding
      the mechanism(s) of CyA-induced renal insufficiency. In humans, several specific
      findings--interstitial fibrosis, toxic tubulopathy, peritubular capillary
      congestion, arteriolopathy--have been associated with CyA administration. It is
      now recognized that CyA renal toxicity mainly manifests under three different
      syndromes: (1) acute reversible decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), (2)
      acute microvascular disease with the pattern of thrombotic microangiopathy, and
      (3) chronic irreversible renal damage. This review analyzes the available
      evidence that the clinical syndromes of CyA nephrotoxicity are related to changes
      induced by CyA on renal vessels. Experimental studies have failed to document
      that the activation of renin-angiotensin axis or sympathetic nervous system plays
      a relevant role in the development of CyA-associated renal vasoconstriction,
      which is the main causal factor of acute reversible decrease in GFR, whereas it
      is possible that changes in arachidonic acid metabolites with vasoactive
      properties contribute to this CyA-induced phenomenon. In this context, findings
      of increased urinary TxB2 and protective effect of TxA2 receptor blocking are of
      particular interest. Since the introduction of CyA in clinical practice, a
      syndrome of thrombotic microangiopathy resembling hemolytic uremic
      syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura has been recognized in humans and
      reproduced in experimental animals. This is a rare form of vascular toxicity
      attributed to CyA which may have a poor prognosis and possibly results from a
      direct toxic effect of CyA on vascular endothelium. The syndrome of chronic
      progressive deterioration of renal function associated with CyA was first
      recognized in humans. Until recently the possibility of reproducing this syndrome
      in animals in order to better understand its nature was not addressed. As in
      humans, when animals are given CyA for greater than 2 months they may develop
      chronic renal insufficiency with tubular arteriopathy and interstitial fibrosis.
      A peculiar form of tubulointerstitial damage has been recognized in association
      with CyA, and called striped interstitial fibrosis, that is probably due to
      tubular collapse induced by afferent vasoconstriction. This lesion may be
      improved by withdrawal of CyA, but renal function usually does not
      normalize.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2650538
TI  - Clinical outcome of three discrete histologic patterns of injury in severe lupus
      glomerulonephritis.
AB  - There is a spectrum of glomerular pathology in patients with severe lupus
      glomerulonephritis (GN) that includes (1) severe segmental GN (SEG) with greater
      than or equal to 50% of glomeruli involved by active segmental inflammation, (2)
      diffuse GN, and (3) membranous GN with associated severe SEG or diffuse GN (MGN +
      PGN). The clinical and laboratory characteristics at entry and at follow-up of 85
      patients in a prospective therapeutic trial of plasmapheresis were examined to
      determine if these morphologic variants had prognostic implications. Addition of
      plasmapheresis to the therapeutic regimen did not affect outcome, and the two
      treatment groups were analyzed together. Patients with the three patterns of
      lupus GN were similar demographically and clinically, and they had similar serum
      creatinines at entry (SEG, 1.87 +/- 0.28 mg/dL [mean +/- SE], v diffuse GN, 2.11
      +/- 0.21, v MGN + PGN, 2.12 +/- 0.26; P = 0.75). Although significant differences
      were found in the initial serum C3 (SEG, 46 +/- 5 mg/dL, v diffuse GN, 34 +/- 3,
      v MGN + PGN, 45 +/- 3; P = 0.02) and urinary protein excretion (SEG, 3.6 +/- 0.6
      g/24 h, v diffuse GN, 6.0 +/- 0.7, v MGN + PGN, 6.7 +/- 0.9; p = 0.03), none of
      the clinical or laboratory data predicted the morphologic pattern of the
      glomerular lesion. Adverse outcomes included defined clinical stop points,
      nonfatal renal failure, and death. One half of the patients with MGN + PGN
      (13/26) had an adverse outcome, compared with 5/24 patients with SEG and 11/35
      patients with diffuse GN. This trend was supported by actuarial analysis of
      outcomes showing that patients with MGN + PGN had the lowest cumulative
      proportion without adverse outcome after 175 weeks of follow-up (MGN + PGN, 0.40,
      v SEG, 0.77, v diffuse GN, 0.64; P = 0.04). We concluded that (1) at
      presentation, the specific glomerular lesion in severe lupus GN cannot be
      predicted on clinical or serological criteria alone; (2) on the basis of
      morbidity and mortality, cases with all three morphologic variants should be
      classified as severe lupus GN; and (3) patients with MGN + PGN appear to
      experience more adverse outcomes than patients with SEG or diffuse GN.

PMID- 2650539
TI  - Lovastatin in the treatment of multifactorial hyperlipidemia associated with
      proteinuria.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of lovastatin as a hypolipidemic agent were evaluated in
      ten adult patients with secondary hypercholesterolemia due to proteinuria
      (greater than 2 g/d) and (in seven patients) concurrent corticosteroid therapy.
      Patients were on a low-cholesterol diet throughout the study. After a 4-week
      baseline period, patients were randomized to receive either placebo or 10 mg
      lovastatin twice daily for a period of 6 weeks. The dose of lovastatin was
      increased to 20 mg twice daily for 6 weeks, and 40 mg twice daily for 6 weeks in
      the latter group. Those patients who received placebo for the first 6 weeks
      subsequently received 10, 20, and 40 mg of lovastatin twice daily in a stepped
      dose regimen, with each dose given for 6 weeks. Lovastatin was well tolerated by
      all patients and none withdrew from the study. Baseline plasma cholesterol
      concentrations (390 +/- 20 mg/dL; mean +/- SEM) decreased 22% (P less than 0.003)
      at the lowest dose of 10 mg twice daily, 27% at 20 mg twice daily, and 33% at 40
      mg twice daily. Baseline plasma triglycerides decreased by 25% (P less than 0.05)
      at the highest dosage. Concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol fell by 29%, 34%, and 45% on doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg of lovastatin
      twice daily. Concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
      increased slightly. Serum creatinine concentrations and proteinuria were not
      affected by lovastatin therapy. We conclude that lovastatin was a well-tolerated
      and extremely effective hypocholesterolemic agent in patients with persistent
      secondary hypercholesterolemia associated with proteinuria or proteinuria and
      concurrent corticosteroid therapy.

PMID- 2650541
TI  - Intracranial pressure measurement in a patient undergoing hemodialysis and
      peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Control of changes in the intracranial pressure in patients who have suffered
      brain injury is essential in preventing further neurological deterioration. In a
      patient requiring dialysis with intracerebral bleeding, intracranial pressure was
      measured directly during hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. This provided the
      opportunity to provide therapeutic maneuvers to control the increases in
      intracranial pressure occurring during hemodialysis. Dialytic changes in
      intracranial pressure were best prevented by peritoneal dialysis. When
      hemodialysis is necessary, therapy with osmotic agents to minimize the osmotic
      gradient between the CSF and plasma urea was most effective in preventing
      directly measured changes in the intracranial pressure.

PMID- 2650540
TI  - Atheroembolic involvement of renal allografts.
AB  - Renal atheroembolism is a well-recognized cause of renal insufficiency. Two renal
      allograft recipients with cholesterol atheroemboli in their allograft biopsies
      are described. In one patient, the origin of the atheroemboli was the recipient
      aorta while in the second patient the source was the donor. Renal allograft
      atheroembolism should be considered in elderly recipients or recipients of
      kidneys from older donors.

PMID- 2650542
TI  - Physiology and cell biology update: control mechanisms for bicarbonate secretion.

PMID- 2650543
TI  - Hypertension in the person with diabetes.
AB  - Hypertension is more common in persons with both insulin-dependent and noninsulin
      dependent diabetes. Pathophysiologic mechanisms that result in an increased
      prevalence of essential hypertension in noninsulin-dependent diabetes, premature
      diastolic hypertension in insulin-dependent diabetes, and systolic hypertension
      in both forms of diabetes are described. Aggressive treatment of the hypertension
      associated with diabetic nephropathy will result in a deceleration of renal
      decompensation. The commonly used antihypertensives that successfully treat
      hypertension in the non-diabetic population often have unacceptable side effects
      in the diabetic population. Rational approaches to the treatment of diabetic
      hypertension in general and in circumstances unique to the hypertensive diabetic
      individual are described.

PMID- 2650544
TI  - Turner's syndrome and cardiovascular anomalies: a case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Turner's syndrome is a genetic disease in which many cardiovascular anomalies
      have been reported, coarctation of the aorta being the most frequent. The most
      serious complication that can arise from these abnormalities is aortic
      dissection. The authors present an unusual case of Turner's syndrome with an
      aortic sinus aneurysm and severe aortic insufficiency in the absence of
      coarctation of the aorta. The various cardiovascular anomalies seen in Turner's
      syndrome, such as coarctation of the aorta, bicuspid aortic valve, aortic
      dissection, aortic sinus aneurysm and ascending aorta aneurysm, can best be
      understood on a common basis of congenital structural abnormalities involving the
      aorta and the aortic valve. The only evidence available for such an abnormality
      is the presence of cystic medial necrosis in the affected vascular tissues.

PMID- 2650545
TI  - Aplasia of pectoralis major muscle and renal anomalies.
AB  - We describe two patients with aplasia of the pectoralis major muscle and renal
      anomalies. We think such an association, which has been reported previously,
      represents a new congenital malformation, probably not a syndrome but an acro
      pectoro-renal field defect. We recommend renal ultrasonography be done on all
      children with aplasia of the pectoralis major.

PMID- 2650546
TI  - Autosomal dominant inheritance of small kidneys.
AB  - We report herein bilateral small kidneys found in a mother and her two sons. This
      was associated with slowly progressive chronic renal failure. None of the
      patients had any of the associated clinical manifestations of recognized
      syndromes in which there is autosomal dominant inheritance of bilateral small
      kidneys (e.g., branchio-oto-renal syndrome). Nor did they have the clinical
      symptoms commonly associated with medullary cystic kidney-juvenile
      nephronophthisis. However, there were some manifestations that have been reported
      in familial hypoplastic kidneys with glomerular cysts. Without wanting to claim
      that this is a "new" syndrome, we are, however, unaware of any reports describing
      a similar kindred. The importance of this report stems mainly from the fact that
      a woman with mild to moderate stable chronic renal failure associated with, or
      caused by, bilateral small dysplastic kidneys gave birth to two sons with the
      same problem.

PMID- 2650547
TI  - Renal tubular dysgenesis: delayed onset of oligohydramnios.
AB  - Two premature sibs had Potter sequence and died of respiratory failure within the
      first day. Ultrasonography at 26 weeks during the earlier of the two pregnancies
      showed complete absence of amniotic fluid, and the urinary bladder was not
      visualized. Ultrasound examinations during the second pregnancy showed adequate
      amniotic fluid at 16 and 20 weeks, with a subsequent reduction in fluid volume.
      Two older sibs had also died of respiratory failure shortly after birth.
      Postmortem histopathologic studies showed all four sibs to have severely
      deficient renal tubular development. However, the presence of numerous glomeruli
      indicated prolific nephrogenesis. Most of the tubules in sections of cortex had
      the lectin-binding and immunohistochemical characteristics of collecting ducts;
      proximal tubules were not identified by lectin-binding. Electron-microscopic
      examination showed a general absence of differentiated characteristics in
      cortical tubular epithelium, except that rare tubules contained rudimentary
      proximal tubular brush borders. Three of the sibs were boys, one a girl. The
      three children that were studied had normal chromosomes. Two unaffected sibs are
      alive and well. Neither parent has any clinical evidence of renal disease. These
      studies support the interpretation that renal tubular dysgenesis is autosomal
      recessive with pleiotropy. However, the relatively late appearance of
      oligohydramnios makes early diagnosis difficult, even when the condition is
      suspected.

PMID- 2650548
TI  - Neu-Laxova syndrome: pathological, radiological, and prenatal findings in a
      stillborn female.
AB  - We describe a case of Neu-Laxova syndrome in a stillborn female. She was born at
      41 weeks of gestation to consanguineous Italian parents, who had had 2 previous
      stillborn offspring. Pathological, radiological, and prenatal studies are
      reported.

PMID- 2650549
TI  - On the selection of systems for automated cytogenetic analysis.
AB  - Impressive technological advances in systems for automated metaphase location and
      cytogenetic analysis have resulted in a proliferation of commercially available
      systems offering a variety of performance and price options. Based on the numbers
      of systems sold, it appears as if automation is becoming an accepted component of
      cytogenetic laboratories. To address the question of whether automation is useful
      and, if so, to identify the advantages and disadvantages of some of the systems,
      we have supplemented our own laboratory experience using the Magiscan routinely
      for clinical cytogenetic analysis, with information obtained during an on-site
      survey of other clinical cytogenetic facilities using automated systems
      (Genetiscan, Karyotype Image Editor, Metachrome, Cytoscan). Some systems provide
      both metaphase-locating and karyotyping capabilities--some only the latter. The
      basic structure of all systems is similar: microscope with camera, image
      processor, mechanism for operator interaction with the computer, hard copy
      printer. Metaphases are digitized, analyzed, and converted to permanent images.
      Metaphase-locating systems (Cytoscan, Magiscan, Metachrome) require, in addition,
      motorized slide-scanning stages. The biggest time savings resulting from use of
      automation is in the karyotyping steps, especially the production of a hard copy.
      Consequently, laboratories making many karyotypes will benefit most from such
      systems. The optimum choice of system will depend on specific laboratory
      parameters: number and type of specimens processed; operational preferences,
      e.g., number of bands per metaphase; number of metaphases counted; and karyotypes
      prepared per case. Laboratories processing chorionic villus specimens and/or bone
      marrows, where much slide area must be searched, will benefit from fast metaphase
      locators with multislide stages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2650550
TI  - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, coarse facies, and acral hypoplasia: Fryns
      syndrome.
AB  - We describe five patients with Fryns syndrome. Four presented with diaphragmatic
      hernia and died in the neonatal period. One did not have diaphragmatic
      involvement and survived but is severely mentally retarded. All patients had
      "coarse" faces, microretrognathia, macrostomia, and distal digital hypoplasia. In
      addition to previously reported traits, our patients had clinical manifestations
      that have not previously been described, including omphalocele, broad clavicles,
      Hirschsprung "disease," and anal anomalies. The condition was detected
      antenatally in three of the cases. The patients include two sib pairs, further
      supporting autosomal recessive inheritance.

PMID- 2650551
TI  - Who's responsible for too-early discharge?

PMID- 2650552
TI  - The latest words for high BP.

PMID- 2650553
TI  - Home care strictly by the rules.

PMID- 2650554
TI  - Computer-certified CPR.

PMID- 2650555
TI  - 1989 directory of nursing organizations.

PMID- 2650556
TI  - In vivo inflammatory activity of neutrophil-activating factor, a novel
      chemotactic peptide derived from human monocytes.
AB  - Neutrophil-activating factor (NAF), a 72-amino acid peptide produced by human
      monocytes, induced plasma leakage and neutrophil accumulation after intradermal
      injection in rabbits (10(-11) to 10(-9) mol/site). NAF was about three times more
      potent than fMet-Leu-Phe, but considerably less potent than endotoxin. The
      response to NAF was not inhibited by the endotoxin inhibitor polymyxin B or the
      protein synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D. Histology of NAF-induced lesions
      showed large numbers of neutrophils, but no monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, or
      lymphocytes were observed. Intravascular neutrophil accumulation, aggregate
      formation, and venular wall damage were also apparent. In vitro, NAF stimulated
      rabbit neutrophils as shown by the release of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. This
      study demonstrates that NAF elicits a rapid inflammatory response in vivo with
      massive neutrophil emigration, which is qualitatively similar to that observed
      with other chemotactic agonists.

PMID- 2650557
TI  - Human tissue distribution of novel basement membrane collagen.
AB  - The authors have defined the specificity of monoclonal antibodies to collagen
      fragments of basement membrane (BM) and have used these highly specific
      antibodies to study the human tissue distribution of two novel 28 kd
      noncollagenous (NC1) peptides (M28 , M28+) compared with those derived from type
      IV collagen (alpha 1[26 kd] and alpha 2[24 kd] NC1). A limited distribution of
      the 28 kd peptides was observed in specialized BM of the kidney, eye, cochlea,
      lung, and brain, whereas type IV collagen is found in all human BM. These novel
      peptides, which colocalize with each other, are found in BM that also contain
      type IV collagen but do not, in all cases, colocalize with type IV collagen. The
      presence of the 28 kd peptides in the BM of the kidney, cochlea, and eye is in
      keeping with abnormalities involving these components in BM of patients with
      Alport familial nephritis (FN), who frequently have hearing loss, anterior
      lenticonus and retinal flecks in addition to renal disease. These 28 kd peptides
      are distinct, biochemically and immunochemically, from the alpha 1 and alpha 2
      chain NC1 peptides of type IV collagen, and represent either peptide fragments of
      genetically distinct BM collagen molecules or additional molecules originating
      from the same gene family as type IV collagen.

PMID- 2650558
TI  - Formation of extracellular matrix by cultured rat mesangial cells.
AB  - Formation of extracellular matrix (ECM) by mesangial cells (MCs) contributes to
      progressive glomerulosclerosis. The authors investigated the production and
      distribution of ECM constituents by cultured rat MCs, using immunocytochemistry
      and immunoelectron microscopy. Staining for all ECM constituents increased after
      serum feeding. Localization was strictly intracellular until confluency, when
      extracellular deposition of collagen IV and laminin appeared, followed by
      fibronectin and collagen III. In parallel, the intracellular staining for these
      proteins diminished markedly. Neither extracellular deposition nor intracellular
      loss was observed for collagen I and thrombospondin. On surfaces coated with
      collagen IV or laminin, extracellular deposition of ECM constituents clearly
      preceded confluency. These results indicate that synthesis of ECM constituents
      parallels MC growth, and that extracellular deposition of ECM occurs at cell-cell
      contact. Collagen IV or laminin secreted by MCs in the substratum accelerates
      production and facilitates secretion of other ECM constituents in an autocrine
      fashion.

PMID- 2650559
TI  - Injury induces increase of von Willebrand factor in rat endothelial cells.
AB  - This study examined the effects of injury on the content of von Willebrand factor
      (vWF) in rat aortic endothelium. Endothelial cells from normal, endotoxin
      treated, and balloon-injured rats were stained with vWF antibodies and visualized
      using a biotinylated secondary antibody and avidin-tagged peroxidase. Endotoxin
      treatment and balloon injury caused a threefold increase in intracellular vWF,
      and immunoelectron microscopy showed the endoplasmic reticulum to stain heavily
      by the vWF antibody. Weibel-Palade bodies were not observed in all the cell
      profiles examined. The basement membrane of the endothelialized vessels showed no
      vWF staining; however, after endothelial denudation this matrix was clearly
      stained by the antibody. These results suggest that endothelial injury leads to
      an increased intracellular content of vWF that is localized primarily in the
      endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2650560
TI  - Effects of growth factors on myogenic differentiation.
AB  - It has now been well established that the terminal differentiation of muscle
      cells in culture is subject to control by hormones and growth factors in the
      incubation medium. Thus far the most potent and most extensively studied agents
      are fibroblast growth factor (FGF), the insulinlike growth factors (IGFs), and
      transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Independent reports from several
      laboratories have established that both FGF and TGF-beta are potent inhibitors of
      differentiation and both appear to act at early stages of commitment to
      differentiation. Stimulation of differentiation by the IGFs (and by insulin at
      concentrations in the microgram/ml range) has also been observed and confirmed
      repeatedly. FGF and IGF are mitogenic for muscle cells, and TGF-beta either has
      no effect or suppresses cell proliferation, so previous generalizations that
      mitogens inhibit myogenic differentiation are clearly not valid when results with
      purified agents in well-defined media are considered. Work with oncogenes and
      specific toxins is beginning to reveal the mechanisms by which these agents might
      affect differentiation, and there is reason for optimism that an understanding of
      the molecular events that control terminal differentiation may be attained in the
      near future.

PMID- 2650561
TI  - Prolonged increase in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle after
      exercise.
AB  - Exercise can induce short-term increases in the sensitivity and responsiveness of
      skeletal muscle glucose transport to insulin. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the effect of carbohydrate deprivation on the persistence of increased
      insulin sensitivity and responsiveness after a bout of exercise. Three hours
      after a bout of exercise, epitrochlearis muscles from carbohydrate-deprived (fat
      fed) rats showed a 25% greater increase in 3-O-methylglucose (3-MG) transport in
      response to a maximal insulin stimulus compared with muscles of nonexercised
      rats; this increase in insulin responsiveness had reversed 18 h postexercise.
      Muscles of rats fed carbohydrate showed no increase in insulin responsiveness 3 h
      after exercise. The effect of 60 microU/ml of insulin on 3-MG transport was
      approximately twofold greater in muscles studied 3 h after exercise than in
      nonexercised controls regardless of dietary carbohydrate intake. This increase in
      insulin sensitivity was lost within 18 h in carbohydrate-fed rats but persisted
      for at least 48 h in carbohydrate-deprived rats. Muscle glycogen increased
      approximately 41 mumol/g in the rats fed carbohydrate for 18 h, and only
      approximately 14.5 mumol/g in the rats fed fat for 48 h, after exercise. The
      persistent increase in insulin sensitivity after exercise in carbohydrate
      deprived rats was unrelated to caloric intake, as muscles of fasted and fat-fed
      rats behaved similarly.

PMID- 2650562
TI  - Exercise-induced fall in insulin and hepatic carbohydrate metabolism during
      muscular work.
AB  - To examine the role of the exercise-induced fall in insulin, dogs were studied
      during 150 min of treadmill exercise alone (C) or with insulin clamped at basal
      levels by an intraportal infusion so as to prevent the normal fall in its
      concentration (IC). To counteract the suppressive effect of insulin on glucagon
      release, glucagon was replaced intraportally in a separate group of dogs in which
      insulin levels were clamped (IC + G). In all dogs, catheters were placed in an
      artery and in the portal and hepatic veins for sampling and in the vena cava and
      the portal vein for infusion purposes. Glucose production (Ra) and
      gluconeogenesis were assessed with isotope and arteriovenous difference
      techniques. In C, insulin fell 5 +/- 2 microU/ml by the end of exercise and was
      unchanged in IC (delta 0 +/- 2 microU/ml) and IC + G (delta 0 +/- 1 microU/ml).
      Glucagon rose 54 +/- 11 pg/ml with exercise in C and was unchanged in IC (delta -
      4 +/- 11 pg/ml), and normal increments were restored in IC + G (delta 55 +/- 10
      pg/ml). Catecholamines and cortisol rose similarly in all groups. Ra increased by
      an average of 4.0 +/- 0.4, 0.9 +/- 0.3, and 1.8 +/- 0.4 mg.kg-1.min-1 during
      exercise in C, IC, and IC + G, respectively. Gluconeogenesis from alanine rose by
      212 +/- 34, 91 +/- 39, and 184 +/- 47% with exercise in C, IC, and IC +
      G.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2650563
TI  - Interpulse interval of GnRH stimulation independently modulates LH secretion.
AB  - To examine the importance of the interpulse interval of gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone (GnRH) stimulation in modulating gonadotroph responsiveness, a fixed
      individualized dose of GnRH was administered to eight GnRH-deficient men at
      intervals selected randomly from the distribution of luteinizing hormone (LH)
      interpulse intervals of normal men. The responses were compared with data derived
      from a study of LH pulses in 20 normal men. A positive relationship was found
      between LH pulse amplitude and the preceding interpulse interval both in the GnRH
      deficient (P less than 0.05) and in the normal (P less than 0.003) men. The
      distributions of LH pulse amplitudes appeared to differ between the two groups
      with failure of the study paradigm to reproduce the distribution of low-amplitude
      pulses of the normal men in the GnRH-deficient men. There was significantly more
      variability about the line that related interpulse interval and LH amplitude in
      the normal men (P less than 0.004) in whom the amount of GnRH could vary
      physiologically. This difference remained significant both for pulses with
      amplitudes below (P less than 0.01) or above (P less than 0.03) the mean of the
      normal men. These studies demonstrate that the GnRH interpulse interval is an
      independent determinant of pituitary responsiveness and that alterations in the
      amount of GnRH secreted from the hypothalamus are an important determinant of LH
      pulse amplitude in men.

PMID- 2650564
TI  - Alternative method for minimal model analysis of intravenous glucose tolerance
      data.
AB  - The minimal models of glucose-insulin kinetics were used to analyze sets of data
      obtained from human subjects and dogs during frequently sampled intravenous
      glucose tolerance tests (FSIGTs). Analysis of some data sets from both species
      resulted in poor identification of parameters. To improve the parameter
      resolution, the information base on which the parameters are estimated was
      enlarged. This was accomplished by incorporating into the analysis 1) glucose
      data obtained between 0 and 8 min of the FSIGT and some of the insulin data
      obtained prior to the insulin peak and 2) a second set of FSIGT data for each
      individual obtained during a physiological perturbation. As a result, data
      analysis was considerably enhanced, with parameter fractional standard deviation
      being routinely reduced to less than 0.5. Analysis of stimulated data with noise
      levels for glucose and insulin set between 0.05 and 0.15 confirmed the
      improvement in parameter estimates. This modified approach to analysis of FSIGTs
      therefore consistently leads to well-defined kinetic descriptions of experimental
      data in various situations and supports the usefulness of the minimal model in
      examining the complex interplay between the parameters that influence overall
      glucose tolerance.

PMID- 2650565
TI  - Local and systemic estradiol-17 beta: effects on uterine and systemic
      vasodilation.
AB  - Systemic estradiol-17 beta (E2 beta) administration increases uterine blood flow
      (UBF), cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and plasma renin activity (PRA). We
      sought to determine if the E2 beta-induced systemic responses were dependent on
      the observed uterine responses. Nonpregnant, ovariectomized ewes (n = 5) received
      3 micrograms E2 beta into both uterine arteries followed 120 min later by
      systemic E2 beta, 1 microgram/kg. At 120 min after local E2 beta, UBF increased
      from 26 +/- 5 to 161 +/- 21 ml/min (P less than 0.05); uterine vascular
      resistance (UVR) decreased 83 +/- 2.5% (P less than 0.05); and systemic
      parameters were unchanged. At 120 min after systemic E2 beta, UBF remained
      elevated and CO had increased gradually from 4.4 +/- 0.2 to 5.5 +/- 0.32 l/min
      (26 +/- 3.4%, P less than 0.05), reflecting a 37 +/- 3.9% (P less than 0.05)
      increase in HR; mean arterial pressure (MAP) remained unchanged. The increased CO
      was associated with a 20 +/- 3.1% (P less than 0.05) fall in systemic vascular
      resistance (SVR), with % delta SVR less than % delta UVR (P less than 0.05). Base
      line PRA and angiotensin II, 1.31 +/- 0.2 ng.ml-1.h-1 and 10.3 +/- 2.1 pg/ml,
      respectively, were unchanged by local E2 beta; systemic E2 beta caused increases
      to 3.56 +/- 0.51 ng.ml-1.h-1 (P less than 0.05) and 34.1 +/- 11.3 pg/ml (P less
      than 0.05), respectively. E2 beta-induced uterine hyperemia occurs independent of
      its systemic effects and is not responsible for systemic cardiovascular
      alterations, and the relative uterine vascular responses exceed systemic
      responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2650566
TI  - Transport of glutamine across blood-facing membranes of perfused rat jejunum.
AB  - Transport of glutamine and other neutral amino acids across the blood-facing
      membranes of isolated, dually perfused rat jejunum was measured using a paired
      tracer isotope-dilution technique. Glutamine, asparagine, histidine, alanine, and
      leucine showed mutual inhibition of transport. The major component of
      physiological glutamine transport was saturable (Km = 0.88 +/- 0.15 mM, Vmax =
      454 +/- 49 nmol.g-1.min-1; mean +/- SE), stereospecific and Na-independent and
      appeared to exhibit symmetry of glutamine transport; it most resembled system L.
      The minor Na-dependent component of glutamine transport resembled system A, i.e.,
      it transported N-methylaminoisobutyric acid (Km approximately equal to 10 microM,
      Vmax approximately equal to 1.2 nmol.g-1.min-1). At 0.5 mM glutamine transport
      was insensitive to insulin and glucagon and was unaffected by perfusate pH (7.0
      7.8). Glutamine extracted by the jejunum is rapidly utilized; at physiological
      blood glutamine concentrations the basolateral glutamine-transporter flux may
      thus not only restrict intestinal glutamine catabolism but also the consequent
      release of glutamine-derived ammonia (a substrate and stimulant of ureogenesis)
      into the portal circulation.

PMID- 2650567
TI  - Endothelin has potent ulcerogenic and vasoconstrictor actions in the stomach.
AB  - The role of endothelin, an endothelium-derived constricting factor, as a mediator
      of gastric ulceration was assessed using an ex vivo gastric chamber model in the
      rat. The rats were pretreated with indomethacin, and endothelin was infused
      intravenously or intra-arterially at various doses while the stomach was
      topically "challenged" with 20% ethanol. This concentration of ethanol did not,
      by itself, produce hemorrhagic damage in the stomach. However, infusion of
      endothelin rendered the mucosa vulnerable to damage induced by the ethanol. In a
      dose-dependent manner, endothelin increased the extent of hemorrhagic damage and
      the efflux of protein from the gastric mucosa. The effects of endothelin were
      less marked in rats not pretreated with indomethacin. The ulcerogenic actions of
      endothelin were not significantly affected by pretreatment with a platelet
      activating factor antagonist or a leukotriene D4 antagonist. However, topical
      pretreatment with sodium nitroprusside produced a significant reduction in the
      damage induced by intravenous endothelin and topically applied ethanol.
      Endothelin also rendered the stomach vulnerable to damage induced by hydrochloric
      acid at a concentration (0.15 M) tolerated by control mucosa. Using an in vitro
      vascularly perfused rat stomach preparation, we found that endothelin produces
      marked increases in gastric vascular tone at nanomolar concentrations. These
      results suggest that the factors regulating the release of endothelin, and the
      balance between endothelial production of relaxing and contracting factors, may
      be important in the pathogenesis of ulcerative diseases of the stomach.

PMID- 2650568
TI  - Does the ultrafiltration coefficient play a key role in regulating glomerular
      filtration in the rat.
AB  - Various experimental maneuvers, hormones, and pharmacological agents are reported
      to exert their effects on glomerular filtration largely or exclusively by
      changing the ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) of the filtration barrier. In light
      of a number of uncertainties discussed in this review, however, it is by no means
      certain that the Kf actually does play this central role in the physiological
      regulation of glomerular function.

PMID- 2650569
TI  - In situ hybridization of prepro-epidermal growth factor mRNA in the mouse kidney.
AB  - The presence of prepro-epidermal growth factor (prepro-EGF) mRNA was studied in
      the mouse kidney by in situ hybridization using [3H]prepro-EGF cDNA and 35S
      labeled prepro-EGF cRNA probes. In addition, anti-EGF serum was utilized to
      immunolocalize the peptide by the avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase method.
      Both EGF immunoreactivity and prepro-EGF mRNA hybridization were localized to the
      thick ascending limb of Henle (TAL) and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT),
      whereas the macula densa was negative. The glomerulus, the proximal portion of
      the nephron, and the collecting system were negative. Computer-assisted image
      analysis of the optical density of the autoradiographic and immunocytochemical
      signals were performed. The medullary TAL expressed significantly less prepro-EGF
      than the cortical TAL and the DCT.

PMID- 2650570
TI  - Autoradiographic distribution in rat tissues of binding sites for endothelin: a
      neuropeptide?
AB  - Endothelin (ET) is a potent and long-acting vasoconstrictor peptide consisting of
      21 amino acids and recently isolated from a medium of cultured porcine
      endothelial cells. To determine the possible sites of ET action, we have
      conducted autoradiography and receptor binding assays with 125I-labeled ET in rat
      tissues. The displaceable binding sites of the ligand were widely distributed,
      not only in the arteries and heart but also in various other organs, e.g., brain,
      kidney, lung, adrenal gland, and intestine. The systemically injected ET did not
      cross the blood-brain barrier, whereas the ligand, applied in vitro, was mainly
      located in the hypothalamic and thalamic areas, lateral ventricular region,
      subfornical organ, globus pallidus, and caudate putamen. Both membrane
      preparations from the brain stem including diencephalon and from the heart
      ventricle had similar, specific, and high-affinity binding sites for 125I-ET. We
      suggest that ET is involved in the regulation of a large variety of organ
      functions and may also act as a neuropeptide.

PMID- 2650571
TI  - Effects of sustained lymph drainage on cardiovascular function and thoracic duct
      lymph in sheep.
AB  - We studied the effect of lowering the plasma protein concentration on the
      cardiovascular function and thoracic duct lymph in awake adult sheep.
      Hypoproteinemia was induced in seven nonpregnant, splenectomized sheep by
      drainage of the thoracic duct lymph over a 5-day period. The plasma protein went
      from a mean of 6.4 +/- 0.2 (SE) to 4.9 +/- 0.2 g/dl on day 5, and the lymph-to
      plasma protein concentration ratio decreased from 0.74 +/- 0.01 on day 1 to 0.48
      +/- 0.04 on day 5. The percentage composition of the protein fractions in plasma
      and lymph remained unchanged. Lymph flow was 1.79 +/- 0.37 and 1.28 +/- 0.10
      ml/min for days 1 and 5, respectively. Renin concentration in plasma increased 50
      fold by day 5. Arterial pressure fell from 102.9 +/- 5.4 to 72.7 +/- 4.4 mmHg by
      day 5. Mean hematocrit was 28.9 +/- 1.7 at day 1, which was not significantly
      different than 24.6 +/- 2.9 at day 5 and indicated that the plasma volume did not
      decrease. Body weight also did not change significantly. There was a decrease in
      the transcapillary protein escape rate, determined as the thoracic lymph flow
      rate multiplied the lymph protein concentration, that suggests adaptations in the
      microcirculation to decrease vascular-to-interstitial protein transfer during
      hypoproteinemia. Hypoproteinemic animals also demonstrated greater vascular
      retention of a fluid volume challenge. In conclusion, the sheep adaptations to
      sustained hypoproteinemia produced by lymph drainage were a significant decrease
      in arterial pressure, large increases in vascular compliance and renin
      concentration, and reduced transcapillary escape rate of protein.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2650572
TI  - Lead toxicity and iron deficiency in Utah migrant children.
AB  - We determined the frequency of presumptive iron deficiency and lead toxicity in
      198 Utah migrant children, ages 9-72 months, during the summer of 1985. There
      were no confirmed cases of lead toxicity. Thirteen per cent of those tested and
      30 per cent of the children ages 9-23 months were iron deficient. Hematocrit
      determinations accurately predicted iron deficiency in only 35 per cent of the
      children confirmed to have this disorder via erythrocyte protoporphyrin
      screening.

PMID- 2650573
TI  - The persistent threat of lead: a singular opportunity.
AB  - Recent data have demonstrated health effects of lead in children at doses
      previously believed to be harmless. Data from epidemiological studies in many
      countries, and from experimental studies of animals given lead, demonstrate
      psychological impairment at blood lead concentrations of 0.5-0.7 mumol/L. Current
      estimates are that 17 per cent of American children (3-4 million) exceed the
      level of 0.7 mumol/L. Lead exposure is not a problem for urban poor children
      alone, but inner-city minorities have a higher rate of exposure. The
      overabundance of lead coexists in the same area with two serious shortages:
      affordable housing and jobs. It is argued that a program to train unemployed
      inner-city residents in safe de-leading, while expensive, makes hygienic,
      economic, and common sense.

PMID- 2650574
TI  - Stridor in an adult. An unusual presentation of functional origin.
AB  - A 34-year-old woman with a recent history of a influenza-like illness and signs
      of bronchopneumonia presented with many of the features of acute epiglottitis, a
      condition which still carries a high mortality in adults. Urgent laryngoscopy and
      bronchoscopy under inhalational anaesthesia were negative. The results of
      arterial blood gases, taken when stridor was at its worst, revealed marked
      hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis. We conclude that the resultant acute
      reduction of serum ionised calcium produced stridor as a result of tetany of the
      vocal cords. Similar cases from the literature and the role of emotional factors
      in the aetiology are discussed.

PMID- 2650575
TI  - The laryngeal mask airway. A study of 100 patients during spontaneous breathing.
AB  - A prototype size 3 laryngeal mask was used in 100 patients by 18 anaesthetists
      with no previous experience of its use. A clear and unobstructed airway was
      obtained in 98% of patients, without requiring support of the jaw, thus leaving
      the anaesthetists' hands entirely free. The patency of the airway did not
      deteriorate during the course of the anaesthetic. In 10 patients there was
      obstruction of the airway at the first attempt to place it without the introducer
      and this obstruction appeared to be as a result of downfolding of the epiglottis.
      Subsequent attempts at passage were successful in all 10 patients. The seal
      between the mask and the larynx was adequate for artificial ventilation of the
      patients, but the mean leak pressure was 1.7 kPa.

PMID- 2650577
TI  - A possible hazard.

PMID- 2650576
TI  - Pre-operative assessment of anxiety and measurement of arterial plasma
      catecholamine concentrations. The effect of oral beta-adrenergic blockade with
      metoprolol.
AB  - A double-blind study of 40 patients who underwent elective hysterectomy was
      conducted to evaluate the role of arterial plasma catecholamine concentrations as
      an objective index of anxiety, and to assess the effect of pre-operative oral
      treatment with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug. The patients were premedicated
      with diazepam and either metoprolol or placebo 2-3 hours before surgery. The
      effect on anxiety was evaluated by the anaesthetist and by visual analogue
      scoring by the patients. Using pooled data, a significant decrease in both
      adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations was demonstrated after premedication,
      but no difference was found between the groups. In general, patients were less
      anxious after premedication, but patients who received metoprolol had greater
      relief of anxiety (p = 0.0007). A significant change in perceived anxiety was
      found in patients who received metoprolol, but there was no significant change in
      the placebo group. The correlation between the observers' assessment and the
      patients' visual analogue scores was poor, but some correlation was found between
      the assessed relief of anxiety and the changes in visual analogue score. We could
      not demonstrate any correlations between anxiety and catecholamine
      concentrations, between relief of anxiety and changes in catecholamine
      concentrations, or haemodynamics and catecholamine concentrations.

PMID- 2650578
TI  - Acenocoumarol and pentoxifylline in intermittent claudication. A controlled
      clinical study. The APIC Study Group.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline (400 mg tid orally) and acenocoumarol,
      administered singly or in combination, in the treatment of intermittent
      claudication associated with chronic occlusive arterial disease were evaluated in
      a multi-center, randomized, factorial, blind clinical trial involving 146
      patients. The response to treatment was assessed by measuring pain-free walking
      time on the treadmill and by Doppler ankle/arm systolic pressure ratio at rest
      and after treadmill. Both pentoxifylline and acenocoumarol were significantly
      more effective than placebo in increasing the proportion of patients who improved
      their performance on the treadmill after one year of treatment. Benefit from
      active treatment was also apparent from the results of Doppler examinations
      performed after physical exercise. No significant differences were observed in
      comparing the effect of one active drug versus the other or versus the combined
      treatment. Five major hemorrhagic complications were registered in anticoagulated
      patients, two fatal cerebral hemorrhages and one gastrointestinal bleeding
      occurring in the group treated with both active drugs. The investigators conclude
      that (1) pentoxifylline is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with
      intermittent claudication (2) the benefits of oral anticoagulant therapy are
      outweighed by the risk of serious bleeding, and (3) the risk of bleeding is
      probably increased by the combined treatment with pentoxifylline.

PMID- 2650579
TI  - Correlation between hemorheologic parameters and carotid atherosclerosis in
      stroke.
AB  - An evaluation of the hemorheologic parameters and an ultrasonographic study of
      the extracranial carotid tract were performed on 48 patients, age range: sixty to
      seventy-five years, affected by acute stroke, 23 of whom had hypertension, while
      27 were smokers. None of them was suffering from hyperlipidemia, diabetes
      mellitus, or symptomatic coronary heart or peripheral artery disease. The
      echotomographic analysis, using B-mode real-time echotomography revealed
      atherosclerotic lesions in 26 patients. The hemorheologic pattern (hematocrit,
      fibrinogen, whole blood filterability, whole blood and plasma viscosity) was
      determined in all the patients three months after the clinical event. Statistical
      analysis of the results indicates a possible link between atherosclerotic lesions
      of the extracranial carotid tract and age, fibrinogen levels, and whole blood
      filterability.

PMID- 2650580
TI  - Heparin and prostacyclin.
AB  - Hemodialysis performed with prostacyclin (5 ng/kg/min) as a substitute for
      heparin was studied in 10 patients. The subjects were studied during heparin
      perfusion alone and during heparin perfusion together with prostacyclin. The
      authors investigated the effect of two heparin regimens (regimen I: 2,000 U/hr
      and regimen II: 500 U/hr) upon plasma antithrombin level (IU/mL) and activated
      thromboplastin time (sec). Our findings show: (1) prostacyclin can substitute for
      heparin anticoagulation in hemodialysis; (2) the concomitant administration of
      prostacyclin enhances the anticoagulant effect of heparin, based on the
      measurement of the activated partial thromboplastin time; (3) the antithrombin
      activity is increased by both treatments but more so with prostacyclin; and (4)
      platelet activation plays a role in limiting heparin anticoagulation, a
      conclusion partly supported by the finding that activated partial thromboplastin
      time is somewhat more prolonged by heparin when measured in platelet-poor rather
      than in platelet-rich plasma in the presence of prostacyclin. Physiopathologic
      implications of these preliminary findings are discussed.

PMID- 2650581
TI  - Quinapril: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in essential hypertension.
AB  - Quinapril HCl is a novel, nonsulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor. The Study Group evaluated its efficacy (20, 40, 80 mg daily with
      forced dose titration determination at trough blood pressure) once daily versus
      twice daily versus placebo, as well as its tolerability and safety, in 270
      patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension (WHO Stages I and II,
      sitting diastolic blood pressure [DPB] greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg), for
      twelve weeks. Reductions in DBP of up to 13 mm Hg were obtained, and in full
      dosage more than 65% of patients achieved a reduction in DBP of 10 mm Hg or more
      from baseline or reduced their DBP to 90 mm Hg or less. Quinapril was well
      tolerated, and reported adverse effects were scarcely more frequent than in the
      placebo group. Once daily doses of quinapril were as safe and effective as twice
      daily doses. Quinapril is likely to exhibit good therapeutic utility in the
      management of essential hypertension.

PMID- 2650582
TI  - Comparison of the efficacy and safety of quinapril vs. captopril in treatment of
      moderate to severe hypertension.
AB  - The results of this multicenter double-blind comparative study in 172 patients
      with moderate to severe hypertension indicate that twice daily quinapril (20-80
      mg/day) is significantly more effective than captopril (50-200 mg/day) at
      reducing blood pressure. Following a minimum of four weeks of treatment, the
      results in evaluable patients showed a significantly greater reduction of
      diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the quinapril group than in the captopril group
      (18.6 vs 15.3 mm Hg, respectively, p less than 0.05). An intent-to-treat analysis
      using blood pressure data from all patients having values within an eight-to
      sixteen-hour postdose treatment window showed quinapril to produce a
      significantly greater reduction in DBP than captopril (18.2 vs 14.8 mm Hg,
      respectively, p = less than 0.05). Throughout the course of the six-week study,
      quinapril consistently showed efficacy superior to captopril despite a faster
      captopril dose titration.

PMID- 2650583
TI  - Overall tolerance and safety of quinapril in clinical trials.
AB  - A comprehensive analysis of the reporting of adverse events, withdrawals due to
      adverse events, and serious adverse events has been conducted on 2,010 patients
      treated with quinapril hydrochloride. An analysis of all events (from both double
      blind and open label studies combined) showed no increase in the incidence of
      events reported in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients compared to
      hypertensive patients. When the data for all studies were combined, an age
      analysis showed no increase in the total reporting of adverse events in the 379
      elderly patients studied. The incidence of events was lower in those patients who
      did not take concomitant diuretic therapy. A comparison of the double-blind
      phases showed quinapril to have a lower incidence of adverse events than
      captopril, enalapril, or chlorthalidone. An analysis of the onset of events, or
      withdrawals, did not show an increase with time on quinapril therapy, and no dose
      relationship. A review of serious adverse events did not reveal an unexpected
      occurrence or a high incidence of serious events considered to be related to
      quinapril therapy. The proportion of patients who experienced "first-dose"
      hypotension, or symptomatic hypotension was similar to captopril or enalapril.
      Quinapril, a nonsulfhydryl ACE inhibitor, has been extensively studied and is
      equally well tolerated in the young and elderly for the treatment of hypertension
      and CHF.

PMID- 2650584
TI  - Influence of local and environmental temperatures on cutaneous circulation with
      use of laser Doppler flowmetry.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine a standard set of conditions for
      detecting peripheral arteriosclerosis with ischemia. One series of studies was
      done to determine the influence of room temperature on peripheral flow in healthy
      subjects and patients with peripheral vascular disease. The room temperature was
      varied from 30 degrees to 35 degrees C. The temperature from 24 degrees to 30
      degrees C had only minor effects on the circulation. Thus, it seemed appropriate
      to use a room temperature in the lower range, usually 23 degrees C. Another
      series of studies showed the effect of changing skin temperatures locally at the
      finger tip or toe tip on the plantar and volar surfaces in healthy subjects and
      in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Results showed that as temperature
      was increased from 10 degrees to 45 degrees, there was a marked increase in the
      finger and toe circulations, which was considerably greater in the normal
      subjects as compared with those with digital disease. The ideal temperature at
      which to work as a routine is 40 degrees C as opposed to the lower temperatures,
      which did not separate healthy subjects from patients with peripheral vascular
      disease. A third experiment was done to study normal subjects and patients by
      using the finger circulation as control against the toe circulation when the
      conditions were a local skin temperature of 40 degrees C and a room temperature
      of 23 degrees C. A toe-finger index was established to detect abnormalities in
      the circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2650585
TI  - Pulmonary eosinophilic syndromes.

PMID- 2650586
TI  - Clinical evaluation of ketotifen for chronic urticaria: multicenter double-blind
      comparative study with clemastine.
AB  - A double-blind study was performed in 305 patients to compare ketotifen capsule
      and clemastine tablet. Ketotifen alleviated eruption and itching to a
      significantly greater extent than clemastine. The utility rating of ketotifen was
      significantly higher than that of clemastine.

PMID- 2650587
TI  - Terminal 40-ms frontal plane QRS axis as a marker for tricyclic antidepressant
      overdose.
AB  - Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) poisoning has been reported to cause a right-axis
      deviation of 130 degrees to 270 degrees in the terminal 40-ms frontal plane QRS
      axis (T40-ms axis) of the ECG. This retrospective cohort study was designed to
      determine if the T40-ms axis could discriminate TCA-toxic patients from other
      overdose patients and whether a correlation exists between TCA plasma
      concentration and T40-ms axis rotation. Only symptomatic overdose patients with
      plasma and urine drug screens and an ECG obtained within two hours of each other
      were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: TCA overdose
      patients (TCA OD, n = 48) and nonTCA overdose patients (nonTCA OD, n = 30). The
      mean T40-ms axis was significantly more rightward in the TCA OD group compared
      with the nonTCA OD group (179 +/- 74 vs 86 +/- 87, P less than .001). A TCA OD
      patient was 8.6 times more likely to have a T40-ms axis of more than 120 degrees
      than was a nonTCA OD patient (odds ratio, 8.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.7 to
      29.1). Eight of the TCA poisoned patients (17%) did not demonstrate a T40-ms axis
      between 120 degrees and 270 degrees. Receiver operating characteristics
      demonstrated that the T40-ms axis was a better indicator of TCA toxicity than the
      QRS interval (P less than .05). A T40-ms axis of 120 degrees or more was 83%
      sensitive and 63% specific for TCA overdose. A correlation between plasma TCA
      concentration and T40-ms axis deviation was not found (r = .04).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2650588
TI  - Nifedipine for the relief of renal colic: a double-blind, placebo-controlled
      clinical trial.
AB  - Pain from ureteral stones is believed to be due to spasm and hyper-peristalsis of
      the involved ureter. Nifedipine has been shown to decrease human ureteral spasm
      in vitro. Conflicting results have been reported concerning the clinical efficacy
      of nifedipine in relieving acute renal colic. This prospective, double-blind,
      crossover clinical trial evaluated the acute pain relief obtained in 30 patients
      who had ureteral stones. All patients had ureteral stones documented either by
      plain abdominal radiograph (six), intravenous pyelogram (16), or passage of the
      stone(s) in the urine (eight). Each patient served as his own control. The mean
      pain relief scores for placebo versus 10 to 20 mg oral nifedipine were 0.7 +/-
      1.8 and 1.2 +/- 2.5, respectively, as measured on a visual analogue scale (P =
      .404). Seven patients received clinically significant relief associated with
      nifedipine, and three patients received relief from placebo (P = .300). Twenty
      patients (66%) did not experience clinically significant relief from either
      treatment. We conclude that nifedipine does not differ significantly from placebo
      in providing relief from acute renal colic.

PMID- 2650589
TI  - Submersion cases in The Netherlands.
AB  - Epidemiologic analysis of submersion cases admitted to the intensive and
      respiratory care unit showed that several interrelated factors preceded
      submersion. Accidental submersion and traffic accidents represented one third of
      the causes of submersion. Other relevant causes were illness (29.9%),
      psychosocial causes (20.1%), alcohol (18.1%), and suicide (9.1%). Age
      distribution, gender, and mortality rate were different in each group. Young age,
      submersion during recreational activities, summer months, and normothermia were
      epidemiologic factors with a favorable prognosis. Our data were compared with
      national data. WHO-ICD code 994.1 (drowning and nonfatal submersion) is the best
      entrance for epidemiologic analysis. Five hundred twenty deaths and 690 hospital
      admissions due to submersion occur in The Netherlands each year. About 460
      victims die before they reach a hospital.

PMID- 2650590
TI  - Acoustic otoscopy in the diagnosis of otitis media.
AB  - Acoustic otoscopy detects middle ear pathology by measuring the ability of the
      tympanic membrane to reflect sound. Fluid or thickening of the tympanic membrane
      increases sound reflection. We conducted a study to compare acoustic otoscopy
      with pneumatic otoscopy in identifying middle ear pathology in 80 children (160
      ears) presenting to the emergency department with ear or upper respiratory
      complaints. We then evaluated the use of acoustic otoscopy in 34 adults (68 ears)
      with and without ear complaints. Using a reflectivity of 5 or more units to
      signify acute pathology in children, the sensitivity was 82%, and the specificity
      was 100%. Using a reflectivity of 6 or more units to indicate acute suppurative
      pathology in adults, the sensitivity was 83%, and the specificity was 95%. We
      found acoustic otoscopy to be objective, practical, and reproducible. We conclude
      that acoustic otoscopy is a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of otitis media in
      children and adults.

PMID- 2650591
TI  - Emergency department technicians in a university-county hospital: a 15-year
      experience.
AB  - Technicians have assisted physicians in many specialty areas in which a small
      number of procedures and limited expertise could be quickly mastered and used
      regularly. We describe a program of training and graded responsibility of
      emergency department technicians focusing on laceration and wound care,
      splinting, IV catheter placement, and other procedures for critically ill or
      injured patients. Infection rates of wounds sutured by technicians are comparable
      to those reported by physicians using similar techniques. In a time of nursing
      shortages, technicians are an alternative for supplementing the traditional
      providers of emergency care.

PMID- 2650592
TI  - Accidental firearm fatalities and injuries among recreational hunters.
AB  - Injuries and fatalities from recreational hunting accidents have been studied
      much less than firearm accidents occurring in urban populations. The available
      data indicate that hunting accidents may account for a significant number of
      unintentional firearm accidents in areas outside commonly studied urban settings.
      Legislative efforts to control handgun availability can be expected to have
      little impact on hunting accident statistics. The development of automatic
      firearm safety devices, promotion of hunter safety programs, and greater
      participation by the medical community in preventive measures may impact the
      problem. Similar efforts have already been influential in reducing other forms of
      accidental injury through promotion of seat-belt use, local motorcycle helmet
      laws, use of infant car seats, and, most recently, regulations regarding all
      terrain vehicles.

PMID- 2650593
TI  - Improvement in disease-free survival of melanoma patients in conjunction with
      serologic response in a phase Ia/Ib Southeastern Cancer Study Group trial of
      vaccinia melanoma oncolysate.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with malignant melanoma who were disease-free after surgery
      but at high risk for recurrence were treated with vaccinia melanoma oncolysate
      (VMO) for 12 months. Clinical results, after a mean follow-up of 17 months showed
      that 25 of 39 patients had no evidence of disease. Comparison of disease-free
      survival of patients in this study with that of 39 matched controls from other
      adjuvant trials shows statistically significant advantage of VMO therapy.
      Evaluation of serological responses of patients undergoing VMO treatment by an
      enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) showed a positive correlation between
      IgG antibody binding to cultured melanoma cells and disease-free survival.

PMID- 2650594
TI  - The duodenum. Part 1: History, embryogenesis, and histologic and physiologic
      features.
AB  - Long before the Christian era, the duodenum was named and its function in
      controlling gastric emptying was conjectured. It received almost no further
      attention until the Eighteenth century when its relation to the bile and
      pancreatic ducts became know. The embryogenesis of the duodenum and the
      histological features of the organ are described as well as the gross movements
      that explain the mature relations of the duodenum to the surrounding structures.
      The "sphincters" of the duodenum are mentioned and evaluated.

PMID- 2650595
TI  - Secretory IgA and bacterial adherence to nasal mucosal cells.
AB  - The ability of Streptococcus pyogenes to adhere to nasal mucosal cells was
      investigated by an in vitro assay system in order to clarify the actual role of
      secretory IgA in mucosal immunity in the nose. The number of bacteria adhering to
      isolated mucosal cells was significantly larger in patients with chronic
      sinusitis than in normal control subjects. The ability of bacteria to adhere,
      however, was significantly lower in the group of subjects having specific
      secretory IgA antibody activity to the M protein than in those having no
      secretory IgA activity. Findings demonstrated that mucosal immunity preventing or
      blocking the adherence of bacteria is impaired in patients with chronic
      sinusitis.

PMID- 2650596
TI  - Effect of prostaglandin E2 and bacterial endotoxin on the rate of dye transport
      in the eustachian tube of the chinchilla.
AB  - To determine the effects of various biologic agents on the rate of fluid
      transport in the eustachian tube of the chinchilla, we have established an in
      situ method of measuring dye transport in which the bulla remains intact. The
      normal rate of dye transport from an injection site in the superior bulla to the
      nasopharyngeal orifice of the eustachian tube was 130 +/- 10 seconds. Inhibition
      of ciliary activity with the local anesthetic bupivacaine resulted in a saturable
      delay of transport (greater than 15 minutes), while exposure to the beta
      adrenergic stimulator isoproterenol caused a significant increase in transport
      rate (79 +/- 7 seconds). Two inflammatory mediators commonly found in chronic
      middle ear effusions were also tested for their effect on fluid transport by the
      mucociliary apparatus. Bacterial endotoxin reduced transport rates at high
      concentrations, while prostaglandin E2 had no effect at any concentration tested.

PMID- 2650597
TI  - Parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal space diseases.
AB  - The involvement by a disease process of the parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal
      spaces poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Neoplasms, the
      majority histologically benign, comprise the greatest number of parapharyngeal
      space lesions. Inflammatory lesions and metastases to lymph nodes are the
      preponderant disorders affecting the retropharyngeal space.

PMID- 2650598
TI  - Pharmacological augmentation of skin flap viability: a hypothesis to mimic the
      surgical delay phenomenon or a wishful thought.
AB  - The importance of the research in skin flap pharmacology is two-fold. First,
      observations made from the vasoactive drug actions in the vasculature of skin
      flaps can provide insight into the regulatory mechanism of cutaneous circulation
      and the pathophysiology of ischemic necrosis in skin flap surgery. Second, there
      is the possibility that the aforementioned information may eventually contribute
      to the development of a drug treatment for the augmentation of skin blood flow
      and viability in acute skin flaps (i.e., to mimic the surgical delay mechanism).
      To this end, the objectives of this article are: (1) to present a brief review of
      the recent research progress in the pharmacological treatment of ischemic skin
      necrosis in experimental flap surgery, and (2) to attempt to identify the future
      directions and important areas of research to be pursued in the pharmacology of
      skin flaps.

PMID- 2650599
TI  - Crouzon's syndrome associated with acanthosis nigricans: ramifications for the
      craniofacial surgeon.
AB  - Crouzon's syndrome is one of many disorders that have been associated with
      acanthosis nigricans. Previously reported cases documenting this association have
      been reviewed, and additional cases that have been treated at the Institute of
      Reconstructive Plastic Surgery at New York University Medical Center have been
      added. Recommendations for the surgical management of this unique group of
      patients are presented.

PMID- 2650600
TI  - Adherence of microorganisms to breast prostheses: an in vitro study.
AB  - The quantitative and morphological characteristics of microbial adherence of four
      organisms--Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida
      albicans--to the surfaces of different breast prostheses were observed.
      Semiquantitative adherence studies based on a modification of Maki's roll culture
      technique even after short contact times showed (1) increased microbial adherence
      at higher concentrations of the organisms and (2) differences in adherence
      properties between gram-positive bacteria and other organisms tested, noted also
      at lower organism concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify
      microorganisms on foam-covered prostheses, however, revealed organisms in the
      interstitial spaces that were not recovered by the plating technique. Other
      features on SEM were extracellular "slime" produced by S. epidermidis, which
      appears to act as a cement by which bacteria are held against prosthetic
      surfaces. These in-vitro findings suggest that brief exposure of the prostheses
      to a few organisms, particularly gram-positive bacteria, at the time of
      implantation would be sufficient inoculum for bacterial adherence to prosthetic
      surfaces.

PMID- 2650601
TI  - "Insert sutures first, tie later": new microvascular anastomosis techniques.
AB  - Two reliable techniques for the microvascular anastomosis of difficult-to-handle,
      thin-walled smaller vessels--"insert sutures first, tie later" and "loops on
      hanger"--are described.

PMID- 2650602
TI  - To stitch or not to stitch the fat?
AB  - A total of 22 patients having hip replacements were studied to determine
      biochemically whether or not fat stitches cause fat necrosis. We found that fat
      necrosis, as measured by the triglyceride concentration of the drainage fluid,
      occurred in all wounds. The use of a fat stitch did not increase the amount of
      fat necrosis, but significantly reduced the amount of fluid drained (P less than
      0.001; Student's t test). This retention of triglycerides is probably undesirable
      as they can act as a substrate for prostaglandin synthesis.

PMID- 2650603
TI  - Symptoms and endoscopic findings--can they predict abnormal nocturnal acid gastro
      oesophageal reflux?
AB  - Nocturnal gastro-oesophageal reflux is known to be particularly damaging to the
      oesophageal mucosa, being associated with stricture formation and
      columnarisation. At present, this can only be detected by prolonged intra
      oesophageal pH monitoring. A total of 50 patients with endoscopic oesophagitis
      were evaluated by ambulatory pH monitoring to detect the presence of nocturnal
      reflux. Whether certain symptoms in the presence of a hiatal hernia would
      identify those patients with reflux at night was investigated. Thirty-three
      patients had nocturnal reflux, two-thirds of whom had a hiatal hernia. Heartburn
      at night was of limited value (specificity = 65%) in detecting acid reflux
      whereas regurgitation and cough showed greater specificity (88% and 100%
      respectively) but lacked sensitivity (45% and 12% respectively). The combination
      of nocturnal symptoms and a hiatal hernia in patients with endoscopic
      oesophagitis correctly identified 58% of patients with nocturnal reflux and was
      highly specific (100%). This study has confirmed that symptoms and endoscopic
      findings can detect a significant proportion of 'at risk' patients, but the
      remainder will require pH monitoring to assess their pattern of acid exposure.

PMID- 2650605
TI  - Bacterial colonisation of leg ulcers and its effect on the success rate of skin
      grafting.

PMID- 2650606
TI  - Pain quantum and wound healing: a comparison of interrupted inversion PDS and
      standard nylon sutures in abdominal skin closure.

PMID- 2650604
TI  - An evaluation of the role of rectal endosonography in rectal cancer.
AB  - The applications of rectal endosonography (ES) in the preoperative staging and
      follow-up of patients with rectal cancer have been investigated. Endosonography
      is an accurate method of staging local invasion (93%) preoperatively and is
      superior to digital examination (58%) and computed tomography (CT) (74%). In
      addition, ES can predict mesorectal lymph node involvement with an accuracy of
      83% which compares favourably with CT (57%). Extrarectal, locally recurrent
      cancer can be detected using ES and established recurrence assessed more
      objectively.

PMID- 2650607
TI  - [Non-invasive ambulatory recording of blood pressure. Current data].
AB  - Recent advances in medical technology have made it possible to non invasively
      record ambulatory blood pressure over 24 hours. This new method of measurement
      has a lot of advantages over the classic way: it enables a satisfactory approach
      of blood pressure circadian rhythm; it seems to be more reliable than clinic
      readings of blood pressure, which may be subjects to some confounding variables
      (e.g. observer bias, digit preference, defence reaction...); it appears to be
      better at predicting cardiovascular prognosis of hypertensive patients and is
      more closely correlated with target organ damage; finally, in some instances, it
      may help the physician to determine whether or not antihypertensive treatment
      should be initiated or adjusted. The limits and drawbacks of the method are also
      pointed out and, from a practical point of view, some recommendations are given
      to perform it only in most relevant circumstances.

PMID- 2650608
TI  - [Polyaneurysmal dystrophy].
AB  - Polyaneurysmal dystrophy (PAD) is a strange disease. It is also an uncommon
      disease if only strict, arteriographic and pathological criteria, are considered.
      True varicose disease of the arteries, this disease develops slowly and its
      clinical manifestations, often severe, only occur in patients over 50. The
      frequent association with dolichomega arteries (DMA), especially at the aorto
      iliac level, is certainly not accidental. A continuous dystrophy of the media
      would result in the occurrence of DAM; a segmental dystrophy these diseases under
      a single entity: ectatic mediadystrophy. Our small personal series of 9 cases is
      presented to analyse the course of this disease and specify its treatment.

PMID- 2650609
TI  - [Hydatid cyst of the heart of multivesicle type. Apropos of a case].
AB  - The authors report the case of a 30 year-old man on whom the diagnosis of hydatic
      cyst of the heart (HKC) was strongly suspected on bi-dimensional echocardiography
      and confirmed by surgery. This case is interesting because this HCH, completely
      latent clinically, was discovered by echocardiography performed in view of a
      localized infra-epicardic ischemia, the major contribution of bi-dimensional
      electrocardiography enabling to make a quick and easy anatomical and topographic
      diagnosis, the primary nature of this hydatic localization which does not affect
      any other organ, and finally the multivesicle aspect of the cyst, rather unusual
      in single localizations of hydatic cyst of the heart. A brief review of the
      literature is then presented.

PMID- 2650610
TI  - [Cardiac manifestations of Lyme disease. Apropos of a case].
AB  - A new case of heart involvement in Lyme's disease is reported. Its originality
      lies in its strictly isolated nature, therefore revealing the disease; in its
      typical picture of myocardopericarditis combining, in various stages, infra
      hissian conduction disorders, bouts of left ventricular insufficiency,
      pseudoischemic repolarisation disorders and finally a moderate pericardial shift;
      in the demonstration, during two successive heart explorations by NMR (Nuclear
      Magnetic Resonance), of a diffuse myocardial hypertrophy, subsiding in time, as
      the other symptoms of this patient.

PMID- 2650611
TI  - [Carcinoid cardiopathy: value of ultrasonography and MRI. Apropos of a case
      related to bronchial tumor. Review of the literature].
AB  - A case of carcinoid cardiopathy (C.C.) of the right heart, related to liver
      metastases secondary to a bronchial tumor, is reported. Non-invasive
      investigative methods have enabled an easy diagnosis of C.C.: liver metastases by
      scan and abdominal sonogram, restrictive myocardiopathy with typical tricuspid
      lesions by echocardiography and MRI, magnitude of the tricuspid regurgitation by
      cardiac Doppler. These extremely performing methods must allow an early diagnosis
      at a stage when the patient may be still operable, since C.C. is the most
      frequent cause of death in patients with carcinoid tumors.

PMID- 2650612
TI  - [Persistent arterial hypertension].
AB  - Antihypertensive therapy has markedly improved, in the last few years, but, in
      some patients, the blood pressure remains high despite an association of several
      medications. We are proposing to consider as persistent or refractory, any
      essential hypertension remaining higher than or equal to 165/95 despite a well
      administered triple therapy, initiated since at least one month. With such
      patients, the first step consists in verifying the various terms of the
      definition: measurement of the blood pressure under standard condition and, at
      best, over a long period of time, in ambulatory conditions; re-evaluation of the
      drug combination (synergistic action); observance of the treatment by the
      patient; re-investigation of the etiology; determination of the resistance
      factors to the treatment. The treatment should then be patiently and methodically
      reviewed, based on the most potentialized combinations, taking into consideration
      the first signs of occurrence of the hypertension, without neglecting hygieno
      dietetic measures. Sometimes, it will be necessary to resort to more potent
      treatments, which are more delicate to handle.

PMID- 2650613
TI  - Early ionic events associated with phorbol ester induced differentiation and
      inhibition of cell growth in hematopoietic tumor cell lines.
AB  - The effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) on DNA synthesis,
      phenotypic expression, cytoplasmic Ca2+ (Ca2+i), intracellular pH (pHi) and
      membrane potential were studied in the monoblastic U-937 and the erythroleukemic
      K-562 cells. In both cell lines DNA synthesis was inhibited and in the U-937
      cells this was accompanied by the appearance of macrophage differentiation
      markers. The erythroid characteristics of K-562 cells, on the other hand, were
      markedly suppressed. Intracellular pH (pHi) was increased by TPA treatment;
      however, while the alkalinization of K-562 cells was dependent on the presence of
      extracellular Na+, the response of U-937 cells was unaffected by the removal of
      this cation. In each cell type the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor H-7 largely
      attenuated the TPA induced increase of pHi. Moreover, the alpha-stereoisomer of
      TPA, which does not activate PKC, had no effects. TPA caused a dose-dependent
      decrease in Ca2+i which was more pronounced in U-937 cells. Measurements of
      membrane potential revealed a marked TPA depolarization of the K-562 cells, but
      no such effects were observed in the U-937 cell line. The depolarizing response
      of K-562 cells could be abolished by substituting extracellular Na+ with
      choline+, indicating the presence of a TPA sensitive Na+ permeability. The
      results show that the phorbol ester TPA, which inhibits proliferation and causes
      phenotypic modulation, also induced a number of early, apparently PKC dependent
      and cell type specific, changes of intracellular ion activities. The possible
      role of intracellular ion fluxes in the regulation of cell growth and
      differentiation is discussed.

PMID- 2650614
TI  - The Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen on human urothelial cell lines detectable by
      peanut lectin and monoclonal antibody raised against human glycophorin A.
AB  - The Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen is a cryptic disaccharide structure on
      human erythrocytes which can be exposed by neuraminidase treatment and which is
      supposed to be expressed in an unmasked form on some carcinoma cells. For its
      detection in addition to auto-, allo- and heteroantisera, PNA (peanut lectin) is
      being applied. In the present studies the mouse monoclonal antibody (MoAb) raised
      to asialoglycophorin from human erythrocytes was used. The MoAb 22.19 is of mouse
      IgM isotype and is specifically binding to beta-D Gal-1-3 alpha-D GalNAc. The
      human urothelial cell lines maintained and characterized earlier were analyzed
      using indirect immunofluorescence assays. Among the spectrum of cell lines
      tested, five out of six cell lines belonging to the transformation grade III
      category (invasive in vitro and tumorigenic in nude mice) expressed TF antigen.
      The relationship between expression of TF antigen and other earlier defined
      biological traits related to malignant phenotype is discussed.

PMID- 2650615
TI  - The puzzling role of vitamin A in cancer prevention (review).
AB  - This review focuses on the question of whether the cancer preventive effect of
      dietary vitamin A should be attributed to retinol or to carotene. Knowledge about
      the metabolism of retinol and carotene and results from epidemiological studies
      point to an effect of carotene. Studies on the mechanisms of the vitamin A effect
      and results of experimental studies in animals lend, at the same time, much
      support to an effect exerted by retinol. Integration of data from experimental
      and epidemiological research leads to the conclusion that, in contrast to
      retinol, a high intake of carotene most likely influences cancer incidence in
      humans, either via an effect exerted by carotene itself or after conversion into
      retinol.

PMID- 2650616
TI  - Effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation.

PMID- 2650617
TI  - Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a cellodextrinase gene
      from Bacteroides succinogenes S85.
AB  - A DNA fragment coding for a cellodextrinase of Bacteroides succinogenes S85 was
      isolated by screening of a pBR322 gene library in Escherichia coli HB101. Of
      100,000 colonies screened on a complex medium with methylumbelliferyl-beta-D
      cellobioside as the indicator substrate, two cellodextrinase-positive clones (CB1
      and CB2) were isolated. The DNA inserts from the two recombinant plasmids were
      7.7 kilobase pairs in size and had similar restriction maps. After subcloning
      from pCB2, a 2.5-kilobase-pair insert which coded for cellodextrinase activity
      was isolated. The enzyme was located in the cytoplasm of the E. coli host. It
      exhibited no activity on carboxymethyl cellulose, Avicel microcrystalline
      cellulose, acid-swollen cellulose, or cellobiose but hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl
      beta-D-cellobioside and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-lactoside. The Km (0.1 mM) for the
      hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-cellobioside by the enzyme expressed in E. coli was
      similar to that reported for the purified enzyme from B. succinogenes. Expression
      of the cellodextrinase gene was subjected to catabolite repression by glucose and
      was not induced by cellobiose. The origin of the DNA insert from B. succinogenes
      was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Western blotting (immunoblotting) using
      antibodies raised against the purified B. succinogenes cellodextrinase revealed a
      protein with a molecular weight of approximately 50,000 in E. coli clones which
      comigrated with the native enzyme isolated from B. succinogenes. These data
      indicate that the cellodextrinase gene expressed in E. coli is fully functional
      and codes for an enzyme with properties similar to those of the native enzyme.

PMID- 2650618
TI  - Bacterial hydrophobicity, an overall parameter for the measurement of adhesion
      potential to soil particles.
AB  - The adhesion of Salmonella typhimurium to the mineral particles quartz, albite,
      feldspar, and magnetite was shown to correlate with the hydrophobicity of the
      cell surface as measured by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The same
      effects were also seen for seven other selected test strains, including
      Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter
      freundii, Shigella sonnei, and Shigella boydii. When the test strain of
      Salmonella typhimurium, was repeatedly cultivated in Luria broth, thus selecting
      for different degrees of fimbriation and roughness of the cell surface, varied
      cell hydrophobicity but constant negative and positive charge values were
      obtained. High hydrophobicity values always coincided with enhanced adhesion to
      the mineral particles. The negative charge of the bacterial surface as measured
      by electrostatic interaction chromatography appeared to play no role in the
      adhesion event. However, the positive charges on the cell surface contributed to
      the adhesion process. This was especially evident for cells exhibiting a high
      degree of hydrophobicity. Alteration of the pH between 4 and 9 did not
      significantly affect the adhesion process.

PMID- 2650619
TI  - Enzyme-capture assay for rapid detection of Escherichia coli in oysters.
AB  - Enzyme-capture assays (ECAs) for Escherichia coli beta-D-glucuronidase (GUD) were
      performed directly from 24-h gas-positive lauryl tryptose broth (LTB)
      fermentation tubes that had been inoculated with oyster homogenate seeded with E.
      coli. The LTB-ECA method yielded results in 1 day that were equivalent to those
      obtained in 2 days by an LTB and EC-4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (EC
      MUG) method. Overall, 62 of 64 (97%) positive EC-MUG broths from which E. coli
      was isolated were correctly identified by ECA. Of 61 LTB tubes identified as GUD
      negative by ECA, 59 were confirmed to be free of E. coli by using EC-MUG; thus,
      the false-negative rate was approximately 3%. Polyclonal antibodies prepared
      against E. coli GUD reacted only with GUDs of E. coli, Escherichia vulneris, and
      Shigella sonnei. The antibodies did not react with GUDs from Flavobacterium spp.,
      Staphylococcus spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, shellfish, or bovine liver. The GUD
      ECA test, when used in conjunction with the most-probable-number technique, was a
      rapid method for E. coli enumeration in oysters.

PMID- 2650620
TI  - Effect of visible light on progressive dormancy of Escherichia coli cells during
      the survival process in natural fresh water.
AB  - Some effects of visible light on the survival of Escherichia coli in waters of
      the Butron river were studied by comparing illuminated and nonilluminated
      systems. The following count methods were used: CFU on a selective medium (eosin
      methylene blue agar), CFU on a medium of recuperation (Trypticase soy agar with
      yeast extract and glucose), number of metabolically active cells by reduction of
      2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to INT
      formazan, and total number of E. coli cells as determined by the acridine orange
      direct-count method. In the illuminated systems, decreases in CFU of E. coli and
      in the number of metabolically active cells were observed. However, no decline of
      the total number of E. coli cells was observed. By count methods, different
      stages of progressive dormancy of E. coli cells were determined to exist in
      illuminated systems. Culturable and recoverable cells were defined as viable
      cells, and metabolically active cells and morphologically intact cells were
      defined as somnicells. Indirect activity measurements were also done by using
      [14C]glucose. In illuminated systems, a decrease of glucose uptake by E. coli
      cells was observed throughout the experiments. The assimilated fraction of
      [14C]glucose decreased faster than the respired fraction in illuminated systems.
      The percentage of respired [14C]glucose (14CO2 production) with respect to the
      total glucose uptake increased throughout the experiments, and the percentage of
      assimilated glucose decreased. Therefore, the visible light was also responsible
      for an additional inhibition of biosynthetic processes.

PMID- 2650621
TI  - Comparison of methods for enumeration of selected coliforms exposed to ozone.
AB  - mT7 medium performed no better than m-Endo medium in enumerating cells of
      Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii exposed to ozone. Also, there was no
      difference in the plate count of heterotrophic bacteria in ozonated raw water
      determined on modified Henrici agar or R2A agar. Statistically significant
      differences were seen between bacteria and the type of water in which they were
      suspended during ozonation.

PMID- 2650622
TI  - Biochemical and immunological characterization of the flagellar-associated
      regulatory subunit of a type II cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate-dependent
      protein kinase.
AB  - We have shown previously that the regulatory subunit (RII) of a type II cyclic
      AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase is tightly associated with mammalian sperm
      flagella (J. A. Horowitz et al. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 832-838; J. A.
      Horowitz et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2098-2104). In the present study the
      flagellar RII was compared to other well-characterized RIIs using biochemical and
      immunological methods. Flagellar polypeptides were screened by immunoblot
      analysis with monoclonal antibodies directed against the RII alpha and RII beta
      isoforms. An RII beta monoclonal antibody failed to cross-react with any
      flagellar polypeptide. In contrast, mAB 622, an RII alpha/RII beta monoclonal
      antibody, cross-reacted with a 57,000 Da polypeptide. However, another RII
      alpha/RII beta monoclonal antibody interacted weakly with the flagellar RII,
      suggesting that the epitope for this antibody is modified in flagellar RII.
      Partial peptide mapping of 8-azido-[32P]cAMP-labeled RIIs revealed that although
      heart and testis generated similar fragmentation patterns, there were differences
      in the maps from flagellar RII. Two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel
      electrophoresis of 8-azido-[32P]cAMP-labeled RII from rat flagella and bovine
      heart showed that the former possessed a considerably more acidic isoelectric
      point. Partial proteolysis of the flagellar RII by either endogenous or exogenous
      proteases resulted in the cleavage of RII to a 40,000 Mr fragment. Complete
      release of this fragment from the flagellum was achieved if proteolysis was
      performed in the presence of thiol reducing agents. In their absence,
      approximately 50% of the fragment remained bound to the flagellum. The soluble
      proteolytic fragment was shown to be monomeric by native high-resolution gel
      permeation chromatography and contained a functional cAMP-binding site(s).

PMID- 2650623
TI  - The role of carotenoids in preventing oxidative damage in the pigmented yeast,
      Rhodotorula mucilaginosa.
AB  - Rhodotorula mucilaginosa is an obligate aerobic yeast which contains a high
      concentration of carotenoid pigment. To test whether carotenoids are able to
      protect R. mucilaginosa against oxidative injury, yeast cells in liquid culture
      were incubated with duroquinone (DQ) (100 microM), a redox-cycling quinone known
      to generate intracellular O2-. or were grown in a hyperoxic atmosphere (80% O2)
      under conditions where carotenoid concentrations were altered either
      intracellularly or extracellularly. Neither of these oxidative challenges
      affected cell growth unless carotenogenesis was blocked by the addition of
      diphenylamine (50 microM). In the diphenylamine-treated nonpigmented cells,
      growth was completely inhibited by DQ and by hyperoxia. In normoxia, however,
      diphenylamine alone reduced growth by only 30%. The growth inhibition observed in
      diphenylamine-treated cells exposed to hyperoxia was primarily mycocidal rather
      than mycostatic since plating of these cells onto solid media revealed that only
      25% of the cells were viable after 50 h of incubation when compared to plated
      control cells. Addition of 10 microM beta-carotene to diphenylamine-treated cells
      completely prevented the growth inhibition caused by either hyperoxia or DQ.
      Carotenoids, therefore, are able to prevent oxidant-induced cytotoxicity in R.
      mucilaginosa. Analysis of the absorption spectra of chloroform extracts of beta
      carotene-supplemented cells showed that beta-carotene, not the endogenous
      carotenoid, torularhodin, was the major carotenoid present in these cells.
      Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in R. mucilaginosa was compared with that of
      another yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two methods: (i) activity staining of
      proteins separated by gel electrophoresis and (ii) measurement of inhibition of
      ferricytochrome c reduction. By these techniques, the R. mucilaginosa SOD
      activity had the characteristics of Mn-SOD. No Cu/ZnSOD activity was detected.
      Thus, the apparent absence of Cu/ZnSOD may make the antioxidant capability of
      endogenous carotenoids even more critical in preventing oxidative damage in R.
      mucilaginosa.

PMID- 2650624
TI  - Purification of two isozymes of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450 with
      testosterone 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity.
AB  - Cytochrome P450a was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from liver
      microsomes from immature male Long-Evans rats treated with Aroclor 1254. Rabbit
      polyclonal antibody raised against cytochrome P450a cross-reacted with
      cytochromes P450b, P450e, and P450f (which are structurally related to cytochrome
      P450a). The cross-reacting antibodies were removed by passing anti-P450a over an
      N-octylamino-Sepharose column containing these heterologous antigens. The
      immunoabsorbed antibody recognized only a single protein (i.e., cytochrome P450a)
      in liver microsomes from immature male rats treated with Aroclor 1254 (i.e., the
      microsomes from which cytochrome P450a was purified). However, the immunoabsorbed
      antibody recognized three proteins in liver microsomes from mature male rats, as
      determined by Western immunoblot. As expected, one of these proteins (Mr 48,000)
      corresponded to cytochrome P450a. The other two proteins did not correspond to
      cytochromes P450b, P450e, or P450f (as might be expected if the antibody were
      incompletely immunoabsorbed), nor did they correspond to cytochromes P450c,
      P450d, P450g, P450h, P450i, P450j, P450k, or P450p. One of these proteins was
      designated cytochrome P450m (Mr approximately 49,000), the other cytochrome P450n
      (Mr approximately 50,000). Like cytochrome P450a, cytochrome P450n was present in
      liver microsomes from both male and female rats. However, whereas cytochrome
      P450a was detectable in liver microsomes from 1-week-old rats, cytochrome P450n
      was barely detectable until the rats were at least 3 weeks old. Furthermore, in
      contrast to cytochrome P450a, the levels of cytochrome P450n did not decline
      appreciably with age in postpubertal male rats. Cytochrome P450m was detectable
      only in liver microsomes from postpubertal (greater than 4 week-old) male rats.
      Cytochromes P450m and P450n were isolated from liver microsomes from mature male
      rats and purified to remove cytochrome P450a. When reconstituted with NADPH
      cytochrome P450 reductase and lipid, cytochrome P450n exhibited little
      testosterone hydroxylase activity, whereas cytochrome P450m catalyzed the 15
      alpha-, 18-, 6 beta-, and 7 alpha-hydroxylations of testosterone at 10.8, 4.6,
      2.0, and 1.9 nmol/nmol P450/min, respectively. The ability of cytochrome P450m to
      catalyze the 7 alpha-hydroxylation of testosterone was not due to contamination
      with cytochrome P450a, which catalyzed this reaction at approximately 25
      nmol/nmol P450a/min. Cytochrome P450m also converted testosterone to several
      minor metabolites, including androstenedione and 15 beta-, 14 alpha-, and 16
      alpha-hydroxytestosterone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2650625
TI  - Interference of electron transport inhibitors with desaturation of monogalactosyl
      diacylglycerol in intact chloroplasts.
AB  - Isolated intact chloroplasts are able to desaturate fatty acids in newly
      synthesized monogalactosyl diacylglycerol. By analogy with other systems, this
      desaturation might be expected to involve electron carriers. The effects of
      electron transport inhibitors on chloroplast lipid-linked desaturation were
      therefore investigated. Because desaturation occurs in the dark and is not
      inhibited by compounds specifically blocking photosystem II, it appeared that the
      photosystems themselves did not participate. Several compounds that prevent
      enzymatic reoxidation of plastoquinol in thylakoid membranes at the Qz site or
      withdraw electrons from this lipophilic electron carrier inhibited desaturation
      in the dark. This inhibition could not be reversed by adding chemicals that
      donate electrons to photosystem I, indicating that carriers past the cytochrome
      b/f complex were not involved. Inhibitors of cyclic electron transport interfered
      with desaturation only at rather high concentrations or not at all. Additional
      compounds that block the reduction of quinones were slightly inhibitory.
      Dithioerythritol and KCN also inhibited desaturation, although their exact mode
      of action is unknown. Dinitrophenyl-iodonitrothymol (DNP-INT), stigmatellin, and
      myxothiazol did not block desaturation at concentrations that inhibited
      photosynthetic electron flow through the Qz site very efficiently. Therefore,
      these results argue against an involvement of the Qz site in desaturation.
      Accordingly, the inhibition by the other compounds seemingly interfering at the
      same site as well as that by electron acceptors could be due to interference at a
      different redox step in desaturation. In vitro these compounds function also as
      electron acceptors in diaphorase reactions catalyzed by ferredoxin:NADP
      oxidoreductase.

PMID- 2650626
TI  - [DNA modification and carcinogenesis--early events caused by a heterocyclic
      aromatic amine, Glu-P-1].
AB  - Isolation, structure and activity of a mutagen, 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido [1, 2-a:
      3', 2'-d] imidazole (Glu-P-1), were summarized. The metabolic activation, its
      specific reaction with DNA and biomimetic mutation of proto-ras oncogene were
      described.

PMID- 2650627
TI  - [DNA damage by oxygen radicals and carcinogenesis].
AB  - Oxygen radicals are produced by ionizing radiation and many other environmental
      carcinogens. They are also produced in cells endogenously by the oxygen
      metabolism. Therefore it appears to be important to study DNA damage by oxygen
      radicals and its relation with mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. During a study on
      DNA damage caused in vitro by heated carbohydrates, which were being used as a
      model of cooked foods, a new type of DNA modification was discovered, the
      formation 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua). Various oxygen radical forming
      carcinogenic agents (radiation, cigarette smoke components, asbestos + H2O2 etc.)
      have been found to be effective in the formation of 8-OH-Gua in DNA in vitro. The
      formation of 8-OH-Gua was also observed in cellular DNA in vivo after mice or
      cultured cells were irradiated by ionizing radiation. The 8-OH-Gua residue in DNA
      may cause mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, since 8-OH-Gua in DNA induces
      misreading during DNA synthesis in vitro. Among the various types of DNA damage
      induced by oxygen radicals, 8-OH-Gua can be most readily measured at high
      sensitivity by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to an electrochemical
      detector. Recently, we found that oral administration of several chemical
      carcinogens, which are known to produce oxygen radicals, induce 8-OH-Gua in rat
      target organ DNA. Therefore, 8-OH-Gua can be used as a marker for monitoring
      oxidative DNA damage as a means of evaluating the carcinogenic potency of various
      oxygen radical forming agents. We are also measuring 8-OH-Gua levels in human
      lymphocyte DNA in order to investigate the relation between oxidative DNA damage
      and the incidence of cancer.

PMID- 2650628
TI  - [DNA repair defect in xeroderma pigmentosum].
AB  - Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive human disease, clinically
      characterized by the early onset of severe photosensitivity of exposed skin to
      sunlight, a very high incidence of skin cancers and frequent neurological
      abnormalities. Cells from XP patients are hypersensitive to killing by UV-light,
      because they have a defect in repair of UV-light induced DNA damage. Genetic
      complementation analysis by cell fusion has led to the identification of at least
      ten genetic complementation groups, designated as group A through I, and a
      variant. However, the genetic basis of the physiological defect of XP has not yet
      been characterized. For isolation of the gene responsible for XP complementation
      group A, the pSV2gpt and genomic DNA from a mouse embryo were co-transfected into
      XP2OSSV group A XP cells. Two primary UV-resistant XP transfectants were isolated
      from about 1.6 X 10(5) pSV2gpt transformed XP colonies. The pSV2gpt and genomic
      DNA from the primary transfectants were again co-transfected into XP2OSSV cells,
      and a secondary UV-resistant XP transfectant was obtained by screening about 4.8
      X 10(5) pSV2gpt transformed XP colonies. The secondary transfectant retained
      fewer mouse repetitive sequences. A mouse gene that complements the defect of
      XP2OSSV cells was cloned into EMBL3 vectors from the secondary transfectant.
      Transfections of the cloned DNA also conferred UV-resistance on another group A
      XP cell line, but not on group C, D, F or G XP cell lines, suggesting that the
      cloned DNA repair gene is specific for group A XP and may be the mouse
      counterpart of the group A XP human gene.

PMID- 2650629
TI  - [Growth factor and growth inhibitor for hepatocyte proliferation].
AB  - Using primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes, we recently purified a
      hepatotropic factor, named hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), from platelets of
      about 3,000 rats. HGF had MW of about 100 kD, which was composed of two subunits
      with MW of 69 kD and 34 kD. Platelets also contained two growth inhibitors for
      adult hepatocytes. One of these inhibitors is identical to TGF-beta 1, whereas
      another, named PDGI-alpha, is a new growth inhibitor unlike TGF-beta 1. We also
      showed that both TGF-beta 1 and PDGI-alpha are stored in and secreted from rat or
      human platelets in a latent form that is associated with a carrier protein, named
      masking protein. Recently we succeeded in purification and characterization of
      the masking protein from rat or human platelets and demonstrated that it is
      composed of two subunits with MW of 110 kD and 39 kD, and it may be a regulator
      of TGF-beta and PDGI-alpha.

PMID- 2650630
TI  - [Regulation of HTLV-1 gene expression and its relevance to proliferation of the
      infected cells].
AB  - Proliferation of HTLV-1 after infection is one of the crucial steps that affects
      development of adult T cell leukemia. In addition, one of the regulatory factors,
      tax protein, activates not only viral transcription from the LTR but also
      transcription of genes coding IL-2 and IL-2 receptor and eventually supposed to
      induce proliferation of infected T cells. However, expression of tax protein is
      regulated negatively by another viral regulatory factor, rex protein, in a novel
      fashion. The process of ATL development is discussed in relation to the
      regulation of viral gene expression.

PMID- 2650631
TI  - [Anti-cancer drug resistance and glutathione S-transferases].
AB  - Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a family of multimolecular forms with multi
      functions for detoxication of drugs, and certain GST forms have been reported to
      concern multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms of neoplastic cells to anticancer
      drugs. In this paper, recent studies of GSTs concerning MDR are briefly reviewed,
      and the problems to be clarified are discussed. The reduced glutathione (GSH) is
      known to play important roles in the inactivation (detoxication) of the
      anticancer drugs. Most of them, especially alkylating agents, are conjugated with
      GSH by GSTs and detoxified, and the peroxides from drugs such as adriamycin are
      also reduced with GSH and detoxified by the GSH peroxidase activity of certain
      GST forms. Rat GST-P (GST 7-7) and human GST-pi, both of which belong to Class pi
      in the species-independent classification of GST, have been known as a marker
      enzyme for rat and human (pre) neoplastic lesions, respectively. GST-P is
      increased in rat hepatic preneoplastic foci resistant to cytotoxic agents. GST-pi
      is also increased not only in cancer cells such as colon carcinoma and non-small
      cell lung carcinoma, which exhibit "natural resistance" to anticancer drugs, but
      also increased in breast, ovarian and other tissue carcinomas with increased
      "acquired resistance" to certain drugs. A few research groups have attempted to
      confirm by transfection of a vector expressing a GST form such as GST-pi into non
      resistant cell lines whether there is a direct relationship between the
      expression of a specific GST form and the appearance of MDR. However, MDR did not
      always appear. Recently, it was found in our laboratory that GST-P, GST-pi and
      even mouse GST II in Class pi, all are very strongly inactivated by SH-modifiers
      and active oxygens, indicating that these properties may be useful for overcoming
      MDR, if the forms really are involved with MDR.

PMID- 2650632
TI  - [Resistance to anticancer drugs in relation to cytochrome P-450].
AB  - Cytochrome p-450 is a product of a multigene family, and catalyzes the activation
      and the detoxication of a wide variety of exogenous as well as endogenous
      compounds. Recent studies have the purified forms of cytochrome p-450 and
      provided evidence that some anticancer agents are metabolically activated by the
      cytochrome. In general, cancer cells express lower amounts of cytochrome p-450 as
      compared to normal liver cells. We recently succeeded in purifying P-450 HFLa, a
      form of cytochrome P-450 in human fetal livers. Examinations using antibodies to
      P-450 HFLa, however, showed that proteins cross-reactive with antibodies to P-450
      HFLa existed in gynecologic malignancies. Development of multiple drug resistance
      is usually associated with a decrease in the content of cytochrome P-450, which
      is in contrast with glutathione S-transferase and a few other enzymes. The
      mechanisms responsible for such altered enzyme activity by multiple drug
      resistance are unclear as yet.

PMID- 2650633
TI  - [Oncogenes in human leukemia].
AB  - Results of our study on the activation of N-ras oncogene by point mutation in
      human leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome have been described in this article.
      Point mutation was observed mainly on the 12th, 13th and 61st amino acid codon of
      ras genes. Therefore, oligomers containing mutations at these codons were used as
      probes for dot blot analysis of DNA derived from patient's bone marrow cells or
      leukemia cells. Polymerase chain reaction technique was used to amplify the DNA
      of ras genes containing 12th, 13th and 61st codons. By this technique,
      sensitivity of the method to detect the point mutations in ras oncogene was
      remarkably increased. Detection of the mutation in ras gene is considered to be
      very useful for the diagnosis, determination of remission and finding of relapse
      at an early stage. Study on the fused gene of bcr-abl, its mRNA and protein in
      chronic myelogenous leukemia is a good and reliable method to prove the existence
      of Ph1 positive chromosome by gene technology. Identification of the Ph1 acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has become possible by studying abl oncogene in Ph1
      positive ALL. This method can be used also for the diagnosis of Ph1 ALL.

PMID- 2650634
TI  - [Recessive oncogene and loss of heterozygosity].
AB  - Recessive oncogene, which has been originally proposed for the retinoblastoma
      susceptibility gene, is linked to the development of cancer by missing its gene
      function followed by the loss of normal allele (often observed as a loss of
      heterozygosity of neighbouring heteromorphic loci). Recent studies on the loss of
      heterozygosity in cancers indicate that mutations of such genes are relatively
      common in human cancers, and play a significant role in the dedifferentiation,
      progression and evolution of cancers as well as the initiative role. Such
      initiative and cooperative role of recessive oncogene opened a new field relating
      to the research on the genetic origin of cancer, evolutional implications of
      cancer development, and molecular diagnosis for cancer prognosis.

PMID- 2650635
TI  - [Synthetic approaches to tumor-associated glycosphingolipids].
AB  - Glycan chains present on cell surfaces carry specific information of biological
      importance, which is believed to play crucial roles in cell proliferation and
      cell sociological behavior. In order to provide authentic glycan chains for the
      purpose of basic as well as applied biological research, several years ago we
      started our experiments directed toward unambiguous total synthesis of
      glycoconjugates. To achieve stereo- and regio-controlled synthesis of branched
      oligosaccharides of glycoconjugates, we developed new technologies and strategies
      for the regioselective introduction of protective groups into carbohydrates as
      well as for the stereoselective glycosylations. For example, polyhydroxy systems
      were efficiently protected after regioselective enhancement of the
      nucleophilicity of hydroxyl groups through tributylstanylation. Use of the
      trichloroacetimidate procedure and anomeric fluoride approach developed by
      Schmidt and Mukaiyama, respectively, notably enhance the efficiency of
      glycosylations. These new synthetic technologies and strategies were successfully
      applied to the synthesis of the tumor-associated antigen, lactoganglio
      glycotetraosyl-ceramide, as well as I type glycan of glycoconjugates.

PMID- 2650636
TI  - When to do a lumbar puncture in a neonate.

PMID- 2650637
TI  - Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies in Kawasaki disease.
AB  - Autoantibodies against components of neutrophil cytoplasm develop during adult
      vasculitic diseases such as Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic
      polyarteritis, and they are predominantly of the IgG class. Similar but distinct
      antibodies have been described in children with Kawasaki disease and both IgM and
      IgG class antibodies are represented. This adds another clinically distinct
      childhood form of vasculitis to the adult forms in which autoantibodies to
      neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens have been detected.

PMID- 2650638
TI  - Kawasaki disease in siblings.
AB  - We report a case of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, which was diagnosed in a
      13 month old boy two years after the death of his sister from the same disease.

PMID- 2650639
TI  - Vesicoureteric reflux and renal scarring.

PMID- 2650640
TI  - The management of squint.

PMID- 2650641
TI  - Oral rehydration therapy: an epithelial transport success story.

PMID- 2650642
TI  - Change in hepatic function, hemodynamics, and morphology after liver transplant.
      Physiological effect of therapy.
AB  - Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has become standard therapy for patients
      with acute hepatic necrosis and end-stage liver disease. This study measured
      change in hepatic function (galactose elimination capacity [GEC]), liver blood
      flow (low dose galactose clearance: flow), hepatic volume (CT scan; volume) and
      morphology after OLT. The aim was to measure the physiologic response after OLT
      and compare this response with that after selective shunt (SS) and sclerotherapy
      (ES) to determine which patients should receive specific therapy. Between January
      1987 and November 1988, 37 patients underwent OLT. Operative mortality was 18%,
      which was similar to that of SS in Child's C cirrhotics. GEC and volume were less
      in transplant patients than in cirrhotics treated with SS or ES. GEC, flow, and
      volume normalized after OLT; GEC was preserved after ES and SS, but volume
      decreased. Three preoperative patterns were observed that can aid in selection of
      OLT candidates. Patients with chronic cirrhosis (chronic active hepatitis;
      cryptogenic) need OLT when GEC is less than or equal to 225 mg/min and volume is
      less than or equal to 50% normal. Patients with Budd-Chiari Syndrome require OLT
      if cirrhosis has evolved. Patients with sclerosing cholangitis and primary
      biliary cirrhosis qualify for transplants when complications of the portal
      hypertensive syndrome develop. The studies can also direct therapy for ES
      failures. Selective shunt is indicated in those patients with stable disease
      whose GEC is greater than or equal to 300 mg/min and liver volume is greater than
      75% normal; OLT is indicated for cirrhotics with GEC that is less than 225 mg/min
      and liver volume that is less than 50% predicted normal.

PMID- 2650643
TI  - A comparison of conservative versus early excision. Therapies in severely burned
      patients.
AB  - Early excision and grafting of small burn wounds is a generally accepted
      treatment. Early excision of burn injuries greater than 30% total body surface
      area (TBSA) in adults, however, has not been universally accepted. In this study,
      85 patients whose ages ranged from 17 to 55 years with greater than 30% total
      body surface area (TBSA) burns were randomly assigned to either early excision or
      topical antimicrobial therapy and skin grafting after spontaneous eschar
      separation. Mortality from burns without inhalation injury was significantly
      decreased by early excision from 45% to 9% in patients who were 17 to 30 years of
      age (p less than 0.025). No differences in mortality could be demonstrated
      between therapies in adult patients older than 30 years of age or with a
      concomitant inhalation injury. Children (n = 259) with similar large burns
      treated by early excision showed a significant increase in mortality with
      increasing burn size and with concomitant inhalation injury (p less than 0.05).
      The mean length of hospital stay of survivors was less than one day per per cent
      of TBSA burn in both children and adults.

PMID- 2650644
TI  - Intraoperative ultrasound of the liver affects operative decision making.
AB  - The surgeon operating upon patients with primary or metastatic hepatic cancers
      must determine if resection is feasible and, if it is, the magnitude of required
      resection. In an attempt to determine which tests best aid the surgeon in these
      determinations, the authors prospectively compared preoperative computed
      tomography (CT) of the liver and intraoperative ultrasound (IOU) in 42 patients
      with liver tumors who underwent 45 exploratory operations. The primary diseases
      included colorectal cancer metastases in 27 patients, hepatoma in 11 patients,
      and metastatic cancers of other origins in 4 patients. In the 42 patients there
      were 89 identified hepatic lesions that were confirmed to be malignant by
      resection, biopsy, or continued growth on follow-up CT. The sensitivity of either
      test for detecting these lesions was 69/89 (77%) for CT and 87/89 (98%) for IOU.
      Resection was not feasible in 13 patients. Five had extrahepatic disease, 4 had
      more nodules discovered by IOU, 3 were found by IOU to have involvement of all
      three hepatic veins by tumor and 1 patient had portal-vein invasion.
      Alternatively, in four patients tumors thought to involve all three hepatic veins
      by CT were shown to be free of at least one hepatic vein, thereby permitting
      resection. In one patient who had been previously operated upon, a tumor thought
      to involve the remaining right hepatic vein was seen to be free of the vein, also
      permitting resection. Regarding the extent of resection, IOU was also helpful.
      Lesser procedures than anticipated were proved possible by IOU in seven patients.
      A more extensive resection was shown to be necessary by IOU in two patients.
      Thus, IOU affected the operative management in 22 of 45 operative episodes (49%).
      It was conclude that IOU is superior to both preoperative CT and surgical
      exploration in assessing both the feasibility and the extent of resection
      required for primary and secondary hepatic cancers. In the authors' experience,
      IOU is the most sensitive indicator of number of lesions present in the liver. In
      addition, the ability of IOU to determine hepatic venous anatomy is a helpful
      adjunct in determining resectability of liver tumors.

PMID- 2650645
TI  - Villous tumors of the duodenum.
AB  - Five cases of villous tumors of the duodenum are reported, all of which involve
      the ampulla of Vater. Three of the five lesions contained either infiltrating
      carcinoma or carcinoma in situ. Although preoperative endoscopic biopsy was
      performed on all tumors no malignancy was identified. Frozen sections done at the
      time of operation on the three patients with carcinoma also failed to identify
      malignancy. One patient underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and four patients had
      local excision of the tumor. Three of the patients treated with local excision
      developed recurrence and two subsequently had pancreaticoduodenectomy. Because of
      the difficulty in making an accurate diagnosis and the chance of recurrence when
      local excision is employed, strong consideration should be given to
      pancreaticoduodenectomy as the initial form of treatment of these lesions.

PMID- 2650646
TI  - A randomized trial of less intense postoperative warfarin or aspirin therapy in
      the prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery for fractured hip.
AB  - A randomized trial was carried out with 194 patients to compare the effectiveness
      of sodium warfarin or aspirin with that of placebo in the prevention of venous
      thromboembolism after surgery for fractured hip. Prophylaxis was commenced
      postoperatively and continued for 21 days or until patient discharge, whichever
      was earlier. All patients underwent surveillance with iodine 125-fibrinogen leg
      scanning and impedance plethysmography, with subsequent venography. Venous
      thromboembolism occurred in 13 patients (20.0%) in the warfarin group, 27
      patients (40.9%) in the aspirin group, and 29 patients (46.0%) in the placebo
      group. Proximal vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism occurred in 6 patients
      (9.2%) in the warfarin group, 7 patients (10.6%) in the aspirin group, and 19
      patients (30.2%) in the placebo group. The results of this study show that sodium
      warfarin therapy is safe and effective in preventing thromboembolic complications
      in patients undergoing surgery for fractured hip, and that aspirin therapy is an
      equally safe and effective method for preventing proximal vein thrombosis or
      pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 2650647
TI  - Weight loss and the heart. Effects of anorexia nervosa and starvation.
AB  - Anorexia nervosa is a common psychiatric disorder predominantly affecting young
      women, associated with significant morbidity and mortality, much involving the
      cardiovascular system. In contrast, protein-calorie malnutrition, while not
      strictly analogous to the protein-sparing characteristics often noted in anorexia
      nervosa, is a problem of global stature. Physiologic consequences of anorexia
      nervosa include rhythm disturbances, mitral valve prolapse, plus both systolic
      and diastolic ventricular dysfunction. Diminished exercise capacity occurs in
      both states, with marked blunting of the heart rate and blood pressure response.
      Congestive heart failure may appear, especially during refeeding. In addition to
      the myofibrillar destruction associated with protein-calorie malnutrition,
      hypophosphatemia, particularly when exacerbated by unrestricted glucose-rich
      refeedings or hyperalimentation, may be one additional cause of ventricular
      dysfunction. A high level of suspicion for cardiovascular complications is,
      therefore, warranted in the evaluation and therapy of weight loss conditions such
      as starvation and anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 2650648
TI  - Breast carcinoma metastatic to a meningioma. Case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - We describe a patient who developed an intracranial mass that consisted of a
      meningioma and metastatic breast cancer. A literature review revealed 12 similar
      cases. In epidemiologic studies, the incidence of meningioma in patients with
      breast cancer is higher than expected. Both tumors are more common in women, have
      been reported to flare during pregnancy, and express hormone receptors. In a
      patient with breast cancer, an intracranial mass with radiographic features
      suggestive, but atypical, of a meningioma should be evaluated surgically. The
      lesion may represent a metastasis, a meningioma, or both.

PMID- 2650649
TI  - Genetic analysis of inducible sexual agglutination ability in the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Genetic regulation of the inducibility of sexual agglutination ability in the
      yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Detailed analysis of the degree of
      sexual agglutination was carried out; it showed that a greater number of genes
      are involved in the regulation of inducible sexual agglutination in strain H1-0
      than previously assumed. Although dominancy of inducible phenotype over
      constitutive was confirmed, the effectiveness of one gene changing the
      constitutive phenotype to the inducible seemed to be somewhat low. Quantity per
      cell of agglutination substances responsible for sexual agglutination increased
      as the agglutination ability became greater.

PMID- 2650650
TI  - The influence of the culture pH value on the direct glucose oxidative pathway in
      Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 418.
AB  - Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 418 was cultured aerobically in chemostat cultures (D
      = 0.3 h-1; 35 degrees C) under respectively carbon-, phosphate-, potassium-,
      sulphate-, and ammonia-limited conditions with glucose as the sole carbon and
      energy source. The effect of the external pH value on glucose metabolism and on
      the enzymes of the direct glucose oxidative pathway was examined. The pH value of
      the medium had a profound influence on both the activity and the synthesis of the
      glucose dehydrogenase and the gluconate dehydrogenase. At pH values ranging from
      pH 5.5 to pH 6.0 maximal activity and synthesis of these enzymes resulted in a
      more than 80% conversion of the glucose consumed into gluconate and 2
      ketogluconate under potassium- or phosphate-limited conditions. On the other
      hand, no gluconate and/or 2-ketogluconate production could be detected when K.
      pneumoniae was cultured at pH 8.0. Whereas the synthesis of gluconate
      dehydrogenase seemingly was completely repressed, still some glucose
      dehydrogenase was present. The lack of glucose dehydrogenase activity at pH 8.0
      was shown not to be due to the dissociation of the cofactor PQQ from the enzyme.

PMID- 2650651
TI  - The clinical manifestations of Degos' syndrome.
AB  - Pathologic mechanisms underlying Degos' syndrome are poorly characterized.
      Thrombosis, either as a consequence of a postulated vasculitis or as a primary
      defect, is often a clinical complication of this syndrome. We have studied
      multiple coagulation parameters, including potential defects in fibrin assembly
      and other adhesive proteins, in a patient with Degos' syndrome and found no
      specific abnormality to explain the pathologic features of this syndrome. An
      extensive literature review as well as detailed biochemical and biophysical
      coagulation studies are presented. The alternative possibility of Degos' syndrome
      as a mucinosis is discussed.

PMID- 2650652
TI  - Evaluation of the Keystone Diagnostic Quik Test. A paper chromatography test for
      drugs of abuse in urine.
AB  - The Keystone Diagnostic Inc (KDI) Quik Test is advertised to be an on-site,
      rapid, broad-spectrum paper chromatography test that is marketed for use in
      industry, drug abuse treatment facilities, and physician's offices. Even when
      unskilled individuals perform the test, five drugs of abuse, excluding marijuana,
      are said by the manufacturer to be reliably detected. In this study, ten
      confirmed drug-free urine specimens and 56 specimens positive by an immunoassay
      screening test, and confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, for
      cocaine (n = 32), phencyclidine (n = 12), or opiate drugs (n = 12), were
      reanalyzed by the KDI Quik Test. The sensitivity of the KDI Quik Test was 62.5%,
      specificity was 70%, predictive value of a negative test was 36%, and efficiency
      was 64%. In too many instances the KDI Quik Test did not detect the drugs for
      which it is intended. Paper chromatography tests such as the KDI Quik Test are
      inaccurate and as such are unacceptable in any setting for the purposes of
      screening for drugs of abuse.

PMID- 2650653
TI  - Solid and hematologic malignancies in 60 patients with systemic mast cell
      disease.
AB  - Although the association of malignancies and systemic mast cell disease (SMCD) is
      well established, the nature of this relationship is poorly understood. The
      observation of 19 malignancies in 17 of 60 patients with SMCD raised several
      questions regarding the chronological relationship of onset of SMCD and the
      malignancies, whether these patients are at increased risk for developing
      malignancy, and whether the distribution of solid vs hematologic malignancies
      indicates a relationship between SMCD and a particular tumor. The following
      malignancies were observed: eight solid tumors, seven acute nonlymphocytic
      leukemias, three malignant lymphomas, and one refractory anemia with excess
      blasts in transformation. The majority (13/17) of patients were found to have
      malignancies before, or within 12 months of, SMCD diagnosis. Statistical analysis
      suggested that patients with SMCD are not at increased risk for malignancies
      subsequent to the diagnosis of SMCD. The varied types of solid malignancies
      observed indicated a random distribution, in contrast to the hematologic
      malignancies that appeared to primarily affect the myeloid cells.

PMID- 2650654
TI  - Malignant mesothelioma in infancy.
AB  - Malignant mesothelioma in infancy has rarely been reported in the literature. A
      19-month-old female infant with massive malignant epithelial mesothelioma of the
      pleura underwent postmortem examination. Histochemical study confirmed the
      diagnosis by revealing acid mucosubstance in the tumor, which was removed by
      hyaluronidase. The tumor cell had clear cytoplasm that was positive for periodic
      acid-Schiff staining, which could be totally abolished by diastase. This
      correlated well with the electron microscopic finding that there had been massive
      accumulation of glycogen in the cytoplasm. There was no information about
      environmental exposure to asbestos.

PMID- 2650655
TI  - Extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma of the mediastinum.
AB  - This report describes the clinical and pathologic aspects of a mediastinal
      extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma. This is a rare tumor that presented clinically
      as a thymoma. The literature on extraskeletal osteogenic sarcomas is reviewed
      with respect to location, age, sex, treatment, and course. The potential role of
      fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of this lesion is discussed.

PMID- 2650656
TI  - Detection of some dengue-2 virus antigens in infected cells using immuno
      microscopy.
AB  - Immunoelectron microscopy was used to detect the distribution of some dengue-2
      virus proteins in infected Vero and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. It was found
      that the envelope protein (GP 60) was located in clumps on the surface of plasma
      membrane, and accumulated very little in the infected cytoplasm. However no
      envelopment of dengue-2 virus nucleocapsids through the plasma membranes was
      observed. In contrast, the NS 3 (P 67) protein was distributed throughout the
      whole cytoplasm. No specific association of this protein with the proliferated
      virus-induced structures was seen. The NS 1 (GP 46) protein showed almost similar
      distribution as the NS 3 but its quantity appeared to be lower. The NS 3 and NS 1
      distribution patterns observed supported the results of immunofluorescent
      staining but results on E protein were not consistent in both methods.

PMID- 2650657
TI  - A serological comparison of bovine coronavirus strains.
AB  - Two bovine coronavirus (BCV) strains from diarrheic calf faeces were adapted to
      grow in HRT 18 cells and compared in immunofluorescence (IF), haemagglutination
      inhibition (HAI) and neutralisation (NT) tests with three other strains of BCV
      and a human coronavirus (HCV) strain obtained from other laboratories. Polyclonal
      antisera against these 6 viruses were raised in rabbits. No significant
      differences between viruses were detected by IF. In the HAI test the HCV strain
      was distinguishable from the 5 BCV strains and serological variation between the
      BCV strains was shown. HCV could be distinguished by NT test, but all BCV
      isolates were similar. Two monoclonal antibodies prepared against one of the BCV
      strains distinguished HCV in all three assays, and detected varying relationships
      between BCV strains.

PMID- 2650658
TI  - In vitro growth characteristics of bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4) as revealed by
      indirect immunofluorescence assay with monoclonal antibodies and polyvalent
      antisera.
AB  - The bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4) isolate LVR-140 growing in MDBK cell cultures
      was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence (IF), using bovine antisera and
      15 monoclonal antibodies (MAb). The cytopathogenic effect was discernible between
      20 and 30 hours post inoculation (p.i.) and developed slowly as has been reported
      for other BHV-4 strains. According to the protein specificity as revealed by
      radioimmunoprecipitation and the intracellular localisation of reacting antigens
      as detected by IF, the MAb could be assigned to one of three groups. The initial
      antigen expression was first detected at 8 hours p.i. and was limited to a
      proportion of the infected cells only, despite the high multiplicity of infection
      used; infectious cell-associated progeny virus was first recognized at 12 hours
      p.i.

PMID- 2650659
TI  - Bacterial contamination of hemodialysis center water and dialysate: are current
      assays adequate?
AB  - Many dialysis centers depend on clinical laboratories or a commercially available
      dip culture to determine the contamination levels in water and dialysate. To
      determine whether these standard clinical culture procedures adequately
      quantitate bacterial contamination in hemodialysis center water and dialysate,
      test results of two routine clinical media was compared, trypticase soy agar
      (TSA) and plate count agar (PCA), with those of nutrient-poor R2A medium.
      Dialysate samples demonstrated significant differences in media, the temperature
      of incubation, and plating techniques (pour plate versus spread plates). Purified
      water for dialysis demonstrated significant differences only for media; however,
      temperature was an important variable. Selective growth on R2A agar of some water
      and dialysate-contaminating species was studied by velvet disk and loop transfer
      of colonies. A strong selectivity for water-borne bacteria was demonstrated by
      R2A agar; the bacteria that did not grow on TSA and PCA have been identified.

PMID- 2650660
TI  - Beta-2-microglobulin and main granulocyte components in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - Plasma levels of granulocyte elastase in complex with alpha 1-proteinase
      inhibitor (E-alpha 1-PI) increased during hemodialysis from 110 +/- 10 to 506 +/-
      66 micrograms/L using dialyzers made of polyamide, from 95 +/- 2.2 to 211 +/- 54
      micrograms/ml with hemophane and from 114 +/- 10 to 203 +/- 25 using dialyzers
      made of polysulfone. Plasma lactoferrin values were also significantly higher
      during hemodialysis with polyamide (772 +/- 110 micrograms/L) compared with
      hemophane (268 +/- 2.2) and the polysulfone (278 +/- 31 micrograms/L) dialyzer.
      After dialysis each dialyzer was rinsed. We found the lowest concentration of
      lactoferrin (902 +/- 254 micrograms/L) and E-alpha 1-PI (739 +/- 162
      micrograms/L) after rinsing polysulfone dialyzers, whereas the highest
      concentrations were observed after rinsing the polyamide dialyzer (lactoferrin:
      2,426 +/- 314; E-alpha 1-PI: 1,134 +/- 144 micrograms/L). Hemodialysis with
      polysulfone dialyzers caused significantly lower plasma levels of beta-2
      microglobulin compared with polyamide or hemophane membranes despite
      significantly lower levels in the rinsing solutions. Our data indicate that low
      plasma levels of main granulocyte component observed with polysulfone and
      hemophane dialyzers are not the result of higher membrane adsorption of E-alpha 1
      PI and lactoferrin. These main granulocyte components are not related to beta-2
      microglobulin levels of both plasma and rinsing solutions.

PMID- 2650661
TI  - Mononuclear cell types in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of patients with multiple
      sclerosis. Quantitation by immunoenzyme microassay with panel of monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Phenotypic distribution of mononuclear cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and
      peripheral blood from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and, for reference,
      patients with acute aseptic meningoencephalitis (AM), and in blood only from
      healthy controls, was studied with an immunoenzymatic microassay enabling
      analysis even in the presence of a normal CSF cell count. In MS, increased CD5+
      (pan-T) cell proportion in CSF compared with blood was not reflected by changes
      of CD4+ or CD8+ cells, while in AM, an increase of CD4+ cells was registered.
      Therefore, a population of CD5+, CD4-, and CD8- cells may be anticipated to exist
      in CSF of patients with MS. Numbers of OKB7+, OKM1+, or HLA-DR+ cells did not
      distinguish between MS and AM. Proliferating cells expressing transferrin
      receptors (OKT9+ cells) were generally few or absent in CSF and not useful as a
      marker of disease activity in either MS or AM.

PMID- 2650662
TI  - Clonidine treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - A loss of cortical noradrenergic innervation may contribute to the intellectual
      deterioration in Alzheimer's disease. To test the hypothesis that noradrenergic
      replacement may confer symptomatic benefit, a double-blind, placebo-controlled
      therapeutic trial with clonidine hydrochloride (Catapres), a centrally active
      noradrenergic receptor agonist, was undertaken in eight patients with the
      clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. No statistically significant changes
      in cognitive function were found over a range of doses, including those that
      produced clinically observable side effects. These preliminary results indicate a
      need for alternative noradrenergic replacement strategies in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2650663
TI  - Very mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. I. Clinical assessment.
AB  - We report a longitudinal study of 16 subjects originally enrolled in the
      Washington University (St Louis, Mo) Memory and Aging Project with Clinical
      Dementia Rating (CDR) of "questionable" dementia (CDR 0.5). A 0.5 rating was
      intended to characterize subjects in whom mild cognitive impairment due to senile
      dementia of the Alzheimer type was suspected but was insufficient in degree to
      warrant a diagnosis of definite dementia. Over an 84-month follow-up period, 11
      of the 16 subjects either had Alzheimer's disease verified post mortem or had
      clinically progressed to a more advanced CDR stage in which the dementia was
      clearly evident. These results suggest that the CDR 0.5 stage likely represents
      the incipient clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease and that the majority
      of subjects with CDR 0.5 have "very mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type."
      Performance on several standard clinical scales was significantly different when
      comparing a larger sample of controls (n = 83), subjects with CDR 0.5 (n = 41),
      and subjects with mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (score of 1; n =
      68).

PMID- 2650664
TI  - The effect of radiation on carotid arteries. A review article.
AB  - The effects of irradiation on blood vessels supplying the brain are reviewed.
      Short-term and long-term effects on large arteries result in an
      atheroscleroticlike disorder. The response may have a latency up to 20 years
      before the onset of symptoms and signs. This delay is probably related to the
      diameter of the irradiated artery; the interval is longer for larger arteries.
      However, it is possible that the apparent injury to the large arteries is in fact
      due to occlusion of the vasa vasorum because the microvasculature is especially
      vulnerable to radiation damage.

PMID- 2650665
TI  - Myasthenic syndrome caused by direct effect of chloroquine on neuromuscular
      junction.
AB  - Chloroquine induced a myasthenic syndrome in a patient taking the drug for
      presumable reticular erythematous mucinosis. Clinical features and results of
      single-fiber electromyography were typical for a failure of neuromuscular
      transmission, while peripheral nerves and muscles were intact on clinical,
      biochemical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic investigation. The time course of
      the clinical and electrophysiologic findings during provocation with chloroquine
      and the absence of autoantibodies indicate that the syndrome was due to a direct
      effect of the drug on the neuromuscular junction. While not taking chloroquine,
      the patient showed a decremental response on a modified double-step nerve
      stimulation test and a mean consecutive difference on single-fiber
      electromyography that was at the upper limit of normal, indicating a subclinical
      impairment of neuromuscular transmission. These findings can explain the apparent
      rarity of the syndrome described, as a direct effect of chloroquine on the
      neuromuscular junction may only have clinical relevance in patients with a
      reduced neuromuscular safety factor.

PMID- 2650666
TI  - Resource-based relative value scale and medicare.

PMID- 2650667
TI  - American College of Surgeons offers Congress a new deal.

PMID- 2650668
TI  - Teeth in cross-bite: the role of removable appliances.
AB  - The role of removable appliances with springs for the treatment of teeth in
      anterior and posterior cross-bite is discussed. The indications for their use
      (that is, case selection), and their manipulation are examined. Cases are
      presented where removable appliances are the appliances of choice in the first
      stage of the correction of a posterior cross-bite, the final treatment being
      completed with fixed appliances. The ease of correcting and retaining various
      maxillary teeth which may be in cross-bite is discussed.

PMID- 2650669
TI  - The wettability of bonding resins used in the composite resin/glass ionomer
      'sandwich technique'.
AB  - There is some controversy about the significance of the wettability of the
      unfilled resin bonding agent that is generally recommended for prior application
      when placing a composite resin restoration. It has been suggested that the degree
      of viscosity does not matter. However, when investigating the union which is
      developed between composite resin and glass ionomer cement in the 'sandwich
      technique', it was noted that when using certain composite resins and their
      prescribed bonding resins the failure under tensile stress was adhesive at the
      union rather than cohesive in the cement. Further investigation showed that the
      bonding resins involved in these failures were more viscous than those bonding
      resins used in the more successful unions. In this investigation the contact
      angle of the bonding resin on the surface of glass ionomer cement was used as the
      measure of viscosity. It is suggested that the degree of viscosity of the bonding
      resin is significant in the success or otherwise of the 'sandwich technique'.

PMID- 2650670
TI  - Mouthguards and the role of sporting team dentists.
AB  - With the increased popularity of contact sports and encouragement to participate
      at an early age, the role of the dental profession in relation to prevention of
      dental and other orofacial sporting injuries has become more important. Provision
      of professionally-fitted (custom) mouthguards for persons involved in contact
      sports, recognition of the 'injury prone dentition', and expertise in immediate
      management of dental injuries form the basis of sports dentistry. The aim of this
      review paper is to increase professional awareness and interest. Additionally, it
      is hoped to stimulate dentists to become involved as sporting club consultants.

PMID- 2650671
TI  - The restoration of endodontically treated teeth. Part 2. Posts.
AB  - Posts are normally used to aid core retention and to provide tooth support,
      although a significant minority question the use of posts in the latter role. A
      direct relationship is thought to exist between the quantity of sound tooth
      structure and tooth strength and care is required when preparing teeth to accept
      posts. Post configuration is of over-riding importance in determining retention
      and support and the effect on retention of small increases to post length should
      not be over emphasized. Because accurate post fit is important to maximize both
      retention and support, direct fabrication techniques using matched post/reamer
      systems are recommended.

PMID- 2650672
TI  - Cement spacing for the one-step post-core and crown. A new laboratory technique.
AB  - A technique to provide cement spacing for cast post-cores prior to construction
      of their crowns is described. The axial lift of crowns cemented with zinc
      phosphate was greater, but not significantly, for crowns constructed on non
      spaced post-cores compared with crowns constructed on spaced post-cores. Three
      materials were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in providing cement
      spacing for post-cores. The phenomenon of post-core 'wedging' during luting was
      identified.

PMID- 2650673
TI  - Pelvic inflammatory disease.
AB  - Pelvic inflammatory disease is a major cause of infertility in Australia.
      Although there is still much to learn about the disease, which can be difficult
      to diagnose, the general practitioner has an important role in reducing the
      biological, psychological and social impact of this condition.

PMID- 2650674
TI  - Dihydroergotamine in infectious mononucleosis.

PMID- 2650675
TI  - Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. A gynaecological enigma.
AB  - This article draws attention to a common condition that causes women, their
      partners and, to a lesser extent, their doctors considerable distress. A review
      of the recent literature gives an idea of the present scientific thinking on the
      pathogenesis and management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.

PMID- 2650676
TI  - Hypercholesterolemia in the aviator.
AB  - Cholesterol is becoming increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary
      artery disease (CAD). We reviewed lipid physiology, National Institute of Health
      recommendations, current USAF policies, and the lipid profiles of four active
      duty flying squadrons. A significant number of fliers are in a high or extremely
      high risk category for the development of CAD based on NIH criteria.

PMID- 2650677
TI  - Neuropsychological screening of aviators: a review.
AB  - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is currently investigating the
      possibility of including a mini-mental status exam as part of the Aviation
      Medical Exam. We review evidence that if such a policy is to be implemented,
      present mental status tests are likely to be inadequate for the job for two
      reasons. First, they are likely to tap a level of cognitive ability below that
      required for proficient piloting and second, they may not tap some cognitive
      skills that are relevant to aviation. We suggest that a new mini-mental status
      test comprised of already existing neuropsychological tests could be devised that
      would overcome these difficulties.

PMID- 2650678
TI  - Military medicine and surgery: the ear and aviation. 1917.

PMID- 2650679
TI  - Effect of noradrenaline on triacylglycerol synthesis in rat brown adipocytes.
AB  - Incubation of rat brown adipocytes with noradrenaline in the presence of insulin
      and palmitate caused a decrease in the rate of triacylglycerol synthesis as
      measured by [U-14C]glucose incorporation into acylglycerol glycerol.
      Concomitantly, the ratio of [1-14C]palmitate oxidized to CO2 to that esterified
      was increased. This alteration in the rate of triacylglycerol synthesis by
      noradrenaline was not observed when fatty acid oxidation was inhibited by
      etomoxir. Noradrenaline did not cause any acute inactivation of enzymes of the
      triacylglycerol-synthesis pathway. It is suggested that the decrease in
      triacylglycerol synthesis seen with noradrenaline is secondary to activation of
      fatty acid oxidation.

PMID- 2650680
TI  - Capacitative calcium entry in parotid acinar cells.
AB  - The intracellular Ca2+ indicator, fura-2, was used to monitor changes in
      cytosolic [Ca2+] in parotid acinar cells. When parotid cells were incubated in a
      medium containing low [Ca2+], and [Ca2+] was restored to the physiological range,
      there was a small increase in cytosolic [Ca2+]. If, however, the cells were first
      activated by a muscarinic agonist, and receptor activation was terminated before
      the addition of Ca2+ by the addition of a pharmacological excess of the
      muscarinic-receptor antagonist atropine, the initial increase in cytosolic [Ca2+]
      was faster and transiently larger than in the control cells which had not been
      previously stimulated. This suggested that a stimulation of Ca2+ entry occurred
      owing to the prior emptying of the agonist-regulated intracellular Ca2+ pool.
      This extra Ca2+ influx seen in pool-depleted cells persisted even when the
      interval between the addition of atropine and Ca2+ was increased from 1 to 20
      min. Also, when the pool was allowed to refill by adding atropine in the presence
      of extracellular Ca2+, and Ca2+ was then sequentially removed and restored, the
      rise in cytosolic [Ca2+] after the addition of extracellular Ca2+ was not rapid,
      and resembled the increase seen in unstimulated cells. These results indicate
      that, when the agonist-sensitive Ca2+ pool is emptied by an agonist, Ca2+ influx
      across the plasma membrane is increased. This influx of Ca2+ occurs independently
      of the concentrations of inositol phosphates and probably of any second
      messengers linked directly to receptor activation. It appears rather to be a
      consequence of the empty state of the Ca2+ pool. Further, we suggest that,
      whenever the agonist-sensitive Ca2+ pool is emptied by agonist activation, the
      plasma-membrane permeability to Ca2+ will be increased, and this may account, at
      least in part, for the phenomenon of receptor-activated Ca2+ entry.

PMID- 2650681
TI  - Reduction of cyclopropene by NifV- and wild-type nitrogenases from Klebsiella
      pneumoniae.
AB  - The nitrogenase from wild-type Klebsiella pneumoniae reduces cyclopropene to
      cyclopropane and propene in the ratio 1:2 at pH 7.5. We show in this paper that
      the nitrogenase from a nifV mutant of K. pneumoniae also reduces cyclopropene to
      cyclopropane and propene, but the ratio of products is now 1:1.4. However, both
      nitrogenases exhibit the same Km for cyclopropene (2.1 x 10(4) +/- 0.2 x 10(4)
      Pa), considerably more than the Km for the analogous reaction with Azotobacter
      vinelandii nitrogenase under the same conditions (5.1 x 10(3) Pa). Analysis of
      the data shows that the different product ratio arises from the slower production
      of propene compared with cyclopropane by the mutant nitrogenase. During turnover,
      both nitrogenases use a large proportion of the electron flux for H2 production.
      CO inhibits the reduction of cyclopropene by both K. pneumoniae proteins, but the
      mutant nitrogenase exhibits 50% inhibition at approx. 10 Pa, whereas the
      corresponding value for the wild-type nitrogenase is approx. 110 Pa. However, H2
      evolution by the mutant enzyme is much less affected than is cyclopropene
      reduction. CO inhibition of cyclopropene reduction by the nitrogenases coincides
      with a relative increase in H2 evolution, so that in the wild-type (but not the
      mutant) the electron flux is approximately maintained. The cyclopropane/propene
      production ratios are little affected by the presence of CO within the pressure
      ranges studied at least up to 50% inhibition.

PMID- 2650682
TI  - Regulation of fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism by insulin, growth hormone
      and tri-iodothyronine in hepatocyte cultures from normal and hypophysectomized
      rats.
AB  - The interactions of insulin, growth hormone (somatotropin) and tri-iodothyronine
      (T3) in the long-term (24 h) regulation of fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism
      were studied in hepatocyte primary cultures isolated from normal or
      hypophysectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Hepatocytes from hypophysectomized rats
      had similar rates of palmitate metabolism, but lower rates of ketogenesis, than
      hepatocytes from normal rats. They also had a lower endogenous triacylglycerol
      content and lower activities of NADP-linked dehydrogenases than did cells from
      normal rats. The inhibitions of ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis by insulin were
      more marked in hepatocytes from hypophysectomized than from normal rats. Insulin
      caused a 7-10-fold increase in cellular glycogen in hepatocytes from
      hypophysectomized rats, compared with a 2-3-fold increase in cells from normal
      rats, and it increased cellular triacylglycerol by 65% in cells from
      hypophysectomized rats, compared with 11% in cells from normal rats. In
      hepatocytes from hypophysectomized rats, growth hormone and T3 increased
      ketogenesis both separately and in combination (12% and 23% respectively; P less
      than 0.05), whereas in hepatocytes from normal rats only the combination of
      growth hormone and T3 caused a significant increase in ketogenesis. In cells from
      hypophysectomized rats, T3 and growth hormone had different effects on
      carbohydrate metabolism: T3, but not growth hormone, potentiated the anti
      gluconeogenic and glycogenic effects of insulin. It is concluded that
      hypophysectomy increases the responsiveness of hepatocytes to insulin, growth
      hormone and T3, and that growth hormone and T3 regulate fatty acid and
      carbohydrate metabolism by different mechanisms.

PMID- 2650683
TI  - Exhaled alkanes as indices of in vivo lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2650684
TI  - Molecular biology of adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors. A
      perspective.

PMID- 2650685
TI  - Control of insulin secretion by sulfonylureas, meglitinide and diazoxide in
      relation to their binding to the sulfonylurea receptor in pancreatic islets.
AB  - Sulfonylureas inhibit an ATP-dependent K+ channel in the B-cell plasma membrane
      and thereby initiate insulin release. Diazoxide opens this channel and inhibits
      insulin release. In mouse pancreatic islets, we have explored whether other
      targets for these drugs must be postulated to explain their hypo- or
      hyperglycaemic properties. At non-saturating drug concentrations the rates of
      increase in insulin secretion declined in the order tolbutamide = meglitinide
      greater than glipizide greater than glibenclamide. The same rank order was
      observed when comparing the rates of disappearance of insulin-releasing and K+
      channel-blocking effects. The different kinetics of response depend on the lipid
      solubility of the drugs, which controls their penetration into the intracellular
      space. Allowing for the different kinetics, the same maximum secretory rates were
      caused by saturating concentrations of tolbutamide, meglitinide, glipizide and
      glibenclamide. A close correlation between insulin-releasing and K+ channel
      blocking potencies of these drugs was observed. The relative potencies of
      tolbutamide, meglitinide, glipizide and glibenclamide corresponded well to their
      relative affinities for binding to islet-cell membranes, suggesting that the
      binding site represents the sulfonylurea receptor. The biphasic time-course of
      dissociation of glibenclamide binding indicates a complex receptor-drug
      interaction. For diazoxide there was no correlation between affinity of binding
      to the sulfonylurea receptor and potency of inhibition of insulin secretion.
      Thus, opening or closing of the ATP-dependent K+ channel by diazoxide or
      sulfonylureas, respectively, appears to be due to interaction with different
      binding sites in the B-cell plasma membrane. The free concentrations of
      tolbutamide, glipizide, glibenclamide and diazoxide which are effective on B
      cells are in the range of therapeutic plasma concentrations of the free drugs. It
      is concluded that the hypo- and hyperglycaemic effects of these drugs result from
      changing the permeability of the ATP-dependent K+ channel in the B-cell plasma
      membrane.

PMID- 2650687
TI  - Infectious arthritis complicating rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic
      rheumatic disorders.

PMID- 2650686
TI  - Effects of lysosomotropic detergents on the human malarial parasite Plasmodium
      falciparum in in vitro culture.
AB  - Various lysosomotropic detergents were tested in this work on in vitro cultures
      of Plasmodium falciparum and are shown to be potent antimalarial agents. The
      order of antimalarial potency was similar to that of cell toxicity on mammalian
      cells in culture (Miller DK et al., J Cell Biol 97, 1841-51 (1983]. The most
      efficient agents, N-dodecyl-imidazole (NDI) and N-dodecyl morpholine (NDM)
      displayed IC50 values of 6.7 +/- 0.7 microM and 23 +/- 5 microM. The mechanism of
      action of NDI measured at IC50 concentrations displayed the following features:
      irreversible antimalarial effect after 15 min exposure of cells to drug;
      alkalinization of the parasite food vacuole; inhibition of protein synthesis;
      inhibition of host cell protein digestion by the parasite; lack of vacuolar
      membrane disruption; lack of effect on the rate of constitutive autoproteolysis.
      No biochemical or ultrastructural indications were found to support a detergent
      like action of NDI and its structural congeners on the major acidic compartment
      of the parasite, the food vacuole. Rather, alkalinization of that compartment by
      weak-base accumulation properties of the amphiphilic drugs and ensuing
      protonophoric effect are likely to play a major role in the various parasite
      associated properties affected by these drugs.

PMID- 2650688
TI  - Epidemiological and intervention studies on the effect of marine polyunsaturated
      fatty acids on blood pressure.
AB  - Evidence of a blood-pressure-lowering effect of marine polyunsaturated fatty
      acids was examined in epidemiological and intervention studies. Data from
      observational studies suggest that in populations consuming diets rich in sea
      food, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure is low compared with Western
      societies. These observations were supported by results from intervention studies
      with fish oil supplementation to Western diets. At present dietary
      supplementation with fish oil concentrates should be considered experimental.

PMID- 2650689
TI  - Dynamics of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in phospholipids of heart muscle.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to describe the dynamics of n-3 and n-6
      polyunsaturated fatty acids in major phospholipids of heart muscle. The profile
      of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids was examined in rats in relation to various risk
      factors of coronary heart disease such as stress (catecholamines), ageing and
      dietary fat. The level of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in cardiac phospholipids was
      also examined in relation to coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death in
      man. Severe stress caused great changes in the fatty acid profile of
      phospholipids. Corresponding changes were observed during adaptation to neonatal
      stress. Rats fed diets containing cod liver oil, butter or corn oil showed
      different fatty acid composition of individual phospholipids in sarcolemma.
      Repeated epinephrine administration induced similar changes in the three dietary
      groups despite large differences in initial levels of individual n-3 and n-6
      fatty acids. Fatal ventricular fibrillation in rats and sudden cardiac death in
      man were accompanied by a high ratio of 20:4 n-6/22:6 n-3. The balance between n
      6 and n-3 fatty acids in cellular phospholipids seem to play an important role in
      sudden cardiac death.

PMID- 2650690
TI  - Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and human platelet
      function: a review with particular emphasis on implications for cardiovascular
      disease.
AB  - The low incidence of myocardial infarction in Greenland Eskimos may be due to
      their intake of marine food with a high content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty
      acids (PUFAs). In Eskimos the platelet count is lowered, the platelet aggregation
      is inhibited, the bleeding time is prolonged and the ratio between proaggregatory
      thromboxanes and anti-aggregatory prostacyclins is decreased, when compared to
      age- and sex-matched Danes. In this review, studies evaluating the effect of a
      fish diet or fish-oil supplementation on human platelet function are summarized.
      Most studies have demonstrated that supplementation with n-3 PUFAs can cause
      inhibition of platelet behaviour. The optimal dose of n-3 PUFAs and the patient
      groups most likely to profit from supplementation need to be defined. The safety
      and the clinical effect of the supplementation should be investigated in long
      term studies.

PMID- 2650691
TI  - n-3 fatty acids and leucocytes.
AB  - The evidence presented here favours the view that dietary supplementation with n
      3 fatty acids results in attenuated activity of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes
      formed through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in leucocytes. Neutrophil and monocyte
      chemotaxis seem to decrease, although this may depend on the patient groups
      studied. n-3 fatty acids increase the proliferative responses of lymphocytes. It
      is less clear, whether n-3 fatty acids affect other parts of leucocyte function.
      The possible value of n-3 PUFAs in inflammatory diseases in humans needs to be
      documented in carefully conducted clinical trials, which also should look
      carefully for possible side effects. However, the results obtained so far have
      been promising. The modulating effect of n-3 fatty acids on leucocyte activity
      together with their other effects-could be favourable in atherosclerosis and
      coronary disease.

PMID- 2650692
TI  - n-3 fatty acids and blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Our knowledge of the effects of n-3 fatty acids on the glucose homeostasis in
      diabetes mellitus is at present incomplete. The results are in certain respects
      conflicting. Several studies have shown that addition of n-3 fatty acids,
      especially in type-2 diabetes, may increase blood glucose concentrations without
      a concomitant increase of insulin or C-peptide concentrations. The
      glucose/insulin ratio is increased in fasting as well as after meals. On the
      other hand, some data indicate that, in spite of increased or unchanged glucose
      concentrations, there may be an improved peripheral insulin sensitivity. The
      stimulated insulin response may be reduced after mixed meals, although there are
      no indications of significant impairments of the response to intravenous glucose.
      The reasons for the observed changes are still obscure. More controlled studies,
      during prolonged periods of time, are needed. At present it would seem important
      to closely follow diabetic patients with respect to glucose and lipid metabolism
      if treated with n-3 fatty acids. As for now, diabetic patients are recommended to
      increase their intake of fish in the diet. The use of pharmacological doses of n
      3 fatty acids remains investigational.

PMID- 2650693
TI  - Dietary marine lipids suppress murine autoimmune disease.
AB  - Dietary marine lipids reduce both mortality and the severity of
      glomerulonephritis in inbred murine strains which develop spontaneous autoimmune
      disease. The protective effects of marine lipids appear to be accounted for by
      the major n-3 fatty acids in these preparations, 20:5 and 22:6. The n-3 fatty
      acids in dietary fish oil are extensively incorporated into several lipid classes
      in the spleen of autoimmune mice, including phosphatidylinositol,
      phosphatidylethanolamine, plasmalogens and saturated ether-linked phospholipids
      as well as diacylphosphoglycerides. The effects of dietary marine lipids on
      autoimmune disease in experimental models are highly specific. Careful controlled
      trials will be required to establish the role of dietary marine lipids in the
      therapy of human autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2650694
TI  - Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids from fish oil in chronic inflammatory bowel
      disease--a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease were studied in a 7
      month, double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over trial of dietary
      supplementation with fish oil, which provided about 3.2 g n-3 fatty acids per
      day. At control, biopsies from inflamed mucosa contained higher levels of
      arachidonic acid than uninvolved mucosa. Dietary n-3 fatty acids were well
      tolerated and incorporated into plasma and enteric mucosa phospholipids at the
      expense of n-6 fatty acids. The arachidonic acid-derived prostanoid generation
      was reduced by fish oil and the extension and severity of macroscopic bowel
      involvement was moderately improved. In patients with Crohn's disease, clinical
      activity was unchanged by fish-oil supplementation. In patients with ulcerative
      colitis, clinical disease activity fell during fish oil supplementation and
      thereafter; this was not significant however. Despite a moderate reduction in
      inflammatory lipid mediators by dietary n-3 fatty acids and limited morphological
      improvement in chronic inflammatory bowel disease, the clinical benefit seems to
      be confined to patients with ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2650695
TI  - Effect of n-3 fatty acid supplement to patients with atopic dermatitis.
AB  - The effects of dietary supplement with n-3 fatty acids to patients with atopic
      dermatitis were investigated in a 12-week, prospective, double-blind study. The
      experimental group received daily 10 g of fish oil, containing 3 g n-3 fatty
      acids, of which eicosapentaenoic acid represented about 1.8 g. The controls
      received an isoenergetic placebo supplement containing olive oil. Compliance was
      monitored by gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid pattern in serum
      phospholipids. Results favoured the experimental group with regard to scale (P
      less than 0.05), itch (P less than 0.05) and overall subjective severity (P less
      than 0.02) as compared to the controls.

PMID- 2650696
TI  - Fish oils in cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Although several studies have reported an inverse relationship between the
      dietary history of fish intake and the prospective incidence of death from
      coronary heart disease, it is unclear whether these results represent the effects
      of n-3 fatty acids themselves or whether they merely reflect a more fundamental
      alteration in diet, such as a reduction in saturated fatty acids. n-3 fatty acids
      alter platelet eicosanoid formation, replacing arachidonate derived thromboxane
      (Tx)A2 with the biologically inert TxA3. However, they are a relatively
      inefficient approach to platelet inhibition. This is evident from results
      obtained in a model of coronary thrombosis followed by thrombolysis with tissue
      plasminogen activator (tPA). By contrast, high doses of n-3 fatty acids (15 g day
      1) significantly reduced blood pressure in mild hypertensives in a double-blind,
      controlled study characterized by a prolonged run-in period and adequate follow
      up. Fish oils inhibit the vascular proliferative response to injury in a variety
      of animal models, apparently independently of their effects on lipoprotein
      metabolism. Recent results imply that they may selectively interfere with the
      vascular expression of mitogenic peptides.

PMID- 2650697
TI  - Dietary lipids and their relation to ischaemic heart disease: from epidemiology
      to prevention.
AB  - From the Seven Countries Study and recent statistics from WHO and the OECD, it is
      clear that saturated fats, mainly dairy fats, are closely associated with the
      mortality rate from ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Consumption of alcohol,
      especially wine, but not polyunsaturated fats, seem to offer protection. Racial
      and other environmental factors do not seem to be confounding factors for that
      relationship as evaluated by studies in migrants, Japanese to USA, Southern
      Europeans to Australia, and in vegetarians in California. By contrast, very few
      trials using dietary polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) ratios from 1.5-2.5 vs 0.4
      0.7 have really prevented coronary death by diet modification. The only
      successful trial had a P/S ratio of 0.7. High P/S ratio increases platelet
      reactivity. Recent studies indicate that thrombosis and platelets play a more
      prominent role in IHD than expected. To decrease platelet activity and prevent
      IHD, a P/S ratio of 0.4-0.7 should be preferred.

PMID- 2650698
TI  - N-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease: epidemiology from Eskimos to Western
      populations.
AB  - The original cross-cultural comparisons between Greenland Eskimos and Danes and
      between Japan and Western countries suggested that a high fish intake was
      associated with low mortality rates from coronary heart disease. More
      comprehensive cross-cultural studies, e.g. the Seven Countries Study showed that
      the saturated fat content of the diet is more important than the amount of fish
      in explaining differences in coronary heart disease mortality between countries.
      Cohort studies carried out in cultures with a low level of fish consumption
      showed that persons who eat fish once or twice a week had lower mortality rates
      from coronary heart disease than persons who did not eat fish. The results of the
      epidemiological studies carried out so far suggest that a diet low in saturated
      fat in combination with a low level of fish consumption may be of importance for
      coronary heart disease prevention.

PMID- 2650699
TI  - Clinical studies on the effects of n-3 fatty acids on cells and eicosanoids in
      the cardiovascular system.
AB  - Epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies suggest that dietary fatty
      acids belonging to two different families, the n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, might be
      important nutritional factors contributing to the natural history of
      atherothrombotic and inflammatory disorders. The relationship of these dietary
      fatty acids to plasma and cell membrane phospholipid composition, the eicosanoid
      system and related lipid mediators, and the mechanisms involved in cell stimulus
      response coupling (such as phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 activation and
      Ca2+ release) might reveal and modify processes underlying those disorders. It
      may thus open the development of new approaches to prevention and therapy.

PMID- 2650700
TI  - Hypolipidaemic effects of n-3 fatty acids in primary hyperlipoproteinaemia.
AB  - The influence of fish oils rich in n-3 fatty acids on plasma lipid and
      lipoprotein concentrations in patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia is
      reviewed. When used as a dietary supplement, n-3 fatty acids exert their greatest
      effect on the concentrations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and these effects
      are dose dependent. Low doses of n-3 fatty acids reduce plasma triglyceride
      concentrations in patients with phenotypic type IV, type V and type IIB
      hyperlipoproteinaemia, but concurrently result in modest increases in the plasma
      concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL). With very high doses plasma
      concentrations of LDL cholesterol decrease in patients with the type IIB
      phenotype. At low doses n-3 fatty acids do not significantly lower concentrations
      of LDL cholesterol in patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia whereas at
      higher doses a modest LDL lowering effect is achieved. The results indicate that
      the therapeutic potential of n-3 fatty acids as hypolipidaemic agents is greatest
      in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia.

PMID- 2650701
TI  - Intraarticular bupivacaine (Marcaine) after arthroscopic meniscectomy: a
      randomized double-blind controlled study.
AB  - In this study, 79 patients undergoing arthroscopic meniscectomy were entered into
      a randomized double-blind controlled trial in which intraarticular bupivacaine
      (Marcaine), was compared with a saline placebo. Intraarticular bupivacaine was
      shown to be an effective and safe method of achieving analgesia after
      arthroscopic meniscectomy.

PMID- 2650703
TI  - [Remarks on the contribution "Displaced and supernumerary molar of the ethmoid
      bone" by J. Silberzahn (Giessen) in this periodical, volume 67, issue 10 1988, p.
      545-546].

PMID- 2650702
TI  - Arthroscopic drainage in septic arthritides of the knee: a multicenter study.
AB  - The results are presented of a multicenter study, conducted by questionnaire, of
      46 cases of septic arthritis of the knee treated by arthroscopic drainage. This
      series consisted of 28 male and 16 female patients. Two patients had bilateral
      arthritides. The average follow-up period was 7.1 months. There were 11 cases of
      hematogenous arthritides, 15 arthritides secondary to puncture and infiltration,
      and 20 postoperative arthritides. There were 29 positive cultures (63%). After
      thorough articular lavage (average, 7 L) and prolonged antibiotic therapy
      (average 2 months) there were 36 bacteriological cures (78.3%), five failures
      (10.9%) due to persistent articular sepsis, and five recurrences of the infection
      (10.9%) after an initial remission. Five infectious flare-ups recovered
      secondarily, four recovered after repeated arthroscopy and one recovered after
      synovial centesis. The rate of cure after this second therapeutic attempt was
      89.2%. Different parameters were used in evaluating the quality of the results:
      the etiology of the arthritis, the causal germ, and the delay prior to
      arthroscopy. Arthroscopic drainage is a method that has proved effective, with
      minimal morbidity, in attempts to cure septic arthritis of the knee, particularly
      in cases of hematogenous arthritis. This method could also be effective in total
      arthroplasties of septic knees.

PMID- 2650704
TI  - [Ribosomes and protein biosynthesis].

PMID- 2650705
TI  - Quantitative measurement of ultraviolet-induced damage in cellular DNA by an
      enzyme immunodot assay.
AB  - A simple enzyme immunoassay procedure was developed for the quantitative
      determination of 254-nm uv-induced DNA damage in cells. With the use of specific
      antibodies to uv-irradiated DNA and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody to
      rabbit IgG, the extent of damaged DNA in uv-irradiated rat spleen mononuclear
      cells was quantitatively measurable. Through the use of this method, the amount
      of damaged DNA present in 2 X 10(5) cells irradiated at a dose of 75 J/m2 was
      estimated to be 7 ng equivalents of the standard uv-irradiated DNA. In addition,
      when the cells, irradiated at 750 J/m2, were incubated for 1 h, the antigenic
      activity of DNA decreased by 40%, suggesting that a repair of the damaged sites
      in DNA had proceeded to some extent in the cells.

PMID- 2650706
TI  - Generation of monoclonal antibodies to prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme 2 and
      application in solid-phase enzyme immunoassay.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies specific to prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) isoenzyme 2
      were generated by using an improved hybridoma technique. After three subcutaneous
      immunizations and three intravenous boosters, cell fusion experiments were
      performed. The hybrid cells were first cultured in a semisolid medium containing
      methylcellulose and later transferred to a liquid medium for further subculture.
      Out of a total of 600 colonies recovered after two cell fusion experiments, 13
      were shown to exhibit affinity to PAP isoenzyme 2 by radioimmunoassay. Nine
      hybrid cell lines which showed high affinity and specificity were established for
      further evaluation. Their immunoglobulin subclass was determined to be
      immunoglobulin G. The association constants between PAP isoenzyme 2 and each
      monoclonal antibody were determined by titration curve in radioimmunoassay (RIA).
      Three of them (PAP 1, PAP 03, and PAP 019) were shown to be over 1 X 10(9) M-1.
      From the results of a matrix cross-matching procedure, a pair of antibodies (PAP
      03 and PAP 1) reacting with discrete antigenic determinants were identified for
      preparing a solid phase sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. The designed EIA
      procedure could be performed within 40 min in a one-stage incubation protocol.
      The assay time was shorter than that of other commercial RIA or EIA kits, and the
      sensitivity was 0.4 ng/ml which was comparable to that of RIA kits. The EIA kit
      was shown not to cross-react with human thyroid stimulating hormone, alpha
      fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and acid phosphatases derived from tissues
      other than prostate. Therefore, this design was a simple and rapid method with
      high sensitivity and specificity for determining PAP isoenzyme 2 in human serum.

PMID- 2650708
TI  - Extrarenal tissue prorenin systems do exist: are intrinsic vascular and cardiac
      tissue renins fact or fancy?

PMID- 2650707
TI  - Increased intracellular free calcium and sensitivity to angiotensin II in
      platelets of preeclamptic women.
AB  - Preeclampsia is characterized by a generalized vasoconstriction and increased
      vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II. Intracellular free calcium, implicated in
      vascular smooth muscle contraction, has been found to be elevated in platelets of
      other hypertensive disorders. We therefore measured intracellular free calcium
      concentrations by using the fluorescent probe quin-2 in platelets of six patients
      with preeclampsia and compared them to measurements in ten normotensive pregnant
      women and ten age-matched nonpregnant women. Intracellular free calcium was also
      determined in the preeclamptic women after delivery. We found that intracellular
      free calcium was slightly elevated in normal pregnancy (102 +/- 13 nmol/L v 87 +/
      17 nmol/L) but was markedly increased in preeclampsia (138 +/- 13 nmol/L, P less
      than .05). This increase disappeared six weeks after delivery (84 + 10 nmol/L, P
      less than .01). To investigate whether the increased intracellular free calcium
      was related to angiotensin II, the platelets were exposed to thrombin and
      angiotensin II in vitro. Exposure to thrombin and angiotensin II caused a dose
      dependent increase in intracellular free calcium. The intracellular response to
      thrombin was not significantly different in the three groups. However,
      stimulation with angiotensin II revealed an increased response in intracellular
      free calcium in preeclampsia (P less than .05) that disappeared after delivery.
      Our findings show a sustained increase in platelet intracellular free calcium in
      preeclampsia and suggest a functional alteration of the angiotensin II receptor
      in this disease.

PMID- 2650709
TI  - Extrarenal renin and blood pressure regulation. An alternative viewpoint.
AB  - There is increasing evidence that a major site of production of angiotensin I and
      II is peripheral tissue. Both angiotensin I and II are present in venous blood in
      amounts far too high to be explained by their generation in blood alone, given
      the extensive conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and clearance of both
      peptides across peripheral tissues. Much indirect evidence supports this argument
      for angiotensin production in tissues, and indicates that tissue production of
      angiotensin plays an important role in regulation of blood pressure. Tissue renin
      may represent uptake from plasma and/or local synthesis, but despite the ease
      with which renin-like activity can be measured in tissues, its interpretation is
      problematic because of interference by nonrenin enzymes and inadvertent
      activation of inactive renin. Moreover, given that enzymes other than renin are
      able to liberate angiotensin I and angiotensin II from angiotensinogen, there is
      no obligatory role for renin in angiotensin production in tissues. Inasmuch as
      tissue production is the major source of plasma angiotensin, the fall in plasma
      angiotensin levels after bilateral nephrectomy indicates that kidney-derived
      renin is the major contributor to tissue angiotensin production. This argument is
      supported by evidence that vascular renin-like activity is kidney-derived, and
      plays a dominant role in angiotensin-dependent pressor mechanisms. Near-normal
      levels of inactive renin in plasma of anephric subjects indicates extrarenal
      synthesis of inactive renin, and renin mRNA has been identified in various
      nonrenal tissues. Whether these tissues are also able to process inactive renin
      to active renin, and its role in local angiotensin production and blood pressure
      regulation, are currently being investigated.

PMID- 2650710
TI  - Renin: endocrine, paracrine, or part-paracrine control of blood pressure?

PMID- 2650711
TI  - Plasma angiotensin II and the antihypertensive action of angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibition.
AB  - The measurement of immunoreactive "angiotensin II" in plasma cannot provide an
      accurate reflection of the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibition because different angiotensin fragments interfere in all
      radioimmunoassays available so far. More complex methods are necessary in order
      to measure specifically angiotensin-(1-8)octapeptide. With such methodology it
      can be shown that no tolerance develops to the angiotensin II-reducing effect of
      ACE inhibitors after prolonged administration. Marked reduction of angiotensin II
      levels can be shown even in patients with primary aldosteronism. At peak
      blockade, the level of plasma angiotensin II is still related to circulating
      active renin and angiotensin I. Accordingly, because ACE inhibitors raise
      circulating angiotensin I in a dose-dependent fashion, this should be taken into
      account when dosing ACE inhibitors. The hypothesis that tissue renin-angiotensin
      systems play an important independent role in determining vasomotor tone is very
      interesting. However, any discussion on whether tissue or plasma renin determines
      the pharmacological effect of ACE inhibitors should be based on the simultaneous
      measurement of true angiotensin II in tissue and plasma under steady-state
      conditions.

PMID- 2650712
TI  - Cardiac renin-angiotensin system.
AB  - Based on molecular, biological, biochemical, and pharmacological data, evidence
      is presented for a cardiac renin-angiotensin system. Using radiolabeled cRNA
      probes prepared from specific cDNA fragments, we were able to document renin and
      angiotensinogen gene expression in atria and ventricles of the rat heart by
      Northern blot and liquid hybridization analysis. Relative signal strength for
      both mRNAs was highest in the atria and next highest in the right and left
      ventricle. We also demonstrated the presence of both angiotensin I and
      angiotensin II in all anatomical regions of the monkey and rat heart using
      specific, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) controlled radioimmunoassays
      (RIAs) for angiotensin peptides. The presence of converting-enzyme activity was
      also ascertained by direct in vitro determinations. Infusion of angiotensin I
      into the isolated perfused rat heart resulted in the prompt appearance of
      angiotensin II; the single pass fractional conversion was 6.42 +/- 0.33%. Dose
      dependent inhibition of this effect by simultaneous infusion of converting-enzyme
      inhibitor supports the existence of a specific intracardiac pathway for the
      activation of angiotensin II. When the isolated, perfused rat hearts were exposed
      to infusions of purified renin, angiotensin I, undetectable before renin, was
      dose-dependently released into the coronary circulation at peak rates ranging
      from 2.4 +/- 0.7 fmol/min to 1.4 +/- 0.2 pmol/min, of which 7.2 +/- 1.1% was
      intracardially converted to angiotensin II. All renin effects were blocked in the
      presence of a specific pentapeptide renin inhibitor. Together, the results of
      these studies add support to the concept of a functionally active cardiac tissue
      renin-angiotensin system.

PMID- 2650713
TI  - Active and inactive renin in the adrenal.
AB  - Specific renin has been identified in the outer layers of the adrenals of rat,
      mouse, and human and the inner cortical layers but not in the medulla of mouse
      adrenals. Nephrectomy causes a marked elevation of adrenal renin, presumably
      through hyperkalemia. The subcellular distribution of adrenal renin was
      investigated by Percoll density gradient. The renin activity in the dense
      granules from the capsules of nephrectomized rats was 15 times greater than that
      of intact rat. Most of the active form renin was found in dense renin granules.
      Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the dense granules increased in number
      after bilateral nephrectomy. Immunogold staining of these granules showed
      unequivocally the presence of renin therein. Adrenal capsules in organ culture
      were found to release renin at a steady rate. Renin release from bilaterally
      nephrectomized rat adrenals was 46 times greater than from the organs of intact
      animals. The mechanism of the control of renin secretion from the adrenal gland
      was different from the kidney in that the secretion was stimulated by potassium
      chloride (10 mol/L) or angiotensin II (10(-9) to 10(-7) mol/L) but not by ACTH
      (10(-9) to 10(-7) mol/L), suggesting stimulation by intracellular calcium. These
      results provide evidence that the adrenal synthesizes renin, stores it in
      specific secretory granules, and secretes it in a regulated manner. Prorenin in
      the adrenal tissue accounted for only 10% of the total renin whereas 90% of the
      secreted renin was inactive.

PMID- 2650714
TI  - Renin-angiotensin system in the anterior pituitary of the rat.
AB  - In rats, angiotensin II appears to be synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland
      and stored in gonadotropes in the same granules as the beta-subunit of
      luteinizing hormone (LH). The gonadotropes also contain renin-like and
      angiotensin-converting enzyme-like immunoreactivity, but angiotensinogen-like
      immunoreactivity is found in a separate population of cells and does not
      colocalize with any of the known anterior pituitary hormones. This suggests that
      angiotensinogen shuttles to the gonadotropes in a paracrine fashion. There are
      angiotensin II receptors on lactotropes and corticotropes, but no definite
      function has been established for pituitary angiotensin II in the regulation of
      prolactin and adrenocorticotropic hormone.

PMID- 2650715
TI  - 'Tripod' ossiculoplasty in incudal lesions.
AB  - A method of ossiculoplasty, in cases where the long process of the incus is
      eroded, is described. The defect created by the erosion of the incus is bridged
      by an autogenic or allogenic bone graft that leans on the stapes, the remaining
      part of the incus, and the side of the malleus. These three contact points allow
      for stability of the bony graft and account for the name tripod. The method was
      applied in 30 ears and was successful in all but three cases. All the rest (ie,
      27 ears) achieved an average gain of 24.8 dB, leaving an average air-bone gap of
      11.1 dB. The postoperative air-bone gap was 20 dB or less in all 27 ears that
      were successfully operated on; and in 21 of them (77.8%), it was no more than 10
      dB. The average period of follow-up was 23.8 months. Operative success depended
      on both the technique chosen and the favorable selection of cases.

PMID- 2650716
TI  - Cartilaginous choristoma of the tongue. A case report and literature review.
AB  - Lingual cartilaginous choristomas are rare tumors. They are usually seen in
      adults as an asymptomatic mass on the lateral surface of the tongue. The
      histology is benign, with mature adipocytes or myxoid tissue and islands of
      cartilage within a well-defined capsule. Simple excision is curative. Because of
      the rarity of this lesion, we remind readers of its existence and present a
      review of the literature.

PMID- 2650718
TI  - Levamisole or placebo after effective chemotherapy for remission and survival
      prolongation in advanced human solid tumors--a double-blind randomized trial.

PMID- 2650717
TI  - Diurnal weight gain among patients with mental retardation.
AB  - We compared the diurnal weight gain of 46 patients with mental retardation to
      that of 21 patients with organic mental syndromes. They were weighed at 7 a.m.
      and 4 p.m. weekly for 3 weeks. We normalized the diurnal weight gain as a
      percentage by subtracting the 7 a.m. weight from the 4 p.m. weight, multiplying
      the difference by 100, and dividing the result by the 7 a.m. weight. Normalized
      diurnal weight gain was abnormal among one fourth of patients with mental
      retardation and two thirds of those with organic mental syndromes. Differences in
      age, sex, baseline weight, antipsychotic drugs, lithium, carbamazepine, blood
      pressure, and pulse did not explain our results. We believe that our findings
      provide additional evidence to separate patients with mental retardation from
      those with psychosis.

PMID- 2650719
TI  - Tumor cell proliferation kinetics and tumor growth rate.
AB  - The present knowledge on the growth rate and the proliferation kinetics of human
      tumor is based on the measurement of the tumor doubling times (DT) in several
      hundred patients and on the determination of the proportion of proliferating
      cells with radioactive thymidine or by flow cytometry in large numbers of
      patients. The results show that the DT of human tumor varies widely, from less
      than one week to over one year with a median value of approximately 2 months. The
      DTs are significantly correlated with the histological type. They depend upon 1)
      the duration of the cell cycle whose mean duration is 2 days with small
      variations from tumor to tumor, 2) the proportion of proliferating cells and
      consequently the cell birth rate which varies widely among tumors and which is
      significantly correlated to the DT, 3) the cell loss factors which also vary
      widely and which are the greatest when proliferation is most intensive. These
      studies have several clinical implications: a) they have further increased our
      understanding of the natural history of human tumor, b) they have therapeutic
      implications since tumor responsiveness and curability by radiation and drugs are
      strongly influenced by the cell kinetic parameters of the tumor, c) the
      proportion of proliferating cells is of great prognostic value in several types
      of human cancers. The investigation of the molecular defects, which are
      correlated with the perturbation of control of cell proliferation, should lead to
      significant fundamental and therapeutic advances.

PMID- 2650720
TI  - Early breast cancer. A review.
AB  - The therapy of early breast cancer has been changing during the last decennium.
      It requires a multi-disciplinary approach and in each of these disciplines
      improvements have been implemented. The result is that treatment schedules can
      now be adapted to specific subgroups. In this review early breast cancer is
      defined as operable disease, using the critera set out by Haagensen. Emphasis is
      given to describing the new developments in prognostic criteria, since these form
      the basis for creating subgroups for specific treatment schedules. Distinction is
      made between the factors relating to growth rate and those relating to metastatic
      potential. Data on screening promises a beneficial effect of the implementation
      of screening in national health care programs. Important shifts are seen in
      treatment schedules; the place of postoperative radiotherapy after classic
      ablative treatment is being challenged, whereas it plays a major role in the new
      breast conserving therapy schedules. The data mentioned in the review suggest
      that a large proportion of 'operable' cases can be treated with breast
      conservation but details in the technique of breast conserving therapy are still
      under investigation. They form a major part of the coming prospective studies in
      breast cancer. Improvements in reconstruction techniques, creating better
      cosmetic results, make reconstruction more competitive with breast conserving
      therapy. The use of chemotherapy and endocrine manipulation in early breast
      cancer has now been clearly confirmed by the overview technique by the Peto
      group, thanks to all efforts of individual trialists together.

PMID- 2650721
TI  - Management of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults in Scandinavia, United Kingdom, and
      The Netherlands. Report from the European School of Oncology intercity meeting at
      Huddinge Hospital, 3rd June, 1988.
AB  - Current treatment strategies in northern Europe of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are
      presented. High-grade malignant lymphomas have been treated with doxorubicin
      containing polychemotherapy in various modes. The advantage of six-drug regimens
      over CHOP-like therapy is as yet not proven. Patients with the ability to
      tolerate the calculated dose have good prognosis. High-dose therapy and bone
      marrow transplantation should be considered in poor-risk patients with
      lymphoblastic lymphomas in first remission, patients with all high-grade
      histologies in partial remission after first-line therapy and patients with
      relapse that are still responsive to therapy. Preliminary results from autologous
      bone marrow transplantation in follicular lymphoma are also encouraging.
      Chlorambucil induces multiple remissions in follicular lymphoma, with a median
      duration of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd remission being the same. The watch and wait
      strategy seems justified initially in most asymptomatic generalized low-grade
      malignant lymphomas. Systemic therapy is required in aggressive stage II-IV
      lymphomas. A meticulous investigation is needed for stage I patients before
      giving local treatment only. Immune phenotyping is of great value for diagnosis
      and staging. Liver, but not bone marrow involvement seems to be an adverse
      prognostic factor. Follicular lymphoma is an example of a dynamic tumour with
      gradual cellular changes associated with new and more malignant clinical signs.

PMID- 2650722
TI  - A comparison of the toxicity and efficacy of cisplatin and carboplatin in
      advanced ovarian cancer. The Swons Gynaecological Cancer Group.
AB  - Eighty-eight patients with stage IIB-III epithelial ovarian cancer were
      randomised to receive first line single agent cisplatin (100 mg/m2) monthly or
      carboplatin (400 mg/m2) monthly for up to 5 cycles. Crossover to the opposite
      analogue occurred with progression or lack of response. All patients were
      premedicated with i.v. methylprednisolone (500 mg at 0 hours and 250 mg at 3
      hours) and the first 20 patients in both groups received lorazepam and
      prochloperazine for nausea and vomiting. The median number of vomiting episodes
      per cycle with cisplatin was 16 and with carboplatin 2 (p less than 0.001). In
      the cisplatin arm 27/40 (67.5%) developed mild renal toxicity, 9/40 (22.5%) WHO
      grade I neurotoxicity and 18/40 (45%) evidence of ototoxicity at audiometry. To
      date we have seen no neuro- or ototoxicity with carboplatin and 1/40 (2.5%) have
      developed WHO grade I renal toxicity. Myelosuppression and anaemia was more
      common with carboplatin but only 1 episode of grade IV thrombocytopenia has been
      seen with first line carboplatin. The clinical response rate (CR+PR) for
      cisplatin was 19/40 and for carboplatin 27/40. Actuarial survival for cisplatin
      group at 24 months was 50% and for carboplatin group 58% with no significant
      difference. Carboplatin appears less toxic than cisplatin producing to date
      similar survival and response as a single agent.

PMID- 2650723
TI  - Induction chemotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer. Preliminary results of a
      randomized study.
AB  - From March 1983 to June 1986, 100 patients with locally advanced squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck were randomized to receive either two courses of
      chemotherapy prior to local therapy (group A), or local therapy alone (group B).
      Local treatment consisted of primary radiotherapy in all patients. When a poor
      response was observed after 55 Gy, surgery was performed. The chemotherapy
      regimen was a combination of cisplatinum, bleomycin, vindesine, and mitomycin C.
      The response rate to induction chemotherapy (group A) was 50% for the primary
      tumor (CR: 10% and PR: 40%). At the end of radiotherapy, the overall tumor
      response rates in the two groups A and B, were 77% and 79% respectively. Complete
      disappearance of the primary tumor occurred more often than that of the lymph
      node metastases. The response rate to induction chemotherapy for lymph node
      metastases was 27.1% (CR: 9% and PR: 18.1%). An initial major response to
      chemotherapy predicted subsequent efficacy of irradiation on 90% of the cases,
      while a failure of chemotherapy had no predictive value in this respect. The
      survival rates in groups A and B were 66.5% vs. 65.1% at 1 year and 35% vs. 46.2%
      at 2 years. Local disease-free and disease-free intervals were similar in both
      groups. A Cox's multi-step regression analysis revealed two significant
      independant prognostic factors: size of primary tumor and nodal status. After
      adjustment for these factors, the chemotherapy did not seem to improve the
      effectiveness of the local treatment in terms of loco-regional control and
      survival.

PMID- 2650724
TI  - Results of radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal cancer. A retrospective comparison of
      split-course and continuous-course treatment schedules.
AB  - A retrospective comparison was made between split-course and continuous-course
      telecobalt therapy in 107 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer. During 10 years' follow
      up the recurrence rates in nasopharynx and base of skull were much higher in the
      split group than in the continuous one. Both 5-year and 10-year survival rates
      were considerably lower in the split-group than in the continuous group. When the
      material was broken down into different clinical stages, the inferiority of the
      split-course schedule was even more conspicuous. Further analysis of the split
      group suggested that patients with intervals longer than 22 days and with 2
      treatment intervals fared worst. Some theoretical and practical implications of
      the findings are discussed.

PMID- 2650725
TI  - Renal oncocytoma: a clinicopathologic study of a case with review of the
      literature.
AB  - A peculiar case of renal oncocytoma was studied by clinical, light- and electron
      microscopic examinations. The neoplasm, which was first discovered 21 years ago,
      at operation turned out to be very large, well-circumscribed and lacking any
      feature of aggressiveness. Histologically, it was composed totally of oncocytes
      without relevant atypia or necrosis. Ultrastructurally, a cytoplasmic filling by
      mitochondria with paucity of other organelles and filaments also supported the
      diagnosis. The authors also reviewed the literature and emphasized the diagnostic
      criteria of this type of tumor.

PMID- 2650726
TI  - The qualitative assessment of cobalt-chromium castings for partial dentures.
AB  - Criteria for objective assessment of cobalt-chromium castings have been
      developed. A random sample of 21 commercial dental laboratories specialising in
      the production of cobalt-chromium castings was selected. Identical casts and
      instructions for the construction of a lower partial denture framework were sent
      to each of them. The resultant castings were assessed according to specific
      criteria relating to detailed design features. Only one laboratory produced a
      casting which conformed completely with the design instructions. Significant
      defects were found in a high proportion of castings. The range of charges was
      from 28 pounds to 85 pounds. The results of the qualitative assessments suggest
      only a very weak relationship between laboratory charges and the quality of
      cobalt-chromium castings. Suggestions are made for minimum standards that may be
      applied in clinical practice.

PMID- 2650727
TI  - The bonding of glass-ionomer cements to dental amalgam.
AB  - Clinicians are frequently confronted with the problem of ditched amalgam
      restorations. Materials which develop strong bonds to amalgam and tooth substance
      appear to be suitable for repair of such restorations and eliminate the need for
      complete replacement. This study evaluated the bond strengths of three glass
      ionomer cements to amalgam made from conventional and high copper alloys. It was
      found that the bond strength values to amalgam were comparable with those to
      enamel and significantly higher than those to dentine. All bonds to the high
      copper amalgam failed in a cohesive mode; for the conventional amalgam, failure
      was either of the adhesive or cohesive type.

PMID- 2650728
TI  - Pulse oximeters: essential monitors with limitations.

PMID- 2650729
TI  - Extradural pressure following the injection of two volumes of bupivacaine.
AB  - We investigated the influence of the pressure generated by low lumbar extradural
      injection of bupivacaine on the development of block in a randomized double-blind
      study. Thirty patients (aged 17-66 yr) received one of two volumes of 0.75%
      bupivacaine. Group I (n = 15) received 10 ml (75 mg) and group II (n = 15) 15 ml
      (112.5 mg). Injection of the larger volume resulted in a greater pressure at the
      end of injection, but within 1 min this decayed to the same plateau pressure that
      was produced by the smaller volume. Mean maximum cephalad spread of block was the
      same in each group (group I, T9.5; group II, T8.4) and there was no correlation
      between individual level of block and maximum or plateau extradural pressure, or
      with patient characteristics.

PMID- 2650730
TI  - Alfuzosin and the venous reflex response: studies in normal subjects.
AB  - 1. Alfuzosin is a post-synaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist with
      antihypertensive and peripheral vasodilator properties. 2. We measured the effect
      of alfuzosin, 5 mg, on sympathetically-mediated venoconstriction by changes in
      the venous reflex response (VRR) in a randomised, double-blind, placebo
      controlled, crossover study in a group of 10 healthy volunteers. 3. There was a
      significant inhibition of the VRR after alfuzosin compared with placebo (P less
      than 0.001) which was present 1 h after the dose and still evident at 6 h. 4.
      Supine blood pressure was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) and supine heart
      rate was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) after alfuzosin compared with
      placebo. 5. Inhibition of the VRR by alfuzosin was observed to precede the
      development of reflex tachycardia.

PMID- 2650731
TI  - Psychological well-being and psychiatric disturbance in dialysis and renal
      transplant patients.
AB  - The rate of psychiatric morbidity and levels of psychological well-being and
      distress were assessed in groups of dialysis, renal transplant and general
      practice patients. Dialysis patients suffered from significantly higher rates of
      psychiatric morbidity, with 43 per cent falling into the probable psychiatric
      case range on the GHQ. Results from the Mental Health Inventory also showed
      dialysis patients to have a significantly poorer level of psychological
      adjustment than the other groups. While positive mental health states in dialysis
      patients were not significantly different from transplant and general practice
      controls, higher rates of psychological distress were found in patients on
      dialysis. Distress was characterized by a loss of emotional control and higher
      levels of depression.

PMID- 2650732
TI  - Unfixed reference, monocular occlusion, and developmental dyslexia--a critique.
AB  - Stein and Fowler have proposed that poor binocular control of vergence eye
      movements is responsible for reading problems in a subset of dyslexic children,
      and that this subgroup is characterised by unstable performance on Dunlop's
      reference eye test. Four predictions from this hypothesis are evaluated in the
      light of published evidence. First, it is shown that a substantial minority of
      good readers have unfixed reference. Second, the evidence for a raised prevalence
      of unfixed reference in dyslexics is reviewed and contradictory findings are
      discussed. Third, it is argued that there is little support for the view that
      dyslexics with unfixed reference make different types of reading errors from
      those with fixed reference: indeed many dyslexics with unfixed reference have non
      visual, phonological difficulties. Finally, it is argued that studies which claim
      that monocular occlusion is a successful treatment for 'visual dyslexia' are
      methodologically flawed and do not provide convincing evidence for this view.

PMID- 2650733
TI  - The effect of daily baked bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) consumption on the plasma
      lipid levels of young, normo-cholesterolaemic men.
AB  - 1. Thirteen normo-cholesterolaemic male students consumed one 450 g can of baked
      beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in tomato sauce, daily, for 14 d as part of their
      normal diet. After a 14 d washout period, eleven of the students went on to
      consume one 440 g can of spaghetti in tomato sauce, daily, for 14 d. 2. Fasting
      blood samples were taken frequently for measurement of plasma cholesterol, high
      density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, glucose, insulin and C
      peptide. Diet diaries (3 d) were completed by the subjects during each period. 3.
      Consumption of beans and spaghetti led to a significant reduction in the amount
      of fat eaten daily (P less than 0.05). Bean consumption also resulted in
      significant increases in protein, fibre and sugar intakes (P less than 0.02, P
      less than 0.001 and P less than 0.05 respectively). 4. During the bean-eating
      period the mean total plasma cholesterol level of the students fell significantly
      from 5.1 to 4.5 mmol/l (P less than 0.02). No reduction in plasma cholesterol
      occurred during the spaghetti-eating period. 5. HDL-cholesterol levels fell
      significantly during both periods (P less than 0.001), but HDL:total cholesterol
      ratio was significantly reduced only during the spaghetti-eating period (P less
      than 0.001). Neither beans nor spaghetti affected triacylglycerol, insulin or C
      peptide levels. 6. The benefits of a legume-rich diet are discussed.

PMID- 2650734
TI  - Effects of varying the carbohydrate:fat ratio in a hot lunch on postprandial
      variables in male volunteers.
AB  - 1. Healthy male volunteers consumed at noon, hot test meals with four different
      carbohydrate:fat ratios varying between 2.64 and 0.50, and composed of fried
      beefsteak, mashed potatoes, French beans, and a dessert of custard with mashed
      peaches. The energy content of the meals was 40% of the daily intake of the
      volunteers, estimated from their individual dietary histories. 2. Before, and at
      different times after the start of the meal, blood samples were taken and a
      number of indices of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were determined in the
      samples, i.e. glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, free and total glycerol, free
      and total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. 3. Increasing the carbohydrate:fat ratio resulted
      in higher postprandial peaks of glucose and insulin. In addition, the peak area
      under the postprandial glucose curve showed a significant increase. The peak area
      under the postprandial insulin curve had also increased, indicating that a larger
      amount of insulin was secreted by the pancreas on increasing the carbohydrate
      content in the meal. There was no significant correlation between the height of
      the postprandial peak of blood glucose and the size of the meal. 4. All four
      meals caused elevated postprandial blood triacylglycerol levels. However, the
      decline of this elevated level took a much longer time after the meals with the
      lower carbohydrate:fat ratios, i.e. containing larger amounts of
      triacylglycerols. There was a significant decreasing linear relation between the
      carbohydrate content of the meals and the peak area under the postprandial
      triacylglycerol curve. Free glycerol and free fatty acids showed lower
      postprandial levels in the blood after the meals with the higher carbohydrate:fat
      ratios, and the peak areas of the postprandial curves of both variables displayed
      a significant decrease. Little or no effect of the meal carbohydrate:fat ratio
      was observed on the postprandial concentrations of total cholesterol,
      unesterified cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol.

PMID- 2650735
TI  - The effect of incorporating fat into different components of a meal on gastric
      emptying and postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses.
AB  - 1. Three studies were carried out in each of six normal volunteers to investigate
      how lipid, when given at different stages during the course of a meal, affects
      gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations. 2.
      The control meal consisted of 300 ml beef consomme (50 kJ, 12 kcal), followed 20
      min later by 300 g mashed potato (908 kJ, 217 kcal). In the two test meals, 60 g
      margarine were incorporated into either the soup or the mashed potato. 3. The
      addition of margarine to either component of the meal delayed gastric emptying of
      the mashed potato (P less than 0.05), but the pattern varied according to the
      component to which the fat was added. 4. Incorporation of fat into the soup
      increased the lag phase (P less than 0.05) but did not influence the slope of
      emptying of the mashed potato, while incorporation of fat into the mashed potato
      reduced the slope of emptying of the mashed potato (P less than 0.05) but did not
      influence the lag phase. 5. Addition of fat to either component of the meal
      reduced postprandial blood glucose (P less than 0.05) and insulin responses, but
      when the fat was incorporated in the soup, peak glucose and insulin responses
      were delayed as well (P less than 0.05). 6. The results show that the effect of
      fat on gastric emptying and absorption of nutrients depends on when, in relation
      to the other components of the meal, the fat is consumed.

PMID- 2650736
TI  - Plasma insulin, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine concentrations and muscle growth in the
      rat.

PMID- 2650737
TI  - Receptor cross-linking restores an insulin metabolic effect altered by mutation
      on tyrosine 1162 and tyrosine 1163.
AB  - The pivotal role that the tyrosine residues in positions 1162 and 1163 play in
      the control of the insulin action has been clearly established by substitution of
      these tyrosine residues for phenylalanine [Ellis, L. (1986) Cell 45, 721-732]. We
      have recently found that this type of mutation, which abolishes the effects of
      insulin on glucose metabolism, was without any effect on the mitogenic effect of
      the hormone [Debant, A. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in press)]. Here,
      we provide evidence that a polyclonal antibody, raised against the human insulin
      receptor, can restore the receptor-mediated stimulation of glycogen synthesis
      that was abolished by the mutation. Stimulation of the biological effect by the
      anti-receptor antibody did not necessitate, whatsoever, the activation of the
      tyrosine kinase activity and/or receptor autophosphorylation. Furthermore, the
      antibody-induced reversal of the mutation was not observed when we used Fab
      fragments alone, but addition of anti-(Fab')2 IgG in a second step resulted in a
      similar effect as that observed with intact IgG. We propose that Tyr 1162 and Tyr
      1163 exert their control on the metabolic effects of insulin through the
      modulation of receptor aggregation.

PMID- 2650738
TI  - Phosphorescence properties and protein structure surrounding tryptophan residues
      in yeast, pig, and rabbit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
AB  - An investigation of the phosphorescence emission properties of tryptophan (Trp)
      was carried out in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from yeast and from
      pig and rabbit muscle. Aided by the external heavy-atom effect of iodide, the
      dependence on excitation wavelength, and thermal quenching profiles, it was
      established that the 0,0 vibronic band peaked at 406 nm in the pig and rabbit
      proteins is made up of overlapping contributions from two Trp residues. In
      contrast to a previous report [Davis, J.M., & Maki, A.H. (1984) Biochemistry 23,
      6249-6256], this implies that even in the muscle enzymes all three aromatic side
      chains are phosphorescent. Further, when the nature of the local environment of
      each residue is compared to the crystallographic structure of lobster GPDH, it
      leads to a complete new assignment of the individual phosphorescence spectra.
      With each protein, a single Trp, identified as Trp-310, was found to display long
      lived phosphorescence at room temperature. The decay of this emission gives
      evidence of conformational homogeneity among the subunits of the tetrameric
      molecule.

PMID- 2650739
TI  - Electric charge distribution in proteins and ionic strength dependence of
      reaction rate.
AB  - The ionic strength dependence of the reaction rate between protein and dichloride
      anion radical has been investigated by flash photolysis of aqueous chloride
      containing lysozyme, ribonuclease A, or insulin. The rate constant for the
      reaction of lysozyme or ribonuclease A with dichloride anion radicals decreases
      with increasing ionic strength, while it increases for insulin. The dependence
      was found to obey an equation derived from the theory of Debye and Huckel or the
      equation of Wherland and Gray for lysozyme within experimental errors. For
      ribonuclease A, however, it deviates largely from these equations. In the case of
      insulin a moderate deviation was observed. The different behavior in the ionic
      strength dependence is discussed in terms of the electric charge distribution in
      the protein molecules.

PMID- 2650740
TI  - On the description of neuronal output properties using spike train data.
AB  - Neuronal output properties for input stimuli that evoke a deterministic response
      can be efficiently described by the interspike-interval function (Awiszus 1988a).
      It is shown in this paper that there are stimuli for which both the Hodgkin
      Huxley (HH-) model of an action potential encoding membrane (Hodgkin and Huxley
      1952) and a muscle spindle primary afferent generate responses which violate the
      conditions for a deterministic one. Instead of being stochastic these responses
      follow systematic rules, namely those for a semi-deterministic response, a class
      of neuronal responses established in this paper that includes the deterministic
      one. Instead of being stochastic these output properties are best described by
      the interspike-interval curve. A phase plane analysis of the internal properties
      of the HH-model underlying such responses shows that it is reasonable to assume
      that responses of an HH-model and consequently, all neurons for which an HH-model
      is a valid description of the action potential encoding process, always fall into
      the class of semi-deterministic responses, regardless of the input current
      density time course as long as it is large enough to maintain spike activity.
      Consequences of this assumption for the analysis of neuronal output properties
      are discussed with respect to output measures and efficient input stimuli.

PMID- 2650741
TI  - Perinatal mortality in Belgium.
AB  - Perinatal mortality in Belgium remains high compared with other countries of
      Western Europe, although a marked decrease was observed during the period from
      1956 to 1984. Analysis of the death causes indicates that further progress is
      feasible. Social inequalities and geographic variation are persisting in spite of
      the long-established policy of social welfare and free access to health services.
      Most of the studies on perinatal mortality in Belgium are descriptive and based
      on data recorded in birth and infant death certificates. In the future,
      alternative sources of information should be used to analyze more precisely and
      to understand more clearly the interactions between the different determinants of
      perinatal mortality and to evaluate the impact of social and health services.

PMID- 2650742
TI  - Perinatal morbidity in Belgium.
AB  - This paper reviews the results of published and unpublished epidemiological
      studies on perinatal morbidity in Belgium. The most frequently studied variables
      are birthweight and gestational age, which are not only morbidity indicators but
      also morbidity and mortality predictors. Congenital anomalies are studied in
      Belgium through the results gathered by two regional birth defects registries,
      which have been operating since 1979. Major results of these registries are
      presented and discussed with relation to their implications on prevention policy.
      Subjective and reported health indicators are less commonly available for
      epidemiological studies, although some were collected in an interview survey
      conducted in 1981 in three districts of Wallonia. The results show important
      social inequalities and geographical disparities. Finally, the long-term
      consequences of perinatal problems are presented and discussed. A prospective
      study conducted at Leuven University Hospital on infants born between 1981 and
      1986 suggests that improving survival of low-birthweight infants with appropriate
      perinatal care will not increase the number of handicapped children.

PMID- 2650743
TI  - Maternal mortality and morbidity in Belgium.
AB  - The Belgian maternal mortality rate was 8.6/100,000 births in 1984 but it is
      probable that underreporting occurred. Data on morbidity from one Belgian
      hospital are presented. Gestational hypertension occurred in 9% of the women who
      delivered between 1982 and 1987. Gestational diabetes was observed in 2% of the
      cases during the same period. Data on antepartum haemorrhage are also discussed.

PMID- 2650744
TI  - Social inequalities in perinatal health.
AB  - In spite of an overall sharp decrease in the infant mortality level since the
      very beginning of the 20th century, one still observes a persistance of social
      inequalities, even in perinatal mortality, almost everywhere in Europe.
      International comparisons or trends are rather difficult to establish due to
      methodological and conceptual shortcomings. In the years 1979-1980, a
      comprehensive survey was conducted in one of the Belgian provinces, Hainaut,
      where information on the mothers' behavior during pregnancy, including everyday
      life habits, was collected together with the usual identification factors. It
      appears that future research needs must be based on a new definition of the
      social gradients, shifting from the usual father's socioeconomic reference to a
      more sociocultural integration gradient, taking also maternal and family
      characteristics into account in order to improve the understanding of the
      phenomenon.

PMID- 2650745
TI  - History of prenatal care in Belgium.
AB  - The history of the national mother and child care organization is reviewed up to
      1980. The organisation originates in the efforts made during the First World War
      to provide food for mothers and children. Free prenatal visits have been
      organized since 1919. Among other activities, an extensive system of home
      visiting has been provided. The special program of prevention of preterm
      deliveries is an example of more recent actions focusing on high-risk groups.

PMID- 2650746
TI  - Organization of prenatal care in Belgium.
AB  - Prenatal care in Belgium is characterized by regional variations between the
      Flemish- and French-speaking communities. Generally, care in the former area is
      provided by a general practitioner or a gynecologist/obstetrician in private
      practice, and in the latter by a gynecologist/obstetrician on a private or public
      basis. The level of use of prenatal care observed is, on average, high, but
      variations do exist according to the socioeconomic and cultural characteristics
      of the families and the health care services which they frequent.

PMID- 2650747
TI  - Organization of obstetrical care in Belgium.
AB  - Belgium, with its pluralistic health care system, has many small-sized maternity
      units staffed almost exclusively with obstetricians. The maternal and perinatal
      mortality and morbidity rates are still higher than in some of the neighboring
      countries. The new regulations with regard to the accreditation of maternity
      units might improve the figures. Other measures must be taken, however, to ensure
      that only low-risk patients are taken into small maternity units and that all
      high-risk cases and all those developing complications are cared for in large,
      well-equipped and well-staffed hospitals. Some form of peer review would also be
      beneficial.

PMID- 2650748
TI  - Organization of neonatal care in Belgium.
AB  - The objectives of this paper are (1) to describe the organization of neonatal
      care in Belgium; (2) to review evaluative studies aiming at assessing the
      availability, effectiveness and cost of care, and (3) to compare the situation in
      Belgium with that in other countries. In the future, basic neonatal care should
      be provided in each maternity unit. This means that many maternities need
      upgrading in staffing and equipment. For intensive care, there is only a need for
      10-12 specialized centers in the country. A policy for rapid transfer of sick
      neonates to specialized centers should be implemented.

PMID- 2650749
TI  - Arterial hypertension in the newborn infant.
AB  - Blood pressure is low at birth. It increases with age by about 1 mm Hg per day
      within the period of 3-8 days. It rises by about 1 mm Hg per week between 5 and 6
      weeks of age. Neonatal hypertension carries a risk of cardiorespiratory failure
      and cerebral distress. Causes of neonatal hypertension are either secondary to
      congenital malformations or to acquired disease states. Congenital etiologies
      include: renal artery stenosis, renal artery hypoplasia, abdominal aortic
      atresia, coarctation of the aorta, kidney cystic disease, reflux nephropathies.
      Acquired causes include: thrombo-embolic renal artery complications secondary to
      umbilical artery catheterization or to thrombosis of the ductus arteriosus,
      closure of abdominal wall defects, adrenal hematoma with renal artery
      compression, seizures in preterm infants, central nervous system disorders, drug
      induced hypertension, infants of drug-dependent mothers. The morbidity and the
      mortality of neonatal hypertension are elevated. Death may be caused by severe
      uncontrollable hypertension or by concomitant problems. Morbidity may be related
      to drug-resistant hypertension, or to the side-effects of hypotensive drugs.

PMID- 2650750
TI  - Randomized trials of perinatal interventions in Belgium and Europe.
AB  - Using statistics from United Nations Demographic Yearbooks (1958-1983) and the
      Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, a survey of perinatal randomized control
      trials (RCTs) during the last 25 years in Europe was performed. Total number of
      trials has been related to average annual population, average annual total births
      and average annual total of medical doctors. There is a clear geographical trend;
      Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Ireland and the United Kingdom in the leading group
      produce, on average, 50 times as many randomized trials as socialist countries
      other than Hungary and the German Democratic Republic. Within Belgium itself,
      similar disparities are observed: university A has produced twice as many RCTs as
      all the other universities pooled together. For Belgium, the introduction of
      multicenter trials may be reversing this situation, and uptake of ongoing
      multicenter trials seems homogeneous within the country.

PMID- 2650751
TI  - Pseudoephedrine absorption from controlled release formulations: absorption rate
      constant estimation methods.
AB  - Five methods of absorption rate (Ka) estimation were compared using data from a
      previously reported bioavailability study: Wagner-Nelson (WN), asymptotic WN
      (AWN), the Hendeles-Weinberger modification of the WN (HW), nonlinear regression
      performed on plasma concentration vs time data with fixed elimination rates (NL),
      and nonlinear regression performed on the cumulative sum of AUCs obtained during
      WN analysis (AUCNL). The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the time at
      which Cmax occurred (Tmax) were predicted with each method's respective Ka's, and
      these were compared to observed values. The WN and HW were consistently biased in
      their predictions of Cmax and Tmax, providing slower Ka's than any of the other
      methods. AWN could only be used for the reference treatment. Both NL and AUCNL
      provided unbiased estimations, but AUCNL had a high level of imprecision. With
      this set of data, only NL was an acceptable method for accurately estimating Ka.

PMID- 2650752
TI  - The code within the codons.
AB  - For the first time it is shown that each of the three codon bases has a general
      correlation with a different, predictable amino acid property, depending on
      position within the codon. In addition to the previously recognized link between
      the mid-base and the hydrophobic-hydrophilic spectrum, we show that, with the
      exception of G, the first base is generally invariant within a synthetic pathway.
      G--coded amino acids show a different order, being found only at the head of the
      synthetic pathways. The redundancy of the nature of the third base has a
      previously unrecognised relationship with molecular weight. The bases U and A
      (transversions) are associated with the most sharply defined or opposite states
      in both the first and second position, C somewhat less so or intermediate, anf G
      neutral. The apparently systematic nature of these relationships has profound
      implications for the origin of the genetic code. It appears to be the remains of
      the first language of the cell, predating the tRNA/ribosome system, persisting
      with remarkably little change at a deeper level of organisation than the codon
      language.

PMID- 2650753
TI  - On the information content of the genetic code.
AB  - In living organisms 20 amino acids along with the terminator value(s) are encoded
      by 64 codons giving a degeneracy of the codons as described by the genetic code.
      A basic theoretical problem of genetic codes is to explain the particular
      distribution of degeneracies of partitions involved in the codes. In this work
      the degeneracy problem is considered in the framework of information theory. It
      is shown by direct numerical evaluation of a certain degeneracy information
      function associated with the genetic code that the degeneracy of the codes is
      observed to be related to the optimization of this function.

PMID- 2650754
TI  - The brain-machine disanalogy.
AB  - The comparative study of information processing in brains and machines leads to a
      picture in which disanalogies are more fundamental than analogies. The major
      dichotomy is between evolvability and programmability. Brain models, to be
      tenable, must pass an extended Turing test in which the capacity to self organize
      through the Darwinian mechanism of variation and selection is a key element.
      Programmable machines that simulate the type of structure-function relations that
      allow evolution to occur are, however, too inefficient in their use of resources
      for problem solving to support cognitive abilities comparable to those of
      biological organisms. Furthermore, real evolutionary systems are open in that it
      is always possible for them to tap previously unexploited physical interactions
      for computing. Nevertheless, computer simulation provides a powerful tool for
      studying brain function; and non-programmable designs that exploit the high
      efficiency, high adaptability domain of computing are in principle possible.

PMID- 2650755
TI  - Kinetic implications of structural modification in protein turnover.
AB  - It is thought that an important function of protein turnover is to purge the cell
      of damaged, displaced or unwanted polypeptide molecules. A model combining
      kinetic equations for synthesis, degradation and alteration is employed to
      evaluate this proposed role for protein turnover. It is demonstrated that the
      degradative system need not be aimed exclusively at altered protein molecules for
      turnover to be capable of controlling the size both of the total population and
      of the altered subpopulation. These conclusions are relevant to the part played
      by turnover in metabolic homeostasis, adaptation and catastrophe, and for the
      notion of control of protein turnover through specific "tagging" of molecules
      destined for breakdown.

PMID- 2650756
TI  - A mathematical model for the computation of the oxygen dissociation curve in
      human blood.
AB  - The mathematical relations developed by various researchers for the oxygen
      dissociation curve are reviewed. Using well-known mechanisms of chemical kinetics
      of various species in the blood, we have developed a mathematical formula to
      compute the oxygen dissociation curve in the blood showing its dependence on the
      pH and PCO2. The functional form, proposed here, is much simpler in comparison to
      those available in the literature for use in the mathematical modelling of O2
      transport in the pulmonary and systemic circulations. In the process, the well
      known Hill's equation has been generalized showing an explicit dependence on PCO2
      and pH. It is shown that the oxygen dissociation curve computed from our
      comparatively simpler equation, fits in fairly well with the documented data and
      shows realistic shift with PCO2 and pH.

PMID- 2650757
TI  - Polypeptides controlling hematopoietic blood cell development and activation. II.
      Clinical results.
AB  - Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have entered the clinical arena. Several
      investigators have explored, in first clinical phase I studies, different routes
      of administration to define the optimum biological dose, maximum tolerated dose,
      toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of these reagents. It has been demonstrated that
      recombinant human (rh) granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) and granulocyte CSF (G
      CSF) can be safely administered over a broad dose range to increase number of
      circulating granulocytes in man. More recently, GM-CSF and G-CSF have been
      involved in phase Ib/II studies to assess the granulopoietic responses of
      patients with granulocytopenia due to various underlying disease states including
      myelodysplastic syndrome, aplastic anemia, cyclic neutropenia, Kostmann's
      syndrome, and the acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome. Both factors were also
      investigated with respect to their potential to prevent chemotherapy induced
      granulocytopenia or to accelerate recovery from that condition. The short-term
      effects of rh GM-CSF after autologous bone marrow transplantation for various
      solid tumors and lymphoid malignancies were assessed as well. In this article we
      will focus on recent results that have emerged from in vivo studies utilizing
      CSFs.

PMID- 2650758
TI  - Diverse prognosis in metastatic breast cancer: who should be offered alternative
      initial therapies?
AB  - In an attempt to clarify appropriate treatment options for women with stage IV
      breast cancer, we studied the survival experience of a large dataset of patients
      treated on Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) protocols. The study, restricted
      to women who had had no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease, demonstrated a
      surprisingly poor prognosis, with an estimated median survival of 1.6 years and
      only 26% alive at 3 years. Analysis of prognostic factors permitted the
      identification of subsets with even shorter survival, such as women with estrogen
      receptor negative tumor in more than one metastatic site and prior adjuvant
      chemotherapy. We feel that an evaluation of intensive investigational treatment
      approaches, such as trials using autologous bone marrow transplantation, is
      justified for most stage IV breast cancer patients, in view of their poor
      prognosis.

PMID- 2650759
TI  - Suppression effects in peptide mapping by plasma desorption mass spectrometry.
AB  - Suppression effects observed in plasma desorption (PD) mass spectrometry have
      been studied and compared to those found in fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry. A basic difference in the mechanism of suppression in the two
      techniques is demonstrated. In positive ion mode PD mass spectrometry, peptides
      carrying net positive charges are preferentially detected when analysed together
      with peptides carrying net negative charges, and in negative ion mode PD mass
      spectrometry, the situation is generally reversed. Based on this complementarity,
      PD mapping carried out by enzymatic digestion of a nitrocellulose-bound sample
      can in many cases yield almost complete coverage of smaller proteins.

PMID- 2650760
TI  - Noninvasive electromagnetic measurements.

PMID- 2650761
TI  - Noninvasive electromechanical measurements.

PMID- 2650762
TI  - Human abdominal EHG processing for uterine contraction monitoring.

PMID- 2650763
TI  - Biosensors for diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2650764
TI  - Design and evaluation of a reversible fiber optic sensor for determination of
      oxygen.

PMID- 2650765
TI  - Hydrogen and ammonia gas-sensitive semiconductor structures in bioanalysis.

PMID- 2650766
TI  - Bioelectroanalytical flow systems with immobilized enzymes.

PMID- 2650767
TI  - Bacterial luciferase as a biosensor of biologically active compounds.

PMID- 2650768
TI  - Development and use of enzyme membranes for biosensors.

PMID- 2650769
TI  - An ISFET biosensor.

PMID- 2650770
TI  - Diagnostic validity of the drug abuse screening test in the assessment of DSM-III
      drug disorders.
AB  - Diagnostic validity of the DAST was assessed using a clinical sample of 501
      drug/alcohol patients. Various DAST cut-points were validated against DSM-III
      drug abuse/dependence criteria, as assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.
      The DAST attained 85% overall accuracy in classifying patients according to DSM
      III diagnosis. This accuracy was maintained between DAST score cut-points of 5/6
      through 9/10. Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis indicated that 5/6 was
      the optimum threshold score. The DAST was also correlated with demographic
      variables, psychiatric history, and drug use. The results showed very good
      concurrent and discriminant validity. This study concluded that fairly accurate
      estimation of DSM-III drug criteria could be made using a brief self-administered
      questionnaire (DAST). However, caution must be expressed when generalizing these
      findings to other contexts (e.g. the justice system) where subjects may have
      stronger motivation to under-report drug involvement.

PMID- 2650771
TI  - Current status of antifibrinolytic drugs.
AB  - Antifibrinolytic drugs, in particular, epsilon-aminocaproic acid and tranexamic
      acid, have been used in the management of a wide range of both bleeding and non
      haemorrhagic disorders. Recognition of their side-effects and complications,
      comparison of their efficacy with other forms of therapy and more critical
      evaluation of their value has reduced the range of their definitive indications
      to a limited number of relatively uncommon situations; these comprise primary
      hyperplasminaemia, menorrhagia in women in whom oestrogens are contraindicated or
      in those with von Willebrand's disease, severe traumatic hyphaema, dental
      extraction in haemophiliacs and hereditary angioedema in patients in whom
      treatment with anabolic steroids is contraindicated. In a few conditions the
      possible benefit of antifibrinolytic agents, alone or supplementary to other
      forms of therapy, is unresolved; these include upper gastrointestinal bleeding,
      recurrent epistaxis and abruptio placentae.

PMID- 2650772
TI  - Hemostasis associated with abnormalities of fibrinolysis.
AB  - Hemostatic plugs consist of platelet aggregates and fibrin mesh containing blood
      cells and plasma components. Hemostatic efficiency depends on the rate of
      formation of hemostatic plugs as well as the structural integrity and stability
      of the formed hemostatic plugs. Fibrin elements are major constituents
      contributing to the structural integrity and stability, but they are subject to
      fibrinolytic activity occurring spontaneously after fibrin formation.
      Fibrinolysis is usually suppressed by endogenous inhibitors. Increase of a
      profibrinolytic component or deficiency of an inhibitor would result in an
      accelerated fibrinolysis, causing a premature lysis of hemostatic plugs before
      restoration of injured vessels, leading to a hemorrhagic tendency. Such a state
      can be seen typically in patients with congenital deficiency of alpha 2-plasmin
      inhibitor or a hereditary increase of plasminogen activator, and it is also seen
      in acquired situations such as amyloidosis, liver cirrhosis, disseminated
      intravascular coagulation (particularly in patients with acute promyelocytic
      leukemia) and thrombolytic therapy. The hemorrhagic tendency can be well
      controlled by an administration of an antifibrinolytic agent: epsilon
      aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid. In contrast to an accelerated fibrinolysis
      causing a hemorrhagic tendency, retarded fibrinolysis may predispose an
      individual to a thrombotic tendency. Retarded fibrinolysis may be due to either
      an increase in plasminogen activator inhibitors or decrease of plasminogen
      activators. Quantitative or qualitative deficiency of plasminogen may also lead
      to a thrombotic tendency.

PMID- 2650773
TI  - The presentation, management and prevention of crisis in sickle cell disease in
      Africa.
AB  - About 120,000 infants are born each year with sickle cell disease (SCD) in
      Africa. The majority have Hb SS, but Hb SC and Hb S/beta+ thalassaemia are common
      in west Africa. The development of Plasmodium falciparum and P. malariae is
      partially inhibited in the Hb SS red cells, but malaria precipitates both
      haemolytic and infarctive crises, and is the commonest and most important cause
      of morbidity and mortality. The pneumococcus is likely to be the second major
      infectious cause of sickness and death. In one rural community, there were less
      than 2% of the expected number of subjects with SCD surviving beyond 5 years of
      age. Genetic factors improving prognosis include (1) the Senegal beta chain
      haplotype, which is linked to a high level of Hb F, and (2) alpha+ thalassaemia.
      Of environmental factors improving prognosis, the family is of first importance.
      The commonest age of presentation is 1-3 years. Children present with anaemic
      crises (malaria, splenic sequestration, folate deficiency, and possibly
      aplastic), infarctive crises (hand-foot syndrome, bone-pain, pulmonary and
      abdominal) or acute infections (malaria, pneumonia, septicaemia, meningitis,
      osteomyelitis). Tragically, many patients in central Africa have been infected by
      the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through blood transfusions; they present
      with generalised lymphadenopathy and other features of the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The principles of management are (1) to ensure
      freedom from malaria, (2) to continue folic acid supplements, (3) to give blood
      transfusions only when anaemia endangers life, (4) to control pain, (5) to
      restore hydration, and (6) to prescribe broad spectrum antibiotics in large
      dosage and without delay, but only when there are definite indications, such as
      fever (greater than 39 degrees C), acute pulmonary disease, meningitis, and acute
      osteomyelitis. The advent of HIV and AIDS makes the control of SCD of even
      greater importance. Principles of control are (1) early diagnosis through
      appropriate laboratory techniques and selective screening, (2) education of
      parents, patients, health professionals and public, and (3) the maintenance of
      health at sickle cell clinics; measures must include antimalarial prophylaxis.
      SCD programmes should be integrated with primary health care and AIDS control
      programmes.

PMID- 2650774
TI  - The presentation, management and prophylaxis of sickle cell disease.
AB  - Sickle cell disease (SCD) is encountered in all parts of the world where
      plasmodium falciparum has been endemic and has spread by migration to the
      temperate countries of the world resulting in a heavy caseload in Northern Europe
      and the United States. These patients in the temperate climates manifest most of
      the clinical problems associated with SCD in Tropical Africa and the West Indies.
      There are, however, differences between the groups in both the frequency and
      presentations of the clinical syndromes. The clinical management of SCD is
      discussed with particular reference to the potentially fatal sequestration
      syndromes: splenic, hepatic, 'the girdle syndrome' and 'the chest syndrome'. In
      all clinical situations encountered in SCD blood transfusions should be by
      isovolaemic exchange unless there is a marked fall in haematocrit (less than 5
      g/dl) as may occur with sequestration and aplasia. The criteria for exchange
      transfusion in the chest syndrome are a pAO2 of less than 60 mm Hg while
      breathing air or a rapidly deteriorating clinical picture. Analgesia for vaso
      occlusive sickle pain should be adequate and freely available which often
      requires the parental administration of opiates. We have delineated a small sub
      group (6%) of SCD patients, 'the non-copers', who manifest a high demand for
      analgesia. The prospects for cure, and the techniques and issues for antenatal
      diagnosis are reviewed demonstrating the importance of education and counselling.
      The significant reduction in mortality and morbidity of children with SCD taking
      penicillin prophylaxis is emphasised with the need for its early institution.

PMID- 2650775
TI  - Therapeutic options in chronic myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - The treatment of CML is unsatisfactory. Only bone marrow transplantation offers
      the possibility of cure. At present all other therapies are palliative and none
      has been shown to extend survival consistently. Busulphan and hydroxyurea remain
      the most widely used drugs for chronic phase. Intensive and non-intensive
      combination chemotherapy regimens have not produced significant improvement in
      survival. Interferon therapy is promising in patients who respond but requires
      further evaluation. Splenectomy does not improve survival but may be useful in
      selected circumstances. Extramedullary disease carries a poor prognosis and
      responds best to local treatment. The treatment of blast transformation is very
      difficult. The lymphoid variety should be recognised as response is better to
      appropriate treatment. Some Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome negative cases have
      disease which is probably identical to Ph positive disease and respond well to
      treatment. The others carry a very bad prognosis and respond poorly to treatment.

PMID- 2650776
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies in haematology.
AB  - The development of methods for the production of monoclonal antibodies is having
      an important impact in the field of immunohaematology. Four separate areas are
      implicated. First, there is the use of monoclonal antibodies in blood
      transfusion, where antibodies within the ABO, Rh, Lewis, P, MN, Kell and Lutheran
      systems are available. Most of the monoclonal antibodies are of murine origin but
      the techniques for producing human monoclonal antibodies is now well established
      and this is especially valuable in the Rh system, with the production so far of
      anti-c, D, -E, -e and -G. Secondly, there is a great potential for the use of
      monoclonal anti-D to substitute for polyclonal anti-D in the prophylaxis of
      haemolytic disease of the newborn. The introduction of these antibodies will
      depend on clinical trials using both the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses and on the
      ability to prepare antibody which is free of viruses and DNA. Thirdly, monoclonal
      antibodies are being used in basic research on red cell membranes to isolate and
      characterise blood group antigens. Finally, these antibodies are being used in
      bone marrow transplantation to purge the donor marrow of T-cells in order to
      reduce the incidence of graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2650777
TI  - Polycythemia: evaluation and management.
AB  - The approach to diagnosis and classification of patients with polycythemia is
      reviewed with presentation of general and specific guidelines for the management
      of patients with polycythemia vera, secondary polycythemia and relative
      polycythemia.

PMID- 2650778
TI  - Clinical use of haematopoietic growth factors.
AB  - Over the past decade experimental haematologists have identified and eventually
      characterised a number of polypeptide growth factors capable of stimulating the
      proliferation and differentiation of haemopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. The
      molecular cloning of these growth factors has now allowed their use in vivo, and
      some of them have shown promise in recent clinical trials. Most of the work has
      been done on erythropoietin and myeloid growth factors, which are discussed in
      this review. Erythropoietin has been used successfully as replacement therapy in
      the anaemia of end-stage renal failure, but may also prove clinically useful in
      other chronic anaemias and, in combination with other growth factors, as a
      stimulant of bone marrow regeneration following bone marrow transplant. Myeloid
      growth factors, and, in particular, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, have
      been shown to accelerate neutrophil recover in cancer patients following
      chemotherapy, with a reduction in the number of severe infections and mucositis.

PMID- 2650779
TI  - On the structure and function of endocytic transport systems.

PMID- 2650780
TI  - Heterogeneous distribution of phospholipids in membranes along the secretory
      pathway in pancreatic B-cells.
AB  - The membrane content in phospholipids along the secretory pathway in rat
      pancreatic B-cells was studied in situ by high-resolution cytochemistry, applying
      the recently introduced phospholipase A2-gold technique. The gold particles were
      mostly associated with cell membranes, and the various types of membranes were
      labeled to a different extent. Quantitation of the labeling over these membranes
      revealed a heterogeneous distribution of the labeling across the secretory
      pathway. This heretogeneity occurred mainly as a progressive, decreasing gradient
      in the first half of this pathway, between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and
      the mi-cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. The labeling density remained at a lower
      level in the trans-most Golgi cisternae and immature secretory granule membranes,
      to increase in the mature secretory granule membrane, where it reached the value
      found in the plasma membrane. These results provide evidence that the functional
      heterogeneity existing across the membrane forming the secretory pathway is
      parallelled by substantial changes in their phospholipid content.

PMID- 2650781
TI  - Audiological rehabilitation of older people: visual and vibrotactile
      considerations.
AB  - This paper discusses the peripheral and central visual and tactile pathways with
      respect to the diminishing integrity of the ageing nervous system. This
      discussion is based upon extant data derived from investigators in vision and
      vibrotactile sensation. The purpose in examining these investigations is to
      ascertain the problems associated with the use of vision and vibrotactile
      stimulation in the auditory rehabilitation of older people. Speed of processing
      and simultaneous use of pathways are factors to be considered carefully in order
      not to contribute to perceptual confusions. The writers hypothesize that the
      rehabilitative audiologist, when using the visual and tactile pathways of older
      patients for language processing is confronted with difficulties that are often
      encountered when using the auditory pathway in the presence of central auditory
      ageing effects. In view of the implications of the research findings in vision
      and vibrotactile sensation, suggestions are made to those professionals who work
      with older hearing-impaired people.

PMID- 2650782
TI  - Differential killing of murine B-cell leukemia (BCL1) by photosensitization with
      merocyanine 540: implications for autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The efficacy of photosensitization by merocyanine 540 (MC540), a lipophilic
      fluorescent dye, was investigated in the murine B cell leukemia (BCL1). Normal
      BALB/c mice were injected with BCL1 cells exposed to MC540, followed by
      photosensitization with white light for 15 min to 2 h. Mice injected with BCL1
      cells exposed for 1 or 2 h showed no sign of leukemia. Lethally irradiated mice
      were successfully reconstituted with mixtures of syngeneic bone marrow (BM) and
      BCL1 cells treated with MC540 following exposure to white light. Exposure of
      BM/BCL1 mixtures for 2 h proved to be effective in purging all BCL1 cells without
      affecting BM viability, as documented by normal hemopoietic reconstitution of all
      recipients surviving without evidence of leukemia. All recipients of untreated
      BM/BCL1 cell mixtures developed leukemia within 42 days. Adoptive transfer of
      10(6) spleen cells obtained from treated mice into secondary naive syngeneic
      recipients was carried out in order to test for dormant BCL1 cells in treated
      recipients. No leukemia developed in any of the secondary recipients. Previous
      studies indicate that as few as 10, or possibly less, BCL1 cells are sufficient
      to cause lethal disease in BALB/c recipients. Our results suggest that MC540 may
      be an extremely potent tool for in vitro elimination of residual tumor cells
      while leaving uncommitted progenitor hemopoietic cells intact for hemopoietic
      reconstitution following lethal marrow ablation.

PMID- 2650783
TI  - Anti LFA1 monoclonal antibody for the prevention of graft rejection after T cell
      depleted HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation for leukemia in adults.
AB  - A mouse IgG monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against the human LFA1 molecule
      (25.3 MoAb) was used in nine adult leukemic patients to prevent graft rejection
      after T cell-depleted HLA matched bone marrow transplantation. Based on the
      results of a previous study in children 0.1 mg/kg of 25.3 was given on days -3, 
      1, +1, +3, +5 in addition to a standard conditioning regimen with
      cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) and fractionated total body irradiation. The marrow
      transplant was T cell-depleted using T101 Fab immunotoxin ricin A chain. Seven
      patients received post-graft immunosuppression with methotrexate and cyclosporine
      A; two patients received no immunosuppression post-graft. A mean T cell depletion
      of 98.3% (80-100%) was achieved. Tolerance to the infusions of 25.3 MoAb was
      excellent. No patient developed any form of graft-versus-host disease. However
      two patients failed to engraft and three patients had delayed graft failures.
      These results show that this regimen of anti LFA1 MoAb, which was extremely good
      at permitting engraftment of HLA mismatched T cell-depleted transplant in
      children with constitutional diseases, is not able to prevent graft failure and
      rejection of T cell-depleted HLA matched transplants in adults with leukemia.
      Further efforts are needed to overcome graft failures in this clinical situation.

PMID- 2650784
TI  - Factors predicting chronic graft-versus-host disease and survival after marrow
      transplantation for aplastic anemia.
AB  - The cumulative incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was 48%
      among 165 patients with severe aplastic anemia who had been discharged from
      Seattle 3 months after they were treated with marrow grafts from HLA-identical
      siblings. Estimated 10-year survival was 85%. Preceding acute GVHD had a
      dominating influence on the development of chronic GVHD. Almost all patients with
      grades II-IV and 67% of those with grade I acute GVHD developed chronic GVHD.
      Among patients without previous acute GVHD, three factors were independently
      correlated with an increased risk of de novo chronic GVHD: increasing patient
      age, the infusion of buffy coat cells in addition to the marrow, and
      corticosteroid therapy before transplantation. For example, patients below and
      above age 20 years who had neither buffy coat cell transfusions nor preceding
      corticosteroid therapy had an incidence of chronic GVHD of only 4-8%, while those
      with either buffy coat cell transfusions or corticosteroids or both had incidence
      rates of 33-70%. The development of chronic GVHD significantly influenced
      survival. Among 83 patients without chronic GVHD, only one died (on day 150 with
      interstitial pneumonia), compared to 23 deaths among 82 patients with chronic
      GVHD. For results of marrow grafting for aplastic anemia to improve, better
      prevention of chronic GVHD is needed.

PMID- 2650785
TI  - Assessment and management of donor pain following marrow harvest for allogeneic
      bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - We studied the time course and intensity of pain of multiple bone marrow
      aspirations in 30 healthy adult marrow donors receiving acetaminophen with
      codeine for analgesia immediately after marrow harvesting for allogeneic bone
      marrow transplantation. Upon discharge, donors were supplied with acetaminophen
      (315 mg) plus codeine (30 mg) tablets and instructed to use one or two tablets up
      to every 4 h as needed for pain control. Donors used analgesic medication for a
      mean (+/- SE) of 3.3 +/- 0.5 days (range = 1-13 days) and reported less than
      complete pain relief. Subjects reported more pain at time of medication than
      between doses, indicating that the analgesic was at least partially effective.
      Male donors tended to report more pain and use more analgesic than did females.
      We conclude that donors self-regulate their analgesic usage to achieve maximal
      relief and that incomplete relief with acetaminophen plus codeine may be due to
      limited efficacy of this analgesic preparation. Our findings suggest that donor
      pain management may be improved by use of more powerful analgesics.

PMID- 2650786
TI  - Anthracyclines added to the conditioning regimen for allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation are associated with a slower haematopoietic recovery.
AB  - Factors which may influence haematopoietic recovery after allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation were analysed. Forty-six evaluable patients transplanted with
      lymphocyte-depleted marrow for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, acute non
      lymphoblastic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and
      severe aplastic anaemia were studied. The median time for platelet recovery to
      greater than or equal to 20 and to greater than or equal to 50 x 10(9)/l was 21
      (9-72) and 26 (11-86) days respectively. The neutrophil recovery to greater than
      or equal to 0.5 x 10(9)/l and the leucocyte recovery to greater than or equal to
      1.0 x 10(9)/l was 19 (8-47) and 18 (6-47) days respectively. No relation was
      found between the number of infused granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells,
      erythroid burst-forming cells, diagnosis, graft-versus-host disease, antibiotic
      administration and recovery. Addition of a continuous 6-day infusion of
      anthracyclines to the conditioning regimen delayed the median recovery of
      platelets, neutrophils and leucocytes by 7-9 days. Fever during aplasia also
      inhibited haematopoietic recovery. It is speculated that leakage of intracellular
      anthracyclines after bone marrow infusion or fever secondary to anthracyclines
      induced oromucositis is responsible for the delayed bone marrow recovery.

PMID- 2650787
TI  - Prevention of leukemic relapse after transplantation with lymphocyte depleted
      marrow by intensification of the conditioning regimen with a 6-day continuous
      infusion of anthracyclines.
AB  - In the present study we have evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of a 6-day
      continuous constant rate intravenous infusion of anthracyclines added to the
      standard conditioning regimen for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT).
      In 22 consecutive recipients of a lymphocyte depleted bone marrow graft, either
      demethoxydaunomycin (n = 11) or daunorubicin (n = 11) were added to high-dose
      cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. Five patients had acute non
      lymphoblastic leukemia in first complete remission, six patients acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia in first or second complete remission, nine patients
      chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase and two patients refractory anemia
      with excess of blasts. After a median observation period of 18 months, only one
      leukemic relapse has been observed. Six patients died in the post-transplant
      period. In 17 of the 22 patients a severe, transient mucositis developed. No
      cardiac toxicity, as assessed with radioisotope studies, was observed. We
      conclude that anthracyclines may be effectively and safely incorporated in
      conditioning regimens before BMT, provided that they are administered as long
      term continuous infusions in order to avoid toxicity due to excessive plasma
      levels.

PMID- 2650788
TI  - Chemoradiotherapy toxicity during bone marrow transplantation: time course and
      variation in pain and nausea.
AB  - Chemoradiotherapy-induced toxicity following unmodified allogeneic marrow
      grafting was studied. Patients with hematologic malignancy (n = 157) received
      cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) followed by single or fractionated total body
      irradiation (TBI); aplastic anemia patients (n = 41) received only
      cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg). Physicians rated mucositis, pain and nausea daily
      as (0) none, (1) mild, (2) moderate, (3) severe, (4) life threatening. Oral
      mucositis pain began several days prior to transplant, peaked during the second
      week after transplant, and declined thereafter. Patients with hematologic
      malignancies (maximum mean rating of 1.6, day 11) experienced more pain than
      aplastic anemia patients (maximum mean rating of 0.7, day 6). Nausea peaked
      before transplant and gradually declined. Nausea was higher (p less than 0.001)
      in patients with aplastic anemia (maximum mean rating of 1.3, day -2) than with
      hematologic malignancies (maximum mean rating of 0.9, day -6). There was no
      significant difference between single dose 1000 cGy and 6-day 1200 cGy
      irradiation. Recipients of 1575 cGy rather than 1200 cGy TBI had significantly (p
      less than 0.01) higher levels of pain (mean rating 1.25 and 0.82, respectively)
      and nausea (mean rating 1.27 and 0.72, respectively). Additional research is
      needed to determine the predictors, consequences and best methods of controlling
      these toxicities.

PMID- 2650789
TI  - Varicella-zoster virus infections after autologous bone marrow transplantation in
      children.
AB  - We report a retrospective analysis of children who underwent autologous bone
      marrow transplantation (ABMT) and subsequently developed a varicella-zoster virus
      (VZV) infection. Among 236 patients transplanted between January 1979 and
      December 1987, 54 (23%) aged 2 to 18.5 years (mean 7.2) developed 60 VZV
      infections (25%); there were 10 cases of chicken-pox in 10 patients, 43 zoster
      infections in 41 patients and seven disseminated zoster infections in seven
      patients. Eighty-seven percent of VZV infections occurred within the first 6
      months after bone marrow transplantation, with a mean interval of 89 days. No
      significant risk factors for the development of zoster infections were
      identified. The incidence of VZV infections following ABMT was similar to that
      observed after allogeneic bone marrow transplant but the onset was earlier after
      ABMT (3 vs 5 months) and there were fewer complications (2 vs 18%). Acyclovir
      and/or adenine arabinoside were administered to 46 patients. One child who had
      had chicken-pox died of interstitial pneumonitis due to VZV despite antiviral
      therapy. No other symptomatic visceral dissemination was observed.

PMID- 2650790
TI  - The recovery of resistance to alloengraftment following lethal irradiation and
      administration of T cell-depleted syngeneic bone marrow.
AB  - Recent studies from this laboratory have shown that unmanipulated, MHC-mismatched
      allogeneic bone marrow (BM) engrafts and produces complete allogeneic chimerism
      when administered to recipient mice 8 days following lethal irradiation and
      reconstitution with T cell-depleted (TCD) syngeneic bone marrow. Host
      lymphopoietic recovery thus appears to be insufficient by 8 days after
      irradiation and TCD syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to resist
      alloengraftment. In the present studies we have examined the development of such
      resistance to alloengraftment by determining the limits of the time period
      permitting engraftment, and have assessed the role of allogeneic T cells in
      achieving chimerism after delayed allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Our
      results indicate that increasing the delay for more than 8 days following
      irradiation and TCD syngeneic BMT leads to a rapid loss of the ability to achieve
      alloengraftment by non-TCD allogeneic bone marrow. Removal of T cells from
      allogeneic BM inocula administered 8 days after irradiation and TCD syngeneic BMT
      resulted in loss of the ability to achieve alloengraftment. Repopulation patterns
      in host spleens following delayed reconstitution suggest that active elimination
      of engrafted syngeneic lymphohemopoietic elements is necessary to permit
      engraftment of allogeneic marrow administered after such a delay.

PMID- 2650791
TI  - Pulmonary fibrosis after bone marrow transplantation responsive to treatment with
      prednisone and cyclosporine.
AB  - Interstitial pneumonitis and biopsy-proven pulmonary fibrosis developed in a 35
      year-old man with acute myeloblastic leukemia 4 months after conditioning with
      total body irradiation, etoposide and cyclophosphamide and allogeneic marrow
      transplantation from an HLA-identical sister. The patient had no evidence of
      graft-versus-host disease. Under treatment with cyclosporine and prednisone the
      patient became asymptomatic and radiographic changes of the chest normalized.
      Following discontinuation of immunosuppressive treatment the patient again became
      dyspneic, and chest radiographs showed bilateral diffuse interstitial
      infiltrates. Concurrently there was a rise in serum transaminases. Treatment with
      prednisone again resulted in resolution of all symptoms and normalization of
      radiographic and hepatic function abnormalities. This case indicates that late
      onset interstitial pneumonitis may respond to immunosuppressive therapy.
      Conceivably, such pulmonary disease may represent the first or only manifestation
      of chronic graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2650792
TI  - Fatal hepatitis B reactivation after autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - We report a fatal case of hepatitis B reactivation following autologous bone
      marrow transplantation for acute lymphocytic leukaemia. The presence of
      antibodies to HBs and HBc at presentation indicated previous infection with
      hepatitis B; these antibodies disappeared during the course of treatment for
      leukaemia. HBsAg was first detected in serum 5 weeks post-transplant; liver
      function tests began to deteriorate 8 weeks later, when HBeAg was first detected.
      The hepatitis followed a fulminant course, and the patient died 10 days later, in
      the 15th week following transplant.

PMID- 2650793
TI  - Establishment of donor hematopoiesis after hydroxyurea-induced aplasia following
      allograft failure in a patient with monosomy 7 variant of childhood chronic
      myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - Monosomy 7 variant childhood chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a rare, fatal
      leukemia that usually terminates in blast crisis. We report successful marrow
      transplantation in a patient with this disease using his one HLA locus mismatched
      mother. Initially following transplant the patient exhibited mixed hematopoietic
      chimerism, cytogenetic relapse, and clinical relapse of leukemia. However,
      following recovery from a period of hydroxyurea-induced aplasia, marrow studies
      showed elimination of the mixed chimerism, absence of the 45,XY,-7 leukemic clone
      and full engraftment with donor marrow (46,XX). The ability of hydroxyurea to
      eliminate mixed chimerism in favor of donor hematopoiesis and to eliminate the
      persistent leukemic clone in this patient with CML suggests treatment approaches
      worthy of future investigation.

PMID- 2650794
TI  - Increased plasma 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in veno-occlusive disease of the liver
      following bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2650795
TI  - Drug interaction between cyclosporin and phenytoin in allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 2650796
TI  - 10 year cumulative index, 1978-1987.

PMID- 2650797
TI  - Thymopentin (TP-5) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A randomized control trial of TP-5 in rheumatoid arthritis is reported. In a
      multicentre study, 76 patients were treated with TP-5 50 mg or placebo three
      times a week for 3 weeks as a slow intravenous injection, and followed for 7
      weeks. Clinical parameters such as the Ritchie index and sum score of swollen
      joints improved significantly on TP-5 compared to placebo. Laboratory parameters
      did not change but an increased skin test score to common recall antigens was
      observed. Toxicity was minimal. TP-5 is a potentially useful agent in the
      treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, although further studies are required to
      determine the optimal treatment regimen.

PMID- 2650798
TI  - Combination therapy with gold and hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis: a
      prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
AB  - We studied combination therapy with two slow-acting antirheumatic drugs given
      concurrently in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A 12-month prospective
      randomized controlled trial compared gold and hydroxychloroquine in 52 patients
      to gold and placebo in 49. The patients continued to receive non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs and analgesics. They were selected from three rheumatology
      centres in the West Midlands. Combination therapy led to a greater number of
      withdrawals due to adverse reactions (18 cases compared to 10 receiving
      gold/placebo). Patients completing 12 months' therapy (27 taking
      gold/hydroxychloroquine and 32 on gold/placebo) were compared using five
      clinical, seven laboratory, and one radiological measure. All 13 variables
      favoured gold/hydroxychloroquine with an overall advantage of 20-25% for the
      combination. This only reached statistical significance (at the 1% level) for C
      reactive protein. An overall disease activity index was better at 12 months (at
      the 5% level) and showed a more rapid response with gold/hydroxychloroquine. This
      is the first randomized prospective placebo-controlled trial to show a
      significant advantage from a combination of two slow-acting drugs. There are many
      different ways of giving such combinations and we consider these should be
      explored to maximize the effectiveness of treatment for RA.

PMID- 2650799
TI  - Diurnal periodicity of cortisol secretion, immune reactivity and disease activity
      in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for steroid treatment.

PMID- 2650800
TI  - Paul and Carol--2. More molecular immunogenetics.

PMID- 2650801
TI  - Drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis--a perspective.

PMID- 2650802
TI  - Evidence for a contribution of the auditory cortex to audiospinal facilitation in
      man.
AB  - Facilitation of the spinal monosynaptic reflex by auditory stimulation has been
      demonstrated previously in animals and man. Analysis of the time course of
      audiospinal facilitation (ASF) in normal subjects is reported. The role of the
      cerebral cortex in the control of audiospinal facilitation was investigated in 32
      patients with anatomically well-circumscribed lesions, the precise topography of
      which was determined stereotaxically. Lesions of the caudal part (Heschl's gyrus
      and temporal plane) of the superior temporal gyrus selectively depressed ASF
      evoked by contralateral auditory stimulation. In contrast, lesions in temporal,
      parietal and occipital lobes had no effect. Results obtained with frontal lobe
      lesions were not homogeneous. The specific involvement of auditory cortex in the
      gating of behavioral audiomotor reactions is discussed.

PMID- 2650803
TI  - Distribution and possible metabolic role of class III alcohol dehydrogenase in
      the human brain.
AB  - In human brain, the sole alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) present in significant
      quantity has been shown to be Class III (chi) ADH and this ADH is ineffective in
      generating potentially toxic and reactive acetaldehyde from ethanol at
      concentrations attainable in living brain tissue. We have extended this finding
      to show that Class I ADH potentially present is undetectable even when
      concentrated several hundred-fold. Purified Class III ADH from human brain is
      identical in its pattern of tryptic peptides and in other properties to Class III
      ADH from human liver. Immunohistochemical staining and western immunoblots using
      polyclonal antibodies reveal that Class III ADH is widely distributed in brian
      and most concentrated in the subependymal layer and perivascular areas. Class III
      ADH closely resembles omega-hydroxyfatty acid dehydrogenase and a possible role
      for the brain enzyme is in the oxidation of long chain fatty alcohols and omega
      hydroxyfatty acids.

PMID- 2650804
TI  - Prenatal development of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-containing systems in
      rat brain.
AB  - Pre-embedding immunofluorescence was used to study the development of the
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-containing neuronal systems in the brain of
      fetal and newborn rats. Immunoreactive cell bodies are first seen in association
      with the ventral olfactory bulb at the fetal embryonic (E) day 15. At day E 17,
      single GnRH-containing neurons are found in the nasal system, along the olfactory
      nerve, in the ganglion terminale, olfactory bulb, septum-diagonal band complex,
      olfactory tubercle and in the ventrolateral hypothalamus. A major spurt in the
      development of the brain GnRH-containing systems occurs between days E 18 and E
      19. At day E 19, immunoreactive cell bodies are present in all areas as in the
      adult animals, however, in smaller number. GnRH-containing fibers are first
      detected in the nasal system at day E 17. At day E 18, GnRH positive projections
      are present in the nervus terminalis, in the developing organum vasculosum of the
      lamina terminalis and ventral hypothalamus. By day E 19, GnRH containing
      connections are established with most of the final target areas. These areas
      include the caudal olfactory bulb, lateral septum, stria terminalis, fimbria
      hippocampi, habenula, supramammillary commissure and central gray. In the
      hypothalamus, 3 major pathways are recognized: a ventral projection which runs in
      and beneath the optic chiasm toward the median eminence; a ventrolateral tract
      which is located lateral to the optic chiasm and which projects along the optic
      tract toward the lateral thalamus as well as to the median eminence; a
      periventricular network which projects to the habenula and, in a caudal
      direction, to the mediobasal hypothalamus including the median eminence. The
      results of the present study suggest that the GnRH neuronal systems develop
      considerably earlier than previously reported and that the intracerebral GnRH
      containing fiber connections are established several days before birth.

PMID- 2650805
TI  - The role of spinal cord inputs in modulating the activity of reticulospinal
      neurons during fictive locomotion in the lamprey.
AB  - Lamprey reticulospinal neurons are rhythmically modulated during fictive
      swimming. The present study examines the possibility that this modulation may
      originate from the spinal cord locomotor networks rather than from the brainstem.
      To test this, the in vitro preparation of the lamprey brainstem-spinal cord was
      separated into two compartments which could be exposed to different chemical
      environments. Locomotor activity was induced pharmacologically in the caudal
      spinal cord compartment and reticulospinal (RS) neurons from the posterior
      rhombencephalic reticular nucleus (PRRN) were recorded intracellularly in the
      rostral compartment containing normal lamprey Ringer. Under these conditions, the
      membrane potential of RS neurons showed clear rhythmic oscillations which are
      correlated with the ongoing locomotor activity in the caudal spinal cord bath,
      although no locomotor discharges were present in the ventral roots of the rostral
      bath. Such oscillations were not present in the absence of locomotion. These
      results indicate that the spinal cord locomotor networks can contribute to the
      rhythmic oscillations which occur in RS neurons during fictive locomotion.
      Moreover, the latter oscillations of membrane potential are due to both phasic
      excitation and Cl- -dependent inhibition in the opposite phase.

PMID- 2650806
TI  - Dopamine receptors in human brain: autoradiographic distribution of D1 and D2
      sites in Parkinson syndrome of different etiology.
AB  - The distribution and density of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors were examined by
      autoradiography in postmortem brain tissue from patients with pathological
      diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, status lacunaris, clinical parkinsonism without
      neuropathological lesions and in age-matched controls. The D1 antagonist [3H]SCH
      23390 and the D2 agonist [3H]CV 205-502 were used as ligands. No significant
      differences in the distribution or density of D1 or D2 receptors were found in
      Parkinson's disease in the areas examined, including the nucleus caudatus,
      putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra. In contrast, cases presenting
      lacunar lesions in the striatum showed marked decreases in D1 and D2 receptor
      densities in this region. Patients clinically diagnosed as parkinsonians but
      without Parkinson's disease lesions or striatal lacunar softenings showed reduced
      densities of D2 receptors in the nucleus caudatus and putamen, while in the
      substantia nigra the densities were comparable to controls. In the basal ganglia
      of these cases D1 receptors were slightly decreased.

PMID- 2650807
TI  - Localization of spinal cord preganglionic neurons innervating the superior
      cervical ganglion in the golden hamster.
AB  - The retrograde neuronal tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) was used to determine the
      location and distribution of preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord
      of the golden hamster. FG was injected unilaterally into the superior cervical
      ganglia. Labeled neurons were found only ipsilateral to the injection site in
      segments C8 to T5 of which the segments T1 to T3 contained about 98% of the
      labeled cells. Neurons were found in four regions of the spinal cord: the
      intermediolateral nucleus (43%), the lateral funiculus (55%), the central
      autonomic area (1%) and the intercalated region (less than 1%). In the
      intermediolateral nucleus, cells often were arranged in clusters of which several
      were seen in each spinal segment.

PMID- 2650808
TI  - Lateral geniculate lesions alter circadian activity rhythms in the hamster.
AB  - The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receives photic input via a direct
      retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and an indirect geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT).
      The neurons giving rise to the GHT are in the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of
      the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and contain neuropeptide-Y (NPY)
      immunoreactivity. The present study used the neurotoxin, N-methyl aspartate
      (NMA), to examine the effects of lesions of the LGN on circadian wheelrunning in
      the hamster. The results are compared to those from control lesioned animals and
      animals with parasigittal cuts through the hypothalamus. The effectiveness of the
      lesions was examined with NPY immunohistochemistry of the SCN and IGL. NMA
      injections destroyed the neurons of the IGL and the adjacent ventral and dorsal
      divisions of the LGN and greatly reduced NPY immunoreactivity in the SCN. The
      results of the rhythm studies were: 1) NMA injection into the LGN area produced
      phase advances if the injection occurred within the 12 hr preceding activity
      onset and delays or no effect if injected during the 12 hr after activity onset;
      2) the NMA lesions reduced the rate of reentrainment to 6 hr shifts in the LD
      14:10 photoperiod and advanced the entrained phase angles by about 10 min; 3) the
      knife cuts advanced the entrained phase angles by about 30 min; 4) neither NMA
      lesions nor knife cuts altered circadian period in constant dim light. Our
      results indicate that the GHT is not required for entrainment or normal
      expression of circadian rhythmicity, but that the GHT does exert an influence on
      entrainment.

PMID- 2650809
TI  - Viewing ophthalmology through postage stamps.

PMID- 2650810
TI  - Historical aspects of ophthalmic lasers.

PMID- 2650811
TI  - Ophthalmic heritage at the Foundation of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

PMID- 2650812
TI  - Hippocrates: the ideal physician then and now.

PMID- 2650813
TI  - A fresh approach to child protection practice and legislation in Australia.
AB  - This paper outlines some of the findings and approaches of the Victorian Review.
      It assesses a stylized "orthodox model" of child welfare law and practice, a
      model which remains in many Australian jurisdictions and which has its popularity
      in Britain, Canada, and the United States. It concludes that serious
      consideration should be given to rebuilding and strengthening these arrangements.
      This entails emphasis on utilizing laws to serve an educative function and
      facilitating access by children and families to preventive and support services.
      It argues that a broad concept of neglect should be adopted and that the "welfare
      orientation" of the Children's Court requires reconsideration, because the
      capacity of courts to resolve entrenched structural problems of society has been
      overrated. Welfare practice, and specifically a community approach to welfare,
      should shape the primary response to protection of children; judicial involvement
      should be a last resort.

PMID- 2650814
TI  - Multiple systems organ failure: failure of host defense homeostasis.
AB  - To understand the processes involved in the development of MSOF, we will first
      define what is meant by the terms sepsis, shock, MSOF, malignant intravascular
      inflammation, proinflammatory mediator, and immunocompromised host. We will then
      briefly discuss manifestations of single organ system failure as they relate to
      the expression of MSOF, offering as we do, hypotheses with regard to the basic
      mechanisms of MSOF. Finally, because infection and host response to it appear to
      be central in the development of MSOF, we will discuss the pathophysiology of
      septic shock.

PMID- 2650815
TI  - Multiple systems organ failure: epidemiology and prognosis.
AB  - This article reviews the basic epidemiologic and prognostic data for the syndrome
      of MSOF. When MSOF is defined as severe physiologic abnormalities, it occurs
      following a wide variety of diseases. The distinguishing feature of MSOF appears
      not to be the underlying etiology, but the uniform and frequently fatal outcome
      once it develops. This suggests that MSOF may represent a final common pathway to
      death rather than a clinical syndrome with a single underlying etiology.
      Regardless of cause, evaluating the incremental impact of new therapy on MSOF
      will be assisted by the adoption of uniform definitions as well as by the
      explicit measurement of severity of disease and calculation of individual
      probabilities of death.

PMID- 2650816
TI  - Circulatory disturbances in multiple systems organ failure.
AB  - Circulatory disturbances in MSOF disturb normal metabolic autoregulation, the
      ability to continuously couple tissue oxygen delivery with oxygen need. These may
      occur at three levels of the circulation: the heart; the regional circulations;
      and the microcirculation. This article will summarize evidence demonstrating that
      MSOF is associated with reduced tissue oxygen delivery by virtue of changes in
      all three circulatory components governing the inadequacy of metabolic
      autoregulation in sepsis.

PMID- 2650817
TI  - Oxygen delivery and uptake by peripheral tissues: physiology and pathophysiology.
AB  - When oxygen availability to tissues becomes limited, several mechanisms interact
      to maintain a supply-independent O2 uptake by tissues. Among tissues, adrenergic
      vasoconstriction prevents a vascular steal of a limited O2 supply by tissues with
      low metabolic demands. Within tissues, increases in perfused capillary density
      facilitate an increase in the extraction ratio for oxygen ([CaO2-CvO2]/CaO2).
      Factors that disrupt the physiologic balance between sympathetic-mediated
      vasoconstriction and local metabolic vasodilation may impair the ability of the
      organism to adjust the regional extraction of oxygen in response to changes in O2
      delivery, resulting in a pathologic dependence of O2 uptake on supply. Patients
      with ARDS have demonstrated such an O2 extraction defect, although the mechanism
      is not fully understood. Although a tissue mitochondrial abnormality could
      explain these findings, experimental studies of endotoxemia and bacteremia
      demonstrate a peripheral O2 extraction defect similar to that seen in patients.
      This defect has been found at the whole body level and within intestine, but not
      within skeletal muscle. Evidence points to a defect in microvascular control as
      the mechanism responsible for the defect. Other evidence suggests that damaged
      peripheral endothelial cells may mediate the loss of vascular control. Hence, in
      patients with ARDS a damaged endothelium in the pulmonary circulation contributes
      to the lung edemagenesis, and damaged peripheral endothelium may mediate the
      defect in microvascular control, leading to the pathologic dependence of oxygen
      uptake on delivery.

PMID- 2650818
TI  - Cellular oxygen utilization during multiple organ failure.
AB  - Organ survival depends on adequate tissue oxygenation and normal metabolic
      function. In MSOF there are changes in O2 transport and cellular bioenergetics.
      These metabolic alterations may set in motion mechanisms of cellular damage that
      will affect microcirculatory control and the ability of the cell to maintain both
      function and homeostasis.

PMID- 2650819
TI  - Hypermetabolism-organ failure syndrome: a metabolic response to injury.
AB  - The hypermetabolism-organ failure syndrome, a common disease entity, continues to
      account for most of the ICU deaths in surgical patients. This article reviews the
      phases of the response to injury process that culminates in organ failure and
      describes the patterns it may take. Current therapy for hypermetabolism-organ
      failure syndrome is also reviewed.

PMID- 2650820
TI  - Proposed role for leukotrienes in the pathophysiology of multiple systems organ
      failure.
AB  - The leukotrienes are a group of biologically active products of arachidonic acid
      metabolism that have been demonstrated to possess the capability to alter
      vascular reactivity as well as vascular permeability when applied topically to
      tissues or infused into the vascular bed of various organs. These biologic
      effects of the exogenous leukotrienes have led to the speculation that these
      arachidonic acid metabolites could be important mediators in the pathophysiologic
      events that culminate in the development of acute lung injury and MSOF. Increased
      production of inflammatory mediators is undoubtedly a contributing factor to the
      pathophysiologic events that culminate in MSOF. LTB4 has been shown to be a
      potent stimulator of neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion. It is possible that LTB4
      may be responsible for initiation or amplification of the inflammatory response
      in this syndrome. The sulfidopeptide leukotrienes have profound effects on
      cardiac function, which may be mediated through effects on both coronary blood
      flow and cardiac contractility. These arachidonic acid metabolites are also
      capable of altering blood flow to several vascular beds and, when synthesized
      endogenously and released, may be important in the regulation of the peripheral
      circulation. Endogenous leukotrienes may have physiologic or pathophysiologic
      effects on cardiac output and its distribution to peripheral vascular beds or on
      systemic blood pressure. In view of the observations that alterations in cardiac
      output, blood pressure, and individual organ blood flow have been demonstrated in
      the clinical setting of ARDs and MSOF, it is attractive to suggest that the
      leukotrienes may contribute to the hemodynamic alterations observed in these
      clinical conditions. In addition to their effects on vascular smooth muscle and
      the myocardium, the leukotrienes have been shown to increase the permeability of
      blood vessels. In the case of the sulfidopeptide leukotrienes, the enhanced
      vascular permeability appears to be a direct effect of these lipoxygenase
      metabolites. Although LTB4 may directly increase vascular permeability, several
      lines of evidence suggest that the recruitment and activity of neutrophils is
      required for edema formation to develop following application of this
      leukotriene. Enhanced capillary permeability, at least in the pulmonary
      circulation, is a hallmark of ARDS and is also frequently present in MSOF. The
      leukotrienes, either through direct effects on vessels or through recruitment of
      inflammatory cells, are likely contributors to the nonhydrostatic edema
      associated with these syndromes.

PMID- 2650821
TI  - Induction of tissue injury and altered cardiovascular performance by platelet
      activating factor: relevance to multiple systems organ failure.
AB  - PAF is a phospholipid formed from the action of phospholipase A2 upon cellular
      membranes in response to immunologic or hypoxic stimuli. PAF does not exist in
      its active form as a storage product within cells, but is synthesized rapidly
      after phospholipase A2 activation. A potent lipid released by multiple cell types
      in mammalian systems, the emerging perspective is that PAF is a major endogenous
      mediator influencing the pathogenesis and outcome of ischemia and conditions of
      circulatory shock. These effects appear to be especially relevant to the syndrome
      of MSOF during critical illness. All of the major criteria for validation of a
      shock factor have been fulfilled for PAF. First, PAF has been measured in
      biological fluid of animals during shock states, although this is not an easy
      task since PAF is formed in minute amounts and is rapidly metabolized.
      Nevertheless, combinations of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and
      bioassay methods employing washed rabbit platelets have been successfully
      utilized in this regard. Second, synthetic PAF has been injected into cell
      suspensions, isolated tissues, and live animals, where it produces most of the
      effects attributed to endogenous PAF released by immunologic or hypoxic stimuli.
      These studies have shown that PAF exerts a variety of pathophysiologic actions,
      including (1) cardiodepression (that is, a negative inotropic effect), (2)
      reductions in systemic blood pressure, (3) leakage of fluid from the
      microvasculature, (4) bronchoconstriction, and (5) platelet aggregation. All of
      these actions of PAF can initiate or exacerbate shock and ischemic injury in
      multiple organ systems. Third, specific PAF receptor antagonists have been found
      to markedly attenuate the severity of endotoxic, anaphylactic, hemorrhagic, and
      traumatic shock, as well as acute myocardial ischemia. In all these conditions, a
      variety of PAF receptor antagonists (including PAF analogues and structurally
      dissimilar substances) have improved survival and have retarded pathophysiologic
      processes believed to be important in causing tissue injury. These processes
      include lysosomal membrane damage and proteolysis. Moreover PAF receptor
      antagonists attenuate the release of secondary toxic factors in shock, such as
      myocardial depressant factor. Thus, administration of specific PAF receptor
      antagonists early in the course of circulatory shock and organ ischemia may prove
      to be useful therapeutic agents in a variety of life-threatening disorders. In
      addition to having direct actions, PAF appears to function as a pivotal agent in
      a chain of mediators producing tissue injury. Recent evidence suggests that tumor
      necrosis factors (i.e., cachectin) stim

PMID- 2650822
TI  - Cachectin in tissue injury, shock, and related states.
AB  - In the cytokine cascade, a central position is occupied by that molecule known as
      "cachectin" or "tumor necrosis factor," because this molecule, more than any
      other, has been shown to mediate the biologic effects of LPS, and to provoke a
      state of wasting very similar to that observed in cancer cachexia. The history of
      the isolation of this factor is instructive, because it illustrates the fact that
      a single mediator may transduce a broad spectrum of biologic effects, and may
      thus present itself to investigators interested in very disparate phenomena.

PMID- 2650823
TI  - Initial management of circulatory shock as prevention of MSOF.
AB  - Circulatory shock can be defined today as an imbalance between oxygen demand and
      oxygen supply, resulting in the development of lactic acidosis. The correction of
      the tissue hypoxia is usually achieved by an increase in oxygen transport
      following the administration of oxygen, blood, and other fluids and sometimes
      vasoactive agents. A reduction in the metabolic needs sometimes can contribute to
      correcting the oxygen deficit. The adequacy of oxygen supply can be assessed by
      monitoring either blood lactate levels or oxygen consumption immediately before
      and after an abrupt increase in oxygen transport.

PMID- 2650824
TI  - Mechanism-oriented therapy for multiple systems organ failure.
AB  - Damage caused by systemic sepsis is only in part caused by the viable microbe and
      therefore treatable by antibiotics. Most damage is produced by host defenses. The
      rationale for anti-inflammatory therapy in severely septic patients is based on
      these concepts. A variety of anti-inflammatory agents are being studied that
      might help "tide the patient through" the initial phases of the septic event
      until antimicrobial therapy has had a chance to work. Antibiotics certainly help
      minimize the suppurative complications of bacteremia/septicemia. The initial
      approach to the septic patient should be rapid but thorough, permitting data to
      be gathered that will permit decisions ultimately to be made as to whether or not
      sepsis was actually present and what appropriate therapeutic agents are best for
      longer term treatment. The septic patient will continue to provide a challenge to
      the clinician. The better one understands the mechanisms involved in the
      pathophysiology of the development of severe sepsis, septic shock, and the
      syndrome of MSOF, the better will become the clinical management of such
      patients. Also, development of additional such insights will certainly permit
      important new therapeutic modalities to evolve.

PMID- 2650825
TI  - Clinical anatomy of the equine foot.
AB  - A review of investigations of the functional anatomy of the equine foot is
      presented. Emphasis is placed on the relationships of structures involved in the
      major diseases of the foot.

PMID- 2650826
TI  - Pathophysiology of navicular syndrome.
AB  - Navicular syndrome is a degenerative disorder of the distal half of the flexor
      surface of the proximal sesamoid bone that is predisposed by faulty foot
      conformation. In horses that become symptomatic, the faulty conformation results
      in sustained application of nonphysiologic pressure by the deep digital flexor
      tendon against the flexor cortex of the bone. This force stimulates an intense
      bone remodeling response in order to attenuate the pressure. An unfortunate
      sequela of this response is active hyperemia and edema formation in the medullary
      cavity of the bone. The edema is organized by fibrous tissue resulting in venous
      entrapment, venous hypertension, vascular bone pain, and the onset of clinical
      signs.

PMID- 2650827
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of the navicular syndrome in horses.
AB  - Navicular syndrome can be treated in a variety of ways. This is related to the
      fact that it has a variety of causes. Prognostically, most horses will improve
      with treatment. One can expect about 50 per cent of the horses to become useably
      sound for 1 year, no matter what treatment is used. The disease is progressive,
      and affected horses eventually will need to be retired because of lameness. The
      author's therapeutic approach is to utilize shoeing as the primary therapy.
      Shoeing is performed to correct structural problems and to ensure that shoeing is
      physiologically sound. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not used unless
      radical changes have been made in the shoeing. In cases of confirmed distal
      interphalangeal joint synovitis, either sodium hyaluronate or polysulfated
      glycosaminoglycans will be used in conjunction with shoeing. In cases where
      decreased circulation is documented, isoxsuprine hydrochloride will be
      administered if shoeing alone has not improved the horse within 6 weeks. If
      therapy does not improve the horse within 6 to 12 weeks, palmar digital
      neurectomy is recommended.

PMID- 2650828
TI  - Fractures of the distal phalanx in the horse.
AB  - Fractures of the distal phalanx are an important cause of lameness referrable to
      the foot. Depending on the fracture configuration and articular involvement,
      conservative or surgical treatment may be required. Fractures of the distal
      phalanx have been divided into six categories based on fracture configuration.
      Discussion of clinical features, management, and prognosis for horses with distal
      phalangeal fractures is presented for each fracture type.

PMID- 2650829
TI  - Conditions of the interphalangeal joints.
AB  - The various conditions of the interphalangeal joint are presented; these include
      degenerative joint disease and osteochondral chip fractures of the proximal
      interphalangeal joint, fractures of the middle phalanx affecting proximal and/or
      distal interphalangeal joints, subluxation and osteochondrosis of the proximal
      interphalangeal joint, and arthrosis of the distal interphalangeal joint.

PMID- 2650830
TI  - Clinical examination of the equine foot.
AB  - The foot is the most common source of limb pain. The problems vary from simple to
      quite complex. An accurate diagnosis is dependent upon a thorough and detailed
      knowledge of anatomy and of what is available in the way of ancillary examination
      techniques. The correction of most foot problems requires an appreciation of a
      multitude of factors and a thorough knowledge of farrier science.

PMID- 2650831
TI  - Radiographic examination of the equine foot.
AB  - A complete radiographic examination of the equine foot consists of properly
      exposed, processed, and positioned radiographs. For radiographic interpretation,
      in addition to knowing radiographic signs of disease, a knowledge of normal
      radiographic anatomy and possible insignificant anatomic variations is necessary.

PMID- 2650832
TI  - Pathophysiology of acute laminitis.
AB  - This article reviews research findings relating to the pathophysiology of acute
      laminitis in horses. The data presently available suggest that the onset of the
      condition may be due to constriction of the postcapillary vessels in the digit,
      leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and movement of fluid into
      the interstitial space.

PMID- 2650833
TI  - The treatment of laminitis in horses.
AB  - The structural and vascular anatomy of the healthy equine foot is compared with
      the pathologic changes in the foot of horses with acute and chronic laminitis.
      The structural and vascular abnormalities present in the foot of horses with
      laminitis are demonstrated in order to explain the abnormal manner in which their
      feet grow. The medical, surgical, dietary, and endocrine management of acute and
      chronic laminitis is discussed. Various forms of hoof trimming beneficial to the
      reestablishment of normal digital perfusion, normal hoof growth, and normal
      spatial orientation among the distal phalanx, hoof wall, and sole are described.
      Guidelines for the provision of frog support provided by adjustable heart-bar
      shoes are presented.

PMID- 2650834
TI  - Consensus reports and hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2650835
TI  - Occupational asthma: recommendations for diagnosis, management and assessment of
      impairment. Ad Hoc Committee on Occupational Asthma of the Standards Committee,
      Canadian Thoracic Society.

PMID- 2650837
TI  - Anatomy of the nail.
AB  - The characteristic gross and microanatomic components of the nail unit are
      described specifically and in relation to surrounding digital anatomy, including
      its specialized vascular supply. In addition, major steps in the development of
      the nail unit, and factors in growth of the nail, are outlined.

PMID- 2650836
TI  - Epidemic of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease in renal transplant recipients: a
      case-control and environmental study.
AB  - An outbreak of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia occurred in 6 of 49 new renal
      transplant recipients over the course of 13 months. We compared infected patients
      (cases) and uninfected patients (controls) with respect to potential risk
      factors. Corticosteroid use, need for hemodialysis and number of days of
      hemodialysis were significantly greater among the cases. Logistic regression
      analysis identified corticosteroid dosage and number of days of hemodialysis as
      independent risk factors. Lymphopenia and monocytopenia were correlated with the
      amount of corticosteroid administered and occurred to a greater degree in the
      cases. All clinical isolates were of L. pneumophila serogroup 1, subtype
      Philadelphia 1, which was also cultured from a recovery room sink outside the
      operating room where the transplants were done. Other areas of the hospital were
      colonized with other, heterogeneous strains of L. pneumophila. The organism was
      not eliminated from the hospital water supply despite shock chlorination and
      superheating of water tanks. The epidemic ended when new transplant recipients
      routinely received prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160-800 mg given
      orally once daily) while in hospital after transplantation. Corticosteroid
      induced monocytopenia and lymphopenia and the complement activation and monocyte
      depletion effects of hemodialysis may combine to increase susceptibility to
      Legionnaires' disease.

PMID- 2650838
TI  - Functional anatomy of the skin.
AB  - The skin is one of the best examples in the body for illustrating the correlation
      of form with function. Instead of looking at it from the viewpoint of its
      organization, this article takes each function and matches it with the cells
      meeting that need: keratinocytes for durability and cohesion for mechanical
      protection; epidermal intercellular substances to form an inpermeable barrier;
      melanocytes for ultraviolet protection; Langerhans cells for immune response;
      Merkle cells for sensation; hair follicles, sweat glands, extensive vascular
      supply, and adipose tissue for thermoregulation; and free and encapsulated nerve
      endings for sensation.

PMID- 2650840
TI  - Nail entities.
AB  - Nail entities, the most commonly seen nail disorders in foot and their main
      etiologies are discussed. The reader is asked to consult other textbooks for
      complementary illustrated information.

PMID- 2650839
TI  - A systematic approach to examining the patient with nail disease.
AB  - The majority of patients who present to the clinician for podiatric care do so
      because of complaints involving the nail and its surrounding structures. All too
      often the clinician's examination of the nail is incomplete and in many instances
      completely overlooked. The authors present a systematic approach to the
      examination of the patient who presents with nail pathology.

PMID- 2650841
TI  - Common nail disorders.
AB  - The toenails and the rest of the human foot are constantly sandwiched in shoes,
      traumatized, and poorly supplied with blood that is necessary for normal
      morphology and function, resulting in more abnormal changes of the toenails
      (onychopathies). This article discusses briefly the following: (1) the conditions
      that are commonly seen in feet by podiatric practitioners; (2) clinical signs,
      symptoms, and etiology; and (3) differential diagnosis and care of the
      conditions.

PMID- 2650842
TI  - Nail changes associated with systemic disease and vascular insufficiency.
AB  - In some cases, nail changes may not only be the presenting sign of systemic
      disease, but a sensitive indicator of treatment efficacy as well. Awareness of
      nail dystrophies and their association with underlying pathology can aid the
      practitioner in the diagnosis and management of the podiatric patient.

PMID- 2650843
TI  - Pedal nail pathology: biomechanical implications.
AB  - Proper treatment of pedal nail disorders requires a thorough understanding of the
      underlying etiology. As a class, biomechanical abnormalities constitute an
      important cause of pedal nail dystrophy. These biomechanical etiologies have been
      presented with regard to the three body planes. Treatments using biomechanical
      and orthopedic principles were explored, with an emphasis on counteracting
      abnormal dynamic and static forces. Additionally, sports that have a high
      correlation of nail pathologies have been discussed with prevention as the key
      element to treatment.

PMID- 2650844
TI  - Heritable nail diseases.
AB  - Heritable nail diseases are associated with a great variety of inherited diseases
      and syndromes. Well over 60 HEDs and numerous other inherited nail abnormalities
      are known to exist. A classification system of these disorders, as well as the
      specific nail change found in each, has been presented. Table 1 has been included
      to correlate many of the nail disorders with their corresponding inherited
      disease or syndrome. Clinically, inherited nail diseases may appear to be of
      questionable importance. In cases of primary presentation or poor historical
      background, however, these subtle nail changes may prove useful in arriving at or
      substantiating a diagnosis.

PMID- 2650845
TI  - Nail disorders due to trauma and other acquired conditions of the nail.
AB  - Physical and chemical trauma to nails may lead to damage, which presents as
      various conditions. At times the deformity will imitate systemic disorders or
      cutaneous diseases. Nail cosmetics and footwear are examples of exogenous factors
      that can cause such deformity if improperly used. Direct and self-inflicted
      trauma cause injuries as minor as temporary bands or as severe as permanent nail
      loss. Prompt treatment can prevent long-term cosmetic and functional damage.

PMID- 2650846
TI  - Three select subungual pathologies: subungual exostosis, subungual
      osteochondroma, and subungual hematoma.
AB  - Special attention has been given to the differences between subungual exostosis
      and subungual osteochondroma. Once a diagnosis has been made and symptoms
      persist, complete excision of the lesion with curettage of the base is the
      treatment of choice for both conditions. Subungual hematoma is an exquisitely
      painful condition that usually results from trauma, but may also be caused by
      systemic pathology, medication and drug reactions, and aging. Prompt
      decompression will significantly reduce pain and further damage to the nail bed
      and matrix. Radiographs must be taken because of the high incidence of associated
      distal phalangeal fracture. Patients must be warned that onycholysis, transient
      and permanent nail deformity, and infection are possible complications, even with
      the best treatment.

PMID- 2650847
TI  - Nail changes in glandular disease.
AB  - There are a number of glandular disorders that can affect the nails. A listing of
      the diseases and their corresponding nail changes is shown in Table 2. It is
      imperative to be able to discern this possible etiology from others, such as
      trauma and shoegear. A good clue to systemic abnormalities affecting the nails is
      multiple nail involvement. When a glandular disorder is the source of nail
      pathology, the signs are very often nonspecific. Many pathologies produce similar
      nail changes, and singular nail changes may be caused by different pathologies.
      One must use extreme caution in trying to diagnose systemic pathologies from
      changes observed in nails.

PMID- 2650848
TI  - Tumors of the nail and nail bed.
AB  - This article reviews the tumors that most frequently affect the nail and nail
      bed. Clinical appearance, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment
      are discussed.

PMID- 2650849
TI  - Nail changes in the seropositive and seronegative arthridities.
AB  - There are a number of nail changes that can represent the presence of an
      underlying arthritic pathology. The changes may be secondary to the underlying
      pathology or its treatment. The astute practitioner should learn to recognize
      these findings in addition to other clinical presentations of the disease to aid
      in making a diagnosis. The podiatrist sees hundreds of nails each day. Knowledge
      of nail changes along with the salient features of these arthridities will aid
      the practitioner in diagnosing the appropriate arthritic process.

PMID- 2650850
TI  - Nail infections.
AB  - Nail infections are and will continue to be a diagnostic and therapeutic
      challenge to all foot physicians. Attention to basic concepts of accurate
      detailed history and physical examination will aid in the determination of the
      etiology of these infections. Following basic guidelines of incision and
      drainage, gram stain, soaks, and antibiotics will be the cornerstone of initial
      treatment of pyogenic infections. Upon resolution of the acute infection a
      permanent treatment plan can be constituted based on the etiology. Nail
      infections of mycotic nature require an understanding by both patient and doctor
      as to the difficulty and resistance to treatment of this problem. It is the
      authors' opinion that aggressive persistent treatment will provide the best long
      term result when dealing with mycotic infections. This may require nail removal,
      local and systemic treatment as well as change in shoe environment. As we have
      seen and is stated throughout this text, the nail and its pathologic processes
      can be a mirror of systemic disease. Many times a dystrophic infected nail may be
      the initial clinical presentation of a much more involved disease process. It is
      the responsibility and duty of all foot physicians to have a total understanding
      of knowledge of normal and pathologic process that affect the nail plates, nail
      bed, and surrounding nail proper. I hope this article will stimulate the foot
      physician to approach the disease of the nail with a high index of suspicion and
      respect.

PMID- 2650851
TI  - Nail changes secondary to environmental influences.
AB  - Environmental medicine is a dynamic medical specialty that integrates medicine,
      mathematics, biology, and engineering. In this article an overview of how
      environmental agents affect the nail is presented. In addition, the three major
      routes of exposure (inhalation, dermal, and gastrointestinal) to environmental
      agents are discussed. Selected physical, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents and
      their effect on the nail structure are presented in the text.

PMID- 2650852
TI  - Surgical nail procedures.
AB  - As the so-called "non-surgical" nail procedures grow more and more aggressive and
      invasive in nature, the cold steel matrixectomy becomes an increasingly viable
      alternative. Many chemical and thermal matrixectomies are performed under poor
      aseptic conditions, increasing the risk of wound infection. With chemical
      matrixectomy, regulation of the level of tissue destruction is uncontrolled and
      often results in bone injury. The combination of these two elements can result in
      delayed diagnosis and recognition of osteomyelitis. When a practitioner is faced
      with a challenging ingrown, dystrophic, or mycotic nail, surgical nail removal
      should be considered the preferred technique. Etiologic variants of nail
      deformity, such as hypertrophied ungual labia, subungual exostosis, traumatized
      nail, and prominent underlying bony condyles, are well managed by the two
      procedure modifications presented. Advantages in asepsis, quicker wound healing,
      low reoccurrence rates, and good postoperative cosmesis make surgical nail
      removal a good choice. The difficulty of the technique and the danger of bone
      infection have frightened many practitioners away from the cold steel nail
      procedure. The preferred phenol technique or "p and a" may be simpler to perform,
      but it yields an unpredictable result. The constant draining and erythema of a
      phenolized nail may mask an underlying infection. This is one reason why cold
      steel nails are the preferred technique for nail removal in a diabetic patient.
      Complications makes cold steel a necessary addition to the surgeons
      armamentarium. We have presented a brief clarification and historical overview of
      the four most important contributors to surgical nail removal. These four
      techniques (Winograd, Frost, Zadik, and Kaplan) have been interwined into the two
      modifications commonly used today. By following the step-by-step surgical method
      presented and adding the reader's own successful techniques, a good surgical
      result can be easily achieved.

PMID- 2650853
TI  - Phenol and alcohol chemical matrixectomy.
AB  - The phenol and alcohol procedure still remains as one of the most effective and
      gratifying means of treatment for symptomatic ingrown nails. Most of the
      literature is concerned with length and manner of application and various forms
      of postoperative management. Several points must be stressed. In order to be
      effective, the procedure must be performed in a bloodless field. In lieu of using
      a tourniquet, a mixture of lidocaine-epinephrine 1:100:000 has been found to be
      an appropriate way to attain hemostasis. We have not experienced any complication
      to date. A partial procedure should be performed whenever the remaining nail
      plate may become symptomatic. Concerning the length and manner of application,
      the times presented should be used as an average. The application should be based
      on an observation of tissue change. In general, we have found it more favorable
      to overapply, rather than risk the chance of recurrence. Preoperatively the
      patient is fully advised of the projected postoperative period and understands
      that this will eventually coincide with a more favorable result. Following
      removal of the offending nail border, we advocate aggressive curettage of the
      nail groove and matrix cavity. The fresh phenol is applied with pressure within
      the nail groove, matrix, and roof of the matrix. The use of an alcohol flush
      serves as a mechanical irrigation rather than a neutralizing agent. The
      incorporation of Adaptic serves as a drain which is removed on postoperative day
      1 along with the accumulated coagulum. This removal of necrotic tissue will
      facilitate drainage. The patient is instructed to soak in a betadine, salt water
      solution followed by the application of cortisporin otic solution and dry sterile
      dressing. The cortisporin otic solution serves as an antimicrobial and anti
      inflammatory topical agent. The soaking and cortisporin regimen continue until
      healing is achieved. Overall, we have found the phenol-alcohol matrixectomy to be
      simple and gratifying to perform. The procedure is virtually pain free and
      nondisabling to the patient.

PMID- 2650854
TI  - [Opinion: informed consent and mental capacity in clinical psychiatric practice
      (a Quebec perspective)].
AB  - This paper on informed consent and psychiatry, asks the fundamental question if
      informed consent doctrine applies or not to psychiatric practice. In a dialectic
      between systems of thought in psychiatry and law, the author stresses the
      importance of particular clinical situations which can be addressed or not in
      terms of application of informed consent doctrine. The purpose of the paper is
      not to give a final answer but to bring questions and stimulate thought.

PMID- 2650855
TI  - Pediatric psychopharmacology.
AB  - This article is a brief and selected overview of pediatric psychopharmacology, a
      field which links medicine, behavioural sciences, and neurosciences to child
      psychiatry. It will summarize current knowledge and recent advances related to
      the indications, effects, limitations and research issues of psychostimulants,
      antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants and diets used in
      the treatment of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2650856
TI  - Phototherapy for depressive disorders: a review.
AB  - The use of bright light (phototherapy) for psychiatric disorders has recently
      generated much interest among researchers and the lay population. The authors
      review the treatment studies of phototherapy for seasonal and non-seasonal
      depressive disorders, and the empirical evidence for theories of the
      psychophysiology of phototherapy. Although its mechanism of action remains to be
      explained, phototherapy appears to be a safe and effective treatment for seasonal
      depression and a promising treatment for non-seasonal depression. Further
      questions and future research directions are presented.

PMID- 2650857
TI  - DSM-III-R and the phenomenology of childhood bereavement: a review.
AB  - The literature on the phenomenology of childhood bereavement is reviewed. Several
      authors, particularly in the psychoanalytic literature, have suggested or
      supported the concept of "absence of grief" in children, based on the postulate
      that children are unable to tolerate the intense affects of mourning. More
      recently, systematic studies of nonclinical samples of bereaved children have
      found "absence of grief" to be uncommon, with most children in fact showing
      features such as sadness, crying, irritability, and a wide variety of other
      affective and behavioural symptoms. There does not appear to be a coherent
      syndrome of childhood bereavement, although tentative associations have been
      found between some phenomenological features and various child-related, family
      related, societal, and circumstantial factors. The level of overall psychological
      adjustment after parental loss is both variable and controversial. Several
      tentative predictors of adverse reactions have been described. The possible place
      of childhood bereavement in current nosology is discussed. Preliminary evidence
      suggests that the phenomenology of childhood bereavement differs considerably
      from the DSM-III-R description of "uncomplicated bereavement." Recent evidence
      suggests that the DSM-III-R concept of uncomplicated bereavement needs to be
      expanded to include many of the affective and behavioural features of childhood
      bereavement, although confirmatory controlled research is required. Suggestions
      for improvement of research designs are made.

PMID- 2650858
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of human chlamydial infections.
AB  - Chlamydia trachomatis is a human pathogen that causes ocular disease (trachoma
      and inclusion conjunctivitis), genital disease (cervicitis, urethritis,
      salpingitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum), and respiratory disease (infant
      pneumonitis). Respiratory chlamydioses also occur with infection by avian strains
      of C. psittaci or infection by the newly described TWAR agent. Diagnosis of most
      acute C. trachomatis infections relies on detection of the infecting agent by
      cell culture, fluorescent antibody, immunoassay, cytopathologic, or nucleic acid
      hybridization methods. Individual non-culture tests for C. trachomatis are less
      sensitive and specific than the best chlamydial cell culture system but offer the
      advantages of reduced technology and simple transport of clinical specimens.
      Currently available nonculture tests for C. trachomatis perform adequately as
      screening tests in populations in which the prevalence of infection is greater
      than 10%. A negative culture or nonculture test for C. trachomatis does not,
      however, exclude infection. The predictive value of a positive nonculture test
      may be unsatisfactory when populations of low infection prevalence are tested.
      Tests that detect antibody responses to chlamydial infection have limited utility
      in diagnosis of acute chlamydial infection because of the high prevalence of
      persistent antibody in healthy adults and the cross-reactivity due to infection
      by the highly prevalent C. trachomatis and TWAR agents. Assays for changes in
      antibody titer to the chlamydial genus antigen are used for the diagnosis of
      respiratory chlamydioses. A single serum sample that is negative for chlamydial
      antibody excludes the diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.

PMID- 2650859
TI  - Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi.
AB  - Haemophilus ducreyi is the causative agent of chancroid, one of the genital
      ulcerative diseases. H. ducreyi is the major cause of genital ulcer disease in
      Africa and Southeast Asia and is of increasing concern in the United States.
      Definitive diagnosis of chancroid requires the isolation and identification of H.
      ducreyi, but isolation of this organism is difficult and the available medium is
      not optimal for all strains. Fluorescent antibody and serologic tests are of
      limited value. In general, our knowledge of this organism is rather limited, and
      indeed, recent studies have questioned the placement of H. ducreyi in the genus
      Haemophilus. H. ducreyi has relatively few biochemical activities, and
      epidemiologic studies are limited because there are limited phenotypic markers
      available for strain typing. Specific virulence factors of H. ducreyi have yet to
      be identified. Antimicrobial resistance in H. ducreyi is of special concern, as
      this organism has acquired both gram-negative and gram-positive resistance
      determinants. In addition, some of these determinants can be mobilized and
      transferred to other Haemophilus species or to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

PMID- 2650860
TI  - Microsporidia and human infections.
AB  - Protozoa of the phylum Microspora are obligate intracellular pathogens that are
      being detected with increasing frequency in humans, especially in patients with
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Organisms from four genera have been reported
      to date, and serological data suggest the occurrence of latent infections.
      Sources of human infections are not known, but microsporidia are widespread in
      lower vertebrates and invertebrates. There is no known treatment. Study of the
      disease in mammals suggests that infection often will be clinically silent, that
      intact T-cell-mediated host defenses are required for resistance, and that
      serious clinical disease may occur under circumstances in which extensive
      parasite replication can occur.

PMID- 2650862
TI  - Nucleic acid amplification in vitro: detection of sequences with low copy numbers
      and application to diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.
AB  - The enzymatic amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences in vitro has
      revolutionized the use of nucleic acid hybridization assays for viral detection.
      With this method, the copy number of a pathogen-specific sequence is increased
      several orders of magnitude before detection is attempted. The sensitivity and
      specificity of detection are thus markedly improved. Mullis and Faloona devised
      the first method of sequence amplification in vitro, the polymerase chain
      reaction (K.B. Mullis and F.A. Faloona, Methods Enzymol. 155:355-350, 1987). By
      this method, synthetic oligonucleotide primers direct repeated, target-specific,
      deoxyribonucleic acid-synthetic reactions, resulting in an exponential increase
      in the amount of the specific target sequence. The application of sequence
      amplification to viral detection was initially performed with human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human T-cell lymphoma virus type I. In
      principle, however, this approach can be applied to the detection of any
      deoxyribonucleic or ribonucleic acid virus; the only requirement is that
      sufficient nucleotide sequence data exist to allow the synthesis of target
      specific oligonucleotide primers. The use of target amplification in vitro will
      permit a variety of studies of viral pathogenesis which have not been feasible
      because of the low copy number of the viral nucleic acids in infected material.
      This approach is particularly applicable to the study of human retroviral
      infections, which are chronic and persistent and are characterized by low titers
      of virus in tissues. In addition, target amplification in vitro will facilitate
      the development of new methods of sequence detection, which will be useful for
      rapid viral diagnosis in the clinical laboratory.

PMID- 2650863
TI  - The roles of stem cell self-renewal and autocrine growth factor production in the
      biology of myeloid leukemia.

PMID- 2650861
TI  - Clinical and experimental aspects of viral myocarditis.
AB  - Picornaviruses are frequently implicated as the etiological agents of acute
      myocarditis. This association is based historically on serological evidence of
      rising antibody titers to specific pathogens and more recently on identification
      of viral genomic material in endocardial biopsy specimens through in situ
      hybridization. Only rarely is infectious virus isolated from either the patient
      or the heart during periods of maximum myocardial inflammation and injury. Thus,
      despite a probable viral etiology, much interest centers on the role of the
      immune system in cardiac damage and the likelihood that the infection triggers an
      autoimmune response to heart-specific antigens. Heart-reactive antibodies and T
      cells are found in most myocarditis patients, and immunosuppressive therapy has
      proven beneficial in many, though not all, cases. Furthermore, murine models of
      coxsackievirus group B type 3-induced myocarditis also demonstrate that virus
      infection initiates autoimmunity and that these autoimmune effectors are
      predominately responsible for tissue injury. How virus-host interactions overcome
      presumed self-tolerance to heart antigens is discussed, and evidence supporting
      various theories of virus-initiated autoimmunity and disease pathogenesis are
      delineated.

PMID- 2650864
TI  - Analysis of expression of cell surface antigen Mr 74,000 phosphoglycoprotein in
      normal, oncogene-transformed, and neoplastic rat cell lines.
AB  - A Mr 74,000 phosphoglycoprotein (gp74) present on the surface of oncogene
      transformed murine cells but not untransformed NIH 3T3 cells was previously
      identified with mouse monoclonal antibody 45-2D9. The original cell population
      used as the immunogen was found to consist of two cell populations. The purpose
      of this study was to characterize these cell populations; determine the
      distribution of gp74 on normal, transformed, and neoplastic cells; and to
      characterize the gp74 molecule. Southern hybridization studies of cloned cell
      populations demonstrated that the immunizing cell population consisted of c-Ha
      ras-transfected NIH 3T3 cells and Kirsten sarcoma virus-transformed rat cells
      (TRF cells). TRF cells showed a high level of gp74 expression. We observed that
      the expression of gp74 was increased on chemically and spontaneously transformed
      rat cells compared to untransformed rat cells. No binding of monoclonal antibody
      45-2D9 was detected to rat adult and fetal tissue. Immunoperoxidase staining,
      immunofluorescence flow cytometry, and immunoprecipitation analysis of
      dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced metastatic 13762NF rat mammary adenocarcinoma
      clonal sublines demonstrated an inverse relationship between gp74 expression and
      metastatic phenotype. gp74 was immunoprecipitated from two low and medium
      metastatic clonal sublines (MTC and MTF7), but not from highly metastatic clone
      MTLn3 cells. Biosynthetic labeling and immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated
      that gp74 was phosphorylated on serine residues and was not secreted from
      transformed cells. No detectable protein kinase activity in an immune complex
      assay was associated with this molecule. We conclude that increased gp74
      expression by rat cells is associated with transformed and neoplastic cells.

PMID- 2650865
TI  - Immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody detection of breast cancer in bone marrow:
      sensitivity in a model system.
AB  - We have previously shown that occult micrometastases can be detected in the bone
      marrow of breast cancer patients using a panel of epithelial specific monoclonal
      antibodies in an indirect immunofluorescent assay. The sensitivity of this assay
      has been examined using cells from an established human breast cancer cell line
      (MCF-7) mixed with normal bone marrow at various dilutions from 400 cancer
      cells/10(6) marrow cells (400:10(6] to 10:10(6). MCF-7 cells were detected at the
      lowest concentration studied, namely 10:10(6). The number of fluorescent labeled
      MCF-7 cells counted at each concentration was related to the concentration by a
      simple nonlinear statistical model. At the concentration of 10:10(6), the model
      shows that this technique has the sensitivity to detect between two and four MCF
      7 cells 95% of the time. Moreover, by extrapolation, the model predicts that even
      at the very low concentration of 2:10(6), there is a 95% chance of detecting one
      cancer cell. Therefore, this assay may be a very sensitive method for detecting
      cancer cells in the bone marrow in vivo.

PMID- 2650866
TI  - In vitro modulation of leucocyte-function-associated antigen-1 expression on two
      leukemic cell lines.
AB  - Leukocyte-function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) expression on two widespread
      tumor cell lines: K562 (an erythroleukemia) and MOLT-4 (a T leukemia), was
      investigated using two monoclonal antibodies specific for the alpha chain of this
      surface antigen, and flow cytometry analysis. When K562 cells are in the
      exponential phase of growth, they display very low levels of LFA-1. By contrast,
      cells from the plateau phase exhibit a strong labelling, which disappears rapidly
      when they are allowed to resume division by changing the culture medium. Using
      the same experimental conditions, we failed to detect any LFA-1 expression on
      MOLT-4 cells. However, after stimulation of these cells by phorbol myristate
      acetate, we observed a significant labelling, which occurred within 2 days of
      treatment. The LFA-1 expression disappears progressively after removal of the
      phorbol ester. From these results it may be concluded that (a) LFA-1 expression
      can vary considerably according to the culture conditions, (b) the expression of
      this antigen on the surface of non-expressing variants can be induced by phorbol
      ester, and (c) in both cases, the change in expression can be reversed completely
      by replacing the culture medium or by removing phorbol myristate acetate from it.

PMID- 2650867
TI  - Noninvasive predictors of cardiac events after myocardial infarction.
      Complementary value of exercise testing and signal-averaged electrocardiography.
AB  - Signal-averaged electrocardiography, resting radionuclide ventriculography and
      Holter monitoring were performed prior to hospital discharge, to assess their
      value in predicting recurrent cardiac events in 210 survivors of acute myocardial
      infarction. In addition, 153 of these patients also underwent exercise
      radionuclide ventriculographic assessment. During median follow-up of 14 months
      (6-24 months), there were 16 cardiac deaths, 15 patients had recurrent infarction
      and 7 patients represented with symptomatic ventricular tachycardia. Cox
      regression analysis identified independent predictors of 'ischemic events' (death
      or re-infarction) as a previous history of infarction (p = 0.01), Killip class
      III-IV (p = 0.03) and an abnormal exercise radionuclide study (p = 0.04); and
      predictors of 'arrhythmic events' (sustained ventricular tachycardia or sudden
      death) as an abnormal signal-averaged electrocardiograph (p = 0.01) and left
      ventricular ejection fraction less than 40% (p = 0.03). Patients with an abnormal
      signal-averaged electrocardiograph and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
      had a 34% incidence of arrhythmic events during the first 6 months compared with
      a 4% incidence among patients without late potentials. In those patients who
      underwent exercise testing and signal averaging, 85% of total cardiac events and
      all cardiac deaths were predicted by an abnormality of either noninvasive test.
      In addition, exercise testing and signal-averaged ECG were independent predictors
      of outcome. Hence, using a combination of noninvasive tests, patients can be
      stratified according to the risk of recurrent life-threatening cardiac events
      after myocardial infarction; such patients may be suitable for intensive
      investigation and considered for trials involving active intervention.

PMID- 2650868
TI  - Progress in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in heart failure: rationale,
      mechanisms, and clinical responses.
AB  - The pharmacology and mechanisms of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitors are reviewed in this article together with discussions on their acute
      and hemodynamic effects; influence on regional blood flow and renal responses;
      clinical efficacy and adverse effects; and their impact on survival in severe
      congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2650869
TI  - Management of arrhythmias in heart failure.
AB  - The literature for coronary artery disease as well as ischemic and dilated
      cardiomyopathy suggests that ventricular arrhythmias and left ventricular
      dysfunction are independent risk factors for sudden death, but that the presence
      of organic heart disease provides the substrate for potentially lethal
      arrhythmias. Patients with a cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia are at a
      high risk for sudden death as a group. The general risk, then, is high for the
      group with CHF and arrhythmias. The prognostic indices for hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy are imprecise, but the risk for sudden death for the group is high
      in the young and remains high even among the adult survivors. Many conditions
      associated with CHF and its treatment may lead to arrhythmias and are potentially
      reversible. Most studies suggest that EPS and exercise provocation have limited
      power in predicting the risk to the individual patient. Therapeutically,
      reversible causes of arrhythmias should be sought and corrected. In general,
      antiarrhythmic drug therapy has been disappointing with adequate control being
      achieved in only about 30 per cent of patients and uncertainties about the
      effectiveness of such therapy in altering long-term prognosis. This is due to
      various causes including the inability to find an effective drug, problems with
      patient compliance, the failure of physicians to properly monitor drug levels,
      and changes in the anatomical and physiologic substrate due to disease and
      therapy. Surgical ablation or resection of arrhythmogenic foci is effective in
      selected patients. The AICD will become first-line therapy in patients at high
      risk for sudden death due to ventricular arrhythmias, with antiarrhythmic drugs
      and other approaches being used to minimize the frequency of the arrhythmias.

PMID- 2650870
TI  - Cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Cardiac transplantation is now an accepted therapeutic procedure in the
      management of patients suffering from end-stage congestive heart failure. The
      advances in myocardial preservation, long-distance procurement,
      immunosuppression, improvement in the treatment of infectious diseases, and
      utilization of endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of rejection have made its
      application widespread and resulted in improved survival.

PMID- 2650871
TI  - Management: by circulatory assist devices.
AB  - The current status of mechanical circulatory support in patients with cardiogenic
      shock is presented in terms of patient and device selection. Advantages of the
      complications associated with this type of therapy is discussed.

PMID- 2650872
TI  - Pathophysiology of the failing heart.
AB  - Cardiac (or myocardial) failure of acute onset or of chronic duration is the
      result of a structural and/or biochemical remodeling of the myocardium. This, in
      turn, compromises the contractile performance of the myocardium. The hypertrophic
      growth of myocytes and the architectural transformation of ventricular chamber
      size and shape--while initially useful compensatory responses--do not prevent the
      inevitable appearance of pump failure where oxygen delivery to the metabolizing
      tissues becomes inadequate. Indeed, the severity of cardiac failure can be judged
      from the level of oxygen consumption that elicits this state of impaired oxygen
      supply and demand. A better understanding of the mechanical behavior of the
      ventricular chamber, including its elastic and resistive properties, together
      with recent advances in our ability to measure instantaneous ventricular pressure
      and volume, may prove useful in identifying pathologic features of hypertrophy
      and dilatation in individual patients. In grading the severity of failure and
      comparing groups of patients, a normalization of the mechanical parameters by
      differences in chamber size, shape, and mass is necessary. Symptomatic cardiac
      failure, based invariably on inadequate oxygen delivery and/or pulmonary
      congestion, is more commonly the result of ventricular systolic dysfunction.
      Abnormalities in diastolic function, including ventricular relaxation and
      filling, while less common and often associated with preserved systolic pump
      function, do occur. Finally, it must be recognized that the failing ventricle
      carries an additional hydraulic load that arises from the arterial circulation to
      which it is coupled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2650873
TI  - Pathophysiology of the congested lung.
AB  - The consequences of congestion, edema, and fibrosis on lung function of cardiac
      patients are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the physiologic alterations
      that may contrubute to the sensation of dyspnea.

PMID- 2650874
TI  - The peripheral circulation.
AB  - In severe congestive heart failure, exercise capacity is reduced. This is not
      directly due to reduced ventricular function. We present evidence in this article
      that peripheral vascular abnormalities are important in determining exercise
      capacity. We believe the vascular abnormalities noted in heart failure may be
      related to both sodium retention and deconditioning. Moreover, we propose that in
      severe heart failure this vascular response may be protective.

PMID- 2650875
TI  - Diuretics in congestive heart failure.
AB  - Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition characterized by a number of
      hormonal and renal adaptations which together conspire to salt and water
      retention. Diuretic therapy has been, and continues to be, a cornerstone to
      therapy for CHF. The rational use of diuretics, or diuretic combination such as
      metolazone-furosemide, can both effectively administer to the congestive symptoms
      seen in heart failure as well as temper many of the complications of this
      therapeutic modality.

PMID- 2650876
TI  - Digitalis and non-ACE inhibitor vasodilators in heart failure.
AB  - Digitalis therapy is usually ineffective in heart failure complicating myocardial
      infarction but may be of benefit in some selected patients with chronic heart
      failure. However, digitalis therapy in the long-term should be considered in
      conjunction with vasodilators or ACE inhibitors. This article reviews the
      practical and clinical aspects of vasodilator and digitalis therapy.

PMID- 2650877
TI  - Expression of c-myc and c-Ha-ras oncogenes in human lymphoblastoid cells
      (Namalva).
AB  - We have studied the expression of c-myc and c-Ha-ras oncogenes in this cell line.
      Daudi lymphoblastoid cells and normal human leukocytes served as a positive and a
      negative control, respectively. The Northern blot analysis using a c-myc probe
      revealed a 2.7 kb transcript and two larger transcripts greater than 23 kb. In
      the Northern blot hybridization using a c-Ha-ras probe, two transcripts with
      sizes of 1.8 and 6.1 kb were observed. The affinity of the Namalva RNA
      hybridization to c-myc probe was about 10-fold lower than that in Daudi RNA,
      whereas no difference in the c-Ha-ras hybridization was observed between the two
      cell lines. These data indicate that c-myc and c-Ha-ras are expressed in Namalva
      cells. It is noteworthy to consider that the difference in oncogene expression
      between Namalva and Daudi cells might be due to the difference in interferon
      properties between the two cell lines.

PMID- 2650878
TI  - Presence of translational inhibitory activity in partially purified extracts from
      two Petrocoptis species.
AB  - The presence of translational inhibitory activity in partially purified extracts
      from several paleoendemisms from Spain was investigated. The precipitates from 40
      80% (NH4)2SO4 fraction from Petrocoptis glaucifolia and Petrocoptis grandiflora
      displayed a strong inhibitory activity on the protein synthesis of cell-free
      extracts from rat liver, rabbit reticulocytes and yeast and to a much lower
      extent on the protein synthesis in isolated rat liver cells. The inhibitors seem
      to be proteins since they were precipitated by high salt concentrations, were non
      dialysable and were inactivated by heat. Since the partially purified extracts
      did not show unspecific RNA-A or protease activities, the active compounds can be
      considered to belong to the plant ribosome-inactivating proteins.

PMID- 2650879
TI  - Double-blind study of naproxen vs placebo in the treatment of acute migraine
      attacks.
AB  - Naproxen was compared with placebo in a double-blind, crossover trial in classic
      and common migraine. The trial was terminated at a fixed date; 37 patients had
      entered, 5 of whom were excluded. Naproxen was given as 750 mg at the first
      symptom of the attack, a total of 1250 mg per 24 h was allowed. Patients were
      followed for six attacks or three months in each phase, whichever came first. The
      severity of the headache was significantly less with naproxen in the first 2 h of
      the attack (p = 0.047), whereas there was no difference when the whole attack was
      considered. Significantly more patients preferred naproxen (p = 0.042). Side
      effects occurred in five patients, causing withdrawal of one patient while on
      naproxen.

PMID- 2650881
TI  - Survival after myocardial infarction caused by acute left main coronary artery
      occlusion: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - We report a 44-year-old white male presenting with an acute anterior myocardial
      infarction. Cardiac catheterization at 2 weeks postinfarction revealed total
      occlusion of the left main coronary artery. There was a normal dominant right
      coronary artery supplying moderate collaterals to the left coronary system. The
      patient was managed with conservative therapy and was N.Y.H.A. functional class
      II on followup 2 years later. A review of the literature relative to myocardial
      infarction caused by acute left main coronary artery occlusion is presented, and
      unique features of these cases are described.

PMID- 2650880
TI  - Relation between transpulmonary pressure and right ventricular isovolumetric
      pressure change during respiratory support.
AB  - Simultaneous recordings of airway pressure, pleural pressure, and right
      ventricular (RV) pressure were obtained during mechanically controlled
      ventilation in a group of patients requiring respiratory support. Changes in
      transpulmonary pressure (calculated as airway pressure minus pleural pressure)
      were measured at end-expiration and end-inspiration during intermittent positive
      pressure ventilation with or without the application of a positive end-expiratory
      pressure, and were related to RV isovolumetric pressure changes at the onset of
      systole. It was found that any increase in transpulmonary pressure by
      intermittent positive pressure ventilation, or positive end-expiratory pressure
      (PEEP), or both, was associated with a proportional increase in RV isovolumetric
      pressure change. Moreover, when lung volume was progressively increased by
      incremental increases in tidal volume or PEEP level, transpulmonary pressure and
      RV isovolumetric pressure changes were strongly and linearly correlated. These
      results suggest that: 1) RV isovolumetric pressure change might be used as an
      index of RV output impedance during respiratory support by mechanically
      controlled ventilation; and 2) lung inflation resulting from the use of a
      positive airway pressure during respiratory support can increase RV output
      impedance and thereby contribute to the decrease in RV stroke output.

PMID- 2650882
TI  - Anomalous drainage of the inferior vena cava into a left atrial connection: a
      case report involving a 41-year-old man.
AB  - A 41-year-old man had an anomalous inferior vena cava directly connected to the
      left atrium demonstrated by contrast echocardiography, magnetic resonance
      imaging, angiography, and at operation. The anomaly is due to developmental
      failure of the right sinus venosus valve, septum secundum, and dorsal portion of
      the atrial septum.

PMID- 2650883
TI  - Enzymatic degradation of cell wall and related plant polysaccharides.
AB  - Polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose and other glucans, pectins, xylans,
      mannans, and fructans are present as major structural and storage materials in
      plants. These constituents may be degraded and modified by endogenous enzymes
      during plant growth and development. In plant pathogenesis by microorganisms,
      extracellular enzymes secreted by infected strains play a major role in plant
      tissue degradation and invasion of the host. Many of these polysaccharide
      degrading enzymes are also produced by microorganisms widely used in industrial
      enzyme production. Most commerical enzyme preparations contain an array of
      secondary activities in addition to the one or two principal components which
      have standardized activities. In the processing of unpurified carbohydrate
      materials such as cereals, fruits, and tubers, these secondary enzyme activities
      offer major potential for improving process efficiency. Use of more defined
      combinations of industrial polysaccharases should allow final control of existing
      enzyme processes and should also lead to the development of novel enzymatic
      applications.

PMID- 2650884
TI  - Current biotechnological developments in Belgium.
AB  - In recent years, actions have been undertaken by the Belgian government to
      promote process innovation and technical diversification. Research programs are
      initiated and coordinated by the study committee for biotechnology setup within
      the Institute for Scientific Research in Industry and Agriculture (IRSIA). As a
      result of this action, the main areas where biotechnological processes are
      developed or commercially exploited include plant genetics, protein engineering,
      hybridoma technology, biopesticides, production by genetic engineering of
      vaccines and drugs, monoclonal detection of human and animal deseases, process
      reactors for aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment, and genetic modification
      of yeast and bacteria as a base for biomass and energy. Development research also
      includes new fermentation technologies principally based on immobilization of
      microorganisms, reactor design, and optimization of unit operations involved in
      downstream processing. Food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries are involved
      in genetic engineering and biotechnology and each of these sectors is overviewed
      in this paper.

PMID- 2650885
TI  - Hydrocarbon degradation in soils and methods for soil biotreatment.
AB  - The cleanup of soils and groundwater contaminated with hydrocarbons is of
      particular importance in minimizing the environmental impact of petroleum and
      petroleum products and in preventing contamination of potable water supplies.
      Consequently, there is a growing industry involved in the treatment of
      contaminated topsoils, subsoils, and groundwater. The biotreatment methodologies
      employed for decontamination are designed to enhance in situ degradation by the
      supply of oxygen, inorganic nutrients, and/or microbial inocula to the
      contaminated zone. This review considers the fate and effects of hydrocarbon
      contaminants in terrestrial environments, with particular reference to the
      factors that limit biodegradation rates. The potential efficiencies, advantages,
      and disadvantages of biotreatment techniques are discussed and the future
      research directions necessary for process development are considered.

PMID- 2650886
TI  - Distribution of phosphorylated spindle-associated proteins in the diatom
      Stephanopyxis turris.
AB  - Mitotic spindles isolated from the diatom Stephanopyxis turris become
      thiophosphorylated in the presence of ATP gamma S at specific locations within
      the mitotic apparatus, resulting in a stimulation of ATP-dependent spindle
      elongation in vitro. Here, using indirect immunofluorescence, we compare the
      staining pattern of an antibody against thiophosphorylated proteins to that of
      MPM-2, an antibody against mitosis-specific phosphoproteins, in isolated
      spindles. Both antibodies label spindle poles, kinetochores, and the midzone.
      Neither antibody exhibits reduced labeling in salt-extracted spindles, although
      prior salt extraction inhibits thiophosphorylation in ATP gamma S. Furthermore,
      both antibodies recognize a 205 kd band on immunoblots of spindle extracts.
      Microtubule-organizing centers and mitotic spindles label brightly with the MPM-2
      antibody in intact cells. These results show that functional mitotic spindles
      isolated from S. turris are phosphorylated both in vivo and in vitro. We discuss
      the possible role of phosphorylated cytoskeletal proteins in the control of
      mitotic spindle function.

PMID- 2650887
TI  - [Purkinje's path toward human biology].

PMID- 2650888
TI  - [Myoglobin--its importance and possible methods of determination].

PMID- 2650889
TI  - [Leukotrienes and lipoxins].

PMID- 2650890
TI  - [Formation of the cell population of the central nervous system during the
      embryonic and early postnatal development period].

PMID- 2650891
TI  - [Fibronectin].

PMID- 2650892
TI  - [Our most important personage in the field of medical history (the life and work
      of prof. M. Matousek)].
AB  - The articles presents the life history of professor M. Matousek and the
      beginnings of his activities as a doctor--gynaecologist and obstetrician, and at
      the same time an account of his political and editorial activities. The author
      reminds of his collaboration with Z. Nejedly and the influence of Nejedly on the
      political consciousness of the young medical men and on the multiple activities
      of M. Matousek focused in particular on the recognition of the Soviet Union and
      the development of the Czechoslovak J. E. Purkyne Medical Association. Matousek's
      publications on the history of medicine and medical ethics are characterized in
      detail, among others also the monograph on the personality of J. E. Purkyne and
      reflections on the relationship of medicine and religion.

PMID- 2650893
TI  - [20 years of the subdepartment of medical law at the Institute for Graduate
      Education of Physicians and Pharmacists in Prague].
AB  - Twenty years ago the subchair of medical law of the Institute for Postgraduate
      Medical and Pharmaceutical Training was established. Already then it was clear
      that doctors should be more familiar with selected legal problems concerning
      their profession. In the course of the 20 years' existence of the subchair an
      integrated system of postgraduate training of doctors in legal problems was
      created. It comprises the demands included in the syllabus of specialization
      training grade I and to a greater extent grade II, includes a wide range of
      selected lectures for the practical needs of doctors with various assignments
      with a different syllabus depending on the discipline, and intensive training of
      public health officers. It comprises also information of doctors various
      disciplines (in particular senior workers) on novelties in the legal code and its
      application in the health services. Since the establishment of the subchair its
      important tasks include also the training of lawyers engaged in the health
      services. The aim is to ensure a high standard of training of these workers and a
      uniform interpretation and application of legal norms in the field.

PMID- 2650894
TI  - Masking in humans: the problem and some attempts to solve it.
AB  - Different types of masking are discussed together with an account of the masking
      effect that the sleep-wake cycle exerts upon the circadian rhythms of body
      temperature and urinary excretion. The relative importance to masking of the
      several components of differences between sleeping and wakefulness are then
      assessed. Means to deal with the problem of masking fall into two major
      categories. These attempt to minimise masking effects by protocols such as
      constant routines or control days, and mathematical models which separate results
      obtained in the presence of masking influences into endogenous and exogenous
      components. (The problem of the extent to which masking influences can render the
      endogenous component of a rhythm an impure reflection of the internal oscillator
      is considered also.) These different techniques are compared with respect to
      their usefulness and assumptions. Finally, a brief speculation is given of the
      usefulness of masking.

PMID- 2650895
TI  - Masking in invertebrates.
AB  - Masking effects are a common feature of daily rhythmicity in invertebrates; and,
      particularly with respect to activity/rest cycles in arthropods and mollusks,
      there are numerous examples of masking in response to external environmental
      stimuli. Internal masking, in which endogenous processes modulate circadian
      patterns, has also been documented in a few species. In general, however, because
      of the absence of appropriate experimental investigations on masking, the
      functional significance (in an ecological sense) of masking effects is not
      understood.

PMID- 2650896
TI  - Epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section: comparison of two injection
      techniques.
AB  - Two techniques of injection for epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean sections were
      studied. Forty-five patients were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in
      Group I received 20 ml of lidocaine two per cent with epinephrine via the needle
      at a rate of 5 ml.30 sec-1 after a 3 ml test dose. Patients in Group II received
      the same dose of the same solution in increments of 5 ml injected through a
      catheter after a 3 ml test-dose. Each increment was injected in one minute with a
      delay of two minutes between injections. Top-up doses were given in both groups
      to obtain a T4 sensory level. There was no difference between the two groups in
      the quality of sensory block before delivery. However, the quality was
      significantly better in Group II after delivery (P = 0.02). The incidence of
      hypotension was 52.2 per cent in Group I and 13.6 per cent in Group II (P =
      0.014). There was no significant difference in maternal and umbilical venous
      lidocaine concentrations. We conclude that injection in fractional doses is a
      safer and more efficient technique for epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean
      section.

PMID- 2650897
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of two per cent rectal methohexitone in children.
AB  - Plasma methohexitone concentrations were determined in 60 children, aged one to
      six years, following administration of 15 mg.kg-1, 20 mg.kg-1, 25 mg.kg-1 or 30
      mg.kg-1 two per cent rectal methohexitone. Time to the onset of sleep was
      determined by a blinded observer and venous blood samples obtained 15, 30, 45 and
      120 minutes following drug administration. Fifty of 60 children were asleep
      within 15 minutes. Nine of the ten children that did not fall asleep were sedate
      and could be separated easily from their parents to undergo inhalational
      induction of anesthesia. Time to the onset of sleep was inversely related to the
      dose of rectal methohexitone administered. Sleep was achieved more reliably
      following the use of 25 to 30 mg.kg-1 rectal methohexitone. In addition, plasma
      methohexitone concentrations following 30 mg.kg-1 rectal methohexitone were
      significantly higher for up to 120 minutes following drug administration than the
      plasma concentrations achieved after 15 mg.kg-1 or 20 mg.kg-1 methohexitone.
      There was no difference in the incidence of complications. The authors recommend
      that clinical circumstances be carefully considered and the dose of rectal
      methohexitone administered be individualized to meet the specific anaesthetic
      requirements of each child.

PMID- 2650899
TI  - John Snow and research.
AB  - John Snow's leadership in epidemiology as well as anaesthesia resulted from his
      research as much as his clinical practice. In anaesthesia, Snow's research
      concerned the regulation of concentrations of volatile agents and the development
      of efficient inhalers; the uptake and elimination of volatile agents; stages of
      anaesthesia; carbon dioxide metabolism and rebreathing; and metabolism in
      anaesthesia and the theory of anaesthesia. In epidemiology, Snow investigated the
      relationship of water supplies to mortality in cholera during the London epidemic
      in 1854, which led him to formulate an original and valid theory of the
      transmission of cholera. Snow's research, which has received less attention than
      anecdotes concerning his career (e.g., his anaesthetizing Queen Victoria and
      urging removal of the handle of a contaminated water pump), was always directed
      towards solving specific problems. The significance of his research is evident in
      its leading not only to improvements in health care but also to the evolution of
      anaesthesia and epidemiology as professional disciplines.

PMID- 2650898
TI  - Ketamine: an update on the first twenty-five years of clinical experience.
AB  - In nearly 25 years of clinical experience, the benefits and limitations of
      ketamine analgesia and anaesthesia have generally been well-defined. The
      extensive review of White et al. and the cardiovascular review of Reves et al.
      are broad in their scope and have advanced the understanding of dissociative
      anaesthesia. Nevertheless, recent research continues to illuminate different
      aspects of ketamine pharmacology, and suggests new clinical uses for this drug.
      The identification of the N-methylaspartate receptor gives further support to the
      concept that ketamine's analgesic and anaesthetic effects are mediated by
      separate mechanisms. The stereospecific binding of (+)ketamine to opiate
      receptors in vitro, more rapid emergence from anaesthesia, and the lower
      incidence of emergence sequelae, make (+)ketamine a promising drug for future
      research. Clinical applications of ketamine that have emerged recently, and are
      likely to increase in the future, are the use of oral, rectal, and intranasal
      preparations for the purposes of analgesia, sedation, and anaesthetic induction.
      Ketamine is now considered a reasonable option for anaesthetic induction in the
      hypotensive preterm neonate. The initial experience with epidural and intrathecal
      ketamine administration has not been very promising but the data are only
      preliminary in this area. The use of ketamine in military and catastrophic
      settings is likely to become more common. The clinical availability of midazolam
      will complement ketamine anaesthesia in several ways. This rapidly metabolized
      benzodiazepine reduces ketamine's cardiovascular stimulation and emergence
      phenomena, and does not have active metabolites. It is dispensed in an aqueous
      medium, which is usually non-irritating on intravenous injection, unlike
      diazepam. The combination of ketamine and midazolam is expected to achieve high
      patient acceptance, which never occurred with ketamine as a sole agent. Finally,
      it is necessary to point out the potential for abuse of ketamine. While ketamine
      is not a controlled substance (in the United States), the prudent physician
      should take appropriate precautions against the unauthorized use of this drug.

PMID- 2650900
TI  - Early ether anaesthesia.

PMID- 2650901
TI  - Visceral leishmaniasis and its control in Bangladesh.
AB  - Visceral leishmaniasis, which is also known as kala-azar, reappeared in
      Bangladesh during the 1980s, approximately 7-8 years after large-scale use of DDT
      had been abandoned by the malaria eradication programme in the country. Pabna,
      Mymensingh and Rajshahi were the regions most affected with kala-azar. The
      article presents a historical review and information about the present status of
      leishmaniasis in Bangladesh together with control strategies and a proposed plan
      of operation.

PMID- 2650902
TI  - Development of a blood culture medium and a standard in vitro microtest for field
      testing the response of Plasmodium falciparum to antifolate antimalarials.
AB  - The history of the development of the WHO standard in vitro microtest is
      summarized, and the rationale and methodology that were used to broaden the
      system for the testing of antifolate drugs such as sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine
      (in addition to chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine and amodiaquine) are explained.
      Additional information is given concerning the composition of the basic and
      replenishment test kits and the means of procuring them.

PMID- 2650903
TI  - Water, trachoma and conjunctivitis.
AB  - The incidence of eye infections in a community is generally accepted as an
      indicator of the adequacy of water supply for their needs. However, discrepancies
      in the published results from various studies seem to challenge this view. We
      have reanalysed the published data on trachoma in relation to the most relevant
      indicators of water accessibility, using prevalence ratios as the single
      parameter for risk assessment. A definite trend emerges from this review: the
      incidence of infectious conjunctivitis is not sensitive to differences in water
      accessibility; on the other hand, a reduction in the risk of trachoma is
      consistently associated with better access to water. This conclusion may support
      the efforts of WHO and other multilateral and bilateral agencies to sustain the
      commitment towards the water supply sector beyond the International Drinking
      Water Supply and Sanitation Decade.

PMID- 2650905
TI  - In-vivo carcinogenicity of 2-nitro-oxaphenalenes.
AB  - 2-Nitro-oxaphenalenes are synthetic chemicals which were synthesized in the
      authors' laboratory. They are the most efficient mutagenic compounds on mammalian
      cells in culture. They are chemically related to the nitro-naphthofuran family by
      the displacement of the heterocycle on the naphthalene ring. Since nitro
      naphthofurans have a strong mutagenic activity in bacterial tests without
      metabolic activation and are active in-vivo carcinogens, the purpose of this
      study was to demonstrate the carcinogenic activity of two 2-nitro-oxaphenalenes.
      The two compounds were injected s.c. into Wistar rats initially 6-weeks-old. They
      were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. A s.c.
      injection of 0.5 ml containing 0.5 mg of carcinogen was given once a week in the
      neck of each animal tested. Five control animals were not injected and five
      animals received 0.5-ml injection of DMSO every week to serve as a control. The
      animals developed tumors only at the site of injection. The tumors were
      classified as high grade fibrosarcomas. This experiment demonstrates that: (i) 2
      nitro-oxaphenalenes are very active in-vivo carcinogens in rats; (ii) there is a
      good correlation between the high mutagenic activity especially in mammalian
      tests and the strong carcinogenicity of the compounds; and (iii) the presence of
      a 6-methoxy group increases by two-fold the carcinogenic potential.

PMID- 2650904
TI  - Phase II study of carboplatin in recurrent ovarian cancer: severe hematologic
      toxicity in previously treated patients.
AB  - Carboplatin (CBDCA) is a second-generation cisplatin analog that has shown
      activity in early clinical trials. Its spectrum of toxicity is quantitatively and
      qualitatively different from that of the parent compound. Between November 1984
      and September 1986 we conducted a phase II trial of CBDCA in 46 women with
      epithelial ovarian cancer. All patients had undergone at least one prior
      chemotherapy regimen; 41 (89%) had previously received cisplatin (mean cumulative
      dose, 540 mg/m2). The CBDCA dose was based on renal function and was injected
      i.v. once every 4 weeks. Patients were stratified on the basis of baseline
      creatinine clearance: those with a baseline creatinine clearance of greater than
      or equal to 60 ml/min received 400 mg/m2 CBDCA; those with a creatinine clearance
      between 30 and 60 ml/min received an initial dose calculated according to a
      previously published formula that corrected for renal insufficiency and projected
      nadir platelet counts of 75,000/mm3. Of 41 evaluable patients, 6 (15%) had an
      objective response [2 complete responses (CRs); 4 partial responses (PRs)]; 5 of
      the 6 responders had previously responded to cisplatin treatment. No responses
      were observed in 12 patients who had not responded to prior cisplatin therapy.
      Significant hematologic toxicity was seen. Of 18 patients with a creatinine
      clearance of greater than or equal to 60 ml/min (dose, 400 mg/m2), 6 had nadir
      platelet counts of less than 25,000/mm3, 4 with symptomatic bleeding. Of the 21
      evaluable patients for whom the dose-modification formula was applied, 10 had
      nadir platelet counts of less than 75,000/mm3; 5 had counts of less than
      50,000/mm3. CBDCA has activity even in patients who have previously undergone
      extensive cisplatin therapy; however, its toxicity is variable and
      thrombocytopenia is dose-limiting. We did not confirm the ability of the above
      mentioned formula to calculate the CBDCA dose and accurately predict the nadir
      platelet count for all patients. Other factors, such as prior radiotherapy, may
      also be important in the dosing of CBDCA in pretreated patients.

PMID- 2650906
TI  - Mutational specificities of environmental carcinogens in the lacI gene of
      Escherichia coli. I. The direct-acting analogue N-nitroso-N-methyl-N-alpha
      acetoxymethylamine.
AB  - The mutational specificity of N-nitroso-N-methyl-N-alpha-acetoxymethylamine in
      Escherichia coli has been determined through the DNA sequence characterization of
      190 forward mutations in the lacI gene. Consistent with the methylating ability
      of this compound and the predicted mutagenic potential of O6-methylguanine
      damage, the predominant mutation was the G:C----A:T transition. An analysis of
      the neighbouring template revealed a similar 5' flanking sequence influence on
      G:C----A:T site mutability reported for other direct-acting SN1 alkylating
      agents. However, a dose-dependency was observed. The preference for transition at
      guanine residues flanked (5') by a purine over those preceded by a pyrimidine
      decreased from a ratio of 19:1 (upon 1 mM treatment) to 6:1 (upon 10 mM
      treatment) and 4:1 (upon 30 mM treatment). Two double G:C----A:T transition
      mutants were characterized. In addition, this nitrosamine appears to be
      relatively more efficient at producing other kinds of mutations. In total 19 non
      G:C----A:T mutations were identified. These included: A:T----G:C transitions,
      transversions and frameshifts. The relative contribution of these events was
      found also to decrease with increasing dose. These results may help explain why
      the parent carcinogen N-nitroso-N,N-dimethylamine is hepatotropic while other
      methylating carcinogens, similarly metabolized in the liver, are not.

PMID- 2650907
TI  - Detection of DNA adducts by high-performance liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection.
AB  - A method for the detection of rare adducts in DNA has been developed by combining
      the resolution of high-performance liquid chromatography with the specificity and
      sensitivity of electrochemical detection. Many adducts are electrochemically
      active, while the normal bases, except for guanine, are not. Enzymatic hydrolysis
      of DNA is used to obtain the deoxynucleosides for analysis, or where appropriate,
      acid hydrolysis or thermal depurination of DNA is used to free the adduct base
      for analysis. Various types of DNA damage have been induced by in vitro exposure
      of DNA to acrolein, dimethyl sulfate, sodium nitrite, ascorbate/Cu2+ and gamma
      irradiation. Several adducts are detected at a level of one adduct in 10(5)-10(6)
      normal bases in micrograms of DNA. The method is also useful for measuring O6
      methylguanine (O6MeGua) in DNA from rats treated with N-nitrosodimethylamine and
      8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oh8dG), and O6-MeGua in DNA from bacteria treated with
      hydrogen peroxide and dimethyl sulfate. oh8dG, which appears to be the most
      suitable marker for measuring the steady-state level of oxidative DNA damage, can
      be measured at fmol levels in DNA from normal rat tissues. The method is
      applicable to the analysis of DNA base damage caused by major endogenous
      processes relevant to aging, such as deamination, methylation and oxidation. The
      analysis of DNA adducts with this simple assay also may be potentially useful for
      studies on carcinogenesis and as a tool in studies on the epidemiology of cancer.

PMID- 2650908
TI  - Characterization of the human cell line TE671.
AB  - The cell line TE671 has been widely used as a model of human medulloblastoma. In
      the present study we have demonstrated that transfection of DNA from this cell
      line into NIH 3T3 cells reveals the presence of an activated N-ras gene. Using
      oligonucleotide probes we have shown that the N-ras gene is activated by a point
      mutation at the third base of codon 61 resulting in the substitution of histidine
      for glutamine in the p21 ras gene product. We noted that this relatively uncommon
      activating mutation is also present in the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RD.
      Based on this finding and on the observation that several of the phenotypic
      characteristics of TE671, such as the presence of muscle-type nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptors and the intermediate filament protein desmin, are
      suggestive of myoid origin we investigated the possible identity of these two
      cell lines. Cytogenetic analysis revealed the presence of marker chromosomes
      common to both TE671 and RD. DNA fingerprinting using both locus specific and
      multilocus core probes showed indistinguishable band patterns in the two cell
      lines. Taken together our data show that TE671 and RD are derivatives of the same
      cell line and we conclude that the properties of the TE671 line should be
      ascribed to rhabdomyosarcoma rather than medulloblastoma cells.

PMID- 2650909
TI  - Studies on hypomethylation of liver DNA during early stages of chemical
      carcinogenesis in rat liver.
AB  - Our finding that the inhibitors of DNA methylation, 5-azacytidine, 5
      azadeoxycytidine or adenosine dialdehyde, given after a carcinogen all
      potentiated initiation suggested that hypomethylation of DNA during repair
      synthesis of DNA might play a role in the initiation of the carcinogenic process.
      To examine this aspect further, we have asked the question, do the nodules which
      develop from initiated cells after promotion with 1% orotic acid exhibit an
      altered methylation pattern in their DNA? The methylation status of the DNA from
      nodules has been examined using the restriction endonucleases HpaII/MspI and HhaI
      which distinguish between methylated and unmethylated cytosines in their
      nucleotide recognition DNA 5'-CCGG and 5'-GCGC respectively. The proto-oncogenes,
      c-myc, c-fos and c-Ha-ras, in the DNA were primarily studied in this
      investigation because of their possible involvement in cell proliferation and/or
      in cell transformation and tumorigenesis. The results indicate that in the nodule
      DNA, c-myc and c-fos are hypomethylated in the sequence of CCGG while the c-Ha
      ras shows hypomethylation in the alternating GCGC sequence. This methylation
      pattern seen in the nodule DNA is not found in the DNA of the non-nodular
      surrounding liver or liver tissue after exposure to promoter or carcinogen alone.
      It is also not found in the DNA of regenerating liver. It is particularly
      significant that the methylation patterns in the c-myc and c-Ha-ras regions are
      similar to those found in several cancer tissues. The results suggest that this
      methylation pattern is acquired early in the carcinogenic process and raises the
      question whether it has any bearing on the process.

PMID- 2650910
TI  - The complexity of nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis increases with size: observations
      of the mutational specificity of N-propyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
AB  - The mutational specificity of the monofunctional alkylating agent N-propyl-N'
      nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (PNNG) has been determined through the DNA sequence
      characterization of 109 LacI- mutations of Escherichia coli. The predominant
      mutation induced was the G:C----A:T transition (73%), presumably the result of O6
      propylguanine damage. Transversions constituted 18% of the mutants, almost
      entirely due to G:C----T:A (9%) and A:T----C:G (8%) events. Two identical
      deletions, one single base pair frameshift and a tandem double base change were
      also recovered. In contrast, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was
      previously found to induce only transitions, again predominantly G:C----A:T
      events (98%). Moreover, the site specificity observed for PNNG-induced G:C----A:T
      transitions is quite distinct from that induced by MNNG. G:C----A:T transitions
      recovered following PNNG treatment do not appear to be influenced by neighbouring
      base sequence to the extent seen for MNNG.

PMID- 2650911
TI  - Autoradiographic evidence of estrogen binding sites in nuclei of
      diethylstilbesterol induced hamster renal carcinomas.
AB  - Estrogen binding sites were demonstrated by autoradiography in one transplantable
      and five primary diethylstilbesterol induced renal carcinomas in three hamsters.
      Radiolabelling, following the in vivo injection of 3H-17 beta estradiol, was
      increased only over the nuclei of tumor cells; stereologic analysis revealed a
      4.5- to 6.7-times higher concentration of reduced silver grains over nuclei than
      cytoplasm of these cells. Despite rapid tubular excretion of estradiol which
      peaked in less than 1 h, the normal cells did not appear to bind the ligand. This
      is the first published report documenting the preferential in vivo binding of
      estrogen to nuclei of cells in estrogen induced hamster renal carcinomas.

PMID- 2650912
TI  - Blind children's early emotional development: do we know enough to help?

PMID- 2650913
TI  - Hypoperfusion of the intestinal microcirculation without decreased cardiac output
      during live Escherichia coli sepsis in rats.
AB  - In order to determine the intestinal microvascular responses to normotensive,
      high cardiac output (CO) bacteremia, we measured vascular diameters and blood
      flow at different levels of the intestinal microcirculation during live E. coli
      bacteremia in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 16). Precollicular brainstem
      transection was used to allow study free of drug anesthesia. The microcirculation
      of a loop of small intestine (with intact neurovascular connections) was observed
      by in vivo video microscopy and optical Doppler velocimetry at a magnification of
      x1,500. Intraluminal microvessel diameters and red cell velocity were measured in
      successive branches until the vessel entered a villus. CO was measured by
      transpulmonary thermodilution. Intravenous infusion of 1 x 10(9) live E. coli
      caused a 20% increase in CO at 50 min and a 14% decrease in systemic vascular
      resistance. However, microvascular blood flow to the small intestine decreased by
      27% at 1 hr and by 56% at 2 hr. Progressive arteriolar constriction (25-50%, P
      less than .05) occurred at all levels of the intestinal microcirculation. These
      data indicate that intestinal hypoperfusion caused by arteriolar constriction
      occurs during high CO bacteremia. This hypoperfusion could contribute to mucosal
      injury and intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction during sepsis.

PMID- 2650914
TI  - Comparison of the cardiopulmonary responses to single bolus and continuous
      infusion of endotoxin in an ovine model.
AB  - We compared the cardiopulmonary responses to a single bolus (1.5 microgram/kg)
      vs. continuous infusion of endotoxin (LPS) (24 ng/kg/hr) in unanesthetized sheep.
      A single bolus produced an initial marked increase in pulmonary arterial pressure
      and plasma thromboxane levels and an elevated flow rate of lung lymph low in
      protein. Concomitantly, the cardiac output dropped and systemic vascular
      resistance rose. In the animals that received a continuous infusion of LPS, only
      very small changes in these variables were noted during this early period. Later,
      lung lymph flow rate and protein flux were elevated in both groups with a greater
      response in the bolus group. At 6 hr after LPS, the systemic vascular resistance
      fell in both groups, but to a greater extent in the bolus group, whereas the
      cardiac output rose to the same extent. Plasma levels of neutrophils,
      lymphocytes, and plasma prekallikrein levels decreased in both groups;
      neutropenia was more pronounced in the bolus group. The most important difference
      between both endotoxemia models during this phase was the reduction of the stroke
      work index in the bolus model, which was not observed with the continuous
      infusion. The apparent myocardial depression, the early reduction in cardiac
      output, and eicosanoid mediated pulmonary hypertension are the major differences
      between the two responses.

PMID- 2650915
TI  - Relationships among endotoxemia, arterial pressure, and renal function in dogs.
AB  - This study evaluated the effects of increasing plasma endotoxin (Difco 055:B5)
      concentration by intravenous and intrarenal infusion on renal hemodynamics and
      renal function. Plasma endotoxin was increased to 130-150 ng/ml (infusion rate of
      32 micrograms/min) in two groups of dogs and changes in plasma endotoxin
      concentration were correlated with arterial pressure (AP), glomerular filtration
      rate (GFR), renal blood flow (RBF), and urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) for 4 hr.
      In group 1, intrarenal endotoxin infusion decreased AP, GFR, RBF, and UNaV
      equally between infused and contralateral noninfused kidneys. In dogs with
      unilateral renal denervation (group 2), intravenous endotoxin maximally decreased
      AP, GFR, RBF, and UNaV in both kidneys by 90 min. Despite continued endotoxin
      infusion, RBF and GFR then spontaneously increased after 90 min, and by 240 min
      these values were significantly greater in the innervated kidneys compared with
      denervated kidneys (P less than 0.05). In both groups of dogs, the spontaneous
      increase in GFR and RBF was associated with a spontaneous increase in arterial
      pressure. These data suggest that renal dysfunction during moderate endotoxemia
      may be mediated by systemic hemodynamic changes rather than by direct intrarenal
      toxicity and that renal innervation may protect against endotoxin-induced
      reductions in RBF and GFR.

PMID- 2650916
TI  - Effect of morphine on the hemodynamic and neuroendocrine responses to hemorrhage
      in conscious rats.
AB  - We have previously reported that analgesic doses of morphine accelerate mortality
      of rats exposed to hemorrhage (Feuerstein and Siren: Circ Shock 19:293-300,
      1986). To study the potential mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, rats were
      chronically implanted with catheters in the femoral vessels and morphine (1.5 or
      5 mg/kg) was administered 30 min or 24 hr after bleeding (8.5 ml/300 g over 5
      min) while arterial blood pressure and heart rate were continuously monitored.
      Furthermore, the effect of morphine (5 mg/kg) on cardiac output (CO) response to
      hemorrhage was studied in rats chronically equipped with a minithermistor for CO
      monitoring by a thermodilution technique. In addition, plasma catecholamines
      (HPLC), plasma renin activity (PRA, RIA), vasopressin (RIA), pH, and blood gases
      were also determined. Morphine administration 30 min after hemorrhage produced a
      pressor response and tachycardia which were in marked contrast to its depressor
      effect in intact rats. Morphine elevated PRA and epinephrine but not vasopressin,
      while blood pH and gases showed no consistent change as compared to saline
      treated hemorrhaged rats. Morphine given after the bleeding resulted in enhanced
      cardiac depression in response to a second bleed of 2 ml/300 g. Our data suggest
      that activation of pressor mechanisms by morphine during hypovolemic hypotension
      might enhance vasoconstriction in essential organs, depress cardiac function, and
      further reduce effective tissue perfusion.

PMID- 2650917
TI  - Splanchnic blood flows in a rat model of antibiotic-controlled intra-abdominal
      abscess during normoxia and hyperoxia.
AB  - We have characterized splanchnic blood flows in a rat model of antibiotic
      controlled, intra-abdominal abscess (ACIA) in normoxic and hyperoxic
      environments. Abscesses (1.5 ml average volume) were established by implanting a
      fecal-agar pellet containing known numbers and strains of live Escherichia coli
      and Bacteroides fragilis into the peritoneal cavity of rats via a midline
      incision. Sham-operated rats (SR) served as controls. Cannulas (PE-50) were
      placed into the left ventricle of both SR and ACIA rats for injection of tracer
      microspheres (MS) and into the tail artery for a reference withdrawal site. Blood
      flow measurements were made in conscious unrestrained rats before, during, and
      after hyperoxic exposure by using MS labelled with either 51Cr or 85Sr or 141Ce.
      No change in cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), or mean arterial pressure
      (MAP) was seen between ACIA and SR groups. The administration of hyperoxia
      diminished the fractional distribution of CO to the liver (portal), stomach,
      cecum, colon, and pancreas in both groups. The percent CO to the liver
      (arterial), small intestine, and spleen did not change in either group. The blood
      flow to all splanchnic organs, except liver (arterial), was diminished during
      hyperoxia in both groups and recovered after hyperoxia. In conclusion, central
      hemodynamics and splanchnic blood flows are not altered by the presence of a
      large intra-abdominal abscess controlled by antibiotics. Splanchnic blood flows
      are diminished by hyperoxia.

PMID- 2650918
TI  - Digital angiographic impulse response analysis of regional myocardial perfusion:
      linearity, reproducibility, accuracy, and comparison with conventional indicator
      dilution curve parameters in phantom and canine models.
AB  - The system mean transit time (Tsys) of the impulse response function describing
      contrast material transit through the coronary circulation was determined from
      serial digital angiographic images. The linearity, reproducibility, and relations
      with regional myocardial perfusion and conventional time-density curve
      parameters, time to peak concentration (TPC), and exponential washout rate (k)
      were assessed in a dynamic flow x-ray phantom (n = 46) and in six open-chest dogs
      (n = 102) while coronary flow was altered by stenosis and/or hyperemic stimuli.
      In the phantom studies, the inverse of the system mean transit time (Tsys-1)
      closely predicted flow/volume (r = 0.99, slope = 0.99). In dogs, Tsys-1 was
      independent of the shape of the contrast bolus injection (single or double
      peaked), class of contrast agent (ionic or nonionic), the type of hyperemic
      stimulus (dipyridamole, dipyridamole plus norepinephrine, transient total
      occlusion, or ionic contrast media), and was highly reproducible between adjacent
      myocardial regions served by the same artery (r = 0.98 +/- 0.01). There was a
      strong correlation between Tsys-1 and regional coronary flow for stenotic and/or
      hyperemic vessels (r = 0.94, distribution volume = 14.9 ml/100 g) over a wide
      range (0-514 ml/min/100 g). Tsys-1 performed better than conventional time
      density curve parameters TPC-1 and k for predicting phantom flow/volume ratios
      and regional myocardial blood flow in the dog. These data suggest that both
      digital coronary angiography and coronary contrast transit can be modeled as
      linear systems and that impulse response analysis may provide accurate and
      reproducible estimates of regional myocardial blood flow.

PMID- 2650919
TI  - Relation between longitudinal, circumferential, and oblique shortening and
      torsional deformation in the left ventricle of the transplanted human heart.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the anisotropy of systolic chord
      shortening in the lateral, inferior, septal, and anterior regions of the human
      left ventricle. At the time of surgery, 12 miniature radiopaque markers were
      implanted into the left ventricular midwall of the donor heart in 15 cardiac
      transplant recipients. Postoperative biplane cineradiograms were computer
      analyzed to yield the three-dimensional coordinates of these markers at 16.7-msec
      intervals. In each of the four left ventricular regions, chords were constructed
      from a central marker to outlying markers, and the percent systolic shortening of
      each chord was calculated. In each region, chord angles were measured with
      respect to the circumferential direction (positive angles counterclockwise) and
      each chord was assigned to one of four angular groups: I. oblique, -45 +/- 22.5
      degrees or 135 +/- 22.5 degrees; II. circumferential, 0 +/- 22.5 degrees or 180
      +/- 22.5 degrees; III. oblique, 45 +/- 22.5 degrees or -135 +/- 22.5 degrees; or
      IV. longitudinal, 90 +/- 22.5 degrees. In the lateral, inferior, and septal
      regions, respectively, systolic shortening (mean +/- SD%) was significantly
      greater in Group I chords (19 +/- 5%, 17 +/- 5%, and 15 +/- 4%) than those in
      Group II (15 +/- 5%, 12 +/- 4%, and 11 +/- 4%), Group III (12 +/- 4%, 12 +/- 5%,
      and 11 +/- 4%), or Group IV (13 +/- 5%, 13 +/- 6%, and 12 +/- 5%). The anterior
      region was unique in exhibiting equal shortening in both Group I and Group II
      chords (16 +/- 5%), although the shortening of these chords was significantly
      greater than that of Group III and Group IV (12 +/- 5%) in this region. A
      cylindrical mathematical model was developed to relate longitudinal,
      circumferential, and oblique systolic shortening to torsional deformation about
      the long axis of the left ventricle. Torsional deformations measured in these 15
      hearts were of sufficient magnitude and correct sense to agree with model
      predictions. These data suggest that torsional deformations of the left ventricle
      are of fundamental importance in linking the one-dimensional contraction of the
      helically wound myocytes to the three-dimensional anisotropic systolic shortening
      encountered in the transplanted human heart.

PMID- 2650920
TI  - N-methyl-D-aspartate induces recurrent synchronized burst activity in immature
      hippocampal CA3 neurones in vitro.
AB  - Slices of hippocampus prepared from rats aged 1-10 days have been used to examine
      the chemosensitivity of CA3 pyramidal neurones to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA).
      Superfusion of NMDA excited all neurones tested at all ages including the first
      day postnatal. In the majority of neurones this excitation was associated with
      the induction of a period of burst firing which disappeared on removal of NMDA.
      These bursts took the form of paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (PDSs) with a large
      amplitude depolarization and a high frequency discharge of spikes. The amplitude
      but not the frequency of occurrence of the PDSs was influenced by changes in the
      membrane potential and they could be abolished by either a high divalent cation
      medium or tetrodotoxin. Their occurrence was synchronous with an extracellularly
      recorded discharge. The NMDA induced excitation and the induction of the PDSs was
      attenuated by selective NMDA receptor antagonists D-aminophosphonovalerate (10-50
      microM) and D,L-aminophosphonoheptanoate (20-30 microM). The results indicate
      that chemosensitivity to NMDA develops prenatally and that activation of NMDA
      receptors can in immature CA3 pyramidals induce recurrent synchronized burst
      activity.

PMID- 2650921
TI  - Sensitive time-resolved immunofluorometric assay of thyrotropin in serum.
AB  - We have developed a time-resolved solid-phase immunofluorometric assay for
      thyrotropin (TSH). The assay is performed in white opaque microtitration wells
      which are coated with a monoclonal capture antibody. Serum TSH binds
      simultaneously to the solid phase and to a biotinylated monoclonal detection
      antibody. The degree of biotinylated antibody binding is quantitated with
      streptavidin conjugated to thyroglobulin which is heavily labelled with the Eu3+
      chelator 4,7-bis [chlorosulfophenyl] -1,10-phenanthroline -2,9-dicarboxylic acid
      (BCPDA). The final fluorescent complex is measured on the solid phase with time
      resolved fluorometry. The assay requires two incubation steps and can be
      completed in 5 hours. The detection limit is 0.03 milli-int. units/L. The present
      assay was compared with two immunoradiometric assays and gave satisfactory
      results.

PMID- 2650922
TI  - Biochemical basis for alcohol-induced liver injury.
AB  - Chronic ethanol ingestion leads to hepatocellular injury and alcoholic liver
      disease (ALD) only if multiple factors combine to favor centrilobular
      hepatocellular hypoxia. It is hypothesized that these factors include a shift in
      the redox state, the induction of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS),
      a high blood alcohol level (BAL), a high polyunsaturated fat diet and episodic
      decreased O2 supply to the liver. The shift in the redox state favors a low
      cellular pH, decreased fatty acid oxidation and increased triglyceride formation.
      The increased MEOS activity increases O2 consumption and portal-central O2
      gradient as well as favors acetaldehyde toxic effects including retention of
      hepatic lipids and export proteins causing cell swelling. The resultant increase
      in the concentration of acetaldehyde and lactate may stimulate fibrosis as they
      stimulate collagen synthesis in vitro. The resultant fatty liver narrows the
      sinusoids slowing sinusoid blood flow. The combination of events reduces
      available O2 leading to decreased levels of ATP and cellular pH making the liver
      vulnerable to episodes of systemic hypoxia. The role of membrane changes are
      reviewed, i.e., 1) membrane fluidity as related to changes in the species of
      phospholipids, 2) mitochondrial function as related to the changes in the lipid
      environment of the electron transport chain, and 3) linoleic acid-prostaglandin
      metabolism. Acute ethanol in vitro has been shown to affect liver cell metabolism
      regulation by triggering and increasing protein phosphorylation through the Ca2+
      phospholipase C pathway. A high fat diet enhances the liver injury caused by
      chronic ethanol ingestion.

PMID- 2650923
TI  - The role of apoproteins in disorders of lipoprotein metabolism.
AB  - Apolipoproteins are essential components of plasma lipoproteins. They facilitate
      the absorption and secretion of fat from the intestine, serve as activators of
      enzymes of lipoprotein metabolism and act as ligands for lipoprotein receptors on
      cell surfaces. Changes in the apoprotein quantity or composition affect plasma
      lipid concentrations. Specific examples of apolipoprotein alterations are known
      for apo A-I, apo B, and for C and E apolipoproteins. With the availability of
      both apolipoprotein protein and gene analytical techniques both quantitative and
      qualitative assays of apolipoproteins are becoming more important in the
      diagnosis of lipoprotein disorders. Assays of apo A-I, apo B and, less
      frequently, apo C-II and E apolipoproteins are useful diagnostic tools, if
      performed properly. Major problems with the standardization and quality control
      of these assays remain to be solved.

PMID- 2650924
TI  - Microsomal induction, alcohol, and lipoprotein metabolism: is there a three-way
      relationship?
AB  - The role of ethanol as a microsomal enzyme-inducing agent and as a modulator of
      lipid metabolism is reviewed. In an attempt to ascertain the mechanisms
      underlying the latter effects we examined the changes in hepatic triglyceride
      lipase (HTGL), hepatic high density lipoprotein (HDL) binding, and apolipoprotein
      secretion mediated by ethanol in a variety of experimental situations. Chronic
      administration of ethanol to rats decreased the ability of the liver to secrete
      HTGL, but primary liver cultures prepared from both ethanol and sucrose-fed rats
      secreted more HTGL when acutely exposed to ethanol over a 3-day period than when
      grown in a control medium. Hep G2 cells when grown in ethanol-containing medium
      for 14-28 days manifested increased HDL-binding capacity; apolipoprotein-A1
      secretion was increased by ethanol but apolipoprotein B secretion was not
      affected. These findings suggest that increased plasma HDL concentrations which
      follow chronic ethanol ingestion may be due, at least in part, to increased
      hepatic secretion and reduced intravascular conversion of the lipoprotein despite
      enhanced reuptake by the liver; they are not consistent with an ethanol-mediated
      alteration in very low density lipoprotein secretion by the liver.

PMID- 2650925
TI  - EEG and pesticides.

PMID- 2650926
TI  - Combined neurophysiological studies in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a case report.
AB  - EEG and brain mapping (on basal conditions and after i.v. administration of
      diazepam) and visual, somatosensory and auditory evoked potentials have been
      performed on a patient at terminal evolution of CJD. These combined
      neurophysiologic studies indicated that very important functional impairments of
      either thalamic-frontal circuits and frontal, parietal and occipital cortex were
      associated with absent or mild dysfunction of the visual, somatosensory and
      auditory subcortical pathways. Combined neurophysiologic studies are important to
      better understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases.

PMID- 2650927
TI  - Ontogenic development of the elastic component of the aortic wall in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - In the neonatal stage of development in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR),
      previous studies have shown that arterial pressure is already significantly
      increased over that of normotensive WKY controls and that other hypertensive
      characteristics of the cardiovascular system are also in evidence. The present
      study describes early development of the elastic component of the aortic wall in
      fetal (days 17, 19, 21-22 of gestation) and neonatal (days 1, 7, 14, 21 of age)
      SHR and WKY, to determine whether the early pattern of elastin accumulation
      differs significantly in hypertensive and normotensive animals. The data indicate
      that in SHR there is a greater concentration of elastin in the aortic wall, a
      larger cross-sectional area and an increase in the number of lamellar units, both
      pre- and postnatally. We conclude that the differences in arterial wall structure
      which are associated with genetic hypertension are established early in
      development.

PMID- 2650928
TI  - Stimulation of plasma renin activity by captopril in renovascular hypertensive
      conscious dogs.
AB  - The increase in plasma renin activity induced by captopril is used in the
      clinical evaluation of renovascular hypertensive patients. This increase in
      plasma renin activity could result from either the concomitant fall in systemic
      pressure or other effects of captopril, such as the removal of an angiotensin II
      inhibitory effect on renin release, the increased production of bradykinin or
      prostaglandins, etc. To examine the effect captopril has on plasma renin
      activity, independent of changes in systemic pressure, captopril (5, 10 and 50
      micrograms/kg iv) was administered to conscious dogs before and following the
      development of 1 clip-2 kidney Goldblatt hypertension. Plasma renin activity,
      under normal conditions remained unchanged, while during hypertension it
      increased 2.0, 2.8 and 3.5 fold respectively in response to the three doses of
      captopril. These results suggest that the development of renovascular
      hypertension sensitized the kidney to release renin when challenged by captopril
      and that the effect is independent of changes in systemic pressure.

PMID- 2650929
TI  - Urinary kallikrein excretion following chronic sinoaortic denervation in
      conscious dogs.
AB  - Urinary kallikrein excretion (UKE) was investigated in neurogenic hypertensive
      dogs for a period of 8 months. The animals were made hypertensive by sinoaortic
      denervation (SAD). Plasma catecholamine levels (PC), plasma renin activity (PRA),
      plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and urinary sodium excretion (UNa) were
      also measured. The onset of hypertension was associated with an increase in PC.
      UKE, measured by amidolytic and kininogenase activities, exhibited a very
      significant transient increase two and four weeks after SAD. Progressively, UKE
      significantly decreased below control values at the 16th and 32nd week. Since the
      month following SAD is characterized by an increase in sympathetic tone (as shown
      by high PC levels), the transient increase of UKE can be related to this high PC
      level; although this hypothesis is only supported by a positive relationship
      between these two parameters. The subsequent decrease in UKE appeared linked to
      diminished mineralocorticoid activity. Thus, the biphasic pattern of UKE observed
      in the study suggests that variations of UKE are more a consequence of
      hypertension than a pathogenic factor. Because UKE, which is of renal origin, is
      reduced at the end of the study period, this may also suggest possible renal
      dysfunctions in this model of hypertension.

PMID- 2650930
TI  - Cardiovascular reactivity and plasma prolactin response to mental stress in
      normals and hypertensives.
AB  - Central dopaminergic activity (CDA) may be involved in blood pressure control as
      a negative modulator of sympathetic outflow. In this study the plasma PRL changes
      produced by mental stress (a colour-word conflict test, CWT) were investigated in
      normals (NT, n.15) and stable hypertensives (HT, n.16) and the PRL response, as a
      possible index of CDA was correlated to the cardiovascular and the plasma renin
      activity (PRA) responses as indexes of peripheral sympathetic outflow. A
      significant (p less than 0.05) slight decrease in mean values of PRL was observed
      in normals after the CWT but no change was found in hypertensives. No correlation
      was found between the PRL responses to CWT and the maximal mean arterial pressure
      changes or the PRA changes whether the groups were considered separately or
      together. These findings indicates that PRL does not appear to be a reliable
      index of the CDA involved in blood pressure control.

PMID- 2650931
TI  - An adrenal cyst associated with 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone excess and low renin
      hypertension.
AB  - Adrenal cysts are rare, but they have been disproportionately associated with
      hypertension. This report describes a hypertensive patient with increased levels
      of 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone (19-nor-DOC), a potent mineralocorticoid. The
      patient was a thirty year old man with hypokalemia, moderately severe
      hypertension, suppressed PRA, and low aldosterone secretion. Following surgical
      removal of a 10 cm adrenal cyst, the hypertension improved, the hypokalemia
      resolved, and the PRA and the aldosterone secretion normalized. Urinary 19-nor
      DOC pre-op was elevated 4.6 microgram per day (normal less than 1.0 microgram/day
      and subsequently became normal at 0.7 microgram per day following surgery. The
      adrenal cyst was a fibrous walled structure containing mucinous straw-colored
      fluid. Pericystic adrenocortical tissue demonstrated increased 19-OH-DOC
      production (a 19-nor-DOC precursor) which may have been responsible for the 19
      nor-DOC excess. We hypothesize that compressive adrenal damage from the cyst may
      produce a form of adrenal regeneration hypertension which is known to be
      associated with 19-nor-DOC excess.

PMID- 2650932
TI  - Effect of posture on the plasma levels of atrial natriuretic factor.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a peptide with potent natriuretic, diuretic
      and vasorelaxant activities. Stretching of the right atria causes release of ANF
      into the circulation. Therefore, changes in central blood volume or acute volume
      expansion are likely to change the plasma levels of ANF. In this study we
      investigated the effects of changes in posture on the plasma levels of ANF,
      plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (aldo). Eight male and five
      female volunteers ranging in age from 23 to 26 years were placed on a normal
      sodium intake and on the experimental day blood was obtained for ANF, PRA, and
      aldo after 30 minutes of lying supine, 30 minutes of 10 or 20 degrees head-down
      tilt, and 30 minutes of standing. Plasma ANF increased significantly after 30
      minutes of head-down tilt from the supine value of 33.7 +/- 5.2 pg/ml to 47.7 +/-
      7.7 pg/ml (p less than 0.02) and suppressed to 14.1 +/- 0.02) after 30 minutes of
      standing. PRA did not change significantly with head-down tilt, (supine 1.64 +/-
      0.44 ngAI/ml/h vs. 30 minutes tilt 1.28 +/- 0.32 ngAI/ml/h (p = NS). Plasma
      aldosterone decreased by head-down tilt from 11.2 +/- 1.2 ng/ml to 8.4 +/- 0.8
      ng/dl (p less than 0.02) and returned to the supine level after standing. In
      conclusion ANF levels change significantly with posture. Increase in central
      blood volume by head-down tilt increases ANF levels and suppresses plasma
      aldosterone with no effect on PRA. Standing decreases ANF significantly. These
      results suggest that for proper interpretation of plasma levels of ANF, posture
      at the time of sampling has to be standardized.

PMID- 2650933
TI  - Phenotypical features of an unique Irish family with severe autosomal recessive
      osteogenesis imperfecta.
AB  - Severe Sillence type II/III Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a lethal or severely
      crippling disease with either autosomal dominant or recessively inherited type I
      collagen mutations. Here we describe the detailed clinical features of a thin
      ribbed OI variant with deformed limbs. The three consecutively affected children
      showed no genetic linkage with either of the two type I collagen genes, which
      implies that a novel mechanism causes this clinical phenotype. It can be
      prevented using ultrasound to diagnose affected foetuses.

PMID- 2650934
TI  - Fryns syndrome: report on 8 new cases.
AB  - The name Fryns syndrome was given to a new variable multiple congenital anomaly
      syndrome, almost always lethal, described in 1978, and now known to be autosomal
      recessive. Since that date, 20 patients have been reported in the literature. We
      describe 8 new cases, 6 of which were diagnosed in a series of 112,276
      consecutive births (livebirths and perinatal deaths). The prevalence of this
      syndrome can be estimated to be around 0.7 per 10,000 births. These new cases
      confirm that the most frequent anomalies are diaphragmatic defects, lung
      hypoplasia, cleft lip and palate (often bilateral), cardiac defects (septal
      defects and aortic arch anomalies), renal cysts (type II, III or IV), urinary
      tract malformations, and distal limb hypoplasia. Most patients also have
      hypoplastic external genitalia and anomalies of internal genitalia (bifid or
      hypoplastic uterus, immature testes). The digestive tract is also often abnormal:
      duodenal atresia, pyloric hyperplasia, malrotation and common mesentery are
      present in half of the patients. When the brain was examined, more than half were
      abnormal (Dandy-Walker anomaly and agenesis of corpus callosum). A few patients
      demonstrated cloudy cornea. We examined the eyes of three patients
      histologically: two of them showed retinal dysplasia with rosettes and gliosis of
      the retina, thickness of posterior capsula of lens and irregularities of the
      Bowman membrane. Four of our cases were diagnosed prenatally between 24 and 27
      weeks. It is to be expected that prenatal diagnosis will be made often and
      earlier in the future, as the spectrum of anomalies of the Fryns syndrome can
      easily be evidenced by sonography.

PMID- 2650936
TI  - Mechanisms of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Aminoglycosides continue to be widely used for the treatment of serious Gram
      negative infections. Ten to fifteen per cent of all courses of therapy are
      complicated by declines in renal function, despite close monitoring of serum drug
      levels. The proposed pathogenesis and biochemical mechanisms of renal dysfunction
      caused by these commonly used therapeutic agents are discussed.

PMID- 2650935
TI  - 3C syndrome: third occurrence of cranio-cerebello-cardiac dysplasia (Ritscher
      Schinzel syndrome).
AB  - We report a child with an unusual pattern of malformations: severe delay in bone
      maturation, wide fontanelles and facial dysmorphism (evoking cleidocranial
      dysplasia), relative macroencephaly with cerebellar vermis hypoplasia,
      hypertelorism, skeletal abnormalities (1st ribs aplasia, multifocal sternal
      ossification centers, thin bones), septal defect, muscular waste, hypotonia and
      developmental delay. Most of these features have been reported previously by
      Ritscher, Schinzel et al. in two sibs, who suffered more severe cerebellar
      malformations (Dandy-Walker cyst or vermis aplasia). We propose 3C syndrome as an
      easy acronym for this Cranio-Cerebello-Cardiac dysplasia.

PMID- 2650937
TI  - Recurrence of monoclonal gammopathy-related glomerulonephritis in renal
      allograft.
AB  - A patient developed hematuria and nephrotic syndrome. A monoclonal IgG-lambda was
      detected in his serum, urine and glomeruli. Kidney biopsy revealed crescentic
      glomerulonephritis with characteristic "fibrils" or tactoids in the mesangial and
      subendothelial areas. Nine months after the diagnosis, he was placed on
      hemodialysis. Two years later, he received a cadaveric kidney transplantation.
      Eighteen months later, proteinuria recurred. Renal biopsy revealed crescentic
      glomerulonephritis, positive immunofluorescence for IgG-lambda and characteristic
      "fibrils" in the mesangium and subendothelium of the glomeruli. These findings
      were the same as those found in his native kidney. This finding demonstrates that
      glomerulonephritis associated with monoclonal gammopathy can recur in the
      allograft.

PMID- 2650938
TI  - In vitro lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocyte responses to influenza
      immunization in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Following influenza immunization, in vitro anti-influenza antibody production by
      peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBM) taken from some patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus is shown to be impaired despite apparently normal serum antibody
      responses. One explanation for this finding could be the sequestration of
      antibody-producing cells in the lymphoid tissue. In this study, antibody
      production in vitro by lymphocytes from peripheral blood and lymph nodes was
      measured in parallel following influenza immunization of SLE patients and normal
      controls. Antibody production by lymph node cells was confirmed in the presence
      of an impaired PBM antibody response, suggesting redistribution of antibody
      producing cells to the lymphoid tissue. This finding was not however, confined to
      SLE patients, and the relatively low serum antibody response in these individuals
      suggests a more generalised impairment of the immune response.

PMID- 2650940
TI  - Clinical research--where have we been?

PMID- 2650939
TI  - Transformed NIH 3T3 cells expressing human melanoma N-ras oncogene metastasize to
      lymph node in nude mice.
AB  - The effect of the N-ras oncogene on the propensity of transformed cells to
      disseminate from the tumor and to metastasize, using NIH 3T3 cells transformed
      either with human melanoma DNA containing the N-ras oncogene or with the cloned N
      ras from human neuroblastoma, was investigated. The results show that NIH 3T3
      expressing these genes readily formed tumors after subcutaneous injection in nude
      mice. Spontaneous lymph node metastasis was observed after a first cycle of
      transfection in one animal inoculated with cells containing human melanoma N-ras
      oncogene, and in 95 per cent of the animals after the second and third rounds of
      transfection, indicating that the metastatic capacity was transferred. In all
      cases human N-ras oncogene was found in both the metastases and the associated
      tumors. No control NIH 3T3 cells formed tumors or metastases in nude mice, and
      NIH 3T3 cells transfected with cloned N-ras activated oncogene formed tumors in
      100 per cent of injected mice, but no spontaneous metastases. Thus human
      activated N-ras gene may not be sufficient to confer metastatic behavior in nude
      mice and the metastatic ability of human melanoma DNA transfected cells may be
      due to, among other possibilities, expression of other gene sequences from
      melanoma DNA co-transfected with the N-ras oncogene, or to specific activated
      murine sequences switched on during the initial process of transfection.

PMID- 2650941
TI  - Sulindac does not spare renal prostaglandins.
AB  - It has been suggested that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, sulindac,
      selectively spares renal prostaglandin synthesis. We compared the effect of
      placebo and sulindac 300 mg daily for one week on furosemide-stimulated renal
      prostaglandin synthesis in twelve healthy young men. Sulindac reduced serum
      thromboxane B2, a measure of platelet thromboxane A2 production, from 21 +/- 3.9
      to 10.9 +/- 2.2 ng/ml (p less than 0.01) but had no effect on body weight, blood
      pressure or serum creatinine. Sulindac did, however, decrease the natriuretic
      effect of intravenous furosemide, and reduced the increment in plasma renin
      activity. The excretion rates of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and thromboxane B2
      in urine were reduced by 34 and 27% respectively (p less than 0.001 for both).
      The reduced excretion rate was particularly prominent in the first ten minutes
      after furosemide injection. While these decreases are less marked than those seen
      with indomethacin, the reduction in platelet thromboxane A2 production is also of
      lesser degree. We conclude that, in the dose used, sulindac is a less potent
      inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase than indomethacin and has no selective renal sparing
      effect.

PMID- 2650942
TI  - Quantitative spectral analysis of carotid Doppler signal: evaluation as a method
      for measurement of drug effects.
AB  - Hemodynamic theories of atherogenesis suggest that the endothelial injury that
      initiates the process, as well as complications such as dissection and embolism,
      may be caused by arterial flow disturbances. Although treatment of high blood
      pressure prevents arteriolar complications such as brain haemorrhage and
      nephrosclerosis, little progress has been made in prevention of atherosclerotic
      events such as myocardial infarction. It is therefore desirable to develop
      methods for measuring the effects of antihypertensive drugs on the occurrence of
      such flow disturbances. We have evaluated quantitative spectral analysis of
      carotid Doppler signals in normals and in patients with carotid stenosis, in
      crossover studies of metoprolol vs placebo. Twenty healthy volunteers and 20
      patients with carotid stenosis were treated in two double-blind placebo
      controlled complete crossover studies, in which each subject took metoprolol 100
      mg per os, and matching placebo, 1 hr before carotid scanning. In normals, peak
      frequency, mean frequency, and window index (WI) were measured at each of 2 sites
      in the left common, external and internal carotid arteries. Spectral broadening
      index (SBI), the ratio (peak-mean)/mean, was computed for comparison with window
      index (WI), the ratio of the area under the first 100 msec of the 25th percentile
      velocity curve to the area under the 75th percentile curve. Peak frequency, SBI
      and WI measure the extent of disturbance of arterial flow patterns, i.e. the
      extent to which flow has become non-laminar. Heart rate was reduced significantly
      by metoprolol, and in the external carotid artery, metoprolol significantly
      reduced both peak and mean frequency. Window index was not significantly
      changed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2650943
TI  - Midazolam in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a single-blind dose-finding study.
AB  - Midazolam is a water soluble benzodiazepine with potent sedative and amnestic
      properties. Sixty unpremedicated patients who were to undergo upper endoscopy for
      diagnostic purposes were enrolled in an open, non-randomized study to assess the
      efficacy of 4 increasing dosages of midazolam (0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg/kg).
      Efficacy measures included Trieger test (psychomotor drawing), presence of
      anterograde amnesia, patient rating (PR) of the sedation, evidence of
      inflammation at the site of the injection and physician's global assessment
      (PGA). The 4 patient groups were similar in age, sex and ASA class. Eight of the
      15 patients who received the 0.05 mg/kg and 1 patient each in the 0.10 mg/kg and
      0.15 mg/kg group were considered to be treatment failures and required
      supplemental diazepam. PR (excellent-good) was constant for all doses throughout.
      Nearly all patients had anterograde amnesia. Deterioration in the Trieger test
      results was associated with increasing dose (ANOVA, p less than 0.05). There were
      no significant changes in vital signs. Signs of phlebitis were noted in two
      patients who received both diazepam and midazolam. PGA rating rose from 26.7%
      (0.05 mg/kg) to 80.0% (0.20 mg/kg) (p less than 0.01). Few adverse effects
      (unrelated to dosage) were noted. Midazolam is a well tolerated benzodiazepine
      which provides satisfactory sedation for endoscopy. If no premedication is given,
      there are no benefits to be gained from using a dose greater than 0.10 mg/kg.

PMID- 2650944
TI  - Neuroepithelial and ectomesenchymal differentiation in a primitive pineal tumor
      ("pineal anlage tumor").
AB  - A primitive tumor of the pineal region in a 9-year-old girl led to death after 5
      months of increased intracranial pressure with occlusive hydrocephalus.
      Histological investigation including immunocytochemistry revealed a broad
      spectrum of neuroectodermal differentiation with neuroblastic, neuronal,
      ependymal and retinoblastomatous features. Melanotic epithelial formations were
      similar to those of the so-called retinal anlage tumor and of the developing
      pineal gland. Striated muscle fibers indicated additional ectomesenchymal
      differentiation reminiscent of the close topographical relationship between
      neural crest and neural tube on the prosencephalic level of the pineal anlage.
      This developmental situation seems to be neoplastically reflected by the
      differentiation features of this tumor.

PMID- 2650945
TI  - The biologic concept of continuous passive motion of synovial joints. The first
      18 years of basic research and its clinical application.
AB  - The notoriously limited capacity of articular cartilage to heal or to regenerate
      plus the author's clinical observations and research on the deleterious effects
      of immobilization on joints led him to the biologic concept of continuous passive
      motion (CPM) of synovial joints in 1970. The hypothesis that CPM should stimulate
      pluripotential mesenchymal cells to differentiate into articular cartilage and
      should accelerate the healing of articular tissues has been validated by numerous
      scientific investigations of a variety of experimental models of the knee joint.
      These models have included full-thickness defects, intraarticular fractures,
      acute septic arthritis, partial thickness lacerations of the patellar tendon,
      semitendinosus tenodesis to replace the medial collateral ligament, autogeneic
      osteoperiosteal grafts in major defects, free autogeneic periosteal grafts, and
      periosteal allografts. In 1978, the author collaborated with Saringer, an
      engineer, to develop CPM devices for humans. CPM is clinically indicated
      following such procedures as open reduction of fractures, arthrolysis for
      posttraumatic arthritis, synovectomy, drainage of septic arthritis, release of
      joint contractures, total arthroplasty, tendon repair, and ligament
      reconstruction. Clinically, CPM is an important stimulus to joint regeneration
      processes.

PMID- 2650946
TI  - Osteogenesis imperfecta. Perspectives.
AB  - Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heterogenous group of inherited conditions arising
      from a variety of biochemical and morphological collagen defects. The broad
      manifestations of abnormalities in bones, teeth, scleri, ligaments, and other
      collagen-containing tissues point to the heterogeneity of the condition.
      Diagnosis in the neonatal period is based on clinical characteristics,
      roentgenograms, and a detailed family history. Treatment is conservative when
      possible, and particular attention is paid to the social development of the
      growing child as well as to genetic counseling for parents. Modes and surgical
      treatment include osteoclasis and percutaneous pinning for long-bone deformities
      in the infant and, in the child older than two years of age, segmentation and the
      use of telescoping rods. Surgical treatment of spinal deformity is dependent on
      the age of the patient and the severity of the condition. Biochemical research is
      being conducted using direct tissue analyses and analyses of cultured fibroblasts
      and osteoblasts.

PMID- 2650947
TI  - Coracoid process transfer for acromioclavicular dislocations. A report of 20
      cases.
AB  - Twenty patients with acromioclavicular dislocations treated by transfer of the
      coracoid process to the clavicle were reviewed and were compared to a previous
      study. Surgery was performed for acute dislocations in seven cases and for
      chronic dislocations in 13 cases. At the follow-up examination (5.6 +/- 3.5 years
      for acute and 4.0 +/- 3.6 years for chronic dislocations), all patients had some
      relief of their symptoms. Nine patients had residual aching in the joint, and
      this was associated with an older age at injury (40 years as opposed to 25 years
      for chronic dislocations). Complications included superficial wound infections in
      two patients, transient stiffness of the shoulder in two patients, loss of range
      of movement in one patient, and subjective weakness in one patient. In general,
      satisfactory results were achieved in younger patients, but as the results of
      conservative treatment of these injuries are comparable, the operation is
      indicated only in patients with symptomatic chronic acromioclavicular
      dislocations.

PMID- 2650948
TI  - Orthopaedic surgery--"Shaping it for Permanence or for Ending". 1962.

PMID- 2650949
TI  - The carbon dioxide laser. A potential tool for orthopedic surgery.
AB  - Arthroscopic laser surgery was performed in 325 knee joints between January 1985
      and August 1988 with no significant lasting complications. The CO2 laser is
      especially effective in the "tight knee" for high surface area, low volume
      lesions, and chondromalacia. Arthroscopic laser surgery is also being performed
      as part of a multicenter study. Although the results are satisfactory to date,
      the use of the laser on the spine and joints other than the knee and for PMMA
      removal is experimental.

PMID- 2650950
TI  - Bridge flexor tendon grafts.
AB  - In adults, when flexor tendons cannot be repaired until weeks or months after
      injury or when tendons have ruptured and part of the tendon is nonviable, it is
      often inadvisable to suture the tendon ends together. When a primary repair has
      failed, when there has been a delay in tendon reconstruction to allow skin
      coverage or joint mobilization, or when repair has been delayed because of
      infection, continuity of a profundus tendon or flexor pollicis longus tendon can
      often be restored by using a free graft to bridge the defect. Many patients
      treated by this procedure will have a satisfactory result providing that the
      flexor tendon is undamaged within its digital sheath and the muscle is intact and
      has adequate amplitude. In the study reported here, satisfactory function was
      restored to 28 of 37 fingers and to eight of ten thumbs treated by this method.

PMID- 2650951
TI  - Surgical management of advanced hemophilic arthropathy. An overview of 20 years'
      experience.
AB  - Advanced hemophilic arthropathy often causes moderate to severe pain and
      significant incapacity by the third or fourth decade of life. Most of these
      patients can be managed conservatively with clotting factor replacement on
      demand, therapeutic exercises, antiinflammatory drugs, orthoses, and activity
      restriction. Some patients, however, have such severe pain and disability and
      frequent need for clotting factor replacement that reconstructive surgery is
      required. Over the last 20 years at the present authors' institution, 168 such
      procedures have been performed. Of these, 141 were primary procedures and 27 were
      reoperations for persisting or recurring symptoms, failed prostheses, and
      infection. End-result analysis at the latest follow-up examination indicates that
      all patients are improved in terms of recurrent hemarthroses and pain, and all
      but two are improved in terms of function. Results are analyzed and compared with
      existing reports in the world literature in order to determine appropriate
      indications for surgery and which procedures are most successful.

PMID- 2650952
TI  - Effect of patient position on interpretation of lung images complicated by chest
      radiograph opacities.
AB  - Lung images in which perfusion defects correspond to chest radiograph (CXR)
      opacities in size and location are generally classified as having an intermediate
      probability for pulmonary embolism, while those studies in which the perfusion
      defects are considerably smaller than the CXR opacities are classified as having
      a low probability for pulmonary embolism. A case is presented in which, by
      imaging a patient in both the erect and supine positions, the authors were able
      to change the interpretation of the study from intermediate probability
      (perfusion defect = CXR opacity) to low probability (perfusion defect less than
      CXR opacity).

PMID- 2650953
TI  - Therapeutic drug monitoring of cyclosporin. Practical applications and
      limitations.
AB  - Cyclosporin, a potent immunosuppressive agent used to prevent rejection of
      transplanted organs, has a narrow therapeutic range and various toxic effects,
      mostly concentration-dependent. The kinetics of this drug present a large intra-
      and interindividual variability due to many factors resulting in marked
      variations of blood cyclosporin concentrations, and in a poor correlation between
      administered dose and concentrations. The knowledge of cyclosporin peculiarities
      and of factors affecting blood concentrations can provide a rational basis for
      establishing an adequate therapy for the individual patient, in conjunction with
      other laboratory and clinical data. Cyclosporin monitoring is a method of
      evaluating whether the therapeutic choice is correct. Cyclosporin concentrations
      can be measured in blood, plasma and serum using radioimmunoassay or high
      performance liquid chromatography. Different results are obtained, depending on
      the technique and on biological fluids used. Cyclosporin measurement presents
      many problems and difficulties. There is a need for standardisation and for
      quality assessment programmes. The recent development of monoclonal antibodies
      may represent a significant advance for cyclosporin monitoring. The most
      important factors affecting blood concentrations are: type of transplant, bile
      deficit, gastrointestinal dysfunction, food, variations of lipoprotein
      concentrations, impairment of liver function, age, drug coadministration.
      Therapeutic drug monitoring should be undertaken on a regular basis after the
      initiation of therapy with cyclosporin. After discharge from the hospital the
      patient and the attending physician should be aware of the factors which may
      require changes in cyclosporin therapy.

PMID- 2650955
TI  - [Validity testing of time-density curves in determining the degree of arterial
      stenosis by DSA].
AB  - 106 patients with a stenosis of the carotid arteries or the common iliac arteries
      were examined by digital subtraction angiography. The haemodynamic effectiveness
      of a stenosis was supposed to be measured by time-density curves. Evaluation of
      time-density curves produced by videodensitometry did not allow to judge the
      degree of a stenosis of the carotid or the common iliac arteries. Causative for
      the insufficient accuracy of the results is a patient related change of
      examination quality. Disturbing factors are reduced cardiac output, moving
      artifacts, overshadowing of the examined region by air and reduced contrast due
      to obesity.

PMID- 2650956
TI  - [Computed tomography findings in hereditary angioneurotic edema].
AB  - The authors describe the computer tomographic findings in a patient with proven
      hereditary angioneurotic edema of the gastrointestinal tract with emphasis on
      differential diagnoses.

PMID- 2650957
TI  - Recent advances in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by antineoplastic
      agents.
AB  - The pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting caused by antineoplastic therapy is
      described, and the literature on selected recent pharmacologic approaches to
      antiemetic therapy is reviewed. Nausea and vomiting associated with
      antineoplastic therapy remain serious deterrents to continued, potentially
      curative therapy for many patients. Although much research has been conducted in
      the area of antiemetic therapy over the past decade, the mechanisms by which
      antineoplastic agents cause nausea and vomiting are still not well defined. The
      most effective antiemetic agents to date are those that antagonize dopamine
      receptors. Metoclopramide is a dopamine antagonist that has been widely studied
      for the prevention of antineoplastic-agent-induced nausea and vomiting. Recent
      studies with this agent focus on routes of administration other than the
      traditional high-dose intermittent bolus intravenous injections. Continuous
      intravenous infusions of the drug and high-dose oral administration have been
      studied in an attempt to decrease the adverse effects associated with the
      traditional regimen and to allow administration on an outpatient basis.
      Prochlorperazine, a phenothiazine derivative, has been a mainstay of antiemetic
      therapy for many years. Although it is generally reserved for use with regimens
      that cause mild to moderate emesis, recent data suggest that higher-than
      traditional doses given intravenously impart greater antiemetic protection.
      Perhaps the most promising antiemetic research has been conducted with a new
      group of agents, the serotonin antagonists. Preliminary trials suggest that these
      agents are comparable in efficacy to high doses of metoclopramide but devoid of
      many of the adverse effects commonly associated with metoclopramide. Further
      research in the area of neuropharmacology is necessary to direct the development
      of the most effective antiemetic agents.

PMID- 2650954
TI  - Saturable pharmacokinetics in the renal excretion of drugs.
AB  - The renal excretion of drugs is the result of different mechanisms: glomerular
      filtration, passive back diffusion, tubular secretion and tubular reabsorption.
      Of these mechanisms the last 2 are saturable, as they involve carrier transport.
      This also implies that both tubular secretion and tubular reabsorption are
      susceptible to competition between similar substrates for a common carrier site.
      Furthermore, transport via these mechanisms is energy-dependent, so-called active
      transport, able to concentrate a drug. Tubular secretion takes place in the
      proximal tubule of the nephron. Many organic compounds are actively secreted, but
      there are separate carrier systems for anions and cations. Anions appear to be
      transported actively over the basolateral membrane and by a less efficient non
      active carrier-mediated process (facilitated diffusion) over the brush border
      membrane. As a result of these mechanisms, anions tend to accumulate in proximal
      tubular cells. For cations, however, the active transport step operates over the
      brush border membrane, whereas the uptake of the cation in the cell occurs via
      facilitated diffusion over the basolateral membrane. Active reabsorption is most
      prominent for many nutrients and endogenous substrates (amino acids, glucose,
      vitamins), but various exogenous compounds also have a certain affinity for the
      reabsorptive carrier systems. Uricosuric drugs, for instance, interfere with
      carrier-mediated reabsorption of urate. The occurrence of saturable excretion
      routes causes dose-dependent, non-linear pharmacokinetics. In clinical
      pharmacokinetics, tubular secretion can adequately be described with the use of a
      Michaelis-Menten equation. This implies that a compound undergoing tubular
      secretion exhibits a concentration-dependent renal clearance. At low plasma
      concentrations the clearance will be maximal, and for several drugs may be as
      high as the effective renal plasma flow. Increasing concentrations cause
      decreasing renal clearance, until eventually the secretion mechanism becomes
      fully saturated. Then the excretion of the drug in urine will depend primarily on
      its net rate of filtration. It is important to realise that the non-linear
      kinetics will be evident from the plasma kinetics only when the saturable pathway
      contributes to at least some 20% of the total body clearance. Interactions with
      other substrates, however, are likely to occur even when only a very small amount
      of drug is transported by the carrier system. Non-linear kinetics inevitably lead
      to disproportionate accumulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2650958
TI  - Inosine causing insulin release and increased myocardial uptake of carbohydrates
      relative to free fatty acids in dogs.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of i.v. inosine on
      myocardial substrate uptake and function in the in situ dog heart. Inosine was
      infused i.v. at a rate of 5 mg kg min-1 in eight closed-chest pentobarbital
      anaesthetized dogs. Inosine caused a 46% decrease (P less than 0.01) in plasma
      free fatty acids (FFA), a 15% decrease (P less than 0.05) in plasma glycerol, an
      18% decrease (P less than 0.05) in plasma glucose and a 46% increase (P less than
      0.01) in blood lactate. This was associated with a 55% decrease (P less than
      0.01) in myocardial FFA uptake and a 72% increase in lactate uptake, while
      glucose uptake remained unchanged. These metabolic changes were associated with a
      five-fold increase (P less than 0.05) in arterial insulin. Inosine caused an 18%
      increase (P less than 0.01) in myocardial blood flow without changing MVO2. There
      was a 33% increase (P less than 0.01) in LV dP/dtmax, a decrease in LVEDP from
      4.9 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- SEM) to 0.9 +/- 0.3 mmHg (P less than 0.05) and a 24%
      decrease (P less than 0.01) in systemic vascular resistance. Inosine caused a
      transient 38% increase (P less than 0.05) in pulmonary vascular resistance. In
      conclusion, in addition to a positive inotropic effect and vascular effects
      inosine was found to cause release of insulin and to shift myocardial metabolism
      towards increased uptake of carbohydrates relative to FFA.

PMID- 2650959
TI  - Right and left ventricular performance during endotoxin-induced pulmonary
      hypertension in sheep.
AB  - We investigated right and left ventricular performance by radionuclide
      angiocardiography in anaesthetized and instrumented sheep following a (1.5
      micrograms/kg) sublethal Escherichia coli endotoxin infusion. Six animals served
      as controls and five were pre-treated with intravenous Ibuprofen (12 mg/kg). In
      control sheep an acute five-fold increase of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)
      resulted in a significant decrease of right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF)
      and stroke volume. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was unchanged as was
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). The calculated right and left
      ventricular end-diastolic volumes (RVEDV; LVEDV) changed significantly in
      opposite directions during the acute increase of PVR. Right ventricular end
      diastolic pressure increased significantly paralleled by an increase of RVEDV.
      The decrease of LVEDV with an unchanged PCWP suggested a decrease of left
      ventricular compliance. Pre-treatment with Ibuprofen resulted in complete
      cardiovascular stability after endotoxin.

PMID- 2650960
TI  - Interpretation of metabolic function of the lung. Influence of perfusion,
      kinetics, and injury.
AB  - Quantitative assessment of pulmonary metabolic function has been shown to be a
      novel and important approach to obtaining specific and subtle biochemical
      information regarding endothelial cell function in the normal and diseased lung.
      A primary consideration in this measurement of whole organ metabolism, whether it
      be enzyme, transport, or binding functions, it is to be able to separate
      convective from kinetic aspects of endothelial cell physiology. Significant
      progress has been made in both our understanding of the influence of convective
      factors, as well as of possible solutions relying on mixed order kinetics.
      Nonetheless, the pervasive influence of surface area on these metabolic
      measurements and the distinct likelihood that this variable is simultaneously
      altered with endothelial cell function in acute lung injury makes definitive
      statements premature at this time. Several approaches to resolve this important
      issue have been attempted and include simultaneous measurement of nonmetabolic
      endothelial cell function including DLCO or permeability to urea; simultaneous
      measure of microvascular space for water or antipyrine; comparison with complex
      uptake and binding of a lipophilic basic amine such as propranolol; and multiple
      metabolic markers that may be selectively affected by injury. Other advances that
      should prove useful include an on-line computer registration of metabolic
      information, as well as gamma-scintigraphy for the purpose of obtaining regional
      information.

PMID- 2650961
TI  - Platelet activating factor in pulmonary pathobiology.
AB  - Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a potent phospholipid mediator of
      inflammation that has been gaining increasing attention because of its
      pathophysiologic effects upon the lung. In particular, PAF stimulates pulmonary
      hypertension, ventilatory alterations, bronchoconstriction, airway
      hyperreactivity, and pulmonary inflammatory cell accumulation and edema in a
      variety of experimental animals and in humans. These observations promote the
      speculation that this unique phospholipid likely is involved in similar tissue
      responses during the course of human lung disease. The use of specific PAF
      antagonists should expand our understanding of these processes and may be useful
      in treating or preventing PAF-mediated pulmonary disorders in the future.

PMID- 2650962
TI  - Application of molecular biology to pulmonary disease.
AB  - The techniques of molecular biology now make it possible to clone specific genes,
      determine the nature of their molecular message, produce their protein product,
      and study their function in health and disease. DNA probes, particularly those
      for ribosomal RNA, offer a new way for the diagnosis of infectious diseases
      affecting the lung, particularly TB. In addition, recombinant DNA libraries of
      mycobacteria can be used to isolate mycobacterial antigens recognized by patients
      with TB. This may allow development of better immunologic tests and vaccines. A
      specific chromosomal abnormality of human chromosome 3 has been found in small
      cell lung cancer. It is hypothesized that loss of genes from this region may play
      a role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Another important factor in
      development of the disease is the expression of cancer-associated oncogenes. In
      addition to insights into the biology of lung cancer, these oncogenes might
      provide a method to classify various types of lung cancer and predict response to
      therapy. Specialized DNA markers known as RFLPs have now been linked with CF.
      This has resulted in localization of the CF gene to human chromosome 7 and the
      detection of the gene in most of its carriers who have been studied. Knowing
      where the gene resides and use of techniques of genetic engineering will
      eventually allow isolation of the CF gene (or genes) on chromosome 11 and
      determination of the biochemical defect for which it codes. Similarly, the gene
      for human alpha 1-antitrypsin has also been cloned. A practical benefit is the
      production of normal and mutant enzyme for replacement therapy in patients.

PMID- 2650963
TI  - Evaluation of endothelial injury in the human lung.
AB  - The pulmonary endothelium plays a crucial role in the normal function of the
      lungs. Damage to the pulmonary endothelium is thought to be a primary event
      leading to deficits in pulmonary function in diverse forms of lung injury, but it
      is difficult to detect until these secondary deficits are manifest. Indicator
      dilution methods are practical for evaluation of endothelial function in
      patients. Interpretation of the information contained in the data is potentially
      complex, and specificity may be improved by using multiple indicators, each of
      which interacts with the endothelium in a different way. The general clinical
      utility of the methods is not yet established. However, encouraging experimental
      results, clinical studies, and improved technologies suggest that the methods
      have the potential to be of significant diagnostic and prognostic value.

PMID- 2650964
TI  - Lung serotonin metabolism.
AB  - The pulmonary vascular endothelium, a metabolically active tissue, serves as an
      important site of injury in many types of clinical and experimental lung disease.
      Removal of 5-HT from the circulation constitutes one of the endothelial metabolic
      functions that is depressed early in the course of lung injury. Experimental
      evidence confirms that measuring 5-HT uptake detects alterations in endothelial
      cell function that precede the abnormalities detected by more conventional
      diagnostic tests such as radiographs, pulmonary function tests, and arterial
      blood gases. In addition, depression of 5-HT uptake can lead to increased
      concentrations of 5-HT in the pulmonary vasculature, which may contribute to the
      pathogenesis of lung injury. The development of an ideal method for measuring 5
      HT uptake accurately in the lungs of critically ill patients has just begun. As
      yet, numerous variables reviewed in this article confound clinical measurements
      of 5-HT uptake. However, if investigators can continue to refine and develop the
      techniques for measuring 5-HT uptake in human patients, clinicians can look
      forward to the addition of a sensitive tool to their diagnostic armamentarium.
      Hopefully, the ability to detect diffuse lung injury earlier in its course will
      enable future clinicians to institute therapy that will prevent the pathologic
      progression to morbidity and death seen all too frequently in current medical
      practice.

PMID- 2650965
TI  - Metabolic sources of reactive oxygen metabolites during oxidant stress and
      ischemia with reperfusion.
AB  - The lung is especially sensitive to a variety of vastly different agents and
      conditions including hyperoxia, certain drugs and xenobiotics, particulate
      debris, and ischemia/reperfusion. There is a growing body of experimental data to
      suggest that most, if not all, of these agents or conditions mediate pulmonary
      injury by forming reactive O2 metabolites such as O2-., H2O2.OH, HOCl, and RNHCl.
      The presence mechanisms by which these different agents converge to produce free
      radical-mediated pulmonary injury is not entirely clear. The lung does contain
      several metabolic pathways that will produce large amounts of reactive O2
      metabolites. For example, hyperoxia-induced pulmonary injury may be mediated by
      oxidants produced by both mitochondrial and microsomal electron transport.
      Certain drugs and xenobiotics may be metabolized by nonspecific flavoproteins
      found in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and associated with
      microsomal mixed function oxidase system to yield a variety of free radicals and
      oxidants. Inhalation of particulate debris will activate resident phagocytic
      leukocytes to produce large quantities of cytotoxic oxidants. Ischemia and
      reperfusion appear to produce substantial amounts of xanthine oxidase-derived oxy
      radicals that recruit and activate inflammatory phagocytes to produce cytotoxic
      HOCl and N-chlorinated oxidants. Finally, inappropriate metabolism of
      arachidonate by prostaglandin synthetase in the presence of NADH (NADPH) produces
      a burst of O2-. The fact that the lung contains so many different metabolic
      avenues for oxidant and free radical production suggests that this particular
      organ may be the most sensitive to oxidative insult.

PMID- 2650966
TI  - Pulmonary surfactant metabolism.
AB  - Recent work suggests that surfactant undergoes a complex sequence of metabolic
      events during its life cycle in the alveolar airspace. The composition, turnover,
      and metabolism of surfactant, and the possible "control points" in its metabolic
      pathway that might be compromised in disease states are discussed.

PMID- 2650967
TI  - Lung eicosanoid metabolism.
AB  - Eicosanoids are metabolites of the essential fatty acid, arachidonic acid, which
      is an integral part of all cell membranes. Membrane damage (as in lung injury)
      and stretching of tissues are recognized stimuli for lung prostaglandin release,
      indicating a spectrum of possible roles of eicosanoids in the function of the
      normal and diseased lung. This article reviews the most pertinent issues
      regarding the roles of arachidonic acid metabolites in the lung.

PMID- 2650968
TI  - Drug therapy of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2650969
TI  - Behcet's disease: current concepts.

PMID- 2650970
TI  - Lyme disease in children and adolescents.

PMID- 2650971
TI  - Diagnostic ultrasound for assessment of joint and extremity pathology.

PMID- 2650972
TI  - Fibrositis/fibromyalgia: causes and treatment.

PMID- 2650973
TI  - Current pharmacologic therapy of arthritis.

PMID- 2650974
TI  - Treatment of migraine: review and update.

PMID- 2650975
TI  - Multiple sclerosis: new concepts of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

PMID- 2650976
TI  - Update on Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Treatment in muscular dystrophy should be prospective and aimed at maintaining
      maximal function so that the patient can be as independent as possible for as
      long as possible. DMD must be diagnosed early, not only to enable genetic
      counseling concerning future pregnancy and screening of female siblings, but also
      to stage physical therapy to delay muscle contracture. Surgery, when indicated,
      should anticipate realistic functional goals (standing, walking, transfer), and
      enable immediate postoperative mobilization. Bracing should be suitably provided
      and orthoses appropriately constructed to assure maximal support with minimal
      weight. Spinal deformity must be prevented when feasible and appropriately
      treated when present. Maximal function in wheelchair-confined patients can be
      enhanced through the use of an apparatus that encourages proper sitting posture
      and utilizes residual strength. Complications must be anticipated and vigorously
      treated. Attention should be paid to the psychic as well as the somatic aspects
      of this disease. Optimal treatment of the patient with DMD should be
      multidisciplinary, aggressive, and conducted in an atmosphere of intelligent
      concern. This approach minimizes the frustrating aspects of DMD while it
      maximizes the benefits obtained through available care. In this manner, the
      quality of life for the patient with muscular dystrophy can be significantly
      enhanced and his life expectancy extended.

PMID- 2650977
TI  - Medical treatment of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2650978
TI  - Etiology and management of ischemic stroke.

PMID- 2650979
TI  - Current concepts of schizophrenia.
AB  - Although the specific etiology of schizophrenia is still unknown, the recent
      explosion in the technology of brain research has pointed to several lines of
      compelling evidence for biologic factors of causation. As research progresses,
      antiquated theories of psychosocial causation are gradually being discarded in
      favor of a biological-stress model.

PMID- 2650980
TI  - Management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.

PMID- 2650981
TI  - Pathogenesis and treatment of lipoprotein disorders.

PMID- 2650982
TI  - Pathophysiology and management of hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2650983
TI  - Detection and management of hyperlipidemia in children and young adults.
AB  - The identification and treatment of children and young adults at high risk for
      adult CHD is recommended as part of the practice of good preventive cardiology.
      These recommendations are based on the available clinical, biochemical,
      epidemiologic, and pathologic data.

PMID- 2650984
TI  - Post-myocardial infarction risk assessment.

PMID- 2650985
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei): distribution
      between the sexes and possible relationship with chicken II and salmon II forms.
AB  - 1. Brain extract from the spotted ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei, contains
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-like peptides in both sexes. 2. The
      dominant form occurs with a concentration of 0.5-1.7 ng/g frozen brain tissue in
      males, and 1.3-2.5 ng/g in females. 3. A similar pattern of GnRH immunoreactivity
      and chromatographic behaviour are found in both sexes. 4. A semipurified extract
      of this peptide could not be distinguished chromatographically from either
      chicken II or salmon II forms of the peptide. 5. The ratfish represents the most
      primitive organism that contains a form of GnRH that coelutes with chicken II and
      salmon II GnRH.

PMID- 2650986
TI  - The comparative enzymology of the glutathione S-transferases from non-vertebrate
      organisms.

PMID- 2650987
TI  - Genome size evolution in vertebrates: trends and constraints.
AB  - 1. Studies on the genomic evolution in vertebrates have highlighted the
      differences existing between anamniotes and amniotes, both in quantitative and
      compositional terms. 2. These differences do not seem to depend on a different
      tendency to genic amplification, but rather on the existence of more strict and
      efficient constraints in amniotes. 3. Some constraints, that may be defined as
      "intrinsic", would act directly on the genome; among these particularly important
      is the chiasma frequency during meiosis. 4. Other, "extrinsic", constraints,
      would act indirectly through genic products or through cell morphometric
      parameters. 5. The genome size increase seems to depend on various mechanisms.
      The most wide-spread one seems to be the amplification of interspersed repetitive
      and non-repetitive sequences.

PMID- 2650988
TI  - Two isotypes of human C4, C4A and C4B have different structure and function.
AB  - The two types of human C4, C4A and C4B, differ in their amino acid sequence and
      in their capacity to bind to different acceptor sites. C4B is more efficient than
      C4A in haemolytic assays; by contrast C4A binds preferentially to immune
      complexes. In assays comparing haemolysis to processing of immune complexes the
      two types of C4 differ more than fivefold. Thus, the classical pathway is a
      duplicated system that allows the formation of a C3 convertase on various
      substrates: this duplication may be of vital importance to eliminate invading
      microorganisms. In addition, the clinical observation of an increased incidence
      of homozygous C4A null alleles in systemic lupus erythematosus may be explained
      in part by defective processing of immune complexes in the absence of C4A.

PMID- 2650989
TI  - The pathobiology of the terminal complement complexes.
AB  - C5b and the other late-acting complement components can assemble the two terminal
      complexes (TCC) C5b-9 and SC5b-9. In addition to the lytic effects of C5b-9 it
      has been demonstrated that sublytic amounts of C5b-8 or C5b-9 can stimulate
      several important cellular activities. These effects may be important to explain
      the role of C5b-9 in the production and progression of several pathological
      conditions that has been demonstrated in experimental models of disease. With the
      help of antibodies that specifically recognize C9 neoantigens, deposits of TCC
      have been identified in human tissues, not only in immunological diseases but
      also in certain nonimmunological diseases. In the latter it has been shown that
      often there is no concordance between deposits of TCC and those of
      immunoglobulins and C3. Methods for measuring SC5b-9 in biological fluids have
      also been developed. Normal plasma was found to have low levels of SC5b-9.
      Increased plasma levels of SC5b-9 have been observed during the active phase of
      SLE nephritis, in certain infections and during cardiopulmonary bypass. Increased
      levels were also found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with inflammatory
      diseases of the central nervous system and in the synovial fluid of patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis. Autoantibodies to C9 neoantigens in plasma of certain
      patients with autoimmune, infectious or neoplastic diseases have recently been
      recognized. Additional work is needed to better delineate the potential
      usefulness of these findings for diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity.

PMID- 2650990
TI  - The complement profile in clinical medicine. Inherited and acquired conditions
      lowering the serum concentrations of complement component and control proteins.
AB  - The serum complement profile of patients with systemic or discoid lupus
      erythematosus, synovitis, vasculitides, certain recurrent or chronic skin rashes,
      recurrent or fulminant infections, particularly with Neisseria, may reveal
      homozygous deficiencies of complement components causally related to the illness.
      The nephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is often accompanied by a
      distinctive complement profile which indicates classical pathway activation and
      which can be used as an index of the success of treatment. In
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), the hypocomplementemia may
      reflect classical pathway activation in type I, the nephritic factor of the
      amplification loop in type II, or a nephritic factor activating terminal
      components in type III. In acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, the cause
      of the hypocomplementemia is not known but the profile usually differs from that
      of MPGN or SLE. In these acquired hypocomplementemias, the profile supplements
      the renal biopsy in providing diagnostic information.

PMID- 2650991
TI  - Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. A complement-mediated disease.
AB  - Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a hemolytic disease characterized by
      an increased sensitivity of erythrocytes to the hemolytic action of complement.
      Two membrane proteins, the decay-accelerating factor and the C8-binding protein,
      which protect normal erythrocytes from the hemolytic action of complement, are
      deficient on the abnormal blood cells from patients with PNH. Other membrane
      proteins unrelated to complement regulation, but which share with the decay
      accelerating factor and the C8-binding protein a common post-translational
      modification, namely a glycan-phosphatidylinositol linkage to the cell membrane,
      are also missing from PNH cells. In the present review, clinical, biological, and
      molecular aspects of PNH are discussed. In addition, diagnostic tests in clinical
      use are discussed, and new tests using indirect immunofluorescent assays are
      proposed.

PMID- 2650992
TI  - Complotypes and extended haplotypes in laboratory medicine.
AB  - The region on the short arm of the sixth human chromosome encoding class I and
      class II histocompatibility antigens involved in immune recognition also encodes
      a group of molecules unrelated to HLA termed class III which includes C2, C4, and
      factor B. The four genes encoding the complement proteins occupy about 120 kb of
      genomic DNA between HLA-B and HLA-DR and are closer to HLA-DR. The four genes are
      inherited as a single unit, without observed crossover, called a complotype,
      designated by its BF, C2, C4A, and C4B alleles. There are about fifteen
      complotypes with frequencies of 0.01 or higher on normal caucasian chromosomes.
      Analysis of linkage disequilibrium between HLA-B, HLA-DR alleles, and complotypes
      reveals that about 30% of normal caucasian chromosomes consist of fixed sets
      called extended or fixed haplotypes. There are over a dozen such extended
      haplotypes defined by their HLA-B, DR and complotype alleles. They appear to
      contribute most of the previously described linkage disequilibrium between HLA
      A/HLA-B and HLA-B/HLA-DR allelic pairs as well as most of the known HLA marker
      disease associations. It is postulated that extended haplotypes consist of fixed
      DNA over at least the 10(6) base pairs of the HLA-B-DR interval, and independent
      examples in apparently unrelated individuals are thus identical or nearly
      identical over this interval. A practical consequence of this concept is the
      possible prediction of successful tissue transplantation donor-recipient pairs.

PMID- 2650993
TI  - Contact stomatitis due to methyl methacrylate monomer.

PMID- 2650994
TI  - The immunology of contact dermatitis. A review with special reference to the
      pathophysiology of eczema.
AB  - This review summarizes current knowledge of the pathophysiological events which
      lie behind the development of contact dermatitis. The clinical distinction
      between allergic and irritant eczema is discussed. New observations are evaluated
      on our understanding of how allergic and irritant eczema may in many respects be
      similar, evolving through common physiological pathways of immune inflammation.

PMID- 2650995
TI  - Dilemmas in the surgical treatment of ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2650996
TI  - Fetal neuroendocrinology.

PMID- 2650997
TI  - Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Physiological and clinical aspects.

PMID- 2650998
TI  - New concepts in the pathophysiology and treatment of pelvic endometriosis.

PMID- 2650999
TI  - Epidermal growth factor receptor proto-oncogene. Structure, evolution of
      properties of receptor mutants.

PMID- 2651000
TI  - Intelligent instrumentation in diabetic management.
AB  - This presentation describes the problem of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      and the various approaches to creating intelligent instrumentation for management
      of this type of diabetes. The article traces closed-loop diabetes control from
      1974 to the present. Development and implementation of a microprocessor device
      aimed at achieving this in a practical sense are described. Accordingly, a
      chronological description of the earliest devices and their shortcomings is
      given, focusing on the use of blood glucose sensors and vascular access devices.
      A description of open-loop diabetes control and alternative systems is presented,
      highlighting the fundamental limitations of subcutaneously injected or infused
      insulins. A practical system for optimizing conventional therapy is described,
      together with its design criteria and the creation of a clinical closed-loop that
      includes the patient. The system has to deal with the effects of diet and
      exercise while fulfilling the need for adjusting insulin dosages according to
      expert intervention. Algorithms for this purpose and a computerized approach
      based on a portable microprocessor expert system are highlighted.

PMID- 2651001
TI  - Dielectric properties of tissues and biological materials: a critical review.
AB  - We critically review bulk electrical properties of tissues and other biological
      materials, from DC to 20 GHz, with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms
      responsible for the properties. We summarize the classical principles behind
      dielectric relaxation and critically review recent developments in this field.
      Special topics include a summary of the significant recent advances in theories
      of counterion polarization effects, dielectric properties of cancer vs. normal
      tissues, properties of low-water-content tissues, and macroscopic field-coupling
      considerations. Finally, the dielectric properties of tissues are summarized as
      empirical correlations with tissue water content in other compositional
      variables; in addition, a comprehensive table is presented of dielectric
      properties. The bulk electrical properties of tissues are needed for many
      bioengineering applications of electric fields or currents, and they provide
      insight into the basic mechanisms that govern the interaction of electric fields
      with tissue.

PMID- 2651002
TI  - Immunologic and genetic studies of diabetes in the BB rat.
AB  - The spontaneous development of diabetes in the Bio-Breeding (BB) rat is an
      excellent model of human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Disease
      expression is dependent on several genetically determined abnormalities,
      including specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. At least one MHC
      class II locus of the U haplotype is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition
      for disease expression. The immune system of BB rats is markedly abnormal. There
      is a striking reduction in the number and function of mature cytotoxic/suppressor
      T cells, a poor proliferative response to mitogens and in mixed lymphocyte
      culture, poor interleukin-2 production, and a reduced ability to reject skin
      allografts. While these immune system abnormalities are closely related to the
      development of diabetes, the immune recognition and effector mechanisms resulting
      in islet cell destruction are still poorly understood. The hypothesis that MHC
      class II induction on pancreatic beta cells serves to target these lymphokines,
      natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, etc.) have been implicated in islet cell
      killing. The incidence of IDDM is reduced by immunosuppressive therapy in both
      rats and humans, further supporting the role of immune mechanisms in this
      disease.

PMID- 2651003
TI  - Sepsis syndrome: a valid clinical entity. Methylprednisolone Severe Sepsis Study
      Group.
AB  - The sepsis syndrome represents a systemic response to infection and is defined as
      hypothermia (temperature less than 96 degrees F) or hyperthermia (greater than
      101 degrees F), tachycardia (greater than 90 beat/min), tachypnea (greater than
      20 breath/min), clinical evidence of an infection site and with at least one end
      organ demonstrating inadequate perfusion or dysfunction expressed as poor or
      altered cerebral function, hypoxemia (PaO2 less than 75 torr), elevated plasma
      lactate, or oliguria (urine output less than 30 ml/h or 0.5 ml/kg body weight.h
      without corrective therapy). One hundred ninety-one patients with the sepsis
      syndrome were evaluated prospectively and comprised the placebo group of a
      multicenter trial of methylprednisolone in sepsis syndrome and septic shock.
      Forty-five percent of the patients were found to be bacteremic. Thirty-six
      percent of the patients were in septic shock (sepsis syndrome plus a systolic BP
      less than 90 mm Hg or a decrease from baseline in systolic BP greater than 40 mm
      Hg) on study entry. An additional 23% of the patients developed shock after
      admission with 70% doing so within 24 h of study entry. Shock reversal occurred
      with a 73% frequency. Twenty-five percent of the patients developed the adult
      respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Mortality for the patients with sepsis
      syndrome who did not develop shock was 13%. Mortality for the groups of patients
      with shock on admission and shock postadmission was 27.5% and 43.2%,
      respectively. Forty-seven percent of the bacteremic patients developed shock
      after study admission compared to 29.6% of the nonbacteremic patients (p less
      than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651004
TI  - Continuous hemodynamic monitoring by esophageal Doppler.
AB  - A new 5.1-mHz continuous wave esophageal Doppler system is described for
      continuous hemodynamic monitoring in ventilated patients. Information is obtained
      from the size, shape, and changes in shape of the velocity waveforms of
      descending aortic blood flow. Minute distance, the product of waveform area
      (stroke distance) and heart rate, provides a measure of cardiac output. Good
      agreement between this technique and thermodilution was shown for cardiac output
      changes with 238 paired measurements made in 38 patients. The coefficient of
      variation was lower for Doppler (3.8%) than for simultaneous thermodilution
      measurements (6.2%). Seventy-eight changes in left ventricular filling, systemic
      vascular resistance, or inotropic state produced consistent alterations in
      waveform shape with a narrow-based waveform being indicative of hypovolemia. This
      development marks a significant advance in the technique and provides a useful
      alternative to invasive hemodynamic monitoring, both in the ICU and
      perioperatively.

PMID- 2651005
TI  - New techniques for evaluating metabolic brain injury in newborn infants.

PMID- 2651006
TI  - Spinal cord necrosis and paraplegia as complications of the intra-aortic balloon.
AB  - Eight cases of paraplegia have resulted from over 100,000 insertions of the intra
      aortic balloon pump (IABP); however, in only one of these was a pathologic
      diagnosis determined. This report describes a case of IABP-caused paraplegia from
      spinal cord necrosis not associated with aortic dissection.

PMID- 2651007
TI  - The structure and function of steroid receptor proteins.
AB  - This review has highlighted several topics in the study of steroid hormone
      action. The unanswered questions regarding the mechanism of ligand-controlled LRF
      activity, the extent of evolutionary conservation and specificity of DNA binding,
      and the validity of various models of transcriptional regulation mediated through
      gene networks point to the future direction of research in this field. Steroid
      hormones are used extensively in clinical treatments, especially glucocorticoids.
      Our laboratory is attempting to determine which gene networks are responsible for
      some of these clinical phenotypes. Figure 5 points out that the study of
      glucocorticoid action holds a unique position because it spans both the basic
      sciences and the field of applied molecular biology. Now that we have a
      fundamental knowledge of the necessary elements required for steroid-dependent
      regulation of gene expression, we can better investigate the clinical responses
      to steroid therapy (which include devastating side effects) by isolating and
      characterizing the important target gene(s). In this author's opinion, future
      directions in the study of steroid responsiveness will have to include a
      systematic approach toward deciphering a variety of these LRF-regulated gene
      networks in experimentally feasible systems. Hopefully, work in this area may be
      revealing and perhaps beneficial to ongoing clinical studies. In addition, the
      study of mechanisms of transcriptional induction and repression, using the model
      system of LRFs, could be applicable to many gene regulatory systems which are
      controlled by such processes as development and differentiation.

PMID- 2651008
TI  - Cell sorting out: the self-assembly of tissues in vitro.
AB  - The question posed by the science of analytical histology is how the properties
      and interactions of the components of the tissues determine their organization in
      the organs. The relevant components of the tissues are the cells and the
      extracellular matrix. The ability of cohering populations of cells to self
      assemble structured tissues by cell sorting out offers an important opportunity
      for the experimental study of the mechanisms by which the cells and extracellular
      matrix interact to determine structure. The investigator can manipulate the
      initial organization and the cellular composition of the system and, in favorable
      situations, the composition of the extracellular matrix and the activities of
      candidate adhesive molecules. It can reasonably be expected that the recent
      progress in the characterization of the molecular species involved in cell-cell
      and cell-extracellular matrix interaction will allow the analysis of the
      molecular basis of tissue organization, with study of the self-assembly of tissue
      structure during sorting out playing an important role in this analysis. The
      importance of the differential adhesion hypothesis is its success in describing
      the rules by which macroscopic tissue structure is governed by the adhesive
      interactions of cell with cell and cell with extracellular matrix. The DAH
      describes how the physical forces of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion determine
      structure. Elucidation of the particular adhesive molecules involved in these
      interactions (e.g., the CAMs, junctional proteins, and matrix adhesion molecules)
      will yield an explanation at the biochemical level. A complete understanding of
      structure requires both levels of explanation.

PMID- 2651009
TI  - Structural and molecular biology of the eye lens membranes.
AB  - Lens transparency is associated with a unique design in tissue development and
      architecture. The fiber plasma membrane has domains which link with the
      cytoskeleton, thus maintaining cell shape. Other membrane regions form processes
      which interlock adjacent lens fibers, and intercellular junctions contain
      transmembrane pores which allow passage of metabolites between cells. Much
      interest has recently focused on the study of lens membrane structure and
      function, mainly because membrane dysfunction may be associated with cataract
      formation. This article reviews what is known about the structure of membrane
      domains, about the identification of domain-specific proteins, and describes
      current attempts to relate these results to function. Much of the presently
      available data is controversial, and an attempt will be made to reconcile them in
      revised models and testable hypotheses.

PMID- 2651010
TI  - Immunoregulation of dermatophytosis.
AB  - Dermatophytoses are superficial infections caused by a group of fungi, the
      dermatophytes, which invade keratinized tissue of skin, hair, and nails in humans
      and animals. The importance of normal immune function in resistance to
      dermatophytoses is substantiated by an increased susceptibility to chronic
      infection seen in patients with impaired immunological responses. Humoral and
      cell-mediated immunities are both elicited during the infection. However,
      specific antibodies to dermatophytes do not seem to play a major role in
      protective immunity. On the other hand, the development of cell-mediated immunity
      during the infection is critical in eliciting resistance to the disease. For
      instance, resolution of the disease in both naturally and experimentally infected
      humans and animals correlates with the development of delayed-type
      hypersensitivity (DTH), whereas persistence of infection is frequently
      accompanied by poor in vitro blastogenic response and absent DTH. Furthermore, in
      experimentally infected mice, immunity to dermatophyte infection can be achieved
      by adoptive transfer of lymphoid cells, but not by serum, of infected donors. The
      present review includes an overview of published work and current research on the
      cellular events implicated in immunity to dermatophytosis. The role of humoral
      factors in such immunoregulation is also discussed.

PMID- 2651011
TI  - Effect of Solcoseryl on cadaveric split-skin oxygen consumption during 4 degrees
      C storage and in frozen biopsies.
AB  - Oxygen consumption rate in cadaveric split-skin biopsies was investigated.
      Biopsies were harvested at different times postmortem and stored at different
      temperatures in either Solcoseryl (a protein-free bovine hemodialysate) or
      placebo-containing media. During the first week of storage Solcoseryl had no
      influence on oxygen consumption. However, in the second and third weeks the
      oxygen consumption was improved by Solcoseryl.

PMID- 2651012
TI  - Ice crystal patterns in artificial gels of extracellular matrix macromolecules
      after quick-freezing and freeze-substitution.
AB  - Artificial gels, composed of collagen with or without hyaluronate (HA), a
      glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and chondroitin sulfate (CS), were prepared and quick
      frozen for the purpose of studying the influence of composition and concentration
      on ice patterns. Dilute gels were spread on coverslips, plunged into a slush of
      30% isopentane/70% propane (-185 degrees C), freeze-substituted, and examined by
      phase-contrast microscopy. Ice patterns were revealed as "ice cavities" in the
      gel after freeze-substitution. Ice morphology in the gels was gel-type-specific,
      suggesting that composition in dilute gels can influence ice pattern formation.
      Crystallization patterns reflecting high, intermediate, and low rates of freezing
      were observed in all gel types. Intermediate freezing in differentiating gel-type
      specific ice patterns. Gels which included hyaluronate (HA) and chondroitin
      sulfate (CS) altered the ice crystal pattern commonly observed in collagen gels.
      Ice structure in collagen gels consisted predominantly of long, parallel crystals
      in the herringbone pattern. Ice crystals separated gel into thin, unbranched
      fibers with a primary spacing of approximately 2 microns. Ice morphology in HA
      gels formed a mosaic consisting of packets of ice crystals. Contiguous packets
      were often oriented at right angles to each other. Periodic crossbridges
      interconnect primary gel fibers of HA gels and interrupt the lengthwise growth of
      ice crystals. Smooth beads were visible on primary strands in HA gels frozen at
      intermediate velocities. The addition of CS to collagen gels resulted in
      formation of randomly oriented ice crystals in gels frozen at intermediate rates.
      CS has little influence on ice morphology at low freezing velocities. Primary
      strands in CS gels were decorated with rough-surfaced, osmiophilic
      aggregates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651014
TI  - Ergoloid mesylates ('Hydergine') in the treatment of mental deterioration in the
      elderly: a 6-month double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in 97 elderly patients
      with age-related mental deterioration to assess the efficacy of ergoloid
      mesylates in improving their symptoms. Patients were allocated at random to
      receive either 4.5 mg ergoloid mesylates per day or a matching placebo tablet and
      were followed-up for 6 months after the start of treatment. Clinical examinations
      were performed by the doctor, using the EACG rating scale (a French version of
      the Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric scale), and by the nurse, using the
      NOSIE scale, when patients entered the trial and repeated after 2, 4 and 6
      months. Changes in the factors (symptom groups) covered by these scales were
      subjected to statistical analysis. After 6-months' treatment, a statistically
      significant difference in favour of the ergoloid mesylates group was observed for
      cognitive deficits (p less than 0.05), anxiety and mood depression (p less than
      0.01), unsociability (p less than 0.01), retardation (p less than 0.05) and
      irritability (p less than 0.001). Treatment was very well tolerated. It was also
      observed that there was a progressive increase in efficacy throughout the trial;
      this indicates that treatment with ergoloid mesylates in patients with mental
      deterioration should be long-term.

PMID- 2651013
TI  - A single-blind, placebo-controlled study of glycosaminoglycan-peptide complex
      ('Rumalon') in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee.
AB  - A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in 62
      patients (30 with osteoarthritis of the hip, 32 with osteoarthritis of the knee)
      to examine the efficacy of glycosaminoglycan-peptide complex in the treatment of
      osteoarthritis. Patients received 8-week courses of trial medication, each
      consisting of intramuscular injections of 3 x 2 ml ampoules per week, alternating
      with 8-week periods free of trial medication, in addition to conventional drug
      therapy and physiotherapy, as required. After 2-years' treatment,
      glycosaminoglycan-peptide-treated patients showed significant improvements, as
      compared with placebo, in relation to night pain, pain during the day, joint
      mobility and walking ability. Similar results were seen with both osteoarthritis
      of the hip and knee. In osteoarthritis of the knee it was also possible to assess
      joint swelling and this also showed a significant improvement. There were no
      significant changes in range of joint movement except for a significant decrease
      in active flexion in the patients with osteoarthritis of the knee treated with
      placebo. In contrast with many anti-osteoarthritic drugs, glycosaminoglycan
      peptide complex was very well tolerated. These results suggest that
      glycosaminoglycan-peptide complex may be a valuable alternative form of long-term
      therapy for patients with osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2651015
TI  - Cimetidine in the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia: results of a randomized
      double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
AB  - A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out in 56
      patients with essential dyspepsia to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of
      cimetidine in providing symptomatic relief. Patients received either 1 tablet of
      cimetidine (400 mg) or identical looking placebo twice daily for a period of 4
      weeks. A detailed symptomatic assessment was made at weekly intervals. Abdominal
      pain, the primary symptom, was relieved in a higher proportion of cimetidine
      treated patients compared to placebo group (67% versus 40%, p less than 0.05).
      Most of the secondary gastro-intestinal symptoms also improved in a higher
      proportion of patients in the cimetidine group although the difference was
      statistically not significant. The outcome of treatment was not influenced by
      factors such as duration of disease, initial severity of pain and smoking habits
      of the patient.

PMID- 2651016
TI  - A double-blind, long-term study of tizanidine ('Sirdalud') in spasticity due to
      cerebrovascular lesions.
AB  - A double-blind study was carried out in 30 patients suffering from spasticity due
      to cerebrovascular lesions to compare the long-term efficacy and tolerability of
      tizanidine hydrochloride with that of baclofen. A 2-week titration phase
      identified the optimum dose of tizanidine (max. 20 mg/day) or baclofen (max. 50
      mg/day) in each patient. Patients were then treated with this dose for a 50-week
      maintenance phase. Efficacy and tolerability parameters were evaluated first on a
      monthly and then on a bimonthly basis. Both tizanidine and baclofen caused an
      improvement in the symptoms associated with spasticity. In end-point analysis,
      87% of patients showed an improvement (p less than 0.01) in excessive muscle tone
      - the major efficacy parameter in this study - in the tizanidine group, while 79%
      improved (p less than 0.01) in the baclofen group. Side-effects in the tizanidine
      group were mild and transient and no patients discontinued the study; in the
      baclofen group, 3 patients discontinued the study due to severe side-effects.
      However, both drugs were assessed as effective and fairly well tolerated in the
      long-term. Although there were no statistically significant differences between
      the two drugs, the global assessment of antispastic efficacy revealed a nearly
      significant difference (p = 0.057) in favour of tizanidine and the global
      assessment of tolerability was also in favour of tizanidine.

PMID- 2651017
TI  - Cerebral palsy.

PMID- 2651018
TI  - Diverticular disease.
AB  - Although most often clinically silent, colonic diverticula are responsible for a
      large number of gastrointestinal illnesses in our society. Complications of
      diverticular disease, including perforation and hemorrhage, may occur in 15% to
      20% of patients with diverticula during their lifetime, and although often mild
      and self-limiting diseases, they too frequently cause life-threatening problems
      that require prompt surgical intervention. Despite a cadre of sophisticated
      laboratory and radiologic tests that have been developed to aid in the diagnosis
      of complicated diverticular disease, the diagnosis and treatment of
      diverticulitis still relies heavily on patient history, physical examination,
      physician judgment, and the patient's clinical response to treatment. Thus it is
      important for the managing physician to fully understand the pathogenesis of
      diverticula, the clinical consequences and modes of presentation of complicated
      diverticular disease, and the array of interventions available for treatment of
      these problems. This monograph summarizes our knowledge of diverticular disease
      to date and tries to give specific guidelines for the treatment of patients with
      complicated diverticulitis. However, it must be understood that the presentation
      and severity of these complications vary widely from patient to patient. Thus one
      cannot take a single approach toward a patient who has diverticulitis or
      diverticular bleeding. Rather, successful outcomes depend on an individual
      approach to each patient while maintaining certain generally accepted principles
      of treatment.

PMID- 2651019
TI  - Foreign body epithelioid granuloma after cosmetic eyebrow tattooing.
AB  - We describe two patients with epithelioid granulomatous inflammation on the
      eyebrows after undergoing cosmetic eyebrow tattooing. We tried to analyze the
      causative elements from biopsy specimens and tattoo inks with x-ray
      microanalysis. We suggest that granuloma caused by cosmetic eyebrow tattooing is
      a complication worthy of mention.

PMID- 2651020
TI  - Ovarian tumours in laboratory and domestic animals.

PMID- 2651021
TI  - Hormonally related non-neoplastic conditions of the ovary.

PMID- 2651022
TI  - The concept of borderline malignancy in ovarian tumours: a reappraisal.

PMID- 2651023
TI  - Advances in immunohistochemistry of ovarian tumours.

PMID- 2651024
TI  - Surgical staging of ovarian tumours: the individual and integrative roles of the
      oncologist and pathologist.

PMID- 2651025
TI  - Cytopathology and fine-needle aspiration in ovarian tumours: its utility in
      diagnosis and management.

PMID- 2651026
TI  - Prognostic significance of pathologic features of ovarian carcinoma.

PMID- 2651027
TI  - Calcium homeostasis and mineralization in puberty.
AB  - Calcium homoeostasis and bone mineralization have been the subject of many
      studies, but few have dealt with these aspects specifically in puberty. The main
      observations in our own studies - together with those in other recent reports -
      are summarized below. According to the aims of the present survey (Chapter 1) the
      results are grouped as follows: BLOOD MINERAL HOMOEOSTASIS AND ALKALINE
      PHOSPHATASE. The serum concentrations of calcium, total or ionized, remain
      remarkably constant throughout puberty, which probably reflects the important
      functions of the calcium ion. Serum phosphate, however, remain high in childhood,
      increase slightly with acceleration of growth and pubertal development and the
      levels then decrease toward adult values. Consequently, the pattern of the
      product of serum calcium and phosphate, essential for mineralization, follows
      that of phosphate. Serum magnesium does not change during puberty. The serum
      concentrations of alkaline phosphatase increase with acceleration in linear
      growth and pubertal development which has to be taken into consideration, in
      evaluation of changes in serum AP. Changes in osteoblastic activity, as expressed
      by AP (and BGP), are closely associated with changes in testosterone secretion
      with almost simultaneous increases in serum levels of both variables. It is
      further concluded that longitudinal study designs may add to the understanding of
      the growth process and rate of changes, whereas cross-sectional data are relevant
      to establish proper reference ranges. BONE MINERAL CONTENT. The use of photon
      absorptiometry in determining BMC is a precise, easy, atraumatic and reproducible
      method. It is shown that forearm BMC has a highly significant correlation to
      total body bone mineral also in the pubertal period of rapid growth. It should be
      noted that single measurements of BMC are of little diagnostic value in the
      presence of wide biological variation. A spurt in mineralization corresponding to
      that of height in puberty has been known since the development of the BMC
      technique. It is evident from our data that BMC and indices of body size are only
      significantly related after the start of the growth spurt. Significant increases
      of 25% in the BMC have been found in the year prior to PHV progressing with each
      PH stage. The mean time of maximal increase in forearm BMC occurred some 5 months
      later than that of testosterone and AP, and changes in these three variables are
      closely interrelated. The change in the serum concentrations of the two major
      adrenal androgens did not appear to be related to BMC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2651028
TI  - Clinical aspects of coronary arterial vasomotion in angina pectoris. A review
      with particular reference to the application of provocative testing.

PMID- 2651029
TI  - Sulphidoleukotrienes in human allergic diseases.

PMID- 2651030
TI  - Immunological studies in uremic and kidney transplanted patients.
AB  - Some aspects of the cellular in vitro immune response were studied in uremic and
      kidney transplanted patients. In particular, the immunosuppressive effects of
      glucocorticoids were examined in uremic patients and in cadaver kidney graft
      recipients with special reference to clinical kidney transplantation. 1) In
      vitro, lymphocytes from patients on hemodialysis had impaired responses to
      stimulation with mitogen. Variations in the culture conditions including changes
      in; (i) mitogen concentrations, (ii) culture periods, (iii) aerobic growth
      conditions, (iiii) and cellular synthesis of prostaglandins did not normalize the
      uremic lymphocyte response. 2) A possible effect of hemodialysis per se could not
      be excluded. However, in short term experiments accumulation in uremic plasma of
      inhibitory factors and/or deprivation of supportive factors could only partly
      explain the decreased cell responses. 3) In vitro, glucocorticoids inhibit the
      proliferation of mitogen stimulated normal lymphocytes in a dose-dependent way.
      Moreover, the in vitro immunosuppressive effects of some glucocorticoids did not
      correlate with their anti-inflammatory potencies. In uremic cell cultures the in
      vitro lymphocyte sensitivity to glucocorticoids was 5-8 fold increased in
      comparison to the control cultures. 4) Lymphocytes from patients on peritoneal
      dialysis (CAPD) and non-dialyzed uremic patients had normal transformation
      responses but were also very sensitive in vitro to glucocorticoids. 5) Cytotoxic
      effector cell functions (NK and K) remained normal in hemodialyzed patients which
      is in contrast to the decreased transformation responses presupposing interleukin
      2 (IL-2) dependent cell proliferation (DNA synthesis). Furthermore, both control
      and uremic NK and K cell functions were resistant in vitro to the suppressive
      effects of glucocorticoids. 6) The decreased mitogen response of patients on
      hemodialysis was improved by addition of IL-2 to the cell cultures. Moreover, IL
      2 normalized the increased uremic sensitivity in vitro to glucocortiooids. In
      accordance, the production of IL-2 was decreased in mitogen stimulated cell
      cultures from patients on hemodialysis. There was no evidence that the impaired
      transformation responses of lymphocytes from patients on hemodialysis was due to
      a lack of cells positive for IL-2 receptors. These results suggested that a
      deficient production of IL-2 may be part of; (i) the decreased transformation
      response (ii) and the increased sensitivity in vitro to glucocorticoids of
      lymphocytes from hemodialyzed patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2651031
TI  - Effect of pump versus pen treatment on glycaemic control and kidney function in
      long-term uncomplicated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
AB  - Glycaemic control on pump versus pen treatment was evaluated and the effects of
      optimised metabolic control on kidney function was studied in very long-term
      uncomplicated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Ten otherwise healthy
      patients participated, age: 36.5 yr +/- 7.9, diabetes duration: 23.7 yr +/- 2.9,
      urinary albumin excretion (UAE): 5.8 micrograms/min x/ divided by 2.2, se
      creatinine and blood pressure were normal and only background retinopathy was
      present. A 2 x 6 months randomised cross-over study was performed using
      continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple injection technique
      (MIT). Glycaemic control was evaluated by a six point profile every two weeks and
      by measuring HbA1c monthly. At 0, 6 and 12 months, glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were measured by the constant infusion
      technique, and UAE by radioimmunoassay. Glycaemic control was significantly
      better on CSII as compared to MIT (p = 0.01) or pre-study conventional treatment
      (CT), p = 0.03, whereas there was no difference between MIT and CT. There was no
      change in kidney function during either treatment. Thus, in these very long-term
      uncomplicated patients, glycaemic control was significantly improved during CSII.
      In spite of this, no change was found in GFR, which might suggest that in long
      standing diabetes, kidney function is unaltered by changes in metabolic control.

PMID- 2651032
TI  - Dyes, antipsychotic drugs, and antimicrobial activity. Fragments of a
      development, with special reference to the influence of Paul Ehrlich.
AB  - The history of phenothiazines, from methylene blue via chlorpromazine to recently
      synthesized isomeric derivatives of various neuroleptics, is reviewed in the
      light of their antimicrobial activity and Paul Ehrlich's receptor concept. The
      latter is clearly in line with most modern theories concerning drug action of
      stereo-isomeric compounds.

PMID- 2651033
TI  - Malnourished or overinfected. An analysis of the determinants of acute measles
      mortality.

PMID- 2651034
TI  - Beyond fear. Resolving ethical dilemmas regarding HIV infection.

PMID- 2651035
TI  - Asthma self-management education. Research and implications for clinical
      practice.

PMID- 2651036
TI  - Transbronchial biopsy and needle aspiration.
AB  - Transbronchial biopsy and transbronchial needle aspiration greatly increase the
      utility of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of a variety of disease processes.
      Transbronchial needle aspiration has brought into focus the importance of good
      cytopathologic support. The addition of histologic specimens (for light and
      electron microscopy) with the newer large-bore needles may further increase the
      utility of transbronchial needle aspiration. Both techniques are limited, in
      part, by the lack of distal tip deflection of the sampling instrument for
      steering accurately to peripheral masses. Tip deflection may have been partly
      responsible for the good yields reported for the double-hinged curet on small
      nodules, although the bronchographic map was also a factor. A steerable brush was
      described several years ago, but it was somewhat difficult to accurately
      maneuver, and long-term results were never reported. As yet, no easy answer is
      available for this problem. In the future, new generations of ultrathin
      bronchoscopes may permit much more accurate placement of sampling devices in the
      periphery of the lung and will represent an exciting diagnostic advance.

PMID- 2651037
TI  - Hoarseness secondary to left atrial myxoma.
AB  - A 62-year-old woman presented with a history of hoarseness. Although stable for
      ten years, she recently showed signs of deterioration. Investigations revealed
      left vocal cord paralysis and a large left atrial tumor displacing the left
      pulmonary artery under the arch of the aorta. The lesion was removed and the
      normal aortopulmonary window on computed tomography (CT) scan was restored. On
      review of the literature, this case appears to be the first to suggest that
      myxomas cause recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy through direct effects.

PMID- 2651038
TI  - Massive epistaxis from nasal CPAP therapy.
AB  - A 75-year-old man with obstructive sleep apnea and secondary right heart failure
      was started on nasal CPAP therapy. Shortly thereafter he experienced massive life
      threatening epistaxis requiring nasal packing and hospitalization. The epistaxis
      was thought to be due to the drying effect of nasal CPAP.

PMID- 2651039
TI  - Diagnostic usefulness of pericardial fluid cytology.
AB  - Although widely used, pericardial fluid cytology has not been adequately
      validated. We pooled 22 new cases with 71 previously reported cases having both
      fluid cytology and pericardial histopathologic examination. Cytology was correct
      in 87 of 93 cases (diagnostic accuracy, 94 percent). Sensitivity was 87 percent
      and specificity was 100 percent.

PMID- 2651040
TI  - Postinfluenza toxic shock syndrome.
AB  - Postinfluenza toxic shock syndrome is a recently described entity that results
      from a respiratory tract infection with toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus
      following an episode of influenza or influenzalike illness. This report describes
      a 19-year-old man who developed an influenza B respiratory infection complicated
      by staphylococcal pneumonia and toxic shock syndrome. The patient improved
      rapidly with specific antibiotic therapy, emphasizing the importance of
      considering this otherwise highly lethal syndrome in any individual who becomes
      critically ill after an initial influenzalike illness.

PMID- 2651041
TI  - Pressure-supported breathing.

PMID- 2651042
TI  - Minimal resection for bronchogenic carcinoma. Should this be standard therapy?
AB  - Minimal resection with curative intent for bronchogenic carcinoma was performed
      at our institutions in 15 patients from 1977 to 1987. All patients were stage I
      (T1N0 or T2N0). The five-year actuarial survival was 77 percent. The median
      length of follow-up for patients remaining alive was 41 months. There was a 6
      percent (n = 1) local recurrence rate and a 27 percent (n = 3) distant recurrence
      rate. Both survival and recurrence rates are similar for minimal resection and
      for that being reported for lobectomy and pneumonectomy for stage I bronchogenic
      carcinoma. In our series, both median length of operating time and median length
      of postoperative hospital stay was less for those patients undergoing minimal
      resection for stage I bronchogenic carcinoma than for those undergoing lobectomy
      or pneumonectomy. Minimal resection can be considered as an acceptable treatment
      for bronchogenic carcinoma when technically possible in selected patients.

PMID- 2651043
TI  - Sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiographic ST-T changes as markers of
      neoplastic myocardial infiltration. Echocardiographic correlation.
AB  - We evaluated the correlations between electrocardiographic ST-T changes (negative
      T waves, ST segment elevation) and echocardiographic diagnosis of neoplastic
      infiltration of the myocardium in 95 patients with neoplastic masses in contact
      with the heart. We compared echocardiographic results to computed tomography,
      nuclear magnetic resonance, surgery or autopsy data in 49 patients: the
      concordance was 86 percent. Significant ST-T changes were present in 77.7 percent
      of the patients with myocardial infiltration at echocardiography. The "false
      negatives" (normal ECG, nonspecific changes) were mainly related to infiltration
      limited to the right side of the heart; in some of these cases, the appearance of
      right bundle branch block was observed. The "false positives" (ST-T changes
      without echocardiographic signs of infiltration) were observed in the older
      patients and in those with pericardial effusion or other heart diseases. The ST
      segment elevation was a more specific sign of myocardial infiltration as compared
      to negative T waves (86 vs 47 percent). A progression or the disappearance of
      electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities was observed during
      follow-up in 24 cases. Serial electrocardiograms are useful for screening in
      clinical settings in neoplastic patients; the appearance of ST-T changes or of
      conduction disturbances should suggest the need for two-dimensional
      echocardiography in order to define the diagnosis.

PMID- 2651044
TI  - Anticoagulation and thrombolytic therapy. Practical considerations.
AB  - Although thrombolytic agents have been available for over 10 years and have
      demonstrated safety and efficacy in an increasing number of clinical conditions
      involving thrombotic phenomena, their general acceptance as first-line
      therapeutic agents in medical management has been slow. Much of the reluctance to
      use these drugs is based on their associated incidence of hemorrhagic
      complications, which is several-fold greater than with use of conventional
      anticoagulants. With the introduction of second-generation thrombolytic agents,
      made possible through successes in recombinant DNA technology and chemical
      modifications of previously available compounds, increased fibrin specificity has
      been achieved and has been translated into increased clinical efficacy and
      safety. These results will likely improve as innovative regimens using dose
      modifications or multiple agents with combined synergy are developed. An
      appreciation of basic coagulation and the pharmacology of anticoagulants and
      thrombolytic agents is necessary to maximize the benefits of currently available
      medications, to develop new treatment strategies, and to minimize potential
      hemorrhagic complications.

PMID- 2651045
TI  - [Use and possibilities of data processing from the general surgery viewpoint].

PMID- 2651046
TI  - [Data processing in surgery and intensive care].

PMID- 2651047
TI  - [Practical goals of data processing in tumor surgery].

PMID- 2651048
TI  - [Data processing in accident surgery].

PMID- 2651049
TI  - [Experiences with electronic data processing in vascular surgery].

PMID- 2651050
TI  - [Practice-oriented, electronic data processing-assisted medical documentation and
      internal communication at the clinic. Current status and prospects].

PMID- 2651051
TI  - Centromere proteins. I. Mitosis specific centromere antigen recognized by anti
      centromere autoantibodies.
AB  - Human anti-centromere sera from scleroderma patients were used to detect
      centromere antigens of mouse fibroblast cells. An Mr = 59,000 centromere protein
      was localized exclusively on mitotic chromosomes. The association of this protein
      with the mitotic chromosomes proved to be DNase I sensitive. In interphase
      nuclei, this centromere antigen was not detectable by immunoblot techniques. The
      results suggest that the Mr = 59,000 mitosis specific protein may be necessary
      for the structural stability of kinetochores during mitosis.

PMID- 2651052
TI  - Severe hypoglycemia in IDDM children.
AB  - The incidence of severe hypoglycemia was determined in a 1-yr prospective study
      of 350 insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) children. There were no significant
      differences in mean glycosylated hemoglobin, age, and duration of disease between
      the patients who had severe hypoglycemia and those who did not. There were 25
      episodes in 24 patients (6.8%). Their insulin doses at the time of the episode
      (U.kg-1.day-1) were significantly higher than those of the nonhypoglycemic group
      (mean +/- SD 1.01 +/- 0.30 vs. 0.89 +/- 0.29; P = .04). The hypoglycemic group
      had a significantly higher mean number of previous episodes of severe
      hypoglycemia than the nonhypoglycemic group (0.92 +/- 1.18 vs. 0.25 +/- 0.68; P =
      .01). In only 64% of the episodes, an unusual circumstance such as strenuous
      physical activity or missed or delayed meals preceded the event. Multivariate
      analysis of the data by logistic regression showed risks of developing
      hypoglycemia of 2.5 per 0.5 U/day insulin and of 2.0 per previous episode of
      severe hypoglycemia. We conclude that severe hypoglycemia may be a recurrent
      problem in some diabetic children, but it does not appear to be related to age or
      blood glucose control. The presence of previous episodes may be a guide to
      identify patients at greater risk of developing severe hypoglycemia. Adherence to
      regular testing, strict spacing and consistency of meals, and extra food for
      extra activity may reduce this serious complication.

PMID- 2651053
TI  - Dawn phenomenon and Somogyi effect in IDDM.
AB  - We examined the clinical relevance of a rise in fasting blood glucose (BG)
      between 0300 and 0600 in 97 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM) receiving sequentially conventional (CT) and basal-bolus (BBIT) insulin
      therapies and assessed the impact of one potential causal factor, i.e.,
      posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia, with 231 BG profiles (97 during CT, 134 during
      BBIT) in which BG was measured every 3 h over a 24-h period. A rise in BG between
      0300 and 0600 occurred in 157 of 231 (68%) profiles. The mean magnitude of this
      rise was 56 +/- 39 mg/dl and was lower (P less than .05) during BBIT (48 +/- 35
      mg/dl, n = 97) than CT (62 +/- 43 mg/dl, n = 97). A dawn rise (between 0300 and
      0600) greater than 50 mg/dl occurred in 40 of 97 (41%) profiles during CT and 26
      of 97 (27%) during BBIT (P less than .05). When all profiles were grouped
      according to the magnitude of this rise in BG, the mean daytime BG (from 0900 to
      1800) was higher (P less than .05) after an 0300-0600 BG rise greater than 50
      mg/dl compared with groups of profiles showing either a fall in BG or a rise less
      than 50 mg/dl; a rise in BG between 0300 and 0600 correlated (r = .38, P less
      than .0001) with the subsequent mean daytime BG. Nocturnal hypoglycemia (BG less
      than 60 mg/dl) recorded at 2400 and/or 0300 occurred in 57 of 231 (25%)
      profiles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651054
TI  - Improved insulin response and action by chronic magnesium administration in aged
      NIDDM subjects.
AB  - In eight aged non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) subjects, insulin
      response and action were studied before and after chronic magnesium
      supplementation (2 g/day) to diet. Chronic magnesium supplementation to diet
      versus placebo produced 1) a significant increase in plasma (0.83 +/- 0.05 vs.
      0.78 +/- 0.06 mM, P less than .05) and erythrocyte (2.03 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.88 +/-
      0.09 mM, P less than .01) magnesium levels, 2) an increase in acute insulin
      response (AIR) (4.0 +/- 0.6 vs. -1.6 +/- 0.6 mU/L, P less than .05) to glucose
      pulse, and 3) an increase in glucose infusion rate (GIR) (3.6 +/- 0.6 vs. 2.9 +/-
      0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1, P less than .025) calculated in the last 60 min of a
      euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic (100 mU.m2.min-1 during 180 min) glucose clamp. Net
      increase in AIR, glucose disappearance rate after glucose pulse, and GIR were
      significantly and positively correlated to the net increase in erythrocyte
      magnesium content calculated after chronic magnesium supplementation to diet. In
      conclusion, our data suggest that NIDDM subjects may benefit from therapeutic
      chronic administration of magnesium salts.

PMID- 2651055
TI  - Rising incidence of IDDM in Europe.
AB  - A rising incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been
      reported in many northern European countries, with a rate equivalent to a
      doubling time of 20-30 yr in some. North American and Japanese studies report a
      similar trend, although they are less uniform in their findings. Although the
      number of genetically susceptible individuals within these populations has
      increased, the rapidity of the change suggests that environmental factors are
      responsible. If these could be identified, primary prevention might become
      possible.

PMID- 2651056
TI  - Fish oil and diabetes. The net effect.

PMID- 2651057
TI  - Novopen--a useful aid also for blind diabetic patients.

PMID- 2651058
TI  - The P450 superfamily: updated listing of all genes and recommended nomenclature
      for the chromosomal loci.
AB  - In this update we provide a list of the 71 P450 genes and the four P450
      pseudogenes that have been characterized as of September 30, 1988. The
      chromosomal locations of many of these genes are also summarized. A modest
      revision of the initially proposed nomenclature of the P450 superfamily (Nebert
      et al., DNA 6, 1-11, 1987) is described specifically for the human and mouse
      chromosomal loci. The motivation for this revision is to conform to the rules of
      nomenclature for human and mouse genes. Recommendations for the naming of
      chromosomal loci include the root symbol "CYP" for human ("Cyp" for mouse),
      denoting "cytochrome P450." We recommend that this root also be used for other
      organisms. For a chromosomal locus, the root symbol is followed by an Arabic
      numeral designating the P450 family, a letter indicating the subfamily, and an
      Arabic numeral representing the individual gene within the family or subfamily.
      Numbers of the individual genes usually will be assigned in the order the genes
      are identified. This system is consistent with our earlier proposed nomenclature
      for P450 families and gene products from all eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

PMID- 2651059
TI  - [Diagnostic measures in suspected multiple sclerosis].

PMID- 2651060
TI  - [Circadian variation in the incidence of myocardial infarction. New perceptions
      about the mechanisms of acute coronary disease].
AB  - The time of acute myocardial infarction (MI) was determined from the onset of
      symptoms and an analysis made of the time-activity course of the plasma CK-MB
      isoenzyme in 1741 patients of the prospective multicentre ISAM study (much
      greater than Intravenous Streptokinase in Acute Myocardial Infarction much less
      than). The occurrence of MI had a circadian variation with a marked peak between
      6 a.m. and 12 noon compared with other periods during the day (P less than
      0.001). Between 8 and 9 a.m., the period of highest incidence, the number of MIs
      was about four times higher than between midnight and 1 am (the period of lowest
      incidence). There was a good correlation between the clinical and enzymatic
      criteria for onset of MI (r = 0.95; P less than 0.001). A similar circadian
      pattern was obtained independent of site of MI, age and sex of patients, as well
      as severity and extent of the coronary heart disease. The temporal relationship
      between increased incidence of acute coronary heart disease (MI, sudden cardiac
      death, symptomatic or silent myocardial ischaemia) in the morning and a rise in
      platelet aggregation in the morning may point to a causal relationship.

PMID- 2651061
TI  - [Action profile of human ultralente insulin compared with human NPH-insulin].
AB  - The effect of human NPH insulin (Protaphan HM) and of human ultralente insulin
      (Ultratard HM) on the profile of blood-glucose concentration was compared, using
      the glucose clamp technique, in normal subjects after subcutaneous injection of
      12 U each. After Protaphan, insulin concentration rose by 11.0 +/- 1.6 microU/ml;
      maximal glucose infusion rate (GIR) after five hours was 4.7 +/- 0.5 mg/kg.min.
      But after the same dosage of Ultratard, insulin concentration rose by only 4.7 +/
      1.0 microU/ml (P less than 0.02) on a maximal GIR after ten hours of 3.2 +/- 0.5
      mg/kg.min (no significant difference). Ultratard had up to 70% of the maximal
      Protaphan effect, the infused amount of glucose, up to maximal effect at 9.5 h
      (72 +/- 9 g), being significantly lower (P less than 0.02) than after Protaphan
      (130 +/- 18 g). After, respectively, 16 (Protaphan) and 20 (Ultratard) hours,
      basal insulin levels were again reached. GIR 19 h after Protaphan injection was
      1.3 +/- 0.4 mg/kg.min, while 24 h after Ultratard it was 1.5 +/- 0.2 mg/kg.min,
      which was not significantly different from the basal rate. The difference between
      Protaphan and Ultratard lies in the marked initial effect of NPH insulin, up to
      10 h after injection. In the later phase of the effect profile both insulins were
      similar at the chosen dose of 12 U.

PMID- 2651062
TI  - [The place of noninvasive diagnosis in coronary disease].

PMID- 2651063
TI  - [Estrogens and carcinoma].

PMID- 2651064
TI  - [Diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage].

PMID- 2651065
TI  - [Mitral valve prolapse syndrome].

PMID- 2651066
TI  - [The electric stunning of pigs for slaughter].
AB  - Electrical stunning is the most common stunning method in the FRG. Beside manual
      stunning with tongs (70-250 V) there are also automatic high-voltage stunning
      devices (400-1000 V) in use. In the FRG the maximally allowed stunning voltage is
      250 V for manual working apparatus. Electrical stunning is acceptable from the
      animal point of view, if a minimal current of 1.2 ampere is reached, immediately
      after the beginning of the stunning operation. This current provokes an epileptic
      insult combined with unconsciousness. Immobilisation combined with stiffness can
      be reached with lower currents. The current, flowing during stunning operation,
      depends on both stunning voltage and resistance between electrodes and surface of
      the animal. Current curves were recorded during manual stunning operations with
      different kinds of tong and different voltages. It was found, that a stunning
      voltage lower than 250 V under practise conditions is not acceptable from the
      animal point of view, because 1.2 ampere were not reached within 1 second.
      Electrical stunning with 250 V is acceptable, when an exact positioning of the
      tongs is possible because of a short fixation of the pig. The following demands
      can be formulated for an effective electrical stunning of pigs: 1. pigs should be
      wet prior to stunning. 2. positioning of the tongs must be done in such a way
      that the brain lies on the shortest line between the two electrodes. 3. between
      electrodes and pig surface should be an intensive contact. 4. stunning voltage
      should be at least 250 V, better higher. 5. bleeding should be done not later
      than 20 seconds after the end of the stunning, the time between bleeding and
      scalding being at least 3 minutes.

PMID- 2651067
TI  - [Animal welfare and workers' protection during electric stunning of poultry for
      slaughter].
AB  - Every slaughter process involves problems as to animal welfare as well as safety
      aspects and the protection of workers. With poultry these are basically
      concentrated on electrical stunning. Electrical currents and voltages suitable
      for stunning slaughter animals are principally also hazardous for man in what
      respect body resistance is of crucial importance. Potential hazards have to be
      looked upon as present in spite of existing safety regulations. Comparatively
      high stunning voltages for poultry recently proposed because of animal welfare
      considerations have met objections not only from the viewpoint of meat hygienic
      but workers' safety regulations as well. While the former meanwhile could be
      overcome the latter still has to be investigated, especially as a regulation on
      the electrical stunning of poultry is currently being prepared. In this respect
      the question whether adequate stunning efficiency can be obtained by reducing the
      voltage and prolonging the time of exposure is of special interest. First
      preliminary results of such investigations are presented. To ensure workers'
      safety other related aspects should also be taken into account and examined for
      improvements.

PMID- 2651068
TI  - [Disposal of dog feces--parasitological aspects].

PMID- 2651069
TI  - [Disposal of dog feces--why, who, how?--esthetic, legal and organizational
      aspects].
AB  - Dog droppings in public footpaths and playgrounds have become a problem that
      makes many pedestrians and visitors feel more and more molested and even
      endangered. Increasingly, it also leads to a confrontation between the people
      afflicted and that part of the dog owners who never feel responsible for the
      removal of their pet's faeces. In the paper some considerations will be made on
      the "why", the "who" and the "how" of dog faeces disposal. The recommendation is
      to motivate the dog owners to teach their pets to defecate into the gutter or to
      remove the faeces that way by simple means, conform with the environment. Since
      rainfall makes the deposits gather in this area anyhow, there will be no
      additional burden for the municipal disposal facilities by this way.

PMID- 2651070
TI  - [Infections of pigeons as a risk to the health of humans and animals].
AB  - Both, domestic and feral pigeons may be carriers of hazardous agents for man and
      animals. Ectoparasites of pigeons can trouble humans. Feces of pigeons can serve
      as substrate for the agent of cryptococcosis of man and animals. The occurrence
      of avian tuberculosis, campylobacter infections, pseudotuberculosis and
      pasteurellosis in pigeons seems to be of less significance. Salmonella infections
      of man and animals are less likely attributable to pigeons as the source of
      infection. The agent of ornithosis may be distributed by pigeons, but humans are
      predominantly infected by psittacines. The role of doves in the epidemiology of
      German measles is not clear, but there is little evidence that they are involved
      in other harmful virus infections in Europe. A possible risk for the health of
      man can not be excluded if rooms are located directly in contact with dovecotes
      or garrets colonized with wild doves. An increased risk can be supposed for
      pigeon breeders and persons feeding feral doves.

PMID- 2651071
TI  - [Measures for the solution of animal welfare and hygiene problems concerning dogs
      and pigeons in a large city].
AB  - The concentration of dove populations frequenting certain inner urban areas
      provokes many protests. Instead of recent use of poison and chemicals for
      suppression of reproduction now the doves are forced to leave their preferred
      urban areas by an educational campaign which should initiate a drastical
      reduction of feeding. Pollution of city parks and closed traffic pedestrian zones
      with dog excrements activated an initiative of mothers, the municipal
      administration and dog's societies in order to convince dog holders of cleaning
      up their dogs' products immediately.

PMID- 2651072
TI  - [Animal welfare regulations for agricultural animal husbandry].
AB  - Numerous scientific investigations and discussions on the improvement of farm
      animal protection have been carried out during the last fifteen years. Following
      these steps, today also the legal directions have reached a concrete phase. On
      January 1st 1988, e.g., the decree on battery husbandry of laying hens was
      enacted and on July 1st the decree on indoor swine keeping. Provided the
      agreement of the political authorities, especially the Upper House, also decrees
      on indoor keeping of both, calves and fur animals, are to be expected in the very
      next future. Nevertheless, such regulations alone do not sufficiently guarantee
      the protection of the animals mentioned. Much more important is a responsible
      action of both the animals's owner and all his consultative persons. In
      particular, the veterinarian is involved here.

PMID- 2651073
TI  - [Legal prerequisites for the establishment and management of animal preserves].
AB  - Starting from the general provisions of Section 24 federal law concerning nature
      conservation the essential contents of different provisions of land law about
      licence of animal preserves are summarized and cleared up. Sectors of priority
      are the interpretation and exact definition of the term "animal preserve",
      explanation of special licensing requirements of law concerning protection of
      animals (housing and feeding must be adequate to standards of conduct; rearing of
      animals must be competent), and considerations about lawful contents as well as
      legal investigations of the definitive administrative act.

PMID- 2651074
TI  - [Animal welfare requirements for the raising and breeding of pheasants].
AB  - The different husbandry systems for raising pheasants are introduced and
      discussed. In particular, size and shaping of aviaries are described. Some
      remarks are made on the critical points, e.g. individual space, stocking density,
      planting of aviaries, and feeding of animals. Special emphasis is put on the
      problem of feather picking, which may lead to a struggle for existence of the
      owner. Existing methods for prevention of feather picking are introduced and
      assessed. Finally, an assessment with respect to animal welfare is made,
      revealing that, in general, raising of pheasants is not in conflict with animal
      welfare regulations. Nevertheless, in some aspects improvements are recommended,
      and some of the husbandry systems and manipulations can not be tolerated from the
      animal welfare point of view. Further research is needed to ensure a species
      specific raising of pheasants on a scientific base.

PMID- 2651075
TI  - [Living space in zoos--criteria for species-specific animal husbandry].
AB  - Keeping wild animals in captivity is still object of criticism, above all due to
      the fact that room is restricted for these animals. But wild animal husbandry is
      basing on several factors: It has to concern physiological requirements as well
      as natural behaviour patterns, so as actions and reactions of wild living animals
      caused by ecological occasions have to be replaced by suitable arrangements. Most
      of the time proper animals husbandry is valued by quantity; in that way, that the
      measurements of artificial homes are often supposed to be more important than the
      quality of this enclosures. Optimal feeding, social structure, stimula for
      behaviour patterns like playing, breeding an rearing in calmness and well trained
      keepers are other basic requirements for wild animal husbandry. Criteria for
      keeping wild animals should not be scheduled by restrictive arrangements;
      innovations would be complicated by any regulations.

PMID- 2651076
TI  - [Animal welfare and disease control regulations for killing cattle, swine and
      sheep with the help of a transportable electric stunning facility (SCHERMER, type
      EC)].
AB  - Stamping-out of animals in case of infections diseases has to meet the
      requirements resulting from animal welfare, disease prevention, and
      practicability under conditions in practice. This is well qualified by
      application of electrical shock stunning with subsequent generation of
      ventricular fibrillation in cattle, swine and sheep. The scientific elements of
      the method, the procedure, and experiences in application of the method during
      the stamping-out of 340 cattle, 980 swine, 152 sheep and 18 goats are discussed
      in the paper.

PMID- 2651077
TI  - [Animal welfare commissions--their functions and problems].

PMID- 2651078
TI  - [New methods for poultry meat hygiene: a challenge for veterinary medicine].

PMID- 2651079
TI  - [Therapy trials with enrofloxacin (Baytril) in a laying hen flock with Salmonella
      pullorum infections].
AB  - The course of a disease due to Salmonella pullorum in laying chickens is
      described. The experimental application of enrofloxacin (Baytril) at a dosage of
      100 mg/l drinking water for 10 days resulted in a stop of the mortality rate,
      increment of egg production and reduction of Salmonella excretion. A recurrence
      of the disease was observed in the fifth week following the end of treatment with
      high mortality and decreasing egg laying. The treatment lead to a short-dated
      success but a permanent elimination of the germ from the flock was not achieved.

PMID- 2651080
TI  - [Fixation of an upper beak fracture in a Moluccan cockatoo (C. moluccensis)].
AB  - In this report the successful stabilisation by full-pin external fixation of the
      fractured beak of a Moluccan Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) was described.
      Suppositions and the technique of this surgical procedure were discussed.

PMID- 2651081
TI  - [Penile inflammation in ganders].
AB  - Since 1987 penis-inflammation and -prolapse were observed in north-german breeder
      geese. Up to 28% of the ganders showed local symptoms. In the females no clinical
      signs of cloaca-inflammation were seen. The general condition of the birds was
      good and there was no increased mortality. Egg production and fertility were not
      influenced. Bacteriological examinations of the altered penis-tissues revealed in
      different frequency microorganisms belonging to the genera Mycoplasma, Candida,
      Bacteroides, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus,
      Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas. Within 70 days only one
      third of the diseased ganders recovered completely, the others still showed penis
      necrosis or -deformation. It is recommended to examine all ganders prior to each
      sexual season and to eliminate affected birds.

PMID- 2651082
TI  - [The significance of steroid hormones and prostaglandins for the expulsion of the
      afterbirth in cattle].
AB  - This review describes the importance of different hormones (oestrogens,
      progesterone, prostaglandins and glucocorticoids) for the loosening process of
      the foetal membranes in cattle. Hormone concentrations, measured ante partum and
      at the time of parturition are discussed. In the literature conflicting results
      can be found. Foetal membrane retention seems to coincide with increased plasma
      progesterone and decreased plasma oestrogen and PGF2 alpha concentrations.
      Possible effects of particular hormones on loosening of the placenta are
      discussed. It can be concluded that these hormones do have a considerable
      influence on the foetal membranes. However, to clarify their definite role for
      retention of the placenta further investigations are needed.

PMID- 2651083
TI  - [Animal welfare aspects of animal slaughter].
AB  - For many years animal welfare aspects of slaughtering were not discussed. But in
      the last ten years the research has much increased in this field. The new
      knowledges will be taken in account in national and european legislation. The
      question if ritual slaughtering without pre-slaughter stunning has to be allowed,
      was answered by the amendment of the Animal Welfare Act: This form of
      slaughtering is now only allowed in the context of constitutional guaranteed
      religious liberty.

PMID- 2651084
TI  - [Physiologic reactions during the slaughter of cattle and sheep with and without
      stunning].
AB  - In a first trial the cortical activity of cattle and sheep was tested using only
      an electrocorticogram (ECoG). The results showed a shorter phase after sticking
      or the ritual slaughter cut respectively, until the ECoG disappears in stunned
      animals. However, considering the time between stunning and the cervical state,
      the interval until disappearance of the ECoG was prolonged in the stunned
      animals. The observed time differences, however, are only a tendency and not
      statistically confirmed. Insofar, concerning animal protection, the different
      slaughter methods could be regarded equivalent. A second trial was designed in a
      manner to allow a more exact interpretation of the ECoGs and was completed by
      measuring visually and somatosensorically evoked potentials. Additionally, in
      contrast to the first trial, only adult cattle were used here. The results
      revealed shorter intervals until disappearance of cortical activities when using
      captive-bolt stunning. Also the variance was much lower in this trial than after
      ritual slaughter. The mean of the time differences was relatively low (5.5
      seconds). It was especially remarkable that after captivebolt stunning absolutely
      no evoked potentials could be registrated, whereas these potentials lasted for 77
      seconds (somatosensorically evoked potentials) and 55 seconds respectively
      (visually evoked potentials) after the ritual slaughter cut. Thus, after ritual
      slaughter a nervous conduction was measured up to 126 seconds in the extreme
      cases. However, from the results obtained it can not be concluded whether or not
      pain sensitivity occurred in the animals.

PMID- 2651085
TI  - Magnesium, myocardial ischaemia and arrhythmias. The role of magnesium in
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2651086
TI  - Sulphonylurea antidiabetic drugs. An update of their clinical pharmacology and
      rational therapeutic use.
AB  - Apart from the amelioration of symptoms, a major aim of the treatment of non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type 2 diabetes) should be the
      prevention of cardiovascular complications. These are associated with the chronic
      hyperglycaemia that is characteristic of NIDDM, and the risk of complications is
      already increased in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). For these
      reasons, and because hyperglycaemia appears to be a self-perpetuating condition,
      treatment should be introduced as early as possible and should be aimed at
      normalisation of blood glucose. To enable early detection and intervention,
      screening is necessary. As diet regulation alone rarely suffices to normalise
      blood glucose, addition of sulphonylurea drugs is indicated in many cases. If
      introduced in the IGT phase, sulphonylureas drugs combined with diet regulation
      may postpone the development of IGT to manifest NIDDM, and may reduce the
      increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Sulphonylureas
      stimulate insulin release, possibly via interaction with receptors in the
      pancreatic B cells. In addition, such treatment enhances the reduced insulin
      action. This might be a primary effect but is also a consequence of the increased
      access to insulin and the subsequent reduction of hyperglycaemia. Sulphonylureas
      may enhance insulin availability by reducing insulin clearance. Effects on blood
      lipids are probably secondary phenomena. Fast and short acting sulphonylureas may
      improve the impaired meal-induced acute insulin release. If combined with weight
      reducing diet regulation and introduced early, such treatment can maintain (near)
      normal blood glucose levels and an improved insulin action for several years
      without increasing basal insulin secretion, without chronic hyperinsulinaemia,
      and without weight increase. If not combined with diet regulation, sulphonylurea
      therapy is likely to fail. If introduced when NIDDM is advanced, the efficacy of
      these drugs is limited, with secondary failures developing at a rate of 5 to 10%
      per year. Continuous (24-hour-a-day) exposure to drug treatment could possibly
      desensitise the B cell to sulphonylurea stimulation. 'Second-generation'
      sulphonylurea drugs have a higher potency than 'first-generation' drugs, but this
      need not signify a greater clinical efficacy. The effect of several of these
      drugs may be increased if they are ingested half an hour before meal(s). Short
      acting sulphonylureas may be safer than long acting ones, which seem more likely
      to cause long lasting and fatal hypoglycaemia, at least in elderly
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2651087
TI  - Newer 5-aminosalicylic acid based drugs in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Since the discovery that 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is the active moiety of
      sulphasalazine in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, several
      new 5-ASA based drugs have been developed. These consist either of slow- or
      delayed-release formulations of plain 5-ASA or sulpha-free azo compounds of 5
      ASA. The different formulations and compounds have varying bioavailabilities,
      which makes it possible to use them alternatively in different clinical
      situations. A review of the literature is given, together with suggestions as to
      how the new drugs might be used in different clinical situations.

PMID- 2651089
TI  - The current treatment of scleroderma.
AB  - The treatment of scleroderma is determined by the stage of the disease,
      associated organ involvement, or the presence of features overlapping those of
      other connective tissue disease. Raynaud's phenomenon is responsive to vasoactive
      medication, but recently heat and plasma exchange have been shown to be more
      effective, reducing the need for systemic medication. In stages II and III of the
      disease, administration of non-toxic penicillamine in low doses for 2 to 4 years
      is the preferred treatment. Plasma exchange may offer some hope in the early
      stages. The treatment of the renal crisis of scleroderma with angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors has reduced mortality from this complication. These
      drugs are currently the preferred treatment for the hypertension of renal
      scleroderma. The symptomatic treatment of the pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and
      soft tissue complications of scleroderma is also discussed.

PMID- 2651088
TI  - Roxithromycin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties
      and clinical efficacy.
AB  - Roxithromycin is an acid-stable orally administered antibacterial macrolide
      structurally related to erythromycin. It has an in vitro antibacterial profile
      similar to that of erythromycin, with activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S.
      epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Branhamella catarrhalis,
      Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardnerella
      vaginalis, Haemophilus ducreyi, some anaerobes and other less common pathogens.
      Roxithromycin has a pharmacokinetic profile that is characterised by excellent
      enteral absorption achieving high concentrations in most tissues and body fluids.
      The results of clinical studies with roxithromycin have confirmed the potential
      for its use in a variety of infections, which was suggested by its antibacterial
      activity in vitro and pharmacokinetic profile. Clinical efficacy has been
      confirmed in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, including community
      acquired and atypical pneumonias, ear, nose and throat infections, genitourinary
      tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections. In a relatively small
      number of patients roxithromycin has generally been shown to be as effective as
      erythromycin and other appropriate antibacterial drugs in some of the above
      indications. Roxithromycin is well tolerated and has less potential than
      erythromycin to produce clinically significant drug interactions. Thus,
      roxithromycin is an orally active drug which should prove a useful alternative
      when selecting antibacterial therapy for indications where macrolides are
      appropriate.

PMID- 2651090
TI  - Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
AB  - The treatment of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is becoming more dependent
      upon early diagnosis. For the majority of patients whose bleeding has stopped
      when they come to the physician's attention, treatment for peptic disorders
      remains the mainstay of therapy. For patients who present to the physician
      actively bleeding, early intervention with endoscopic therapeutic techniques
      probably will be the most beneficial. Currently available pharmacotherapeutic
      agents are of limited value in this situation. Further studies to prove and
      confirm the efficacy of the various techniques need to be carried out.

PMID- 2651091
TI  - Cytokine-mediated regulation of ovarian function: encounters of a third kind.

PMID- 2651092
TI  - Dexamethasone regulates the glucose transport system in primary cultured
      adipocytes: different mechanisms of insulin resistance after acute and chronic
      exposure.
AB  - We have studied the ability of dexamethasone to regulate the glucose transport
      system in primary cultured adipocytes and delineated the mechanisms of insulin
      resistance after both acute and chronic treatment. Acutely, 20 nM dexamethasone
      led to a 65% decrease in basal and a 31% decrement in maximally insulin
      stimulated glucose transport (ED50 = 3-4 nM; t1/2 = 50 min). These effects were
      maximal by 90-120 min, and a plateau was maintained over an additional 1-1.5 h.
      Chronic dexamethasone exposure (24 h) led to a more profound decrease in basal
      (77%; ED50 = 0.4 nM) and maximally stimulated (55%; ED50 = 1.0 nM) rates of
      glucose transport and shifted the transport: insulin dose-response curve to the
      right by increasing the half-maximally effective insulin concentration from 0.2
      to 0.4 ng/ml. Dexamethasone did not affect cell surface insulin binding over 24
      h. Both the short and long term effects of dexamethasone were partially blocked
      by the combined presence of insulin during preincubation and were not modulated
      by glucose. We also assessed effects on the number and cellular distribution of
      glucose transporter proteins using the cytochalasin-B binding assay. After 2 h,
      dexamethasone (30 nM) decreased the number of glucose transporters in plasma
      membranes by 30% in basal cells and by 41% in maximally insulin-stimulated cells,
      while increasing the number of low density microsomal transporters by 22-23% (P =
      NS). Transporter number in a total cellular membrane fraction was unaltered by
      short term dexamethasone. Chronic dexamethasone exposure (24 h) decreased plasma
      membrane and low density microsomal transporters by 30-50% in both basal and
      insulin-stimulated cells and depleted transporters by 43% in a total cellular
      membrane fraction. In conclusion, 1) dexamethasone induces progressive insulin
      resistance by sequentially regulating multiple aspects of the insulin-responsive
      glucose transport system. At early times (2 h) dexamethasone impairs insulin's
      ability to translocate intracellular glucose transporters to the cell surface and
      with more chronic exposure (24 h), depletes the total number of cellular
      transporters. 2) Glucose modulates desensitization of the glucose transport
      system by insulin, but not by dexamethasone, and thus, there are both glucose
      dependent and -independent mechanisms of insulin resistance. 3) Insulin can
      heterologously inhibit dexamethasone's effects on glucose transport at both early
      and late phases of desensitization. These studies highlight the complex hormonal
      regulation at the glucose transport system.

PMID- 2651093
TI  - Neuropeptide-Y stimulation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion
      from the median eminence in vitro by estrogen-dependent and extracellular Ca2+
      independent mechanisms.
AB  - The roles of estrogen and extracellular calcium (Ca2+) in neuropeptide-Y (NPY)
      stimulated LHRH release from median eminence (ME) fragments in vitro were
      examined. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats received one or several sc implants of
      Silastic tubes containing estradiol benzoate (235 micrograms/ml sesame oil) or
      vehicle. Plasma estrogen concentrations were similar to levels during the estrous
      cycle. These estrogen treatments were equally effective in reducing the elevated
      plasma levels of LH in vehicle-treated OVX rats. Animals were killed 3 days after
      implantation, and ME fragments were incubated in medium for 30 min (control),
      followed by a second 30-min period (test) in medium containing NPY or potassium
      chloride (K+). Estrogen treatment increased the basal release of LHRH and the ME
      concentration of LHRH in a dose-related fashion. NPY (0.1-10 microM) increased
      LHRH secretion in a dose-related manner from ME fragments obtained from estrogen
      treated OVX rats, but had no effect on MEs from hormonally untreated OVX rats.
      Treatment with higher doses of estrogen enhanced the LHRH secretory response of
      ME fragments to NPY (1-10 microM). K+-stimulated LHRH release from ME fragments
      from estrogen-treated rats was completely eliminated in Ca2+-free medium
      containing EGTA. In contrast, LHRH release elicited by NPY (10 microM) was
      unchanged in Ca2+-free medium in both the absence and presence of cobalt chloride
      (Co2+). Decreasing the Ca2+ concentration from 2.5 to 0.25 mM reduced K+
      stimulated LHRH release 7-fold, while NPY-stimulated LHRH secretion was not
      affected. These results indicate that NPY stimulation of LHRH release from the ME
      in vitro is related to prior circulating levels of estrogen, but does not require
      extracellular Ca2+ in the incubation medium. NPY may enhance LHRH release in an
      estrogen-dependent manner during the estrous cycle and before the LH surge on
      proestrous.

PMID- 2651094
TI  - In the rat, interleukin-1 alpha acts at the level of the brain and the gonads to
      interfere with gonadotropin and sex steroid secretion.
AB  - These studies were designed to investigate a possible effect of the monokine
      interleukin-1 alpha (Il-1 alpha) on gonadotropins and/or sex steroid secretion.
      Three putative sites of action were considered: the central nervous system, the
      pituitary, and the gonads. A central nervous system-mediated mechanism was tested
      by injecting Il-1 alpha into the lateral ventricle of the brain of castrated
      rats; this treatment caused a dose-related inhibition of LH secretion, with a
      minimum effective dose below 0.1 microgram (6.6 pmol) and a maximum effect at 1
      microgram (66 pmol). The plateau response was observed 120 min after injection.
      The possibility that Il-1 alpha might alter pituitary sensitivity was studied by
      administering 200 ng GnRH, iv, into gonadectomized control rats or rats
      pretreated with 1 micrograms Il-1 alpha intracerebroventricularly. GnRH induced a
      comparable increase in the plasma LH levels of both groups of animals. Finally,
      hypophysectomized immature (24-day-old) female rats were used to determine if we
      could confirm in vivo that interleukin-1 alpha can act directly at the level of
      the ovary to interfere with steroidogenesis. In these animals, the sc injection
      of 20 IU PMSG produced a marked (P less than 0.01) increase in plasma estradiol
      levels, while the sequential injection of 20 IU PMSG and 1 microgram hCG
      significantly (P less than 0.01) stimulated progesterone release. The ip
      administration of 1 microgram Il-1 alpha every 12 h to gonadotropin-treated rats
      resulted in a significant inhibition of both estradiol and progesterone
      secretion. The results support possible roles for Il-1 alpha at the levels of the
      brain and the gonads, but not the pituitary, to inhibit reproductive functions.

PMID- 2651095
TI  - Relationship between increased binding and insulin-like effects of human growth
      hormone in adipocytes from young fa/fa rats.
AB  - Binding and insulin-like effects of human GH (hGH) in inguinal adipocytes from
      young lean Fa/fa and obese fa/fa Zucker rats were studied. The binding of
      [125I]hGH per unit surface area is 2-fold higher in adipocytes prepared from 16-
      and 30-day-old fa/fa rats than in cells from lean littermates. A 3-h
      preincubation of the cells increases the hGH-binding capacity without changing
      the affinity of the binding, regardless of genotype. Freshly isolated adipocytes
      from 30-day-old lean rats fail to respond to hGH, whereas after preincubation of
      the cells, hGH produces a maximal 105% increase in glucose transport and a
      maximal 40% increase in glucose oxidation. In contrast, freshly isolated adipose
      cells from fa/fa rats are already responsive to hGH and the amplitude of the
      response is markedly elevated in preincubated cells, with a 430% stimulation of
      glucose transport. The concentration of hGH (1 nM) that inhibits 50% of [125I]hGH
      binding and that which produces half-maximal stimulation of glucose transport as
      well as glucose metabolism are not different, suggesting the absence of spare
      receptors for these insulin-like effects of hGH. Plots of GH effects on glucose
      transport as a function of receptor occupancy are linear, with a change in the
      slope after preincubation. Our results suggest a strong correlation between
      binding of hGH and actions on glucose transport and glucose metabolism in
      adipocytes of young Zucker rats.

PMID- 2651096
TI  - The posttranslational processing of prodynorphin in the rat anterior pituitary.
AB  - The posttranslational processing of prodynorphin (Pro-Dyn) is not well
      understood. The rat anterior pituitary is an interesting tissue which merits
      examination to address this issue since it is known that Dyn immunoreactivity is
      stored as high mol wt (HMW) intermediates and not as free products such as
      dynorphin-A-(1-17) (Dyn-A17) or dynorphin-B-(1-13) (Dyn-B). The aim of our study
      is to characterize the Pro-Dyn products in the rat anterior pituitary
      quantitatively as well as qualitatively by keeping a close account of each of the
      possible domains that are known to compose the protein structure. This was
      achieved by a convergence of tools: designing RIA with antibodies to each of
      these domains, including antibodies to Dyn-A17, Dyn-B, alpha-neo-endorphin,
      bridge peptide, and Pro-Dyn carboxyl-terminal peptide (C-peptide), and using
      these antisera with gel filtration chromatography, reverse phase HPLC,
      immunoaffinity, and immunoprecipitation techniques. Our data indicate the
      presence of at least six distinct molecules which are classified as HMW
      intermediates (greater than 3.5K). By gel filtration chromatography they have
      apparent mol wt of 16,000, 10,000, 8,000, 6,000, 4,000, and 3,500, respectively.
      Each of these structures is characterized by multiple immunoreactivities to
      account for the observed mass. Based on the relative content of each structure we
      present a scheme for the posttranslational processing pathway of Pro-Dyn in the
      rat anterior pituitary. We also analyze other tissues, spinal cord and
      hypothalamus, for their content of Pro-Dyn HMW intermediates. Our results
      indicate that these tissues store Pro-Dyn HMW molecules of similar sizes and
      immunoreactive properties, suggesting that Pro-Dyn may be processed in a similar
      manner, at least in the initial phases, across tissues.

PMID- 2651097
TI  - Immunological characterization and immunocytochemical localization of oviduct
      specific glycoproteins in the baboon (Papio anubis).
AB  - Oviducts obtained from estradiol-treated ovariectomized baboons synthesize and
      release a family of high mol wt (100,000-130,000) glycoproteins during short term
      explant culture. The objective of this study was to make a polyclonal antibody to
      these glycoproteins and then use the antibody to determine the presence of the
      glycoproteins in oviduct flushings, tissue culture media, and tissues obtained
      from cycling and steroid-treated baboons. Oviduct culture medium proteins from
      estradiol-treated baboons were separated on one-dimensional polyacrylamide gels
      and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The region containing the
      glycoproteins was cut out, solubilized in dimethylsulfoxide, mixed with Freund's
      adjuvant, and injected at 2-week intervals into a male rabbit. The anti-serum
      used in this study was obtained 6 weeks after the initial injection and cross
      reacted with antigens on Western blots of oviduct flushings and oviduct culture
      media obtained from follicular stage and estradiol-treated baboons. The antigens
      were absent in oviduct flushings obtained from luteal stage, ovariectomized and
      estradiol-primed baboons treated with estradiol and progesterone or progesterone
      alone. The antigens were not detected on Western blots of other reproductive and
      nonreproductive tract culture media or in serum obtained from follicular stage or
      estradiol-treated baboons. Immunoperoxidase staining was limited to discrete
      granules in the apical cytoplasm of secretory cells in oviducts obtained from
      follicular stage and estradiol-treated baboons. Thus, the secretory cells of the
      baboon oviduct synthesize and secrete a family of estradiol-dependent oviduct
      specific glycoproteins that may have potential functional significance during
      fertilization and embryo development.

PMID- 2651098
TI  - Autologous down-regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels for
      estrogen receptors in MCF-7 cells: an inverse correlation to progesterone
      receptor levels.
AB  - In the present study we have examined the effects of estradiol on mRNA levels for
      estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) in the estrogen-dependent mammary
      carcinoma MCF-7 cell line. The changes in ER immunoactivity and specific binding
      of [3H]R5020 were also assessed. Estradiol (10(-7) M) caused a transient and time
      dependent reduction of the level of mRNA for ER, with a maximal effect (30-40% of
      control; n = 3) after 72 h. This was associated with a similar decrease in ER
      immunoactivity. Further treatment (96 and 120 h) revealed a return of ER mRNA to
      control values, whereas the ER immunoactivity remained depressed. The effect on
      the mRNA level for PR gave almost the inverse curve. Initially (24-72 h), we
      observed a pronounced increase in this mRNA, with a maximal effect (6-7 times the
      control value; n = 3) after 72 h. Treatment beyond 72 h was associated with a
      gradual return of mRNA for PR toward the control level. The variation in specific
      binding of [3H]R5020 revealed similar changes, except that changes in specific
      receptor binding were delayed 24 h compared to the levels of mRNA. Incubation
      with low concentrations (10(-11) and 10(-10) M) of estradiol for 72 h was
      associated with slightly elevated levels of mRNA for ER, whereas higher
      concentrations gave a dose-dependent decrease. The mRNA for PR was biphasically
      stimulated, with a maximal effect at 10(-10)-10(-8) M, where a 10- to 13-fold
      stimulation was observed. The highest concentration (10(-7) M) gave a lower
      response. Assessment of concentration-induced variations in protein receptor
      levels of ER and PR reflected the effects of estradiol on their mRNAs. Low
      concentrations of estradiol slightly enhanced the ER level, whereas high
      concentrations clearly reduced ER immunoactivity. The PR level was stimulated by
      all concentrations used, and 10(-8) M estradiol raised the PR level more than 11
      fold. Our results indicate autologous regulation of estrogen receptor gene
      transcripts and proteins and a clear induction of PR mRNA and receptor proteins
      by estradiol.

PMID- 2651099
TI  - Suggestions for the rapid diagnosis of campylobacter pylori infection in
      endoscopic settings.

PMID- 2651100
TI  - The effect of endoscopic hemostasis with alcohol on the mortality rate of
      nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. A randomized prospective study.
AB  - One hundred and forty-five patients with nonvariceal upper GI hemorrhage, active
      or with stigmata (Forrest I and II) were divided into two groups according to the
      day of the week on which emergency endoscopy was performed: group A (78 patients)
      in which conventional treatment was applied (blood transfusions, antacids,
      cimetidine, pirenzepine), and group B (65 patients) in which endoscopic
      hemostasis with absolute alcohol (Asaki's method) was performed. The two groups
      were comparable as regards age, sex distribution and type of hemorrhage (after
      Forrest). Emergency surgery was performed in both groups if the bleeding did not
      stop or if it recurred. Twenty patients (11 in group A and 9 in group B) were
      operated on some time after the bleeding episode (5-18 days) to prevent new
      episodes. Absolute alcohol injection achieved hemostasis in all the cases of
      active hemorrhage (Forrest I) and prevented recurrence in 24 out of 25 cases with
      a clot or visible vessels (Forrest II), so that emergency surgery was not
      necessary in any of the patients of group B. Mortality rate was significantly
      lower in group B than in group A (10 deaths in group A, 2 in group B, p less than
      0.05) being explained mainly by the reduced post-operative mortality (18% in
      group B), due to the small number of the operated patients (28 in groups A, 10 in
      B; p less than 0.02), especially of those operated on as an emergency (one in the
      endoscopic hemostasis group as compared with 17 in the conventional treatment
      group; p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651101
TI  - Effects of SO2 exposure on canine pulmonary epithelial functions.
AB  - We examined the effects of a single exposure of high concentrations of sulfur
      dioxide (SO2) on the pulmonary epithelium in adult dogs over a period of several
      weeks. Mucociliary tracheal transport rates and alveolar clearance of 99mTc
      labeled diethylene triamine pentacetate (99mTcO4-) were measured in vivo, before
      and immediately after inhalation of 100 ppm or 500 ppm SO2, and then weekly for 3
      5 weeks. At the completion of the in vivo studies, tracheal epithelium was
      studied in Ussing chambers for bioelectric properties (short-circuited current,
      transepithelial potential difference), nonelectrolyte permeability for
      calculation of pore sizes, and changes in bioelectric properties following
      pharmacological manipulations. These tissues were then fixed for scanning
      electron microscopy studies. Additional dogs were sacrificed for microscopy
      studies at several time intervals to provide a histological basis for the altered
      mucociliary transport. We found that despite marked derangement of mucociliary
      transport caused by damage to the ciliated cells, recovery occurred over a period
      of several weeks, and alveolar permeability as assessed by the radioaerosol
      technique did not change. We concluded that the solubility of SO2 and perhaps a
      more severe damaging effect of SO2 specific on the ciliated cells might be the
      explanation for the observations.

PMID- 2651102
TI  - Effects of inhaled acids on airway mucus and its consequences for health.
AB  - The high molecular fractions, i.e., greater than 100,000 dalton, are found to be
      most responsible for the H+ ion absorption capacity of the mucus in the
      respiratory tract. This function serves as a protection against the penetration
      of the H+ ion to the surrounding tissue. Acidifying mucus with a high
      concentration of protein, mainly glycoproteins, results in increased viscosity,
      which affects various lung functions. After acid saturation of the mucus, the H+
      ion will react with the epithelial tissue, which results in increased
      permeability and a variety of effects. Acidic mucus or mucus with a low protein
      concentration, as in some asthmatics, constitutes a base for risk groups
      regarding acidic exposures. A rough estimate indicates that persons with normal
      mucus buffer capacity and protein content can tolerate about 3000 micrograms
      SO2/m3 or 300 micrograms H2SO4/m3 per 30 min.

PMID- 2651103
TI  - Acidic sulfate aerosols: characterization and exposure.
AB  - Exposures to acidic aerosol in the atmosphere are calculated from data reported
      in the scientific literature. The majority of date was not derived from studies
      necessarily designed to examine human exposures. Most of the studies were
      designed to investigate the characteristics of the atmosphere. However, the
      measurements were useful in defining two potential exposure situations: regional
      stagnation and transport conditions and local plume impacts. Levels of acidic
      aerosol in excess of 20 to 40 micrograms/m3 (as H2SO4) have been observed for
      time durations ranging from 1 to 12 hr. These were associated with high, but not
      necessarily the highest, atmospheric SO4(2)- levels. Exposures of 100 to 900
      micrograms/m3/hr were calculated for the acid events that were monitored. In
      contrast, earlier London studies indicated that apparent acidity in excess of 100
      micrograms/m3 (as H2SO4) was present in the atmosphere, and exposures less than
      2000 micrograms/m3/hr were possible. Our present knowledge about the frequency,
      magnitude, and duration of acidic sulfate aerosol events and episodes is
      insufficient. Efforts must be made to gather more data, but these should be done
      in such a way that evaluation of human exposure is the focus of the research. In
      addition, further data are required on the mechanisms of formation of H2SO4 and
      on what factors can be used to predict acidic sulfate episodes.

PMID- 2651104
TI  - The development of applied action levels for soil contact: a scenario for the
      exposure of humans to soil in a residential setting.
AB  - The California Site Mitigation Decision Tree Manual, 1985, was developed by the
      California Department of Health Services to provide a detailed technical basis
      for managing uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The Decision Tree describes a
      process that relies on criteria, Applied Action Levels (AALs) to evaluate and, if
      necessary, mitigate the impact of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites on the
      public health and the environment. AALs are developed for individual substances,
      species, and media of exposure. AALs have been routinely developed for the media
      of air and water; however, an approach for developing AALs for soil contact was
      lacking. Given that the air pathway for soil contact is addressed in AALs for
      air, two routes of exposure, ingestion and dermal contact, are addressed in
      developing AALs for soil contact. The approach assumes a lifetime of exposure to
      soil in a residential setting. Age-related changes in exposure are included in
      the scenario. Exposure to soil due to ingestion and dermal contact are
      quantitated independently and then integrated in the final exposure scenario. A
      mass balance approach using four elements is employed to quantitate soil
      ingestion for a young child. Changes in soil ingestion with age are based on age
      related changes in blood lead concentration and mouthing behavior. Dermal
      exposure to soil was determined from studies that reported skin soil load and
      from estimates of exposed skin surface area. Age-related changes in the dermal
      exposure to soil are also based on changes with age of blood lead concentration
      and mouthing behavior. The estimates of exposure to soil due to ingestion and
      dermal contact are integrated, and an approach for developing AALs is advanced.
      AALs are derived by allocating the Maximum Exposure Level as described in the
      Decision Tree to the average daily exposure to soil. Toxicokinetic considerations
      for the two routes of exposure must be included in deriving AALs for the soil
      medium of exposure.

PMID- 2651105
TI  - Characterization and reconstruction of historical London, England, acidic aerosol
      concentrations.
AB  - Several past studies of the historical London air pollution record have reported
      an association between daily mortality and British Smoke levels. However, this
      pollution index does not give direct information on particulate mass or its
      chemical composition. A more specific particulate matter index, aerosol acidity,
      was measured at a site in central London, and daily data are available for the
      period 1963-1972. British Smoke and SO2 were also measured at the same site.
      Also, meteorological parameters were routinely measured at a nearby British
      Meteorological Office. Thus, daily fluctuation of the acidic aerosols was
      characterized in terms of other environmental parameters. Each of the other
      parameters analyzed seems necessary, but not sufficient to explain a high level
      of acidic aerosol. Overall, about half of the variance of log-transformed daily
      fluctuations of acidic aerosols can be explained by a combination of parameters
      including SO2 and British Smoke concentrations, temperature, ventilation by wind,
      and humidity. The rest of the variance cannot be explained by the parameters
      included in this analysis. Potential factors responsible for this unique variance
      would be variations in the availability of basic gases to cause neutralization
      and variation in the availability of catalytic metal salts. Because the acidic
      aerosol has a unique component of variation, it may be possible to distinguish
      health effects due to this specific pollutant from other available pollution
      indices or environmental factors.

PMID- 2651106
TI  - Effect of acetate infusion on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates in
      non-diabetic and diabetic subjects.
AB  - Sodium acetate was infused intravenously at 2.5 mmoles/min for 60 min into 6
      normal subjects and 6 non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. In control
      experiments the same subjects received equimolar sodium bicarbonate infusions.
      Plasma non-esterified fatty acid and blood glycerol levels fell during acetate
      infusion in both groups, suggesting impairment of lipolysis. The respiratory
      quotient fell on acetate infusion as expected, although total energy expenditure
      was unaffected. If acetate oxidation was assumed to be 90 per cent of the
      infusion rate, then it accounted for about 40 per cent of total oxygen
      consumption; fat oxidation was reduced, whilst carbohydrate oxidation was
      unchanged. These results suggest that resting energy expenditure is maintained
      during acetate infusion since acetate replaces fat as an oxidative fuel, without
      affecting glucose oxidation. The reduction in fat oxidation appears to be due to
      reduced fat mobilization from adipose tissue. The metabolic effects of acetate
      infusion are similar in normal and in non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects.

PMID- 2651107
TI  - Cholesterol consensus in The Netherlands. Consensus Preparatory Committee.

PMID- 2651109
TI  - 'By the seat of your pants' or multivariable predictive modelling.

PMID- 2651108
TI  - Ultrasonic identification of an orbital tumour in a horse.

PMID- 2651110
TI  - Free flow electrophoresis as a method for the purification of enzymes from E.
      coli cell extract.
AB  - The application of the four techniques of free flow electrophoresis (zone
      electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing and field step
      electrophoresis) for the purification of proteins from a complex protein mixture
      was investigated. For this purpose alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) from Aspergillus
      oryzae was added and reisolated from E. coli cell extract. The chosen enzyme and
      the biological extract are models for many industrial separation problems. In
      optimized experiments purity, purification factor, yield, throughput and
      efficiency were calculated. The best results were obtained with field step
      electrophoresis in combination with zone electrophoresis. High purity (0.82 mg
      enzyme/mg total protein) and high throughput (111 mL sample/h) were achieved
      using this technique. Field step electrophoresis gave the best throughput (330 mL
      sample/h), but low purity (0.63 mg enzyme/mg total protein). This technique can
      also be used for a simple concentration of the sample. With zone electrophoresis
      a purity of more than 0.95 mg enzyme/mg total protein was obtained, which was the
      best of all techniques. However, the enzyme concentration was decreased due to
      dilution with buffer solution after the separation. Isotachophoresis was the most
      difficult technique, combined with a relatively low recovery of 31% of the enzyme
      activity. In a purification scheme, free flow electrophoresis is able to
      substitute one or even several chromatography steps with a negligible loss of
      biological activity.

PMID- 2651111
TI  - Classification of mouse submaxillary gland esteroproteases by their substrate
      specificities.
AB  - The submaxillary gland esteroproteases were separated by two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their substrate specificities were
      determined by histochemical staining procedures using cellulose acetate
      membranes. Twenty-one proteolytically active enzymes were classified into four
      groups based on substrate specificities on benzoyl-arginine-ethylester (BAEE), N
      alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA), and poly-L-lysine. These types
      were further divided into eight subgroups by their sensitivity to inhibitors and
      androgen dependence. These results suggest that eight groups of esteroproteases
      are present in the submaxillary gland of male mice.

PMID- 2651112
TI  - Characterization of human residual catalase of an acatalasemic patient by
      isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis followed by electrophoretic blotting and immunodetection.
AB  - Isoelectric points and subunit sizes of catalases in human blood and human
      cultured skin fibroblasts from acatalasemic and normal subjects were analyzed by
      isoelectric focusing in agarose gel and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis, respectively, followed by electroblotting to polyvinylidene
      difluoride membranes for immunodetection. The results indicated that the
      isoelectric point of residual catalase in the C fraction prepared from
      acatalasemic erythrocytes was identical with that of catalase prepared from
      normal erythrocytes. The residual catalase in homogenates of acatalasemic
      cultured skin fibroblasts also reacted with anticatalase rabbit serum and had an
      isoelectric point identical with that of normal catalase. Subunit sizes of normal
      and acatalasemic catalases in the C fractions of erythrocytes were also found to
      be identical on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      followed by electroblotting and immunoenzymatic amplification. The results
      indicated no substantial difference in molecular size and charge of catalase
      proteins between normal and acatalasemic erythrocytes and fibroblasts.

PMID- 2651113
TI  - Unbalanced progesterone and estradiol secretion in catamenial epilepsy.
AB  - Ten women with a documented history of catamenial epilepsy underwent a hormonal
      study to evaluate hypophyseal-gonadal function. Baseline values of luteinizing
      hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin were similar in catamenial
      seizure patients and in control groups throughout a complete menstrual cycle.
      Stimulated secretions of the same hypophyseal hormones in catamenial seizure
      patients overlapped those of the controls. The luteal secretion ratio of
      progesterone to estradiol was significantly reduced in catamenial seizure
      patients versus normal controls. In a subgroup of catamenial seizure patients on
      antiepileptic therapy, luteal progesterone levels were remarkably decreased
      compared to normal and epileptic controls. These results indicate that catamenial
      epilepsy is characterized by an imbalance in ovarian steroid secretion and
      emphasize the need for an endocrinological assessment in these patients.

PMID- 2651114
TI  - A hypothesis to integrate partial seizures of temporal lobe origin and
      reproductive endocrine disorders.
AB  - Recent demonstrations of an association between reproductive endocrine disorders
      and partial seizures of temporal lobe origin (TLE) have led to the following
      hypothesis: (1) TLE may promote the development of reproductive endocrine
      disorders, (2) reproductive endocrine disorders may promote the development of
      epileptic discharges, and (3) TLE and associated reproductive endocrine disorders
      may represent the parallel effects of prenatal factors which are common to the
      development of both the brain and the reproductive system. This article focuses
      on clinical and animal investigative data that form the basis of this hypothesis.

PMID- 2651115
TI  - The architecture of research in the epilepsy/psychopathology field.
AB  - In order to examine how research about the relationship between epilepsy and
      psychopathology has proceeded, the literature that has appeared since 1966 was
      reviewed and 78 relevant studies were located. The variables employed in these
      studies (510 in all) were tabulated to determine if they examined biological
      variables, social variables or medication variables as etiology of
      psychopathology in people with epilepsy. The results indicate an overwhelming
      tendency to omit social variables when searching for etiological factors. It is
      concluded that such an omission is of theoretical and practical significance and
      3 hypotheses are put forward to account for the current distribution of research
      efforts. Finally, the implications of such a structure of investigation are
      considered.

PMID- 2651116
TI  - Conditions affecting the mutagenicity of trichloroethylene in Salmonella.
AB  - Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a high production volume chemical frequently
      stabilized with oxiranes. These oxiranes may be responsible for the mutagenic
      activity of TCE in Salmonella, which has been occasionally, but not consistently,
      reported. High purity and oxirane-stabilized TCE samples were tested for their
      mutagenic potential in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 98, and TA 100.
      Stabilized TCE was tested using a preincubation protocol up to a dose level of
      10,000 micrograms per plate, but no mutagenic response was observed in either the
      presence or absence of a supplementary metabolic activation system (S9 mix)
      derived from Aroclor 1254-induced male rat liver. TCE without oxirane stabilizers
      also was nonmutagenic when tested in a vapor delivery system at nominal
      concentrations of up to 20% and using S9 mix derived from either rat or hamster.
      TCE containing 0.5-0.6% 1,2-epoxybutane did induce mutagenic responses from
      strains TA 1535 and TA 100 in the presence and absence of S9 mix. The lowest
      effective dose was about 0.63% in TA 1535 in the absence of S9 mix. Vapor-phase
      tests with 1,2-epoxybutane showed that an atmospheric concentration of 0.009%
      could induce 12-fold and 3-fold increases, respectively, in strains TA 1535 and
      TA 100. These increases would account for the mutagenic activity of the
      stabilized TCE sample. Epichlorohydrin (another commonly used stabilizer) induced
      similar increases in mutant numbers at an atmospheric concentration of 0.0009%.
      The absence of a significant response caused by unstabilized TCE in the presence
      of S9 mix is probably due to a lack of assay sensitivity, since chloral, a
      metabolite of TCE, is a mutagen in TA 100 [Haworth et al.: Environ Mutagen
      [Supplement 1] 5:3-142, 1983].

PMID- 2651117
TI  - Role of nitroreduction in the synergistic mutational response induced by mixtures
      of 1- and 3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene in Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Previous studies showed that binary mixtures of the environmental pollutants 1-
      and 3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene produced a synergistic mutational response in the
      Salmonella reversion assay. Since nitroreduction is believed to mediate the
      direct-acting mutagenicity of the individual compounds, we have examined the role
      of nitroreduction in the mutagenicity of mixtures of 1- and 3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene
      in the Salmonella plate incorporation assay. While mixtures of 1- and 3
      nitrobenzo[a]pyrene induced up to 183% more revertants in strain TA98 than
      produced by equivalent amounts of the individual compounds, in the nitroreductase
      deficient strain TA98NR the same mixtures only induced up to 57% more revertants
      than the individual compounds. Analysis of mixtures of 1- and 3
      nitrosobenzo[a]pyrene (the two-electron reduction products of 1- and 3
      nitrobenzo[a]pyrene) for mutation induction in TA98 yielded no evidence of a
      synergistic effect between the compounds. The mutagenicity of the mixtures was
      dependent upon the amount of the more mutagenic component. Salmonella cultures
      were also incubated with mixtures of 1- and 3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene, as well as
      with equivalent amounts of the individual compounds. In two experiments,
      nitroreductive ability, as measured by the amount of 1-nitropyrene metabolized to
      1-aminopyrene in 1 hr, was increased 9 to 105% in cultures pretreated with the
      mixtures as compared with cultures pretreated with the individual compounds. The
      results of this study support the hypothesis that nitroreduction is a major
      factor in the synergistic mutational response induced by 1- and 3
      nitrobenzo[a]pyrene in Salmonella typhimurium.

PMID- 2651118
TI  - Genotoxicity of azidoalanine in mammalian cells.
AB  - Sodium azide mutagenesis is mediated through a metabolic intermediate in bacteria
      and plant species. However, very little is known about the interaction of this
      intermediate with nucleic acids, its genotoxic potential, or its mechanism of
      action, especially in mammalian cells. Chinese hamster cells and normal human
      skin fibroblasts were treated with extracts from Salmonella typhimurium or
      Hordeum vulgare (barley) containing a crude mutagenic metabolite, as well as with
      synthetically produced azidoalanine. The cells were evaluated for the induction
      of sister chromatid exchanges and the ability to perform unscheduled DNA
      synthesis. With the purified azidoalanine and the azide-treated extracts from
      Hordeum vulgare, there was a statistically significant increase in the frequency
      of sister chromatid exchanges observed in both Chinese hamster cells and human
      fibroblasts. This increase was about twofold, as compared with the control. On
      the other hand, there was no detectable genotoxic response when cells were
      exposed to azide-treated extract from Salmonella typhimurium. The results imply
      that azidoalanine and the crude mutagenic metabolite from Hordeum vulgare are
      weakly genotoxic in mammalian cells.

PMID- 2651119
TI  - Testing of sunset yellow and orange II for genotoxicity in different laboratory
      animal species.
AB  - The azo dyes Sunset Yellow and Orange II were gavaged to rodent species to check
      bile, urine, and fecal extracts for possible mutagenic activity in the Ames test
      or in bone marrow cells for clastogenicity using cytogenetic test systems. After
      oral application the dyes showed a negative response in bile, excrements, and
      bone marrow. When an exogenous metabolic activation was performed, increased
      revertant numbers using Salmonella strain TA100 were obtained only in fecal
      extracts of Sunset Yellow-treated animals. It is concluded that no genotoxic harm
      is to be expected from the ingestion of Sunset-Yellow or Orange II.

PMID- 2651120
TI  - Identification and localization of the membrane-associated, ATP-binding subunit
      of the oligopeptide permease of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The OppF protein, a component of the oligopeptide permease of Salmonella
      typhimurium, is an ATP-binding protein and is believed to couple ATP hydrolysis
      to the transport process. This protein is an example of a large family of closely
      related proteins which couple ATP to a variety of different biological processes.
      The oppF gene has been cloned and sequenced. In order to identify and
      characterize its protein product we overproduced the protein from the cloned
      gene. Anti-OppF antibodies were raised against a synthetic peptide. Using these
      antibodies as a probe we identified OppF in wild-type and overproducing strains.
      Protease accessibility studies showed the protein to be a peripheral membrane
      protein located on the cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane. These findings
      have general implications for the organization and function of this class of
      prokaryotic and eukaryotic transport system.

PMID- 2651121
TI  - Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the lytic enzyme from broad-host-range
      bacteriophage PRD1 with sequences of other cell-wall-peptidoglycan lytic enzymes.
AB  - The gene for the lytic enzyme of the lipid-containing, broad-host-range
      bacteriophage PRD1 codes for a protein of 149 amino acids (17271 Da). The
      sequence of the protein is unique when compared to other lytic enzymes sequenced.
      However, three regions of weak similarity with other phage lytic enzymes were
      observed. The C-terminal region shared seven amino acids in common with phage P22
      lysozyme at a site which is conserved in phage-type lysozymes.

PMID- 2651122
TI  - Purification and characterization of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase from
      salmon liver.
AB  - Salmon liver was chosen for the isolation of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin
      synthase, one of the enzymes involved in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. A 9500
      fold purification was obtained and the purified enzyme showed two single bands of
      16 and 17 kDa on SDS/PAGE. The native enzyme (68 kDa) consists of four subunits
      and needs free thiol groups for enzymatic activity as was shown by reacting the
      enzyme with the fluorescent thiol reagent N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl)
      maleimide. The enzyme is heat-stable up to 80 degrees C, has an isoelectric point
      of 6.0-6.3, and a pH optimum at 7.5. The enzyme is Mg2+ -dependent and has a
      Michaelis constant for its substrate dihydroneopterin triphosphate of 2.2 microM.
      The turnover number of the purified salmon liver enzyme is about 50 times as high
      as that of the enzyme purified from human liver. It does not bind to the lectin
      concanavalin A, indicating that it is free of mannose and glucose residues.
      Polyclonal antibodies raised against the purified enzyme in Balb/c mice were able
      to immunoprecipitate enzyme activity. The same polyclonal serum was not able to
      immunoprecipitate enzyme activity of human liver 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin
      synthase, nor was any cross-reaction in ELISA tests seen.

PMID- 2651123
TI  - Purification and characterization of a methionine-specific aminopeptidase from
      Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - An aminopeptidase specific for methionine (peptidase M) has been purified from
      wild-type and mutant Salmonella typhimurium strains. Recombinant peptidase M was
      also purified from Escherichia coli. These preparations were characterized with
      respect to their physicochemical properties using analytical ultracentrifugation,
      SDS/PAGE, isoelectric focusing, titration curve analysis, amino acid analysis, N
      and C-terminal sequencing and various spectroscopic methods. Peptidase M activity
      is stimulated by Co2+, in agreement with previous studies using crude extracts of
      Salmonella. The purified preparations did not contain significant amounts of any
      metal. Enzymically important metal is loosely associated and lost during enzyme
      purification. Peptidase M was shown to contain seven free sulphydryl residues
      none of which are involved in either intra-or inter-molecular disulphide bonds.
      Most appear solvent-accessible as evidenced by their reactivity under native
      conditions. Limited modification of the sulphydryl residues with either
      iodoacetamide or 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) led to inactivation. Several
      cysteines were shown to be labelled to various degrees by peptide mapping of
      inactivated S-[14C]carboxymethylated protein. Whether cysteine modification
      affects enzymic activity directly (blocking an active site) or indirectly (by
      causing conformational change) remains to be established.

PMID- 2651124
TI  - Purification and characterization of yeast anthranilate
      phosphoribosyltransferase.
AB  - Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been
      purified to homogeneity from an overproducing strain. Analytical
      ultracentrifugation demonstrated that the enzyme is a dimer of Mr = 83,000 +/-
      4,000 (S20.w = 4.7 S). Moreover, as shown by active enzyme sedimentation, the
      enzyme remains dimeric even at low concentrations. The presence of yeast
      phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase in the gradient does not lead to complex
      formation between the two enzymes as might be expected if phosphoribosyl
      anthranilate, the very labile product of the anthranilate
      phosphoribosyltransferase, were channelled to phosphoribosylanthranilate
      isomerase in vivo. The steady-state-kinetic behaviour of the enzyme suggests that
      catalysis involves a ternary enzyme-substrate complex, with KANTm = 1.6 microM,
      and KPRib-PPm = 22.4 microM. The enzyme has been used to generate
      phosphoribosylanthranilate in situ for kinetic studies of
      phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase from Escherichia coli: KPRAm = 5 microM,
      kcat = 40 s-1.

PMID- 2651125
TI  - The primary structure of the Chloroflexus aurantiacus reaction-center
      polypeptides.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of two Chloroflexus aurantiacus reaction-center
      genes has been obtained. The amino acid sequence deduced from the first gene
      showed 40% similarity to the L subunit of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction
      center. This L subunit was 310 amino acids long and had an approximate molecular
      mass of 35 kDa. The second gene began 17 bases downstream from the first gene.
      The amino acid sequence deduced from it (307 amino acids; 34950 Da) was 42%
      similar to the M subunit of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction center. 20% of
      the deduced primary structure were confirmed through automated Edman degradation
      of cyanogen bromide peptide fragments or N-chlorosuccinimide peptide fragments
      isolated from the purified reaction-center complex or from the individual
      subunits. The peptides were isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis combined
      with molecular sieve chromatography in the presence of a mixture of formic acid,
      acetonitrile, 2-propanol and water. This method appeared to be applicable to the
      isolation of other hydrophobic proteins and their peptides.

PMID- 2651126
TI  - The high-affinity binding of laminin to cells. Assignation of a major cell
      binding site to the long arm of laminin and of a latent cell-binding site to its
      short arms.
AB  - The laminin proteolytic fragments 1 (derived from the intersection of the short
      arms of the cruciform laminin molecule) and 8 (derived from the laminin long arm)
      bind to distinct receptors on HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells; both fragments
      are shown here to inhibit the high-affinity binding of laminin to these cells.
      Inhibition of binding between fragment 8 and laminin was competitive, whereas
      that between fragment 1 and laminin was noncompetitive. This indicates that
      laminin and fragment 8 most probably share the same cellular receptors, whereas
      laminin and fragment 1 bind to distinct receptors, inhibition being due to steric
      hindrance. Surprisingly, fragment 1-4 (corresponding to the complete short arms
      of laminin) neither bound to HT-1080 cells nor inhibited the binding of laminin
      or fragment 1. After treatment of fragment 1-4 with pepsin, however, the smaller
      subfragment 1 was liberated, which could then bind to the cells, and so was shown
      to block the binding of laminin and fragment 1. We conclude that native laminin
      bound to HT-1080 cells via the fragment-8-binding site near the end of its long
      arm. Although these cells also have distinct receptors for the short arm fragment
      1, this receptor-binding site was not used as it appeared to be latent within the
      native laminin molecule.

PMID- 2651127
TI  - Structural studies on the fucosamine-containing O-specific polysaccharide of
      Proteus vulgaris O19.
AB  - The polysaccharide chain of Proteus vulgaris O19 lipopolysaccharide contains D
      galactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl-L
      fucosamine in the ratio 1:1:1:1. The structure of the polysaccharide was
      established by full acid hydrolysis and methylation analysis, as well as by non
      destructive methods, i.e. the computer-assisted evaluation of the 13C-NMR
      spectrum and computer-assisted evaluation of the specific optical rotation by
      Klyne's rule. The polysaccharide is regular and built up of tetrasaccharide
      repeating units of the following structure: ----3)-alpha-L-FucNAcp-(1----3)-beta
      D-GlcNAcp-(1----3)-alph a-D-Galp- (1----4)-alpha-D-GalNAcp-(1---- The O19
      antiserum cross-reacts with lipopolysaccharide from P. vulgaris O42, the
      structure of which is still unknown. No cross-reactions were observed with O
      polysaccharides Pseudomonas aeruginosa O7 and Salmonella arizonae O59 in spite of
      some structural similarities.

PMID- 2651128
TI  - Adrenoceptors and the lung: their role in health and disease.
AB  - alpha- and beta-Adrenoceptors have each been divided into two subgroups (alpha 1,
      alpha 2, beta 1 and beta 2). The basic mechanisms underlying the
      adrenoceptor/effector coupling are complex and vary for the alpha-, but not for
      the beta-subpopulations. Adrenoceptors of the bronchi and the lung show a special
      pattern of distribution and response, ensuring that the airway system works as a
      functionary unit. Dysfunctions of adrenoceptor-mediated effects have been
      suggested to contribute to some important paediatric disorders such as hyaline
      membrane syndrome, wet lung, bronchial asthma, cystic fibrosis, and pertussis.
      Drugs which act on the adrenergic system influence some of these disorders
      directly. Further studies applying modern techniques to receptor research are
      needed in order to clarify the basic mechanisms involved in receptor-mediated
      lung disorders and the activity of drugs in lung tissue.

PMID- 2651129
TI  - Intestinal adaptation in short-bowel syndrome.
AB  - After massive resection of the small intestine the remnant mucosa has an
      important capacity to enlarge the absorptive surface for the digestion,
      hydrolysis and absorption of nutrients. This intestinal adaptation is achieved by
      the interaction of various factors. Oral nutrients together with pancreatic
      biliary secretions stimulate the mucosa to become hyperplastic. Secondary to
      these luminal factors hormones play an important role in the adaptive process.
      Among the hormones, enteroglucagon is the most important growth promoting agent
      together with other growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, prostaglandin
      E2 and human growth hormone analogues, e.g. plerocercoid growth factor from the
      plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm Spirometra mansonoides. The intestinal
      enterocyte is the target of these factors and within the cell the synthesis of
      polyamines, which are responsible for rapid growth, is the most essential step
      for the development of hyperplasia after resection. The rate limiting enzyme for
      polyamine synthesis ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) reacts to trophic stimuli with
      an increased activity. Thereafter rapid accumulation of tissue polyamines occurs.
      Blockade of ODC by specific inhibitors is accompanied by absence of intestinal
      hyperplasia after resection. Therefore it is concluded that ODC plays a key role
      in the intestinal adaptation of the remnant small bowel. To start and enhance
      intestinal hyperplasia after resection in patients with short bowel syndrome
      introduction of oral nutrition as soon as possible after operation is very
      important. On account of gastric acid hypersecretion the use of H2 receptor
      blocking agents is recommended. A decreased intestinal transit time is treated
      with loperamide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651130
TI  - Infection with Staphylococcus aureus producing toxic shock syndrome (TSS) toxin-1
      without TSS.
AB  - Relevant findings are reported in an 8-year-old boy with skin infection due to
      Staphylococcus aureus producing toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 without shock but
      with an increase in antibody titre against the toxin.

PMID- 2651132
TI  - Dexamethasone in neonatal chronic lung disease: pulmonary effects and
      intracranial complications.
AB  - Eighteen infants were entered into a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of
      dexamethasone therapy for chronic lung disease. Initial ventilation requirements
      were similar in the two groups, although all infants were in headbox oxygen on
      entry to the trial. The dexamethasone-treated infants showed a significantly more
      rapid improvement during the 1st week of treatment, although the overall duration
      of oxygen therapy was similar in both groups. Cranial ultrasound examination
      revealed new periventricular abnormalities in three out of the five dexamethasone
      treated infants who had previously normal scans, compared with none of four
      similar placebo-treated infants. A large trial, focussing on potential
      complications, is now needed.

PMID- 2651131
TI  - Congenital chloride diarrhoea in Kuwaiti children.
AB  - Congenital chloride diarrhoea was diagnosed in 16 Kuwaiti children over a 7 year
      period (1980-1986) with an estimated incidence of 7.6 per 100,000 live births.
      The mean age at diagnosis was 3.2 months (range 1 week to 5 months). There were 9
      boys and 7 girls with a mean age of 3 years 10 months (range 10 months to 7
      years). All children had a shortened gestational period, abdominal distension and
      chronic diarrhoea. The serum electrolytes in all patients prior to treatment
      showed hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, hypochloraemia and metabolic alkalosis. The
      diagnosis was confirmed by a stool chloride content that exceeded the sum of
      faecal sodium and potassium. Fifteen patients survived and showed catch-up growth
      with adequate replacement therapy and 1 died with renal failure.

PMID- 2651133
TI  - Postpartum cerebral angiopathy: reversible vasoconstriction assessed by
      transcranial Doppler ultrasounds.
AB  - Postpartum cerebral angiopathy is a distinct reversible clinicoradiological
      syndrome which develops shortly after a normal pregnancy. It may belong to the
      poorly defined group of acute benign cerebral angiopathy, in which multisegmental
      narrowings of cerebral arteries are also reversible. In a 22-year-old woman with
      postpartum cerebral angiopathy, sequential transcranial Doppler ultrasounds
      showed that the flow disturbances began to improve 4 days after onset, and
      normalized 4 weeks later. A vasoconstriction response to acute severe
      hypertension is likely to explain this reversible angiopathy.

PMID- 2651134
TI  - The competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist CGS 19755 attenuates the
      rate-decreasing effects of NMDA in rhesus monkeys without producing ketamine-like
      discriminative stimulus effects.
AB  - The purported competitive excitatory amino acid antagonist CGS 19755 was compared
      to the non-competitive antagonists ketamine and MK-801 in three rhesus monkeys
      discriminating between 1.78 mg/kg of ketamine and saline while responding under a
      fixed-ratio 100 schedule of food presentation. MK-801 substituted completely for
      the ketamine discriminative stimulus and was 32 times more potent than ketamine
      as a discriminative stimulus. CGS 19755 was studied using single and cumulative
      dosing procedures up to a dose of 10.0 mg/kg; for all conditions, CGS 19755
      produced responding exclusively on the saline lever and had only modest rate
      decreasing effects. N-Methyl-D-aspartate administered alone also did not produce
      ketamine-appropriate responding but did decrease response rates in a dose-related
      manner. N-Methyl-D-aspartate eliminated responding in all monkeys at doses of 5.6
      10.0 mg/kg. MK-801 and ketamine antagonized the rate-decreasing effects of N
      methyl-D-aspartate, however, ketamine was most effective as an antagonist at
      doses that decreased response rates when administered alone. CGS 19755 also
      attenuated the rate-decreasing effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate and shifted the N
      methyl-D-aspartate dose-effect curve more than 5-fold to the right. The magnitude
      of antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate appeared to be somewhat greater with CGS
      19755 than with MK-801 or ketamine. Thus, a competitive (CGS 19755) and some non
      competitive (MK-801 and ketamine) excitatory amino acid antagonists can attenuate
      the rate-decreasing effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2651135
TI  - Effects of bone marrow transplantation and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly
      I:C) on the rescue of animals from busulfan-induced NK suppression.
AB  - Repeated injections of busulfan (Bu) in CAF1 mice caused a long-lasting (greater
      than 16 weeks) decrease in their natural killer (NK) cell activity and impaired
      their resistance to transplantable lymphoma. Bu-treated mice had fewer spleen
      cells capable of binding to NK-sensitive YAC-1 target cells and reduced
      lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity as compared to normal age-matched
      controls. In contrast, interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) production
      were normal. Transplantation of normal bone marrow cells into Bu-treated mice
      resulted in an elevation of IL-2 production as well as in complete restoration of
      NK activity, target cell binding, and partial restoration of LAK activity.
      Resistance to transplantable lymphoma was equal to that of age-matched control
      mice. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) treatment resulted in
      immunomodulation in both control and Bu-pretreated mice. Twenty-four hours after
      Poly I:C injection, control and Bu-treated mice had higher levels of NK activity
      than did normal age-matched control mice, but the NK activity of Poly I:C/Bu
      treated mice remained significantly lower than that of Poly I:C/control mice. The
      super-normal levels of NK activity in control and Bu-treated mice following Poly
      I:C administration were attributable, in part, to endogenous LAK activity. The
      generation of splenic LAK cells in vitro and target binding cells, which were
      reduced in Bu-pretreated mice, normalized following treatment with Poly I:C. Poly
      I:C treatment caused an increase in both IL-1 and IL-2 production in control and
      Bu-pretreated mice and in the ability of the treated mice to reject transplanted
      lymphoma cells. These results suggest that repeated injections of Bu decrease NK
      and LAK activity, but do not eliminate NK and LAK precursor cells. Thus,
      treatment with agents that increase IL-2 and/or interferon production can
      activate these cells to become effective killers and counter the long-lasting
      immunosuppressive effects of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2651136
TI  - Inhibition of erythropoiesis by a soluble factor in murine malaria.
AB  - To study the cellular mechanisms involved in the ineffective erythropoiesis
      associated with malaria, an in vitro proliferative assay was used to measure the
      response to erythropoietin (Epo) of erythroid progenitor cells from malaria
      infected mice. In this assay, spleen (SP) cells from phenylhydrazine (PHZ)
      treated mice (PHZ-SP), enriched for erythroid progenitor cells, respond to Epo in
      a dose-dependent manner. Despite a similar degree of anemia, SP and bone marrow
      (BM) cells from Plasmodium berghei- or P. vinckei-infected mice did not show a
      significant response to Epo in this assay. When SP or BM cells from malaria
      infected mice were added to cultures of SP or BM cells from PHZ-treated mice the
      response to Epo of these cells was significantly inhibited. Removal of
      parasitized red blood cells (pRBC) from SP cells of P. berghei-infected mice had
      no effect on the ability of the cells to inhibit the response to Epo. Adherent SP
      cells and SP cells positive for the Mac-1 antigen, from malaria-infected mice,
      were shown to be enriched for cells that could inhibit the response to Epo. Cell
      free conditioned media (CM) prepared from SP cells of P. berghei- or P. vinckei
      infected mice or from normal SP cells incubated with pRBC were also able to
      inhibit the response to Epo of SP cells from PHZ-treated mice. These
      investigations have shown that during the course of malaria infection, cells
      appear in the SP and BM capable of inhibiting, via soluble mediators, the
      response to Epo of erythroid progenitor cells. The cells responsible are probably
      macrophages. The nature of the factor(s) and its mechanism of action are not
      known. Through the ability to inhibit erythropoiesis, soluble factors may, in
      part, mediate the anemia associated with malaria.

PMID- 2651138
TI  - Neuroprotective effect of MK-801 and U-50488H after contusive spinal cord injury.
AB  - One hour before a contusive spinal cord injury either compound MK-801 or compound
      U-50488H was injected intraperitoneally, and a 14-day-delivery osmotic minipump
      containing the same drug was placed subcutaneously at the time of surgery. The
      motor and sensory behavior of the animals was measured over the following 30
      days. Both MK-801 and U-50488H treatments had a statistically significant
      neuroprotective effect. The number of neurons per unit area outside the lesion
      epicenter was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater in the drug-treated
      animals (MK-801, 298.9 +/- 74.8 neurons/mm2; U-50488H, 242.7 +/- 16.5
      neurons/mm2) than in untreated controls (73.3 +/- 9.3 neurons/mm2). Recovery of
      sensory and motor behavior was limited but significant differences were observed
      when drug-treated rats were compared with untreated controls. The effects of the
      two drugs were not additive for any of the variables studied.

PMID- 2651137
TI  - Anticonvulsant effects of MK-801 and glycine on hippocampal afterdischarge.
AB  - The effects of glycine and MK-801 on hippocampal seizure threshold and
      afterdischarge (AD) were determined in freely moving rats implanted with
      intracranial electrodes. The 0.25 mg/kg (ip) dose of MK-801 significantly reduced
      the primary hippocampal and cortical AD but induced neurological deficit in 4 of
      16 rats. The 0.25 mg/kg MK-801 dose also significantly increased the seizure
      threshold as compared to the vehicle control treatment and reduced the rebound
      cortical AD as compared to the control (nondrug) seizure response. The 40 mmol/kg
      (po) glycine dose significantly reduced the rebound hippocampal and cortical AD
      without inducing neurological deficit. The 40 mmol/kg glycine dose did not
      significantly alter the response to the ineffective 0.125 mg/kg MK-801 dose.
      These results demonstrate the differential effects of MK-801 and glycine on
      primary and rebound hippocampal AD, respectively, which further establishes the
      independence of the hippocampal seizure AD parameters. The lack of interaction
      between MK-801 and glycine was unexpected considering that glycine potentiates MK
      801 receptor binding as well as the activity of other anticonvulsants.

PMID- 2651139
TI  - Ictal epileptiform events induced by removal of extracellular magnesium in slices
      of entorhinal cortex are blocked by baclofen.
AB  - Most manipulations employed to elicit epileptiform activity in brain slices
      result in brief, interictal-like events. In slices of the rat entorhinal cortex
      perfusion with a magnesium-depleted medium elicits prolonged seizure events which
      are more reminiscent of ictal activity. The interictal events in brain slice
      models are blocked by baclofen, but there is an indication from one study (H. S.
      Swartzwelder, D. V. Lewis, W. W. Anderson, and W. A. Wilson, 1987, Brain Res.
      410: 362-366) that ictal events may not be affected by this drug. The present
      study examined the effects of baclofen on ictal events recorded in entorhinal
      cortex slices in magnesium-free medium. Simultaneous studies of effects of
      baclofen on interictal responses in the hippocampal region of the same slices
      were made on many occasions. The results show that both types of epileptiform
      activity are suppressed with a similar facility by baclofen.

PMID- 2651140
TI  - Failure of opioids to affect excitation and contraction in isolated ventricular
      heart muscle.
AB  - The opioid agonists morphine (selective for mu-receptors) and
      ethylketocyclazocine (selective for kappa-receptors), at concentrations evoking
      strong effects in neuronal structures, did not significantly affect the
      configuration of the intracellularly recorded action potential and the force of
      contraction in ventricular heart muscle isolated from guinea pigs, rabbits and
      man. These results suggest that any changes of heart functions in vivo in
      response to opioid-like drugs are probably not mediated postsynaptically at the
      myocardial cell membrane but rather presynaptically, influencing the release of
      noradrenaline and/or acetylcholine from the nerve terminals.

PMID- 2651141
TI  - Detection of the H-RAS oncogene in human thyroid anaplastic carcinomas.
AB  - We have transfected high-molecular-weight DNA from human thyroid carcinomas into
      murine 3T3 cells. As a result we identified several foci of morphologically
      distinct transformed cells in each of the tumour DNA transfected cultures. After
      a total of three rounds of transfection, the transformed cells were shown to form
      tumours in nude mice. Southern blot analysis of DNA prepared from third-round
      transfectants demonstrated the presence of human Alu repetitive sequences and,
      after hybridization with probes for known oncogenes, indicated the presence of
      the human H-RAS oncogene in 3T3 cells transfected with three out of four
      anaplastic carcinoma DNA samples. It appears therefore that activation of RAS
      genes may be an important event in the development of the anaplastic thyroid
      tumours.

PMID- 2651142
TI  - Antibodies of aborted bovine fetuses respond to placental structures.
AB  - IgG isolated from aborted bovine fetuses was found to be directed not only to a
      diaplacental infectious agent but, in half of the cases, also to the site of
      infection, i.e. the placental tissue. The techniques used were
      immunohistochemistry and agarose immunoelectrophoresis. These findings suggest a
      hitherto unrecognized pathological mechanism of abortion.

PMID- 2651143
TI  - Involvement of prolyl endopeptidase in ascidian fertilization.
AB  - Inhibitory effects on fertilization of the ascidian of three benzyloxycarbonyl(Z)
      aminoacyl prolinals and Z-Gly-Pro-chloromethyl ketone added before and after
      insemination were examined. The results suggest that the prolyl endopeptidase is
      involved in the process of fertilization, especially in a process taking place
      between chorion elevation and cell cleavage.

PMID- 2651144
TI  - Interactions of Treponema pallidum with endothelial cell monolayers.
AB  - Syphilis is a chronic disease characterized by hematogenous dissemination of
      Treponema pallidum into tissues such as the cardiovascular and central nervous
      systems. In order to test whether these aspects of the pathogenesis of syphilis
      reflect an ability of T. pallidum to invade vascular endothelial surfaces, we
      explored the association of T. pallidum with human and rabbit endothelial cells
      in vitro. Using radiolabeled motile organisms, we found that treponemal
      attachment was two times greater to rabbit aortic endothelial cells and human
      umbilical endothelial cells than to HeLa cells. Mild trypsinization of attached
      treponemes resulted in release from cells of all organisms detectable by
      darkfield microscopy without visible damage to the monolayer. Nevertheless, 25%
      of the counts representing T. pallidum remained associated with the cell
      monolayers. Further trypsin treatment to release the monolayer and differential
      centrifugation showed that 80% of the remaining cell-associated counts were not
      within the cells. These results suggest that some treponemes had associated with
      the monolayer in a trypsin resistant niche. Additionally, motile T. pallidum
      passed through tight-junctioned endothelial cell monolayers on membrane filters
      under conditions were heat-killed T. pallidum and the host indigenous
      nonpathogen. T. phagedenis biotype Reiter failed to do so. Electron micrographs
      of transverse sections through the monolayers showed many T. pallidum in
      junctions between endothelial cells. These studies suggest that T. pallidum may
      leave the circulation by passing between endothelial cells.

PMID- 2651145
TI  - Inter and intra-observer variation in ultrasonographic detection of gallstones:
      the Multicenter Italian study on epidemiology of cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.).
AB  - Inter and intra-observer agreement in classifying the presence of gallstones by
      ultrasonographic images according to established criteria was studied. A film
      recording of 50 routine ultrasonographic examinations of the gallbladder was read
      by each of the 46 observers who participated in the Multicenter Italian Study on
      Epidemiology of Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.). The overall Kappa score for inter
      observer agreement was 0.649, while intra-observer agreement was "good" or
      "excellent" (Kappa scores greater than 0.60) in 75% of the observers. No
      statistical difference for inter-observer agreement between "novices" and
      "expert" echographers was found in the overall Kappa statistic or in category
      specific Kappa scores (gallstone, no gallstone, doubtful and inconclusive
      examinations) The present study suggests that the development of explicit
      criteria by a group of trained echographers does not eliminate inter- and intra
      observer disagreement in categorizing subjects for gallbladder stones.

PMID- 2651147
TI  - Lung rejection after transplantation.

PMID- 2651146
TI  - Studies on the epidemiology of Aspergillus fumigatus infections in a university
      hospital.
AB  - The impact of the airborne opportunistic fungus pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus
      in patients hospitalized at the university hospital of Parma, Italy, and its
      outpatients was investigated during a period of six months. Sputum and bronchial
      washings were collected from 986 patients. The 2,437 specimens were culturally
      examined for the presence of A. fumigatus regardless of the patient's clinical
      diagnosis. This fungus was isolated from 32 patients (3.2%). Subsequently,
      immunological tests for aspergillosis were performed on 22 of these culture
      positive patients. Eight of these patients (36.4%) were serologically proven to
      be affected by aspergillosis. The 32 A. fumigatus isolates were epidemiologically
      investigated by the killer system to determine the mode of spread of these
      infections. Among the patients, fifteen different biotypes were differentiated,
      and their value in studying the epidemiology of aspergillosis in the hospital
      environment was investigated.

PMID- 2651148
TI  - Diabetes mellitus, plasma glucose and lung function in a cross-sectional
      population study.
AB  - To assess possible associations between diabetes mellitus (DM), plasma glucose,
      forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), we
      analysed the results from a cross-sectional study of 11,763 subjects. The
      subjects were 20 yrs of age or older and were representative of the population of
      Copenhagen City. Two hundred and eighty four of the participants had DM as
      assessed by questionnaire. One hundred and seven subjects who did not report
      having DM had a plasma concentration of glucose higher than or equal to 11.1
      mmol.l-1. In all age groups of diabetic subjects there was a slight impairment of
      lung function. It was more prominent in diabetic subjects treated with insulin
      than in subjects treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents and/or diet. Even in
      subjects without known DM, there was a significant association between reduction
      in lung function and raised plasma glucose concentration. On average, FVC (and
      FEV1) was reduced by 334 ml (and 239 ml) in diabetic subjects treated with
      insulin, and by 184 ml (and 117 ml) in diabetic subjects treated with
      hypoglycaemic agents and/or diet compared to control subjects.

PMID- 2651149
TI  - Pulmonary permeability in primary ciliary dyskinesia.
AB  - Pulmonary clearance (Pcl) of aerosolized 99mTc-DTPA was studied in fourteen
      patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), (median age 23.5 yrs, range 12-44
      yrs) and nine normal individuals (median age 23 yrs, range 18-27 yrs). All had
      never smoked. Regional Pcl was studied for arbitrarily defined central and
      peripheral regions of the lung using a gamma camera method, whilst total Pcl was
      studied by a plasma sample method. The patients with PCD had significantly
      reduced total Pcl compared to the normal individuals (p less than 0.05) and also
      significantly lower total lung capacity (TLC), vital capacity (VC), forced
      expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and FEV1/VC values (p less than 0.05).
      There was no correlation between Pcl and FEV1/VC. It is concluded that the
      reduced Pcl in the PCD patients may be associated with their small lung volumes.
      In addition, reduced bronchial clearance of surfactant in PCD may be associated
      with an increased alveolar lining fluid volume and/or an impaired movement of
      99mTc-DTPA along the alveolar septa to the bronchoalveolar junction, where the
      epithelium may be more specialized for absorption.

PMID- 2651150
TI  - [Pharmacodynamics of riboxin (inosine)].

PMID- 2651151
TI  - Pyruvate decarboxylase is like acetolactate synthase (ILV2) and not like the
      pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit.
AB  - Protein sequences of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) derived from cloned yeast
      (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and bacterial (Zymomonas mobilis) genes were compared
      with each other and with sequence databases. Extensive sequence similarities were
      found between them and with two others: cytochrome-linked pyruvate oxidase from
      Escherichia coli and acetolactate synthase (ilvI in E. coli; ILV2 gene in S.
      cerevisiae). All catalyse decarboxylation of pyruvate using thiamine
      pyrophosphate (TPP) as cofactor. General overall similarity suggests common
      ancestry for these enzymes. None of the sequences was similar to the E1 component
      of pyruvate dehydrogenase from E. coli which also decarboxylates pyruvate with
      the help of TPP.

PMID- 2651152
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of the genes coding for the S19 and L22 equivalent
      ribosomal proteins from Halobacterium halobium.
AB  - The primary structure of the two ribosomal protein genes of archaebacterium
      Halobacterium halobium has been determined. The encoded polypeptides are
      homologous to the Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins S19 and L22. The two genes
      constitute part of an operon whose organization is analogous to that of the 'S10'
      operon of E. coli.

PMID- 2651153
TI  - The 23 KDa polypeptide of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex from mustard
      seedlings (Sinapis alba L.). Nucleotide sequence of cDNA and evidence for
      phytochrome control of its mRNA abundance.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a cDNA from mustard shows 78% homology in deduced
      amino acid sequence for the mature protein compared to the sequence for the 23
      kDa protein of the oxygen-evolving complex from spinach [(1987) FEBS Lett. 216,
      234-240]. There is also a high degree of homology between the premature protein
      sequences concerning the hydrophobic domain and its distance from the suggested
      processing site. The accumulation of mRNA for the 23 kDa protein in mustard was
      stimulated by continuous far-red light and reversal experiments by means of
      red/far-red light pulse treatment show the involvement of phytochrome in
      controlling the mRNA abundance for the 23 kDa polypeptide in mustard. The
      accumulation of the mRNA can be inhibited in white light if the seedlings are
      treated with the herbicide Norflurazon.

PMID- 2651154
TI  - Interaction of BlaI, the repressor for the beta-lactamase gene of Bacillus
      licheniformis, with the blaP and blaI promoters.
AB  - BlaI repressor for the beta-lactamase gene (blaP) of Bacillus licheniformis 749,
      was shown to repress expression of blaP and of the repressor gene (blaI), using
      the purified protein in a DNA-directed in vitro translation assay. Binding of
      BlaI to the promoter regions of blaP and blaI was examined by equilibrium and
      competitive binding assays. BlaI binds to the blaP promoter with an equal or only
      slightly higher affinity than to the blaI promoter. DNase I footprinting shows
      that BlaI binds directly to the blaP and blaI promoters, such that RNA polymerase
      binding and/or transcript elongation would be blocked.

PMID- 2651155
TI  - Cloning and expression of an interleukin-1 beta precursor and its conversion to
      interleukin-1 beta.
AB  - A gene coding for a N-terminal precursor of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) was
      cloned and expressed in E. coli. The isolated Met-Glu-Ala-Glu-IL-1 beta precursor
      was enzymatically converted to IL-1 beta by means of dipeptidylaminopeptidase
      (DAP I). This method ensured a correct N-terminal residue and the often observed
      expression of Met-IL-1 beta was thus avoided. The pure and physically homogeneous
      product exhibited the characteristic properties of natural IL-1 beta. The in
      vitro biological activity was measured in the lymphocyte-activating factor assay
      and was compared to that of natural IL-1 beta isolated from stimulated monocyte
      culture using exactly the same purification procedure. The specific biological
      activity of both products was 2 x 10(-8) U/mg indicating that the recombinant
      product exhibits full biological activity.

PMID- 2651156
TI  - Crystallisation and preliminary analysis of glucose isomerase from Streptomyces
      albus.
AB  - The glucose isomerase of Streptomyces albus has been crystallised from a dilute
      solution of magnesium chloride buffered at a pH of 6.8-7.0. The crystals are in
      the space group I222 with cell dimensions a = 93.9 A, b = 99.5 A and c = 102.9 A.
      There is one monomer of the tetrameric molecule per asymmetric unit of the
      crystal and the packing density is 2.93 A3.Da-1. The tetramer sits on the 222
      symmetry point of the crystal. Native data have been recorded to a resolution of
      1.9 A and the crystals diffract to about 1.5 A. The alpha-carbon coordinates of
      the Arthrobacter glucose isomerase and the backbone coordinates of the S.
      olivochromogenes enzyme determined by other groups have been oriented in the
      present cell. The structure is currently being refined. The binding of several
      metal ions to the two metal sites has been analysed.

PMID- 2651157
TI  - Effective blocking of HIV-1 proteinase activity by characteristic inhibitors of
      aspartic proteinases.
AB  - Inhibitory constants (Ki) between 5 and 35 nM were derived (under different
      conditions of pH and ionic strength) for the interaction of HIV-1 proteinase with
      acetyl-pepstatin and H-261, two characteristic inhibitors of aspartic
      proteinases. Thus this enzyme, essential for replication of the AIDS virus, may
      be classified unequivocally as belonging to this proteinase family.

PMID- 2651158
TI  - Possible role of some groups in the structure and function of HIV-1 protease as
      revealed by molecular modeling studies.
AB  - Retroviral proteases belong to the class of aspartic proteases. A molecular model
      of HIV-1 protease has been built on the basis of the consensus template specific
      for the domains of these enzymes. The template region comprises more than a half
      of the HIV-1 protease monomer structure, it includes the active site, formed at
      the junction of the two monomers, binding pockets of the enzyme, and some other
      molecular segments. These regions can be more conveniently described than other
      parts of the structure. Some properties of the HIV-1 protease molecule are
      discussed, as well as of probable inhibitors. The properties of the model
      structure are in good agreement with the recent results of crystallographic
      studies of Rous sarcoma virus protease.

PMID- 2651159
TI  - The assembly of the major desmosome glycoproteins of Madin-Darby canine kidney
      cells.
AB  - Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are unable to form desmosomes when
      cultured in low-calcium medium [( Ca2+] less than 0.1 meq./l), but can be induced
      to do so by raising the calcium to physiological concentrations (1-2 meq./l). We
      have previously demonstrated that this block correlated with increased desmosomal
      protein turnover. Here we have immunoprecipitated the major desmosome
      glycoproteins [DGI (150 kDa) and DGII/III (120/100 kDa)] from non-ionic detergent
      soluble and -insoluble fractions prepared from metabolically labelled MDCK cells
      cultured in standard or low-calcium medium. Pulse-chase studies showed that both
      DGI and DGII/III became unextractable in non-ionic detergent before their arrival
      at the cell surface, whether cells were grown in standard or low-calcium medium.
      The non-ionic detergent insolubility of these membrane components is therefore a
      separate step which precedes the formation of morphologically recognisable
      desmosomes.

PMID- 2651160
TI  - The complete islet amyloid polypeptide precursor is encoded by two exons.
AB  - Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is the 37-amino acid peptide subunit of amyloid
      found in pancreatic islets of type 2 diabetic patients and in insulinomas.
      Recently, we isolated the human gene encoding IAPP [(1988) FEBS Lett. 239, 227
      232]. We now report the nucleotide sequences of a human insulinoma cDNA encoding
      a complete IAPP precursor, and of the corresponding parts of the IAPP gene. Two
      exons, which are approx. 5 kb apart in the human genome, encode the 89-amino acid
      pre-pro-IAPP. At least one additional exon is present further upstream in the
      IAPP gene. A putative signal sequence at the amino-terminus of the precursor
      suggests that IAPP is a secreted protein.

PMID- 2651161
TI  - The phorbol ester-induced extracellular Ca2+-independent release of LH is
      dependent on estradiol and de novo protein synthesis.
AB  - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was used to determine whether the PMA
      induced extracellular Ca2+-independent release of LH was dependent on sex,
      estradiol and de novo protein synthesis. Infusions of gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone (GnRH) or PMA in a perifusion system stimulated a partial secretion of LH
      from diestrous II and ovariectomized + estradiol-treated female pituitaries
      (responses inhibited by cycloheximide). In contrast, PMA was ineffective in
      stimulating PRL secretion from these pituitaries, as well as LH secretion from
      male or ovariectomized female pituitaries. These results indicate that the PMA
      stimulated extracellular Ca2+-independent secretion of LH is a specific process
      which is dependent on sex, estradiol and de novo protein synthesis, and mimics
      the characteristics of the GnRH-stimulated responses.

PMID- 2651163
TI  - Congenital anomalies of the mullerian system.
AB  - Congenital anomalies of the mullerian system, the most common of which are
      uterine malformations, are associated with fertility problems. Multifactorial
      polygenic and familial factors are involved in their formation. The result may be
      deficient development (agenesis, rudimentary horn, unicornuate uterus), nonfusion
      (didelphys or bicornuate uterus), or defective canalization of the mullerian
      ducts (septate uterus). The principal diagnostic procedures include HSG,
      laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and US. The clinical presentation varies from symptoms
      of obstruction of the menstrual flow in adolescence to hypomenorrhea and
      fertility problems in adult life. Repeated fetal loss, after excluding other
      reasons, is usually the indication for surgical intervention. Uterine septa
      should be resected hysteroscopically. A prophylactic cerclage has been suggested
      by various authors, including those of this work, in cases of symmetric uterine
      anomalies, especially bicornuate uteri, as a simple and effective treatment to be
      tried before embarking on major surgery such as metroplasty.

PMID- 2651162
TI  - Putative precursors of endothelin have less vasoconstrictor activity in vitro but
      a potent pressor effect in vivo.
AB  - Endothelin (ET-21) induced a sustained contraction of rat thoracic aortae (EC50 =
      2.65 x 10(-10) M) in vitro, and caused a potent pressor effect in vivo after
      intravenous administration to rats. In contrast, the precursor deduced from
      porcine cDNA coding ET-21 (pET-39) had 100-fold less contractile activity in
      vitro (EC50 = 3.26 x 10(-8) M), and so did the precursor from human cDNA (hET-38)
      (EC50 = 1.48 x 10(-8) M). However, both pET-39 and hET-38 caused almost the same
      dose-dependent pressor effects as ET-21 in vivo. After intravenous bolus
      injection at 1 nmol/kg, ET-21 caused an initial transient drop of the arterial
      pressure, and then induced a gradual pressor effect. On the other hand, hET-38
      caused only a gradual rise of the arterial pressure. There may be different
      mechanism(s) for ET-21 and hET-38 which induce changes in the arterial pressure
      in vivo.

PMID- 2651164
TI  - How precise is histologic dating of endometrium using the standard dating
      criteria?
AB  - Sixty-three endometrial biopsies were dated histologically by using the standard
      criteria on two separate occasions by the same observer. Overall, it was found
      that exact agreement occurred in 15 (24%), but disagreement of more than 2 days
      occurred in 6 (10%). The proportion of exact agreement in the first half of the
      luteal phase (32%) was found to be significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than
      that in the second half of the luteal phase (9%). In a separate part of the
      study, 27 women had two endometrial biopsies, each performed in a separate cycle.
      The within-subject between-cycle variation of the results of endometrial dating
      (exact agreement: 4%, disagreement of more than 2 days: 41%) was found to be
      significantly different from intraobserver variation (P less than 0.01 for both).
      The amount of intraobserver variation suggests that the traditional dating
      criteria are not precise enough to quantify corpus luteum function in the second
      half of the luteal phase, whereas the amount of within-subject between-cycle
      variation implies that the result of endometrial dating in one cycle cannot be
      used reliably to predict that of another cycle.

PMID- 2651165
TI  - Prolactin and its response to the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone test in patients with endometriosis before, during,
      and after treatment with danazol.
AB  - Basal levels of prolactin (PRL) were studied in 16 normal women and in 60 women
      with endometriosis, 37 of whom were infertile. In addition, the authors studied
      the response to an intravenous (IV) injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone (LH-RH) (100 micrograms) plus thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (300
      micrograms) in the 16 normal women and in 18 endometriosis patients, examining
      the basal PRL and thyrotropin, and at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes after the
      IV bolus. After laparoscopy and/or conservative surgery, the patients were
      treated with danazol for 6 months and a second laparoscopy was performed. The LH
      RH/TRH test was carried out in the third month of danazol treatment in 6
      endometriosis patients and before the second laparoscopy in 11 patients. The
      results show that there was both an increase in the mean basal levels of PRL and
      in the percentage of cases of moderate hyperprolactinemia in endometriosis
      patients. There also was a greater rise in PRL with the LH-RH/TRH test in
      moderate and severe endometriosis. The PRL response was significantly greater in
      endometriosis than in normal women, and was not related to TSH response. Danazol
      treatment reduced significantly the PRL response. The PRL response before
      treatment was significantly higher in patients who after treatment showed
      persistent endometriosis at the second laparoscopy. This could suggest a lower
      effectiveness of danazol in patients with endometriosis and a PRL hyper-response
      to LH-RH/TRH.

PMID- 2651166
TI  - Variation of movement characteristics with washing and capacitation of
      spermatozoa. I. Univariate statistical analysis and detection of sperm
      hyperactivation.
AB  - Movement alterations as spermatozoa are washed and capacitated in preparation for
      the zona-free sperm penetration assay were investigated using a videomicrographic
      computer-assisted system for tracking and analysis of sperm trajectories. Thirty
      three semen samples from infertile men and 17 fertile controls were studied.
      Despite significant differences on the sperm penetration assay, univariate
      comparisons of movement characteristics between infertile and control samples
      failed to detect differences. For all samples combined, significant alterations
      in movement characteristics were detected after washing. After an 18-hour sperm
      capacitation, mean velocity, head yawing amplitude, and head yawing frequency
      still were significantly increased over seminal plasma values. Videomicrographic
      motion analysis thus allows detection of changes that are consistent with
      hyperactivated motility, as has been described for capacitating spermatozoa.

PMID- 2651167
TI  - Semen manipulation: improved sperm recovery and function with a two-layer Percoll
      gradient.
AB  - The authors compared a simple, two-layer Percoll density gradient technique with
      the swim-up technique for semen preparation in 128 men. In samples from
      normospermic (n = 55), oligospermic (n = 26), and asthenospermic (n = 29) men,
      the Percoll technique significantly improved yield, percent motility, and
      absolute number of motile sperm recovered, but in samples from
      oligoasthenospermic men (n = 18), only percent motility was improved. The Percoll
      density gradient also selected sperm with markedly improved function as assessed
      by both the sperm penetration assay and the fertility index. In 37 samples
      negative on the sperm penetration assay when processed with the swim-up
      technique, 19 (51%) became positive when processed with the Percoll technique.
      The Percoll density gradient is an improved method for semen manipulation as it
      allows greater recovery of sperm with higher motility and improved sperm
      function.

PMID- 2651168
TI  - Validation of the hemizona assay in a monkey model: influence of oocyte
      maturational stages.
AB  - The hemizona assay (HZA) was used in the monkey model to investigate sperm
      binding to the zona pellucida and to evaluate binding patterns according to
      various stages of oocyte development. Adult cynomolgus monkeys were superovulated
      with human menopausal gonadotropin. The oocytes were retrieved by laparoscopy,
      stored in salt solution, then cut into hemizonae by micromanipulation. Metaphase
      II oocytes showed significantly tighter binding than prophase I oocytes (P less
      than 0.001). Metaphase I oocytes showed intermediate binding, significantly
      different from the other groups (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that: (1)
      This study demonstrates the feasibility of HZA as a test to evaluate sperm/zona
      interactions in the monkey, using standards reported for human studies. (2)
      Oocyte meiotic competence seems to be accompanied by an increase in zona-binding
      properties.

PMID- 2651169
TI  - Biotechnology in mammalian reproduction.

PMID- 2651170
TI  - Transvaginal ultrasound for ectopics.

PMID- 2651171
TI  - [Analytic measurement of the solubility of the enamel surface exposed to acid and
      morphometric study of the resulting erosion in rat incisors treated with
      aluminum].
AB  - Their method of examination is based on the area analytical examination of
      scanning electromicroscopic photographs made of the enamel surfaces corroded with
      acid. By means of their method the area distribution of the enamel surfaces has
      been determined on which no detectable changes were formed after the acid action.
      The results obtained that way have also been compared with the results of
      analytical measurements. Their examinations were performed on uppar incisors of
      rats treated with aluminium.

PMID- 2651172
TI  - [Review of the role of saccharose in the light of cariologic-dietetic studies.
      Possibilities of the prophylactic use of sugar substitutes].

PMID- 2651173
TI  - Felix Marti-Ibanez.

PMID- 2651174
TI  - A randomized, double-blind study to compare tenoxicam with sustained release
      indomethacin in osteoarthritic patients treated in general practice.
AB  - A total of 144 patients were recruited for this randomized, double-blind study to
      compare the efficacy and tolerance of tenoxicam and sustained release
      indomethacin in patients with osteoarthritis. The results show that 20 mg/day
      tenoxicam is equal in efficacy to, and significantly better tolerated than, 75
      mg/day sustained release indomethacin. Patients receiving tenoxicam recorded
      significantly better global tolerance ratings (P = 0.042) and fewer adverse
      events than those receiving indomethacin.

PMID- 2651175
TI  - Ticlopidine-pentoxifylline combination in the treatment of atherosclerosis and
      the prevention of cerebrovascular accidents.
AB  - This randomized, double-blind study on 79 patients reported the efficacy of
      ticlopidine-pentoxifylline combination in the treatment of atherosclerosis and
      the prevention of cerebrovascular accidents. Comparisons were made with aspirin
      dipyridamole-buflomedil and buflomedil-placebo combinations as controls. Global
      symptoms, sensorimotor disorders and vertigo were improved in all treatment
      groups, although improvement tended to be more pronounced with ticlopidine
      pentoxifylline. None of the groups showed any change in stenosis or vessel wall
      rigidity although ticlopidine-pentoxifylline reduced flow irregularity. This
      combination therapy also normalized the direction of flow in the ophthalmic
      artery in 46.2% of patients with retrograde flow prior to treatment, compared
      with 30.0% following aspirin-dipyridamole-buflomedil and 28.6% following
      buflomedil-placebo administration. Significantly fewer cerebrovascular accidents
      occurred after treatment with ticlopidine-pentoxifylline. In conclusion,
      ticlopidine-pentoxifylline showed good therapeutic efficacy against
      atherosclerosis and a preventative effect against new cerebrovascular accidents.
      This therapy was well tolerated.

PMID- 2651176
TI  - Clinical efficacy and tolerance of bacampicillin and amoxycillin suspensions in
      children with acute otitis media.
AB  - A total of 97 children with acute otitis media were entered into a single-blind,
      parallel-group study to compare the efficacy and tolerance of suspensions of
      bacampicillin, given twice daily, with amoxycillin, given three times daily. The
      daily dosage was about 40 mg/kg body weight in each case and the duration of
      treatment was 10 days. Patients were examined before the start of treatment, at
      an early follow-up visit within 2-3 weeks after the start of treatment and at a
      late follow-up visit 4-6 weeks after the start of treatment. The initial
      bacteriology revealed a relatively high proportion of Branhamella catarrhalis and
      a low incidence of pneumococci. In total, 92 patients were evaluated for efficacy
      at early follow-up, where both bacampicillin and amoxycillin showed equal and
      good treatment results in approximately 90% of cases. Evaluation at the last
      valid visit showed that 80-90% of the patients were either cured or improved. The
      failure frequency tended to be somewhat higher with amoxycillin.

PMID- 2651177
TI  - Pirprofen in the treatment of migraine and episodic headache attacks: a placebo
      controlled crossover clinical trial.
AB  - A double-blind, within patient, randomized study to compare the efficacy and
      tolerability of acute rectal administration of 600 mg pirprofen capsules with
      matched placebo was carried out in 40 out-patients. They were divided into two
      groups of 20 patients each according to diagnosis of episodic headache or common
      or classic migraine. Treatment was given once during each of two consecutive
      attacks according to a crossover design. None of the patients was withdrawn after
      randomization. There was a statistically significant difference in favour of
      pirprofen as regards the preferences expressed by patients at the end of the
      trial: 34 patients preferred pirprofen, two preferred placebo and four patients
      had no preference. Pirprofen significantly reduced the duration of headache
      attack and associated symptoms, but not the peak of pain intensity. Tolerability
      of the drug was good.

PMID- 2651178
TI  - Controlled release salbutamol tablets versus sustained release theophylline
      tablets in the control of reversible obstructive airways disease.
AB  - A crossover pilot study was undertaken to compare the acceptability of controlled
      release salbutamol tablets (8 mg twice daily) with a sustained release
      theophylline preparation (400-800 mg given once each night) in patients with
      reversible obstructive airways disease. A 2-week run-in period was used to
      titrate the theophylline dosage. Patients were then allocated at random to one of
      the treatments before being immediately crossed over to the other for a further 4
      weeks. Thirty-two patients, aged 17-66 years, entered the trial. Seventeen
      patients (53%) were withdrawn. The majority of the 13 withdrawals due to side
      effects of theophylline occurred during the run-in period. There were no
      statistically significant differences between treatments for either lung function
      tests performed at the clinic or for peak expiratory flow rate recorded by the
      patients. The non-asthma symptom score was significantly higher with theophylline
      than with the salbutamol preparation. A preference for treatment with the
      controlled release salbutamol tablets was expressed by 11/15 patients.

PMID- 2651179
TI  - Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes the survival and development of
      mesencephalic neurons in culture.
AB  - Neuronotrophic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) have been
      reported for some central nervous system neurons. Here we report that also rat
      mesencephalic neurons are responsive to bFGF. bFGF produces a significant
      increase in the number of neurite-bearing cells, as well as in the degree of
      their fiber network. The present findings also provide the first evidence that
      bFGF can affect, in a concentration-dependent manner, at least two defined CNS
      neuronal populations, i.e., dopaminergic and gabaergic neurons. This effect was
      quantified by assessing the specific [3H]dopamine and [gamma-14C]aminobutyric
      acid uptakes with time in culture. Stimulation of uptake was more pronounced for
      dopaminergic neurons, suggesting a relative specificity in the actions of bFGF.
      These effects of bFGF were completely blocked by affinity-purified polyclonal
      antibodies. The possibility that bFGF plays a key role in normal nervous system
      development or function is discussed.

PMID- 2651180
TI  - Signals from the dorsal blastopore lip region during gastrulation bias the
      ectoderm toward a nonepidermal pathway of differentiation in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - Epi 1, a monoclonal antibody, was generated against an epidermal specific
      epithelial antigen; it does not stain neural epithelium. We have used Epi 1 as a
      marker to determine when the spatial patterns delineating neural from nonneural
      epithelium become established. We used ventral ectoderm in a sandwich assay to
      show that signals from the central blastopore lip region, passing through the
      plane of the ectoderm sheet, define the pattern and boundary characteristics of
      Epi 1 expression. The dorsal blastopore lip at stages 10 and 12 are the strongest
      in inhibiting Epi 1 expression. The involuted chordamesoderm has only a limited
      inhibitory effect on Epi 1 expression in ventral ectoderm recombinates and does
      not appear to establish pattern boundaries. We suggest that the blastopore lip
      region establishes a preneural bias in the adjacent ectoderm prior to the
      interaction of the latter with chordamesoderm.

PMID- 2651181
TI  - Temporal resolution and sequential expression of muscle-specific genes revealed
      by in situ hybridization.
AB  - The expression of muscle-specific mRNAs was analyzed directly within individual
      cells by in situ hybridization to chicken skeletal myoblasts undergoing
      differentiation in vitro. The probes detected mRNAs for sarcomeric myosin heavy
      chain (MHC) or the skeletal, cardiac, and beta isoforms of actin. Precise
      information as to the expression of these genes in individual cells was obtained
      and correlated directly with analyses of cell morphology and interactions, cell
      cycle stage, and immunofluorescence detection of the corresponding proteins.
      Results demonstrate that mRNAs for the two major muscle-specific proteins, myosin
      and actin, are not synchronously activated at the time of cell fusion. The mRNA
      for alpha-cardiac actin (CAct), known to be the predominant embryonic actin
      isoform in muscle, is expressed prior to cell fusion and prior to the expression
      of any isoform of muscle MHC mRNA. MHC mRNA accumulates rapidly immediately after
      fusion, whereas skeletal actin mRNA is expressed only in larger myofibers. Single
      cells expressing CAct mRNA have a characteristic short bipolar morphology, are in
      terminal G1, and do not contain detectable levels of the corresponding protein.
      In a pattern of expression reciprocal to that of CAct mRNA, beta-actin mRNA
      diminishes to low or undetectable levels in myofibers and in cells of the
      morphotype which expresses CAct mRNA. Finally, the intracellular distribution of
      mRNAs for different actin isoforms was compared using nonisotopic detection of
      isoform-specific oligonucleotide probes. This work illustrates a generally
      valuable approach to the analysis of cell differentiation and gene expression
      which directly integrates molecular, morphological, biochemical, and cell cycle
      information on individual cells.

PMID- 2651182
TI  - Spindle-pole organization during early mouse development.
AB  - Spindle-pole organization during early mouse development was examined using a
      variety of immunological reagents that recognize centrosomal components. Spindle
      poles of unfertilized eggs and blastocysts were found to react positively with
      two antisera (centrin and NRS-01), whereas poles of activated eggs and early
      cleavage-stage embryos were negative when treated with the same sera. In
      contrast, a third antiserum (5051) showed positive spindle-pole staining
      throughout the preimplantation stages of development. Two monoclonal antibodies
      (MPM-1 and MPM-2) that are known to react with mitotic phosphoproteins were also
      used in this study. Both antibodies stained the cytoplasm of mitotic cells with
      extremely high intensity. In addition, MPM-2 was found to stain spindle poles.
      These results suggest that organizational changes in the spindle pole are
      occurring during early mouse development. Embryos homozygous for a recessive
      lethal mutation known as oligosyndactyly (Os) were also treated with the reagents
      described above. This mutation results in a metaphase arrest at the blastocyst
      stage with intact spindles being present. Spindle poles were observed in Os
      homozygous mutants stained with centrin, NRS-01, and 5051. However, when Os
      mutants were stained with the MPM monoclonal antibodies, about half of the
      mitotic cells completely lacked the dramatic cytoplasmic staining. This
      observation is in contrast to that observed for wild-type embryos, where greater
      than 95% of mitotic cells showed positive cytoplasmic staining.

PMID- 2651183
TI  - Differentiation of neuron-like cells in cultured rat optic nerves: a neuron or
      common neuron-glia progenitor?
AB  - The optic nerve consists of axons, glia, and undifferentiated cells; neuronal
      cell bodies are absent. To study the developmental potential of glia and
      precursor cells in vitro, we devised an original, long-term culture system of
      optic nerve explants, called minisegments, of newborn rats; at this stage the
      nerves are composed of naked axons, astrocytes, and undifferentiated cells. After
      about 4-5 weeks in culture, neuron-like cells appeared, which showed
      morphological, fine structural, and immunocytochemical properties ascribed to
      neurons. These neuron-like cells may be derived from a common neuron-glia
      progenitor or from a small population of precursors, which never produce glia in
      situ.

PMID- 2651184
TI  - Identification and characterization of polypeptide growth factors secreted by
      murine embryonal carcinoma cells.
AB  - Undifferentiated P19 and PC13 murine embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells have been
      analyzed for their ability to secrete polypeptide growth factors. This has been
      carried out by a combination of specific bioassays and the use of biochemical and
      immunological detection methods. Both P19 and PC13 EC cells secrete a platelet
      derived growth factor (PDGF)-like growth factor, a type beta transforming growth
      factor, and insulin-like growth factors. In addition, PC13 EC cells secrete a
      heparin-binding growth factor functionally related to fibroblast growth factor,
      while P19 EC cells secrete transforming growth factor-alpha. This is the first
      demonstration for secretion of transforming growth factor-alpha by an equivalent
      of early embryonic cells. The possible paracrine growth stimulating effects of
      these growth factors have been tested on differentiated derivatives of P19 EC
      cells, corresponding to all three germ layers. The differences in growth factor
      production by various embryonal carcinoma cells are discussed in relation to the
      developmental origin of these cell lines.

PMID- 2651185
TI  - The course and determinants of insulin action in type 1 (insulin-dependent)
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The course and determinants of insulin action were investigated in 8 newly
      diagnosed Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients, who were studied every 3
      months for one year, and in three groups of 8 patients each with 5, 10 and 20
      years diabetes, studied once. Fifteen healthy subjects matched for age, sex and
      body weight served as control subjects. Dose-response curves were constructed
      using sequential euglycaemic (5.0 mmol/l) clamps (insulin infusion rates: 0.5,
      1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mU.kg-1.min-1 in periods of 2h). After 1/2 month of insulin
      treatment, insulin responsiveness was normal, but sensitivity was decreased (ED50
      70 +/- 7 mU/l (SEM) vs 54 +/- 4 mU/l in control subjects, p less than 0.05).
      After 6 months, insulin sensitivity was improved (ED50 57 +/- 4 mU/l, p less than
      0.01 vs 1/2 month and not significant (NS) vs control subjects); but after 9 and
      12 months, it was reduced again, similarly to 0.5 month. Insulin responsiveness
      remained normal at all time-points. In the three groups of patients with
      longstanding diabetes, impaired insulin sensitivity with normal responsiveness
      was noted also (ED50 73 +/- 9 mU/l, p less than 0.02 vs control subjects). At 6,
      9 and 12 months, glycaemic control (HbA1) and insulin dose were inverse
      correlates for insulin action; in patients with longstanding disease, this was
      noted for HbA1 and body weight, in control subjects for body weight. In
      conclusion, decreased insulin sensitivity re-develops in Type 1 diabetes within
      the first year following an initial improvement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651186
TI  - Determination and kinetic analysis of non-insulin mediated glucose uptake in type
      1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
AB  - In man, total glucose uptake is the sum of insulin mediated glucose uptake and
      non-insulin mediated glucose uptake. The later pathway has not been examined in
      Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. In order to assess non-insulin
      mediated glucose uptake in Type 1 diabetes, we measured steady-state rates of
      glucose uptake during glucose clamps at 5.27, 9.71 and 12.5 mmol/l using low
      (0.25 mU.kg-1.min-1), intermediate (0.75 mU.kg-1.min-1) and high (1.50 mU.kg
      1.min-1) insulin infusion rates in 10 subjects with Type 1 diabetes. For insulin
      infusion rates of 0.25, 0.75 and 1.50 mU.kg-1.min-1 as plasma glucose rose from
      5.27 to 9.71 mmol/l, total glucose uptake increased by 35, 43 and 52 percent
      respectively (p less than 0.05 for each insulin infusion rate). For all three
      insulin infusion rates, there was no significant increase in total glucose uptake
      as plasma glucose increased from 9.71 to 12.5 mmol/l. At each glycaemic level,
      glucose uptake correlated significantly with plasma free insulin (r = 0.81, p
      less than 0.01 at 5.71 mmol/l; r = 0.84, p less than 0.01 at 9.71 mmol/l; r =
      0.73, p less than 0.02 at 12.5 mmol/l). Linear regression analysis to a point
      corresponding to plasma free insulin equalling zero, yielded values for non
      insulin mediated glucose uptake (mmol.kg-1.min-1) of 0.11, 0.14, 0.18 at plasma
      glucose of 5.27, 9.7 and 12.5 mmol/l respectively. Thus, increasing plasma
      glucose concentrations were associated with increasing rates of non-insulin
      mediated glucose uptake. For each insulin infusion rate used, the percent of
      total glucose uptake accounted for by non-insulin mediated glucose uptake
      remained independent of plasma glucose concentration, but decreased as insulin
      infusion rate increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651187
TI  - Immunogenetic heterogeneity in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes among Japanese
      HLA antigens and organ-specific autoantibodies.
AB  - HLA phenotypes and haplotypes in relation to organ-specific autoantibody
      responses were studied in 82 Japanese patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent)
      diabetes. HLA-DRw9 antigen and HLA phenotype of DRw9/X (X:not DR4) were increased
      in patients with organ-specific autoantibodies other than islet cell antibody (CP
      less than 0.02, RR = 4.02 and p less than 0.05 RR = 2.30, respectively); whereas
      HLA-DR4 antigen and HLA phenotype of DR4/X (X: not DRw9) were increased in those
      without the autoantibodies (CP less than 0.001, RR = 3.95 and p less than 0.01,
      RR = 2.46, respectively). HLA haplotype of Bw61-DRw9 was increased in patients
      with the autoantibodies (p less than 0.005, RR = 4.94), and HLA haplotype of Bw54
      DR4 was increased in those without the autoantibodies (p less than 0.001, RR =
      5.52). The relative risk of HLA-DR4/DRw9 was the highest among all HLA-DR
      phenotypes or genotypes in patients either with or without the autoantibodies. No
      association was, however, found between the incidence of islet cell antibody and
      HLA-DR phenotypes. These findings suggest that Type 1 diabetes among Japanese is
      immunogenetically heterogeneous as is Type 1 diabetes among Caucasians; and the
      differences in HLA-association of Type 1 diabetes among ethnic groups might give
      a clue to understanding of a role of HLA-antigens in the development of Type 1
      diabetes.

PMID- 2651188
TI  - Relationship between glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin action in
      non-obese individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance.
AB  - Plasma glucose and insulin concentration following a 75 g oral glucose challenge
      and glucose uptake during a hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp study were determined
      in 50 non-obese individuals. The study population was divided into five groups on
      the basis of their glucose tolerance: normal, impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2
      (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose of less
      than 8 mmol/l, between 8-15 mmol/l, and more than 15 mmol/l. The plasma insulin
      response was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than normal in those with
      either impaired glucose tolerance or Type 2 diabetes and a fasting plasma glucose
      concentration less than 8 mmol/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651189
TI  - Dysregulation of glucose transport and transporters in perfused hearts of
      genetically obese (fa/fa) rats.
AB  - The regulation of glucose transport in normal and insulin-resistant obese rat
      hearts have been studied by measuring glucose transport via the efflux of
      labelled 3-0-methyl-D-glucose. Glucose transporters in obese rat hearts were also
      investigated using the labelled cytochalasin B-binding assay. Basal, and insulin-
      or increasing workload-induced stimulation of glucose transport was decreased in
      obese rat hearts compared to those of normal ones. Total number of glucose
      transporters (plasma membrane plus microsomal ones) was about half that
      previously reported for normal rat hearts. Insulin or workload favoured the
      translocation of glucose transporters from an intercellular pool (microsomes) to
      the plasma membrane, as they do in normal rats. Due to the measured decrease in
      total number of transporters of obese rat hearts, those present in the plasma
      membrane (under basal conditions, or following stimulation by insulin or
      workload) were less than those previously found in normal rat hearts tested under
      identical conditions. In obese rat hearts, regulation of plasma membrane
      transporters was perturbed. The Hill coefficient (an index of positive
      cooperativity amongst glucose transporters) was paradoxically decreased by
      insulin while leaving affinity values unaltered. The Hill coefficient was
      unaltered by workload, although the affinity values were increased compared to
      respective controls. To sum up, obese rat hearts have decreased total transporter
      number, and although the two stimuli studied favour the translocation of
      available transporters, they fail to "activate" them adequately once present in
      the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2651190
TI  - [Effect of the time of ingestion of 300 mg of ranitidine on cicatrization of
      duodenal ulcer in crisis (ingestion after dinner versus ingestion at bedtime].
AB  - Recent studies have shown that a single dose of ranitidine given for 2 weeks at 6
      p.m. resulted in a higher healing rate of duodenal ulcer than the same dose given
      at 10 p.m. Our study was designed to confirm these results in a large population
      in France. Three hundred and fifty patients with endoscopically proven duodenal
      ulcer were randomly assigned to open treatment with ranitidine 300 mg,
      immediately after dinner (dinner group), or at bedtime (bedtime group). Endoscopy
      was performed after 2 and 4 weeks. Forty six patients were excluded from analysis
      (default: 3, date of endoscopies not respected: 43). Of the 304 patients analysed
      (mean age: 45.5 years, sex ration M/F: 3.2), 146 received ranitidine after
      dinner, 158 at bedtime. Age, sex, ethnic groups, smoking habits and alcohol
      consumption were comparable in the two groups. At endoscopy, before treatment,
      the mean diameter of ulcers was greater in the bedtime group than in the dinner
      group (bedtime: 9.6 mm, dinner: 7.9 mm). Healing rates after 2 weeks were 58 p.
      100 in the dinner group and 40 p. 100 in the bedtime group (p = 0.002). After 4
      weeks treatment, cumulative healing rates were 87.5 p. 100 and 83.5 p. 100,
      respectively. Smoking had an influence on healing after 2 weeks but not after 4
      weeks of treatment. In conclusion, a single dose of 300 mg of ranitidine resulted
      in a higher healing rate of duodenal ulcer when given immediately after dinner
      than when given at bedtime.

PMID- 2651191
TI  - [Double labeling of water with stable isotopes for measuring energy expenditure
      in man].

PMID- 2651192
TI  - [Antral vascular ectasia and scleroderma. Endoscopic, radiologic and
      anatomopathologic aspects of an uncommon association].
AB  - Diffuse gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is a new disease entity
      corresponding to peculiar acquired vascular malformations. In 1984 Jabbari et al.
      coined the term "Watermelon Stomach" for this lesion. We report here in a new
      case particular by its association with systemic sclerosis in a 66 year-old
      female. The diagnosis of GAVE was suggested upon endoscopic and angiographic
      findings. Atrophic fundic gastritis associated with achlorhydria and
      hypergastrinemia was also noted. Antrectomy was performed with success.
      Pathologic examination and morphometric analysis of the antrum specimen revealed
      the characteristic features of GAVE: 1) increase of the mean cross sectional area
      of mucosal vessel lumen and increase of the mean percentage of specimen area
      occupied by vessels; 2) presence of intravascular fibrin thrombi and 3)
      fibromuscular hyperplasia of the lamina propria.

PMID- 2651193
TI  - Innocuous gas collections in pancreatic allografts demonstrated by computed
      tomography.
AB  - Over a 4-year period, 6 pancreatic abscesses were found in 37 patients who had
      combined renal and segmental pancreatic transplants. An additional 4 patients who
      were nontoxic at the time of their computed tomographic (CT) examinations had
      innocuous gas collections, either in the pancreatic allograft or the surrounding
      peripancreatic tissue. The possible etiology of this gas formation is discussed.
      These collections do not have the same ominous clinical significance as would be
      expected in abscess formation. Radiological evaluation should include examination
      of the gastrointestinal tract and voiding cystograms to detect fistula formation.
      Simultaneous percutaneous aspiration of this area should be performed to rule out
      an infective process. If this is negative in a nontoxic transplant patient, the
      radiologist will be in a position to obviate unnecessary surgical intervention.

PMID- 2651194
TI  - Pancreatic metastases of renal cell carcinoma: report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of renal cell carcinoma, metastatic to the pancreas, are presented. The
      lesions were hypoechoic with ultrasound examination, and were mixed iso- and
      hypodense with computed tomography. Angiography was performed in one case, and
      showed a typical hypervascular pattern of the metastatic tumor.

PMID- 2651195
TI  - Sonographic diagnosis of cholangitis in AIDS patients.
AB  - Eleven acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients were initially
      evaluated by ultrasound of the liver because of biochemical evidence of
      cholestasis. Sonography was very useful for demonstrating dilatation and/or wall
      thickening of the common bile duct associated with dilated intrahepatic bile
      ducts. Periportal hypo- or hyperchoic areas were also visualized. In seven
      patients, gallbladder walls were thickened. In six patients, the diagnosis of
      cholangitis was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and/or
      histology. Cytomegalovirus infection or digestive tract cryptosporidiosis were
      often present and accounted for diarrhea in most patients. We believe the
      association of upper right quadrant pain and anicteric cholestasis in the course
      of AIDS is suggestive of cholangitis, but a disparity may exist between mild
      symptoms and sonographically demonstrated extensive biliary involvement.

PMID- 2651196
TI  - Carcinoid tumor of the bile duct: case report.
AB  - Carcinoid tumor of the bile duct is extremely rare. Ten cases have been reported
      in the literature. This report describes the eleventh case. A 55-year-old woman
      was hospitalized with biliary stenosis. Sonography (US) and computed tomography
      (CT) demonstrated a tumor in the upper common hepatic duct (CHD). Percutaneous
      transhepatic cholangiography showed extraluminal growth of the tumor. The tumor
      was resected and histologic examination showed carcinoid tumor of the common
      hepatic duct.

PMID- 2651197
TI  - Lipoma of the liver: US, CT, and MRI appearance.
AB  - A case of hepatic lipoma is reported. Since the sonographic (US), computed
      tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are
      characteristic, we believe more aggressive diagnostic procedures are not
      necessary.

PMID- 2651198
TI  - Imaging diagnosis of portal tumor thrombus secondary to gastric cancer.
AB  - Tumor thrombus in the portal vein secondary to advanced gastric cancer was
      diagnosed by ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT), and was confirmed at
      autopsy in a 54-year-old man. The register data for 3176 patients of resected
      gastric cancer disclosed that there was no patient with portal tumor thrombus
      secondary to gastric cancer.

PMID- 2651199
TI  - Effects of a meal on normal and hypertensive portal venous system: a quantitative
      ultrasonographic assessment.
AB  - A prospective sonographic study was undertaken in age- and sex-matched normal
      subjects and patients with portal hypertension to evaluate the effects of a meal
      on the portal venous system. Postprandial increase in portal vessel diameters was
      proved to be statistically significant in normal individuals, with mean
      variations of 27.9% (16-60%), 46.5% (25-83%), and 45.2% (20-75%), respectively,
      for portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric veins. In contrast, this effect was
      insignificant in the hypertensive portal venous system. A diminished meal-related
      caliber variation in portal, splenic, and mesenteric veins less than 16%, 25%,
      and 20%, respectively, could be diagnostic of portal hypertension.

PMID- 2651200
TI  - Giant Meckel diverticulum containing enteroliths diagnosed by computed tomography
      and sonography.
AB  - A 23-year-old male patient with giant Meckel diverticulum containing enteroliths
      is presented. Computed tomography (CT) and sonography were useful for correctly
      suggesting the diagnosis. The unique manifestations of this rare lesion are
      described.

PMID- 2651201
TI  - Appendiceal involvement in cecal carcinoma: demonstration by ultrasound.
AB  - Two patients are reported in whom the correct diagnosis of cecal malignancy with
      secondary inflammation of the appendix was made by means of ultrasound.

PMID- 2651202
TI  - Intraperitoneal splenosis: diagnosis by ultrasound and computed tomography.
AB  - Splenosis is an unusual complication of abdominal trauma. We report a case of
      splenosis identified on ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT).
      Usually it is a latent disease and an incidental finding, but it may be diagnosed
      by US and CT.

PMID- 2651203
TI  - Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen: ultrasound and computed tomographic
      findings.
AB  - Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen is an extremely rare benign lesion
      characterized by a wide spectrum of nonspecific inflammatory and reparative
      changes. The ultrasound and computed tomographic (CT) findings of inflammatory
      pseudotumor affecting the spleen in an asymptomatic patient are reported. The CT
      scanning revealed a partially calcified mass showing a nonhomogeneous enhancement
      after contrast injection. After 3 min of bolus administration, an unenhanced
      central area, which corresponds to a focal area of fibrosis, was demonstrated.

PMID- 2651204
TI  - Effects of cyclosporin A on active Crohn's disease.
AB  - Seven patients with active Crohn's disease were treated with cyclosporin A orally
      for 16 weeks. The initial dose was 8 mg/kg/day and the subsequent dose was
      adjusted to maintain the plasma concentration of cyclosporin A of approximately
      200 ng/ml. The mean value of the Crohn's disease activity index before treatment
      was 194.3 +/- 57.4. It was gradually decreased reaching a nadir at 12 weeks
      (139.0 +/- 45.6, p less than 0.05) and one enterocutaneous fistula was closed.
      White blood cell counts, hemoglobin and alpha-2-globulin did not significantly
      improve during treatment. Cyclosporin A could be indicated when steroids,
      sulfasalazine or azathioprine are not effective or not tolerated.

PMID- 2651205
TI  - Immunohistochemical detection of biotin-labeled murine monoclonal antibody in
      nude mice transplanted with human colon cancer.
AB  - The tissue localization of biotin-labeled murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) A7
      directed against human colonic cancer was examined in tumor-bearing nude mice
      following intravenous administration. MAb A7 did not react with any murine
      visceral organs. At 24 hr after biotin-labeled A7 injection, the tumor was
      stained by the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method, but no staining was
      observed after injection of biotin-labeled normal mouse Ig G in the control
      group. Biotin-labeled MAb was found to be suitable for the detection of the
      xenografted tumor of nude mice. Our purpose was to provide a new method
      concerning the distribution of biotin-labeled MAb in vivo.

PMID- 2651206
TI  - Primary sclerosing cholangitis in India.
AB  - Six patients with PSC have been diagnosed and followed up at a centre in Northern
      India for periods up to 4 years. They all presented with cholestatic jaundice and
      cholangitis, but one of them subsequently presented with variceal haemorrhage.
      Cholangiographic features were the most characteristic and included irregular
      narrowing and segmental dilatation of the biliary radicles giving them a beaded
      appearance. Treating them was most frustrating. Two of them died of hepatic
      encephalopathy, others have also continued to be sick during the follow-up.

PMID- 2651207
TI  - [The locomotive-contractile system of thrombocytes--an effector apparatus of
      their hemostatic function].

PMID- 2651208
TI  - Metabolic effects of salmon glucagon and glucagon-like peptide in coho and
      chinook salmon.
AB  - Different doses of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide (GLP) isolated from coho
      salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch were tested in vivo and in vitro on juvenile coho
      and chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon. Results obtained suggest an involvement of
      these peptides in the regulation of plasma glucose, plasma fatty acids, liver
      glycogen, and the hepatic enzymes: glycogen phosphorylase, pyruvate kinase,
      triacylglycerol lipase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Metabolic effects
      were more enhanced in summer than either in spring or in autumn. GLP was less
      effective than glucagon in stimulating glycogenolysis in vivo. Salmon glucagon,
      especially in low concentrations, was generally more potent metabolically than
      mammalian (porcine/bovine) glucagon. The interaction between glucagon-family
      peptides and insulin seems to be different from the one described in mammals:
      glucagon and GLP either lowered plasma circulating levels of insulin or showed no
      effect. Only at the time of parr-smolt transformation did GLP slightly elevate
      plasma insulin levels in coho salmon.

PMID- 2651209
TI  - Effect of Des-Gly10-(im-Bzl-D-His6)LHRH-ethylamide on hypophysial gonadotrophs
      and ovary of the juvenile frog Rana cyanophlyctis (Schn.).
AB  - The effects of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) (0.01 and
      0.1 microgram) agonist on pituitary and ovary were studied in the juvenile frog
      Rana cyanophlyctis with respect to their body weights. Injections (ip) were given
      6 days a week for 30 days and frogs were sacrificed on the 31st day. The
      pituitary sections were stained with AB-PAS-OG technique. The staining intensity,
      cytoplasmic granulations, and length of hypophysial gonadotrophs (B2 cells) were
      increased (P less than 0.05) due to LHRH treatment. In controls, the B2 cells
      were small and faintly stained. Treatment with LHRH (0.01 or 0.1 microgram) once
      a day or twice a day (0.01 microgram) to frogs weighing less than 6 g body weight
      had no effect on gonadosomatic index (GSI) or size frequency distribution of
      oocytes even though gonadotrophs were hypertrophied and hyperactive. Whereas
      administration of LHRH (0.01 or 0.1 microgram) once a day to frogs weighing
      around 8 g caused a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in ovary weight, GSI,
      and diameter of the largest oocytes. Further, oocytes were recruited to second
      growth phase (i.e., incorporation of yolk in oocytes) due to LHRH treatment. The
      above findings suggest that synthetic LHRH agonist has the stimulatory effect on
      oocyte growth and recruitment of vitellogenic oocytes in juvenile frogs weighing
      around 8 g. The LHRH induces precocious maturity by incorporating yolk in
      oocytes. The pituitary responsiveness to LHRH agonist is also evident in juvenile
      frogs. The ovarian receptivity/responsiveness to endogenous gonadotrophins seems
      to progressively increase with the increase in the body weight of the juvenile
      frogs.

PMID- 2651210
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of insulin in the chick embryo during
      development.
AB  - Since an extrapancreatic source of insulin has been postulated in the chick
      embryo, insulin was sought by immunohistochemistry in the embryo before and after
      development of the pancreas and other tissues. Using for the first time an
      antiserum specific for chicken insulin, localization of insulin was investigated
      in whole embryos (Days 1-8) and in brain, kidney, liver, and pancreas (Days 9-21
      and 30). Results indicate the presence of immunoreactive insulin in pancreatic
      islets from Day 5 onward with an increase in staining intensity during
      development. Insulin was not detected in other tissues of the early developing
      embryo or in brain, liver, or kidney in later development. These data suggest
      that although extrapancreatic insulin has been reported, concentrations are not
      high enough in tissues to be detected with a specific, homologous antiserum and
      sensitive immunohistochemical techniques.

PMID- 2651211
TI  - In memoriam Donald Sankey Farner 1915-1988.

PMID- 2651212
TI  - Does hypnosis contribute to the care of burn patients? Review of the evidence.
AB  - In burn treatment, hypnosis has been used for the alleviation of pain, the
      prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression, and the acceleration of wound
      healing. The successful application of hypnosis decreases the extensive
      medication needed. Furthermore, it provides a tool to patients with which they
      may experience more control in situations that are often experienced as
      overwhelming. Notwithstanding these important applications and the very positive
      terms with which the results of studies are generally described, hypnosis has
      mostly been neglected as a tool to help burn patients. This article reviews the
      clinical and experimental evidence of the usefulness of hypnosis in the
      management of burns. Pain reduction and crisis intervention are promising
      applications. However, due to a lack of systematic and controlled research, more
      specific conclusions are precluded. In the controversial area of wound healing,
      claims for the effectiveness of hypnosis have been made on the basis of slim
      evidence and inconclusive studies. This hypothesis needs to be addressed in
      controlled experiments. In summary, systematic investigations are needed to
      confirm and supplement available clinical evidence. Recommendations for future
      research are given.

PMID- 2651213
TI  - Look after yourself--useful exercise.

PMID- 2651214
TI  - Tremor disorders of aging: diagnosis and management.
AB  - Tremor disorders are commonly encountered in the elderly. Physiological tremor is
      present in all of us and may be enhanced by drugs or other circumstances to cause
      symptomatic dysfunction. Essential tremor consists of postural and kinetic
      tremors which may involve the hands, head, and voice. Approximately 50% of cases
      are hereditary. Significant disability may occur. Propranolol and primidone
      provide effective treatment for some patients. The tremor of Parkinson's disease
      occurs in resting and postural positions. Treatment with levodopa usually reduces
      the tremor. Anticholinergics may also decrease tremor but often cause mental side
      effects in the elderly. Disturbances of the cerebellum may cause a kinetic tremor
      of the extremities or shakiness of the trunk. Tremors may also occur on a
      psychogenic basis. Proper classification of tremor disorder will lead to
      appropriate diagnosis and, often, effective treatment.

PMID- 2651215
TI  - Colon cancer: diagnosis and prognosis in the elderly.
AB  - Cancer of the colon and rectum appear to be epidemic in the US, with 150,000
      cases expected during 1988. Two thirds of these patients are over age 60, and two
      thirds also have either full penetration of the bowel wall or metastases to
      regional lymph nodes. Mass screening via tests for occult blood in the stool is
      invaluable for detecting early carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Digital
      examination, endoscopy, and barium contrast radiographs help to confirm the
      diagnosis. Tumors of the colon and rectum are best treated operatively with
      appropriate lymphadenectomy and adequate margins, both proximally and distally,
      to guard against local recurrence. Certain factors, such as mucinous tumors,
      microinvasion, and non-exophytic tumors of the rectum have been shown to have a
      propensity for local recurrence. Local treatment by fulguration or
      electrocoagulation is advocated only for tiny tumors confined to a polyp, or for
      the extremely elderly or poor-risk patient. Radiation therapy appears to be an
      appropriate adjuvant to the treatment of rectal cancer either preoperatively or
      postoperatively.

PMID- 2651216
TI  - Typical geriatric accidents and how to prevent them.
AB  - Certain accidents tend to be more common in elderly patients. Others are common
      among the general population and include the elderly in their numbers. These
      include accidents involving fire, carbon monoxide, food and medications, water,
      restraints, motor vehicles, and those in the workplace. This article reviews such
      accidents and discusses basic measures of prevention in which the attentive and
      comprehensive clinician may play a pivotal role.

PMID- 2651217
TI  - Update on NSAIDS in the elderly.
AB  - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can effectively reduce pain and
      inflammation. Although these agents are potent inhibitors of prostaglandin
      synthesis, they probably have other effects on the inflammatory process. NSAIDs
      produce a number of side effects, particularly in elderly patients. Understanding
      the effects of aging on drug pharmacokinetics will help minimize these
      complications.

PMID- 2651218
TI  - Cardiac disease in the older diabetic: management considerations.
AB  - A number of experimental and clinical studies have indicated that the process of
      aging and diabetes mellitus may result in alterations of cardiac function and
      composition. These appear to be independent of myocardial ischemia. Left
      ventricular diastolic compliance is diminished in both situations associated with
      interstitial collagen accumulation. There is also a reduction in the relaxation
      rate of the ventricle. In the subclinical state, the aged heart cell undergoes
      enlargement, but this has not been described in diabetes. In an unknown portion
      of patients with subclinical abnormalities, the process may advance to
      abnormalities of systolic function, heart failure, and arrhythmias. There is no
      convincing evidence that intramural small vessel disease can account for the
      diffuse cardiomyopathy of these two states. Management requires a particularly
      cautious use of cardioactive agents.

PMID- 2651219
TI  - An eye disorder caused by chronic cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Retinal vein occlusion is a serious ophthalmologic condition that requires prompt
      diagnosis and treatment to avoid permanent vision loss. With acute onset of
      central vein occlusion, vision loss is sudden, unilateral, and painless. Vision
      loss from branch vein occlusion is typically less severe. Many chronic medical
      conditions put the patient at high risk for this problem, among them
      hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, and other types of
      cardiovascular disease. Primary care practitioners, who ordinarily see many
      patients with such chronic illnesses, are in an excellent position to diagnose
      retinal vein occlusion and to participate in its management through opthalmologic
      referral.

PMID- 2651220
TI  - [Current state of the use of short-term tests in identifying potential
      carcinogenicity of industrial mineral dusts (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2651221
TI  - Vitamin E and neurologic function in man.
AB  - Despite the well-known detrimental effect of vitamin E deficiency on the nervous
      system of many experimental animal models for decades, only over the past decade
      has vitamin E become recognized as essential for the maintenance of the structure
      and function of the human nervous system. This discovery of the neurologic role
      of vitamin E in man is due primarily to the identification of a degenerative
      neurologic syndrome in children and adults with chronic vitamin E deficiency
      caused by gastrointestinal diseases impairing fat and vitamin E absorption. A
      compelling body of clinical, neuropathologic, and therapeutic response evidence
      conclusively demonstrates that vitamin E deficiency is responsible for the
      neurologic disorder seen in such patients. In addition, an inborn error in
      vitamin E metabolism, the Isolated Vitamin E Deficiency Syndrome, causes vitamin
      E deficiency and similar neurologic degeneration in the absence of fat
      malabsorption. Guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of vitamin E
      deficiency in relevant clinical circumstances are provided. The possible role of
      vitamin E in treating other neurologic diseases is discussed.

PMID- 2651222
TI  - Cell calcium, vitamin E, and the thiol redox system in cytotoxicity.
AB  - The controversial role of extracellular Ca2+ in toxicity to in vitro hepatocyte
      systems is reviewed. Recent reports demonstrate that extracellular Ca2+-related
      cytotoxicity is dependent on Ca2+-influenced vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) content
      of isolated hepatocytes. Based on a Ca2+-omission model of in vitro oxidative
      stress, the role of vitamin E in cytotoxicity is further explored. This model
      demonstrates the interdependence of the GSH redox system and vitamin E as
      protective agents during oxidative stress. Following chemical oxidant-induced
      depletion of intracellular GSH, cell morphology and viability are maintained by
      the continuous presence of cellular alpha-tocopherol above a threshold level of
      0.6-1.0 nmol/10(6) cells. alpha-Tocopherol threshold-dependent cell viability is
      directly correlated with the prevention of the loss of cellular protein thiols in
      the absence of intracellular GSH. Potential mechanisms for this phenomenon are
      explored and include a direct reductive action of alpha-tocopherol on protein
      thiyl radicals, and the prevention of oxidation of protein thiols by scavenging
      of lipid peroxyl radicals by alpha-tocopherol. It is suggested that in light of
      the threshold phenomenon of vitamin E prevention of potentially severe oxidative
      stress-induced cytotoxicity, its use as a protective agent against an oxidative
      challenge in vivo should be reassessed.

PMID- 2651223
TI  - Mechanism(s) of bioreductive activation. The example of diaziquone (AZQ).
AB  - Bioreduction in the activation of diaziquone (2,5-diaziridinyl-3,6-bis
      (carboethoxyamino)-1,4-benzoquinone) has been investigated by exploring its
      reduction by whole cells, rat liver microsomes and purified enzymes. The
      mechanism of bioreduction was further investigated by exploring the chemical and
      electrochemical reduction of diaziquone as well as its photochemistry. Reduced
      diaziquone (by several means) was then tested for activity against parent
      compound. It appears that reduced diaziquone in most cases is more active than
      the oxidized form. Diaziquone redox cycles, but it is easily reduced to the
      hydroquinone which oxidizes to the semiquinone yielding free radicals under
      aerobiosis. The most probable mechanism of action is that of bioreductive
      alkylation where the alkylating aziridines are protonated after reduction
      facilitating the opening of the aziridine rings and thus alkylation.

PMID- 2651224
TI  - Colonoscopic surveillance in ulcerative colitis--dysplasia through the looking
      glass.

PMID- 2651225
TI  - Oxygen radicals: mediators of gastrointestinal pathophysiology.

PMID- 2651226
TI  - Late results of a prospective randomised study comparing forceful dilatation and
      oesophagomyotomy in patients with achalasia.
AB  - Late results in 81 patients with achalasia treated in a prospective randomised
      study comparing forceful pneumatic dilatation with the Mosher bag and surgical
      anterior oesophagomyotomy by abdominal route, are reported. There were no deaths
      from either of the treatments. Two patients (5.6%) had a perforation of the
      abdominal oesophagus after pneumatic dilatation and were excluded from late
      follow up. In patients having surgery at radiological evaluation there was gullet
      diameter significantly increased at the oesophagogastric junction and decreased
      at the middle third of the oesophagus. One patient was lost from follow up and
      one died of an oesophageal carcinoma, leaving 95% of excellent results at the
      late follow up (median 62 months). Resting gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressure
      decreased significantly to approximately 10 mmHg; this was maintained five years
      after surgery. By contrast, in patients having pneumatic dilatation, there were
      good results in only 65% (follow up median 58 months), with 30% failures. One
      patient was lost from follow up and one developed oesophageal carcinoma.
      Measurement of resting gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressure after dilatation was
      highly predictive of the outcome. The study shows that surgical treatment offers
      a better final clinical result than pneumatic dilatation with the Mosher bag.

PMID- 2651227
TI  - Cyclosporin A pharmacokinetics in liver transplant recipients in relation to
      biliary T-tube clamping and liver dysfunction.
AB  - Cyclosporin A pharmacokinetics were studied after oral (4-14 mg/kg body weight)
      and intravenous dosing (1.5-3.5 mg/kg) in 13 orthotopic liver transplant
      recipients before and after permanent clamping of the biliary T-tube. After T
      tube clamping, cyclosporin A absorption was faster and more complete with the
      mean time of peak concentration, tmax, reduced to around three hours from around
      six hours and mean bioavailability rising from only 16.6% (n = 13) to 30% in the
      entire group (n = 11 after clamping) or to 35% after excluding two patients who
      developed severe cholestasis after the preclamping study. Bioavailability in
      these two patients fell below 8% and to around 1% in a further patient with
      severe graft dysfunction. Clamping reduced the metabolic clearance of cyclosporin
      A by only 25% from a mean before clamping of 2.9 ml/min/kg to 2.3 ml/min/kg (n =
      11). Oral cyclosporin A becomes a reliable means of maintaining therapeutic drug
      concentrations only after bioavailability increases in association with T-tube
      clamping and in the absence of severe liver dysfunction or cholestasis.

PMID- 2651228
TI  - Serial computed tomography scanning in acute pancreatitis: a prospective study.
AB  - One hundred and two patients with acute pancreatitis had abdominal computed
      tomography (CT) scans within 72 hours of admission, at one week and at six weeks.
      Twenty eight attacks were clinically severe, 74 clinically mild. Ninety three
      (91%) admission scans, 85 (84%) one week scans, and 52 (51%) six week scans were
      abnormal. The aetiology of the pancreatitis could be inferred from 28 (27%) of
      admission scans, the CT sign of fatty liver having a sensitivity of 21% and
      specificity of 100% for alcoholic aetiology. The sensitivity of CT for gall stone
      aetiology was 34%, specificity 100%. The pancreatic size indices (max
      anteroposterior measurement of head x max anteroposterior measurement of body) of
      those patients with severe attacks were significantly greater than those with
      mild attacks on admission, at one week and at six weeks (p less than 0.004).
      Fourteen pseudocysts were detected by CT, five (36%) of which were clinically
      apparent. The pseudocyst size indices (max anteroposterior x max transverse
      measurement) of the pseudocysts which were clinically apparent were significantly
      greater than those which were not apparent (p less than 0.01) and only those
      pseudocysts with a size index greater than or equal to 15 cm2 required treatment.

PMID- 2651229
TI  - Non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis.

PMID- 2651230
TI  - Human fetal liver as a valuable source of haemopoietic stem cells for allogeneic
      bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The CFU-GM and T cell contents of human fetal livers were studied at various
      times between 6-14 weeks of gestation. The number of CFU-GM increased parallel to
      gestational age, especially after week 10. Cells bearing mature T cell markers,
      however, were found only in one case out of 35 fetal liver samples.
      Cryopreservation of fetal liver cells hardly affected the viability and
      proliferative capacity of CFU-GM in the sample. According to these findings fetal
      liver is, at least up to the 14th gestational week, practically free of mature T
      cells but it does contain a considerable amount of CFU-GM (an accepted indicator
      of pluripotent stem cell content), consequently fetal liver can be considered as
      a valuable source of haemopoietic stem cells for allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation for children.

PMID- 2651231
TI  - A particular case of large granular lymphocytes lymphoma.
AB  - A patient with non-cutaneous lymphocytic lymphoma with leukaemic spread is
      reported. The large majority of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells formed
      rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E), had receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (Fc
      gamma R) and displayed an unusual enzymatic profile. Part of these cells had also
      labile bound surface membrane IgG. The leukaemic cells were morphologically
      characterized as large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and consisted of two different
      types of cells: lymphoid cells and monocytoid cells. The histopathological
      diagnosis was T-cell lymphoma, pleomorphic type, diffuse. Despite their
      morphological heterogeneity, all the proliferative cells had the same
      immunological phenotype, showed normal ADCC activity but no NK activity. After
      three months, without specific treatment, the surface pattern changed: the cells
      resembled mature LGL and the NK activity increased. The cytochemical study of the
      leukaemic cells revealed an enzymatical peculiarity: besides an enzymatic profile
      characteristic for relatively mature LGL, the cells also displayed peroxidase
      activity. This unusual aspect--the expression by an individual malignant cell of
      markers believed to be restricted to a single cellular lineage--might be
      interpreted as a lineage infidelity or lineage promiscuity. The observation that
      this lymphoma developed in a patient with a long history of
      hypogammaglobulinaemia is of particular interest.

PMID- 2651232
TI  - [Corium-plasty of the wrist joint].
AB  - This report of thirty-five resection/interposition arthroplasties of the wrist
      emphasizes the value of the human dermis in comparison to other materials as a
      mechanically reliable and simultaneously vital interposition. In up to 75% of
      cases of rheumatoid arthritis this technique is indicated when the flexion
      contracture of the wrist disturbs the balance of the tendons and when the
      compensation offered by neighbouring joints is insufficient. Out of 297 joints
      treated by corium interposition arthroplasty, thirty-five were performed on the
      wrist. Review after up to sixteen years shows eighteen good, fourteen
      satisfactory, and three unsatisfactory results.

PMID- 2651233
TI  - [Nifedipine in secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. SPRINT Study
      Group].
AB  - 14 CCUs in Israel participated in a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized
      trial of nifedipine, 30 mg/day, for the secondary prevention of myocardial
      infarction (MI). 2,276 patients were included in the study 7-21 days (mean, 12)
      after an acute MI. The study (SPRINT I) lasted for 1 year and no significant
      differences were found between nifedipine and placebo groups as regards mortality
      (5.8%, 5.7%) or recurrence of a nonfatal MI (4.7%, 5.1%). In another nifedipine
      study (SPRINT II) in high-risk patients with suspected MI, titration towards a 60
      mg/day dose was begun as early as possible and in 75 it was started within 3
      hours after the event. Of 1,358 patients randomized on admission, 826 fulfilled
      all the criteria for inclusion, gave informed consent, were included in the study
      by the 6th hospital day, and survived the titration period. Mortality was
      slightly greater in the initial titration stage in those randomized to nifedipine
      than in those randomized to the placebo group. In this second study with a larger
      dose, begun earlier and continued for 6 months, nifedipine was also ineffective
      in the secondary prevention of fatal or nonfatal MI. Therefore its use is not
      recommended in the routine preventive therapy of recurrent MI.

PMID- 2651234
TI  - [Follow-up of heart transplants].
AB  - 6 patients, 37-55 years old, who underwent heart transplantation in Belgium, have
      been followed in our clinic for the past 2 years. All had suffered for 6-12
      months from congestive heart failure which had not responded to intensive medical
      treatment and were considered terminal. 5 had had ischemic heart disease and 1
      idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. After transplantation all patients were again
      in good physical condition and 5 of them had resumed a productive lifestyle. In
      3, follow-up endomyocardial biopsies revealed episodes of "moderate rejection" of
      the transplant, all of which were successfully treated with pulse courses of
      corticosteroids and increased cyclosporine dosage. Mild renal failure developed
      in 3, and in 3 systemic hypertension, controlled by antihypertensive drugs. 4
      patients examined in our department and found suitable for transplantation died
      before a compatible donor was found. In 2 other patients heart transplantation
      was not possible due to severe pulmonary hypertension. Heart transplantation is
      recommended for patients with terminal congestive heart failure unresponsive to
      medical treatment. Early transplantation prevents irreversible changes in the
      pulmonary vessels which would make operation impossible, and lowers operative
      risk.

PMID- 2651235
TI  - [Blood cholesterol, recommended dietary patterns and strategies for prevention of
      coronary artery disease].

PMID- 2651236
TI  - [Aspirin in coronary heart disease].

PMID- 2651237
TI  - [Drugs in secondary prevention of coronary artery disease].

PMID- 2651238
TI  - [Magnesium and heart disease].

PMID- 2651239
TI  - [Evaluation of cardiovascular syncope].

PMID- 2651240
TI  - [Sexual abuse of children].

PMID- 2651241
TI  - [Lithium and the kidney].

PMID- 2651243
TI  - [Insulin as a factor in the etiology of essential hypertension].

PMID- 2651242
TI  - [Infectious keratitis due to contact lenses].

PMID- 2651244
TI  - [Beta-interferon for labial and genital herpes virus infection].
AB  - 19 women and 9 men, aged 15-59 (mean, 35.1), who had had recurrent lip or genital
      infections with herpes virus (HSV) for from 1-38 years, were treated with beta
      interferon gel (100,000 IU/g), self-administered 4 times daily to the affected
      areas. In half the patients the drug and a placebo were given in a double-blind,
      cross-over study. The trial lasted 30 months. Frequency of attacks, length of
      each attack and its severity, and the presence of itching were noted. If there
      was improvement in at least 2 parameters treatment was considered successful.
      This was the case in about 75% of the patients. The mean number of attacks per
      year before and during treatment with interferon was 6.8 and 3.0, respectively (p
      less than 0.003) and the mean length of attacks 8.2 and 4.7 days, respectively (p
      less than 0.001). Results of the double-blind, cross-over test were also
      significant, and were similar to those for the total group. These results clearly
      indicate that local interferon is effective treatment for genital and labial HSV
      infections.

PMID- 2651245
TI  - The number of plaque-forming cells and its "normal range".
AB  - The number of antibody-forming cells is commonly assessed by the plaque
      technique. In this paper, two questions are discussed, connected with presenting
      the number of plaque-forming cells found in experiments: (i) the form of
      probability distribution of the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC), and (ii)
      determination and use of the so-called "normal range" of the number of PFC.
      Gottlieb's finding (1974) that the lognormal distribution is a good approximation
      to the distribution of the number of PFC is supported, and it is suggested that
      the upper one-sided tolerance limit be used as the limit of normal range of the
      number of PFC. A numerical study based on 1,450,000 pseudo-random experiments
      shows that it is important to make a correct assumption about the form of the
      distribution before a statistical method is used.

PMID- 2651246
TI  - [Invagination--a pediatric emergency. Infants are mainly affected--early
      suspected diagnosis is vital].

PMID- 2651247
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal hemorrhage].
AB  - Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the classical emergency situations in
      medicine. Some 100 hospitalizations per 100,000 inhabitants per year are assumed.
      The mortality rate of gastrointestinal bleeding continues to be about 10 per
      cent. Those affected are in rate of gastrointestinal bleeding continues to be
      about 10 per cent. Those affected are in particular patients of more advanced
      age. The cardinal symptoms hematemesis, melena, hematochezia, stimulate a step
      wise approach with parallel diagnosis and therapy. Emergency endoscopy does not
      result in any significant improvement in prognosis if the patients are considered
      overall. Only about 20 per cent of the referred patients, that is those with a
      persistent bleed, profit from the possibility of accurate endoscopic diagnosis.
      The techniques of endoscopic hemostasis are presently under discussion; in the
      case of inoperable patients they represent the sole possibility.

PMID- 2651248
TI  - [Traffic safety in treatment with dosulepin].
AB  - Forty-eight healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 61 years, 24 men, 24 women,
      received dosulepin (Idom) or placebo in a randomized fashion over a period of 16
      days. The study was designed as a double-blind, placebo controlled parallel
      trial. The single daily dose of 75 mg was given in the evening. In order to
      assess driving ability under medication, the following parameters were examined
      before the study and on days 3, 10 and 17: visual orientation, concentration
      stress toleration while performing reaction tasks, eye-hand coordination,
      vigilance, accuracy and speed of reaction, and sense of wellbeing. Apart from a
      mild loss of concentration and decrease in the sense of wellbeing, none of the
      other parameters showed any significant changes as compared with placebo. The
      results are in good agreement with those of earlier relevant trials with other
      antidepressants. The results of the present study form the basis for an
      assessment of the driving ability of the individual patient receiving dosulepin.

PMID- 2651249
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis. 1: Principles of conservative therapy].
AB  - Any patient with suspected acute pancreatitis should be hospitalized in an
      intensive care unit. Since the course even of an apparently initially
      uncomplicated attack of pancreatitis can rapidly become severe and life
      threatening, close clinical monitoring in accordance with the rules of critical
      care medicine is necessary. The major therapeutic measures comprise fasting,
      parenteral replacement of fluid, electrolytes and calories, and pain treatment.
      The care of patients with acute pancreatitis should be a joint effort on the part
      of the internist and the surgeon right from the start. At the present time, there
      is no specific treatment regimen for pancreatitis. Therapeutic concepts of
      hormonal inhibition of pancreatic secretion, or the inactivation of autodigestive
      enzymes, have not proved successful, or have not yet been adequately demonstrated
      to be effective. On resolution of the pancreatitis, an attempt must always be
      made to identify the cause of cause of the condition, since this forms the basis
      for further prophylactic and therapeutic consequences.

PMID- 2651250
TI  - [Testing of drugs in humans. Current responsibilities and problems].
AB  - Despite the large number of drugs available, the development of new substances is
      necessary in view of the unsolved therapeutic problems, for example AIDS, cancer,
      rheumatoid diseases and disorders of the central nervous system such as
      Alzheimer's disease. More than ever before, the highest demands have to be made
      on the efficacy and safety of a new drug. The prerequisites for starting clinical
      trials in man, and the course of the phases of clinical development are
      described. Biometry has helped to improve the quality and thus the usefulness of
      clinical studies. Only in this way has it become possible to establish the
      superiority of one treatment over another on the basis of objective facts. The
      results of biometrically planned high-standard studies provide the basis for
      efficient and ethically justified drug development. They thus also have a direct
      impact on the fate of the patient.

PMID- 2651251
TI  - [Gallopamil and molsidomine in patients with coronary heart disease. A
      comparative study].
AB  - In a randomised, crossover trial, 20 patients with electrocardiographically
      proven coronary heart disease and exercise-inducible angina pectoris, the
      antiischemic effect of gallopamil (3 x 50 mg) and molsidomine (2 x 2 mg) were
      studied. Both therapies showed a clear anti-ischemic effect in bicycle exercise
      tests. The average ST-segment depression at maximal comparable workload was
      reduced from 0.16 mV (without medication) to 0.06 mV with gallopamil and 0.09 mV
      with molsidomine, the difference between the two therapies was significant (p
      less than or equal to 0.05). The increase in the heart rate, as well as systolic
      and diastolic blood pressure during exercise, were less marked with both
      therapies. The correlation between rate-pressure product and average ST-segment
      depression showed a better reduction in ST-segment depression at comparable
      myocardial O2-consumption for gallopamil in comparison with molsidomine. It is
      concluded that gallopamil improves myocardial perfusion and microcirculation in
      ischemic areas more than molsidomine.

PMID- 2651252
TI  - [Disorders of stomach emptying].
AB  - During the course of viral infections, acute delays in gastric emptying are
      common. Usually, dietary measures suffice, but treatment with dopamine
      antagonists with their additional antiemetic effect, may be beneficial. The major
      causes of chronic delayed emptying are diabetes mellitus with autonomic
      neuropathy, connective tissue diseases such as systemic sclerosis, and
      gastroparesis following gastric surgery. Diet alone is rarely effective, and
      prokinetic drugs should be prescribed. The new compound cisapride seems to be
      particularly effective. Abnormally rapid emptying occurs exclusively following
      surgical destruction of the gastric outlet and may lead to the dumping syndrome.
      In general this can be adequately controlled by dietary measures.

PMID- 2651253
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of dysphagia, globus feeling and hiccup].
AB  - The differential diagnosis of dysphagia is one of the more rewarding tasks of
      internal medicine. In the large majority of cases, careful history-taking
      suffices to permit the classification of the underlying disorder. Singultus has a
      wide range of causes: neurological, psychological, toxic, pulmonary and gastro
      enterological. Treatment may prove difficult. A wide spectrum of drugs and
      general measures has been reported to be effective in the case of singultus.

PMID- 2651254
TI  - [Cervicogenic headache. An over- or underdiagnosed headache syndrome?].
AB  - "Cervicogenic headache" (CEH) is a strictly unilateral constant dull, dragging,
      boring background pain of varying intensity which does not alternate sides and
      persists for a few hours to several days. It is triggered or intensified by head
      movements, and typically radiates from the neck to the fronto-temporal region.
      Occasionally, the ipsilateral shoulder and arm are also affected, with no
      definite radicular pattern. There is overall restriction of head movements.
      Ipsilateral accompanying symptoms may include conjunctival injection, lacrimation
      and lid edema. Migraine-like symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sound and light
      sensitivity, and ipsilateral visual blurring may occur, as well as dizziness and
      difficulties in swallowing. A C2-blockade always leads to temporary pain relief.
      The possible pathophysiology of CEH, and its differential diagnosis are
      discussed.

PMID- 2651255
TI  - [Amino acids prevent hepatic encephalopathy. Ornithine-aspartate in
      hyperammonemia--results of a study].

PMID- 2651256
TI  - [The Charles Bonnet syndrome].
AB  - The Charles Bonnet syndrome represents an organic hallucinosis characterized by
      the appearance of visual hallucinations in otherwise sane elderly people. As a
      specific organic factor, a reduced visual acuity due to ophthalmologic disorder
      can be found in the majority of patients. Clinical, psychopathological and
      pathogenetic aspects of the Charles Bonnet syndrome are discussed by the means of
      a review of 46 cases reported in the literature (including an own case
      observation).

PMID- 2651258
TI  - Physician payment reform: don't forget the patient.

PMID- 2651257
TI  - [The plasticity of motor units in change of the activity pattern by electric
      stimulation--electrostimulation and its possible clinical applications].
AB  - Motoneuron and muscle fibers interact on the motor unit level, whereby discharge
      characteristics from the neuron imposed on the muscle seem to play a major role.
      Within the unit all muscle fibers are biochemically homogeneous and display a
      high degree of plasticity under different functional demands. To distinguish the
      existing different units rationals are listed that classify the units by
      physiological and histochemical parameters. Furthermore the review summarizes the
      available knowledge on the importance of activity patterns--as a biological
      principle--involved in the control of phenotypic expression of innervated and
      denervated muscle. The sequelae are shown of electrical stimulation on innervated
      and denervated animal muscles. In extent to these findings the consequences are
      discussed for stimulation procedures that can be imposed on normal and diseased
      human muscles as a therapeutic tool.

PMID- 2651259
TI  - Medicare trends in ambulatory surgery.

PMID- 2651260
TI  - Evaluation of recent changes in Medicaid.

PMID- 2651261
TI  - The Medicare physician fee freeze: what really happened?

PMID- 2651262
TI  - Meaningful Medicaid reform.

PMID- 2651263
TI  - Prospective payment to medical staffs: a proposal.

PMID- 2651264
TI  - A competitive bidding approach to physician payment.

PMID- 2651265
TI  - Medicare mandatory assignment: an unnecessary risk?

PMID- 2651266
TI  - Preimplantation mammalian aggregation and injection chimeras.
AB  - The preimplantation embryo is highly resilient to experimental manipulations. A
      specific manipulation that has revealed many clues to the developmental process
      is chimera production. Chimeras have been used to describe the importance of
      developmental characteristics of embryonic cells and how these characteristics
      are involved with developmental fate. These characteristics have been monopolized
      in the production of interspecific chimeras and the production of transgenic
      animals. This review attempts to discuss the major factors affecting
      preimplantation mammalian embryo chimera production.

PMID- 2651268
TI  - Issue dedicated to Hans Popper in memoriam 1903-1988.

PMID- 2651267
TI  - Hans Popper in memoriam 1903-1988.

PMID- 2651269
TI  - Liver transplantation: intraoperative changes in coagulation factors in 100 first
      transplants.
AB  - Six intraoperative blood samples were obtained at intervals from each of 100
      individuals undergoing their first liver transplants. The patients fell into the
      following diagnostic categories: postnecrotic cirrhosis 28, primary biliary
      cirrhosis 20, sclerosing cholangitis 19, miscellaneous diseases 14,
      carcinoma/neoplasia 12 and fulminant hepatitis 7. Coagulation factor values in
      the initial (baseline) blood samples varied by patient diagnosis. In general, all
      factor levels were reduced except factor VIII:C, which was increased to almost
      twice normal. The slight intraoperative changes in factors II, VII, IX, X, XI and
      XII suggested that a steady-state relationship existed between depletion
      (consumption/bleeding) and repletion (transfusion, transit from extra- to
      intravascular space), even in the anhepatic state. In contrast, there were rapid
      and very significant falls in factor VIII and fibrinogen and a less pronounced
      decrease in factor V, all reaching their nadirs in early to mid-Stage III. The
      cause of these coagulation changes appears to be activation of the fibrinolytic
      system.

PMID- 2651270
TI  - The liver and IgA: immunological, cell biological and clinical implications.
AB  - Secretory immunoglobulin A is the characteristic and predominant immunoglobulin
      of the mucosal immune system; it participates in immunological protection at the
      level of mucous membrane surfaces. During the past 10 to 15 years, a great deal
      of experimental and clinical evidence has shown that the liver is very much
      involved in the sIgA system. In certain animals (rats, mice, rabbits), polymeric
      forms of IgA are efficiently cleared by the liver and transported into bile by a
      receptor-mediated vesicular pathway across hepatocytes. Taking advantage of this
      easily accessible pathway, investigators have defined many of the events in the
      external secretion of pIgA, including details about the synthesis and secretion
      of its receptor, secretory component. In the rat hepatocyte, secretory component
      is synthesized as a transmembrane glycoprotein and is expressed preferentially on
      the sinusoidal plasma membrane; circulating pIgA that binds to secretory
      component is internalized into endocytic vesicles and transported across the
      hepatocyte to the bile canalicular membrane, where the pIgA is released into bile
      as a soluble complex with a portion of the secretory component, the complex being
      secretory IgA. In some other animals (dog, guinea pig, sheep) as well as man,
      biliary epithelial cells, not hepatocytes, express secretory component and
      perform the transcytosis and secretion of pIgA into bile. In those species, much
      of the pIgA that reaches bile is synthesized locally in plasma cells that
      populate the biliary tree; this design is analogous to the release of sIgA into
      various mucosae in the body. The major biological functions ascribed to the
      secretion of IgA into bile are enhancement of immunological defense of the
      biliary and upper intestinal tracts and the clearance of harmful antigens from
      the circulation as IgA-antigen complexes. However, the importance of biliary IgA
      antibodies is largely unclarified, and man lacks the capacity for effective
      clearance of IgA-antigen complexes via the secretory component-mediated
      transhepatocellular pathway; whether this deficit contributes to the propensity
      for man to develop IgA immune complex diseases should be clarified. Among liver
      diseases, alcoholic disease is most closely linked to alterations in IgA
      metabolism. This association is manifested principally by the deposition of IgA
      along the sinusoids in the livers of the majority of alcoholics and in the renal
      mesangium of many.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2651271
TI  - Do transplanted human livers regenerate?

PMID- 2651272
TI  - Angiotropic large cell lymphoma (ALCL): morphological, immunohistochemical and
      genotypic studies with analysis of previous reports.
AB  - The entity 'angioendotheliomatosis proliferans systemisata' was first described
      28 years ago as a cutaneous small vessel neoplasm of presumed endothelial origin.
      Since then, 101 similar cases have been reported under a variety of different
      names, most with systemic as well as cutaneous lesions, and a lymphoid
      histogenesis of the tumour cell is now favoured. Review of these cases has shown
      a characteristic clinical presentation with predominant neurological and
      dermatological features, although the diagnosis was made at autopsy in 53 per
      cent of patients. Most therapeutic regimens have proved ineffective with a median
      survival of 5 months from date of clinical presentation. Aggressive combination
      chemotherapy can produce complete and lasting remission and a partial response to
      steroids is sometimes seen. We have examined a case of this condition showing
      unusual clinical features. Immunohistochemical studies confirm the lymphoid
      origin of the tumour cells with B cell phenotype. Antigen receptor gene
      rearrangement studies indicate the presence of the same clonal population of B
      cells in multiple sites. We suggest that the term 'angioendotheliomatosis
      proliferans systemisata' should be dropped and support the use of 'angiotropic
      large cell lymphoma' to describe this unusual condition.

PMID- 2651273
TI  - Stark bill, safe harbors may help small hospitals.

PMID- 2651274
TI  - RN shortage puts experience in forefront.

PMID- 2651275
TI  - First step in Medicare appeal can be a long one.

PMID- 2651276
TI  - Senator Bentsen: brokering health care reforms. Interview by Jeffrey Finn.

PMID- 2651277
TI  - HCFA's public-use files: a wealth of data.

PMID- 2651278
TI  - The Carabelli trait in human prehistoric populations of the Canary Islands.
AB  - The incidence of the different degrees of expression of Carabelli's trait in the
      deciduous and permanent dentitions was obtained on 651 skulls of three human
      prehistoric aboriginal samples from Gran Canaria (n = 329), Tenerife (n = 297)
      and La Gomera (n = 25) Islands. In the Gran Canaria sample, the total trait
      frequency for the permanent first molar was slightly greater in males, who also
      showed a higher degree of expression than females. However, in this sample, as
      well as in the Tenerife sample, the differences between the two sexes were not
      statistically significant. A high concordance regarding the presence and grade of
      expression of the trait was found between right and left sides, as well as
      between the deciduous and permanent dentitions. Marked differences were observed
      with respect to the incidence of the diverse degrees of expression of the trait
      between the Gran Canaria and Tenerife populations, whose cultural and
      anthropological differences are well established. The findings suggest that
      Carabelli's trait could be useful in establishing phylogenetic relationships
      between closely related populations.

PMID- 2651279
TI  - Premalignancy in chronic ulcerative colitis: lectin binding as a diagnostic
      adjuvant.

PMID- 2651280
TI  - AIDS and the nervous system: current status and future perspectives.

PMID- 2651281
TI  - Primary bronchopulmonary fibrosarcoma of childhood and adolescence: reassessment
      of a low-grade malignancy. Clinicopathologic study of five cases and review of
      the literature.
AB  - In children, primary tumors of the lung constitute a unique subset of
      quasineoplastic and unequivocally neoplastic lesions whose benign or malignant
      potential is not always predictable on the basis of morphologic findings. One
      such neoplasm in the latter category is the primary bronchopulmonary fibrosarcoma
      (PBPF). This clinicopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study
      documents our experience with five PBPFs in newborns and children up to 11 years
      of age at diagnosis. The tumors were either endobronchial or intraparenchymal in
      location. A uniform population of interlacing bundles and sheets of densely
      arranged spindle cells with variable mitotic activity was observed
      microscopically in each case. Ultrastructurally, the cells had the features of
      fibroblasts and vimentin was the only immunohistochemical marker identified.
      Despite the disturbing pathologic findings, the four children with more than 1
      year of follow-up have survived well 4 to 9 years after surgical resection. Our
      results are compared with the 21 cases of PBPF reported in the literature and the
      differential diagnosis is discussed.

PMID- 2651282
TI  - Dark cells of cystinosis: occurrence in renal allografts.
AB  - Twenty-four biopsies of renal allografts, generally cadaveric, from 20 patients
      with cystinosis were examined by light, polarization, phase contrast, and
      electron microscopy. The unusual dark cells previously reported in the native
      kidneys and livers of patients with cystinosis were observed in 12 of the 24
      biopsies. The cells were present in the interstitium in all of these 12 biopsies,
      in glomeruli in one biopsy, and in the tubular lumen in two biopsies. They were
      evident by light and electron microscopy in stained and unstained ultrathin
      sections, and could be discerned solely in Epon sections. The dark appearance
      resulted from the presence of dark, fine granular material in the cytoplasm and
      nucleus and in cytoplasmic inclusions. The cells were judged to be macrophages.
      They were present as early as 3 months following transplantation and bore no
      relationship to interstitial crystals or inflammation. The dark cells have two
      important implications: cystine storage may not be limited to lysosomes, and dark
      cells are a morphologic alternative to the traditional identifying configuration
      of cystine in tissues, namely crystals.

PMID- 2651283
TI  - Possible infection by Escherichia coli or Shigella sp in a surviving case of
      hemolytic uremic syndrome after bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2651284
TI  - Treatment of patients with inflammatory breast cancer.

PMID- 2651285
TI  - Role of chemotherapy in stage I breast cancer.

PMID- 2651286
TI  - Preservation of function in the treatment of cancer of the anus.

PMID- 2651287
TI  - Long-term tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer.

PMID- 2651288
TI  - Treatment of impotence in cancer patients.

PMID- 2651289
TI  - Gallium in the treatment of hypercalcemia and bone metastasis.

PMID- 2651290
TI  - Status of clinical trials with neutron irradiation.

PMID- 2651291
TI  - What are the major carcinogens in the etiology of human cancer? Environmental
      pollution, natural carcinogens, and the causes of human cancer: six errors.

PMID- 2651292
TI  - What are the major carcinogens in the etiology of human cancer? Industrial
      carcinogens.

PMID- 2651293
TI  - Does alcohol consumption influence the risk of developing breast cancer? Two
      views.

PMID- 2651294
TI  - Does alcohol consumption influence the risk of developing breast cancer? Two
      views.

PMID- 2651295
TI  - Oncogenes and the mitogenic signal pathway.

PMID- 2651296
TI  - Chromosomal deletions in lung cancer and renal cancer.

PMID- 2651297
TI  - Transgenic mice in cancer research.

PMID- 2651298
TI  - Antisense compounds: potential role in cancer therapy.

PMID- 2651299
TI  - [Indications for regional lymphadenectomy in skin melanomas: a problem still in
      debate. Personal experience and review of the literature].
AB  - The Authors discuss indications to the regional dissection on the basis of
      personal experience and data reported in the literature concluding for the lack
      of specific advantages for elective operations.

PMID- 2651300
TI  - Radiologic approach to choledochal cysts.
AB  - Choledochal cysts, being uncommon and having a nonspecific presentation, require
      a high index of suspicion for their diagnosis. In this series of 11 patients, the
      correct diagnosis was established in all using a combination of real-time
      ultrasound (US) scanning (9 positive) and endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography (ERCP; 10 positive). Real-time US is suitable as the
      initial imaging modality and ERCP is complementary.

PMID- 2651301
TI  - Ultrasound documentation of diaphragmatic rent in hepatic hydrothorax.
AB  - Two patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver with ascites were evaluated
      for the pathogenesis of right sided massive pleural effusion. The clinical course
      of events suggested a large communication between the peritoneal space and right
      pleural cavity. Real time ultrasonography revealed evidence of a tear in the
      right hemidiaphragm. The role of ultrasound in the documentation of cause of
      hydrothorax in chronic liver disease is highlighted.

PMID- 2651302
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy.

PMID- 2651303
TI  - Ultrasound guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of
      intraabdominal and retroperitoneal masses.
AB  - The diagnostic role of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (USG FNAB)
      was studied in 178 patients with clinically suspected intraabdominal and
      retroperitoneal masses (liver 81, gall bladder 47, pancreas 21, miscellaneous
      sites 29). A cytological diagnosis of neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesions was
      made in 125 patients, giving an overall accuracy of 70.0%. The cytological
      accuracy in hepatic lesions was 83.9% (68/81), in gall bladder lesions 72.3%
      (34/47), pancreas 76.1% (16/21) and miscellaneous sites 24.1% (7/29). USG FNAB
      provides a reliable morphologic diagnosis safely and rapidly. This may be
      especially helpful in patients with advanced unresectable intraabdominal
      malignancies, and may avoid diagnostic surgical intervention.

PMID- 2651304
TI  - Glycoproteins composed of major surface immunodeterminants of Pneumocystis
      carinii.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii is a pathogen which causes fatal pneumonia in patients with
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome. To facilitate the basic study of P. carinii,
      we analyzed the major surface proteins by immunochemical and biochemical methods.
      The major protein components of both cysts (resting form) and trophozoites
      (vegetative form) are part of a group of proteins called P115 with apparent
      masses of 105 to 120 kilodaltons. They represent an unusually large portion of
      the total proteins of this organism. The purified proteins exhibited six
      isoelectric variants when analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A
      monoclonal antibody raised against cysts recognized all six variants and reacted
      with epitopes that were located in the cell wall, thereby indicating that P115 is
      an immunoreactive surface component. Data are presented that the isoelectric
      variants contain identical or closely related protein components and that they
      are mannose-rich glycoproteins. Deglycosylated P115 migrates primarily as a
      single more acidic protein in two-dimensional gels, suggesting that the
      isoelectric variants may be due primarily to differences in glycosylation. The
      majority of sera tested from humans with diagnosed pneumocystosis reacted
      strongly with the P115 proteins.

PMID- 2651305
TI  - Cloning of regions required for contact hemolysis and entry into LLC-MK2 cells
      from Shigella sonnei form I plasmid: virF is a positive regulator gene for these
      phenotypes.
AB  - Two distinct regions required for both contact hemolysis and entry into LLC-MK2
      cells were cloned into Escherichia coli from the Shigella sonnei form I plasmid,
      pSS120. The first region was cloned into an E. coli HB101 strain containing
      noninvasive Tn1 insertion mutants of the form I plasmid, and expression of ipa
      (invasion plasmid antigen) gene products was restored. The plasmid carrying the
      first region was then transformed into E. coli lacking the form I plasmid, and
      additional DNA fragments from the form I plasmid were cloned into the same
      recipient on compatible vectors. Five of these double transformants were found to
      be positive for contact hemolysis activity. Restriction analysis of these five
      clones indicated that the previously reported ipa locus and the invA locus were
      present on the second plasmid region. Only the strains carrying both of these
      regions were active in contact hemolysis and cell invasion assays. Several
      proteins, including the a, b, c, and d proteins encoded by the ipa genes, were
      detected in the double transformants by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis with
      serum of a monkey convalescing from shigellosis. A positive regulator was
      suggested to exist in the first region, since the amounts of most of these
      proteins were simultaneously increased in the presence of this region. Subcloning
      and nucleotide sequencing indicated that this positive regulator gene was virF.
      Product analysis of the virF gene with minicells showed that two peptides (30 and
      21 kilodaltons) were synthesized and that at least the 30-kilodalton protein was
      essential for regulation of the ipa genes.

PMID- 2651306
TI  - Isolation and immunological characterization of a 55-kilodalton surface protein
      from Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Surface proteins of different Salmonella R mutants were labeled selectively by
      treating live bacteria with cycloheptaamylose-dansylchloride. The labeled
      proteins were extracted from the cells with 6 M urea and analyzed by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. From the urea extract a 55
      kilodalton protein common to numerous Salmonella strains could be isolated by ion
      exchange chromatography and gel filtration free of lipopolysaccharide.
      Immunization of rabbits with isolated protein led to the formation of specific
      antibodies. Such antiprotein antisera could be employed in Western blots for the
      specific identification of the 55-kilodalton protein in bacterial extracts
      containing mixtures of different Salmonella proteins. The importance of this
      antigen is emphasized by antisera against acetone-killed Salmonella bacteria,
      showing a preferential interaction with the 55-kilodalton protein in Western
      blots. Active immunization of mice with the 55-kilodalton protein afforded
      significant protection against experimental infection with S. typhimurium.

PMID- 2651307
TI  - Comparative analyses of proteins extracted by hot saline or released
      spontaneously into outer membrane blebs from field strains of Brucella ovis and
      Brucella melitensis.
AB  - Sheep infected with Brucella ovis produce antibody responses to the rough
      lipopolysaccharide and to proteins present in hot saline (HS) extracts of B. ovis
      (J. I. Riezu-Boj, I. Moriyon, J. M. Blasco, C. M. Marin, and R. Diaz, J. Clin.
      Microbiol. 23:938-942, 1986). The distribution and antigenic relatedness of
      proteins in HS extracts and in outer membrane blebs were established by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting for 41
      strains of B. ovis and 26 strains of Brucella melitensis of diverse geographic
      origin. Five major groups of proteins were identified in HS extracts of B. ovis
      that had been freed of rough lipopolysaccharide: proteins of 43 kilodaltons
      (kDa), group A (25.5 to 32.0 kDa), group B (21.5 to 22.5 kDa); group C (18.0 to
      19.5 kDa), and group D (13.0 to 15.5 kDa). Group A, B, C, and D proteins were
      also present in blebs. The profiles of proteins in HS extracts or blebs from
      strains of both Brucella species were very similar. Cross-reactions were
      demonstrated among HS extracts and blebs of all strains tested in immunoblots
      performed with an antiserum against the HS extract of a reference strain of B.
      ovis. Evidence was also provided of an antigenic relationship between group 3
      proteins of the outer membrane and some of the proteins in groups A, B, and C.
      The conservation of these antigens and their immunogenicity in infected animals
      provide promise that they may serve as components of an effective subcellular
      vaccine for ovine brucellosis.

PMID- 2651308
TI  - Fungus dose-dependent primary pulmonary aspergillosis in immunosuppressed mice.
AB  - We report on a model of primary pulmonary aspergillosis occurring after
      intranasal instillation of concentrated suspensions of conidia of Aspergillus
      fumigatus in immunocompromised mice. Unconcentrated suspensions of inoculum
      contained ca. 2 x 10(7) conidia per ml (1x). These suspensions were concentrated
      by centrifugation, adjusted to give ca. 2 x 10(8) (10x) or 2 x 10(9) (100x)
      conidia per ml, and delivered in 30-microliters droplets to the nares of
      anesthetized mice. Mice were untreated or injected with cortisone acetate (CA) or
      cyclophosphamide (CY) in various dosage regimens. It was not possible to obtain
      mortality of more than 50% with sublethal immunosuppressive treatment and 1x
      fungus. In contrast, mortality followed a fungus dose response in mice receiving
      sublethal immunosuppression with either CA or CY. Mortality rates of up to 100%
      were obtained with 100x fungus and a single dose of CY (200 mg/kg) or CA (250
      mg/kg) or three alternate doses (125 mg/kg per day) of CA prior to infection.
      This model is applicable to the study of acute, fatal primary pulmonary
      aspergillosis and chemotherapy trials.

PMID- 2651309
TI  - Saliva-mediated aggregation of Enterococcus faecalis transformed with a
      Streptococcus sanguis gene encoding the SSP-5 surface antigen.
AB  - The interaction of a high-molecular-weight salivary glycoprotein (agglutinin)
      with Streptococcus sanguis M5 leads to the formation of bacterial aggregates. We
      have previously shown that the SSP-5 surface antigen from S. sanguis M5 binds the
      salivary agglutinin and therefore may be involved in the aggregation process.
      Here we report the transformation of a nonaggregating Enterococcus faecalis
      strain with the SSP-5 gene and show that the protein is expressed on the cell
      surface and confers an aggregation-positive phenotype. E. faecalis S161
      protoplasts were transformed with pAM401 EB-5, a shuttle vector containing the S.
      sanguis SSP-5 gene, resulting in the isolation of E. faecalis S161EB-5. Crude
      cell extracts from this transformant and from S. sanguis M5 were analyzed by
      Western blotting. Extracts from S. sanguis M5 possessed peptides of 190 and 205
      kilodaltons that reacted strongly with polyclonal antibodies against the
      recombinant SSP-5 antigen. E. faecalis S161EB-5 contained only the 190-kilodalton
      immunoreactive protein, suggesting that the antigen may be processed differently
      in E. faecalis S161EB-5. The parent strain, E. faecalis S161, did not react with
      this antibody preparation. Immunogold labeling of intact E. faecalis S161EB-5 and
      S. sanguis M5 with anti-SSP-5 immunoglobulin G showed that both organisms
      expressed similar levels of the antigen. Both organisms formed visible aggregates
      upon incubation with salivary agglutinin. These results suggest that the SSP-5
      antigen may mediate both the binding of agglutinin to S. sanguis M5 and the
      subsequent formation of bacterial aggregates.

PMID- 2651310
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the plasminogen activator gene of Yersinia pestis:
      relationship to ompT of Escherichia coli and gene E of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the 1.4-kilobase DNA fragment
      containing the plasminogen activator gene (pla) of Yersinia pestis, which
      determines both plasminogen activator and coagulase activities of the species.
      The sequence revealed the presence of a 936-base-pair open reading frame that
      constitutes the pla gene. This reading frame encodes a 312-amino-acid protein of
      34.6 kilodaltons and containing a putative 20-amino-acid signal sequence. The
      presence of a single large open reading frame is consistent with our previous
      conclusion that the two Pla proteins which appear in the outer membrane of pla+
      Y. pestis are derived from a common precursor. The deduced amino acid sequence of
      Pla revealed that it possesses a high degree of homology to the products of gene
      E of Salmonella typhimurium and ompT of Escherichia coli but does not possess
      significant homology to other plasminogen activators of known sequence. We also
      identified a transcription unit that resides on the complimentary strand and
      overlaps the pla gene.

PMID- 2651311
TI  - Isolation of antigens with proteolytic activity from Coccidioides immitis.
AB  - Three antigens with proteolytic activity have been isolated from crude, water
      soluble fractions of the saprobic phase of the fungal pathogen Coccidioides
      immitis. Two proteinases, identified in our immunoelectrophoresis reference
      system as Ag11 and AgCS, were isolated from the soluble conidial wall fraction
      (SCWF). Ag11 was previously shown to be a serine proteinase and was characterized
      in this study as a 60-kilodalton (kDa) fraction by gel filtration (GF). The
      purified proteinase demonstrated little or no reactivity with 21 serum samples
      from coccidioidomycosis patients in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; this
      may be due to limited presentation of this antigen to the host during the course
      of coccidioidomycosis. AgCS was separated by GF chromatography into two fractions
      identified by molecular masses of 39 and 19 kDa. Most proteolytic activity was
      shown by substrate gel electrophoresis to be associated with the lower-molecular
      mass fraction. AgCS was reactive with 18 of the 21 serum samples and shown to be
      the major component of a heat-stable antigen previously reported to be
      immunospecific for C. immitis. The third antigen with proteolytic activity was
      isolated from the 5-day mycelial culture filtrate and identified by GF as a 56
      kDa fraction. Uniformly high levels of immunoreactivity between 18 of the 21
      patient sera and the 56-kDa antigen were demonstrated. Antigens with proteolytic
      activity may play important roles in fungus-host interactions as well as
      morphogenesis of the pathogen.

PMID- 2651312
TI  - Properties of the major antigens of rat and human Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - The major rat and human Pneumocystis carinii antigens were analyzed for their
      susceptibility to treatment with enzymes and other procedures by immunoblotting,
      immunofluorescence, and light microscopy. Carbohydrate residues were further
      analyzed by lectin-binding experiments. The 116-kilodalton (kDa) band of rat P.
      carinii was susceptible to proteolytic (e.g., trypsin) and glycolytic (e.g.,
      Zymolyase) treatments but not to a variety of other procedures (e.g., lipase).
      This moiety reacted strongly with concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin,
      indicating the presence of mannosyl or glucosyl and N-acetylglucosamine residues.
      Immunofluorescence staining and surface labeling suggested that the 116-kDa
      antigen was located on the P. carinii cell wall. The 45- and 50-kDa bands were as
      sensitive as the 116-kDa band to degradative treatments when studied after
      immobilization onto nitrocellulose but were more resistant to proteolytic enzymes
      when studied in situ on whole organisms. These moieties exhibited poor binding to
      lectins and reactivity by surface-labeling procedures. The 116-kDa band of human
      P. carinii appeared to be a glycoprotein with characteristics similar to those of
      its counterpart in rats, whereas the human P. carinii 40-kDa band exhibited
      protein and carbohydrate properties more closely related to those of the 45- and
      50-kDa rat-derived antigens. We conclude that P. carinii antigens are complex
      glycoproteins and that this information will be helpful in developing strategies
      for their isolation and purification and study of their function.

PMID- 2651313
TI  - Identification of non-immunoglobulin A-Fc-binding forms and low-molecular-weight
      secreted forms of the group B streptococcal beta antigen.
AB  - The beta antigen expressed on the surfaces of certain strains of group B
      streptococci has been reported to bind to the Fc region of human immunoglobulin A
      (IgA). In this study, we screened 100 isolates of group B streptococci for
      expression of both beta antigen and IgA-Fc-binding activity. We identified two
      isolates which expressed the beta antigen but could not bind human IgA Fc
      fragments and also observed variability in IgA-Fc-binding activity among other
      beta-antigen-expressing strains. Novel low-molecular-weight forms of beta antigen
      were secreted by four beta-antigen surface-negative isolates and included IgA-Fc
      binding (Mrs, 55,000 and 53,000) and non-IgA-Fc-binding (Mr, 38,000) molecules.
      These results suggest that the IgA-Fc-binding site represents a unique domain of
      the beta antigen. The 55,000- and 53,000-Mr forms of secreted beta antigen were
      functionally and antigenically representative of the size-heterogeneous (Mr, up
      to 145,000) beta-antigen molecules expressed by surface-positive strains. The
      cell surface-localized IgA-Fc-binding molecules could bind only human serum IgA
      efficiently; however, once solubilized, these molecules could bind both human
      serum and secretory IgAs.

PMID- 2651314
TI  - Conjunctival provocation test as a model for the study of allergy and
      inflammation in humans.
AB  - The clinical response after allergen challenge and immunologic mechanisms leading
      to tissue inflammation have been extensively studied in the skin, nose and lung
      of allergic subjects. The present paper reviews personal studies aimed at
      evaluating clinical, cellular and humoral events after administration of specific
      allergen to the eye. Specific conjunctival provocation tests performed in grass
      sensitive patients caused persisting inflammatory changes in conjunctival
      scrapings and tear fluid with a significant accumulation of different
      inflammatory cells depending on the time of observation (neutrophils, 20 min;
      eosinophils, 6 h; neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes, 12-24 h after
      provocation). Increasing the dose of allergen resulted in a dose-dependent
      increase in the number of inflammatory cells recruited. When high doses of
      allergen were used, the challenge not only induced late-phase histological
      changes, but also clinical symptoms 6-10 h after provocation. Several mediators
      of allergic inflammation, such as histamine, C3a des-Arg, leukotrienes B4 and C4,
      were also present and could be measured in tears after allergen challenge. Our
      studies represent the first evidence in humans that a late phase of allergic
      reaction occurs in the eye. They also suggest that the conjunctival provocation
      test may represent a model for the study of cells and mediators involved in the
      pathophysiology of allergic inflammation as well as of its pharmacologic
      modulation.

PMID- 2651315
TI  - Characterization of immunologically important antigens and allergens of
      Aspergillus fumigatus.
AB  - Using a variety of immunochemical methods, including quantitative immuno
      electrophoretic techniques, combined with gel filtration and iso-electric
      focusing, and production of monospecific antisera for identification and affinity
      purification, 4 major components of Aspergillus fumigatus have now been partially
      characterized. Numbering of these was derived from a reference allergic
      bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) self-crossed radio-immuno-electrophoresis
      pattern of reactivity. Two major intracellular/cytoplasmic, concanavalin A (Con
      A)-binding antigens, Ag 7 and Ag 13, of molecular weights 150-200 and 70
      kilodaltons (kD), respectively, were confirmed to be of importance for both ABPA
      and aspergilloma in specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A
      rapidly released component, Ag 5, of molecular weight 35 kD, proved both
      antigenic and allergenic, with aspergilloma patients having especially high-titre
      IgG antibodies. The major allergenic component Ag 3, of molecular weight 24 kD by
      gel filtration and 18 kD by SDS-PAGE was, like Ag 5, relatively heat-labile and
      non-Con-A-binding. Interestingly, T cell clones have been identified which
      respond primarily to an 18-kD fraction.

PMID- 2651316
TI  - Relationship between bacteria and IgE.
AB  - In this preliminary report, we describe our inability to induce IgE antibody to a
      well-characterized bacterial component, the membrane proteoglycan of Klebsiella
      pneumoniae and its major protein fraction FIII-B in BALB/c mice. In contrast, an
      immunomodulatory effect of membrane proteoglycan of K. pneumoniae on the IgE and
      IgG antibody responses to ovalbumin could be demonstrated.

PMID- 2651317
TI  - A multifunctional cytokine (IL-6/BSF-2) and its receptor.
AB  - Interleukin 6 (IL-6)/B cell stimulatory factor 2 is a multifunctional cytokine
      produced by both lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells. IL-6 regulates immune response,
      acute phase reaction, and hematopoiesis. It was found that IL-6 production by T
      cells is dependent on macrophages, and IL-6 is one of essential factors for
      pokeweed mitogen induced immunoglobulin production. Both high- and low-affinity
      IL-6 receptors were identified. The molecular cloning of IL-6 receptors
      demonstrated that this receptor is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
      The deregulated production of IL-6 is suggested to be involved in the
      pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and in the development of multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2651318
TI  - Involvement of tumour necrosis factor and other cytokines in immune-mediated
      vascular pathology.
AB  - Vascular endothelial cells are actively involved in coagulation and inflammation
      processes and appear to represent an important element in cell-mediated immune
      responses. In this paper, the possible role of endothelial cells as a target for
      immunopathological reactions was analyzed. Experimental neurovascular lesions
      were studied in a model of cerebral malaria, with particular attention to the
      role of cytokine interactions in vivo.

PMID- 2651319
TI  - Preferential differentiation of inflammatory cells by recombinant human
      interleukins.
AB  - The effects of recombinant human interleukins (IL) on hematopoiesis were explored
      by using suspension cultures of mononuclear cells of human umbilical cord blood
      and bone marrow cells. The results showed that IL-5 induced the selective
      differentiation and proliferation of eosinophils. After 3 weeks in culture with
      IL-5, over 90% of nonadherent cells in both bone marrow cell and cord blood cell
      cultures became eosinophilic myelocytes. Culture of the same cells with IL-4
      resulted in the selective growth of OKT-3+ lymphocytes. In suspension cultures of
      bone marrow cells and cord blood cells grown in the presence of IL-3, basophilic,
      eosinophilic, and neutrophilic myelocytes developed within 2 weeks. By 3 weeks,
      however, the majority of non-adherent cells became eosinophilic myelocytes. In
      contrast to mouse bone marrow cell cultures, neither IL-3 nor combination of IL-3
      and IL-4 induced the differentiation of mast cells in human bone marrow or cord
      blood cell cultures.

PMID- 2651320
TI  - Eosinophils and human disease.
AB  - The likely roles of the eosinophil leukocyte in human disease are reviewed. The
      eosinophil is richly endowed with toxic cationic proteins and is able to mount a
      respiratory burst. Thus, eosinophils have the capability to damage various
      targets, and evidence exists that they do so during helminth infections and
      during the course of many hypersensitivity diseases. Here we discuss the role of
      the eosinophil in human onchocerciasis with particular attention to the Mazzotti
      reaction. We also discuss other diseases where eosinophil degranulation is seen,
      especially cutaneous diseases. Finally, the possible role(s) of the granule major
      basic protein in human pregnancy is noted.

PMID- 2651321
TI  - Role of cytokines and platelet-activating factor in microvascular immune injury.
AB  - Inflammation is usually a tightly controlled process which confines tissue
      damage, prevents infection, and assists in cellular regeneration. However, if the
      inflammatory response becomes unregulated, this normally beneficial local event
      may escalate into a wider malignant activity, characterized by endothelial
      injury, excessive cell infiltration, and vascular leakage. Due to the ability of
      platelet-activating factor and tumor necrosis factor to elicit the release of
      each other, 'prime' cell responses, and influence the activity of other
      cytokines, we propose that these two mediators play a pivotal role in the
      formation of deleterious feedback cycles leading to the above endothelial damage
      which may underlie pathologies such as shock, sepsis, ischemia, and asthma.
      Platelet-activating factor antagonists such as BN 52021 inhibit the priming and
      other effects induced by platelet-activating factor and thus may be of
      therapeutic value in such conditions.

PMID- 2651322
TI  - Drug sensitivity in older adults: the role of physiologic and pharmacokinetic
      factors.
AB  - Age-related changes in physiology and pharmacokinetics (how drugs are used in the
      body) lead to increased drug sensitivity and potentially harmful drug effects.
      This report addresses the heightened sensitivity to drug effects seen in older
      adults. The first section of the report presents three examples of physiologic
      decline: a) decreased plasma protein binding affects drug distribution, b)
      declining liver function affects drug metabolism, and c) impaired kidney function
      delays drug elimination. The next section illustrates by example the risks
      associated with altered physiology: a) decline in plasma protein binding may
      result in an intensified effect of the drug Phenytoin, b) altered liver function
      increases the sedative effects of Diazepam, and c) declining kidney function
      results in accumulation of the drug Gentamicin, where toxic effects include
      kidney failure and deafness. The last section is a discussion of some broad
      considerations for geriatric pharmacology. Adverse drug reactions can largely be
      avoided by carefully weighing the needs and clinical status of older persons on
      an individual basis both prior to and throughout the course of a given drug
      therapy.

PMID- 2651323
TI  - Beta-2 microglobulin and biomaterials in hemodialyzers.

PMID- 2651324
TI  - Total artificial heart and assist devices as a bridge to transplantation.

PMID- 2651325
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a new high-flux cellulose acetate membrane.
AB  - One major goal of dialysis therapy has become the removal of beta 2-microglobulin
      (beta 2-m). The interdialytic elimination of beta 2-m was studied using a newly
      developed high-flux cellulose acetate (CA) membrane. The results show that high
      flux CA dialyzers offer better biocompatibility than classical Cuprophan or high
      flux Cuprophan devices, with regard to leukopenia, C3a desarg generation, and
      elastase release from polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. Compared to high-flux
      CA membranes, high-flux PMMA membranes induce less C3a desarg formation but
      comparable leukopenia. High-flux PMMA membranes, however cause greater leukocyte
      stimulation than CA as demonstrated by more PMN elastase release during
      hemodialysis. Using high-flux CA or high-flux PMMA membranes, serum beta 2-m
      levels decreased 32% during dialysis. Serum beta 2-m dropped 10% with high-flux
      Cuprophan membranes, but remained unchanged with conventional Cuprophan
      dialyzers. Sieving coefficients for beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) were
      virtually zero with classical Cuprophan and 0.66 with high-flux cellulose acetate
      membranes. High-flux membranes made of Cuprophan and PMMA gave coefficients of
      0.25 and 0.45, respectively. This indicates the high removal capacity of the new
      CA-membrane for substances with high molecular weight. This high-flux CA membrane
      thus appears to combine a good degree of biocompatibility with a high capacity
      for beta 2-m removal.

PMID- 2651326
TI  - The outflow tract of the heart--embryologic and morphologic correlations.
AB  - The separation process of the heart by which two great arteries and two outflow
      tracts are formed, was studied microscopically in 20 human embryos, ranging from
      6 to 28 mm crown-rump length and macroscopically in eight hearts, ranging from 28
      weeks of gestation to 80 years of age. The proximal (primary fold) and distal
      (ventriculo-arterial junction) borderlines of the outlet segment of the embryonic
      heart are important landmarks in this process. The remarkable, curved and twisted
      configuration of the ventriculo-arterial junction implies that the position of
      the arterial orifices, as well as the relative dimensions of the corresponding
      outflow tracts, are, already in a very early stage, similar to those in the fully
      developed heart. It furthermore implies that the separation by the aorto
      pulmonary septum starts at this level and immediately involves the outlet segment
      where the two columns of the aorto-pulmonary septum mobilize the myocardium to
      form the posterior wall of the right ventricular outflow tract, rather than a
      septum between both outflow tracts. These findings make the morphology of the
      outflow tract of the normal heart comprehensible from a developmental point of
      view and throw a new light upon the morphogenesis of outflow tract malformations.

PMID- 2651327
TI  - Long-term clinical results after vasodilator evaluation in patients with primary
      (unexplained) and secondary precapillary pulmonary hypertension: acute
      hemodynamic comparisons and long-term survival.
AB  - Acute hemodynamic and long-term clinical effects of 6 different vasodilators
      (oxygen, isoproterenol, isosorbide, phentolamine, diazoxide, and hydralazine)
      were evaluated in 16 consecutive patients with precapillary pulmonary
      hypertension. Acute symptomatic and quantitative hemodynamic responses to
      different vasodilators in different patients were nonuniform and unpredictable.
      For the whole patient group, cardiac outputs increased slightly after all drugs
      except oxygen. Mean pulmonary pressure decreased after oxygen and increased after
      isoproterenol. In general, the hemodynamic effects of vasodilators in primary and
      secondary precapillary pulmonary hypertension were similar. In 10 patients, an
      acute increase in cardiac output (4.4 to 5.4 l/min, P less than 0.005) was
      associated with a small but significant decrease in the mean pulmonary artery
      pressures (59 to 53 mm Hg, P less than 0.05) after one of the oral vasodilators,
      and continued treatment with this drug transiently decreased symptoms in 6 of
      these 10 patients. However, only 1 patient could be continued on treatment beyond
      5 months. Long-term survival was related to initial New York Heart Association
      Functional Class (P less than 0.02) and the initial cardiac output (r2 = 0.84, P
      less than 0.002). Patient stratification according to these variables may be
      useful in future clinical trials treating patients with precapillary pulmonary
      hypertension.

PMID- 2651328
TI  - Comparison of the anti-anginal efficacy of nicardipine and nifedipine in patients
      receiving atenolol: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study.
AB  - The effects of oral nicardipine (40 mg) and nifedipine (20 mg) in combination
      with atenolol (100 mg) were compared with those of placebo, oral nitroglycerin
      (0.4 mg) and atenolol alone (100 mg) in 17 patients with stable effort angina.
      Patients performed symptom-limited, multistage, upright bicycle ergometric
      exercises with computer-assisted ECG analysis in bipolar lead CM5. Nicardipine
      and nifedipine were given double blind and in randomized order. In comparison
      with placebo (4818 +/- 2021 kpm), patients exercised longer and with a greater
      work load with nitroglycerin (5748 +/- 1711 kpm, P less than 0.001), the
      combinations of atenolol and nifedipine (6120 +/- 2274 kpm, P less than 0.05),
      and atenolol and nicardipine (6671 +/- 2339 kpm, P less than 0.01), but not with
      atenolol alone (5305 +/- 1524 kpm, P = NS). The magnitude of ST-segment
      depression at peak exercise with placebo (3.22 +/- 1.72 mm) was dramatically
      reduced with nitroglycerin (1.39 +/- 1.87 mm) but less with atenolol alone (2.95
      +/- 1.83 mm, P less than 0.05) or the combinations of atenolol and nicardipine
      (3.05 +/- 1.51 mm, P = NS), and atenolol and nifedipine (2.45 +/- 1.25 mm, P less
      than 0.001). Compared to the combination of atenolol and nifedipine, that of
      atenolol and nicardipine produced a significantly (P less than 0.05) greater
      exercise tolerance (6671 +/- 2339 versus 6120 +/- 2274 kpm) but with a greater ST
      segment depression at peak exercise (3.05 +/- 1.51 versus 2.45 +/- 1.29 mm, P
      less than 0.01).

PMID- 2651329
TI  - The effect of the first dose of captopril on blood pressure in infants in heart
      failure.
AB  - In a double-blind controlled study, six infants with congestive heart failure
      were given captopril to observe the effect on blood pressure. There was a
      significant fall in systolic (P less than 0.02) and diastolic (P less than 0.01)
      blood pressure at 90 minutes after the first dose. There was no correlation with
      plasma renin activity or plasma sodium concentration. The need to monitor blood
      pressure after introduction of captopril therapy for the treatment of heart
      failure in infants is demonstrated.

PMID- 2651330
TI  - Congenital atresia of the orifice of the left coronary artery and its main stem.
AB  - A 13-year-old black male who died suddenly as a result of atresia of the left
      coronary ostium and left main coronary artery is presented. An association
      between this anomaly and supravalvar aortic stenosis is observed. The literature
      is reviewed and 14 similar cases are compared. Presentation of this anomaly is
      variable, as is survival and may be attributed to the development of an adequate
      collateral circulation.

PMID- 2651331
TI  - Efficacy and safety of enoxacin in the treatment of respiratory infections.
AB  - The present report concerns an open clinical trial aimed to investigate the
      efficacy and safety of enoxacin (Zami 8401), a new quinolone drug, in bacterial
      infections of the lower respiratory tract. A total of 30 hospital in patients, 25
      males and 5 females, of a mean age of 67 years (range 39-84 years), suffering
      from bronchopneumonia, or acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, were treated.
      Enoxacin was administered at the dose of 800 mg twice daily by the oral route. As
      a rule the patients received the drug for ten days. Efficacy was assessed on the
      basis of radiological, bacteriological and clinical changes. Tolerance was
      monitored by the daily recording of any sign or symptom possibly related with the
      drug as well as by laboratory tests performed before, during and after the
      treatment. Efficacy was excellent in 80%, good in 17%, poor in 3% of the
      patients. Tolerance was excellent in all except one patient. Enoxacin appears a
      very effective and safe drug in the treatment of the infections of the lower
      respiratory tract.

PMID- 2651332
TI  - A controlled multicentre therapeutic trial to determine the efficacy of a novel
      antacid (AI-Mg-hydroxy-carbonate) in duodenal ulcer.
AB  - Tisacid (a new, modern Hungarian AI-containing antacid) with a high acid
      neutralizing capacity (greater than 26.8 mmol/g) also enhances gastric mucosal
      defense mechanisms (prostaglandin-dependent gastroprotection). A simple-blind,
      prospective, randomized, parallel multicentre clinical trial has been performed
      on both the clinical efficacy and possible side-effects of Tisacid monotherapy
      (AI-Mg-hydroxy-carbonate) on informed patients suffering from active duodenal
      ulcers. The four study groups were as follows: Group A: 3 g/day of Tisacid (acid
      neutralizing capacity = 78 mmol, n = 85), Group B: 6 g/day of Tisacid (acid
      neutralizing capacity = 156 mmol, n = 88), Group C: 12 g/day of Tisacid (acid
      neutralizing capacity = 312 mmol, n = 68), Group D (as control): 1.0 g/day
      cimetidine (n = 91). The total number of patients was 332. It was found that the
      new Hungarian antacid compound (both tablet and suspension) can essentially
      accelerate the healing rate of duodenal ulcers; the cumulative healing rate of
      ulcers and the decrease of complaints can be achieved equally by relatively low
      doses of Tisacid monotherapy and cimetidine alone; and there were no essential
      differences between the clinical potency and side-effects of Tisacid tablets or
      the suspension.

PMID- 2651333
TI  - Blocking of lymphocyte surface binding sites for the soluble suppressor factor by
      protein-bound polysaccharide, PSK.
AB  - The ability of protein-bound polysaccharide (PSK) to block the suppressive
      activity of soluble suppressor factor (SSF) was investigated. The suppressive
      activity of SSF derived from U-937 cells on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced
      lymphocyte proliferative (LP) response was significantly reduced in the presence
      of PSK. The release of SSF was not inhibited by the treatment of U-937 cells with
      PSK. The suppressive activity of SSF on LP response to PHA was significantly
      decreased by the pretreatment of responder lymphocytes with PSK. Studies to
      determine lymphocyte receptor activity were performed. PSK competed with wheat
      germ agglutinin (WGA) which recognized the same receptor as SSF on the surface of
      the lymphocyte. Neither PSK nor serum competed with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody.
      Thus, PSK may inhibit SSF-mediated suppression by competing for specific binding
      sites on the surface of responder lymphocytes.

PMID- 2651334
TI  - Noninfectious causes of fever and a rash.

PMID- 2651335
TI  - Noninvasive bioengineering assessment of psoriasis.

PMID- 2651336
TI  - Evolution of the classification of leprosy.

PMID- 2651337
TI  - Erythema dyschromicum perstans.

PMID- 2651338
TI  - Filariasis. The scourge of India.

PMID- 2651339
TI  - The disease of Akhnaton.

PMID- 2651340
TI  - Cytogenetic and cytometric analyses in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine
      cervix.
AB  - Cytometric methods allow a division of tumors into a near-diploid and an
      aneuploid group. In most carcinomas, aneuploidy has been associated with poor
      prognosis, but as regards squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix, the
      results are conflicting. The introduction of flow cytometry, a reliable and rapid
      method for determination of ploidy level and S-phase rate, has resulted in a
      renewed interest in cytometric studies of cervical carcinomas. In this article,
      DNA content, S-phase rate, and tumor heterogeneity are reviewed, as well as
      correlations found between DNA patterns and stage, age, menopause,
      differentiation, malignancy grading systems, ABH blood group antigens, and
      prognosis. In summary, aneuploidy is more common in stages III and IV and
      correlates to aggressive histopathology, but because of a higher degree of
      radioresponsiveness, the biological differences between aneuploid and near
      diploid tumors are not consistently reflected in prognosis. High S-phase rates
      are correlated both to aggressive histopathology and impaired short-term
      prognosis.

PMID- 2651341
TI  - Proteolytic enzymes in excretory-secretory products from adult Nematospiroides
      dubius.
AB  - Excretory-secretory products (ES), collected from in vitro cultures of adult
      Nematospiroides dubius, were examined for proteolytic enzyme activity. ES enzymes
      had a pH optimum of 8.0 and their activity was sensitive to serine-proteinase
      inhibitors. Three SDS-resistant proteases were identified in ES at molecular
      weight (mol. wt) 200,000, 105,000 and 48,000 by incorporating substrates into the
      matrices of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
      gels.

PMID- 2651342
TI  - Similarities of Giardia antigens derived from human and animal sources.
AB  - A total of 37 Giardia stocks isolated from humans and 14 stocks derived from
      animal sources have been analysed for antigenic differences. Separation of the
      proteins of the stocks by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed no major
      differences among the stocks. Immunoblotting of these antigens demonstrated some
      minor differences which were not correlated with geographic location, allozyme
      type, virulence or any other distinguishing characteristic of the stocks.
      Immunofluorescence tests using monoclonal antibodies revealed some differences
      between stocks but the monoclonal antibodies did not significantly inhibit growth
      in inhibition assays.

PMID- 2651343
TI  - Peritoneal lavage after abdominal trauma: indications, technique, results.
AB  - This study represents our experience with 1461 patients who were seen in the
      Emergency Room of the University Hospital in Ghent with multiple traumatic
      lesions, between 1978 and 1982. In 43% of these polytraumata, we did an
      explorative peritoneal lavage in order to obtain a quick evaluation of
      intrabdominal haemorrhage. In 65% of the patients, the lavage was negative; 221
      positive lavages (35%) underwent abdominal exploration; in 85% of these there
      were evident positive findings. The remaining 15% showed either no lesions, or
      minor lesions not involving risk of life. The overall accuracy-rate of the
      technique described above is at least 93%.

PMID- 2651344
TI  - Small bowel obstruction and its management.
AB  - We present a retrospective analysis of 105 instances of small bowel obstruction
      (SBO) in 80 patients admitted to our hospital over a ten year period. Adhesions
      accounted for 73% of the cases and secondary involvement by malignancy for 13%.
      Appendectomy, colorectal and other pelvic procedures were the most frequent
      surgical antecedents responsible for the adhesions. In the 86% of cases with a
      temperature over 100 degrees F there was significant morbidity, mortality and/or
      strangulation, and this sign also foretold a prolonged hospital stay.
      Leukocytosis, when present along with abdominal tenderness also predicted a
      prolonged hospital stay. Strangulation occurred in 4.7% of the instances and was
      accompanied by at least one of the "classical symptoms". Fourty-five percent of
      the instances were successfully managed by conservative measures alone, whereas
      55% had had surgical treatment. The mean hospital stay for all cases was 15.3
      days. The morbidity rate for this series was 21% with a mortality of 3.8%. The
      largest single cause of death was related to malignant disease (three of four
      cases). When post-operative adhesions were the etiology, the hospital stay was
      8.5 +/- 1.3 days for those treated with conservative measures compared with 16.5
      +/- 1.8 days for those in whom a surgical procedure was performed (p less than
      0.0001). This latter group also has a higher morbidity (32% compared to 5% for
      the non-operative group).

PMID- 2651345
TI  - Antro-ethmosphenoidectomy.
AB  - A technique of antro-ethmosphenoidectomy has evolved over the last 50 years to
      provide a thorough, yet safe method of treating chronic, recurrent advanced
      pansinusitis. The trans-antral approach to the ethmoid labyrinth and sphenoid
      sinuses was first described before the turn of this century. A brief
      chronological history is reviewed in order to understand the development and then
      the abandonment of this surgery for over twenty years. This was followed by a
      renewed interest in the procedure conforming to the modern concepts of nasal
      physiology and rhinologic surgery. Because of the wide visual surgical exposure,
      the antro-ethmosphenoidectomy approach is most ideally adapted to pituitary,
      skull base and orbital decompression procedures.

PMID- 2651346
TI  - Treatment of haemorrhoids at the Moscow Research Institute of Proctology.
AB  - The article sums up experience acquired with the treatment of more than 4,000
      patients with haemorrhoids at the Research Institute of Proctology (Moscow). The
      pattern that emerges is that only about 30% of patients with haemorrhoids should
      be subjected to radical haemorrhoidectomy. Others can be cured on conservative
      lines, including sclerosing injections. Two modifications of haemorrhoidectomy
      are described which have been developed at the Research Institute of Proctology
      (Moscow). Long-term results of haemorrhoidectomy have been examined in nearly
      1,500 patients. In the post-operative period of five and more years, 3.78% of
      patients had recurrences.

PMID- 2651347
TI  - European malaria policy in the 1920s and 1930s. The epidemiology of minutiae.

PMID- 2651348
TI  - Tetanus immunity in kibbutz women.
AB  - The clinic records of 1,009 women, aged greater than or equal to 28, who
      comprised the entire cohort of the six kibbutzim studied, were reviewed
      concerning basic tetanus immunization and booster injections. Immunization was
      incomplete in 6.5% of women aged 28 to 39 years (the youngest age-group), 13.7%
      in those aged 40 to 49, 55% in the 50 to 59 year age-group, and 68.2% in those
      aged greater than or equal to 60. There were no significant differences between
      the age-groups regarding the number of booster doses given. Blood samples drawn
      at random from 120 of the women whose records were surveyed (30 from each age
      group) showed that all had a protective titer of antibody to tetanus toxin as
      determined by the passive hemagglutination method: 15 of them (12.5%) had never
      received basic immunization or a booster dose. Whatever the method chosen for
      determining immunity--chart review or antibody titer--the level of protection was
      lower in the older age-groups. The implications of this finding for future
      immunization programs, and the possibility that there may be widespread, acquired
      natural immunity to tetanus in rural communities, are discussed.

PMID- 2651349
TI  - Algorithm for the delineation and treatment of vasculogenic impotence. A review.

PMID- 2651350
TI  - Granulocytic macrophage colony stimulating factor restores in vitro growth of
      granulocyte-macrophage bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors in dyskeratosis
      congenita.
AB  - In vitro 14-day cultures of bone marrow from a patient with dyskeratosis
      congenita showed virtually no growth of colonies. The addition of recombinant
      granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) promoted a significant
      increase in the number of GM colonies (CFU-GM). Interleukin 3 also increased GM
      colony formation but to a lesser extent. GM-CSF may have a therapeutic
      implication for pancytopenia in dyskeratosis congenita.

PMID- 2651351
TI  - The origin of the golden hamster as a laboratory animal.
AB  - The introduction of the golden hamster as a laboratory animal was initiated by
      Prof. Saul Adler F.R.S., who sought a laboratory animal susceptible to infection
      with Leishmania. His friend and colleague Prof. Israel Aharoni succeeded in
      collecting a family of hamsters in Syria, with the aid of a hunter by the name of
      Georgius. The animals were brought to Jerusalem and were bred by Mr. Haim Ben
      Menahem, Director of the Hebrew University Animal House. All the hamsters in the
      laboratory are the descendants of this family.

PMID- 2651352
TI  - Leishmaniasis after Adler.

PMID- 2651353
TI  - Laser angioplasty: a review.
AB  - Laser angioplasty enables the removal of atheromatous material from arterial
      plaques, and may reduce the rate of restenosis, which is the main problem with
      balloon angioplasty. Extensive experimental work seems to indicate that pulse
      mode lasers (such as excimer) are more suitable than continuous-mode lasers,
      while the wavelength may be of less importance for plaque removal. However,
      optical fibers capable of transmitting the laser radiation are available for only
      certain laser wavelengths, and their absence may presently limit the use of some
      potentially effective lasers (such as CO2 and excimer). Catheter systems are
      crucial for clinical application; they provide efficient laser-fiber coupling,
      protect the distal tip and improve the efficiency and accuracy of laser emission.
      The coupling of balloon and laser angioplasty, and the "hot tip" thermal laser
      angioplasty have extended the potential use of laser angioplasty. Clinical
      application in the peripheral arteries, and experimental coronary human laser
      angioplasty studies, are described.

PMID- 2651354
TI  - Platelets as inflammatory cells.

PMID- 2651355
TI  - Long-term effects of training in relaxation and stress-coping in patients with
      migraine: a 3-year follow-up.
AB  - Research on the short-term effects of psychological interventions in migraine
      indicates improvement rates of 50 percent. Yet long-term follow-ups are scarce:
      the studies extending to three years provide evidence for the maintenance of
      effects, but these studies evaluate the benefits of rather complex psychological
      treatments and the samples include other types of headache. We compared the
      effects of single-method psychological interventions upon migraine. The study
      reports results obtained from 24 patients three years after completion of
      relaxation training, which is a psychophysiological regimen, and stress-coping
      training, which is a cognitive-behavioral regimen. Results for the complete
      sample, excluding data biased by confounding factors, provide clear evidence of
      the preservation of effects in migraine. Relaxation training (RT) and stress
      coping training (SCT) were equally effective and both groups exhibited little
      medication consumption since completion of training. Among the secondary effects,
      SCT was found to improve assertiveness and active problem solving, and to
      decrease depressive reaction. The study yielded two predictor variables--little
      external stress for relaxation training, and high self motivation for stress
      coping training--that accounted for more than 50 percent of the effect variance
      in the respective groups. Although more research is needed to substantiate our
      findings, the results suggest that, thus far, there is little reason to favor
      multimodal training or more complex psychological treatments over single-method
      psychological interventions in migraine. Also, our results do not support the
      assumed superiority of cognitive-behavioral treatment over psychophysiological
      treatment. Research on factors predicting long-term effects of psychological
      interventions in migraine may profit from considering separate variables on skill
      rehearsal and skill employment (instead of employing a global measure of home
      practice), and from a measure for post-training external stress.

PMID- 2651356
TI  - Two studies of the potential mechanisms of action in the thermal biofeedback
      treatment of vascular headache.
AB  - Sixty vascular headache sufferers who underwent a standard protocol treatment of
      progressive relaxation and thermal biofeedback with autogenic training were
      studied for changes in hand temperature (the targeted response) and heart rate (a
      non-targeted response) to determine how such physiological change relates to
      reduction in headache activity. Overall, regardless of degree of improvement,
      subjects showed a significant, positive change over time in their ability to
      increase hand temperature. It was also found that inability to handwarm at
      session one of thermal biofeedback training was predictive of treatment success,
      as was the ability to achieve a fingertip temperature of at least 96.0 degrees F
      at any point in thermal biofeedback training. In addition, it was found that
      migraine headache sufferers who were treatment successes had significantly
      lowered their heart rates from pre- to post-treatment assessment.

PMID- 2651357
TI  - Laser output characteristics.
AB  - Certain aspects of laser radiation play an important role in laser safety. After
      a short description of basic laser principles, the unique characteristics of
      laser light are explained in a phenomenological manner. The enormously wide range
      of laser output parameters is demonstrated and correlated to typical medical
      laser applications. Temporal and spatial modes of laser operation are explained
      in greater detail because of their importance in laser safety.

PMID- 2651358
TI  - Laser radiation tissue interaction.
AB  - Mechanisms of interaction between laser radiation and biological tissue are
      reviewed. Scattering and absorption determine the penetration of radiation into
      tissue; the heterogeneity of tissues prevents exact model calculations of in
      depth energy deposition. The high irradiances, achievable with pulsed lasers, can
      induce nonlinear absorption, optical breakdown and plasma formation in tissues.
      Heat conduction and heat convection as well as the build-up and propagation of
      pressure transients damage tissue outside of the absorbing volume. The
      limitations to the validity of the first-order rate processes as a description
      for thermal tissue coagulation and the possibilities for novel photochemistry are
      discussed.

PMID- 2651359
TI  - Structural aspects of laser-induced damage and their functional implications.
AB  - The mechanisms of laser damage to the retina are described and observations from
      laboratory studies are correlated with those from clinical exposure of patients.
      The sight-threatening consequences of laser lesions are listed, and the further
      implications of haemorrhages at various levels and locations in the retina are
      reported. This multifaceted and extensive database is used in developing a system
      for scoring the sight-threatening potential of a given type of laser lesion in a
      given retinal location.

PMID- 2651360
TI  - Retinal damage from intense visible light.
AB  - Studies of laboratory animal retinal exposure to green monochromatic laser
      radiation show an increasing stability of tissue with increasing pulse duration
      up to 10(-1) s. This mechanism of biological response of the eye to light damage
      is fundamental to living systems. It does not manifest itself in animals under
      deep anesthesia. A mathematical model has been developed which permits one to
      predict the dependence of threshold injury of visible monochromatic radiation.
      The model is based on the assumption that the entropy of the reaction of thermal
      tissue denaturation decreases with increasing pulse duration. This may be used to
      refine safety standards for personnel working with lasers and to optimize the
      parameters of lasers used in ophthalmic surgery.

PMID- 2651361
TI  - Visual functional changes associated with low-level light effects.
AB  - Development of more sensitive human clinical visual function tests is required
      for early detection of both acute and chronic laser exposure effects. Detection
      of low-level laser light exposure depends upon the measure of visual function
      employed. Visual function measures may reflect physiological processes at the
      retina as well as those at higher visual cortical centers. This paper focuses on
      the complexity of these measures through review of various experimental
      investigations using a variety of different measures to correlate retinal and
      functional alteration.

PMID- 2651362
TI  - Ultraviolet-induced photochemical damage in ocular tissues.
AB  - Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) lasers may result in pathology to either the cornea,
      lens or retina of the primate eye. The particular combination of exposure
      parameters (wavelength, peak power, pulsewidth, pulse repetition rate, and total
      energy delivered) determines the primary target tissue(s) in each instance. The
      effect may be acute or chronic, and the implicated damage mechanism may be
      categorized as photochemical, photoablative or thermal. This paper summarizes a
      number of specific cases where UV laser radiation affected one or more of the
      ocular tissues, describes the nature of the pathologies, and indicates what is
      known about the damage mechanism in each case. Ranges of exposure parameters
      where each ocular tissue is the most sensitive are defined. The cornea is most
      sensitive via a photochemical damge mechanism in the 260- to 280-nm range, where
      the threshold dose is approximately 5 mJ cm-2. For near-UV wavelengths (320-400
      nm), different target molecules absorb the radiation and are susceptible to less
      efficient photochemical damage mechanism yielding corneal thresholds in the range
      of 10-100 J cm-2. However, we report acute cataract induction following exposure
      to a 337-nm nitrogen laser at 1 J cm-2 when the energy is delivered in a 10-ns
      pulse. Further, with longer pulsewidths (approximately 1 s) of comparable
      wavelength, retinal lesions were induced when 0.28 J was delivered to the eye.
      The data suggest that the acute lens effect is the result of a thermal mechanism,
      whereas the UV-induced retinal lesions result from a photochemical insult to the
      photoreceptors. Data presented include the action spectra for far- and near-UV
      induced ocular damage, the pulsewidth and total energy dependencies of ocular
      thresholds, cumulative effects of repeated exposures, and repair or recovery
      rates.

PMID- 2651363
TI  - New biological phenomena associated with laser radiation.
AB  - Low-energy laser irradiation produces significant bioeffects. These effects are
      manifested in biochemical, physiological and proliferative phenomena in various
      enzymes, cells, tissues, organs and organisms. Examples are given of the effect
      of He-Ne laser irradiation in preventing the post-traumatic degeneration of
      peripheral nerves and the postponement of degeneration of the central nervous
      system. The damage produced by similar radiant exposures to the corneal
      epithelium and endothelium is also described. It is suggested that the mechanism
      of laser/tissue interaction at these low levels of radiant exposure is
      photochemical in nature, explaining most of the characteristics of these effects.
      These low-energy laser bioeffects are of importance on a basic scientific level,
      from a laser safety aspect and as a medical therapeutic modality.

PMID- 2651364
TI  - Photobiology of low-power laser effects.
AB  - Quantitative studies have been performed to determine the action of low-intensity
      visible monochromatic light on various cells (E. coli, yeasts, HeLa, Chinese
      hamster fibroblasts and human lymphocytes); also irradiation conditions
      (wavelength, dose and intensity) conducive to vital activity stimulation have
      been examined. Respiratory chain components are discussed as primary
      photoacceptors. The possible ways for photosignal transduction and amplification
      are discussed. It is proposed that enhanced wound healing due to irradiation with
      low-intensity visible laser light (He-Cd, He-Ne and semiconductor lasers) is due
      to the increasing proliferation of cells.

PMID- 2651365
TI  - Radio-microwave interactions with biological materials.
AB  - There are a variety of ways in which a microwave field can affect a biological
      system. The best understood are those associated with heating, which, in turn,
      lead to changes in chemical reaction rates and current flows. At high levels,
      forces associated with the field gradients have been observed, as well as
      nonlinearities, including the destruction of membranes. At low levels, we discuss
      the possibility of quantum effects and some limits set by noise.

PMID- 2651366
TI  - Damage criteria for determining microwave exposure.
AB  - Current knowledge of health effects which may be attributed to non-ionizing
      radiation (NIR) is reviewed. The feasibility of using medical surveillance to
      monitor both occupational and public health is considered.

PMID- 2651367
TI  - The use of intravenous gamma-globulin for prevention of sepsis in pre-term
      infants. A controlled clinical trial.
AB  - This paper reports a randomized clinical trial to study the effect of an
      intravenous gamma-globulin preparation to prevent sepsis in pre-term newborn
      infants. 80 infants were enrolled: 37 of birthweight less than or equal to 1500 g
      and 43 of birthweight 1501-2000 g. In each group 20 infants received an
      intravenous preparation of gamma-globulin (0.5 g/kg/wk); the remaining 17 and 20,
      respectively, served as control cases. No significant differences in the
      occurrence of sepsis were observed between the group receiving prophylactively
      intravenous gamma-globulin and the control group. This is particularly evident in
      infants under intensive care (35% of the total population): in this group 2/3 of
      sepsis occurred in infants who received IgG. Among the infants with sepsis, the
      presence of an umbilical artery catheterization represented a significant risk
      factor. The post-dose increment of serum IgG did not differ significantly in
      infants with and without sepsis; the post-dose serum disappearance rate in
      concentration appears identical in the two groups.

PMID- 2651368
TI  - Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki syndrome) mimicking a suppurative
      parapharyngeal space infection. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A six-year-old girl presented with fever, trismus and a very tender, enlarged
      submandibular mass. CT-scanning showed a right parapharyngeal mass and enlarged
      cervical nodes in the posterior triangle. Surgical exploration of the area failed
      to reveal an abscess. Subsequently the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of
      Kawasaki syndrome were met. This unusual presentation is compared with previously
      reported cases in the literature.

PMID- 2651369
TI  - [Madelung's lipomatosis of the neck--a sonographic diagnosis?].
AB  - A case of Madelung's disease of the neck is reported. Ultrasound enabled the
      tumour to be differentiated from a lymphoma at an early stage of diagnosis.
      Ultrasound examination led to the diagnosis, and computer tomography was used to
      confirm it.

PMID- 2651370
TI  - Introduction to magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important diagnostic tool with a
      wide variety of clinical applications. This article provides a qualitative
      description of physical principles of MRI fundamental to an appreciation of the
      capabilities and limitations of this complex technology. The same physical
      principles are used to explain the appearance of the images and the ability of
      MRI to provide spectroscopic data. Contrast agents, types of MRI equipment, and
      the safety of MRI in carrying out patient population goals are discussed. This
      article provides background knowledge for two subsequent articles which cover
      clinical application of MRI in greater detail.

PMID- 2651371
TI  - Anthrax.

PMID- 2651372
TI  - Intramammary antibiotic treatment at the end of lactation for prophylaxis and
      treatment of intramammary infections in ewes.
AB  - Ewes treated by intramammary infusion of cephapirin benzathine at the end of
      lactation were less likely to develop new intramammary infections by early in the
      next lactation. A controlled clinical trial involving 135 treated ewes and 145
      untreated control ewes evaluated the prophylactic and treatment efficacy of
      intramammary antibiotic treatment of ewes at the time of weaning lambs. Milk
      samples for bacteriologic examination and identification of intramammary
      infections were collected at weaning of lambs and 1 to 3 weeks into the
      subsequent lactation. Untreated ewes were 2.6 times more likely than treated ewes
      to develop new intramammary infections between sampling times. Existence of an
      intramammary infection in one mammary gland significantly increased the risk of
      the other mammary gland becoming infected. Treatment also appeared to be
      associated with a higher cure rate of existing infections.

PMID- 2651373
TI  - Repair of pectus excavatum by percutaneous suturing and temporary external
      coaptation in a kitten.
AB  - Severe pectus excavatum sternal deformity in a 3-month-old kitten was repaired by
      use of percutaneous circumcostal and circumsternal sutures to coapt the sternal
      deformity to an external splint made from thermoplastic material. One year after
      treatment, the kitten remained free of clinical signs of the disease or
      complications from the repair. The technique represents a conservative method of
      repair of pectus excavatum deformities in immature animals.

PMID- 2651374
TI  - A simplified method for purification of an antitumor acidic glycoprotein from
      Streptococcus pyogenes (Su strain) by immunoadsorbent chromatography.
AB  - A simplified method for purification of an antitumor acidic glycoprotein (SAGP)
      from Streptococcus pyogenes (Su strain) by immunoaffinity chromatography is
      described. A cell-free crude extract prepared from the cocci was applied to the
      anti-SAGP IgG coupled Sepharose column, and elution was conducted with an
      alkaline buffer. The material eluted was confirmed to be homogeneous and
      identical with SAGP as demonstrated by both relative mobility on the SDS
      polyacrylamide gel column and the antigenicity on the double diffusion agar
      plate. The cell-growth inhibitory activity of SAGP prepared by the present method
      was almost the same as that of SAGP purified by the previous time-consuming
      method. Since this simplified method provides a higher yield of SAGP, it will be
      useful in further studies on the biological properties of SAGP.

PMID- 2651375
TI  - An improved ELISA method for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The applicability of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection
      of salmonellas in foodstuffs was investigated. Several factors affecting the
      sensitivity of the ELISA, such as the type of protein used for plate post
      coating, the method of antibody labelling, and accelerators for antigen-antibody
      and enzyme-substrate reactions, were studied. Labelling of the antibody with
      horseradish peroxidase and the use of o-phenylenediamine as substrate in the
      detection system were demonstrated to be most suitable for the enzyme assay.
      Based on these findings, an improved ELISA method was developed for the detection
      of Salmonella typhimurium. The improved technique was able to detect as few as 5
      x 10(4)-10(5) cell/ml of salmonellas, and about 24 h were required to enrich the
      bacteria in food samples and to perform the test. With some modifications, the
      ELISA assay could reach a very high level of sensitivity and provide excellent
      reproducibility.

PMID- 2651376
TI  - Interaction effects in multielement designs: inevitable, desirable, and
      ignorable.
AB  - A single-subject design often used to compare the effectiveness of two or more
      independent variables (like treatment programs) is the multielement (alternating
      treatments or simultaneous treatments) design. Variants of this design
      approximate the concurrent comparison of the effects of two or more variables (or
      levels of variables) by programming the variables (or levels) in rapid
      alternation, typically across or within daily sessions. Properly combined with
      conventional reversal designs, these designs can also display a variety of
      interaction effects, some of them worrisome, others highly desirable for the
      future development of the field. A worrisome model is the possibility that when
      Treatment B alternates rapidly with Treatment C, the effects of each will not be
      the same as when each is the only treatment used. A desirable model is the use of
      the multielement design as a fast-paced component of an otherwise conventional
      reversal design examining contextual control of some relationship; the
      possibility that some behavior responds differently to Controlling Variables A
      and B in Context X than in Context Y. This second possibility opens single
      subject designs to the more efficient examination of all interactive effects and
      is highly desirable, considering the prevalence and importance of interactions in
      determining the limits and the generality of currently understood behavioral
      phenomena.

PMID- 2651377
TI  - The clinical evaluation of antibacterial drugs.

PMID- 2651378
TI  - The effect of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin on bone marrow engraftment in the
      spleen of mice.
AB  - In order to investigate the in-vivo effect of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin on
      bone marrow engraftment in mice, irradiated mice were transplanted with bone
      marrow graft (5 x 10(5) cells/mouse) obtained from syngeneic mice. Three groups
      of mice (30 mice in each) received a bone marrow graft incubated for 1 h with
      ciprofloxacin at concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 50 mg/l. Six additional groups (30
      mice in each) were treated twice daily after transplantation with intra
      peritoneal injections of ciprofloxacin in dosages of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/24 h or
      pefloxacin in dosages of 10 and 100 mg/kg/24 h. Evaluation of bone marrow
      engraftment was performed in animals injected with I125 Iodo-deoxyuridine (0.5 mu
      Ci/mouse) by radioactive counting of the entire spleen and also by counting
      visible colonies on the spleen surface. The results of this study demonstrate a
      statistically significant depression of bone marrow graft uptake (P less than
      0.05, student t-test) in mice treated twice daily with ciprofloxacin in dosage of
      100 mg/kg/24 h, a concentration far beyond the therapeutic range.

PMID- 2651379
TI  - Clindamycin treatment of falciparum malaria in Brazil.
AB  - Oral treatment with clindamycin (5 mg/kg twice a day, for five consecutive days)
      was studied in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Acre, Brazil, an
      area with multiresistant Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitaemia ranged between 12
      and 79560/microliters of blood admission. Thirty-five out of 44 patients admitted
      to the study could be followed up for 28 days. Only two patients showed
      parasitaemia six days after admission, and no asexual parasites were observed by
      day seven. Twenty-eight days after admission all patients were cured. Of the nine
      patients withdrawn from the study, five were lost during follow up and four
      needed different treatment (quinine 15 mg/kg twice a day, for ten days) because
      clinical symptoms did not improve within 60 h after admission. These patients had
      experienced their first attack by P. falciparum. In individual cases oral
      clindamycin can be used as an alternative treatment in semi-immune patients with
      uncomplicated falciparum malaria from an area where multiresistant parasites
      frequently occur. However, because of the slow response in all cases described
      here, and the risk of development of resistance if clindamycin is used alone it
      cannot be recommended as monotherapy in non-immune patients.

PMID- 2651380
TI  - Plasmid-mediated ceftazidime resistance.

PMID- 2651381
TI  - Cytokines increase rat lung antioxidant enzymes during exposure to hyperoxia.
AB  - Pretreatment with the combination of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin (TNF/C) and
      interleukin 1 (IL-1) increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH),
      glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in lungs of rats continuously exposed to
      hyperoxia for 72 h, a time when all untreated rats had already died. Pretreatment
      with TNF/C and IL-1 also increased, albeit slightly, lung G6PDH and GR activities
      of rats exposed to hyperoxia for 4 or 16 h. By comparison, no differences
      occurred in lung antioxidant enzyme activities of TNF/C and IL-1- or saline
      pretreated rats exposed to hyperoxia for 36 or 52 h; the latter is a time just
      before untreated rats began to succumb during exposure to hyperoxia. The results
      raise the possibility that TNF/C and IL-1 treatment can increase lung antioxidant
      enzyme activities and that increased lung antioxidant enzymes may contribute to
      the increased survival of TNF/C and IL-1-pretreated rats in hyperoxia for greater
      than 72 h.

PMID- 2651382
TI  - Reflex effect of esophageal distension on respiratory muscle activity and
      pressure.
AB  - The electrical activity of the respiratory skeletal muscles is altered in
      response to reflexes originating in the gastrointestinal tract. The present study
      evaluated the reflex effects of esophageal distension (ED) on the distribution of
      motor activity to both inspiratory and expiratory muscles of the rib cage and
      abdomen and the resultant changes in thoracic and abdominal pressure during
      breathing. Studies were performed in 21 anesthetized spontaneously breathing
      dogs. ED was produced by inflating a balloon in the distal esophagus. ED
      decreased the activity of the costal and crural diaphragm and external
      intercostals and abolished all preexisting electrical activity in the expiratory
      muscles of the abdominal wall. On the other hand, ED increased the activity of
      the parasternal intercostals and expiratory muscles located in the rib cage
      (i.e., triangularis sterni and internal intercostal). All effects of ED were
      graded, with increasing distension exerting greater effects, and were eliminated
      by vagotomy. The effect of increases in chemical drive and lung inflation reflex
      activity on the response to ED was examined by performing ED while animals
      breathed either 6.5% CO2 or against graded levels of positive end-expiratory
      pressure (PEEP), respectively. Changes in respiratory muscle electrical activity
      induced by ED were similar (during 6.5% CO2 and PEEP) to those observed under
      control conditions. We conclude that activation of mechanoreceptors in the
      esophagus reflexly alters the distribution of motor activity to the respiratory
      muscles, inhibiting the muscles surrounding the abdominal cavity and augmenting
      the parasternals and expiratory muscles of the chest wall.

PMID- 2651383
TI  - Effects of elastase-induced emphysema on airway responsiveness to methacholine in
      rats.
AB  - We examined the effects of elastase-induced emphysema on lung volumes, pulmonary
      mechanics, and airway responses to inhaled methacholine (MCh) of nine male Brown
      Norway rats. Measurements were made before and weekly for 4 wk after elastase in
      five rats. In four rats measurements were made before and at 3 wk after elastase;
      in these same animals the effects of changes in end-expiratory lung volume on the
      airway responses to MCh were evaluated before and after elastase. Airway
      responses were determined from peak pulmonary resistance (RL) calculated after 30
      s aerosolizations of saline and doubling concentrations of MCh from 1 to 64
      mg/ml. Porcine pancreatic elastase (1 IU/g) was administered intratracheally.
      Before elastase RL rose from 0.20 +/- 0.02 cmH2O.ml-1.s (mean +/- SE; n = 9) to
      0.57 +/- 0.06 after MCh (64 mg/ml). A plateau was observed in the concentration
      response curve. Static compliance and the maximum increase in RL (delta RL64)
      were significantly correlated (r = 0.799, P less than 0.01). Three weeks after
      elastase the maximal airway response to MCh was enhanced and no plateau was
      observed; delta RL64 was 0.78 +/- 0.07 cmH2O.ml-1.s, significantly higher than
      control delta RL64 (0.36 +/- 0.7, P less than 0.05). Before elastase, increase of
      end-expiratory lung volume to functional residual capacity + 1.56 ml (+/- 0.08
      ml) significantly reduced RL at 64 mg MCh/ml from 0.62 +/- 0.05 cmH2O.ml-1.s to
      0.50 +/- 0.03, P less than 0.05.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651384
TI  - Pulmonary vascular resistance after cessation of positive end-expiratory
      pressure.
AB  - This report describes the pulmonary vascular response of infant lamb lung to
      abrupt cessation of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during volume
      regulated continuous positive-pressure breathing (CPPB). In an intact,
      endobronchially ventilated preparation, the increase in left lung blood flow (QL)
      after abrupt cessation of 11 Torr left lung PEEP was found to be gradual,
      although peak airway pressure (Pmax) fell promptly from 36 to 14 Torr; 49% of the
      increase in QL occurred greater than 10 s after cessation of PEEP. Recruitment of
      zone I vasculature that had been created by balloon occlusion of the left
      pulmonary artery was found to occur promptly after balloon deflation. Isolated
      neonatal lamb lungs, perfused at constant flow rate, showed similar persistent
      elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance after cessation of 15 Torr PEEP,
      although Pmax fell abruptly from 39 to 12 Torr. This hysteresis was eliminated by
      calcium channel blockade with verapamil, and the magnitude of the change in
      pulmonary arterial pressure after either application or cessation of PEEP was
      reduced (25 and 26%, respectively). These observations suggest that, during CPPB,
      lung stretch alters neonatal pulmonary vascular tone or, by causing calcium
      channel-dependent lung volume hysteresis, modulates pulmonary vascular
      resistance. This interaction exaggerates the effect of airway pressure changes on
      pulmonary vascular resistance during mechanical ventilation.

PMID- 2651385
TI  - Effect of training on the dose-response relationship for insulin action in men.
AB  - Seven endurance-trained subjects [maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) 64 +/- 1 (SE)
      ml.min-1.kg-1] were subjected to three sequential hyperinsulinemic euglycemic
      clamps 15 h after having performed their last training session (T). Results were
      compared with findings in seven untrained subjects (VO2max 44 +/- 2 ml.min-1.kg
      1) studied both at rest (UT) and after 60 min of bicycle exercise at 150 W (UT
      ex). In T and UT-ex compared with UT, sensitivity for insulin-mediated whole-body
      glucose uptake was higher [insulin concentrations eliciting half-maximal glucose
      uptake being 44 +/- 2 (T) and 43 +/- 4 (UT-ex) vs. 52 +/- 3 microU/ml (UT), P
      less than 0.05] and responsiveness was higher [13.4 +/- 1.2 (T) and 10.9 +/- 0.7
      (UT-ex) vs. 9.5 +/- 0.7 mg.min-1.kg-1 (UT), P less than 0.05]. Furthermore,
      responsiveness was higher (P less than 0.05) in T than in UT-ex. Insulin
      stimulated O2 uptake and maximal glucose oxidation rate were higher in T than in
      UT and UT-ex. Insulin-stimulated conversion or glucose to glycogen and muscle
      glycogen synthase was higher in T than in UT and UT-ex. However, glycogen storage
      in vastus lateralis muscle was found only in UT-ex. No change in any
      glucoregulatory hormone or metabolite could explain the increased insulin action
      in trained subjects. It is concluded that physical training induces an adaptive
      increase in insulin responsiveness of whole-body glucose uptake, which does not
      reflect increased glycogen deposition in muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651386
TI  - Muscle glycogen storage postexercise: effect of mode of carbohydrate
      administration.
AB  - The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether gastric emptying
      limits the rate of muscle glycogen storage during the initial 4 h after exercise
      when a carbohydrate supplement is provided. A secondary purpose was to determine
      whether liquid (L) and solid (S) carbohydrate (CHO) feedings result in different
      rates of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. Eight subjects cycled for 2 h on
      three separate occasions to deplete their muscle glycogen stores. After each
      exercise bout they received 3 g CHO/kg body wt in L (50% glucose polymer) or S
      (rice/banana cake) form or by intravenous infusion (I; 20% sterile glucose). The
      L and S supplements were divided into two equal doses and administered
      immediately after and 120 min after exercise, whereas the I supplement was
      administered continuously during the first 235 min of the 240-min recovery
      period. Blood samples were drawn from an antecubital vein before exercise, during
      exercise, and throughout recovery. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus
      lateralis immediately after and 120 and 240 min after exercise. Blood glucose and
      insulin declined during exercise and increased significantly above preexercise
      levels during recovery in all treatments. The increase in blood glucose during
      the I treatment, however, was three times greater than during the L or S
      treatments. The average insulin response of the L treatment (61.7 +/- 4.9
      microU/ml) was significantly greater than that of the S treatment (47.5 +/- 4.2
      microU/ml) but not that of the I (55.3 +/- 4.5 microU/ml) treatment.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651387
TI  - Role of venoconstriction in thromboxane-induced pulmonary hypertension and edema
      in lambs.
AB  - We evaluated the dose response to a stable thromboxane (Tx) A2 analogue (sTxA2;
      0.3-30 micrograms) in the pulmonary circulation and its effect on the
      distribution of pressure gradients determined by the occlusion technique in
      isolated nonblood perfused newborn lamb lungs. The total pulmonary pressure
      gradient (delta Pt) was partitioned into pressure drops across the relatively
      indistensible arteries and veins (delta Pv) and relatively compliant vessels. We
      also evaluated the effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and a Tx receptor antagonist
      (ONO 3708) on the sTxA2-induced pulmonary responses. Injection of sTxA2 caused a
      dose-related increase in the pulmonary arterial pressure, with the primary
      component of the increase in delta Pt (4.1 +/- 0.8 to 13.9 +/- 0.4 Torr) at 30
      micrograms derived from the prominent rise in delta Pv (1.8 +/- 0.3 to 9.8 +/-
      0.9 Torr). Infusion of PGI2 (0.4 microgram.kg-1.min-1) reduced the response to
      sTxA2 mainly by attenuating the delta Pv elevation. Infusion of ONO 3708 (100
      micrograms.kg-1.min-1) completely abolished the sTxA2-induced pulmonary
      hypertension. Injection of sTxA2 resulted in pulmonary edema characterized by a
      significant increase in wet-to-dry lung weight ratio (9.13 +/- 0.35 vs. 7.15 +/-
      0.41 in control lungs). The sTxA2-induced pulmonary edema was increased by PGI2
      and inhibited by ONO 3708. We conclude that thromboxane-induced pulmonary
      hypertension is primarily produced by venoconstriction and prostacyclin may
      worsen the edema induced by thromboxane.

PMID- 2651388
TI  - Effects of lung volume, volume history, and methacholine on lung tissue viscance.
AB  - We examined the effects of lung volume change and volume history on lung
      resistance (RL) and its components before and during induced constriction. Eleven
      subjects, including three current and four former asthmatics, were studied. RL,
      airway resistance (Raw), and, by subtraction, tissue viscance (Vtis) were
      measured at different lung volumes before and after a deep inhalation and were
      repeated after methacholine (MCh) aerosols up to maximal levels of constriction.
      Vtis, which average 9% of RL at base line, was unchanged by MCh and was not
      changed after deep inhalation but increased directly with lung volume. MCh
      aerosols induced constriction by increasing Raw, which was reversed by deep
      inhalation in inverse proportion to responsiveness. such that the more responsive
      subjects reversed less after a deep breath. Responsiveness correlated directly
      with the degree of maximal constriction, as more responsive subjects constricted
      to a greater degree. These results indicate that in humans Vtis comprises a small
      fraction of overall RL, which is clearly volume-dependent but unchanged by MCh
      induced constriction and unrelated to the degree of responsiveness of the
      subject.

PMID- 2651389
TI  - Effects of reactive oxygen species on prostacyclin production in perinatal rat
      lung cells.
AB  - A differentiation-arrested primary cell culture model was used to examine the
      role of reactive oxygen species in the control of prostacyclin (PGI2) production
      in the perinatal rat lung. Coincubation of the lung cells with arachidonic acid
      (AA) and xanthine (X, 0.25 mM) plus xanthine oxidase (XO, 10 mU/ml) or with AA
      and glucose (25 mM) plus glucose oxidase (25 mU/ml) augmented the AA-induced PGI2
      output. Superoxide dismutase (10 U/ml) did not alter the X + XO effect, whereas
      catalase (10 U/ml) eliminated both X + XO and glucose plus glucose oxidase
      effects. H2O2 (1-200 microM) showed a dose-related biphasic augmentation with
      peak stimulation at 20 microM. Catalase again blocked this effect, but
      dimethylthiourea, a hydroxyl radical scavenger, did not. A 20-min pretreatment of
      the cells with X + XO, glucose plus glucose oxidase, or H2O2, however, diminished
      the capacity of the cells to convert exogenous AA to PGI2. This pretreatment
      effect was also blocked by catalase. The responses were similar in lung cells
      obtained from day 20 rat fetuses (term = 22 days) and 1-day-old newborn rats.
      Lactate dehydrogenase release was not detected during treatment periods but
      increased significantly after exposure to reactive oxygen species.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651390
TI  - Operation Everest II: plasma lipid and hormonal responses during a simulated
      ascent of Mt. Everest.
AB  - To examine the effect of hypobaric hypoxia on plasma lipid profiles, fasting
      blood samples were collected from six men (21-31 yr) at 760 Torr and periodically
      during a 40-day exposure to decreasing barometric pressure culminating in a final
      ambient pressure of 282 Torr. Preascent plasma total cholesterol concentration
      ([TC]) was decreased by 25% after the 40-day exposure (P less than 0.01). High
      density lipoprotein concentrations ([HDL-C]) decreased 32% (P less than 0.001)
      with no alteration in the TC-to-HDL-C weight ratio. Plasma triglyceride
      concentration increased twofold during this period (P less than 0.01). There were
      no significant differences in fasting plasma free fatty acid concentrations or
      free fatty acid-to-albumin molar ratio throughout the study. Fasting plasma
      insulin levels were increased approximately twofold with no significant changes
      in glucagon concentration or the insulin-to-glucagon molar ratio. Plasma
      norepinephrine concentrations were increased threefold on reaching 282 Torr (P
      less than 0.01), with no significant changes in plasma epinephrine
      concentrations. Mean energy intake (kcal/day) decreased 42%, whereas mean body
      weights decreased by 8.9 +/- 0.8% (P less than 0.01) with exposure. Increased
      concentrations of insulin may lead to increased hepatic production of
      triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, thus eliciting metabolic changes independent of
      weight loss and dietary intake.

PMID- 2651391
TI  - Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds--an update.
AB  - In a review presented at the first FAO/WHO/UNEP Conference on Mycotoxins in 1977,
      the occurrence of aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, citrinin,
      trichothecenes, patulin, penicillic acid, and the ergot alkaloids was indicated
      to be significant in naturally contaminated foods and feeds. The information
      presented on aflatoxin contamination greatly exceeded that for all other
      mycotoxins combined. This study reviews the worldwide levels and occurrence of
      mycotoxins in various commodities since 1976. Comparatively few countries have
      lowered the acceptable levels for aflatoxins in susceptible commodities. However,
      intensified efforts are needed to establish control of aflatoxin levels in the
      global food supply, particularly in peanuts, tree nuts, corn, and animal feeds.
      Extensive deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of grains, especially wheat, was
      demonstrated. Co-contamination of grains by Fusarium toxins, especially DON and
      nivalenol, with zearalenone to a lesser extent, was reported. However, more
      information on co-occurrence of Fusarium toxins in cereals should be developed.
      When contamination of feeds by ochratoxin A was significant, this toxin occurred
      in swine kidney and smoked meats in high levels. On the basis of occurrence
      and/or toxicity, patulin and penicillic acid contamination of foods does not
      appear to be of real concern. More recent developments suggest, however, that
      expanded monitoring studies of Alternaria toxins, moniliformin, citrinin,
      cyclopiazonic acid, penitrem A, and ergot alkaloids are indicated.

PMID- 2651392
TI  - Microbiological determination of neomycin in feeds: collaborative study.
AB  - A modification of the AOAC microbiological determination of neomycin in feeds was
      collaboratively studied by 12 laboratories. The official method was modified by
      substituting a constant salt concentration diluent for the feed extract diluent,
      preparing the agar medium in tris buffer, and performing the test with a
      monolayer plating system. Each laboratory performed single assays on 8 samples in
      a randomized sequence. The samples included duplicates of a cattle and swine feed
      at 2 different marketed concentrations. The mean recovery across all laboratories
      was 110.7% of theory with a range of means of 69.4-128.6 across the 12
      laboratories. The results of one laboratory and 2 additional values from
      different laboratories were deemed outliers and excluded from statistical
      analysis. The statistical analysis gave a confidence interval of +/- 26% for
      individual assays.

PMID- 2651393
TI  - Fluorescent enzyme immunoassay for rapid screening of Salmonella in foods:
      collaborative study.
AB  - A collaborative study was performed in 13 laboratories to validate an enzyme
      immunoassay (EIA) procedure for rapid detection of Salmonella in foods. The EIA
      was compared with the standard culture procedure for detection of Salmonella in 6
      food types: ground black pepper, soy flour, dried whole eggs, milk chocolate,
      nonfat dry milk, and raw deboned turkey. Uninoculated and inoculated samples were
      included in each food group analyzed. There was no significant difference in the
      proportion of samples positive by the EIA and culture procedures at the 5% level
      for any of the 6 foods. The enzyme immunoassay screening method has been adopted
      official first action as a rapid screening method for detection of Salmonella.

PMID- 2651394
TI  - Simultaneous determination of alachlor, metolachlor, atrazine, and simazine in
      water and soil by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - A multiresidue method was developed for the simultaneous determination of low
      parts per billion (ppb) concentrations of the herbicides alachlor, metolachlor,
      atrazine, and simazine in water and soil using isotope dilution gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Known amounts of 15N,13C-alachlor and
      2H5-atrazine were added to each sample as internal standards. The samples were
      then prepared by a solid phase extraction with no further cleanup. A high
      resolution GC/low resolution MS system with data acquisition in selected ion
      monitoring mode was used to quantitate herbicides in the extract. The limit of
      detection was 0.05 ppb for water and 0.5 ppb for soil. Accuracy greater than 80%
      and precision better than 4% was demonstrated with spiked samples.

PMID- 2651395
TI  - Bacteriophage T4 genetic homologies with bacteria and eucaryotes.

PMID- 2651396
TI  - Identification of polypeptides encoded by cloned pJM1 iron uptake DNA isolated
      from Vibrio anguillarum 775.
AB  - The XhoI fragment containing much of the iron uptake region of plasmid pJM1 was
      isolated from Vibrio anguillarum 775 and cloned into plasmid pBR322. Plasmid
      encoded polypeptides were examined in maxicells of Escherichia coli, and
      transposon mutagenesis was used to map insertion mutations in the structural DNA
      encoding the OM2 polypeptide. Tn1000 insertions that mapped within OM2 and
      blocked maxicell expression of OM2 resulted in the loss of ferric iron
      anguibactin receptor function when plasmids containing OM2:: Tn1000 insertions
      were introduced into V. anguillarum cells. Two iron-regulated polypeptides were
      identified in maxicell polypeptide profiles of E. coli SS201. A 20,000-dalton
      polypeptide was expressed in maxicells of SS201 grown under conditions of iron
      limitation but was barely detectable in profiles of SS201 cells that were grown
      under high-iron conditions. DNA encoding the 20,000-dalton polypeptide mapped
      downstream of and adjacent to the gene encoding OM2. DNA sequences required for
      production of a 46,000-dalton polypeptide mapped 4.5 kilobases downstream of the
      OM2 structural gene. The 46,000-dalton polypeptide was synthesized at high levels
      in E. coli SS201 maxicells grown under high-iron conditions, but synthesis of the
      protein was severely repressed under conditions of iron limitation. Iron
      regulated expression of both proteins in maxicells of SS201 was relieved upon
      deletion of a 4.9-kilobase SalI-XhoI fragment of pJM1 DNA, which indicated that
      pJM1 DNA sequences present in the deleted fragment are required for regulated
      expression of both proteins in E. coli. Maxicells of SS201 harboring these
      deletion derivatives synthesized the 20,000-dalton polypeptide at very low
      constitutive levels and the 46,000-dalton polypeptide at high constitutive
      levels, regardless of the iron concentration of the growth medium. The observed
      regulation of the 20,000-dalton protein suggested that it might play a role
      either in siderophore biosynthesis or in the functional expression of OM2. The
      opposite regulatory pattern observed for the 46,000-dalton polypeptide suggested
      that it does not play a structural role in siderophore or OM2 biosynthesis, but
      the observed regulatory pattern might be expected if the 46,000-dalton protein
      played a negative regulatory role in siderophore biosynthesis.

PMID- 2651397
TI  - Analysis of mutational alterations in the hydrophilic segment of the maltose
      binding protein signal peptide.
AB  - Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was employed to investigate the role of the
      hydrophilic segment of the Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein (MBP) signal
      peptide in the protein export process. The three basic residues residing at the
      amino terminus of the signal peptide were systematically substituted with neutral
      or acidic residues, decreasing the net charge in a stepwise fashion from +3 to 
      3. It was found that a net positive charge was not absolutely required for MBP
      export to the periplasm. However, export was most rapid and efficient when the
      signal peptide retained at least a single basic residue and a net charge of +1.
      The nature of the adjacent hydrophobic core helped to determine the effect of
      charge changes in the hydrophilic segment on MBP export, which suggested that
      these two regions of the signal peptide do not have totally distinct functions.
      Although the stepwise decrease in net charge of the signal peptide also resulted
      in a progressive decrease in the level of MBP synthesis, the data do not readily
      support a model in which MBP synthesis and export are obligately coupled events.
      The export defect resulting from alterations in the hydrophilic segment was
      partially suppressed in strains harboring certain prl alleles but not in strains
      harboring prlA alleles that are highly efficient suppressors of signal sequence
      mutations that alter the hydrophobic core.

PMID- 2651398
TI  - Cellular defects caused by deletion of the Escherichia coli dnaK gene indicate
      roles for heat shock protein in normal metabolism.
AB  - DnaK is a major heat shock protein of Escherichia coli and has been previously
      reported to be essential for growth at high temperatures. We systematically
      investigated the role of DnaK in cellular metabolism at a wide range of growth
      temperatures by analyzing cellular defects caused by deletion of the dnaK gene
      (delta dnaK52). At intermediate temperatures (30 degrees C), introduction of the
      delta dnaK52 allele into wild-type cells caused severe defects in cell division,
      slow growth, and poor viability of the cells. delta dnaK52 mutants were
      genetically unstable at 30 degrees C and frequently acquired secondary mutations.
      At high (42 degrees C) and low (11 and 16 degrees C) temperatures the delta
      dnaK52 allele could only be introduced into the subpopulation of wild-type cells
      that had duplicated the dnaK region of their chromosome. delta dnaK52 mutants
      isolated at 30 degrees C were cold sensitive as well as temperature sensitive for
      growth. Cell division defects of delta dnaK52 mutants at 30 degrees C were
      largely suppressed by overproduction of the FtsZ protein, which is normally
      required for septation during cell division; however, slow growth and poor
      viability at 30 degrees C and cold sensitivity and temperature sensitivity of
      growth were not suppressed, indicating that delta dnaK52 mutants had additional
      defective cellular functions besides cell division.

PMID- 2651399
TI  - Control of the ccd operon in plasmid F.
AB  - The F sex factor plasmid of Escherichia coli contains a pair of genes, ccdA and
      ccdB, whose protein gene products are involved in an unusual feature of plasmid
      maintenance. The CcdB protein is a cytotoxin that becomes activated when the F
      plasmid is lost, thereby killing the F- segregant cells. In F+ cells, the CcdA
      protein protects against the lethal effects of CcdB. In the present study we show
      that ccdA and ccdB expressions are negatively autoregulated at the level of
      transcription. Genetic studies showed that repression required at least ccdB;
      ccdA alone was without effect, and ccdB alone was not examined because it is
      lethal. Ccd-operator complexes were purified and contained a mixture of both CcdA
      and CcdB proteins; however, we could not conclude from our results whether CcdA
      was necessary for DNA binding or autorepression. By using restriction fragments
      of the promoter-operator region, we obtained results indicating that at least two
      DNA-binding sites existed for the Ccd protein(s). Subsequent footprinting of the
      binding sites showed protection over about a 113-base-pair region encompassing
      the putative promoter-operator and the beginning of the ccdA gene.

PMID- 2651400
TI  - New recA mutations that dissociate the various RecA protein activities in
      Escherichia coli provide evidence for an additional role for RecA protein in UV
      mutagenesis.
AB  - To isolate strains with new recA mutations that differentially affect RecA
      protein functions, we mutagenized in vitro the recA gene carried by plasmid mini
      F and then introduced the mini-F-recA plasmid into a delta recA host that was
      lysogenic for prophage phi 80 and carried a lac duplication. By scoring prophage
      induction and recombination of the lac duplication, we isolated new recA
      mutations. A strain carrying mutation recA1734 (Arg-243 changed to Leu) was found
      to be deficient in phi 80 induction but proficient in recombination. The mutation
      rendered the host not mutable by UV, even in a lexA(Def) background. Yet, the
      recA1734 host became mutable upon introduction of a plasmid encoding UmuD*, the
      active carboxyl-terminal fragment of UmuD. Although the recA1734 mutation permits
      cleavage of lambda and LexA repressors, it renders the host deficient in the
      cleavage of phi 80 repressor and UmuD protein. Another strain carrying mutation
      recA1730 (Ser-117 changed to Phe) was found to be proficient in phi 80 induction
      but deficient in recombination. The recombination defect conferred by the
      mutation was partly alleviated in a cell devoid of LexA repressor, suggesting
      that, when amplified, RecA1730 protein is active in recombination. Since LexA
      protein was poorly cleaved in the recA1730 strain while phage lambda was induced,
      we conclude that RecA1730 protein cannot specifically mediate LexA protein
      cleavage. Our results show that the recA1734 and recA1730 mutations
      differentially affect cleavage of various substrates. The recA1730 mutation
      prevented UV mutagenesis, even upon introduction into the host of a plasmid
      encoding UmuD* and was dominant over recA+. With respect to other RecA functions,
      recA1730 was recessive to recA+. This demonstrates that RecA protein has an
      additional role in mutagenesis beside mediating the cleavage of LexA and UmuD
      proteins.

PMID- 2651401
TI  - Localization and assembly into the Escherichia coli envelope of a protein
      required for entry of colicin A.
AB  - Mutations in tolQ, previously designated fii, render cells tolerant to high
      concentrations of colicin A. In addition, a short deletion in the amino-terminal
      region of colicin A (amino acid residues 16 to 29) prevents its lethal action,
      although this protein can still bind the receptor and forms channels in planar
      lipid bilayers in vitro. These defects in translocation across the outer membrane
      in the tolQ cells or the colicin A mutant cannot be bypassed by osmotic shock.
      The TolQ protein, which is constitutively expressed at a low level, was studied
      in recombinant plasmid constructs allowing the expression of various TolQ fusion
      proteins under the control of the inducible caa promoter. The TolQ protein was
      thus "tagged" with an epitope from the colicin A protein for which a monoclonal
      antibody is available. A fusion protein containing the entire TolQ protein plus
      the 30 N-terminal residues of colicin A was shown to complement the tolQ
      mutation. Pulse-chase labeling followed by gradient fractionation indicated that
      the bulk of the overproduced fusion protein was rapidly incorporated into the
      inner membrane, with small amounts localized to regions corresponding to the
      attachment sites between inner and outer membranes and to the outer membrane
      itself. However, most of the protein was rapidly degraded, leaving only that
      localized to the attachment sites and the outer membrane remaining at very late
      times of chase.

PMID- 2651402
TI  - The ssb gene of plasmid ColIb-P9.
AB  - The IncI1 plasmid ColIb-P9 was found to carry a single-stranded DNA-binding (SSB)
      protein gene (ssb) that maps about 11 kilobase pairs from the origin of transfer
      in the region transferred early during bacterial conjugation. The cloned gene was
      able to suppress the UV and temperature sensitivity of an ssb-1 strain of
      Escherichia coli K-12. The nucleotide sequence of the ColIb ssb gene was
      determined, giving a predicted molecular weight of 19,110 for the SSB protein.
      Sequence data show that ColIb ssb is very similar to the ssb gene on plasmid F,
      which is also known to map in the leader region. High-level expression of ssb on
      ColIb required derepression of the transfer (tra) genes and the activity of the
      positive regulatory system controlling these genes, suggesting that the SSB
      protein contributes to the conjugative processing of DNA. A mutant of ColIbdrd-1
      carrying a Tn903-derived insertion in ssb was constructed, but it was unaffected
      in the ability to generate plasmid transconjugants and it was maintained
      apparently stably in donor cells both following mating and during vegetative
      growth. Hence, no biological role of ColIb SSB protein was detected. However,
      unlike the parental plasmid, such ColIb ssb mutants conferred a marked Psi+
      (plasmid-mediated SOS inhibition) phenotype on recA441 and recA730 strains,
      implying a functional relationship between SSB and Psi proteins.

PMID- 2651403
TI  - Spontaneous and UV-induced mutations in Escherichia coli K-12 strains with
      altered or absent DNA polymerase I.
AB  - The induction of mutations to valine resistance and to rifampin resistance occurs
      after UV irradiation in bacteria carrying a deletion through the polA gene (delta
      polA), showing that DNA polymerase I (PolI) is not an essential enzyme for this
      process. The PolI deletion strain showed a 7- to 10-fold-higher spontaneous
      mutation frequency than the wild type. The presence in the deletion strain of the
      5'----3' exonuclease fragment on an F' episome caused an additional 10-fold
      increase in spontaneous mutation frequency, resulting in mutation frequencies on
      the order of 50- to 100-fold greater than wild type. The mutator effect
      associated with the 5'----3' exonuclease gene fragment together with much of the
      effect attributable to the polA deletion was blocked in bacteria carrying a umuC
      mutation. The mutator activity therefore appears to reflect constitutive SOS
      induction. Excision-proficient polA deletion strains exhibited increased
      sensitivity to the lethal effect of UV light which was only partially ameliorated
      by the presence of polA+ on an F' episome. The UV-induced mutation rate to
      rifampin resistance was marginally lower in delta polA bacteria than in bacteria
      carrying the polA+ allele. This effect is unlikely to be caused by the existence
      of a PolI-dependent mutagenic pathway and is probably an indirect effect caused
      by an alteration in the pattern of excision repair, since it did not occur in
      excision-deficient (uvrA) bacteria. An excision-deficient polA deletion strain
      possessed UV sensitivity similar to that of an isogenic strain carrying polA+ on
      an F' episome, showing that none of the functions of PolI are needed for
      postreplication repair in the absence of excision repair. Our data provide no
      evidence for a pathway of UV mutagenesis dependent on PolI, although it remains
      an open question whether PolI is able to participate when it is present.

PMID- 2651404
TI  - Novel transcriptional control of the pyruvate formate-lyase gene: upstream
      regulatory sequences and multiple promoters regulate anaerobic expression.
AB  - The sequence of the 5' regulatory region of the gene encoding pyruvate formate
      lyase is presented together with a detailed analysis of the transcriptional
      signals required for its expression. The sequence data revealed that a gene
      coding for an open reading frame (orf) of unknown function is situated just
      upstream of the pfl gene. Analysis of RNA transcripts by Northern blot
      hybridization demonstrated that the genes for orf and pfl were cotranscribed as
      an operon but that the pfl gene was also transcribed alone. S1 nuclease
      protection analysis, primer extension, and construction of lacZ fusions with
      sequential deletions in the pfl 5' regulatory sequence revealed that
      transcription initiated from at least six promoters which spanned 1.2 kilobases
      of DNA. Three of these lay within the orf structural gene and were responsible
      for the high expression of pfl. All transcripts originating from these promoters
      terminated in the 3' untranslated region of the pfl gene at a strong rho
      independent transcription terminator. All of the promoters were coordinately
      regulated by anaerobiosis, pyruvate, nitrate, and the fnr gene product, and the
      sequences thought to be responsible for this regulation lay 0.8 to 1.3 kilobases
      upstream of the translational initiation codon of the pfl gene. There were two
      sequences within this region which showed strong homology with that proposed to
      be required for recognition by the Fnr protein.

PMID- 2651405
TI  - Overexpression of N antitermination proteins of bacteriophages lambda, 21, and
      P22: loss of N protein specificity.
AB  - The N protein of bacteriophage lambda (N lambda) modifies Escherichia coli RNA
      polymerase in such a way that it transcribes through termination signals, a
      process called antitermination. N antitermination normally occurs only if the
      template contains a specific utilization or nut site upstream of the terminators
      and only in the presence of host-encoded Nus proteins. The lambda-related phages
      21 and P22 produce N analogs, N21 and N22, but these require different nut sites
      and show a different pattern of functional interaction with one of the Nus
      factors, NusA, according to whether this protein is of E. coli or Salmonella
      origin (NusAEc or NusASal). We report the overproduction of N lambda, N21, or
      N22, each of which was induced by isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside at 37
      degrees C from its cloned position downstream from ptac on a high-expression
      plasmid, each in a host that provided NusAEc or NusASal. Overproduction of each
      of these N proteins resulted in relaxed specificity for nut, which was shown by
      the ability to complement N mutants of heterologous phages; NusA specificity was
      determined by the N type that was present in these complementation tests. We also
      observed that excess N was able to suppress transcriptional polarity in the
      particular case of cloned 'trpA, the last gene of the tryptophan operon, although
      there was no effect on polarity within chromosomal trpE. Such polarity is
      attributed to the presence of cryptic intragenic terminators that become exposed
      in the absence of translation. Because there is no known nut site cis to 'trpA,
      we suggest that the 'trpA segment itself fortuitously contains a nut sequence
      that is able to function with excess N of any of the types tested and with either
      NusAEc or NusASal. We also found that excess N of any specificity, or even
      inactive N with missense mutation, could cause an increase in the level of NusAEc
      or NusASal, possibly because interaction between N and NusA, but independent of
      nut, whether functional or not, interferes with the autoregulation of NusA
      synthesis. These observations highlight the importance of protein concentration
      for the specificity of interactions both with other proteins and with nucleic
      acids. They also indicate that the interaction between N and NusA requires nut
      participation both for specificity and functionality.

PMID- 2651406
TI  - Genetic separation of Escherichia coli recA functions for SOS mutagenesis and
      repressor cleavage.
AB  - Evidence is presented that recA functions which promote the SOS functions of
      mutagenesis, LexA protein proteolysis, and lambda cI repressor proteolysis are
      each genetically separable from the others. This separation was observed in
      recombination-proficient recA mutants and rec+ (F' recA56) heterodiploids.
      recA430, recA433, and recA435 mutants and recA+ (F' recA56) heterodiploids were
      inducible for only one or two of the three functions and defective for
      mutagenesis. recA80 and recA432 mutants were constitutively activated for two of
      the three functions in that these mutants did not have to be induced to express
      the functions. We propose that binding of RecA protein to damaged DNA and
      subsequent interaction with small inducer molecules gives rise to conformational
      changes in RecA protein. These changes promote surface-surface interactions with
      other target proteins, such as cI and LexA proteins. By this model, the recA
      mutants are likely to have incorrect amino acids substituted as sites in the RecA
      protein structure which affect surface regions required for protein-protein
      interactions. The constitutively activated mutants could likewise insert altered
      amino acids at sites in RecA which are involved in the activation of RecA protein
      by binding small molecules or polynucleotides which metabolically regulate RecA
      protein.

PMID- 2651407
TI  - 5-Aminolevulinic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A hemA mutant of Escherichia coli containing a multicopy plasmid which
      complemented the mutation excreted 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) into the medium.
      [1-14C]glutamate was substantially incorporated into ALA by this strain, whereas
      [2-14C]glycine was not. Periodate degradation of labeled ALA showed that C-5 of
      ALA was derived from C-1 of glutamate. The synthesis of ALA by two sonicate
      fractions which had been processed by gel filtration and dialysis, respectively,
      was dependent on glutamate, ATP, NADPH, tRNA(Glu), and pyridoxal phosphate.
      tRNA(Glu) stimulated ALA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner.
      Pretreatment with RNase reduced this stimulation. The amino acid sequence of the
      cloned insert, derived from the nucleotide sequence (J.-M. Li, C. S. Russell, and
      S. D. Cosloy, J. Cell Biol. 107:617a, 1988), showed no homology with any ALA
      synthase sequenced to date. These results suggest that E. coli synthesizes ALA by
      the C5 pathway from the intact five-carbon chain of glutamate.

PMID- 2651408
TI  - Chromosomal transformation of Escherichia coli recD strains with linearized
      plasmids.
AB  - Wild-type Escherichia coli are resistant to genetic transformation by purified
      linear DNA, probably in part because of exonuclease activity. We demonstrate that
      E. coli containing a recD mutation could be easily transformed by linearized
      plasmids containing a selectable marker. The marker was transferred to the
      chromosome by homologous recombination, whereas plasmid markers not in the region
      of homology were lost.

PMID- 2651409
TI  - Exchange of chromosomal and plasmid alleles in Escherichia coli by selection for
      loss of a dominant antibiotic sensitivity marker.
AB  - Transfer of an allele from a donor DNA to a recipient DNA molecule was selected
      by the loss of a dominant conditional lethal mutation previously incorporated ito
      the gene of interest in the recipient DNA. Both the Escherichia coli chromosome
      and plasmids carrying E. coli genes were used successfully as donor molecules.
      Recipient molecules for these exchanges were constructed in vitro by using the
      rpsL gene, which confers sensitivity to streptomycin, to replace segments of
      specific E. coli genes located either on multicopy plasmids or in the E. coli
      chromosome. Plasmids carrying such replacements were capable of acquiring
      chromosomal alleles of the gene(s) of interest, and strains carrying rpsL
      replacements in the chromosome were capable of acquiring plasmid-encoded alleles
      at the sight of the rpsL replacement. In both situations, these allele transfers
      resulted in loss of the rpsL gene from the recipient DNA molecule. The desired
      transfer events constituted a large percentage of these events, which gave rise
      to viable colonies when appropriate donor-recipient pairs were subjected to
      streptomycin selection. Thus, this is a useful approach for transferring alleles
      of interest from plasmids to the E. coli chromosome and vice versa.

PMID- 2651410
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of the fecBCDE genes and locations of the proteins suggest a
      periplasmic-binding-protein-dependent transport mechanism for iron(III) dicitrate
      in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The fec region of the Escherichia coli chromosome determines a citrate-dependent
      iron(III) transport system. The nucleotide sequence of fec revealed five genes,
      fecABCDE, which are transcribed from fecA to fecE. The fecA gene encodes a
      previously described outer membrane receptor protein. The fecB gene product is
      formed as a precursor protein with a signal peptide of 21 amino acids; the mature
      form, with a molecular weight of 30,815, was previously found in the periplasm.
      The fecB genes of E. coli B and E. coli K-12 differed in 3 nucleotides, of which
      2 gave rise to conservative amino acid exchanges. The fecC and fecD genes were
      found to encode very hydrophobic polypeptides with molecular weights of 35,367
      and 34,148, respectively, both of which are localized in the cytoplasmic
      membrane. The fecE product was a rather hydrophilic but cytoplasmic membrane
      bound protein of Mr 28,189 and contained regions of extensive homology to ATP
      binding proteins. The number, structural characteristics, and locations of the
      FecBCDE proteins were typical for a periplasmic-binding-protein-dependent
      transport system. It is proposed that after FecA- and TonB-dependent transport of
      iron(III) dicitrate across the outer membrane, uptake through the cytoplasmic
      membrane follows the binding-protein-dependent transport mechanism. FecC and FecD
      exhibited homologies to each other, to the N- and C-terminal halves of FhuB of
      the iron(III) hydroxamate transport system, and to BtuC of the vitamin B12
      transport system. FecB showed some homology to FhuD, suggesting that the latter
      may function in the same manner as a binding protein in iron(III) hydroxamate
      transport. The close homology between the proteins of the two iron transport
      systems and of the vitamin B12 transport system indicates a common evolution for
      all three systems.

PMID- 2651411
TI  - Regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase by phosphorylation in Escherichia coli K
      12 and a simple method for determining the amount of inactive phosphoenzyme.
AB  - In several Escherichia coli K-12 strains grown on a limiting concentration of
      glucose, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) was inactivated about 90% after cessation
      of growth upon exhaustion of the glucose. Such inactivation has been previously
      observed in several E. coli strains but not in E. coli K-12 (unless acetate was
      added to the bacterial culture when growth ceased). IDH was inactivated 75 to 80%
      in all E. coli K-12 strains we examined during growth on acetate. The
      inactivation involved phosphorylation of the enzyme and is considered to be a
      regulatory mechanism facilitating metabolite flow along the glyoxylate shunt.
      Phospho-IDH interacted with antibodies to enzymatically active IDH. We have
      devised a method, based on this immunological cross-reaction, for determining the
      proportions of active and inactive (phospho-) IDH in cell extracts.

PMID- 2651412
TI  - Translational coupling of the two proximal genes in the S10 ribosomal protein
      operon of Escherichia coli.
AB  - We have examined the translational coupling between the first two genes in the
      S10 ribosomal protein operon. We isolated mutations blocking the translation of
      the first gene of the operon, coding for S10, and monitored their effects on
      translation of the downstream gene, coding for L3. All of the mutations
      inhibiting S10 synthesis also affected the synthesis of L3. However, these
      experiments were complicated by decreased mRNA synthesis resulting from
      transcription polarity, which we could only partially eliminate by using a rho
      100 strain. To completely eliminate the problem of transcription polarity and
      obtain a more accurate measurement of the coupling, we replaced the natural S10
      promoter with a promoter used by the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. As
      expected, the T7 RNA polymerase was not subject to transcription polarity. Using
      this system, we were able to show that a complete abolishment of S10 translation
      resulted in an 80% inhibition of L3 synthesis. Other experiments show that the
      synthesis of L3 goes up as a function of increasing S10 synthesis, but the
      translational coupling does not assure strictly proportional output from the two
      genes.

PMID- 2651413
TI  - pCloDF13-encoded bacteriocin release proteins with shortened carboxyl-terminal
      segments are lipid modified and processed and function in release of cloacin DF13
      and apparent host cell lysis.
AB  - By oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, stop codon mutations were introduced at
      various sites in the pCloDF13-derived bacteriocin release protein (BRP)
      structural gene. The expression, lipid modification (incorporation of
      [3H]palmitate), and processing (in the presence and absence of globomycin) of the
      various carboxyl-terminal shortened BRPs were analyzed by a special
      electrophoresis system and immunoblotting with an antiserum raised against a
      synthetic BRP peptide, and their functioning with respect to release of cloacin
      DF13, lethality, and apparent host cell lysis were studied in Sup-, supF, and
      supP strains of Escherichia coli. All mutant BRPs were stably expressed, lipid
      modified, and processed by signal peptidase II, albeit with different
      efficiencies. The BRP signal peptide appeared to be extremely stable and
      accumulated in induced cells. Full induction of the mutant BRPs, including the
      shortest containing only 4 amino acid residues of the mature polypeptide,
      resulted in phospholipase A-dependent and Mg2+-suppressible apparent cell lysis.
      The extent of this lysis varied with the mutant BRP used. Induction of all mutant
      BRPs also prevented colony formation, which appeared to be phospholipase A
      independent. One shortened BRP, containing 20 amino acid residues of the mature
      polypeptide, was still able to bring about the release of cloacin DF13. The
      results indicated that the 8-amino-acid carboxyl-terminal segment of the BRP
      contains a strong antigenic determinant and that a small segment between amino
      acid residues 17 and 21, located in the carboxyl-terminal half of the BRP, is
      important for release of cloacin DF13. Either the stable signal peptide or the
      acylated amino-terminal BRP fragments (or both) are involved in host cell lysis
      and lethality.

PMID- 2651414
TI  - Yeast Hsp70 RNA levels vary in response to the physiological status of the cell.
AB  - Yeast Hsp70 genes constitute a multigene family in which at least five of the
      nine members are heat inducible. Hsp70 RNA levels also vary dramatically during
      stationary arrest and sporulation. During growth to stationary phase, SSB1-SSB2
      and SSC1 RNAs decreased in abundance as cell density increased. In contrast, SSA1
      SSA2 RNA levels increased before the diauxic shift and then decreased as cells
      approach stationary phase. SSA3 RNA was detected only after the diauxic shift and
      accumulated to high levels as cells entered stationary phase. This accumulation
      was reversed by addition of glucose. Studies with cyr1 mutants indicated that
      SSA3 RNA accumulation is stimulated by decreasing intracellular cyclic AMP
      concentrations. When cells were incubated in sporulation medium, most Hsp70 RNAs,
      with the exception of SSA1-SSA2 RNA, decreased in abundance. This finding
      contrasted with the SSA1-SSA2 pattern observed during growth to stationary phase.
      SSA3 RNA was not detected during growth in acetate-based medium but accumulated
      after several hours. SSA3 RNA accumulation was higher in sporulating cells than
      in nonsporulating cells and was reversed by addition of glucose.

PMID- 2651415
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and replication characteristics of RepFIB, a basic replicon
      of IncF plasmids.
AB  - A second autonomous replicon of P307, RepFIB, has been isolated that has
      significant homology with other replicons in IncFI group plasmids. Eleven
      homologous repeats of 21 base pairs are present on the sequence and flank an open
      reading frame capable of coding for a protein of about Mr = 40,000. This protein
      was identified by maxicell analysis of cloned RepFIB. A series of deletion
      mutations of RepFIB were inserted into a DNA polymerase I-dependent vector and
      examined for their replication proficiency in a polA1 strain. These experiments
      defined a minimal replication region of 1.6 kilobases which includes the three
      repeats immediately upstream and downstream of the open reading frame. Deletion
      of a second set of repeats further downstream doubled the copy number of a
      chimeric plasmid replicating under RepFIB control. It was concluded that these
      repeats control the copy number of the replicon. Incompatibility tests showed
      that all three sets of repeats could express incompatibility with a resident
      RepFIB plasmid.

PMID- 2651416
TI  - DNA sequence analysis, gene product identification, and localization of flagellar
      motor components of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The Escherichia coli operon designated flaA contains seven flagellar genes; among
      them are two switch protein genes whose products are believed to interface with
      the motility and chemotaxis machinery of the cell. Complementation analysis using
      several plasmids carrying different portions of the flaA operon and analysis of
      expression of these plasmids in minicells allowed the identification of two
      flagellar gene products. The MotD (now called FliN) protein, a flagellar switch
      protein, was determined to have an apparent molecular weight of 16,000, and the
      FlaAI (FliL) protein, encoded by a previously unidentified gene, had an apparent
      molecular weight of 17,000. DNA sequence analysis of the motD gene revealed an
      open reading frame of 414 base pairs. There were two possible initiation codons
      (ATG) for motD translation, the first of which overlapped with the termination
      codon of the upstream gene, flaAII (fliN). The wild-type flaAI gene on the
      chromosome was replaced with a flaAI gene mutated in vitro. Loss of the flaAI
      gene product resulted in a nonmotile and nonflagellated phenotype. The
      subcellular location for both the MotD and FlaAI proteins was determined; the
      FlaAI protein partitioned exclusively in the insoluble fraction of a whole
      minicell sonic extract, whereas the MotD protein remained in both the soluble and
      insoluble fractions. In addition, we subcloned a 2.2-kilobase-pair DNA fragment
      capable of complementing the remaining four genes of the flaA operon (flbD
      [fliO], flaR [fliP], flaQ [fliQ], and flaP [fliR]).

PMID- 2651417
TI  - The heat-shock-regulated grpE gene of Escherichia coli is required for bacterial
      growth at all temperatures but is dispensable in certain mutant backgrounds.
AB  - Previous work has established that the grpE+ gene product is a heat shock protein
      that is essential for bacteriophage lambda growth at all temperatures and for
      Escherichia coli growth at temperatures above 43 degrees C. Here it is shown that
      the grpE+ gene product is essential for bacterial viability at all temperatures.
      The strategy required constructing a grpE deletion derivative carrying a
      selectable chloramphenicol drug resistance marker provided by an omega insertion
      and showing that this deletion construct can be crossed into the bacterial
      chromosome if and only if a functional grpE+ gene is present elsewhere in the
      same cell. As a control, the same omega insertion could be placed immediately
      downstream of the grpE+ coding sequence without any observable effects on host
      growth. This result demonstrates that the inability to construct a grpE-deleted
      E. coli strain is not simply due to a lethal polar effect on neighboring gene
      expression. Unexpectedly, it was found that the grpE deletion derivative could be
      crossed into the bacterial chromosome in a strain that was defective in DnaK
      function. Further analysis showed that it was not the lack of DnaK function per
      se that allowed E. coli to tolerate a deletion in the grpE+ gene. Rather, it was
      the presence of unknown extragenic suppressors of a dnaK mutation that somehow
      compensated for the deficiency in both DnaK and GrpE function.

PMID- 2651418
TI  - Synthesis, inactivation, and localization of extracellular and intracellular
      Escherichia coli hemolysins.
AB  - Extra- and intracellular Escherichia coli hemolysin expressed by two cloned hly
      determinants, both under the control of the activator element hlyR, were
      analyzed. One determinant carried all four hly genes (hlyC, hlyA, hlyB, and
      hlyD), whereas the other carried only the two genes (hlyC and hlyA) required for
      synthesis of active hemolysin but not those essential for its secretion. It was
      shown that the total amounts of HlyA protein and of hemolytic activity are
      similar in both cases in logarithmically growing cultures. The E. coli strain
      carrying the complete hly determinant released most hemolysin into the media and
      accumulated very little HlyA intracellularly. The active extracellular hemolysin
      (HlyA*) was inactivated in the stationary phase without degradation of the HlyA
      protein. In contrast, the hemolysin which accumulated intracellularly in the E.
      coli strain carrying hlyA and hlyC only was proteolytically degraded at the end
      of the logarithmic growth phase. Immunogold labeling indicates that active
      intracellular HlyA bound preferentially to the inner membrane, whereas that part
      of the extracellular HlyA which remained cell-bound was located exclusively at
      the cell surface. It was shown by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis
      that active extra- and intracellular HlyA* bound with similar efficiency to
      erythrocytes, whereas hemolytically inactive HlyA protein did not bind to these
      target cells.

PMID- 2651419
TI  - Microaerophilic growth and induction of the photosynthetic reaction center in
      Rhodopseudomonas viridis.
AB  - Rhodopseudomonas viridis was grown in liquid culture at 30 degrees C
      anaerobically in light (generation time, 13 h) and under microaerophilic growth
      conditions in the dark (generation time, 24 h). The bacterium could be cloned at
      the same temperature anaerobically in light (1 week) and aerobically in the dark
      (3 to 4 weeks) if oxygen was limited to 0.1%. Oxygen could not be replaced by
      dimethyl sulfoxide, potassium nitrate, or sodium nitrite as a terminal electron
      acceptor. No growth was observed anaerobically in darkness or in the light when
      air was present. A variety of additional carbon sources were used to supplement
      the standard succinate medium, but enhanced stationary-phase cell density was
      observed only with glucose. Conditions for induction of the photosynthetic
      reaction center upon the change from microaerophilic to phototrophic growth
      conditions were investigated and optimized for a mutant functionally defective in
      phototrophic growth. R. viridis consumed about 20-fold its cell volume of oxygen
      per hour during respiration. The MICs of ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin,
      tetracycline, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine, and terbutryn were determined.

PMID- 2651420
TI  - Identification of an Escherichia coli gene homologous to virR, a regulator of
      Shigella virulence.
AB  - Virulence in Shigella spp., as well as in strains of enteroinvasive Escherichia
      coli, is regulated by growth temperature. Previously, virR had been identified as
      the gene controlling the temperature-regulated expression of Shigella virulence.
      Since Shigella spp. and E. coli are also known to share greater than 90% DNA
      sequence homology, we sought to determine if nonpathogenic E. coli K-12 C600
      contains a gene homologous to the Shigella flexneri 2a gene virR. Through the use
      of transduction and molecular cloning of strain C600 chromosomal DNA we have
      shown that E. coli K-12 does indeed contain a gene functionally homologous to the
      virR of S. flexneri.

PMID- 2651422
TI  - Comparison of Escherichia coli K-12 outer membrane protease OmpT and Salmonella
      typhimurium E protein.
AB  - The predicted amino acid sequence of OmpT, an Escherichia coli outer membrane
      protease, was found to be highly homologous to that predicted for the pgtE gene
      product of Salmonella typhimurium. In this paper, it is shown that pgtE codes for
      a protein functionally homologous to OmpT as judged by its ability to proteolyze
      T7 RNA polymerase and to localize in the outer membrane of E. coli.

PMID- 2651421
TI  - Analysis and comparison of nucleotide sequences encoding the genes for [NiFe] and
      [NiFeSe] hydrogenases from Desulfovibrio gigas and Desulfovibrio baculatus.
AB  - The nucleotide sequences encoding the [NiFe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas
      and the [NiFeSe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio baculatus (N.K. Menon, H.D. Peck,
      Jr., J. LeGall, and A.E. Przybyla, J. Bacteriol. 169:5401-5407, 1987; C. Li, H.D.
      Peck, Jr., J. LeGall, and A.E. Przybyla, DNA 6:539-551, 1987) were analyzed by
      the codon usage method of Staden and McLachlan. The reported reading frames were
      found to contain regions of low codon probability which are matched by more
      probable sequences in other frames. Renewed nucleotide sequencing showed the
      probable frames to be correct. The corrected sequences of the two small and large
      subunits share a significant degree of sequence homology. The small subunit,
      which contains 10 conserved cysteine residues, is likely to coordinate at least 2
      iron-sulfur clusters, while the finding of a selenocysteine codon (TGA) near the
      3' end of the [NiFeSe] large-subunit gene matched by a regular cysteine codon
      (TGC) in the [NiFe] large-subunit gene indicates the presence of some of the
      ligands to the active-site nickel in the large subunit.

PMID- 2651423
TI  - appR gene product activates transcription of microcin C7 plasmid genes.
AB  - Microcin C7 (MccC7) is encoded by Escherichia coli plasmid pMccC7. However, some
      strains of E. coli K-12 carrying this plasmid do not produce this antibiotic.
      Here we show that these strains differ in the gene locus appR. This chromosomal
      gene product controls MccC7 production by activating the transcription of some,
      but not all, MccC7 plasmid genes.

PMID- 2651424
TI  - The adaptation of biological membranes to temperature and pressure: fish from the
      deep and cold.
AB  - The homeostatic regulation of bilayer order is a property of functional
      importance. Arguably, it is best studied in those organisms which experience and
      must overcome disturbances in bilayer order which may be imposed by variations in
      temperature of hydrostatic pressure. This article reviews our recent work on the
      adaptations of order in brain membranes of those fish which acclimate to seasonal
      changes in temperature or which have evolved in extreme thermal or abyssal
      habitats. The effects of temperature and pressure upon hydrocarbon order and
      phase state are reviewed to indicate the magnitude of the disturbances
      experienced by animals in their environments over the seasonal or evolutionary
      timescale. Acclimation of fish to altered temperature leads to a partial
      correction of order, while comparison of fish from extreme cold environments with
      those from temperate or tropical waters reveals a more complete adaptation. Fish
      from the deep sea also display adaptations of bilayer order which largely
      overcome the ordering effects of pressure.

PMID- 2651425
TI  - Freeze/thaw-induced destabilization of the plasma membrane and the effects of
      cold acclimation.
AB  - Disruption of the plasma membrane is a primary cause of freezing injury. In this
      review, the mechanisms of injury resulting from freeze-induced cell dehydration
      are presented, including destabilization of the plasma membrane resulting from
      (a) freeze/thaw-induced osmotic excursions and (b) lyotropic phase transitions in
      the plasma membrane lipids. Cold acclimation dramatically alters the behavior of
      the plasma membrane during a freeze/thaw cycle--increasing the tolerance to
      osmotic excursions and decreasing the propensity for dehydration-induced lamellar
      to hexagonal-II phase transitions. Evidence for a casual relationship between the
      increased cryostability of the plasma membrane and alterations in the lipid
      composition is reviewed.

PMID- 2651426
TI  - Principles of membrane stability and phase behavior under extreme conditions.
AB  - Biological membranes consist of a complex assortment of lipids and proteins. The
      arrangement of the components, particularly in regard to their lateral
      disposition in the plane of the membrane under physiological conditions, is
      dependent on the phase behavior of the different membrane lipids and the way that
      this behavior is modified by interaction with other membrane components and
      electrolytes in the aqueous medium. Irreversible phase separation of components
      within the membrane may result from exposure to extreme environmental conditions
      including temperature, pressure, or electrolyte concentration. The principles
      underlying the phase-mixing behavior of model membrane systems can be used to
      provide useful information about the factors that determine the stability of
      biomembranes under physiological and non-physiological conditions. These data are
      reviewed and used to predict events that take place when membranes are exposed to
      environmental stress.

PMID- 2651427
TI  - Membrane acclimation by unicellular organisms in response to temperature change.
AB  - Unicellular organisms possess a wide variety of molecular mechanisms for altering
      the lipid composition (and thereby the physical properties) of their membranes in
      response to changes in environmental temperature. These are discussed with a view
      to establish which of the mechanisms are of more importance to bacteria, algae,
      and protozoa in coping with extremes of temperature.

PMID- 2651428
TI  - Phase transitions and permeability changes in dry membranes during rehydration.
AB  - Dry phospholipid bilayers are known to undergo transient changes in permeability
      during rehydration. In this review, we present evidence from which we suggest
      that this permeability change is due to a gel to liquid-crystalline phase
      transition accompanying rehydration. If the transition is avoided, as in lipids
      that remain in gel phase whether dry or rehydrated, the problem of leakage during
      rehydration is obviated, at least in part. Further, the evidence that the
      transition temperature for dry bilayers can be depressed by certain sugars is
      discussed. Finally, we show that these principles can be extended to intact
      cells. Using pollen grains as a model, we have measured the transition
      temperature for membrane phospholipids and show that the transition is correlated
      with physiological measurements including permeability changes and subsequent
      germination. From the Tm values taken from pollen grains at different water
      contents, we have constructed a phase diagram for the intact pollen that has high
      predictive value for physiological properties.

PMID- 2651429
TI  - Adaptive modifications in membranes of halotolerant and halophilic
      microorganisms.
AB  - Halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms can grow in (hyper)saline
      environments, but only halophiles specifically require salt. Genotypic and
      phenotypic adaptations are displayed by halophiles; the halotolerants adapt
      phenotypically, but it is not established whether they show genotypic adaptation.
      This paper reviews the various strategies of haloadaptation of membrane proteins
      and lipids by halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms. Moderate halophiles and
      halotolerants adapt their membrane lipid composition by increasing the proportion
      of anionic lipids, often phosphatidylglycerol and/or glycolipids, which in the
      moderately halophilic bacterium Vibrio costicola appears to be part of an
      osmoregulatory response to minimize membrane stress at high salinities. Extreme
      halophiles possess typical archaebacterial ether lipids, which are genotypically
      adapted by having additional substitutions with negatively-charged residues such
      as sulfate. In contrast to the lipids, it is less clear whether membrane proteins
      are haloadapted, although they may be more acidic; very few depend on salt for
      their activity.

PMID- 2651430
TI  - Methyl-directed DNA mismatch correction.
AB  - In 1964 Robin Holliday (1) proposed the correction of DNA base pair mismatches
      within recombination intermediates as the basis for gene conversion. The
      existence of the mismatch repair systems implied by this proposal is now well
      established. Activities that recognize and process base pairing errors within the
      DNA helix have been identified in bacteria, fungi, and mammalian cells. However,
      the functions and mechanisms of such systems are best understood in Escherichia
      coli, an organism that possesses at least three distinct mismatch correction
      pathways. These three systems are involved not only in the processing of
      recombination intermediates but also contribute in a major way to the genetic
      stability of the organism, a function anticipated for mismatch repair by Tiraby
      and Fox and by Wagner and Meselson. The significance of mismatch correction in
      the maintenance of low spontaneous mutability becomes apparent when one considers
      that seven E. coli mutator genes (dam, mutD, mutH, mutL, mutS, mutU, and mutY)
      have been implicated in mismatch repair. This minireview will summarize
      information on the most extensively studied E. coli system for mismatch
      correction, the methyl-directed pathway for processing of DNA biosynthetic errors
      and intermediates in genetic recombination. A discussion of other E. coli
      mismatch correction systems may be found in the recent literature and in several
      recent reviews. Mismatch repair pathways in other organisms and descriptions of
      the structural properties of mispaired bases may also be found in several of
      these reviews.

PMID- 2651431
TI  - The double-stranded RNA genome of yeast virus L-A encodes its own putative RNA
      polymerase by fusing two open reading frames.
AB  - The L-A double-stranded RNA virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes its major
      coat protein (80 kDa) and a minor single-stranded RNA binding protein (180 kDa)
      that has immunological cross-reactivity with the major coat protein. The sequence
      of L-A cDNA clones revealed two open reading frames (ORF), ORF1 and ORF2. These
      two reading frames overlap by 130 base pairs and ORF2 is in the -1 reading frame
      with respect to ORF1. Although the major coat protein of the viral particles is
      encoded by ORF1, the 180-kDa protein is derived from the entire double-stranded
      RNA genome by fusing ORF1 and ORF2, probably by a -1 translational frameshift.
      Within the overlapping region is a sequence similar to that producing a -1
      frameshift by "simultaneous slippage" in retroviruses. The coding sequence of
      ORF2 shows a pattern characteristic of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of
      icosahedral (+)-strand RNA viruses. Thus, the 180-kDa protein is analogous to gag
      pol fusion proteins.

PMID- 2651432
TI  - Incomplete factorial search for conditions leading to high quality crystals of
      Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase complexed to a transition state analog
      inhibitor.
AB  - We have used an incomplete factorial design (Carter, C. W., and Carter, C. W.,
      Jr. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 12219-12223) to find conditions for growing high
      quality crystals of Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5). Crystals
      grow at pH 6.0 in hanging or sitting drops with either 1.6 M ammonium sulfate or
      2.4-2.5 M sodium phosphate as precipitant. Both conditions produce crystals with
      identical morphologies and unit cell constants. The space group is P3(1)21 (or
      its enantiomorph P3(2)21), and the unit cell constants are a = b = 120.3 A, c =
      78.4 A. The asymmetric unit is most reasonably one dimer of 66,000 Mr. The
      crystal size is very dependent on the supersaturation ratio, S = [initial protein
      concentration]/[equilibrium protein concentration], exhibiting a maximum at S =
      7.7. The largest crystals diffract to at least 2.5 A and have a lifetime of 4 to
      5 days in the x-ray beam at room temperature. The enzyme in these crystals is
      complexed with the transition state analog inhibitor 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5
      fluoropyrimidin-2-one (5-fluoropyrimidin-2-one riboside). We have collected data
      from parent crystals and from a heavy atom derivative in which the transition
      state analog is replaced by the active site directed inhibitor 5
      (chloromercuri)cytidine.

PMID- 2651433
TI  - Insulin-stimulated hexose transport and glucose oxidation in rat adipocytes is
      inhibited by sphingosine at a step after insulin binding.
AB  - Spingosine, a naturally occurring inhibitor of protein kinase C, has recently
      been shown to have potent bioregulatory effects on a variety of cellular
      processes involving signal transduction mechanisms. In the present studies, we
      have investigated its effects on activation by insulin of hexose transport and
      glucose oxidation in isolated rat adipocytes. Preincubation of cells with this
      long-chain base blocked both the marked activation of these processes by insulin
      and the smaller activation by phorbol myristate acetate. Inhibition of both
      insulin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate activation showed the same
      sphingosine concentration dependence, suggesting a common locus of action. The
      effectiveness of sphingosine was inversely proportional to the lipid content in
      the incubation (which was a function of both the age of the animal and the number
      of cells used) presumably due to dilution of the lipophilic long-chain base into
      the cellular triglycerides. Sphingosine did not affect either insulin binding to
      its receptor or the half-maximal concentration of the hormone required to
      activate hexose transport, but reduced the maximal responses. Thus, the
      inhibition was at a step distal to the binding of insulin to its receptor. Basal
      transport activity was not inhibited, suggesting a locus of action prior to the
      glucose transporter. The inhibitor was also effective when added following
      activation by insulin of hexose transport and resulted in a rapid reversal of
      activation (t 1/2 for inhibition was 2-4 min.). Sphingosine and its analogs
      showed a parallel potency for inhibition both of isolated protein kinase C and of
      insulin activation in adipocytes, consistent with an essential role for protein
      kinase C in the activation of hexose transport by insulin.

PMID- 2651434
TI  - Subunit composition of photosystem I and identification of center X as a [4Fe-4S]
      iron-sulfur cluster.
AB  - A photosystem I (PS-I) preparation from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) containing
      the reaction center protein P700-chlorophyll a-protein 1 (CP1) and smaller
      polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 18, 16, 14, 9.5, 9, 4, and 1.5 kDa
      has been analyzed with respect to subunit stoichiometry. CP1 contains two
      homologous subunits with approximate masses of 82 kDa. CP1 and the smaller
      polypeptides were isolated, and the amino acid composition of each component and
      of the PS-I preparation was determined. Based on the amino acid composition data
      and the determined ability of each isolated polypeptide to bind Coomassie
      Brilliant Blue, the PS-I complex is shown to contain 1 mol of each of the
      homologous 82-kDa polypeptides as well as 1 mol of the 18-, 16-, 9.5-, and 9-kDa
      polypeptides for each mol of P700. The total polypeptide mass of the PS-I complex
      is 209 kDa excluding tryptophan and approximately 220 kDa including tryptophan.
      The two 82-kDa subunits present/P700 provide cysteine residues for binding only
      one Fe-S center. In conjunction with the earlier reported binding of four iron
      and four acid-labile sulfides to CP1/P700 (Hoj, P. B., Svendsen, I., Scheller, H.
      V., and Moller, B. L. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 12676-12684), this demonstrates
      the center X is a [4Fe-4S] cluster and eliminates the possibility of center X
      being composed of two [2Fe-2S] clusters.

PMID- 2651435
TI  - Biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide in Escherichia coli. Cytoplasmic enzymes that
      attach 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid to lipid A.
AB  - Previous studies in our laboratory led to the elucidation of the covalent
      structure of a tetraacyldisaccharide 1,4'-bisphosphate precursor of lipid A
      (designated lipid IVA), that accumulates at 42 degrees C in temperature-sensitive
      mutants defective in 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO) biosynthesis (Raetz,
      C. R. H., Purcell, S., Meyer, M. V., Qureshi, N., and Takayama, K. (1985) J.
      Biol. Chem. 260, 16080-16088). Using [4'-32P]lipid IVA as the probe, we now
      demonstrate the existence of cytoplasmic KDO-transferases in Escherichia coli
      capable of attaching 2 KDO residues, derived from CMP-KDO, to lipid IVA. A
      partial purification has been developed to obtain a cytoplasmic subfraction that
      adds these 2 KDO residues with a 90% yield. The product is shown to have the
      stoichiometry of (KDO)2-IVA by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and NMR
      spectroscopy. The partially purified enzyme can utilize alternative lipid
      disaccharide cosubstrates bearing five or six fatty acyl chains, but it has an
      absolute requirement for a monophosphate residue at position 4' of the lipid
      acceptor. When reincubated with a crude cytoplasmic fraction, a nucleoside
      triphosphate and Mg2+, (KDO)2-IVA is rapidly metabolized to more polar
      substances, the identity of which is unknown. The KDO-transferase(s) described in
      the present study should be very useful for the semisynthetic preparation of
      complex lipopolysaccharide substructures and analogs.

PMID- 2651436
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequencing of genomic DNA encoding aminopeptidase I from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Yeast aminopeptidase I is a vacuolar enzyme, which catalyzes the removal of amino
      acids from the NH2 terminus of peptides and proteins (Frey, J., and Rohm, K-H.
      (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 527, 31-41). A yeast genomic DNA encoding
      aminopeptidase I was cloned from a yeast EMBL3A library and sequenced. The DNA
      sequence encodes a precursor protein containing 514 amino acid residues. The
      "mature" protein, whose NH2-terminal sequence was confirmed by automated Edman
      degradation, consists, based only on the DNA sequence, of 469 amino acids. A 45
      residue presequence contains positively and negatively charged as well as
      hydrophobic residues, and its NH2-terminal residues could be arrayed in an
      amphiphilic alpha-helix. This presequence differs from the signal sequences which
      direct proteins across bacterial plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum or
      into mitochondria. It remains to be established how this unique presequence
      targets aminopeptidase I to yeast vacuoles and how this sorting utilizes
      classical protein secretory pathways. Further, the aminopeptidase I gene,
      localized previously by genetic mapping to yeast chromosome XI and called the
      LAP4 gene (Trumbly, R. J., and Bradley, G. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 156, 36-48), was
      determined by DNA blot analyses to be a single copy gene located on chromosome
      XI.

PMID- 2651437
TI  - Heparin prevents vascular smooth muscle cell progression through the G1 phase of
      the cell cycle.
AB  - To gain insight into the mechanism of the antiproliferative effects of heparin on
      vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), the influence of this glycosaminoglycan on
      cell cycle progression and the expression of the c-fos, c-myc, and c-myb proto
      oncogenes and two other growth-regulated genes was examined. SMC, synchronized by
      a serum-deprivation protocol, enter S phase 12-16 h after serum stimulation.
      Pretreatment with heparin for 48 h blocked the induction of histone H3 RNA, an S
      phase-expressed product, and prevented cell replication. Thus, heparin prevents
      entry of cells into S phase. Conversely, heparin had essentially no effect on
      changes in expression of the c-fos and c-myc proto-oncogenes during the G0 to G1
      transition. Normal increases in c-fos and c-myc RNA were observed 30 min and 2 h
      following serum addition, respectively. However, the increase in expression of
      the mRNA of the c-myb proto-oncogene and the mitochondrial ATP/ADP carrier
      protein, 2F1, which begins to occur 8 h following serum addition to SMC, was
      completely inhibited by heparin. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis of the products of a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation of
      RNA isolated at various times confirmed this temporal assessment of the effects
      of heparin. These results suggest that heparin does not inhibit cell
      proliferation by blocking the G0 to G1 transition. Rather, heparin may affect a
      critical event in the mid-G1 phase of the cell cycle which is necessary for
      subsequent DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2651438
TI  - The allosteric three-site model for the ribosomal elongation cycle. Analysis with
      a heteropolymeric mRNA.
AB  - Ribosomal tRNA binding studies and functional tests were performed at 6 mM Mg2+
      using the mRNA analogue C17AUGA4C17 which contains three unique codons in its
      central region. The following results were obtained. 1) The relative binding
      affinities of 20 different deacylated tRNAs to nonprogrammed 70 S ribosomes were
      assessed and were found to vary substantially. 2) When added as the first tRNA,
      fMet-tRNA and deacylated tRNAs (but not N-acetylated aminoacyl-tRNAs) can bind to
      internal codons of the mRNA and are therefore suitable for setting the reading
      frame via codon-anticodon interaction in the peptidyl-tRNA site (P site). 3)
      After prefilling the P site with deacylated tRNA, the exit site for deacylated
      tRNA (E site) can be quantitatively occupied only if the cognate codon is present
      at that site. 4) The translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the aminoacyl-tRNA site
      (A site) to the P site is not accompanied by a release of deacylated tRNA. The
      codon sequence excludes a release and rebinding of deacylated tRNA to the newly
      exposed A site. Rather, the deacylated tRNA is cotranslocated from the P to the E
      site where it remains stably bound. 5) After one round of elongation, addition of
      an A site ligand triggers the dissociation of deacylated tRNA from the E site.
      Conversely, E site occupation reduces the affinity of the A site for N-acetylated
      aminoacyl-tRNA. Thus, A and E sites are allosterically linked via negative
      cooperativity. The results support the allosteric three-site model as an
      appropriate description of the ribosomal elongation cycle.

PMID- 2651439
TI  - Discrimination between nucleotide effector responses of aspartate
      transcarbamoylase due to a single site substitution in the allosteric binding
      site.
AB  - The substitution of alanine for lysine at position 56 of the regulatory
      polypeptide of aspartate transcarbamoylase affected both homotropic and
      heterotropic characteristics. In the absence of effectors, the ALAr56-substituted
      holoenzyme lost the homotropic cooperativity observed for aspartate in the wild
      type holoenzyme. Under conditions of allosteric inhibition in the presence of 2mM
      CTP, the cooperative character of ATCase was restored, and the Hill coefficient
      increased from 1.0 to 1.7. In contrast to the native enzyme, the altered enzyme
      did not respond to ATP; however, ATP could still bind to the enzyme as
      demonstrated by its direct competition with CTP. Furthermore, the recently
      observed CTP-UTP synergism of the wild-type enzyme was not detectable. The site
      directed mutant enzyme could not be activated by low levels of the bisubstrate
      analogue, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, and the rate of association of pHMB
      with the cysteine residues located at the interface of the catalytic and
      regulatory chains was slightly altered. These characteristics suggested that the
      mutant holoenzyme assumed a relaxed (or abnormal T state) conformation. Thus,
      this single substitution differentially affected the heterotropic responses to
      the various allosteric effectors of ATCase and eliminated the homotropic
      characteristics in response to aspartate in the absence of CTP.

PMID- 2651440
TI  - New-found phenolic glycolipids in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Presence of a
      diglycosylated glycolipid.
AB  - A crude phenolic glycolipid extract from Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette
      Guerin (BCG) was fractionated until homogeneity at the intact level into four
      phenolic glycolipids called B, B-1, B-2, and B-3 according to their polarity. The
      apolar one, which is the most abundant was assigned to the well-known mycoside B.
      The B-2 and B-3 phenolic glycolipids were purified by direct-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography using a 5 micron Spherisorb column but were
      only recovered in small amounts (3 mg). A linear gradient of 0-20% methanol in
      chloroform was used. The B-1, B-2, and B-3 glycolipids were subjected to suitable
      modern analytical techniques selected for their potential to elucidate the
      structure at the intact level. Desorption chemical ionization-mass spectrometry
      allowed the molecular mass of B-3 to be determined as 1652 Da for the major
      homolog establishing the molecular formula as C103H192O14. Thus, the B-3 polar
      phenolic glycolipid contained two deoxyhexoses, one molecule of phenolphthiocerol
      esterified by two molecules of mycocerosic acid. Using two-dimensional 1H NMR
      (correlated chemical shift and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) at the
      intact level the B-3 oligosaccharide structure was determined as an alpha-L-Rhap
      (1----3)-2-O-Me-alpha-L-Rhap. This is the first report of a diglycosylated
      phenolic glycolipid in a nonpathogenic mycobacteria. The disaccharide unit, the
      antigenic determinant, appears to be characteristic of M. bovis BCG. This polar
      glycolipid B-3 and the apolar ones, B-1 and B-2, were reactive in enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay against serum from rabbit hyperimmunized with M. bovis BCG.

PMID- 2651441
TI  - Two polypeptide chains in yeast transcription factor tau interact with DNA.
AB  - Yeast transcription factor tau interacts with the A and B blocks of the
      intragenic promoter of tRNA genes. The structure of tau was investigated by
      identifying the polypeptide chains specifically complexed to the tRNA3Glu gene.
      Highly purified factor, obtained by an improved purification procedure, contained
      several polypeptide chains, four of which (Mr = 145,000, 135,000, 100,000 and
      65,000) comigrated with tau-DNA complex by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      Antibodies raised against the 145- and 100-kDa components altered the migration
      of tau-DNA complexes in band shift assays and inhibited tRNA synthesis in a
      reconstituted transcription system. These components are immunologically
      unrelated proteins. By UV cross-linking to 32P-body-labeled tDNA followed by
      extensive DNase treatment, two polypeptides of the same size (145 and 100 kDa)
      were found to be radioactively labeled. Factor tau, therefore, appears to be a
      multisubunit DNA-binding protein with two distinct polypeptides contributing to
      DNA recognition. Limited proteolysis of tau generated a protease-resistant tau B
      (tau B) domain that binds solely to the B block. tau B-tDNA complexes were
      recognized by anti-145 IgG and contained a 120-kDa polypeptide that could
      originate from the 145-kDa component by proteolysis. These results strongly
      suggest that the 145-kDa polypeptide belongs to tau B and is responsible for B
      block binding.

PMID- 2651442
TI  - The structural stability of a protein is an important determinant of its
      proteolytic susceptibility in Escherichia coli.
AB  - To investigate the relationship between the degradation rate of a protein in
      Escherichia coli and its thermal stability in vitro, we constructed a set of
      variants of the N-terminal domain of lambda repressor with a wide range of
      melting temperatures. Pulse-chase experiments showed that, within this set, the
      proteins that are most thermally stable have the longest intracellular half-lives
      and vice versa. Moreover, second-site mutations which act directly or indirectly
      to increase the thermodynamic stability of the native N-terminal domain were
      found to suppress the intracellular degradation of one of the unstable mutants.
      These data suggest that thermal stability is, indeed, a key determinant of the
      proteolytic susceptibility of this protein in the cell. It is not the sole
      determinant, however, as sequences at the extreme C terminus of the N-terminal
      domain can influence proteolytic sensitivity without affecting the stability of
      the native structure. We propose that the thermal stability of the N-terminal
      domain of lambda repressor is an important determinant of its proteolytic
      sensitivity because degradation proceeds primarily from the unfolded form and
      that sequence determinants within the unfolded chain influence whether the
      unfolded protein will be a good substrate for proteolytic enzymes.

PMID- 2651443
TI  - Identification of C-terminal extensions that protect proteins from intracellular
      proteolysis.
AB  - Revertants of defective mutants in the Arc repressor of bacteriophage P22 were
      isolated. Five of the six reverting mutations were frameshifts near the end of
      the coding sequence which resulted in proteins with C-terminal extensions. Each
      of the reverting mutations prolong the half-lives in vivo of the proteins in
      which they reside, yet they do not alter the thermodynamic stability, structure,
      oligomeric form, or DNA-binding properties of these proteins. Fusion of one of
      these tails to the C-terminal end of a mutant form of the N-terminal domain of
      lambda repressor also prevented proteolysis of this protein. These C-terminal
      sequences may prevent degradation by blocking the recognition of unstable
      proteins by the proteolytic machinery in the cell.

PMID- 2651444
TI  - Identification and characterization of cap-binding proteins from yeast.
AB  - Photochemical cross-linking of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal salt wash
      preparations to cap-labeled mRNA reveals, in addition to the previously
      characterized 24-kDa cap-binding protein (eIF-4E), the presence of two novel cap
      binding proteins (CBPs) of apparent molecular masses of 96 and 150 kDa. Cross
      linking of the 96-kDa CBP was found to occur spontaneously without UV light
      induction. Based on the ATP/Mg2+ requirements, the three CBPs can be subdivided
      into two classes: 1) ATP/Mg2+ independent (24- and 150 kDa) and 2) Mg2+ dependent
      (96 kDa). The co-purification of the 24- and 150-kDa CBPs through several
      different chromatographic steps is consistent with the existence of a yeast CBP
      complex, possibly analogous to mammalian eIF-4F.

PMID- 2651445
TI  - Acetoacetyl-acyl carrier protein synthase. A target for the antibiotic
      thiolactomycin.
AB  - The biochemical basis for the inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis in
      Escherichia coli by the antibiotic thiolactomycin was investigated. A biochemical
      assay was developed to measure acetoacetyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase
      activity, a recently discovered third condensing enzyme from E. coli (Jackowski,
      S., and Rock, C.O. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 7927-7931). In contrast to the
      other two condensing enzymes in E. coli, acetoacetyl-ACP synthase (synthase III)
      condensed malonyl-ACP with acetyl-CoA, rather than with acetyl-ACP. The
      concentration dependence of thiolactomycin inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis
      in vivo was the same as the inhibition of acetoacetyl-ACP synthase activity in
      vitro indicating that the two phenomena were related. A thiolactomycin-resistant
      mutant (strain CDM5) was isolated. The specific activity of acetoacetyl-ACP
      synthase in extracts from this mutant was 10-fold lower than in extracts from its
      thiolactomycin-sensitive parent resulting in a marked defect in the ability of
      strain CDM5 to incorporate acetyl-CoA into fatty acids in vitro. The residual
      acetoacetyl-ACP synthase activity in the resistant strain was refractory to
      thiolactomycin inhibition. In addition, acetyl-CoA:ACP transacylase activity in
      strain CDM5 was resistant to inactivation by thiolactomycin suggesting that the
      acetoacetyl-ACP synthase also catalyzes this transacylation reaction. These data
      point to acetoacetyl-ACP synthase as a target for thiolactomycin inhibition of
      bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis.

PMID- 2651446
TI  - Processing, transport, and secretion of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase in
      Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - To explain the different secretion kinetics of lysosomal enzymes in Dictyostelium
      discoideum, previous investigators have hypothesized the existence of a
      heterogeneous population of lysosomes containing either the enzyme acid
      phosphatase or other hydrolase enzymes. This proposal predicts that at least two
      targeting mechanisms exist for lysosomal enzymes in this organism. To begin to
      investigate this possibility, the transport, processing, and targeting of acid
      phosphatase was studied by using a combination of radiolabel pulse-chase
      procedures, subcellular fractionations, and indirect immunofluorescence
      microscopy. Acid phosphatase was initially synthesized in axenically growing
      cells as a 56-kDa precursor polypeptide that was proteolytically processed after
      20 min to a 55-kDa mature protein. This enzyme was rapidly transported from the
      endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complex (halftime of 3 min) as measured by the
      acquisition of resistance to the enzyme endoglycosidase H. Furthermore, Percoll
      gradient fractionations indicated that radiolabeled forms of acid phosphatase
      reached dense lysosomal vesicles at about the same time as final processing was
      occurring. Proper sorting of acid phosphatase in D. discoideum apparently was not
      critically dependent on low intravacuolar pH since the addition of ammonium
      chloride did not stimulate the missorting and secretion of acid phosphatase.
      These results are very similar to previous observations concerning other
      Dictyostelium lysosomal enzymes. Consistent with the existence of a heterogeneus
      population of lysosomes, the percentage of radiolabeled acid phosphatase secreted
      4 h into a chase period was 15-fold lower as compared with another lysosomal
      enzyme, beta-glucosidase. However, acid phosphatase, alpha-mannosidase, and beta
      glucosidase were all predominantly colocalized as determined by indirect
      immunofluorescence, which for the first time demonstrates the homogeneous nature
      of the lysosomal system in D. discoideum. Taken together these results suggest
      that the processing and transport of acid phosphatase may be similar in nature to
      the glycosidases. However, the different kinetics of secretion of acid
      phosphatase versus the colocalized glycosidase enzymes suggests that an undefined
      mechanism operates to distinguish these classes of enzymes at a step after
      localization to lysosomes but prior to secretion.

PMID- 2651447
TI  - Optical verification of a technique for in situ ultrasonic measurement of
      articular cartilage thickness.
AB  - Several investigators have used pulse-echo ultrasonics to measure the thickness
      of articular cartilage in situ. The underlying assumption in all measurements was
      that the second reflection used in thickness calculations was from the calcified
      cartilage/cartilage boundary (tidemark). To investigate this assumption, the
      thickness of 24 cartilage plugs excised from a human femoral head was measured
      both ultrasonically and optically. Measurements established that the second
      reflection was from the tidemark and validated the ultrasonic technique as a
      method of mapping the thickness distribution of articular cartilage in synovial
      joints in situ.

PMID- 2651448
TI  - Compressed poly(vinyl alcohol)-polycaprolactone admixture as a model to evaluate
      erodible implants for sustained drug delivery.
AB  - An implant may release a drug either by diffusion concurrent with dissolution of
      the polymeric implant material without depolymerization (Type A) or by bioerosion
      involving depolymerization (Type B). The Type A material may induce immune
      response, while the erosion of Type B polymer releases fragments which could
      cause toxicity problems. It is proposed that a combination of the two types of
      polymers may attenuate the intensity of immune response and toxicity, because the
      presence of one in an implant of the same weight reduces the amount of the other.
      However, it is important to determine first, if sustained delivery may be
      achieved by such an implant. In this study, partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl
      acetate) (PVA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were chosen as the model Type A, and B
      polymers, respectively, to evaluate this objective in vitro. Pellet discs were
      prepared to assess the effects of compression, proportion of PVA to PCL, acetyl
      content of PVA, PCL hydrolysis catalyst and drug loading, using methylene blue
      (MB) as a model drug. Results showed that sustained delivery could be effected,
      but PCL erosion did not occur as planned. Therefore, PCL served only as a passive
      component of the implant, while PVA was eroded with the release of MB.
      Consequently, it was inferred that a polymer may not be required as a passive
      component, which suggested the use of other compounds of known biocompatibility.
      Tests with insulin in a compressed solid admixture with cholesterol showed that
      reduction of hyperglycemia in diabetic Wistar rat could be effected reproducibly
      for at least 2 weeks. Thus, the present study, originally planned to test a
      proposed concept, indicates that many nonpolymeric materials of known
      biocompatibility may be suitable for drug delivery implants as well.

PMID- 2651449
TI  - Effect of thermal injury and immunosuppression on the dissemination of Candida
      albicans from the mouse gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Candida albicans dissemination through the gastrointestinal tract was examined in
      mice given a thermal injury, immunosuppressive therapy, or both. After
      gastrointestinal tract colonization with C. albicans, mice were initially
      subjected to a 20% total body surface area, full-thickness, dorsal scald burn.
      Only one mouse in the burned group (5%) had evidence of C. albicans in the liver
      at the time the mice were killed. No dissemination was observed in sham-burned
      animals. When mice were immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide, an increased
      incidence of gastrointestinal tract dissemination was noted in burned (31%) and
      sham-burned (23%) mice; however, only 3 days after burn was there a significant
      difference in dissemination between burned and sham-burned mice (p less than
      0.02). This corresponded to the day of severest neutropenia in response to
      cyclophosphamide treatment. The results of the study indicate that C. albicans
      can disseminate from the gastrointestinal tract in response to thermal injury,
      but a significant suppression of the immune response must occur for the event to
      be commonplace.

PMID- 2651450
TI  - The effect of TP-5 on the production of C3, PGE2, and TXB2 by macrophages
      obtained from burned guinea pigs.
AB  - The effect of in vivo administration of the immunomodulator TP-5 on the in vitro
      synthesis and release of C3, PGE2, and TXB2 by guinea pig alveolar, splenic, and
      peritoneal macrophages was studied. Three groups of animals were studied:
      unburned control, burned, and burned + TP-5. There was no significant difference
      in the production of C3, PGE2, or TXB2, by alveolar macrophages of the three
      groups of animals or by splenic macrophages of the three groups. There was a
      significant difference in the production of TXB2 by peritoneal macrophages
      between the unburned control compared with the burned and burned plus TP-5
      groups. Our conclusion is that peritoneal macrophages seem to be controlled by
      mechanisms that are different from those that control alveolar or splenic
      macrophages.

PMID- 2651451
TI  - The role of allogeneic epidermis in murine graft rejection.
AB  - Skin equivalents containing allogeneic fibroblasts in a collagen matrix and
      overlaid with isologous epidermal cells have been successfully grafted to
      rodents. By contrast, skin equivalents containing isologous fibroblasts and
      allogeneic epidermal cells provoke a strong rejection response, characterized by
      the infiltration of mononuclear cells into the epidermis at 1 week and occlusion
      of the microvasculature and destruction of the epidermis by lymphocytes 2 weeks
      after grafting. Based on these findings, skin equivalents containing allogeneic
      fibroblasts could be used in the treatment of burn injuries, but the epidermis
      should be obtained from the patient.

PMID- 2651452
TI  - Computerized analysis of isokinetic torque curves for muscle strengthening.
AB  - Isokinetic exercise measurements are widely used in rehabilitation medicine for
      evaluation and treatment planning. Computerized peak torque, work, and power
      measurements in isokinetic exercise can be obtained reliably when testing muscles
      that cross the knee and elbow joints. Important technical considerations in
      torque curve analysis are axis alignment, instrument calibration, and damp and
      gravity correction factors. The usefulness of these measurements has been limited
      by the small number of accurate scientific studies providing valid normative data
      on healthy individuals.

PMID- 2651453
TI  - Foam ear protectors for burnt ears.
AB  - Foam ear protectors were developed at the Royal Brisbane Hospital for use with
      selected patients with burns to the ears. The protectors assist in preventing
      pressure necrosis of the ear and damage to skin grafts. They permit visualization
      of the ears after grafting and allow the patient to sleep in a side-lying
      position if desired.

PMID- 2651454
TI  - Non-invasive assessment of carotid arteries: a comparison of techniques used in
      two laboratories.
AB  - Fifty-one patients were examined non-invasively in two different laboratories and
      underwent angiography for carotid artery disease. Results of the two examinations
      and angiography were compared. In one laboratory continuous wave Doppler
      ultrasonography of the accessible extracranial arteries was used; in the other
      laboratory spectral analysis of the Doppler signals and angioscan imaging of the
      bifurcation was carried out. Accuracy of the two examinations (when compared with
      angiography) were similar for stenoses of more than 50%; spectral analysis and
      angioscan were better than continuous wave Doppler in detection of less than 50%
      stenoses.

PMID- 2651455
TI  - When did cardiac surgery begin?
AB  - Heart surgery is generally regarded as having begun on September 10, 1896 when
      Ludwig Rehn sutured a myocardial laceration successfully. There are valid
      reasons, however, to believe that cardiac surgery had its origin nearly a century
      earlier with the operative drainage of the pericardium by the little known
      Spanish surgeon, Francisco Romero, and highly regarded Baron Dominique Jean
      Larrey. This procedure entailed making a thoracic incision and opening and
      draining the pericardium. It must necessarily be considered a cardiac operation.
      The pericardium is part of the heart; its epicardium continues as the serosal
      layer of the fibrous pericardium; the pericardium is fused to the heart's base
      and great vessels; all books on heart surgery include pericardial operations.
      When Romero first operated is unknown, but it antedated 1814 when his work was
      presented in Paris; Larrey's operation was performed in 1810. These contributions
      are presented, and their priority with regard to the later initial efforts to
      suture myocardial laceration is reviewed briefly.

PMID- 2651456
TI  - Intraoperative ultrasonic imaging of coronary artery and saphenous vein grafts in
      coronary bypass surgery.
AB  - The intraoperative evaluation of native coronary atherosclerotic lesions and the
      anastomotic status of saphenous vein grafts were made using two-dimensional
      echography. Ultrasonic imaging was performed with a linear cross-sectional
      ultrasonograph and a high-frequency wide-brand microtransducer. In animal
      experiments, the lumens of the left main trunk and other major branches of
      coronary arteries of mongrel dogs were clearly visualized; the stenotic portion
      created by external constriction of the left anterior descending artery was also
      recognized in this manner. In the clinical application, 30 patients who required
      coronary artery this manner. In the clinical application, 30 patients who
      required coronary artery bypass grafting were examined during surgery.
      Intraluminal status of the left main trunk and proximal to mid portion of the
      other major coronary arteries were visualized satisfactorily. Stenotic portions
      detected by preoperative coronary cine-angiography were recognized. It was
      concluded that intraoperative echo coronary arteriography provides adequate
      information on the target coronary artery before the incision is made and that
      evaluation of anastomotic status is possible.

PMID- 2651457
TI  - Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis. Report of one case and review of the
      literature.
AB  - We report a case of infective endocarditis due to Cardiobacterium Hominis. This
      organism has rarely been recognized in the past as a human pathogen on the
      cardiac valves. This patient escaped early diagnosis, but he was successfully
      treated with parenteral ampicillin followed by elective aortic and mitral valve
      replacement. The bacteriological characteristics of this unusual cause of
      infective endocarditis are discussed and the world literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2651458
TI  - Presentation of undiagnosed pheochromocytoma during coronary artery bypass
      surgery.
AB  - Hypertension and tachyarrhythmias arising during an operative procedure are
      rarely caused by an unsuspected pheochromocytoma. However, when this tumor
      becomes clinically manifest under general anesthesia during a procedure for an
      unrelated condition, the mortality is high. An unusual case of a patient who
      developed episodes of catastrophic hypertension and tachyarrhythmias while
      undergoing a coronary artery bypass procedure is described. The subject of
      undiagnosed pheochromocytoma becoming clinically manifest under general
      anesthesia is discussed with a pertinent review of the literature.

PMID- 2651459
TI  - Congenital bifid sternum with partial ectopia cordis.
AB  - A newborn infant with bifid sternum and partial ectopia cordis is reported and
      the pertinent literature is briefly reviewed. Its successful surgical management
      is described. Early repair is recommended.

PMID- 2651460
TI  - Direct evidence for nuclear and cytoplasmic colocalization of proteasomes
      (multiprotease complexes) in liver.
AB  - Subcellular localization of the large multicatalytic protease complexes called
      proteasomes, which have been found in soluble fractions of various cells, was
      examined by biochemical, immunological, and immunohistological methods. Rat liver
      nuclei, purified by two different procedures, showed high activities for
      degrading [3H]methylcasein and various fluorogenic oligopeptides with neutral and
      weakly alkaline pH optima. On gel filtration, all of these peptidase activities
      were recovered in a single peak with the unusually large molecular weight of
      about 600,000. Properties of the proteolytic activity in crude extracts of the
      nucleus and the cytoplasm were very similar. Immunoelectrophoretic blot analysis
      showed the presence of appreciable concentrations of proteasomes with similar
      immunoreactivity in isolated nuclear and cytosolic fractions. Moreover,
      immunohistochemical staining of human liver showed that proteasomes were
      predominantly localized in the nuclear matrix but also were present diffusely in
      the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. These findings indicate the nuclear and cytoplasmic
      colocalization of proteasomes.

PMID- 2651461
TI  - Normal and mutant human adenosine deaminase genes.
AB  - Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency in humans is one cause of severe combined
      immunodeficiency. When ADA fails to catalyze the deamination of adenosine and
      deoxyadenosine, the levels of deoxyadenosine that accumulate are toxic to
      lymphoid cells. Patients with complete ADA deficiency (e.g., with less than 5%
      normal ADA catalytic activity) lack both B- and T-lymphocyte function. B
      lymphoblast cell lines derived from patients with ADA deficiency have been
      analyzed at multiple levels. Blot hybridization and S1 nuclease analysis of ADA
      messenger RNA (mRNA) indicates that the majority of ADA-deficient cell lines have
      ADA mRNA in the same abundance and size as in normal cell lines. Sequence
      analysis of ADA cDNAs derived from these mRNAs shows that the majority of
      mutations are single base changes that alter the amino acid sequence. Expression
      analysis proves that these point mutations lead to deficiency of ADA catalytic
      activity. Several cell lines have mutations that alter mRNA transcription or
      processing. These include a point mutation in one allele of an ADA-deficient cell
      line that leads to deletion of exon 4 during mRNA splicing. In addition, two cell
      lines are homozygous for large deletions of the gene that are the result of
      homologous recombination. Subjects with partial ADA deficiency have undetectable
      ADA activity in their erythrocytes, variable activity in their lymphoid cells,
      and normal immunological function. Analysis of the ADA catalytic activity of
      partially deficient cell lines indicates that the mutations involved affect
      protein stability. However, the mutations causing partial ADA deficiency are as
      yet undefined.

PMID- 2651462
TI  - Role for interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity diseases.
AB  - Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a polypeptide product of various cells, is one of the key
      mediators of the body's response to microbial invasion, inflammation,
      immunological reactions, and tissue injury. IL-1 is a prominent member of a group
      of polypeptide mediators now called "cytokines." Current evidence suggests that
      IL-1 is not produced in health but that any perturbation such as inflammation or
      even slight injury triggers the expression of IL-1 genes. The biological effects
      of IL-1 are manifested in nearly every tissue and organ. These include various
      proinflammatory effects such as increased production of arachidonate metabolites,
      synovial cell proteases, activation of basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils,
      endothelial cell adhesiveness, and stimulation of lymphocyte responses. Control
      of IL-1 synthesis in certain diseases is often appropriate. Although
      corticosteroids reduce both the transcription and translation of IL-1, we have
      recently investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with N-3 (omega-3)
      fatty acids in human volunteers. The results indicate that increasing the amount
      of N-fatty acids in the diet decreases the ability of blood mononuclear cells to
      synthesize IL-1 in vitro. It is suggested that the ameliorative effects of N-3
      fatty acid dietary supplements in patients with hypersensitive diseases may be,
      in part, the result of decreased IL-1 production.

PMID- 2651463
TI  - Mechanisms of lymphocyte-mediated lysis.
AB  - Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells use multiple
      mechanisms to destroy their target cells. Pore formation resulting in osmotic
      lysis of the target is one mechanism; the pore-forming protein (perforin)
      responsible for this activity has been purified. Antigenically and functionally
      it resembles proteins of the membrane attack complex of complement. The other
      known mediators of cytotoxicity appear to be closely interrelated. Tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF), lymphotoxin (LT), and leukalexin are the three members of this
      group that have been purified, although their mechanisms of action are still
      unknown. CTLs fragment the DNA of target cells, as do TNF, LT, and leukalexin;
      this may be one of the mechanisms of action of these mediators. CTLs and NK cells
      do not self lyse. The basis of this phenomenon is unclear, although recent
      advances have shed some light on the problem.

PMID- 2651464
TI  - An expression system for trypsin.
AB  - The eukaryotic serine protease, rat anionic trypsin, and various mutants created
      by site-directed mutagenesis have been heterologously expressed in Escherichia
      coli. The bacterial alkaline phosphatase (phoA) promoter was used to control the
      expression of the enzymes in an induced or constitutive fashion. The DNA coding
      for the eukaryotic signal peptide of pretrypsinogen was replaced with DNA coding
      for the phoA signal peptide. The phoA signal peptide successfully directs the
      secretion of the mammalian trypsinogen to the periplasmic space of E. coli.
      Active trypsin was expressed in the periplasm of E. coli by deleting the DNA
      coding for the activation hexapeptide of the zymogen. The activity of trypsin in
      the periplasm suggests that the enzyme is correctly activated and has folded such
      that the 12 cysteine residues involved in the six disulfide bonds of rat anionic
      trypsin have paired correctly. A transcription terminator increased the level of
      expression by a factor of two. However, increasing the copy number of the plasmid
      decreased the levels of expression. Localization of the active enzyme in the
      periplasm allows rapid screening of modified trypsin activities and facilitates
      the purification of protein to homogeneity and subsequently to crystallinity.

PMID- 2651465
TI  - Persistent crying in infancy.

PMID- 2651466
TI  - Post-placement services for foster and adoptive parents--support, counselling or
      therapy?

PMID- 2651467
TI  - Production scale purification of biosynthetic human insulin by reversed-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A process based on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP
      HPLC) has been developed for the purification of biosynthetic human insulin
      (BHI). The RP-HPLC procedure has been successfully integrated into the multimodal
      chromatographic production process used to purify kilogram quantities of BHI.
      Axial compression column technology was used in the scale-up process. The RP-HPLC
      procedure yields an insulin product having high chemical purity and full
      biological activity.

PMID- 2651468
TI  - Micropreparative separation of transfer ribonucleic acids by high-performance
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - A method was developed for the micropreparative separation of individual species
      of tRNA using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on large pore
      spherical silica bonded with C3 alkyl chains. Columns were eluted with linear
      gradients of decreasing sodium chloride and increasing methanol concentrations.
      The decreasing salt gradient gradually abolished hydrophobic interactions and a
      significantly higher selectivity was thus obtained when compared with increasing
      gradients of salts usually employed in reversed-phase separations of tRNA. The
      acceptance of tRNA fractions was tested by charging them with fifteen different
      amino acids. Significantly different separations were obtained with tRNA from
      Escherichia coli and from rat liver. tRNAGlu and tRNATyr from E. coli were
      obtained in a pure form, all other tRNAs were more or less contaminated by
      adjoining tRNAs for other amino acids. Rechromatography under suitable isocratic
      conditions was required to obtain pure tRNA species from rat liver. Isoaccepting
      tRNAs for several amino acids were separated from rat liver. The method described
      seems suitable for preliminary fractionations of complex mixtures of tRNA and for
      a simple purification of isoaccepting species if the presence of tRNAs for other
      amino acids is not an hindrance.

PMID- 2651469
TI  - The CA 125 tumour-associated antigen: a review of the literature.
AB  - CA 125 is an antigenic determinant on a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein
      recognized by a monoclonal antibody which was raised using an ovarian cancer cell
      line as an immunogen. During the last 5 years the studies reviewed in this paper
      have provided information concerning the nature, distribution and clinical
      significance of CA 125. The CA 125 determinant is expressed by epithelial ovarian
      tumours and various other pathological and normal tissues of Mullerian origin.
      The function of the glycoprotein expressing CA 125 remains unclear but the
      distribution of the antigen suggests that it may have a physiological role. The
      highest serum levels of CA 125 are found in ovarian cancer patients, but
      elevation of serum CA 125 may also be associated with other malignancies and
      benign and physiological states, including pregnancy, endometriosis and
      menstruation. Despite limitations of sensitivity and specificity serum CA 125
      estimation is of clinical value in the pre-operative diagnosis and monitoring of
      ovarian malignancy and may be a prognostic indicator for this disease. The role
      of CA 125 in screening for early-stage ovarian cancer is currently under
      investigation. Recent reports suggest that serum CA 125 measurement may also be
      of value as a prognostic indicator in endometrial cancer and as a reflection of
      disease status in advanced endometriosis.

PMID- 2651470
TI  - Hysteroscopy in infertility and habitual abortion.

PMID- 2651471
TI  - The human fallopian tube contains placental protein 5.
AB  - Placental protein 5 (PP5), a glycoprotein with properties of a serine protease
      inhibitor, was found in human Fallopian tubes removed during proliferative (n =
      6) and secretory (n = 6) phases of the menstrual cycle. The content of PP5 did
      not differ in fimbrial, ampullar and isthmic parts of the tube. In gel
      filtration, PP5-immunoreactivity from Fallopian tube extracts eluted as one major
      peak corresponding to a mol. wt of 36 kd. In radioimmunoassay, the dose--response
      curves of purified placental PP5 and Fallopian tubal extracts were parallel. In
      immunofluorescence staining, utilizing polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, PP5
      was localized to the epithelium of the Fallopian tube, but weaker staining was
      observed also in the stroma. As a potential serine protease inhibitor, PP5 might
      play a part in the implantation of the fertilized ovum.

PMID- 2651472
TI  - Effect of oral prostaglandin E2 on uterine contractility and outcome of treatment
      in women receiving RU 486 (mifepristone) for termination of early pregnancy.
AB  - It has been shown that the antiprogestin RU 486 (mifepristone) increases the
      sensitivity of the early pregnant human uterus to the stimulatory action of
      synthetic prostaglandin E (PGE) analogues. To examine if RU 486 also increases
      uterine sensitivity to the naturally occurring PGE2 given orally, two
      investigative approaches were used in the present studies: (i) direct
      registration of uterine contractions before and after PGE2 administration in
      untreated and RU 486-treated early pregnant women; and (ii) a double-blind,
      randomized, controlled efficacy trial involving treatment of pregnant women
      (amenorrhoea of less than or equal to 49 days) with RU 486 (25 mg twice daily for
      4 days) and PGE2 (1 mg once or twice) or placebo on the last day of RU 486
      treatment. The results indicate that oral PGE2 at the doses employed had little
      or no stimulatory effect on uterine contractility and that it did not improve the
      rate of complete abortion achieved with RU 486 alone. Overall, 25 of 42 women
      (59%) had a complete abortion, 15 women (36%) did not abort and the remaining two
      had incomplete abortions. Women with complete abortions had significantly lower
      pretreatment levels of progesterone and a longer duration of induced bleeding
      than those who did not abort. Thus oral PGE2, when given in clinically acceptable
      doses, is not a suitable alternative to synthetic PGE analogues for use in
      combination with RU 486 for termination of early pregnancy.

PMID- 2651473
TI  - In-vitro processing of sperm with autoantibodies: analysis of sperm populations.
AB  - Ejaculates from 51 infertile men with significant levels of anti-sperm antibodies
      were submitted to processing in vitro in order to increase the number of antibody
      free spermatozoa. Rapid removal and washing of spermatozoa from antibody
      containing seminal fluid resulted in a variable decrease in IgG and/or IgA
      binding; only IgG binding was significantly reduced. Those spermatozoa were
      allowed to swim-up into an overlaying medium to select those with the best
      progression. Unexpectedly, in the post-migration samples (PM), the proportion of
      progressively motile spermatozoa coated with IgG and IgA antibodies increased
      significantly. An efficient selection of antibody-free spermatozoa was achieved
      prior to swim up migration by immuno-binding to polystyrene Petri plates coated
      with anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies. Non-adherent populations were depleted
      of 27-100% of IgG and IgA antibody-coated spermatozoa. After migration, the
      percentages of antibody-coated spermatozoa of those populations (PMP) remained
      low. The comparison between PM and PMP populations shows that immunobinding
      increases the number of motile antibody-free spermatozoa. The fertility potential
      of both sperm populations is currently under investigation.

PMID- 2651474
TI  - Probing nucleation, cutting and capping of actin filaments.

PMID- 2651475
TI  - Functional sequences of the myosin head.
AB  - Muscle contraction originates from the sliding of myosin filaments on actin
      filaments, the energy for which is supplied by the hydrolysis of adenosine-5
      triphosphate (ATP) by myosin. The nucleotide first binds to the acto-myosin
      complex in the myosin head (or subfragment-1), producing a conformational change
      which induces actin dissociation. The release of phosphate (Pi) then allows a
      return to the strong actin-myosin association, corresponding to the rigor state.
      We discuss here certain controversial points arising from current concepts of the
      actin and nucleotide binding regions at the amino acid sequence level within the
      subfragment-1 heavy chain. We consider the actin and nucleotide binding regions
      to be two distinct sites (for each of these regions) one of which is shared
      competitively between actin and the nucleotide. In our model the cyclical actin
      S1 association-dissociation steps correspond to different ATP, actin and ADP
      affinities for the same amino acid sequence of the S1 heavy chain, contributing
      alternatively to a single hydrolytic nucleotide site or a strong actin site. We
      propose the existence of a flexible segment that forms or dismantles the
      nucleotide or actin sites. The large region (amino acids 540-707) overlapping the
      actin-myosin interface appears to be the main flexible region of the S1 molecule
      and we propose that this particular sequence plays a key role in the dissociation
      pathway of the actin-myosin complex and in the conversion of chemical energy into
      the mechanical energy of contraction.

PMID- 2651476
TI  - Pemphigus and pemphigoid as paradigms of organ-specific, autoantibody-mediated
      diseases.

PMID- 2651477
TI  - Pattern of cutaneous immunoglobulin G deposition in subacute cutaneous lupus
      erythematosus is reproduced by infusing purified anti-Ro (SSA) autoantibodies
      into human skin-grafted mice.
AB  - Subacute cutaneous lupus and neonatal lupus are closely associated with the
      presence of anti-Ro (SSA) autoantibodies, but there is no direct evidence
      establishing a role for anti-Ro (SSA) in these diseases. After parental injection
      into mice, IgG from sera containing anti-Ro (SSA) will bind human skin grafted
      onto the mice. To determine whether the antibody binding is due to anti-Ro (SSA),
      affinity-purified anti-Ro (SSA) and serum depleted of anti-Ro (SSA) were
      prepared. After injection into human skin-grafted mice, purified anti-Ro (SSA)
      antibodies bound an antigen in the human skin graft, while preabsorbing anti-Ro
      (SSA) serum with Ro (SSA) virtually abolished binding to the human skin graft.
      Moreover, the pattern of IgG deposition was primarily epidermal and was identical
      in the human skin-grafted mice injected with purified anti-Ro (SSA) when compared
      with that found in five patients with subacute lupus (four adults, one neonate).
      These data directly show that anti-Ro (SSA) antibodies bind to the skin, and
      support the hypothesis that anti-Ro (SSA) autoantibodies are involved in the
      disease process that produces subacute cutaneous lupus and neonatal lupus.

PMID- 2651478
TI  - Human colony-forming units-erythroid do not require accessory cells, but do
      require direct interaction with insulin-like growth factor I and/or insulin for
      erythroid development.
AB  - The presence of heterogeneous erythroid progenitor cells, contaminant cells, or
      serum may alter erythroid colony development in vitro. To obtain highly purified
      colony-forming units-erythroid (CFU-E), we cultured partially purified human
      blood burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E) in methylcellulose with recombinant
      human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) for 7 d and generated cells that consisted of 30
      60% CFU-E, but no BFU-E. A serum-free medium was used that allowed development of
      the same number of erythroid colonies as serum containing medium, but with a
      greater percentage of larger colonies. This medium consisted of delipidated
      crystalline bovine serum albumin, iron saturated transferrin, lipid suspension,
      fibrinogen, thrombin, Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium/F-12[HAM], and insulin
      plus rHuEPO. When CFU-E were cultured in a limiting dilution assay and the
      percentage of nonresponder wells was plotted against cell concentration, both
      serum-free cultures and serum-containing cultures yielded overlapping straight
      lines through the origin indicating that CFU-E development did not depend on
      accessory cells and that insulin acted directly on the CFU-E. Human recombinant
      interleukin 3 (IL-3) and/or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor had
      no effect on CFU-E growth, while they markedly enhanced BFU-E growth.
      Physiological concentrations of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I
      (IGF-I) enhanced CFU-E growth in the absence of insulin and, together with rHuEPO
      in serum-free medium, provided a plating efficiency equal to that of serum
      containing medium. Limiting dilution analysis in serum-free medium with IGF-I
      showed a straight line through the origin indicating that IGF-I also acted
      directly on the CFU-E and not through an effect on accessory cells. These data
      demonstrate that CFU-E do not require accessory cells, but do require IGF-I
      and/or insulin which act directly on the CFU-E.

PMID- 2651480
TI  - Specific binding of endothelin on human vascular smooth muscle cells in culture.
AB  - Endothelin is a newly discovered, potent vasoconstrictor peptide secreted by
      endothelial cells. The binding of endothelin was studied on cultured human
      vascular smooth muscle cells obtained from umbilical veins. A single specific
      binding site for 125I-endothelin was identified, with an apparent Kd of 126 pM
      and a maximal binding capacity of approximately 10,000 sites per smooth muscle
      cell. At room temperature the binding was saturable, reached equilibrium at 2 h
      (using 20 pM endothelin), and was slowly and only partially reversed by unlabeled
      endothelin. The calcium antagonists nifedipine, nicardipine, and diltiazem did
      not compete for the same binding site. Conditioned medium from cultured human
      umbilical vein endothelial cells inhibited the binding of 125I-endothelin dose
      dependently. This effect was antagonized by anti-endothelin antiserum. We
      conclude that human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells possess specific binding
      sites for endothelin, and that human endothelial cells secrete an endothelinlike
      material.

PMID- 2651479
TI  - Acute effects of insulin-like growth factor I on glucose and amino acid
      metabolism in the awake fasted rat. Comparison with insulin.
AB  - To elucidate the acute metabolic actions of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I),
      we administered a primed (250 micrograms/kg), continuous (5 micrograms/kg.min)
      infusion of human recombinant (Thr 59) IGF-I or saline to awake, chronically
      catheterized 24-h fasted rats for 90 min. IGF-I was also infused while
      maintaining euglycemia (glucose clamp technique) and its effects were compared to
      those of insulin. IGF-I infusion caused a twofold rise in IGF-I levels and a 75
      85% decrease in plasma insulin. When IGF-I alone was given, plasma glucose fell
      by 30-40 mg/dl (P less than 0.005) due to a transient twofold increase (P less
      than 0.05) in glucose uptake; hepatic glucose production and plasma FFA levels
      remained unchanged. IGF-I infusion with maintenance of euglycemia produced a
      sustained rise in glucose uptake and a marked stimulation of [3-3H]glucose
      incorporation into tissue glycogen, but still failed to suppress glucose
      production and FFA levels. IGF-I also produced a generalized 30-40% reduction in
      plasma amino acids, regardless of whether or not hypoglycemia was prevented. This
      was associated with a decrease in leucine flux and a decline in the incorporation
      of [1-14C]leucine into muscle and liver protein (P less than 0.05). When insulin
      was infused in a dosage that mimicked the rise in glucose uptake seen with IGF-I,
      nearly identical changes in amino acid metabolism occurred. However, insulin
      suppressed glucose production by 65% and FFA levels by 40% (P less than 0.001).
      Furthermore, insulin was less effective than IGF-I in promoting glycogen
      synthesis. We conclude that (a) IGF-I produces hypoglycemia by selectively
      enhancing glucose uptake; (b) IGF-I is relatively ineffective in suppressing
      hepatic glucose production or FFA levels; and (c) IGF-I, like insulin, lowers
      circulating amino acids by reducing protein breakdown rather than by stimulating
      protein synthesis. Thus, IGF-I's metabolic actions in fasted rats are readily
      distinguished from insulin.

PMID- 2651481
TI  - Glomerular actions of endothelin in vivo.
AB  - In Munich-Wistar rats, a micropipette was inserted into a first-order branch of
      the left main renal artery and continuously infused with human/porcine endothelin
      (0.4 ng/min). Micropuncture measurements revealed substantial differences within
      the cortical microcirculation of the same left kidney: SNGFR was some 35% lower
      in glomeruli exposed to endothelin compared with non-endothelin-perfused
      glomeruli (P less than 0.005). Similarly, glomerular plasma flow rate was some
      38% lower in the endothelin-exposed glomeruli (P less than 0.001). The
      hypoperfusion and hypofiltration in the endothelin-exposed glomeruli reflected an
      increase in resistances in the afferent and efferent arterioles. There was no
      difference in the value of the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient
      between the two populations of glomeruli. We also studied kidneys that underwent
      25 min of renal artery clamping 48 h before study. Antiendothelin antibody
      infused into one of the branches of the main renal artery ameliorated the
      vasoconstriction characteristic of postischemic nephrons: within the cortical
      microcirculation, the SNGFR in glomeruli exposed to antiendothelin antibody was
      27.0 +/- 3.1 nl/min as compared with 17.4 +/- 1.7 measured in glomeruli not
      perfused with the antibody (P less than 0.001). Similarly, glomerular plasma flow
      rate was higher in the glomeruli exposed to antiendothelin antibody (128.7 +/-
      14.4 nl/min vs. 66.6 +/- 5.6, P less than 0.005). Resistances in both the
      afferent and efferent arterioles were substantially lower in the antibody-exposed
      glomeruli. It is, therefore, suggested that endothelin, presumably released from
      damaged endothelium, may play an important intermediary role in the hypoperfusion
      and hypofiltration observed in postischemic kidneys.

PMID- 2651482
TI  - Lateral displacement of the intact mandibular condyle. Review of literature and
      report of case with associated facial nerve palsy.
AB  - A rare injury is described, in which symphyseal fracture of the mandible was
      associated with lateral displacement of the intact mandibular condyle into the
      temporal fossa and damage to the ipsilateral facial nerve with unilateral facial
      paralysis. Management of the injury was associated with an episode of acute
      laryngeal obstruction, necessitating emergency tracheostomy.

PMID- 2651483
TI  - Oral leukoplakia, with emphasis on malignant transformation. A follow-up study of
      46 patients.
AB  - A review of oral leukoplakia, based on data from the literature and experience
      with 84 patients is presented. The leukoplakic lesions of 3 patients developed
      malignant transformation within an average period of 5 years. All three patients
      were elderly women with idiopathic leukoplakia, in two cases of the homogeneous
      and in one case of the non-homogeneous type. The initial biopsy of the former two
      patients showed only hyperorthokeratosis without epithelial dysplasia. In the
      first biopsy of the third patient epithelial dysplasia was recorded. One of the
      patients finally died of widespread metastases. The other two have been treated
      surgically and are still alive.

PMID- 2651484
TI  - Peripheral odontogenic fibroma. Report of 5 cases.
AB  - The peripheral odontogenic fibroma (WHO type) is a relatively rare, benign,
      unencapsulated, exophytic gingival mass of fibrous connective tissue. Odontogenic
      epithelium is found within the gingival mass, but usually appears to play a minor
      role when compared to the fibrous component. According to the present concept,
      cases reported in the literature under the terms "odontogenic gingival epithelial
      harmartoma" "hamartoma of the dental lamina" and "peripheral ameloblastic
      fibrodentinoma" are actually examples of peripheral odontogenic fibroma. Review
      of the literature revealed only 30 acceptable cases that fit the present concept
      of peripheral odontogenic fibroma. Because of the paucity of reported cases, the
      histomorphological spectrum and the clinical features of this lesion have not yet
      been fully established. This article presents five new cases of peripheral
      odontogenic fibroma. The connective tissue ranged from markedly cellular to
      relatively acellular well collagenized. Islands and strands of epithelium were
      present in all five cases: in four they were scanty and in one abundant. A matrix
      of mineralized material was present in four cases. The peripheral odontogenic
      fibroma must be differentiated histologically from peripheral ossifying fibroma,
      which is a reactive lesion, and from the peripheral ameloblastoma and the
      calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour.

PMID- 2651485
TI  - The effects of low to moderate lead levels on neurobehavioral functioning in
      children: toward a conceptual model.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to present a working model of the way in which low
      to moderate levels of lead toxicity may affect the neurological and behavioral
      functioning of young children. The model is used to organize representative data
      on the subject, to evaluate the state of the field, and to suggest directions for
      future research.

PMID- 2651486
TI  - Compliance with a prescription for psychotherapeutic counseling in childhood.
AB  - Pediatricians frequently refer children and their families for psychotherapeutic
      counseling. In order to maximize compliance with such a prescription, the
      physician should be aware of factors associated with noncompliance. We conducted
      a systematic retrospective analysis of factors associated with following a
      recommendation for counseling. We reviewed the records of 35 children who had
      been referred for counseling. One to two years after the recommendation was made,
      we asked their parents whether or not they had accessed these services. Compliant
      and noncompliant families were compared on a number of demographic, historical,
      and diagnostic parameters. No statistically significant association with the
      compliance factor was found. Only 53% of children had received the prescribed
      therapy. We conclude that noncompliance with a recommendation for
      psychotherapeutic counseling is a problem of significant proportion. Further work
      with a larger sample size will be needed to elucidate factors associated with
      noncompliance.

PMID- 2651487
TI  - Hemodynamic and endocrine effects of acute and chronic administration of
      nifedipine.
AB  - Although it is well known that calcium channel blockers can influence contraction
      of vascular smooth muscle, there is less knowledge on its effect on excitation
      contraction coupling in the endocrine glands and more specifically on insulin and
      glucagon release. In this study, nifedipine was administered in doses of 40 to 80
      mg/day to 14 patients with essential hypertension, and its hemodynamic effects
      were evaluated by non-invasive methods, and its effect on glucose metabolism by
      an arginine infusion test. Nifedipine produced a significant reduction in
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both after the first dose (30/12 mm Hg)
      and after 8 weeks of administration (19/12 mm Hg). There were no significant
      changes in cardiac output (5.1 to 4.9 L/min), muscle (2.4 to 3.2 mL/sec/min) or
      cutaneous basal flow (9.8 to 8.6 mL/100 mL) as measured non-invasively by
      echocardiogram and by plethysmography. Insulin and glucagon release were
      evaluated by the arginine infusion test. Nifedipine produced a tendency toward an
      increase in glucagon release and a reduction in insulin release although these
      changes did not reach statistical significance. In this group of patients,
      nifedipine produced a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic pressure,
      but no significant changes in insulin or glucagon plasma levels.

PMID- 2651488
TI  - Instruction in clinical pharmacology: changes in the wind.
AB  - We have presented some views on past, present and potential trends for teaching
      clinical pharmacology in the medical curriculum. Clinical pharmacology as subject
      matter in the medical curriculum has been operationally defined for our purposes
      as: (1) the application of fundamental principles of basic pharmacology to
      rational drug therapy in humans; and (2) the application of appropriate nuances
      of the human pharmacology of individual drugs to their use in particular disease
      states. In terms of improving the results of drug therapy, arguments were
      advanced for the importance of teaching clinical pharmacology at all levels in
      the medical curriculum and in postgraduate medical education. The introduction of
      so many new and potent pharmaceuticals over the past 25 years requires well
      educated and skilled medical practitioners adept and well versed in the
      fundamental principles of basic and applied pharmacology, so as to achieve the
      most prudent, effective and economically sound use of these drugs as possible.
      This creates a challenge to medical educators, particularly those involved in
      teaching clinical pharmacology, to devise innovative teaching techniques and
      curricular changes that foster these goals. In an attempt to address these
      challenges, we have reviewed some innovative teaching approaches and curricular
      reforms, both published and unpublished, that have already met with success, and
      we have also discussed some future trends in teaching both undergraduate and
      graduate physicians the fundamental principles of rational drug therapy. The
      challenges and issues involved in these future trends have been identified and
      will be addressed in subsequent articles in this journal. These will be concerned
      with teaching clinical pharmacology: (1) in basic medical pharmacology courses;
      (2) to upperclass medical students; and (3) in continuing medical education
      programs. Subsequent articles will also deal with new and innovative teaching
      modalities for clinical pharmacology and with the role of the drug industry in
      these modalities.

PMID- 2651489
TI  - Double-blind comparison of alprazolam and adinazolam for panic and phobic
      disorders.
AB  - Subjects primarily suffering from DSM-III panic disorders (agoraphobia with panic
      attacks, 13 subjects; panic disorder, one subject) were tested with two drug
      treatments after a baseline was established using single-blind placebo capsules
      three times daily for 1 week. Double-blind, 4-week crossover treatments were
      given with alprazolam, 0.5-6.0 mg/day, and adinazolam mesylate, 10-120 mg/day.
      Mean final doses in mg/day were 3.1 for alprazolam and 95.5 for adinazolam
      mesylate. Both were broadly effective in comparison with the baseline condition.
      Measures included self-rated symptoms and global impressions, physician-rated
      global impressions, and two forms of challenges, agoraphobic and noradrenergic.
      The two active drugs were highly similar in overall efficacy across the sample,
      but alprazolam was favored globally in six subjects, and adinazolam was favored
      globally in another six subjects. Only two subjects obtained maximal improvement
      ratings without side effects with both drugs. No diagnostic or demographic factor
      correlated with the differential in responses to the two active treatments. No
      clinically significant laboratory abnormalities occurred with either drug.

PMID- 2651490
TI  - Alprazolam, propranolol, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder and
      agoraphobia with panic attacks.
AB  - Fifty-five patients completed a 5-week double-blind study comparing alprazolam,
      propranolol, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia with
      panic attacks. There was no concomitant behavioral treatment. Patient and
      therapist rating scales included Sheehan's Panic and Anxiety Attack Scales, the
      Marks-Sheehan Phobia Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the Hamilton Depression
      Scale, and the Side Effects Checklist. The results generally support the efficacy
      of alprazolam, but not propranolol, in the treatment of panic disorder and
      agoraphobia with panic attacks. The significance of the results are discussed, as
      well as a number of the unique aspects of our procedures and patient population.

PMID- 2651491
TI  - Panic attacks and agoraphobia: low dose clomipramine treatment.
AB  - Seventeen outpatients with panic anxiety and agoraphobia were treated with a low,
      flexible dose of clomipramine in an 8-week open trial. Panic attacks ceased
      completely in 13 patients and markedly decreased in the other four without
      additional therapeutic measures. Avoidance behavior disappeared in five of the
      seven agoraphobic patients. Overall mean dosage was 45 mg/day, with eight
      patients receiving clomipramine 25 mg or less. Higher doses were needed when
      agoraphobia was present. These results are discussed in conjunction with previous
      findings and lend support to serotonergic involvement in panic anxiety. Further
      double-blind studies are needed to confirm these results.

PMID- 2651492
TI  - Subjective profile of phenylpropanolamine: absence of stimulant or euphorigenic
      effects at recommended dose levels.
AB  - A total of 837 healthy volunteers presenting with various degrees of obesity
      participated in a large-scale, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the
      subjective effects of phenylpropanolamine (PPA), with particular attention to
      measurement of the euphoriant or stimulant potential of therapeutic doses of the
      compound. Dosage forms studied were PPA 75 mg sustained release, PPA 25 mg, and
      placebo. Subjects were recruited from four independent clinical sites. At each
      site, subjects were stratified according to degree of overweight (normal, mildly
      overweight, moderately overweight, or severely overweight) and randomly assigned
      to one of the three drug treatment regimens. Subjective effects were measured 11
      times during the 12-hour experimental session using a short-form version of the
      Addiction Research Center Inventory. Data analysis did not indicate discernible
      subjective effects that would differentiate PPA from placebo, but did show
      typical circadian fluctuations. These results provided evidence that therapeutic
      doses of PPA do not produce the euphoriant or "stimulant" subjective effects that
      characterize drugs of abuse.

PMID- 2651494
TI  - Old and new paradigms: research on young people's response to the nuclear threat.

PMID- 2651493
TI  - The dose effects of zolpidem on the sleep of healthy normals.
AB  - This study determined the dose effects of zolpidem in 12 healthy males with
      normal sleep patterns. Subjects spent 7 weeks, 3 consecutive nights per week, in
      the laboratory and had a 4-night washout between treatments. The first week was a
      screening and adaptation week. Then subjects received zolpidem (2.5, 5.0, 7.5,
      10.0, or 20.0 mg) or placebo on the first two nights for each of the next 6
      consecutive weeks. Treatments were organized in a Latin square design and
      administered in a double-blind fashion. On the third night of each treatment,
      subjects always received placebo. The 5.0 mg and larger doses of zolpidem
      significantly decreased latency to persistent sleep and wake before sleep. Sleep
      maintenance measures were not affected by zolpidem. The 7.5 mg and higher doses
      of zolpidem significantly increased total sleep time. The only significant sleep
      stage effect was a decrease in percent of rapid eye movement sleep at only the 20
      mg dose. No consistent discontinuation effects were found. Zolpidem was
      hypnotically active at doses as low as 5.0 and 7.5 mg, and sleep stage effects
      occurred only at the 20 mg dose, thus separating the dose range of hypnotic and
      sleep stage effects.

PMID- 2651495
TI  - Everybody's scared--but life goes on: coping, defense and action in the face of
      nuclear threat.
AB  - Studies of response to nuclear threat have produced several "typologies" of
      coping and defense mechanisms. In this paper, a model of the sequence of
      processes by which people deal with recurrent fears about nuclear war is
      proposed, drawing on risk perception and stress paradigms. It is shown how the
      accumulated data can be interpreted in terms of appraisal processes and schemata,
      and that "activism" is but one coping mechanism rather than the logical outcome
      of effective coping. The implications for psychologists concerned about the
      nuclear threat are considered.

PMID- 2651496
TI  - Psychoanalytic classification and empiricism with borderline personality disorder
      as a model.
AB  - Psychoanalytic interest in diagnosis has traditionally addressed issues of
      structure of personality, defense, and repetitive maladaptive patterns of
      interaction with other human beings based on inferred unconscious fantasies and
      compromise formations. Empirical studies based on the psychoanalytic model have
      concentrated on study of the therapeutic process and also on study of diagnostic
      groups such as borderline personality disorder (BPD). The work in BPD provides a
      paradigm for future approaches in the study of second-order inferences removed
      from the immediate observational field, which is tapped by descriptive
      taxonomies. The concept of structure may be clarified by empirical studies using
      a psychoanalytic frame of reference.

PMID- 2651497
TI  - Validity of Million's computerized interpretation system for the MCMI: comment on
      Moreland and Onstad.
AB  - Moreland and Onstad (1987) reported the results of a "controlled study" to
      determine the incremental validity of Million's computerized interpretive system
      for the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) in relation to the Barnum
      effect. Eight clinicians rated the accuracy of actual case reports and paired
      control reports that were randomly generated but designated experimental.
      However, in view of several limitations of their experimental design and
      statistical analyses, the authors may have prematurely concluded that the
      perceived accuracy of the interpretive system exceeds a Barnum base rate.

PMID- 2651498
TI  - Models of the additivity of masking.
AB  - Three models of masking additivity are reviewed, which are referred to as the
      high-compression model [M. J. Penner, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 608-616 (1980); M.
      J. Penner and R. M. Shiffrin, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 617-627 (1980)], the power
      law model [R. A. Lutfi, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 262-267 (1983); 80, 422-428
      (1986)], and the modified power-law model with compressed internal noise [Humes
      et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 188-202 (1988)]. While the high-compression model
      was derived from data for two or more nonsimultaneous maskers and the power-law
      model was derived from data for two or more simultaneous maskers, the modified
      power-law model can be applied to both cases. The modified power-law model
      assumes that the threshold in quiet is equivalent to a masked threshold resulting
      from an internal noise that is continually present. Additional assumptions
      concern the interaction of two maskers prior to the addition of the masking
      effects. Most of the data on the additivity of masking are well described by the
      modified power-law model, regardless of the nature of the maskers. Thus the model
      provides a good description of data for combined simultaneous maskers and
      combined nonsimultaneous maskers, a task heretofore requiring the use of at least
      two separate and independently developed models.

PMID- 2651499
TI  - Connectedness through liberal education.

PMID- 2651501
TI  - Dental benefit glossary.

PMID- 2651500
TI  - The emergence of liberal education in nursing education, 1893 to 1923.
AB  - This is a study of the liberal education theme in nursing education as
      articulated in nursing literature from 1893 to 1923. The major questions
      addressed are: What did nurse educators believe to be the nature of liberal
      education? What did they believe would be the effect of a liberal education on
      the profession of nursing? To what extent did the articulation of the beliefs
      regarding liberal education parallel the development of collegiate-level nursing
      programs? The resources for this study are viewed in a historical and
      philosophical context, relating education beliefs, beliefs about professions, and
      the development of nursing education. The materials used for research include
      literature published in the major nursing journals of the time, proceedings of
      the national professional organizations for nursing practice and education, and
      major studies of nursing by various committees and commissions. The writings of
      nurse educators were examined for central themes. The study concludes that nurse
      educators believed the purposes of a liberal education for nurses were to foster
      the development of the individual, to prepare the individual for citizenship, to
      provide the individual with a broad knowledge base, and to develop the
      individual's critical thinking and judgment skills. Practitioners of nursing with
      these attributes would increase the credibility of nursing's claim to
      professional status. Although nurse educators believed that institutions of
      higher education were the logical sites for professional nursing education, the
      development of collegiate-level educational programs that incorporated a general
      education as part of the program of study for nursing lagged behind the
      articulation of beliefs.

PMID- 2651502
TI  - Retention and resistance features for complex amalgam restorations.
AB  - Although not absolute, there are indications for each of the retention and
      resistance features described. Amalgapins and circumferential slots have their
      greatest indication in teeth with short clinical crowns and in cusps that have
      been reduced 2-3 mm for coverage with amalgam. In these situations, slots provide
      more resistance than amalgapins and amalgam inserts. When amalgapins or slots are
      used as the only retention and resistance features, the restoration is
      susceptible to early fracture during matrix removal. When the technical
      requirements for placement of vertical pins can be met, they provide excellent
      retention and resistance form. Vertical pins should be placed at least 0.5 mm
      inside the dentinoenamel junction, at a depth of approximately 2 mm, and should
      protrude from the tooth approximately 2 mm. However, there are inherent risks
      involved with pin placement; these include crazing of tooth structure,
      perforation into the pulp or periodontium, and weakening of the amalgam
      restoration over the pins. The use of both vertical and horizontal pins may be
      limited by inadequate access; in these cases, alternate devices should be used.
      When a cusp has been reduced and increased resistance is needed, a ledge or
      peripheral step may be indicated. It must be remembered that this feature will
      result in a greater display of amalgam and may be esthetically unacceptable on a
      facial cusp. If esthetic appearance is a factor, horizontal pins may be used to
      reinforce a remaining facial cusp. Horizontal pins may also be used to splint or
      tie a remaining cusp to the restoration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651503
TI  - Maternal milk and plasma glucose and insulin levels: studies in normal and
      diabetic subjects.
AB  - The relationship between maternal glucose levels and the concentration of glucose
      and insulin levels in human milk from diabetic women has not been elucidated. In
      addition, the rate of appearance of intravenously injected insulin to the change
      in concentration of insulin in maternal milk has not been studied. To study this
      relationship of glucose levels in serum to glucose levels in milk, maternal milk
      and glucose levels were measured in diabetic lactating women (n = 7) and
      nondiabetic lactating women (n = 10). In addition, the change in milk
      concentration of insulin was studied after an intravenous injection of insulin.
      The maternal whole blood glucose in the seven diabetic women was stabilized at a
      baseline blood glucose of approximately 100 mg/dl and then elevated with an
      infusion of intravenous glucose to a level of three times baseline (approximately
      300 mg/dl for up to 2 hours). The plasma glucose was then lowered back to
      baseline with intravenous insulin over 20 minutes. The baseline serum insulin and
      glucose levels were compared to nonlactating women who donated serum to measure
      insulin levels in normal controls. Maternal milk glucose levels rise following an
      increase of plasma glucose levels with a lag time to the peak glucose level of 40
      90 minutes, and return to baseline following the return of plasma glucose to
      baseline with a lag time of 120-150 minutes. Baseline milk insulin levels are
      elevated in hyperinsulinemic women and the levels of insulin in the milk will
      rise dramatically above baseline values after an intravenous injection of insulin
      with a lag time to the peak of concentration in milk of 60-80 minutes.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651505
TI  - Rhinomanometry.

PMID- 2651504
TI  - Esophageal cancer and microelements.
AB  - Epidemiological studies have identified dietary zinc deficiency,
      methylbenzylnitrosamine, and ethanol as factors strongly associated with an
      increased incidence of esophageal carcinoma in man. In addition, these studies
      have identified other trace elements which may also affect the incidence of
      esophageal carcinoma. Animal models have confirmed that dietary zinc deficiency
      increases the incidence of methylbenzylnitrosamine-induced esophageal carcinoma
      and that dietary zinc deficiency also increases the incidence of other
      dialkylnitrosamine-induced carcinomas. The dialkylnitrosamine carcinogens are
      activated by NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 enzymes in their target tissues.
      The activated methylbenzylnitrosamine methylates DNA, forming O6-methylguanine
      adducts. These O6-methylguanine adducts can lead to point mutations in DNA, and
      such mutations are known to be responsible for the induction of certain
      carcinogen-induced tumors. We have demonstrated that dietary zinc deficiency
      increased the cytochrome P-450-dependent microsomal metabolism of
      methylbenzylnitrosamine and dimethylnitrosamine, two members of this class of
      dialkylnitrosamine carcinogens, while the addition of zinc in vitro
      noncompetitively inhibits the microsomal metabolism of these carcinogens. We have
      also demonstrated that dietary zinc deficiency is associated with an increased
      formation of O6-methylguanine in the esophageal DNA of zinc-deficient animals
      treated with methylbenzylnitrosamine. This increased formation of the mutagenic
      DNA adduct O6-methylguanine may explain the increased incidence of
      dialkylnitrosamine-induced carcinomas observed with dietary zinc deficiency.
      Other trace elements, including molybdenum, selenium, and magnesium, may also
      alter the incidence of esophageal carcinoma, but studies of these elements are
      not as conclusive as the epidemiological and experimental studies linking dietary
      zinc deficiency with an increased incidence of human esophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 2651506
TI  - The contribution of alveolar macrophages to hyperreactive airway disease.
AB  - Thus, there is substantial evidence that favors a role for macrophages in
      subjects with atopic asthma. The precise manner in which these cells participate
      and the relative degree to which these cells contribute to, or orchestrate,
      events remains to be delineated. Research on the potential role of macrophages in
      asthma syndromes remains in its infancy. In time we will discover new roles for
      mononuclear phagocyte-derived mediators and many more new mediators that will
      play a role in the complex immunologic events ongoing in the airways of patients
      with asthma. Also, future research will continue to explore what promises to be a
      productive area of research, namely, cell-cell interactions and the manner in
      which many cells participate together in the pathophysiology of asthma. If
      macrophages can be demonstrated to influence airway inflammation associated with
      atopic disease, they may be appropriate targets for therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 2651507
TI  - Refractory cholinergic urticaria successfully treated with ketotifen.
AB  - Four patients with cholinergic urticaria associated with additional
      cardiorespiratory manifestations are described. Two patients reported cold, in
      addition to heat and exercise, as a factor inducing symptoms. Prospective
      exercise challenge documented a rise in in plasma histamine sixfold to 20-fold
      above baseline values that accompanied onset of symptoms. All four subjects had
      proved refractory to conventional antihistamine therapy. Institution of ketotifen
      at doses ranging from 3 to 8 mg per day resulted in symptomatic improvement, and
      in all four subjects a repeat exercise challenge confirmed clinical improvement.
      In three subjects exercise challenge with ketotifen demonstrated blockade of mast
      cell-mediator release. Plasma histamine levels remained at baseline. In the
      fourth patient, histamine rose to about half the peak observed before ketotifen
      therapy. These findings confirm the observation that ketotifen is both an H1
      histamine-receptor antagonist as well as a stabilizer of mast cell-mediator
      release. We speculate that ketotifen may prove more effective than conventional
      antihistamines in the management of severe urticaria.

PMID- 2651508
TI  - Therapy of chronic idiopathic urticaria with nifedipine: demonstration of
      beneficial effect in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.
AB  - The efficacy of nifedipine, a calcium channel antagonist, in the treatment of
      chronic idiopathic urticaria, was evaluated in a double-blinded, placebo
      controlled, crossover trial. Ten patients with chronic urticaria refractory to
      maximally tolerated doses of H1 and H2 antihistamines and in whom extensive
      evaluation failed to identify a cause for their urticaria were entered into the
      study. Patients continued with their prestudy antihistamine regimens. A study
      drug dosage was titrated in each patient and maintained throughout the trial.
      Patients were treated with placebo or nifedipine for 4 weeks and then crossed
      over to the other medication for 4 weeks. One patient withdrew because of
      unrelated medical illness, two patients withdrew after crossover to placebo
      because of intolerable urticaria, and seven patients completed the study. A
      beneficial effect of nifedipine was clearly demonstrated. Hive count, hive index,
      and itch index were all significantly improved at the end of 4 weeks of
      nifedipine treatment (p = 0.023, 0.003, and 0.003, respectively) but not placebo
      treatment (p = 0.194, 0.664, and 0.944, respectively). Additionally, end point
      hive index and itch index scores with nifedipine compared to corresponding
      placebo scores were significantly improved (p = 0.010 and 0.008, respectively).
      Nifedipine was well tolerated. Thus, when nifedipine is used as an adjunct to
      antihistamines, it appears to be a safe, efficacious drug for the treatment of
      chronic idiopathic urticaria.

PMID- 2651509
TI  - Nocturnal asthma: effect of treatment with oral sustained-release terbutaline,
      inhaled budesonide, and the two in combination.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare effect of treatment with an oral long
      acting beta 2-agonist (sustained-release terbutaline, Bricanyl depot), an inhaled
      steroid (budesonide, Pulmicort), and the combined treatment in patients with
      nocturnal asthma. Thirty-seven patients completed the study. During a 1-week run
      in period with inhaled terbutaline monotherapy, the mean nocturnal asthma score
      was 1.0 (+/- 0.1) (corresponding to one awakening every night), and the mean
      overnight fall in peak expiratory flow rate was 27.7% (+/- 2.0). The patients
      were randomly entered into double-blind, crossover periods of 3 weeks each: (1)
      sustained-release terbutaline, 10 mg twice daily (b.i.d.), (2) sustained-release
      terbutaline, 10 mg b.i.d., and two puffs (400 micrograms) of budesonide, b.i.d.,
      and (3) two puffs (400 micrograms) of budesonide, b.i.d. The combined treatment
      resulted in significantly lower overnight fall in peak expiratory flow rate (6.9%
      +/- 1.4 compared to 9.4% +/- 2.0 during sustained-release terbutaline and 10.4%
      +/- 1.9 during budesonide) and less nocturnal awakenings (nocturnal asthma score
      0.15 +/- 0.05, 0.43 +/- 0.09, and 0.26 +/- 0.06, respectively) than either single
      treatment alone (p less than 0.05). The differences between the single treatments
      were not significant. We thus found that an inhaled steroid is as effective as a
      long-acting oral beta 2-agonist in controlling nocturnal asthma and that the
      combination is better. The observed differences were, however, small, and other
      studies would be required to evaluate the clinical significance of the present
      finding.

PMID- 2651510
TI  - Immunoprint pattern in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in
      different stages.
AB  - Individual immunoprint patterns of sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis-separated Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) allergens/antigens were
      evaluated in 28 patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in stages
      II to V. It could be demonstrated that active disease (stage III) is
      characterized by a very strong IgE response against a variety of Af components,
      whereas the IgE antibody pattern in corticosteroid-treated patients who have
      demonstrated improvement is much weaker. In patients in remission (stage II), it
      is minimal. In contrast, many patients in stage V without corticosteroid
      treatment demonstrated a strong reactivity of IgE antibodies, indicating
      persisting active disease. The pattern of IgG antibodies with individual Af
      components resembles, in general, that of IgE antibodies; however, discrimination
      between different stages and between treated patients is much weaker. Our results
      indicate that a certain relationship between the different stages of allergic
      bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and Af immunoprint patterns exists.

PMID- 2651511
TI  - Negativism and countertransference.
AB  - The purpose of this work is to explore the phenomenon of negativism and the
      analyst's response to it during the course of analytic work with a patient in
      whom negativism is a central behavioral pattern. Melville's short story,
      "Bartleby the Scrivener," describing in telling detail the response of a
      sympathetic lawyer to profound and pervasive negativism in his legal scribe, is
      discussed as a literary analogy to the analyst-analysand dyad. Aspects of the
      concept of negativism within psychoanalysis are discussed. The potential
      usefulness of understanding certain unexpected countertransference responses to
      pervasive negativism is explored, as this is a relatively neglected area of
      psychoanalytic technique. A case is presented describing the analysis of a
      patient whose character, like Bartleby's, is a mixture of profound negativism
      along with schizoid, obsessional, and masochistic elements.

PMID- 2651512
TI  - Pneumococcal endophthalmitis after corneal transplantation: control by
      modification of harvesting techniques.
AB  - Between January and September 1986, 61 patients underwent corneal transplantation
      at a university hospital, and three (4.9%) of the patients developed
      endophthalmitis. Cultures of the donor cornea were positive for Streptococcus
      pneumoniae. The transplant program was stopped and an investigation begun. Review
      of corneal transplants in 1985 showed that S pneumoniae was recovered from only 1
      (1.5%) of 66 donor corneas compared with 6 (9.8%) of 61 in 1986 (P = 0.045;
      Fisher's exact test). Investigation showed that major changes had occurred in the
      corneal transplant program in 1986 as a result of a new state law. Coroner's
      cases had become the source of most corneas; younger donors were available, and
      corneas, instead of whole eyes, were collected in the coroner's office, often by
      part-time technicians. All of the infected corneas had been harvested by part
      time technicians, instead of the regular eye bank technician, and came from
      younger donors (mean age 11.8 years v 27.2; P less than or equal to 0.02). Based
      on these observations, collection techniques were modified to reduce
      contamination of corneas during harvesting. This included the use of surgical
      drapes and gloves, collecting the cornea without interruption, saline irrigation
      of the eye, and inversion of the eye chamber to ensure complete contact of the
      cornea with the antibiotic-containing media. The program was restarted, and there
      were no corneal infections with S pneumoniae during a one-year follow-up
      period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651513
TI  - Coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections in vascular surgery: epidemiology
      and pathogenesis.
AB  - Staphylococcal infection of a vascular prosthesis is a relatively uncommon
      complication of peripheral vascular surgery; however, these infections and their
      sequelae can be catastrophic. The majority of prosthetic graft infections are
      caused by mucin-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, which express
      varying degrees of adherence to the synthetic substrates. Studies have
      demonstrated that the components and construction characteristics of the graft,
      implantation site, administration of antimicrobial agents, and endogenous
      microbial flora are all identifiable risk factors in vascular graft infections.
      Mucin production, a known virulence factor, has recently been shown to occur in
      endogenous coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) at the time of hospital
      admission. While mucin production plays an important role in the persistence of
      graft infections, there is no evidence that suggests a relationship between mucin
      and antimicrobial resistance. Identifying characteristics of (CNS) graft
      infections may include a draining wound sinus, poor graft incorporation, a
      perigraft exudate or a pseudoaneurysm at the anastomotic site. The occult nature
      of these infections, in which the patient is often asymptomatic, makes diagnosis
      and treatment difficult. The graft or graft exudate may be negative when routine
      culture methods are employed. The recognition of CNS graft infections requires a
      high index of suspicion and the treatment of these infections requires
      understanding of the pathogenic process, individualized surgical management, and
      the judicious use of antimicrobial agents.

PMID- 2651514
TI  - Dangers of "eye-to-eye" contact.

PMID- 2651515
TI  - Cumulative bibliography of the current world literature in hypertension.

PMID- 2651516
TI  - Dietary sodium restriction and the renin-angiotensin system in young
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Severe dietary sodium restriction initiated early in life is required to prevent
      development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Moderate
      sodium restriction does not affect hypertension development. This relative
      insensitivity to sodium restriction may be related to compensatory increases in
      other pressor mechanisms, specifically the renin-angiotensin system. We evaluated
      this possibility by measuring plasma renin activity, the blood pressure response
      to the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril as well as blood
      pressure responsiveness to exogenous angiotensin II in SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats
      (WKY) raised from birth until 6 or 16 weeks on control (101 mumol Na+/g food),
      moderate (26 mumol/g) or two severe (17 or 9 mumol/g) sodium-restricted diets.
      Moderate sodium restriction did not affect development of hypertension, but also
      did not cause significant increases in PRA or the blood pressure response to
      captopril in SHR or WKY. In contrast, severe sodium restriction blunted or
      prevented the development of hypertension in SHR and was associated with (1)
      marked increases in plasma renin activity (2) increased maintenance of blood
      pressure by the renin-angiotensin system (as assessed by captopril), and (3) a
      marked decrease in the blood pressure response to angiotensin II. We conclude
      that the relative insensitivity of hypertension development in SHR to dietary
      sodium restriction does not relate to a compensatory increase in the activity of
      the renin-angiotensin system. The moderate sodium restriction employed (26
      mumol/g) may rather represent the lower end of the normal range.

PMID- 2651517
TI  - Linear cardiac output in borderline and sustained hypertension.
AB  - We assessed the relative contributions of raised cardiac output and increased
      peripheral resistance to elevation and lability of blood pressure in patients
      with borderline and sustained hypertension. Ninety-five untreated patients were
      admitted to hospital for assessment. Using Doppler ultrasound, linear cardiac
      output was measured as minute distance on the day of admission and 24 h later;
      blood pressure was measured at the same times, enabling calculation of linear
      resistance (analogous to peripheral vascular resistance). In sustained, but not
      borderline, hypertension linear resistance was increased at the first measurement
      (+ 36%, P less than 0.001), but mean minute distance did not differ significantly
      from normal in either group. Between the first and second measurements in
      borderline and sustained hypertension there were significant falls of mean blood
      pressure (-9%, P less than 0.001 and -4%, P less than 0.01). In borderline, but
      not sustained, hypertension there was an associated fall of linear resistance (
      11%, P less than 0.05); in neither group was there a significant change of minute
      distance. Both elevation and lability of blood pressure in borderline and
      sustained hypertension are due more to changes of peripheral resistance than to
      changes of cardiac output.

PMID- 2651518
TI  - Bibliography of the current world literature in hypertension.

PMID- 2651519
TI  - Hypertension in blacks: psychosocial and biological perspectives.
AB  - The extraordinarily high rate of hypertension in blacks remains a significant
      public health issue in most industrialized societies. Research has focused on the
      investigation of racial differences in biological, nutritional, behavioural and
      psychological, and social factors in an effort to identify the causes of this
      high morbidity rate. Thus far, research suggests important racial differences in
      renal functioning, particularly in sodium metabolism and plasma renin activity,
      as well as potassium intake and sodium:potassium ratio. Behavioral factors such
      as anger-coping style and John Henryism, and social factors such as socioeconomic
      status, socioecological stress, social support, urban-rural residence, and family
      interaction patterns have also been identified as potential contributors.
      Finally, emerging research paradigms such as laboratory stress reactivity and 24
      h ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure may provide promising leads about the
      interaction between these effects and hypertension in black populations.

PMID- 2651520
TI  - Effect of cyclosporin A on lymphopoiesis. I. Absence of mature T cells in thymus
      and periphery of bone marrow transplanted mice treated with cyclosporin A.
AB  - In this report, we investigate the effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) on
      lymphopoiesis, and demonstrate that CsA selectively abrogates the development of
      CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ T cells (single positive cells) in the thymus. This
      developmental arrest results in the complete absence of mature T cells (assessed
      both by phenotypic and functional analyses) in the spleen of syngeneic bone
      marrow transplanted mice subsequently treated with CsA. In contrast to its
      remarkable effect on T cells, CsA had no detectable effect on B cells
      differentiation. In the thymus, the generation of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes was not
      affected by CsA treatment, and CD4-CD8- thymocytes of CsA-treated mice expressed
      surface markers characteristic of normal CD4-CD8- thymocytes, and exhibited
      normal functional activity when stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody. Thus, CsA
      appears to prevent the generation of mature, single positive T cells without
      affecting the development of immature T cells in the thymus. In addition to its
      immunosuppressive effect on immunocompetent cells, these results indicate a novel
      feature of CsA, which involves arrest of T cell differentiation, a finding that
      may be important for applications in clinical bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2651521
TI  - Cytokine-induced production of IFN-beta 2/IL-6 by freshly explanted human
      endometrial stromal cells. Modulation by estradiol-17 beta.
AB  - The cytokine IFN-beta 2/IL-6 has emerged as an important means of communication
      between cells--both within the immune system as well as outside it. In exploring
      the link between the endocrine and the immune systems, we have studied the
      secretion of IFN-beta 2/IL-6 by freshly explanted human endometrial stromal cells
      and its modulation by estrogens. Endometrial stromal cells produced IFN-beta 2/IL
      6 in response to other inflammation-associated cytokines such as IL-1 alpha or
      beta, TNF, and IFN-gamma. This secretion was strongly inhibited by estradiol-17
      beta at concentrations as low as 10(-9) M. Multiple species of stromal cell IFN
      beta 2/IL-6 in the size range 23 to 30 kDa were detected using
      immunoprecipitation or immunoblotting procedures. The endometrial stromal cell
      IFN-beta 2/IL-6 species were phosphorylated and differentially glycosylated in a
      manner comparable to IFN-beta 2/IL-6 secreted by induced human peripheral blood
      monocytes or foreskin fibroblasts. However, in contrast to peripheral blood
      monocytes and fibroblasts, bacterial LPS did not induce IFN-beta 2/IL-6
      production in endometrial stromal cells. Additionally, the IFN-beta 2/IL-6
      identified in medium from IL-1 alpha-induced stromal cells is biologically active
      on hepatocytes. These observations, taken together with the observation that IFN
      beta 2/IL-6 strongly inhibits the proliferation of human epithelial cells,
      suggest the possibility that stromal cell secreted IFN-beta 2/IL-6 may affect the
      physiology of the overlying epithelium in an hormonally modulated manner.
      Estrogen-regulated production of endometrial IFN-beta 2/IL-6 may participate in
      gender-specific systemic immunomodulation.

PMID- 2651522
TI  - Effect of tumor necrosis factor and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor on neutrophil degranulation.
AB  - Both TNF and and granulocyte/macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) can activate neutrophils.
      The aim of this work was to determine the effect of these cytokines on neutrophil
      degranulation. The secretion of lactoferrin of secondary granules and
      myeloperoxidase (MPO) of primary granules from single adherent human neutrophils
      was assayed by use of a reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Both rTNF and rGM-CSF
      caused secretion of lactoferrin in a dose-dependent manner. Both agents also
      caused secretion of MPO, but only in the presence of cytochalasin B.
      Preincubation with pertussis toxin inhibited rGM-CSF-induced secretion of both
      lactoferrin and MPO. rTNF-induced MPO secretion was also blocked by pertussis
      toxin, whereas lactoferrin secretion was only slightly affected. Neither rTNF nor
      rGM-CSF caused any detectable changes in the concentration of cytoplasmic free
      Ca2+ in fura-2-loaded cells. However, when neutrophils were loaded with
      increasing concentrations of quin-2 to buffer any local, not detectable, changes
      in the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+, both rTNF- and rGM-CSF-induced
      secretion of lactoferrin and MPO were almost totally abolished at a relatively
      low quin-2 concentration. These results suggest a role of a regulatory G-protein
      and minute local changes in the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in TNF- and GM
      CSF-induced neutrophil degranulation.

PMID- 2651523
TI  - IL-1 induction-capacity of defined lipopolysaccharide partial structures.
AB  - Natural and synthetic lipid A as well as natural and synthetic oligosaccharide
      partial structures of LPS were examined in dose-response experiments to define
      the minimal structure necessary for IL-1 induction and release in cultures of
      human mononuclear cells. Wild type LPS (S. abortus equi) and rough mutant LPS was
      active in minimal-doses of 1 to 100 pg/ml, whereas synthetic heptaacyl and
      hexaacyl lipid A (Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli lipid A,
      respectively) induced IL-1 in minimal-doses of 100 to 1,000 pg/ml and 10 to 1,000
      pg/ml, respectively. Nanogram amounts (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) of synthetic
      monodephospho partial structures of E. coli lipid A were necessary for IL-1
      induction. Synthetic pentaacyl partial structures induced IL-1 very weakly.
      Synthetic tetraacyl and bisacyl partial structures lacking non-hydroxylated fatty
      acids were not active. Compared to LPS million-fold higher doses of natural and
      synthetic 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid containing core oligosaccharides were
      necessary for IL-1 induction. Dose-response investigations with LPS and natural
      or synthetic partial structures established the following hierarchy in IL-1
      induction-capacity: LPS greater than lipid A much greater than lipid A partial
      structures greater than core oligosaccharides greater than oligoacyl lipid A.
      Lipid A was shown here to be the portion of LPS mainly responsible for induction
      of IL-1 activity. The high potency of lipid A in inducing IL-1 release and the
      failure of the precursor Ia of lipid A to induce IL-1 production and release was
      also observed measuring intracellular IL-1 activity after freeze-thawing the
      cells. Levels of IL-1 beta mRNA in extracts of mononuclear cells correlated with
      biologic activity. In co-incubation experiments, precursor Ia of lipid A produced
      dose-dependent inhibition of production and release of IL-1 activity induced by
      lipid A or LPS, but not by Staphylococcus epidermidis or PHA. Incubation of cells
      with precursor Ia for 1h, followed by a medium change and further incubation of
      stimulus without precursor Ia of lipid A also resulted in inhibition. We conclude
      that lipid A is the main portion of LPS responsible for induction of IL-1, and
      that specific activation- and/or binding-mechanisms are involved in stimulation
      of cells with LPS and/or lipid A.

PMID- 2651524
TI  - Quantification of human high molecular weight kininogen by immunoblotting with a
      monoclonal anti-light chain antibody.
AB  - Activation of the Hageman factor-dependent pathways in human plasma leads to the
      cleavage of high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) into a disulfide-linked two
      chain (heavy and light chain) molecule and release of bradykinin, a vasoactive
      peptide. We have utilized murine monoclonal antibodies to the light chain of HMWK
      (Blood (1988) 71, 1344) and developed a very sensitive immunoblotting assay to
      detect and quantify the amount of cleaved or uncleaved HMWK in whole plasma. The
      total HMWK content of plasma from apparently healthy donors was 55 micrograms/ml
      by this method. Cleaved HMWK was detected when only 2% of the plasma had been
      activated and the method was sensitive down to 2 ng of HMWK. Because of the
      extreme lability of bradykinin in body fluids, quantification of cleaved HMWK
      provides an important adjunct which reflects contact activation and permits
      calculation of a theoretical upper limit of the potential kinin formed.

PMID- 2651525
TI  - Evaluation of a solid-phase monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for
      insulin in human serum.
AB  - A 'sandwich-type' enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of serum insulin is
      described in which a monoclonal antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugate and an
      antibody-immobilized polystyrene solid phase are used. Serum samples of 50
      microliters can be analyzed and the enzyme immunoassay is as sensitive as the
      conventional radioimmunoassay for insulin. The results obtained with ELISA
      correlate well with those of the radioimmunoassay (r = 0.9844) and the between
      assay and within-assay coefficients of variation are less than 15% over the
      useful ranges of the assay (2-200 microIU/ml). The sensitivity is 2 microIU/ml
      and this can be increased by longer incubation times. The crossreaction with
      porcine insulin is 45%, with bovine insulin 30% and with human proinsulin 20%.

PMID- 2651526
TI  - A simple hemagglutination method for the detection of cell surface antigens.
AB  - A rapid, easy and reproducible hemagglutination method is described for the
      detection of cell surface antigens. This method can be used for the determination
      of cell subpopulations and the screening of monoclonal antibody-secreting
      hybridomas. Fresh or paraformaldehyde-fixed cells, which have previously been
      labeled with an appropriate monoclonal antibody (of known or unknown
      specificity), are reacted with human erythrocytes coupled with the second
      antibody (rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulins), in a round bottomed 96-well
      microtiter plate. The presence of specific agglutination and the end-point of
      serial dilutions of the labeled cells with unlabeled ones give an approximate
      estimation of the percentage of cells reacting with the monoclonal antibody under
      examination. The hemagglutination results correlate well with the results
      obtained using a conventional immunofluorescence method.

PMID- 2651527
TI  - Differential determination of recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha and its
      deamidated derivative by two sandwich enzyme immunoassays using monoclonal
      antibodies. Comparison with a polyclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme
      immunoassay.
AB  - Using three different monoclonal antibodies (McAb no. 374, no. 964 and no. 1190)
      to human interleukin-1 alpha (rHu-IL-1 alpha), we have established two sandwich
      enzyme immunoassays (EIA) to differentiate rHu-IL-1 alpha and its deamidated
      derivative (rHu-Asp36-IL-1 alpha) where the asparagine at position 36 (counting
      from the N-terminus) of rHu-IL-1 alpha is converted to Asp. The McAb no. 1190
      reacts specifically with rHu-IL-alpha and not with the rHu-Asp36-IL-1 alpha
      whereas both no. 374 and no. 964 can react with the two different forms of rHu-IL
      1 alpha. The first EIA (S-EIA I) which uses the McAb no. 964 labelled with horse
      radish peroxidase and the McAb no. 1190 fixed to the microtiter plate, only
      measure rHu-IL-1 alpha. The second EIA (S-EIA II) which uses enzyme labelled no.
      964 and no. 374 fixed to the plate, can detect both rHu-IL-1 alpha and rHu-Asp36
      IL-1 alpha and this assay of total rHu-IL-1 alpha is comparable to a competitive
      EIA using an enzyme-labelled rHu-IL-1 alpha and an anti-rHu-IL-1 alpha polyclonal
      antibody. Thus, the level of rHu-Asp36-IL-1 alpha in the samples containing the
      two IL-1 alpha s can be calculated by subtracting the level measured by S-EIA I
      from that measured by S-EIA II. The two EIA systems with an assay range of 1.5
      100 ng/ml do not recognize IL-1 beta, IL-2, rHu-TNF alpha, IFN-alpha and IFN
      gamma of human origin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651528
TI  - Topical zoonoses.

PMID- 2651529
TI  - Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus pseudobacteremia.

PMID- 2651530
TI  - Sorbitol-negative Escherichia coli O157 other than H7.

PMID- 2651531
TI  - In vivo selection of a cephamycin-resistant, porin-deficient mutant of Klebsiella
      pneumoniae producing a TEM-3 beta-lactamase.

PMID- 2651532
TI  - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-reactive monoclonal antibodies fail to inhibit LPS
      induced tumor necrosis factor secretion by mouse-derived macrophages.
AB  - Murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with epitopes on the O-side chain,
      core oligosaccharide, or lipid A of Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit LPS-induced
      tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion by mouse-derived RAW 264.7 macrophages. As
      little as 50 ng of purified LPS or lipid A stimulated macrophages to produce TNF
      detectable as cytotoxic activity in an L-929 fibroblast assay. None of 13 MAbs
      (concentration range, 0.1-1,000 micrograms/mL) blocked LPS- or lipid A (0.025-0.1
      micrograms/mL)-induced TNF secretion by RAW 264.7 cells. Rabbit antiserum to
      synthetic lipid A also failed to block lipid A-induced TNF activity. Similar
      negative results were obtained when intact bacteria or membrane vesicles were
      used as TNF inducers. In contrast, polymyxin B, but not the less hydrophobic
      polymyxin B nonapeptide, produced almost complete inhibition of macrophage TNF
      secretion induced by LPS, lipid A, membrane vesicles, and intact bacteria. Thus,
      antibody reactivity with predominantly hydrophilic elements of LPS or lipid A may
      not affect hydrophobic interactions between lipid A and target cell membranes
      necessary and sufficient for the induction of TNF. These findings raise doubts
      concerning the existence of true endotoxin-neutralizing antibodies.

PMID- 2651534
TI  - Polyaspartic acid prevents experimental aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity.
AB  - The influence of the polyamino acid polyaspartic acid (PAA) on experimental
      aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity was determined. PAA prevented all measured
      functional and pathologic evidence of gentamicin nephrotoxicity for less than or
      equal to 27 d of study. All the animals given PAA, either alone or with
      gentamicin, developed prominent cytoplasmic vacuoles in the cells of the renal
      proximal convoluted tubules; the vacuoles in rats given just PAA differed from
      those observed in rats given PAA plus gentamicin. Rats given PAA plus gentamicin
      accumulated roughly 10 times more renal aminoglycoside as did rats given
      gentamicin alone. Immunohistochemical localization studies confirmed the presence
      of increased amounts of gentamicin in the cytoplasm of the tubular cells of
      animals given gentamicin plus PAA. PAA did not alter the in vitro antimicrobial
      activity of gentamicin versus Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These
      studies demonstrate the ability of PAA to prevent experimental gentamicin
      nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2651533
TI  - Pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea. XIV. Analysis of Shiga toxin receptors on
      cloned HeLa cells.
AB  - Binding kinetics of Shiga toxin to HeLa CCL-2 cells and to cell lines cloned by
      limiting dilutions were determined. Lines with a wide range of sensitivity to
      Shiga toxin were obtained. Binding data, analyzed by a computer-based Scatchard
      model program, revealed two classes of binding sites, one of low affinity and
      high capacity and one of high affinity and low capacity. The number of high
      affinity, but not low affinity, sites present on the clones correlated with their
      sensitivity to toxin. Tunicamycin-treated CCL-2 cells became resistant to Shiga
      toxin in parallel with a reduction in the capacity of the high-affinity site.
      Cell content of Gb3, the glycolipid receptor for Shiga toxin, decreased as the
      sensitivity of the cells diminished. These data show that a minority of Shiga
      toxin binding sites of HeLa cells are involved in the cytotoxic response and
      suggest that Gb3 is the high-affinity functional cytotoxin receptor.

PMID- 2651535
TI  - The human gastric bactericidal barrier: mechanisms of action, relative
      antibacterial activity, and dietary influences.

PMID- 2651536
TI  - The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among cats from Mahalla El-Kobra,
      Gharbia Governorate.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were detected using indirect haemaggulination (IHA)
      and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests. Positive reactions were detected
      among 18.5% and 12.5% of stray (92) and owned cats (32) using IHA-test
      respectively. With IFA-test antibodies were 20.7% and 15.6% respectively.

PMID- 2651537
TI  - Hydatidosis in Saudi Arabia (review).

PMID- 2651538
TI  - The use of three immunologic tests in detection of antibodies against Trichinella
      spiralis.
AB  - Human sera (330 from patients with manifestations suggestive trichinosis) were
      examined for antibodies. The immunologic tests used were counter current
      immunoelectrophoresis (CEP), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
      immunoflourescence (IF). Seropositive reactions were demonstrated in 2.7%, 5.4%
      and 2.4% of the sera by the 3 tests respectively. However, 2.4% of the sera were
      seropositive by the three tests. It seems that the use of two of these tests is
      valuable in diagnosis when muscle biopsy is unproductive.

PMID- 2651539
TI  - Malaria in Egypt in view of a recent publication.

PMID- 2651540
TI  - Toxoplasmosis among cases of chronic tonsillitis.
AB  - One hundred cases aged 4-20 years and suffering from chronic tonsillitis were
      examined for Toxoplasma antibodies using indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT).
      It was found that 37% of them were positive for toxoplasmosis. 41.5% of
      hypertrophic cases and 32% of atrophic ones had toxoplasmosis but the difference
      was statistically insignificant. The mean antibody titres were higher in both
      atrophic and hypertrophic cases than in the control group. The patients aged from
      11-20 years had a higher titre of Toxoplasma antibodies than those aged below ten
      years. Trials to detect tachyzoites, cysts or pseudocysts in fixed paraffin
      sections using Hx & E, PAS or Giemsa stains were not successful. The
      histopathological picture of tonsils removed from positive cases of toxoplasmosis
      showed characteristics of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis.

PMID- 2651541
TI  - Immunosuppressive activity in human in vitro fertilization (IVF) culture
      supernatants and prediction of the outcome of embryo transfer: a multicenter
      trial.
AB  - The supernatants from cultured human oocytes fertilized in vitro contain low
      molecular weight factors that can suppress or stimulate the proliferative
      response of lymphocytes in vitro. The inhibitory and stimulatory effects are
      nonspecific and may be detected using cultured human or murine tumor cell lines.
      Using such a bioassay, we previously tested fetal cord serum-supplemented culture
      supernatant and found that an absence of suppression was correlated with an
      absence of subsequent pregnancy. To test this association further, additional
      samples were obtained from four different in vitro fertilization (IVF) units and
      studied blindly without knowledge of the pregnancy outcome. In this series,
      samples were obtained after the first 12-24 hr of sperm-oocyte incubation and all
      of the supernatants were from individual embryo cultures. The average number of
      preembryos transferred to those achieving pregnancy did not differ significantly
      from the number transferred to those not achieving pregnancy but the level of
      suppression was greater (8.7 +/- 1.9%) in those becoming pregnant compared to
      those not achieving pregnancy (0.8 +/- 1.5%). Twenty-two of 61 patients who
      received at least one embryo with a suppressive supernatant achieved pregnancy,
      whereas 0 of 19 patients received embryos lacking suppressive supernatants became
      pregnant. Two patients who received a single embryo from cultures with
      suppression became pregnant. Several problems with the bioassay method were
      defined. The culture medium in this series was always supplemented with adult
      serum, usually from the patient herself, and this serum could be
      suppressive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651542
TI  - Photodynamic therapy for colorectal disease.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the parenteral administration of a
      photosensitising agent with some selectivity for malignant tissue. When activated
      by light, usually from a laser, local tissue destruction occurs. The amount of
      tissue destruction is dependent on the concentration of the photosensitising
      agent in the tissue and the light energy delivered. By careful manipulation of
      laser energy and photosensitiser dosage true selective destruction of malignant
      tissue can be produced in experimental colon cancers with total sparing of normal
      colon although under these conditions, the extent of necrosis in the tumour is
      only 2-3 mm from the light source. In addition, PDT has been shown not to reduce
      the mechanical strength of the colon even if full thickness necrosis is produced
      in normal areas. In contrast, thermal full thickness laser damage of the colon
      considerably weakens the colonic wall and may cause perforation. Light microscopy
      with specific collagen stains and electron microscopy have shown that the
      submucosal collagen layer is preserved following PDT, but is destroyed by thermal
      laser therapy. An initial clinical trial of PDT has been performed in ten
      patients with inoperable tumours because of advanced metastatic disease or severe
      medical problems. PDT has been shown to be safe and some small colorectal cancers
      can be totally eradicated.

PMID- 2651543
TI  - Recent epidemiology of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2651544
TI  - AIDS and the criminal justice system.

PMID- 2651545
TI  - The legal implications of AIDS. The Canadian experience.

PMID- 2651546
TI  - Court-ordered cesarean sections. A judicial standard for resolving the conflict
      between fetal interests and maternal rights.

PMID- 2651547
TI  - Regulation of monokine gene expression: prostaglandin E2 suppresses tumor
      necrosis factor but not interleukin-1 alpha or beta-mRNA and cell-associated
      bioactivity.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-mediated suppression of macrophage interleukin-1
      alpha,beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis was examined at the cellular
      and molecular levels. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated adjuvant
      elicited murine macrophages with 5 x 10(-7) M PGE2 caused a 70% reduction in cell
      associated TNF but had no suppressive effect on cell-associated interleukin-1 (IL
      1) activity. Consistent with this result, Northern blot and nuclear transcription
      analyses demonstrated suppression of TNF mRNA but PGE2 had no effect on IL-1
      alpha and IL-1 beta mRNA accumulation, as compared to LPS controls.
      Immunoperoxidase staining for cell-associated TNF alpha, IL-1 alpha, and IL-1
      beta demonstrated that PGE2 suppressed TNF, but not IL-1 alpha or -beta
      expression, supporting the bioassay data. These results imply that PGE2-mediated
      regulation of IL-1 alpha,beta and TNF alpha is quite distinct. Synthesis of TNF
      appears to be regulated at least at the level of transcription, whereas that for
      IL-1 alpha and -beta is regulated post-transcriptionally.

PMID- 2651548
TI  - Dynamics of AIDS--sociomedical aspects.

PMID- 2651549
TI  - Graduate medical education into the 1990's. A call for debate.
AB  - The authors have reviewed the present system of graduate medical education,
      including independent, affiliated, and integrated residency training programs.
      Advantages and disadvantages are considered in light of recent changes in health
      care delivery systems. Structure, historical development, present status, and
      limitations of the programs are discussed. Personnel resources of the residency
      program are classified as United States citizens and non-citizens, American
      medical school graduates, United States citizen graduates of foreign medical
      schools, and alien foreign medical school graduates, and their different
      educational backgrounds are compared. Financial aspects of these programs are
      considered, and the need to increase university control over residency programs,
      especially in multi-institutional affiliated residency training programs is
      discussed. The authors recommend upgrading the status of residents from that of
      student to that of full-fledged medical doctor with concomitant authority and
      responsibility.

PMID- 2651550
TI  - The effect of pentoxifylline in septic shock--new pharmacologic aspects of an
      established drug.
AB  - Pentoxifylline (Trental) is a well-known vasoactive drug with proven clinical
      efficacy in various circulatory disorders. It improves the microcirculation due
      to its rheologic effects on red blood cells, platelets, and plasmatic components,
      resulting in a decrease of whole blood viscosity. Surprisingly, it has been found
      that pentoxifylline will also be of great benefit in different models of animal
      sepsis, including both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. In these
      experiments, survival rates are significantly increased in the pentoxifylline
      group when compared with the controls, which is paralleled by a decrease in germ
      counts. By different experimental approaches it could be shown that this drug
      interferes with pathologic granulocyte-endothelium interactions which are closely
      related to septic symptoms, both downregulating intravasal granulocyte
      hyperreactivity as well as stimulating antiaggregatory activity of the vessel
      endothelium. Through this way, beneficial effects of pentoxifylline may be
      expected in various diseases related to infection, sepsis, and shock which,
      however, have still to be proven in detailed clinical studies.

PMID- 2651551
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder in the
      Caucasian population (1:2000-1:4000) (Warwick, W. J. (1978) Helv. Paediatr. Acta
      33, 117-125). This defect is characterized by chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and abnormally high perspiration
      electrolytes in most patients (Talamo et al. (1985) In: The metabolic basis of
      inherited diseases, pp. 1887-1917). The elevated electrolyte level provides the
      most reliable diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis homozygotes. Although prospects
      for cystic fibrosis patients have improved, genetically homozygous cystic
      fibrosis is effectively a lethal disease. Because of the seriousness of the
      disease, many families with one affected child desire a prenatal diagnosis when a
      second pregnancy occurs. Despite extensive research, the biochemical basis of
      cystic fibrosis remains unknown. Secondary effects on microvillar enzymes allow
      second trimester diagnosis (17-18 weeks of gestation (Brock, D. H. J. (1983)
      Lancet II, 941-943). First trimester prenatal diagnosis for cystic fibrosis
      became possible with DNA technology. Application of polymorphic marker loci to
      problems of prenatal diagnosis and carrier-testing is discussed.

PMID- 2651552
TI  - A candidate reference method for the determination of uric acid in serum based on
      high performance liquid chromatography, compared with an isotope dilution-gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometer method.
AB  - A method based on isocratic high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV
      detection at 292 nm is proposed as a candidate reference method for the
      determination of uric acid. Data obtained by this method are compared with those
      from an isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method (ID-GC-MS),
      using [1,3-15N2]uric acid as internal standard and selected mass detection at m/z
      = 456 and m/z = 458. The inaccuracy of the ID-GC-MS method is maximally 0.4% for
      NBS-SRM-909 control sera with a concentration of 483 mumol/l. The coefficient of
      variation between days is 0.26%-0.80% and 0.37-0.90% for 14 control sera from
      other suppliers. The maximum bias of the HPLC method is 0.6%, and the coefficient
      of variation between days is 0.31%-0.65% for NBS-SRM-909 control sera. The
      coefficient of variation between days for the other 14 control sera tested is
      0.35%-0.66%. Comparison of the HPLC method with the reference ID-GC-MS method
      resulted in a coefficient of correlation of r = 0.9998 (n = 14). The
      concentration of uric acid in the tested control sera ranged from 160 to 624
      mumol/l.

PMID- 2651553
TI  - Organic acid (or anion) and organic base (or cation) transport by renal tubules
      of nonmammalian vertebrates.
AB  - Organic acids (or anions) and organic bases (or cations) are transported by the
      renal tubules of nonmammalian vertebrates, but until recently the details of the
      transport processes have been poorly studied. Work with isolated perfused and
      nonperfused renal tubules and with membrane vesicles has now begun to supply
      information on the transepithelial transport processes and the transport steps at
      the individual cell membranes. The current information is reviewed for organic
      acids (or anions) as a general group, for urate (which generally appears to be
      transported by a separate system from that for other organic anions), and for
      organic bases (or cations) as a general group. Tentative cellular models for the
      transepithelial transport of each of these general categories of compounds are
      suggested.

PMID- 2651554
TI  - Ascidian sperm penetration and the translocation of a cell surface glycosidase.
AB  - Sperm bind to vitelline coat (VC) glycosides of ascidian eggs by means of a sperm
      surface glycosidase (Hoshi et al.: Zool Sci 2:65, 1985). In the genus Ascidia, N
      acetylglucosamine (NAG) is the VC ligand. After initial binding by the tip of the
      head, sperm pass through the VC and perivitelline space leaving the single
      mitochondrion outside. This process can also be followed in vitro on a coverslip.
      Analysis of recorded video images shows that the sperm moves away from the
      anchored mitochondrion. Our model for sperm penetration suggests that
      mitochondrial translocation is responsible for driving the sperm into the egg. In
      the work presented here, we have demonstrated that ascidian sperm have N-acetyl
      beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity with an acidic pH optimum. This enzyme,
      which can be removed from the sperm with Triton X-100, binds to concanavalin A,
      demonstrating that it is glycosylated. Histochemical methods disclose that the
      enzyme is originally located at the tip of the head but subsequently remains with
      the surface overlying the mitochondrion during translocation. Fluorescent Con A
      was used as a second label for localization of the enzyme on the cell surface
      during translocation. Colocalization of both probes of the enzyme support a
      crucial facet of our model; the sperm surface VC binding site remains over the
      mitochondrion during translocation. This would couple mitochondrial translocation
      with sperm penetration and drive the sperm into the egg.

PMID- 2651555
TI  - Death in the dental chair.
AB  - Death during dental anesthesia is relatively rare. Review of eight such cases
      which occurred in our county, including the different anesthetics used, revealed
      one apparent basic pattern that prevailed...a need for awareness that something
      might go wrong and recognition of the fact that it was going wrong.

PMID- 2651556
TI  - Craniofacial dysmorphism in Mozart's skull.
AB  - Mozart's craniofacial dysmorphism shown in his portraits and in the skull held by
      the Mozarteum in Salzburg (Austria) helps to document the role of pathology in
      human identification. The specific syndrome is formed by a premature synostosis
      of the metopic suture (PSMS) in association with an abnormally shaped skull.

PMID- 2651557
TI  - Family composition and social class in bulimia. A catchment area study of a
      clinical and a comparison group.
AB  - Many theories of the etiology of eating disorders focus on the role of the
      family. However, these theories are based on clinical experience and uncontrolled
      clinical case series. We report a study comparing 50 bulimic women with 40 non
      eating-disordered women all from the same clinical catchment area. This study
      revealed no significant differences in social class, family size, birth position,
      or sibling sex ratio between the two groups. However, the parents of bulimic
      women were found to have been significantly older than those of the control group
      at the time of birth of their daughter. These findings are discussed with
      reference to previous family studies of eating disorders.

PMID- 2651558
TI  - Independence of positive and negative symptoms in a population of schizophrenic
      patients.
AB  - Numerous recent studies have divided schizophrenic patients into subgroups based
      on a predominance of positive or negative symptoms. These works often assume that
      these symptoms are distributed discontinuously or inversely. In the present work,
      we sought relationships between positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms in a
      medication-free inpatient population of schizophrenic patients (N = 61). Measures
      of positive and negative symptoms were derived from clinical ratings using the
      Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. No correlations were found between positive and
      negative symptoms in the entire group, or in subgroups defined by duration of
      illness or diagnostic subtype. Furthermore, no correlations were found between
      positive or negative symptoms and age, age at onset of illness, or duration of
      illness. These data suggest that positive and negative symptoms vary
      independently among patients; knowledge about the level of positive symptoms
      provides no predictive information about negative symptoms. In addition, the
      distribution of patients showed that a large percentage have a mixture of
      positive and negative symptoms. Accordingly, methodologies that form restrictive
      subgroups of patients with exclusively positive or negative symptoms may have
      little generalizability to schizophrenic populations. The results suggest that
      schizophrenic patients should not be routinely subtyped as predominantly positive
      or negative.

PMID- 2651559
TI  - Nomifensine maleate in adult attention deficit disorder.
AB  - The authors studied 18 adults (8 men and 10 women) in an open trial of
      nomifensine maleate for the treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD). All
      patients met DSM-III criteria and the Utah criteria for ADD, residual type (RT).
      Medication effect was measured at week 1 and week 4 of treatment using the
      Structured Interview for ADD-H Symptoms. Data from week 4 showed that all eight
      men and seven of the women responded well to nomifensine, showing a significant
      decrease in ADD with hyperactivity symptoms. Side effects were minimal,
      consisting of drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, and nausea. One responder (5%) was
      taken off the medicine after developing an allergic reaction. Results showed that
      short-term use of nomifensine was relatively free from side effects and was
      remarkably effective in the treatment of ADD-RT. The authors discussed the
      implications of the use of nomifensine and related drugs in the treatment of ADD
      RT.

PMID- 2651560
TI  - Neutral amino acid plasma levels in healthy subjects: effect of complex
      carbohydrate consumed along with protein.
AB  - Six healthy fasting females each received, on different days, 0, 25, or 50 g of
      complex carbohydrate in the form of white spaghetti containing 11-12% protein
      along with 200 ml water. Blood was collected before and at intervals for 4 hours
      after the spaghetti ingestion and assayed for plasma levels of large, neutral
      amino acids (LNAA), insulin and glucose. The area under the curve for the
      increase of serum insulin was four times greater after the 50-g dose compared to
      the 25-g dose of carbohydrate, but the respective areas under the curves for the
      increases of plasma glucose were identical. The plasma ratio tryptophan/LNAA
      varied significantly and increased 10% above basal level and 25-30% above control
      level after either carbohydrate dose, but only the difference for the 50-g dose
      was significant. Although the main effect for plasma ratio tyrosine/LNAA was also
      significant, the increases of this ratio above control level were marginal. The
      main effect for the dose of complex carbohydrate for valine, isoleucine and
      leucine was significant, and the areas above the curves for the decreases of
      individual branched-chain amino acids were of the same size after the two doses.
      Plasma tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan showed no significant variation.
      The study has shown that consumption of complex carbohydrate along with 11-12%
      protein (the recommended dietary concentration) slightly increases the plasma
      ratio tryptophan/LNAA for 4 hours, and that the effect is practically maximal
      after ingestion of 25 g of the test meal.

PMID- 2651561
TI  - Central projections of a homoeotic regenerate, antennapedia, in a stick insect,
      Carausius morosus (Phasmida).
AB  - Homoeotic appendages provide a system for the analysis of neural path-finding in
      which the appendage is mismatched with its segmented ganglion. Central
      projections of sensory neurons from homoeotic antennapedia regenerates induced by
      antennal amputation in the stick insect, Carausius morosus, are described. The
      majority of afferent axons project to the olfactory lobe as in the normal
      antennal nerve, but they do not give rise to compact glomeruli. Nor does the form
      of the projection resemble that of leg sensory nerves in thoracic ganglia. The
      projection of antennapedia regenerate neurons in Carausius resembles the
      antennapedia mutant of Drosophila except that some primary afferents bypass the
      olfactory lobe and take several courses through the brain, sometimes reaching
      distant contralateral areas. It appears that these wandering fibers, having
      bypassed the olfactory lobe, tend to follow established tracts and to arborize or
      to deviate at circumscribed synaptic areas. The behavioral evidence for sensory
      input from antennapedia regenerates is equivocal.

PMID- 2651562
TI  - Effect of 67Cu and 99Mo labeled tetrathiomolybdate on the distribution of 67Cu,
      Cu, and 99Mo in bile fractions in sheep.
AB  - The effect of intravenous administration of 67Cu and 99Mo labeled
      tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) on the appearance of 67Cu, stable Cu, and 99Mo in gel
      chromatographic fractions of bile was examined in sheep fed either 5 or 35 mg Cu
      kg-1 DM. Peak excretory periods of biliary 67Cu, stable Cu, and 99Mo were
      observed at 30 min-1.25 hr, 2-3 hr, and 11-13 hr after 67Cu and after 99Mo
      labeled TTM. Sephadex G-75 gel filtration of bile samples collected at 1, 3, and
      12 hr after 67Cu administration revealed two major protein peaks of molecular
      weights of greater than 80,000 (peak I) and 7,000 (peak II) containing both 67Cu
      and Cu. But the ratio of 67Cu in the two peaks varied with time of bile
      collection. The ratio of areas of peak I:II 1 hr after 67Cu administration was
      approximately 0.48; at 3 hr, 0.62, and at 12 hr 1.35. Tetrathiomolybdate
      administration increased both 67Cu and stable Cu in bile by severalfold and
      induced a major shift of Cu into the higher molecular weight protein fraction.
      The experiments confirm the effectiveness of TTM as a "decoppering" agent.
      Furthermore, TTM not only promoted bile Cu excretion, but it also increased the
      incorporation of Cu into the macromolecular fraction. This may limit
      enterohepatic circulation of biliary Cu and thereby cause an overall Cu depletion
      and a negative Cu balance.

PMID- 2651563
TI  - Human brain-type glycogen phosphorylase: quantitative localization in human
      tissues determined with an immunoassay system.
AB  - Glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) from human brain tissue was purified to
      homogeneity. Antisera were developed in rabbits with purified phosphorylase as
      the immunogen. Antibodies were first affinity-purified with a column of brain
      phosphorylase-coupled Sepharose, and then the antibody fraction was adsorbed with
      a column of muscle phosphorylase-coupled Sepharose to remove antibodies reactive
      also with muscle phosphorylase. By using the specific antibodies, a sandwich-type
      immunoassay system for measurement of brain phosphorylase was prepared. The assay
      system consisted of polystyrene balls with immobilized antibrain phosphorylase
      F(ab')2 fragments and the same antibody Fab' fragments labeled with beta-D
      galactosidase from Escherichia coli. The assay was sensitive and specific to the
      brain phosphorylase. The minimum detection limit of the assay was 0.1 ng/assay
      tube, and the cross-reactivity of the assay with muscle phosphorylase was less
      than 1%. Tissue concentrations of immunoreactive brain-type phosphorylase were
      estimated. The phosphorylase was present in the heart at as high a level as in
      the brain. The immunoreactivity for brain phosphorylase was distributed widely at
      a significant concentration in various peripheral tissues, such as the digestive
      tract, bladder, aorta, liver, and testis. Immunohistochemical localization of
      brain phosphorylase in the CNS revealed that the enzyme is present in most
      astrocytes and amyloid bodies, as well as in some neurons in the cerebral cortex
      and Golgi cells in the cerebellar cortex.

PMID- 2651564
TI  - Sex-dependent and sex-independent distribution of the beta-subunit of nerve
      growth factor in the central nervous and peripheral tissues of mice.
AB  - Levels of the beta-subunit of nerve growth factor (beta-NGF) were measured in the
      central nervous and peripheral tissues of mice using a highly sensitive, sandwich
      type enzyme immunoassay system. Antiserum was raised in rabbits against the 7S
      form of NGF, which was purified from mouse submandibular glands. beta-NGF
      specific antibody isolated on a column of Sepharose CL-4B coupled with purified
      beta-NGF reacted only with beta-NGF. The assay for beta-NGF was performed by
      incubation of F(ab')2 fragments of the antibody immobilized on a polystyrene ball
      with tissue extract and then with the same antibody Fab' fragments labeled with
      beta-D-galactosidase, followed by measurement of galactosidase activity. Our
      assay system was found to be highly sensitive (minimal detection limit, 0.3
      pg/0.3 ml of assay mixture). Furthermore, the presence of gelatin hydrolysates
      and protease inhibitors during preparation of tissue extracts enabled us to
      determine the precise levels of beta-NGF in almost all organs of mice. The amount
      of beta-NGF in submandibular glands was extremely high, and its level increased
      rapidly until mice were 2 months of age; then, the level continued to increase
      slowly until mice were 1 year old (3-5 mg/g of tissue). In serum, some of the 2
      month-old males, but none of the females, exhibited a fairly high level of beta
      NGF (greater than 100 pg/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651565
TI  - A database of genetically determined neurological conditions for clinicians.
AB  - Progress is reported in the establishment of a database of genetically determined
      neurological conditions. There are now 1,300 conditions and 3,400 references
      store on the hard disk of a microcomputer. The database is searched, and a
      differential diagnosis obtained, by choosing a small number of signs and symptoms
      from a comprehensive list of cardinal features.

PMID- 2651566
TI  - Cerebral palsy and stereotactic neurosurgery: long term results.
AB  - A retrospective study was performed on a group of 28 patients with cerebral
      palsy, who had undergone a stereotactic encephalotomy for hyperkinesia or
      dystonia. The mean postoperative follow up period was 21 years (range: 12-27).
      Eighteen patients were available for follow up, nine had died, and one could not
      be traced. A positive result was obtained in eight of the 18 reassessed patients.
      Determining factors for the outcome were the degree of preoperative disability,
      side effects of the operation, and ageing since operation. The more favourable
      results were obtained in patients with hyperkinesia, tremor, and predominantly
      unilateral dystonia.

PMID- 2651567
TI  - Bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind study comparing "low-slow"
      and "high-fast" introductory dosage regimens in de novo patients. UK
      Bromocriptine Research Group.
AB  - One hundred and thirty four patients with previously untreated Parkinson's
      disease were recruited to a multicentre double blind study comparing two
      introductory dosage regimens of bromocriptine: a low/slow regimen increasing to a
      maximum of 25 mg/day and a high/fast regimen increasing to a maximum of 100
      mg/day over a 26 week period. It was hoped to determine the minimum dose of
      bromocriptine required with either regimen. A patient's ability to achieve a 33%
      improvement in clinical rating scores was recorded using a combined score of
      functional disability (Webster) and self rated daily living activities (ADL).
      Sixty five out of 129 patients (50%) had reached the improvement criteria in 26
      weeks, 37 (49%) from the "slow" and 28 (53%) from the "fast" group (N.S.).
      However, if only those patients still in the trial at the end of 26 weeks are
      considered the relevant percentages are 73% and 88% (p less than 0.05).
      Statistical analysis allowing for censored observations was used to examine group
      differences in dosage and time at improvement. This excluded the patients who had
      dropped out due to side effects from the calculations. The results indicated a
      marked difference between groups in both dose (slow 22.0 mg, fast 55.4 mg (p less
      than 0.01) and time (slow 22.8 weeks and fast 14.4 weeks (p less than 0.05).
      Severe side effects necessitated withdrawal from the trial in 34 patients, a
      larger proportion 19 (36%) being in the fast group compared with 15 (20%) from
      the slow group (p less than 0.05). The number of dropouts due to non effect was 2
      (4%) in the fast and 10 (13%) in the slow. The only predisposing factor relating
      to dropping out due to side effects was a high initial ADL (p < 0.01). It is
      concluded that bromocriptine is an effective de novo treatment for Parkinson's
      disease. The "fast" introductory regimen is less well tolerated than the "slow",
      but the later has the disadvantage of a long delay before patients reach an
      effective dose. It is recommended that it would be wise to adopt an intermediate
      dosing strategy.

PMID- 2651568
TI  - Ullrich's congenital atonic sclerotic muscular dystrophy. A case report.
AB  - A 5-year old girl with Ullrich's atonic-sclerotic muscular dystrophy is reported
      and 16 previously reported cases are reviewed. The clinical features, in
      particular proximal contractures, distal hyperextensibility, mild dysmorphism and
      hyperhidrosis, allow recognition of this subtype of congenital muscular
      dystrophy, which has no specific pathological characteristics. There is evidence
      in favour of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.

PMID- 2651569
TI  - Binswanger's encephalopathy: a review.
AB  - Binswanger's encephalopathy is reviewed in respect to history, computed
      tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, epidemiology, pathology, clinical
      picture, laboratory findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment. The various
      viewpoints on the pathogenesis of the process are discussed, in particular the
      role of ischemia, vascular disease, high blood pressure, lacunar infarction,
      hypoxia, edema, and hydrocephalus. The white matter hypomyelination of
      congophilic angiopathy and Alzheimer's disease should provide clues. A unifying
      hypothesis has not been attained.

PMID- 2651570
TI  - Further observation of Japanese Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease with widespread amyloid
      plaques.
AB  - An autopsy case of Creutzfeld-Jacob disease with widespread amyloid plaques is
      reported. A 45-year-old Japanese man, whose father had died of a similar disease,
      had a 5-year illness characterized by progressive cerebellar signs. Mental
      changes and brain-stem signs developed in the late stage. Myoclonus frequently
      occurred. Akinetic mutism ensued. The autopsy revealed spongiform encephalopathy
      with widespread amyloid plaques and extensive degeneration of the white matter.
      This disease, Western Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease and
      panencephalopathic type of Creutzfeld-Jacob disease are discussed.

PMID- 2651571
TI  - Meningopolyradiculitis (Bannwarth syndrome) as primary manifestation of a
      centrocytic-centroblastic lymphoma.
AB  - A 65-year-old female presented with Bannwarth's syndrome. Symptoms initially
      responded to antibiotics but soon progressed despite further adequate antibiotic
      treatment. Consistently absent antibody titres to Borrelia burgdorferi, repeated
      CSF examinations combined with an extensive search for tumour, revealed leukaemic
      meningitis secondary to uterine centrocytic-centroblastic lymphoma. The
      diagnostic steps required to elucidate the aetiology of meningopolyradiculitis,
      especially when chronic and progressive, are described.

PMID- 2651572
TI  - Effects of deceptive self-reports of quitting on the results of treatment trials
      for smoking: a quantitative assessment.
AB  - Problems with self-report measures for smoking motivate the use of biochemical
      tests in treatment trials for smoking. These biochemical tests, unfortunately,
      are not perfect. In this paper, we present an algebraic model of bias in
      treatment trials for smoking. Bias is expressed in terms of the deception rate
      among continued smokers in a control group, the relative deception rate among
      continued smokers in an experimental group, and the sensitivity and specificity
      of a biochemical test which may be used either to confirm self-reports of
      quitting or to replace self-report entirely. For given test specificity and
      sensitivity, the model defines deception rates for which different biochemical
      testing strategies are preferred. The model is presented in the context of
      current knowledge on the phenomenon of deception among adult smokers. The paper
      concludes that better judgements regarding the role of biochemical tests in
      treatment trials for smoking require more precise information regarding the
      magnitude and determinants of deception.

PMID- 2651573
TI  - A review of the methods used by studies of dietary measurement.
AB  - Studying the association between diet and disease requires reliable and valid
      methods for the assessment of diet. The authors reviewed the literature concerned
      with the assessment of these aspects of the measurement of dietary intake.
      Studies were examined for the stated purpose and scope of the dietary instrument,
      for a description of the instrument itself, for any methods employed to train
      individuals in its use and for the methods used to assess its reliability and
      validity. Of the 59 studies reviewed, 54% described fully the dietary method
      used. Of the 39 studies that described the results using questionnaires, 51% gave
      specific information on questions asked and only 18% included the questionnaire
      itself. Reliability was assessed in 26 studies and 74% (19) used the test-retest
      reliability and 22% (6) used proxies to assess reliability. Validity was assessed
      in 46 studies and 83% (38) used indirect methods that compared the results of one
      dietary method (e.g. 24 hr recall) with another more extensive one (e.g. diet
      history). Thirty five percent (16) used biochemical and 15% (7) used other
      methods. This review suggests several directions that might be usefully followed
      in conducting and reporting further research in the development of methods to
      assess diet.

PMID- 2651574
TI  - The virtue of unconventional research.
AB  - This address develops an historical approach to unconventional research in
      medicine. Such research is predominantly but not exclusively non-biological in
      character. Earlier examples of unconventional research are given, and these then
      are related to examples chosen from recent work dealing with patient function as
      an outcome of medical and nursing care. The major argument made is that it is
      important for unconventional research to continue.

PMID- 2651575
TI  - Mitoxantrone and the new drug approval process.

PMID- 2651576
TI  - Doxorubicin-containing regimens for the treatment of stage II breast cancer: The
      National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project experience.
AB  - Despite numerous reports of findings obtained following the use of doxorubicin
      (Adriamycin [A]; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH) for the postoperative
      treatment of patients with primary breast cancer and positive axillary nodes, no
      clear consensus exists regarding its worth when used in that setting. In June
      1981, the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) implemented
      two randomized clinical trials aimed at evaluating the worth of doxorubicin when
      administered in conjunction with melphalan (L-PAM) and fluorouracil (5-FU) (PF).
      A prior NSABP study identified cohorts of patients who did or did not benefit
      from tamoxifen (TAM, T) when used with chemotherapy. That information was
      employed in the design of the present studies. Women considered responsive to TAM
      (1,106) were randomized between PFT and PAFT, and those nonresponsive to TAM
      (707) were randomized between PF and PAF. Findings through 6 years of follow-up
      (mean duration of potential time on study, 64 months and 63 months, respectively)
      indicate that non-TAM-responsive patients who received PAF had a significantly
      better disease-free survival (DFS) (P = .003) and survival (P = .05) than did
      those receiving PF. By contrast, there was no significant difference in DFS (P =
      .6) or survival (P = .7) between PFT- and PAFT-treated patients. No disparity in
      the amount of drug received, whether related to the median amount or to dose
      intensity, is present to account for the difference in findings between the
      studies. Aside from alopecia and emesis, the toxicity from the doxorubicin
      containing regimens was similar to those in which doxorubicin was omitted.
      Cardiomyopathy was not a significant finding; there were no deaths from cardiac
      toxicity. The incidence of arterial and venous complications in patients
      receiving TAM was less than reported by others.

PMID- 2651577
TI  - Small lymphocytic lymphoma.
AB  - The clinical course of 54 patients with small lymphocytic lymphoma (SL) was
      reviewed. The majority of patients had disseminated lymphoma at the time of
      diagnosis; 14 patients (26%) presented with Ann Arbor stage I and II disease.
      Five- and 10-year survival for all patients was 76% and 49%. The only
      clinicopathologic features identified that predicted a shortened survival were
      the presence or absence of systemic (B) symptoms (15% v 63% at 10 years, P = .01)
      and a diffuse rather than pseudofollicular nodal architecture (47% v 87% at 10
      years, P = .04). Initial bone marrow involvement was not an adverse prognostic
      factor for patients who presented with stage III and IV disease. Ten patients
      developed a marked lymphocytosis consistent with progression to a leukemic phase
      (chronic lymphocytic leukemia [CLL]). These ten patients had a median initial
      lymphocyte count of 2,790, compared with 1,580 for those patients who did not
      progress to CLL (P = .0001). Developing CLL did not adversely affect survival (P
      = .48). Thirty-seven patients were treated with various combinations of radiation
      and chemotherapy; 17 patients received no initial therapy. Ten-year freedom from
      relapse (FFR) for stage I and II patients treated with irradiation was 80% and
      62%; FFR for stage III and IV treated patients was 11%. Despite the marked
      differences in FFR, no statistically significant difference in survival could be
      demonstrated between the various stages. Selected patients with advanced SL
      received no initial therapy; these patients had a 10-year survival that was not
      statistically different from the immediately treated stage III and IV patients.
      Patients with stage I and II SL should be treated with irradiation; prolonged FFR
      and possibly cure of the disease can be achieved in these patients.

PMID- 2651578
TI  - Subcutaneous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with
      myelodysplastic syndrome: toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and hematological effects.
AB  - The toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and hematologic effects of granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating (GM-CSF) were studied in a phase I/II trial of 16 patients
      with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The GM-CSF was administered subcutaneously
      (SC) daily so as to achieve prolonged blood levels and to establish an outpatient
      treatment regimen. Four dose levels were administered for ten days: 0.3
      microgram/kg/d (three patients), 1.0 microgram/kg/d (three), 3.0 micrograms/kg/d
      (four), and 10.0 micrograms/kg/d (six). The most common toxicities were fever and
      a flu-like syndrome, which were dose-dependent. The maximum-tolerated dose was
      10.0 micrograms/kg/d, which induced severe rigors (two patients), fever greater
      than 40 degrees C (one), severe bronchospasm (one), and WBC 60,000 (one). In one
      patient, refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-T)
      progressed to acute nonlymphocytic leukemia after two doses of GM-CSF, and the
      patient died of leukemia that did not respond to chemotherapy. After doses of 3.0
      and 10.0 micrograms/kg, serum GM-CSF levels peaked at 3.8 to 6.3 hours, and
      persisted for 14 and 24 hours, respectively. Circulating granulocytes
      (neutrophils and bands) increased in a dose-dependent manner, as 11 of 13
      patients who received greater than or equal to 1.0 microgram/kg/d responded with
      a two- to 194-fold increase. Although the neutrophils usually returned to
      pretreatment levels shortly after stopping GM-CSF, two patients continue to
      exhibit an elevation of neutrophils for 6 months. Dose-related increases in
      circulating monocytes and eosinophils were also noted. Transient increases in
      platelet and reticulocyte counts were observed in two and three patients,
      respectively. Five of the 16 patients later received maintenance GM-CSF at 3
      micrograms/kg/d for 2 to 9 weeks. All showed a dramatic increase in neutrophils
      after 2 weeks. Thereafter, despite continued therapy, the neutrophil count in
      four patients declined markedly. In conclusion, GM-CSF is well tolerated by the
      SC route and induces striking, but usually temporary, improvement in the
      neutropenia of MDS. Larger prospective phase III trials will determine the
      duration of hematologic responses and the impact on infection, morbidity, and
      mortality.

PMID- 2651579
TI  - An evaluation of outpatient bone marrow harvesting.
AB  - In order to avoid the difficulties in scheduling and cost involved in admitting
      patients to hospital to undergo bone marrow harvests, we assessed outpatient
      marrow harvesting for autologous bone marrow transplant (BMT) candidates. Over a
      13-month period, 39 consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies underwent
      bone marrow harvests as outpatients. For comparison we also evaluated 20
      consecutive patients with similar disease status who had undergone bone marrow
      harvests as inpatients over the preceding 6 months. The mean hemoglobin value
      prior to harvest the mean volume of marrow harvested, and the mean nucleated cell
      count in the outpatient group were not significantly different from those of the
      inpatient group. There were no intraoperative complications. Of these 39
      patients, 36 were discharged later the same day on oral iron supplements, with no
      adverse sequelae. Local pain was well controlled at home with mild oral
      analgesics. Two patients required admission due to postoperative hypotension-
      both responded promptly to intravenous (IV) fluids and blood and were discharged
      the following day. One patient was admitted postoperatively due to fever. There
      was a trend for the outpatients to receive less intra- and postoperative blood
      transfusions, but this did not reach statistical significance. The results
      suggest that most candidates for autologous BMT can safely undergo bone marrow
      harvesting as outpatients, thereby relieving pressure for hospital beds,
      potentially reducing costs and improving bed utilization. The study also raises
      the possibility of safely performing outpatient harvests on allogeneic BMT
      donors.

PMID- 2651580
TI  - A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of carboplatin and autologous bone
      marrow support.
AB  - A series of 33 patients were treated with a four-day continuous infusion of
      carboplatin in a phase I study to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of
      this agent when used with autologous bone marrow reinfusion. Doses were escalated
      from 375 to 2,400 mg/m2; autologous bone marrow reinfusion was added to the
      regimen at doses of 1,600 mg/m2 and above. The MTD was determined to be 2,000
      mg/m2. Dose-limiting toxicity consisting of reversible hepatotoxicity, renal
      dysfunction, and moderate to severe ototoxicity was observed with a dose of 2,400
      mg/m2. There were ten responses in 31 heavily pretreated patients, including six
      responses in 11 patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Pharmacokinetic studies
      revealed a systemic clearance (Clss) of 4.5 L/m2/h. This value is consistent with
      clearances reported for carboplatin administered at lower doses and by different
      schedules. No evidence for saturation of systemic clearance at higher doses was
      observed. Carboplatin appears to be an active drug that can undergo considerable
      dose escalation when used in conjunction with autologous bone marrow support.

PMID- 2651581
TI  - Tripe palms and malignancy.
AB  - Tripe palms are characterized clinically by thickened velvety palms with
      pronounced dermatoglyphics. We describe two patients with triple palms and
      pulmonary tumors, and review the 77 patients with idiopathic- and malignancy
      associated tripe palms reported in the world literature. The majority (94%) of
      published cases of tripe palms occurred in patients with cancer; only five
      patients showed no evidence of an associated malignancy. Tripe palms were
      frequently seen in conjunction with acanthosis nigricans (77% of cases), although
      they can occur alone (23% of cases). In cancer patients with tripe palms alone,
      the most common underlying neoplasm was pulmonary carcinoma (53% of cases),
      whereas patients with both tripe palms and acanthosis nigricans frequently had
      gastric (35% of cases) or pulmonary (11% of cases) carcinomas. A wide variety of
      other solid tumors have also been observed. Importantly, in over 40% of patients,
      tripe palms were the presenting feature of a previously undiagnosed malignancy.
      Therefore, all patients with tripe palms should be evaluated with a full
      diagnostic work-up for an associated malignancy, particularly lung or gastric
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2651582
TI  - Castration induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy.

PMID- 2651583
TI  - Dose intensity: a critique of a critical review.

PMID- 2651584
TI  - Transplantation versus chemotherapy in acute leukemia.

PMID- 2651585
TI  - Transcranial Doppler sonography within 12 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - Twenty-one patients were subjected to repeated assessment of cerebral blood flow
      velocities by means of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCDS) during the first 12
      hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In 19 patients the study was performed
      following the first SAH, and in two after early rebleeds. Flow velocities did not
      indicate an early phase of arterial narrowing in any case. Following the first
      TCDS assessment, flows were evaluated repeatedly in the 19 survivors. Increased
      flow velocities suggesting arterial narrowing or vasospasm occurred only after a
      delay of at least 4 days. The results of this study favor the restoration of
      normal velocity patterns in surviving patients and do not indicate that an acute
      phase of vasospasm exists either immediately after or in the first 12 hours after
      SAH.

PMID- 2651586
TI  - The treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. A prospective randomized
      trial of surgical and conservative treatment.
AB  - In a prospective study, 52 patients with a spontaneous supratentorial
      intracerebral hematoma (ICH) were randomly assigned to receive emergency surgery
      or conservative treatment within 48 hours after the bleed. Patients with a
      decreased level of consciousness and/or a severe neurological deficit were
      admitted to the study. The overall mortality rate at 6 months was 42%: 10 (38%)
      of the 26 patients in the conservative group and 12 (46%) of the 26 in the
      surgical group. Six (20%) of the 30 survivors at 6 months were able to conduct
      their activities of daily living independently: five (31%) of the 16 patients in
      the conservative group and one (7%) of the 14 in the operative group. These
      differences are not statistically significant. The mortality rate of semicomatose
      or stuporous patients (Glasgow Coma Scale score 7 to 10) was statistically
      significantly lower in the surgical group (none of the four patients) than in the
      conservative group (four of five patients) (p less than 0.05); however, all
      surviving patients in this subgroup were severely disabled. The study suggests
      that surgical treatment of this category of patients with ICH does not offer any
      definite advantage over conservative treatment. In semicomatose or stuporous
      patients, surgery may improve the length of survival, but the quality of life
      remains poor.

PMID- 2651587
TI  - William Osler and "the special field of neurological surgery".
AB  - Harvey Cushing's paper, "The special field of neurological surgery," published in
      the Bulletin of The Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1905, constitutes a recognized
      milestone in the establishment of neurological surgery as a separate surgical
      specialty in the United States. The main point the author wishes to make here is
      that the very special friendship of Sir William Osler, influencing, encouraging,
      stimulating Cushing at the particular time that it did (1901 to 1905), was
      probably the primary positive influence that made it possible for Cushing to
      achieve specialization in neurological surgery and to make his considerable
      contribution in this field.

PMID- 2651588
TI  - The effects of dexamethasone on C6 astrocytoma radiosensitivity.
AB  - Brain-tumor patients often undergo radiation therapy while receiving
      corticosteroids for the treatment of cerebral edema. Studies have demonstrated
      that dexamethasone is radioprotective in a number of cell lines. The C6
      astrocytoma cell line is well established in vitro and is modulated by
      dexamethasone treatment. It has therefore been hypothesized that dexamethasone
      treated C6 astrocytoma cells would be more resistant to radiation-induced damage.
      The present study was carried out to assess this hypothesis using both the in
      vitro C6 astrocytoma monolayer and three-dimensional multicellular spheroid
      models. Dexamethasone was inhibitory to the C6 astrocytoma cells in the monolayer
      preparation, increasing their doubling time by 13%. In the spheroid cultures,
      dexamethasone treatment decreased the number of cells per spheroid by 46%.
      Dexamethasone did not affect the plating efficiency of either the cells from the
      monolayer experiment or those dissociated from spheroids, however, suggesting
      that the inhibitory effect was not tumoricidal. At a clinical concentration (1.94
      x 10(-5) M), dexamethasone did not significantly influence plating efficiency of
      irradiated C6 astrocytoma cells in monolayer or three-dimensional spheroid
      cultures.

PMID- 2651589
TI  - Microvascular compression-decompression: a recollection.

PMID- 2651590
TI  - Removal of background label in immunocytochemistry with the apolar Lowicryls by
      using washed protein A-gold-precoupled antibodies in a one-step procedure.
AB  - Antiserum mixed with protein A-gold produces aggregates that can be washed by
      centrifugation and redissociated by ultrasonication. These precoupled antibodies
      are used for immunocytochemical labeling in a one-step procedure and reveal a
      very low background on sections of material embedded in polar and apolar
      Lowicryls. Controls have shown that the background label stems from serum
      components with only one protein A binding site and is discarded during the wash
      steps of the precoupling procedure.

PMID- 2651591
TI  - Observation of microdiffraction patterns with a dedicated STEM instrument.
AB  - A two-dimensional detector system, designed for the observation and recording of
      microdiffraction patterns formed in an HB 5 scanning transmission electron
      microscopy (STEM) is described and discussed. Possibilities are described and
      demonstrated for the simultaneous or successive recording of microdiffraction
      patterns from regions of diameter 3 A or more, bright- or dark-field STEM images,
      EELS spectra, secondary electron images, and in-line holograms. Applications of
      the system have been made to studies of catalyst particles, reflection-mode
      imaging of bulk surfaces, and image reconstruction from microdiffraction patterns
      obtained from each point of a STEM image.

PMID- 2651592
TI  - Festschrift to Louis Gluck, MD.

PMID- 2651593
TI  - Oliguria in the premature baboon with hyaline membrane disease: a manifestation
      of multisystem immaturity?
AB  - To assess the temporal relationship between fluid balance and cardiopulmonary
      function in hyaline membrane disease (HMD), serial measurements were made of
      pulmonary gas exchange (Pa/A O2, PaO2, PaCO2), ventilation indices (FIO2, Ppeak,
      Pmin, frequency), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and fluid balance ratio
      (FBR) in 11 premature (140-day gestation) baboons with HMD treated with positive
      pressure ventilation and continuous distending airway pressure (PPV/PEEP) for 11
      days. All animals had radiographic and clinical evidence of HMD. Pa/AO2 fell
      initially, and, in spite of increase in Paw, remained below 0.2 for the first 42
      hours. In the same time frame, the animals became progressively oliguric with FBR
      falling from 0.48 to 0.17 and remaining at that level through hour 43.
      Tachycardia and hypotension were also present during this period. The onset of
      the recovery phase at hour 42 was associated with concurrent improvement in
      Pa/AO2, fall in HR and BP, and the onset of diuresis. These data suggest that, at
      this development age in the immature baboon, recovery from HMD is associated with
      improved function of multiple organ systems. The apparent similarities in the
      "adaptive" timetable support the hypothesis that events associated with delivery
      and survival of the immature fetus result in accelerated maturation.

PMID- 2651594
TI  - Continuous negative pressure and intermittent mandatory ventilation in the
      management of pulmonary interstitial emphysema: a preliminary study.
AB  - We reviewed the clinical courses of 12 prematurely born newborns who were placed
      in continuous negative pressure (CNP) in an Isolette negative pressure ventilator
      for refractory hypoxemia while receiving intermittent positive pressure mandatory
      ventilation. All patients had severe lung disease as documented by an increased
      oxygenation index and bilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema on x-ray
      examination. Patients were separated into two groups--survivors and nonsurvivors,
      with six patients in each group. Initiation of CNP resulted in a significant
      initial improvement in oxygenation in both groups seen as a 52% decrease in the
      oxygenation index in survivors and a 57% decrease in the oxygenation index in
      nonsurvivors (P less than .05). The survivors characterized themselves by showing
      a further sustained improvement in the oxygenation index--31.4 +/- 9.1 to 6.9 +/-
      5.0 (P less than .01)--and a significant decrease in the mean airway pressure-
      11.6 +/- 4.6 cm H2O to 5.0 +/- 1.9 cm H2O (P less than .05). Four of the six
      survivors showed radiographic resolution of pulmonary interstitial emphysema. CNP
      was initiated at a mean age of 68.3 hours in the survivors. Nonsurvivors were
      initiated in CNP at a mean age of 134.3 hours, but went on to clinically
      deteriorate owing to irreversible hypoxemia and acidosis. Both oxygenation index
      and mean airway pressures were virtually unchanged compared with their initial
      values. The exact mechanisms by which CNP improves pulmonary function in this
      group of infants is unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651595
TI  - Continuous negative pressure in the treatment of infants with pulmonary
      hypertension and respiratory failure.
AB  - We report the successful use of continuous negative pressure (CNP) with standard
      intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) in five patients suffering from
      respiratory failure and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN).
      These infants all fulfilled criteria for use of extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation (ECMO) with PaO2 less than 40 torr, alveolar-arterial oxygen
      difference (AaDO2) greater than 620 mm Hg, and oxygenation index (OI) greater
      than 50. Despite a considerable amount of conventional ventilation with mean
      airway pressures (PAW) between 14 and 26 cm water, none of these patients were
      able to improve oxygenation. All infants demonstrated significant improvement in
      ventilation requirements after initiation of CNP as reflected by a decrease in
      PAW, proximal inspiratory pressure (PIP), and IMV. Oxygenation dramatically
      improved in all infants. All five patients survived without any pulmonary or
      neurological complications at discharge. Availability of CNP may circumvent the
      need for ECMO in infants with severe lung disease and PPHN.

PMID- 2651596
TI  - Phototherapy--1988. A green light for a new approach?
AB  - Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia or, as otherwise known, jaundice of the newborn is
      the most common clinical problem in the newborn period. Visible jaundice is seen
      in 30% to 50% of infants, and in about 10%, the hyperbilirubinemia requires
      treatment. The critical factor that leads to the accumulation of this yellow
      pigment bilirubin is the immaturity of the newborn's liver and its inability to
      excrete the natural form of unconjugated bilirubin. In the past two decades
      phototherapy has become the routine both for treatment of neonates with
      hyperbilirubinemia and for prophylaxis in highrisk patients such as preterm
      infants. Recent information about the mechanism of phototherapy and the
      availability of new types of light sources prompted this review.

PMID- 2651597
TI  - Successful extubation of newborn infants without preextubation trial of
      continuous positive airway pressure.
AB  - Sixty newborn infants who had been mechanically ventilated through 3.0- or 3.5-mm
      endotracheal tubes were studied to examine the necessity of a preextubation trial
      of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Thirty randomly assigned study
      infants were directly extubated from intermittent mandatory ventilation rates of
      six per minute; 30 randomly assigned control infants were extubated after a six
      hour trial of continuous positive airway pressure of 3 cm H2O. Changes in
      respiratory rate, in PCO2, and in PO2/FIO2 were similar. All 30 study infants
      tolerated direct extubation without significant apnea or respiratory acidosis.
      Two study and eight control infants developed apnea during six hours after
      intermittent mandatory ventilation was discontinued (chi 2 = 4.3, P less than
      .05). Five control and no study infants had apneic episodes greater than or equal
      to 0.5 per hour (chi 2 = 5.5, P less than .02). The results of this study suggest
      that newborn infants may tolerate direct extubation from low intermittent
      mandatory ventilation rates without a preextubation trial of CPAP. A
      preextubation trial of CPAP appears to be unnecessary and may cause more frequent
      apnea in newborn infants if used for more than several hours.

PMID- 2651598
TI  - Perinatal ultrasound casebook. In utero diagnosis of fetal ovarian cyst.

PMID- 2651599
TI  - The invention and development of American internal medicine.
AB  - During the early twentieth century American physicians considered several
      different ways to identify medical specialists. The first autonomous specialty
      board was incorporated in 1924, and over the next few decades the board system
      became the accepted system for credentialing specialists. In 1936 the American
      Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) became the twelfth specialty board. It was
      intended to recognize only a few outstanding internists, for the ABIM's founders
      believed that general practitioners should continue to deliver the vast majority
      of care. However, World War II greatly increased the importance of the ABIM and
      of the specialty boards system. The army medical services emphasized the
      importance of board certification, thus encouraging physicians to receive
      residency training and to sit for a specialty board. After the war, the expanding
      VA hospital system provided them a place to do so. Specialty training and board
      certification became the norm, not the exception. Also, the national exigencies
      of World War II forced Congress to devise a new system to distribute federal
      funds for biomedical research to universities. That system, continued as the
      National Institutes of Health, supported the subsequent growth of internal
      medicine in general, as well as its subspecialties. Both the ABIM and the other
      specialty boards were formed at a particular time and place in response to the
      specific interests of individuals and organizations, and their histories reflect
      both the ideals of their founders and the long-term structural effects of war.

PMID- 2651600
TI  - An approach to dyspepsia in the ambulatory care setting: evaluation based on risk
      stratification.

PMID- 2651601
TI  - Chest pain of esophageal origin.

PMID- 2651602
TI  - Using patients' descriptions of alcohol consumption, diet, medication compliance,
      and cigarette smoking: the validity of self-reports in research and practice.

PMID- 2651603
TI  - Trade-offs in treatment alternatives for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - In order to evaluate the choice among alternatives quantitatively, a formal
      decision model must be developed. Yet the literature does not currently include
      the information required to develop this model. Data tell us very little about
      what factors should be considered in the choice of treatment for NIDDM patients.
      Table 1 summarizes some of the advantages and disadvantages of insulin,
      sulfonylureas, and dietary treatments. Insulin may have the greatest effect upon
      blood glucose, but may also be associated with the greatest likelihood of
      nuisance for the patient. At the other extreme, dietary treatment may be safe,
      but may have a low probability of achieving long-term blood glucose control.
      There is remarkably little in the literature that considers nuisance factors for
      the patient, minor but persistent side effects, or the likelihood of other
      physical changes such as weight gain. We know even less about how to integrate
      preferences for benefits and side effects into a comprehensive decision. Although
      some profiles of laboratory results clearly dictate a treatment protocol, there
      is considerable variability in the treatment options for a large number of NIDDM
      patients. Consider, for example, the patient who has a fasting blood glucose of
      250 mg/dl but no symptoms. There may be several treatment alternatives. Yet the
      chances of therapeutic success could be influenced by the patient's concern about
      being dependent upon medication, willingness to comply with life-style changes,
      and fear of using needles. We suggest that the patient must be active in
      negotiating the choice of treatment, and that patient preferences for expected
      outcomes, side effects, and nuisance factors need to be considered.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651604
TI  - Work-up bias as an explanation for variations in sensitivity and specificity.

PMID- 2651605
TI  - Hyperuricemia in the diagnosis of gout.

PMID- 2651606
TI  - Validity and reliability of auditory screening tests in demented and non-demented
      older adults.
AB  - The validity and reliability of auditory screening tests were evaluated in 34
      demented and 31 non-demented elderly outpatients. In reference to an audiometric
      gold standard (40-dB HL hearing loss in speech frequencies), 512-Hz and 1024-Hz
      tuning forks, finger rub, and whispered voice tests performed well (ROC curve
      areas = 0.82 to 0.94). Simultaneously high (greater than 0.80) sensitivities and
      specificities were achievable for all these tests in demented patients. In non
      demented patients, however, only the whispered voice test achieved simultaneously
      high specificity and sensitivity. The most accurate rule for air conduction
      screening audiometry was the inability to hear greater than or equal to two of
      four 40-dB HL speech frequencies (sensitivity = 1.0, specificity = 0.75 in non
      demented patients; sensitivity = 0.97, specificity = 0.74 in demented patients).
      Interobserver/test-retest reliability was generally high for tuning forks, finger
      rub, and whispered voice tests (range of intraclass correlation coefficients =
      0.38 to 0.90), and was somewhat higher in demented than in non-demented patients.
      These results suggest that some of the simple, traditional methods of auditory
      screening may have considerable validity and reliability in demented and non
      demented older adults.

PMID- 2651607
TI  - Disposable insulin syringe reuse and aseptic practices in diabetic patients.
AB  - Diabetic patients are traditionally taught to discard plastic syringe/needle
      units after a single use and to employ aseptic technique for administering
      insulin injections. We surveyed 87 diabetic outpatients for compliance with
      aseptic recommendations. We then studied prospectively the effects of reusing
      disposable syringes in 56 diabetic patients who reused syringes a mean of 6.6
      times for 8.3 months and an aggregate of 23,664 injections. Almost half (49%) of
      diabetic patients in a combined university clinic and private practice reused
      supposedly disposable insulin syringes a mean of 3.9 times. Compliance with
      standard aseptic precautions was poor, with only 29% of patients following
      recommended practices. No adverse effect of syringe reuse was identified. The
      authors conclude that diabetic patients frequently reuse disposable syringes,
      without apparent harmful effect.

PMID- 2651608
TI  - A four-week observation of maternity care in Finland.
AB  - The increasing infant mortality rate in the United States is of concern to all
      people, especially those involved in the care of mothers and infants. Of the 20
      industrialized countries in the world, Finland, Sweden, and Japan rank first in
      lowest infant mortality rates. A four-week observational experience at a
      maternity and women's hospital in Helsinki, Finland, led to the identification of
      two contributing factors: 1) incentive for early antepartum care and 2) public
      education.

PMID- 2651609
TI  - Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT).
AB  - Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), developed in 1984, was the result of
      further studies on in vitro fertilization (IVF). Since that time many nurses have
      worked in settings near in vitro fertilization centers and, therefore, have a
      basic understanding of the technology. An overview is given of the GIFT procedure
      to prepare nurses to advise and refer couples who may qualify for GIFT and to
      highlight the shift in the fertility program nurse coordinator's functions toward
      the positions of administrator and consultant.

PMID- 2651610
TI  - Body weight, sodium intake and blood pressure.
AB  - The aim of the present review is to examine the evidence that blood pressure may
      be reduced and hypertension prevented by decreasing body weight and sodium
      consumption. Cross-sectional and longitudinal population studies, and
      intervention studies in individual subjects, suggest that hypertension can be
      prevented by avoiding excessive weight. Children and adolescents should
      particularly avoid becoming overweight as this is strongly associated with
      hypertension in adult life. In contrast, the hypothesis that hypertension might
      be reduced by restricting sodium intake is less convincing. Moreover, the amount
      of sodium restriction needed to significantly reduce blood pressure might make it
      a less practical preventative measure in the struggle against hypertension than
      weight loss.

PMID- 2651611
TI  - Interference with dietary habits in young hypertension-prone subjects.
AB  - There is growing evidence that the roots of primary hypertension are found in
      childhood. Since the pathophysiological phenomena that accompany high blood
      pressure may change during its development, research into the aetiology of
      hypertension should include relatively young subjects. Altering the blood
      pressure in children and young adults may also help to prevent hypertension.
      Unfortunately, it is still difficult to predict which young subjects will become
      hypertensive later in life. Dietary habits appear to be an important determinant
      of blood pressure level. Studies on dietary changes in young subjects with
      elevated blood pressure could therefore provide an insight into the
      pathophysiological mechanisms linking environment and blood pressure. They may
      also indicate what preventive measures may be taken in that age group. However,
      before practical measures can be taken, more studies are needed to clarify both
      the beneficial and adverse effects that interference with dietary habits may have
      on young hypertension-prone subjects.

PMID- 2651612
TI  - Comparison of high-risk and mass strategies for the prevention of high blood
      pressure.
AB  - A mass strategy for the prevention of high blood pressure and its complications
      is likely to be more effective than high-risk strategies for several reasons:
      there is no practicable way of identifying in advance a large proportion of
      future hypertensives; a minority of hypertensive complications occur in
      individuals with pressures high enough to warrant treatment; and treatment has
      little or no effect on the incidence of the major hypertensive complication,
      coronary heart attacks. The effect of a broad-based dietary prevention programme
      is not proven, but such a strategy offers a reasonable prospect of a broad range
      of benefits, and is likely to prove acceptable to the general public. A family
      based approach may contribute to aetiological research, and make pragmatic sense
      in clinical practice, but does not provide a scientific basis for a high-risk
      strategy of prevention.

PMID- 2651613
TI  - Early arterial modifications in young patients with borderline hypertension.
AB  - Pulse wave velocity, used as an indicator of arterial distensibility, was
      recorded in 123 young male subjects, 63 untreated patients with borderline
      hypertension and 60 control subjects. The measurement was made with a continuous
      Doppler unit coupled to an ECG. In both groups mean age was similar, but mean
      arterial pressure was increased in borderline hypertensive compared with control
      patients. In comparison with controls, borderline hypertensives showed an
      increased pulse wave velocity. A significant correlation was observed between
      mean arterial pressure and pulse wave velocity in both populations, but the two
      regression lines were significantly different (covariance analysis). This result
      suggests that pulse wave velocity modifications in borderline hypertensives are
      not solely due to the elevated pressure, but also reflect structural or
      functional changes in the arterial tree.

PMID- 2651614
TI  - Results of mechanical circulatory assistance before heart transplantation.
AB  - Between February 1984 and December 1987, 63 patients were accepted as candidates
      for heart transplantation. Eighteen patients (29%) required some form of
      mechanical circulatory support before transplantation; eight patients received an
      intraaortic balloon pump, five patients had left ventricular assist devices, two
      patients received biventricular assist devices, and in three patients the total
      artificial heart was implanted. Fourteen of the 18 patients underwent
      transplantation with seven longterm survivors.

PMID- 2651615
TI  - Bridging to heart transplantation with circulatory support devices.
AB  - Several devices are currently available for bridging to cardiac transplantation,
      but the efficacy of each has not been established. From September 1983 to March
      1988 we supported 17 transplant candidates with mechanical assist devices.
      Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was used to bridge two patients,
      external ventricular assist devices (VADs) were used in 11 patients, internal
      left ventricular assist systems (LVAS) were used in three patients, and
      implantable prosthetic replacement ventricles (TAH) were used in one patient. The
      14 men and three women, aged 24 to 59 years (mean 46 years), suffered cardiogenic
      shock caused by ischemic (13 patients), postpartum (two patients), viral (one
      patient), and drug-induced (one patient) cardiomyopathy. Five patients with
      isolated left ventricular failure (LVF) received only left VADs, three patients
      with severe LVF and moderate right ventricular failure received LVAS, and nine
      patients with severe biventricular failure received ECMO (two patients),
      biventricular assist devices (six patients), and TAH (one patient). Patients were
      supported for periods of 1/2 to 90 days (mean 22) with flows of 2.15 to 3.39
      L/min/m2. Ten patients underwent transplantation (eight of whom were discharged)
      and seven patients died without transplants. The two patients who received ECMO
      died 1 and 30 days after transplantation, in part as a result of ECMO
      complications. Seven patients were denied transplants because of renal failure
      (five patients), infection (five patients), bleeding (four patients), and
      cerebrovascular accident (two patients). The seven survivors were supported with
      VADs (five patients) or LVAS (two patients). Three had driveline infections, two
      had bleeding complications, two developed mediastinitis, and one each had
      hemolysis, cerebrovascular accident, and mechanical failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651616
TI  - Orthotopic total artificial heart bridge to transplantation: preliminary results.
AB  - A detailed summary of seven patients who received eight total artificial heart
      implants, including one Phoenix heart, two Jarvik 7-100 ml hearts, and five
      Jarvik 7-70 ml hearts, and nine heart transplants, reveals that bleeding,
      hemolysis, and thromboembolic and infectious problems are not the limiting
      factors. Size of the patient and the requirement for adequate space to permit
      adequate systemic and pulmonary venous filling seem to be the major limitations.
      Patients with a reasonable expectation of receiving a transplantation within 3
      weeks are the best candidates for a bridge to transplantation. After this
      adhesions were found to cause severe technical problems at reoperation.

PMID- 2651617
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of human orthotopic heart transplantation: correlation
      with endomyocardial biopsy.
AB  - The ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect allograft rejection was
      studied concomitantly in two centers. In 29 patients MR images performed on a 0.5
      T imager were compared with pathologic findings obtained by transvenous right
      ventricular endomyocardial biopsies. Eight patients had grade 1 or 2 acute
      rejection, and their myocardium thickness was increased significantly compared
      with values obtained in normal volunteers, in normal heart allograft patients,
      and in patients during the resolving phase of an acute rejection episode, whereas
      no abnormal signal intensity was found in the myocardium of heart allograft
      patients with acute rejection. This finding is quite in opposition to what was
      found in experimental models. This could be the result of the immunosuppressive
      regimen of those patients including cyclosporine, whereas few experimental
      studies included cyclosporine treatment. For chronic rejection or fibrosis, MRI
      did not allow the diagnosis because the MRI appearance was close to normal.
      Finally, MRI appears as a complementary technique to B-mode ultrasound in
      detecting nonimmunologic complications such as pericardial effusions and
      endocavitary processes. These data suggest that MRI could be used in the future
      to monitor rejection, to guide the timing of endomyocardial biopsy, and to assess
      the response after immunosuppressive treatment.

PMID- 2651618
TI  - Coronary blood flow and thallium 201 uptake in rejecting rat heart
      transplantations.
AB  - The effects of rejection on coronary flow (CAF) in heart allografts are unclear,
      although previous evidence with cardiac imaging agents indicates impaired flow
      during advanced rejection. The purpose of this study was to measure CAF in
      heterotopically placed heart grafts. Lewis rats (LEW) received grafts from either
      syngeneic Lewis rats (LEW/LEW group) or allogeneic ACI rats (ACI/LEW group). CAF
      was measured in both the transplanted and native hearts with radiolabeled
      microspheres. Rejection was measured histologically (grades 0 [absent] to 4+
      [severe]). In addition systemic blood pressure and cardiac outputs of the native
      hearts were determined with microspheres. Different animals were studied during
      relatively early (4 days) and late (6 days) rejection. Among the 4-day animals a
      cyclosporine-treated group was included (ACI/LEW CyA). In 6-day rats CAF in
      allografts was lower (0.56 +/- .06 ml/gm/min) compared with syngeneic grafts
      (1.72 +/- 0.4 ml/gm/min) (p less than 0.05). The CAF in the native hearts did not
      differ significantly but was higher than in the grafts in both groups. Heart
      rates were reduced in allografts (p less than 0.05). It is interesting that
      arterial pressure and cardiac output were significantly lower in animals bearing
      allogeneic than syngeneic grafts. In rats studied at 4 days graft CAF was lower
      than in the native heart in both the LEW/LEW and ACI/LEW groups, but there was no
      significant difference in behavior between groups. The same was true for a
      cyclosporine-treated group. Graft heart rates were similar in all 4-day
      rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651619
TI  - Coronary artery spasm in heart transplant recipients.
AB  - Coronary artery spasm has rarely been observed in the transplanted, denervated
      heart. We report two patients who had coronary artery spasm after orthotopic
      heart transplantation that was documented by coronary angiography while ECG and
      Holter monitoring showed ischemic changes. Both patients were treated with
      calcium antagonists with no further evidence of this complication; however, one
      patient died suddenly at home after calcium antagonists were arbitrarily
      withdrawn. We believe that coronary artery spasm in heart transplant recipients
      may occur more frequently than expected. Careful monitoring of 24-hour ECG should
      be considered routinely in the follow-up of such patients, and when coronary
      spasm occurs it should be aggressively treated.

PMID- 2651620
TI  - OKT3-induced hypotension in heart allograft recipients treated for steroid
      resistant rejection.
AB  - OKT3 (a murine antihuman mature T cell antibody) has become an important
      therapeutic agent for the treatment of acute allograft rejection unresponsive to
      corticosteroid therapy. Seven heart allograft recipients received eight 10-day
      courses (one retreatment) of OKT3 for steroid-resistant rejection. All patients
      underwent hourly monitoring of vital signs, and one of the patients underwent
      hemodynamic monitoring during therapy. Age- and sex-matched kidney allograft
      recipients (including one retreated patient) undergoing the identical OKT3
      antirejection protocol served as control patients. All patients had a measured
      decrease in arterial pressure during OKT3 therapy. The time from first dose to
      peak hypotensive response was identical in both heart and kidney allograft
      recipients (31 +/- 11 versus 32 +/- 11 hours, respectively, p = not significant
      [NS]) and did not coincide with the peak febrile response (22 +/- 12 versus 27 +/
      13 hours, respectively, p = NS). The decrease in mean arterial pressure was
      significantly greater in the heart allograft patients compared with the kidney
      allograft recipients (39 +/- 17 versus 22 +/- 10 mm Hg, respectively, p less than
      0.03), despite a slightly greater positive fluid balance in the heart allograft
      recipients (1333 +/- 1991 versus 715 +/- 1224 ml, p = NS). The change in heart
      rate associated with the hypotension was only slightly and not significantly
      greater in the kidney allograft recipients. In the one heart allograft recipient
      undergoing hemodynamic monitoring, the decrease in mean arterial pressure was
      initially paralleled by a decline in systemic vascular resistance.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651621
TI  - Neopterin as a new marker to detect acute rejection after heart transplantation.
AB  - Neopterin is excreted at high levels in the course of activation of the
      immunologic system during allograft rejection or viral infection. This pteridine
      therefore may be considered as a specific indicator of T cell-mediated immunity.
      With radioimmunoassay we analyzed both serum and urine levels of neopterin in 43
      patients after orthotopic heart transplantation. These data were correlated to
      the histologic finding at routine endomyocardial biopsies (EMB). In case of
      rejection (that is, grades I to II or more in EMB) serum levels of neopterin
      increased about 156% +/- 94% within 1 week before EMB, whereas urine levels
      increased about 215% +/- 137%. The most marked increase was seen 2.8 days before
      the corresponding EMB. The predictive value theory was used to elaborate the
      reliability of the correlation between an increase of neopterin levels and the
      occurrence of an acute rejection episode. With regard to serum levels,
      sensitivity and specificity were 0.872 and 0.815, respectively. The positive
      predictive value was 0.41 and the negative predictive value was 0.977. We found
      similar results in urine levels.

PMID- 2651622
TI  - Psychologic assessment of candidates for heart transplantation: toward a
      normative data base.
AB  - Psychologic variables appear to play a role in mediating outcome of heart surgery
      and organ transplantation. Psychologic data, therefore, can be useful in
      providing optimal care for transplant candidates during hospitalization and
      recovery. Psychologic assessment of transplantation candidates is difficult
      because of the lack of normative data specific to this population. This problem
      is addressed in the present article. A standard protocol for the assessment of
      heart transplant candidates is described and some preliminary normative data on
      the tests used in this protocol are presented.

PMID- 2651623
TI  - Preexcitation syndrome in a donor heart.
AB  - Successful ex vivo correction of preexcitation syndrome (Wolff-Parkinson-White
      type A) was performed in a donor heart before orthotopic heart transplantation.
      The transplant recipient recovered without incident. Postoperative
      electrophysiologic study confirmed successful operative ablation of the aberrant
      conduction pathway. Donor hearts with certain readily correctable anomalies may
      be considered for transplantation and thus help to lessen the shortage of donor
      organs.

PMID- 2651624
TI  - Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus in heart transplant recipients.
AB  - This study was undertaken to investigate the impact of diabetes, which develops
      after heart transplantation, on infection and patient survival. Nondiabetic
      patients (366) underwent heart transplantation at our institution between June 1,
      1980 and January 12, 1988. Of these patients, 29 (8%) developed
      posttransplantation diabetes (PTD), defined as a continued need for hypoglycemic
      agents. The PTD group did not differ significantly from the nondiabetic
      recipients in age, sex, or human leukocyte antigen type. The average age in the
      PTD group was 49 years. Average length of follow-up was 21 months (range 4 to 46
      months). Eighteen patients are maintained on insulin. Eight patients are on oral
      hypoglycemic agents. Three patients died while on insulin. The average prednisone
      dosage in this group is 0.23 mg/kg/day. There have been 18 minor infections and
      four potentially serious nonlethal infections in the 27 PTD recipients. One
      lethal infection occurred 33 months after heart transplantation. The only other
      fatality was related to metastatic bladder cancer. This lethal infection rate of
      3% compares with a rate of 11% in all nondiabetic recipients who have follow-up
      for 21 months. The 3-year actuarial survival of the PTD group is 75%, which
      compares favorably with the survival of nondiabetic patients. PTD cannot be
      predicted by sex, age, or human leukocyte type before transplantation, and it
      does not significantly increase the incidence of mortality or serious infection.

PMID- 2651625
TI  - Emergency heart retransplantation with a positive donor crossmatch.
AB  - We report a case of one patient who underwent emergency retransplantation with a
      highly positive donor crossmatch. Standard immunosuppression was integrated by
      the addition of plasma exchange during extracorporeal circulation, polyclonal
      IgG, and cyclophosphamide for the first 30 days. After transplantation the
      clinical outcome was normal; immunosuppression induced a complete disappearance
      of the donor-specific antibody. In spite of the heavy immunosuppression, we did
      not observe any infectious complications. We suggest that a greater
      immunosuppression established soon after the transplant and adjusted on the basis
      of immunological monitoring may allow a heart transplant with a positive
      crossmatch.

PMID- 2651626
TI  - Experience with endomyocardial biopsy in 23 patients with heart transplants.
AB  - In the 33-month period April 1985 to December 1987, endomyocardial biopsy was
      performed 314 times in 23 patients with orthotopic (21) or heterotopic (2) heart
      transplants at Baptist Medical Center. The technique is described. Adequate
      tissue was obtained in 99% of cases and there was only one complication from the
      procedure. Mild to severe acute rejection was seen in 105 specimens (33%). The
      histopathological interpretation has proved invaluable in the care of patients
      with heart transplants.

PMID- 2651627
TI  - Adjunctive use of laser Doppler flowmetry for debridement of osteomyelitis.
AB  - Laser Doppler flowmetry was used intraoperatively to differentiate viable from
      nonviable bone during the debridement of 12 cases of chronic osteomyelitis and
      three cases of acute bone infection following trauma. Six weeks of i.v.
      antibiotic therapy were directed against two cases of gram-positive and 13 cases
      of gram-negative bone infection. In cases of chronic infection, free muscle flaps
      were added for soft tissue coverage in five cases and rotational muscle flaps in
      four cases. At follow-up observation, of 1 to 3 years, no recurrences were seen.
      Laser Doppler flowmetry is an easy-to-use adjunct to the surgical debridement of
      bone infection.

PMID- 2651628
TI  - The transmandibular implant: a 12-year follow-up study.
AB  - A clinical study of the use of the transmandibular implant for reconstructing
      severely atrophic mandibles in preparation for an implant-borne dental prosthesis
      was performed. This study included 368 patients with a mean height of the
      mandible of 10 mm. They were examined clinically, radiographically, and by means
      of a questionnaire. The follow-up period for 185 patients was 5 years or more,
      and 55 were followed 10 years or more. Removable dentures were made for 350
      patients, and fixed bridges for 18 patients. Forty-three patients had reversible
      complications, one patient had unilateral hypesthesia, and six patients had their
      implant removed. Reversible complications of infection, gingival hyperplasia,
      loading of individual posts, and fenestration of threads were controlled without
      deleterious effects on the gingival, mucosal, or osseous tissues. The
      transmandibular implant system was shown to successfully restore function of the
      severely atrophic mandible in a more predictable manner than augmentation
      procedures.

PMID- 2651629
TI  - Olfactory neuroblastoma: report of a case and review of the literature.

PMID- 2651630
TI  - Osteogenic sarcoma of the tongue: case report with light and electron microscopy
      studies and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of osteosarcoma of the tongue is reported, with microscopic findings. The
      patient underwent chemotherapy, left hemiglossectomy, and neck dissection,
      followed by radiotherapy. Five years after initial therapy, he is still alive and
      well, with no evidence of recurrence.

PMID- 2651631
TI  - A one-visit obturator technique for infants with cleft palate.

PMID- 2651632
TI  - Cimetidine treatment of reflux esophagitis in children: an Italian multicentric
      study.
AB  - The effectiveness of cimetidine (30-40 mg/kg/day) was evaluated in 32 children
      with gastroesophageal reflux disease complicated by esophagitis who entered a
      random double-blind trial for 12 weeks. Esophagitis was diagnosed in all patients
      by endoscopy with biopsy. Seventeen patients (age, mean +/- SD: 21.7 +/- 37.65
      months) received cimetidine (c-pts), and 15 (age, mean +/- SD: 29.03 +/- 39.73
      months) received a placebo (p-pts). All patients received intensive postural
      therapy. Based on clinical and endoscopic (and histologic) data, 12 c-pts and
      three p-pts were healed (p less than 0.01), the condition of four c-pts and three
      p-pts had improved (not statistically significant), and the condition of one c-pt
      and nine p-pts had worsened (p less than 0.01). Both clinical and esophagitis
      scores significantly decreased only in the c-pt group, as compared with p-pts.
      Improvement of esophagitis was seen in all (100%) of c-pts with mild or moderate
      esophagitis versus 57.14% of p-pts (p less than 0.01) and in 87.5% of c-pts with
      severe esophagitis as compared with 25% of the p-pt group (p less than 0.01). We
      conclude that cimetidine is an effective agent for treatment of reflux
      esophagitis in children. Although gastroesophageal reflux disease in infancy has
      a naturally self-limited course with conservative care (thickened feedings and
      posture adjustment), extensive pharmacologic therapy is needed in the presence of
      esophagitis.

PMID- 2651633
TI  - Diagnosis of giardiasis in infants and children by endoscopic brush cytology.
AB  - Eight pediatric patients with presenting symptoms of chronic diarrhea, abdominal
      cramps, weight loss, and/or recurrent emesis were diagnosed as having giardiasis
      by duodenal brush cytology. All patients had at least three stool specimens
      examined for ova and parasites, which failed to reveal Giardia lamblia cysts or
      trophozoites. In each patient, the small intestinal mucosal biopsies as well
      failed to reveal giardia. No complications were encountered during any of the
      procedures. Duodenal brush cytology for giardiasis appears to be a valuable
      diagnostic adjunct potentially superior to stool examination as well as
      endoscopic grasp small bowel biopsy.

PMID- 2651634
TI  - Protracted diarrhea: the importance of the enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
      strains and Salmonella in its genesis.
AB  - The etiology of the protracted diarrhea is ill-defined, but in the underdeveloped
      countries acute gastroenteritis might be the most common triggering factor,
      especially due to certain enteropathogenic bacteria, such as enteropathogenic E.
      coli (EPEC) and Salmonella. We investigated the role of these agents in the
      genesis of protracted diarrhea in 29 infants with a mean age of 4.6 months. The
      patients underwent the following tests: stool culture, culture of the jejunal
      secretion, and small bowel and rectal biopsies. The stool culture was positive
      for some enteropathogenic bacteria in 17 (58.6%) patients: EPEC serotypes 0126,
      0125, 055, 026, 0111, 0127, 0114, 0158, and 0119 and Salmonella were identified.
      The jejunal secretion culture revealed bacterial proliferation in 15 (51.7%)
      patients, and the following bacteria were isolated: EPEC 0142, Proteus,
      Klebsiella, Enterobacter, EPEC 0114, Pseudomonas, EPEC 0111, Salmonella, and EPEC
      0119. The small bowel biopsy showed subtotal villous atrophy in 13 (44.8%)
      patients, and the rectal biopsy revealed colitis in 13 (44.8%) patients. These
      findings stress the importance of those enteropathogenic bacteria in the genesis
      of protracted diarrhea in underdeveloped countries mainly due to food intolerance
      leading to aggravation of the nutritional status.

PMID- 2651635
TI  - Biliary lipid composition in patients with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Lipid composition of gallbladder bile was determined in 20 patients with cystic
      fibrosis (CF) (9 females and 11 males, ranging in age from 3 to 18 years). The
      results were compared with 47 normal subjects matched for age, sex, and pubertal
      stage. In patients with CF, bile was undersaturated with cholesterol before
      puberty in both sexes and no differences with normal controls could be observed.
      After puberty, a similar increase in cholesterol saturation was noted in females
      with CF (85 +/- 15% vs. 130 +/- 38%, p less than 0.01) and normal controls (82 +/
      11% vs. 138 +/- 31%, p less than 0.01). No change in cholesterol saturation
      could be observed in male patients and controls after puberty. Molar percentage
      of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was lower (p less than 0.05) in postpubertal
      females (31 +/- 9%) and males (36 +/- 7%) with CF compared to controls (42 +/- 8%
      and 40 +/- 5%, respectively), while cholic acid (CA) was higher in all patients
      with CF. In females with CF, lithocholic acid (LCA) increased after puberty (2.2
      +/- 0.8% vs. 5.3 +/- 2.6%, p less than 0.05) and was higher compared to controls
      (2.2 +/- 0.8%, p less than 0.001). An increase was also noted for deoxycholic
      acid (DCA) in postpubertal females with CF (1.7 +/- 2.6% vs. 10.8 +/- 7%, p less
      than 0.05), but it was lower in both sexes after puberty than in respective
      controls. The present results suggest that cholesterol saturation of bile in
      patients with CF is not different from respective controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651636
TI  - Intussusception: the sonographic diagnosis and its clinical value.
AB  - During the past four years in our hospital, real-time sonographic examinations
      were performed prior to barium enema reductions in 48 proven intussusception
      cases. Four major sonographic findings were noted. First, a length of target
      configuration consisting of two rings of low echogenicity separated by an
      intermediate hyperechoic ring was seen on the cross-sectional image of the
      intussuscepted bowel. Second, a doughnut configuration consisting of a hypoechoic
      rim and a dense central echogenic core was noted on the cross section near the
      apex of the intussusceptum. Third, no demonstrable movement or change was
      observed in the target or doughnut configuration. Fourth, all of the exterior
      sonolucent rims of the target were thicker than 0.6 cm. Operative reductions were
      necessary in all 13 cases whose exterior rims were thicker than 1.6 cm. On the
      contrary, only 15 of the remaining 35 cases whose exterior rims were between 0.6
      and 1.5 cm needed surgical management (p = 0.0033, Fisher's exact test).

PMID- 2651637
TI  - Predictors of breast milk intake in rural northern Thailand.
AB  - A random sample of 52 mothers and infants from a rural area of Northern Thailand
      were studied in their homes for 48 h. Infants were breast fed on demand. Daytime
      feeds were test weighed with electronic averaging balances and nighttime intake
      estimated using a new method, Indirect Test Weighing. All feeds, both day and
      night, were timed to the nearest minute. Other variables measured by direct
      observation were infant weight, and supplementary food and water intake. Mean 24
      h breast milk intake was 579 g (range 78-1,011 g) with a median between day
      coefficient of variation of 8.8%. The proportion of 24-h breast milk intake
      consumed at night ranged from 8 to 91%, and increased with increasing infant age.
      Significant positive associations were found between breast milk intake, and
      sucking time and infant weight. There were significant negative associations
      between breast milk intake and age, and supplementary food and water intake.

PMID- 2651638
TI  - Cervical esophageal perforation diagnosed by endoscopy in a premature infant:
      review of recent literature.
AB  - A case of cervical esophageal perforation in a premature infant by an orogastric
      polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube is reported. Perforation appeared as an esophageal
      atresia, suspected because of the inability to aspirate gastric secretions.
      Initially, atresia was confirmed by an esophagogram, but endoscopy revealed a
      "double esophagus" with a normally located and developed esophagus and a blind
      mediastinal fistula starting at the opposite side of the glottis. The "double
      esophagus" was confirmed by an esophagogram, followed by a contrast study in the
      pharynx. Esophageal perforation in the neonate is an iatrogenic disease that may
      mimic esophageal atresia. We recommend endoscopy instead of contrast studies for
      suspected esophageal atresia.

PMID- 2651639
TI  - Solitary ulcer syndrome of the rectum in children.
AB  - We present two children with solitary ulcer syndrome of the rectum (SUSR): a 7
      year-old and an 11-year-old. Although well recognized in the adult literature,
      the pediatric experience with this condition is limited. We review the
      clinicopathologic features of SUSR with emphasis on the pediatric experience.
      Greater awareness of this syndrome by both the pediatrician and pathologist may
      lead to more diagnosed cases in children.

PMID- 2651640
TI  - Cerebral thromboembolic disease in pediatric and adult inflammatory bowel
      disease: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Cerebral and retinal vascular disease are rare complications of inflammatory
      bowel disease. Most reports are of adult patients, with only seven instances
      described in children. The eighth case, a 14-year-old boy with ulcerative colitis
      and cerebral venous thrombosis is reported in whom the diagnosis was confirmed by
      magnetic resonance imaging. The adult and pediatric literature is also reviewed.

PMID- 2651642
TI  - Adrenal hemorrhage with incomplete rotation of the colon leading to early
      duodenal obstruction: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - We report the simultaneous occurrence of neonatal adrenal hemorrhage and type
      IIIB incomplete fixation of the hepatic flexure of the colon producing early
      complete obstruction of the duodenum. An abdominal ultrasound intravenous
      pyelogram, and barium contrast gastrointestinal studies were essential in
      establishing the preoperative diagnosis.

PMID- 2651641
TI  - Gastrointestinal complications following percutaneous kidney biopsy.
AB  - In most institutions, a percutaneous kidney biopsy is considered a safe
      procedure. However, multiple complications involving other organ systems have
      been reported. We present two cases in which complications following renal biopsy
      involved the gastrointestinal tract. The first case was manifested by
      pancreatitis and the formation of a pancreatic pseudocyst. The second case
      involved perforation of the small bowel. Neither patient required surgical
      intervention; both were managed conservatively and the outcome was excellent.

PMID- 2651643
TI  - Stapled partial splenectomy for splenic abscess in a child.
AB  - This is the case report of a boy with a splenic abscess that was successfully
      treated by partial splenectomy using an automatic stapler. The abscess was caused
      by Serratia marcescens, a nosocomial pathogen.

PMID- 2651644
TI  - Seasonal differences in glucose tolerance and insulin response of pinealectomized
      pigeons (Columba livia).
AB  - The effects of a glucose tolerance test (GTT) and an insulin response test (IRT)
      on blood glucose levels were evaluated in pinealectomized and nonpinealectomized
      pigeons during the breeding and nonbreeding months. The tests revealed increased
      glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in pinealectomized birds during the
      breeding season. In the nonbreeding season, both the pinealectomized and the
      control birds tended to show more or less similar responses for both GTT and IRT.
      These changes confirm the anti-insulin role of the pineal in wild pigeons during
      the breeding season and the possible significance of the pineal gland in
      modulating seasonal changes in carbohydrate metabolism.

PMID- 2651645
TI  - Improved procedures for pineal gland fixation for electron microscopy.
AB  - The common procedures used for preparing some organs and tissues for electron
      microscopy, in which a fixative with the buffer portion adjusted to near
      isotonicity to plasma is perfused in vivo, causes intolerable shrinkage of rat
      pineal cells. The present study was undertaken to optimize the parameters
      involved in the fixation of the pineal gland. The buffer and its concentration
      and the aldehyde or aldehydes used were among the variables investigated. The
      buffers tried were phosphate, cacodylate, PIPES, and HEPES. Decreasing the buffer
      concentration prevented shrinkage with all four buffers. The optimum
      concentrations were 0.05 M phosphate, 0.07 M cacodylate, 0.05 M or 0.057 M PIPES,
      and 0.1 M HEPES. PIPES and HEPES were clearly superior in retaining cytoplasmic
      density when compared with phosphate or cacodylate. The use of lithium PIPES and
      HEPES instead of the sodium equivalents enhanced membrane detail. A small volume
      of more concentrated aldehyde fixative perfused ahead of the main perfusate (a
      strong prewash) definitely helped prevent shrinkage. Using a mixture of aldehydes
      consisting of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and acrolein reduced the tendency for
      shrinkage when compared with glutaraldehyde only. Some of the shrinkage space
      artefacts could be easily misinterpreted as normal features. Since the pineal
      gland commonly contains degenerating structures, a dependable fixation procedure
      is particularly needed. Also, accurate preservation is essential in the
      evaluation of physiological changes.

PMID- 2651646
TI  - How should multifaceted personality constructs be tested? Issues illustrated by
      self-monitoring, attributional style, and hardiness.
AB  - Two or more dimensions unintentionally varied simultaneously are said to be
      confounded, but several theories in personality intentionally combine 3 or more
      distinct qualities. Researchers using these theories sum the qualities before
      testing predictions. How wise is this practice? The practice appears to derive
      from 2 distinct lines of reasoning. One of them assumes that the component
      dimensions converge on a single underlying quality (latent variable) that each
      reflects imperfectly. The other assumes a synergy among dimensions. Issues
      arising from each line of reasoning are illustrated by examining self-monitoring,
      attributional style, and hardiness. Conclusions are that (a) information is lost
      whenever a latent variable theory is tested solely by a composite and (b) a
      synergistic theory can be tested only through a statistical interaction.

PMID- 2651647
TI  - [The modification of phagocytosis by different K1 capsule preparations of
      Escherichia coli].
AB  - The influence of two different types of Escherichia coli K1 capsule preparation
      on the phagosytosis of an E. coli laboratory strain (LN 28) by polymorphnuclear
      leucocytes (PMNL) is described. Capsule material of E. coli 0.18 and 0.83 was
      prepared a) from the culture supernatant and b) from a bacterial pellet fraction.
      When capsule material from the pellet was added to opsonin, before mixing the
      laboratory strain with the PMNL, it decreased the rate of phagocytosis, compared
      with untreated opsonin. The preparation from the supernatant of capsule showed no
      alteration of phagocytosic rate or capacity. These results are explained by the
      different chemical compositions of the preparations.

PMID- 2651648
TI  - Sexual behavior and its pheromonal regulation in ascosporogenous yeasts.
AB  - We reviewed our investigations on sexual behaviors and interactions including
      sexual cell agglutination and pheromone action mainly in non-conventional yeasts,
      Hansenula anomala, H. wingei, Pichia amethionina, P. heedi, P. opuntiae,
      Saccharomyces kluyveri, S. globsus, S. exiguus, Saccharomycodes ludwigii. The
      techniques and genetic models including the cassette model and alpha 1-alpha 2
      hypothesis which had been developed largely in S. cerevisiae were applicable to
      these yeasts in principle. The sexual agglutination was distinctly species
      specific while sex pheromones were cross-reactive beyond species' barriers. The
      successful induction of heterothallic strains from homothallic strains in S.
      exiguus by mutagenesis enabled to the subsequent biochemical and genetical
      analysis of sexual behavior in the yeast. The phylogenetic consideration on sex
      differentiation is also included.

PMID- 2651649
TI  - Endogenous adenosine restrains renin release during sodium restriction.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the role of endogenous adenosine in
      controlling renin release during both a normal and low sodium diet. To probe the
      involvement of endogenous adenosine in the control of renin release, we examined
      the effects of an adenosine receptor antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-(p
      sulfophenyl)xanthine (DPSPX), on renin release in rats fed either a normal or low
      sodium diet. All studies were conducted in the in situ autoperfused kidney. DPSPX
      significantly increased arterial and renal venous levels of renin in both groups
      of animals; however, statistical analysis of the data (2-factor analysis of
      variance) indicated that DPSPX increased aortic and renal venous levels of renin
      more in rats fed a low sodium diet compared to rats fed a normal sodium diet.
      Also, whereas DPSPX did not significantly increase the venoarterial difference of
      renin activity across the kidney or the calculated net secretion rate of renin in
      rats on a normal sodium diet, both of these indices of renin release were
      significantly increased by DPSPX in rats on a low sodium diet. The effects of
      DPSPX on renin release could not be explained by changes in renal hemodynamics or
      excretory function. Additional experiments with rats on a low sodium diet that
      were treated with propranolol demonstrated that the effects of DPSPX on renin
      release were independent of the sympathetic nervous system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651650
TI  - The ocular route for systemic insulin delivery in the albino rabbit.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the extent, pathways and effects of
      absorption promoters on the systemic absorption of insulin after topical solution
      instillation to the albino rabbit eye. The absorption promoters were
      polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, Na glycocholate (GC), Na taurocholate and Na
      deoxycholate, all at a concentration of 1%. Plasma glucose concentration was
      measured in a glucose analyzer whereas plasma insulin concentration was measured
      using radioimmunoassay. The systemic bioavailability of insulin calculated from
      its area under concentration-time curve was in good agreement with that derived
      from the glucose concentration-time curve. The bioavailability was 5.7 to 12.6%
      with polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, 4.9 to 7.9% with GC, 3.6 to 7.8% with Na
      taurocholate and 8.2 to 8.3% with Na deoxycholate, as compared to 0.7 to 1.3% in
      the absence of absorption promoters. The absorption promoting effect of GC was
      dependent on its concentration over the range of 0.1 to 2%. At 1%, the absorption
      promoting effect of GC persisted for about 5 min but disappeared by 15 to 30 min.
      The nasal mucosa contributed about 4 times more than the conjunctival mucosa to
      the systemic absorption of ocularly applied insulin. The conjunctival mucosa was,
      however, more discriminant in its sensitivity to the nature of the bile salts
      than the nasal mucosa. The former was most sensitive to Na deoxycholate and least
      to Na taurocholate. Collectively, our findings indicate that it is feasible to
      obtain hypoglycemia from ocularly administered insulin.

PMID- 2651651
TI  - Novobiocin-induced ultrastructural changes and antagonism of DNA synthesis in
      Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes growing in cell-free medium.
AB  - The antimicrobial agent novobiocin, an inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme
      topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase), is known to antagonize Trypanosoma cruzi
      amastigotes growing in cell-free medium. To determine sites of antagonism of
      novobiocin, the effects of drug on parasite ultrastructure and incorporation of
      radiolabeled precursors of DNA, RNA and protein into macromolecules were
      determined. The predominant ultrastructural abnormality seen after exposure to
      0.40 mM novobiocin for 24 h was the presence of electron-dense clumps in the
      mitochondrion-kinetoplast organelle in 95 of 257 (37%) of cells, in comparison to
      no clumps seen in 110 drug-free cells. In addition, in the nucleus, the karyosome
      was less distinct than in control cells and appeared to merge with the chromatin.
      In the radiolabeling studies, incorporation of thymidine was inhibited in a dose
      dependent fashion by novobiocin (0.16-0.80 mM) in a range of drug concentrations
      that also inhibited parasite growth. For 0.16 and 0.24 mM novobiocin,
      incorporation of thymidine was inhibited up to 65% relative to drug-free control
      cells while uptake of uridine and leucine was unaltered. We interpret these
      ultrastructure and precursor-incorporation studies as suggesting that (i) the
      mitochondrion-kinetoplast and possibly the nucleus are sites of novobiocin
      antagonism of T. cruzi amastigotes and (ii) that novobiocin appears to antagonize
      DNA synthesis within these organisms. Whether the drug target is topoisomerase
      II, however, is as yet unknown.

PMID- 2651652
TI  - A fifteen-year perspective on the in vitro culture of Pneumocystis carinii.
AB  - The in vitro cultivation of Pneumocystis carinii in chick lung cell culture made
      it possible to observe the organism proceeding through its life cycle. It
      provided the foundation for extensive seroepidemiologic studies, for in vitro
      drug screening, and for essential biological, metabolic, and morphologic
      research. In vitro culture made possible the discovery of P. carinii antigenemia,
      its biochemical nature, and its relevance to subclinical and clinical infection.
      Its utility in the presumptive diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia and in
      monitoring responses to drug therapy illustrate the value and clinical
      application of basic research.

PMID- 2651654
TI  - Animal models for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

PMID- 2651653
TI  - Historical perspectives on Pneumocystis carinii.

PMID- 2651655
TI  - In vitro studies of Pneumocystis carinii.

PMID- 2651656
TI  - Ultrastructural studies of Pneumocystis carinii.

PMID- 2651657
TI  - Immunological studies of Pneumocystis carinii.

PMID- 2651659
TI  - Clinical studies of Pneumocystis carinii and relationships to AIDS.

PMID- 2651658
TI  - Identification of antigens specific for Pneumocystis carinii.

PMID- 2651660
TI  - Studies on trypanosomatid actin. I. Immunochemical and biochemical
      identification.
AB  - In this study, the presence of actin in cultured trypanosomatids was investigated
      using polyclonal antibodies to heterologous actin. Polyclonal antisera to rabbit
      muscle actin and a monospecific anti-actin antibody react with a 43-kDa
      polypeptide in extracts of Trypanosoma cruzi, Herpetomonas samuelpessoai and
      Leishmania mexicana amazonensis on protein immunoblots. The 43-kDa polypeptide co
      migrates with skeletal muscle actin and is retained within trypanosomatid
      cytoskeletons. Attempts to isolate H. samuelpessoai actin through DNase I
      affinity chromatography showed that the 43-kDa polypeptide did not bind to the
      column. Instead, low yields of a 47-kDa polypeptide were obtained indicating that
      the trypanosomatid actin displays unusual DNase I binding behavior when compared
      to actins from higher eukaryotes. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed that
      cytoskeletons retain the actin-like protein. In H. samuelpessoai, actin is
      localized in the region close to the flagellum, whereas in T. cruzi it is more
      homogeneously distributed. The data presented here show that trypanosomatid actin
      displays biochemical characteristics similar to actins of other protozoa.

PMID- 2651661
TI  - Ultrastructure of in vivo-produced caryocysts containing the coccidian Caryospora
      bigenetica (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae).
AB  - A cotton rat was inoculated orally with oocysts of Caryospora bigenetica from the
      feces of a rattlesnake. Sixteen days later the rat was euthanized, and portions
      of the scrotum, foot pad and muzzle were processed for histological sections and
      transmission electron microscopy. Sporozoites within caryocysts had typical
      coccidian features such as an anterior and posterior refractile body, centrally
      located nucleus, micronemes, rhoptries, a conoid, a micropore near the anterior
      refractile body, a posterior pore, amylopectin granules, lipid bodies, a Golgi
      like body, a mitochondrion and subpellicular microtubules. The infected host cell
      was spherical and surrounded by a fibrous wall-like covering, 0.35-1.00 microns
      thick. This outer covering, when viewed in stained histological sections, was
      periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive.

PMID- 2651662
TI  - Critical abdominal sepsis.
AB  - Intra-abdominal sepsis is a heterogeneous condition which in its severe forms
      carries a high mortality. The systemic consequences of established major
      infection are the result of a complex pathophysiology whose mechanisms are
      imcompletely understood. It is clear that early appropriate therapy is vital in
      minimizing effects of intra-abdominal infection and to this end early recognition
      of sepsis is important. Clinical examination may be unhelpful in difficult cases
      and special investigations may aid diagnosis; a high index of suspicion is
      mandatory. Surgery is the mainstay of therapy but may be inadequate and
      supportive measures are an essential adjunct.

PMID- 2651663
TI  - Systemic plus local metronidazole and cephazolin in complicated appendicitis: a
      prospective controlled trial.
AB  - Appendicectomy was performed on 100 patients with complicated appendicitis
      through a grid-iron incision. All patients received systemic metronidazole and
      cephazolin sodium which started preoperatively and continued postoperatively for
      5 days. At operation, patients were allocated randomly to receive either local
      instillation of metronidazole and cephazolin intraperitoneally and
      interparietally (group A) or no local antibiotic therapy (group B). All wounds
      were closed primarily without drainage. Postoperative wound sepsis occurred in
      four (8%) of the 50 patients in group A and in 17 (34%) of the 50 patients in
      group B. One patient in group B developed pelvic abscess in addition to wound
      sepsis. The mean duration of postoperative hospital stay was 6.6 days (s.d. 2.98)
      in group A and 8.7 days (s.d. 5.55) in group B. These differences were
      statistically significant. No adverse reaction was noted. The conclusion of this
      study is that a single peroperative instillation of metronidazole and cephazolin
      into the peritoneum and wound layers is a safe and valuable adjunct to the
      perioperative systemic administration of these drugs in significantly reducing
      postoperative sepsis and duration of hospital stay in complicated appendicitis.

PMID- 2651664
TI  - Distinguished Service Award: David E. Barmes.

PMID- 2651665
TI  - Public Service Award: Marian Wright Edelman.

PMID- 2651666
TI  - Special Merit Award: Alice L. Horowitz.

PMID- 2651667
TI  - Presidential Award: Edward N. Brandt.

PMID- 2651668
TI  - Drug discovery and development through the genetic engineering of antibiotic
      producing microorganisms.

PMID- 2651669
TI  - Partial deletion 8q without Langer-Giedion syndrome: a recognisable syndrome.
AB  - We report two de novo cases of del(8)(pter----q24.1:) with breakpoints involving
      the distal part of band 8q24.1. The clinical features were similar and there were
      no obvious stigmata of Langer-Giedion syndrome (LGS). There are three other cases
      reported with a deletion of chromosome 8 at approximately the same breakpoint,
      one without LGS and some similarities to our cases, the other two with LGS. Our
      findings would support the observation that the critical segment for the
      assignment of LGS is proximal to or involves the proximal part of 8q24.1, but a
      review of published reports suggests that the aetiology of LGS may be a more
      complex issue.

PMID- 2651670
TI  - Medical genetics in Israel.

PMID- 2651672
TI  - Unbiased estimation of particle number using sections--an historical perspective
      with special reference to the stereology of glomeruli.
AB  - Methods for estimating particle number may be based on at least three different
      principles. Two of them, isolation of particles and indirect counting, have been
      predominant until recently. The new methods based on section pairs (disectors)
      are unbiased and far more efficient. The three principles and their historical
      developments are described, emphasizing that the newly developed principles have
      old roots, which were forgotten until recently. It is concluded, that 'learned
      societies' combined with individual enthusiasm are material for the spread and
      development of new ideas.

PMID- 2651671
TI  - Sibs with tetrasomy 18p born to a mother with trisomy 18p.
AB  - We report a family with an 18p trisomic mother and two 18p tetrasomic daughters.
      The mother is phenotypically normal and healthy, but with an unusual type of
      trisomy 18p: 47,XX,del(18)(pter----p11.21),+i(18p) de novo. The older sister has
      microcephaly, mental retardation, an asymmetrical and peculiar face with low set
      ears, pinched up nose, high arched palate, small mouth, micrognathia, tapering
      fingers, asymmetrical length of legs, and an asthenic body. The younger sister
      was stillborn with extensive defects of the skull, congenital hydrocephalus,
      severe facial anomalies, and lumbosacral meningocele. Both daughters have
      inherited one normal chromosome 18 and an isochromosome 18p from their mother,
      and one normal chromosome 18 from their father. Although one quite similar family
      has been reported, to the best of our knowledge there have been no reports of
      families in which two daughters with tetrasomy 18p syndrome have been born to a
      mother with trisomy 18p with isochromosomes.

PMID- 2651673
TI  - Three-dimensional imaging in fluorescence by confocal scanning microscopy.
AB  - The improved resolution and sectioning capability of a confocal microscope make
      it an ideal instrument for extracting three-dimensional information especially
      from extended biological specimens. The imaging properties, also with finite
      detection pinholes are considered and a number of biological applications
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2651674
TI  - Simple three-dimensional imaging of HRP-labelled neurons with the aid of an image
      processor.
AB  - A method is described for visualizing the three-dimensional structure of
      horseradish peroxidase-labelled neurons in the central nervous system of Xenopus
      laevis tadpoles. The reconstruction is simple, and performed on a commercially
      available image processing system. Minimal operational skill is required for
      using this method. Also, various improvements were made where user's simplicity
      (user-friendliness), speed and required computer memory are concerned. In
      addition, the excellent properties of the IBAS II system, such as image filtering
      and image editing functions are fully available, offering a fast, clean and
      complete final image reconstruction.

PMID- 2651675
TI  - The crucifixion and death of a man called Jesus.
AB  - In summary, I would suggest that Jesus was unable to carry his cross because of
      his cruel treatment and scourging. He then fell with the 100 pound crosspiece on
      his back and was unable to break the fall because his outstretched hands were
      tied to the crosspiece. This resulted in blunt chest trauma and a contused heart.
      On the cross the workload of the heart was greatly increased due to multiple
      factors, but primarily the increased effort necessary to breathe. This resulted
      in a rupture of the free wall of the heart, which caused Jesus to cry out in a
      loud voice and suddenly die. This cause of death is confirmed for us by the sword
      pierce to the side which resulted in the flow of blood and water. In effect, that
      was a brief and legitimate postmortem exam. JESUS WAS DEAD! THAT WAS FRIDAY!
      SUNDAY WAS COMING!

PMID- 2651676
TI  - White House physician Lee to be active in health policy.

PMID- 2651677
TI  - Black adolescents' emotional response to menarche.
AB  - There has been substantial agreement in the literature that cultural attitudes
      influence females' reaction to menarche. Recently, growing interest has been
      shown in the ways cultural traditions affect the response to this event. To date,
      studies of the emotional impact of menarche have involved primarily white middle
      class populations. To determine whether the black American experience is similar
      to or different from that of a white American sample, the questions and measure
      used previously on a white sample were replicated in a group of middle class
      black adolescents. Although the black and white mean scores on positive feelings
      were similar (slightly positive), the blacks indicated somewhat greater negative
      feelings than did the whites. The black perception of menarche as more negative
      than positive is in accord with findings from other studies concerning the
      reaction to this event in this culture. Several explanations are suggested as
      possible bases for the negative feelings surrounding first menstruation in the
      United States.

PMID- 2651678
TI  - A historical perspective of thirteen unheralded contributors to medicodental
      progress.
AB  - Brief highlights of the careers of 13 Afro-American dentists have been presented.
      Their professional lives demonstrated both a commitment to the advancement of
      dentistry and a dedication to the betterment of humanity. Of the 13, three spent
      their professional lives exclusively in dental education, research, and public
      health. The remaining 10 were dental clinicians who served patients with
      competence, care, and concern. Additionally, they contributed to dentistry's
      image and progress by improving medicodental relations, pioneering in university
      dental education, engaging in philanthropy, qualifying for dental specialties,
      exerting leadership in dental professional organizations, integrating dentistry
      in hospital care, solving community health problems, and participating in all
      aspects of dental journalism. A sizable portion of their energies was expended in
      enhancing the quality of life in their communities and the nation.

PMID- 2651679
TI  - Human malignant astrocytoma xenografts migrate in rat brain: a model for central
      nervous system cancer research.
AB  - Fresh cells from two grade 3 human malignant astrocytomas were prelabeled with
      Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutin (PHAL) and then xenografted into freshly made
      implantation pockets in rat host cerebral cortex. Animals were sacrificed at 7,
      14, 21 days, and 1 month postimplantation (DPI). Paraffin sections were double
      labeled for the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a specific
      marker for astrocytes and differentiated astrocytoma cells, and PHAL, utilized as
      a marker for graft-derived cells. Grafted human astrocytoma cells were found on
      the glia limitans along the entire circumference of the brain, in the corpus
      callosum, internal capsule, entopeduncular nucleus, optic tract, and median
      eminence. In addition, astrocytoma cells were observed in the cingulum, habenula,
      arcuate, and supraoptic nucleus. Astrocytoma cells entered the spaces of Virchow
      Robin, and migrated along parenchymal blood vessels and between the ependymal and
      subependymal layers of the third and lateral ventricles. The corpus callosum was
      a major migration route for the astrocytoma cells. The presence of basal lamina
      or parallel nerve fiber bundles was a common factor for these migration routes.
      The migration of the human astrocytoma xenografted cells in the rat brain
      followed the spread of human malignant astrocytomas in the human brain and is a
      valuable basic science tool in brain cancer research.

PMID- 2651680
TI  - Brain neocortex influence on the mononuclear phagocyte system.
AB  - The cerebral neocortex is known to modulate asymmetrically certain components of
      the immune system. It was previously shown that large ablation of the left cortex
      reduces B and T cell-mediated responses, whereas symmetrical right lesions
      enhance these responses. We have studied the immunomodulatory role of the brain
      cortex on the mononuclear phagocytic system. Resident and BCG-activated
      macrophages were investigated in female C3H/He mice at 8-10 weeks after right or
      left cortical ablation. After an intraperitoneal injection of BCG, the number of
      peritoneal macrophages was found to be lower in both right- and left-lesioned
      mice, the difference being stronger and more significant in left-lesioned animals
      than in sham-operated controls. Furthermore, the oxidative metabolism as assessed
      by chemiluminescence was depressed only in left-lesioned mice. On the other hand,
      cortical lesions were shown to have no effect on either the number or the
      endocytic activity of resident peritoneal macrophages. The possible implication
      of the brain neocortex on infectious diseases was assayed by using the
      Trypasonoma musculi model, in which macrophages are known to be effective in
      parasite eradication. Although the number of peritoneal macrophages was
      significantly depressed after left cortical lesions 11 days after T. musculi
      inoculation, the course of the infection was not modified significantly. Our
      results argue in favor of brain neocortex modulation of the mononuclear system.

PMID- 2651681
TI  - Results of a multicenter outpatient burn study on the safety and efficacy of
      Dimac-SSD, a new delivery system for silver sulfadiazine.
AB  - Dimac with silver sulfadiazine (Dimac-SSD), a new silver sulfadiazine delivery
      system, was evaluated prospectively in a multicenter study for the treatment of
      outpatient burn injuries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of
      Dimac-SSD on the microbiology of the burn wounds and to quantitate its clinical
      safety and efficacy. A total of 197 patients were evaluated. Eight (4%) of these
      patients did not complete the study. Six patients withdrew because of local
      discomfort caused by the Dimac-SSD and two patients were terminated because of
      technical problems. The mean +/- SD duration of treatment with Dimac-SSD was 12
      +/- 8.5 days, during which time the mean number of dressing changes was 2.9 per
      patient. During treatment with Dimac-SSD, the burn wound bacterial flora remained
      stable and overgrowth with Pseudomonas species or Gram-negative bacilli did not
      occur. Only four (2%) patients developed clinical infections; thus the Dimac-SSD
      appeared to have good antimicrobial effectiveness. This dressing was not
      associated with any organ system or metabolic side-effects and patient discomfort
      during application and removal was minimal. Thus this new delivery system for
      silver sulfadiazine was associated with excellent wound healing, a low incidence
      of wound infections, reduced frequency for dressing changes, and excellent
      patient compliance.

PMID- 2651682
TI  - Complex fracture-dislocation of a fifth metacarpophalangeal joint: case report
      and literature review.
AB  - An uncommon complex fracture-dislocation of the fifth metacarpophalangeal joint
      with an unusually important fracture component is presented. The injury was
      successfully treated by a combination of open reduction exposing the entrapping
      structures and percutaneous pin fixation. The case demonstrated the classic
      pathomechanics as described by Kaplan in 1957. The widened joint space and
      interposed sesamoid as described by Nutter in 1940 were seen on radiographs.

PMID- 2651683
TI  - Marital and family therapy in alcoholism treatment.
AB  - This synopsis of the outcome literature on marital and family treatment (MFT)
      drew three conclusions. First, intervening at the marital/family level with
      nonalcoholic family members can motivate an initial commitment to change in the
      alcoholic who is unwilling to seek help. Second, MFT alone, or with individual
      alcoholism treatment, produces better marital and/or drinking outcomes during the
      6 months following treatment entry than methods that don't involve the spouse or
      other family members. The most promising MFT approach is behavioral marital
      therapy (BMT) that combines a focus on the drinking with work on other marital
      relationship issues via direct instigation of positive couple/family activities
      and teaching of communication and conflict resolution skills. Two BMT alcohol
      focused methods have been used: a behavioral contract between alcoholic and
      spouse to maintain disulfiram ingestion; and "Alcohol-Focused Spouse
      Involvement," which rearranges reinforcement contingencies to decrease family
      behaviors that trigger or enable drinking and to increase positive reinforcement
      for sobriety. Third, studies of long-term maintenance suggest that BMT with an
      alcohol and relationship focus may reduce marital and/or drinking deterioration
      better than individual methods during long-term recovery. The following
      recommendations were made when to intervene at the level of the individual
      alcoholic only, at the marital/family level, or at both the individual and
      marital/family levels: (a) Intervene only at the individual level when the
      alcoholic refuses consent to contact family members or the family refuses
      involvement. (b) Include adult family members who live with the alcoholic in the
      assessment process for all who consent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651684
TI  - Problems in the evaluation of hypnosis in the treatment of alcoholism.
AB  - Although hypnotherapy has been applied to alcoholism for over a century and is
      accepted by the AMA as a medically valid technique, the effectiveness of hypnosis
      in treating alcoholics remains controversial. Systematic evaluation has been
      hampered by the unique role of hypnosis as a cultural artifact, by problems in
      defining and verifying hypnotic intervention, by individual and situational
      variation in hypnotizability, and by difficulty in separating hypnosis from the
      therapies to which it is applied. Clinicians using hypnosis are likely to
      continue to base their claims for its effectiveness on intuition, especially
      since no study has demonstrated that hypnotherapy is contraindicated for patients
      requesting its use.

PMID- 2651685
TI  - Characterization and antibiotic sensitivity of Campylobacter jejuni and
      Campylobacter coli isolated from children at the Lagos University Teaching
      Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, Nigeria.
AB  - One hundred and thirteen rectal swabs and 87 faecal samples obtained from the
      Paediatric casualty of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
      were processed for Campylobacter jejuni/coli. Twenty-two (11%) of the specimens
      were positive for C. jejuni. Biotyping results showed that nine (41%) and eight
      (36%) belonged to C. jejuni biotypes I and II respectively, while three (14%) and
      two (9%) belonged to C. coli biotypes I and II. Serotyping results revealed that
      C. jejuni biotypes I and II and C. coli biotypes I and II belonged to different
      serotypes with serotypes A9 and A36 being the most prevalent. In-vitro antibiotic
      sensitivity testing using the disc method showed that 18 (82%) of the
      Campylobacter jejuni/coli isolates were sensitive to erythromycin and nalidixic
      acid, while 16 (73%) were sensitive to streptomycin. All were resistant to
      penicillin, while four (18%) and six (27%) were sensitive to tetracycline and
      cloxacillin respectively. We therefore recommend the use of erythromycin and
      streptomycin for cases of Campylobacter enteritis requiring antimicrobial therapy
      in Lagos, Nigeria.

PMID- 2651686
TI  - The ultrasound survey of gallstone diseases of patients infected with Clonorchis
      sinensis in southern Taiwan.
AB  - Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the relationship between the gallstone
      diseases and infection with Clonorchis sinensis. One thousand and ninety-one
      Hakkanese in southern Taiwan were examined in the past 2 years. Among the 947
      cases infected with clonorchiasis, 89 cases were found to have gallstone
      diseases, which included gallbladder stones (85 cases), common bile duct stones
      (three cases) and one case of intrahepatic duct stone, indicating a prevalence of
      8.97, 0.32 and 0.11% respectively. The overall prevalence of gallstones in the
      infected group was 9.39%. In the other 144 cases without clonorchiasis infection,
      eight patients were found to have gallstone disease, which included gallbladder
      stone (six cases) and intrahepatic duct stone (two cases), indicating an
      incidence of gallstone of 4.16 and 1.39% respectively. The overall prevalence of
      gallstones in the non-infected group was 5.56%. A comparison between the infected
      and non-infected groups was made and showed no significant relationship between
      gallstone disease and clonorchiasis.

PMID- 2651687
TI  - Cytoadherence in human falciparum malaria as a cause of respiratory distress.
AB  - The ultrastructure of three cases of fatal human falciparum malaria was studied
      in order to identify the cytoadherence of the endothelial cells in relation to
      parasitized red blood cells and septal interstitial changes which could be
      related to respiratory distress. Two cases showed marked endothelial oedema
      narrowing the capillary lumen with areas of adherence preferentially related to
      knobs, accompanied by septal interstitial oedema. One case showed no endothelial
      cells oedema, no knobs in parasitized red blood cells with no cytoadherence, no
      septal interstitial oedema and no respiratory distress. Cytoadherence seems to be
      the mechanism responsible for the septal pulmonary changes in severe falciparum
      malaria.

PMID- 2651688
TI  - Professor L. J. Bruce-Chwatt's 80th birthday.

PMID- 2651689
TI  - The response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and mefloquine in Bandar
      Abbas and Minab areas, Hormozgan Province, southern Iran.
AB  - In-vivo and macro and micro in-vitro assessments of the response of P. falciparum
      to chloroquine and mefloquine were carried out in the malarious areas of Bandar
      Abbas and Minab, Hormozgan Province, southern Iran, during 1986-1987. The
      susceptibility tests indicated a considerable resistance of P. falciparum to
      chloroquine in Bandar-Abbas but almost satisfactory sensitivity of the parasite
      to the drug in Minab. A rather high number of the chloroquine-resistant cases
      were found among Afghans and Pakistani immigrants and tourists who most probably
      have introduced and established the resistant strains of the parasite in such
      malarious areas in Iran. In the micro in-vitro test, P. falciparum was generally
      sensitive to mefloquine in both Bandar-Abbas and Minab. However, in a few
      sporadic cases the growth of the parasites occurred in the presence of rather
      higher doses of the drug, up to 3.2 mumol/l blood, which could be considered to
      result from innate mefloquine tolerant or resistant strains of P. falciparum in
      the areas studied.

PMID- 2651690
TI  - Salmonella septicaemias in Kenyan children.
AB  - In a 5-month study of Salmonella septicaemias in Kenyan children carried out
      during the annual peak infection period, Salmonella typhimurium septicaemias
      occurred seven times more frequently than typhoid or other non-typhoid
      infections. Salmonella typhimurium infections were predominantly community
      acquired, malnourished infants from rural malaria endemic areas with poor water
      supply were especially vulnerable. Typical clinical features of fever, diarrhoea,
      and severe anaemia resembled P. falciparum malaria which often co-existed.
      Mortality was 18 per cent. Isolates exhibited a wide range of multidrug
      resistance. Typhoid affected older children, was less severe and drug sensitive.

PMID- 2651691
TI  - Regression of nuchal cystic hygroma in utero.

PMID- 2651692
TI  - The prenatal sonographic features of Noonan's syndrome.
AB  - The sonographic findings in four infants with Noonan's syndrome are described.
      All four fetuses had cystic hygromata located laterally along the cervical spine
      and normal karyotypes. Three of the four pregnancies were complicated by
      polyhydramnios and those three fetuses had associated pleural effusions. One
      fetus developed frank hydrops and did not survive, a clinical course that appears
      to be part of the clinical spectrum of Noonan's syndrome. The diagnosis of
      Noonan's syndrome was given serious consideration prenatally based on the
      sonographic findings and normal karyotype and confirmed at birth in all four
      cases. Three of the infants survived.

PMID- 2651693
TI  - Routine intraoperative ultrasonography for second trimester abortion reduces
      incidence of uterine perforation.
AB  - Second trimester elective abortion is safest when accomplished with cervical
      dilation and instrumental uterine evacuation (D and E), but this procedure
      carries with it a risk of uterine perforation and possible intra-abdominal
      trauma. In order to determine if the routine use of intraoperative
      ultrasonography reduces the risk of this feared and serious complication, 353
      elective abortions at 16 to 24 weeks gestation performed without sonography were
      compared to 457 in which sonography was routinely employed. All 810 operations
      were carried out in one clinic using the same operative technique. The routine
      intraoperative use of ultrasonographic imaging to guide intrauterine forceps
      during uterine evacuation for second trimester elective abortion resulted in a
      significant reduction in uterine perforation, the rate declining from 1.4% to
      .2%. These findings support the routine use of intraoperative ultrasonography for
      second trimester elective abortion to reduce the incidence of uterine perforation
      and make the procedure a safer one.

PMID- 2651694
TI  - Fetal choroid plexus lesions. Relationship of antenatal sonographic appearance to
      clinical outcome.
AB  - The sonograms and clinical outcomes of 31 fetuses with antenatally detected
      choroid plexus lesions were retrospectively reviewed. Lesions were classified as
      simple cysts in 22 cases (71%) and complex lesions in 9 (29%). Simple cysts
      tended to be smaller in size than the complex lesions and no adverse sequelae
      were attributed to the sonographic detection of simple cysts. Although complex
      choroid plexus lesions appeared to be an incidental finding in seven of nine
      cases (78%), one of the remaining fetuses developed ventriculomegaly with focal
      cerebral cortical thinning and in utero viral infection was suspected in the
      other. Amniocentesis was performed in nine patients (five with simple cysts and
      four with complex lesions) and no chromosomal abnormalities were detected during
      the study period, although after these data were collected we encountered a fetus
      in which bilateral large complex choroid plexus lesions were associated with
      trisomy 18. These findings suggest that antenatally detected choroid plexus
      lesions are more variable in appearance than previously recognized. We consider
      fetuses with small simple cysts and otherwise normal sonograms to be at
      relatively low risk for developing adverse sequelae and recommend repeat
      sonography in 1 to 2 months to confirm the benign nature of the process. The
      presence of large and/or complicated lesions is of more concern, although the
      majority of these lesions (78%) also represented an incidental finding. We
      suggest consideration of amniocentesis, TORCH titers, and close sonographic
      follow-up of pregnancies with large or complex choroid plexus lesions.

PMID- 2651695
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of sirenomelia.
AB  - Prenatal sonographic findings of sirenomelia (or mermaid fetus) were
      retrospectively reviewed in eleven proven cases. Sonography showed
      oligohydramnios in all the cases, five (45%) of which had severe oligohydramnios
      that limited prenatal diagnosis by poor visibility. In five cases (45%),
      sirenomelia was correctly diagnosed by ultrasound; in the remainder, only
      bilateral renal agenesis was identified. All eleven fetuses had other associated
      malformations: congenital heart defects (4), skeletal deformities (10), and
      abdominal wall defects (4). Death resulted from termination of pregnancy in six
      cases and stillbirth in three cases. Two newborns died at 24 and 36 hours of
      neonatal life, respectively. We concluded that some cases of sirenomelia can be
      detected on prenatal sonograms by demonstration of a single lower extremity,
      oligohydramnios, and bilateral renal agenesis. Sirenomelia is a lethal condition
      and can be detectable in the second trimester of pregnancy, allowing for
      termination of pregnancy.

PMID- 2651696
TI  - Duplex Doppler sonography of renal transplants. Correlation with histopathology.
AB  - The correlation of histopathologic findings with duplex Doppler sonography (DDS)
      in 24 biopsies in 21 patients was studied. The resistive indices (RI) of the
      acute rejection group were statistically different (p = .04) from those that were
      negative for rejection or clinical controls. Although the number of cases of
      moderate to severe interstitial and/or vascular rejection was relatively small
      compared to the mild group, patients with the more severe forms of rejection
      (moderate to severe interstitial with or without vascular rejection) tended to
      have higher RIs (.89 +/- .04) than those with the milder forms of rejection (.75
      +/- .05).

PMID- 2651697
TI  - Hand-held and automated sonomammography. Clinical role relative to X-ray
      mammography.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 73 patients who had undergone X-ray mammography
      (XRM), automated sonomammography (ASM), and hand-held sonomammography (HSM) was
      performed to evaluate the clinical role of both types of sonomammography (SM)
      relative to XRM. The results were classified on the basis of mammographic and
      sonographic findings. Clinical and/or surgical proof was obtained in all 73
      patients. The SM was complementary to XRM, depending on the radiographic breast
      density. When comparison was made between ASM (4.5 MHz) and the HSM (7.5 MHz),
      the pathologic condition was better identified by HSM in 86% of the cases.
      Moreover, in no cases was ASM better than HSM.

PMID- 2651698
TI  - Umbilical and uterine artery flow velocity waveforms. Effect of the sampling site
      on Doppler ratios.
AB  - Pulsed Doppler duplex sonography was performed on 58 patients in order to
      determine whether Doppler ratios of umbilical and uterine artery flow velocity
      waveforms vary with the site at which measurements are taken along their
      respective arterial beds. Umbilical artery ratios were significantly higher at
      the fetal end of the cord when compared to ratios at the placental cord
      insertion. In the maternal circulation, ratios from arcuate artery waveforms were
      lower than those obtained from the uterine artery. This site-dependent difference
      in ratios could be clinically important when studying ratios from the umbilical
      artery. Accuracy of Doppler measurements in the individual patient and in
      scientific investigations may be improved if uniform measurement techniques are
      used.

PMID- 2651699
TI  - Hemodynamic validation of Doppler assessment of fetoplacental circulation in a
      sheep model system.
AB  - Several clinical studies suggest that the Doppler indices (DI) derived from
      Doppler waveform analysis may be powerful predictors of perinatal compromise. In
      contrast, significant paucity exists in experimental verification of the central
      premise that the DI reliably reflect hemodynamic state downstream from the
      measurement point. This paper presents the results from two sets of acute animal
      experiments in which experimentally induced changes in the ovine fetoplacental
      circulation as reflected by the independently measured hemodynamic parameters
      were correlated with the corresponding variations in the DI. Doppler velocimetric
      measurements were performed under general anesthesia in ovine fetuses with
      gestational ages ranging from 100 to 110 days. A continuous wave Doppler
      instrument with a 4-MHz transducer was used. In three fetuses, variable vascular
      constriction was produced by a ligature placed approximately 10 cm from the probe
      location. In four fetuses, vasopressin was rapidly infused. The hemodynamic
      parameters measured included the peripheral resistance, volumetric flow, and
      pressure. The DI included the systolic-diastolic ratio, pulsatility index, and
      resistance index. The results indicate that, in hemodynamically stable and well
      defined obstruction to downstream flow as achieved in the constriction
      experiments, the DI highly correlated with the hemodynamic state (p less than
      .005); however, during the more complex and unstable circulatory changes
      associated with vasopressin administration, these correlations were inconsistent
      and poor (p greater than .05). This study experimentally establishes in an in
      vivo animal system the hemodynamic validity of the DI within certain limits.
      However, the validity does not extend to hemodynamic changes associated with
      vasopressin administration. Further studies are required to address this
      issue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651700
TI  - Doppler study of umbilical artery blood flow waveform. Should we use an
      instrument-adapted nomogram?
AB  - Doppler studies of umbilical artery blood flow waveform are becoming an accepted
      tool of antenatal estimation of fetal well-being. The S/D ratio of the systolic
      peak (S) to the end-diastolic (D) frequency is the most commonly used parameter.
      Nomograms relating S/D ratio to gestational age have been published both for
      normal and pathologic pregnancies. Three hundred twelve analyses of umbilical
      artery blood flow were performed by continuous Doppler technology in normal, well
      dated pregnancies using either one of the following instruments: GE 3600 (GE) or
      Multigon 500A (MG). Both instruments showed a decrease of S/D with GA, but, by
      use of a nonpaired t test, a statistically significant difference was found
      between the two machines. Data on the system used for a particular study should
      be provided; nomograms for this particular instrument should be consulted and the
      same machine should be employed for repeat testing in longitudinal studies.

PMID- 2651701
TI  - Cerebral, umbilical, and uterine resistance using Doppler velocimetry in postterm
      pregnancy.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to assess alterations in vascular resistance as
      measured by Doppler ultrasound in the postterm fetus. Forty-five postterm
      patients (greater than or equal to 287 days gestation by "good" dates) underwent
      Doppler velocimetry and calculation of systolic to diastolic (S/D) ratios of the
      umbilical, internal carotid, and uterine artery waveforms within 7 days of
      delivery. Patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 26 patients
      with normal antepartum fetal surveillance that included reactive nonstress test
      and an amniotic fluid index (using the four-quadrant technique) equal to or
      greater than 5 cm. Group 2 consisted of 19 patients with antepartum compromise on
      the antepartum fetal surveillance tests. There was significantly greater (p less
      than .05) morbidity in group 2 compared to group 1 as judged by cesarean section
      for fetal distress (47% vs 15%), meconium at delivery (53% vs 4%), and 5-minute
      Apgar score less than 7 (30% vs 4%). There were no significant differences in the
      umbilical and uterine artery S/D ratios in the two groups, although patients in
      group 2 had significantly lower cerebral S/D ratios (3.6 +/- .5) compared to
      group 1 (4.4 +/- 0.4) (p less than .05). The ratio of cerebral to placental
      (umbilical) resistance in group 2 was significantly lower (1.1 +/- .3) compared
      to group 1 (1.8 +/- .3) (p less than .05). There was a low incidence of abnormal
      umbilical (greater than 3) and uterine (greater than 2.6) S/D ratios in both
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651702
TI  - Hemodynamic changes in growth retarded fetuses during maternal oxygen
      administration as predictors of fetal outcome.
AB  - The changes in fetal hemodynamics during maternal administration of 60%
      humidified oxygen were assessed by Doppler ultrasonography in 15 growth retarded
      fetuses characterized by abnormal blood flow velocity waveforms. During oxygen
      treatment, nine fetuses exhibited temporary hemodynamic modifications as
      expressed by a recovery toward the normal range of vascular impedance in the
      descending aorta and internal carotid artery, whereas no changes were found in
      the remaining six fetuses. In this latter group, a rapid deterioration of fetal
      condition occurred and all the fetuses were delivered by emergency cesarean
      section within 9 days from the Doppler examination. The absence of recovery of
      vascular resistance during acute maternal oxygen administration seems therefore
      to be a useful marker of imminent acute distress in fetuses with growth
      retardation secondary to chronic hypoxia.

PMID- 2651703
TI  - Intraobserver variation in Doppler ultrasound indices of placental perfusion
      derived from different numbers of waveforms.
AB  - Continuous-wave ultrasound is used to obtain records of Doppler-shifted
      frequencies from arteries. Indices using the maximum frequency envelope are
      usually derived from a number of selected waveforms on each record and averaged.
      Analysis of variance was performed on indices obtained from repeated Doppler
      ultrasound waveform records of uterine and umbilical perfusion in late pregnancy.
      Intraobserver variation was minimal when derived from six (consecutive) waveforms
      and was less than 10% for each index.

PMID- 2651704
TI  - Clinical value of screening for fetal growth retardation by Doppler ultrasound.
AB  - A representative sample of 405 pregnant women from one university hospital
      population was examined by Doppler ultrasound of the umbilical arteries to
      evaluate the validity of this method as a screening procedure for fetal growth
      retardation (IUGR) in the 28th and 34th week of pregnancy. Birthweight percentile
      and ponderal index were used as standards for fetal growth. The sensitivity of
      predicting impaired fetal growth varied between 17% and 33%, depending on the
      week of pregnancy and the standards used to define growth retardation. It was
      concluded that this method is too insensitive as a screening tool for the
      prediction of fetal growth retardation.

PMID- 2651705
TI  - Placental vascular resistance using umbilical velocimetry in patients undergoing
      cesarean section for fetal distress.
AB  - Peak systolic (S) to lowest end-diastolic (D) ratios (S/D) of umbilical
      velocimetry have been used to assess downstream placental vascular resistance and
      predict adverse pregnancy outcome. The purpose of this study is to assess S/D
      ratios in patients undergoing cesarean section for clinical fetal distress. Fifty
      six patients were identified who had umbilical velocimetry performed during
      antepartum fetal surveillance (nonstress testing and amniotic fluid index) within
      7 days of undergoing cesarean section for fetal distress at Women's Hospital (Los
      Angeles, CA). The mean gestational age at delivery was 36.5 +/- 2.5 weeks. Thirty
      (53.6%) patients had elevated S/D ratios (greater than 3), 24 (42.9%) had
      abnormal amniotic fluid indices, and 20 (35.7%) had abnormal nonstress testing.
      Group 1 (N = 30) patients delivered small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses and
      group 2 (N = 26) patients delivered appropriately grown (AGA) fetuses. In group
      1, 24 (80%) patients had abnormal S/D ratios and 16 (53.3%) had abnormal amniotic
      fluid indices, compared to only 6 (23.1%) with abnormal S/D ratios and 8 (30.8%)
      with abnormal amniotic fluid indices in group 2 (p less than .05). In contrast,
      14 (53.8%) of the 26 patients in group 2 had abnormal nonstress testing compared
      to only 6 (20%) of the 30 patients in group 1 (p less than .05). Eighteen (69.2%)
      of the 26 patients in group 2 were post-term pregnancies; 20 (66.7%) of the 30
      patients in group 1 had chronic hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension, or
      superimposed preeclampsia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651706
TI  - Effect of fetal heart rate on umbilical arterial Doppler indices.
AB  - Umbilical arterial Doppler indices (UaDI) are recognized as potentially useful
      tools for fetal surveillance. However, elucidation of the diagnostic reliability
      of UaDI requires further analysis of the factors that affect the variance of the
      indices. This prospective study was undertaken to analyze the effects of one such
      factor, the fetal heart rate (FHR). The study population consisted of 194 cases
      of uncomplicated pregnancy with normal outcome, with the gestational age (GA)
      ranging from 27 to 39 weeks. A continuous wave Doppler instrument with a 4-MHz
      transducer was used. The UaDI measured were diastolic/average (D/A) ratio,
      systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio, pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index
      (RI). Linear regression of the data grouped in 2 week GA intervals demonstrated a
      moderate but statistically significant (p less than .05) correlation between FHR
      and UaDI. The influence of FHR on UaDI was then further analyzed by multiple
      regression technique using GA as the second independent variable. The regression
      demonstrated that 15% to 18% of the total UaDI variance was attributable to FHR
      effect. Moreover, when UaDI data were standardized for a FHR of 140 beats per
      minute and GA of 34 weeks using a multiple regression-based equation, the 95%
      limits of the UaDI were reduced by 32%, 34%, 26%, and 32% for D/A, S/D, PI, and
      RI, respectively. This study demonstrates a statistically significant effect of
      FHR on UaDI. However, clinical significance of this observation requires further
      investigation.

PMID- 2651707
TI  - Doppler analysis of the umbilical artery. The importance of choosing the
      placental end of the cord.
AB  - Thirty normal pregnancies were studied with continuous or pulsed Doppler
      ultrasound (50 measurements). The ratio of systolic (S) to end-diastolic (D)
      measurement, or S/D ratio, was obtained at both ends of the cord: the placental
      insertion and the fetal abdominal insertion. A statistically significant
      difference was demonstrated between the two sets of measurements. Normal values
      were obtained at the placental insertion, whereas, simultaneously, the fetal
      abdominal insertion generated highly abnormal values. When performing Doppler
      waveform analysis of the umbilical artery, if abnormal values are obtained, one
      should be cautious to be certain that they originated from the placental
      insertion.

PMID- 2651708
TI  - Endovaginal?

PMID- 2651709
TI  - Gallbladder contraction.

PMID- 2651710
TI  - Urological complications of cyclophosphamide.

PMID- 2651711
TI  - Flank donor nephrectomy: efficacy in the donor and recipient.
AB  - Since August 1983, 115 patients have undergone live donor nephrectomy via an
      extraperitoneal flank approach with rib resection. Over-all hospital stay was
      short and morbidity was negligible. Early graft function was excellent as
      determined by urinary output in the first 20 hours postoperatively (mean 6,442
      cc) and low nadir serum creatinine (mean 1.57 mg. per dl.). Acute tubular
      necrosis or urinary fistula developed in 3 kidneys (2.6 per cent). In the entire
      series, only 1 graft (0.8 per cent) was lost to technical complications. We
      conclude that an extraperitoneal flank approach to live donor nephrectomy is safe
      for the donor, and provides a structurally and functionally sound allograft for
      the recipient.

PMID- 2651712
TI  - Determination of erectile penile volume by ultrasonography.
AB  - A total of 58 men with organic erectile dysfunction underwent penile blood flow
      studies with a 10 MHz. high resolution ultrasonogram and pulsed Doppler analysis
      after papaverine injection. The average volume increase for the entire group was
      52.62 cc (445.9 per cent). No statistical differences in volume increase were
      noted among 3 groups separated by age. The average volume increase in 23 patients
      with venous insufficiency was greater than that in 20 patients with primary
      arterial insufficiency (p less than 0.033). Eleven patients who had erections
      satisfactory for vaginal penetration after papaverine injection had a
      statistically greater increase in penile length but no difference in volume
      increase than those with a poor response. The 10 MHz. high resolution sonogram
      provides the most accurate assessment of penile volume, which if measured at
      specific intervals after papaverine injection should allow an accurate assessment
      of penile flow. Patients with venous insufficiency may have weakness of the
      tunica, allowing greater volume expansion. A satisfactory erection is not
      associated with a significant increase in volume.

PMID- 2651713
TI  - Prognostic factors in survival free of progression after androgen deprivation
      therapy for treatment of prostate cancer.
AB  - We analyzed 110 patients with metastatic prostate cancer (stage D2) to determine
      the associations between interval until progression and the pretreatment
      testosterone level, extent of bone metastases, performance status, race, age and
      pretreatment level of prostatic acid phosphatase. The median followup was 21
      months (4 to 89 months). All patients received androgen deprivation therapy when
      metastases were identified. This multivariate analysis demonstrated that the
      pretreatment serum testosterone was the most significant variable (p less than
      0.01) associated with interval until progression and the extent of bone
      metastases observed on the bone scan was the second most important variable (p
      less than 0.05). Age, race and prostatic acid phosphatase were not significantly
      correlated with the interval free of progression. Performance status was
      significantly correlated but it was nonsignificant in the multivariate analysis
      if the model already included testosterone level and extent of metastasis.
      Patients with a pretreatment testosterone level of less than 300 ng. per 100 ml.
      and more than 6 areas of increased uptake on the bone scan had the most rapid
      progression. We conclude that serum testosterone and extent of bone metastases
      are the most important of the analyzed factors in terms of interval to
      progression in patients with prostate cancer following androgen deprivation.

PMID- 2651714
TI  - Use of vena cava to obtain additional length for the right renal vein during
      transplantation of cadaveric kidneys.
AB  - During cadaveric organ harvesting removal of the right renal vein and a segment
      of the vena cava may facilitate venous anastomosis of the right kidney. The
      technique to obtain adequate length of the right renal vein using the vena cava
      is simple, physiological and effective. A segment of the inferior vena cava
      should be harvested with the right but not necessarily with the left kidney. The
      use of a long segment of vena cava makes the renal transplantation much easier
      and does not interfere with multiorgan procurement. The method is most useful
      when the right renal vein is extremely short or when the recipient has a large
      abdomen and a deep pelvis.

PMID- 2651715
TI  - Adrenal hemorrhage in the newborn with evidence of bleeding in utero.
AB  - A case is reported of adrenal hemorrhage in a newborn with evidence of bleeding
      while in utero. The patient had a large cystic mass on ultrasound at 36 weeks of
      gestation. Abdominal computerized tomography after birth also revealed the cystic
      mass above the left kidney, which became smaller with peripheral calcification
      when he was 5 months old. Thus, adrenal hemorrhage was presumed. The cystic mass
      had disappeared on followup ultrasound when the patient was 8 months old. This
      case suggests that adrenal hemorrhage can occur even before delivery.

PMID- 2651716
TI  - The therapy of genital trauma by dog bite.
AB  - Genital trauma by dog bite rarely is reported. We present 2 cases of dog bite to
      the external genitalia involving male infants. Rabies precautions, tetanus
      prophylaxis and antimicrobial therapy are reviewed. Both children required
      surgical debridement and split thickness skin grafts for repair. Since pediatric
      genital trauma may be the result of negligence or even deliberate abuse, a
      thorough investigation of the child's environment is mandatory in such
      situations.

PMID- 2651717
TI  - Meconium hydrocele: an unusual etiology of a scrotal mass in the newborn.
AB  - The in utero leakage of meconium from the gastrointestinal tract into the
      peritoneal cavity results in the clinical entity known as meconium peritonitis. A
      patent processus vaginalis in the male fetus may lead to the migration of
      meconium into the scrotum, and these infants can present with soft meconium
      filled hydroceles at birth. Local tissue reaction during the first several weeks
      of life results in calcification of these hydroceles into hard tumor-like lesions
      that may mimic testicular neoplasia. We report an atypical case of meconium
      hydrocele in a newborn.

PMID- 2651718
TI  - Renal adenocarcinoma with solitary metastasis to the contralateral adrenal gland:
      report of 2 cases and review of the literature.
AB  - We report 2 rare cases of renal adenocarcinoma with solitary metastasis to the
      contralateral adrenal gland, 1 recognized synchronously with the primary neoplasm
      and 1 found 15 years after nephrectomy. The latter case represents the longest
      reported interval between nephrectomy and treatment of a solitary contralateral
      adrenal metastasis of renal adenocarcinoma. Distinction of these metastatic
      tumors from primary adrenocortical carcinoma was facilitated by
      immunohistochemical markers. Twelve other reported cases of renal adenocarcinoma
      with solitary contralateral adrenal metastasis support aggressive surgical
      management of this lesion.

PMID- 2651719
TI  - Segmental medullary sponge kidney mimicking a renal mass.
AB  - We report an unusual case of a medullary sponge kidney that presented clinically
      and radiologically as a renal mass. Histopathological study after nephrectomy
      proved the mass to be consistent with segmental medullary sponge kidney.

PMID- 2651720
TI  - Transplantation of cadaver kidneys from a donor with crossed nonfused renal
      ectopia.
AB  - Crossed nonfused renal ectopia is a rare congenital renal anomaly. Two kidneys
      were recovered from a 45-year-old cadaver donor with this anomaly and
      transplanted successfully. Complex renal anomalies should not prevent the use of
      such kidneys in cadaver renal transplantation.

PMID- 2651721
TI  - Innovative surgical management of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis.
AB  - Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis is a rare entity usually treated with
      exploratory laparotomy, deep biopsies of the fibrotic process and uretrolysis.
      Innovative surgical management occasionally is required for ureteral obstruction.
      We report the use of dismembered pyeloplasty, autorenal transplantation and
      bilateral psoas hitch ureteral reimplantation for the management of ureteral
      obstruction associated with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis.

PMID- 2651722
TI  - Complete urinary obstruction following periurethral polytetrafluoroethylene
      injection for urinary incontinence.
AB  - We report a unique case of foreign body granulomatous reaction after periurethral
      polytetrafluoroethylene injection causing complete urinary obstruction. Urinary
      obstruction in the immediate postoperative period and granuloma formation
      following polytetrafluoroethylene injection are not unusual. To our knowledge
      delayed complete urinary obstruction after polytetrafluoroethylene injection has
      not been described previously in the urological literature.

PMID- 2651723
TI  - The role of transrectal ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of
      prostatic and seminal vesicle cysts.
AB  - Cysts in the region of the prostate and seminal vesicles are interesting because
      of their differential diagnosis and embryological relevance. We present our
      experience with 5 cases that include a mullerian duct cyst, diverticulum of the
      spermatic tract, seminal vesicle cyst and 2 prostatic cysts. Transrectal
      ultrasonography had a significant role in the diagnostic evaluation of these
      cysts. Ultrasonographically guided transperineal needle aspiration added
      significant diagnostic information and might have a therapeutic value. After a
      review of the literature, we propose an algorithm for the evaluation and
      management of prostatic and seminal vesicle cysts.

PMID- 2651724
TI  - Creation of a transverse colon--gastric composite reservoir: a new technique.
AB  - All existing continent urinary reservoirs utilize cecum and/or varying lengths of
      ileum. In patients who have received prior pelvic radiation therapy, continent
      diversion has not been feasible because those segments of bowel lie within the
      field of irradiation. We describe a new technique of continent diversion
      utilizing only bowel outside the field of pelvic irradiation. A urinary reservoir
      is constructed from reconfigured transverse colon. A tubularized segment of
      stomach is implanted beneath the taenia of the reservoir to provide a continent,
      catheterizable stoma. We describe this technique in detail and report our results
      in five dogs followed for a mean of 59 days.

PMID- 2651725
TI  - Potential limitations of center-line pulsed Doppler recordings: an in vitro flow
      visualization study.
AB  - In this study an in vitro model that permits visualization of the flow velocity
      profile has been used to determine if duplex pulsed Doppler recordings made with
      a small sample volume in the center line of the vessel can determine the severity
      of a stenosis in the 38% to 75% range of cross-sectional area reduction. Because
      most Doppler instruments measure the maximum peak frequency and the extent of
      spectral broadening, observations in the flow model included changes in the
      center-line maximum velocity and the location and intensity of flow disturbances.
      The results showed that center-line measurements of maximum velocity (equivalent
      to peak Doppler frequency) were directly related to the severity of the stenosis
      as long as the recordings were made from within the throat to about 1.5 to 3 tube
      diameters downstream, depending on the shape of the stenosis. However, flow
      disturbances (equivalent to spectral broadening) did not always occur in the
      center line of the vessel. Stenoses greater than 50% area reduction produced
      turbulence across the entire vessel in the region 4.5 to 7.5 diameters
      downstream. The turbulent period started just before peak systole and extended to
      just less than half the pulse cycle. In the more proximal zone a forward flow jet
      was present in the central part of the vessel, and reverse flow was present in
      the outer region. The interfacial layer between these two regions is subjected to
      high shear rates that resulted in the formation of waves and vortices.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651726
TI  - Operative angiography by intraarterial digital subtraction angiography: a new
      technique for quality control of carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - Fifty patients who had carotid bifurcation endarterectomy as their sole surgical
      procedure underwent intraoperative completion angiography by means of portable
      intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. All had subsequent intravenous
      digital subtraction angiography or duplex scanning during early follow-up. After
      the endarterectomy site was closed and before the wound was closed, 6 to 8 ml of
      contrast was injected through a 21-gauge needle while fluoroscopy was performed
      with a conventional C-arm. The C-arm was coupled to a Quantel IDIS Mobile Digital
      Subtraction Angiogram Unit (Quantel Medical Products Group, Clemmons, N.C.) for
      image enhancement and immediate playback. There were no postoperative deaths or
      neurologic complications. Abnormal radiographic results led to reopening of
      endarterectomy sites in eight patients, which resulted in successful correction
      of the defects. There was a single asymptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid
      artery at 3 weeks in the patient with the only false-negative result on the
      completion study. Intraarterial digital subtraction angiography is a safe and
      useful technique for intraoperative quality control of carotid endarterectomy. It
      provides visual images that can be easily repeated in several projections, uses
      small volumes of contrast, and has no timing requirements for filming and
      injecting.

PMID- 2651727
TI  - The role of plaque morphology and diameter reduction in the development of new
      symptoms in asymptomatic carotid arteries.
AB  - To determine the natural history of changes in plaque morphology and luminal
      diameter of atherosclerotic carotid arteries, we used duplex scanning to follow
      up (1) the contralateral artery in 289 patients who had undergone carotid
      endarterectomy, with a mean follow-up 22 months and a range of 0 to 48 months and
      (2) the carotid arteries in 130 patients who had no surgical treatment and had
      been symptom free, with a mean follow-up period of 15 months and a range of 0 to
      48 months. Plaques were graded as to the ratio of echolucency to echogenicity,
      with type 1 being most echolucent and type 4 being most echogenic. A normal
      appearing artery was classified as type 5. Heterogeneous plaques (types 1 and 2)
      occurred significantly more (p less than 0.001) in symptomatic preoperative
      arteries than in asympatomatic arteries. Follow-up of the asymptomatic vessels
      showed that the majority of plaques either remained the same or became more
      echogenic (fibrous). Approximately one fourth of plaques in each group
      degenerated (more echolucent). Thirty-one patients (10.7%) developed new symptoms
      in the contralateral asymptomatic group, with 10 patients (3.5%) having strokes.
      Fourteen of 130 (10.8%) patients, or 5.4% of vessel territories at risk, in the
      primary asymptomatic group developed new symptoms, with only two strokes
      occurring. In the contralateral asymptomatic group those patients who initially
      had greater than 75% stenoses fared worse than those with primary asymptomatic
      disease with greater than 75% stenosis. Although the overall development of new
      symptoms is low in both populations, our data indicate that those patients with
      heterogeneous plaques or whose plaques have undergone change may be at risk for
      new symptoms. Longer follow-up studies are needed to define the role of plaque
      changes in the development of symptoms. For now we advocate a conservative "wait
      and see" approach to symptom-free patients with greater than 75% stenoses and
      calcified plaques. We suggest a more aggressive approach, recommending early
      surgical intervention, to those few patients with heterogeneous plaques.

PMID- 2651728
TI  - Complications of caval interruption by Greenfield filter in quadriplegics.
AB  - Patients with acutely injured spinal cords are thought to be at increased risk
      for thromboembolic disease and often have contraindications to anticoagulation
      therapy. From 1981 to 1986, 13 patients with quadriplegia at the New England
      Regional Model Spinal Cord Injury Center had caval interruption with a Greenfield
      filter. Twelve patients had deep venous thrombosis documented by venogram results
      and one had pulmonary embolism documented by arteriogram results. "Quad cough"
      chest physical therapy was required for mobilization of pulmonary secretions in
      nine patients. Follow-up abdominal x-ray results revealed significant
      abnormalities referrable to the filter in five patients having undergone "quad
      cough" therapy. Four patients had distal migration of the filter; three of the
      four had deformation of the filter. Laparotomy for bowel perforation was required
      in two of these patients. Quadriplegia requiring vigorous chest physical therapy
      ("quad cough") for pulmonary toilet may be a contraindication to caval
      interruption by Greenfield filter. Alternative techniques in the management of
      patients with quadriplegia and pulmonary compromise must be considered.

PMID- 2651729
TI  - Understanding investigative clinical trials.
AB  - This article reviews the background, rationale, and principles of clinical trials
      and their role and influence on medical practice. The relationship of clinical
      trials to other forms of clinical studies is explored. The fundamentals of sound
      design, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of clinical trials are detailed.
      Ethical issues, costs, and limitations of trials are explored. The article
      reviews the trends in program content of 749 abstracts presented at the joint
      vascular surgical meetings during the past 17 years, demonstrating a significant
      increase in reported clinical trials during the last half of this period.
      Finally, future trends in the use of clinical trials to "validate" medical
      practice are suggested in response to efforts to control rising health care
      costs. Physicians, including vascular surgeons, must become knowledgeable in the
      principles of clinical trials to interpret more effectively, apply, or even
      participate in such clinical research.

PMID- 2651730
TI  - Natural history and management of iliac aneurysms.

PMID- 2651731
TI  - Implantation of tissue into the brain. An immunologic perspective.
AB  - The transplantation of neural tissue into the brain has the potential to repair
      the effects of trauma and of congenital abnormalities and to replace tissue that
      has ceased to function as the result of disease. The brain is not an
      immunologically privileged site in the strict sense; under certain carefully
      defined circumstances, grafts can last for long periods of time, but many such
      grafts are rejected naturally or following various types of provocation. Factors
      important to the survival of neural grafts are the use of embryonic tissue, the
      immunogenetic match, the level of expression of major histocompatibility complex
      antigens in brain cells close to the graft, and the presence of neural
      degeneration near the graft. Much additional basic experimental work must be
      done, however, before a rational approach to the clinical use of neural grafts
      can be undertaken.

PMID- 2651732
TI  - Prevalence of HIV infection among intravenous drug users in the United States.
AB  - We reviewed 92 published and unpublished studies of the prevalence of infection
      with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among intravenous drug users (IVDUs)
      in the United States. Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among IVDUs in
      drug treatment programs in the United States ranged from 0% to 65%.
      Seroprevalence was highest in the Northeast (10% to 65%) and Puerto Rico (45% to
      59%); lower in the South Atlantic (7% to 29%) and in the metropolitan areas of
      Atlanta, Ga (10%), Detroit, Mich (7% to 13%), and San Francisco, Calif (7% to
      13%); and 5% or less in other areas of the West, the Midwest, and the South.
      Among IVDUs seen in drug treatment programs, risk of infection was not associated
      with gender or age but was associated with black and Hispanic ethnicity, male
      homosexual orientation, and certain intravenous drug-use practices. Cross
      sectional and cohort studies indicated increases in seroprevalence of between 0%
      and 14% per year among IVDUs in treatment. We estimated that between 61,000 and
      398,000 IVDUs in the United States were infected with human immunodeficiency
      virus, or 5% to 33% of the IVDU population. High rates of infection among IVDUs
      in treatment in the Northeast indicate the potential for rapid spread in regions
      where rates are currently low. An urgent need exists to monitor human
      immunodeficiency virus infection levels and trends more widely and to develop
      effective programs to reduce the further spread of human immunodeficiency virus
      infection among IVDUs.

PMID- 2651733
TI  - Consensus conference. Urinary incontinence in adults.

PMID- 2651734
TI  - Listening to a different drummer.

PMID- 2651735
TI  - Urinary incontinence: out of the closet.

PMID- 2651736
TI  - Army, Navy, Air Force, Reserve flight surgeons share aerial working conditions of
      'patients'.

PMID- 2651737
TI  - Follow-up: 15 years after captivity in SE Asia; 50 years after World War II
      flight training.

PMID- 2651738
TI  - AFIP: pathology laboratory to the world.

PMID- 2651739
TI  - Cardiothoracic surgery.

PMID- 2651740
TI  - Clinical pharmacology.

PMID- 2651741
TI  - Government.

PMID- 2651742
TI  - Surgery.

PMID- 2651743
TI  - Transplantation.

PMID- 2651744
TI  - Nutritional repletion in malnourished patients with emphysema.
AB  - We examined the effect of nutritional supplementation for 13 wk on
      anthropometric, pulmonary function, and immunological status in malnourished
      ambulant patients with pulmonary emphysema (EP). The study was placebo
      controlled, randomized and double blind. Twenty-eight patients were included.
      Thirteen patients in the fed group were provided with a nutritional formula
      providing 20% protein, 30% fat, and 50% carbohydrate, 1 Kcal/ml, 400 ml/day. The
      control group was provided with a reference product of the same consistency and
      taste containing 0.1 Kcal/ml, 400 ml/day for 13 wk. The fed group had a mean
      weight gain of 1.5 kg during the study period, the control group increased
      concomitantly 0.16 kg, the difference being significant (p less than 0.01). Sum
      of four skinfolds increased 2.7 mm in the fed group, and decreased 0.9 mm in the
      control group the difference being significant (p less than 0.01). No difference
      were observed regarding pulmonary function or immunological status. We also found
      a high habitual energy intake in our study group (204% Basal Energy Expenditure).
      We conclude that nutritional supplementation produce weight gain in malnourished
      patients with EP, but it does not change other indices of well-being.

PMID- 2651745
TI  - Amino acid metabolism in thermal burns.
AB  - Burn injury induces time-dependent variations in plasma amino acids, ie, an
      initial hyperaminoacidemia reflecting proteolysis in the wound areas, a decrease
      in gluconeogenic amino acids a consequence of excessive utilization in the liver,
      and a progressive return to normal. There is also a durable
      hyperphenylalaninemia, reflecting increased protein turnover and specific
      alterations of sulfur amino acids. In burned rats, the same general pattern is
      observed, except that glycine rather than alanine and glutamine exhibits the
      largest variations. Improvements in nutritional support with regard to the amino
      acid composition of diets are envisaged.

PMID- 2651746
TI  - [The use of diuretics during anesthesia and intensive care].

PMID- 2651747
TI  - [Anesthetic management of combined kidney and pancreas transplantation].
AB  - Combined kidney and pancreas transplantation was performed for the first time in
      Japan in a 29-year-old diabetic male with end stage renal nephropathy. He
      previously required injections of 44 IU insulin daily, and the fasting plasma
      glucose concentration before the transplant was 722 mg/dl. Anesthesia was
      maintained with fentanyl, nitrous oxide (70%) and halothane (0 approximately
      1.0%). A continuous infusion of intravenous regular insulin (2 approximately 8
      IU/hr) was started after induction of anesthesia. After revascularization of the
      pancreatic graft, his plasma glucose concentration fell from 350 mg/dl to 130
      mg/dl in one hour and a half. Blood glucose level was maintained between 200 to
      300 mg/dl without insulin during anesthesia and thereafter. The grafted kidney
      and pancreas showed good function during this period. In this report, anesthetic
      problems in combined kidney and pancreas transplantation were discussed.

PMID- 2651748
TI  - Antigenic analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus isolated in Hokkaido with
      monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2651749
TI  - This way in.

PMID- 2651750
TI  - [Pulmonary tuberculosis and mycotic infection--clinical and serological
      diagnosis].
AB  - The antibody activities against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans by
      indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) were
      examined twice at a month's interval in 251 sera from 169 male and 82 female
      patients admitted to the Higashi Nagoya National Hospital for pulmonary diseases.
      The patient population was composed of 226 patients with active or cured
      pulmonary tuberculosis including 25 patients complicated with pulmonary
      aspergillosis and 25 other lung diseases. In our tests, antigens used were crude
      supernatants of culture-broth which are the generous gifts of Torii
      Pharmaceutical Company. The antibody activity against Aspergillus by IHA was
      positive in 2.9% of the sera in the first and in 0.9% in the second test and was
      positive against Candida by IHA in 44.9% in the first and in 44.0% in the second
      test (Table 1). As regards patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, the population
      whose serological reaction was positive against Candida did not increase with age
      (Table 2). Two results of the antibody activities against Aspergillus and Candida
      by CIE were the same. The CIE results were positive in 19.5% against Aspergillus
      and in 16.3% against Candida (Table 3). In CIE test, 4.3% were positive against
      both Aspergillus and Candida. The causes of high positive rate in IHA against
      Candida may be due to (1) difference in the antibody, namely, antibody measured
      by IHA mainly composed of IgM and that by CIE composed of IgG and (2) difference
      in the virulence between Candida and Aspergillus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2651751
TI  - The anemia of chronic renal failure: pathophysiology and the effects of
      recombinant erythropoietin.

PMID- 2651752
TI  - Chronic thromboxane inhibition preserves function of rejecting rat renal
      allografts.
AB  - Increased production of thromboxane (TX) by rejecting renal allografts results in
      significant and partially reversible renal vasoconstriction. In this study, we
      evaluated the potential benefit of chronically administering the TX synthetase
      inhibitor OKY-046 from the time of transplantation in a rat model of acute renal
      allograft rejection. In animals which received 75 mg/kg/day of OKY-046 by
      intermittent i.p. injection, allograft function was not improved, but renal
      thromboxane production was not significantly inhibited. However, animals which
      received an equivalent dose of OKY-046 by continuous intra-arterial infusion for
      four days maintained clearances of inulin (4.46 +/- 0.79 ml/min/kg) and PAH
      (23.86 +/- 1.81 ml/min/kg) at normal levels not different from non-rejecting
      isografts (4.83 +/- 0.93 and 18.33 +/- 2.55 ml/min/kg, respectively). In
      contrast, animals which received continuous infusion of saline vehicle alone
      developed a significant reduction in renal function (CIn: 1.58 +/- 0.27
      ml/min/kg; CPAH: 9.12 +/- 1.51 ml/min/kg) by the fourth day after
      transplantation. Intra-arterial infusion of OKY-046 significantly reduced four
      day allograft TXB2 production, as well as urinary TXB2 excretion, but had no
      effect on allograft production of PGE2 or 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. Despite the
      beneficial effects on allograft function, OKY-046 neither altered the morphologic
      appearance of the cellular infiltrate nor the systemic proliferative and
      cytotoxic anti-donor cellular immune responses. Six days following
      transplantation, renal TXB2 production was only partially inhibited in animals
      given continuous infusions of OKY-046, and remained markedly elevated. This
      partial inhibition of TX production resulted in a slight but insignificant
      functional improvement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651753
TI  - Increased urinary excretion of C5b-9 distinguishes passive Heymann nephritis in
      the rat.
AB  - Increased urinary excretion of C5b-9 distinguishes passive Heymann nephritis from
      other forms of experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat. In the passive Heymann
      nephritis (PHN) model of membranous nephropathy (MN) subepithelial deposits form
      from anti-Fx1A antibody reacting with antigen expressed on the glomerular
      epithelial cell membrane followed by membrane patching and shedding of immune
      complexes. Immune complex deposits are accompanied by deposits of C5b-9 which is
      required for the mediation of proteinuria. We tested the hypothesis that C5b-9
      assembly on the epithelial cell membrane might result in C5b-9 excretion in the
      urine, which would distinguish this autoimmune mechanism of MN from other
      processes that result in subepithelial immune complex deposits. Using monoclonal
      antibodies developed to rat C6 and a rat C5b-9 neoantigen, in a sensitive ELISA
      assay, elevated urinary excretion of rat C5b-9 was documented in PHN associated
      with on-going glomerular immune deposit formation. No urinary C5b-9 was
      detectable in MN induced by an exogenous antigen (cationized IgG) despite
      equivalent glomerular C5b-9 deposits, or in models of nephrotoxic nephritis,
      subendothelial immune complex nephritis, anti-mesangial cell membrane antibody
      induced nephritis or two non-immune nephropathies. Infusion of preformed C5b-9 in
      proteinuric animals excluded glomerular filtration of C5b-9 as a contributing
      mechanism to urinary C5b-9 excretion. We conclude that in the rat, increased
      urinary excretion of C5b-9 is a marker of MN induced by antibody to a glomerular
      epithelial cell antigen. Urine C5b-9 excretion reflects active glomerular immune
      deposit formation and distinguishes MN induced by this mechanism from other forms
      of MN as well as from other glomerular diseases with equivalent glomerular C5b-9
      deposits.

PMID- 2651754
TI  - Control of serum potassium during fasting in patients with end-stage renal
      disease.
AB  - In order to evaluate internal potassium balance in patients with end-stage renal
      disease (ESRD), epinephrine (0.015 micrograms/kg/min) was infused intravenously
      into normal control (N = 9) and ESRD subjects (N = 7) after a 26 hour fast.
      Hyperkalemia developed in ESRD patients after 16 hours of fasting, as compared
      with control subjects (P = 0.02). The hemodynamic response to epinephrine was
      similar in the two groups. During epinephrine infusion for one hour, the serum
      potassium decreased in normal subjects, from 4.3 +/- 0.2 mEq/liter to 3.9 +/- 0.1
      mEq/liter, but did not change in ESRD patients (P = 0.005). Serum CO2 declined in
      ESRD, but not in control subjects, while glucose levels were not different in the
      two groups. Plasma aldosterone was significantly higher in fasting ESRD patients
      and failed to decrease during epinephrine infusion as compared to controls.
      Plasma insulin levels remained low in both groups even though serum glucose
      levels increased. These results demonstrate that hyperkalemia occurs during
      fasting in ESRD probably as the result of insulinopenia, and suggest that a
      diminished response to epinephrine may contribute to hyperkalemia.

PMID- 2651755
TI  - Amyloid syndromes associated with hemodialysis.
AB  - A historical review and current clinical findings relating a new type of amyloid
      material to long term hemodialysis are presented, followed by a review of the
      biochemistry, metabolism and involvement of beta 2-M and theories for the
      pathogenesis of HRA. The syndromes develop several years after replacement of
      renal function by dialysis, and seem to be progressive over time. Preliminary
      clinical studies utilizing more permeable artificial kidney membranes suggest
      their potential usefulness in the prevention of HRA syndromes, specifically those
      attributable to persistent elevation of serum beta 2-M; however, caution in their
      employment is advised. The development of effective treatment for long-term
      hemodialysis patients afflicted with CTS, arthritic symptoms and skeletal
      manifestations of HRA is unfortunately constrained by deficiencies in our
      knowledge. Renal transplantation has been demonstrated to reduce the elevated
      serum beta 2-M levels in hemodialysis patients to normal; however, the
      effectiveness of this modality to treat clinical manifestations of HRA has not
      been reported. Thus, efficacious treatment strategies have lagged considerable
      behind diagnostic techniques. Intensive research is needed as the story of this
      new form of renal osteodystrophy unfolds.

PMID- 2651756
TI  - Cyclosporine toxicity on cultured rat microvascular endothelial cells.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to study the mechanism of cyclosporine-induced
      nephrotoxicity and hypertension. Cultured rat microvascular endothelial cells
      were exposed to cyclosporine for up to six days at one of the following
      concentrations: 10, 50, 250, and 1000 ng/ml of culture medium. Cyclosporine
      inhibited endothelial cell replication in a dose-dependent manner; at higher
      concentrations (250 and 1000 ng/ml), cell replication decreased by as much as 70
      to 90% of controls at four and six days post-treatment, with no evidence of
      increased cell death. Drug-treated endothelial cells revealed abnormal
      morphological changes such as formation of cytoplasmic vesicles and nucleolar
      changes. Prostacyclin release by endothelial cells was increased by about
      threefold with the addition of cyclosporine (P less than 0.01). Indomethacin
      significantly decreased prostacyclin release by endothelial cells in the presence
      or absence of cyclosporine (P less than 0.01). Our data suggest that cyclosporine
      induced nephrotoxicity may be mediated, at least partly, by the inhibitory
      influence of cyclosporine on the regenerative response of microvascular
      endothelial cells to injury, and the resultant alterations in prostacyclin
      production by these cells.

PMID- 2651757
TI  - Retroviral gp70 antigen in spontaneous mesangial glomerulonephritis of ddY mice.
AB  - We examined whether the retroviral envelope antigen, gp70, is a major
      nephritogenic antigen in ddY mice, a murine model of spontaneous mesangial
      glomerulonephritis associated with IgA and IgG deposition. Immunofluorescence
      microscopy revealed that the mesangial gp70 deposition increased with age in mice
      over 24 weeks old, as did the IgG and IgA deposits. Immunoelectron microscopy
      demonstrated the reaction products of gp70 superimposed on the electron dense
      deposits in the mesangial matrix. Various amounts of serum gp70 were detected in
      mice as young as 12 weeks without any apparent increase with age. There was no
      correlation between the serum level of gp70 and the extent of the glomerular gp70
      deposition, whereas mice with heavier IgA deposition had higher mean levels of
      serum IgA. The absorption test demonstrated that significant amounts of serum
      gp70 composed immune complexes in 40 week-old ddY mice developing
      glomerulonephritis; however, this bound form of gp70 was not observed in 12 week
      old mice without glomerulonephritis. Systemic examinations by immunofluorescence
      staining showed that gp70 was mainly localized in various lymphoid tissues. These
      findings suggest that the gp70 antigen, mostly derived from lymphoid cells, may
      circulate as immune complexes and accumulate in the mesangial area, thus
      contributing to the development of glomerulonephritis in these mice. In addition,
      the pathogenic role of the increased IgA production in these mice was discussed.

PMID- 2651758
TI  - 1,25(OH)2D3 administration in moderate renal failure: a prospective double-blind
      trial.
AB  - This study represents the first randomized prospective, double-blind, placebo
      controlled trial of the efficacy of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone histology and serum
      biochemistry in patients with mild to moderate renal failure. Sixteen patients
      with chronic renal impairment (creatinine clearance 20 to 59 ml per min) received
      either 1,25(OH)2D3, at a dose of 0.25 to 0.5 microgram daily (eight patients), or
      placebo. Transiliac crest bone biopsies were performed before entrance into the
      study and after 12 months of experimental observation. None of the patients were
      symptomatic or had radiological evidence of bone disease. Of the thirteen
      patients who completed the study, initial serum 1,25(OH)2D levels were low in
      seven patients and parathyroid hormone levels were elevated in seven patients.
      Bone histology was abnormal in all patients. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment was associated
      with a significant fall in serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase
      concentrations as well as with histological evidence of an amelioration of
      hyperparathyroid changes. In contrast to previous reports, no deterioration of
      renal function attributable to the treatment occurred, perhaps because a modest
      dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 was employed combined with meticulous monitoring. Further
      investigation is required to determine whether alternative therapeutic strategies
      (smaller doses or intermittent therapy) may avoid the potential for suppressing
      bone turnover to abnormally low levels in the long term.

PMID- 2651759
TI  - Frequency of development of early cortical scarring in acute primary
      pyelonephritis.
AB  - Fifty-five cases of primary (that is, without urinary tract abnormalities), acute
      pyelonephritis (PN) were studied by computed tomodensitometry (CT). There were 48
      women and 7 men. All were febrile and 16 had positive blood cultures. In 7 cases,
      (4 diabetics and 3 malnourished alcoholics) PN was painless, diagnosis was
      delayed and lesions were severe. Two diabetics underwent emergency nephrectomy
      for sepsis. Conventional radiological techniques (IVP and ultrasonography) were
      poorly informative. In contrast, initial CT abnormalities were visible in 44
      patients. They consisted of triangular or round hypodense images, diffuse
      hypodensity in a grossly swollen kidney, and/or abscesses. Hypodense images were
      presumably due to acute focal ischemia. Renal histology was available in five
      patients. It showed acute interstitial nephritis with leukocyte infiltrates,
      edema and hemorrhagic streaks. Pyelonephritis was due to E. coli in 48 cases
      (87.5%). In 27 cases E. coli isolates were studied by genotypic assays which
      detect the three most frequent (pap, afa and sfa) of the four operons known to
      encode adhesin. In all cases, at least one of these genotypic markers of
      uropathogenicity was found. In 27 cases, repeat CT was done shortly after
      treatment. It showed healing in only 12. Early cortical scar formation was
      visible in 2. Final evaluation in 27 cases with adequate follow-up showed that
      (in addition to the 2 patients who had been nephrectomized), in only 17 of 27
      (63%) had the kidneys recovered a normal appearance. In two cases one kidney had
      undergone atrophy; renal biopsy showed subacute-chronic interstitial
      nephritis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651760
TI  - Stimulation of renin secretion by non-diuretic sulfhydryl reagents.
AB  - Organomercurial diuretics stimulate renin secretion although the underlying
      cellular mechanisms remain undefined. Since organomercurials are also known to
      react with sulfhydryl groups, the present studies determined the effects of
      sulfhydryl reagents on renin secretion. The effects of the non-diuretic mercurial
      agent, parachloromercuriphenyl-sulfonate (PCMPS), as well as that of other
      sulfhydryl reagents, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), N-phenylmaleimide (NPM) and
      monobromotrimethylammoniobimane (qBBR), on renin secretion were determined in
      rabbit renal cortical slices. All four reagents stimulated renin secretion. NEM,
      which has a high membrane permeability, stimulated secretion to a relatively
      small extent and its effects were not apparent for at least one hour. Conversely,
      PCMPS, which is much less permanent than NEM, produced the largest stimulation
      and these effects were apparent within one hour. The stimulation of secretion by
      sulfhydryl reagents was independent of the concentration of Ca2+, Na+, and K+ in
      the incubation media, suggesting that the stimulation is not secondary to
      alterations of intracellular ion concentrations. These results raise the
      possibility of direct involvement of sulfhydryl groups of particular membrane
      protein(s) of the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells in some steps leading to renin
      secretion, and raise the possibility that sulfhydryl reactivity might in part
      account for the stimulatory effects of organomercurial and other diuretics.

PMID- 2651761
TI  - Abnormalities in the NC1 domain of collagen type IV in GBM in canine hereditary
      nephritis.
AB  - Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy (SHG) in dogs serves as a model for human X
      linked hereditary nephritis (HN). We previously showed that glomerular
      capillaries of affected males did not stain by immunofluorescence (IF) using
      serum from a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome. Our goal in the present study
      was to determine whether the NC1 domain of the collagen type IV molecule, which
      contains Goodpasture antigen (GPA), could be demonstrated in these dogs, and to
      assess its immunological reactivity. By SDS-PAGE, NC1 in collagenase digests of
      glomerular basement membranes (GBM) of unaffected and carrier female dogs in the
      family with SHG showed 24 kilodalton (kD), 26 kD and 28 kD monomer, and 46 kD and
      47 kD dimer components, but the 24 kD monomer was diminished in the affected
      males. By IF, a rabbit antibody to NCl stained glomerular capillaries of
      unaffected, affected male, and carrier female dogs. In contrast, a human anti-GBM
      plasmapheresis fluid (PPF) stained glomerular capillaries of only the unaffected
      and carrier female dogs. By RIA, both antibodies reacted strongly with NCl in
      collagenase digests of GBM of the unaffected and carrier female dogs, but showed
      reduced reactivity with NCl of affected males. By Western blotting, both
      antibodies bound to dimers and 24 kD and 26 kD monomers of the NCl domain in
      collagenase digests of GBM of unaffected and carrier female dogs. However, in
      affected males, the rabbit anti-NCl antibody did not bind to the 24 kD monomer,
      while the human anti-GBM PPF showed weak binding to the 24 kD and 26 kD
      monomers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651762
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in IgA nephropathy in relation to histologic and clinical
      data.
AB  - In order to evaluate the ultrastructural changes in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and
      their relationship with light microscopic and clinical features, renal biopsy
      material from 239 Korean patients with IgAN was studied by light, electron and
      immunofluorescence microscopy. Forty-one were children and 198 were adults.
      Modified classification of Meadow et al (1972) for Henoch-Schonlein nephritis was
      used for the histologic grading of glomerular lesions. Forty-three adults (18%)
      exhibited histologic grades IV and V lesions in association with more severe
      clinical findings, when compared to the remaining 196 patients with histologic
      grades I to III. A significant difference was noted between children and adults
      in the severity of the glomerular lesions (P less than 0.01). Mesangial deposits
      were observed in all (100%), subendothelial deposits in 37%, subepithelial
      deposits in 18%, abnormalities in glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in 20%,
      mesangiolysis in 44%, and mesangial interposition in 25%. The frequency of GBM
      abnormalities and subepithelial deposits in children was significantly higher
      than that seen in adults (P less than 0.01). The abnormalities of GBM were not
      related to more severe clinical manifestations when our analysis was restricted
      to grade III histologic lesions. All of the above ultrastructural changes except
      for mesangial deposits were associated with more severe histologic grading in
      adults (P less than 0.025 or P less than 0.01). Yet a correlation between these
      ultrastructural changes and histologic grading could not be studied in children
      due to confinement of their histology within a more benign group. These results
      suggest that the five ultrastructural parameters described here appear to bear
      important prognostic value in adults with IgAN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651763
TI  - Snake-bite-induced acute renal failure in India.
AB  - Acute renal failure complicates the course in 5% to 30% of victims of severe
      viper poisoning. No consensus exists on the single mechanism causing acute renal
      failure after viper bite. It is known, however, that viper venom induces several
      clinical abnormalities that favor the development of acute renal failure. These
      alterations include a varying degree of bleeding, hypotension, circulatory
      collapse, intravascular hemolysis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation
      with or without microangiopathy. A direct cytotoxic action of snake venom on the
      kidney is suspected, but convincing evidence is still lacking. Severe
      hypocomplementemia is consistently present, but I doubt its role in the causation
      of renal lesions. Hypersensitivity to venomous or antivenomous protein
      occasionally causes acute renal failure. In sea snake poisoning, myonecrosis and
      myoglobinuria appear to play the predominant pathogenetic role. The renal lesions
      of clinical significance in envenomed patients are acute tubular and patchy or
      diffuse cortical necrosis. Glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, and
      papillary necrosis have been reported in rare patients. I trust that this
      overview of the clinical and basic-science aspects of snake-bite-induced acute
      renal failure will prompt investigators to further define the pathogenetic
      mechanisms involved. Lessons learned may aid patients with acute renal failure of
      diverse causes, both here in India and around the world.

PMID- 2651764
TI  - Renal involvement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia.

PMID- 2651765
TI  - Relevance of experimental models for human nephropathology.

PMID- 2651766
TI  - Toward more selective therapies to block undesired immune responses.
AB  - Our results provide important evidence that IL-2 receptor bearing cells are
      required for undesired immune reactions involved in autoimmunity, allograft
      rejection and nephritogenic processes. Administration of anti-IL-2 receptor
      monoclonal antibodies prolonged vascularized heart allograft survival across
      major histocompatibility barrier in mice and rats and renal monkey grafts.
      Indeed, several grafts survived indefinitely, although the antibody was
      administered only for the first 10 days post-transplantation. Rejection of the
      remaining grafts may well reflect inadequate dosage of antibody; dose-response
      studies have not been performed to date. In addition to preventing rejection,
      delayed treatment with anti-IL-2R monoclonal antibody was shown to reverse
      ongoing rejection in other recipients of heart allografts. Such long-term
      engraftment following cessation of therapy makes it unlikely that anti-IL-2R
      treatment prolongs graft survival by pharmacologic blockade of the IL-2R.
      Furthermore, exogenous IL-2 does not diminish the beneficial effects of anti-IL
      2R antibody therapy in rodents. Whether or not such prolonged graft survival
      represents deletion of the responding T cell clones is a subject of current
      investigation. Results in a delayed-type hypersensitivity model indicate that
      complement fixation, is required to achieve optimal immunosuppression. Moreover,
      only anti-receptor antibodies that block IL-2 binding mediate optimal
      immunosuppression. Passive transfer experiments clearly prove that immediate post
      transplant courses of anti-IL-2R monoclonal antibody spares suppressor T cells.
      In rodent models, delayed type hypersensitivity and lupus and diabetic
      autoimmunity are prevented by anti-IL-2R treatment. Finally, the availability of
      monoclonal antibodies directed against the human IL-2R provides an opportunity to
      extend this principle to clinical transplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2651767
TI  - Renal transplantation: cyclosporin A and antibody development after donor
      specific transfusion.
AB  - The survival of a one haplotype, mismatched living-related renal allograft is
      improved by donor specific transfusion (DST) before transplantation although the
      mechanism is unclear. The major risk of DST is sensitization of the recipient to
      donor lymphocytes precluding transplantation. Fifty prospective recipients of a
      living related transplant received either DST with cyclosporin A (group I) or DST
      alone (group II). Persistent donor sensitization precluding transplantation
      occurred in no patients in group I but in six in group II (P less than 0.05). Ten
      of 14 of those who developed donor cytotoxicity had previously been pregnant or
      received greater than or equal to 10 third party transfusions compared with 11 of
      36 without such a history (P less than 0.05). Alloantibodies detected by a
      cellular ELISA developed following DST in 29% patients and antiidiotypic
      antibodies detected by the short antiidiotypic assay (SAA) in 36%; antiidiotypic
      activity occurred more frequently in those given cyclosporin A (P less than
      0.02). Potentiating activity in the SAA which occurred in sera from six patients
      after DST had no influence on transplant outcome. Persistent sensitization,
      particularly in potential transplant recipients who have been pregnant or
      received many transfusions, can be prevented by giving cyclosporin A with DST;
      the mechanisms of this effect may be the induction of antiidiotypic antibodies.
      Both alloantibodies and antiidiotypic antibodies are induced by DST and may
      protect a subsequent renal allograft from the specific donor.

PMID- 2651768
TI  - The role of adaptation in allograft acceptance.
AB  - The experimental and clinical data suggest that both a decrease of antigen
      expression and decreased perfusion can protect against immunologically mediated
      destructive processes. In the adaptation of skin grafts, these factors could be
      interrelated. Inadequate perfusion might lead to a decreased delivery of
      substances that stimulate MHC antigen expression. This course of events also
      could explain the protection in the patient presented here. Immune deposits were
      completely absent in the protected segment of the kidney, although immune
      deposits were abundantly present in the remaining part of the kidney, and
      circulating anti-donor antibodies were demonstrable after the transplanted kidney
      had been removed. The limited availability of frozen biopsy material has
      prevented us from comparing the expression of MHC antigens in both kidney
      segments using monoclonal antibodies. But such studies might be done in
      experimental kidney transplants with an artificially induced stenosis of the
      renal artery. Except when an arterial stenosis is present, we have little reason
      to assume that perfusion gradually decreases in longstanding kidney grafts as it
      does in skin grafts. Therefore, if adaptation plays a role in the gradual
      decrease of the sensitivity to rejection in longstanding kidney grafts, this
      phenomenon must be attributed to a decreased expression of target antigens as a
      consequence of factors other than decreased perfusion. The most likely candidates
      are the immunosuppressive drugs, such as cyclosporine and prednisone, which
      decrease MHC antigen expression. Let me conclude by returning to my main theme of
      graft adaptation. It seems appropriate to end this review with a quotation from
      one of Woodruff's original publications on this subject: "If the phenomenon
      [adaptation] applies to homotransplants of normal tissues to sites other than the
      eye, I think it almost certain that the clinical homograft problem will be
      solved; if it does not, the problem may prove insoluble" [9]. Although our
      insight into the rejection process has increased considerably, we still do not
      know which factors are most important in determining the long-term survival of
      primarily vascularized grafts.

PMID- 2651769
TI  - Autoimmunity and the kidney.

PMID- 2651770
TI  - Autoimmunity in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2651771
TI  - Study of the immunopathogenesis of tubulointerstitial nephritis using model
      systems.

PMID- 2651772
TI  - Interaction of antibodies with renal cell surface antigens.

PMID- 2651773
TI  - Effects of cytokines on vascular endothelium: their role in vascular and immune
      injury.

PMID- 2651774
TI  - Heymann nephritis: mechanisms of renal injury.

PMID- 2651775
TI  - Eicosanoids and the modulation of glomerular immune injury.

PMID- 2651776
TI  - Physiological and pathological aspects of circulating immune complexes.
AB  - Complement participates in the elimination of IC in many circumstances. When
      antigen/antibody IC first form in the circulation, complement inhibits their
      aggregation because the covalent binding of C3b to the IC modifies their
      biophysical properties and they remain soluble. Such opsonized (C3b coated) IC
      attach to cells bearing C3b receptors (CR1) in the circulation, in particular to
      erythrocytes, since in humans 85 to 90% of CR1 in the blood is located on these
      cells. This immune adherence binding reaction appears to be a physiological
      system that allows IC to be transported through the circulation to the fixed
      macrophages of the MPS where they are safely eliminated. The deposition of
      circulating complement-fixing IC in various organs such as the kidney may be
      considered as a failure of this transport system. This is apparent in complement
      deficient and depleted states, and also for non-complement-fixing IC (IgA IC).
      The formation of insoluble IC (by definition immune deposits found in human
      pathology are insoluble) produces complement activation and inflammation at the
      site of the immune aggregate.

PMID- 2651777
TI  - [The neurologic examination in the 1st year of life. 2].
AB  - The author gives a review on normal neurological development in the first year of
      life. In the second part the author describes the special reflexes and reactions
      laying the foundation of the normal beginning of locomotion.

PMID- 2651778
TI  - [Fluoride in the prevention of dental caries].
AB  - This review consolidates the major ideas that lead to the current concept of the
      initiation of the carious process. The most effective way of cariesprevention is
      water fluoridation; tablet fluoridation represents an alternative. Their effects
      is dependent on the dose and the regular use in infancy. The co-operation between
      dentists, paediatrists, parents and children is indispensable for tablet
      fluoridation. The combination of intern with extern fluoridation results in
      additive effect. The review describes the mechanism of action for fluoride in
      dental enamel and in dental plaque. Intoxicationes due to ingestion of fluorides
      tablets, such as used in caries prophylaxis, are pratically impossible.

PMID- 2651779
TI  - [Hemorrhoidectomy using suturing devices].

PMID- 2651780
TI  - [Surgical treatment of cholelithiasis and reflux gastritis (review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2651781
TI  - [Methods of artificial occlusion of the pancreatic ducts in surgery of the
      pancreas (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2651782
TI  - [Reconstructive-restorative operations with creation of small intestinal
      reservoirs in the pelvis in patients following colectomy review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2651783
TI  - [Indications and timing of hemorrhoidectomy in patients with acute thrombosis of
      the hemorrhoidal nodes (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2651784
TI  - [Diabetic osteoarthropathy (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2651785
TI  - [Tenonplasty as a new surgical principle in the early treatment of the most
      severe chemical eye burns].
AB  - A special danger in cases of severe chemical and thermal eye burns is the
      development of corneoscleral ulceration. To treat these most severe burns
      tenonplasty was developed as a new surgical treatment. The principle of
      tenonplasty is based on a plastic operation in which vital connective tissue of
      the orbit is used. First, all necrotic tissue is removed from the conjunctiva and
      sclera. The Tenon tissue is then bluntly separated from the equatorial region of
      the globe and from extraocular muscles. It is important to keep its blood vessels
      intact and to prepare the Tenon sheet with a smooth surface, because regenerating
      conjunctival epithelium has to slide on this layer. After preparation, the
      elastic Tenon flap can be moved to the limbus and sutured tightly to the sclera,
      thus providing a revascularization of the denuded sclera and the limbus region.
      In all patients the scleral ulceration healed and the eyes were saved from
      anterior segment necrosis. Although rapid regeneration of conjunctival epithelium
      on the Tenon layer always occurred rapidly, the cornea was completely covered by
      new epithelium in only a few cases: an artificial epithelium was therefore
      applied early in most patients. After tenonplasty and application of an
      artificial epithelium high local doses of corticosteroids can be given to
      suppress reactive inflammation and prevent neovascularization of the cornea.

PMID- 2651786
TI  - [Cerebral achromatopsia (symptoms, course, differential diagnosis and examination
      strategy). II].
AB  - To the patient, the sudden onset of cerebral achromatopsia is like switching to
      black and white on a color TV. As a rule, the defect arises due to bilateral
      ischemic infarction in the inferior occipitotemporal region. Bilateral upper
      homonymous quadrantanopsias usually leave the macula more or less unimpaired, so
      that visual acuity is largely preserved. Prosopagnosia and loss of topographic
      memory are often associated with central achromatopsia. Investigations of color
      vision must include color-naming procedures and large-field tests in addition to
      the conventional methods. Color-naming tasks are indispensable in differentiating
      cerebral achromatopsia from the aphasic and disconnective types of color anomia.
      The authors' recommended strategy for investigating color vision relies on
      records of a case of cerebral achromatopsia obtained six months and two years,
      respectively, after the onset of symptoms. In addition to the above-mentioned
      procedures, spectral increment thresholds on white and colored backgrounds were
      determined. For the first time in cerebral achromatopsia, examinations with large
      field spectral matches were performed using the projection anomaloscope. Large
      field tests are indispensable for monitoring recovery in cases of central
      achromatopsia. In the author's patient, recovery of blue-green discrimination was
      far more complete than that of red-yellow-green discrimination, and for both
      conditions large-field color vision was far superior to small-field.

PMID- 2651787
TI  - [The first general mathematical description of optical lenses without
      aberrations].
AB  - With reference to US patent no. 2,530,397 (November 21, 1950), held by Willy W.
      Merte, a type of optical lens or lens system is described which makes an image
      with no spherical or chromatic aberration possible. The principal features of
      this invention are described in brief. A number of possible applications
      originally proposed by the inventor himself are mentioned.

PMID- 2651788
TI  - [Comparative studies of the width of the anterior chamber angle using echography
      and gonioscopy].
AB  - Using a thin B-scan probe the anterior chamber angle was ultrasonographically
      studied using a contact eye cup filled with saline. The width of the chamber
      angle was measured on the display video copy and compared with the gonioscopic
      findings. Sixty-four eyes with primary glaucoma and 53 nonglaucomatous eyes were
      examined. In eyes with gonioscopic narrow angle the real ultrasonographic width
      of the chamber angle was varied considerably from case to case. In eyes where the
      chamber angle was not visible by gonioscopy it was not always closed. The
      correlation between the width of the angle and the depth of the anterior chamber
      was weak. There was often a plateau iris, which was demonstrated clearly by B
      scan ultrasonography.

PMID- 2651789
TI  - [The 100th anniversary of the death of Carl Zeiss].

PMID- 2651790
TI  - Osteocalcin serum levels in patients following renal transplantation.
AB  - Osteocalcin serum levels reflect bone turnover. In renal insufficiency secondary
      hyperparathyroidism and reduced renal clearance might be responsible for elevated
      serum levels of osteocalcin. Renal transplantation might improve renal
      osteodystrophy and therefore could influence osteocalcin serum levels. We
      determined the influence of renal transplantation on osteocalcin levels in 37
      consecutive patients (25m/12f) by RIA. Blood samples were collected prior to, 3
      days, 28 days, 6 months and 12 months after renal transplantation. Prior to renal
      transplantation osteocalcin levels were significantly elevated (mean +/- s: 23.4
      +/- 12.8 ng/ml) compared to healthy volunteers (4.1 +/- 1.4 ng/ml). Following
      renal transplantation osteocalcin decreased significantly (9.4 +/- 8.9 ng ml) 3
      days and (7.1 +/- 7.8 ng/ml) 28 days. However, 6 and 12 months following renal
      transplantation the mean osteocalcin level increased again (8.3 +/- 5.7 ng/ml,
      12.1 +/- 15.4 ng/ml). At 6 months 11 and at 12 months only 6 of 37 patients had
      osteocalcin levels in the normal range. 12 months following renal transplantation
      21 out of 37 patients with elevated osteocalcin levels had parathyroid hormone
      levels above the normal range. Additionally to increased osteocalcin levels
      patients prior to renal transplantation had elevated alkaline phosphatase.
      Alkaline phosphatase had following renal transplantation a similar pattern as
      osteocalcin with initial decrease and secondary increase 6 and 12 months after
      renal transplantation. Parathyroid hormone was elevated in all patients before
      renal transplantation. Following renal transplantation mean parathyroid hormone
      levels tell significantly, however remained above normal range in 57% of these 37
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651792
TI  - [Anti-bacterial protection of patients during rendering of specialized medical
      services].
AB  - This paper surveys the available equipment and techniques to provide bacterial
      protection of out-patients given medical aid. It presents a classification of the
      medical equipment in terms of the design, spectrum of application and type of
      aid. It is emphasized that patients treated outside a hospital need bacterial
      protection. Methods for purifying and sterilizing the equipment as well as
      procedures for maintaining the preset environmental parameters are described. The
      paper outlines technical problems the solution of which may help the development
      and use of bacterial protection devices to be applied in special conditions.

PMID- 2651793
TI  - [Epidemiologic studies of the effect of microwaves (neurophysiologic, hematologic
      and ophthalmologic aspects)].
AB  - This paper presents epidemiological and clinical evaluations of subjects exposed
      to electromagnetic radiations (EMR) in the microwave range with emphasis on
      neurophysiological, hematological and ophthalmological changes. Special attention
      is given to neurological and psychogenic effects of EMR as well as to possible
      development of radiophobia. Ageing, cataract development and genetic signs are
      considered as objective measures of EMR effects.

PMID- 2651791
TI  - Origin, metabolism and function of extracellular adenine nucleotides in the
      blood.
AB  - In previous views the role of adenine nucleotides was thought to be confined to
      the intracellular space of the cell. However, research of the last decades has
      revealed that nucleotides also occur in the extracellular space. This survey
      deals with the sources, metabolism and the role in blood of the extracellular
      adenine mononucleotides ATP, ADP, AMP and the dinucleotides diadenosine
      tetraphosphate (Ap4A) and diadenosine triphosphate (Ap3A). The latter two are
      novel compounds, which have recently been discovered in human platelets. The
      mononucleotides originate from damaged tissues, from red blood cells during
      haemolysis, from activated platelets, the working muscle and from the nervous
      system, whereas the dinucleotides are exclusively released from stimulated
      platelets. Both the adenine mono- and the dinucleotides act as signal molecules
      on blood cells as well as on cells of the vascular wall, thereby modulating
      physiological processes such as platelet aggregation, histamine release from mast
      cells, regulation of vascular tone and white cell functions. In order to limit
      the signal effects of extracellular nucleotides, blood cells, plasma and the
      interior of the vessel walls are provided with nucleotide splitting enzymes: ATP,
      ADP and AMP are mainly degraded by ectoenzymes present on blood cells,
      endothelial and on smooth muscle cells, whereas dinucleotides are primarily
      metabolized by plasma enzymes. This review closes with the presentation of the
      clinical utility of Ap3A and Ap4A as tools for the diagnosis of platelet storage
      pool defects.

PMID- 2651794
TI  - [Oleg Georgievich Gazenko (on his 70th birthday)].

PMID- 2651795
TI  - [Gastroenterological endoscopy].

PMID- 2651796
TI  - Guineapig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) in a commercial colony.
AB  - Serological findings in a commercial colony of Hartley guineapigs revealed that
      about 70% had antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci as detected by the
      microimmunofluorescence method. Conjunctivitis was evident in 14% of 86
      guineapigs examined. Chlamydial antigen was detected in conjunctival scrapings by
      a direct immunofluorescence test using Chlamydia-specific monoclonal antibody;
      however, C. psittaci was not demonstrated by other methods.

PMID- 2651797
TI  - Physiology and regulation of biological rhythms in laboratory animals: an
      overview.
AB  - Biological rhythms have been observed in practically all groups of laboratory
      mammals and at every level of physiological and behavioural organization.
      Biological rhythms are classified according to their period as ultradian (less
      than 24 h), circadian (approximately 24 h), infradian (greater than 24 h), and
      seasonal or circannual rhythms (approximately 1 year). This review outlines what
      is known about the neurobiology of biological rhythms in mammals and describes
      the hierarchical order in which ultradian, circadian and infradian rhythms are
      related to each other. The article does not attempt to catalogue every
      physiological variable showing rhythmical fluctuations in laboratory mammals.
      Rather, it focuses on the basic concepts of circadian rhythms and recent advances
      made in our understanding of the physiology of the internal clock controlling
      circadian and other biological rhythms.

PMID- 2651798
TI  - Is advanced basement membrane glycosylation reversible?

PMID- 2651799
TI  - Contractile cells in normal and fibrotic lung.

PMID- 2651800
TI  - Sequential localization of antibody to multiple regions of the glomerular
      capillary wall in passive Heymann nephritis.
AB  - Passive Heymann nephritis was produced in rats by injection of the multispecific
      anti-Fx1A antibody. At time points 1 hour, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days
      groups of rats were sacrificed and their kidneys fixed by retrograde perfusion
      with paraformaldehyde lysine periodate. The antibody was visualized by direct
      immunofluorescence and by 125I-Protein-A electron microscopic autoradiography.
      Localization of the antibody in the lamina rara interna, lamina densa, lamina
      rara externa and the glomerular epithelial cell was determined by electron
      microscopic autoradiography according to the method of Saltpeter, Fertuck, and
      Saltpeter (Saltpeter MM, Fertuck MC, Saltpeter EE: J Cell Biol 72:161, 1977). At
      least 100 grains/kidney were analyzed. At one hour the antibody was localized in
      a linear, discontinuous pattern by immunofluorescent microscopy.
      Ultrastructurally, the antibody was present in all regions of the capillary wall
      although predominantly in the lamina rara interna. At later time points the
      immunofluorescence staining changed to the typical granular pattern with majority
      of the grains localizing to the lamina rara externa and the cell body of the
      glomerular epithelial cell. The importance of these observations is several-fold.
      (a) It suggests the involvement of multiple antigens in the pathogenesis of
      Heymann nephritis. (b) The initial reaction to the lamina rara interna may be
      potentiating the eventual formation of deposits in the lamina rara externa by
      locally permeabilizing the capillary wall and allowing passage to other
      antibodies. (c) The immune complexes formed at the various sites in the capillary
      may be getting shed and trapped in the lamina rara externa resulting in
      coalescence and genesis of the nephritogenic electron-dense deposits.

PMID- 2651801
TI  - In situ hybridization for the detection of low copy numbers of c-abl oncogene
      mRNA in lymphoma cells: technical approach and comparison with results with anti
      oncoprotein antibodies.
AB  - We investigated the practical value of antisense RNA/mRNA in situ hybridization
      for the detection of low level expression of the c-abl oncogene in non-Hodgkin
      lymphomas. This is of clinical relevance, since we recently showed that low level
      expression of this proto-oncogene mainly occurs in advanced stage disease of non
      Hodgkin lymphomas and in cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with progressive
      course of the disease (Greil R, Gattringer C, Fasching B, Cleveland J, Thaler J,
      Radaskiewicz T, Gastl G, Huber C, Rapp U, Huber H: Int J Cancer 42:529 1988).
      When numerous technical parameters were tested for the adaptation of the method,
      fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde, gelatin coating of the slides, the time
      concentration product of proteinase K, and the kind of labeling had the greatest
      impact on results and successful performance of the technique. When the optimized
      method was applied to the v-abl-transformed NIH 3T3-, the K 562 CML blast cell
      line and to nine cases of lowly malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas it
      semiquantitatively discriminated the varying amounts of v-abl, bcr/c-abl and c
      abl mRNA expressed within these cells. Parallel analysis with Northern blotting
      confirmed the specificity of the method and pointed to a very high sensitivity,
      including the capacity to detect only few c-abl mRNA molecules/cell. An essential
      advantage of in situ hybridization was the detection of inhomogeneous expression
      of the c-abl mRNA within subpopulations of the malignant clone. In addition, this
      technique might be of particular importance when a gene is only weakly expressed
      on a small fraction of cells which might easily escape the detection by Northern
      blotting. Immunocytochemical investigation suggested parallel expression of the
      oncoprotein in six of seven c-abl mRNA positive cases as well as high specificity
      and sensitivity for the polyclonal and to a lesser extent for one monoclonal
      antibody. However, because of the high potential of cross-reactivity of anti
      oncoprotein antibodies, parallel investigations on the mRNA level should be
      performed particularly when new anti-oncoprotein antibodies are applied. Our
      results demonstrate that this can be performed using in situ hybridization, even
      when the number of mRNA targets is very low.

PMID- 2651802
TI  - Inappropriate use of immunoassays as a quantitative tool.

PMID- 2651803
TI  - Evaluation of the Abbott TDx analyzer.
AB  - Part I. The Analysis of Opiates in Blood. The Abbott TDx analyzer, which is
      marketed for the analysis of drugs in urine or serum, was applied to the
      detection and quantitation of total opiates in whole blood. The analysis was
      sensitive with a detection limit of about 30 ng/mL. The coefficient of variation
      in the determination was within 12% for the linear working range of 0-1000 ng/mL.
      The greatest merits of the method are speed and the small sample size. An
      analysis can be completed within 15 min and requires only 25 microL of sample.
      The method was applied to actual forensic cases and the results correlated well
      with derivative gas chromatography (r greater than 0.95). Interference effects of
      ethanol and dipipanone on the TDx measurements are reported. The method, similar
      to other immunoassays, is incapable of differentiating morphine and codeine. It
      was, however, shown to be a reliable screening technique. Part II. The Analysis
      of Opiates in Liver, Bile, and Urine. The Abbott TDx analyzer was applied to the
      detection and quantitation of total opiates in liver and bile without any sample
      pretreatment other than dilution with saline. No matrix effect was observed for
      liver. Bile matrices exerted negative interference, but this was overcome by a
      standard addition method. The analysis was sensitive with a detection limit of
      about 55 ng/g for liver. The detection limit for biles varied according to the
      extent of negative interference that the matrices exerted, but it was in the
      submicrogram per milliliter region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651804
TI  - False negative rate for EMIT cannabinoids.

PMID- 2651805
TI  - Malignant duodenocolic fistulas.

PMID- 2651806
TI  - Tonsillar sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2651807
TI  - A MAAC attack may not be exact.

PMID- 2651808
TI  - Vascular anomalies causing tracheoesophageal compression. Review of experience in
      children.
AB  - Two hundred four infants and children (mean age 13 months) have undergone
      operation for the relief of tracheoesophageal obstruction resulting from vascular
      anomalies. One hundred thirteen patients had complete vascular rings (group I),
      61 with double aortic arch and 52 with right aortic arch with a left ligamentum.
      Nine patients had a pulmonary artery sling (group II), 71 had innominate artery
      compression (group III), and 11 had miscellaneous anomalies (group IV). Patients
      were admitted with respiratory distress, stridor, apnea, dysphagia, or recurrent
      respiratory infections. Diagnosis was established by barium esophagogram in group
      I; barium esophagogram, bronchoscopy, and computed tomography or angiography in
      group II; bronchoscopy in group III; and barium esophagogram or angiography in
      group IV. The operative approach was through a left thoracotomy in group I, II
      and IV (93% of these patients) and through a right thoracotomy for group III (96%
      of these patients). The operative mortality rate was 4.9% and there were seven
      late deaths (3.4%). There have been no operative deaths in patients with isolated
      vascular anomalies in the past 28 years. Follow-up data from 1 month to 20 years
      (mean 8.5 months) were available on 159 patients; 141 (92%) were essentially free
      of symptoms, and 12 (8%) had residual respiratory problems. Five of six patients
      in group II having a lung scan postoperatively had a patent left pulmonary
      artery. A strong index of suspicion is necessary to avoid the complications of
      vascular rings in children. Barium swallow is the best single diagnostic
      technique for patients with complete vascular rings. A bronchoscopic study is
      required to diagnose innominate artery compression. Angiograms or computed
      tomographic scans are used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary artery sling.
      Left thoracotomy provides excellent exposure for all vascular rings except the
      displaced innominate artery, for which a right thoracotomy is the best approach.

PMID- 2651809
TI  - Recovery of native left ventricular function after heterotopic heart
      transplantation.

PMID- 2651810
TI  - Management of multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2651811
TI  - Studies on sensitivity of human GM-CFU and L-CFU to hyperthermic killing in
      vitro.
AB  - The thermal sensitivity of normal myeloid and leukaemic cells was compared using
      morphology, cytochemistry and cultures of granulocyte-macrophage and leukaemic
      progenitor cells (GM-CFU and L-CFU). We have clearly demonstrated that blast
      cells from eight cases of acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemia (ANLL) showed greater
      morphological deterioration and loss of cytoplasmic enzymes with continuous
      heating at temperatures of 40-43 degrees C than normal marrow mononuclear cells
      obtained from ten controls. Survival of L-CFU also decreased exponentially with
      rising temperature whereas GM-CFU were not markedly affected, even at a
      temperature of 43 degrees C for 30 min. These results suggest that human L-CFU
      are more sensitive to hyperthermic killing than normal human GM-CFU and that
      hyperthermia might selectively purge residual leukaemic cells in vitro.
      Hyperthermia may have a role in clinical autologous bone marrow transplantation
      (ABMT) for acute leukaemia.

PMID- 2651812
TI  - Reactivity of a new Pan-B monoclonal antibody (MA6) against human leukaemias.
AB  - The reactivity of a new Pan-B monoclonal antibody, MA6, against 69 cases of ALL,
      three plasmacytoma, 10 AML and five CML was evaluated. The antibody reacted
      positively against five of the 11 cases of U-ALL, 15 of the 26 C-ALL and all the
      cases of Pre B-ALL (one), B-ALL (one), B-CLL (12) and HCL (two). The MA6 did not
      react against the 16 cases of T-ALL, three plasmacytoma, 10 AML and five CML. The
      antibody has a broader spectrum of B-cell reactivity than CD9 and CD20 but is
      similar to the Pan-B antibody, CD19. MA6 appears to react against some of the
      very immature B cells and is therefore potentially useful, in conjunction with
      other antibodies such as CD9 and CD19, to confirm the B-lineage of some cases of
      U-ALL. The difference in the spectrum of reactivity against B-cell malignancies
      between MA6 and the other CDw40 antibody, G28-5, confirms their difference in
      antigenic specificity.

PMID- 2651813
TI  - Rates of protein synthesis--a review.
AB  - The rates of protein synthesis can be measured by a variety of methods including
      pulse labeling, massive precursor administration, Scornik method, continuous
      feeding of labeled precursor, infusion, and pellet implantation. Each technique
      has some advantages and disadvantages. Massive precursor administration and
      infusion are the most widely used. The advantage of massive precursor
      administration is its simplicity, however, the amino acid concentration used is
      much higher than physiological levels. Infusion, however, is much more
      complicated as a technique and requires complicated calculations. The synthesis
      rates can also be calculated from degradation curves. Some of the above
      techniques can be used both in vivo and in vitro, and also for different organs
      (Shahbazian et al. (1987), Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 5: 39-42). The brain has rapid
      rates of protein synthesis both in vivo and in vitro, the latter being much lower
      for adults.

PMID- 2651814
TI  - [Diet and serum cholesterol].

PMID- 2651815
TI  - [Personal bibliographic systems in medicine. Practical suggestions and usefulness
      of microcomputers].

PMID- 2651816
TI  - [Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal insufficiency associated with Salmonella
      enteritidis infection].

PMID- 2651817
TI  - [Gastric cancer. II. Pathological anatomy].

PMID- 2651818
TI  - [A multicenter study of emergencies in basic general hospitals in Catalonia].
AB  - The demand of the hospital emergency services was evaluated by the analysis of
      11650 emergencies seen during one week in 22 county hospitals. A modified ICHPPC
      2 was used for the codification of diagnoses. The mean age of the patients was
      30.6 years. The distribution through the days of the week was homogeneous and the
      duration of the hospital stay was lower than 2 hours in 85%. 80% of the patients
      went to the hospital by their own decision. The emergency cases were considered
      as non-justified in 22.4%, mild emergencies in 56.5%, and severe emergencies in
      17%. 75.9% of patients were sent back to their homes, and 11.8% were admitted to
      the hospital. The predominant groups of emergencies were trauma (33.9%),
      respiratory diseases (11.8%), ill-defined signs and symptoms (9.3%), and
      osteomuscular (6.7%), digestive (5.8%) and infective (4.7%) diseases. The
      indispensable requirements to be collected for a better knowledge of emergency
      services are evaluated.

PMID- 2651819
TI  - [A matter of power].

PMID- 2651820
TI  - [Multi-hospital systems].

PMID- 2651821
TI  - Women and Jews in a private nervous clinic in late nineteenth-century Vienna.

PMID- 2651822
TI  - A seventeenth-century German barber-surgeon and his patients.

PMID- 2651823
TI  - Thomas Arnold: a provincial psychiatrist in Georgian England.

PMID- 2651824
TI  - A.D. Waller and the University of London physiological laboratory.

PMID- 2651826
TI  - Illustrations from the Wellcome Institute Library. A Polish rabbi's circumcision
      manual.

PMID- 2651825
TI  - Sleepers awake: Thomas Moffet's challenge to the College of Physicians of London,
      1584.

PMID- 2651827
TI  - [Intrauterine growth retardation--still a problem in perinatology].

PMID- 2651828
TI  - [Smallpox--eradication of a myth].

PMID- 2651829
TI  - Ciprofloxacin for the treatment of chronic ear disease.
AB  - The treatment of chronic ear disease is often difficult and frustrating. Patients
      typically present with a history of chronic, persistent otorrhea that has failed
      to respond to multiple topical and oral antibiotics. Organisms that are resistant
      to multiple antibiotics are common. Ciprofloxacin has been shown to be effective
      against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. To evaluate
      the role of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic ear disease, 21 patients
      who failed routine therapy for chronic ear disease were prospectively treated
      with oral ciprofloxacin. Prior to therapy, all ear cultures grew Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus or other gram-negative organisms. Ninety-five
      percent of patients completing therapy showed either improvement or cure. Only
      one patient failed to improve. Ciprofloxacin has been shown to be effective in
      the management of chronic ear disease.

PMID- 2651830
TI  - Human endothelial cell growth factors derived from thyroid anaplastic cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - Human endothelial cell growth factors were partially isolated from transplanted
      thyroid anaplastic cell carcinoma propagated in nude mice. Purification was
      monitored in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cell cultures by (3H)
      thymidine incorporation into DNA. Crude tumor extracts with 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH
      7.2 were fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The active materials
      precipitated by 35% to 50% ammonium sulfate were further purified by Bio-Rex 70
      (Bio-Rad, Richmond, Calif.) cation exchange chromatography. Active fractions
      eluted by 0.5 M to 0.7 M NaCl were further analyzed via heparin-sepharose
      affinity chromatography. This resulted in separation of one major peak eluted by
      0.9 M to 1.2 M NaCl and confirmed to promote human umbilical cord vein
      endothelial cell proliferations, and three other peaks. The molecular weight
      determination of the most active fraction performed by high-pressure liquid
      chromatography utilizing TSK 2000 gel column indicates 41,000 and 19,000 daltons
      for the active materials, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the
      angiogenesis properties of a solid tumor (thyroid anaplastic cell carcinoma), are
      not composed of a simple mechanism in vivo.

PMID- 2651831
TI  - Type II collagen distribution in the ear of the developing chick embryo.
AB  - The localization of type II collagen was immunohistochemically studied in the
      developing chick ear using monoclonal antibodies. Type II collagen appeared under
      the basal lamina of the otocyst from developmental stages 14 to 16. In the otic
      capsule, endolymphatic duct, and semicircular canal membrane, type II collagen
      appeared in stage 23 or 24. From stages 28 to 29, type II collagen appeared in
      the primitive columella, endolymphatic sac, and fibrocartilaginous plate. Type II
      collagen was first observed in the crista ampullaris, basilar membrane, macula
      sacculi, and utriculi in stages 30 and 31. Type II collagen was not detected in
      the endolymphatic sac beyond developmental stage 37 and the amount of type II
      collagen in the otic capsule and columella decreased after stage 40. The wide
      distribution of type II collagen in the inner ear throughout the development of
      the chick embryo suggests that this collagen may act as a basic structural
      component of the ear.

PMID- 2651832
TI  - A simple bolster technique for skin grafting.

PMID- 2651833
TI  - [Alcohol-induced liver diseases].
AB  - This review article is mainly concerned with the incidence and pathogenesis of
      alcohol-induced liver diseases. Clinically the most relevant symptom is a
      hepatomegaly. During the course of the disease there is to state progression to
      alcoholic hepatitis with increasing jaundice. The laboratory values show
      different patterns; severe courses develop progression to a fulminant hepatitis.
      The diagnostic approach includes exact patient's medical history, clinical and
      laboratory investigations, followed by a step-wise diagnostic procedure including
      histology. Therapeutically the main approach is a diet, in case of malnutrition
      substitution of vitamins and only rarely the need of corticosteroids and/or
      anabolic steroids. Prognosis and long-term course of alcoholic-induced liver
      disease depend mainly on the severity of the disease and the consequent alcohol
      free diet.

PMID- 2651834
TI  - [Inhomogeneous enlargement of the spleen].

PMID- 2651835
TI  - [Disorders of gastrointestinal motility--diabetes mellitus].
AB  - Diabetic motility disturbances are frequent and may be found within esophagus,
      stomach, small bowel, colon and anal sphincter. Disturbed motility may explain
      gastrointestinal symptoms of patients with diabetic enteropathy, but there is no
      correlation between symptoms and extent of motility changes. Prokinetic drugs
      relief symptoms, but also without improving motility parameters. Diarrhea is best
      treated by local opoid agonists (loperamide), in anorectal incontinence
      biofeedback training is also to be recommended.

PMID- 2651837
TI  - A review of available smoking cessation methods, 1989.

PMID- 2651836
TI  - Hepatic reticulo-endothelial function: a correlation of radioisotopic and
      immunohistochemical assessment.
AB  - Using an immunoperoxidase staining technique for muramidase (lysozyme)-containing
      cells in liver biopsies, the Kupffer cell population has been compared with the
      isotope liver scan abnormalities in 43 patients with various liver diseases. A
      significantly greater degree of scintigraphic abnormality was seen in cirrhotics
      compared with non-cirrhotics using both a visually assessed scan scoring
      technique (p less than 0.001) and computer-generated spleen-to-liver (S-L)
      relative activity ratios (p less than 0.01). The mean muramidase-positive cell
      count in cirrhotic biopsies was not significantly different from that in non
      cirrhotics, neither was there any significant difference between alcoholic and
      non-alcoholic liver disease. The liver mass was shown to be significantly greater
      (p less than 0.02) in alcoholic compared with non-alcoholic disease, but even if
      corrections were made for this, no significant differences were found. A
      significant (p less than 0.02) negative correlation was found between liver scan
      score and muramidase-positive cell count in patients with cirrhosis but not in
      non-cirrhotic disorders. No significant correlations were observed if the
      computer-derived liver mass was taken into consideration. These results suggest
      that the scan defect seen in liver disease cannot be explained by loss of Kupffer
      cells alone, although they are consistent with the hypothesis that intrahepatic
      shunting plays a significant role. Chronic alcohol ingestion does not in itself
      appear to be a major independent influence.

PMID- 2651838
TI  - History of bacteriology in Maryland through 1925.

PMID- 2651839
TI  - The golden era of microbiology: people and events of the 1880s.

PMID- 2651840
TI  - [Osteoscintigraphy in the evaluation of a bone transplant in cranioplasty in
      children].
AB  - Scintigraphy of the skeleton with 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate was performed
      before operation and 3.6 and 12 mos. after allocranioplasty in 15 children aged 3
      to 15 with posttraumatic defects of the bones of the cranial vault. Scintigraphic
      results were compared with x-ray and clinical findings. The interrelationship of
      the time course of a scintigraphic picture of an affected zone with x-ray
      findings of graft readjustment at different time after operation was established.
      In the authors opinion, combined x-ray and scintigraphic investigations of the
      cranial bones can be used for objective assessment of the morphofunctional state
      of a graft after allocranioplasty.

PMID- 2651841
TI  - [A radionuclide study of the renal filtration fraction in nephrogenic
      hypertension].
AB  - The effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), the rate of glomerular filtration and
      filtration fraction were investigated in 48 patients with nephrogenic
      hypertension (NH) using the method of dynamic renoscintigraphy with a double
      label (131I-hippuran and 99mTc-DTPA). The proposed method of noninvasive combined
      assessment of renal function was shown to be simple to perform and permitted the
      determination of a degree of involvement of the glomerular and tubular apparatus
      of the kidneys in NH. The comparison of renoscintigraphic and histomorphological
      results made it possible to determine renoscintigraphic criteria of glomerulo-
      and nephrosclerosis.

PMID- 2651842
TI  - [Beta 2-microglobulin and a test using 169 Yb-DTPA in evaluating glomerular
      filtration and reabsorption of protein in gynecologic cancer patients].
AB  - Radionuclide investigation (a test with 169Yb-DTPA) and radioimmunoassay
      determination of the concentration of beta 2-MG in the blood serum and urine were
      performed to study glomerular filtration and protein reabsorption in patients
      with myoma (57) and uterine body cancer (51) before operation, on the 1st, 3rd,
      5th and 14th days of the postoperative period, and 6-12 mos. after operation. At
      the same time 24 healthy women (controls) were investigated. The greatest changes
      of glomerular filtration and protein reabsorption in the patients of the study
      group were shown to develop on the 5th day after operation. There was parallelism
      of the results of radionuclide investigation and the radioimmunoassay with beta 2
      MG therefore the latter can be recommended for the diagnosis of renal dysfunction
      in the early postoperative period.

PMID- 2651843
TI  - [The use of function tests in the radiologic diagnosis of diseases of the thyroid
      gland].

PMID- 2651844
TI  - MEDLINE, cancer-CD, SCI-CD addition on CD-ROM.
AB  - Compact Disc Read-Only-Memory, CD-ROM, is a powerful resource which combines the
      best features of both online and print access to the literature: multiple access
      points and leisurely browsing (online accessibility without a modem or without
      its cost). Applied to the MEDLINE database, this technology has created a brand
      new market, one which is increasingly competitive and therefore evolving rapidly.
      Five MEDLINE and two non-MEDLINE products are reviewed. The MEDLINE products
      include: BRS/COLLEAGUE DISC, Compact Cambridge, Ebsco's Core MEDLINE, Online
      Research System's Compact Med-Base, and SilverPlatter's MEDLINE on CD-ROM. The
      two other products include: Institute for Scientific Information's SCI CD Edition
      and SilverPlatter's CANCER-CD. The market is still wide open and the buyer is
      wise to try before he buys. However, there are great differences between the
      various packagings of a rather familiar product. In our view, in terms of ease of
      use, SilverPlatter was the clear winner. Ebsco's product is attractive because of
      its containment on one CD. Med-Base is the most original and offers special
      features not found elsewhere. Finally, personal preference is a strong
      consideration and should not be overlooked.

PMID- 2651846
TI  - Courseware options for the Macintosh.

PMID- 2651845
TI  - Patient advice--adult.

PMID- 2651847
TI  - Decreased glucose uptake in the fetus after maternal exercise.
AB  - Glucose uptake by muscle is stimulated by exercise. However, during pregnancy,
      insulin resistance develops in maternal skeletal muscle as a mechanism to spare
      glucose for use by the developing fetus. The purpose of this study was to
      determine whether a bout of exercise adversely affects glucose availability to
      the fetus by increasing glucose uptake in maternal muscle tissue. Pregnant (P)
      and nonpregnant (NP) rats were divided into rest and exercise groups. Immediately
      following a 50-min treadmill run, a bolus of glucose (1 g.kg-1) and tracer [1
      3H]2-deoxyglucose was injected i.v., and rats underwent a 60-min i.v. glucose
      tolerance test (IVGTT), after which they were sacrificed. Although glucose levels
      were lower for P vs NP rats at all time points, prior exercise did not affect
      glucose levels in either P or NP rats. Plasma insulin levels were augmented in P
      compared with NP rats and were not significantly altered by prior exercise.
      Glucose/tracer accumulation was enhanced in red and white gastrocnemius in both P
      and NP rats, and in soleus of NP rats, by exercise. However, glucose/tracer
      accumulation in the fetus was decreased by 40% (P less than 0.01) in the
      exercised dams. These results indicate that uptake of glucose by the fetus is
      compromised following exercise, as a result of increased glucose uptake by
      maternal skeletal muscles.

PMID- 2651848
TI  - 31P NMR study of insulin effects on the isolated perfused rabbit urinary bladder.
AB  - Insulin stimulates hexose transport, intermediary metabolism, and cell growth and
      development. These effects are well-documented in skeletal but not smooth muscle.
      31P NMR spectroscopy was performed on rabbit urinary bladders (n = 4) to
      characterize insulin's actions on smooth muscle. The bladder and its vasculature
      were surgically isolated from the animal and perfused with a PSS/red blood cell
      perfusate. After a control steady state was achieved (approx 1-2 h), insulin
      (0.100 mU/ml) was added to the perfusate. Relative levels of intracellular
      phosphorylated compounds, pH, and free Mg2+ were measured and compared to control
      values. Also, extracellular pH and fractional volume were assessed using
      phenylphosphonate, a 31P NMR extracellular pH and volume indicator. Insulin
      induced significant increases in PCr (16 +/- 9%) at the expense of Pi,
      intracellular pH (delta pH 0.24 +/- 0.07), and fractional extracellular volume
      (49 +/- 1%). Intracellular free Mg2+ and extracellular pH did not change. These
      results indicate that in situ smooth muscle is sensitive to physiological levels
      of insulin. In fact, insulin improves the energy state of smooth muscle cells and
      the overall tissue perfusion.

PMID- 2651849
TI  - Recent developments in aluminum toxicology.
AB  - Aluminum is now recognised as an important toxin causing considerable morbidity
      and mortality, particularly in patients with chronic renal failure. Diseases that
      have been associated with aluminium include dialysis dementia, renal
      osteodystrophy and Alzheimer's disease. Aluminum also has an effect on red blood
      cells, parathyroid glands and chromosomes. Accumulation of aluminium in the body
      tends to occur when the gastrointestinal barrier is circumvented. This has been
      identified as a problem during dialysis or intravenous fluid administration.
      Renal functional impairment results in decreased aluminum excretion and promotes
      accumulation of the element in the body. Many sources have been shown to be
      contaminated with aluminium. These include the water used for dialysis; medicines
      containing aluminium, such as aluminium-containing phosphate binding gels; total
      parenteral nutrition solutions; processed human serum albumin; intravenous fluids
      in infants; and other environmental and industrial sources. The management of
      aluminium toxicity involves the identification of these contaminated sources and
      subsequent removal of the element. This includes regular monitoring of water used
      in dialysis. The use of aluminium-containing phosphate binding gels in patients
      with compromised renal function should be reviewed and alternatives sought. The
      development of effective aluminium-free phosphate binders is desirable. Once a
      patient has aluminium toxicity, desferrioxamine (deferoxamine) has been shown to
      be an effective agent in its chelation and removal.

PMID- 2651850
TI  - Drug-induced priapism. Its aetiology, incidence and treatment.
AB  - Priapism is characterised by a persistent erection that cannot be relieved by
      sexual intercourse or masturbation. Although priapism subsides spontaneously in a
      few days, impotence frequently follows. Both vascular and neural mechanisms are
      implicated in the pathophysiology of priapism, but it is not clear which
      initiates the process. Idiopathic cases of priapism are the most frequent (near
      50%); other medical conditions that can result in priapism are haematological
      diseases (mainly sickle cell anaemia and leukaemia), traumatism, and neoplastic
      processes. Drug-induced priapism comprises about 30% of cases. The drugs most
      frequently implicated are psychotropic drugs (phenothiazines and trazodone),
      antihypertensives (mainly prazosin) and heparin. Recently, the intracavernosal
      injection of vasoactive drugs (papaverine and phentolamine) has been described in
      patients treated for impotence. With the exception of heparin, an alpha
      adrenergic blocking mechanism has been suggested in the priapism-inducing action
      of these drugs. A significant number of anecdotal case reports link priapism and
      drugs, and it is possible that certain cases of idiopathic priapism could be
      reclassified if accurate pharmacological anamnesis were to be performed. Priapism
      must be considered a urological emergency. Surgical procedures are the most
      preferred treatment for this condition but, in selected cases, drug treatment
      seems to be an alternative approach.

PMID- 2651851
TI  - The nephrotoxic potential of drugs and chemicals. Pharmacological basis and
      clinical relevance.
AB  - Scores of drugs in common clinical use are capable of inflicting various degrees
      of damage to the kidney. Similarly, a large number of widely employed chemicals
      may adversely affect renal tissue as part of their toxic potential. A xenobiotic
      may damage the kidney by more than one mechanism. For example, NSAIDs may cause
      decreased renal perfusion, interstitial nephritis, primary glomerulopathy and/or
      altered potassium homeostasis. A large number of drugs and chemicals inflict
      their damage on the renal tubular cell secondary to intracellular accumulation to
      concentrations substantially higher than in the plasma or in other tissues. These
      include aminoglycosides, mercury and carbon tetrachloride and cephaloridine. Drug
      induced interstitial nephritis is characterised by inflammatory lesions of the
      renal interstitium developed after at least 7 to 10 days of therapy. The
      immunological nature of this reaction is suggested by the associated fever,
      maculopapular rash and arthralgia observed in some of the patients. Although
      eosinophilia, eosinophiluria, and raised blood IgE levels are characteristic,
      immunoglobulins are not deposited in renal tissue, and the basic mechanism has
      not been elucidated. Renal biopsy demonstrates oedema and interstitial
      inflammatory reaction, mainly with lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and plasma
      cells. Less frequent, vasculitis of small vessels or granulomatous reaction may
      develop, leading to necrotising glomerulonephritis. The drugs most commonly
      causing acute interstitial nephritis are methicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins,
      rifampicin (rifampin), sulphonamides, phenindione and allopurinol. Other
      penicillins, NSAIDs, phenytoin, thiazides and frusemide (furosemide) are less
      frequently associated with this syndrome. Drugs and chemicals may affect renal
      function by pharmacologically decreasing glomerular filtration rate and/or renal
      blood flow. These include the NSAIDs, radiological contrast media and
      cyclosporin. Normal renal function depends upon an intact glomerular apparatus.
      Many drugs and chemicals are capable of damaging the glomerulus, causing its
      increased permeability to large molecules such as proteins. Several drugs
      including d-penicillamine, thiopronine, captopril, pyrithioxine and methimazole,
      are believed to exert their damage through their sulfhydryl group which bind with
      high affinity to glomerular structures. A variety of xenobiotics or their
      metabolites may be deposited in the renal tubule causing obstruction of urine
      flow and a secondary damage to tubular epithelium. Sulphonamides, methotrexate
      and ethylene glycol are good examples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2651852
TI  - Euthanasia and mental retardation: suggesting the unthinkable.
AB  - Current opinions on euthanasia of persons with mental retardation were discussed
      within the framework of the development of social policy towards this population.
      Historians of mental retardation have emphasized that incarceration and
      sterilization were the only two policy options available in the late 19th and
      early 20th centuries, but a third option, euthanasia, was also suggested. The
      significance of the euthanasia option as the nation struggled to find a solution
      to the question of how to deal with what was thought to be a sharp rise in the
      number of people with mental retardation in the United States in the late 19th
      and early 20th centuries was examined. The responses of service providers to
      suggestions that euthanasia be implemented were reviewed. The rejection of
      proposals for euthanasia on moral and religious grounds and on the basis that
      custodial institutions, based on eugenics principles, were able to achieve the
      same end through a scientifically justifiable means was explored.

PMID- 2651853
TI  - From Munchausen to Cassandra: a critique of Hollander's "Euthanasia and Mental
      Retardation".

PMID- 2651854
TI  - Cat-scratch disease and the role of the domestic cat: vector, reservoir, and
      victim?
AB  - An unidentified coccobacillus has been implicated recently as the agent of Cat
      Scratch Disease (CSD) in human beings. Although a history of close contact with a
      domestic cat is frequently elicited from CSD patients, the exact role of this
      animal in the epidemiology of the disease remains obscure. Current thinking holds
      that the cat merely serves as an efficient inoculator of a free-living organism.
      We believe that the cat is not only an important vector of the CSD bacillus, but
      it may also serve as the principal reservoir, with the organism occasionally
      present among the oral flora. Under some circumstances (e.g., immunoincompetency)
      the CSD bacillus may also infect the lymph nodes of cats, resulting in a disease
      similar to CSD in human beings.

PMID- 2651855
TI  - On the antiquity of treponemal infection.
AB  - Documentation of the treponemal etiology of reactive bone formation in a
      pleistocene bear supports unprecedented antiquity of treponemal bone infections.
      The spectrum and implications of osseous treponemal disease in the New and Old
      World are reviewed in light of past perspectives and contemporary investigative
      techniques.

PMID- 2651856
TI  - [Detection of plague microbes in fleas using immunoenzyme technics and monoclonal
      antibodies].
AB  - The paper presents the results of immunoassays for indication of pest causative
      agents in fleas, this method being compared to the classical and bacteriological
      methods. Experiments proved the feasibility of indication of pest causative
      agents in fleas by immunoassays. Immunoassays were found to excel the classical
      and bacteriological ones.

PMID- 2651857
TI  - [Prevention of helminthiasis].
AB  - The author presents a review of scientific studies of the effect of some socio
      economic factors of the country' development (population migrations,
      urbanization, land improvement, construction of artificial reservoirs,
      specialization and concentration of cattle-breeding etc.) on the feasibility of
      formation or reduction of helminthosis foci. Diverse effects of the afore
      mentioned factors on the distribution of helminths are stressed. Importance of
      helminthosis control is underlined as well. Annual medical examination of the
      entire population is considered the main prophylaxis measure. The problems to be
      solved immediately by health administration are denominated.

PMID- 2651858
TI  - [Sonographic diagnosis of the gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2651859
TI  - [Optimal dosage of acetylsalicyclic acid (ASS). II: Use in preventing thrombosis
      of the cerebrovascular circulation--prevention of strokes and preliminary
      stages].

PMID- 2651860
TI  - [Amyloidosis in Crohn disease. Case reports and review of the literature].
AB  - A review of the literature on Crohn's disease with secondary amyloidosis and four
      own case reports are presented. At least 1% of patients with Crohn's disease
      develop amyloidosis. The extent of the inflammatory bowel disease seems to have
      an influence on the occurrence of amyloidosis. The survival time of 40 out of 72
      patients was 2.1 years after the onset of diagnosis. The complications induced by
      the amyloidosis determine the fate of the patients. Therefore the periodical
      protein determination in urine and the Congo-red-colouring of rectal mucosa after
      rectoscopy are justified. After the diagnosis of amyloidosis in patients with
      Crohn's disease the inflammation should be treated consequently, according to the
      principles of the treatment of the underlying disease. But the resection of the
      inflammatory bowel should be avoided if the renal function is still sufficient,
      because frequently there occurs a postoperative renal failure. In the case of
      renal amyloidosis with a creatinin-clearance of more than 10 ml/min, a
      therapeutic attempt should be made with 1.0 to 1.5 mg/day of colchicin or 10
      g/day dimethylsulphoxid (DMSO) for at least six months. During existing renal
      failure the proceeding of amyloidosis in other organs is to be expected. The
      secondary amyloidosis disposes the fate of the patients.

PMID- 2651861
TI  - [Clinical significance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of the beta blocker
      carteolol. II: Comparative studies of carteolol and pindolol in patients with
      bradycardia].
AB  - Completing previous studies in patients with sinus bradycardia (Med. Klin. 82
      [1987], 647-650) we compared metoprolol with carteolol and pindolol, pindolol
      with carteolol, no treatment with carteolol (in two groups) in five series of the
      paired comparisons of Holter-ECG each. With change from metoprolol to carteolol
      or pindolol (dose ratio 10:1) lowest heart rate on Holter-ECG increased by 28 or
      29% without change of exercise heart rate. Direct comparison of pindolol and
      carteolol revealed a very similar heart rate profile, indicating equipotent beta
      blockade and ISA. In patients with previous beta blocker induced bradycardia,
      carteolol did not change a normal resting heart rate off treatment. However, in
      patients with spontaneous sinus bradycardia carteolol increased lowest heart rate
      (+14%, due to overriding ISA) and lowered exercise heart rate (-15%, due to
      overriding beta blockade). A beta blocker induced sinus bradycardia consistently
      improved with change of treatment to carteolol and pindolol. With caution
      carteolol and pindolol may also be used despite spontaneous sinus bradycardia.

PMID- 2651862
TI  - Protein phosphorylation and allosteric control of inducer exclusion and
      catabolite repression by the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar
      phosphotransferase system.
AB  - The bacterial phosphotransferase system (PTS) functions in a variety of
      regulatory capacities. One of the best characterized of these is the process by
      which the PTS regulates inducer uptake and catabolite repression. Early genetic
      and physiological evidence supported a mechanism whereby the phosphorylation
      state of an enzyme of the PTS, the enzyme III specific for glucose (IIIGlc),
      allosterically inhibits the activities of a number of permeases and catabolic
      enzymes, the lactose, galactose, melibiose, and maltose permeases, as well as
      glycerol kinase. Extensive biochemical evidence now supports this model. Evidence
      is also available showing that substrate binding to those target proteins
      enhances their affinities for IIIGlc. In the case of the lactose permease, this
      positively cooperative interaction represents a well documented example of
      transmembrane signaling, demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. Although the PTS
      mediated regulation of cyclic AMP synthesis (catabolite repression) is not as
      well defined from a mechanistic standpoint, a model involving allosteric
      activation of adenylate cyclase by phospho-IIIGlc, together with the evidence
      supporting it, is presented. These regulatory mechanisms may prove to be
      operative in gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria, but the former
      organisms may have introduced variations on the theme by covalently attaching
      IIIGlc-like moieties to some of the target permeases and catabolic enzymes. It
      appears likely that the general process of PTS-catalyzed protein phosphorylation
      dephosphorylation will prove to be important to the regulation of numerous
      bacterial physiological processes, including chemotaxis, intermediary metabolism,
      gene transcription, and virulence.

PMID- 2651864
TI  - Transformation in fungi.
AB  - Transformation with exogenous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) now appears to be
      possible with all fungal species, or at least all that can be grown in culture.
      This field of research is at present dominated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
      two filamentous members of the class Ascomycetes, Aspergillus nidulans and
      Neurospora crassa, with substantial contributions also from fission yeast
      (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and another filamentous member of the class
      Ascomycetes, Podospora anserina. However, transformation has been demonstrated,
      and will no doubt be extensively used, in representatives of most of the main
      fungal classes, including Phycomycetes, Basidiomycetes (the order Agaricales and
      Ustilago species), and a number of the Fungi Imperfecti. The list includes a
      number of plant pathogens, and transformation is likely to become important in
      the analysis of the molecular basis of pathogenicity. Transformation may be
      maintained either by using an autonomously replicating plasmid as a vehicle for
      the transforming DNA or through integration of the DNA into the chromosomes. In
      S. cerevisiae and other yeasts, a variety of autonomously replicating plasmids
      have been used successfully, some of them designed for use as shuttle vectors for
      Escherichia coli as well as for yeast transformation. Suitable plasmids are not
      yet available for use in filamentous fungi, in which stable transformation is
      dependent on chromosomal integration. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, integration of
      transforming DNA is virtually always by homology; in filamentous fungi, in
      contrast, it occurs just as frequently at nonhomologous (ectopic) chromosomal
      sites. The main importance of transformation in fungi at present is in connection
      with gene cloning and the analysis of gene function. The most advanced work is
      being done with S. cerevisiae, in which the virtual restriction of stable DNA
      integration to homologous chromosome loci enables gene disruption and gene
      replacement to be carried out with greater precision and efficiency than is
      possible in other species that show a high proportion of DNA integration events
      at nonhomologous (ectopic) sites. With a little more trouble, however, the
      methodology pioneered for S. cerevisiae can be applied to other fungi too.
      Transformation of fungi with DNA constructs designed for high gene expression and
      efficient secretion of gene products appears to have great commercial potential.

PMID- 2651863
TI  - Physiological and genetic responses of bacteria to osmotic stress.
AB  - The capacity of organisms to respond to fluctuations in their osmotic
      environments is an important physiological process that determines their
      abilities to thrive in a variety of habitats. The primary response of bacteria to
      exposure to a high osmotic environment is the accumulation of certain solutes,
      K+, glutamate, trehalose, proline, and glycinebetaine, at concentrations that are
      proportional to the osmolarity of the medium. The supposed function of these
      solutes is to maintain the osmolarity of the cytoplasm at a value greater than
      the osmolarity of the medium and thus provide turgor pressure within the cells.
      Accumulation of these metabolites is accomplished by de novo synthesis or by
      uptake from the medium. Production of proteins that mediate accumulation or
      uptake of these metabolites is under osmotic control. This review is an account
      of the processes that mediate adaptation of bacteria to changes in their osmotic
      environment.

PMID- 2651865
TI  - R-body-producing bacteria.
AB  - Until 10 years ago, R bodies were known only as diagnostic features by which
      endosymbionts of paramecia were identified as kappa particles. They were thought
      to be limited to the cytoplasm of two species in the Paramecium aurelia species
      complex. Now, R bodies have been found in free-living bacteria and other
      Paramecium species. The organisms now known to form R bodies include the
      cytoplasmic kappa endosymbionts of P. biaurelia and P. tetraurelia, the
      macronuclear kappa endosymbionts of P. caudatum, Pseudomonas avenae (a free
      living plant pathogen), Pseudomonas taeniospiralis (a hydrogen-oxidizing soil
      microorganism), Rhodospirillum centenum (a photosynthetic bacterium), and a soil
      bacterium, EPS-5028, which is probably a pseudomonad. R bodies themselves fall
      into five distinct groups, distinguished by size, the morphology of the R-body
      ribbons, and the unrolling behavior of wound R bodies. In recent years, the
      inherent difficulties in studying the organization and assembly of R bodies by
      the obligate endosymbiont kappa, have been alleviated by cloning and expressing
      genetic determinants for these R bodies (type 51) in Escherichia coli. Type 51 R
      body synthesis requires three low-molecular-mass polypeptides. One of these is
      modified posttranslationally, giving rise to 12 polypeptide species, which are
      the major structural subunits of the R body. R bodies are encoded in kappa
      species by extrachromosomal elements. Type 51 R bodies, produced in Caedibacter
      taeniospiralis, are encoded by a plasmid, whereas bacteriophage genomes probably
      control R-body synthesis in other kappa species. However, there is no evidence
      that either bacteriophages or plasmids are present in P. avenae or P.
      taeniospiralis. No sequence homology was detected between type 51 R-body-encoding
      DNA and DNA from any R-body-producing species, except C. varicaedens 1038. The
      evolutionary relatedness of different types of R bodies remains unknown.

PMID- 2651867
TI  - New findings in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
AB  - During the past several years, impressive progress has been achieved in the field
      of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Improved diagnosis and treatment of this
      disorder has brought about renewed interest and optimism. Newer biological
      findings as well as drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder are
      summarized here. A brief clinical description of obsessive-compulsive disorder is
      also included.

PMID- 2651868
TI  - [Knowing pemphigus].
AB  - The classification, pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of pemphigus
      are examined with emphasis' on the histopathological similarities of the
      elementary intraepithelial lesion and the histotopographical differences at
      epithelial level that differentiate the various types of pemphigus. In a detailed
      review of the pathogenesis of the condition, the circumstances propitious for the
      onset of pemphigus are identified as an HLA phenotype and the autoantigenic
      denaturation of the glycocalyx. The condition is described as vesicolobullous and
      is differentiated from similar bullous and non-bullous dermatoses. The most
      significant pictures of oral pemphigus are specified as are the basic elements of
      general and local treatment.

PMID- 2651869
TI  - [Recent findings on amelogenesis and mineralization of dental enamel].
AB  - The latest thinking reported by the literature on the amelogenesis and enamel
      mineralisation process has been synthesised.

PMID- 2651866
TI  - Microbial ureases: significance, regulation, and molecular characterization.
AB  - Microbial ureases hydrolyze urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Urease activity
      of an infectious microorganism can contribute to the development of urinary
      stones, pyelonephritis, gastric ulceration, and other diseases. In contrast to
      these harmful effects, urease activity of ruminal and gastrointestinal
      microorganisms can benefit both the microbe and host by recycling (thereby
      conserving) urea nitrogen. Microbial ureases also play an important role in
      utilization of environmental nitrogenous compounds and urea-based fertilizers.
      Urease is a high-molecular-weight, multimeric, nickel-containing enzyme. Its
      cytoplasmic location requires that urea enter the cell for utilization, and in
      some species energy-dependent urea uptake systems have been detected. Eucaryotic
      microorganisms possess a homopolymeric urease, analogous to the well-studied
      plant enzyme composed of six identical subunits. Gram-positive bacteria may also
      possess homopolymeric ureases, but the evidence for this is not conclusive. In
      contrast, ureases from gram-negative bacteria studied thus far clearly possess
      three distinct subunits with Mrs of 65,000 to 73,000 (alpha), 10,000 to 12,000
      (beta), and 8,000 to 10,000 (gamma). Tightly bound nickel is present in all
      ureases and appears to participate in catalysis. Urease genes have been cloned
      from several species, and nickel-containing recombinant ureases have been
      characterized. Three structural genes are transcribed on a single messenger
      ribonucleic acid and translated in the order gamma, beta, and then alpha. In
      addition to these genes, several other peptides are encoded in the urease operon
      of some species. The roles for these other genes are not firmly established, but
      may involve regulation, urea transport, nickel transport, or nickel processing.

PMID- 2651870
TI  - [Technical artifacts in biopsy of the oral cavity. I. Clinical and
      histopathologic aspects].
AB  - In the present work the problems of artifacts introduced in human oral biopsy
      specimens are discussed. The circumstances that can result in artifacts include:
      errors by the surgeon or assistant in handling the tissue at the time of biopsy,
      an improper fixation and faulty tissue processing. Different types of artifacts
      are described and illustrated and clinical and technical suggestions are given to
      prevent alterations of normal morphologic and cytologic features that can
      compromise an accurate diagnosis.

PMID- 2651871
TI  - [Radiological semeiology of the lacunar injuries of the mandible].
AB  - The paper discusses the radiological findings in the mandibular cavities on the
      basis of an anatomopathological classification system and suggests some useful
      criteria for definitive diagnosis. It concludes by stating that it is not always
      possible to define the radiological findings which allow us to understand the
      real nature of the lesion, whereas benign or malignant characteristics are quite
      easily recognisable.

PMID- 2651872
TI  - [Electromyographic evaluation of silent periods in the elevator muscles of the
      mandible in dysfunctional pathology of the temporo-mandibular joint].
AB  - After a brief review of the features and physiology of the silent period, its
      modifications in painful temporomandibular dysfunction are assessed with
      particular reference to their reliability in practical diagnosis. Six patients
      with the classic signs and symptoms as well as 7 healthy volunteers acting as
      controls were examined. In view of the results obtained as well as the
      discrepancies reported in the literature and the numerous variations in the
      methods used in stimulating, recording and measuring the silent period, it is
      concluded that this study can play no more than a supporting role in the
      diagnosis of the syndrome despite its value in experimental research.

PMID- 2651873
TI  - [Compound odontoma. Presentation of a clinical case].
AB  - After a short examination of odontomas, a clinical case is described in which the
      presence of a voluminous odontoma at the mandibular angle demanded a bone grafts
      to heal the residual cavity.

PMID- 2651874
TI  - [Nimesulide: multicenter clinical study for evaluation of its therapeutic effect
      in odontostomatology].
AB  - A Polycentric Study was carried out so as to assess the anti-inflammatory
      effectiveness and pain-killing activity of Nimesulide in Odontostomatological
      practice, in 78 patients suffering from alveolo-gingival and parodontal
      abscesses, consequences of tooth extraction, suppurated radicular cysts,
      dysodontiasis, osteitis, periodontitis, periostitis. The results obtained confirm
      the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect as well as the good tolerability of
      this drug.

PMID- 2651875
TI  - [Candida-host relationship: physiology and pathology].
AB  - The Authors give a detailed analysis of the potential virulence factors and
      possible pathogenic processes associated with candida. They qualify the
      interactions between local, general, natural and acquired defences, setting out
      the possible deficiency involved in the emergence of secondary candidiasis. They
      make a classificatory revision of forms of candidiasis on the basis of
      topographic, anatomo-pathologic criteria and of the course of the disease. They
      investigate the most significant aspects of the situations described especially
      in oral localization. An evaluation is made of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
      as a pathological affection in itself and in its correlation with H.I.V.
      infection.

PMID- 2651876
TI  - [Scleroderma: oral manifestations].
AB  - Oral signs of sclerodermia and dental implications are described. The disease can
      be classified among the collagenopathies and its onset often involves
      dermatological signs prior to involving other organs and systems.

PMID- 2651877
TI  - DNA supercoiling and temperature shift affect the promoter activity of the
      Escherichia coli rpoH gene encoding the heat-shock sigma subunit of RNA
      polymerase.
AB  - The effects of DNA supercoiling and temperature shift on the activity of two
      major promoters of the Escherichia coli rpoH gene, which codes for the heat-shock
      sigma subunit of RNA polymerase, were examined using an in vitro transcription
      system. Upstream promoter P1 is not affected by DNA supercoiling nor temperature
      upshift but downstream promoter P2 is enhanced by both of these factors. Both
      factors facilitate the formation of an open complex on rpoH P2, and these two
      effects are not additive. Hence these two factors act at the same step of
      transcription, probably the local unwinding of the DNA double helix at the
      promoter region. The different sensitivities of the rpoH major promoters to DNA
      supercoiling and temperature shift indicate that these promoters are under
      differential control. Taken together with the in vivo enhancement by heat shock
      of rpoH P2 transcription, we propose that at least one of the mechanism(s) of
      induction of sigma 32 synthesis by heat shock is the activation of the rpoH P2
      promoter by temperature up-shift.

PMID- 2651878
TI  - Structural and functional organization of ColE2 and ColE3 replicons.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequences of the 1.5 kb regions of ColE2 and ColE3
      plasmids containing the segments sufficient for autonomous replication have been
      determined. They are quite homologous (greater than 90%), indicating that these
      two plasmids share common mechanisms of initiation of replication and its
      regulation. An open reading frame with a coding capacity for a protein of about
      300 amino acids is present in both ColE2 and ColE3 and it actually specifies the
      Rep (for replication) protein, which is the plasmid specific trans-acting factor
      required for autonomous replication. The amino acid sequences of the Rep proteins
      of ColE2 and ColE3 are quite homologous (greater than 90%). The cis-acting sites
      (origins) where replication initiates in the presence of the trans-acting factors
      consist of 32 bp for ColE2 and 33bp for ColE3. They are the smallest of all the
      prokaryotic replication origins so far reported. They are nonhomologous only at
      two positions, one of which, a deletion of a single nucleotide in ColE2 (or an
      insertion in ColE3), determines the plasmid specificity in interaction of the
      origins with the Rep proteins. Both plasmids carry a region with an identical
      nucleotide sequence and the one in ColE2, the IncA region, has been shown to
      express incompatibility against both ColE2 and ColE3. These results indicate that
      these plasmids share a common IncA determinant. A possibility that a small anti
      sense RNA is involved in copy number control and incompatibility (IncA function)
      was suggested.

PMID- 2651879
TI  - A mutational analysis of the bacteriophage P1 cin recombinase gene: intragenic
      complementation.
AB  - Bacteriophage P1 encodes a site-specific recombinase, Cin, which regulates the
      alternate expression of tail fibre genes by inverting a DNA segment. To define
      regions of Cin important for the recombination process, we have isolated and
      characterised 24 different mutations of the cin gene. Most of these mutations
      affected amino acids that are highly conserved in other related recombinases.
      Some of these mutants complement each other in vivo. This intragenic
      complementation could be due to the assembly of heteromers containing both mutant
      proteins, suggesting that the active enzyme is at least a dimer.

PMID- 2651880
TI  - Transcriptional organization of the DNA region controlling expression of the K99
      gene cluster.
AB  - The transcriptional organization of the K99 gene cluster was investigated in two
      ways. First, the DNA region, containing the transcriptional signals was analyzed
      using a transcription vector system with Escherichia coli galactokinase (GalK) as
      assayable marker and second, an in vitro transcription system was employed. A
      detailed analysis of the transcription signals revealed that a strong promoter PA
      and a moderate promoter PB are located upstream of fanA and fanB, respectively.
      No promoter activity was detected in the intercistronic region between fanB and
      fanC. Factor-dependent terminators of transcription were detected and are
      probably located in the intercistronic region between fanA and fanB (T1), and
      between fanB and fanC (T2). A third terminator (T3) was observed between fanC and
      fanD and has an efficiency of 90%. Analysis of the regulatory region in an in
      vitro transcription system confirmed the location of the respective transcription
      signals. A model for the transcriptional organization of the K99 cluster is
      presented. Indications were obtained that the trans-acting regulatory
      polypeptides FanA and FanB both function as anti-terminators. A model for the
      regulation of expression of the K99 gene cluster is postulated.

PMID- 2651881
TI  - A new gene controlling the frequency of cell division per round of DNA
      replication in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A novel mutant of Escherichia coli, named cfcA1, was isolated from a temperature
      sensitive dnaB42 strain, and found to have the following characteristics.
      Division arrest and lethality induced by inhibition of DNA replication was
      reduced and delayed in the cfcA1 dnaB42 strain, as compared with the parental
      dnaB42 strain. Two types of inhibition of division induced by the addition of
      nalidixic acid or hydroxyurea were suppressed by the cfcA1 mutation. Under
      permissive conditions for DNA replication, the colony forming ability of cfcA1
      cells was significantly reduced as compared with that of cfc+ cells; conversely
      the division rate of cfcA1 cells was higher than that of cfc+ cells. The cfcA1
      mutation partially restored division arrest induced in the thermosensitive ftsZ84
      mutant at the restrictive temperature and suppressed the UV sensitivity of the
      lon mutation. The mutation was mapped at 79.2 min on the E. coli chromosome.
      Taking these properties into account, it is hypothesized that the cfcA gene is
      involved in determining the frequency of cell division per round of DNA
      replication by interacting with the FtsZ protein which is essential for cell
      division.

PMID- 2651882
TI  - Three distinct regulatory elements comprise the upstream promoter region of the
      nopaline synthase gene.
AB  - Fine deletion mutants were generated in the upstream control region of the
      nopaline synthase (nos) promoter to define the position and role of upstream
      regulatory elements. The results indicated that the 8 bp sequence (CAGAAACC) at 
      106/-113 and its inverted repeat (GGTTTCTG) at -140/-147 are important for
      promoter function. The downstream element appears more important than the
      upstream element since deletion of the former reduced promoter activity more
      significantly than deletion of the latter. Deletion of the element alone,
      however, did not abolish promoter function, whereas, deletion of the 10 bp
      potential Z-DNA-forming (Z) element located between the repeat elements nullified
      promoter activity. Therefore, it appears that the Z element is an essential
      upstream regulator and the repeated elements are upstream modulators of the nos
      promoter. These elements are functionally distinct since alteration of
      stereospecificity or insertion of short oligonucleotides between the elements did
      not significantly influence promoter activity. These regulatory elements were
      unable to function from 200 bp upstream of the CCAAT-TATA box region.

PMID- 2651883
TI  - Isolation of a formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (fpg) mutant of Escherichia
      coli K12.
AB  - The fpg+ gene of Escherichia coli coding for formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase
      was previously cloned on a multicopy plasmid. The plasmid copy of the fpg+ gene
      was inactivated by cloning a kanamycin resistance gene into the open reading
      frame, yielding the fpg-1::Knr mutation. This mutation was transferred to the
      chromosome in the following steps: (i) linearization of the plasmid bearing the
      fpg-1::Knr mutation and transformation of competent bacteria (recB recC sbcB);
      (ii) selection for chromosomal integration of the fpg-1::Knr mutation; (iii)
      phage P1 mediated transduction of the fpg-1::Knr mutation in the AB1157
      background. The resulting fpg- mutant exhibited no detectable Fapy-DNA
      glycosylase activity in crude lysates. The insertion mutation was localized by
      means of genetic crosses between mtl and pyrE, at 81.7 min on the E. coli linkage
      map. Sequence analysis confirmed this mapping and further showed that fpg is
      adjacent to rpmBG in the order fpg, rpmGB, pyrE. The formamidopyrimidine-DNA
      glycosylase defective strain does not show unusual sensitivity to the following
      DNA damaging treatments: (i) methylmethanesulfonate, (ii) N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitroso-guanidine, (iii) ultraviolet light, (iv) gamma-radiation. The fpg gene is
      neither part of the SOS regulon nor the adaptive response to alkylating agents.

PMID- 2651884
TI  - Genetic control of AAF-induced mutagenesis at alternating GC sequences: an
      additional role for RecA.
AB  - In a previous study, the forward mutation spectrum induced by the chemical
      carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene was determined (Koffel-Schwartz et
      al. 1984). It was found that 90% of the induced mutations are frameshift
      mutations located within specific sequences (mutation hot spots). Two classes of
      mutation hot spots were found: (i) -1 frameshift mutations occurring within runs
      of guanines (i.e. GGGG----GGG; (ii) -2 frameshift mutations occurring within the
      NarI recognition sequence (GGCGCC----GGCC). In the present work, we further
      investigate the genetic requirements of these frameshift events by using specific
      reversion assays. Like UV-induced mutagenesis, frameshift mutations occurring
      within runs of G's (also referred to as the "slippage pathway") require the
      activated form of the RecA protein (RecA*). On the other hand, frameshift
      mutations occurring at the NarI site (the "NarI mutation pathway") require a LexA
      controlled function(s) that is not UmuDC. The LexA-controlled gene(s) that is
      (are) involved in this pathway remain to be identified. Moreover, this pathway
      does not require RecA* for the proteolytic processing of a protein other than
      LexA (like the cleavage of UmuD in UV-induced mutagenesis). An "additional" role
      of RecA can be defined as follows: (i) The non-activated form of the RecA protein
      acts as an inhibitor in the NarI mutation pathway. (ii) This inhibition is
      relieved upon activation of RecA by UV irradiation of the bacteria. (iii) A recA
      deletion mutant is totally proficient in the NarI mutation pathway provided the
      SOS system is derepressed [lexA (Def) allele]. Therefore, RecA does not actively
      participate in the fixation of the mutation. A molecular model for this
      "additional" role of RecA is proposed.

PMID- 2651885
TI  - Novel cis-acting elements in Petunia Cab gene promoters.
AB  - In order to identify specific cis-acting elements which regulate the expression
      of the divergent Cab22R and Cab22L genes of Petunia, we conducted systematic
      mutational studies of the 1 kb intergenic promoter region. Sequence analysis
      revealed three GATA box sequence repeats positioned between the TATA and CAAT box
      elements. These GATA elements are conserved in corresponding promoter regions of
      all LHCII Type I Cab genes in Petunia and other dicotyledonous plants we have
      examined. Site-specific mutations in the CAAT box and the GATA box elements of
      the Cab22R promoter resulted in 8-fold and 5-fold reductions in Cab22R transcript
      levels respectively. A deletion of 52 bp, adjacent and upstream from the CAAT box
      (-92 to -145) in the Cab22R promoter reduced transcript levels 20-fold. This
      deletion contains a region of 13 bp which is conserved between many Petunia Cab
      genes. These results indicate that the quantitative expression of the Cab22
      promoters is regulated by multiple cis-acting elements including CAAT and GATA
      box elements as well as sequences located between -92 and -145. The deletion of
      the region between -92 and -145 is partially compensated by homologous sequences
      present in the adjacent divergent promoter Cab22L.

PMID- 2651886
TI  - A translocation associated, loss-of-function mutation in the nitrogen metabolite
      repression regulatory gene of Aspergillus nidulans can revert intracistronically.
AB  - The areAr-18 mutation is a loss-of-function mutation in areA, the positive acting
      regulatory gene mediating nitrogen metabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans.
      It results from a reciprocal translocation which splits the coding region into 5'
      and 3' moieties. Surprisingly, we have selected rare intracistronic revertants of
      areAr-18. From crosses heterozygous for areAr-18 revertant alleles, duplication
      deficiency progeny containing two copies of a substantial portion of chromosome
      IV but lacking part of chromosome III, including the 5' moiety of areA, have been
      obtained. For all four revertants analysed genetically, growth properties of
      these duplication-deficiency strains indicate that the reversion events involve
      the 3' portion of areA and that the 5' portion of areA is unnecessary for the
      revertant phenotype. This conclusion was directly confirmed for one revertant
      using Southern blotting. As all four reversion events involve additional
      chromosomal rearrangements, they probably fuse functional promoters, ribosome
      binding sites and 'in frame' initiation codons to the 3' portion of the gene. In
      the course of characterisation of these mutations, new mapping data for a large
      region of chromosome IV have been generated, and a new reciprocal translocation
      activating the cryptic regulatory gene areB, whose product can substitute for
      that of areA, has been identified.

PMID- 2651887
TI  - Accurate mapping of the Escherichia coli pepD gene by sequence analysis of its 5'
      flanking region.
AB  - A cloned DNA fragment, carrying the gene for peptidase D (pepD) of Escherichia
      coli, was partially sequenced. By purification of peptidase D and sequence
      determination of an amino-terminal oligopeptide the reading frame of the pepD
      gene, starting with a GTG initiator codon, was unambiguously identified. An
      overlap of the established nucleotide sequence with the previously sequenced 5'
      flanking region of the gpt gene allowed the exact distance between pepD and gpt
      to be calculated. The two genes are pointing towards each other and are separated
      by 260 bp. A search for open reading frames (ORFs) and the analysis of possible
      codon usage in the intercistronic region indicate the absence of an additional
      gene (lpcA) between pepD and gpt.

PMID- 2651888
TI  - Regulation of the phosphate regulon of Escherichia coli: characterization of the
      promoter of the pstS gene.
AB  - The pstS gene belongs to the phosphate regulon whose expression is induced by
      phosphate starvation and regulated positively by the PhoB protein. The phosphate
      (pho) box is a consensus sequence shared by the regulatory regions of the genes
      in the pho regulon. We constructed two series of deletion mutations in a plasmid
      in vitro, with upstream and downstream deletions in the promoter region of pstS,
      which contains two pho boxes in tandem, and studied their promoter activity by
      connecting them with a promoterless gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.
      Deletions extending into the upstream pho box but retaining the downstream pho
      box greatly reduced promoter activity, but the remaining activity was still
      regulated by phosphate levels in the medium and by the PhoB protein, indicating
      that each pho box is functional. No activity was observed in deletion mutants
      which lacked the remaining pho box or the -10 region. Therefore, the pstS
      promoter was defined to include the two pho boxes and the -10 region. The PhoB
      protein binding region in the pstS regulatory region was studied with the
      deletion plasmids by a gel-mobility retardation assay. The results suggest the
      protein binds to each pho box on the pstS promoter. A phoB deletion mutant was
      constructed, and we demonstrated that expression of pstS was strictly dependent
      on the function of the PhoB protein.

PMID- 2651889
TI  - Mutant invertase proteins accumulate in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - Intercompartmental transport of secreted proteins in yeast was analysed using
      invertase mutants. Deletions and insertions at the BamHI (position + 787) or the
      Asp718 (position + 1159) sites of the SUC2 gene led to mutant proteins with
      different behaviour regarding secretion, localization and enzyme activity. The
      deletion mutants showed accumulation of core glycosylated material in the
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) a decrease of secreted protein by 5%-30% and loss of
      enzyme activity. The secreted material was localized in the culture medium and
      not - as is normal for invertase - in the cell wall. No delay in transport from
      the Golgi to the cell surface was observed, indicating that the rate-limiting
      step for secretion is at the ER-Golgi stage. Two insertion mutants, pIPA and
      pIPB, retained enzyme activity. Mutant pIPB showed 10% secretion, while 60%-70%
      secretion was observed for pIPA. While the non-secreted material accumulated in
      the ER, the secreted material was present in the cell wall. The results suggest
      that the presence of structures incompatible with secretion leads to ER
      accumulation of mutated invertase.

PMID- 2651890
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a maize chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene
      that produces high levels of mRNA in the dark.
AB  - A cDNA library prepared using mRNA isolated from red-light irradiated maize
      seedlings was screened by a difference procedure for clones that represent red
      light regulated mRNA. Two such clones were found to represent mRNA for a
      chlorophyll a/b binding protein (CAB), and one of these (pAB1084) was used to
      screen a maize genomic library. One positive genomic clone (lambda AB1084) was
      isolated and sequenced. The gene represented by lambda AB1084, which we designate
      maize cab-1, contains extensive nucleotide homology within its protein coding
      region to CAB genes from other species. The boundaries of the transcribed region
      of the cab-1 gene were determined by S1 nuclease mapping. The 5' terminus of cab
      1 mRNA is located 52-54 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the translation start site
      and 34 nt downstream of a TATA box. As in the case of petunia CAB genes, several
      poly(A) addition sites are present in mRNA from the cab-1 gene. The 5' flanking
      DNA of cab-1 contains sequences related to elements that have been implicated in
      the light-regulated expression of CAB and rbcS genes in other plant systems.
      Quantitative Northern blot hybridization analysis using a gene specific probe for
      cab-1 indicates that the mRNA for this gene is present at 0.4% of the total mRNA
      and up to 80% of the total CAB mRNA in the leaves of dark-grown seedlings. In
      consequence, although the degree of up-regulation by white light is only moderate
      (3- to 6-fold), cab-1 transcripts account for approximately 2% of the mRNA in the
      leaves of light-grown seedlings.

PMID- 2651891
TI  - Structure and expression of the URA5 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The URA5 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes orotate phosphoribosyl
      transferase (EC 2.4.2.10; OPRTase) which catalyses the transformation of orotate
      to OMP in the pyrimidine pathway. We present in this paper the cloning and the
      sequencing of this gene, the last in the yeast pyrimidine pathway to be cloned.
      We have deduced the protein sequence of the OPRTase of S. cerevisiae from the DNA
      sequence and compared it to that of Escherichia coli, Podospora anserina and
      Dictyostelium discoideum. Some important similarities in the structure of these
      four proteins have been found. Finally, we have quantified the transcription of
      the URA5 gene in different physiological conditions and confirmed that it was not
      under the control of UTP or any intermediary product of the pathway.

PMID- 2651892
TI  - Effect of the pem system on stable maintenance of plasmid R100 in various
      Escherichia coli hosts.
AB  - We cloned the pem segment of plasmid R100 containing the two genes pemI and pemK,
      which are responsible for stable maintenance of R100 in dividing cells, into
      pHS1, a temperature-sensitive replication mutant of plasmid pSC101. We then
      examined the effect of the pem system on the maintenance of the resultant pem+
      plasmid pDOM17 in various Escherichia coli host strains upon inhibition of
      replication of the plasmid at a high temperature. We show that the pem+ plasmid
      was maintained stably in the cell population and efficiently in the two hosts,
      km1213 (polAts) and KP64 (recA), but less efficiently in others, such as W3110,
      C600, P3478 (polA), and SH2743 (sfiA sfiC); the rate of cell growth was reduced
      at or after the time when the copy number of pDOM17 was supposed to be 0 in all
      of the hosts examined. We also show that a large fraction of the non-viable
      pDOM17-free segregant cells was produced in the former two hosts, while a smaller
      fraction of such cells was produced in the latter hosts, in which cell division
      was inhibited for several generations. Based on these results and other
      observations, we point out that the pemK gene product has the function not to
      kill the plasmid-free segregant cells, but primarily to inhibit division of these
      segregants. Inhibition of cell division secondarily leads to death of the plasmid
      free segregants very efficiently in the two particular hosts, resulting in an
      apparently more stable maintenance of the pem+ plasmid in these two hosts than in
      others.

PMID- 2651893
TI  - Mutation of the promoter and LexA binding sites of cea, the gene encoding colicin
      E1.
AB  - Three mutations were introduced into the cea promoter using oligonucleotide
      directed mutagenesis. The resulting mutant promoter has the Escherichia coli
      consensus sequences at its - 35 and - 10 positions, separated by the optimal
      spacing. In addition, a plasmid with a mutation in one of the two LexA repressor
      binding sites in the cea regulatory region was isolated that decreases homology
      with the consensus LexA binding site. The effects of these mutations on cea
      expression were studied in cea-lacZ protein fusions. The promoter-up mutant, when
      present in a multicopy plasmid, showed a shorter induction lag when compared to
      the wild-type cea gene, and there was less of an effect of the catabolite
      repression system on cea expression. However, when present in a single copy in
      the bacterial chromosome, catabolite repression and an induction delay were
      observed, despite the increased strength of the promoter. The operator mutant
      showed a slightly higher basal level of expression, but was still repressible.
      Induction occurred with a shortened lag period, but the effects were not as great
      as with the promoter mutant. These results support the idea that tight repression
      by LexA contributes to the delay in cea induction.

PMID- 2651894
TI  - Dependence of inessential late gene expression on early meiotic events in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - SPR3 is one of at least nine genes which are expressed in sporulating
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells at the time of meiosis I. We show below that
      strains homozygous for null alleles of SPR3 are capable of normal meiosis and the
      production of viable ascospores. We have also monitored SPR3 expression in a
      series of strains that are defective in meiotic development, using an SPR3:lacZ
      fusion carried on a single copy plasmid. beta-Galactosidase activity occurred at
      wild-type levels in diploid strains homozygous for mutations in spo13, rad50,
      rad57 and cdc9, but was greatly reduced in strains carrying cdc8 or spo7 defects.
      We conclude that SPR3 expression is a valid monitor of early meiotic development,
      even though the gene is inessential for the sporulation process.

PMID- 2651895
TI  - Novel class of nuclear genes involved in both mRNA splicing and protein synthesis
      in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria.
AB  - We have cloned three distinct nuclear genes, NAM1, NAM7, and NAM8, which
      alleviate mitochondrial intron mutations of the cytochrome b and COXI (subunit I
      of cytochrome oxidase) genes when present on multicopy plasmids. These nuclear
      genes show no sequence homology to each other and are localized on different
      chromosomes: NAM1 on chromosome IV, NAM7 on chromosome XIII and NAM8 on
      chromosome VIII. Sequence analysis of the NAM1 gene shows that it encodes a
      protein of 440 amino acids with a typical presequence that would target the
      protein to the mitochondrial matrix. Inactivation of the NAM1 gene by gene
      transplacement leads to a dramatic reduction of the overall synthesis of
      mitochondrial protein, and a complete absence of the COXI protein which is the
      result of a specific block in COXI pre-mRNA splicing. The possible mechanisms by
      which the NAM1 gene product may function are discussed.

PMID- 2651896
TI  - DNA polymerase I is required for premeiotic DNA replication and sporulation but
      not for X-ray repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - We have used a set of seven temperature-sensitive mutants in the DNA polymerase I
      gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate the role of DNA polymerase I in
      various aspects of DNA synthesis in vivo. Previously, we showed that DNA
      polymerase I is required for mitotic DNA replication. Here we extend our studies
      to several stages of meiosis and repair of X-ray-induced damage. We find that
      sporulation is blocked in all of the DNA polymerase temperature-sensitive mutants
      and that premeiotic DNA replication does not occur. Commitment to meiotic
      recombination is only 2% of wild-type levels. Thus, DNA polymerase I is essential
      for these steps. However, repair of X-ray-induced single-strand breaks is not
      defective in the DNA polymerase temperature-sensitive mutants, and DNA polymerase
      I is therefore not essential for repair of such lesions. These results suggest
      that DNA polymerase II or III or both, the two other nuclear yeast DNA
      polymerases for which roles have not yet been established, carry out repair in
      the absence of DNA polymerase I, but that DNA polymerase II and III cannot
      compensate for loss of DNA polymerase I in meiotic replication and recombination.
      These results do not, however, rule out essential roles for DNA polymerase II or
      III or both in addition to that for DNA polymerase I.

PMID- 2651897
TI  - Dominant yeast and mammalian RAS mutants that interfere with the CDC25-dependent
      activation of wild-type RAS in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Two mutant alleles of RAS2 were discovered that dominantly interfere with wild
      type RAS function in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An amino acid
      substitution which caused the dominant interference was an alanine for glycine at
      position 22 or a proline for alanine at position 25. Analogous mutations in human
      H-ras also dominantly inhibited RAS function when expressed in yeast cells. The
      inhibitory effects of the mutant RAS2 or H-ras genes could be overcome by
      overexpression of CDC25, but only in the presence of wild-type RAS. These results
      suggest that these mutant RAS genes interfere with the normal interaction of RAS
      and CDC25 proteins and suggest that this interaction is direct and has
      evolutionarily conserved features.

PMID- 2651898
TI  - Functional identification of regulatory elements within the promoter region of
      platelet-derived growth factor 2.
AB  - Human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is composed of two polypeptide
      chains, PDGF-1 and PDGF-2, the human homolog of the v-sis oncogene. Deregulation
      of PDGF-2 expression can confer a growth advantage to cells possessing the
      cognate receptor and, thus, may contribute to the malignant phenotype. We
      investigated the regulation of PDGF-2 mRNA expression during megakaryocytic
      differentiation of K562 cells. Induction by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
      (TPA) led to a greater than 200-fold increase in PDGF-2 transcript levels in
      these cells. Induction was dependent on protein synthesis and was not enhanced by
      cycloheximide exposure. In our initial investigation of the PDGF-2 promoter, a
      minimal promoter region, which included sequences extending only 42 base pairs
      upstream of the TATA signal, was found to be as efficient as 4 kilobase pairs
      upstream of the TATA signal in driving expression of a reporter gene in uninduced
      K562 cells. We also functionally identified different regulatory sequence
      elements of the PDGF-2 promoter in TPA-induced K562 cells. One region acted as a
      transcriptional silencer, while another region was necessary for maximal activity
      of the promoter in megakaryoblasts. This region was shown to bind nuclear factors
      and was the target for trans-activation in normal and tumor cells. In one tumor
      cell line, which expressed high PDGF-2 mRNA levels, the presence of the positive
      regulatory region resulted in a 30-fold increase in promoter activity. However,
      the ability of the minimal PDGF-2 promoter to drive reporter gene expression in
      uninduced K562 cells and normal fibroblasts, which contained no detectable PDGF-2
      transcripts, implies the existence of other negative control mechanisms beyond
      the regulation of promoter activity.

PMID- 2651899
TI  - A cysteine-rich nuclear protein activates yeast metallothionein gene
      transcription.
AB  - The ACE1 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for copper
      inducible transcription of the metallothionein gene (CUP1). The sequence of the
      cloned ACE1 gene predicted an open reading frame for translation of a 225-amino
      acid polypeptide. This polypeptide was characterized by an amino-terminal half
      rich in cysteine residues and positively charged amino acids. The arrangement of
      many of the 12 cysteines in the configuration Cys-X-Cys or Cys-X-X-Cys suggested
      that the ACE1 protein may bind metal ions. The carboxyl-terminal half of the ACE1
      protein was devoid of cysteines but was highly acidic in nature. The ability of a
      bifunctional ACE1-beta-galactosidase fusion protein to accumulate in yeast cell
      nuclei was consistent with the possibility that ACE1 plays a direct role in the
      regulation of copper-inducible transcription of the yeast metallothionein gene.

PMID- 2651900
TI  - Identification of an upstream activating sequence and an upstream repressible
      sequence of the pyruvate kinase gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - To clarify carbon source-dependent control of the glycolytic pathway in the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have initiated a study of transcriptional regulation
      of the pyruvate kinase gene (PYK). By deletion analysis of the 5'-noncoding
      region of the PYK gene, we have identified an upstream activating sequence
      (UASPYK1) located between 634 and 653 nucleotides upstream of the initiating ATG
      codon. The promoter activity of the PYK 5'-noncoding region was abolished when
      the sequence containing the UASPYK1 was deleted from the region. Synthetic
      UASPYK1 (26mer), in either orientation, was able to restore the transcriptional
      activity of UAS-depleted mutants when placed upstream of the TATA sequence
      located at -199 (ATG as +1). While the UASPYK1 was required for basal to
      intermediate levels of transcriptional activation, a sequence between -714 and 
      811 was found to be necessary for full activation. On the other hand, a sequence
      between -344 and -468 was found to be responsible for transcriptional repression
      of the PYK gene when yeast cells were grown on nonfermentable carbon sources.
      This upstream repressible sequence also repressed transcription, although to a
      lesser extent, when glucose was present in the medium. The possible mechanism for
      carbon source-dependent regulation of PYK expression through these cis-acting
      regulatory elements is discussed.

PMID- 2651901
TI  - A ras-dependent pathway abolishes activity of a muscle-specific enhancer upstream
      from the muscle creatine kinase gene.
AB  - Differentiation of skeletal myoblasts is accompanied by induction of a series of
      tissue-specific genes whose products are required for the specialized functions
      of the mature muscle fiber. The program for myogenic differentiation is subject
      to negative control by several peptide growth factors and by the products of
      mutationally activated ras oncogenes, which persistently activate intracellular
      cascades normally triggered by specific growth factors. Previously, we reported
      that induction of the muscle creatine kinase (mck) gene during myogenesis was
      dependent on a distal upstream enhancer that cooperated with a proximal promoter
      to direct high levels of expression in developing muscle cells (E. A. Sternberg,
      G. Spizz, W. M. Perry, D. Vizard, T. Weil, and E. N. Olson, Mol. Cell. Biol.
      8:2896-2909). To investigate the mechanisms whereby ras blocks the induction of
      muscle-specific genes, we have examined the ability of mck 5' regulatory elements
      to direct expression of the linked reporter gene for chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase (cat) in C2 myoblasts bearing mutant N-ras and H-ras oncogenes.
      In this paper we report that expression of activated ras alleles abolishes
      activity of the mck upstream enhancer but does not affect the activity of the mck
      promoter. The ability of ras to repress the expression of mck-cat fusion genes
      that have been transfected either transiently or stably into myoblasts suggests
      that ras may exert its effects on muscle-specific genes through mechanisms
      independent of chromatin configurations or DNA methylation. These results also
      suggest that ras blocks establishment of the myogenic phenotype by preventing the
      accumulation of regulatory factors required for transcriptional induction of
      muscle-specific genes.

PMID- 2651902
TI  - Identification of sequences responsible for transcriptional activation of the
      allantoate permease gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - DAL5 is a constitutively expressed allantoin system gene whose product is
      required for allantoate transport. Its simple pattern of expression prompted us
      to use this gene for identifying the element(s) that mediates transcriptional
      activation of allantoin system genes. Deletion analysis of the DAL5 5'-flanking
      sequences resulted in identification of two small regions required for DAL5
      expression. Analysis of these two regions with synthetic oligonucleotides
      localized the sequences supporting transcriptional activation to two DNA
      fragments of 10 to 12 base pairs, each containing one copy of the pentanucleotide
      5'-GATAA-3'. The 5'-flanking region of DAL5 contained eight copies of this
      sequence. Synthetic constructions containing single copies of these fragments
      were unable to support transcriptional activation, while those containing two or
      more copies supported high-level activation. The 5'-GATAA-3' sequence was also
      found beneath the footprint of a DNA-binding protein. These observations are
      consistent with the suggestion that DNA fragments containing the sequence 5'
      GATAA-3' play an important role in DAL5 gene expression, probably representing a
      portion of the binding site for a transcriptional activation factor.

PMID- 2651903
TI  - The bcl-2 candidate proto-oncogene product is a 24-kilodalton integral-membrane
      protein highly expressed in lymphoid cell lines and lymphomas carrying the
      t(14;18) translocation.
AB  - We have identified a 24-kilodalton protein that is the product of the human bcl-2
      gene, implicated as an oncogene because of its presence at the site of t(14;18)
      translocation breakpoints. The Bcl-2 protein was detected by specific, highly
      sensitive rabbit antibodies and was shown to be present in a number of human
      lymphoid cell lines and tissues, as well as in mouse B cells transfected with a
      bcl-2 cDNA construct. Characterization of the Bcl-2 protein demonstrated that it
      has a lipophilic nature and is associated with membrane structures, probably by
      means of its hydrophobic carboxy-terminal membrane-spanning domain. In t(14;18)
      carrying cell lines, the protein is predominantly localized to the perinuclear
      endoplasmic reticulum, with a minor fraction in the plasma membrane. These
      properties, together with the observations that Bcl-2 does not have a
      characteristic signal peptide and is not glycosylated, suggest that it is an
      integral-membrane protein that spans the bilayer at its C-terminal hydrophobic
      region but is exposed only at the cytoplasmic surface. The relative abundance of
      the Bcl-2 protein in various human lymphoid cell lines correlated with
      transcription of the bcl-2 gene. The protein was abundant in all t(14;18)
      carrying cell lines and lymphomas and was also found at lower levels in pre-B
      cell lines and nonmalignant lymphoid tissues that do not carry t(14;18)
      translocations. These results suggest that the Bcl-2 protein is functional in
      normal B lymphocytes and that a quantitative difference in its expression may
      play a role in the pathogenesis of lymphomas carrying the t(14;18) translocation.

PMID- 2651904
TI  - A yeast mutation that stabilizes a plasmid bearing a mutated ARS1 element.
AB  - To identify the trans-acting factors involved in autonomously replicating
      sequence (ARS) function, we initiated a screen for Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      mutants capable of stabilizing a plasmid that contains a defective ARS element.
      The amm (altered minichromosome maintenance) mutations recovered in this screen
      defined at least four complementation groups. amm1, a mutation that has been
      studied in detail, gave rise to a 17-fold stabilization of one defective ARS1
      plasmid over the level seen in wild-type cells. The mutation also affected the
      stability of at least one plasmid bearing a wild-type ARS element. amm1 is an
      allele of the previously identified TUP1 gene and exhibited the same pleiotropic
      phenotypes as other tup1 mutants. Plasmid maintenance was also affected in
      strains bearing a TUP1 gene disruption. Like the amm1 mutant, the tup1 disruption
      mutant exhibited ARS-specific plasmid stabilization; however, the ARS
      specificities of these two mutants differed. The recovery of second-site
      mutations that suppressed many of the tup1 phenotypes but not the increased
      plasmid maintenance demonstrates that the plasmid stability phenotype of tup1
      mutants is not a consequence of the other defects caused by tup1.

PMID- 2651905
TI  - A yeast protein possesses the DNA-binding properties of the adenovirus major late
      transcription factor.
AB  - The adenovirus major late transcription factor (MLTF), or upstream stimulatory
      factor, is a human promoter-specific transcription factor which recognizes the
      near-palindromic sequence GGCCACGTGACC (R. W. Carthew, L. A. Chodosh, and P. A.
      Sharp, Cell 43:439-448, 1985; L. A. Chodosh, R. W. Carthew, and P. A. Sharp, Mol.
      Cell. Biol. 6:4723-4733, 1986; M. Sawadogo and R. G. Roeder, Cell 43:165-175,
      1985). We describe here a protein found in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      which possesses DNA-binding properties that are virtually identical to those of
      human MLTF. These two proteins recognize the same DNA-binding site, make the same
      purine nucleotide contacts, and are affected in the same manner by mutations in
      the MLTF-binding site.

PMID- 2651906
TI  - Individual protein-binding domains of the insulin gene enhancer positively
      activate beta-cell-specific transcription.
AB  - A beta-cell-specific enhancer is located in the 5'-flanking DNA of the rat
      insulin 1 gene. Two homologous 8-base-pair sequences in the enhancer (IEB1 and
      IEB2) significantly stimulated transcription from a heterologous promoter (two-
      to fourfold) in a cell-specific fashion. When the elements were combined or
      duplicated, more than 50% of the activity of the intact enhancer was obtained.
      These two cis-acting elements appear to play a dominant role in the positive
      control of beta-cell-specific transcription of the insulin gene.

PMID- 2651907
TI  - Detection of a Myc-associated protein by chemical cross-linking.
AB  - A single nuclear protein (Myc-associated protein) can be specifically cross
      linked to avian Myc proteins by treatment of nuclei or cells with the reversible
      cross-linker dimethyl 3,3'-dithiobis-propionimidate. Myc-associated protein has a
      molecular weight of approximately 500,000, is not detectably phosphorylated and,
      in contrast to Myc, has a long apparent half-life of greater than 3 h.

PMID- 2651908
TI  - Combined immunohistochemistry for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and pro
      GnRH, and in situ hybridization for GnRH messenger ribonucleic acid in rat brain.
AB  - Experiments were performed to explore the distribution of neurons containing pro
      GnRH and GnRH in the rat brain and to determine the correspondence of
      immunoreactive peptides and pro-GnRH mRNA. Using avidin-biotin
      immunohistochemistry on free floating vibratome sections it was found that pro
      GnRH- and GnRH-containing cells exhibited a similar distribution within the
      preoptic area-basal hypothalamus region. Within individual neurons pro-GnRH was
      primarily detected in the cell soma and proximal fibers, whereas the decapeptide
      was present in cells, fibers, and nerve terminals. Combined avidin-biotin
      immunohistochemistry for GnRH or pro-GnRH peptides and in situ hybridization for
      pro-GnRH mRNA using a cRNA probe revealed that the peptides and mRNA could be
      detected in the same cells. In both male and female rats pro-GnRH mRNA was
      localized primarily in GnRH-containing cells; however, not all immunoreactive
      GnRH neurons contained detectable levels of pro-GnRH mRNA, and not all neurons
      containing pro-GnRH mRNA contained GnRH peptides. In proestrous females a close
      correlation existed between the total number of neurons containing GnRH and those
      containing pro-GnRH mRNA (r = 0.84-0.9), while in intact male rats the
      correlation was not as high (r = 0.56). These results document the distribution
      of pro-GnRH and GnRH in the rat preoptic area-basal hypothalamus and describe the
      extent of colocalization of GnRH peptide and pro-GnRH mRNA in proestrous females
      and intact male rats. Further work will determine how each of the molecular
      components is regulated during different reproductive states.

PMID- 2651909
TI  - Use of the membrane filtration technique and Staib agar for the detection of
      Cryptococcus neoformans in the urine of AIDS patients--a contribution to
      diagnosis, therapy and pathogenesis of cryptococcosis.
AB  - For the cultural control of Cryptococcus neoformans (Cr.n.), among the routinely
      examined standard specimens like CSF, sputum, blood, etc., urine earns special
      attention. The combination of membrane filtration technique (MFT) and Staib agar
      for the detection of Cr.n. from body fluids as described by Staib in 1963 was
      used for the cultural isolation of Cr.n. from urine of AIDS patients. In 3
      examplary cases the diagnostic significance of this method could be demonstrated:
      The brown colour effect (BCE) of Cr.n. of a single CFU, as well as in colonies
      growing with a high density, was produced on average within 3-5 d/26 degrees C.
      The method was found to be useful for the evaluation of antimycotic therapy. One
      example of the survival of a few CFUs of Cr.n. under treatment with fluconazole
      as compared to the efficacy of therapy with amphotericin B + flucytosine, and one
      example of a re-emergence of Cr.n. in the urogenital tract after a too short
      duration of treatment with amphotericin B + flucytosine are shown. For the
      exclusion of the survival of single CFUs of Cr.n. in the urogenital tract of
      males, quantities up to 1 l of urine for the combination of MFT and Staib agar
      are proposed. As a secondary observation, it was found that this diagnostic
      combination in addition to its primary purpose, can serve to detect the metabolic
      end products of the human body present in urine which may influence capsule
      formation of Cr.n. neoformans.

PMID- 2651910
TI  - High level sequence homology between a Plasmodium chabaudi heat shock protein
      gene and its Plasmodium falciparum equivalent.

PMID- 2651911
TI  - Structure and expression of the Plasmodium falciparum SERA gene.
AB  - Plasmodium falciparum, strain FCR3, genomic DNA that encodes the SERA gene of P.
      falciparum was isolated and sequenced. The SERA gene coding region was
      interrupted by 3 introns, the largest number observed, so far, in any Plasmodium
      gene. Two SERA gene alleles, allele I and allele II, were identified in the FCR3
      strain, while only allele I was found in the Honduras-1 strain. Allele I mRNA was
      abundant in vivo during the late trophozoite and schizont stages. Allele II mRNA
      was either not expressed, or it was labile.

PMID- 2651912
TI  - Further characterization and partial amino acid sequence of a cysteine proteinase
      from Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - A cysteine proteinase from epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, Tul 2 stock, has
      been purified to homogeneity from cell-free extracts obtained by freezing and
      thawing, by a procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Sephacel
      chromatography, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200; when necessary, further
      purification was attained by fast protein liquid chromatography on Mono Q and
      Superose 6 columns. The purified enzyme was strongly inhibited by leupeptin,
      antipain and chymostatin (I50 values of 0.25, 0.75 and 1 microM, respectively),
      little inhibited by elastatinal, and unaffected by pepstatin A. The enzyme is a
      glycoprotein, as shown by binding to ConA-Sepharose and elution with alpha-methyl
      D-mannopyranoside and alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside. Partial amino acid
      sequences were obtained from the N-terminal end (32 amino acids) of the
      carbamidomethylated enzyme, and from a tryptic peptide (14 amino acids) of the
      pyridylethylated enzyme. Both regions show considerable homology with papain and
      some cathepsins, such as cathepsin L, thus showing that the enzyme belongs to the
      cysteine proteinase family.

PMID- 2651913
TI  - Subcellular localization of a cysteine proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, Tulahuen strain, Tul 2 stock, contain a
      cysteine proteinase able to degrade azocasein at pH 5. This enzyme activity was
      extracted from whole cells by digitonin concentrations higher than those required
      for cytosolic markers, lower than those required for glycosomal and mitochondrial
      markers, and very similar to those required for solubilization of the acidic
      alpha-mannosidase. Both, the azocasein-degrading proteinase and the alpha
      mannosidase, showed similar latency and distribution in subcellular fractions
      (the large granule fraction was the most active), and the same behavior in
      isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation; a broad peak centered at an
      equilibrium density of about 1.15 g cm-3, with a shoulder between 1.07 and 1.10 g
      cm-3, was obtained for both enzymes. The results suggest that the cysteine
      proteinase activity is placed in the lysosomes.

PMID- 2651914
TI  - Purification of a 44 kilodalton protease which mediates the ecdysis of infective
      Haemonchus contortus larvae.
AB  - We have characterized and purified a parasite protease which mediates the ecdysis
      of Haemonchus contortus, and at least several other ruminant trichostrongyles.
      The protease, with an apparent approximate molecular weight of 44,000, is a zinc
      metalloprotein which hydrolyzes several large protein substrates in in vitro
      assays. In vivo and in biological assays on isolated second molt cuticles this
      protease hydrolyzes a specific circular region of the second stage cuticle which
      results in removal of a cuticular cap, providing a rapid and synchronous method
      for the escape of infective larvae during the transition from free-living to
      parasitic environments.

PMID- 2651915
TI  - Detection of parasite peptidase in the plasma of heifers infected with
      Trypanosoma congolense.
AB  - Plasma samples from heifers infected with Trypanosoma congolense were shown to
      contain a parasite peptidase. In some instances, trypanosome peptidase was
      detected in plasma samples taken from heifers for up to 14 days after infections
      had been successfully treated with diminazene aceturate (Berenil). Trypanosome
      peptidase was detected in plasma using starch gel electrophoresis and also by a
      dot blot assay in which a McAb, raised against the enzyme, was spotted onto
      nitrocellulose filters which were then used to absorb enzyme from the samples.
      The molecular weight of the enzyme was approximately 60,000. The possible role
      that a trypanosome peptidase may play in inducing pathology and its use in the
      diagnosis of infection and disease are discussed.

PMID- 2651916
TI  - Expression of Trypanosoma brucei procyclin as a fusion protein in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - Procyclin, a glycoprotein surface antigen of procyclic forms of Trypanosoma
      brucei, was expressed in Escherichia coli as a cro-beta-galactosidase fusion
      protein. Antibodies produced in rabbits immunised with gel-purified fusion
      protein bound to the surface of living procyclic culture forms in indirect
      immunofluorescence assays and were able to immunoprecipitate procyclin from
      lysates of trypanosomes biosynthetically labelled with tritiated proline. In
      addition, the antibodies recognised synthetic peptides corresponding to three
      different regions of the procyclin molecule, including a glutamic acid-proline
      dipeptide repeat. The results indicate that T. brucei procyclin expressed as a
      fusion protein is immunogenic and antigenically intact. In contrast, no rabbit
      antibodies could be produced against a 16-amino-acid synthetic peptide consisting
      of the dipeptide repeat, even when the peptide was coupled to carrier proteins.

PMID- 2651917
TI  - Molecular karyotyping of the rodent malarias Plasmodium chabaudi, Plasmodium
      berghei and Plasmodium vinckei.
AB  - The molecular karyotypes of four isolates of Plasmodium chabaudi, three of the
      subspecies P. chabaudi adami and one P. chabaudi chabaudi, as well as P. berghei
      and P. vinckei were studied by means of pulsed field gradient (PFG) gel
      electrophoresis. Each species appears to have 14 chromosomes, ranging in size
      from approximately 730 kb to greater than 2000 kb. The three P. chabaudi adami
      isolates did not appear any more similar to each other than to the P. c. chabaudi
      isolate. The chromosome locations of genes for a heat shock protein (hsp) 70,
      ribosomal RNA (rRNA), the precursor to the major merozoite surface proteins,
      dihydrofolate reductase and P. falciparum antigen 352 as well as four cloned DNA
      markers and a telomere probe were determined. However, a number of probes
      representing cloned P. falciparum antigens failed to hybridize to P. chabaudi
      DNA. Hence genes for malaria antigens appear to be much more divergent than genes
      for housekeeping functions.

PMID- 2651918
TI  - A study of red cell membrane properties in relation to malarial invasion.
AB  - The shape and mechanical properties of human red cells were modified in several
      ways and the consequences for the efficiency of invasion by Plasmodium falciparum
      in culture were investigated. Inhibition of invasion by depletion of ATP was
      shown to be unrelated to cell shape or deformability changes. Treatment of cells
      with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), which dissociates some 70% of the native spectrin
      tetramers into the dimer, grossly reduced deformation of the cells under shear
      and increased by a factor of two or more the shear elastic modulus, as measured
      by the micropipette aspiration technique. Cells thus treated were efficiently
      invaded by P. falciparum (ca. 75% of control). In a population of cells
      pretreated with chlorpromazine, parasites were found in stomatocytic cells which
      were highly undeformable under shear. There was also considerable invasion into
      cells from subjects with hereditary pyropoikilocytosis, and two types of
      elliptocytosis. Cells treated with wheat germ agglutinin showed a dose-dependent
      increase in rigidity; a fivefold increase in elastic modulus (with total loss of
      deformation under shear in our conditions) still permitted invasion at a level of
      50% of the control. The results suggest that gross mechanical properties of the
      membrane per se, at least within any physiologically relevant range, are unlikely
      to be the primary determinant of malarial invasion; this may instead be linked to
      the freedom of membrane proteins to migrate in the course of entry of the
      parasite.

PMID- 2651919
TI  - Polymorphism of a 35-48 kDa Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen.
AB  - Glycoproteins of the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum were labelled
      with radioactive glucosamine and analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis.
      Four major glycoproteins were detected in all eight parasite isolates studied.
      Two of the glycoproteins, designated GP2 and GP4, were invariant among the
      isolates, while the other two GP1 and GP3 were found to be polymorphic in both
      their biochemical and antigenic properties. By immunoblotting and
      immunoprecipitation with specific monoclonal antibodies, the two polymorphic
      glycoproteins were identified as surface antigens of merozoites.

PMID- 2651920
TI  - Antimalarial action of nitrobenzylthioinosine in combination with purine
      nucleoside antimetabolites.
AB  - The infection of human erythrocytes by two strains of the human malarial
      parasite, Plasmodium falciparum (FCQ-27 or the multi-drug-resistant strain K-1),
      markedly changed the transport characteristics of the nucleosides, adenosine and
      tubercidin, compared to uninfected erythrocytes. A component of the transport of
      these nucleosides was insensitive to the classical mammalian nucleoside transport
      inhibitor nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR). In vitro studies with tubercidin
      demonstrated ID50 values of 0.43 and 0.51 microM for FCQ-27 and K-1,
      respectively. In addition, the nucleoside transport inhibitors NBMPR,
      nitrobenzylthioguanosine (NBTGR), dilazep and dipyridamole also independently
      exhibited antimalarial activity in vitro. The combination of tubercidin and NBMPR
      or NBTGR in vitro demonstrated synergistic activity, whilst tubercidin together
      with dilazep or dipyridamole showed subadditive activity. Analysis by HPLC
      indicated that NBMPR could permeate the infected cell membrane and provided
      evidence for the catabolism of NBMPR in vitro, with subsequent alteration of the
      purine pool in the infected erythrocyte. These observations further indicated the
      possibility of the utilization of cytotoxic nucleosides against P. falciparum
      infection in conjunction with a nucleoside transport inhibitor to protect the
      host tissue.

PMID- 2651921
TI  - Mitochondria as the site of action of tetracycline on Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Rhodamine 123 (Rh 123) was used as a fluorescent probe for the mitochondria of
      the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. On treatment with tetracycline in
      vitro, a marked decrease in the percentage of parasites with Rh123 fluorescence
      in the mitochondria was observed in parallel with an increase in the percentage
      of parasites with abnormal morphology during onset of decrease in parasitemia.
      Similar results were obtained, over a shorter time period, with 2,4
      dinitrophenol. However, the percentage of parasites with fluorescence did not
      decrease with increase in parasite abnormal morphology or decrease in parasitemia
      on treatment with pyrimethamine or cycloheximide. Isoelectric focusing-SDS gel
      electrophoresis of radiolabelled parasite proteins showed two components of 95
      and 85 kDa, the synthesis of which was sensitive to tetracycline, but not
      cycloheximide. It is concluded that tetracycline exerts its action through the
      effect on parasite mitochondria and mitochondrial protein synthesis.

PMID- 2651922
TI  - Use of chitinase to facilitate detection of protozoan, helminth and single copy
      genes in squashed whole mosquitoes.
AB  - The application of DNA probes to detect foreign DNA in whole arthropods has been
      limited by the inability of the probes to distinguish between small quantities of
      target DNA and the background signal generated by non-specific hybridization of
      mosquito material. We report that treatment of nitrocellulose filters upon which
      mosquitoes have been squashed with chitinase and proteinase K eliminates non
      specific hybridization of DNA probes to mosquito components. Using this technique
      we have been able to detect a single larva of Brugia malayi, sporozoites of
      Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei, and a single-copy gene in directly
      squashed vector mosquitoes. Use of this simple, rapid technique should facilitate
      the successful use of DNA probes in field studies.

PMID- 2651923
TI  - The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the Plasmodium falciparum (FCB1) merozoite
      surface antigens of 42 and 36 kilodalton, both derived from the 185-195
      kilodalton precursor.
AB  - The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the 42- and 36-kDa Plasmodium falciparum
      (strain FCB1) merozoite surface polypeptides, both processing fragments from the
      185-195-kDa polymorphic glycoprotein, have been obtained. The N-terminus of the
      42-kDa fragment is located in the amino acid sequence of the precursor molecule
      at amino acid residue 1255 (numbering according to Mackay, M., Goman, M., Bone,
      N., Hyde, J.E., Scaife, J., Certa, U., Stunnenberg, H. and Bujard, H. (1985) EMBO
      J. 4, 3823-3829). The peptide bond cleaved during processing is Glu-Ala. This
      fragment is derived from the C-terminal end of the precursor molecule. The N
      terminus of the 36-kDa fragment is located in the precursor molecule at amino
      acid residue 902 (numbering as above), and the bond cleaved is Asn-Asp.

PMID- 2651924
TI  - A randomized study of maintenance therapy with ranitidine to prevent the
      recurrence of duodenal ulcer.
AB  - After an active duodenal ulcer has healed in response to medical therapy, the
      rate of recurrence during the subsequent year is relatively high. We therefore
      enrolled 140 patients with healed duodenal ulcers in a two-year randomized,
      double-blind trial comparing maintenance therapy (ranitidine, 150 mg nightly)
      with placebo for the prevention of recurrent duodenal ulceration. We performed
      endoscopy annually and when symptoms suggested the recurrence of ulcers. Verified
      recurrent ulcers in either group were treated for four or eight weeks with open
      label ranitidine (150 mg twice a day). Patients whose ulcers healed within eight
      weeks resumed randomized treatment. Prophylactic therapy with ranitidine reduced
      the rate of ulcer relapses from 63 percent in the placebo group to 37 percent in
      the ranitidine group (P less than 0.05). Treatment with ranitidine extended the
      median ulcer-free interval from one to two years (P less than 0.05). The first
      recurrences of ulcer were asymptomatic in half the ranitidine group and in a
      quarter of the placebo group. Prophylactic therapy with ranitidine also reduced
      the frequency of recurrent ulcers that were unhealed by eight weeks, that were
      bleeding, that were in the stomach, or that were the second recurrent ulcer
      within six months, from 43 percent in the placebo group to 21 percent. Patients
      who drank alcohol, smoked, had a history of ulcer disease, or had duodenal
      scarring or erosion at the time of entry into the study were at the greatest risk
      for recurrence and benefited the most from prophylactic ranitidine. We conclude
      that prophylactic treatment with ranitidine is effective in preventing the
      recurrence of duodenal ulceration.

PMID- 2651925
TI  - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2651926
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 18-1989. A 52-year-old woman with left-lower-quadrant abdominal
      pain, fever, and splenic infarcts.

PMID- 2651927
TI  - The role of plasma proteases in septic shock.

PMID- 2651928
TI  - Analgesic use and chronic renal disease.
AB  - To examine the use of analgesics as a cause of chronic renal disease, we
      performed a multicenter case-control study of 554 adults with newly diagnosed
      kidney disease (serum creatinine, greater than or equal to 130 mumol per liter
      [1.5 mg per deciliter]) and 516 matched control subjects selected randomly from
      the same area of North Carolina. Histories of use of analgesics (phenacetin,
      acetaminophen, and aspirin) were obtained by telephone interview with the
      patients or their proxies. Daily users of analgesics had significantly more renal
      disease than infrequent users (odds ratio, 2.79; 95 percent confidence interval,
      1.85 to 4.21). The risk of renal disease was highest in daily users of phenacetin
      (odds ratio, 5.11; confidence interval, 1.76 to 14.9, after adjustment for the
      effects of other analgesics). The risk of renal disease was also increased in
      daily users of acetaminophen; after adjustment for the use of aspirin and
      phenacetin, the odds ratio was 3.21 (confidence interval, 1.05 to 9.80). There
      was no increased risk in daily aspirin users (adjusted odds ratio, 1.32;
      confidence interval, 0.69 to 2.51). The risks with daily use of either phenacetin
      or acetaminophen changed little after adjustment for diabetes, hypertension, and
      the indication for analgesic use. We conclude that the long-term, regular use of
      phenacetin may increase the risk of chronic renal disease. The long-term, daily
      use of acetaminophen, the major metabolite of phenacetin, is associated
      independently with an increased risk of chronic renal disease. We could find no
      increased risk in daily users of aspirin.

PMID- 2651929
TI  - Fraud and abuse. Setting the limits on physicians' entrepreneurship.

PMID- 2651930
TI  - Increased insulin concentrations in nondiabetic offspring of diabetic parents.

PMID- 2651931
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma.

PMID- 2651932
TI  - [The significance of thyroglobulin determination in the follow-up of patients
      with papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma].

PMID- 2651933
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma].

PMID- 2651934
TI  - [Pathogenesis of panic disorders].

PMID- 2651935
TI  - [Hypotension following a one-time (initial) dose of captopril].
AB  - In a group of 269 untreated hypertensive patients the effect of a single oral
      dose of captopril (25 mg) on blood pressure was studied for 90-120 minutes. The
      systolic blood pressure decreased by more than 20% in 9.5% and by more than 30%
      in 1.1% of the patients. In 22.6% the diastolic blood pressure decreased by more
      than 20%; in 4.5% it fell more than 30%. The calculated mean arterial pressure
      (MAP) was reduced by more than 20% in 12.3% of the patients and by more than 30%
      in 3%. Three patients showed transient neurological deficits. Factors related to
      a strong blood pressure drop were: renal artery disease and resistant
      hypertension. However, a potentially dangerous fall in blood pressure, i.e. an
      acute fall of MAP of over 30%, was also observed in the absence of these risk
      factors. Therefore not all patients at risk can be identified in advance, and
      treatment with ACE-inhibitors has to be started under well-controlled
      circumstances especially in elderly patients.

PMID- 2651936
TI  - [Cyclosporin: central and peripheral indications].

PMID- 2651937
TI  - [The revision of consensus guidelines].

PMID- 2651938
TI  - [Tubular proteins].

PMID- 2651939
TI  - [Beta 2 microglobulin and the proximal kidney tubule].

PMID- 2651940
TI  - [Adjustment of the consensus guidelines on blood transfusion policies at
      hospitals].
AB  - The consensus guidelines for blood transfusion in hospitals published in 1982
      have been adjusted taking into account recent developments in compatibility
      testing, storage media for red cells, autologous blood transfusion and blood
      ordering. The 'type and screen'-strategy, previously recommended with certain
      restrictions, is now considered safe and advantageous as regards availability of
      blood for transfusion. The saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM) solution for
      preservation of red cell concentrates is recommended as it has clinical and
      logistic advantages. Guidelines for pre- and peroperative autologous blood
      transfusion and the use of frozen autologous red cell concentrates are presented.

PMID- 2651941
TI  - [The drowsy patient].

PMID- 2651942
TI  - A surgically-induced deformity of the anterior mitral leaflet.

PMID- 2651943
TI  - A history of medical technology education at the University of Nebraska Medical
      Center.

PMID- 2651944
TI  - Ischaemic acute renal failure: why does it occur?

PMID- 2651945
TI  - Monitoring of serum neopterin levels for diagnosis of acute rejection of renal
      allografts.

PMID- 2651946
TI  - Hemorrhagic colitis with Streptococcus pyogenes preceding hemolytic uremic
      syndrome during early pregnancy.

PMID- 2651947
TI  - Development of a health questionnaire specific for end-stage renal disease.
AB  - To compare the efficacy of various end-stage renal disease (ESRD) therapies valid
      and reproducible probes which measure well-being and are specific for ESRD are
      necessary. Four studies were undertaken to provide and test these probes. (1) 107
      dialysis and 119 transplant recipients were interviewed to determine the
      prevalence of 24 physical symptoms. (2) A questionnaire was devised using 2 new
      indexes (a symptom scale derived from the first study using 12 symptoms and an
      affect scale comprising 12 emotions) and 6 indexes previously used in other
      chronic illnesses. Interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility was
      satisfactory. (3) Construct validity for the questionnaire was shown by
      interviewing 97 dialysis and 82 transplant patients in whom we hypothesized that
      physical well-being would be better in transplant patients. After age matching
      the transplant group was more active, with a higher objective quality of life and
      fewer physical symptoms than the dialysis group. (4) 63 stable dialysis, 67
      stable transplant, 15 dialysis patients successfully transplanted in the
      intervening year and 5 failed transplanted patients were reinterviewed 1 year
      later to assess the responsiveness of the questionnaire. In the group who had
      recently been successfully transplanted both physical, affect and quality of life
      scores showed a major improvement following transplant. We conclude that this
      questionnaire is specific for ESRD, examines physical, psychological, and social
      well-being, is brief, easily administered, reproducible, has construct validity
      and is responsive to changes in therapy.

PMID- 2651948
TI  - Nephrotic syndrome associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
AB  - We describe the occurrence of a nephrotic syndrome in association with
      transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The proteinuria disappeared several
      weeks after removal of the tumor. Light and electron microscopy were compatible
      with a minimal-change lesion, but immunofluorescence showed linear immunoglobulin
      deposition. Immunoglobulins eluted from the tumor reacted specifically with the
      kidney and vice versa. We conclude that antibody formation against a specific
      component of basement membrane common to both kidney and tumor gave rise to the
      nephropathy in this case.

PMID- 2651950
TI  - Ultrastructural immunoperoxidase investigations of human glomerular cells in
      tissue culture.
AB  - In order to elucidate the cells produced from human glomerular cultures, a pre
      embedding ultrastructural immunoperoxidase technique was developed to investigate
      the precise localisation of a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific to human
      glomerular antigens in situ and used to identify the same antigens in vitro. The
      results obtained were correlated with the morphological features of the cells
      demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. The study was able to show the
      presence of epithelial and mesangial cells in tissue culture, to confirm previous
      results indicating that glomerular endothelial cells are not present and to give
      some insight into the production of different basement membrane components by
      different cell types.

PMID- 2651949
TI  - Furosemide and dopamine in malarial acute renal failure.
AB  - The effects of furosemide and furosemide with dopamine on renal function were
      studied in 23 patients with acute renal failure due to falciparum malaria whose
      serum creatinine ranged from 230 to 947 mumol/l. Furosemide given intravenously
      at the dosage of 200 mg 6 hourly for a period of 4 days did not alter the
      clinical course of renal failure. Intravenous administration of furosemide (200
      mg 6 hourly) with dopamine (1 microgram/kg/min) for 4 days increased creatinine
      clearance and arrested the progress of renal failure when the serum creatinine
      was less than 400 mumol/l, but failed to alter the course of renal failure when
      the serum creatinine exceeded 600 mumol/l.

PMID- 2651951
TI  - Captopril, an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, decreases proteinuria in
      hypertensive patients with renal diseases.
AB  - A crossover study was planned in order to compare the effects of captopril and
      slow channel calcium entry blocker (Ca antagonist) on urinary protein excretion
      in 7 hypertensive patients with renal diseases, including 4 with IgA nephropathy,
      2 with lupus nephritis and 1 with benign nephrosclerosis. Captopril decreased
      urinary protein excretion by 52% without any change in creatinine clearance,
      while Ca antagonist was having a slight effect on proteinuria even though the
      drug showed an equivalent antihypertensive effect as captopril. These results
      suggest that the attenuation of proteinuria induced by captopril may be related
      to an inhibition of angiotensin II formation and/or a direct action of this drug
      on protein permeability of glomerular basement membrane.

PMID- 2651952
TI  - Posttransplantation complications of lower limb polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in
      children.
AB  - Two children had polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) arteriovenous thigh grafts for
      hemodialysis access. In one patient, after renal transplantation, a steal
      syndrome, which prevented renal graft function, developed. The renal transplant
      functioned promptly when the vascular graft was ligated. In the second case,
      acute thrombosis of the PTFE graft resulted in transient hypertensive
      encephalopathy. PTFE thigh grafts, because of the diversion of a large percentage
      of cardiac output through them, may have dramatic and dangerous consequences in
      transplanted children.

PMID- 2651953
TI  - Renal transplantation from anencephalic donors.

PMID- 2651954
TI  - [Time course of blood velocity changes and clinical symptoms related to cerebral
      vasospasm and prognosis after aneurysmal surgery].
AB  - Cerebral vasospasm is a major complication associated with subarachnoid
      hemorrhage. In spite of extensive research, the pathogenesis of vasospasm remains
      obscure, and clinical management has so far been extremely difficult. For the
      evaluation of the efficacy of any treatment and the timing of operation, the
      development and resolution of the arterial narrowing should be monitored. It is
      important to know the correlation between the change in flow velocity and the
      course of clinical symptoms. In this study, the blood flow velocity in the
      different arteries was measured at short intervals (at least every third day)
      with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, in eighteen patients with ruptured
      cerebral aneurysm. Flow velocity changes began to accelerate from 3 days after
      surgery, and reached the maximum value between 7 and 10 days, with normalization
      occurring within the following 2 weeks. The changes showed a significant
      relationship to the severity of vasospasm, the side of the operative approach,
      and the administration of calcium antagonist. Based on our results, we
      categorized the flow velocity changes of vasospasm for clinical practice as
      follows. (1) A slight acceleration of up to 120 cm/s in MCA and 90 cm/s in ACA
      was defined as within the normal range. In this state vasospasm was never
      observed angiographically. (2) Flow velocity changes between 120 and 140 cm/s
      were a subcritical state. These changes were seen in vasospastic patients who did
      not develop ischemic deficits. (3) Flow velocity changes of over 140 cm/s in MCA
      and 100 cm/s in ACA were critical vasospasm, since all of the patients who
      developed ischemic symptoms were in this group. Velocity changes higher than 170
      cm/s in MCA and 130 cm/s in ACA seem to indicate a critical condition with a
      tendency to develop into brain infarction. The comparison between the time course
      of the flow velocity changes and clinical status showed that in symptomatic
      vasospasm the increase in velocity occurred before the manifestation of clinical
      symptoms. The transcranial Doppler measurements help to identify those patients
      who have a high risk of developing neurological deficits due to vasospasm, and
      help to select those who would benefit from preventive treatment in asymptomatic
      stage.

PMID- 2651955
TI  - [Ectopic meningioma of the ethmoid sinus: case report and a review of the
      literature].
AB  - A rare case of ectopic meningioma of the ethmoid sinus is reported. A 57 year-old
      male patient was admitted with complaints of anosmia and headache. Computed
      tomography revealed a relatively high-density mass in the bilateral ethmoid and
      sphenoid sinuses. The mass was markedly enhanced after intravenous administration
      of contrast medium. The cerebral angiography showed tumor stains fed by bilateral
      internal and external carotid arteries with right side dominance. The tumor in
      the ethmoidal sinus was removed by otolaryngologists at first and then the tumor
      in the sphenoid sinus was removed using sublabial transseptal sphenotomy. The
      histological examination resulted in a diagnosis of transitional meningioma with
      psammoma bodies. The tumor in this case is suspected to have originated from
      heterotopic meningocytes or meningocytes accompanying the perineural sheath of
      the olfactory nerve.

PMID- 2651956
TI  - [Tethered cord syndrome of adult onset: report of a case and a review of the
      literature].
AB  - A 47-year-old female was admitted with complaints of spontaneous pain at the
      medial surface of the right thigh, and worsening of urinary incontinence and
      weakness of the legs. These phenomena had been noticed previously 20 years ago,
      and again 10 years ago, respectively. There was a scar like skin abnormality of 4
      X 6 cm over the lumbosacral region. Compression on this region induced neuralgic
      pain around the anus radiating down to both legs. Neurologically, weakness of the
      legs, sensory impairment on the L2-S5 dermatomes and urinary incontinence were
      recognized. Plain X-P revealed spina bifida on the lower lumber and sacral
      vertebrae (L4-S1), where a low density mass was found by spinal CT. Metrizamide
      CT myelography and MRI disclosed medullaris to be low and the spinal cord to be
      elongated. There was a meningocele surrounded by subcutaneous lipoma at the
      caudal end of the spinal cord at L5 level. Upon operation, a meningocele
      containing neural elements and adherent to the intra and extra-dural lipoma was
      found protruding through the laminar defect. Lipoma was removed partially. The
      conus medullaris and cauda equina were freed from the surrounding tissue. Dural
      plasty using the Lyodura was made. Postoperatively, the pain disappeared and her
      gait disturbance and sensory impairment were significantly improved, but urinary
      incontinence remained unchanged. Fifty-six cases of tethered cord syndrome of
      adult onset were reviewed from the literatures. Clinical symptoms, etiologies of
      the tethering, surgical outcomes and factors causing symptoms were
      discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651957
TI  - [Familial occurrence of intracerebral cavernous angioma].
AB  - This article reported a familial occurrence of intracerebral cavernous angioma in
      four members of one generation diagnosed by X-ray CT, MRI or operative specimen.
      Case 1, a 34-year-old female, was examined just after an episode of sudden
      convulsive seizure. On examination, she had a cutaneous angioma without any
      neurological deficit. X-ray CT revealed a high density mass lesion in the left
      frontal lobe, and MRI demonstrated a mass lesion in the chronic stage with an old
      hematoma circumscribed by hypointensity ring indicating peripheral hemosiderosis.
      Complete excision was carried out and a diagnosis of cavernous angioma was made
      after histological examination. Case 2, the 37-year-old brother of Case 1,
      suddenly developed left hemiparesis and hypesthesia with severe headache. X-ray
      CT revealed a high density mass in the right parietal lobe and two other
      calcifications. The right parietal lesion was excised and a histopathological
      diagnosis of cavernous angioma with intracerebral hematoma was made. Case 3, the
      49-year-old sister of Case 1, suddenly fell into a coma and was admitted
      immediately. X-ray CT revealed a large pontine hemorrhage. She died on the 4th
      day of hospitalization without operative treatment. Necropsy was not carried out.
      Case 4, the 39-year-old sister of Case 1, was asymptomatic, however, she was
      examined on the supposition of a familial occurrence of intracerebral cavernous
      angioma. On examination, it was found she had multiple cavernous angioma without
      any neurological deficit. X-ray CT revealed parietal intracerebral calcification.
      MRI demonstrated a mass lesion with peripheral hypointensity ring in the right
      parietal lobe, and another small lesion in the pons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2651958
TI  - [A case of jugular foramen meningioma in a child].
AB  - The common tumors originating in the jugular foramen are chemodectoma and
      schwannoma. Jugular foramen meningioma is extremely rare. Review of the
      literature revealed only seven reported cases of this tumor. The authors present
      a child case of jugular foramen meningioma with intra and extracranial extension.
      A 9-year-old boy was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, Hiroshima
      University School of Medicine on March 20, 1985. Since the age of 3, the patient
      had hoarseness and was found to tilt his neck when he shouted. Since the age of
      6, he was found to nod when he swallowed. At the age of 8, he developed
      swallowing difficulties. On admission, his general condition was unremarkable
      except for his lean build (126 cm in height and 23 kg in weight). An elastic hard
      and immobile mass was palpable in the left upper neck deep in the atrophic
      sternocleidomastoid muscle. Neurological examination revealed involvement of the
      ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth cranial nerves. A plain skull roentgenogram
      and laminogram revealed hyperostosis around the left jugular foramen, and
      narrowing of the canal. CT with contrast enhancement revealed a high density mass
      in the left cerebellopontine angle extending through the jugular foramen to the
      left parapharyngeal space. Cerebral angiography did not show any abnormal
      findings except for complete blockage of the left sigmoid sinus. On April 4,
      1985, subtotal removal of the intracranial tumor was performed using suboccipital
      craniotomy. Then, on July 3, 1985, the left parapharyngeal tumor was excised
      through a cervicofacial incision. Finally the residual tumor in the jugular
      foramen was excised using suboccipital approach on August 18, 1986.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2651959
TI  - Evaluation of brain death using transcranial Doppler.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow velocities in the middle cerebral arteries were measured
      using transcranial Doppler in 12 patients with conditions that ultimately
      resulted in brain death. All patients had sustained closed head injury, gunshot
      wounds to the head, or spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhages. When clinical
      criteria for brain death were met, a characteristic pattern was found with
      transcranial Doppler. This pattern consisted of reverberating flow, with forward
      flow in systole and retrograde flow in diastole. When this pattern was seen,
      there was arrest of cerebral flow, as measured by radionuclide scanning using
      technetium, in all patients studied. Transcranial Doppler is a useful technique
      for easily assessing the arrest of the cerebral circulation.

PMID- 2651960
TI  - Multiple complications from an intracranial epidermoid cyst: case report and
      literature review.
AB  - Intracranial epidermoid and dermoid tumors are unusual benign lesions that are
      potentially curable. Subtotal removal carries a high incidence of recurrence,
      plus the rare possibility of carcinomatous degeneration of the remnants. Aseptic
      meningitis from spillage of cyst contents into the subarachnoid space is frequent
      after operation and has been reported to occur spontaneously. A case of a patient
      with a posterior fossa epidermoid cyst presenting with multiple bouts of aseptic
      meningitis in which squamous cell carcinoma arose in recurrent tumor 5 years
      after subtotal removal of the benign lesion is described.

PMID- 2651961
TI  - Obituary. Professor O. L. Zangwill 1913-1987.

PMID- 2651962
TI  - Publications of O.L. Zangwill.

PMID- 2651963
TI  - Memory. Dedicated in memoriam to Professor O.L. Zangwill (1913-1987).

PMID- 2651964
TI  - Frontal cortex, timing and memory.
AB  - Two sets of experiments examine the psychological functions and neural
      organization of the frontal lobes. The first set investigates the effects of
      lesions of the frontal cortex (FC) on the ability to perform temporal
      discriminations, using the techniques and theoretical framework of scalar timing
      theory. FC lesions changed the reference memory for the expected time of
      reinforcement, so that rats expected reinforcement later than it actually
      occurred. These results demonstrate that the FC modulates temporal memory. The
      second set of experiments examined the behavioral effects of lesions in the
      nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM), an area in the basal forebrain that has a
      significant projection to the frontal cortex. NBM lesions produced impairments in
      many different tasks assessing both recent and long-term memory. A comparison of
      the behavioral and neurochemical effects of different types of lesions in the NBM
      examines the role of cholinergic and noncholinergic neurotransmitters in these
      behavioral deficits. These data demonstrate that a "frontal syndrome" can follow
      selective lesions in the NBM, and indicate that the NBM must have a strong role
      in frontal lobe function.

PMID- 2651965
TI  - A cell assembly theory of hippocampal amnesia.
AB  - Recent memories are more susceptible to amnesic loss than older memories, the
      time scale being much longer than can reasonably be explained by a passive
      chemical or morphological change. A possible explanation is that memories are
      initially sustained by "soft", easily produced but ephemoral, synaptic changes to
      which are later added "hard" changes that are more durable but require repeated
      synaptic activity over a long period to become established. "Soft" synapses are
      assumed to be concentrated in parts of the limbic system, "hard" synapses in the
      neocortex. The theory can also explain why objects encountered by patients with
      anterograde amnesia never become familiar to them.

PMID- 2651966
TI  - The p65 protein is a calmodulin-binding protein present in several types of
      secretory vesicles.

PMID- 2651967
TI  - Transmission of Alpers' disease (chronic progressive encephalopathy) produces
      experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in hamsters.
AB  - We successfully and serially transmitted to outbred and inbred strains of
      hamsters the brain tissue of a 2 1/2-year-old girl with a chronic progressive
      encephalopathy (Alpers' disease) characterized postmortem as a spongiform
      encephalopathy. In all hamster strains we produced a spongiform encephalopathy.
      The light and ultrastructural changes in the brain of hamsters, as well as the
      clinical signs of experimental disease, are identical to those obtained in
      transmission experiments of human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). CJD infection
      may be more widespread than previously recognized and can be manifested in
      infancy.

PMID- 2651968
TI  - GABAergic neocortical neurons are resistant to NMDA receptor-mediated injury.
AB  - N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are thought to mediate much of the central
      neuronal loss produced by certain neurologic insults, including hypoxia-ischemia,
      hypoglycemia, and trauma. Therefore, the specific vulnerability of GABAergic
      inhibitory neurons to NMDA receptor-mediated toxicity might be an important
      determinant of the potential for epileptogenesis following these insults. We have
      examined the fate of GABAergic cortical neurons in mouse cell cultured neuronal
      population) were identified either by immunoreactivity with antisera to GABA or
      by autoradiography following high-affinity uptake of 3H-GABA. Cultures exposed
      for 5 min to 20 to 750 microM NMDA showed NMDA concentration-dependent,
      widespread neuronal loss. However, GABAergic neurons were relatively spared, and
      thus represented an enhanced fraction of neuronal survivors. These observations
      suggest that GABAergic cortical neurons may possess some intrinsic resistance to
      NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity, a property which might convey an
      anticonvulsant "inhibitory safety factor" to neocortex against certain forms of
      injury.

PMID- 2651969
TI  - Serial magnetic resonance and carotid duplex examinations in the management of
      carotid dissection.
AB  - We followed 2 patients with extracranial internal carotid dissection and
      associated occlusion or preocclusive stenosis with serial magnetic resonance and
      carotid duplex examinations. These studies demonstrated progressive anatomic
      resolution in both cases.

PMID- 2651970
TI  - Posthypoxic treatment with MK-801 reduces hypoxic-ischemic damage in the neonatal
      rat.
AB  - We evaluated the neuroprotective effect of MK-801, a noncompetitive, selective N
      methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, in a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic animal
      model. Seven-day-old rats underwent bilateral ligation of the carotid arteries
      followed by exposure to an 8% oxygen atmosphere for 1 hr. We sacrificed the
      animals 72 hrs later and assessed the hypoxic-ischemic brain damage
      histologically. MK-801 (10 mg/kg), administered IP 0.5 hr before the hypoxia,
      completely prevented hypoxic-ischemic infarction in cerebral cortex, while
      treatment immediately and 1 hr after the end of the hypoxia resulted in 76% and
      52% reduction in the infarcted area, respectively. MK-801, given 0.5 hr before
      and immediately after the insult, reduced striatal damage and, given 0.5 hr
      before, attenuated neuronal necrosis in hippocampal regions. These results show
      that in neonates MK-801 is neuroprotective even when administered up to 1 hr
      after the end of a hypoxic-ischemic insult.

PMID- 2651971
TI  - Brachial plexus injury following liver transplantation.
AB  - We examined 7 adults with brachial plexus injury following liver transplantation;
      they were among 120 transplants performed over a 10-month period (incidence,
      5.8%). The lesion was right-sided in 5 patients, left-sided in 1, and bilateral
      in 1. The affected side correlated with the axillary veno-venous shunt in 3
      lesions only. All noted weakness and sensory loss shortly after recovery from
      general anesthesia. The EMG examination indicated axonal lesions, and recovery
      was protracted.

PMID- 2651972
TI  - Historical note on pseudoseizures.

PMID- 2651973
TI  - [Cardio-esophageal achalasia].

PMID- 2651974
TI  - [Sequelae after total fundoplication for gastro-esophageal reflux].

PMID- 2651975
TI  - [Experience in the first year of activity in the unit of liver transplants at the
      Ciudad Sanitaria 1 de Octubre (Madrid)].

PMID- 2651976
TI  - [Cicatricial stenosis of the bile ducts].

PMID- 2651977
TI  - [Several subjects on biliary surgery and their development in the last 40 years.
      Personal experience].

PMID- 2651978
TI  - [Reconstructive technics after duodeno-cephalo-pancreatectomy].

PMID- 2651979
TI  - [Diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Preliminary results of a prospective study on
      the reliability of CA 19-9 in a group of selected patients].

PMID- 2651980
TI  - [Current data concerning the treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer].

PMID- 2651981
TI  - [Role of Vater's papilla and Wirsung's duct in acute biliary pancreatitis.
      Surgery with laser and operating microscope].

PMID- 2651982
TI  - [Pancreatic fistulas].

PMID- 2651983
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis. Validity and current aspects of prognostic factors].

PMID- 2651985
TI  - [Emergency subtotal colectomy in obstructions caused by cancer of the left
      colon].

PMID- 2651984
TI  - [Digestive hemorrhage in pancreatitis].

PMID- 2651986
TI  - [Anesthesia problems in liver transplant. Personal experiences].

PMID- 2651987
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of cyclosporin A in liver transplant].

PMID- 2651988
TI  - [Microsurgery in kidney transplants. Experimental and clinical aspects].

PMID- 2651989
TI  - [Kidney transplant. Technical note and results].

PMID- 2651990
TI  - [Immunologic monitoring in heart transplant].

PMID- 2651991
TI  - [Immunosuppressive therapy and heart transplant. Personal experience].

PMID- 2651992
TI  - [Liver transplant: personal experience].

PMID- 2651993
TI  - [Heart transplant. Multicenter study in Bergamo, Padua, Pavia November 1985
      February 1987].

PMID- 2651994
TI  - [TNM classification in staging of tumors].

PMID- 2651995
TI  - [Surgical anatomy of the thyroid gland. Morphofunctional peculiarities and
      surgical pictures].

PMID- 2651996
TI  - [Liver transplant in Bologna. Results of the first 8 cases].

PMID- 2651997
TI  - The physiological and evolutionary background of maternal responsiveness.

PMID- 2651998
TI  - Maternal responsiveness in human and animal mothers.

PMID- 2651999
TI  - Quality assessment mechanism in Medicare contract with the PRO of New Jersey,
      Inc.

PMID- 2652000
TI  - Recent progress in the chemistry of indole alkaloids and mould metabolites.

PMID- 2652001
TI  - Erythrina and related alkaloids.

PMID- 2652002
TI  - Recent advances in chemical ecology.

PMID- 2652003
TI  - Abnormal uterine bleeding.
AB  - Abnormal uterine bleeding occurs across the entire age spectrum. Pregnancy,
      infection, birth-control methods, psychogenic causes, organic pathology,
      endocrine disorders, blood dyscrasias, systemic diseases and dysfunctional
      uterine bleeding are considered in the differential diagnosis. While the
      historical questions are similar regardless of age, the diagnostic methods,
      differential diagnosis and the management plan vary within each age bracket.
      Pregnancy-related disorders, infection, birth-control methods and psychogenic
      factors are the most common etiologies in younger women, but endocrine, systemic
      and hematologic disorders must be considered. In the middle years, irregular
      bleeding frequently occurs due to perimenopausal ovarian failure. With
      postmenopausal bleeding, endometrial carcinoma must always be ruled out.
      Treatment consists of correcting the underlying disorder. If no organic cause is
      identified, hormonal therapy or more invasive procedures are used.

PMID- 2652004
TI  - Direct Medicaid/Medicare reimbursement to NPs sought.

PMID- 2652005
TI  - Condylomata acuminata (venereal warts)
AB  - Condylomata acuminata (venereal warts) is a sexually transmitted disease which
      has increased markedly in both adults and children during the past 15 years. The
      human papilloma virus is notoriously difficult to treat and often requires
      multiple office visits utilizing a variety of treatment modalities. Enhancing
      patient compliance through an increased understanding of the infection, its
      transmission, pathogenesis, comfort measures and evaluation of the patient's
      reaction to the diagnosis is essential. Despite the fact that the majority of
      cases can be managed within an office setting, the nurse practitioner needs to be
      aware of situations requiring specialist referral. The patient will need
      tremendous support during treatment and in regard to future health care needs.

PMID- 2652006
TI  - The presumption of consent in New York State's do-not-resuscitate law.

PMID- 2652007
TI  - Erythropoietin.

PMID- 2652008
TI  - Treatment of hairy cell leukaemia with recombinant alpha interferon.
AB  - Eleven patients with progressive hairy cell leukaemia (three nonsplenectomised)
      were treated with recombinant alpha-2 interferon (Intron-A or Roferon-A)
      subcutaneously three times per week at a dosage of 3 x 10(6) units. Ten patients
      completed at least ten weeks of therapy and could be evaluated; one patient died
      of haemorrhage from severe thrombocytopenia after only three weeks treatment.
      Nine of the ten patients responded and all of these are regarded as good partial
      remissions (normalisation of all blood parameters but still discernible hairy
      cells in the marrow). Responding patients have all been followed for a median of
      two years and in one case 3 1/2 years since commencement of therapy. The patients
      are all transfusion independent and free of infection. We conclude that alpha-2
      interferon therapy for progressive hairy cell leukaemia is effective therapy in
      both splenectomised and nonsplenectomised patients.

PMID- 2652009
TI  - Congenital hypofibrinogenemia in pregnancy.
AB  - A new case of congenital hypofibrinogenemia in pregnancy is reported and the
      literature is reviewed from an obstetric perspective. An association with
      spontaneous abortion, abruption, and postpartum hemorrhage is documented and
      management options are presented.

PMID- 2652010
TI  - Primary idiopathic polymyositis and dermatomyositis complicating pregnancy:
      diagnosis and management.

PMID- 2652011
TI  - Management of a multiple gestation complicated by an antepartum fetal demise.

PMID- 2652012
TI  - Genetic linkage: the basis of human gene mapping.

PMID- 2652013
TI  - Recent modifications in the treatment of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the
      vulva.
AB  - The curative potential of therapy should not be sacrificed. However, an effort
      must be made to determine methods that will reduce the morbidity while at least
      retaining the curative potential. Modifications which potentially may reduce the
      morbidity of regional nodal management include deletion of the inguinal
      lymphadenectomy or use of superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy in selected early
      lesions, the use of separate groin incisions, the selected use of unilateral
      inguinal lymphadenectomy, and the use of primary radiation therapy to the
      inguinal and/or pelvic nodal areas. Modifications which potentially may reduce
      the morbidity of the primary tumor management include wide local excision for
      superficial lesions, modified radical vulvectomy for regionalized lesions, the
      use of skin flaps in selected cases, the development of more sophisticated
      plastic surgical procedures for the management of posterior lesions, and the use
      of combined treatment modalities in the management of locally advanced disease.

PMID- 2652014
TI  - Massive hypertrophy of the breasts in pregnancy: report of 3 cases and review of
      the literature, 'never think you have seen everything'.

PMID- 2652015
TI  - Pregnancy and acute intermittent porphyria.

PMID- 2652016
TI  - Bilateral simultaneous tubal pregnancy: case report and review of the literature.

PMID- 2652017
TI  - New drug effective.

PMID- 2652018
TI  - Double-blind randomized cross-over trial of dexamethasone and prochlorperazine as
      anti-emetics for cancer chemotherapy.
AB  - A double-blind randomized cross-over trial of dexamethasone and prochlorperazine
      as adjunctive anti-emetics with cancer chemotherapy was undertaken. The drugs
      were compared for cisplatin, doxorubicin and several other chemotherapy regimens.
      A total of 44 eligible patients were analysed. Assessment was made by
      questionnaire answered by the patient 24 h after the chemotherapy. The parameters
      compared were period of time for nausea and vomiting, number of vomiting
      episodes, degree of somnolence and insomnia and overall preference. In all cases
      there was no significant difference for either drug in its ability to suppress
      emetic effects. Neither drug gave adequate protection against cisplatin
      containing regimens. We conclude that dexamethasone alone is equivalent to the
      more standard dopamine antagonists.

PMID- 2652019
TI  - Removing the stableflex intraocular lens during penetrating keratoplasty.
AB  - Closed-loop, semiflexible anterior chamber intraocular lenses, particularly the
      Stableflex lens, have been increasingly associated with corneal decompensation.
      Due to the formation of synechiae around the haptics in the angle, such lenses
      can be difficult to remove during penetrating keratoplasty. We describe a
      technique for the safe removal of the Stableflex intraocular lens.

PMID- 2652020
TI  - Three techniques for combined ECCE, PC-IOL implantation, and keratoplasty.
AB  - Three different techniques are described for implanting posterior chamber lens
      implants during a combined extracapsular cataract extraction, posterior chamber
      lens implantation, and keratoplasty procedure. The implant can be placed
      immediately following cataract extraction, after which the cornea is replaced. If
      cortical remnants cannot be completely removed, the corneal transplant is sutured
      in place and a limbal incision made; the remaining remnants are then aspirated
      and a posterior chamber lens is implanted through the limbal incision. If no
      remnants remain, but the posterior chamber lens cannot be implanted due to
      positive vitreous pressure, the cornea is sewn into place with seven or eight
      interrupted sutures and the lens implanted through the remaining open quadrant,
      after which the corneal transplant procedure is completed.

PMID- 2652021
TI  - Surgical removal of cyanoacrylate adhesive after accidental instillation in the
      anterior chamber.
AB  - Cyanoacrylate adhesives are frequently used to seal small corneal perforations.
      Their use has been limited, however, because of concern over their toxic effect
      on ocular structures. We describe a post-keratoplasty patient with a wound
      dehiscence that a surgeon had attempted to seal with cyanoacrylate glue. The glue
      was accidentally injected into the anterior chamber. After surgical
      reconstruction of the eye, however, no permanent ocular damage was observed.

PMID- 2652022
TI  - Massive pseudophakic pigment dispersion associated with an iris nevus.
AB  - A 67-year-old woman examined 12 months following extracapsular cataract
      extraction had a massive pseudophakic pigment dispersion associated with diffuse
      corneal epithelial edema, mild uveitis, and secondary glaucoma. She underwent
      penetrating keratoplasty following removal of a posterior chamber intraocular
      lens (IOL), anterior vitrectomy, capsulectomy, and iris biopsy. Histopathologic
      examination revealed a pigmented iris nevus and signs of iris erosion by the IOL
      loop. Because 3 months later the eye developed streptococcal endophthalmitis and
      had to be eviscerated, we had the opportunity to examine the eye contents; we
      found no evidence of phakoanaphylactic uveitis.

PMID- 2652023
TI  - Gore-Tex soft tissue bands as scleral explants in rabbits: a preliminary
      histologic study.
AB  - Gore-Tex (polytetrafluoroethylene) grafts have been used in a variety of surgical
      procedures, particularly vascular, plastic, and reconstructive surgery. As
      suggested by previous animal studies, Gore-Tex soft tissue patches (expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene) may have application in ocular surgery for scleral
      buckling and support procedures. We buckled the scleras of 14 rabbit eyes using
      strips of polytetrafluoroethylene soft tissue patches and monitored ocular tissue
      reaction and histologic changes in response to this material.

PMID- 2652024
TI  - Management of pseudophakic bullous keratopathy.
AB  - The incidence of pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, now the most common indication
      for penetrating keratoplasty, is increasing. Since over one million intraocular
      lenses were implanted in 1986, a large number of eyes are at risk. The etiology
      of pseudophakic bullous keratopathy is varied and depends in great part on the
      surgical technique used for cataract extraction. Given the magnitude and changing
      patterns of intraocular lens usage, a review of pseudophakic bullous keratopathy
      is appropriate.

PMID- 2652025
TI  - Temporal summation and perimetry.
AB  - The threshold sensitivity at perimetry was determined experimentally as a
      function of the exposure time of the test objects. The summation capability of
      the retina is expressed as a 'memory' function with approximately exponential
      decay. The efficient stimulus is found from the convolution integral of the
      functions for memory and light stimulus. The effacing of relative defects by a
      prolonged exposure time is explained by means of a hypothetical model, based on
      the rarefaction of optic-nerve fibres.

PMID- 2652026
TI  - Distribution of type VI collagen in the bovine cornea.
AB  - Using a specific polyclonal antibody against type VI collagen, the distribution
      of type VI collagen in the bovine cornea was investigated by indirect
      immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. By
      immunofluorescence, type VI collagen was detectable throughout the stroma. In
      addition to the uniform but relatively weak signals, a laminar pattern similar to
      the arrangement of stromal lamellae was clearly seen. Consistent with the
      immunofluorescent pattern, immunoelectron micrographs showed strong linear
      reactions located in the interlamellar spaces. The reactions were also observed
      in the pericellular region of the keratocytes. Epithelium, Descemet's membrane
      and endothelium were negative.

PMID- 2652027
TI  - Outpatient topical use of povidone-iodine in preparing the eye for surgery.
AB  - Povidone-iodine 5% solution placed on the eye immediately before ophthalmic
      surgery within the preoperative preparation significantly reduces the
      conjunctival bacterial flora. In 40 patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery, the
      authors compared the outpatient use of povidone-iodine for 3 days before surgery
      with a 3-day course of a combination antibiotic ophthalmic solution (Neosporin)
      placed on the other eye. All patients also received topical povidone-iodine on
      the operating table directly preceding surgery. Cultures taken just before
      preparation of the operative field showed a similar reduction of bacteria by each
      regimen. Cultures taken after preparation but before commencement of surgery
      showed a further reduction for both regimens, but more for eyes previously
      treated with the antibiotic (P less than 0.02). To minimize the conjunctival
      bacterial flora before surgery, the authors continue to recommend instillation of
      a broad-spectrum antibiotic for 3 days before surgery, followed by application of
      povidone-iodine solution to the eye immediately before surgery within the
      preoperative preparation.

PMID- 2652028
TI  - Effect of recipient-donor trephine size disparity on refractive error in
      keratoconus.
AB  - A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the effect of recipient-donor
      trephine disparity on refractive error and corneal curvature post-suture removal
      in keratoconus. A double running suture technique was used and donor corneas were
      trephined from the endothelial side. When keratoconus patients with 0.25-mm
      larger donor than recipient trephines were compared with keratoconus patients
      with the same size recipient and donor trephines, a statistically significant
      increase in the mean keratometer value (45.4 and 43.8 diopters [D], respectively;
      P = 0.03) and increase in myopic spherical equivalent (-3.5 and -1.8 D,
      respectively; P = 0.03) was found. When keratoconus patients were compared with
      phakic Fuchs' dystrophy patients (both groups had 0.25-mm oversize donor
      trephines), the keratoconus group had a statistically significantly higher myopic
      spherical equivalent (-3.5 and -1.4 D, respectively; P = 0.03) despite only a 0.7
      D difference in mean keratometer value which was not statistically significant
      (45.4 and 44.7 D, respectively). This study supports the hypothesis that the
      degree of post-penetrating keratoplasty myopia in patients with keratoconus can
      be decreased by reducing recipient-donor trephine disparity.

PMID- 2652029
TI  - The validity and reliability of photographic documentation of proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy.
AB  - The Silicone Study is a multicentered, randomized surgical trial designed to
      compare the tamponade effectiveness of silicone oil versus long-acting gas in the
      treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) by vitrectomy and associated
      techniques. Fundus photographs are taken to provide documentation of the anatomic
      status of eyes proposed for entry and are graded at an independent Reading
      Center. This article describes the protocol for photographic documentation of PVR
      as a continuum of increasing pathology, in which the pathology may only be
      present in the anterior retina, and the retina is usually highly elevated. In a
      validity and reliability study, agreement between photographic and clinical
      observation within one step was obtained for 88% of the eyes; intra- and inter
      observer agreement within one step was 85 and 80%, respectively. Differences
      between the surgeon's grade and the Reading Center's were caused about equally by
      disagreement regarding extent of fixed folds and width of the funnel. Rarely did
      peripheral folds not visible in the photographs appear to be the sole explanation
      of the disagreement. Differences among readers were concerned mainly with
      differentiation of true full-thickness fixed folds from folds due to simple
      redundancy of the detached retina. These results demonstrate that complicated
      retinal detachment (RD) can be photographically documented and independently
      assessed.

PMID- 2652030
TI  - Automatic electronystagmus analysis and documentation: recent advances in the
      study of vestibular, optokinetic and pursuit tracking function.
AB  - A normal or pathologically altered peripheral vestibular system and associated
      brainstem structures can be diagnosed from the pattern of eye movement responses
      elicited by appropriate stimuli. Recent advances in two stages crucial to an
      accurate assessment of pathological or normal responses are described in this
      article. The first stage involves the automatic analysis of electronystagmus
      signals to yield the main parameters of clinical and scientific interest, slow
      phase eye velocity and fast phase frequency. Since four algorithms based on the
      first derivative of eye position perform this task remarkably well on-line, it is
      not necessary to employ features of the stimulus to separate the slow and fast
      phases of nystagmus. Examples are used liberally to illustrate the accuracy,
      advantages and limitations of the algorithms. The second stage involves a
      numerical and graphical comparison of measurements from a patient's analyzed
      responses with normal responses. This documentation phase permits immediate
      recognition of normal, borderline, or pathological optokinetic, eye tracking,
      caloric and rotating chair test results. Selected examples of pathological
      responses illustrate the documentation technique.

PMID- 2652031
TI  - [The incidence of endocarditis caused by a prosthetic valve and its risk
      factors].
AB  - To study the incidence and risk factors of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) we
      followed 99.5% of 912 patients who had valve replacement from January 1, 1981
      through December 31, 1985, for 1 to 6 (mean 3) years. PVE occurred in 27 patients
      (2.96% or 0.98% per patient-year). The incidence of PVE in the aortic position
      (3.9%) was significantly higher than in the mitral position (1.5%): p less than
      0.25. PVE developed in 19 out of 329 patients with bioprostheses (5.8%) and in 8
      out of 583 patients with mechanical valves (1.4%): p less than 0.005. Actuarially
      at 5 years follow-up 90.7% of the bioprosthetic group and 98.4% of the mechanical
      valve group was free of PVE (p less than 0.01). Bioprosthetic valve replacement
      in infective endocarditis further increased the risk of PVE compared to valve
      replacement by mechanical prostheses. IN CONCLUSION: in order of importance
      antecedent endocarditis, bioprostheses, male sex and aortic position are risk
      factors in the development of PVE. In patients requiring operation for infective
      endocarditis, mechanical valves are recommended. As the outcome of PVE is still
      very grave, authors stress the importance of prophylaxis, early diagnosis and
      timely operation.

PMID- 2652032
TI  - [Significance of zinc administration in premature infants].
AB  - The serum zinc level was determined in premature and mature neonates. Total 28
      premature and 15 mature neonates were included in the examinations. Anodical re
      dissolution technique an electrochemical method was applied for the measurements.
      The zinc content of breast milk, food preparation samples and infusion solutions
      was determined. It is stated that from the viewpoint of zinc intake neither the
      breast milk nor any available food preparation is satisfactory for feeding
      neonates of low birth weight. Attention is drawn to the importance of completing
      the parenteral feeding with zinc.

PMID- 2652033
TI  - [Anxiety and the presence of the father at childbirth].
AB  - The authors give a report of a follow-up the anxiety of 363 couples whereby the
      husband decided to be present at the childbirth and took part in the childbirth
      preparation courses. The anxiety state and anxiety trait in men was found to be
      significantly lower than in women. The data of women were compared to a matched
      control group consisting of 135 pregnant women. In cases where the husband was
      present at childbirth the anxiety state and anxiety trait of the women was
      considerably lower than in the control group. The degree of anxiety was found
      independent of age, educational level, occupation but depended of parity. During
      the childbirth preparation the anxiety state of the husbands reduced
      considerably, whereas in the women the trend of increasing anxiety state could be
      prevented. In the group where the husband was present at childbirth the authors
      did not find any close relationship between the degree of anxiety and the
      examined obstetrical parameters (gestational age at labour, outcome and duration
      of labour, and the birth-weight.

PMID- 2652034
TI  - KePRO's outreach program aids elderly.

PMID- 2652035
TI  - Sleight of hand.

PMID- 2652036
TI  - Biography of a publication.

PMID- 2652037
TI  - [Resistance to infection. Physiology and pathology of the immune system].
AB  - The contribution of observations in congenital deficiency disorders to our
      understanding of normal mechanisms can hardly be overestimated, as may in
      particular be seen in the complex field of mechanisms aiming at maintaining the
      individual integrity. After a brief summary of the natural lines of defense we
      demonstrate a few cases with typical deficiencies, i.e. of the integuments
      (ciliary dyskinesia syndrome), of the phagocytes (chronic granulomatous disease =
      CGD), of specific immune reactions (antibody deficiency syndrome, severe combined
      immunodeficiency = SCID and syndromes with associated immunodeficiencies), and
      finally of the complement properdin system. Classification of these Primary
      Immunodeficiency Syndromes (= PIDS) with exceptional research potential as
      proposed by an expert panel of the WHO turned out to be quite useful also for the
      understanding of by far more frequent secondary disorders, in particular of the
      recently observed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome = AIDS due to an infection
      with the human immunodeficiency virus (= HIV). For pediatricians in
      industrialized countries, however, children with frequently recurring, but
      trivial infections are of considerable practical importance. A clear diagnostic
      concept is the necessary base for the proposed treatment, counselling and help
      for the inflicted parents.

PMID- 2652038
TI  - [Clinically relevant pathogens isolated from blood cultures of inpatient treated
      children (1972 to 1985)].
AB  - Blood cultures are extremely useful in diagnosing various bacteremic diseases in
      childhood. The results obtained in this study are presented in relation to two
      periods of equal length (1972-1978, 1979-1985). At the present time there are
      about 22 relevant isolates from blood cultures per 1000 admitted children and
      year in the Department of Pediatrics, and about 3 isolates per 1000 admitted
      children and year in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, respectively. From
      newborns we isolated most frequently E. coli, Staph. aureus, B-Streptococci,
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and yeasts. From children beyond
      the first month of life Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, other
      streptococci, Neisseria meningitidis, and Staph. aureus were the most frequent
      identified etiologic agents. The main factors influencing the spectrum of agents
      causing bacteremia are: age of patients, status of hospitals, and applicated
      diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

PMID- 2652039
TI  - Posttraumatic stress disorder in the orthopedic patient (continuing education
      credit).
AB  - Our clinical experience indicates that the incidence of PTSD in orthopaedic
      patients is higher than is described in the literature. Patients such as Karen,
      Jim and Bill are not uncommon. All individuals who experience an immensely
      stressful event are at risk for developing this complex response. Orthopaedic
      nurses must be knowledgeable about the multifaceted nature of the post trauma
      response, since they are in a key position to recognize its symptoms, participate
      in treatment, and facilitate individuals' return to a pretraumatic state.

PMID- 2652040
TI  - Child sexual abuse: recognition and nursing intervention.
AB  - The nursing role in early identification and intervention in child sexual abuse
      is a critical one and it embraces all areas of clinical practice. The signs and
      symptoms may be subtle, the legal responsibilities unclear, and the family
      dynamics complex. This article provides an overview of the clinical indicators
      for sexual abuse, family issues, and information about the impact on the child
      and adolescent victim. Common parental reactions and methods for establishing
      nursing support of the child and adolescent are presented.

PMID- 2652041
TI  - Medicinal leech therapy: an overview (continuing education credit).
AB  - Leech therapy has made a comeback as a legitimate form of therapy for treating
      venous congestion following grafts and replants. Complications caused directly by
      leech therapy are minimal, as are the risks, while the benefits can be
      revascularization of replanted tissue. Nurses are integral in preparing patients
      for leech therapy.

PMID- 2652042
TI  - Bone and soft tissue procurement.
AB  - Most health professionals are aware of the criteria that need to be met to secure
      organ donation. Bone and soft tissue procurement is another issue, however. Even
      though allografts have been used since the 1880s, new techniques and an increase
      in the possible uses for allografts have recently increased the demand for bone
      and soft tissue. The criteria for choosing a bone donor is similar to organ
      donors with one major exception. A bone and soft tissue donor does not need the
      special circumstances of brain death.

PMID- 2652043
TI  - Osteochondral allografts for limb salvage.
AB  - Use of osteochondral allografts has increased over the past 10 years in
      combination with improved procedures for bone procurement and storage, the
      development of protocols for tumor staging and diagnosis, successful adjuvant
      therapies that prolong survival, and greater emphasis on improved quality of life
      for persons with aggressive neoplasms of bone. The success rate after allograft
      implantation is high; there is also a high rate of complications. Comprehensive,
      effective nursing care is among the essential requisites for a successful,
      uncomplicated outcome.

PMID- 2652044
TI  - Skeletal trauma in children.
AB  - In the area of skeletal injuries, i.e., fractures, as in all areas of care,
      children should not be treated as small adults. The immature, growing skeleton of
      the child results in both injuries and patterns of healing that are unique to
      this age group. These aspects of the immature skeleton and its effect on trauma
      in children are discussed in this article.

PMID- 2652045
TI  - The Lere Bone Mill.

PMID- 2652046
TI  - Patellar complications in total knee arthroplasty. A literature review.
AB  - Increased implant longevity, improved range of motion, and the use of total knee
      arthroplasty in younger and more active patients have placed greater demands on
      the patella component. Commonly observed complications of the patellofemoral
      joint are crepitation, subluxation, excessive wear, loosening, and persistent
      patient discomfort. These complications have been attributed to inadequate
      prosthetic design, fixation techniques, anatomic abnormalities, and surgical
      error. This paper reviews the most prevalent complications and discusses their
      causes and prevention.

PMID- 2652047
TI  - A cadaveric study of the anatomic variations of the recurrent motor branch of the
      median nerve.
AB  - Anatomic dissections were performed in 72 cadaveric upper extremities from 36
      cadavers to determine the incidence of anomalous variations in the course of the
      median nerve and its branches. The classic recurrent motor branch anatomy was
      demonstrated in 86% of the dissections (62/72). Of the 10 variations noted (14%
      of all upper extremities), all were transretinacular branches that pierced the
      transverse carpal ligament 2 to 6 mm proximal to the distal edge. Of the six
      cadavers with anomalous branching, four (67%) had bilateral anomalies and two
      (33%) had unilateral branching.

PMID- 2652048
TI  - Elastofibroma dorsi. A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Elastofibroma dorsi is a benign soft-tissue tumor characterized by the presence
      of elastic fibers among a stroma of collagenous and fatty connective tissue. This
      lesion characteristically is located in the subscapular region; however, it has
      been infrequently described in other anatomic locations. In the subscapular
      region, it can be a cause of periscapular pain, discomfort, and loss of range of
      motion. This paper presents a typical case and a brief review of the literature,
      concentrating on the clinical aspects of elastofibroma dorsi in addition to
      recent advances regarding the pathogenesis of this unusual lesion.

PMID- 2652049
TI  - Cherry pitter's thumb. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Perineural fibrosis and scarring of the digital nerves in the hand can result
      from chronic compression and repetitive trauma. The digital nerves in the thumb
      have been reported to undergo these changes as a result of such trauma from
      bowling and the use of fine instruments by a jeweler. This article describes a
      case of digital neuropathy of the thumb resulting from a cherry-pitting
      instrument. A protective neoprene thumb sleeve and avoidance of further trauma to
      the nerves relieved the patient's symptoms.

PMID- 2652050
TI  - Arthroscopy update #3. Chronic impingement syndrome. The role of ultrasonography
      and arthroscopic anterior acromioplasty.
AB  - Diagnosis of advanced rotator cuff impingement syndrome has been difficult due to
      dependence on plain radiographs and arthrography, which in the absence of
      complete tears are frequently inconclusive. Advances in ultrasonography have
      enabled accurate diagnosis of the more enigmatic partial thickness tears of the
      rotator cuff. Until recently, advanced impingement syndrome resistant to
      conservative therapy has been managed by open anterior acromioplasty as described
      by Neer. This has required a prolonged postoperative rehabilitation program
      before return to normal activities of daily living and athletic participation.
      Precise diagnosis with ultrasonography and refined arthroscopic techniques have
      enabled us to identify 50 patients with resistant impingement syndrome and
      partial thickness tears of the rotator cuff, and surgically decompress the
      subacromial space via arthroscopic resection of the coracoacromial ligament and
      anterior-inferior leading edge of the acromion. Postoperatively there has been
      minimal pain. Return of nearly full passive range of motion has been achieved in
      all but two patients within the first week. Active range of motion exercises are
      begun on the first postoperative day and resistive exercises commence two weeks
      after surgery. Mean return of normal functioning in activities of daily living
      has been two months, while return to prior level of athletic activity has
      averaged five months.

PMID- 2652051
TI  - [Contribution of modern imaging to the diagnosis of tumors of the breast].

PMID- 2652052
TI  - [X-ray computed tomography and MRI of tumors of the pharyngolarynx].

PMID- 2652053
TI  - [X-ray computed tomography, MRI and transrectal echography of cancer of the
      prostate].

PMID- 2652054
TI  - [Current data related to the heterosexual transmission of the HIV-1 virus].

PMID- 2652055
TI  - [Lymphoma and AIDS].

PMID- 2652056
TI  - [Kaposi's sarcoma and AIDS].

PMID- 2652057
TI  - [Curative radiotherapy of cancer of the prostate].

PMID- 2652058
TI  - [Chromosomes and cancer. Facts and hypotheses].

PMID- 2652059
TI  - [Recent advances in the clinical use of biological markers].

PMID- 2652060
TI  - [Resistance, the cause of failure in antineoplastic chemotherapies].

PMID- 2652061
TI  - [Factors in therapeutic decisions].

PMID- 2652062
TI  - [Conservative loco-regional treatment and their modalities].

PMID- 2652063
TI  - [Adjuvant treatment].

PMID- 2652064
TI  - [Treatment of cancer of the breast in the metastatic phase].

PMID- 2652065
TI  - [Problems related to inflammatory cancers of the breast].

PMID- 2652066
TI  - [Curative radiotherapy of cancer of the esophagus].

PMID- 2652067
TI  - [Cancer of the esophagus].

PMID- 2652068
TI  - [Radiotherapy and chemotherapy synergy].

PMID- 2652069
TI  - [Peroperative open-air radiotherapy in 1988].

PMID- 2652070
TI  - [Whole body irradiation].

PMID- 2652072
TI  - [Nausea and vomiting induced by anticancer chemotherapy: mechanisms and
      prevention].

PMID- 2652071
TI  - [Advances in intercalating drugs].

PMID- 2652073
TI  - [Pretherapeutic conservation of sperm].

PMID- 2652074
TI  - [Prolonged-action opiates and new routes of administration].

PMID- 2652075
TI  - [Intensive chemotherapy and autograft of bone marrow in solid tumors in adults].

PMID- 2652076
TI  - [Hypofractionated irradiation and its indications].

PMID- 2652077
TI  - [Transfusions and survival after cancer surgery].

PMID- 2652079
TI  - [Hyperthermia and treatment of cancers].

PMID- 2652078
TI  - [Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases].

PMID- 2652080
TI  - [Interferons in cancerology. Focus in 1988].

PMID- 2652081
TI  - [The interleukin-2-LAK system in cancerology].

PMID- 2652082
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis in tumoral pathology].

PMID- 2652083
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy.

PMID- 2652084
TI  - Spiramycin vs. placebo for treatment of acute diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium.
AB  - The efficacy of spiramycin was evaluated in a double blind, placebo-controlled
      study of 44 immunocompetent infants ages 2 to 13 months who had acute diarrhea
      caused by Cryptosporidium. Twenty-one patients received spiramycin (100
      mg/kg/day) for 10 days and 23 received placebo. On admission the patients in both
      groups were comparable regarding demographic and clinical characteristics. The
      infants who were treated with spiramycin had a shorter duration of diarrhea
      (mean, 5.2 vs. 7.3 days; P = 0.002) and a shorter duration of excretion of
      oocysts in the stools (7.1 vs. 8.5 days; P = 0.032) compared with those treated
      with placebo. No clinical or parasitologic relapses were seen in patients of both
      groups. Mild adverse effects to spiramycin were observed in 2 patients (10%).
      Spiramycin appeared to hasten clinical recovery and decrease the duration of
      oocyst excretion in immunocompetent children with diarrheal illness caused by
      Cryptosporidium.

PMID- 2652085
TI  - Analysis of enteric coagulase-negative staphylococci from neonates with
      necrotizing enterocolitis.
AB  - We investigated the possible role of coagulase-negative staphylococci in
      necrotizing enterocolitis. Stool coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from
      neonates during an outbreak of rotavirus-associated necrotizing enterocolitis
      were analyzed by a variety of techniques, including speciation, semiquantitative
      culturing, antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid profiling and cytotoxicity
      assays. No differences were observed between the coagulase-negative staphylococci
      of symptomatic babies and those of asymptomatic controls.

PMID- 2652086
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor concentrations
      and outcome from neonatal gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis.
AB  - Concentrations of interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor in cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) of 42 neonates with Gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis were
      determined and correlated with outcome and other CSF indices. At the time of
      diagnosis interleukin 1-beta was detected in CSF of 40 infants and peak
      concentrations correlated significantly with outcome from disease. Days of
      interleukin 1-beta concentrations of greater than 200 pg/ml or greater than or
      equal to 20 pg/ml were significantly correlated with days that CSF cultures were
      positive and that K1 antigen and endotoxin were detected in CSF. Tumor necrosis
      factor activity was detected in CSF of 25 of 27 infants; there was no correlation
      between outcome and CSF tumor necrosis factor concentrations. The results provide
      a possible rationale for therapeutic intervention to improve outcome.

PMID- 2652087
TI  - Nitrofurantoin toxicity in children.

PMID- 2652088
TI  - Perinephric abscess in pediatric patients: report of six cases and review of the
      literature.

PMID- 2652089
TI  - Post-varicella streptococcal pyomyositis.

PMID- 2652090
TI  - [Allergic diseases of the lungs in children. Review of the literature].

PMID- 2652091
TI  - [Heredity and diseases of the organs of the urinary system: results and prospects
      of research].
AB  - The paper deals with current ideas of the role played by heredity in the
      development of diseases of the urinary system organs (USO). Hereditary
      nephropathies are divided into groups of disorders associated with chromosome
      aberrations (0.28 percent), monogen-inherited pathology (13 percent),
      multifactorial or polygen-inherited pathology (86.72 percent). Hereditary
      predisposition associated with antigenic determinants of the HIA system, immune,
      metabolic, histological defects and other factors are implicated in the
      development of multifactorial diseases. The pathways by which the disease
      predisposition is realized are nonuniform. There prospect well novel
      biotechnological approaches, virologic, pharmacogenetic studies aimed at
      understanding of the role of heredity in the development of USO disorders, at
      diagnosing borderline illnesses, and at preventing the disease manifestations.

PMID- 2652092
TI  - Pharmacochemical aspects of leprosy. Recent developments and prospects for new
      drugs.
AB  - From a pharmacochemical point of view the existing anti-leprotics as well as
      possible innovations in the chemotherapy of leprosy are discussed. Of the main
      anti-leprotics, which are used nowadays--dapsone, rifampicin, clofazimine,
      isoniazide, ethionamide and prothionamide--the mechanism of action, the main
      problems in their application and possibilities to develop improved variants are
      reviewed. Based on the chemistry of Mycobacterium leprae, the target systems for
      new anti-leprotics are identified. These systems include the cell wall, the
      catabolism of reactive oxygen species, the metabolisms of carbon sources, the
      amino acid metabolism and the uptake of iron. Two possible new lead structures
      from other fields, 4-quinolones and mycobacterial ribonucleotide reductase
      inhibitors are presented.

PMID- 2652093
TI  - [Nuclear medicine in Germany: a look back at the beginning].
AB  - The development of nuclear medicine in Germany from early approaches with 32P and
      131I to the first radioiodine therapy of thyroid cancer up to the clarification
      of basic principles for current thyroid diagnostics and for functional
      scintigraphic imaging are presented. Selected references are used in portraying
      scientific stepping stones of our speciality as well as its establishment in
      clinical practice during the first two decades. Researchers, places, and facts
      are specified and interpreted in their relation to the state-of-the-art of
      nuclear medicine.

PMID- 2652094
TI  - Diet, nutritional status, and cancer risk in American blacks.
AB  - About 35% (10-70%) of all cancers may be associated with nutritional causes (1).
      However, while natural or added substances in foods may be carcinogenic,
      nutritional deficiencies or excesses may promote carcinogenesis. We compared data
      from blacks and whites using dietary and nutritional status surveys in the United
      States to determine whether the poorer dietary patterns and nutritional status of
      American blacks may be associated with their higher incidence and mortality from
      certain cancers (compared with whites). Our review indicates that blacks eat more
      nitrate and animal foods and not enough fiber in relation to protein, fat, and
      carbohydrate. Blacks also have poorer nutritional status with respect to getting
      enough thiamine, riboflavin, vitamins A and C, and iron, to being obese
      (females), and to being underweight (males). This is in agreement with hypotheses
      regarding the interactions between diet and cancer (associations found in whites)
      and dose-response relationships reported for some cancers for which blacks have a
      higher incidence and mortality than whites. More large-scale prospective case
      control and cohort studies are needed in both blacks and whites to elucidate the
      contribution of specific dietary and nutritional factors to the risk of specific
      cancers in these population groups. However, such studies must be preceded by
      methodological research to obtain more valid measures of dietary and nutritional
      status.

PMID- 2652095
TI  - Human cancer and the food chain: an alternative etiologic perspective.
AB  - Oncogenic viruses are among the known or presumed initiating agents of human
      cancer. Although evidence suggests that DNA and RNA oncoviruses may be acquired
      through multiple routes, our attention focuses chiefly on the ingestion pathway.
      We have two reasons for this. One is the possibility that viral as well as
      nonviral oncogenic amino acid sequences might be acquired at the top of the food
      chain. The other is that the food chain-infection hypothesis may reconcile
      several biological, ecological, and epidemiological phenomena. Transfection
      experiments suggest that the concept of infection may have to be broadened to
      embrace the cellular precursors of oncogenic viruses. Accumulating circumstantial
      evidence from viral oncology and molecular biology provides a basis for the
      belief that oncogenic viruses and their cellular precursors might be transmitted
      from animals to humans through the ingestion pathway. The possibility that such
      transmission may give rise to some human cancers must now be considered. The
      ingestion and genomic integration of food-associated DNA sequences may directly
      account for the increased risk of human cancer associated with an elevated intake
      of animal fat and protein. This paper addresses the role of infective oncogenic
      agents as the initiators, rather than the promoters, of cancer.

PMID- 2652096
TI  - Vibrio fluvialis, an unusual pediatric enteric pathogen.
AB  - An infant with diarrhea was discovered to have Vibrio fluvialis, an enteric
      pathogen not previously reported in children in the United States. This patient
      had an uncharacteristically mild clinical course and did not require
      hospitalization or antibiotics. Clinicians treating patients with diarrhea should
      include this organism in the differential diagnosis if their patients or
      patients' contacts have eaten seafood or been near bodies of seawater.

PMID- 2652097
TI  - Management of hypertensive emergencies in children.

PMID- 2652098
TI  - Managing pain in the pediatric emergency department.
AB  - In summary, it is common to encounter children in pain in the pediatric ED. It is
      often impossible to avoid inflicting pain on some children in the ED. The proper
      management of this pain is thus essential. This management should be accomplished
      with a variety of narcotic and nonnarcotic analgesics, as well as local and
      topical anesthetics. Other agents such as nitrous oxide, and techniques such as
      hypnosis and transcutaneous nerve stimulation, have a more limited role in pain
      management. Gentle restraint and reassurance are of paramount importance.

PMID- 2652099
TI  - Fumes from the spleen.

PMID- 2652100
TI  - A prospective survey of necrotising enterocolitis in very low birthweight
      infants.
AB  - Necrotising enterocolitis is the most common gastrointestinal complication of pre
      term infants. In order to determine the strength of the association of
      hypoxia/ischaemia and infection as causative factors in necrotising
      enterocolitis, we evaluated all liveborn pre-term infants with a birthweight less
      than 1500 g and/or gestational age less than 32 weeks in The Netherlands in 1983.
      The factors related to hypoxia/ischaemia included: asphyxia, respiratory distress
      syndrome, ventilatory assistance, persistent fetal circulation, persistent ductus
      arteriosus, apnoea, bradycardia, exchange transfusion and peri/intraventricular
      haemorrhage; those related to infection were: congenital infections, pneumonia,
      sepsis and meningitis. Of the 1338 infants enrolled, 1187 survived for more than
      24 hours and had complete data. Mean (+/- s.d.) birthweight was 1278 (+/- 297) g
      and mean (+/- s.d.) gestational age 30.7 (+/- 2.6) weeks. Seventy-three (6.1%)
      infants developed necrotising enterocolitis: 46 (63.0%) stage I disease
      (clinically very suspect), 11 (15.1%) stage II (pneumatosis intestinalis) and 16
      (21.9%) stage III (intestinal perforation). Mean +/- s.d. birthweight of the
      infants with necrotising enterocolitis (1197 +/- 284 g) was lower (P less than
      0.02) than in those without necrotising enterocolitis (1283 +/- 297 g).
      Gestational ages were comparable. Mortality in the group with necrotising
      enterocolitis was 21.9% versus 15.8% in the non-necrotising enterocolitis group
      (NS). Stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that among those factors
      studied, only sepsis and birthweight were truly associated with the occurrence of
      necrotising enterocolitis.

PMID- 2652101
TI  - Childhood cancers and their association with pregnancy drugs and illnesses.
AB  - In a case/control study of 8059 matched pairs, the effect of maternal exposure to
      drugs and illnesses during pregnancy on the relative risk (RR) of cancer in the
      child was investigated using conditional logistic regression techniques. Acute
      respiratory infections, particularly viral infections such as influenza, were
      associated with a significantly increased RR of all childhood cancers and of
      neoplasms of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) in particular, (RR = 1.69 all
      cancers, RR = 1.81 RES neoplasms, RR = 1.59 solid cancers). An analysis of
      illnesses according to their physiological effects yielded a significant
      association between childhood leukaemia and febrile illnesses (RR = 1.27 RES
      neoplasms). A significant increase in RR was associated with maternal history of
      epilepsy (RR = 1.31 all cancers) rather than with exposure to anticonvulsant
      drugs. Vaccines showed a pattern of RR similar to that of acute viral infections.
      Consumption of antipyretics and analgesics significantly increased the RR of
      childhood cancer (RR = 1.36 all cancers). An analysis of drugs according to their
      metabolic reactions yielded a significant association between those undergoing
      amino acid conjugation (predominantly antipyretics and analgesics) and childhood
      cancer risk (RR = 1.76 solid cancers).

PMID- 2652102
TI  - Psychological issues affecting women throughout the life cycle.
AB  - Throughout life, some psychological issues facing women are shared with men, and
      some are unique to women. This article compares the traditional life cycle
      perspective with the complementary perspective of different lines of development
      that characterize women's lives. Traditionally, there was a concept, especially
      of the woman's life cycle, linking growth and reproduction to expected work,
      social status, and sources of self-esteem. Today, there is no single life cycle
      for women, but rather a number of predictable areas of growth and development.
      The article will explore the biologic-reproductive life cycle, the family-marital
      life cycle, and the educational-vocational life cycle, from before birth to old
      age. It will also review psychological problems most common at each stage, and it
      will discuss how societal changes in expectations of women may be changing
      women's growth and development today.

PMID- 2652103
TI  - Infertility and bioethical issues of the new reproductive technologies.
AB  - The scientific breakthroughs resulting in the delivery of Louise Brown in 1978
      have opened the floodgates for an ongoing bioethical discussion about medically
      assisted reproduction. The majority in our society has accepted in vitro
      fertilization as an ethically justifiable procedure for infertile couples. The
      concern persists, however, that new reproductive technology has started us on the
      course of a slippery slope with potentially dire consequences for the so-created
      children, the traditional family, and, indeed, for society as a whole. The moral
      status of the embryo is the central issue in debates about such reproductive
      developments as the "spare" embryo, embryo freezing, embryo donation, embryo
      research and micromanipulation. Conflicts of interests between the adult's desire
      to become a parent and the welfare of the offspring are at the root of moral
      objections raised against manipulation of human reproduction. Extracorporal
      conception with the possibility for various gamete donors has also brought the
      long-practiced procedure of artificial insemination by donor and the potential
      consequences for the child into the discussion. Surrogate mothering and surrogate
      gestational mothering force us to redefine the age old dictum mater certa est and
      can render the child a helpless pawn in parental, emotional, and legal strife.
      Over the ages, society has through firmly established values exerted control over
      reproduction and acceptance of the new member in the community. Sex without
      reproduction was a severe blow to the highly regarded societal belief in
      parenting as the epitomy of life goals. Reproduction without sex through various
      technically feasible collaborative means further jolts fundamental traditional
      values and mandates their re-evaluation. Ethical belief systems are by nature
      highly charged and fiercely defended. Thus, in a pluralistic society, a consensus
      on the question "What ought to be done of all that can be done with new
      reproductive technologies?" is probably unachievable. Heated controversies
      between interest groups constitute an additional psychological burden
      complicating the ethical ambiguities for some infertile couples who have to
      decide about using noncoital conception. The interdisciplinary group report by
      the ethics committee of the American Fertility Society published in the "Ethical
      Considerations of the New Reproductive Technologies" constitutes a wide framework
      of guidelines for rational consideration. It will, one hopes, help to formulate
      needed regulations because some segments of our society as well as many
      scientists and physicians in the field believe that not all that potentially can
      be done ought to be done.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2652104
TI  - Menopause and estrogen replacement therapy.
AB  - As America ages the menopausal woman is emerging as a principal focus in the
      health care system. Research efforts continue to define the mechanism for
      vasomotor instability, osteoporosis, and new and improved methods of estrogen
      administration. Though attenuation of symptoms of hot flushes, urogenital
      atrophy, and prevention of osteoporosis can be accomplished by judicious estrogen
      replacement therapy, the attendant risk of endometrial cancer can be minimized by
      concurrent administration of progestogen. Gallbladder disease must be considered
      as an additional risk. Surveillance for early detection of breast cancer is an
      integral part of care for the climacteric woman. Of greatest concern and
      potentially greatest impact is the evolution of data endorsing estrogen
      replacement as a preventive measure against cardiovascular disease. With the goal
      of maximizing the quality of the last third of each woman's life, individual
      assessment of signs and symptoms of the climacteric and, if indicated,
      prescription for a tailored hormone replacement schedule remain the mainstay of
      care.

PMID- 2652105
TI  - Behavioral aspects of thyroid disease in women.
AB  - Disturbances in thyroid regulation occur much more commonly in the female
      population and are not infrequently associated with behavioral symptomatology.
      Recognition of such gender differences in associational risk is important, for it
      may alter the clinical algorithm of assessment techniques and treatment
      interventions. From a scientific standpoint, interpretation of existing data and
      design of future studies exploring the relationship between thyroid regulation
      and behavior is likely to be improved if such sex differences are more commonly
      recognized and addressed.

PMID- 2652106
TI  - Psychosocial factors in the epidemiology of coronary heart disease in women.
AB  - Although the study of coronary heart disease has provided a fruitful area of
      research for the psychosocial risk factors for disease, the amount of information
      among women is limited. Many of the psychological concepts tested in women have
      been developed from studies of men. The assumption that these psychological
      constructs (such as type A behavior) are pertinent to the psychology of women
      must be questioned. When women are included in studies of any disease, the
      questions asked of them must be applicable to their environment, behaviors, and
      psychological milieu. Because of the limited amount of data on women, it is
      difficult to draw conclusions regarding the relationships of psychosocial
      variables and the development of CHD. Several studies have indicated, however,
      that the change from a positive to an inverse relationship of SES to CHD in men
      has not been observed in women. Across various time periods and in different
      populations low SES is related to the occurrence of CHD in women. The reason for
      this is not known, and this is clearly an area for future investigations. Several
      measures of low social support have been found to be related to increase risk of
      CHD mortality and morbidity in women. A problem with this research is that each
      study demonstrated a different measure of social support to be the detrimental
      factor. This may be due to true differences between populations or may be a
      result of bias introduced from studying different age groups and different
      populations. It seems to be fairly clear that type A behavior, as measured in
      Framingham, is not related to definite CHD in women. The fact, however, that type
      A is related to anginal pain should not be minimized. These men and women are
      suffering from chest pain and are at increased risk to develop subsequent acute
      coronary events. For the most part, other personality variables, such as
      emotional lability, anxiety, depression, and neuroticism, have not been shown to
      be related to coronary disease in women. This may also be due to a true lack of
      effect or may be the result of not being able to separate the various
      manifestations of CHD and perhaps to limited sample sizes of women, which leads
      to a lack of power to detect at true effect. In the field of coronary heart
      disease epidemiology, as more studies include women and ask questions that are
      meaningful to them, a clearer understanding of the possible psychosocial etiology
      of disease will be possible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2652107
TI  - Women and anxiety.
AB  - Some, but not all, of the DSM-III-R defined anxiety disorders are more frequent
      in women than in men; social phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder are most
      equal in sex ratio. Clinical and community-epidemiologic samples tend to agree,
      and family studies indicate that the higher frequency of anxiety in women may
      represent one clinical presentation of a familial affective disorder/substance
      abuse-sociopathy "spectrum" disorder. Developmental studies suggest that gender
      differences relevant to the expression of anxiety symptoms may start quite early
      in life; psychodynamic theories would also tend to implicate early learning and
      experience. Women may be more responsive to life stresses, which might influence
      the occurrence of anxiety symptoms; however, the actual role and source of these
      stresses is not yet fully understood. Physiologic differences in brain structure
      between men and women are undoubtedly important in the gender differences in
      symptoms observed. Clinical management can be affected by these differences.

PMID- 2652108
TI  - Psychoendocrinology of anorexia nervosa.
AB  - An extensive literature exists on the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa (AN).
      This article reviews succinctly the disturbances in the reproductive biology of
      AN; they exemplify the fragility of the physiologic mechanisms that underlie
      reproductive function. They pose the following question: Why is this crucial
      function so easily disrupted given that the species would not survive without it?

PMID- 2652109
TI  - Reproductive factors affecting the course of affective illness in women.
AB  - Women are at higher risk than men to develop depressive episodes during the
      reproductive years. Furthermore, women are vulnerable to depressions associated
      with oral contraceptives, abortion, the premenstrual period, the puerperium, and
      menopause. The phenomenology and the biologic mechanisms involved in these
      illnesses perhaps should be viewed in the context of other manifestations of the
      link between depression and female reproductive functions. For example, women are
      especially vulnerable to a rapid cycling form of affective illness and to
      hypothyroidism, an associated factor for this form of affective disorder. The
      postpartum period is also associated with impaired thyroid function, and there
      are reports of the induction of rapid cycles of mood following the termination of
      pregnancy. Thus, alterations in thyroid hormones may be a feature of both
      postpartum and rapid cycling forms of affective disorder in women. A previous
      history of a postpartum depression places a woman at a high risk for the
      development of a subsequent puerperal episode. Also, difficulties during
      pregnancy may predispose a woman to the development of other reproductive-related
      depressions. The role reproductive hormones play in this possible sensitization
      phenomenon needs to be examined in order to understand the relationship of
      depression to the female reproductive cycle.

PMID- 2652110
TI  - Depression in women. Psychoanalytic concepts.
AB  - I would now like to summarize the relationship between concepts about depression
      and formulations of feminine development and personality. What are women's
      vulnerabilities? 1. The particular vicissitudes of feminine development result in
      differences, in attachment and anxiety about loss of love and abandonment as part
      of the normal constellation of feminine personality. These derive, in part, from
      the difference in the process of separation-individuation and differentiation in
      women as compared with men. 2. The normal feminine personality includes
      responsiveness and/or dependency in relation to others and greater anxiety about
      loss of love. This sensitivity is important in the regulation of and fluctuations
      of self-esteem. 3. The pathways for development of aggression and its fate
      includes the powerful effect of social customs that prescribe passivity with
      consequent likelihood of helplessness and the relatively fewer pathways for
      activity and active mastery. 4. Problems of self-esteem, including those
      resulting from the recognition of aggression and also the development of an ego
      ideal that values sacrifice and service. Devaluation of the female body
      contributes. 5. Problems of identification with a devalued person as a woman--the
      mother--who is sometimes also depressed. 6. Sex-role stereotypes and life
      conditions that support devaluation, subservience, and helplessness and limit
      opportunities.

PMID- 2652111
TI  - Professional issues for women.
AB  - Status, compensation, socialization, mentoring, and assertiveness are discussed,
      along with peer attitudes and cultural expectations of professional women.
      Particular attention is paid to the careers of women in academic medicine.

PMID- 2652112
TI  - Emotional consequences of victimization and discrimination in "special
      populations" of women.
AB  - The emotional consequences of victimization are believed to be mediated in part
      by the social context in which the abuse experience occurs. For selected "special
      populations" of women, subgroup membership is examined as a risk factor for
      victimization and as a contextual determinant of outcome. Membership in a
      disadvantaged subgroup can complicate recovery from abuse experiences in several
      ways. As examples, discrimination and revictimization can impede recovery from
      victimization.

PMID- 2652113
TI  - Models for the development and expression of symptoms in premenstrual syndrome.
AB  - Models for the development and expression of symptoms in premenstrual syndrome
      (PMS) must integrate a variety of reported characteristics of the syndrome, such
      as the symptomatic profile, the menstrual cycle phase-specific timing of the
      symptoms, treatment response characteristics, and the absence of consistently
      observed biochemical or psychological markers. In this article, the authors
      review the available evidence supporting three proposed models for PMS. They also
      discuss a fourth model that may serve to explain and integrate many of the
      ostensibly conflicting observations of PMS and direct research toward the further
      characterization of this syndrome. These models are (1) biochemical or endocrine
      models; (2) symptom exaggeration or "special sensitivity" models; (3)
      premenstrual syndrome as a variant of affective disorder; and (4) premenstrual
      syndrome as a disorder of state regulation.

PMID- 2652114
TI  - The use of psychotropic agents in pregnancy and lactation.
AB  - The question of which psychotropic medications are safe during pregnancy is
      likely to remain unanswered for many years to come. There are ethical limitations
      to performing the type of prospective controlled studies required to answer a
      scientific question of this type definitively. At the present time, in all
      patients with worsening psychiatric illness during pregnancy, be it in the
      schizophrenic, affective, anxiety disorder, or personality disorder spectrum,
      outpatient psychotherapy, hospitalization, and milieu therapy should be attempted
      prior to the routine use of psychotropic medication. Prior to pregnancy,
      withdrawal of psychotropic medications should be attempted under close
      supervision. Situations will arise in which hospitalization is not sufficient to
      avert psychotic decompensation. In both schizophrenic illnesses and acute mania,
      neuroleptics should be used, especially in the first trimester in preference to
      lithium. The use of high-potency neuroleptics appears preferable to low-potency
      agents as the first line of therapy, although subsequent management decisions
      will depend on ability to control side effects. In depression, TCAs should be
      used in cases of suicidality or incapacitating vegetative signs after the first
      trimester if supportive measures fail. There appears to be no rationale for
      withdrawal of TCAs prior to labor. In the third trimester, use of TCAs, low
      potency neuroleptics, or lithium should be accompanied by obstetrical
      surveillance. In severe anxiety or insomnia following the first trimester, the
      occasional use of benzodiazepines may be warranted except during labor and the
      first week postpartum. The chronic use of benzodiazepines during any phase of
      pregnancy and in breastfeeding women is contraindicated. The importance of close
      rapport between the treating physician and the pregnant or breastfeeding patient
      cannot be overstated and will obviate or decrease reliance on psychotropic
      medication in many cases.

PMID- 2652115
TI  - Postpartum psychiatric syndromes.
AB  - Psychiatric symptoms after childbearing tend to arrange themselves into well
      defined patterns or syndromes. When these syndromes are examined, each is found
      to have unique qualities and unique hazards. Confusion occurs in all syndromes.
      Many postpartum symptoms, and the timing of their development, lead to the
      hypothesis that critical etiologic mechanisms may be related to postpartum
      hormonal changes. Explorations of preventive and specific therapeutic measures
      provide support for this position.

PMID- 2652116
TI  - Electron microscopy of large cell undifferentiated and giant cell tumors.
AB  - Electron microscopy is a valuable morphologic method for the diagnostic
      evaluation of undifferentiated tumors composed of polygonal or oval large cells
      and mononuclear or multinucleated giant cells. Although few ultrastructural
      details are pathognomonic, electron microscopic findings may add significantly to
      the formulation of the final diagnosis if used in the context of other
      pathomorphologic and clinical data. Contributions of electron microscopy to tumor
      diagnosis are summarized and illustrated with appropriate examples from personal
      experience in a routine university hospital laboratory.

PMID- 2652117
TI  - Intra-renal localization of b2-microglobulin (b2-m) in renal transplant material.
      An immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The distribution of b2-m immunoreactivity in biopsy material (paraffin sections)
      of 34 patients with renal transplantation was examined. b2-m was present along
      the glomerular capillary walls and in cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of
      convoluted tubules and mainly towards their basement membranes in 15 out of 17
      with acute rejection, in 5 out of 8 with chronic rejection and only one case of
      normal donor. The more frequent detection and the more intense staining of b2-m
      in acute kidney rejection are discussed.

PMID- 2652118
TI  - Traumatic dislocation of the long finger extensor tendon at the
      metacarpophalangeal joint. A case report and literature review.

PMID- 2652119
TI  - Childhood asthma: management.

PMID- 2652120
TI  - Suicide and suicidal behavior in children and adolescents.
AB  - Suicide and suicidal behavior in the pediatric population is a serious public
      health problem. Pediatricians in collaboration with psychiatrists and other
      mental health professionals can make an important contribution to the mental
      health of children and adolescents through the identification, referral, and
      management of suicidal youth.

PMID- 2652121
TI  - Child care and the pediatrician.
AB  - Working parents and child care programs are here to stay. The pediatrician has
      many opportunities to advocate for children concerning child care, both in
      encounters with parents in the office and in roles played in the community. By
      focusing attention on the determinants of the quality of child care, the
      pediatrician can minimize the risks and enhance the potential benefits of child
      care program participation.

PMID- 2652122
TI  - Exercise in the elderly.
AB  - Regular physical activity in the elderly delays decline in physical abilities,
      improves quality of life, and enhances functional capacity. As medical costs
      rise, preventive measures such as exercise are attaining great importance.
      Physicians should encourage their patients to participate in routine exercise and
      assist them in selecting an appropriate program. Preexercise evaluation is
      mandatory and should include a history and physical examination, an exercise
      stress test, and appropriate laboratory tests.

PMID- 2652123
TI  - Four steps in managing migraine.
AB  - The first step in management of migraine is convincing the patient of the
      diagnosis. Once this has been accomplished, the physician needs to identify
      precipitating factors. Common migraine triggers include stress, menstruation, use
      of oral contraceptives, and certain foods. The next step is choosing appropriate
      therapy. Analgesics are most commonly prescribed in North America; nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs, ergotamine, narcotics, corticosteroids, and other drugs
      are also useful. Prophylactic therapy should be considered when treatment of
      individual attacks fails, causes adverse effects, or leads to dependence.

PMID- 2652124
TI  - Masochistic patients. How to help the person who finds 'joy in pain'.
AB  - Masochistic patients are encountered in all fields of medicine. They do not
      behave in the expected "normal" manner: They want to be cared for rather than
      cured. Treatment of these patients is possible if the physician recognizes and
      deals with any negative feelings toward the patient on his or her own part and
      then follows some elementary guidelines, such as not stressing progress,
      minimizing expectations for cure, showing appreciation for the patients'
      suffering, and establishing a relationship that is both supportive and
      nondemanding.

PMID- 2652125
TI  - Minor head injury may not be 'minor'.
AB  - Trauma to the head and neck can cause minor head injury with a brief alteration
      in consciousness. Generally, neurologic examination yields normal findings. In
      some patients, however, postconcussion syndrome marked by headache, dizziness,
      and neuropsychological deficits (eg, fatigue, cognitive impairment, emotional
      symptoms) results. This acceleration-deceleration injury with cerebral axonal
      dysfunction is an organic disease having objective abnormalities that necessitate
      early neurologic testing and treatment to prevent serious complications.

PMID- 2652126
TI  - Hair loss. What causes it and what can be done about it.
AB  - Although both men and women throughout history have seen hair as an important
      aspect of appearance, it is especially important today, in light of the great
      emphasis on youthfulness. A new interest in preventing baldness has been
      stimulated recently by the publicity given to certain products now under
      investigation that have shown an ability to retard or reverse male pattern
      baldness in certain individuals. Hair loss has many possible causes, such as
      systemic diseases, infections, toxic agents, and hormone imbalances. Treatment of
      the underlying disorder alleviates the shedding of hair. Balding may also be a
      normal physiologic occurrence in women taking oral contraceptives or after
      parturition and in men with male pattern baldness. The latter can be treated
      topically with progesterone or minoxidil. Minoxidil has been studied extensively
      and has been shown to improve balding at the vertex of the scalp, particularly in
      young men who have only begun to lose hair. Cases of more extensive male pattern
      baldness and baldness secondary to scarring can be treated effectively with
      surgical procedures.

PMID- 2652127
TI  - Drug therapy in the elderly. How to achieve optimum results.
AB  - Pharmacologic management of elderly patients is difficult because of two age
      related factors: (1) physiologic changes, especially in hepatic and renal
      function, and (2) presence of more diseases, requiring combination drug therapy
      and resulting in increased drug interactions and drug-induced side effects.
      Nevertheless, drugs have essentially the same benefits in the elderly as in
      younger patients and should be used for the same indications. Fewer problems will
      result if the clinician remembers that most drugs produce exaggerated responses,
      both beneficial and detrimental, in the elderly.

PMID- 2652128
TI  - [Children of the persecuted. The offspring of the Nazi victims and refugee
      children today].

PMID- 2652129
TI  - [Effects of systemic thinking on the human concept of the therapist and his
      therapeutic work].
AB  - Some of the fundamental ideas of the so called Systemic Theory of the second
      generation, connected with the names of von Foerster, Maturana, Bateson, von
      Glasersfeld, Prigogine etc., are described, and the underlying idea of man is
      outlined in a few points. This is followed by some reflections as to the effects
      of this kind of thinking and this view of man on the therapist himself, his
      potentials, his limits, and so on his therapeutic actions.

PMID- 2652130
TI  - Meckel-Gruber syndrome: ultrasonographic diagnosis at 13 weeks' gestational age
      in an at-risk case.
AB  - A case of early diagnosis at 13 weeks' gestational age of Meckel-Gruber syndrome
      by ultrasound is reported in a patient with a 25 per cent recurrence risk. The
      usefulness of genetic counselling and aimed echographic examination is discussed.

PMID- 2652131
TI  - Visualization of fetal intra-abdominal organs in second-trimester severe
      oligohydramnios by intraperitoneal infusion.
AB  - Fetal intraperitoneal infusion of saline was performed in two patients with
      severe oligohydramnios at 24 and 25 weeks' gestation in order to enhance
      visualization of intra-abdominal organs. Renal agenesis was easily diagnosed. The
      technique can be considered as an alternative to artificial instillation of
      amniotic fluid in the differential diagnosis of conditions associated with severe
      oligohydramnios.

PMID- 2652132
TI  - A prospective study of the incidence and significance of fetal choroid plexus
      cysts.
AB  - Cysts of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle can be detected in the fetus
      during routine scanning at 16-18 weeks' gestation with an approximate incident of
      one in every 120 pregnancies. It is likely that in a high percentage of cases
      cysts are bilateral and that their recent discovery is mainly due to improvements
      in imaging technology. Although the great majority of cases resolve and do not
      result in any morbidity, five cases of trisomy 18 and one case of trisomy 21
      associated with fetal choroid plexus cysts have been reported. In this
      prospective study, choroid plexus cysts were detected in 42 fetuses, resulting in
      40 normal infants and 2 cases of trisomy 18. It is concluded that there may be a
      relationship between fetal choroid plexus cysts and trisomy 18. In order to
      obtain a more precise and accurate result, a multi-centre prospective study is
      being organized.

PMID- 2652133
TI  - The significance of prenatal diagnosis of choroid plexus cysts.
AB  - A case is described of the prenatal diagnosis of choroid plexus cysts at 17
      week's gestation which persisted beyond 36 weeks but could not be detected after
      delivery. At birth the child was found to have trisomy 18.

PMID- 2652134
TI  - The use of Escherichia coli mutants to measure the bioavailability of essential
      amino acids in foods.
AB  - The beta-galactosidase-based assay for lysine developed by Tuffnell & Payne was
      used to measure the bioavailabilities of cyst(e)ine, methionine, threonine and
      tryptophan in pronase digests of 17 foods. The digests were assayed by estimating
      the beta-galactosidase synthesis responses of five Escherichia coli mutants, each
      requiring one of the respective amino acids for protein synthesis. Deletion
      mutants were used whenever possible in order to ensure strain stability. Single
      digests of each food were assayed with 3 or 4 separate cultures of each mutant
      and the results were compared with those from the corresponding chemical assay.
      Omitting the anomalously low values for one food, the rank correlation
      coefficients of the bio- and chemo-assay values were 0.61 (cysteine), 0.91
      (lysine), 0.95 (methionine), 0.64 (threonine) and 0.85 (tryptophan). Mean (+/-
      S.D.) relative amino acid bioavailabilities (casein = 100%) for the 17 foods
      were: cysteine, 53 +/- 23; lysine, 90 +/- 10; methionine, 95 +/- 18; threonine,
      89 +/- 13; and tryptophan, 89 +/- 25. The cysteine mutant appeared to give
      unusually low bioavailability values except for the milk products. These amino
      acid mutants afford a rapid method for assaying the bioavailabilities of at least
      four of the five amino acids studied.

PMID- 2652135
TI  - [Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2652136
TI  - [Exposure and disposition in the genesis of bronchial cancer].

PMID- 2652137
TI  - Plasmodium antigens external to the parasite but with the infected erythrocyte.
AB  - Three Plasmodium berghei exoantigens with apparent mol. wt. of 120, 31, and 13
      kDa, found in infected erythrocytes by immunofluorescence, are further
      characterized. These antigens, synthesized in the late trophozoite and schizont
      stages, were released into the culture medium after schizont-infected
      erythrocytes were placed in culture; however, they were not found in the sera of
      infected animals. The 120-kDa antigen proved to be somewhat heat-stable, whereas
      the other two did not. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) recognizing the 13-kDa antigen
      cross-reacted with proteins from P. chabaudi and P. yoelii, whereas MAbs against
      the other two antigens reacted only with proteins from strains of P. berghei.

PMID- 2652138
TI  - Effects of thalassaemic serum on the in vitro development of the malarial
      parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Sera from thalassaemic individuals were experimentally tested for their
      suppressive effects on the in vitro development of asexual stages of Plasmodium
      falciparum. Cultures in sera collected from six patients who had classical
      haemoglobin H disease (alpha-thal1-alpha-thal2) and six patients who had
      haemoglobin H disease with haemoglobin (Hb) Constant Spring (alpha-thal1-CS)
      showed a significantly higher degree of inhibition of parasite multiplication
      than cultures of thalassaemic erythrocytes in sera from healthy individuals.
      Similarly, sera from 12 patients with beta-thalassaemia/haemoglobin E (beta-thal
      HbE) diminished parasite development in vitro. Schizonts of P. falciparum
      cultured in erythrocytes from non-thalassaemic individuals containing normal Hb
      (alpha 2 beta 2) were also inhibited when thalassaemic serum was used in place of
      normal serum. The degree of inhibition was proportional to the concentration
      (vol/vol) of the thalassaemic serum.

PMID- 2652139
TI  - Crystallographic phases through genetic engineering: experiences with colicin A.
AB  - Colicins are antibiotic proteins that kill sensitive Escherichia coli cells. The
      structure of the pore-forming fragment of colicin A has been solved to 2.5 A
      resolution using the techniques of X-ray crystallography and genetic engineering.
      Site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct a number of cysteine-containing
      mutant proteins, one of which yielded an excellent mercurial derivative. Our
      experiences suggest strategies for obtaining useful heavy-atom derivatives for
      protein crystallography using genetic engineering techniques.

PMID- 2652140
TI  - Plasma desorption mass spectrometry, an analytical tool in protein engineering:
      characterization of modified insulins.
AB  - Californium-252 plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS) has been employed for
      the characterization of a series of human insulin derivatives in order to
      evaluate the performance of this technique as an analytical tool in protein
      engineering. Several of the characterized modifications result in a 1 a.m.u. mass
      change. The precision in mass determination obtainable by PDMS analysis is not
      sufficient for unambiguous verification of such modifications based on the
      molecular weight alone. It is, however, possible to carry out in situ enzymatic
      digestion of the sample. Subsequent PDMS analysis will in most cases reveal if
      the modification has been introduced as intended.

PMID- 2652141
TI  - Protein secretion controlled by a synthetic gene in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The inability of Escherichia coli to secrete proteins in growth medium is one of
      the major drawbacks in its use in genetic engineering. A synthetic gene,
      homologous to the one coding for the kil peptide of pColE1, was made and cloned
      under the control of the lac promoter, in order to obtain the inducible secretion
      of homologous or heterologous proteins by E. coli. The efficiency of this
      synthetic gene to promote secretion was assayed by analysing the production and
      secretion of two proteins, the R-TEM1 beta-lactamase, and the alpha-amylase from
      Bacillus licheniformis. This latter protein was expressed in E. coli from its
      gene either on the same plasmid as the kil gene or on a different plasmid. The
      primary effect of the induction of the kil gene is the overproduction of the
      secreted proteins. When expressed at a high level, the kil gene promotes the
      overproduction of all periplasmic proteins and the total secretion in the culture
      medium of both the beta-lactamase or the alpha-amylase. This secretion is semi
      selective for most periplasmic proteins are not secreted. The kil peptide induces
      the secretion of homologous or heterologous proteins in two steps, first acting
      on the cytoplasmic membrane, then permeabilizing the outer membrane. This system,
      which is now being assayed at the fermentor scale, is the first example of using
      a synthetic gene to engineer a new property into a bacterial strain.

PMID- 2652142
TI  - Amino acid composition is correlated with protein abundance in Escherichia coli:
      can this be due to optimization of translational efficiency?
AB  - Amino acid occurrence frequencies were found for four groups of Escherichia coli
      proteins with different abundance levels in the cell. These frequencies decrease
      with increasing protein abundance for amino acids whose codons are translated by
      tRNAs present at low concentrations (e.g., Cys, Trp, Ser, etc.); the opposite
      tendency was observed for amino acids translated by abundant tRNAs (Lys, Val,
      etc.). The efficiency (rate and accuracy) of codon translation is expected to be
      proportional to the concentration of the cognate tRNA. Therefore, the observed
      constraints on amino acid composition may be explained as resulting from
      evolutionary pressure optimizing the translational efficiency of a gene (the same
      pressure is responsible for the nonrandom choice of synonymous codons).

PMID- 2652143
TI  - Protein databases and software on BIONET.
AB  - BIONET provides databases, software, and networking/communications tools to over
      2500 molecular biologists worldwide. Software for the analysis of nucleic acid
      and protein sequence data is provided by both IntelliGenetics and academic
      contributors. BIONET is currently implementing dedicated high speed servers for
      searching protein databases, as well as providing more flexible tools for protein
      structure recognition and prediction. In this review, protein databases and
      analysis software available on the BIONET resource are described, and progress in
      providing new tools for structure prediction, comparative sequence analysis, and
      pattern recognition using Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are summarized.

PMID- 2652144
TI  - Morphometric indexes and computerized diagnosis of gastric dysplasia.
AB  - In general, the diagnosis and grading of dysplasia of the gastric mucosa depends
      upon the pathologist's experience. The authors suggest N/C, P1/D1, P2/D2, R/R and
      NCI as 5 morphometric indexes and objective criteria in diagnosis and grading of
      this lesion. N/C involves the ratio of nuclei to cytoplasm; P1/D1 is the ratio of
      the dysplastic tubule perimeter to the diameter of its equivalent circle
      (obtained by transformation of the irregular perimeter); P2/D2 is the ratio of
      perimeter obtained by tracing the edges of nuclei bordering the lumen of the
      dysplastic tube to the diameter of the equivalent circle; R/R is the ratio of
      P1/D1 to P2/D2, which remains almost constant in spite of the fact that P values
      of tubules cutting through normal branches may increase in cases without atypia.
      For this reason, R/R may be regarded as an index for estimating the reasonability
      of the sampling. NCI is the ratio of nuclear perimeter to the diameter of its
      equivalent circle. In accordance with the above indexes, the diagnosis and
      grading of dysplasia can be assigned by computer analysis.

PMID- 2652145
TI  - Studies on esophageal cancer cells in vitro.
AB  - A number of studies on esophageal cancer cells in vitro have been reported since
      the establishment of a human esophageal epithelial cancer cell line (Eca 109) in
      China in 1972. Some of these are reviewed here; the heterogeneity of esophageal
      cancer cells, comparative cytochemical and ultrastructural studies on cancer
      cells and normal esophageal epithelial cells of primary culture, comparative
      cytomorphological observation of a cancer cell line and cancer cell smears from
      patients by balloon technique, establishment of spheroid culture for the study of
      cancer cell differentiation and invasiveness, and immunological study on
      esophageal cancer in vitro.

PMID- 2652146
TI  - The effect of clomiphene on the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGF2 alpha, PGE2,
      PGI2) in human endometrial cells in vitro with and without addition of estradiol
      17 beta or progesterone.
AB  - The production of prostaglandin F2 alpha in monolayer stromal cell cultures of
      proliferative human endometrium is enhanced by 10(-7) mol/l estradiol-17 beta or
      10(-4) mol/l progesterone. Progesterone in high concentration (10(-4) mol/l) also
      enhanced the synthesis of prostaglandin E2. Clomiphene citrate reduced this
      increased prostaglandin production dose dependently. The synthesis of
      prostaglandin I2 was not influenced either by sex steroids or by clomiphene
      citrate.

PMID- 2652147
TI  - In vivo biosynthesis of thromboxane and prostacyclin during exposure to
      physiological levels of epinephrine.
AB  - The effects of 20-min epinephrine infusion (0.025 and 0.3 nmol/kg/min) on the in
      vivo synthesis of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin were studied in ten healthy
      male volunteers. We assessed the in vivo biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 and
      prostacyclin by measurement of the urinary metabolites 2,3-dinor-TxB2 and 2,3
      dinor-6-keto-PGF1 alpha, respectively. Epinephrine infusion did not cause any
      significant changes in the urinary excretion of the two metabolites. Thus, we
      conclude that physiological levels of epinephrine do not affect the in vivo
      biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin.

PMID- 2652148
TI  - Design, implementation and pitfalls of photoaffinity labelling experiments in in
      vitro preparations. General principles.

PMID- 2652149
TI  - The vasodilator role of adenosine.

PMID- 2652150
TI  - Metabolism of new anticancer agents.

PMID- 2652151
TI  - Xenobiotic metabolism by isolated pulmonary cells.

PMID- 2652152
TI  - Ethanol, its metabolism and hepatotoxicity as well as its gonadal effects:
      effects of sex.

PMID- 2652153
TI  - Enhancement of the antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil by uridine rescue.

PMID- 2652154
TI  - Endothelium-derived relaxing factor.

PMID- 2652155
TI  - Biochemical modulation of cisplatin toxicity.
AB  - The biochemical modulation of cisplatin toxicity has contributed substantially to
      the safe and effective administration of cisplatin in the clinic. In most cases,
      however, the demonstration of clinical efficacy has preceded the understanding of
      mechanisms by which these agents provide protection to normal tissues. A number
      of protocols are now available to ameliorate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity;
      these approaches have been so successful that renal toxicity is rarely of
      clinical significance today. However, the dramatic escalation in cisplatin dose
      engendered by the use of modulators has resulted in new dose-limiting toxicities
      involving the nervous system and the bone marrow. Although preliminary data
      suggests that certain modulators may reduce these toxicities, extensive clinical
      trials will be necessary to substantiate the beneficial effects in the clinic.
      Further clinical studies will also be necessary to determine the optimum
      scheduling for the newer agents and to provide convincing evidence of efficacy in
      man. Finally, modulator combinations (i.e. DDTC and hypertonic saline) have the
      potential to provide the broadest coverage of normal tissue protection and appear
      to merit more extensive clinical investigation. Cisplatin has demonstrated
      remarkable clinical efficacy at currently tolerated doses; further advances in
      the biochemical modulation of cisplatin toxicity should provide significant
      therapeutic gains for this important drug in the future.

PMID- 2652156
TI  - Enhancement of fluorouracil therapy by the manipulation of tissue uridine pools.
AB  - Evidence for transport systems that actively concentrate uridine in normal
      tissues provides a previously unexploited opportunity for manipulation to
      therapeutic advantage. The ability to expand these pools in a tissue-specific
      manner by administration of exogenous uridine, inhibition of uridine
      phosphorylase with BAU or blockade of the facilitated transport of nucleosides
      with dipyridamole is established. If the apparent defect in the active transport
      mechanism for uridine in neoplastic cells in culture as well as several model
      tumors reflect the properties of human neoplasms, a new exploitable therapeutic
      difference may exist. These approaches may, in the near future, increase the
      therapeutic effectiveness not only of fluorouracil and the other
      fluoropyrimidines but also of other agents which disrupt uridine metabolism such
      as PALA and pyrazofurin.

PMID- 2652157
TI  - Relationship of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene metabolism to pulmonary
      bronchiolar epithelial cell necrosis.

PMID- 2652158
TI  - Pathology of animal amyloidoses.

PMID- 2652159
TI  - Activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during exposure to cold.
AB  - It seems clear from the studies reviewed here that there is adequate evidence to
      support the concept of a biphasic response of the thyroid gland to cold as first
      postulated by Moll et al. (1972). The initial response to acute exposure to cold
      begins at the level of the hypothalamus as a result of either neural stimuli from
      skin and other areas and/or blood of somewhat lower than normal temperature
      reaching the hypothalamus (Andersson et al., 1963). As a result, the secretion of
      norepinephrine and/or dopamine may increase, and serotonin and/or somatostatin
      may decrease. The net result of these is an increase in the release of TRH from
      the hypothalamus. This, in turn, stimulates the cascade for the release of TSH
      from the anterior pituitary gland and thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.
      Moll et al. (1972) postulated the lack of a feedback limb in this acute phase,
      and, indeed, this may be the case. It is possible, however, that certain
      hormones, such as somatostatin, norepinephrine, T3, and T4 could act in the
      capacity of feedback inhibitors. Additional experiments will be required to
      assess this possibility. The transitional link between the acute (less than 1
      day) and chronic (greater than 1 day) phases of the response of the thyroid gland
      to cold could be T4 itself. An increase in the concentration of T4 in plasma has
      been reported to increase peripheral deiodination of T4 to T3 by kidneys and
      liver of rats. There are no studies at present to indicate that hepatic
      conjugation can be increased by elevation of plasma levels of T4 and T3. If it
      can, these responses would provide adequate reasons as to why peripheral
      metabolism of thyroid hormones increases during chronic exposure to cold. The
      time-course for these changes to occur needs to be studied in greater detail to
      establish the sequence of events following acute exposure to cold. The latter may
      also increase urinary excretion of T4 and T3 in man, but not the rat. This
      suggests that another aspect of exposure to cold needing additional study is
      measurement of the binding affinities of T4 and T3 for their transport proteins
      during exposure to cold as compared to affinities prior to exposure to cold. If
      binding affinities are reduced, the amount of free hormones would increase and,
      consequently the likelihood of being excreted into urine and conjugated by the
      liver would also increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2652160
TI  - Predictors of compliance with lithium and carbamazepine regimens in the long-term
      treatment of recurrent mood and related psychotic disorders.
AB  - This study examined compliance with lithium and carbamazepine regimens from the
      perspective of the illness and its characteristics. Patients were more likely to
      stay in treatment when prophylaxis was begun following a depressive episode and
      in the presence of congruent psychotic experiences. The reverse was true for
      grandiose and manic patients and those with somatic preoccupations.

PMID- 2652161
TI  - Overproduction of SSB protein enhances the capacity for photorepair in
      Escherichia coli recA cells.
AB  - We studied photoreactivation in cells carrying the multicopy ssb+ plasmid. These
      cells overproduce single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB). Overproduction of
      SSB enhances the capacity for photoreactivation in recA bacteria but not in the
      recA+ background. It is suggested that, in recA cells, SSB binds to the dimer
      region of DNA and that this binding stimulates the process of photoreactivation.
      In recA+ cells, the same stimulation might be achieved by RecA protein.

PMID- 2652162
TI  - Preliminary study of the vascular dynamics of port-wine hemangioma with
      therapeutic implications for argon laser treatment.
AB  - The vascular dynamics of port-wine hemangioma have been studied in several ways
      in order to better understand blood flow factors. Utilizing a laser Doppler
      velocimeter, differential perfusion/blood flow was studied and contrasted to
      normal skin, compared to heat and cold challenges, and finally measured in
      relationship to argon laser treatment. Results indicate that port-wine
      hemangiomas do not necessarily have different perfusion than normal skin but
      respond less vigorously to heat challenges. Cooling showed no uniform response by
      port-wine hemangioma vessels, while injection with Xylocaine plus epinephrine
      resulted in a markedly decreased perfusion and vasoconstriction contrary to
      previously held theories. Argon laser treatment did not uniformly alter laser
      Doppler perfusion to a predictable degree. Laser Doppler velocimeter flow studies
      were not able to predict future good versus bad results of laser treatment.

PMID- 2652163
TI  - Identification of the collagen-producing cells in healing flexor tendons.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody to procollagen type I (anti-pC) which specifically stains
      cells synthesizing collagen was used to study the healing of chicken flexor
      tendons in vivo. Healing was assessed using routine hematoxylin and eosin
      histology and immunoperoxidase staining with anti-pC. Studies showed that
      epitenon cells proliferate 3 days after injury and are producing collagen by 7
      days after injury. Tenocytes do not begin producing collagen until 14 to 21 days
      after injury. From 3 to 5 weeks, the entire substance of the tendon becomes
      filled with collagen-synthesizing cells. These cells may have originated from the
      tendon sheath, the epitenon, or the endotenon; however, the evidence presented in
      this study suggests that the epitenon is a major source of these cells.

PMID- 2652164
TI  - A tendon approximator.
AB  - A tendon approximator designed to hold tendon ends together for suturing is
      described. The method of use and the situations where it may be of value are
      described.

PMID- 2652165
TI  - Creating a curvilinear scar.
AB  - A technique is presented by which predictable curvilinear scars can be produced
      by using asymmetrical lenticular excisions. This is particularly useful for the
      excision of skin tumors of the cheeks and lateral to the commissures of the lips.
      It must be remembered not to compromise the surgical resection margins in order
      to achieve the optimal aesthetic result.

PMID- 2652167
TI  - Trouble with skin grafts.

PMID- 2652166
TI  - Life-threatening varicella gangrenosum.

PMID- 2652168
TI  - Effects of intravenous cocaine are partially attenuated by haloperidol.
AB  - We examined the effect of the dopaminergic blocking agent, haloperidol, on the
      subjective and physiologic response to cocaine in cocaine-using volunteers. Five
      subjects received cocaine (40 mg) or placebo administered intravenously 20 min
      following pretreatment with haloperidol (8 mg) or placebo intramuscularly in a
      randomized double-blind study design. Haloperidol pretreatment attenuated cocaine
      induced increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure but not heart rate.
      Pretreatment with haloperidol reduced subject ratings of pleasant sensations but
      had no effect on drug "rush." Haloperidol (8 mg) has a small and limited effect
      on the subjective response to cocaine when given 20 min before cocaine.

PMID- 2652169
TI  - Comparison of electromechanical measures and observer ratings of tardive
      dyskinesia.
AB  - Thirty-three patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) were studied with multiple
      observer consensus ratings of videotaped examinations, ultrasound counts of
      movement, and electromechanical frequency measures of the movements. There were
      statistically significant correlations between orofacial ultrasound measures and
      TD severity determinations made by observers. Clinical ratings did not correlate
      with frequency measures. Ultrasound measures substantiate observer rating scales,
      whereas frequency measures appear to provide information not available from
      clinical rating scale scores.

PMID- 2652170
TI  - Folk psychology of mental activities.
AB  - A central aspect of people's beliefs about the mind is that mental activities-
      for example, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving-- are interrelated, with
      some activities being kinds or parts of others. In common-sense psychology,
      reasoning is a kind of thinking and reasoning is part of problem solving.
      People's conceptions of these mental kinds and parts can furnish clues to the
      ordinary meaning of these terms and to the differences between folk and
      scientific psychology. In this article, we use a new technique for deriving
      partial orders to analyze subjects' decisions about whether one mental activity
      is a kind or part of another. The resulting taxonomies and partonomies differ
      from those of common object categories in exhibiting a converse relation in this
      domain: One mental activity is a part of another if the second is a kind of the
      first. The derived taxonomies and partonomies also allow us to predict results
      from further experiments that examine subjects' memory for these activities,
      their ratings of the activities' importance, and their judgements about whether
      there could be "possible minds" that possess some of the activities but not
      others.

PMID- 2652171
TI  - Sequential ideal-observer analysis of visual discriminations.
AB  - Visual stimuli contain a limited amount of information that could potentially be
      used to perform a given visual task. At successive stages of visual processing,
      some of this information is lost and some is transmitted to higher stages. This
      article describes a new analysis, based on the concept of the ideal observer in
      signal detection theory, that allows one to trace the flow of discrimination
      information through the initial physiological stages of visual processing, for
      arbitrary spatio-chromatic stimuli. This ideal-observer analysis provides a
      rigorous means of measuring the information content of visual stimuli and of
      assessing the contribution of specific physiological mechanisms to discrimination
      performance. Here, the analysis is developed for the physiological mechanisms up
      to the level of the photoreceptor. It is shown that many psychophysical phenomena
      previously attributed to neural mechanisms may be explained by variations in the
      information content of the stimuli and by preneural mechanisms.

PMID- 2652172
TI  - Social acceptance of mentally retarded children in regular schools in relation to
      years mainstreamed.
AB  - This study examined whether the social status of mainstreamed retarded children
      among their nonretarded peers improved as a consequence of extended contact. A
      sociometric questionnaire was administered to the nonretarded classmates of two
      groups of retarded children mainstreamed for an average of 1.7 yr. and 4 yr.,
      respectively. Social acceptance of retarded children was low relative to their
      nonretarded peers. However, in contrast with previous research, retarded children
      did not receive higher social rejection ratings. Acceptance and rejection
      measures did not indicate any improvement in social status of the retarded
      children as a result of an extended period of mainstreaming.

PMID- 2652173
TI  - Social intelligence, a neurological system?
AB  - Social intelligence has been researched for almost 70 yr. without definitive
      findings. During this period almost no attempts have been made to consider the
      complexity of the brain's anatomy and functions responsible for social
      competence. An ecological model focusing on social abilities within a
      biopsychosocial context is discussed along with supporting literature and an
      hypothesis for research. This argument invokes social intelligence as an
      independent brain system. It is suggested that neurological structures and
      chemical activities controlling social skills are directly influenced by the
      environment, individual beliefs, personal goals, and physiology.

PMID- 2652174
TI  - Psychologists and alcoholic women.
AB  - Alcoholism among women often has been treated using a model based on research
      with alcoholic men. Women react differently to alcohol than men both
      physiologically and psychologically and their drinking patterns are different
      from men's. Treatment facilities for alcoholism have not been as available for
      women as for men and treatment must be individualized for the differences between
      men and women problem drinkers and for the differences among alcoholic women.

PMID- 2652175
TI  - Contributions to the history of psychology: LIII. Maimonides' "Freudian" theory
      of prophecy.
AB  - Maimonides, in The Guide of the Perplexed developed an an approach to
      interpreting prophecy using "Freudian" dream-interpretation methods on the
      assumption that prophets report dreams and visions, based on Numbers 12:6-8.

PMID- 2652176
TI  - Cardiovascular responses to occupational stress and caffeine in telemarketing
      employees.
AB  - Cardiovascular responses to the combination of caffeine and a challenging
      occupational activity were examined using a within-subject, double-blind design.
      Seventeen female and 11 male telemarketing employees received drinks that did and
      did not contain 250 mg of caffeine on two consecutive days, with order of
      presentation counterbalanced across subjects. Repeated measurements of systolic
      and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and digital blood volume pulse were
      obtained during a pre-drug resting baseline and a post-drug working period on
      each day. Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed significant main
      effects of Period on all measures of cardiovascular activity, indicating that
      occupational demands elicited significant cardiovascular adjustments. Only
      systolic blood pressure revealed a significant Drug X Period effect, indicating
      that responses were significantly greater on the caffeine versus placebo day. The
      changes in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, although not significant,
      were consistent in direction with the results from previous laboratory studies.
      There were no significant differences between males and females in cardiovascular
      response to the combination of stress and caffeine.

PMID- 2652177
TI  - Psychiatric side effects of steroid therapy.
AB  - Many psychiatric side effects have been noted with steroid administration.
      Occurring in about 6% of all patients on steroids, they are not uncommon. The
      English-language literature from 1951 to the present reveals numerous case
      reports and reviews but few prospective, controlled studies exploring this issue.
      This paper reviews the various psychiatric presentations and the relationship to
      patient profile, steroid type, dosage, and therapy duration. In 90% of cases,
      symptoms are reversible with steroid termination; some patients require
      psychopharmacologic treatment. Prophylaxis with lithium carbonate has met with
      good response in a few anecdotal reports and one prospective study.

PMID- 2652178
TI  - The brain and the immune system: a psychosomatic network.
AB  - The central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system, communicating through the
      neuroendocrine system, are closely involved in the individual's adaptation to the
      environment. The data from basic science research and clinical observations are
      overviewed, and more recent studies are summarized. As changes in immune function
      may mediate the effects of psychosocial factors in psychosomatic disorders, it is
      important for all biopsychosocially oriented physicians to understand the network
      that connects the central nervous and immune systems.

PMID- 2652179
TI  - A psychiatric study of 247 liver transplantation candidates.
AB  - This study prospectively evaluated 247 consecutive liver transplantation
      candidates for the presence of psychiatric disorders. While one-half did not meet
      DSM-III criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis, 18.6% had delirium, 19.8% had an
      adjustment disorder, 9% had alcohol abuse or dependence, 4.5% had major
      depression, and 2% had other drug abuse or dependence. Delirious subjects were
      significantly more likely to have a lower serum albumin, lower Mini-Mental State
      exam scores, higher Trailmaking Test scores (both A and B), and more dysrhythmia
      on electroencephalogram (EEG). In addition, while both delirious and nondelirious
      subjects were judged to have high levels of overall stress, those with delirium
      had significantly poorer adaptive functioning and lower occupational, family, and
      social scale ratings. Thus, while all liver transplant candidates are under
      substantial psychosocial stress and require psychosocial support, those
      identified as being delirious require particular attention because of their
      numerous cognitive, medical, and psychosocial problems.

PMID- 2652180
TI  - Treatment of behavioral problems with pindolol.
AB  - A study was conducted on a group of chronically hospitalized, brain-damaged male
      patients to assess the effectiveness of treatment with pindolol on behavioral
      problems. The study was conducted in two parts. The first was a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled analysis of the effect of pindolol on assaultive behavior,
      both verbal and physical. The second part was open and sought to determine
      whether pindolol would diminish such behaviors as resistance to care, sexual
      preoccupation, or provocation of others, which were sufficient to preclude
      placement at a lower level of care. These target behaviors and nursing
      interventions were monitored and clinical global assessments of improvement in
      behavior and of suitability for lower levels of care were developed. Eight of 13
      patients were considered improved. Those with significant premorbid personality
      disorders showed little benefit. Pindolol appears to ameliorate some management
      problems and, by inference, improve the quality of life in many patients with
      behavioral pathology due to organic brain disease.

PMID- 2652181
TI  - [Ultrasonic tomography in the diagnosis of recurrences of rectal cancer].
AB  - The results of ultrasonography in 616 patients after radical surgery of rectal
      carcinoma are committed. In the first group, patients with clinical symptoms of a
      recidive, the method detected a tumour in 146 (80.2%) of 182 patients. The error
      rate was 12.1%. In the second group, patients with unfavourable postoperative
      prognosis, ultrasound follow-up detected recidives previous to their clinical
      manifestation in 73 (16.8%) of 434 patients. The method turned out to be
      effective even for the detection of small (less than 3 cm) recurrences after
      rectal exstirpation. For intraintestinal recurrences after rectal resection
      ultrasonography can determine the degree of infiltration outside the organ. Real
      time scans can prevent some of the errors that occur with compound scans.

PMID- 2652182
TI  - [Ultrasound-guided fine-needle puncture of the thyroid].
AB  - If properly performed, modern high-resolution real-time ultrasonography will
      disclose subtle differences in the texture of thyroid tissue and thereby enable
      the examiner to suggest a diagnosis. Nevertheless, there is often a need for a
      more specific diagnosis of solid or semisolid thyroid lesions - especially when
      the lesion might be malignant. Ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration
      biopsy (UG-FNB) allows a final cytological and/or histological diagnosis to be
      made in patients with benign or malignant space-occupying growths even if they
      are small. In its simplest form, thyroid nodules (diameter greater than 1.5 cm)
      with a uniform sonographic texture are punctured blind after determination of the
      site and size of the lesion on the basis of ultrasonic imaging. When the lesion
      is small and deeply situated (diameter less than or equal to 1.5 cm), this method
      will not be sufficiently accurate and more precise needle guidance is mandatory.
      In ultrasonically guided fine-needle puncture, the idea is to place the tip of an
      appropriate needle safely and accurately in the suspect lesion, so that
      representative specimens of solid tissue or fluid can be obtained and technical
      failures reduced. The main indication for biopsy of the thyroid gland is to
      differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. To compare the accuracy of
      conventional puncture techniques and ultrasonically guided puncture methods, 835
      patients with benign or malignant space-occupying growth (even the small ones)
      were examined simultaneously with conventional and ultrasonically guided fine
      needle aspiration biopsy over a period of 3 years (prospectively). Our results
      showed a significant difference in the sensitivity between conventional puncture
      without sonographic guidance and ultrasonically guided puncture techniques
      performed on patients with small and very small lesions (phi less than 2 cm). The
      size, macroscopic structure, and topographic-anatomical localization of the
      lesions were found to influence the diagnostic accuracy of the puncture
      techniques. UG-FNB is an excellent, effective, safe and painless method of
      treating uncomplicated thyroid cysts; it should be considered an alternative to
      surgery, if there are no clinical and cytological findings indicating malignancy
      and no severe space-occupying complications. Since the tip of the needle can be
      visualized on the scan, the needle may be advanced or withdrawn during aspiration
      so it is possible to empty the cyst completely. The use of ultrasound in the
      follow-up of patients with thyroid cyst puncture is mandatory to evaluate the
      results. Surgical therapy should be reserved for large cysts causing space
      occupying complications.

PMID- 2652183
TI  - [Indications for and basic principles of the surgical treatment of thyroid
      diseases].
AB  - Surgical treatment is indicated for patients with nodular goiter if malignancy
      seems possible, if there are mechanical reasons, or on request from the patient.
      In patients with goiter and hyperthyroidism, surgery and radioiodine are
      alternatives. In contrast, thyroid autonomy always requires surgery. The
      treatment of patients suffering from differentiated thyroid cancer includes
      thyroidectomy and radioiodine, and in those with anaplastic thyroid cancer
      external radiation and surgery should be performed. Apart from the classic
      indications and surgical procedures, in recent years selective resection of
      multinodular goiter, more conservative surgery of small papillary thyroid cancer
      and surgical treatment of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis have become established.

PMID- 2652184
TI  - [Radioiodine therapy and percutaneous radiotherapy of struma maligna].
AB  - Effective therapy of thyroid malignancies requires close cooperation between
      endocrinologists, surgeons and radiologists. Radioiodine offers the unique
      possibility of curing highly differentiated carcinoma even when it is in a
      disseminated state. Percutaneous radiotherapy is a proven treatment regimen for
      residual tumor tissue after surgery and iodine-131 therapy, for locally advanced
      carcinomas and for recurrences. The controversy surrounding postoperative
      "prophylactic" radiotherapy in differentiated carcinomas is discussed. The two
      treatment modalities using ionizing radiation - radioiodine and external
      irradiation - are reviewed and discussed with reference to indications,
      techniques, complications and results.

PMID- 2652185
TI  - [The value of computer-assisted sonographic tissue characterization in focal
      lesions of the thyroid].
AB  - Thyroid lesions are a common observation in ultrasound examination. In most cases
      the differentiation of malignant and benign tissue is difficult. In this study
      133 thyroid lesions were examined by an ultrasonographic tissue characterization
      system prior to surgery. The pathologic findings (29 cancers, 31 adenomas, 46
      nodular goiters, 27 cysts) were examined with reference to the quantitative
      evaluation of the ultrasonic images (ROI method). The selected regions of
      interest (ROI) were analyzed with regard to the three most discriminating
      parameters. The overall accuracy of differentiation between malignant and benign
      thyroid nodules was 83.9%.

PMID- 2652186
TI  - [Erroneous diagnoses of space-occupying processes of the kidney].
AB  - Renal masses are occasionally misdiagnosed because: (1) there are two lesions
      present; the important lesion (the mass) is small and hidden by the second, less
      important lesion, which is more prominent on the film; (2) there is misleading or
      insufficient clinical information: (3) previous results and films are disregarded
      and/or unavailable. In individual cases, differentiation between malignant and
      benign masses may be impossible, despite the application of all of the imaging
      modalities available.

PMID- 2652187
TI  - [Sonography of the thyroid gland].
AB  - Real-time ultrasound is a generally available, noninvasive and inexpensive tool
      allowing evaluation of the thyroid gland without any radiation exposure. The
      method is highly sensitive with regard to shape, size, localization and
      morphology of this gland. Owing to low specificity ultrasound does not yield
      sufficient information concerning the function and degree of malignancy of
      lesions in relation to the structure and echogenic pattern. In some cases it is
      possible to achieve the final diagnosis with ultrasound in combination with
      clinical and laboratory findings. The information is based on the morphology of
      lesions and is an ideal supplement to the functional information yielded by
      scintigraphic examination and makes it possible to perform fine-needle biopsy.
      For primary examination and during follow-up, ultrasound is indispensable as a
      basic imaging modality. It is extremely important that the physician should be
      experienced.

PMID- 2652188
TI  - A general overview of amiodarone toxicity: its prevention, detection, and
      management.
AB  - Although amiodarone is a highly effective antiarrhythmic agent, it has a high
      incidence of side effects, some of which can be serious or even lethal. With
      close monitoring, side effects can be found in essentially all patients, but
      fortunately most of these are mild and well tolerated. Furthermore, many will
      respond to dosage reduction in a relatively short period of time, ie, days to
      weeks, which is remarkable considering the long period of time amiodarone has
      been shown to persist in tissues. There is reasonable evidence that toxicity,
      particularly the early toxic manifestations with large loading dosages, can be
      favorably modified by reducing the dosage. Similarly, reducing the maintenance
      dosage will, in most instances, reduce or eliminate most toxic manifestations.
      The mechanisms of toxic effects are uncertain, but suggestive evidence exists for
      and against both an immunologic reaction and an intracellular lysosomal
      lipoidosis. Principles of use of amiodarone should include individualizing
      administration of dosages for each patient due to the unusual pharmacokinetic
      properties of this drug and continuous long-term attempts at using the lowest
      effective dosage. There are no definite tests that predict amiodarone efficacy or
      toxicity, but the serum level can be used as a rough guide of absorption and
      distribution in the attempt to minimize the maintenance dosage. No guidelines
      regarding screening tests for toxicity can be made at this time since great
      variability in these tests has been reported, and no evidence exists for their
      benefit in preventing adverse effects to amiodarone. However, follow-up testing
      at the intervals noted in the package insert are reasonable and important. The
      possibility of interactions with drugs already reported and with others not yet
      reported should always be kept in mind, and appropriate monitoring for clinical
      evidence of toxicity due to the concomitantly used drugs should be undertaken.
      Amiodarone can have a tremendous beneficial effect in the proper circumstances,
      but it is a drug that should command utmost respect because of its side effects
      and requires constant vigilance from any physician wishing to use it.

PMID- 2652189
TI  - Amiodarone and thyroid function.
AB  - Amiodarone blocks the action of thyroid hormone by the inhibition of 5'
      deiodinase which reduces production of T3 in peripheral tissues and possibly by
      blocking nuclear binding of T3. Since the drug inhibits peripheral conversion of
      T4 to T3, many patients taking amiodarone have abnormal thyroid function studies
      (increased T4 and rT3; decreased T3) despite being euthyroid. Treatment of
      patients with amiodarone generates an iodine excess, which contributes greatly to
      the significant incidence of altered thyroid status in this population. The
      diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can be difficult. However, using
      the overall clinical picture and the tolerance limits of hormone levels
      determined for patients remaining euthyroid on amiodarone therapy, the accurate
      diagnosis of clinically significant thyroid dysfunction can almost always be
      made. To screen for thyroid disease, thyroid function should be assessed before
      initiating therapy, semiannually during therapy or whenever clinical features of
      thyroid dysfunction occur. Subclinical hypothyroidism as denoted by modest
      increases in TSH levels do not require treatment or the discontinuation of
      amiodarone therapy. An appreciation of the mechanism of the interaction between
      amiodarone and thyroid hormone metabolism allows the clinician to recognize
      thyroid dysfunction at an early stage and initiate appropriate therapy, thereby
      minimizing the morbidity associated with forms of amiodarone toxicity.

PMID- 2652190
TI  - The proarrhythmic effects of amiodarone.

PMID- 2652191
TI  - Pulmonary complications of amiodarone toxicity.

PMID- 2652192
TI  - Mechanisms of regional ischemia and antianginal drug action during exercise.
AB  - Several mechanisms involved in the production of regional exercise-induced
      ischemia are described. Each offers the potential for modification using
      different types of antianginal drugs operating to alter regional O2 demands,
      improve regional perfusion, or both, leading to reduced ischemia and increased
      contractile function in the ischemic zone. Evidence is presented for matching of
      regional subendocardial myocardial blood flow and flow per beat with regional
      myocardial contraction at various levels of ischemia at rest, during steady-state
      exercise, and after antianginal drugs, signifying a particularly important role
      for heart rate control. In addition to reducing myocardial O2 demand per minute,
      beta-blockers and bradycardic drugs cause improvement of absolute subendocardial
      blood flow and particularly flow per beat by producing vasoconstriction in the
      epicardial region of the ischemic zone, with improvement of transmural blood flow
      distribution. Vasodilator drugs can act at several locations to increase regional
      blood flow and also to decrease O2 demands. A recruitable vasodilator reserve has
      been shown to exist during exercise-induced ischemia either in native resistance
      vessels, collateral channels, or both, which appears to be due at least in part
      to reduction of increased alpha-adrenergic constrictor tone to the coronary
      vessels during exercise, even in the presence of severe ischemia. The potential
      for additive effects using combinations of bradycardic and vasodilating agents
      are described within a framework relating regional subendocardial blood flow to
      regional systolic contraction. The experimental findings described suggest some
      potential new directions for antianginal therapy and, along with recent clinical
      observations, support the use of combinations of antianginal agents that act by
      different mechanisms.

PMID- 2652193
TI  - Development of the lateral line system in Xenopus.
AB  - The lateral line system of fishes and amphibians consists of numerous epidermal
      mechano-receptors which are distributed over the whole body surface. As in other
      amphibians, the lateral line system of Xenopus develops from epidermal placodes
      situated on the head region of the embryo. The dorsolateralis placodes form a
      rostro-caudal series of epidermal thickenings centered around the otic placode.
      In this series, placodes remaining within the epidermis and forming lateral line
      primordia alternate with lateral line ganglion forming placodes. Each lateral
      line primordium elongates and migrates within the epidermis along a well-defined
      pathway, leaving behind a row of small cell groups, the primary lateral line
      organs. As the ganglion which supplies a given row of organs and the
      corresponding lateral line primordium originate in spatial contiguity, and as the
      axons of the lateral line nerve grow out together with the migrating primordium,
      the lateral line neurones remain in contact with their target cells throughout
      development. After segregation of a primary organ from a migrating primordium,
      cell differentiation occurs. Receptor cells establish afferent and efferent
      synaptic contacts with axons from the lateral line nerve. Apically, a bundle of
      stereocilia and a single, microtubule-containing kinocilium protrude from the
      surface of a receptor cell into a jelly-like cupula, which extends into the
      surrounding fluid. Displacement of the cupula and the concomitant bending of the
      cilia stimulates the receptor cells. The cilia of a receptor cell are
      asymmetrically arranged, and this structural polarity is related to the
      directional sensitivity of the cells. Two types of receptor cells, with opposite
      orientations, are intermingled within each organ, giving the whole organ a
      bidirectional sensitivity. The number of lateral line organs is increased by the
      process of accessory organ formation, where primary organs grow and divide to
      produce secondary organs. In this way, existing rows of organs are extended.
      Moreover, single primary organs are transformed into elongate plaques of closely
      apposed organs. The lateral line system has reached its greatest extent at late
      larval stages. During metamorphosis, the number of organ plaques is reduced in
      some lines, and one line even disappears completely. Two large, myelinated
      afferent fibers innervate a whole organ plaque. They branch repeatedly to supply
      every organ of the plaque, and each fiber is thought to innervate only receptor
      cells of the same polarity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2652194
TI  - Control of cell number in the developing mammalian visual system.

PMID- 2652195
TI  - [Unconscious fantasy and the development of myths in psychoanalytic theories on
      the differences between the sexes].
AB  - By transforming psychoanalytic theories about gender difference (Freud, Jung,
      Chodorow and others) into the category of unconscious fantasy, the dialectic
      enlightenment and remythologization within these theories can be made manifest.
      The conception of an intact primary relationship in the case of each gender is
      postulated as the common nucleus.

PMID- 2652196
TI  - [Comments on female homosexuality].
AB  - The author explores to what extent the first gender-identical love between mother
      and daughter shapes female self representation and becomes influential for later
      homosexual relations among women. Literary examples and case vignettes illustrate
      the connection.

PMID- 2652197
TI  - AIDS: incidence and management of malignant disease.

PMID- 2652198
TI  - Effects of single doses of gamma-radiation on pig lung.
AB  - Using a 133Xe wash-out technique changes in the gas exchange capacity of the pig
      lung have been studied after irradiation with a range of single doses of 60Co
      gamma-rays. Lung function was assessed for periods up to 104 weeks after
      irradiation. It was found that the gas exchange capacity of the lung was impaired
      as early as 4 weeks after irradiation. After a dose of 9 Gy the initial
      impairment in lung function was resolved within 13 weeks, while after 14.7 Gy
      damage persisted. The degree of impairment in lung function during the relatively
      early pneumonitic and late fibrotic phases was indistinguishable and suggested
      that the late functional impairment was a continuation of the earlier damage. The
      results of the lung function tests were converted into quantal data and ED50
      values of 9.68 +/- 0.3 Gy for early (4-26 weeks) and 9.73 +/- 0.34 Gy for late
      (39-104 weeks) damage were obtained. The ED50 value for fibrosis and focal
      scarring based on the histological assessment, 104 weeks after irradiation, was
      11.12 +/- 0.9 Gy. The differences in ED50 values were not significant.

PMID- 2652200
TI  - The testis: an 'immunologically suppressed' tissue?

PMID- 2652199
TI  - Ten-year results of a randomized trial comparing a conservative treatment to
      mastectomy in early breast cancer.
AB  - A randomized trial was conducted at the Institut Gustave-Roussy (IGR) between
      1972 and 1980 comparing tumorectomy and breast irradiation with modified radical
      mastectomy. One hundred and seventy-nine patients with an infiltrating breast
      carcinoma up to 20 mm in diameter at macroscopic examination were included: 88
      had conservative management, and 91 a mastectomy. All patients had a low-axillary
      dissection with immediate histological examination. For the patients with
      positive axillary nodes, a complete axillary dissection was undertaken. Overall
      survival, distant metastasis, contralateral breast cancer and locoregional
      recurrence rates were not significantly different between the two treatment
      groups.

PMID- 2652201
TI  - Effect of pancreastatin on pancreatic endocrine function in the conscious rat.
AB  - We have studied the effects of pancreastatin on insulin and glucagon secretions
      in vivo in the conscious rat. Rats were prepared with a gastric fistula and with
      both external jugular veins cannulated. We found that an i.v. infusion of
      pancreastatin (1 and 10 nmol/kg/h) inhibited the plasma insulin response and
      increased the plasma glucose response to the intragastric infusion of glucose in
      a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the infusion of pancreastatin increased the
      plasma glucagon response to the i.v. infusion of arginine in a dose-dependent
      manner, and it inhibited the plasma insulin response. However, such an infusion
      of pancreastatin had no effect on the basal plasma glucose level, nor did it have
      any effect on plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations. Thus, it is suggested
      that in the rat, the newly discovered pancreastatin is a regulator of islet cell
      function.

PMID- 2652202
TI  - [Behavior of technetium--current importance of technetium research and its
      physical and chemical properties].

PMID- 2652203
TI  - [More fetal monitoring, more cesarean sections? An attempt at meta-analysis of
      the problem].
AB  - Has the introduction of continuous intrapartum fetal heart rate (F.H.R.)
      registration resulted in an increase of cesarean section (CS) rates? Our meta
      analysis of literature published since 1970 reveals the weak intrinsic value of
      retrospective studies and the heterogeneity of randomised trials concerning this
      question. The impact of routine intrapartum FHR monitoring on CS rates is low-
      and even null--in selected groups; the relationship diminishes over time.

PMID- 2652204
TI  - [Headache after spinal puncture. Treatment alternatives: epidural blood patch].
AB  - Headache is one of the most frequent complications of the subarachnoid puncture.
      Physiopathology and the different clinical factors involved in this type of
      headache are reviewed. The treatment is based in two types of procedures: those
      increasing cerebrospinal fluid production and those trying to decrease its
      leakage, like the epidural blood patch.

PMID- 2652205
TI  - [Anesthesia in heart transplantation. Experience at the Clinica Puerto de
      Hierro].
AB  - The anaesthetic management of 41 patients who underwent cardiac transplantation
      during a 40 month period at Clinica Puerta de Hierro is reviewed. The study
      includes the preoperative assessment, anaesthetic agents used and intraoperative
      incidences. The anaesthesia was induced with etomidate whereas a high-dose
      fentanyl, supplemented with diazepam, was the most commonly anaesthetic technique
      used. There was no intraoperative mortality in this series. Several interesting
      concerns related to the physiology of the denervated heart and the effects of
      vasoactive agents after extracorporeal circulation are reviewed.

PMID- 2652206
TI  - [High frequency ventilation].

PMID- 2652207
TI  - [Reduction of transfusion needs by the early introduction of venovenous bypass in
      liver transplant].
AB  - A study was made of 44 patients who underwent liver transplant, distributed into
      three groups: Group A: patients who had ample liver dissection before entering
      bypass. Group B: patients who entered bypass after dissection of the hepatic
      hilum and prior to any other dissection; bypass time was prolonged for meticulous
      hemostasia. Group C: patients with perfectly defined hemodynamic problems, not
      secondary to bleeding, during the anhepatic phase. Preoperatively the three
      groups were homogeneous as regards clinical situation. During the operation a
      significantly larger transfusion volume (p less than 0.01) was administered in
      group C during phase II (70.1 +/- 27.2 ml/kg/h), phase III (32.6 +/- 9.6 ml/kg/h)
      and throughout surgery (32.7 +/- 10.3 ml/kg/h) than in the other two groups.
      Group B received a smaller transfusion volume during phase II (14.6 +/- 8.1
      ml/kg/h), phase III (12.7 +/- 5.5 ml/kg/h) and throughout surgery (11.6 +/- 4.9
      ml/kg/h) than the other two groups (p less than 0.01). The transfusion needs of
      group A were 28.4 +/- 15.6 ml/kg/h in phase II, 26.8 +/- 17.1 ml/kg/h in phase
      III and 21.2 +/- 11.2 ml/kg/h throughout surgery. The duration of the anhepatic
      phase was significantly shorter (p less than 0.01) in group A (1 h 10' +/- 10)
      than in (1 h 50' +/- 10) and C (1 h 40' +/- 45'). In the postoperative period a
      higher mortality was associated with group C (37.5%) and a lower mortality with
      group B (3.33%), the mortality of group A being 16.6%. The differences were
      statistically significant with p less than 0.01.

PMID- 2652208
TI  - [Peptic stenoses of the esophagus].
AB  - The authors present a series of 32 cases of reflux peptic strictures of the
      esophagus. The mean age of the patients is 54 years, with a 3/1 predominance of
      males. The etiologic antecedent was hiatal hernia in every case, with a clinical
      time of evolution of 29 months, dysphagia being the most frequent symptom (100%).
      Complementary diagnosis was based fundamentally on endoscopy and barium transit,
      explorations that also allow exclusion of other pathologies. All the patients
      underwent medical treatment, this being the only treatment in 4 cases. The other
      28 cases were treated surgically. The technique used was, in the cases in which
      the esophagus could be dilated, dilatation associated with an antireflux
      technique, and when not dilatable, resection with reconstruction using stomach
      (Sweet) or colonoplasty. The global mortality was two patients (5.2%). Patients
      were followed-up for a minimum of 2 years and the global results have been good,
      with recurrence in 3 cases (7.7%). Postoperative dysphagia appeared in 17 cases
      (44.7%), in all of the transitory.

PMID- 2652209
TI  - [Antibiotic prevention in gastroduodenal surgery].
AB  - The authors present a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial,
      including 179 patients submitted to elective gastrointestinal surgery, for the
      purpose of evaluating three philosophic conceps of antibiotic prophylaxis (PA):
      systematic antibiotic prophylaxis for 48 h with sodium cefuroxim, 1.5 g the first
      dose and subsequent doses of 750 mg iv; selective antibiotic prophylaxis based on
      determination of preoperative gastric pH (pH less than 4, no antibiotic
      prophylaxis, and pH greater than 4, prophylaxis as in group I); and antibiotic
      therapy beginning postoperatively with cefuroxim 750 mg every 78 h for 4 days.
      The postoperative infection rate was 2% in the systematic prophylaxis group, 4%
      in the selective prophylaxis group, 24% in the antibiotic therapy group and 17.2%
      in the control group (p less than 0.001). The postoperative infection rate
      between the systematic and elective prophylaxis groups was statistically similar
      (p = NS). In conclusion, selective antibiotic prophylaxis has an incidence of
      postoperative infection similar to that of systematic prophylaxis, and, oriented
      by gastric pH determination, can be indicated only in patients with
      bacterogastria. Finally, we confirm that antibiotic therapy of postoperative
      onset should be eliminated as a method of prevention of postoperative infection.

PMID- 2652210
TI  - [Gastric volvulus. Presentation of a new case and review of the literature].
AB  - A case is presented of acute gastric volvulus associated with paraesophageal
      hernia. Gastric volvulus is an infrequent clinical entity that generally appears
      in chronic form secondary to diaphragmatic pathology. Pathogenesis rests on two
      factors, relaxation of the supporting ligaments and neighboring associated
      pathology that acts to trigger gastric distension. Early diagnosis and treatment
      of acute forms and prophylactic surgery of chronic forms would lead to
      practically null mortality figures. The surgical technique, aside from
      devolvulation, includes hiatal repair in cases associated with paraesophageal
      hernia, gastropexy being sufficient for other forms.

PMID- 2652211
TI  - [Spontaneous perforation of the esophagus: Boerhaave's syndrome. Analysis of a
      case].
AB  - We describe a case of spontaneous perforation of the esophagus (PEE) that was
      satisfactorily treated by thoracotomy, primary closure and reinforcement of the
      suture with a gastric fundal patch (Thal plasty). Emphasis is placed on the need
      to establish an early diagnosis and the essential points of treatment to obtain a
      favorable outcome.

PMID- 2652212
TI  - [Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma].
AB  - A case is presented of a 10-year-old female twin with a cystic liver mass that
      debuted as a painless epigastric mass. The lesion was excised by hepatectomy of
      segments II and III, confirming in the review of the cavity the presence of a
      common mesentery with cecocolonic malposition. The postoperative course was
      normal and clinical and echographic study of her twin sister disclosed no
      anomalies. The anatomopathologic study of the lesion revealed a tumor of
      difficult filiation that presented features of mesenchymal hamartoma together
      with others of biliary cystadenoma. The amount and nature of the stromal
      component, together with the patient's age at appearance, made us classify the
      case as mesenchymal hamartoma. The morphologic findings observed seem to support
      the histopathologetic theory of a congenital origin.

PMID- 2652213
TI  - [Giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver].
AB  - A new case is reported of hepatic giant cavernous hemangioma in a 51-year-old
      male. We consider the clinical, anatomopathologic and course data of this type of
      tumors. We discuss the diagnostic resources presently available and the
      therapeutic possibilities in this type of tumors.

PMID- 2652214
TI  - [Usefulness of echography with pancreatic stimulation in the evaluation of acute
      pancreatitis associated with pancreas divisum].
AB  - Pancreas divisum is an anatomic variation of the fusion of the pancreatic ducts
      that appears in 6-10% of the normal population. In recent years, with the
      development of endoscopic cholangiopancreatography, pancreas divisum has been
      related to recurrent acute pancreatitis, although its continuous interrelation
      remains debated. We present a case of acute pancreatitis with pancreas divisum.
      Echography after pancreatic stimulation with secretin (EEPS) was useful to
      evaluate the degree of stenosis of the accessory papilla, showing dilatation
      maintained for 30 minutes of the dorsal duct after stimulation. Postoperative
      echography with secretin pancreatic stimulation after surgical sphincteroplasty
      showed no modification in the caliber of the accessory duct, which allowed us to
      discern the solution to the obstructive problem. We discuss the clinical utility
      and prognostic value of echography with secretin pancreatic stimulation in the
      treatment of pancreas divisum.

PMID- 2652215
TI  - [Aspects related to extraction and preservation in 60 cases of liver transplant].
AB  - Extraction and preservation are of special interest in any liver transplant
      program. The viability and correct early function of the graft are determinant
      factors of the success or failure of the transplant. Application of a restrictive
      criterion in the acceptance of donor livers has allowed us to achieve an optimal
      viability (96.7%) in our first 60 cases of liver transplant.

PMID- 2652216
TI  - [Agenesis of the gallbladder. Statistic review of the Spanish literature and
      presentation of a new case].
AB  - Agenesis of the gallbladder and of the cystic duct is a rare anomaly of the
      biliary tree that courses symptomatically in one of three cases. This
      symptomatology can be explained in some of them only by a dyskinetic alteration
      of the Oddi sphincter, which would lead to long term choledochal distension with
      the corresponding biliary stasis and facilitate infection of the pooled bile
      juice, aside from possible alterations in bile composition and the choledochal
      mucosa. If this were the case, it could explain the mechanism of production of
      postcholecystectomy syndrome and residual choledochal lithiasis many years after
      cholecystectomy with normal peroperative cholangiography. A statistical study is
      made of the Spanish literature.

PMID- 2652217
TI  - [Ranitidine and cimetidine in long-term (2 years) maintenance therapy of chronic
      gastric ulcer].
AB  - Sixty patients with chronic gastric ulcer (UGC) received randomly cimetidine
      (CMT) or ranitidine (RNT) for 2 years, at a dose of 400 mg/night CMT or 150
      mg/night RNT, in a prospective, controlled, simple blind clinical trial of these
      medications and endoscopy findings. The objective was to evaluate the brute rate
      of symptomatic recurrences during maintenance therapy and the rate of
      asymptomatic ulcers up to the end of this period of treatment. Of the 60 patients
      with healed chronic gastric ulcer who began the trial, 12 abandoned treatment
      (20%), six in each group. In the group treated with CMT (n = 24) there were 10
      symptomatic recurrences (41.6%), and in the group treated with RNT (n = 24), four
      symptomatic recurrences (16.6%). Differences, although near statistical
      significance, were not mathematically significant. The rate of endoscopic ulcers
      at the end two 2 years of maintenance treatment was 45.4% and 42.8%,
      respectively. There were no important secondary effects that obliged suspension
      of the medication. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study are that
      maintenance treatment with CMT and RNT reduce recurrences and complications, with
      a favorable therapeutic tendency for RNT; the majority of symptomatic recurrences
      appeared in the first year of therapy; the percentage of asymptomatic ulcers at
      the end of this therapy was reduced by almost 20%; and there were no
      statistically significant differences between CMT and RNT.

PMID- 2652218
TI  - [Double pyloric canal. Presentation of 3 new cases and review of the literature].
AB  - We present three cases of double pylorus, one of them of iatrogenic origin, the
      latter entity being extremely rare. Likewise we review the etiopathogenic
      theories.

PMID- 2652219
TI  - [Hepatic polycystic disease: apropos of a case].
AB  - A case is presented of hepatic polycystosis. This a usually an infrequent
      congenital disease, clinically silent and with an evolution that depends
      fundamentally on the association of malformations in other organs, mainly the
      kidney.

PMID- 2652220
TI  - [Hepatic peliosis. Review of the literature].
AB  - Hepatic peliosis is a morphologic entity characterized by the presence in the
      liver of blood-filled cystic spaces. These can be single or multiple, and of
      variable size. The internal surface of these cavities is covered by endothelial
      cells and adjacent hepatocytes can be normal or show atrophic or degenerative
      changes. The cavities contain liquid blood, suggesting that it circulates. Its
      etiology is unknown but it has been related to drugs, ingestion of toxins and
      diverse tumoral or inflammatory diseases. The morphogenesis of peliosis is also
      controversial. For some it is the consequence of increased sinusoid pressure
      because of difficulties in blood outflow from the liver. For others it is the
      result of the disappearance, by necrosis of liver cells, while for others it is
      due to sinusoid wall weakness. The lesion can be silent so that it is probable
      that its prevalence is higher than has been estimated. Eventually the cysts
      originate complication particularly hemoperitoneum. Only in these cases is the
      adoption of specific therapeutic measures, concretely hepatectomy, justified.

PMID- 2652221
TI  - [Oral anticoagulants and platelet anti-aggregants in the prevention of
      metastases: state of the art and perspectives of a combined therapy].
AB  - Metastases formation involves platelets activation and coagulation cascade. Drugs
      interfering with such mechanisms have shown promising activity in controlling
      neoplastic spread. Particularly, combined treatment with coumarins and the most
      recent antiplatelet agents could open interesting therapeutic perspectives.

PMID- 2652222
TI  - [Oligo-elements and uremic encephalopathy: speculations and reality].

PMID- 2652223
TI  - Effect of thymopentin on the anaemia of myelodysplastic syndromes. A preliminary
      study.

PMID- 2652224
TI  - [New frontiers of kidney physiology. Recent findings on proximal tubular
      absorption of Cl(-)].

PMID- 2652225
TI  - [Clinical assessment of syncopes].
AB  - Syncope is a relatively common clinical problem and causes 1% of
      hospitalizations. The clinical syndrome is characterized by a sudden reduction of
      the cerebral flow secondary to a number of conditions that includes benign, self
      limited causes and life-threatening arrhythmias. A high percentage of these
      patients is discharged from hospital without an etiological diagnosis. The
      purpose of this short review is to present the classification of syncope and
      suggest the methodological approach to detect the underlying cause. The
      importance of patient's age and of a cardiovascular etiology as a negative
      prognostic index is stressed. The most valuable diagnostic tool remains a
      thoroughly taken clinical history.

PMID- 2652226
TI  - [New Campylobacters in human pathology. Current findings and research
      contributions].
AB  - The Authors focused on the new isolates' important role in human infections
      (particularly pylori, laridis, hyointestinalis and Campylobacters like-
      organisms) by clinical, microbiological and research data. Recent knowledge about
      pathogenetic mechanisms of classical Campylobacters is also reported.

PMID- 2652227
TI  - [Non-allergic factors of bronchial asthma].
AB  - The functional characteristic of all forms of asthma is the airway
      hyperresponsiveness to several stimuli. Airway hyperresponsiveness is always
      present in current asthmatics and can be also documented in some subjects during
      the symptom-free periods. The mechanisms of the spontaneous or induced increases
      of airway hyperresponsiveness are probably different from those responsible for
      stable airway hyperresponsiveness. The transitory increases in airway
      hyperresponsiveness are associated with an acute inflammatory response of the
      bronchial mucosa, whereas airway inflammation is not a constant finding in
      subjects with stable airway hyperresponsiveness. The mechanisms involved in the
      latter condition might be a functional and/or structural derangement of bronchial
      epithelium, a functional or structural alteration of airway smooth muscle or
      alteration in the function of the autonomic nervous system.

PMID- 2652228
TI  - Age, interpersonal attraction, and social interaction. A review and assessment.
AB  - This essay reviews over 40 extant research reports on attraction and aging. The
      review indicated that (a) perceived agreement in attitude tends to neutralize
      young adults' general perception of older adults as unattractive, (b) elders
      prefer to associate with middle-aged and older adults more than they desire to
      associate with younger adults, regardless of the relative physical attraction of
      the target individuals, and (c) elders' marital satisfaction appears to be
      related to perceived physical attractiveness of the husband, not the wife. The
      authors provide critique and analysis of the research methods employed in the
      reviewed studies. Avenues for further research are identified.

PMID- 2652229
TI  - The elderly mobility transition. Growth, concentration, and tempo.
AB  - The redistribution of the elderly population in the United States is receiving
      increased attention as the sociodemographic consequences of the uneven geography
      of the aged are becoming more evident to state and local policymakers. Prospects
      for the future may be illuminated with the development of a conceptual framework
      for analyzing such redistribution processes. This article suggests that the
      notion of an Elderly Mobility Transition may be useful in such analyses, and it
      sets out three measures that could be used to depict the evolution of the
      transition: growth, concentration, and tempo.

PMID- 2652230
TI  - Does glucose decrease cytosolic free calcium in normal pancreatic islet cells?
AB  - Cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured in normal rat pancreatic
      islet cells using the intracellular Ca2+ indicator fura 2. Glucose induced an
      initial decrease followed by a secondary rise in [Ca2+]i. The secondary rise
      probably resulted from an increase in Ca2+ inflow into the cells, while the
      initial decrease displayed several characteristics of the well known initial
      decrease in 45Ca efflux induced by glucose in prelabelled pancreatic islets. It
      is concluded that glucose may exert both an inhibitory and a stimulatory effect
      on [Ca2+]i in normal isolated islet cells.

PMID- 2652231
TI  - Ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia: effect of methysergide and verapamil.
AB  - The biphasic nature of the ventilatory response to sustained (30 min) hypoxia may
      be explained by the central accumulation of a neurochemical with net inhibitory
      effect or, alternatively, peripheral chemoreceptor adaptation. To determine the
      role of serotonin (a putative central neuroinhibitor) and calcium ions (a
      putative peripheral neurotransmitter) in this response we measured VI and
      breathing pattern during 30 min of sustained isocapnic hypoxia in 11 normal
      adults 1 h after the double blind administration of either 2 mg methysergide
      (serotonin antagonist), 80 mg verapamil (calcium channel blocker), or placebo.
      Each subject was studied once a day for three days. After placebo the mean VI
      peaked at 12.5 +/- 3.4 L/min (176% of resting room air VI). VI then declined to a
      mean of 9.8 +/- 2.3 L/min (138% of room air VI) during 25 min of constant
      hypoxia. VI during hypoxia was always greater than VI during room air breathing
      (p less than 0.01), and peak VI during hypoxia was greater than final VI during
      hypoxia (p less than 0.05). The hypoxic response was not significantly affected
      by either pharmaceutical. At their maximal safe dosage in humans, methysergide
      and verapamil suggest no role for serotonin and calcium ions. Not excluded is the
      possibility that drug levels were inadequate to effect meaningful blockade.

PMID- 2652233
TI  - Community-acquired Legionnaires' disease.
AB  - Legionellae are ubiquitous aquatic organisms. They are unique among the agents
      commonly responsible for bacterial pneumonia in humans in that they are not part
      of the normal human flora but are acquired from environmental sources.
      Prospective studies have shown that legionellae consistently rank among the top
      three bacteria as etiologic agents of community-acquired pneumonia. The clinical
      presentation of Legionnaires' disease is not distinguishable from that of other
      bacterial pneumonias. Culture of respiratory secretions using selective media,
      combined with one or more rapid diagnostic methods (direct fluorescent antibody
      staining, radiolabelled DNA probe, or urinary antigen detection) provides a
      specific diagnosis in the vast majority of cases. Sporadic cases have been linked
      to legionella colonization of water systems in homes and the work setting.
      Antibiotics commonly used in the therapy of community-acquired pneumonias, such
      as beta-lactam agents, are ineffective. Specific therapy with erythromycin
      reduces mortality to less than 10%.

PMID- 2652232
TI  - Bacteremic Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in the adult.
AB  - Bacteremic Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia is an uncommon infection in the adult.
      It usually affects chronically ill patients, especially those with chronic
      obstructive lung disease, although healthy individuals can also be affected. The
      condition carries a significant mortality, reaching 57% in one series. We
      describe ten adult patients with bacteremic H influenzae pneumonia with some
      unique features: no deaths occurred, half of the involved patients were
      previously fit individuals, and a beta-lactamase producing strain was isolated in
      five out of ten patients. An interesting finding was the isolation of a beta
      lactamase negative H influenza from the sputum of two patients whose blood
      cultures were positive for a beta-lactamase positive H influenza. The overall
      incidence of beta-lactamase production among bacteremic isolates was 50%--a
      finding with a great deal of impact on the treatment of this disease.

PMID- 2652234
TI  - Pneumococcal pneumonia.
AB  - Pneumococci remain the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, and
      there are still important questions concerning the pathogenesis, management, and
      prevention of this disease. Infection begins by aspiration of pneumococci from
      the oropharynx. Alveolar macrophages, granulocytes, and extra-cellular factors,
      including opsonins, are necessary for control of bacterial proliferation and cure
      of the infection. Clinically, pneumococcal pneumonia often presents with sudden
      onset of productive cough, fever, and a rigor, but symptoms may be muted in the
      young, elderly, or debilitated. About one-fourth of patients have a positive
      blood culture. Examination of sputum by Gram's stain and culture can provide
      useful information, but are not definitive. Tests for soluble pneumococcal
      antigen or the direct quellung reaction on sputum have not proved helpful.
      Pneumococci isolated from blood and spinal fluid should be tested for penicillin
      sensitivity routinely. Penicillin G and erythromycin are the mainstays of
      specific treatment, and rapid subjective improvement on narrow-spectrum therapy
      is an important point in diagnosis. The mortality rate continues to be about 18%,
      and prevention by vaccination remains a highly desirable goal.

PMID- 2652235
TI  - Community-acquired fungal pneumonias.
AB  - Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and
      Cryptococcus neoformans can cause acute community-acquired pneumonia. All are
      soil-dwelling fungi and disturbance of contaminated soil is necessary for
      infection in man. Each has particular epidemiologic considerations that may offer
      a clue to diagnosis, but the clinical presentation is not sufficiently
      characteristic to be of diagnostic help. Infection may produce variable symptoms,
      ranging from asymptomatic skin test conversion to fulminant respiratory failure.
      Chest roentgenograms are likewise nonspecific. Rapid microscopic diagnosis of
      Histoplasmosis in pulmonary secretions is seldom possible while blastomycosis and
      coccidioidomycosis may be seen in KOH digested sputum. Culture of H capsulatum
      and B dermatitidis usually takes several weeks, should not be attempted with C
      immitis, and is rapid with Cr neoformans. Serodiagnosis also takes several weeks
      and is usually not helpful while the patient is symptomatic. Treatment may not be
      necessary unless the patient is immunosuppressed, seriously ill, or has life
      threatening complications. The primary pulmonary infection may disseminate to
      extrapulmonary sites, which always requires treatment.

PMID- 2652236
TI  - Nursing home-acquired pneumonia.
AB  - Pulmonary infection acquired in nursing homes has not been extensively studied.
      Those data that have been published about the frequency and nature of nursing
      home-associated pneumonias are reviewed here. It remains unclear whether or not
      these institutionally-acquired pneumonias differ significantly from those that
      would occur in an age-matched control group with community-acquired infection.
      Viral pneumonias are recognized as significant causes of morbidity in the
      elderly.

PMID- 2652237
TI  - [Pseudogout in a perspiring farmer].
AB  - A diagnostic argument in favour of brucellosis can be depicted in the various
      appearances of osteo-articular complications providing that one has at one's
      disposal the correct case history (exposure to contagion), some hemocultures
      (positive in nearly 60% of acute and subacute cases) and a battery of serological
      tests. Arthritis of the big toe is exceptional in this context, be it in the
      severe and destructive form or in the mild and transient form. The authors
      describe a case of this latter type in a farmer and present a review of the
      literature concerning the osteo-articular complications of Brucellosis.

PMID- 2652238
TI  - [Albert Hustin, the pioneer of blood transfusion].

PMID- 2652239
TI  - [Tolerance of nitrate derivatives: pharmacologic and clinical aspects].
AB  - The authors emphasize the importance of the phenomenon of vascular tolerance to
      organic nitrates. Its mechanisms remain controversial but there are compelling
      evidences supporting the role of the availability of sulfhydryl groups in
      vascular smooth muscle cells. Nitrate tolerance can be avoided or minimized with
      dosing strategies that use intermittent administration of nitrates, using the
      smallest effective dose and providing a nitrate-free interval. The preventive
      role of N-acetyl-cysteine is briefly discussed as well as the absence of cross
      tolerance observed with sydnonimines.

PMID- 2652240
TI  - [Sleep apnea syndrome and hypothyroidism: apropos of a new case and a review of
      the literature].
AB  - We present the case of a 63 years old man (177 cm height, 111 kg weight) with
      autoimmune thyroiditis. He had a long term history of hypersomnolence and heavy
      snoring. Two years ago, because of a bifascicular block and sinus pauses, a
      cardiac pace-maker was placed. Polysomnography recording showed a systematic
      periodic breathing characterized by profound desaturation waves (often 92% Sa O2
      to 60% Sa O2) every 60 seconds, secondary to prolonged mixed apneas. Hormone
      replacement therapy and a 17 kg weight loss completely suppressed the sleep apnea
      syndrome within five months. We conclude that SAS is a major component of the
      respiratory depression in hypothyroidism and that normalisation of thyroid
      function can definitely cure the patient.

PMID- 2652241
TI  - [Non-insulin-dependent diabetes in young subjects].

PMID- 2652243
TI  - Exercise after surgical repair of congenital cardiac lesions.
AB  - Congenital heart defects arise in approximately 1% of all live births,
      independent of ethnic and geographical considerations. With the development of
      new surgical procedures and current technologies a large number of these heart
      lesions can be surgically corrected in infancy. In the majority of cases patients
      evaluated some 10 to 20 years after surgery are asymptomatic and can lead a
      normal life. Despite their satisfactory clinical outcome patients may,
      nevertheless, show an abnormal pattern of physiological responses when submitted
      to dynamic exercise. This paper reviews the scientific literature concerning the
      exercise capabilities and the cardiorespiratory adjustments to exercise in
      patients surgically corrected for 4 of the most common congenital heart lesions:
      isolated atrial septal defect, isolated ventricular septal defects, pulmonary
      stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot. The maximal exercise tolerance of postoperative
      congenital heart defect patients may usually be related to: (a) the age of the
      patients at the time of surgery; (b) the severity of the lesions remaining after
      surgery; and (c) the age of the patients at the time of investigation. Although
      normal maximal exercise capabilities may be found in a good number of patients
      operated for either of the 4 lesions considered, this does not imply normal
      exercise haemodynamics. A general observation made in these 4 groups of patients
      is that of a subnormal exercise cardiac output which may or may not be fully
      compensated by an increase in peripheral oxygen extraction. The limitation in
      exercising cardiac output may, in turn, be attributed to either a subnormal
      stroke volume or a limitation in the chronotropic response to exercise or a
      combination of both factors. Residual pulmonary stenosis, increased pulmonary
      vascular resistance, increased myocardial stiffness are all factors that may
      contribute to the cardiac output limitation. A thorough explanation of underlying
      causes for the abnormal haemodynamic response to exercise, however, still remains
      to be provided.

PMID- 2652242
TI  - The effects of exercise on reproductive function in men.
AB  - Physical activity has a range of effects on male reproductive function depending
      upon the intensity and duration of the activity and the fitness of the
      individual. In general, it appears that relatively short, intense exercise
      increases serum testosterone levels, but there is debate to what degree
      haemoconcentration, decreased clearance and/or increased synthesis are involved.
      It is clear from the promptness of the testosterone increment that the mechanism
      does not involve gonadotrophin stimulation of the testes. There is suppression of
      serum testosterone levels during and subsequent to more prolonged exercise (and
      to some extent in the hours following intense short term exercise). Again the
      mechanisms are not clear: a variety of systems could influence the decrease of
      testosterone synthesis, including decreased gonadotrophin, increased cortisol,
      catecholamine or prolactin levels, or perhaps even an accumulation of metabolic
      waste materials. Endurance training induces changes in the function of the
      reproductive axis in men in a manner which appears similar to the changes in
      women. As in women, there is a subclinical inhibition of normal reproductive
      function but it is unclear whether clinical expression of reproductive
      suppression is common in men. The long term, physiological suppression of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in men is probably not of major significance
      but it is clear that further investigation in several areas is essential to
      provide continuing reassurance that 'exercise is good for you'.

PMID- 2652244
TI  - Common injuries in preadolescent and adolescent athletes. Recommendations for
      prevention.
AB  - In general, children and youth sports are safe. The great majority of injuries
      which are sustained are minor and self-limiting. Fortunately, catastrophic acute
      injuries such as paraplegia, quadriplegia and major limb insults are rare. The 2
      mechanisms of injuries at these age groups are acute traumatic insults and
      unresolved sequelae of repetitive microtrauma. The latter usually results from
      inappropriate training and coaching techniques. In the United States, adolescents
      and children are becoming involved in sport at earlier ages and with higher
      levels of intensity and competition. Factors which lead to injury include the
      athlete and his/her own psychobiology, inappropriate equipment, the sports
      environment (playing surfaces, temperature), training and coaching errors, and
      parental influences. Preparticipation assessment usually reveals extremely
      healthy children with rare factors which contribute to non-sports participation.
      Preventative efforts must be made to provide these children with the appropriate
      equipment and coaching to limit the number of overuse injuries. Management of
      acute sports problems and rehabilitation of significant injuries are as important
      in childhood and youth sports as in those of their older sibs in order to prevent
      lifelong sequelae of musculoskeletal injury. The appropriate goal of children and
      youth sports must remain one of enjoyment with acquisition of sport-specific
      skills.

PMID- 2652247
TI  - Lasers in cutaneous disease.
AB  - One of the first clinical uses of the laser was in dermatology. It was used to
      help in diagnosing not only the presence of disease but the extent. It was used
      in various large naevi and very soon in port wine stains and other vascular
      anomalies. Skin cancer soon was treated with the laser, and soon tumors in
      patients with various platelet defects could be resected successfully with a
      minimal risk. The advent of photodynamic therapy now allows successful treatment
      of many lesions.

PMID- 2652246
TI  - Laser treatment of urologic cancers.
AB  - In urologic surgery, laser energy has been used to treat various cancers of the
      genitourinary system. Excellent functional and cosmetic results have been
      obtained with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. In selected patients, the
      need for partial penectomy may be avoided. Demonstrated practical advantages and
      decreased patient morbidity form the basis for laser treatment of superficial
      bladder cancer. Therapeutic advantages over electrocautery resection are
      theoretical. Nd:YAG laser treatment can provide reasonable local control rates
      for tumors that invade the bladder muscle, but this treatment should be reserved
      for patients who are poor candidates for radical surgery. For kidney cancer,
      lasers may facilitate tumor removal in solitary kidneys and extend the margin of
      resection.

PMID- 2652245
TI  - The role of the hamstrings in the rehabilitation of the anterior cruciate
      ligament-deficient knee in athletes.
AB  - There is ample evidence for the synergy between the knee musculature and
      ligaments, and the overall maintenance of joint integrity. In fact it could be
      reasonably concluded that the joint's antagonist muscle acts as a 'regulator'
      compensating for various internal and external disturbances of the intended
      movement. Undoubtedly, well conditioned muscles provide substantial improvements
      in joint stiffness and laxity, and reduce the risk of ligamentous injuries in the
      elite athlete. More research is needed to delineate the details of the questions
      which this new approach raises.

PMID- 2652248
TI  - Photodynamic therapy--new approaches.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires a photosensitizer within a target tissue and
      activation by proper-wavelength radiation at appropriate energy level to achieve
      complete eradication of that tissue. Whereas the first clinical results were
      reported nearly a decade ago, only in the past few years has the necessary
      technology been available for development of phase III controlled clinical
      trials. Photofrin II, the trade name for a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins, is
      effective in treatment of a wide variety of malignant tumors and is the subject
      of Phase III controlled trials in bladder and lung. New photosensitizers are
      being developed that may be both more efficient and less likely to cause the
      generalized cutaneous photosensitivity associated with Photofrin II. Further
      advances in light sources and delivery systems portend an even broader acceptance
      of PDT in medical and biological science.

PMID- 2652249
TI  - Laser technology in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancer.
AB  - The carbon dioxide (CO2) laser has been used with microsurgical precision as an
      excisional biopsy tool in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of laryngeal,
      oral, and oropharyngeal cancer. Selected early cancers of the larynx and oral
      cavity have been treated for cure, and more advanced and recurrent tumors have
      been treated for palliation. Other laser wavelengths, such as the neodymium
      yttrium aluminum garnet laser (Nd-YAG) and the argon dye laser employed in tumor
      photosensitization, have shown promise in the diagnosis and treatment of head and
      neck cancer. Laser technology is most useful when used in conjunction with the
      standard cancer therapies, such as radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy.

PMID- 2652250
TI  - Overview and epidemiologic assessment of the current global tuberculosis
      situation with an emphasis on control in developing countries.
AB  - The global epidemiologic situation of tuberculosis is reviewed, with emphasis on
      the disappointing achievements in its control in developing countries over the
      last three decades. In developed countries where prevalence of tuberculosis is
      low, it will take at least 30-50 years to eliminate the disease because of
      exacerbation by individuals who acquire infection abroad. In developing
      countries, 2-3 million deaths will occur among the estimated 4 million new smear
      positive and 4 million new smear-negative and extrapulmonary cases of
      tuberculosis. The low cure rate with standard chemotherapy is the chief reason
      for failure of tuberculosis control in developing countries. The basic
      chemotherapeutic regimen (streptomycin for 2 months then a combination of
      isoniazid and thiacetazone for 12 months) does not achieve a high cure rate in
      developing countries. Under routine conditions the cure rate is high (90%) with
      an inexpensive 8-month regimen consisting of 2 months of strictly supervised
      daily administration of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin and
      then 6 months of self-administration of a tablet containing both isoniazid and
      thiacetazone. A substantial decrease in the risk of tuberculous infection in
      developing countries is essential because of the increase in number of AIDS
      patients with tuberculosis. Vaccination alone, at least with the present vaccine,
      cannot substantially influence the epidemiologic situation but should be
      continued for children when its use is justified for prevention.

PMID- 2652251
TI  - Present status of chemotherapy for tuberculosis.
AB  - For the treatment of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, short-course
      chemotherapy of 6 months' duration (with the four-drug combination of isoniazid,
      rifampin, pyrazinamide, and either ethambutol or streptomycin given daily for a 2
      month initial intensive phase followed by a 4-month daily continuation phase with
      isoniazid and rifampin) is as effective and as acceptable as the standard 9-month
      daily course of therapy (with isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol given for a 2
      month initial intensive phase followed by a 7-month daily continuation phase with
      isoniazid and rifampin). The duration of short-course chemotherapy cannot be
      further reduced for smear-negative and culture-positive or smear-negative and
      culture-negative pulmonary tuberculosis or for extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
      Isoniazid has been demonstrated to be active as prophylactic therapy for
      tuberculosis at a daily dose of 300 mg (5-10 mg/kg in children) for 6-12 months.
      Prophylaxis of 2 months' duration with daily administration of isoniazid,
      rifampin, and pyrazinamide may be as effective as prophylactic therapy with
      isoniazid of 12 months' duration.

PMID- 2652252
TI  - The BCG story: lessons from the past and implications for the future.
AB  - BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) vaccines are at once among the least satisfactory
      and yet the most widely used of all vaccines today. Their variable efficacy
      against tuberculosis and leprosy is still not understood and points to a
      fundamental unsolved problem in vaccine immunology. The extensive use of BCG
      vaccines means that there are few BCG-free populations in the world that would be
      suitable for trials of future antimycobacterial vaccines. These facts have
      implications with regard to strategies for the development and testing of new
      vaccines against mycobacterial diseases.

PMID- 2652253
TI  - Impact of present control methods on the problem of tuberculosis.
AB  - In spite of the considerable efforts that have been made to control tuberculosis
      in developing countries in the last three decades, the decline in the global
      epidemiologic problem has been slow. It is now realized that the possibility of
      rapidly influencing the tuberculosis problem in these countries with the present
      control technologies has been overestimated. It is clear that bacille Calmette
      Guerin (BCG) vaccination, even in places where a high efficacy was demonstrated,
      does not substantially influence the chain of transmission. Case management,
      including bacteriologic diagnosis and chemotherapy, is a complex technology.
      Although it is potentially effective for the reduction of mortality and the risk
      of infection, there are many difficulties for its efficient application in
      developing countries. Although there should be no hesitation in the application
      and full utilization of what is already known, a major thrust in research may
      generate ways of accelerating the control of tuberculosis in developing
      countries. Without new developments in technology for tuberculosis control, the
      goal of worldwide control has still a long way to go.

PMID- 2652254
TI  - Interactions of the human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis and the
      implications for BCG vaccination.
AB  - AIDS has become a global epidemic, with greater than 100,000 cases officially
      reported in 140 countries and an estimated 5-10 million asymptomatic carriers of
      the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiologic agent of AIDS. With an
      increase in HIV infection in some developing countries, there has been a
      resurgence in tuberculosis, and concern has been raised about the indications,
      efficacy, and safety of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. Anecdotal
      reports of local reactions and disseminated disease have been described in HIV
      infected children and adults. Ten HIV-infected infants, who received BCG
      vaccination within 2 months of birth, developed local lymphadenitis at 4-15
      months. However, in one preliminary survey in Zaire, the rates of local
      lymphadenitis were equal in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children, and no
      dissemination has been observed to date. Until further information is known, BCG
      vaccinations should not be given to symptomatic HIV-infected individuals and
      should only be given to HIV-infected children who are asymptomatic and who reside
      in areas where tuberculosis is highly endemic and where the risk of tuberculosis
      may outweigh the potential complications of BCG immunization.

PMID- 2652255
TI  - What animal models can teach us about the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in humans.
AB  - Technology that permits the reproducible infection of laboratory animals with
      virulent tubercle bacilli under conditions that simulate those under which humans
      are infected is now available. This technology has been used to investigate a
      series of fundamental questions about the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. An
      integrated view of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis has been constructed that
      combines studies from animal models and our understanding of the key events in
      the development of cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis in humans. This view,
      developed as a guide for further hypothesis testing, indicates that whether
      cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis develops by endogenous reactivation or by
      exogenous reinfection is determined solely by the route by which the tubercle
      bacillus reaches the apical-subapical region of the lung. It is in this region
      that the bacillus survives the cell-mediated immune response. This view of the
      pathogenesis of tuberculosis permits identification of the factors in a given
      geographic region that govern the probability of the development of cavitary
      pulmonary tuberculosis by one or the other pathway. Knowledge of these factors
      permits the identification of the appropriate strategies for tuberculosis
      control.

PMID- 2652256
TI  - Mycobacteriophage vector systems.
AB  - Successful application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of
      mycobacteria necessitates the introduction of recombinant DNA molecules into
      mycobacterial cells. Efficient methods of introducing DNA into Mycobacterium
      smegmatis protoplasts have been developed, and the construction of
      mycobacteriophage recombinant DNA vectors has been initiated. Novel Escherichia
      coli-Mycobacterium shuttle vectors, termed shuttle phasmids, have been
      constructed. These vectors were constructed by inserting E. coli cosmids into
      nonessential regions of mycobacteriophage DNAs. Shuttle phasmids are
      multifunctional vectors that replicate in E. coli as plasmids and replicate in
      mycobacteria as phage. The presence of the bacteriophage lambda cos sequences
      permits the use of the lambda in vitro packaging system for efficient cloning of
      additional genes into these vectors. Temperate shuttle phasmids have been
      constructed that can infect and lyse mycobacterial cells or lysogenize
      mycobacterial cells to stably integrate and express cloned DNA into mycobacterial
      genomes. Shuttle phasmids can be transduced into a wide variety of mycobacterial
      species and thus should permit the development of molecular genetic systems for
      the mycobacteria.

PMID- 2652257
TI  - Introduction to the immunology of tuberculosis.
AB  - This paper serves to introduce some concepts of modern immunobiology that are
      relevant to the understanding of the complex interactions between mycobacteria
      and the infected host. Six topics are discussed: (1) the phenotypic markers and
      functions of human T lymphocyte subsets; (2) the nature of antigen receptors on T
      cells; (3) antigen processing and presentation; (4) adhesion molecules that
      facilitate cellular interactions; (5) surface molecules on phagocytes that
      promote the entry of pathogens into cells; and (6) compartmentalization of the
      immune system in vivo.

PMID- 2652258
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis: laboratory techniques applicable in developing
      countries.
AB  - New technologies for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis that can be applied in
      developing countries where the prevalence of tuberculosis is high are based on
      methods that permit recognition of either mycobacterial products in clinical
      specimens or specific host responses to mycobacteria. Mycobacterial antigens can
      be identified by immunoassays based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA). Mycobacterial DNA or rRNA can be identified with the use of single
      stranded DNA probes. Both techniques are potentially suitable for use in
      developing countries, although there remain technical problems associated with
      the use of sputum samples. Serodiagnosis by ELISA is a promising technique based
      on recognition of the IgG antibody response of the host. The technique is ready
      for early application and can be used in developing countries. However, high
      specificity depends on the use of antigens that are not now generally available.
      The predictive accuracy of any newly proposed diagnostic technique must be
      compared with that of direct microscopic examination of sputum.

PMID- 2652259
TI  - Evaluation of the protective potency of new tuberculosis vaccines.
AB  - Animal models used to evaluate the relative protective potency of a panel of
      tuberculosis vaccines have yielded dissimilar data. Moreover, it is not known
      which animal model predicts the protective potency of vaccines for humans.
      Accordingly, animal models should be developed on the basis of an understanding
      of the key events in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in humans. Vaccines such as
      bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) appear to protect against tuberculosis by
      inhibiting the bacillemic phase of primary infection with virulent tubercle
      bacilli; therefore, such vaccines can be expected to provide protection against
      tuberculosis developing via the endogenous reactivation pathway but not against
      disease developing via the exogenous reinfection pathway. To protect against
      disease developing by the latter pathway, it would appear that new vaccines
      produced by recombinant DNA technology or through use of monoclonal antibody
      would have to inhibit the implantation of bacilli at the portal of entry in the
      lungs. Experience with BCG vaccine indicates that factors other than the inherent
      potency of the vaccine play a decisive role in the outcome of vaccine trials in
      humans. These same factors will probably influence field trials of any new
      generation of tuberculosis vaccines.

PMID- 2652260
TI  - Epidemics, society, and history. The conquest of epidemics is a result of complex
      historical forces.

PMID- 2652261
TI  - Therapeutic endoscopy of the biliary tract. Techniques have been developed for
      management of a wide variety of problems.

PMID- 2652262
TI  - [Diagnosis of intramural hematoma of the colon].
AB  - Based on 7 of our own observations, the value of plain x-ray film of the abdomen,
      sonography, contrast medium diagnosis, and CT for diagnosing intramural
      haematomas of the colon is discussed.

PMID- 2652263
TI  - [A comparison of the quantified determination of the echogeneity of the liver by
      ultrasound and the density of the liver by CT].
AB  - A defined region of the right lobe of the liver was measured by grey scale
      analysis based on similar presets according to a manual input of a Region of
      Interest (ROI). During 20 days, the livers of healthy subjects were tested by
      this method in order to test the reproducibility of the results. By prospective
      studies, the livers of 30 patients were examined by ultrasound and CT regarding
      the determination of the extent of their fatty liver disease. The value of the
      density of liver was determined in Hounsfield units (HU). Both methods lead to
      parameters that characterise the fatty content of the liver. Statistic analysis
      shows acceptable correlation of both methods. By means of grey scale analysis in
      ultrasound measurements it is possible to estimate the extent of the fatty
      content of liver.

PMID- 2652264
TI  - Atypic appendicitis acuta.
AB  - The diagnosis appendicitis acuta is usually based on interview and clinical
      examination of the patient. In some cases, however the clinical picture is not
      typical. This report demonstrates a case of chronic appendicitis with
      intraluminal calcifications detected by ultrasound and plain X-ray. The
      combination of these two examinations increased the diagnostic security and
      therefore accelerated surgical intervention thus reducing the risk of perforation
      of the appendix.

PMID- 2652265
TI  - [Abdominal sonographic findings in patients with AIDS].
AB  - The ultrasound findings of 58 patients with AIDS and ARC were analysed
      retrospectively. In 55% an enlarged liver, in 62% an enlarged spleen, partially
      with focal lesions, and in 21% enlarged abdominal lymph nodes were diagnosed. The
      typical focal segmental glomerulosclerosis of the kidney was observed in one
      case, and cholangitis in 2 patients. Abdominal ultrasound is the first diagnostic
      procedure to be performed in patients with AIDS and ARC when abdominal pathology
      is suspected. With US-guided thin needle puncture of the lesions, a histological
      verification of the pathologic findings is possible.

PMID- 2652266
TI  - [Color-coded Doppler sonography in pregnancy].
AB  - Recently the advantages of angiodynography have been reported for different
      purposes. The goal of this study was to find out the validity of colour flow
      mapping for obstetric patients. Additionally, we compared the obtained results
      with those obtained by conventional pulsed Doppler measurement. 30 women with an
      uneventful pregnancy were investigated. Angiodynography enabled us to depict a
      selected vessel quicker and to visualise the course of the investigated vessel.
      Furthermore, the new method of colour flow mapping and subsequent pulsed Doppler
      measurement results in visual vessel recognition of fetal and maternal
      vasculature and therefore subsequent Doppler measurement is also possible in
      small vessels. This method could be valuable for the diagnosis of high-risk
      pregnancies.

PMID- 2652267
TI  - [The effects of sonography on breast diagnosis--a 10-year retrospective (1977
      1987)].
AB  - According to the general development in breast diagnosis the positions of the
      single modalities are described by showing the development of breast diagnosis at
      the X-ray department of the UFK Marburg. In this context special emphasis is
      placed on ultrasound mammography and its clinical application at the UFK Marburg
      during the past 10 years. Automated water coupling and hand held real-time
      ultrasound are compared with another and the effects of ultrasound mammography on
      invasive breast diagnostic modalities and on breast surgery are pointed out by
      means of statistical results.

PMID- 2652268
TI  - [Sonographic leg length measurement].
AB  - After brief presentation of the clinical and radiological methods to measure the
      leg length and the leg length difference the authors outline the new diagnostic
      method for measuring the leg length and the leg length difference by means of
      real time sonography. Postmortem tests and clinical examples show that ultrasound
      is ideal to determine exactly the length of femur and tibia. The joint gaps on
      the hip, knee and upper ankle joint can be demonstrated by means of a 5 MHz
      linear scanner. A 1 mm strong metal bar on the skin and under the scanner is
      placed at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body so that the bar can
      be seen in the centre. A measuring device gives the distances of the joint gaps
      in cm so that the difference correspond to the real length of femur and tibia.
      This standardised measuring is done by a particularly developed bearing and
      measuring device. The results of the sonographical measurements on 20 corpses and
      checking after consecutive dissections showed in 75% of cases a 100% sonographic
      measuring accuracy of the total leg length. The separately considered results for
      femur (85%) and tibia (90) were even better. The maximum sonographic measuring
      fault was 1.0 cm for the femur (in one case) and 0.5 cm for the tibia,
      respectively. All sonographic measurements were performed with the Sonoline SL-1
      of the Siemens Company (Erlangen, W-Germany). Thus, sonographical measuring of
      the leg length offers a reliable, non-invasive method that can be repeated as
      often as necessary and is simply executed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2652269
TI  - [The present status of the radiologic diagnosis of acute pulmonary failure].
AB  - Acute pulmonary failure is a very serious cause of respiratory failure and can
      occur in association with a multitude of disease. Radiological diagnosis occupies
      a central position in intensive-care monitoring. X-ray film of the thorax is
      performed not only for detecting any complications, but mainly for noninvasive
      and semiquantitative determination of the extravascular pulmonary fluid and hence
      of the fluid balance, although it is imperative to take into account any
      influence that associated disease and therapy measures. Other methods such as MR
      or methods of nuclear medicine have not acquired substantial importance in
      respect of diagnosing and monitoring acute pulmonary failure.

PMID- 2652270
TI  - [Ear diseases--potentials and limitations of radiology].
AB  - The possibilities and limitations of conventional plain x-ray films, angiography,
      pluridirectional tomography, high-resolving CT (HR-CT) and magnetic resonance
      tomography (MRT) are described in general and then demonstrated in greater detail
      on the basis of characteristic findings in otological diseases. HR-CT is
      definitely superior to pluridirectional tomography within the general framework
      of diagnostic technique that goes beyond the initial findings. MRT is of only
      limited diagnostic value despite highest contrast resolution because it cannot
      differentiate between air and bones; however, in respect of some specific
      problems it is superior to HR-CT. The article concludes with suggestions
      regarding the selection and indication of refined diagnostic radiology in
      diseases of the ear.

PMID- 2652271
TI  - [Equipment and methodologic parameters of radiation exposure in digital
      subtraction angiography].
AB  - The mutual dependence of various parameters--frame rate, radiation dose per
      frame, size of the image intensifier field, photon energy, frame mode, and
      patient diameter--is investigated systematically on a modern DSA equipment. The
      software programme of the DSA machine widely modifies these parameters according
      to the individual conditions, which may influence both radiation exposure and
      image quality. IV DSA requires low photon energies to exploit the low iodine
      signal. Higher frame rates, oblique views and small image intensifier fields
      should be used restrictively especially in the abdomen, as they tend to lower the
      radiation doses per frame and to increase photon energies, thus impairing
      contrast resolution. Full understanding of the physical and technical basics and
      familiarity with the software programme of own DSA machine are mandatory to allow
      appropriate selection of the various parameters, according to the individual
      patient and his/her diagnostic problems. They are the key to optimal imaging
      quality at a tolerable radiation exposure.

PMID- 2652272
TI  - [Evaluation of the efficacy of infiltrative treatment in carpal tunnel syndrome.
      Electrophysiologic data and clinical applications].

PMID- 2652273
TI  - [Treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis with dapsone. A controlled study versus
      placebo].

PMID- 2652274
TI  - [The kidney in Still's disease in adults].
AB  - Renal involvement during Still's disease in the adult is rarely mentioned in the
      literature. Proteinuria and hematuria are frequently reported during systemic
      involvement in the disease but, conversely, observations including an anatomical
      account of the kidney are rare: amyloidosis is mentioned the most often (5
      compatible cases), while other cases are more disparate: non specific
      glomerulitis (4 cases), glomerulonephritis with mesangial deposition of IgA (2
      cases), tubulo-interstitial nephritis; these different non specific aspects may
      correspond to an immune complex disease. The apparent rarity of renal
      investigations is a factor in marking out Still's disease in the adult from other
      systemic diseases.

PMID- 2652275
TI  - Clinical precision of paralleling instruments.
AB  - A method for measuring pin- or pinhole-deviation was developed and tested on nine
      consecutive bridge cases with parallel pin retention, in order to assess
      paralleling precision of guiding instruments used clinically. Measurements were
      performed on rubber base impressions including pinholes, involving the use of a
      stereomicroscope. The maximum pinhole error angle for the bridges investigated
      ranged between 5.9 and 16.1 degrees. The corresponding interval for abutments was
      1.3-10.8 degrees. The experimental observations concerning the rather large
      values for the greatest pinhole deviation of fitting bridges could be
      satisfactorily explained theoretically. The results indicated that the magnitude
      of the largest permissible angular deviation for a restoration with parallel pin
      retention was significantly larger than that previously presented in the
      literature. Compared with results from a previously performed model study carried
      out during ideal preparatory conditions, the current investigation suggested that
      the paralleling precision of guiding instruments used clinically in fact
      decreases considerably, remaining, however, at an acceptable level.

PMID- 2652276
TI  - In vitro investigation of shear bond strength of a phosphate based dentinal
      bonding agent.
AB  - The objective with this study was to investigate how the shear bond strength of a
      phosphate based dentinal bonding agent is influenced by storage in saline at 37
      degrees C up to 6 months. The effect of dentin bonding agent on the leachability
      of calcium from dentin was also determined. The results showed that the shear
      bond strength decreased after saline storage. After half a year, the strength was
      ca. 60% of the initial dry strength. The bonding agent also accelerated the
      leaching of calcium from the dentin discs, a finding which was explained as being
      a result of acidic reactions occurring at the dentin-bonding agent interface. In
      addition to the increased calcium leachability, the dentin bonding agent peeled
      off with time from the dentin discs. SEM investigation of the dentin surfaces
      after either shear strength determination or the film had peeled off due to water
      storage showed that a residual film was left on the dentin. This film, based on
      morphologic appearance, is most likely composed of the bonding agent but may also
      contain residuals of the smear layer.

PMID- 2652277
TI  - Results of intervention studies of blood pressure in childhood and adolescence.

PMID- 2652278
TI  - Longterm neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of physical training in
      intermittent claudication.
AB  - Twenty-five elderly patients with peripheral vascular disease and intermittent
      claudication were prospectively followed during a six-month session of physical
      training. Neuroendocrine and metabolic patterns as well as effects on walking
      performance were assessed during the training period. At the initial evaluation
      there was an inverse association between walking distance and serum cortisol and
      blood glucose levels. The walking distance increased during the training period.
      A positive effect on glucose homeostatis was seen with decreased basal
      fructosamine levels after training. During physical exercise a decrease in
      insulin and an increase in growth hormone was seen. Changes in growth hormone
      were, in contrast to insulin, more related to the pain level perceived than to
      the work load imposed. Apart from the marked effects on physical performance the
      results of the study suggest an improvement of hormonal and metabolic balance
      after physical training. This regularly applied exercise program improved the
      health status of rather old people.

PMID- 2652279
TI  - The controlled study of torture victims. Epidemiological considerations and some
      future aspects.
AB  - Sequelae to torture have only been described in recent years. Only few controlled
      and no longitudinal studies have been made. Such studies are encumbered with many
      difficulties. Torture victims included in documentary and scientific studies have
      been selected on several levels. Certain forms of exposure e.g. torture and
      exile, which often occur simultaneously, may cause identical clinical pictures.
      Thus, some of the health effects of torture may be concealed in controlled
      studies in which matching is very close. Small populations present a considerable
      risk of confounding. So far, only simple methods have been used to assess the
      health of torture victims quantitatively. The validity of these methods is not
      known. In the future, methods used for health assessment of torture victims
      should be evaluated. Longitudinal studies may disclose characteristics for
      victims with specific prognostic features and may thereby be helpful when setting
      priorities and choosing strategies for treatment.

PMID- 2652280
TI  - How the sex differences in the use of psychotropic drugs are explained.

PMID- 2652281
TI  - [Short-term therapy of lung tuberculosis using a fixed combination of isoniazid,
      rifampicin and pyrazinamide. Results after 2 years].
AB  - Treatment of tuberculosis should be as short and as simple as possible in order
      to improve patient compliance; and combinations of at least three drugs should be
      used in order to kill the different populations of mycobacteria and to avoid
      development of drug resistance.--In a controlled multicentre study two regimens
      were compared in 93 patients with newly-diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: 1) Six
      month therapy (47 cases): Daily rifampicin and isoniazid, supplemented with
      pyrazinamide for the first 2 months. A tablet with a fixed combination of 120 mg
      rifampicin, 50 mg isoniazid and 300 mg pyrazinamide (Rifater) was used. 2)
      Present Swiss standard therapy (46 cases): Daily rifampicin, isoniazid and
      ethambutol for 2 months followed by rifampicin and isoniazid for 7 months.--The
      time-course of culture negativation and the frequency of adverse events were
      similar in the two groups. During a follow-up period of at least two years only
      one relapse was observed in the six-month regimen, 3 months after completion of
      treatment. This was one of three patients with pretreatment resistance to
      isoniazid. Nevertheless, two of them were cured with the six-month regimen
      containing Rifater.--Patient compliance, assessed during outpatient treatment by
      detecting isoniazid metabolites in the urine, was very good (93% of tests were
      positive in each group).--These results with a follow-up of more than 2 years,
      indicate that short-course therapy of 6 months duration with the fixed
      combination tablet may be recommended as treatment of choice in pulmonary
      tuberculosis except in cases of isoniazid resistance and other special situations
      (i.e. large cavitations, large number of viable bacilli).

PMID- 2652282
TI  - [Accidental adrenal gland tumors: clinical significance and practical
      management].
AB  - The widespread use of modern diagnostic techniques has led to an increase in
      unexpected adrenal disorders. Accidental adrenal [correction of renal] tumors
      require diagnostic evaluation of their endocrine activity and histologic
      importance. The clinical findings and differential diagnosis of accidental
      adrenal tumors are described in the light of two cases. The diagnostic use of
      endocrinologic tests and imaging techniques is discussed together with the
      management of these patients.

PMID- 2652283
TI  - [The transformation of Basedow's struma into nodular goiter: a reason for
      recurrence of hyperthyroidism].
AB  - Graves' disease is characterized by a diffuse and homogeneously hyperfunctioning
      goiter, presumably caused by thyroid stimulating, TSH-receptor directed
      antibodies (TRAB). However, in many patients the serum concentration of TRAB is
      in no way parallel to the severity of the clinical course of Graves'
      hyperthyroidism. In particular, hyperthyroidism may persist or repeatedly relapse
      over many years despite the absence of high TRAB titers. The present study
      summarizes the existing evidence that this course of Graves' disease may be due
      to gradually evolving autonomously growing and functioning micro- or macronodules
      within the originally diffuse goiter.

PMID- 2652284
TI  - [The regulation of feed intake in ruminants].
AB  - As in monogastric species, food intake in ruminants is regulated from meal to
      meal. The prandial stimulation of taste receptors and gastrointestinal chemo- and
      mechanoreceptors as well as hepatic chemoreceptors contributes to satiety. All
      these receptors are apparently connected with the brain by vagal afferents. A
      physiological satiety function of prandially released gastrointestinal and
      pancreatic hormones in ruminants is uncertain. Food stimuli affect feeding also
      through autonomic reflexes which regulate reticulo-rumen motility. All
      informations from the periphery are finally integrated in the hypothalamus. The
      exact role of the various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in the
      control of feeding is as yet largely unknown.

PMID- 2652285
TI  - [The effect of body position on uterine blood flow in the 3d trimester of
      pregnancy].
AB  - Uterine vessels of 20 women with uncomplicated pregnancy between the 34th and
      38th week of gestation were examined by means of Duplex sonography and a "simple"
      Doppler ultrasound device without sectional view and spectral analysis. Blood
      flow in several uterine vessels was recorded in various body positions: lying,
      sitting on a bench, standing, and - with some of the patients - in a position
      sitting on a so called "Variable Balance Chair". The relationship between the
      systolic and diastolic levels, as well as the shape of the Doppler curve, led to
      the Doppler parameters used. The Doppler parameters pointing to the best
      perfusion were found in the lying position, and sitting on the "Variable Balance
      Chair". Uterine perfusion seemed to be significantly decreased at the regular
      sitting, and in the standing position. Likewise, the shape of the Doppler curves
      indicated higher resistance in the blood vessels in the standing and the regular
      sitting position. The observations show that there are other factors that
      influence the momentary uterine perfusion besides uterine contractions. These
      results seem to be useful for the management of foetal growth retardation.

PMID- 2652286
TI  - [Comparison of transvaginal and transabdominal Doppler flow measurements in
      uterine vessels in the normal course of pregnancy].
AB  - Despite physiological and methodical drawbacks Doppler velocimetry in the arcuate
      arteries has become a standard for examination during pregnancy. Arcuate arteries
      are terminal branches of the uterine vaculature and supply only a circumscript
      area. Local vasoconstriction (due to contractions) and placental infarction may
      give erroneus results. Measurements in arcuate arteries at the site of placental
      insertion showed flow patterns different from those in the rest of the uterus.
      Since continuous wave Doppler systems were mostly applied, the received echoes
      could have originated from any part along the sound beam. Signals from arteries
      of the anterior abdominal wall may lead to "false pathological" waveforms. All
      these drawbacks have been overcome by Doppler velocimetry of the main stem
      uterine artery on its course through the parametrium by a transvaginal inserted
      probe that combines a 240 degrees "panorama" sector scanner with a pulsed Doppler
      system. Both main vessels supplying the uterus, i.e. left and right uterine
      artery, could be visually identified and pulsed Doppler velocimetry could be
      applied. This provided us with information about perfusion of the whole organ and
      showed us also the physiological range of left to right discrepancy in the flow
      patterns. In 63 pregnant women with a single foetus and an uneventful course of
      pregnancy we compared transabdominal measurements of the arcuate arteries with
      transvaginal measurements in both main uterine arteries. In 56 women we found
      pathological wave forms in the arcuate arteries (A/B ratio greater than 2)
      despite lack of clinical or transvaginal measured evidence of
      malnutrition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2652287
TI  - [Vaginal sonography as a method of study in the evaluation of cervix
      insufficiency. A useful complement to vaginal palpation?].
AB  - In a clinical study a group of pregnant women with suspected cervical
      incompetence was examined by vaginal sonography. Aim of the investigation was to
      compare results of performed vaginal palpation with results of sonography. 53
      pregnant women between 20th und 31st week of gestation were examined by a 5 MHz
      vaginal sector-scanner probe. After focussing sagittal projection of uterine
      cervix and lower uterine segment the cervical length and opening of the internal
      os were assessed prior to cerclage. Postoperative vaginal sonography was
      performed to ascertain lengthening and stabilization of the incompetent cervix.
      Comparing results of vaginal palpation and vaginal sonography showed, that the
      cervical length obtained by sonography was constantly higher in all patients than
      the results obtained by palpation. This difference became more distinct in the
      group of patients with extreme cervical incompetence. We are of the opinion that
      vaginal sonography is an objective method revealing the extent of cervical
      incompetence. Exact measurement of the cervical length and assessment of the
      internal os are efficient diagnostic criteria. They complete results of cervical
      palpation and offer precise information concerning an intended cerclage.

PMID- 2652288
TI  - [Psychological effect of ultrasound examination on patients, relatives and the
      technician].
AB  - To study the psychological influence of ultrasound diagnosis the authors examined
      special disciplines of obstetric practice and research. Relevant conclusions were
      drawn in respect of their application to other disciplines of medicine.

PMID- 2652289
TI  - [Sonographic detection of hygroma colli in the fetus].
AB  - Foetal cystic hygroma is a congenital malformation of the lymphatic systems. Ten
      cases of foetal cystic hygroma were diagnosed prenatally during the second
      trimester, in a period of two years, at Ultrasound Unit of the Department of
      Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Mainz, West Germany. Six foetuses
      had Turner's syndrome, one had a 47 X + 21 karyotype, two foetuses were
      cytogenetically normal and in one case tue chromosome cultures failed.
      Sonographic findings are demonstrated and compared to autopsy results. In
      addition, clinical management of foetuses with cystic hygroma are discussed.

PMID- 2652290
TI  - [Size relations of the spleen and lymph nodes in normal and pathologic
      processes].
AB  - 63 spleens and 79 lymph node specimens, both normal and diseased, were measured
      in three planes. The ratio of length to width and to thickness was established to
      determine if characteristic changes in proportion - in connection with the
      expansion of the respective organs - are evident. The healthy spleens did not
      differ markedly from the diseased ones, whereas striking differences were obvious
      among the diseased lymph nodes. Lymph nodes involved in malignant disease
      appeared globular, whereas those involved in inflammatory disease showed a
      longish and flattened shape.

PMID- 2652291
TI  - [Non-invasive morphologic and functional assessment of arteriovenous fistula in
      dialysis patients with duplex sonography].
AB  - In 61 patients with end-stage renal disease the results of 89 consecutive Duplex
      examinations of the arteriovenous fistulas used for haemodialysis were evaluated.
      The examinations were performed because of various problems concerning the
      vascular access or before the first puncture. Using 7.5 and 10.0 MHz probes
      (pulsed Doppler 3.0 and 4.5 MHz) the morphology and the function of the fistulas
      were evaluated. In 35 cases the results were normal, in a further 27 cases minor
      anomalies were seen without influencing the function. Complete thrombosis was
      observed in 7, partial thrombosis and severe stenosis in 4 cases each. Large
      aneurysms were documented in 6 examinations and in the remaining 6 the fistulas
      had not matured sufficiently within 4 weeks. The ultrasound results correlated
      well with consecutive angiography or surgery. The mean flow in normal fistulas
      was 514 +/- 223 ml/min. It was higher in PTFE shunts (614 +/- 242 ml/min) than in
      Cimino-Brescia fistulas (464 +/- 199 ml/min). Complications were observed more
      often in the PTFE group (63.9% vs. 58.5%). We think that Duplex sonography offers
      an accurate, non-invasive way to evaluate the morphology and the function of
      arteriovenous fistulas of patients on haemodialysis. This should therefore be
      performed as the first imaging method whenever problems concerning the fistula
      occur.

PMID- 2652292
TI  - [Image quality of various venous catheters in ultrasound under standardized
      conditions].
AB  - Seven different types of venous catheters were visualised under standardised
      conditions with a 5 mHz linear scanner for comparison of their respective imaging
      qualities. Under these conditions, all catheters were readily identifiable
      regardless of fabric and width. Any formation of loops or knots could also be
      visualised.

PMID- 2652293
TI  - [Ultrasound as a medium of communication].
AB  - Following Watzlawick's general theory of human communication, ultrasound is
      evaluated using the categories syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Material for
      this survey mainly comes from routine scanning in pregnancy care. It can be shown
      that the criteria mentioned above may well be applied, since ultrasound has a
      number of similarities with mass media. Consequences of this outlook in terms of
      doctor-patient relationship, determining the sex of the child, and prenatal
      diagnosis of fetal malformations are discussed.

PMID- 2652294
TI  - Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2652295
TI  - "Gastrointestinal endoscopy: time for change".

PMID- 2652296
TI  - Scottish head injury rehabilitation: an historical account.
AB  - During the Second World War two units were established in Scotland for the
      rehabilitation of head injured patients which were ahead of their time in
      philosophy and practice. Despite advice to the contrary, these two facilities
      were not maintained in the ensuing post-war years and while other countries have
      expanded and improved upon the concepts of care for the traumatically brain
      injured no specific unit for head injury rehabilitation exists in Scotland today.

PMID- 2652297
TI  - Recent advances in characterizing clearance of water from lungs.
AB  - The investigation of pulmonary fluid balance has been hampered by the complexity
      of the factors involved. New techniques using cultured monolayers of alveolar
      epithelial cells have improved the study of the transport properties of the lung.
      Recent studies using isolated lung preparations and isolated alveolar epithelial
      cells give additional insight into the mechanisms and pathophysiology of alveolar
      pulmonary edema. There may be potential for new therapies of clinical pulmonary
      edema in humans.

PMID- 2652298
TI  - Medicare is closing smaller hospitals.
AB  - A previous article by the author reported responses to individual questions from
      a survey sent to solo practitioners in South Dakota. The survey responses were
      noted to have some correlations which have been extracted for this article. These
      correlations reveal a systematic bias against small town hospitals and small town
      doctors by the Medicare rules and the application of those rules. It appears that
      Medicare is acting vigorously to fulfill a prediction made by the head of the
      Health Care Financing Administration to close one out of eight hospitals in the
      United States. It further appears that almost all of the hospitals being closed
      are small hospitals which have lower costs. In this situation, small towns will
      have difficulty in attracting and keeping physicians.

PMID- 2652299
TI  - Research group forswears financial ties to firms whose drugs it tests.

PMID- 2652300
TI  - [The femoral neck pseudarthrosis following medial femoral neck fracture. An
      indication for the vascularized pedicled iliac crest transplant].
AB  - Revascularisation surgery was performed in six cases following medial femoral
      neck fracture with femoral head necrosis and non-union of the femoral neck. A
      corticospongiosis pelvic graft supplied by the deep circumflex iliac artery was
      implanted as an autologous heterotopic pedicled transplant. The operative
      procedure was the same in all cases, since it was possible to lift out the pelvic
      graft from the same side as the affected hip joint, thus making a microvascular
      anastomosis unnecessary. Follow-up examination after 15-27 months revealed that,
      in all cases, osseous consolidation of the pseudarthrosis had been achieved and
      that further segmental collapse of the contour of the femoral head had been
      prevented. The angiographic studies performed during the examination demonstrated
      unimpeded circulation in the pedicle of the transplants in five of the six cases,
      as long as 3 months after the operation. For the first time it was possible in
      these five cases, by means of a transplant angiograph, to demonstrate integration
      of the graft into the biologically weak post-traumatic transplant region.

PMID- 2652301
TI  - [Fractures and dislocations of the talus].
AB  - Some of the peculiarities of the anatomy of the talus are of special interest:
      the lack of muscle insertions, the vulnerability of the blood supply, and the
      fact that about 60% of the surface is covered by hyaline cartilage. This implies
      that most of the fractures are intra-articular. In 1983, the results of 262 talus
      fractures were published. Kuner and Lindenmaier found post-traumatic arthritis in
      about 50% of the cases. A subdivision of peripheral and central fractures is
      useful; complications like avascular necrosis are found in about 18% of fracture
      cases of the central talus. Magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful in the
      early diagnosis of talus necrosis. Hawkins' sign in an anteroposterior
      roentgenogram after 6 or 8 weeks of fracture dislocation and non-weight-bearing
      shows that subchondral atrophy is present in the dome of the talus. This excludes
      the diagnosis of avascular necrosis. Absence of subchondral atrophy in the early
      months and then later density of the dead bone and atrophy of the surrounding
      bones imply avascular necrosis. Dislocations around the talus without fractures
      are classified into three types: talocrural dislocation (i.e., luxatio pedis cum
      talo), subtalar dislocation (i.e., luxatio pedis sub talo), and the extremely
      unusual total dislocation of the talar body. The dislocations should be reduced
      promptly to avoid breakdown of the skin and distal circulatory compromise.

PMID- 2652302
TI  - [Biomechanics of the ankle joint].
AB  - According to Fick, the tree-dimensional patterns of foot motion are best
      characterized as jawlike movement. Anatomically and biomechanically, this process
      represents conjoined, synchronous motion within the three mobile segments of the
      hindfoot: the ankle joint, the posterior subtalar joint, and the anterior
      subtalar joint. Foot kinematics can be described more completely if the anterior
      subtalar joint is defined not only as the talocalcaneal navicular joint, but as
      including the calcaneocuboid joint, thus representing the transverse joint of the
      tarsus, i.e., the Chopart joint. The axes of these three joints can be defined
      precisely. In some parts they represent a screwlike motion, clockwise or counter
      clockwise, around the central ligamentous structures (fibulotibial ligament,
      talocalcaneal interosseous ligament, bifurcate ligament). The individual anatomy
      and structure of these ligaments provide variations in the degree and direction
      of foot motion. A precise knowledge of foot kinematics is important in surgical
      ligament and joint reconstruction and in selective foot arthrodeses.

PMID- 2652303
TI  - Gated blood pool tomography: a technology whose time has come.
AB  - Tomographic gated blood pool imaging is a natural extension of the technologies
      of planar gated blood pool scanning and rotating Anger camera single photon
      emission computed tomography (SPECT). The high photon flux, optimum 140 keV
      energy, and volume sampling of tomography permit reconstruction of the data in
      any perspective. The true three-dimensional nature of this process allows the
      evaluation of regional wall motion of all the cardiac chambers, unencumbered by
      overlapping structures. The heart can be viewed from any angle, including a long
      axis, short axis, apical four chamber, and a true inferior view. In addition to
      evaluation of regional wall motion, precise determination of chamber volumes and
      ejection fractions is possible. Early clinical experience has demonstrated the
      superiority of tomographic gated blood pool imaging over planar blood pool
      imaging for precisely defining subtle functional abnormalities. The enormous
      amount of data generated by this procedure taxes the capacity of most nuclear
      medicine computer systems. However, the availability of 32-bit processors and
      large amounts of image memory in new machines should ultimately reduce this
      processing time to less than ten minutes. The combination of complete
      visualization and quantitation suggests that a renaissance for blood pool imaging
      is on the horizon.

PMID- 2652304
TI  - Quantitative SPECT of uptake of monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Absolute quantitation of the distribution of radiolabeled antibodies is important
      to the efficient conduct of research with these agents and their ultimate use for
      imaging and treatment, but is formidable because of the unrestricted nature of
      their distribution within the patient. Planar imaging methods have been developed
      and provide an adequate approximation of the distribution of radionuclide for
      many purposes, particularly when there is considerable specificity of targeting.
      This is not currently the case for antibodies and is unlikely in the future.
      Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provides potential for greater
      accuracy because it reduces problems caused by superimposition of tissues and non
      target contributions to target counts. SPECT measurement of radionuclide content
      requires: (1) accurate determination of camera sensitivity; (2) accurate
      determination of the number of counts in a defined region of interest; (3)
      correction for attenuation; (4) correction for scatter and septal penetration;
      (5) accurate measurement of the administered dose; (6) adequate statistics; and
      (7) accurate definition of tissue mass or volume. The major impediment to each of
      these requirements is scatter of many types. The magnitude of this problem can be
      diminished by improvements in tomographic camera design, computer algorithms, and
      methodological approaches.

PMID- 2652305
TI  - Quantitative SPECT: basic theoretical considerations.
AB  - Quantitative single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) requires that the
      reconstructed cross sectional images have accurate intensity values. The major
      problem with accurate reconstruction is attenuation. Several methods have been
      proposed to correct for attenuation, but none are entirely satisfactory. This
      report will review some of the basic concepts of reconstruction, and discuss the
      problems that are introduced by attenuation.

PMID- 2652306
TI  - A practical SPECT technique for quantitation of drug delivery to human tumors and
      organ absorbed radiation dose.
AB  - A practical quantitative single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT)
      technique based on an empirical threshold analysis permits accurate measurements
      in humans of drug delivery and absorbed radiation dose. The limits of the method
      have been explored using a wide range of phantom volumes, concentrations, and
      target-to-nontarget ratios. A threshold of 43% was found to give the best results
      using volumes of 30 to 3,800 cc. An excellent correlation (r = .99 with a
      standard error of estimate [SEE] of 41 cc) was found between SPECT measured
      volumes and actual phantom volumes. A similarly high correlation (r = .98, SEE =
      260 counts/voxel) was found in 77 measurements of concentrations between 0.01 and
      3.6 microCi/cc. There was a direct relationship between the target-to-nontarget
      ratio of phantoms and the accuracy of volume measurements. The technique has been
      validated by an excellent in vivo/in vitro correlation of uptake in human tumors.
      The tumor cumulative concentration and tumor-to-blood ratio were used for
      assessment of drug delivery. In vivo quantitative measurements of the
      pharmacokinetics of technetium-99m (99mTc) glucoheptonate, cobalt-57 (57Co)
      bleomycin and platinum-195m (195mPt) cisplatin in human tumors in vivo indicates
      that, in contrast with tumor models in animals, there is a marked variability in
      drug delivery even in tumors with the same histology. Future development of
      labeled drugs should make it possible to use quantitative SPECT for predicting
      tumor response to therapy and for tailoring chemotherapy for the individual
      patient under treatment. SPECT quantitation of organ concentration was used for
      Medical Internal Radiation Dose committee (MIRD) calculations of organ absorbed
      radiation dose from 99mTc-labeled RBCs. Excellent in vivo/in vitro correlations
      were obtained between SPECT measured concentrations of blood radioactivity in the
      heart and in vitro measurements of blood samples. The possibilities and
      limitations of this technique are discussed and its use for in vivo measurement
      in humans of absorbed radiation dose from radiopharmaceuticals is suggested.

PMID- 2652307
TI  - Quantitative SPECT in radiation dosimetry.
AB  - Accurate and precise radiation dosimetry is critical for the successful
      therapeutic application of systemically administered radionuclides, including, of
      course, radionuclides in the form of radiolabeled antibody. This requires
      determination, based on discrete serial measurements, of the time-dependent
      concentrations and/or total amounts of radioactivity in situ in order to
      calculate source region cumulated activities. Based on extensive studies (with
      clinically realistic numbers of counts and accuracies of the order of 10%) in
      simple geometric phantoms, in complex anthropomorphic phantoms, in animal models,
      and in humans, quantitative rotating scintillation camera-based single-photon
      emission computed tomography (SPECT) now appears to be a practical approach to
      such measurements. The basis of the quantitative imaging capability of a three
      dimensional imaging modality such as SPECT is the elimination in the
      reconstructed image of counts emanating from activity surrounding the source
      region. Subject to considerations such as the reconstruction algorithm,
      attenuation and scatter corrections, and, most importantly, statistical
      uncertainty, the counts in a pixel in a reconstructed image are therefore
      directly proportional to the actual counts emanating from the corresponding voxel
      in situ. Among intrinsic, pre-processing, and post-processing attenuation
      corrections, post-processing algorithms, the most widely used approach in current
      commercial SPECT systems, have proven adequate in uniformly attenuating parts of
      the body (eg, abdomen, pelvis), subject to accurate delineation of the body
      contour. Although a number of sophisticated scatter correction methods have been
      developed, the lack of explicit scatter correction has, in practice, not been a
      major impediment to reasonably accurate quantitative SPECT imaging, despite
      scattered radiation representing up to 50% of the counts in a large source region
      (eg, liver). Because of its mathematical propagation in the image reconstruction
      process, statistical uncertainty (ie, "noise") in SPECT is far greater than would
      be expected if it were distributed according to Poisson statistics, as in planar
      imaging. The low "single slice" sensitivity of rotating scintillation camera
      based SPECT is therefore the principal limitation of practical quantitative
      SPECT. Accordingly, absolute quantitation of count-limited clinical images has
      been accomplished using a judiciously selected "non-ramp" filter function. In
      summary, reasonable quantitative SPECT imaging is now feasible clinically, even
      without sophisticated scatter corrections, at least in uniformly attenuating
      parts of the body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2652308
TI  - An evaluation of the contribution of bone mass measurements to clinical practice.
AB  - Measurement of bone mass by dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) provides a powerful
      research tool, but its role in clinical practice is contentious. In the present
      review, several questions of clinical relevance relating to bone mass are
      addressed and the contribution of DPA assessed. While there is currently much
      conflicting data in the literature, it is nevertheless predicted that with the
      recent improvements in DPA (X-ray systems) there will be much wider clinical
      application.

PMID- 2652309
TI  - Extrarenal abnormalities seen in 99mTc DTPA renal flow study.

PMID- 2652310
TI  - Differential diagnosis and management of renovascular hypertension through
      nuclear medicine techniques.
AB  - Identification of patients with renovascular hypertension (RVH) among the larger
      group of patients with essential hypertension has been aided by a wide variety of
      in vitro and in vivo nuclear medicine procedures. The most valuable in vitro
      procedure remains the radioimmunoassay (RIA) for renin activity obtained from
      individual renal vein catheterization studies. Lateralizing renin activity
      provides valuable prognostic information about the likelihood for surgical cure
      of RVH. Older in vivo procedures for the diagnosis of RVH included rectilinear
      scanning and probe renography, which suffered from poor resolution and
      specificity, respectively. These tests have been replaced by computer-interfaced
      gamma camera scintirenography using 131I- or 123I-labeled orthoiodohippurate
      (OIH), or scintiangiography using 99mTc-DTPA. False-positive (FP) results for RVH
      persist due to a wide variety of relatively common conditions that can cause
      asymmetric renal size and function, including outflow obstruction and parenchymal
      renal disease. Newer approaches promise to improve the specificity of nuclear
      medicine procedures for identification of RVH. In particular, the number of FP
      exams appears to improve when scintirenography is performed before and after the
      administration of oral angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, using
      either 99mTc-DTPA or OIH. The incentive for improved diagnostic testing has
      increased with the availability of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PCTA)
      for treatment of renal artery stenosis (RAS). Follow up of PCTA with
      scintirenography is of great value in assessing its effect on renal function and
      in evaluating the subsequent clinical course of the patient.

PMID- 2652311
TI  - Scintigraphic studies in adrenal hypertension.
AB  - Endocrine hypertension secondary to disorders of the adrenal glands is uncommon,
      but by no means rare. The importance of correct biochemical diagnosis and
      subsequent localization of the responsible lesion(s) lie in the fact that many of
      these syndromes occur in younger patients, may exhibit familial patterns of
      inheritance and are frequently amenable to surgical cure. The
      radiopharmaceuticals (131)1-6 beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol (NP-59), a marker
      of adrenocortical cholesterol uptake, and (131)1- and (123)1
      metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), a norepinephrine (NE) analog and marker of energy
      dependent NE storage vesicle accumulation, can be shown to accurately localize
      adrenal cortex and sympathoadrenal dysfunction, respectively. In Cushing's
      syndrome (CS) not only does the pattern of NP-59 uptake depict the adrenal
      dysfunction and its pathophysiologic basis, but the level of NP-59 accumulation
      reflects the degree of adrenocortical hyperfunction. Adrenocorticotrophin
      independent CS is uniformly and accurately localized, especially in bilateral
      cortical nodular hyperplasia where even high resolution computed tomography (CT)
      may fail to depict the often subtle, asymmetric anatomic abnormalities.
      Dexamethasone suppression NP-59 adrenal scintigraphy has been shown to be highly
      sensitive and specific, and exceeds the efficacy of CT in the differentiation of
      adenoma and bilateral hyperplasia in primary aldosteronism. MIBG is useful as a
      sympathoadrenal imaging agent whose clinical utility has been demonstrated in the
      localization of pheochromocytoma, especially as a modality to screen the body for
      multiple and extraadrenal, recurrent, or metastatic lesions. Moreover, the extent
      of metastatic involvement from neuroblastoma can also be accurately depicted
      using MIBG. In this review we will examine the role of adrenal scintigraphy in
      the characterization of hypersecretory disorders of the adrenal cortex, medulla,
      and related conditions that produce hypertension as part of their symptom(s)
      complex. This approach, which is complementary to other anatomical modalities of
      imaging, can be used to advantage in the localization of functioning cortical and
      medulla adrenal diseases and other neoplasms of adrenergic origin.

PMID- 2652312
TI  - The diagnostic dilemma: a clinician's viewpoint.
AB  - The prevalence of renovascular hypertension appears to be increasing,
      particularly in older patients with generalized arteriosclerosis, hypertension
      and impaired renal function. While clinical clues remain extremely useful in
      identifying patients at increased risk, older screening tests have been largely
      abandoned in favor of angiographic methods that provide visual identification of
      renal artery lesions. Renal scintigraphic techniques, with or without angiotensin
      converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, offer the potential for providing accurate
      measurements of renal function, and may be particularly useful in identifying
      critical renal arterial stenosis. In assessing the future role of scintigraphy,
      careful clinical validation of these correlations will be necessary, as will
      determinations of their usefulness in patients with renal insufficiency and those
      with bilateral renal artery stenosis. The role of adrenal scintigraphy in the
      localization of adrenal tumors is also reviewed. Their cost-effectiveness,
      limitations in sensitivity and specificity compared to current diagnostic
      technologies, and potential applications are discussed.

PMID- 2652313
TI  - Renovascular hypertension: etiology and pathophysiology.
AB  - Evidence from animal studies demonstrates that the renin-angiotensin (ANG II)
      system and sodium retention play major roles in experimental renovascular
      hypertension (RVH). Two basic models have been described. In the first, one-clip
      two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, the ischemic kidney secretes renin, which
      leads to increased ANG II formation and hence elevation of blood pressure (BP).
      As BP rises, sodium excretion by the intact contralateral kidney increases
      (pressure natriuresis); therefore, there is no sodium retention. In the second,
      one-clip one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, the contralateral kidney is removed.
      In this case the pressure natriuresis can no longer occur, and sodium retention
      occurs. The ensuing expansion of plasma volume inhibits renin secretion, so that
      in this model the renin level is normal or low. Following the clipping of the
      renal artery, renal blood flow and pressure are maintained distal to the stenosis
      by an ANG II-mediated vasoconstriction. This acts preferentially on the efferent
      glomerular arterioles, so that the ratio of preglomerular to postglomerular
      resistance is reduced, which helps to maintain glomerular filtration despite the
      reduced renal perfusion pressure. In the contralateral kidney the afferent
      arteriolar resistance is increased, probably as a direct result of exposure to
      the higher intrarenal arterial pressure. ANG II constricts the efferent
      arterioles in the same way as in the ischemic kidney, so that the ratio of
      preglomerular to postglomerular resistance is unchanged. When an angiotensin
      converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor is given, the efferent arterioles vasodilate.
      In the ischemic kidney this may produce a reduction of glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR), which is not seen in the contralateral kidney. Unilateral RVH in humans
      corresponds closely to the animal model of one-clip two-kidney hypertension.
      Plasma renin activity is usually high, and converting enzyme inhibitors lower BP
      effectively. The increased renin is due exclusively to increased secretion of
      renin by the ischemic kidney, and is completely suppressed in the contralateral
      kidney. It is not clear whether bilateral RVH corresponds to the one-clip one
      kidney model, but there is circumstantial evidence to suggest that both renin and
      volume factors may be involved. The majority of cases of human RVH are caused by
      atheroma, which is commonly bilateral, or by fibromuscular dysplasia. The former
      tends to be associated with atheroma elsewhere in the arterial tree, and often
      progresses to complete occlusion and renal failure. The latter occurs in younger
      patients, and almost never progresses to complete occlusion.

PMID- 2652314
TI  - The biology of tumor metastasis.

PMID- 2652315
TI  - Chromosomal and molecular clues to tumor progression.

PMID- 2652316
TI  - Therapeutic implications of tumor heterogeneity.
AB  - At the outset of this review, we stated that we wished to raise some questions
      that challenge the commonly held view that tumor heterogeneity is of major
      significance to treatment failure. The nature of this challenge is the following:
      although tumor heterogeneity in sensitivity to therapeutic agents has been
      demonstrated repeatedly, using isolated subpopulations of cells, primarily in
      cell culture systems, there is very little work that has been directed toward
      asking the tough questions about how that heterogeneity actually impacts on the
      response to treatment in vivo. In our own work, when we have attempted to
      simulate heterogeneity, in vivo or in vitro with mixed populations of tumor
      cells, we have seen that the simple prediction that treatment response would
      reflect the sensitivities of the individual subpopulations was not valid. Tumor
      subpopulation interactions, influencing both growth and drug sensitivity,
      resulted in treatment responses that were either better or worse than would be
      expected. Shifts in the distribution of subpopulations under the influence of
      therapy did not necessarily correlate with treatment response. Marked differences
      in the relative proportions of subpopulations within tumors did not necessarily
      translate into marked differences in the behavior of whole tumors. Imposition of
      in vivo-like three-dimensional tissue architecture caused major changes in the
      overall drug sensitivity of individual subpopulations, beyond those seen as a
      result of heterogeneity. Of course we realize that our work is very limited, one
      tumor system and a few treatment protocols, but that is the challenge. Much more
      in-depth experimental and clinical research is necessary in order to evaluate
      how, and how much, tumor heterogeneity really does affect treatment. Without such
      work, efforts to devise more effective treatment strategies, based on common
      assumptions and theoretical models, rather than experimental analysis, can only
      be superficial and, ultimately, useless.

PMID- 2652317
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of Navelbine.

PMID- 2652318
TI  - Navelbine in advanced ovarian epithelial cancer: a study of the French oncology
      centers.

PMID- 2652319
TI  - Navelbine: a new step in cancer therapy?

PMID- 2652320
TI  - In situ analysis of the action of Navelbine on various types of microtubules
      using immunofluorescence.
AB  - Preliminary clinical studies demonstrated that 5' nor-anhydro-vinblastine,
      Navelbine (NVB) has a broader antitumor activity and fewer neurotoxic effects
      than vinblastine or vincristine. The tectal plate anlage of mouse embryos at the
      earliest stages of neuronal differentiation were used to analyze and compare the
      effect of NVB, vincristine and vinblastine on axonal and mitotic microtubules
      after culture of post-implantation embryos in a medium containing the agent. All
      drugs are active on mitotic microtubules at the same concentration (0.1 mumol/L),
      inducing a depolymerization of microtubules and a blockade of cells at metaphase.
      At higher concentrations. NVB is the only one of the three drugs that induces a
      blockade of the cells at prophase. A depolymerization of axonal microtubules
      occurs at higher concentrations with NVB than with the two other vinca alkaloids.
      These results demonstrate that NVB is as active on mitotic microtubules and less
      active on axonal microtubules than vincristine and vinblastine. These findings
      can be related to the potent antitumor effect of the drug with minor
      neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2652321
TI  - Towards an epidemiology of political violence in the Third World.
AB  - Political violence is distressingly widespread in many parts of the world. This
      paper reviews the forms and effects of political violence and devotes particular
      attention to experiences from Central America and Southern Africa. The forms of
      violence vary from those which are extensive such as civil unrest and war, to
      those which are intensive, such as assassinations, disappearances and torture.
      The effects of violence on health may be direct, such as deaths, disabilities,
      psychological stress and the destruction of health services, or indirect such as
      the erosion of innovative health policies in favour of increased military
      expenditure. Health workers have a role to play in opposing political violence,
      providing care for those affected by violence, and documenting and analysing its
      impact on health. Research needs include documenting the impact of different
      forms of violence on health, and analysing the social and political factors which
      promote and support political violence. It is hoped that increasing recognition
      of political violence and man-made violence as being of major public health
      concern will play a part in promoting a more peaceful world.

PMID- 2652322
TI  - Children in political violence.
AB  - There is an urgent need to conduct research into the effects of political
      conflict on children growing up in South Africa. This paper discusses some
      international literature which may be relevant to researchers in this area. The
      first section briefly assesses the usefulness of the background literature on
      children in war and disaster situations. The second section outlines some of the
      clinical effects of political conflict on children. The third illustrates some of
      the ways in which intra-personal, inter-personal and contextual factors play a
      role in the stress process. The fourth section incorporates previous discussion
      into a model for understanding the effects of political conflict on children and
      offers a brief critique of some of the existing research. The final section
      explores the implications of the international literature for the South African
      researcher and examines the usefulness of conducting this kind of research.

PMID- 2652323
TI  - War-related changes in health and health services in Nicaragua.
AB  - The low-intensity war against Nicaragua from 1983 to 1987 has had a wide reaching
      impact on health, health services, and health economics in that country. Beyond
      the death of individuals and destruction of facilities, economic embargo and
      contra destruction have cost the health system about 200 billion cordobas between
      1981 and 1987. This is approximately equal to the value of 2 years of the entire
      health budget. The war has resulted in decreased accessibility and availability
      of services, leaving about 10% of the population without access to modern health
      facilities. Perhaps 10% of the demand for acute care services is generated by the
      war, which has resulted in a reorganization of surgical and medical services.
      Long term care needs for psychiatric illness and rehabilitation services are far
      more extensive. Population movements and resettlement, where preventive care has
      been unavailable, are associated with epidemics of malaria, diarrheal diseases,
      measles, leishmaniasis, meningitis, and tuberculosis. Health services remain a
      high priority of the government as health care is viewed as a way to reduce the
      untoward effects of the war on the general population. Nonetheless, the indirect
      effects of the war have been detrimental to the system. Negative effect include
      the loss to the system of health professionals and rampant inflation. These
      forces contribute to the weakening of primary health programs and the
      reorientation of the national system into hospital based, curative medical
      services.

PMID- 2652324
TI  - A programme of mental health for political refugees: dealing with the invisible
      pain of political exile.
AB  - Political persecution, state terrorism, torture, political assassinations,
      kidnapping and forced exile have become common occurrences in many parts of the
      world. Several researchers have tried to determine the impact of these situations
      on the mental health of those affected. At the same time, different types of aid
      programmes have been developed to prevent and treat the effects of violence on
      mental health. In this article we present clinical materials collected for 10
      years by the Latin American Collective of Psychosocial Work [Colectivo
      Latinamericano de Trabajo Psicosocial (Colat)], a medical-psychosocial assistance
      programme for political refugees. The programme was under the academic
      supervision of the Catholic Universities of Leuven (KUL, ULC), Belgium. The
      concept of identity is the central theme of a model which tries to understand and
      explain the suffering of exiles. We try to identify and expose the mechanisms of
      political violence that have traumatized an individual's self-esteem and
      disordered his familial and social bonds. In the second part of this article, the
      central ideas which support the medical-psychosocial practice of the programme
      are presented. This programme seeks to heal the damage caused by repression and
      exile through the active participation of those affected. Only in a context of
      communal action is it possible to develop a therapy to promote an individual
      recovery. It is in this sense that the strategic goal of the programme is to
      permit elaboration of the suffering at an individual, familial and group level,
      and to facilitate group dynamics which can trigger the potential of the exiles to
      transform the conditions of violence that originated and maintain their pain.

PMID- 2652325
TI  - Political repression and children in South Africa: the social construction of
      damaging effects.
AB  - This article discusses some dilemmas facing mental health and social service
      workers studying and providing services for children affected by political
      repression in South Africa. We argue that it is almost inevitable that
      progressive care providers are affected by an image of childhood as one of
      passive innocence and vulnerability, an image which is both outmoded in terms of
      modern developmental psychology and potentially destructive if the aim of
      intervention is empowerment. Practical experience with children affected by
      repression has led us to question commonly held views on the nature of
      psychological damage, and to recognise that our views on stress tend to be class
      bound. Questions of partiality and credibility affect both practical work and the
      way that social service workers conceive of their role. Without an approach to
      the understanding of repression which takes account of underlying ideological
      factors, the social construction of illness and symptoms, and the historical
      antecedents of current abuses of children in South Africa, we are unable
      adequately to situate and evaluate critically the work we are doing. Even the
      focus on children as particular victims of apartheid needs to be thoroughly
      examined.

PMID- 2652326
TI  - Psychoanalysis confronts the politics of repression: the case of Argentina.
AB  - The armed forces that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983 considered progressive
      middle class professionals, including the mental health community, as well as
      working class militants to be a threat to the economic and social arrangements of
      dependent capitalism. In order to understand why the psychoanalytic community was
      an important target of the military's 'dirty war' against its citizens, the
      history of the psychoanalytic movement is examined within the context of
      political developments in Argentina from the 1940s on. Evolving their specific
      version of the convergence between Freud and Marx, in the early 1970s, a group of
      prominent psychoanalysts became directly engaged in activities that challenged
      the existing social order. Their critical analyses of the limits of psychological
      liberation within class society and their social projects are described, with
      attention paid to the ways in which the political environment in Argentina either
      encouraged or repressed the realization of a radicalized psychoanalytic
      enterprise. Finally, the psychological impact on individuals living in a state of
      terror, such as that existing in Argentina under military rule, is analyzed, as
      are the contributions of the political psychoanalysts to the strengthening of
      civil society subsequent to the ouster of the military in 1983. It is concluded
      that individual and collective psychological reparation are necessary in order
      for a people to recapture their capacity for political engagement and active
      involvement in fragile democratic institutions.

PMID- 2652327
TI  - Why some countries have national health insurance, others have national health
      services, and the U.S. has neither.
AB  - This article presents a discussion of why some capitalist developed countries
      have national health insurance schemes, others have national health services, and
      the U.S. has neither. The first section provides a critical analysis of some of
      the major answers given to these questions by authors belonging to the schools of
      thought defined as 'public choice', 'power group pluralism' and 'post-industrial
      convergence'. The second section puts forward an alternative explanation rooted
      in an historical analysis of the correlation of class forces in each country. The
      different forms of funding and organization of health services, structured
      according to the corporate model or to the liberal-welfare market capitalism
      model, have appeared historically in societies with different correlations of
      class forces. In all these societies the major social force behind the
      establishment of a national health program has been the labor movement (and its
      political instruments--the socialist parties) in its pursuit of the welfare
      state. In the final section the developments in the health sector after World War
      II are explained. It is postulated that the growth of public expenditures in the
      health sector and the growth of universalism and coverage of health benefits that
      have occurred during this period are related to the strength of the labor
      movement in these countries.

PMID- 2652328
TI  - Ayurveda: a multilectic interpretation.
AB  - Ayurveda, in practice, comprises far more than a medical tradition in Sri Lanka.
      It provides, in addition to a manuscript for health care, a popular knowledge
      paradigm by which the population addresses social, epistemological and
      ontological issues in their lives. The concept of health expands to include the
      many existential levels that are basic to a definition of the self and the many
      arenas of life in which it is made evident. The concept of 'multilectic' process
      is introduced in this paper to explain this dynamic that characterizes popular
      Ayurveda, a dynamic that Sri Lankans specify as consisting of a fundamental
      complex interplay of mutually interrelated factors that are capable of
      referencing multiple meanings and life contingencies neither contradictory,
      dichotomous, nor unidirectional in nature. Because of the extent to which
      Ayurveda is embedded in the everyday lives and fundamental conceptual frameworks
      of the Sri Lankans, it is likely to remain an integrating knowledge system and a
      powerful explanatory paradigm in their general lives as well as for their health
      care dilemmas.

PMID- 2652329
TI  - End stage renal disease and the marital dyad: an empirical investigation.
AB  - The psychological well-being of end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and
      spouses was investigated from a dyadic perspective. The responses of patients and
      spouses from five groups of couples--illustrating different points in the
      progression and treatment of ESRD--were compared both across ESRD groups and
      between patients and spouses. Despite the fact that the ESRD groups reflected
      differences in illness/treatment intrusiveness, no significant differences were
      found between the ESRD groups, or between patients and spouses, in either marital
      relations or psychological well-being. However, while for all the participants
      marital role strain was a significant predictor of psychological well-being, the
      two dialysis groups evidenced significantly greater correlations between marital
      role strain and psychological distress than the nondialysis groups. These
      findings are interpreted as being consistent with a general systems theory
      approach to the conceptualization and treatment of chronic illness.

PMID- 2652330
TI  - [History of the organization of emergency services in St. Petersburg].

PMID- 2652331
TI  - [History of Russian-American medical contacts].

PMID- 2652332
TI  - [On the centenary of founding of the journal "Zemskii vrach"(Zemstvo physician)].

PMID- 2652333
TI  - [V. M. Tarnovskii, the founder of Russian venereology].

PMID- 2652334
TI  - The spine as an arch. A new mathematical model.
AB  - A new model is presented for the static behavior of the human spine that
      considers it to work as an arch rather than the traditional view of a cantilever.
      This theory is based on limit criteria, derived from plasticity theory, which
      determine bounds within which the structure is mechanically stable and thereby
      enables the prediction of failure when these criteria are not satisfied. It is
      shown that theorems developed for the plastic analysis of masonry arches can be
      simply adapted for the spine. An analysis is performed of three postures and
      associated loads described in the literature. The forces and intradiscal
      pressures are calculated and shown to be in good agreement with published
      measurements. The results show that compressive stresses in the spine are not as
      high as was previously calculated and that the curvature of the spine is
      necessary for its load-bearing function. Preservation of the lumbar lordosis, in
      conjunction with intra-abdominal pressure, strengthens the spine and is crucial
      to protect the spine from injury when lifting heavy loads.

PMID- 2652335
TI  - Treatment of hematogenous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis with anterior
      debridement and primary bone grafting.
AB  - From 1971 to 1984 at the University of Rochester Medical Center, 23 adult
      patients underwent surgical treatment via an anterior approach for pyogenic
      vertebral osteomyelitis. Data from 21 patients with greater than 2-year follow-up
      is presented in this report. Surgical debridement via an anterior approach was
      performed in all 21 patients. Bone grafting with iliac crest or rib strut was
      done in 19 patients. Clinical follow-up averaged 4 years, with a range of 2 years
      to 9 years, 9 months. No patient had a recurrence of osteomyelitis. All patients
      with neurologic deficits recovered without functional motor or sensory deficits.
      Of the 19 patients grafted, 18 showed roentgenographic evidence of fusion, and
      one went on to a pseudarthrosis. The average increase in kyphosis at the
      infection site was 3 degrees. In selected patients with pyogenic vertebral
      osteomyelitis requiring surgical treatment, anterior debridement and primary bone
      grafting in conjunction with appropriate antibiotics is successful in treating
      the infection and promoting osseous fusion in a high percentage of cases.

PMID- 2652336
TI  - [Abscesses of the liver. 1856].

PMID- 2652337
TI  - [Universal history of mortality].
AB  - The history of human disease has to be based almost entirely on what we know
      about the changes in mortality and life expectancy; illness and suffering do not
      lend themselves to hard statistics, whereas births and deaths can be counted. To
      learn about the way diseases have been conquered in the past we have, therefore,
      to look at mortality. From this study we see that the major lethal diseases were
      conquered not so much by discovering how to treat them as by prevention. The
      decline on mortality began at the start of the past century, at a time of
      revolution and reform, and was greatly accelerated when the causes of many
      diseases were discovered at the end of the nineteenth century. Even in the
      twentieth century, the greatest improvements are still being achieved by
      preventive measurements.

PMID- 2652338
TI  - [Biology of infection caused by the dengue virus].
AB  - In this review the most important aspects of the biology of the disease caused by
      the dengue virus are described: the characteristics of the disease, the
      epidemiology, the vector, the virus (proteins and genome), the diagnostic
      techniques and the vaccines.

PMID- 2652339
TI  - [The rate of adverse reactions to contrast media after double injections-
      correlation with the plasma histamine level].

PMID- 2652340
TI  - Beta-thalassaemia--the Johannesburg experience.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with beta-thalassaemia major were treated in two
      Johannesburg hospitals between 1979 and 1984. They belonged to two ethnic groups-
      Mediterranean and Asian--and 53% were under the age of 6 years, the oldest being
      20 years. Eight patients underwent splenectomy. All were regularly transfused and
      their quality of life greatly improved. The complication of regular transfusions
      is iron overload, which contributes to morbidity and mortality. Despite adequate
      iron excretion as a result of subcutaneous desferrioxamine (DFO) infusions, the
      patients showed significant iron overload, which suggested poor compliance in the
      home use of DFO and was the main long-term problem in the treatment of beta
      thalassaemia major. Education needs to be directed at communities at risk and
      their doctors so that new cases can be prevented and the financial and emotional
      cost eased. If patients are given full support in complying with therapy, their
      life expectancy should be greatly increased.

PMID- 2652341
TI  - Ultrasonography of the advanced tuberculous kidney.
AB  - Ultrasonography is a quick and non-invasive method of evaluating the kidney which
      cannot be seen on excretory urography. If advanced renal tuberculosis is the
      reason, then ultrasonography is frequently diagnostic.

PMID- 2652342
TI  - Use of the diabetic pen-syringe in children.

PMID- 2652343
TI  - [Plasma cell leukemia. Study of 10 cases].
AB  - Ten patients with plasma cell leukaemia (PCL), out of 259 cases of multiple
      myeloma diagnosed in the Haematology Service of the University Hospital of
      Barcelona in the last 18 years, are presented. Of the 10 PCL cases, 5 were
      primary and 5 were secondary. Anaemia and thrombocytopenia, along with massive
      plasma cell infiltration of the bone marrow, were the most striking findings.
      Osteolytic lesions were present in 9 of the cases and liver involvement in two.
      Chemotherapy including vincristine and prednisone was administered to eight
      patients, associated to alkylating agents (melphalan and/or cyclophosphamide) in
      six of them. Four of these patients received also adriamycin and BCNU. Two
      objective responses were achieved, lasting for 10 and 3 months, the remaining six
      patients failed to respond. The median survival for all the PCL patients was less
      than one month (ranging between 0.2 and 14 months). None of the secondary PCL
      patients survived for 2 months after diagnosis. Infection (3 cases of septicaemia
      and 3 of pneumonia), renal failure (2 cases) and liver insufficiency (1 case)
      were the causes of death in the nine deceased patients. The therapeutic
      possibilities for this severe haemopathy are discussed.

PMID- 2652344
TI  - [A fast and simple method for obtaining specific anti-von Willebrand factor IgG].
AB  - Date expired commercial F.VIII concentrates (1.000 I.U. in 15 ml) were
      chromatographed through a Sepharose 4B in Tris-HCI (0.15 M, pH = 7.4) column. The
      void volume of this column was found to constitute an enriched vWF preparation.
      Half a milliliter of this preparation (protein content: 200 micrograms/ml) was
      mixed (1: 3) with Freund's complete adyuvant and administered to two rabbits by
      intramuscular route. A total of 3 doses were administered at days 1, 15 and 21
      and the 2 animals were bled at day 30. The serum samples so obtained were pooled
      and analysed (DGD and IEP) for anti-vWF and anti-NHP activity. Strong anti-vWF
      specificity could be demosntrated. However, since a weak anti-fibrinogen and anti
      IgG contaminant activity was also detected, the pool was filtered through a
      column containing normal human plasma coupled to a periodate activated Sephacryl
      S-1.000 immunoadsorbent. The filtrate, which was found to contain only a strong
      anti-vWF activity, was again processed by affinity chromatography through another
      Sephacryl immunoadsorbent containing a commercial F.VIII concentrate of the same
      lot employed for purifying the vWF. The eluate so obtained demonstrated to be
      constituted only by a pure rabbit IgG with strong anti-vWF specificity and was
      completely devoid of activity against any other human plasmastic protein. The
      method was found to be rapid, simple and economic, yielding as much as 5 mg of
      specific IgG for every 10 ml of antiserum so processed.

PMID- 2652345
TI  - [Recurrent thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and pregnancy].
AB  - Two women are presented who were diagnosed of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
      (TTP) during their first pregnancies, leading in both cases to spontaneous
      abortion. Both patients improved after plasma exchange or fresh plasma infusion.
      Two new pregnancies on each patient, closely watched on gynaecological and
      haematological grounds, led to TTP reactivation. Obstetrical and haematological
      management was similar for the two women (fresh-frozen plasma administration) but
      it yielded different results, since, although the risks for the mothers were
      controlled, one of the patients gave birth successfully on two occasions while
      the other developed stillborns on two occasions as well. These observations
      suggest the inter-relationship between TTP and pregnancy, and point to some
      pathophysiological aspects of the foetal deth repeteadly presented by one of the
      patients. A review of the literature is presented on the basis of these cases of
      PTT associated to pregnancy.

PMID- 2652346
TI  - Obstructing mucocele of the cystic duct after transplantation of the liver.
AB  - A tension mucocele was created in three hepatic homografts by ligating a low
      lying cystic duct during transplant cholecystectomy and by incorporating its
      outflow end into the anastomosis of the common hepatic duct to the recipient
      common duct or Roux limb of jejunum. The consequent complication of obstruction
      of the biliary tract that necessitated reoperation and excision of the mucocele
      in all three patients can be avoided by the simple expedient of completely
      removing the cystic duct when feasible or providing egress to the secretion of
      the cystic duct as described.

PMID- 2652347
TI  - Synchronous intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy associated with clomiphene
      citrate.
AB  - Although synchronous intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies associated with the use
      of clomiphene citrate for infertility are rare, the actual incidence might, in
      fact, be considerably higher than previously thought. The cornerstone for ruling
      out an extrauterine gestation is the presence of sonographic evidence of an
      intrauterine pregnancy, as the possibility of concomitant intrauterine and
      extrauterine gestation is perceived to be statistically rare. This has resulted
      in an unacceptably high incidence of negative ultrasound interpretations. During
      a recent 12 month period, four women treated with clomiphene citrate for
      infertility were diagnosed as having concomitant intrauterine and ectopic
      pregnancies. Three had pelvic sonograms that were erroneous for the extrauterine
      component. However, successful evacuation of the products of ectopic gestation
      was performed in each, despite an immediate preoperative false-negative
      ultrasound report. Three of the women delivered healthy normal infants at full
      term, and the fourth woman spontaneously aborted the products of the concomitant
      intrauterine gestation. All four did well postoperatively, and no gross
      complications were encountered. Reassessment of ultrasound diagnostic criteria
      and the use of more sensitive methods, such as endovaginal ultrasound in high
      risk patients, are indicated for any symptomatic patient using clomiphene citrate
      for infertility. Awareness of the prevalence of this entity and the limitations
      of ultrasound will lead to prompt intervention and improved survival rates.

PMID- 2652348
TI  - Growth factors, oncogenes and the autocrine hypothesis.
AB  - Many aspects must be studied when considering theories of oncogenesis. Growth
      factors, the polypeptide hormones that are necessary for cell growth, and
      oncogenes, the genes that produce cancer, are only two aspects. Proto-oncogenes
      are found in normal cellular DNA and are believed to play regulatory roles in
      differentiation and development. Oncoviruses, mutation of DNA and chromosomal
      damage can activate proto-oncogenes and cause malignant change. Oncogenes can
      render transformed cells independent of growth factors. A cell can bypass the
      need for outside growth factors by producing the growth factor and its receptor,
      thereby using an autostimulatory impetus for growth. This is autocrine growth. An
      oncogene can also bypass the need for growth factors by activating or modifying
      growth factor receptors, or by stimulating intracellular events, such as tyrosine
      phosphorylation, both of which ultimately lead to cell division. The various
      mechanisms by which oncogenes act provide specific targets for treatment.
      Specific antigrowth factor or antireceptor antibodies or antagonists could
      interfere with autocrine regulation. Further research on the activation of
      oncogenes could provide valuable insight on regulation of the growth of tumors.
      Ultimately, the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cellular
      transformation will be a key to the prevention and treatment of cancer.

PMID- 2652349
TI  - "Conservative" treatment of intra-abdominal complications after total gastrectomy
      with interventional radiological techniques.
AB  - Septic complications following total gastrectomy usually require relaparotomy,
      which is associated with a high operative mortality. Due to the improvement of
      percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses we prefer this therapy for septic
      complications after total gastrectomy. Among 141 total gastrectomies, 14 patients
      developed subphrenic abscesses. While 2 patients required relaparotomy, 12 had
      interventional therapy by sonographically guided drainage and insertion of a
      pigtail catheter. The catheters were irrigated daily, and the patients received
      systemic antibiotics. Complete resolution of the abscess cavity was achieved,
      even in 1 case with simultaneous duodenal stump insufficiency without increasing
      morbidity. The hospital stay was prolonged for an average of 20 days by this
      "conservative" treatment. The management of septic complications following total
      gastrectomy with interventional techniques may reduce the number of operative
      reinterventions. The indication for such a therapy, however, needs to be
      evaluated on an individual basis.

PMID- 2652350
TI  - Doppler echography for hemodynamic studies of the azygos vein.
AB  - Using a convex array transducer, the advantages and shortcomings of
      transesophageal real-time two-dimensional Doppler echography (TE2DD) were
      assessed in a study of the vessels around the esophagus and the stomach in 67
      adult patients with (n = 56) or without (n = 11) liver cirrhosis. In most cases,
      all but the upper- and lowermost margins of the azygos vein could be visualized.
      The more caudally the portion located, the smaller its diameter and flow velocity
      became. The average number of intercostal veins visualized by TE2DD was 4 per
      person. The observable esophagogastric varices seemed to be limited to deeply
      located ones around the esophagogastric junction. In five patients who had
      undergone distal splenorenal shunt, splenic venous flow, or shunt flow could be
      seen from the stomach over a length of about 5 cm. The azygos venous flow in
      cirrhotic patients was significantly greater than that of patients without
      cirrhosis. TE2DD appears to be very useful for evaluating flow in the cephalad
      collateral veins and other vessels around the esophagus and the stomach.

PMID- 2652351
TI  - Lower gastrointestinal endoultrasound.
AB  - Following a brief history of transrectal ultrasonography, the author explains the
      fundamentals that led to his research on rectal echographic layers and then
      describes his theory as applied to the anatomical interpretation of these layers.
      Personal cases of preoperative staging with transrectal echography provide a
      basis for the critical evaluation of this method and its proposed role in
      clinical application.

PMID- 2652352
TI  - Comparison between the 21-gauge Urocut needle and the 21-gauge Surecut needle in
      echo-guided percutaneous biopsy of neoplastic liver lesions.
AB  - Fine cutting needles for histology are now widely used in echo-guided biopsies of
      various organs. In this study we compared the results obtained in the biopsy of
      neoplastic hepatic lesions using two different 21-gauge cutting needles: Trucut
      needle (Urocut) and a modified Menghini needle (Surecut). Eighty-five patients
      with primary or metastatic hepatic neoplasms were biopsied with a Urocut needle
      and a further 85 patients underwent biopsy with a Surecut needle. The two groups
      were comparable for size and nature of hepatic neoplasms. The Urocut needle
      provided a much higher percentage of diagnostic material than the Surecut needle
      (94.8% vs 70.5%) regardless of the primary or metastatic nature of the lesion or
      its size. The diagnostic accuracy was only identical for both needles (91.3% for
      Urocut vs 91.5% for Surecut) whenever the diagnostic material was compared in
      cases in which both types of needles had been used to take the biopsy specimens.
      There were no complications in either of the two groups studied. Given the
      smaller incidence of non-diagnostic biopsies with the Urocut needle, we consider
      that this needle should be preferred in echo-guided biopsies of neoplastic
      hepatic lesions.

PMID- 2652353
TI  - Real-time ultrasound guided renal biopsy in diffuse renal disease: 114
      consecutive cases.
AB  - The usefulness of real-time ultrasonography as a guidance method in performing
      percutaneous renal biopsy is evaluated on the basis of a series of 114 patients
      with diffuse nephropathies. Sufficient renal tissue for light microscopy was
      obtained in 102 patients (89.5%) and enough for electron microscopy in 93
      patients (81.6%) and for fluorescence microscopy in 91 patients (79.8%). A final
      histological diagnosis was possible in 106 patients (93%). The high diagnostic
      rate, the reduction in the contraindications to the procedure, the lack of major
      postbiopsy complications, and the cost effectiveness probably make realtime
      ultrasound scanning the method of choice when performing renal biopsy in patients
      with diffuse nephropathies.

PMID- 2652354
TI  - Intermittent incomplete intestinal obstruction: a frequently mistaken entity.
      Ultrasonographic diagnosis and management.
AB  - Intermittent incomplete intestinal obstruction (IIIO) was diagnosed by sonography
      in 81 patients during the course of a study conducted from January 1984 to July
      1988. The clinical presentation, history and characteristic sonographic findings
      are described. Successful conservative therapy was instituted in all patients
      based upon clinical and sonographic treatment response observations. Twenty-seven
      percent of patients returned with complete obstruction, necessitating surgery
      between 13 and 36 months later. Although conservative treatment uniformly renders
      relief from IIIO, elective surgery is indicated in patients whose IIIOs recur at
      progressively shorter intervals.

PMID- 2652355
TI  - [Surgical therapy of fibular capsule-ligament rupture].
AB  - Different procedures for primary reconstruction of ruptured ligaments in fresh
      lateral ankle ligament injuries are reported. Selective local anesthsia of the
      nervus fibularis superficialis and suralis is considered a protective and low
      risk method. In our opinion the primary surgical treatment of lateral ankle
      ligament ruptures is still the most adequate treatment, especially in sportsman.

PMID- 2652356
TI  - Radiobiological philosophy of current U.S. neutron trials.
AB  - The historical rationale for the start of neutron radiotherapy is critically
      reviewed. Although it is proven that the extent of hypoxia varies among even
      apparently similar tumors in man the importance of this effect on the outcome of
      conventional radiotherapy is unknown. Other effects controlling response are
      inherent radiosensitivity and cell cycle redistribution. For the first the
      response of tumour cells to 2 Gy of X-rays is claimed to be a reasonable
      predictor indicating the width of the dose effect shoulder and hence the repair
      capacity of the tissue. An important argument for optimizing fractionation is the
      difference between early and late responding tissues in the isoeffect curves for
      X-rays as a function of dose per fraction. According to this multiple small doses
      of X-rays should provide a therapeutic advantage. On the other hand there may be
      rapid acceleration of tumour clonogen repopulation during treatment causing a
      loss of therapeutic differential in case of too long protraction of treatment. No
      or very little fractionation effects accrue to neutrons which can therefore be
      administered in more comfortable schedules than X-rays. In view of these
      biological considerations the current U.S. neutron protocols involve rapid
      treatment using relatively large dose fractions. Finally the point is stressed
      that future emphasis must be on the development of techniques to forecast the
      radiation response of tumours and to select patients who benefit from neutron
      radiotherapy.

PMID- 2652357
TI  - Present status of fast neutron therapy in Asian countries.
AB  - The present status of the treatment with fast neutrons performed in Asian
      countries is reviewed and the experiences with respect to the radiobiological
      indications are presentated and discussed. There are three facilities under
      operation, the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) in Chiba, the
      Institute of Medical Science (IMS) in Tokyo and the Korea Cancer Center Hospital
      (KCCH) in Seoul. The clinical experiences can be summarized as follows: Fast
      neutrons are the treatment of choice for carcinoma of the salivary gland,
      Pancoast tumor of the lung, osteosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma and malignant
      melanoma. Provided the isodose planning can be improved, it seems that also
      squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and esophagus, adenocarcinoma of the
      lung, stage I and prostatic adenocarcinoma can be benefit from neutron therapy.
      The same holds for malignant meningioma, while the benefit for glioblastoma
      multiforme has not yet been confirmed. Studies are going on for the treatment of
      other cancers and for evaluating the possible role of neutron therapy in
      combination with surgery.

PMID- 2652358
TI  - Visual disturbances of migraine.
AB  - Migraine, a clinical syndrome of unknown etiology, is a common cause of a variety
      of visual disturbances. This review describes the visual alterations associated
      with migraine syndromes of particular interest to the ophthalmologist;
      acephalgic, ocular, and ophthalmoplegic. Several current theories of migraine
      pathophysiology are discussed. Migrainous episodes are common and must be
      differentiated from neurologic dysfunction due to ischemia, inflammation,
      seizure, and compression. The differentiating characteristics of these conditions
      as well as a diagnostic algorithm are presented.

PMID- 2652359
TI  - Corneal preservation.
AB  - Significant advances in corneal preservation have been made over the past decade.
      The introduction of chondroitin sulfate-containing media for use at 4 degrees C
      allows storage of corneas for up to ten days prior to transplantation. Organ
      culture techniques have also been improved with the addition of chondroitin
      sulfate. There has been an increase in our understanding of preservation using
      McCarey-Kaufman medium. Studies have been published that compare these methods
      and help the clinician decide which method to use based on objective data. Also,
      our understanding of existing methods of evaluating endothelial viability has
      increased and new methods have been developed. Finally, the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome is having an increasing effect on eye-banking and the
      supply of donor corneas.

PMID- 2652360
TI  - Eye banking: 1944 to the present.
AB  - Through the efforts of Dr. Townley Paton, eye banks were founded in New York in
      the early 1940s. Since that time there has been steady growth in both the supply
      of and demand for donor material. A number of factors have contributed to the
      success of eye banks in the U.S.A., including improvements in eye banking
      techniques and administration, increase in corneal surgery, legislation
      facilitating corneal donations, and growing confidence of patients and
      ophthalmologists in the success of corneal tissue transplantation.

PMID- 2652361
TI  - Pathophysiology of laser trabeculoplasty.
AB  - The precise effect of argon laser trabeculoplasty on the trabecular meshwork is
      only partially understood. Its intraocular pressure lowering effect through
      enhancement of aqueous outflow is well documented. Clinically, this effect seems
      non-specific for laser characteristics, including wave form, wave length, burn
      location, clock hours treated, and even to some degree, laser power. The response
      is delayed in onset, diminishes over time, and in some cases can be renewed with
      retreatment. Laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork focally destroys,
      but diffusely stimulates trabecular meshwork cells. Shape alterations in the
      trabecular meshwork after laser are likely to contribute to outflow enhancement
      only at very high levels of intraocular pressure. More likely, cellular
      stimulation activates a molecular biologic chain of events, perhaps within the
      trabecular extracellular matrix, that permits improved facility of aqueous
      outflow.

PMID- 2652362
TI  - High myopia as an unusual cause of restrictive motility disturbance.
AB  - Endocrine ophthalmopathy is a common cause of restrictive ocular motility
      disorder associated with abnormal forced duction testing. We report
      ultrasonographic and computed tomographic findings in a highly myopic patient
      without thyroid abnormality in whom the restrictive findings of endocrine
      ophthalmopathy were simulated by contact between elongated globes and the bones
      of the orbital apices.

PMID- 2652363
TI  - On the functional deformation of maxillary complete dentures. A clinical and
      experimental study.

PMID- 2652364
TI  - Experimental teeth clenching in man.
AB  - The thesis develops an electromyographic (EMG) method to quantify maximum
      voluntary teeth clenching (MVC), studies the onset and endurance of jaw muscle
      fatigue and pain from MVC, and explores the prevention of the discomforts through
      pharmacological and physical means. MVC, or maximum voluntary static work efforts
      by the elevator muscles of the mandible, was quantified by continuous (integral)
      functions of variations in both time and recruitment/rate coding of motor units
      in the masseter muscle. Fatigue was felt in the masseter muscle after about 30
      seconds of MVC; differential calculus suggested that the appearance and
      disappearance of fatigue was associated with primarily recruitment and
      decruitment of masseteric motor units, respectively. About 60 seconds of MVC
      elicited a mild pain in the masseter and temporalis muscles; about 120 seconds of
      MVC induced a moderate pain and complete exhaustion of the isometrically
      contracting muscles. Although pain releasing maximum static work efforts are
      stable variables they cannot predict the pain magnitude of brief and prolonged
      MVC, probably because of modulations (recruitment/decruitment/rate coding) of
      masseteric motor units. It is suggested that the modulations begin with the onset
      of fatigue, are practically complete with the onset of pain, and are absent or
      negligible with an experience of exhaustion. A single oral dose of 1000 mg of
      ibuprofen did not affect the onset, endurance, and magnitude of pain from MVC. By
      contrast, 30 minutes of cooling (ice) of the masseter muscle effectively
      prevented the onset of pain; it also increased the masseteric EMG, credibly
      because of modulations of myoelectrical signals and, possibly, increased MVC
      efforts in the absence of pain.

PMID- 2652365
TI  - Orthognathic surgery without the use of postoperative intermaxillary fixation. A
      clinical and cephalometric evaluation of surgical correction of mandibular and
      maxillary deformities.
AB  - The present series of investigations was performed in order to study the clinical
      and cephalometric long-term postoperative stability of the maxilla and mandible
      after surgical correction of jaw abnormities. The patients studied had maxillary
      or mandibular anomalies, alone or in combination with each other. Standardized
      surgical methods for correction of jaw deformities were used. Rigid postoperative
      intermaxillary fixation was omitted in all cases. Masticatory function was
      recommended immediately after surgery and was increased at the patient's own
      pace. Patients were able to eat all kinds of food 2-4 weeks postoperatively,
      independent of type of surgical procedure. The clinical results were good.
      Intraoperative complications, such as bleeding, unpredictable segment fracture
      during the splitting procedure, and damage to the neurovascular bundle or roots
      were negligible. The incidence of postoperative infections was very low. Such
      infections were limited to the region close to the osteosynthesis material and
      cleared up as soon as the wires or screws were removed. Paresthesia of the lower
      lip was seen with the sagittal split procedure especially when it was combined
      with genioplasty, but disappeared within one year. Standardized pre- and
      postoperative clinical and roentgenological recordings were made. In order to
      evaluate the postoperative stability of the osteotomized jaw segments
      cephalometric analysis of headfilms taken preoperatively, immediately
      postoperatively and at least one year after surgery was performed. There were no
      clinically significant postsurgical changes in the position of the maxilla,
      either in solitary procedures or in bimaxillary corrections. With mandibular
      advancement the mandible had moved slightly upwards and with setback surgery
      there was a slight post-surgical forward-upward movement. Omission of
      postoperative intermaxillary fixation, in combination with swelling or
      difficulties in nasal breathing, disturbed the tight intercuspidation immediately
      after surgery. The small changes seen were thought to be the result of tighter
      inter-cuspidation at the follow-up registration than on the day after surgery.

PMID- 2652366
TI  - The hyperactive child: an update.
AB  - The physician is uniquely qualified to manage the multiple facets of attention
      deficit hyperactivity disorder. This clinically oriented update reviews the
      current state of the art regarding diagnosis and management of hyperactive
      children. Three case reports emphasize the wide variation of clinical problems
      presented by this frequently occurring disorder of childhood. Epidemiology,
      differential diagnosis, associated features, neurobiologic mechanisms, treatment,
      long-term outcome, and attention-deficit disorder in adults are addressed.
      Although medication is an important tool in the treatment of this condition,
      follow-up studies confirm the importance of a multimodal treatment approach.

PMID- 2652367
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease: overview and psychosomatics.
AB  - Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are chronic inflammatory bowel disorders
      of unknown etiology and unpredictable course, usually causing diarrhea and/or
      abdominal pain and sometimes associated with fever, weight loss, or
      extraintestinal manifestations. Psychological factors may relate to the onset and
      course of disease and certainly have important implications for the treatment of
      these chronic diarrheal illnesses. We review the literature on psychosomatic
      aspects of inflammatory bowel disease and discuss current thinking regarding
      presentation and management.

PMID- 2652368
TI  - Brucellosis and thrombocytopenic purpura: case report and review.
AB  - A 21-year-old butcher presented with fever and severe thrombocytopenic purpura,
      and was found to have acute brucellosis. After treatment with tetracycline,
      gentamicin, and prednisone, the thrombocytopenia resolved over 14 days. A brief
      review of thrombocytopenic purpura associated with brucellosis is presented.

PMID- 2652369
TI  - They don't make them like they used to . . . the country doctor.

PMID- 2652370
TI  - Texas Medical Foundation strives for quality medical care.
AB  - Since implementation of Medicare's prospective payment system, the emphasis of
      medical peer review organization (PRO) activities is quality health care in the
      appropriate setting. The Texas Medical Foundation's dedication to quality health
      care is evident in its quality review, in its information to the medical
      community, and in its challenges for physicians to utilize contemporary
      techniques in medical practices. TMF is committed to the integrity of the medical
      profession and to its role as a physician-directed means of assuring efficient
      and quality inpatient services. TMF hopes that physicians will view the PRO for
      what it is: an advocate of excellence in the medical community.

PMID- 2652371
TI  - [A trial with attenuated live Salmonella typhimurium vaccine for protection
      against an experimental Salmonella infection in pigeons].
AB  - A live, attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vaccine, available on the market, was
      administered to six pigeons. The strain of vaccine could not be identified in the
      droppings of pigeons up to ten days after administration. The pigeons as well as
      controls were experimentally infected with a Salmonella typhimurium var.
      copenhagen pigeon strain four weeks after vaccination. Differences in excretion
      of the var. copenhagen strain and in the appearance of diarrhoea and polyuria
      between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigeons were not detected.

PMID- 2652372
TI  - [The Veterinary Chief Inspection of Public Health. Salmonella enteritidis in The
      Netherlands].

PMID- 2652374
TI  - [Home monitoring of infants: a literature review (1972-1987)].
AB  - In the Netherlands home-monitoring of infants has been used since 1978, although
      not as widely as in other countries. For years it has been discussed whether a
      cardio-respiratory monitor can prevent SIDS. Controversies still exist about the
      criteria for home-monitoring and the reliability of the device. In this article,
      the history of debates on home-monitoring since 1972 is reviewed as well as
      current opinions and controversies.

PMID- 2652373
TI  - [Obstructive disorders of the urinary tract in the unborn child].
AB  - The history of a patient with signs of urinary tract obstruction in utero is
      presented. After this presentation pathophysiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic
      aspects of prenatal detected obstructive malformations of the urinary tract are
      discussed. Obstructions of the fetal urinary tract may cause damage to the
      developing renal parenchyma, impairment of the normal lung development and fetal
      growth retardation. The seriousness of obstruction and the time of appearance
      during pregnancy determine the severity of the damage to the unborn child.
      Optimum management in case of prenatal detected obstructive uropathies needs good
      information about renal function of the fetus, the presence of other structural
      defects or chromosomal abnormalities and also the maturity and state of
      development of the lungs. Besides careful ultrasonography of the fetus invasive
      methods of investigation may be necessary. In case of fetal obstructive uropathy
      intrauterine decompression or extrauterine decompression after an induced
      premature delivery can be considered. However a good renal function and the
      absence of other severe structural or chromosomal malformations are necessary.
      When the gestational age has come to 32 to 34 weeks and the lungs are mature
      enough decompression of the urinary tract after an induced premature delivery can
      be done. When pregnancy is less than 32 weeks of gestational age and the lungs
      are immature intrauterine decompression is possible. The most used technique of
      intrauterine decompression so far is insertion of a percutaneous amniotic-bladder
      catheter. Antenatal detected obstructive abnormalities of the fetal urinary tract
      need optimum perinatal care besides good information and support of the parents.

PMID- 2652375
TI  - Multiple myeloma in alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
AB  - A case of multiple myeloma (Bence Jones, lambda) associated with alcoholic liver
      cirrhosis is reported. A 56-year-old Japanese male died of hepatic failure and
      hypercalcemia. Autopsy revealed alcoholic liver cirrhosis and plasma cell
      myeloma. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of his reserved serum disclosed the
      presence of M component of lambda Bence Jones protein. IgA and lambda light chain
      were demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the myeloma cells. Complications such as
      generalized amyloidosis, metastatic calcification, myeloma kidney and hemorrhagic
      pancreatitis were noted. The coexistence of multiple myeloma and liver cirrhosis
      has rarely been reported. On the basis of a review of the reported cases, a
      possible association between both diseases was discussed.

PMID- 2652376
TI  - Erythropoietic activity in culture media conditioned by rat mesangial cells.
AB  - Using a tissue culture technique we examined erythropoietin (EPO) producing cells
      in rat glomeruli. In 5 out of 6 independent glomerular cell cultures, EPO
      activity was found in the mesangial-cell proliferating phase, but not in the
      epithelial-cell proliferating phase. Therefore, mesangial cells seemed to be EPO
      producing cells.

PMID- 2652377
TI  - Renal kallikrein excretion as a distal nephrotoxicity marker during cadmium
      exposure in rats.
AB  - Cadmium exposure is known to induce hypertension, but development of hypertension
      is not universal in exposed animals. However, the cellular uptake of cadmium
      could also exert renal cytotoxic effects which have been, until now, essentially
      only studied at the proximal tubule level. Kallikrein is an enzyme synthetized in
      renal cortex and excreted in the urine in the distal tubule. Therefore, to
      evaluate the distal renal effect of cadmium, we studied the daily urinary
      kallikrein excretion (UKE) in conscious unrestrained female Brown Norway rats
      during long-term chronic exposure to 2 dosages of cadmium given subcutaneously 3
      times a week, a low dose (LD): 0.25 mg/kg and a high dose (HD): 1 mg/kg. Neither
      dose of cadmium was able to induce significant hypertension in the treated
      animals. HD administration for 24 weeks resulted in a decreased UKE associated
      with an increase in plasma renin activity and sodium and potassium excretions. LD
      administration had no significant effect on UKE. Twenty weeks after stopping
      cadmium administration, a persistent reduction in UKE was still observed;
      furthermore, the group which had been previously administered a LD of cadmium,
      now also exhibited a reduced UKE. During this re-examination period in both
      groups, the UKE reductions were associated with normal systolic blood pressure,
      glycosuria, natriuresis. Our data show that cadmium administration can influence
      UKE, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration and electrolyte
      excretion without inducing any variation of blood pressure. This may reflect a
      nephrotoxic, non-hypertensive effect. Since this effect persisted after stopping
      cadmium administration, it may indicate a prolonged irreversible nephrotoxic
      effect at the distal nephron level. Thus, UKE may be a useful non-invasive index
      to evaluate distal nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2652378
TI  - Mutagenicity of cisplatin and carboplatin used alone and in combination with four
      other anticancer drugs.
AB  - Mutagenicity of cisplatin and carboplatin was compared by using the drugs alone
      and in combination with bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine and methotrexate
      in the Ames Salmonella assay employing the tester strains TA98, TA100 (excision
      deficient) and TA102 (excision proficient). Cisplatin showed the maximum yield of
      histidine revertants in TA98 and TA100 at 2 micrograms/plate followed by a
      decrease in the number of mutants/plate with increasing concentrations. In the
      excision proficient strain TA102, there was no decline in the number of
      mutants/plate even at a concentration of 8 micrograms/plate. Basically, similar
      results were also obtained with carboplatin but using higher concentrations of
      the drug. When cisplatin or carboplatin was combined with other anticancer drugs,
      there was no differential modification of mutagenicity of the 2 platinum
      compounds in any of the bacterial tester strains.

PMID- 2652379
TI  - On the significance of animal experiments in toxinology.
AB  - In increasing areas of the world, there is considerable controversy over the use
      of animals in scientific research. Ethical, scientific and economic reasons
      require a reduction in animal experiments as well as animal numbers, a refinement
      of existing methods and, wherever possible, a replacement of in vivo methods by
      in vitro test systems. By scoping on papers published in Toxicon between 1980 and
      1986, the current situation of animal experimentation in toxinology is evaluated.
      Fundamental research and antivenin production are reviewed and special reference
      is given to the experiments involved in drug registration by the example of
      batroxobin, a purified serine proteinase from Bothrops moojeni venom used as a
      defibrinogenating agent. Although the ethical question is the most important
      motif, a reduction in the number of animal experiments can be achieved more
      pragmatically: the scientific community must learn to constantly ask whether the
      intention behind an experimental series justifies the use of animals or not. This
      learning process can be supported by special educational programmes at university
      level, by making financial support dependent on questionnaires concerning the
      planned animal experimentation, by including respective questions in the
      application files for grants, and by ethical guidelines that form an integral
      part in the instruction for authors of scientific journals.

PMID- 2652380
TI  - Detection of kidney damage by malathion impurities using a microdissection
      technique.
AB  - O,O,S-Trimethylphosphorothioate (OOS-Me) and O,S,S-trimethylphosphorodithioate
      (OSS-Me) are impurities in technical grade malathion and related insecticides
      which have been shown to cause delayed death in rats following a single oral dose
      of 40-60 mg/kg. In connection with studies on the mode of action of these
      compounds, work on the microdissection and examination of nephrons was carried
      out. Nephrons from impurities-treated rats showed swelling, distortion and
      distension of glomeruli, as well as narrowing of the first part of the proximal
      tubule (swan neck). These results were similar to those observed from kidney
      tissue obtained from cadmium-chloride-treated rats and are indicative of OOS-Me
      and OSS-Me-induced kidney tubule damage.

PMID- 2652381
TI  - Fertility reduction and the quality of family planning services.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to determine whether a focus on quality of family
      planning services is consistent with meeting demographic objectives. An
      analytical framework that links the six elements of quality with fertility is
      described. A review of existing literature and analysis suggest that improvements
      in quality of family planning services by enhancing the choice of contraceptive
      methods available in a country would increase the overall practice of
      contraception and thus would result in fertility reduction.

PMID- 2652382
TI  - A consideration of the validity and reliability of suicide mortality data.
AB  - The question of the validity and reliability of suicide statistics may be
      considered at three levels: (1) Are suicide deaths misidentified or
      differentially identified across jurisdictions or over time? (2) To what degree
      are suicide deaths misidentified? and (3) Is the degree to which suicides are
      misidentified sufficient to threaten the validity of research based on suicide
      statistics? There is general agreement that suicides are likely to be
      undercounted, both for structural reasons (the burden-of-proof issue, the
      requirement that the coroner or medical examiner suspect the possibility of
      suicide) and for sociocultural reasons. There is also substantial anecdotal and
      empirical evidence suggesting that the mode of death for some true suicides is in
      fact certified as other than suicide. Overall, it does not seem that very many
      true nonsuicides are incorrectly certified as suicides. There is not, however,
      much agreement as to the degree to which true suicides are undercounted. At least
      some of the inconsistencies in the findings of different investigators arise
      because the validity of suicide certification seems to vary from place to place.
      But the source of apparent conflicts in many of the findings is undoubtedly the
      lack of a "gold standard" against which the verdicts of any given death
      certification process can be measured. At best, we can estimate that the
      sensitivity with which coroners and medical examiners certify true suicides
      varies from approximately 55% to 99%. A central question in estimating the
      sensitivity of suicide certification is this: What proportion of true suicides
      are either equivocal or likely to go unsuspected by the coroner or medical
      examiner? Very little has been done to investigate this issue. Yet the
      sensitivity of suicide certification clearly varies for equivocal versus
      unequivocal suicides. As shown in Table 1.2, specificity is also at issue when it
      comes to certifying equivocal cases. The final question--whether the degree of
      undercounting of suicide deaths is so great that it threatens the validity of
      research based on official statistics--is at the crux of the general concern
      about suicide certification. There are examples of studies in which conclusions
      based on crude comparisons of reported suicide statistics appear to be invalid.
      For the most part, these are comparisons among nations with substantially
      differing death certification procedures. When official statistics are
      interpreted with a degree of caution and an understanding of the source and
      direction of biases likely to affect the published rates, however, it seems
      unlikely that major conclusions based on these statistics will be in
      error.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2652383
TI  - Evaluation of suicide risk among youths in community settings.
AB  - Identifying youths in imminent danger of suicide and in need of emergency
      psychiatric services is a difficult task. Although clinicians have often
      described the psychiatric profile of youths at risk for suicide, there is little
      empirical evidence of successful strategies for identifying suicidal risk.
      Researchers are faced with a number of problems when attempting to validate risk
      evaluation procedures: Suicide risk profiles vary with age and developmental
      stage; there appear to be several patterns or subtypes of suicidal patterns;
      suicidality depends on one's current emotional state; evaluators are likely to be
      biased in the direction of over-estimating risk and are not likely to have
      extensive clinical training; imminent danger for suicide is time-limited; and a
      youth's risk will depend on surrounding environmental stressors and supports.
      These considerations force researchers to assume a strategic approach in defining
      levels of suicide risk and imminent danger of suicide. An example of a potential
      strategy for identifying risk among youths is outlined in this chapter. Although
      this strategic approach appears useful, researchers continue to be faced with
      major problems in validating such procedures. Determining the predictive validity
      of potential suicide screening procedures requires researchers to evaluate and to
      follow longitudinally a large sample of youths, while deliberately refraining
      from intervening to help those youths who appear to be in crisis.

PMID- 2652384
TI  - The study of suicidal behavior in the schools.
AB  - The studies reviewed indicate that suicidal behavior is infrequent among school
      children (12%), but increases progressively among junior high (35%), high school
      (65%), and college students (50-65%). Though considerable, these values are lower
      than those of similar-age psychiatric populations. Estimates of the rate of
      actual attempts were 3% for elementary students, 11% for high school students,
      and 15-18% for college students. Most were low-lethality attempts for which
      medical or other attention was not sought. Accordingly, the vast majority of
      suicide attempts will not be uncovered by investigations dealing solely with
      clinical or medically identified populations. The most commonly identified
      correlates of suicidal behaviors included depressive symptoms, social problems,
      family disorganization and problems, life stress, and poor problem-solving
      skills. Academic problems were not as important. These findings must be
      interpreted in light of methodological constraints. Response rates have been low,
      samples have been small, minorities have been underrepresented, nonstudents have
      been ignored, and volunteers of unreported characteristics have predominated. The
      representativeness of such groups is questionable. The definition and
      categorization of behaviors have varied considerably, making between-study
      comparisons difficult. The differences among thoughts, threats, and attempts (the
      most frequently used categories) have often not been taken into account. Rather,
      in analyses, these behaviors have been treated as if they were homogeneous
      entities and grouped together. Where attempters have been separated from
      ideators, they too have been treated as a single entity. Many deliberately
      survived attempts are manipulative and oriented toward the benefits the
      individual survivors expect. Such attempts probably differ substantially in
      nature from those attempts where survival is not intended. Understanding of this
      phenomenon could be enhanced by a comparison of the characteristics of those with
      high- and low-lethality attempts. Similarly, a third group of behaviors--that of
      chronic behavior patterns that potentially hasten death (alcoholism, drug abuse,
      self-mutilation, and risk taking)--has not been adequately addressed in terms of
      its relationship to more discrete suicidal events. Data have generally been
      obtained via anonymous self-administered questionnaires. The accuracy of
      retrospective self-reports on emotionally laden events is suspect. Only in two
      instances have self-reported questionnaire data been validated via interviews
      with subjects alone or subjects and their families. The time frames on which the
      referent behaviors has been collected have included "last week", "last month",
      "last year", "lifetime", and not specified. The longer the interval between the
      occurrence of the behavior and the report, the greater the likelihood that some
      reporting inaccuracies may occur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2652385
TI  - Epidemiologic surveys as tools for studying suicidal behavior: a review.

PMID- 2652386
TI  - Suicide clusters: a critical review.

PMID- 2652388
TI  - Studies of suicidal preadolescent and adolescent inpatients: a critique of
      research methods.

PMID- 2652387
TI  - The psychological autopsy: methodological considerations for the study of
      adolescent suicide.
AB  - The psychological autopsy has been employed to study risk factors for completed
      suicide for more than three decades. Despite a wide range in methods of approach
      to families and interview techniques, the studies show high compliance and
      remarkable consistency of results across a wide age range and diverse geographic
      samples. The convergent evidence is that the diagnostic information obtained is
      both reliable and valid, although it is likely that such an approach will be more
      specific than sensitive. Integration of data obtained through psychological
      autopsies with data obtained through biochemical, toxicological, and
      epidemiological approaches is likely to deepen our understanding of suicide.
      Successful completion of careful psychological autopsy studies should enable
      investigators to examine intensively patients who resemble suicide completers,
      thereby transcending the inherent limitations of this important first step in the
      investigation of suicide.

PMID- 2652389
TI  - Regulatory genes in Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - A major area for the study of gene regulation in lower eukaryotes has been the
      coordinated control of catabolic enzyme synthesis. Studies of catabolic gene
      regulation aim to define how interactions between input signals and regulatory
      proteins are transmitted to the transcription machinery to bring about changes in
      gene expression. In the past, mutants altered in the utilization of a wide
      variety of substrates have been characterized in Aspergillus nidulans. Recently,
      the development of a transformation system for A. nidulans has meant that
      molecular techniques can now be combined with the traditional genetic approach.

PMID- 2652390
TI  - Towards the molecular biology of cell adhesion in Drosophila.
AB  - The characterization of extracellular matrix molecules and their putative
      receptors is rapidly evolving in Drosophila. Where corresponding vertebrate and
      Drosophila extracellular proteins have been identified they are very similar with
      respect to their structural properties, suggesting a high degree of conservation
      during evolution. By contrast, indications for components homologous to
      vertebrate cell-cell adhesion molecules are still very sparse. Studies on the
      regulation of the Drosophila genes encoding cell adhesion molecules that are
      involved in general basic functions during morphogenesis, together with a
      knowledge of the function of the genes responsible for pattern formation, should
      lead towards a more complete understanding of the organism's developmental
      program.

PMID- 2652391
TI  - Might gene conversion be the mechanism of somatic hypermutation of mammalian
      immunoglobulin genes?
AB  - Gene conversion has played a major role in molding eukaryotic genomes, and this
      same mechanism mediates targeted sequence diversification of a variety of genes
      in response to developmental or environmental stimuli. Here I review data
      indicating that gene conversion may also be the molecular mechanism of somatic
      hypermutation at the mammalian immunoglobulin loci.

PMID- 2652392
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA mutations and neuromuscular disease.
AB  - Mitochondrial DNA mutations have been identified in patients with certain
      neuromuscular diseases. Point mutations have been associated with maternally
      inherited diseases, while deletions have been identified in some 'spontaneous'
      cases.

PMID- 2652393
TI  - Proceedings of the twelfth International Congress of the Transplantation Society.
      August 14-19, 1988, Sydney, Australia. Book II.

PMID- 2652394
TI  - Advances in organ preservation.

PMID- 2652395
TI  - Cardiopulmonary bypass with profound hypothermia: an optimal preservation method
      for multi-organ procurement.

PMID- 2652396
TI  - Donor core cooling for multiple organ retrieval: new application of portable
      cardiopulmonary bypass for transplantation.

PMID- 2652397
TI  - A new approach to kidney procurement from non-heart-beating donors: core cooling
      on cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2652398
TI  - Liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors by core cooling technique.

PMID- 2652399
TI  - Kidney and liver initial graft function under different procurement techniques.

PMID- 2652400
TI  - Organ procurement from non heart-beating cadaver donors.

PMID- 2652401
TI  - Clinical application of in situ renal cooling: experience with 61 cardiac-arrest
      donors.

PMID- 2652402
TI  - The multiple organ donor: prospective multicenter analysis of outcome in the
      United States of America.

PMID- 2652403
TI  - The effect of perioperative management on initial renal allograft function: an
      analysis of matched donor pairs.

PMID- 2652404
TI  - A prospective randomized study of the protective effect of verapamil on ischemic
      renal injury in renal allotransplants.

PMID- 2652405
TI  - Venous flushing with vasodilators aids recovery of vasoconstricted and warm
      ischemic injured pig kidneys.

PMID- 2652406
TI  - Verapamil pretreatment of hemodynamically unstable donors prevents delayed graft
      function post-transplant.

PMID- 2652407
TI  - Effect of anastomosis time and intraoperative organ cooling on primary function
      in renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652408
TI  - Cold ischemia period and first renal allograft survival in the cyclosporin era.

PMID- 2652409
TI  - First clinical experiences with superoxide dismutase in kidney transplantation-
      results of a double-blind randomized study.

PMID- 2652410
TI  - Efficacy of cytoprotective agents on the function of the hypothermically
      preserved dog kidney during normothermic reperfusion.

PMID- 2652412
TI  - Improved post-transplant renal function by recipient hemodilution and cold
      storage in a modified UW-preservation solution.

PMID- 2652411
TI  - Protective effect of an organic germanium compound on warm ischemia and prolonged
      kidney preservation.

PMID- 2652413
TI  - Immediate post-transplant renal failure: evidence for an immunologic
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 2652414
TI  - Responses of renal cortical mitochondria to cyclosporine following warm ischemia
      and cold preservation.

PMID- 2652415
TI  - Sensitivity of ischemically damaged kidneys to inflammatory reactions.

PMID- 2652416
TI  - Early extranuclear effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on tissue slices: relevance to
      organ donor viability.

PMID- 2652417
TI  - Vasculitis in pig kidney autografts from human albumin perfusion preservation.

PMID- 2652418
TI  - Clinical experience with pretransplant assessment of renal viability by
      phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in 40 recipient patients.

PMID- 2652419
TI  - Assessment of renal viability by high-field phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance
      spectrometry.

PMID- 2652420
TI  - Measurement of viability in preserved kidneys with 31P NMR.

PMID- 2652421
TI  - Early graft function in primary and regraft recipients of paired cadaveric
      kidneys.

PMID- 2652422
TI  - Delayed graft function following cadaver renal transplantation in the
      cyclosporine era: analysis of acute rejection and graft survival.

PMID- 2652423
TI  - Triple therapy improves the survival of cadaver renal allografts affected by
      acute tubular necrosis.

PMID- 2652424
TI  - Prolonged simple cold storage does not adversely affect renal allograft outcome
      in patients receiving cyclosporine.

PMID- 2652425
TI  - ATN influence on renal transplant function.

PMID- 2652426
TI  - Prolonged cold storage and the cadaveric kidney transplant recipient.

PMID- 2652427
TI  - The 24- to 48-hour preservation of canine liver by simple cold storage using UW
      lactobionate solution.

PMID- 2652428
TI  - Effects of perfusion temperature on donor graft viability in canine orthotopic
      partial liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652429
TI  - Decreased loss of liver nucleotides and energy charge during hypothermic
      preservation by donor pretreatment with glucose--a preliminary report.

PMID- 2652430
TI  - Pharmacological method (triple-drug therapy) for successful 24-hour preservation
      of liver allografts.

PMID- 2652431
TI  - Successful orthotopic liver transplantation after -4 degrees C preservation in
      rats.

PMID- 2652432
TI  - Usefulness of rapid machine cooling in the procurement of livers.

PMID- 2652433
TI  - The isolated hepatocyte preservation model: a comparison of hypertonic citrate
      and lactobionate solutions.

PMID- 2652434
TI  - Long-term liver preservation using artificial blood substitute.

PMID- 2652435
TI  - Evidence for damage due to free radicals at reperfusion in porcine liver
      transplants.

PMID- 2652436
TI  - Xanthine and hypoxanthine accumulation during storage may contribute to
      reperfusion injury following liver transplantation in the rat.

PMID- 2652437
TI  - Mitochondrial respiratory function, adenine nucleotides and antioxygenic enzymes
      in pig liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652438
TI  - Preservation and reflow damage in liver transplantation in the pig.

PMID- 2652439
TI  - Pathologic recognition of preservation injury in hepatic allografts with six
      months follow-up.

PMID- 2652440
TI  - Assessment of the viability of liver allografts by chemiluminescence.

PMID- 2652441
TI  - Blood ketone body ratio as an indicator of graft viability in rat liver
      allotransplantation.

PMID- 2652442
TI  - Internal standardization for the monitoring of extraction efficiencies during the
      isolation and purification of liver mRNA.

PMID- 2652443
TI  - Clinical results in liver transplantation using UW solution for extended
      preservation.

PMID- 2652444
TI  - Evaluation of early graft function in orthotopic liver transplants in dogs.

PMID- 2652445
TI  - Resuscitation and preservation of agonally arrested hearts for transplantation: a
      study of 24 hour stored canine hearts.

PMID- 2652446
TI  - Prolonged rat cardiac preservation with UW lactobionate solution.

PMID- 2652447
TI  - Effect of retrograde coronary sinus perfusion during implantation of the
      preserved canine heart.

PMID- 2652448
TI  - The effect of prostacyclin on reperfusion injury after pulmonary ischemia.

PMID- 2652449
TI  - Enhanced myocardial viability with hypothermic storage in Euro-Collins solution.

PMID- 2652451
TI  - Live donor renal transplantation in Iraq.

PMID- 2652450
TI  - The role of oxygen free radicals in preservation injury in pancreas
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652452
TI  - Ethical issues--a Middle East perspective.

PMID- 2652453
TI  - The impact of purposeful sharing by HLA matching in the South Eastern Organ
      Procurement Foundation (SEOPF).
AB  - A voluntary system was created to foster early sharing of well-matched organs
      between like-minded renal transplantation programs. In the two historic periods
      1982-85 and 1985-86, sharing programs (Category I & II) and nonsharing programs
      (Category III) had similar graft survival. In the study period 1986-88, graft
      survival improved in Category I and II programs and was unchanged in Category III
      programs. Highly sensitized recipients in sharing programs had an incremental
      gain of 15.0%, patients receiving multiple grafts 12.6%. Grafts derived from
      local donors and transplants in less sensitized patients also were improved but
      for less obvious reasons. The implementation of this study was followed by a
      slight decrement in delayed graft function. It is our conclusion that early graft
      sharing can result in improved overall early graft survival.

PMID- 2652454
TI  - Sectarianism, uncertainty, and fear: mechanisms that may reverse attitudes toward
      organ donation.

PMID- 2652455
TI  - Is allocation of kidneys on basis of HLA match equitable in multiracial
      populations?

PMID- 2652456
TI  - Optimal use of cadaver donor kidneys: high-risk donors and low-risk recipients.

PMID- 2652457
TI  - The capacity for organ generation of hospitals in Catalonia, Spain: a multicentre
      study.

PMID- 2652458
TI  - Renal transplantation in substance abusers revisited: the Howard University
      Hospital experience.

PMID- 2652459
TI  - Kidney transplantation--state of the art.

PMID- 2652460
TI  - What is cyclosporine nephrotoxicity?

PMID- 2652461
TI  - Long term results and complications of transplantation: the kidney.

PMID- 2652462
TI  - Strategies in chronic rejection of transplanted organs: a current view on
      pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

PMID- 2652463
TI  - Infection: the new problems.
AB  - Although great strides have been made in clinical transplantation, infection
      remains a major problem. Critical to the understanding of the infectious disease
      problems of the present and the foreseeable future is the recognition that the
      risk of infection is largely related to the interaction of two factors: the net
      state of immunosuppression present and the epidemiologic exposures the individual
      patient encounters. It is now apparent that different immunosuppressive agents
      with comparable antirejection effects will have differing effects on infectious
      processes. This is perhaps best illustrated by comparing the effects of
      cyclosporin and antithymocyte globulin on a murine model of cytomegalovirus
      infection. Cyclosporin appears to have little ability to reactivate latent virus
      but has profound virus-promoting effects once replicating virus is present. In
      contrast, antithymocyte globulin has potent reactivating effects but little
      influence on replicating infection. Thus, the infectious disease problems
      observed will be affected by the timing, nature, dose, and duration of the
      various components of the immunosuppressive program. As far as epidemiologic
      exposures are concerned, there is increasing emphasis on nosocomial hazards,
      particularly those encountered at such common sites within the hospital as
      operating rooms and radiology suites. Viral infections remain the most important
      single infectious disease problem among transplant patients for the foreseeable
      future. Although immunoglobulin prophylaxis and ganciclovir therapy appear to
      hold promise for limiting the effects of cytomegalovirus infection, hepatitis
      virus infection remains a major issue. In addition, it is likely that HIV
      infection, particularly the clinical management of asymptomatic carriers of the
      virus, will have an increasing impact on clinical transplantation over the next
      decade.

PMID- 2652464
TI  - The effect of obesity on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in uremic patients.

PMID- 2652465
TI  - Interaction of cyclosporin and calcium antagonists.

PMID- 2652466
TI  - Cyclosporin-diltiazem interaction: comparison of cyclosporin levels measured with
      two monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2652467
TI  - Interleukin-2 receptor as an immunodiagnostic tool to differentiate rejection
      from nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2652468
TI  - Effects of cyclosporin on nuclear function of transplant recipient lymphocytes.

PMID- 2652469
TI  - Optimal cyclosporin levels during the first month after cadaveric kidney
      transplantation. Leuven Collaborative Group for Transplantation.

PMID- 2652470
TI  - Interleukin-2 receptor positive cell levels in cyclosporin-versus azathioprine
      treated renal transplant patients.

PMID- 2652471
TI  - Simultaneous monitoring of cyclosporin in blood and plasma with four analytical
      methods: a clinical evaluation.

PMID- 2652472
TI  - New specific cyclosporine (CY) assay prompts different CY dosages in renal
      transplant recipients.

PMID- 2652473
TI  - Comparison of cyclosporine (CSA) blood levels and RIA/HPLC ratios among renal
      transplant patients with normal allograft function, CSA nephrotoxicity or
      rejection.

PMID- 2652474
TI  - New Zealand multicentre comparison of monoclonal (Sandimmun) versus polyclonal
      (cyclosporine-RIA) radioimmunoassays for cyclosporine blood monitoring.

PMID- 2652475
TI  - Cyclosporine monitoring with polyclonal and specific monoclonal antibodies during
      episodes of renal allograft dysfunction.

PMID- 2652476
TI  - Baseline biopsies define cyclosporine nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2652477
TI  - Cyclosporine blood level measurements with mono- and polyclonal antibodies during
      clinical renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652478
TI  - Biochemical abnormalities in serum and urine from renal transplant recipients
      receiving cyclosporine.

PMID- 2652479
TI  - Monitoring of cyclosporine blood levels with polyclonal and monoclonal assays
      during episodes of renal graft dysfunction.

PMID- 2652480
TI  - Bone repair in cyclosporin treated renal transplant patients.

PMID- 2652481
TI  - Serial glucose tolerance assessment during cyclosporine therapy.

PMID- 2652482
TI  - Prospective evaluation of changes in lipid profiles in cyclosporine-treated renal
      transplant patients.

PMID- 2652483
TI  - Paradoxical effect of short-term protein loading on CsA-treated kidney transplant
      recipients.

PMID- 2652484
TI  - Comparative effects of immunosuppressive therapy on glucose metabolism.

PMID- 2652485
TI  - Cyclosporine and urinary prostaglandins.

PMID- 2652486
TI  - Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity and dermal vascular alterations in renal transplants.

PMID- 2652487
TI  - Verapamil ameliorates acute cyclosporine A (CsA) nephrotoxicity and improves
      immunosuppression after cadaver renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652488
TI  - Urinary levels of basic glutathione transferase as an indicator of proximal
      tubular damage in renal transplant recipients.

PMID- 2652489
TI  - Ultrastructural study of cyclosporine-associated arteriolopathy in renal
      allografts.

PMID- 2652490
TI  - Evolution of renal function in cardiac vs. renal allograft recipients receiving
      long-term cyclosporine A (CsA) immunosuppressive therapy.

PMID- 2652491
TI  - HLA-class II antigen induction does not exclude a diagnosis of cyclosporine
      nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2652492
TI  - An approach to the renal transplant recipient with persistent one-month graft
      nonfunction.

PMID- 2652493
TI  - The course of chronic, progressive renal allograft dysfunction during
      cyclosporine therapy is modified by addition of azathioprine.

PMID- 2652494
TI  - Changes in renal graft function during second year post transplantation in
      patients on cyclosporine (CyA) compared to conventional immunosuppression.

PMID- 2652495
TI  - Is chronic nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine avoided by the triple drug regimen?

PMID- 2652496
TI  - Calcium antagonist treatment of recipients minimizes early cyclosporine
      nephrotoxicity in renal transplantation: a prospective randomized trial.

PMID- 2652497
TI  - Cyclosporin A (CsA) and azathioprine (Aza) overlap in renal allografts with
      impaired renal function.

PMID- 2652498
TI  - Cyclosporine blood level and early transplant function of cadaver donor kidneys.

PMID- 2652499
TI  - Effect of sequential Minnesota-antilymphocyte globulin and cyclosporine therapy
      in primary cadaveric renal transplant recipients with delayed graft function.

PMID- 2652500
TI  - Systemic administration of the PGE-1 analogue alprostadil for prophylaxis of
      early kidney graft failure.

PMID- 2652501
TI  - Conversion to triple therapy in renal allograft patients with renal dysfunction
      and chronic interstitial lesions or vascular lesions on renal biopsy.

PMID- 2652502
TI  - The use of triple therapy to minimize cyclosporine (CsA) nephrotoxicity in renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652503
TI  - Chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in renal transplantation: is it the effect of
      preservation?

PMID- 2652504
TI  - The effect of donor age and sex on cyclosporine associated nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2652505
TI  - Peri-operative antilymphoblast globulin (ALG) and delayed initiation of
      cyclosporine (CsA) diminishes the requirement for prolonged dialysis therapy
      after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652506
TI  - Parenchymal calcifications in the liver of kidney allograft recipients: an
      unrecognized side-effects of cyclosporine.

PMID- 2652507
TI  - Erythrocytosis in renal graft recipients due to a direct effect of cyclosporine.

PMID- 2652508
TI  - Infectious diseases in 450 kidney transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine
      in a single center.

PMID- 2652509
TI  - Cyclosporine-associated glomerular and arteriolar thrombosis following renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652510
TI  - Early and late complications of cyclosporine treatment in a 5-year follow-up of
      250 renal transplant recipients.

PMID- 2652511
TI  - Immunosuppression failure: a function of lymphocyte steroid and cyclosporin
      resistance.

PMID- 2652512
TI  - A new triple-drug induction therapy with low dose cyclosporine, mizoribine and
      prednisolone in renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652513
TI  - Cadaver renal transplantation without maintenance steroids.

PMID- 2652514
TI  - Randomised trial of conversion from cyclosporin to azathioprine at one year after
      renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652515
TI  - Long-term results of controlled cyclosporine conversion at 3 months after renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652516
TI  - Use of rabbit globulin anti-CD4+ lymphocyte clone derived from a rejected kidney
      in the prevention of rejection in kidney transplantation: a pilot study.

PMID- 2652517
TI  - Does the addition of azathioprine (Aza) to CyA monotherapy after a first
      rejection prevent a second rejection episode in kidney transplant patients?

PMID- 2652518
TI  - Cyclosporine (Cy) monotherapy after cadaveric renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652519
TI  - Is sequential low-dose immunotherapy the preferred treatment in cadaveric renal
      transplantation?

PMID- 2652521
TI  - Is long-term therapy without cyclosporin A (CsA) indispensable or dangerous? One
      year results of a prospective randomized trial.

PMID- 2652520
TI  - Studies on immunosuppression with low-dose cyclosporine combined with mizoribine
      in experimental and clinical cadaveric renal allotransplantation.

PMID- 2652522
TI  - A comparison of triple therapy with double therapy (cyclosporine/azathioprine) in
      low-risk, first cadaveric renal allograft recipients.

PMID- 2652523
TI  - An evaluation of early cyclosporine versus ALG therapy for primary cadaver renal
      allografts with immediate function.

PMID- 2652524
TI  - Alternative immunosuppressive strategies in the management of recipients of
      living related renal transplants.

PMID- 2652525
TI  - Improved cadaver transplant survival using individualized quintuple
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2652526
TI  - Prednisone withdrawal in HLA-identical living related donor transplant
      recipients.

PMID- 2652527
TI  - Withdrawal of steroids after cadaveric kidney allotransplantation on maintenance
      triple therapy.

PMID- 2652528
TI  - Steroid withdrawal in cyclosporine-treated living related donor renal transplant
      recipients.

PMID- 2652529
TI  - Is long-term triple drug therapy required for maintaining kidney allograft
      tolerance? Effect of azathioprine withdrawal at three months posttransplantation.

PMID- 2652530
TI  - Immunosuppressive conversion from cyclosporine A to azathioprine in renal
      transplant patients.

PMID- 2652531
TI  - Early conversion from cyclosporine to combination therapy with azathioprine in
      living related kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2652532
TI  - Elective cyclosporine conversion from triple therapy.

PMID- 2652533
TI  - Cyclosporin A treatment with successful selective conversion after six months in
      70 renal allograft recipients.

PMID- 2652534
TI  - Elective conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine and prednisolone in
      patients after cadaveric renal transplantation: observations on graft survival
      and renal function.

PMID- 2652535
TI  - Consequences of conversion from cyclosporine to conventional therapy in renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652536
TI  - Effect of discontinuing or restricting cyclosporine on late renal allograft
      rejection and function.

PMID- 2652537
TI  - Cyclosporine as treatment for corticosteroid-resistant rejection episodes in
      renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652538
TI  - Triple-drug regimen (TDR) of AZA + CsA + P: new definition of factors influencing
      kidney graft survival at a single center.

PMID- 2652539
TI  - Renal transplantation and end-stage lupus nephropathy in the cyclosporine and
      precyclosporine eras.

PMID- 2652540
TI  - The impact of quadruple versus triple drug immunosuppression on clinical results
      of cadaver renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652541
TI  - Recipient age--an important factor for the outcome of cadaver renal
      transplantation in patients treated with cyclosporine.

PMID- 2652542
TI  - Donor source, number of transplants, age at transplant, and diabetes: risk
      factors in the cyclosporine era.

PMID- 2652543
TI  - Low-dose cyclosporin, prednisolone and anti-lymphocyte globulin immunosuppressive
      treatment in cadaveric kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2652544
TI  - Inhibition of chronic kidney allograft rejection by cyclosporine.

PMID- 2652545
TI  - Uselessness of donor-specific transfusions or prophylactic ALG with therapeutic
      cyclosporine doses in living related renal transplantation between one-haplotype
      matched pairs.

PMID- 2652546
TI  - Cyclosporine as primary therapy for A-matched living related donor kidney graft
      recipients.
AB  - Between 1981-87, 48 HLA identical sibling graft recipients were allocated to one
      of three treatment groups: Group I-15 patients Aza and Pred; Group II-12 CyA
      alone; Group III-21 CyA and steroids. Only one patient died from a fatal
      hereditary disease. Graft survival was 100% at one year in all groups and at
      three years was 86% for Aza, 94% for CyA alone and 100% for CyA and steroids.
      Rejection episodes occurred in 50% of Aza patients versus 18% in the CyA groups.
      However 55% of CyA patients require anti-hypertensives versus 20% of Aza
      recipients, and 12% of CyA patients were switched because of drug toxicity. In a
      previous study of 36 Aza treated A-matched patients, five of eight losses
      occurred after the first 5 years--most related to long term effects of
      immunosuppression. We may have to wait for longer follow-up before drawing
      conclusions regarding the use of CyA in identically matched living related
      recipients.

PMID- 2652547
TI  - Renal graft histology in patients treated with different doses of cyclosporine.

PMID- 2652548
TI  - Pathology of two-year renal biopsies in cyclosporine and conventionally
      immunosuppressed renal transplants.

PMID- 2652549
TI  - Histological changes in renal allografts after successful conversion from
      cyclosporin A to azathioprine.

PMID- 2652550
TI  - Glomerular rejection in kidney allografts under cyclosporin.

PMID- 2652551
TI  - Influence of immunosuppressive therapy, HLA matching and donor age on long term
      cadaveric pediatric renal allograft survival.

PMID- 2652552
TI  - Renal transplantation in children using cyclosporin A and azathioprine.

PMID- 2652553
TI  - Cyclosporin A as sole immunosuppressive agent for renal transplantation in
      children: effect on catch-up growth.

PMID- 2652554
TI  - Factors influencing the improvement in cadaveric renal transplant survival in
      pediatric recipients.

PMID- 2652555
TI  - Cadaver renal transplantation in children using low dose triple
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2652556
TI  - Somatic growth and renal function in pediatric renal transplantation with
      alternate-day steroid immunosuppression using cyclosporine (CsA) in Japan.

PMID- 2652557
TI  - Pediatric renal transplantation results are improved with triple drug therapy
      with cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone.

PMID- 2652558
TI  - Cyclosporin A and hypertension in pediatric renal transplant recipients.

PMID- 2652559
TI  - Successful cadaveric renal transplantation in infants and young children.

PMID- 2652560
TI  - Renal transplantation without prednisolone: effects of bone marrow tolerance
      azathioprine.

PMID- 2652561
TI  - Prednisone used as treatment for rejection correlates with poor outcome.

PMID- 2652562
TI  - Hepatotoxicity of azathioprine in renal transplant recipients.

PMID- 2652563
TI  - Lymphocytapheresis as pretransplant immunosuppression.

PMID- 2652564
TI  - Effect of duration of MALG therapy in a quadruple immunosuppressive protocol.

PMID- 2652565
TI  - Improved immunosuppression for secondary cadaver renal transplants (SCT) in high
      risk patients using quadruple immunosuppression with cyclosporine A (CsA) and
      rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (RATG).

PMID- 2652566
TI  - Comparison of 10-day and 21-day ATG-antirejection treatment in renal transplant
      patients treated with either cyclosporine or azathioprine as basic
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2652567
TI  - Multicenter comparison of rejection reversal: rabbit anti-human lymphocyte serum
      (ATS) versus horse anti-human lymphocyte globulin (ATGAM).

PMID- 2652568
TI  - Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin treatment of steroid resistant rejection in renal
      allograft recipients immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A.

PMID- 2652569
TI  - Comparison of Minnesota antilymphocyte globulin and OKT3 for induction of
      immunosuppression in renal transplant patients.
AB  - From May 1977 to April 1988, 88 patients receiving cadaveric kidney transplants
      were selected to receive Orthoclone (OKT3; 5 mg intravenous bolus) (n = 28) or
      Minnesota antilymphocyte globulin (MAG; 20 mg/kg/day) (n = 60) as the induction
      phase of a quadruple immunosuppressive protocol. The duration of treatment ranged
      from 5-16 days for OKT3 (mean, eight days) and 7-14 days for MAG (mean, nine
      days), as dictated by the post-operative recovery of renal function. All patients
      were followed for at least four months (maximum 16 months, mean 10 months). Of
      the 28 patients receiving OKT3, six (21%) had rejection episodes which wre
      reversed and did not reoccur. Two patients developed OKT3 antibody. Only one
      graft was lost to rejection. Of the 60 patients receiving MAG, 30 (50%)
      experienced a first rejection episode within the follow-up period; 15 of these
      had repeat rejections. Three allografts were subsequently lost in the MAG group.
      Renal function was significantly better in the OKT3 group. While both OKT3 and
      MAG were associated with excellent patient (98%) and graft (92%) survival, OKT3
      was easier to administer with fewer rejection episodes. We conclude that OKT3 is
      superior to MAG as perioperative cytoreductive therapy following cadaveric kidney
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652570
TI  - A randomized trial comparing the efficacy of OKT3 used to prevent or to treat
      rejection.

PMID- 2652571
TI  - Single center randomized trial using ATG v OKT3 treatment in steroid resistant
      rejection crises after kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2652572
TI  - OKT3 monoclonal antibody treatment in renal transplant recipients--clinical
      experience in 49 patients.

PMID- 2652573
TI  - Immune monitoring during retreatment with OKT3.

PMID- 2652574
TI  - Concomitant low-dose cyclosporine and OKT3 therapy for renal transplant
      rejection.

PMID- 2652575
TI  - Low-dose oral acyclovir for prevention of herpes simplex virus infection during
      OKT3 therapy.
AB  - This report evaluates the incidence of clinically significant HSV infection among
      23 renal allograft recipients receiving OKT3 for treatment of steroid- or ALG
      resistant acute rejection. No HSV infections occurred among the five HSV
      seronegative patients studied; three of 11 HSV seropositive patients (27%)
      treated with a ten-day course of low-dose acyclovir prophylaxis developed HSV
      infection. All three occurred after acyclovir was stopped. Five of six evaluable
      seropositive patients (83%) who did not receive acyclovir prophylaxis suffered
      HSV infection. We conclude that low-dose oral acyclovir may be effective in the
      prevention of HSV infection during OKT3 treatment of seropositive patients.
      Continuation of acyclovir prophylaxis for two to four weeks following the
      conclusion of OKT3 therapy may prevent occurrence of delayed infections.

PMID- 2652576
TI  - Viral complications of OKT3 monoclonal antibody therapy in children undergoing
      renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652577
TI  - Infection in OKT3-treated patients receiving additional antirejection therapy.

PMID- 2652578
TI  - Early experience with anti-Tac in clinical renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652579
TI  - Anti-IL2 receptor monoclonal antibody (33B3.1) in prophylaxis of early kidney
      rejection in humans: a randomized trial versus rabbit antithymocyte globulin.

PMID- 2652580
TI  - Lack of xenoantibody response in recipients of renal transplants pretreated with
      a mixture of antihuman leukocyte common monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2652581
TI  - Experience with a new monoclonal antibody in clinical kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2652582
TI  - Treatment of acute cellular kidney allograft rejection with T10B9.1A-31A anti T
      cell monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2652583
TI  - Treatment of acute kidney rejection episodes with monoclonal antibody directed
      against IL2 receptor: a pilot study.

PMID- 2652584
TI  - Use of cryopreserved donor bone marrow in cadaver kidney allograft recipients.

PMID- 2652585
TI  - Long-term follow-up of kidney grafts in high-risk patients under TLI and CsA
      therapy.

PMID- 2652586
TI  - Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) in the cyclosporine era--use of TLI in resistant
      cardiac allograft rejection.

PMID- 2652587
TI  - Factors determining the success rate of total lymphoid irradiation in clinical
      kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2652588
TI  - Long-term clinical studies of high-risk renal retransplant recipients given total
      lymphoid irradiation.

PMID- 2652589
TI  - Function and numbers of natural killer (NK) cells in patients conditioned with
      total lymphoid irradiation (TLI).

PMID- 2652590
TI  - Anti-idiotypic antibodies to HLA after donor-specific blood transfusion (DST).

PMID- 2652591
TI  - Antiidiotypic activity and sensitization after donor-specific transfusion (DST)
      given with and without cyclosporin A (CsA).

PMID- 2652592
TI  - Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after donor-specific transfusion
      (DSBT).

PMID- 2652593
TI  - Hepatitis in renal transplant recipients with and without donor-specific blood
      transfusion.

PMID- 2652594
TI  - Concomitant immunosuppression and donor-specific transfusions prior to renal
      transplantation.
AB  - The induction of immunologic unresponsiveness to improve renal allograft survival
      was attempted in 151 patients by the pretransplant administration of donor
      specific whole blood or buffy coat in conjunction with continuous Aza
      immunosuppression. All donor-recipient combinations were at least one-haplotype
      disparate and 21 were two-haplotype disparate. Presensitization was present in
      ten patients and attempts at desensitization were uniformly unsuccessful. Of the
      151 nonpresensitized patients, transient sensitization occurred in 3% and
      permanent sensitization in 7%. Of 140 nonsensitized patients, 135 underwent renal
      transplantation from the specific blood donor and 56% have never experienced a
      rejection episode. The allograft survival rate at two years (93%) and seven years
      (87%) is significantly better (p less than .01) than our historical experience
      with one-haplotype living-related transplants at two years (68%) and seven years
      (59%). The low rate of sensitization (7%) has permitted almost all patients to
      undergo eventual renal transplantation from the specific blood donor. This and
      the low rate of early rejection (2%) argues for a modification of the immunologic
      response, perhaps by clonal deletion, rather than a selecting out process as the
      mechanism for improved allograft survival.

PMID- 2652595
TI  - Transplant outcome with donor specific buffy-coat and lymphocyte-transfused
      patients.

PMID- 2652596
TI  - Donor nonspecific blood transfusions before renal transplantation from haplo
      mismatched living related donors.

PMID- 2652597
TI  - Outcome of donor specific transfusion renal transplants across B cell positive
      crossmatches.

PMID- 2652598
TI  - Comparative analysis of DST alone and DST with intermittent coverage by
      cyclophosphamide.

PMID- 2652599
TI  - Urine sediment cytology in the management of renal allograft recipients.

PMID- 2652600
TI  - Evaluation of monocyte procoagulant activity as a parameter for immunologic
      monitoring in renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652601
TI  - Subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells are reliable for monitoring
      infiltrating mononuclear cells.

PMID- 2652602
TI  - Contribution of T-cell subset monitoring of renal transplant recipients in the
      cyclosporine era.

PMID- 2652603
TI  - Comparison of lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood and grafts in renal
      transplant recipients.

PMID- 2652604
TI  - Pre-operative interleukin 2 and interleukin 2 receptor levels may predict
      subsequent renal allograft rejection.

PMID- 2652605
TI  - A critical analysis of serum and urine interleukin 2 receptor assays in renal
      allograft recipients.

PMID- 2652606
TI  - Postoperative endogenous serum cortisol levels as an index of acute rejection and
      severe infection in renal allograft recipients.

PMID- 2652607
TI  - Serum beta 2 microglobulin monitoring in cadaver kidney transplant recipients
      with oliguric renal failure.

PMID- 2652609
TI  - Immunocytology of urinary sediments in the diagnosis of rejection of renal
      allografts.

PMID- 2652608
TI  - Monitoring the response to anti-rejection therapy with serum neopterin.

PMID- 2652610
TI  - Monoclonal antibody identification of nucleated cells in urine: diagnosis of
      allograft rejection.

PMID- 2652611
TI  - Modified two-dimensional electrophoresis of urinary proteins for monitoring early
      stages of kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2652612
TI  - A comparative assessment of two quantitative analyses of fine-needle aspirate
      biopsies in comparison to core biopsy specimens post-renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652613
TI  - Immunohistology or conventional histology for the diagnosis of renal allograft
      rejection?

PMID- 2652614
TI  - Aggressive needle biopsy protocol prevents loss of renal allografts to undetected
      rejection during early posttransplant dysfunction.

PMID- 2652615
TI  - Duplex Doppler evaluation of renal allograft dysfunction.

PMID- 2652616
TI  - Doppler assessment in renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652617
TI  - Duplex Doppler studies in acute renal transplant rejection.

PMID- 2652618
TI  - The predictive value of renal cortical perfusion indices during acute allograft
      rejection crises.

PMID- 2652619
TI  - Usefulness and limitations of Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of
      postoperative renal allograft dysfunction.

PMID- 2652620
TI  - Use of duplex ultrasound scanning in renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652621
TI  - The diagnosis of renal allograft rejection: an improved assessment of graft
      infiltration using image analysis.
AB  - These results show that image analysis is an accurate alternative to point
      counting in the assessment of infiltration in renal allograft biopsies and can
      provide an efficient and rapid diagnosis of cellular rejection in the
      transplanted patient.

PMID- 2652622
TI  - Functional image diagnosis of kidney transplants using ultrasonic Doppler
      flowmetry and magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2652623
TI  - The use of duplex scanning in evaluation of the posttransplant kidney.

PMID- 2652624
TI  - Renal transplant blood flow evaluation by color Doppler echography.

PMID- 2652625
TI  - Intraoperative intrarenal manometry (IIM) as a predictor of early graft function.

PMID- 2652626
TI  - Analysis of spontaneous blastogenesis profiles in recipients of renal allografts.

PMID- 2652627
TI  - Renal transplantation efficacy is dependent on pretransplantation immunologic
      monitoring.

PMID- 2652628
TI  - Renal function and donor age: five years' experience with cyclosporin A.

PMID- 2652629
TI  - Does drug abuse in the donor have a harmful effect on kidney graft quality and
      graft survival?

PMID- 2652630
TI  - En-bloc anencephalic cadaver donor renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652631
TI  - Renal transplantation in pediatric recipients.

PMID- 2652632
TI  - Transplantation of cadaver kidneys from pediatric and older donors.

PMID- 2652633
TI  - Renal transplantation of organs from donors over 50 years of age.

PMID- 2652634
TI  - Factors affecting function of locally recovered and transplanted kidneys.

PMID- 2652635
TI  - Long-term renal, endocrine, and hematologic evaluation of kidney donors.

PMID- 2652636
TI  - Evaluation of living-related kidney donors by intravenous digital subtraction
      angiography.

PMID- 2652637
TI  - Results of living-donor nephrectomy: considerations for the donor and recipient.

PMID- 2652638
TI  - Renography with captopril in renal transplant recipients.

PMID- 2652639
TI  - Complications of "one stitch" extravesical ureteric implantation in renal
      transplants in the cyclosporine and precyclosporine eras.

PMID- 2652640
TI  - Urolithiasis after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652641
TI  - Diagnosis of renal transplant urinary fistulas.

PMID- 2652642
TI  - Beneficial effect of bilateral native nephrectomy on long-term survival of living
      related kidney allografts.

PMID- 2652643
TI  - Impact of HIV infection on dialysis and renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652644
TI  - The long-term results of thoracic duct drainage in living related kidney
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652645
TI  - Ultrasonographic prospective pretransplant screening in 100 patients for acquired
      renal cysts and renal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2652646
TI  - Psychologic factors related to dialysis in kidney transplant decisions.

PMID- 2652647
TI  - Renal transplantation: does a dialysis centre effect exist?

PMID- 2652648
TI  - Kidney transplantation in children--data from the EDTA registry. The EDTA
      Registry Committee.

PMID- 2652649
TI  - The status of rehabilitation, morbidity, and mortality of long-term survivors of
      pediatric kidney transplants.
AB  - The long-term survivors of pediatric renal transplantation show, in our early
      experience, an excellent status of rehabilitation. The majority of the survivors
      are enjoying good health and lead active lives. Skin lesions constituted
      significant morbidity, requiring a better understanding and preventive strategy.
      Cardiovascular disease appearing in such a young age group is another disturbing
      problem. The problem of mental health is surprisingly small in these hardy
      survivors.

PMID- 2652650
TI  - Long-term prognosis of kidney transplantation in children.

PMID- 2652651
TI  - Growth and kidney transplantation in children.

PMID- 2652652
TI  - Successful renal transplantation in children treated with CAPD.

PMID- 2652653
TI  - Renal transplantation in children less than five years of age.

PMID- 2652654
TI  - Is kidney transplantation in the very small child (less than 10 kg) worth it?

PMID- 2652655
TI  - Surgical complications in pediatric renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652656
TI  - Renal transplantation in black South Africans: the Baragwanath experience.

PMID- 2652657
TI  - Survival into the second decade following kidney transplantation in type I
      diabetic patients.

PMID- 2652658
TI  - Kidney transplantation in patients between 65 and 75 years of age.

PMID- 2652659
TI  - Kidney transplantation in older patients.

PMID- 2652660
TI  - Renal transplantation in older patients on peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2652661
TI  - Renal transplantation in the older patient.

PMID- 2652662
TI  - Triple immunosuppressive therapy in immunologic high-risk renal allograft
      recipients.

PMID- 2652663
TI  - Unilateral native nephrectomy carried out at the time of renal transplantation is
      effective in the treatment of dialysis-resistant hypertension.

PMID- 2652664
TI  - Long-term outcome of renal transplantation in patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus.

PMID- 2652665
TI  - Long-term outcome of kidney transplantation in children with oxalosis.

PMID- 2652666
TI  - Is tuberculosis a contraindication for renal transplantation?

PMID- 2652667
TI  - Renal transplantation in amyloidosis.

PMID- 2652668
TI  - Erythropoietin in renal transplant recipients: studies based on recombinant human
      erythropoietin radioimmunoassay.
AB  - In posttransplant patients, modest increases in endogenous EPO induce
      erythropoiesis similar to that observed in uremic patients who are given large
      doses of exogenous rHuEPO that generate vastly higher circulating EPO levels.
      Moreover, once it is initiated, erythropoiesis may be sustained by normal levels
      of EPO. These observations raise the possibility that the restoration of renal
      function may alter the EPO-erythropoiesis response pattern. It is also possible
      that the resolution of uremic anemia is dependent on factors in addition to the
      level of circulating EPO.

PMID- 2652669
TI  - Serum erythropoietin in renal transplant patients.

PMID- 2652670
TI  - Fewer rejection episodes in kidney graft recipients with aluminum accumulation in
      bone: an immunosuppressive effect of aluminum toxicity.

PMID- 2652671
TI  - The effect of protein intake on creatinine clearance in transplanted kidneys.

PMID- 2652672
TI  - Serum beta 2-microglobulin levels in kidney transplant patients.

PMID- 2652673
TI  - Neopterin and creatinine relationships in liver and kidney transplants.

PMID- 2652674
TI  - The incidence and impact of herpes simplex virus infections in the first month
      following renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652675
TI  - Serologic and immunologic correlates of retroviral infection in transplant
      recipients.

PMID- 2652676
TI  - Novel diagnostic tests for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP).

PMID- 2652677
TI  - Nocardia infection in a renal transplant unit.

PMID- 2652678
TI  - Tropical infections after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652679
TI  - Effective prophylaxis of early post-transplant urinary tract infections (UTI) in
      the cyclosporine (CSA) era.

PMID- 2652680
TI  - Urinary tract infection after renal transplantation under conventional therapy
      and cyclosporine.

PMID- 2652681
TI  - Septicemia in renal transplant recipients: epidemiology and prognosis.

PMID- 2652682
TI  - Renal transplant incidence of superficial fungal infection as related to
      immunosuppressive therapy.

PMID- 2652683
TI  - Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in fifty-nine renal allografts from a single
      centre; analysis of risk factors for recurrence.

PMID- 2652684
TI  - Post-transplant glomerulonephritis under conventional and cyclosporin A
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2652685
TI  - The impact of different immunosuppressant regimens on recurrent
      glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2652686
TI  - Studies of IgA nephropathy in renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652687
TI  - Fate of renal grafts with recurrent Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis in
      children.

PMID- 2652688
TI  - Effect of fish oil concentrate on risk factors of cardiovascular complications in
      renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652689
TI  - Open-heart surgery in patients undergoing renal transplantation: comparison of
      surgery pre- vs post-transplantation.

PMID- 2652691
TI  - No association between post-transplant erythrocytosis, thromboembolic events, and
      cyclosporine therapy.

PMID- 2652690
TI  - Frequency of allograft renal vascular thrombosis under three immunosuppressive
      regimens at a single institution.

PMID- 2652692
TI  - Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract following renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652693
TI  - Long-term evolution of renal osteodistrophy after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652694
TI  - The effect of renal transplantation on bone mass.

PMID- 2652696
TI  - Late morbidity and mortality associated with renal transplantation: follow-up
      observations beyond the first decade.

PMID- 2652695
TI  - Efficacy of a new treatment for chronic rejection: thymic hormones with
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2652698
TI  - Causes of death in kidney transplant recipients: 1970 to present.

PMID- 2652697
TI  - Adult kidney retransplantation: evolution of treatment and results over 25 years
      at the University of Minnesota.

PMID- 2652699
TI  - Renal transplantation in Canada from 1981-86: report of the Canadian Renal
      Failure Register.

PMID- 2652700
TI  - Long-term follow-up of renal transplants.

PMID- 2652701
TI  - Long-term outcome in renal patients beyond five years after kidney
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652702
TI  - Renal transplantation in a developing country (Cyprus).

PMID- 2652703
TI  - Morbidity, mortality, and quality of life in long-term survivors of an integrated
      dialysis/renal transplant programme.

PMID- 2652704
TI  - Long-term patient survival after cadaver renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652705
TI  - Renal biopsy in thirty-one kidney transplant recipients with more than ten years
      of follow-up.

PMID- 2652706
TI  - Follow-up of 105 kidney transplant recipients with more than ten years of
      function.

PMID- 2652707
TI  - Paradoxical effects of acute rejection in long-term kidney allografts after
      pretreatment with thoracic duct drainage.

PMID- 2652708
TI  - Living-related donor kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2652709
TI  - Successful living-unrelated donor kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2652710
TI  - Cell surface phenotype of mononuclear cells infiltrating bile ducts during acute
      and chronic liver allograft rejection.

PMID- 2652711
TI  - Chronic liver allograft rejection and obliterative arteriopathy: possible
      pathogenic mechanisms.

PMID- 2652712
TI  - Criteria for the histopathological classification of liver allograft rejection
      and their clinical relevance.

PMID- 2652713
TI  - Liver transplant aspiration cytology (TAC) at three weeks and one year in healthy
      recipients with grafts free of histologic abnormality.

PMID- 2652714
TI  - Different features of acute liver allograft rejection, their outcome and possible
      relationship to HLA-compatibility.

PMID- 2652715
TI  - Induction of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens (MHC)
      in rejecting human liver grafts.

PMID- 2652716
TI  - Antibody mediated rejection of human liver allografts: transplantation across ABO
      blood group barriers.

PMID- 2652717
TI  - Pediatric liver transplantation across ABO blood group barriers.

PMID- 2652718
TI  - Rejection of ABO incompatible liver allografts in man.

PMID- 2652719
TI  - Portal and arterial thrombosis in liver transplantation: a frequent event in
      severe rejection.

PMID- 2652720
TI  - Rejection and blood flow in auxiliary partial canine liver homografts.

PMID- 2652721
TI  - Maintenance immunosuppression without steroids in pediatric liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652722
TI  - Association of very high blood levels of cyclosporin metabolites with clinical
      complications after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652723
TI  - Low dose immunosuppression for septic liver transplantation patients.

PMID- 2652724
TI  - Overcoming early cyclosporine nephrotoxicity after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652725
TI  - Conversion from standard cyclosporine to low-dose cyclosporine in liver
      transplant recipients: effect on nephrotoxicity and hypertension beyond one year.

PMID- 2652726
TI  - Correlation between dose and level of cyclosporine after orthotopic liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652727
TI  - Cyclosporine induced hemolytic anemia in a liver transplant patient.

PMID- 2652728
TI  - Antilymphoblast globulin (ALG) as initial prophylaxis against rejection following
      liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652729
TI  - Immunohistology of liver allografts in recipients managed with prophylactic OKT3.

PMID- 2652730
TI  - Infections in pediatric liver recipients treated for acute rejection.

PMID- 2652731
TI  - OKT3 immunoprophylaxis in human liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652732
TI  - Lymphocyte parameters in liver graft recipients receiving prophylactic OKT3 or
      conventional triple therapy.

PMID- 2652733
TI  - Prophylactic ATG or OKT3 in liver transplantation in the presence of
      contraindications to cyclosporine (CyA) or azathioprine (AZA).

PMID- 2652734
TI  - Use of a monoclonal antibody against the T cell receptor for prophylactic
      immunosuppressive treatment after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652735
TI  - Aspergillus fumigatus infections in liver transplant patients.

PMID- 2652736
TI  - Serum hyaluronic acid following liver transplantation: evidence of hepatic
      endothelial damage.

PMID- 2652737
TI  - One week of monitoring of portal and hepatic arterial blood flow after liver
      transplantation using implantable pulsed Doppler microprobes.

PMID- 2652738
TI  - Total oxygen consumption, ketone body ratio and a special score as early
      indicators of irreversible liver allograft dysfunction.

PMID- 2652739
TI  - Can criteria present on hepatic allograft biopsy determine the presence or
      absence of rejection?

PMID- 2652740
TI  - Limiting dilution analysis: a new approach to identify the status of allograft
      recipients.

PMID- 2652741
TI  - Correlation of cytologic findings to activation markers in acute liver rejection.

PMID- 2652742
TI  - Neopterin: a biochemical marker in the process of organ transplantation.

PMID- 2652743
TI  - Early detection of malfunctioning liver grafts with liver-to-spleen RES
      scintigram ratio.

PMID- 2652744
TI  - Lidocaine metabolism as an index of liver function in hepatic transplant donors
      and recipients.

PMID- 2652745
TI  - Hemodynamic study following liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652746
TI  - Experimental studies of hepatic clearance rates of amino acids as an initial
      function test of the liver graft.

PMID- 2652747
TI  - Postoperative liver transplant monitoring with fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

PMID- 2652748
TI  - Bile acid profile as an early indicator of allograft function during orthotopic
      liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652749
TI  - Serum guanase: a biochemical indicator of rejection in liver transplant
      recipients.

PMID- 2652750
TI  - Differentiation between acute rejection and infection in liver transplant
      patients.

PMID- 2652751
TI  - Duplex Doppler in the postoperative monitoring of liver transplant recipients.

PMID- 2652752
TI  - Rapid infusion technique as a safe alternative to veno-venous bypass in
      orthotopic liver transplant (TX).

PMID- 2652753
TI  - Intraoperative continuous arterio-venous hemofiltration (CAVH)--a method to
      diminish fluid sequestration during liver transplant operations.

PMID- 2652754
TI  - A modified cannulation technique for veno-venous bypass during orthotopic liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652755
TI  - Significance of blood flow measurement in clinical liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652756
TI  - Identification of the nature of hemostatic failure during transplantation of the
      liver.

PMID- 2652757
TI  - Reoperative procedures following liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652758
TI  - Intraoperative measurements related to subsequent hepatic graft failure.

PMID- 2652759
TI  - Effects of atropine pretreatment on the revascularization syndrome.

PMID- 2652760
TI  - Donor portal vein arterialization during liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652761
TI  - Arterial grafts for revascularization of liver transplants.

PMID- 2652762
TI  - Potential problems with autotransfusion during hepatic transplantation.

PMID- 2652763
TI  - Determination of an adequate flush volume for removal of preservation fluid prior
      to revascularization of the donor liver.

PMID- 2652764
TI  - Changes of bile acid profile and coagulation during orthotopic liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652765
TI  - Orpitt: a computerized chart for intraoperative real time management of liver
      transplant data.

PMID- 2652766
TI  - Effects of fetal liver transplantation in congenitally enzyme deficient rats.

PMID- 2652767
TI  - Fetal liver allo- and xenotransplantation in acute and chronic hepatic failure.

PMID- 2652769
TI  - In situ versus bench resection of liver allografts before orthotopic liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652768
TI  - Partial liver transplantation in dogs: preserving the IVC of the recipient and
      use of a heparinized catheter (Anthron) for portal vein bypass.

PMID- 2652770
TI  - Coagulation disorders during orthotopic liver transplantation: inhibition of
      tissue thromboplastin activity by its antibody.

PMID- 2652771
TI  - Orthotopic partial liver transplantation in dogs can be performed without cold
      perfusion of the donor liver.

PMID- 2652772
TI  - Vascular anastomosis in liver grafting by use of a synthetic absorbable cuff
      material.

PMID- 2652773
TI  - Transplantation of spheroidal aggregate cultured hepatocytes into the rat spleen.

PMID- 2652774
TI  - Flow and vascular resistance measurements in auxiliary liver segments
      transplanted in orthotopic position.

PMID- 2652775
TI  - New technique of combined liver and kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2652776
TI  - Donor data in liver grafts with primary non-function--a preliminary analysis by
      the European Liver Registry.

PMID- 2652777
TI  - Treatment of primary liver graft non-function with prostaglandin E1 results in
      increased graft and patient survival.

PMID- 2652778
TI  - Hepatic functional difference between brain death hypotension and hypovolemic
      hypotension in liver donation.

PMID- 2652779
TI  - Donor rating in human liver transplantation: correlation of oxygen consumption
      after revascularization with MEGX formation in donors.

PMID- 2652780
TI  - The correlation of mononuclear cell growth liver transplant biopsy cultures with
      histologic evidence of rejection and allograft dysfunction.

PMID- 2652781
TI  - Liver transplantation in the Cambridge/King's College Hospital series--the first
      400 patients.

PMID- 2652782
TI  - Liver transplantation in Australia: the Queensland experience.

PMID- 2652783
TI  - Does liver transplantation cure primary biliary cirrhosis?

PMID- 2652784
TI  - Liver transplantation for malignant liver disease.

PMID- 2652785
TI  - Improved results with retransplantation of the liver.

PMID- 2652786
TI  - Long-term outcome after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652787
TI  - Results in 50 orthotopic liver transplants in Milan.

PMID- 2652788
TI  - Selection criteria for liver transplantation: preliminary experience of Niguarda
      Hospital, Milan.

PMID- 2652789
TI  - Liver transplant recipients--self-report of symptom frequency, symptom distress,
      quality of life.

PMID- 2652790
TI  - Hepatorenal syndrome and orthotopic liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652791
TI  - Long-term results after liver transplantation in B and delta hepatitis.

PMID- 2652792
TI  - Graft hepatitis delta virus reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation in
      HDV cirrhosis.

PMID- 2652793
TI  - Results of liver transplantation for hepatitis delta disease without
      immunoprophylaxis.

PMID- 2652794
TI  - Alpha interferon therapy in patients with hepatitis infection undergoing organ
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652795
TI  - Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure.

PMID- 2652796
TI  - Liver transplantation for acute and subacute fulminant hepatic failure.

PMID- 2652797
TI  - Predictors of intraoperative death and long-term survival in liver
      transplantation: a multistage analysis.

PMID- 2652798
TI  - Reduced-size orthotopic liver transplantation in children: an experience with
      seven cases.

PMID- 2652799
TI  - Liver transplantation in a high-risk group of children.

PMID- 2652800
TI  - Indications for selection for liver transplantation in children.

PMID- 2652801
TI  - Steroid metabolism in liver transplant patients.

PMID- 2652802
TI  - Conjugative drug metabolism in liver transplant patients.

PMID- 2652803
TI  - Advanced liver failure predisposes to cyclosporine-induced central nervous system
      symptoms after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652804
TI  - Pseudoaneurysms following orthotopic liver transplantation: clinical and
      radiologic manifestations.

PMID- 2652805
TI  - Low haematocrit reduces hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652806
TI  - Hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation--a fatal
      complication or an asymptomatic event.

PMID- 2652807
TI  - Factors responsible for hepatic artery thrombosis after pediatric liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2652808
TI  - Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) after orthotopic transplantation (OLT)--the
      influence of technical factors and rejection episodes.

PMID- 2652809
TI  - Long term nephrotoxicity in liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652810
TI  - Analysis of biliary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652811
TI  - Mapping and sequencing analysis of the rat MHC.

PMID- 2652812
TI  - Similarity of scleroderma-like skin lesions in allogeneic and syngeneic bone
      marrow transplantation models.

PMID- 2652813
TI  - Orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat: the effect of RT2 matching on
      survival.

PMID- 2652814
TI  - LAK cell purging of bone marrow: lack of effect on reconstitution and in vitro GM
      CFU colony formation.

PMID- 2652815
TI  - Characteristics of alloreactive rat T cell lines established from low and high
      rejecting orthotopic liver transplants.

PMID- 2652816
TI  - RT1.C and rat bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2652817
TI  - The immunosuppressive effect of heat-treated cells: the influence of dosage and
      haplotype.

PMID- 2652818
TI  - Investigations into the mechanisms responsible for immunosuppression induced by
      heat-treated cells.

PMID- 2652819
TI  - Multiple injections of KCl-extracted donor-antigen in combination with a short
      course of cyclosporine therapy induces prolonged heart allograft survival in
      rats.

PMID- 2652820
TI  - Rejection mechanism of class I disparate heart allografts in a rat model.

PMID- 2652821
TI  - Seventh annual meeting of the Canadian Transplantation Society. Ottawa, Canada,
      September 24-25, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2652822
TI  - Prostatic carcinoma following renal transplantation.
AB  - A case of prostatic carcinoma diagnosed after renal transplantation is described.
      Treatment was chosen according to current principles of staging of the disease,
      and radical prostatectomy proved to be technically feasible after renal
      transplantation. Immunosuppressive therapy has been continued without apparent
      consequence to the disease so far. Until there is definite evidence that
      immunosuppression adversely affects the prognosis of prostatic carcinoma, the
      decision to terminate immunosuppressive therapy should be based on individual
      circumstances, such as the response to treatment, the rate of progression of the
      disease, and the availability of additional treatment for the disease that would
      be expected to improve prognosis in the absence of immunosuppression.

PMID- 2652823
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology in long-standing renal allografts.

PMID- 2652824
TI  - The effects of delayed cyclosporine administration in recipients of cadaveric
      renal allografts subjected to prolonged cold ischemia.

PMID- 2652825
TI  - Revision of urinary diversion and renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652826
TI  - The effect of triple therapy on cyclosporine nephrotoxicity and hypertension in
      renal transplantation.

PMID- 2652827
TI  - Role of class II HLA in cadaveric renal transplantation: a recent update.
AB  - Class II HLA matching, especially HLA-DQ and DR, significantly improved allograft
      survival. HLA-DQ and DR matching may also be associated, in general, with a
      quiescent posttransplantation course, reduced incidence of SRRE, and somewhat
      better response to OKT3 rescue therapy. We conclude that the matching of class II
      HLA remains an important predictor of transplant outcome in CyA-treated patients
      and should form the primary basis of organ sharing.

PMID- 2652828
TI  - Relevance of hepatitis B viral DNA in assessment of potential liver allograft
      recipients.

PMID- 2652829
TI  - Detrimental cardiovascular effects of diltiazem in canine heart transplants.

PMID- 2652830
TI  - Amrinone efficacy in experimental cardiac transplantation: preliminary report.

PMID- 2652831
TI  - Pediatric cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2652832
TI  - Microsurgical renal transplant models in rats: a comparison of four anastomotic
      techniques.

PMID- 2652833
TI  - The relationship of affect to physical symptoms in renal transplant recipients.

PMID- 2652834
TI  - Analysis of donor and recipient variables and early graft function after
      orthotopic liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652835
TI  - Predictors of graft function following liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652836
TI  - Long-term patient and renal allograft survival in HBsAg infection: a recent
      update.
AB  - Although the risk of HBsAg infection has now been reduced significantly by
      screening of blood, isolation of HBsAg+ patients, and more recently by
      vaccination, transplant-eligible patients can still be seen. We observed an
      increased mortality in HBsAg+ patients during 5 to 10 years posttransplantation.
      However, this could not be attributed to liver disease or dysfunction. Increased
      mortality and morbidity due to liver disease or dysfunction 10 years
      posttransplantation suggest that the HBsAg+ patients remain at a higher risk for
      developing liver disease during that period. In our study, HBsAg+ patients had a
      10-year posttransplantation period relatively free of serious liver disease or
      dysfunction. Furthermore, both HBsAg+ and HBsAg- patients had a similar long-term
      allograft survival. It is unknown how the use of cyclosporine will affect those
      survival statistics. We, therefore, believe that HBsAg positivity per se should
      not constitute an absolute contraindication to transplantation.

PMID- 2652837
TI  - Prostaglandin E1 for primary nonfunction following liver transplantation.

PMID- 2652838
TI  - ABO-incompatible living related donor kidney transplantation: report of two
      cases.
AB  - The courses of two recipients of ABO-incompatible HLA-identical living related
      donor kidney transplants are described, the first an A into O and the second a B
      into A. Both patients were prepared by a month of preoperative azathioprine and a
      week of plasmapheresis to reduce isohemagglutinin titers in one to 1:2 and in the
      other to 0 at the time of transplant. Both had early mild steroid-reversible
      rejections, and the first patient has had an uneventful subsequent course 20
      months postgrafting on low-dose cyclosporine and prednisone. The second patient
      developed a further immunologic event at 1 month that may have been
      isohemagglutinin mediated or may have been rejection but subsided with OKT3
      therapy and plasmapheresis. She lost her graft at 5 months despite normal
      function during attempts to repair a ureteric fibrosis. Neither patient had donor
      specific transfusion or splenectomy. This approach is feasible and should be
      considered for those patients having related but ABO-incompatible donors.

PMID- 2652839
TI  - Living related donor kidney grafts in the cyclosporine era.
AB  - The results of 120 LRD kidney grafts, 49 HLA identical and 71 haploidentical,
      performed between 1981 and 1987 during the CyA era have been analyzed. The
      reduction in the incidence of rejection in diploidenticals with CyA vs AZA did
      not increase short- or long-term graft survival but was accompanied by worse
      kidney function and a greater need for antihypertensives. CyA did improve the
      results in haploidentical recipients over our historical experience, although
      prior sensitization was still a major hazard in this group.

PMID- 2652840
TI  - [The choice of antibiotics in purulent meningitis without bacteriologic
      diagnosis].
AB  - A case of meningitis in a 16 month old boy caused by Hemophilus influenzae
      resistant to ampicillin is presented. The question is raised whether a third
      generation cephalosporin such as cefotaxime should be the drug of choice in the
      treatment of bacterial meningitis with unknown etiology.

PMID- 2652841
TI  - [Preoperative psychological assessment prior to surgery in lumbar disk prolapse.
      A review of the literature].
AB  - Fifteen studies on the relations between preoperative psychological evaluation
      and outcome of operation after lumbar discectomy are evaluated. Firstly, the
      methodological shortcomings are pointed out, and then the results are discussed.
      It is concluded that high ratings on the MMPI scales for hypochondria, depression
      and hysteria are shown to be correlated with poor operative outcome. Other MMPI
      scales, and other psychological tests may have the same correlation. Finally, it
      is discussed which studies are still required before preoperative psychological
      evaluation can be used as a routine check in cases of lumbar intervertebral disc
      herniation.

PMID- 2652842
TI  - [The effects of captopril and metoprolol on blood pressure and side effects in
      patients with mild to moderate hypertension].
AB  - A material of 76 patients from general practice treated with diuretics for mild
      to moderate hypertension were randomized to supplementary treatment with
      captopril (39 patients) and metoprolol (37 patients), respectively, on account of
      diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mmHg. Satisfactory
      regulation of the blood pressure (diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to
      90 mmHg) and acceptable wellbeing was obtained in 29 patients in the captopril
      group and in 23 patients in the metoprolol group. Six patients in the captopril
      group were excluded on account of absence of effect on the blood pressure and
      four dropped out on account of side effects. In the metoprolol group, nine
      patients were excluded on account of absence of effect on the blood pressure and
      five on account of side effects. This difference was not significant. In the
      captopril group, 14 side effects were registered in eight patients while 23 side
      effects were observed in 15 patients in the metoprolol group. This difference was
      not statistically significant, p greater than 0.05 (risk for type 2 error = 60%).
      It is concluded that captopril + a diuretic is just as effective a form of
      treatment of slight to moderate hypertension as metoprolol + a diuretic and that
      treatment with captopril + a diuretic is associated with so few side effects that
      it may be considered as an alternative first choice of treatment in cases of
      slight to moderate hypertension.

PMID- 2652843
TI  - [Isodense and isoechoic liver metastases].
AB  - An important prerequisite in CT and also ultrasonic scanning in order to
      recognize pathological space-occupying processes in the liver is that these
      processes can stand out in the pictures with "another colour" than the
      surrounding liver tissue. CT and ultrasonic scanning are based on very different
      physical principles and, therefore, different tissue parameters are registered.
      It is to be anticipated that the contrast conditions between the liver tissue and
      tumour tissue in the individual patient are not identical in the two imaging
      processes. The case histories presented illustrate the fact that liver metastases
      which merge with the liver parenchyma with one of the methods and are, therefore,
      not recognized, can sometimes be recognized with the other method.

PMID- 2652844
TI  - [Reconstruction of large femoral defects in exchange operations following
      artificial hip replacement].
AB  - Loosening of the implant is one of the most serious complication in case of total
      hip replacement. It is caused by the growth of a secondary cancellous channel and
      in destroyed bone cement. From 1981 to 1986 we operated 63 patients to exchange a
      loosened hip prosthesis. With 15 patients we have seen a severe damage of the
      femur shaft. Big parts of the bone tube were missed. To insert the new stem we
      had to reconstruct the proximal femur and the calcar region by autogenous cortico
      cancellous bone grafts in seven cases. In three cases a large defect of the
      lateral femur cortex was reconstructed by extended cancellous bone graft. In five
      cases we found a cominuted fracture of the femur shaft. The osteosynthesis was
      performed by plating. The screws were inserted through the bone into the stem.
      They find a very strong grip in the polyacetal material. 14 of 15 patients
      operated in this manner could achieve a walking ability. Most of them improved
      one step higher in the evaluation scheme according to Merle d'Aubigne. One
      patient suffering from a septic loosening showed a severe exacerbation with
      septicemia and ended in a disarticulation of the hip joint. The so called
      isoelastic prosthesis gives a chance to reconstruct the femur tube. It allows
      unhindered calcification of bone graft and acts as a forming model for new bone.
      With this we are able to restore the movement of hip joint as well as weight
      bearing and working ability of the limb. Additional osteosynthesis is possible to
      perform.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2652845
TI  - [The sleep apnea syndrome. A general review].
AB  - During the last years, medical interest has focused on sleep related diseases,
      especially the sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) and the nocturnal breathing
      abnormalities associated with broncho-pulmonary diseases. It now appears that SAS
      is far more prevalent than previously believed. In this review article we present
      the clinical features, the investigations and the current therapeutic methods. We
      also discuss the recent developments in our understanding of the SAS
      pathophysiology and their implications in the disease's management. Clinical
      importance of sleep related disorders of breathing is appreciated when one looks
      at some of the secondary effects including hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac
      insufficiency and worsening of a broncho-pulmonary disease (hypoxemia,
      hypercapnia); these are associated with a high degree of morbidity. The recent
      advent of ambulatory screening systems allows an easier evaluation of patients at
      risk, such as obese or hypertensive snorers and patients with hypersomnolence;
      then the diagnostic polysomnographic studies can be reserved for subjects in whom
      home recording is abnormal. A precise and early diagnosis is important to allow
      the initiation of treatment such as Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) or
      naso-pharyngeal surgery.

PMID- 2652846
TI  - Prognostic indicators in rectal carcinoma. An evaluation of clinicopathological
      variables, tumour markers and tumour stage. Minireview based on a doctoral
      thesis.

PMID- 2652847
TI  - A light and electron microscopy study of normal human stratum corneum with
      particular reference to the intercellular space.
AB  - Intercellular and skin-surface substances, and exfoliating corneocytes, were
      clearly visualized by both light and electron microscopy. The intercellular space
      constituted an essential part of the normal human stratum corneum, in the basal
      and middle zones of which this space was filled with substances producing a
      compact appearance. The intercellular constituents were a nonhomogeneous
      substance, intact, single and "compound" lamellar granules and an intensely
      stained, membrane-like material that in some parts, but not in others, had a
      lamellar pattern. The artifacts produced by ultrathin sectioning for electron
      microscopy were too small to provide sufficient explanation for the porous
      appearance of the superficial zone. More important factors seemed to be
      enlargement of the intercellular space with decrease in the number of desmosomes
      and alterations of the intercellular substances, with decrease in the amount of
      nonhomogeneous substance and transformation of the single and "compound" lamellar
      granules into single and "compound" vesicular bodies. The hypothesis is advanced
      that the single and "compound" vesicular bodies together with the decreased
      amount of nonhomogeneous substance may contribute to maintain the patency of the
      intercellular space in the superficial zone (stratum disjunctum), thereby
      facilitating absorption of surface-applied agents into the stratum corneum by
      some shunt mechanism, while the content of the intercellular space in the basal
      and middle zones (stratum compactum) forms the principal barrier to free
      diffusion.

PMID- 2652848
TI  - Indications for radiographic assessment in suspected renal trauma.
AB  - We recommend that the criteria for radiographic assessment of suspected renal
      trauma be: (1) penetrating trauma to the flank or abdomen, regardless of the
      degree of hematuria; (2) blunt trauma and gross hematuria; or (3) blunt trauma
      associated with microhematuria and blood pressure below 90 mm Hg before or after
      emergency room admission. In hemodynamically stable patients in whom renal injury
      alone is suspected, we recommend intravenous urography, which will adequately
      stage 60 to 85 per cent of renal injuries. Computed tomography should be
      performed if the urography results are equivocal or as the primary study when
      multiple injuries are suspected. Arteriography can be reserved for patients with
      suspected renovascular injuries in whom CT scans are inconclusive.

PMID- 2652849
TI  - Staging of renal trauma.
AB  - Although patients with certain clinical signs are more likely to have suffered
      major renal injury, no combination of clinical criteria permits consistently
      accurate staging. Radiographic staging usually begins with intravenous urography,
      which should confirm the presence of a normal contralateral kidney. Computed
      tomography should be considered when urography is indeterminate or when major
      renal or associated intra-abdominal injury is suspected.

PMID- 2652850
TI  - Renal exploration after trauma. Indications and reconstructive techniques.
AB  - Blunt traumatic renal injuries seldom (less than 10 per cent) require operation.
      Improved staging techniques such as CT have been responsible for the decrease in
      the number of renal explorations. Penetrating renal injuries from knife or
      gunshot wounds historically have mandated surgical exploration. This practice
      should be continued unless staging studies confirm that the degree of injury
      justifies expectant management. In the authors' experience, 42 per cent of stab
      wounds and 76 per cent of gunshot wounds have necessitated renal exploration.

PMID- 2652851
TI  - Renovascular injuries from external trauma. Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome.
AB  - Blunt trauma of the deceleration or acceleration type is the most common cause of
      renal pedicle injuries comprising thrombosis or rupture of the main renal artery,
      branch renal artery, or the renal vein. There are no symptoms or signs specific
      to this injury, and hematuria is absent in one third of the cases. Severe
      multiple associated injuries are present in almost all cases, with a mortality
      rate of 44 per cent. Radiologic evaluation with intravenous urography shows
      nonappearance of the involved kidney. CT reveals nonenhancement of the kidney
      except for the periphery of the cortex from collateral circulation (rim sign),
      and renal arteriography shows occlusion of the renal artery or its branches.
      Despite immediate radiologic evaluation resulting in a short time from injury to
      diagnosis, most of the patients are not candidates for vascular repair owing to
      the high incidence of severe associated injuries, especially a second injury to
      the same kidney. Even with vascular repair, the function of the kidney is not
      restored to normal. Late hypertension is found in 50 per cent of patients with
      main renal artery thrombosis managed conservatively.

PMID- 2652852
TI  - Complications of renal trauma.
AB  - The potential deleterious consequences of renal trauma are well known, but
      reported incidences diverge broadly and are often exaggerated by the inclusion of
      sequelae of inconsequential nature and of disorders that may have antedated
      injury. The author adds unnecessary renal exploration and surgery to the usual
      list of complications, deliberately provoking consideration of the unresolved
      controversy over the relative merits of aggressive and conservative management of
      injuries of intermediate severity.

PMID- 2652853
TI  - Ureteroscopic injuries to the upper urinary tract.
AB  - Kaufman reported a severe ureteral injury following ureteroscopy in 1984. His
      commentary summarizes the important messages in this article well: The intent of
      this report is not to denegrate the splendid advances in nephroscopy and
      ureteroscopy, but rather to introduce a sobering message that the patient must be
      informed of the inherent risk of such procedures and that the urologist must be
      wary of the problems that might occur. Problems have been known ever since
      endoscopic instrumentation was first introduced, and every experienced urologist
      has had his share of problems associated with stone extraction and other
      endoscopic procedures. Traditional teaching in urology has been to eschew
      manipulation of stones in the upper two thirds of the ureter because the lumbar
      ureter is mobile and more easily damaged by instrumentation than the pelvic
      segment. Endoscopic visualization of stones in the upper ureter allowing accurate
      grasping of calculi would appear at first to provide an element of security
      heretofore unachievable, but urologists nonetheless should be mindful of the
      hazards of any type of stone extraction from the upper ureter. Urologists must be
      ready and equipped to handle emergencies associated with new instruments and
      techniques, and the patients must be apprised of the exigencies. "Caveat emptor"
      (buyer beware) could not be a more apt or timely maxim in our specialty.
      Ureteroscopy has greatly aided many patients, and a large number of urologists
      have integrated this procedure into their daily practices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2652854
TI  - The role of interventional radiology in the management of genitourinary trauma.
AB  - The role of the radiologist in the management of urologic disease has changed
      dramatically in the last 10 years with the introduction of new imaging methods
      and the evolution of the angiographic catheter into a therapeutic instrument. The
      authors review the diagnostic options in genitourinary trauma, the indications
      for and techniques of transcatheter arterial embolization for renal and other
      retroperitoneal hemorrhage, and nonvascular interventions such as antegrade
      nephrostomy, stenting of urethral disruptions, percutaneous bladder drainage, and
      drainage of abscesses, hematomas, and urinomas.

PMID- 2652855
TI  - Diagnostic studies in bladder rupture. Indications and techniques.
AB  - After external trauma, the patient with bladder injury usually complains of lower
      abdominal pain and tenderness, and macroscopic or microscopic hematuria is
      usually present. Simultaneous bladder and posterior urethral rupture can occur in
      male patients, and the diagnosis of both ruptures is rarely made preoperatively.
      A delayed presentation with an acute abdomen, absence of voiding, and elevated
      blood urea nitrogen is sometimes seen in a patient injured during a prolonged
      alcoholic state or domestic beating, after which the patient is reluctant to seek
      medical attention, or with a physician misdiagnosis. In patients with pelvic
      fractures, the incidence of bladder rupture is 6 to 10 per cent. A retrograde
      cystogram with bladder filling of 400 ml of radiopaque dye followed by a washout
      film will diagnose intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal ruptures of the bladder.
      False-negative cystograms occur with penetrating injuries of the bladder when
      only 250 ml or less of contrast medium is used to fill the bladder.

PMID- 2652856
TI  - Urethrography in the diagnosis of acute urethral injuries.
AB  - Urethrography has proved to be tremendously valuable in the evaluation of
      patients with suspected acute urethral injuries. The authors review the
      techniques of examination, the anatomy, and the urethrographic classification of
      acute injuries in the male patient.

PMID- 2652857
TI  - Perineal repair of membranous urethral stricture.
AB  - Membranous urethral disruption secondary to pelvic fracture often results in an
      obliterative stricture. Most of these lesions can be repaired by a one-stage
      procedure provided certain maneuvers are accomplished to facilitate approximation
      of the bulbar to the prostatic urethra: urethral mobilization as far proximal as
      the suspensory ligament of the penis, separation of the corporal bodies, excision
      of a wedge of the inferior surface of the pubis exposed by corporal body
      separation, and on occasion, routing of the mobilized urethra around the corporal
      body. With these methods, even lengthy defects can be bridged to create a tension
      free anastomosis.

PMID- 2652858
TI  - Disruptions of the anterior urethra.
AB  - Disruptions of the anterior urethra are caused by blunt trauma such as the
      straddle injury and also by penetrating trauma such as a gunshot or ice pick.
      Sometimes, self-inflicted or iatrogenic disruptions can be brought about by
      intraluminal manipulations. In those cases in which a urethroplasty is later
      required, one has to tailor the operation to fit the situation. As with
      reconstructive procedures elsewhere in the body, one has to have a bag full of
      tricks and use the proper procedure or combination of procedures in solving the
      problem.

PMID- 2652859
TI  - Prevention of complications resulting from pelvic fracture urethral injuries--and
      from their surgical management.
AB  - Times have changed, and urology is not what it was: it is no longer possible for
      any urologist to be an in-depth expert in more than one or two of its many
      expanding subspecialist fields--such as pediatric, oncology, reconstruction and
      functional restoration, stone surgery, gynecourology, neuropathic urinary tract
      dysfunction, transplantation, fertility, and andrology, etc. Although some
      techniques for the resolution of urethral strictures, such as dilatation and
      internal urethrotomy, can be regarded as general urologic procedures, the
      problems involved in definitive urethral reconstruction should never be
      underestimated. The potentially complicated nature of a pelvic fracture urethral
      injury is entirely apparent. It is particularly important to appreciate that an
      apparently short subprostatic stricture cannot be reliably identified
      preoperatively as 'simple' and consequently appropriate for a simple perineal
      approach repair; any surgical failure to resolve a urethral distraction defect
      inevitably complicates it and may even preclude a subsequent anastomotic
      retrievoplasty. Thus, surgeons with a general urologic training who do not have
      both a special additional and ongoing experience of reconstructive procedures and
      a particular aptitude for the problems involved must be advised that "having a
      go" is not in the best interests of their patients. The prevention of
      complications is the essence of good surgery and is essentially a personal matter
      because many contrarily conceived procedures work quite satisfactorily in the
      hands of others: consequently, many of the views expressed in this communication
      are essentially personal, and references to personal publications are made to
      substantiate statements. However, no one is more conscious than I am of the
      contributions of friends and colleagues across the world who are interested in
      the most intriguing field of functional reconstruction, and I am also
      particularly grateful to the many who have most generously referred their
      patients and thus created the series on which this article is based.

PMID- 2652860
TI  - Management of amputation injuries of the male genitalia.
AB  - Modern tissue transfer techniques have drastically modified our approach to
      reconstructive surgery in general. Certainly, the management of traumatic genital
      amputation is no exception. Although the unique vascular properties of the penis
      have allowed for astonishingly good results in a number of cases of genital
      amputation injuries, it is certain that microreplantation procedures make for
      uniformly good results with a minimum of postoperative complications. After
      microreplantation, the patient is left with a penis that is cosmetically normal
      and functionally nearly normal or undetectably abnormal. Although
      microreplantation offers the best results, certainly in the case of penile
      amputation, if microreplantation technology is not available, the older corporal
      reattachment techniques should be offered.

PMID- 2652861
TI  - Penile rupture.
AB  - Rupture of the corpus cavernosum is a rare injury; the characteristic history and
      physical findings usually yield the diagnosis. Blood at the meatus, any degree of
      hematuria, and difficulty with urination are suggestive of associated urethral
      injury, which occurs in 10 to 20 per cent of patients and indicates the need for
      retrograde urethrography. A review of the literature suggests that early surgical
      repair of the tunical defect is associated with a significantly lower risk of
      persistent penile angulation, a shorter hospital stay, and more rapid functional
      return. Conservative treatment may be warranted in cases with minimal hematoma if
      cavernosography reveals no extracorporal extravasation. Complete urethral
      disruption is best managed by primary repair, whereas partial disruption can be
      managed adequately by temporary suprapubic cystostomy. By following these
      guidelines, long-term morbidity can be kept to a minimum.

PMID- 2652862
TI  - Scrotal ultrasonography and the management of testicular trauma.
AB  - The early surgical repair of testicular injuries has reduced morbidity and
      increased testicular salvage. Orchiectomy can be avoided in about 90 per cent of
      cases. Ultrasound has increased our ability to diagnose parenchymal injury
      preoperatively and thus to advise the frightened patient more authoritatively and
      assure ourselves of the necessity of surgical exploration. In most cases, the
      patient can expect a short convalescence and preservation of his injured gonad.

PMID- 2652863
TI  - Management of genital skin loss.
AB  - Figure 12 is an algorithm outlining the methods of management. In most patients,
      partial skin loss can be managed by closure with remaining local skin. Tensive
      partial loss of penile skin may require grafting. Potent patients should have
      thick split-thickness grafts or full-thickness grafts. Impotent patients should
      have coverage with meshed split-thickness grafts or scrotal flaps when available.
      Partial scrotal loss is seldom a problem, as local flaps and closure of the
      defect with the remaining scrotal skin can usually be accomplished. After total
      scrotal loss, the testicles should be placed temporarily in thigh pouches. Later,
      a new scrotum can be created with meshed split-thickness grafts or thigh-based
      cutaneous flaps. Aggressive wound care, appropriate timing of reconstruction, and
      adherence to basic principles of reconstructive surgery will result in functional
      recovery and a cosmetically acceptable appearance.

PMID- 2652865
TI  - Intravenous papaverine in constructing continent urinary reservoir.
AB  - The use of intravenous papaverine as an adjunct in the construction of a
      continent urinary reservoir is a safe and effective method to facilitate an
      important but sometimes restrictive portion of this procedure. Additionally, it
      does not seem unreasonable to extend this technique to other procedures which
      involve the use of small bowel.

PMID- 2652864
TI  - Ketoconazole high dose in management of hormonally pretreated patients with
      progressive metastatic prostate cancer. Dutch South-Eastern Urological
      Cooperative Group.
AB  - Ketoconazole high dose (H.D.) effectively reduces the testosterone production in
      both adrenals and testes. Its use in the management of (metastatic) prostate
      cancer has been advocated. Even in relapsing patients, after previous hormonal
      therapy, ketoconazole H.D. could be of value. Twenty-eight relapsing patients, of
      whom 15 were evaluable at three months, have been treated with ketoconazole H.D.
      As could be expected, objective response was seen in only a small number of
      patients followed up till nine months. Subjective improvement, however, was
      noticed in the majority of symptomatic patients. The side effects and toxicity of
      the therapy remain a major limitation for the use of ketoconazole, be it as first
      line treatment or as therapy for relapsing patients.

PMID- 2652866
TI  - Role of ultrasound in urinary incontinence evaluation.
AB  - Transrectal ultrasound was used to assess anatomic support of the urethrovesical
      junction (UVJ) in continent and stress incontinent women. UVJ drop on straining
      of less than 1 cm as assessed by transrectal ultrasound correlated well with good
      support to the UVJ. Drop of UVJ of more than 1 cm on straining correlated with
      poor support to bladder neck and stress urinary incontinence. The transrectal
      technique is quick and easy to perform and interpret.

PMID- 2652867
TI  - Inducing diuresis by ultrasound.

PMID- 2652868
TI  - Transrectal ultrasound: diagnosis and staging of prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - Transrectal ultrasound has developed into a sophisticated technology since its
      first clinical application, and ultrasound imaging is now widely accepted. When 7
      MHz scanning was introduced in 1986, improved resolution depicted an
      infrastructure of the prostate that corresponded to McNeal's 1968 concept of
      zonal prostate anatomy. McNeal's definition of three glandular zones (i.e.,
      transition, central, and peripheral) and one nonglandular region (i.e., anterior
      fibromuscular stroma) has allowed us to identify areas of anatomic weakness
      through which cancer may escape the prostate. These glandular zones have sites of
      anatomic weakness through which cancer may easily extend to the extraprostatic
      space, thus affecting eventual staging. Highly accurate, easy to perform, and
      readily accepted by patients, strategic ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy can
      accurately sample all areas within the prostate, including areas of anatomic
      weakness.

PMID- 2652869
TI  - [The role of pathology of the ORL organs in the etiology of facial pain].
AB  - An ENT practitioner often deals with facial pain. This problem has been widely
      discussed in the literature but the major issues of its etiology, pathogenesis
      and clinical development still remain unclear. Facial pain of different
      localization may be caused by ear, nose or throat inflammation, tumors, anatomic
      deviations of ENT organs, their traumatic lesions or surgical interventions or
      may be of psychogenic origin. Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of ENT
      organs in patients suffering from prosopalgias suggest that they may be
      associated with ENT pathologies. However, the relationship between ENT
      pathologies and prosopalgias have been inadequately investigated by both
      otorhinolaryngology and neurology, clinical observations have not been properly
      reviewed, and reliable conclusions have not been made. There are essentially no
      publications discussing the question as to the cases in which ENT pathologies do
      or do not cause prosopalgias. Study of prosopalgias and identification of the
      role of ENT pathologies in their genesis are very important. For all practical
      purposes it seems necessary to invite an ENT doctor to participate in the
      diagnosis and treatment of prosopalgias.

PMID- 2652870
TI  - [Otorhinolaryngologic services in the Moscow province in the pre-Revolutionary
      period].

PMID- 2652871
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of growth hormone in an acidophilic adenoma of
      the adenohypophysis in a cat.

PMID- 2652872
TI  - Bovine abortion associated with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection.

PMID- 2652873
TI  - Histopathologic and immunocytochemical studies of distemper in seals.
AB  - Thousands of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) died in European seas during 1988.
      Respiratory distress and oculonasal discharge were common clinical signs. We
      necropsied 76 affected seals. The main necropsy finding was severe pneumonia.
      Microscopic lung changes were characterized by proliferation of type II
      pneumocytes, filling of alveolar lumina with serofibrinous exudate, leukocytes,
      and macrophages, and necrosis of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium.
      Intracytoplasmic and intranuclear acidophilic inclusion bodies characteristic of
      morbillivirus infection were seen in bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells.
      Microscopic lesions of non-suppurative demyelinating encephalitis were seen in
      the brain. There was degeneration and necrosis of neurons, focal gliosis,
      perivascular cuffing, and patchy demyelination. Many neurons and astrocytes
      contained intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions. Using an immunoperoxidase
      technique, we detected morbillivirus antigen in many tissues including lung,
      brain, spleen, and urinary bladder. The origin of the seal morbillivirus is
      unknown.

PMID- 2652874
TI  - Salmonella inquiry report attacks on all fronts.

PMID- 2652875
TI  - Transmission of tuberculosis from experimentally infected cattle to in-contact
      calves.
AB  - Five of a group of six calves were inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis. Two more
      uninoculated calves were introduced to the group 84 days later. All the
      inoculated calves were subsequently shown to be excreting M bovis in nasal mucus.
      The uninoculated calf in the initial group of six became infected and
      subsequently excreted M bovis. The two uninoculated calves which were introduced
      later did not become infected. It was concluded that contact with nasal mucus
      from the infected cattle resulted in infection of the uninoculated calf and that
      the density of accommodation of animals excreting M bovis was an important factor
      in transmission of the disease.

PMID- 2652876
TI  - Non-aspirin salicylates: conversion factors for estimating aspirin equivalency.

PMID- 2652877
TI  - Hypothermia: an unusual side effect of paracetamol.
AB  - We report 4 cases of children who presented hypothermia after normal therapeutic
      doses of paracetamol. Possible mechanisms of the antipyretic action of
      paracetamol are reviewed in an attempt to explain this rather exceptional
      description. Comparison is made with other cases in the literature and the
      experiences of other Poison Control Centers.

PMID- 2652878
TI  - American Association of Poison Control Centers. Certified Regional Poison Control
      Centers.

PMID- 2652879
TI  - [Cholecystolithiasis and ultrasonography. Is "technologism" possible in
      medicine?].
AB  - The term "technologism" is used for a phenomenon where inadequate evaluation of
      the patient's condition may lead to an excessive number of auxiliary
      examinations, with a possible incorrect interpretation of their results and a
      possible inadequate final solution. On analysis of ultrasonographic examinations
      of the gallbladder the author considered as inadequate evaluation of biliary
      dyspepsia on account of the high incidence of cholecystolithiasis - 55.6% in men
      and 48.7% in women, biliary colic in men because of the low incidence of
      cholecystolithiasis - 32.0% and abdominal colic in women on account of the high
      incidence of cholecystolithiasis - 52.4%. In the final surgical treatment this
      phenomenon was not observed. The author wants to draw attention to the fact that
      a similar phenomenon may occur not only in biliary-disease and in
      ultrasonography, but also in other medical disciplines.

PMID- 2652880
TI  - [Mechanisms of the therapeutic and damaging (side effects) actions of inhalation
      aerosol therapy].
AB  - Basing on the literature and original data, the authors discuss specific features
      of a local and resorptive action of inhaled chemotherapeutic aerosols, provide
      evidence for advantages of the drugs inhalation over their introduction
      extrapulmonarily for treatment of respiration pathology. The data are presented
      on potential damage of aerosols to mucociliary clearance, air-blood barrier,
      surfactant system. Ways of these adverse effects correction are outlined. The
      authors hold that inhalations used for drug resorption should not be recommended
      for wide application until the drugs are tested for toxicity and relevant
      pharmacokinetics is studied.

PMID- 2652881
TI  - [The organization of the rehabilitation of work capacity in patients and the
      disabled in foreign countries].

PMID- 2652882
TI  - [Aleksei Romanovich Kirichinskii (on the centenary of his birth)].

PMID- 2652883
TI  - [Pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathies (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2652884
TI  - [Adaptation of pathogens of purulent infections to surface-active antiseptics].
AB  - A comparative study was carried out of adaptative capacities of microorganisms to
      antiseptic agents from the group of cationic surface-active substances (SAS) and
      antibiotics. It was established that antiseptic agents from SAS group may induce
      the appearance of resistant to them populations of microorganisms. The resistance
      acquired to one of the surface-active antiseptics spreads to other agents of this
      group. At the same time, cationic SAS reduce the frequency and rate of appearance
      of antibiotico-resistant populations of bacteria during combined use with
      antibiotics.

PMID- 2652885
TI  - [Status of carbohydrate metabolism in hyperthyroidism (review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2652886
TI  - [Changes in the catecholamine plasma level 3 months after aortocoronary bypass
      operation].
AB  - Plasma catecholamine levels were obtained during diagnostic heart catheterization
      from the pulmonary artery and aorta and, similarly, renin levels were determined
      in the pulmonary artery in 31 patients with coronary heart disease and 18 normal
      controls. 3 months after aorto-coronary bypass surgery the patients with coronary
      heart disease underwent repeat heart catheterization and the epinephrine,
      norepinephrine and renin levels were compared with those obtained before
      operation. Norepinephrine decreased in the aorta from (means +/- SEM) 475 +/- 57
      pg/ml to 360 +/- 38 pg/ml (p less than 0.001) postoperatively (controls 225 +/-
      21 pg/ml). Epinephrine decreased from 121 +/- 11 pg/ml to 108 +/- 16 pg/ml (p
      less than 0.001) postoperatively (controls 84 +/- 9 pg/ml). This shows that
      postoperative relief from myocardial ischemia is associated with normalization of
      the preoperatively elevated plasma catecholamine levels).

PMID- 2652887
TI  - [Microcirculation in parenteral Ginkgo biloba extract therapy].
AB  - 15 patients with arteriosclerotic lesions in the extracranial brain arteries,
      randomly selected, were treated with an infusion of 250 ml physiological NaCl and
      25 ml Ginkgo biloba extract (Tebonin). A second group (n = 15) received 250 ml
      NaCl without drugs stimulating blood flow. The skin microcirculation was measured
      in vivo by means of a helium-neon laser at one of the 4 extremities. Perfusion
      increased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01) in response to Ginkgo
      biloba extract als composed with the response in the control group. The results
      justify the administration of Ginkgo biloba extract in vascular diseases.

PMID- 2652888
TI  - [Principles of the Innsbruck chemotherapy schedule in bacterial infections].
AB  - Presented here are the ideas and the experimental results which led us to this
      scheme for the chemotherapy of severe bacterial infections. The approach is
      twofold, administering mainly two chemotherapeutics not concomitantly but
      alternating every four hours by means of a short-time i.v. infusion. Furthermore,
      immediately after admittance and even before the outbreak of an infection the
      patients' bacterial spectrum of wounds, the pharynx or the urine is monitored by
      carrying out bacteriological tests. These prophylactic diagnostics allow the
      identification of a dangerous proliferation of germs even before the outbreak of
      a florid infection. Therefore, an early chemotherapy can be put into practice
      considering the available evaluations of resistance studies.

PMID- 2652889
TI  - [Mechanisms of action of chemotherapeutic drugs--microcalorimetric studies].
AB  - The technique of microcalorimetry allows observation of the effects of
      antimicrobial agents on bacterial metabolism without interruption. In contrast to
      the traditional methods, microcalorimetry assesses the thermal activity rather
      than the multiplication of bacteria. With one exception - polymyxins show a rapid
      fall of the power-time-curve to the zeroline, just like disinfectants - one can
      clearly differentiate bacteriocidal chemotherapeutics from bacteriocidal
      disinfectants using microcalorimetry. Bacteriocidal chemotherapeutics are not
      able to put an immediate stop to the metabolic activity of the bacteria.

PMID- 2652890
TI  - [The kinetics of bacterial killing by fluctuating concentrations of antibiotics].
AB  - Differences in kill kinetics and the regrowth pattern of bacteria under the
      influence of various antibiotics are frequently not represented by their MIC
      values. The area under the concentration curve represents antimicrobial activity
      more accurately than the peak concentration. Readministration of antibiotics
      should occur prior to bacterial regrowth for optimal efficacy. When administering
      combinations of antibiotics non-simultaneous dosing is superior to simultaneous
      administration.

PMID- 2652891
TI  - [Rational dosing intervals in streptococcal infections of the pharynx].
AB  - Optimum therapy of streptococcal pharyngitis is still a matter of great debate.
      Kill kinetics of streptococci group A were investigated under the influence of
      fluctuating concentrations of penicillin V, ampicillin, cefalexin and
      erythromycin. Antibiotic concentrations in our in vitro model were adjusted to
      concentrations found in vivo in tonsillar tissue, penicillin V showed superior
      antimicrobial activity to ampicillin, cefalexin and erythromycin. Only the eight
      hourly administration of concentrations determined after the in vivo
      administration of either 100,000 IU/kg BW penicillin or 100 mg/kg BW of
      ampicillin or cefalexin effectively eradicated streptococci in the kinetic model.
      beta-lactamase forming bacteroides did not interfere with the elimination of
      streptococci by non beta-lactamase stable antibiotics. These data suggest that
      penicillin V constitutes the optimum choice of antibiotic. Efficient eradication
      can be achieved by the administration of a total daily dosage of 100,000 IU/kg BW
      at 8 hourly intervals.

PMID- 2652892
TI  - [Selection of physiologic bacterial flora by chemotherapeutic agents].
AB  - A variety of antimicrobial agents has been shown to induce alterations in the
      bacterial homeostasis of the human microflora. Although the role of the normal
      flora is still poorly understood, there is evidence that alterations in the flora
      have a number of important clinical consequences. The normal flora acts as a
      natural defence against colonization or infection with pathogens. In addition,
      the altered flora may assume importance as a reservoir of potential pathogens.
      Thus, antibiotic-induced colonization predisposes patients to subsequent
      endogenous infections with these organisms which, in turn, have been rendered
      partially or totally resistant to formerly highly active agents. Broad spectrum
      antimicrobials with a high degree of biliary elimination show a marked impact on
      the faecal flora. Susceptible enteric bacteria are eliminated within 48 hours and
      are replaced by enterococci and Candida albicans. Recolonization occurs after
      discontinuation of therapy by multiresistant organisms like
      Klebsiella/Enterobacter and Pseudomonas. Oral antibiotics also lead to
      substantial alterations in the composition and resistance patterns of the faecal
      flora. In clinical medicine we should be aware of the substantial alterations of
      the human microflora which may accompany the use of antimicrobial agents.

PMID- 2652893
TI  - [Infectious complications in the early phase following kidney transplantation].
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 533 patients receiving kidney transplantation was
      performed to study the incidence of infection in the early postoperative period.
      Mostly localized in the lungs and renal system, bacterial complications arose in
      133 patients. As compared with the unproblematic management of the urinary tract
      infections, 45 pulmonary infections were characterized by difficulties in
      diagnosis and treatment. Poor graft function was closely related to pulmonary
      infections: mean creatinine was 2.4 mg% (in patients without pneumonia - 1.5
      mg%). Out of 45 patients with pneumonia, the graft failed in 16 patients. 6
      patients died as a result of pneumonia. Rapid detection of the pathogenic
      organism is required, if necessary by invasive diagnosis. The administration of
      erythromycin before identification of the responsible pathogen may be indicated,
      in view of the fatal outcome in several patients subsequently diagnosed as having
      Legionella infection.

PMID- 2652894
TI  - [Recent biochemical viewpoints on the development of tumors and the effect of
      nutrition].
AB  - DNA-analyses of the cytoblasts in many types of tumour cells show that in a
      considerable part an activation of certain protooncogens by mutation,
      translocation, amplification or deletion is present. Thus a dysregulation of the
      transcription is evoked. Changes in the structure of the protooncogens may be
      induced by numerous connections which are partly taken with the food and may be
      formed in the gastro-intestinal tract, respectively. In many forms of tumours an
      immunosuppression develops. In experimental animals the development of a tumour
      after administration of a carcinogen is furthered by a large content of the food
      of multifariously unsaturated fatty acids of certain chain length. A permanently
      unphysiologically high consumption of fat as well as of meat rich in fat and of
      sausages with simultaneously small intake of fruit and vegetables increases the
      risk of the formation of tumours of the colon and of the lactiferous gland.
      Aspects of the tumour prophylaxis concerning the physiology of nutrition are
      discussed.

PMID- 2652895
TI  - [The history of the Halle Ars medica Judaica. II. The beginnings of Jewish
      medical education].
AB  - In the 18th century the University of Halle became the central point of approach
      of Jewish students of medicine. To the end of the century more than 60 doctor's
      diplomas were given to Jewish candidates by the Faculty of Medicine of Halle
      University. The decisions of restriction which at the beginning were valid also
      here were gradually loosened. In 1784 the examination process was assimilated to
      that one of the Christian graduates.

PMID- 2652896
TI  - [Therapy strategy in bleeding esophageal varices].
AB  - In the therapeutic regimen in the haemorrhage of the oesophageal varices the
      sclerotherapy part from measures for the combat against shock and prophylaxis of
      the liver coma occupies a central position both for control of haemorrhage and
      for avoiding recidivations of haemorrhages. Advantages of the method are the
      relatively good efficacy, the small rate of serious complications and a
      relatively good practicability. Furthermore, liver function, portal circulation
      and course of the in most cases underlying liver cirrhosis are not negatively
      influenced. On the basis of the hiherto got experiences the value of the
      prophylactic sclerosation of oesophageal varices before a bleeding cannot yet be
      reliably assessed.

PMID- 2652897
TI  - [Indications and results of orthotopic heart transplantation in coronary heart
      disease].
AB  - In parallel to increasing numbers of orthotopic heart transplantations performed
      during recent years, the proportion of patients with preexisting ischemic
      cardiomyopathy (ICM) enlarged. The present study examined peri- and postoperative
      risk factors and the prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease after
      orthotopic heart transplantation in comparison to a group with dilatated
      cardiomyopathy (DCM). This comparison revealed a higher risk of severe rejection
      episodes in patients with coronary artery disease, whereas infections were not
      more frequent. Graft atherosclerosis was found in a higher incidence in patients
      with preexisting ICM than in the DCM group. The overall incidence of graft
      atherosclerosis was less than 10% at one and at two years after orthotopic heart
      transplantation. Postoperative renal function was more impaired in the group of
      ICM patients, although blood levels of cyclosporine A were lower in this group.
      In the ICM group one and two year survival rates were 75% and 74%, respectively.
      Although survival rates are lower in this patient group, if compared to DCM
      patients (84% and 83%), orthotopic heart transplantation seems to be acceptable
      therapeutic alternative for endstage coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2652898
TI  - [Aluminum-induced osteopathy--pathogenetic mechanisms].
AB  - The causal connection of aluminium accumulation in the organism and of toxic
      aluminium effects on the bone metabolism is at present regarded as extensively
      ascertained. On the other hand, there is no final consent about the fact which
      exact pathomechanisms are the basis of the aluminium effects. Apart from the
      direct interaction of aluminium with osseous transformation processes influences
      of the aluminium load of the body on significant, modulating the bone turnover
      extraosseous factors could be proved. Discussions about the complex pathogenetic
      principles of aluminium-induced bone changes concentrate themselves upon
      inhibitory effects of aluminium in the process of mineralisation, upon immediate
      toxicity of aluminium on the bone cells, potential interactions between aluminium
      and changed NSD-function as well as the influence of the aluminium accumulation
      on the vitamin-D-balance.

PMID- 2652899
TI  - [Type 2 Streptococcus suis (R-Streptococci) as pathogens of occupational
      diseases. Report of a case and a review of the literature].
AB  - Report on the second human case of a Streptococcus suis type 2 (group R
      streptococci) infection in the GDR. The patient, a 33-year-old butcher, fell ill
      with an acute meningitis and an initial myocarditis. Group R streptococci were
      isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and blood. The patient was treated with
      penicillin G, ampicillin and gentamicin, followed by trimethoprim-sulfamerazine.
      Both, meningitis and myocarditis disappeared and the patient recovered
      completely. The disease was recognized as an occupational disease. Review of the
      literature. Since 1968 108 cases of human S.suis type 2 infections were
      described, mostly as meningitis. In most of the cases a close contact to pigs
      could be confirmed.

PMID- 2652900
TI  - [In which sonographic thyroid gland findings is scintigraphy unnecessary?].
AB  - The indication for the scintigraphy of the thyroid gland can essentially be
      restricted by the primary application of sonography. Indications for the
      scintigraphy of the thyroid gland are: Suspicion to malignity and autonomy as
      well as the clarification of restrosternal strumata and euthyroid strumata with
      multiple nodes.

PMID- 2652901
TI  - The peracetic acid/low pressure cold sterilization--a new method to sterilize
      corticocancellous bone and soft tissue.
AB  - A method is introduced which allows a positive cold sterilization of central
      contaminated tissue grafts. It consists in the combined use of peracetic acid,
      low pressure, and antibiotic rinse.

PMID- 2652902
TI  - [Ascending infection in pregnancy as a cause of premature labor].
AB  - Prematurity still remains one of the major problems in perinatology causing high
      rates of perinatal mortality and morbidity. A growing body of evidence suggests
      that ascending infections during pregnancy can cause premature labor in some
      cases. The future has to show, if early diagnosis and treatment of genital
      infections in pregnancy will reduce the prematurity rate.

PMID- 2652903
TI  - [Histologic placenta findings in prolonged pregnancy: correlation of placental
      retarded maturation, fetal outcome and Doppler sonographic findings in the
      umbilical artery].
AB  - In 253 postterm pregnancies we investigated the correlation between retarded
      placental maturation, mode of delivery and fetal outcome and tried to answer the
      question, whether it is possible to estimate placental risk antenatal with pulsed
      doppler ultrasound of an umbilical artery. Villus maturation was determined by
      the criteria of Becker and the results were classified into 3 groups: Normal
      maturity, regionally or disseminated retarded maturation. In the latter group we
      found the highest rate of cesarean sections for fetal distress and a high
      neonatal morbidity. The birth weight was lower compared to the cases with normal
      placental maturity. As an index of placental resistance we determined the (A-B)/A
      quotient of an umbilical artery with pulsed doppler ultrasound. The Resistance
      Index was increased when the placental maturation was retarded. In 60% of cases
      with pathological umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms we found disseminated
      retarded placental maturation, whereas this occurred only in 6% of cases with
      normal flow.

PMID- 2652904
TI  - Late spontaneous disappearance of fetal ascites of unknown origin.
AB  - The reported case demonstrates the possibility that massive fetal ascites may
      spontaneously disappear even in late pregnancy.

PMID- 2652905
TI  - [Endothelial functions in cardiovascular diseases].
AB  - In recent years it has become apparent that endothelial cells have important
      implications in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone, vascular
      permeability and platelet reactivity. One important physiological feature of
      these cells is the formation of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF).
      This short-lived compound is a potent vascular smooth muscle relaxant and it also
      inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion to the vessel wall. Its active
      principle seems to be nitric oxide (NO), and consequently it can be regarded as
      the "endogenous nitrovasodilator". In addition to EDRF, endothelial cells
      synthesize prostacyclin which also has platelet antiaggregatory and vasodilator
      properties. A reduced effectiveness of the EDRF mechanism is implicated,
      especially in those events of the vascular pathophysiology associated with an
      increased vascular tone or vasospasm. For example, a reduced production and/or
      action of EDRF has been found in animal models of atherosclerosis as well as in
      atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. In addition, prostacyclin production is
      reduced under these conditions. In different animal models of hypertension and
      diabetes mellitus, endothelium-mediated relaxation is also found to be reduced.
      In addition, under certain pathophysiological conditions, the endothelium seems
      to produce vasoconstrictor material.

PMID- 2652906
TI  - [Mechano- and impedance cardiography parameters in patients with heart failure in
      administration of a calcium antagonist. The significance of the Heather index].
AB  - By means of impedance- and mechanocardiography the effect of the calcium-channel
      blocker nisoldipine on the circadian course of hemodynamic parameters was
      measured in a placebo-controlled randomized double-blind study in 18 patients
      with heart failure (NYHA II). A significant effect of nisoldipine on left
      ventricular function was observed after 2 h but not any more 6 h following the
      administration of the drug. This effect was expressed by a reduction of the pre
      ejection period (PEPc) and PEP/LVET in the systolic time intervals (STI) and a
      rise in stroke volume (delta V) and cardiac output (CO), as well as an increase
      of the Heather-index in impedance cardiography (ICG). In ICG the Heather-index
      proved to be a more reliable parameter of left ventricular function than the
      calculation of stroke volume and cardiac output, respectively. This is probably
      due to the fact that the distance between the electrode (L) is not considered for
      the Heather-index, while it has to be taken into account for determining stroke
      volume and cardiac output. When performing impedance cardiography in the elderly,
      the distance between the electrodes may be a source of error because of a lack of
      cooperation, possible underlying corpulance, or due to a restricted motility of
      the chest or the vertebral column. In these patients the Heather-index should be
      preferred to the calculation of stroke volume and cardiac output, whereas in
      healthy subjects the latter parameters seem to be of sufficient validity.

PMID- 2652907
TI  - [Conversion of inactive renin to active renin following acute angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension and renovascular
      hypertension].
AB  - The physiological role of inactive renin, especially the question of whether and
      how a conversion to active renin takes place in vivo, remains controversial. In
      order to show the dynamic alterations from inactive to active renin following
      acute ACE-inhibition, both forms of renin were investigated in both renal veins
      and the peripheral circulation of 20 patients with essential hypertension and 20
      patients with renovascular hypertension before and 1 h after 25 mg of captopril.
      Active and inactive renin were determined indirectly as plasma renin activity
      (PRA, unit: ng/ml x h). In vitro activation of inactive renin was achieved with
      trypsin (1 mg/ml plasma), followed by a further determination of PRA (= total
      renin). Subtraction of the active renin from the total renin yields the amount of
      inactive renin. In patients with essential hypertension, the mean values of
      active renin increase equally in both renal veins (1.4 and 1.3 before, 1.9 and
      1.8 after captopril) and the peripheral circulation (0.9 and 1.3) (p less than
      0.002), whereas the inactive renin decreases correspondingly. Renal veins: 7.6
      and 8.2 before, 7.2 and 7.6 after captopril; peripheral circulation: 7.7 before
      and 7.0 after captopril (p less than 0.05). In all patients with renovascular
      hypertension, there is basally a marked lateralization of active renin (6.4 vs
      3.5; p less than 0.01) and inactive renin (20.5 and 18.9, p less than 0.03)
      towards the side of the ischemic kidney. After captopril, the values for total
      renin and active renin increase (p less than 0.001), and the side difference for
      active renin becomes still more pronounced (33.0 vs 14.2; p less than
      0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2652908
TI  - [The importance of the works of I. P. Razenkov for the development of clinical
      gastroenterology].
AB  - Clinical implications of I. P. Razenkov's studies are reviewed. The clinical
      significance of I. P. Razenkov's conclusions on the relationship between nervous
      and humoral regulation of digestive organs, on the role of the intestinal phase
      of gastric secretion, relationships between the activities of various digestive
      organs, and between their structure and function, as well as the relationship
      between different digestive functions, is discussed. I. P. Razenkov's
      contribution to the development of dietology is also demonstrated.

PMID- 2652909
TI  - [Research on the motor-evacuatory functions of the gastrointestinal tract
      performed under the guidance of I. P. Razenkov].

PMID- 2652910
TI  - [I. P. Razenkov and his contribution to the development of Soviet physiology (on
      the centenary of the birth of I. P. Razenkov)].

PMID- 2652911
TI  - [The importance of the works of I. P. Razenkov for the development of modern
      concepts of adaptation processes in the digestive system].
AB  - Basing on I. P. Razenkov's works, devoted to the problem of adaptation of gastro
      intestinal tract of animals and man to various food diets, the authors made an
      attempt to assess modern notions on adaptive activity of the digestive system.

PMID- 2652912
TI  - [Inhibitors of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes].

PMID- 2652913
TI  - [The works of I. P. Razenkov--sources of modern concepts of the nondigestive
      functions of the digestive glands].
AB  - An important part of I. P. Razenkov's works on physiology and pathology of
      digestion were devoted to excretory activity of the alimentary glands and the
      participation of the alimentary tract in metabolism. In this article, modern
      findings on the multifunctionality of the alimentary glands are reviewed as a
      development of those studies. It is pointed out that hormones are part of their
      secretions, while enzymes are increted by the alimentary glands. These findings,
      including those of ours, are discussed in the light of the excretory conception
      of the origin of secretion and the principle of plurality of modern functionalism
      (A. M. Ugolev). Several pathways and mechanisms of participation of the
      alimentary tract in systemic metabolism, including the role of its regulatory
      peptides and enzymes, are demonstrated.

PMID- 2652914
TI  - [The role of the gastrointestinal tract in metabolism: the confirmation and
      further development of the ideas of I. P. Razenkov].
AB  - According to the conception proposed by I. P. Razenkov, in addition to digestion
      proper, the gastro-intestinal tract is responsible for processes directly
      supporting metabolism. This conception has provided the basis for the modern
      concept of the circulation of a great amount of endogenous nutrients, proteins in
      particular, between blood and the digestive tract, which enriches and corrects
      the composition of exogenous proteins. Hepato-intestinal circulation of
      substances is a similar process too. Studies of active adaptations of the
      digestive glands to qualitative changes in nutrition have provided another
      evidence in its favor. There are several pathways to connect gastrointestinal
      tract with metabolism, according to the data accumulated up to now. In addition
      to the above-mentioned ones, they include gastro intestinal participation in
      hormonal control metabolism, excretory processes, biochemical activity of normal
      intestinal flora, etc. A rapidly progressing area of experimental and clinical
      research, dealing with the role of dietary fibres in nutrition is directly rooted
      in I. P. Razenkov's views and perfectly confirms their validity.

PMID- 2652915
TI  - [Principles of the design of medical consultation systems based on the use of
      diagnostic indexes].

PMID- 2652917
TI  - [Soviet memorial medals dedicated to the scientists of the Academy of Medical
      Sciences of the USSR and its scientific institutions].

PMID- 2652916
TI  - [Substantiation and use of a new method of transorganic oxygen preservation of
      the kidneys].
AB  - A new method has been developed for effective normobaric transorganic oxygen
      preservation of the kidneys. According to this method, oxygen is insufflated
      simultaneously through an artery, a vein and a ureter. A portable autonomously
      operated device has been developed and used successfully for its clinical
      application. In experimental conditions, transorganic oxygen preservation ensures
      viability of the preserved kidney for up to 48 hours, with immediate post
      transplantation recovery of renal function, and for 72 hours, with delayed
      functional recovery. The success of transorganic oxygen preservation was
      controlled by cellular metabolism assessment. Changes in adenylic acid
      components, lactic acid and lipid peroxidation products were measured in renal
      tissue. In clinical conditions, the outcome of transplantation could be predicted
      with high probability on the basis of intraoperative transplant hemodynamic
      studies. Two groups of patients were compared: 43 patients to whom a cadaver
      kidney, preserved by transorganic oxygenation for up to 52 hours, was
      transplanted, and recipients of contralateral kidneys, obtained from the same
      donors and preserved in Eurocollins solution for not more than 26 hours without
      perfusion. Preservation by transorganic oxygenation was shown to be preferable
      when clinical results were analysed.

PMID- 2652918
TI  - Mapping and characterizing a new DNA replication mutant in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - A detailed characterization of the mak1-3 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      has been made possible by modifying its genetic background. The mak1-3 mutation,
      which confers temperature sensitivity for growth, was originally identified as
      one of four mak1 mutations (Wickner and Leibowitz, 1976). Mak1-1, 1-2 and 1-4
      mutants are deficient in DNA topoisomerase I activity and thus have been renamed
      'top1' (Thrash et al., 1984). Studies presented here show that the map position
      of MAK1-3 on chromosome XVI distinguishes it from TOP1 which maps on chromosome
      XV (Wickner and Leibowitz, 1976). An investigation of in vivo macromolecular
      synthesis in the mak1-3 mutant shows that it is deficient in DNA replication at
      the restrictive temperature. Experiments in which DNA synthesis was measured in
      synchronized cell populations indicate that the mak1-3 mutant is deficient in the
      initiation step of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, crude extracts from the mak1-3
      mutant cells support temperature-sensitive in vitro DNA synthesis on yeast
      chromosomal DNA replication origin containing plasmid pARS1, suggesting that the
      MAK1 gene product is directly required for in vitro DNA replication. The
      conclusion that mak1-3 is a newly identified DNA replication mutation is based on
      the observations that it (1) complements all DNA synthesis mutants examined, (2)
      maps to a previously undetected chromosomal location and (3) has a distinct
      terminal morphology. In light of these distinctions and of the role mak1-3 plays
      in DNA replication, it has been renamed 'dna1'.

PMID- 2652919
TI  - Two pathways of DNA double-strand break repair in G1 cells of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - G1 cells of the diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are known to be capable of
      a slow repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) during holding the cells in a non
      nutrient medium (Luchnik et al., 1977; Frankenberg-Schwager et al., 1980). In the
      present paper, S. cerevisiae cells gamma-irradiated in the G1 phase of the cell
      cycle are shown to be capable of fast repair of DNA DSB; this process is
      completed within 30-40 min of holding the cells in water at 28 degrees C. For
      this reason, the kinetics of DNA DSB repair during holding the cells in a non
      nutrient medium are biphasic, i.e., the first, 'fast' phase is completed within
      30-40 min, whereas the second, 'slow' phase is completed within 48 h. Mutations
      rad51, rad52, rad54 and rad55 inhibit the fast repair of DNA DSB, whereas
      mutations rad50, rad53 and rad57 do not significantly influence this process. It
      has been shown that the observed fast and slow repair of DNA DSB in the G1
      diploid cells of S. cerevisiae are separate pathways of DNA DSB repair in yeast.

PMID- 2652920
TI  - Increase in gene expression by respiratory-deficient mutation.
AB  - Respiratory-deficient mutants (rho- cells) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced
      about 10 times as much human (h-) lysozyme as did wild-type strains (rho+ cells)
      when the GAL10 promoter was used in an expression plasmid with the h-lysozyme
      gene. Introduction of intact mitochondria into the rho- cells resulted in a
      significant decrease in the production of h-lysozyme, indicating that the rho-
      mutation increased the expression of the h-lysozyme gene. The copy number of the
      expression plasmid was not responsible for the increased expression. The level of
      h-lysozyme mRNA in the rho- cells was also much higher than that in the rho+
      cells especially at the stationary phase. The increased expression of the h
      lysozyme gene was also observed when a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
      gene promoter and the PHO5 promoter were used in the expression plasmid. The rho-
      mutation also increased the expression of the PHO5 gene under the control of the
      HIS5 promoter in a plasmid and the ACT1 gene in the yeast chromosome, but did not
      increase the expression of the ribosomal RNA gene. In contrast to the rho-
      mutants, pet mutants did not show higher gene expression compared with wild-type
      strains.

PMID- 2652921
TI  - [The Intersalt study: results and perspectives].
AB  - The recently published Intersalt Study comprising 10,079 participants from 52
      study centers in 32 countries demonstrated that the simple linear relationship so
      far postulated for the association between electrolytes and hypertension is
      history. In addition overweight and alcohol consumption make an independent
      contribution to the level of individual blood pressures. The study results have
      to be interpreted carefully in the framework of a differentiated epidemiologic
      analysis.

PMID- 2652922
TI  - [Adenocarcinoma of the paranasal sinuses: the situation in Switzerland and
      Geneva].
AB  - Eight cases of adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity and sinuses were diagnosed in
      the ENT Clinic in Geneva during the period 1965-87. Five of these patients were
      carpenters and are the object of a detailed clinical and epidemiological
      analysis. From a review of the literature, it appears that the incidence of the
      disease in Switzerland is underestimated and that the professional risk for
      certain types of work is still unclear. Evaluation of the scope of this problem
      on a national scale and an increased awareness of the medial profession seem
      worthwhile.

PMID- 2652923
TI  - Molecular immunoregulation: the dawn of a new era.

PMID- 2652924
TI  - Immunoregulatory cytokines and cell growth.

PMID- 2652925
TI  - Interleukin-4: molecular structure and biochemical characteristics, biological
      function, and receptor expression.

PMID- 2652926
TI  - The immunobiology of interleukin-5.

PMID- 2652927
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to oncogene encoded proteins. Immunologic modulation of
      cell growth, differentiation, and function.

PMID- 2652928
TI  - Monokines, lymphokines, and the brain.

PMID- 2652929
TI  - Differential regulation of the two IL-2-binding proteins. Physiological
      consequences.

PMID- 2652930
TI  - The human interleukin-2 receptor. Structure and molecular regulation.

PMID- 2652931
TI  - The molecular and cellular biology of interleukin-3.

PMID- 2652933
TI  - [Immunohistochemical antigen detection in dried tissue samples].
AB  - Investigations were carried out on dried tissue samples for the identification of
      ABH antigens and human hemoglobin using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique
      (PAP). Samples from various organs were stored at room temperature over a period
      of 1 year and periodically examined immunohistochemically. By means of a
      rehydration medium, blood group and species identification were successfully
      demonstrated in the complete experimental series.

PMID- 2652934
TI  - ABO blood grouping of hairs using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique.
AB  - Fifty-nine hair specimens obtained from human autopsies and volunteers were used
      for the determination of ABO blood group substances using the ABC (Avidin-Biotin
      Complex) technique. Positive staining for A, B and H blood group substances was
      detected only in the medulla of the hairs. Blood group antigens could not be
      detected in seven hair specimens because they possessed no medulla. Forty-seven
      specimens obtained from fresh cadavers and volunteers gave the correct results
      corresponding to the blood group of the donor, but some specimens from
      individuals of blood group A2, Le(a + b-) showed weak reaction with anti-A and
      strong reaction with anti-H. The staining intensity with anti-B and -H in some
      individuals of blood group AB was stronger than with anti-A serum. Five hair
      specimens obtained from decomposed bodies were also examined. The blood group
      antigens could be specifically detected in hairs obtained from two exhumed and
      one putrid body, but no positive reactions were obtained from two cases of
      drowning where the bodies had been in the sea for about 6 months. In a blind
      trial, hair specimens from 28 individuals were also examined. Twenty-two
      specimens which possessed a medulla gave the correct result. Six specimens gave
      no result because they possessed no medulla.

PMID- 2652935
TI  - Light-microscopic examination of ABH and Lewis antigens in human tracheal and
      epiglottic glands using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique.
AB  - The localization of ABH and Lewis antigens was examined in formalin-fixed,
      paraffin-embedded human tracheal and epiglottic glands using monoclonal anti A,
      B, H, Lea and Leb antibodies. The mucous cells of the glands showed reactivity
      with antibodies corresponding to the respective ABO blood groups of the tissue
      donors. The mucous cells from one blood group A, Le(a-b-) individual showed no
      reactivity with any antibodies and those from another blood group A, Le(a-b-)
      individual showed reactivity only with anti A antibody. In individuals from blood
      group Le(a + b-) of all ABO groups, the mucous cells reacted exclusively with
      anti Lea. In blood group O, Le(a-b+) individuals, the mucous cells showed intense
      reaction with anti H and Leb antibodies and weak to moderate reactivity with anti
      Lea. In Le(a-b+) individuals of A1, B and A1B blood groups, the mucous cells
      showed strong reactivity with anti A and/or B antibodies, moderate with anti Leb,
      weak or no activity with anti Lea and absent with anti H. In blood group A2 Le(a
      b+) individuals, the mucous cells stained with anti A were weakly stained or
      completely unstained with anti H antibody, but cells negative with anti A gave
      strong positive reactions with anti H antibody.

PMID- 2652932
TI  - [Central pontine myelosis. Morphology and forensic importance].
AB  - Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) evidently occurs more frequently than had been
      assumed up to now owing to the cases that have been substantiated solely on the
      basis of pathological anatomy. Its genesis is still unclarified. Computed
      tomography and magnetic resonance methods allow detection of the foci while the
      affected person is still alive. They are clearly capable of regression and are
      not automatically accompanied by a poor prognosis. Since an iatrogenic factor
      (forced compensation of hyponatremia) is increasingly under discussion as the
      cause of CPM, the condition also has substantial significance from a forensic
      point of view. On the basis of a prospective study on CPM confirmed in 100 brains
      of alcoholics, as well as 4 further cases from the forensic autopsy material, it
      is shown that hyponatremia is not likely to be the sole triggering factor. The
      course of the condition in the cases investigated shows that the capacity for
      action may be preserved up to death (which has occurred for other reasons) in not
      very pronounced CPM. In questionable violent and other unclear deaths, CPM must
      also be considered a possible cause of death. The various hypotheses on its
      etiology in the extensive literature are compared with the findings in our own
      cases and discussed.

PMID- 2652936
TI  - [Coexistence of polymyalgia rheumatica/temporal arteritis and chronic
      polyarthritis].
AB  - Prompted by one of our own case studies, which we report here, we reviewed the
      literature for coincidence of rheumatoid arteritis (RA) with polymyalgia
      rheumatica (PMR) and temporal arteritis (TA), respectively. The indicative
      feature of this uncommon condition was found in 13 cases, whereas in 70 other
      cases reported, the diagnosis of combined RA and PMR/TA was probable. Diagnostic
      criteria for determining combined RA and PMR/TA will be discussed, as well as the
      clinical important feature of senile RA.

PMID- 2652937
TI  - [Joint involvement in polymyalgia rheumatica/temporal arteritis].
AB  - The coincidence of arthritis with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) or temporal
      arteritis (TA) is not well established. After reviewing the literature we found
      that 22% of patients suffering from PMR/TA present with additional signs of
      inflammatory joint involvement. Joints predominantly affected are the sternal
      junctions, knee and shoulder joints, and the wrists, involvement of the latter
      frequently resulting in carpal tunnel syndrome. With the exception of sternal
      junctions, bony erosions are rarely seen. In most cases, synovitis is mild,
      pauciarticular, asymmetrical, transient and not destructive. Little evidence for
      inflammatory involvement of spine or sacroiliac joints was found, thus, back pain
      in these patients should be considered as caused by osteoporosis of the spinal
      column, mostly due to prolonged corticosteroid treatment.

PMID- 2652938
TI  - [Topical use of salicylic acid esters in pharmacotherapy--pharmacologic
      principles].
AB  - The local application of 2-hydroxyethyl salicylic acid esters and ether salicylic
      acid esters offers the possibility of therapy with salicylic acid that avoids a
      systemic burden of the body. This justifies the unavoidable uptake of ethylene
      glycol. Under therapeutic conditions and following guidelines for the recommended
      amount and frequency of application, the amount of ethylene glycol taken into the
      organism appears to be without risk for the user.

PMID- 2652939
TI  - [Components of the extracellular tissue matrix as potential "markers" of
      connective tissue, cartilage and bone metabolism in diseases of the locomotor
      system].
AB  - Inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases are characterized by active
      degradation of the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage, bone and
      connective tissue. At the same time, specific changes in the neosynthesis of
      extracellular matrix components are seen. Thus, quantitative measurement of
      matrix related compounds and their metabolites in body fluids might provide a
      specific and sensitive tool for evaluating connective tissue involvement in
      rheumatic joint disease. The different components are linked to and may as such
      reflect different pathways of the pathological process, e.g.: Serum hyaluronan
      and serum procollagen type III peptides: fibroblast activation, early and late
      stage, respectively fibroproliferative tissue reaction. Synovial proteoglycans
      and glycosaminoglycans: degradation of proteoglycans derived from the
      extracellular matrix of cartilage; degree and activity of articular cartilage
      destruction. Serum keratan sulphate: proteoglycan metabolism (?). Urinary hydroxy
      pyridinium crosslinks (pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline): degradation of mature
      cartilage and bone collagens; cartilage and bone catabolism. Cross-sectional and
      longitudinal clinical studies have shown that the quantitative measurement of
      some of these components may be of relevance in monitoring connective tissue
      disease. Further prospective studies are needed to prove the definite value of
      extracellular matrix-related components in early diagnosis and follow up of
      rheumatic joint and bone disease.

PMID- 2652940
TI  - [PUVA treatment of organ transplants--experimental and clinical results].
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of a pretreatment of
      the heart and kidney donor with the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen plus ex
      vivo longwave ultraviolet irradiation of the graft (PUVA) on survival time and
      immunogenicity of rat heart and kidney allografts. PUVA pretreatment
      significantly prolonged the survival of these transplants in allogenic
      recipients. Furthermore, a synergistic effect with conventional immunosuppression
      (azathioprine, cyclosporine) was demonstrated. Immunohistological studies using
      monoclonal antibodies showed a significant reduction of MHC class II antigen
      expression in heart cryostat sections after PUVA treatment. In clinical kidney
      transplantation the number of rejection episodes was significantly lower in the
      first 3 months in the PUVA-treated patient group.

PMID- 2652941
TI  - [Biochemical research in kidney transplantation].
AB  - Function and importance of biochemical research in kidney transplantation are
      presented. By selected examples of the own research work it is shown that
      fundamental and clinical-related research should be combined to a comprehensive
      scientific conception. A close cooperation with the clinician of the transplant
      center and other medical, scientific and technical disciplines are necessary to
      allow an effective biochemical research.

PMID- 2652942
TI  - [Pathology of the transplanted kidney and basic renal disease of the recipient].
AB  - Among 359 kidney transplantations performed from 1976 to 1986 at Rostock the 4
      most frequent original renal diseases were glomerulonephritis (280 x),
      pyelonephritis (74 x), diabetic nephropathy (22 x) and polycystic kidney disease
      (14 x). From 225 transplant kidneys in 284 cases pathomorphological examinations
      were performed (104 biopsies, 138 removed grafts, 42 postmortem transplant
      examinations). The most striking finding was the earlier occurrence of rejection
      in grafts from recipients with glomerulonephritis compared with pyelonephritis.
      Therefore, a more rapid and intense immune reaction could suggested in patients
      with glomerulonephritis as original renal disease.

PMID- 2652943
TI  - [Dynamic cavernosonography in the diagnosis of vascular-induced impotence].
AB  - The dynamic cavernosography using papaverine is presented and its usefulness in
      the detection of an abnormal blood outflow from the penile cavernous bodies is
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2652944
TI  - [Surgical treatment of venous-induced erectile impotence in the male].
AB  - In 14 out of 94 patients with erectile dysfunction a venous insufficiency was
      suspected. Localization and securing of the venous leak were done by dynamic
      cavernosography. An insufficient penile blood supply could excluded by Doppler
      ultrasonography and measurement of the penile-brachial artery-pressure index. In
      7 out of 13 patients treated by ligation of penile veins the erectile function
      was normalized after operation, in 4 cases an additional intracavernous injection
      therapy was necessary and in 2 patients the operation was unsuccessful. If
      impotence occurs once more due to venous collaterals the implantation of a penile
      prosthesis should considered.

PMID- 2652945
TI  - Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. A fungus producing a broad spectrum of bioactive
      metabolites.
AB  - Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon (perfect stage Gibberella fujikuroi (SAW.
      Wollenweber), an ubiquitous fungus belonging to the section Liseola (Booth), is
      one of the widespread, phytopathogenic fungi. This field fungus common on many
      crops, including rice, oats, wheat, maize, barley and soybeans was well known
      because of the ability to produce gibberellins in high quantities. Today beside
      of the very important gibberellic acid (GA3) other gibberellins such as GA4 and
      GA7 are of significance for agriculture and horticulture. Moreover, this fungus
      produces further biologically active metabolites, e.g. pigments, mycotoxins,
      phytotoxins, oestrogens and extracellular enzymes. Fusarium moniliforme strains
      are able to produce 2 pigment groups - the karotenoids and the bikaverins, the
      last of which has antibiotical activity against Leishmania brasiliensis. The
      biosynthesis of some mycotoxic substances, such as moniliformin, fusaric acid,
      fusarin C and fusariocin C, is described. From enzymes the milk-clotting rennin,
      cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes, pectinases and phenol-degrading enzymes are
      of economical interest. Therefore, Fusarium moniliforme is a source of different
      bioactive metabolites. The production is dependent on the conditions and strain
      specifity.

PMID- 2652946
TI  - [Status of the portosystemic shunt in the therapy concept of portal
      hypertension].
AB  - The 5-years-survival rate of patients with liver cirrhosis is limited to about
      25%. Still, one of the most important therapeutic procedures in case of bleeding
      oesophageal and fundic varices is a portasystemic shunt 6 randomized studies have
      been performed to compare the complete portacaval shunt with the incomplete
      splenorenal Warren-shunt: The hospital mortality rate (8-10%) and the 5-years
      survival rate (43-47%) do not differ; but the rate of postoperative
      encephalopathy significantly is higher after PCA (40-26%) and the rate of
      recurrent bleeding significantly is higher after Warren-shunt (13-6%). In case of
      massively or early recurrent bleeding, we favour an emergency PCA: the mortality
      rate amounts to 12% in case of the socalled "early operation" (after initially
      successful balloon tube or sclerotherapy, 52 patients) and 47% in case of
      "absolute emergency shunt" because of continuing bleeding (119 patients). In the
      elective situation (58 patients) we favour the Warren-shunt in elderly patients
      with diabetes mellitus, preexisting encephalopathy or Child-B-classification.

PMID- 2652947
TI  - Lectinophagocytosis mediated by bacterial surface lectins.
AB  - The evidence showing that non-opsonic recognition of bacteria by phagocytes
      involve interaction between bacterial surface lectin and sugars on the phagocytic
      cells is summarized. This process, termed lectinophagocytosis, probably occur in
      vivo as evident from experimental infections with mixed phenotypes one of which
      express mannose specific (MS) lectin which mediate lectinophagocytosis of the
      bacteria and the other does not. In all cases studied, the lectin bearing
      phenotype survived better in phagocytes-poor sites and the phenotype which does
      not express this lectin survived better in phagocytes-rich sites. Due to the
      phase variation phenomenon, an off-on switch allowing the bacterial clone to
      alternate between lectin expressing and non-expressing phenotypes, the invading
      bacteria grow as a mixture of phenotypes. The phenotype expressing fimbrial
      lectin for which receptors are accessible on phagocytic cells undergo
      lectinophagocytosis. The phenotypes not expressing fimbrial lectin or expressing
      lectin for which receptors are not available on phagocytic cells may escape
      phagocytosis and proliferate. It is postulated that pathogenesis of inflammation
      and tissue damage following infections with MS lectin bearing bacteria may be
      partly due to both bacterial proliferation resulting in the release of toxic
      products and to lectinophagocytosis associated with the release of inflammatory
      agents.

PMID- 2652949
TI  - [The isolation and identification of mycoplasmas and Chlamydia].

PMID- 2652948
TI  - Detection and interspecies-transformation of a beta-lactamase-encoding plasmid
      from Pasteurella haemolytica.
AB  - Pasteurella haemolytica-cultures, isolated from cattle with respiratory diseases,
      were investigated for their biotype, serotype, antimicrobial resistance and
      plasmid content. A plasmid encoding a beta-lactamase could be demonstrated in 9
      of 19 Pasteurella haemolytica-cultures. These 9 cultures, all belonging to
      biotype A and serotype 1, were resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, penicillin
      G and ticarcillin. The plasmid of the respective cultures proved to be identical
      upon Southern blot hybridization. It could be transformed into Escherichia coli
      490 A where it expressed again a beta-lactamase-activity.

PMID- 2652950
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of intestinal Bacteroides species by means of the
      immunofluorescence.
AB  - Rapid methods serving the detection of intestinal Bacteroides species in clinical
      specimens are of great significance. For this purpose, an identification of the
      species is possible at present only by means of immunofluorescence (IF). Using
      preparations of antigens of different intestinal Bacteroides species (B.
      fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. uniformis, B. ovatus, and B. distasonis) as
      well as immune sera prepared against them, the presented results have shown the
      possibility of specific identification of the species involved by means of direct
      and indirect IF, respectively. However, it could be demonstrated that the direct
      IF results in a more brilliant appearance of the bacteria than the indirect
      procedure. Convincing results could be obtained also in the investigation of
      clinical specimens by means of the direct IF using a pool of conjugated
      immunoglobulin fractions (sensitivity 88%, specificity 100%). Therefore, the
      direct method to detect intestinal Bacteroides species by IF should be preferred.

PMID- 2652951
TI  - Comparison of different serotests for specific Toxoplasma IgM-antibodies (ISAGA,
      SPIHA, IFAT) and detection of circulating antigen in two cases of laboratory
      acquired Toxoplasma infection.
AB  - Two symptomatic Toxoplasma infections of laboratory personnel have been
      serologically followed up for 5.5 and 10 months, respectively. Results obtained
      by commonly used test systems (indirect fluorescent antibody tests for IgG and
      IgM antibodies, complement fixation test) were compared with those of two
      recently developed and improved tests for IgM detection (immunosorbent
      agglutination assay [ISAGA] and solid-phase indirect haemadsorption assay [SPIHA]
      as well as with those of a test designed for the detection of circulating antigen
      (cag-ELISA).

PMID- 2652952
TI  - [An experimental model of pulmonary aspergillosis].
AB  - The model of experimental chronic pulmonary aspergillosis has been obtained in
      mice and guinea pigs by the intrapulmonary infection of the animals with the
      suspension of Aspergillus mycelium and spores in complete Freund's adjuvant. Such
      method of infection has made it possible to produce chronic local mycotic
      process. Morphologically, focal inflammatory changes of the lung tissue with the
      subsequent formation of a multitude of small abscesses in these areas have been
      observed as characteristic manifestations of aspergillosis.

PMID- 2652953
TI  - [Bacteriocin typing of Pseudomonas cepacia strains isolated from patients and the
      rhizosphere of plants].
AB  - The work deals with the bacteriocin typing of 34 P. cepacia strains isolated from
      different sources with respect to both the capacity of synthesizing bactericins
      and sensitivity to them. The standard set of strains comprizing 8 P. cepacia
      bacteriocin-sensitive strains and 6 highly active cepaciacin producer strains was
      used. 24 P. cepacia strains belonged to 11 different S-types, 20 strains
      synthetized cepaciacins of new types.

PMID- 2652954
TI  - [Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from children with
      acute intestinal diseases].
AB  - In this work the data obtained in the examination of 338 children with diarrhea,
      aged 5 days to 14 years, are presented. The methods used for the collection of
      samples and their storage till the moment of inoculation are described. The
      possibility of using the microscopic examination of Campylobacter-containing
      native feces is shown. The work resulted in the isolation of 85 C. jejuni and C.
      coli strains. As shown in this work, the isolation of Campylobacter depended on
      the age of children and the season. The etiological importance of Campylobacter
      for the development of acute enterocolitis and gastroenteritis in 10% of the
      children under examination is suggested.

PMID- 2652955
TI  - [Immunoenzyme analysis with visual demonstration for detecting antibodies to the
      tick-borne encephalitis virus].
AB  - Good prospects for the use of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with the simple visual
      indication of results have been shown with the detection of specific antibodies
      to tick-borne encephalitis virus in blood serum used as an example. When compared
      with such highly sensitive method as radioimmunoassay, visual EIA is inferior in
      both sensitivity and selectivity, but its special advantage is that it requires
      no instrument for evaluating the result.

PMID- 2652956
TI  - [The thyroid gland and the immune system].

PMID- 2652957
TI  - [History of the N. F. Gamaleia Institute (the F. M. Blumental' Institute)].

PMID- 2652958
TI  - Non-invasive assessment of blood vessels.

PMID- 2652959
TI  - [Personal experience with immunosuppression with cyclosporin A in kidney
      transplantation].
AB  - Nonspecific immunosuppressants have nonselective impacts, attacking the global
      human immune system. By such impacts, it is considered that selective immune
      response on implanted graft will be reduced. That would be a general therapy
      without a specific target, with toxic side effects. The application of
      nonspecific immunosuppression in transplantology has been used within well known
      immunosuppressive protocols, such as Minnesota and Massachusetts General protocol
      and many others. All those protocols are considered to be nonflexible schemes
      which are used in order to prevent the global immune response in recipients.
      Those schemes do not take into consideration the specificity and sensitivity of
      the recipients' body in each specific case. It is not necessary to emphasize that
      in period of the exclusive use of nonspecific immunosuppressants the death rate
      was higher when caused by the side effects of those. It is still early according
      to our experience, for definite conclusions regarding the advantages of
      cyclosporin suppression above the classic one.

PMID- 2652960
TI  - Pathophysiological mechanisms of thromboembolism.
AB  - The first section of this review describes the hemostatic balance as it is
      regulated at the blood-tissue interface. Endothelial cells have a nonthrombogenic
      surface during resting conditions. In diseased states, such as trauma or
      infection, the endothelial cells become perturbated and the anticoagulant
      activity is transformed into a procoagulant activity. Recent data have
      demonstrated that endothelial cells have surface receptors and the capacity for
      initiating coagulation and propagating the coagulation cascade. The second part
      of this review discusses the role of the fibrinolytic system in thromboembolism.
      Defects in the system have been found to be pathogenetic factors in postoperative
      deep vein thrombosis. Several studies have indicated that this surgical sequela
      does not occur in patients with an active fibrinolytic system. These results
      suggest that screening patients for fibrinolytic abnormalities may identify those
      persons at high risk for the development of postoperative deep vein thrombosis.

PMID- 2652961
TI  - Anesthetic risk factors.
AB  - Various patient-, surgery-, an anesthesia-related factors probably influence the
      outcome of surgical procedures. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)
      Physical Status Classification System, while a systematic approach to the
      assessment of anesthetic risk factors, considers only physical status factors and
      lacks predictive value for individual cases. Other risk-predictive factors such
      as age and sex of the patient and the type, site, and duration of surgery should
      also be included. Multifactorial approaches include both patient- and surgery
      related variables, and therefore make an individualized risk prediction possible.
      Although the choice of anesthetic agent does not appear to influence the
      incidence of complications or operative outcome, anesthetic technique and
      anesthesiologist skill are factors of some importance.

PMID- 2652962
TI  - Prophylactic methods against thromboembolism.
AB  - Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are significant hazards of surgery,
      especially in orthopedic procedures. However, the true incidence of these
      complications is unknown. Many surgeons are now using prophylactic methods to
      prevent the postoperative occurrence of thromboembolic disease. Pneumatic
      compression devices are recommended in some instances, especially in cases where
      increased bleeding could be devastating. Several pharmacologic agents are also
      used, alone or in combination with pneumatic devices. These include subcutaneous
      heparin, warfarin, dextran, and aspirin. Each agent has advantages and
      disadvantages. The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and numerous ongoing
      clinical trials are attempting to establish recommendations and guidelines for
      the use of prophylaxis against postoperative deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary
      embolism.

PMID- 2652963
TI  - Influence of regional anesthesia, local anesthetics, and sympathicomimetics on
      the pathophysiology of deep vein thrombosis.
AB  - Studies have shown that lumbar epidural and spinal anesthesia seem to offer two
      distinct clinical advantages over general anesthesia, particularly in total hip
      replacement patients. These major regional blocks reduce the frequency of deep
      vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and reduce intraoperative and
      postoperative blood losses. The beneficial effects on thromboembolism are
      probably explained by several factors, such as hyperkinetic blood flow in the
      lower legs, reduced tendency to coagulation, and improved fibrinolytic function.
      The effects of local anesthetics on leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes, and
      plasma proteins and on the interactions among various blood cells and endothelial
      cells are other factors in the protection against thromboembolism.
      Sympathicomimetic agents (i.e., epinephrine in the local anesthetic solution
      together with ephedrine given prophylactically to maintain a stable blood
      pressure) probably also play a significant role, notably on fibrinolytic
      function. The reduction in blood loss and thus in transfusion requirements may
      also be important.

PMID- 2652964
TI  - Anesthesia and gastrointestinal surgery.
AB  - Anesthesia can have various effects on the outcome of surgery, especially
      gastrointestinal procedures. Many anesthetic agents, for example, produce a fall
      in lower esophageal sphincter pressure, which can allow reflux of gastric
      contents into the lower esophagus. This can lead to potentially fatal aspiration
      of vomit. Anesthesia also alters gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and
      absorption; postoperative opiate analgesia in particular contributes to delayed
      gastric emptying. Anesthetic technique can affect the success of intestinal
      anastomosis; for example, intravenous induction agents and some inhalational
      anesthetics decrease regional blood flow, whereas regional anesthetics may act to
      increase colonic blood flow. Other aspects of anesthetic management are also
      discussed as they relate to surgical outcome; examples are the use of invasive
      monitoring in elderly patients, the importance of oxygen delivery to the
      anastomosis, and the effect of transfusion on survival after surgery for
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2652965
TI  - Postoperative pain relief and gastrointestinal motility.
AB  - Gastrointestinal motility is normally inhibited for 2-3 days after abdominal
      surgery. The methods used for postoperative pain relief may themselves also
      influence gastrointestinal function. Although parenteral and epidural
      administration of opioids delays gastric emptying and prolongs intestinal transit
      time, epidural anesthesia with local anesthetics does not influence
      gastrointestinal motility in volunteers. Clinical studies show that epidural
      anesthesia does not delay gastric emptying or prolong intestinal transit time as
      much as parenteral and epidural opioids. Therefore, for postoperative pain relief
      after abdominal surgery, epidural anesthesia with local anesthetics seems the
      best alternative to avoid or minimize adverse effects on gastric emptying and
      intestinal motility.

PMID- 2652966
TI  - Mechanisms of postoperative pulmonary dysfunction.
AB  - Postoperative pulmonary complications are not uncommon, and the factors that
      contribute to lung dysfunction are well documented. Postoperative pain, spasm,
      and paralysis are all known to reduce lung function, although relief of pain does
      not completely restore function. Rather, diaphragmatic dysfunction has been found
      to persist even with adequate pain relief. Functional residual capacity is
      reduced both by the supine position and anesthesia. During anesthesia, the
      reduced FRC can contribute to airway closure during expiration and to a
      compression atelectasis that in turn precipitates hypoxemia and infection. Muscle
      paralysis can also create or contribute to atelectasis. Microthromboembolism
      impedes perfusion distribution, adding to the other causes of a ventilation
      perfusion mismatch. Different anesthetic techniques and intraoperative management
      may help prevent or reduce the incidence of postoperative lung complications.

PMID- 2652967
TI  - The influence of anesthesia and postoperative analgesic management of lung
      function.
AB  - General anesthesia itself may influence postoperative lung function. It leads to
      a depression of the functional residual capacity, which, in combination with
      surgical trauma and postoperative pain, can provoke insufficient breathing,
      retention of bronchial secretions, and atelectasis. Regional anesthesia has no
      influence on lung function. After upper abdominal or thoracic surgery,
      postoperative epidural analgesia causes a significant increase of lung function
      as compared with systemic analgesia. The combination of regional anesthesia and
      general anesthesia intraoperatively appears to reduce lung function much less
      than general anesthesia alone.

PMID- 2652968
TI  - The influence of anesthetic methods on mental function.
AB  - The effect of anesthetic methods on mental function has been the subject of much
      discussion and debate over many years. Although it is commonly recognized that
      sedative, narcotic, and anesthetic agents have observable effects on cerebral
      function at the time of administration, more subtle and less easily detectable
      effects may persist into the postoperative period. Identifying and describing the
      effects of these drugs requires reliable and reproducible methods of measurement.
      The tests used for evaluating the effect of anesthetic methods on mental function
      are reviewed. The roles played by intraoperative and postoperative factors and
      their possible involvement in detectable decrement in mental function are
      described. Early postoperative effects of anesthetic methods on cognitive
      function are discussed, and the evidence for prolonged changes in mental function
      following anesthesia (particularly in the elderly) is reviewed.

PMID- 2652969
TI  - Anesthetic technique and surgical convalescence.
AB  - This brief review presents an update of studies on postoperative fatigue and
      convalescence and the way in which they are affected by anesthetic technique.
      Development of postoperative fatigue is related to the degree of surgical trauma,
      but not to general anesthesia, and it cannot be predicted from age, sex, duration
      of surgery, or preoperative assessment of various nutritional parameters.
      Postoperative fatigue correlates with deterioration in nutritional status and
      impaired adaptability of heart rate to orthostatic stress and bicycle exercise.
      Decreases in muscle performance and endurance are associated with postoperative
      fatigue, but psychological factors such as preoperative degree of anxiety do not
      appear to be important factors. Pain relief with regional anesthetics does not
      improve postoperative fatigue after abdominal surgery; however, no studies are
      available that evaluate the effects of regional analgesia with concomitant
      inhibition of the stress response. Controlled studies suggest that the use of
      regional anesthesia with local anesthetics reduces duration of hospitalization
      and time to ambulation. Further studies are needed to define the relative roles
      of immobilization, impaired nutritional intake, and surgical stress response in
      the pathogenesis of postoperative fatigue.

PMID- 2652970
TI  - The stress response to surgery: release mechanisms and the modifying effect of
      pain relief.
AB  - This short review updates information on the release mechanisms of the systemic
      response to surgical injury and the modifying effect of pain relief. Initiation
      of the response is primarily due to afferent nerve impulses combined with release
      of humoral substances (such as prostaglandins, kinins, leukotrienes, interleukin
      1, and tumor necrosis factor), while amplification factors include semi
      starvation, infection, and hemorrhage. The relative role of the various signals
      in producing the complex injury response has not been finally determined, but the
      neural pathway is probably most important in releasing the classical endocrine
      catabolic response, while humoral factors are important for the hyperthermic
      response, changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis immunofunction, and capillary
      permeability. The modifying effect of pain relief on the surgical stress response
      is dependent upon the technique of analgesia. However, the effect on humoral
      mediated responses is small, regardless of the technique used. Afferent neural
      blockade with local anesthetics is the most effective technique for reducing the
      endocrine-metabolic response, but only in operations in the lower part of the
      abdomen, probably because of insufficient afferent blockade during thoracic
      epidural analgesia. Systemic opiate administration, as well as non-steroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs, exert only a small modifying effect on the response. Low
      dose combined analgesic regimens may provide total pain relief, but exert no
      important effect on the stress response. In summary, pain alleviation itself may
      not necessarily lead to an important modification of the stress response, and a
      combined approach with inhibition of the neural and humoral release mechanisms is
      necessary for a pronounced inhibition or prevention of the response to surgical
      injury.

PMID- 2652971
TI  - Perioperative cardiac problems.
AB  - Cardiovascular complications of surgery--myocardial infarction (MI), chest pain,
      stroke, heart failure, and rhythm disturbances--are a major cause of post
      operative a major cause of post-operative morbidity and mortality. Numerous
      studies have been conducted on postoperative MI in diverse populations, including
      patients with previous MI and others with coronary artery disease (CAD) who have
      or have not undergone coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. This review
      presents data from a number of these studies, which attempted to identify
      predictive tools and contributing factors to postoperative MI and other ischemic
      events. These potentially predictive methods and factors include previous MI,
      hemodynamic aberrations and monitoring, drug regimens, presence of CAD, CABG
      surgery, preoperative and intraoperative ischemia, congestive heart failure,
      thallium scintigraphy, and anesthesia.

PMID- 2652972
TI  - Host defense mechanisms in surgical patients: effect of surgery and trauma.
AB  - Numerous experimental and clinical studies have documented that trauma-including
      surgery-alters the immune response, and that the response is a function of the
      magnitude of the injury or operation. The abnormalities seen after surgical
      operations on humans or animals include decreased antibody response, decreased
      neutrophil chemotaxis, decreased delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, abnormal
      neutrophil adherence, serum immunosuppressive factors, decreased fibronectin
      levels, reduced serum opsonic activity, and reduced efficacy of interleukin-2.
      These abnormalities involve all aspects of the host defense mechanisms, both the
      cellular and humoral mediators and the specific and nonspecific immune responses.
      The capacity to control these responses in surgical patients may have important
      clinical applications.

PMID- 2652973
TI  - Coronary vasomotion during anesthesia.
AB  - The incidence of perioperative myocardial ischemia and associated cardiac
      complications in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) varies widely, as
      reported in the literature. Much of the confusion and contradictions surrounding
      this issue can be attributed to differences in populations studied, study
      protocols, and techniques employed to diagnose myocardial ischemia and
      infarction. Data obtained in recent years have indicated that a large proportion
      of intraoperative myocardial ischemic events are unrelated to hemodynamic
      aberrations. Coronary vasospasm and blood flow redistribution have both been
      suggested as important mechanisms for ischemia during anesthesia and surgery in
      patients with CAD. These findings challenge our concepts of how ischemia might be
      prevented by maintaining systemic hemodynamics within "normal limits". They also
      emphasize the importance of establishing new and more sensitive methods to detect
      myocardial ischemia in the operating room and recovery area. This paper focuses
      on myocardial ischemia related to coronary vasomotion during anesthesia and
      surgery.

PMID- 2652974
TI  - Effects of anesthesia on leg blood flow in vascular surgical patients.
AB  - Studies suggest that epidural anesthesia has advantages over general anesthesia
      in patients with occlusive atherosclerotic disease undergoing vascular surgery in
      the lower limb. Epidural anesthesia allows maintenance of good hemodynamic
      stability and elicits no stress reactions. In addition, it does not compromise
      blood flow to the lower limb. Local anesthetic agents may exert potentially
      beneficial effects on the production of prostacyclin by endothelial cells, blood
      cell aggregation, and blood viscosity. All of these factors influence graft
      patency and thus the success of vascular surgery.

PMID- 2652975
TI  - [Proteinuria in normal pregnancy and in EPH gestosis].
AB  - EPH-gestosis (pre-eclampsia-eclampsia) characterized by edema, proteinuria and
      hypertension occurs primarily in the nullipara, usually after the 20th
      gestational week. As in normal pregnancy there is striking change in both renal
      blood flow and glomerular filtration rate a slight increase in urinary protein
      secretion is not considered abnormal until it exceeds 300 mg/day. Abnormal
      proteinuria commonly accompanies pre-eclampsia and may be minimal, moderate or
      severe (even exceeding greater than 25 g/l). Proteinuria was typed mainly of
      nonselective glomerular origin by using the SDS-disc-electrophoresis.
      Additionally the clearance ratio of IgG to transferrin in all patients with
      abnormal proteinuria was evaluated. In none of the patients studied the ratio was
      less than 0.1 (highly selective). As severe proteinuria is associated with fetal
      growth retardation, preterm deliveries and prenatal mortality the quantitation
      and typing of early proteinuria is essential for considering patients who are at
      risk for developing EPH-gestosis.

PMID- 2652976
TI  - [Left heart hypertrophy in arterial hypertension in relation to hemodynamic and
      humoral factors].
AB  - In patients with arterial hypertension hemodynamic as well as humoral factors may
      influence the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. We therefore
      investigated in 23 patients with long standing hypertension (11 females, 12
      males, age 50 +/- 13 years) wether left ventricular mass as determined by
      echocardiography interrelates with hemodynamic or humoral parameters. Left
      ventricular mass measured 161 +/- 51 g/m2 and correlated significantly with
      patients' age (r = 0.55, p less than 0.05) and systolic blood pressure (159 +/-
      21 mm Hg, r = 0.51, p less than 0.05) but not with diastolic blood pressure (99
      +/- 15 mm Hg, r = 0.23, not significant). Plasma renin activity was 0.6 +/- 0.6
      ng/ml/h and plasma norepinephrine levels measured 371 +/- 168 ng/l. Neither of
      these humoral parameters correlated significantly with left ventricular mass. It
      is concluded that in long standing hypertension left ventricular hypertrophy is
      determined predominantly by the elevation of systolic blood pressure and the
      patients' age.

PMID- 2652977
TI  - CSF and serum beta-2-microglobulin in HIV infection related to neurological
      dysfunction.
AB  - Elevated (greater than 2.2 mg/l) CSF beta-2-microglobulin (beta 2m) level was
      found in 9 of 16 neurologically symptomatic patients but in only 4 of 21 who were
      neurologically symptom-free (P less than 0.01). Serum beta 2m concentration was
      elevated (greater than 2.5 mg/l) in 12 of 16 neurologically symptomatic patients
      but in only 8 of 21 symptom-free patients (P less than 0.01). When the CSF and
      serum beta 2m levels were related to various stages of HIV infection, the highest
      mean values for both CSF and serum were found in patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), followed by lower values in AIDS-related
      complex (ARC), lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS), and asymptomatic seropositive
      individuals (ASX), in decreasing order of preference. Our results suggest that
      elevated beta 2m in CSF and serum is related to the stage of general HIV
      infection and that elevated CSF beta 2m in the presence of intact BBB may be
      useful in evaluating CNS involvement in HIV-infected patients.

PMID- 2652978
TI  - Altered synthesis of collagen types in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells
      during phenotypic modulation by dimethyl sulfoxide.
AB  - Synthetic activity of collagen types was examined in cultured arterial smooth
      muscle cells during modulation from synthetic to contractile phenotype by
      treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Smooth muscle cells of rabbit thoracic
      aorta cultured with a 1% supplement of DMSO for 8 days (DMSO group) predominantly
      exhibited cellular features of the contractile type with abundant microfilaments
      and a distinct basement membrane. Cultured cells in the DMSO group or in controls
      during stationary or subconfluent phase were labeled with [3H]proline for 24 h,
      and the samples including the cell layer and medium were analyzed. The
      incorporation of proline into bacterial collagenase-digestible fractions was
      increased slightly in the DMSO group. Type analysis of the collagenous protein by
      SDS-PAGE and subsequent fluorography disclosed a markedly increased ratio of type
      IV/I collagen and a slightly increased type V/I collagen ratio, as compared with
      those of controls. A decrease of type III collagen production in DMSO-treated
      cells probably due to their lower cell density was also recognized. From these
      biochemical and morphological observations, it is suggested that increased
      synthesis of minor collagen types, particularly type IV collagen, is closely
      associated with smooth muscle phenotypic expression following DMSO treatment.
      Similar cellular events may occur in smooth muscle cells migrating into the
      intima during the process of arteriosclerosis in vivo.

PMID- 2652979
TI  - Primary leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava with Budd-Chiari syndrome.
AB  - A 44-year-old Japanese woman with leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava is
      reported. She presented with Budd-Chiari syndrome and died of hepatic failure
      about 3 months after the onset of symptoms. The tumor arose from the middle
      segment of the inferior vena cava, occluded the inferior vena cava and projected
      into the right atrium. A total of 28 cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome due to primary
      leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava are reviewed.

PMID- 2652981
TI  - Acute stimulatory effects of an LH-RH agonist on the ovary in pseudopregnant
      rats.
AB  - Pseudopregnant rats were anaesthetized on day 5 of pseudopregnancy with
      pentobarbital and hypophysectomy or sham operation was performed. Polyethylene
      cannulas were inserted into one of the femoral arteries and utero-ovarian veins.
      Five-minute blood samples were collected from the ovary for 40 minutes. Following
      the first five minute blood fraction LH-RH, an agonistic analogue (D-Phe6, des
      Gly-NH10(2)-LH-RH-ethylamide) or an antagonistic analogue (Formyl-D-Tryp1,3, D
      pCl-Ph2, D-Phe6LH-RH) were superfused into the ovarian bursa for 5 minutes in a
      volume of 50 microliters. Blood pressure, ovarian venous outflow and haematocrit
      were continuously measured. From the blood samples progesterone and oestradiol-17
      beta were determined by RIA and the secretion rate was calculated. It was found,
      that LH-RH and its antagonistic analogue has no effect on the blood flow,
      progesterone (P) and oestradiol-17 beta (E2) secretion of ovary. However, an
      agonistic analogue of LH-RH induced a rapid elevation of blood flow, diminished
      vascular resistance in the ovary, and in a dose of 50 ng increased the secretion
      rate of E2. In sham operated animals the effects of agonistic analogue was
      similar to the effects of 1.0 IU of hCG.

PMID- 2652980
TI  - Effect of insulin on the glycogen content of the rat small intestinal mucosa.
AB  - The authors examined the quantitative changes in the glycogen content in rat's
      small intestinal mucosa under the effect of insulin. They found that glycogen
      content increases significantly during the first 60 minutes, then it decreases
      gradually, and regains the control value only after 6 hours. It appears that as
      regards its metabolic activity, the small intestinal mucosa is not an insulin
      resistant organ.

PMID- 2652982
TI  - [Computerized tomography and ultrasound in the early diagnosis of brain damage].
AB  - Eighty-one neonates were evaluated clinically by ultrasound and/or CT with the
      aim of assessing diagnostic possibilities of both methods in the cases of
      pathomorphologic findings linked with perinatal risk factors and subsequent
      neurologic deficits. In perinatal at-risk infants (N = 11), premature infants (N
      = 6) and term infants (N = 5) ultrasound is a reliable diagnostic method in the
      detection and follow-up of intraventricular hemorrhage and perivascular
      leukomalacia in preterm infants, while for the diagnosis of hypoxic-ischemic
      lesions, especially focal cortico-subcortical changes in term infants, besides
      ultrasound it is necessary to perform CT. In perinatal infants (N = 50) with
      neurologic deficits at the age of 2-5 years, on CT scanning, atrophic changes
      were found in 50% of cases, while in 10% vascular lesions were observed, and a
      combination of atrophic and vascular lesions was found in 28% of the cases
      examined. In the group of infants (N = 20) with neurologic deficits (II and III
      trimenon) without risk factors, on CT scanning the pathomorphologic finding was
      identified as a vascular or atrophic lesion. In the authors' opinion, CT is the
      only objective method in the detection of the precise localization and evaluation
      of lesions in children with neurologic deficits after their first year of life.

PMID- 2652983
TI  - The effect of exogenous human ras and myc oncogenes in morphological
      differentiation of the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.
AB  - An electroporation technique was employed to study the effect of oncogenes H-ras
      and c-myc after their short-term expression in the rat pheochromocytoma PC12
      cells. It was found that within 6 days after electroporation the mutant T24 H-ras
      1 gene induced differentiation of PC12 cells whereas the c-myc blocked NGF
      induced differentiation. The induction of differentiation by the T24 H-ras gene
      may suggest a physiological role of the ras gene in cell differentiation as well
      as in cell proliferation.

PMID- 2652984
TI  - Growth promoting effects of IGF-I on fetal hypothalamic cell lines under serum
      free culture conditions.
AB  - Recent evidence indicates that the insulin-like family of peptides may act as
      endogenous trophic factors in the central nervous system. To further examine this
      possibility we have investigated the effects of three insulin-like peptides on
      the in vitro growth of fetal hypothalamic cell lines. Two virally transformed rat
      hypothalamic cell lines which have been developed in our laboratory (A-6 and F
      12) were used. Cells were plated at varying densities and cultured in the
      presence or absence of either insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin, or
      multiplication stimulating activity (MSA or IGF-II), in serum-free medium for 1
      wk. Cell growth was assessed by counting or by measuring cellular incorporation
      of 3H-thymidine. Of the three peptides tested IGF-I was the most potent in
      eliciting cell growth. Insulin also stimulated growth of both cell lines, but was
      100 times less potent for A-6 cells while it was equipotent with IGF-I in F-12
      cells. MSA had no effect on either cell line. Both IGF-I and insulin showed dose
      response effects in increasing cell growth. We also found that the two cell lines
      had the greatest response to IGF-I at low cell densities. Finally, time-course
      experiments suggested that a continued presence of the peptide is essential for
      the growth-promoting effects. We conclude that IGF-I is a potent growth factor
      for virally transformed cell lines derived from the rat fetal hypothalamus. Since
      both IGF-I immunoreactivity and IGF-I receptors have been located in this
      diencephalic area these results suggest that IGF-I may constitute a mitogenic
      signal for hypothalamic cells during neurogenesis.

PMID- 2652985
TI  - Diagnosis and evaluation of thromboembolic disorders.
AB  - The most common types of thromboembolic disorders are lower extremity deep venous
      thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Since the effectiveness of anticoagulation
      therapy for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism was established in
      1960, knowledge of these disorders has increased rapidly. What has become clear
      is that the nonspecificity of symptoms and signs of these disorders has led to
      both overdiagnosis and undertreatment. This article presents a review of the
      natural history and clinical manifestations of deep venous thrombosis and
      pulmonary embolism and includes a discussion of their diagnostic evaluation.

PMID- 2652986
TI  - Do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause lower gastrointestinal bleeding? A
      brief review.
AB  - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been available for over a
      decade. Their prime usage has been for the alleviation of pain in rheumatoid
      arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other painful musculoskeletal and organic
      syndromes. Physicians and patients have accepted that these drugs can cause
      irritation of the gastric mucosa and even lead to ulceration and bleeding. While
      these effects on the gastric mucosa are well researched and documented, the
      effects of NSAIDs on the lower bowel are not sufficiently documented, and it is
      presumed that these agents do not cause any lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
      Hence, even in the presence of lower gastrointestinal disease, these agents are
      prescribed by physicians. Because these agents are capable of causing serious or
      life-threatening disease, a brief review of the effects of NSAIDs on the lower
      gastrointestinal tract is presented.

PMID- 2652987
TI  - Reconsecratio medici.

PMID- 2652988
TI  - A rational approach to the use of hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal
      and older women.
AB  - This report reviews the use of hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women and gives
      specific attention to its benefits in the older patients. Concomitant use of
      progestin is recommended for all but the very old who are being treated for
      urogenital problems. Strategies for minimizing withdrawal bleeding and the
      adverse impacts of progestins on lipoprotein subfractions are discussed.

PMID- 2652990
TI  - Long-term preservation of active luminous bacteria by lyophilization.
AB  - A simple method for long-term preservation of luminous bacteria is described.
      Cells of Vibrio fischeri, Photobacterium leiognathi and four strains of P.
      phosphoreum were suspended in a protective medium of low ionic strength (1% NaCl)
      supplemented with 15% lactose and 2% soluble starch, and lyophilized. The freeze
      dried preparations were sealed under vacuum and stored at 4 degrees C. Luminous
      bacteria were resuscitated after six months by adding 2% NaCl up to the original
      volume. The rehydrated cells exhibited 16-28% of initial bioluminescence so that
      they could be used for a microbial test of toxicity (the Microtox test). This
      method is also useful for maintaining luminous bacteria in strain collections.

PMID- 2652989
TI  - In memoriam Dr Marlene DeLuca. 1987 O. M. Smith Lecture. Firefly luciferase:
      mechanism of action, cloning and expression of the active enzyme.
AB  - The untimely death of Marlene DeLuca in 1987 has deprived the scientific
      community of an outstanding expert on bioluminescence. Earlier in that year she
      was honoured as the thirty-ninth recipient of the Otto Mitchell Smith Lectureship
      Award at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. On 20 March 1987 Dr
      DeLuca presented a scientific lecture entitled 'Firefly Luciferase--Mechanism of
      Action, Cloning, and Expression of the Active Enzyme' and a popular lecture at
      the banquet that evening entitled 'Light and Life'. She was selected for her
      excellence in research, her oral presentation ability, and her personableness.
      Marlene was the first woman so honoured. To honour Dr Otto M. Smith the Alpha
      Delta Chapter of Phi Lambda Upsilon, a national chemistry honorary organization,
      inaugurated The Otto Mitchell Smith Lectureship in 1948 at Oklahoma State
      University. Former awardees include Nobel Laureates H. C. Brown, Stanford Moore,
      and Arthur Kornberg and the following prominent biochemists/molecular biologists:
      Robert A. Alberty, University of Wisconsin; Daniel E. Koshland, Brookhaven
      National Laboratory; Sol Spiegelman, University of Illinois; Carl Djerassi,
      Stanford University; and John T. Edsall, Harvard University. The lectureship
      honours Dr O. M. Smith, who was Director of the Research Foundation, professor,
      and Head of the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. As a tribute
      to Dr DeLuca's outstanding contribution to bioluminescence we reproduce here the
      edited text of her Otto Mitchell Smith Lectureship and a selected bibliography of
      her work on firefly bioluminescence.

PMID- 2652991
TI  - [Up-date on renal xanthogranulomatosis: (comparison of personal experience in 66
      cases and the 720 cases from the literature)].
AB  - A statistical study of 66 cases of renal xantogranulomatosis (RXG) is presented.
      This is the most important study published in our country and the third most
      important in world literature. Twenty years of experience dealing with this
      clinical entity are presented, detailing the clinical, analytical, radiological,
      etc., features of this entity with a clear diagnostic orientation and surgical
      application. An assessment is made of the pathological associations that can
      contribute to mask this entity, special mention is made of kidney stones and
      urinary tract tumors. The results obtained with current diagnostic methods such
      as ultrasound and computed tomography are evaluated, and the personal experience
      in preoperative cytological diagnosis is updated. The conservative and radical
      therapeutic approaches are discussed and commented on, mention is made of the
      difficulties presented by this type of surgery due to the implication of
      neighboring organs in many cases. Finally, the personal experience of 66 cases is
      compared to that of 720 cases published in international literature, only
      considering those reports dealing with 5 or more cases.

PMID- 2652992
TI  - [Carcinoma of the penis. Our experience and review of the literature].
AB  - Penile carcinoma is a rather infrequent neoplasia with an approximate annual rate
      of 1 to 2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. In Spain, its presentation is rare,
      corresponding to 10.42% of all tumors and 0.7% of all malignant tumors of the
      male. In this report, the casuistic of our Department between the years 1978 and
      1987 is presented. Ten patients diagnosed of penile carcinoma were treated,
      representing 0.1% of all the urological tumors seen during that period. Special
      emphasis has been placed on the need to perform national multicenter studies, due
      to the rare finding of such pathology. From an etiopathogenic perspective,
      chronic inflammation due to smegma accumulation and the presence of a prepuce
      seem necessary for the development of this pathology. The role of oncogenic
      viruses still remains to be cleared. After treatment, which was mainly surgical,
      a global survival rate of 60% was obtained with a follow-up period ranging from 1
      month to 7 years. After pointing out several anatomical considerations relating
      to the lymph drainage of the penis, the different therapeutic alternatives
      (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy) in the treatment of penile carcinoma were
      discussed.

PMID- 2652993
TI  - [Aspirative cytology of the prostate: its diagnostic usefulness and effect on
      care costs].
AB  - In order to verify the practical usefulness and certain features of puncture
      aspiration with fine needle of the prostate gland, a study and evaluation of our
      personal experience on 400 cytological samples was undertaken. A cyto
      histological correlation was done on 130 of them. Excellent results were obtained
      relating sensitivity (97.14%), specificity (98.33%), efficacy (97.69%) and
      predictability indices. It was concluded that this was a non-aggressive, simple
      and quick procedure, which proved to be very economical and with a high degree of
      diagnostic accuracy.

PMID- 2652994
TI  - [Cytology in urine obtained by spontaneous miction. Its usefulness in follow-up
      of tumors of the bladder].
AB  - The objective of this report is to discuss the method of urine obtention through
      spontaneous voiding in the study of urinary cytology and its results in the
      follow-up of bladder tumors. 122 urine samples from 84 patients treated of
      urinary bladder tumor undergoing follow-up and control were studied by means of
      polycarbonate filters and Pap stain. The reliability of such method was evaluated
      by Feinstein's tests, with a sensitivity of 61.53%, a specificity of 86.88% and a
      global safety of 77%. The final conclusion was a positive assessment of the
      results obtained, and the preference for a cytological study of spontaneously
      voided urine, and the use of this method as the most widely used procedure in the
      follow-up of urinary bladder tumors.

PMID- 2652995
TI  - [Rupture of simple renal cyst after minimal renal injury].
AB  - A case is presented of minimum renal trauma, leading to a retroperitoneal
      hematoma as a consequence of a simple renal cyst rupture as well as an artery
      contained therein. The etiopathogenicity of this phenomenon is commented. The
      different clinical manifestations of renal trauma are highlighted, as well as the
      suspicion of previous renal pathology when a large renal lesion is found
      secondary to minimum renal trauma. The approach of the renal pediculum must be
      the first step in the surgical treatment of renal trauma.

PMID- 2652996
TI  - [Bladder calculus formed on chromic suture].
AB  - This is a description of a clinical case of a two-and-a-half year old male child
      who developed a urinary bladder stone seeded on chromic catgut used to suture of
      the bladder wall which was damaged in the course of the surgical repair of an
      inguinal hernia.

PMID- 2652997
TI  - Drug-induced stupor and coma: some physical signs and their pharmacological
      basis.

PMID- 2652998
TI  - Macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid do not represent macrophages in
      granulomas of the lungs of BCG-infected mice.
AB  - In normal mice the phenotype of macrophages in the BAL fluid accurately reflects
      the phenotype found for the macrophages in the alveoli, but in BCG-infected mice
      the macrophages in the BAL fluid do not resemble those occurring in either the
      alveolar spaces or the granulomatous lesions.

PMID- 2652999
TI  - Relationship between interleukin 1 (IL1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and a
      neutrophil attracting peptide (NAP-1).

PMID- 2653000
TI  - Structure and properties of a novel neutrophil-activating factor (NAF) produced
      by human monocytes.

PMID- 2653001
TI  - Control of humoral immune responses by arachidonic acid metabolites.

PMID- 2653002
TI  - The role of prostaglandins in endotoxin stimulated glycogenolysis in the liver.

PMID- 2653003
TI  - The relationship between phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and
      mastitis in cattle.

PMID- 2653004
TI  - Enhanced natural killer cell activity by proglumetacin, a non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drug.
AB  - In this paper we show the stimulatory effect of a new indolyl derivative drug,
      proglumetacin, alone and in combination with some cytokines, on natural killer
      cell activity.

PMID- 2653006
TI  - Evaluation of the functional integrity of endothelium in perfused lungs.
AB  - Prostacyclin (PGI2) formation and the saturable uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine
      (5HT) were studied as indices of endothelial integrity in isolated lungs. 5HT
      uptake was characterized by its kinetic parameters Km and Vmax. These were
      calculated from multiple indicator dilution data on the basis of an organ model
      of 5HT uptake. Perfused dog lung lobes were exposed to plasma activated with
      yeast (YAP) or zymosan (ZAP). YAP induced a transient elevation of Km. This
      increase probably reflects endothelial injury. Vmax remained unchanged,
      suggesting that the perfused endothelial surface remained stable. PGI2
      biosynthesis was negligible in the control period, but started immediately after
      exposure to ZAP or YAP. It was proportional to the transient elevation of Km and
      to the pulmonary oedema. The data suggest that PGI2 might be a marker of severe
      endothelial distress.

PMID- 2653005
TI  - Allergy or inflammation? From neuropeptide stimulation of human skin mast cells
      to studies on the mechanism of the late asthmatic response.
AB  - This short review examines two examples of studies into the mechanisms of
      allergic responses which have particular relevance to inflammation research. The
      first is the ability of human skin mast cells, but not those derived from lung,
      adenoids, tonsils or intestine, to release histamine in response to stimulation
      by neuropeptides including substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
      and somatostatin. The neuropeptide activation site does not appear to be a
      classical tachykinin receptor but rather a binding site of low affinity and low
      specificity capable of interacting with neuropeptides and compounds with similar
      physicochemical characteristics. In contrast to IgE-dependent activation,
      neuropeptide stimulation of skin mast cells induces a rapid release of histamine
      with minimal generation of PGD2 and LTC4. This pseudo-allergic reaction is
      thought to underlie the weal and flare response in the skin and may have a role
      in urticaria. The second example describes studies to elucidate the mechanisms of
      the late asthmatic response by use of a guinea-pig model. As in man, both early
      and late phase responses in the guinea-pig are inhibited by sodium cromoglycate
      whereas only the early response is inhibited by the beta-adrenoceptor stimulant
      drug salbutamol. Examination of bronchoalveolar fluid has shown a temporal
      relationship between an airways neutrophilia and the late response. However,
      pharmacological manipulation and the use of an anti-neutrophil serum has shown
      that these events are not interdependent. The role of the airways eosinophilia
      requires further investigation.

PMID- 2653008
TI  - Ten years research on inflammation revisited.

PMID- 2653007
TI  - Lung inflammation, its significance for asthma therapy.

PMID- 2653009
TI  - Effect of etoposide and cyclophosphamide on an experimental pulmonary infection
      in mice.
AB  - The effects of monocytopenia and granulocytopenia on the proliferation of
      Klebsiella pneumoniae and the efficacy of treatment with ceftriaxone were studied
      in an experimental lung infection in mice. Treatment with etoposide led to
      monocytopenia, and cyclophosphamide to granulocytopenia and monocytopenia. Both
      drugs gave a decrease in the number of alveolar macrophages during the infection
      and a diminished influx of granulocytes into the alveolar space. The mice treated
      with etoposide did not differ from controls with respect to either the
      proliferation of Kl. pneumoniae during the infection or the antibiotic efficacy
      of ceftriaxone. In cyclophosphamide-treated mice the proliferation rate of Kl.
      pneumoniae was higher than that in the control mice and a higher dose of
      ceftriaxone was needed to reduce the number of bacteria to the level in the
      controls. From these findings it is concluded that granulocytes play an important
      role in the numerical reduction of Kl. pneumoniae and that monocytes make no
      contribution to infection control in this model.

PMID- 2653011
TI  - Tricuspid valve endocarditis.
AB  - TVE is mainly a disease of intravenous drug abusers. Although the infecting
      organisms are often highly virulent, they frequently respond to medical
      treatment. The prognosis for patients with TVE is fairly good. About 25% of TVE
      patients require surgical intervention. Persistent sepsis and intractable
      congestive heart failure are indications for surgery. Tricuspid valvulectomy
      without prosthetic replacement is the surgical intervention of choice. Right
      sided heart failure is the principal complication after valvulectomy without a
      prosthesis. A significant percentage of patients require insertion of prosthetic
      valves at a future date.

PMID- 2653010
TI  - Molecular events in the activation of murine macrophages.
AB  - Recent studies have identified some of the early molecular transductional events,
      which occur during the activation of murine macrophages. Our current evidence
      indicate a central role for protein kinase C for the priming effect of interferon
      gamma (IFN gamma). IFN gamma also initiates Na+/H+ exchange and 45Ca efflux from
      murine macrophages (cascade I). Our data further indicate the involvement of
      multiple transductional pathways in the actions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS). Specifically, molecular events involved in the action of LPS include
      production of inositol phosphates and calcium mobilization as well as IFN gamma
      regulated alterations in intracellular pH (cascade II). Our data further indicate
      that additional transductional events (e.g., synthesis of early or competence
      proteins) in response to LPS (cascade III) are also necessary for macrophage
      activation. Finally, regulation of important surface (e.g., Ia) and secreted
      molecules (TNF or IL-1) is exerted at the levels of both transcription and
      stabilization of specific mRNA in response to transductional cascades I, II and
      III. Taken together, the data indicate macrophage activation is complexly
      regulated at multiple levels.

PMID- 2653012
TI  - Pseudo-complete AV block following orthotopic cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2653013
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and heart disease: the present and the future.

PMID- 2653014
TI  - The iron paradigm of ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2653015
TI  - Effects of left ventricular shape and captopril therapy on exercise capacity
      after anterior wall acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The importance of left ventricular (LV) shape in determining exercise capacity
      was assessed in 40 male patients with LV dysfunction after anterior acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI). Because captopril therapy is known to improve
      exercise capacity in this patient population, the potential interaction between
      LV shape and captopril therapy was also evaluated. Patients underwent cardiac
      catheterization 2 to 4 weeks after AMI followed by randomization to receive
      placebo or captopril. LV shape was defined from biplane ventriculography by a
      sphericity index (volume observed/volume of sphere using long axis as diameter).
      Quarterly clinical assessments and maximal exercise testing were performed. A
      cumulative heart failure score, specific activity scale and average exercise time
      for the year were calculated. A greater shape distortion (increasing sphericity
      index) was associated with increased LV volumes, decreased ejection fraction and
      a larger abnormally contracting segment. Sphericity index was the only
      independent predictor of average exercise duration in the placebo group. Placebo
      treated patients in the tercile with the most spherical ventricles had not only
      the lowest exercise capacity (p less than 0.01), but also accumulated the highest
      heart failure (p less than 0.05) and specific activity scale (p less than 0.05)
      scores. Captopril-treated patients with the same baseline distortion of LV shape
      did not manifest these shape-dependent objective and subjective measures of
      reduced functional capacity.

PMID- 2653016
TI  - Relation of plasma D-dimer concentrations to coronary artery reperfusion before
      and after thrombolytic treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the possible role of pre- and
      posttreatment plasma D-dimer concentration as a reflection of coronary artery
      thrombolysis. Blood was collected from 206 patients with angiographically
      documented acute coronary occlusion presenting within 6 hours of symptom onset
      who were enrolled in a prospective study comparing intravenous APSAC (30 U) (IV
      APSAC) with intracoronary streptokinase (160,000 U) (IC-SK). D-dimer
      concentrations in 104 patients after IV-APSAC therapy were higher than in 90
      patients after IC-SK (mean +/- standard error, 1,009 +/- 60 vs 603 +/- 45, p less
      than 0.001), but there was no difference in patients with and without reperfusion
      (1,096 +/- 88 vs 875 +/- 67, p = 0.1 for IV-APSAC, and 587 +/- 48 vs 634 +/- 95,
      p = 0.6 for IC-SK). The median concentrations before treatment were similar in
      the IV-APSAC and IC-SK groups (93 and 90 ng/ml, respectively). These were higher
      than the value in 25 ambulatory control subjects (72 ng/ml) but lower than in 29
      post-AMI (6 to 30 hours) patients and in preoperative orthopedic patients (140
      ng/ml each). There was no difference in D-dimer concentrations in patients with
      grade 0 or grade 1 coronary artery occlusion (median 85 vs 90 ng/ml) or in
      patients with or without ultimate successful reperfusion (median 85 vs 93
      ng/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653017
TI  - Pharmacokinetics, thrombolytic efficacy and hemorrhagic risk of different
      streptokinase regimens in heparin-treated acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The systemic activator activity of 4 streptokinase (SK) regimens (250,000 IU
      intracoronary, group A; 500,000 IU, group B; 1.5 X 10(6) IU, group C; and 30 U
      anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC) intravenously,
      group D) was tested with the fibrin plate technique. One hour after initiation of
      treatment, the activator activity was highest after APSAC (3.6 +/- 0.9 U),
      slightly but not significantly less after SK 1.5 X 10(6) IU (3.0 +/- 0.7), and
      significantly less after SK 500,000 IU (1.6 +/- 0.5) and 250,000 IU (0.6 +/-
      0.5), p less than 0.001. After SK, activator activity half-lives were 184 minutes
      (group B) and 169 minutes (group C), and after APSAC 188 minutes (group D). These
      were all in agreement with greater than 12 hour duration of changes in other
      markers of systemic fibrinolysis (euglobulin lysis time) and substrates depletion
      (fibrinogen, plasminogen, alpha 2 antiplasmin). In extended pilot clinical groups
      given identical thrombolytic regimens during full anticoagulation with heparin,
      angiographic coronary patency was found in 83% (35 of 42) after intracoronary SK
      (group 1), in 73 and 75%, respectively, after 500,000 IU (31 of 43) and 1.5 X
      10(6) IU (30 of 40) (group 2 and 3, difference not significant) and 80% (8 of 10)
      after the 30-U bolus of APSAC (group 4). The overall hemorrhagic risk was 24%,
      equally distributed among the 4 regimens and mostly (91%) related to catheters.
      The incidence of bleeding unrelated to vessel puncture was 4%; no deaths
      occurred. It is concluded that APSAC is the most fibrinolytic regimen but its
      potential thrombolytic superiority over SK remains to be demonstrated.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653018
TI  - Frequency of angiographic detection and quantitative assessment of coronary
      arterial disease one and three years after cardiac transplantation.
AB  - The reported high incidence of coronary atherosclerosis in many transplant series
      led us to critically review our experience in 83 patients who have had selective
      coronary angiography at greater than or equal to 1 years after transplantation.
      Angiograms were reviewed for evidence of coronary vascular disease, and
      quantitative analysis of multiple coronary artery segments was performed in
      serial films. Qualitative analysis revealed only 3 of 83 patients with any
      angiographic abnormality at follow-up, 1 with minimal luminal irregularities in
      the right coronary artery at 1 year, a second with a 50% diameter stenosis of the
      proximal left anterior descending artery and minimal irregularity of the proximal
      circumflex artery at 1 year and a third patient who developed a new 30% diameter
      eccentric proximal right coronary artery stenosis at 3-year follow-up. The
      cumulative incidence of graft vascular disease assessed angiographically was
      therefore 2% at 1 year and 4% at 3 years. Quantitative analysis, however, showed
      a significant decrease in coronary artery luminal diameter over time. The mean
      left main coronary artery diameter decreased from 5.4 +/- 0.9 mm at 1 year to 4.7
      +/- 0.8 mm at 3 years (p = 0.0007).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653019
TI  - Quantitative assessment of coarctation in infancy by Doppler spectral analysis.

PMID- 2653020
TI  - The effects of hypnotic suggestion on pain report.
AB  - Forty-five highly susceptible volunteers rated a series of shocks using 32 pain
      descriptors. Descriptors were given numerical values using magnitude estimation
      procedures. We assigned the subjects to one of three conditions, analgesia
      suggestion, relaxation suggestion, or no suggestion. All subjects were
      administered the shocks and the suggestion appropriate to the group, in both the
      waking and hypnotic state. The results support the existence of two dimensions of
      pain which are differentially responsive to suggestion. Hypnotic-analgesia
      suggestion altered subjects' perceptions of the intensity without changing their
      perceptions of the unpleasantness of the shocks. Hypnotic-relaxation suggestion
      reduced the unpleasantness but not the perceived intensity of the stimuli. These
      findings imply that research into hypnotic pain relief is more easily interpreted
      if pain is viewed as multidimensional in nature.

PMID- 2653021
TI  - The assessment of hypnoidal states: rationale and clinical application.
AB  - We used a self-report questionnaire, the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory
      (PCI), to generate predicted Harvard Group Scale (pHGS) scores that we can use to
      estimate the hypnoidal state of a person. Using a case-study approach, we used
      the PCI to generate pHGS scores with two patients referred to a biofeedback
      clinic for specific problems. The results suggest that the PCI may present a
      useful means to assess the hypnoidal state (associated with a given stimulus
      condition) that a person experiences.

PMID- 2653022
TI  - A four-step hypnotherapy model for Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.
AB  - Hypnotherapy may sometimes be helpful in ameliorating the behavioral
      characteristics of Tourette's Syndrome. This paper presents a case study of an
      adolescent male with Tourette's Syndrome who was referred by his physician for
      hypnotherapy for his disorder. A four-step treatment model involved progressive
      relaxation, finger-tip temperature feedback using a biotic finger band, Spiegel's
      eye-roll procedure, and imagery. The adolescent was in treatment for nine
      sessions, from October 1985 to March 1986, a period of 6 months. At the end of
      the nine sessions, his tics and vocalizations were minimal to nonexistent and he
      was discharged. A follow-up report 6 months later indicated that he had applied
      for the Air Force and had been accepted with no mention of Tourette's Syndrome as
      an issue during his Air Force examination.

PMID- 2653023
TI  - Fifteen "citation classics" from the American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy.

PMID- 2653024
TI  - Extent of cisplatin formation in carboplatin admixtures.

PMID- 2653025
TI  - Clarifying issues related to testing for drug use.

PMID- 2653026
TI  - Influence of age, sex, and race on prescription drug use among Georgia Medicaid
      recipients.
AB  - Interactions among patients' age, sex, and race that influence prescription drug
      use in a state Medicaid population are described. A database containing
      information about all 574,762 Medicaid prescriptions dispensed in Georgia during
      December 1985 was sorted and summarized so that each record represented one
      Medicaid recipient. The following data were included for each recipient: the
      total number of Medicaid prescriptions received by that patient during that
      month, the total payments made by the state for those prescriptions, and the
      patient's age, sex, and race. Analyses were conducted on a 10% random sample
      representing 17,128 patients. The age variable was broken down as follows: Child,
      0-5 years; Youth, 6-23 years; Adult, 24-64 years; and Old, 65 years of age or
      older. Race was recorded as white or nonwhite, and sex as male or female. The
      average white patient received significantly more prescriptions than did the
      average nonwhite patient. The largest percentage (41.6%) of the patients in the
      sample were classified as Old, and this group received the greatest mean number
      of prescriptions. The differences between mean numbers of prescriptions for white
      and nonwhite patients increased as the age of the patients increased. Gender
      influenced drug use only through its interaction with age and race. Patients in
      the white female Old category had the greatest mean number of prescriptions per
      patient, and patients in the nonwhite male Youth category had the fewest. The
      peak period of prescription drug use occurred between the ages of 70 and 80
      years, and thereafter use decreased. In this Medicaid population a patient's age
      and race significantly influenced the number of prescription drugs that he or she
      used.

PMID- 2653027
TI  - High-technology i.v. infusion devices.
AB  - Some of the newer high-technology infusion devices commercially available or
      under development are described. The range of infusion devices includes both
      controllers and pumps; pumps can be classified by mechanism of operation
      (peristaltic, syringe, cassette, elastomeric reservoir), frequency or type of
      drug delivery (continuous or intermittent infusion, bolus dosing, single- or
      multiple-solution delivery), or therapeutic application (such as the patient
      controlled analgesia, or PCA, pump). Advances in infusion technology and computer
      technology have led to the development of devices with extremely sophisticated
      drug-delivery capabilities (multiple-rate or multiple-solution programming,
      operation as pump or controller, or both, and interchangeable applications and
      settings). Current research in infusion-device technology is focusing on
      implantable pumps, pumps with chronobiological applications, osmotic-pressure
      devices, and open- and closed-loop systems. Pharmacists need to keep abreast of
      the rapidly changing intravenous device marketplace to provide clinical expertise
      and leadership in the review and evaluation of high-technology drug delivery
      systems.

PMID- 2653028
TI  - Antiatherogenic properties of calcium antagonists. State of the art.
AB  - Atherosclerosis is an arterial disease characterized by localized accumulation of
      collagen, elastin, lipids, and calcium at sites associated with macrophage
      infiltration and altered smooth muscle metabolism. Studies in several types of
      animal models, especially cholesterol-fed rabbits, have shown that calcium
      competitors, calcium chelators, anticalcifying agents, and calcium antagonists
      can reduce the accumulation of atherogenic lesion components and decrease the
      progression of lesions. Although there are some conflicting data in the animal
      model studies, it is now apparent that several classes of calcium antagonists
      inhibit the progression of early arterial lesions induced by cholesterol-feeding
      in animals. The dihydropyridine class of calcium antagonists may be more potent
      as anti-atherosclerotic agents than the other classes. Mechanisms involving
      regulation of endothelial cell, smooth muscle cell, and macrophage metabolism may
      be responsible for the effects of calcium antagonists on early lesion
      progression. Recent studies in cell culture-model systems suggest that calcium
      antagonists may significantly alter activities that regulate lipoprotein-derived
      cholesterol accumulation by arterial wall cells. Some of these activities are
      independent of calcium flux across voltage-operated calcium channels. Thus,
      calcium antagonists may reduce the progression of atherogenic lesions by a
      combination of decreasing calcium accumulation within arterial wall cells and by
      altering calcium channel-independent metabolic activities, which affect lesion
      development.

PMID- 2653029
TI  - Calcium antagonists in hypertension.
AB  - The calcium antagonists are effective and safe agents for the treatment of
      arterial hypertension. They are well tolerated by the patients. In contrast to
      other types of antihypertensive agents, they cause few metabolic disturbances.
      They can be combined with diuretics, beta-blockers, and angiotensin-converting
      enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. They can be safely prescribed to patients with
      hypertension and concomitant diseases such as diabetes mellitus, chronic
      obstructive lung disease, congestive heart failure, gout, renal failure,
      peripheral atherosclerotic disease, or Raynaud's phenomenon. Dietary sodium
      restriction during antihypertensive therapy with calcium antagonists is not
      required for optimal antihypertensive efficacy. The second generation of calcium
      antagonists especially the dihydropyridine analogues that have greater potency
      and vascular selectivity, and a longer duration of action, will optimize the
      treatment of hypertension. Their antiatherosclerotic, antiplatelet, and
      "antitrophic" effects in experimental models for atherogenesis and hypertension
      hold great promise for the future since, so far, there has been no major success
      in reducing the incidence of coronary death by the treatment of hypertension.

PMID- 2653030
TI  - Boerhaave revisited: spontaneous esophageal perforation as a diagnostic
      masquerader.
AB  - Spontaneous perforation of the esophagus (Boerhaave syndrome) is an emergency
      that requires early diagnosis if death or serious prolonged illness is to be
      averted. The cases of three patients with spontaneous esophageal perforation
      simulating other primary diagnoses are described. The respective referral
      diagnoses were pericarditis, lung abscess, and pancreatitis. Each case was
      characterized by severe illness, and by delay in diagnosis despite multiple
      consultations. Two patients died. The literature is reviewed and the causes of
      delay in diagnosis are analyzed. More than 40 years after the first report of
      successful surgical repair, spontaneous esophageal perforation is insufficiently
      considered in diagnostic hypotheses, yet may be confirmed or excluded by simple
      methods. All clinicians need to be alert to this lethal disease, and to be aware
      of its frequent atypical presentations.

PMID- 2653031
TI  - An overview of the retinoids.
AB  - The retinoids, a group of compounds consisting of vitamin A and its derivatives,
      have been the subject of intense investigation over the past 30 years. These
      molecules have shown beneficial effects in the areas of acne, psoriasis,
      neoplastic processes and, most recently, reversal of extrinsically aged skin.
      Additional retinoids are currently under development. Adverse reactions to these
      drugs include mucocutaneous irritation, hyperlipidemia, and profound
      teratogenicity. Appropriate patient selection is imperative before beginning
      therapy with these medications. An overview of retinoid metabolism and the
      currently available compounds is presented. The newest class of retinoids, the
      arotinoids, is also discussed.

PMID- 2653032
TI  - Relationship between corticosteroid exposure and plasma lipid levels in heart
      transplant recipients.

PMID- 2653033
TI  - Pulmonary hemorrhage associated with bullous pemphigoid of the lung.

PMID- 2653034
TI  - Government funds AIDS education centers.

PMID- 2653035
TI  - Assessment of experienced pain associated with transvaginal ultrasonography
      guided oocyte recovery in in vitro fertilization patients.
AB  - We described a study designed to assess the pain experienced by in vitro
      fertilization patients undergoing transvaginal ultrasonography-guided oocyte
      recovery. Participants were 164 women who underwent 194 oocyte recovery
      procedures at a university teaching hospital. Measurements of the intensity of
      pain and the quality of pain were obtained immediately after the procedure and
      again 1 hour later. Results show that the majority of patients reported
      manageable levels of discomfort, and that there was a marked reduction in both
      intensity and qualitative complexity over time, which suggests there were minimal
      residual effects. Repeated measures analyses of data from participants who
      underwent the procedure on two occasions suggest that familiarity with the
      procedure has no effect on reported pain. Finally, patients' levels of pain
      correlated significantly with several psychological self-report measures.

PMID- 2653037
TI  - Apical four-chamber ultrasonography as screen for congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2653036
TI  - Accuracy of total bladder volume and residual urine measurements: comparison
      between real-time ultrasonography and catheterization.
AB  - The practical value of ultrasonography as a rapid means to accurately determine
      total bladder volumes and residual urine volume was assessed. Transverse and
      sagittal bladder diameters were measured with real-time ultrasonography in 50
      women: (1) before uroflowmetry, (2) before supine-postvoiding catheterization,
      (3) before standing catheterization, and (4) after standing catheterization.
      Calculated bladder volumes, by use of the measured diameters, for each of eight
      formulas from the literature were compared with their corresponding measured
      total urine volume, total residual volume, and standing residual volume. The
      lower limit of ultrasonographic visualization of urine in the bladder was
      approximately 42 ml. No correlation existed between calculated ultrasound bladder
      volumes and measured urine volumes for any of the eight formulas. Standing
      residual volumes were measured in 96% of cases. Ultrasonography cannot as yet
      rapidly measure bladder volumes accurately. Catheterization remains the best
      method of assessing postvoid residuals: supine measurements, the gold standard,
      should be augmented by standing measurements when more accurate volumes are
      required.

PMID- 2653039
TI  - Estimation of birth weight by use of ultrasonographic formulas targeted to large
      , appropriate-, and small-for-gestational-age fetuses.
AB  - This report sought to determine whether estimates of fetal weight are enhanced by
      using ultrasonographic formulas targeted to the large-, appropriate-, and small
      for-gestational-age fetus in both preterm and term pregnancies. Ultrasonographic
      fetal measurements from 575 singleton pregnancies were obtained within 7 days of
      delivery. The first 194 fetuses were classified into three groups on the basis of
      the growth percentile rank of the abdominal circumference (greater than or equal
      to 90%, greater than 5% and less than 90%, and less than or equal to 5%).
      Regression analyses were performed to generate three formulas for estimating
      fetal weight on the basis of the following: Gestational age (weeks) + Head
      circumference (cm) + 2 x Abdominal circumference (cm) + Femur length (cm). This
      mathematic model allowed formulation of accurate and concise tables relating the
      sum of these measurements to estimated birth weight. The accuracy of these
      formulas was then prospectively compared, first, with the formula published by
      Hadlock et al. (in 32 large-, 279 appropriate-, and 70 small-for-gestational-age
      fetuses) and second, with the formula of Weiner et al. (in 82 preterm fetuses).
      The difference between actual and estimated birth weights generated by the three
      study formulas had no systemic error (t test, p greater than 0.05). Cumulatively,
      there was a statistically significant reduction of random error in the birth
      weight estimates by use of the three study formulas versus the best single
      formulas of Hadlock et al. (2 SD reduced from 21.6% to 19.8% and absolute 2 SD
      reduced from 15.6% to 12.2%). Additionally, the three study formulas resulted in
      a statistically significant reduction in the absolute 2 SD error compared with
      the best formula by Weiner et al. in fetuses less than or equal to 34 weeks'
      gestation (2 SD reduced from 19.1% to 13.6%).

PMID- 2653038
TI  - The sin of pride: research in obstetrics and gynecology.

PMID- 2653040
TI  - Fetal vascular responses to prostacyclin.
AB  - Prostacyclin is a potent vasodilator produced by both maternal and fetal tissues
      that dilates the umbilical placental vasculature in vitro. To test the hypothesis
      that prostacyclin dilates the fetal placental circulation in vivo, we measured
      blood flow by the radioactive microsphere technique in six unanesthetized near
      term ovine fetuses before and during prostacyclin infusion. Fetal mean arterial
      pressure fell 15% from 35 +/- 3 to 31 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) during
      prostacyclin infusion, and heart rate increased from 182 +/- 6 to 208 +/- 19
      beats/min (p less than 0.05). Placental blood flow changed from 240 +/- 58 to 191
      +/- 46 ml.min-1.kg-1 fetal weight (p = 0.07), whereas vascular resistance was
      unchanged (0.16 +/- 0.04 to 0.18 +/- 0.06 mm Hg.ml-1.min.kg fetal weight). Fetal
      arterial pH decreased from 7.33 +/- 0.03 to 7.28 +/- 0.02 (p less than 0.05)
      during prostacyclin infusion, with a significant decrease in base excess from 
      1.2 +/- 1.4 to -3.1 +/- 1.6 (p less than 0.05) and a trend toward hypercarbia (p
      = 0.07). We conclude that in vivo administration of prostacyclin to the ovine
      fetus does not cause fetal placental vasodilation and does cause a significant
      fetal acidemia. The mechanism for these unexpected observations is likely
      shunting of blood away from the placenta to other organs in the face of systemic
      vasodilation.

PMID- 2653041
TI  - Treatments of preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a meta-analysis.
AB  - The objective of this overview was to critically evaluate published randomized
      controlled trials on treatments in preterm premature rupture of the membranes.
      The Oxford data base on perinatal trials, MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica, and Index
      Medicus were searched. Through primary and secondary review with preset inclusion
      criteria, two independent judges identified 27 randomized controlled trials, of
      which 13 met inclusion criteria. The quality of these randomized controlled
      trials was scored. Five randomized controlled trials regarding antenatal use of
      corticosteroids to prevent respiratory distress syndrome could be combined meta
      analytically and showed a reduction in respiratory distress syndrome in the
      treatment group (p = 0.001). However, no significant reduction in respiratory
      distress syndrome (p = 0.286) was found after one study, with the lowest quality
      score, was excluded. A significant increase in endometritis and a trend toward an
      increase in neonatal infections and cesarean section rates were noted with
      treatment. Tocolysis, prophylactic antibiotics, and other interventions studied
      were not found to be of proved benefit and therefore should not be used outside
      of a randomized controlled trial.

PMID- 2653042
TI  - Fetal transfusion syndrome: antenatal factors predicting outcome.
AB  - Fetal transfusion syndrome is a serious complication of monozygotic multiple
      pregnancy and is associated with a high perinatal mortality rate. Recent
      literature has outlined aggressive interventions that attempt to improve the
      outcome of these pregnancies. We identified 25 cases of fetal transfusion
      syndrome from 595 multiple pregnancies delivered between January 1983 and
      December 1987 at the Grace Hospital. Analysis of antenatal factors with respect
      to survival showed that gestational age at delivery, the presence of hydrops, and
      the use of decompression amniocentesis may help in predicting outcome. These
      factors may be useful in deciding on the appropriate therapeutic approach for a
      particular pregnancy.

PMID- 2653043
TI  - Immunoglobulin-mediated hypersensitivity in response to long-term treatment with
      gonadorelin hydrochloride (Factrel) in a female patient.
AB  - Recently a patient with severe hypogonadotropic hypogonadism who was given
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (Factrel) through an infusion pump
      developed a wheat-and-flare reaction at the sites of injection. Treatment with
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone was discontinued and the immune response
      was characterized. Skin testing by skin prick test was positive for luteinizing
      hormone-releasing hormone but negative for vehicle. Radioallergosorbent testing
      was performed with allergic (patient serum with an elevated serum immunoglobulin
      E concentration and allergic to inhalant allergens including ragweed pollen) and
      nonallergic controls. Radioallergosorbent testing was negative for luteinizing
      hormone-releasing hormone-reactive immunoglobulin E antibodies. Radioimmunoassay
      of serum of the allergic patient antibody to luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone was positive only for immunoglobulin E. Maximum binding occurred at a
      dilution of 1:10. Sera from nonallergic and unchallenged patients were negative.
      It is concluded that this patient developed hypersensitivity reactions caused by
      IgE antibody to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.

PMID- 2653044
TI  - Timolol-pilocarpine combined vs timolol and pilocarpine given separately.
AB  - In a controlled, double-observer, multicenter study, we compared the effect of a
      fixed combination of timolol 0.5%-pilocarpine 4% twice a day with that of timolol
      0.5% twice a day plus pilocarpine 4% three times a day in 80 patients with open
      angle glaucoma whose intraocular pressure was greater than 21 mm Hg on timolol
      0.5% twice a day alone. Administered twice daily, the combination drug lowered
      intraocular pressure as effectively as concomitant treatment with timolol twice a
      day and pilocarpine three times a day. No statistically significant differences
      in reduction of intraocular pressure were found between the two groups nor were
      any unexpected side effects observed.

PMID- 2653046
TI  - The use of cyclosporine in high-risk keratoplasty.
AB  - In a study of three groups of high-risk keratoplasty patients, Group A (n = 19)
      received topical corticosteroids only; two grafts (10.5%) survived. Group B (n =
      20) received both topical and systemic corticosteroids; one graft (5%) survived.
      There was no significant difference between Group A and Group B (P = .8095).
      Group C (n = 18) received systemic cyclosporine in addition to topical and
      systemic corticosteroids; 16 grafts (88.9%) survived, which was a significant
      improvement compared to results in the other two groups (P = .0001). No patient
      suffered any permanent side effects related to the use of cyclosporine.

PMID- 2653045
TI  - Age-related changes in the extracellular matrix of the human optic nerve head.
AB  - By using immunofluorescent staining we were able to characterize the age-related
      changes in the macromolecules making up the extracellular matrix of the lamina
      cribrosa of the human optic nerve head. As the cores of the cribriform plates
      enlarged with age, there were age-related increases in the apparent density of
      collagen types I and III and elastin that constituted the connective tissue
      support of the nerve bundles. Collagen type IV coated the cribriform plates as
      basement membranes and was also present within the cores as a fine filamentous
      network, which increased in density with age as the cribriform plates expanded.
      As this tissue ages, individual differences leading to more or less of a
      particular macromolecule of the extracellular matrix may alter the support
      function of the lamina cribrosa and influence the degeneration of the optic nerve
      associated with glaucoma.

PMID- 2653047
TI  - Changing indications for penetrating keratoplasty, 1984-1988.

PMID- 2653048
TI  - Dimensions and characteristics of lay helping.
AB  - A conceptual framework for research on lay helping strategies is presented,
      differentiating the strategies along two dimensions: their focus, individual or
      interpersonal, and their source, natural or supplemental. A typology of
      characteristics of commonly used lay helping methods is proposed, and
      implications for intervention design and research are discussed.

PMID- 2653049
TI  - Computer-based psychological testing: issues and guidelines.
AB  - Issues and controversies surrounding the use of computer-based psychological
      assessment are reviewed. Guidelines for practitioners working with computerized
      testing are suggested and future directions for computer-based test
      interpretations are proposed.

PMID- 2653050
TI  - Toward an integrated model of panic disorder.
AB  - Biological, cognitive, behavioral, and psychodynamic theories about the etiology,
      development, and treatment of panic disorder have developed largely independently
      of each other. This has led to the assumption that they are contradictory, and to
      considerable controversy and debate. This paper highlights areas of early
      convergence of these viewpoints by reviewing how each perspective interacts with
      a proposed model of "central noradrenergic hypersensitivity" in panic disorder.

PMID- 2653051
TI  - Prehistoric "fish-eaters" along the eastern Arabian coasts: dental variation,
      morphology, and oral health in the Ra's al-Hamra community (Qurum, sultanate of
      Oman, 5th-4th millennia BC).
AB  - The Ra's al-Hamra prehistoric fishermen lived in isolation on the Qurum rocky
      promontorium in Oman during the 5th-4th millennia BC. To date, they represent the
      most ancient and numerous human fossil group excavated from the Arabian
      peninsula. Like other contemporaneous archaeologically documented small
      communities along the desert Arabian coasts, they intensively exploited ocean
      resources and collected molluscs from nearby mangrove swamps. The present study
      analyzes aspects of dental anthropology (including crown variation, morphology,
      dental wear, and oral health), in 600 permanent teeth from 49 individuals of both
      sexes excavated at the Mesolithic RH5-site by the Italian Archaeological Mission
      in Oman from 1981 to 1985. In association with a general low degree of
      morphometric variation, the Ra's al-Hamra dental crowns show low sexual
      dimorphism and are consistently reduced in size. These features are unexpected in
      a preagricultural population, especially when these data are compared to other
      eastern African and near Middle Eastern prehistoric populations. These data are
      discussed within the general context of human dental structural reduction
      occurring during the post-Pleistocene and are interpreted according to the
      "increasing population density effect" model. There are other significant
      differences that characterize the Ra's al-Hamra dentitions with respect to both
      eastern and western prehistoric human groups. The frequency of numerous nonmetric
      crown traits supports the hypothesis that a microdifferentiation phenomenon
      occurred in this marginal area. The preliminary skeletal analysis and the
      palaeodemographic profile show that the Omani prehistoric fishermen were affected
      by genetic isolation and inbreeding as well as strong environmental stress.
      Because of the grit assimilated with dried fish and the high shellfish
      consumption, dental wear was extreme in all age groups at Ra's al-Hamra and
      occasionally was responsible for serious hematogenously spread infections. In
      spite of the great anthropological importance of ancient Arabian populations,
      very few studies on skeletal and dental samples have been completed. The present
      paper offers an odontological data set for future comparative research in the
      area.

PMID- 2653052
TI  - Lithium prophylaxis: myths and realities.
AB  - The author examines some widely held views about prophylactic lithium treatment.
      When seen in relation to the factual evidence concerning lithium, these views
      require revision because they are wrong or not valid for treatment carried out
      according to present-day guidelines.

PMID- 2653053
TI  - Overview of depression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The authors reviewed 30 studies on Alzheimer's disease to determine the
      prevalence and phenomenology of affective and psychotic symptoms in patients with
      this disorder. Depressive and psychotic symptoms occurred in 30%-40% of the
      Alzheimer's disease patients. Isolated symptoms were two to three times as
      frequent as diagnosable affective or psychotic disorders. Paranoid delusions were
      the most common psychotic symptoms reported. Implications of the relationship of
      psychiatric symptoms to the clinical presentation of Alzheimer's disease,
      patterns of cognitive dysfunction, clinical management, and areas for future
      research are discussed.

PMID- 2653054
TI  - An ethnomedical perspective of Anglo-American psychiatry.
AB  - Although psychiatry is part of Western biomedicine and its roots in neurobiology
      are widely appreciated, Anglo-American psychiatry addresses social behavior that
      is deviant and potentially stigmatizing and is said to uniquely engage in social
      control. Moreover, its concerns overlap and compete with those of other
      regulatory institutions of the state. For these reasons, the manner in which
      psychiatry operates is subject to challenge, criticism, and controversy. The
      author proposes that a look at psychiatry from the vantage point of ethnomedicine
      -the comparative study of medical systems--can enhance an appreciation of the
      current controversies in psychiatry and psychiatry's role as a medical
      institution.

PMID- 2653055
TI  - Borderline personality disorder, boundary violations, and patient-therapist sex:
      medicolegal pitfalls.
AB  - The author addresses the issue of sexual relations between therapist and patient
      and the related boundary violations that are involved in such relations. He
      points out that patients with borderline personality disorder are particularly
      likely to evoke boundary violations, including sexual acting out. These patients
      apparently constitute the majority of patients who falsely accuse therapists of
      sexual involvement. Therapists who are aware of patterns of errors in therapy and
      countertransference--through education, anticipation, and forewarning--can avert
      the serious outcomes that result from these errors.

PMID- 2653056
TI  - Aberrant T cell-mediated immunity in untreated schizophrenic patients: deficient
      interleukin-2 production.
AB  - The authors examined the immune status at the cellular and humoral levels of 16
      untreated schizophrenic patients. No abnormality in the distribution of T cell
      subsets (CD4+, CD8+) was detected. The proliferative response to the T cell
      mitogen phytohemagglutinin was normal. No increase in the number of T cells
      showing activation markers, such as human leukocyte antigens and interleukin-2
      receptors, was noted. Conversely, function studies revealed a clear deficiency in
      interleukin-2 production by purified T cells. This lower production was probably
      intrinsic to the patients' T cells, since interleukin-2 production showed normal
      sensitivity to prostaglandin E2-mediated down-regulation by autologous monocytes.

PMID- 2653058
TI  - Notice of retraction.

PMID- 2653057
TI  - Double-blind controlled trial comparing carbamazepine to oxazepam treatment of
      alcohol withdrawal.
AB  - Of 86 alcoholic men with severe alcohol withdrawal who began a double-blind
      controlled study comparing carbamazepine, 800 mg/day, to oxazepam, 120 mg/day, 66
      (carbamazepine, N = 32; oxazepam, N = 34) completed the 7-day trial. In general,
      the drugs were found to be equally efficacious in treating the withdrawal
      syndrome and not significantly different with respect to side effects. The
      subjects taking oxazepam had an increase in global psychological distress from
      day 3 to day 7, and those taking carbamazepine exhibited a decline. The study
      suggests that carbamazepine is as effective and safe as benzodiazepine treatment
      for alcohol withdrawal.

PMID- 2653059
TI  - A pathologist's look at infectious diseases: selection by AIDS and other
      infections, clinical types of immunities and vaccine expectations.

PMID- 2653060
TI  - Small area variation in prevalence of an S-antigen serotype of Plasmodium
      falciparum in villages of Madang, Papua New Guinea.
AB  - Cross-sectional and longitudinal village-based studies of the transmission
      dynamics of an S-antigen serotype of the asexual erythrocyte stages of Plasmodium
      falciparum have been carried out in Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG). Sera
      collected from village residents were screened for circulating S-antigen of the
      FC27 serotype by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The prevalence of the
      FC27 S-antigen was found to vary between villages at a given point in time, as
      well as within a village over time. Residents of villages 2-5 km apart were
      infected with P. falciparum of different S-antigen serotypes. This study
      documents the periodic nature of transmission of a sub-population of P.
      falciparum defined by the FC27 S-antigen. The variation in a small area in the
      prevalence of this serotype of P. falciparum in Madang illustrates the
      complexities of malaria transmission which must be considered in the design of
      malaria vaccine trials.

PMID- 2653061
TI  - Intravenous quinine therapy of hospitalized children with Plasmodium falciparum
      malaria in Kinshasa, Zaire.
AB  - To examine the clinical and parasitologic efficacy of quinine, we studied 34
      children (7 months-13 years old) with severe or moderately severe Plasmodium
      falciparum infections. Quinine 10 mg/kg every 8 hr for 3 days was administered,
      initially by intravenous infusion of quinine formate followed by oral quinine
      dihydrochloride when tolerated. Thirty-three of the 34 patients were clinically
      well and had negative malaria smears 7 days after the initiation of therapy; 1
      child, who presented in coma, died 29 hr after enrollment. The mean fever
      clearance time was 44.1 hr, and the mean parasite clearance time was 59.6 hr. A
      mean peak quinine level of 9.7 ppm was attained after the second dose of quinine,
      and the minimum concentration was maintained at 5-7 ppm during the 2nd and 3rd
      hospital days. In vitro testing was conducted with parasites from 10 patients: 9
      isolates were resistant to chloroquine, and inhibition of schizont development
      with quinine occurred at a concentration of 8-32 pmol/well.

PMID- 2653062
TI  - Annual transmission potential of bancroftian filariasis in an urban and a rural
      area of West Bengal, India.
AB  - The annual transmission potential of Wuchereria bancrofti was calculated from the
      number of infective larvae found in the number of Culex quinquefasciatus expected
      to bite an individual exposed 24 hr a day for a year in Calcutta and in a rural
      (Memari) area. In Calcutta, an average of 151 mosquitoes/night/person were
      collected; it was calculated that 55,028 mosquitoes could bite a person per year,
      including an average of 177 infective mosquitoes containing 319 infective larvae
      of W. bancrofti. At Memari, an average of 284 mosquitoes/night/person were
      collected; here with the resulting calculation was that 103,718 mosquitoes could
      bite a person per year, including an average of 137 infective mosquitoes
      containing 223 infective larvae. The annual transmission potential was higher in
      the urban area than that in the rural area. Annual transmission potential is
      useful knowledge in the epidemiological assessment of transmission dynamics for
      the formulation of control strategies.

PMID- 2653063
TI  - Resolution of liver abscesses: comparison of pyogenic and amebic liver abscesses.
AB  - To examine the resolution of liver abscesses, a prospective ultrasonographic
      follow-up study was conducted in 51 patients, each with a solitary abscess (26
      pyogenic and 25 amebic) which had been treated successfully by non-surgical
      measures. The rate of complete abscess resolution for each of the initial 6
      months was 0%, 5%, 10%, 23%, 30%, and 30% in the amebic group; and 20%, 54%, 77%,
      89%, 94%, and 94% in the pyogenic group. The absorption volume of the pyogenic
      group in the first month was also greater than that of the amebic group (3.0 +/-
      5.0 ml/day vs. 1.1 +/- 0.8 ml/day, P less than 0.05). The resolution ratio of
      pyogenic and amebic liver abscesses in the first month was 74% +/- 38% and 36% +/
      23%, respectively. In 3 patients in the amebic group, the abscess was still
      detectable 2 years after treatment. These results suggest that pyogenic liver
      abscesses resolve more rapidly than amebic abscesses. These findings should be
      considered in the differential diagnosis of asymptomatic space-taking lesion in
      the liver.

PMID- 2653064
TI  - Management of variceal hemorrhage in the potential liver transplant candidate.
AB  - The increased utilization of liver transplantation raises new issues regarding
      the management of bleeding esophageal varices in patients who are or may become
      transplant candidates. Since December 1982, 53 patients were referred from a
      university hospital to distant liver transplant centers for transplantation.
      Transplants were performed in 37 patients; at last follow-up, 6 died before
      transplantation, 7 were awaiting transplantation, and 3 were declined. Of the 53
      patients referred for transplantation, 22 (42 percent) had a history of variceal
      hemorrhage. Sclerotherapy was required in nine patients and portosystemic shunt
      in four patients. Variceal hemorrhage contributed to the deaths of three of the
      six patients who died before transplantation could be performed. Endoscopic
      sclerotherapy has become the mainstay of invasive therapy in most patients with
      bleeding esophageal varices. If sclerotherapy is unsuccessful in the arrest or
      control of variceal hemorrhage, the decision must be made whether to proceed with
      urgent liver transplantation or portosystemic shunt. Factors which influence this
      choice include the ability to stabilize an acutely bleeding patient, the hepatic
      reserve and general clinical stature of a patient, and the availability of a
      liver transplant center.

PMID- 2653065
TI  - [Features of blood flow in fetal aorta and umbilical artery during 2d trimester
      of pregnancy].
AB  - Normal values for midtrimester blood flow through fetal aorta and umbilical
      artery, established by Doppler echography, are reported. In seventeen cases, the
      diagnosis of fetoplacental circulation disorders could already be made at 16 to
      19 weeks of gestation.

PMID- 2653066
TI  - [Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal lung maturity].
AB  - Possible echographic prognosis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is
      explored. Echographic assessment of the risk of neonatal respiratory distress is
      an effective, simple, quick and noninvasive procedure of antenatal diagnosis that
      can de conducted on an outpatient basis.

PMID- 2653067
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of nonimmune hydrops fetalis].
AB  - Possibilities of prenatal echographic diagnosis of nonimmune hydrops fetalis are
      described. This diagnosis has been made in 16 fetuses between 21 and 40 weeks of
      gestation. Cardiovascular disorders were detected in 8 of the 16 fetuses. It is
      emphasized that purposive echocardiographic screening to detect congenital heart
      diseases and arrhythmias is essential in fetuses with nonimmune hydrops.
      Congenital fetal malformations combined with nonimmune hydrops justify
      termination of pregnancy, as antenatal or early neonatal death will occur in most
      such cases.

PMID- 2653068
TI  - [Role of ultrasonic craniography in the diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage and
      its sequelae in newborn infants].

PMID- 2653069
TI  - [Ultrasound structure of the placenta in acute maternal infection].

PMID- 2653070
TI  - [Relationship between the functional status of the fetus and placental maturity
      assessed by ultrasound studies].

PMID- 2653071
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of ultrasound technics in the determination of prenatal
      fetal mass].

PMID- 2653072
TI  - [Echographic criteria of placental development].

PMID- 2653073
TI  - Intracranial vessels with color Doppler echoencephalography in infants.
AB  - A technique for imaging of the intracranial vessels in infants was described,
      which used high resolution, commercially available, color Doppler ultrasonography
      (real-time two-dimensional Doppler). On 12 normal infants, serial scans were
      obtained in sagittal, coronal, and axial plains. A large number of intracranial
      arteries and veins could be clearly demonstrated in real-time, including anterior
      cerebral artery, pericallosal artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral
      artery, basilar artery, communicating artery, internal cerebral vein, inferior
      and superior sagittal sinuses, great cerebral vein, straight sinus, occipital
      sinus and transverse sinus. In conclusion, color Doppler examination is useful in
      the detection of vessels in infants and in the measurement of intracranial blood
      flow velocity.

PMID- 2653074
TI  - Adrenoleukodystrophy and other peroxisomal disorders that affect the nervous
      system, including new observations on L-pipecolic acid oxidase in primates.
AB  - Impaired nervous system function in childhood is encountered in 10 separate
      disorders of the peroxisome. Peroxisomal disorders are subdivided into three
      major groups. In group 1 there is failure to form the organelle and impairment of
      multiple peroxisomal functions. In group 3 peroxisome structure is intact and the
      defect involves a single enzyme. In group 2 (rhizomelic chondrodysplasia
      punctata) peroxisome structure is probably intact, but at least 2 peroxisomal
      enzymes fail to function normally. We present an overview of this newly
      recognized field which is so pertinent to brain development. In addition, we
      present recent and new data about the biochemical defect, genetics and therapy of
      X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy; about the normal metabolism of L-pipecolic acid in
      primates and its disturbance in the Zellweger syndrome, and about the prenatal
      diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders.

PMID- 2653075
TI  - Some studies of the Duchenne and autosomal recessive types of muscular dystrophy.
AB  - The prevalence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the North of England (population
      3.07 million) was 4.0 x 10(-5) in 1968, 3.6 x 10(-5) in 1979 and at least 2.3 x
      10(-5) in 1988. The incidence in males was 31.2, 22.4 and at least 17.8 x 10(-5)
      in successive decades since 1952. Thirty-five percent of cases over the last 35
      years have been preventable; but recently major additional educational programmes
      and routine screening tests for presymptomatic cases would have been required to
      improve prevention. The mortality has not changed in the last 20 years.
      Previously published criteria for the diagnosis of autosomal recessive muscular
      dystrophy in childhood have been tested prospectively. Seven new children fitting
      these criteria and 6 other girls with muscular dystrophy are described. Only 5
      appear to have the autosomal recessive disease. Two boys had DNA deletions and 2
      girls were severely manifesting carriers of the Duchenne gene.

PMID- 2653076
TI  - Surgery of localization related epilepsies in children.
AB  - Surgery of epilepsy is as successful in children as in adults. With very few
      modifications, similar evaluation methods and surgical techniques can be used.
      However, in the selection of the surgical candidates special considerations are
      necessary in children to establish the stability of the epileptogenic focus (to
      exclude the possibility of a change with maturation) and to define the clinical
      syndrome which very frequently is still poorly defined in that age group. The
      expectation that surgery of epilepsy at an early age will facilitate
      rehabilitation efforts has still not been confirmed by systematic scientific
      studies. Surgery of epilepsy has not been attempted in a sufficient number of
      children under 5 yrs of age to establish its value in that age group.

PMID- 2653077
TI  - Neuropsychological status of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated
      for central nervous system relapse.
AB  - Approximately 10% of children treated with contemporary therapy for acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) will experience an isolated relapse in the central
      nervous system (CNS). From 5 to 25% of this group will become long-term
      survivors, but only after additional, more aggressive therapy. A review of the
      limited number of studies of children surviving treatment for CNS relapse
      disclosed a strikingly higher incidence of intellectual impairment than was found
      in similarly treated patients who remain in complete remission. Specific risk
      factors for this complication included the number of courses of cranial
      irradiation, a young age at treatment, increasing time since treatment,
      neuropathological changes apparent on abnormal computed tomography scans of the
      brain, and seizures. The methodological problems inherent in neurobehavioral
      research in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia are critically reviewed and
      suggestions for future studies are offered. Children with a CNS relapse should be
      serially evaluated for psychoeducational performance to facilitate early
      intervention in cases of learning difficulties.

PMID- 2653078
TI  - Identification of leukemic cells in the cerebrospinal fluid from children with
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia: advances and dilemmas.
AB  - As more children survive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, new challenges face the
      pediatric oncologist. One is the need for early recognition of subclinical
      nonsymptomatic disease, or occult meningeal leukemia. By obtaining spinal fluid
      specimens, one can frequently monitor the central nervous system (CNS) for the
      presence of residual or recurrent leukemia. Methods for identifying small numbers
      of lymphoblasts in the spinal fluid have progressed from subjective descriptions
      of nucleated cells to assignment of objective methods for labeling the cells in
      question. These more sensitive methods of detection have challenged the "old"
      definitions of remission. The unequivocal identification of lymphoblasts in the
      spinal fluid of a child with less than 5 cells/mm3 of fluid is an example of such
      a dilemma. Does this finding herald overt CNS relapse or hematologic relapse?
      Does it warrant further, more aggressive treatment beyond giving standard
      prophylactic CNS therapy? It can be suggested that the finding of even a small
      number or proportion of leukemic cells in the spinal fluid in a child being given
      continuation/maintenance therapy has a high probability of being followed by an
      adverse event (relapse). If this is true, then the definition of CNS leukemia
      needs refinement and the methods for unequivocally identifying leukemic cells in
      a spinal fluid sample depend on techniques of cytologic examination beyond
      routine cytomorphology. Such laboratory methods are now available, but they
      require more clinical testing and standardization before their sensitivity and
      specificity in identifying leukemic cells is established.

PMID- 2653079
TI  - Radiotherapy of the central nervous system in acute leukemia.
AB  - The central nervous system (CNS) is a site of occult and overt involvement with
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children. Prophylactic treatment of the
      cranial and spinal meninges can significantly reduce the incidence of CNS
      relapse. This review addresses the issues associated with the role of radiation
      therapy in the treatment of the CNS in ALL.

PMID- 2653080
TI  - Neurotoxicity due to central nervous system therapy for childhood leukemia.
AB  - Therapy for occult or overt meningeal leukemia produces subclinical or clinical
      neurotoxicity in a variable proportion of children with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL). The type, frequency, and permanence of these central nervous
      system (CNS) changes depend primarily on the therapy itself, although the
      contribution of additional factors, such as young age, may be substantial.
      Neurotoxicity in patients who have received 2,400 cGy cranial irradiation plus 5
      concurrent doses of intrathecal methotrexate as CNS prophylaxis has been
      characterized more fully than the CNS changes accompanying other forms of
      therapy. Cross-sectional studies using cranial computed tomography scans to
      evaluate structural changes in the brain have shown ventricular dilatation in
      15%, white matter hypodensity in 3.5%, and calcifications in 8%. The principal
      neuroendocrine effect is decreased growth velocity during therapy and
      adolescence, with significant decreases in final height in approximately one
      third of children. Secondary cerebral gliomas with a poor prognosis are being
      reported with increasing regularity, but the true risk of this complication is
      still unknown. Use of parenteral methotrexate as the sole method of CNS
      prophylaxis is associated with transient focal white matter hypodensity.
      Neuroendocrine and neuropsychologic sequelae associated with this therapy are
      minimal; however, much of the available information is based on patients treated
      with regimens that had unacceptably high CNS relapse rates or whose length of
      follow-up was brief. With more aggressive, and hence more effective, prophylaxis
      with intrathecal methotrexate, spinal cord myelopathy may become a significant
      new area of neurotoxicity. Clinically significant CNS toxicity develops in the
      majority of patients who receive treatment for meningeal relapse. The leukemia
      itself is a prime contributing factor to this neurotoxicity. In patients who are
      subsequently cured of leukemia, acute neurotoxicity consists mainly of seizures;
      the most significant sequelae appearing after the cessation of therapy consists
      of significant drops in full scale IQ.

PMID- 2653081
TI  - Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma and large-cell anaplastic lymphoma of the skin. A
      morphological, immunophenotypical, and ultrastructural study of two typical
      cases.
AB  - Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma and large-cell anaplastic lymphoma are recently
      defined lymphoma types that both occur in the skin. This report outlines the
      characteristics of these lymphomas and describes the clinical, histological,
      immunological, and ultrastructural features as seen in two typical case
      histories. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sezary
      syndrome are heterogeneous; they deserve further scientific attention to obtain
      data about their natural history and their response to therapy.

PMID- 2653082
TI  - The man behind the eponym. Albert Hippolyte Malherbe.

PMID- 2653083
TI  - Fibrous papules: immunohistochemical studies.

PMID- 2653084
TI  - Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. A histopathological study of 37 patients
      and a review of the literature.
AB  - More than 100 cases of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (AFND) have been
      documented since the original description by Sweet in 1964. Review articles have
      focused on clinical features. The present study documents the histopathological
      features of 54 biopsies obtained from 37 patients with early AFND. All patients
      fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of AFND as suggested by Su and Liu.
      Macular, papulonodular and scaly, annular, or arciform lesions are represented,
      histopathologically by lymphocytic, predominantly neutrophilic, and mixed
      infiltrates with a prominent histiocytic component. Characteristic histopathology
      -i.e., a pale, edematous epidermis, subepidermal edema with extravasated red
      cells, and a more or less diffuse infiltrate of mature neutrophilis in the upper
      dermis without vasculitis--is only found during the neutrophilic phase. This is
      an important consideration when evaluating sections of patients with possible
      AFND. AFND is a disease that represents a wide spectrum of clinical and
      histological features. Implications regarding differential diagnoses are
      discussed.

PMID- 2653085
TI  - Importance of cytolytic activity and dietary iodine in the pathogenesis of
      postpartum thyroiditis.
AB  - The incidence of lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT) has increased since the
      introduction of iodine prophylaxis, and LT is claimed to represent an adverse
      reaction to iodine. This theory is supported by animal studies as well as
      experimental studies in humans. In pregnancy iodine turnover is increased. During
      the immunological rebound period occurring postpartum the thyroid autoantibodies
      increase, and may lead to postpartum thyroiditis (PPT). The iodine content within
      the gland may be important for this reaction. In vitro it has been shown that
      iodine inhibits the cAMP-dependent events of the thyroid cell function, but
      iodine may also stimulate the intrathyroidal immuno-competent cells leading to
      cytokine synthesis. Cytokines have been shown to interfer with the thyroid cell
      function. Iodine may thus trigger the autoreactive attack and enhance the local
      autoantibody production, which plays a primary pathogenic role for development of
      PPT.

PMID- 2653086
TI  - Clinical comparison of inhaled budesonide delivered either via pressurized
      metered dose inhaler or Turbuhaler.
AB  - The aim of this open, randomized cross-over study was to compare the efficacy and
      safety of inhaled budesonide administered either via a pressurized metered dose
      inhaler with a 750 ml spacer attached, or via a new dry powder inhaler,
      Turbuhaler, in 28 patients with stable bronchial asthma. During the 2-week run-in
      period, the patients received their ordinary inhaled steroid treatment. This was
      followed by two 4-week periods of active treatment with inhaled budesonide given
      via Turbuhaler or pressurized MDI. The patients were divided into two groups
      according to their previous, inhaled steroid doses. Group A received 400
      micrograms of budesonide b.i.d, and Group B 800 micrograms of budesonide b.i.d.
      Diary cards were used by the patients at home to report asthma symptoms, beta 2
      agonist consumption, and PEF twice daily, as well as the number of coughs
      experienced in a 5-min period after steroid inhalation. Budesonide Turbuhaler
      produced a significantly better effect on morning peak flow than budesonide MDI.
      The number of coughs in the 5 min after steroid inhalation was significantly
      lower with the Turbuhaler than with the MDI. In all other parameters recorded
      (e.g. FEV1, evening PEF, histamine PC20 and other diary measurements) there were
      no statistically significant differences between the two devices. Turbuhaler was
      significantly more appreciated than MDI in all questions of preference. The study
      showed that budesonide via Turbuhaler was at least as effective and safe as
      budesonide via a pressurized MDI at daily doses of 800 and 1,600
      micrograms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653087
TI  - [Current possibilities and limits of transcranial Doppler sonography as a
      cerebral monitoring procedure].
AB  - Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD) can meet some requirements for an ideal
      measuring device of the cerebral circulation. TCD can measure non-invasively and
      repeatably blood flow velocities of basal cerebral arteries. Under the assumption
      of constant vessel diameters can altered flow velocities reflect alterations of
      cerebral blood flow. TCD-measurements have been used frequently for diagnosis of
      cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Furthermore TCD has been
      applied in cerebrovascular diseases, during operations with extracorporal
      circulation and in patients with increased intracranial pressure. Unchanged
      diameters of basal cerebral arteries have been proven only for carbon dioxide
      variations and some drugs; this cannot be presupposed during alterations of mean
      arterial or intracranial pressure. If conditions as ventilation, hemodynamics and
      drug therapy are kept constant, TCD may be valuable for short-term-trend
      detection of cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure.

PMID- 2653088
TI  - [Noninvasive monitoring].
AB  - For a number of reasons, invasive and non-invasive measuring procedures for
      monitoring purposes must not be considered to be mutually exclusive alternatives.
      The transitions between the two are fluid, and their respective advantages and
      disadvantages frequently complement one another. The complication rate
      characteristic of a given procedure is the greater, the more invasive this
      procedure is. For this reason, a non-invasive technique should always be given
      preference over an invasive method provided it is capable of recording the
      parameter to be monitored at least as reliably and accurately as the latter. For
      minimal monitoring during anaesthesia, non-invasive procedures are applied
      exclusively. These include the monitoring of ventilation (FIO2, pressures,
      volumes, flows), ECG, measurement of blood pressure employing the cuff method,
      temperature measurement, and a nerve stimulator for establishing the degree of
      relaxation. In addition, pulse oximetry and capnography are increasingly becoming
      accepted elements of basic monitoring. The question as to whether further
      monitoring procedures need to be employed will depend upon the condition of the
      patient and the nature and duration of the surgical operation and anaesthesia.
      Here, preferential use is made of invasive methods of recording pressures and
      flows (cardiac output) within the circulatory system and of various blood
      parameters (for example, blood gas analysis). To an increasing extent, they are
      being supplemented, expanded or replaced by newly developed non-invasive methods.
      Thus, for example, the time and material requirement for non-invasive blood
      pressure measurement in the finger by means of servomanometry (Finapres) is
      reduced as compared with intra-arterial pressure recording.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653090
TI  - ECT-induced asystole.

PMID- 2653089
TI  - [Digital luminescence radiography. A new method of study in thoracic diagnosis at
      the intensive care unit].
AB  - The digital luminescence-radiography (DLR) technique relies on a complete
      digitalization of the X-ray image. Luminescence crystals on the imaging plate
      serve as an energy reservoir following their exposure to ionized radiation from
      any conventional X-ray source. A Helium-Neon laser stimulates the electrons in
      their high energy bands and therefore will be dropped back emitting luminescence.
      This luminescence is digitized by the DLR-System thus delivering a complete
      digital image to the image processor for subsequent processing and evaluation.
      The processed digital image is then recorded on a conventional film or a monitor
      screen. More than 3000 chest examinations using DLR have been performed on
      intensive care unit (ICU) patients at the University Hospital Eppendorf following
      the first eleven months since the clinical introduction of this new technique.
      The positive aspects of DLR such as high-contrast resolution and optimal
      reproducibility were clinically evaluated under ICU conditions. It was shown that
      DLR greatly improves the quality of the chest X-rays of all ICU patients and
      offers the following advantages: reproducibility, lateral chest projection, no
      insufficient exposure, reduction of exposure dose, electronical post-processing
      and storage, quality preserving digital storage and copying.

PMID- 2653091
TI  - The use of aperiodic analysis of the EEG during carotid artery surgery.
AB  - A new processed EEG machine, the Lifescan, which uses aperiodic analysis, was
      used to monitor cerebral activity prospectively in twenty-one patients undergoing
      carotid artery surgery under general anaesthesia. The machine was easy to apply,
      use and read. Volatile agents caused a bilateral decrease in high frequency
      activity. Unilateral changes consistent with cerebral ischaemia at the time of
      carotid cross-clamping were also seen. One such prolonged change was not
      associated with neurological deficit. A further patient awoke with neurological
      deficit without displaying Lifescan evidence of ischaemia. The machine requires
      further assessment.

PMID- 2653092
TI  - Physiological changes during liver transplantation.
AB  - Thirteen patients who received liver transplants at the National Liver Transplant
      Unit between January 1986 and March 1987 were studied with extensive monitoring
      and frequent intraoperative biochemical and haematological profiles. Anaesthetic
      technique was standardised for all patients. Retrospective analysis of this data
      confirms that patient homeostasis is most disturbed at the time of
      revascularisation of the donor liver. In this series, revascularisation was
      associated with marked changes in all measured haemodynamic parameters (arterial
      blood pressure, cardiac index, heart rate, and filling pressures). There was also
      a significant fall in pH with revascularisation, followed by a gradual rise
      during the final phases of the operation. Potassium levels often rose sharply
      with revascularisation but then decreased during the rest of the operative
      period. Ionised calcium levels did not change significantly at any stage;
      however, all patients were given calcium intraoperatively. Coagulation profiles
      were often abnormal preoperatively. The transplant procedure was associated with
      further abnormalities in both coagulation and fibrinolysis. Patient temperatures
      were maintained at normal levels throughout the procedure.

PMID- 2653093
TI  - Endotoxins and anti-endotoxins (their relevance to the anaesthetist and the
      intensive care specialist).
AB  - Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) are potent bacterial poisons always present
      within the intestines in considerable amounts. Several pathophysiological
      conditions such as hypovolaemia, hypoxia, intestinal ischaemia, burns and
      radiation lead to a breakdown in the barrier and depending upon the extent of the
      injury, endotoxins enter the systemic circulation in increasing amounts.
      Antibiotics do not inactivate the endotoxins which continue to exert their toxic
      effects leading to nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, disseminated intravascular
      coagulation, vascular collapse and organ failure. When nonabsorbable antibiotics
      are given prior to the insult, systemic endotoxaemia is prevented. Immunotherapy,
      using anti-lipopolysaccharide IgG, inactivates plasma endotoxins, destroys gram
      negative bacteria and opsonises them and may become a major form of therapy. An
      outline of endotoxin and anti-lipopolysaccharide and its importance to the
      anaesthetist and intensive care specialist is presented.

PMID- 2653094
TI  - An electrode montage for electrocardiographic monitoring.
AB  - An electrocardiographic electrode montage is described using electrodes mounted
      on the manubrium sterni (RA), xiphisternum (LA) and V5 position (LL). The lead II
      setting on the monitor, equivalent to CM5, offers optimal ischaemia detection,
      while lead I, now a vertical lead, manubrium to xiphisternum, results in maximal
      P wave amplitude. The montage has been evaluated in sixty-two intensive care
      patients with electrocardiographic abnormalities and has been used extensively in
      intensive care, the operating theatres and in shock wave lithotripsy. The 'Prince
      Henry' montage offers advantages over the standard bipolar leads in P wave
      amplitude, arrhythmia diagnosis and artefact rejection.

PMID- 2653095
TI  - Double-blind trial comparing epidural lignocaine with epidural fentanyl for
      anaesthesia during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
AB  - A randomised double-blind trial was undertaken to compare epidural lignocaine
      1.5% with adrenaline to epidural fentanyl (100 micrograms in saline 10 ml) in
      forty unpremedicated patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
      without ancillary procedures. Midazolam only was used for sedation. There was no
      significant difference in intraoperative pain scores with several patients in
      each group complaining of pain. Decreases in blood pressure occurred in both
      groups but were more pronounced in the lignocaine groups (36% vs 25% maximum
      decrease from control, P = 0.004). Heart rate was increased in the lignocaine
      group compared with control and to the fentanyl group, but there was no
      difference in respiratory rates within or between groups. Pruritus was more
      common in the fentanyl group and leg heaviness in the lignocaine group, but
      neither was troublesome. There was no difference in urological outcome at one
      month. Both techniques were satisfactory for the majority of patients, but the
      fentanyl group had a shorter preparation time and less cardiovascular changes.

PMID- 2653096
TI  - Practical aspects of coupling enzyme theory.

PMID- 2653097
TI  - Anion exchange chromatographic separation of inositol phosphates and their
      quantification by gas chromatography.
AB  - The direct measurement of mass of inositol trisphosphate from biologic samples is
      described. Separation of inositol monophosphate, bisphosphate, trisphosphate, and
      inositol tetrakisphosphate was achieved using anion exchange chromatography with
      a sodium sulfate gradient. In addition, separation of the isomers of each
      inositol phosphate was performed using HPLC procedures. The individual inositol
      phosphate fractions were subsequently dephosphorylated and desalted. The myo
      inositol from each fraction was then derivatized to the hexatrimethylsilyl
      derivative and the myo-inositol derivatives were quantified by a novel gas
      chromatographic analysis using the hexatrimethylsilyl derivative of chiro
      inositol as an internal concentration reference. This method is a reproducible
      and relatively rapid procedure for the direct quantification of inositol
      phosphate mass which overcomes many of the problems associated with the use of
      radiolabeled precursors. The method is a significant improvement over existing
      procedures for the quantitative determination of the mass of inositol phosphate
      by virtue of improved recovery, sensitivity, and technical simplicity. The
      applicability of this method is illustrated by the quantitative determination of
      inositol trisphosphate in response to norepinephrine stimulation of adult canine
      myocytes and cerebral cortical brain slices and by measurement of the isomers of
      inositol trisphosphate in isolated myocytes.

PMID- 2653098
TI  - Repetitive recycling of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I for synthesis of
      dihydroneopterin triphosphate.
AB  - A procedure for enzymatic production of dihydroneopterin triphosphate is
      described that allows GTP cyclohydrolase I to be reused repetitively. The
      reaction takes place in an ultrafiltration cell, and the product is collected in
      the filtrate, whereas the enzyme remains in the cell to be reused with additional
      substrate. This is repeated until the enzyme activity drops below a desirable
      level. The purity of the dihydroneopterin triphosphate is satisfactory for
      utilization of this compound for studies on enzymes involved in the synthesis of
      tetrahydrobiopterin and drosopterin. A procedure for purification of
      dihydroneopterin triphosphate is described that uses C18-silica and silica
      cartridges.

PMID- 2653099
TI  - Low cost apparatus for primer-directed DNA amplification using Thermus aquaticus
      DNA polymerase.
AB  - An apparatus is described which permits the incubation of samples at three
      different temperatures in a cyclic fashion. The parts for the incubator are
      either present in every biochemical laboratory (water baths) or can be easily
      obtained at a low price (timers and magnetic valves). Thus the new DNA
      amplification procedure employing Thermus aquaticus-DNA polymerase can be carried
      out automatically without major investments.

PMID- 2653100
TI  - A rapid diethylaminoethyl paper disk assay for transfer RNA sulfurtransferase.
AB  - A rapid assay for tRNA sulfurtransferase from Escherichia coli was developed,
      reducing the time needed to determine enzyme activity from 11 to 2 h. The
      reaction measured is the transfer of sulfur from [35S]cysteine to acceptor sites
      in a thionucleotide-deficient tRNA substrate. Processing is done by binding the
      product, [35S]-tRNA, to DEAE-cellulose filter disks. The disks are then treated
      to remove unreacted [35S]cysteine, cysteine-protein adducts and [35S]cysteinyl
      tRNA. The DE81 disk assay and the 11-h standard assay are shown to give identical
      values over a wide range of incubation times and enzyme levels. Incorporation was
      greater when thionucleotide-deficient tRNA was used as substrate, as compared to
      fully modified tRNA. [35S]-tRNA was found to be the major reaction product,
      although some [35S]cysteine was also bound to the filters. The major
      thionucleoside labeled in nucleoside digests was 4-thiouridine, as determined by
      Bio-Gel P2 chromatography. We also observed other labeled peaks by this method,
      in amounts too small for positive identification. This rapid assay should be
      useful in the purification and study of this uncharacterized class of tRNA
      modification enzymes.

PMID- 2653101
TI  - A colony-blot technique for the detection of specific transcripts in eukaryotes.
AB  - We present a simple and rapid technique for the detection of specific transcripts
      in eukaryotic cells. The method allows the screening of large numbers of clones
      for the expression of a gene of interest, similar to the colony blotting
      techniques described for prokaryotes. We have used this method to monitor
      developmentally regulated transcription of endogenous genes and the expression of
      foreign genes in transformed Dictyostelium discoideum cells. The same procedure
      can be applied to detect specific transcripts in yeast and should thus provide a
      useful molecular tool for most biological systems.

PMID- 2653102
TI  - Synthesis of radiolabeled acetyl-coenzyme A from sodium acetate.
AB  - The synthesis of high specific radioactivity [14C]-acetyl-Coenzyme A from
      [14C]sodium acetate, 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid, 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole, and CoA
      is reported. Starting with 1 mumol of [14C]sodium acetate, this method yields
      pure [14C]acetyl-CoA in yields approaching 40%. Chromatography on a reversed
      phase ODS column was used to separate acetyl-CoA from Coenzyme A and side
      products. The acetylating agent is apparently a reaction intermediate,
      acetylimidazole.

PMID- 2653103
TI  - Measurement of urinary free and acylcarnitines: quantitative acylcarnitine
      profiling in normal humans and in several patients with metabolic errors.
AB  - A method for determining urinary concentrations of carnitine and acylcarnitine
      esters is described that employs fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, stable
      isotope dilution techniques, and a novel deutero-methyl esterification that
      permits unambiguous identification and quantitation of free carnitine and
      acylcarnitines. It is rapid, does not require chromatographic or other isolation
      procedures, and is immune to analyte losses in sample preparation. Urinary
      concentrations are reported for adult control subjects and for others with
      various metabolic disorders.

PMID- 2653104
TI  - The case of the tainted dexamethasone.

PMID- 2653105
TI  - An immunohistochemical study on the embryonic development of renin-containing
      cells in the mouse and pig.
AB  - The prenatal occurrence and distribution of renin-containing (RC) cells were
      investigated immunohistochemically in mouse and pig embryos. The RC cells of the
      mouse embryo were first observed at the 13th day of gestation at the walls of the
      renal, the mesonephric, the adrenal, the abdominal arteries, the adrenal glands
      and the testis. As the gestation of the mouse progressed, the RC cells had a
      tendency to localize in areas of the vascular pole of the metanephric glomerulus.
      In pig, when CRL was 0.8-2.0 cm, RC cells first appeared at the ventral walls of
      the dorsal aorta, the omphalo-mesenteric (i.e., the cranial mesenteric), the
      mesonephric, the mesonephric afferent glomerular arteries/arterioles and the
      inside of the mesonephric glomerulus. As the length of the pig embryo increased,
      no renin-immunoreactivity could be demonstrated at the degenerated mesonephros,
      while in the metanephros marked immunoreactivities were found only at the
      terminal regions of intralobular arteries, i.e., afferent arterioles or the
      vascular pole of the glomerulus.

PMID- 2653106
TI  - The globule leucocyte: morphology, origin, function and fate, a review.
AB  - A review of the literature concerning the origin, function and fate of the
      globular leukocyte is presented. The possible relationship of this cell to other
      cells such as erythrocytes, mast cells and lymphocytes in general is discussed
      with an aim toward delineating the probable functions of the cell. Although the
      globular leukocyte has been described in many species and in a variety of organs,
      its origin, fate and function remain to be clearly elucidated.

PMID- 2653107
TI  - Immunoperoxidase localization of prostatic inhibin peptide in human, monkey, dog,
      and rat prostates.
AB  - A comparative study on the localization of prostatic inhibin peptide was carried
      out by the immunoperoxidase technique in prostates of humans, bonnet and langur
      monkeys, marmosets, dogs, and rats. A positive reaction was observed in the
      prostatic epithelial cells of humans, in all three species of monkeys, and in the
      rat, while the dog prostate did not exhibit any reaction. These observations
      indicate a close immunological similarity among human, monkey, and rat prostatic
      inhibin peptides.

PMID- 2653108
TI  - Immunofluorescent localization of desmin and vimentin in developing cardiac
      muscle of Syrian hamster.
AB  - The distributions of desmin and vimentin were examined in frozen sections of
      cardiac muscle from embryonic, newborn, and adult Syrian hamster by using
      immunofluorescent methods. Frozen sections of newborn and adult skeletal muscle
      were used for comparison. Cardiac myocytes from day 9 in utero embryos already
      show a clear association of desmin with the sarcomeric myofibrils. In newborn
      hearts, desmin is localized in the myofibrillar Z-line areas as well as in the
      peripheral cytoplasm of the cell. Three days after birth, desmin is associated
      with the intercalated discs. Thus, in adult cardiac muscle, desmin is present in
      both Z-bands and intercalated discs. Skeletal muscle of newborn and adult hamster
      also contains desmin associated with the Z-lines of myofibrils. Vimentin is
      associated with the myofibrils of day 9 in utero cardiac muscle cells. The
      protein remains associated with the myofibrillar Z-lines in the newborns and
      adults. No detectable staining for vimentin was observed in newborn or adult
      hamster skeletal muscle. The existence of vimentin as well as desmin in
      differentiated cardiac muscle may be a consequence of the somewhat more
      epithelial-like nature of cardiac cells as compared to skeletal muscle syncitia.

PMID- 2653109
TI  - Identification of human spermatozoa antigens using monoclonal antibodies and the
      alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase-technique.
AB  - Both cytoplasmic and surface-membrane antigens of human spermatozoa were detected
      by means of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) and of the alkaline phosphatase anti
      alkaline phosphatase- (APAAP-) technique. Several advantages of this technique
      for the identification of sperm could be demonstrated. The labeling of
      cytocentrifuge preparations from 16 ejaculates proved the presence of
      glycosphingolipids, nuclear and mitochondrial antigens of spermatozoa. However,
      there were no HLA-molecules and other leukocyte antigens on sperm cells.

PMID- 2653110
TI  - Oral treatment of oligozoospermia with testosterone-undecanoate: results of a
      double-blind-placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - 30 patients with normogonadotrophic oligozoospermia from 1-20 mill/ml (group A)
      and 30 men with a sperm density from 210-40,0 mill/ml (group B) from the
      andrologic laboratory of the University Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics,
      Graz, Austria were treated with a 120 mg testosteron-undecanoate per os for 100
      days. One randomized half of the patients received a placebo in a double blind
      manner. Conventional spermiograms were supplemented by extended morphologic
      analysis and motility determinations by laser-Doppler-spectroscopy. Statistical
      evaluation of data revealed no differences between verum and placebo group before
      treatment. After therapy significantly higher levels of testosterone could be
      observed in the verum group. Statistical calculations of differences between
      spermiogram parameters before treatment, after treatment and six weeks thereafter
      revealed significant improvements of sperm morphology in group A and B as well as
      significantly lower numbers of spermatozoa with head-deformations. A reduction of
      tail deformities could be observed at the control spermiogram six weeks after end
      of treatment. Besides improvements of sperm morphology, enhancements of sperm
      density could be observed in the verum group; sperm motility remained generally
      unchanged. During the duration of the trial four pregnancies (1 abortion)
      occurred in the placebo group, six females became pregnant in the verum group:
      five belonged to group A (1 x gemini), one pregnancy occurred in group B.

PMID- 2653111
TI  - Clinical and physical evaluation of the infertile male: testicular measurement or
      orchidometry.
AB  - SUMMARY: For the quantitative determination of the testicular size or volume, two
      groups of apparatus are available: on the one hand, model testes, which are
      extremely valuable in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies during the period
      of pubescence, and on the other hand, measuring devices, with which the
      testicular dimensions can be specified. The latter instruments are helpful
      chiefly during the adolescent years and the diagnosis of problems surrounding
      fertility. The testicular volume can be calculated subsequently from the specific
      testicular measurements. The formula, for computing the volume of an ellipsoid,
      seems to be the most suitable for this purpose. Appliances also have been
      developed, which allow the largest (longitudinal) dimension (in mm) and the
      testicular volume (in cm3) to be read off simultaneously. A tonometer can be
      useful to quantitatively estimate the testicular consistency, which is a
      parameter of the testicular integrity at the level of tubular function
      (spermatozoa production).

PMID- 2653112
TI  - [Dynamics of some indicators of carbohydrate metabolism under general anesthesia
      with fluorothane and epidural analgesia in children].
AB  - Combined halothane anesthesia (55 children) produced an insignificant increase in
      glucose and insulin blood levels, which might be accounted for by a depressing
      halothane effect on the brain cortex. Epidural analgesia (47 children) leads to a
      decrease in nociceptive impulsation, which results in a sharp increase in
      somatotropic hormone (STH) level with stable insulin blood concentration.
      Increased glucose blood level observed in the postoperative period after epidural
      analgesia may be accounted for by diabetogenic effect of STH.

PMID- 2653113
TI  - [Sugar diabetes and anesthesiology].

PMID- 2653114
TI  - [Modern aspects of intensive therapy of acute liver failure, complicated by
      encephalopathy].

PMID- 2653115
TI  - [Local-regional fibrinolysis as elective treatment in deep venous thromboses:
      experimental clinical study].

PMID- 2653116
TI  - [Chronic deep venous insufficiency. Medical pharmacologic and surgical
      treatment].
AB  - Etiopathogeny, several clinical forms, different method of study and surgical and
      pharmacological treatment, according to different cases and clinical forms of
      chronic deep venous insufficiency, are analyzed.

PMID- 2653117
TI  - [Assay of plasma progesterone and testosterone. Comparison of enzyme immunoassays
      and radio-immunoassays].
AB  - Plasma progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) were determined by enzyme immunology
      with commercially available kits. Two kits (Serono and BioMerieux) were studied
      for P determination and one kit (Serono) for that of the T. The results obtained
      by either enzyme immunoassay were compared reliable and specific
      radioimmunoassays. The BioMerieux kit was shown to be more appropriate than the
      Serono kit for plasma P assay except in patients after oral administration of
      micronized progesterone because of the interference of the high levels of P
      metabolites. Concerning T, the Serono kit appears to yield generally adequate
      results in male adults but neither in men treated with dihydrotestosterone nor in
      females.

PMID- 2653118
TI  - [Norepinephrine in hyperkinetic septic shock: from a misunderstood process to
      justified rehabilitation].

PMID- 2653119
TI  - [Comparison of blood pressure profiles with flunitrazepam/fentanyl/nitrous oxide
      vs cervical epidural anesthesia in surgery of the carotid artery].
AB  - A study was carried out to compare the evolution of arterial blood pressure
      during carotid endarterectomy performed under either general anaesthesia (GA) or
      cervical epidural anaesthesia (CEA). 20 patients were randomly assigned to two
      equal groups. In the CEA group, 15 ml of 0.375% bupivacaine and 150 micrograms
      fentanyl were injected into the epidural space at C7-D1 level. In the GA group,
      patients were anaesthetized with 0.2 mg.kg-1 flunitrazepam and 5 micrograms.kg-1
      fentanyl; intubation was carried out using 0.08 mg.kg-1 vecuronium, and the
      patients were ventilated with a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen (50% of
      each). Further injections, every 30 min, of 2 micrograms.kg-1 fentanyl were given
      to the patients in group GA. Blood pressure was monitored continuously, up to 4 h
      postoperatively, with a radial arterial catheter. Per- or postoperative
      hypertension was defined as a rise in systolic arterial blood pressure (Pasys)
      over 180 mmHg for greater than 3 min; this was treated with 20 mg nifedipine
      intranasally (group CEA) or 100 micrograms fentanyl with 0.5 mg flunitrazepam
      with or without nifedipine (group GA). Per- or postoperative hypotension was
      defined as a fall in Pasys below 100 mmHg and or a 30% fall in mean arterial
      blood pressure for greater than 3 min; this was treated, in both groups, with an
      intravenous bolus of 3 mg ephedrine. Patients in group CEA experienced more
      frequent episodes of peroperative hypertension (8/2; p less than 0.02) and
      postoperative hypotension (5/1) than group GA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653120
TI  - [Regional anesthesia in pediatrics].
AB  - After having been virtually completely forgotten since the Second World War,
      paediatric regional anaesthesia has been undergoing a renewal in the last decade.
      This renewed interest in old techniques is due to several converging factors: a
      better knowledge of the pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents in the child,
      the availability of equipment adapted for children, the remarkable haemodynamic
      stability of the very young child during an epidural block, as well as the need
      to treat pain not just in the operative period. The child is not, or rather, is
      not only a small adult. Embryological development is not finished at birth. The
      incompletely myelinized nervous system as well as the incomplete skeletal
      ossification will influence local anaesthetic pharmacodynamics and the choice of
      anaesthetic technique and anatomical landmarks. Aponeurotic sheaths are only
      poorly attached to anatomical structures, especially nerves. This, together with
      the fact that epidural fat in the young child is very fluid, explains why some
      techniques are very efficient, but also why the volumes of required anaesthetic
      solution are proportionately much more important than in adults. The general
      pharmacology of local anaesthetic drugs is very close to adults. However, the
      very important regional blood flow rates, the different body water distribution,
      the immature neurovegetative system, the weak activity of some enzymes, and the
      relatively greater importance of the liver and brain by weight explain the
      differences found in pharmacokinetics, which are differences in degree and not in
      nature. The choice of the appropriate local anaesthetic agent depends on these
      factors. In France, the chosen drug will almost exclusively be an amide, mostly
      lignocaine and bupivacaine. The psychological immaturity of children makes any
      assessment of pain quite difficult. Moreover, body image has not yet been
      completely acquired in most cases, so reducing the possibility of
      conceptualization. The usefulness of techniques requiring an active patient
      participation, in particular the search for paraesthesia, is therefore rather
      reduced. Light general anaesthesia and peripheral nerve stimulators (for nerve
      blocks) are essential, and desirable at least, if not wished by most patients.
      Caudal anaesthesia is an important technique in the child. It is easy to perform,
      efficient, with small risk. Its ideal indication is surgery below the umbilicus
      in the infant and young child. Lumbar epidural anaesthesia requires greater
      experience as well as proper equipment, especially in the very young child.
      Peripheral nerve blocks are less used than in adults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2653121
TI  - [Occurrence of a circulating anticoagulant, factor V inhibitor after surgical
      intervention].
AB  - A case is reported of an endogenous inhibitor to factor V occurring one month
      after subtotal gastrectomy and splenectomy, with peroperative radiotherapy, for
      gastric adenocarcinoma. Preoperative coagulation tests were normal: 31 s for
      activated kephalin time (control 31 s) and 93% for prothrombin level. There was a
      fall in this latter during the first three postoperative days. Four hundred ml
      plasma without cryoprotein were therefore given, bringing the coagulation tests
      back to the normal range. On day 25, a routine check showed an activated kephalin
      time of 71 s (control 31 s), a prothrombin level of 13% with a thrombin time of
      18 s (control 18 s). There was no associated haemorrhagic diathesis. Measurement
      of all the individual coagulation factors showed that there was a fall in factor
      V level (0.05 IU.ml-1). A large amount of antifactor V antibody was then found
      (47 IU.ml-1). No treatment was undertaken, the patient being so well. Two months
      later, the antibody had disappeared. The usual circumstances in which this
      antibody can be seen and the management of the related severe haemorrhages are
      discussed.

PMID- 2653122
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of single-dose administration of moxalactam in unweaned calves.
AB  - Twenty-nine healthy 17- to 29-day-old unweaned Israeli-Friesian male calves were
      each given a single IV or IM injection of 10 or 20 mg of moxalactam disodium/kg
      of body weight. Serum concentrations were measured serially during a 12-hour
      period. Serum concentration vs time profiles were analyzed by use of linear least
      squares regression analysis and the statistical moment theory. The elimination
      half-lives after IV administration were 143.7 +/- 30.2 minutes and 155.5 +/- 10.5
      minutes (harmonic mean +/- SD) at dosages of 10 and 20 mg of moxalactam/kg of
      body weight, respectively. Corresponding mean residence time values were 153.1 +/
      26.8 minutes and 169.9 +/- 19.3 minutes (arithmetic mean +/- SD). Mean residence
      time values after IM administration were 200.4 +/- 17.5 minutes and 198.4 +/-
      19.9 minutes at dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. The volumes of
      distribution at steady state were 0.285 +/- 0.073 L/kg and 0.313 +/- 0.020 L/kg
      and total body clearance values were 1.96 +/- 0.69 ml/min/kg and 1.86 +/- 0.18
      ml/min/kg after administration of dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively.
      Moxalactam was rapidly absorbed from the IM injection site and peak serum
      concentrations occurred at 1 hour. The estimated bioavailability ranged from 69.8
      to 79.1%. The amount of serum protein binding was 53.4, 55.0, and 61.5% when a
      concentration of moxalactam was at 50, 10, and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively. The
      minimal inhibitory concentrations of moxalactam ranged from 0.01 to 0.2
      micrograms/ml against Salmonella and Escherichia coli strains and from 0.005 to
      6.25 micrograms/ml against Pasteurella multocida strains.

PMID- 2653123
TI  - Environment and genes. Determinants of behavior.
AB  - Recent behavioral genetic research has demonstrated that genetic influence on
      individual differences in behavioral development is usually significant and often
      substantial and, paradoxically, also supports the important role of the
      environment. This article reviews research on the heritability of intellectual
      factors, personality factors, and psychopathology. It discusses the importance of
      investigating within-family environmental differences in order to understand the
      environmental origins of individual differences in development.

PMID- 2653124
TI  - Emotions and emotional communication in infants.
AB  - Important advances have recently been made in studying emotions in infants and
      the nature of emotional communication between infants and adults. Infant emotions
      and emotional communications are far more organized than previously thought.
      Infants display a variety of discrete affective expressions that are appropriate
      to the nature of events and their context. They also appreciate the emotional
      meaning of the affective displays of caretakers. The emotional expressions of the
      infant and the caretaker function to allow them to mutually regulate their
      interactions. Indeed, it appears that a major determinant of children's
      development is related to the operation of this communication system. Positive
      development may be associated with the experience of coordinated interactions
      characterized by frequent reparations of interactive errors and the
      transformation of negative affect into positive affect, whereas negative
      development appears to be associated with sustained periods of interactive
      failure and negative affect.

PMID- 2653125
TI  - Female and male: issues of gender.
AB  - Our culture's preoccupation with gender differences is reflected in the
      importance developmental psychologists have placed on gender-related issues. In
      this article, three areas of research where gender is or has been a primary focus
      of research are discussed: measurement of intellectual abilities, biology and
      behavior, and socialization processes. Policy implications of the research are
      suggested.

PMID- 2653126
TI  - Cognitive strategies and strategic learning. The socio-instructional approach.
AB  - Recent developmental studies have focused on children's learning strategies and
      on the socio-instructional dynamics that foster strategic learning. The
      introduction of Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development has been
      central to this research effort. Zone theory is discussed in the context of
      traditional cognitive strategies research and in terms of its practical
      applications.

PMID- 2653127
TI  - Children's language acquisition.
AB  - Child language acquisition has only recently become an important research topic
      for developmental psychologists, although the universal appearance of language
      during the second year of life has long fascinated philosophers. For normally
      developing children, language emerges spontaneously as a means of talking about
      what they know so that they can accomplish social goals important to them. Some
      children, however, need to be taught. This article reviews current issues in
      child language acquisition and suggests a research agenda for helping those
      children who have difficulty mastering the fundamentals of language.

PMID- 2653128
TI  - Children and computers. Approaching the twenty-first century.
AB  - The "effects" that various forms of "computer" use are likely to have on
      different children's learning, motivation, and social behavior have been a source
      of heated debate and continuing controversy. In this article, various aspects of
      this controversy are characterized, and sources of disagreement concerning
      educational computing are examined. Difficulties in the current state of
      empirical research in this area are then considered, and recommendations
      regarding directions for future research are proposed.

PMID- 2653129
TI  - Developmental psychopathology. Current research, issues, and directions.
AB  - Developmental psychopathology refers to the study of clinical dysfunction in the
      context of maturational and developmental processes. Although the field
      encompasses the entire life span, the present focus is on childhood. Special
      characteristics make the study of childhood dysfunction somewhat unique,
      including the emergence, evolution, and attenuation of seemingly problematic
      behaviors over the course of development; the manner in which children are
      referred for clinical evaluation; and complexities in identifying the appropriate
      foci for clinical intervention. Notwithstanding these obstacles, recent work has
      advanced considerably in diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of childhood
      disorders. The present article highlights recent advances in these areas and
      promising extensions in current research. Many advances have relied heavily on
      the extension of paradigms developed in research with adults. Additional research
      is needed that draws on and integrates conceptual and empirical work from
      developmental psychology.

PMID- 2653130
TI  - Mental health services for children. The state of the art.
AB  - Throughout this century, people in the United States have been concerned about
      the serious deficiencies in the mental health care of our children. Despite
      eloquent needs assessment and recommendations for remediation, most of the
      unserved needs and deficiencies of our mental-health-care-delivery system remain
      the same. This article reviews the current status of mental health services to
      children, youth, and families to highlight the necessity of an integrated system
      of mental health care. The development of a continuum of care that is coordinated
      across the mental health and non-mental-health systems that naturally occur in
      all children's lives has the potential to vastly improve mental health services
      to children, youth, and families.

PMID- 2653131
TI  - Adolescent mental health.
AB  - Definitions and descriptions of adolescent mental health are beginning to be
      grounded in psychologists' empirical studies of a wide variety of patterns of
      adaptation to adolescence. Three major themes guiding current research relevant
      to mental health in adolescence are discussed in this article: (a) a focus on
      analysis of interindividual differences to describe variety in adaptation; (b)
      the integration of biological, psychological, social, and cultural variables in
      models of adolescence; and (c) an emphasis on the developmental aspects of
      adolescent mental health. Empirical investigations of adolescent mental health
      and development within the social context of the family are reviewed.

PMID- 2653132
TI  - Affective disorders in children and adolescents.
AB  - Recent developments in the classification, description, and empiric study of
      affective disorders and related syndromes in the preadult years are highlighted.
      Because the bulk of extant work concerns the depressions, manic disorders are
      discussed only briefly. Major trends are summarized under three headings:
      psychiatric and diagnostic (nonbiologic) studies; hypothesis-testing and causal
      explanation studies; and studies of developmental psychopathology. There is
      compelling evidence from a variety of sources that affective disorders among
      children and adolescents are more persistent than hitherto thought and have
      numerous negative associated features and consequences. The findings are
      discussed in light of the methodologic and conceptual problems that beset
      research in this area. Future research directions are indicated, among which the
      following deserve particular consideration: investigations of the long-term
      consequences of juvenile-onset affective disorders, further work on the logic of
      psychiatric classification to facilitate resolution of diagnostic dilemmas,
      expansion or revision of theories of depression to take into account issues and
      psychologic mechanisms specific to children and adolescents, further psychometric
      work with attention to developmental processes that constrain methods of
      assessment, and design and testing of innovative treatment and remediative
      approaches to juvenile-onset affective disorders.

PMID- 2653133
TI  - Hyperactivity and attention deficits.
AB  - Substantive progress has been made in our understanding of children considered
      hyperactive, especially in the interpersonal sphere. Evolving conceptualizations
      of hyperactivity and attention deficits are reviewed briefly, including changes
      in clinical diagnostic practices and in knowledge about developmental course. The
      hypothesis is advanced that the cognitive and social difficulties of hyperactive
      children may be better understood in terms of motivational and self-regulatory
      processes than as deficiencies in basic information processing. The role of
      stimulant medication is emphasized, both as a controversial treatment approach
      and as an adjunct to research on the children's problems.

PMID- 2653134
TI  - Risk in infancy. Origins and implications.
AB  - This article focuses on biological risks that can adversely influence development
      during infancy and later. In the first part of the article, the origins of risks
      and their potential consequences are discussed relative to prepregnancy,
      prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal periods. Epidemiological data are presented.
      The second part of the article addresses issues pertaining to assessment of
      infant development and interventions provided for infants whose development may
      be in jeopardy. Finally, goals for prevention are highlighted and the need for a
      nationally derived data base on risk and outcomes is emphasized.

PMID- 2653135
TI  - Injury control.
AB  - Injuries are now the cause of more deaths in children than the next six most
      frequent causes combined. It is estimated that 8.7 million injuries occur each
      year. Together with noninjury motor vehicle accidents and fires, these accidents
      cost the nation an estimated $107.3 billion. The major approaches to injury
      control have involved legislation, health education, and behavioral strategies.
      In this article, the research evidence on the effectiveness of these strategies
      is reviewed, and suggestions for additional research are proposed.

PMID- 2653136
TI  - Substance use and abuse among children and teenagers.
AB  - During the past several years, there has been a renewed national concern about
      drug abuse, culminating in the current "war on drugs." In this review, we
      emphasize that even though child or teenage drug use is an individual behavior,
      it is embedded in a sociocultural context that strongly determines its character
      and manifestations. Our focus is on psychoactive substances both licit
      (cigarettes and alcohol) and illicit (e.g., cannabis and cocaine). We feel that
      it is critical to draw a distinction between use and abuse of drugs and to do so
      from a multidimensional perspective that includes aspects of the stimulus (drug),
      organism (individual), response, and consequences. Our selective review of
      substance use and abuse among children and adolescents covers epidemiology
      (patterns and extent of drug use), etiology (what generates substance use),
      prevention (how to limit drug use), treatment (interventions with drug users),
      and consequences (effects and outcomes of youthful drug use).

PMID- 2653137
TI  - Adolescent sexual behavior.
AB  - What is known about adolescent sexual behavior is reviewed. First, the onset of
      sexual behavior in the teenage years is considered as a function of cohort,
      gender, and ethnic differences. Omissions in the research on sexual behavior
      other than intercourse are highlighted. Possible biological, social, and social
      cognitive processes underlying teenage sexual behavior are then considered. Next,
      demographic trends in the use of contraceptives and antecedents of regular birth
      control use are reviewed. Finally, some of the successful program initiatives
      directed toward altering sexual and contraceptive practices are discussed,
      keeping in mind the importance and relative lack of well-designed and carefully
      evaluated programs.

PMID- 2653138
TI  - Pediatric AIDS and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Psychological issues.
      Task Force on Pediatric AIDS.
AB  - Pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)/human immunodeficiency virus
      infection is a growing medical problem in this country with a broad range of
      psychological implications. This report from the American Psychological
      Association's Division of Child, Youth and Family Services Task Force on
      Pediatric AIDS provides a brief review of what is known about the disease in
      children and addresses three areas of concern: (a) the delivery of clinical
      services to infected and ill children and their families, (b) the development of
      effective AIDS education and prevention programs, and (c) research needs.
      Recommendations for action are included.

PMID- 2653139
TI  - Infant day care. Maligned or malignant?
AB  - Today, the mothers of half the infants in the United States work outside the
      home. This concerns psychologists and parents because of the possible detrimental
      effects on these infants of separations from mother and experience in day care.
      Available data suggest that infants whose mothers work full time are somewhat
      more likely as one-year-olds to avoid their mothers after a brief separation and
      later to be less compliant with their mothers and more aggressive with their
      peers. The argument that these behaviors indicate that infants in day care are at
      risk for emotional insecurity and social maladjustment is evaluated in light of
      current research results. It is concluded that other interpretations of the data
      are more plausible and that further research on the factors moderating and
      mediating the effects of infant day care is needed.

PMID- 2653140
TI  - Marital transitions. A child's perspective.
AB  - Despite a recent leveling off of the divorce rate, almost half of the children
      born in the last decade will experience the divorce of their parents, and most of
      these children will also experience the remarriage of their parents. Most
      children initially experience their parents' marital rearrangements as stressful;
      however, children's responses to their parents marital transitions are diverse.
      Whereas some exhibit remarkable resiliency and in the long term may actually be
      enhanced by coping with these transitions, others suffer sustained developmental
      delays or disruptions. Others appear to adapt well in the early stages of family
      reorganizations but show delayed effects that emerge at a later time, especially
      in adolescence. The long-term effects are related more to the child's
      developmental status, sex, and temperament; the qualities of the home and
      parenting environments; and to the resources and support systems available to the
      parents and child than they are to divorce or remarriage per se. In recent years,
      researchers have begun to move away from the view that single-parent and
      remarried families are atypical or pathogenic families and are focusing on the
      diversity of children's responses and to the factors that facilitate or disrupt
      the development and adjustment of children experiencing their parents' marital
      transitions.

PMID- 2653141
TI  - Teenaged pregnancy and childbearing.
AB  - This article reviews recent evidence on the changing patterns of childbearing
      among adolescents and the impact of premature parenthood on the life course of
      young mothers and their children. Although adolescent mothers experience
      conspicuous disadvantages in educational attainment and economic well-being, over
      time the differences between early and later childbearing appear to diminish
      somewhat, at least for Blacks. The children of teenage mothers, however, are
      distinctly worse off throughout childhood than the offspring of older child
      bearers. The reasons for this disparity are explored. The concluding section
      discusses a range of preventive and ameliorative strategies for reducing the cost
      of early child-bearing. The evidence supports the need for more integration among
      services and the importance of increasing the availability of services to those
      in need.

PMID- 2653142
TI  - Family violence.
AB  - Researchers and policymakers have begun to recognize the extent and severity of
      family violence in recent years, particularly its effects on children. Despite a
      flurry of research, however, there is much disagreement about the definition of
      violence, its development, the consequences for victims, and the most effective
      avenues for intervention. Similar conceptual, methodological, and practical
      problems are faced by those working in the areas of physical child abuse, child
      sex abuse, and child witnesses to spouse abuse. In further research on these
      complex problems, researchers are encouraged to use operational definitions that
      avoid terms like abuse and violence, to focus new efforts on emotional mediators
      of violent actions, to evaluate the effects of violence on the entire family
      system, and to redouble efforts to conduct systematic outcome research. Those
      professionals who are currently responsible for intervention are encouraged to
      use definitions of and responses to family violence that match those used for
      assaults between strangers.

PMID- 2653143
TI  - A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior.
AB  - A developmental model of antisocial behavior is outlined. Recent findings are
      reviewed that concern the etiology and course of antisocial behavior from early
      childhood through adolescence. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis
      that the route to chronic delinquency is marked by a reliable developmental
      sequence of experiences. As a first step, ineffective parenting practices are
      viewed as determinants for childhood conduct disorders. The general model also
      takes into account the contextual variables that influence the family interaction
      process. As a second step, the conduct-disordered behaviors lead to academic
      failure and peer rejection. These dual failures lead, in turn, to increased risk
      for depressed mood and involvement in a deviant peer group. This third step
      usually occurs during later childhood and early adolescence. It is assumed that
      children following this developmental sequence are at high risk for engaging in
      chronic delinquent behavior. Finally, implications for prevention and
      intervention are discussed.

PMID- 2653144
TI  - The future of schooling.
AB  - Distinction is drawn between research on learning processes among children in
      schools and the impact of schooling on students' academic and socioemotional
      development. Schooling and the learning environment are considered within an
      ecological/transactional framework. The research on school effectiveness and
      teacher effects is summarized. Interventions directed at the social regularities
      of the schooling environment are proposed as strategies to improve the learning
      environment of the school and optimize student outcomes.

PMID- 2653145
TI  - Learning disabilities. Policy issues and promising approaches.
AB  - The current status of knowledge concerning learning disabilities is reviewed with
      respect to areas of consensus and areas of disagreement about this phenomenon.
      The adequacy of the knowledge base is evaluated, and implications for social
      policies regarding the definition, diagnosis, treatment, and education of
      learning disabled children are drawn.

PMID- 2653146
TI  - Developmental psychology and mental retardation. Integrating scientific
      principles with treatment practices.
AB  - The current debates about "best practices" within mental retardation reflect key
      unresolved issues about the nature of mental retardation and the goals of
      treatment programs. The central axiom proposed is that better integration of
      basic principles about human development with treatment practices for children
      will yield substantial benefits to individuals and society. To illustrate the
      format for this proposed integration, three principles have been abstracted from
      scientific inquiry in human development: (a) targeted environmental prevention,
      (b) metacognitive conveyance, and (c) ecological dominion. A contextual analysis,
      using special education as an example of a major treatment setting, indicates
      that application of these developmental principles is likely to reduce the
      prevalence of mild retardation (as currently defined), to minimize social and
      behavioral problems, and to foster improved levels of environmental mastery
      (adaptive success) for many children with low IQs and cognitive deficiencies.
      Consistent with these developmental principles, the current construct of mental
      retardation is judged inadequate, and an alternative diagnostic strategy is
      proposed. This strategy is based on repeated developmental profiling of a child
      and his or her biosocial environmental history.

PMID- 2653147
TI  - Relationship between lung injury and lung lipid peroxidation caused by recurrent
      endotoxemia.
AB  - We compared the relationship between lung lipid peroxidation and the histologic
      and physiologic changes seen after repeated doses of low dose endotoxin in
      unanesthetized sheep. Thirty-two sheep with lung lymph fistula were given from 1
      to 10 doses of 1 micrograms/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin, 12 h apart. Animals
      were killed 5 h after 1, 3, 5, or 9 doses of endotoxin or 3 to 5 days after the
      tenth dose of endotoxin. The lipid peroxidation process was monitored by
      circulating conjugated dienes and lung tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) content. We
      found that conjugated dienes and MDA were increased after one dose of endotoxin
      corresponding in time with the increased prostanoid production and increased
      permeability. Acute lung inflammation was also evident histologically. Lipid
      peroxidation was not increased, however, when 3 to 7 doses were given. The
      permeability change was also markedly attenuated whereas severe lung inflammation
      was still present on histologic examination. After 9 doses, we noted a fourfold
      increase in lung tissue MDA that corresponded histologically with a marked
      mononuclear cell infiltration. Physiologic changes included a sustained 50%
      increase in oxygen consumption. However, lung lymph flow was not increased,
      again, reflecting lung inflammation with no change in lung vascular permeability.
      The MDA remained increased 5 days after the last dose of endotoxin along with a
      marked lung mononuclear cell infiltration. The lung MDA content corresponded with
      the level of increase in VO2, but not with changes in pulmonary vascular
      permeability. Conjugated dienes were increased only after the first injection of
      endotoxin. The lung lipid peroxidation process does not appear to correspond to
      physiologic or histologic lung changes after recurrent exposures to endotoxin.

PMID- 2653148
TI  - Dual pathway clearance of 99mTc-DTPA from the bronchial mucosa.
AB  - Many studies have reported clearance rates of 99mTc-DTPA from the alveolar
      epithelial surface, but few have measured clearance of this solute from the
      bronchial mucosa. Those that have attempted such measurements have discounted the
      possibility that 99mTc-DTPA may be removed from the bronchial airways by
      mucocilliary transport as well as by absorption through the epithelium. This
      study was designed to better approximate the rate of 99mTc-DTPA absorption across
      the bronchial epithelium by correcting the measurements of total 99mTc-DTPA
      clearance for mucus transport. On two separate study days, each normal,
      nonsmoking subject (n = 8) breathed an aqueous aerosol (2.0 microns MMAD, sigma g
      = 2.0) containing 99mTc bound to DTPA or human serum ablumin (HSA) (a relatively
      nonpermeable solute that is cleared only by mucus transport over the period of
      measured clearance) while seated in front of a gamma camera. Breathing pattern
      was standardized to produce a similar central deposition of particles on both
      study days. From measurements of retention versus time over a 1-h period,
      exponential rate constants (Ktot and Km) were determined for the clearance of
      99mTc-DTPA and 99mTc-HSA, respectively. By modeling the airways as a single
      compartment with two possible routes of clearance, we determined the permeability
      rate constant, Kp, as Ktot minus Km. Results showed that mucus clearance (Km)
      accounted for two thirds of the total rate of 99mTc-DTPA clearance (Ktot) (mean
      Ktot = 0.00985, Km = 0.00698, and Kp = 0.00287/min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2653149
TI  - Permeability of the bronchial mucosa to 99mTc-DTPA in asthma.
AB  - Previous investigators, using 99mTc-DTPA aerosol as a marker to assess epithelial
      permeability in asthma, did not find an increased permeability in this group.
      However, they either failed to deliver the aerosol to the optimal site (bronchial
      mucosa, not alveoli) or failed to account for mucociliary clearance in analyzing
      their results. We studied 10 asthmatics and eight age-matched control subjects
      using a dosimeter (Spira-Elektra 2) and a carefully controlled breathing pattern
      to deliver aerosol to the subjects' airways. Two aerosols were delivered on
      separate days in each patient; 99mTc-DTPA aerosol, and 99mTc-HSA (human serum
      albumin), using similar breathing patterns to ensure reproducibility of the
      deposition pattern with the two aerosols. From measurements of retention versus
      time over a 1-h period, rate constants Ktot and Km were determined for the
      clearance of 99mTc-DTPA and 99mTc-HSA, respectively. By modelling the airways as
      a single compartment with two possible routes of clearance, we determined the
      permeability rate constant, Kp, as Ktot minus Km. There was no significant
      difference between Ktot in normal subjects and asthmatics; however, because of
      the slower mucociliary clearance in the asthmatic group, and the relative
      importance of mucociliary clearance in determining the washout of 99mTc-DTPA
      aerosol, there was a significant difference in airway permeability between the
      normal subjects and the asthmatics (t1/2 = 296 min +/- 141 SD and 126 min +/- 58,
      p less than 0.01, in normal subjects and asthmatics, respectively).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653151
TI  - Clearing the air. The theory and application of ultraviolet air disinfection.

PMID- 2653150
TI  - The role of airflow resistance in patients with the adult respiratory distress
      syndrome.
AB  - Although reduced lung compliance is a hallmark of the adult respiratory distress
      syndrome (ARDS), the role of increased airflow resistance in this disorder has
      not been well studied. Because animal models of ARDS show marked increases in
      airflow resistance and because mediators known to participate in lung parenchymal
      injury have also been implicated in models of increased airway reactivity, we
      hypothesized that increased airflow resistance is a major contributor to altered
      lung mechanics in human ARDS. We studied 10 mechanically ventilated patients with
      ARDS (criteria: PaO2 less than or equal to 70 mm Hg breathing FIO2 greater than
      or equal to 0.4; bilateral pulmonary roentgenographic infiltrates; Ppaw less than
      or equal to 18 mm Hg) measuring dynamic (Cdyn) and static (Cstat) compliance,
      airflow resistance across the lungs (RL), shunt fraction (QS/QT breathing FIO2 =
      1.0), minute ventilation (VE), (a/A)PO2, dead space to tidal volume ratio
      (VD/VT), airflow (pneumotachograph), transpulmonary pressure (intratracheal
      pressure minus esophageal pressure) and volume (integrated from flow) at 50 L/min
      peak flow rate. Airflow resistance was uniformly elevated and averaged six times
      normal (5.32 +/- 0.92 cm H2O/L/s versus 0.88 +/- 0.08) (p less than 0.05). Cdyn
      correlated directly with (a/A)PO2. RL correlated with peak pressure, but did not
      correlate with VE, shunt, (a/A)PO2, or VD/VT. We conclude that increased
      pulmonary airflow resistance contributes significantly to the altered lung
      mechanics in ARDS. These data are consistent with studies of animal models of
      ARDS and long-term survivors of ARDS and may be secondary to tissue factors,
      airway hyperreactivity, or airway inflammation.

PMID- 2653152
TI  - NHLBI workshop summary. Developmental neurobiology of respiratory control.

PMID- 2653153
TI  - Medical therapy for chronic congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2653155
TI  - The multiple organ donor: identification and management.
AB  - Advances in surgical and immunosuppressive techniques as well as increased public
      awareness have made organ transplantation a well-accepted therapy. To meet the
      increased need for transplantable organs, medical staff need to recognize which
      dying patients may be suitable organ donors and how to optimally maintain that
      donor. We present an overview of the absolute and relative contraindications to
      organ donation as well as a review of the problems that may be encountered when
      managing organ donors and how they can best be solved. These guidelines will help
      increase the number of suitable organ donors and optimize the condition of the
      transplanted organs.

PMID- 2653154
TI  - Diabetic nephropathy: hemodynamic basis and implications for disease management.
AB  - New evidence shows that systemic and intrarenal hemodynamic abnormalities are
      major factors in the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Genetic
      predisposition to elevated systemic blood pressure may contribute to its
      development. Glomerular vasodilation and hyperfiltration, mediated in part by
      prostaglandins, may play a role in glomerular damage early in the course of
      diabetes, but clinical studies are limited. The development of more sensitive
      assays for albuminuria now allows early diagnosis of incipient nephropathy in the
      "microalbuminuria" phase. Treatment during this phase with antihypertensive
      agents, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or with dietary
      protein restriction, can decrease the degree of albuminuria, but data on their
      long-term effects on disease progression are limited. In hypertensive patients
      with established clinical diabetic nephropathy characterized by proteinuria in
      excess of 0.3 to 0.5 g/d, antihypertensive therapy has a major impact on delaying
      renal failure. Modalities that lower both systemic and intraglomerular pressure
      may be more beneficial in preserving renal function than those that primarily
      lower systemic pressure. Any therapeutic intervention should be monitored
      meticulously to establish its efficacy and safety in the individual patient.
      Therapy specifically directed against hemodynamic abnormalities throughout the
      course of diabetic renal disease may significantly delay and decrease the
      negative impact of this diabetic complication on survival and quality of life.

PMID- 2653156
TI  - A computer-assisted medical diagnostic consultation service. Implementation and
      prospective evaluation of a prototype.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of a computer-aided consultation
      service using academic general internists and the Quick Medical Reference (QMR)
      diagnostic program: and to study the impact of the consultation on the diagnostic
      behavior of physicians caring for patients. DESIGN: Prospective study of the
      diagnostic accuracy of computer-aided consultation in 31 cases, as well as a
      prospective study of ward team diagnoses and opinions before and after
      consultation. SETTING: General medicine wards of two tertiary care centers.
      PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-one patients identified as posing a diagnostic challenge and
      meeting eligibility criteria, as well as the housestaff caring for these
      patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After 6 months follow-up, diagnoses were
      established in 20 of 31 cases. The diagnostic sensitivity of the computer
      assisted diagnoses, 85% (95% CI, 56% to 97%), was similar to that of the consult
      service physicians, 80% (95% CI, 55% to 94%), but better than that of the ward
      teams, 60% (95% CI, 33% to 81%; P = 0.03 using the binomial test). The
      consultation influenced the postconsultation differential diagnoses of the ward
      teams in 26 of the 31 cases (95% CI, 92% to 95%). House officers rated the
      consultation service as being educationally helpful in 25 of the 31 cases (95%
      CI, 62% to 94%). CONCLUSIONS: Computer-aided diagnostic consultation, when
      provided by physicians familiar with the limitations of the system and capable of
      overriding inappropriate suggestions, was both accurate and educationally helpful
      in most cases. The system provided reasonable diagnostic suggestions not
      previously considered by the ward teams and these suggestions were valued
      sufficiently to cause alteration of the original differential diagnoses.

PMID- 2653157
TI  - Recommendations for control and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      infection in intravenous drug users.
AB  - Considerable evidence indicates that intravenous drug users are emerging as the
      group at greatest risk for both acquiring and spreading human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) infection. Thus, all possible methods to control the spread of HIV
      infection in intravenous drug users should be explored. Key recommendations are
      that HIV antibody testing of intravenous drug users should be voluntary, because
      mandatory testing is counterproductive; free distribution of needles and syringes
      to intravenous drug users should occur only in carefully controlled circumstances
      to determine its effectiveness in decreasing infection rates; and drug-free and
      methadone maintenance treatment programs should be available on demand to all
      intravenous drug users as a means of reducing the spread of HIV infection. At
      present, the primary strategy for prevention must be education resulting in
      behavioral change. Education is currently the only definitive means for
      controlling the spread of HIV infection among intravenous drug users, their sex
      contacts, and to fetuses.

PMID- 2653158
TI  - Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy--recurrent attacks in one eye in a bilateral
      case.
AB  - Subsequent involvement of the fellow eye is common in anterior ischemic optic
      neuropathy, but recurrent episodes in one eye are extremely rare. Our
      hypertensive patient had one eye attacked nine years before and two episodes in
      the second eye within ten days of each other. Visual-field examination revealed
      progressing field loss, and fluorescein angiography demonstrated an enlarged disc
      hypofluorescence area.

PMID- 2653159
TI  - [Subcutaneous abscess caused by Mycobacterium bovis BCG in a HIV-seropositive
      patient].

PMID- 2653160
TI  - [The history of nosology in dermatology].
AB  - The Hippocratic texts give evidence of the first structured interest in skin
      diseases. Nosological preoccupations, then at their beginning, put the stress on
      the connections between general pathology and diseases affecting the skin, and by
      creating a vocabulary. The Hippocratic texts give evidence of the first
      structured interest in skin diseases. Nosological preoccupations, then at their
      beginning, put the stress on the connections between general pathology and
      diseases affecting the skin, and by creating a vocabulary drawn from the vegetal
      world initiated a long-lasting relationship between dermatology and botany. The
      centuries which followed witnessed a wealth of descriptions which, thanks in
      particular to the works of Celsus, Galen and the Arab authors, led to the
      formation of true medical encyclopaedias, although the diagnosis of skin diseases
      could not be approached. The outline of a rational dermatological thinking did
      not appear until the 17th century with Haffenreffer, Riolan and Willis, all
      influenced by Malpighi, Harvey and Sydenham. Then came the 18th century with
      Astruc, Turner and Lorry. But it was in fact J. Plenck who devised the first
      nosology that could be used in clinical practice by creating the elementary
      lesion principle, later revised and refined by Willan and Bateman. In
      contradistinction with this artificial nosology, the French school of Alibert
      endeavoured to set up a natural nosology unfortunately spoiled by a certain lack
      of pragmatism. In the second half of the 19th century three main schools of
      thought emerged: Hebra's, who raised the nosological approach to an anatomical
      level, Hardy, Bazin's, who gave predominance to diathesis, and Wilson's, who
      attempted a synthesis of the first two schools. At the dawn of the 20th century
      the dogmatism of morphological systematization seemed to wane and be superseded
      by an aetiological approach, then reappeared in Degos' treatise published in
      1953. The latest nosologies acknowledge the importance of clinical data but give
      first rank to the physiopathology of diseases, sometimes replacing the anatomical
      systematization by a relative biological systematization which evolves with
      technological advances.

PMID- 2653161
TI  - William Cheselden tercentenary.

PMID- 2653162
TI  - [Acute traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Role of delayed surgical
      treatment].
AB  - Acute traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta (ATRTA) is considered to be an
      emergency which requires immediate surgery. However surgical mortality is high
      with an average of 20% in the literature. Twenty-seven patients were observed
      from 1973 to 1986. Three patients were not operated on (Group I). Twenty patients
      had immediate surgery (group II) with 60% deaths, 4 patients underwent delayed
      surgery (Group III) with 25% deaths. Analysis of causes of deaths shows that
      mortality is mainly due to the severity of associated lesions. Associated lesions
      were present in 72% of patients who did not survive and in only 37% of the
      survivors. Associated lesions may be lethal initially (E.G. Brain trauma) or they
      may be aggravated by the thoracic procedure. Complications from associated
      lesions may also compromise the outcome of the thoracic procedure. It is well
      known that the majority of deaths from ATRTA are observed within 24 hours.
      Immediate repair of the aortic lesion should remain the rule when aortic rupture
      is isolated or associated with moderate injuries. However, in some cases with
      severe and multiple associated lesions who survive the initial aortic injury,
      delayed repair of ATRTA could be considered.

PMID- 2653163
TI  - [Second primary cancers of the bronchi treated surgically (recurrence excluded).
      Results of a national survey (1987)].
AB  - A multicentre study conducted by a number of French Thoracic Surgery centres has
      collected a total of 88 cases of operated metachronous cancers. After defining
      the concept of metachronous cancer, the reporters of this survey successively
      analyse the frequency, histological type and clinical course of such lesions. The
      various types of resection and the results (postoperative course and long-term
      acturial survival) are also examined in detail. The good long-term survival of
      such metachronous cancers justifies a deliberately "aggressive" surgical
      approach.

PMID- 2653164
TI  - [Large B cell lymphoma of the mediastinum. 6 cases].
AB  - Mediastinal large cell lymphoma with sclerosis (MLCLS) is a recently described
      entity characterized by its locoregional extension, within the anterior
      mediastinum, and its B cell origin, although the proliferation arises from the
      thymus. It has been, in the past, often mistaken for other tumors of the anterior
      mediastinum: invasive thymoma, Hodgkin's disease, poorly differentiated clear
      cell carcinoma and seminoma, thus leading to inappropriate therapeutic
      approaches. We diagnosed 6 cases of MLCLS in 1986 and 1987, in 4 males and 2
      females, aged 16 to 44 (mean 27). Five of the 6 patients presented with a
      compressive anterior mediastinal mass, dyspnea, dysphonia, superior vena cava
      syndrome and parietal protrusion (3 cases). The CT scan confirmed the invasive
      and compressive characters of the tumor. Two patients initially had disseminated
      disease. Microscopically, the proliferation was composed of large clear cells,
      and segmented by bands of sclerosis. Immunologic studies demonstrated the B
      origin of the tumor cells. All 6 patients received combination therapy with an
      intensive CHOP protocol (L N H 84 Lyon). The first patient was initially
      operated, after a false frozen section diagnostic of thymoma. Resistance to
      chemotherapy (and rapid death within 2 months) was seen in 2 cases. On patient
      had a partial remission and 3 entered complete remission, of 5+, 10+ and 11
      months duration, respectively, with central nervous system relapse in the latter
      case. Excavation of the tumor on CT scan imaging seemed to be a poor prognostic
      factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653165
TI  - [Thoracic splenosis. Review of the literature apropos of a case].
AB  - Thoracic splenosis consists of autotransplantation of splenic tissue in the
      thorax following thoraco-abdominal trauma. The authors report a case of thoracic
      splenosis in a 35 year old woman who suffered a thoraco-abdominal gunshot wound
      12 years previously. Sixteen cases of thoracic splenosis have been reported in
      the literature. Always asymptomatic, the thoracic lesions were discovered by
      chance on chest x-rays performed for various reasons 9 to 32 years after the
      initial trauma. Surgery was required in 13 patients in order to establish the
      diagnosis. In 2 cases Tc99 and Indium 111 isotope scans revealed the diagnosis,
      avoiding the need for surgery.

PMID- 2653166
TI  - [Clinical history and anatomic findings following the longest survival after
      cardiac transplantation].
AB  - The authors report the case history of the first patient in the world to have
      survived 18 and a half years with a heart transplant. This survival was marked by
      several episodes of rejection during the early years and various other incidents.
      The pathology encountered was primarily iatrogenic: diffuse osteoporosis
      sometimes limited the patient's activity. Two skin cancers and a lung cancer were
      diagnosed and treated. The patient died from progressive respiratory failure with
      pulmonary hypertension and signs of right ventricular failure. Pathological
      examination revealed a subnormal myocardium with a certain amount of overloading
      of the coronary arteries, confirmed the lung cancer and pulmonary hypertension
      and, most importantly, revealed the presence of nodular regenerative hepatic
      cirrhosis responsible for ascites during the last few months of life and a renal
      adenocarcinoma. These last two lesions are observed in immunosuppressed patients.
      The authors pay tribute to this patient who led an active and devoted life in the
      service of others.

PMID- 2653167
TI  - [Aortic valve replacement with extracorporeal circulation in a pregnant woman.
      Apropos of a case].
AB  - The authors report a case of surgical treatment of aortic stenosis in a pregnant
      woman (first pregnancy after four years treatment of sterility). The aortic valve
      replacement was performed at 16 weeks of amenorrhea. The valve was replaced by an
      Ionescu-Shiley bioprosthesis. Delivery was performed by caesarean section after
      39 weeks of amenorrhea. There was no complication either for the mother or the
      child. Review of the literature allows analysis of the influence of aortic
      stenosis on pregnancy, and of the pregnancy on the tolerance of aortic stenosis.
      Some aspects of cardiopulmonary bypass for valve replacement in pregnant women
      are also analysed.

PMID- 2653168
TI  - [Abscess of the spleen: diagnosis and treatment. Apropos of 12 cases].
AB  - Twelve cases of splenic abscess, seen at our hospital between January 1980 and
      June 1987, were reviewed retrospectively. The most common causes of splenic
      abscesses were subacute endocarditis and intra abdominal sepsis. Diagnosis was
      suspected on clinical grounds and was always confirmed by sonography and/or
      computerized tomography. Two patients were drained unsuccessfully under CT scan
      guidance and underwent splenectomy. The other patients were operated primarily.
      One patient developed a subphrenic abscess postoperatively. One patient died from
      intractable cardiac failure due to subacute endocarditis. The authors stress the
      role of CT scan in the diagnosis of splenic abscess and recommend early
      splenectomy in cases of failure of percutaneous drainage.

PMID- 2653169
TI  - [Paraplegia caused by extradural spinal hematoma after radical pulmonary
      lobectomy in cancer].
AB  - The authors report a case of spinal cord complication after surgery for lung
      cancer. Amongst the 12 cases published in the literature, only one reports spinal
      cord ischaemia secondary to a compressive mechanism by spinal extradural
      haematoma. In the present case, due to an identical mechanism, paraplegia
      developed as a result of intraoperative meningeal rupture during extension of a
      pulmonary lobectomy for cancer to the adjacent vertebrae. The diagnosis was
      established by CT scan combined with emergency myelography. Certain preventative
      measures are proposed based on analysis of the mechanisms of this complication.

PMID- 2653170
TI  - [Surgical treatment of complete dysphagia caused by a giant cervical osteophyte].
AB  - Cervical osteophytes (due to new bone formation) occur in 30% of the population
      in middle or old age, but it is quite exceptional for this pathological condition
      to cause severe dysphagia. The authors report such a case, in which the diagnosis
      was confirmed by endoscopy, X-ray and computed tomography. In the absence of any
      curative treatment, surgery was required to relieve obstruction and an operation
      was performed via an antero-lateral extra-pharyngeal approach. Comparison with
      the literature confirms the validity of the authors decision, though some risks
      were involved.

PMID- 2653171
TI  - NSAIDS--a consideration of their efficacy and toxicity.
AB  - Although numerous NSAIDs are available for use in the management of rheumatic
      disease, most of the members of this large class of drugs possess very similar
      characteristics. The great majority are acidic compounds. The acidity of the
      drugs allow distribution not only into inflamed tissues but also the kidneys and
      gastric mucosa. It is likely that these compounds produce anti-inflammatory
      analgesia by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. As a result of these
      similarities, NSAIDs have in general relative similar efficacy and toxicity when
      used in appropriate dosages. Common adverse effects include dyspepsia, gastritis,
      mucosal ulcers, interstitial nephritis and acute renal failure. Most of the
      adverse effects associated with the clinical use of these drugs are related to
      their effect on prostaglandin production. In some susceptible individuals, the
      inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may result in a potentially fatal
      bronchospastic episode. Most clinical trials fail to consistently distinguish
      between NSAIDs. Patients however often develop distinct preferences for certain
      NSAIDs. The reason for this is still obscure but may reflect subtle
      pharmacological differences between these drugs. NSAIDs with short half-lives are
      quite effective on an 8 or 12 hourly dosage regimen. Compounds with longer half
      lives may be associated with accumulation in the elderly and hence a higher risk
      of toxicity. The use of NSAIDs in the management of rheumatic disease should
      therefore be highly individualised.

PMID- 2653172
TI  - Long-term outcome of children with febrile seizures.
AB  - This study investigates the long-term outcome of children admitted to hospital
      for febrile seizures (FS) in Singapore. Children born between 1/1/1980 and
      31/12/1982 who were admitted to the Singapore General Hospital between 1/1/81 and
      31/12/82 with FS were the subjects of this study. Four hundred and seventy-nine
      children were identified. Their medical records were analysed. Four hundred and
      seventy-six children (99.4%) were traced in 1988. The average age at follow up
      was 7.3 years. There were no deaths or permanent neurological deficits from FS.
      Eighteen children had one or more afebrile seizure (AFS) following the initial
      FS. In 8 children a condition precipitating the AFS could be identified. Ten
      children (2.1%) had unprovoked AFS. Five children had one AFS, and the other 5
      had more than one AFS. The incidence of epilepsy was 1.0%. Children with a FS
      lasting 30 minutes or more had a higher incidence of subsequent unprovoked AFS
      compared to children whose FS were less than 30 minutes. The incidences were
      12.1% and 1.4% respectively (p = 0.003). Children with a family history of
      epilepsy and/or fits had an increased risk compared to children with no family
      history of fits or with a family history of FS only. The incidence were 9.1% and
      1.6% respectively (p = .027). Sex, race, age of onset of FS, total number of
      recurrent FS and EEG findings were not significant predicators.

PMID- 2653173
TI  - [Eulogy on Guy Albot (1903-1987)].

PMID- 2653174
TI  - [Effect of clonidine on oro-cecal transit time in normal man].
AB  - The aim of our study was to explore the effect of clonidine on the mouth to
      caecum transit time in healthy man. Hydrogen-breath test, using lactulose 10 g,
      was carried out in 10 healthy male volunteers, in double-blind conditions and in
      random sequences of medications, placebo or clonidine (0.3 mg per os). Clonidine
      increased the mouth to caecum transit time significantly (p = 0.013): from 85 +/-
      12 min. (with placebo) to 139 +/- 16 min. (mean +/- SE). This study suggests that
      the antidiarrheal action of clonidine is due, at least in part, to effect on
      motility of the proximal gut.

PMID- 2653175
TI  - Multicenter trial of naloxone in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of intravenously
      administered naloxone hydrochloride, 54 subjects with clinically ascertained
      Alzheimer's disease tested at three university centers showed no significant
      improvement in neuropsychological performance after 1-mg or 10-mg doses; 15
      patients at 1 center were similarly unimproved after receiving 30 mg naloxone
      (single blind). Findings fail to support claims that naloxone monotherapy
      ameliorates cognitive impairments of Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2653176
TI  - Human choroid plexus cells can be latently infected with human immunodeficiency
      virus.
AB  - The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) penetrates the central nervous system,
      particularly the cerebrospinal fluid, early in the course of HIV infection, and
      may cause a progressive encephalopathy in patients prior to the development of
      the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Neither the specific mechanism for
      penetration of the virus into the central nervous system nor the
      pathophysiological basis for these abnormalities is well understood. We cultured
      cells from the choroid plexus of 3 individuals who died of causes unrelated to
      the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and demonstrated that these cells can be
      infected with type 1 HIV. Infection of cells of the choroid plexus may provide an
      initial route of entry of HIV into the cerebrospinal fluid and, together with the
      macrophage, a route of entry into the brain.

PMID- 2653177
TI  - Specific regulation of intestinal nutrient transporters by their dietary
      substrates.

PMID- 2653178
TI  - Regulation of chloride transport in epithelia.

PMID- 2653180
TI  - Developmental regulation of contractile protein genes.

PMID- 2653179
TI  - The role of cytoplasmic proteins in hepatic bile acid transport.

PMID- 2653181
TI  - The endocardium.

PMID- 2653182
TI  - Contraction in smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 2653183
TI  - Ca2+, crossbridge phosphorylation, and contraction.

PMID- 2653184
TI  - Regulation of smooth muscle contractile elements by second messengers.

PMID- 2653185
TI  - Cellular mechanisms regulating [Ca2+]i smooth muscle.

PMID- 2653186
TI  - Autocrine and paracrine regulation of kidney epithelial cell growth.

PMID- 2653187
TI  - Smooth muscle energetics.

PMID- 2653188
TI  - Structural and functional diversity in vertebrate skeletal muscle nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptors.
AB  - Overall, the data support the conclusion that the gamma and epsilon subunits
      explain major features of the functional diversity of vertebrate muscle nAChR.
      They cannot account, however, for all observed functional diversity. It is not
      clear whether additional subunits exist or whether some posttranslational
      modifications produce the functional differences. Work is underway to correlate
      structural features of the muscle nicotinic AChR with functional properties. To
      date, the results demonstrate that each known subunit can affect receptor kinetic
      parameters and/or channel conductance. Two remaining sets of questions must be
      answered. The first lies within the field of cell biology: What subunits are
      expressed, do posttranslational modifications underlie functional modifications,
      and what structural changes are associated with physiologically relevant changes
      in function? The second is more strictly of structure-function relationships:
      What are the functional parameters of structurally defined nAChRs and can
      structural features be correlated with function?

PMID- 2653189
TI  - Varieties of calcium-activated potassium channels.

PMID- 2653190
TI  - The renal proximal tubule: a model for diversity of anion exchangers and stilbene
      sensitive anion transporters.

PMID- 2653191
TI  - Properties and diversity of (Na-K-Cl) cotransporters.

PMID- 2653192
TI  - Changes in intracellular calcium during neuron activity.

PMID- 2653193
TI  - Optical recording of voltage changes in nerve terminals and in fine neuronal
      processes.

PMID- 2653194
TI  - Androgen-regulated gene expression.
AB  - While a great deal of knowledge on the mechanisms of steroid hormone regulated
      gene expression now exists, specific information relating to androgens is
      lacking. A number of experimental systems have been developed and show promise as
      models for molecular studies of androgen regulation. Further development of these
      models must address the issue of whether or not the androgen receptor behaves
      similarly to other steroid receptors. This will require progress in the
      purification of the receptor itself or the cloning of its gene. Several features
      of androgen-regulated gene expression in the mouse kidney are applicable to a
      number of important biological problems. First, the presence of a variety of
      inducible mRNAs, whose responses to androgen are controlled at several genetic
      and molecular levels, should be valuable in obtaining basic information on
      mechanisms of gene regulation by hormones. Second, a genetic approach, for which
      the mouse is a convenient organism, will enable identification of novel
      regulatory elements that are responsible for variations in the hormonal
      activation of genes and that drive the evolution of species-specific gene
      expression phenotypes. Finally, the trophic effects of androgens in the mouse
      kidney afford opportunities to study a gene expression phenotype that is involved
      in cell growth; it will be of interest to determine how androgen induction of
      gene expression in kidney proximal tubule cells relates to the hormone-mediated
      growth of these cells.

PMID- 2653195
TI  - Optical measurement of action potential activity in invertebrate ganglia.
AB  - Optical monitoring methods have reached the level of development where activity
      from a network of cells can be recorded in a minimally-dissected behaving animal.
      The spike activity in the buccal ganglion of Navanax was monitored during feeding
      and activity in the Aplysia abdominal ganglion was monitored during the gill
      withdrawal reflex. Approximately 30 neurons in the Navanax buccal ganglion were
      active during feeding and between 250 and 400 neurons in the Aplysia abdominal
      ganglion were active during the gill-withdrawal reflex. A reasonably complete
      understanding of the neuronal basis of the gill withdrawal may not be possible
      with presently available scientific methods. Substantial improvements in signal
      to-noise ratio in optical measurements will be necessary before the majority of
      synaptic potentials can be detected optically. Understanding circuits that
      involve more than a few neurons will be a challenge to neurobiologists.

PMID- 2653197
TI  - Integumental nutrient uptake by aquatic organisms.
AB  - Integumental nutrient transport is a widespread characteristic of soft-bodied
      marine invertebrates. These processes, which are qualitatively similar to the Na
      dependent transporters of intestinal epithelia, have kinetic and energetic
      characteristics that make them particularly well suited for accumulating
      materials from the extremely low substrate concentrations found in seawater.
      Despite the low concentrations of DOM in natural waters, rates of DOM uptake are
      large and clearly capable of supporting a significant fraction of the metabolic
      needs of some species. Indeed, recent studies with larval invertebrates suggest
      that integumental uptake of DOM may play a pivotal role in animal nutrition.
      Current and future studies on the mechanism and regulation of these processes, on
      the metabolic fate of accumulated DOM, and on the distribution of DOM in natural
      waters, promise to resolve the remaining issues on the role of integumental
      transport in the nutrition of aquatic organisms.

PMID- 2653196
TI  - Optical imaging of cortical activity: real-time imaging using extrinsic dye
      signals and high resolution imaging based on slow intrinsic-signals.

PMID- 2653198
TI  - Ontogenetic development of intestinal nutrient transporters.

PMID- 2653199
TI  - Hormonal regulation of milk protein gene expression.

PMID- 2653200
TI  - Epidermal growth factor and the kidney.
AB  - Current information indicates that the mammalian kidney is a significant site of
      EGF synthesis, second only to the salivary gland in the rodent and probably
      exceeding most other tissues in the human species. The prepro EGF mRNA is
      localized to the cells of the TALH and the DCT. The EGF mRNA transcript in kidney
      is similar to that in salivary gland; the molecular mass of the prepro EGF
      protein in kidney approximates 130,000 kDa. Several EGF peptides are excreted in
      urine, including 6000-molecular weight peptides (composed of EGF 1-53, 1-52, 1
      51, and 1-50) and a 30,000-molecular weight species with an aminoterminus portion
      corresponding to amino acids 829-848 of the prepro molecule. It has been
      suggested that prepro EGF could be a membrane protein since it contains an
      internal hydrophobic domain (amino acids 1039-1058) adjacent to the EGF sequence
      (amino acids 976-1029). The 30,000-molecular weight urinary product appears to
      represent a protein derived from amino acids 829 to approximately 1029 of prepro
      EGF, adjacent (distal) to the hydrophobic domain. Moreover, immunoelectron
      microscopy localizes the EGF immunoreactivity to the apical plasma membrane of
      the TALH and DCT cells. The molecular form of this apically localized, EGF
      immunoreactivity is not yet clear. Proximal, distal, and TALH cells of the renal
      tubules and renal medullary interstitial cells appear to have EGF receptors and
      respond to EGF with increased DNA synthesis and mitogenesis. Also, there is a
      relatively late increase in prepro EGF mRNA levels in TALH and DCT cells during
      the process of renal hypertrophy. Limited evidence suggests a role of EGF on
      tubular function mediated via basal EGF receptors. EGF peptides processed
      intracellularly or by membrane localized peptidases appear to be continuously
      excreted and secreted into urine from the apical membrane surface of the TALH and
      DCT cells. This urinary EGF is constantly bathing urinary tract epithelial
      surfaces and could play a role in maintaining surface integrity. A similar role
      for salivary gland EGF in saliva has been proposed for the gastrointestinal
      tract. It also is possible that prepro EGF is anchored in the apical membrane,
      where it could function as a receptor, and a role for renal tubular EGF in
      regulation of membrane transport events has been proposed.

PMID- 2653201
TI  - Hormonal regulation of POMC gene expression.

PMID- 2653202
TI  - Overview of epithelial polarity.

PMID- 2653203
TI  - External and internal signals for epithelial cell surface polarization.

PMID- 2653204
TI  - Biogenesis of endogenous plasma membrane proteins in epithelial cells.

PMID- 2653205
TI  - Development and alteration of polarity.
AB  - Overall polarization of the plasma membrane of epithelial cells is the sum of the
      individual polarizations of its components. These individual polarizations in
      turn, may vary independently in degree (apical/basolateral ratio) and may be
      expressed at different stages of the cell cycle. They occur in response to cell
      contacts, nature of the support, and presence of triggering hormones; once
      established, polarizations may be subject to disruption and resorting. Epithelial
      cells transcytose receptors, insert membrane mechanisms during a particular
      period of the cell cycle, remove and relocate misplaced membrane components, and
      even completely reverse their polarity in the presence of well established TJs.
      TJs are not responsible for polarization but, ironically, they should be regarded
      as a result of the polarization process itself (31). The polarization of single
      cells, such as neurons and muscle cells mentioned at the beginning of this
      article, may represent extreme cases of cells that polarize but do not produce
      TJs. However, if an asymmetrically inserted protein is subsequently released from
      underlying anchoring structures (e.g. the cytoskeleton) to become free (e.g. 50%
      of Na,K-ATPase in MDCK cells), then the TJ may play a role in confining the free
      fraction to the apical or to the basolateral region. But even if TJs fail to
      completely segregate membrane components, mechanisms can restore polarization as
      in the case of the Na,K-ATPase trapped on the apical side. Lipid polarization
      seems to depend on the existence of the fence like character of the TJs and to
      the best of our knowledge lipid polarization is only found in epithelial cells
      with well established TJs.

PMID- 2653206
TI  - Molecular biological approaches to protein sorting.
AB  - The use of recombinant DNA technology to introduce specifically altered genes
      into epithelial cells has passed through its introductory phase. Enough data have
      accumulated to indicate the major problems and opportunities for this approach.
      The greatest opportunity is for locating the features of glycoproteins that are
      recognized during sorting through the expression of specifically altered proteins
      in epithelial cells. The results of experiments of this kind briefly summarized
      here emphasize the need for detailed analyses of the effects of specific
      mutations on the structure of the mutant proteins. In addition, progress will
      require quantitative results that have been difficult to obtain to date. To
      accomplish this, the level of expression of mutant proteins in polarized cells
      must be higher than previously has been the case. This in turn requires that an
      effort be made to identify vectors specifically adapted for use in epithelial
      cells.

PMID- 2653207
TI  - In vivo study of tissue oxygen metabolism using optical and nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectroscopies.

PMID- 2653208
TI  - PO2 chemoreception in arterial chemoreceptors.

PMID- 2653209
TI  - Oxygen sensing in the kidney and its relation to erythropoietin production.

PMID- 2653210
TI  - Transport of oxygen in muscle.

PMID- 2653211
TI  - Effect of attachment of anticandidal antibody to the surfaces of liposomes
      encapsulating amphotericin B in the treatment of murine candidiasis.
AB  - The effect produced by antibody specific to Candida albicans when attached to
      liposomes containing amphotericin B was studied in vivo. Liposomal amphotericin B
      bearing specific immunoglobulin (LAMB-Ab) was compared with the unencapsulated
      drug (fAMB) and other liposomal amphotericin B formulations in the short-term
      survival (21 days) of mice with disseminated candidiasis. Both the treatment and
      prophylaxis of the murine model of candidiasis were explored in these trials.
      LAMB-Ab increased survival rates in the model more than other liposomal
      preparations containing amphotericin B. Liposomal amphotericin B compounds as a
      group prolonged survival over fAMB. Liposomal preparations used for comparison
      included liposomes with attached nonspecific antibody (LAMB-Ab-), liposomes
      without antibody (LAMB), and liposomes with unattached specific antibody (LAMB+).

PMID- 2653212
TI  - Characterization of Aeromonas salmonicida mutants with low-level resistance to
      multiple antibiotics.
AB  - Aeromonas salmonicida mutants selected for low-level resistance to small
      molecular-mass antibiotics occur at frequencies that suggest point mutations and
      exhibit pleiotropic effects such as a multiple low-level antibiotic resistance,
      changes in outer membrane protein profiles, and loss of major exoprotease
      activity. Multiple low-level resistance appeared as the result of decreased outer
      membrane permeability associated with a change from a 38.5- to a 37-kilodalton
      (kDa) outer membrane protein. This decreased outer membrane permeability was
      determined by rates of nitrocefin hydrolysis by periplasmic beta-lactamase
      activity. The findings described above were supported by isolation of revertant
      strains selected for regained exoprotease activity, which also lost multiple low
      level resistance and possessed outer membrane protein profiles indistinguishable
      from those of the original parent strains. Exoprotease from parent and revertant
      strains was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis as a major extracellular protein of approximately 69 kDa. No
      accumulation of a protein in this molecular mass range was observed in
      extracellular or periplasmic fractions from the mutants. The results suggested
      that exoprotease loss is not simply the result of an inability to export protease
      from the periplasm because of outer membrane protein changes, as has been
      reported for certain mutants of some other gram-negative bacteria. Also, several
      growth conditions were used, including some that have been reported to influence
      outer membrane protein expression and permeability in other enteric gram-negative
      bacteria. Although exoprotease expression in A. salmonicida was influenced by
      these conditions, no major outer membrane protein changes which would correspond
      to changes observed in the mutants were observed in parent strains.

PMID- 2653213
TI  - Purification and characterization of the anti-Candida toxin of Pichia anomala WC
      65.
AB  - Pichia anomala WC 65 secretes a toxin that is inhibitory to a variety of yeasts,
      including strains of the animal pathogen Candida albicans. The toxin was purified
      to homogeneity by ultrafiltration, ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange
      chromatography with a Mono Q column, and gel permeation chromatography with a
      Superose 12 column. The toxin had a molecular weight of 83,300 as determined by
      electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gels and a
      molecular weight of 85,290 as determined by gel permeation chromatography. The
      isoelectric point of the toxin was pH 5.0. The toxin was stable between pH 2.0
      and 5.0. Chemical analysis of the purified toxin indicated that the toxin was a
      glycoprotein composed of about 86% protein and 14% carbohydrate. At high
      concentrations, the toxin showed a tendency to aggregate, with loss of biological
      activity against C. albicans, Pichia bimundalis, and Saccharomycodes ludwigii.
      Purified toxin expressed killing activity against C. albicans in contrast to the
      static activity of the crude toxin.

PMID- 2653214
TI  - Synergistic inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2
      replication in vitro by castanospermine and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine.
AB  - Castanospermine and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine) were evaluated in
      combination against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in vitro.
      Castanospermine and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine inhibited HIV type 1
      synergistically in acutely infected H9 cells. In addition, they synergistically
      inhibited both HIV type 1 and HIV type 2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
      There were no additional toxic effects of these agents in combination. Drug
      interactions were evaluated by the median-effect principle and the isobologram
      technique. Combinations of a glycosylation inhibitor, such as castanospermine,
      with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine deserve consideration for HIV-related
      chemotherapeutic intervention.

PMID- 2653215
TI  - In vitro and in vivo activities of atalaphillinine and related acridone alkaloids
      against rodent malaria.
AB  - Thirty acridone alkaloids obtained from Citrus, Glycosmis, or Severinia plants
      (members of the family Rutaceae) were tested for their antimalarial activities in
      vitro and in vivo. At a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml in vitro, seven of
      these alkaloids suppressed 90% or more of Plasmodium yoelii, which causes malaria
      in rodents. Atalaphillinine, when injected intraperitoneally in a daily dose of
      50 mg/kg for 3 days into mice infected with 10(7) erythrocytes parasitized with
      Plasmodium berghei or Plasmodium vinckei, completely suppressed the development
      of malaria parasites, with there being no obvious acute toxic effects from the
      tested dose.

PMID- 2653216
TI  - Chromosomal beta-lactamase of Klebsiella oxytoca, a new class A enzyme that
      hydrolyzes broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics.
AB  - The chromosomally encoded beta-lactamase gene of Klebsiella oxytoca E23004, a
      strain resistant to cefoperazone and aztreonam, was cloned and expressed in
      Escherichia coli HB101. The molecular mass and pI of this enzyme were 28
      kilodaltons and 7.4, respectively. Although the beta-lactamase of K. oxytoca
      hydrolyzed many cephalosporins, including broad-spectrum drugs, the nucleotide
      sequence and deduced amino acid sequence lacked homology with chromosomal class C
      beta-lactamase genes (ampC) of E. coli or Citrobacter freundii. Rather, about 45%
      nucleotide sequence homology and 40% deduced amino acid sequence homology were
      observed between the K. oxytoca beta-lactamase and TEM-1, a class A beta
      lactamase which does not efficiently hydrolyze cephalosporins. Values of Km,
      relative Vmax, and relative Vmax/Km for the K. oxytoca beta-lactamase indicated
      that the enzyme is a penicillinase but that it can hydrolyze cefoperazone
      effectively and other broad-spectrum cephems weakly. Hence, the chromosomal beta
      lactamase of K. oxytoca E23004 belongs to class A but differences in its amino
      acid sequence provide a broader spectrum of activity.

PMID- 2653217
TI  - Randomized trial comparing ciprofloxacin plus netilmicin versus piperacillin plus
      netilmicin for empiric treatment of fever in neutropenic patients.
AB  - To assess the efficacy of ciprofloxacin in neutropenic patients, we conducted a
      randomized prospective trial comparing the combination of ciprofloxacin and
      netilmicin against piperacillin plus netilmicin as an empiric treatment of fever
      in cancer patients with neutropenia. Of 214 evaluable episodes, 115 and 99 were
      randomly assigned to the ciprofloxacin and the piperacillin arms, respectively.
      The overall response rates were very similar (59 and 62% for the ciprofloxacin
      and piperacillin arms, respectively). The response for the gram-positive
      bacteremias was almost identical (around 40%); this low response was due in part
      to an outbreak of infection by a multiply resistant strain of Staphylococcus
      epidermidis (for which the ciprofloxacin MIC was greater than or equal to 128
      micrograms/ml) which occurred during the second half of the trial. Among gram
      negative bacteremias, 9 of 11 infections (82%) responded to the ciprofloxacin
      combination compared with 3 of 7 (43%) that responded to the piperacillin
      combination (P = 0.23). The incidences of persistent, profound neutropenia were
      comparable in both treatments, but the susceptibility of the gram-negative
      organism to ciprofloxacin and netilmicin was significantly higher than was
      susceptibility to the other combination. Ciprofloxacin was well tolerated, and
      patients were able to convert from intravenous to oral therapy in 64 of 115
      episodes.

PMID- 2653218
TI  - Inhibitory activity of cranberry juice on adherence of type 1 and type P
      fimbriated Escherichia coli to eucaryotic cells.
AB  - Inhibition of bacterial adherence to bladder cells has been assumed to account
      for the beneficial action ascribed to cranberry juice and cranberry juice
      cocktail in the prevention of urinary tract infections (A. E. Sobota, J. Urol.
      131:1013-1016, 1984). We have examined the effect of the cocktail and juice on
      the adherence of Escherichia coli expressing surface lectins of defined sugar
      specificity to yeasts, tissue culture cells, erythrocytes, and mouse peritoneal
      macrophages. Cranberry juice cocktail inhibited the adherence of urinary isolates
      expressing type 1 fimbriae (mannose specific) and P fimbriae [specific for alpha
      D-Gal(1----4)-beta-D-Gal] but had no effect on a diarrheal isolate expressing a
      CFA/I adhesin. The cocktail also inhibited yeast agglutination by purified type 1
      fimbriae. The inhibitory activity for type 1 fimbriated E. coli was dialyzable
      and could be ascribed to the fructose present in the cocktail; this sugar was
      about 1/10 as active as methyl alpha-D-mannoside in inhibiting the adherence of
      type 1 fimbriated bacteria. The inhibitory activity for the P fimbriated bacteria
      was nondialyzable and was detected only after preincubation of the bacteria with
      the cocktail. Cranberry juice, orange juice, and pineapple juice also inhibited
      adherence of type 1 fimbriated E. coli, most likely because of their fructose
      content. However, the two latter juices did not inhibit the P fimbriated
      bacteria. We conclude that cranberry juice contains at least two inhibitors of
      lectin-mediated adherence of uropathogens to eucaryotic cells. Further studies
      are required to establish whether these inhibitors play a role in vivo.

PMID- 2653220
TI  - Bacterial barrier of latex and vinyl gloves; AIDS attributed to bone allograft;
      disciplining problem employee.

PMID- 2653219
TI  - Comparison of the anti-respiratory syncytial virus activity and toxicity of
      papaverine hydrochloride and pyrazofurin in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Based on reports describing their broad antiviral activity, the toxicity and
      antiviral efficacy of papaverine hydrochloride and pyrazofurin against
      respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection were tested in vitro in tissue
      culture cells and in vivo in cotton rats. Papaverine inhibited RSV replication in
      vitro; however, the median minimal toxic dose-median minimal inhibitory
      concentration ratios (MTD50:MIC50) in vitro and in vivo for papaverine were less
      than 4. Further work with this compound was discontinued. In contrast,
      pyrazofurin inhibited RSV replication in vitro (a mean MIC50 of 0.04 microgram/ml
      was obtained) and in vivo (RSV pulmonary titers were significantly reduced
      consistently in cotton rats given daily 10 mg/kg doses compared to untreated
      control animals). However, some toxic effects were observed in both the in vitro
      and in vivo tests of this compound. The remaining potential of pyrazofurin as an
      anti-RSV compound is discussed.

PMID- 2653221
TI  - Evidence for function of the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system in the reductive
      activation of target enzymes of isolated intact chloroplasts.
AB  - Results obtained with isolated intact chloroplasts maintained aerobically under
      light and dark conditions confirm earlier findings with reconstituted enzyme
      assays and indicate that the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system functions as a light
      mediated regulatory thiol chain. The results were obtained by application of a
      newly devised procedure in which a membrane-permeable thiol labeling reagent,
      monobromobimane (mBBr), reacts with sulfhydryl groups and renders the derivatized
      protein fluorescent. The mBBr-labeled protein in question is isolated
      individually from chloroplasts by immunoprecipitation and its thiol redox status
      is determined quantitatively by combining sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis and fluorescence measurements. The findings indicate that
      each member of the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system containing a catalytically
      active thiol group is reduced in isolated intact chloroplasts after a 2-min
      illumination. The extents of reduction were FTR, 38%; thioredoxin m, 75% (11-kDa
      form) and 87% (13-kDa form); thioredoxin f, 95%. Reduction of each of these
      components was negligible both in the dark and when chloroplasts were transferred
      from light to dark conditions. The target enzyme, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, also
      underwent net reduction in illuminated intact chloroplasts. Fructose-1,6
      bisphosphatase showed increased mBBr labeling under these conditions, but due to
      interfering gamma globulin proteins it was not possible to determine whether this
      was a result of net reduction as is known to take place in reconstituted assays.
      Related experiments demonstrated that mBBr, as well as N-ethylmaleimide,
      stabilized photoactivated NADP-malate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6
      bisphosphatase so that they remained active in the dark. By contrast,
      phosphoribulokinase, another thioredoxin-linked enzyme, was immediately
      deactivated following mBBr addition. These latter results provide new information
      on the relation between the regulatory and active sites of these enzymes.

PMID- 2653222
TI  - [Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum in osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma Cooperative Study
      Group report].
AB  - Thirty-two patients with primary osteosarcoma and 18 patients with advanced
      osteosarcoma were treated by iv or ia infusion of cisplatinum at a dose of 100
      mg/m2 every three weeks. The efficacy of the agent for primary osteosarcoma was
      mainly estimated by X-ray findings and histologic examination. One patient had a
      partial response, and 7 patients had a minor response. Pathologic evaluation of
      the extent of the primary tumor necrosis was performed on 27 resected specimens.
      Eight of 27 cases showed a good response (Ayala III A less than). One of 18
      patients with advanced osteosarcoma had a partial response, and 2 a minor
      response. Nausea and vomiting (88%), liver dysfunction (42%), leukopenia (36%),
      nephrotoxicity (20%) and auditory disturbance (20%) were the main side effects in
      50 patients. However, side effects of cisplatinum were generally reversible. The
      results suggest that cisplatinum is effective against osteosarcoma and may
      enhance the therapeutic results in osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2653223
TI  - [Phase II study of 5-FU tablet in bladder tumor].
AB  - A cooperative-phase II study of 5-FU tablet at a dose of 200 to 300 mg/day
      (b.i.d. or t.i.d) on 27 patients with bladder cancer was performed at Yokohama
      City University and other affiliated hospitals. The therapeutic responses were
      evaluated by Koyama-Saito's criteria in 24 out of 27 patients, and 3 PR, 2 MR, 16
      NC and 3 PD were obtained. The overall response rate was 12.5% (3/24). All of the
      responders received 5-FU tablets at a daily dose of 300 mg. Side effects were
      found in 2 out of 26 patients (7.7%). These were slight gastrointestinal
      symptoms. These results suggest that 5-FU tablet is a useful drug for bladder
      cancer.

PMID- 2653225
TI  - Ultrasound structure of the human nail plate.
AB  - The structure of the normal human nail plate is described using an ultrasound
      scanner (20 MHz A). Postmortem studies, including examination of nail plate
      biopsy specimens before and after desiccation, were performed and compared with
      in vivo structures. Two compartments could be identified in the nail, ie, a dry
      and superficial compartment with the ultrasound velocity of 3103 m/s and a humid
      and deeper compartment with an ultrasound velocity of 2125 m/s. The ultrasound
      velocity of the entire nail was 2459 m/s, and the water content was 35% wt/wt.
      Underneath the nail, echoes from the nail bed were seen. Ultrasound was concluded
      useful for noninvasive measurement of nail thickness and examination of internal
      nail structure.

PMID- 2653224
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosa simplex superficialis. A new variant of epidermolysis
      bullosa characterized by subcorneal skin cleavage mimicking peeling skin
      syndrome.
AB  - We report a new variant of epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), termed EBS
      superficialis, which is characterized by the development of skin cleavage just
      beneath the level of stratum corneum. In two of seven patients identified, a
      second and more focal cleft within the lower third of the epidermis was also
      detected. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex superficialis appears to be transmitted
      as an autosomal dominant trait. It differs from other autosomal dominant forms of
      EBS by the common findings of milia and atrophic scarring, as well as involvement
      of oral and/or ocular surfaces. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex superficialis is
      further differentiated from peeling skin syndrome by the presence of blisters and
      the absence of spontaneous continual exfoliation or peeling.

PMID- 2653228
TI  - Bullous eruption in a child. Linear IgA dermatosis of childhood.

PMID- 2653226
TI  - Epidermodysplasia verruciformis accompanied by large granular lymphocytosis.
      Report of a case and immunological studies.
AB  - A 34-year-old man with epidermodysplasia verruciformis showed increased natural
      killer (NK) cell activity in his peripheral blood cells, which was found to be
      due to abnormal expansion of large granular lymphocytes (LGL). Surface marker
      analysis of LGL in a two-color immunofluorescence test demonstrated that all LGL
      subsets, Leu-7+11-, Leu-7+11+, and Leu-7-11+, were increased. In contrast, his
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a remarkable decrease in response to T
      cell mitogens, which could not be restored by depletion of the LGL subpopulation
      from the mononuclear cells. Immunohistologic studies for dermal distribution of
      LGL showed numerous Leu-7+ cells but no Leu-11+ cells at the sites of delayed
      hypersensitivity reaction or interferon beta- or interferon gamma-injected sites.
      These findings suggest that the elevated NK cell activity in this patient with
      epidermodysplasia verruciformis was caused by overall expansion of normal LGL
      subpopulations, but that the decreased T-cell mitogenic response represented a
      primary T-cell defect rather than a direct suppression by increased NK cells. It
      is noteworthy that despite this extraordinary increase of all LGL subpopulations
      in the blood, Leu-11+ NK cells never appeared in the skin.

PMID- 2653227
TI  - Cranial fasciitis.
AB  - We present the clinical, roentgenographic, light-microscopic,
      immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings in two children with cranial
      fasciitis. A 7-year-old boy and a 3-year-old girl presented with rapidly
      expanding masses on the scalp. Roentgenographic studies showed erosion of the
      underlying cranium in one case. Both lesions showed proliferations of elongated
      spindle cells in a focally myxoid matrix, together with areas of hemorrhage,
      vascular proliferation, and chronic inflammation. Occasional cells with atypical
      nuclei were observed, but mitotic figures were uncommon. Immunoperoxidase studies
      showed negative or equivocal staining for desmin, factor VIII-associated antigen,
      S100 protein, and macrophage antigen. In one lesion there was focal positivity
      for alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and in another lesion, some cells stained
      positively for smooth-muscle actin. Electron microscopy showed cells with dilated
      endoplasmic reticulum, bundles of microfilaments, pinocytotic vesicles, and focal
      external membrane material, features of myofibroblasts. Both lesions were excised
      and there has been no recurrence in 7 years in one case and 1 year in the other
      case. Cranial fasciitis is closely related to nodular fasciitis, but it has a
      predilection for the scalp of children. Despite its rapid growth, it has a benign
      clinical course and is cured by excision with or without curettage of the
      underlying bone. Our immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations
      indicate that, like nodular fasciitis, cranial fasciitis represents a
      proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts.

PMID- 2653229
TI  - Bullous eruption in a psoriatic patient. Bullous pemphigoid and psoriasis.

PMID- 2653230
TI  - Lichen planus pemphigoides with features of lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris.

PMID- 2653231
TI  - Borderline personality and alcohol abuse.
AB  - Borderline personality is related to the separation-individuation process and
      continues in a distinct dysfunctional family pattern. Alcoholism is also
      transmitted in families. These are two separate conditions that occur
      independently on one another. However, they both manifest similar pathologic ego
      defense mechanisms and they frequently occur together making differential
      diagnoses difficult but academic. When traditional Alcoholic Anonymous (A.A.)
      treatment is employed, considerable improvement can be made in these pathologic
      ego-defenses. This treatment modality can be used in psychotherapy, family
      therapy, group therapy, or traditional A.A. meetings.

PMID- 2653232
TI  - Disclosure of stigmatizing conditions: the discloser's perspective.
AB  - Stigmatizing conditions such as family violence, AIDS, and herpes contribute to
      feelings of shame and the wish to conceal or hide. However, those who experience
      such conditions often need to confide in others and seek help from professionals.
      This grounded theory study describes the process of disclosure from the
      perspective of the one with a stigmatizing condition and from the theory that
      nurses can develop intervention strategies to facilitate disclosure.

PMID- 2653234
TI  - [Treatment of cancer of the bladder].

PMID- 2653235
TI  - [Morphopathologic study of renal glomeruli in Wistar rats in shock experimentally
      induced with E. coli].
AB  - The present study analyzed the structural and ultrastructural changes observed in
      the kidneys of Wistar rats inoculated with E. coli bacteria suspended in saline
      solution. For the study, we divided 64 Wistar rats into 2 groups. Two ml. of the
      suspension containing 9.5 X 10(10) E. coli 0 group 26 CECT, no. 351 were given to
      the rats in group A via the oral route. Rats in group B were inoculated with 1
      ml. of the same suspension. Structurally, we observed an increased glomerular
      area caused by the increased number and activation of mesangial cells. These
      showed developed organoids, podocytes with dilated organoids of the cytoplasmic
      vacuolar system, and very fine, disorganized pedicels. The parietal cells
      revealed vacuolized cytoplasm, and the basement membranes of the glomerular
      capillaries were thickened and arranged in layers. In the lumen of the
      glomerular, vessels, we observed histiocytic elements on endothelial walls, with
      large amounts of lysosomal elements and residual bodies. Inoculation of the E.
      coli suspension causes renal shock, which is more intense when innoculation is
      via the intraperitoneal route, causing severe changes in organ function.

PMID- 2653233
TI  - Detection of drug resistance in human ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - Drug-resistant cancer cells with the multidrug-resistance phenotype show
      overexpression of P-glycoprotein, and we therefore tested carcinoma tissue from
      five patients with stage III or IV ovarian cancer for P-glycoprotein using 265/F4
      and C 219 monoclonal antibodies, prepared against membrane glycoproteins in
      colchicine-resistant CHO cells. Using immunofluorescence and immunoblotting
      techniques, one of the tumors showed a positive reaction. Using the pcDR 1.5
      clone we found that the same cancer tissue had elevated expression of the genes
      responsible for multidrug resistance. The demonstration of elevated P
      glycoprotein in ovarian carcinomas indicates that P-glycoprotein overexpression
      is not limited to experimental tumor models.

PMID- 2653236
TI  - [Ureteral metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Review of the literature].
AB  - We report a case of prostate adenocarcinoma metastatic to the ureter. This is the
      25th case reported in the literature. The patient was submitted to surgery with
      the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma and unclassified ureteral tumor since the
      available preoperative diagnostic methods did not permit determining the nature
      of the tumor. Conservative ureteral surgery was performed and the prostate
      excised followed by androgenic block.

PMID- 2653237
TI  - [Is the bladder localization of urothelial transitional carcinoma a nosologic
      entity different from tumors appearing in the upper urinary tract?].
AB  - This study was undertaken in 69 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the
      upper urinary tract. In 31, bladder tumor was diagnosed prior to (35.5%),
      concomitant with (38.5%), and after treatment of the upper urothelial tumor.
      Localization in the bladder more commonly involved the ipsilateral left or right
      lateral aspect and less frequently involved the trigone. It is difficult to
      predict the nature of the bladder tumor from the upper urinary tract tumor.
      However, we have observed that excision of the upper tract tumor favourably
      affects the evolution of the bladder tumor diagnosed prior to or concomitant with
      treatment of the upper tract tumor.

PMID- 2653238
TI  - [Adrenal gland myelolipoma].
AB  - We report a case of adrenal myelolipoma with no endocrine activity, that was
      diagnosed preoperatively by CT because of its characteristic fatty composition.
      The clinical and radiologic findings are described, and the literature on this
      uncommon disease entity is reviewed.

PMID- 2653239
TI  - [Puncture of urinary tract for the diagnosis of its obstruction. Review of 60
      cases].
AB  - We present the results of percutaneous translumbar puncture (PTP) performed in 60
      patients diagnosed as having urinary tract obstruction in whom the urographic,
      ultrasonographic, arteriographic work up and placement of a ureteral catheter for
      ascending pyelography failed to determine the exact level or nature of the
      obstruction. We emphasize the fact that PTP revealed the site of obstruction or
      showed the urinary tract was normal in 86.6% of the cases. The level of
      obstruction was undetermined in 8.3%, and in 5% of the cases PTP could not be
      performed. In 75% of the cases, the diagnosis of the nature of the obstruction
      yielded by PTP was confirmed medically or surgically. This was unconfirmed in
      11.6%. Minor complications, most of which were due to extravasation of the
      contrast medium, were observed in only 18.3%.

PMID- 2653240
TI  - [Early calculogenesis caused by ureolytic infection of the double-J ureteral
      catheter].
AB  - Stone formation in the double J ureteral catheter is an uncommon complication
      that generally appears in patients that are predisposed to stone formation and
      persistent infection of the urinary tract. We report on a 29-year-old female
      patient in whom stone formation was observed in both ends of the catheter, less
      than 3 months after it had been placed. Urine culture was positive for P.
      mirabilis. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was warranted in the treatment of the
      pyelic stone and for removal of the double J catheter. We underscore the
      importance of doing urine cultures and radiologic control in this patient group
      and shortening the time the catheter is left indwelling.

PMID- 2653241
TI  - [Nephrogenic adenoma: presentation of a case and review of the literature].
AB  - We report a case of nephrogenic adenoma in a patient who had previously undergone
      a nephrectomy procedure for renal TB, and with a history of recurrent infection
      of the urinary tract. The present case shows the role of chronic inflammatory
      disease in the pathogenesis of nephrogenic adenoma.

PMID- 2653242
TI  - Synovial fluid phospholipase A2s and inflammation.
AB  - The activation of phospholipase A2 is believed to have an important role in the
      inflammatory process owing to its induction of eicosanoids, platelet activating
      factor, and other mediators. Soluble phospholipase A2 has been associated with
      exudates in different inflammatory conditions. In this review the general
      physiology and control of this enzyme and, in particular, the most recent
      findings on human synovial fluid phospholipase A2s are discussed.

PMID- 2653243
TI  - Direct assessment of synovial blood flow and its relation to induced hydrostatic
      pressure changes.
AB  - A method for measuring synovial blood flow changes using the laser Doppler
      technique is described. Mean blood flow and mean pulse amplitude decreased by 50
      70% in relation to the reference level when the intra-articular hydrostatic
      pressure in effusive knee joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis was
      increased. As an increase of intra-articular pressure of as little as 20 mmHg
      decreased synovial blood flow significantly it is suggested that hypoxia may
      occur in vivo during joint use in the presence of an effusion. This may be of
      aetiopathogenetic importance for tissue destruction and the persistence of
      chronic synovitis.

PMID- 2653244
TI  - Selective depletion and activation of CD8+ lymphocytes from peripheral blood of
      patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis.
AB  - A prospective study of 33 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell
      arteritis (PMR/GCA) was undertaken, firstly, to monitor sequentially peripheral
      blood CD8+ lymphocyte levels and, secondly, to assess the expression of
      activation markers on T lymphocyte subsets. The results indicated that there was
      a significant decrease in absolute numbers and relative percentages of CD8+ T
      lymphocytes, which returned to normal ranges after approximately 24 months'
      treatment, and that there was an increased percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes in
      PMR/GCA which express HLA class II antigens.

PMID- 2653245
TI  - Rheumatology beyond 2000: wither or whither?

PMID- 2653246
TI  - Mitral valve fibroelastoma.
AB  - Papillary fibroelastomas are rare benign tumors of the heart with predisposition
      for cardiac valvular involvement that were traditionally incidental findings at
      autopsy. Echocardiography now is allowing clinicians to diagnose these tumors in
      living patients. We reviewed the literature and, to our knowledge, are reporting
      the fifth documented case of a mitral valve papillary fibroelastoma in a living
      patient. Our patient was seen with bilateral transient ischemic attacks and was
      found to have a mitral valve tumor by two-dimensional echocardiography and
      cardiac catheterization. The tumor involved the entire mitral valve and
      subvalvular structures. The patient's valve was replaced with a bioprosthesis,
      and she remains free from symptoms.

PMID- 2653247
TI  - Extracorporeal pulsatile biventricular support after cardiac transplantation.
AB  - A donor heart failed to adequately sustain hemodynamic function after cardiac
      transplantation. The cause of the donor heart dysfunction was unknown, and there
      were no definite risk factors identified to suggest the heart would not recover.
      A Symbion Acute Ventricular Assist Device System was used to support both
      ventricles. The heart gradually recovered and the system was explanted after 1
      week of support. The patient recuperated and has been discharged from the
      hospital.

PMID- 2653248
TI  - Survival of a recipient of renal transplantation after pulmonary phycomycosis.
AB  - A 48-year-old nondiabetic man maintained on prednisone, azathioprine, and
      cyclosporine after cadaveric renal transplantation developed multiple unilateral
      phycomycotic pulmonary abscesses. Despite treatment with amphotericin B the
      patient remained febrile. Surgical resection of these pulmonary abscesses was
      performed and the patient remains free of disease 1 year after operation. To our
      knowledge, this patient represents the first reported case of pulmonary
      phycomycosis in a recipient of renal transplantation without diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2653249
TI  - A technique for aortic root replacement by an aortic allograft.
AB  - Allograft replacement of the aortic root is a logical extension of subcoronary
      allograft aortic valve replacement. The aortic root can be replaced by a
      cryopreserved allograft aortic root using an inclusion technique employing a
      continuous Prolene suture for each of the suture lines. This technique provides
      an expeditious operation and hemostatic suture lines.

PMID- 2653250
TI  - An early approach to the repair of ruptured mitral chordae.

PMID- 2653252
TI  - Adjustable annuloplasty for tricuspid insufficiency.

PMID- 2653251
TI  - Surgical therapy in the management of coronary anomalies: emphasis on utility of
      internal mammary artery grafts.
AB  - Three patients with an anomalous main coronary artery coursing between the great
      vessels are presented with a review of the literature. Their surgical treatment
      by coronary artery bypass grafting with use of the ipsilateral internal mammary
      artery is described with angiographic follow-up. Young patients with these
      anomalies, whether they are asymptomatic or have syncope, are at high risk for
      sudden death. Older patients with angina appear to be adequately risk stratified
      by thallium stress tests. For patients requiring surgical intervention,
      aortoplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting have both resulted in relief of
      symptoms, but the follow-up is limited. We suggest that coronary artery bypass
      grafting with an ipsilateral internal mammary artery graft to the anomalous
      vessel is the procedure most likely to relieve ischemia and achieve good long
      term results for both symptomatic relief and survival.

PMID- 2653253
TI  - Functional structure and ultrastructure of seminal vesicles.
AB  - The function of the seminal vesicles in animals and man is under androgen
      control. The use of a new marker of the seminal vesicle function, termed
      corrected fructose, demonstrates an association between serum testosterone levels
      and seminal corrected fructose levels. The human seminal vesicles secrete a
      variety of products, and there is good evidence of a close relationship between
      functions of the seminal vesicles and sperm motility. Some of their products of
      secretion, such as potassium, bicarbonate, prostaglandins, and prolactin,
      directly stimulate the motility of the sperm through actions at the level of the
      mechanisms of production of the energy necessary for the motion. Several
      constituents are secreted by the seminal vesicles, some of which have no specific
      functions.

PMID- 2653254
TI  - Artificial insemination with husband's sperm (AIH): techniques for sperm
      selection.
AB  - Artificial insemination with husband's sperm (AIH) attempts to treat infertile
      couples by solving their particular infertility problems. This review is
      concerned with detailing and evaluating the experiences of different authors with
      AIH in infertile couples, types of insemination, and indications for
      insemination, with emphasis on techniques for sperm selection and separation:
      glass-wool filtration, separation on albumin columns, washed sperm, swim-up
      method, and spermatozoa selection in Percoll gradients.

PMID- 2653255
TI  - Application of a molecular enzyme kinetic model for aging cells and tissues.
AB  - According to the membrane hypothesis of aging (MHA), cellular senescence is
      attributable to a life-long, cross-linking action of oxygen-free radicals in the
      cell plasma membrane, resulting in a continuous decrease of the passive ion
      permeabilities. The consequent increase in the intracellular potassium content is
      accompanied by a considerable condensation of the intracellular mass (i.e., by
      loss of water). MHA suggested that an age-dependent increase in the physical
      density of the intracellular mass can underly the well-known age-dependent
      decreases of the macromolecular synthetic processes, the enzymic turnover rates,
      etc. MHA was partly based on a molecular enzyme kinetic model (MEKM) suggesting
      that environmental factors can substantially influence the enzyme catalysis and
      regulation through collisional coupling. However, the possible quantitative
      ranges of alterations in enzyme activities have not been estimated. This paper
      concludes, using principal features of the two models, that known age-dependent
      changes in the membrane lipid fluidity and intracellular density may result in
      even a 10-fold overall decrease in the enzyme activities (characterized by kcat
      and k-1) during the life.

PMID- 2653256
TI  - White matter low attenuation on CT in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - White matter low attenuation (WMLA) was seen on CT in 19.7% of 61 patients with
      probable Alzheimer's disease. Presence of WMLA was associated with higher age,
      more severe degree of dementia, and increased CSF/serum albumin ratio, but not
      with cardiovascular disorders. WMLA on CT might be related to minor vascular
      events, or Alzheimer patients with WMLA could even constitute their own subtype.

PMID- 2653257
TI  - [Value of the esophageal approach in the diagnosis, treatment and therapeutic
      surveillance of arrhythmia in children].
AB  - For the past few years, a new method for the investigation and treatment of
      arrhythmias has been used: transoesophageal atrial pacing and recording (TAPR).
      In the light of 6 cases observed recently, we review the technical aspects and
      the indications for TAPR. A bipolar stimulation catheter is inserted in the
      oesophagus and positioned in the area where the atrial wave of greater amplitude
      is recorded. Atrial stimulation is done with impulses of long duration obtained
      with a special stimulator. Two cases validated this technique which was effective
      to correct atrial flutter in a neonate with heart failure resistant to medical
      treatment as well as in a 5 year-old child. The value of TAPR as a diagnostic
      tool in cases of tachycardia is discussed in the context of 2 cases: a 5 week-old
      with wide QRS and a 14 month-old with narrow QRS. Finally, the value of TAPR for
      monitoring the efficacy of anti-arrhythmia medications is illustrated by 4 cases
      of supraventricular tachycardia, in whom the optimal dosage of the anti
      arrhythmic drug used was determined with the help of TAPR-induced tachycardia.
      The current literature concerning the technique, indications and results of TAPR
      are reviewed. This method is likely to take a great importance for the study and
      treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias in children.

PMID- 2653258
TI  - [Chronic non-insulin deficient hyperglycemia in children].
AB  - We report the clinical records of 45 children with abnormalities regarding
      glycemic regulation characterized by a non-insulin deficient hyperglycemia
      (NIDH), known under the different names of chemical diabetes, sub-clinical
      diabetes and more recently MODY. These 45 children belong to 31 families with 532
      relatives comprising 137 cases of NIDH which could have been studied. The
      symptoms of this biochemical abnormality, the pathophysiology of which is not yet
      clearly understood, are the following: lack of clinical manifestations, except
      for a variable and intermittent glycosuria; constant abnormal glucose tolerance
      tests, above 97 percentiles of the reference value with some variations over
      time; normal immunoreactive insulin levels; percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin
      at the upper range of normal; dominant autosomal genetic transmission and no
      association with HLA markers like in insulin-dependent diabetes; lack of
      degenerative complications of the micro-angiopathic type, at least on these cases
      even after more than 30 years of follow-up; finally, no tendency towards insulin
      dependent diabetes. The NIDH should not be confused with the slow and progressive
      beginning of insulin-dependent diabetes for which prolonged delay is needed to
      affirm the diagnosis. The frequency of the biochemical phenomena is about 1.8% of
      the cases of authentic diabetes mellitus occurring before the age of 15.

PMID- 2653259
TI  - [Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and congenital cyanotic heart defects].
AB  - The association of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and chronic pulmonary disease is
      well known. The authors report two cases of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and
      tetralogy of Fallot in childhood. Early surgical treatment of the tetralogy of
      Fallot accounts for the present scarceness of this association. The clinical and
      radiological features of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy are described, as well as
      the regressive evolution after the cure of the cyanotic heart disease.

PMID- 2653260
TI  - [Bilateral thalamic hemorrhage following severe asphyxia in a 9-month-old
      infant].
AB  - We report a case of post-asphyxic bilateral thalamic hemorrhage in a 9 month-old
      infant, consecutive to a hemophilus hypopharyngitis. The neuropathologic study
      revealed that it was in fact a hemorrhagic necrosis associated to diffuse
      necrosis of the hemispheres. This case is compared to the other reported cases of
      thalamic hemorrhage and the physiopathologic mechanism is discussed.

PMID- 2653261
TI  - [Fatal cerebral aspergillosis in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia].
AB  - A 13 year-old girl was diagnosed as having acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. A
      serious infectious syndrome appeared during the chemotherapy, not improved by
      broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. A pulmonary aspergillosis was diagnosed one
      month later by a second bronchoalveolar lavage. A treatment with Itraconazole, a
      new antifungal triazole, was started. Despite this treatment, the child died
      after 3 days. Death was due to multiple aspergillus abscesses disseminated in the
      brain leading to coma and transtentorial herniation. Autopsy confirmed the
      cerebral aspergillus abscesses and showed also the dramatic dissemination of
      aspergillosis in the body. Diagnosis and treatment to aspergillosis in
      immunosuppressed patients should be made early to improve prognosis.

PMID- 2653262
TI  - [Argyria in children].
AB  - A case of argyria in a 14 year-old child caused by abuse of silver containing
      pulveriser for sore throat is described. The distinctive skin blue gray
      discoloration that occurs in argyria is due to deposition of silver. Pigmentation
      is permanent. Self treatment is stigmatized.

PMID- 2653263
TI  - [Secondary metastatic neuromeningeal localization of neuroblastoma in children].
AB  - In order to evaluate the frequency, clinical and radiological aspects and
      prognosis of central nervous system metastases in children's neuroblastoma, the
      258 children presenting with neuroblastoma, and registered from January 1982 to
      August 1987, were studied. Among them, 7 patients (2.7%), of which 6 had an
      initially metastatic neuroblastoma, presented with a secondary neuro-meningeal
      involvement. Parenchyma involvement (4 cases) occurred after a mean period of
      time of 21 months and marked the relapses. The disease recurs later on, even when
      locally controlled by surgical excision and local irradiation. Meningeal
      involvements (3 cases) occurred after a mean delay of 12.7 months, in patients
      with full tumoral evolutivity, and were responsible for rapid death. The clinical
      presentation of these metastases differs from that in adults by the rapidity of
      setting up of the signs and the frequency of intracranial hypertension. CT scan
      allows approaching diagnosis in the majority of the cases. These data are
      compared with those in the literature, where 30 cases were reported: they show a
      high patients' average age and the worse prognosis.

PMID- 2653264
TI  - [Radiologic case of the month. Septic granulomatosis: the contribution of hepatic
      echography].

PMID- 2653265
TI  - [Immunologic characterization of acute leukemias. Towards a routine use?].

PMID- 2653266
TI  - [Pharmacogenetics of oxidation reactions of drugs].
AB  - Drug oxidation reactions are performed by different isoenzymes of the cytochrome
      P450 family. A few enzymes exhibit genetically determined polymorphisms. The two
      main and independent polymorphisms are related to the 4 hydroxylation of
      debrisoquine and mephenytoin. Poor metabolizers of one of those test drugs are at
      high risk of developing adverse responses to conventional doses of drugs.
      Furthermore it is possible that oxidative polymorphisms may be important in the
      development of cancer of birth defects. The relations between genetic factors,
      xenobiotics and cancerogenesis/teratogenesis are now widely investigated. The
      advances in molecular biology will provide, in the near future, new ways of
      investigations in pharmacogenetics.

PMID- 2653267
TI  - Early recurrence in unipolar depression.
AB  - While some advances have occurred in the maintenance treatment of unipolar
      depression, empirical data on recurrences of illness following the
      discontinuation of medication are sparse. We examined survival time during the
      first 18 months after discontinuation of medication in 74 patients with recurrent
      unipolar depression. Although demographic characteristics, clinical
      characteristics, and pharmacologic treatment variables failed to predict time to
      recurrence, continued interpersonal psychotherapy was significantly related to
      longer survival time.

PMID- 2653268
TI  - A controlled family history study of prepubertal major depressive disorder.
AB  - First-degree (N = 195) and second-degree (N = 785) adult relatives of prepubertal
      children with major depression (N = 48), children with nonaffective psychiatric
      disorders (N = 20), and normal children (N = 27) were assessed by the Family
      History-Research Diagnostic Criteria method (FH-RDC), except for the adult
      informant (usually the mother), who was directly interviewed. Compared with
      normal controls, prepubertal children with major depressive disorder (MDD) had
      significantly higher familial rates of psychiatric disorders in both first- and
      second-degree relatives, especially MDD, alcoholism, and "other" (mostly anxiety)
      diagnoses. Relatives of children in the nonaffective psychiatric control (PC)
      group had low rates of alcoholism, high rates of other (anxiety) disorder
      diagnoses, and intermediate rates of MDD (accounted for by those children with
      separation anxiety). This suggests that prepubertal onset of major depression may
      be especially likely in families with a high aggregation of affective disorders
      when these families also have a high prevalence of alcoholism, and that a
      proportion of children without affective disorder but with separation anxiety
      disorder in this study were at high risk for the development of affective illness
      later in life. These results support the validity of prepubertal-onset depressive
      illness as a diagnostic category, and are consistent with high familial rates of
      MDD and other psychiatric disorders found in family studies of adolescent and
      early-onset adult probands with major affective disorders, and with studies of
      the offspring of parents with major affective disorders. Within the child MDD
      group substantial heterogeneity was found. Low familial rates of MDD were
      associated with suicidality and comorbid conduct disorder in the child probands.
      The highest familial rates of MDD, approximately threefold those in the normal
      controls, and all the bipolar relatives, were found in the families of
      prepubertal probands with MDD who never had a concrete suicidal plan or act and
      who were without comorbid conduct disorder. A useful nosological continuum in
      which to classify prepubertal MDD may be to place at one end those patients with
      comorbid conduct disorder and at the other end those patients with manifestations
      related to bipolarity, including hypomania, mania, and psychotic subtype.

PMID- 2653269
TI  - Seasonal affective disorders and phototherapy. Report of a National Institute of
      Mental Health-sponsored workshop.
AB  - This report summarizes presentations made at a National Institute of Mental
      Health-sponsored workshop dealing with recurrent winter depression, or seasonal
      affective disorder (SAD), and with phototherapy as its treatment. Workshop
      participants reviewed major issues in the following areas: (1) diagnosis,
      clinical characteristics, and epidemiology of the disorder; (2) critical issues
      in phototherapy research; (3) biologic effects of light and mechanism of action
      of phototherapy; (4) biologic abnormalities in SAD; and (5) animal models and
      their applicability to the study of SAD. Most research evidence to date supports
      the efficacy of phototherapy in the treatment of SAD. However, considerable
      controversy remains concerning its mechanism of action and the underlying
      pathophysiology of the disorder. These and other unresolved issues are reviewed,
      and areas of consensus in the field are identified.

PMID- 2653270
TI  - Clinical and laboratory considerations of culture vs antigen assays for detection
      of Chlamydia trachomatis from genital specimens.
AB  - Assays for Chlamydia trachomatis antigen are being increasingly used in lieu of
      traditional cell culture methods for detection of the organism in patient
      specimens. While results from these assays are available considerably earlier
      than are those from culture, the assays have been less sensitive and specific
      than culture when used in some patient populations. This review summarizes
      results from investigations into the performance of culture and the two most
      widely used antigen assays, documents factors that can contribute to false
      positive or false-negative results, and, in light of these factors, makes
      recommendations for the selection of methods for detection of C trachomatis from
      genital specimens.

PMID- 2653271
TI  - Postmortem enzyme immunoassay for human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - The reliability of postmortem enzyme immunoassay testing for antibody to human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was assessed in blood and vitreous humor. Vitreous
      humor tested up to 34 hours post mortem and blood tested at least 58 days post
      mortem were consistently repeatedly positive for HIV antibody in patients with
      histopathologic criteria and premortem HIV test results that satisfied the
      Centers for Disease Control definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS). There were no false-negative results in serum specimens, although one
      third of vitreous specimens that were tested 34 hours or more post mortem were
      negative in patients with AIDS. There were no false-positive results in control
      specimens from patients at autopsy without evidence of AIDS, despite prolonged
      postmortem intervals producing hemolysis and autolysis of the specimens.
      Postmortem enzyme immunoassay testing of blood and vitreous humor may be useful
      to screen for HIV infection in high-risk groups and for diagnosis of patients
      with histopathologic evidence of AIDS for medical, legal, and epidemiologic
      purposes.

PMID- 2653272
TI  - Venous air embolism from head and neck wounds.
AB  - Air emboli in the chambers of the right side of the heart and in the pulmonary
      artery were documented in 16 autopsies representing shotgun and gunshot wounds of
      the head, traffic fatalities with head trauma, and one neck incision. The
      pathology of venous air embolism and its interpretation in the context of death
      investigation are discussed.

PMID- 2653273
TI  - Prognostic significance of Langerhans' cell infiltration in radiation therapy for
      squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
AB  - Prognostic significance of Langerhans' cell (LC) infiltration in cancer nests was
      studied in 391 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix. They
      were treated with radiation therapy alone. Langerhans' cells were identified by
      immunohistochemical staining for S100 protein. Langerhans' cells were present
      mainly in the intercellular spaces of tumor cells. The LC infiltration rates were
      higher in stage II (31.0%) or stage III (26.9%) than in stage I (17.5%) or stage
      IV (7.8%). The patients with LC infiltration showed a significantly better five
      year survival rate than those without LC infiltration (68% and 56.1%,
      respectively). This significant difference was observed especially in stage III
      and it was suggestive in stage IV diseases. These results suggest that LCs in
      cancer nests may play a significant role in the immunologic defense against
      cancer in advanced stage of cervical cancer.

PMID- 2653274
TI  - Extrapancreatic gastrinoma with pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia.
AB  - A case of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was associated with diffuse islet cell
      hyperplasia of the pancreas and extrapancreatic gastrinoma. At autopsy, the
      patient, who had well-documented Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, was found to have
      gastrinoma in parapancreatic lymph nodes with islet cell hyperplasia but no
      evidence of pancreatic neoplasm. Possible explanations include the production of
      a trophic factor by the extrapancreatic gastrinoma, leading to islet cell
      hyperplasia, or metastasis from a microscopic nodule of gastrin cells that,
      despite having a "hyperplastic" appearance, exhibited malignant potential.

PMID- 2653275
TI  - Seldom come by. The worthwhileness of a career in surgery.

PMID- 2653276
TI  - Lung transplantation. Samuel Jason Mixter lecture.

PMID- 2653277
TI  - Management of general surgical complications following cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Between February 1984 and May 1988, 55 patients underwent orthotopic cardiac
      transplantation at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass. Basic
      immunosuppression was accomplished with steroid and cyclosporine therapies.
      Twelve patients suffered 14 major complications, including perforated ulcer in 3
      patients; pancreatitis in 3 patients; pneumatosis coli in 2 patients; and
      cholecystitis, colonic necrosis, appendicitis, incarcerated umbilical hernia,
      pancreatic abscess, and toxic epidermal necrolysis in 1 patient each. Aggressive
      management of the patients included laparotomy in all but 2 patients with mild
      pancreatitis and the patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis, who was treated as
      a patient with a severe burn. In all of the patients, there was a resolution of
      these complications, except in one 59-year-old man with fatal hemorrhagic
      pancreatitis. Eleven of the 14 complications occurred during the initial
      hospitalization. The fatal case of pancreatitis was 1 of 5 (9%) operative
      mortalities in the entire series. Fifty operative survivors have been followed up
      for an average of 19 months, with four late deaths (8%) related to rejection. The
      actuarial probability of survival in patients discharged from the hospital was
      90% at 12, 24, and 48 months.

PMID- 2653278
TI  - Management of biliary obstruction. A comparison of percutaneous, endoscopic, and
      operative techniques.
AB  - Surgery for obstructive jaundice is being challenged by endoscopic and
      percutaneous techniques. To compare their safety and efficacy, the courses of 157
      patients treated for biliary obstruction were examined. Outcome was judged by
      mortality, complications, and need for further intervention. Forty-eight patients
      underwent endoscopic papillotomy (43 [90%] had stone disease) with two deaths and
      11 cases of (23% incidence) of cholangitis. Pancreatitis developed in 9 (19%).
      Twenty-seven patients (56%) required further endoscopic, percutaneous, or
      surgical intervention. Sixty-five patients underwent transhepatic drainage (58
      [89%] had malignant neoplasms) with a 28% (n = 18) mortality rate. Cholangitis
      developed in 26 (40%), and 50 (77%) required further transhepatic or surgical
      intervention. Forty-four patients underwent surgery (22 [50%] had stone disease
      and 12 [27%] had malignant neoplasms) with a 4.5% (n = 2) mortality rate.
      Cholangitis developed in 3 (7%), pancreatitis developed in 2 (4.5%), and bleeding
      developed in 1 (2%). Eight (18%) required further intervention. While endoscopic
      papillotomy provides efficacious treatment for stone disease, surgery provides a
      more expeditious, less morbid relief for malignant obstruction.

PMID- 2653279
TI  - Use of the triplex scanner in diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis.
AB  - We report our experience with 264 patients who underwent triplex scans for venous
      occlusive disease over a 10-month period. Venography was obtained in 30 of these
      patients. Correlation between the two procedures was 100%. The anatomic location
      of thrombosis and the extent of disease were identical in both studies. The
      presence of intraluminal clot by angiodynography is detected by looking for
      changes in the venous color-flow patterns and in the B-mode image. Newer clots
      have low echogenicity and are seen as large black areas in the gray-scale image.
      Older clots are more echogenic. The presence of enlarged venous collateral veins
      as well as absence of color flow and inability to compress the veins confirm the
      diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis. The results of angiodynography alone
      can be used safely in diagnosing acute deep venous thrombosis in patients.
      Equally important, treatment can be withheld safety in a patient with normal
      results.

PMID- 2653280
TI  - [Characteristics of oocyte ultrastructure during the large growth period in
      mammals].

PMID- 2653281
TI  - [The significance of epidermal changes in the early diagnosis and development of
      mycosis fungoides].
AB  - In 47 patients with stage I mycosis fungoides, biopsy of skin has revealed
      substantial changes in epidermis acanthosis with confluent epidermal processes,
      focal dystrophy of basal cells, mitoses in various epidermal layers,
      parakeratotic foci without a granular layer. Histoautoradiographic and
      immunomorphological studies demonstrated that enhanced proliferative activity of
      keratinocytes that was more pronounced in stages I and II mycosis fungoides and
      impaired epidermal differentiation that was predominant in neoplastic stage III
      underlay the above changes. There was ultrastructural evidence for abnormal
      epidermal keratinization. It was proposed that epidermal abnormalities made an
      important contribution to the development of mycosis fungoides.

PMID- 2653282
TI  - [The ultrastructure of components of the tracheobronchial tree epithelium].
AB  - The paper reviews the data available in the literature on the ultrastructure of
      the epithelium of the tracheobronchial tree and deals with morphological and
      functional characteristics of 12 cell types making up the epithelium.

PMID- 2653283
TI  - Transport and kinetics in synthetic and immunospecific adsorption columns.
AB  - Immunological or physicochemical adsorption can be used to remove specific
      proteins from plasma. The most common adsorption systems are based on the
      principle of affinity or adsorption chromatography. An adsorption column can be
      considered to be analogous to a packed bed, and transport is modeled by
      accounting for solute convection, accumulation, uptake, and axial dispersion
      within the bed. Adsorption kinetics and transport within particles of the packed
      bed need to be described. The solution of model equations is solute specific and
      generally requires numerical methods. The application of column adsorption
      systems to on-line therapeutic adsorption is constrained by flow considerations,
      which influence processing time; adsorbent capacity, which dictates column volume
      and hence design; and adsorbent stability, which may impact on patient safety.

PMID- 2653284
TI  - The role of lymphatic drainage in peritoneal mass transfer.
AB  - Peritoneal lymphatic drainage has recently been shown to be a contributing factor
      to both clearance and fluid removal patterns during continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis. In this report peritoneal transport equations are derived
      and compared and contrasted with existing models that ignore this term. It was
      found that for solutes for which the sieving coefficient may be assumed to equal
      unity, such as urea and creatinine, the values of the mass transfer area
      coefficient (KoA) are overestimated by the value of the lymphatic drainage rate.
      In this instance, corrected KoA may be obtained simply by subtracting lymphatic
      flow rate from the KoA calculated by traditional methods. For larger solutes,
      such as beta 2-microglobulin, for which the sieving coefficient may be assumed to
      equal zero, the value of mass transfer coefficient was underestimated to varying
      degrees; however, for values of lymphatic drainage rate less than 60 ml/h the
      effect will not be clinically measurable. A theoretical model is used to plot the
      dependence of net fluid removal on peritoneal lymphatic flow, glucose KoA, and
      hydraulic permeability. Reduction in net ultrafiltered volume, and hence
      estimation of transperitoneal ultrafiltration, is directly proportional to
      accumulated lymphatic drainage.

PMID- 2653285
TI  - Cellulosic versus synthetic membranes: a reasonable comparison?
AB  - Of the two main classes of dialysis membranes, cellulosic and synthetic, the
      former represents the standard membrane used in dialysis therapy. The disputed
      properties of cellulosic membranes related to biocompatibility have inspired a
      number of authors to compare these two membrane classes from a variety of
      perspectives. However, such a strict categorization as "synthetic" or
      "cellulosic" is of doubtful value from the point of view of polymer chemistry.
      Here, biocompatibility and performance properties of these two membrane classes
      are compared with the aim of investigating the validity of this categorization.
      The biocompatibility parameters studied are complement and leukocyte activation
      together with activation of the coagulation cascade. Analysis of a variety of
      both cellulosic and synthetic membranes with different degrees of
      biocompatibility showed that biocompatibility can be achieved by both classes of
      membranes and is, therefore, not a particular property of one class only.
      Furthermore, performance and beta 2-microglobulin removal properties of the two
      classes of membranes do not particularly favor one of these classes. Therefore,
      differences between cellulosic and synthetic membranes are not manifested in
      parameters like biocompatibility, hydraulic permeability, and overall
      performance.

PMID- 2653286
TI  - Renal epithelial-cell-controlled solute transport across permeable membranes as
      the foundation for a bioartificial kidney.
AB  - Despite the success of current blood purification techniques in allowing the
      survival of individuals with acute and chronic renal failure, the quality of life
      of people affected by end-stage renal disease remains unsatisfactory. Part of the
      reason is due to the nonphysiologic manner in which current blood purification
      techniques achieve homeostasis. Attempts to improve mechanical substitution of
      renal function by coupling the transport capability of living cells with
      conventional hemofiltration devices constitute the first step toward the
      development of an implantable bioartificial kidney.

PMID- 2653288
TI  - Recipients of homologous donor hearts or artificial blood pumps lack nerve
      impulses that are normally generated in the natural heart.

PMID- 2653287
TI  - Comparison of various treatment modes in terms of beta 2-microglobulin removal:
      hemodialysis, hemofiltration, and push/pull HDF.
AB  - The beta 2-microglobulin clearance increased as the convective transport was
      added during hemodialysis to perform hemodiafiltration (HDF), suggesting that a
      convective transport type artificial kidney is more effective for beta 2
      microglobulin removal. Actually, the decrease in the plasma beta 2-microglobulin
      level per treatment was more pronounced in hemofiltration and push/pull HDF than
      in hemodialysis. In the present study, no significant fluctuation in the
      pretreatment level of beta 2-microglobulin was shown by serial treatment by
      hemodialysis, whereas an obvious decreasing trend of it was indicated in serial
      treatment of either push/pull HDF or hemofiltration. Moreover, our study
      indicated that the ratio of posttreatment beta 2-microglobulin level in relation
      to its pretreatment level increases as the treatment by hemofiltration or
      push/pull HDF is repeated.

PMID- 2653289
TI  - Medial thalamus and memory.

PMID- 2653290
TI  - High incidence of primary cerebral lymphoma in tumor-induced central neurogenic
      hyperventilation.
AB  - An awake patient presented with central neurogenic hyperventilation induced by a
      cerebral tumor. Corticosteroid therapy and brain irradiation while the patient
      was anesthetized and respiration controlled under pancuronium-induced respiratory
      paralysis were followed by tumor regression and resolution of hyperventilation.
      Recurrence of tumor 6 weeks later was not accompanied by recurrence of
      hyperventilation. Cytologic study of cerebrospinal fluid revealed B-cell
      lymphoma. This patient brings to 10 the number of cases recorded with tumor
      induced central neurogenic hyperventilation. Five of the eight patients with
      known tumor histology had a primary cerebral lymphoma, a rare neoplasm that
      comprises only 1% of all intracranial neoplasms. The disproportionately high
      frequency of central neurogenic hyperventilation in patients with cerebral
      lymphoma has therapeutic implications that are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2653291
TI  - Duplex ultrasound and ocular pneumoplethysmography concordance in detecting
      severe carotid stenosis.
AB  - Concordance between two independent tests should serve to increase the accuracy
      of diagnosis. A combination of ocular pneumoplethysmography and duplex
      ultrasound, which uses high-resolution B-mode imaging plus spectral analysis, was
      used to evaluate 289 consecutive patients prior to biplane carotid angiography.
      Where there was concordance, the noninvasive tests predicted the presence or
      absence of hemodynamically severe carotid stenosis (75% or greater cross
      sectional area reduction) with a sensitivity of 96.8%, a specificity of 95.9%, an
      accuracy of 96.2%, and positive and negative predictive values of 91.0% and
      98.6%, respectively. Of the 538 study arteries, only four (0.74%)
      angiographically severe lesions escaped detection by both noninvasive tests.
      Sources of diagnostic error for both tests were defined. We believe that the
      combination of duplex ultrasound and ocular pneumoplethysmography significantly
      improves the overall assessment of carotid atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2653292
TI  - Lhermitte's sign. From observation to eponym.
AB  - The Lhermitte's sign was first described by Pierre Marie and Chatelin in 1917.
      Lhermitte reported on this symptom in 1920, and in 1924 he published the seminal
      article on the subject. In 1928, it was introduced to the American literature,
      and it was around that time that the symptom became well known. The historic
      development of this observation into an eponym is documented.

PMID- 2653293
TI  - Vestibular testing in comatose patients.
AB  - The analysis of vestibular responses in a comatose patient often provides the
      critical information for making a correct preliminary diagnosis and directing the
      subsequent laboratory evaluation. Because of some uncertainties about what is
      being tested with the various bedside maneuvers that are used to elicit
      vestibular responses, we review the physiologic basis for the oculomotor
      responses that occur with head rotation or with caloric stimuli. We further urge
      precise and unambiguous terminology to describe both stimulus and response. We
      suggest using physiologically well-defined terms such as vestibulo-ocular reflex
      and cervico-ocular reflex and avoiding potentially misleading terms such as the
      doll's head and the oculocephalic maneuvers.

PMID- 2653294
TI  - Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in cattle by Castanospermum australe: an
      attempted phenocopy of Pompe's disease.
AB  - Pompe's disease is characterised by an absence of lysosomal alpha-glucosidase,
      but this enzyme is also inhibited by Castanospermum australe seeds. Four calves
      were fed C. australe seeds at the rate of 0.15 g/kg body weight for periods from
      1 to 4 days. Lymphocyte alpha-glucosidase activity was reduced by at least 90%,
      with the majority of inhibition occurring within 8 h of dosing. Several weeks
      elapsed before activity returned to normal. Significant inhibition of muscle
      alpha-glucosidase occurred and the ratio of plasma alpha-glucosidase activity
      measured at pH 5.6 relative to that at pH 3.7 was depressed. In an attempt to
      induce Pompe's disease, 2 calves were dosed with 1.2 g C. australe seed/kg body
      weight/day for 13 months. Lymphocyte and muscle alpha-glucosidase activities were
      markedly reduced over the entire period of feeding, but the animals showed no
      clinical signs of disease. Tissue cells were not vacuolated nor did they show any
      apparent accumulation of glycogen. Despite significant inhibition of alpha
      glucosidase in skeletal and cardiac muscle, liver, kidney and brain, it is
      suggested that there was sufficient residual enzyme to prevent induction of a
      phenocopy of Pompe's disease.

PMID- 2653295
TI  - Treatment of CNS tumours with conventional radiotherapy: the importance of dose &
      volume factors in tumour control & CNS radiation tolerance.
AB  - Improved localisation of central nervous system (CNS) tumours resulting from
      newer diagnostic imaging techniques may allow the therapeutic irradiation of
      smaller volumes than currently practiced with the possibility of less normal
      tissue injury and/or the use of higher radiation doses. The influence of
      radiation dose and volume on the control rates for various types of CNS tumour
      and on the radiation tolerance of CNS tissue is imperfectly understood. Available
      data on these fundamental issues in the radiation treatment of CNS tumours is
      reviewed.

PMID- 2653296
TI  - Rationales for the use of intravenous contrast medium in computed tomography.
AB  - There are currently many computed tomographic units with differing performance
      capabilities, resulting in confusion over protocols for contrast medium usage.
      Additionally, the development of the safer but more expensive low osmolar
      contrast agents has increased interest in evolving clearer indications for
      contrast medium usage in C.T. scanning. Rationales for the use of intravenous
      agents in C.T. scanning are proposed. These include the labelling of normal
      structures for anatomic clarification, the assessment of perfusion, the
      characterisation of a specific lesion, CT Angiography, demonstration of defects
      in the blood brain barrier and the phenomenon of neovascularity. The logical use
      of contrast agents should involve the deliberate invocation of one or more of
      these mechanisms coupled with the appropriate technique of administration.

PMID- 2653297
TI  - Outpatient myelography with iohexol and iopamidol; pilot study and contrast
      trial.
AB  - 50 patients underwent myelography on an outpatient basis; the incidence and
      severity of side effects were compared, in a prospective study, with 180
      inpatient examinations over the same period. In addition, in the initial 200
      myelograms (36 outpatients and 164 inpatient) iohexol and iopamidol were compared
      in a double blind trial. Headache was the most common side effect in both patient
      groups, recorded in 50% of outpatients and 25% of inpatients. Other side effects
      were of comparable incidence. 84% of outpatients undergoing myelography found it
      "acceptable", and did not consider a night in hospital necessary after the
      procedure. No difference in side effects was demonstrated between the two
      contrast media. This pilot study suggests that outpatient myelography is
      practical and safe, with considerable cost saving implications.

PMID- 2653298
TI  - The radiology of cystic liver tumours.
AB  - Six patients with cystic liver tumours are presented. The definitive diagnosis of
      such cystic lesions may be difficult and needle aspiration or biopsy or even
      operation may be necessary. Clinical and biochemical features may be helpful and
      in five of the six patients presented, the liver function tests were abnormal. In
      two patients, diagnostic imaging could not distinguish the tumour from a benign
      cyst. The differential diagnosis of such cystic liver tumours includes simple
      cyst, polycystic liver disease, hydatid, liver abscess, haematoma and biloma.

PMID- 2653299
TI  - Some red herrings in obstetric ultrasound.
AB  - The extreme distress which possible fetal abnormality induces in expectant
      parents makes it potentially dangerous to report artefacts seen on antenatal
      scans, even to dismiss them. A selection of spurious abnormalities is presented,
      for ultrasound trainees.

PMID- 2653300
TI  - A controlled trial of misonidazole in the curative treatment of infiltrating
      bladder cancer.
AB  - Between 1980 and 1983 a total of 89 patients with infiltrating transitional cell
      carcinoma of the bladder were entered in a multi centre randomised controlled
      clinical trial with either misonidazole or placebo added to the first 40.00 Gy of
      radiotherapy. Depending on their referring clinican, patients then completed
      treatment with either further radiotherapy to a radical dose, or surgery four
      weeks later. All patients have been followed up for a minimum of three years, and
      no significant difference has been found in local control, survival, or
      pathological downstaging of the tumour. The neurotoxicity was considerable, with
      43% of patients receiving misonidazole developing a peripheral neuropathy,
      starting five weeks on average after beginning treatment, and with a mean
      duration of 27 months. Eighty per cent of patients affected still had peripheral
      neuropathy at three years or their prior death. There is a suggestion that
      alcohol may predispose to the neuropathy. This study failed to show any benefit
      of misonidazole in tumour control and produced unacceptably high levels of
      toxicity.

PMID- 2653301
TI  - Type II altitude decompression sickness (DCS): U.S. Air Force experience with 133
      cases.
AB  - Type II altitude-related decompression sickness (DCS), due to its wide spectrum
      of symptoms, is often difficult to diagnose. This difficulty sometimes leads
      unnecessarily to the permanent grounding of an experienced aviator. So that this
      condition could be better understood, a total of 133 cases of Type II altitude
      DCS (on file at the United States Air Force Hyperbaric Medicine Division, School
      of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX) were reviewed. Most cases (94.7%) followed
      altitude chamber training. The most common manifestation was joint pain (43.6%),
      associated with headache (42.1%), visual disturbances (30.1%), and limb
      paresthesia (27.8%). The next most common symptoms were, in order of decreasing
      frequency: mental confusion (24.8%), limb numbness (16.5%), and extreme fatigue
      (10.5%). Spinal cord involvement, chokes, and unconsciousness were rare (6.9%,
      6%, and 1.5%, respectively). Hyperbaric oxygen treatment produced fully
      successful results in 97.7% of the cases. Only 2.3% of the cases resulted in
      residual deficit; no deaths occurred. A thorough knowledge of the differential
      diagnosis and predisposing factors is essential to narrow the margins of error in
      the diagnosis and prevention of decompression sickness in the operational or
      training environment. A recommendation for favorable consideration of waiver
      action for those aviators who suffered Type II DCS is presented. These
      recommendations are based on a unique classification of the severity of symptoms.

PMID- 2653302
TI  - Evaluation of the sleepy crewmember: USAFSAM experience and a suggested clinical
      approach.
AB  - From 1958 to 1986, 27 crewmembers with suspected sleep disorders were referred to
      the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. The presenting complaint in most cases was
      excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Prior to 1984, evaluations included
      neurologic and psychiatric testing, screening laboratory studies, and awake and
      asleep electroencephalography. Polysomnography and sleep latency studies were
      included after 1984. In the majority of cases, the etiology of the complaint
      could not be determined. The prevalence of EDS is estimated to be between 0.3%
      and 4.0% of the adult population. Major causes cited in the world literature
      include the sleep apnea syndromes, narcolepsy, parasomnias interrupting sleep,
      hypersomnia secondary to systemic or affective disorders, and essential
      hypersomnia. Current sleep lab techniques and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
      typing are reported to make the diagnosis in up to 90% of sleep disorders.
      Evaluation of EDS should begin with a history emphasizing sleep habits, work
      schedules, daytime naps, and presence of vegetative signs. A sleep diary will
      allow a more accurate estimate of the quantity of nocturnal sleep. This diary may
      reveal poor sleep hygiene or insomnia. Polysomnography and/or multiple sleep
      latency determination can then be used to diagnose sleep apnea, parasomnias, and
      narcolepsy.

PMID- 2653303
TI  - The 1988 Harry G. Armstrong lecture: contributions of NIH to aerospace medicine.

PMID- 2653305
TI  - Civil aviation in 1929.

PMID- 2653304
TI  - Some aero-medical observations. 1917.

PMID- 2653306
TI  - A 6-year follow-up of the effectiveness of respiratory retraining, in-situ
      isometric relaxation, and cognitive modification in the treatment of agoraphobia.

PMID- 2653307
TI  - recA-dependent DNA repair processes.
AB  - UV-radiation-induced lesions in DNA result in the formation of: (1) excision gaps
      (i.e. a lesion is excised, leaving a gap), (2) daughter-strand gaps (i.e. a
      lesion can be skipped during replication, leaving a gap), and (3) double-strand
      breaks (i.e. the DNA strand opposite a gap can be cut). In Escherichia coli, the
      recA gene product is involved in repairs of all three types of lesions--repair of
      daughter-strand gaps (2) and double-strand breaks (3) constitutes post
      replication repair. The evidence suggests, furthermore, that recA-dependent
      repair of excision gaps (1) produced in DNA replicated prior to UV irradiation
      (pre-replication repair) appears to occur by similar mechanisms.

PMID- 2653308
TI  - Proteinase inhibitor gene families: strategies for transformation to improve
      plant defenses against herbivores.
AB  - Recent evidence indicates that the presence of serine proteinase inhibitors in
      plant leaves can reduce predation by insects. Plants can now be transformed with
      proteinase inhibitor genes with strong promoters to express the inhibitor
      proteins in relatively high levels at specific times. Inhibitors having variable
      specificities against digestive proteinases of insects and pathogens can now be
      assessed for their possible role(s) in natural plant defense and for their
      potential usefulness in protecting crop plants against herbivores.

PMID- 2653309
TI  - The chemical kinetics of molecular evolution.
AB  - This article describes a current view of the events that initiated the transition
      from the rich organic and inorganic chemistry of the primitive Earth to the
      earliest forms of life. It is a personal condensation of the basic ideas
      developed in the so-called Gottingen school. Most of these will be found in the
      seminal paper of Eigen and the other sources cited. A detailed exposition is
      given by Kuppers.

PMID- 2653310
TI  - An illustration of the use of isotopes: the biosynthesis of porphyrins.
AB  - In this article, David Shemin, who is now in retirement, describes how in 1944 he
      ingested 66 g of 15N-labeled glycine in order to determine the half-life of
      hemoglobin and other blood proteins. The ramifications of the experiment led to
      the unravelling of the biosynthesis of porphyrins and the role of glycine and
      alpha-aminolevulinic acid in heme, vitamin B12 and chlorophyll synthesis.

PMID- 2653311
TI  - Amphibian metamorphosis: an immunologic opportunity!
AB  - Anuran amphibian metamorphosis is an immunologically interesting period. For the
      investigator, it provides an unusual opportunity for analyzing both humoral
      regulation of the immune response and the development and maintenance of self
      tolerance. Some of the questions one can ask are: Why don't immunocompetent
      larvae destroy antigenically disparate adult cells as they differentiate within
      them during metamorphosis? Do the dramatic hormonal changes occurring during this
      period regulate immunological function? How do animals in metamorphosis protect
      themselves from their immunologically hostile environment?

PMID- 2653312
TI  - Modification of protein stability by introduction of disulfide bridges and
      prolines: geometric criteria for mutation sites.
AB  - We define geometrical parameters to characterize disulfide bridges using x-ray
      crystal structure data on small molecules and use them to suggest replacements of
      amino acids by cysteines in order to introduce disulfide bridges to increase
      thermal stability in proteins. We also define geometric parameters to identify
      target amino acids for replacements by prolines in order to conserve desired
      structural attributes in the vicinity of disulfide mutations leading to further
      structural and thermal stability of proteins. The geometric criteria are applied
      to the serine protease, subtilisin, to model stereochemically favorable disulfide
      mutants without altering the active site geometry, implying conservation of
      native biological activity.

PMID- 2653313
TI  - Expression of human placental ribonuclease inhibitor in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Human placental ribonuclease inhibitor (PRI) has been expressed in and isolated
      from Escherichia coli. Its apparent molecular weight, immunoreactivity and amino
      acid composition are virtually identical with those of native PRI. It inhibits
      the enzymatic activities of either angiogenin, a blood vessel inducing protein
      homologous to pancreatic RNase (RNase A), or RNase A in a stoichiometry of 1:1.
      Recombinant PRI binds to angiogenin and RNase A with Ki values of 2.9 x 10(-16) M
      and 6.8 x 10(-14) M, respectively, comparable to the affinities of native PRI for
      these enzymes. Thus, these results confirm that PRI inhibits angiogenin more
      effectively than RNase A.

PMID- 2653314
TI  - Interaction of Shigella toxin with globotriaosyl ceramide receptor-containing
      membranes: a fluorescence study.
AB  - The interaction of the B-subunit of Shigella toxin with a globotriaosyl ceramide
      receptor incorporated into phosphatidylcholine vesicles was studied by
      fluorescence spectroscopy. From the position of the maximum in the emission
      spectrum and the accessibility to acrylamide quenching, it is concluded that a
      single tryptophan of a free B-chain is located in a highly polar environment,
      most likely on the surface of the folded polypeptide chain. Binding of B-subunits
      to the membrane-associated globotriaosyl ceramide results in a strong enhancement
      of fluorescence intensity and a small blue-shift of the emission maximum; these
      effects suggest a conformational change in the protein which provides a new
      environment to a tryptophan residue. However, the polarity of this new
      environment is still relatively high--as indicated by the position of the
      emission maximum at 344 nm--and suggests that the receptor-bound B-chain remains
      largely on the membrane surface, without penetrating the hydrophobic interior of
      a lipid bilayer. On the other hand, the A-chains are shown to interact directly
      with the receptor-free lipid bilayers; this nonspecific interaction may play a
      role in the mechanism by which A-subunit traverses the membrane of a target cell.

PMID- 2653315
TI  - Amino acid sequence of a 15 kilodalton actin-binding fragment of turkey gizzard
      caldesmon: similarity with dystrophin, tropomyosin and the tropomyosin-binding
      region of troponin T.
AB  - We have determined the amino acid sequence of a 15 kDa actin-binding fragment of
      turkey gizzard caldesmon. The 96-residue fragment contains 29 acidic and 29 basic
      residues, and is predicted to have an extended helical conformation stabilized by
      numerous internal salt bridges. CaD15 bears some resemblance to dystrophin,
      tropomyosin and several other proteins, but is most strikingly similar to the
      tropomyosin-binding segment of troponin T.

PMID- 2653316
TI  - Identification and partial purification of a novel tumor-derived protein that
      induces tissue factor on cultured human endothelial cells.
AB  - Conditioned medium of a human bladder carcinoma cell line (J82) was found to
      induce tissue factor synthesis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells
      (HUVEC). A protein present in the J82 conditioned medium was partially purified
      by FPLC using a combination of MONO Q and Superose 6 columns. The bladder
      carcinoma-derived cytokine (BCDC) exhibited a Mr of 22 kDa by gel permeation
      HPLC. Polyclonal antibody against either interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, or
      transforming growth factor-beta failed to inhibit the ability of the conditioned
      medium to induce HUVEC tissue factor activity, suggesting that this tumor cell
      line secretes a novel cytokine responsible for HUVEC tissue factor induction.

PMID- 2653317
TI  - Detection of essential arginine in bacterial peptidyl dipeptidase-4: arginine is
      not the anion binding site.
AB  - Peptidyl dipeptidase-4 from Pseudomonas maltophilia was modified with the
      arginine reagents p-hydroxyphenylglyoxal and 2,3-butanedione. The enzyme was
      inactivated in a pseudo-first-order manner by p-hydroxyphenylglyoxal with a half
      time of 72 min. Inactivation by 2,3-butanedione was biphasic with a rapid phase
      followed by a slower inactivation to less than 10% activity within 24h. The
      competitive inhibitor thiorphan protected against inactivation by
      phydroxyphenylglyoxal and by 2,3-butanedione also but to a lesser degree.
      Inhibitory anions chloride and phosphate did not protect against inactivation by
      either reagent. These data support the conclusion that an active site arginine is
      essential for substrate hydrolysis. Furthermore, arginine is not the binding site
      for the inhibitors chloride and phosphate.

PMID- 2653318
TI  - Evidence for exogenous substrate phosphorylation and dimer formation by the
      activated 190 kDa insulin proreceptor in vitro.
AB  - The insulin receptor is synthesized as a single chain, 190 kDa glycoprotein
      precursor, which undergoes proteolytic cleavage, carbohydrate processing, and
      fatty acylation to generate the mature receptor on the plasma membrane. The
      relationship of these post-translational modifications to the acquisition of
      receptor function, i.e. ligand binding and phosphokinase activity, is not fully
      understood. Therefore, the 190 kDa proreceptor and mature receptor kinase
      activities were separately examined in vitro, and their phosphorylation
      properties compared. The solubilized receptor precursor from IM-9 lymphocytes was
      purified by sequential lectin chromatography and, following site specific anti
      receptor antibody immunoprecipitation, phosphokinase studies performed. The
      isolated proreceptor was activated by insulin and phosphorylated exogenous
      substrate alpha-casein, as similarly observed for the mature receptor.
      Structurally, the phosphorylated proreceptor was identified as a 360 kDa
      homodimer under non-reducing condition.

PMID- 2653319
TI  - Insulin receptor kinase activity in rat adipocytes is decreased during aging.
AB  - The tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor derived from rat adipocyte
      plasma membranes was examined during aging. In the absence of insulin,
      autophosphorylation and histone H2B phosphorylation activities, measured with
      equal numbers of insulin receptors, were comparable among 3- and 24-month-old
      rats. In contrast, insulin-stimulated kinase activity was significantly reduced
      in the old animals. We have also found that the insulin dependent phosphorylation
      of a putative endogenous substrate of 60 kDa was drastically reduced in old
      animals. These results suggest that the decrease in kinase activity in old rats
      could be related with the insulin resistance of aging.

PMID- 2653320
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates elastin synthesis by bovine pulmonary
      arterial smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates mitogenesis in smooth muscle cells, and
      upregulates elastin synthesis in embryonic aortic tissue. Increased smooth muscle
      elastin synthesis may play an important role in vascular remodeling in chronic
      pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, we studied the effect of IGF-I on elastin and
      total protein synthesis by pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells in vitro.
      Tropoelastin synthesis was measured by enzyme immunoassay, and total protein
      synthesis was measured by [3H]-leucine incorporation. In addition, the steady
      state levels of tropoelastin mRNA were determined by slot blot hybridization.
      Incubation of confluent cultures with various concentrations of IGF-I resulted in
      a dose-dependent stimulation of elastin synthesis, with a 2.4-fold increase over
      control levels at 1000 ng/ml of IGF. The increase in elastin synthesis was
      reflected by a stimulation of the steady-state levels of tropoelastin mRNA. We
      conclude that IGF-I has potent elastogenic effects on vascular smooth muscle
      cells, and speculate that it may contribute to vascular wall remodeling in
      chronic hypertension.

PMID- 2653321
TI  - The beta form is the dominant interleukin 1 released by murine peritoneal
      macrophages.
AB  - Using highly specific polyclonal antisera raised against recombinant murine IL-1
      alpha and beta, we performed solid-phase immunoabsorption studies on supernates
      of resident and adjuvant-elicited CBA/J mouse peritoneal macrophages. Antibody
      specificity was established by reciprocal absorption studies and Western blot
      analysis. Supernates obtained from macrophages cultured for 18 hr in the presence
      of 1 microgram/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were subjected to immunoabsorption.
      Approximately 78-90% of the released bioactive material was IL-1 and about 80% of
      this could be attributed to IL-1 beta. Analogous to that reported for human
      monocytes, these data suggest that IL-1 beta is the predominant released form of
      IL-1.

PMID- 2653322
TI  - Secretory mechanism of immunoreactive endothelin in cultured bovine endothelial
      cells.
AB  - To elucidate the cellular mechanism by which endothelin (ET) is secreted, we have
      studied the effects of a variety of vasoactive agents on the secretion of
      immunoreactive (IR)-ET from cultured bovine endothelial cells (EC). Confluent
      bovine EC cultured in serum-free medium secreted IR-ET as a function of time. Not
      only thrombin, but also vasoconstrictive hormones, such as arginine-vasopressin
      (AVP) and angiotensin (ANG) II, dose-dependently stimulated IR-ET secretion, and
      these effects were completely abolished by V1-receptor antagonist and [Sar1,Ala8]
      ANG II, respectively. Protein kinase C (PKC)-activating phorbol ester and Ca2+
      ionophore ionomycin had stimulatory effects on IR-ET secretion, and the
      combination of both compounds had a synergistic effect. These data suggest that
      AVP and ANG II, like thrombin, stimulate ET secretion from EC by a mechanism
      possibly involving receptor-mediated mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and
      activation of PKC.

PMID- 2653324
TI  - Preparation models for the supervisory process in speech-language pathology and
      audiology.

PMID- 2653323
TI  - Outdoor measurement of SAR in a full-sized human model exposed to 29.9 MHz in the
      near field.
AB  - Localized and averaged specific absorption rates (SARs) were obtained in a full
      size muscle-equivalent human model exposed to near-field 29.9 MHz irradiation at
      an outdoor facility. The model was positioned erect on a metallic groundplane
      1.22 m (4 ft) from the base of a 10.8-m (35 ft) whip antenna with an input power
      of 1.0 kW. For whole-body SAR, a mean value of 0.83 W/kg was determined using two
      gradient-layer calorimeters in a twin-well configuration. The localized SARs at
      12 body locations were measured using nonperturbing temperature probes and were
      highest in the ankle region. We conclude that averaged SAR measurements in a full
      size phantom are feasible using a twin-calorimeter approach; measurements in the
      field are practical when human-size (183 x 61 x 46 cm) calorimeters are used.

PMID- 2653325
TI  - Effects of bezafibrate on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in
      hyperlipidemic patients with and without diabetes.
AB  - Although it has been reported that bezafibrate influences carbohydrate
      metabolism, this possibility has never been properly evaluated in a controlled
      clinical trial. In this study we attempted to evaluate the effects of bezafibrate
      on plasma lipoproteins, glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and peripheral
      insulin sensitivity in a group of hypertriglyceridemic patients with and without
      diabetes. Sixteen hyperlipidemic patients (10 males and 6 females) participated
      in the study. Eight had type IIB and 8 type IV hyperlipoproteinemia; 6 of them
      also had non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The study was performed
      according to a double blind, crossover design: after 1 month wash-out period in
      which patients were on diet alone, they underwent, in a random order, a period of
      placebo therapy and another period in which they received a single daily dose of
      a long-acting bezafibrate preparation (400 mg) administered in the evening. Each
      treatment lasted 2 months. Total plasma and VLDL triglyceride concentrations were
      consistently reduced by bezafibrate (-46%, P less than 0.001; and -50%, P less
      than 0.001). Total and VLDL-cholesterol were also reduced by bezafibrate. The
      effects of bezafibrate on lipoproteins were similar in diabetic and non-diabetic
      subjects. Bezafibrate treatment did not influence fasting blood glucose
      concentration, glucose tolerance, peripheral insulin sensitivity or insulin
      secretion. In conclusion, the results of this controlled trial clearly indicate
      that bezafibrate can be successfully employed to lower plasma lipid levels in
      patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.

PMID- 2653326
TI  - An ultrasonographic method for detection of Achilles tendon xanthomas in familial
      hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - The diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is frequently made on
      clinical grounds and detection of tendon xanthomas is crucial for that. In order
      to clarify whether ultrasonography (US) can be used as a reliable and practical
      method for detection of Achilles tendon xanthomas in FH, the Achilles tendon
      thickness in the sagittal section was examined by US in 15 patients with
      heterozygous FH and 34 normocholesterolemic subjects. US visualized clearly the
      anterior and posterior borders of the Achilles tendon. The Achilles tendon
      thickness determined by US correlated with that measured by conventional
      radiography (r = 0.99). The mean values +/- SD of the Achilles tendon thickness
      determined by US were 4.5 +/- 0.5 mm in the normal controls and 11.9 +/- 5.1 mm
      in the patients and the difference was significant (P less than 0.001). In 13 of
      15 patients, US visualized thickened Achilles tendons with convex shape in the
      sagittal section. All the thickened Achilles tendons revealed by US were
      confirmed by radiography. The data indicate that US can detect Achilles tendons
      thickened by xanthomas. We conclude that US is a useful aid in the clinical
      diagnosis of FH.

PMID- 2653327
TI  - Lipid peroxides, glutathione peroxidase, prostacyclin and cell cycle stages in
      normal and atherosclerotic Japanese quail arteries.
AB  - We have previously shown a negative correlation between lipid peroxide levels and
      prostacyclin synthesis in plasma and artery of the atherosclerotic rabbit. Here
      we compare the arterial lipid peroxide content, glutathione peroxidase activity,
      and prostacyclin and thromboxane production in response to exogenous arachidonic
      acid stimulation, and the cell cycle stages in normal and atherogenic diet-fed
      quail. Lipid peroxides were higher in arteries of the atherosclerotic quail,
      while glutathione peroxidase activity and prostacyclin and thromboxane production
      were lower than that in the control quail. The smooth muscle cell cycle
      distribution which was determined by flow cytometry according to DNA content
      showed that more than 14% of atherosclerotic arteries were mitotically active (in
      S + G2 + M phase), while less than 10% of control cells were active. These
      results suggest that there is a close relationship between lipid peroxide
      content, prostacyclin production and cell proliferation of the arterial wall in
      experimental atherosclerotic quail.

PMID- 2653328
TI  - [Endocrine cells of the stomach and their pathology].

PMID- 2653329
TI  - [Pulmonary interstitial pathology].

PMID- 2653330
TI  - [Nucleolar organizers: value in pathologic anatomy and in clinical cytology].

PMID- 2653331
TI  - Helping employees and families cope with breast cancer treatment.
AB  - With respect to a lump in the breast, all findings can be considered significant
      until necessary evaluation is completed. Persons who have cancer often attribute
      all symptomatology to the disease; therefore, the nurse needs to allay fears
      about commonly occurring illnesses, while staying attuned to indications of
      metastasis. Keeping up-to-date with a rapidly changing field will be a challenge
      to nurses in the position to counsel and to have a positive effect on the lives
      of millions of women with or at risk for breast cancer. The occupational health
      nurse is in a strategic position to encourage prevention and surveillance, as
      well as to counsel employees during diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.

PMID- 2653332
TI  - The diagnosis and treatment of the dislocated mandible.
AB  - Dislocation of the mandible occurs commonly. Most patients present to the
      emergency department for treatment. This article discusses the normal
      temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anatomy and the etiology, types, and diagnosis of
      mandibular dislocation. It also describes the initial management, including
      techniques for reduction of the acute anteriorly dislocated mandible.

PMID- 2653333
TI  - Directions in obstetric perinatology: a tribute to Fritz Fuchs, M.D., D.Med.

PMID- 2653334
TI  - Low-dose aspirin: treatment for the imbalance of increased thromboxane and
      decreased prostacyclin in preeclampsia.
AB  - The discovery of the imbalance of increased thromboxane and decreased
      prostacyclin production in preeclamptic women has explained the cause of the
      major clinical symptoms of this disorder and has formed the basis and rationale
      for clinical studies with low-dose aspirin to treat preeclampsia. Low doses of
      aspirin (60 to 81 mg/day) have a remarkable ability to inhibit thromboxane
      production selectively without significantly inhibiting prostacyclin production.
      Therefore the actions of thromboxane to increase vasoconstriction, stimulate
      platelet aggregation, increase uterine contractility, and decrease uteroplacental
      blood flow are attenuated, and the ratio of thromboxane to prostacyclin is
      altered in favor of prostacyclin. Prostacyclin promotes vasodilation, inhibits
      platelet aggregation, decreases uterine contractility, and increases
      uteroplacental blood flow. The initial clinical studies with low doses of aspirin
      are very encouraging with respect to the treatment and prevention of
      preeclampsia. Substantial evidence already indicates that low-dose aspirin
      therapy decreases the incidence of preeclampsia; it decreases the maternal
      systemic arterial pressor response to angiotensin II; and it does not seem to be
      harmful to the fetus. Treatment of preeclampsia with prostacyclin appears to be
      contraindicated because prostacyclin is a potent systemic vasodilator and the
      clinical outcome of preeclamptic women infused with prostacyclin has been poor.
      The mechanism whereby low-dose aspirin preferentially inhibits thromboxane
      synthesis is not known.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653335
TI  - Evolving concepts of oxytocin for induction of labor.
AB  - Based on findings of maternal and fetal circulating oxytocin levels during
      spontaneous labor and the available information on oxytocin secretion patterns,
      the dosage and mode of administration of oxytocin for induction of labor is
      discussed. It is recommended that intravenous infusion rates should not exceed 2
      to 8 mU/min. Oxytocin administered in a pulsatile fashion beginning with 1 mU/min
      every 8 minutes with doubling the pulse dose every 24 minutes is equally as
      efficient as continuous infusion. Because both the peak levels and the total dose
      of oxytocin needed for induction are lower with pulsatile than continuous
      administration, the risk of adverse effects for the mother and the fetus is
      significantly reduced.

PMID- 2653336
TI  - An evaluation of formal risk scoring for preterm birth.
AB  - Formal risk scoring systems for the prediction of preterm birth lack many of the
      characteristics that are required from effective screening tests. They show poor
      positive predictive values, poor reproducibility, and large differences in
      performance among different populations. In clinical practice the implementation
      of these scoring systems has not shown to confer more benefit than harm to the
      women and infants involved. There is no conclusive evidence for reduction of the
      incidence of preterm birth, especially among women considered to be at high risk
      on the basis of such scores. The use of these scores has led to a profusion of
      interventions being applied to women without demonstrable benefit for them from
      these interventions. The introduction of formal risk scoring for preterm birth
      thus profoundly alters the type of care available to pregnant women. The main
      effect thus far appears to be that a potential but relatively imprecise risk of
      preterm birth tends to be replaced by the certain risk of dubious treatments,
      whose merits are undocumented and whose hazards are unknown. There is great need
      for controlled studies to establish whether and for whom potential benefits of
      formal risk scoring can outweigh its hazards.

PMID- 2653337
TI  - Shoulder soft tissue width as a predictor of macrosomia in diabetic pregnancies.
AB  - Sonographic evaluation of 43 pregnant women with diabetes mellitus was performed
      in the third trimester of gestation for evidence of fetal macrosomia. The width
      of the soft tissues of the shoulder from the skin surface to the proximal humerus
      was compared with previously reported measurements for their ability to predict
      fetal macrosomia. The abdominal circumference and shoulder soft tissue
      measurements were the best individual predictors of macrosomia, but a combination
      of an abdominal circumference greater than the 90th percentile for gestational
      age or a shoulder soft tissue width greater than 12 mm was the best predictor
      with a sensitivity of 96%, specificity of 89%, and accuracy of 93%. The shoulder
      soft tissue width should be evaluated for evidence of macrosomia in diabetic
      pregnancies.

PMID- 2653338
TI  - Incidence of spontaneous abortion after amniocentesis: influence of placental
      localization and past obstetric and gynecologic history.
AB  - The influence of the localization of the placenta and some technical problems
      associated with the performance of amniocentesis (AC) on the incidence of
      spontaneous abortion (SA) after AC was evaluated in a prospective study
      comprising all women (2276) referred for AC at the University Hospital in Odense
      during a 7-year period. Women with predisposing factors for SA were excluded from
      this analysis, which comprised 1545 women. Of these, 1289 women had an AC and 256
      were judged not to need an AC after ultrasonographic examination. The
      localization of the placenta per se had no influence on the incidence of SA.
      However, if the placenta was covering the whole anterior wall so that perforation
      of the placenta could not be avoided, or if more than one insertion was
      necessary, or there was macroscopic blood contamination in the amniotic fluid,
      the risk of SA was increased by a factor 4 to 5. The influence of previous
      obstetric or gynecologic complications on the incidence of SA was also examined.
      In this analysis the data from women with first trimester hemorrhage in the
      present pregnancy were included and the study population therefore consisted of
      1594 women. Of these, 1318 had an AC, and 276 had ultrasound scanning only.
      Patients with one or more previous pregnancies with fetal loss had a
      significantly greater risk of SA after AC than patients with no previous
      pregnancies or successfully completed pregnancies. Two subgroups with special
      problems, namely, women with previous complaint of infertility of at least 2
      years' duration and women with first trimester bleeding, also had an increased
      risk of SA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653339
TI  - Aicardi syndrome associated with an embryonal carcinoma.
AB  - A Japanese girl is reported who had the typical clinical features of Aicardi
      syndrome associated with embryonal carcinoma. She developed infantile spasms at
      approximately 4 weeks of age; her seizures were intractable in spite of treatment
      with numerous antiepileptic drugs and ACTH. At 22 months of age, her left cheek
      gradually became swollen. Laboratory findings were normal except for a marked
      increase in serum alpha-fetoprotein. A transoral biopsy of the tumor revealed an
      embryonal carcinoma. This patient is the first reported with Aicardi syndrome and
      embryonal carcinoma. The relationship between congenital malformations and
      neoplasms is discussed.

PMID- 2653340
TI  - Melioidosis with multiple cerebral abscesses.
AB  - Melioidosis from Pseudomonas pseudomallei is common in endemic areas
      (particularly southeast Asia) and is being recognized with increasing frequency
      in developed countries. Central nervous system involvement is a rare complication
      with a high mortality. A patient with multiple cerebral abscesses caused by this
      organism is presented to demonstrate that successful treatment is possible when a
      high index of clinical suspicion leads to early diagnosis.

PMID- 2653341
TI  - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) in pediatric patients.
AB  - Improved evaluation of visual features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in
      pediatric patients has resulted in the demonstration of optic neuropathy which
      may be reversible. A wide variety of etiologic associations should be
      investigated to provide definitive therapy; however, nonspecific means often will
      be required to lower intracranial pressure. It is hoped that a double-blind
      controlled trial of medical therapies and another for surgical therapies will be
      conducted to elucidate optimum management of this condition.

PMID- 2653342
TI  - Rett syndrome: clinical peculiarities, diagnostic approach, and possible cause.
AB  - The presentation and diagnosis of Rett syndrome at various ages and stages are
      reviewed. In addition to the "classic" form of this disorder, variability of
      phenotype exemplified by atypical patients is also examined. Characteristic
      peculiar manifestations of the condition are compiled from the author's personal
      experiences over a 28 year period. Speculations and ideas are presented on
      possible alternative causative mechanisms in an attempt to explain the origin of
      this disorder.

PMID- 2653343
TI  - Investigation of the mechanical properties of bone using ultrasound.
AB  - This paper examines the serial use of ultrasonic velocity measurement to monitor
      fracture healing. New Zealand White rabbit tibiae were fractured using a constant
      energy technique and the ultrasonic velocity along the bone measured in animals
      sacrificed at 16 day intervals up to 96 days from fracture. In parallel with
      these measurements the mechanical performance of the healed tibiae were
      determined using a three-point bending test. Regression analysis failed to show a
      sufficiently good correlation between ultrasonic velocity measurements and the
      bending properties of healing fractures for the method to be of use clinically.

PMID- 2653344
TI  - Gerontological nursing practice: historical upgrading of practice.

PMID- 2653345
TI  - [Introduction to the study of cardiovascular diseases in Puerto Rico].

PMID- 2653346
TI  - [Doctor Antonio Fernos-Isern: our first cardiologist].

PMID- 2653347
TI  - Basal and squamous cell carcinoma of skin.

PMID- 2653348
TI  - [The asepsis problem at the office of the ENT physician].
AB  - Microorganisms were determined in a microbiological study in the near environment
      of ENT working places. We found especially saprophytic flora as Micrococcus sp.,
      Staphylococcus epidermidis and aerobic spore-forming microorganisms on 54
      examination instruments of 2 outpatient and 2 inpatient treatment areas. In 22%
      of the instrument examinations, microbiological controls were negative. There
      were no pathogenic microorganisms.

PMID- 2653349
TI  - Traumatic hemisomato-tmesis: a case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of traumatic hemisomato-tmesis is presented. The line of complete
      transection passed obliquely from the suprapubic skin to the lumbosacral
      junction. There were associated visceral injuries. We describe our experience of
      such a case and review the surgical options in the light of the current
      literature.

PMID- 2653350
TI  - Is school-based reporting of injuries at school reliable? A literature review and
      an empirical study.
AB  - One quarter of all injuries in children of school age occur at school. The
      prevention of these injuries presupposes some kind of reporting system. In this
      study the reliability of routine reporting of injuries at school was analyzed.
      Only those injuries requiring treatment by a physician were included. All studies
      of injuries at school indexed in MEDLARS since 1970 were reviewed. In school
      based systems carried out on a routine base, an average of 17 injuries per 1,000
      student-years were recorded. Yet, both in hospital/health center-based systems
      and in school-based studies carried out during a limited time, conspicuously
      higher frequencies were recorded: 38 and 71 injuries per 1,000 student-years,
      respectively. In the empirical study all injuries were recorded in the compulsory
      schools of Linkoping (about 13,000 students) during two periods. During a first
      period of three years, injuries were routinely reported by the school nurses.
      During a second period of one year, all staff at school were repeatedly
      encouraged to report injuries. In the first period 9.8 injuries per 1,000 student
      years and in the second period 17.7 injuries were recorded. These findings
      indicate that routine reporting of injuries at school results in substantial
      underreporting.

PMID- 2653351
TI  - [Thoughts of a philosophic nature on the definition of intrinsic asthma].
AB  - Qualification of intrinsic asthma is badly tabulated and subject to significant
      variations, according to the group of workers. Most often, the terminology
      "intrinsic" is used for all varieties of asthma that are not allergic. The term
      therefore is becoming erroneous in a physio-pathological and philosophical
      context. The two entities of intrinsic and extrinsic asthma should henceforth be
      well differentiated so that they correspond to very precise clinical and
      therapeutic characteristics, that reflect the method of etiological-pathological
      aggression. In this way, extrinsic asthma is that of an asthmatic subject who
      presents a state of pre-disposition to asthma and for whom the triggering
      extrinsic co-factor is linked to inhalation aggression. Intrinsic asthma is
      associated with a state of predisposition to bronchospasm with a triggering
      intrinsic factor that is not linked to the external environment.

PMID- 2653352
TI  - [Infection and asthma].
AB  - Infection is frequent in all stages and forms of asthma. It is a source of
      exacerbations of all degrees of severity. Bacterial infection, especially with
      commensal organisms from the upper respiratory tract, may cause bronchial
      hyperreactivity (HRB) by various mechanisms, specific--microbial delayed
      hypersensitivity, probably rate; IgE-dependent hypersensitivity others non
      specific: bronchial inflammation, source of mediators of bronchial constriction;
      activation of complement, direct histamine liberation; beta blockage...; or mixed
      mechanisms. Respiratory viral infection probably plays the most important role in
      the natural history of asthmatic disease, especially in infants and young
      children by inducing or amplifying HRB and creating a transitory obstructive
      syndrome of the small airways. This virus-induced HRB may develop into a
      respiratory syncytial virus viraemia at first or remain latent found by tests of
      bronchial activity. The pathogenic mechanisms of this HRB are often multi
      factorial and interlinked: they are chiefly linked to the various cytopathic
      effects of the virus on the respiratory epithelium, to the viral inflammation;
      but also to disturbance of the equilibrium of the autonomous nervous system (beta
      blockage, excitation of the cholinergic receptors); finally in some areas, to
      virus-induced amplification of the local and systemic immune responses by IgE
      that favours clinical consideration of atopy.

PMID- 2653353
TI  - [Rare etiologies of asthma--bibliographic review].
AB  - To understand the rare causes of asthma can only diminish the group of intrinsic
      asthma. The rare etiologies that are cited in this article are not exhaustive. We
      recall successively from the pneumoallergens, the rare domestic etiologies as
      well as the work-induced allergies that pose an interesting physiopathological
      problem. We state that asthma = pneumoallergens is not a valid equation and that,
      confronted by an asthmatic patient, the etiological enquiry should not be limited
      to pneumoallergens. In effect we cite work that concerns food allergies, asthma
      due to preservatives and various food additives, asthma due to dermatophytes and
      finally an exceptional case of asthma due to seminal fluid.

PMID- 2653354
TI  - [Bronchial hyperreactivity in non-asthmatic patients harboring a uterine
      fibroma].
AB  - One of the etiological factors of female late onset asthma lies in endocrine
      disorders and it often occurs during a period of hormonal instability (menopause
      or premenopause). Moreover various studies have shown increased allergic
      manifestations in women with gynecological problems (dysmenorrhea, premenstrual
      syndrome). Gynecological pathology is found in 30% of 67 women who suffer from
      late onset asthma. Prospective studies were carried out in 28 women with surgical
      uterine fibroma, to investigate bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR). The study
      included atopic research through questioning and allergy skin tests; spirographic
      respiratory function study, airway resistance, carbachol BHR with determination
      of the threshold dose (FEV1 20% decrease). Carbachol BHR was found in 8/28
      persons (28%), but with no clinical manifestations. None of the patients smoke
      and only one suffers from mite-allergic rhinitis-conjunctivitis without asthma.
      BHR is often found in asymptomatic women with uterine fibroma. Is this BHR due to
      an autonomic dysregulation or to a hormonal malfunction? This hypothesis would
      require further studies to elucidate, since premenstrual asthma worsening is a
      well known phenomenon, which can be improved by progesterone. This may suggest a
      possible link between hormonal malfunction and BHR in women. A long term survey
      will facilitate detection of late onset asthma.

PMID- 2653355
TI  - Nasal provocation tests in diagnosis and therapy control.

PMID- 2653356
TI  - [Congenital agammaglobulinemia: study of 5 cases].
AB  - Five congenital agammaglobulinemic (CA) boys, started their recurrent bacterial
      infections between the ages of 3-18 months, presenting otitis (4), pneumonias
      (4), chronic diarrhea (4), meningitis (2), septicemia (2), septic arthritis (1)
      and urinary infection (1). The gamma globulin fraction was below 0.08 mg/dL in
      all patients. IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels were always below 50 mg/dL, 2 mg/dL,
      35 mg/dL and 20 IU/mL, respectively. Secretory IgA was non-detectable in all
      patients. Total complement levels were normal (3) and the C3 fraction was
      elevated in 4 patients. The in vitro response of peripheral lymphocytes to PHA
      was normal in 4 patients, as well as the number of OKT3, OKT4 and OKT8 cells (2).

PMID- 2653357
TI  - [Supernumerary testicles].
AB  - We describe a case of polyorchidism in a Mexican adolescent. This entity is
      usually asymptomatic but it has been associated with malignancy and infertility.

PMID- 2653358
TI  - [Arterial hypertension in pediatrics].
AB  - Several aspects related to arterial hypertension in children are reviewed:
      definitions, frequency, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology
      and the treatment that is available, stressing emphasis on available data in
      relative national literature. It is concluded that more investigations are needed
      to answer the questions and doubts that exist at present.

PMID- 2653359
TI  - [Comparison of computed tomography and ultrasonic studies of the brain in
      newborns and infants. Correlation in 40 cases].
AB  - We correlate the cases of forty neonates and nursing infants whose brains were
      studied using ultrasound and CT scan. The indications for the aforementioned
      studies were: 15 cases of dysmorphism, 16 cases with significant neurological
      signs and 9 cases of preterm neonates with body weight less than 1,500 g. The
      results of the correlations were as follows: 24 cases demonstrated similar images
      (60%), 14 cases showed a better resolution of the images by ultrasound (35%),
      better resolution of the images by CT scan in 2.5% and non-coincidental images in
      one case (2.5%). We conclude that in the specialty of neonatology, using
      ultrasound has more advantages than the CT scan method.

PMID- 2653360
TI  - [Apropos of the omission of bibliographic citations].

PMID- 2653361
TI  - [Congenital malaria in a twin].
AB  - Congenital malaria is rare even in endemic areas. It is even rarer in a single
      twin. When this was presented in a clinical case, the diagnosis was checked for
      the presence of Plasmodium vivax in peripheral smears and it was treated with
      chloroquine as the selected drug. The twin brother never presented clinical
      manifestations, either from the laboratory or the illness. We comment on the
      factors that facilitate transplacental transmission.

PMID- 2653362
TI  - Primary structure of three peptides at the catalytic and allosteric sites of the
      fructose-1,6-bisphosphate-activated pyruvate kinase from Escherichia coli.
AB  - Three peptides containing 6-pyridoxyllysine have been isolated from the tryptic
      digest of the allosteric fructose-1,6-bisphosphate-dependent pyruvate kinase from
      Escherichia coli, which had been almost completely inactivated with pyridoxal 5'
      phosphate. The labelled peptides have been sequenced. The comparison of their
      sequences with the primary structure of the cat muscle pyruvate kinase allowed to
      state that peptide I fits the region spanning residues 423-438 (53% identity),
      peptide II corresponds to residues 442-457 (44% identity) and peptide III
      encompasses residues 342-368 (70% identity). These findings are discussed in
      connection with our previous results on the involvement of the three peptides in
      the catalytic and regulatory properties of the enzyme (Valentini, G., Speranza,
      M.L., Iadarola, P., Ferri, G. & Malcovati, M. (1988) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler
      369, 1219-1226) and in connection with their location in the three-dimensional
      structure of the cat muscle pyruvate kinase (Muirhead, H., Clayden, D.A.,
      Lorimer, C.G., Fothergill-Gilmore, L.A., Schiltz, E. & Schmitt, W. (1986) EMBO J.
      5, 475-481).

PMID- 2653363
TI  - Compartmentation of hepatic fatty-acid-binding protein in liver cells and its
      effect on microsomal phosphatidic acid biosynthesis.
AB  - Fatty-acid-binding proteins are known to occur in the cytosol of mammalian cells
      and to bind fatty acids and their CoA-esters. Application of the postembedding
      protein A-gold labeling method with antibody against the hepatic type fatty-acid
      binding protein (hFABP) to cross-sections of liver cells and a newly developed
      gel-chromatographic immunofluorescence assay established qualitatively (1) that
      hFABP in mitochondria was confined to outer mitochondrial membranes, (2) the
      presence of this protein in microsomes and (3) that nuclei were also filled with
      hFABP. Quantitative data elaborated with a non-competitive ELISA confirmed these
      results. A significant difference to the distribution of cardiac FABP in heart
      muscle cells, where this type of protein was found in cytosol, matrix and nuclei,
      was observed (Borchers et al. (1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, in the press). hFABP
      containing rat liver microsomes were incubated with long-chain acyl-CoAs in the
      presence of hFABP (isolated from rat liver cytosol) in a study on the acylation
      of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid. Both acyltransferases were
      stimulated by addition of hFABP to the incubation medium. The morphological,
      immunochemical as well as kinetic data infer a direct interaction of hFABP with
      microsomal membranes in liver cells.

PMID- 2653364
TI  - Non-admissions: the other side of the hospice story.

PMID- 2653365
TI  - The use of physiologic measures and demographic variables to predict longevity
      among inpatient hospice applicants.

PMID- 2653366
TI  - Marketing hospice: the untold story.

PMID- 2653367
TI  - How one thing has led to another.

PMID- 2653368
TI  - Cells and molecules that regulate B lymphopoiesis in bone marrow.

PMID- 2653369
TI  - The structure, function, and molecular genetics of the gamma/delta T cell
      receptor.

PMID- 2653370
TI  - V-region connectivity in T cell repertoires.

PMID- 2653371
TI  - The immune system of Xenopus.

PMID- 2653372
TI  - T cell receptors in murine autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 2653373
TI  - Clonal expansion versus functional clonal inactivation: a costimulatory
      signalling pathway determines the outcome of T cell antigen receptor occupancy.

PMID- 2653374
TI  - Immunogenetics of human cell surface differentiation.

PMID- 2653375
TI  - Stable expression and somatic hypermutation of antibody V regions in B-cell
      developmental pathways.

PMID- 2653376
TI  - T-cell responses and immunity to experimental infection with leishmania major.

PMID- 2653378
TI  - Heterogeneity of mast cells and phenotypic change between subpopulations.

PMID- 2653377
TI  - The biologic roles of CD2, CD4, and CD8 in T-cell activation.

PMID- 2653379
TI  - The cellular basis of T-cell memory.

PMID- 2653380
TI  - Microanatomy of lymphoid tissue during humoral immune responses: structure
      function relationships.

PMID- 2653381
TI  - Conformational analysis of thioredoxin using organoarsenical reagents as probes.
      A time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy and size exclusion chromatography study.
AB  - Reduced thioredoxin was subjected to chemical modification studies employing
      organoarsenical reagents specific for "spatially close" thiols. Modification was
      monitored by the loss in the free thiol content, by the percent incorporation of
      radiolabelled organoarsenical reagents, and by observing the changes in the
      amounts of the various thioredoxins by size exclusion chromatography. The rate of
      modification depends upon the polarity, rigidity, and size of the reagents. Small
      nonpolar organoarsenical reagents readily modified reduced thioredoxin, whereas
      polar and large reagents do not. Modifications resulted in the formation of
      stable 15-membered cyclodithioarsenite ring structures with no apparent changes
      in the secondary structure of the protein. Modification was reversed by the
      extrusion of the arsenical moiety by addition of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol. We have
      further characterized the oxidized, reduced, and modified thioredoxins by size
      exclusion chromatography and fluorescence anisotropy decay measurements. Both
      techniques show an increase in the hydrated volume of the protein upon reduction.
      Upon modification, the hydrodynamic volume of the protein further swells.
      Fluorescence anisotropy decay reveals that with modification there is loosening
      of the protein so that a "domain" containing the fluorophores can relax
      independently of the whole protein structure.

PMID- 2653382
TI  - Cytosol components from human placenta and rat liver in iodothyronine 5- and 5'
      deiodination.
AB  - Using either human placental microsomal 5-deiodinase as enzyme (5-DI) and
      thyroxine as substrate or rat liver (RL) microsomal 5'-deiodinase (5'DI) as
      enzyme and reverse [(3'- or 5'-)-125I]triiodo-L-thyronine ([125I]rT3) as
      substrate, activation of 5'-DI in the presence of NADPH was observed using either
      human placental or rat liver cytosolic components, but there was no activation of
      5-DI. Both could be activated by DTT, with higher concentrations being required
      for 5-DI than for 5'-DI. Iopanoic acid, dicumarol, and sodium arsenite inhibited
      5'-DI and 5-DI activated by DTT. In the presence of DTT, 1 mM 6-propyl-2
      thiouracil had no effect on 5-DI but inhibited 5'DI. Thus, human placental and
      rat liver cytosolic components are interchangeable in activating hepatic 5'-DI in
      the presence of NADPH. However, if an endogenous cofactor system involved in the
      activation of human placental 5-DI exists, it probably differs from the activator
      of liver 5'-DI.

PMID- 2653383
TI  - Bacterial and host determinants of renal scarring.
AB  - This review summarizes recent work examining the interaction between host and
      parasite in recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal scarring. Virulence
      in uropathogenic E. coli has been defined by the severity of acute disease.
      Isolates from patients with acute pyelonephritic strains differ from those
      causing asymptomatic bacteriuria by multiple traits which contribute to
      virulence, and which are coexpressed in a non-random manner. The single marker
      most characteristic for the pyelonephritogenic clones is bacterial adherence to
      uroepithelial cells binding specifically to the disaccaride Gal alpha 1-4 Gal
      beta within the globoseries of glycolipids. The notion that the most severe
      consequence of acute pyelonephritis, i.e. renal scarring, was caused by the most
      virulent clones, was contradicted by comparison of pyelonephritic strains
      isolated from children with and without scarring. The virulent clones were
      significantly less frequent in patients with renal scarring (22%) than in
      patients with recurrent pyelonephritis not developing renal scars (62%). In view
      of the unexpected inverse association of bacterial virulence with renal scarring
      lack of Gal alpha 1-4 Gal beta binding capacity of E. coli strains was found to
      predict the risk for renal scarring among boys with first-time acute
      pyelonephritis. Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is widely accepted as a host
      determinant of susceptibility to pyelonephritis and renal scarring. In our study
      the frequency of renal scarring was 57% among girls with VUR as compared to 8% of
      those without. The reflux alone did however, not explain the selection of
      bacteria of low virulence. Individuals prone to UTI and renal scarring were found
      to be a genetically selected subgroup of the general population. A correlation
      between P1 blood group phenotype and susceptibility to UTI and between blood
      group non-secretor state and renal scarring was found. The mechanisms behind
      these relationships need to be defined. The bacterial and host parameters
      combined indicate that host parameters are essential for the tendency to develop
      renal scarring after acute pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2653384
TI  - Tissue sampling and histological grading in colorectal cancer. Are routine
      sections representative?
AB  - Microscopical sections from 50 colorectal adenocarcinomas were examined to test
      the representativity of routine sections with regard to histological grade. Point
      counting of drawings of microscopical fields from randomly selected parts of
      whole-tumour specimens formed the basis for estimates of volumetric relationships
      between parts of the tumours exhibiting well, moderately and poorly
      differentiated glands. An overall histological grade was assigned to each tumour,
      and was compared with the grade obtained by examining a limited number of routine
      sections from the same tumour. It is concluded that if superficial and deep parts
      of the tumours are included, and provided that the sections measure at least 2-3
      cm, colorectal adenocarcinomas may be graded with sufficient accuracy on the
      basis of one or two routine sections.

PMID- 2653385
TI  - [A neurologic model of early infantile autism].
AB  - Based on the abnormalities in sleep-wakefulness cycle of early infantile autism,
      the author discussed its pathophysiology focusing on its main lesion in the raphe
      nuclei. These neurons, located in the midline portion of the brainstem send their
      axons to various neurons of the upper and lower nervous systems, including the
      locus coeruleus and the dopamine neurons of the tegmentum, the former having a
      broad innervation and the latter a restricted area in the central nervous system.
      These monoaminergic neurons modulate the functions of the involved neurons and
      regulate their functional and structural maturation in the early developmental
      course. The early lesion of the raphe nuclei causes poor adaptation to
      environment which develops as abnormal circadian oscillation and pervasive lack
      of responsiveness. Combined hypofunction of the locus ceruleus, particularly of
      its dorsal bundle, results in the failure of extinction of acquired memory in
      mice which relates clinically to the excellent memory and resistance to change
      peculiar interests and attachments in humans. From early childhood, the
      disturbance of dopaminergic neurons becomes apparent clinically, and causes
      hyperkinesia and stereotyped activities. With the other two monoaminergic
      neurons, dopaminergic neurons cause occasional aggressiveness or self-mutilation.
      The latter behaviors are like those of pampered children and are simulated to
      "muricide" and "friendliness" observed in rats with these monoaminergic lesions.
      The particular language disturbance with echolalia is due to the right
      hemispheric dominance, which might have been caused by a delayed functional
      lateralization of the hemisphere resulting also from the delayed development of
      the circadian oscillation in infancy. The motor disturbances consisting of
      hypotonia and impaired locomotion might be due to decreased tonic innervations of
      the locus ceruleus and the raphe nuclei to the spinal locomotion center. CT
      examination of symptomatic autism showed the amygdala as one of the causative
      nuclei for the autistic behavior.

PMID- 2653386
TI  - [Metabolic changes in aromatic amino acids and monoamines in infantile autism and
      development of new treatment related to the finding].
AB  - A new method for measurement of the turnover rate of aromatic amino acids and
      related compounds in vivo using stable isotopes was developed. Deuterium-and
      carbon 13-labeled phenylalanine and deuterium-labeled tryptophan were used as
      tracers. This method was applied for the analysis of amino acid and amine
      metabolism in infantile autism. Marked disturbances of uptake of deuterated
      phenylalanine and tryptophan from intestine into blood were found in a portion of
      autistic patients (group A). In another group of the patients a remarkable
      decrease of turnover of tyrosine in blood was found (group B). This phenomenon
      was confirmed by an experiment using carbon 13 labeled phenylalanine. These
      findings might suggest that supply of tyrosine and free tryptophan to the brain
      (in group A) or supply of tyrosine (group B) to the brain might be decreased. We
      postulated that in some of autistic patients there might exist decreases in
      synthesis of catecholamine or serotonin. Based on the hypothesis, we started a
      new treatment with L-DOPA and 5 HTP in small doses, and found significant effects
      in some patients. However, in some, the amino acids caused marked aggravation of
      the symptoms. Recently, Hayaishi and his colleagues reported that R
      tetrahydrobiopterin (R-THBP) could enhance biosynthesis of catecholamine and
      serotonin in the brain. Therefore, we started a clinical trial concerning effects
      of R-THBP. In the beginning, 17 cases were treated and patients younger than 5
      years old showed marked improvement. Then, a double blind trial with inactive
      placebo was performed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653387
TI  - [Autism. Discussion: from the standpoint of child psychiatry].
AB  - Biological studies on autism have become popular from the 1970s, and theories
      founded upon some forms of dysfunction of the CNS are coming to be accepted world
      wide. However, despite the voluminous studies undertaken to present, the
      biological markers of the disorder are as yet unknown, and there are many
      problems remaining in the present state wherein we are dependent upon diagnoses
      made on the behavior level. The behavior characteristics of autism and the
      problems in extracting its early signs, methods of evaluating behavior changes in
      pharmacotherapy and determination of its safety were discussed.

PMID- 2653388
TI  - Measurement of human immunodeficiency virus load and its relation to disease
      progression.

PMID- 2653389
TI  - Ancorextra anchors--a risk of fracture.

PMID- 2653390
TI  - Does the atrioventricular node conduct?

PMID- 2653391
TI  - Effect of flosequinan on exercise capacity and symptoms in severe heart failure.
AB  - Twenty patients with severe chronic cardiac failure caused by ischaemic heart
      disease were treated with flosequinan 100 mg daily or placebo in addition to
      their existing treatment with diuretics and, in some, digoxin in a randomised
      double blind trial. After eight weeks of treatment, flosequinan significantly
      improved treadmill exercise time, increased peak achieved oxygen consumption, and
      improved the New York Heart Association symptom grade when compared with placebo.
      One patient in the placebo group died and another was withdrawn because heart
      failure worsened. One patient in the flosequinan group was lost to follow up but
      there were no other withdrawals. Flosequinan was well tolerated with few adverse
      effects, and it may prove to be a useful addition to diuretics and digoxin in the
      treatment of chronic cardiac failure.

PMID- 2653393
TI  - Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome after transplantation of the heart.
AB  - The classic features of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome developed in a 49 year old
      man after he was given the heart of a donor who had had a normal
      electrocardiogram. The recipient showed type A pre-excitation on the surface
      electrocardiogram and clinically important paroxysmal supraventricular
      tachycardia. An electrophysiological study showed a left sided accessory pathway
      and dissociation between donor and recipient atrial activity during tachycardia.
      The arrhythmia was controlled by flecainide.

PMID- 2653392
TI  - Transmitral velocities measured by pulsed Doppler in healthy volunteers: effects
      of acute changes in blood pressure and heart rate.
AB  - The effect of a two minute cold pressor test on transmitral velocities measured
      by pulsed Doppler was studied in 11 healthy volunteers. Blood pressure increased
      significantly during cold immersion but peak atrial and peak early diastolic
      transmitral velocities and their ratio (A:E) were unchanged. There was no
      correlation between changes in Doppler variables and changes in calculated mean
      arterial blood pressure during the test. Heart rate changes were variable and not
      related to changes in blood pressure. In individual people the change in pulse
      interval during cold immersion was significantly and inversely correlated with
      the change in the A:E ratio. The large acute increase in arterial pressure seen
      during the cold pressor test in normal volunteers had no consistent effect on the
      transmitral velocity profile although small changes in heart rate were associated
      with large changes in A:E ratio. The effect of small changes in heart rate may be
      of considerable importance in determining transmitral velocity profiles. Thus in
      clinical and experimental studies in which the heart rate is not controlled,
      Doppler data on transmitral flow should be interpreted with caution.

PMID- 2653394
TI  - Cumulative index. Volumes 56-61, 1984-1988.

PMID- 2653396
TI  - Traumatic rupture and aneurysm of the aortic isthmus: late results of repair by
      direct suture.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1986, 28 patients underwent surgery for subadventitial rupture
      of the aortic isthmus from blunt trauma; 16 had an acute lesion which was
      operated within three days after the trauma, three had a delayed repair between
      the first and third months, while nine had a chronic post-traumatic aneurysm (2
      to 27 years after the initial accident). Transection was complete in 13 cases. A
      left atrium-to-descending thoracic aortic bypass or ilioiliac extracorporeal
      bypass were used in 14 (50%) patients whereas simple clamping was employed in the
      14 remaining patients. Aortic repair was performed in 22 cases by direct suture
      (78.5%), more often in acute ruptures (84%) than in chronic aneurysms (66%). Five
      of the 16 patients operated on within three days of their accident died during
      the first postoperative month from associated lesions. There were no in-hospital
      or late deaths among the patients operated on for chronic aneurysm. All of the 23
      surviving patients (82%) were followed postoperatively for six to 90 months
      (mean: 36 months). Of the 19 who had direct suture, 15 underwent digital
      subtraction arteriography which demonstrated an excellent reconstruction of the
      aortic isthmus. Of the techniques available for repair of traumatic aortic
      lesions, direct suture allows the shortest clamping time (mean: 25 minutes in our
      series). The long-term risks of prosthetic replacement, i.e. late infection,
      false aneurysm due to suture breakdown, and secondary embolism arising from mural
      thrombosis, can therefore be avoided.

PMID- 2653395
TI  - Joint pain and quality of life; results of a randomised trial.
AB  - 1. Eight hundred and forty-six patients with pain in one or two joints of the
      hip, knee, ankle or wrist participated in a randomised double-blind trial to
      compare the efficacy, tolerability and effect on quality of life of diclofenac
      sodium slow release (DSR) 100 mg daily and a combination of dextropropoxyphene
      180 mg and paracetamol 1.95 g daily (D&P). Health status or quality of life was
      measured using the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) questionnaire. 2. Pain as
      measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS) showed 8% greater pain reduction with
      DSR as compared with D&P (P less than 0.05). Physical mobility as measured by the
      NHP improved by 13% more with DSR as compared with D&P (P less than 0.01).
      Energy, sleep, social isolation and emotional reactions did not differ
      significantly between the two treatment groups, but both treatment groups showed
      improvement during the trial. More D&P patients as compared with DSR patients
      reported problems with their job of work (P less than 0.05), and time lost from
      work (P less than 0.05). 3. Patients on D&P suffered an excess of tiredness or
      sleep disturbance (50 vs 21, P less than 0.01) whilst patients treated with DSR
      had an excess of abdominal or epigastric pain or indigestion (40 vs 18, P less
      than 0.01). 57 patients were withdrawn from DSR and 65 from D&P.

PMID- 2653397
TI  - Aberrant right subclavian artery aneurysm: report of a case and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Aneurysms of an aberrant subclavian artery are rare. They are usually secondary
      to atherosclerosis. Dysphagia is the most common presenting symptom. The
      diagnosis of these lesions is most easily established by CT scan. Biplane
      arteriography is necessary in order to clearly analyze the aortic arch and its
      branches. Surgical resection is usually indicated. Numerous procedures have been
      proposed to treat these lesions and controversy exists concerning the best
      surgical technique. We treated a patient who suffered from an aneurysm of an
      aberrant subclavian artery. The surgical technique is detailed as well as a
      review of all the cases of the literature.

PMID- 2653398
TI  - Basic data related to thrombolytic therapy for venous thrombosis.

PMID- 2653399
TI  - Biological properties of ten human ovarian carcinoma cell lines: calibration in
      vitro against four platinum complexes.
AB  - Ten human ovarian carcinoma cell lines have been studied as a potential in vitro
      screen for the development of novel anticancer platinum complexes. Lines have
      been established and developed both from solid and ascitic tumours, from
      pretreated and untreated patients, and are available at a range of in vitro
      passage numbers. The biological properties of the lines were consistent with them
      being human, epithelial and of ovarian carcinoma origin. Using a tritiated
      thymidine or leucine uptake method, and a 96 hour continuous drug exposure, the
      lines have been calibrated against four platinum-containing chemotherapeutic
      agents: cisplatin, iproplatin, carboplatin and tetraplatin. Striking differences
      in cytotoxicity were observed across the lines for each agent. Some lines were
      consistently resistant, others generally sensitive, whereas some showed clear
      evidence of differential sensitivity to a particular agent. Statistical analysis
      (Spearman rank correlation) involving the six possible pairings of drugs showed
      that cisplatin, iproplatin and carboplatin elicit a very similar pattern of
      response in these lines whereas tetraplatin elicits a completely different
      response pattern. Similar cytotoxicity values were obtained using a soft agar
      cloning assay. Results using a tetrazolium dye reduction assay, however, gave
      somewhat higher and more variable values, particularly with tetraplatin. The
      thymidine uptake assay will be adopted in further studies on a selected panel of
      six lines. This panel encompasses the spectra of sensitivities identified for
      each of the four agents against the original ten lines and may provide a useful
      screening facility for the development of novel platinum drugs, in that it
      detects both cell line-determined and structure-determined differences in
      cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2653400
TI  - High dose melphalan, BCNU and etoposide with autologous bone marrow
      transplantation for Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Thirty-eight patients with previously treated Hodgkin's disease were given high
      dose combination chemotherapy using melphalan and BCNU and autologous bone marrow
      transplantation. In 25 patients etoposide was added in conventional dosage.
      During the course of the study the dose of melphalan was increased from 80 to 140
      mg m-2 and the dose of BCNU from 300 to 600 mg m-2. The response rate was 76%
      with 53% complete remission. Forty-five per cent of the patients are free of
      disease at 4-20 months follow-up. There were eight (26%) treatment-related deaths
      due to lung damage (seven cases) and irreversible cardiac failure (one case).
      Fatal lung damage occurred only in patients receiving 600 mg m-2 of BCNU with
      high dose melphalan. The dose of BCNU given with high dose melphalan should not
      exceed 500 mg m-2. This treatment is effective against relapsed Hodgkin's disease
      but must be used cautiously. The best time for its use remains to be determined.

PMID- 2653401
TI  - The usefulness of immunofluorescent tests in pemphigus patients in clinical
      remission.
AB  - Direct and indirect immunofluorescent studies (DIF, IIF) were performed on 24
      pemphigus vulgaris patients who were in a state of clinical remission. The tests
      were repeated after an interval of 6 months. All the patients were on maintenance
      therapy with oral prednisone. The DIF in eight patients showed negative results
      among whom seven remained negative. Six patients out of 24 showed weakly positive
      fluorescence and ten patients showed strong positive fluorescence. The IIF was
      negative in 17 patients and positive in seven patients who also showed positive
      DIF. During a follow-up period of 20 months, one of eight patients with negative
      DIF relapsed compared with two of six patients with weak positive DIF and five of
      10 patients with strong DIF. Five patients with strong DIF for IgG also had C3,
      of whom three relapsed, compared with five of 19 patients who were negative for
      C3. Four of seven patients with positive IIF relapsed compared with four of 17
      with negative IIF. It is suggested that repeated DIF tests in pemphigus patients,
      who are in clinical remission, may serve as an indicator for the immunological
      activity and be of help in the management of these cases.

PMID- 2653402
TI  - Delayed pressure urticaria, objective evaluation of a variable disease using a
      dermographometer and assessment of treatment using colchicine.
AB  - A randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial of colchicine in the treatment
      of 13 patients with delayed pressure urticaria enabled us to assess some of the
      variables in this disorder. We have modified a previously described method of
      pressure testing using a calibrated dermographometer and shown a pressure induced
      papular dose response curve. Assessment of disease activity was based on the
      number of pressure weals which occurred, the size of delayed pressure induced
      papules using a dermographometer calibrated at 9.75 x 10(5) pascals for five
      separate time periods on the back and estimations of erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate and the acute phase protein levels. We have been unable to show a
      therapeutic effect using colchicine 0.5 mg bd for I week.

PMID- 2653403
TI  - Pemphigoid vegetans.
AB  - A Japanese case of pemphigoid vegetans is described. The clinical,
      histopathological and immunological features were similar to the previously
      reported cases. The patient also developed vesicular lesions. Indirect
      immunoelectronmicroscopy revealed that the autoantibody in this patient's serum
      reacted with basal cell hemidesmosomes. This study provides further evidence that
      pemphigoid vegetans is a subtype of bullous pemphigoid.

PMID- 2653404
TI  - Cytoreductive preparation for bone marrow transplantation in leukaemia: to
      irradiate or not?

PMID- 2653405
TI  - Participation of radioresistant Forssman antigen-bearing macrophages in the
      formation of stromal elements of erythroid spleen colonies.
AB  - Using immunohistological methods with anti-Forssman glycosphingolipid antiserum
      and F4/80 monoclonal antibody, we investigated the dynamics of stromal
      macrophages during the development of haematopoietic spleen colonies in lethally
      irradiated adult mice which had been transplanted with syngeneic bone marrow
      cells. After irradiation, the spleen had shrunk and both Forssman +F4/80+ and
      Forssman-aggregated F4/80+ macrophages tended to aggregate in the red pulp. On
      the other hand, after irradiation and transplantation, discriminate erythroid
      foci developed in the shrunken splenic red pulp and both types of aggregating
      macrophages, which were involved in the foci, began to extend their cytoplasmic
      processes. Later, the macrophages distributed themselves within the enlarged
      erythroid colonies and showed fine cytoplasmic extensions among erythroblasts. We
      also examined the occurrence of stromal macrophages in the haematopoietic foci
      during spleen development. While Forssman + macrophages were scarcely present at
      birth when erythropoietic activity had already occurred, many F4/80+ macrophages
      were observed. Forssman + macrophages gradually increased in number up to 3 weeks
      after birth. The results clearly demonstrated heterogenicity of stromal
      macrophages in haematopoietic foci.

PMID- 2653406
TI  - Marrow transplantation following busulfan and cyclophosphamide for chronic
      myelogenous leukaemia in accelerated or blastic phase.
AB  - Between July 1984 and October 1987, 21 patients with chronic myelogenous
      leukaemia in an accelerated or blastic phase were treated with 16 mg/kg of
      busulfan and 120 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide followed by infusion of bone marrow
      from an HLA-identical sibling donor. The regimen was well tolerated. Except for
      one individual with severe marrow fibrosis all patients achieved a complete
      remission. Only one patient relapsed. Seven of 13 patients transplanted in an
      accelerated phase and five of eight transplanted in a blastic phase are alive
      without Philadelphia chromosomes between 8 and 48 months (median 29 months)
      following transplantation. The estimated probability of relapse-free 3-year
      survival is 55%. These results indicate that busulfan and cyclophosphamide
      combined with allogeneic marrow transplantation exert a potent anti-leukaemic
      effect in patients in the accelerated or blastic phase of CML.

PMID- 2653407
TI  - Use of the day 6 bone marrow to alter remission induction therapy in patients
      with acute myeloid leukaemia: a leukemia intergroup study.
AB  - Patients with acute myeloid leukaemia who fail to show substantial bone marrow
      cytoreduction by day 6 of induction therapy enter complete remission (CR) less
      frequently than patients with good bone marrow leukaemic cytoreduction. The
      objective of the current study was to determine whether an increase in the
      intensity of therapy on days 8, 9 and 10 ('augmentation' of remission induction
      therapy) for patients with poor bone marrow cytoreduction detected in the day 6
      bone marrow could improve the complete remission rate without increasing the
      number of toxic deaths. Patients from six centres were entered and treated with
      standard dose ara-C for 7 or 10 d and an anthracycline for the first 3 d.
      Patients aged less than 60 years and with greater than 30% bone marrow biopsy
      cellularity or greater than 10% abnormal cells on the aspirate obtained 6 d after
      the start of therapy were augmented with cytosine arabinoside 3 g/m2 every 12 h
      on days 8, 9 and 10. Therapy was augmented in 116 of the 252 patients less than
      60 years. There was a highly statistically significant difference between
      augmented and nonaugmented patients (P less than 0.001) for the per cent biopsy
      cellularity and per cent abnormal cells in the day 6 marrow. The CR rate for
      augmented patients was 69% and for nonaugmented patients 60% suggesting that
      augmentation therapy abrogated the prognostic significance of more extensive
      residual leukaemia in the day 6 bone marrow. The results suggest that
      augmentation of remission induction for patients with poor bone marrow
      cytoreduction detected 6 d after initiation of therapy, may salvage patients who
      are destined to fail remission induction because of resistant disease without
      producing excessive toxicity.

PMID- 2653408
TI  - Immunophenotypic and enzymatic studies do not support the concept of mixed
      monocytic-granulocytic differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (M3): a
      study of 44 cases.
AB  - Leukaemic promyelocytes from 30 cases of hypergranular and 14 cases of
      hypogranular acute promyelocytic leukaemia (M3) were analysed for the presence of
      monocyte-associated characteristics to determine whether there was any evidence
      of mixed (hybrid) granulocytic-monocytic differentiation. Cytochemically, a high
      proportion of hypergranular cases showed significant alpha-naphthyl acetate
      esterase (ANAE) staining and simultaneous chloroacetate esterase, and ANAE
      expression by single cells was commonly seen. These atypical staining patterns
      were, however, not a feature of hypogranular cases. Immunophenotypic studies
      revealed that most hypergranular M3 cases were HLA-DR- and that monocyte
      associated membrane CD14 expression was low in all cases tested. In addition,
      serum lysozyme concentrations (20 cases) were generally within the normal range
      and thus inconsistent with monocytic involvement in the leukaemic process. The
      significance of atypical ANAE staining of leukaemic promyelocytes was further
      examined by analysing ANAE isoenzyme components (defined by isoelectric focusing)
      in 11 cases. The patterns obtained (G1 and G2) were identical to those found in
      normal granulocytes and did not show any evidence of monocyte-associated esterase
      isoenzyme expression. On the basis of these findings, it is considered that the
      differentiation process in acute promyelocytic leukaemia is relatively well
      conserved and that the atypical esterase cytochemistry of hypergranular
      promyelocytes does not reflect their mixed lineage nature but is simply a
      consequence of increased granulation.

PMID- 2653409
TI  - Risk factors for interstitial pneumonia following bone marrow transplantation for
      severe aplastic anaemia.
AB  - Data from 547 patients with aplastic anaemia who received bone marrow transplants
      from HLA-identical siblings were analysed to determine factors associated with
      the risk of interstitial pneumonia (IPn). IPn developed in 92 patients (17%). 37%
      of cases were associated with cytomegalovirus infection and 22% with other
      organisms; in 41% of cases no organism was identified. The case fatality rate was
      64%; the mortality rate due to IPn was 11%. In multivariate analysis, four
      factors were associated with an increased probability of interstitial pneumonia:
      use of methotrexate rather than cyclosporine after transplantation (relative
      risk, 2.8; P less than 0.0008); occurrence of moderate to severe acute graft
      versus-host disease (relative risk, 2.2; P less than 0.002); inclusion of total
      body radiation in the pretransplant preparative regimen (relative risk 2.2, P
      less than 0.004); and patient age greater than 20 (relative risk 1.7, P less than
      0.002). The probability of IPn ranged from 4% for patients with none of these
      adverse risk factors to 51% (relative risk of 13.4) for patients with all four.
      The incidence of IPn decreased significantly between 1978 and 1985, paralleling a
      decrease in the use of total body radiation pretransplant for immune suppression
      and methotrexate post-transplant for prophylaxis against graft-versus-host
      disease.

PMID- 2653410
TI  - Possible health effects of working with VDUs.
AB  - A summary of the effects presented here is given in the table. The designation
      "factor present" implies that there is knowledge (from human or animal studies,
      or both) of a specific factor(s) present in VDU work which may be part of a
      causal link. The designation "summary statement" gives my conclusions of the
      relation between VDU work and the various effects; the "state of the art."
      Suggestions for "additional" health effects have also appeared but so far
      generally without supporting or suggesting evidence.

PMID- 2653412
TI  - Does treatment with progesterone prevent miscarriage?

PMID- 2653411
TI  - Low molecular weight chemicals, hypersensitivity, and direct toxicity: the acid
      anhydrides.
AB  - The acid anhydrides are a group of reactive chemicals used widely in alkyd and
      epoxy resins. The major hazards to health are mucosal and skin irritation and
      sensitisation of the respiratory tract. Most occupational asthma caused by acid
      anhydrides appears to be immunologically mediated. Immunological mechanisms have
      been proposed to explain an influenza-like syndrome and pulmonary haemorrhage,
      but direct toxicity may also be important in the aetiology of these conditions.

PMID- 2653413
TI  - Cordocentesis.

PMID- 2653414
TI  - A meta-analysis of randomized control trials of progestational agents in
      pregnancy.
AB  - The continued use of progestational agents in attempts to achieve a normal
      outcome of pregnancy in women with a 'high-risk' pregnancy (previous miscarriage,
      stillbirth or present preterm labour) prompted this meta-analysis of randomized
      control trials of such therapy. Of 20 trials of a progestogen 15 had combinable
      data. Combined comparisons, using odds ratios with confidence intervals, were
      made of the rates of livebirths at term or preterm and the sum of term and
      preterm deliveries, miscarriages, stillbirths and neonatal deaths. All but one
      comparison failed to show a significant benefit. Only the preterm delivery versus
      the term delivery comparison approached statistical significance. There were
      average deficiencies of quality apparent in the studies, and a test for
      heterogeneity among the studies was positive, but these caveats do not diminish
      the conclusion that progestogens should not be used outside of randomized trials
      at present. If trials are done, they should include only women with demonstrated
      hormonal abnormalities who are carrying a live fetus as shown by ultrasonography.

PMID- 2653415
TI  - Efficacy of progesterone support for pregnancy in women with recurrent
      miscarriage. A meta-analysis of controlled trials.
AB  - Progesterone appears to be necessary to support an early pregnancy, and it has
      been used for this purpose for several decades. Its potential role in women with
      recurrent miscarriage due to luteal phase deficiency has been suggested, but its
      efficacy has not yet been demonstrated. Three controlled trials of progesterone
      treatment in women with recurrent miscarriage have shown small, but not
      statistically significant, increases in the rates of pregnancies that continue
      beyond 20 weeks in the treated groups. None of these studies had sufficient
      statistical power to detect a clinically significant improvement in outcome but
      pooling the results of these studies using the principles of meta-analysis has
      allowed an overall effect of treatment to be calculated. The resulting odds ratio
      for pregnancies reaching at least 20 weeks gestation was 3.09 (95% CI 1.28 to
      7.42) which indicates that there is evidence to support the suggestion that
      progesterone given in early pregnancy is useful in women with recurrent
      miscarriage. Although, before progesterone is used in this way its efficacy in
      women with recurrent miscarriage due to luteal phase deficiency must be assessed
      in prospective double-blind randomized controlled trials mounted in the light of
      the results of this meta-analysis.

PMID- 2653416
TI  - A randomized controlled trial of the provision of a social support service during
      pregnancy: the South Manchester Family Worker Project.
AB  - A pilot scheme was introduced in Manchester to provide additional social support
      to pregnant women at above average risk of giving birth to a low-birthweight
      baby. The help of lay workers, known as family workers, was made available to
      eligible women. The effect on infant birthweight of offering the help of a family
      worker was assessed by a randomized controlled trial. No significant differences
      were observed between the experimental and control group, but on a number of
      grounds the interpretation of this finding is not straightforward, and further
      research is recommended.

PMID- 2653417
TI  - Calculating the effectiveness of in-vitro fertilization. A review.

PMID- 2653418
TI  - Does vitreous fluorophotometry reflect severity of early diabetic retinopathy?
AB  - To determine the relationship between vitreous fluorophotometry (VF) and severity
      of diabetic retinopathy (DR) 13 patients with mild to moderate background DR
      starting continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion were followed up serially for
      12 months. They were studied by colour stereo retinal photographs, which were
      assessed by the Wisconsin Grading System, and by VF, which was assessed by the
      permeability index of the retina for fluorescein. By four months the severity of
      DR on colour photographs had deteriorated by at least one level in at least one
      eye in eight patients. In four patients the DR did not deteriorate. Assessment of
      anatomical abnormalities by severity of DR on colour photographs correlated well
      with the functional abnormalities of the blood-retinal barrier(s) assessed by VF,
      especially for the macular field. Comparison of permeability index data in the
      patients developing preproliferative or proliferative features of DR (group A)
      with the same data in patients who did not develop such changes (group B)
      indicated that group A patients had more severe DR than did group B patients at
      entry. Grading of colour photographs showed a similar trend but with greater
      overlap. Considerable overlap in fluorescein permeability remained between those
      subjects with no visible DR and those with microaneurysms with or without
      haemorrhages and small hard exudates.

PMID- 2653419
TI  - Supero-lateral dislocation of sagittally split bifid mandibular condyle.
AB  - A case of supero-lateral dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the temporal
      fossa is reported. The condyle was concurrently fractured antero-posteriorly
      forming a bifid mandibular condyle. The previously reported cases of supero
      lateral dislocations into the temporal fossa are discussed and the literature of
      bifid condyle is reviewed.

PMID- 2653420
TI  - Oral nodular fasciitis.
AB  - Nodular fasciitis is a proliferative fibroblastic lesion which presents as a
      tumour-like mass. Accurate diagnosis is important to avoid unnecessary and often
      mutilating surgery. Although up to 20% of cases occur in the head and neck
      region, lesions of the oral cavity are extremely rare. A case of oral nodular
      fasciitis is described, together with a review of the literature.

PMID- 2653421
TI  - Citation for the presentation of the 1987 Down Surgical Prize to Mr. Peter Banks.

PMID- 2653422
TI  - Surgical, socio-economic and forensic aspects of assault: a review.
AB  - The incidence of violent crime is increasing and assault is now the most frequent
      cause of maxillofacial trauma to patients seen at many British Hospitals. Many
      victims have exclusively facial injuries. Though these are often minor compared
      to those from other causes, they are important signs of underlying social
      pathology. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons should understand the aetiology and
      social background of racial and other innercity violence, family violence and
      football hooliganism, particularly in relation to alcohol and unemployment.
      Surgical records are accurate, but largely untapped sources of information
      concerning violent crime.

PMID- 2653423
TI  - Mechanism of ketol acid reductoisomerase--steady-state analysis and metal ion
      requirement.
AB  - Ketol acid reductoisomerase is an enzyme of the branched-chain amino acid
      biosynthetic pathway. It catalyzes two separate reactions: an acetoin
      rearrangement and a reduction. This paper reports on the purification of the
      enzyme from a recombinant Escherichia coli and on the steady-state kinetics of
      the enzyme. The kinetics of the reaction were determined for the forward and
      reverse reaction by using the appropriate chiral substrates. At saturating metal
      ion concentrations the mechanism follows an ordered pathway where NADPH binds
      before acetolactate. The product of the rearrangement of acetolactate, 3-hydroxy
      3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate, is shown to be kinetically competent as an intermediate
      in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Starting with acetolactate, Mg2+ is the only
      divalent metal ion that will support enzyme catalysis. For the reduction of 3
      hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate, Mn2+ is catalytically active. Product and dead
      end inhibition studies indicate that the binding of metal ion and NADPH occurs
      randomly. In the forward reaction direction, the deuterium kinetic isotope effect
      on V/K is 1.07 when acetolactate is the substrate and 1.39 when 3-hydroxy-3
      methyl-2-oxobutyrate is the substrate.

PMID- 2653424
TI  - Multiple components of synaptosomal [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid release resolved
      by a rapid superfusion system.
AB  - Release of [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) from rat brain synaptosomes
      was studied with 60-ms time resolution, using a novel rapid superfusion method.
      Synaptosomes were prelabeled with [3H]GABA via an associated GABA uptake system.
      KCl depolarization stimulated at least three distinct components of GABA release:
      (1) a phasic Ca-dependent component, which develops rapidly and decays with a
      time constant of at most 60 ms; (2) a tonic Ca-dependent component that persists
      after KCl depolarization is ended; (3) a Ca-independent component. The three
      components of GABA release are pharmacologically distinct. The phasic component
      was selectively blocked by 50 microM Cd2+, while the tonic component was
      selectively blocked by 100 microM Ni2+. The Ca-independent component was
      selectively blocked by nipecotic acid (IC50 = 21 microM), a known inhibitor of
      Na+-dependent GABA uptake. The time course and amplitude of Ca-dependent GABA
      release evoked by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 were nearly identical with Ca
      dependent release evoked by depolarization. This result indicates that Ca
      dependent GABA release depends primarily on Ca2+ entry into the nerve terminal,
      and not depolarization, per se. The properties of the phasic component suggest
      that it is normally initiated by a voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel that is
      functionally and pharmacologically distinct from those previously described. The
      Ca-independent component of GABA release is probably mediated by reversal of the
      Na-dependent, electrogenic GABA uptake system. The ability to identify multiple
      components of GABA release on a physiologically relevant time scale may afford a
      more precise definition of the mechanism of action of drugs thought to affect
      neurotransmission in the brain.

PMID- 2653425
TI  - Trigramin: primary structure and its inhibition of von Willebrand factor binding
      to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex on human platelets.
AB  - Trigramin, a naturally occurring peptide purified from Trimeresurus gramineus (T.
      stejnegeri formosensis) snake venom, inhibits platelet aggregation and the
      binding of 125I-fibrinogen to ADP-stimulated platelets (Ki = 2 X 10(-8) M)
      without affecting the platelet-release reaction. 125I-trigramin binds to ADP
      stimulated and to chymotrypsin-treated normal platelets but not to thrombasthenic
      platelets. 125I-trigramin binding to platelets is blocked by monoclonal
      antibodies directed against the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex and by Arg-Gly-Asp
      Ser (RGDS) [Huang et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 161]. We determined the
      primary structure of trigramin, which is composed of a single polypeptide chain
      of 72 amino acid residues and six disulfide bridges. The molecular weight of
      trigramin calculated on the basis of amino acid sequence was 7500, and the
      average pI was 5.61. An RGD sequence appeared in the carboxy-terminal domain of
      trigramin. An amino-terminal fragment (7-33) of trigramin showed 39% homology
      with a region (1555-1581) of von Willebrand factor (vWF). Trigramin also showed
      36% identity in a 42 amino acid overlap and 53% identity in a 15 amino acid
      overlap when compared with two adhesive proteins, collagen alpha 1 (I) and
      laminin B1, respectively. Trigramin blocked binding of human vWF to the
      glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex in thrombin-activated platelets in a dose-dependent
      manner. Reduction of trigramin resulted in a marked decrease in its ability to
      block vWF binding to human platelets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653426
TI  - Primary structure of a protein C activator from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix
      venom.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of a protease, protein C activator, from Agkistrodon
      contortrix contortrix venom was determined. Peptide fragments obtained by
      chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the S-carboxymethylated protein were purified
      by gel filtration and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The
      present study demonstrates that protein C activator from A. contortrix contortrix
      venom is a trypsin-type serine protease that is composed of 231 residues with a
      molecular weight of 25,095 for the polypeptide portion of the molecule. By
      analogy to the mammalian serine proteases, the catalytic triad in venom protein C
      activator consists of His-40, Asp-85, and Ser-177. The protein also contains
      three N-linked glycosylation sites at Asn-21, Asn-78, and Asn-129. The amino acid
      sequence of protein C activator exhibits a high degree of sequence identity with
      other snake venom proteases: 73% with batroxobin, 68% with flavoxobin, and 55%
      with Russell's viper venom factor V activator.

PMID- 2653427
TI  - Low-temperature unfolding of a mutant of phage T4 lysozyme. 1. Equilibrium
      studies.
AB  - The mutant protein I3C-C97/C54T of phage T4 lysozyme is free of sulfhydryl groups
      and has a genetically engineered disulfide bridge between positions 3 and 97
      (Perry & Wetzel, 1986). This protein has a maximum stability at 12 degrees C in 3
      M guanidinium chloride and undergoes reversible high- and low-temperature melting
      at 28 and -3 degrees C, respectively, in this medium. The free energy of
      stabilization of the protein has been studied over a range of temperature that
      includes both melting transitions. The stability curve fits a constant delta Cp
      model over the entire range, permitting an unusually complete determination of
      the thermodynamic parameters of the protein and demonstrating that the low
      temperature unfolded form of the protein may be interpreted as an extrapolation
      with constant delta Cp of the high-temperature unfolded form. The free energy of
      unfolding is a linear function of guanidinium concentration within experimental
      error which permits a rough estimate of the stability of the protein at low
      temperatures and of the differential interaction of the unfolded protein with
      guanidinium chloride. These equilibrium studies provide a basis for the
      interpretation of the kinetic studies reported in the following paper.

PMID- 2653428
TI  - Low-temperature unfolding of a mutant of phage T4 lysozyme. 2. Kinetic
      investigations.
AB  - A disulfide-bridged variant of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme has been found to
      undergo a low- as well as high-temperature unfolding transition in guanidinium
      chloride [see Chen and Schellman (1989)]. The kinetics for this process have been
      followed for several temperatures, a range of guanidinium chloride
      concentrations, and a number of values of pH. Microscopic rate constants for
      protein unfolding and refolding were extracted from these data to explore the
      nature of the cold unfolding transition. The data were interpreted using
      transition-state theory. It was found that the Arrhenius energy is temperature
      dependent. The transition state is characterized by (1) a high energy and low
      entropy compared to the native state, (2) a heat capacity which is closer to the
      native state than to the unfolded state, and (3) a low exposure to solvent
      compared to the unfolded state, as judged by its interaction with guanidinium
      chloride. With increasing concentration of guanidinium chloride, the low
      temperature unfolding rate increases strongly, and the refolding rate decreases
      very strongly.

PMID- 2653429
TI  - A differential scanning calorimetric study of the binding of sulfate ion and of
      Cibacron blue F3GA to yeast phosphoglycerate kinase.
AB  - In continuation of earlier work [Hu, C. Q., & Sturtevant, J.M. (1987)
      Biochemistry 26, 178-182], differential scanning calorimetry has been employed in
      a study of the effects on the thermal denaturation of yeast phosphoglycerate
      kinase of two inhibitors of the enzyme, sulfate ion and the dye Cibracron blue
      F3GA. Sulfate ion, as is usual with ligands that dissociate during unfolding of
      the host protein, raises t1/2, the temperature of half-completion of the
      denaturation, has only a modest effect, stemming from the enthalpy of
      dissociation of the ligand, on the enthalpy of denaturation, and has little or no
      effect on the heat capacity change resulting from denaturation. In sharp
      contrast, Cibacron blue F3GA lowers t1/2 and drastically decreases both the
      enthalpy and heat capacity changes due to denaturation. The DSC results with
      sulfate ion are consistent with previous kinetic data [Scopes, R. K. (1978) Eur.
      J. Biochem. 91, 119-129; Khamis, M. H., & Larsson-Raznikiewicz, M. (1981)
      Biochim. Biophys. Acta 657, 190-194], which indicate two binding sites for
      sulfate ion at one of which the ligand acts as a competitive inhibitor. The
      results with Cibacron blue F3GA indicate that the dye induces a major
      destabilizing structural change in the enzyme in addition to rendering it
      enzymically inactive.

PMID- 2653430
TI  - Effect of insulin on ATP-citrate lyase phosphorylation: regulation of peptide A
      and peptide B phosphorylations.
AB  - Insulin decreases multifunctional protein kinase (MFPK) activity in rat adipose
      tissue [Ramakrishna, S., & Benjamin, W. B. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 12677
      12681]. Insulin also decreases the phosphorylation of peptide B but increases the
      phosphorylation of peptide A of ATP-citrate lyase (ATP-CL). The mechanism for
      this increase in peptide A phosphorylation was studied with purified ATP-CL from
      control and insulin- and isoproterenol-treated fat pads by using MFPK and the
      catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase). ATP-CL purified
      from insulin-treated fat pads is a better substrate for phosphorylation by MFPK
      compared to controls. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that insulin
      action decreases peptide B phosphorylation. To determine if the degree of
      phosphorylation at peptide B affects the phosphorylation rate of peptide A by A
      kinase, ATP-CL was prepared with determined phosphate contents of peptides A and
      B. ATP-CL with a low phosphate content at peptide B is a better substrate for
      phosphorylation at peptide A by A-kinase than is ATP-CL with a high phosphate
      content at peptide B. These results suggest that the insulin-induced increase in
      ATP-CL phosphorylation at peptide A is due to a decrease in peptide B
      phosphorylation. ATP-CL prepared from isoproterenol-treated fat pads is also a
      better substrate for phosphorylation at peptide B by MFPK than controls. This
      increase in phosphorylation at peptide B by MFPK is due to positive second-site
      regulation by the isoproterenol-induced increase in peptide A phosphorylation.

PMID- 2653431
TI  - Linking number anomalies in DNA under conditions close to condensation.
AB  - Changes in linking number and the apparent winding angle of pBR322 DNA have been
      evaluated in mixed ethanol-water solvents containing either Na or Mg as the major
      counterion contributing to the electrostatic shielding of the duplex. The average
      number of superhelical turns (tau) produced in the standard electrophoresis
      buffer (Tris-borate-EDTA, pH 8.0) by the transfer of DNA, relaxed in 200 mM NaCl,
      10 mM NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4, and 2 mM EDTA, pH 7, by calf thymus topoisomerase or
      ligated in 6.6 mM MgCl2, 1 mM KCl, 1 mM ATP, 1 mM dithiothreitol, and 66 mM Tris,
      pH 7.6, by T4 ligase, was determined as a function of the EtOH concentration. At
      low enzyme concentrations, the tau values became increasingly more positive in
      the presence of both cations as the ethanol concentration increased, indicating
      that the duplex structure was overwound in the ethanol solvents. Winding angle
      changes between 0 and 20% ethanol, calculated from these values of tau, exhibited
      the same correlations with CD spectral properties as had been previously observed
      for 100% aqueous systems containing monovalent cations [Kilkuskie, R., Wood, N.,
      Shinn, R., Ringquist, S., & Hanlon, S. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 4377-4386]. The
      results at higher concentrations of ethanol (25-30%), however, were anomalous for
      the Mg-ligase system. The anomalies increased with higher ethanol, ligase, or Mg
      concentration. Gel run under these conditions showed enhanced concentrations of
      slow-moving components, indicative of ligation of intermolecular associated DNA
      species. At a 10-fold higher level of ligase, ethanol appeared to unwind the
      duplex, confirming the results of Lee, Mizusawa, and Kakefuda [(1981) Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 2838-2842]. All of these anomalies occur under solvent
      conditions which are close to conditions which produce a heterogeneous dispersion
      of sedimenting species in ultracentrifugal experiments and compact rodlike
      structures, visualized by electron microscopy. The circular dichroism spectra at
      the onset of the formation of these structures show the characteristics of a
      chirally packed array of DNA duplexes. The reversal of the trend of the ethanol
      effect on linking number at higher enzyme and Mg(II) concentrations can be most
      easily explained by the promotion of the condensation phenomenon by either the
      ligase or a contaminating factor in the preparation. We suggest that the
      anomalies in the linking number and winding angle values are due to either
      ligation of chirally bent DNA species or a change in the helical period as the
      linear DNA adapts to the conformation required for collapse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2653432
TI  - Oligomeric states of the insulin receptor: binding and autophosphorylation
      properties.
AB  - Properties of oligomeric states of the insulin receptor were analyzed by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in nondenaturing buffer conditions (ND-PAGE).
      Partially purified insulin receptors resolve in ND-PAGE as three distinct
      species: (i) the fast electrophoretic mobility, low molecular mass form manifests
      intense labeling by iodinated insulin and shows basal and insulin-stimulated
      autophosphorylation; (ii) the middle, intermediate mobility form exhibits strong
      labeling by iodinated ligand but does not possess the capacity to be
      autophosphorylated; (iii) the slow mobility, highest molecular mass form
      necessitates covalent binding with iodinated hormone to withstand electrophoresis
      and shows autophosphorylation enhanced by insulin. This receptor form is more
      heavily labeled by phosphorylation than the low form. At 22 degrees C, binding
      and autophosphorylation do not appear to be time dependent. At 37 degrees C,
      binding and autophosphorylation of low and high species attain a maximum after 15
      min and then decrease as time of incubation with insulin is prolonged to 120 min;
      the middle species exhibits a much slower association rate, and its labeling by
      iodinated hormone becomes more intense with time. Our data show that in cell-free
      systems insulin receptors appear in various oligomeric states and that the
      highest molecular mass oligomer exhibits the most pronounced autophosphorylation.
      This is compatible with the concept that insulin receptor oligomerization
      provides a mechanism for transmembrane signaling.

PMID- 2653433
TI  - Kinetic characterization of Escherichia coli outer membrane phospholipase A using
      mixed detergent-lipid micelles.
AB  - The substrate specificity of Escherichia coli outer membrane phospholipase A was
      analyzed in mixed micelles of lipid with deoxycholate or Triton X-100.
      Diglycerides, monoglycerides, and Tweens 40 and 85 in Triton X-100 are hydrolyzed
      at rates comparable to those of phospholipids and lysophospholipids. p
      Nitrophenyl esters of fatty acids with different chain lengths and triglycerides
      are not hydrolyzed. The minimal substrate characteristics consist of a long acyl
      chain esterified to a more or less hydrophilic headgroup as is the case for the
      substrate monopalmitoylglycol. Binding occurs via the hydrocarbon chain of the
      substrate; diacyl compounds are bound three to five times better than monoacyl
      compounds. When acting on lecithins, phospholipase A1 activity is six times
      higher than phospholipase A2 activity or 1-acyl lysophospholipase activity.
      Activity on the 2-acyl lyso compound is about two times less than that on the 1
      acyl lysophospholipid. The enzyme therefore has a clear preference for the
      primary ester bond of phospholipids. In contrast to phospholipase A1 activity,
      phospholipase A2 activity is stereospecific. Only the L isomer of a lecithin
      analogue in which the primary acyl chain was replaced by an alkyl ether group is
      hydrolyzed. The D isomer of this analogue is a competitive inhibitor, bound with
      the same affinity as the L isomer. On these ether analogues the enzyme shows the
      same preference for the primary acyl chain as with the natural diester
      phospholipids. Despite its broad specificity, the enzyme will initially act as a
      phospholipase A1 in the E. coli envelope where it is embedded in phospholipids.

PMID- 2653434
TI  - Reconstitution of Escherichia coli DNA photolyase with various folate
      derivatives.
AB  - DNA photolyase from Escherichia coli contains both flavin and pterin. However,
      the isolated enzyme is depleted with respect to the pterin chromophore (0.5 mol
      of pterin/mol of flavin). The extinction coefficient of the pterin chromophore at
      360 nm is underestimated by a method used in earlier studies which assumes
      stoichiometric amounts of pterin and flavin. The extinction coefficient of the
      pterin chromophore, determined on the basis of its (p-aminobenzoyl)polyglutamate
      content (epsilon 360 = 25.7 x 10(3) M-1 cm-1), is in good agreement with that
      expected for a 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate derivative. Also consistent with
      this structure, the pterin chromophore could be reversibly hydrolyzed to yield a
      10-formyltetrahydrofolate derivative or reduced to yield a 5
      methyltetrahydrofolate derivative. The isolated enzyme could be reconstituted
      with various folate derivatives to yield enzyme that contained equimolar amounts
      of pterin and flavin. Similar results were obtained in reconstitution studies
      with the natural pterin chromophore, with 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate, and with
      10-formyltetrahydrofolate. The results show that the polyglutamate moiety,
      previously identified in the natural chromophore, is not critical for binding.
      Reconstitution with the natural pterin chromophore did not affect catalytic
      activity. The latter is consistent with our previous studies which show that,
      although the pterin chromophore acts as a sensitizer in native enzyme, it is not
      essential for dimer repair which can occur at the same rate under saturating
      light with flavin (1,5-dihydro-FAD) as the only chromophore.

PMID- 2653435
TI  - cDNA cloning and expression of pig cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase in
      Escherichia coli: amino-terminal heterogeneity of expressed products and lack of
      its correlation with enzyme function.
AB  - A full-length cDNA encoding the pig cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (EC
      2.6.1.1) (cAspAT) was constructed from two overlapping cDNA clones. One clone (Lm
      pcAAT-8) isolated from a lambda gt10 pig heart cDNA library contained a 3'
      untranslated sequence, a poly(A) segment, and a part of the coding region for
      amino acid positions 127-412. Another clone (Lm pcAAT-107) isolated from a lambda
      gt10 primer extension library contained the coding region for amino acid
      positions 1-148 and a 5' untranslated sequence. Rejoining of the cDNA inserts of
      the two clones and recloning into pUC18 gave rise to a cDNA covering an entire
      coding sequence for pig cAspAT mRNA. Insertion into pKK223-3 yielded an
      expression plasmid, ppcAAT200. Escherichia coli JM105 cells transfected with
      ppcAAT200 overproduced pig cAspAT to an extent of about 3% of the total cellular
      soluble proteins. The expressed product was indistinguishable from the alpha
      subform of cAspAT isolated from pig heart in terms of specific activity,
      absorption spectra, molecular size, crystalline form, and immunological
      reactivity with anti pig cAspAT antibody. Compared with the amino-terminal
      sequence (Ala-Pro-Pro-) reported for pig heart cAspAT, the recombinant pig cAspAT
      showed heterogeneity in the amino-terminal sequence: Ala 1 (26%), Pro2 (54%), and
      Pro3 (19%). Construction of a mutant cAspAT with deletion of residues 1-3 and its
      comparison with the wild-type enzyme revealed that loss of the three amino
      terminal residues does not affect the catalytic activity and structural integrity
      of the enzyme.

PMID- 2653436
TI  - Mutagenesis of the redox-active disulfide in mercuric ion reductase: catalysis by
      mutant enzymes restricted to flavin redox chemistry.
AB  - Mercuric reductase, a flavoenzyme that possess a redox-active cystine,
      Cys135Cys140, catalyzes the reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) by NADPH. As a probe of
      mechanism, we have constructed mutants lacking a redox-active disulfide by
      eliminating Cys135 (Ala135Cys140), Cys140 (Cys135Ala140), or both (Ala135Ala140).
      Additionally, we have made double mutants that lack Cys135 (Ala135Cys139Cys140)
      or Cys140 (Cys135Cys139Ala140) but introduce a new Cys in place of Gly139 with
      the aim of constructing dithiol pairs in the active site that do not form a redox
      active disulfide. The resulting mutant enzymes all lack redox-active disulfides
      and are hence restricted to FAD/FADH2 redox chemistry. Each mutant enzyme
      possesses unique physical and spectroscopic properties that reflect subtle
      differences in the FAD microenvironment. These differences are manifested in a 23
      nm range in enzyme-bound FAD lambda max values, an 80-nm range in thiolate to
      flavin charge-transfer absorbance maxima, and a ca. 100-mV range in FAD reduction
      potential. Preliminary evidence for the Ala135Cys139Cys140 mutant enzyme suggests
      that this protein forms a disulfide between the two adjacent Cys residues. Hg(II)
      titration experiments that correlate the extent of charge-transfer quenching with
      Hg(II) binding indicate that the Ala135Cys140 protein binds Hg(II) with
      substantially less avidity than does the wild-type enzyme. All mutant mercuric
      reductases catalyze transhydrogenation and oxygen reduction reactions through
      obligatory reduced flavin intermediates at rates comparable to or greater than
      that of the wild-type enzyme. For these activities, there is a linear correlation
      between log kappa cat and enzyme-bound FAD reduction potential. In a sensitive
      Hg(II)-mediated enzyme-bound FADH2 reoxidation assay, all mutant enzymes were
      able to undergo at least one catalytic event at rates 50-1000-fold slower than
      that of the wild-type enzyme. We have also observed the reduction of Hg(II) by
      free FADH2. In multiple-turnover assays which monitored the production of Hg(0),
      two of the mutant enzymes were observed to proceed through at least 30 turnovers
      at rates ca. 1000-fold slower than that of wild-type mercuric reductase. We
      conclude that the Cys135 and Cys140 thiols serve as Hg(II) ligands that orient
      the Hg(II) for subsequent reduction by a reduced flavin intermediate.

PMID- 2653437
TI  - Evidence for the participation of Cys558 and Cys559 at the active site of
      mercuric reductase.
AB  - Mercuric reductase, with FAD and a reducible disulfide at the active site,
      catalyzes the two-electron reduction of Hg(II) by NADPH. Addition of reducing
      equivalents rapidly produces a spectrally distinct EH2 form of the enzyme
      containing oxidized FAD and reduced active site thiols. Formation of EH2 has
      previously been reported to require only 2 electrons for reduction of the active
      site disulfide. We present results of anaerobic titrations of mercuric reductase
      with NADPH and dithionite showing that the equilibrium conversion of oxidized
      enzyme to EH2 actually requires 2 equiv of reducing agent or 4 electrons. Kinetic
      studies conducted both at 4 degrees C and at 25 degrees C indicate that reduction
      of the active site occurs rapidly, as previously reported [Sahlman, L., &
      Lindskog, S. (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 117, 231-237]; this is
      followed by a slower reduction of another redox group via reaction with the
      active site. Thiol titrations of denatured Eox and EH2 enzyme forms show that an
      additional disulfide is the group in communication with the active site.
      [14C]Iodoacetamide labeling experiments demonstrate that the C-terminal residues,
      Cys558 and Cys559, are involved in this disulfide. The fluorescence, but not the
      absorbance, of the enzyme-bound FAD was found to be highly dependent on the redox
      state of the C-terminal thiols. Thus, Eox with Cys558 and Cys559 as thiols
      exhibits less than 50% of the fluorescence of Eox where these residues are
      present as a disulfide, indicating that the thiols remain intimately associated
      with the active site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653438
TI  - Tritium release from [19-3H]-19,19-difluoroandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione during
      inactivation of aromatase.
AB  - Aromatase is a cytochrome P-450 enzyme involved in the conversion of androst-4
      ene-3,17-dione to estrogen via sequential oxidations at the 19-methyl group.
      Previous studies from this laboratory showed that 19,19-difluoroandrost-4-ene
      3,17-dione (5) is a mechanism-based inactivator of aromatase. The mechanism of
      inactivation was postulated to involve enzymic oxidation at, and hydrogen loss
      from, the 19-carbon. The deuteriated analogue 5b has now been synthesized and
      shown to inactivate aromatase at the same rate as the nondeuteriated parent (5).
      We conclude that C19-H bond cleavage is not the rate-limiting step in the overall
      inactivation process caused by 5. [19-3H]-19,19-Difluoroandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione
      (5b) with specific activity of 31 mCi/mmol was also synthesized to study the
      release of tritium into solution during the enzyme inactivation process.
      Incubation of [19-3H]19,19-difluoroandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione with human placental
      microsomal aromatase at differing protein concentrations resulted in time
      dependent NADPH-dependent, and protein-dependent release of tritium. This tritium
      release is not observed in the presence of (19R)-10 beta-oxiranylestr-4-ene-3,17
      dione, a powerful competitive inhibitor of aromatase. We conclude that aromatase
      attacks the 19-carbon of 19,19-difluoroandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, as originally
      postulated.

PMID- 2653439
TI  - The role of highly conserved single-stranded nucleotides of Xenopus 5S RNA in the
      binding of transcription factor IIIA.
AB  - The role of highly conserved single-stranded sequence elements of Xenopus 5S RNA
      in the binding of transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) was studied. A series of
      mutant 5S RNA genes were constructed with defined block sequence changes in
      regions corresponding to each of the single-stranded loops of the transcribed 5S
      RNA. The interaction of the resulting mutant 5S RNA molecules with TFIIIA was
      determined both by a direct binding assay and by a competition assay. With one
      exception, the substitution of highly conserved single-stranded loop sequences
      had only a modest effect on the binding of TFIIIA. The single exception was loop
      A, which ironically is not part of the protected site of TFIIIA on 5S RNA. The
      possible involvement of loop A in the coaxial stacking of the helical domains of
      5S RNA, and how this might affect TFIIIA binding, are discussed.

PMID- 2653440
TI  - Signal sequences.

PMID- 2653441
TI  - Specificity of arginine binding by the Tetrahymena intron.
AB  - L-Arginine competitively inhibits the reaction of GTP with the Tetrahymena
      ribosomal self-splicing intron. In order to define this RNA binding site for
      arginine, Ki's have now been measured for numerous arginine-like competitive
      inhibitors. Detailed consideration of the Ki's suggests a tripartite binding
      model. The dissociation constants of the inhibitors can be consistently
      interpreted if the guanidino group of arginine binds in the GTP site by utilizing
      the H-bonds otherwise made to the N1-H and 2 NH2 of the guanine pyrimidine ring.
      The positive charge of the arginine guanidino group also enhances binding. A
      second requirement is for the precise length of the aliphatic arm connecting the
      guanidino with the alpha-carbon. The positive charge of the alpha-amino group is
      the third feature essential to effective inhibition. The negative carboxyl charge
      of arginine inhibits binding, and the substituents on the alpha-carbon are
      probably oriented, with the alpha-amino group near the phosphate backbone of the
      RNA. This orientation contributes strongly to the L stereoselectivity of the
      amino acid site on the RNA. When spaced optimally, net contribution to the free
      energy of binding is of the same order for the guanidino group and for the
      arginine alpha-carbon substituents, but the guanidino apparently contributes more
      to binding free energy. Taken together, these observations extend the previous
      binding model [Yarus, M. (1988) Science (Washington, D.C.) 240, 1751-1758]. The
      observed dependence of binding on universal characteristics of amino acids
      suggests that RNA binding sites with other amino acid specificities could exist.

PMID- 2653442
TI  - Diglycosyl phenol phthiocerol diester of Mycobacterium leprae.
AB  - A diglycosyl phenol phthiocerol diester that had not been previously detected was
      isolated from M. leprae-infected armadillo tissues. Spectroscopy methods allowed
      the elucidation of its structure. The diglycoside was a 2,3-di-O
      methylrhamnopyranosyl (alpha 1----2)3-O-methylrhamnopyranosyl (alpha 1-linked to
      the phenolic hydroxyl of phthiocerol dimycocerosates). It differs from the major
      phenolic glycolipid (PGL I) only by the absence of the terminal 3,6-di-O
      methylglucopyranosyl unit. The diglycoside could be an intermediate in the
      synthesis of the latter antigen or a degradative product in the host
      detoxification process.

PMID- 2653443
TI  - Accumulation of 14 alpha-methylergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3 beta,6 alpha-diol in 14
      alpha-demethylation mutants of Candida albicans: genetic evidence for the
      involvement of 5-desaturase.
AB  - 14 alpha-Demethylation mutants of the fungus Candida albicans have been shown to
      accumulate 14 alpha-methylergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3 beta,6 alpha-diol. A derivative
      from one of these mutants (KD4900) that does not form this 6 alpha-hydroxylated
      sterol but is still defective in 14 alpha-demethylation (KD4950) was obtained.
      Mutational restitution of 14 alpha-demethylation capacity to this derivative
      resulted in the formation of the 5,6-saturated sterol ergosta-7,22-dien-3 beta-ol
      as the major product, clearly indicating that 5-desaturase deficiency exists in
      this demethylation-proficient revertant (KD4952). This implies that its parent,
      KD4950, which has lost the ability to form the hydroxylated sterol, also is
      deficient in 5-desaturation. We infer from the results that 5-desaturase is
      responsible for the formation of the hydroxylated sterol. However, it is unclear
      whether the hydroxylation represents a genuine step of the normal 5-desaturation
      reaction.

PMID- 2653444
TI  - Agonist-enhanced palmitoylation of platelet proteins.
AB  - When washed human platelets were incubated with [3H]palmitic acid, radioactivity
      was incorporated into a major 38 kDa doublet and several minor proteins that were
      resolved on polyacrylamide gels. The radioactivity associated with the proteins
      remained after extractions with organic solvents, but it was lost after
      hydroxylamine treatment or mild alkali methanolysis. The products of these
      reactions were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and HPLC. They were
      identified as palmitohydroxamate and methyl palmitate, respectively, indicating
      that the palmitic acid was covalently linked to the proteins via oxygenester or
      thioester bonds. In resting platelets, radioactivity was detected in the 38 kDa
      proteins 2 min after the addition of [3H]palmitic acid. A plateau was reached
      between 5 and 11 min, at which time radioactivity was also detected in a 23 kDa
      protein. Thrombin elicited faster and greater incorporation of label into both
      proteins. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) led to a similar, but slower
      increase of radioactivity in the 38 kDa proteins, while collagen and A23187 were
      less effective. Enhanced palmitoylation may be closely linked to platelet
      activation, as suggested by the following observations: (1) in thrombin- or PMA
      activated platelets, the time-course of aggregation correlated with the time
      course of enhanced palmitoylation of the 38 kDa proteins; (2) in platelets
      activated by various concentrations of thrombin with or without prostacyclin,
      aggregation was correlated with the enhanced incorporation of radioactivity into
      the 38 kDa proteins.

PMID- 2653445
TI  - Separation of liposome-associated doxorubicin from non-liposome-associated
      doxorubicin in human plasma: implications for pharmacokinetic studies.
AB  - To characterize the pharmacokinetics of liposome-associated drugs, the fraction
      of drug circulating in liposome-associated form and the absolute plasma drug
      levels must be determined. In this report, we describe our methodological
      approach to quantitate plasma liposome-associated doxorubicin separately from
      protein-bound and free doxorubicin. The method is based on the affinity of a
      cation-exchange resin for doxorubicin and the repulsion by the same resin of
      negatively-charged liposomes. The methodology is technically simple and
      reproducible, and lends itself to the analysis of multiple plasma samples as
      required in pharmacokinetic studies. The validity of this approach was confirmed
      by separation of liposome-associated from non-liposome-associated drug using gel
      exclusion chromatography.

PMID- 2653446
TI  - Identification of a human neutrophil protein of Mr 24 000 that binds N-formyl
      peptides: co-sedimentation with specific granules.
AB  - In assaying subcellular fractions of human neutrophils for N-formyl peptide
      binding sites using the photoaffinity ligand FMLPL-SASD-125I (125I-labelled N
      formylmethionylleucylphenylalanyl-N epsilon- (2-(p-azidosalicylamido)ethyl-1,3'
      dithiopropionyl)-lysine) several molecular species were observed. We confirmed
      localization of the N-formyl peptide receptor of Mr 50 000-70 000 in the plasma
      membrane and specific granule fractions. A species of Mr 33 000-35 000 was
      detected in the light Golgi/endosomal fraction, whose size is consistent with the
      deglycosylated form of the receptor. In addition, a major binding species of Mr
      24 000 was identified that co-localized on sucrose gradients with specific
      granule markers. This Mr 24 000 species, which was investigated further, was
      found to be released upon cell stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate or FMLP
      in the presence of dihydrocytochalasin B. It had an affinity for FMLPL-SASD of
      145 nM (cf. 0.3 nM for the cell surface receptor). The specificity for the formyl
      group was lost as the nonformylated Met-Leu-Phe was as effective FMLPL in
      competing with FMLPL-SASD-125I for binding to th Mr 24 000 species. A
      structurally unrelated peptide, however, did not compete for the binding. The
      labelling of the Mr 24 000 species was dependent on the presence of Ca2+, as was
      its apparent Mr, which shifted from 24 000 to 50 000-70 000 in the presence of
      Ca2+. By incubating photoaffinity-labelled plasma membrane fractions with
      specific granule fractions, we could generate a receptor fragment of Mr 24 000,
      although the relationship to this fragment of the specific granule species is
      unknown at present. The N-terminal sequence of the Mr 24 000 species was
      determined and it appears to be a novel protein. Further work will allow its
      relationship to the receptor, if any, to be elucidated and allow assignment of a
      function to this potentially important molecule.

PMID- 2653447
TI  - Synthetic hydrogels. VI. Hydrogel composites as wound dressings and implant
      materials.
AB  - An overview is presented of the use of hydrogel composites as biomaterials. These
      range from laminates or coatings (in which a homogeneous hydrogel is used in
      conjunction with a more mechanically stable substrate), through blends of
      hydrogels with synthetic hydrophobic polymers, to the use of two-component
      systems in which water enhances the compatibility of two structurally different
      polymers. Although synthetic hydrogels provide an ideal basis for materials of
      these types, naturally occurring hydrophilic polymers with their unique
      properties have a major contribution to make. It is in the clinical and patent
      literature, rather than journals dealing with polymers per se, that the vast
      majority of examples of the use of hydrogel composites are found. This review
      collects and comments on examples based on synthetic developments in this field
      during the last decade, particularly in relation to the development of wound
      dressings and implant materials.

PMID- 2653448
TI  - Cellular reactions to polyester arterial prostheses impregnated with cross-linked
      albumin: in vivo studies in mice.
AB  - This study was designed to assess the possible immunological responses in mice
      against polyester prostheses coated with albumin and previously stabilized either
      with cross-linked glutaraldehyde (GA), at different concentrations, or with
      carbodiimide (CDI). Prosthetic discs were first implanted in the peritoneal
      cavities of mice, and T cells and T cell subsets (helper, suppressor, la-bearing
      T lymphocytes) were then quantified before implantation and at 1, 2, 3 and 4
      weeks post-implantation. The percentages of T cells, subsets, and the
      helper/suppressor cell ratio, as well as the percentage of T cells with la
      receptors, were similar to the control in all experimental groups. No significant
      difference and no correlation were observed between the groups wherever tested.
      Virgin and albumin-coated grafts did not induce any quantitative changes in T
      cell subpopulations in mice.

PMID- 2653449
TI  - [Effect of prodigiozan on the glucocorticoid and insulin ratio in the blood serum
      of white rats].
AB  - Significant hypertrophy of the adrenal glands was observed in Wistar rats the day
      after a single prodigiozan administration. This did not change the level of
      glucocorticoids in blood serum, but increased the concentration in insulin.
      Analysis of steroidogenesis in the adrenal glands indicated significant increase
      in steroid's production in the experimental group of rats as compared to the
      control. An increase of glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase activity
      in adrenal tissue was also observed. The results suggest that stimulation of
      corticosteroid's secretion was accompanied by an increase in their reception to
      tissues which caused an increase of nonspecific resistance of the organism.

PMID- 2653450
TI  - [Changes in the local blood flows of the single kidney with partial impairment of
      the autonomic innervation].
AB  - The changes of cortical and intramedullary blood flow of the remaining after
      nephrectomy kidney under the condition of guanethidine sympathectomy and
      continuous pharmacological blockade of parasympathetic mediation by atropine were
      studied in chronic experiments on Wistar line rats in dynamics at 4, 7, 15, 30,
      60, 90 and 120 days. Decrease in cortical and increase of intramedullary
      peritubular blood flow were noted in both experimental series, that is both
      blockade of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves after 15 days. The conclusion
      was made that blood flow redistribution is a universal mechanisms of single
      kidney adaptation to its neurogenic impairments.

PMID- 2653451
TI  - [The content of the chief amount of myoglobin in the blood serum as an immune
      complex].
AB  - Pooled serum of health blood donors was tested for myoglobin and naturally
      occurring antibodies to myoglobin containing by competitive enzyme immunoassay.
      Data obtained show that myoglobin and autoantibodies of myoglobin are present in
      serum in the form of circulating immunocomplexes. Based on these results the
      suggestion about elimination of the main quantities of myoglobin by
      reticuloendothelial system is arisen. Estimated level of myoglobin concentration
      in the sera of health individuals established by different methods (80 ng/ml) is
      concerned apparently to free-circulated myoglobin and is not adequate to absolute
      myoglobin quantities.

PMID- 2653452
TI  - [Immunohistochemical analysis of splenic tissue in rats with destruction of the
      hypothalamic structures].
AB  - The immunoenzyme histochemical technique to stain the IgM- and IgD-bearing cells
      was used to study the morphometric characteristics of B-lymphocyte-dependent
      zones in spleen white pulp of Wistar rats (intact, sham operated and after cortex
      or hypothalamic lesions). In the groups of sham-operated and cortex-lesioned rats
      it has been shown the increase of spleen weight 7 days after the operation due to
      the increase of the red pulp weight. The white pulp compartment's ratio is not
      affected. Lesioning of the posterior hypothalamic area prevents these effects of
      the operation, while local coagulation of the lateral hypothalamic area causes a
      significant decrease of the weight of spleen primary follicules which contain
      IgM+IgD+-bearing B-lymphocytes exerting characteristics of circulating pool of B
      lymphocytes. These data are in favour of the CNS participation in regulation of B
      lymphocyte migratory activity.

PMID- 2653453
TI  - [The fluorescence of mouse crystalline lenses at different stages of radiation
      cataract studied by synchronous scanning].
AB  - Fluorescence of intact lenses of F1 (CBA x C57BL6) mice at different stages of X
      ray cataract induced by gamma irradiation (5.00 Gr) has been studied by
      synchronous scanning of fluorescence, the shift between emission and excitation
      wave lengths being 20 nm. The ratio between peek intensities of the nontryptophan
      and tryptophan fluorescence within the synchronous scanning spectra (K) has
      increased 3.5 times as much at the stage of singular dot-like opacities. K
      parameter correlated with GSH level in the lenses (r = -0.9). According to the
      results achieved, K could be regarded as an informative indicator of the
      development of X-ray cataract at the stage previous to turbidity.

PMID- 2653454
TI  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: new perspectives.

PMID- 2653455
TI  - Gene rearrangements and translocations in lymphoproliferative diseases.

PMID- 2653456
TI  - Demonstration of single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator on human
      platelet membrane.
AB  - Fibrinolytic activity was found to be associated with sonicated platelet
      membranes after separation from cytosol by differential centrifugation. This
      fibrinolytic activity was attributed to the presence of a plasminogen activator,
      which was immunochemically identified as urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPA)
      by antibody neutralization assay, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. The
      molecular weight (mol wt) of this uPA was 54,000 and was present as the single
      chain form, although a small amount was detected in a higher mol wt complex
      indicative of a uPA-inhibitor complex. Treatment of membrane preparations with
      Triton X-100, 3 mol/L KCl, and 0.1 mol/L glycine, (pH 2.3), but not 10 mmol/L
      ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), removed the uPA from the membrane. This
      suggests that uPA is a peripheral membrane protein and that metal ions do not
      mediate protein-membrane association. Immunofluorescent staining revealed the
      presence of uPA on the outer surface of the platelet in preparations of intact
      unstimulated platelets. Thus, uPA is associated with the outer leaflet of the
      platelet membrane and may be involved with the acceleration of thrombus
      degradation observed with platelet-rich thrombi.

PMID- 2653457
TI  - Nonneoplastic hematopoietic myeloproliferative syndrome induced by dysregulated
      multi-CSF (IL-3) expression.
AB  - Post 5-fluorouracil-treated murine marrow cells were infected with a retroviral
      vector (MPZen) bearing a multi-potential colony stimulating factor (Multi-CSF)
      cDNA insert and then transplanted into lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients
      to study the effects of autocrine production of Multi-CSF in normal hematopoietic
      cells. Extremely high levels (14,000 U/mL) of Multi-CSF were detected in the sera
      and in media conditioned by various hematopoietic tissues of the transplanted
      animals. While spleen, peritoneal, and peripheral blood cellularity increased
      approximately 10-fold, 10-fold, and 50-fold, respectively, bone marrow
      cellularity decreased twofold. Progenitor numbers were depressed twofold in the
      bone marrow but elevated more than 100-fold in the spleen and peritoneum. The
      majority (80%) of transplanted mice died within 5 weeks of transplantation and
      showed extensive neutrophilic infiltration of the spleen, lung, liver, and
      muscle, often with mast cell foci; a phenomenon also seen in the skin and
      intestine. Neither the infected cells from hematopoietic tissues of the primary
      mice, nor autonomous mast cell-lines that grew from these cells in liquid culture
      produced any overt disease when transplanted into normal or sublethally
      irradiated secondary recipients. In contrast, injection into mice of autonomous
      FDC-P1 cells transformed by the same retroviral construct led to tumor formation
      in vivo within 4 weeks. Thus, dysregulated Multi-CSF expression by normal
      hematopoietic cells produces a fatal but nonneoplastic myeloproliferative
      syndrome.

PMID- 2653458
TI  - Human interleukin-5 (IL-5) regulates the production of eosinophils in human bone
      marrow cultures: comparison and interaction with IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, and GMCSF.
AB  - Recombinant human interleukin-5 (rhIL-5), in either liquid or semi-solid
      cultures, selectively induced eosinophil production from normal human bone
      marrow, with no activity on other cell lineages. The time course of eosinophil
      production induced by murine IL-5, rhIL-3, and rh granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GMCSF) was similar to rhIL-5. The rate of eosinophil
      maturation in vitro was independent of the stimulating cytokine, mature
      eosinophils being produced after 4 to 5 weeks in liquid culture with each of
      these cytokines. The eosinophils produced in response to each cytokine were
      morphologically indistinguishable, and had the ultrastructural features of
      maturity except that the electron-dense material in the granules had not formed
      into crystalline cores. Neither rhIL-1 nor rhIL-6 alone, or in combination with
      rhIL-5 or rhIL-3, induced eosinophil differentiation or proliferation under the
      conditions used. rhIL-3 and rhGMCSF induced more eosinophil colonies than rhIL-5,
      rhIL-5 had an additive, not synergistic, effect on eosinophil colony production
      when combined with either rhIL-3 or rhGMCSF, suggesting that rhIL-5 stimulates a
      smaller and possibly different population of eosinophil progenitors. However,
      rhIL-5 induced the greatest eosinophil production in liquid cultures, suggesting
      that although it may act on a smaller population of precursors, it is able to
      stimulate more proliferative steps than either rhIL-3 or rhGMCSF.

PMID- 2653459
TI  - Sezary cell morphology induced in peripheral blood lymphocytes: re-evaluation.
AB  - In this study we examined the effect of mitogens and epidermal cells in inducing
      a Sezary cell morphology in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells from six healthy volunteers were stimulated with the mitogens
      phytohemaglutinin and concanavalin A, and also cocultivated with human epidermal
      cell cultures. Incubation times with mitogens and epidermal cells were four days
      and stimulation of the lymphocytes by mitogens was confirmed by standard 3H
      thymidine uptake. Standard transmission electron microscopy showed that in the
      mitogen-driven system 20% to 60% (33 +/- 15%) and in the epidermal cell-driven
      system 5% to 15% (8 +/- 4%) of the lymphoid cells exhibited mild to moderate
      indentation of the nuclei with nuclear contour indices (NCI) of 4.6 to 6.5 but no
      Sezary cells were observed (cells with NCI greater than 6.5 and up to 19.2). In
      the mitogen-stimulated preparation 2% to 5% (3 +/- 1%) of the lymphoid cells
      showed nuclear multilobulation resembling the cells seen in adult T cell
      lymphoma/leukemia. Incubation of mononuclear cells for longer periods of up to 4
      weeks with mitogens and exogenous IL-2 resulted in no further morphologic
      changes. Using an indirect immunogold technique at the electron microscopic
      level, the cells showing nuclear indentation or lobulation were shown to bear
      both T helper (CD4) and T suppressor (CD8) cell phenotypes in a similar ratio to
      the total numbers of T helper and T suppressor cells present. Mitogens and
      epidermal cells are thus not able to induce a morphologic change to Sezary cells
      in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes.

PMID- 2653460
TI  - Influence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease on relapse and survival
      after bone marrow transplantation from HLA-identical siblings as treatment of
      acute and chronic leukemia.
AB  - To assess the influence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) on recurrent leukemia
      and survival after allogeneic marrow transplantation, we studied 1,202 patients
      with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANL), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and
      chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) given unmodified marrow grafts from HLA
      identical siblings. Proportional hazards regression models using acute GVHD and
      chronic GVHD as time-dependent covariates demonstrated a significant association
      of GVHD with a decreased relative risk (RR, 0.33 to 0.42) of relapse in patients
      with ANL, ALL, and CML transplanted in advanced disease. Among patients
      developing either acute or chronic GVHD, treatment failure (that is, mortality or
      relapse) was decreased in patients with ALL transplanted in relapse (RR = 0.70, P
      less than .033) and CML in blast crisis (RR = 0.37, P less than .009). This
      effect was independent of age, sex, preparative regimen, GVHD prophylaxis, or
      length of follow-up. Five-year actuarial estimates were derived for the subset of
      657 patients who survived in remission 150 days after transplant and were at risk
      for development of chronic GVHD. Among patients with ANL in first remission or
      CML in chronic phase, GVHD had an adverse effect on survival and no apparent
      influence on relapse. Among patients with ANL and ALL transplanted in relapse,
      the probability of relapse after day 150 was 74% without [corrected] GVHD, 45%
      with acute and chronic GVHD, 35% with [corrected] only acute GVHD, and 34% with
      only chronic GVHD (P less than .001). Actuarial survival in these four GVHD
      groups was 25%, 34%, 59%, and 62%, respectively (P less than .009). Among
      patients with CML in acceleration or blast crisis, the probability of relapse
      after day 150 was 65% without GVHD and 36% with acute and/or chronic GVHD (P less
      than .017). We conclude that acute and chronic GVHD were associated with a
      durable antileukemic effect and improved survival in patients transplanted in
      advanced stages of ALL and CML.

PMID- 2653461
TI  - Methotrexate and cyclosporine versus cyclosporine alone for prophylaxis of graft
      versus-host disease in patients given HLA-identical marrow grafts for leukemia:
      long-term follow-up of a controlled trial.
AB  - Patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANL) in first remission (n = 38)
      or chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) (n = 55) were given cyclophosphamide and
      total body irradiation, followed by marrow infusion from HLA-identical siblings.
      To evaluate postgrafting prophylaxis for acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD),
      the patients were randomized to receive either methotrexate and cyclosporine (n =
      43) or cyclosporine alone (n = 50). Methotrexate/cyclosporine significantly
      reduced the incidence and severity of acute GVHD, and improved early survival.
      This report updates the results with a 3.0 to 4.5 year follow-up.
      Methotrexate/cyclosporine did not interfere with sustained hematopoietic
      engraftment, although granulocyte recovery to 1,000/microL was delayed by five
      days on the average. The incidence of chronic GVHD was identical in the two
      groups (26% v 24%). Disease-free 3-year survival was slightly better in the
      methotrexate/cyclosporine group (65% v 54%), but this benefit was restricted to
      patients with CML (73% v 54%), while no improvement was seen in patients with ANL
      (41% v 41%). In contrast to patients with CML (relapse rates 8% v 9%), the early
      survival benefit among patients with ANL given methotrexate/cyclosporine was
      offset by an increase in leukemic relapses (29% v 16%).

PMID- 2653462
TI  - BCR breakpoint location and prognosis in CML.

PMID- 2653463
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of patients with lymphoma.

PMID- 2653464
TI  - The growth of Rauscher erythroleukemia cells is mediated by autocrine production
      of a factor with biological activity similar to interleukin-3.
AB  - Under serum-deprived and chemically defined culture conditions, the growth of
      Rauscher erythroleukemia cells is mediated by an autocrine mechanism. The growth
      promoting activity is produced by fresh or irradiated cells and resembles the
      activity of interleukin-3 (IL-3) in its ability to sustain colony formation from
      three of four IL-3-dependent cell lines and to induce formation of
      granulocyte/macrophage (GM) colonies and, in the presence of erythropoietin (Ep),
      of erythroid bursts and mixed erythroid colonies. IL-3, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, GM
      colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, M-CSF, Ep, and media conditioned by
      concanavalin A-stimulated mouse spleen cells or phytohemagglutinin-stimulated
      LBRM 33 cells were unable to induce proliferation of the Rauscher erythroleukemia
      cells. Northern analysis of total and polyA-selected RNA extracted from untreated
      Rauscher cells or from cells 24 hours after irradiation showed the presence of
      message for M-CSF but not for IL-3, IL-1, GM-CSF, or G-CSF. The production of IL
      6 was excluded by a sensitive bioassay. These results indicate that the autocrine
      growth of the Rauscher cell line is mediated by a growth factor different from IL
      3, but with similar biological activity. Activation of the expression of such a
      growth factor during viral infection may contribute to the generation of leukemic
      cells that have the property to grow in vitro and generate Rauscher
      erythroleukemia cell lines.

PMID- 2653465
TI  - Interleukin-3 is significantly more effective than other colony-stimulating
      factors in long-term maintenance of human bone marrow-derived colony-forming
      cells in vitro.
AB  - Human bone marrow cells cultured for 21 days in the presence of recombinant human
      interleukin-3 (IL-3) produced up to 28 times more colony-forming cells (CFC) than
      could be obtained from cultures stimulated with granulocyte colony stimulating
      factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF). IL-3-cultured cells
      retained a multipotent response to IL-3 in colony assays but were restricted to
      formation of granulocyte colonies in G-CSF and granulocyte or macrophage colonies
      in GM-CSF. Culture of bone marrow cells in IL-3 also led to accumulation of large
      numbers of eosinophils and basophils. These data contrast with the effects of G
      CSF, GM-CSF, and IL-3 in seven-day cultures. Here both GM-CSF and IL-3 amplified
      total CFC that had similar multipotential colony-forming capability in either
      factor. G-CSF, on the other hand, depleted IL-3-responsive colony-forming cells
      dramatically, apparently by causing these cells to mature into granulocytes. The
      data suggest that a large proportion of IL-3-responsive cells in human bone
      marrow express receptors for G-CSF and can respond to this factor, the majority
      becoming neutrophils. Furthermore, the CFC maintained for 21 days in IL-3 may be
      a functionally distinct population from that produced after seven days culture of
      bone marrow cells in either IL-3 or GM-CSF.

PMID- 2653466
TI  - GM-CSF enhances 3F8 monoclonal antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against
      human melanoma and neuroblastoma.
AB  - 3F8 is a murine monoclonal IgG3 antibody specific for the tumor-associated
      antigen ganglioside GD2. Previous in vitro studies suggest that tumor regressions
      observed in a phase I clinical trial of 3F8 may be attributable to complement
      activation by 3F8 and to 3F8-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with
      lymphocytes. We now describe 3F8-mediated ADCC of GD2-positive tumor targets
      (melanoma and neuroblastoma) with human granulocytes and report that recombinant
      human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhanced this
      phenomenon. Cytotoxicity required binding of 3F8 to the low-affinity Fc receptor
      type III (CD16) on the granulocytes and was poor with tumor-binding monoclonal
      antibodies of other immunoglobulin (ie, non-IgG3) subclasses. GM-CSF (2 to 20
      ng/mL) increased ADCC by 93% to 267% at limiting dilutions of 3F8 (1
      microgram/mL). With most GD2-positive cell lines tested, this effect translated
      into a tenfold or greater augmentation in 3F8 efficiency at mediating ADCC.
      Comparable enhancement occurred whether GM-CSF was present in the ADCC assay or
      granulocytes were incubated with GM-CSF and washed before the assay. Nonoxidative
      mechanisms may be important for ADCC since 3F8 mediated ADCC with granulocytes
      from two children with chronic granulomatous disease; this cytotoxicity was also
      enhanced by GM-CSF. Since GM-CSF induces a neutrophilia in patients, our data
      suggest that this cytokine may have the potential of amplifying 3F8 antitumor
      activity in patients by increasing effector cell numbers and by priming
      granulocytes for greater cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2653467
TI  - Expression of interleukin-2 receptor beta subunit in hematopoietic malignancies.
AB  - The expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor was studied in neoplastic
      cells derived from acute leukemias, T-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas, peripheral T
      cell lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemias, well-differentiated lymphocytic
      lymphomas, and established cell lines by both flow cytometric analysis and sodium
      dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) after affinity
      crosslinking of radiolabeled IL-2. Cells from most acute leukemias (19 of 22),
      irrespective of their subtype (T, common or nonlymphoid leukemias), as well as T
      cell lymphoblastic lymphomas and peripheral T-cell lymphomas expressed only the
      p70-75 beta subunit of the IL-2 receptor. Cells from the more mature B-cell
      neoplasms, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and well-differentiated lymphocytic
      lymphoma, expressed predominantly alpha beta IL-2 receptors (11 of 14). In
      contrast to these results, most cell lines established from hematopoietic
      malignancies do not express either chain of the IL-2 receptor. Further studies
      are necessary to determine the exact function of the IL-2R p70-75 beta subunit in
      immature hematopoietic cells, but its wide distribution throughout the
      hematopoietic system suggests that IL-2 may play a role in the early stages of
      hematopoiesis.

PMID- 2653468
TI  - Marrow transplantation in the treatment of a murine heritable hemolytic anemia.
AB  - Mice with hemolytic anemia, sphha/sphha, have extremely fragile RBCs with a
      lifespan of approximately one day. Neither splenectomy nor simple transplantation
      of normal marrow after lethal irradiation cures the anemia but instead causes
      rapid deterioration and death of the mutant unless additional prophylactic
      procedures are used. In this report, we show that normal marrow transplantation
      preceded by sublethal irradiation increases but does not normalize RBC count. The
      mutant RBCs but not all the WBCs are replaced by donor cells. Splenectomy of the
      improved recipient causes a dramatic decrease in RBC count, indicating that the
      mutant spleen is a site of donor-origin erythropoiesis as well as of RBC
      destruction. Injections of iron dextran did not improve RBC counts.
      Transplantation of primary recipient marrow cells into a secondary host with a
      heritable stem cell deficiency (W/Wv) corrects the defect caused by residence of
      the normal cells in the sphha/sphha host. The original +/+ donor cells replace
      the RBCs of the secondary host, and the RBC count is normalized. Results indicate
      that the environment in the sphha/sphha host is detrimental to normal (as well as
      mutant) erythroid cells but the restriction is not transmitted.

PMID- 2653469
TI  - Enhancement by dimethyl myleran of donor type chimerism in murine recipients of
      bone marrow allografts.
AB  - A major problem in using murine models for studies of bone marrow allograft
      rejection in leukemia patients is the narrow margin in which graft rejection can
      be analyzed. In mice irradiated with greater than 9 Gy total body irradiation
      (TBI) rejection is minimal, whereas after administration of 8 Gy TBI, which
      spares a significant number of clonable T cells, a substantial frequency of host
      stem cells can also be detected. In current murine models, unlike in humans, bone
      marrow allograft rejection is generally associated with full autologous
      hematopoietic reconstitution. In the present study, we investigated the effect of
      the myeloablative drug dimethyl myleran (DMM) on chimerism status following
      transplantation of T cell-depleted allogenic bone marrow (using C57BL/6 donors
      and C3H/HeJ recipients, conditioned with 8 Gy TBI). Donor type chimerism 1 to 2
      months post-transplant of 1 to 3 x 10(6) bone marrow cells was markedly enhanced
      by using DMM one day after TBI and prior to transplantation. Conditioning with
      cyclophosphamide instead of DMM, in combination with 8 Gy TBI, did not enhance
      engraftment of donor type cells. Artificial reconstitution of T cells, after
      conditioning with TBI plus DMM, by adding mature thymocytes, or presensitization
      with irradiated donor type spleen cells 1 week before TBI and DMM, led to strong
      graft rejection and consequently to severe anemia. The anti-donor responses in
      these models were proportional to the number of added T cells and to the number
      of cells used for presensitization, and they could be neutralized by increasing
      the bone marrow inoculum. These results demonstrate the potential of DMM to
      facilitate engraftment in unsensitized mice in which the host stem cells may
      compete with donor type cells; the use of DMM to create models in which
      mechanisms of immune rejection can be studied without interference due to stem
      cell competition; and that bone marrow allograft rejection may be overcome by
      increasing the bone marrow inoculum in these stringent models.

PMID- 2653470
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine-containing fibers in cerebral arteries of the cat, rat and
      guinea pig.
AB  - The distribution of serotonin-like immunoreactive (5-HT-LI) fibers in pial
      arteries and arteries of the choroid plexus in the cat, rat and guinea pig was
      examined. Weak 5-HT-LI fibers were observed in cerebral arteries when these
      arteries were fixed by immersion after they had been dissected from the
      exsanguinated animals. The 5-HT-LI fibers, however, were not detected in arteries
      when they were fixed in situ or in vitro after they had first been perfused with
      phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Krebs solution in situ to flush the blood
      components from the lumen prior to dissection. In these arteries, 5-HT-LI fibers
      with intense immunofluorescence could however be demonstrated following
      incubation with serotonin (5-HT) in vitro. The distribution patterns of 5-HT-LI
      fibers and catecholamine fluorescence fibers were found to be similar. Following
      bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy, 5-HT-LI fibers were not detected in
      pial vessels even after incubation with 5-HT. Light-microscopic autoradiographic
      examination of [3H]-5-HT uptake in pial arteries showed that silver grain
      granules were concentrated only in the unmyelinated nerve profile in the
      adventitial layer. No uptake of [3H]-5-HT into smooth muscle cells and
      endothelial cells was found. The neuronal uptake of [3H]-5-HT was blocked by
      imipramine. Results from ultrastructural studies also showed that 5-HT-like
      immunoreactivities were found only in the axoplasm and were never detected
      following chronic superior cervical ganglionectomy. These results indicate that
      the presence of 5-HT-containing nerves in pial vessels in various species
      examined is due to the uptake of 5-HT into sympathetic nerves, and further
      support our hypothesis that cerebral pial vessels do not receive authentic
      serotonergic innervation. The present study also identifies the heterogeneity in
      characteristics of smooth muscle and endothelial cells among cerebral and
      peripheral arteries.

PMID- 2653472
TI  - [The etiologic problem of cancer. 1908].

PMID- 2653471
TI  - [Immunology of tumors of the central nervous system].
AB  - Central nervous system (CNS) tumours possess special immunological features
      resulting from their development in an organ having a privileged immunological
      status. The following review gives a summary of actual data concerning their
      tumour-associated antigens, the immunological responses of their hosts and the
      mechanisms permitting them to escape from these responses. There is presently no
      proof of the existence of tumour-specific antigens on spontaneous glial tumours.
      Much progress has been made in this area with the development of monoclonal
      antibodies technology which mainly disclosed the profound antigenic heterogeneity
      of brain tumours. This heterogeneity could favour the escape of brain tumours
      from immunosurveillance; furthermore, it represents a major limitation to the use
      of monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis or therapy. Regarding the immunological
      responses of brain tumour patients, the main feature is a profound depression of
      cellular immunity creating an anergic state toward a large number of antigens. In
      vitro, it concerns specifically T4 helper lymphocytes: their mitogenic responses
      and secretion of interleukin-2 after antigenic stimuli are drastically reduced.
      Three phenomena have also been incriminated to explain the defect of
      immunosurveillance in brain tumour patients: 1) the synthesis by tumour cells of
      a protective mucopolysaccharidic coat, 2) the secretion by these cells of
      specific immunosuppressive factors related to cytokines, 3) the isolation of CNS
      maintained by the blood-brain barrier which regulates the circulation of
      immunocompetent cells between the intra- and extracerebral compartments. Currents
      efforts are focused on the individualization of therapy based on these biologic
      principles.

PMID- 2653473
TI  - [Chemotherapy of cancer of the breast in the metastatic phase].
AB  - Metastatic breast adenocarcinoma is a very chemosensitive tumor. Polychemotherapy
      (CT) is more active than mono-CT inducing a 50-60% response rate in naive
      chemotherapy patients. The response rate is increased by adding hormonotherapy
      (HT) to CT in hormone-receptors positive patients. Whether or not HT and CT
      should be concomitant or consecutive is still questionable. The overall survival
      remains poor (22-30 months) and no improvement happened during the last decades.
      A hope for the future is possible from 2 different concepts: high dose
      chemotherapy or intermittent CT with successive short inductions treatment and no
      maintenance therapy.

PMID- 2653474
TI  - [Cancer of the breast: intensive treatment with bone marrow autografts].
AB  - High dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation has been
      proposed in metastatic and inflammatory breast cancer. Data in the literature
      reported an improvement of the quality and of the rate of response. However, the
      impact on survival remains to be demonstrated. Since 1985, a pilot study in
      inflammatory and directly metastatic breast cancer has been started in order to
      determine the impact of high dose chemo-radiotherapy. Patients were treated with
      an induction regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide 1,200 mg/m2 and 4'epi
      adriamycin 75 mg/m2 every 15 days x 4. Mastectomy was performed associated for
      patients younger than 50 years with bone marrow collection and cryoconservation.
      In this group, late intensification with cyclophosphamide 2.2 g/m2 day 1 and 2,
      TBI and autologous bone marrow transplantation was performed. Fourteen patients
      have been treated: 9 inflammatory breast cancers T4 b N1 M0, 5 metastatic cancers
      at presentation including 3 with inflammatory breast cancer T4 b N1 M1 and 2
      metastatic T2 N1 M1. Relapses had occurred in 7 patients, of them 4 were
      metastatic. Five patients died from their disease, and one from CMV interstitial
      pneumonitis. Six patients are alive free of disease but only one was metastatic.
      On this limited number of patients, survival of metastatic breast cancers does
      not seem to benefit from this regimen.

PMID- 2653475
TI  - Development of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) as a biomonitor of
      environmental contamination with emphasis on hepatic cytochrome P-450 induction
      and population characteristics.

PMID- 2653476
TI  - The molecular architecture of plant genes and their regulation.

PMID- 2653477
TI  - Auxin-regulated gene expression in plants.

PMID- 2653478
TI  - Organization and expression of genes for photosynthetic pigments-protein
      complexes in photosynthetic bacteria.

PMID- 2653479
TI  - Genetic manipulation of the chloroplast genome.

PMID- 2653480
TI  - Regulation and expression of plant genes in microorganisms.

PMID- 2653481
TI  - Long term survivors in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID- 2653482
TI  - Lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in adults:
      relationships and therapeutic perspectives.

PMID- 2653483
TI  - Chemotherapy of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in UK: past, present and future.

PMID- 2653484
TI  - Results of the Italian AIEOP/LAM 8204 study for the treatment of childhood AML:
      an update.

PMID- 2653485
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplant using 4-HC, VP-16 purged bone marrow for acute
      non-lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID- 2653486
TI  - A randomized comparison of post-consolidation therapy in acute non-lymphoid
      leukaemia: a study of the Italian cooperative group GIMEMA.

PMID- 2653487
TI  - Treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia in adults.

PMID- 2653488
TI  - Detection of minimal residual disease in acute myelogenous leukemia by RNA-in
      situ hybridization.
AB  - Several proto-oncogenes have been reported to be expressed in normal and
      malignant hematopoietic cells. Since these studies have been done almost
      exclusively by Northern and dot-blot analyses using mixed populations of cells,
      any conclusions concerning quantitative changes in gene expression are difficult
      to document. We have developed a rapid and sensitive RNA-in situ hybridization
      technique permitting detection of as few as 5 copies of mRNA per individual cell.
      Using this technique we have studied the expression levels of several oncogenes
      including MYC, SIS, FMS, p53, FOS and RAF in both normal hematopoietic cells and
      bone marrow (BM) cells obtained from acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients at
      presentation, at relapse and in complete remission (CR). Two of these oncogenes,
      MYC and SIS, are expressed at levels at least 2-5-fold higher in hematopoietic
      cells obtained from leukemia patients than in any normal hematopoietic cell
      examined, including cells obtained from regenerating bone marrow. The proportion
      of abnormal cells correlated well with the percentage of blast cells determined
      by morphological examination. In 7 out of 10 AML patients in morphological
      remission, a subpopulation of cells is detectable with abnormally high levels of
      MYC and/or SIS mRNA. These high levels of MYC expression are similar to those
      found in BM cells obtained from AML patients at presentation or relapse, but the
      percentage of cells with this abnormality is generally much lower. Continued
      follow-up of these patients has shown that 5 of them relapsed within 8 months. At
      this time, none of the 3 patients which were negative for MYC overexpression has
      relapsed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653489
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: state of the art and future directions.
AB  - A relatively large number of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) have
      now been treated in different centres by transplantation of bone marrow from HLA
      identical sibling donors. The 4-year leukaemia-free survival is 45 to 55%. The
      major determining factors are disease status at diagnosis, patient age, the
      occurrence of graft-versus-host post-transplant and the use of T-cell depletion.
      Haematological or cytogenetic relapse is rare in patients transplanted with T
      replete marrow in chronic phase but common in recipients of T-depleted donor
      marrow cells. This observation provides strong evidence for the importance of a
      graft-versus-leukaemia effect, which may be especially important after allogeneic
      bone marrow transplantation for CML. One major outstanding problem is how to
      determine the optimal timing of transplantation within the chronic phase.

PMID- 2653490
TI  - Myelodysplasia: pathogenesis and functional aspects.

PMID- 2653491
TI  - Myelodysplasia: clinical and morphological aspects and treatment.

PMID- 2653492
TI  - Secondary myelodysplasia/leukemia complex.

PMID- 2653493
TI  - Cytoplasmic immunoglobulins in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL).

PMID- 2653494
TI  - Lymphokine activated killer (LAK) activity in lymphoproliferative disorders.
AB  - Lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells are being considered as a new and
      promising form of immunotherapy in the management of patients with solid tumours.
      Few informations are instead available on these cytotoxic effectors in
      haematological neoplasias. Here we shall discuss the possible role of LAK cells
      in human leukaemias. Evidence will be provided for a rationale in the clinical
      exploitment of Interleukin 2 (IL2)/LAK cells in the treatment of acute leukaemia
      patients, whilst the implication of these cytotoxic populations appears more
      uncertain in chronic lymphoproliferative disorders.

PMID- 2653495
TI  - Terminal transformation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
AB  - Terminal transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) comparable to the
      blast-cell transformation which is responsible for almost all deaths in the
      chronic myeloid leukaemias is a rare event because the majority of CLL patients
      die without a major or easily recognised morphological transformation of the
      leukaemia cells having occurred. However, a substantial proportion of these
      patients die with progressive treatment-resistant disease or from intractable
      infections resulting from CLL-related immunodeficiency. In many of these patients
      biological transformation of the leukaemia cells can be associated with the
      appearance of complex chromosomal changes not present earlier or additional to
      the commonly present trisomy 12(1). In a broad sense, therefore, all of these
      patients may be said to undergo lethal transformation of their disease in
      contrast to the, admittedly substantial numbers, especially of elderly males who
      die from causes totally unrelated to their CLL, especially cardiovascular and
      cerebrovascular diseases, and other malignant diseases. In the narrow sense the
      term 'terminal transformation' is usually restricted to those conditions in which
      the terminal event is the proliferation of a new population of lymphoid cells of
      enhanced malignancy. There are three well-known types of transformation. One,
      'prolymphrocytoid' transformation is relatively low-grade, while the other two,
      'Richter's syndrome' and 'immunoblastic transformation' are rapidly progressive
      conditions. The last two account for about 5% of all deaths in CLL, but the
      slowly progressive prolymphocytoid transformation has been described too recently
      to permit reliable estimates of its frequency in unselected series to CLL. It may
      be of the order of 10%.

PMID- 2653496
TI  - CSFs, from basic science to clinical trials.

PMID- 2653497
TI  - Prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): experience of the Italian
      cooperative group (GIMEMA).

PMID- 2653498
TI  - The treatment of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) with pentostatin (2'-deoxycoformycin,
      dCF).

PMID- 2653499
TI  - Human lymphoblastoid alpha-interferon for hairy cell leukemia. An update of the
      Italian Cooperative Group.

PMID- 2653500
TI  - High dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT) in acute leukemia:
      is purging necessary?
AB  - Multiple clinical studies have been undertaken to evaluate the role of ABMT in
      relapse, in second and subsequent remission (CR greater than or equal to 2), and
      in first remission (CR1). The value of these high dose cytoreductive programs
      with ABMT is not yet known. No randomized studies have been done yet indicating
      that ABMT is superior to conventional dose chemotherapy. Besides, the diversity
      of regimens and patient populations make evaluation of results extremely
      difficult. When these variables are taken into account, the effect of purging on
      the clinical results becomes unclear. Multiple methods of purging have been
      devised, and several clinical trials have been reported. Although the biological
      role of purging is still unknown, theoretical considerations will be discussed
      and recommendations of patient subpopulations in which purging might be effective
      will be given.

PMID- 2653501
TI  - Purging by dye-mediated photosensitization.

PMID- 2653502
TI  - Drug-mediated marrow purging: mafosfamide in adult acute leukemia in remission.
      The experience of the Italian study group.

PMID- 2653503
TI  - Perspectives of monoclonal antibodies in the acute leukaemias.

PMID- 2653504
TI  - Experimental basis of antileukaemic chemotherapy.

PMID- 2653505
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with AML in second complete
      remission (CR).

PMID- 2653506
TI  - Double autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute myeloid leukaemia.

PMID- 2653507
TI  - Factors influencing the risk of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease in
      humans: a preliminary report from the IBMTR.

PMID- 2653508
TI  - T cell depleted bone marrow transplantation in acute myeloblastic leukaemia: the
      way ahead.

PMID- 2653509
TI  - T cell depletion in allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Progress and problems.

PMID- 2653510
TI  - Total body irradiation: single dose, fractions, dose rate.

PMID- 2653511
TI  - Busulfan (Bu) and cyclophosphamide (Cy) for marrow transplantation.
AB  - Bu and Cy is a bone marrow transplant preparative regimen that is effective for
      ANLL and certain genetic diseases. It has shown promise in CML. Its effectiveness
      in ALL and lymphomas remains to be explored. The substitution of Bu for TBI in
      marrow transplant regimens would seem to have a number of practical and
      theoretical advantages.

PMID- 2653512
TI  - Mixed chimerism after allogeneic marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2653513
TI  - Allogeneic marrow transplantation for acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia: first
      remission versus after first relapse.

PMID- 2653514
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in first and second
      remission.

PMID- 2653515
TI  - Properties of antileukaemic drugs.

PMID- 2653516
TI  - High dose cytarabine in acute myelogenous leukemia.

PMID- 2653517
TI  - Leukemic hematopoiesis in vitro: acute myeloid leukemia.

PMID- 2653518
TI  - Etoposide: fifteen years experience.

PMID- 2653519
TI  - Mitoxantrone and amsacrine: two important agents for the treatment of acute
      myelogenous leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

PMID- 2653520
TI  - Pentostatin (2'deoxycoformycin) for the treatment of lymphoid neoplasms.
AB  - Knowledge of the vital role of adenosine deaminase in lymphatic tissues has led
      to the development of enzyme inhibitors for treatment of lymphoid neoplasms.
      Deoxycoformycin is a potent ADA inhibitor and has been shown to be active in
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia at high doses but associated with unpredictable
      toxicity. In indolent lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma with low ADA
      concentrations, this drug is effective at low doses with mild toxicity. The on
      going EORTC trial shows that pentostatin is highly effective in hairy cell
      leukemia and can achieve durable complete remissions even if interferon alpha has
      failed. It will probably play an important role in the treatment of
      prolymphocytic leukemia, T- and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Sezary
      syndrome.

PMID- 2653521
TI  - Ontogeny, gene rearrangements and immunophenotype of acute leukaemias.
AB  - The progressive availability of more sophisticated technologies has over the last
      few years allowed a more precise definition of the biological properties of acute
      leukaemia cells. This, in turn, has enabled to recognize the ontogeny of
      practically all cases, with particular emphasis to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia,
      the lineage affiliation of which had, for many years remained uncertain in over
      half of the cases. Here, we shall review the main achievements, obtained with
      extensive immunotyping coupled to the use of probes for the immunoglobulin and T
      cell receptor genes, which have led to these important clinico-biological
      acquisitions, and discuss specific situations in which this combined phenotypic
      and genotypic approach (as well as response to cloned growth factors) may be of
      particular value.

PMID- 2653522
TI  - A modern classification of the acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemias.
AB  - Acute leukaemias have traditionally been classified according to the nature of
      the predominating cells as judged by cytomorphology and cytochemistry. A
      codification of this classification into M1-M7 for myeloid cases (AML), proposed
      by the FAB group of haematologists, has been used extensively in the past decade.
      Some criticisms of this codification are presented and other approaches to
      classification are discussed. Among these are included the potential importance
      of multiple lineage expression, measurements of cell differentiation using
      cytochemical criteria, surface antigenic differences as demonstrated by the use
      of monoclonal antibodies and the growing contribution of cytogenetics. A
      simplified classification into broad groups is proposed. These groups may be
      further elaborated as appropriate.

PMID- 2653523
TI  - Clonal development of the acute leukemias.

PMID- 2653525
TI  - Use of prognostic factors in deciding therapy for adult acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia: new approaches at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC).

PMID- 2653524
TI  - Acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood: the problem of relapses.
AB  - Developing improved therapy for the one-third or more of patients who can be
      expected to relapse after initial treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      would be less difficult if one could identify potential failures unequivocally at
      diagnosis. Subgroups of patients who should be considered candidates for highly
      experimental therapy include infants (less than 1 year of age), patients with the
      Philadelphia chromosome and perhaps patients with B-cell leukemia. The most
      important factor that determines the success of therapy after relapse is the
      length of the patient's initial remission. We recommend bone marrow
      transplantation for children whose first remission did not exceed 18 months. For
      all others, it appears that intensive chemotherapy affords as great a potential
      for cure as one could expect from transplantation. We favor intensive
      chemotherapy over transplantation in cases of late bone marrow relapse (greater
      than 18 months), because of the currently high peritransplantation mortality
      rate. It is not clear whether either modality will be adequate for patients
      relapsing on contemporary treatment programs.

PMID- 2653526
TI  - Prognostic factors and fate after therapy of relapsed and/or refractory adult ALL
      patients.

PMID- 2653527
TI  - Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: the Italian (AIEOP)
      experience.

PMID- 2653528
TI  - Which factors influence the different outcome of therapy in adults and children
      with ALL?

PMID- 2653529
TI  - Biliary atresia.
AB  - Biliary atresia remains a serious and devastating surgical condition of early
      childhood. Despite portoenterostomy almost half of these children remain
      jaundiced and suffer repeated attacks of bacterial cholangitis or variceal
      haemorrhage. Recently liver transplantation offers fresh hope for these children.

PMID- 2653530
TI  - Duodenal atresia.
AB  - The intestinal obstruction of duodenal atresia needs urgent differential
      diagnosis from malrotation with its risk of midgut volvulus and gangrene. There
      is an uncommon variant with a high incidence of familial recurrence, and a
      significant association with Down's syndrome, although the majority of the babies
      are otherwise normal. Oblique end-to-end anastomosis around the atresia is the
      preferred treatment and has a high success rate.

PMID- 2653531
TI  - Hormone replacement therapy and cancer.
AB  - The benefits of hormone replacement therapy in alleviating climacteric symptoms,
      preventing osteoporosis and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease and
      stroke are now generally agreed. Nonetheless, perhaps only 5% of postmenopausal
      women currently receive adequate treatment often because of patient or clinician
      fears that such treatment may be associated with harmful side effects.

PMID- 2653532
TI  - Use of imaging in the management of lymphoma.
AB  - Recent developments in imaging have given the radiologist an increasingly
      important role in the management of lymphoma, particularly diagnosis, disease
      staging and monitoring progress. However, imaging techniques must be applied
      selectively, depending on the indications, if the patient is to benefit.

PMID- 2653533
TI  - How to perform a renal biopsy.
AB  - A percutaneous renal biopsy is an important investigative procedure in many
      patients with renal disease. The procedure described below is easy and safe to
      perform in competent hands, but requires experienced histological support if
      clinical management is to be optimal.

PMID- 2653534
TI  - Stress in medical undergraduates and house officers.
AB  - Junior doctors, and to a lesser extent medical students, suffer higher rates of
      stress and depression than the general population. While some of the causes of
      these problems may lie with the individual, others are associated with
      organizational and career factors and with a training which still does not
      prepare them for those first postgraduate years.

PMID- 2653535
TI  - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
AB  - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a 'slow virus' illness usually presenting as a
      rapidly progressive dementia. Although rare, its laboratory and accidental
      transmission has given it great theoretical importance. However, the infective
      agent remains mysterious and it is not known how, or even whether, natural
      transmission occurs. Clinical diagnosis is difficult, treatment unfortunately
      unsuccessful and special precautions are necessary in dealing with potentially
      infectious material.

PMID- 2653536
TI  - Splenectomy, pneumococcal vaccination and antibiotic prophylaxis.
AB  - Fulminant sepsis following splenectomy remains a major problem. Even with the
      administration of pneumococcal vaccine and prophylactic antibiotics fatalities
      still occur. A better understanding of the complex immunological function of the
      spleen, its preservation as much as possible during surgery, potent vaccine and
      perhaps more effective antibiotics will, hopefully, help reduce mortality in some
      of these cases in future.

PMID- 2653537
TI  - Malignant hyperpyrexia.

PMID- 2653538
TI  - Posterior mediastinal lymphangioma presenting with thoracic inlet compression.

PMID- 2653539
TI  - Delayed puberty.
AB  - The pattern of physical development which occurs during normal puberty is
      described with reference to the underlying changes in hormone secretion. A
      summary of the causes of delayed puberty is given and the authors suggest a
      suitable protocol for investigation and management of this disorder.

PMID- 2653540
TI  - Thyroid disease in pregnancy.
AB  - Thyroid disease may be pre-existing or rarely may arise de novo during pregnancy.
      It may have profound effects on the feto-maternal unit. Diagnosis depends on
      clinical suspicion and confirmation by biochemical tests of thyroid function.
      However, pregnancy masks the signs of thyroid disease and may alter the
      interpretation of thyroid function tests.

PMID- 2653541
TI  - Constipation.
AB  - After years of relative neglect there is increased interest in colonic motor
      disorders such as constipation. A variety of aetiologies are being elucidated and
      separate clinical syndromes are now recognized. Newer specific prokinetic drugs
      may enable more effective treatment in the future for severely disabled patients.
      The outcome of surgery in these patients remains unpredictable.

PMID- 2653542
TI  - Smoke inhalation.
AB  - Deaths from smoke inhalation remain depressingly frequent and most often occur
      because the victim cannot escape the toxic effects of carbon monoxide. Delayed
      sequelae of smoke inhalation greatly increase the mortality from cutaneous burns.
      This article outlines the supportive care of smoke casualties and discusses some
      of the dilemmas in management which result from the absence of specific
      therapies.

PMID- 2653543
TI  - Current role and status of bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The applications of bone marrow transplantation have been limited by the serious
      morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure. In this article we discuss
      improvements in our understanding of the immunobiology of marrow transplantation.
      We also describe how the availability of recombinant growth factors for the
      haemopoietic and immune systems and the introduction of immunomodulatory
      monoclonal antibodies are beginning to make a major impact on the practice and
      outcome of the procedure.

PMID- 2653544
TI  - Computed tomography of diffuse lung disease.
AB  - The place of computed tomography (CT) scanning in the detection of pulmonary
      nodules is now well established. Due to the increasing spatial resolution of CT
      and shorter scan times, patients with diffuse lung disease can now be examined
      more effectively. Narrow section CT demonstrates the morphological detail of some
      diffuse lung diseases at an earlier stage than conventional radiography.

PMID- 2653545
TI  - The surgical management of acute pancreatitis and its complications.

PMID- 2653546
TI  - Acute rhabdomyolysis: evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging compared with
      computed tomography and ultrasonography.
AB  - Fifteen patients with acute rhabdomyolysis were evaluated with low field magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging and the results compared with those obtained using
      computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US). With MR imaging, abnormal
      muscles with areas of increased signal intensity were seen in every patient,
      which probably reflects increased water content or increased mobility of water
      molecules caused by inflammatory reaction and oedema in the injured and necrotic
      muscles. Computed tomography without intravenous contrast medium demonstrated
      abnormal muscles in most patients examined with this modality. The CT findings
      consisted of areas of focal hypodensity in muscles. With US, abnormal muscles
      were seen in less than half of the patients studied. The normal structure of
      striated muscle was focally disturbed and areas of both decreased and increased
      echogenicity were found. Magnetic resonance imaging had a higher sensitivity in
      the detection of abnormal muscles than CT or US (100%, 62% and 42%,
      respectively). The findings of all these modalities are non-specific, but
      together with the clinical and laboratory data they confirm the diagnosis of
      rhabdomyolysis. The information gained from imaging studies is useful in the
      assessment of the extent and distribution of rhabdomyolysis. The precise
      identification of affected muscle compartments by MR imaging is valuable when
      surgical fasciotomy is considered for treatment; the procedure can then be
      appropriately directed to the compartments with clearly abnormal muscles.

PMID- 2653547
TI  - The effects of angiotensin II on Doppler signals from a soft-tissue tumour.
AB  - A 10 mHz continuous-wave Doppler system has been used to detect blood flow within
      a sarcoma implanted in a rabbit's ear. The effects of vasoconstriction produced
      by intravenous angiotensin II were studied. Criteria are described that enabled
      differentiation of the Doppler signals from the tumour from those of the adjacent
      central artery. The effect of vasoconstriction upon these criteria is also
      described.

PMID- 2653548
TI  - The prevalence and characterization of simple hepatic cysts by ultrasound
      examination.
AB  - To help assess the significance of liver cysts we have prospectively documented
      their prevalence and characteristics within a general population being referred
      for ultrasound. Simple hepatic cysts occur in 2.5% of the population, becoming
      increasingly common with age. They show a preference for women, the right lobe of
      the liver and are occasionally multiple. The differential diagnosis is discussed.

PMID- 2653549
TI  - Dysplastic cortical hyperostosis: a new form of lethal neonatal dwarfism.

PMID- 2653550
TI  - Doppler ultrasound in medical diagnosis.

PMID- 2653551
TI  - Endoscopic correction of vesico-ureteric reflux by subureteric Teflon injection:
      follow-up ultrasound and voiding cystography.
AB  - The technique of subureteric Teflon injection for the correction of vesico
      ureteric reflux was first described by Puri and O'Donnell in 1984. The Teflon
      granuloma that occurs after the injection anchors the submucosal ureter, thereby
      preventing reflux. This paper reviews the ultrasound and cystographic findings in
      88 patients with 115 refluxing ureters followed-up for periods ranging from 3
      months to 3 years. Reflux disappeared in 91 ureters (79.1%) and the degree of
      reflux improved in 22 ureters (19.1%). In this follow-up study, the size of the
      granuloma on ultrasound was assessed in relation to the number of injections, the
      total volume of Polytef paste used and the outcome of the procedure. A well
      circumscribed granuloma was seen at the orifices of 92 ureters. There was no
      ureteric granuloma evident in 23 ureters and Teflon plaques were found at the
      trigone in six patients. Complications were rare. One large granuloma caused
      severe obstruction requiring re-implantation. The size of the granuloma appears
      to depend on individual tissue reaction rather than on the other factors. The
      presence or the size of the granuloma bears no direct relationship to the success
      of the procedure.

PMID- 2653552
TI  - First interim progress report on the second British Institute of Radiology
      Fractionation Study: short versus long overall treatment times for radiotherapy
      of carcinoma of the laryngopharynx.
AB  - Preliminary data from a second British Institute of Radiology Fractionation Trial
      comparing short (less than or equal to 4 weeks) and long (greater than 4 weeks)
      overall treatment times are reported. The intake of patients ran from January,
      1975 to December, 1985 when 611 patients with carcinoma of the laryngo-pharynx
      were registered in this prospective, randomized, multicentre clinical trial. No
      significant differences have, so far, been demonstrated between the two arms of
      the trial with respect to observed survival rates, tumour-free or laryngectomy
      free rates. Further long-term follow-up is continuing.

PMID- 2653553
TI  - An isolated capitate fracture in a 9-year-old boy.

PMID- 2653554
TI  - Terodiline in the treatment of children with unstable bladders.
AB  - A double-blind study of terodiline compared with placebo was performed in 58
      children aged 6 to 14 years with urgency or urge incontinence. All had an
      unstable bladder at cystometry. A bladder regimen was emphasised during the
      study. Continence was improved according to micturition charting and a pad test
      in both groups. Terodiline at 25 mg/day, however, gave significantly better
      results than placebo. In patients with a subnormal bladder capacity (less than or
      equal to 150 ml), a significant increase in capacity was recorded on cystometry
      during medication with terodiline but not with placebo. The improved continence
      seen in the placebo group was probably due to the non-specific bladder training
      achieved by the child's increased awareness and adult involvement during
      treatment. The even better results attained in the terodiline group shows this
      drug to be a valuable adjunct to a bladder regimen in children with urge
      incontinence, particularly since no important adverse effects were noted during
      an 8-week period.

PMID- 2653555
TI  - Lack of effect of cholinergic blocking and alpha-adrenergic stimulation on
      nocturnal incontinence after ileocaecal bladder replacement. A controlled
      randomised study.
AB  - A controlled randomised trial was carried out in 9 patients to examine the
      possibility of achieving nocturnal continence after ileocaecal bladder
      replacement by reducing the amplitude of the peristaltic contractions and by
      increasing the maximum urethral pressure pharmacologically. The trial consisted
      of 4 treatment periods, each of 2 weeks' duration: a single-blind placebo period
      was followed by 3 double-blind periods with phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride 50
      mg bd (Kontexin), oxybutynin chloride 5 mg tid (Ditropan), and combined
      treatment. Each patient completed a frequency/volume chart before the trial and
      for the last 7 days of each treatment period. Filling and storage
      urethrocystometry was performed before treatment and at the end of each treatment
      period. Treatment with phenylpropanolamine and oxybutynin failed to reduce the
      nocturnal urine leak of about 600 ml. Treatment did not influence the maximum
      urethral closure pressure, which remained unchanged at about 16 cm of water with
      the bladder substitute at rest and filled to its maximum cystometric capacity. At
      storage urethrocystometry, the treatment resulted in a decrease in the amplitude
      of the peristaltic contractions of about 10 cm of water to approximately 45 cm of
      water. Accordingly, the effect of alpha-adrenergic stimulation and
      anticholinergic suppression was found to be insufficient to achieve nocturnal
      continence in patients with ileocaecal bladder replacement.

PMID- 2653556
TI  - Evaluation of the retrograde contamination guard in a bacteriologically
      challenged rabbit model.
AB  - We compared a newly developed closed urinary drainage system incorporating a
      retrograde contamination guard (RCG) with the conventional closed drainage
      system. The new system contains a solid bactericide (povidone iodine) pellet
      enclosed in a porous cartridge at the drain port of the urine collection bag. A
      catheterised rabbit model was used. The urine drainage bags were challenged daily
      for 8 days with an auxotrophically marked uropathogenic strain of Escherichia
      coli at the outlet tube. The bag urine was infected with the marked organism in
      10 of the 11 rabbits in the control group (conventional collection bags) in 3.8
      +/- 1.03 days and in only 1 of the 13 rabbits fitted with the RCG. The RCG
      effectively prevents contamination of the urine drainage bag and thus may play an
      important role in reducing the incidence of nosocomial urinary tract infections.

PMID- 2653558
TI  - Prospective study of routine scrotal ultrasonography in urological practice.
AB  - The value of routine scrotal ultrasonography has been evaluated in a prospective
      study of 109 men with scrotal symptoms or signs. Ultrasonography had a
      sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99% for testicular tumour. Clinically
      useful information was provided in 53% of patients and 8% might have avoided
      surgery if the ultrasound report had been heeded. Ultrasonography did not provide
      any additional information in patients with scrotal pain and an entirely normal
      scrotum clinically, and in those with epididymal cysts in whom the testis was
      palpably normal. If these 2 groups had been excluded from routine scrotal
      ultrasonography there would have been a 25% reduction in the number of
      examinations without any reduction in diagnostic yield.

PMID- 2653557
TI  - Serum lactate dehydrogenase and human choriogonadotrophin in seminoma.
AB  - The clinical significance of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum human
      choriogonadotrophin (HCG) as tumour markers was assessed in 105 patients with
      pure seminoma from whom 981 blood samples were analysed. The specificity of
      elevated HCG and LDH was 100 and 93% respectively. The comparable sensitivity was
      32 and 47%. Serum LDH could not discriminate between patients with clinical stage
      I seminoma, prior to orchiectomy, and those with benign testicular lesions. In
      patients with advanced metastatic seminoma subjected to orchiectomy, serum LDH
      was increased in 82%, but elevated HCG was found in only 40%. After cisplatin
      based chemotherapy, falsely elevated LDH was observed in 7 of 37 tumour-free
      patients, but HCG was normal in all patients with no evidence of disease. Six
      patients with residual tumour after chemotherapy had normal LDH and 4 of them had
      elevated HCG; 70% of the relapses in seminoma patients were associated with
      increased LDH (64%) and/or HCG (48%). In seminoma patients with comparable
      disease extension, elevated HCG seemed to be correlated with a high risk of
      relapse. Patients with normal pre-treatment LDH had a lower relapse-free survival
      rate than patients with elevated LDH. HCG is a highly specific tumour marker in
      seminoma with a rather low sensitivity. HCG is particularly useful for the
      primary diagnosis in patients with testicular lesions and during monitoring of
      chemotherapy in seminoma patients. LDH is less specific than HCG. Both markers
      should be analysed during follow-up of seminoma patients, since 70% of relapses
      are associated with an increase in one or both markers. Elevated pre-treatment
      HCG, but not elevated LDH, seems to indicate an increased risk of relapse in
      patients with seminoma.

PMID- 2653559
TI  - Gynaecomastia and occult Leydig cell tumour of the testis.
AB  - Two patients with Leydig cell tumours of the testis are described. Both presented
      with gynaecomastia, but on initial examination had apparently normal testes. The
      causative tumour did not become obvious for some months, despite being carefully
      sought. Review of the literature suggests that gynaecomastia preceding a readily
      palpable tumour is a recognised problem. The detection and management of Leydig
      cell tumours of the testis are discussed.

PMID- 2653560
TI  - Duplex scanning in suspected vasculogenic impotence: a worthwhile exercise?
AB  - The value of duplex scanning in the assessment of impotence was evaluated in 146
      impotent men. Scanning was by means of a Diasonics DRF 400 and penile artery
      measurements were taken before and after the intracorporeal injection of
      papaverine hydrochloride. The penile/brachial index was measured in 82 patients
      and its predictive value compared with the results of duplex scanning and
      papaverine-induced erection. On scanning evidence of good arterial inflow but
      poor erections, indirect evidence of venous leakage was assumed. The results
      showed that the deep artery responses best characterised the erectile response,
      with the dorsal artery being less helpful. All 37 patients with full erections
      following papaverine exhibited bilateral deep artery peak velocities of greater
      than or equal to 25 cm/s. Of the remaining 109 sub-optimal responders, 17 also
      has this finding; all had undergone dynamic cavernosography, with 16 exhibiting
      venous leakage. The penile/brachial index was found to classify 13 patients
      incorrectly. A critical value of deep artery response to attain erection is
      postulated, enabling more logical use of cavernosography. The penile/brachial
      index was shown to be suspect and it was concluded that duplex scanning is a
      useful, non-invasive method in the assessment of impotence.

PMID- 2653561
TI  - Management and economic aspects of farm deer, horses and milking sheep.

PMID- 2653562
TI  - Immunology and veterinary science.

PMID- 2653563
TI  - Neuro-ophthalmology.

PMID- 2653564
TI  - Striatal dopamine innervation and receptor density: regional effects of the
      weaver mutation.
AB  - Mice homozygous for the autosomal recessive gene weaver (wv) exhibit a regionally
      specific depletion of forebrain dopamine (DA). DA is reduced approximately 70% in
      the dorsal striatum of homozygotes (wv/wv) relative to heterozygous (+/wv)
      controls while DA content in ventral striatum is relatively unchanged. The goal
      of the present study was to determine the regional effects of the weaver mutation
      on striatal DA receptors and DA uptake sites using quantitative autoradiography.
      Catecholamine histofluorescence was used to examine midbrain DA-containing cell
      bodies. Compared to behaviorally normal (+/-) littermates, the binding of
      [3H]spiroperidol to D2 sites was significantly increased in the dorsal but not
      ventral striatum of wv/wv mice. Binding of the D1 ligand, [3H]SCH23390, was
      significantly decreased throughout the striatum of wv/wv mice. The binding of
      [3H]mazindol to DA uptake sites was dramatically reduced in all wv/wv striatal
      regions except the ventrolateral portion. Compared to +/- littermates, wv/wv mice
      had far fewer fluorescent cell bodies in the substantia nigra and a less
      pronounced reduction of ventral tegmental area fluorescent somata. These findings
      support the hypothesis that heterogeneities exist in the genetic control of the
      mesotelencephalic DA system. The results underscore the usefulness of the weaver
      mouse in the study of mesostriatal sub-systems, receptor regulation, and
      potentially as a model of human neuropathologies that affect distinct populations
      of cells in the mesotelencephalic system.

PMID- 2653565
TI  - Intra-ventromedial hypothalamic injection of insulin suppresses brown fat
      thermogenesis in the anaesthetized rat.
AB  - Insulin can affect metabolic functions such as glucose production and fat
      mobilization through action in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
      (VMH), and the VMH has been implicated in the regulation of heat generation in
      brown adipose tissue (BAT) in the rat. To study the role of insulin in modulating
      VMH mechanisms concerned with BAT thermogenic activity we evaluated the effect of
      intra-VMH microinjection of insulin on BAT (T(bat)) and core (T(core))
      temperatures and BAT thermogenic activity (T(bat)-T(core)) in anaesthetized rats.
      Intra-VMH insulin (10 ng, 100 ng and 1 microgram) enhanced the decreases in
      T(bat) and T(core) resulting from exposure of the anaesthetized rats to mild
      cold, as well as diminished BAT thermogenic activity in a dose-dependent manner.
      This effect could be partially reversed by systemic treatment with norepinephrine
      (400 micrograms/kg). Intra-VMH injection of insulin analogs having reduced
      binding affinity to insulin receptors and diminished biological activity--i.e.,
      acetyl3 insulin, succinyl3 insulin and TNB3 insulin--was much less effective at
      enhancing the decrease in T(bat) and T(core) or at inhibiting BAT thermogenic
      activity. These results demonstrate that insulin can modulate BAT thermogenesis
      in a specific manner through action in the VMH.

PMID- 2653566
TI  - Pancreatic vagal functional distribution in the secretion of insulin evoked by
      portal infusion of D-glucose.
AB  - The vagus glucose signal pathway relevant to hepatic portal control of insulin
      secretion was examined in bilaterally adrenalectomized rats. The increase in the
      insulin concentration after portal glucose injection was completely blocked by
      vagotomy of the hepatic branch which is bifurcated from the ventral vagus trunk
      at the subdiaphragmatic level. At the cervical level, the reduction in the
      insulin concentration showed no laterality following vagotomy on either side. The
      insulin response was mainly suppressed by prior section of the branch of the
      ventral vagus trunk at the celiac level. These results suggest that the hepatic
      glucose signal evoking insulin release has a specific pathway from the liver to
      the pancreas, and that there is functional laterality in this pathway in the
      visceral cavity.

PMID- 2653567
TI  - Functional effects of fetal striatal transplants.
AB  - Much interest has been generated in recent years by the finding that fetal brain
      tissue transplants into adult brain can survive and grow in the host brain. Most
      work has been done transplanting relatively homogeneous populations of
      dopaminergic nigral neurons. However, it is now clear that the more complex fetal
      striatal tissue, which contains multiple neuronal types, will also survive and
      grow when transplanted into excitotoxin-lesioned adult striatum. We review herein
      studies demonstrating that the fetal striatal transplants are functional in that
      they can elicit changes in behavior in the transplant recipients. The striatal
      transplants reverse the locomotor hyperactivity characteristic of bilateral
      excitotoxin lesions. However, there is some controversy about the reversal of the
      abnormal apomorphine- and amphetamine-induced locomotor responses by fetal
      striatal transplants into excitotoxin-lesioned striatum and the presence of
      absence of dopamine receptors within the transplanted tissue. We review the
      evidence for and against the existence of neuroanatomical connections between the
      host brain and the transplanted fetal striatal tissue. We also point out the
      possibility of neurotrophic factors mediating the recovery of spontaneous
      locomotor activity in light of recent evidence that neurotrophic factors may
      mediate the functional recovery following transplants of adrenal medulla tissue
      into dopaminergic deafferented striatum.

PMID- 2653568
TI  - Contributions by Brown-Sequard on spinal cord trauma and pathology.

PMID- 2653569
TI  - Late flexion reflex in paraplegic patients. Evidence for a spinal stepping
      generator.
AB  - We demonstrated previously that electrical stimulation of the Flexor Reflex
      Afferents (FRA) induces a late flexion reflex with a central conduction time
      longer than 100 msec. Its latency is prolonged by increasing the intensity or the
      duration of the stimulation. This late reflex is therefore similar to the late
      flexion reflex observed in acute spinal cat with DOPA. Some findings suggest that
      in man the late flexion reflex could be inhibited at a premotoneuronal level by
      contralateral FRA stimulation. In relation to the late flexion reflex, a late
      contralateral facilitation of soleus monosynaptic reflex (MSR) was observed.
      Rhythmical activity was observed in only one patient who had an exceptional form
      of spinal myoclonus. This myoclonus could be modulated by FRA stimulation. These
      facts show that the reflex organization in paraplegic patients is similar to the
      one described in acute spinal cat with DOPA and therefore suggest that a spinal
      stepping generator could exist in humans.

PMID- 2653570
TI  - Perspectives in anatomy and pathology of paraplegia in experimental animals.
AB  - Three models of inducing spinal trauma in experimental animals--weight-dropping
      model, severance-by-knife model, and laceration-type-lesions model--are reviewed
      critically. Contributions by these models in understanding paraplegia in
      anatomical and pathological terms are brought out. Important distinctions between
      subthreshold traumas vs. threshold and suprathreshold traumas, transient and
      permanent paraplegic syndrome, and regeneration of served axonal fibers vs.
      prevention of development of permanent paraplegia, are stressed while evaluating
      each model of spinal trauma. Conceptual contributions by these three models and
      their bearing on the potential clinical applications are discussed.

PMID- 2653572
TI  - A stereotaxic apparatus for the study of the central nervous structures in the
      pig.
AB  - An apparatus has been developed derived from the Horsley-Clarke principle.
      Specific requirement was to use large breeds of pigs from weaning to adult age (5
      to 120 kg). The pig auditory canals are oblique; the measurement of the
      corresponding angles was achieved by means of two interconnected barrels, used
      afterwards to fix the ear-bars. The wide variability of the skull morphology led
      to the systematic use of ventriculography with a liquid of contrast. Consequently
      the pieces allowing the head fixation in the stereotaxic apparatus were designed
      to avoid any shadow on the brain area. As it was not always possible to localize
      the commissura anterior, the anterior border of the recessus preopticus was
      chosen to determine, together with the commissura posterior, the reference
      horizontal plane. The antero-posterior coordinates were counted from the anterior
      border of the commissura posterior. The methodology, which has been tested in a
      wide range of pigs, is discussed in relation with the methods used for other
      animal species.

PMID- 2653571
TI  - Serotonin stimulation of the period of in vitro LHRH release is estradiol
      dependent.
AB  - The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has well known effects on the release of
      luteinizing hormone (LH) which may be estrogen and photoperiod dependent. An in
      vitro superfusion system was used to assess the potential role of 5-HT and
      photoperiod in modulating the release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone
      (LHRH) from the mediobasal-suprachiasmatic-preoptic area (MBH-POA-SCN) in the
      ovariectomized (OVX) and OVX estradiol (E2) implanted rat model of LH release.
      Regularly cycling female Holtzman strain rats, maintained on a photoperiod of
      0500-1900 or 0100-1500 hr light were OVX, and silastic capsules containing
      estradiol-17 beta (150 micrograms/ml) or sesame oil implanted SC. Two days later
      the rats were killed at 1000 hr and the MBH-POA-SCN isolated. Tissue was
      superfused in vitro with Krebs-Ringer-Phosphate buffer (KRP) for 2 hours followed
      by 3 hours of KRP with intermittent superfusion of 5-HT at increasing
      concentrations: 1 X 10(-10) M (1st hour); 1 X 10(-8) (2nd hour); 1 X 10(-6) M
      (3rd hour). Superfusate was collected every 10 min for the entire 5 hour
      incubation period and LHRH measured by RIA with the following results. In the OVX
      rat 5-HT significantly (p less than 0.05) increased the period of LHRH pulses and
      decreased the release of LHRH compared to control superfusions, while in the OVX
      E2 rat 5-HT significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased the period of LHRH release
      and increased the release of LHRH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653573
TI  - Jean Brachet 1909-1988.

PMID- 2653574
TI  - Developmentally regulated proteolytic processing of a yolk glycoprotein complex
      in embryos of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
AB  - We have isolated a yolk glycoprotein complex from eggs and early embryos of the
      sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis of these complexes and peptide mapping of their individual
      glycoprotein components indicate that developmental stage-specific changes in
      molecular composition of the complex are due to proteolytic processing events.
      Our data revealed that a 180 kDa glycoprotein of the egg complex is separated by
      a single proteolytic cleavage into intermediate glycoproteins of 115 and 76 kDa
      early in development. By the hatched blastula stage, each of these intermediate
      glycoproteins has been further processed to lower molecular weight forms: the 115
      kDa protein is proteolytically clipped to a 84 kDa form, perhaps through 110 and
      105 kDa intermediaries, while the 76 kDa molecule is directly processed to a 65
      kDa form.

PMID- 2653575
TI  - Pharmacological modulation of leukotriene and platelet activating factor
      biosynthesis and activities by alternative dietary fatty acids.
AB  - The 5-lipoxygenase pathway for the oxidative metabolism of unsaturated fatty
      acids was first recognized less than 10 years ago with the definition of 5-S
      hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) as a product, and its potential biological
      relevance to inflammation was suggested solely by the modest chemotactic activity
      of this compound. Major interest in this pathway did not occur until 5 years
      later when leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was first described, and the slow-reacting
      substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) was chemically defined as three additional
      leukotriene products of tis pathway: leukotriene C4 (LTC4), leukotriene D4 (LTD4)
      and leukotriene E4 (LTE4). The possibility that the inhibition of the generation
      of leukotriene compounds might have a significant effect in limiting a variety of
      inflammatory disorders was suggested by the extensive pro-inflammatory effects
      demonstrated by these substances, the demonstration that many inflammatory cells
      generate leukotrienes, and the finding that the leukotrienes can be detected in
      complex biological fluids in vivo. Although there is a potential for inhibiting
      the biological activities of each leukotriene at the receptor level, the present
      paper will focus completely on the approach of limiting leukotriene synthesis and
      biological activities through the provision of alternative substrate fatty acids.

PMID- 2653576
TI  - The possible role of particular leukotrienes in the allergen-induced late-phase
      asthmatic reaction.
AB  - Challenge with allergen may provoke an early-phase and late-phase asthmatic
      reaction in allergic asthmatic individuals. Although the pathogenesis of the
      allergen-induced late-phase asthmatic reaction (LAR) is still poorly understood,
      the cell types and mediators involved in this reaction are considered to be of
      extreme importance for the understanding of the pathogenesis of asthma. Evidence
      has been provided that predominantly eosinophils penetrate into the bronchioli at
      the beginning of the LAR. The mobilization of those eosinophils into the lung
      tissue is caused by the release of chemotactic factors of protein or lipid
      nature, most likely platelet activating factor (PAF). How these cells are finally
      activated to release their mediators, when they have infiltrated into the
      bronchioli, remains obscure. They may, however, actively contribute to the
      occurrence of the LAR by the release of the strongly bronchoconstrictive compound
      leukotriene C4 (LTC4). Our investigations have shown that eosinophils do possess
      the capacity to synthesize this mediator upon in-vitro challenge with the calcium
      ionophore A23187, zymosan particles coated with IgG and C3b (C3bi) or PAF at
      relatively high concentrations. As to demonstrating the possible in-vivo
      formation of leukotrienes, studies have been undertaken to demonstrate the
      excretion of a stable metabolite of LTC4, i.e. LTE4, into human urine. In our
      first series of investigations normal individuals were challenged via inhalation
      of high amounts of LTD4. Besides a bronchoconstrictive reaction and an increase
      in the level of maximal airway narrowing to challenge with methacholine,
      significant LTE4 excretion could be demonstrated in the urine. Similar studies
      concerning allergen provocation in allergic asthmatic individuals are now in
      progress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653577
TI  - The role of sensory neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.
AB  - In recent years more than ten peptides have been demonstrated in mammalian lung.
      Some of them are present in the innervation of the mucosa, submucosa, smooth
      muscle and blood vessels and are called neuropeptides [1]. The neuropeptides
      vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) have been the best
      studied. They have been implicated as neurotransmitters of the non-adrenergic,
      non-cholinergic (NANC) airway innervation. A defect in this system could
      contribute to bronchial hyperresponsiveness, either by an increase in excitatory
      or by a decrease in inhibitory influences. The sensory neuropeptides substance P
      (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and calcitonin gene-related peptide have been put
      forward as neurotransmitters of the local axon reflex. Experiments in rodents
      have indicated that the antidromic stimulation of axon collaterals of sensory
      nerve-endings can lead to bronchoconstriction and neurogenic airway inflammation
      by release of sensory neuropeptides in response to mechanical and chemical
      stimuli [2, 3]. The aim of the present study was to examine the
      bronchonconstrictor effect of these sensory neuropeptides in a rat model and to
      look for a possible role in human airways.

PMID- 2653578
TI  - Canadians are getting the message--and acting on it.

PMID- 2653579
TI  - A win for fluoridation in Squamish, B.C.

PMID- 2653580
TI  - 'Supervision requirements for dental hygienists'.

PMID- 2653582
TI  - Practice prosperity 1989. Part four: Staff morale and productivity.

PMID- 2653581
TI  - Interview with Dr. Rizk.

PMID- 2653583
TI  - Endodontic failures and retreatment.

PMID- 2653584
TI  - Communication and the difficult endodontic diagnosis patient.

PMID- 2653585
TI  - An evaluation of clinical endosonics.
AB  - Reports of the success rate in endodontics range from 70 to 97 per cent. Success
      rates for ultrasonic endodontics have not been documented. In this survey,
      endosonically treated cases were reviewed after eight to 33 months and assessed
      clinically and radiographically. This revealed that endosonic treatment was
      successful in 93 per cent of the cases.

PMID- 2653586
TI  - Infection control survey--1988: a Canadian Dental Association project.

PMID- 2653587
TI  - The use of pulse oximetry in the immediate recovery phase following dental
      extractions under general anesthesia in children.
AB  - Over the past decade, an array of monitoring devices have been developed to
      continuously assess patient oxygenation. While actual tissue oxygenation is the
      most desirable measurement, the pulse oximeter offers a non-invasive method of
      measuring oxygenation of arterial blood. In this study, the arterial oxygen
      saturation (SaO2) of children presenting for oral surgical procedures under
      general anesthesia was continuously monitored. We were particularly interested in
      the saturation during the period from termination of anesthesia until arrival in
      the recovery room, a potentially critical 2-3 minutes. This study showed that
      22.5 per cent of children significantly desaturated (SaO2 less than 90 per cent)
      during this period - a figure which is in complete agreement with several similar
      studies done recently. This desaturation preceded not only hemodynamic changes,
      but frequently changes in tissue and blood colour as well. The authors conclude
      that children should receive supplemental oxygen in the immediate recovery phase
      following general anesthesia.

PMID- 2653588
TI  - Psychiatric referral for craniomandibular pain patients.
AB  - The underlying process for the development and perpetuation of a chronic pain
      state is still unclear. This creates a perplexing problem for dentists dealing
      with chronic craniomandibular pain problems. This article outlines the diagnostic
      criteria used in our clinic to identify craniomandibular patients requiring
      psychiatric consultation and describes the management of the psychiatric
      referral.

PMID- 2653589
TI  - We've got substandard standards.

PMID- 2653590
TI  - Recommendations for infection control procedures. Canadian Dental Association.

PMID- 2653591
TI  - Epidemiologic approach to open-angle glaucoma: 2. Survival analysis of adverse
      drug reactions. Report of the Canadian Ocular Adverse Drug Reaction Registry
      Program. The Collaborative Glaucoma Study Group.
AB  - Medical treatment, intraocular pressure (IOP) and adverse drug reactions were
      recorded in a prospective multicentre study of 71 unselected, newly diagnosed
      cases of open-angle glaucoma. Eight ophthalmologists recorded standard
      information at five visits over a mean interval of 12.1 months. No limitations
      were imposed on the choice of drugs or interval between visits. The IOP was
      satisfactorily controlled throughout the follow-up period with the first drug
      prescribed in 36% of eyes. In an additional 10% to 13% the IOP was stabilized
      with alternative therapy, prescribed for approximately one-third of eyes per
      visit. A total of 27 patients reported 18 severe and 31 mild suspected adverse
      reactions during the follow-up period. Survival analysis showed that there was no
      significant difference between the proportions of patients continuing treatment
      with the first, second and third drug prescribed (half-life of treatment
      approximately 210 days in all three cases). However, when only changes for
      unsatisfactory pressure were considered, the half-life of treatment was
      significantly longer, 350 days (p = 0.02).

PMID- 2653592
TI  - Efficacy and safety of once-daily levobunolol for glaucoma therapy.
AB  - We studied the ocular hypotensive efficacy and safety of 0.5% levobunolol
      hydrochloride and 0.5% timolol maleate administered topically once daily for 3
      months in 91 patients (46 in the levobunolol group and 45 in the timolol group)
      with primary or secondary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. In this
      randomized double-masked parallel clinical study, intraocular pressure (IOP) was
      successfully controlled in 78% of the patients who received levobunolol and 89%
      of those who received timolol. The overall mean decrease in IOP was 5.6 mm Hg
      (decrease of 23%) in the levobunolol group and 6.7 mm Hg (26%) in the timolol
      group, a nonsignificant difference. In both groups the overall mean IOP during
      treatment was significantly lower than the pretreatment value (p less than
      0.001). For both treatment groups changes in heart rate and blood pressure were
      minimal. We conclude that both 0.5% levobunolol and 0.5% timolol administered
      once daily are effective and safe in lowering IOP in most patients with ocular
      hypertension or open-angle glaucoma.

PMID- 2653593
TI  - The effect of prior exercise and caffeine ingestion on metabolic rate and
      hormones in young adult males.
AB  - The purposes of this study were to examine (a) the effects of acute exercise on
      metabolic rate 24 and 48 h postexercise and (b) the interaction of acute exercise
      and the thermic effect of caffeine on metabolic rate and hormonal changes during
      the late postexercise recovery period. In six young males, who were regular
      consumers of caffeine, resting energy expenditure was measured before and after
      caffeine (5 mg.kg-1) and placebo ingestion under the following conditions: (i)
      control (e.g., no prior exercise), (ii) 24 h postexercise, and (iii) 48 h
      postexercise. Blood samples were drawn for plasma glucose, insulin, glycerol,
      free fatty acids, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine,
      thyroxine, and free thyroxine). Results showed that acute exercise did not exert
      a detectable effect on resting metabolic rate in the late postexercise recovery
      period, that is, resting metabolic rate was similar among the conditions of
      control (1.17 +/- 0.12 kcal.min-1), 24 h postexercise (1.16 +/- 0.12), and 48 h
      postexercise (1.16 +/- 0.11). Caffeine ingestion increased metabolic rate
      (approximately 7%), but the thermic effect was not different among the
      experimental conditions. Plasma insulin and norepinephrine were lower after
      caffeine ingestion, whereas an increase in plasma free fatty acids was noted.
      Other hormones and substrates did not change significantly in response to
      caffeine ingestion. Furthermore, the hormonal and substrate milieu was not
      significantly different 24 and 48 h postexercise when compared with the control
      condition. Our results support the view that acute exercise does not alter the
      resting metabolic rate in the late postexercise recovery period.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653594
TI  - Serotonin blocks the facilitatory action of muscarinic and nicotinic agents in
      the hippocampus in vivo.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of serotonin, released iontophoretically, on acetylcholine
      induced facilitation of population spikes evoked by fimbria-commissural
      stimulation was studied in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus in vivo. After
      serotonin was applied for 2.6 +/- 0.8 min, acetylcholine's action was inhibited
      in 39 cases out of 57 (68.4%), by 68.9 +/- 23.1%, irrespective of whether
      serotonin alone increased or reduced the population spike. Spiperone, used as a 5
      hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) antagonist, suppressed the inhibitory action of
      serotonin in 14 of 21 tests. Serotonin had similar effects on population spike
      facilitations induced by acetyl-beta-methylcholine and
      dimethylphenylpiperazinium. Thus serotonin, probably acting on 5-HT1A receptors,
      blocks effectively but indiscriminately all cholinergic facilitations, whether
      mediated by nicotinic or muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2653595
TI  - Extrarenal production and activation of human plasma prorenin: the evidence after
      venous occlusion.
AB  - Venous occlusion of the left arm in consenting men was induced for 10 or 20 min
      to stimulate local fibrinolytic and other proteases, thereby favouring the
      conversion of prorenin to renin. Using the two techniques cryoactivation and
      tryptic activation, we found that plasma active renin increased significantly
      after such occlusion (10 and 20 min) while prorenin rose more convincingly and
      progressively from 10 to 20 min. The renin increase can be partially attributed
      to hemoconcentration, but in vivo production and (or) local activation of
      prorenin to renin cannot be excluded. The prorenin rise can apparently be
      attributed to local extrarenal production, and not to hemoconcentration or
      influx, since it was progressive and neither prorenin nor renin levels were
      raised at all in blood circulating outside the occluded arm. Prekallikrein and
      plasminogen levels were elevated in occlusion plasmas, but responsibility of
      these enzyme systems for any enhanced activation of prorenin was not established.
      The trypsin inhibitory capacity was also elevated, increasing the requirement of
      trypsin to achieve optimal activation of prorenin, but not changing the prorenin
      estimate itself. Thus, prorenin appears to be released extrarenally, within the
      vasculature of an occluded arm, while in vitro evidence suggests that the
      mechanisms for its activation were stimulated. The importance of such extrarenal
      production and activation of prorenin for renin production under other
      physiological or pathophysiological conditions remains to be determined.

PMID- 2653596
TI  - Surgical research: its importance in the evolution of the specialty of general
      surgery.
AB  - General surgery is a specialty that has gradually been defined by the evolution
      of surgery in general, the major events being the identification and separation
      of subspecialties. Advances in knowledge brought about by research have been the
      major determinants in allowing the development of these subspecialties. Research
      has played a major role in the redefinition of general surgery, which has now in
      its own right become both the parent specialty and a subspecialty: the parent
      specialty because of its continued concern with disease states of a general
      nature, such as trauma, critical care, nutrition, transplantation, oncology; a
      subspecialty because of its focus on specific areas of surgery, particularly
      gastrointestinal surgery. Future developments in general surgery depend on
      fostering research in both the general and specific areas, and also across the
      whole spectrum from the most basic to applied clinical research.

PMID- 2653597
TI  - Does endoscopy really help the surgeon evaluate gastric cancer?
AB  - To determine whether gastroscopy helps the surgeon in preoperative planning and
      decision-making in patients with gastric cancer, the authors reviewed the charts
      of 100 consecutive patients with surgically proven gastric cancer. The findings
      from gastroscopy, upper gastrointestinal series and computed tomography were
      evaluated for their ability to define the anatomic site of the lesion, proximal
      and distal extent of gastric involvement, presence of a mass or ulceration and
      the sensitivity of diagnosis. The sensitivity of endoscopic biopsy and brush
      cytology were also determined. Gastroscopy was found to be the most sensitive
      diagnostic test, both in recognizing the presence of an abnormality (100% versus
      86% versus 76% respectively) and the possibility of a malignant condition (88%
      versus 71% versus 76%); in addition, endoscopic biopsy and brush cytology were
      diagnostic in 90% and 70% of patients, respectively. Gastroscopy and upper
      gastrointestinal series were equally accurate in determining proximal or distal
      extent of tumour. The authors concluded that gastroscopy is the most sensitive
      diagnostic test in patients with gastric cancer; upper gastrointestinal series
      does not add significantly useful information to the preoperative evaluation.
      Computed tomography can assess regional and distant metastasis, but its
      contribution as to the local extent of the tumour is limited.

PMID- 2653598
TI  - Difficult implant retrieval: a case report.
AB  - Artificial joint prostheses can be expected to fail eventually. The author
      describes the case of a woman whose cemented knee-joint hinge prosthesis failed
      and required revision. This prosthesis was designed so that the stem became
      thinner as it approached the bearing surfaces. As a result the implant could not
      be removed from the cement and the cement could not be removed without severe
      destruction of surrounding bone. Although this prosthesis is no longer being
      used, there may be patients having this implant who will require revision in the
      future. This paper warns surgeons that its removal will be extremely difficult
      and appropriate plans should be made preoperatively. The author concludes that no
      stemmed implant should be cemented in place if it cannot readily be removed from
      the cement.

PMID- 2653599
TI  - Electroacupuncture in the treatment of chronic lameness in horses and ponies: a
      controlled clinical trial.
AB  - Electroacupuncture was used to treat lameness in horses and ponies with chronic
      laminitis (n = 10) or navicular disease (n = 10). A clinical trial was conducted
      with random allocation of equal numbers of animals to control and treatment
      groups. Acupuncture was performed three times per week for four consecutive
      weeks. The degree of lameness was assessed by 1) a grading scheme, 2) measurement
      of stride lengths and 3) analysis of weight distribution using a force plate.
      Although seven out of ten animals with chronic laminitis improved clinically
      during the trial, there were no statistically significant differences between
      treatment and control groups. Six out of ten horses with navicular disease
      improved, but there were no significant differences between treatment and control
      groups.

PMID- 2653601
TI  - Pathologic anatomy of hallux abducto valgus.
AB  - HAV is a joint deformity that has some very characteristic anatomic features but
      that may be developed from a variety of interactive causes, both anatomic and
      functional. In the normal condition, the first metatarsal bone and hallucal
      phalanges form an axial array of bones. At the first metatarsophalangeal joint
      this arrangement is stabilized by a set of muscles whose tendons surround the
      joint. The pathology is associated with the deviation of the bones from their
      axial position and the related destabilization of the muscle group around the
      joint, specifically: (1) The hallux deviates and rotates laterally, while the
      first metatarsal deviates medially and also rotates laterally to some degree. (2)
      Deviation of the two main segments of the joint causes tearing and weakening of
      the medial capsular fibers and pulls the sesamoid bones and metatarsal head away
      from their normal plantar articulation. (3) Abnormal articulation of the sesamoid
      bones under the crista and pressure of the medial capsular wall cause erosion of
      cartilage and subchondral bone on the metatarsal head. (4) Deviation of the
      hallux redistributes the tendon insertions in relation to the joint axes of
      motion such that they serve to aggravate the deviation. (5) The deviated position
      of the hallux and eccentric actions of the tendons create a reaction force on the
      metatarsal head that serves to further medially displace the first metatarsal
      bone.

PMID- 2653600
TI  - Stepped care for hypertension is dead, but what will replace it?

PMID- 2653602
TI  - Hallux valgus and metatarsus adductus: the surgical dilemma.
AB  - Hallux varus in the presence of metatarsus adductus is a complex clinical entity
      that requires careful evaluation and preoperative planning. The metatarsus
      adductus complicates the picture by accentuating the effect of the
      intermetatarsal angle and also creates compensatory pronation. Transpositional
      osteotomies of the first metatarsal are difficult to perform in patients with an
      adducted forefoot and mild increase in intermetatarsal angle. Surgical therapy
      generally requires aggressive osteotomies of the first ray to decrease its medial
      prominence. Total metatarsus adductus correction should be considered in patients
      with severe deformity.

PMID- 2653603
TI  - The role of the akin osteotomy in the surgical management of hallux abducto
      valgus.
AB  - The Akin osteotomy has gained widespread popularity in foot surgery. This article
      reviews the proper indications, technique, modifications, and complications of
      the procedure. It also identifies the true role in the surgical management of the
      hallux abducto valgus deformity.

PMID- 2653604
TI  - The improved Keller arthroplasty.
AB  - To deal with the many predictable adverse effects of the Keller arthroplasty, a
      large and varied array of modifications have been created. From preoperative
      assessment to postoperative care, from remodeling of bone to soft-tissue
      alterations, these modifications can be selectively applied to fit the patient's
      needs as the surgeon deems appropriate. It can easily be seen that the potential
      of the procedure has been supported by its longevity, but that with all these
      modifications, we have, in fact, been given the improved Keller arthroplasty.

PMID- 2653605
TI  - Implant arthroplasty: still a consideration.
AB  - The Keller arthroplasty has long been the hallmark of first metatarsophalangeal
      joint corrections. However, in the presence of adverse postoperative effects,
      numerous modifications have been introduced. They include preoperative
      evaluation, soft-tissue and osseous techniques in the procedure itself, and
      postoperative care of the patient. These modifications have created a new and
      improved Keller arthroplasty.

PMID- 2653606
TI  - New concepts in metatarsal head osteotomies: reverse buckling techniques.
AB  - The deformity of hallux abducto valgus is often accompanied by the deformity of
      metatarsus primus varus. These deformities are often attributed to familial
      tendencies, faulty structure, and impaired function. However, once manifest, the
      deformity of metatarsus primus varus is partially maintained through medial
      retrograde buckling of the abducted hallux. In selected flexible deformities,
      Stable surgical correction may be obtained through the principles of reverse
      buckling.

PMID- 2653607
TI  - Preparing for hallux abducto valgus surgery.
AB  - This article reviews the criteria for hallux abducto valgus surgery. Clinical and
      radiographic examinations are reviewed in a stepwise approach to evaluate the
      deformity. A hallux abducto valgus surgical evaluation form is presented in order
      for the podiatrist to logically assess the patient's deformity.

PMID- 2653608
TI  - The Austin bunionectomy: then and now.
AB  - The original Austin bunionectomy is reviewed, as well as modifications of this
      procedure. The various procedures that can be done in conjunction with this
      procedure are examined from the surgeon's point of view. The modifications of
      this osteotomy are discussed.

PMID- 2653609
TI  - Lapidus: when and why?
AB  - The Lapidus procedure for correction of hallux valgus has fallen into disfavor
      over the years because of its complexity and often poor results. This article re
      examines the Lapidus and describes its indications and use. The authors contend
      that the procedure does have efficacy and a place in the foot surgeon's
      armamentarium.

PMID- 2653610
TI  - Preoperative planning for hallux valgus bunion surgery: photonics versus
      templates.
AB  - Photonic techniques such as CAD can now be applied to foot and ankle surgery for
      preoperative planning. Perhaps "CAS" (computer-aided surgery) or "surgitecture"
      would be more appropriate terms for our field and application. Achievements in
      this new frontier depend on present and future generations of podiatrists who are
      willing to challenge themselves to explore the potential of photonics and to
      refine its capabilities.

PMID- 2653611
TI  - Shaft osteotomies in hallux valgus reduction.
AB  - Osteoplasty of the first metatarsal is a form of "plastic surgery" of bone. It is
      technically demanding and requires a thorough knowledge of anatomy and morphology
      of bone. Direct dissection techniques are recommended rather than layering, which
      unnecessarily devascularizes the tissues. Understanding the principles of
      osteosynthesis and absolute stability is important and will allow the surgeon
      confidence in knowing that these operative procedures can be performed safely
      with a high degree of predictability in the correction. These procedures open a
      new area for consideration in the management of the hallux valgus deformity with
      intermediate IM angle deformities.

PMID- 2653612
TI  - Fixation of metatarsal head osteotomies: when, why, and how?
AB  - There are many variables that factor into the decision to fixate a metatarsal
      head osteotomy. These decisions should be based on a thorough understanding of
      all of these factors. This article discusses osteotomies in a generic sense and
      the many variables that should be considered. It should be noted that whether
      internal fixation is employed or not, a thorough understanding of ASIF principles
      and bone healing is greatly beneficial. Many factors affect stability; these are
      discussed, as well as subtle changes in various procedures that can dramatically
      alter stability and therefore the need for fixation.

PMID- 2653613
TI  - Surgical management of hallux limitus and rigidus in the young patient.
AB  - As demonstrated in a recent survey, hallux limitus and rigidus are often the
      presenting complaints of our young population. Normal first metatarsophalangeal
      joint function depends not only on an intact articulation but also sesamoidal
      mobility and the capacity for the first metatarsal to plantarflex. Whereas acute
      or chronic microtrauma can impair articular surfaces, first metatarsal
      plantarflexion can be limited in cases of hypermobility, excessive metatarsal
      length, immobility of the first metatarsocuneiform joint, or metatarsus primus
      elevatus. Conservative therapy can be more effective in relieving the symptoms of
      hallux limitus or rigidus in young patients; however, surgical intervention is
      often necessary or desirable. The choice of surgical procedure should be based on
      the etiology of the deformity, as well as the degree of articular degeneration.
      It is the senior author's opinion that young patients with hallux limitus or
      rigidus are best served by the performance of cheilectomy with osteotomies
      designed to create an internal rocker bar mechanism. Procedures designed to
      shorten or plantarflex the first metatarsal should be reserved for obvious cases
      of excessive metatarsal length or elevation.

PMID- 2653614
TI  - Plantarflexory base wedge osteotomy in the treatment of functional and structural
      metatarsus primus elevatus.
AB  - Plantarflexory base wedge osteotomy has proven to be a viable, rewarding
      treatment, where first metatarsal phalangeal joint pathology, as a result of
      metatarsus primus elevatus, is predicted or in its earliest forms. Although this
      topic was first addressed by Lambrinudi in 1938, it has received little notice in
      the literature, and its relevance is probably underestimated. In fact, the
      diagnosis of metatarsus primus elevatus with associated advancing degenerative
      joint disease is probably being missed in a significant number of patients. The
      early signs of this condition are often disregarded even by professionals and the
      patient frequently is told there is nothing wrong. Not until hallux limitus or
      hallux rigidus develops is concern demonstrated, at which point a joint
      preservation procedure is no longer viable. The recovery from plantarflexory base
      wedge osteotomy does require a longer time period before return to weight bearing
      as compared with more commonly performed foot surgeries. This must, however, be
      weighed against the consideration of a patient needing joint resection surgery at
      a later date, not infrequently in their late 30s or 40s. In fact, a significant
      patient population in the 35 to 45 age group exists, in whom one prefers to do
      neither an implant surgery nor a joint destructive surgery, but in whom the joint
      has been significantly damaged. Performing plantarflexory base wedge osteotomy in
      appropriately selected patients will re-establish normal function and preserve
      the first metatarsal phalangeal joint articular cartilage. This approach offers
      the benefit of arresting the joint destructive process and avoiding the need for
      a joint destructive procedure in a younger patient.

PMID- 2653615
TI  - Longterm survival of normal, diploid Syrian hamster-cells in tumors induced by
      transfection with v-Ha-ras and v-myc oncogenes.
AB  - Tumors were induced following transfection of normal, diploid hamster embryo
      cells with plasmids containing the viral Harvey ras and viral myc oncogenes.
      Direct cytogenetic studies of the tumors performed at 3-7 weeks after injection
      of the transfected hamster cells into nude mice revealed that 100% of the hamster
      cells were aneuploid and no detectable diploid cells in mitosis were observed.
      However, when tumor explants were cultured in vitro, diploid Syrian hamster cells
      were frequently detected at early passages. The percentage of diploid hamster
      cells in the cultures varied from 2 to 94% at the first passage. After several
      passages in vitro, only aneuploid hamster cells were observed. The diploid
      hamster cells in culture had a flat morphology and senesced. The aneuploid cells
      in the cultures were readily cloned and formed tumors after reinjection in nude
      mice. Reconstruction experiments consisting of injecting cloned, aneuploid tumor
      cells mixed with 6 X 10(6) normal Syrian hamster embryo cells were performed.
      Cell cultures derived from these mixed tumors contained both normal and aneuploid
      hamster cells indicating that normal cells survived in vivo during the growth of
      the tumor cells for up to 4 weeks. During this period, some normal cells
      transplanted in vivo did not die or terminally differentiate. Since normal cells
      can persist in vivo, tumor-derived cell cultures are mixed populations and
      caution should be exercised in interpreting quantitative molecular or cellular
      studies of these uncloned populations.

PMID- 2653616
TI  - Cancer nursing for the elderly. A target for research.
AB  - Using the stages in the cancer illness trajectory as an organizing framework,
      this article describes information available about the elderly individual with
      cancer. Areas lacking research and suggestions for proposed nursing research are
      identified.

PMID- 2653617
TI  - The nurse's role in cancer rehabilitation. Review of the literature.
AB  - Rehabilitative nursing is an integral part of all phases of patient-centered
      care. The role of the nurse in addressing rehabilitation issues for cancer
      patients is one of teaching, counseling, and coordination. Nurses have made
      significant contributions to educational programs available to cancer patients
      and their families. The program structure, content, and setting are as varied as
      the potential patient. Site-specific support programs, as well as programs that
      identify and support positive coping behaviors, have been developed by nurses. In
      their efforts to maximize resource allocation in a variety of settings, nurses
      have developed roles and programs that promote the process of rehabilitation.
      This review of nursing literature provides a source for nurses wishing to
      continue designing programs that enhance rehabilitation.

PMID- 2653618
TI  - Cancer as a disease of DNA organization and dynamic cell structure.

PMID- 2653619
TI  - Most effective route of administration and utilization of high-dose chemotherapy
      with bone marrow transplantation in rats.
AB  - In order to find out which anticancer drugs could utilize to the best advantage a
      syngeneic bone marrow transplantation in high-dose chemotherapy for cancer, we
      tested six drugs [nimustine hydrochloride (ACNU), Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide
      (CY), mitomycin c, vindesin, etoposide] in Sprague-Dawley rats from a standpoint
      of the beneficial effect of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Two or three
      varying doses of each drug were administered i.v. on Day 0, followed by the
      injection of syngeneic bone marrow (BM) cells (5 x 10(7), i.v.) on Day 2, and the
      animals were observed for over 60 days. Adriamycin caused high rates of
      peripheral neuropathy, and was therefore judged to be inappropriate for high-dose
      chemotherapy-BMT in this animal model. Among the other five drugs, a beneficial
      effect of BMT was observed only with CY (300-400 mg/kg) and ACNU (40 mg/kg). In
      order to enhance the beneficial effect of BMT observed with CY and ACNU, a way of
      drug administration was designed and carried out. Consequently a higher survival
      rate was obtained in the following experimental groups: (a) (CY 200 mg/kg, Days 0
      and 1) + BMT greater than (CY 400 mg/kg, Day 0) + BMT, (ACNU 20 mg/kg, Days 0 and
      1) + BMT greater than (ACNU 40 mg/kg, Day 0) + BMT. (b) (CY 200 mg/kg + ACNU 20
      mg/kg, Day 0) + BMT greater than (CY 400 mg/kg or ACNU 40 mg/kg, Day 0) + BMT.
      (c) (CY 200 mg/kg, Day 0) + (ACNU 20 mg/kg, Day 1) + BMT greater than (ACNU 20
      mg/kg, Day 0) + (CY 200 mg/kg, Day 1) + BMT. Among the six anticancer drugs
      tested in this study, CY and ACNU were suggested to be more appropriate drugs for
      high-dose chemotherapy-BMT, but methods for reducing drug toxicity (dose,
      combination, sequence) were necessary so as to enhance the beneficial effect of
      the BMT.

PMID- 2653620
TI  - Review of European clinical experience with fenofibrate.
AB  - Since the introduction of fenofibrate to European clinical practice in 1975, some
      6.5 million patient-years of experience in the treatment of hyperlipidemia have
      been accumulated. A review of results of clinical trials shows fenofibrate to
      have a broad spectrum of lipid-lowering activity, reducing the total cholesterol
      level by 20-25% in type IIa patients and triglycerides by 40-60% in type IIb and
      IV patients. High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are reduced and,
      where low at baseline, high-density lipoprotein levels are increased. An
      associated activity is a 10-28% reduction in serum uric acid levels. Adverse
      reactions in the mostly open clinical trials ranged from 2-15%; mild
      gastrointestinal problems dominated, and occurred with much the same frequency in
      the placebo-treated groups of controlled trials. There are also reports of
      fatigue, headache, loss of libido, dizziness, and insomnia. Some excess of skin
      rash emerged as the only statistically significant unwanted clinical effect in
      one placebo-controlled trial. Biochemically, there are occasional fluctuations in
      serum transaminase values, while gamma-glucuronyl transferase and alkaline
      phosphatase are often decreased, all without apparent clinical significance.
      Lithogenicity of the bile is often increased above pretreatment levels, but there
      is no evidence from trials or postmarketing surveillance that the use of
      fenofibrate is associated with an increase of gallstone formation.

PMID- 2653621
TI  - Review of the effects of fenofibrate on lipoproteins, apoproteins, and bile
      saturation: US studies.
AB  - The first well-controlled studies of fenofibrate in the United States indicate
      that the drug is safe and effective for the treatment of type IIa and type IIb
      hyperlipidemia. Fenofibrate produced a marked reduction in triglyceride (TG)
      levels (p less than 0.01) as well as a uniform decrease in very-low-density
      lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol levels (p less than 0.01) and a rise in high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (p less than 0.01) in 227 subjects
      with both type IIa and IIb hyperlipidemias. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol levels also fell: 20.3% in type IIa and 6% in type IIb subjects.
      Fenofibrate also affected the structure and composition of some of the major
      classes of lipoproteins: increases in apolipoproteins (apo) AI and AII and
      decreases in apo B and apo E were consistent with reductions in TG, VLDL, and LDL
      and increases in HDL. Tolerance of fenofibrate was excellent, with most side
      effects being transitory or reversible. Thus, based on the lipid hypothesis of
      atherosclerosis, therapy with fenofibrate can potentially lead to significant
      reductions in cardiovascular disease in type IIa and type IIb
      hyperlipoproteinemia.

PMID- 2653622
TI  - Fenofibrate in type IV and type V hyperlipoproteinemia.
AB  - A US multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed to
      evaluate the efficacy and safety of fenofibrate in patients with type IV or V
      hyperlipoproteinemia. One hundred forty-seven patients entered the study and all
      were stabilized on a low-fat diet. Following a placebo baseline period, patients
      were stratified according to plasma triglyceride (TG) levels (group A, 350-499
      mg/dl; group B, 500-1,500 mg/dl) and randomly assigned to treatment with either
      100 mg fenofibrate or one placebo capsule three times a day with meals.
      Demographically, the treatment groups were similar. A dramatic reduction in total
      TG levels occurred in the fenofibrate-treated patients but not in the placebo
      treated patients. This effect was seen in both group A (46%) and group B (55%)
      patients and reached near-maximum reduction in only 2 weeks of treatment. In both
      groups, fenofibrate treatment also decreased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
      TG, total cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol, and increased high-density
      lipoprotein levels. Adverse effects of fenofibrate were minimal compared with
      placebo and resolved when the drug was discontinued. Overall, fenofibrate was
      found to be effective in patients with type IV or V hyperlipoproteinemia, and
      caused no clinically significant adverse effects that would preclude its use in
      these patients.

PMID- 2653623
TI  - Review of clinical studies of fenofibrate in combination with currently approved
      lipid-lowering drugs.
AB  - Recent trials have investigated the usefulness of fenofibrate, alone and in
      combination with other lipid-lowering therapies, in the treatment of
      hyperlipidemia. Studies of fenofibrate + bile acid sequestrants demonstrate that
      these two therapies may have an additive effect in reducing total cholesterol,
      low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
      cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia or
      familial hypercholesterolemia. These lipoprotein changes have been associated
      with a regression of tendon xanthoma. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that
      bile acid sequestrants do not alter the absorption or the plasma levels of
      fenofibrate. The combined use of fenofibrate with bile acid sequestrants has been
      found to be comparably effective with the new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme
      A reductase inhibitor, synvinolin, with respect to the reduction of total
      cholesterol and LDL. Although synvinolin was more effective in lowering LDL, VLDL
      cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced to a greater extent with fenofibrate.
      Another notable difference was that fenofibrate + bile acids more markedly
      increased HDL levels. The combination of fenofibrate + nicotinic acid also
      appears to have a beneficial effect on lipoproteins. These preliminary results
      indicate that fenofibrate may be a useful addition to the present lipid-lowering
      drug armamentarium.

PMID- 2653624
TI  - Review of clinical studies of bile acid sequestrants for lowering plasma lipid
      levels.
AB  - Both alone and in combination with other lipid-lowering drugs, the bile acid
      sequestrants cholestyramine and colestipol, are excellent agents for lowering
      circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. They have been
      shown to lower the incidence of new coronary events and to retard the progression
      of coronary atherosclerosis. They also induce qualitative changes in lipoproteins
      whose significance requires further investigation but may be of significance in
      coronary disease prevention. While side effects may be bothersome for some
      patients, they can generally be managed effectively. In particular, modest
      lowering of dosage may preserve considerable LDL cholesterol lowering and
      virtually eliminate side effects. Sequestrants appear to be among the safest and
      most effective drugs in the cholesterol-lowering armamentarium.

PMID- 2653625
TI  - Angiographic assessment of atherosclerosis during lipid-lowering therapy.

PMID- 2653626
TI  - New horizons in combination drug therapy for hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - A modest number of hypolipidemic drugs are currently available, and their use as
      single agents frequently fails to adequately control patients with severe
      hypercholesterolemia. Combined-drug regimens afford the opportunity to maximize
      the cholesterol-lowering effects of drugs that have different mechanisms of
      action and, at the same time, minimize potential side effects. The bile acid
      sequestrants (cholestyramine and colestipol) enhance fecal sterol excretion and
      are nonsystemically acting; they have provided the cornerstone for the majority
      of the established combined-drug regimens. The most effective regimens have used
      bile acid sequestrants in combination with nicotinic acid, or more recently,
      lovastatin or simvastatin. Combinations in which fenofibrate, bezafibrate, or
      probucol have been used with cholestyramine or colestipol have also been shown to
      be useful although the low-density-lipoprotein-lowering effect of probucol
      appears quite variable. The use of low doses of bile acid sequestrants (4-8 g/day
      of cholestyramine or 5-10 g/day of colestipol) in combination with lovastatin,
      simvastatin, or probucol provides a therapeutic regimen that is usually well
      tolerated, shows additive lipid lowering, and is cost effective.

PMID- 2653627
TI  - Thrombosis/platelets and other blood factors in acute coronary syndromes.
AB  - We support the concept of a common anatomic and physiologic link between the
      acute coronary syndromes, which consists of plaque fissuring or rupture, leading
      to exposure of the circulating blood to collagen, lipids, and smooth muscle
      cells. This, in turn, results in marked platelet activation and the initiation of
      the coagulation sequence, both of which lead to thrombus formation. What
      determines the clinical outcome in these patients is the suddenness of coronary
      occlusion, the completeness of blood flow deprivation, and most importantly, its
      duration. In unstable angina, either plaque disruption resulting in an abrupt
      change in its morphologic configuration with reduction of coronary blood flow or
      increased myocardial oxygen demand are associated with increased exertional
      symptoms. In rest angina, two events may take place: formation of a transient and
      labile thrombus due to platelet and clotting activation, or vasospasm associated
      with the release of platelet-derived vasoconstrictive substances or loss of
      endothelial relaxing properties. As a result, transient myocardial ischemia
      occurs, which may be intermittent and recurrent and may progress to myocardial
      infarction or sudden death. In myocardial infarction, plaque rupture is usually
      more severe, leading to the formation of an occlusive or near-occlusive thrombus
      which may be more persistent and fixed to the arterial wall. The duration of
      coronary blood flow deprivation needs to be sufficiently long in order to produce
      myocardial cell death. Moreover, the difference between Q-wave and non-Q-wave
      infarction is probably determined by the duration of blood flow obstruction,
      being longer in the former. The presence of a functionally adequate collateral
      circulation will, in part, determine the survival of the area of myocardium at
      jeopardy. The coronary events that take place in ischemic sudden death are
      probably similar to those in unstable angina, namely plaque rupture with thrombus
      formation. In sudden death, the resulting myocardial ischemia may precipitate
      fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Alternatively, platelet microemboli from ulcerated
      arterial plaques may produce multiple areas of myocardial necrosis which can
      result in electrical instability and ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 2653628
TI  - Early biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis.

PMID- 2653629
TI  - Radionuclide diagnosis and assessment of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The information presented in this review illustrates the different and
      potentially important clinical data that are obtainable from currently or soon-to
      be-available radionuclide imaging procedures. Each modality has unavoidable
      intrinsic limitations. Nevertheless, in concert they have been useful in the
      clinical assessment of patients in the acute or convalescent phase of myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2653630
TI  - Unrecognized myocardial infarction.
AB  - MI is frequently unrecognized for reasons that are unknown, comprising
      approximately 40 percent of all MIs that occur. Although many unrecognized MIs
      are accompanied by symptoms of some sort, probably half are totally asymptomatic.
      Patients with unrecognized MI seem to be similar to those with typical
      presentations, with similar risk factors and other characteristics. It appears
      that MI carries the same prognosis whether clinically apparent or not and,
      therefore, warrants management in both cases. Therapy for silent MI should be
      aimed at (1) identification and modification of risk factors, (2) identification
      and treatment of residual ischemia, and (3) attempts at reducing the risk of
      reinfarction with subsequent morbidity and mortality. As we develop a better
      understanding of silent ischemic heart disease, hopefully the optimal management
      strategy for these patients will emerge.

PMID- 2653631
TI  - Q-wave versus non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2653632
TI  - Changing outcome in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Beta blockers, glucose-insulin-potassium, nitrates, and thrombolytic
      interventions have been demonstrated to reduce the mortality of acute MI. Because
      of the number of interventions available, it will become progressively more
      difficult to isolate their additional benefits. The next challenge will be to
      determine the ideal combination of interventions to limit infarct size maximally
      in the context of early reperfusion, thereby limiting reperfusion injury and
      further improving salvage.

PMID- 2653633
TI  - Myocardial infarction in the young and in women.
AB  - Although only 2 percent to 6 percent of MIs occur in young patients, this
      disorder represents a major cause of long-term disability in this group. In these
      patients, an increased number of conventional risk factors has been observed,
      with cigarette smoking being the most prevalent. Angiography in young patients
      with MI most often demonstrates single-vessel CAD and slow progression of
      atherosclerosis. When multivessel CAD is found, the long-term prognosis is less
      favorable. In women, CAD is more likely to present as angina than MI or sudden
      death. Cigarette smoking and oral contraceptive use are important risk factors.
      Although MIs in women occur less often than in men, women experience a less
      favorable acute and long-term prognosis.

PMID- 2653634
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - This decade has witnessed the establishment of thrombolysis, the most widely
      available therapeutic intervention that specifically treats the direct cause of
      myocardial infarction and leads to biologically and clinically compelling patient
      outcome benefits. The next series of investigational tasks will refine issues
      such as patient and drug selection and optimal postlysis strategies.

PMID- 2653635
TI  - Interventional therapy in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Large multicenter trials have shown an improvement in both survival and left
      ventricular function in patients undergoing reperfusion therapy in acute
      myocardial infarction. The most practical approach in treatment of patients with
      acute myocardial infarction involves intravenous administration of effective
      thrombolytic agents as soon as possible in the course of myocardial infarction.
      This approach using r-tPA results in reperfusion in approximately two-thirds of
      patients. In patients with contraindications to thrombolytic therapy and
      extensive injury current or hemodynamic compromise, emergent cardiac
      catheterization should be performed followed by immediate PTCA or bypass surgery.
      In patients who have already been treated with thrombolytic agents, controversy
      exists as to the optimal timing of cardiac catheterization to define coronary
      anatomy and the need for additional revascularization. We suggest that the most
      beneficial therapeutic strategy for the majority of patients is rapid
      administration of an effective intravenous thrombolytic agent combined with
      aspirin and heparin. Cardiac catheterization and PTCA or coronary artery bypass
      graft surgery may be deferred in stable patients. This approach is supported by
      evidence showing a lack of additional improvement in mortality and left
      ventricular function in patients treated with urgent PTCA. The advent of new
      therapeutic modalities in acute myocardial infarction, such as thrombolysis, has
      created a new subset of patients who either will have an improved prognosis if
      coronary artery reperfusion is completed or will have an increased risk for
      recurrent myocardial ischemia if definite revascularization is delayed.

PMID- 2653636
TI  - Conventional drug therapy of patients with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - In medicine and in cardiology one must be aware that there is no "standard"
      management for any condition. However, some guidelines can be offered for the
      management of myocardial infarction in the early stages. The following can be
      considered an aggressive but stepwise approach to therapy of patients with
      suspected myocardial infarction using conventional drugs with or without
      thrombolytic therapy or coronary angioplasty. Any patient presenting with
      prolonged chest pain occurring at rest should have an electrocardiogram. If the
      ECG is abnormal, an evolving myocardial infarction can be suspected. In this
      setting, oxygen should be administered if the patient is dyspneic, cyanotic, or
      has rales in the chest, intravenous nitroglycerin should be given, and the
      patient's response should be assessed. Caution should be observed at this point
      if the patient is sweating or hypotensive. Administration of a vasodilator in a
      dehydrated patient may drop the blood pressure further. If pain is relieved and
      the ECG returns to normal, the working diagnosis is severe angina. However, acute
      myocardial infarction should not be dismissed. A strong case for the use of
      intravenous heparin can be made to prevent the redevelopment of intracoronary
      clot inasmuch as thrombosis probably occurs in most patients presenting with
      unstable and severe angina, as it most surely does in patients with an evolving
      acute myocardial infarction. If nitrates and oxygen relieve chest pain but the
      ECG remains abnormal, for example, ST segment elevation, the diagnosis of acute
      evolving myocardial infarction must be considered and intravenous nitrates should
      be continued. If the patient has no relief of pain from nitrates and oxygen and
      the ECG remains abnormal, morphine sulfate should be administered intravenously
      in sufficient dosage to relieve the chest pain but not produce hypotension or
      hypoventilation. Once the diagnosis of myocardial infarction has been made, some
      would begin administering intravenous lidocaine as prophylaxis against the
      ventricular arrhythmias commonly encountered in the earlier stages of myocardial
      infarction. It has not been my practice to use prophylactic lidocaine, but I
      believe it is prudent to have a low threshold for the use of this drug in
      patients with frequent PVCs, especially if they are multifocal. If the patient
      exhibits symptomatic bradycardia or heart block, a trial with intravenous
      atropine is warranted. Additionally, while all of this is going on, one should
      contemplate using beta-blockers if there is good indication, and thrombolytic
      therapy if there are no contraindications to its use.

PMID- 2653637
TI  - New approaches to management of arrhythmias after myocardial infarction.
AB  - More effective modalities for the evaluation and management of arrhythmias in the
      postinfarction patient continue to evolve. They offer the hope of significantly
      ameliorating the morbidity and mortality associated with these arrhythmias.
      Although arrhythmias and disturbances of conduction are among the most important
      and potentially lethal consequences of myocardial infarction, advances in
      evaluation and management of these problems have helped to improve prognosis for
      these patients. Greater long-term arrhythmia-free survival can be achieved when
      therapy is guided by programmed electrical stimulation. Pacemakers, newer
      antiarrhythmic drugs, the automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator,
      catheter ablation, and surgery are all important tools in the management of
      ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden death.

PMID- 2653638
TI  - Risk profiling the patient after acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Patients surviving acute myocardial infarction form a large, heterogeneous group
      at risk for few or many varied complications with widely varied prognoses. By
      examining fundamental aspects of cardiac function such as left ventricular
      function, electrical instability, and residual ischemia as well as comorbid
      factors such as diabetes, a patient's risk for subsequent morbidity and mortality
      may be predicted. It is hoped that by identifying patients at increased risk, one
      may be able to alter the natural history of their disease.

PMID- 2653639
TI  - Atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic coronary artery factors in acute
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2653640
TI  - New concepts in the pathophysiology of acute myocardial ischemia and infarction
      and their relevance to contemporary management.
AB  - Acute myocardial infarction is one of the most challenging and changing areas in
      clinical medicine. This introduction should provide both an overview and
      necessary background for the clinician to make full use of the remaining chapters
      in this monograph.

PMID- 2653641
TI  - [The mysterious Sagar].

PMID- 2653642
TI  - Cysteamine and the endocrine pancreas: immunocytochemical, immunochemical, and
      functional aspects.
AB  - To evaluate the previously reported depletion of pancreatic somatostatin by
      cysteamine (beta-mercaptoethylamine), mice were injected subcutaneously with the
      drug at 300 mg/kg. Immunocytochemical analysis performed on sections from tissue
      taken at 4 h after the injection revealed an elimination of somatostatin-14-like
      immunoreactivity without alterations in the somatostatin-28(1-12)-like
      immunoreactivity. In sections from tissues taken at 24 h after injection, no
      differences between cysteamine-injected animals and controls were observed.
      Immunochemical analysis of somatostatin-14-like immunoreactivity in pancreatic
      extracts showed a significant reduction of the concentration (P less than 0.001).
      In contrast, no change in the insulin concentration was observed. Functionally,
      cysteamine lowered the plasma glucose levels at 1 h after injection; this effect
      persisted for 6 h. Plasma insulin levels were likewise reduced transiently by
      cysteamine. Concomitant administration of somatostatin did not influence these
      effects of cysteamine. The plasma glucose-lowering effect of cysteamine was seen
      also in alloxan-diabetic mice. We conclude that cysteamine alters the
      immunoreactive characteristics of pancreatic somatostatin without affecting the
      immunoreactivity of insulin, and that cysteamine transiently reduces plasma
      glucose and insulin levels.

PMID- 2653643
TI  - 225-Kilodalton phosphoprotein associated with mitotic centrosomes in sea urchin
      eggs.
AB  - Protein phosphorylation during development of sea urchin eggs from fertilization
      to first cleavage was examined by labeling cells with specific antiphosphoprotein
      antibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence staining with monoclonal
      antithiophosphoprotein antibody (Gerhart et al.: Cytobios 43:335-347, 1985) has
      revealed that nuclei as well as centrosomes, kinetochores, and midbodies were
      specifically thiophosphorylated in developing eggs incubated with adenosine 5'-O
      (3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP-gamma-S). The phosphorylation reaction required Mg2+
      but was not dependent on cAMP or calmodulin in detergent-extracted models.
      Centrosomes were purified by fractionation of isolated mitotic spindles with 0.5
      M KCl extraction. The thiophosphoproteins were retained in the purified
      centrosomes and the antibody recognized a major 225-Kd polypeptide on
      immunoblots. In an independent preparation, a monoclonal antiphosphoprotein
      antibody (CHO3) was found also to react with mitotic poles and stained a 225-Kd
      polypeptide, confirming the centrosome specificity of this protein.
      Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the 225-Kd thiophosphoprotein was found at
      mitotic poles associated with granules to which mitotic microtubules were
      directly attached. Unlike centrosomes in permeabilized eggs, those in isolated
      spindles could not be thiophosphorylated, possibly due to inactivation or loss of
      either phosphorylation enzymes or cofactors, or both, during isolation. The
      immunofluorescence labeling of thiophosphate could be inhibited by ATP and
      AMP.PNP in a concentration-dependent manner. Exogenous ATP could abolish
      thiophosphate-staining more effectively when added with phosphatase inhibitors,
      suggesting a dynamic state in which centrosomal proteins are being phosphorylated
      and dephosphorylated in rapid succession by the action of protein kinase(s) and
      phosphatase(s).

PMID- 2653644
TI  - Visualization of intermediate filaments in living cells using fluorescently
      labeled desmin.
AB  - Fluorescently labeled desmin was incorporated into intermediate filaments when
      microinjected into living tissue culture cells. The desmin, purified from chicken
      gizzard smooth muscle and labeled with the fluorescent dye iodoacetamido
      rhodamine, was capable of forming a network of 10-nm filaments in solution. The
      labeled protein associated specifically with the native vimentin filaments in
      permeabilized, unfixed interphase and mitotic PtK2 cells. The labeled desmin was
      microinjected into living, cultured embryonic skeletal myotubes, where it became
      incorporated in straight fibers aligned along the long axis of the myotubes. Upon
      exposure to nocodazole, microinjected myotubes exhibited wavy, fluorescent
      filament bundles around the muscle nuclei. In PtK2 cells, an epithelial cell
      line, injected desmin formed a filamentous network, which colocalized with the
      native vimentin intermediate filaments but not with the cytokeratin networks and
      microtubular arrays. Exposure of the injected cells to nocadazole or acrylamide
      caused the desmin network to collapse and form a perinuclear cap that was
      indistinguishable from vimentin caps in the same cells. During mitosis, labeled
      desmin filaments were excluded from the spindle area, forming a cage around it.
      The filaments were partitioned into two groups either during anaphase or at the
      completion of cytokinesis. In the former case, the perispindle desmin filaments
      appeared to be stretched into two parts by the elongating spindle. In the latter
      case, a continuous bundle of filaments extended along the length of the spindle
      and appeared to be pinched in two by the contracting cleavage furrow. In these
      cells, desmin filaments were present in the midbody where they gradually were
      removed as the desmin filament network became redistributed throughout the
      cytoplasm of the spreading daughter cells.

PMID- 2653646
TI  - Direct visualization of bipolar myosin filaments in stress fibers of cultured
      fibroblasts.
AB  - The authors examined the molecular organization of myosin in stress fibers
      (microfilament bundles) of cultured mouse embryo fibroblasts. To visualize the
      organization of myosin filaments in these cells, fibroblast cytoskeletons were
      treated with gelsolin-like protein from bovine brain (hereafter called brain
      gelsolin), which selectively disrupts actin filaments. As shown earlier
      [Verkhovsky et al., 1987], this treatment did not remove myosin from the stress
      fibers. The actin-free cytoskeletons then were lightly sonicated to loosen the
      packing of the remaining stress fiber components and fixed with glutaraldehyde.
      Electron microscopy of platinum replicas of these preparations revealed dumbbell
      shaped structures of approximately 0.28 micron in length, which were identified
      as bipolar myosin filaments by using antibodies to fragments of myosin molecule
      (subfragment 1 and light meromyosin) and colloidal gold label. Bipolar filaments
      of myosin in actin-free cytoskeletons were often organized in chains and lattices
      formed by end-to-end contacts of individual filaments at their head-containing
      regions. Therefore, after extraction of actin, it was possible for the first time
      to display bipolar myosin filaments in the stress fibers of cultured cells.

PMID- 2653645
TI  - Immunocytochemical studies of spectrin in hamster cardiac tissue.
AB  - The spectrins are a family of cytoskeletal-membrane proteins that have a wide
      tissue distribution. In the present study, we employed polyclonal antibodies made
      against mammalian and avian erythroid spectrins as well as mammalian brain
      spectrin to assess their presence and distributions in the mammalian heart.
      Western blot analyses revealed that all three antibodies were specific for a
      240,000 molecular weight alpha-spectrin subunit found in hamster erythrocyte
      ghost homogenates, whole hamster heart, and isolated hamster cardiac myofibril
      homogenates. Spectrin staining was absent from the Triton X-100-extracted
      supernatant fraction of myofibril preparations, suggesting that the protein is
      linked to the myofibril precipitate after exposure to the detergent. Frozen,
      unfixed, 2-microns-thick; sections of adult. Syrian golden hamster cardiac tissue
      exhibited strong immunofluorescent staining of intercalated discs and Z-bands
      using all three antibodies. In addition, the mammalian erythroid spectrin
      antibodies showed staining of the sarcolemma, and in cross section, revealed a
      delicate internal network of staining that appears to surround individual
      myofibrils. This may be T-tubule-associated staining. Myofibrils isolated from
      cardiac myocytes using Triton X-100 show positive Z-band staining using all three
      antibodies. Double staining with Texas Red-labeled monoclonal desmin and FITC
      labeled polyclonal spectrin antibodies revealed that both stained the
      myofibrillar Z-line regions. These results demonstrate that spectrin is closely
      associated with the membranes, myofibrils, and intermediate filaments in the
      mammalian heart.

PMID- 2653647
TI  - Cellular morphogenesis and the formation of marginal bands in amphibian splenic
      erythroblasts.
AB  - The spleen of Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) larvae develops as a closed sac
      containing differentiating nucleated erythrocytes, and is typically isolated from
      the general circulation for about 10 days post-hatching. Beginning 3-4 days
      posthatching, it can be removed intact for examination of the morphology and
      cytoskeletal structure of the erythropoietic cells. In the smallest (earliest)
      spleens, spheroidal cells predominate, while older ones contain a preponderance
      of cells exhibiting the flattened elliptical morphology typical of all non
      mammalian vertebrate erythrocytes. Most striking in the splenic erythroid
      population are cells with singly or doubly pointed morphology. Though common in
      the developing spleen and circulation of young larvae, pointed cells are less
      frequently encountered in the circulation of older larvae, indicating that they
      are intermediate stages in the differentiation of spheroids to flattened
      ellipsoids. This is supported by structural observations on cytoskeletons
      prepared from the splenic cells. Incomplete singly and doubly pointed marginal
      bands of microtubules are observed, many of which contain a pair of centrioles
      within or close to a pointed end, suggestive of organizing center function. The
      observations are consistent with a sequence of changes in cell morphology from
      spherical to doubly pointed to singly pointed to flattened ellipse, causally
      linked to stages of marginal band biogenesis.

PMID- 2653648
TI  - Establishment of a stable, acetylated microtubule bundle during neuronal
      commitment.
AB  - Two posttranslational modifications of alpha-tubulin, acetylation and
      detyrosination, are associated with stable microtubule (MT) populations,
      including those of neuronal processes. We have used a pluripotent embryonal
      carcinoma cell line, P19, to investigate changes in MT isotype and stability
      found in MT arrays during neurogenesis. This cell line has an advantage in that
      both commitment- and differentiation-related events can be observed. Uncommitted
      P19 cells have minimal arrays of acetylated and detyrosinated MTs. Following
      neuronal induction with retinoic acid (RA), indirect immunofluorescence
      microscopy shows that the first MT modifications occur during commitment and
      before any morphological change is observed. RA-induced cells initially
      polymerize a temporarily enlarged population of MTs. Included in this population
      is a new array of acetylated MTs arranged in a bundle of parallel MTs. This
      bundle is colchicine-stable, although no MT-associated proteins (MAPs) are
      detectable using a battery of anti-MAP antibodies. Observation of MT arrays with
      patterns that are intermediate between the early bundles and short neurites
      suggests that the acetylated MT bundle subsequently extends to form a neurite.
      MAP 2 is first detected at about the time of neurite extension. However, at this
      early stage of differentiation, MAP 2 is not yet limited to dendritic processes.
      This report provides the first evidence that the stable MTs of mature neurons may
      be initiated during neuronal commitment.

PMID- 2653649
TI  - The molecular basis of immune cytokine action.
AB  - The polypeptide hormones governing the proliferation and differentiation of the
      mature immune system and hematopoiesis are collectively referred to as
      lymphokines. We have examined a number of biochemical and molecular events
      stimulated by several unique lymphokines which exhibit proliferative activity on
      lymphoid and myeloid cell lines. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and several members of the
      colony-stimulating factors (IL-3, G-CSF, and GM-CSF) stimulate similar patterns
      of cellular phosphorylation including the prominent phosphorylation of a 68-kDa
      substrate present in numerous distinct lineage cell lines. The 68-kDa substrate
      is phosphorylated by protein kinase C on threonine residues and is primarily
      cytosolic. Another kinase system activated by either physiological ligand or
      synthetic diacylglycerol phosphorylated the 40S ribosomal protein in a dose
      dependent manner. The increased phosphorylation of S6 protein was associated with
      enhanced chain elongation in vitro. The kinase responsible for the in situ
      phosphorylation, however, was not protein kinase-C (PK-C) but another
      physicochemically distinct Mg2+-dependent enzyme (termed S6 kinase). These
      studies suggested that, although PK-C was activated by diacylglycerol, another
      kinase, S6 kinase, was the effector enzyme involved in the phosphorylation of the
      40S protein. IL-2 and all other CSFs tested stimulated the transcription of the
      nuclear protooncogenes c-fos, c-myc, and c-myb. In addition, ornithine
      decarboxylase mRNA accumulation was also stimulated. Phorbol esters also
      stimulated similar gene expression; however, cyclic AMP analog inhibited phorbol
      ester or ligand-induced c-myc expression and ODC mRNA accumulation. Cyclic AMP
      agonists are antiproliferative to all the growth factors tested. We have
      constructed complementary oligonucleotides, "antisense", against c-fos, c-myc,
      and other structural genes induced by the growth factors. Such antisense
      oligomers were capable of selectively deleting protein expression of the
      respective gene products and inhibited the biological action of the growth
      factors.

PMID- 2653650
TI  - Photoactivation and photocontrolled release of bioactive materials.
AB  - Photoresponsive systems are widespread in nature, and life processes such as
      photosynthesis, vision, phototropism, and phototaxis are linked with structural
      changes of molecules caused by sunlight. Similar photochemical transformations
      can be employed to render synthetic agrochemicals and drugs active or to govern
      their bioavailability at the site of action. Related fundamental physical and
      chemical processes are discussed as part of the introductory paragraph. In
      agrochemical applications mainly three different ways have been reported as to
      how light can be utilized to optimize pesticidal effects in crop protection. The
      hypersensitization of certain pests to sunlight by chemical compounds represents
      an effective approach and exists also as a natural mechanism of defense. Photo
      removable protective groups and various photoreactive structural moieties have
      successfully been applied for the rational design of light-activated
      propesticides. Finally, daylight can function as a triggering and governing
      factor in controlled-release systems based on photoresponsive polymers. Among the
      major advantages of light-regulated pesticides, the target-directed activation
      and the inherent detoxification predominate. In biomedical applications, light
      has also been used to activate compounds to time their action. Although radiation
      of various types (microwave, X-ray, and gamma radiation) has been used
      extensively for both treatment and diagnostics, the limited access of UV and
      visible light to most tissues of the body prevents its general use as the
      activating trigger. We review here three areas only: cutaneous photobiology
      related applications; photoaffinity labeling; and porphyrins as therapeutic
      agents.

PMID- 2653651
TI  - [Verification of the preparation of Streptococcus pyogenes str. A1 96/50 based on
      the results of growth properties of media].
AB  - For tests of the growth properties of media Czechoslovak standards prescribe a
      culture of the Streptococcus pyogenes strain Str. A1 96/50 which must be shaken
      with sea sand and diluted with a gelatin solution. The author found that shaking
      the culture with sea sand usually reduces significantly (P less than 0.05) the
      number of colonies in agar medium, as compared with a culture which did not have
      this treatment. The author also found that there is no significant difference (P
      greater than 0.05) in the number of colonies when the culture is diluted with a
      gelatin solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution. He proved that there is no
      significant difference (P greater than 0.05) in the scatter of the number of
      colonies in agar when the culture is shaken with sea sand or if it is diluted
      with a gelatin solution, as compared with a culture not shaken with sand or
      diluted with sodium chloride solution.

PMID- 2653652
TI  - [A vaccine against tetanus with a higher level of tetanus toxoid].
AB  - In an immunological survey of the population it was revealed that the population
      above 60 years is not adequately protected against tetanus. This is probably to a
      considerable extent due to changes in the immune system as a result of age
      conditioned changes and also due to an inadequate stimulus in the form of
      vaccine. The author prepared therefore an anti-tetanus vaccine with a higher
      antigen content. After its administration to a group of elderly subjects
      experimental evidence was provided of its favourable effect on the formation of
      tetanic antitoxin. The main attention was focused on the effect of vaccine in
      prophylaxis of tetanus after injuries.

PMID- 2653653
TI  - [Use of the coagglutination test in the detection of thermolabile enterotoxin of
      Escherichia coli].
AB  - The authors examined 39 strains of E. coli isolated from patients with the
      clinical diagnosis of diarrhoea for the presence of thermolabile enterotoxin (LT
      I). For assessment of LT-I adaptation of the staphylococcal coagglutination
      technique was used. Suspension of a strain of staphylococcus aureus Cowan I, MAU,
      55/64 was sensitized with a specific antibody against LT-I (not diluted and
      diluted). 50 ng purified enterotoxin created with the thus sensitized
      staphylococcal suspension a still reproducible coagglutination. The above test
      revealed that none of the tested strains of E. coli produced the thermolabile LT
      I enterotoxin.

PMID- 2653654
TI  - [Steroid hormones and glucose tolerance in pregnancy].

PMID- 2653655
TI  - [The importance of immunofluorescence methods in dermatology].
AB  - An immediate significance of detection of antibodies by fluorescence distinguish
      pemphigus, pemphigoid, herpetiform dermatitis and erythematodes. In vasculi
      immunohistology was reviewed for diagnostic dermatopahology. Immunohistology
      helped to tides and lichen ruber planus there were findings more difficult for
      diagnostis but stimulating.

PMID- 2653656
TI  - [Enzymology of the cerebrospinal fluid].

PMID- 2653657
TI  - [Noninvasive imaging methods and angiography in the diagnosis of chronic viscero
      visceral arterial collateral circulation in stenosis of the celiac trunk].
AB  - Stenosis or even occlusion of truncus coeliacus represents the most frequent
      cause in the development of collateral blood circulation with caudiocranial flow
      through extended pancreatic-duodenal arcades. In a group of 32 patients with such
      mesenteric-coeliacal collateral circulation their arteriographic picture was
      evaluated. The authors evaluated differences and specific diagnostic contribution
      of individual visualization methods for demonstration of arteries. The non
      invasive visualization methods are of exceptional contribution in the examination
      of abdominoretroperitoneal region by considerably decreasing the needs of
      invasive angiographic examination of catheterization technique. This leads to a
      decrease in the number of diagnosed chronically developed viscerovisceral
      arterial collateral circulations of various etiologies. Ultrasonography and
      computer tomography well depicts morphological changes in the aorta diameter as
      well as unpaired visceral arteries in the segment of their branching. The
      viscerovisceral arterial collateral circulations, however, may not be detected or
      at least not to a sufficient degree. They are represented in detail in the whole
      course only by selective arteriography. The authors draw attention to
      supplementary role of arteriography within the framework of non-invasive
      visualization methods.

PMID- 2653658
TI  - [Ultrasonographic detection of concretions in the choledochal cyst diagnosed in
      Caroli's disease in infants].
AB  - In a seven-month boy the authors diagnosed a concretion in the choledochus cyst
      and cystic dilation of intrahepatic bile ducts by ultrasonography. The finding
      was verified by surgery.

PMID- 2653659
TI  - Treatment of relapsed and refractory acute leukaemia with high-dose cytosine
      arabinoside and etoposide.
AB  - A total of 65 patients under the age of 55 with acute leukaemia received high
      dose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) in combination with high-dose etoposide without
      an anthracycline. Complete remission rates for patients with relapsed or
      refractory acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) were 15/25 (60%) and 11/16 (69%),
      respectively. The complete remission rate for patients with refractory or
      relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) was 10/18 (56%). The treatment
      related mortality was 17%. Nine patients whose leukaemia relapsed after matched
      allogeneic, sibling bone-marrow transplantation (BMT) were also treated in this
      way; the treatment-related mortality in this group was high (7/9) and the
      duration of remission in the two patients who responded, too short to justify
      this intensive treatment in such patients. Similarly, patients who underwent BMT
      after achieving a complete remission with high-dose Ara-C and etoposide did very
      poorly, only one patient surviving well and disease-free at 8 months. The
      important finding in this study was the high complete remission rate rapidly
      obtained in patients with relapsed or refractory AML without using an
      anthracycline.

PMID- 2653660
TI  - High-dose combination cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and melphalan with autologous
      bone marrow support. A clinical and pharmacologic study.
AB  - A total of 23 patients were treated at five dose escalations with high-dose
      combination cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and melphalan with autologous bone
      marrow support. The maximum tolerated doses of cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and
      melphalan were 5,625, 180, and 80 mg/m2, respectively. The dose-limiting toxicity
      was cardiac toxicity. Objective tumor regression occurred in 14 of 18 evaluable
      cases, with a median duration of 3.5 months. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of
      melphalan in 20 patients revealed a dose-related increase in maximum plasma
      concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC). Perturbation of the
      melphalan plasma half-life and AUC, associated with severe toxicity, resulted
      when renal insufficiency occurred. The results suggest that high-dose combination
      cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and melphalan produces frequent, rapid responses in
      breast cancer, melanoma, and sarcoma, although with significant extramedullary
      toxicity. The pharmacokinetics suggest that modification of the treatment
      schedule may result in a reduction of treatment-related toxicity.

PMID- 2653661
TI  - Can superoxide dismutase alter myocardial infarct size?

PMID- 2653662
TI  - Clinical merit of endomyocardial biopsy.
AB  - At this time, endomyocardial biopsy has proven validity as a diagnostic method in
      few circumstances. However, it is overused. In the near term, the extent of its
      use should be modified by knowledge of its therapeutic relevance in patients with
      myocarditis. In the long term, numerous new techniques for studying
      pathophysiology at the subcellular and molecular levels will demand a central
      role for endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis, treatment and fundamental
      understanding of myocardial diseases. We believe that endomyocardial biopsy will
      serve as an indispensible link between basic scientists and clinicians in the
      effort to describe disease mechanisms.

PMID- 2653663
TI  - Proximal trajectory of the brachium conjunctivum in rat fetuses and its early
      association with the parabrachial nucleus. A study combining in vitro HRP
      anterograde axonal tracing and immunocytochemistry.
AB  - The proximal course of the developing brachium conjunctivum (BC) in the rat
      described from embryonic day 16 (E16) to one day postnatal (P1). Axons of the
      cerebellar deep nuclear neurons entering this bundle were identified by
      anterograde axonal tracing after in vitro horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections
      in the cerebellar plate. At all ages, the main ascending limb of the BC can be
      followed from its emergence, dorsal to the cerebellar plate where it assumes an
      almost vertical course, up to its decussation. Close to the ventricle at E16, the
      decussating fibers are progressively displaced ventrally probably because of the
      fusion, on the midline, of bilaterally produced raphe neurons. In E16 and E17
      embryos, labeled BC fibers extend beyond the decussation in the caudal part of
      the red nucleus. Decussating BC axons, in some E16 early embryos, end with large
      and complicated growth cones, as described previously in 'decision regions' for
      chick embryo motoneurons. Growth cones were never observed in this region in
      older embryos. In addition to the main ascending limb of the BC, we also traced
      its ipsilateral descending limb and the cerebello-olivary projections. In
      parallel, the development of a nucleus immunoreactive for the vitamin D-dependent
      calcium-binding protein (CaBP) is reported. By E16, its neurons migrate rostrally
      and settle in the region where the BC is demonstrated by tracing experiments. At
      E17 and thereafter this isthmic nucleus is composed of a shell of CaBP
      immunoreactive neurons ensheathing an immunonegative cylinder. Between E17 and
      birth, in spite of the profound modifications of the isthmic region, this CaBP
      immunoreactive nucleus remains in close proximity to the BC. This nucleus is
      identified as the marginal nucleus of the BC or parabrachial nucleus, by double
      labeling experiments combining the visualization of the retrogradely labeled
      axons and neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei inside the CaBP
      immunofluorescently labeled parabrachial nucleus. Subsequently the deep
      cerebellar neurons translocate caudoventrally moving away from the parabrachial
      nucleus inside which their axons become visible. This pattern of migration could
      indicate that a few neurons of the deep nuclei remain ectopic, wedged between the
      restiform body and the BC while receiving an appropriate Purkinje cell (PC)
      projection.

PMID- 2653664
TI  - Sodium butyrate induces major morphological changes in C6 glioma cells that are
      correlated with increased synthesis of a spectrin-like protein.
AB  - Butyrate induced flattening and development of cell processes in rat glioma (C6)
      cells and this change was correlated with an increase in the synthesis of a
      polypeptide doublet with an apparent molecular weight of about 200 kDa. Blot
      analysis revealed that at least one of these polypeptides was a spectrin-like
      protein. Indirect immunofluorescence studies with the spectrin antiserum
      indicated that the antigen was present in the cell bodies, and also in the cell
      processes. Thus fodrin may be one the major targets for the action of butyrate on
      C6 cells.

PMID- 2653665
TI  - Ontogeny of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the organ of Corti of the rat.
AB  - The ontogeny of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactive
      (CGRPI) fibers in the rat cochlea was examined using immunocytochemistry. It was
      found that the CGRPI cochlear system developed markedly in the postnatal period;
      CGRPI fibers first appeared in the inner spiral bundle at postnatal day 8, then
      at the base of the outer hair cells, tunnel spiral bundle and tunnel radial
      fibers at postnatal day 19. The ontogenetical profile elucidated by this study
      suggests that CGRP has a role as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in this
      system.

PMID- 2653666
TI  - The topical administration of steroids in the treatment of typical vulvar
      dystrophies.
AB  - Sixty-eight patients with histologically diagnosed typical vulvar dystrophies
      were treated with local administration of steroids. Twenty-three patients with
      hyperplastic dystrophies received topical fluorinated corticosteroids twice a day
      for 4 weeks and once a day for another 2 weeks. Thirty-five patients with lichen
      sclerosus were given local 2% testosterone propionate in vaseline twice a day for
      8 weeks, once a day for another 8 weeks and then 3 times a week for another 8
      weeks. Ten patients with mixed dystrophy first received topical fluorinated
      corticosteroids twice a day for 4 weeks and once a day for another 2 weeks, and
      then local 2% testosterone propionate in vaseline twice a day for 4 weeks and
      once a day for another 4 weeks. A relief of symptomatology and a regression of
      gross appearance were obtained in 82.6% and 69.6% of patients respectively with
      hyperplastic dystrophy, in 82.9% and 65.7% of those with lichen sclerosus and in
      80% and 40% of those with mixed dystrophy. A recurrence of symptomatology often
      occurred at various times after the end of therapy.

PMID- 2653667
TI  - Pilo-sebaceous cystic ectopy of the uterine cervix.
AB  - The infrequent finding of pilo-sebaceous cysts in an uterine cervix is presented.
      The different histopathogenetic hypothesis and Literature reports are critically
      reviewed. The histogenesis can be referred to ectodermic embryonal germs which
      come in the ectopic site following an abnormal cephalic migration. Also stressed
      is the possibility that neoplasms of the pilo-sebaceous structures could arise in
      the ectopic site and, thereafter, due to their rarity, might be under-diagnosed
      at the histology.

PMID- 2653668
TI  - Endogenous opiates and the pathogenesis of hypertension.
AB  - Opiates are now known to be important modulators of cardiovascular function in
      both the normotensive and hypertensive states. There is accumulating evidence
      that endogenous opiates are elevated in models of hypertension of various
      etiologies including genetic and renovascular hypertension. Early evidence for
      elevated opiates in hypertension arose from observations that hypertensive humans
      and rats with genetic or experimental hypertension exhibited hypoalgesia in
      various tests of pain sensitivity. Because pain and cardiovascular regulatory
      systems have in common a number of brain loci, cardiovascular effects of opiates
      and opiate blockade were studied. These studies have shown that opiate blockade
      can attenuate the development of hypertension and reduce blood pressure in
      chronic hypertension possibly via actions on the baroreflexes and/or by
      modulating the centrally mediated pressor actions of angiotensin II.

PMID- 2653669
TI  - Role of endogenous bradykinins in the acute depressor effect of angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitor captopril--assessed by a competitive antagonist of
      bradykinin.
AB  - To examine whether a hypotensive effect of converting enzyme inhibitor captopril
      was mediated partly by a potentiation of endogenous bradykinin, a newly
      synthesized competitive antagonist of bradykinin (B 4147) was used in
      anesthetized rats. The injection of B 4147 alone (50 and 100 micrograms) elicited
      significant increases in blood pressure. Although the administration of captopril
      (1 mg/kg, i.v.) caused a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP), the injection
      of the kinin antagonist (50 and 100 micrograms) after the captopril produced an
      increase in MAP by an average of 42 and 47% of the initial fall induced by
      captopril, respectively. The hypertensive effect of B 4147 was enhanced in
      magnitude and duration after the captopril. These results suggest that an
      accumulation of endogenous kinins by captopril contributes partly to the acute
      hypotensive effect of converting enzyme inhibitors in anesthetized rats.

PMID- 2653670
TI  - Limitation of the alpha-methylnorepinephrine hypothesis in the hypotensive effect
      of alpha-methyldopa.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that alpha-methylnorepinephrine (MNE) is the principal
      active metabolite involved in the hypotensive action of alpha-methyldopa (MD), we
      determined the relationship between MD's depressor response and tissue levels of
      MD metabolites in critical sites. After administration of 250 mg/kg MD
      intraperitoneally to Sprague-Dawley rats (300 +/- 50 g), we studied both heart
      (left ventricle) and brainstem MD, MNE and endogenous NE levels using HPLC with
      electrochemical detection. We also measured systolic blood pressure before and
      during MD (25-250 mg/kg i.p.) treatment using the tail-cuff method. Our results
      indicate that: (1) peak MD hypotensive response was dose-dependent. (2) Central
      NE concentration was maximally reduced by 2 hours whereas peripheral NE was
      maximally reduced by 18 hours. The maximal hypotensive effect was closer to the
      central peak distribution of MNE than MD. (3) The MD concentrations and NE
      concentrations in brainstem and heart showed counterclockwise hysteresis while
      MNE showed clockwise hysteresis. Furthermore, the area of MNE hysteresis in
      brainstem was larger than that of NE. We conclude that MD's depressor effect can
      not be completely explained by the assumption that MNE is the sole active
      metabolite; alternate metabolites or mechanisms would appear to be operative.

PMID- 2653671
TI  - Two other cases of ANOTHER syndrome? Family report and update.
AB  - We describe one daughter of a possibly distant consanguineous couple with
      infantile hypothyroidism, trichodysplasia, dental anomalies, dystrophic nails,
      skin alterations, otitis media, slight conductive hypoacusia, recurrent
      respiratory tract infections, and gastroenterologic problems. One of her two
      sisters presents dental anomalies and trichodysplasia, and had dry skin at birth.
      Similarity indexes are estimated for our patients in comparison with those
      described under the acronym ANOTHER syndrome. It is concluded that, in spite of
      the differences, it is possible that our two patients also present ANOTHER
      syndrome. The cause is unknown.

PMID- 2653672
TI  - Molecular deletions in the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene.
AB  - To gain further information relating to the frequency, position and size of DNA
      deletions in the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (D/BMD) gene region, and to
      detect any correlation of these deletions with phenotype, a large clinic-based
      population of DMD and BMD patients has been investigated using 13 cloned
      intragenic sequences. Our of 263 separate patients studied, 75 showed a deletion
      of at least one locus (28.5%). These represented 25.6% (55/215) of DMD patients
      and 41.7% (20/48) of BMD patients, suggesting that the milder phenotype is more
      often likely to be due to a deletion. The deletions range from 6 kilobases (kb)
      to greater than 1000 kb in size. The distribution of deletions across the gene
      region shows at least one region (detected by P20) prone to deletion mutations in
      both DMD and BMD patients. There is no simple correlation of position or extent
      of deletions with DMD or BMD, although deletion of a specific region towards the
      5' end of the gene may be more often associated with a milder phenotype.
      Apparently similar deletions can give rise to phenotypes differing significantly
      in severity, presumably indicating further complexities in the molecular or
      cellular pathology.

PMID- 2653673
TI  - On the familial occurrence of congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens.
AB  - In this report we present the familial occurrence of congenital bilateral absence
      of vas deferens (CBAVD) in a 29-year-old, healthy and phenotypically normal male
      and in his maternal uncle. The incidence and the familial occurrence of CBAVD are
      reviewed and discussed.

PMID- 2653674
TI  - A new case of deletion 1q42 syndrome.
AB  - We report a 1 8/12-year-old male with a de novo deletion of 1q42. The case is
      compared with 23 others from the literature. The clinical manifestations of our
      patient correspond with the phenotype of previous reports.

PMID- 2653675
TI  - Trisomy 9q3 syndrome: a case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A girl with partial trisomy 9q is reported. She was characterized by
      dolichomorphism, abnormalities of the digits, a cardiac defect and craniofacial
      dysmorphism. A high-resolution analysis revealed the karyotype to be: 46,XX,-3,+
      der(3)t(3;9)(q29;q13) de novo. A phenotype-karyotype correlation study in 22
      cases of partial trisomies 9q supported the delineation of a trisomy 9q3
      syndrome. The smallest region of overlap was confined to 9q32.

PMID- 2653676
TI  - Skin and mucosal lesions associated with cyclosporin A therapy: report of a case.
AB  - A 16-year-old boy developed bullous lesions on fingers, ears, tongue, and buccal
      mucosa as well as cauliflower-like growths on the epiglottis and vocal cords 1
      1/2 years after a second renal transplantation and exposure to sunlight while
      receiving cyclosporin A (CsA). Withdrawal of CsA was followed by complete
      resolution of skin and mucosal lesions. A predisposition for adverse reactions to
      CsA is suggested, as additional side effects of CsA therapy were also present.

PMID- 2653677
TI  - Profiles in cardiology. Sir Alexander Fleming, 1881-1955.

PMID- 2653678
TI  - Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty: a review.
AB  - Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty has been used successfully over the last few
      years for the relief of moderate to severe valvar pulmonic stenosis in neonates,
      infants, children, and adults. Both immediate and intermediate term follow-up
      results have been well documented by cardiac catheterization studies.
      Electrocardiographic and echo-Doppler evaluation at follow-up is reflective of
      the results and may avoid the need for recatheterization. The results of balloon
      valvuloplasty are either comparable to or better than those reported with
      surgical valvuloplasty. The causes of restenosis have been identified, and
      appropriate modifications in the technique, particularly the recommended use of a
      balloon/annulus ratio of 1.2 to 1.5, should give better results than previously
      documented. Complications of the procedure have been minimal. Further refinement
      of the catheters and technique may reduce the complication rate even further. The
      indications for balloon valvuloplasty have not been clearly defined but should
      probably be similar to those used for surgical valvotomy; only patients with
      moderate to severe valvar pulmonic stenosis are candidates for balloon
      valvuloplasty. Previous surgery and pulmonary valve dysplasia are not
      contraindications for balloon valvuloplasty. The procedure is also applicable to
      pulmonary stenosis associated with other complex cardiac defects and stenosis of
      bioprosthetic valves in pulmonary position. Miniaturatization of balloon/catheter
      systems to further reduce the complication rate and documentation of favorable
      result at 5- to 10-year follow-up are necessary.

PMID- 2653679
TI  - The electrophysiological effects of intravenous magnesium on human sinus node,
      atrioventricular node, atrium, and ventricle.
AB  - The effects of intravenously (IV) administered magnesium chloride (MgCl) on
      electrophysiologic and electrocardiographic variables were studied in 13 patients
      undergoing a routine electrophysiologic assessment for clinical indications. An
      infusion of 12 mmol of MgCl was given during a 10-min period and relevant
      electrophysiologic variables were determined before and after the infusion. Serum
      Mg levels increased from 0.78 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- SEM) before to 1.52 +/- 0.08 ms
      after the infusion (p less than 0.0001). Magnesium treatment caused a significant
      prolongation in PR interval (from 151 +/- 8 to 174 +/- 8 ms, p less than 0.001)
      as well as in QRS duration (from 90 +/- 4 to 101 +/- 6 ms, p less than 0.05).
      Likewise, intra-atrial (PA) as well as atrioventricular (AV) nodal (AH)
      conduction times were significantly prolonged (from 33 +/- 3 to 46 +/- 3 ms, p
      less than 0.01, and from 85 +/- 6 to 94 +/- 6 ms, p less than 0.05,
      respectively). Mean effective and functional atrial refractory periods increased
      (from 228 +/- 8 to 256 +/- 10 ms, p less than 0.01 and from 292 +/- 9 to 320 +/-
      11 ms, p less than 0.01, respectively), as did mean AV node functional refractory
      period (from 399 +/- 29 to 422 +/- 27 ms, p less than 0.02). No significant
      change occurred with regard to sinus node function (as estimated from heart rate,
      sinus node recovery time, and calculated sinoatrial conduction time) or
      ventricular refractoriness. It is concluded that IV Mg has several
      electrophysiologic effects that may be beneficial in the treatment/prevention of
      supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.

PMID- 2653680
TI  - Increase in bicycloprostaglandin E2 metabolite in congestive heart failure in
      response to captopril.
AB  - Vasodilating prostaglandins may be increased in patients with chronic congestive
      heart failure (CHF) to balance out the effects of vasoconstricting forces.
      Significant increases in plasma levels of bicycloprostaglandin E2 metabolite
      (PGEm), a chemically stable degradation product of the vasodilating prostaglandin
      E2, were found in response to captopril (39.4 +/- 7.8 vs. 46.2 +/- 8.2 pg/ml; p
      less than 0.01). With chronic captopril treatment bicyclo-PGEm remained elevated
      for 12 h after the last dose after 1 and 2 months (75.5 +/- 5.5; p less than 0.05
      and 72.1 +/- 6.3 pg/ml; p less than 0.05, respectively). Upon readministration of
      captopril during chronic captopril treatment the significant increase of bicyclo
      PGEm in response to captopril was sustained, as were changes in plasma renin
      activity, angiotensin II, and blood pressure. Plasma catecholamines were
      unchanged with captopril or decreased slightly, vasopressin remained moderately
      increased throughout. Taken together, the results suggest that vasodilating
      prostaglandin E2 production might play a part in captopril's beneficial action in
      chronic congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2653681
TI  - Aspirin in myocardial ischemia: why, when, and how much?

PMID- 2653682
TI  - Diagnostic value of atrial pacing and thallium-201 scintigraphy for the
      assessment of patients with chest pain.
AB  - Atrial pacing was performed either alone (n = 23) or in combination with thallium
      201 scintigraphy (n = 113) in 136 patients referred for evaluation of chest pain.
      The presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) was excluded by cardiac
      catheterization in 12 patients and confirmed in 124. Both pacing-induced ST
      depression and angina had sensitivities of 48% for CAD; specificities were 75%
      and 83%, respectively. An abnormal thallium-201 scan (one or more reversible
      and/or fixed perfusion defects) was seen in 72% of patients with CAD (specificity
      83%). Reversible perfusion defects were present in 47% of patients with CAD
      (specificity 83%), and fixed defects in 36% (specificity 100%). Pacing was
      associated with either ST depression or an abnormal perfusion scan in 81% of
      patients (specificity 67%). There were no significant differences in the results
      of atria pacing or thallium-201 scintigraphy in patients with or without a
      history of myocardial infarction, or in those with or without previous coronary
      artery bypass surgery. Pacing-induced ST depression, or both ST depression and a
      reversible perfusion defect occurred significantly less frequently in patients
      with peripheral vascular disease than in those without this diagnosis (p less
      than .05). With only one exception, there were no significant differences in the
      sensitivities of any indicators of ischemia (ST depression, angina, or perfusion
      scans), either individually or in combination, as the peak pacing rate or double
      product achieved increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653683
TI  - Lower than conventional doses of captopril in the initiation of converting enzyme
      inhibition in patients with severe congestive heart failure.
AB  - Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are effective long-term therapy
      for congestive heart failure, improving symptoms, exercise tolerance, biochemical
      anomalies, and mortality. Captopril, in doses of up to 150 mg daily is relatively
      free of serious adverse effects. A test dose of 6.25 mg normally precedes regular
      therapy in an attempt to avoid first-dose hypotension, which may also be
      prevented by reduction in diuretic dosage and by the avoidance of over-diuresis
      leading to volume depletion. We report two patients who, despite the above
      precautions developed symptomatic first-dose hypotension with 6.25 mg, but were
      subsequently able to recommence captopril therapy by the initial oral
      administration of doses as low as 1 mg.

PMID- 2653684
TI  - The cardiovascular abnormalities associated with duplicated segments of
      chromosome 7.
AB  - Congenital heart disease is an integral part of many genetic syndromes such as
      the major trisomies 13, 18, and 21. Little information, however, is available
      with reference to the incidence of cardiac anomalies in the trisomy 7 syndromes.
      Two patients with partial trisomy 7q, one of whom had congenital heart disease,
      are presented. A review of the literature reveals incomplete description of the
      cardiovascular abnormalities in the majority of case reports of patients with
      this syndrome, however, when described it appears that there are no specific
      defects associated with trisomy 7p and 7q, but only an increased frequency of
      occurrence. Further clinical and postmortem data regarding details of the
      congenital heart defects associated with trisomy 7 is required to confirm this
      preliminary observation.

PMID- 2653685
TI  - Nicolai S. Korotkoff (1874-1920).
AB  - As a 31-year-old surgeon, with special interest in vascular disease, Korotkoff
      discovered the sounds of the blood pressure in 1905 while working on his doctoral
      thesis. After publication of the latter, he wrote nothing further about his
      remarkable discovery. As is often the case, others picked up on it, however, and
      the technique of measuring arterial blood pressure changed from one of touch to
      one of hearing. If not for Nicolai Korotkoff's astute observation, writes Dock,
      "we might still be unable to estimate diastolic pressure without trauma or use of
      complex devices."

PMID- 2653686
TI  - The captopril glomerular filtration rate renogram in renovascular hypertension.
AB  - Administration of captopril to animals with two-kidney, one clip, renovascular
      hypertension (RH) lowers the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the clipped
      kidney. The authors therefore tested the hypothesis that a decrease in GFR after
      captopril administration would identify patients with RH. Total GFR was measured
      by the plasma disappearance of Tc-99m-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)
      after bolus injection and single-kidney GFR from renal uptake of DTPA assessed by
      renography. The authors studied six patients with arteriosclerotic RH who had
      strongly lateralizing renal vein renin levels and greater than 80% stenosis of
      the renal artery to that kidney. Results were contrasted with those of six
      patients with essential hypertension (EH) with a similar mean arterial blood
      pressure (MABP). Captopril (50 mg orally) increased total GFR (ml/min) in all
      patients with EH (102 +/- 8 to 120 +/- 12, P less than 0.005). However, GFR
      decreased in patients with RH (73 +/- 8 to 61 +/- 9, P less than 0.05) after
      captopril. Although the single-kidney GFR of patients with RH decreased in all
      six stenotic kidneys (27 +/- 4 to 21 +/- 5, P less than 0.02), it did not change
      consistently in the contralateral kidneys (45 +/- 8 to 40 +/- 6, N.S.). Clonidine
      (0.3 mg) also lowered MABP in patients with RH but, unlike captopril, it did not
      reduce total kidney GFR (75 +/- 10 to 79 +/- 11, N.S.). In conclusion, short-term
      captopril administration increases GFR in patients with EH, but decreases it in
      those with RH. This action is unrelated to its depressor response.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653687
TI  - Parathyroid subtraction imaging--pitfalls in diagnosis.
AB  - Since 1985 when parathyroid subtraction scintigraphy was presented in atlas form
      in this journal, the T1-201-Tc-99m computer subtraction studies have become more
      and more popular. Although the study has been quite accurate in localizing
      abnormal parathyroid pathology, the rate of false positive studies has been
      somewhat excessive, usually due to thyroid pathology. This atlas is an update of
      that previous work with the goal of presenting a scheme of interpretation that
      lessens the incidence of false positive studies as well as presenting many of the
      pitfalls in diagnosis of parathyroid disease.

PMID- 2653688
TI  - Peripheral enhancement in a hepatic hemangioma seen in a technetium-99m DTPA
      renal image.

PMID- 2653689
TI  - Donor-specific rejection.

PMID- 2653690
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of renal excretion on the dynamic DTPA renal scan.
AB  - In order to evaluate the renal excretion quantitatively, the authors analyzed the
      Tc-99m DTPA renogram using mean transit time (MTT) with deconvolution analysis
      and compared it to the perfusion index. One hundred thirteen studies consisting
      of 25 normal, 11 obstruction, 35 transplant-norm, 12 transplant-obstruction, and
      30 transplant-rejection were evaluated. In the non-transplant obstruction, MTT is
      significantly long (3.40 +/- 0.85 minutes vs 2.02 +/- 0.42 minutes) and has high
      sensitivity (100%) and specificity (93%, 23/25) for the diagnosis of obstruction.
      In the transplant-obstruction, if the field of view includes both transplant and
      liver or spleen as a blood pool image, MTT has high sensitivity for the diagnosis
      (10/11) and for the follow up of obstruction (12/12), with the same specificity,
      but low sensitivity for rejection (25%). Perfusion index is of value in the
      diagnosis of rejection (73% specificity, 77% sensitivity) but is useless for the
      detection of obstruction (25% specificity, 75% sensitivity). The authors conclude
      that MTT is a useful marker for diagnosis and serial quantitative evaluation of
      renal obstruction. Also, they suggest the use of multiple techniques based on
      different principles for the complete evaluation of the renal scan.

PMID- 2653691
TI  - Unique aspects of quinolone pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Despite some limited differences in pharmacokinetic parameters among the newer
      quinolones, their pharmacology is characterised by high volumes of distribution,
      long elimination half-lives, good to excellent bioavailability, low protein
      binding, limited biotransformation and different elimination pathways (mainly
      through the kidneys). The unique aspects of quinolones in comparison with beta
      lactams and aminoglycosides are their higher volumes of distribution, longer
      elimination half-lives and their intracellular high concentration, especially in
      phagocytic cells.

PMID- 2653692
TI  - Clinical significance of antibiotic tissue penetration.
AB  - The concentrations achieved by a particular antibiotic in serum and tissues can
      be predicted from pharmacokinetic data. These predictions must be evaluated in
      the broader context of the patient's infection, particularly the MIC of the drug
      for the infecting organism. What is the relevant measurement - the serum
      concentration or the tissue to serum ratio? Are the serum and/or tissue
      concentrations achieved at the site of infection sufficiently in excess of the
      MIC to eradicate the organism? How long are these levels sustained? How often
      must the drug be given to keep the concentrations sufficiently in excess of the
      MIC to eradicate the organisms? This presentation will review these questions in
      the context of the major classes of antibiotics: the beta-lactams,
      aminoglycosides and quinolones.

PMID- 2653693
TI  - Tissue penetration and clinical efficacy of enoxacin in urinary tract infections.
AB  - The fluoroquinolones in general, and particularly enoxacin, show great promise in
      the treatment of urinary tract infection. Orally administered enoxacin achieves
      high concentrations in the serum and urine as well as in prostate tissue, kidney
      and perirenal fat and muscle. These concentrations are generally in excess of the
      minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for 95% of the common uropathogens,
      including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Proteus
      spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. In
      comparative clinical trials, treatment with oral enoxacin has achieved
      satisfactory clinical results (symptoms improved or absent) in 67 to 96% of
      patients and satisfactory bacteriological results (less than 10(4) colony count
      of the original bacteria) in 77 to 98% of patients. Clinical cure or improvement
      occurred in 94 to 100% of patients in uncontrolled trials, with corresponding
      satisfactory bacteriological results of 82 to 100%. In a number of studies of
      patients with difficult-to-treat infections, satisfactory clinical results were
      achieved in 92 to 100% of patients and satisfactory bacteriological results in 89
      to 100% of patients.

PMID- 2653694
TI  - Tissue penetration and clinical efficacy of enoxacin in respiratory tract
      infections.
AB  - Enoxacin, in common with other new oral 4-quinolones, has a broad spectrum of
      antimicrobial activity which includes most pulmonary pathogens (with the
      exception of Streptococcus pneumoniae, against which its activity is poor); this
      spectrum has provided the impetus for investigation of its potential in the
      treatment of respiratory infections. Initial pharmacokinetic studies have
      demonstrated that the drug has a large volume of distribution and achieves
      concentrations in the secretions of the respiratory tract that are at least as
      high as those attained in the serum. These concentrations are sufficient to
      suggest that enoxacin would be effective treatment for most respiratory
      infections. Furthermore, the concentration of enoxacin that is achieved within
      the bronchopulmonary tissues is considerably higher than peak serum
      concentrations and suggests not only that there is an active transport mechanism,
      but also that the drug could be expected to eradicate organisms in the lungs such
      as streptococci that are considered moderately sensitive to the drug in vitro.
      There are relatively few clinical studies of, and thus limited data on, the
      efficacy of enoxacin in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. A review
      of the evidence suggests that enoxacin is as successful as other therapies used
      in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. There have
      sometimes been failures of eradication of, and occasional superinfections with,
      pneumococci. Enoxacin is also likely to interact with the metabolism of
      theophylline and so lead to elevated theophylline plasma concentrations. Hence
      when these 2 agents are given concurrently, careful monitoring of theophylline
      concentrations and/or dosage adjustments are recommended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653695
TI  - Review of tissue penetration and clinical efficacy of enoxacin in skin and skin
      structure infections and in osteomyelitis.
AB  - Enoxacin achieves a high penetration into skin tissue and blister fluid, reaching
      a maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of 3.7 mg/L at a time to reach maximum
      concentration (tmax) of 1.9 hours and a blister-fluid Cmax of 2.9 mg/L at a tmax
      of 3.7 hours after an oral dose of 600 mg. The half-life of enoxacin is 6.2 hours
      in serum and 7.2 hours in blister fluid. In a multicentre, open, non-comparative
      trial, clinical cure or improvement in skin or skin structure infections was
      achieved after oral administration of enoxacin 200 to 600 mg twice daily in 88%
      of 196 evaluable patients. Overall satisfactory bacteriological response was
      obtained in 76% of patients. In a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial
      comparing oral enoxacin 400 mg twice daily with cephalexin 500 mg twice daily,
      satisfactory clinical outcome was achieved in 92% of 73 evaluable patients
      receiving enoxacin and in 99% of 72 evaluable patients receiving cephalexin.
      Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference between the
      bacteriological efficacy of the 2 agents. In 3 single-centre trials, satisfactory
      clinical results were achieved in 75 to 100% of patients, and satisfactory
      bacteriological results occurred in 47 to 76% of patients after administration of
      oral enoxacin 400 mg twice daily for 7 to 14 days. In vitro uptake of enoxacin in
      bone leads to a concentration of 300 micrograms/g, with 83% being retained by
      bone after 3 washings with saline at pH 7.2. Clinical trials involving oral
      enoxacin in osteomyelitis are currently under way.

PMID- 2653696
TI  - Pharmacokinetic disposition of quinolones in human body fluids and tissues.
AB  - The unique pharmacokinetic properties as well as the body fluid and tissue
      penetration of quinolones are discussed. Quinolones are well absorbed from the
      gastrointestinal tract and are eliminated with considerable differences in their
      terminal half-lives. The major elimination pathways of quinolones are renal
      excretion and hepatic metabolism. Renally, these drugs undergo the potential
      excretion mechanisms (glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, reabsorption). In
      the liver, they are metabolised primarily by oxidation as well as by conjugative
      pathways. However, the metabolic pattern and extent of metabolism differ
      significantly between individual agents. Alterations in the pharmacokinetic
      disposition of these agents in liver and renal failure as well as in elderly
      patients are observed as predicted from their excretion pattern. In addition,
      quinolones can interact with a number of other compounds at hepatic (e.g. with
      xanthine derivatives), renal (with probenecid) and gastrointestinal (with
      antacids) sites. The volume of distribution of quinolones is considerably higher
      than body volume, which suggests intracellular penetration. Studies on tissue
      penetration show that concentrations exceeding plasma levels are obtained in most
      tissues. The highest tissue/plasma concentration ratios are achieved in lung and
      kidney, whereas concentrations in fat are considerably lower than in plasma. Body
      fluid penetration is introduced as a new approach to evaluate distribution
      kinetics of quinolones. With the exception of those in nasal secretions and
      ejaculate, body fluid levels of these drugs rarely reach plasma levels. The body
      fluid penetration model allows for differentiation among individual agents. There
      is no apparent relationship between differences in body fluid penetration of
      quinolones and differences in volume of distribution. For the clinical use of
      these drugs it is important that the concentrations achieved in body fluids and
      tissues are sufficient to kill most pathogens. A discussion on the relationship
      between plasma and tissue levels and the MICs of quinolones is, however, beyond
      the scope of this article.

PMID- 2653697
TI  - Enoxacin absorption and elimination characteristics.
AB  - Enoxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is rapidly and extensively absorbed
      after oral administration and has a bioavailability independent of dose and only
      slightly delayed by concurrent food. Plasma concentrations are similar for both
      intravenous and oral administration. The t1/2 for enoxacin ranges from 4 to 6
      hours, which allows effective twice-daily administration without significant
      accumulation. Plasma enoxacin concentrations may be slightly higher in elderly
      subjects, but this change does not necessitate dosage adjustment in older
      patients with adequate renal function. Enoxacin and ciprofloxacin decrease the
      clearance of coadministered theophylline, whereas ofloxacin does not appear to
      greatly alter methylxanthine clearance. Maalox (a magnesium-aluminium hydroxide
      antacid) significantly decreases the oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin,
      ofloxacin and enoxacin, and use of these agents with antacids should be avoided.
      Enoxacin is a highly effective oral anti-infective agent with excellent
      bioavailability characteristics, a relatively slow rate of elimination and
      simple, well-defined requirements for dosage modification in patients with renal
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2653698
TI  - Clinical overview of enoxacin.
AB  - Enoxacin is a new fluoroquinolone that will be available as oral and intravenous
      preparations. This drug is bactericidal for a wide range of organisms, including
      Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa. In addition, Neisseria gonorrhoeae is exquisitely susceptible, as is
      Branhamella catarrhalis. The evaluation of the clinical activity of enoxacin is
      still relatively new, but published studies reveal a good deal of potential in
      the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria in the urinary tract,
      upper and lower respiratory tracts, bones and joints, and the gastrointestinal
      tract. The general use of this drug has been associated with few adverse
      reactions. Further published data, as well as the results of comparative trials
      now in progress, will permit a thorough clinical evaluation of this useful drug.

PMID- 2653699
TI  - Selection of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis and classification of
      leukemias.

PMID- 2653700
TI  - Immunoassay of CA125 in ovarian cancer: a comparison of three assays for use in
      diagnosis and monitoring.
AB  - There is increasing evidence to support the use of CA125 in the follow-up and
      management of patients with ovarian cancer and several commercial kits are now
      available for its measurement. This study investigated and compared the
      performance of three of them: an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and an
      immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) from Abbott Diagnostics, and an IRMA from CIS,
      U.K. One hundred and thirty-two serum samples from 42 patients with advanced
      epithelial ovarian cancer were thawed once and assayed for CA125 using each kit.
      Both IRMAs performed better than the EIA in terms of CV, sensitivity,
      specificity, and accuracy. The results confirm the usefulness of CA125 as a
      marker for ovarian cancer. However, discrepancies between results using different
      kits suggest the need for improved standardization.

PMID- 2653701
TI  - Molecular biology in respiratory disease.

PMID- 2653702
TI  - Abnormal sodium handling occurs in the isolated perfused kidney of the nephrotic
      rat.
AB  - 1. In order to examine the handling of sodium by the nephrotic kidney when
      separated from the immediate influences of renal nerves and humoral factors,
      kidneys were taken from nephrotic rats (puromycin aminonucleoside) and studied
      over a range of perfusion pressures using the isolated perfused kidney technique.
      2. When perfused with medium containing 6.7 g/dl albumin, the nephrotic kidneys
      performed differently from controls with a reduction in sodium excretion at all
      pressures [(mean +/- SEM) 1.14 +/- 0.43 vs 4.20 +/- 0.69 mumol/min at 105 mmHg
      (14 kPa); 6.32 +/- 1.56 vs 44.60 +/- 5.30 mumol/min at 150 mmHg (20 kPa)]. Renal
      vascular resistance, inulin clearance, fractional sodium excretion and fractional
      lithium excretion were also reduced. 3. When kidneys were perfused without
      oncotic agent these differences between nephrotic and control kidneys remained.
      Perfusion with medium containing 10 g/dl albumin, designed to prevent glomerular
      filtration, abolished the difference in vascular resistance between the two
      groups. Captopril had no effect on the sodium retention or vascular resistance of
      nephrotic kidneys. 4. It was concluded that (a) the isolated nephrotic kidney
      demonstrates increased avidity for sodium, (b) the abnormality of sodium handling
      is not dependent on the presence of altered oncotic forces, and (c) the
      alteration in vascular resistance is conditional upon glomerular filtration.

PMID- 2653703
TI  - Commission of the European Communities COMAC-BME report following a workshop on
      ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of cerebro-vascular disease. Rome,
      December 1987.

PMID- 2653704
TI  - Haemodynamic evaluation of carotid artery disease.
AB  - Cerebral ischaemia in the region of an internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis may
      be caused by embolism or cerebral hypoperfusion. A severe ICA stenosis may be
      well compensated by collateral blood supply, however, in some patients the
      capacity of the collateral blood supply is insufficient. Studies evaluating
      therapeutic modalities or natural history of carotid artery disease should
      therefore include a test capable of assessing cerebral haemodynamics. However,
      most studies, invasive as well as non-invasive, have focused on the ability of
      the test to diagnose the ICA lesions itself, rather than the haemodynamic changes
      induced by the stenosis. This paper reviews non-invasive methods for haemodynamic
      evaluation of carotid artery disease. Haemodynamic evaluation of ICA stenoses may
      be performed accurately by different techniques. Analysis of Doppler waveforms
      obtained distal to the ICA lesion and CBF reactivity tests may identify patients
      with severe reduction in ICA perfusion pressure. Periorbital Doppler examination
      and OPG identifies ICA lesions causing minor pressure gradients, however, they
      are unable to discriminate between minor and moderate to severe pressure
      reduction. Transcranial Doppler examination may prove to be useful in
      haemodynamic assessment of ICA stenoses, but, this remains to be evaluated.
      Presently, in addition to direct evaluation of the carotid arteries, we use a
      combination of periorbital Doppler examination and analysis of distal ICA
      waveforms. In cases of an ICA stenosis and orthograde flow any severe pressure
      reduction may be ruled out. In cases of inverted flow, analysis of distal ICA
      waveforms may identify patients with severe reduction in ICA perfusion pressure.

PMID- 2653705
TI  - A simple quantitative screening test for the detection of extracranial carotid
      artery disease.
AB  - A simple screening test, using continuous wave Doppler ultrasound, for the
      detection of all grades of extracranial carotid artery disease has been
      described. The test is composed of two parts: (1) the determination of the
      direction of flow at the orbit and (2) on-line principal component factor
      analysis of the maximum frequency envelope of the Doppler shifted signal obtained
      from the common carotid artery. A total of 154 vessel segments have been
      investigated; 69 normal, 41 with a stenosis of 10-49%, 32 with a stenosis of 50
      99% and 12 occlusions. Of these, 70 vessel segments were assessed prospectively
      and they formed the data base from which the principal components and the
      classification factor were calculated. The remaining 84 vessel segments were
      analysed prospectively on-line. The combined results gave an overall sensitivity
      to the detection of disease of 90% and a specificity of 77%. It has been shown
      that although classification of Doppler waveforms by principal component analysis
      is a fairly sophisticated technique it is possible, by careful design of the
      algorithms, to design a near real-time on-line analysis system for derived
      waveforms such as the maximum frequency envelope.

PMID- 2653706
TI  - Long-term follow-up of carotid disease: clinical and ultrasound aspects.
AB  - Various non-invasive techniques were used to study clinical and ultrasound
      aspects of extracranial arterial disease. cw Doppler was used prospectively to
      study the natural history of asymptomatic extracranial arterial disease (greater
      than 50% carotid stenosis, subclavian steal phenomena) in 401 patients. Whereas
      the cumulative death rate was high (44%) at 8 years, the stroke rate was low
      (6%). Progression of the vascular processes during follow-up correlated with
      later cerebrovascular events. Transcranial PW Doppler was used to study the
      intracranial collaterlisation in 151 asymptomatic patients with significant
      extracranial lesions. The majority of patients showed excellent
      collateralisation. The natural history of non-stenotic plaques (less than 30%
      carotid stenosis) was studied by means of high-resolution (10 MHz) duplex system
      analysis. Whilst most plaques remained constant during the subsequent follow-up
      period progression was seen in 24% and regression in 10%.

PMID- 2653707
TI  - Duplex ultrasound in carotid artery disease: some diagnostic considerations.
AB  - Loss of pressure across a stenosis depends on the geometry of that obstruction,
      but flow only depends on geometry when both perfusion pressure and peripheral
      resistance are constant. As cerebrovascular resistance is generally low then flow
      over a stenosis will be dominated by stenotic resistance. A relatively modest
      reduction in systolic perfusion pressure will produce a large increase in
      stenotic resistance. Evaluation of a 'haemodynamically significant' or 'critical'
      or 'dynamic' stenosis should include consideration of variations in cardiac
      function and blood pressure as well as local vascular dynamics. Examination of
      the ultrasound image characteristics of the arterial lesion gives additional
      structural information of the contents and surface of the lesion and any movement
      relative to the vessel wall. This may give guidance in separating clinically
      stable from unstable lesions, and also in following progression or regression of
      disease. The physical forces which are applied to some lesions may cause the
      release of material from the substance of the lesion into the arterial lumen or
      cause damage resulting in progression of the lesion itself.

PMID- 2653708
TI  - Characterisation of the atheromatous plaque in the carotid arteries.
AB  - Ultrasound duplex scanning is one of the major methods for the study of the
      development of the atherosclerotic plaque. The pulsed Doppler flowmeter can be
      used to investigate the flow disturbance caused by the presence of the
      atherosclerotic plaque in the flow lumen. The high resolution image capability
      means that the morphology and structure of the plaque may be studied in detail
      and comparisons made between the ultrasound appearance and histology, at carotid
      endarterectomy. The real-time image capability allows the study of the motion of
      the plaque over the cardiac cycle. The bending and shearing motions observed in
      some plaques may be a contributory factor to the fissuring and cracking,
      ulceration and intra-plaque haemorrhage, observed. It is felt that the dynamics
      of the plaque and its environment have largely been overlooked and that in order
      to investigate further the natural history of the plaque, it is necessary to
      investigate plaque morphology and structure, plaque dynamics, and the consequent
      flow disturbance.

PMID- 2653709
TI  - Instrumentation for the investigation of the extracranial carotid circulation.
AB  - The original ultrasound Doppler shift flowmeter was a non-directional velocity
      sensing device. Various methods of signal processing, including phase-quadrature
      detection and heterodyne detection were developed in order that flow direction
      could be resolved. In the past ten years the advent of the real-time audio
      spectrum analyser allowed both the flow direction and the Doppler shift spectrum
      to be displayed. It is this latter development which has been the major
      contribution to the clinical acceptability of Doppler flowmeters. The combination
      of a pulsed Doppler flowmeter with a real-time ultrasound imaging system has
      meant that velocity information can be gained from specific blood vessels, non
      invasively. The development of the colour flow mapping systems has demonstrated
      that haemodynamic information can now be incorporated into the ultrasound image
      in real-time. These sophisticated systems are capable of displaying functional
      and anatomical information simultaneously.

PMID- 2653710
TI  - Doppler assessment of the intracerebral circulation of the fetus.
AB  - Fetal cerebral arteries have been explored during normal pregnancies (n = 40).
      The index of cerebral resistance (Rc) as defined by Pourcelot (Rc = (S-D)/S where
      S is the systolic amplitude and D is the diastolic amplitude) shows variations
      similar to the placental index (Rp). During normal pregnancy, the cerebral index
      is higher than the placental index and the cerebro-placental ratio (Rc/Rp) is
      greater than one. This preliminary study of the umbilical and cerebral
      circulation during 21 pathological pregnancies with hypertension seems to
      demonstrate that when fetal growth retardation is also present (n = 6) either or
      both of the indices Rc and Rp may be outside the normal range but the cerebro
      placental ratio (CPR) is always less than one. However, a larger number of
      patients needs to be explored in order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of
      such an observation.

PMID- 2653711
TI  - Octreotide, a new somatostatin analogue.
AB  - The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, adverse effects and
      drug interactions, dosage, availability and cost, and indications for use of
      octreotide, a new synthetic analogue of the peptide hormone somatostatin (SS),
      are reviewed. Like SS, octreotide suppresses secretion of pituitary growth
      hormone (GH) and thyrotropin and decreases release of a variety of pancreatic
      islet cell hormones including insulin, glucagon, and vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP). Octreotide also reduces splanchnic blood flow, gastric acid
      secretion, GI motility, and pancreatic exocrine function and alters the
      absorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients from the GI tract. The
      elimination half-life of i.v. octreotide is 72-98 minutes, compared with 2-3
      minutes for i.v. SS. Usual administration of octreotide is by the i.v. or s.c.
      route. Octreotide has been studied in the treatment of hormone-secreting
      pituitary tumors and pancreatic islet cell tumors. Octreotide therapy lowers GH
      secretion and improves clinical symptoms in patients with acromegaly and may
      suppress clinical symptoms to a greater degree than bromocriptine. Patients with
      carcinoid syndrome and VIP-secreting tumors (vipomas) have had substantial
      improvement in clinical symptoms with administration of octreotide. This agent
      does not appear to be effective in the treatment of nonvariceal upper GI bleeding
      and acute pancreatitis; its relative usefulness in the treatment of variceal
      bleeding is not established. Adverse effects associated with octreotide therapy
      generally have been mild, including pain or burning at the injection site,
      abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Octreotide has been shown to interfere with
      absorption of oral cyclosporine. Standard initial therapy is octreotide acetate
      50-100 micrograms s.c. every 8-12 hours, with titration based on clinical and
      biochemical effects. Up to 3000 micrograms/day of octreotide acetate has been
      administered to patients with acromegaly without serious adverse effect.
      Octreotide is marketed under the brand name Sandostatin and is available in 1-mL
      ampuls containing 50, 100, and 500 micrograms of octreotide acetate. Because the
      conditions for which octreotide appears to be most effective are uncommon, the
      drug should be considered for addition to the formulary in tertiary-care
      institutions only; addition of octreotide to the formulary of a community
      hospital is probably unnecessary. The synthetic analogue octreotide is longer
      acting and more specific in pharmacologic action than SS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2653712
TI  - Etoposide: an update.
AB  - The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse
      effects, and pharmacodynamics of etoposide are reviewed. Etoposide, although
      similar in chemical structure to podophyllotoxin, has a different mechanism of
      cytotoxicity compared with its parent compound. Etoposide may stabilize type II
      topoisomerase-DNA complexes, preventing rejoining of single- and double-strand
      DNA breaks. Etoposide may also require cellular activation into intermediates,
      which then bind to DNA and disrupt cellular function. Oral etoposide has an
      average bioavailability of 50% (range, 17%-137%), with substantial intrapatient
      and interpatient variability. Etoposide is widely distributed in the body and is
      highly bound to plasma proteins (greater than 95%). Approximately 50% (range, 20%
      81%) of an etoposide dose is recovered in the urine as parent drug or
      glucuronide, with the remainder of the dose being unaccounted for. The
      disposition of etoposide in patients with renal and hepatic dysfunction is
      discussed. Etoposide is effective in combination with other agents against lung
      cancer, and response rates of 90% in small-cell lung cancer have been observed.
      When etoposide is used in combination with other agents, response rates of
      approximately 80% have been observed in patients with testicular cancer. The
      activity of etoposide in treating leukemia, lymphoma, and breast and ovarian
      carcinomas and other tumors is discussed. The impact of etoposide on prolonging
      survival in lung and testicular cancer is addressed, and studies evaluating the
      pharmacodynamics of etoposide are described. Adverse effects associated with
      etoposide therapy include myelosuppression, alopecia, nausea and vomiting,
      mucositis, and hypotension after rapid intravenous administration. Etoposide has
      demonstrated considerable clinical efficacy against a broad spectrum of tumors.

PMID- 2653713
TI  - Comparative study of three different dosing regimens of cefotaxime for treatment
      of gram-negative bacteremia.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with Gram-negative bacteremia with organisms susceptible to
      cefotaxime (CTX) (MIC of 1 microgram/ml or less) were randomized to receive 2 g
      of CTX every 6, 8, or 12 hr. Five-hour susceptibility studies were performed on a
      bacterial pellet obtained from the patient's positive blood culture vial. Thus,
      patients were enrolled within hours after Gram-negative organisms were
      demonstrated in their blood cultures. All bacteremias were cleared although two
      patients had unsatisfactory responses to therapy. Trough serum bactericidal
      levels were 1:2 or greater in all patients. This study supports that CTX can be
      used at an 8- or 12-hr intervals in selected patients with Gram-negative
      bacteremia.

PMID- 2653714
TI  - A review of cephalosporin metabolism: a lesson to be learned for future
      chemotherapy.
AB  - The historical background information concerning the metabolism of cephalosporins
      and selected other antiinfectives was reviewed as a preface to discussion
      concerning desacetyl-cefotaxime (dCTX), a metabolite of cefotaxime (CTX) sodium.
      Cephalothin and cephapirin were metabolized at the 3-position to less active
      desacetyl forms. However, the parent drugs and their metabolites interact in a
      favorable manner resulting in dominant additive or synergist inhibition of
      susceptible bacterial pathogens. Similarly, CTX plus dCTX have been described as
      being synergist in their activity against greater than 70% of Enterobacteriaceae
      or staphylococci and greater than 80% of anaerobic bacteria. Antagonism was rare
      with only two species and of no clinical significance. More recently, reported
      studies showed enhanced activity of CTX/dCTX against pathogens producing
      meningitis compared to ceftriaxone and other contemporary therapeutic agents. The
      dCTX compound was classified as a drug with a potency superior to a "second
      generation" cephalosporin and possessed greater beta-lactamase stability against
      some enzymes compared to CTX. These features may explain low reported rates of
      superinfections and adverse side-effects, including resistance arising on
      chemotherapy. Physicians are cautioned to take into account the potential
      favorable effects of drug metabolites on antimicrobial spectrum, potency and
      applied pharmacokinetics. In the case of CTX/dCTX, the laboratory results for CTX
      will always underestimate its value or potency because of the contribution of the
      metabolite.

PMID- 2653715
TI  - Synergistic interaction of cefotaxime and its metabolite desacetylcefotaxime
      demonstrated by drug-impregnated disks.
AB  - Because no simple in vitro test for cefotaxime (CTX) and desacetylcefotaxime
      (dCTX) synergy exists, and, because no disk susceptibility data is available for
      dCTX, we investigated the potential of antibiotic impregnated disks as a test for
      positive in vitro interaction. Results of this study indicate that all strains of
      Staphylococcus aureus tested demonstrated additive interactions using disks that
      contained 30 micrograms of dCTX. In contrast, it was necessary to use much
      smaller concentrations of each cephalosporin to demonstrate additive effects
      against Gram-negative bacteria. Zones of inhibition were greater for disks
      containing the combination compared to either CTX or dCTX alone, among all the
      Gram-negative genera tested; however, these differences were statistically
      significant only for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli (P less than
      0.05). These results demonstrate that disk susceptibility testing is reliable for
      the CTX metabolite, dCTX, and suggests that this technique using disks
      impregnated with CTX and dCTX singly and in combination is a simple method with
      which to evaluate positive antimicrobial interactions in the clinical laboratory.

PMID- 2653716
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in the newborn.
AB  - A study of the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefotaxime (CTX) and
      desacetylcefotaxime (dCTX) in newborns was conducted; the former is commonly used
      for neonatal infections. The elimination half life of CTX correlated with
      gestational age (GA) and postnatal age (PNA). Elimination of dCTX was longer
      permitting a synergistic or additive effect with CTX against Gram-negative
      bacteria. CTX is indicated in the treatment of neonatal sepsis because of the
      increasing resistance of Escherichia coli to ampicillin and its good efficacy
      against group B streptococcus.

PMID- 2653717
TI  - Cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime in neonates and children: a review of
      microbiologic, pharmacokinetic, and clinical experience.
AB  - Over the past 5 yr, we have conducted two clinical and two pharmacokinetic
      investigations of cefotaxime (CTX) and desacetylcefotaxime (dCTX) in neonates,
      infants, and children. A total of 50 children with culture-proven bacterial
      meningitis were randomized to receive either 200 mg/kg/day of CTX (n = 23, mean
      age 24.4 mo) or standard doses of ampicillin (AMP) and chloramphenicol succinate
      (CAPS; n = 27, mean age 16.6 mo). Results were similar between the CTX and
      Amp/CAPS groups for clinical/microbiological cures (100% versus 96%,
      respectively) and for survival without sequelae (78% vs. 77%, respectively). All
      bacterial isolates were sensitive to CTX, and the comparison of the MIC/MBC
      values for CTX to the CSF bactericidal titers suggested antimicrobial activity
      for dCTX. In a second clinical trial, 20 infants (1 wk-3 mo) were treated with
      200 mg/kg/day of CTX for Gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis. Cultures of
      CSF obtained 24 hr after the initiation of treatment were sterile in all
      subjects. Survival and complication rates of 95% and 21%, respectively, were
      observed. This compared favorably to previously published experiences with
      alternate treatment regimens for Gram-negative meningitis in the newborn. In both
      meningitis studies, the safety profile for CTX was excellent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653718
TI  - Introducing hypertext in primary health care: a study on the feasibility of
      decision support for practitioners.
AB  - A study on the feasibility of the introduction of hypertext systems for
      communication of medical knowledge in primary care is described. Shortliffe's
      constraints on areas for application of decision support are evaluated (i.e.,
      theoretical barriers, observable and recognized needs among users, sources of
      usable knowledge, available system development method). Considering the barriers
      derived from the knowledge types and forms used by practitioners, hypertext was
      found suitable as support at 'breakdowns' in practice routines, to generate
      'alarms', as well as for continued medical education. A survey of the a priori
      acceptance of decision support systems by general practitioners showed that 84%
      would use the computer support if it was available today and that full-text
      databases, such as hypertext, were given highest priority for introduction. Local
      specialist physicians were identified as knowledge sources for therapy advice.
      Implementation of prototype systems envisioned use of hypertext in primary care
      as the introduction of a communication medium for co-operative health care
      decision making. A model for the introduction into the work environment is
      described.

PMID- 2653719
TI  - The effect of dependence on the performance of Bayes' theorem: an evaluation
      using a computer simulation.
AB  - A computer simulation is described which generates 'cases' of vaginal discharge.
      This simulation was used to evaluate the potential effects of dependence between
      clinical features on the diagnostic performance of Bayes' theorem. The following
      observations were made: (1) dependence between some but not all pairs of features
      reduced the overall diagnostic efficiency (judged by the number of true positive
      diagnoses); (2) the overall reduction in efficiency was never substantial; (3)
      the largest effects on the diagnosis of individual conditions was observed with
      rarer diseases, and with combinations of features which were inherently unlikely
      to be dependent. It is concluded that the diagnostic efficiency of Bayes' theorem
      will not be greatly influenced by dependence if a reasonable amount of
      commonsense is applied to the selection of the knowledge base.

PMID- 2653720
TI  - Simulation of ionic transport mediated by membrane proteins for educational
      purposes.
AB  - An interactive Pascal program for use in the IBM-PC and compatible computers is
      presented. It simulates the activation of integral membrane proteins involved in
      ionic transport. The program allows variation of the number of transport
      proteins, ionic concentrations, permeability ratios, voltage dependence of
      permeabilities and temperature. A separate procedure for simulation of Na+-K+
      pumps has been included considering their relevance in physiology. The main
      purpose of the present program is to serve as a teaching aid to understand the
      basic principles and concepts related with the electrogenesis and the
      stoichiometry of membrane transport processes.

PMID- 2653721
TI  - Ataxia telangiectasia: a familial multisystem disorder.

PMID- 2653722
TI  - Pancreatic tuberculous abscess.
AB  - Pancreatic tuberculous abscess is rare and has been reported only in the past
      five years. An association with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is
      suggested. Extensive drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy is recommended.
      Intrapancreatic abscesses should be cultured for M. tuberculosis and, if
      identified, the patient should be studied for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      infection.

PMID- 2653723
TI  - Internal carotid artery aneurysm: a vascular manifestation of type IV Ehlers
      Danlos syndrome.
AB  - Aneurysms of the distal internal carotid artery (ICA) can be difficult to manage.
      When seen in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, type IV (EDS-Type IV), the
      complexity of the problem is greatly increased. Proximal ICA ligation in the
      presence of an intact circle of Willis and adequate collateral circulation is a
      reasonable and safe approach. We recommend the liberal use of duplex scanning and
      intravenous digital angiography in patients with EDS, and plan to use these
      techniques to follow the small, asymptomatic, right ICA aneurysm in our patient.
      If the aneurysm rapidly grows or becomes symptomatic, treatment may require
      proximal ligation with extracranial-intracranial bypass. Understanding of the
      basic defects associated with EDS-Type IV will make the management of patients
      with vascular complications more safe.

PMID- 2653724
TI  - Cryotherapy for medically unresponsive acanthamoeba keratitis.
AB  - Five cases of culture-proven Acanthamoeba keratitis underwent cryotherapy to the
      host cornea as an adjunctive treatment to medical and surgical therapy. Four of
      the 5 cases had progression of disease while receiving medical therapy considered
      to be appropriate for Acanthamoeba keratitis. One case underwent cryotherapy to
      the entire cornea after the disease had recurred in two penetrating
      keratoplasties; the organisms were eliminated but the patient never recovered
      useful vision. Two cases underwent cryotherapy to the host cornea at the time of
      a second penetrating keratoplasty. The organism was eliminated in both cases. Two
      cases underwent cryotherapy to the host cornea at the time of primary corneal
      transplantation with elimination of the organism and recovery of excellent
      acuity. This study does not provide conclusive evidence that cryotherapy
      eliminated the organism, but suggests that it can be an adjunctive measure to
      medical and surgical therapy. The risks of the adverse effects of freezing of the
      cornea must be weighted against the possibility of recurrence after keratoplasty
      with spread of disease to the sclera or to the development of corneal melting and
      perforation. Prevention of Acanthamoeba keratitis is by far the best approach to
      this disease entity.

PMID- 2653725
TI  - ELISA HIV testing and viral culture in the screening of corneal tissue for
      transplant from medical examiner cases.
AB  - The spread of AIDS and its association with a retrovirus, commonly called T
      lymphotropic virus type III (HIV) has produced great concern among those involved
      in transplantation about the possibility for transmission of this disease through
      tissue and organ transplant. Isolation of the virus from conjunctiva and tears
      further heightened this concern for corneal transplants. This review of medical
      examiner (ME) cases, a population in which high numbers of transplant corneas are
      retrieved, has revealed positive serologic tests for HIV in serum from 5 cases in
      205 screens. These represent potential donors based on other standard medical
      criteria available at the time of collection. This tissue was also submitted for
      viral culture, and virus was recovered from the corneal tissue in McCarey-Kaufman
      (MK) media. These findings and case reviews are discussed.

PMID- 2653726
TI  - Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study on the effect of topical
      cyclosporin A in the rabbit eye.
AB  - The effect of topically administered cyclosporin A (CyA) was evaluated in this
      experimental study by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and
      immunohistochemistry. CyA dissolved in sterile olive oil was injected in the
      retrobulbar area and in the subconjunctival space, or administered as eyedrops in
      both non-grafted and corneal xenografted rabbit eyes. The vehicle rather than the
      drug was thought to be responsible for the inflammatory reaction observed in the
      conjunctiva of the injected eyes as well as for the surface epithelial defects
      developing in the cornea of the topically administered eyes. CyA was found to be
      effective in prolonging the survival of the xenografts after 1 month follow-up.
      The immunohistochemistry indirectly demonstrated the CyA effectiveness in
      impairing the T-cell function, and this is, to our knowledge, the first
      documented report on this subject. We conclude that another type of vehicle for
      the drug has to be introduced and that the administration of CyA as eyedrops is
      the best route to provide fast diffusion and to avoid adverse side effects.

PMID- 2653727
TI  - Meniscal tears--comparison of arthrography, CT, and MRI.
AB  - A total of 1750 knees were prospectively evaluated using a high-resolution
      noninvasive axial computed tomography (CT) scanning technique. A total of 203
      knees underwent subsequent arthroscopic or arthrographic evaluation. In this
      group, the sensitivity of CT for the detection of a torn meniscus was 88.5%; the
      specificity was 95.5%; and the accuracy was 91.5%. An additional 270 knees were
      prospectively evaluated by both CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to
      determine the ability of both techniques to characterize knee menisci in patients
      believed to have meniscal tears. Of these knees, 94 were subsequently examined by
      arthroscopy. In this group, the overall accuracy of MRI for detecting a torn
      meniscus was 89.5% and for CT it was 92.2%. Properly performed, both CT and MRI
      are accurate and effective methods for noninvasively evaluating meniscal
      abnormalities in the acutely injured knee. The protocol for CT and MRI meniscus
      imaging as well as interpretation are presented in addition to their relative
      roles with respect to arthrography and arthroscopy.

PMID- 2653728
TI  - Prosthetic vascular graft infections: diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - The diagnosis of infection in prosthetic vascular grafts is difficult clinically
      but very important due to the high associated morbidity and mortality. Various
      radiographic and imaging procedures have been used. 111In-labeled white cells
      have been used with a sensitivity approaching 100% and a specificity of
      approximately 90%. Computed tomography (CT) has also been advocated as a means of
      detecting these infections by some. Similarly, ultrasound has been used. More
      recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been advocated in hopes that the
      signal of the infected graft would differ from that of the noninfected graft.
      This article reviews the data supporting each of these modalities.

PMID- 2653729
TI  - Surface activity, film formation, and emulsifying properties of milk proteins.
AB  - This overview indicates that simple, reliable standardized methods for measuring
      emulsifying activity and for determining ES are not yet available. One of the
      major shortcomings of most of the current methods is the inability to detect very
      small fat globules (less than 0.5 micron), which may be very important in stable
      emulsions. Several of the methods are time consuming and destructive. To minimize
      the time required to evaluate emulsions, techniques that monitor instability
      under the influence of accelerated aging (increased temperature and gravitational
      field) have been used with varying degrees of success. These methods, e.g.,
      centrifugation, are useful, but processes occurring during centrifugation or
      heating may not be characteristic of those occurring in a stored emulsion.
      Generally, there is no method that simultaneously determines changes in emulsions
      due to the aggregation coalescence, flocculation, creaming, of the droplets
      and/or oiling off. No single criterion of emulsion instability is sufficient to
      characterize all the changes occurring in the system. A nonintrusive technique
      that can monitor dynamic changes in emulsions is needed. Ideally, it should be
      simple, rapid, inexpensive, and applicable to both diluted and concentrated
      emulsions. Scientists must continue research to develop such a standard universal
      method for determining ES, because data from different laboratories cannot
      currently be validly compared. Reliable methods are also required to elucidate
      relationships between the physical properties of proteins as emulsifiers and
      their performance in food emulsions. There is a need for opportunities for
      systematic research to determine the interfacial behavior of food emulsifiers,
      particularly food proteins. Research to describe the kinetics and thermodynamics
      of adsorption at an interface, the extent of unfolding, the degree of packing and
      polypeptide interactions in an interface during film formation, and information
      concerning the physical and mechanical properties of interfacial films is needed
      to describe emulsifying behavior of different proteins. The effects of components
      in the continuous and discontinuous phase, parameters of manufacture, and
      interactions between different types of surface-active materials that occur in
      food need to be studied.

PMID- 2653730
TI  - Cuphea: a new plant source of medium-chain fatty acids.
AB  - The plant genus Cuphea (family Lythraceae) promises to provide a new source of
      industrially and nutritionally important medium-chain fatty acids, especially of
      lauric acid now supplied exclusively by coconut and palm kernel oils from foreign
      sources. The seed lipids of Cuphea were first discovered in the 1960s to contain
      high percentages of several medium-chain fatty acids, including caprylic, capric,
      lauric, and myristic acid. Research is still in the early stages, but it is
      intensifying toward the goal of developing the genus into a new temperate climate
      crop for production of specialty oils. Given the diversity of Cuphea seed lipid
      composition and the wide ecological and distributional range of the genus, it may
      be possible to tailor crops to produce selected fatty acids on demand under a
      variety of growing conditions. Cuphea comprises about 260 species, most native to
      the New World tropics. Its morphology, classification, chromosome numbers,
      distribution, ecology, and folk uses are presented. Seed structure is described
      and seed lipid composition for 73 species is summarized. Problems in
      domestication and agronomic progress are reviewed. Knowledge of the biosynthetic
      mechanism controlling the lipids produced by Cuphea remains very limited. Future
      research in this area, and particularly successful employment of gene transfer
      techniques, may allow genes controlling the mechanism to be transferred to an
      already established seed oil producer such as rapeseed. Presently, both
      traditional plant breeding techniques and newer biotechnological methods are
      directed toward Cuphea oilseed development.

PMID- 2653731
TI  - Improved wheat for baking.
AB  - To bakers, wheat quality means the performance characteristics of the flour
      milled from the wheat when used in specific wheat products. The tremendous
      increase in the number of wheat cultivars grown in the U.S. in recent years,
      along with the unusual climate, new advances in milling technology, and increased
      automation of baking lines, have resulted in bakery production problems partly
      attributed to wheat flour quality. In this review various factors affecting wheat
      quality are explained. Concerns of bread and cookie/cracker manufacturers on
      deterioration of the wheat quality are discussed, and, finally, some solutions
      are proposed.

PMID- 2653732
TI  - Toward a quantitative comparative toxicology of organic compounds.
AB  - Correlation equations between logP (P = octanol water partition coefficient) and
      the biological activity of alcohols has been derived for 101 examples on all
      sorts of systems, from simple proteins to whole animals. This provides an
      overview of the toxic nature of hydrophobic compounds which can be used as a
      basis for comparison of more complex chemicals. About 100 examples of the
      hydrophobic effects of chemicals, other than alcohols, to various living systems
      or their parts are presented for comparison. It is clear that hydrophobic
      xenobiotics are toxic to almost every form of life, including humans (or parts
      there of).

PMID- 2653733
TI  - Review of the toxicology of styrene.
AB  - Styrene is used in the production of plastics and resins, which include
      polystyrene resins, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, styrene-acrylonitrile
      resins, styrene-butadiene copolymer resins, styrene-butadiene rubber, and
      unsaturated polyester resins. In 1985, styrene ranked in the top ten of synthetic
      organic chemicals produced in the U.S. This review focuses on various aspects of
      styrene toxicology including acute and chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity,
      genotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, effects on hepatic and extrahepatic xenobiotic
      metabolizing enzymes, pharmacokinetic modeling, and covalent interactions with
      macromolecules. There appear to be many similarities between the toxicity and
      metabolism of styrene in rodents and humans. Needed areas of future research on
      styrene include studies on the molecular dosimetry of styrene in terms of both
      hemoglobin and DNA adducts. The results of such research should improve our
      ability to assess the relationship between exposure to styrene and surrogate
      measures of "effective dose", thereby improving our ability to estimate the
      effects of low-level human exposures.

PMID- 2653734
TI  - Potential human developmental toxicants and the role of animal testing in their
      identification and characterization.
AB  - Some 50 chemicals have been identified from environmental, occupational, or
      therapeutic exposure data as being potential developmental toxicants in humans.
      The toxicity pattern of these chemicals in humans has been characterized and
      correlated with developmental toxicity end points in laboratory animal models in
      order to determine the relevance and predictiveness of the results of testing in
      animals in extrapolation to human data. In general, animal developmental toxicity
      data closely paralleled human outcomes, and while humans in most cases were more
      sensitive than animals, the data support the concept that, imperfections aside,
      studies in animals serve a vital role in the hazard identification process.

PMID- 2653735
TI  - Fc receptors in corneal epithelium.
AB  - The corneal epithelia of the mouse, rabbit and human were shown to contain Fc
      receptors by an indirect method with immunoglobulins, labelled second antibody
      and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC); and a direct method with the
      peroxidase conjugated Fc fragment. The cornea epithelia of all three species
      exhibited a high concentration of the Fc gamma R with either homologous or
      heterologous immunoglobulins. The binding specificity of Fc receptors was further
      supported by competitive inhibition of binding of labeled antibody by homologous,
      unlabeled antibody. Although Fc alpha R was also present it was at a much lower
      concentration. The Fc receptor for IgM (Fc microR) was difficult to demonstrate.
      However, it appeared to be present in very low concentration on only the mouse
      and rabbit corneal epithelium.

PMID- 2653736
TI  - Association of HLA-DR4 with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.
AB  - HLA typing for A, B, and C locus antigens was performed on 70 patients with
      ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) and on 1849 controls. Additionally, typing
      for DR and DQ antigens and for the complement proteins (C2, factor B, C4A, and
      C4B) was performed on 63 patients and on the same control population. A
      significantly higher incidence of the following antigens was found in the OCP
      patients when compared to the control population: DR4 (43% in patients compared
      to 18% in controls, p = 0.0001); DR5 (41% compared to 16%, p = 0.0001); DQw3 (57%
      compared to 31%, p = 0.0010); A2 (60% compared to 28%, p = 0.0001); B8 (24%
      compared to 13%, p = 0.0086); B35 (19% compared to 9%, p = 0.0097); and B49 (7%
      compared to 2%, p = 0.0052). The complement types SC01, SC30, SC32, SC41, and
      SC42 were also significantly increased in patients compared to controls. No
      significant differences were found based on ethnic background, involvement of
      multiple mucous membranes, history of glaucoma, or deposition of specific
      immunoreactants in conjunctival biopsy samples. These findings may provide
      further insights into the pathogenesis of OCP and may help to localize a
      susceptibility gene for this autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2653738
TI  - Flow cytometry using paraffin-embedded tissue: five years on.
AB  - The use of paraffin-embedded tissue for flow cytometry is reviewed. A number of
      technical modifications of the original 1983 method have been described, aimed at
      improving the accuracy of DNA measurements by minimizing cell debris or reducing
      coefficients of variation, and at simplifying sample preparation. Over 100
      clinical studies have now been reported, mainly assessing the effect of DNA index
      on prognosis, and those published up until mid-1988 are summarized in an
      appendix. More recently there have been developments in the use of monoclonal
      antibodies to measure oncogene products or proliferation markers in addition to
      DNA content. Detailed clinical evaluation and standardization of these more
      sophisticated methods is still some way ahead, but as was the case with DNA
      index, the use of archival material from patients whose outcome is already known
      should speed this process.

PMID- 2653739
TI  - A digital image microscopy system for rare-event detection using fluorescent
      probes.
AB  - Instrumentation for rare-event analysis should be capable of reliably detecting
      infrequent cells (less than 1:10,000) while both excluding false-positive signals
      and including true positive cells found in multicell clumps. We have developed a
      digital image microscopy (DIM) system in which a cytospin of 2 million cells is
      scanned with an intensified video camera (ISIT) using an IBM PC AT microcomputer
      controlled microscope stage. PASCAL software controls the stage and analyzes
      video input, storing the location of positive cells to magnetic disk. The user
      can then "replay" each positive cell under computer control for either visual
      confirmation or analysis using other fluorescent probes. The computer requires 24
      min to scan a cytoprep of 2 million cells, while playback for visual confirmation
      by the user averages 5 min. Using Hoechst-33342 premarked cells seeded into bone
      marrow as a model system, we found that the DIM system reliably detects one
      target cell per million marrow cells. With appropriate immunological markers,
      this system will aid in evaluating bone marrow purged of tumor cells prior to
      transplantation and should also be useful for detection of minimal residual
      disease in blood or bone marrow from patients with leukemia or solid tumors.

PMID- 2653737
TI  - The changing face of hepatic resection.

PMID- 2653740
TI  - New, simple flow cytometry technique to discriminate between internalized and
      membrane-bound particles in phagocytosis.
AB  - This report describes a new flow cytometry technique to measure phagocytic
      activity and discriminate simultaneously between internalized and membrane-bound
      particles. Fluorescein-conjugated heat-killed Candida albicans (F-Ca) are
      opsonized with purified antibodies or normal human serum and used as targets for
      human polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). The procedure is based on the
      observation that F-Ca lose their green fluorescence and acquire red fluorescence
      upon incubation with ethidium bromide (EB) through the resonance energy-transfer
      phenomenon occurring between the two fluorochromes. PMN are incubated with
      opsonized F-Ca particles for 20 min at 37 degrees C or, as a control, at 4
      degrees C and in the presence of cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of the phagocytic
      process that does not affect membrane binding of F-Ca. EB is added, and green and
      red fluorescence associated with PMN is evaluated using a mercury-lamp-powered
      instrument. Because EB does not penetrate intact cell membranes, internalized
      particles are not affected by EB and remain green, whereas membrane-bound
      particles assume an intense red stain. By means of contour plot analysis, the
      number of PMN containing and/or binding F-Ca particles can be readily assessed.
      The method described here allows precise quantitative analysis of the phagocytic
      process on the part of human PMN in a single, one-step assay that does not
      require sophisticated instrumentation or reagents and should prove to become a
      test suitable for clinical purposes.

PMID- 2653741
TI  - William Wayne Babcock 1872-1963. The Operative treatment of carcinoma of the
      rectosigmoid with methods for the elimination of colostomy.

PMID- 2653742
TI  - Symptomatic, radionuclide and therapeutic assessment of chronic idiopathic
      dyspepsia. A double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of cisapride.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with chronic idiopathic dyspepsia defined by the presence
      of chronic unexplained symptoms suggestive of gastric stasis and directly related
      to food ingestion were included in this prospective study. Gastric emptying of
      the liquid and solid phases of a meal was quantified by a dual-isotope method,
      and symptoms were evaluated by a diary and a visual analog scale. Delay in
      gastric emptying was evidenced in 59% of the dyspeptic patients; it occurred with
      liquids in more cases than solids. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of
      symptoms was of no practical value in predicting the presence of objective
      stasis. The dyspeptic patients were included in a double-blind randomized
      controlled trial of cisapride, a new gastrokinetic drug devoid of central
      antiemetic effects. After six weeks of cisapride treatment, all patients with
      initially abnormal gastric emptying rates for liquids, and all but one for solids
      returned to normal ranges, and significant differences between cisapride and
      placebo groups were observed for half emptying times of both solids (136 +/- 16
      min vs 227 +/- 32 min; P less than 0.02) and liquids (61 +/- 4 min vs 132 +/- 37
      min; P less than 0.01). Cisapride also significantly improved dyspeptic symptom
      scores at weeks 3 and 6 of treatment as compared to those measured before
      treatment. Nevertheless, the decrease in global diary score was significantly
      higher than that seen with placebo at week 3 (-16 +/- 6 vs -1 +/- 9; P less than
      0.05), but not at week 6 (-18 +/- 5 vs -10 +/- 8).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2653743
TI  - Release of neutrophil chemotactic factors from gastric tissue. Initial
      biochemical characterization.
AB  - This study was designed to characterize neutrophil chemotactic factors released
      by gastric tissue. Full-thickness rabbit stomach (organ culture) was prepared and
      incubated in Ringer's solution at 37 degrees C. Culture supernatants were
      collected at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr and assayed for neutrophil chemotactic activity in
      modified Boyden chambers. High levels of chemotactic activity were seen at 3 hr
      of incubation. Antral and fundic tissue were equally capable of producing
      neutrophil chemotactic activity. In addition, high levels of activity were seen
      from both the serosal and mucosal surfaces. Initial biochemical characterization
      of these gastric-derived factors revealed that: (1) a majority of the activity
      (80-90%) exhibited molecular weight values of greater than 300 kDa, (2) the
      chemotactic activity was heat stable but was partially reduced by treatment with
      a protease, subtilisin (37% inhibition), and (3) 70-80% of the activity in the
      supernatants was extracted into organic solvent (ethyl acetate). These factors
      may prove to be important in recruitment of neutrophils to areas of gastric
      injury.

PMID- 2653744
TI  - Induction of esophageal injuries by doxycycline and other pills. A frequent but
      preventable occurrence.
AB  - Many specialists and general physicians remain unaware of the potential for and
      pathogenesis of drug-induced esophageal ulcerations. To promote a greater
      awareness of the importance of this problem, we have reviewed the literature,
      particularly in regard to the mechanisms of action and the clinical and
      therapeutic implications of these chemical injuries to the esophagus. There can
      be no doubt that the frequency of occurrence of drug-induced esophageal
      ulceration far exceeds that reflected in the reported cases appearing in the
      medical literature. Nor can we deny that much of the responsibility for this
      situation lies in the failure of the prescribing physician to educate his
      patients (and himself!) in the art of taking potentially harmful pills and
      capsules, particularly tetracycline, doxycycline, potassium chloride, and
      quinidine preparations. Although most such drug injuries are self-limited events,
      there have been a number of fatalities reported and at the very least they
      involve acute discomfort.

PMID- 2653745
TI  - Anti-sympathetic ganglia antibodies and postural blood pressure in IDDM subjects
      of varying duration and patients at high risk of developing IDDM.
AB  - We examined the sera of 94 subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM) for the presence of complement-fixing sympathetic ganglia (CF-SG)
      antibodies. In a cross-sectional analysis (duration 0-43 yr), 22% had detectable
      CF-SG antibodies. Subjects at high risk for IDDM were also studied. Four groups
      were studied: group 1 (aged 4-64 yr) islet cell antibody-positive (ICA+)
      prediabetic subjects, 10 of 19 (53%) were CF-SG+; group 2 (aged 6-14 yr) ICA-
      prediabetic subjects (first-degree relatives of IDDM subjects with either
      transient hyperglycemia, impaired oral glucose tolerance, and/or first-phase
      insulin release after intravenous glucose tolerance testing), 4 of 9 (44%) were
      CF-SG+ (2 of the 4 ICA- CF-SG+ subjects have progressed to IDDM); group 3 (aged
      1.5-43 yr) ICA+ IDDM subjects (less than or equal to 1 yr duration) 6 of 10 (60%)
      were CF-SG+; and group 4 (aged 8-59 yr) ICA- IDDM subjects (less than or equal to
      1 yr duration), 2 of 11 (18%) were CF-SG+. All groups had increased CF-SG
      compared with controls. Postural blood pressure and simultaneous CF-SG antibody
      measurements were performed in 28 IDDM subjects. The drop in systolic blood
      pressure was greater in the CF-SG+ subjects (P less than .05), and the frequency
      of CF-SG was greater in the mean to -2SD group (P less than .03) when data were
      analyzed within mean +/- 2SD of the normal blood pressure response.

PMID- 2653746
TI  - Psychomotor performance and counterregulatory responses during mild hypoglycemia
      in healthy volunteers.
AB  - The effect of mild hypoglycemia on psychomotor performance and counterregulatory
      responses was studied among 12 healthy volunteers. Each volunteer received two
      modified hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps. One morning, plasma glucose was held
      constant at euglycemic levels (4.9 mM) for 95 min, and another morning, it was
      lowered over 35 min and then held constant at hypoglycemic levels (3.4 mM) for 60
      min. A battery of psychomotor tests and a questionnaire assessing hypoglycemic
      symptoms were administered before and repeated during the last 30 min of each
      clamp. The questionnaire and three selected psychomotor tests were also
      administered repetitively during the 1st h of each clamp. During the hypoglycemic
      studies, a rise was seen in plasma epinephrine and pancreatic polypeptide at 45
      min. An increase in symptom scores was first recorded at 50 min during the
      hypoglycemic studies [median 4 (range 0-13) vs. 2 (5-6), P less than .05].
      Performance was impaired on two psychomotor tests included in the battery. One
      was the trail making test on fine motor performance (-19.3 +/- 4.2 targets/min,
      mean +/- SE vs. 1.2 +/- 4.8 targets/min, P less than .05), and the other was the
      digit-symbol substitution (DSS) test on information processing and memory (18 +/-
      3 vs. 29 +/- 4 symbols/min, P less than .03). Of the tests administered during
      the 1st h, performance was impaired on the DSS. This impairment became
      significant at 45 min (14 +/- 4 vs. 22 +/- 4 symbols/min, P less than .005). In
      conclusion, mild hypoglycemia selectively impairs psychomotor performance in
      healthy volunteers but not before the onset of glucose counterregulation and
      warning symptoms.

PMID- 2653747
TI  - Hypoglycemic convulsions cause serious musculoskeletal injuries in patients with
      IDDM.
AB  - Six diabetic patients are described who sustained serious musculoskeletal
      injuries during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. The convulsions were associated
      with nocturnal hypoglycemia, superoptimal glycemic control, pregnancy,
      hypoglycemic unawareness, or errors in self-management.

PMID- 2653748
TI  - Effect of life-style activity of varying duration on glycemic control in type II
      diabetic women.
AB  - Life-style activities such as walking are often recommended for patients with
      type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Because many of these patients are
      overweight and sedentary, such low-intensity activity would appear most
      appropriate, especially during initial intervention. However, there has been
      little research on the effects of low-intensity life-style activity on glycemic
      control. This study examined the effects of varying the duration (0, 20, or 40
      min) of low-intensity exercise (50-55% of age-predicted max heart rate) on
      glycemic responses during exercise and a subsequent meal in type II diabetic
      patients. Glycemic response to exercise was significantly related to the duration
      of activity; 20 min of activity decreased blood glucose (BG) by 6 mg/dl, whereas
      40 min decreased BG by 16 mg/dl. The effect of exercise on glucose was maintained
      over a 30-min rest period but disappeared after a meal was consumed. Insulin and
      the insulin-to-glucose ratio were not affected by the length of activity. These
      data suggest that life-style activity of long duration (20-40 min) produces a
      significant, but modest, decrease in glucose levels in type II diabetic women.

PMID- 2653749
TI  - Clinical aspects of sucrose and fructose metabolism.
AB  - The per capita consumption of sugars in the United States accounts for
      approximately 21% of total calorie intake. Most Americans eat and enjoy sugar
      containing foods every day, but the use of sugars in the diabetic diet has
      traditionally been proscribed for fear of aggravating hyperglycemia. However,
      short-term and most longer-term studies demonstrate that dietary sucrose does not
      cause a greater postprandial rise in plasma glucose than isocaloric amounts of
      other common carbohydrates. The available evidence suggests that sucrose has a
      glycemic effect similar to that of bread, potatoes, and rice. Dietary fructose,
      in contrast, may produce a lesser postprandial rise in plasma glucose than other
      common carbohydrates. There is considerable controversy about the effects of
      dietary sucrose and fructose on serum lipids, and their effects on other
      metabolic events, such as the nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins, are
      uncertain. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to allow diabetic patients to consume
      sugar-containing foods as long as they do so in a controlled fashion.

PMID- 2653750
TI  - Effects of sucrose on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in NIDDM patients.
AB  - Recently, there has been increasing interest toward the liberalization of sucrose
      in the diets of individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
      However, there is evidence from several well-controlled prospective studies
      demonstrating that the consumption of moderate amounts of sucrose may result in
      hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and
      reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. The fact that not
      all studies demonstrate these deleterious effects does not negate the positive
      data. The magnitude of the deleterious effects will probably vary with individual
      patients, baseline status, and amount of sucrose. Because these metabolic
      abnormalities are most disturbed in diabetes and are associated with increased
      risk of coronary artery disease, it would seem reasonable to continue to advise
      patients with NIDDM to limit sucrose consumption, at least until available data
      would allow us to predict in which individuals and at what level of sucrose
      consumption these adverse metabolic effects would not be present.

PMID- 2653751
TI  - Aspartame metabolism in normal adults, phenylketonuric heterozygotes, and
      diabetic subjects.
AB  - This study reviews clinical studies testing the effects of various doses of
      aspartame on blood levels of phenylalanine, aspartate, and methanol in normal
      subjects and known phenylketonuric heterozygotes. The effect of aspartame on the
      phenylalanine-to-large neutral amino acid ratio under various feeding situations
      is shown. The clinical studies of aspartame in diabetic subjects are limited to
      observations of its effects on blood levels of glucose, lipids, insulin, and
      glucagon. These studies clearly demonstrate the safety of this high-intensity
      sweetener for use by humans.

PMID- 2653752
TI  - Maleness as risk factor for slowly progressive IDDM.
AB  - The effect of sex on longitudinal changes in serum C-peptide immunoreactivity
      (CPR) response to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was examined up to 48 mo
      in 30 islet cell antibody-positive (ICA+), non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (NIDDM) subjects (15 men, 15 women) who were matched for age, duration
      of diabetes, and mode of treatment. The subjects were recruited from 2858 NIDDM
      patients screened for ICA between 1980 and 1984. In male NIDDM subjects, CPR
      levels to OGTT decreased insidiously, and 8 of 15 men developed the insulin
      dependent state with abolished CPR. Only 2 female NIDDM subjects progressed to
      the insulin-dependent state (P less than .05, women vs. men). Thus, CPR in female
      subjects tended to decrease less than in male subjects. There were no significant
      differences between the two groups in human leukocyte antigens (HLA) or titer of
      ICA during the follow-up period. These results suggest that maleness is a major
      risk factor for slowly progressive beta-cell dysfunction in adult-onset insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

PMID- 2653753
TI  - Saccharin.
AB  - Saccharin, a nonnutritive sweetener discovered in 1879, has been the subject of
      controversy concerning its effect on public health on several occasions during
      this century. Over this period, the substance has come to be regarded as a useful
      commodity in the dietary management of diabetes mellitus. We review the
      historical and scientific background on the subject and propose a new approach in
      making public-health decisions on unique foods that serve a special dietary
      purpose.

PMID- 2653754
TI  - Heat stroke and related heat stress disorders.
AB  - Medical disorders related to environmental heat exposure are exceptionally common
      in persons who perform hard work in hot climates. They are also common in
      competitive athletes as well as in persons who participate in casual exercise to
      maintain health. The important issue of salt and water disturbances consequent to
      heavy sweating in hot climates is discussed in detail as are mechanisms of
      potassium deficiency and its implications. The major forms of environmental heat
      illness including heat syncope, heat cramp, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke are
      presented in detail with relevant clinical examples. A discussion of the
      differential diagnosis of hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis follows. Because of the
      difference in treatment and complications, heat stroke is subdivided into the
      classic variety that affects the elderly and very young and that form that
      follows heavy physical work and is always associated with rhabdomyolysis. Because
      severe heat exhaustion and heat stroke are life-threatening disorders, the
      chapter includes a detailed discussion of complications and plans for treatment.

PMID- 2653755
TI  - Drawing up insulin by the visually impaired.

PMID- 2653756
TI  - The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus: an update (continuing education
      credit).
AB  - Both IDDM and NIDDM are multifaceted diseases whose pathophysiologies share two
      important characteristics. When not clinically treated, both involve chronic
      hyperglycemia. Further, all individuals with diabetes are at risk for developing
      the complications of the disease. These complications include neuropathies,
      retinopathies, and nephropathies. Other complications less often cited include
      sympathetic nervous sensitivity (at least in NIDDM), as well as neurobehavioral
      sequelae, especially in very young children whose IDDM treatment/response leads
      to two or more profound hypoglycemic episodes before age five. The future is
      bright--improved and appropriate insulinization, effective second-generation oral
      hypoglycemic agents, pancreatic transplantation, and immunosuppression offer hope
      in the management of diabetes.

PMID- 2653757
TI  - The diabetes control and complications trial (DCCT): the trial coordinator
      perspective. Report by the DCCT Research Group.
AB  - We present an overview of the role of the trial coordinator in the Diabetes
      Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). The DCCT is a multicenter clinical trial
      designed to examine the effects of two different diabetes treatment regimens on
      the appearance and progression of the early vascular complications of IDDM.
      Although the specific responsibilities assumed by the trial coordinators differ
      from center to center, in general they include administration, recruitment,
      eligibility testing, and patient management. The trial coordinator's role has
      evolved with the needs of the DCCT, and may serve as a model for other large
      multicenter trials.

PMID- 2653758
TI  - Diabetes and pregnancy: need and use of intensive therapy.
AB  - This paper explains the physiology of pregnancy and interrelates this information
      with the effects of pregnancy on the woman with pregestational diabetes mellitus.
      A review of the effects of diabetes on the fetus is presented, with information
      provided on the major complications that can negatively affect the fetus. The
      positive influence of intensive therapy on maternal and fetal outcome is
      stressed. The essential components of this therapy, along with possible
      variations in insulin treatment, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the need
      for involving many disciplines in establishing this treatment.

PMID- 2653759
TI  - The intensive insulin therapy team.
AB  - The use of a team approach to the management of patients using intensive insulin
      therapy (IIT) has been supported by policy/position statements of both the
      American Association of Diabetes Educators and the American Diabetes Association.
      A course designed and taught by a health care team within the Washington
      University Diabetes Research and Training Center was offered to 18
      multidisciplinary health care teams desiring information about initiating IIT
      programs. Course outcomes demonstrated positive responses to the team approach to
      team education but raised questions about the actual composition and functioning
      of the health care "team." While a well-defined team with IIT knowledge and
      skills is essential for the development of a comprehensive and safe approach to
      IIT programs, it is not clear who should be offering these programs.

PMID- 2653760
TI  - Hyperlipidemia and diabetes: the role of dietary fats (continuing education
      credit).
AB  - The role of diet in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia is extremely
      important. Both elevated cholesterol and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for
      coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in adults with diabetes. All
      health professionals working with diabetic patients must be familiar with the
      recommendations from the National Cholesterol Education Project and know general
      dietary guidelines to assist their patients in adopting lower fat eating styles.
      Dietitians should develop an awareness of the controversial research questions
      being asked. The role of total fat, cholesterol, saturated fat, monounsaturated
      fat, polyunsaturated fat, and carbohydrate in the diet will be explored.
      Implications for practice for dietitians as well as other health professionals
      will be suggested.

PMID- 2653761
TI  - Role of glutathione and other thiols in cellular response to radiation and drugs.

PMID- 2653762
TI  - Radiation protectors: the unexpected benefits.

PMID- 2653763
TI  - Bioactivation of nephrotoxic haloalkenes by glutathione conjugation: formation of
      toxic and mutagenic intermediates by cysteine conjugate beta-lyase.

PMID- 2653764
TI  - Influence of aging on chemically induced hepatotoxicity: role of age-related
      changes in metabolism.
AB  - The effects on hepatotoxicity of age-associated changes in drug metabolism are
      not always straightforward. In the case of allyl alcohol hepatotoxicity in male
      rats, there is a good relationship between increased metabolic activation by
      liver alcohol dehydrogenase and enhanced hepatotoxicity in old age. With regard
      to two other hepatotoxicants, some tentative conclusions about the role of
      metabolism can be drawn, but they must be tempered with caution due to gaps in
      the available information. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity is reduced in old
      age, and decreased formation of the toxic intermediate may be the reason. There
      is a prominent effect of aging on acetaminophen conjugation, a shift from
      sulfation to glucuronidation, but this change does not affect total clearance.
      The situation with carbon tetrachloride is difficult to interpret because the
      final outcome is unaltered hepatotoxicity in old age. Nevertheless, the available
      data suggest that an age-associated decrease in activation of carbon
      tetrachloride is counterbalanced by a loss in resistance to lipid peroxidation.
      These conclusions are summarized in Table 5. Again, it must be emphasized that
      all of these age-dependent changes in toxicity could be related to effects on
      other systems that are not necessarily involved in the metabolism of
      hepatotoxicants. Future research is needed to identify pathways of metabolic
      activation and detoxification in which age-dependent changes occur that result in
      significant changes in hepatotoxicity. The entire sequence of events from changes
      at the molecular level to their sequelae at the level of the cell, tissue and
      intact animal should be investigated, and the results should be confirmed in more
      than one mammalian model of aging. The aim would be to identify basic mechanisms
      that result in increased hazard for the aged liver from exposure to toxic
      compounds.

PMID- 2653765
TI  - [Captopril versus digoxin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe heart
      failure].
AB  - In a randomized and double-blind study of 116 patients with chronic heart failure
      (NYHA classes II or III) the effectiveness of captopril + hydrochlorothiazide
      (HCT) (group 1) and of digoxin + HCT (group 2) were compared. Treatment was
      effected for a 12-month period with a combination of 50 mg captopril (twice 25 mg
      daily, oral) and HCT, or 0.2 mg digoxin (twice 0.1 mg daily, oral) and HCT. In a
      pretreatment phase over 3-4 weeks the patients of group 1 were given an average
      HCT dose of 37.7 mg daily, whereas those of group 2 received 34.9 mg per day. At
      the end of the 12-month treatment period the patients in the captopril/HCT group
      had improved significantly more--by the criteria of echocardiographic
      intracardiac diameters, exercise tolerance and NYHA class--than those in the
      digoxin/HCT group. Change by a mean of one NYHA class had occurred in 61 patients
      (51.8%) of group 1 and in 47 (40.7%) of group 2 (P les than 0.01). These findings
      suggest that treatment of patients with mild to moderately severe chronic heart
      failure in sinus rhythm best be initiated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitor together with a diuretic rather than a digitalis-diuretic combination.

PMID- 2653766
TI  - [Exocrine pancreatic failure: rational and efficient functional diagnosis].

PMID- 2653767
TI  - [Neuroleptic malignant syndrome].

PMID- 2653768
TI  - [The narrowed spinal canal].

PMID- 2653769
TI  - [Therapy of obesity using a gastric balloon. A critical statement].

PMID- 2653770
TI  - [Early diagnosis of type-1 diabetes. Limits, possibilities and outlook].

PMID- 2653771
TI  - [Objectivity, specialization and cooperation in veterinary medicine with
      immunopathology as an example].

PMID- 2653772
TI  - [Episodes of amyloidosis in young hens after repeated use of antibacterial oil
      emulsion vaccines].
AB  - Outbreaks of systemic amyloidosis with moderate to high mortality in two young
      layer flocks are described. In both the cases anamnesis reported repeated
      vaccinations with oil-emulsified bacterins. Grossly, the liver was enlarged,
      friable and pale. Hepatic rupture and haemorrhages were frequently seen. Moreover
      heavy granulomatous reactions at the inoculation site was observed.
      Histologically amyloid deposition was present in the liver and the spleen of the
      animals from both of the flocks. Histochemical reactions confirm that it is type
      AA amyloidosis.

PMID- 2653773
TI  - [The pathology of mitral valve prolapse in dogs].
AB  - The authors present investigations of the prolapse of the mitral valves in dogs.
      In 18 cases there were dogs with a prolapse, in 6 dogs there was a prolapse of
      the tricuspid valves, and in 3 cases a prolapse of both valves was observed. In
      all cases prolapse occurred together with endocardiosis of the valves or as a
      consequence of it.

PMID- 2653774
TI  - [Familial nephropathy in cocker spaniels].
AB  - In 21 normal dogs of different breeds and ages the number of nephrons was
      calculated from paraffin sections in comparison with a maceration method. With
      these methods the number of glomeruli x 1000 per kidney appeared to be 502 +/-
      213 and 515 +/- 230 respectively. The histological method appeared to be
      acceptable for the determination of the number of glomeruli in incomplete
      kidneys. The examined Cocker Spaniels consisted of 5 animals without renal
      problems for control and 21 animals with nephropathy: 12 of 1-2 years, 6 of 4-6
      years and 3 of 9-10 years old dogs. As indication for the present number of
      nephrons the glomeruli were counted in bands of whole cortex with a width of 1
      mm. The number of glomeruli per band of cortex in the nephropathic Cocker
      Spaniels (15.0 +/- 3.0) was not drastic lower than those of the normal Cockers
      (20.8 +/- 2.5) and of 7 normal adult dogs of different breeds (17.2 +/- 2.2). On
      pathological examination the nephropathic kidneys showed a membranoproliferative
      sclerosing glomerulonephritis with extra-capillary reaction leading to glomerular
      obsolescence. The animals showed evident proteinuria and final renal
      insufficiency. It was concluded that the pathogenesis of the familial nephropathy
      in this breed will not be caused by cortical hypoplasia, but by a primary
      glomerulopathy.

PMID- 2653775
TI  - Morbillivirus in seals: isolation and some growth characteristics in cell
      cultures.
AB  - The procedure used for the cultural isolation of morbillivirus from seals as well
      as some growth characteristics of isolates is described briefly. Emphasis was
      laid upon cytopathic changes typical for morbillivirus and observed in seal
      kidney cell culture subsequent to inoculation of organ tissue suspensions or
      buffy coat leucocytes. The modalities which resulted in the identification of 21
      morbillivirus isolates from 16 seals by using direct fluorescent antibody (FA) or
      peroxidase linked antibody (PLA) techniques are outlined and illustrated.

PMID- 2653776
TI  - [Total estrogen concentrations in the blood plasma of calves during the first six
      days of life].
AB  - From 47 mature calves ten blood samples were taken during the first six days of
      life for determination of total estrogen concentrations. Immediately postnatal
      concentration of total estrogens in blood plasma was high (1093.2 +/- 452.5 pg/ml
      blood plasma). Total estrogen values increased towards the sixth hour of life
      (1789.0 +/- 892.2 pg/ml blood plasma), which is thought to be caused by
      reabsorption of estrogens released from intracorporeal reservoirs. Towards the
      48th hour of life total estrogen values decreased. This decrease indicates a
      progressive depletion of the reservoirs and also metabolisation and elimination
      of estrogens by the organism. The fact that total estrogens were nearly unchanged
      from the 4th day of life onwards reveals the approximative completed elimination
      of estrogens. At no time significant differences of total estrogen concentrations
      in blood plasma were found between female and male newborn calves.

PMID- 2653777
TI  - [Spontaneous mixed infections with distemper virus and Toxoplasma in dogs].
AB  - During a canine distemper epidemic in Switzerland in 1984/85 six cases of
      spontaneous mixed infections of distemper virus and Toxoplasma spec. were
      diagnosed. An etiologic diagnosis was made by immunohistological PAP-labelling.
      Pathological including histopathological findings are reported. The possibilities
      of histological identification of the organisms (H & E staining) are compared
      with immunohistology. The importance of spontaneous opportunistic infections
      involving protozoa is discussed.

PMID- 2653778
TI  - Morphometric evaluation of myofibrillar hypoplasia in splayleg piglets.
AB  - A morphometric method was applied to evaluate the EMS (extramyofibrillar space)
      in cross-sections of the musculus adductor as a parameter for the grading of the
      myofibrillar hypoplasia in splayleg piglets. Although there was a great
      variability between the individual piglets for the EMS values, a highly
      significant difference between normal and splayleg piglets was noted. Using this
      method it was found that myofibrillar hypoplasia indeed is associated with the
      splayleg syndrome.

PMID- 2653779
TI  - [Animal welfare relevance and the functional and morphological significance of
      the killing of laboratory animals].
AB  - Euthanasia of experimental animals at the end of an experiment or when an
      experiment is terminated is relevant for two reasons: firstly, because of ethical
      reasons and of animal protection, secondly because of scientific evaluation of
      experimental results. Functional and morphologic alterations have up to now been
      inadequately observed and considered. Gradually varying different results depend
      on the different methods of euthanasia. Additionally single parameters of
      reactions in isolated organs vary depending on the method of euthanasia. These
      facts have not yet been respected in the discussion of so called alternate
      methods. The significance of functional and morphologic effects as seen in
      different methods of euthanasia is discussed with examples.

PMID- 2653780
TI  - [Electron microscopic structure of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis
      (MesPGN) in animals].
AB  - In a murine lupus model, the kidneys of 42 MRL mice of different age groups
      (substrains MRL/Mp-lpr/lp and -+/+) were studied by light and transmission
      electron microscopy. The results demonstrate the ultrastructural feature of the
      mesangial-proliferative glomerulonephritis which is one of the observed forms of
      glomerulonephritis. The most important alterations are a severe proliferation of
      mesangial cells (with an increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum and
      mitochondria) and electron dense deposits in different sites of the glomerular
      basement membrane (subepithelial, subendothelial, intramembranous). These
      deposits are proposed to be immune complexes. Osmiophilic intracytoplasmic
      inclusions of the mesangial cells are indications of an altered renin production.
      Alterations of the glomerular epithelial cells are characterized by fusions of
      the epithelial pedicles, an increase of microvilli and intracytoplasmic
      concentrations of electron dense material which are also proposed to be immune
      complex deposits. The morphological feature of the mesangial-proliferative
      glomerulonephritis is completed by an activation and focal edema of endothelial
      cells. The described alterations are discussed and compared with findings in
      other species.

PMID- 2653781
TI  - [Ameloblastic odontoma in a Sprague-Dawley rat].
AB  - A spontaneously arising ameloblastic odontoma of the mandible is reported in in a
      2-years old female Sprague-Dawley-rat. The morphological characteristics of the
      tumor are described as well as discussed in consideration of its histogenesis and
      differential diagnoses.

PMID- 2653782
TI  - [Reaggregating brain cell cultures: methodical aspects, morphological and
      biochemical characteristics, possible applications].
AB  - A survey is given of the characteristics of the culture system of rotation
      mediated reaggregating brain cell cultures. Aggregates of dissociated fetal brain
      cells of different species undergo morphological and biochemical differentiation
      in vitro, which resembles normal brain development in vivo. The usefulness of
      this system, e.g. for virological investigations in veterinary medical research
      is discussed.

PMID- 2653783
TI  - [The problem of the pathomorphological diagnosis "death by drowning"--case
      histories].
AB  - The paper describes pathomorphological findings in two dogs and one cat with the
      intention to clarify whether these animals died by drowning. The investigations
      are supplemented by experimental results of water instillation into the lung to
      induce signs of emphysema aquosum post mortem. Additionally, histopathology of
      the skin lesions due to water exposition after death are demonstrated by
      systematic investigations of four different localizations for 10 days. Critical
      evaluation of the results and literature references in human forensic pathology
      indicate that post mortem findings as described in this paper, especially those
      of the so called "drowning lung" can be attributed to death by drowning.

PMID- 2653784
TI  - [Case report: adenocarcinoma of the intestines in a goat].
AB  - A case of an adenocarcinoma of the gut with multiple metastases in an old female
      goat is reported.

PMID- 2653785
TI  - [Micronema deletrix as the cause of a granulomatous nephritis in a horse].
AB  - Infections with Micronema deletrix are described sporadically in humans and
      horses. This case report describes the infection with Micronema deletrix in a
      horse. The animal was sent to the clinic because of recurrent colic. On rectal
      palpation a mass was detected in the area of the right kidney and the horse was
      destroyed on its owners request. At slaughter a greatly enlarged right kidney
      interspersed with numerous white nodules was found. Histological examination
      revealed a granulomatous nephritis with numerous sections of nematodes. Based on
      their morphology and size, they were identified as Micronema.

PMID- 2653786
TI  - [Atypical interstitial pneumonia (AIP) in calves and young cattle in Schleswig
      Holstein in conjunction with an infection by the bovine respiratory syncytial
      virus (BRSV)].
AB  - It is reported on atypical interstitial pneumonia (AIP) in 16 mostly Holstein
      Frisian calves and feeders from 13 different farms in Schleswig-Holstein in
      association with an infection by the respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). All
      animals were submitted with identical clinical histories. Macroscopically the
      lung lesions were characterized by alveolar and interstitial edema and emphysema.
      Microscopically there was a diffuse interstitial pneumonia with formation of
      hyaline membranes and multinucleated giant cells. From the investigation material
      of the 16 animals BRSV was confirmed by direct immunofluorescence with monoclonal
      antibodies in 4 animals from 4 different farms.

PMID- 2653787
TI  - [Lipopigment in the adipose tissue of slaughtered swine].
AB  - After feeding rests of slaughtered poultry together with whey, tapioca and
      residues of stark production to pigs 70% of the slaughtered pigs were refused by
      the meat inspection because of yellow fat and yellow hair. The occurrence of bile
      pigment, carotenoids and synthetic colours could be excluded while acid fast
      pigments were demonstrated in the fat tissue, liver and skeleton muscle. This
      could be confirmed by the peroxide number, acid number and the content of
      malondialdehyde and vitamin E. The results were discussed in the view of meat
      inspection laws.

PMID- 2653788
TI  - [Veterinary expert opinion: bloodless castration of bulls (Burdizzo forceps)].
AB  - Based on the circumstances of a judicial case, the veterinarian's liability in
      performing nonbloody castration in bulls by means of BURDIZZO's instrument is
      explained.

PMID- 2653789
TI  - Mutagenicity of enantiomers of penbutolol.
AB  - With a view to examine the effect of chirality and the cause of batch-to-batch
      variation in the mutagenicity of penbutolol, penbutolol enantiomers -
      isopenbutolol [R(+)-enantiomer] and penbutolol [S(-)-enantiomer] - and two
      batches of Betapressin were tested employing the Ames Salmonella tester strain
      TA98. The mutagenic activity of R(+)-enantiomer was found to be similar to that
      of a batch of penbutolol with a high content of this optical isomer. The
      pharmaceutical form of penbutolol, Betapressin, exhibited either less or equal
      mutagenic effectiveness to the S(-)-enantiomer. In the presence of the S9 mix,
      the mutagenicity of R(+)-enantiomer was only slightly affected in the low dose
      range of 40 to 160 micrograms/plate. A metabolite of penbutolol, (RS) l"
      dehydropenbutolol, did not cause an increase in the number of revertants/plate.

PMID- 2653791
TI  - Drug therapy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children.
AB  - In contrast to adults, cardiopulmonary arrest in infants and children is rarely
      an acute, primary cardiac event. Instead, it is often the terminal event in a
      progressive deterioration of respiratory or circulatory function. Successful
      resuscitation from cardiac arrest therefore is unusual in the paediatric patient
      and most survivors have persistent neurological impairment. Rapid vascular access
      and recall of drug dosages are major obstacles in treating paediatric
      emergencies. This paper reviews vascular access and alternative drug delivery
      methods. The endotracheal and intraosseous routes provide alternative sites for
      drug delivery, but the optimal doses and methods of drug administration via these
      routes are unknown. Indeed, although great progress in cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation (CPR) research has been made over the past 10 years, there are only
      limited data on paediatric arrest mechanisms and drug treatment. In this paper,
      recommended dosages and mechanisms of action of drugs useful during
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation are reviewed, highlighting recent data which
      suggest that changes in current drug recommendations may be needed. To avoid
      delays in management, precalculated tables of drugs should be readily available
      in emergency departments and other care areas where paediatric cases are likely
      to be seen. Adrenaline (epinephrine) remains the drug of choice in a cardiac
      arrest, but the most effective dose may be higher than currently used. Treatment
      of acidosis during the arrest concentrates on restoration of ventilation and
      blood flow and not on bicarbonate administration. In the post-arrest setting
      increasing data suggest bicarbonate may not be beneficial and may actually be
      detrimental. Calcium and atropine also have relatively minor roles in
      resuscitation pharmacology. Calcium is only indicated to treat hypocalcaemia,
      counteract the effects of hyperkalaemia or hypermagnesaemia, or reverse calcium
      channel blocker toxicity. Finally, the role of isoprenaline (isoproterenol),
      dopamine, dobutamine and adrenaline infusions to restore or maintain
      cardiovascular stability post-arrest is reviewed.

PMID- 2653792
TI  - Hyperthyroidism. Current drug therapy.
AB  - The choice of treatment for hyperthyroidism should be preceded by considering:
      (a) whether the diagnosis is correct; (b) the severity of the disorder; (c) the
      cause of the thyroid hormone excess; (d) factors such as patient age, size of
      goitre, associated diseases, previous treatment, and (e) patient preference. If
      hyperthyroidism appears to be severe, a judgement based on clinical rather than
      biochemical features, there is generally no safe alternative to the initial use
      of a drug from the thioamide thioureylene group (carbimazole, methimazole or
      propylthiouracil) to make the patient euthyroid as rapidly as possible. There are
      numerous different schedules for the use of these drugs, alone or in conjunction
      with surgery, radioactive iodine, or drugs such as beta-blocking agents, iodide
      or thyroxine. Patients can be made euthyroid with reasonable certainty, but an
      underlying abnormality often remains. The patient's understanding of the natural
      history of his or her condition is crucial in achieving adequate follow-up.

PMID- 2653793
TI  - Current management of polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
AB  - This article reviews the clinical features and emphasises the treatment of
      polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Pharmacological intervention with
      corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents is discussed. In addition,
      strategies regarding the initiation and subsequent tapering of these drugs are
      provided, and an algorithmic approach to the management of myositis is provided.
      Therapeutic modalities for patients with refractory disease are considered, and
      the potential adverse effects of such treatment are discussed. Since patients
      with myositis often have disease-related complaints other than muscle weakness, a
      practical treatment approach for these problems is also outlined.

PMID- 2653794
TI  - Influence of epidermal growth factor on the maturation of fetal rat brain cells
      in aggregate culture. An immunocytochemical study.
AB  - Maturation of astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes was studied in serum-free
      aggregating cell cultures of fetal rat telencephalon by an immunocytochemical
      approach. Cell type-specific immunofluorescence staining was examined by using
      antibodies directed against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin,
      two astroglial markers; neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and neurofilament (NF), two
      neuronal markers, and galactocerebroside (GC), an oligodendroglial marker. It was
      found that the cellular maturation in aggregates is characterized by distinct
      developmental increases in immunoreactivity for GFAP, vimentin, NSE, NF, and GC,
      and by a subsequent decrease of vimentin-positive structures in more
      differentiated cultures. These findings are in agreement with observations in
      vivo, and they corroborate previous biochemical studies of this histotypic
      culture system. Treatment of very immature cultures with a low dose of epidermal
      growth factor (EGF, 5 ng/ml) enhanced the developmental increase in GFAP, NSE, NF
      and GC immunoreactivity, suggesting an acceleration of neuronal and glial
      maturation. In addition, EGF was found to alter the cellular organization within
      the aggregates, presumably by influencing cell migration.

PMID- 2653795
TI  - Effect of prolonged exercise on plasma insulin level in portal vein and abdominal
      aorta in rats.
AB  - It has been shown that prolonged muscular exercise reduces insulin concentration
      in the portal vein and in the abdominal aorta. However, the reduction in the
      portal vein is much more pronounced than in the aorta and it indicates that the
      exercise reduces not only insulin secretion but also its removal.

PMID- 2653796
TI  - Respiratory physiology.
AB  - A basic review is presented of the anatomy and physiology of the airways and the
      alveolar - capillary interface. Lung volumes are defined, as are terms used in
      pulmonary function testing, and alveolar ventilation is discussed. Five common
      mechanisms of arterial hypoxemia are explored and some common examples are
      presented, and the value and limitations of arterial blood gas determinations and
      pulse oximetry in the Emergency Department setting are discussed.

PMID- 2653790
TI  - Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic
      properties and therapeutic efficacy.
AB  - Acyclovir (aciclovir) is a nucleoside antiviral drug with antiviral activity in
      vitro against members of the herpes group of DNA viruses. As an established
      treatment of herpes simplex infection, intravenous, oral and to a lesser extent
      topical formulations of acyclovir provide significant therapeutic benefit in
      genital herpes simplex and recurrent orofacial herpes simplex. The effect of
      acyclovir therapy is maximised by early initiation of treatment, especially in
      non-primary infection which tends to have a less protracted course than the
      primary episode. Long term prophylactic oral acyclovir, in patients with frequent
      episodes of genital herpes simplex, totally suppresses recurrences in the
      majority of subjects; as with other infections responding to acyclovir, viral
      latency is not eradicated and pretreatment frequencies of recurrence return after
      discontinuation of treatment. Caution should accompany the prophylactic use of
      acyclovir in the general population, due to the theoretical risk of the emergence
      of viral strains resistant to acyclovir and other agents whose mechanism of
      action is dependent on viral thymidine kinase. Intravenous acyclovir is the
      treatment of choice in biopsy-proven herpes simplex encephalitis in adults, and
      has also been successful in the treatment of disseminated herpes simplex in
      pregnancy and herpes neonatorium. Intravenous and oral acyclovir protect against
      dissemination and progression of varicella zoster virus infection, but do not
      protect against post-herpetic neuralgia. In immunocompromised patients,
      intravenous, oral and topical acyclovir shorten the clinical course of herpes
      simplex infections while prophylaxis with oral or intravenous dosage forms
      suppresses reactivation of infection during the period of drug administration.
      Ophthalmic application of 3% acyclovir ointment rapidly heals herpetic dendritic
      corneal ulcers and superficial herpetic keratitis. Thus, despite an inability to
      eradicate latent virus, acyclovir administered in therapeutic or prophylactic
      fashion is now the standard antiviral therapy in several manifestations of herpes
      simplex virus infection, and indeed represents a major advance in this regard.
      With the exception of varicella zoster virus infections, early optimism
      concerning the use of the drug in diseases due to other herpes viruses has
      generally not been supported in clinical investigations.

PMID- 2653797
TI  - Upper airway obstruction.
AB  - Upper airway obstruction is an uncommon but obviously serious management issue
      that will present to the Emergency Department from time to time. This article
      covers upper airway obstruction in the adult patient and concentrates on the
      acute and subacute presentations.

PMID- 2653798
TI  - Asthma.
AB  - Asthma is an extremely common disease that the emergency physician handles on a
      daily basis. Accurate clinical assessment from the history and physical
      examination is very important to assess the severity of the disease. Some measure
      of airway resistance of either FEV1 or PEFR should be done in every patient
      initially, at repeated intervals, and at discharge, to have a parameter to follow
      in therapy as well as a tool to use to warn the physician of a severe amount of
      airway obstruction. The inhaled beta agonists are the first line of therapy in
      acute asthma and can be delivered by either the nebulizer or the MDI with or
      without a spacer. Aminophylline will be continued to be used acutely even though
      it appears there is no improvement in bronchospasm in the first few hours of
      treatment when aminophylline is added to therapy. Anticholinergic agents will
      gain a wider role in acute asthma, especially when used in combination with a
      beta agonist. Corticosteroids continue to have a role in severe attacks of
      asthma, and earlier use may prevent relapse. Fatal asthma still occurs, however,
      and the emergency physician must use strict criteria to recognize status
      asthmaticus or the patient who is not doing well and admit them to the hospital.
      Using a stepwise, logical approach to the treatment of the asthmatic patient will
      lead to better patient satisfaction and fewer errors on part of the emergency
      physician.

PMID- 2653799
TI  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - COPD patients are a heterogeneous group of patients who present with dyspnea and
      generally follow a progressive downhill course punctuated by acute infections,
      bronchoconstriction, or respiratory failure. Several drugs are available for
      relief of symptoms, including beta-agonists, anticholinergics, theophylline, and
      steroids. Also reviewed are the use of home oxygen and new promising agents.

PMID- 2653800
TI  - Pneumonias.
AB  - Pneumonia is a common disease seen in Emergency Department patients and is caused
      by a wide range of pathogens. The clinical and laboratory data that help to
      provide a specific etiologic diagnosis of the pneumonia are reviewed. In
      addition, current recommendations for the treatment and hospitalization of
      patients with pneumonia are detailed.

PMID- 2653801
TI  - Aspiration pneumonia, necrotizing pneumonia, and lung abscess.
AB  - Suppurative complications to aspiration pneumonia occur if the initial aspiration
      and subsequent pneumonitis go unrecognized or untreated. Anaerobic cavitary
      disease is typically an indolent process, whereas necrotizing pneumonia is more
      fulminant and deadly. Rarely are aggressive diagnostic measures necessary in the
      community-acquired setting. Most patients, even with necrotizing pneumonia,
      respond well to high-dose penicillin and show clinical improvement within a week
      to 10 days. Clindamycin may be preferred in cases of severe underlying disease or
      when penicillin fails to yield signs of recovery. The presence of empyema not
      only increases the duration of therapy but also is fraught with complications and
      carries a higher mortality rate (20 vs 5 per cent). Necrotizing pneumonia and
      pulmonary abscess that develop in the nursing home or hospital setting require a
      more aggressive diagnostic approach, and broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage is
      necessary. In spite of these measures and appropriate antibiotic selection,
      nosocomial-acquired disease carries a mortality rate of 30 to 50 per cent.
      Surgical intervention, once the mainstay of therapy, is now reserved for patients
      with complications such as massive hemoptysis, failure to respond to chest tube
      thoracostomy in the presence of empyema, abscess drainage that fails with
      postural drainage, and diagnosis of carcinoma.

PMID- 2653802
TI  - Diseases of the pleural space.
AB  - Pneumothorax in the ED most often will be primary and spontaneous in a young
      person who may be treated with either chest tube, mini-chest tube, or aspiration
      of pneumothorax according to local preference. The other large group of
      pneumothoraces will be spontaneous but secondary to a disease process, procedure,
      or drug abuse. The treatment of these must be individualized because conservative
      measures may not work and the underlying process may require attention as well.
      Although gaining in popularity, the use of devices or procedures other than
      formal chest tubes is still not general practice. The major complication of
      pneumothorax is tension pneumothorax, which is rapidly fatal and must be excluded
      immediately in all patients regardless of the etiology. Treatment of this
      complication must be carried out without delay for further diagnostic studies by
      venting the chest. The significance of pleural effusion depends on its volume and
      composition. If the cause is not known with certainty or if the patient is
      dyspneic, thoracentesis should be performed. The fluid is sent for numerous tests
      including specific gravity, pH, glucose, LDH, and protein. On this basis it is
      determined as either transudate, which tends to be associated with more benign
      disorders, or exudate, which is seen with infection, malignancy, and numerous
      other processes. In all cases the underlying disease requires therapy but only
      certain exudates require aggressive treatment primarily. Many parapneumonic
      effusions and all empyemas are exudates that require tube thoracostomy.

PMID- 2653803
TI  - Hemoptysis: emergency assessment and management.
AB  - The emergency management of hemoptysis requires an organized approach,
      integrating clinical and radiologic information, to make an accurate diagnosis
      and to provide the appropriate immediate and followup care. An outline of this
      approach is diagrammed in the algorithm.

PMID- 2653804
TI  - Pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Pulmonary thromboembolism is perhaps one of the most challenging diseases to
      recognize, diagnose, and treat appropriately in medicine today. Although the
      clinician is offered a variety of diagnostic modalities, a highly sensitive and
      specific diagnostic modality without significant risk does not yet exist. The
      newer noninvasive tests may offer valuable alternatives to the more invasive
      venogram and pulmonary angiogram. Figure 1 offers an algorithm for the diagnosis
      and management of thromboembolic disease. Failure to diagnose this entity can
      result in significant patient morbidity and mortality. Physicians must maintain a
      high index of suspicion as well as have an organized approach to diagnosis and
      management to improve survival of patients with thromboembolic disease.

PMID- 2653805
TI  - Submersion injuries: drowning and near-drowning.
AB  - Submersion injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children and
      young adults. The Emergency Department physician should be familiar with the
      epidemiology, pathophysiology, modes of therapy, and prognostic indicators in
      order to provide optimum resuscitation to the near-drowning victim, correct
      referral, and counseling to their families.

PMID- 2653806
TI  - Smoke inhalation.
AB  - Appropriate intervention in patients with smoke inhalation requires an
      understanding of the dynamic aspects of this complex respiratory emergency. This
      article reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of the smoke
      inhalation injury.

PMID- 2653807
TI  - Chest trauma.
AB  - Chest trauma will continue to be a significant cause of acute respiratory
      distress. It is a major source of morbidity and mortality in otherwise healthy
      young people. Airway control, oxygenation, drainage of pneumothoraces and
      hemothoraces and fluid resuscitation are the cornerstones of therapy. With these
      basic maneuvers, most chest trauma patients can be treated successfully.

PMID- 2653808
TI  - The adult respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - ARDS is a pulmonary injury syndrome associated with a variety of clinical
      disorders. The pathophysiology of ARDS has been clarified substantially in the
      past several years. Neutrophils are probably the chief mediators of pulmonary
      injury, serving as the focus for release of several toxic substances that cause
      capillary endothelial and alveolar epithelial damage. The mortality rate in ARDS
      remains high despite advances in elucidating of pathogenesis. Newer approaches to
      management stress earlier identification of patients and specific therapy aimed
      at interfering with the damage produced by toxic mediators of pulmonary injury.

PMID- 2653809
TI  - N-myc is frequently activated by proviral insertion in MuLV-induced T cell
      lymphomas.
AB  - We report a new common proviral insertion site in murine leukemia virus-induced T
      cell lymphomas to be N-myc. Proviral activation of N-myc was found in 35% of
      independently induced primary tumors. The vast majority of the proviral
      insertions occur within a small segment of the 3'-untranslated region of the N
      myc gene, directly downstream of the protein-encoding domain. This results in an
      increased level of expression of a truncated N-myc mRNA. Together with the
      previously shown c-myc activation we now find involvement of myc genes in greater
      than 75% of the primary T cell lymphomas induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus
      in C57BL10 and BALB/c mice, and show for the first time that N-myc can be over
      expressed by a mechanism other than gene amplification.

PMID- 2653810
TI  - Resolution of model Holliday junctions by yeast endonuclease: effect of DNA
      structure and sequence.
AB  - The resolution of Holliday junctions in DNA involves specific cleavage at or
      close to the site of the junction. A nuclease from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      cleaves model Holliday junctions in vitro by the introduction of nicks in regions
      of duplex DNA adjacent to the crossover point. In previous studies [Parsons and
      West (1988) Cell, 52, 621-629] it was shown that cleavage occurred within
      homologous arm sequences with precise symmetry across the junction. In contrast,
      junctions with heterologous arm sequences were cleaved asymmetrically. In this
      work, we have studied the effect of sequence changes and base modification upon
      the site of cleavage. It is shown that the specificity of cleavage is unchanged
      providing that perfect homology is maintained between opposing arm sequences.
      However, in the absence of homology, cleavage depends upon sequence context and
      is affected by minor changes such as base modification. These data support the
      proposed mechanism for cleavage of a Holliday junction, which requires homologous
      alignment of arm sequences in an enzyme--DNA complex as a prerequisite for
      symmetrical cleavage by the yeast endonuclease.

PMID- 2653811
TI  - Stabilization of dicentric chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by telomere
      addition to broken ends or by centromere deletion.
AB  - We introduced CEN6 DNA via integrative transformation into the right arm of
      chromosome II in a haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain thus creating a
      dicentric chromosome. The majority of the transformed cells did not grow into
      colonies as concluded from control transformations with mutated CEN6 DNA. Five
      percent of the initial transformants with the wild-type centromere gave rise to
      well growing cells. We analysed the probable fate of the dicentric chromosome in
      two transformants by electrophoretic separation of chromosome sized DNA and by
      hybridizations with chromosome II DNA probes. We found two different mechanisms
      which generated cells lacking dicentric chromosomes. The first mechanism is
      breakage of the chromatid between the two-centromeres and healing of the new ends
      to functional telomeres thus creating progeny cells with the chromosome II
      information split into two genetically stable new chromosomes one carrying CEN2
      and the other CEN6. The second mechanism is loss of the resident CEN2 by a 30-50
      kb deletion event which resulted in a genetically stable but shortened chromosome
      II. Both mechanisms operated in the two transformants studied.

PMID- 2653812
TI  - The CUP2 gene product regulates the expression of the CUP1 gene, coding for yeast
      metallothionein.
AB  - The yeast CUP1 gene codes for a copper-binding protein similar to
      metallothionein. Copper sensitive cup1s strains contain a single copy of the CUP1
      locus. Resistant strains (CUP1r) carry 12 or more multiple tandem copies. We
      isolated 12 ethyl methane sulfonate-induced copper sensitive mutants in a wild
      type CUP1r parental strain, X2180-1A. Most mutants reduce the copper resistance
      phenotype only slightly. However, the mutant cup2 lowers resistance by nearly two
      orders of magnitude. We cloned CUP2 by molecular complementation. The smallest
      subcloned fragment conferring function was approximately 2.1 kb. We show that
      CUP2, which is on chromosome VII, codes for or controls the synthesis or activity
      of a protein which binds the upstream control region of the CUP1 gene on
      chromosome VIII. Mutant cup2 cells produced extremely low levels of CUP1-specific
      mRNA, with or without added copper ions and lacked a factor which binds to the
      CUP1 promoter. Integrated at the cup2 site, the CUP2 plasmid restored the basal
      level and inducibility of CUP1 expression and led to reappearance of the CUP1
      promoter binding factor. Taken collectively, our data establish CUP2 as a
      regulatory gene for expression of the CUP1 metallothionein gene product.

PMID- 2653813
TI  - Yeast upstream activator protein GCN4 can stimulate transcription when its
      binding site replaces the TATA element.
AB  - We replaced the required TATA element of a yeast gal-his3 promoter by a binding
      site for GCN4, a protein that normally activates transcription when bound
      upstream of a TATA element. Surprisingly, GCN4 efficiently activates his3
      transcription from wild-type initiation sites, though in a pattern associated
      with constitutive his3 transcription rather than GCN4 upstream activation through
      a TATA element. Transcriptional stimulation by GCN4 requires both the DNA-binding
      domain and the acidic activation function but is not affected by changing the
      spacing or helical relationship between the GCN4 binding site and the mRNA start
      sites. GCN4 is not sufficient for this TATA-independent activation; a sequence in
      the gal fragment distinct from the GAL4 binding sites is also required. Thus,
      GCN4 functions both when bound upstream of a TATA element and also when bound at
      the position of a TATA element. In the latter case, we suggest the possibility
      that GCN4 might be able to stimulate transcription by an alternate mechanism that
      does not involve a conventional TATA-binding transcription factor.

PMID- 2653814
TI  - Purification and characterization of the deoR repressor of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The deoR gene, which encodes the deor repressor protein in Escherichia coli, was
      fused to the strong Ptrc promoter in plasmid pKK233-2. The Ptrc promoter is kept
      repressed by lacI repressor to prevent cell killing. Induction of the Ptrc--deoR
      fusion plasmid resulted in the accumulation of 4% of the soluble protein as deoR
      protein. The deoR repressor protein was purified to 80% purity using conventional
      techniques; it has a mass of 28.5 kd and appears to exist as an octamer in
      solution. The deoR repressor is shown by DNase I footprinting to bind to the 16
      bp palindromic sequence in the Pribnow box region of the deoP1 promoter. Also,
      the deoR repressor binds cooperatively in vitro to a DNA template with two deoR
      binding sites separated by 224 bp in keeping with the conclusion from genetic
      experiments that more than one operator is required for efficient repression of
      the deo operon.

PMID- 2653815
TI  - "An Ethiopian philosopher's concern with hygiene".

PMID- 2653816
TI  - Propofol.

PMID- 2653817
TI  - Structure and biological activity of basement membrane proteins.
AB  - Collagen type IV, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, nidogen (entactin) and
      BM-40 (osteonectin, SPARC) represent major structural proteins of basement
      membranes. They are well-characterized in their domain structures, amino acid
      sequences and potentials for molecular interactions. Such interactions include
      self-assembly processes and heterotypic binding between individual constituents,
      as well as binding of calcium (laminin, BM-40) and are likely to be used for
      basement membrane assembly. Laminin, collagen IV and nidogen also possess several
      cell-binding sites which interact with distinct cellular receptors. Some evidence
      exists that those interactions are involved in the control of cell behaviour.
      These observations have provided a more defined understanding of basement
      membrane function and the definition of new research goals in the future.

PMID- 2653818
TI  - Domain structure of mitochondrial and chloroplast targeting peptides.
AB  - Representative samples of mitochondrial and chloroplast targeting peptides have
      been analyzed in terms of amino acid composition, positional amino acid
      preferences and amphiphilic character. No highly conserved 'homology blocks' are
      found in either class of topogenic sequence. Mitochondrial-matrix-targeting
      peptides are composed of two domains with different amphiphilic properties.
      Arginine is frequently found either at position -10 or -2 relative to the
      cleavage site, suggesting that some targeting peptides may be cleaved twice in
      succession by two different matrix proteases. In stroma-targeting chloroplast
      transit peptides three distinct regions are evident: an uncharged amino-terminal
      domain, a central domain lacking acidic residues and a carboxy-terminal domain
      with the potential to form an amphiphilic beta-strand. Targeting peptides that
      route proteins to the mitochondrial intermembrane space or the lumen of
      chloroplast thylakoids have a mosaic design with an amino-terminal matrix- or
      stroma-targeting part attached to a carboxy-terminal extension that shares many
      characteristics with secretory signal peptides.

PMID- 2653819
TI  - Mechanisms of flavoprotein-catalyzed reactions.
AB  - Flavoproteins are a class of enzymes catalyzing a very broad spectrum of redox
      processes by different chemical mechanisms. This review describes the best
      studied of these mechanisms and discusses factors possibly governing reactivity
      and specificity.

PMID- 2653820
TI  - Kinetics and specificity of serine proteases in peptide synthesis catalyzed in
      organic solvents.
AB  - Initial rates of peptide-bond synthesis catalyzed by poly(ethylene glycol)
      modified chymotrypsin in benzene were determined using high-performance liquid
      chromatography. Enzymatic synthesis of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-L-phenylalanine amide
      from N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and L-phenylalanine amide was found to obey
      Michaelis-Menten kinetics an to be consistent with a ping-pong mechanism modified
      by a hydrolytic branch. The catalytic activity of modified chymotrypsin was
      dependent on both water concentration and type of organic solvent, the highest
      synthesis rate being obtained in toluene. Since the chymotrypsin specificity in
      the organic phase was actually altered, the enzyme's apparent kinetic parameters
      were determined for different substrates and compared to those obtained with
      other serine proteases in benzene. Both N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and N
      alpha-benzoyl-L-lysine methyl ester were comparable acyl donors in benzene and
      the (kcat/Km)app value of modified chymotrypsin was only 10-fold smaller than
      that obtained with poly(ethylene glycol)-modified trypsin in the synthesis of N
      alpha-benzoyl-L-lysyl-L-phenylalanine amide. The change in chymotrypsin
      specificity was also confirmed through the binding of trypsin inhibitors in
      benzene. The overall results suggest that hydrophobic bonding between the enzyme
      and its substrate should not be taken into account during catalysis in the
      organic phase. In general, if hydrophobic interactions are involved in the
      binding of substrates to the active site in aqueous media, the replacement of
      water by hydrophobic solvents will induce some change in enzyme specificity.
      Moreover, secondary residues of enzyme-binding sites may also exert a significant
      influence on specificity since, as observed in this study, chymotrypsin exhibited
      high affinity for cationic substrates and cationic inhibitors as well in apolar
      solvents.

PMID- 2653821
TI  - Apolipoprotein-E-gene expression in rat liver during development in relation to
      insulin and glucagon.
AB  - An apolipoprotein-E (apo-E) cDNA probe, cloned by immunoscreening of a lambda
      GT11 rat liver cDNA library, was used to further characterize the expression of
      the apo-E gene in rat liver during development, in relation to plasma insulin and
      glucagon levels. The apo-E mRNA level was low in fetus liver, then abruptly
      increased at birth and rose further during the suckling period. It returned to
      the level at birth in 10-week-old adults. These variations were paralleled with
      dramatic changes in plasma glucagon, which rose at birth and remained high during
      suckling. At the same time, the insulin/glucagon molar ratio fell. Administration
      of N6,O2-dibutyryl cAMP to 5-day-old rats resulted in a significant induction of
      liver apo-E mRNA. Moreover, liver apo-E mRNA rose in 10-h-fasted suckling rats as
      compared to controls, while plasma glucagon increased and the insulin/glucagon
      ratio decreased. Conversely, glucose feeding of suckling rats did not induce any
      increase in liver apo-E mRNA, the insulin/glucagon ratio was 10-fold higher than
      in fasted animals. Our results are consistent with liver apo-E gene expression
      being under the control of plasma glucagon and of the glucagon/insulin balance.

PMID- 2653822
TI  - Interrelated regulation of sulphur-containing amino-acid biosynthetic enzymes and
      folate-metabolizing enzymes in Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - In Aspergillus nidulans homocysteine can be metabolized both to cysteine and
      methionine. Mutants impaired in the main pathway of cysteine synthesis or in the
      sulphate assimilation pathway show a low pool of glutathione and elevated levels
      of homocysteine synthase and of the homocysteine-to-cysteine pathway enzymes. On
      the other hand, the level of methionine synthase and other enzymes of folate
      metabolism is depressed in these mutants. This anticoordinated regulation
      provides a mechanism controlling the partition of homocysteine between the two
      diverging pathways. Homocysteine synthase was found derepressed, along with
      folate enzymes, in a strain carrying a mutation which suppresses mutations in
      metA, metB and metG genes. These results indicate that homocysteine synthase can
      be regarded as the enzyme of an alternative pathway of methionine synthesis and
      strongly suggest that the regulatory mechanisms governing sulphur-containing
      amino acid and folate metabolisms are interrelated.

PMID- 2653823
TI  - N-linked oligosaccharide changes with oncogenic transformation require
      sialylation of multiantennae.
AB  - Glycopeptides derived from NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and these cells transformed by
      transfection with human DNA containing oncogene H-ras were analyzed by 500-MHz 1H
      NMR spectroscopy and binding to immobilized lectins. The cells were metabolically
      labeled with D-[3H]glucosamine or L-[3H]fucose and the glycopeptides included in
      Bio-Gel P-10 (Mr 5000-3500) were separated into neutral and charged fractions on
      DEAE-cellulose. The major portion (80%) of these [3H]fucose glycopeptides from
      the non-transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were neutral or contained one or two
      charged residues, whereas 90% of the glycopeptides from the transformed cells
      contained two or more charged residues. The structure of the predominant neutral
      glycopeptide from the non-transformed NIH 3T3 cells was determined by 1H-NMR
      spectroscopy to be tetraantennary containing terminal Gal alpha 1----3. (formula;
      see text) This structure was verified by binding to the immobilized alpha-Gal
      specific lectin, Griffonia simplicifolia I and leukoagglutinating
      phytohemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris (L-PHA), which binds certain tri- or
      tetraantennary glycopeptides. In contrast, the structure derived by NMR
      spectroscopy of one of the predominant charged glycopeptides from the transformed
      cells was triantennary containing terminal NeuNAc alpha 2----3 in addition to Gal
      alpha 1----3. (formula; see text) In attempting to verify this structure by
      lectin-binding properties it was found that removal of NeuNAc alpha 2----3
      reduced the affinity to L-PHA - agarose. The other major glycopeptides of the
      transformed cells which were more charged also cotained NeuNAc alpha 2----3 but
      no NeuNAc alpha 2----6 or Gal alpha 1----3. A tentative structure was proposed
      for the major glycopeptide of the first charged class from NIH 3T3 cells on the
      basis of lectin-binding properties and the NMR spectrum which showed, in addition
      to NeuNAc alpha 2----3, the presence of NeuNAc alpha 2----6 and Gal alpha 1----3.
      On the basis of the NMR spectrum and other results, it is concluded that the
      presence of tetraantennary oligosaccharides are not sufficient for the
      transformed oligosaccharide phenotype. Rather, the tri- or tetraantennae must be
      sialylated in alpha 2----3 linkage, on more than one antennae, when properties of
      transformation are expressed in NIH 3T3 cells. Prior to transformation the
      tetraantennary oligosaccharides of these cells are terminated in alpha-Gal
      residues, whereas after transformation alpha-Gal residues appear to be replaced
      by NeuNAc alpha 2----3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2653824
TI  - The gene encoding dihydrolipoyl transacetylase from Azotobacter vinelandii.
      Expression in Escherichia coli and activation and isolation of the protein.
AB  - The gene encoding the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) component from
      Azotobacter vinelandii has been cloned in Escherichia coli. High expression of
      the gene was found when the cells were grown for more than 14 h. The E2 produced
      was partially active, varying 10 and 90% in different experiments. By limited
      proteolysis of the protein it was shown that the catalytic domain was incorrectly
      folded, caused by formation of intermolecular or intramolecular S-S bridges. The
      enzyme was fully activated after unfolding in 2.5 M guanidine hydrochloride
      containing 2 mM dithiothreitol, followed by refolding by dialysis. Active E2 was
      isolated in a simple three-step procedure. It possessed a specific activity in
      the same order as that found after isolation of E2 from purified pyruvate
      dehydrogenase complex from A. vinelandii. Active E2 comprises about 7% of the
      total soluble cellular protein in the E. coli clone. By genetic manipulation,
      deletion mutants of E2 were created, one encoding the lipoyl domain and the N
      terminal half of the pyruvate-dehydrogenase (E1)- and lipoamide-dehydrogenase
      (E3)-binding domain, the other encoding the catalytic domain and the C-terminal
      half of the E1- and E3-binding domain. In E. coli expression of both mutants was
      observed.

PMID- 2653825
TI  - Hepatic processing of insulin. Characterization of differential inhibition by
      weak bases.
AB  - The effect of selected weak bases on the subcellular distribution and processing
      of internalized insulin by the liver has been studied. The effect of these bases
      on both the degradation products formed and on the kinetics of degradation have
      also been studied. 1. Methylamine, ammonium chloride and dansyl cadaverine but
      not chloroquine reduce the total amount of insulin endocytosed. 2. Ammonium
      chloride, dansyl cadaverine and chloroquine but not methylamine inhibit
      subsequent degradation and/or translocation of degradation products. 3. None of
      the weak bases changed the species of the degradation products found within the
      endocytic vesicles. 4. Kinetic analysis of intravesicular degradation indicates
      that dissociation from the receptor is the rate-limiting process in degradation.
      5. Chloroquine and dansyl cadaverine but not methylamine or ammonium chloride
      showed specific inhibition of insulin degradation in isolated endocytic vesicles.
      6. The effect of chloroquine and dansyl cadaverine on the kinetics of degradation
      suggest that they are acting by switching the receptor into a tight-binding
      conformation thereby slowing dissociation.

PMID- 2653826
TI  - In vitro studies on the translocation of acid phosphatase into the endoplasmic
      reticulum of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - We demonstrate here the in vitro translocation of yeast acid phosphatase into
      rough endoplasmic reticulum. The precursor of the repressible acid phosphatase
      from Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoded by the PHO5 gene, was synthesized in a
      yeast lysate programmed with in vitro transcribed PHO5 mRNA. In the presence of
      yeast rough microsomes up to 16% of the acid phosphatase synthesized was found to
      be translocated into the microsomes, as judged by proteinase resistance, and
      fully core-glycosylated. The translocation efficiency however, decreased to 3% if
      yeast rough microsomes were added after synthesis of acid phosphatase had been
      terminated. When a wheat-germ extract was used for in vitro synthesis, the
      precursor of acid phosphatase was translocated into canine pancreatic rough
      microsomes and thereby core-glycosylated in a signal-recognition-particle
      dependent manner. Replacing canine with yeast rough microsomes in the wheat-germ
      translation system, however, resulted in a significant decrease in the ability to
      translocate and glycosylate the precursor. Translocation and glycosylation were
      partially restored by a high-salt extract prepared from yeast ribosomes. The
      results presented here suggest that yeast-specific factors are needed to
      translocate and glycosylate acid phosphatase efficiently in vitro.

PMID- 2653827
TI  - Immunoblotting analysis of protein-protein crosslinks within the 50S ribosomal
      subunit of Escherichia coli. A study using dimethylsuberimidate as crosslinking
      reagent.
AB  - 50S ribosomal subunits of Escherichia coli have been crosslinked with the
      bifunctional imidoester dimethyl-suberimidate and the protein-protein crosslinks
      have been analyzed by immunoblotting, using antisera specific for the individual
      ribosomal proteins of the large ribosomal subunit. Crosslinked protein pairs
      which occurred in yields higher than 5% have been unambiguously identified. Thus
      13 crosslinks have been identified, namely L1-L33, L5-L7/12, L6-L19, L7/12-L10,
      L7/12-L11, L9-L28, L10-L11, L13-L20, L16-L27, L17-L32, L18-L22, L19-L25 and L27
      L33. These data, together with the results which we will be presenting elsewhere,
      contribute considerably to our knowledge of the protein topography of the 50S
      ribosomal proteins as determined by immunoelectron microscopy. We can now propose
      the approximate locations of ten proteins that have not previously been
      localized.

PMID- 2653828
TI  - Positive and negative regulatory elements control the expression of the UGA4 gene
      coding for the inducible 4-aminobutyric-acid-specific permease in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pathway of 4-aminobutyric acid catabolism, for
      use as a nitrogen source, involves a specific permease (encoded by the UGA4 gene)
      and two enzymes (encoded by the UGA1 and UGA2 genes, respectively). The synthesis
      of these proteins is induced by 4-aminobutyrate. It also requires the product of
      the UGA3 gene. Here, we describe four additional regulatory mutations which
      provide evidence for the existence of both positive and negative regulatory
      elements which control the final expression of the UGA4 gene. Some of them
      simultaneously control the expression of the UGA1 and UGA2 genes. Three classes
      of mutant with a constitutive 4-aminobutyrate-specific permease have been
      isolated. (a) Recessive mutations in the UGA43 gene suggest that the product of
      the UGA43 gene behaves like a trans-acting negative regulator of UGA4 gene
      expression. (b) The semi-dominant mutation (uga11), closely linked to the UGA4
      gene, might affect the receptor of the UGA43 gene product. In these two classes
      of mutant, only the permease is constitutive. (3) The uga81 mutation, closely
      linked to the UGA3 gene, makes the whole UGA regulon constitutive. On the other
      hand, recessive mutations at the UGA35 gene locus lead to non-inducibility of the
      UGA regulon. Hence the UGA35 gene product behaves like a second trans-acting
      positive regulator in addition to UGA3.

PMID- 2653829
TI  - Purification and characterization of ribonuclease M and mRNA degradation in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A previously unreported endoribonuclease has been identified in Escherichia coli,
      which has a preference for hydrolysis of pyrimidine-adenosine (Pyd-Ado) bonds in
      RNA. It was purified about 7000-fold to give a single band after
      SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; the eluted protein gave the same RNase
      specificity. The sizes of the native and denatured enzymes agreed suggesting that
      the enzyme exists as a monomer of approximately 26 kDa. It is called RNase M. The
      only other reported broadly specific endoribonuclease in E. coli is RNase I, a
      periplasmic enzyme. Based on differences in charge, heat stability and substrate
      specificity, it was clear that RNase M is not RNase I. The specificity of RNase M
      was remarkably similar to that of pancreatic RNase A even though the two enzymes
      differ in charge characteristics and size. Earlier studies had shown that mRNA
      from the lactose operon of E. coli is hydrolyzed in vivo primarily between Pyd
      Ado bonds [Cannistraro et al. (1986) J. Mol. Biol. 192, 257-274] We propose that
      this major RNase activity accounts for these cleavages observed in vivo and that
      it is the endonuclease for mRNA degradation in E. coli.

PMID- 2653830
TI  - Amino acid sequence of a crystalline seed albumin (winged bean albumin-1) from
      Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. Sequence similarity with Kunitz-type seed
      inhibitors and 7S storage globulins.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of winged bean albumin-1 (WBA-1) of Psophocarpus
      tetragonolobus (L.) DC has been determined. The protein consists of a single
      polypeptide chain of 175 amino acid residues, with one disulfide bond,
      corresponding to a molecular mass of 19333 Da. WBA-1 was found to be homologous
      with the Kunitz-type seed trypsin inhibitors. The similarity between WBA-1 and
      the trypsin inhibitors from soybean and winged bean was 38% and 28%,
      respectively; similarity was most marked in the C-terminal third of the sequence
      with identities of 47% and 37%, respectively. Significant similarity was found
      also between the 2S Kunitz-type proteins and the carboxy-terminal region of the
      7S storage globulins, suggesting that these two groups of proteins are related
      and may have evolved from a common ancestral precursor. Circular dichroism
      measurements suggest a high content of beta sheet (52%) while secondary structure
      predictions based on amino acid sequence indicate a similar content and
      distribution of beta sheet to that found for soybean trypsin inhibitor by X-ray
      diffraction studies.

PMID- 2653831
TI  - Structural requirements for protein N-glycosylation. Influence of acceptor
      peptides on cotranslational glycosylation of yeast invertase and site-directed
      mutagenesis around a sequon sequence.
AB  - To understand better the structural requirements of the protein moiety important
      for N-glycosylation, we have examined the influence of proline residues with
      respect to their position around the consensus sequence (or sequon) Asn-Xaa
      Ser/Thr. In the first part of the paper, experiments are described using a cell
      free translation/glycosylation system from reticulocytes supplemented with dog
      pancreas microsomes to test the ability of potential acceptor peptides to
      interfere with glycosylation of nascent yeast invertase chains. It was found that
      peptides, being acceptors for oligosaccharide transferase in vitro, inhibit
      cotranslational glycosylation, whereas nonacceptors have no effect. Acceptor
      peptides do not abolish translocation of nascent chains into the endoplasmic
      reticulum. Results obtained with proline-containing peptides are compatible with
      the notion that a proline residue in an N-terminal position of a potential
      glycosylation site does not interfere with glycosylation, whereas in the position
      Xaa or at the C-terminal of the sequon, proline prevents and does not favour
      oligosaccharide transfer, respectively. This statement was further substantiated
      by in vivo studies using site-directed mutagenesis to introduce a proline residue
      at the C-terminal of a selected glycosylation site of invertase. Expression of
      this mutation in three different systems, in yeast cells, frog oocytes and by
      cell-free translation/glycosylation in reticulocytes supplemented with dog
      pancreas microsomes, leads to an inhibition of glycosylation with both
      qualitative and quantitative differences. This may indicate that host specific
      factors also contribute to glycosylation.

PMID- 2653832
TI  - Gastrointestinal scintigraphy with 99mTc-DTPA labeled tablets in fed and fasting
      subjects.
AB  - The in vitro and in vivo dissolution of a sustained release theophylline
      formulation labeled with 99mTc-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) has been
      monitored in six subjects with a scintillation camera. The study was performed in
      fasting conditions and was repeated after ingestion of a standardized meal.
      Results showed that the presence of food in the stomach dramatically increased
      the oesoduodenal transit time of the tablet (74 +/- 27 min vs 352 +/- 77 min, P
      less than 0.001) but did not modify the biodisponibility of theophylline. This
      study is another example when scintigraphy can be of definite value in
      pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2653833
TI  - Pathophysiology of rigidity and akinesia in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Although rigidity and akinesia are two of the cardinal features of Parkinson's
      disease, their exact pathophysiology remains uncertain. Mechanisms which may
      contribute to rigidity include accentuation of the long-latency component of the
      stretch reflex and enhanced fusimotor drive causing increased sensitivity of
      muscle spindles. Current evidence concerning the role of these factors in
      rigidity is reviewed. The relationship between akinesia, prolonged reaction
      times, and delay in initiation of internally generated movements in parkinsonian
      patients is discussed.

PMID- 2653834
TI  - Bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease: disorders of onset and execution of fast
      movement.
AB  - Simple reaction time lengthens in parkinsonian patients as the severity of motor
      disorder progresses. Shortening of reaction time was obtained by giving a warning
      signal to a greater extent in cases with severer motor disability. The results
      suggest that inattention, one of several symptoms common to lesions in the
      frontal lobe and Parkinson's disease, may be a factor in bradykinesia in
      purposive movements in the disease. The Wisconsin card sorting test and criterion
      shift task which we devised to deal with a single patients have difficulty in
      dealing with multiple sets simultaneously, which may be caused also by
      inattention. In execution of ballistic movement in parkinsonian patients, only a
      small torque constant in amount and in time can be produced in the beginning,
      irrespective of the size of force required, and subsequently enough force is
      built up to reach the target. This was more marked in cases with severe motor
      disability and in cases with decrease in power. Rigidity, mechanical properties
      of the limb or disorders in ocular movement were not responsible for the
      production of the initial small torque. Oculo-manual incoordination in visuomotor
      tracking tasks is also discussed.

PMID- 2653835
TI  - Stereotaxic Vim thalamotomy for treatment of tremor.
AB  - Pathological tremor is alleviated almost totally and immediately, also
      sustainedly, by a selective surgical lesion within the ventral part of the Vim
      thalamus. Since the Vim receives its proprioceptive sense from the periphery,
      tremor is interpreted as the phenomenon based on the circuit involving both
      central and peripheral mechanisms. The importance of the role of the spinal
      reflex mechanisms is discussed.

PMID- 2653836
TI  - Motor dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease and premotor lesions.
AB  - A characteristic disturbance of hand function in Parkinson's disease lies in the
      performance of rapid automatized movements. Patients have difficulty in producing
      serial hand movements faster than 2 Hz. The only possibility to perform rapid
      alternating movements is to synchronize them with their tremor frequency. This
      mechanism underlies the so-called 'hastening' phenomenon and leads to a
      disturbance of skills like handwriting or typing, which are usually performed at
      higher frequencies. The temporal disorder in patients with lesions of premotor
      cortex is characterized by the difficulty in organizing higher order temporal
      sequences in complex motor acts.

PMID- 2653837
TI  - Inhibition of proteinases with recombinant eglin C during experimental
      Escherichia coli septicemia in the pig.
AB  - Administration of the proteinase inhibitor eglin C reduces the symptoms of
      capillary leakage in a porcine model of septic shock. This was assessed by
      measurements of blood pressure, plasma protein concentration, hematocrit, and
      duration of urine production. Eglin C plasma levels around 1.2 microM resulted
      from a dose of 1.9 mg.kg-1.h-1 for 4 h and were therapeutically effective. A
      higher dose of eglin C (7.7 mg.kg-1.h-1 for 4 h) induced levels of approximately
      5.6 microM in plasma and was not superior. This observation indicates that
      lysosomal proteases from neutrophils or degranulation of mast cells play a
      crucial role in the increase of capillary permeability during septicemia.

PMID- 2653839
TI  - Low dosage treatment with propiono-hydroxamic acid in paraplegic patients.
AB  - Severe urinary tract infections due to urease-producing bacteria are frequently
      associated with neurourologic pathologies and complicated by infected
      nephrolithiasis. Hydroxamic acids, acting as urease inhibitors, can effectively
      reduce lithiasic risk, normalizing the urinary environment, as well as enhancing
      the action of antibiotic treatments. A low dosage propiono-hydroxamic acid (PHA)
      treatment, 60 mg twice a day for 7 days and then 60 mg/day, was used in 15
      patients affected with neurourologic pathologies for 3 months. Nine patients were
      stone-free and 6 stone-bearers. Urinary pH and ammonium decreased in both groups.
      Halving the PHA dose did not cause any variation in urinary pH or ammonium
      trends. In the stone-bearing group an increase in these parameters was correlated
      with urinary infection recurrences. Complete sterilization was achieved in 11 of
      14 patients who completed the trial. In the stone-free group no patient had an
      infectious recurrence after the first month. Two patients in the stone-bearing
      group had repeated recurrences. One patient dropped out after 45 days due to a
      decrease in platelets. The efficacy of such low dose treatment makes even long
      term or repeated therapies possible, as is often needed by neurourologic
      patients.

PMID- 2653838
TI  - Autogenous skin and fascia grafts as topical hemostatic agents in splenic
      injuries.
AB  - Splenic salvage techniques were developed since the immunologic importance of the
      spleen has been recognized. Various synthetic products, such as Avitan, Collastat
      Gel foam, Superstat, Thrombostat, were used and lately even pig skin was tested
      for its hemostatic ability. In this study, a canine splenic bleeding model was
      used to test autologous split-thickness skin-graft hemostatic effect, compared to
      pig skin, human skin and canine fascia. Lyophilized pig skin was tested on 12
      splenic wounds, lyophilized human skin on 10, canine skin on 10, canine fascia on
      10 and simple pad gauze on 10 other splenic wounds. Each animal served as its own
      control. Pig skin was more effective than canine skin (p less than 0.01), but the
      canine skin was more effective than human skin (p less than 0.01) and canine
      fascia (p less than 0.05). Long-term implantation of the canine skin graft caused
      fibrosis and epidermoid cyst formation, but they were of no clinical significance
      in the dog. In conclusion, autologous split thickness graft, always at hand, was
      found to be an effective hemostatic procedure and proved to be safe in the dog.

PMID- 2653840
TI  - Prostatic epithelial polyp of the prostatic urethra.
AB  - Ten cases of prostatic epithelial polyps of the prostatic urethra are reported.
      The ages of the patients were from 27 to 69 years, with a mean of 44 years. The
      most common clinical signs were gross hematuria, microhematuria, hematospermia,
      and dysuria. All specimens, obtained by transurethral resection, had a papillary
      or polypoid configuration. The tissue had a glandular structure that resembled
      that of the prostate. Prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase
      were found in the epithelial cells of the polyps by indirect immunoperoxidase
      staining. The polyps seemed to be hyperplasia of prostate-specific antigen and
      prostatic acid phosphatase-positive epithelial cells of the prostatic gland or
      duct, especially that of the latter.

PMID- 2653841
TI  - The pathologist and the clinical oncologist: a new effective partnership in
      assessing tumor prognosis.
AB  - During the past 20 years, we have witnessed a progressive radical change in the
      role of the pathologist vis a vis several aspects of clinical oncology. From the
      traditional description by light microscopy of resected specimens and study of
      tumor classifications, the modern pathologist has expanded his domain of action
      which now results in deeper and more effective interactions with the surgeon,
      radiotherapist and medical oncologist. The wide application of fine-needle biopsy
      has substantially improved early diagnosis of primary neoplasms and local and
      distant recurrences. The histogenetic classification based on type of tissue
      formed by the tumor rather than type of tissue from which tumor arises, the
      results of pathologic staging as well as the degree of tumor cell necrosis
      following primary chemotherapy are now being correlated with treatment outcome.
      The assessment of tumor grade and ploidy can allow more accurate selection of
      patient subgroups at high risk of early relapse. Last but not least, the
      morphologic recognition of certain types of iatrogenic morbidity helps in the
      reassessment of given drug combinations. During the past decade, pathologists
      have contributed to the development of several new investigative techniques whose
      first applications, in most instances, were in laboratories dedicated to basic
      research. More recently, some pathologists have begun to explore the feasibility
      of applying these same techniques to clinical cancer research. Modern
      sophisticated technology, including flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and
      monoclonal antibodies, can now provide research physicians with important
      prognostic indicators such as tumor cell proliferative activity, steroid receptor
      status, occult distant micrometastases, immunologic phenotypes and gene
      amplification. By fulfilling several new tasks, which have contributed to the
      knowledge of the natural history of many tumors, the pathologist has become an
      integral part of the team planning new treatment strategies and evaluating their
      final outcome.

PMID- 2653842
TI  - Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with macrophages: current approaches and further
      prospects.

PMID- 2653843
TI  - Biosynthesis and significance of neopterin in the immune system.

PMID- 2653844
TI  - The value of autopsy in modern oncology.

PMID- 2653845
TI  - High-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients
      with refractory ovarian cancer.
AB  - Eleven patients with persistent ovarian cancer after remission-induction
      chemotherapy were treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide and etoposide followed
      by autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Six complete responses (CR), of
      which five were pathologically confirmed, were achieved in eight patients who had
      microscopic or residual disease less than or equal to 2 cm at the start of high
      dose chemotherapy. The median duration of response was 15 months with two
      sustained CRs after respectively 43 and 75 months. None of the three patients
      with residual disease greater than 2 cm responded. The median survival measured
      from the start of the ABMT regimen was for all patients 23 months. These results
      suggest that high-dose systemic chemotherapy followed by ABMT is a therapeutic
      option in patients with refractory ovarian cancer deserving further
      investigation.

PMID- 2653846
TI  - Locally advanced breast cancer: the contribution of cytotoxic and endocrine
      treatment to radiotherapy. An EORTC Breast Cancer Co-operative Group Trial
      (10792).
AB  - Patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the breast were randomized to receive
      either radiotherapy alone, radiotherapy + endocrine therapy, radiotherapy +
      chemotherapy or radiotherapy + endocrine therapy + chemotherapy. In 363 evaluable
      patients, time to first progression was delayed significantly by both endocrine
      treatment and chemotherapy, the greatest effect being achieved by the combination
      of endocrine treatment and chemotherapy. This effect was almost entirely due to a
      major effect of systemic treatment on time to loco-regional progression, for
      which the result is highly significant, rather than time to distant metastasis in
      which only a non-significant trend was observed. For survival, a trend was seen
      in favour of the combination of hormone treatment and chemotherapy, but this
      effect did not achieve statistical significance. This trial suggests that current
      endocrine and cytotoxic treatments are only of marginal value in improving the
      prognosis in locally advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 2653847
TI  - The direct observation of arteriolar constriction induced by endothelin in vivo.
AB  - The effect of endothelin on the microvasculature of the hamster cheek pouch was
      observed directly using intravital microscopy. Endothelin caused a dose-dependent
      arteriolar constriction without affecting adjacent venules. Endothelin was less
      potent than vasopressin, but responses to endothelin were longer lasting (48.9 +/
      11.1% reduction in arteriolar diameter was still observed 30 min after topical
      application of 3 pmol endothelin). The results demonstrate that endothelin
      induces a prolonged increase in local arteriolar tone after a single application
      in vivo.

PMID- 2653848
TI  - Pancreastatin inhibits insulin release from Rin m 5F cells: reversion by
      pertussis toxin.
AB  - Pancreastatin inhibited carbachol- but not forskolin- or GIP-stimulated insulin
      release from Rin m 5F cells. The inhibition induced by pancreastatin was dose
      dependent, with an ED50 value of 4 nM, and reached a maximum (50% of inhibition)
      at 10(-7) M peptide. Pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin abolished the
      inhibitory effect of pancreastatin on carbachol-induced insulin release. We
      suggest that pancreastatin exerts a direct inhibitory control on insulin release
      through a pertussis toxin-sensitive cAMP-independent pathway.

PMID- 2653849
TI  - Myths, masks and mechanisms of facial deformity. Friel Memorial Lecture 1987.

PMID- 2653850
TI  - Slow maxillary expansion: a comparison between banded and bonded appliances.
AB  - Various investigations have mentioned the use of a bonded maxillary expansion
      appliance. It was postulated that a full coverage of the occlusal surfaces by
      acrylic would remove interferences during the lateral displacement of the two
      maxillary bones and would lessen the resistance to maxillary expansion. The first
      objective of this study was to compare two appliances, a bonded and a banded
      Minne expander using a continuous force of two pounds, which would produce a slow
      maxillary expansion. The second objective was to evaluate the ratio between the
      skeletal and dental response to slow maxillary expansion, and to compare these
      results to those obtained with a rapid maxillary expansion procedure. Each
      experimental group consisted of 5 patients, aged between 8 and 12 years wearing
      the two different appliances. Prior to treatment they were implanted according to
      the Bjork technique. The slow expansion period lasted 7 to 15 weeks followed by a
      retention period of 12 weeks. Post-retention observations followed 12 weeks after
      the end of retention. No significant difference was found between banded and
      bonded appliances in regard to dental and skeletal expansion and relapse. The
      amount of skeletal versus dental movements equalled results obtained with rapid
      maxillary expansion. The relapse tendency appeared lower than with rapid
      maxillary expansion.

PMID- 2653851
TI  - Statin expression associated with terminally differentiating and postreplicative
      lens epithelial cells.
AB  - The expression of a nuclear (57 kDa) protein statin has been previously
      characterized as a specific marker of quiescent or senescent aging human
      fibroblasts in vitro. In these studies we have shown that the expression of
      statin is associated specifically with the postreplicative and terminally
      differentiating lens epithelial cell. By monitoring the synthesis of specific
      lens crystallin proteins, and the morphological and cellular changes associated
      with this differentiated system, we have demonstrated a close correlation between
      statin expression and cell commitment to the G0 nonreplicative cell cycle state.

PMID- 2653852
TI  - Acetylation and deacetylation of histone H4 continue through metaphase with
      depletion of more-acetylated isoforms and altered site usage.
AB  - Antibodies specific for acetylated isoforms of histone H4 have been used to
      compare acetylation of this histone in interphase and metaphase cells. Two rabbit
      antisera (R5 and R6) were used, each specific for H4 molecules acetylated at one
      of the four possible acetylation sites, namely Lys-5 (R6) and Lys-12 (R5). Both
      antisera bound preferentially to the more-acetylated H4 isoforms (H4Ac2-4). To
      test for continued H4 acetylation in metaphase chromosomes. Chinese hamster ovary
      cells were blocked in metaphase and treated for one hour with the deacetylase
      inhibitor sodium butyrate. Isolated chromosomes were assayed for H4 acetylation
      by antibody labeling and flow cytometry. H4 acetylation was increased several
      fold by this brief butyrate treatment. The increase was in direct proportion to
      DNA content, with no evidence for exceptionally high- or low-labeling
      chromosomes. The results demonstrate that a cycle of H4 acetylation and
      deacetylation continues within metaphase chromosomes. Immunofluorescence
      microscopy showed labeling to be distributed throughout the chromosome, but with
      variable intensity. Western blotting and immunostaining with R5 and R6 showed a
      net reduction in labeling of H4 from metaphase cells, with major reductions in
      the more-acetylated isoforms H4Ac3-4. In contrast, labeling of H4Ac1 was reduced
      to a lesser extent (R6) or increased (R5). This increase indicates more frequent
      use of the acetylation site at lysine 12 in H4Ac1 from metaphase cells.

PMID- 2653853
TI  - Modulation of transferrin receptor expression and function by anti-transferrin
      receptor antibodies and antibody fragments.
AB  - It has been suggested that effects of anti-transferrin receptor antibodies on
      cell growth and receptor expression are the result of varying degrees of receptor
      crosslinking by bi- and multivalet binding agents. In order to study this
      question directly, we have cultured murine lymphoma cells in mono- and divalent
      fragments from IgG and IgM monoclonal anti-transferrin receptor antibodies and in
      intact antibodies. The studies presented here demonstrate that effects of
      antibody binding on transferrin receptor distribution, metabolism, and function
      depend, at least in part, on antibody valence, and therefore on the degree of
      crosslinking of receptors by antibody. We found that monovalent antibody
      fragments did not significantly alter cell growth, receptor surface expression,
      intracellular localization, or degradation. Diavalent antibody caused a uniform
      down-regulation of cell-surface receptor expression, which was accompanied by
      increased degradation only when antibody Fc was present. Normal receptor cycling
      apparently continued, despite the reduction in surface expression. Culture in
      multivalent IgM antibody, however, resulted in accumulation of antibody-complexed
      receptor on the cell surface without internalization and caused profound
      inhibition of cell growth. Thus, we show two mechanisms by which different
      degrees of antibody crosslinking can influence transferrin receptor function: by
      receptor down-regulation and blocking internalization.

PMID- 2653854
TI  - Testis-specific histone H1t is truly a testis-specific variant and not a meiotic
      specific variant.
AB  - Immunoblotting studies using highly specific polyclonal anti-histone H1t-IgG,
      which was extensively characterized by us previously, did not produce a signal
      with any of the histone H1 subtypes of either 1-day-old or adult rat ovarian
      nuclei. The absence of histone H1t in ovarian nuclei was also confirmed by
      indirect immunofluorescence studies. It is concluded, therefore, that histone H1t
      is truly a testis-specific histone variant and not a meiotic-specific variant.

PMID- 2653855
TI  - Endogenous beta-galactoside-binding lectin expression is suppressed in retinol
      induced mucous metaplasia of chick embryonic epidermis.
AB  - The fate of endogenous beta-galactoside-binding lectin of chick embryo (14K type)
      was investigated during the course of skin differentiation. Lectin (14K) was
      found in keratinized epidermis and was localized mainly in the basal and
      intermediate cells. However, the protein lectin in the epidermis disappeared when
      the cultured skin was treated with vitamin A and mucous metaplasia was observed.
      The synthesis of lectin mRNA was also strongly suppressed by vitamin A in a
      concentration-dependent manner. On the other hand, in the dermis, in which the
      lectin was localized in the extracellular matrix, lectin expression was scarcely
      affected by vitamin A. These results indicated that the lectin was expressed in
      the keratinized epidermis but that its expression was suppressed in vitamin A
      induced mucous-secreting epithelium. The suppression may be a result of a
      transition of the epidermal regulatory system to one of mucous-secreting
      epithelium. This is the first finding that 14K lectin expression might be
      regulated during the course of the epidermal differentiation.

PMID- 2653856
TI  - Establishment of a reliable experimental procedure for bone marrow purging with
      mafosfamide (ASTA Z 7557).
AB  - Bone marrow purging with cyclophosphamide derivatives (Mafosfamide) requires the
      establishment of a defined experimental procedure for reliable leukemic cell
      destruction while sparing normal hematopoietic stem cells to ensure engraftment.
      We previously defined the granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (CFU-GM)
      LD95 as being the maximum tolerable dose of drug to use. We now report, in 20
      patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 5), acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (n = 5), chronic myelogenous leukemia (n = 5), and non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma (n = 5), that the nature of the cells treated (i.e., buffy coat cells or
      mononuclear cells) significantly influences the accuracy of the LD95
      determination, whereas other parameters such as hematocrit or nucleated cell
      concentration do not. We subsequently define the most reliable experimental
      procedure for in vitro purging with Mafosfamide: incubation of 2 x 10(7) buffy
      coat cells/ml with a hematocrit of 5%. We show that the wide individual
      susceptibility to the drug is not related to any incubation procedure. In a
      series of 163 patients with hematological malignancies, we confirm the large
      variation of sensitivity to the drug according to patient susceptibility and
      diagnosis. These data favor the adjustment of the dose of Mafosfamide on an
      individual basis, prior to bone marrow purging for autologous bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 2653857
TI  - The effect of syngeneic marrow injection upon recovery in sub- and near-lethally
      irradiated mice.
AB  - Mice were given sub-lethal (200-600 cGy) or near-lethal (800 cGy) whole body
      irradiation and the effect of injecting syngeneic marrow on subsequent
      hematopoietic recovery was studied. Marrow cell injection enhanced erythropoietic
      recovery after sub-lethal irradiation as reflected in hematocrit values and rate
      of appearance of 59Fe-labeled red cells in blood. However, this enhanced
      erythropoiesis was only seen in the spleen, and 59Fe uptake in marrow was
      reduced. When the irradiation dose was kept constant and the marrow dose
      increased from 10(5) to 10(6) to 10(7) cells, there was a somewhat erratic
      increase in spleen 59Fe and a decrease in marrow 59Fe uptake. When marrow cell
      number was kept constant and the dose of irradiation was increased from 200 to
      400 to 600 to 800 cGy, there was an exponential increase in spleen 59Fe uptake
      but the marrow 59Fe uptake changed from depressed after lower doses to increased
      after 800 cGy. Cell injection after sub-lethal irradiation did not increase or
      decrease granulocytopoiesis. Injection of irradiated marrow cells also reduced
      marrow erythropoiesis and this was evident after both sub- and near-lethal
      irradiation. However, injection of irradiated cells did not increase splenic
      erythropoiesis. Following splenectomy, the depressed marrow erythropoiesis
      attending injection of viable cells was virtually eliminated but no increase was
      seen. These data suggest that the injection of autologous or syngeneic marrow may
      not be effective as a means of accelerating hematopoietic recovery after
      irradiation unless near-lethal or lethal dose have been received.

PMID- 2653858
TI  - Cell cycle status of erythroid (BFU-E) progenitor cells from the bone marrows of
      patients on a clinical trial with purified recombinant human granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
AB  - Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) is active in
      vitro as a Burst Promoting Activity (BPA) for human erythroid (BFU-E) progenitor
      cells. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of GM-CSF as a proliferation
      inducing stimulus for BFU-E in vivo, bone marrow cells from patients on a phase
      I/II clinical trial with recombinant human (rh) GM-CSF, were assessed in vitro
      for effects on the cycling status of BFU-E. Prior to treatment, BFU-E from
      marrows of the majority of these patients were in a slowly cycling state.
      Administration of rhGM-CSF to the patients enhanced BFU-E proliferation, and
      cessation of treatment with rhGM-CSF resulted in BFU-E returning to a slowly
      cycling state. Similar results were noted for CFU-GM. This study demonstrates
      that rhGM-CSF has proliferation-inducing activity for BFU-E in vivo,
      substantiating the in vitro BPA activity previously noted for GM-CSF, although it
      is not possible from the present studies in vivo to determine if this effect on
      BFU-E is directly or indirectly mediated.

PMID- 2653859
TI  - Weighing the evidence on the pill and breast cancer.
AB  - Three new studies have found some connection between oral contraceptive use and
      breast cancer among women younger than 45. None of the studies find an increased
      risk of breast cancer among the same subgroups of women, and their results are
      contradictory. Consequently, a committee advising the U.S. Food and Drug
      Administration concluded that "the existing data do not support a change in
      prescribing practices by physicians or in the use of oral contraceptives by
      women." One of the three studies, a U.S. hospital-based analysis of breast cancer
      patients, showed ever-users of the pill to have a statistically significant risk
      of breast cancer of 2.0 compared with never-users. The relative risk was elevated
      in virtually all duration-of-use categories. A significantly increased relative
      risk was also found among ever-users aged 30-34 and 35-39, among those who did
      not experience menarche until age 14 or older and among those who were parous. A
      new analysis of data from the U.S. population-based Cancer and Steroid Hormone
      Study found no increased risk among parous women or those who had used the pill
      for less than eight years. However, nulliparous women who had experienced
      menarche prior to age 13 and had used the pill for eight or more years did have a
      significantly increased relative risk. Most of the increased risk was confined to
      women who had begun pill use as teenagers; they had a relative risk of 5.6
      compared with never-users.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653860
TI  - Na+, K+-specific inhibition of protein and peptide hydrolyses by proteasomes from
      human hepatoma tissues.
AB  - Proteasomes were purified from human hepatoma tissues, and their sensitivities to
      Na+ and K+ were examined. At concentrations of 10 mM or more, these cations were
      found to inhibit completely polylysine-activated casein degradation by the
      purified proteasomes. They also strongly inhibited the hydrolyses of peptides,
      although to a lesser extent. On the other hand, they reversed the inhibitory and
      stimulatory effects of polylysine on the hydrolyses of Suc-Leu-Tyr-AMC and Cbz
      Ala-Arg-Arg-MNA, respectively. These results suggest that Na+ and/or K+ may be
      involved in the regulation of intracellular protein breakdown by controlling the
      multicatalytic activity of proteasomes.

PMID- 2653861
TI  - The yeast pyruvate kinase gene does not contain a string of non-preferred codons:
      revised nucleotide sequence.
AB  - The sequence of the gene encoding pyruvate kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      was re-determined because of failures with oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis
      experiments involving a region thought to contain a string of five contiguous non
      preferred codons. This region was found to be difficult to sequence and was shown
      to have three extra bases when compared with the published sequence [(1983) J.
      Biol. Chem. 258, 2193-2201]. The revised sequence demonstrates that the yeast
      pyruvate kinase gene does not have a cluster of non-preferred codons, and that it
      therefore is not an example of the class of genes which possibly exhibit
      translational control by the presence of non-preferred codons.

PMID- 2653862
TI  - Differential activities of two distinct endothelin family peptides on ileum and
      coronary artery.
AB  - A synthesized mouse vasoactive intestinal contractor peptide, which belongs to a
      novel member of the endothelin family, induced a prolonged contraction in mouse
      ileum as well as porcine coronary artery in vitro. Studies comparing the effects
      of vasoactive intestinal contractor and endothelin on different tissues revealed
      that the maximum ileum contraction of vasoactive intestinal contractor was much
      higher than that of endothelin in both guinea pig and mouse systems, but that the
      vasoconstriction activity of vasoactive intestinal contractor was weaker than
      that of endothelin in porcine artery. These results show that vasoactive
      intestinal contractor might be a novel gastrointestinal hormone.

PMID- 2653863
TI  - Structural consequences of a one atom mutation on aspartate transcarbamylase from
      E. coli.
AB  - Tyr-240 of the catalytic chain of aspartate transcarbamylase from E. coli has
      been substituted by Phe using site-directed mutagenesis. The regulatory
      mechanisms of the mutant enzyme have been shown to be slightly less effective
      than the wild-type enzyme. A study of the structural consequences of the mutation
      using solution X-ray scattering and computer simulations is reported here. No
      significant change from the wild-type enzyme is detectable in the quaternary
      structure. Simulations suggest that the only effect of the mutation is an
      increased mobility of the mutated side chain.

PMID- 2653864
TI  - Activation of interleukin-1 beta by a co-induced protease.
AB  - The proteolytic generation of mature interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) from its
      inactive precursor does not proceed by a conventional pathway for hormonal
      processing. Pro-IL-1 beta is found dispersed in the cytoplasm, and there are no
      basic amino acid residues or other commonly recognized processing sites adjoining
      the mature N-terminus. Processing appears to occur during release of the hormone.
      In the present study, we have identified a specific protease that generates
      mature IL-1 beta from the precursor. This enzyme is co-induced with the hormone,
      and it differs in its cleavage specificity and inhibitor sensitivity from all
      known proteases.

PMID- 2653865
TI  - Topological analysis of the amino-terminal region of lactose permease using the
      Escherichia coli outer membrane protein, OmpA, as a marker.
AB  - LacY-ompA fusions, encoding the N-terminal 50, 71 or 143 residues of lactose
      permease, were constructed. The observed orientation of the OmpA part of each
      hybrid protein with respect to the plasma membrane supports current models of the
      N-terminus of Lac permease. Hybrids possessing the entire mature OmpA were very
      stable; those with only a part thereof were much less stable. Due to their in
      vivo stability and accessibility to antibody it is proposed that such hybrids may
      represent potential models to investigate the assembly pathway of lactose
      permease.

PMID- 2653866
TI  - Spatial localization of the stimulus-induced rise in cytosolic Ca2+ in bovine
      adrenal chromaffin cells. Distinct nicotinic and muscarinic patterns.
AB  - The spatial distribution of the intracellular free Ca2+ (Ca2+i) rise elicited by
      different stimuli in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells was examined in single fura
      2-loaded cells. In response to the potent secretagogues nicotine and high K+,
      Ca2+i was initially localized exclusively to the entire subplasmalemmal area of
      the cell. In response to the ineffective secretagogues, methacholine and
      muscarine, the rise in Ca2+i originated only in one pole of the cell and even at
      the peak of the response Ca2+ was still generally restricted to this same area of
      the cell. These results suggest that the triggering of exocytosis from these
      cells requires a specific spatial distribution of Ca2+i.

PMID- 2653867
TI  - A novel extracellular subtilisin inhibitor produced by a Streptomyces sp.
AB  - The amino acid composition and inhibitory properties of a protein (SI-1-72)
      isolated from the culture medium of a Streptomyces sp. have been investigated. SI
      1-72 appears to be a monomer protein of molecular mass about 13,100 Da and amino
      acid composition which differs from that of the inhibitors of the Streptomyces
      subtilisin inhibitor (SSI) family. Furthermore, it was found to exhibit novel
      specificity: strong inhibitory effect against microbial alkaline proteinases,
      moderate effect towards chymotrypsin and elastase, and no inhibition of the other
      serine proteinases, as well as of the cysteine, aspartate and metallo
      proteinases.

PMID- 2653868
TI  - Early detection of stenosis of femoro-distal grafts. A surveillance study using
      colour-duplex scanning.
AB  - The development of stenoses following femoro-distal bypass procedures may
      jeopardise graft function. In a prospective study serial assessment of femoro
      distal grafts in 77 patients was performed over a period of 13 months. Forty
      eight of the bypasses were in situ, 18 were reversed veingrafts and 11 were
      modified sheep collagen grafts. Colour coded duplex scanning of all grafts was
      performed in addition to physical examination, ankle systolic pressure
      measurements and pulse volume recordings. Stenotic areas were detected in the
      graft in 16 cases and at the site of the proximal anastomosis in one case. In one
      graft a residual valve leaflet was found. In addition eleven arterio-venous
      communications were observed in in situ veingrafts and one aneurysmal
      degeneration in a collagen graft was noted. All stenoses were detected by colour
      duplex scanning and confirmed by arteriography or operative exploration. Only 38%
      of the stenoses over 50% was associated with recurrent symptoms or could be
      detected by diminished palpable pulses. Ankle blood-pressure measurements and
      pulse volume recordings indicated the presence of a stenosis over 50% in only 46%
      of the cases. Twelve of 13 patients with graft stenosis over 50% were revised by
      vein patch plasty with a good result in all cases. The primary and secondary two
      year cumulative patency rates of all in situ bypasses were 63% and 79%
      respectively. Close surveillance of femoro-distal grafts appears justified by
      this study. Colour duplex scanning was superior to systolic ankle pressure
      measurements and pulse volume recording in detecting the development of graft
      stenosis.

PMID- 2653869
TI  - The potential of duplex scanning to replace aorto-iliac and femoro-popliteal
      angiography.
AB  - The ability of duplex scanning to assess haemodynamically significant lesions in
      the aorto-iliac and femoro-popliteal arteries was studied. Duplex scanning was
      prospectively and independently compared to intra-arterial digital subtraction
      angiography (ia. DSA) of the aorto-iliac and femoro-popliteal arteries and intra
      arterial pressure measurements of the aorto-iliac tract before and after the
      administration of papaverine. In 40 patients 629 arterial segments were
      evaluated. A greater than 150% increase in peak systolic velocity had a
      sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 98% in detecting greater than 50%
      diameter reducing lesions in the aorto-iliac arteries as compared to ia. DSA. The
      numbers for the femoro-popliteal arteries are 88% and 98% respectively. Detection
      of occlusion in the aorto-iliac arteries had a sensitivity and specificity of
      100% and in the femoro-popliteal arteries 90% and 100% respectively. There was a
      poorer correlation between intra-arterial pressure measurements and duplex
      scanning or ia. DSA as compared to the correlation between ia. DSA and duplex
      scanning. Retrospective spectral analysis showed that an end diastolic velocity
      (EDV) of greater than 40 cm/s seems to be a valuable parameter to differentiate
      between 50% to 74% and 75% to 99% diameter reduction. It is concluded that duplex
      scanning can reliably differentiate between haemodynamically significant and
      insignificant lesions in the aorto-iliac and femoro-popliteal arteries and has
      the potential to replace angiography.

PMID- 2653870
TI  - Winner of the ESVS Prize 1988. Effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on experimental
      renal ischaemia.
AB  - A persisting incidence of acute renal failure has been observed after operative
      treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
      and renal artery occlusive disease in patients with preoperative impairment of
      renal function. Because preservation of kidney function can play an important
      role in the outcome of these patients, the effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) to
      prevent ischaemic renal failure were studied in an experimental model. Twenty
      dogs were exposed to 3 h warm ischaemia by clamping of the supra- and infrarenal
      aorta and both renal arteries. In 10 dogs PGE1 was given intravenously (100
      ng/kg/min) for 15 min before clamping. Ten dogs treated with normal saline served
      as controls. Glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, plasma creatinine,
      blood urea nitrogen, urine volume, free water clearance and renovascular
      resistance were calculated before and after renal ischaemia for both groups. The
      dogs were followed-up for 2 weeks and radionuclide studies with Tc-99m-MAG3, I
      131-OIH and In-113m-DTPA were performed on the third postoperative day to
      calculate global and split renal clearance, tracer extraction fraction and mean
      transport time. After renal ischemia 9 dogs of the control group and 3 dogs of
      the PGE1-group developed acute renal failure (P less than 0.05 due to Fisher's
      exact text). PGE1 infusion significantly attenuated the postischaemic fall in
      glomerular filtration rate and renal concentrating ability as well as the
      postischaemic increase of plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen induced by 3
      h warm renal ischaemia (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653871
TI  - Carotid stump syndrome: a colour-coded Doppler flow study.
AB  - Colour-coded Doppler flow imaging (angiodynography) was performed on 29 patients
      with 30 internal carotid artery occlusions. Large internal carotid stumps were
      revealed as intravascular cul-de-sacs demonstrating vortices of blue flow
      reversal. Large carotid stumps or significant external carotid stenoses were
      present in nine patients (9 arteries). Such patients were significantly more
      likely to develop symptoms of cerebral ischaemia during follow up which averaged
      18 months (P = 0.016; Fisher exact). These results support the concept of
      embolisation from the carotid bifurcation (residual stump or external stenosis)
      as a cause of episodic cerebral ischaemia following internal carotid occlusion.
      Angiodynography may prove to be a useful tool for selecting appropriate patients
      for treatment.

PMID- 2653872
TI  - Real time B-mode mapping of the greater saphenous vein.
AB  - Real time ultrasound mapping of the greater saphenous vein (GSV) was performed in
      30 consecutive patients admitted for in situ femoro-crural revascularisation. The
      overall accuracy in predicting the adequacy of the GSV for in situ bypass was
      90%. The predictive value of finding the vein usable was 96%, whereas the
      predictive value of judging the vein inadequate was 50%. The scanning procedure
      provided morphologic information about the GSVs, including size, tributaries,
      varicosities, and double segments, which may prevent unnecessary dissection and
      may further shorten the duration of surgery. In our opinion the technique is
      sufficiently accurate to replace phlebography for the routine preoperative
      assessment of GSV in patients considered for in situ bypass. Veins judged
      inadequate at scanning, however, should be further evaluated.

PMID- 2653874
TI  - Response of skin photoplethysmography, laser Doppler flowmetry and transcutaneous
      oxygen tensiometry to stenosis-induced reductions in limb blood flow.
AB  - Photoplethysmography (PPG), transcutaneous oxygen tensiometry (TCpO2) and laser
      Doppler flowmetry (LDF) were used to measure changes in perfusion of the distal
      lower limb of the pig, in response to a stenosis created in the external iliac
      artery. The severity of stenosis was quantitated by the ratio of peak systolic
      distal pressure to peak systolic proximal pressure (distal systolic pressure
      index, DSPI). PPG and LDF were immediately responsive to changes in perfusion
      pressure while TCpO2 responded much more slowly. PPG dropped precipitously in
      response to even a small reduction in perfusion pressure, reaching zero at a DSPI
      of approximately 0.3. TCpO2 was insensitive to the presence of a mild stenosis
      (DSPI greater than 0.6), but was highly sensitive in the range 0.6 greater than
      DSPI greater than 0.3. At lower DSPI values, TCpO2 also became zero, due in part
      to electrode consumption of oxygen. LDF readings were sensitive to changes in
      blood flow throughout the entire range of stenosis, down to the point of total
      occlusion, although changes were not significant at DSPI values greater than 0.6.
      Because LDF measures not only nutritional blood flow, but flow in AV shunts and
      subdermal plexuses as well, high LDF readings could erroneously suggest tissue
      viability and good healing potential. Resting levels of TCpO2 and LDF can be used
      to follow the progress of peripheral vascular disease, and used complementarily,
      in many cases, to evaluate the severity of flow impairment.

PMID- 2653873
TI  - Outcome of TIAs of unknown aetiology following non-invasive evaluation.
AB  - A proportion of patients with apparently classical transient ischaemic attacks
      (TIA), will have no cause for their symptoms discovered when investigated. We
      have reviewed 74 patients with TIA and a further 28 with amaurosis fugax whose
      symptoms remained unexplained following non-invasive carotid evaluation using
      pulsed Doppler imaging with spectrum analysis. After a mean follow-up of 31.7
      months, 48.6% of TIA patients were symptom free, 36.5% had experienced recurrent
      symptoms and 8.1% had suffered a stroke. Among the patients with amaurosis fugax
      the equivalent figures were 32.1% symptom free, 42.7% recurrent symptoms, and
      10.7% stroke. These figures suggest that unexplained TIAs do not necessarily have
      a benign prognosis and more extensive or repeated investigation of these patients
      is warranted.

PMID- 2653875
TI  - Adaptability of endothelial orientation to blood flow dynamics--a morphologic
      analysis.
AB  - Vascular endothelium has a certain specificity in its anatomical orientation. The
      long axis of the endothelial cell and the shingle effect of cell process
      overlapping is always oriented parallel to the direction of blood flow. To
      determine whether this specific anatomical orientation would be maintained when
      the direction of blood flow was altered, twenty ilio-femoral vein segments and
      twenty vascular patches of carotid artery and jugular vein were studied.
      Valvulotomised ilio-femoral vein segments (n = 20) were interposed into adjacent
      arteries in a non-reversed fashion (the direction blood flow is reversed to the
      cell process overlapping). One centimeter-square carotid artery and jugular vein
      patches (n = 20) were rotated 90 degrees (endothelial cell orientation is
      perpendicular to the direction of blood flow). Reversal of endothelial cell
      overlapping to complement the complete reversal of the direction of blood flow
      exists in the vein graft through re-endothelialisation and endothelial
      reorientation. The process of endothelial reversal occurred in stages
      (endothelial cell process retraction, interdigitation, complete reversal) and was
      completed within 8-16 days. In the vascular patch, endothelial re-orientation
      occurred in 8 days through cell re-orientation and replacement. Mitosis was not
      encountered in either study. This report highlights certain functions and the
      adaptive capability of endothelial cells to complement the direction of blood
      flow.

PMID- 2653876
TI  - Nifedipine in patients with peripheral vascular disease.
AB  - The calcium antagonist nifedipine has been studied in a group of patients with
      intermittent claudication. In a long-term double blind, placebo controlled trial
      in 27 patients there was no effect on exercise tolerance as measured by pedal
      ergometry and only a limited improvement in symptom score on double dose
      nifedipine. Common femoral artery volumetric blood flow (measured by duplex
      ultrasound) was unaffected. The acute effects on blood flow were also studied,
      with a mean increase of 23% in common femoral artery blood flow 30 min after
      sublingual nifedipine. The administration of nifedipine to patients with
      peripheral vascular disease will not adversely affect claudication symptoms, and
      may result in an acute improvement in lower limb blood flow. Nifedipine is a
      suitable antihypertensive in patients who suffer from intermittent claudication.

PMID- 2653877
TI  - One-stage vascular surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm infected by salmonella.
AB  - A case is presented of abdominal aortic aneurysm infected with salmonella
      enteritidis, maintaining septicaemia. Immediate surgery became necessary because
      of imminent rupture of the aneurysm. The infected thrombus within the aneurysmal
      sac was debrided, with irrigation of antibiotic solution, and in situ aorto-iliac
      reconstruction was carried out. A prolonged course of ciprofloxacine and a short
      course of vancomycin were administered. Recovery was uneventful. The infection
      parameters are normal 6 months postoperatively and CT-scan shows no signs of
      periprosthetic infection. The relevant literature concerning the surgical
      procedures for mycotic aneurysms is reviewed.

PMID- 2653878
TI  - Mycotic aneurysm of the aorta due to group B streptococcus (Streptococcus
      agalactiae).
AB  - This report describes the successful treatment by excision and primary anatomic
      graft of a mycotic aortic aneurysm infected with a Group B Streptococcus.

PMID- 2653879
TI  - Flow in femoro-distal graft.

PMID- 2653880
TI  - Mycotic aortic aneurysms.

PMID- 2653881
TI  - Current management of the patient with internal carotid artery occlusion.
AB  - Despite the recent controversy concerning surgical therapy of patients with
      carotid artery disease, rational therapeutic plans can be developed based on
      available data. The patient who is symptomatic from occlusion of one or both
      internal carotid arteries is at particularly high risk for development of stroke
      and can ill-afford indecision. All symptomatic patients, therefore, with any of
      the extracranial occlusive disease patterns described are potential surgical
      candidates. Conversely, among the asymptomatic patients with these same patterns
      of occlusion, only those with internal carotid occlusion and contralateral
      stenosis should be considered for surgical therapy. Treatment must be
      individualised and directed at revascularising stenotic (not occluded) internal
      carotid arteries, or important collateral vessels such as the external carotid
      artery and in fewer cases the vertebral artery. The asymptomatic patient with
      unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion and no contralateral lesions should
      be monitored closely with Duplex scanning for development of a contralateral
      stenosis. When a stenosis of 80% or greater is encountered, strong consideration
      should be given to prophylactic endarterectomy in these patients due to their
      high risk for stroke. Endarterectomy for a 50-60% stenosis may also be reasonable
      in a single patent internal carotid artery. In the absence of a significant
      contralateral stenosis, no treatment is necessary. Individuals with internal
      carotid artery occlusion and symptoms referable to a contralateral carotid
      stenosis should also be managed with endarterectomy of the stenotic carotid
      artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653882
TI  - [Prostaglandins and the thyroid].
AB  - Prostaglandins (PG), PGE in particular, exert an effect similar to the
      stimulating one of thyroidotropic hormone (TTH), a basic regulator of the thyroid
      function, on the thyroid gland cells. Specific finding of the above compounds
      with plasma membranes of the gland cells is the first stage of their action. In
      most cases formation of the PGE-receptor complexes, is followed by the
      corresponding increase in the intracellular content of cAMP due to adenylate
      cyclase activation. PGE can be regarded as original extracellular local
      regulating agents formed in neighbouring (or the same) cells under the TTH effect
      and modulating the action of the latter on the regulated gland. In this case the
      regulating action of the hormone and PGE can be realized through the same
      mechanisms. Under conditions of the thyroid gland pathology against the
      background of the thyrotropic control weakening it is impossible to exclude the
      possibility of the independent PGE action on different parameters of the thyroid
      function or their participation in realization of the effects of other regulating
      agents.

PMID- 2653883
TI  - [Development of studies on the physiology of the neuroendocrine system at Kiev
      University].
AB  - Data on development of studies in the field of physiology of the neuroendocrine
      system conducted at the Kiev University under the leadership of professor B. G.
      Novikov are presented. Hypothalamus has been studied for its significance in the
      control of the endocrine gland function and periodic formogenic processes.

PMID- 2653884
TI  - [Correction of the level of peptide leukotrienes as mediators of ischemia and
      shock].
AB  - The review generalizes certain data on application of inhibitors and antagonists
      of biochemical ways for arachidonic acid conversion.

PMID- 2653885
TI  - Evolution of a cardiac transplantation program: role of the clinical nurse
      specialist.
AB  - The evolution of our cardiac transplantation program necessitated learning new
      information and adding new personnel to keep pace with the needs of our patient
      population. As the program developed, the role of the clinical nurse specialist
      also changed. The clinical component remains important, but is now shared with
      additional nursing personnel. Therefore, the CNS is able to devote more time to
      new program development, which includes devising policies and procedures, nurse
      orientation, and research. The CNS assigns a high priority to these duties, which
      are vital in planning for excellence in patient care and contributing to the
      growing scientific knowledge about heart transplantation.

PMID- 2653886
TI  - Enteropathy induced in young rats by feeding with gliadin--similarity with
      coeliac disease.
AB  - Young rats (10- and 21-day-old) were given gliadin by intragastric application,
      in the form of a 5% and 0.5% solution. A 5% gliadin (1 ml) was intolerable for
      young rats, destroying the structure of their jejunal mucosa. A 0.5% gliadin (1
      ml) was well tolerated by 21-day-old animals and caused no changes in
      enterocytes. Repeated administration of 0.5% gliadin on days 0 and 17 caused an
      increased lymphocyte infiltration in the lamina propria and an increase in the
      number of cells producing IgA immunoglobulins. Repeated intragastric
      administration of 0.5% gliadin until 1 month of age, followed by a single
      administration of 0.5% gliadin at 2 months, caused shortening of the jejunal
      villi and changes in apical enterocytes. The most pronounced immunological
      changes were observed in these repeatedly treated animals. Increased numbers of
      lymphocytes producing IgG in the lamina propria were found and the intestinal
      contents of these animals exhibited an increased level of IgG and IgA anti
      gliadin antibodies when compared to control rats. The results indicate that some
      morphological and immunological changes observed in young rats fed with gliadin
      resemble those observed in patients with coeliac disease. The described
      experimental model is supposed to be suitable for studying the pathogenetic
      aspects of human coeliac disease.

PMID- 2653887
TI  - [The Scl-70 antibody and its clinical significance].
AB  - In the review of the literature on the Scl-70 antigen, methods of detection of
      the Scl-70 antibody, the correlation between its presence and the clinical,
      genetic and immunological parameters are presented. It is emphasized that the Scl
      70 antibody which is regarded as a marker of diffuse scleroderma, may have a
      prognostic significance. In indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells the Scl-70
      antibody gives a characteristic pattern described as diffuse fine speckles with
      dotted nucleolus. A somewhat different but distinct staining pattern on hamster
      liver described by the authors was found to be characteristic of that antibody.
      The fluorescence associated with Scl-70 antibody is designated as nucleolar
      reticular mixed staining with nucleolus predominating. It is suggested that
      hamster liver substrate which is easily available may replace the expensive HEp-2
      cells for detecting Scl-70 antibody.

PMID- 2653888
TI  - [August Friedrich Hecker (1763-1811). A professor in Ehrfurt 1790-1806].
AB  - This is a report on A.F. Hecker, professor of medicine and founder of the
      scientific venereology in Germany in his historical period.

PMID- 2653889
TI  - Fetal hiccups; characteristics and relation to fetal heart rate.
AB  - In 35 two-hour recordings of fetal heart rate and fetal movements, 14 periods of
      fetal hiccups were present (1.2% of the recording time) with a median duration of
      3.5 min (range 1 to 8 min). No specific relation to behavioural states or
      movement patterns could be identified. The hiccupping frequency varied from 10 to
      21 per min. Within a hiccupping spell, the mean frequency decreased from 20 +/-
      11 to 12 +/- 6.2 per min. A small but evident increase in baseline frequency was
      present during the hiccupping spells, independent from other movements performed
      by the fetus.

PMID- 2653890
TI  - Umbilical artery waveform analysis and biophysical profile. A comparison of two
      methods to identify compromised fetuses.
AB  - Sixty-nine singleton high-risk pregnancies were assessed with both umbilical
      artery flow velocity waveform analysis and fetal biophysical profile within 10
      days of delivery. An abnormal outcome, as defined as either small for gestational
      age at birth (SGA) or fetal distress during labour, was found in 30 babies. The
      peak systolic/end diastolic (A/B) ratio from the umbilical artery had a higher
      sensitivity (37%), specificity (92%), positive predictive value (79%) and
      negative predictive value (66%) than the fetal biophysical profile (27%, 82%,
      53%, and 59%, respectively) in the diagnosis of abnormal outcome. Additional
      information from a real-time ultrasound assessment, such as the diagnosis of
      malformations and oligohydramnios could justify a combination of the two methods
      in antenatal monitoring of high-risk pregnancies.

PMID- 2653891
TI  - The accuracy of ultrasonic measurement of fetal crown-rump length.
AB  - Routine ultrasonic crown-rump length measurements were retrospectively evaluated
      in an antenatal clinic using maternal body temperature graphs as reference to
      ovulatory age. A comparison with the original figures of Robinson is made.
      Potential errors are discussed. The conclusion is that one should be very careful
      in interpreting an ultrasonic CRL measurement before 10 weeks menstrual age
      because of both measurement and operator errors.

PMID- 2653892
TI  - More about the etiology of fever.
AB  - The patient with fever requires special attention and care. A basic understanding
      of fever is essential for early and effective treatment.

PMID- 2653893
TI  - Termination of second trimester pregnancy with gemeprost vaginal pessaries and
      intra-amniotic PGF2 alpha. A comparative study.
AB  - 152 women admitted for legal abortion in the second trimester of pregnancy were
      included in an open, randomized, controlled six-centre study. 75 patients
      received gemeprost 1 mg vaginal pessaries at 3 hours intervals up to a maximum of
      5 mg and 66 patients were treated with a single 40 mg intra-amniotic dose of PGF2
      alpha. The 24-hour success rate was 81% (n = 61/75) in the gemeprost and 64% (n =
      42/66) in the PGF2 alpha group (p less than 0.02). The mean abortion times were
      14.3 and 14.8 hours in the gemeprost and the PGF2 alpha groups, respectively. The
      mean time to onset of pain was shorter and more patients experienced blood loss
      over 100 ml during the induction in the PGF2 alpha group than in the gemeprost
      group (p less than 0.02). Apart from that, the nature and severity of side
      effects were comparable between the two groups. Besides significantly better
      efficacy, the non-invasive gemeprost treatment was found to be easier and safer
      as compared to the PGF2 alpha treatment.

PMID- 2653894
TI  - Prevention of group B streptococci transmission during delivery by vaginal
      application of chlorhexidine gel.
AB  - In a prospective study in 227 parturients, carriership of group B streptococci
      was established to be 25%. In carriers, transmission of streptococci to the
      newborn occurred in 50%. 10 ml of a chlorhexidine gel containing
      hydroxypropylmethylcellulose was introduced into the vagina during labor in 17
      parturients, who were known to be carriers of group B streptococci from the first
      trimester of pregnancy. In none of the newborns from these mothers colonization
      by group B streptococci did occur. Vaginal application of chlorhexidine may
      prevent transmission of group B streptococci, and serve as an alternative to
      intrapartum prophylaxis using antibiotics. A large multicenter randomized
      controlled study should be performed to confirm this hypothesis.

PMID- 2653895
TI  - Study of the vaginal mucous membrane following tampon utilisation; aspect on
      colposcopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
AB  - The effect of periodic tampons was studied in 17 young women during the menstrual
      and inter-menstrual cycle. Biopsies (n = 19) were analysed on scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of medium
      absorbant tampons was compared with that of super-absorbant tampons. On
      colposcopy, dryness was noted in 89% cases, peeling in 47% cases.
      Microulcerations were observed only once (5%). Dryness and peeling was most often
      encountered with the super-absorbant tampons and during the inter-menstrual
      phase. TEM revealed cellular destruction affecting all layers of the epithelium:
      lysis of superficial and intermediate cells, destruction of desmosomes
      accompanied by the creation of inter-cellular spaces, lipidic vacuoles in the
      lysed cells. SEM revealed epithelial peeling with cleavage and severe cellular
      desquamation. Cellular anomalies were common at the level of the cytoplasmic
      membrane, which presented either defects, a porous aspect, or appeared swollen by
      air-bubbles.

PMID- 2653897
TI  - Perinatal listeriosis; more common than reported (2 case reports and revision of
      literature).
AB  - Listeriosis is again reported with an increasing frequency in recent literature.
      It is reported to be the third cause of neonatal sepsis [4,7]. Hereby we are
      presenting two cases of perinatal listeriosis together with a summary of
      literature.

PMID- 2653896
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a gynaecology clinic population:
      identification of high-risk groups and the value of contact tracing.
AB  - Of 1267 women attending a gynaecology clinic, who were screened for the presence
      of Chlamydia trachomatis, 45 (3.6%) were found to be infected. Infection with C.
      trachomatis was more common in women who were less than or equal to 25 years of
      age, unmarried, nulliparous, requesting termination of pregnancy, using oral
      contraception as opposed to barrier methods, and who had cervical ectopy or
      cervicitis. Using contact tracing techniques 35% of male sexual partners of women
      who harboured C. trachomatis were also found to be infected. 86% of these men
      were symptomless. Asymptomatic chlamydial infection is common in men as well as
      women. Selective screening to identify women at risk of infection and the use of
      contact tracing to identify symptomless men with chlamydial infection are shown
      to be of value.

PMID- 2653898
TI  - Fetal complete heart block: antenatal diagnosis, significance and management.
AB  - Complete heart block was diagnosed prenatally in 21 fetuses. Associated
      structural cardiac defects were present in 18 fetuses, in particular complete
      atrioventricular canal with atrial isomerism (5 cases), and 'corrected'
      transposition of the great arteries (4 cases). Maternal systemic lupus
      erythematosus was proved in only one case. In 11 fetuses, intra-uterine
      congestive heart failure with the signs of non-immune hydrops fetalis occurred.
      In all 11 fetuses, the hydrops was associated with a cardiac defect, in
      particular complete atrioventricular canal with atrial isomerism in 5 cases. A
      review of the literature confirms that only the association of complete heart
      block and cardiac malformation can cause intra-uterine congestive heart failure,
      whereas in the case of fetal complete heart block without cardiac malformation or
      with prenatally hemodynamically insignificant cardiac malformation, congestive
      heart failure is rare. Only 30% of newborns with complete heart block have
      associated cardiac malformations. In our series, however, 86% of the fetuses with
      complete heart block had cardiac malformations. The most important reason for
      this percentage discrepancy is that almost all fetuses with associated severe
      cardiac defects, in particular atrioventricular canal defects, develop heart
      failure which frequently results in prenatal death. Thus, fetal deaths are not
      included in pediatric statistics. Nevertheless, fetuses with isolated complete
      heart block generally do not develop heart failure and in almost all of the cases
      are born alive.

PMID- 2653899
TI  - The sonographic imaging of fetal adrenal neuroblastoma; a case report.
AB  - A case of fetal adrenal neuroblastoma is reported, the sonographic imaging and
      the antenatal diagnosis of adrenal neuroblastoma is considered.

PMID- 2653900
TI  - Inositol lipids and phosphates in growing, stimulated and differentiating cells.

PMID- 2653901
TI  - Biomedical aspects of lectins.

PMID- 2653902
TI  - Demonstration of carbohydrate-recognition activity in diverse proteins which
      share a common primary structure motif.

PMID- 2653903
TI  - Normal and abnormal glycosylation probed by fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry.

PMID- 2653904
TI  - Proteoglycan-protein interaction in arterial tissue.

PMID- 2653905
TI  - Changes in cell-surface glycoconjugates during embryonic development demonstrated
      using lectins and other probes.

PMID- 2653906
TI  - Tandem mass spectrometry applied to protein structure problems.

PMID- 2653907
TI  - Fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry strategies for analysing glycoprotein
      glycans.

PMID- 2653908
TI  - Applications of mass spectrometry including combined gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry in taxonomic studies of bacteria.

PMID- 2653909
TI  - Progress in plasma desorption mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins.

PMID- 2653910
TI  - Novel sample preparation for analysis by electron capture negative ionization
      mass spectrometry.

PMID- 2653911
TI  - Role of insulin in the integration of lipid metabolism in mammalian tissues.

PMID- 2653912
TI  - Role of insulin and other hormones in the control of lipoprotein lipase activity.

PMID- 2653913
TI  - Role of insulin and counter-regulatory hormones in the control of hepatic
      glycerolipid synthesis and low-density-lipoprotein catabolism in diabetes.

PMID- 2653914
TI  - Insulin, diabetes and hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein metabolism.

PMID- 2653915
TI  - Lipoproteins and atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2653916
TI  - Treatment of diabetic dyslipidaemia.

PMID- 2653917
TI  - Dual role of lipids in the stimulus-secretion coupling for insulin release.

PMID- 2653918
TI  - How does glucose induce inositol lipid hydrolysis in pancreatic islets?

PMID- 2653919
TI  - Role of protein kinase C in the regulation of insulin secretion.

PMID- 2653920
TI  - Calcium handling by stimulated islets of Langerhans.

PMID- 2653921
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: the entity and its cause.

PMID- 2653922
TI  - Cholinergic treatments for Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2653923
TI  - Nootropics and metabolically active compounds in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2653924
TI  - Omega-3 fatty acids in diabetes mellitus. Gift from the sea?
AB  - The potential role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of atherosclerotic
      disease in the nondiabetic population currently engenders interest, enthusiasm,
      and controversy. Some apparently beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on
      platelet function, eicosanoid formation, plasma triglyceride levels, and blood
      pressure have been described in patients with diabetes mellitus. However,
      enthusiasm for the use of omega-3 fatty acids in diabetes has been dampened by
      reports of potentially deleterious effects of these agents, including increased
      plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, plasma total cholesterol and LDL
      cholesterol, and serum apolipoprotein B levels. These adverse effects have been
      achieved with large, perhaps excessive, doses of omega-3 fatty acids, in the
      range of 4-10 g/day. The magnitude of these adverse effects has been small
      (typically 10-36%). It cannot be assumed that the effects of omega-3 fatty acids
      are the same in patients with diabetes mellitus as in nondiabetic subjects or
      patients with primary hyperlipidemia. First, the biosynthesis and composition of
      fatty acids is abnormal in diabetic animals and possibly in diabetic patients.
      Second, many potential mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of
      atherosclerosis are present in diabetic but not necessarily in nondiabetic
      subjects. Third, the mechanisms of many of the risk factors in diabetic patients
      differ from the mechanisms of these abnormalities in nondiabetic subjects,
      reflecting the effects of insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, and their sequelae.
      Finally, because diabetes is a heterogeneous group of diseases, the effects of
      omega-3 fatty acids must be addressed separately for patients with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and
      possibly other forms of diabetes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653925
TI  - Insulin and ribosomal protein S6 kinase in rat pancreatic acini.
AB  - Treatment of pancreatic acini from diabetic rats with insulin resulted in a dose
      dependent increase in the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 when analyzed
      by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. To study the presence of the protein
      kinase mediating this phosphorylation, soluble extracts of intact acini that had
      been previously treated with insulin were prepared and assayed for protein kinase
      activity with rat pancreatic ribosomes as a substrate. Activation of S6 kinase
      activity, observed in a time-dependent manner, was maximal after 20-30 min and,
      in a dose-dependent manner, was half-maximal at 1 nM and maximal at 10 nM insulin
      concentration. Based on cofactor requirements, substrate specificity, and a slow
      activation of the enzyme, the S6 kinase was distinct from cAMP-dependent, Ca2+
      calmodulin-dependent, and Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinases and
      protease-activated kinase II. The S6 kinase activated by insulin was highly
      specific for the ribosomal protein S6 when compared with various substrates,
      including casein, glycogen synthase, phosphorylase b, phosvitin, histone HIII-S,
      and histone HVIII-S. Protein S6 phosphorylation in intact acini and activation of
      the S6 kinase by insulin showed similar dose-response curves, consistent with the
      S6 kinase being responsible for the protein S6 phosphorylation in intact acini.
      The comparison of the dose-response curves for S6 phosphorylation and protein
      synthesis in acini suggests that there is a close correlation between these two
      insulin actions.

PMID- 2653926
TI  - Predominant role of gluconeogenesis in increased hepatic glucose production in
      NIDDM.
AB  - Excessive hepatic glucose output is an important factor in the fasting
      hyperglycemia of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). To determine
      the relative contributions of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in a
      quantitative manner, we applied a new isotopic approach, using infusions of [6
      3H]glucose and [2-14C]acetate to trace overall hepatic glucose output and
      phosphoenolpyruvate gluconeogenesis in 14 postabsorptive NIDDM subjects and in 9
      nondiabetic volunteers of similar age and weight. Overall hepatic glucose output
      was increased nearly twofold in the NIDDM subjects (22.7 +/- 1.0 vs. 12.0 +/- 0.6
      mumol.kg-1.min-1 in the nondiabetic volunteers, P less than .001);
      phosphoenolpyruvate gluconeogenesis was increased more than threefold in the
      NIDDM subjects (12.7 +/- 1.4 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.4 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in the nondiabetic
      subjects, P less than .001) and was accompanied by increased plasma lactate,
      alanine, and glucagon concentrations (all P less than .05). The increased
      phosphoenolpyruvate gluconeogenesis accounted for 89 +/- 6% of the increase in
      overall hepatic glucose output in the NIDDM subjects and was significantly
      correlated with the fasting plasma glucose concentrations (r = .67, P less than
      .01). Glycogenolysis, calculated as the difference between overall hepatic
      glucose output and phosphoenolpyruvate gluconeogenesis, was not significantly
      different in the NIDDM subjects (9.9 +/- 0.06 mumol.kg-1.min-1) and the
      nondiabetic volunteers (8.4 +/- 0.3 mumol.kg-1.min-1). We conclude that increased
      gluconeogenesis is the predominant mechanism responsible for increased hepatic
      glucose output in NIDDM.

PMID- 2653927
TI  - Inhibition of streptozocin-induced insulitis and diabetes with lobenzarit in CD-1
      mice.
AB  - When multiple low doses (30 mg/kg body wt) of streptozocin were given to CD-1
      mice, diabetes associated with L3T4 T-lymphocyte- and B-lymphocyte-predominant
      insulitis occurred. Thus, a model of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes was
      obtained. To treat these diabetic mice, we administered lobenzarit (CCA), a newly
      synthesized immunomodulator. CCA (2 or 10 mg/kg body wt) significantly inhibited
      the progression of diabetes by suppressing the severity and incidence of
      insulitis. Insulin contents of the pancreas were preserved. The possibility that
      autoimmune-related diabetes can be treated with CCA warrants further attention.

PMID- 2653928
TI  - Increased beta-cell secretory capacity as mechanism for islet adaptation to
      nicotinic acid-induced insulin resistance.
AB  - To determine whether prolonged nicotinic acid (NA) administration produces
      insulin resistance and, if so, how the normal pancreatic islet adapts to
      prolonged insulin resistance, we administered incremental doses of NA to 11
      normal men for 2 wk, ending at 2 g/day. Insulin sensitivity was measured with
      Bergman's minimal model. Islet function was evaluated by measurement of acute
      insulin (AIR) and glucagon (AGR) responses to arginine at three glucose levels.
      Insulin resistance was demonstrated and quantified by a marked drop in the
      insulin sensitivity index (Sl) from 6.72 +/- 0.77 to 2.47 +/- 0.36 x 10(-5) min
      1/pM (P less than .0001) and resulted in a doubling of basal immunoreactive
      insulin levels (from 75 +/- 7 to 157 +/- 21 pM, P less than .001) with no change
      in fasting glucose (5.5 +/- 0.1 vs. 5.7 +/- 0.1 mM). Proinsulin levels also
      increased (from 9 +/- 1 to 15 +/- 2 pM, P less than .005), but the ratio of
      proinsulin to immunoreactive insulin did not change (12.7 +/- 1.9 vs. 10.3 +/-
      1.9%). beta-Cell changes were characterized by increases in the AIR to glucose
      (from 548 +/- 157 to 829 +/- 157 pM, P less than .005) and in the AIR to arginine
      at the fasting glucose level (from 431 +/- 54 to 788 +/- 164 pM, P less than
      .05). At the maximal hyperglycemia level the AIR to arginine represents beta-cell
      secretory capacity, and this increased with administration of NA (from 2062 +/-
      267 to 2630 +/- 363 pM, P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653929
TI  - Bedtime insulin for suppression of overnight free-fatty acid, blood glucose, and
      glucose production in NIDDM.
AB  - We studied the clinical effectiveness and mechanism underlying the glucose
      lowering effect of evening insulin therapy. Nocturnal profiles of blood glucose,
      plasma free fatty acid (FFA), glycerol, and lactate and overnight glucose
      kinetics [( 3-3H] glucose infusion) were measured in 15 non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic (NIDDM) patients with a relative body weight of 128 +/-4% who were
      poorly controlled with oral therapy alone. The patients were studied before and 2
      wk and 3 mo after bedtime insulin (23 +/- 3 IU) was given in addition to oral
      therapy. An early-morning rise in blood glucose (greater than 31 mg/dl = 1.5 mM)
      was present in two-thirds of the patients and was associated with an overnight
      rise in plasma FFA and an increase in glucose production (Ra) during the early
      morning hours (change 0.42 +/- 0.10 mg.kg-1.min-1, P less than .05, between 0300
      and 0800). The overnight mean levels of blood glucose, plasma FFA, and serum
      insulin averaged 212 +/- 9 vs. 137 +/- 11 vs. 133 +/- 11 mg/dl (P less than
      .001), 674 +/- 61 vs. 491 +/- 57 vs. 484 +/- 36 microM (P less than 0.01) and
      12.7 +/- 1.6 vs. 18.1 +/- 2.2 vs. 20.7 +/- 2.4 microU/L (P less than .01) before
      and 2 wk and 3 mo after the combination therapy. The decrements in overnight
      glucose and FFA levels after 2 wk of bedtime insulin therapy were closely
      correlated (r = .86, (P less than .001). The nocturnal profile of plasma lactate
      was similar before and during bedtime insulin therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2653930
TI  - Effect of insulin on metabolism of fetal sheep hindquarters.
AB  - Fetal hyperinsulinemia causes fetal arterial hypoxia because fetal O2 use
      increases, whereas the supply of O2 to the fetus does not. To find which of the
      fetal tissues accounts for such an increase in fetal O2 use, we examined the
      effect of plasma hyperinsulinemia on O2, glucose, and lactate use by the
      hindquarters of 13 fetal sheep. Spinal anesthesia was used for the ewes, and
      local anesthesia was used for the fetuses during placement of catheters. The ewes
      then recovered for 5 days. After 18 h of insulin infusion, blood samples were
      drawn, and microspheres were injected to measure blood flow to the tissues of the
      hindquarters. Three to five infusions of various insulin concentrations in each
      fetus were followed by blood sampling and blood-flow measurements. Fetal
      hyperinsulinemia (less than or equal to 437 pM) increased blood flow to and O2
      use by the hindquarters of the fetal sheep but did not affect the glucose-O2
      quotients of these tissues. Consequently, glucose use increased proportionately
      to the increased O2 use. Lactate production was not affected by insulin. We
      conclude that increased O2 use by all the nonvisceral fetal tissues accounted for
      the increased O2 use of the entire fetus reported during fetal hyperinsulinemia
      and, consequently, for the fetal arterial hypoxemia associated with fetal
      hyperinsulinemia. If the hyperinsulinemic human fetus (such as the infant of the
      diabetic mother) also increases O2 use in nonvisceral tissue, such an increase
      might contribute to the susceptibility of the infants to late intrauterine fetal
      death, polycythemia, and hyperbilirubinemia, all of which may be consequences of
      intrauterine arterial hypoxemia.

PMID- 2653931
TI  - Decreased activity of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase by insulin in human
      intestinal cell line Caco-2.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is accompanied by increased intestinal cholesterol synthesis
      and cholesterol esterification. Both are reversed by insulin therapy. To assess
      whether the action of insulin on cholesterol esterification by intestinal cells
      is direct or mediated by other effectors associated with diabetes, we
      investigated the effect of insulin on the activity of microsomal acyl
      CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and on the incorporation rate of
      [14C]oleic acid into cholesteryl oleate in the Caco-2 human intestinal cell line.
      Microsomal ACAT activity of cells that were incubated with insulin for 3 h at a
      concentration of 1, 10, and 100 microU/ml was decreased by 48, 58, and 74%,
      respectively, compared with cells cultured in insulinfree medium. This effect was
      evident as soon as 10 min after the addition of 10 microU/ml insulin. The
      inhibition by insulin was reversible. After incubation for 24 h, intracellular
      esterified-cholesterol content and the ratio of esterified to nonesterified
      cholesterol were significantly lower in the cells treated with insulin (100
      microU/ml) than in those not treated with insulin (esterified cholesterol 48.6 +/
      2.0 vs. 74.2 +/- 4.3 nmol/mg protein, respectively, P less than .005; esterified
      to nonesterified ratio 0.280 +/- 0.008 vs. 0.359 +/- 0.059, respectively, P less
      than .05). Cells cultured on filters manifested physiologic polarity; greater
      than 90% of [14C]oleic acid-labeled cholesterol ester secreted by cells was
      secreted into the basolateral chambers. Incorporation of [14C]oleic acid into
      cholesteryl oleate over 24 h in the cells and in the medium of the basolateral
      chamber was suppressed by 100 microU/ml insulin by 23 and 40%, respectively.
      These findings indicate that insulin acts directly on the enterocytes to suppress
      intestinal cholesterol ester synthesis and secretion.

PMID- 2653932
TI  - Failure of insulin infusion to stimulate fractional muscle protein synthesis in
      type I diabetic patients. Anabolic effect of insulin and decreased proteolysis.
AB  - We evaluated the influence of insulin on fractional mixed skeletal muscle protein
      synthesis (FMPS) in eight type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients in the
      postabsorptive state. FMPS was calculated from the increment in [13C]leucine in
      mixed skeletal muscle protein obtained by serial percutaneous needle biopsy
      during a continuous 8-h intravenous infusion of L-[13C]leucine. We used the
      plasma [13C]-alpha-ketoisocaproate (representing intracellular leucine labeling)
      as the precursor pool of protein synthesis for our calculations. FMPS during the
      insulin treatment (0.0472 +/- 0.0046%/h; plasma glucose 4.6 +/- 1.0 mM) was not
      different from FMPS during insulin deprivation (0.0499 +/- 0.0046%/h; plasma
      glucose 16.4 +/- 0.5 mM). Using plasma [13C]-alpha-ketoisocaproate at isotopic
      plateau for calculation of leucine flux and as the precursor for leucine
      oxidation, we further confirmed the findings of our group and others that insulin
      treatment decreases leucine flux, leucine oxidation, and the nonoxidative portion
      of leucine flux. Our data on direct measurement of FMPS provide further evidence
      that the anabolic effect of insulin in the postabsorptive type I diabetic patient
      is mediated via reduction of proteolysis rather than by increasing protein
      synthesis.

PMID- 2653933
TI  - Phasic effects of glucose, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and lysophosphatidylcholine
      on insulin secretion from HIT cells.
AB  - Monolayer cultures of HIT cells were superfused to examine phasic insulin
      secretion. A biphasic pattern of insulin secretion was observed when cells were
      stimulated with a constant glucose concentration as low as 0.28 mM, with
      increasing stimulation at 0.56, 1.7, and 5.6 mM glucose. Higher glucose
      concentrations did not increase insulin secretion. In the absence of glucose, p
      hydroxymercuribenzoate (15, 30, and 50 microM), which blocks the reacylation of
      lysophospholipids with arachidonic acid, also evoked a concentration-dependent
      biphasic release of insulin. Lysophosphatidylcholine (50, 75, and 100
      micrograms/ml) also caused a concentration-dependent biphasic release of insulin
      in the absence of glucose. These observations were similar to those previously
      reported for superfused monolayer culture of rat islet cells and suggest that the
      HIT cell is a beta-cell line that may be valuable in the further examination of
      the relationships among glucose, phospholipid metabolism, and insulin secretion.
      The data are consistent with the hypothesis that glucose-stimulated release of
      lysophospholipids may be important in initiation of the biphasic pattern of
      glucose-stimulated insulin release.

PMID- 2653934
TI  - In vitro relationship of CD4 cells from type I diabetic patients and xenogeneic
      beta-cell membranes.
AB  - In a rosette assay, 63 patients with recent-onset type I (insulin-dependent)
      diabetes mellitus had a higher (P less than .001) number of lymphocytes adhering
      to rat insulinoma RINm5F cells (diabetic rosettes) than 153 healthy control
      (background rosettes) or 20 nondiabetic subjects with other organ-specific
      autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, lymphocytes from diabetic patients displayed a
      highly correlated (r = .97, P less than .001) binding on two different xenogeneic
      beta-cell lines (RIN and hamster insulinoma HIT cells). This phenomenon was not
      found on a panel of seven non-beta-cell lines (e.g., exocrine pancreatic cells,
      endocrine cells). By increasing lymphocyte-to-RIN ratios (0.25:1 to 30:1), the
      supernumerary RIN-adherent lymphocytes from diabetic patients, expressed as the
      percentage of lymphocytes involved conjugates, were only detectable at lower
      ratios (0.25:1 to 4:1), and their binding efficiency was two times higher than
      that of control lymphocytes. This efficiency fell at higher ratios (greater than
      4:1) to the level of background rosettes that remained constant through the ratio
      scale. This specific RIN-rosette formation was abrogated when lymphocytes from
      diabetic patients were preabsorbed on beta-cells (either HIT or RIN) but not on
      non-beta-cells, whereas preabsorption of control lymphocytes did not modify the
      number of background rosettes. In addition, diabetic rosettes, but not background
      rosettes, were inhibited by competition with RIN membrane extracts but not by non
      beta-cell extracts. Moreover, diabetic rosettes were inhibited during blocking
      experiments with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) but not with unrelated
      MoAbs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2653935
TI  - Effect of interferon on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.
AB  - Many viral infections induce interferon (IFN) production and cause insulin
      resistance. To examine the causal relationship between IFN and insulin
      resistance, we injected natural human leukocyte IFN-alpha (3 x 10(6) IU, i.m.)
      twice overnight in eight healthy subjects and determined oral (OGT) and
      intravenous (IVGT) glucose tolerance and sensitivity to insulin (287 nmol or 40
      mU.m-2.min-1 euglycemic insulin clamp) the following morning. IFN caused mild
      influenzalike symptoms and induced a rise in circulating glucose, insulin,
      hydrocortisone (cortisol), growth hormone, and glucagon concentrations (P less
      than .05-.001). In the OGT test, the area under the glucose curve was 2.6-fold
      greater (P less than .02), and the disappearance rate of intravenously
      administered glucose was reduced by 28% (P less than .05) after IFN
      administration. The impairment in OGT and IVGT occurred despite augmented insulin
      response. Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was reduced by 22% (P less than
      .005), and insulin clearance increased by 18% (P less than .02) after IFN
      administration. When the insulin-clamp study was repeated in patients with steady
      state hyperinsulinemia that was 12% higher (P less than .005) after IFN, the
      glucose disposal rate was still reduced by 15% (P less than .01). These data
      indicate that IFN 1) stimulates counterregulatory hormone secretion, 2) impairs
      glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and 3) stimulates insulin clearance.
      Thus, IFN may be involved in the development of insulin resistance during viral
      infections.

PMID- 2653937
TI  - Statistical issues in the analysis of the long-term carcinogenicity bioassay in
      small rodents: an empirical evaluation of statistical decision rules.
AB  - Data on 49 randomly selected studies from the NCI/NTP Carcinogenesis Bioassay
      Program were reanalyzed using four statistical decision rules to classify
      substances as either being negative or falling into one of three categories
      indicating increasing evidence of oncogenicity. The data available for analysis
      were the crude marginal counts of numbers of animals with specified lesions, as
      well as the number of animals surviving at the time the studies were terminated.
      Statistical analysis was based primarily on the Cochran-Armitage test for linear
      trend in proportions, with and without the use of historical control information.
      If only concurrent controls were used, classifications of carcinogenicity
      obtained in between 34 and 57% of the studies, depending on the decision rule
      used. The incorporation of historical control information into the Cochran
      Armitage test statistic led to almost universal findings of carcinogenicity. The
      data base assembled here was used to estimate false negative and false positive
      rates for each of the four decision rules.

PMID- 2653936
TI  - Normalization of insulin sensitivity with lithium in diabetic rats.
AB  - Lithium salts are commonly used in psychiatric patients and have been shown to
      have an insulinlike action in vitro. To define the impact of lithium ion on in
      vivo glucose metabolism, the effect of 2 wk of lithium treatment on plasma
      glucose and insulin concentrations, insulin-mediated glucose disposal, and
      skeletal muscle glycogen synthesis in normal and diabetic rats was examined. Our
      results demonstrated the ability of lithium ions to completely restore insulin
      sensitivity to normal in diabetic rats. The insulin-mimetic activity of the
      cation seems to be highly specific for the glycogenic pathway in skeletal muscle.
      These results raise the possibility that lithium ion may prove effective in
      reversing the defect in glycogen storage that characterizes non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus in humans.

PMID- 2653939
TI  - Sickness certification in general practice: a review.
AB  - Sickness certification is one of the most common tasks performed in general
      practice. This review describes and discusses concepts and terms used in earlier
      studies. 'Sickness certification' is defined, and related to the issues of
      'absence from work' and 'sickness absence'. The use of measurements and results
      reported are emphasized according to patient- and doctor-related variables. Great
      variations are found, and some of the reasons may be differences in morbidity
      patterns, diagnostic procedures or sickness benefit acts. However, in studies
      from general practice, the number of sickness certificates is related to
      different denominators without describing the real population at risk, that is
      those of the patients who were employed or entitled to sickness benefits. Further
      studies are needed on the epidemiology of sickness certification, and the
      duration of the episodes. Analysis of the basis for the doctors' decisions, the
      patients' viewpoint, inter-doctor variations and doctors' attitudes should also
      be emphasized in the future. There is a need to discuss the reliability and
      validity of the measurements used, and theoretical considerations of the doctor's
      sickness certification practice are called for.

PMID- 2653938
TI  - You've got a lot to answer for, Mr Bell. A review of the use of the telephone in
      primary care.
AB  - This paper reviews the role of the telephone in delivering primary health care.
      It highlights the wide differences between the UK and other countries, notably
      the USA, in knowledge of and experience with telephone care. The volume and
      nature of telephone contacts in family medicine are explored before focusing on
      calls which may be described as consultations, both in and out of office hours.
      Aspects of telephone consultations examined include the quality of care, the
      effectiveness of training programmes and the role of other health professionals.
      Important gaps in the literature are identified, including the lack of
      comparisons between telephone and face-to-face care in terms of the quality of
      process and outcomes and the lack of data on costs and benefits.

PMID- 2653940
TI  - Acute bronchitis: aetiology, symptoms and treatment.
AB  - There is much discussion about the aetiology, definition and treatment of acute
      bronchitis. This paper reviews the main issues in the debate. It concludes that
      bronchitis should be regarded as a collective name for a wide range of syndromes.
      Whether further differentiation of the clinical diagnosis is meaningful depends
      largely on whether such differentiation has therapeutic implications. Further
      research into medical treatment of the different types of acute bronchitis is
      necessary.

PMID- 2653941
TI  - [The immune status of man. I. Necessity for a systematic approach].

PMID- 2653942
TI  - Endosonography and computed tomography of esophageal carcinoma. Preoperative
      classification compared to the new (1987) TNM system.
AB  - Transesophageal endosonography and computed tomography were performed
      preoperatively in 74 patients with an esophageal carcinoma. The results were
      correlated with the histology of resected specimens according to the new (1987)
      TNM classification. Endosonography was superior to computed tomography in the
      evaluation of the depth of tumor infiltration, especially in the early stages and
      in nonresectable carcinoma (overall accuracy: endosonography 89%, computed
      tomography 59%). Endosonography was also more accurate than computed tomography
      in the assessment of regional lymph node metastases (overall accuracy:
      endosonography 80%, computed tomography 51%). The incidence of lymph node
      metastasis increased with the progression of the depth of tumor infiltration. The
      definitive exclusion factor for endosonography is severe stenosis, which cannot
      be passed with the instrument (26% of the cases). In these cases computed
      tomography was superior to endosonography in diagnosing celiac lymph node
      metastasis (overall accuracy: computed tomography 82%, endosonography 68%).

PMID- 2653943
TI  - Human liver cell transplantation. Prolonged function in athymic-Gunn and athymic
      analbuminemic hybrid rats.
AB  - Isolated cryopreserved human liver cells, attached to collagen-coated
      microcarriers, were injected intraperitoneally into mutant rat recipients
      genetically deficient in either bilirubin uridine
      diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase activity (Gunn rats) or albumin synthesis
      (Nagase analbuminemic rats). One group of the recipient Gunn and analbuminemic
      rats were made genetically immunodeficient by interbreeding with athymic rats
      with inherited T-cell deficiency. Injected microcarriers and cells formed
      aggregates on the surface of the pancreas. There was no morphologic evidence of
      rejection in athymic recipients, whereas immunocompetent recipients demonstrated
      rejection within 5 days of transplantation. Athymic-Gunn rat recipients
      demonstrated excretion of bilirubin glucuronides in bile for 30 days and
      reduction in their serum bilirubin levels. In recipient athymic-analbuminemic
      rats, plasma albumin levels increased from pretransplantation levels of 0.025
      0.05 mg/ml to 3.9-4.8 mg/ml 8 days posttransplantation and remained nearly at
      that level throughout the 30 days of the study. A method of harvesting, attaching
      to microcarriers, cryopreserving, and in vivo testing of human hepatocytes with
      prolonged survival and function in athymic-Gunn and athymic-analbuminemic hybrid
      rats is reported. These rats are excellent animal models for testing xenograft
      function.

PMID- 2653944
TI  - Liver transplantation in the management of fulminant hepatic failure.
AB  - Liver transplantation is now performed for the treatment of fulminant hepatic
      failure, but the selection of patients for this procedure has been incompletely
      described. We used worsening hepatic encephalopathy, clinical evidence of brain
      edema, and prolongation of the prothrombin time after 24-48 h of intensive
      medical treatment as key factors influencing the decision to recommend liver
      transplantation. Thirty-seven patients (29 adult, 8 pediatric) were admitted with
      fulminant hepatic failure. Ten improved with medical treatment, so liver
      transplantation was not recommended. Twenty-seven deteriorated despite medical
      treatment. Eight of these, 7 with grade 4 hepatic encephalopathy and persistent
      coagulopathy, did not receive transplantation because of contraindications (n =
      5), failure to find a donor (n = 1), or refusal of therapy (n = 2). None of these
      survived. Sixteen of the other 19 patients developed grade 4 hepatic
      encephalopathy, 5 had brain edema, and all had persistent coagulopathy, so liver
      transplantation was performed. One year actuarial survival was 58%. This
      retrospective analysis confirms that survival exceeding 50% can be obtained with
      liver transplantation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Additional
      studies of prognostic markers are needed to define the role of liver
      transplantation in the management of this disease.

PMID- 2653945
TI  - Hypnosis and the relaxation response.

PMID- 2653946
TI  - Cumulative index, 1984-1988. Volume 86 through volume 95.

PMID- 2653947
TI  - Transnasal brush cytology for the diagnosis of Candida esophagitis in the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2653948
TI  - "Ca reversal": inhibition by submicromolar Ca2+ concentrations of contraction of
      smooth muscle and its use for assay of Ca channel blockers.
AB  - 1. Ca ion, which is a trigger of many physiological responses, also acts as an
      inhibitor of responses at lower concentrations than those that act as triggers in
      rat uterine smooth muscle. 2. The contraction induced by oxytocin of uterine
      smooth muscle that had been preincubated in Ca-free solution with 3 mM EGTA for 1
      hr was reversed by addition of a resting level of Ca ion (10(-8) - 10(-7) M). 3.
      This relaxation by Ca ion was named "Ca reversal". 4. This finding suggests that
      Ca ion at low concentrations has an inhibitory action. 5. Since Ca reversal is
      manifested in the presence of Ca antagonists, we tested the availability of this
      phenomenon for assay of Ca antagonistic activity. 6. This system is very simple
      because the judgement is all or none, and it is very useful because other
      antispasmodic actions can be determined simultaneously. 7. The ED50 values of
      various drugs for Ca reversal show their Ca antagonistic activities. 8.
      Furthermore, the value in high K+ solution shows the selectivity of a Ca
      antagonist for voltage-operated Ca channels. 9. Thus this system is very useful
      for assay of Ca antagonistic activities, which are very important for drug
      therapy in a wide variety of diseases.

PMID- 2653949
TI  - Actions of some drugs on skinned smooth muscle preparations.

PMID- 2653950
TI  - Reduction in blood pressure and vascular reactivities to pressor substances by
      chronic treatment with piretanide in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - 1. Effects of treatment with piretanide (10 and 30 mg/kg per day p.o.) for 9
      weeks on blood pressure, urinary excretion of electrolytes, and vascular
      reactivities to pressor substances were investigated in 10-week-old spontaneously
      hypertensive (SHR) rats. 2. Piretanide (30 mg/kg) prevented development of
      hypertension and produced a significant reduction in blood pressure from the 2nd
      week of the treatment. A slight decrease in blood pressure was observed in rats
      treated with the lower dose of piretanide. 3. Piretanide produced significant and
      dose-dependent diuresis throughout the experiment. Although significant
      natriuresis was observed in the 1st and 4th week of the treatment, natriuresis
      disappeared in the 8th week. Urinary excretion of potassium was decreased
      significantly by piretanide throughout the experiment. 4. Attenuation of pressor
      responses to phenylephrine and angiotensin II was observed after chronic
      administration of piretanide (30 mg/kg). 5. These data demonstrate the
      contribution of attenuated vascular reactivities to pressor substances as well as
      a diuretic action to the antihypertensive effect of piretanide during its long
      term administration in SHR rats.

PMID- 2653951
TI  - Hypothalamic regulation of the adenohypophyseal-testicular axis in the male chick
      embryo.
AB  - An antibody against luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) as well as
      naloxone, an opioid antagonist, were added to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)
      of 11.5- and 14.5-day-old male chick embryos and plasma testosterone (T)
      concentrations were determined. This protocol was designed to demonstrate: (1)
      Whether LHRH is essential in the regulation of the adenohypophyseal-testicular
      axis in the male embryo and (2) if LHRH is operative in this unit's function, are
      opiatergic pathways involved in the secretion of LHRH by the hypothalamus. Both
      anti-LHRH and naloxone lowered plasma T levels in 14.5-day-old embryos, but not
      11.5-day-old embryos. This indicates that the hypothalamus, via LHRH, begins to
      regulate the pituitary-testicular unit at some time between Days 11.5 and 14.5,
      i.e., the hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal-testicular axis is established. The
      results also strongly suggest that the normal secretory pattern of LHRH is
      dependent upon opiatergic innervation of the hypothalamus at the same embryonic
      time.

PMID- 2653952
TI  - Requirement of extracellular calcium in fish pituitary gonadotropin release by
      gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone.
AB  - Influence of extracellular calcium on gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone
      (GnRH)-stimulated gonadotropin hormone (GtH) release from a teleostean fish
      (Channa punctatus) pituitary was examined in vitro by preparing enzymatically
      dispersed pituitary cell incubation. Effect of Ca2+ on GnRH-augmented GtH release
      was evaluated with partially purified C. punctatus GnRH (cGnRH) and synthetic
      mammalian GnRH (mGnRH). Cells were dispersed by 0.3% collagenase plus 0.05%
      trypsin in culture medium and a high yield of viable cells were obtained.
      Addition of cGnRH (10 micrograms/ml) to pituitary cells in Ca2+-free medium
      resulted in a significant increase in GtH release, but the addition of Ca2+ (2
      mM) enhanced it to about four- and threefold over cGnRH and mGnRH, respectively.
      Increasing concentrations of Ca2+ (0.1-2.0 mM/well) with fixed concentrations of
      GnRH (10 micrograms/ml) or increasing doses of GnRH (2.5 to 20 micrograms/ml)
      with fixed amount of Ca2+ (2 mM/well) resulted in a dose dependent increase in
      GtH release. EDTA or EGTA (2 mM/well) completely suppressed the Ca2+-augmenting
      effect of GnRH-stimulated GtH release. Addition of lanthanum (La3+, 4 mM/well), a
      competitive inhibitor of Ca2+, reduced 60% of the Ca2+ (2 mM/well) stimulation.
      Verapamil, a specific Ca2+ channel blocker, when added in increasing
      concentrations (1-100 microM/well) to pituitary cell incubations containing GnRH
      stimulated GtH release in Ca2+-free medium could be waived by EGTA (2 mM/well),
      indicating availability of extracellular calcium from tissue sources. The uptake
      of radioactive Ca2+ by pituitary cells was greatly enhanced by GnRH while the
      addition of verapamil (10 microM/well) not only inhibited the GnRH-stimulated
      uptake, but also reduced it below the control level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2653953
TI  - The renin-angiotensin system and vascular and dipsogenic regulation in
      elasmobranchs.
AB  - The role of a renin-angiotensin-like system (RAS) in the regulation of blood
      pressure and drinking has been investigated in the elasmobranch, Scyliorhinus
      canicula. Injection of exogenous angiotensin II produced, as expected, a
      vasopressor response, though injection of the converting enzyme inhibitor,
      Captopril, alone produced little change in resting blood pressure. Papaverine, a
      smooth muscle relaxant, reduced blood pressure which completely recovered within
      30 min. A subsequent injection of Captopril produced a rapid vasodepressor
      response with no recovery over 2 hr. The low basal levels of drinking in dogfish
      were not altered by Captopril injection but angiotensin II-induced increased
      drinking and papaverine administration resulted in markedly stimulated water
      intake, which was inhibited by coadministration with Captopril. Captopril
      inhibition of the recovery in blood pressure and associated dipsogenic response
      following the papaverine-induced hypotension is consistent with the activation of
      a RAS-like system in the dogfish. This and other evidence supporting the presence
      of a RAS-like system in elasmobranchs are discussed in relation to other
      vertebrates.

PMID- 2653954
TI  - Hemagglutinating activity of the B subunit(s) of the heat-labile enterotoxin
      isolated from chicken enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The hemagglutinating activity of the B subunit(s) of the heat-labile enterotoxin
      (LTc-B) produced by chicken enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was studied by
      hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. No or weak hemagglutination of
      intact human erythrocytes was found by the LTc-B at the highest concentration
      used, whereas strong hemagglutination of both neuraminidase- and pronase-treated
      human erythrocytes was found. Enhancement in hemagglutination of treated human
      erythrocytes induced by the LTc-B was over 2 to 120-fold for type A and B
      erythrocytes and over 8-fold for type O erythrocytes, respectively. With intact
      and treated sheep erythrocytes, on the other hand, no hemagglutination was found
      by the LTc-B at the highest concentration used. Hemagglutination of pronase
      treated human type B erythrocytes by the LTc-B was inhibited by methyl-alpha-D
      galactopyranoside, galactose, melibiose, hog A + H, asialo-bovine salivary mucin
      and asialo-thyroglobulin among mono-, di- and polysaccharides and glycoproteins
      used as inhibitors. These results suggest that the LTc-B is a galactose-specific
      bacterial lectin.

PMID- 2653955
TI  - Effects of 2-deoxyglucose on Saccharomyces cerevisiae as observed by in vivo 31P
      NMR.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were treated with 2-deoxyglucose (1 mM) and the
      effects induced in the levels of phosphorus compounds and in the internal pH were
      monitored using 31P-NMR. Upon incubation with 2-deoxyglucose a strong decrease in
      the polyphosphate level was observed and the cytoplasmic pH decreased by about
      0.4 units. This shows that 2-deoxyglucose strongly interferes with the cell
      conditions and consequently, the results of experiments in which 2-deoxyglucose
      was used to obtain deenergized cells should be carefully reanalysed.

PMID- 2653956
TI  - Distribution of plasmid maintenance regions among IncFIV plasmids.
AB  - The distribution of the IncFI basic replicons among IncFIV plasmids was assessed
      by DNA hybridization. In addition these and 20 other plasmids from 16
      incompatibility groups were screened for the presence of IncIV, an
      incompatibility determinant recently found on the IncFIV plasmid R124. The IncIV
      determinant was found commonly but not universally among the IncFIV plasmids. It
      was also detected on the IncFI reference plasmid R386 and plasmids from IncB,
      IncI alpha and IncI gamma. The frequency and distribution of IncFI replicons
      among the IncFIV plasmids is similar to that observed in other F groups. The
      similarity of the IncFIV plasmids to plasmids of the other IncF groups and the
      failure to find replicons unique to IncFIV plasmids indicates that their division
      into a separate incompatibility group is not justified.

PMID- 2653957
TI  - Extracellular product of Nocardia amarae induces bacterial cell flocculation.
AB  - The fact that Nocardia amarae YK1 produced a bacterial flocculation-inducing
      substance (designated as FIX) was discovered. FIX had a function of flocculating
      proliferous cells. FIX-induced flocculation was inhibited by making cells
      resting, but not completely by adding chloramphenicol. FIX worked widely on Gram
      positive to -negative bacteria. In the presence of FIX, Achromobacter
      cycloclastus IAM1013, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus IAM1517, Bacillus subtilis
      IAM1069, Escherichia coli C600-1, E. coli IAM1239, Flavobacterium lutescens
      IAM1667, Klebsiella pneumoniae IAM1102, Micrococcus luteus IAM1313 and
      Pseudomonas putida IAM1002 formed flocs. B. cereus IAM1029, however, exhibited no
      flocculation.

PMID- 2653958
TI  - Functioning of the cloned phage MS2 lysis protein in Escherichia coli impaired in
      murein synthesis.
AB  - The mode of action of the phage MS2 lysis protein seems not to involve a direct
      interaction with the murein synthesis machinery as is the case for lysis induced
      by beta-lactam antibiotics. Mutants with defects in various penicillin-binding
      proteins, which are involved in murein synthesis, were found to show normal lysis
      sensitivity towards the cloned MS2 lysis protein. In addition, both processes,
      longitudinal growth of the murein sacculus in the presence of furazlocillin,
      cephalexin and nalidixic acid as well as spherical growth in the presence of
      mecillinam were sensitive to the phage lysis protein. No change in the capacity
      of the binding proteins to bind 14C-labelled penicillin G was observed in the
      presence of the MS2 lysis gene product.

PMID- 2653959
TI  - Replica plating and indirect selection of bacterial mutants: isolation of
      preadaptive mutants in bacteria by sib selection.

PMID- 2653960
TI  - HOP1: a yeast meiotic pairing gene.
AB  - The recessive mutation, hop1-1, was isolated by use of a screen designed to
      detect mutations defective in homologous chromosomal pairing during meiosis in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutants in HOP1 displayed decreased levels of meiotic
      crossing over and intragenic recombination between markers on homologous
      chromosomes. In contrast, assays of the hop1-1 mutation in a spo13-1 haploid
      disomic for chromosome III demonstrated that intrachromosomal recombination
      between directly duplicated sequences was unaffected. The spores produced by
      SPO13 diploids homozygous for hop1 were largely inviable, as expected for a
      defect in interhomolog recombination that results in high levels of
      nondisjunction. HOP1 was cloned by complementation of the spore lethality
      phenotype and the cloned gene was used to map HOP1 to the LYS11-HIS6 interval on
      the left arm of chromosome IX. Electron microscopy revealed that diploids
      homozygous for hop1 fail to form synaptonemal complex, which normally provides
      the structural basis for homolog pairing. We propose that HOP1 acts in meiosis
      primarily to promote chromosomal pairing, perhaps by encoding a component of the
      synaptonemal complex.

PMID- 2653961
TI  - Pheromones and pheromone receptors are the primary determinants of mating
      specificity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two haploid cell types, a and alpha, each of which
      produces a unique set of proteins that participate in the mating process. We
      sought to determine the minimum set of proteins that must be expressed to allow
      mating and to confer specificity. We show that the capacity to synthesize alpha
      factor pheromone and a-factor receptor is sufficient to allow mating by mat alpha
      1 mutants, mutants that normally do not express any alpha- or a-specific
      products. Likewise, the capacity to synthesize a-factor receptor and alpha-factor
      pheromone is sufficient to allow a ste2 ste6 mutants, which do not produce the
      normal a cell pheromone and receptor, to mate with wild-type a cells. Thus, the a
      factor receptor and alpha-factor pheromone constitute the minimum set of alpha
      specific proteins that must be produced to allow mating as an alpha cell. Further
      evidence that the pheromones and pheromone receptors are important determinants
      of mating specificity comes from studies with mat alpha 2 mutants, cells that
      simultaneously express both pheromones and both receptors. We created a series of
      strains that express different combinations of pheromones and receptors in a mat
      alpha 2 background. These constructions reveal that mat alpha 2 mutants can be
      made to mate as either a cells or as alpha cells by causing them to express only
      the pheromone and receptor set appropriate for a particular cell type. Moreover,
      these studies show that the inability of mat alpha 2 mutants to respond to either
      pheromone is a consequence of two phenomena: adaptation to an autocrine response
      to the pheromones they secrete and interference with response to alpha factor by
      the a-factor receptor.

PMID- 2653962
TI  - Mutations in CEN3 cause aberrant chromosome segregation during meiosis in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - We investigated the structural requirements of the centromere from chromosome III
      (CEN3) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by analyzing the ability of chromosomes with
      CEN3 mutations to segregate properly during meiosis. We analyzed diploid cells in
      which one or both copies of chromosome III carry a mutant centromere in place of
      the wild-type centromere and found that some alterations in the length, base
      composition and primary sequence characteristics of the central A+T-rich region
      (CDE II) of the centromere had a significant effect on the ability of the
      chromosome to segregate properly through meiosis. Chromosomes containing
      mutations which delete a portion of CDE II showed a high rate of premature
      disjunction at meiosis I. Chromosomes containing point mutations in CDE I or
      lacking CDE I appeared to segregate properly through meiosis; however, plasmids
      carrying centromeres with CDE I completely deleted showed an increased frequency
      of segregation to nonsister spores.

PMID- 2653963
TI  - Campylobacter jejuni chromosomal sequences that hybridize to Vibrio cholerae and
      Escherichia coli LT enterotoxin genes.
AB  - Campylobacter jejuni is one of the main etiologic agents of gastrointestinal
      illness in developing and developed areas throughout the world. Isolation of
      enterotoxin-producing C. jejuni has been associated with clinical symptoms of a
      watery-secretory type of diarrhea. Although physiological and immunological
      relatedness has been demonstrated between the C. jejuni enterotoxin (CJT), the
      Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin (CT), and the heat-labile cholera-like Escherichia
      coli enterotoxin (LT), nucleotide sequence similarity between C. jejuni DNA and
      either the toxA, toxB, eltA or eltB genes remained to be shown. We found that
      binding to ganglioside GM1 prevented recognition of CJT by monoclonal antibodies
      directed to either CT or LT. This indicates antigenic similarity between the
      three enterotoxins in the ganglioside GM1-binding site. Therefore we searched for
      corresponding similarities at the DNA level and found, by oligodeoxynucleotide
      hybridization, C. jejuni chromosomal nucleotide sequences similar to the coding
      region for a postulated ganglioside GM1-binding site on toxB and eltB.

PMID- 2653964
TI  - Chromosomal transfer and in vivo cloning of genes in Vibrio cholerae using
      RP4::mini-Mu.
AB  - The RP4::mini-Mu replicon has been used to transfer chromosomal genes by
      conjugation and to clone in vivo metabolic, toxin and flagellar genes of Vibrio
      cholerae. RP4::mini-Mu was introduced into several strains of V. cholerae and
      these strains were mated with V. cholerae or Escherichia coli K-12 recipients. R'
      episomes carrying the respective genes were maintained in recA recipients and
      were detected by complementation of auxotrophic, nontoxinogenic and aflagellate
      mutations in V. cholerae.

PMID- 2653965
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the broad-host-range
      plasmid RSF1010.
AB  - We present the complete nucleotide sequence of RSF1010, a naturally occurring
      broad-host-range plasmid belonging to the Escherichia coli incompatibility group
      Q and encoding resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamides. A molecule of RSF1010
      DNA consists of 8684 bp and has a G + C content of 61%. Analysis of the
      distribution of translation start and stop codons in the sequence has revealed
      the existence of more than 40 open reading frames potentially capable of encoding
      polypeptides of 60 or more amino acids. To date, products of eleven such
      potential RSF1010 genes have been identified through the application of
      controlled expression vector systems, and for eight of them, the reading frame
      has been confirmed by N- and/or C-terminal amino acid sequence determinations on
      the purified proteins. The sequencing results are discussed in relation to the
      systems of replication, host range, conjugal mobilization and antibiotic
      resistance determinants associated with the RSF1010 plasmid.

PMID- 2653966
TI  - A plasmid vector and quantitative techniques for the study of transcription
      termination in Escherichia coli using bacterial luciferase.
AB  - We have developed a plasmid expression vector for the study of transcription
      terminators in Escherichia coli that utilizes the lux genes coding for the enzyme
      luciferase of the bioluminescent marine bacterium, Vibrio harveyi. The pBR322
      derived plasmid, called pHV100, contains the E. coli lac promoter, the polylinker
      regions from the plasmid vector pUC18, and the V. harveyi lux genes. Insertion of
      transcription termination sites into the polylinker region results in decreased
      luciferase expression. Because the bioluminescence genes are not indigenous to E.
      coli, their expression can be studied in virtually any host strain without the
      complications of background activity. This facilitates sensitive measurements of
      terminator efficiency in hosts containing termination factor mutations.
      Bioluminescence can be easily monitored with high sensitivity, using a rapid
      photographic technique or a more quantitative photometric assay.

PMID- 2653967
TI  - Integration of multiple copies of a foreign sequence into the Ti plasmid of
      Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
AB  - A method for constructing Ti plasmids bearing multiple copies of a sequence
      integrated in tandem is described. A small plasmid that confers tetracycline
      resistance (TcR), contains homology to a Ti plasmid, and is unable to replicate
      in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, was mobilized from Escherichia coli to A.
      tumefaciens. Ti plasmids of exconjugants selected for resistance to 12-14
      micrograms Tc/ml all contained multiple tandem repeats of the integrative
      plasmid. Tc-sensitive variants with fewer integrated copies arose spontaneously
      at low frequency in the absence of Tc selection, or could be enriched for by
      selection on Tc in combination with the bactericidal antibiotic augmentin.
      Variants having an increased number of integrated copies were obtained by growth
      on high Tc concentrations. Tandem repeats integrated between border sequences
      provide, in principle, a way to reproducibly introduce many linked copies of any
      foreign gene into plants.

PMID- 2653968
TI  - New plasmid vectors for high level synthesis of eukaryotic fusion proteins in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Production of eukaryotic proteins in Escherichia coli has become rather simple
      since commercially available bacteriophage and plasmid vector systems allow
      investigators to select the optimal system for their particular problem. A common
      question is which system to use to produce the largest quantity of soluble
      recombinant protein with minimal, if any, bacterial protein fused to it. We have
      constructed a new set of plasmid vectors that produce large amounts of a fusion
      proteins that contain less than 25 amino acids of bacterial protein. We started
      with pATH-1, a plasmid expression vector comprised of the trpEp promoter and 37
      kDa of the TrpE protein followed by a M13mp13 multiple cloning site for insertion
      of sequences to be expressed. We deleted the majority of the eukaryotic trpE
      sequence to produce a multiple frame, multiple enzyme cloning site, plasmid
      expression vector set called pRX. Transformation of E. coli CAG-456 (Baker et
      al., 1984) with this vector with an Acanthamoeba myosin tail sequence inserted in
      the correct frame yields a fusion protein that represents 45% of the total
      soluble protein. We have produced and purified 100 mg of this Acanthamoeba myosin
      II fusion protein per liter of cell suspension.

PMID- 2653969
TI  - [Hygienic aspects of using polymers as construction materials and household
      articles at a new stage].

PMID- 2653970
TI  - Hormonal control of gastric and colorectal cancer in man.

PMID- 2653971
TI  - Effect of calcitonin on gastric emptying in patients with an active duodenal
      ulcer.
AB  - In a double blind placebo controlled study the effect of calcitonin on gastric
      emptying and on serum concentrations of gastrin, insulin, glucose, calcium and
      phosphorus after a mixed solid-liquid meal was examined in eight patients with
      duodenal ulcer. Synthetic salmon calcitonin 415 pmol iv was given as a bolus
      followed by a 90 minute infusion to reach an overall dose of 62.25 pmol/kg.
      Gastric emptying of a radiolabelled meal was measured with a gamma camera.
      Calcitonin markedly delayed gastric emptying in all patients examined. The
      emptying index (Ix) decreased from 2.979 (0.397)/min after placebo to 0.896
      (0.317)/min after calcitonin (p less than 0.001). Calcitonin did not affect
      significantly postprandial gastrin release: AUC0-90, 8768 (880) pg/l min
      (placebo) and 7807 (619) pg/l min (calcitonin). Postprandial insulin release was
      abolished by calcitonin -Auc0-90, 2258 (242) mU/l min (placebo) v 736 (131) mU/l
      min (calcitonin), p less than 0.001. Parallel to the suppression of insulin
      release was a steady increase in the serum glucose during calcitonin infusion,
      with the highest glucose concentration of 5.8 (0.53) mmol/l at the end of
      infusion of the hormone. Calcitonin did not change significantly serum calcium or
      phosphorus concentrations. A combination of a delaying effect on gastric emptying
      with the inhibition of gastric acid secretion elicited by calcitonin warrants
      further studies of calcinonin in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2653972
TI  - Double blind trial of loperamide for treating acute watery diarrhoea in
      expatriates in Bangladesh.
AB  - To determine if loperamide is effective and safe in treating watery diarrhoea, we
      randomly assigned 50 adult expatriates in Bangladesh with more than three
      unformed stools in the previous 24 hours and illness of less than 72 hours to
      receive loperamide or a placebo. On entry into the five day study patients took
      two capsules (one loperamide capsule = 2 mg) and one after each unformed stool up
      to a maximum of eight per day. The groups did not significantly differ in
      pretreatment features or pathogens identified. Mean number of stools on study day
      1 was 2.6 in the loperamide group and 4.0 in the placebo group (p = 0.035); on
      day 2 it was 1.3 versus 3.4 (p less than 0.001). Differences in stool frequencies
      during the final three study days, or proportion of patients with cramps, nausea,
      or vomiting on any study day, were not significant. No serious side effects
      occurred in either group. We conclude that loperamide, by decreasing stool
      frequency during the early part of illness, may have a role in the symptomatic
      treatment of this self-limiting disease.

PMID- 2653973
TI  - Measurement of normal portal venous blood flow by Doppler ultrasound.
AB  - The volume flow rate of blood in the portal vein was measured using a duplex
      ultrasound system. The many errors inherent in the duplex method were assessed
      with particular reference to the portal vein and appropriate correction factors
      were obtained by in vitro calibration. The effect of posture on flow was
      investigated by examining 45 healthy volunteers in three different positions;
      standing, supine and tilted head down at 20 degrees from the horizontal. The mean
      volume blood flow in the supine position was 864 (188)ml/min (mean 1SD). When
      standing, the mean volume blood flow was significantly reduced by 26% to 662
      (169)ml/min. There was, however, no significant difference between flow when
      supine and when tilted head down at 20 degrees from the horizontal.

PMID- 2653974
TI  - [How natural is "natural family planning"? Critical remarks from the biological
      behavior viewpoint].

PMID- 2653975
TI  - [Radiologic procedures in the after-care of gynecologic tumors].

PMID- 2653976
TI  - [Immunoscintigraphic diagnosis in the after-care of gynecologic cancers].

PMID- 2653977
TI  - [Urologic complications. Diagnosis and treatment of therapy complications].

PMID- 2653978
TI  - [Intestinal complications following gynecologic and radiologic primary therapy].

PMID- 2653979
TI  - [General and specific laboratory parameters within the scope of tumor after-care
      in gynecologic malignancies and breast cancer].

PMID- 2653980
TI  - [Psychosocial aspects and rehabilitation in gynecologic-oncologic after-care].

PMID- 2653981
TI  - [Responsibility, goals and status of self-help groups].

PMID- 2653982
TI  - [Cancer therapy and alternative medicine].

PMID- 2653983
TI  - [Micromanipulation of gametes--new aspects in assisted reproduction].

PMID- 2653984
TI  - [Thrombolytic therapy in acute coronary syndrome--Part I].

PMID- 2653985
TI  - [Congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden death].

PMID- 2653986
TI  - [Psychopharmacological aspects of old age].

PMID- 2653987
TI  - [Evaluation of impotence].

PMID- 2653988
TI  - [Reminiscences of a pharmacologist].

PMID- 2653989
TI  - [Thyroid diagnosis in general practice].
AB  - The selection of appropriate diagnostic procedures in presumptive thyroid
      diseases should be based on clinical signs and symptoms. To exclude primary
      thyroid dysfunction, basal TSH levels measured by a sensitive system should be
      employed. Further hormonal analyses are indicated in patients with suppressed TSH
      levels (fT4J, fT4 or the T4/TBG ratio and total T3) and in those with elevated
      TSH (fT4J, T4/TBG ratio without total T3). When TSH levels are partially
      suppressed thyroid autonomy must be excluded. Thyroid antibodies may be employed
      in patients with spontaneous hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, homogeneous
      technetium uptake with no eye signs. In patients with thyroid enlargement,
      ultrasound investigation including volumetry is the first line investigation.
      Nodular abnormalities must be investigated by technetium uptake in euthyroid and
      hyperthyroid individuals. Cytological investigations are indicated in cold
      nodules, especially in those showing reduced echogenicity.

PMID- 2653990
TI  - [Cardiologic diagnosis in general practice].
AB  - The cornerstone of cardiological diagnostic evaluation is still the patient's
      history and physical examination. In the doctor's office non invasive diagnostic
      procedures are the major means of obtaining the diagnosis necessary for
      treatment. Aside from ECG and exercise ECG Holter monitoring and echocardiography
      are the most valuable methods. New possibilities are offered by ST-segment
      evaluation in Holter monitoring and the combination of doppler and ultrasound
      techniques, the latter often making invasive studies superfluous. There are
      special indications for radionuclide imaging. Phonocardiography has been largely
      replaced by echocardiography.

PMID- 2653991
TI  - [Pneumologic diagnosis in general practice].
AB  - Many pneumological conditions can be clarified in the doctor's office with the
      aid of simple investigations. In addition to a carefully taken history and a
      physical examination, the standard program should include a chest film and a
      simple lung function test. The further diagnostic measures should not be
      schematic, but should be based on "decision-analytical" criteria. This is
      demonstrated on the basis of decision-taking diagrams for a number of important
      pneumological differential diagnoses.

PMID- 2653992
TI  - Comparative hemodynamic study of a new aminosteroid: LND-623 with its 20 alpha
      isomer: LND-369, and with digoxin and digoxigenin-rhamnoside in the anesthetized
      dog.
AB  - Hemodynamic effects of LND-623, a new aminosteroid lacking the C17 lactone ring
      and the C14 hydroxyl group common to the natural glycosides, were studied in the
      pentobarbital-anesthetized dog and compared to those of its 20 alpha-isomer LND
      369 and of digoxin and digoxigenin-rhamnoside (DRh). Twenty-four mongrel dogs
      were divided into 4 groups. Group I received either LND-623 or saline on study
      day 1 and the other drug or saline 1 wk later. Saline was replaced by digoxin in
      group II, digoxigenin-rhamnoside in group III, and LND-369 in group IV. All drugs
      except LND-369 were infused as 3.10(-9) mol.kg-1.min-1 over 20 minutes. LND-369
      was infused at twice the dose. LND-623 increased left ventricular dP/dt for at
      least 3 h with a peak at end-infusion or 15 min later, accompanied by a transient
      vasopressor effect. LND-369 induced, at twice the dose, an inotropic effect of
      comparable magnitude but of shorter duration. Inversely, it provoked a more
      marked and prolonged vasopressor effect than its 20 beta-isomer, LND-623. Maximal
      digoxin inotropic effect occurred later but was of comparable magnitude to that
      induced by LND-623. Its vasopressor effects reached a plateau rapidly and
      remained sustained until min 200. Digoxigenin-rhamnoside inotropic but not
      vasopressor effects are weaker than those of LND-623. It is concluded that LND
      623, although lacking the most common structural features of the natural cardiac
      glycosides, provoked rapid and sustained inotropic activities with transient
      vasopressor effects. These time-course effects differ from digoxin, and these
      differences are unrelated to their sugar-moiety characteristics. LND-623
      inotropic effect is twice as potent as its 20 alpha-isomer.

PMID- 2653993
TI  - Effect of meal on portal hemodynamics in healthy humans and in patients with
      chronic liver disease.
AB  - The effect of a standard Italian meal on portal hemodynamics was evaluated in 12
      normal subjects, in 11 patients with chronic active hepatitis and in 11 patients
      with liver cirrhosis using duplex Doppler ultrasound, which allows a noninvasive
      assessment of portal blood flow. In the fasting state, the portal vein caliber
      was significantly higher in patients with liver cirrhosis than in normal subjects
      and patients with chronic active hepatitis, whereas the mean flow velocity in the
      portal vein was significantly lower in this group. Basal flow volume of the
      portal vein was greater in patients with liver cirrhosis than in normal subjects
      and patients with chronic active hepatitis. Sixty minutes after the standard
      meal, we observed both in normal subjects and in patients with chronic active
      hepatitis a significant increase of mean caliber, mean velocity and flow volume
      in the portal vein, whereas in patients with liver cirrhosis, these parameters
      remained almost unchanged. In addition, the examination of individual patterns
      showed that flow velocity and flow volume in the portal vein decreased in some
      cirrhotic patients after the meal. This behavior is probably related to the
      hypertensive state in the splanchnic venous bed and diversion of splanchnic blood
      flow into spontaneous portosystemic collaterals.

PMID- 2653994
TI  - Protective effect of vasodilators on liver function after long hypothermic
      preservation: a study in the isolated perfused rat liver.
AB  - The effects of two vasodilators, papaverine and pentoxifylline (a methylxanthine
      derivative), on liver function after 19 hr hypothermic preservation were
      investigated. Hypothermic preservation was performed according to the standard
      technique, and liver hemodynamics and function were studied during 70 min
      immediately after reperfusion in an isolated perfused rat liver system. No
      significant changes occurred after hypothermic storage for 5 hr. However, when
      the storage was prolonged to 19 hr, bile flow and taurocholate intrinsic
      clearance were significantly reduced; transaminase release was markedly increased
      and histological studies demonstrated centrilobular necrosis. Concomitantly,
      liver blood flow was significantly reduced and intrahepatic vascular resistance
      was increased. Papaverine and pentoxifylline administered during preservation and
      at the time of reperfusion significantly improved all parameters. The improvement
      was more pronounced after pentoxifylline, and this group showed no significant
      difference in any of the studied parameters from the control livers. The results
      show that two vasodilators significantly protect the liver during long
      hypothermic preservation. The data suggest that abnormalities of liver
      microcirculation are of major importance in the pathogenesis of liver injury
      after hypothermic storage.

PMID- 2653995
TI  - Abdominal symptoms and gallstone disease: an epidemiological investigation.
AB  - To date, it has never been established which symptoms are specifically caused by
      stones in the gallbladder. To examine this issue, the relationship between
      occurrence of gallstone disease diagnosed by ultrasonography and complaints about
      abdominal pain and discomfort was assessed in a random sample comprising 4,581
      males and females, of whom 3,608 (79%) took part in the investigation. As regards
      the presence of gallstones, the predictive values of various complaints about
      pain and discomfort were very low, ranging from zero to 25.0%, whereas for the
      absence of gallstones the predictive value of no complaints about pain or
      discomfort was very high, ranging from 93.2 to 94.2%. In subjects with
      gallstones, the prevalence of upper right quadrantic pain during the last 12
      months was equal to that in subjects with a normal gallbladder, whereas in
      cholecystectomized subjects the prevalence of pain was significantly higher. Pain
      was not associated with size, number or motility of the stones. It is concluded
      that in a random population it is difficult to define the symptoms specific for
      gallstones and thereby to distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic
      gallstones.

PMID- 2653996
TI  - Vasodilator therapy of portal hypertension: focus on the liver.

PMID- 2653997
TI  - Liver diseases associated with autoantibodies directed to nuclear envelope
      components.

PMID- 2653998
TI  - Renewed pressure to cut outpatient surgery costs.

PMID- 2653999
TI  - PPRC endorses ETs (expenditure targets) to reform Part B.

PMID- 2654000
TI  - Reimbursement declines limit access to capital.

PMID- 2654001
TI  - Capital costs rise; fixed costs bear burden of more debt.

PMID- 2654002
TI  - Patient dumping: a gray area of enforcement.

PMID- 2654003
TI  - Monoclonal antibody L/1C2 reactive with a human carcinoma associated antigen.
AB  - A murine IgG3 monoclonal antibody which defines a human carcinoma associated
      antigen is described. The antibody, designated L/1C2, was made against a human
      lung squamous cell carcinoma line designated USCLS-1. It reacts with the surface
      of 15 of 16 viable human carcinoma cell lines and was detected in 70 of 78 frozen
      sections of human carcinomas. Melanoma cell lines and frozen sections of
      melanomas and a lymphoma were unreactive. Normal tissue reactivity included
      vessels, plus some ducts, glandular structures, and epithelial surfaces. Similar
      normal tissue reactivity patterns were seen with Rhesus monkey tissue samples.
      Immunoprecipitation studies indicate that L/1C2 reacts with a glycoprotein
      doublet which migrates in the range of 110,000 to 140,000 Mr under reducing
      conditions. Fluorescence analysis suggests this antigen is internalized following
      reaction with the L/1C2 antibody. Using in vitro human tumor cell growth
      inhibition assays, it was possible to achieve significant growth inhibition with
      L/1C2, while another target cell-reactive antibody in the same assay had no
      inhibitory effect.

PMID- 2654004
TI  - [Autoimmune neutropenia: clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - Autoimmune neutropenia is a rare immunohematological disorder occurring as an
      idiopathic as well as a symptomatic variety associated with different diseases.
      Autoimmune neutropenia has previously been reported predominantly in adults, but
      is now found more frequently in young children. The neutropenia usually leads to
      recurrent mild bacterial infections. Apart from blood count and bone marrow
      evaluation assessment of granulocyte-specific antibodies is essential for
      establishing the diagnosis. As the infectious complications in these patients
      often are not life-threatening and neutropenia in children is usually self
      limiting, therapy with antibiotics is sufficient in most patients. In more severe
      cases interventions with high doses of intravenous immunoglobulin or
      corticosteroid therapy are indicated.

PMID- 2654005
TI  - [Drug-induced immunocytopenia].
AB  - Drugs are responsible for the causative antibodies in 10-20% of all cases with
      immunocytopenias (immune hemolytic anemias, immune thrombocytopenias or immune
      granulocytopenias). Usually only one cell type is affected in the same patient,
      but rarely two cell types can be simultaneously involved. The immunocytopenia can
      precipitously occur within minutes to hours, or it develops gradually throughout
      days and weeks. In the former case the reactions are usually due to complement
      activating IgG- and/or IgM-antibodies, and in the latter case to non-complement
      activating IgG-antibodies without complement activation. The corresponding
      antigens could be complexes of the drug (metabolites) and structures of the cell
      membrane (drug-dependent antibodies) as well as cell antigens alone
      (autoantibodies). These findings indicate that the immunogenicity of haptens
      (metabolites and less commonly the drug itself) can result not only from their
      stable conjugation on macromolecules, but also from a loose interaction between
      the drug (particularly its metabolites) and the cell surface.

PMID- 2654006
TI  - [Use of monoclonal antibodies in allergy research--chance of a further
      development?].
AB  - In diagnostics and therapy of allergic diseases preparations of natural origin
      are mainly used. Standardizing these products monoclonal antibodies could play an
      important role. Furthermore, for monoclonal antibodies there is an analytical
      approach measuring allergen pollution, but also the possibility to use the
      antibodies modified in a therapeutic way or as an aid to raise monoclonal
      antibodies with certain properties (e.g. affinity).

PMID- 2654007
TI  - [Activation of human natural killer cells by receptor-bound immunoglobulin G].
AB  - Fc receptor-bound human immunoglobulin G can be detected in vitro and in vivo on
      CD16+ natural killer cells. Cross-linking of CD16-bound IgG via monoclonal
      antibody results in increased cytotoxic activity of effector cells.

PMID- 2654008
TI  - [Aspergillus fumigatus: evaluations of the standardization of diagnostic
      extracts].
AB  - Extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus used for serodiagnosis of allergic diseases are
      of unknown and nonstandardized composition. Applying immunoprint technique
      subsequent to isoelectric focusing commercial and self-prepared extracts are
      compared. By use of an ABPA-pool serum and monoclonal antibodies recognizing
      antigens of this fungus, different immunological reactivities of the extracts can
      be demonstrated. It is suggested to use monoclonal antibodies as secondary
      standards as well as to improve standardization.

PMID- 2654009
TI  - Changes in macrophage populations: phenotypic differences between normal and
      tumor-bearing host macrophages.
AB  - As a tumor grows, changes occur in the function of macrophages (M phi). This is
      concomitant with changes in their phenotype. Flow cytometric analysis of
      monoclonal antibody (mAb)-labeled thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal, and
      resident splenic, M phi showed a tumor-induced shift of Mac-1, -2, -3, and Ia
      antigen expression. During tumor growth, the percentage of peritoneal Mac-2+, 
      3+, and Ia+ M phi decreased significantly (22%, 14%, and 58%, respectively),
      while Mac-1+ M phi remained unchanged. By analyzing the data on two-dimensional
      histograms and comparing the sizes of M phi to cell-surface antigen expression,
      we identified distinct subpopulations of peritoneal M phi. Three distinct size
      versus antigen expression M phi subpopulations were detected by flow cytometry
      and consisted of 10-16, 17-22, and 23-27 microns for the small-, medium-, and
      large-sized populations, respectively. Large-sized Mac-1+ and -2+ M phi decreased
      (37% and 38%), while large-sized Mac-3+ M phi did not decrease during tumor
      growth. Medium-sized Mac-3+ M phi decreased 33% during tumor growth, while no
      differences could be seen in medium-sized Mac-1+ or -2+ M phi. Concomitant with
      the decrease in large-sized Mac-1+ M phi was an increase in small-sized Mac-1+ M
      phi. Peritoneal Ia+ M phi were mostly small-sized (4-7-fold increase over the
      medium-sized and none in the large-sized population). M phi Ia antigen expression
      was nearly absent in the 21-day tumor-bearing host, with less than 4% of the
      cells labeling positive (a 73% drop from normal host M phi). In splenic M phi,
      the percentage of Mac-1+ M phi significantly increased (90%) during tumor growth,
      while Mac-2+ and -3+ M phi showed a smaller, but still significant, increase (48%
      and 40%, respectively). Additionally, splenic Ia+ M phi significantly decreased
      (29%) during tumor growth. More important than the decreased cell numbers was the
      significant decrease in Ia antigen expression per cell. Unlike the peritoneal M
      phi, the splenic M phi did not show distinct size versus antigen expression
      subpopulations, although there was an overall difference in M phi size between
      normal and TBH. These data suggested that M phi from different anatomical sites
      are phenotypically different and tumor growth mediates phenotypic alterations in
      peritoneal and splenic M phi populations. This may be the source of tumor-induced
      dysfunction of M phi-mediated immune activity.

PMID- 2654010
TI  - Proteolysis of the native murine IL 1 beta precursor is required to generate IL 1
      beta bioactivity.
AB  - We utilized antisera specific for murine IL 1 alpha and IL 1 beta proteins to
      characterize cell-associated IL 1 according to two distinct criteria,
      immunochemical detection of radiolabeled IL 1 polypeptides and inhibition of IL 1
      activity in cell lysates. Evidence is presented that IL 1 alpha and IL 1 beta are
      each synthesized by LPS-stimulated but not by unstimulated murine macrophages and
      accumulate within the cell as intracellular precursors in sizes of 33 kDa and 37
      kDa, respectively. As judged by the respective rates of synthesis, IL 1 alpha was
      about 4-fold more abundant than IL 1 beta. Most (greater than or equal to 95%) of
      the cell-associated IL 1 activity was inhibited in the presence of the antiserum
      to IL 1 alpha, suggesting that the precursor of IL 1 beta is mostly biologically
      inactive. Incubation of cell lysates with papain but not with trypsin or plasmin
      markedly stimulates an increase in the level of cell-associated IL 1 beta
      activity and leads to the cleavage of 15-16 kDa carboxyl-terminal fragments from
      the IL 1 beta precursor. Together, these data indicate that proteolysis of the IL
      1 beta precursor is required to generate bioactive IL 1 beta molecules and
      provide a basis for further investigations of the specific role of proteinases in
      processing the IL 1 beta precursor to a bioactive form.

PMID- 2654011
TI  - Unique pattern of cleavage of vasoactive intestinal peptide by human lymphocytes.
AB  - Human cultured T lymphocytes of the Jurkat line and myeloma cells of the U266
      line cleaved the 28 amino acid vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP1-28)
      preferentially at three sites with time- and temperature-dependence. The
      fragments VIP4-28 and VIP23-28) from an endopeptidase activity, and VIP15-28 from
      a trypsin-like peptidase, together represented a range of 26-65% of the VIP1-28
      recovered after 2 hr at 37 degrees C or 4 hr at 22 degrees C, based on the
      absorbance of purified peptides and the radioactivity of [125I]Tyr10 VIP1-28. The
      endopeptidase activity was associated with membranes recovered after disruption
      of U266 cells by nitrogen cavitation. Pretreatment of intact U266 and Jurkat
      cells with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and the subsequently isolated
      subcellular particles with phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride (PMSF) and leupeptin
      inhibited the trypsin-like enzyme by a mean of 80%, without suppressing
      endopeptidase activity. In contrast, 0.1 mM DL-thiorphan and phosphoramidon
      blocked selectively a range of 35-70% of the endopeptidase activity in membrane
      preparations and intact cells. The capacity of lymphocytes to degrade VIP1-28 may
      substantially alter the effects of this neuromediator on functions of some
      subsets of T and B cells.

PMID- 2654012
TI  - Soluble malarial antigens are toxic and induce the production of tumour necrosis
      factor in vivo.
AB  - Heat-stable soluble products of rodent malarial parasites induce activated
      peritoneal macrophages to secrete tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in vitro. Since
      heat-stable parasite antigens are known to be present in the circulation of
      patients with malaria and it has been suggested that much of the pathology of
      malaria is due to TNF, we investigated the ability of such antigens to induce the
      production of TNF in vivo and to be toxic to mice. Injection of antigens obtained
      from Plasmodium yoelii or from P. berghei into mice which had previously received
      the macrophage-activating agent Propionibacterium acnes induced the release of
      TNF into the serum in amounts equivalent to the maximum release induced by
      bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Specific antiserum blocked the ability to the
      boiled soluble antigens, but not of LPS, to induce release of TNF. Similarly,
      vaccination specifically inhibited the release of TNF into the serum in response
      to subsequent stimulation with the antigens, but not with LPS. Mice made
      hypersensitive to the lethal action of TNF by pretreatment with D-galactosamine
      were killed in a dose-related fashion by administration of antigen preparations;
      addition of specific antiserum or prior vaccination with the antigens protected
      such mice, but not those given LPS, from death. We conclude that, in malaria,
      soluble antigens derived from the parasites may act like a toxin by stimulating
      the production of TNF, an important mediator of endotoxic shock, and that
      immunization with such antigens may diminish TNF secretion and consequently many
      of the clinical manifestations of the disease.

PMID- 2654013
TI  - Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      (rhuGM-CSF) on normal peripheral B lymphocytes and B lymphoblastoid cell lines.
AB  - The role of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for the
      proliferation and differentiation of normal and leukemic myeloid cells has been
      extensively investigated. We examined whether rhuGM-CSF has any functional effect
      on normal purified B cells and cell lines from patients with B cell non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas (NHL). Normal B cells were prepared by combining E-rosetting followed
      by two non-adherence procedures. Further B cell enrichment was achieved by
      complement-mediated lysis with a panel of antibodies directed against various T
      cell antigens. Alternatively, we incubated the cells with monoclonal antibodies
      recognizing specific antigens on monocytes/macrophages and T cells followed by a
      separation with immunomagnetic beads coated with sheep anti-mouse IgG. With these
      different separation procedures B cell populations with a various content of
      monocytes/macrophages were obtained. An optimal enrichment of B cells up to 80
      90% was achieved by combining E-rosetting, non-adherence, and separation with
      immunomagnetic beads. The proliferative response to rhuGM-CSF (0.01-1000 ng/ml)
      was assessed in a [3H]-thymidine uptake assay. RhuGM-CSF alone or in combination
      with anti-IgM or SAC did not cause any proliferative effect in normal B cells.
      Even in the presence of 35% monocytes (CD11+) as accessory cells no stimulatory
      effect could be measured. Similarly, the malignant B lymphoma cells did not show
      any proliferative response to rhuGM-CSF. To assess a potential differentiation
      inducing capacity the Ig production was measured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2654014
TI  - Expression of the binding molecules for factor B and its fragment, Bb, of human
      complement on human monocytes after in vitro cultivation.
AB  - We have examined the expression of the binding molecules for Bb of human
      complement on the surface of resting and cultured human monocytes. Flow cytometry
      using biotinylated anti-B antibodies and phycoerythrin-avidin showed that
      although resting monocytes did not bind Bb significantly, monocytes cultivated
      for 24 h in the presence of fetal calf serum were capable of binding with Bb and
      its precursor B, but not with Ba fragment. The Bb-binding molecules were pronase
      sensitive, suggesting that membrane proteins are associated with the Bb-binding
      molecules. In addition to human monocytes, liquid paraffin-induced guinea pig
      inflammatory macrophages were also found to express Bb-binding molecules on their
      surface. This implies that Bb receptor-like molecules become expressed during
      activation and differentiation of monocytes, just as observed with the C3d
      receptor of monocytes.

PMID- 2654015
TI  - The cytolytic T lymphocyte and its mode of action.
AB  - While the binding step of cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) target cell interaction
      resulting in conjugate formation is a well-characterized event, there seems to be
      more than one mechanism whereby lymphocytes kill the target. In recent years,
      infliction of complement (C)-like "holes" (I.D. 10-20 nm) on the target cell
      membrane, believed to be produced by the Ca2+-dependent lytic protein(s)
      perforin/cytolysin of secretory lytic granule origin has been proposed to be the
      mechanism of lymphocytotoxicity. More recent evidence, however, suggests that
      Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of lytic granules (where detectable) is not involved in
      lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Furthermore, neither formation of C-like "holes"
      in targets exposed to CTL, nor higher-than-background levels of lytic granules,
      perforin or BLT-esterases, have been detected in highly potent, peritoneal
      exudate CTL (PEL) derived directly from the animal or in cytocidal PEL
      hybridomas. Hence exocytosis of perforin and formation of the above pores may
      apply to certain effector cells, particularly those grown in vitro in IL-2, but
      not to in vivo primed CTL such as PEL. On the other hand, work from this
      laboratory with Ca2+ probes has shown that lysis induced by CTL such as PEL-not
      involving lytic granules, perforin or formation of the above "holes"-is preceded
      by a marked prelytic elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ in the target. CTL-induced
      target cell membrane perturbation--a direct result of receptor-mediated effector
      to-target interaction or through a membrane-bound or secreted effector
      component(s)--may be responsible for triggering the prelytic influx of Ca2+ from
      external sources, or its mobilization from internal stores in the target. We
      propose that CTL-induced, persistent elevation of cytosolic Ca2+, above a
      critical level, rather than formation of 10-20 nm pores, is responsible for the
      catastrophic prelytic events observed in the target, such as bleb formation,
      metabolic exhaustion and DNA degradation, ultimately leading to lysis.

PMID- 2654016
TI  - Esculetin inhibits T cell activation without suppressing IL-2 production or IL-2
      receptor expression.
AB  - Esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) was found to inhibit dose-dependently the
      proliferation of human T cells stimulated by PHA or phorbolester plus ionomycin.
      Proliferation in autologous and allogeneic MLR and generation of cytotoxic T
      cells under limiting dilution conditions were also suppressed, with more than 90%
      inhibition seen at 50 microM esculetin. The immunosuppressive effect of esculetin
      was not due to toxicity. Esculetin did not inhibit interleukin-2 (IL-2)
      production, nor did it interfere with the appearance of IL-2 receptors on
      stimulated T cells, as judged by immunofluorescence using anti-Tac monoclonal
      antibody. These results show that esculetin inhibits T-cell activation at a site
      distal to production of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor expression.

PMID- 2654017
TI  - Immunoglobulin-binding factors.

PMID- 2654018
TI  - Empiric treatment of infection during granulocytopenia: a comprehensive approach.

PMID- 2654019
TI  - Prophylactic co-trimoxazole versus norfloxacin in neutropenic children-
      perspective randomized study.
AB  - Co-trimoxazole or norfloxacin were randomly administered to 44 granulocytopenic
      children with malignancies in order to prevent bacterial infections. Although
      more patients in the co-trimoxazole group had febrile episodes (p less than
      0.01), the mean of febrile days and the mean of days with systemic antibiotics
      did not differ significantly in the two groups. Five patients in the co
      trimoxazole group had a microbiologically documented infection (four with
      septicemia) due to Escherichia coli (n = 2), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Streptococcus sp. There were four septicemic episodes in the
      norfloxacin group due to P. aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus
      mitis and Streptococcus faecalis. Compliance was good during administration of
      both drugs. No signs or symptoms of arthropathy were seen in the norfloxacin
      group. The number of gram-negative bacilli resistant to co-trimoxazole isolated
      from stools significantly increased during prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole (p
      less than 0.001). Norfloxacin did not select resistant strains and was very
      active in eradicating gram-negative bacilli from stools (27.5% of positive
      cultures).

PMID- 2654020
TI  - Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on adherence of Escherichia coli to human endometrial
      stromal cells.
AB  - The effect of 17 beta-estradiol on in vitro adherence of six strains of uropathic
      Escherichia coli to human endometrial stromal cells was examined. In contrast to
      the findings of earlier investigations using murine urogenital cells and
      malignant human urogenital cell lines, our studies showed no significant effect
      of 17 beta-estradiol on adherence.

PMID- 2654021
TI  - Old men created by young artists: time-transcendence in Tennyson and Picasso.
AB  - In their youth both Tennyson and Picasso created masterpieces that envisioned old
      men. Both the poet and the artist would live to become old men themselves. This
      paper explores the context within which these early masterpieces were created,
      the style and substance of the works themselves, and the possible relationships
      between their young and old selves as mediated by their own artistic creations.
      "Ulysses" was written and "The Old Guitarist" was painted soon after the young
      artists had suffered the sudden death of a close friend. Numerous other
      similarities between Tennyson and Picasso are noted, although their lives and
      personalities also differed in many obvious ways. Both remained creative in old
      age and both found a way to express their attitudes toward life and death in
      their last works. Although Tennyson and Picasso are obviously "exceptional
      cases," there is reason to believe that many other people also transcend their
      momentary position on the lifespan and, by acts of empathic imagination,
      "commune" with past and future selves. Developmental theory might enrich itself
      considerably by considering these processes and their functions and consequences.

PMID- 2654022
TI  - Immuno-competent cells in the murine epididymis.
AB  - Cryostat sections of epididymides from mice were stained with monoclonal
      antibodies against immuno-competent cells. This investigation was undertaken to
      gain basic data about the distribution of macrophages. T lymphocytes, MHC class
      II and MIF in the normal murine epididymis to establish the mouse as a model for
      immunological epididymal research. The most important findings were as follows.
      (1) Macrophages, T lymphocytes, MHC class II and MIF positive cells were
      distributed similarly in the caput, corpus and cauda epididymis. (2) Macrophages
      were the most frequent leucocytes and the majority were located in the
      peritubular layer. (3) The MHC class II determinant was also expressed mostly in
      the peritubular layer and interstitium. These cells were similar in appearance
      and location to macrophages. (4) Significantly fewer T lymphocytes were found and
      their main location was the interstitium. T-helper and T-suppressor/cytotoxic
      lymphocytes did not differ significantly in their regional or histological
      distribution patterns. (5) The ratio of T-helper to T-suppressor/cytotoxic
      lymphocytes was 1:1. (6) MIF was detected almost exclusively in blood vessels and
      the surrounding connective tissue. (7) No invasion of leucocytes into the
      epididymal lumen was observed. It is concluded that macrophages seem to be the
      most important immunological cell type in the murine epididymis.

PMID- 2654023
TI  - Computer-aided decision support in clinical medicine.
AB  - This paper reviews the problems and prospects involved in providing computer
      aided decision support in clinical medicine. First, the evaluation of medical
      innovation is discussed. It is suggested that there are three criteria by which
      an innovation may be judged, namely (1) a need for the innovation, (2) the
      ability of the innovation to fulfil that need and (3) the ability to do so
      without transgressing practical, ethical or legal boundaries. These problems are
      addressed in turn. The paper suggests, taking one area of clinical medicine as an
      example (acute abdominal pain) there is a clear need for decision support--since
      the area is not handled well by doctors in current practice. Evidence is adduced
      to suggest that the computer can provide decision support and do so without
      transgressing professional, ethical or legal boundaries. The obstacles to
      progress, which stand in the way of widespread implementation are briefly
      discussed. These are lack of medical terminology, poor man-machine interface and
      above all a lack of co-ordination. Finally, it is suggested that the most
      valuable facet of current systems is the discipline and precision in data
      collection they impose upon practicing doctors.

PMID- 2654024
TI  - Expression of 7F7-antigen, a human adhesion molecule identical to intercellular
      adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in human carcinomas and their stromal fibroblasts.
AB  - The 7F7-antigen is a widespread 85-kDa membrane adherence molecule involved in
      heterotypic adhesion between PHA-blasts and fibroblasts. Immunofluorescence
      analysis of COS cells transfected with clone pICAM-I indicated that 7F7-antigen
      is identical with ICAM-I, the ligand for the contact molecule LFA-I. We have
      investigated the expression of ICAM-I on several human carcinomas. Tumor cells in
      most carcinomas, with the exception of squamous-cell carcinomas, expressed very
      little ICAM-I or none at all. In contrast, marked expression of this molecule was
      observed on fibrous tissue in the vicinity of carcinoma cells, its intensity
      correlating with lymphatic infiltration in these tumors. We also examined the
      expression of ICAM-I on carcinoma cell lines and its induction by treatment with
      interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The inducibility of ICAM-I expression on cultured
      fibroblasts by several lymphokines suggests that the expression of ICAM-I in the
      vicinity of carcinoma cells is effected by lymphokines produced by activated
      lymphocytes/macrophages within the tumor.

PMID- 2654025
TI  - Tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) expression in ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3 reactive with the high-molecular-weight (Mr
      greater than 10(6) tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG)-72 is being increasingly
      utilized in vivo and in vitro for a variety of purposes in colon cancer patients.
      Recent evidence has suggested that the TAG-72 antigen expression may be enhanced
      in inflammatory bowel disease, particularly ulcerative colitis (Thor et al.,
      1986a: Cancer Res., 46, 3118-3124). We have utilized 117 paraffin-embedded
      formalin-fixed colonic specimens from 56 ulcerative colitis patients which
      demonstrate a spectrum of epithelial abnormalities (reactive atypia, dysplasia,
      and carcinoma) as well as 11 inflammatory controls to evaluate TAG-72 expression.
      Our selected patient population all had pan-colitis and demonstrated a generally
      increasing incidence of dysplasia or carcinoma with duration of disease (20% at 0
      to 10 years, 50% at 11 to 20 years, 59% at 21 to 30 years, and 100% at more than
      31 years). TAG-72 expression was similar in the control and non-dysplastic
      colonic epithelia, and increased with low- or high-grade dysplasia as well as
      carcinomatous lesions (mean cellular reactivities 23.7%, 26.5%, 36.7%, 70% and
      84.3%, respectively). Epithelium with low-grade dysplasia exhibited a focal
      perinuclear, superficial crypt staining (when present). High-grade dysplastic
      epithelium showed pancytoplasmic, pan-cryptic reactivity. Invasive disease showed
      cytoplasmic as well as extracellular mucin staining. Biopsies from patients with
      active disease showed significantly more immunoreactive cells for TAG-72 than
      patients with quiescent disease. For any given biopsy specimen the percentage of
      cells reactive did not always correlate with the degree of dysplasia. TAG-72
      expression in quiescent disease generally increased with duration of disease, in
      contrast to active disease which showed no correlation between MAb B72.3 staining
      and duration of disease. The frequent expression of TAG-72 in actively inflamed
      colonic mucosa (ulcerative colitis and other colitides) may limit the clinical
      utility of this antigen for detecting colon cancer in ulcerative colitis patients
      by serological assay or in vivo radiolocalization techniques. The tendency for
      TAG-72 expression to correlate with disease duration in patients with quiescent
      disease and to increase with more severe degrees of dysplasia suggests that the
      expression of this gene product correlates with the dysplasia-to-carcinoma
      sequence.

PMID- 2654026
TI  - Presence of nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivity in carcinoid tumour cells
      and induction of a neuronal phenotype in long-term culture.
AB  - Mid-gut carcinoid tumour cells expressed a neuronal phenotype, observed and
      characterized immunocytochemically in long-term culture. Initially the culture
      contained a main population of spherical tumour cells with granules
      immunopositive for serotonin (5-HT) and tachykinins (TK). Production and
      secretion of these substances into media was verified biochemically. Cytoplasmic
      granules with 5-HT-like immunoreactivity (5-HT-LI) were markedly reduced during
      culture, while granules with TK-LI were unchanged in number, corresponding to the
      biochemical findings. After a few days in culture, tumour cells were flattened
      and fine neurite-like processes extended. After 2-3 weeks many endocrine tumour
      cells had converted to neuron-like cells with slender cell processes containing
      granules with TK-LI. Varicose enlargements and apparent growth cones were
      observed. When neurites were extended, 50-80% of the neuron-like cells were
      positive with antisera against the neurofilament triplet. Cells of both endocrine
      and neuronal phenotypes were positive with antisera against tetanustoxin, Thy 1
      antigen, neuron-specific enolase, synapsin and a synaptic vesicle protein (p 38)
      supporting the concept of these tumour cells as para-neurons. Intermediate
      filaments, studied with monoclonal anti-vimentin, were found in all cells.
      Filaments were also observed ultrastructurally. Initially, nerve growth factor
      (NGF)-LI was found in granules of all spherical tumour cells. When neuritic
      processes were extended, the cells appeared to lose these granules. After 40 days
      in culture, NGF-LI was absent or very sparse. The studies indicate autocrine
      secretion of a growth factor, reacting with the NGF antiserum, by cultured mid
      gut carcinoid tumour cells inducing a neuronal phenotype with enhanced NF and TK
      synthesis and suppressed 5-HT synthesis. In bioassay systems the culture media
      caused a delayed neurite reaction on PC12 cells, but no reaction on chick ciliary
      ganglion cells, indicating that the factor is not authentic NGF.

PMID- 2654027
TI  - Adenosine: cellular mechanisms, pathophysiological roles and clinical
      applications.

PMID- 2654028
TI  - The urinary bladder and cardiovascular reflexes.

PMID- 2654029
TI  - The role of esophageal leads in the detection of exercise-induced postero-basal
      ischemia.
AB  - The effects of maximal hyperventilation and submaximal exercise were studied on
      the unipolar, esophageal electrocardiogram recorded at ventricular level in 25
      'normal' persons and 15 patients having ischemic heart disease with a positive
      exercise stress test. In normal persons, hyperventilation decreased the amplitude
      of the R and T waves in 10 and 6 cases, respectively. Submaximal exercise
      increased the height of the P wave in 8 cases, decreased the amplitude of the R
      wave in 16 cases and increased the depth of the S wave in 10 cases. In patients
      with established ischemic heart disease, the esophageal lead could detect
      exercise-induced posterior ischemia in 8 cases when compared to lead V8, which
      could detect posterior ischemia in only 3 cases. It is inferred that the
      esophageal lead placed at the ventricular level is much more sensitive in
      detecting exercise-induced posterobasal ischemia. Lack of facilities for coronary
      angiographic and exercise thallium scintigraphic studies limited us from
      correlating this study and thereby establishing its independent usefulness.

PMID- 2654030
TI  - Limitations of Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of neonatal coarctation of the
      aorta.
AB  - Blood flow velocities were recorded using Doppler ultrasound in 40 babies aged
      between 1 day and 4 weeks who had coarctation of the aorta or interruption of the
      aortic arch. High velocity jets of 3 m/sec or more in the descending aorta were
      detected in only 3 patients, two of whom had interruption of the aortic arch.
      There was very poor agreement between upper and lower limb blood pressure
      difference and Doppler derived peak pressure drop. Doppler ultrasound may provide
      useful information on coexisting intracardiac abnormalities, but in the presence
      of ductal patency is of little value in the diagnosis of coarctation itself.

PMID- 2654031
TI  - Utility of color flow imaging for visualizing shunt flow in atrial septal defect.
AB  - Color flow imaging provides visualization of intracardiac blood flow. The
      usefulness of this technique was evaluated in 93 patients with atrial septal
      defect. Color flow imaging improves the sensitivity of two-dimensional Doppler
      echocardiography in the diagnosis of atrial septal defect. In addition, it
      enhances communication between the cardiologist and the cardiovascular surgeon.

PMID- 2654032
TI  - The absolute oral bioavailability of selected drugs.
AB  - Oral bioavailability is best defined as the rate and extent to which an active
      drug substance is absorbed and becomes available to the general circulation. This
      concept is discussed, along with several popular methods for determining absolute
      oral bioavailability. The absolute oral bioavailability of numerous drugs is
      reviewed and interspecies comparisons are made. In general, absolute oral
      bioavailability does not correlate well between species, though relative
      comparisons might be made.

PMID- 2654033
TI  - Toxicity of antidepressants in overdose.
AB  - The paper is concerned with the greater risk of self-poisoning and successful
      suicide in the use of the older tricyclic antidepressant drugs by the depressed
      patient. It defines the factors which must be taken into account when undertaking
      a cost-benefit analysis of an antidepressant drug in addition to its efficacy,
      and concludes that there would appear to be every reason for considering the
      replacement of the older tricyclic antidepressants with newer non-tricyclic drugs
      in the first line of treatment of depression.

PMID- 2654034
TI  - Treatment of atypical depression with moclobemide: a sequential double controlled
      study.
AB  - A double-blind controlled study of moclobemide and diazepam in patients with
      atypical depression showed both to be effective antidepressants and anxiolytics.
      Statistical comparison showed diazepam to be significantly better than
      moclobemide at week 4. However, by week 8 there was no significant difference
      between the two drugs for depression scores although diazepam was a significantly
      better anxiolytic. Side-effects were minimal, and the most common side-effects
      emerging for both drugs were sleep disturbance and physical tiredness.

PMID- 2654035
TI  - The classification of anxiety disorders.
AB  - A brief outline of some of the diagnostic systems for classifying the anxiety
      disorders are presented. This includes historical diagnoses, as well as systems
      of the recent past and those in current use. Some of the research issues and
      results leading to these diagnostic systems have been considered, as well as the
      way that a diagnostic system could have adverse effects in limiting research and
      the understanding of the anxiety disorders and their interplay, one with another.
      Finally a revised diagnostic system for the anxiety disorders is introduced,
      which, it is suggested, will overcome some of the serious criticisms of the
      current diagnostic systems.

PMID- 2654036
TI  - Some biological aspects of panic disorder.
AB  - A review is made of the aetiology of panic disorders and of their relationship
      with agoraphobia. The paper confines itself to the review of evidence of the
      lactate induction of panic attacks and the response of panic disorder and
      agoraphobia to some antidepressants. It does not deal with genetic evidence or
      the dexamethasone suppression test. It is concluded that biological disturbance
      is probably a major causal factor of panic disorder, producing a physiological
      response but associated with some other factor.

PMID- 2654037
TI  - Serotonin and panic disorders: a review of clinical studies.
AB  - The revision of psychiatric diagnostic criteria by DSM-III has emphasised the
      central importance of panic attacks for the diagnosis of anxiety disorders. Since
      the introduction of this classification, there has been a re-evaluation of the
      role of major neurotransmitters as causal factors in anxiety disorders. The
      evidence for serotonergic hyperactivity in panic disorders is supported by the
      efficacy of specific serotonin reuptake blockers and 5HT2 receptor antagonists in
      the treatment of the condition. In addition neuroanatomical studies and positron
      emission transaxial tomographic scanning are also consistent with a key role for
      serotonin in panic disorder. Clinical evidence of serotonin dysfunction has been
      sought using the blood platelet, a putative model of central serotonergic
      neurons. Studies of 3H-imipramine binding in platelets are equivocal, but most
      find no difference between patients and controls. On the other hand platelet
      serotonin uptake is significantly elevated in panic patients compared to
      controls. The reasons for the difference between two reputed markers of
      presynaptic serotonergic function is explored. The prolactin response to
      intravenous tryptophan administration is regarded as a functional correlate of
      central serotonergic neurons. Panic disorder patients and controls were not
      different in one study using this test. Serotonin concentrations in panic
      patients may be abnormal compared with appropriate controls. Replication of these
      preliminary data are necessary to confirm serotonergic dysfunction and to
      elucidate the interaction with other neurotransmitters, with clear implications
      for pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 2654038
TI  - Pitfalls in assessing efficacy and side-effects of antidepressants.
AB  - Pitfalls in designing studies to test efficacy of new antidepressants occur in a
      number of different areas, including the criteria used for selecting patients,
      the choice of rating instruments for the assessment of severity, the length of
      treatment and the size of the study. Similarly there are pitfalls in the
      assessment of the side-effects of a compound. The paper considers each of these
      pitfalls and also the assessment of risk of adverse drug reactions.

PMID- 2654039
TI  - A review of the evidence concerning the impact of medical measures on recent
      mortality and morbidity in the United States.
AB  - Because it still is widely believed that one deadly disease after another is
      being eliminated, or diminished, largely because of medical interventions, there
      is little commitment to social change and even resistance to a reordering of
      national priorities. In this article we examine the contribution of medical
      measures to recent mortality changes in coronary heart disease, cancer, and
      stroke, which together account for two-thirds of total U.S. mortality and consume
      the vast majority of available resources. Morbidity changes are also examined and
      found to be not declining in a manner congruent with mortality and, in fact,
      increasing for some subgroups. Using a combined measure of mortality and
      morbidity (the probability of a life free of disability), it is demonstrated that
      although overall life expectancy has increased over several decades, most of this
      increase is in years of disability. Our late 20th century approach to the
      emerging AIDS pandemic (the frantic search for a "magic bullet"--either a
      treatment or a vaccine) belies any suggestion that the arguments and data
      presented concerning the modest contribution of medical measures are now passe.

PMID- 2654040
TI  - Occupational health, stress, and work organization in Australia.
AB  - Contemporary issues and changes in occupational health are reviewed in this
      article, with particular reference to salient historical and ideological
      influences on industrial relations in Australia. Comprehensive occupational
      health and safety legislation has been introduced recently, and the views of
      employers and unions are analyzed. Research into occupational stress has
      continued to provide guidelines for work reform, but the controversy generated by
      the Australian phenomenon known as Repetition Strain Injury (RSI) has raised
      important issues for the work reform movement.

PMID- 2654041
TI  - Proteinase and proteinase inhibitor localization in the human placenta.
AB  - Standard immunoperoxidase techniques were used to investigate the distribution of
      the intracellular proteinase cathepsin D, two serine proteinase inhibitors--alpha
      1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (alpha 1-AChy)--and
      plasma fibrin stabilizing factor XIII (FXIII) in paraffin-embedded tissues from
      early and late intrauterine pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy. Localization of
      cathepsin D, alpha 1-AT, and alpha 1-AChy was identical in ectopic and
      intrauterine gestation: there was labeling of villous syncytiotrophoblast and a
      proportion of Hofbauer cells but no labeling of villous cytotrophoblast. The
      majority of interstitial extravillous trophoblast yielded negative results, but
      alpha 1-AT and alpha 1-AChy were consistently demonstrated in endovascular
      trophoblast. FXIII was not found in any trophoblast population but was
      demonstrated in Hofbauer cells, stromal fibroblasts, and interstitial dendritic
      cells. Granular, extracellular FXIII reactivity was present among sheets of
      infiltrating extravillous trophoblast in ectopic pregnancy but only occasionally
      in early intrauterine pregnancy. The results document further the heterogeneity
      of trophoblast, with the endovascular trophoblast forming an immunophenotypically
      distinct population. Furthermore, the pattern of extravillous trophoblastic
      invasion of maternal tissues in ectopic pregnancy appears to differ from
      intrauterine pregnancy; the poor decidualization of tubal mucosa in ectopic
      pregnancy may play a role in this variation.

PMID- 2654042
TI  - Protease inhibitors from Ecballium elaterium seeds.
AB  - Several protease inhibitors were found in the seeds of a Cucurbitacea, Ecballium
      elaterium, and were separated from one another by affinity and molecular sieve
      chromatography. Three main trypsin isoinhibitors were purified by ion-exchange
      chromatography and the sequence of the major one, EETI II, was elucidated and
      compared with other inhibitors of the squash family. It is a peptide of M.W. 3020
      of strong inhibitory activity (Ka = 8 x 10(11) M-1) against trypsin, showing high
      Gly content, six half-cystine residues, but devoid of histidine, threonine,
      tryptophan, and tyrosine residues.

PMID- 2654043
TI  - Lithium salts adopted for psychopharmacological use as the modulators of protein
      synthesis in the brain: analytical review.
AB  - The investigations of the effects of Lithium salts on protein synthesis activity
      with special reference to neurochemical aspects may provide a fruitful
      development of a system of safe and effective, psychopharmacological methods for
      treatment and prevention of the Lithium-curable mental disorders complicated by
      general neurological (neuropathological) symptoms.

PMID- 2654044
TI  - A review of four MMPI indices which differentiate between organicity and
      schizophrenia.
AB  - Reviewed studies investigating the internal and external validity of four MMPI
      indices differentiating between schizophrenia and CNS disorders were contrasted
      and critiqued. Two types of test construction methods were identified as
      development procedures for the indices discussed, which were the item and profile
      analysis approaches. Although the indices developed by the profile analysis
      method proved more accurate in separating patients into the two diagnostic
      categories, hit rates were consistently affected by the degree of overlapping
      symptomatology between diagnostic sample groups. Variable hit rates reported for
      each of the indices ultimately lead one to question the MMPI's clinical utility
      for distinguishing patients presenting mixed organic and schizophrenic symptoms.
      Results from several studies converged on the conclusion that these MMPI indices
      measured a general degree of disturbance factor rather than schizophrenia or
      organicity.

PMID- 2654045
TI  - Differential psychopharmacology of methylphenidate and the neuropsychology of
      childhood hyperactivity.
AB  - The principle of rate-dependency has been proposed to explain the therapeutic
      effects of stimulant drugs in hyperactive children (HAC). This paper is a
      critical discussion of the salience of rate-dependency to childhood
      hyperactivity, on mathematical, theoretical and clinical levels. The results of a
      stimulant drug trial in 55 HAC are presented; the data are analyzed using
      analysis of variance to describe main drug effects, and these are compared to
      results derived from a traditional rate dependency analysis. The latter are found
      to have little salience to the actual clinical effects of stimulant drugs on a
      wide variety of behavioral, physiological and laboratory measures. The weakness
      of the rate dependency hypothesis, however, is not necessarily fatal to the idea
      that the state of the organism prior to drug administration influences the
      response profile of the drug. The heterogeneity of stimulant effects, and the
      relationship between stimulant effects and the predrug state of the organism,
      especially in electrophysiological paradigms, are clear. A hypothesis is
      presented to suggest that HAC may be characterized by a trait of excessive
      variability. Homeostatic stimulant effects in reducing response variability may
      be central to the therapeutic action of the drug. A neural substrate for the
      abnormal oscillations which characterize HAC, the correction of which is germane
      to therapeutic stimulant effects, is presented in terms of the regulatory
      functions of the frontal lobe. A neuroanatomic locus of childhood hyperactivity
      is proposed in terms of disorder or dysmaturation of frontal striatal systems.

PMID- 2654046
TI  - Care of the terminally ill person with AIDS.

PMID- 2654047
TI  - AIDS--the struggle to survive: a clinician's perspective.

PMID- 2654048
TI  - The immunology of AIDS.

PMID- 2654049
TI  - Transfusion and AIDS.

PMID- 2654050
TI  - Noninfectious ocular complications of AIDS.

PMID- 2654051
TI  - Growth in vitro of cells from renal glomerulus. Difficulties in establishing long
      term cultures of rat glomerular endothelium.
AB  - Rat glomeruli were isolated utilizing differential sieving technique.
      Establishment and maintenance of epithelial and mesangial cell lines originating
      from glomeruli were based upon their individual growth requirements and simple
      cloning procedures. Despite repeated passages cells retained their specific
      morphologic features in cultures for approximately six months. Our attempts to
      grow rat glomerular endothelial cells with use of the platelet-derived growth
      factor (PDGF), endothelial mitogen (EM), thrombin and fibroblast-conditioned
      medium ended in failure. Although occasionally endothelial-like cells were seen
      in glomerular outgrowths, we did not succeed in cloning and propagating them in
      subsequent passages. It is concluded that growth in vitro of each type of rat
      kidney glomerular cells is dependent on specific conditions and stimulants.
      Moreover, endothelial cells of rat renal tufts proved refractory to cultivation
      using methods reported effective with regard to other mammalian species.

PMID- 2654052
TI  - Causes of graft bruits other than of renal arterial stenosis.
AB  - Hypertension and bruit over the graft are commonly associated to renal arterial
      stenosis in transplant patients. However, these findings can have other origins,
      too. In the present work we report on two patients in whom remote arteriovenous
      fistulas were the cause of a spurious bruit heard over the kidney allograft.

PMID- 2654053
TI  - Neuropeptides in urology.
AB  - Following a review of the literature for non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic
      mechanisms that are assumed to play a part in regulating the function of the
      lower urinary tract, some methods of neuropeptide research are described to
      determine the actual distribution and concentration of these substances.
      Prominence in the group of nonopioid peptides is given to VIP for the
      experimentally founded part it plays as relaxation mediator and the probable
      effect it produces in reducing the spontaneous detrusor activity. Opioid
      peptides, on the other hand, exercise influence over bladder capacity regulation.
      There is sporadic clinical evidence for the part certain neuropeptides may play
      in giving rise to bladder instability. Further studies are invited to add a new
      aspect to the aetiology and therapy of the relevant pathologic conditions.

PMID- 2654054
TI  - Hypertension is not a complication in cyclosporine-A monotherapy.
AB  - The course of blood pressure and antihypertensive treatment (AHT) was studied in
      27 renal transplant recipients immunosuppressed with cyclosporine-A (CyA) as
      monotherapy. At the time of transplantation 13 patients received AHT and 14 were
      normotensive. The final outcome of transplantation and CyA immunosuppression was
      19 patients without AHT, 4 with reduced AHT and 3 with unchanged doses of AHT,
      while in 1 case a de novo mild hypertension necessitated diuretic treatment.

PMID- 2654055
TI  - Immunoperoxidase autopsy study of crescentic glomerulonephritis with
      extracapillary proliferation.
AB  - Twenty-five cases of extracapillary crescentic glomerulonephritis were examined
      immunohistologically. The peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method was used, the
      presence of immunoglobulin, complement factors and fibrin was analysed and
      glomerular positivity was found in all but two cases. Two types of reaction could
      be discerned: linear and granular, which can be considered as evidence of the
      pathomechanism. Surprisingly, IgG and IgM positivity was seen most frequently.
      The author emphasizes the importance of immunoperoxidase examination in the renal
      histology. This method can be easily applied in paraffin-embedded samples and
      gives many useful information.

PMID- 2654056
TI  - [Introduction to the topic. Glomerular nephropathies].

PMID- 2654057
TI  - [The pathology of glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 2654058
TI  - [Diagnosis and follow-up of primary glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 2654059
TI  - [Diabetic glomerulopathy].

PMID- 2654060
TI  - [Immunotherapy of primary glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 2654061
TI  - [Plasmapheresis in diseases of the glomerula].

PMID- 2654062
TI  - [A 39-year-old patient with acute onset of fever, myalgia and diarrhea and
      followed by jaundice].

PMID- 2654063
TI  - [A 57-year-old patient with peripheral pancytopenia].

PMID- 2654064
TI  - [On the contribution of F. Daschner: "Faulty use of antibiotics and the
      development of resistance" in Internist, volume 29, issue 5, May 1988, p. 345-6].

PMID- 2654065
TI  - [Recombinant human erythropoietin and torasemide--innovations in nephrology].

PMID- 2654066
TI  - The heart of the matter.

PMID- 2654068
TI  - Flunarizine and propranolol in the treatment of migraine.
AB  - The clinical efficacy of flunarizine and of propranolol for the prevention of
      migraine attacks was assessed in a multicenter double-blind study lasting four
      months which was preceded by a single-blind placebo period of one month. For both
      drugs, more than half of the patients judged the effect to be good or very good.
      When considering the patients' daily logs, both drugs produced a significant
      reduction of the number of attacks. Propranolol furthermore significantly reduced
      the severity of attacks and the number of analgesics used during the attacks. In
      both groups no severe side effects were observed.

PMID- 2654067
TI  - Nifedipine versus propranolol for the initial prophylaxis of migraine.
AB  - We conducted a randomized open-labeled study of nifedipine versus propranolol for
      the initial prophylaxis of migraine. Propranolol was effective in 67% of patients
      (12/18) and well tolerated. Nifedipine was effective in only 30% of patients
      (6/20). The lack of overall efficacy of nifedipine was attributable to a high
      incidence of side effects, including an unusual symptom complex resembling
      erythromelalgia. These side effects led 45% (9/20) of the nifedipine patients to
      withdraw from the study within two weeks. By contrast, no patient (0/18) withdrew
      from the study within the first 2 weeks of propranolol therapy. We conclude that
      nifedipine is not an agent of first choice for the prophylaxis of migraine.

PMID- 2654069
TI  - Follow-up on behavioral treatment of recurrent headache in adolescents.
AB  - A sample of 108 adolescent students suffering from migraine and tension
      headaches, treated with relaxation training and attention-control approaches,
      were evaluated at 5-6 month and 3-4 year follow-ups. Data were obtained for 69%
      (75) of the original subjects at the second follow-up. The treatments
      administered within a school setting were contrasted with students' self
      monitoring of headache. The results indicated that students treated with
      relaxation training showed a good maintenance of posttreatment headache reduction
      at the two follow-up evaluations, 80% and 85%, respectively. Although treatment
      condition and level of pretreatment headache were associated with a favorable
      outcome at the 5-6 month follow-up, only baseline headache severity emerged as a
      significant predictor at the final follow-up. Several variables from the
      psychological functioning and health behavioral domains found to predict
      posttreatment outcome for the adolescent headache sufferers in previous research,
      did not contribute significantly to outcome at the follow-ups.

PMID- 2654070
TI  - An assessment of health care supervisory training needs.
AB  - Managerial and supervisory skills are seldom included as part of health care
      workers' education. This article explores activities performed by supervisors and
      managers, past training, perceived needs for additional training, and factors
      influencing attendance at training programs.

PMID- 2654071
TI  - Performance appraisal systems in rural western hospitals.
AB  - This article assesses the use of performance appraisal systems in rural western
      hospitals by discussing and analyzing the findings of 47 health care facilities.

PMID- 2654072
TI  - Capital investment decisions in hospitals: survey results.
AB  - This article presents results of a survey of chief financial officers at 294
      hospitals in three states concerning their evaluation of capital investment
      proposals. The findings include capital budgeting methods used, treatment of
      risk, consideration and impact of qualitative factors, and participation of the
      medical staff.

PMID- 2654073
TI  - Gatekeeping the emergency department: impact of a Medicaid primary care case
      management program.
AB  - This article presents the impact of a primary care case management program on
      reducing the use of the emergency department (ED) as a source of nonemergency
      care. Medicaid-eligible persons enrolled with one of four different types of case
      managers. The emergency department use of enrollees is contrasted with that of
      persons remaining in traditional Medicaid.

PMID- 2654074
TI  - Physician managers: personal characteristics versus institutional demands.
AB  - This article presents results of a survey of 169 physician managers and addresses
      what influences their task performance--organizational demands or personal
      characteristics?

PMID- 2654075
TI  - [Gregor Mendel and dysplastic nevi].
AB  - In contrast to what has so far generally been believed, dysplastic nevi do not
      appear to be mendelizing, but rather due to polygenic inheritance. In order to
      explain this contrasting idea, the following six theses are presented: (1) All
      dysplastic nevi are inherited in the same manner. (2) Dysplastic nevi constitute
      a continuous trait. (3) A "dysplastic nevus syndrome" in the form of a monogenic
      autosomal dominant trait probably does not exist. (4) A nonhereditary dysplastic
      nevus syndrome does not exist. (5) The number of the underlying genes that,
      considered separately, do of course follow the rules of mendelian inheritance is
      so far unknown. (6) A search for a single underlying gene defect is probably
      hopeless.

PMID- 2654076
TI  - [The Brocq pseudopelade--a disease picture or disease entity].
AB  - In 1885 Brocq described a type of scarring alopecia he called pseudopelade (PPB),
      whose character as a separate disease entity has been denied in recent decades.
      Several authors now believe PPB to be a polyetiological final stage (etat
      pseudopeladique de Degos; EPP). In all, 142 patients with scarring alopecia were
      analyzed in an attempt to find whether PPB is a separate entity or not. Following
      examination, 26 cases with lichen ruber (LR), 18 cases with lupus erythematosus
      chronicus discoides (DLE), 2 cases with scleroderma, 1 case with folliculitis
      decalvans, and 1 case with ichthyosis vulgaris were diagnosed; this left 94 cases
      with PPB (66%). We attempt to describe the macroscopic morphology and
      histopathology in PPB and in LR and DLE. The findings yielded by direct
      immunofluorescence and the treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2654077
TI  - [The significance of lymphocytic differentiation antigens in the diagnosis and
      therapy of alopecia areata].
AB  - In an earlier study, a significant reduction of the CD8+, CD16+, CD19+, CD8+Leu8+
      and HLA-DQ+ cells was found in the peripheral blood of patients with alopecia
      areata (AA). On the basis of these findings, typing was repeated after 6 months
      at the earliest in a total of 44 patients who had meanwhile received different
      therapies, to detect any shifts in these lymphocyte subgroups with cure or
      persistence of AA. Any external or internal treatment had been discontinued 4
      weeks before typing, in order to preclude short-term influences of the therapy.
      An increase, i.e., normalization, in CD8+ cells together with a significant
      decrease in CD4+ cells was shown in the group with complete remission, in
      contrast to the patients in whom AA had not yielded to treatment. The remaining
      lymphocyte dysbalances persisted unchanged in both groups. This shows that
      healing of AA is associated with an increase in CD8+ and a decrease in CD4+
      cells.

PMID- 2654078
TI  - [Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome].
AB  - Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is a hereditary disease with an autosomal recessive
      mode of inheritance, characterized by the triad of tyrosinase-positive
      oculocutaneous albinism, a hemorrhagic diathesis resulting from storage pool
      deficient platelets, and accumulation of ceroid/lipofuscin-like material in
      various cells and tissues and in the urine. The basic defect in this syndrome
      remains unknown. It is believed that the primary defect may involve membranes of
      the platelet-dense bodies and the melanosomes. Recently a defective calcium
      uptake system and low activities for membrane-associated thioredoxin reductase
      have been shown in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, and their possible role in the
      pathomechanism of this disorder is discussed.

PMID- 2654079
TI  - [The heritability of vitiligo].
AB  - Familial cases of vitiligo in 13 families observed by the authors as well as
      familial cases from the literature were analyzed. The results are presented in
      four tables. Genetic factors doubtless play a role in the aetiology of this
      pigmentation anomaly, but the mode of inheritance does not appear to be uniform.
      This condition seems to be heterogeneous.

PMID- 2654080
TI  - [Assessment of the antiphlogistic effect of naftifin-HCl in the UV-B erythema
      test].
AB  - In a placebo-controlled double-blind comparative study conducted in 19 healthy
      volunteers, naftifin hydrochlorid cream was tested against clotrimazole 1%,
      clotrimazole 1%+hydrocortisone 1%, and various hydrocortisone preparations (0.5%;
      1%; 2.5%) for erythema-suppressive effects. The anti-inflammatory effect of
      naftifine hydrochloride demonstrated earlier was confirmed in this study. The
      results prove a potency comparable to that of weak topical glucocorticosteroids.

PMID- 2654081
TI  - [Spindle cell lipoma].
AB  - A 74-year-old patient presenting with a subcutaneous tumor on his right upper arm
      is reported. Clinical examination led to the suspicion of a lipoma, cyst, and
      subcutaneous metastasis. Microscopical and immunohistological investigations
      allowed diagnosis of the tumor as a spindle cell lipoma. The most important
      aspect of differential diagnosis of this benign tumor is the exclusion of
      liposarcoma.

PMID- 2654082
TI  - [Eccrine sweat gland nevus--immunohistochemical demonstration of MAM-3 and MAM-6
      antigens].
AB  - We report the case of a 30-year-old woman suffering from multiple eccrine nevus
      of the sole of the foot. Using monoclonal antibodies (MoABS) against MAM antigens
      (human milk fat globule membrane), we achieved selective demonstration of the
      secretory canaliculi (MAM-6 MoABS) or the inner layer cells of eccrine duct (MAM
      3 MoAbs).

PMID- 2654083
TI  - Differences among hospitals in Medicare patient mortality.
AB  - Using hospital discharge abstract data for fiscal year 1984 for all acute care
      hospitals treating Medicare patients (age greater than or equal to 65), we
      measured four mortality rates: inpatient deaths, deaths within 30 days after
      discharge, and deaths within two fixed periods following admission (30 days, and
      the 95th percentile length of stay for each condition). The metric of interest
      was the probability that a hospital would have as many deaths as it did (taking
      age, race, and sex into account). Differences among hospitals in inpatient death
      rates were large and significant (p less than .05) for 22 of 48 specific
      conditions studied and for all conditions together; among these 22 "high
      variation" conditions, medical conditions accounted for far more deaths than did
      surgical conditions. We compared pairs of conditions in terms of hospital
      rankings by probability of observed numbers of inpatient deaths; we found
      relatively low correlations (Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.3 or lower)
      for most comparisons except between a few surgical conditions. When we compared
      different pairs of the four death measures on their rankings of hospitals by
      probabilities of the observed numbers of deaths, the correlations were moderate
      to high (Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.54 to 0.99). Hospitals with low
      probabilities of the number of observed deaths were not distributed randomly
      geographically; a small number of states had significantly more than their share
      of these hospitals (p less than .01). Information from hospital discharge
      abstract data is insufficient to determine the extent to which differences in
      severity of illness or quality of care account for this marked variability, so
      data on hospital death rates cannot now be used to draw inferences about quality
      of care. The magnitude of variability in death rates and the geographic
      clustering of facilities with low probabilities, however, both argue for further
      study of hospital death rates. These data may prove most useful as a screening
      mechanism to identify patterns of potentially poor quality of care. Careful
      choice of the mortality measure used is needed, however, to maximize the
      probability of identifying those hospitals, and only those hospitals, warranting
      more in-depth review.

PMID- 2654084
TI  - Excess demand, consumer rationality, and the quality of care in regulated nursing
      homes.
AB  - This article investigates whether an empirical basis exists for the hypothesis
      that nursing homes exploit the irrationality of some nursing home patients by
      providing inadequate quality care. Evidence from Wisconsin in 1983 shows that
      violations of the Medicaid certification code in nursing homes are not
      statistically related to two measures of consumer rationality. Violations are,
      however, related to a measure of the need to compete for patients, despite the
      presence of an effective program to enforce these certification standards through
      fines. Specifically, it is found that, where the bed supply is tight, an
      additional empty bed in every nursing home in a county is associated with between
      five and six fewer class C violations (or their equivalent) in every home. This
      evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the quality problems that nursing
      homes have traditionally exhibited are linked to the absence of a need to
      complete for patients, created by the bed shortage conditions that continue to
      characterize a large portion of nursing home care markets in the United States.
      The implications for public policy are discussed.

PMID- 2654085
TI  - Evaluation of positron-emitting SCH 23390 analogs as tracers for CNS dopamine D1
      receptors.
AB  - Two positron-emitting analogs of SCH 23390, one labelled with 75Br (or 76Br) and
      another with 11C, were evaluated as potential PET tracers for central dopamine D1
      receptors. In vivo studies were performed to assess the time course of the
      biodistribution of these tracers in mice and to determine whether dopamine
      receptors mediated their uptake in the brains of these animals. Results show that
      indeed cerebral uptake was consistent with dopamine receptor innervation, i.e.
      uptake and clearance was regionally consistent with the target receptors and that
      specific uptake was saturable. Because of the relatively rapid pharmacokinetics
      of this drug, 11C-labelled SCH 23390 would be best suited for PET imaging
      although the metabolism of this compound needs to be further examined.

PMID- 2654087
TI  - Monitoring the in vivo behaviour of immunoglobulins with radiotracers: imaging
      approaches and data processing techniques.

PMID- 2654086
TI  - The role of factor analysis in the evaluation of new radiopharmaceuticals.
AB  - Factor analysis of dynamic scintigraphic studies has been proposed for a variety
      of clinical applications. This method also called FADS (Factor Analysis of
      Dynamic Structures) enables spatial separation of complex images into discrete
      factors according to their time/activity characteristics. FADS, which does not
      require a priori formulation of a compartmental model of tracer kinetics, is
      particularly suitable for the evaluation of new radiolabeled compounds as
      potential radiopharmaceuticals. In animals as well as in humans it is possible to
      obtain information on the spatial time-distribution of tracers by analyzing
      computer acquired scintigraphic studies. On the basis of data obtained and
      analyzed with this method using [123I]IMP in humans, dogs, rabbits and rats, with
      two 99mTc labeled monoclonal antibodies in dogs and with 99mTc DTPA in renal
      transplants, we recommend this method as an adjunct in radiopharmaceutical
      development and evaluation.

PMID- 2654089
TI  - A new monoclonal antibody antifibrin: preliminary evaluation in the detection of
      venous thrombosis.

PMID- 2654088
TI  - Tumor targeting with monoclonal antibody B72.3.

PMID- 2654090
TI  - Three approaches to radiolabeling antibodies with 99mTc.

PMID- 2654091
TI  - [Intravagal fundoplication and cardiofundal vagotomy: a technical physiologic
      variant in surgery of reflux].
AB  - In treating hyperacid gastro-esophageal reflux it is debatable whether or not to
      combine an antireflux operation with an antipeptic procedure. The problem is
      controversial as evidenced by the number of operative procedures and the diverse
      opinions in published reports. We believe that if there is an increased gastric
      acid secretion the combination of fundoplication and vagotomy is a logical
      alternative to long-term treatment with H2-receptor antagonists or with the new
      H+ protone blocker Omeprazol, especially when these conservative measures fail.
      The superselective vagotomy poses technical problems for it compromises the
      anchorage of the fundic wrap. On the other hand truncal vagotomy, though
      technically simpler, is unacceptable because of its associated side effects. As a
      result we have come to modify our standard technique. We combine a selective
      denervation of the esophago-gastric junction with a modification to our standard
      fundoplication procedure, whereby the fundic wrap is drawn forward between the
      vagal trunks and the lesser gastric curvature. In the last five years we have
      operated 58 patients in this combined way. We were able to carry out follow-up
      controls in 32 patients. All of them showed good long-term healing with
      improvement of reflux symptoms.

PMID- 2654093
TI  - [Endomyocardial biopsy following heart transplantation: results and
      complications].
AB  - Heart transplantation (HTPL) has worldwide become a well established therapy of
      terminal heart failure. Besides non-invasive parameters the endomyocardial biopsy
      (EMB) is proved to be the goldstandard method for early detection of graft
      rejection. At the University Hospital of Zurich 31 HTPL have been performed
      between September 1985 and December 1987. 100 out of 460 EMB's showed moderate or
      severe rejection and needed additional immunosuppressive treatment. 1.5% of all
      EMB's caused further treatment due to local or systemic complications.

PMID- 2654092
TI  - [1 year of multiple organ procurement using the Starzl technic of rapid cooling:
      personal results].
AB  - We did perform 20 multiorgan procurements in 1987, using the last technique
      described by STARZL. We were very favorably impressed by the security (all organs
      harvested achieved good long-term function), the rapidity (mean operative time
      125 min) and the flexibility of the technique. Waiting lists for hearts and
      livers in Switzerland are now becoming long, and it seems thus essential that all
      usable organs can be retrieved for transplantation.

PMID- 2654094
TI  - [Liver transplantation: initial experiences from Zurich].
AB  - Liver transplantation program in Zurich was started in 1986. Between November
      1986 and May 1988, 29 patients have been referred for evaluation. 19 (65%) of the
      admitted patients were accepted for transplantation, 7 patients died while
      waiting for a suitable organ. 9 patients have been transplanted. This report
      summarizes the results with the first 9 transplantations.

PMID- 2654095
TI  - [Prospective assessment study of 586 consecutive continuous, single layer, extra
      mucosal colon anastomoses].
AB  - 22 Swiss hospitals participated in a multicenter trial testing the acceptance and
      safety of a continuous single layer end-to-end colonic anastomosis for all mobile
      segments of the colon, i.e. above the peritoneal reflexion. No cases in elective
      or emergency surgery have been excluded. During one year other techniques have
      been totally dropped from the participating centers. Among 545 patients with 586
      anastomoses in all centers participating during one full year there were only two
      clinical leaks. All participating hospitals have after this one year continued to
      use this technique. Many have expanded it to small bowel and gastric surgery.

PMID- 2654096
TI  - [Anastomosis technic of the anus].
AB  - The technique of coloanal anastomosis (transanal route n = 27, transphincteric
      route n = 13) was standardized and also employed in 6 patients with an J
      ileumpouch-anal anastomosis after total proctocolectomy and mucosal protectomy:
      The anal canal is opened by traction sutures and by a simple, non-stretching,
      semicircular speculum. All sutures are than placed at the anal resection line.
      The pouch or the (temporary occluded) colon is opened and the stitches are
      inserted into the proximal part of the anastomosis. All sutures are tied at the
      end. The technique offered a decreased incidence of secondary anastomotic healing
      and of pelvic sepsis (1/18) in the last consecutive series, as compared to the
      earlier series (8/28). In selected cases of coloanal anastomosis (14/40) a
      covering colostomy could be omitted.

PMID- 2654097
TI  - [The value of transrectal sonography and computerized tomography in the diagnosis
      of rectal cancer].
AB  - In a prospective study in 49 patients with rectal carcinoma the correlation of
      pre- and postoperative staging by CT and endorectal ultrasound was proven
      according to TNM-classification. With CT the pre/postoperative results correlated
      in T1 in 9/10, in T2 in 10/16, in T3 in 13/15 and in T4 in 6/8 patients. By
      endorectal ultrasound identical results were found in all T1, in 10/12 T2, in
      17/20 T3 and in 6/7 T4 stages. Totally, pre- and postoperative identical results
      were found by CT in 38 and by endorectal ultrasound in 43/49 patients.
      Overestimation of the tumor stage was similar with both methods: 5 by CT and 4 by
      endorectal ultrasound. Underestimation of the stage was more often by CT with 5
      than by endorectal ultrasound with 2 cases (CT: accuracy 77.5%, sensitivity
      88.3%, specificity 94.4%; endorectal ultrasound: accuracy 87.7%, sensitivity
      91.5%, specificity 97.8%). Criteria for interpretation are discussed. In early
      tumor stages the depth of tumor invasion can be better evaluated by endorectal
      ultrasound. In late stages both methods give important information for the
      surgical strategy.

PMID- 2654098
TI  - Characterization of glycoconjugates in an embryonic human epithelial line and
      changes consequent to adaptation to a hyperosmotic medium.
AB  - Cell surface and cytoplasmic glycoconjugates were characterized in embryonic
      human explant cells (a transformed heteroploid line) cultured in iso-osmotic
      medium (0.137 M NaCl) and in hyperosmotic medium (0.274 M NaCl) for 10 days in
      order to study the changes induced in these compounds by hyperosmoticity.
      Cytochemical and ultracytochemical staining selective for glycoconjugates was
      carried out. The following results were obtained: (1) glycoproteins,
      glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids are present on the cell surface and in the
      cytoplasm of the explant cells; (2) lectin histochemistry combined with
      glycosidase digestion demonstrated the presence of the disaccharides fucose-N
      acetylglucosamine and sialic acid-beta-galactose as terminal sequences; (3)
      histophotometric evaluation of lectin labelling showed a noticeable decrease in
      histochemical reactivity of adapted cells; (4) plasma membrane cell coat
      decreased in adapted cells, which was emphasized by ultracytochemical reactions
      and a rearrangement of glycolipids in the cytoplasm.

PMID- 2654099
TI  - A modified immunohistochemical procedure for the detection of estrogen receptor
      in mouse tissues.
AB  - A horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled antibody method was developed for use with
      a monoclonal antibody to detect estrogen receptor (ER) in mouse tissue. Combined
      use of HRP labeled F(ab')2 fragment absorbed with mouse liver protein to minimize
      background staining and imidazol-DAB reaction gave the most reliable and
      sensitive immunostaining. The method was applied to uterine, vaginal, pituitary
      and liver tissues in ovariectomized adult mice. In uterus and vagina, ER was
      recognized in nuclei of epithelial cells, stromal cells and smooth muscle cells
      of the muscle layer and blood vessels. Liver tissue showed positive nuclear
      immunostaining in parenchymal cells; however, no reaction was present in
      endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, bile ductal cells, and smooth muscle cells of
      blood vessels. ER was localized in the nuclei of anterior pituitary cells while
      weak reaction was also recognized in cells of the intermediate lobe. No staining
      was detected in the posterior pituitary. Results demonstrate that both occupied
      and unoccupied ER are localized in the cell nucleus from several target tissues.
      Weak immunostaining in samples could not be enhanced by multiple procedures. It
      is suggested that nuclear ER is partially hidden by nuclear components such as
      nucleic acid and chromatin proteins.

PMID- 2654100
TI  - Further immunocytochemical study on the localization of aromatase in the ovary of
      rats and mice.
AB  - The precise localization of estrogen biosynthesis in the ovary of rats and mice
      were immunocytochemically studied using new antisera against aromatase cytochrome
      P-450. The positive reaction for aromatase was detected mainly on the granulosa
      cells of large, apparently preovulatory follicles. In addition, the cells of some
      corpora lutea showed very weak positive reaction but most corpora lutea were
      negative to the staining. Those cells such as the granulosa cells of smaller
      follicles, the theca interna cells, the interstitial gland cells, oocytes,
      peritoneal epithelial cells were entirely negative. These results indicate that
      in the ovary of rats and mice, the granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles are
      the main site for synthesis of estrogen from androgen which is provided by the
      theca interna cell and the interstitial gland cell.

PMID- 2654101
TI  - Rat lung 29 kD beta-galactoside-binding lectin is secreted by bronchiolar Clara
      cells into airways.
AB  - We isolated a mixture of beta-galactoside-binding lectins from rat lung and
      raised polyclonal antibody against 14 kD lectin purified from the mixture of
      lectins. Immunoblotting of the mixture of lectins, which was separated with SDS
      PAGE under reducing condition and transferred onto a NC paper, showed that the
      antibody reacted with two bands at 14 and 29 kD, indicating that these two
      lectins have common antigenic determinants(s). Immunohistochemically, the
      antibody recognized only bronchiolar Clara cells with intense immunofluorescence
      in their apical cytoplasmic protrusions where the secretory granules of the cells
      are known to be stored. Thus, to determine if the lectin(s) might be secreted
      into airways, we next raised antibody against airway secretions free from serum
      as well as surfactant proteins. By immunoblot analysis, the resulting antibody
      stained 29,45 and 55 kD bands, but not 14 kD band, on a NC paper transferred with
      the mixture of lectins. These findings suggest that at least 29 kD lung lectin is
      located in bronchiolar Clara cells and secreted by these cells into airways.

PMID- 2654102
TI  - Chemical manipulations of tissue oxygenation for therapeutic benefit.
AB  - Many new approaches are currently being explored to improve cancer treatment
      through hypoxic cell radiosensitization. Oxygen carriers, calcium antagonists,
      some drugs which shift the oxygen hemoglobin curve to the right improve the
      oxygen availability in the tumors. An alternative way to improve radiotherapy or
      chemotherapy is to increase tumor hypoxia either by shifting the hemoglobin
      oxygen dissociation curve to the left or by using vasodilators. This paper
      summarizes main results obtained in that field. The relevance of data obtained
      from animal experiments to clinical practice will be discussed.

PMID- 2654103
TI  - Modification of normal tissue response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
AB  - This paper describes some of the mechanisms for modification of tissue response
      to radio- and chemotherapy. Attention is focused on the balance between
      radioprotection by thiol compounds such as WR-2721 and sensitization by oxygen or
      oxygen mimetic sensitizers such as misonidazole. Thiol protectors act, at least
      in part, by redox competition with oxygen for repair or fixation of the initial
      radiation lesion. The extent of radioprotection achieved is therefore critically
      dependent on the oxygen concentration at the time of irradiation. Maximum
      protection is usually achieved at intermediate oxygen concentrations with little
      or no protection in hypoxia. Many studies report lower protection in fractionated
      irradiation schedules than for single doses. Data are shown to demonstrate that
      this is often because toxicity limits the drug doses which can be used with
      fractionated schedules, and not because of a reduction of radioprotection at
      small X ray doses. Methods for manipulating the endogenous thiol levels are
      discussed in relation to their influence on normal tissue response to both
      radiation and chemotherapy. Other methods for preferentially increasing tumor
      chemo- or radio-sensitivity, such as inhibition of repair of potentially lethal
      damage or alterations in tumor oxygenation or blood flow are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2654104
TI  - Application of non-hypoxic cell sensitizers in radiobiology and radiotherapy:
      rationale and future prospects.
AB  - The effects of commonly used non-hypoxic cell radiosensitizers are briefly
      reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the effects and the mechanism of action of
      halogenated pyrimidines, since recent clinical trials indicated the potential
      importance of these compounds in the treatment of certain types of human tumors.
      Evidence is presented suggesting that halogenated pyrimidines sensitize cells to
      radiation by increasing induction of DNA and chromosome damage per cell per unit
      absorbed dose, as well as by increasing the susceptibility to fixation of
      radiation induced PLD. The former mode of action correlates with an increase in
      survival curve slope, whereas the latter probably causes the reduction observed
      in shoulder width. The effects of repair inhibitors such as the nucleoside
      analogs are briefly reviewed and their possible clinical importance discussed.
      Results are presented indicating that combined treatment with halogenated
      pyrimidines and nucleoside analogs may enhance the radiosensitizing effect of the
      former and the specificity on tumor cells of the latter. Finally, the effects of
      other radiation sensitizers such as 3-aminobenzamide and diamide are briefly
      summarized.

PMID- 2654106
TI  - Diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis by first-catch urine enzyme
      immunoassay in adolescent males.
AB  - This study evaluates a first-catch urine sediment enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to
      diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis in symptomatic adolescent males. Seven
      of 23 patients evaluated were diagnosed with sexually transmitted urethritis,
      five caused by C. trachomatis. First-catch urine sediment was accurate in
      diagnosing C. trachomatis urethritis when compared to urethral swab EIA (p less
      than 0.003). First-catch urine pyuria was also highly correlated with urethritis
      (p less than 0.05). First-catch urine testing is a simple, nonpainful method of
      screening adolescent males for urethritis, and first-catch urine sediment EIA for
      C. trachomatis is a rapid, painless method of diagnosis. A method for screening
      and diagnosis with these techniques is described.

PMID- 2654105
TI  - Glutathione modulation in cancer treatment: will it work?
AB  - Glutathione (GSH) assumes a pivotal role in numerous cellular functions including
      bioreductive reactions, maintenance of enzyme activity, amino acid transport,
      protection from harmful oxidative species, and detoxification of xenobiotics. The
      importance of GSH in modifying the cellular response to several anti-cancer
      treatment modalities has become better appreciated with the introduction of
      agents which can either decrease or elevate GSH levels in cells and tissues. In
      general, GSH depletion has been demonstrated to further enhance the cytotoxicity
      of several chemotherapy drugs and nitroimidazole hypoxic cell radiosensitizers.
      Conversely, GSH elevation affords varying degrees of protection. Whether or not
      GSH modulating agents will be useful as an adjuvant to selected cancer treatment
      modalities will depend on whether differential levels of GSH can be achieved in
      tumor versus normal tissues. Accurate GSH measurements in tumor and normal
      tissues will be required to adequately use and interpret the results of clinical
      studies where GSH modulating agents are employed. Precise tumor GSH measurements
      pose a considerable challenge due to the complicated cellular makeup of tumors.

PMID- 2654107
TI  - Genetically defined mouse models of male infertility.
AB  - The review has four objectives. The first objective is to summarize our studies
      of gene mutations that induce infertility in male mice. The second objective is
      to stress the power of mouse genetics and its application to male reproductive
      biology. The third objective is to provide useful references to the literature
      about gene mutations affecting male mouse fertility. Our goal is to cite
      references that can be used as a starting point for reading, not to present a
      comprehensive list of references. The fourth objective is to present a summary of
      selected data collected from mice representing 21 mouse strains.

PMID- 2654108
TI  - Molecular basis of signalling in the spermatozoon.
AB  - The spermatozoon contains cell surface receptors for various egg-associated
      molecules, one of which has now been identified as the enzyme guanylate cyclase.
      A single membrane-spanning region divides the enzyme such that about one-half is
      extracellular and one-half is intracellular. A new paradigm for
      signal/transduction is established by these observations, in that a hormone or
      effector molecule binding to an extracellular site activates the catalytic domain
      of the same protein, resulting in the increased formation of a low molecular
      weight second messenger. Research on signalling mechanisms in the spermatozoon
      clearly apply to a diversity of cellular processes as well as to fertilization.

PMID- 2654109
TI  - Quantitation of prolactin-dependent responses in porcine mammary explants.
AB  - A system was developed to quantitate prolactin-dependent responses in porcine
      mammary tissue obtained from pregnant gilts. Metabolic responses to prolactin
      (Prl) and cortisol (C) in the presence of varying doses of insulin (I) were
      examined in mammary explants cultured on the surface of the medium or submerged
      in medium, under an atmosphere of humidified air. Explants suspended on grids at
      the surface of medium oxidized 45% more glucose (P less than .05) and
      incorporated 67% more glucose into lipids (P less than .05) than explants
      submerged in culture medium. In explants cultured on grids, both 100 and 1,000 ng
      I/ml increased glucose oxidation (by 50%) and glucose incorporation into lipids
      (by 150%) compared with 10 ng/ml (P less than .05), but responses to 100 and
      1,000 ng I/ml were not different. Therefore, in subsequent studies, explants were
      cultured on grids with 100 ng I/ml. Rates of glucose metabolism for mammary
      explants cultured with I + C for 48 or 72 h were not different from those in
      fresh tissue. However, addition of Prl (200 or 1,000 ng/ml) increased oxidation
      rate 130% and fat synthesis 400% compared with I + C (P less than .05). Addition
      of triiodothyronine to I + C + Prl further increased rate of fat synthesis by
      87%. Dose-dependent responses to Prl were demonstrated and were within the
      concentrations of Prl found in blood of gestating gilts. These studies
      demonstrate that the lactogenic complex of I, C and Prl induces metabolic
      activity in porcine mammary tissue from late pregnancy.

PMID- 2654110
TI  - Ernest Browning Forbes, 1876-1966: a brief biography.

PMID- 2654111
TI  - Acute and long-term lipogenic response to insulin and clenbuterol in bovine
      intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues.
AB  - The present study was conducted to determine whether insulin and clenbuterol
      affected either short-term (2-h) incubations or long-term (48-h) tissue cultures
      of i.m. and s.c. adipose tissue explants. Samples were taken from control steers
      and steers fed 7 mg.head-1.d-1 clenbuterol for 50 d, after which time the drug
      was withdrawn from the diet for 90 d prior to slaughter. Neither short-term
      incubations nor long-term explant cultures contained bovine serum albumin (BSA).
      Insulin (6.67 x 10(-9) M) had no effect (P greater than .05) on lipogenesis in
      s.c. and i.m. adipose tissue in 2-h tissue incubations of fresh adipose tissue.
      There was a substantial decrease in activity during the culture period, which was
      ameliorated somewhat in s.c. adipose tissue by the presence of insulin in the
      culture media. Clenbuterol exposure for 48 h in vitro decreased the production of
      lipids from acetate in both adipose tissue depots but had no effect in short-term
      adipose tissue incubations. Results from the present study confirm that omitting
      BSA from incubation media does not enhance the responsiveness of bovine s.c.
      adipose tissue or the less mature i.m. adipose tissue to insulin. Insulin may
      maintain greater cell viability in 48-h explant cultures.

PMID- 2654112
TI  - Acceleration of postmortem tenderization in ovine carcasses through infusion of
      calcium chloride: effect of concentration and ionic strength.
AB  - Ovine carcasses were arterially infused with a volume equal to 10% of the live
      weight after electrical stimulation. The infusion solutions contained .075 M, .15
      M or .3 M calcium chloride. Results indicated that .3 M calcium chloride
      treatment was the most effective concentration of CaCl2 to reduce the shear force
      value measured at 24 h postmortem. To examine the contribution of ionic strength
      to tenderization that occurs by infusion of carcasses with .3 M CaCl2, ovine
      carcasses were infused with CaCl2 and NaCl solutions of identical ionic strength.
      Results indicated that the tenderization that occurred by infusion of carcasses
      with CaCl2 was not due to ionic strength of the CaCl2 solution. Results also
      indicated that, compared to control animals, NaCl-infused carcasses were more
      tender after 6 d of postmortem storage (but not after 1 d, as observed with CaCl2
      infused carcasses). Evidence is presented that indicates that activation of
      calcium-dependent proteases could be responsible for the observed tenderization
      (reduction in shear force) due to infusion of ovine carcasses with CaCl2.

PMID- 2654113
TI  - Fungal and mycobacterial infections in patients infected with the human
      immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Fungal and mycobacterial infections are among the most common opportunistic
      infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Candida
      infections are the bell-wether of progression to symptomatic HIV infection and
      candida oesophagitis often marks the onset of the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS). More than 80% of AIDS patients have candida disease. Candida
      infections remain local and respond to treatment but tend to recur. Cryptococcal
      infections initially affect few HIV positive patients but involve 10-30% with
      AIDS. Meningitis is the usual presentation and dissemination is common.
      Amphotericin usually produces improvement but cure is infrequent, and maintenance
      therapy is advisable. Mycobacteria cause intracellular infections increasing in
      parallel with immunodeficiency. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is
      predominant, occurring with other opportunistic pathogens causing systemic and
      local symptoms with high bacterial density in infected cells. Multidrug treatment
      is best, but the results are disappointing. Tuberculosis is prevalent in certain
      groups of patients. It often presents with atypical clinical and pathological
      features. Anti-tuberculous treatment is effective and prophylaxis should be
      considered. Endemic fungi with mycobacteria cause sporadic infections.
      Opportunistic infections are the lethal arm of HIV infection. Diligent diagnosis
      and persistent treatment offer benefit to HIV-infected patients.

PMID- 2654114
TI  - Potential drugs for the treatment of AIDS.
AB  - From our investigations the following compounds have emerged as particularly
      potent and selective inhibitors of HIV replication: sulphated polysaccharides
      (i.e. heparin, dextran sulphate, pentosan polysulphate), dideoxynucleoside
      analogues such as the 3'-azido-and 3'-fluoro-substituted 2',3'-dideoxyribosides
      of both purines (i.e. guanine, 2,6-diaminopurine) and pyrimidines (i.e. uracil,
      thymine), and the 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) derivatives of adenine, 2
      monoaminopurine and 2,6-diaminopurine. All these compounds yield great promise
      for the treatment of retrovirus infections in humans. Whereas the sulphated
      polysaccharides interfere with the virus adsorption process, the nucleoside
      analogues (following intracellular phosphorylation to their 5'-triphosphate)
      appear to be targeted at the reverse transcriptase.

PMID- 2654115
TI  - Strategies for the development of vaccines against HIV.
AB  - Possible approaches to the development of vaccines against HIV are reviewed in
      the light of experience with existing virus vaccines and understanding of the
      process of viral infection. While HIV infection presents serious theoretical
      problems in developing vaccines most are also encountered in some form with other
      virus infections. The very nature of HIV infection raises objections to using
      live attenuated or inactivated virus vaccines, as it is difficult to ensure that
      they are non-infectious or completely inactivated. The most promising types of
      vaccine involve expression of viral antigens in acceptable vectors either as
      virus vectors, or recombinant DNA products. However, the problem of identifying
      the antigen needed to induce adequate protective immunity remains and there is a
      clear need for a usable animal model to establish the potential of vaccines for
      human use.

PMID- 2654116
TI  - Antimicrobial therapy of infections in patients with AIDS--an overview.

PMID- 2654117
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and its treatment in patients with AIDS.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the commonest opportunistic infection in
      AIDS patients. The diagnosis should be strongly suspected in patients who are
      cyanosed and who present with interstitial pneumonia. The management of PCP in
      AIDS patients is very similar to that in other groups with the same infection.
      Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) combinations or pentamidine remain the
      therapies of choice. Side effects of TMP/SMZ are much greater in AIDS patients
      than in other immuno-suppressed patients and are similar in frequency to those of
      pentamidine. Occasionally, pentamidine produces life-threatening complications.
      Trimetrexate with folinic acid is likely to be as effective against pneumocystis
      as the two first-line drugs and trimethoprim/dapsone combinations can be given
      orally and are clearly effective in moderately severe infections. Prophylaxis
      following an attack of PCP undoubtedly reduces the risk of re-infection, but may
      not materially alter the overall prognosis. The best drug regimen remains
      controversial but fortnightly inhaled pentamidine has the advantage of patient
      acceptability and very low risk of side-effects.

PMID- 2654118
TI  - Toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients.
AB  - In patients with AIDS, toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of CNS mass
      lesions. Diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical presentation and CAT scan
      findings and confirmed by demonstration of tachyzoites and/or cysts in tissues
      obtained by needle aspiration or brain biopsy. Response to therapy with
      pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine is usually prompt but therapy has to be continued
      for the lifetime of AIDS patients with CNS toxoplasmosis. To date, no alternative
      regimens of single or combination drugs appear to be effective in patients who
      fail, or are unable to tolerate pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine therapy. Relapse
      rate is high. Clearly, there is a need to organize prospective controlled studies
      to assess the role of agents such as clindamycin, trimetrexate and other drugs in
      the treatment of CNS toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS.

PMID- 2654119
TI  - Diagnosis and management of HIV-infected patients with diarrhoea.
AB  - Diarrhoea and weight loss are found in more than 50% of patients with AIDS and in
      some patients can be so severe that death may occur even in the absence of
      opportunistic infections. Systematic evaluation of diarrhoeal illness in HIV
      infected patients will often identify a treatable aetiology. Despite the tendency
      for recurrences, the majority of patients will respond to anti-infective therapy.
      A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of HIV-infected patients
      with diarrhoea is presented in this article.

PMID- 2654120
TI  - Potential target sites for antiviral inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV).
AB  - The rapid identification of anti-HIV compounds in the laboratory following the
      isolation of the causative virus in 1983 and their subsequent use in the clinic
      was not unexpected. Three decades of previous work had established a scientific
      basis for the evaluation of antiviral compounds. However, no antiviral yet
      discovered can cause total blockade of a virus replicating in a cell. The
      combination of properties of HIV including latency, antigenic and biochemical
      variation is unusual and the virus represents a daunting challenge for
      chemotherapy. But at least 90 antiviral compounds have been discovered, many
      inhibiting the virus reverse transcriptase. Other targets for inhibition are
      possible including viral regulatory gene products, viral protease and
      endonuclease enzymes but compounds for initial study will have to be found by
      random searching. X-ray crystallography of HIV proteins will shortly be possible,
      enabling the commencement of a more molecular specific search for inhibitors.
      Meanwhile, advantage can be taken of comparative nucleotide sequences of the HIV
      1 and -2 genomes to test short oligonucleotides as potential inhibitors of mRNA
      transcription. The pol gene also has a zinc finger amino acid sequence suggesting
      that chelation chemotherapy may have a potential role. In the absence of HIV
      vaccines, and associated theoretical problems in their development, antiviral
      chemotherapy is expected to occupy a central role in combating the AIDS epidemic.

PMID- 2654121
TI  - Nobel lecture in physiology or medicine--1988. Selective inhibitors of
      dihydrofolate reductase.

PMID- 2654124
TI  - Determination of aspartame in beverages using an alcohol oxidase enzyme
      electrode.
AB  - A new method for the determination of the artificial sweetener aspartame is
      described. alpha-Chymotrypsin is used to cleave the methyl ester group of
      aspartame, producing methanol hydrolytically. The methanol is detected using an
      electrode which is constructed by physically trapping yeast alcohol oxidase
      enzyme at the tip of a dissolved oxygen electrode. The decrease in oxygen
      concentration, which occurs as methanol is enzymatically oxidized to
      formaldehyde, is measured amperometrically. Aspartame levels in diet soft drinks
      as determined by the proposed method and by liquid chromatography are in
      excellent agreement. The relative standard deviation of the measurements is
      0.83%. The methanol present in diet cola as a result of aspartame degradation can
      also be measured by using the electrode without alpha-chymotrypsin.

PMID- 2654123
TI  - Role of different epithelial cell types in liver ontogenesis, regeneration and
      neoplasia.

PMID- 2654125
TI  - Wiley Award address. Theory and practice of microbiological assaying for
      antibiotics.

PMID- 2654122
TI  - Nobel lecture in physiology or medicine--1988. The purine path to chemotherapy.

PMID- 2654126
TI  - Current concepts in affective disorders.
AB  - Affective disorders have been a topic of research for many years; however,
      scientists have not yet reached definitive conclusions on the etiology,
      psychopathophysiology, course, or treatment of these conditions. The author
      reviews recent developments in phenomenology and course, newly defined entities,
      epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of affective disorders, with an emphasis on
      areas of future interest. The phenomenology of affective disorders is discussed
      in relation to the need for defining homogeneous groups for genetic research, and
      biologic correlates of depression are presented. Data on the undertreatment of
      depression demonstrate that the gap between scientific knowledge and clinical
      practice must be bridged by the dissemination of research findings.

PMID- 2654127
TI  - Effectiveness of lithium in schizophrenia: do we really have an answer?
AB  - The authors review all double-blind studies assessing the efficacy of lithium
      treatment in schizophrenia. They conclude that active affective symptoms,
      previous affective episodes, and a family history of affective disorder may
      predict a favorable response to lithium. However, methodological problems in past
      studies (e.g., small samples, lack of strict diagnostic criteria) suggest that
      further clinical trials are warranted.

PMID- 2654128
TI  - Clinical significance of psychoneuroendocrinology in psychiatry: focus on the
      thyroid and adrenal.
AB  - Considerable research over the past 20 years has documented alterations in the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
      axes in patients with affective disorders, especially depression. Although plasma
      concentrations of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) are generally unaltered in patients
      with major depression, plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) responses after
      intravenous administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) are blunted in
      approximately 25% and abnormally elevated in approximately 15% of depressed
      patients. Data are presented supporting the hypothesis that TSH blunting may be
      secondary to central nervous system (CNS) hypersecretion of TRH, and that the
      enhanced TSH response may be secondary to subclinical hypothyroidism associated
      with autoimmune thyroiditis. The HPA axis has received considerable scrutiny in
      depressed patients and there is universal agreement that 50% to 75% of patients
      with major depression exhibit hyperactivity of the HPA axis characterized by
      hypercortisolemia, ACTH hypersecretion, and nonsuppression of plasma cortisol
      concentrations after administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid
      dexamethasone. Evidence is presented that hypersecretion of corticotropin
      releasing factor (CRF) contributes, at least in part, to HPA axis hyperactivity
      and perhaps to certain of the signs and symptoms of major depression.

PMID- 2654129
TI  - Stress, depression, and the immune system.
AB  - The major neurobiologic processes associated with stress have been observed in
      depression, and a consideration of the effect of stress on the immune system may
      provide further understanding of the biology of depressive disorders. A series of
      studies investigating stress-induced alterations of the immune system demonstrate
      that stress-induced modulation of immunity is complex and involves a range of
      neurobiologic mechanisms. Altered immune system measures do not appear to be a
      specific biologic correlate of major depressive disorder but may occur in
      subgroups of depressed patients.

PMID- 2654130
TI  - Behavioral and neural influences on cellular immune responses: effects of stress
      and interleukin-1.
AB  - A series of experiments examined effects of stressful conditions on several
      cellular immune responses and attempted to elucidate the physiological mechanisms
      underlying these effects. Initial studies showed that stressful conditions can
      profoundly suppress immune responses of blood and splenic lymphocytes, including
      T-cell mitogenesis, natural killer cell activity, production of interleukin-2 (IL
      2) and interferon and IL-2 receptor expression. Subsequent studies found that (1)
      multiple physiological pathways mediate stress-induced suppression of these
      responses; (2) stress-induced suppression of these responses is produced, at
      least in part, by a peptide with molecular weight greater than 10 kilodaltons,
      which stressed animals release into circulation; (3) whereas most stressful
      conditions suppress immune responses, stressful conditions of moderate intensity
      can enhance cellular immune responses; and (4) extremely small quantities of
      interleukin-1 (IL-1) acting in the brain (e.g., 3.1-12.4 X 10(-15) moles) bring
      about suppression of cellular immune responses very rapidly and for a prolonged
      period of time. The relationship between the newly-discovered immunosuppressive
      influence of IL-1 in the brain and immunosuppression produced by stressful
      conditions remains to be determined.

PMID- 2654131
TI  - New insights into the nature and heterogeneity of mood disorders.
AB  - Emerging research findings in mood disorders continue to provide support for
      multifactorial etiology. The present review considers the role of familial and
      developmental factors, gender, life circumstances, and biological precipitants in
      pathogenesis and discusses how they might, hypothetically, interact with other
      psychological and biological traits in giving rise to clinical heterogeneity.
      Special consideration is given to the pathoplastic influence of characterologic
      and temperamental traits, in view of their current clinical visibility.

PMID- 2654132
TI  - Induction of urokinase activity and malignant phenotype in bladder carcinoma
      cells after transfection of the activated Ha-ras oncogene.
AB  - In order to characterize further the previously observed induction of a highly
      metastatic phenotype in mouse bladder carcinoma cells by Ha-ras transfection, we
      studied production of plasminogen activator, in vitro invasiveness, and the
      potential for lung colonization of these cells. The parent carcinoma cells
      produced predominantly tissue-type plasminogen activator. Out of 13 clones of ras
      transfected cells tested, 8 secreted quantitatively elevated levels of
      plasminogen activator (up to 3.5-fold) as compared to the control transfectants.
      The plasminogen activator activity in cell lysates was maximally increased 3
      fold, the surface-associated activity increased 2.5-fold. The secreted
      plasminogen activator of cloned ras-transfected cells was characterized to be
      predominantly of the urokinase type (71.3% compared to 20.5% with the parental BL
      cells). Thus, in addition to the quantitative augmentation of plasminogen
      activator production and secretion in a large fraction of the ras-transfected
      cell population, a significant qualitative shift from tissue-type to urokinase
      type has been observed. In addition, ras-transfection augmented the capacity of
      the cells for invasion into Matrigel in a double-filter in vitro assay as well as
      their ability to colonize the lungs of syngeneic animals. These malignant
      properties of the transfected cells might be responsible for their highly
      metastatic behaviour induced by ras transfection.

PMID- 2654133
TI  - Induction of the metastatic phenotype by transfection of the nuclear oncogene
      p53: increases in cytoplasmic diacylglycerol levels and reduction in class I
      major histocompatibility antigen expression are not sufficient to explain the
      changes in metastatic capacities.
AB  - Transfection of the oncogene encoding the nuclear protein p53 into a low
      metastatic mouse carcinoma cell line resulted in enhanced metastatic capabilities
      in clones that showed increased p53 protein expression [Pohl J, Goldfinger N,
      Radler-Pohl A, Rotter V, Schirrmacher V (1988) Mol Cell Biol 8:2078-2081]. This
      effect seemed neither to be due to increase in cytoplasmic diacylglycerol levels
      nor to reduced cell-surface expression of class I major histocompatibility
      antigens.

PMID- 2654134
TI  - Evaluation of natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity
      in vivo in patients treated with high-dose interleukin-2 and adoptive transfer of
      autologous LAK cells.
AB  - This study investigated the development of peripheral blood natural killer (NK)
      and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity in vivo in cancer patients
      treated with high doses of recombinant interleukin-2 and autologous LAK cell
      infusion. It was found that interleukin-2 administration by bolus injection
      resulted in an early but transient rise of NK and LAK cell activity in vivo
      during the first 5-9 days of treatment (postpriming period), whereas continuous
      infusion of interleukin-2 caused an increase in both cytotoxic activities in the
      second phase of the treatment, concomitant with infusions of autologous LAK
      cells. Elevated NK but not LAK cell activity in vivo in the continuous-infusion
      patients persisted up to 180 days after completion of therapy. In both bolus and
      continuous interleukin-2 protocols, augmented NK cell activity in vivo appeared
      to be correlated with a beneficial response to therapy.

PMID- 2654135
TI  - Phase-I trial of intravenous continuous infusion of tumor necrosis factor in
      advanced metastatic carcinomas.
AB  - Fifteen patients with advanced metastatic adenocarcinomas were treated in a phase
      I study with continuous intravenous 24 h infusion of recombinant tumor necrosis
      factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in order to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD)
      and associated side-effects. Patients received 40-400 micrograms/m2 TNF-alpha
      once (arm A) or twice (arm B) weekly for a scheduled treatment period of 2
      months. The observed systemic side-effects resembled those reported for
      interferons and included fever, chills, fatigue, headaches, myalgias,
      thrombocytopenia, prostration, and malaise. Dose-limiting toxicities, resulting
      in a median MTD of 200 micrograms/m2 for 24 h, were fever, chills, fatigue,
      myalgias, and thrombocytopenia. Out of 15 patients, 11 showed tumor progression,
      and 3 sustained in no change for over 2 months of treatment. A minor response was
      seen in 1 patient with a colorectal carcinoma and liver metastases. To reduce
      side-effects, patients were treated either with paracetamol or indomethacin.
      Higher MTDs were observed in patients treated with indomethacin. No detectable
      plasma TNF-alpha levels or TNF antibodies were measured under therapy (plasma TNF
      alpha less than 20 pg/ml). We conclude that TNF-alpha appears to have some
      antineoplastic activity in patients with adenocarcinomas since 4 patients
      remained in no change or showed a minor response.

PMID- 2654136
TI  - Antibodies specific to acetylated histones document the existence of deposition-
      and transcription-related histone acetylation in Tetrahymena.
AB  - In this study, we have constructed synthetic peptides which are identical to
      hyperacetylated amino termini of two Tetrahymena core histones (tetra-acetylated
      H4 and penta-acetylated hv1) and used them to generate polyclonal antibodies
      specific for acetylated forms (mono-, di-, tri-, etc.) of these histones. Neither
      of these antisera recognizes histone that is unacetylated. Immunoblotting
      analyses demonstrate that both transcription-related and deposition-related
      acetate groups on H4 are recognized by both antisera. In addition, the antiserum
      raised against penta-acetylated hv1 also recognizes acetylated forms of this
      variant. Immunofluorescent analyses with both antisera demonstrate that, as
      expected, histone acetylation is specific to macronuclei (or new macronuclei) at
      all stages of the life cycle except when micronuclei undergo periods of rapid
      replication and chromatin assembly. During this time micronuclear staining is
      also detected. Our results also suggest that transcription-related acetylation
      begins selectively in new macronuclei immediately after the second postzygotic
      division. Acetylated histone is not observed in new micronuclei during stages
      corresponding to anlagen development and, therefore, histone acetylation can be
      distributed asymmetrically in development. Equally striking is the rapid turnover
      of acetylated histone in parental macronuclei during the time of their
      inactivation and elimination from the cell. Taken together, these data lend
      strong support to the idea that modulation of histone acetylation plays an
      important role in gene activation and in chromatin assembly.

PMID- 2654137
TI  - Endolyn-78, a membrane glycoprotein present in morphologically diverse components
      of the endosomal and lysosomal compartments: implications for lysosome
      biogenesis.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (2C5) raised against rat liver lysosomal membranes was used
      to identify a 78-kD glycoprotein that is present in the membranes of both
      endosomes and lysosomes and, therefore, is designated endolyn-78. In cultures of
      rat hepatoma (Fu5C8) and kidney cells (NRK), this glycoprotein could not be
      labeled with [35S]methionine or with [32P]inorganic phosphate but was easily
      labeled with [35S]cysteine and [3H]mannose. Pulse-chase experiments and
      determinations of endoglycosidase H (endo H) sensitivity showed that endolyn-78
      is derived from a precursor of Mr 58-62 kD that is processed to the mature form
      with a t1/2 of 15-30 min. The protein has a 22-kD polypeptide backbone that is
      detected after a brief pulse in tunicamycin-treated cells. During a chase in the
      presence of the drug, this is converted into an O-glycosylated product of 46 kD
      that despite the absence of N-linked oligosaccharides is effectively transferred
      to lysosomes. This demonstrates that the delivery of endolyn-78 to this organelle
      is not mediated by the mannose-6-phosphate receptor (MPR). Immunocytochemical
      experiments showed that endolyn-78 is present in the limiting membranes and the
      interior membranous structures of morphologically identifiable secondary
      lysosomes that contain the lysosomal hydrolase beta-glucuronidase, lack the MPR,
      and could not be labeled with alpha-2-macroglobulin at 18.5 degrees C, a
      temperature which prevents appearance of endocytosed markers in lysosomes.
      Endolyn-78 was present at low levels in the plasma membrane and in peripheral
      tubular endosomes, but was prominent in morphologically diverse components of the
      endosomal compartment (vacuolar endosomes and various types of multivesicular
      bodies) which acquired alpha-2-macroglobulin at 18.5 degrees C, and frequently
      contained substantial levels of the MPR and variable levels of beta
      glucuronidase. On the other hand, the MPR was very rarely found in endolyn
      containing structures that were not labeled with alpha-2-macroglobulin at the low
      temperature. Thus, the process of lysosomal maturation appears to involve the
      progressive delivery of lysosomal enzymes to various types of endosomes that may
      have already received some of the lysosomal membrane proteins. Although endolyn
      78 would be one of the proteins added early to endosomes, other lysosomal
      membrane proteins may be added only to multivesicular endosomes that represent
      very advanced stages of maturation.

PMID- 2654138
TI  - In vitro membrane assembly of a polytopic, transmembrane protein results in an
      enzymatically active conformation.
AB  - In vitro integration of the polytopic, transmembrane lactose permease into
      membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli is demonstrated. To this end the enzyme
      was synthesized in a homologous, cell-free transcription-translation system. In
      this system, synthesis occurred in an essentially membrane-free environment
      leading to the formation of lactose permease aggregates, which were resistant to
      protease digestion and detergent solubilization. However, if inverted membrane
      vesicles from E. coli were included in the synthesis reaction, most de novo
      synthesized lactose permease could be recovered from a membrane-containing
      subfraction (enriched in leader [signal] peptidase activity). This membrane
      association of lactose permease was Na2CO3 resistant, detergent sensitive, and
      yielded a distinct pattern of proteolytic cleavage peptides. Moreover, membrane
      vesicles when present cotranslationally during synthesis of lactose permease,
      acquired the capability to accumulate lactose, strongly suggesting a correct in
      vitro assembly of the enzyme. Because of the extensive aggregation of lactose
      permease synthesized in the absence of membranes, only low amounts originating
      from the soluble enzyme pool integrated posttranslationally into the membrane
      vesicles. Unlike the translocation of the outer membrane protein LamB into
      membrane vesicles, integration of lactose permease was found to be independent of
      the H+-motive force.

PMID- 2654139
TI  - A conserved tripeptide sorts proteins to peroxisomes.
AB  - The firefly luciferase protein contains a peroxisomal targeting signal at its
      extreme COOH terminus (Gould et al., 1987). Site-directed mutagenesis of the
      luciferase gene reveals that this peroxisomal targeting signal consists of the
      COOH-terminal three amino acids of the protein, serine-lysine-leucine. When this
      tripeptide is appended to the COOH terminus of a cytosolic protein
      (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase), it is sufficient to direct the fusion
      protein into peroxisomes. Additional mutagenesis experiments reveal that only a
      limited number of conservative changes can be made in this tripeptide targeting
      signal without abolishing its activity. These results indicate that peroxisomal
      protein import, unlike other types of transmembrane translocation, is dependent
      upon a conserved amino acid sequence.

PMID- 2654140
TI  - Organization of cytoskeletal elements and organelles preceding growth cone
      emergence from an identified neuron in situ.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the arrangement of cytoskeletal
      elements and organelles in an identified neuron in situ at the site of emergence
      of its growth cone just before and concurrent with the onset of axonogenesis. The
      Ti1 pioneer neurons are the first pair of afferent neurons to differentiate in
      embryonic grasshopper limbs. They arise at the distal tip of the limb bud
      epithelium, the daughter cells of a single precursor cell, the Pioneer Mother
      Cell (PMC). Using immunohistochemical markers, we characterized the organization
      of microtubules, centrosomes, Golgi apparatus, midbody, actin filaments, and
      chromatin from mitosis in the PMC through axonogenesis in the Tils. Just before
      and concurrent with the onset of axonogenesis, a characteristic arrangement of
      tubulin, actin filaments, and Golgi apparatus is localized at the proximal pole
      of the proximal pioneer neuron. The growth cone of the proximal cell
      stereotypically arises from this site. Although the distal cell's axon generally
      grows proximally, occasionally it arises from its distal pole; in such limbs, the
      axons from the sister cells extend from mirror symmetric locations on their
      somata. In the presence of cytochalasin D, the PMC undergoes nuclear division but
      not cytokinesis and although other neuronal phenotypes are expressed, axongenesis
      is inhibited. Our data suggest that intrinsic information determines the site of
      growth cone emergence of an identified neuron in situ.

PMID- 2654141
TI  - Centrin-mediated microtubule severing during flagellar excision in Chlamydomonas
      reinhardtii.
AB  - Chlamydomonas cells excise their flagella in response to a variety of
      experimental conditions (e.g., extremes of temperature or pH, alcohol or
      detergent treatment, and mechanical shear). Here, we show that flagellar excision
      is an active process whereby microtubules are severed at select sites within the
      transition zone. The transition zone is located between the flagellar axoneme and
      the basal body; it is characterized by a pair of central cylinders that have an H
      shape when viewed in longitudinal section. Both central cylinders are connected
      to the A tubule of each microtubule doublet of the transition zone by fibers
      (approximately 5 nm diam). When viewed in cross section, these fibers are seen to
      form a distinctive stellate pattern characteristic of the transition zone
      (Manton, I. 1964. J. R. Microsc. Soc. 82:279-285; Ringo. D. L. 1967. J. Cell
      Biol. 33:543-571). We demonstrate that at the time of flagellar excision these
      fibers contract and displace the microtubule doublets of the axoneme inward. We
      believe that the resulting shear force and torsional load act to sever the
      axonemal microtubules immediately distal to the central cylinder. Structural
      alterations of the transition zone during flagellar excision occur both in living
      cells and detergent-extracted cell models, and are dependent on the presence of
      calcium (greater than or equal to 10(-6) M). Immunolocalization using monoclonal
      antibodies against the calcium-binding protein centrin demonstrate the presence
      of centrin in the fiber-based stellate structure of the transition zone of wild
      type cells. Examination of the flagellar autotomy mutant, fa-1, which fails to
      excise its flagella (Lewin, R., and C. Burrascano. 1983. Experientia. 39:1397
      1398), demonstrates that the fa-1 lacks the ability to completely contract the
      fibers of the stellate structure. We conclude that flagellar excision in
      Chlamydomonas involves microtubule severing that is mediated by the action of
      calcium-sensitive contractile fibers of the transition zone. These observations
      have led us to question whether microtubule severing may be a more general
      phenomenon than previously suspected and to suggest that microtubule severing may
      contribute to the dynamic behavior of cytoplasmic microtubules in other cells.

PMID- 2654142
TI  - Involvement of LFA-1 in lymphoma invasion and metastasis demonstrated with LFA-1
      deficient mutants.
AB  - Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) is a leukocyte and lymphoma cell
      surface protein that promotes intercellular adhesion. We have previously shown
      that the invasion of hepatocyte cultures by lymphoma cells is inhibited by anti
      LFA-1 antibodies (Roos, E., and F. F. Roossien. 1987. J. Cell Biol. 105:553-559).
      In addition, we now report that LFA-1 is also involved in invasion of lymphoma
      cells into fibroblast monolayers. To investigate the role of LFA-1 in metastasis
      of these lymphoma cells, we have generated mutants that are deficient in LFA-1
      cell surface expression because of impaired synthesis of either the alpha or beta
      subunit precursor of LFA-1. We identified at least three distinct mutant clones.
      The invasive potential of the mutant cells in vitro, in both hepatocyte and
      fibroblast cultures, was considerably lower than that of parental cells. The
      metastatic potential of the mutants was much reduced, indicating that LFA-1
      expression is required for efficient metastasis formation by certain lymphoma
      cells.

PMID- 2654143
TI  - Centriole ciliation and cell cycle variability during G1 phase of BALB/c 3T3
      cells.
AB  - Although variability in the duration of the cell cycle is thought to reflect
      growth-regulatory processes that control cell cycle progression, the precise
      timing of the variable period within the G1 phase of the cell cycle has not been
      defined. In particular, the timing of cell cycle variability in relation to the
      cell's commitment (R point) to the initiation of DNA synthesis remains
      controversial. In order to investigate cell cycle variability, indirect
      immunofluorescence was used to measure the formation of the primary cilium as a
      possible marker of G1 events in both stimulated quiescent and exponentially
      growing cells. The primary cilium, an internal "9 + 0" nonmotile structure formed
      by one of the interphase centrioles, was first detected in postmitotic BALB/c 3T3
      cells 5 hr before the initiation of DNA synthesis, an interval similar to that
      for the reassembly of the primary cilium in serum-stimulated quiescent
      fibroblasts. This similarity in the timing of ciliation suggests that serum
      stimulated quiescent cells reenter the cell cycle in early G1 and recapitulate
      much of G1. Moreover, the rate of cilia formation in both postmitotic and serum
      stimulated quiescent cells was identical to the rate of DNA synthesis initiation.
      Thus, cell cycle variability occurs before ciliation in both stimulated quiescent
      and exponentially growing cells. Furthermore, since ciliation also precedes the R
      point, variability in the centriole cycle occurs before the R point and thus may
      reflect processes controlling the cell's commitment to the initiation of DNA
      synthesis.

PMID- 2654144
TI  - Analysis of the growth factor requirements for stimulation of WI-38 cells after
      extended periods of density-dependent growth arrest.
AB  - When cultures of WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts reach high cell densities, they
      cease to proliferate and enter a viable state of quiescence. WI-38 cells can
      remain in this quiescent state for long periods of time; however, the longer the
      cells remain growth arrested, the more time they require to leave G0, progress
      through G1, and enter S after stimulation with fresh serum. The experiments
      presented here compare the response of long-term quiescent WI-38 cells
      (stimulated 26 days after plating) and short-term quiescent WI-38 cells
      (stimulated 12 days after plating) to treatment with a variety of individual
      purified growth factors instead of whole serum. Our results show that the
      qualitative and quantitative growth factor requirements necessary to stimulate G1
      progression and entry into S were the same for both short- and long-term
      quiescent WI-38 cells, in that the same defined medium (supplemented with
      epidermal growth factor [EGF], recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1
      [IGF-1], and dexamethasone [DEX]) stimulated both populations of cells to
      proliferate with the same kinetics and to the same extent as serum. However, the
      long-term quiescent WI-38 cells were found to exhibit a difference in the time
      during which either serum or these individual growth factors were required to be
      present during the prereplicative period. We believe that this difference may be
      the cause of the prolongation of the prereplicative phase after stimulation of
      long-term density-arrested WI-38 cells.

PMID- 2654145
TI  - Regulation of epithelial cell proliferation by transforming growth factors.

PMID- 2654146
TI  - Mechanism-based isocoumarin inhibitors for serine proteases: use of active site
      structure and substrate specificity in inhibitor design.
AB  - Isocoumarins are potent mechanism-based heterocyclic irreversible inhibitors for
      a variety of serine proteases. Most serine proteases are inhibited by the general
      serine protease inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin, whereas isocoumarins
      containing hydrophobic 7-acylamino groups are potent inhibitors for human
      leukocyte elastase and those containing 7-alkylureidogroups are inhibitors for
      procine pancreatic elastase. Isocoumarins containing basic side chains that
      resemble arginine are potent inhibitors for trypsin-like enzymes. A number of 3
      alkoxy-4-chloro-7-guanidinoisocoumarins are potent inhibitors of bovine thrombin,
      human factor Xa, human factor XIa, human factor XIIa, human plasma kallikrein,
      porcine pancreatic kallikrein, and bovine trypsin. Another cathionic derivative,
      4-chloro-3-(2-isothiureidoethoxy) isocoumarin, is less reactive toward many of
      these enzymes but is an extremely potent inhibitor of human plasma kallikrein.
      Several guanidinoisocoumarins have been tested as anticoagulants in human plasma
      and are effective at prolonging the prothrombin time. The mechanism of inhibition
      by this class of heterocyclic inactivators involves formation of an acyl enzyme
      by reaction of the active site serine with the isocoumarin carbonyl group.
      Isocoumarins with 7-amino or 7-guanidino groups will then decompose further to
      quinone imine methide intermediates, which react further with an active site
      residue (probably His-57) to form stable inhibited enzyme derivatives.
      Isocoumarins should be useful in further investigations of the physiological
      function of serine proteases and may have future therapeutic utility for the
      treatment of emphysema and coagulation disorders.

PMID- 2654147
TI  - Proteolytic regulation of neurite outgrowth from neuroblastoma cells by thrombin
      and protease nexin-1.
AB  - This review summarizes studies on the reciprocal regulation of neuroblastoma
      neurite outgrowth by thrombin and protease nexin-1 (PN-1). PN-1 recently was
      shown to possess the same deduced amino acid sequence as the glial-derived
      neurite-promoting factor. The neurite outgrowth activity of PN-1 depends on its
      ability to inhibit thrombin. Thrombin not only blocks the neurite outgrowth
      activity of PN-1, but it also brings about neurite retraction in the presence of
      PN-1. Thrombin also produces neurite retraction in the absence of PN-1 and other
      regulatory factors. This suggests that its activity is due to a direct action on
      cells. The neurite retraction by thrombin depends on its proteolytic activity. It
      does not occur with the other serine proteases that have been tested, indicating
      that it is a specific effect and is not due to a general proteolytic effect that
      could detach neurites from the culture dish. Serum brings about neurite
      retraction in certain neuroblastoma cells and primary neuronal cultures; most of
      this activity is due to residual thrombin in the serum. Together, these results
      suggest that PN-1 and thrombin (or a thrombin-like protease) play a role in
      regulation of neurite outgrowth.

PMID- 2654148
TI  - Selective expression of mRNA encoding platelet-derived growth factor B chain
      following transfection of foreign genes into cell lines derived from baby hamster
      kidney.
AB  - The genes for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A and PDGF B chains are
      expressed in a variety of biological situations. Active PDGF consists of two
      distinct but homologous polypeptide chains, PDGF A and PDGF B, which are found as
      heterodimers or homodimers. We report a novel situation in which there is
      selective expression of mRNA encoding PDGF B in cell lines derived from baby
      hamster kidney (BHK) following transfection with various gene/cDNA constructs and
      following growth selection with methotrexate. The process of transfection itself,
      and not expression of the proteins encoded by the transfected genes/cDNAs
      (hormones, enzymes, and structural proteins), induces expression of PDGF B. No
      PDGF B mRNA is detectable in control cell lines. Low levels of mRNA encoding PDGF
      A are constitutively present and are not changed by transfection and or growth
      selection. PDGF-like activity is present in the medium whenever PDGF B mRNA is
      detected. The composition of the secreted PDGF dimer cannot be established from
      our data, but quantitative analysis of mRNA suggests that the PDGF is a B-B
      dimer. However, the data show that transcription of the PDGF A and PDGF B genes
      in BHK cells is regulated independently, similar to that reported for some human
      tumor cells. Furthermore, the selective expression of PDGF B in response to the
      introduction of foreign genes and to growth selection may be an important aspect
      of the reaction of these cells to nonoptimal growth conditions, allowing survival
      and growth of the cells that express PDGF B.

PMID- 2654149
TI  - Immunological study of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) distribution in the
      eye.
AB  - During the last ten years, several groups, including the present authors, have
      detected growth factor activities in various ocular tissues, and the presence of
      a ubiquitous Eye-Derived Growth Factor (EDGF) has been described. More recently,
      isolation and characterization of this growth factor activity from the retina led
      to the identification of two molecules. These molecules were shown to be
      identical to other growth factors isolated from neuronal and non-neuronal tissues
      and are now designated as acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF, bFGF).
      The biological function and the reason for the ubiquitous distribution of these
      factors remain unclear. Understanding may be improved by quantification of this
      distribution in various tissues during development. In the present study,
      specific polyclonal antibodies were raised against acidic FGF, aFGF was
      determined in various ocular tissues by enzyme immunoassay, and the localization
      of immunoreactive aFGF by immunohistological staining with fluorescent antibodies
      or with enzyme- or gold-labeled antibodies was studied. In almost all tissues
      tested aFGF was found; but the retina, cornea, and vitreous body contained the
      highest levels of aFGF per gram of tissue. In the retina, aFGF was associated
      primarily with the nerve fiber layer and the inner and outer segments of the
      photoreceptors, whereas corneal aFGF was detected in the cytoplasma of the basal
      layer of epithelial cells.

PMID- 2654150
TI  - Transforming growth factor beta: possible roles in the regulation of normal and
      leukemic hematopoietic cell growth.
AB  - We have recently demonstrated that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 and
      TGF-beta 2 are potent inhibitors of the growth and differentiation of murine and
      human hematopoietic cells. The proliferation of primary unfractionated murine
      bone marrow by interleukin-3 (IL-3) and human bone marrow by IL-3 or
      granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was inhibited by TGF
      beta 1 and TGF-beta 2, while the proliferation of murine bone marrow by GM-CSF or
      murine and human marrow with G-CSF was not inhibited. Mouse and human
      hematopoietic colony formation was differentially affected by TGF-beta 1. In
      particular, CFU-GM, CFU-GEMM, BFU-E, and HPP-CFC, the most immature colonies,
      were inhibited by TGF-beta 1, whereas the more differentiated unipotent CFU-G,
      CFU-M, and CFU-E were not affected. TGF-beta 1 inhibited IL-3-induced growth of
      murine leukemic cell lines within 24 h, after which the cells were still viable.
      Subsequent removal of the TGF-beta 1 results in the resumption of normal growth.
      TGF-beta 1 inhibited the growth of factor-dependent NFS-60 cells in a dose
      dependent manner in response to IL-3, GM-CSF, G-CSF, CSF-1, IL-4, or IL-6. TGF
      beta 1 inhibited the growth of a variety of murine and human myeloid leukemias,
      while erythroid and macrophage leukemias were insensitive. Lymphoid leukemias,
      whose normal cellular counterparts were markedly inhibited by TGF-beta, were also
      resistant to TGF-beta 1 inhibition. These leukemic cells have no detectable TGF
      beta 1 receptors on their cell surface. Last, TGF-beta 1 directly inhibited the
      growth of isolated Thy-1-positive progenitor cells. Thus, TGF-beta may be an
      important modulator of normal and leukemic hematopoietic cell growth.

PMID- 2654151
TI  - Evidence for two distinct conformations of the Escherichia coli mannitol permease
      that are important for its transport and phosphorylation functions.
AB  - Column chromatography of the Escherichia coli mannitol permease (mannitol
      specific enzyme II of the phosphotransferase system) in the presence of
      deoxycholate has revealed that the active permease can exist in at least two
      association states with apparent molecular weights consistent with a monomer and
      a dimer. The monomeric conformation is favored by the presence of mannitol and by
      the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphorylation of the protein. The dimer
      is stabilized by inorganic phosphate (Pi), which also stimulates phospho-exchange
      between mannitol and mannitol 1-phosphate (a partial reaction in the overall PEP
      dependent phosphorylation of mannitol). Kinetic analysis of the phospho-exchange
      reaction revealed that Pi stimulates phospho-exchange by increasing the Vmax of
      the reaction. A kinetic model for mannitol permease function is presented
      involving both conformations of the permease. The monomer (or a less-stable
      conformation of the dimer) is hypothesized to be involved in the initial mannitol
      binding and PEP-dependent phosphorylation steps, while the stably associated
      dimer is suggested to participate in later steps involving direct phosphotransfer
      between the permease, mannitol and mannitol 1-phosphate.

PMID- 2654152
TI  - Home care nursing: integration of politics and nursing.
AB  - Home care is an important player in the health care arena because of its
      desirability and potential for cost savings. Today, home care nurses are joining
      physicians, hospitals, and nursing homes at the table in policy discussions with
      government, business, insurers, and consumers. Home care nurses are speaking up
      and demanding a piece of the health care pie, on behalf of their patients. By
      virtue of their frontline position in the community, on the street, and in the
      patient's home, home care nurses are often the first to see unmet needs or
      identify inequities. They are taking these to the public, if needed, to effect
      the necessary change to ensure access, promote quality of care, and improve
      quality of life. They are also holding payers, such as government, accountable
      when promises to patients are broken. Home care nurses are doing what they have
      always done, doing what they have to do to find services for patients. Today that
      means becoming political.

PMID- 2654153
TI  - [Prevention of radiation injuries of the small intestine with pelvic exclusion by
      polyglactin 910 mesh. Contribution to gynecologic and digestive cancer surgery].
AB  - Used in 13 cases of advanced gynecological and gastrointestinal carcinoma, pelvic
      exclusion using a suspension of the small intestine above the pelvis using
      absorbable material. The low-level of morbidity, value in dosimetric estimation,
      perfect feasibility and low cost of this technique should lead to its more
      widespread use whilst strictly respecting its indications. Nuclear magnetic
      resonance has been found to be a particularity novel and valuable method of post
      operative investigation in visualisation and assessment of resorption of the
      polyglactine 910 trellis. Results in this series are analyzed at the end of a 5
      to 14 month follow-up period and compared with data from experimental and
      clinical studies in the recent world literature.

PMID- 2654154
TI  - [Current ideas in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis].
AB  - The aim of this study is a current review of multidisciplinary therapeutic
      concepts in severe acute pancreatitis, the following being envisaged in
      succession: --severity criteria and factors involved in surveillance, --medical
      methods of intensive therapy, --surgical treatment in terms of its indications
      and tactical implications. Remaining in overall control, the surgeon must pay
      careful attention to the techniques used, and results achieved, by the intensive
      care specialist. In the presence of concomitant lithiasis of the common bile
      duct, it is essential to request endoscopic sphincterotomy first. The surgeon
      must interpret with the radiologist CT scan films in order to be able to wait,
      whilst remaining alert at all times, for the appropriate moment for any possible
      surgery. The surgeon must above all avoid being too active too early.

PMID- 2654155
TI  - Detection of proteolytic enzymes in fractions after liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2654156
TI  - Gas chromatographic fatty acid determination to differentiate Nocardia
      asteroides, Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei.

PMID- 2654157
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for thymidylate synthase from the
      human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - A rapid and highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for
      thymidylate synthase activity is described. The assay is based on the separation
      of the substrate, deoxyuridylate (dUMP), and its product, deoxythymidylate
      (dTMP), on a LiChrosorb RP-8 reversed-phase column with 44 mM triethylammonium
      phosphate (pH 7.0) as mobile phase and a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. In addition,
      using a mu Bondapak C18 reversed-phase column with 10 mM potassium phosphate (pH
      4.0) and a gradient of 0-28% methanol, dUMP, dTMP and deoxythymidine (dTdR) are
      well separated within 30 min. The latter system is also applied to assay
      thymidine kinase activity with dTdR and dTMP as substrate and product,
      respectively. This method is sensitive enough to measure dTMP at concentrations
      as low as 25 pmol, and it was used to show that crude extracts of the human
      malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum contain thymidylate synthase but not
      thymidine kinase activity.

PMID- 2654158
TI  - Separation methods for the study of collagen and treatment of collagen disorders.
AB  - Liquid chromatographic and electrophoretic methods applicable to the separation
      of collagen and its fragments are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the
      separation of both stabile and labile crosslinking elements. Identification
      procedures exploiting the mapping of either collagen alpha-chains or of cyanogen
      bromide fragments are discussed. These methods can be used for diagnosing inborn
      errors of collagen metabolism using bioptic or necroptic samples. Analysis of
      urinary hydroxyproline-containing peptides or the determination of peptidically
      bound pyridinoline is suitable for measuring the intensity of collagen
      metabolism.

PMID- 2654159
TI  - Modern chromatographic procedures in systematic toxicological analysis.
AB  - The fact that the toxicologist in systematic toxicological analysis never knows
      what he is looking at but has to take into account a vast number of
      toxicologically relevant substances makes this field a very difficult, yet
      challenging task. Because of the strong qualitative emphasis gas and thin-layer
      chromatography are at present the techniques of choice, and can be used with
      other relevant techniques such as spray reactions on the plate, UV
      spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry. However, as a single chromatographic
      technique will never provide unequivocal identification, the techniques have to
      be used side by side, so that the final identification matches the results from
      all the techniques applied. This approach requires that the advantages and
      disadvantages of each technique be well-known so that a combination of techniques
      can be chosen that provides the optimum identification power. After the unknown
      substance(s) have been analysed by a number of techniques and their particular
      behaviour in these techniques has been established, these findings are then
      matched against a data bank containing the behaviour of reference substances.
      This data bank should be as large as possible. Moreover, the search process used
      with the data bank must take into account the identification power of each
      individual technique, otherwise a well balanced "yes-no" decision about the
      presence or absence of a given substance is impossible.

PMID- 2654160
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of morphine in biological
      samples: an overview of separation methods and detection techniques.
AB  - High-performance liquid chromatogrpahy with electrochemical detection at present
      suits most of the needs of toxicologists for the determination of morphine and
      some related compounds in biological samples, although fluorescence detection is
      still a useful alternative. Chemiluminescence detection may be promising, but
      needs further optimization of its coupling with HPLC to give the best
      performances. Morphine detection by absorbance spectrophotometry does not seem to
      allow the degree of sensitivity and selectivity from matrix interferences that is
      required in most instances. However, this approach is useful when morphine
      congeners undetectable by alternative means (i.e., heroin and morphine-3
      glucuronide) are to be determined or when a general toxicological screening is
      required.

PMID- 2654161
TI  - Chromatography beyond analytical chemistry.
AB  - Although chromatography is one of the most important branches of analytical
      chemistry, it also serves purposes that cannot strictly be considered as part of
      analytical chemistry: it may be a model of natural processes, a method for the
      study of surface properties of molecules, for the collection of data in
      quantitative structure-activity relationship studies and for preparative
      separations, a teaching aid and sometimes even a kind of visual art. Some
      speculations and proposals are summarized.

PMID- 2654162
TI  - Isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the study of eicosanoid
      metabolism in human blood platelets.
AB  - Stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry provides one of the
      most important techniques for the quantitative measurement of eicosanoids. This
      technique was applied to the quantitation of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids,
      hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin F2 alpha formed
      during platelet aggregation after stimulation of gel-filtered platelets with
      thrombin (0.25 U/ml) or collagen (2 micrograms/ml). Similar amounts of
      hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid and thromboxane B2 were found after platelet
      activation. The ratio of formation of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid to
      thromboxane B2 varied from donor to donor. Only small amounts of prostaglandin F2
      alpha (up to 200 pg per 2.0.10(8) platelets) and basic values of 15
      hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (up to 100 pg per 2.0.10(8) platelets) were measured
      using gas chromatography with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
      In addition, different stable isotope dilutions were prepared and are discussed
      in detail.

PMID- 2654163
TI  - Biomedical applications of liquid chromatography-electrochemistry.
AB  - Liquid chromatography-electrochemistry has proven to be a viable tool for solving
      a wide variety of practical analytical problems, primarily in biomedical
      research. Over 2000 papers have appeared and over 20 manufacturers participate in
      this area. In spite of these obvious measures of acceptance, there continues to
      be a general lack of understanding of how these systems work. This naturally
      stems from the unfamiliarity of chromatographers with electrochemistry and
      electrochemists with chromatography. Furthermore, there are aspects of both which
      are not yet understood in molecular detail by anyone. While there is more work to
      do to optimize the technique, liquid chromatography-electrochemistry clearly is
      very useful at its present state of development. This article presents an
      overview of the technology and more recently developed applications. Emphasis is
      placed on the chromatograph as a whole, dual-channel detectors, microdialysis
      sampling for in vivo determinations, derivatization and post-column reactions,
      and studies of xenobiotic metabolism.

PMID- 2654164
TI  - The role of chromatography and electrophoresis in biomedical sciences.
AB  - Various facets of the history of clinical chromatography are considered, with
      emphasis on their application to the present state of the art. The work of
      Goppelsroeder on capillary analysis is reviewed, followed by a discussion of C.E.
      Dent's work on aminoacidurias, Lato's thin-layer chromatographic studies of
      sugars in urine, Ian Bush's approach to automated chromatography, as well as the
      extensive possibilities of high-voltage electrophoresis shown by Clotten and
      Clotten. It is interesting that none of these methods has been applied
      extensively in diagnostic work. Capillary electrophoresis, which was developed by
      Hjerten in 1969, seems to have gained new interest recently. At present, although
      it seems obvious that chromatographic methods could solve numerous diagnostic
      problems, surprisingly little work is being done outside the larger hospital
      laboratories. Some of the reasons for this situation are discussed, as are the
      future prospects of the Biomedical Applications section of the Journal of
      Chromatography.

PMID- 2654165
TI  - Racemates versus enantiomerically pure drugs: putting high-performance liquid
      chromatography to work in the selection process.
AB  - In view of the current negative attitude towards pharmaceutical preparations
      containing two or more drug substances, it is not surprising that the
      stereoisomeric composition of drugs has become a key issue in their development,
      regulatory approval and marketing. As the requirements placed on the purity of
      drugs become more and more stringent, the question arises of whether a racemic
      mixture should be automatically considered as being 50% impure. The answer is
      complex and requires careful comparative evaluations of the activities,
      toxicities and pharmacokinetics of the two enantiomers. In addition to the risk
      benefit factors, the cost-benefit factors should also be carefully weighed in
      order to reach a decision which will guarantee drug safety. Excessive development
      costs and an unnecessary regulatory burden resulting from systematic demands for
      enantiomerically homogeneous drugs can be avoided with very potent drugs
      administered at low dosages and low-potency drugs for which the "inactive" isomer
      is not considerably more toxic than the active isomer. Regardless of the final
      decision taken, during the preclinical and clinical drug development it is
      important to have analytical methods suitable for conducting pertinent studies.
      This paper discusses the importance of stereochemistry in drug development and
      the role of high-performance liquid chromatography as a pre-eminent tool for
      analytical and preparative enantioselective separations.

PMID- 2654166
TI  - Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupling and its application in
      pharmaceutical research.
AB  - The advantages and technical problems related to the on-line connection of liquid
      chromatography and mass spectrometry are described, with special emphasis on
      applications in pharmaceutical chemistry. The most important characteristics of
      various interfaces, such as direct liquid introduction, Magic, continuous flow
      fast atom bombardment and thermospray, are discussed. Special applications to the
      study of thermally very labile compounds are considered.

PMID- 2654167
TI  - Manual and automated enrichment procedures for biological samples using
      lipophilic gels.
AB  - Aspects of the use of lipophilic gels in manual sample preparation procedures are
      reviewed. Neutral gels with a controlled hydrophobicity are used for sorbent
      extraction of non-polar and medium polarity compounds from biological fluids.
      Acidic amphiphilic compounds can be extracted as ion-pairs with
      decyltrimethylammonium ions. Solvent or detergent extracts of tissues or faeces
      can be mixed with hydrophobic gels for transfer of analytes from a solvent to a
      gel phase, permitting subsequent sample preparation in gel bed systems.
      Hydrophobic gels, alkyl-bonded silica and polystyrene matrices can be used in
      series for extraction of compounds with a wide range of polarities. Group
      fractionations are performed on neutral and ion-exchanging lipophilic gels to
      yield fractions of neutral, basic and acidic metabolites within selected polarity
      ranges. Selective isolation of phenolic acids on a strong anion exchanger, of
      ethynylic steroids on a strong cation exchanger in silver form and of oximes of
      ketonic steroids on a strong cation exchanger in hydrogen form is possible. A
      computerized system for automatic sample preparation is also described. It
      consists of an extraction bed, a cation-exchange column and an anion-exchange
      column. The pumps and switching valves are arranged so that the columns can
      operate in series or parallel for isolation of neutral, basic and acidic
      metabolites of amphiphilic compounds and for regeneration of the column beds.
      Fractions can be collected, or the effluent from the column beds can be diluted
      with water to permit sorption on a solid phase. The applicability of the
      automated method to the analysis of bile acids and metabolites of mono(2
      ethylhexyl) phthalate is demonstrated.

PMID- 2654168
TI  - The serology of delta hepatitis and the detection of IgM anti-HD by EIA using
      serum derived delta antigen.
AB  - A sensitive and specific capture assay for IgM antibody to hepatitis D virus
      (HDV) was developed employing serum-derived delta antigen (HDAg). In a
      retrospective and prospective study of an outbreak of hepatitis B (HB), 135
      hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive drug-abusers with acute hepatitis
      and 18 HBsAg carriers, attending various hospitals and clinics in Dublin, were
      found to be infected with HDV. Serological follow-up was available from 24 of
      those with acute hepatitis allowing a comparison of the duration and level of IgM
      anti-HD with the more commonly used markers, HDAg and anti-delta (anti-HD), and
      an assessment of the usefulness of each. HDV and HB serology was grossly altered
      by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in two patients, with severe clinical
      manifestation in one. All 135 patients with HDV co-infection had delta
      antigenaemia. In co-infections with optimum sampling times, the mean duration of
      delta antigenaemia was 21 days. IgM anti-HD was always found between HDAg and
      sero-conversion to anti-delta and was the only 'window' marker present in five
      cases. The mean duration of IgM anti-HD was four weeks (optimum at 2.8 weeks) and
      was of moderate or low titre and occurred simultaneously with HDAg in 78%. In HDV
      infected HBsAg carriers, high-titre IgM anti-HD (greater than 1/10,000) persisted
      for the duration of the study and is a useful indicator of chronic HDV infection.
      IgM anti-HD was not found in 202 random blood donors nor in 205 patients with non
      B hepatitis or other disorders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654169
TI  - Nonradioactive, photobiotin-labelled DNA probes for routine diagnosis of viroids
      in plant extracts.
AB  - Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBV), coconut cadang cadang viroid (CCCV),
      chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSV) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) were
      detected in plant extracts by dot-blot hybridization using nonradioactive
      photobiotin-labelled nucleic acid probes. Recombinant DNA probes, containing full
      length monomer viroid inserts in the plasmid vectors pSP64 or pUC9, were
      biotinylated with photobiotin and used as sonicated double-stranded DNA
      fragments. Using fresh leaf material, a general method (suitably modified for
      avocado tissue) was developed for the rapid preparation of purified nucleic acid
      extracts. Plant extracts from a range of field samples were spotted onto
      nitrocellulose, subjected to hybridization and the biotin-labelled DNA bound to
      the target nucleic acid was detected with an avidin-alkaline phosphatase
      conjugate. Under the stated hybridization and washing conditions, each individual
      viroid probe was specific. Each viroid was readily detected with a sensitivity
      similar to that obtained with the same (or a like) probe labelled with 32P.
      Healthy plant extracts gave colourless spots.

PMID- 2654170
TI  - Insulin and glucagon secretion are suppressed equally during both hyper- and
      euglycemia by moderate hyperinsulinemia in patients with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Hyper- and euglycemic clamp studies were performed in patients with noninsulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus to examine the effects of exogenous insulin
      administration on insulin and glucagon secretion. Plasma glucose was kept at the
      fasting level [mean, 10.0 +/- 0.2 (+/- SE) mmol/L; hyperglycemic clamp], and
      graded doses of insulin (1, 3, and 10 mU/kg.min, each for 50 min) were infused.
      The plasma C-peptide level gradually decreased from 523 +/- 66 to 291 +/- 43
      pmol/L (n = 13; P less than 0.005) by the end of the hyperglycemic clamp study.
      After 90 min of equilibration with euglycemia (5.4 +/- 0.1 mmol/L; euglycemic
      clamp), the same insulin infusion protocol caused a similar decrease in the
      plasma C-peptide level. With the same glucose clamp protocol, physiological
      hyperinsulinemia for 150 min (676 +/- 40 pmol/L), obtained by the infusion of 2
      mU/kg.min insulin, caused suppression of the plasma C-peptide level from 536 +/-
      119 to 273 +/- 65 pmol/L during hyperglycemia and from 268 +/- 41 to 151 +/- 23
      pmol/L during euglycemia (n = 9; P less than 0.005 in each clamp). Plasma
      glucagon was suppressed to a similar degree in both glycemic states. These
      results demonstrate that 1) insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus is suppressed by high physiological doses of exogenous insulin in both
      the hyper- and euglycemic states, the degree of inhibition being independent of
      the plasma glucose level; and 2) glucagon secretion is also inhibited by such
      doses of exogenous insulin.

PMID- 2654171
TI  - The administration of pharmacological doses of testosterone or 19-nortestosterone
      to normal men is not associated with increased insulin secretion or impaired
      glucose tolerance.
AB  - Excess androgen secretion and exogenous androgen administration may decrease
      insulin sensitivity and impair glucose tolerance. We examined the responses to an
      oral glucose tolerance test in 30 normal men before and after 6 weekly injections
      of androgen administered in a double-blinded study design. The men were randomly
      assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: testosterone enanthate (TE), 100 or 300
      mg/week, or 19-nortestosterone decanoate (ND), 100 or 300 mg/week. Serum
      testosterone levels, measured 2-3 days after the last dose, did not change in the
      men given 100 mg TE/week, increased 3-fold in those given 300 mg TE/week, and
      decreased in both ND groups. All four groups had comparable reductions in serum
      LH levels. Weight increased significantly in all except the 100 mg TE/week group,
      but there was no change in waist to hip ratio in any group. In spite of the
      demonstrated biological effects of the doses of steroid administered, androgen
      administration for 6 weeks did not increase fasting serum glucose or insulin
      concentrations. There was also no increase in peak serum insulin levels and areas
      under the insulin and glucose response curves after a 100-g oral glucose load.
      However, the mean serum insulin area under the curve decreased significantly in
      the men given 300 mg ND/week. In contrast to the results of studies of 17
      alkylated androgens, our results demonstrate that pharmacological doses of
      testosterone and the administration of 19-nortestosterone for 6 weeks do not
      impair glucose tolerance or alter insulin secretion in normal men.

PMID- 2654172
TI  - Proliferation of highly purified T cells in response to signaling via surface
      receptors requires cell-cell contact.
AB  - Lymphocyte proliferation is associated with cell-cell aggregation. In order to
      assess the importance of cell-cell contact in T-cell proliferation we examined
      the effect of disruption of cellular aggregation by anti LFA-1(4) mAb on T-cell
      proliferation. Monocyte-dependent T-cell proliferation induced by anti-CD3 mAb,
      pairs of anti-CD2 mAbs, or PHA was inhibited by anti-LFA-1 mAb. Monocyte
      independent proliferation of highly purified T cells to anti-CD3 mAb plus PMA or
      plus IL-2 and to PHA plus IL-2 was, surprisingly, also inhibited by anti-LFA-1
      mAb. Anti-LFA-1 mAb caused the partial inhibition of both low-affinity and high
      affinity IL-2 receptor and the complete inhibition of IL-2 synthesis. In contrast
      to the above, the proliferation of highly purified T cells to PMA plus ionomycin
      was not inhibited by anti-LFA-1 mAb. These results suggest that optimal
      activation of highly purified T cells via cell surface receptors requires LFA-1
      dependent cell-to-cell contact between proliferating T cells as well as between T
      cells and accessory cells. Such contact appears to be crucial for initiating IL-2
      production and for optimal action of IL-2 through its receptor.

PMID- 2654174
TI  - Heterotopic pregnancy after IVF-ET: report of a case and a review of the
      literature.
AB  - A case of heterotopic, intrauterine and tubal ectopic pregnancy is reported,
      following in-vitro fertilization and transfer of four 4-cell embryos. The
      literature on the subject is reviewed and the possible aetiological factors, as
      well as the clinical essentials for early pre-operative diagnosis are discussed.

PMID- 2654175
TI  - On the utility of statistical modelling in reproductive studies.
AB  - The usefulness of mathematical modelling is discussed, with reference to a beta
      binomial model which is used to describe both the implantation and birth
      statistics after assisted procreation. The relatively heavy computing effort
      required is emphasized, and contrasted with the rather simpler calculations
      associated with traditional statistical methods. The advantages of deriving a
      concise description of the data with a few important, and easily interpretable,
      parameters are also discussed. Numerical data provided by an IVF clinic are used
      to illustrate the mathematical procedures and to provide an assessment of the
      success of the modelling exercise.

PMID- 2654173
TI  - Regulation of IgE synthesis in humans.

PMID- 2654176
TI  - Protein and enzyme electrophoresis profiles of selected Candida species.
AB  - The cellular protein profiles and malate dehydrogenases, superoxide dismutases,
      alkaline phosphatases, and esterases from whole cell extracts of Candida spp.
      were studied with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We investigated isolates
      that differed in their ability to assimilate sucrose as the sole carbon source.
      The protein and enzyme patterns of Candida tropicalis and its sucrose-negative
      variant "Candida paratropicalis Baker, Salkin, Pincus et D'Amato" were
      indistinguishable. Although the cellular protein and superoxide dismutase
      patterns of Candida albicans and its sucrose-negative variant "Candida
      stellatoidea" were quite similar, differences were noted in the profiles of the
      other enzymes studied. In addition, the C. stellatoidea isolates were found to be
      separable, on the basis of their enzyme profiles, into the same two types that
      have been reported by Kwon-Chung et al. (K.J. Kwon-Chung, B.L. Wickes, and W.G.
      Merz, Infect. Immun. 56:1814-1819, 1988).

PMID- 2654178
TI  - Effect of agitation and terminal subcultures on yield and speed of detection of
      the Oxoid Signal blood culture system versus the BACTEC radiometric system.
AB  - In an initial evaluation, we found the Oxoid Signal blood culture system inferior
      to the BACTEC radiometric system for detection of some microorganisms causing
      septicemia (M. P. Weinstein, S. Mirrett, and L. B. Reller, J. Clin. Microbiol.
      26:962-964, 1988). To determine whether modified processing of the Oxoid Signal
      blood culture system could improve its yield and speed of detecting positive
      cultures relative to the BACTEC radiometric system, we agitated all Oxoid bottles
      during the first 24 to 48 h of incubation and performed aerobic and anaerobic
      subcultures of all Oxoid bottles negative after 7 days of incubation. These
      modifications improved the overall performance of the Oxoid system, particularly
      with regard to the yield of streptococci, members of the family
      Enterobacteriaceae, and Haemophilus, Neisseria, and Acinetobacter spp. The speed
      of detecting positive cultures also was improved, especially within the first 24
      h of incubation. However, the BACTEC system still detected more positive cultures
      (P less than 0.005), especially of obligate aerobes such as Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa (P less than 0.05) and yeasts (P less than 0.005). The BACTEC system
      also detected positive cultures earlier than the Oxoid system (e.g., at 24 h of
      incubation, 70.5% of BACTEC positive cultures detected versus 62.1% of Oxoid
      positive cultures detected). Further modifications of the Oxoid system which
      might include a revised medium, additional processing modifications, altered
      headspace atmosphere, or a complementary second broth medium should be
      considered, since the system is attractive in concept and is easy to use in the
      clinical laboratory.

PMID- 2654177
TI  - T-lymphocyte clones responsive to Shigella flexneri.
AB  - T lymphocytes from a patient with Shigella flexneri dysentery and postdysenteric
      reactive arthritis were cloned by limiting dilution with recombinant interleukin
      2 and a strain of S. flexneri different from that which had infected her. Five of
      eight clones produced proliferated in response to the shigellae used to generate
      the clones. The response required irradiated syngeneic blood mononuclear cells as
      antigen-presenting cells. One such clone, MC12, proliferated in response to both
      the shigellae used to generate the clones and the infecting shigellae but not to
      other shigellae, Salmonella heidelberg, or control Escherichia coli. MC12 was
      CD3+, CD4+, CD8-, and human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR+. The
      proliferative response to the shigellae was blocked by antibody to HLA-DR but not
      by antibody to HLA-A,B,C. The response required antigen-presenting cells that
      shared HLA-DR antigens with the clone and appeared to be restricted by HLA-DR2.
      The epitope recognized by MC12 was associated with the bacterial membranes. Thus,
      T-lymphocyte clones that proliferate in response to some shigellae can be
      isolated from patients with shigellosis.

PMID- 2654179
TI  - Characterization of instrumentation and calibrators for quantitative
      microfluorometry for immunofluorescence tests.
AB  - The current method for measuring reagents for immunofluorescence microscopy
      involves a subjective evaluation of the endpoint (titer) with a negative or
      positive (1+ to 4+) scale. Variability is due to the biological constituents of
      the reagent, the observer, and the instrumentation. To have reliable methods for
      evaluation of performance of these products, we are developing a quantitative
      method that uses photometric measurements of microscopically observed
      epifluorescence of slide preparations. A computer-controlled microscope
      photometer converts the light intensity into a voltage measurement. Our goal is
      to replace the subjective endpoint determination with an objective, quantitative
      method. The instrumentation and its operating characteristics are presented in
      this paper. Selected commercially available fluorescent materials were evaluated
      as calibrators for the instrumentation. These materials showed consistency in
      measurement and thus demonstrated their suitability for various levels of
      calibration. It is possible that they will prove useful as a reference standard
      for interlaboratory comparisons.

PMID- 2654180
TI  - Diagnosis of influenza A virus infections by detection of specific
      immunoglobulins M, A, and G in serum.
AB  - The value of immunoglobulin M (IgM) detection in the early diagnosis of influenza
      A was examined in a prospective study during an outbreak of influenza
      A/Philippines/2/82 (H3N2) virus infection in February and March 1986. The IgM
      response was investigated in sera from 64 adults with influenzalike symptoms; we
      found a fourfold rise in titer or high titers (greater than or equal to 80) of
      influenza A virus antibodies by the complement fixation test. The IgM response,
      analyzed by the hemadsorption immunosorbent technique, was compared with the IgG
      and IgA responses analyzed by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and
      the hemadsorption immunosorbent technique, respectively. Antigen detection in
      nasopharyngeal secretions by immunofluorescence was performed for all patients on
      admission to hospital. Specific IgM was detected in 86% (55 of 64) of the
      patients with influenza A. In sera from 36% (18 of 64) of the patients it was
      detected already on admission. Influenza A virus antigen was detected in
      nasopharyngeal cells by immunofluorescence on admission in 53% (34 of 64) of the
      patients. A combination of immunofluorescence and IgM results gave a
      significantly higher diagnostic rate, 69% (P less than 0.01), on admission than
      did each of the two tests separately. An IgA serum antibody response was seen in
      76% (48 of 64) of the cases but did not contribute to any increase in the
      diagnostic rate. IgM detection by the hemadsorption immunosorbent technique was
      found to be a valuable supplement for the diagnosis of influenza A in an early
      phase of the disease.

PMID- 2654181
TI  - Comparative field evaluation of the fluorescent-antibody test, virus isolation
      from tissue culture, and enzyme immunodiagnosis for rapid laboratory diagnosis of
      rabies.
AB  - The rabies tissue culture infection test (RTCIT) and rapid rabies enzyme
      immunodiagnosis (RREID) were compared to the fluorescent-antibody test (FAT) with
      field specimens. At the French National Reference Center for Rabies, 15,248
      specimens were analyzed by FAT and RTCIT, and 2,290 of those specimens were also
      tested by RREID; 818 other specimens were tested by FAT and RREID in 12
      laboratories located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The sensitivities and
      specificities of RREID and RTCIT were comparable. This study showed that both
      tests can be used as backup procedures to confirm FAT. RREID is also strongly
      recommended for epidemiological studies and for laboratories which are not
      equipped for performing FAT.

PMID- 2654183
TI  - Taxonomic investigation of Legionella pneumophila using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies was used to produce patterns of
      immunofluorescent staining of 468 isolates of Legionella pneumophila. Twelve
      monoclonal antibodies were selected that divided L. pneumophila into 17 phenons
      which, in the majority of cases, conform to serogroup divisions. These phenons
      are more easily defined than the present serogroups, and isolates can be placed
      in them with little ambiguity. The standardized set of monoclonal antibodies was
      also used to define the subgroups of serogroup 1.

PMID- 2654182
TI  - Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G and four
      immunoassays for immunoglobulin M to Toxoplasma gondii in a series of heart
      transplant recipients.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii infections in heart transplant recipients were monitored by
      indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G (ELISA-IgG),
      indirect ELISA-IgM in serum IgM fractions, antibody capture ELISA-IgM, IgM
      immunosorbent agglutination assay (ISAGA), and IgM immunoblotting. Basic
      immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine and low-dose steroids. Before
      transplantation, 26 of 43 recipients showed serological evidence of infection. In
      serum samples from 15 (35%) recipients, specific antibodies were not detected.
      Approximately 50% of the heart donors, were toxoplasma seropositive. Eight of the
      fifteen seronegative recipients received hearts from toxoplasma-seropositive
      donors. In four of the eight recipients, seroconversion could be demonstrated
      with all tests used. In three of these four patients, clinical disease developed.
      One patient with strong serological evidence of toxoplasmosis died, but
      toxoplasma parasites and antigens were not detected at autopsy. In two patients,
      toxoplasma cysts were found in cardiac biopsies. Seroconversion was not prevented
      by the use of spiramycin prophylaxis in two recipients. Reactivations of latent
      infections or reinfections were detected by indirect ELISA in six (23%)
      seropositive recipients, but symptoms and signs of active T. gondii infection
      were not seen. Seroconversion and reactivation of infection were readily found by
      a combined use of indirect ELISA-IgG and ELISA-IgM and antibody capture ELISA
      IgM. Discrepancies in results could be examined by immunoblotting. IgM-ISAGA
      retained stable positive values longer than IgM-ELISAs did. Cyclosporine
      treatment did not hamper detection of seroconversion but could cause antibody
      levels to remain relatively low in primary infections. Seronegative recipients
      should receive antitoxoplasma treatment on seroconversion.

PMID- 2654184
TI  - Characterization of virulence marker antigen of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Antisera produced in rabbits immunized with an enteroinvasive O143 strain of
      Escherichia coli were absorbed with an avirulent derivative of the same strain.
      The resulting sera have been previously shown to recognize enteroinvasive
      pathogens when used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the current
      study, Western blots (immunoblots) showed that such an absorbed rabbit antiserum
      recognized two proteins (IpaB and IpaC) which are encoded by a large, virulence
      associated plasmid. These proteins are the apparent constituents of the virulence
      marker antigen which is expressed by shigellae and enteroinvasive E. coli.

PMID- 2654185
TI  - Use of high-speed rolling to detect respiratory syncytial virus in cell culture.
AB  - We examined the effect of motion on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) growth in
      cell culture. Infected cultures were incubated stationary, rolling, or on an
      orbital shaker. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) results for cultures infected with high
      concentrations of a laboratory strain of RSV were similar for all incubation
      conditions. However, cultures infected with low concentrations of virus and
      rolled at 96 rpm had a significantly greater mean EIA optical density (1.78 +/-
      0.22) than cultures rolled at 2 rpm (1.42 +/- 0.08) (P less than 0.05). The mean
      EIA optical density of high-speed-rolled cultures was also significantly greater
      than for cultures on an orbital shaker (1.25 +/- 0.08) or for stationary cultures
      (0.21 +/- 0.17) (P less than 0.01). The amount of virus measured by EIA from
      cultures infected with clinical specimens was also found to be significantly
      greater at 96 rpm than for stationary cultures. Cultures infected with cell
      culture isolates were detected significantly earlier at 96 rpm than when
      stationary. We suggest that high-speed-rolling can be used to enhance the
      detection of RSV in clinical specimens, especially if the virus is present in low
      concentrations.

PMID- 2654186
TI  - Highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay of human interferon-beta 1.
AB  - A highly sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay for human interferon-beta 1 (HuIFN
      beta 1) was developed. HuIFN-beta 1-containing samples and horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP)-labeled mouse anti-HuIFN-beta 1 monoclonal antibody (Fab') were incubated
      overnight at 2-10 degrees C in the wells of a 96-well microtiter plate, onto
      which affinity-purified rabbit anti-HuIFN-beta 1 polyclonal antibody was coated.
      The EIA was able to detect 0.5 IU/ml of HuIFN-beta 1, thus showing higher
      sensitivity than bioassay. The values obtained by the EIA closely paralleled
      those obtained by bioassay in the concentration which bioassay can detect. In
      order to detect the concentration below 0.5 IU/ml of HuIFN-beta 1, the
      avidin/biotin-amplified EIA was also developed. The use of biotinylated mouse
      anti-HuIFN-beta 1 monoclonal antibody (F(ab')2) and HRP-avidin in the EIA made it
      possible to detect 0.1 IU/ml of HuIFN-beta 1. These EIAs were applied for the
      studies such as process control of HuIFN-beta 1 production, pharmacokinetics of
      HuIFN-beta 1, and determination of serum level of HuIFN-beta 1 in healthy
      subjects.

PMID- 2654187
TI  - An enzyme immunoassay for human lymphotoxin.
AB  - A highly sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for human lymphotoxin
      (hLT) has been developed. The assay is based upon a sandwich system employing two
      kinds of anti-hLT antibodies with neutralizing activity. One of them was mouse
      monoclonal antibody raised against Escherichia coli-derived recombinant hLT with
      a deletion of 20 amino-terminal amino acids and used as labelled antibody. The
      other was rabbit antibody raised against the carboxyl-terminal portion of hLT and
      used as solid-phase antibody. The EIA employing such a combination was able to
      detect less than 50 pg/ml of hLT, showing that this method was approximately 5-10
      times higher sensitivity than the conventional bioassay employing L929 cell
      lysis. The mean recovery of hLT added to serum specimens was 101% and the
      coefficients of variation were 3.3-7.8% (intra-assay) and 2.9-17.2% (interassay).
      There was a good correlation between the present EIA and the bioassay (r = 0.93).

PMID- 2654188
TI  - A mutational theory of leukaemogenesis.

PMID- 2654189
TI  - Massive haemorrhagic necrosis of the liver after liver transplantation.
AB  - Six of the first 85 patients who received the first 100 liver transplantations
      carried out in Birmingham developed a syndrome of fulminant liver failure with
      distinctive clinical and pathological features. The typical clinical presentation
      was of an uneventual initial postoperative period, followed by a sudden
      deterioration in graft function, progressing rapidly to graft failure. All six
      patients died. The characteristic pathological changes were those of massive
      haemorrhage and hepatocyte necrosis with only mild inflammation and without
      occlusive lesions in large arteries or veins. These distinctive features differed
      from other recognised patterns of graft damage and seemed to comprise a specific
      post-transplant syndrome. The pathogenesis was not clear and in the absence of
      any definite aetiology it is suggested that the term "massive haemorrhagic
      necrosis" be used to describe these cases. Additional findings seen in five of
      the six cases were venoocclusive lesions (n = 4) and a combination of ductopenia
      and foam cell arteriopathy (n = 2). The presence of these associated lesions
      suggests that there may be an overlap with other types of graft damage.

PMID- 2654191
TI  - KP1: a new monoclonal antibody that detects a monocyte/macrophage associated
      antigen in routinely processed tissue sections.
AB  - A new monoclonal antibody, KP1, raised against a lysosomal fraction of human lung
      macrophages, recognises a fixation-resistant epitope in a wide variety of tissue
      macrophages (such as Kupffer cells germinal centre, splenic, and lamina propria
      macrophages), and in granulocyte precursors. Its broad reactivity with cells of
      the mononuclear phagocytic lineage was established by testing on routinely
      processed samples of normal and reactive lymphoid tissues. Interdigitating
      reticulum cells were unstained or showed limited cytoplasmic staining while
      Langerhans' cells and follicular dendritic reticulum cells were unreactive. KP1
      recognises a molecule of about 110 kilodaltons in macrophage-rich human tissue
      when tested by either immunoprecipitation or Western blotting (although the
      latter procedure also shows two additional components with molecular weights of
      70 and 40 kilodaltons). KP1 should be of considerable value for studying
      disorders of the monocyte/macrophage system, including both reactive and
      neoplastic states (such as true histiocytic proliferations).

PMID- 2654190
TI  - Peripheral T cell lymphoma: value of bone marrow trephine immunophenotyping.
AB  - Bone marrow infiltrates taken from 11 patients with peripheral T cell lymphoma
      were immunophenotyped as T cell lymphoma using monoclonal antibodies on frozen
      bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens. In nine these were taken at diagnosis and
      in two after failure of treatment to eradicate lymphoma in the marrow. Patterns
      of infiltration were as follows: diffuse (n = 4), interstitial (n = 1), nodular
      (n = 1), focal (n = 5). All cases were CD3 positive and 10 were CD2 positive;
      five lacked expression of either CD5 or CD7, or both markers. In nine the
      determination of T cell phenotype depended on analysis of the frozen bone marrow
      trephine biopsy specimen as there was no other biopsy tissue available for study.
      In the other two cases there was agreement between the immunophenotypes seen in
      lymph node and bone marrow infiltrates.

PMID- 2654192
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies for detecting bone marrow invasion by neuroblastoma.
AB  - One hundred and sixty six bone marrow aspirates from children with abdominal
      neuroblastoma were independently examined for the presence of neuroblastoma cells
      by conventional haematological staining techniques and by indirect
      immunofluorescence using one or more of five monoclonal antibodies. Results using
      the two methods were evaluated by comparison with the results of bone marrow,
      bone and lymph node biopsy specimens taken at the same time, and in the light of
      the child's clinical course. One antibody, UJ13A, was found to have 98.5%
      specificity and 85.7% sensitivity, compared with sensitivities for conventional
      staining of 50% for aspirate alone and of aspirate or trephine biopsy specimen of
      71.4%. The remaining antibodies UJ127/11, UJ223/8, UJ181/4 and UJ167/11, with
      specificities in the range 94-99%, were found to have sensitivities in the range
      47-61%, lower than the sensitivity of conventionally stained aspirate or trephine
      biopsy specimen. Routine immunofluorescence staining with monoclonal antibody
      UJ13A should increase the sensitivity of detection of metastatic neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2654193
TI  - Assessment of rapid method for identifying Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2654194
TI  - Dipstick urinalysis for bacteriuria.

PMID- 2654195
TI  - Hormonal influences on gingival tissue: relationship to periodontal disease.
AB  - It is the purpose of this review to survey the influence of corticosteroids,
      androgens, oestrogens and progesterone on gingival tissues and to show the
      relationship of such influences to periodontal disease. The clinical changes seen
      in plaque-induced gingivitis are accentuated by circulating levels of the above
      hormones via mechanisms such as partial immune suppression, increased fluid
      exudation, stimulation of bone resorption and stimulation of fibroblast synthetic
      activity. High counts of Bacteroides intermedius have been observed in users of
      oral contraceptives and also in the second trimester of pregnancy, in the absence
      of overt gingival inflammation. This is due to competition for binding between
      progesterone and naphthaquinone, which have a structural similarity; and the
      latter is an essential nutrient for the microbe. Hence high counts of Bacteroides
      intermedius may be a more sensitive indicator of an altered systemic hormonal
      condition than the usual clinical parameters. The main hormonal effect
      accentuates false pocketing, rather than initiating a change in attachment
      levels, except in cases of progressive periodontal disease associated with plaque
      induced inflammation and bone loss.

PMID- 2654196
TI  - Color conversion of alveolar bone density changes in digital subtraction images.
AB  - This study evaluated the influence of image processing of digital subtraction
      images on inter- and intra-examiner agreement relative to the detection of
      alveolar bone change on radiographs. 62 sites on digital subtraction images from
      standardized radiographs from patients requiring periodontal surgery were
      included in this study. The images were displayed as digital subtraction images,
      contrast enhanced subtraction images and as color-converted digital subtraction
      images. The images were projected in random order, analyzed by 4 interpreters and
      1 of 8 possible diagnostic decisions was noted for each one of 62 sites. 2 months
      after the first evaluation, the slides were re-analyzed. 3 different computations
      (overall agreement, specific agreement and kappa-value) were calculated. The
      results indicated that image processing of subtraction images using pseudocolor
      display of the density changes might improve the intra- and inter-examiner
      agreement.

PMID- 2654197
TI  - Probing depth at re-evaluation following initial periodontal therapy to indicate
      the initial response to treatment.
AB  - 9 adult subjects with severe periodontitis were monitored following oral hygiene
      instruction and a single episode of crown and root debridement. Baseline
      recordings for probing attachment level were obtained both immediately pre
      instrumentation and immediately post-instrumentation. Sites with gain, no change
      or loss of probing attachment level at 3 and 12 months compared to both pre- and
      post-instrumentation were identified. The classification was based upon the use
      of triplicate recordings at each time point, a site-specific standard deviation
      for measurement variability, and the requirement of a minimum of 1.0 mm change.
      The relative frequencies of gain, no change, and loss of probing attachment were
      then calculated for sites of various residual probing depths at 3 and 12 months.
      This was performed to evaluate if a given probing depth at re-evaluation, e.g.,
      7.0-7.5 mm, could be used as an indicator of the need for supplementary treatment
      following the initial therapy, based upon the observed probing attachment changes
      compared to baseline. As an example of the results of the present study, 60% of
      sites with residual probing depths of 7.0-7.5 mm showed probing attachment gain
      greater than or equal to 1.0 mm compared to the post-instrumentation baseline,
      and only 2% had undergone probing attachment loss greater than or equal to 1.0
      mm. The overall results suggest that a relatively deep residual probing depth at
      re-evaluation following initial therapy, by itself, provides little evidence of
      lack of improvement compared to baseline. On this basis, the use of a specific
      probing depth at 3 or 12 months following treatment as a yardstick for the
      provision of supplementary treatment may not be justified.

PMID- 2654198
TI  - The effect of sequential sampling on crevicular fluid volume and enzyme activity.
AB  - Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume and constituents in static samples were
      compared to volume and constituents in subsequent GCF samples collected during a
      60-min interval. Using deep intracrevicular placement of precut filter paper
      strips, GCF was collected from interproximal and facial sites from patients with
      gingivitis (N = 14; 28 interproximal sites, 28 facial sites) and chronic adult
      periodontitis (N = 11; 26 interproximal sites, 18 facial sites). The strips were
      inserted for 30 s at 0, 4, 8, 30 and 60 min. The amount of fluid on each strip
      was determined and microspectrophotometric techniques were used to assess
      cytoplasmic and lysosomal enzyme activity. Within each group of sites, mean GCF
      volume showed minimal fluctuation with repeated sampling. In contrast, the static
      GCF sample contained the greatest amount of total enzyme activity, and
      differences were detected between groups. The interproximal sites and the
      gingivitis-facial sites displayed a similar pattern of change in total enzyme
      activity during the test period. The highest total enzyme activity was observed
      in the first sample and decreased at 4 and 8 minutes. At 30 and 60 min, the
      amount of enzyme either remained at the level detected at 8 min, or displayed a
      mild tendency to recover towards baseline. A different pattern of total enzyme
      activity was observed for the periodontitis-facial sites, where a significant
      decrease was first observed at 30 min. Enzyme concentration was higher in the
      facial sites than the interproximal sites, and enzyme concentration was generally
      highest in the static samples. The concentration data, however, is difficult to
      interpret since a number of sites demonstrated a converted GCF volume of 0
      microliter. Our data suggests that total enzyme activity and enzyme concentration
      are generally greater in the static GCF samples compared to subsequent
      samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654199
TI  - Hemodynamic and endocrine effects of acute and chronic administration of
      nifedipine.
AB  - Although it is well known that calcium channel blockers can influence contraction
      of vascular smooth muscle, there is less knowledge on its effect on excitation
      contraction coupling in the endocrine glands and more specifically on insulin and
      glucagon release. In this study, nifedipine was administered in doses of 40 to 80
      mg/day to 14 patients with essential hypertension, and its hemodynamic effects
      were evaluated by non-invasive methods, and its effect on glucose metabolism by
      an arginine infusion test. Nifedipine produced a significant reduction in
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both after the first dose (30/12 mm Hg)
      and after 8 weeks of administration (19/12 mm Hg). There were no significant
      changes in cardiac output (5.1 to 4.9 L/min), muscle (2.4 to 3.2 mL/sec/min) or
      cutaneous basal flow (9.8 to 8.6 mL/100 mL) as measured non-invasively by
      echocardiogram and by plethysmography. Insulin and glucagon release were
      evaluated by the arginine infusion test. Nifedipine produced a tendency towards
      an increase in glucagon release and a reduction in insulin release although these
      changes did not reach statistical significance. In this group of patients,
      nifedipine produced a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic pressure,
      but no significant changes in insulin or glucagon plasma levels.

PMID- 2654200
TI  - Antiarrhythmic efficacy of desipramine.
AB  - The effect of desipramine on chronic ventricular ectopic depolarizations (VEDs)
      was studied in 10 patients with at least 30 VEDs per hour. A single-blind,
      placebo-controlled, dose-ranging protocol was followed. Efficacy was defined as a
      decrease in VED frequency of at least 75%, base on three 24 hour ambulatory ECGs
      obtained on each dose. Among seven patients with analyzable data, one responded
      to 75 mg daily, and three others responded to 150 mg daily. Six of the seven
      patients demonstrated decreases in VED frequency with increases in desipramine
      serum concentration. Among five patients with episodes of nonsustained
      ventricular tachycardia, desipramine completely abolished the episodes in two,
      and reduced the frequency of episodes by at least 90% in two others. Adverse
      reactions were common, and necessitated drug discontinuation or dose reduction in
      five patients. Desipramine has an antiarrhythmic effect in patients with chronic
      ventricular ectopy, but its clinical utility is limited by adverse effects.

PMID- 2654201
TI  - Development of a computer-based instructional system in pharmacokinetics:
      efficacy in clinical pharmacology teaching for senior medical students.
AB  - The teaching of pharmacokinetics is acknowledged to be a key aspect of the core
      curriculum in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, but is also widely
      acknowledged to be a very difficult part of the curriculum to teach. In order to
      assess the potential efficacy of interactive computer instruction in clinical
      pharmacokinetics we have developed a prototype computer-based instructional
      package. The courseware contains a comprehensive learning system including
      tutorial, simulation, and problem solving components. To determine the efficacy
      of this approach we randomly assigned senior medical student volunteers enrolled
      in the fourth year clinical pharmacology and therapeutics course to receive
      conventional teaching in clinical pharmacokinetics and/or adjuctive teaching
      using the computer-based instructional system. There was a high degree of
      acceptance of the program and over the short term of the trial those students
      using the computer program scored significantly higher [35%, P less than 0.05] on
      the mid-term pharmacokinetics quiz. The data suggests that a computerized
      instructional system in pharmacokinetics may significantly improve the teaching
      of clinical pharmacokinetics to medical students.

PMID- 2654202
TI  - A review of dietary interventions aimed at controlling hypertension.
AB  - Before planning programs to change dietary behavior in groups of individuals,
      evidence about the effectiveness of different interventions is needed. Articles
      published in the journals indexed by Index Medicus between the years 1975-84 were
      reviewed for evidence concerning the effectiveness of dietary modification
      programs in achieving dietary change. All program evaluations published in
      English and aimed at control of blood pressure levels in adults were eligible for
      review. Twenty-nine articles relevant to the synthesis contained sufficient
      information evaluating the contribution of dietary intervention. These 20 studies
      addressed changes in fat consumption, reduction in salt intake and reduction in
      calories consumed. The methods of intervention ranged from residential programs,
      through individual counseling and group discussion involving spouses, to
      audiovisual tapes. The studies had varying periods of follow-up; among those with
      one or more years of follow-up, a number of studies were able to demonstrate
      effectiveness using different outcome measures. For some dietary components,
      notably changes in fat intake and reduction in salt consumption, it has been
      possible to identify a minimal effective intervention, such as self-help
      materials or individual instruction, while changes in calorie intake or weight
      seem to require group counseling with family member involvement. The findings
      from this information synthesis should prove useful to those planning dietary
      interventions.

PMID- 2654203
TI  - Neoplasia in ferrets: eleven cases with a review.
AB  - Records from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in south Florida, U.S.A. were
      reviewed for cases of neoplasia in pet ferrets. Twelve ferret tumours were
      received over a four-year period; one case, a ferret with lymphocytic leukaemia
      and multi-organ involvement, had been reported previously. The other eleven
      tumours were: two chordomas of the tail, two sebaceous adenomas of the skin, a
      sebaceous epithelioma of the skin, a cutaneous mastocytoma, a malignant fibrous
      histiocytoma from the eyelid, a malignant mesenchymoma and an undifferentiated
      sarcoma from the dorsal abdominal cavity, a leiomyosarcoma found unattached in
      the abdominal cavity and an interstitial cell tumour of the testicle. A review of
      the literature yielded reports of 83 other tumours in domestic ferrets, black
      footed ferrets and European polecats. Of the 95 ferret tumours, 46 were
      considered malignant. Tumours occurred in all organ systems except the
      respiratory tract and central nervous system. Affected ferrets ranged in age from
      209 days to 12 years. The most frequently occurring tumours were ovarian stromal
      tumours (24 of 95), haemangiomas/haemangio-sarcomas (15 of 95). This information
      indicates that, contrary to previous opinion, ferrets appear to be subject to a
      similar incidence and variety of tumours as other animals.

PMID- 2654204
TI  - Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function.
AB  - The basic mechanisms of sweat gland function and an updated review of some
      relatively common disorders of sweat secretion, are presented. Although sweat
      secretion and ductal absorption are basically biophysical and biologic cellular
      processes, a detailed description of the basic biophysical principles of membrane
      transport has been avoided to make the discussion more readable. The cited
      references will, however, help those readers primarily interested in the basic
      details of sweat gland function. Part I of this article includes a discussion of
      morphologic characteristics, central and peripheral nervous control of sweat
      secretion, neurotransmitters, intracellular mediators and stimulus secretion
      coupling, Na-K-Cl cotransport model for the ionic mechanism of sweat secretion,
      ingredients of sweat, ductal function, the pathogenesis of abnormal sweat gland
      function in cystic fibrosis, and the discovery of the apoeccrine sweat gland.
      Part II, to be published in the May issue of the Journal, reviews reports of all
      those major disorders of hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis that have appeared in the
      literature during the past 10 years. It is hoped that this review will serve as a
      resource for clinicians who encounter puzzling disorders of sweating in their
      patients, as well as for investigators who wish to obtain a quick update on sweat
      gland function.

PMID- 2654205
TI  - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: two cases with skin involvement.
AB  - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a systemic disease marked by a polymorphous
      cellular infiltrate that is both angiocentric and angiodestructive. The
      predominant organs of involvement are lungs, skin, central nervous system, and
      kidneys. I describe two cases of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in association with
      cutaneous manifestations, stressing to the dermatologist the importance of early
      recognition and diagnosis of this entity.

PMID- 2654206
TI  - Systemic therapy with fumaric acid derivates: new possibilities in the treatment
      of psoriasis.
AB  - For the past two decades fumaric acid (FA) therapy has become an increasingly
      popular treatment in Western Europe for psoriasis. FA therapy originally was
      developed by Schweckendiek and subsequently standardized by Schafer. Schafer's
      fumaric acid compound therapy (FACT) consists of the oral intake of
      dimethylfumaric acid ester (DMFAE) and several salts of monoethylfumaric acid
      ester (MEFAE) in combination with topical fumaric acid therapy (1% to 3% MEFAE in
      an ointment or FA in bathing oils) and a diet. Schafer claimed excellent results
      in a large number of patients. Preliminary studies by German dermatologists,
      however, revealed contradictory therapeutic results and serious side effects, and
      FA treatment was soon abandoned by dermatologists. To assess the value of FA
      therapy we conducted an open pilot study of 36 patients in which FACT therapy
      appeared to be rather effective. Thereafter, several controlled studies with
      MEFAE sodium in two different dosages versus placebo, and DMFAE versus placebo,
      were done. The results indicated that MEFAE sodium in dosages up to 240 mg daily
      was ineffective, whereas daily dosages of 720 mg resulted in a significant
      decrease in scaling and itching but did not affect extension of the eruption.
      DMFAE, 240 mg daily, produced a significant amelioration and prevented extension.
      Side effects of FA treatment were nausea, diarrhea, general malaise, and severe
      stomachache. Mild disturbances of liver and kidney function during treatment were
      observed with the 720 mg dosage of MEFAE and with the 240 mg dosage of DMFAE.
      Moreover, a relative lymphopenia with a selective decrease of suppressor T
      lymphocytes occurred in about 50% of the patients treated with DMFAE.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654207
TI  - Treatment of essential telangiectasia: effects of increasing concentrations of
      polidocanol.
AB  - A double-blind, double-paired comparison study was performed to evaluate the
      effects of increasing concentrations of polidocanol in the sclerotherapy of
      essential telangiectasias of the legs. Polidocanol 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.0%
      were compared with regard to clinical effectiveness, safety, and patient
      acceptance. All dosages were well tolerated by the patients. There were no
      allergic reactions to polidocanol and no cases of superficial ulceration nor
      necrosis. Among those whose veins cleared, there was little difference in time to
      clearing for the four concentrations, which averaged three to four treatment
      sessions. No statistically significant differences existed among the four dosages
      with respect to level of improvement, itching, or neovascularization. Polidocanol
      0.75% and 1.0%, however, caused more side effects noted by patients and induced
      more hyperpigmentation than did the lower concentrations. Polidocanol 0.25%
      yielded the lowest percentage of patients whose veins cleared. The 0.50% solution
      was the most effective concentration for total overall clearing of the types of
      vessels treated in this study. From this information it appears that 0.50%
      polidocanol may be the sclerosing agent of choice.

PMID- 2654209
TI  - Bullous pemphigoid in psoriatic lesions.

PMID- 2654208
TI  - Endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). I. Clinical features and
      immunopathology.
AB  - Endemic pemphigus foliaceus is an autoimmune disease that has remarkable
      features. Endemic foci are found in characteristic environments within the
      interior of Brazil. The epidemiologic data strongly suggest that an environmental
      factor initiates the autoantibody response in the host. As such it is an
      important disease for in-depth study. A group of interested investigators in both
      Brazil and the United States has been formed to attempt to do just that. As part
      of the overall effort, this Cooperative Research Group for the Study of Fogo
      Selvagem presents a definition of the disease, a proposed clinical classification
      for various forms of the disease, and an outline of what is currently known of
      its immunopathologic characteristics.

PMID- 2654210
TI  - Pityriasis versicolor with ketoconazole.

PMID- 2654211
TI  - Dermatologic care behind bars.

PMID- 2654212
TI  - Immunofluorescence biopsy for pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2654213
TI  - Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. II. Disorders of sweat gland
      function.
AB  - Part I of this article (J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20:537-63) focused on normal
      sweat gland function. Part II provides a discussion of hyperhidrosis and
      hypohidrosis. Hyperhidrotic disorders affect the palms and soles and the axillae
      and are associated with previous spinal cord injuries, peripheral neuropathies,
      brain lesions, intrathoracic neoplasms, systemic illness, and gustatory sweating.
      Hypohidrotic disorders include anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, hereditary
      sensory neuropathy, Holmes-Adie syndrome, and generalized anhidrosis.

PMID- 2654214
TI  - Preatrophy: covert sign of thinned skin.
AB  - Overt iatrogenic cutaneous atrophy is easily recognized; however, the earliest
      signs of such an adverse event may be covert. Preatrophy is proposed as a term to
      describe the subtle unmasking or normally covert subpapillary vascular channels
      found by the use of enhanced skin surface magnification techniques. We conducted
      a randomized double-blind, bilaterally paired comparison clinical trial in
      patients with chronic plaque psoriasis treated with twice-daily (nonoccluded)
      superpotent topical steroids for 2 weeks. Occult reversible delicate networks of
      horizontally oriented vascular channels were found within and surrounding 20%
      (23/118) of the involved psoriatic plaques during the course of the study. The
      use of a hand-held magnifying lens (8X), mineral oil, a coverglass, and adequate
      illumination allow recognition of preatrophy. Preatrophy was more frequently
      found in women than in men.

PMID- 2654215
TI  - Are topical corticosteroids useful in phototherapy for psoriasis?
AB  - A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed
      to assess the effect of a potent topical corticosteroid cream used in conjunction
      with ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy on psoriasis with respect to time to
      clearing and duration of remission after clearing. Of the 53 outpatients who
      received suberythemogenic UVB phototherapy three times per week, 24 applied the
      topical corticosteroid and 29 applied the placebo cream twice daily until
      clearing was achieved. Nine patients in each group failed to comply with the
      protocol. Although there was a trend toward a slightly more rapid response in the
      topical corticosteroid-treated group, there was no significant difference in
      patients' early response to therapy, number of treatments, and UVB dose required
      to achieve clearing. Patients in the topical corticosteroid-treated group
      remained in remission longer than did patients in the control group (183 vs 116
      days). Life-table analysis predicts that 62% of emollient-treated patients flare
      within 6 months of clearing compared with only 42% of topical corticosteroid
      treated patients (p less than 0.1). For most patients with psoriasis who receive
      UVB therapy in an outpatient setting, the use of potent topical corticosteroids
      appears to produce, at most, a modest beneficial effect.

PMID- 2654216
TI  - Clinical correlations of linear IgA deposition at the cutaneous basement membrane
      zone.
AB  - To determine the specificity of linear IgA deposition at the cutaneous basement
      membrane zone for primary bullous disease, we reviewed the results of all direct
      immunofluorescence studies of skin biopsy specimens taken from patients seen at
      Mayo Clinic during the period 1982 through 1986. Of 4642 specimens submitted for
      direct immunofluorescence during this 5-year period, 44 from 42 patients showed
      linear IgA deposition at the basement membrane zone, with or without other
      immunoglobulins. Of these 42 patients, 36 (86%) had primary subepidermal bullous
      disease. Of the 36, 20 had linear IgA without IgG at the basement membrane zone
      (10 with clinical adult linear IgA bullous dermatosis, 2 with chronic bullous
      disease of childhood, and 8 with cicatricial pemphigoid). Sixteen had linear IgA
      and IgG at the basement membrane zone (10 with clinical cicatricial pemphigoid, 5
      with bullous pemphigoid, and 1 with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita). There was a
      high frequency of mucosal involvement (67% of the 36 patients) and a somewhat
      higher frequency of ocular involvement in patients with cicatricial pemphigoid
      who had linear IgA without IgG at the basement membrane zone (6 of 8) than in
      those who had both immunoglobulins at the basement membrane zone (4 of 10). These
      results show that the direct immunofluorescence finding of linear IgA deposition
      at the basement membrane zone correlates with primary subepidermal bullous
      disease in a high percentage of patients but reflects a heterogeneous group of
      blistering disorders.

PMID- 2654217
TI  - Necrotizing fasciitis: a clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic study of 14
      patients.
AB  - We studied the clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic findings from 14
      patients with necrotizing fasciitis; also tissue obtained at autopsy was
      available from six patients. In all cases, material cultured was positive for
      multiple organisms, including Clostridia and fungi; organisms were identified by
      histochemical staining of tissue sections in 12 of 14 cases. The histologic
      pattern comprised edema, necrosis, and inflammation of skin, subcutaneous fat,
      and fascial tissue. Hyalin necrosis of sweat glands was observed in five
      patients. Thrombosis of vessels at all levels was a prominent feature, suggesting
      that study of coagulation factors may be important. Diagnosis may be confirmed by
      the histologic picture; however, microbiologic material is essential to guide
      therapy.

PMID- 2654218
TI  - Kinetics and characterization of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)
      expression on keratinocytes in various inflammatory skin lesions and malignant
      cutaneous lymphomas.
AB  - The kinetics of expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were
      studied on keratinocytes in skin biopsy specimens of sensitive persons in whom
      the haptens were applied in a standardized format for allergic contact dermatitis
      testing. There was no ICAM-1 expressed on keratinocytes of normal skin; ICAM-1
      was induced as early as 4 hours after the application of the patch in some
      subjects. By 48 hours after the application of the patch, all specimens contained
      ICAM-1-positive keratinocytes. This was concurrent with a heavy mononuclear cell
      dermal infiltrate and maximum clinical manifestations. Expression of human
      lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-DR or other inducible surface proteins on keratinocytes
      under these conditions was much less frequent. When specimens from primary
      irritant dermatitis were used, only 1 of 14 cases had keratinocytes expressing
      ICAM-1 at 48 hours, the time of maximum clinical manifestation. Among benign
      inflammatory lesions, most cases resembled the allergic patch test specimens in
      that ICAM-1 was expressed to a large degree on keratinocytes. Again, the
      expression of HLA-DR was variable. Malignant skin lesions, on the other hand,
      were much less consistent and generally lower in terms of ICAM-1 expression on
      keratinocytes. Furthermore, in contrast to the benign cutaneous conditions, some
      malignant skin lesions contained keratinocytes that expressed class II antigens
      or other inducible surface proteins in the absence of ICAM-1. These data suggest
      that ICAM-1 plays a role in the specific immune response by facilitating either
      antigen presentation or lymphocytic infiltration.

PMID- 2654219
TI  - Pityriasis rubra pilaris: a review of diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - The diagnosis of pityriasis rubra pilaris is based essentially on characteristic
      clinical features. Although the histologic features are not pathognomonic, a
      lesional skin biopsy for evaluation is important to rule out other papulosquamous
      and erythematous disorders. The presence of prominent seborrheic keratoses
      occurring in two cases of pityriasis rubra pilaris is presented. Our
      understanding of the relationship between vitamin A metabolism and pityriasis
      rubra pilaris is discussed. Currently available systemic therapeutic modalities
      for pityriasis rubra pilaris are reviewed. Although pityriasis rubra pilaris does
      not represent a vitamin A deficiency state, it is responsive to isotretinoin,
      etretinate, and vitamin A. Antimetabolites remain an alternative therapy.

PMID- 2654220
TI  - Sedation for dermatologic surgery.
AB  - This review focuses on some of the most common classes of parenteral and
      inhalational sedating agents used during cutaneous surgery. Emphasis also is
      placed on potential adverse effects and their treatments.

PMID- 2654221
TI  - Late onset of a reversal reaction in borderline leprosy.

PMID- 2654222
TI  - Disseminated Nocardia asteroides with pustules.
AB  - A case of disseminated Nocardia asteroides in a renal transplant recipient with
      cavitary lung lesions and cutaneous pustules is presented. Disseminated
      nocardiosis is a rare disease that occurs chiefly in the immunocompromised host
      and usually begins as a pleuropulmonary infection. Disseminated nocardiosis
      should be included in the differential diagnosis of pustules in immunosuppressed
      patients.

PMID- 2654223
TI  - Prostaglandin infusion therapy for intermittent digital ischemia in a patient
      with mixed connective tissue disease. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Intermittent digital ischemia is frequently resistant to therapy despite various
      treatment modalities. Recent studies have reported the successful treatment of
      intermittent digital ischemia with prostaglandin infusion therapy. We present a
      severe case of intermittent digital ischemia associated with mixed connective
      tissue disease, responsive to prostaglandin E1 infusion therapy.

PMID- 2654224
TI  - Tungiasis: report of one case and review of the 14 reported cases in the United
      States.
AB  - Tungiasis is a cutaneous parasitic infestation by the fertilized female sand flea
      Tunga penetrans. It is prevalent in tropical Africa and in Central and South
      America. Despite increasing air travel to and from these countries, surprisingly
      the disease is rarely reported in the United States. This report describes
      another case of tungiasis and reviews the 14 previously reported cases in the
      United States. Clinical features, differential diagnosis, treatment, and
      prophylaxis of tungiasis are discussed.

PMID- 2654225
TI  - Influence of bovine mastitis on lipolysis ond proteolysis in milk.
AB  - Lipolysis and proteolysis in milk were determined before, during, and after
      experimentally induced mastitis. Streptococcus agalactiae was infused into one
      quarter of five cows to elicit an infection. Milk protease activity was higher
      during infection, but milk lipase activity was unchanged. Lipolytic damage to
      milk fat and proteolytic damage to milk casein occurred in the udder prior to
      milking during an infection. Lipolysis increased due to increased susceptibility
      of the milk fat to lipase action during infection. The mechanism of the increased
      susceptibility of the fat to lipolysis was not determined. After infections were
      eliminated, SCC, initial and stored FFA concentrations, and initial tryosine
      values returned to preinfection levels. However, after infections were
      eliminated, milk protease activity as determined by an increase in tryosine
      values remained elevated as milk SCC returned to preinfection levels. Protease
      activity returned to preinfection levels within 10 d after SCC returned to
      preinfection levels.

PMID- 2654226
TI  - Impact of protein nutrition on reproduction in dairy cows.
AB  - In most but not all published studies, feeding diets with high concentrations of
      crude protein decreased reproductive efficiency. We were able to resolve some of
      the inconsistencies among published reports by considering the fate of consumed
      protein in the rumen and then using logistic regression analysis to identify
      factors affecting pregnancy. Our models showed that type and amount of protein
      fed explained much of the variation in conception rate. Age and dietary
      concentration of energy were identified as modifiers of the impact of protein on
      reproduction. Protein nutrition can affect reproduction through toxic effects of
      ammonia and its metabolites on gametes and early embryos, through deficiencies of
      amino acids, and by exacerbations of negative balances of energy. Alterations in
      the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian axis may be responsible for many of the
      effects of protein on reproduction.

PMID- 2654227
TI  - Interrelationships between energy balance and postpartum reproductive function in
      dairy cattle.
AB  - Genetic improvement of dairy cows has markedly increased milk yield over the last
      three decades. Increased production has been associated with reduced conception
      rates (66% in 1951 versus 40 to 50% since 1975). Because conception rate in dairy
      heifers has remained higher, the metabolic demands of higher production may be
      related to the decline in reproductive performance in cows. During early
      lactation, increasing dietary intake fails to keep pace with rising milk
      production. The resultant negative energy balance and rate of mobilization of
      body reserves appear directly related to the postpartum interval to first
      ovulation and lower conception rate. Delays in the onset of normal ovarian
      activity, thus limiting the number of estrous cycles before breeding, may account
      for the observed decrease in fertility. Negative energy balance probably acts
      similarly to undernutrition and may manifest in delayed ovarian activity by
      impinging on pulsatile secretion of LH. Lower availability of glucose and insulin
      may also decrease LH pulsatility or limit ovarian responsiveness to
      gonadotropins. Alternatively, release of endogenous opioids in association with
      increasing feed intake or other lactational hormone responses may provide neural
      or pituitary inhibition of the pulsatile LH production that is requisite for
      ovarian follicular development.

PMID- 2654228
TI  - Recent developments in the roles of vitamins and minerals in reproduction.
AB  - Vitamins and minerals affect reproductive function. Vitamin A deficiency has long
      been known to affect reproductive function in cattle. More recently, a role has
      been proposed for the vitamin A percursor, beta-carotene, in reproductive
      efficiency. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E and selenium may reduce the
      incidence of retained placenta, but these nutrients may also affect reproductive
      function in other ways. Calcium and phosphorus deficiencies affect reproduction
      in cattle, and vitamin D may directly affect reproductive function in addition to
      its role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Dietary manipulation of a number
      of other vitamins and minerals also influences reproductive function. However,
      the specific roles of nutrients in reproductive tissues are not well-defined in
      dairy cattle, and nutrient requirements for optimal reproductive efficiency in
      modern dairy cattle deserve careful reevaluation. This review provides a
      background of the effect of vitamins and minerals on reproduction and it attempts
      to provide a basis for further investigation of specific mechanisms by which
      reproductive function is affected. The interface between nutritional science and
      reproductive physiology provides considerable potential for optimizing
      reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle.

PMID- 2654229
TI  - Bacterial adhesion to oral tissues: a model for infectious diseases.
AB  - The majority of bacteria which colonize humans display sharp host and tissue
      tropisms; consequently, relatively little is known about how they initiate
      colonization on mucosal surfaces. The mouth has a variety of features which have
      enabled it to serve as a useful model for the discovery of basic principles of
      host-parasite interactions occurring in mucosal environments. Early studies
      demonstrated that indigenous bacteria attach to surfaces of the mouth in a highly
      selective manner; attachment was often observed to correlate with colonization.
      These studies led to the recognition that bacterial attachment is an essential
      step for colonization in environments which contain surfaces exposed to a fluid
      flow. Bacterial adhesion has subsequently grown into a major area of infectious
      disease research. Many bacteria have been found to possess proteinaceous
      components, called "adhesins", on their surfaces which bind in a stereochemically
      specific manner to complementary molecules, or "receptors", on the tissue
      surface. Adhesins are often lectins which bind to saccharide receptors, but some
      adhesins are thought to bind to proteinaceous receptors. Studies of components of
      human saliva, which adsorb to hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces similar to those of
      teeth, and promote the attachment of prominent plaque bacteria, have revealed
      that the acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs) promote the attachment of several
      important bacteria. These include strains of Actinomyces viscosus, Bacteroides
      gingivalis, some strains of Streptococcus mutans, and others. The salivary PRP's
      are a unique family of molecules. However, segments of PRPs are structurally
      related to collagen. This may be significant, since B. gingivalis and certain
      cariogenic streptococci bind to collagenous substrata, and such interactions may
      facilitate their invasion into gingival tissues, or into dentin or cementum,
      respectively. Another unexpected observation was that although A. viscosus and
      other bacteria bind avidly to PRPs adsorbed onto apatitic surfaces, they do not
      interact with PRPs in solution. PRP molecules evidently undergo a conformational
      change when they adsorb to HA, and adhesins of A. viscosus recognize cryptic
      segments which are only exposed in adsorbed molecules. This provides the bacteria
      with a mechanism for efficiently attaching to teeth while suspended in saliva. It
      also offers a molecular explanation for their sharp tropisms for human teeth. It
      has proven convenient to refer to such hidden receptors for bacterial adhesins as
      "cryptitopes" (from cryptic, meaning hidden, and topo, meaning place).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2654230
TI  - Arterial blood pressure regulation of pulpal blood flow as determined by laser
      Doppler.
AB  - Dynamic changes of pulpal blood flow (PBF) and gingival blood flow (GBF) induced
      by intra-venous injection of two kinds of vasoactive drugs were observed in dogs
      by means of Laser Doppler Velocimetry. Intra-venous injection of norepinephrine
      caused PBF to increase, corresponding to the blood pressure (BP) increase, while
      GBF decreased. Orciprenaline sulfate caused PBF to decrease parallel to the BP
      decrease, as compared with a GBF increase. The effects of these vasoactive drugs
      lasted longer on GBF than on PBF and BP. These results indicate that the
      regulation of blood flow in the dental pulp is more dependent on systemic blood
      pressure than on local vasoconstriction or vasodilation.

PMID- 2654231
TI  - A new porcelain repair system with a silane coupler, ferric chloride, and
      adhesive opaque resin.
AB  - A new porcelain repair system was developed which uses a two-liquid primer, self
      cured opaque resin, and light-cured composite. The primer consisted of two
      liquids. One component was 4% 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate in methyl
      methacrylate, and the other component was 0.5% ferric chloride in ethanol. A self
      curing opaque resin, 4-META/MMA-TBB opaque resin, was used as an adhesive to bind
      the porcelain and the composite. Adhesive opaque resin was applied on the
      roughened and primed porcelain. Light-cured composite was placed over the 4-META
      opaque layer. A shear test was performed for investigation of the strength and
      durability of the bonding. The result was that for all specimens after 20,000
      thermocycles, fracture or crack propagation during the shear test occurred in the
      porcelain, rather than in the bond. This system may be used to repair fractured
      porcelain facings without removal of prostheses.

PMID- 2654232
TI  - A bond strength study of luted castable ceramic restorations.
AB  - Accurate intracoronal castings can be produced using a castable ceramic--DICOR-
      for which there is a need to identify a suitable luting cement. The aim of this
      investigation was to evaluate the bond strength of three glass-ionomer luting
      cements and one resin cement to treated and untreated DICOR, enamel, and dentin
      surfaces. Forty "cerammed" DICOR specimens were assigned to four groups: (1-3)
      grit-blasting and bonding to each of the three glass-ionomer cements; and (4)
      acid-etching, silane coating, and bonding to the resin cement. Seventy enamel
      specimens were assigned to seven groups: (1-3) no etching and bonding to each of
      the glass-ionomer cements; (4-7) acid-etching and bonding to the glass-ionomer
      cements and the resin cement. Seventy dentin specimens were assigned to seven
      groups: (1-4) bonding to each of the three glass-ionomer cements and the resin
      cement; (5-7) polyacrylic acid preconditioning and bonding to each of the three
      glass-ionomer cements. The mean resin cement bond strengths (MN/m2) to DICOR
      (9.4) and to etched enamel (10.7) were significantly greater (p less than 0.01)
      than those of the glass-ionomer cements (DICOR, 0.8-1.2; enamel, 0.4-0.9).
      Preconditioning of enamel and dentin significantly increased (p less than 0.05)
      the bond strengths to the glass-ionomer cements. The mean bond strength of the
      resin cement to untreated dentin (4.3) was significantly higher (p less than
      0.05) than the glass-ionomer bond strengths to untreated dentin (1.0-1.7) and to
      preconditioned dentin (2.1-3.3). The high bond strengths achieved with the resin
      cement are encouraging. Selected surface treatment of DICOR, enamel, and dentin
      prior to luting should be clinically useful.

PMID- 2654233
TI  - Refinements of the island median forehead flap for reconstruction of the medial
      canthal area.
AB  - Extensive excision of malignant tumors in the medial portion of the eyelids
      involving the medial canthal tendon and orbicularis oculi muscle results in the
      lateral displacement of the eyelids and forward drift of the medial canthal
      region during the healing process if they are not repaired. We present three
      successful cases of reconstruction of an extensive defect in the medial portion
      of the eyelids by the island median forehead flap with frontal muscle and frontal
      galea aponeurotica to repair the medial canthal tendon and orbicularis oculi
      muscle. This improved technique successfully avoids lateral displacement of the
      eyelids and forward drift of the medial canthal region, and is a treatment choice
      for the extensive medial canthal defect.

PMID- 2654234
TI  - Basal cell carcinoma in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome:
      treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery fixed-tissue technique.
AB  - A case illustrating Mohs micrographic surgery fixed-tissue technique in the
      treatment of a large basal cell carcinoma of the left nasal alar groove in a
      patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is described. Fixation of the
      tissue before excision and appropriate infectious disease precautions minimize
      exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus by the surgical and laboratory
      personnel, while Mohs micrographic mapping assures complete removal of a
      potentially life-threatening cancer in an immunocompromised patient.

PMID- 2654235
TI  - [Long-term changes in the physiologic and biochemical status of the body through
      immunization with endogenous regulators].
AB  - Immunization with protein and oligopeptide, and low-molecular weight nonpeptide
      compounds demonstrated a possibility for selective decrease in the level
      (activity) of several endogenous compounds, and consequently, for a significant
      prolonged changes is physiological functions connected with these compounds. The
      method opens possibilities for directed regulation of physiological status of
      organism, correction of pathological changes, and creation of relatively stable
      functional systems with new properties.

PMID- 2654236
TI  - [A possible approach to the analysis of protease mixtures].
AB  - A problem of quantitative assay of proteases in complex mixtures is solved by
      using a set of peptide substrates with detectable (chromogenic or fluorogenic)
      groups (DGs). Quantitation of separate DGs released in reaction of enzyme mixture
      with a set of substrates is carried out in chromatographic analysis of reaction
      products. Reaction of peptide derivatives of aminonaphthalene sulfamides with a
      mixture of thrombin and proteases from viper venom shows the amounts of produced
      DGs to be proportional to the amounts of both thrombin and venom proteases,
      confirming the validity of proposed approach. There are cases of mutual influence
      of some components in proteases mixtures as illustrated by inhibition of trypsin
      activity in presence of viper venom; one determines enzyme activities in this
      specific mixture rather than their amounts.

PMID- 2654237
TI  - [Characteristics of the toxic action of a highly disperse copper powder on the
      energy processes in Escherichia coli B].
AB  - The role of changes in incubation medium, connected with electrochemical
      dissolution of fine copper powder (FCP), in efficiency of copper inhibition of
      energy-dependent proton efflux from E. coli was studied. In conditions of
      aeration of bacterial suspension in water, toxic properties of FCP can be
      modelled by dispersed hydrogen peroxide. Addition of hydrogen peroxide to
      bacteria does not influence their sensitivity to copper chloride. Transfer of the
      bacteria to anaerobic conditions leads to complete inhibition of energy-dependent
      proton efflux from E. coli by various copper-containing compounds. The data
      obtained suggest that the higher efficiency of FCP action on energy processes in
      E. coli as compared to copper chloride is determined by alkalinization of medium
      and oxygen absorption in the process of electrochemical dissolution of the metal.

PMID- 2654238
TI  - [Structuro-functional organization of the blood-brain barrier].
AB  - The analysis of the authors and published data allowed to conclude that the blood
      brain barrier was a complex structural-functional system. Its basic components
      are endothelial cells, basal membrane, pericytes, tissue basophils, and
      astrocytes. The role of these structural elements in the permeability of blood
      brain barrier has been studied. Organ-specific peculiarities of the brain tissue
      basophils have been established in rats, cats, and dogs. The astrocyte-capillary
      complexes were found to be very reactive, and at the same time, very plastic CNS
      structures.

PMID- 2654239
TI  - [Characteristics of the final stages of ergosterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae yeasts].
AB  - A scheme of ergosterol cyclic intermediate transformations in S. cerevisiae has
      been proposed. It is based on the analysis of sterol composition in strains with
      mutant blocks of one or two reactions of enzymatic synthesis. Biochemical
      reactions of modification of cyclic part and side branch of sterol molecule are
      supposed to be carried out independently.

PMID- 2654240
TI  - High-frequency jet ventilation during oleic-acid induced pulmonary oedema.
AB  - In oleic acid-induced pulmonary oedema (OAPO) sequential intrapulmonary fluid
      accumulation occurs leading to different expiratory flow pattern in dependent
      lung regions. The potential effects on efficacy of high-frequency jet ventilation
      (HFJV, f = 3 Hz, I: E = 0.43, FiO2 = 0.4) were studied and compared with
      continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV, f = 12-18/min, I:E = 0.5, TV = 12
      ml/kg, PEEP = 0.5 kPa, FiO2 = 0.4) in a dog model of OAPO. In the control state
      (lung-healthy dogs), 15 min after oleic acid lung injury (interstitial oedema,
      period I) and 60 min after onset of OAPO (alveolar oedema, period II), gas
      exchange, lung volumes, compliance, resistance and haemodynamics were measured.
      The course of lung oedema was determined indirectly by means of washout curves of
      helium (foreign gas bolus-test, FGB) and nitrogen (single breath-test for oxygen,
      SBO2). During control, there were no significant differences between the HFJV
      group (n = 7) and the CPPV-group (n = 6) by virtue of gas exchange, lung volumes
      and haemodynamics. During period I, PaO2 decreased significantly both with HFJV
      (p less than 0.01) and CPPV (p less than 0.05), being lower in the HFJV-group (p
      less than 0.05). PaCO2, pulmonary and haemodynamic parameters were unchanged.
      Onset of phase IV of the alveolar plateau (closing volume CV) occurred
      significantly earlier (p less than 0.05) in all animals. Impaired ventilation of
      dependent lung regions, increased maldistribution of intrapulmonary gas and VA/Q
      mismatching may be the underlying mechanisms for lower efficacy of HFJV during
      interstitial lung oedema. In period II, pulmonary and cardiocirculatory
      parameters had changed significantly in both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2654241
TI  - Blood viscosity and circulatory shock.

PMID- 2654242
TI  - Gilligan's different voice: a perspective for nursing.
AB  - This article proposes that Carol Gilligan's ethic of care provides for nursing a
      paradigm for moral deliberation that demonstrates compatibility with nursing's
      historical and philosophical traditions of relational caring and furnishes
      empirical support for the value of caring as a moral activity. The
      appropriateness of Gilligan's theory for nursing is further illustrated by an
      elucidation of the similarities between Gilligan's theory and nurse theorist Jean
      Watson's claims that caring constitutes both a necessary and a fundamental
      component of nursing. It is argued that Gilligan's theory of moral deliberation
      more faithfully reflects the nursing experience than Kohlberg's contractual,
      Kantian theory, which currently dominates the nursing literature.

PMID- 2654243
TI  - Further reflections.

PMID- 2654244
TI  - Fluoride and oral health: a story of achievements and challenges.
AB  - It's been nearly 45 years since Grand Rapids, MI, approved this country's first
      citywide fluoridation program. In that time the steady growth of evidence drawn
      from surveys and other research has yielded inarguable conclusions on fluoride's
      benefits to oral health. Today, it is one of the country's most heralded public
      health measures. By 1988, 41 of the 50 largest cities in the United States were
      served by fluoridated water systems. Yet in some communities the measure still
      draws fire. Antifluoridationists have charged, among other arguments, that
      fluoridation proponents are part of a Communist plot, aimed at poisoning the
      American people and taking over the government. Looking back over the past four
      decades, fluoride has had a role in a variety of arenas in American life:
      political, social, medical, and economic. This month's Emphasis takes a look at
      fluoride's heritage, and considers some of the most recent findings on its
      safety, benefits, and cost-effectiveness.

PMID- 2654245
TI  - 'Ageism' in dental care delivery.
AB  - Older adults will comprise increasingly higher proportions of dentists' practice
      time in the future, and issues regarding their treatment are more salient now
      than ever before. Psychosocial issues and attitudes toward treating older
      patients are among the most important of these. Ageism, defined as negative
      attitudes or prejudice toward older adults, has implications in dental care
      delivery. It can be manifested by the attitudes that older people have toward
      their own aging process, by those who provide their health care, and by society.
      This article proposes a more appropriate definition of ageism, and discusses the
      forms ageism can take in the dental care setting.

PMID- 2654247
TI  - Dentistry on stamps.

PMID- 2654246
TI  - Immediate esthetic treatment for anterior teeth: report of cases.
AB  - Prompt restoration of function and esthetic appearance of dentition can avoid
      psychological stress and functional problems. Surgical procedures that require
      long-term bone deposition and soft-tissue healing can accompany periodontal and
      orthodontic reinforcement, but other less invasive, immediate, intermediate, and
      final treatment plans can be initiated with good results.

PMID- 2654248
TI  - Dentistry on stamps.

PMID- 2654249
TI  - Radiolucent halos associated with radiopaque composite resin restorations.
AB  - Since the introduction of radiopaque composite resins, clinicians and researchers
      have occasionally noticed radiolucent halos adjacent to composite restorations.
      Such halos have frequently been thought to be recurrent caries or voids in the
      material. Fifteen of 45 radiopaque composite resin restorations placed by
      students enrolled in a first-year preclinical operative dentistry course
      exhibited such halos. Micrographs showed that a thick layer of unfilled resin
      bonding agent was present. These halos were reproduced in other teeth when excess
      bonding was not blown off. The results indicate the importance of meticulous
      technique.

PMID- 2654250
TI  - Dentistry on stamps.

PMID- 2654251
TI  - Dental appliances for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome in which the airflow created from
      breathing ceases through the upper airway although diaphragm movement continues.
      Resulting complications include severe daytime sleepiness, morning headaches,
      loud snoring, and disturbed nighttime sleep. Patients affected with OSA are
      frequently hypertensive and can have dangerous cardiac arrhythmias. The diagnosis
      of OSA requires an all-night polysomnographic recording; neither snoring nor
      other subjective complaints constitute adequate criteria for treatment. The
      treatment objective for OSA is to maintain airway patency. A potential treatment
      discussed here is temporary advancement of the mandible or tongue during sleep
      with the use of dental appliances.

PMID- 2654252
TI  - Obstacles to the development of a standard for posterior composite resins.
      Council on Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment.

PMID- 2654253
TI  - Epithelium-derived relaxing factor(s) and bronchial reactivity.
AB  - In isolated blood vessels, the mechanical or enzymatic removal of the endothelium
      augments the contractions evoked by a variety of vasoconstrictor agents, because
      the endothelial cells release a powerful relaxing substance(s) (endothelium
      derived relaxing factor(s]. The focal absence of epithelial cells in airways of
      patients with asthma is well documented. When the luminal surface of canine
      bronchi is rubbed gently, the only morphologic change observed is the
      disappearance of the epithelial cell layer. The removal of the epithelium causes
      an increased sensitivity of the bronchial smooth muscle to acetylcholine without
      alteration in the maximal responsiveness to the cholinergic transmitter. The
      augmentation cannot be attributed to reduced enzymatic breakdown of acetylcholine
      after removal of the epithelial cells, since it is not affected by inhibitors of
      acetylcholinesterase. It cannot be attributed to disappearance of a diffusion
      barrier, since epithelium removal also augments the contractions evoked by
      electrical stimulation of the cholinergic nerve endings. Removal of the
      epithelium potentiates the contraction evoked by histamine and 5
      hydroxytryptamine in a manner similar to that observed for acetylcholine. The
      potentiating effect of epithelium removal is more pronounced in larger rather
      than in smaller bronchi. By contrast, the relaxations evoked by beta-adrenergic
      agonists are less pronounced in bronchi without, rather than in bronchi with,
      epithelium. The influence of the epithelium on isoproterenol-induced relaxation
      is more pronounced in smaller rather than in larger bronchi. These observations
      suggest that the bronchial epithelium releases an inhibitory factor that
      partially counteracts activation of the airway smooth muscle by
      bronchoconstrictor substances.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654254
TI  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of ketotifen versus
      hydroxyzine in the treatment of pediatric mastocytosis.
AB  - To asses the efficacy of ketotifen (Zaditen; Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, Basel,
      Switzerland) for the treatment of pediatric mastocytosis, eight children who
      exhibited symptoms as a result of mastocytosis were enrolled in a 12-week, double
      blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of ketotifen versus hydroxyzine
      (Atarax; Roerig, New York, N.Y.). Efficacy of each drug was assessed by daily
      symptom scores and plasma- and 24-hour urine-histamine levels. After completion
      of the study, symptom scores revealed that seven of the eight children exhibited
      a greater reduction in symptoms while they were receiving hydroxyzine (p less
      than 0.05). The symptoms most likely to improve with treatment with hydroxyzine
      were flushing and abdominal pain. Analysis of plasma- and 24-hour urine-histamine
      levels at the beginning and end of each trial period of each drug revealed no
      significant differences (p greater than 0.20). Changes in 24-hour urine-histamine
      levels, but not plasma-histamine levels, correlated with changes in symptom
      scores. We conclude that ketotifen offers no advantage over hydroxyzine in the
      treatment of pediatric mastocytosis.

PMID- 2654255
TI  - Anaphylaxis to infusion of autologous bone marrow: an apparent reaction to self,
      mediated by IgE antibody to bovine serum albumin.
AB  - A case of anaphylaxis during autologous bone marrow infusion is reported. The
      patient was demonstrated to be skin test positive to fetal calf serum used in the
      cryopreservation of his bone marrow cells. The patient's serum was demonstrated
      to contain IgE antibody directed against bovine serum albumin. A second aliquot
      of the patient's bone marrow preparation was depleted of contaminating bovine
      proteins, and the patient successfully received a transplant and was engrafted.
      Clinicians need to be aware that the increasing use of biologic response
      modifiers, both as whole cells and effector molecules manipulated or produced in
      vitro, may lead to cryptic reactions to xenogeneic proteins.

PMID- 2654256
TI  - Immunotherapy decreases skin sensitivity to cat extract.
AB  - In 22 patients with cat asthma who were highly sensitive to cat, we compared,
      double-blind, the effects of immunotherapy with cat-hair and dander extract (11
      patients) with effects of placebo (11 patients). Patients matched by intradermal
      skin test titration, leukocyte histamine release, and the doses of both cat
      extract and methacholine required for 20% fall in FEV1 were randomly assigned to
      one of the two treatment groups. Immunotherapy doses were increased to a
      maintenance dose of 4.56 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) units of Fel d I or
      if maintenance dose was less, to the highest tolerated dose. Before and during
      immunotherapy, we measured by intradermal titration the dose of cat extract, in
      FDA units of Fel d I equivalents, required for (1) 2+ end point (wheal diameter,
      greater than or equal to 10 mm; erythema diameter, 20 to 30 mm) and (2) 20 mm end
      point (erythema diameter, 20 mm). By prick skin test, we measured (1) the dose of
      cat extract that produced a wheal equal in area to that produced by histamine, 1
      mg/ml, (2) the doses of cat extract that produced a wheal 22 mm2 in area, and (3)
      the sum of the wheal areas produced by five prick tests to 23.8, 7.1, 2.4, 0.7,
      and 0.2 FDA units per milliliter of Fel d I, respectively. After 1 year of
      treatment, in comparison to control patients, treated patients had significant
      increases in the ratio 1 year value/pretreatment value for the doses of cat
      extract required for intradermal test end points 1 and 2 (p less than 0.01), for
      prick test end point 1 (p less than 0.01), for end point 2 (p = 0.015), and
      significant decreases in this ratio for prick test end point 3 (p = 0.015).
      Treated patients also had significant increases in cat extract required for a 20%
      fall in FEV1 (p less than 0.01), in IgG antibodies toward whole cat extract, Fel
      d I and cat albumin (p less than 0.001), and in IgE antibodies toward whole cat
      extract, (p less than 0.01). Thus, a decrease in skin sensitivity to cat extract
      demonstrated by both intradermal and prick methods occurred in patients after 1
      year of immunotherapy with cat extract at a time when bronchial sensitivity to
      cat extract was decreased and IgG and IgE antibodies toward cat extract were
      increased.

PMID- 2654257
TI  - The formation of eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic activity during a pollen
      season and after allergen challenge.
AB  - Heat-stable (HS) and heat-labile (HL) neutrophil chemotactic activities (NCAs)
      have been demonstrated in serum after allergen challenge of subjects with asthma.
      In this investigation, we have studied the possible occurrence of similar
      activities in 20 atopic individuals on natural exposure to allergen, that is,
      during the birch-pollen season. Since eosinophil accumulation is a hallmark of an
      ongoing allergic inflammation in the respiratory tract also, the possible
      production of eosinophil chemotactic activity (ECA) was examined in serum after
      allergen challenge and at natural exposure to pollen. Both HL-NCA and HL-ECA were
      produced to a significant extent (p less than 0.001) during the season, with the
      peak of activities occurring simultaneously with the peak pollen count. HL-ECA
      was produced after allergen challenge of subjects with asthma in the laboratory,
      as has been demonstrated for NCA previously. The activity of the HS-NCA was
      unaltered during season. Gel-filtration studies of the major HL-NCA and HL-ECA
      indicated a molecular weight for both activities of 100 to 150,000, and the
      activities produced during season cochromatographed with the HL-NCA and HL-ECA
      produced after allergen challenge in the laboratory, suggesting that all these
      activities are due to one and the same molecule. The results suggest that the
      heat-labile chemotactic activity found in serum of atopic subjects and subjects
      with asthma after allergen exposure may be involved in the attraction of
      eosinophils and neutrophils to the site of allergic inflammation.

PMID- 2654258
TI  - Distinguishing Alzheimer's disease from other dementias. Questionnaire responses
      of close relatives and autopsy results.
AB  - Epidemiologic study of Alzheimer's disease by family history requires that
      Alzheimer's be distinguished from other dementias. Identification of demented
      family members is usually based on recall by relatives. This study examines the
      validity of the classification of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias based
      on relatives' reports. Close relatives of autopsy-confirmed dementia cases were
      asked to complete a questionnaire describing the patient's symptoms. These
      informants were familiar with the patient's disease and involved in his/her care
      prior to death. The questionnaire included the DSM-III criteria for Primary
      Degenerative Dementia and the Hachinski Ischemic Scale. A diagnosis derived from
      the close relatives' responses was compared to the neuropathologic diagnosis for
      thirty-six cases: 20 Alzheimer's disease, 9 mixed Alzheimer's disease, and 7 non
      Alzheimer's disease dementias. The diagnosis of Primary Degenerative Dementia
      derived from questionnaire responses had a sensitivity of 0.93 and specificity of
      0.43 for pathologic Alzheimer's disease. Few vascular dementias were included in
      the series, thereby precluding the study of so-called multi-infarct dementia.
      Hachinski scores based on relatives' responses classified 40% of pathologically
      pure Alzheimer's disease cases as multi-infarct dementia (HIS greater than 7).
      Thus, using these elevated Hachinski scores to rule out Alzheimer's disease would
      cause substantial misclassification. Diagnosis based on questionnaire Primary
      Degenerative Dementia criteria was quite sensitive but relatively nonspecific.
      When attempting to obtain a complete family history or pedigree that describes
      the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in all family members,
      the questionnaire approach should be supplemented with additional information
      from medical records, physicians, and other relatives.

PMID- 2654259
TI  - Randomized clinical trial of daily aspirin therapy in multi-infarct dementia. A
      pilot study.
AB  - Seventy multi-infarct dementia patients were randomized into an aspirin-treated
      group and an untreated control group for an exploratory investigation to
      determine any effects of 325 mg aspirin daily on cognitive performance. The
      control group did not receive placebo but evaluations were carried out in a
      blinded manner. The index group (N = 37, mean age 67.1 years) received 325 mg of
      aspirin by mouth once daily while the control group (N = 33, mean age 67.6 years)
      was followed and treated in a similar manner except that they received no
      aspirin. Both groups had comparable risk factors for stroke, which were treated
      similarly, as well as comparable initial cerebral blood flow values, as measured
      by the 133xenon inhalation method, and initial scores on Cognitive Capacity
      Screening Examination testing. Patients were evaluated at intervals of one year.
      Significant improvements were demonstrated for cerebral perfusion values (P less
      than .0001) and cognitive performance scores (P less than .0001) among aspirin
      treated patients compared to untreated controls at each of three annual follow-up
      evaluations. Both men and women benefited from aspirin therapy and their quality
      of life and independence appeared to be improved, which was not apparent in the
      control group. Daily aspirin appears to improve or stabilize declines in cerebral
      perfusion and cognition among patients with multi-infarct dementia.

PMID- 2654260
TI  - Health status assessment for elderly patients. Report of the Society of General
      Internal Medicine Task Force on Health Assessment.

PMID- 2654261
TI  - Assessment in geriatrics. Of caveats and names.

PMID- 2654262
TI  - A combined testing protocol for assessing genotoxicity in individual animals:
      application to environmental toxicology.
AB  - A multiple end-point approach to assessing genetic toxicity (the combined testing
      protocol, CTP) was evaluated in male and female CD-1 mice exposed subacutely (3
      and 6 weeks) to low levels of a custom-blended gas mixture (epichlorohydrin,
      benzene, chloroprene and xylene, at 50, 100, 100, and 100 ppb, respectively, as
      the low dose, with concentration levels 10-fold and 100-fold higher as the
      intermediate and high doses, or 0.1, 1 and 10 ppm of benzene). Urine mutagenicity
      was tested in the Salmonella/microsome assay, chromosome aberrations were
      examined in bone marrow and spleen lymphocytes, micronuclei were measured in bone
      marrow and peripheral erythrocytes, and cytochrome P450 and glutathione S
      transferases were measured in the liver. Structural aberrations in alveolar
      macrophages and spermatocytes, and thioguanine resistance in spleen lymphocytes
      were examined for their suitability for incorporation into the overall protocol.
      Spleen lymphocytes were the most sensitive indicator cells, and showed a dose
      related increase (P less than 0.01) in structural chromosome aberrations and in
      cytotoxicity after 6 weeks of exposure. Analysis of micronucleus formation and
      metaphase aberrations in the bone marrow, and micronuclei in peripheral
      erythrocytes showed an overall statistically non-significant but positive trend
      at the high dose. No mutagenicity was detected in pooled urine samples. Liver
      microsomal cytochrome P450 was not increased, but cytosolic glutathione S
      transferases were significantly increased in a dose-related manner. Since the
      probability of detecting a genotoxic effect increases with the number of
      endpoints and tissues examined, this approach should be applicable to many
      situations without having to perform separate experiments for each tissue
      examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654263
TI  - Haglund's deformity and the Keck and Kelly osteotomy: a retrospective analysis.
AB  - A short historical review of Haglund's deformity and its surgical treatment is
      presented. An analysis of the results obtained with the use of the Keck and Kelly
      osteotomy in conjunction with resection of the osseous prominence is then
      performed on 18 such procedures. Results have been gratifying, with no
      complications experienced with healing of the osteotomy and no recurrence of the
      deformity.

PMID- 2654264
TI  - Sinus tarsi syndrome: presentation of seven cases and review of the literature.
AB  - Seven cases with sinus tarsi syndrome are presented. The literature about the
      sinus tarsi syndrome is reviewed. A relationship between subtalar joint
      instability following lesion to the ligamentous structures in the sinus and
      canalis tarsi, and the sinus tarsi syndrome is discussed.

PMID- 2654265
TI  - Unicameral bone cyst of the first metatarsal.
AB  - An unusual case of a unicameral bone cyst located in the head of the first
      metatarsal is presented with a review of the literature. This benign bone tumor
      is rarely found in the metatarsal bones. Pathologic, clinical, and radiographic
      findings, as well as a differential diagnosis will be discussed.

PMID- 2654266
TI  - Burns of the lower extremity: surgical and nonsurgical considerations and
      treatment.
AB  - The treatment of burns is most often provided through the emergency room or burn
      center units. Nevertheless, the podiatric physician may be called upon to treat
      or advise others when a burn to the lower extremity is involved. This article
      presents a review of burn wound care with surgical and nonsurgical considerations
      in an attempt to identify current therapeutic management.

PMID- 2654267
TI  - Proposed treatment of cystic lesions in the first metatarsal in polyarthritic
      patients.
AB  - Inflammatory arthritis frequently produces severe deformities of the forefoot.
      Erosions and cystic changes in the metatarsal bones are not uncommon in patients
      with inflammatory arthritis. This report presents two patients who were treated
      with a bone graft and bone transposition with a good result.

PMID- 2654268
TI  - [The long and difficult birth of symphysiotomy or from Severin Pineau to Jean
      Rene Sigault].
AB  - Jean-Rene Sigault and his assistant Alphonse Le Roy first performed in Paris
      symphyseotomy on the 1st of october 1777 and thereby successfully delivered
      Madame Souchot. This patient had a rachitic pelvis with an antero-posterior
      diameter of 6.5 to 7 centimeters and had previously given birth to four dead
      children. In fact symphyseotomy had been advocated in 1597 by Severin Pineau
      after his description of a diastasis of the pubis on a hanged pregnant woman and
      Ambroise Pare approved Pineau. The operation was performed many times after
      Sigault's report but was opposed by the famous French obstetrician Jean-Louis
      Baudelocque. The discussion was so bitter that the Parisian physicians became
      divided in two groups, cesareans and symphyseans. Symphyseotomy, as a result of
      poor technic and its use in unsuitable cases, soon fell into disrepute and was
      forgotten until 1863 when Morisani, in Italy, performed it again. The procedure
      was reintroduced in France in 1891 by Pinard, very impressed by the demonstration
      of the visiting Spinelli. Pinard, Farabeuf and Varnier described an "open sky"
      technic based on a precise anatomic study. At the same time, in 1893, Gigli, in
      Italy, performed a new operation called pubiotomy praised before in 1786 by
      Aitken in Edinburgh. It consisted in severing the pubic bone to one side of the
      symphysis by means of the "Gigli saw". In fact, cesarean section was the
      operation chosen in almost all the cases by the obstetricians, symphyseotomy and
      pubiotomy being generally discarded in view of their many complications:
      hemorrhage, urinary fistulas, walking troubles... A simple new method of
      symphyseotomy was described in 1920-1924 by Enrique Zarate of Buenos-Aires called
      "subcutaneous partial symphyseotomy" which respects the superior ligament and a
      part of the inferior ligament of the symphysis. Accurately realised, it is little
      dangerous and is still used sometimes in difficult cases in some remote
      countries.

PMID- 2654269
TI  - [The obstetrical ultrasonographer and the law. Toward a medical consensus in
      prenatal diagnosis].
AB  - Ultrasonographers are being held to account more and more often. They are blamed
      for failures in diagnosis, and in particular "for false negatives". Having been
      taken off its pedestal, our profession seems now to have been put into the dock
      by a population that equates the right to treatment (encouraged by our health
      assurance system) with the right ot a cure and with duty by the medical
      profession to provide a mean to achieve the cure and good results. All forms of
      imaging of diagnostic interpretation are particularly vulnerable to the
      misunderstanding of the rights of the patient. The doctor's responsibility in
      civil law can be invoked when he has made a mistake, and when that mistake
      results in injury to the patient or her infant and where there is an obvious
      causal link between the mistake and the injury. The injuries that can be said to
      arise in the field of antenatal diagnosis are very broad-ranging, as the cases
      described in this article show. Comparisons between the state of affairs in
      France and in North America are made. The following can be involved: death of the
      fetus or of the newborn, emotional trauma for the parents, loss of opportunity,
      which is a "new" injury accepted several times since 1965 and now brought up more
      and more often in civil actions. This loss has not yet appeared in the penal
      system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654270
TI  - [Peripheral effects of prolactin in reproductive function. I. Male reproductive
      function].
AB  - Prolactin plays a peripheral role in male reproductive function just as it does
      in female function. Prolactin, through the medium of immunocytochemistry acts on
      testicular steroidogenesis through prolactin receptors which are sited on the
      Leydig cells. It alters the number of LH receptors and therefore the sensitivity
      of the testis to central stimulation and equally interferes with androgen
      synthesis. In the areas of physiological concentration the principal effect seems
      to be to stimulate secretion of testosterone by keeping up the number of LH
      receptors; but when there is acute hyperprolactinaemia, testosterone secretion is
      lowered or perhaps not changed at all because of a "post-receptor effect", in
      spite of there being larger numbers of LH receptors. The direct effect of
      prolactin on spermatogenesis has not yet been worked out and the results that
      have been obtained are controversial. Prolactin exerts a direct stimulating
      effect on the growth of prostatic cells working synergistically with testosterone
      through specific prolactin receptors. It could play a role in certain cancers of
      the prostate.

PMID- 2654271
TI  - [Magnesium and the threat of premature labor].
AB  - The magnesium ion, which is a bivalent cation and is necessary for life, is a co
      factor in more than 300 enzyme reactions. It has an action on uterine myometrium
      causing it to relax by stimulating B2 adrenergic receptors and cyclical AMP. It
      competes with the calcium ion which brings about inhibition of myosine kinase,
      and therefore a drop in phosphorylated myosine. Deficiency of magnesium is one
      explanation for uterine overactivity; because it is difficult to estimate how
      important it is in certain premature labours because this is caused often by many
      factors, and the levels of plasma magnesium and of blood cell magnesium give poor
      information about the magnesium pool. The tocolytic properties of magnesium are
      interesting. One has to distinguish between oral magnesium-therapy, given as a
      preventive from the first trimester of pregnancy, and parenteral magnesium
      therapy which can be curative and which, like beta-mimetics, is indicated in
      threatened premature delivery.

PMID- 2654272
TI  - [Malaria, pregnancy and prophylaxis].
AB  - We present two case histories. The first is a case of congenital malaria in a
      newborn whose Laotian mother immigrated into France 2 years ago. The other is a
      case of very severe malaria with fetal death in a 28 year old woman who was 8
      months pregnant and who had come back to France from Gabon where she had lived
      for 2 years. The authors wish to draw attention to malaria brought into the
      country and how serious it can be, and suggest prophylactic measures to be
      applied for pregnant women and their newborn babies.

PMID- 2654273
TI  - [Management of triple pregnancies].
AB  - A retrospective study of triplet pregnancies is presented. Data concerning 24
      triplet pregnancies which were followed up to delivery and for a period of 11
      years afterwards at the Maternity Center of the Antoine Beclere Hospital, are
      analysed. Early diagnosis of triplet pregnancy leads to a strong prognostic
      indication for prematurity. This allows time to institute preventive measures
      principally by reducing maternal physical activity. Because of the establishment
      of specific prenatal surveillance of the mothers, the rate of prematurity in
      triplet pregnancies be notably lowered. The mean gestational age at delivery was
      33.9 weeks. The use of corticosteroid therapy between 28 and 34 weeks of
      gestation seems to helps prevent hyaline membrane diseases. Delivery is performed
      by elective cesarean section. The perinatal mortality rate was 6%.

PMID- 2654274
TI  - [Mendelson's syndrome in obstetrics. History or fact?].
AB  - The authors analyse Mendelson's original article on the lung disorders caused by
      inhalation: the clinical aspects, the etiological aspects of the pathology and
      above all preventive measures to be taken. These are still all of importance. The
      epidemiological incidence of this condition was tackled by the slant of the
      INSERM enquiry conducted on the anaesthetists on the one hand and by a
      retrospective enquiry by the University Department in Bordeaux on the other hand.
      Reviewing the literature shows that traditional methods of treatment have to be
      re-examined. These are: pulmonary lavage, treatment with corticosteroids and
      progress which has been made parallel with progress in respiratory resuscitation
      especially in severe forms of the condition. Prevention is the most important
      feature. Endotracheal intubation needs to be carried out when general
      anaesthetics are employed. The use of anti-H2 substances is increasing. All the
      same, the most decisive steps will be taken when more local regional anesthesia
      is used. This should be started in labour wards by further use of epidural
      analgesia.

PMID- 2654275
TI  - A childhood neurodegeneration due to defective DNA repair: a novel concept of
      disease based on studies xeroderma pigmentosum.

PMID- 2654276
TI  - Sleep, epilepsy, and the EEG in infancy and childhood.
AB  - Each of the major epileptic syndromes that occur in infants and children
      demonstrates relationships to sleep and wakefulness that are particular to that
      syndrome. These relationships include activation or suppression of clinical
      seizures during certain portions of the sleep-wake cycle, differences in
      symptomatology of the seizures or in seizure type, alterations in distribution or
      morphology of epileptiform waveforms, and changes in duration and composition of
      sleep stages. Knowledge of the interactions between sleep and seizures helps to
      increase understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying epilepsy, as
      well as to improve clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2654277
TI  - Is there a rationale for regionalizing organ transplantation services?
AB  - This paper explores issues in the designation of centers to provide organ
      transplantation procedures and aftercare, a decision faced increasingly by
      policymakers, planners, and payers. As background for consideration of the
      regionalization of organ transplantation services, an array of models of
      regionalization of health services, ranging from full-scale vertical integration
      to market-enhancing information provision, is described. In the United States,
      regionalization has mainly followed the designation model within the certificate
      of-need system; vertical integration has been adopted only in limited ways. Next,
      the authors' review of current approaches to the regionalization of organ
      transplantation centers by public and private payers indicates that designation
      of centers is increasing, although the empirical evidence concerning the classes
      of hospitals upon which designation decisions rest is weak. The authors then
      review the literature on the relationship between volumes and outcomes on
      surgical services with particular reference to organ transplantation, which on
      the whole suggests that a relationship between volumes and outcomes exists.
      Original empirical analysis of data on kidney transplants that were secured from
      the Health Care Financing Administration is then presented. The study of the
      effects of hospital and surgeon volumes on graft and patient survival and of the
      effect of volume on charges found no systematic influence of hospital or surgeon
      volumes on graft or patient survival. Some evidence that charges are lower for
      larger centers was found. The authors conclude that the evidence implies that
      using volume as the provider characteristic upon which to base designation of
      transplantation centers is problematic, at least for kidney transplants. Steps
      policymakers might take to ensure quality of transplantation services is
      discussed in the final section.

PMID- 2654278
TI  - Government funding for organ transplants.
AB  - This paper examines the role of the federal and state governments in paying for
      organ transplants. The first section, descriptive in nature, presents data on the
      past, current, and projected payment patterns for different kinds of organ
      transplants under various federal and state programs. The second section, which
      is normative, considers the three principal arguments for and against government
      payment for organ transplants. These arguments revolve around efficiency, equity,
      and communitarian claims, and none of them is wholly satisfactory. The final
      section, which is policy-oriented, assumes that government financing of organ
      transplants will continue but will be fiscally constrained, and goes on to
      analyze a number of important payment policy issues in the light of broader
      principles. These issues relate to eligibility, comprehensiveness of benefits,
      reimbursement formulas, entitlement, and level of government. The paper concludes
      by predicting that as transplant procedures become less constrained by organ
      supply and more routinely performed, they will lose the privileged political
      position that they now enjoy and will instead be obliged to compete for scarce
      governmental resources with other social goods on more equal terms. Government
      policy should be designed to encourage this competition.

PMID- 2654279
TI  - The politics of organ transplantation: a parable of our time.
AB  - This paper reviews the historical development of federal government policy for
      kidney, heart, and liver transplantation. It examines several political
      dimensions of whole organ transplantation: the role of the print and broadcast
      media; the management of organ procurement; the certification of transplant
      centers; the evaluation of new surgical procedures; and the issues of financing,
      distributive justice, and rationing of scarce medical resources. The author finds
      that the media, though powerful in affecting transplant policy, have not been
      subjected to critical analysis. Organ procurement modifications, driven by a need
      orientation toward closing the gap between actual and desired levels of
      performance, may have adversely affected performance. The case of liver
      transplantation suggests the need for improved institutions and mechanisms for
      evaluating new surgical procedures. Finally, states that confront the need to
      meet a binding budget-balancing requirement may allocate funds away from
      expensive medical procedures that benefit the few toward basic services that
      benefit the many; the Oregon and Virginia Medicaid programs exemplify this point.

PMID- 2654280
TI  - The organization of organ procurement.
AB  - The American organ procurement system has improved and matured in the last five
      years. At the same time, the basic challenges facing it have remained
      substantially the same because the moral and legal framework of the system has
      not changed. Success at organ procurement continues to depend on the voluntary
      cooperation of medical professionals and the families of potential organ donors.
      The generosity of the American public is so great that the primary challenge
      facing organ procurement agencies is obtaining cooperation from hospitals and
      medical professionals. This calls for a "marketing" orientation aimed at those
      hospitals and professionals who are most likely to treat potential donors. The
      last five years have seen a more general acceptance of this appreciation of the
      central task of organ procurement. As a result, the overall effectiveness of the
      system has improved, as measured by the number of organs procured on a per capita
      basis and by the number of multiorgan donors obtained. Much of this improvement
      can be attributed to the diffusion of organizational techniques and approaches,
      and this diffusion has been encouraged by the involvement of national
      organizations and public bodies in the organ procurement community. The system
      remains uneven in its effectiveness and further improvement is possible. It is
      also possible that the next general round of improvement will result from the
      application of businesslike information management and marketing techniques.

PMID- 2654281
TI  - Government's role in organ transplantation policy.
AB  - This paper initially considers ways of thinking about organ transplantation:
      Should it be treated as a catastrophic disease or as an ordinary and accepted
      medical procedure? The analysis then shifts to the role the government has played
      in influencing organ transplantation policy. The federal government's involvement
      initially stemmed from its role as payer for end-stage renal disease services. In
      recent years, the rationale for intervention has changed, and the mechanism for
      implementing regulatory oversight has shifted to a private network run for the
      government by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). The government has
      delegated much policymaking authority to UNOS, although the author demonstrates
      that this is not required by the applicable legislation. The article raises
      questions about the relationship between UNOS and the federal government, about
      potential conflicts between UNOS guidelines and state laws under the Uniform
      Anatomical Gift Act, and about the ideological stance undergirding much of
      current federal policy in the organ transplantation arena.

PMID- 2654282
TI  - The economics and ethics of markets for human organs.
AB  - In 1984, federal legislation outlawing payment for human organs for
      transplantation was adopted after only cursory discussion of the underlying
      policy issues. More considered analysis suggests that this prohibition may be
      overly broad. It appears possible to design suitably regulated market-type
      approaches to the acquisition and allocation of cadaveric organs (and perhaps of
      organs from living donors as well) that will be neither unduly offensive to
      ethical sensibilities nor easily abused and that may yield significant
      improvements over the existing system of organ procurement, which presents
      important ethical and practical problems of its own. Moreover, whatever ultimate
      judgment we reach concerning the merits of markets for transplantable organs,
      analysis of the sources of the initial moral resistance to the commercialization
      that lies behind measures such as the 1984 legislation offers insights into the
      respective roles of market and nonmarket institutions in general.

PMID- 2654283
TI  - Ethical criteria for procuring and distributing organs for transplantation.
AB  - This article provides an ethical analysis and assessment of various actual and
      proposed policies of organ procurement and distribution in light of moral
      principles already embedded in U.S. institutions, laws, policies, and practices.
      Evaluating different methods of acquisition of human body parts--donation
      (express and presumed), sales, abandonment, and expropriation--the author argues
      for laws and policies, including required request, to maintain and facilitate
      express donation of organs by individuals and their families. Such laws and
      policies need adequate time for a determination of their effectiveness before
      society moves to other major alternatives, such as a market. In organ allocation
      and distribution, which have close moral connections with organ procurement, the
      author defends the judgment of the federal Task Force on Organ Transplantation
      that the community should have dispositional authority over donated organs, that
      professionals should be viewed as trustees and stewards of donated organs, and
      that the public should be heavily involved in the formation of policies of
      allocation and distribution. Concentrating on policies being developed in the
      United Network for Organ Sharing, the author examines the point system for
      cadaveric kidneys, the access of foreign nationals to organs donated in the U.S.,
      and the multiple listings of patients seeking transplants. He concludes by
      identifying two major problems of equitable access to donated organs that will
      have to be addressed by social institutions other than UNOS: access to the
      waiting list for donated organs and the role of ability to pay in extrarenal
      transplants.

PMID- 2654284
TI  - No specific association between primary biliary cirrhosis and bacteriuria?
AB  - 160 consecutive patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) (M:F, 13:147; total
      samples 286), 140 patients with other chronic liver disease (CLD) (M:F, 75:65;
      total samples 200), and 28 patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (all F; total
      samples 37), were examined for bacteriuria over 6 months by midstream urine (MSU)
      examination. The overall prevalence of bacteriuria in PBC was 11.2% (7.5% on
      first MSU), in CLD 12.1% (10.7% on first MSU), 18.4% in the 65 female CLD
      patients, 10.7% in Sjogren's syndrome patients (3.5% on first MSU). The
      prevalence of bacteriuria was related to the age of the patient (P less than
      0.02) in PBC and to the presence or absence of cirrhosis in both PBC and CLD (P
      less than 0.02). There was no difference in the prevalence of bacteriuria between
      PBC and CLD patients taken as a whole or among females alone, cirrhotic or non
      cirrhotic groups. In a second prospective study of the cumulative incidence of
      bacteriuria in PBC versus CLD and Sjogren's no significant differences between
      groups was observed but among 29 PBC patients the cumulative proportion of
      positive tests for bacteriuria after 5 months (monthly testing) was 34%. We
      conclude that there is no specific association between PBC and bacteriuria
      compared with the prevalence of bacteriuria in other CLD.

PMID- 2654285
TI  - Lactitol and lactulose for the treatment of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in
      cirrhotic patients. A randomised, cross-over study.
AB  - Fourteen patients with cirrhosis and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy were
      randomised to treatment with lactitol or lactulose for a 2-month period during
      which they were monitored clinically, by electroencephalography and by manually
      administered and computer-based psychometric testing. Following a washout period
      of 4-6 weeks patients were crossed-over to treatment with the alternative sugar
      for a similar period of monitoring. None of the patients showed evidence of overt
      hepatic encephalopathy and only one showed slowing of the electroencephalogram
      mean cycle frequency at the onset of the trial. However, significant impairment
      was observed in the group as a whole in the performance of all three manually
      administered psychometric tests and in four of the ten computer-based test
      variables. No changes were observed in clinical status or in electroencephalogram
      mean cycle frequency during treatment with either lactitol or lactulose. However,
      psychometric performance improved consistently, and to the same degree, during
      treatment with both sugars. Patients required a mean of 26 g (range 8-36) of
      lactitol and 25 ml (10-60) of lactulose to achieve two semi-soft stools per day.
      The majority of patients complained of flatulence during treatment with both
      sugars but this tended to resolve with continued treatment. Diarrhoea developed
      in a small number of patients during both treatment periods but this was
      invariably dose-related. Patients were equally divided in their preference for
      the two sugars. Patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy benefit from
      treatment with lactitol and lactulose in terms of their psychometric performance.
      The feasibility and benefits of long-term treatment for this condition need to be
      elucidated.

PMID- 2654286
TI  - Regulation of hepatic metabolism by extracellular nucleotides and eicosanoids.
      The role of cell heterogeneity.

PMID- 2654287
TI  - Shigellosis occurring in newborn nursery staff.
AB  - Shigellosis is uncommon in the newborn nursery. We describe a case of Shigella
      sonnei gastroenteritis occurring in a newborn. Three of 32 health care providers
      caring for the infant acquired shigellosis. The neonate probably acquired the
      infection from its mother via vertical transmission. All six members of the
      infant's family had gastroenteritis and two siblings had stool cultures positive
      for Shigella. Transmission of Shigella in the newborn nursery is potentially
      great. Emphasis on handwashing and glove use, aggressive case finding,
      notification of contacts, and a liberal "forced paid sick time" policy may halt
      the spread.

PMID- 2654288
TI  - Thymus transplantation and disease prevention in the diabetes-prone Bio-Breeding
      rat.
AB  - Bio-Breeding rat T lymphocytes proliferate poorly in response to alloantigen.
      Transplantation of Bio-Breeding rats with fetal thymus tissue from diabetes
      resistant rats leads to an improvement in the T cell proliferative response, but
      only if the thymus contains bone marrow-derived, radiation-resistant thymic
      antigen presenting cells of the diabetes-resistant phenotype. The current study
      provides evidence that thymus transplantation leading to the restoration of Bio
      Breeding T cell proliferative function can also significantly reduce the
      incidence of insulitis and prevent the development of diabetes. It appears that a
      defect in the bone marrow-derived thymic APC population contributes to an
      abnormal maturation of Bio-Breeding T lymphocytes which in turn predisposes
      animals to insulitis and diabetic disease.

PMID- 2654289
TI  - Course of transplanted Heymann nephritis kidney in normal host. Implications for
      mechanism of proteinuria in membranous glomerulonephropathy.
AB  - Heymann nephritis [model of membranous glomerulonephropathy (MGN)] kidneys (n =
      20) with proteinuria were transplanted into unilaterally nephrectomized normal
      syngeneic Lewis recipient rats to study the course of established MGN lesion in
      normal milieu. Concurrent with the loss of C3 staining from the MGN lesion at 2
      to 4 wk after transplantation, the proteinuria decreased from the transplanted
      kidney (p less than 0.02). Thereafter, from 2 to 28 wk no further decrease was
      noted in proteinuria which stabilized at a lower but still abnormal level. No
      appreciable decrease in IgG deposits in MGN lesion was noted up to 12 wk but at
      28 wk the deposits had decreased significantly (p less than 0.005). However, the
      deposits did not resolve completely even at 40 wk. The results indicate that in
      MGN one component of proteinuria is due to ongoing activation of C with the
      deposition of new antibody and the other is perhaps due to structural damage to
      glomerular filter. The former appears reversible and the later irreversible.
      Although the resolution of IgG deposits in the lesion is very slow significant
      improvement can occur with time (several months).

PMID- 2654290
TI  - A novel cell type responsible for marrow graft rejection in mice. T cells with NK
      phenotype cause acute rejection of marrow grafts.
AB  - Acute rejection of allogeneic and semiallogeneic marrow grafts has long been
      considered to be a function of the natural immune system because it shares many
      features with NK activity in mice. With the use of a recently developed in vivo
      adoptive transfer assay in which spleen cells are transferred from mice able to
      reject a particular marrow graft into mice that fail to do so, we show that the
      cells responsible for induction of marrow graft rejection indeed display the
      phenotype of NK cells: they lack the T cell Ag CD4 and CD8 but express the NK Ag
      NK1 and ASGM1. The rejection induced by adoptively transferred cells is
      exquisitely specific--a feature that points to a specific recognition process by
      the transferred cells. To elucidate what the recognition structure on these cells
      may be we found that they express CD3 and most likely the beta-chain of the TCR.
      Highly purified responder cells with the NK1+, CD3+, CD4-, CD8- phenotype, when
      transferred into nonresponder recipients, cause specific marrow graft rejection.
      We conclude that the acute rejection of bone marrow grafts is caused by a cell
      that expresses NK phenotype but is of T cell lineage. This may suggest the
      specificity of acute marrow graft rejection is caused by a specific recognition
      process that involves TCR.

PMID- 2654291
TI  - IL-4 regulates IL-2 induction of lymphokine-activated killer activity from human
      lymphocytes.
AB  - IL-4 is a pluripotent lymphokine acting on various cell types. We investigated
      the role of human IL-4 on the generation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)
      activity. Human IL-4 alone did not induce LAK activity and inhibited IL-2
      induction of LAK activity from unstimulated PBMC, peripheral blood null cells,
      spleen cells, and lymph node cells in a dose-dependent manner. IL-4 also
      inhibited several phenomena induced by IL-2 such as cell proliferation,
      augmentation of NK activity, increase of Leu-19+ cells, and expression of IL
      2R(p55) on either CD3+ or Leu-19+ cells. IL-4, however, augmented cell
      proliferation with other T cell mitogens including PHA, Con A, PMA, or allo-MHC
      Ag with or without IL-2. In contrast to unstimulated cells, IL-4 alone induced
      marked cell proliferation and LAK activity as well as Leu-19+ cells from in vitro
      IL-2 preactivated PBMC or null cells, and did not inhibit IL-2 induced cell
      proliferation, LAK activity, Leu-19+ cells and IL-2R(p55) expression, but rather
      augmented them with low doses of IL-2. Although IL-4 alone induced LAK activity
      from peripheral blood of some patients previously given IL-2, IL-4 inhibited in
      vitro LAK generation with IL-2 from these cells in most cases. Therefore, IL-4
      appears to directly inhibit the IL-2 activation pathway via IL-2R(p70) and
      prevent resting LAK precursors from proliferating and differentiating into final
      effector cells. However, once cells were sufficiently preactivated by IL-2, IL-4
      induced LAK activity and did not inhibit IL-2 activation of these cells. These
      data suggest an immunoregulatory role of IL-4 on human null cells and T cells.

PMID- 2654292
TI  - Reactivity of the human monoclonal antibody 33G2 with repeated sequences of three
      distinct Plasmodium falciparum antigens.
AB  - The human mAb 33G2 has high capacity to inhibit in vitro invasion of erythrocytes
      by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites and, thus, is of special interest with regard
      to protective immunity against the parasite. In order to obtain more information
      about asexual blood stage Ag of P. falciparum that are seen by this antibody,
      material from synchronized P. falciparum cultures was studied by
      immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, and immunoblotting. Reactivity was
      mainly confined to the membrane of infected erythrocytes. Soon after merozoite
      invasion the antibody stained the erythrocyte membrane. This membrane-associated
      staining faded during intracellular development of the parasites. Beginning about
      18 h after invasion, a dotted pattern appeared which increased in strength with
      time and persisted to schizont rupture. Pf155/RESA was the major Ag recognized in
      immunoblots of parasites collected throughout the entire erythrocytic cycle,
      although other polypeptides also bound the antibody. Among these was a 260-kDa
      polypeptide found in late trophozoites and schizonts. The specificity of the
      antibody was analyzed with synthetic peptides corresponding to repeated sequences
      in the P. falciparum Ag Pf155/RESA, Pf11.1, and Ag332. Synthetic peptides related
      to Ag332 were the most efficient inhibitors of antibody binding in
      immunofluorescence studies and cell ELISA. A beta-galactosidase-Ag332 fusion
      protein was also efficient in reversing reinvasion inhibition caused by 33G2.
      These results define a family of cross-reactive P. falciparum Ag recognized by
      mAb 33G2 and suggest that Ag332 was its original target.

PMID- 2654293
TI  - Spontaneous cytotoxicity of macrophages against pancreatic islet cells.
AB  - Activated peritoneal macrophages were found to lyse syngeneic [3H]leucine-labeled
      pancreatic islet cells or rat insulinoma cells after 15 h of coculture at 37
      degrees C. Lysis was verified by electron microscopic analysis. Islet cell lysis
      was dependent on the T:E ratio and was comparable with P815 and L929 tumor cells
      used as targets. The cytotoxic activity was localized in the adherent fraction of
      Corynebacterium parvum activated peritoneal cells and was destroyed by incubation
      of cells with macrophage-toxic silica particles. Syngeneic thyrocytes and
      hepatocytes were found to be resistant to the cytolytic action of activated
      macrophages. It has been shown previously that macrophages contribute to
      pancreatic islet inflammation. The present in vitro analysis demonstrates that
      macrophages can function as effector cells in islet destruction.

PMID- 2654294
TI  - Antibodies against ganglioside GT3 in the sera of patients with type I diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - Clinical and experimental data support the concept that type I diabetes mellitus
      results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Although both
      proteins and glycolipids are targets of anti-islet cell antibodies, the Ag have
      not been purified or characterized. Previously, we observed that rat insulinoma
      (RIN) cell lines varied in their reactivity with both human antibodies and murine
      mAb A2B5, which binds to polysialo gangliosides. To determine the chemical basis
      of the varied immunoreactivity, we analyzed the glycosphingolipids of 5 RIN
      lines. Glycolipids bound by two mAb and by antibodies in the sera of type I
      diabetics were identified. The more immunoreactive RIN lines contained a much
      higher content of gangliosides and a higher proportion of complex gangliosides.
      The major gangliosides were GM3, GD3, and GT3. By high performance TLC
      immunostaining, we demonstrated that A2B5 and R2D6, an anti-beta cell murine mAb,
      bound most strongly to ganglioside GT3. The binding of human sera to gangliosides
      was analyzed by an ELISA assay. Although both normal and diabetic sera contained
      antibodies to various glycolipids, binding to GT3 was significantly elevated in
      31 new-onset type I diabetics (p less than 0.001). The presence of the GT3
      trisialosyl epitope on human islet cells was shown by immunofluorescent staining
      by both R2D6 and A2B5. These findings support previous suggestions that
      gangliosides play an important role in the immunopathology of type I diabetes,
      and identify for the first time a specific ganglioside Ag that is the target for
      autoantibodies in a subset of diabetic patients.

PMID- 2654295
TI  - Human endothelial cells prolong eosinophil survival. Regulation by cytokines and
      glucocorticoids.
AB  - Many recent studies have established the eosinophil as an active proinflammatory
      participant in a variety of disease states, most notably in allergic and
      helminthic disorders. In order to understand the effector role of eosinophils,
      factors which promote a selective eosinophilic infiltrate must be delineated.
      Eosinophil adherence to vascular endothelium is the first step in the formation
      of such an infiltrate. However, studies thus far have failed to identify factors
      which selectively activate the adherence of eosinophils. We have therefore
      speculated that the selective enrichment of eosinophils may result from
      nonselective recruitment of several leukocyte types combined with the production
      of local factors that promote the survival of eosinophils and not of other cells.
      We report that endothelial cell-conditioned medium selectively prolongs
      eosinophil survival up to 6 days in culture in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
      Stimulation of human vascular endothelial cells with IL-1 caused an increase in
      the generation of eosinophil survival-promoting activity, whereas stimulation
      with platelet-activating factor did not. Supernatants from human vascular
      endothelial cells cultured for 48 h in the presence of the glucocorticoid,
      dexamethasone, were less active in promoting eosinophil survival than control
      supernatants. These results suggest that factors produced locally in the vascular
      microenvironment may selectively promote eosinophil survival and may be under the
      regulation of cytokines and glucocorticoids.

PMID- 2654296
TI  - The distribution of IgG subclasses in pemphigoid gestationis: PG factor is an
      IgG1 autoantibody.
AB  - Using monoclonal antibodies in immunofluorescence techniques, the subclass
      distribution of anti-basement membrane zone IgG antibodies was studied in the
      skin, placenta, and serum of patients with pemphigoid (herpes) gestationis. IgG1
      was found to be the major IgG subclass in both serum and tissue, being detected
      in the sera of all pemphigoid gestationis patients studied. In pemphigoid and
      pemphigus, however, the distribution of IgG subclasses was heterogeneous, with
      IgG4 being the dominant autoantibody. Pemphigoid (herpes) gestationis factor, the
      circulating anti-basement membrane zone autoantibody thought to be pathogenic in
      pemphigoid gestationis, is therefore, an IgG1 antibody, with inferred complement
      binding capacity. Tissue damage in pemphigoid gestationis is apparently mediated
      by complement fixation which is detected via the classical complement cascade.

PMID- 2654297
TI  - Defective expression of basement membrane-associated C3d,g in papulonodular basal
      cell carcinomas.
AB  - Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that C3d,g, a 41,000-Da fragment of
      the third component of complement, is present along the base of the lamina densa
      and in the sublamina densa region of normal human epidermal basement membrane,
      but absent from the skin of a patient with congenital C3 deficiency. In studies
      of human skin, papulonodular basal cell carcinomas have served as a useful model
      for the investigation of various basement membrane antigens and matrix proteins.
      To further investigate the presence of C3d,g within epidermal basement membrane
      as well as examine its relationship with other known basement membrane
      constituents, we have analyzed serial sections of ten papulonodular basal cell
      carcinomas by light and immunofluorescence microscopy. In these studies, C3d,g
      was either absent (N = 9) or minimumly detectable (N = 1) in tumor nest basement
      membranes. While bullous pemphigoid and KF-1 antigens were absent (N = 6 and N =
      3, respectively) or significantly decreased (N = 4 and N = 7, respectively),
      epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen was routinely present though somewhat (N
      = 3) or moderately decreased (N = 3). Laminin and type IV collagen were expressed
      normally in all tumor nest basement membranes. All constituents, including C3d,g,
      were present in adjacent normal epidermal basement membrane of these tumor
      samples. This study has demonstrated antigenic alterations within each
      ultrastructural subregion of papulonodular basal cell carcinoma tumor nest
      basement membranes by identifying the virtual absence of C3d,g (sublamina densa)
      as well as a significant reduction in KF-1 (lamina densa) and bullous pemphigoid
      (lamina lucida) antigens. Moreover, the presence of laminin, type IV collagen,
      and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen in tumor nest basement membranes
      suggests that these particular constituents neither cleave C3 nor act as
      essential binding sites for passive incorporation of this complement component in
      epidermal basement membrane. These studies give additional support to the
      hypothesis that C3d,g is a previously unrecognized constituent of normal
      epidermal basement membrane and does not represent passive incorporation of
      circulating C3 at this site in human skin.

PMID- 2654298
TI  - Beta 2 microglobulin expression in normal melanocytes, nevocellular nevi, and
      malignant melanomas.
AB  - Expression of beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2M), a light chain of class 1 HLA
      antigen, was studied in normal melanocytes and in benign and malignant
      melanocytic tumors by use of immunohistochemical methods. By immunoelectron
      microscopy, normal melanocytes were shown to express beta 2M on the cell surface.
      In lentigo maligna melanomas and acral lentiginous melanomas, the mean
      percentages of beta 2M-positive tumor cells were significantly lower in thick
      (greater than 1.50 mm) primary lesions and metastases than in thin (less than or
      equal to 1.50 mm) primary lesions. The evidence suggests that melanocyte-derived
      melanoma clones with a low grade of malignancy preserve class 1 HLA expression,
      and that the clones with a high grade of malignancy tend to lose the antigen
      expression. Nevus cells in common nevi have little or no expression of beta 2M.
      In halo nevi, however, beta 2M were detected on nevus cells in the lesions
      associated with inflammatory infiltration. Immunohistochemical analyses of the
      cellular composition of the inflammatory cells in halo nevi demonstrated the
      presence of cytotoxic T cells together with helper/inducer T cells, Langerhans
      cells, and macrophages. It appears that nevus cells of halo nevi are destroyed by
      cytotoxic T cells and that class 1 HLA antigens expressed on nevus cells play an
      important role in the target cell recognition and lysis by specific cytotoxic T
      cells.

PMID- 2654299
TI  - Melanin chemistry and melanin precursors in melanoma.

PMID- 2654300
TI  - Pigment cells and pigment cell tumors in fish.
AB  - The three basic pigment cell types found in poikilothermic vertebrates,
      melanocytes (melanin-producing cells), erythrophores (red or yellow pigment
      cells), and iridophores (iridescence-producing cells), are derived from neural
      crest. Neoplasms of pigment cells in fish are also of three phenotypes, melanomas
      (melanophoromas), erythrophoromas, and iridophoromas, showing the phenotypes of
      their corresponding normal pigment cells. These pigment cell tumors are among the
      most common types in bony fish and seem to be more common in fish than in
      mammals, including humans. Moreover, there are no mammalian neoplasms
      corresponding to erythrophoromas and iridophoromas in fish. The complexities in
      the nature and classification of pigment cell tumors in fish will be discussed on
      the basis of a survey of our collection of these tumors at the Cancer Institute.
      The etiology of pigment cell tumors in fish is obscure. In order to know whether
      activated oncogene is involved in the genesis of erythrophoromas in goldfish, the
      ras genes from normal and erythrophoroma cells were cloned and their nucleotide
      sequences were compared. The goldfish ras gene and human ras genes showed
      striking homology. However, no point mutation at the 12th codon was observed in
      ras genes isolated from erythrophoromas. Besides pigment cell tumors in fish,
      abnormal pigmentation or depigmentation in flounders associated with diseased
      conditions is also described.

PMID- 2654301
TI  - Use of human epidermal cells in the study of carcinogenesis.
AB  - Because of the importance of human cells, particularly human epithelial cells, in
      cancer research, we have studied certain phases or events of carcinogenesis using
      human epidermal cells in primary culture. 1) We found that human epidermal cells
      are capable of metabolizing benzo[a]pyrene. Large inter-individual variations are
      found in the basal and induced arylhydrocarbon-hydroxylase activities. 2) UV
      induced unscheduled DNA synthesis was demonstrated in human epidermal cells on
      autoradiographs. We also found that DNA repair is defective in epidermal cells
      isolated from xeroderma pigmentosum by a new explant-outgrowth culture. 3) Human
      epidermal cells are unique in that there is a large number of binding sites to
      phorbol esters compared with mouse epidermal cells, but there is no down
      regulation. Further, human epidermal cells show essentially negative responses to
      tumor promoters, i.e., no stimulation of DNA synthesis, sugar uptake, and no
      induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity. 4) Human epidermal cells contain
      1.5 x 10(5) binding sites per cell for epidermal growth factor (EGF), whereas
      squamous cell carcinomas of skin and oral cavity have larger amounts of EGF
      receptors in the order of 10(6) per cell. 5) Based on the above results, we
      attempted to transform human epidermal cells by the treatment with chemical
      carcinogens, but until now no transformation was obtained.

PMID- 2654302
TI  - Actinic DNA damage and the pathogenesis of cutaneous malignant melanoma.
AB  - The near epidemic of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in the United States
      and certain other industrialized nations is attributable to cutaneous exposure to
      sunlight more than to any other factor. Chronic exposure to UV irradiation and a
      high total cumulative dose may be less deleterious than are periodic bursts of
      large amounts of sun exposure leading to severe sunburn. Such an exposure pattern
      is characteristic of individuals such as office workers whose outdoor activities
      are irregular rather than daily, as with farmers or fisherman. Although UV
      irradiation is injurious to many cellular elements, the mechanisms underlying UV
      mediated skin cancer are thought to be most likely related to DNA damage to
      cutaneous cells. Various types of UV-induced DNA damage have been identified, and
      they differ in biologic significance. Damage which is apt to be most cytotoxic is
      probably less effective as an inducer of skin cancer than is more subtle damage,
      which is tolerated but can initiate malignant transformation. Repair of DNA
      damage involves specific cellular activities which vary in their effectiveness in
      restoring cutaneous cell function to normal. Other biologic effects of UV
      irradiation may contribute to the development of skin cancer through effects on
      such defenses as pigmentation and the immune response. Sun-induced damage to DNA,
      however, is apparently necessary. Biologic consequences of dangerous
      environmental exposure to UV irradiation can be modulated by changes in life
      style, the depth of the ozone layer, use of sunscreens, and possibly by hormones
      or their synthetic analogs.

PMID- 2654303
TI  - Human melanocytic neoplasms and their etiologic relationship with sunlight.
AB  - Two hypotheses have been presented. The first states that melanomas commonly
      evolve from normal melanocytes by a tumor progression pathway from a banal nevus
      to a nevus with dysplasia, to a micro-invasive, and then to a fully evolved,
      tumorigenic, primary melanoma which has competence for metastasis. It is
      important to note that not all melanomas follow this complete pathway. As Foulds
      noted long ago, tumors may bypass any of the stages of tumor progression. Thus,
      many melanomas do not, apparently, arise in nevi, and melanomas may evolve "fully
      formed" as pure tumorigenic nodules. However, from the biological point of view,
      study of the benign potential precursors (nevi and, especially, dysplastic nevi
      as well as microinvasive melanomas) may well reveal mechanisms of progression
      that are applicable to all melanomas, and perhaps to other solid tumors as well.
      From a clinical viewpoint, follow-up and education of patients at increased risk
      for melanoma, and early diagnosis of melanomas in their curable, microinvasive
      stages may result in a reduction of mortality from the disease, even without
      influencing its overall incidence. The melanomas that occur on plantar and palmar
      (acral) skin appear to progress through a microinvasive stage similar to that of
      other cutaneous melanomas. However, the significance of precursor and marker
      lesions (if any exist) in acral melanoma remains to be elucidated by
      clinicopathologic and epidemiologic studies. The possibility of etiologic agents
      other than UV light, such as chemical carcinogens and/or viruses, should be
      investigated in these cases. The second hypothesis presented here, that UV light
      is etiologic for the common cutaneous melanoma of white populations, has support
      from clinical, epidemiologic, and biologic observations. From a biologic
      viewpoint, ultraviolet light has all of the properties that might enable it to
      act as a complete carcinogen, and to enhance tumor progression in melanocytic
      "potential-precursor" lesions. Clinically, it seems appropriate to encourage
      patients (and members of the general population, as well) to adopt sensible
      attitudes to sun exposure. By such means, it is possible that some melanomas
      might be prevented, or that the rate and incidence of progression to more
      advanced stages might be inhibited.

PMID- 2654304
TI  - Effect of captopril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) on intraocular
      pressure in healthy human volunteers.
AB  - The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is important in the regulation of body
      fluids. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which forms angiotensin II from
      angiotensin I, is known to be present in human ocular tissue. In rabbits, some
      topically applied ACE inhibitors including captopril have been shown to reduce
      IOP with a magnitude and duration comparable to that of topical 0.5% timolol.
      Captopril in a 50mg single oral dose, which had a significant effect on blood
      pressure, had no significant effect on IOP over a 4 hour period.

PMID- 2654305
TI  - Systemic delivery of insulin through eyes to lower the glucose concentration.
AB  - An attempt has been made in this study to develop a simple, economical and
      painless method for the delivery of insulin systemically without using parenteral
      routes. Insulin was shown to be absorbed effectively into systemic circulation
      through the eyes. With 0.125% (0.031 mg/25 microliters), 1% (0.25 mg/25 mg/25
      microliters) insulin instilled topically into the eyes, systemic blood
      concentrations of 1.3 ng/ml, 9 ng/ml, and 24 ng/ml, respectively, could be
      attained. When 25 microliters of 1%, 2% and 5% insulin plus 1% saponin solution
      were instilled into eyes they reached 63 ng/ml, 89 ng/ml and 195 ng/ml,
      respectively in the systemic circulation. These results indicate that the
      systemic absorption of 1% insulin through the eyes can be enhanced at least 7
      fold when 1% of the surfactant, saponin, was added to the solution. However, the
      insulin absorption was not affected by aminopeptidase inhibition nor by the
      change of pH in the range of 5 to 8. Most importantly, the blood glucose was
      reduced concomitantly with the increase of blood insulin when 50 microliters of
      1% insulin in 1% saponin solution was instilled in the eyes. The blood glucose of
      alloxan-treated diabetic animals reduced drastically from 370 mg % to 185 mg % in
      90 min and further to 75 mg % in another 150 min. In normal animals, 25
      microliters of 1% insulin in 1% saponin reduced blood glucose from 102 mg % to 50
      mg % in an hour and blood glucose remained low for at least 3 hrs. These results
      indicate that insulin can be delivered systemically through the eyes,
      particularly with the surfactant enhancers, such as saponin. This new method is
      economical and simple as compared with parenteral administration and/or minipump
      implantation. It is hoped that this new method would improve patients' compliancy
      in using insulin for diabetes treatment.

PMID- 2654306
TI  - Two prostate-specific antigens, gamma-seminoprotein and beta-microseminoprotein.
AB  - The determination of gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) (also called prostate
      specific antigen [PSA], prostate antigen [PA], or p30) in human serum has been
      recently demonstrated to be more sensitive and specific for diagnosing prostate
      cancer and monitoring the condition of patients with prostate cancer than the
      prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) test. Because the gamma-Sm (PSA) test seems
      likely to replace the PAP test in the area of urology and study of prostate
      specific antigens is expanding, we have reviewed physicochemical properties and
      clinical significance of two prostate-specific antigens, gamma-Sm (PSA) and beta
      microseminoprotein (beta-MSP). Both proteins have been proved to originate in the
      prostate gland and have not been detected in any other human tissues by an
      immunohistologic study. The usefulness of gamma-Sm and beta-MSP in determining
      the origin of metastatic tumors has also been shown. gamma-Sm is a glycoprotein
      with a molecular weight of 26,079 for the peptide portion, of which the amino
      acid sequence is identical to so-called PSA and homologous with serine proteases
      (the kallikrein family). Its chymotrypsin-like activity with a unique substrate
      specificity has also been demonstrated. The molecular weight of beta-MSP is
      10,652 from the amino acid sequence, in which the protein has been shown to
      contain no alanine residue.

PMID- 2654307
TI  - Psychogenic stridor.
AB  - Obstruction of the laryngeal airway is a life threatening problem due normally to
      obstructive pathology within the upper aero-digestive tract. We describe four
      cases of laryngeal stridor (two adults and two children) of psychogenic origin,
      one of which required a tracheostomy. The literature is reviewed and the
      subsequent pattern of this disease documented on the basis of 28 patients
      previously described.

PMID- 2654308
TI  - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the larynx.
AB  - We report two cases of poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the
      larynx which both remain well after surgical management. The first underwent a
      radical neck dissection for recurrent disease following radiotherapy and the
      second a total laryngectomy with elective post-operative radiotherapy. Although
      well differentiated ('low grade') mucoepidermoid tumors of the larynx may respond
      to radiotherapy surgical management is generally recommended for all grades of
      such tumours especially for poorly differentiated ('high grade') tumours.
      Elective post-operative radiotherapy is often advocated for high grade tumours;
      radical neck dissection is generally undertaken only in the presence of
      lymphadenopathy, although elective radical neck dissection has been proposed for
      high grade tumours. These cases emphasise the value of comprehensive surgical
      management for this condition. Such laryngeal tumours are difficult to diagnose
      histologically from biopsy and are often initially reported as squamous cell
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2654309
TI  - The Indian contribution to rhinoplasty.

PMID- 2654310
TI  - [Monocyte-endothelium relations].
AB  - Monocytes and endothelial cell interactions play a key role in the development of
      vascular lesion, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Leukocyte adhesion is mediated
      through specific molecules CD11/CD18 complexes on the leukocyte side and the ELAM
      (Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule) ICAM (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule) on the
      endothelium cell surface. Several monocyte products damage endothelial cells such
      as free radicals, oxygen peroxides, proteases, hydrolases, lipases... Various
      monokines alter endothelial cell function and proliferation. Interleukin 1, gamma
      interferon, alpha tumor necrosis factor increase ELAM, further more they induce
      the synthesis of procoagulant activity by endothelial cells. Monocyte derived
      growth factor stimulates endothelial cells proliferation while transforming
      growth factors, beta (TGF beta) and TNF alpha inhibit endothelial cell growth.
      Lipid products of monocyte origins such as leukotrienes induce an activation of
      endothelial cells which results in a production of prostacyclin. Monocytes may
      also participate in the coagulation process by producing thromboplastin and
      coagulation factors and facilitating the tenase (activation of factor X) complex
      formation. On the other hand, monocyte also synthesize tissue plasminogen
      activator and inhibitor. The numerous factor produced by monocytes may affect in
      different ways the endothelial cell behavior.

PMID- 2654311
TI  - [Oxygen, phagocytic cells and atheroma].
AB  - Phagocytes (P), i.e. neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, may be involved as
      well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the initiation and development of
      atherosclerosis. Evidences for this assumption are the following; P and ROS are
      both able to damage endothelial cells whose dysfunction is crucial in the
      etiology of atherosclerosis. ROS generated by endothelial cells, smooth muscle
      cells or mainly blood cells such as neutrophils but also monocytes platelets and
      erythrocytes, peroxide directly endothelial cell membranes. Damage to cell
      membranes can be induced by P that adhere to, and release on endothelial cells
      large amounts of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. ROS can also induce formation
      in the blood of lipoperoxides which are often included in LDL (low density
      lipoproteins). These modified LDL are cytotoxic, possess phospholipase A2
      activity and are recognized by the LDL scavenger receptor which is on the
      monocyte-macrophage membrane. The modified LDL are also immunogenic inducing
      formation of autoantibodies directed against them and normal LDL. Modified LDL
      and LDL immune complexes can be ingested by monocytes leading to foam cells and
      ROS. The damaged endothelial cells have an increased permeability to
      macromolecules, synthetize chemotactic factors, decrease their prostacyclin
      production and favour the adherence of neutrophils and monocytes to their
      surface. All these factors could increase ROS production and lipid peroxidation
      amplifying intra and extra-cellular accumulation of lipoperoxides in vascular
      walls. The ability of ROS and P to damage endothelial cells, to induce lipid
      peroxidation and thus to be involved in atherosclerosis relies on in vitro
      experimental results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654312
TI  - [The biology of fibrinogen. The role of pentoxifylline].
AB  - Recent epidemiological studies have shown that an increase in fibrinogen level
      (even a slight increase) is an important risk factor for vascular disease.
      Consequently, drugs which induce a decrease in fibrinogen are of great
      importance. Pentoxifylline given in patients with vascular disease or in those
      with high risk of thrombosis (diabetes, arteritis) induces a significant decrease
      in plasma fibrinogen level. Furthermore, in patients with arteritis, the decrease
      in fibrinogen level after pentoxifylline is correlated with the improvement in
      the walking distance. Several hypotheses may be taken into account to explain the
      decrease in fibrinogen induced by pentoxifylline. The hypothesis based upon a
      decrease of fibrinogen synthesis seems very fascinating since pentoxifylline,
      inducing a decrease in Interleukin 1 activity on leukocytes, might be responsible
      also for a decrease in interleukin 1 activity as fibrinogen stimulating factor.
      Furthermore, the effect of pentoxifylline on fibrinolysis, reported by some
      authors, is also of importance for the prevention of thrombotic disorder.

PMID- 2654313
TI  - [Inflammation and atherosclerosis].
AB  - Inflammation is the reaction of a vascularized living tissue to local injury.
      Acute and chronic inflammation result from complex interactions between
      leukocytes, mesenchymal cells and various components of plasma. The aim of
      inflammation is reparation, but persisting chronic inflammation is a source of
      disease. Atherosclerosis can be viewed as an impairment of the normal
      relationships between blood and arterial wall. As proposed by pathologists of the
      last century, inflammation may provide a physiopathologic frame for
      atherosclerosis. Human atherosclerotic lesions at any step of their evolution, as
      well as the pathogenic models that have been developed to explain atherogenesis,
      share many features of an inflammatory reaction of arterial intima: increased
      penetration of plasma components, proliferation of smooth muscle cells,
      infiltration by monocytes/macrophages and by lymphocytes, building up of a
      sclerotic extracellular matrix and of a rich neovascularization. The inflammatory
      model neither contradicts nor jeopardizes the established knowledge on the roles
      of lipids and thrombosis in atherosclerosis. Rather, introducing the numerous
      cellular and molecular mediators of inflammation into the pathogenesis of
      atherosclerosis widens our field of investigations, and may open new avenues for
      prevention and treatment. There remains the major question of identifying the
      cause(s) which initiate(s) and perpetuate(s) arterial inflammation that lead to
      complicated atherosclerosis with ischemic manifestations.

PMID- 2654314
TI  - [New aspects of the pharmacology of pentoxifylline].
AB  - Pentoxifylline has been used for several years in various types of peripheral and
      cerebrovascular diseases because of its hemorheological properties:
      pentoxifylline improves the red cell deformability, decreases platelet and red
      cell aggregation, decreases fibrinogen and plasma viscosity. Its new properties
      on the leukocyte function can lead to new therapeutical ways. Adherence and
      peroxidative free radicals production are induced by inflammatory cytokines (IL1,
      TNF) and can induce vascular tissue damages and development of atherosclerosis.
      Pentoxifylline has no effect on the normal leukocyte function. However, in all
      inflammatory diseases, Pentoxifylline acts on the activated neutrophil function:
      Pentoxifylline decreases adherence to endothelial cells or other surfaces, the
      superoxide and lysozyme release, and increases chemotaxis. In some animal models
      of shock and infection, pentoxifylline decreases cellular and tissue damages,
      mediated by activated neutrophils. Furthermore, in inhibiting neutrophil adhesion
      to cultured endothelium cells, pentoxifylline, modulates leukocyte-endothelium
      and leukocyte-platelets interactions which are important factors in the
      development of inflammation and thrombosis. Pentoxifylline increases the
      leukocytes mediated activation of fibrinolytic pathways and could play an
      important role in the prevention of thrombosis. In addition to its well-known
      effects on chronic vascular diseases, pentoxifylline is also effective in some
      acute injuries in animal models. This can lead to new research fields allowing a
      better understanding of atheromatous processes.

PMID- 2654315
TI  - Evaluation and clinical significance of appendicular skeletal assessment by
      radiographic photodensitometry.
AB  - "Senile" or age-related bone loss affects cortical and trabecular bone and may be
      detected in the appendicular as well as the axial skeleton. This study presents
      radiographic photodensitometry as a precise and sensitive technique for
      evaluating appendicular skeletal status. Data from reproducibility studies
      indicate that the coefficient of variation for the technology is between 1.9% and
      4.5% for the three bones analyzed. Evaluation of age-related changes in bone mass
      for over 800 subjects demonstrated a decline in mass vs. age after the fourth
      decade in women, with the slope of the decline being very similar to that seen in
      CT longitudinal studies. Applied serially to a patient over time, the technology
      identifies changes in bone mass and may be used to evaluate the response to
      intervention therapy.

PMID- 2654316
TI  - Taxonomy of neurodiagnostic modalities.
AB  - Seven neurodiagnostic modalities are presented with complete explanations of the
      language of the neurosciences. The modalities include needle-electromyography,
      short latency somatosensory evoked response, motor conduction velocity and
      sensory nerve action potential studies, F-response and H-reflex studies, and
      electroencephalography. These neurodiagnostic studies are correlated with
      clinical chiropractic diagnostic expediency and specificity. Finally, the article
      demonstrates practical and efficient methods of cooperation between neurologists
      and the referring chiropractic physician that has eluded these professions for
      almost a century.

PMID- 2654317
TI  - A review of the familial hyperlipidemias.

PMID- 2654318
TI  - Progress against leukemia.

PMID- 2654319
TI  - What to expect--and not expect--in the Medicare/Medicaid anti-kickback "safe
      harbor" regulations.

PMID- 2654320
TI  - Peripheral oestrogen synthesis in man: its regulation and possible physiological
      significance.

PMID- 2654321
TI  - Effects of cyclosporin A upon humoral and cellular immune parameters in insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus type I: a long-term follow-up study.
AB  - Patients who had been included in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled
      trial on the efficacy of cyclosporin A (CyA) in producing remissions in insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) type I were investigated for humoral and
      cellular immunologic parameters. Whereas metabolic derangement before the
      initiation of insulin treatment led to small but significant decreases in the
      percentage of CD4-positive lymphocytes as well as of the activity of natural
      killer (NK) cells and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), the
      administration of CyA did not influence any of the immunologic parameters tested,
      which included proliferative lymphocyte responses to mitogens and alloantigens
      and serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A and M. Thus NK cell activity,
      ADCC as well as the percentage of CD4-positive lymphocytes returned to normal
      levels in parallel with the normalization of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbAlc),
      but were not further influenced in their course by the administration of CyA, as
      compared with patients receiving placebo. Interferon-induced augmentation of NK
      cell activity did not differ between patients with IDDM on placebo and those
      under CyA therapy. All other investigated parameters also remained unchanged
      during the time of CyA therapy. We conclude that metabolic derangement leads to a
      reversible disturbance of certain cellular immune functions, but their
      normalization achieved by insulin treatment and their further course remains
      uninfluenced by the administration of CyA.

PMID- 2654322
TI  - The measurement and effect of growth hormone in the presence of growth hormone
      binding antibodies.
AB  - We have developed methods for measuring the concentrations of free GH in plasma
      using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) separation procedure to remove antibody-bound
      GH within 1 h of collection. Total GH concentrations were obtained by
      acidification of the GH-antibody complex to release the GH followed by PEG
      precipitation of the antibody. The plasma GH assay had a within-assay coefficient
      of variation (C.V.) of 6.8% at 4.6 mU/l and a between-assay C.V. of 9.2% at 4.0
      mU/l. The PEG-modified assay had a within-assay C.V. of 4.3% at 6.3 mU/l and a
      between-assay C.V. of 10.9% at 5.3 mU/l. Both assays had a sensitivity of 1.3
      mU/l. There was good correlation between plasma and free GH concentrations in 24
      h profiles in two tall children (r = 0.98; P less than 0.001) and between total
      and free GH in the same profiles (r = 0.97; P less than 0.001). GH antibodies
      were measured using a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay. In children who did not
      develop GH antibodies there was no difference between total, plasma and free GH
      concentrations. In contrast, in those who developed GH antibodies both total and
      plasma GH concentrations were markedly increased compared with free GH
      concentrations. The presence of GH antibodies did not affect the growth, plasma
      insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations or fasting serum insulin
      concentration responses to 1 year of therapy with biosynthetic human GH.

PMID- 2654323
TI  - In-vivo effect of ethanol on release of LH-releasing hormone and LH in rats.
AB  - The effect of exposure to ethanol on hypothalamic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH)
      release in vivo was investigated in rats both acutely (i.p. injection) and after
      3 days of administration, utilizing a permanent gastric cannula. In both designs,
      the animals were castrated before being given ethanol and, in both experiments,
      ethanol successfully lowered the post-castration LH rise compared with control
      castrated animals. In both the acutely and chronically treated groups, basal LHRH
      release was not impaired, despite the documented decrease in LH levels. Finally,
      stimulated LHRH release was investigated with depolarizing concentrations of
      potassium and, again, no change was noted between the hypothalamic release of
      this decapeptide in the ethanol-exposed compared with the ethanol-naive animals.
      Thus, ethanol failed to inhibit basal or stimulated LHRH secretion in the acutely
      and chronically treated animal. This lack of effect on LHRH occurred despite a
      concomitant lowering of serum concentrations of LH.

PMID- 2654324
TI  - Influence of the thymus on the capacity of female mice to reject male skin
      grafts.
AB  - The ability of female mice to reject H-Y-incompatible, but otherwise
      histocompatible, male skin grafts differs greatly from strain to strain, as is
      illustrated particularly by the C57BL strain (B6 and other sublines), termed "H-Y
      rejector," because females invariably and promptly reject C57BL male skin, in
      comparison with the C3H strain, termed "H-Y nonrejector," because females
      characteristically accept male C3H skin. To assess the extent to which the thymus
      governs this rejector vs. nonrejector status, two studies were made. In the
      first, lethally irradiated B6 (C57BL) and C3H females were restored with (B6 X
      C3H)F1 female cells, providing a graft-vs.-host-free milieu for differentiation
      of the same immunopoietic cell population in B6 vs. C3H hosts. With respect to
      (B6 X C3H)F1 male skin grafts, B6 hosts responded as rejectors and C3H hosts as
      nonrejectors, signifying that rejector vs. nonrejector status was determined by
      the host during immunopoiesis. That the main organ responsible for rejector vs.
      nonrejector determination is the thymus was shown in a second study. Previously
      thymectomized (B6 X C3H)F1 females received a histocompatible graft of thymus
      from either B6 or C3H neonatal females and were restored with donor-marked (B6-Ly
      5a X C3H)F1 female cells after lethal irradiation. With respect to (B6 X C3H)F1
      male skin grafts, the recipients of B6 thymus grafts responded generally as
      rejectors and the recipients of C3H thymus grafts responded uniformly as
      nonrejectors.

PMID- 2654325
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes form spontaneous erythrocyte
      rosettes.
AB  - Erythrocytes infected with trophozoites or schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum
      bind uninfected erythrocytes, leading to rosette formation. Both established
      laboratory strains and fresh isolates from patients form such rosettes, but at
      widely different frequencies. IgG preparations from the serum of some P.
      falciparum-immune donors and heparin inhibited rosette formation. The results
      indicate that cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes to endothelial cells and
      rosetting represent distinct genetic traits.

PMID- 2654326
TI  - Cost-benefit analyses of California family practice residencies.
AB  - Several national commissions have recommended that family practice residency
      training be subsidized, but without stating how much support is needed. Financial
      studies of graduate medical education have used the methods of cost allocation or
      joint-products cost analysis. Previous cost-allocation studies indicate that one
      third of family practice residency costs are met by extramural subsidy. Cost
      reports of eight California public hospitals with a single family practice
      residency program were evaluated for the 1984-85 fiscal year. Discrepancies in
      the education costs reported to Medicare and those reported in state hospital
      disclosure reports demonstrate the arbitrary nature of the cost-allocation
      method. The Medicare medical education reimbursement was an average of $20,444
      per resident. State and federal grants provided an average of $5,190 per
      resident. The Medicare payments and grants met an average of 35.7% of the
      education costs reported to Medicare. A joint-products cost analysis was used to
      estimate the pure cost of education in an 18-resident family practice residency.
      Replacing the residency with salaried physicians would have decreased the
      hospital's net return by $143,534. If neither grants nor Medicare education
      payments had been received, elimination of the program would have increased
      hospital net return by $428,083.

PMID- 2654327
TI  - An analytic review of current therapies for obesity.
AB  - Weight control is a cornerstone objective for many diseases common in medicine.
      Substantial, prolonged weight loss is difficult to achieve. Nutrition counseling,
      very low calorie diets, behavior modification, exercise, intragastric balloon,
      and gastric restriction surgery are interventions that physicians may recommend
      for obese patients. This paper analyzes the efficacy of these methods with
      attention to attrition rates, maximum weight loss, long-term maintenance of
      weight loss, and morbidity. Strategies for intervention for various classes of
      obese patients are recommended.

PMID- 2654328
TI  - Crystallographic studies and semi-empirical MNDO calculations on quisqualic acid
      and its analogues: systems containing unusual pyramidal heterocyclic ring
      nitrogens.
AB  - X-ray crystallographic studies on synthetic DL-quisqualic acid and the
      corresponding carbon analogue have revealed pyramidal and almost planar
      geometries respectively for the ring nitrogen atoms carrying the alkyl side
      chain. Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations on methyl-substituted model
      systems predict ring geometries in close agreement with experimentally observed
      data. The calculated energy barriers between the two enantiomeric forms
      (invertomers) of the oxadiazolidine systems along with some physical data would
      suggest that such forms are rapidly interconverting.

PMID- 2654329
TI  - A randomized trial of cisplatin versus cisplatin plus methotrexate in advanced
      cancer of the urothelial tract.
AB  - One hundred eight patients with recurrent or metastatic transitional cell
      carcinoma of the urothelial tract were randomized to receive cisplatin (C) 80
      mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks, or methotrexate (M) 50 mg/m2 on days 1 and 15 plus
      C 80 mg/m2 on day 2 every 4 weeks (C + M). Fifty-three eligible patients were
      randomized to C + M and 55 to C. In the C + M arm, 45% of patients responded
      (complete response [CR], 9%) and 31% (CR, 9%) in the C arm (P = .18). In the C
      arm, 20 patients failing or relapsing after C received M. Two patients responded,
      and four with progressive disease (PD) and one with a previous partial response
      (PR) showed no change. The median survival was 8.7 months (C + M arm) and 7.2
      months (C arm), P = .7. Relapse-free survival was not significantly different,
      but C + M was associated with a significantly increased time to disease
      progression (median, 5.0 months, v 2.8 months for C arm). The response of
      untreated patients (37%) was not different from those with prior treatment (39%).
      On the C + M arm, 92% of patients and 96% of patients on the C arm received 85%
      or more of the scheduled C dose. Significantly more grade 3 or 4 hematological
      toxicity (27% v 2%; P = .01) and mucositis (20% v 0%; P = .0005) occurred in
      patients on the C + M arm. Although the initial response rates seen on the
      combination arm look superior, and the time to disease progression is increased,
      these effects have not translated into a clinically important increase in the
      duration of survival and were associated with increased toxicity.

PMID- 2654330
TI  - Direct comparisons of peripheral T-cell lymphoma with diffuse B-cell lymphoma of
      comparable histological grades--should peripheral T-cell lymphoma be considered
      separately?
AB  - Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) forms a morphologically heterogeneous group of
      non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) with distinct immunophenotypes of mature T cells.
      Progress has been slow in defining specific clinicopathological entities to this
      particular group of NHL. In order to elucidate the specific characteristics of
      PTCL, a direct comparison of PTCL with a group of diffuse B-cell lymphomas (DBCL)
      was performed. Between June 1983 and December 1987, we studied 114 adults with
      NHL, using a battery of immunophenotyping markers. Adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome,
      follicular lymphoma, well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and true
      histiocytic lymphoma were excluded from this study since these are distinct
      clinicopathologic entities with well-recognized immunophenotypes. Of the
      remaining 75 patients, 70 who had adequate clinical information were analyzed,
      and of these, 34 were PTCL and 36 were DBCL. Classified according to the National
      Cancer Institute (NCI) Working Formulation (WF), 68% of PTCL and 31% of DBCL were
      high-grade lymphomas. Clinical and laboratory features were similar, except PTCL
      had a characteristic skin involvement and tended to present in more advanced
      stages with more constitutional symptoms. Induction chemotherapy was homogeneous
      in both groups, and complete remission rates were 62% for PTCL and 67% for DBCL.
      Patients with DBCL had a better overall survival than patients with PTCL, but the
      survival benefit disappeared after patients were stratified according to
      intermediate- or high-grade lymphoma. A subgroup of PTCL patients who had
      received less intensive induction chemotherapy was found to have a very
      unfavorable outcome. We conclude that (1) PTCL follows the general grading
      concept proposed in WF classification; (2) within a given intermediate or high
      grade, PTCL and DBCL respond comparably to treatment; (3) the intensity of
      induction chemotherapy has a crucial impact on the outcome of PTCL patients; and
      (4) with a few exceptions, the clinical and laboratory features of PTCL and DBCL
      are comparable.

PMID- 2654331
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for children with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia in first remission: a cooperative study of the Groupe d'Etude de la
      Greffe de Moelle Osseuse.
AB  - Thirty-two children ranging in age from 1.5 to 16 years with poor-prognosis acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were treated with myeloablative immunosuppressive
      therapy consisting of cyclophosphamide (CPM) and total body irradiation (TBI)
      followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) while in first complete
      remission (CR). The main reasons for assignment to BMT were WBC count greater
      than 100,000/microL, structural chromosomal abnormalities, and resistance to
      initial induction therapy. All children were transplanted with marrow from
      histocompatible siblings. Twenty-seven patients are alive in first CR for 7 to 82
      months post-transplantation (median, 30 months). The actuarial disease-free
      survival rate is 84.4% (confidence interval, 7.2% to 29%) and the actuarial
      relapse rate is 3.5% (confidence interval, 0.9% to 13%). Four patients died of
      transplant-related complications, 16 developed low-grade acute graft-v-host
      disease (GVHD), and six developed chronic GVHD. The very low incidence of relapse
      (one of 28 long-term survivors) precluded the determination of the prognostic
      significance of the different poor-outcome features. Moreover, two infants
      treated with busulfan, CPM, and cytarabine (Ara-C) relapsed promptly in the
      marrow. In summary, as a means of providing long-term disease-free survival and
      possible cure, BMT should be considered for children with ALL presenting poor
      prognostic features, particularly certain chromosomal translocations [t(4;11),
      t(9;22)], very high WBC counts, notably if associated with a non-T
      immunophenotype, and, perhaps, a poor response to initial therapy with
      corticosteroids (CS), or infants less than 6 months of age.

PMID- 2654332
TI  - Predictability of the survival of patients with advanced ovarian cancer.
AB  - Based on material from two clinical trials performed by The Netherlands Joint
      Study Group for Ovarian Cancer, we constructed a prognostic index (PI) with
      considerable predictive power for long-term survival of patients treated with
      cytotoxic combination chemotherapy including cisplatin. The pretreatment
      characteristics needed for the calculation of the PI are the Karnofsky index, the
      site of metastases expressed as the International Federation of Gynecology and
      Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, the size of residual tumor, the Broders' grade, and the
      presence of ascites. In the subgroup comprising the 10% of the patients with the
      best prognosis, 4-year survival was 75%, whereas all of the patients in the
      subgroup comprising the 10% with the poorest prognosis died within 4 years, which
      illustrates the large variability of the prognosis among patients. The PI was
      found to retain its value after response was achieved. The information provided
      by the PI can be expected to be useful in treatment planning and for proper
      stratification of patients in clinical trials.

PMID- 2654333
TI  - Tamoxifen therapy in primary breast cancer: biology, efficacy, and side effects.
AB  - Since its introduction into clinical use in the early 1970s, the synthetic
      antiestrogen tamoxifen citrate has been shown to contribute to the control of
      human breast cancer in increasingly significant ways. While its mechanisms of
      action and pharmacology are incompletely understood, tamoxifen appears to act
      predominantly by blocking the action of estrogen by binding to the estrogen
      receptor. Clinical trials of tamoxifen for 1 to 2 years in primary breast cancer
      demonstrate consistent beneficial effects on disease-free survival, but only
      suggested beneficial effects on survival. Routine use of adjuvant tamoxifen for 5
      years or more will depend on the results of ongoing large clinical trials of
      efficacy and detailed studies of unknown biological effects on other tissues.

PMID- 2654334
TI  - Etiology of intracranial berry aneurysms.
AB  - The congenital theory of the etiology of intracranial berry aneurysms has been
      widely accepted for many years. Review of the supporting evidence indicates that
      it is not based on sound scientific data but on unscientific and unsubstantiated
      allegations. There is no evidence of a congenital, developmental, or inherited
      weakness of the vessel wall. The most plausible explanation is that the aneurysms
      are acquired degenerative lesions--the effect of hemodynamic stress. The mural
      atrophy leading to aneurysmal dilatation is an acquired lesion which can be
      produced experimentally by hemodynamics alone. Hypertension and connective tissue
      disorders associated with acquired loss of tensile strength of the connective
      tissues are not essential: they appear to be aggravating rather than causal
      factors. Occlusion of one or more feeding vessels may enhance the possibility of
      aneurysm formation at large arterial forks subjected to the augmented hemodynamic
      stress associated with collateral flow.

PMID- 2654335
TI  - Chemonucleolysis versus discectomy: a randomized multicenter trial.
AB  - A randomized clinical trial was carried out to compare the results of open
      discectomy with those of chemonucleolysis in 151 patients suffering from a disc
      herniation at L4-5 or L5-S1. All patients fulfilled strict entry criteria; 78
      patients underwent open discectomy and 73 were subjected to chemonucleolysis. An
      increase in radicular pain immediately after treatment was encountered in 16
      patients (22%) in the chemonucleolysis group, as compared to none in the
      discectomy group. The efficacy of discectomy appeared to be definitely superior
      to that of chemonucleolysis. Within a follow-up period of 1 year, 18 patients
      (25%) required open discectomy following failed chemonucleolysis; two patients
      (3%) in the discectomy group needed a second operation. Open discectomy following
      previous chemonucleolysis was successful in only 44% of cases. Comparison of the
      final results of the two modes of treatment 12 months after the last intervention
      (including second treatment) did not reveal any significant differences. The
      duration of the preoperative symptoms, the level of disc herniation, and the
      leakage of contrast medium out of the disc appeared to be of no relevance to the
      final outcome. The complication rates in both treatment groups were low.

PMID- 2654336
TI  - A city of nuclear medicine landmarks and innovators.

PMID- 2654337
TI  - John G. McAfee to receive SNM Hevesy Nuclear Medicine Pioneer Award.

PMID- 2654338
TI  - Evaluation of hypertensive patients by means of captopril enhanced renal
      scintigraphy with technetium-99m DTPA.
AB  - One-hundred five hypertensive patients underwent conventional renal scintigraphy
      followed 2 or 3 days later by Captopril-enhanced renal scintigraphy, performed 1
      hr after premedication with 50 mg of Captopril per os. All patients were then
      submitted to renal arteriography, performed within 15-30 days. Fifty-five
      patients had no renal artery stenosis, 29 had unilateral disease, and 21
      bilateral. Overall, 34/37 patients were diagnosed by the provocative test as
      having at least one renal artery affected by a stenosis greater than 50%. Of
      those with no stenosis (n = 55) or stenosis less than 50% (n = 13) only two cases
      were falsely positive. Thus sensitivity was 92% and specificity 97%. For single
      kidney identification with stenosis greater than 50%, sensitivity of renal
      scintigraphy after Captopril administration was 94% and specificity 98%.
      Captopril enhanced renal scintigraphy is thus suggested as the first test to be
      performed in hypertensive patients referred for renal scintigraphic studies. Only
      those cases with equivocal results require a baseline study for better
      assessment.

PMID- 2654339
TI  - Hearing preservation after resection of acoustic neuroma: a review.
AB  - The recent literature addressing the problem of hearing loss after acoustic
      neuroma surgery is reviewed, and efforts to prevent such loss are discussed.
      Patient selection for hearing preservation, tumor size, surgical approaches
      employed, the use of intraoperative evoked potential monitoring, and histologic
      considerations are discussed. From this discussion, the author concludes that
      careful selection of patients for appropriate surgical approaches with direct
      eighth nerve monitoring provides the optimal chance for hearing preservation in
      patients with acoustic neuromas.

PMID- 2654340
TI  - Growth hormone: past, present, and future.
AB  - Recent progress in the diagnosis and therapy of IGHD illustrates the ever
      increasing influence of recombinant DNA research. Recombinant DNA technology has
      already resulted in the synthesis of therapeutic growth hormone that is both
      relatively easy to produce and safe. Recombinant DNA probes have also been
      developed that can clearly diagnose one form of growth hormone deficiency (IGHD
      1A) and are approaching identification of other forms. Finally, since they
      function by direct interaction with the genes, probes will also detect the
      precise molecular defect(s) causing IGHD. This knowledge potentially could lead
      to a means of correcting the mutations themselves.

PMID- 2654341
TI  - Some causes of failure of crowns, bridges and dentures.
AB  - With increasing emphasis being placed on precision in the construction of
      prostheses the importance of the visco-elastic characteristics of tooth support
      should be understood. Since the tooth returns to its resting position quite
      slowly, especially when repeated or sustained forces have been applied, an
      impression prepared prior to fully recovery will convey erroneous relationships
      of the tooth with its neighbours to the working model and, eventually, to the
      prosthesis. Such an error has been identified in young human subjects when inter
      dental wedges, gingival retraction cord, and rubber dam are placed. The
      preparation of conventional alginate impressions in special trays can displace
      abutment teeth to a clinically significant degree as was recorded for seven
      partially dentate patients. Simple precautions will circumvent these potential
      sources of error.

PMID- 2654342
TI  - Tooth positions in the natural and complete artificial dentitions, with special
      reference to the incisor teeth: an interactive on-line computer analysis.
AB  - A comparison of tooth positions and soft tissue profiles was made between samples
      of edentulous patients recently provided with new complete dentures, and dentate
      subjects. The dentures were marked with lead foil on the most prominent incisor
      teeth and labial surfaces of the flanges. Lateral skull radiographs were made
      with the jaws in centric relation. The dentate subjects were recorded with the
      teeth held in centric occlusion. Discrete soft and hard tissue landmarks were
      identified and recorded using an interactive on-line computer system, enabling
      linear and angular measurements to be made. A mathematical comparison was
      produced employing a series of independent t-tests. Composite computer tracings
      were also produced. Important differences were found between the two groups, in
      which the influence of the upper lip length, mandibular resorption, and selected
      overbite were identified as factors determining artificial tooth position.

PMID- 2654343
TI  - Immunologic alterations in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a review.

PMID- 2654344
TI  - IgA nephropathy associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in adults:
      the pathogenetic role of HBsAG.
AB  - Five adult cases of IgA nephropathy associated with chronic hepatitis B virus
      infection were studied. Serum HBsAg and anti-HBc were present in five patients
      and HBeAg in four patients. Glomerular changes were typical of primary IgA
      nephropathy in four patients, and a mixed picture of IgA and membranous
      nephropathy was demonstrated in one patient. Immunofluorescence microscopy using
      polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against HBsAg, HBcAg, and HBeAg revealed
      mesangial deposits of HBsAg in renal biopsies from four patients. One renal
      biopsy showed only mesangial and capillary HBcAg by polyclonal antiserum, and
      virus-like particles were demonstrated in the intramembranous electron-dense
      deposits on ultrastructural examination. Mesangial HBeAg was not detected in the
      renal biopsies from these patients with IgA nephropathy. As for the single
      patient with a mixed picture of IgA and membranous nephropathy, granular deposits
      of HBeAg with a distribution similar to IgG were detected in the glomerular
      capillary walls in addition to the mesangial deposition of HBsAg. These findings
      suggest that HBsAg rather than HBeAg may play a role of the pathogenesis in some
      of the adult patients with IgA nephropathy associated with chronic hepatitis B
      virus infection.

PMID- 2654345
TI  - Platelet participation in the increased severity of endotoxin-induced pulmonary
      injury in aged rats.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that aged rats are more susceptible to the
      lethal effects of endotoxin as compared with young rats. The morphogenesis of
      early endotoxin-induced pulmonary injury in young (6 months) and aged (24 months)
      rats was examined by combined light and transmission electron microscopy to
      elucidate cell populations that may be responsible for these effects. Pulmonary
      endothelial cell injury was of greater severity and occurred at earlier time
      periods in aged rats as compared with young rats. Platelet sequestration and
      aggregation were observed only in aged rats in this study, and occurred in
      conjunction with the initial degenerative changes in the endothelium.
      Morphological evidence of granulocyte degranulation and fragmentation was also
      observed only in aged rats. These results suggest that pulmonary endothelial
      cells of aged rats are more susceptible to endotoxin-induced injury and that
      platelets may play an important role in the enhancement of initial endothelial
      damage. Furthermore, the extent of injury to the endothelial cell population may
      play an important role in accounting for differences in endotoxin-induced
      mortality between young and aged rats.

PMID- 2654346
TI  - Chlamydial infections.

PMID- 2654347
TI  - Noninvasive estimation of pulmonary artery pressure.

PMID- 2654348
TI  - Vitamin E and retinopathy of prematurity: still controversial.

PMID- 2654349
TI  - Developmental regulation of serum interleukin-2 receptor concentrations:
      attenuation of the childhood peak in patients at risk for developing or having
      recently developed type I diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2654350
TI  - Effect of sustained pharmacologic vitamin E levels on incidence and severity of
      retinopathy of prematurity: a controlled clinical trial.
AB  - The incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) as affected by
      vitamin E prophylaxis at pharmacologic serum levels (5 mg/dl) were evaluated in a
      double-masked clinical trial of infants with a birth weight less than or equal to
      2000 gm or a gestational age less than or equal to 36 weeks. The infants were
      enrolled by age 5 days and randomly assigned to receive parenterally
      administered, and later orally administered, free alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or
      its placebo. Study medication was continued until retinal vascularization was
      complete or active ROP had subsided, except in infants with a diagnosis of severe
      disease, in whom vitamin E was substituted for study medication. Acute ROP data
      were collected on 755 infants. Logistic regression analysis, with control for
      immaturity, oxygen exposure, and other illness risk factors, showed a decrease in
      incidence of ROP in vitamin E-treated infants (p = 0.003, all infants; p = 0.035,
      infants weighing less than or equal to 1500 gm at birth). Among the 424 infants
      weighing less than or equal to 1500 gm at birth, the age at enrollment influenced
      treatment effect (age day 0 to 1, p = 0.006 (n = 288) vs age day 2 to 5, p
      greater than 0.1 (n = 136]. Overall, 77.6% of infants with ROP had mild disease.
      Moderate to severe ROP was confined to infants weighing greater than or equal to
      1500 gm at birth (25 given placebo, 25 given vitamin E), with progression to
      severe disease in nine placebo-treated versus three vitamin E-treated infants (p
      = 0.048). The incidence of severe ROP per se was not significantly decreased (all
      birth weights, p = 0.086; less than or equal to 1500 gm birth weight, p = 0.080);
      the sample size was too small, however, to assess this end point adequately. An
      increased incidence of sepsis and late-onset necrotizing enterocolitis was found
      among vitamin E-treated infants weighing less than or equal to 1500 gm at birth
      who received study medication for greater than or equal to 8 days (p = 0.006).
      Because most ROP is mild in degree and regresses completely, the risk/benefit
      ratio of pharmacologic prophylaxis for ROP is unfavorable. Treatment of moderate
      and severe ROP with vitamin E above physiologic serum levels (greater than 3
      mg/dl) appears promising and should be further investigated. The interpretation
      of cicatricial outcome was confounded by the small number of patients involved
      and by subsequent treatment of severe ROP in placebo-treated infants with vitamin
      E.

PMID- 2654351
TI  - An evaluation of the possible neurotoxicity of metabolites of phenylalanine.

PMID- 2654352
TI  - Preparation of nano- and microspheres by polycondensation techniques.
AB  - Particle-forming polycondensation techniques can be divided into two main
      categories, namely normal polycondensation and interfacial polycondensation.
      Various normal polycondensation procedures employed for the preparation of nano-
      and microspheres are covered by this review, and are described under suspension
      polycondensation, dispersion polycondensation and precipitation polycondensation.
      Among these, suspension polycondensation procedures are generally applicable for
      the preparation of both nano- and microspheres. They are employed for the
      production of industrially important polycondensates such as phenolics,
      polyesters and polyurethanes, as well as for novel polymeric materials such as
      polycyclodextrins, mercury-binding polymercaptals, and polyurea microcapsules.
      Dispersion polycondensation leads to the formation of monodisperse nanoparticles,
      but it is not widely employed. Precipitation polycondensation produces non
      spherical and polydisperse particles, and it is useful only if low molecular
      weights of the polymer and polydispersity of the particles do not adversely
      affect the intended application of the product.

PMID- 2654353
TI  - Preparation of microspheres and microcapsules by interfacial polycondensation
      techniques.
AB  - A methodological review of the production of microspheres/microcapsules by
      interfacial polycondensation is presented and the mechanisms of particle and
      capsule formation are discussed. Procedures for interfacial polycondensation
      employed for the preparation of microspheres/microcapsules involve the
      polycondensation of two complementary monomers in a two phase suspension system.
      Each of the two complementary monomers resides largely in one of the two
      immiscible phases in the suspension system. The resulting polycondensate, which
      is formed at or on one side of the interface, may, or may not, be soluble in the
      droplet phase. If the polymer is soluble in the droplets, particulate
      microspheres or monolithic microcapsules are formed, i.e. particle forming
      interfacial polycondensation. If the polymer is insoluble in the droplets, it
      forms a membrane around them, and the droplets are thus individually encapsulated
      by the polymer. This leads to the formation of capsular microspheres or reservoir
      microcapsules, and hence capsule forming interfacial polycondensation. A major
      example of particle forming interfacial polycondensation is that of phosgene with
      bisphenol A recently developed for the production of polycarbonate resins in
      particle form. Capsule forming interfacial polycondensation is widely used to
      prepare polyamide (nylon) microcapsules containing proteins, pharmaceuticals,
      etc.

PMID- 2654354
TI  - Sterilization of medical devices: a review.

PMID- 2654355
TI  - "Color Your Life:" an assessment and treatment strategy for children.
AB  - The "Color Your Life" technique, a form of play therapy, is designed to help
      children become aware of the range of feelings possible, to talk about their own
      feelings and to move from action to verbal forms of expression. In this article,
      the authors describe the technique and its variations, and provide examples of
      its application in both assessment and treatment contexts.

PMID- 2654356
TI  - Furosemide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in health and disease--an
      update.
AB  - The literature on furosemide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is critically
      reviewed, concentrating on those papers published subsequent to the 1979 reviews
      of this topic. Intravenous and oral data are presented for healthy volunteers and
      for patients with various disease states. It is the latter populations about
      which the majority of the studies have been published since 1979. Inter- and
      intraindividual variations in bioavailability are discussed, as are data on the
      metabolism of furosemide to its glucuronide conjugate. Published studies
      examining the relationship between furosemide pharmacodynamics and
      pharmacokinetics are also evaluated. The literature is reviewed through June
      1988.

PMID- 2654357
TI  - Modeling absorption kinetics of subcutaneous injected soluble insulin.
AB  - Absorption of subcutaneously injected soluble insulin deviates markedly from
      simple first-order kinetics and depends both on the volume and concentration of
      the injected solution. This paper presents a model of the absorption process in
      which insulin is presumed to be present in subcutis in a low molecular weight
      form, a high molecular weight form, and an immobile form where the molecules are
      bound to the tissue. The model describes how diffusion and absorption gradually
      reduce the insulin concentrations in the subcutaneous depot and thereby shift the
      balance between the three forms in accordance with usual laws of chemical
      kinetics. By presuming that primarily low molecular weight insulin penetrates the
      capillary walls, the model can account for experimentally observed variations in
      the absorption rate over a wide range of volumes and of concentrations. The model
      is used to determine the effective diffusion constant D for insulin in subcutis,
      the absorption rate constant B for low molecular weight insulin, the equilibrium
      constant Q between high and low molecular weight insulin, the binding capacity C
      for insulin in the tissue, and the average life time T for insulin in its bound
      state. Typical values for a bolus injection in the thigh of fasting type I
      diabetic patients are D = 0.9 x 10(-4) cm2/min, B = 1.3 X 10(-2)/min, and Q =
      0.13 (ml/IU)2. Binding of insulin in the tissue is significant only at small
      concentrations. The binding capacity is of the order of C = 0.05 IU/cm3 with a
      typical average life time in the bound state of T = 80.0 min. Combined with a
      simplified model for distribution and degradation of insulin in the body, the
      absorption model is used to simulate variations in plasma free insulin
      concentrations with different delivery schedules, i.e., bolus injection and
      dosage by means of an infusion pump. The simulations show that a pump repetition
      frequency of 1-2 per hr is sufficient to secure an almost constant plasma insulin
      concentration.

PMID- 2654358
TI  - Simplified bar-clip attachment for an overdenture patient with divergent roots.
AB  - A patient with divergent roots as abutments was treated with a bar-clip
      overdenture. The treatment allowed complete seating of the abutment copings
      despite the divergence of the roots because the attachment-receptacle portions
      slide together during cementation.

PMID- 2654359
TI  - Effects of porcelain on occluding surfaces of restored teeth.
AB  - The potentially destructive nature of dental porcelain placed on the occluding
      surface of prosthodontic restorations is explored. Current restorative trends are
      addressed with presentation of multiple clinical examples. Emphasis is placed on
      working knowledge by the restorative dentist. First an indepth knowledge of
      physical properties of dental porcelains is a necessity. Comprehensive treatment
      planning that includes a total evaluation of the patient's occlusal function and
      dysfunction is critical. Finally, viable material and treatment options are
      presented along with methods to help control the effects of porcelain if its use
      is mandated. This article does not condemn or condone the use of porcelain on
      occluding surfaces, but graphically reveals its potentially destructive character
      and suggests possible options.

PMID- 2654360
TI  - An improved technique for bite mark impressions.
AB  - This article demonstrates a technique for making a custom tray over a bite mark
      and making an accurate impression of the mark. This technique is cleaner and
      easier than previously published methods, and causes no undue thermal trauma to
      living patients.

PMID- 2654361
TI  - Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies Project No. 147/242. Part VII: The
      mechanical properties of metal ceramic alloys as cast and after simulated
      porcelain firing.
AB  - Comparison of mechanical properties of seven metal ceramic alloys in as-cast and
      heat-treated conditions resulted in significant differences. Tested alloys
      included one Au-Pd (control), three palladium-based, and three nickel-based
      alloys. Mechanical properties included strength, elongation, modulus, and
      microhardness. Twenty-four tensile bars were cast for each alloy. Twelve of the
      24 bars for each alloy were randomly selected for heat treatment by the Ceramco
      technique. After heat treatment the Au-Pd alloy became stronger and harder and
      showed an increased elongation. The effects of heat treatment on the strength of
      the palladium-based alloys were variable, showing a decrease in hardness and an
      increase in elongation. The nickel-based alloys were weakened by the heat
      treatment and showed a decrease in hardness and an increase in elongation. Heat
      treatment did not significantly affect the modulus of any of the tested alloys.

PMID- 2654362
TI  - Fracture resistance of teeth restored with Class II composite restorations.
AB  - Teeth with large mesio-occlusal-distal cavity preparations fracture more easily
      than intact teeth. An intracoronal restoration capable of increasing tooth
      fracture resistance is desired. This in vitro study compared the fracture
      resistance of maxillary premolars restored with enamel bonding and dentin
      bonding. The effects of the type of curing system (chemical or photochemical) and
      marginal preparation (beveled or not) were also evaluated. Premolars restored
      with large MOD composite resin restorations were approximately twice as strong as
      the unrestored prepared tooth. However, all restored teeth were no more than half
      as strong as the intact tooth. Dentin bonded restorations were not significantly
      stronger than enamel bonded restorations.

PMID- 2654363
TI  - Apparent fracture toughness of metal ceramic restorations with different
      manipulative variables.
AB  - Apparent fracture toughness (Kc) is a measure of the strain absorption capacity
      of brittle materials. It relates to the level of tensile stress that must be
      exceeded at the tip of a crack before failure occurs. Using an indentation
      technique, this study measured Kc and elastic modulus-to-hardness ratio (E/H) of
      65 metal ceramic crowns made with 13 different variables. The variables studied
      were (1) brand of porcelain, (2) firing temperature, (3) condensation, and (4)
      modeling liquid. Statistically significant differences in Kc and E/H were found
      in respect to porcelain brand and between two of the modeling liquids. No
      significant differences were found in respect to altering firing temperature or
      condensation.

PMID- 2654364
TI  - Wettability of a hydrophilic addition silicone impression material.
AB  - Silicone impression materials, long noted for their poor wettability, have
      typically demonstrated contact angles with water greater than 90 degrees. This
      study compared the wettability of a new hydrophilic addition silicone with that
      of other impression materials. Specimens from various viscosities of polyether,
      polysulfide, hydrophobic addition silicone, and hydrophilic addition silicone
      were formed against a smooth surface. The advancing contact angle of a saturated
      aqueous solution of CaSO4 on the impression materials was measured after 1
      minute. Mean contact angles were calculated and results were analyzed by ANOVA
      and a multiple comparison of means procedure. Differences between pairs of
      contact angle means were found to be statistically significant except for the
      polyether-hydrophilic addition silicone pair. The wettability of the hydrophilic
      addition silicone impression material was found to be not significantly different
      from that of a polyether impression material.

PMID- 2654365
TI  - An analysis of rotational movement of asymmetrical distal-extension removable
      partial dentures.
AB  - An axis of rotation is created through the most distally placed occlusal rests
      when a distal-extension removable partial denture is loaded. If the residual
      ridges are of unequal lengths, this axis of rotation may not be perpendicular to
      the residual ridges. The resultant movement of asymmetric denture bases and their
      effect on the tissues are discussed. Movement of I-bar retainers located on the
      mesiobuccal aspect of asymmetrical abutment teeth may torque the abutment teeth
      as the denture base moves tissueward. Use of L-shaped direct retainers on the
      distobuccal surveyed undercut will create a more favorable class II lever effect
      on the abutment tooth.

PMID- 2654366
TI  - A retrospective multicenter evaluation of the survival rate of osseointegrated
      fixtures supporting fixed partial prostheses in the treatment of partial
      edentulism.
AB  - Whether the excellent prognosis of the osseointegration technique also applies
      for the rehabilitation of partially edentulous jaws was investigated through a
      multicenter retrospective study. Six centers from three continents participated
      in the study, which included 133 fixtures in 38 patients. Forty fixtures were
      installed in the upper jaw and 93 in the lower jaw. The observation time varied
      between 6 and 36 months after prosthetic reconstruction. Clinical evaluation
      included mobility measurement of the restorations and control of infectious or
      neurologic complication. Radiologically the absence of radiolucency around the
      fixtures was checked by a single observer who also calculated the distance
      between the marginal bone and the top of the fixture. Fifty-eight percent of the
      prostheses were connected to natural teeth. The success rate for the individual
      fixtures in the upper and lower jaws was 87% and 92%, respectively. The most
      failures occurred before the prosthetic rehabilitation. The mean maximum distance
      between the margin of the bone and the fixture-abutment junction was 2.5 mm.
      Since only two of the 53 fixed prostheses were lost during the observation
      period, and since most fixture losses occurred before the prosthetic phase of the
      treatment, this study supports the concept that osseointegrated prostheses can
      also be applied to the rehabilitation of partial edentulism.

PMID- 2654367
TI  - Bone stress distribution for three endosseous implants.
AB  - Axisymmetric finite element models of three geometries were evaluated: a serrated
      solid with a 2-degree taper and a rectangular cross section; a cylindrical screw
      type solid; and a finned solid with a 1 degree 9' taper and a circular cross
      section. Ten moduli of elasticity ranging from 0.348 to 74.96 psi x 10(6) were
      used for each geometry. Contour plots of the resulting Von Mises stresses were
      used to study the changing stress distribution patterns within the surrounding
      cortical bone. The results indicated that the serrated geometry led to high
      stress concentrations at the tips of the bony ingrowth and near the neck of the
      implant. Low moduli of elasticity emphasized these concentrations. The nontapered
      screw-type geometry had high-stress concentrations at the base of the implant
      when high moduli were studied and at the neck of the implant when low moduli were
      studied. The conclusion of this study was that a tapered endosseous implant with
      a high elastic modulus would be most suitable for dental implantology. However,
      the design must not cause high-stress concentrations at the implant neck that
      commonly cause bone resorption.

PMID- 2654369
TI  - A study of the adjustment of patients in relation to their prosthodontic
      problems.
AB  - Patients' self-concept and personality have been shown to deteriorate with an
      increase in prosthodontic problems. This study determined whether patients with
      prosthodontic problems varying in severity showed different levels of adjustment.
      Four groups of patients, including a control group, were studied. The three
      experimental groups differed from the control group and varied in their
      adjustment in relation to their prosthodontic problems.

PMID- 2654368
TI  - Site classification for the osseointegrated implant.
AB  - Descriptions of jaw anatomy and bone quality have been based on total jaw
      resorption classifications. These classifications have not been specific for
      treatment planning for the osseointegrated implant. The proposed classification
      describes specific sites by bone quantity and quality and proximity to vital
      structures. This classification is suggested as an aid in assigning a prognostic
      value to implants and for the purpose of clarity and communication between the
      various dental disciplines.

PMID- 2654370
TI  - Stabilized record base for maxillary removable partial denture obturator.
AB  - Accurate maxillomandibular jaw relation records are enhanced by a stabilized
      framework used to support the occlusal rim and recording medium. Stability of the
      framework is often lost on the defect side because of the size of the surgical
      defect and/or number of missing teeth. This article introduces a technique that
      uses a record base stabilized with a soft resilient material that permits easy
      removal and replacement of the framework on the altered master cast without
      damage.

PMID- 2654371
TI  - Diagnostic casts--an additional dimension.
AB  - The indications and usefulness of diagnostic casts are well documented in the
      literature. A method is presented that enables increased access to the lingual
      aspect of the casts by sectioning them in a midsagittal plane. The sectioned
      portions are held together in maximum intercuspation by acrylic keys. The
      interdigitated casts can thus be examined from all aspects, thereby deriving
      maximum benefit from them.

PMID- 2654372
TI  - A metal insert to replace a fractured segment of a mandibular complete denture.
AB  - When surgical reduction is not possible for edentulous patients with little space
      between the retromolar pad and the maxillary tuberosity, dentures are most often
      made quite thin and as such are prone to fracture. When fracture of the lower
      denture base occurs, the denture is rebased, incorporating a case metal insert in
      the region of the previous fracture. Following the impression procedure, a
      pattern is developed on the master cast of the area to be replaced in metal. A
      casting is made in silver-palladium alloy and incorporated in the final wax-up.
      The denture is then processed by joining the metal insert into the denture.

PMID- 2654373
TI  - Augmenting retention of a removable partial denture repair.
AB  - A simple technique improves the retention of a tooth to be added to an existing
      removable partial denture. The procedure includes placing a small contoured wire
      into the space provided for the acrylic resin repairing material.

PMID- 2654374
TI  - Human elements of applying die spacer.

PMID- 2654375
TI  - Humor in nursing. Did you hear the one about...?

PMID- 2654376
TI  - Half-body radiotherapy in the treatment of canine lymphoma.
AB  - In a Phase I-II study, half-body radiotherapy was used to treat 14 dogs with
      multicentric lymphoma. Using this technique, a radiation dose of 7 Gray (Gy) was
      delivered to one half of the body in a single exposure. The other half of the
      body was treated approximately 28 days later. Of 14 treated dogs, 11 (79%) had a
      measurable decrease in tumor size. Five dogs achieved a complete or partial
      remission with a mean duration of 102 and 54 days, respectively. In predicting
      response to therapy, poor prognostic factors included large tumor burdens,
      advanced disease stage, and chemotherapy-resistant tumors. Side effects of
      treatment were divided chronologically into acute (radiation sickness, tumor
      lysis), subacute (bone marrow suppression), and chronic (radiation pneumonitis,
      lymphoma-cell leukemia) syndromes. Complications were more severe in tumor
      bearing dogs when compared with healthy control animals. Dogs with small tumor
      burdens and minimal internal disease had fewer complications compared with those
      with more advanced disease.

PMID- 2654377
TI  - Leukotrienes. Biology and role in disease.
AB  - Leukotrienes are a novel group of chemical messengers derived from arachidonic
      acid. They are produced by several different tissues by processes linked to
      phospholipid flux in response to specific stimuli. The leukotrienes interact with
      specific receptors in target cell membranes to initiate a response. Most of these
      responsive cells are derived from bone marrow, skin, smooth muscle, and vascular
      endothelium. Leukotrienes are powerful mediators of inflammation and smooth
      muscle contraction, and there is increasing evidence that they are important
      factors in immune-mediated disease. Several available effective antiinflammatory
      drugs may act partially by inhibiting the production of leukotrienes.

PMID- 2654378
TI  - Half-body radiotherapy. Evaluation of the technique in normal dogs.
AB  - Eight healthy mongrel dogs were treated with half-body irradiation (HBI) in a
      pilot study to evaluate the technique and radiotolerance of different organs.
      Cranial and caudal half-body fields were established using the 13th thoracic
      vertebra as the dividing point. Under general anesthesia, either 7 or 8 Gray (Gy)
      were delivered to one half of the body using opposing radiation portals. The
      other half of the body was similarly treated 28 days later. The dogs were
      monitored for 12 months. Significant radiation effects included transient bone
      marrow suppression and radiation sickness. There were no serious or life
      threatening problems, but the 8 Gy group consistently showed more severe clinical
      signs and histologic changes than the 7 Gy group. Total body irradiation in two
      fractions of 7 or 8 Gy given 1 month apart appears to be a safe treatment that
      can be developed for therapy in veterinary oncology.

PMID- 2654379
TI  - [Digital angiography of the renal arteries by an intravenous route. A simplified
      technic].
AB  - Of the 1,000 patients addressed to us for intravenous digital angiography (IVDA)
      of the renal arteries for arterial hypertension, for control of the artery of a
      transplanted kidney or for preoperative check-up prior to transplantation of a
      kidney, 738 were examined by a simplified technique. Compared to the standard
      practice this method simply consists of a manual injection of a standard ionic
      contrast medium via an antecubital vein punctured with a large catheter needle
      (caliber 14 G), without preparatory injection of an intestinal antispasmodic.
      This method has produced a satisfactory arterial opacification in 96% of the
      cases. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed. Of the
      262 remaining patients, 250 were also examined by the peripheral venous mode, but
      the technique had to be modified in at least one of its aspects for one reason or
      another. Only 12 patients were not examined by the peripheral venous mode (7
      puncture failures, 4 permanent venous accesses already installed). The IVDA
      simplified technique appears to be reliable for detecting reno-vascular arterial
      hypertension and with certain limitations, for the control of kidney grafts. With
      regard to the preoperative check-up before kidney transplantation, IVDA still
      does not seem a suitable replacement for the traditional method of angiography.

PMID- 2654380
TI  - [The value of echography in the early diagnosis of renal lesions in the Laurence
      Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Apropos of a case].
AB  - The Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome (LMBB) is characterized by the
      association of obesity, hypogonadism, polydactyly, mental retardation and
      pigmentary retinitis. Symptomatic or asymptomatic renal dysplasia (calyceal
      diverticula, precalyceal tubular ectasia, cysts) is frequently associated with
      LMBB. The authors consider renal sonography as the convenient investigation for
      an early detection of such dysplasia as in the case they reported here.

PMID- 2654381
TI  - [X-ray computed tomographic aspects of dermoid cysts of the ovary].
AB  - 155 patients with 210 ovarian tumours were examined pre-operatively by CT from
      December 1984 to February 1988. 27 patients had dermoid cysts, unilateral in 25
      cases and bilateral in 2 cases. These cystic teratomas were benign in 26
      patients. In one case, malignant transformation occurred. CT detected 29/29
      tumours (100%). Presence of fat (26/29, 90%), calcification (20/29, 69%),
      Rokitansky protuberance (25/29, 86%), tufts of hair (20/29, 69%), or fat fluid
      level (4/29, 14%), allowed to make a definite diagnosis in 28/29 cases (96%).
      These findings and especially demonstration of fat, appeared to be specific for
      dermoid cysts in our series. The diagnosis of torsion of the cyst associated with
      torsion of the adnexa was made in 2 patients. No abdomino-pelvic extension
      occurred in 26/26 patients presenting with a benign dermoid cyst and CT correctly
      diagnosed the lymph node and hepatic spread in the single case of cancer.

PMID- 2654382
TI  - [Zollinger-Ellison syndrome of ovarian origin. Apropos of a case with a review of
      the literature].
AB  - We report a case of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to secretory G and D cells in
      an ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. Surgical resection of the tumour led to
      disappearance of clinical symptomatology and laboratory signs. Four other cases
      were found in the literature. The prognosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome,
      due to a secretory ovarian tumour, appears to be favourable after oophorectomy.

PMID- 2654383
TI  - [Weismann-Netter and Stuhl disease. A review of the literature. Apropos of a case
      with uncommon radiologic signs].
AB  - Cases of Weismann-Netter and Stuhl disease reported in the literature usually
      involve stereotyped pictures characterized by the presence of tibio-fibular
      dysmorphism, most often the only abnormality. The authors present a current
      review of the literature on the basis of a new case of this tibio-fibular
      diaphyseal toxopachyosteosis.

PMID- 2654384
TI  - [Echography in pyelocaliceal tumors].
AB  - In a study of over 32 pyelocaliceal tumors greater than 1 cm in diameter, the
      authors review retrospectively the reports of the pyelographic and sonographic
      documents obtained in these patients before the definitive diagnosis was
      confirmed by the pathological examination. They observed that pyelography has a
      much greater diagnostic accuracy than does sonography: 31 confirmed (27) or
      suspected (4) tumors whereas only one tumor was overlooked (silent kidney) on
      pyelography and 12 diagnosed tumors, 15 overlooked and 5 diagnostic errors on
      ultrasonography. However, it should be noted that the results of ultrasonography
      are much better when the results of the intravenous pyelogram are known than when
      the latter is performed first. These results are supported by triple-blind re
      reading of ultrasonographic documents of tumors of the excretory tract grouped
      with documents of normal kidneys presenting another disease of the sinus. The
      authors conclude that ultrasonography must be performed first whenever a tumor of
      the excretory tract is suspected (especially in case of hematuria) and that in
      this field, there are essentially two indications for ultrasonography: --To
      remove a stone (hyperechogenic with a cone of shadow) if there is a pyelocaliceal
      lacuna of unknown cause. --To establish that obstruction is due to a tumor, in
      the presence of a silent kidney.

PMID- 2654385
TI  - [Contribution of MRI in the staging of cancer of the bladder. Apropos of 40
      cases].
AB  - 56 patients with bladder carcinoma were examined by magnetic resonance in the pre
      operative staging. In 40 patients where total cystectomy with enterocystoplasty
      and pelvic node dissection were performed, a good correlation with surgical and
      pathologic findings was obtained. MR examination using T1 (TR 400 ms, TE 28 ms)
      and T2 (TR 1,200-1,600 ms, TE 40 80 120 ms) weighted images in different planes
      where performed after biopsy of the bladder tumor through endoscopy and within 1
      or 2 weeks before surgery. Neoplasms were characterized by site, size and growth
      pattern. Extension through the deep muscle of the bladder wall was correctly
      identified in 95% with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 95%. Extension
      through perivesical fat was assessed accurately in 85% with a sensitivity of 66%
      and a specificity of 100%. Accuracy in evaluating invasion of adjacent organs was
      85%, sensitivity 44%, specificity 96%. Lymphadenopathy has been accurately
      assessed in 97.5% with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 100%. MR
      correctly staged the tumor according to TNM classification in 24/40 (60%)
      patients, overestimated the extension in 3/40 (7.5%) and underestimated the
      extension in 13/40 (32.5%).

PMID- 2654386
TI  - A monoclonal antibody, MA21, recognizes a surface component that is present on F9
      teratocarcinoma cells and that appears vectorially on the trophectoderm of peri
      implantation-stage mouse blastocysts.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (MAb) "MA21", derived from lymphoid tissue of a multiparous
      mouse and selected for binding to mouse teratocarcinoma cell line F9, recognizes
      a surface antigen that appears on peri-implantation-stage mouse blastocysts. In
      indirect immunofluorescence assays, MAb MA21 does not bind to 1-cell-through
      morula-stage embryos, nor to early, 3.5-day post-coitum (p.c.) blastocysts. When
      3.5-day p.c. blastocysts are maintained 17 h in vitro and then assayed, MAb MA21
      binds to a limited number of trophectoderm cells that are centered at the
      embryonic pole. As culture time lengthens, the number of antigen-expressing
      trophectoderm cells increases, forming a cap that spreads from the embryonic pole
      into the abembryonic region. Embryos maintained 48 h in vitro bind MAb MA21 over
      as much as 100% of the trophectoderm surface. MAb MA21 does not bind to the inner
      cell mass. When mouse pregnancy uteri are assayed by the immunoperoxidase method,
      MAb MA21 binds to extra-embryonic ectoderm and trophectoderm of 5-day p.c.
      implanted blastocysts, but does not bind to 6-day p.c. blastocysts. MAb MA21
      recognizes a component with an estimated mol. wt of 44,000 from NP-40 detergent
      extracts of F9 cells and peri-implantation-stage mouse blastocysts. The component
      appears to be firmly associated with the plasma membrane; it is resistant to
      removal by high salt or moderate concentrations of non-ionic detergent.

PMID- 2654387
TI  - Neuroendocrinology of the normal menstrual cycle.
AB  - The physiology of the ovarian/menstrual cycle is dependent on signaling whereby
      the "ovarian clock" modulates hypothalamic-pituitary function as well as
      endometrial proliferation and secretion and menses. Diagnosis and treatment of
      infertility are based on these physiologic processes, as is contraceptive
      intervention. Feedback stimulation and inhibition orchestrate fertility.

PMID- 2654388
TI  - The infertility workup and diagnosis.
AB  - Infertility affects a significant number of couples. The traditional workup of
      the infertile couple involves performing a semen analysis, assessing ovulation
      with a postcoital test to evaluate sperm-mucus interaction, obtaining a
      hysterosalpingogram to assess uterine structure and tubal patency, and performing
      laparoscopy to rule out endometriosis and pelvic adhesive disease. In 1988 new
      techniques were added to our armamentarium, including the use of the sperm
      penetration assay (hamster test) to rule out occult male factors, the combination
      of multiple ovarian sonograms and luteinizing hormone surge detection kits to
      evaluate subtle problems of dysfolliculogenesis, labelled antiimmunoglobulins for
      the evaluation of sperm antibodies and diagnostic hysteroscopy for evaluating
      occult uterine pathology.

PMID- 2654389
TI  - Echogenic fetal bowel in the third trimester associated with meconium ileus
      secondary to cystic fibrosis. A case report.
AB  - Echogenicity of the fetal bowel seen sonographically can vary at different
      gestational ages. Increased echogenicity of small bowel loops is seen commonly in
      the second trimester. We encountered a case of increased bowel echogenicity with
      shadowing in the third trimester in a fetus who had meconium ileus associated
      with cystic fibrosis. Other reports also indicate that a persistent echogenic
      appearance of fetal small bowel in the third trimester, particularly with
      shadowing, is worrisome and can be associated with meconium ileus.

PMID- 2654390
TI  - Clostridium difficile associated reactive arthritis in an HLA-B27 positive
      female: report and literature review.
AB  - A case of Clostridium difficile associated reactive arthritis in an HLA-B27
      positive female is reported and compared to 9 other cases. The clinical course of
      C. difficile associated reactive arthritis is similar to that caused by other
      enteric pathogens. Therefore, C. difficile should be considered in the
      differential diagnosis of the reactive arthritides.

PMID- 2654391
TI  - OM-8980 in rheumatoid arthritis: a 6-month double blind placebo controlled
      multicenter study.
AB  - A new immunomodulating drug, OM-8980, was compared to placebo in a 6-month double
      blind multicenter trial including 107 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.
      Ritchie index, number of swollen joints and the pain scale improved significantly
      more with OM-8980 than with placebo. Grip strength, duration of morning stiffness
      and erythrocyte sedimentation rate improved more markedly with OM-8980 than with
      placebo, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The use of
      analgesic and antiinflammatory drugs diminished significantly more with OM-8980
      than with placebo. Clinical tolerance was good with 7 side effects reported in 3
      of the 52 patients included in the OM-8980 group and 11 in 8 patients of the 55
      in the placebo group (mostly gastrointestinal troubles and skin reactions). In
      the overall evaluation by both patients and physicians OM-8980 was significantly
      superior to placebo.

PMID- 2654392
TI  - Fluorescent antibodies in polymyositis using cultured human skin fibroblasts:
      granular perinuclear cytoplasmic staining pattern by sera from patients with
      polymyositis and pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - Immunofluorescent antibodies were studied in sera from 48 patients with
      polymyositis (PM) and 149 control subjects using cultured human skin fibroblasts
      as substrate. Forty-six (95.8%) of PM sera showed a positive reaction. Among
      them, a characteristic granular perinuclear cytoplasmic staining was seen in 8
      sera, including 4 with anti-Jo-1. Four of these 8 sera showed positive staining
      on HEp-2 cells with the same pattern. All patients showing this pattern of
      staining had pulmonary fibrosis which was not seen in control patients.
      Consequently, this staining pattern might be a specific marker for a subset of
      patients with PM with pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2654393
TI  - Sickness absence.

PMID- 2654394
TI  - Psychiatry and AIDS: an American view.

PMID- 2654395
TI  - Thirty years of electronic intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring: discussion
      paper.

PMID- 2654396
TI  - Dr Robert James Minnitt 1889-1974: a pioneer of inhalational analgesia.

PMID- 2654397
TI  - The clinical pathology of colorectal cancer. A symposium in honour of Basil C.
      Morson. Abstracts.

PMID- 2654398
TI  - On the chemical death of Lot's wife.

PMID- 2654399
TI  - Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease in half
      sibs.
AB  - We report two infants with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and
      Hirschsprung's disease who have the same father but different mothers. The
      genetic implications of these cases are discussed.

PMID- 2654400
TI  - Characterization of inheritance patterns of blood pressure in Macaca
      fascicularis.
AB  - A breeding colony of Macaca fascicularis was established at the New England
      Regional Primate Center in 1977 and continued through 1984. Characterization of
      the offspring of this colony at 18 and 30 months of age suggested that higher
      blood pressure levels are hereditary in M. fascicularis, but evidence to date
      cannot determine if this condition is harmful to the animals.

PMID- 2654401
TI  - Diagnosis of early pregnancy by ultrasound in Macaca fascicularis.
AB  - Real-time ultrasonography was used to detect early pregnancy in 32 longtailed
      macaques (Macaca fascicularis). In 92% of the successful conceptions, a correct
      diagnosis was made. The earliest sign of pregnancy was an intrauterine ringlike
      structure (11 days). A "line swelling" (14 days) preceded definite fetal echoes
      (21 days), and fetal heart motion (30 days) proved fetal viability. Ultrasound is
      a rapid, noninvasive, and relatively cost-effective method of diagnosing and
      monitoring early pregnancy in M. fascicularis.

PMID- 2654402
TI  - Long-range translational coupling in the rplJL-rpoBC operon of Escherichia coli.
AB  - In Escherichia coli the genes encoding ribosomal proteins L10 and L7/L12, rplJ
      and rplL, are cotranscribed, and translation of both cistrons is regulated by
      binding of L10 or a complex of L10 and L7/L12 to a single target in the mRNA
      leader region. Co-ordinated regulation is assured by some kind of translational
      coupling, the mechanism of which was investigated here by deletion analysis of
      plasmids carrying either the intact rplL gene or rplL-lacZ gene fusions. Unless
      the rplL ribosome binding site was modified by deletion, efficient initiation of
      translation required translation of a region located more than 500 nucleotides
      upstream on the transcript within the rplJ cistron. It is proposed that the wild
      type rplL ribosome binding site is blocked by long-range RNA base-pairing to this
      region, when translation of the rplJ sequence is inhibited.

PMID- 2654403
TI  - Cisplatin in the treatment of solid tumors: effect of dose and schedule.

PMID- 2654404
TI  - Radon and lung cancer.
AB  - Radon, an inert gas released during the decay of uranium-238, is ubiquitous in
      indoor and outdoor air and contaminates many underground mines. Extensive
      epidemiologic evidence from studies of underground miners and complementary
      animal data have documented that radon causes lung cancer in smokers and
      nonsmokers. Radon must also be considered a potentially important cause of lung
      cancer for the general population, which is exposed through contamination of
      indoor air by radon from soil, water, and building materials. This review
      describes radon's sources, levels in U.S. homes, dosimetry, the epidemiologic
      evidence from studies of miners and the general population, and the principal,
      recent risk assessments.

PMID- 2654405
TI  - Failure of expression of class I major histocompatibility antigens to alter tumor
      immunogenicity of a spontaneous murine carcinoma.
AB  - We have shown previously that clonal immunogenic variants of murine mammary
      adenocarcinoma 10.1 can be isolated after treatment in vitro with the DNA
      hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-aza). Such immunogenic variants frequently
      express elevated class I major histocompatibility complex antigens relative to
      the level of expression in the parent tumor and are rejected in syngeneic mice by
      a T-cell-dependent process. To ascertain whether elevated immunogenicity is a
      function of increased class I antigen expression, we isolated high class I
      antigen expressors from 5-aza-treated 10.1 cells by using the fluorescence
      activated cell sorter. Clonal variants displaying any increase in class I antigen
      expression were more efficient stimulators of allo-class I antigen-specific
      cytolytic T-cell precursors. However, these variants displayed unaltered
      tumorigenicity in immunocompetent syngeneic mice. Thus, phenotypic changes other
      than, or in addition to, elevated class I antigen expression cause the reduced
      tumorigenicity of immunogenic clones of 10.1 cells isolated after 5-aza
      treatment.

PMID- 2654406
TI  - Etretinate blood levels in monitoring of compliance and contamination in a
      chemoprevention trial.
AB  - We measured serum etretinate to monitor compliance in an ongoing chemoprevention
      trial in which heavy smokers are randomized to either etretinate or placebo
      orally for 6 months. Blood is collected for determination of etretinate levels
      before treatment and then at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks after randomization. The
      monitoring strategy was assessed by interim evaluation. There were 276
      posttreatment samples available from 75 randomized subjects of whom 36 received
      etretinate and 39 placebo. The mean coefficient of variation for the internal
      standard retinyl acetate in serum was 4.16% for the high-pressure liquid
      chromatography method used. Among positive samples, the mean etretinate
      concentration was 25.7 ng/mL (SD, 23.4). Of the 131 samples obtained from
      subjects randomized to etretinate, 120 or 91.6% had detectable levels compared
      with 4 of 145 or 2.8% placebo samples. Among the 36 subjects given etretinate, at
      least one positive test occurred. In 27 of these 36 participants, etretinate was
      detected in every sample obtained. In the other nine, the absence of drug could
      be explained by pill counts or a history of discontinuation of treatment for six.
      Among the 39 subjects given placebo, the four positive samples were from four
      individuals, all of whom were negative on three other occasions. These data
      confirm the usefulness of the monitoring system we used and indicate that
      compliance and/or contamination will not be major problems in this trial.

PMID- 2654407
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the thorax: techniques, current applications, and
      future directions.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used extensively to evaluate the
      central nervous and musculoskeletal systems. MRI provides excellent contrast
      between normal and pathologic tissues, identifies vascular structures without the
      need of intravenous contrast, and is able to image in multiple planes. Until
      recently, physiologic motion produced artifacts that markedly limited the use of
      MRI in the thorax. However, with the advent of cardiac gating and respiratory
      motion compensation, diagnostic images can now be readily acquired. The ability
      to distinguish between flowing blood and adjacent tissue allows for the detection
      of aortic aneurysms and dissections. Prominent vessels may be differentiated from
      hilar adenopathy without the use of contrast agents. Preliminary experience
      suggests MRI may be useful in assessing central pulmonary emboli and mediastinal
      venous obstruction. The ready identification of flow combined with the
      multiplanar capability of MRI provide a means of assessing congenital
      abnormalities and other anatomic information. Fast scan techniques provide a
      dynamic means of assessing cardiac function and are sensitive to valvular
      stenosis and insufficiency. Combined with spin-echo techniques, areas of
      myocardial infarction and focal wall motion abnormalities can be detected.
      Currently, MRI has little application in the assessment of pulmonary nodules,
      bronchogenic cancer, and diffuse parenchymal disease. Sagittal MR images may more
      clearly show tumor extension into the axilla, brachial plexus, and spinal canal
      in patients with superior sulcus neoplasms. Future applications may include
      faster imaging techniques, blood flow measurement, detection of thrombus using
      phase sensitive techniques, regional perfusion, and assessment of cellular energy
      metabolism.

PMID- 2654408
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the thorax.
AB  - The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of thoracic
      disease is emerging amidst much debate and study. Recent technical advances have
      led to new applications of this modality, and a reappraisal of previous
      conclusions seems warranted. This article reviews our 5 1/2 years' experience
      with thoracic MRI.

PMID- 2654409
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of thoracic vascular disease.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appears to provide at least as much diagnostic
      information as angiography in the evaluation of acquired and congenital forms of
      disease of the great arteries. Since it can also be used to assess the tissues
      adjacent to the great arteries, MRI often provides a distinct diagnostic
      advantage over angiography. In addition, the recently introduced dynamic MRI
      techniques may provide valuable information regarding hemodynamic abnormalities
      associated with diseases of the thoracic aorta and the pulmonary arterial system.

PMID- 2654410
TI  - The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of patients with lung
      cancer: a comparison with computed tomography.
AB  - In general, computed tomography (CT) is superior to magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) as an all-around tool for imaging the wide range of thoracic abnormalities
      that can be present in patients with lung cancer. However, CT and MRI should not
      necessarily be viewed as competitive imaging modalities in this clinical setting.
      If MRI is used selectively as a secondary imaging study to answer specific
      questions raised or unanswered by CT, its value can be optimized. It can be of
      particular value in demonstrating chest-wall invasion in the lung apex as well as
      elsewhere, in defining mediastinal masses, which are hard to distinguish from
      vessels on CT, in detecting hilar masses, in distinguishing causes of adrenal
      mass, and in distinguishing recurrent tumor from fibrosis in patients who have
      had prior radiation.

PMID- 2654411
TI  - Bacterial tracheitis in children.
AB  - Bacterial tracheitis is a relatively rare cause of respiratory distress in
      children and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Three
      children who have survived this affliction are presented: one developed toxic
      shock syndrome in the acute phase and two developed late complications. The
      authors review the pediatric literature and postulate possible etiological
      factors. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive airway management are essential to
      survival. Early tracheotomy is recommended as the primary form of airway
      management.

PMID- 2654412
TI  - Usefulness of duplex ultrasound in evaluating vertebral arteries.
AB  - A criticism of duplex scanning of the carotid vessels is that the study is
      limited to evaluation of the carotid bifurcations, whereas with other vascular
      imaging studies the vertebral vessels can also be seen. We have prospectively
      collected data on our ability to evaluate the vertebral vessels on all patients
      who are sent for carotid evaluations. We have scanned 677 patients and have
      identified flow in one or both vertebral arteries in nearly 90% of these
      patients. Therefore, we urge that evaluation of vertebral vessels be made a
      routine part of the standard carotid duplex ultrasound examination.

PMID- 2654413
TI  - Prenatal cerebral Doppler ultrasonography and neonatal neurologic outcome.
AB  - The significance of fetal cerebral blood flow analysis in the prediction of
      neonatal neurologic outcome was investigated on 87 fetuses at risk for chronic
      hypoxia. Blood flow velocity waveforms were recorded from the fetal internal
      carotid artery immediately before cesarean section; newborns underwent neurologic
      follow-up until discharged from the neonatal division. Neonatal outcome was
      considered abnormal in presence of a postasphyxial encephalopathy. Receiver
      operating characteristic curves were used to demonstrate the efficacy of fetal
      cerebral blood flow velocity waveform analysis as a predictor of neonatal
      outcome. A value of the pulsatility index from the internal carotid artery below
      the second standard deviation of our range of normality was found to be a
      powerful indicator of the development of neonatal neurologic abnormalities
      (Cohen's Kappa index = .58). These results were particularly evident in fetuses
      with a birthweight above 2500 g in which a specificity of 93.7%, a sensitivity of
      75%, and an accuracy of 89.7% were achieved.

PMID- 2654414
TI  - Femoral arterial injury following catheterization. Duplex evaluation.
AB  - Over a 24-month period, 21 patients underwent duplex Doppler evaluation for
      arterial injury secondary to catheterization. There were seven pseudoaneurysms,
      one arteriovenous fistula, eight hematomas, and one true aneurysm. Duplex
      ultrasound was 100% sensitive and specific for detection of pseudoaneurysms and
      arteriovenous fistulas. The real-time examination alone was unreliable. The only
      necessary criterion for diagnosis of a femoral pseudoaneurysm was the presence of
      pulsatile flow in a cystic collection separate from the common femoral artery.
      This could be determined rapidly. Arterial flow in the femoral vein confirmed the
      presence of an arteriovenous fistula.

PMID- 2654415
TI  - Hepatic and biliary tract abnormalities in patients with AIDS. Sonographic
      pathologic correlation.
AB  - A retrospective evaluation of hepatobiliary sonograms in 22 patients with AIDS
      was performed and the sonographic abnormalities were correlated with pathologic
      findings in 10 patients. Hepatic parenchymal abnormalities noted on ultrasound
      include a hyperechoic parenchymal echo pattern in 45.5%, hepatomegaly in 41%, and
      focal masses in 9% of patients. Etiologies for the diffuse hyperechoic pattern
      based on pathologic correlation in eight cases were hepatic steatosis and
      granulomatous hepatitis. Biliary tract abnormalities identified included
      gallbladder wall thickening in 55% of patients, dilated gallbladder in 18%,
      biliary sludge in 23%, and gallstones in 5% of patients. Extrahepatic ductal
      dilation was seen in 23% of patients, but the intrahepatic ducts were dilated in
      only 5% of patients. Possible etiologies for biliary tract abnormalities
      suggested by pathologic correlation in five patients and literature review were
      cytomegalovirus and cryptosporidial infection, although constitutional factors
      may have played a role. Hepatobiliary ultrasound is, therefore, an effective
      screening tool for directing further diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in
      AIDS patients presenting with clinical evidence of hepatobiliary dysfunction.

PMID- 2654416
TI  - Reliability of sonographic measurement of the fetal foot.
AB  - Reliability of sonographic measurement of the fetal foot was tested. Nineteen
      fetuses of 16 to 40 weeks gestational age were scanned by two physicians in two
      different planes of measurements. Repeatability of two measurements of each fetus
      by the same observer and agreement between the two planes was analyzed using the
      appropriate statistical method. Good agreement in repeated measurements for and
      between the two planes was found.

PMID- 2654417
TI  - Sonographic appearances of hemangiomas of skeletal muscle.
AB  - The sonographic findings observed in seven patients with muscular hemangiomas
      were reviewed. An intramuscular mass (size range of 1.5 to 10 cm) was seen in all
      cases. Five lesions had oval shapes and smooth margins; two had irregular shapes
      and borders that were not clearly defined. Hyperechoic structure was noted in
      three lesions; two were hypoechoic; two had heterogeneous echo patterns. Three
      other muscular hemangiomas (two hyperechoic, one heterogeneous) are reported in
      the sonographic literature. Therefore, from the literature and from our own
      observations of hemangiomas, a hyperechogenic mass is the most common sonographic
      presentation of these tumors. However, there is not a specific sonographic
      appearance to muscular hemangiomas and other diagnostic tests are needed to
      establish the diagnosis.

PMID- 2654418
TI  - Ultrasound demonstration of a superficial femoral artery leiomyosarcoma.

PMID- 2654419
TI  - Sonographic diagnosis of intramural duodenal hematoma.

PMID- 2654420
TI  - Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation.

PMID- 2654421
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis of restriction of the foramen ovale.

PMID- 2654422
TI  - Serological prevalence and isolation of Babesia odocoilei among white-tailed deer
      (Odocoileus virginianus) in Texas and Oklahoma.
AB  - Serum samples collected from 581 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from
      Texas and from 124 white-tailed deer from Oklahoma were tested by the indirect
      fluorescent antibody technique against Babesia odocoilei. Prevalence of
      seropositive reactors varied from site to site in both states. Prevalence rates
      were statistically ranked as high, intermediate or low. Deer less than 12-mo-old
      had a significantly lower prevalence than all other age classes.

PMID- 2654423
TI  - Wyngaarden to leave NIH directorship in July.

PMID- 2654424
TI  - Randomized clinical trials in heart disease.

PMID- 2654425
TI  - Equitable selection of kidney recipients.

PMID- 2654426
TI  - Liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis.

PMID- 2654427
TI  - Osteoporotic bone fragility. Detection by ultrasound transmission velocity.
AB  - We evaluated ultrasound transmission velocity at the patella as an indicator of
      osteoporotic fragility in 293 nonobese women. Osteoporosis was defined by
      atraumatic vertebral compression deformity. Ultrasound velocity averaged 1954 +/-
      71 (+/- SD) m/s in premenopausal normal women and declined significantly with age
      after menopause, largely independently of age-related loss of spine bone mass.
      Postmenopausal osteoporotic women had lower velocities than normal women (-76
      m/s). After allowing for slight differences in age between the groups, the
      difference (-54 m/s) was still significant. Women with velocities below 1825 m/s
      were about six times more likely to have one or more fractures than women with
      velocities about that level. By sensitivity-specificity analysis, ultrasound
      velocity discriminated between normal and osteoporotic women as well as direct
      measurement of spine bone mass. Ultrasound velocity measures both bone mass and a
      component of bone fragility distinct from decreased mass; it is a potentially
      valuable new tool for evaluating women for osteoporotic fragility.

PMID- 2654428
TI  - Human immunodeficiency viruses and the pathogenesis of AIDS.

PMID- 2654429
TI  - Prospects for prevention of and early intervention against HIV.

PMID- 2654430
TI  - Investigators add pieces to insulin puzzle.

PMID- 2654432
TI  - The molecular biology of medullary thyroid carcinoma. A model for cancer
      development and progression.
AB  - Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an important human cancer for the study of
      molecular abnormalities that underlie initiation of neoplasia and subsequent
      cellular changes during tumor progression. This tumor can occur in different
      inherited forms, each mediated by autosomal dominant genetic events. Germline
      abnormalities on chromosome 10 are linked to at least one type of genetic MTC,
      multiple endocrine neoplasia type II. Our studies of chromosome 10 in DNA from
      MTC tumors failed to detect frequent loss of polymorphic DNA markers, suggesting
      that the genetic mechanisms involved in MTC development may be different from
      those for other inherited cancers such as retinoblastoma. During tumor
      progression of MTC, abnormalities develop in expression of the mature phenotype
      of the endocrine cell from which the tumor arises. In cell culture, chemical
      modulation or gene insertion can lead to partial correction of these defects in
      differentiation capacity by activating cellular signaling processes. These
      studies offer opportunities to dissect the molecular events that regulate
      endocrine cell differentiation, to determine the precise abnormalities that may
      underlie the initiation and tumor progression events in MTC and related cancers,
      and, thereby, to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 2654431
TI  - Clinical and pathological associations with allelic loss in colorectal carcinoma
      [corrected].
AB  - Clinical and pathological associations with molecular genetic alterations were
      studied in colorectal carcinomas from 83 patients. Fractional allelic loss, a
      measure of allelic deletions throughout the genome, and allelic deletions of
      specific chromosomal arms (the short arm of 17 and long arm of 18) each provided
      independent prognostic information by multivariate analysis when considered
      individually with Dukes' classification. Distant metastasis was significantly
      associated with high fractional allelic loss and with deletions of 17p and 18q.
      Mutations of ras proto-oncogenes and deletions of 5q had no prognostic
      importance. Statistically significant associations were also found between
      allelic losses and a family history of cancer, left-sided tumor location, and
      absence of extracellular tumor mucin. Allelic deletion analysis thus identified
      subsets of colorectal carcinoma with increased predilection for distant
      metastasis and cancer-related death. Further studies may define a subset of
      genetic alterations that can be used clinically to help assess prognosis.

PMID- 2654433
TI  - A model of its kind. A century of medicine at Johns Hopkins.

PMID- 2654434
TI  - Forty years of medical genetics.

PMID- 2654435
TI  - Cardiorespiratory responses to aerobic training by patients with
      postpoliomyelitis sequelae.
AB  - We examined the cardiorespiratory responses of 16 patients with postpoliomyelitis
      sequelae to a 16-week aerobic exercise program. The patients exercised at 70% of
      maximal heart rate. Dependent variables were resting and maximal heart rates,
      systolic and diastolic blood pressures, maximum oxygen consumption, maximum
      carbon dioxide consumption, respiratory quotient, and maximum expired volume per
      unit time. The exercise group was superior to the control group in watts,
      exercise time, maximum expired volume per unit time, and maximum oxygen
      consumption. No untoward events or loss of leg strength occurred as a result of
      the exercise regimen. We conclude that the aerobic training program employed in
      this study is a safe, short-term procedure and that patients with postpolio
      sequelae respond to training in a manner similar to healthy adults.

PMID- 2654436
TI  - The dietary fat--breast cancer hypothesis is alive.
AB  - Data from animal experiments and human correlation studies strongly support the
      dietary fat-breast cancer hypothesis. Moreover, a causal relation between dietary
      fat and breast malignancy is biologically plausible. Negative findings from
      recent analytic epidemiologic studies of dietary fat and breast cancer, however,
      have fueled the notion that the hypothesis is no longer viable. We argue that
      only limited conclusions should be drawn from epidemiologic studies to date
      because of the narrow range of dietary fat intake among subjects and the
      substantial measurement error in dietary assessment. Although many doubts remain
      about the dietary fat--breast cancer hypothesis, the question is of such
      importance that intensive efforts at designing better studies of the hypothesis
      are urgently needed. Such studies might include (1) laboratory investigations in
      humans that examine possible mechanisms for the effects of fat, (2) large,
      prospective epidemiologic studies, and (3) randomized, controlled diet trials.

PMID- 2654437
TI  - Lymphatic subpopulations and their transition in myocardial tissue and peripheral
      blood of patients with biopsy-proven myocarditis.
AB  - To determine abnormal immune regulation in biopsy-proven active and healed
      myocarditis cases, lymphatic subpopulations in myocardial tissue and peripheral
      blood were studied. Among 53 cases examined, 19 were active myocarditis (M) and
      34 were healing or healed (HM). Five cases of myocarditis were studied
      sequentially. The percentages of pan T-cells, B-cells, helper/inducer T-cells
      (Th/i), suppressor/cytotoxic T-cells (Ts/c), etc per total marker positive cells
      were calculated by use of monoclonal antibodies. In myocardial tissue, the
      percentage of Th/i was significantly lower in HM than M (p less than 0.01). The
      helper/suppressor ratio (OKT4/8) in peripheral blood was 2.43 +/- 0.43 (mean +/-
      SE) in M, 1.61 +/- 0.19 in HM and 1.34 +/- 0.12 in age-matched controls. In 5
      progressive studied cases of M, there was a decrease of the helper/suppressor
      ratio at 1 to 6 months after the myocarditis. It was concluded that subsidence of
      the immune reaction in myocardium is related to the healing process of
      myocarditis and may suggest improved prognosis.

PMID- 2654438
TI  - Sodium chloride sensitivity, intracellular sodium concentration in erythrocytes
      and lymphocytes, and renin profile in essential hypertension.
AB  - In order to clarify the possible relationship between changes in blood pressure
      after salt loading, membrane sodium transport and renin profile, 19 patients with
      essential hypertension (8 patients with low renin hypertension and 11 patients
      with normal renin hypertension), admitted to our hospital, were studied. We also
      examined the correlation of changes in intracellular sodium concentration after
      salt loading between erythrocytes and lymphocytes. After a control period of one
      week, all subjects were placed on a low salt intake for one week followed by one
      week of a high salt intake. Percent increases in mean blood pressure and
      intracellular sodium concentration in erythrocytes and in lymphocytes after salt
      loading were greater in low renin hypertensive patients than in normal renin
      hypertensives. Percent changes in intracellular sodium concentration in
      erythrocytes inversely correlated with those in ouabain sensitive sodium efflux
      rate constant and positively correlated with those in intracellular sodium
      concentration in lymphocytes. These results suggest that an increase in sodium
      chloride sensitivity of blood pressure in patients with low renin hypertension
      may be due to the inhibition of Na+-K+ pump in vascular smooth muscle cell
      membrane.

PMID- 2654439
TI  - Cardiovascular circulatory adjustments and renal function in acute heart failure.
AB  - This study aims to clarify the neurohumoral regulation of cardiovascular
      circulatory adjustments and to analyze changes in renal function and their
      relationship to cardiovascular hemodynamics in the early stage of heart failure.
      Cardiac and peripheral (calf segment) hemodynamics, neurohumoral factors and
      renal function were investigated in totally 139 patients with acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI). Capacitance vessel constriction was observed in patients with
      uncomplicated AMI (Killip-I, Forrester HS-I) and constriction of capacitance and
      resistance vessels in patients complicated by heart failure (Killip II, Forrester
      HS-II) or cardiogenic shock (Killip III-IV, Forrester HS-IV). Augmented
      sympathoadrenal discharge significantly related to the degree of pump dysfunction
      (elevation of heart rate, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure (PCWP) and decrease of stroke volume index (SVI] and activation of the
      renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system significantly related to fall in tissue
      perfusion pressure (mean blood pressure and calf vascular resistance) would be a
      possible mechanism for these compensatory mechanisms. However these would
      contribute to excessive vasoconstriction in limbs resulting in exercise
      intolerance or renal glomerular function impairment. The derangement of
      creatinine clearance, serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen and beta 2
      microglobulin were related to Killip classification, and it was clarified that
      PCWP tended to elevate more in patients with preexisting renal function
      disturbance, and when cardiac output (CO) depressed much lower, reduction of CO
      per se caused more severe prerenal renal insufficiency. That is, there were
      significant correlations between renal function parameters and cardiovascular
      hemodynamics. The Cardio-Renal Subset (CRS) was originally developed according to
      the initial SVI and Scr, and it was demonstrated that the CRS would be of
      definite predictive value in early identification of high risk patients.

PMID- 2654440
TI  - Creatine kinase BB isozyme in the blood during open heart surgery--comparison
      with creatine kinase MB and MM isozymes.
AB  - By using a recently developed highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay method,
      concentrations of the 3 forms of cytoplasmic creatine kinases (CK-BB, CK-MB and
      CK-MM) were determined in blood samples serially taken from 18 patients who
      received mitral valve replacement. Blood CK-BB levels, 0.64 +/- 0.32 ng/ml at the
      beginning of anesthesia, rose sharply after reperfusion reaching the peak level
      (23.3 +/- 7.56 ng/ml) 2 hours after reperfusion, and then fell rapidly. The
      response of CK-BB in blood was rapider and more sensitive than that of CK-MB or
      CK-MM. The CK-BB concentrations were significantly higher in coronary sinus
      samples than in arterial samples. These results suggest that the major portion of
      elevated blood CK-BB level in the early phase after reperfusion are derived from
      the heart muscle.

PMID- 2654441
TI  - [A clinical study of the radiosensitization of aclarubicin].
AB  - Sixty six patients with an advanced or a relapsed cancer have been treated with a
      combination of radiation and aclarubicin (ACR). The average irradiation dose was
      45 +/- 15 Gy, and the combined total dose of ACR ranged from 130 to 260 mg,
      depending upon the following differing schedules: 10 mg x 3 or 5/w, 20 mg x 2 or
      3/w and 20 mg x 2/d x 2/w. The tumor response attained was 70%, including 30% who
      achieved a complete response. A high response rate also was observed in rather
      radioresistant cancerous tumor, such as those of the lung, stomach and esophagus.
      The adverse effects, such as anorexia, nausea, and so on, were found increase
      with an increase in the dose of ACR. It thus was concluded that for clinical
      usefulness, 10 mg of ACR should administered every other day in combination with
      a definite program of radiotherapy.

PMID- 2654442
TI  - [5-Fluorouracil, adriamycin, and mitomycin C (FAM) combination chemotherapy in
      adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland].
AB  - An adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland is a rare tumor and little is known about
      the efficacy of chemotherapy as a method of treatment. Four patients with a
      metastatic, or recurrent adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland were treated with a
      combination chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and mitomycin
      C (FAM): 5-fluorouracil 330-500 mg/m2, d1-3, q3w or tegafur 400-600 mg/m2 p.o.
      adriamycin 30-40 mg/m2 q3w, and mitomycin C 3-10 mg/m2, q1-2w. One patient with a
      lung metastasis showed a good partial response lasting for 19 months and another
      patient who was resistant to CDDP plus the adriamycin combination, having a lymph
      node, bone, and bone marrow metastases, had a partial response lasting for 31
      months. Results have indicated that adriamycin is one of the effective
      therapeutic drugs and that FAM combination chemotherapy can provide some efficacy
      against a parotid cancer.

PMID- 2654443
TI  - [A mucin-producing cystadenoma, borderline malignancy, of the renal pelvis and
      ureter: a case report].
AB  - A cystadenoma or a cystadenocarcinoma arising from the renal pelvis is a rare
      neoplasma and, so far as is known, only two cases have been reported in the
      literature (Arcadi, 1956, and Ross, 1985). Discussed herein is a case of a 63
      year-old woman who developed a mucinous nephrosis, due to a marked retention of
      mucin produced by a tumor. The ureter as well was found to be involved. The
      histogenesis of an adenocarcinoma, which includes a cystadenoma and a
      cystadenocarcinoma, most likely is due to a glandular metaplasia, associated with
      urolithiasis and pyelonephritis. In this specific case, the patient revealed a
      history, fifteen years earlier, of renal calculi and pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2654444
TI  - [A case of giant leiomyosarcoma that grew exogastrically in a year and four
      months].
AB  - Presented is a 69-year-old female who had gigantic leiomyosarcoma showing a
      pedunculated and exogastric growth. Though the patient had been diagnosed as
      having a gastric submucosal tumor (SMT) on being given an upper GI series and an
      endoscopical examination, she did not enter hospital until a year and 4 months
      later. On admission, a large SMT was suspected after an upper GI series and an
      endoscopic examination. Computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography (US), and
      angiography revealed a gastric SMT that had grown exogastrically. Subsequently,
      this tumor was resected with the gastric wall. Histologically, tumor was
      determined as being a leiomyosarcoma. CT and US were found useful in
      demonstrating the SMT with its exogastric growth.

PMID- 2654445
TI  - [Case report of a second resection of rectal leiomyosarcoma due to recurrence
      after 10 years].
AB  - A leiomyosarcoma of the rectum is a rare disease, and cases of a recurrence are
      even more rare. Reported is the case of a patient who, in 1987, underwent a per
      sacral resection of a rectal tumor which was diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma. In
      1987, after symptoms that showed that the patient's feces had become narrower, a
      recurrence of this tumor was diagnosed, so that the patient again underwent an
      abdominoperineal rectomy. The postoperative course has been good. Details of this
      disease still remain unclear. In Japan, there have been only 10 such cases of a
      recurrence reported. Of these, a liver metastasis and a localized recurrence are
      the most common. Long term follow-ups are considered necessary.

PMID- 2654446
TI  - [Influences from the treatment of thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus on breast
      cancer prognosis].
AB  - We have studied influences from the treatment of a thyroid disease and diabetes
      mellitus on breast cancer prognosis. Forty-one breast cancer patients with a
      thyroid disease and 16 cases with diabetes mellitus under medical treatment have
      been investigated. There was no special clinicopathological characteristics found
      in patients with a thyroid disease. The 5-year relapse-free survival rate (5 Y
      RFS) of these patients was 95% and the 5-year overall survival rate (5 Y-OS) was
      100%. Therefore, the presence of a thyroid disease showed no significant effect
      on the survival of breast cancer patients. In contrast, the prognosis of a group
      of diabetes mellitus was relatively poor, the 5 Y-RFS showing 75% and 5 Y-OS 81%.
      A significantly worse survival rate was found in cases of insulin treated
      subgroups compared to orally treated patients.

PMID- 2654447
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of CA-50 in cases with colorectal cancer].
AB  - Serum CA-50 has been evaluated in 67 healthy donors and in 46 patients with a
      colorectal cancer by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA Kit, Mitsui pharmaceuticals,
      Inc.). The mean value of the healthy donors (n = 67) was 10.6 +/- 6.1 U/ml and
      for patients with a colorectal cancer 31.7 +/- 55.2 U/ml. Both in healthy donors
      and in patients, the mean value was found to be higher in females than males. The
      overall sensitivity in the colorectal cancer patients was 26.1 percent, the
      percentages for those in stage I, 20, II, 9.1, III, 40, IV, 20, and V, 50%
      respectively. In a correlation between serum CA-50 and CA 19-9, the correlation
      coefficient was 0.82 (p less than 0.01), and in between CA-50 and CEA, 0.51 (p
      less than 0.01). Thus a combination assay among CA-50, CA 19-9, and CEA has
      proved to be of significant value in cases of a colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2654449
TI  - Dilated cardiomyopathy. II--Prognosis.

PMID- 2654448
TI  - [Assessment of laboratory findings in megaloblastic anemia--measurement of serum
      vitamin B12 and methylmalonic acid].
AB  - The laboratory findings of 20 patients with untreated megaloblastic anemia due to
      vitamin B12 deficiency were analysed. The material consists of 13 patients with
      pernicious anemia, 6 with postgastrectomy B12 deficiency and one with
      malabsorption syndrome. Hematological data (RBC, Hgb, Ht, WBC, Plt) were
      correlated with each other and serum LDH levels. Megaloblastic changes of bone
      marrow were apparent in cases of which Hgb values were below 9 g/dl, although its
      change were not clear in cases with mild anemia (above 9 g/dl). However, giant
      metamyelocytic changes of bone marrow were seen even in cases with mild anemia.
      Serum B12 levels in 6 out of 19 cases (31.6%) measured by clinical laboratory
      center were within normal range. In contrast, its level in all cases measured by
      radiodilution assay using R-protein or intrinsic factor were lower than normal
      values. Serum B12 levels measured by the latter method were correlated with
      various hematological data and also related with hematological severity, although
      its level measured by clinical laboratory did not have any correlation with
      hematological data. Schilling test seemed to be unreliable, because sample volume
      which was suggested by kit manual was too small (2 ml) to catch enough
      radioactivity for accurate measurement. Serum methylmalonic acid levels measured
      by gas capillary mass spectrophotometry were higher than normal values in all
      cases and were well correlated with hematological data.

PMID- 2654450
TI  - A review of Nobel prizes in medicine or physiology, 1901-87.
AB  - This review examines the awards of Nobel Prizes for Medicine or Physiology
      discipline between 1901 and 1987, in order to evaluate the advances made in
      biomedical sciences in the twentieth century. A total of 78 awards had been made
      amounting to 144 laureates. Countrywise, scientists from the USA lead the tally
      of Nobelists with 62 laureates, followed by those from Britain and Germany. In
      the first quarter (1901-25), majority of the awards were given to pioneering
      studies in microbiology and physiology. Following three decades (1926-55) show
      the emergence of biochemists as preferred winners with many of the nutrition
      related discoveries receiving the recognition. During and immediately after the
      Second World War (between 1939 and 1957), pharmacology related studies were also
      awarded Nobel merit. Molecular biology, genetics and immunology had become the
      prime areas for recipients during the last three decades beginning with 1958.
      Apart from these four distinct speciality areas, classic discoveries in the
      fields of neurosciences and behavior, clinical medicine, experimental biology
      endocrinology had also been recognized at regular intervals.

PMID- 2654451
TI  - [Intraocular lens materials in the anterior chamber implantation test].
AB  - The biocompatibilities of two silicones ("Homburg" and "St. Wendel" silicone) and
      "Perspex CQ" (Titmus Eurocon Kontaktlinsen GmbH, Aschaffenburg) were tested in
      rabbits' eyes using the anterior chamber implantation test. Test criteria were
      iris folds, corneal opacification, fibrin flocks, and iris hyperemia. All the
      materials proved to be sufficiently biocompatible for use in the production of
      intraocular lenses. The two silicones appear to cause corneal opacification more
      often than "Perspex CQ". "Homburg" silicone only rarely seems to cause iris
      folds. There are no statistically significant differences in the biocompatibility
      of the tested materials. Clinical observations were in agreement with the test
      results.

PMID- 2654452
TI  - [Multiple vitelliform retinal cysts. Case report and review of the literature].
AB  - Description of a patient with multiple vitelliform retinal cysts, including the
      fovea, with normal EOG and no indications of hereditary origin. The changes were
      apparent as hypofluorescent zones in the angiogram. After three years an increase
      in size and partial confluence of the cysts was observed, but two years later
      cicatrization occurred in the previously cystic areas. So far 30 persons with
      multiple vitelliform cysts have been described in the literature; the principal
      findings in these cases are summarized in a table together with the present
      authors' findings. As regards heredity, two groups may be distinguished: (1)
      multiple cysts associated with Best's vitelliform dystrophy and (2) so-called
      isolated cases with no indication of heredity. All Group 1 cases seen so far have
      had a pathologic EOG, while in Group 2 cases the EOG may be both normal and
      pathologic. The average age of Group 1 patients is 31, that of Group 2 patients
      39 years. The findings in Group 2 cannot be intepreted without reservation as
      adult or degenerative changes. Multiple vitelliform cysts must be clearly
      distinguished from multiple pigment epithelium detachments.

PMID- 2654453
TI  - [Ophthalmologists on postage stamps. A contribution to the history of medicine].
AB  - An attempt should be made to summarize the history of ophthalmology in a small
      series of postage stamps. Eighteen stamps could be dedicated to themes recalling
      the achievements of famous ophthalmologists. In this way it would be possible to
      acquaint the public with some medical history while at the same time encouraging
      an interesting leisure pastime.

PMID- 2654454
TI  - [Preoperative use of suction cup oculopression in comparison with Vorosmarthy
      oculopression].
AB  - In contrast to Vorosmarthy oculopression (VOP), suction-cup oculopression (SOP)
      is "pure" oculopression without compression of orbital tissue. Prior to 44
      cataract operations with posterior chamber lens implantation, the authors
      performed SOP (negative pressure - 110 mm Hg) or VOP (level of oculopression 30
      mm Hg) of the same duration (average 26 min). Before oculopression, a retrobulbar
      injection (RBI) was performed for local anesthesia. The intraocular pressure
      (IOP) was decreased by 14 mm Hg to 3.9 and 4.9 mm Hg after SOP and VOP,
      respectively. After VOP, the iris-vitreous diaphragm was more frequently judged
      to be concave, i.e., vaulted against the retina, than after SOP (standardized
      questionnaire). After RBI + SOP, a post-injection of anesthetic was necessary in
      three cases; no additional injection was required after RBI + VOP. In conclusion,
      identical preoperative reductions in IOP can be achieved with SOP and VOP.
      Regarding the form of the iris-vitreous diaphragm and the frequency of post
      injection, the differences between the two methods may be related to the lack of
      orbital compression during SOP.

PMID- 2654455
TI  - [Glucose homeostasis in mucoviscidosis].
AB  - In patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) of the pancreas an endocrine imbalance
      especially of insulin secretion due to progressive structural abnormalities of
      the pancreas must be expected. 30-75 percent of CF-patient exhibit impaired oral
      glucose tolerance tests (oGTT). Deterioration of the glucose homeostasis leads to
      a secondary diabetes mellitus that mimics a type II diabetes in the early stage,
      in the later course of disease it resembles a type I diabetes with absolute
      insulinopenia. In this study glucose homeostasis was investigated after an oral
      glucose load with 1.75 g glucose/kg bodyweight. Glucose, C-peptide and insulin
      were measured during 180 minutes. 32 nondiabetic CF-patients were studied. 16
      patients revealed an impaired oral glucose tolerance according to the criteria of
      the National Diabetes Data Group. 6 patients showed a normal glucose tolerance
      and 10 patients with normal fasting and 120 minute glucose concentrations were
      hyperglycemic at midtest determinations. Impaired oGTTs were observed in
      malnourished CF-patients in a higher rate than in normal weight patients. A
      delayed and exceeded C-peptide and insulin response to the oral glucose load was
      determined with deteriorating glucose tolerance. Glucose values did not drop to
      fasting values at the 180 minute determination in cases of impaired oral glucose
      tolerance.

PMID- 2654456
TI  - [Glucose tolerance test in morbidly obese children and adolescents].
AB  - Oral glucose tolerance tests (50 g/m2 body surface) were performed in fifty-two
      children and adolescents (28 girls and 24 boys) aged 3.1 to 16.8 (mean +/- SD
      11.4 +/- 3.28) years. Mean overweight of the patients was calculated to be 69.7
      +/- 28.5%. Plasma glucose and immunoreactive insulin were determined before, and
      15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes after the oral glucose load. According to the
      criteria of the National Diabetes Data Group six (11.5%) of the subjects had
      abnormal glucose test profiles (fasting glucose concentrations over 140 mg/dl or
      after 120 minutes above 140 mg/dl), and in four of the six probands we could
      detect elevated fasting insulin levels (above 17 E/ml) as well. In twenty-three
      out of forty-eight serum samples (47.9%) basal insulin levels were elevated. No
      correlation between age, sex, duration of overweight with glucose or insulin
      levels could be found. Our results are in accordance with findings in obese
      adults reflecting a high prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and
      hyperinsulinemia in obese children and adolescents. On the other hand
      pathophysiologic relevance and clinical importance of these findings in obese
      children of an impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia is questionable in
      view of the rapid normalization after weight loss.

PMID- 2654457
TI  - [Rheography: nature, perspectives, trends and errors in use (50th anniversary of
      the method)].

PMID- 2654458
TI  - [S. P. Botkin--founder of the functional analysis in the clinical management of
      internal diseases in Russian medicine of the 19th century].

PMID- 2654459
TI  - [S. P. Botkin and development of ambulatory clinics].

PMID- 2654460
TI  - [Current data on the role of cardiac glycosides in the treatment of circulatory
      insufficiency].

PMID- 2654461
TI  - [Endomyocardial fibrosis].

PMID- 2654462
TI  - [Immunological aspects of atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2654463
TI  - [Antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of stomach and duodenal diseases associated
      with Campylobacter pylori].

PMID- 2654464
TI  - [Current drug therapy of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2654465
TI  - [The antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunological aspects].

PMID- 2654467
TI  - [Obsidan treatment of neuroendocrine disorders and hyperkinetic syndrome in
      patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction].
AB  - The trend in blood plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline, renin and parameters of
      central hemodynamics were studied in randomized sample of 67 patients with
      uncomplicated macrofocal myocardial infarction with a hyperkinetic syndrome. To
      32 patients obsidan was administered intravenously (0.1 mg/kg), then orally for 2
      3 days every 3-4 hours to lessen cardiac contraction rate by 20-30 per cent and
      to obtain moderate hypotension and after than 60-120 mg per 24 hours. The
      traditional treatment was prescribed to 35 patients of the control group. The
      acute period of the disease was marked by increased concentrations of
      catecholamines and renin and a close correlation between them and the central
      hemodynamic parameters. Use of obsidan led to a more rapid reduction and
      normalization of the content of biologically active substances, central
      hemodynamic parameters and to the removal of their correlation. The mechanisms of
      obsidan action are discussed.

PMID- 2654466
TI  - [Blood cells and their sensitivity to calcium antagonists in patients with
      cerebrovascular disorders].
AB  - Patients with ischemic-type cerebral dyshematopoiesis have disturbances of blood
      cell function (their enhanced aggregation and reduction of leucocyte and
      erythrocyte deformation). Calcium antagonist nifedipine can neutralize these
      disturbances but it reduces blood cell sensitivity to it. The effectiveness of
      nifedipine can be increased by giving it in combination with prostacyclin. Blood
      cell sensitivity to this combination of agents changes insignificantly. It is
      recommended that nifedipine and medicinal agents which increase blood
      prostacyclin concentration be used in combination.

PMID- 2654468
TI  - [Use of inotropic agents in dilated cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2654469
TI  - [Effect of weightlessness on the reproductive system of mammals].
AB  - This paper summarizes experimental data available about the effect of
      microgravity on the reproductive system and reproductive function of mammals. The
      flight experiment on female rats has shown that fetuses can grow and develop when
      the maternal organisms is exposed to microgravity. The data concerning the effect
      of microgravity on the reproductive function of mammalian males are limited and
      controversial. Analyzing them, it can be noted that the changes seen are small
      and reversible and that cells involved in spermatogenesis show greater resistance
      to space flight factors than other continuously renovating cell populations.
      Future approaches to the experimental investigations in this area are discussed.
      It is emphasized that fertilization and early stages of mammalian development in
      space flight deserve special study.

PMID- 2654470
TI  - [Effect of increased respiratory resistance on human work capacity].
AB  - Respiratory responses to external resistive resistance are discussed, having in
      view data in the literature and experimental results obtained by the present
      authors. The adverse changes induced by this factor during muscle work are
      described with special emphasis on performance deterioration. Some considerations
      are presented which are related to the physiological implications of the maximal
      allowable values of respiratory resistance produced by the breathing system upon
      workloads of various intensity and duration.

PMID- 2654471
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis.
AB  - Cellular oncogenes (c-oncs) have been highly conserved throughout evolution and
      subserve important roles in growth and development. Both in development and the
      neoplastic state, c-oncs appear to collaborate rather than function
      independently. Cellular oncogenes are activated in the neoplastic process by four
      (nonviral) mechanisms; (a) chromosomal translocations; (b) gene amplifications;
      (c) point mutations; and (d) DNA rearrangements. The timing of c-onc gene product
      expression may be as important in oncogenesis as the level of expression. At this
      writing, mutant oncogenes have not been shown to be inherited. Oncogene
      amplification, if important in oncogenesis, is more likely to be involved with
      tumor progression rather than initiation. Chromosomal/molecular aberrations tend
      to be characteristic for a given type of cancer. These genetic alterations are
      often situated near heritable fragile sites, tumor-suppressor gene loci and/or
      oncogene loci. Similar molecular mechanisms involving translocations and
      inversions may underly the common T and B cell neoplasms. The loss/inactivation
      of both normal alleles at a locus thought to encode for tumor-suppressing
      activities (antioncogenes) may represent an event common to many childhood and
      adult neoplasms. The consistency and cell specificity with which this has been
      identified is consistent with a role for such genes in cellular differentiation.
      At this writing, the paradigm for such a controlling locus is 13q14, the site of
      the retinoblastoma gene. Based on recent studies in familial and sporadic Wilms'
      tumor which suggest etiological heterogeneity, theoretical modifications of the
      carcinogenesis model which has been central to understanding retinoblastoma may
      soon be forthcoming to explain molecular mechanisms operative in other cancer.
      The role of genomic imprinting in carcinogenesis is only recently being explored.
      Further study of this process may prove to be a fruitful area of future research.

PMID- 2654472
TI  - Hereditary nephritis: immunoblotting studies of the glomerular basement membrane.
AB  - Hereditary nephritis (HN) is associated with antigenically abnormal glomerular
      basement membrane (GBM) manifest by reduced or absent binding of MCA-P1, a mouse
      monoclonal antibody which recognizes Goodpasture antigen. In the present studies,
      immunoblotting has been used to analyze antigenic and biochemical composition of
      renal tissue from patients with HN in whom binding of MCA-P1 could not be
      demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Pooled normal collagenase
      solubilized GBM (CS-GBM) and CS-GBM from three patients with either end-stage
      renal failure (ESK1-3) or HN (HNK1-3), were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel and, after transfer by Western blotting to
      nitrocellulose, reacted with sera from six patients with anti-GBM disease (GPS1
      6) or anti-GBM antibody containing sera from three transplanted HN patients (HNS1
      3), different from those patients with HN contributing HNK1-3. We found that GPS1
      6 and HNS1-2 recognized the same six major bands in CS-GBM and ESK1-3 (between 54
      and 24 kilodalton (kd) but only three bands (48, 42 and 24 kd) in HNK1-3. HNS3
      only bound strongly to bands of 54 and 26 kd in CS-GBM or ESK1-3 and not all to
      HNK1-3. Immunoblotting studies of HNK1-3 have shown a partial rather than
      absolute loss of Goodpasture antigenicity (54, 28 and 26 kd bands). Studies with
      HNS1-3 suggest heterogeneity of antibody responses to allografted kidneys between
      patients with HN; HNS-3 showed restricted antibody specificity with recognition
      in CS-GBM of some bands antigenically absent from HN kidney. The abnormality in
      HN kidneys appears closely related to, but distinct from, the Goodpasture
      determinant and the inherited defect in HN may involve an essential modifying
      enzyme.

PMID- 2654473
TI  - Cytosolic ionized calcium and bleb formation after acute cell injury of cultured
      rabbit renal tubule cells.
AB  - Changes in cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) and cell blebbing of cultured rabbit
      kidney proximal tubule cells were studied in response to injury induced through a
      variety of mechanisms. [Ca2+]i was measured in Fura 2-loaded cells and blebbing
      was observed by phase microscopy. The severity of injury was evaluated by
      electron microscopy and cell killing was estimated by trypan blue dye uptake. The
      types of injury included interaction with sulfhydryl groups (HgCl2, N
      ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid, inhibition of energy
      metabolism (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, KCN, KCN + iodoacetate) and
      ion deregulation (ouabain, ionomycin, A23187). The role of extracellular calcium
      ([Ca2+]e) in injury was also studied. HgCl2, N-ethylmaleimide and ionomycin +
      [Ca2+]e caused the highest elevations of [Ca2+]i, the most extensive blebbing,
      and most rapid cell death. P-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid treatment
      resulted in a moderate increase in [Ca2+]i, as well as less extensive blebbing
      and slower cell death. Ouabain and inhibitors of mitochondrial and cellular
      energy metabolism caused only a 2-fold increase in [Ca2+]i, a few blebs and
      delayed cell death. Ionomycin - [Ca2+]e caused a transient elevation of [Ca2+]i,
      minimal blebbing and very slow cell killing. The increase in [Ca2+]i may result
      from redistribution of intracellular stores (N-ethylmaleimide, p
      chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid, KCN, carbonyl cyanide m
      chlorophenylhydrazone, ionomycin - [Ca2+]e), from influx of extracellular [Ca2+]e
      (ionomycin + [Ca2+]e, ouabain), or from both redistribution and influx (HgCl2).
      Therefore, removing [Ca2+]e is protective only in certain types of injury,
      (HgCl2, ionomycin). Cytoplasmic blebbing was seen with all the types of injury
      studied and occurred before to cell death. Blebs formed rapidly, enlarged, and
      sometimes detached with membrane sealing. Our results indicate that cell injury
      which initiates a 3-fold or greater sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i, resulting
      from either an influx of [Ca2+]e or by Ca2+ release from intracellular pools, is
      also associated with abundant bleb formation and rapid cell death.

PMID- 2654474
TI  - Binding of human extracellular-superoxide dismutase C to cultured cell lines and
      to blood cells.
AB  - The high heparin-affinity subtype C of the secretory enzyme extracellular
      superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) was found to bind to cultured mammalian cells,
      forming an equilibrium between the cells and the medium. To anchorage-dependent
      cell lines, binding apparently occurred both to the glycocalyx of the cell
      surfaces and to the sub- and intercellular matrix produced by the cells. Heparan
      sulfate proteoglycan appeared to be the principal binding substance. The binding
      capacities of anchorage-dependent cultures were very high, and at maximal binding
      the amount of EC-SOD C activity associated with the exterior of the cells was
      several-fold higher than the endogenous intracellular SOD activity. Half-maximal
      binding occurred at about 8 micrograms/ml EC-SOD C. At low, nonsaturating,
      physiologic EC-SOD C concentrations, the enzyme concentration in the glycocalyx
      of cells may be several thousand times higher than in the medium. All 14
      investigated anchorage-dependent cell lines, including endothelial cells, bound
      EC-SOD C avidly. The 10 suspension-growing cell lines were all weaker binders.
      Blood monomorphonuclear leukocytes and platelets bound little EC-SOD C, whereas
      no significant binding to neutrophil leukocytes, to erythrocytes and to E. coli
      could be demonstrated. The findings are compatible with the notion that EC-SOD C
      in the vasculature forms an equilibrium between plasma and heparan sulfate in the
      glycocalyx of the endothelium. Furthermore, tissue EC-SOD is probably distributed
      between heparan sulfate on the surface of most cell types in the organs and in
      the interstitial matrix. The binding pattern suggests that EC-SOD C has the
      potential to protect most normal cells in the body and the interstitial matrix,
      without protecting microorganisms lacking affinity, and without interfering with
      superoxide radicals produced at the surface of activated neutrophil leukocytes.

PMID- 2654476
TI  - The Thackrah lecture 1988. Toward the year 2000--challenge to the occupational
      physician.

PMID- 2654475
TI  - Effect of agents which rearrange the cytoskeleton in vitro on the structure and
      function of hepatocytic canaliculi.
AB  - The integrity of the cytoskeletal structure of the bile canaliculus (BC) may be
      necessary for bile secretion. This includes actin filaments in microvilli,
      cytokeratins in the pericanalicular sheath and microtubules in the surrounding
      cytoplasm. We studied these cytoskeletal structures and also the secretory
      function of the hepatocytes in tissue culture using double-label fluorescent
      staining and the transhepatic transport and secretion of fluorescein diacetate
      and horseradish peroxidase. The hepatocytes were obtained from 14-day-old male
      rats. They were cultured in serum-free Williams's E medium, with insulin and
      dexamethasone added to induce differentiation. Four treatment groups of
      hepatocytes were studied: (a) colchicine (10(-4)M for 1 hour), (b) cytochalasin B
      (4 micrograms/ml for 1 hour), (c) ethanol (30 to 90 mM for 24 hours) and (d)
      controls. Colchicine caused the disappearance of the microtubules and completely
      inhibited the secretion of fluorescein diacetate and horseradish peroxidase into
      the BC. It did not affect the uptake or transport of fluorescein diacetate on
      horseradish peroxidase to the BC. Cytochalasin B disrupted the actin filaments
      and caused their aggregation around the BC. The canaliculi were dilated and the
      microvilli were decreased but the secretion was normal. Ethanol did not affect
      either the structure of the cytoskeleton or inhibit secretion. It is concluded
      that the secretory function of the BC requires the integrity of microtubules in
      cultured hepatocytes. The integrity of actin is not necessary for uptake,
      transport, or secretion as long as the pericanalicular sheath remains intact.
      Ethanol had no effect on the structure or the function of the cytoskeleton of the
      bile secretory apparatus.

PMID- 2654477
TI  - Specific unresponsiveness to skin allografts in burns.
AB  - We have examined the potential to provide long-term or even permanent wound
      coverage in a mouse model of a 30% total body surface area burn using skin
      allografts. Treatment of the recipient mouse with rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte
      serum (ATS) followed by donor bone marrow infusion induces a state of specific
      unresponsiveness to the skin allograft without the need for chronic
      immunosuppression. Specifically, a B6AF1 mouse receives a burn on Day -2 relative
      to grafting, ATS on Day -1, and Day +2, a skin allograft from a C3H/He mouse on
      Day 0, and infusion of C3H/He donor bone marrow on Day +6. We studied three
      groups of burned mice: Group I, allograft control (n = 5); Group II, allograft
      plus ATS (n = 12); and Group III, allograft plus ATS and bone marrow infusion (n
      = 15). Mean graft survival was compared using a one-way analysis of variance and
      a Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test. There was no statistical difference in
      animal mortality among any of the three groups, and there was no evidence of
      infectious morbidity. Mean skin allograft survival was as follows: Group I, 9
      days; Group II, 29 days; and Group III, 66 days (P less than 0.05 vs Group I and
      II). Nine animals in Group III had intact hair bearing grafts at 90 days when the
      study was terminated. This study suggests the potential use of induced specific
      unresponsiveness to skin allografts for wound coverage in thermal injury without
      use of chronic immunosuppression. In our animal study this was accomplished
      without increased mortality or apparent infectious morbidity.

PMID- 2654478
TI  - In vitro hepatic insulin resistance in chronic pancreatitis in the rat.
AB  - To investigate the effect of chronic pancreatitis (CP) on in vitro hepatic
      sensitivity to insulin, the suppression of glucagon-stimulated hepatic glucose
      production (HGP) by insulin was examined during isolated liver perfusion (ILP) in
      CP and sham-operated rats. CP was induced at laparotomy by infusion of 50
      microliters 99% oleic acid into the common bile duct during temporary occlusion
      of the proximal hepatic duct in 250- to 350-g Sprague-Dawley rats. Eight to
      sixteen weeks later, single-pass ILP was performed on fed animals. Glucagon (100
      pg/ml) was infused for 30 min; the final 20 min of perfusion was performed with
      (a) no insulin, (b) 25 microU/ml insulin, or (c) 100 microU/ml insulin. CP and
      sham rats demonstrated comparable HGP responses to glucagon during the 0- to 10
      min period (5.2 +/- 0.5 vs 5.9 +/- 0.5 mg/g/min, P = NS). CP rats demonstrated an
      HGP response to glucagon alone more evanescent than that in sham rats (20-30 min
      of HGP, 6.6 +/- 0.6 vs 9.5 +/- 0.4 mg/g/min, P less than 0.05). Sham rats showed
      a dose-dependent inhibition of HGP by insulin, however (percentage 20-30 min of
      HGP/0-10 min of HGP for 0, 25, and 100 microU/ml insulin: 166 +/- 12, 125 +/- 7,
      and 101 +/- 5%, P less than 0.01), whereas CP rats showed no effect of insulin
      (130 +/- 6, 123 +/- 7, 134 +/- 7%, P = NS). Pre- and postperfusion liver glycogen
      contents revealed comparable decreases in liver glycogen in both groups: insulin
      inhibition of HGP in sham rats was accompanied by higher postperfusion glycogen
      content. These data demonstrate a loss of insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic
      glucose production in livers obtained from pancreatitic rats. We conclude that CP
      is accompanied by a primary hepatic resistance to insulin; this defect may play a
      role in the etiology of pancreatogenic diabetes.

PMID- 2654479
TI  - The effect of ASP on the adipocyte of the morbidly obese.
AB  - The control of triglyceride synthesis within the adipocyte is not fully
      understood. Insulin is considered to be the most potent stimulant of triglyceride
      synthesis. In this paper, we report on the effect of a small (14000 Da), basic
      (pI 9.0) protein isolated from human serum. This protein has been called
      acylation stimulating protein (ASP). It is a potent stimulant of triglyceride
      synthesis in adipocytes from both normal weight and morbidly obese subjects. Its
      stimulatory effect on adipocytes is both rapid, occurring between 15-30 min after
      the start of incubation, and prolonged, lasting for up to 3 hr. Compared to
      insulin, it is sixfold more potent in its effect on triglyceride synthesis. As
      well as acting on isolated cells, ASP also has a fourfold stimulatory effect on
      triglyceride synthesis in human adipose microsomes at a concentration of 25
      micrograms/ml. This study indicates that ASP is a potent stimulant of
      triglyceride synthesis and therefore may play a role in the pathogenesis of
      morbid obesity.

PMID- 2654480
TI  - Psittacosis pneumonia.
AB  - A 57-year-old man with symptoms and signs consistent with atypical pneumonia had
      epidemiologic and later serologic evidence of psittacosis pneumonia. Therapy with
      tetracycline resulted in rapid resolution.

PMID- 2654481
TI  - Therapeutic medical reasoning.

PMID- 2654482
TI  - Candida allergy.

PMID- 2654483
TI  - Study of cell kinetics in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma transplanted to nude mice.
AB  - The cell kinetics of the transplantable human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were
      studied in athymic nude mice using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse labeling. In
      order to estimate the cell cycle time in this study, the percent labeled mitosis
      curve was prepared with immunoperoxidase staining using monoclonal antibody to
      BrdU instead of 3[H]thymidine autoradiography. This technique was considered to
      be very useful because it can be done for a short term and can still be changed
      to the autoradiographic method. Comparing the results in this study with already
      reported data on various xenografts of human carcinomas in nude mice, the tumor
      doubling time (117.5 hr) and the cell cycle time (23.5 hr) were rather short, but
      the growth fraction (54%) and the cell loss factor (68%) were nearly equivalent
      to the median value. These findings suggest that the very rapid growth rate of
      this tumor was mainly due to the shortness of the cell cycle time.

PMID- 2654484
TI  - Positivity to glial fibrillary acidic protein in bone, cartilage, and chordoma.
AB  - Twenty vertebral bones, 11 costal, 11 epiglottic, six tracheal, and five
      bronchial cartilages and seven chordomas were evaluated by the application of
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) indirect immunohistochemical method for
      localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Positive immunostaining
      for GFAP was observed in osteocytes of normal bone (13/20), chondrocytes of
      normal epiglottis (5/11), costal cartilage (3/11), trachea (2/6), and bronchus
      (4/5). Four of seven chordomas had neoplastic cells that exhibited cytoplasmic
      positivity to GFAP. These findings suggested that osteocytes, chondrocytes, and
      chordoma cells have cytoskeletal intermediate filaments that are antigenically
      identical to or similar to or associated with GFAP.

PMID- 2654485
TI  - Survival and complications after radical surgery for carcinoma of the rectum.
AB  - The results of 164 abdominoperineal resections and 87 anterior resections carried
      out between 1972 and 1985 for cancer of the rectum were reviewed, assessed, and
      compared. The problems with anterior resection included a 1.1% hospital mortality
      and a 5.4% anastomotic failure rate in the 73 manual sutures and 28.5% in the 14
      mechanical sutures; recurrence rate was 15.4% and the global 5-year-survival was
      62%. There was no mortality in the Miles series; the recurrence rate was 4.8% and
      the 5-year-survival rate was 53.5%. Urogenital complications after Miles were
      found in 86.9%: urinary alone 10.8%, sexual alone 19.5%, both 56.5%.

PMID- 2654486
TI  - Breast cancer risk: a review of definitions and assessments of risk.
AB  - The histopathological and biochemical characteristics of cells and multicellular
      structure of benign and malignant breast changes have highly significant
      implications as to the risk of acquiring and dying of breast cancer.
      Consequently, every breast biopsy merits highly specific histopathological
      characterization as well as assay for hormone receptors. Certain aspects of a
      woman's personal and family history may be associated with increased or decreased
      risk. Clinical application of these variables to the prediction of future outcome
      requires an understanding of the definitions of risk. These definitions must then
      be applied appropriately when assessing risk. The definition of risk used must be
      explicitly stated and consistently used. Provided is a review of the definitions
      of risk and the risk of acquiring breast cancer according to age, family history,
      and histopathological characteristics of benign breast biopsies. The highly
      variable relative risk of dying from breast cancer when diagnosed is also
      reviewed.

PMID- 2654487
TI  - Massive intraoperative atelectasis secondary to untreated mediastinal Hodgkin's
      disease: report of the hazard and review of the literature.
AB  - Mediastinal adenopathy in Hodgkin's disease has been known to cause relative
      airway compromise, particularly in the more vulnerable left mainstem bronchus.
      This has been infrequently reported to occur during general anesthesia and to
      cause respiratory embarrassment, representing a significant hazard. The
      possibility of its occurrence should be recognized. Preoperative evaluation of
      the airway by chest films and tomography, followed by radiation therapy in those
      patients at risk, is recommended to minimize the chances of respiratory
      complications during general anesthesia.

PMID- 2654488
TI  - Arrow and dart poisons.
AB  - The history of arrow and dart poisons is briefly reviewed and this is followed by
      an outline of their use throughout the world. Their composition and sources of
      active principles, both plant and animal, are considered and certain ethnological
      aspects are dealt with. Finally, some applications of arrow- and dart-poison
      constituents as medicinal agents and pharmacological tools are indicated.

PMID- 2654489
TI  - Antimalarial effects of eight African medicinal plants.
AB  - Crude hot water extracts from eight medicinal plants collected in Togo, West
      Africa, were examined for antimalarial properties against Plasmodium falciparum
      using an in vitro test. The activity differed with the plant species with
      extracts of Cassia siamea, Jatropha gossypiifolia and Pavetta crassipes capable
      of 100% inhibition.

PMID- 2654490
TI  - Some phytochemical aspects of medicinal plant research.
AB  - Various aspects of medicinal plant research, i.e. collection of data, screening
      for biological activity and isolation and identification of active compounds are
      briefly discussed with special reference to phytochemical aspects. Based upon
      this some topics for further methodological research are presented. A strategy
      for the isolation of pure compounds is outlined. The spectroscopic methods for
      the identification and structure elucidation of isolated natural products are
      briefly discussed. The role of each of these methods is a general strategy for
      product identification and structure elucidation is described.

PMID- 2654491
TI  - Ethnopharmacology and Western medicine.
AB  - The contribution of plants to western medicine is briefly considered using
      alkaloids as examples of one class of pharmacologically active natural product.
      Plants and plant products are present in 14 of the 15 therapeutic categories of
      pharmaceutical preparations which are currently recommended to medical
      practitioners in the U.K. and they form an important part of our health-care
      system in the western world. There is considerable scope for new drug discovery
      from traditional medicines which are used throughout the world and some recent
      developments are commented upon and conclusions are made.

PMID- 2654492
TI  - In K562 leukemia cells treated with doxorubicin and hemin, a decrease in c-myc
      mRNA expression correlates with loss of self-renewal capability but not with
      erythroid differentiation.
AB  - The decrease in c-myc mRNA expression occurring in leukemia cell lines induced to
      differentiate is supposed to be an early event of the commitment to the
      differentiation program. Alternatively, the decrease in c-myc mRNA expression
      could be simply a consequence of loss of the self-renewal capability
      characteristic of the terminal differentiated phenotypes. In an attempt to
      clarify these hypotheses, we analysed comparatively the kinetics of variations in
      c-myc mRNA expression, hemoglobin synthesis, DNA and RNA syntheses, cell cycle
      kinetics and self-renewal capability in normal and hemin-treated K562 leukemia
      cells exposed for different periods of time to the antitumoral antibiotic
      doxorubicin. Times of exposure to doxorubicin were either 2 h, which resulted in
      reversible induction of hemoglobin synthesis without significant cytostatic
      effects, or continuously for more than 5 days, which resulted in an irreversible
      induction of hemoglobin synthesis and in the complete and irreversible loss of
      self-renewal activity. Comparative analysis of the experimental data indicated
      that the decrease in c-myc mRNA expression correlated with the loss of
      replicative activity, possibly due to an irreversible cytostatic effect of the
      long exposure to doxorubicin, but not with the commitment to the differentiation
      programs.

PMID- 2654493
TI  - The therapeutic effect of human recombinant macrophage colony stimulating factor
      (CSF-1) in experimental murine metastatic melanoma.
AB  - This paper investigates the effect of recombinant human macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (CSF-1) on the interaction between mononuclear phagocytes and
      the metastatic murine melanoma, B16/B16. CSF-1 had no effect on the ability of
      primary or bone marrow-derived macrophages to kill B16 cells in vitro, nor on
      their activation for cytotoxicity by gamma interferon plus LPS. However, when
      administered in vivo, CSF-1 increased the number of monocytes and peritoneal
      cells in tumor-bearing animals, and led to a significant reduction in the
      appearance of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary metastatic lesions derived from
      primary B16 tumors. The results suggest a therapeutic potential for CSF-1 in the
      treatment of malignancy.

PMID- 2654494
TI  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the cytotoxic effects
      of cytosine arabinoside in acute myeloblastic leukemia and in the myeloid blast
      crisis phase of chronic myeloid leukemia.
AB  - A strategy designed to stimulate myeloid leukemic blasts into active cell cycle
      may increase the effectiveness of S phase-specific agents such as cytosine
      arabinoside (ARA-C). Since recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is known to stimulate the growth of myeloid leukemic
      cells in vitro, we have evaluated the ability of this growth factor to enhance
      leukemic clonogenic cell kill in the presence of ARA-C. In seven patients
      studied, GM-CSF increased the fraction of myeloid leukemic blasts in S phase as
      measured by propidium iodide DNA staining, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, or
      ARA-C suicide techniques. Six of these seven patients demonstrated clonogenic
      cell growth in agar in response to GM-CSF. In five of these six patients, the
      combination of GM-CSF and ARA-C treatment in vitro resulted in a significant
      increase in leukemic clonogenic cell kill when compared to treatment with ARA-C
      in the absence of GM-CSF. Similar results were observed with the combination of
      GM-CSF and hydroxyurea, another S phase specific agent, further suggesting that
      the observed enhancement of cytotoxicity was due to the ability of GM-CSF to
      increase the number of leukemic cells in S phase. These data provide a rationale
      for investigating the toxicity and efficacy of combined GM-CSF and ARA-C therapy
      in patients with high-risk myeloid leukemia.

PMID- 2654495
TI  - Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in
      patients with myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts.
AB  - As part of a broad phase I study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (rh GM-CSF), four patients were treated who had
      myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with excess blasts. The GM-CSF was given daily as
      an intravenous injection over a period of 30 min for 5 days. A total of 11 cycles
      were conducted. Each patient received at least two different dose levels. In
      three patients, three different dosages were delivered. The treatment course was
      interrupted by a 10-day rest period. Rh GM-CSF was well tolerated, with only
      minor side effects seen, which included bone discomfort at the lower back,
      sternum and ribs, and constitutional symptoms such as low grade fever,
      nausea/vomiting, and mild myalgias. Whereas no increases in platelet and
      reticulocyte counts were recorded, elevations of absolute neutrophil counts above
      100 cells/microliters occurred in all patients. The most striking finding was,
      however, the development of increases in the number of circulating and bone
      marrow blast counts that were observed particularly when doses of greater than or
      equal to 500 micrograms/m2 of body surface area were administered. In line with
      data demonstrating in vitro induction of proliferation of leukemic blast cells by
      rh GM-CSF, one may take advantage of blastogenesis induced in vivo that may favor
      the use of a therapeutic strategy by recruiting quiescent cells into the mitotic
      cycle which would then represent optimum targets for a subsequent cycle-specific
      cytotoxic chemotherapy. Such an approach could form the basis for new clinical
      trials in MDS.

PMID- 2654497
TI  - Allogenic bone marrow transplantation in children with acute leukemia. Reply to
      Dr. Donald Pinkel.

PMID- 2654496
TI  - Growth of human hematopoietic colonies from patients with myelodysplastic
      syndromes in response to recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor.
AB  - The in vitro effect of recombinant human GM-CSF (rHuGM-CSF) was tested on bone
      marrow-derived multilineage (CFU-GEMM) as well as megakaryocytic (CFU-Mk),
      erythroid (BFU-E), and granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) progenitors in a group (n
      = 16) of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Hematopoietic progenitor
      cell growth was markedly impaired in MDS patients as compared to normal controls
      (p less than 0.05, at least). Recombinant HuGM-CSF supported the growth of CFU
      GEMM, CFU-Mk, and BFU-E at lower, equivalent, or slightly higher frequencies that
      those found in cultures plated with medium conditioned by peripheral blood
      leukocytes (PHA-LCM), but it was invariably ineffective in improving growth
      values. Recombinant HuGM-CSF supported the growth of granulocyte-macrophage
      colonies in 15 of 16 cases. The overall incidence (mean +/- SEM) of CFU-GM in
      cultures containing rHuGM-CSF (5 ng/ml) was significantly higher than the one
      found in cultures stimulated with PHA-LCM (40 +/- 15 vs. 17 +/- 7, p less than
      0.05). Upon culture with rHuGM-CSF (5 ng/ml), in 5 of 15 patients de novo colony
      formation was observed (8 +/- 4) and in 4 of 15 patients CFU-GM growth (129 +/-
      33) fell within normal range. Doses of rHuGM-CSF higher than 5 ng/ml did not
      result in a further increase of MDS-derived colony formation. It is concluded
      that rHuGM-CSF (a) does not improve the growth of CFU-GEMM, CFU-Mk, and BFU-E;
      (b) may completely restore the growth of CFU-GM in a subgroup of MDS patients;
      (c) while ineffective in improving anemia and thrombocytopenia, its in vivo in
      MDS may correct leukopenia through an effect at the level of granulocyte
      macrophage progenitor cell compartment, at least in a subset of highly responsive
      patients.

PMID- 2654498
TI  - Acute hepatic failure: the emerging role of orthotopic liver transplantation.
AB  - From 1985 through 1987, we diagnosed acute hepatic failure in 13 patients.
      Spontaneous recovery occurred in three of these patients. Eight patients
      underwent liver transplantation, five of whom survived and three of whom died. In
      addition, two patients died before undergoing transplantation. The survival rate
      of 62% was better than that among our previous series of similar patients. This
      improvement seems to be related to the use of orthotopic liver transplantation as
      a therapeutic alternative among these patients. One of the three patients who
      died after liver transplantation had normal liver function, but respiratory
      failure caused by Pneumocystis carinii developed 4 months after the
      transplantation. The surgical procedure was less difficult in patients with acute
      fulminant hepatitis than in those with chronic liver disease because fewer
      problems arose from adhesions, venous collaterals, and ascites. The emerging role
      of orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with acute hepatic failure is
      demonstrated by the improvement of survival rates observed by various groups,
      including ours, when this therapeutic modality is available.

PMID- 2654499
TI  - Failure of interferon to prevent recurrent hepatitis B infection in hepatic
      allograft.
AB  - Chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis B virus infection is both common
      and serious; no satisfactory treatment currently exists. Orthotopic liver
      transplantation is an option for patients with end-stage liver disease associated
      with hepatitis B virus infection despite the risk of allograft reinfection.
      Passive immunoprophylaxis has been attempted perioperatively to prevent graft
      infection but has not been beneficial. Some patients with chronic type B
      hepatitis have benefited clinically from antiviral therapy and, in particular,
      interferon, but its use has not previously been reported as an approach to
      prevent allograft infection. We administered recombinant leukocyte A interferon
      perioperatively to a patient who underwent liver transplantation for type B
      chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis. Circulating hepatitis B virus DNA was
      found postoperatively while the patient was receiving interferon, and stainable
      viral antigen subsequently reappeared in the transplanted liver. Thus, the drug
      failed to prevent viral replication and allograft infection. Thus far, no
      evidence of progression of the chronic hepatitis has been noted.

PMID- 2654500
TI  - Intensive-care unit experience in the Mayo liver transplantation program: the
      first 100 cases.
AB  - The first 100 liver transplantations at the Mayo Clinic were performed in 83
      patients, who required a total of 917 patient days in the intensive-care unit
      (ICU). The mean duration of stay in the ICU was 5.91 days after liver
      transplantation and 6.15 days for patients who subsequently required readmission
      to the ICU. During the immediate postoperative period, hypothermia and
      hyperglycemia invariably occurred. Later during the initial admission or on
      readmission to the ICU, there arose the possibility of infections and renal
      insufficiency. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are necessary for hypertension,
      hypokalemia, severe metabolic alkalosis, fever, altered mental status, oliguria,
      and signs of graft failure in liver transplant patients. In our patient series,
      selective bowel decontamination minimized the occurrence of gram-negative and
      fungal sepsis, and use of antihypertensive agents and correction of
      coagulopathies may have decreased the risk of intracranial bleeding in patients
      with hypertension and clotting defects. Anticipation of potential conditions
      postoperatively and early implementation of treatment are key factors in the
      successful ICU management of patients who have undergone liver transplantation.

PMID- 2654502
TI  - Cancer immunotherapy: current status of treatment with interleukin 2 and
      lymphokine-activated killer cells.
AB  - In recent years, the medical community has witnessed a growing interest in the
      use of adoptive immunotherapy in patients with malignant lesions refractory to
      standard treatments. Systemic administration of interleukin 2, in combination
      with the adoptive transfer of a patient's own activated immune cells, has
      resulted in objective regression of several types of advanced cancers. Pronounced
      regression of tumor has also been observed with use of systemic interleukin 2
      alone. This ability to augment the immune defense system of the host against
      cancer has stimulated intense clinical and laboratory investigations.

PMID- 2654501
TI  - Beyond 1 year after liver transplantation.
AB  - We retrospectively reviewed the long-term results in 46 patients who survived at
      least 1 year after liver transplantation. Only one death has occurred, and one
      patient has required retransplantation. Biochemical liver function tests showed
      median values in the normal range, except for mild elevation of serum gamma
      glutamyltransferase. In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, these test
      results were completely normal. A liver biopsy 1 year after transplantation
      disclosed normal histologic findings in 31 patients (67%). The other patients had
      either transient (acute rejection) or stable (chronic rejection) abnormalities,
      except for two patients with progressive graft dysfunction attributable to
      chronic rejection. A clinically significant vascular anastomotic abnormality was
      noted in one patient who had hepatic artery thrombosis. Late bile duct
      complications occurred in 15% of patients, all of whom had a satisfactory outcome
      after surgical or radiologic intervention. Cyclosporine-related nephrotoxicity
      and hypertension each occurred in 67% of patients; however, conversion to a low
      dose cyclosporine-azathioprine regimen yielded stabilization of renal function
      after the first postoperative year, and hypertension has been easily controlled
      medically. Diabetes necessitating insulin treatment developed in three patients.
      The body weight of the study patients had increased by a median of 6.5 kg at 1
      year but stabilized thereafter. Subjective well-being and satisfaction with life
      were reported by 91% of the patients. Of the 46 patients, 26 were employed, 16
      were homemakers, and only 4 did not work, 2 because of transplant-related medical
      problems. Thus, we conclude that liver transplantation rehabilitates patients
      with end-stage liver disease and enhances their quality of life.

PMID- 2654503
TI  - Belgian Nobel Laureate Corneille-Jean-Francois Heymans.

PMID- 2654505
TI  - Monitors: key mechanisms and roles in the development and aging of the
      consciousness and self.
AB  - A network of interacting neural structures, called monitors, exists in the
      mammalian brain in which data derived from sensory inputs and from memory stores
      is precisely displayed within the brain. The key function of monitors is to
      provide an 'ultimate monitor', proposed to be the locus that generates the
      phenomenon of conscious self awareness, with information that defines or maps the
      positions of the parts of an individual with respect to each other and with
      respect to external objects or events at specific times. The resolution of at
      least some of these monitors (e.g. some concerned with vision) is extremely great
      and approaches, in the case of vision, the precision with which images of
      external objects are projected onto the retina. This conclusion is based on the
      fact that an individual is able to perceive visual images with an acuity that
      closely approximates the fineness of resolution of the retinal image. The sensory
      signals that provide information about body part positions and those that provide
      information about the exterior are evidently integrated with each other in a
      suitable hierarchy of monitors so as to provide a coherent representation of self
      vs.-environment. The logical 'framework' monitor for this integrated display
      mapping is proposed to be that that maps the body in space and it is proposed
      that the locations of objects perceived through the touch sense and senses that
      deal with more remote items in the environment become superimposed on a map that
      extends or extrapolates the body space map beyond the body's physical boundaries,
      a learning process that occurs during development. The ultimate monitor not only
      receives a display of the synthetic representations derived currently through the
      integrative functions defined above, but also is provided with at least four
      other inputs from other different classes of monitors. One of these is a
      monitoring system that generates timing signals needed to separate inputs into a
      time order and to assign an order to them. It is proposed that it is awareness of
      these timing signals by the ultimate monitor that is the essential and
      indispensible input that generates the phenomenon of awareness. A second input to
      the monitor that is the self is a selected part of its own activities. This
      awareness of what the ultimate monitor is receiving, doing or planning to do in
      the future is the characteristic necessary for awareness of self.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2654504
TI  - Fibronectin detection in drainage outflow system of human eyes in ageing and
      progression of open-angle glaucoma.
AB  - The content of the fibronectin, an extracellular glycoprotein in the drainage
      outflow system of human eyes was determined by the indirect immunoperoxidase
      staining technique. The degree of fibronectin accumulation in ocular tissues was
      evaluated by quantitative morphometric analysis. It was shown that the
      fibronectin level was elevated in the ocular drainage outflow system of humans in
      ageing and was rapidly increased at different stages of primary open-angle
      glaucoma development. Increased deposit of fibronectin in trabecular tissues,
      mainly, in the inner wall of Schlemm's canal and juxtacanalicular, or cribriform
      part of trabecular meshwork, was demonstrated along with ageing and glaucoma
      disease progression. A hypothesis underlying the glaucomatous process as an
      adhesive impairment was proposed.

PMID- 2654506
TI  - [Current strategies in the prevention of congenital rubella].

PMID- 2654507
TI  - [18-year-old woman with dilated cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2654508
TI  - [Outcome of a sample of heroin addicts 2 years after the beginning of treatment
      (project EMETHYST)].
AB  - The Multicentric Study for the Evaluation of Treatment and Follow-up of Narcotic
      Addicts (EMETYST project) recruited 311 heroin addicts who asked for treatment
      between March and July, 1985, and who have been followed for two years. The
      sample was obtained from 16 specialized outpatient drug-free clinics. 78% of
      patients were males, their mean age was 24 years, and 73% lived with their
      parents or relatives. During the last year, 53% had been working and 17% had been
      in jail, 61% had started treatment for the first time. Throughout the follow up a
      reduction in the use of heroin, cannabis and tranquilizers was observed, as well
      as an improved psychological status and a reduction in illegal activities. By
      contrast, the use of cocaine, alcohol and tobacco did not change. There was no
      increase, either, in the proportion of persons who either studied or worked, and
      their judicial status, as measured by the number of police arrests, trials and
      imprisonments, showed a deterioration. The improvements found after 6 months
      persisted throughout the follow up. After 2 years, 54% abstained from heroin use.
      The patients that remained more than 90 days on therapy and those without
      previous judicial procedures had a better overall outcome.

PMID- 2654509
TI  - [Psychiatric epidemiology: old and new perspectives].

PMID- 2654510
TI  - [Pericarditis caused by Q fever].

PMID- 2654511
TI  - [Enzyme immunoassay using recombinant env peptides of human immunodeficiency
      virus type 1 (HIV-1) as a confirmatory technic for anti-HIV-1].

PMID- 2654512
TI  - [Use of drugs and medical care of diabetic patients in Tarragona].

PMID- 2654513
TI  - [Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].

PMID- 2654514
TI  - [The patient and the health system. The function of the general physician based
      on the systems theory].

PMID- 2654515
TI  - [Etiopathogeny and histopathology of varicocele].

PMID- 2654516
TI  - [Detection of subcutaneous nodules with ultrasound in onchocerciasis].

PMID- 2654517
TI  - [Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae: etiologic agents of
      sexually transmitted diseases?].
AB  - In 573 urethral swabs, 3 Haemophilus influenzae (HI) and 7 Haemophilus
      parainfluenzae (HPI) were isolated; 7 of the patients had clinical features of
      urethritis and in 3 another genital pathogen was associated. Biotype IV was the
      predominant one in HI, and II in HPI. In 6.259 endocervical and/or vaginal swabs
      15 HI and 5 HPI were isolated. Three out of the 15 females infected by HI, had
      clinical features of salpingitis and 8 of vaginitis; 5 of them were carriers of
      an IUD. In four out of the 5 females with HPI another genital pathogen coexisted,
      and in the fifth there was an additional non analysable isolate. Biotype I
      predominated in HI and biotype II in HPI.

PMID- 2654518
TI  - [Haemophilus: neonatal and genital pathogen].

PMID- 2654519
TI  - [Primary cerebral lymphomas: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects].

PMID- 2654520
TI  - [Acquired cystic renal disease].

PMID- 2654521
TI  - Ca2+ channel ligands: structure-function relationships of the 1,4
      dihydropyridines.

PMID- 2654522
TI  - Hetrazepines as antagonists of platelet activating factor.

PMID- 2654523
TI  - Adenosine antagonists.

PMID- 2654524
TI  - Beta-lactam biosynthetic genes.

PMID- 2654526
TI  - [The endothelium and its significance in vascular surgery].

PMID- 2654525
TI  - Possible biochemical mechanisms involved in the antihypertensive drug-induced
      changes in serum lipoproteins.
AB  - The antihypertensive drug-induced changes in serum lipoproteins can be attributed
      to two major mechanisms, namely an increased hepatic lipoprotein synthesis and a
      disturbed lipoprotein catabolism. Thiazides, by inhibiting phosphodiesterase,
      increase the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP leading to a stimulation
      of lipolysis. beta-Blockers may reduce the adenylate cyclase activity in liver
      cells, leading to a reduced inhibition of the liver triglyceride synthesis and a
      higher secretion of VLDL triglyceride particles. alpha-Blockade through
      phosphodiesterase inhibition and an increased cAMP level, can result in a
      blockade of the liver triglyceride synthesis and a reduced serum triglyceride
      concentration. Lipoprotein lipase activity is reduced by beta-blockers and
      stimulated by alpha-blockers, leading, respectively, to a lower and a higher
      plasma HDL cholesterol. Besides these two major mechanisms, a direct effect of
      antihypertensive drugs on intracellular cholesterol synthesis can also be
      postulated.

PMID- 2654527
TI  - [The man behind the syndrome: Rolf Luft. He discovered the first mitochondrial
      disease--a milestone in clinical pathology].

PMID- 2654528
TI  - LHRH and LH in peripubertal female rats following prenatal and/or postnatal
      ethanol exposure.
AB  - The effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to ethanol (ETOH) on LHRH and LH were
      investigated. Pregnant and/or lactating dams were fed ETOH during: 1) gestation,
      2) lactation, or 3) gestation-lactation. Female offspring were decapitated at 30
      or 40 days-of-age; trunk blood was collected for plasma LH RIA; and hypothalamic
      tissues were collected for LHRH RIA. Hypothalamic LHRH content of all ETOH
      exposed groups was less than that of non-ETOH-fed controls at 30 and 40 days-of
      age (p less than 0.05). Plasma LH concentrations of all ETOH-exposed groups were
      less than those of non-ETOH-fed controls at 30 and 40 days-of-age (p less than
      0.05). Also, at 30 and 40 days-of-age, the plasma LH concentrations of the
      animals exposed to ETOH during lactation and gestation-lactation were less than
      those of the animals exposed to ETOH during gestation (p less than 0.05). These
      data suggest that ETOH exposure during gestation and/or lactation negatively
      affects hypothalamic LHRH content of female rat offspring. Decreased hypothalamic
      LHRH content with corresponding lowered plasma LH concentration suggests that
      ETOH influences development or maturation of hypothalamic LHRH neurons by
      possibly decreasing their number or synthesizing capability.

PMID- 2654529
TI  - Attenuation of the behavioral response to quisqualic acid and glutamic acid
      diethyl ester by chronic haloperidol administration.
AB  - Long-term neuroleptic administration produces a behavioral supersensitivity to
      dopamine agonists. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive synapses in the striatum
      are closely associated with putative glutamate-mediated synapses, on dendrites
      and dendritic spines of the same neuronal population. The purpose of the present
      study was to determine whether chronic neuroleptic administration would alter the
      behavioral response to glutamatergic drugs. Mice were chronically administered
      haloperidol for 28 days. After four days of withdrawal, behavioral activity was
      measured following intraventricular administration of quisqualic acid or
      intraperitoneal injection of glutamic acid diethyl ester. Both agents decreased
      behavioral activity. This response to glutamatergic drugs at low dosages was
      attenuated by chronic haloperidol administration. It is concluded that chronic
      haloperidol administration alters the behavioral responsivity of animals to
      glutamatergic drugs.

PMID- 2654530
TI  - Evidence for a mitochondrial lesion in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis (CF) remains a major problem in human genetics and cell
      pathophysiology. It is a single gene trait caused by a mutation on the long arm
      of chromosome 7. Among its expressions are abnormal regulation of chloride
      channels and/or microobstructions in exocrine tissues. Here, evidence is
      presented that mitochondria are dysfunctional in CF: the major site of increased
      intracellular Ca in CF is mitochondrial, cells from subjects with CF consume more
      oxygen than normal, respond differentially to inhibitors of mitochondrial
      function, express increased electron transport activity and altered kinetics of
      complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) of the mitochondrial electron transport system.
      Patients with CF express increased total and resting energy expenditure. Some of
      these differences from normal occur also in asymptomatic carriers of the CF gene.

PMID- 2654531
TI  - A review of available smoking cessation methods, 1989: Part II.

PMID- 2654532
TI  - Computers in medicine committee.

PMID- 2654533
TI  - Purification and some properties of a Vero toxin from a human strain of
      Escherichia coli that is immunologically related to Shiga-like toxin II (VT2).
AB  - A cytotoxin to Vero cells (Vero toxin), which was immunologically related to
      Shiga-like toxin II (SLT-II) (or VT2), was purified from a stain of Escherichia
      coli isolated from a patient with hemolytic uremic syndrome. The toxin was active
      on Vero cells but much less active on HeLa cells, a property similar to that of
      the recently identified SLT-II variant from E. coli strains that caused edema
      disease of swine. Thus the toxin purified in this report was tentatively named
      Shiga-like toxin II variant (Vero toxin 2 variant). The purification procedures
      consisted of ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column
      chromatography, chromatofocusing column chromatography, and repeated high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on TSK-gel G-2000SW column and on TSK
      gel DEAE-5PW columns. About 90 micrograms of purified toxin was obtained from 451
      of the culture supernatant with a yield of about 16%. The purified toxin
      consisted of A and B subunits of molecular sizes similar to those of SLT-II
      (VT2). The isoelectric point of the purified toxin was 6.1, which was different
      from that of SLT-II (VT2) (pI = 4.1). In an Ouchterlony double gel diffusion
      test, purified toxin and SLT-II (VT2) formed precipitin lines with spur formation
      against anti-purified toxin and anti-SLT-II (anti-VT2), respectively. The
      purified toxin was cytotoxic to Vero cells, about 6 pg of the toxin killing 50%
      of the Vero cells, and showed lethal toxicity to mice when injected
      intraperitoneally, the LD50 being about 2.7 ng per mouse.

PMID- 2654534
TI  - Molecular cloning and expression of the O4 polysaccharide gene cluster from
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The Escherichia coli O4 serotype is common among isolates from urinary tract
      infections. The genes responsible for the biosynthesis of the O4 polysaccharide
      in a human uropathogenic E. coli were cloned and expressed in E. coli K-12. The
      recombinant plasmid pGH60, which conferred the O4 phenotype, encoded eight
      proteins with apparent molecular weights of 39, 36.5, 35, 32.8, 26, 24, 20.7 and
      13 kDa.

PMID- 2654535
TI  - Roles of spleen and liver in the clearance of Escherichia coli K1 bacteraemia in
      infant rats.
AB  - The age-dependent increase in resistance of infant rats to K1 E. coli infection
      was studied by analysing the clearance of intravenously injected radiolabelled
      O18:K1 E. coli bacteria. In susceptible 7-day-old rats, the rate of
      reticuloendothelial clearance could not compete with bacterial multiplication,
      while the resistance of 18-day-old rats was attributed to the increased
      sequestration of bacteria in the spleen. After passive immunization with rat
      monoclonal anti-O18 IgG2b, the O18:K1 E. coli were rapidly cleared by the liver
      in both age groups. O1:K1, O18:K5 and O18:K- E. coli, which activate complement
      in an antibody-independent manner and are apathogenic for 7-day-old rats, were
      also rapidly sequestered in the liver. 7-day-old rats developed a fulminant
      bacteraemia after receiving 100 O18:K1 E. coli intravenously. After several hours
      a transient decrease in the level of bacteraemia was observed. However, the
      clearance remained incomplete, resulting in persistent bacteraemia and death.
      Endotoxin-responsive infant mice are able to clear the bacteraemia completely
      after a similar initial phase of bacterial multiplication while no clearance is
      observed in endotoxin-hypo-responsive mice. The marked host specificity of K1 E.
      coli infection thus appears to be related to differences in a clearance mechanism
      which may be sustained by an endotoxin-induced inflammatory response.

PMID- 2654536
TI  - Recurrent erythema multiforme.
AB  - In a prospective clinical study of erythema multiforme (EM), we identified 22
      subjects who experienced more than 1 episode. These subjects were young, with an
      average age of 29 years. They had an average number of 12 previous episodes, with
      each episode lasting 3 weeks. The average interval between episodes was 4.9
      months. We counted the number and location of each skin lesion and found that
      patients had an average of 188 EM skin lesions at the time of their evaluation.
      We found the isomorphic phenomenon, that is, lesions appearing at sites of skin
      trauma, in 19 of the 22 study subjects; photodistribution of skin lesions in 15
      of the 22, grouping of the lesions over the elbow and knees in 7 of the 22, and
      nailfold involvement in 7 of the 22. In this study there was compelling evidence
      for herpes simplex virus association with recurrent EM. All 22 patients had
      histories of herpes simplex virus infections preceding at least 1 of their
      previous episodes of EM. Sera from all study subjects had antibodies to HSV
      detectable by enzyme immunoassay. None, however, had HSV isolated from the throat
      at the time of the EM or from an EM skin lesion. All 11 patients who were
      subsequently tested had positive viral cultures for HSV taken from the suspected
      recurrent herpes lesion. When 8 EM skin biopsies were examined by indirect
      immunofluorescence with a monoclonal antibody to the type common HSV glycoprotein
      gB, all had positive staining of keratinocytes. Only one-third of patients with a
      single episode of EM had a history of possible herpes lesions preceding
      EM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654537
TI  - Primary acute renal failure ("acute tubular necrosis") in the transplanted
      kidney: morphology and pathogenesis.
AB  - "Acute tubular necrosis" (ATN) in the transplanted kidney, when properly
      differentiated from other causes of acute renal failure, appears to be a
      relatively benign condition. It has been widely assumed to be pathologically
      identical to ATN in the native kidney, but its histopathologic features have not
      been studied in detail. Because immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine adds
      an additional layer of complexity to the morphologic changes observed, in the
      present study we have confined our observations to patients immunosuppressed with
      steroids and azathioprine. Thirteen renal allograft biopsies from patients with
      ATN and 5 biopsies from patients with normal allograft function were compared
      with the previously obtained series of 57 native kidney ATN biopsies and 20
      control biopsies. Both qualitative and quantitative differences between
      transplant and native kidney ATN were found. Compared with native kidney ATN,
      transplant ATN showed significantly less thinning and absence of proximal tubular
      brush border and less variation in size and shape of cells in individual tubular
      cross-sections. There were also significantly fewer casts and less dilatation of
      Bowman's space and a significantly greater number of polarizable crystals
      presumed to be oxalate in transplant ATN. In native kidney ATN the tubular injury
      sites were mostly characterized by desquamation of individual epithelial cells
      leaving areas of bare basement membrane (the "non-replacement" phenomenon). In
      transplant ATN, sites of tubular injury, although rare and affecting only short
      tubular segments, were characterized by the actual presence of identifiable
      necrotic tubular cells, a finding seldom seen in native kidney ATN. There also
      was a greater interstitial infiltrate of mononuclear inflammatory cells in
      transplant ATN compared to native kidney ATN. Electron microscopic studies of 9
      transplant ATN biopsies showed a mild reduction in proximal tubular brush border
      compared with controls but this alteration was significantly less than that
      observed in native kidney ATN. There was no significant alteration in proximal or
      distal basolateral infoldings and this contrasted sharply with the marked
      reduction in basolateral infoldings of the plasma membrane observed in native
      kidney ATN. Disintegrated necrotic cells were found by electron microscopy in
      transplant ATN whereas these were not observed in native kidney ATN. There were
      significantly more cells with apoptosis (shrinkage necrosis) in transplant ATN
      than in native kidney ATN. There were significantly more cells with apoptosis
      (shrinkage necrosis) in transplant ATN than in native kidney ATN. On the other
      hand, there were significantly greater numbers of "non-replacement" sites in the
      distal tubules in native kidney ATN compared to transplant ATN.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2654538
TI  - Genetics of pertussis toxin.
AB  - Pertussis toxin (PT) is the major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis. The
      cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the PT genes from B. pertussis, Bordetella
      parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica has elucidated the evolution of the
      Bordetella species and allowed considerable advances towards the understanding of
      their gene expression and the development of safer vaccines against pertussis.

PMID- 2654539
TI  - Transformation of Mycobacterium smegmatis with Escherichia coli plasmids carrying
      a selectable resistance marker.
AB  - One limiting factor in studies of tuberculosis and leprosy is the difficulty of
      genetic analysis and manipulation of mycobacteria. Two approaches were adopted
      for the construction of vectors, based on different Escherichia coli plasmids and
      using Mycobacterium smegmatis as the host. In both cases we found that the
      original E. coli plasmid is capable of being replicated in M. smegmatis, yielding
      chloramphenicol-resistant colonies. One such plasmid has been recovered from a M.
      smegmatis transformant and used to re-transform both M. smegmatis and E. coli to
      chloramphenicol resistance. This plasmid is indistinguishable from the original
      plasmid by restriction analysis, and can be used as a shuttle vector for the
      genetic manipulation of mycobacterial species.

PMID- 2654540
TI  - Characterization of a protein inhibitor of extracellular proteases produced by
      Erwinia chrysanthemi.
AB  - Erwinia chrysanthemi, a phytopathogenic bacterium, produces a protease inhibitor
      which is a low-molecular-weight, heat-stable protein. In addition to its action
      on the three E. chrysanthemi extracellular proteases A, B and C, it also strongly
      inhibits the 50 kD extracellular protease of Serratia marcescens. Its structural
      gene (inh) was subcloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, in which it encodes
      an active inhibitor which was purified. The nucleotide sequence of the inh gene
      shows an open reading frame of 114 condons. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of
      the purified inhibitor was also determined. It indicated the existence of an
      amino-terminal signal peptide absent from the mature protein. The inhibitor is
      entirely periplasmic in E. chrysanthemi and partially periplasmic in E. coli.

PMID- 2654541
TI  - Extensive re-modelling of the transpeptidase domain of penicillin-binding protein
      2B of a penicillin-resistant South African isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
AB  - Clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae that have greatly increased levels
      of resistance to penicillin (greater than 1000-fold) have been reported from
      South Africa during the last ten years. Penicillin resistance in these strains is
      entirely due to the development of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) with
      decreased affinity for penicillin. We have cloned and sequenced the coding region
      for the transpeptidase domain of penicillin-binding protein 2B from three
      penicillin-sensitive strains of S. pneumoniae and from a penicillin-resistant
      South African strain. The amino acid sequences of the transpeptidase domains of
      PBP2B of the three penicillin-sensitive strains were identical and there were
      only between one and four differences in the nucleotide sequences of their coding
      regions. The corresponding region of the PBP2B gene from the penicillin-resistant
      strain differed by 74 nucleotide substitutions which resulted in 17 alterations
      in the amino acid sequence of PBP2B. The most remarkable alteration that has
      occurred during the development of the 'penicillin-resistant' form of PBP2B is
      the substitution of seven consecutive residues in a region that is predicted to
      form a loop at the bottom of the penicillin-binding site.

PMID- 2654542
TI  - Clinical features, pathogenesis and management of drug-induced rhabdomyolysis.
AB  - Striated musculature is considered unusually tolerant to all kinds of injuries,
      and rhabdomyolysis associated with drug overdose or chronic drug intake is a rare
      event. This may be because striated musculature, in contrast to other tissues
      such as liver and kidney, shows little affinity for most drugs. Several different
      types of drug-induced rhabdomyolysis may be distinguished, and the clinical
      features of the condition may vary widely, from moderate myalgia to involvement
      of groups of muscles to involvement of the total skeletal musculature. In
      clinically asymptomatic rhabdomyolysis, early diagnosis is only made if routine
      laboratory tests include determination of serum creatine kinase. Determination of
      myoglobin in serum and urine is more sensitive and allows earlier diagnosis of
      muscle necrosis. Myoglobinaemia may lead to toxin-induced tubular necrosis, and
      impairment of renal function or even acute renal failure. About 10% of all cases
      of acute renal failure are due to rhabdomyolysis. Fulminant rhabdomyolysis may be
      associated with excessive hyperkalaemia and hypocalcaemia which may induce
      further life-threatening complications. Therefore, early diagnosis of
      rhabdomyolysis is most important for prevention of its potentially life
      threatening sequelae. Therapy of rhabdomyolysis consists of supportive and
      specific measures. Early diagnosis may help to prevent life-threatening sequelae
      like acute renal failure, electrolyte imbalance and shock. Withdrawal of the
      incriminated drug or detoxification in drug overdose should be followed by
      supportive measures including infusion therapy and correction of dehydration and
      electrolyte imbalances. Forced diuresis with sodium bicarbonate may protect the
      kidney function from acidosis and precipitation of myoglobin in tubules.
      Elimination of myoglobin from plasma may be enhanced by plasmapheresis. In
      patients with acute renal failure, haemodialysis is necessary. In malignant
      hyperthermia, immediate infusion of dantrolene sodium is required. This drug also
      seems to have a beneficial effect in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The repair
      mechanisms of striated musculature function extremely well. The prognosis of
      muscular atrophy after the acute stage of rhabdomyolysis is excellent. The same
      is true for the prognosis of acute renal failure. However, the extent of
      complications or survival of the acute stage of rhabdomyolysis strongly depend on
      early diagnosis and start of adequate therapy.

PMID- 2654543
TI  - Drug-induced mania--causative agents, clinical characteristics and management. A
      retrospective analysis of the literature.
AB  - 128 case reports of drug-induced mania were reviewed. Steroids, levodopa and
      other dopaminergic agents, iproniazid, sympathomimetic amines,
      triazolobenzodiazepines and hallucinogens were the agents that most commonly
      induced manic syndromes. The most common characteristics of drug-induced manic
      episodes were increased activity, rapid speech, elevated mood, and insomnia.
      Patients who developed mania often had a prior history, family history, or
      current symptoms of mood disturbance. The episodes were most commonly treated by
      discontinuing or reducing the dose of causative agent. Discontinuation of the
      inciting drug and treatment with neuroleptic agents were equally efficacious:
      lithium treatment was less effective. The majority of agents that induce mania
      have an effect on monoaminergic systems.

PMID- 2654544
TI  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastropathy. Mechanisms and
      management.

PMID- 2654545
TI  - Carbamazepine toxicity and poisoning. Incidence, clinical features and
      management.
AB  - Carbamazepine is the drug of first choice in the treatment of simple and complex
      partial seizures and trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgias. It is usually
      preferred to phenobarbitone or phenytoin because of its powerful antiepileptic
      activity combined with a relative lack of adverse effects. In this article the
      mechanisms of action and pharmacological properties of carbamazepine are outlined
      in order to explain the pathogenesis of most side and toxic effects. Most of
      these effects, namely those affecting the nervous or cardiovascular systems,
      correlate well with an increased concentration of the drug in plasma and
      disappear spontaneously upon discontinuation of therapy. Other, less frequent
      toxic effects, namely aplastic anaemia or fatal hepatitis, may be ascribed to
      unforeseeable idiosyncratic reactions. Carbamazepine poisoning, usually
      accidental and sometimes secondary to the coadministration of other drugs, yields
      a clinical picture with neurological and cardiovascular signs. The outcome is
      usually favourable, sometimes with spontaneous improvement, and death is a
      distinct rarity. No specific antidotes are available. The oral administration of
      activated charcoal has been shown to be an effective therapeutic measure
      significantly reducing the plasma half-life of the drug.

PMID- 2654546
TI  - Influence of bacterial growth of the overnight culture on the captan- and folpet
      induced reversion in the Ames test.
AB  - The influence of the stage of bacterial growth of the overnight culture on captan
      and folpet-induced reversion in the Ames test was investigated. Tests were
      performed in order to determine both the number of viable bacteria at different
      intervals of bacterial growth--in the presence or absence of captan and folpet-
      and also the number of revertants. Captan or folpet were tested at 5 micrograms
      per plate, a concentration which had previously showed a mutagenic effect to the
      TA100 strain. The highest induced reversion was obtained when the bacterial
      culture used had entered the stationary-phase after 10-14 h, with a titre of at
      least 10(8) viable cells per ml.

PMID- 2654547
TI  - The micronucleus test in Xenopus: a new and simple 'in vivo' technique for
      detection of mutagens in fresh water.
AB  - The aim of this study was to extend the micronucleus test to Xenopus laevis to
      screen water for potential mutagens. Up to now, the most commonly used methods
      for screening fresh water are the bacterial tests (Ames tests). Ames tests are
      well validated, but are merely in vitro bacterial assays which can only detect
      point mutations whereas the micronucleus test is an in vivo assay using a
      vertebrate species, and thus is able to detect both chromosome and genome
      mutations. This study was designed to optimize the micronucleus test for Xenopus.
      Three different variables were investigated: (i) the effect of temperature; (ii)
      the effect of the stage of larval development; and (iii) the effect of varying or
      continuous exposure concentrations. In addition, a dose-response curve was
      established for eight concentrations of benzo[alpha]pyrene. The results indicate
      that the micronucleus test with Xenopus can be used to monitor water pollution.

PMID- 2654548
TI  - Use of newt larvae for in vivo genotoxicity testing of water: results on 19
      compounds evaluated by the micronucleus test.
AB  - The micronucleus test using erythrocytes of Pleurodeles waltl larvae (Amphibian,
      Salamandridae) was used to detect the genotoxic activity of various substances.
      Most of them were known (or suspected) to be mutagenic or carcinogenic in
      mammals. Larvae were reared in water containing either a test chemical
      (experimental group) or in control water and the levels of micronucleated red
      blood cells (RBCs) compared between the two groups. Aroclor 1254, butylated
      hydroxyanisole, phenobarbital and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate produced
      negative results, while acridine orange, benzo[alpha]pyrene, epsilon-caprolactam,
      cyclophosphamide, diethyl sulphate, epichlorhydrin, ethidium bromide, ethyl
      methanesulphonate, ethylene dibromide (dibromoethane), N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, hexamethylphosphoramide, 3-methyl
      cholanthrene, pyrene and o-toluidine gave positive responses. The results were
      compared with published data from other tests used to detect the clastogenic or
      mutagenic properties of chemicals. We suggest that the newt micronucleus test
      could be used to monitor aquatic pollution, and/or for the quality control of
      drinking water. Pleurodele larvae may also prove to be of value for the detection
      of carcinogenic/clastogenic substances dissolved in water.

PMID- 2654549
TI  - In vitro induction of sister-chromatid exchanges after G0 exposure of human
      lymphocytes to five naphthofurans.
AB  - The induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) was studied in cultured human
      lymphocytes of two donors treated in G0 by five naphthofurans. The results showed
      that 2-nitro-7-methoxynaphtho(2,1-b)furan and 2-nitro-8-methoxy-naphtho(2,1
      b)furan were very potent inducers of SCE, 2-nitronaphtho(2,1-b)furan was
      moderately active, while 2-nitro-7-bromonaphtho(2,1-b)furan and 7
      methoxynaphtho(2,1-b)furan did not induce any SCE. These data corroborate the
      mutagenic, clastogenic and carcinogenic activities already evaluated in other in
      vitro and in vivo assays. They also show that some naphthofurans, but not all,
      are able to induce long-lived DNA lesions, like most alkylating agents.

PMID- 2654550
TI  - Antimutagenic specificity against spontaneous and nitrofurazone-induced mutations
      in Escherichia coli K12ND160.
AB  - Escherichia coli K12ND-160 possesses characteristics which make it highly
      suitable for studies on mutagenic/antimutagenic specificity and has been used to
      investigate such effects for several agents. Nitrofurazone (NFZ) was used as a
      mutagen at non-lethal concentrations; it causes mutation from fucose sensitivity
      to resistance (FucS----FucR) and from inability to utilize melibiose to melibiose
      utilization (Mel(-)----Mel+), but does not induce mutations from deoxygalactose
      sensitivity to resistance (DGAS----DGAR). Caffeine is mutagenic for reversions
      from lactose non-utilization to utilization (Lac(-)----Lac+) and mutations from
      FucS----FucR, but it is antimutagenic for mutations from 6-azauracil sensitivity
      to resistance (AzaUS----AzaUR) and Mel(-)----Mel+ reversions and produces no
      effect on spontaneous DGAS----DGAR mutations. Added guanosine and cytidine (G + C
      at 100 micrograms/ml each) exert antimutagenic activity against spontaneous Lac(
      )----Lac+ reversion, but not against caffeine-induced Lac(-)----Lac+ reversions;
      a strong antimutagenic effect on spontaneous Mel(-)----Mel+ reversion is also
      observed. The addition of G + C does not result in either mutagenic or
      antimutagenic effects against spontaneous or NFZ-induced FucS----FucR or DGAS---
      DGAR mutations; it is, however, strongly mutagenic for AzaUS----AzaUR mutations.
      The 'natural antimutagen', chlorophyllin, is antimutagenic for DGAS----DGAR
      mutations, but fails to demonstrate such activity against spontaneous or caffeine
      induced Lac(-)----Lac+ reversion, spontaneous or NFZ-induced Mel(-)----Mel+
      reversion, or spontaneous or NFZ-induced FucS----FucR mutation.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654551
TI  - Mutagenicity testing of rutacridone epoxide and rutacridone, alkaloids in Ruta
      graveolens L., using the Salmonella/microsome assay.
AB  - The mutagenicity of rutacridone and rutacridone epoxide was investigated using
      Salmonella typhimurium without as well as with different metabolic activation
      systems. Rutacridone epoxide was found to be a direct acting mutagen in S.
      typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA1538; addition of rat liver preparations
      resulted in a marked decrease of mutagenicity. In contrast, rutacridone required
      metabolic conversion to exhibit mutagenic activity. Neither of the compounds had
      any effect on tester strain TA1978. S9 mixes as well as microsomal and cytosolic
      preparations from untreated, phenobarbital-treated and 3-methylcholanthrene
      treated rats were used to study the activation and deactivation capacities of the
      enzyme mixtures. In addition, the influence of enzyme inhibitors on the
      activation and deactivation of the furoacridones were tested. Evidence is
      presented that rutacridone is metabolized by rat liver enzymes to the
      corresponding epoxide as the ultimate mutagen.

PMID- 2654552
TI  - Comparative studies of in vitro transformation by ethylene oxide and gamma
      radiation of C3H/10T1/2 cells.
AB  - A dose-dependent transforming ability of the direct-acting alkylating agent,
      ethylene oxide (EtO), was demonstrated in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts.
      Morphologically transformed colonies were observed 5-6 weeks after the treatment
      with EtO. The transforming effectiveness of EtO was compared with that of gamma
      radiation, and the rad-equivalence of EtO was calculated to be approximately 90
      rad/mMh. This value is consistent with earlier estimates based on induced
      mutation in various biological systems and thus indicates the applicability of
      the C3H/10T1/2 cell system in the risk estimation of human exposure to genotoxic
      compounds.

PMID- 2654553
TI  - The mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay can be used to distinguish aneugens from
      clastogens.
AB  - The occurrence of aneuploidy can be measured in several assays. However, none of
      them have been sufficiently validated. The bone marrow micronucleus test may be
      considered as a method for aneuploidy detection. In this work, micronuclei were
      induced by two aneugens, vincristine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg) and nocodazole (80
      mg/kg), and two clastogens ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) (300 mg/kg) and
      cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg). Three criteria have been examined in order to
      distinguish micronuclei induced by aneugens and clastogens: the area of the
      micronuclei, the percentage of micronuclei with C-band-positive material and the
      DNA content of the micronuclei. C-band-positive micronuclei were found in 47% of
      the micronuclei for vincristine sulfate, 58% for nocodazole, 17% for EMS and 20%
      for cyclophosphamide. Areas of micronuclei showed a significant difference when
      induced by aneugens or by clastogens. Finally, the DNA content of micronuclei
      also showed a totally different distribution pattern when comparing the aneugen
      vincristine sulfate with the clastogen EMS. The three methods analysed could thus
      all make a difference between micronuclei induced by aneugens and those induced
      by clastogens.

PMID- 2654554
TI  - A cytogenetic approach to evaluate in vivo somatic aneuploidy. Effects of
      diethylstilboestrol on mouse bone marrow cells.
AB  - A cytogenetic approach to estimate in vivo mitotic nondisjunction is proposed,
      based on chromosomal counting of mouse bone marrow metaphases differentially
      stained by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. The method allows the
      simultaneous assessment of cell cycle delay, aneuploidy and SCE induction. Male
      mice, implanted with agar-coated BrdU tablets, were injected i.p. with
      diethylstilboestrol-diphosphate (DES-dp) in the dose range 10-300 mg/kg and
      killed 18 or 24 h later. To investigate possible sex differences a group of
      female mice of the same strain and age was injected with 100 mg/kg. As positive
      controls six males were injected with 1.8 mg/kg of vinblastine (VBL) sulphate.
      The induction of cell cycle delay was estimated by the relative frequency of
      first, second and third mitoses after treatment. In spite of a large biological
      variability, a dose-dependent delay of cellular proliferation kinetics was
      observed in DES-treated male mice. Treatment with VBL strongly delayed cell cycle
      progression, according to its antimitotic activity. Hyperploidy was assessed by
      chromosome counting of second generation metaphases only. After VBL injection,
      10.2% of second mitoses were hyperploid, which is a frequency significantly
      higher than the 0.2% seen in control mice. No significant effect was detected at
      any DES dose. SCE induction was estimated in the same cells. A significant
      increase over the control frequency was observed after 200 and 300 mg/kg of DES.
      By analysis of variance (MANOVA) the dose--effect relationship was fitted by a
      quadratic model. A sex difference was observed only for spontaneous frequency of
      SCE with females showing higher levels probably due to their lower weight and
      relatively higher BrdU in vivo concentration.

PMID- 2654555
TI  - Analysis of cytogenetic damage induced in cultured human lymphocytes by the
      pyrethroid insecticides cypermethrin and fenvalerate.
AB  - Two pyrethroid insecticides, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, were tested for their
      ability to induce chromosome structural aberrations and sister chromatid
      exchanges in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Fenvalerate, but not
      cypermethrin, increased the frequencies of chromosome-type aberrations and sister
      chromatid exchanges. In addition, both pyrethroids affected the cell cycle
      causing a decrease in the proliferative rate index at concentrations greater than
      10 micrograms/ml.

PMID- 2654556
TI  - HPLC-32P-postlabelling analysis of 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine and 3,N4
      ethenodeoxycytidine.
AB  - A 32P-postlabelling procedure coupled with HPLC has been developed to detect and
      measure the cyclic nucleic acid adducts 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine and 3,N4
      ethenodeoxycytidine in DNA. Chloroacetaldehyde-modified DNA containing these
      adducts was enzymatically digested to 3'-monophosphates and adducts were
      separated by ion-pair reverse-phase HPLC on PL RP-S prior to 32P-postlabelling
      with carrier free [gamma-32P]ATP. Following 3'-dephosphorylation with nuclease P1
      the resulting [5'-32P]monophosphate adducts were finally resolved by HPLC on PL
      RP-S and assayed by liquid scintillation counting.

PMID- 2654557
TI  - Streptomycin-resistant and dependent mutants of E. coli: possible indicators of
      two important types of DNA alteration by UV mutagenesis.

PMID- 2654558
TI  - Determination of platelet volume and number.

PMID- 2654559
TI  - Platelet secretory pathways: an overview.

PMID- 2654560
TI  - Measurement of secretion of serotonin.

PMID- 2654561
TI  - Platelet-derived growth factor: purification and characterization.

PMID- 2654562
TI  - Platelet histidine-rich glycoprotein.

PMID- 2654563
TI  - Platelet high-molecular-weight kininogen.

PMID- 2654564
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of platelet granule proteins.

PMID- 2654565
TI  - Interaction of extracellular calcium with the surface membrane of human
      platelets.

PMID- 2654566
TI  - Measurements of platelet interaction with components of the vessel wall in
      flowing blood.

PMID- 2654567
TI  - Calcium-45 exchange techniques to study calcium transport in intact platelets.

PMID- 2654568
TI  - Ex vivo measurement of platelet adhesion to polymeric surfaces.

PMID- 2654569
TI  - Ultrasonographic and microbiological diagnosis of mycetic liver abscesses in
      patients with AIDS.
AB  - A rare case of multiple mycetic abscesses in a patient with AIDS is reported: the
      diagnosis was suspected after an ultrasound (US) examination and was obtained
      with US guided percutaneous puncture. The US appearance and differential
      diagnosis of mycetic liver abscesses are discussed and the increasing role of US
      and US guided percutaneous puncture in the screening of these patients is
      stressed.

PMID- 2654570
TI  - Ultrastructure of Plasmodium falciparum "in vitro". II. Morphological patterns of
      different quinolines effects.
AB  - In the present morphological study, we used electron microscopy (EM) to evaluate
      the activity of three quinolines upon Plasmodium falciparum strains cultured in
      vitro. The drugs (namely chloroquine, mefloquine and a new active substance,
      SF6606) showed common cellular targets (i.e. feeding process, protein synthesis,
      membrane formation and utilisation) but gave rise to different morphological
      features. EM as a tool is able to reveal a variety of drug-induced alterations,
      but it does not seem to supply evidence of a definite mechanism of action.
      Nevertheless, our observations suggest that each drug acts via several
      mechanisms, possibly linked to different degrees of parasite susceptibility.

PMID- 2654571
TI  - Klebocin activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains and its heterologous effect on
      Staphylococcus sp.
AB  - Thirty six Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were assayed in a test to determine
      bacterial interference; two of them had bacteriocinic effects on homologous
      species, strains 6 and 150 inhibited sensitive K. pneumoniae and they also acted
      on positive and negative Staphylococci coagulase. All cocci were sensitive to the
      bacteriocinogenic K. pneumoniae and none of the non-bacteriocinogenic strains
      inhibited them. Klebocin with homologous activity on K. pneumoniae seemed to be
      undistinguishable from the compound with heterologous action on Staphylococci in
      the aspects that were characterized in this work; both were heat labile to the
      same degree; optimum pH was 7, acidity decreased klebocin activity more intensely
      than alkaline pH. The antagonistic substance was not produced in the synthetic
      medium employed and was developed in tryptic soy, nutrient agar, brain heart agar
      and blood agar; tryptone-beef extract agar complex medium neither permitted the
      homologous activity nor allowed the interference on Staphylococci. The compound
      (or compounds) responsible for homologous antimicrobial effect had a low
      molecular weight as demonstrated by the fact that it pierces a dialysis membrane
      with molecular weight of 10,000 D cut-offs. Ethidium bromide treatment of strains
      6 and 150 produced five strains without bacteriocinic activity which
      simultaneously lost their homologous and heterologous inhibitory capacity.

PMID- 2654572
TI  - An enteric infection by Salmonella typhimurium: a multiple typing study.
AB  - A multiple typing analysis was carried out on 14 apparently heterogeneous
      Salmonella typhimurium strains recovered during a 3 week period from an enteritis
      case. Conjugational transfer of resistance determinants and restriction
      endonuclease fingerprinting of plasmids allowed the different isolates of S.
      typhimurium to be attributed to a single clone.

PMID- 2654573
TI  - Ultrastructure of Plasmodium falciparum "in vitro". I. Base-line for drug effects
      evaluation.
AB  - A chloroquine-sensitive and a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium
      falciparum were examined in drug-free culture. Apart from the presence of knobs
      on the erythrocytes infected with sensitive parasites, no major differences
      between the two strains were observed. Nevertheless, the parasites of each strain
      show a variety of morphological features, some of which are quite similar to drug
      induced alterations concerning cytoplasmic organelles, feeding process, and host
      parasite interactions.

PMID- 2654574
TI  - Italian experience in Salmonella spp. isolations from 1973 to 1986.
AB  - A total of 150,072 strains of Salmonella were isolated in Italy over a 14-year
      period. The strains from humans, food, animals and from environmental samples
      reached the National Centre for Enterobacteria in Rome and the interregional
      Centres for Enterobacteria in Milan, Palermo and Pisa to be characterized
      according to their serotype. S. typhimurium was the most frequently isolated
      serotype from both humans and food in nearly all the years considered. Pork was
      the source most frequently found to be contaminated by Salmonella. Egg-based
      foods appear to be involved in such a contamination with increasing frequency.

PMID- 2654575
TI  - Solubilization of IgG-binding proteins from group A and G streptococci.
AB  - The release of IgG-binding proteins from the cell surface of streptococcal
      strains AR-1 and G148 with various proteolytic enzymes, acid, alkali or SDS was
      investigated. The IgG-binding proteins were purified by affinity chromatography
      using IgG-Sepharose Fast Flow. After SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      immuno-electroblotting the major proteins identified varied in relative molecular
      mass from 15,000 to 65,000 depending on the solubilizing agent used. The results
      showed that solubilization with trypsin gave the highest yield of IgG-binding
      proteins, that strain G148 yielded about twice the amount of protein as strain AR
      1, and that elastase released an IgG-binding protein of high relative molecular
      mass of 65,000.

PMID- 2654576
TI  - Evaluation of a worksite programme for the modification of cardiovascular risk
      factors.
AB  - This article reports on the long-term results of a randomized controlled trial of
      non-pharmacological intervention for mildly-elevated levels of cardiovascular
      risk factors. The intervention consisted of individual counselling by
      occupational health professionals. From a population of 4607 volunteers who were
      working for Australian government organizations, a sample of 2489 subjects met
      the eligibility criteria for the trial, and 1937 subjects were available for
      follow-up examination three years later. Changes in the levels of risk factors
      favoured the interventional group marginally and appeared to vary with the sex,
      age and occupation of the subjects. A significant effect of intervention was
      noted for systolic blood pressure levels; however, although this interventional
      effect was more pronounced in men of 40 years of age or over and in
      administrative workers, clinically it was small. The results suggest that
      individual counselling, as undertaken in this study, generally is not effective
      in the long-term modification of mildly-elevated cardiovascular risk factors.

PMID- 2654577
TI  - Calcium antagonist drugs in the management of cardiovascular disease: current
      status.

PMID- 2654578
TI  - Agranulocytosis after ranitidine administration.
AB  - A patient who developed agranulocytosis and streptococcal septicaemia while
      taking ranitidine is reported. We believe this to be the first published
      Australian case, and in view of the wide clinical usage of this drug, clinicians
      should be alerted to this possible complication.

PMID- 2654579
TI  - Legionella longbeachae pneumonia: report of two cases.
AB  - Legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 was isolated from the respiratory secretions
      of two patients with community-acquired pneumonia. One patient had a mild
      infection without evidence of the involvement of other organs and recovered, in
      spite of inappropriate antibiotic therapy. The other patient was severely-ill on
      presentation with multisystem failure and died soon after admission to hospital.
      The organisms were identified by the immunofluorescence technique and by
      quantitative DNA-hybridization studies. The sources of the infection in these
      patients are unknown as the organism has never been isolated from the SA
      environment.

PMID- 2654580
TI  - Occupational injuries--routes to prevention.

PMID- 2654581
TI  - Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2654582
TI  - Cervical lymphadenitis in childhood: which antibiotic agent?

PMID- 2654583
TI  - Seroconversion after administration of measles vaccine to central Australian
      Aboriginal children at nine months of age.
AB  - A simple procedure for examining the seroconversion rates to measles vaccines in
      outlying communities is described; this involves the storage and transportation
      of dried-blood samples on filter paper, which is followed by the detection of
      measles-specific antibodies by means of a commercially-available
      immunofluorescence assay. Among 82 susceptible central Australian Aboriginal
      infants who were vaccinated at nine months of age, 76 (93% [95% confidence
      limits, 84.9%-96.6%]) children demonstrated seroconversion as a result of the
      vaccine, which is a figure that is similar to those that have been reported from
      some developing countries. The implications for a measles-vaccination policy are
      discussed.

PMID- 2654584
TI  - Fetal and neonatal congenital complete heart block.
AB  - Fifteen cases of congenital complete heart block were diagnosed in utero or at
      birth, over a nine-year period. Six cases were confirmed by fetal
      echocardiography between 22 and 36 weeks of gestation. Two cases were treated in
      utero for cardiac failure, and serial ultrasonography was used to monitor the
      progress. Structural heart disease was present in seven (47%) infants; in four of
      these infants the defect was a corrected transposition of the great arteries.
      Ventricular pacing was required in seven patients--four infants with anatomically
      normal hearts and three infants with associated structural heart disease. Eight
      children did not require permanent pacing, and remained well after a mean follow
      up period of 23 months (range, one to 72 months). The mortality was highest in
      those patients with structural heart disease, three of whom died as neonates.
      Only one baby died with an anatomically-normal heart. Antinuclear antibodies were
      present in the mothers of seven of the eight infants who were born with a
      structurally-normal heart. Four mothers either had pre-existing connective-tissue
      disease or had developed manifestations of such disease subsequent to pregnancy.
      Of this group, all the women were antibody-seropositive to the nuclear antigen SS
      A during pregnancy. Mothers of three infants had antinuclear antibodies in low
      titres, were seronegative for antibody to SS-A and remained free of the
      manifestations of connective-tissue disease. Six of the seven most-recent cases
      have been diagnosed in utero, which confirms a trend towards the more-frequent
      prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease as a result of the increased use
      of fetal monitoring and ultrasonography.

PMID- 2654585
TI  - "Horses for courses" in the upper gastrointestinal tract: a rational approach to
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2654586
TI  - Oesophageal ruptures and perforations--a review.
AB  - Oesophageal ruptures or tears carry a high mortality if they are not recognized
      and if therapy is delayed. This is so particularly for cases of spontaneous
      rupture of the oesophagus which carry a higher mortality and morbidity than do
      cases of iatrogenic injuries. With the widespread use of fibreoptic
      oesophagogastroscopy, which has been accompanied by the therapeutic manipulation
      of strictures and tumours, the number of iatrogenic perforations has increased
      substantially. We report our experience with 23 oesophageal perforations or
      ruptures that were seen over a 15-year period. The results of both the surgical
      and the conservative management of such lesions were excellent and were based on
      the clinical condition of the patient and on the extent of the extravasation of
      contrast media. Our results show that not all cases of oesophageal perforations
      require immediate surgical exploration and that the results of surgical treatment
      are excellent if the diagnosis is made early.

PMID- 2654587
TI  - Eosinophils in falciparum malaria.

PMID- 2654588
TI  - Doppler diagnosis in cases of acute stroke.
AB  - Ultrasound techniques are employed increasingly for the evaluation of patients
      with cerebrovascular disease. We determined the accuracy of carotid Doppler
      ultrasonography, which incorporated spectral analysis and periorbital directional
      Doppler assessment, by comparison with conventional or digital-subtraction
      arteriography in 93 patients (186 vessels). We also reviewed our experience with
      the Doppler technique in consecutive patients who were admitted to hospital with
      established carotid-territory stroke. The Doppler technique had a sensitivity of
      93% and a specificity of 97% as a screening test for the presence of carotid
      stenosis, and a high level of precision. The arteriography rate in patients with
      completed stroke was 40% before the introduction of Doppler ultrasonography but
      decreased to 24% after its introduction, and to 16% in the last 100 cases. The
      proportion of cases in whom an underlying cause for stroke could not be
      identified decreased from 31% of cases to 21% of cases. Extracranial carotid
      stenosis was implicated in only 22 of the last 100 patients with carotid
      territory stroke. Doppler ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic tool in
      patients with completed stroke. It aids in the selection of patients for
      arteriography and provides clues to the pathogenesis of stroke in patients in
      whom arteriography is inappropriate.

PMID- 2654589
TI  - The First Fleet surgeons.

PMID- 2654590
TI  - Life satisfaction across treatment methods for patients with end-stage renal
      failure.
AB  - After a report which challenged the generally-held view that renal-transplant
      recipients have a psychological advantage compared with patients who undergo
      dialysis, we surveyed the quality of life and psychological distress in all
      patients who were managed by renal transplantation or dialysis at The Royal
      Newcastle Hospital Renal Unit. A questionnaire was mailed to patients which
      covered demographic daily illness severity; the quality of life (satisfaction
      with life in general, general health, and sexual, family and social
      relationships); a 28-item general-health questionnaire; a life-event schedule;
      and a locus-of-control scale. The response rate was 88%. Data were obtained on
      138 subjects of whom half (69 subjects) were renal-transplant recipients. The
      other 69 patients were divided between those who underwent haemodialysis at home
      (24 patients); those who underwent haemodialysis in a hospital centre (24
      patients); and those who underwent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (21
      patients). The study showed that while transplant recipients rated highest in the
      various aspects of quality of life, that of patients who underwent haemodialysis
      at home was nearly equivalent. Although patients with continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis were ranked third in terms of their quality of life, this
      clearly exceeded that of the group that underwent haemodialysis in a hospital
      centre, which generally shared very-similar demographic characteristics. Contrary
      to general expectations, no clear difference was found across the four treatment
      modalities in the proportion of patients who were disturbed psychologically or
      who had a history of treatment for "nervous" problems. The results confirm the
      superiority of renal transplantation in the treatment of end-stage renal disease
      but highlights the role of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis as a well
      tolerated alternative in the treatment of end-stage renal disease.

PMID- 2654591
TI  - Cigarette smoking and the Australian medical profession.
AB  - The smoking habits, attitudes and associated actions of Australian doctors and
      their organizations are reviewed historically in the light of the medical
      profession's responsibilities in this area of public health. The proportion of
      Australian doctors who smoke has fallen to very low levels by community
      standards; doctors virtually are in total agreement about the disease effects of
      smoking; and they have taken many extraordinary actions over recent decades to
      encourage the necessary public-health measures. In spite of a major reduction
      over all in smoking in recent years, the present proportion of Australians who
      smoke demands the medical profession's continuing effort to discourage smoking in
      the community.

PMID- 2654592
TI  - Nimodipine for cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

PMID- 2654593
TI  - A review of image reconstruction techniques for electrical impedance tomography.
AB  - There has recently been an increasing interest in the possibility of producing
      images of electrical impedance within the human body. When an electric current is
      applied to the body of a voltage distribution is developed across the body
      surface. This distribution is in part dependent on the internal impedance
      distribution within the body and it is possible to estimate this distribution
      from a suitable set of voltage measurements. Because of the nonlinear
      relationship between the impedance distribution and the voltage distribution at
      the surface of the body, the reconstruction problem is much more difficult than
      for other tomographic imaging techniques, but a significant amount of progress
      has been made, and it is now possible to produce tomographic images of in vivo
      distributions of impedance, albeit with low spatial resolution. Future
      developments should improve image quality.

PMID- 2654594
TI  - Arterial flow characterization with a photodiode array based imaging system.
AB  - An x-ray imaging system is described that can be used for obtaining arterial
      blood flow information. The system consists of a linear photodiode array image
      detector, simple optical and mechanical components, and a data acquisition
      microcomputer that connect to a conventional x-ray image intensifier based
      fluorography system. Flow information is obtained by detecting the movement of a
      small, locally injected bolus of radio-opaque contrast agent. This is done by
      determining the bolus mass, integrated over the cross-sectional area, at each of
      1024 positions along the length of the artery with a sampling rate of up to 200
      samples per s. It is shown in a phantom study that the peak flow velocity can be
      measured with an accuracy of +/- 5% by detecting the bolus arrival times at each
      of the 1024 positions. The mean velocity is obtained with similar accuracy using
      a cross-correlation technique and a modified form of the Stewart-Hamilton
      principle. In addition, it is shown that the separation and reattachment points
      resulting from flow separation near a stenosis can be determined from the bolus
      clearance times. The locations of these points are consistent with theoretical
      values for the cosine shaped symmetric 89% stenosis used in this study.

PMID- 2654595
TI  - Comparison of dual and single exposure techniques in dual-energy chest
      radiography.
AB  - Conventional chest radiography is the most effective tool for lung cancer
      detection and diagnosis; nevertheless, a high percentage of lung cancer tumors
      are missed because of the overlap of lung nodule image contrast with bone image
      contrast in a chest radiograph. Two different energy subtraction strategies, dual
      exposure and single exposure techniques, were studied for decomposing a
      radiograph into bone-free and soft tissue-free images to address this problem.
      For comparing the efficiency of these two techniques in lung nodule detection,
      the performances of the techniques were evaluated on the basis of residual tissue
      contrast, energy separation, and signal-to-noise ratio. The evaluation was based
      on both computer simulation and experimental verification. The dual exposure
      technique was found to be better than the single exposure technique because of
      its higher signal-to-noise ratio and greater residual tissue contrast. However, x
      ray tube loading and patient motion are problems.

PMID- 2654596
TI  - Quantification techniques for dual-energy cardiac imaging.
AB  - We have previously reported a motion immune dual-energy subtraction technique in
      which x-ray tube voltage and x-ray beam filtration are switched at 30 Hz between
      60 kVp (2.0-mm Al filter) and 120 kVp (2.0-mm Al + 2.5-mm Cu filtration). In this
      paper we consider the suitability of these dual-energy images for quantitative
      measurements of iodine thickness and volume. Optimized iodine signal-to-noise
      ratio (S/N) was measured as a function of phantom thickness. Using a fixed mAs,
      the S/N of the dual-energy images was found to decrease by sevenfold as lucite
      thickness increased from 10 to 25 cm. For the same increase in lucite thickness
      S/N for time subtraction images decreased by fivefold. Image quality in two human
      volunteers was subjectively judged to be good. In order to quantitate
      physiological parameters such as ejection fraction and left ventricular volume,
      energy dependent corrections for scatter and veiling glare, beam hardening,
      detector nonuniformity, heel effect, and uncanceled bone signals were developed.
      Since the dual-energy technique does not completely cancel bone, a preinjection
      dual-energy subtraction image was used to estimate integrated bone contributions
      to iodine volume measurements. In a phantom measurement simulating exercise
      ventriculography, the known (Vk) and videodensitometrically measured (Vm) volumes
      of 19 mg/cm3 solution of iodine were related by Vm = 0.95 Vk + 1.50 cm3 (r
      greater than 0.99).

PMID- 2654597
TI  - Preliminary experimental investigation of in vivo magnetic manipulation: results
      and potential application in hyperthermia.
AB  - The first in vivo experiments in support of a new technique for delivering
      stereotaxic hyperthermia have been conducted at the Experimental Surgery Facility
      of the University of Virginia's Medical Center. We call this technique the "Video
      Tumor Fighter." In each of twelve trials a single, small permanent magnet or
      train of small permanent magnets was implanted on the brain surface of adult
      canine models. In three of the trials, this "seed" (typically 6-mm diameter X 6
      mm long) was moved by magnetic manipulation to different locations within the
      brain. In two other trials, the seed moved along the interface between the brain
      and the inner vault of the skull. The noncontact magnetic manipulation was
      accomplished by coupling the permanently magnetized seed to the large dc magnetic
      field gradient created by a water-cooled coil surrounding the animal's head. The
      seed's motions were monitored with x-ray fluoroscopy; its rate of movement was
      found to be approximately 0.8 mm s-1. The forces required to produce these
      motions were on the order of 0.07 N. We document here the instrumentation used in
      these trials, describe the experimental procedures employed, and discuss the
      technical aspects of the results.

PMID- 2654598
TI  - [Asymptomatic carotid stenosis: is surgical prevention of infarct still
      justified?].
AB  - The present retrospective study compared the incidence of TIA, stroke, and death
      in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis (greater than 50%) during a follow
      up period of 24 to 30 months. 65 patients were operated and 193 treated
      medically. The incidence of death was comparable in both groups. Death in most
      patients was due to cardiac disease or cancer. The annual incidence of TIA and
      stroke was not different between the two populations. Despite the low incidence
      of perioperative complications (%) surgery of asymptomatic carotid stenosis
      cannot be recommended at the present time.

PMID- 2654599
TI  - [Prevention of stress-induced hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract in
      neurosurgical intensive care patients. A controlled, randomized double-blind
      study with ranitidine alone and in combination with pirenzepine].
AB  - During a controlled, randomized, double blind study, 30 patients of a
      neurosurgical intensive care unit were treated with ranitidin and placebo (group
      1) or ranitidin and pirenzepin (group 2). No significant difference in the
      effectivity of both methods was established, presumably due to the small number
      of cases. The pH values of group 2 lay in the median above 3.5, whereby the
      difference only became statistically significant after a seven-day period of
      therapy. In how far the increase of the pH value represents the only factor of a
      stress ulcer prophylaxis requires further investigation, particularly in
      connection with pulmonary risks caused by this.

PMID- 2654600
TI  - [New aspects of the pathogenesis of pancreatitis].

PMID- 2654601
TI  - [Procollagen III peptide (P-3-P): is it necessary in liver diagnosis?].

PMID- 2654602
TI  - [Erythropoietin as a therapeutic agent. I: Development and properties].

PMID- 2654603
TI  - Facts and dispatches from the rural health care battlefield.

PMID- 2654604
TI  - First-person rural. Interview by Richard L. Reece.

PMID- 2654605
TI  - A crusading knight from Ivanhoe. Interview by Richard L Reece.

PMID- 2654606
TI  - Dr. Allen Van Beek. Saving lives and limbs in rural Minnesota.

PMID- 2654607
TI  - HHS inspector general's 'safe harbors' may be stormier than you think.

PMID- 2654608
TI  - Addressing the problem of the impaired physician.
AB  - An overview of the legal and administrative issues involved in dealing with
      impaired physicians is presented from the perspective of an attorney experienced
      in hospital law.

PMID- 2654609
TI  - [Periodic discharges and diagnosis of central nervous system diseases].
AB  - Periodic discharges are easily identified on conventional EEG traces. Proper
      interpretation requires systemic analysis of their spatial, temporal and
      morphological characteristics. These EEG changes are always abnormal and can be
      observed in various CNS diseases. Periodic discharges were found in 127 patients
      from a total number of 3212 patients suffering from 9 different CNS diseases.
      This study confirms the high incidence of periodic discharges in subacute
      sclerosing panencephalitis (89%), in acute necrotizing encephalitis (85%) and in
      Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (75%). Their prognostic value and their relationship to
      epilepsy is shortly discussed.

PMID- 2654611
TI  - Introduction to the diagnosis and treatment of old age dementias.

PMID- 2654610
TI  - [Familial benign neonatal seizures: EEG, clinical, prognosis and genetic
      features].
AB  - The authors describe 3 families in which several members presented convulsions
      exclusively during the neonatal period. The EEG and clinical findings showed
      typical short neonatal convulsions lasting several months and with no apparent
      etiology. The dominantly inherited transmission is certain. Prognosis is very
      good, although 14% of the cases in the literature present an onset of epilepsy
      after 20 years of age. Even though this phenomenon is unusual, the rarity of its
      description probably stems from lack of knowledge rather than low incidence. We
      thus would like to show that, even in the neonatal period, familial epilepsy can
      occur.

PMID- 2654612
TI  - Neuroimaging in the diagnosis of old age dementias.

PMID- 2654613
TI  - Neurophysiological aspects of aging and gerontopsychopharmacology.

PMID- 2654614
TI  - Structure and biological activity of mammalian glycosaminoglycans.

PMID- 2654615
TI  - [Growth disorders. Recommendations for a practice-oriented classification].
AB  - Besides acute illnesses, including allergies, growth disturbances are among the
      most frequent reasons for parents to consult a physician about their children.
      The basis of diagnosis is a detailed family and personal history. Actual
      measurement of the parents is necessary for calculation of the patient's target
      height. The growth data obtained must be charted on percentile curves. Only in
      the second line of the diagnostic approach should the physician resort to hormone
      determinations and X-rays of the left hand and wrist for bone age determination.
      For practical purposes, growth aberrations may be subdivided into normal variants
      and pathologic processes. The latter may cause proportionate or disproportionate
      disturbances. For therapeutic reasons it is also important to know whether the
      deviation of growth started pre- or postnatally. Many growth disorders that
      develop postnatally are amenable to therapy. They include the following
      endocrinopathies associated with short stature: isolated growth hormone
      deficiency (treatment with hGH), congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to enzyme
      deficiencies (treatment by replacement of cortisol), idiopathic, iso-sexual
      precocious puberty (treatment with LHRH agonists), and hypothyroidism (treatment
      with thyroxine). Patients with Turner syndrome benefit from sex hormones only
      insofar as secondary sexual characteristics develop: these agents do not promote
      overall growth. The treatment of patients with tall stature by administration of
      estrogens/gestagens in high dosages is viewed with increasing scepticism. On the
      average, only a 4-cm reduction in length can be achieved if patients are treated
      from the onset of puberty through a bone age of 16 years. All secondary growth
      disturbances are improved by efficient treatment of the primary, underlying
      disease entity.

PMID- 2654616
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of increased phenylalanine blood level in infancy.
      Results of the German collaborative study on phenylketonuria
      (PKU)/hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA)].
AB  - Between 1978 and 1984 165 children with elevated Phe blood levels in newborn
      screening were included in a German multicentric study. The differential
      diagnosis, comprising Phe concentrations in the blood under a tetrahydrobiopterin
      (BH4) load (30 mg BH4), determination of pterins in the urine and dihydropteridin
      reductase (DHPR) in erythrocytes, resulted in two patients with a 6
      pyruvoyltetrahydrobiopterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency. Those patients with a
      defect in the apoenzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PH) were treated with a low
      Phe diet, when the Phe blood concentrations exceeded 10 mg/dl under an adapted
      formula (n = 154). At the age of six months, in 155 infants a protein challenge
      containing 180 mg Phe/kg body weight for three days was performed, followed by a
      fourth day with 5 mg Phe/kg. Corresponding to the US Collaborative Study [19] 3
      types of response were chosen according to the course of the Phe blood level
      under the challenge (n = 145). Type I response (n = 112) shows a continuous
      increase of the Phe more than 20 mg/dl even under the Phe restriction at day 4.
      Type II response (n = 14) shows also increasing Phe blood levels above 20 mg/dl,
      followed by a spontaneous decrease below 20 mg/dl still during the high Phe
      challenge and even lower at the fourth day with low Phe intake. Type III response
      (n = 19) had only a small increase of the Phe blood concentration, mostly below
      15 mg/dl during the whole challenge period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654617
TI  - [Children of insulin-dependent diabetic patients. A determination of status].
AB  - We report on 143 newborns of mothers with insulin dependent diabetes during
      pregnancy. The mean birth weight was 3.091 (+/- 619) g at a mean gestational age
      of 38.4 (+/- 2) weeks. Neonatal morbidity was associated with the disease class,
      insulin levels in the amniotic fluid, urine and cord blood; and especially
      persistent fetal hyperinsulinism as indicated by repeatedly high amniotic fluid
      insulin levels during pregnancy. One infant died (neonatal mortality 0.69%) of a
      severe cardiac malformation combined with a caudal regression syndrome. This was
      the only major malformation in the group.

PMID- 2654618
TI  - [Progress in prenatal diagnosis].
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis is primarily the task of the obstetrician and clinical
      geneticist, but it must concern the pediatrician as well. It may give advance
      warning of postnatal problems and yield information that is valuable in the care
      of the newborn. Moreover, the pediatrician may be called upon to judge the
      prognosis of a child with a prenatally detected anomaly and prenatal therapy
      might be considered. Recent progress in prenatal diagnosis concerns sonography,
      including fetal blood sampling and biopsy; early detection of neural tube defects
      by alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase determination (ACHE test); first
      trimester diagnosis of chromosome anomalies and inborn errors of metabolism; and
      prenatal DNA analysis. Technical progress in prenatal diagnosis improves the
      reliability of prognosis and genetic counselling, but also adds to existing
      ethical problems and may create new ones.

PMID- 2654619
TI  - [Exogenous causes of disordered embryonal morphogenesis].
AB  - Recent advances in exogenous factors known to cause embryopathies are reviewed.
      Among the non-infectious agents alcohol is the most important, followed by a
      combination of anticonvulsant drugs, valproic acid, retinoic acid, lithium,
      coumarin derivates, methyl mercury, aminopterin and methotrexate, cocaine and
      amniogenic bands. Rubella embryopathy is well known. Varicella zoster and herpes
      simplex type II viruses are now also known to be teratogenic in some cases.
      Erythema infectiosum has recently been detected as a cause of embryonic death.
      Diabetic women and women with phenylketonuria must be carefully examined before
      and during pregnancy. There does not seem to be a world trend towards increased
      frequency of genetically and non genetically conditioned malformations.

PMID- 2654620
TI  - [Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in children. Report of over 94
      patients].
AB  - Over the last seven years, we from the Dept. of Pediatrics at the University of
      Erlangen have recorded an increase in the rate of children admitted because of
      aspirated foreign bodies. Despite the most modern methods of bronchoscopy
      extraction available nowadays, an inhaled foreign body can become a serious
      matter if it results in acute respiratory distress or - and this occurs much more
      frequently - if it remains for a long period unrecognized in the bronchial system
      and, as a result of intense reactions of the mucous membrane, can then only be
      extracted with great difficulty. As a result, serious pneumonia and
      bronchiectasis may develop on the basis of this "stubborn bronchitis". In these
      94 case studies we have reported case histories, examination findings as well as
      radiological diagnosis and stiff bronchoscopy for treatment. Finally, we have
      discussed suggestions for prevention of this accident.

PMID- 2654621
TI  - [Solitary, eosinophilic granuloma with an unusual localization].
AB  - The case report is about an unusual presacrale localisation of an eosinophil
      granuloma in a newborn girl. We discuss the differential diagnosis and
      difficulties in conventional histology and immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 2654622
TI  - Effect of various cytokines and growth factors on the interleukin-2-dependent in
      vitro differentiation of natural killer cells from bone marrow.
AB  - We have studied the possible role of various cytokines and growth factors on the
      in vitro interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent development of natural killer (NK) cells
      from bone marrow precursors. Our results indicate that tumor necrosis factor
      alpha and lymphotoxin augment the generation of NK cells. In contrast,
      interleukin-4, transforming growth factor beta and granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor significantly inhibit this phenomenon. Other factors tested,
      such as epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor, did not detectably
      influence the IL-2-dependent development of NK cells.

PMID- 2654623
TI  - [Ultrastructure of Ito cells in fibrotic liver diseases].
AB  - Authors have studied the ultrastructure of Ito-cells in percutane needle-biopsy
      samples of hepatic tissue from 36 patients. In 3 samples no alteration was found,
      in four only moderate steatosis occurred without fibrosis. In four samples
      portal, in ten centrilobular and in five periportal fibrosis was detected, while
      in five samples cirrhosis was pointed out. In the intact liver, Ito-cells occur
      not only in the spaces of Disse but also in the wall of the central vein. In
      portal fibrosis Ito-cells were similar in location and structure to those in the
      non-fibrotic liver. In centrilobular and periportal fibroses as well as in
      cirrhosis Ito-cells in the fibrotic parenchyma areas were either localized in the
      accumulated connective tissue or at the border of connective tissue and
      hepatocytes. These interstitial Ito-cells contained small amount of lipid,
      abundant dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum filled with a flocculent material,
      well-developed Golgi-complex and often bundles of 5 nm thick filaments with dense
      territories. Close to the Ito-cells immature collagen-fibrils and basement
      membrane-fragments were seen. A close relationship was pointed out between
      activated Ito-cells and lymphocytes. In parenchyma areas away from fibrotic foci
      the structure of Ito-cells was comparable to that of Ito-cells in intact hepatic
      lobules. Observations suggest that Ito-cells are related to fibroblasts and
      myofibroblasts and play a role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis occurring in human
      liver diseases.

PMID- 2654624
TI  - [The role of elastolytic enzymes and smoking in the pathogenesis of emphysema].
AB  - Author provides a survey on the incidence rate of emphysema and of its social and
      economic consequences as well as available experimental data. Discussing her own
      results the significance of endogenous enzymes, smoking and of factors
      maintaining protease/antiprotease equilibrium are mentioned. The prophylactive
      and therapeutic potentials of currently experimental agents are evaluated.

PMID- 2654625
TI  - Genotoxicity of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives in Escherichia coli and
      Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The mutagenicities of 5 quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide (QdO) derivatives were tested by
      2 bacterial assays using forward mutation with Escherichia coli WP2uvrA/pKM101
      and reverse mutation with Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98. Potent mutagenic
      activities of all QdOs tested were observed in both mutation assays.
      Mutagenicities of these compounds were varied by addition of S9 mix. Their SOS
      inducing activities were examined with a 'Rec-lac test' that has been newly
      developed by us for detecting genotoxins. A high level of SOS-inducing activity
      was observed in all samples tested. These results suggest that the mutagenicity
      of QdOs results from the error-prone repair involved in SOS responses.

PMID- 2654626
TI  - Different action of MMS and EMS in UV-sensitive strains of Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - The repair of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)
      damages has been investigated in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. 4 UV-sensitive
      mutants, namely uvsB, uvsD, uvsF and uvsH have been tested for their sensitivity
      and mutability to the above-mentioned agents. The results obtained show that: (1)
      uvsB and uvsD mutants are no more sensitive than the wild-type strain to the
      lethal action of EMS. In contrast, they are more sensitive to MMS; (2) uvsF and
      uvsH mutants are more sensitive than the wild type to EMS at 37 degrees C but not
      at 20 degrees C. However, they are more sensitive than the wild type to MMS at 37
      degrees C as well as at 20 degrees C; (3) the mutation frequencies after
      treatment with either MMS or EMS plotted against survival are not altered in the
      UV-sensitive strains compared to the wild-type strain. From these data it may be
      concluded that the repair of lethal lesions induced by ethylating and methylating
      agents is under the control of different pathways. Furthermore the mutants tested
      are not involved in the mutagenic process.

PMID- 2654627
TI  - Mutagenic activity of nitracrine derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium:
      relationship to drug physicochemical parameters, and to bacterial uvrB and recA
      genes and plasmid pKM101.
AB  - To determine whether it is possible to separate antitumour and mutagenic
      properties in the nitracrine series, a number of 4-substituted derivatives of the
      hypoxia-selective drug nitracrine have been evaluated for their mutagenic effects
      at three loci in several strains of Salmonella typhimurium differing in DNA
      repair capacity (uvrB, recA, plasmid pKM101). The drugs divided into two series
      in terms of their biological effects. Group A compounds (nitracrine and its Cl,
      F, Me and OMe derivatives) were very toxic to bacteria, and uvrB and recA
      deletions enhanced toxicity by 10-80-fold. Mutagenic potency was high, being
      slightly enhanced by uvrB and reduced by recA deletions. In contrast the
      toxicities and mutagenic potentials of Group B compounds (COOMe, NMe2, and two
      other bulky amine derivatives) were reduced by at least an order of magnitude,
      with uvrB and recA deletions showing lesser influence. The COOMe derivative was
      the only compound showing greater effects at the hisC3076 locus than the hisD3052
      or hisG46 loci. The data suggest that all the compounds cause mutations through
      intercalation and/or monoadduct formation, but only for the COOMe derivative is
      intercalation the dominant mode of action. Group A compounds appear to have the
      additional ability to cross-link DNA, a property which amounts for their high
      potency but which is not compatible with bulky 4-substituents. Apart from these
      generalizations, there was considerable variation in mutagenic efficiency (as
      measured by the maximum numbers of revertant colonies) within each series. Of the
      compounds studied, the 4-OMe derivative appears to best retain the desirable
      antitumour properties of nitracrine while showing greatly-reduced mutagenic
      potential, and is an interesting lead for further development.

PMID- 2654628
TI  - Genotoxic effects of o-phenylphenol metabolites in CHO-K1 cells.
AB  - The effects of microsomal activation and/or deactivation on the induction of
      chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in cultured Chinese
      hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1 cells) by o-phenylphenol (OPP) were studied, and
      concurrently the metabolites were determined. After a 3-h incubation in the
      presence of 15% S9 mix (45 microliters/ml of S9), OPP (25-150 micrograms/ml) dose
      independent SCEs and chromosomal aberrations were induced, while the amount of
      phenylhydroquinone (PHQ) metabolite produced from OPP did not increase linearly
      in the higher doses. The maximum induction of chromosomal aberrations was 18% at
      the 150 micrograms/ml dose, and of SCEs 13.8/cell at 75 micrograms/ml. The
      corresponding control values were 3% and 5.8/cell. The lowest dose required to
      induce SCEs in the presence of S9 mix was 25 micrograms/ml. Changing the percent
      of S9 mix (0-50%) while holding the OPP dose constant (100 micrograms/ml)
      produced a correlation between SCEs and the production of PHQ. PHQ caused
      cytogenetic effects both with and without S9 mix, however, in the absence of S9
      mix it was more lethal and was oxidized to phenylbenzoquinone (PBQ). These
      results suggest that the enhanced cytogenetic effects of OPP by the addition of
      S9 mix correlated with the amount of PHQ produced or with the further oxides of
      PHQ such as phenylsemiquinone and/or PBQ which are capable of being produced from
      PHQ spontaneously or by the mixed-function oxidase system.

PMID- 2654629
TI  - Identification of mutagens in Japanese pickles.
AB  - A total of 108 samples of pickles, which were produced in districts with high and
      low incidences of stomach cancer in Japan, were extracted with methanol
      chloroform. The extracts were bioassayed with Salmonella tester strains. The
      pickles produced in the high-cancer-incidence district were more mutagenic than
      those produced in the low-incidence district. The most mutagenic sample among 24
      pickle specimens collected in the high-incidence district induced 130
      revertants/mg of the crude extract for strain TA98. The mutagenic compounds were
      purified, and 2 flavonols, quercetin and rhamnetin, were identified as the major
      mutagens in the pickles by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The quantities
      of the 2 compounds were determined as 6.60 mg for quercetin, and 1.96 mg for
      rhamnetin per gram of the crude extract. The mutagenic activities of the pickles
      produced in the 2 districts were closely related to the amounts of quercetin in
      them.

PMID- 2654630
TI  - Transplacental genotoxicity of a tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine, 4
      (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, in Syrian golden hamster.
AB  - NNK is abundant in cigarette smoke and is a potent respiratory carcinogen in
      adult Syrian golden hamsters. Micronucleus (MN) induction in fetal liver and
      maternal bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) were assayed after i.p.
      injection of NNK to 14-day pregnant hamsters. The frequency of MN induction
      observed in fetal PCEs reached a maximum 18 h after treatment. The relationship
      dose NNK (0-200 mg/kg) to MN frequency was significant (P less than 0.005). In
      contrast no significant MN induction was observed in adult bone-marrow PCEs (P
      greater than 0.1). Extraction of fetal liver and amniotic fluid and HPLC
      separation of NNK metabolites revealed that NNK and its metabolite NNA1 could
      cross the placental barrier and be activated to protein-binding intermediates.
      These results suggest that NNK could be a transplancental carcinogen in Syrian
      golden hamsters.

PMID- 2654631
TI  - Mutagenicity of the reaction products of carbazole in the presence of nitrogen
      dioxide and nitrocarbazole.
AB  - The mutagenicity of the photochemical reaction products of carbazole in the
      presence of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrocarbazole was investigated using a
      high-pressure mercury lamp (100 W). Samples extracted from the photochemical
      reaction products of carbazole with NO2 were more mutagenic than those of
      acridine and phenazine with NO2 for Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the
      absence of S9 mix with a trend toward detoxification in the presence of the
      metabolic system. The mutagenicity of the photochemical reaction products of
      carbazole with NO2 were higher than those of the reaction products of carbazole
      with a mixture of NO2 and sulfur dioxide (SO2) and no irradiation. Mononitro- and
      dinitro-carbazole in the samples extracted from the reaction products were
      analyzed by mass spectrometry. It was suggested that mononitrocarbazole, which
      seemed to be weakly mutagenic, and dinitrocarbazole were readily formed by the
      reaction of carbazole with NO2, and that the other high-potency mutagens were
      formed by the photochemical reaction of carbazole with NO2 with irradiation by
      light.

PMID- 2654632
TI  - The biology of osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2654633
TI  - Controversies in the management of bleeding esophageal varices (1)

PMID- 2654634
TI  - The Johns Hopkins centennial.

PMID- 2654635
TI  - William Osler's departure from North America. The price of success.

PMID- 2654636
TI  - The pathogenic effect of IgG4 autoantibodies in endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo
      selvagem).
AB  - Endemic pemphigus foliaceus, or fogo selvagem, is an autoimmune blistering skin
      disease caused by IgG autoantibodies to a desmosome-associated glycoprotein. We
      studied the IgG subclasses with autoantibody activity in serum from 29 patients
      with active disease and in the skin lesions of 18 patients by immunofluorescence,
      using IgG-subclass-specific monoclonal antibodies. The predominant disease
      autoantibodies present in all patients were of the IgG4 subclass. IgG1 and IgG2
      autoantibodies were detected in low titer in the 29 patients: IgG1 in 23 patients
      and IgG2 in 9. IgG3 autoantibodies were not detected in the serum of any patient.
      Direct immunofluorescence testing of skin lesions showed a preferential
      deposition of IgG4 on the keratinocyte surface. The pathogenic effect of IgG4 was
      demonstrated by the passive transfer of fractions containing IgG4 autoantibodies
      from the patients to neonatal BALB/c mice. The disease of the patients was
      reproduced clinically, histologically, and immunologically in these animals. Only
      IgG4 autoantibodies were detected by direct immunofluorescence, bound to the
      epidermis in the lesions of the mice, and by immunoelectron microscopy at the
      keratinocyte surface. IgG4 has previously been reported to be a blocking or
      protective antibody because it has poor effector functions in vitro, as compared
      with the other IgG subclasses. The finding that it is the pathogenic autoantibody
      in fogo selvagem raises the possibility that it may also be important in other
      autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2654637
TI  - Aging, amyloid, and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2654638
TI  - Persistent acitrullinemia after liver transplantation for carbamylphosphate
      synthetase deficiency.

PMID- 2654639
TI  - Pregnancy following transcervical transfer of oocyte and sperm.

PMID- 2654640
TI  - New kidneys.

PMID- 2654641
TI  - Stimulated activity mediates phase shifts in the hamster circadian clock induced
      by dark pulses or benzodiazepines.
AB  - A number of environmental and pharmacological stimuli capable of inducing phase
      shifts and/or period changes in the circadian clock of mammals have now been
      identified. Agents that can alter circadian clocks provide a means for
      investigating the cellular and neural mechanisms responsible for their
      generation, regulation and entrainment. Two stimuli that have been used to probe
      the basis of circadian rhythmicity are pulses of darkness on a background of
      constant light and injections of short-acting benzodiazepines, such as triazolam.
      Surprisingly, these two very different stimuli have remarkably similar phase
      shifting effects on the circadian clock of hamsters. The observation that a short
      term increase in locomotor activity occurs when the circadian activity rhythm of
      hamsters is shifted by dark pulses or triazolam injections, coupled with the
      finding that activity bouts themselves are capable of shifting this rhythm,
      raises the possibility that dark pulses or triazolam alter the circadian clock by
      inducing acute hyperactivity. Here we demonstrate that the phase-advancing and
      phase-delaying effects of dark pulses or triazolam on the circadian activity
      rhythm can be totally suppressed by immobilization of the animals during
      treatment. These results indicate that behavioural events mediate the phase
      shifting effects of both dark pulses and triazolam on the circadian activity
      rhythm and question present hypotheses regarding the pathways by which light-dark
      information and pharmacological agents influence circadian pacemakers.

PMID- 2654642
TI  - NIH. Wyngaarden resigns.

PMID- 2654643
TI  - Activation of HIV gene expression during monocyte differentiation by induction of
      NF-kappa B.
AB  - The latent period of AIDS is influenced by factors which activate human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in different cell types. Although
      monocytic cells may provide a reservoir for virus production in vivo, their
      regulation of HIV transcription has not been defined. We now report that HIV gene
      expression in the monocyte lineage is regulated by NF-kappa B, the same
      transcription factor known to stimulate the HIV enhancer in activated T cells;
      however, control of NF-kappa B and HIV in monocytes differs from that observed in
      T cells. NF-kappa B-binding activity appears during the transition from
      promonocyte to monocyte in U937 cells induced to differentiate in vitro and is
      present constitutively in mature monocytes and macrophages. In a chronically
      infected promonocytic cell, U1, differentiation is associated with HIV-1
      replication as well as NF-kappa B binding activity. These findings suggest that
      NF-kappa B binding activity is developmentally regulated in the monocyte lineage,
      and that it provides one signal for HIV activation in these cells.

PMID- 2654644
TI  - Sleuthing out bacterial identities.
AB  - Global phenotype analyses are now possible using a versatile redox chemistry that
      is readily automated with computerization and microplate technology.

PMID- 2654645
TI  - Disputed paper takes centre stage in Congress.

PMID- 2654646
TI  - Dingell encounters feather wall.

PMID- 2654647
TI  - Baltimore hearing ends without resolution.

PMID- 2654648
TI  - A point mutation in the neu oncogene mimics ligand induction of receptor
      aggregation.
AB  - The rat neu gene, which encodes a protein closely related to the epidermal growth
      factor receptor, is a proto-oncogene that can be converted into an oncogene by a
      point mutation. Both genes encode proteins with a relative molecular mass of
      185,000 but the question of why the neu gene product, p185neu, is oncogenic,
      whereas the product of c-neu, p185c-neu, is not, remains unanswered. The proteins
      have several features common to the family of tyrosine kinase growth-factor
      receptors, including cysteine-rich external domains, a hydrophobic transmembrane
      region and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The oncogenic p185neu differs
      from p185c-neu by an amino-acid substitution in the transmembrane region of the
      glycoprotein: this replacement of valine by glutamic acid at position 664 induces
      increased intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity which is associated with
      transformation. Many glycoproteins with charged amino acids in the transmembrane
      region exist as multimeric complexes at the plasma membrane. We have therefore
      investigated the association state of both products of the neu gene and show that
      the oncoprotein p185neu is organized at the plasma membrane primarily in an
      aggregated form, but that p185c-neu is not. Induction of an aggregated state may
      mimic aspects of ligand-induced receptor aggregation resulting in enzymatic
      activation that leads to cellular transformation.

PMID- 2654649
TI  - Adolescent smokeless tobacco use: future research needs.
AB  - Future research needs in the area of adolescent smokeless tobacco use are
      addressed, based on the studies reported in this volume covering methodologic
      issues and substantive directions. In addition, we outline some implications for
      developing preventive interventions to deter smokeless tobacco use among
      adolescents.

PMID- 2654650
TI  - Smokeless tobacco: association with increased cancer risk.
AB  - Smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco and snuff) contains known carcinogens shown to
      increase the risk for oral cancer. The effect of snuff has been more fully
      documented than other forms of smokeless tobacco, although the carcinogenic
      potential of all such products is acknowledged. Risk increases with increasing
      length of exposure, with risks greatest for anatomic sites where the product has
      been held in contact the longest time. In some studies, other organs, such as the
      esophagus, larynx, and stomach, have been shown to be at increased risk for
      cancer from the use of smokeless tobacco, although at present the data are
      insufficient to substantiate fully a causal association. Numerous reports have
      shown an association between snuff use and leukoplakia, with less evidence at
      present linking chewing tobacco use with leukoplakia. The documented early onset
      of the smokeless tobacco habit and reports of increases in certain oral cancers
      among young men raise serious concerns of an impending oral cancer epidemic in
      this population. In addition, synergistic interactions with other oral cancer
      risk factors, e.g., smoking and alcohol, and a high rate for second primaries
      observed for these cancers add to the concern. Unless the tide of its use is
      stemmed, long-term use can be expected to produce an increase in oral cancers,
      and perhaps cancers of other sites, as youthful users mature and accumulate
      exposure to this carcinogenic agent.

PMID- 2654651
TI  - Smokeless tobacco use among adolescents: a theoretical overview.
AB  - Prevalence data that are currently available indicate that smokeless tobacco use
      among youths in various parts of the United States is a significant and growing
      problem. Although relatively little is known about the factors that contribute to
      the initiation and maintenance of this behavior, previous research focusing on
      other substance use provides a valuable framework for both a study of smokeless
      tobacco use and the design of effective interventions for its prevention. The
      papers presented in this monograph address many of the gaps in our current
      knowledge and provide an accurate overview of research efforts in this area to
      date.

PMID- 2654652
TI  - Advertising and promotion of smokeless tobacco products.
AB  - This paper is focused on the approaches used to advertise and promote smokeless
      tobacco products during the early to mid-1980s. These included traditional motifs
      that featured rugged-looking masculine models in sporting and outdoor settings as
      well as an expanded white-collar appeal. Smokeless tobacco was not affected by
      the ban on broadcast advertising of cigarettes that went into effect in 1971,
      and, until 1986, both print and broadcast media were used to advertise it.
      Promotional activities ranged from sponsorship of sporting events to offers for
      clothing bearing smokeless tobacco product logos. Despite the claims of
      manufacturers that advertising and promotional efforts were not targeted to
      youth, smokeless tobacco companies sponsored tobacco-spitting contests with
      teenage participants, a college marketing program, and college scholarships. In
      efforts that appeared designed to bolster their public image in the face of
      growing concern over the consequences of smokeless tobacco use by young people,
      companies like U.S. Tobacco Company contributed to major social programs,
      including, ironically, alcohol- and drug-abuse prevention programs. Spurred by
      public health groups, federal legislation was passed in 1986 that banned
      television and radio advertising of smokeless tobacco products and required
      manufacturers to include warning labels on their products on the potential health
      hazards of smokeless tobacco use.

PMID- 2654653
TI  - [Current methods in pathologic anatomy].

PMID- 2654654
TI  - [Diagnosis of dermatomycoses using the sellotape-KOH method].
AB  - In a group of 84 adult male workers in an industrial plant, who used a common
      shower room, the applicability of the adhesive tape-KOH technique for routine
      mycologic examination was investigated. The tape technique was compared with the
      conventional cover slip technique in interdigital and plantar lesions. The tape
      technique gave more frequent positive results than the cover slip technique (74%
      and 57% respectively). However, examination of the tapes was more difficult than
      that of the cover slips. The latter method therefore appears more appropriate for
      routine microscopical mycologic examination.

PMID- 2654655
TI  - [The decision process of the family physician in the choice of a drug].

PMID- 2654656
TI  - [Familial Mediterranean fever].

PMID- 2654657
TI  - [Experiences with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in 61 children].
AB  - Between March 1985 and January 1987 2547 ESWL treatments were performed on 2064
      patients, including 33 boys and 28 girls younger than 18 years. Almost identical
      results were obtained in children as in adults. All stones desintegrated and
      success was achieved in 97%; 79% was considered stone-free after 6 months and 18%
      had passable asymptomatic residual fragments (biggest fragments less than 3 mm)
      which did not grow larger during a mean follow-up of 17.8 months. One patient had
      a recurrent stone, after having been stone-free for 13 months. Post-ESWL
      complications and morbidity were minimal. Auxiliary measures were necessary in 5
      patients before ESWL and in 6 patients after ESWL. Failure to render the kidney
      free of stones occurred in 2 patients with complex urolithiasis. Because of these
      results ESWL should be considered the treatment of choice in the paediatric age
      group for urolithiasis.

PMID- 2654658
TI  - [Which patients with diabetes mellitus will get diabetic nephropathy?].

PMID- 2654659
TI  - [An infant with osteoarthritis and osteomyelitis of the humerus caused by
      Escherichia coli].
AB  - A two-month-old girl had acute osteoarthritis and osteomyelitis of the left
      humerus. An Escherichia coli was found as the causative agent. We discuss the
      possible diagnostic methods and the interpretation of the findings.

PMID- 2654660
TI  - [The pathophysiology of fluid transport in continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis].

PMID- 2654661
TI  - [Liver disease caused by alcohol in man: similarities and differences with animal
      experiment findings].

PMID- 2654662
TI  - [A case of immediate fertility restoration following childbirth].
AB  - We report an unwanted pregnancy following immediately after fulltime childbirth.
      We could not find previous reports of this nature in international literature.
      Women who give bottle-feeding are even more liable to early return of ovulatory
      cycles than women who give breastfeeding. If a puerpera has vaginal bleeding (not
      lochia), there is an increased risk of ovulation as well as of endometritis. It
      is no longer acceptable to take impossibility to conceive immediately after
      delivery for granted: there is need for contraception from the puerperium on.

PMID- 2654663
TI  - [The history of medical practice; between social history and historical
      sociology].

PMID- 2654664
TI  - [Literature storage and retrieval for library users using a microcomputer].

PMID- 2654665
TI  - Effect of oxoplatinum and CBDCA on renal functions in rats.
AB  - Changes in renal function in rats after single-dose intravenous administration of
      CBDCA (cis-diammine-1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylate platinum(II) and oxoplatinum
      [cis-dichlorodiammine-trans-dihydroxo-platinum(IV)] at a dose of 20 mg/kg were
      determined and compared. Renal function was monitored by several determinations
      of effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), glomerular filtration rate (GRF), plasma
      creatinine and urea and urine beta 2-microglobulin. A significant reduction of
      ERPF and GRF and a significant increase of plasma creatinine and urea
      concentration after oxoplatinum treatment were found. On the other hand, no
      significant changes in renal function parameters were determined after CBDCA. The
      increase in beta 2-microglobulin amount in rat urine and polyuria persisted until
      the 14th day after oxoplatinum administration. Histological examination of the
      kidneys in the experimental animals revealed marked nephrotoxicity changes in the
      distal tubules after the single-dose administration of oxoplatinum.
      Administration of CBDCA did not produce pathological renal changes.

PMID- 2654666
TI  - [Physician-patient relations in psychiatry].

PMID- 2654667
TI  - [With reference to Jean Starobinski].

PMID- 2654668
TI  - [Possibilities and limits of the systems theory approach in psychopathology].

PMID- 2654669
TI  - [Neuropsychological disorders in Parkinson disease. Relations to psychomotor
      inhibition and obsessive-compulsive disease].

PMID- 2654670
TI  - [Nosologic differentiation of idiopathic psychosyndromes--a psychiatric Sisyphus
      myth].

PMID- 2654671
TI  - [Concepts and criteria of affective psychoses].

PMID- 2654672
TI  - [The problem of delusion].

PMID- 2654673
TI  - [Neurogenic bladder disorders].
AB  - The past 15 years have witnessed an explosion of new knowledge concerning the
      anatomy, neurophysiology, and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract. Knowledge
      of the localization of a neurologic lesion-suprapontine, suprasacral, cauda
      equina, or peripheral nerves-rather than the type of disease allows a more
      "rational approach" to the diagnosis and therapy of neurogenic voiding disorders.
      More specifically, advances in pharmacological understanding enable us, at least
      in theory, to treat voiding disorders according to their types of dysfunction:
      drugs to promote bladder emptying that exert their predominant effect on bladder
      and bladder outlet respectively, and those promoting bladder storage with the
      corresponding objectives. We discuss the problem that many theoretically sound
      drugs are, in fact, not clinically efficacious, probably due to incomplete
      understanding of the physiology of normal micturition and its neurogenic
      disorders.

PMID- 2654674
TI  - [Immunosuppression and -modulation in neurologic diseases. Assessment of status
      and recent developments].

PMID- 2654675
TI  - [The pathogenesis of stroke in patients with negative Doppler sonographic
      findings].

PMID- 2654676
TI  - [Central nervous system infection caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. A complication
      of immunosuppressive therapy in myasthenia gravis].

PMID- 2654677
TI  - [Increase in Parkinson symptoms caused by calcium antagonists].

PMID- 2654678
TI  - The occurrence of different types of spinal tumours in one patient. A case report
      and review of the literature.
AB  - Three histologically different types of spinal tumours were found in a 16-year
      old girl. Each tumour was detected independently at a distant region. They were
      two intramedullary ependymomas at C3 and T2, two schwannomas at the C6 and C7
      root, and one intradural meningioma at T7. All tumours were successfully removed
      by a two-stage operation without adding neurological deficits. In this paper the
      findings of metrizamide myelography, metrizamide CT, intravenous enhanced CT and
      MRI are presented. The application of these various neuroradiological methods
      made it possible to confirm the precise location and the nature of the tumour in
      order to operate safely.

PMID- 2654679
TI  - [Arteriovenous aneurysm of the corpus callosum with normal arteriography 9 years
      earlier].
AB  - Some arteriovenous malformations (A.V.M.s) visualized on a first angiography tend
      to enlarge gradually with time. Others A.V.M.s may decrease in size and even
      disappear. The authors report the case of a 18 year old woman admitted for a
      subarachnoid hemorrhage. A complete cerebral angiography was normal. Nine years
      later, an arteriovenous malformation of the corpus callosum was discovered. The
      reasons why angiography may fail to demonstrate an A.V.M., and the theories
      concerning the enlargement of A.V.M.S., are discussed.

PMID- 2654680
TI  - [Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries associated with aneurysm
      of the right posterior communicating artery. Apropos of a case].
AB  - The authors report a case of bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid
      arteries associated with aneurysm of the right posterior communicating artery in
      a 17 year old female patient. This anomaly was discovered following a meningeal
      haemorrhage, which recurred 18 months later, causing the patient's death.
      Surgical operation was refused by the patient and her family. Bilateral
      hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries is a rare congenital malformation (16
      cases have been reported in the literature, our case constitutes the 17th). It is
      distinguished from aplasia by the presence of a patent but very reduced vascular
      lumen, while aplasia is associated with vestiges of non-patent vessels. The
      mechanism of development of such a malformation is unclear: some authors have
      suggested secondary regression of the internal carotid artery following a phase
      of normal development, while others consider it to represent arrest of the
      development of the internal carotid artery, at a given moment in time. The
      frequency of associated aneurysm would be due to the haemodynamic disruption
      induced by the malformation, especially as parietal defects are more frequent in
      a malformed vasculature. Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid arteries
      may be compatible with normal life for an indefinite period of time due to the
      development of a large number of collateral vessels. However, the new vasculature
      is threatened by rupture with meningeal haemorrhage and by acute ischaemia, which
      would probably involve another aetiological factor.

PMID- 2654681
TI  - [Synovial cysts and synovialomas of the lumbar spine. Histo-pathologic and neuro
      surgical aspects apropos of 8 cases].
AB  - Based on 8 personal cases and a 81-cases review of literature, it's authors'
      opinion that cystic or solid masses issued form posterior lumbar articular
      process and called according to the cases synovial cyst, ganglion cyst, benign
      synovialoma, pigmented villonodular synovitis, are a single variety of benign
      degeneration of soft articular tissues. The cystic or solid feature of these
      masses depends upon the extent of their histiocytic granulomatous proliferation.
      They may be asymptomatic, accompany chronic lumbar pain or cause sciatica, seldom
      cauda equina syndrome. In case of sciatica, clinical picture rather consists of a
      narrow lateral recess than a discal protrusion. CT scan is the best investigation
      to get a right preoperative diagnosis. Postoperative prognosis is excellent and
      no anatomical recurrence has been reported.

PMID- 2654682
TI  - [Spinal osteoid osteomas. Apropos of 4 cases].
AB  - Spinal osteoid osteomas constitute a rare but perfectly curable cause of non-disc
      root pain. In discussing four cases (2 cervical and 2 lumbar), the authors stress
      that this disorder affects above all males under 30 and presents as vertebral
      column pain gradually becoming radicular in character; the pain, essentially
      nocturnal, is spectacularly but transiently relieved by salicylates and is
      accompanied by often frank stiffness of the spine. The diagnosis is based less on
      X rays and tomographs, than on isotope bone scanning, which reveals a focus of
      intense hyperfixation, and CAT scanning which shows a bony lacuna possibly with
      an opacity in the center producing a rosette shaped image. Block excision of the
      osteoid osteoma produces immediate relief for the patient and prevents recurrence
      which only occurs exceptionally.

PMID- 2654683
TI  - [Cervical melanotic neurofibroma. Apropos of a case and a review of the
      literature].
AB  - The authors report a case of cervical melanotic neurofibroma hour glass shaped,
      growing in the extra and intradural spaces. Melanotic aspect of spinal
      neurofibroma are rarely reported in the literature. Various etiopathologies have
      already been discussed.

PMID- 2654684
TI  - [Meningioma of the lateral ventricle. 3 recent cases].
AB  - Three recent cases of intra-ventricular meningiomas are reported. The incidence
      of this tumor type is very low, since they account for only 0.2% of all intra
      cranial neoplasms and 2% of all intra-cranial meningiomas in the adult. In our
      first 2 cases, the meningioma involved the right trigonal area. In our third
      patient, a 14 year-old girl, the tumor had involved the left occipital horn. It
      is usually assumed that their development is a result of meningothelial inclusion
      bodies normally present in the arachnoid of the tela choroidea. As mentioned in
      previous reports, their clinical presentation may be that of paroxysmal increased
      intra-cranial pressure and a mechanism of trapped ventricular horn has been
      advocated. However, under such circumstances, an intraventricular bleeding seems
      to be a more likely mechanism. Despite their rarety, intra-ventricular
      meningiomas are usually diagnosed on C.T. It typically shows a hyperdense mass,
      attached to the plexus and enhancing after contrast infusion. In one of our
      patients (obs. 2), the meningioma manifested on M.N.R. by a low signal intensity
      in T1 sequences and by a high signal in T2 sequences. In our third patient, the
      M.N.R. findings were indicative of a cystic lesion lying in the occipital horn,
      but not of a meningioma, the diagnosis of which was made on further microscopic
      examination. The angiographic evaluation remains useful to document
      preoperatively the arterial supply to the meningioma, which is mainly from the
      postero-lateral choroidal arteries. At operation, anterior meningiomas lying near
      the foramen of Monro are easily exposed through a transfrontal approach and raise
      no technical problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654685
TI  - [Atlanto-occipital luxation and syringomyelia: 2 rare complications of cervical
      injury. Diagnostic and therapeutic effects. Apropos of a case].
AB  - The authors report the case of a 19 years old patient with an undiagnosed
      traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation complicated after two years by a rapidly
      evolutive syringomyelia. This clinical case which associates two rare
      complications of cervical traumatology allows to discuss the problems of both
      pathologies especially on the following points: --The early diagnosis of the
      dislocation by tomography and CT scan is the only mean to treat totally these
      lesions and perhaps to avoid the complications like syringomyelia. --In case of
      delayed diagnosis, when the dislocation is "fixed" the complete decompressive
      surgery both by a posterior and a trans-oral way is for the authors the treatment
      of choice.

PMID- 2654686
TI  - [The role of non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of renal
      colic].

PMID- 2654687
TI  - [Identification of HLA-DR antigenic disparities favorable and unfavorable in
      renal transplantation].
AB  - In order to detect possible influences of donor (D)/recipient (R) HLA-DR antigen
      disparities on graft survival, 310 renal cadaver transplantations performed from
      January 1980 to July 1988 were analyzed. For each DR1 to DR7 specificity, 4
      combinations were considered according to the presence (pos) or the absence (neg)
      of the antigen in the D and in the R. Logistic regression was used to study graft
      survival during two postoperative periods: A (month 1 to 3) and B (month 4 to
      24). The following combinations exerted a beneficial effect on survival: DR5 and
      DR7 Dpos/Rneg for period A, DR4 Dpos/Rneg and DR5 Dneg/Rpos for period B, whereas
      DRw6 and DR7 Dneg/Rpos for period A, DR1 and DR2 Dpos/Rneg, DR2 and DRw6
      Dneg/Rpos for period B exerted a detrimental effect. Graft survival at two years
      was similar (83%) in HLA-DR identical pairs and in recipients with beneficial and
      no detrimental HLA-DR disparities, contrasting with poorer outcome in patients
      with either mixed beneficial and detrimental HLA-DR disparities (67%: p less than
      0.05) or detrimental (and no beneficial) HLA-DR disparities (55%: p less than
      0.001). The use of relevant D/R HLA-DR disparities for predicting graft outcome
      could lead to results similar to those currently reported with the best HLA
      matched kidneys, from a much smaller pool of recipients.

PMID- 2654688
TI  - [Kinetics of beta 2 microglobulin in anuric dialysis, treated with different
      dialyzing membranes].

PMID- 2654689
TI  - Alterations in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release from the mediobasal
      hypothalamus of ovariectomized, steroid-primed middle-aged rats as measured by
      push-pull perfusion.
AB  - The spontaneous luteinizing hormone (LH) surge on proestrus as well as the
      steroid-induced LH surge and hypersecretion of LH following ovariectomy are
      attenuated in middle-aged female rats when compared to their young counterparts.
      It is generally assumed that the lower titers of serum LH measured in aging
      animals result, in part, from age-related alterations in luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone (LHRH) neurosecretion, yet no direct measurements of LHRH
      release from the hypothalamus of aging females are currently available. The
      present study utilized the push-pull perfusion technique to characterize and
      compare in vivo LHRH output from the mediobasal hypothalamus of ovariectomized
      middle-aged and young females during a steroid-induced LH surge. Twelve-minute
      perfusates were collected for a period of 6 h from middle-aged and young animals
      outfitted with push-pull cannulae resting in the mediobasal hypothalamus in close
      proximity to the median eminence. The overall pattern of LHRH release differed in
      the two age groups. Mean levels of LHRH measured in brain perfusates from middle
      aged females were significantly lower than mean levels measured in young animals.
      Moreover, mean levels of LHRH detected in perfusates during the 1- and 2-hour
      intervals prior to and the 1-hour interval after the time of maximal LHRH output
      were lower in middle-aged animals, and a larger percentage of samples from middle
      aged females contained levels of LHRH below the detectability of the assay. The
      mean amplitude of identified LHRH pulses and maximal LHRH output, however, did
      not differ in the two age groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654690
TI  - Morphology of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons as a function of age
      and hormonal condition in the male rat.
AB  - Previous work in many laboratories has shown that luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone (LHRH) neurons display a range of shapes from smooth-contoured to
      extremely irregular or 'thorny'. To determine if these forms reflect or can be
      modified by the gonadal steroid milieu, the morphology of LHRH neurons was
      examined in male rats from each of four experimental groups: adult (2-3 months);
      aged (23 months) and adult castrate (2-3 months, castrated for 4 weeks) with or
      without testosterone replacement. The region studied extended from the level of
      the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca posteriorly through the lateral
      preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas, throughout which region the majority of
      LHRH neurons reside. Neurons were divided into groups based on the degree of
      irregularity of their profiles ('thorniness'). The total numbers of neurons did
      not differ among the experimental groups and smooth-countoured neurons
      predominated. However, there were fewer thorny LHRH neurons in the castrate
      animals than in the other experimental groups. LHRH neurons in the young adult
      and aged intact rats and testosterone-replaced animals did not differ in their
      morphology. These results suggest that LHRH neurons in the male rat tend to lose
      somatic or dendritic spines under conditions in which gonadal steroids are
      dramatically reduced. It also appears that the levels to which testosterone is
      reduced in the aged rat are not associated with a decrease in the incidence of
      spine-like projections on LHRH neurons.

PMID- 2654691
TI  - Encephalopathy with calcifications of the basal ganglia in children. A
      reappraisal of Fahr's syndrome with respect to 14 new cases.
AB  - Calcifications of the basal ganglia are described under the heading of "Fahr's
      syndrome". The clinical pattern is variable and the syndrome may be sporadic or
      familial. This study describes a personal series of 14 cases of encephalopathy
      with calcification of the basal ganglia and reviews the literature cases. A four
      group classification is proposed. The first group includes encephalopathy,
      microcephaly, dwarfism, retinal degeneration or optic atrophy, symmetrical patchy
      demyelination with calcifications and probable autosomal recessive inheritance.
      Some cases have an early onset, a rapid evolution. Others have a later onset,
      longer course and retinal degeneration. In the second group, the children suffer
      from a congenital encephalopathy or a cerebral palsy without clear deterioration,
      without short stature, ocular impairment or persistent CSF abnormalities. This
      group has not been reported in the literature. The cases do not seem to be
      genetic. The precise cause in unknown but a sporadic non progressive anoxo
      ischemic, or viral prenatal disease is suggested. In the third group, the
      association of encephalopathy, microcephaly, and persistent CSF lymphocytosis,
      has a high recurrence rate. The pathogenesis is still a matter of dispute. The
      fourth group is characterized by autosomal dominant calcifications of the basal
      ganglia with or without neurological abnormalities. Finally calcium metabolism
      disorders and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy may be associated with
      calcifications of the basal ganglia.

PMID- 2654692
TI  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage from intraspinal intradural vertebral artery aneurysm:
      case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to rupture of a saccular
      aneurysm arising at the origin of the intradural intraspinal vertebral artery is
      presented. This case shows that aneurysms at this site may be a rare cause of SAH
      and reinforces need for 4-vessel angiography after SAH.

PMID- 2654693
TI  - Acoustic neurinoma presenting as intratumoral bleeding.
AB  - The authors report a case of acoustic neurinoma presenting as intratumoral
      bleeding. This is the tenth reported occurrence. The literature is reviewed. All
      cases that have been reported have appeared with sudden onset of headache,
      vomiting, and decreased levels of consciousness. Aneurysm rupture, an
      arteriovenous malformation, or other vascular anomalies are suspected first.
      Preexisting unilateral hearing impairment is a valuable clue to differential
      diagnosis. Contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scans and cerebral angiograms
      are important tools for correct diagnosis. The tumor size (greater than 2 cm) and
      the thin, dilated vessels within the tumor are considered as pathogenetic factors
      for bleeding. When neurological status is not stable, placement of a
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt followed by urgent extirpation of the tumor is
      indicated.

PMID- 2654694
TI  - Colour flow imaging of the great intracranial arteries in infants.
AB  - Colour flow imaging was used for the visualization of the great intracranial
      arteries in 100 healthy infants. All children were investigated by
      computersonography with a 5 MHz linear transducer. Simultaneous imaging of brain
      tissue, displayed in gray scale and flow, displayed in colour was possible. Flow
      towards the transducer was displayed in red, flow away from the transducer in
      blud. The following arteries could be shown in sagittal and coronal sections:
      anterior cerebral artery, both internal carotid arteries, the basilar artery,
      both vertebral arteries and the posterior cerebral arteries. The middle cerebral
      artery could only be shown in axial sections through the temporal bone. With the
      help of colour flow imaging the exact course of the great intracranial arteries
      can be shown. Precise placement of the sample volume as well as angle correction
      is possible when absolute flow velocities are measured by pulsed
      dopplersonography. Congenital vascular abnormalities can be visualised within the
      image.

PMID- 2654695
TI  - New catheter technique for transcubital intraarterial DSA of the aortic arch and
      the supraaortic vessels.
AB  - A new catheter for the intraarterial DSA of the aortic arch and the selective
      demonstration of the supraaortal branches is presented. The catheter is
      introduced through the right cubital artery (introduction is also possible
      through the brachial or the axillary artery), which is favorable for performing
      the examination on ambulant patients. A technique for performing angiography in
      the region of the aortic arch and one for the selective demonstration of all
      supraaortic vessels, without the need to change catheters, is described. The
      authors have used the new technique on 200 patients who were referred for a DSA
      examination as a result of suspected CVI. Good selective demonstration of all the
      supraaortic vessels was achieved in 155 patients (77.5%). In the remaining
      patients we had to do without selective demonstration of the subclavian artery or
      the carotid artery. Even in these cases, the innominate artery and its branches
      could be selectively demonstrated. The advantages of the new catheter technique
      are clear in performing intraarterial DSA on ambulant patients, and by using only
      one catheter for demonstration of the aortic arch and selective demonstration of
      all the supraaortic arteries in the extra- and intracranial region. The
      advantages of transcubital puncture and also its complications are dealt with.

PMID- 2654697
TI  - [Surgical therapy of perforated duodenal ulcer, today].

PMID- 2654698
TI  - [Why post-resection gastroduodenostomy].

PMID- 2654696
TI  - Large asymptomatic noncolloid neuroepithelial cysts in the lateral ventricle: CT
      and MR features.
AB  - Two cases of large asymptomatic cysts of the lateral ventricle are presented. The
      cyst walls or cyst contours were demonstrated well by proton density-weighted or
      T2-weighted spin echo images. These cysts are being detected as incidental
      findings in increasing frequency with the increasing use of MR imaging. Our data
      and review of the literature suggest that surgical intervention is not
      necessarily warranted, but that careful clinical evaluation is indicated. The
      diagnostic problem of intraventricular cysts is also discussed.

PMID- 2654699
TI  - [Surgical treatment of alkaline gastritis].

PMID- 2654700
TI  - [Changes in the treatment of gastric ulcer].

PMID- 2654701
TI  - [Changes in feeding behavior and risk of gastroenteric tumors].

PMID- 2654702
TI  - [Early gastric cancer: total gastrectomy versus resection. Analysis of the
      results of a multicenter study of 271 cases].

PMID- 2654703
TI  - [Early gastric cancer].

PMID- 2654704
TI  - [Radiologic and endoscopic diagnostic findings useful for the surgical
      therapeutic programming of early gastric cancer].

PMID- 2654705
TI  - [Total gastrectomy in cancer. 10 years' experience].

PMID- 2654706
TI  - [Cholelithiasis and neoplasms of the digestive tract].

PMID- 2654707
TI  - [Sleeve resection: possibilities and risks].

PMID- 2654708
TI  - [Smoke, environmental contamination and lung cancer].

PMID- 2654709
TI  - [Surgical prevention of pulmonary embolism].

PMID- 2654710
TI  - [Tumors of the thoracic wall].

PMID- 2654711
TI  - [Use of surgical staplers in pulmonary surgery].

PMID- 2654712
TI  - [Diagnostic and therapeutic surgery of pulmonary mycoses].

PMID- 2654714
TI  - [Current approaches on the subject of breast reconstruction after mastectomy
      because of tumor].

PMID- 2654713
TI  - [Echography of the breast. Indications, criteria and diagnostic possibilities].

PMID- 2654715
TI  - [Role of the general surgeon in the preparation for breast reconstruction].

PMID- 2654716
TI  - [Reconstruction of the breast].

PMID- 2654717
TI  - [Surgical solution to intractable ascites in 3 series of patients treated with
      continuous peritoneo-venous shunting].

PMID- 2654718
TI  - [Porta-caval derivation].

PMID- 2654719
TI  - [Clinical, angiographic and hemodynamic indications for extra-anatomic by-pass].

PMID- 2654720
TI  - [Results of femoro-distal by-pass in the treatment of chronic severe ischemia of
      the lower limbs].

PMID- 2654721
TI  - [Vascular prosthetic infections in patients with stage IV obstructive
      arteriopathy].

PMID- 2654722
TI  - [Current status of the indications for lumbar gangliectomy in chronic obstructive
      arteriopathies of the legs].

PMID- 2654723
TI  - Iatrogenic vascular traumatism. Diagnosis, therapy and prevention.

PMID- 2654724
TI  - [Ischemic complications after surgery of the left colon in patients with
      arteriopathy].

PMID- 2654725
TI  - [Surgical therapy of intestinal infarct].

PMID- 2654726
TI  - [Physiopathology of gastric and biliary reconstruction: evaluation of several
      entero-hormones].

PMID- 2654727
TI  - [Surgical treatment of varicocele].

PMID- 2654728
TI  - [Intra-operative echographic exploration of the hepatobiliopancreatic system].

PMID- 2654729
TI  - [Several anatomo-pathologic characteristics of carcinomas of the colon and rectum
      in relation to prognostic problems].

PMID- 2654730
TI  - [Therapeutic modulation of cancer of the breast].

PMID- 2654731
TI  - [Polyp with invasive carcinoma. Criteria of treatment based on the experience of
      31 cases].

PMID- 2654732
TI  - [Our experience in diverticular disease of the colon. Resection and myotomy
      intervention].

PMID- 2654733
TI  - [Total duodenal diversion in reflux esophagitis].

PMID- 2654734
TI  - [Carcinoid neoplasms: current aspects of diagnosis and therapy].

PMID- 2654735
TI  - [Angiodysplasia of the colon].

PMID- 2654736
TI  - [Typical resections of the liver].

PMID- 2654738
TI  - [Primary hyperparathyroidism. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems].

PMID- 2654737
TI  - [Surgery in oncohematology: state of the art].

PMID- 2654739
TI  - [Primary hyperaldosteronism. Our experience].

PMID- 2654740
TI  - [Conservative surgery of splenic injuries].

PMID- 2654741
TI  - [Physiopathologic aspects of intestinal infarct].

PMID- 2654742
TI  - [Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax].

PMID- 2654743
TI  - [Doppler in peripheral arterial and venous pathology].

PMID- 2654744
TI  - [Experience with echoendoscopy in the study of tumors of the upper gastroenteral
      system].

PMID- 2654745
TI  - [The evolution of pediatric surgery].

PMID- 2654746
TI  - [Pre- and perioperative staging in the surgical choice in cancer of the middle
      and lower rectum].

PMID- 2654747
TI  - [Pelviperineal recurrence after abdominoperineal amputation of the rectum in
      cancer].

PMID- 2654748
TI  - [Criteria of choice in the surgical treatment of cancer of the rectum: local
      excision].

PMID- 2654749
TI  - [A surgical procedure aimed at reducing the risk factors of local recurrence].

PMID- 2654750
TI  - [Pathogenesis of inguinal hernias].

PMID- 2654751
TI  - [Role of microsurgery in the treatment of idiopathic varicocele].

PMID- 2654752
TI  - [Current status of the treatment of kidney calculi: extracorporeal shockwave
      lithotripsy, percutaneous lithotripsy and traditional surgery].

PMID- 2654753
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of impotence].

PMID- 2654754
TI  - [Traumatic injuries of the bladder].

PMID- 2654755
TI  - [The development of anesthesia and resuscitation].

PMID- 2654756
TI  - [Lymphocyte subpopulations in multiple sclerosis (MS). A contribution].
AB  - The characterization of peripheral blood T-cell subpopulations in 29 multiple
      sclerosis (MS) patients is studied. A direct immunofluorescence assay was
      performed using monoclonal antibodies (OK series) directed to lymphocytes surface
      antigens. In transverse study, the patients suffering from progressive MS showed
      T4+ lymphocytes and T4+/T8+ ratio significantly high (p less than 0.05) compared
      to controls; furthermore T8+ lymphocyte values were low. T3+ lymphocytes were low
      (p less than 0.05) during the relapse in the MS remitting relapsing patients. A
      six month follow-up of the patients showed, during relapse, a reduction and,
      immediately after, a recovery of T3+ and T4+ lymphocyte values; T8+ lymphocytes
      didn't show remarkable fluctuations.

PMID- 2654757
TI  - [Medical therapy with mebendazole in hydatid cyst disease. A follow-up of 40
      cases].
AB  - Mebendazole (50-60 mg/kg/day in 7-8 divided doses after fatty rich meals for at
      least 6 months) was given to 44 patients with cystic hydatid disease of the liver
      and other organs, about 1/3 having suffered from recurrences, even multiple,
      before beginning the pharmacological treatment. Fifteen patients underwent
      operation after a course of mebendazole, and macroscopic and histological
      degeneration of hydatid cysts was always documented; sixteen subjects were not
      operated due to their severe general and/or local conditions but ultrasound,
      radiologic (CT) and clinical evidence of cyst regression was obtained, and was
      closely comparable to that in the aforementioned group. Some of the patients (13)
      began the treatment only after conservative surgery. The mean real follow-up
      available at the moment is for 40 subjects because 2 patients did not show
      adequate compliance for the drug and in 2 additional cases it was withdrawn
      because of an increase in serum transaminases. The rate of recurrence was 7.5%
      and occurred in high-risk patients (multiple, bone, lung locations) who had,
      however, an additional and longer course of mebendazole with good results. The
      detachment of membranes and the increase of internal echoes, observed by means of
      ultrasonography, which was successfully applied to liver and soft tissue sites as
      well as the decrease in blood eosinophils when elevated before therapy, were
      observed to be the most sensitive indicators of early success in the medical
      treatment for hydatid disease, as far as the viability of parasite cysts was
      concerned.

PMID- 2654758
TI  - [The benefits of L-carnitine therapy in essential arterial hypertension with
      diabetes mellitus type II].
AB  - Carnitine is a natural substance essential for the mitochondrial oxidation of
      long-chain fatty acids and therefore regulates the energy metabolism of the
      cells. Tissue carnitine levels are altered under diabetes mellitus or
      hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability
      of L-carnitine therapy in essential hypertension with diabetes mellitus type II.
      A clinical trial was performed in two homogeneous groups with essential
      hypertension and diabetes mellitus type II. L-carnitine was given orally, 2 g
      twice daily, for 45 weeks. In the group of patients treated with L-carnitine in
      comparison with control group cardiac arrhythmias, chiefly extrasystoles, some
      disorders of A-V conduction and some electrocardiographic signs of ischaemia
      stopped or diminished and symptoms, chiefly asthenia, significantly improved. No
      side effects were observed during the treatment. These results show that
      treatment with L-carnitine is useful and well tolerated in patients with
      essential hypertension and diabetes mellitus type II.

PMID- 2654759
TI  - [Inhibition of pancreatic beta-cell secretion during a "glucose-clamp" in
      subjects with acanthosis nigricans].
AB  - It has long been known that acanthosis nigricans is accompanied by insulin
      resistance. In certain insulin-resistant states, including obesity, a more
      sluggish response to the insulin/insulin inhibition feedback normally present in
      pancreatic beta cells has been documented. Some have claimed a sort of beta-cell
      insulin resistance "parallel" to that of the peripheral tissues. The present
      study assesses the efficiency of the insulin/insulin feedback in acanthosis
      nigricans patients, measuring the inhibition of the production of C-peptide (the
      indicator of beta cell secretion) induced by the administration of exogenous
      insulin during glucose clamping. This was done in order to compare the roles of
      the peripheral tissues and the beta cells in producing the insulin resistance
      typical of acanthosis nigricans. The study using the glucose-insulin clamp
      technique was conducted on 4 Acanthosis Nigricans patients with normal glucose
      tolerance and 4 healthy controls, the drop in C-peptide levels after the
      administration of exogenous insulin being assessed in the course of both steady
      states. The results showed that the acanthosis nigricans patients retained a beta
      cell response to the exogenous insulin through their peripheral tissues presented
      a reduced sensitivity to insulin as revealed by the glucose-insulin clamp. It
      therefore seems reasonable to attribute the endocrine metabolic alteration found
      in Acanthosis Nigricans to a peripheral receptor and/or post receptor alteration
      rather than central alterations in the beta cells that have yet to be
      demonstrated. It is concluded that in acanthosis nigricans the peripheral insulin
      resistance is primarily independent phenomenon and not "parallel" to
      insulin/insulin feedback.

PMID- 2654760
TI  - [The efficacy of echography in the diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma].
AB  - The preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma of the gallbladder is very difficult
      because the clinical manifestations of this disease are nonspecific and often
      indistinguishable from those of cholecystitis. Radiography, including oral
      cholecystograms and i.v. cholangiograms, give aspecific findings. Ultrasound
      scans were performed on 13 gallbladder carcinomas: only "massive" cancer was
      diagnosed correctly, because sonography does not offer specific patterns for
      "infiltrating" and "fungating" carcinomas.

PMID- 2654762
TI  - [Pharmacologic prevention of deep postoperative venous thrombosis in general
      surgery].
AB  - The most commonly used pharmacological aids employed in the prevention of
      peroperative deep venous thrombosis in general surgery are reviewed in brief. The
      probable action mechanisms, recommended doses, laboratory parameters to be
      monitored, side-effects, contraindications and effectiveness shown in the main
      clinical trials carried out are illustrated.

PMID- 2654761
TI  - [Allergic bronchial asthma: an evaluation of immunofluorescence technics on
      bronchial biopsies].
AB  - Although the immunofluorescence technique has mostly been applied to renal
      diseases, it may be of use in the examination of lung tissue. Immunofluorescence
      tests on bronchial bioptic samples can show: 1) presence of IgE, IgA, IgM, IgG
      and complement factors; 2) their location on the bronchial mucosa; 3) their
      relationships with epithelioid cells, mast cells and plasma cells. Patients with
      atopic asthma were examined. Bioptic samples were taken from the main bronchi and
      treated by immunofluorescence. Cellular positivity was found for IgE, IgA, IgM
      and complement components.

PMID- 2654763
TI  - [An association of diabetic bullosis and diabetic neuropathy. A clinical case
      report].
AB  - A case of bullosis diabeticorum, a rare complication of diabetes whose genesis is
      not yet clear is reported. In the present case, the complication was associated
      with marked somatic and autonomic neuropathic impairment.

PMID- 2654764
TI  - Mesencephalic dopamine innervation of the frontoparietal (sensorimotor) cortex of
      the rat: a microdialysis study.
AB  - Results obtained in a study using an in vivo microdialysis technique show that
      dopamine is detected in perfusates collected from the frontoparietal
      (sensorimotor) cortex of control rats (dopamine = 0.7 +/- 0.2 nM, n = 10) or of
      rats with cortical lesions produced by the neurotoxin kainic acid (0.9 +/- 0.2
      nM, n = 4). However, cortical dopamine levels were strongly reduced (0.07 +/-
      0.06 nM, n = 4) following deafferentation induced by mesencephalic 6
      hydroxydopamine injection. Dopamine levels, but not its metabolites could be
      increased by local KCl application, supporting the idea that extracellular
      dopamine collected by microdialysis reflects a pool of releasable
      neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2654765
TI  - Autoradiographic visualization of the binding sites for [125I]endothelin in rat
      and human brain.
AB  - Putative receptors for endothelin were localised autoradiographically in frozen
      sections of rat and human brain using [125I]endothelin as a ligand. In the rat
      brain the highest densities were in the granular layer of the cerebellum, choroid
      plexus, hippocampus, and habenular nucleus. Similar brain high densities were
      found in the human cerebellum and hippocampus. The non-vascular pattern of
      distribution suggests that endothelin may have a function as a modulator of
      neuronal function in addition to its possible involvement in the regulation of
      vascular tone.

PMID- 2654766
TI  - Interpretation of data on dietary intake.
AB  - Although this discussion has focused on the interpretation of dietary data,
      assuming that it is representative of actual and usual intake and that the
      nutrient analysis based on it involved the use of up-to-date food composition
      tables, the readers should be sensitive to other potential sources of error or
      bias in obtaining information on food and/or nutrient intake. These include
      errors due to irregularity of food consumption, under- or overreporting of
      intake, errors in reporting either the amount or the description of the food
      consumed, recording errors on the part of the interviewer or coding errors on the
      part of the coder, limitations in the tables of food composition due to missing
      data for certain nutrients in certain foods or to biologic variability in the
      same foods from different sources or in those marketed under different
      conditions, imputed values, the unknown composition of formulated foods or foods
      prepared from home or commercial recipes, differences in bioavailability of
      nutrients as a function of the diet, or the use of abridged tables of food
      composition. In spite of the many unresolved issues relating to dietary standards
      and the interpretation of dietary intake data, we are still able to make a
      reasonable assessment of dietary adequacy of groups and individuals with our
      current system, which is viewed as a unique federal resource. It is hoped that
      the eventual passage of the National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research
      Act will provide both the impetus and the resources to permit us to develop a
      more sophisticated system for assessing both food intake and nutritional status.

PMID- 2654767
TI  - Lack of adverse reactions to iron-fortified formula.

PMID- 2654768
TI  - Cholesterol levels in childhood as determinants of adult cholesterol levels.

PMID- 2654769
TI  - The Journal of clinical Investigation, Volume 41, 1962: iron absorption. IV. The
      absorption of hemoglobin iron.
AB  - The absorption of radioiron in rabbit hemoglobin, hemin, and ferritin has been
      compared to that of ferrous salt in healthy volunteers and in subjects with iron
      deficiency anemia. At a dosage level of 5 mg elemental iron, hemoglobin iron was
      as well or better absorbed than ferrous salts in the normal subject. Absorption
      of hemoglobin iron increased less, however, in the iron-depleted or iron
      deficient subject. In contrast to the absorption of ferrous salts, that of
      hemoglobin iron was not decreased by food or by phytate nor increased by ascorbic
      acid. The absorption of hemin iron was also not decreased by food. Iron absorbed
      from hemoglobin appeared in the plasma later than that from ferrous salts, but
      was found to be similarly dialyzable at acid pH with EDTA. These findings suggest
      that iron in heme complexes is absorbed as a porphyrin complex without conversion
      to the free ionized form. It is further apparent that there is less effective
      mucosal regulation of absorption of iron in this form. Finally, the present
      hypothesis of iron absorption based on the behavior of iron salts is not adequate
      for all types of food iron.

PMID- 2654770
TI  - Parallel mechanisms of iron uptake by cells.

PMID- 2654771
TI  - Effect of vitamin A deficiency in rats on glycosylation of glycoproteins.

PMID- 2654772
TI  - Insulin activation of adipocyte lipoprotein lipase.

PMID- 2654773
TI  - Regulation of the gene expression of a glycolytic enzyme in the Zucker rat.

PMID- 2654774
TI  - The impact of food intake and exercise on energy expenditure.
AB  - Food intake and physical exercise affect two components of energy expenditure,
      resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF). Classic
      studies of overfeeding and underfeeding clearly showed that caloric deficit and
      surfeit conditions alter RMR. Recent work on short-term overfeeding of
      monozygotic twins provides new evidence that genetic factors influence individual
      sensitivity to changes in RMR and TEF when caloric excess is present. Exercise
      affects energy expenditure during nonactive times; acute bouts of vigorous
      exercise may result in increased RMR, and this effect appears most pronounced in
      the first 12 h after exercise. Acute exercise may potentiate the thermic effects
      of food when they are taken together, and high levels of exercise training may
      increase RMR. Thus, physical exercise appears to play an important role in the
      regulation of energy balance by way of its direct energy cost and its influence
      on RMR and TEF.

PMID- 2654775
TI  - The New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 213, 1935: The energy requirement in
      strenuous muscular exercise.

PMID- 2654776
TI  - Protein thiols and alpha-tocopherol in chemical cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2654777
TI  - Regulation of lipoprotein lipid transfer by unesterified cholesterol.
AB  - Elevated lipoprotein unesterified cholesterol altered differentially the transfer
      of cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols. This resulted in increased mass
      transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to VLDL coupled with an equimolar
      transfer of triacylglycerol from VLDL to HDL.

PMID- 2654778
TI  - Effect of retinoids on growth and differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells.
AB  - Physiologic concentrations of retinyl palmitate bound to chylomicron remnants
      induced differentiation and inhibited proliferation in a cell line of leukemic
      cells in culture.

PMID- 2654779
TI  - A role for biotin in bone growth.
AB  - Biotin deficiency in chicks changed the leg-bone modeling pattern. The mid
      diaphyseal cortex was thickest medially instead of laterally as in normal chicks.
      Furthermore, periosteal bone appositional and bone formation rates were reduced
      in tibiotarsi of biotin-deficient chicks.

PMID- 2654780
TI  - Think twice ... about insulin administration.

PMID- 2654781
TI  - Martha E. Rogers: a birthday celebration.

PMID- 2654782
TI  - Martha E. Rogers: a life history.
AB  - The 20th century in nursing has focused heavily on theory development. While
      theorizing about nursing--what it is, and what it is not--can be traced back to
      Nightingale, Martha E. Rogers' An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of
      Nursing (1970) marked the advent of a new era in nursing science. With a view of
      nursing as a "learned profession," this landmark work staked out a substantive
      knowledge base for the discipline. The science of unitary human beings proposed
      by Rogers was a radical departure from all that had come before and is seen by
      many as pioneering the beginning of a paradigmatic shift within the profession.
      The purpose of this inquiry is to document the self-described events across the
      life span of Martha E. Rogers that she perceived as having influenced the
      development of the science of unitary human beings. A life history approach is
      utilized and the data are organized chronologically. This life story of Martha E.
      Rogers is essential to the current and future understanding of the evolution of
      the culture of nursing. Likewise, more is learned about the nature and process of
      theory development.

PMID- 2654783
TI  - A Rogerian view of drug abuse: implications for nursing.
AB  - Drug abuse and the concept of addiction are explored utilizing Martha E. Rogers'
      conceptual system of unitary human beings, resulting in a novel and thought
      provoking view of this health behavior. Following an overview of Rogers'
      concepts, principles, and theories, the example of the heroin addict is reviewed,
      conceptualizing the addict as a high-frequency, diverse human energy field
      integral with a low-frequency, impoverished environmental field. Drug use
      provides an alternative way to participate in the mutual process. The drug "high"
      is conceptualized as providing a means to increase one's awareness of the four
      dimensional nature of reality. The integral nature of human and environment is
      illustrated with examples of increasing diversity in each due to human drug use.
      Addiction is discussed as are other aspects of the environmental field. Finally,
      nursing interventions at the individual and environmental levels are presented.

PMID- 2654784
TI  - Parathyroid imaging with thallium-201 subtraction scintigraphy: a report of 33
      cases.
AB  - Thallium-201 subtraction scintigraphy has been used in Wellington Hospital for
      preoperative localisation of parathyroid adenomas since 1984. The technique wa
      audited by comparing the scan reports with the outcome at operation in 33
      patients, 30 of whom underwent a primary exploration. In our unselected patients
      we found the technique to have poor sensitivity (45.4%) with a high false
      positive rate (21%). There was no difference in the mean size of the glands
      correctly identified compared to those that were missed. Our experience has led
      us to believe that thallium-201 subtraction scintigraphy has not lived up to its
      early promise and is not a useful technique for routine preoperative localisation
      of parathyroid adenomas.

PMID- 2654785
TI  - Transrectal ultrasound used in office practice to aid in the diagnosis of
      carcinoma of the prostate.
AB  - Transrectal ultrasound and TRUS-guided needle biopsy was studied in office
      practice to detect prostate cancer in men with palpably irregular prostates or
      elevated tumor markers (PAP/PSA). Of 330 men examined, 118 had TRUS biopsy: 33
      were positive for adenocarcinoma, 13 were small volume, low stage lesions treated
      by R.R.P. Twenty-eight percent of all patients biopsied had adenocarcinoma: 11%
      (13) had low volume, low stage disease potentially curable by radical surgery,
      representing 4% of the total studied. TRUS in combination with markers does aid
      in the diagnosis of low stage prostatic adenocarcinoma. It is a practical,
      useful, office-based urologic procedure.

PMID- 2654786
TI  - Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and low-dose
      cytosine arabinoside in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. A pilot study.
AB  - In a pilot study, five patients with myelodysplastic syndromes with an excess of
      blast cells were treated with a combination of recombinant human granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and low-dose cytosine-arabinoside
      (ara-C) in an attempt to selectively kill the leukemic blast cells and thereby to
      restore normal hemopoiesis. The treatment schedule consisted of three 14-day
      cycles of 250 micrograms/m2 rhGM-CSF and 20 mg/m2 ara-C given daily s.c. with
      four-week treatment-free intervals. In all four evaluable patients the percentage
      of bone marrow blast cells decreased significantly with an increase in the mature
      myeloid cells but without bone marrow aplasia. Toxic side effects attributable to
      the drugs were minor with fever, mild bone pain, erythema and itching at the site
      of subcutaneous injection of rhGM-CSF. In conclusion, the combined therapy of
      rhGM-CSF and low-dose ara-C appears to be effective in the short-term control of
      the leukemic cell population.

PMID- 2654787
TI  - GM-CSF treatment in aplasia after cytotoxic therapy.
AB  - GM-CSF was used to overcome fatal myelosuppression after cytotoxic chemotherapy.
      Two different application modalities were compared: a continuous 24 h infusion
      was more effective compared to a 30 min short term infusion. Using the former
      modality at a dose of 10 micrograms/kg/d for five days very impressive responses
      were observed. No major side effects did occur. The first 13 patients treated in
      this way included 8 AML cases. Only one of these latter patients had a leukemia
      relapse. However, in this patient the immediate GM-CSF response was clearly
      separated from the relapse occurring later in the observation period. Thus, the
      preliminary results of the present paper suggest that GM-CSF besides of being
      very efficient in accelerating granulocyte recovery does not stimulate the growth
      of AML blasts in vivo in patients with only minimal residual disease.

PMID- 2654788
TI  - VMCP chemotherapy with or without interferon-alpha-2 in newly diagnosed patients
      with multiple myeloma.
AB  - Fifty-two previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma were randomized to
      either a combination of recombinant interferon (rIFN) alpha-2 and chemotherapy or
      chemotherapy alone. Patients were treated with vincristine, melphalan,
      cyclophosphamide and prednisolone every 4-6 weeks. In the combined treatment arm
      rIFN was administered concurrently with chemotherapy as well as during
      chemotherapy free intervals. The combined regimen effected 17/21 (80.9%)
      responses as compared to 19/27 (70.4%) responses in VMCP treated patients.
      Addition of rIFN to chemotherapy did not enhance hematologic toxicity. These
      findings suggest a somewhat higher rate of objective response in the VPMC + rIFN
      group, although a significant improvement in median survival by adding rIFN to
      conventional first line polychemotherapy in myeloma patients has not yet been
      achieved.

PMID- 2654789
TI  - Simultaneous chemo-radiotherapy with 5-FU/folinic acid/cis-platinum and
      accelerated split-course radiation in advanced head and neck cancer.
AB  - In a clinical phase-II trial, 62 previously untreated patients suffering from
      unresectable stage III (4 patients) and IV (56 patients) squamous cell carcinoma
      of the head and neck were treated with a simultaneous chemoradiotherapy
      consisting of a 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid/cis-platinum combination and of an
      accelerated split-course radiotherapy. As results, 3 patients died from tumor
      arrosion bleeding during the treatment. The median follow-up time of the
      surviving patients is 27+ months (range 18-44 months). Forty-eight out of 62
      patients (77%) achieved complete remission, and 11/62 patients (18%) partial
      remission. Presently, 32 patients (52%) are without evidence of disease. The
      actuarial 3-year overall survival rate (Kaplan-Meier method) out of 62 patients
      is 53%. The actuarial disease-free survival and local tumor control rates at 3
      years are 58% and 72%. Toxicity on oral mucosa was severe but tolerable, bone
      marrow depression was marked but not life-threatening. In conclusion, this
      combined simultaneous modality approach is highly effective in locally advanced
      head and neck cancer. It appears to provide superior survival and local control
      rates as compared to conventional radiotherapy or sequential chemo-radiotherapy.

PMID- 2654790
TI  - Age related randomized comparison of sequentially applied high-dose versus
      intermediate dose cytosine arabinoside in combination with mitoxantrone (S-HAM)
      in the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia: study design
      and preliminary results.
AB  - In a prospective randomized trial, the pending question was addressed whether
      Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) should be applied at high or intermediate dose to
      patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Based upon the
      previously established regimen of the sequential application of Ara-C and
      Mitoxantrone (S-HAM) patients below 60 years of age were randomized to receive
      Ara-C at either 3.0 g/m2 vs 1.0 g/m2 per dose while older patients were randomly
      assigned to either 1.0 g/m2 or 0.5 g/m2 Ara-C. At the present early stage 51
      patients have entered the study and 37 are currently evaluable for response and
      toxicity. Complete remissions were achieved in 14 of 28 patients below 60 years
      of age and in 3 of 8 older cases. Predominant side effects consisted of nausea
      and vomiting, diarrhea and stomatitis. Further recruitment of patients and longer
      follow-up is required for the assessment of the various treatment arms.

PMID- 2654791
TI  - Amsacrine, cytarabine and thioguanine (AAT) versus daunorubicin, cytarabine,
      thioguanine (DAT) in adults with untreated acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia
      (ANLL). Austrian-German results.
AB  - 69 patients (median age 53 years, 19-79 years old) with untreated acute non
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) were randomized to receive either a regimen of
      amsacrine, cytarabine, thioguanine (AAT) or daunorubicin, cytarabine, thioguanine
      (DAT). AAT consisted of amsacrine 200 mg/m2/day x 5, thioguanine 100 mg/m2/12 h
      p.o. x 10; DAT was daunorubicin 50 mg/m2/day x 3, cytarabine 200 mg/m2/day x 5,
      thioguanine 100 mg/m2/12 h p.o. x 10. After one or two induction courses the
      patients subsequently received 2 consolidation courses. 17 patients were not
      assessable for response to therapy due to exitus during induction treatment.
      Complete remission could be obtained in 14/24 (58%) of DAT patients respectively.
      Patients less than 60 years of age achieved CR in 63% (AAT) vs 65% (DAT), whereas
      patients greater than or equal to 60 years obtained a CR in 50% (AAT) vs 13%
      (DAT). Toxicity appears not to be increased significantly with amsacrine. These
      data indicate that amsacrine could replace daunorubicin in remission induction
      regimens of ANLL containing cytosin arabinoside and thioguanine without
      decreasing the response rate.

PMID- 2654792
TI  - Chlorpromazine and dexamethasone versus high-dose metoclopramide and
      dexamethasone in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy, particularly cis
      platinum: a prospective randomized crossover study.
AB  - Sixty-nine patients with malignant tumors receiving cancer chemotherapy, 90%
      including cis-platinum, were evaluated in a randomized crossover study for the
      antiemetic efficacy and the side effects of two antiemetic regimens:
      chlorpromazine (CPM) 2.5 mg/kg in 5 doses plus dexamethasone (DXM) 0.2 mg/kg in 2
      doses, and high-dose metoclopramide (HD-MCP) 10 mg/kg in 5 doses plus the same
      dose of DXM. In 69% of 173 courses of chemotherapy, antiemetic response was
      achieved, and in 26% emesis was completely prevented. There was no statistical
      difference in the response to the antiemetic regimens, but 65% of the patients
      who completed 3 courses of chemotherapy preferred HD-MCP plus DXM. The main side
      effects of the treatment were drowsiness, nervousness, diarrhea and
      extrapyramidal reactions. HD-MCP plus DXM is recommended as a first line
      antiemetic treatment in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Patients
      resistant to this treatment should receive CPM plus DXM treatment.

PMID- 2654793
TI  - [Kinetic aspects of follicle development in the rat].
AB  - The eighth and ninth generations of follicle growth in rats represent a turning
      point in development. This stage is characterized by establishing a complete
      regulatory control based on feedback in follicle development. The feedback
      between follicles and gonadotropin secretion regulates a number of follicles
      maturing for ovulation. Gonadotropins seem to play a permissive, and not a
      directive part in regulation of follicle development in the eighth and ninth
      generations. By this stage of development, possibilities for theca and granule
      cells become sharply limited. Whereas expression of many maturation features may
      be hastened or hindered by changes in hormonal status, the result of development
      cannot be changed. Although only last generations of theca and granule cells
      exhibit mature functional features, their precursors seem to become committed to
      a single direction of development at early stages of follicle development.
      Neither the stage when precursor cells become irreversibly committed to
      differentiation into granule or theca cells, neither regulatory factors which
      determine this process have been identified yet. We suppose that precursor cells
      become committed to thecal tissue compartment when the follicle is at a
      primordial stage of development. Precursors of all the follicle components may
      already be assembled into one unit by the beginning of follicle growth.
      Accumulation of sufficient number of precursor cells around the primordial
      follicle may serve as a signal for follicle growth initiation. We think that the
      understanding of follicle postnatal growth and development should be based on
      understanding of origins, destiny, and possibilities of cells which form ovary
      and its compartments. First generations of follicle growth seem to be most
      promising for future research.

PMID- 2654794
TI  - Review of dichoptic color mixing.
AB  - Dichoptic color mixing has been a controversial issue for nearly two centuries.
      The first dispute arose from the fact that dichoptic color mixtures occur only
      under certain conditions. A later controversy arose over the implications of
      dichoptic color mixtures to color vision theories. The present consensus is that
      dichoptic color mixtures occur under conditions which apparently minimize
      chromatic differences between the two monocular impressions. However, dichoptic
      mixtures do not match the corresponding monoptic mixtures. Dichoptic mixtures
      appear dimmer, and if a green light is mixed with either a red or violet light,
      then the dichoptic mixture appears greener relative to the monoptic mixture.

PMID- 2654795
TI  - A retrospective study of advancement genioplasty.
AB  - This study examined the immediate and postsurgical changes in the hard and soft
      tissues of the chin after advancement genioplasty by means of oblique osteotomy
      of the mandibular symphysis. Twenty-three patients who had undergone this
      procedure were evaluated cephalometrically for up to 6 months after surgery. The
      results indicated that the position of the genial segment is stable after
      advancement. There was a good correlation between the amount of hard versus soft
      tissue change with surgery in the horizontal direction but a poor correlation in
      the vertical plane. There was, however, a great amount of variability from one
      patient to the next in most of the variables examined. Follow-up results were
      generally very stable.

PMID- 2654796
TI  - The effects of continuous passive motion on the temporomandibular joint after
      surgery. Part I. Appliance design and fabrication.
AB  - The application of continuous passive motion (CPM) to synovial joints immediately
      after orthopedic surgery stimulates the regeneration of articular tissue,
      eliminates adhesions, prevents joint stiffness, reduces pain, and is well
      tolerated by patients. This article reviews the development of CPM in animal
      studies and its subsequent clinical applications to patients after orthopedic
      surgery. It seems likely that CPM applied to the temporomandibular joint after
      surgery would result in similar advantages to patients. We identify the criteria
      for the function, patient acceptability, and safety of a CPM appliance to be used
      on the temporomandibular joint. The first prototype is described and redesigned
      in a second model that meets the necessary criteria for testing on patients.

PMID- 2654797
TI  - Dental aspects of hypophosphatasia: a case report, family study, and literature
      review.
AB  - The classic oral features of hypophosphatasia, namely, premature tooth loss and
      large pulp spaces, were found in a young adult woman with bone and joint pains. A
      study of 22 family members revealed several with dental abnormalities such as
      abnormal enamel, dentin, or cementum formation, decreased mandibular bone
      density, and abnormally large pulp spaces. Only the propositus' sister fulfilled
      the biochemical criteria for hypophosphatasia. Biochemical examination of an
      extracted tooth from this sister showed phosphate and alkaline phosphatase values
      that were 7 to 10 times lower than normal and reduced concentrations of the
      essential cofactors Zn++ and Co++. The spectrum of dental abnormalities is
      reviewed. This family study reveals that enamel hypoplasia, increased pulp
      spaces, and premature tooth loss are present not only in the deciduous but also
      in the permanent dentition. These findings should draw the dentist's attention to
      this condition.

PMID- 2654798
TI  - Granulomatous cheilitis. A review and report of a case.
AB  - The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a rare triad of unilateral facial
      paralysis, facial swelling, and fissured tongue; often only two of the components
      are manifest. The occurrence of swollen lips together with the characteristic
      microscopic appearance is called granulomatous cheilitis, which many believe is
      the oligosymptomatic form of MRS. This article reviews the literature on
      granulomatous cheilitis associated with MRS. An unusual case of a swollen upper
      lip together with a fissured tongue, strongly indicating the oligosymptomatic
      manifestations of MRS, is presented.

PMID- 2654799
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - During the last 10 years, there has been considerable progress in the knowledge
      of epidermolysis bullosa, which has led to recognition of at least 18 different
      varieties. This review article attempts to classify these varieties and to
      emphasize the orodental findings in patients with epidermolysis bullosa.

PMID- 2654800
TI  - Temporomandibular joint arthrography: a comparison between a fluoroscopic and a
      nonfluoroscopic technique.
AB  - A nonfluoroscopic temporomandibular joint arthrographic technique is contrasted
      with a more widely employed fluoroscopically guided technique. The
      nonfluoroscopic technique uses a posterior approach to joint injection, as
      contrasted with the lateral injection approach of the fluoroscopically guided
      technique. The advantages of the nonfluoroscopic technique are less radiation
      dose to the patient, less expensive and less sophisticated imaging equipment, and
      less potential for neurovascular trauma. The fluoroscopic technique offers
      greater control of the procedure, less patient and operator time, and the
      capability for a dynamic videofluoroscopic study. Both techniques appear to be
      safe and efficacious. Differences in anatomy, imaging modalities, patient
      radiation exposure, and potential complications are also discussed as part of
      this comparison.

PMID- 2654801
TI  - Use of meta-analysis to evaluate tolonium chloride in oral cancer screening.
AB  - This study used meta-analysis, an analytical technique that uses raw data from
      previous researchers, to estimate the efficacy of screening for oral cancer with
      tolonium chloride (TCl). TCl, a vital blue dye, selectively stains acid tissue
      components such as DNA and RNA and has been used for more than 20 years by
      surgeons to identify suspected cancerous lesions. It has not been routinely used
      by dentists to screen either general or high-risk populations. Sensitivity and
      specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values for the TCl test,
      were calculated. Sensitivity of TCl ranged from 97.8% to 93.5%, and specificity
      ranged from 92.9% to 73.3%. It was determined that if TCl is used to screen high
      risk populations, the likelihood of a false negative finding is extremely low,
      whereas false positive results will be relatively numerous. However, given the
      high sensitivity of the test, the absolute number of false positive tests will be
      small. Further analysis is needed to evaluate the economic costs of false
      positives and false negatives, versus the value of identifying true positives at
      an early stage.

PMID- 2654802
TI  - Dens evaginatus. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Dens evaginatus is a disturbance in tooth formation that produces a tubercle of
      hard tissue on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth. This unusual condition occurs
      most frequently in Oriental persons and is relatively uncommon in the western
      hemisphere. The tubercle, which often contains pulp tissue, can cause alterations
      in occlusion; pulpal and periapical inflammation are common sequelae of attrition
      or fracture of the evagination. Although teeth with necrotic pulps require
      extraction or endodontic therapy, prophylactic pulp capping is recommended for
      vital teeth. This case report of a 24-year-old Chinese-Canadian woman with three
      affected teeth demonstrates the clinical consequences of dens evaginatus.

PMID- 2654803
TI  - [Finger injuries caused by the ring].

PMID- 2654804
TI  - [Experimental study of wound-healing effect of the preparation "Aekol"
      (artificial sea buckthorn oil)].
AB  - The author presents the data of her own experimental studies devoted to the
      investigation of specific wound-healing effect of the new medicinal preparation
      "Aekol". The author proves that like its prototype, native, sea-buckthorn oil,
      aekol is indicated for application at the second stage of the wound process as a
      stimulant of reparative processes. Besides, the drug possesses antiinflammatory
      effect. Objectivization of the principal points of the article was performed by
      means of numeral moterial obtained in immunological, biochemical and
      morphological experimental studies.

PMID- 2654805
TI  - [Treatment of dislocation of the acromial end of the clavicle with figure-8
      buried transosseous suture by the A.M. Mizin method].

PMID- 2654806
TI  - [Remote results of the treatment of habitual shoulder dislocation by a modified
      method].

PMID- 2654807
TI  - [Are reconstructive operations possible in cases of injuries of the spinal
      cord?].

PMID- 2654808
TI  - Detection of proto-oncogenes in the genome of the amphibian Xenopus laevis.
AB  - The Xenopus laevis genome was probed by Southern Blot analysis for the presence
      of sequences homologous to mammalian or avian proto-oncogenes. Hybridization
      conditions were strictly defined with a known proto-oncogene to detect a positive
      signal with DNA sequences having at least 60 to 64% homology. In such conditions
      thirteen genes representing different oncogene families exhibited positive
      hybridizations with specific DNA restriction fragments. Members of the protein
      kinase oncogene family were detected including abl, erbB, fes, fms, ros, raf and
      mos. Ets, rel, and the steroid hormone related receptor erbA also gave positive
      signals with specific Xenopus DNA fragments. Proto-oncogenes raf and the ras
      family, N-ras, H-ras and c-ral, gave the strongest hybridizations and the signals
      remained positive in high stringency wash conditions. This study confirms the
      relative conservation of these genes during evolution and opens the possibility
      of studying their role in one of the best characterized systems of embryonic
      development.

PMID- 2654809
TI  - Inhibition of myogenic differentiation by the H-ras oncogene is associated with
      the down regulation of the MyoD1 gene.
AB  - Skeletal muscle development is regulated by a complex series of genetic and
      environmental cues that control the establishment of the myogenic lineage and the
      differentiation of determined myoblasts. Numerous agents, including growth
      factors and oncogene products, have been shown to inhibit skeletal muscle
      development, possibly by affecting the pattern of signal transduction that is
      required for myogenesis. Among the eukaryotic G proteins that have been
      implicated as mediators of signal transduction are the protein products of the
      mammalian ras genes (p21s). In this study, we demonstrate that expression of a
      transfected, oncogenic, human H-ras gene in C3H10T1/2-derived myoblasts has
      dramatic, yet varied, effects on skeletal myogenesis. While some H-ras
      transformed myoblast clones are differentiation-defective, other clones are
      inhibited from morphologically differentiating but retain a limited ability to
      biochemically differentiate. The H-ras induced inhibition of differentiation
      usually is associated with a decreased expression of the myogenic determination
      gene, MyoD1. Introduction of a MyoD1 cDNA expression vector into differentiation
      defective H-ras expressing myoblasts partially restores the myogenic potential in
      these cells. Our results suggest that activated H-ras p21 inhibits the terminal
      differentiation of myoblasts by producing a general reduction in the
      differentiation competence of cells which, in the most extreme case, is a
      consequence of the down-regulation of the MyoD1 determination gene.

PMID- 2654810
TI  - Activation of oncogenes in human oral cancer cells: a novel codon 13 mutation of
      c-H-ras-1 and concurrent amplifications of c-erbB-1 and c-myc.
AB  - By NIH3T3 transfection assay in conjunction with in vitro transient neomycin
      selection, activated c-H-ras-1 oncogenes were detected in two squamous cell
      carcinoma cell lines, ZA and HOC-313, newly established from human oral cancer
      patients. ZA had a point mutational activation at the 13th codon, this activation
      of c-H-ras-1 being novel in human cancer cells, while HOC-313 appeared to have an
      activation at the 12th codon. In ZA, 16- to 32-fold amplification of the EGF
      receptor gene, c-erbB-1 and a few-fold amplification of c-myc were detected. The
      significance of these findings is discussed in relation to multistep
      carcinogenesis in human cells.

PMID- 2654811
TI  - Structure of a mammalian c-rel protein deduced from the nucleotide sequence of
      murine cDNA clones.
AB  - The avian retrovirus, rev-T, which carries the viral oncogene v-rel, causes an
      acute leukemia in birds and transforms immature lymphoid cells in vitro. Although
      the role of c-rel in normal cells is unknown, homology with the Drosophila gene
      dorsal, which is involved in determining embryonic dorsal-ventral polarity,
      raises the possibility that c-rel in vertebrates may play a role in
      differentiation. As a step towards understanding its role in mammalian cells, we
      have characterized the coding domain of the 7.5 kb murine c-rel mRNA by isolating
      cDNA clones that span its entire coding domain and part of the 5' and 3'
      untranslated regions. The nucleotide sequence reported here indicates that murine
      c-rel encodes a 588 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of
      66 kd. The murine protein shares homology with avian v-rel and dorsal over a 300
      amino acid stretch within the amino terminus, while the carboxyl terminal regions
      of these proteins diverge completely. This suggests that the conserved domain of
      the rel related family of proteins performs a common function that is modulated
      by the carboxyl terminal domain.

PMID- 2654812
TI  - Chromosomal location of N-myc and L-myc genes in the mouse.
AB  - The myc family of proto-oncogenes consists of at least three members, whose
      expression is tightly and co-ordinately regulated. The genes are nevertheless
      dispersed to three distinct chromosomal sites in humans. We have now used somatic
      cell genetics and the analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) to identify and chromosomally map two mouse N-myc loci, to chromosomes 12
      and 5, and two L-myc loci, provisionally to chromosomes 4 and 12. The second
      locus in each pair may be a pseudogene.

PMID- 2654813
TI  - Ha-Ras-1 oncogene dosage differentially affects Balb/3T3 cells' growth factor
      requirement and tumorigenicity.
AB  - The effect of EJ-ras oncogene dosage on the phenotype of Balb/3T3 transfectants
      was analyzed with respect to: a) peptide growth factors' requirement; b)
      relaxation of cell cycle control; c) tumorigenic potential. Mouse embryo-derived
      Balb/3T3 cells were transfected with the mutated form of the human c-Ha-ras-1 (EJ
      ras) along with a genetic marker (neo gene). Transfectants displaying high EJ-ras
      expression presented a relaxed cell cycle control, required only insulin to
      initiate DNA synthesis and were highly tumorigenic. On the other hand, low
      expression EJ-ras transfectants required both competence (FGF) and progression
      factors (EGF and insulin) exactly like the parental cells. But, upon serial
      cultivation, these transfectants became fully transformed and highly tumorigenic
      without EJ-ras amplification and/or overexpression. Therefore, low EJ-ras
      expression primes the cells to become tumorigenic but neither overrides the
      cells' requirement for competence growth factor nor deregulates the cell cycle.

PMID- 2654814
TI  - Lymphoproliferative syndrome associated with c-myc expression driven by a class I
      gene promoter in transgenic mice.
AB  - We have produced transgenic mice carrying an H-2K/human c-myc fusion gene. In
      this construct, the human c-myc proto-oncogene expression is driven by the 5'
      flanking sequences (including promoter) of the class I H-2Kb gene, which have
      previously been shown to direct the expression of a marker gene, the human growth
      hormone (hGH), in most tissues of H-2K/hGH transgenic mice. Comparative analysis,
      by S1 nuclease mapping, of the H-2K and human c-myc gene expression in different
      organs of the H-2K/myc mice shows that exogenous c-myc and endogenous H-2K
      expression is found in most organs examined. However, the liver is a notable
      exception, for here c-myc expression is very weak. The exogenous c-myc expression
      is maximal in lymphoid organs of all H-2K/myc transgenic strains. One strain, H
      2K/myc 27, hereditarily develops a lymphoproliferative syndrome which eventually
      leads to death. The H-2K/myc 27 lymphoid tissues are profoundly abnormal: pre-B
      cells as well as mature B cells are underrepresented in the bone marrow but the
      thymus as well as lymph nodes are largely infiltrated by B cells. Moreover, in
      the thymus, the proportions of the different thymic cell populations are altered.
      However, in the other H-2K/myc transgenic strains, even in those expressing a
      comparable or even higher level of myc, no pathology has been observed over a
      period of 20 months. Our results, therefore, demonstrate that constitutive
      enforced c-myc expression might disturb lymphocyte development, but does not
      directly lead to malignancy.

PMID- 2654815
TI  - The kinase activity of the v-fms encoded protein has a low pH optimum.
AB  - The protein encoded by v-fms, the oncogene of the Susan McDonough strain of
      feline sarcoma virus, is a member of the protein tyrosine kinase family. The
      kinase activity of the v-fms encoded protein has been reported to be low compared
      to other members of this enzyme family. We found that the optimal pH in vitro for
      the autophosphorylation of the immunoprecipitated v-fms encoded protein kinase
      activity was about pH 5.0; the activity at this pH was 15-fold higher than at the
      pH (7.4) used in standard kinase assays. The low pH optimum of the kinase
      activity of the v-fms encoded protein was observed when this protein was
      immunoprecipitated with each of four independent polyclonal antisera. v-fms
      proteins from transfected rat, mink or hamster cells all showed the same pH
      optimum for the kinase activity, as did the protein encoded by the feline c-fms
      gene. Autophosphorylation of v-fms in vitro at pH 5.0 occurred exclusively on
      tyrosine residues. Enolase was a substrate for the v-fms encoded protein kinase,
      and the pH profile for phosphorylation of this substrate in vitro paralleled that
      seen for the autophosphorylation of v-fms encoded proteins. The discovery of the
      low pH optimum of the kinase activity exhibited by v-fms proteins may be useful
      for further characterization of this activity in vitro, as well as for phenotypic
      classification of other members of the protein tyrosine kinase family.

PMID- 2654816
TI  - Overexpression of normal human p53 in established fibroblasts leads to their
      tumorigenic conversion.
AB  - Some, but not all, mouse p53 genes are able to cooperate with an activated ras
      oncogene to transform primary cells. Overexpression of what is presumed to be
      wild-type murine p53 is sufficient to confer a tumorigenic phenotype on
      established cell lines. We have investigated the effect of overexpression of
      normal human p53 genes on the growth and morphology of both primary and
      established mouse and rat cells. When plasmids containing functional human p53
      genes under the control of strong viral promoter/enhancer elements were
      transfected into NIH3T3 cells or Rat-1 cells, no gross alterations in cell shape
      or morphology were observed. When stable NIH3T3 transfectants were established by
      co-transfection of the p53 plasmids with pSV2neo and subsequent selection in
      medium containing G418, many of the lines generated exhibited altered growth
      characteristics. While, again, the cells did not form foci above the monolayer
      and were not capable of growing in soft agar, they showed a reduced dependence on
      serum for growth, were able to grow to higher saturation densities, and displayed
      markedly enhanced tumorigenicity when inoculated into nude mice. The expression
      of human p53 in the transfectants was assessed by immunoblotting with a
      monoclonal antibody, PAb1801, which is reactive to human but not mouse p53. There
      was a clear correlation between the extent of p53 overexpression and acquisition
      of the tumorigenic phenotype. None of nine human p53 constructs was capable of
      cooperating with an activated ras oncogene to transform primary cells under
      conditions where a mouse clone, pLTRp53cG, could do so efficiently. None of the
      human p53 constructs was capable of rescuing primary rat cells from senescence.
      Taken together, these data show that overproduction of normal human p53 can
      confer an enhanced tumorigenic phenotype on established fibroblasts and support
      the idea that mutational activation may be necessary for p53 to express its full
      oncogenic potential.

PMID- 2654817
TI  - [Treatment of purulent meningitis in childhood].
AB  - Treatment of bacterial meningitis in children requires the choice of the optimal
      antimicrobial substance: besides the in vitro susceptibility also pharmacokinetic
      parameters (CSF penetration and elimination) have to be considered. A careful
      medical history and a few laboratory tests (gram-stain and antigen determination)
      provide a preliminary bacterial diagnosis within less than one hour. In addition
      to the identification of the causative organism also the determination of the
      number of colony forming units per milliliter CSF is of crucial importance. A
      rapid bacterial cell kill of high numbers of pneumococci, meningococci and
      streptococci group B overwhelms the CSF with endotoxins with rapidly increasing
      cerebral edema. Applying a slowly increasing dosage regimen proved effective in
      preventing this detrimental effects. Supportive therapy e.g. treatment of septic
      shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, cerebral edema and anticonvulsive
      therapy is of paramount importance. Inadequate ADH secretion in the majority of
      patients requires a restricted fluid and electrolyte supplementation. By this
      combined therapeutic approach a remarkable low lethality rate and a low number of
      patients with late sequelae was seen.

PMID- 2654818
TI  - [Therapy problems of Lyme borreliosis].
AB  - The treatment of the various stages of Lyme Borreliosis is discussed in detail:
      for the first stage Phenoxymethylpenicilline or Doxycyclin are to be recommended.
      For the second stage either high dose i.v. Penicillin G or, even better,
      Ceftriaxone 1 g i.v.b.i.d. should be recommended. Due to the high rate of
      treatment failure with Penicillin G in third stage Lyme Borreliosis Ceftriaxone
      has to be given in these instances. A further alternative might be Imipenem i.v.

PMID- 2654819
TI  - [You make the diagnosis. Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis. Grade IV left
      and grade III right vesico-ureteral reflux. Bilateral high-grade reflux
      nephropathy with left atrophic kidney and right focal parenchymal scar].

PMID- 2654820
TI  - [The current treatment concept of Turner syndrome].
AB  - Turner's Syndrome (XO Karyotype or XO/XX mosaicism) affects 1 in 2500 females. It
      results in short stature (mean adult height is about 146 cm), infertility and the
      lack of secondary sexual characteristics. Hormone replacement therapy to develop
      secondary sexual characteristics has been used for years whereas several growth
      promoting agents undergo clinical trials at the moment. Our current management
      for patients with Turner's Syndrome includes the induction of puberty at a bone
      age of 11 to 12 years with low dose oestradiol and the application of
      biosynthetic human growth hormone (hGH) when growth velocity falls below the
      normal range. In our group of previously untreated patients (4.6-14 years) one
      year results of hGH application (12-18 IU/m2/week 7 equal doses sc/week) show a
      clear improvement of growth velocity (3.43 + 0.44 cm/year before therapy versus
      6.2 + 1.14 cm/year after the first year of treatment, p less than 0.001). The
      growth promoting effect of hGH therapy might further be improved by the
      combination with anabolic steroids like oxandrolon.

PMID- 2654821
TI  - Professor Alain B. Rossier, MD, immediate past president and medallist of the
      International Medical Society of Paraplegia: a profile.

PMID- 2654822
TI  - The new neuroanatomy of the spinal cord.
AB  - In the last 2 decades, the application of new techniques in neuroanatomy has led
      to spectacular advances in our knowledge of the structure and function of the
      human spinal cord. In 1988, it is appropriate to review this progress, and I am
      grateful to Sir George Bedbrook and the organisers of the International
      Paraplegia Meeting in Perth, Western Australia, for inviting me to give this
      survey, to which I have given the title 'The New Neuroanatomy of the Spinal
      Cord'.

PMID- 2654823
TI  - The sexuality of spinal cord injured women: physiology and pathophysiology. A
      review.
AB  - After a review of the literature concerning sexuality in spinal cord injured
      women, the authors studied the female paraplegic sexual responses, dependent on
      the different levels of injury, above thoracic 10; between thoracic 10 and
      thoracic 12; and distal to thoracic 12. Allowing for specific sexual differences,
      genito-sexual innervation appears to be analogous in males and in females. Sexual
      behaviour is, above all, determined by several neuro-psychological reactions.
      Pregnancy and delivery are also discussed according to the different levels of
      spinal cord injury. It is noted that the paraplegic mother and the fetus are
      exposed to additional risks during pregnancy. During delivery, two problems are
      considered, autonomous dysreflexia and caesarean section.

PMID- 2654824
TI  - Immunology of human malaria. A cellular perspective.

PMID- 2654825
TI  - The use of radioisotope scans in the evaluation of primary lymphoma of bone.
AB  - Primary lymphoma of bone is a rare lesion comprising less than 5% of all
      malignant primary bone tumors. Because of this rarity, the diagnosis of this
      lesion based on clinical findings and standard radiographic evaluations is
      extremely difficult and may not be entertained until after a biopsy has been
      performed. We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 22 consecutive patients with
      a diagnosis of primary lymphoma of bone (appendicular and axial skeleton) who
      along with standard radiographic evaluations had a technetium 99 bone scan
      performed as part of the preoperative staging process. A characteristic pattern
      demonstrating an increased uptake of intense tracer concentration peripherally
      and a relatively cold central area was seen consistently in all cases. This
      uptake pattern is then reversed with use of a gallium 67 scan. Because of the
      ambiguity of plain radiographs in the evaluation of adult bone lesions,
      radioisotope bone scans should be used as a diagnostic aid in an attempt to
      obtain as much information as possible about the biologic behavior of the bony
      lesion prior to any surgical intervention.

PMID- 2654826
TI  - Unicameral bone cysts. A comparison of treatment options.
AB  - Thirty-two unicameral bone cyst cases from various hospital centers in the San
      Francisco Bay Area were reviewed in order to compare the results of different
      treatment methods. Thirteen of the 32 cysts were latent and 19 were active,
      judged by their proximity to the growth plate. The average age at presentation
      was 8.9 years, and average follow-up was 5.6 years. Fifteen patients were treated
      surgically, 12 were given steroid injections, and five were treated
      nonoperatively. Comparative analysis of these methods supports previous studies
      which show that steroid injections are as effective as surgical intervention
      while having lower morbidity.

PMID- 2654827
TI  - Tumoral calcinosis. Case presentation and review.
AB  - Tumoral calcinosis is a disease of unknown etiology with a greater prevalence
      among blacks, in which subcutaneous calcifications are found around the extensor
      surface of the hip, shoulder, hand and occasionally the knee. They must be
      differentiated from other more common causes of calcification.

PMID- 2654828
TI  - Approaches to senior care #8. Hip fractures in nonagenarians.
AB  - A retrospective review of 56 hip fractures in 52 patients aged 90 years and older
      was performed, looking specifically at perioperative morbidity and mortality, one
      year mortality, and postoperative functional outcome. The one-year mortality rate
      was 46% as compared to 22% in younger individuals. The presence of cerebral
      dysfunction preoperatively proved to be the major risk factor for increased
      mortality. The highest one-year mortality rate was seen in those patients with
      cerebral dysfunction who were ambulators preoperatively, and the lowest mortality
      rate was in nonambulators. Only 25% of functional ambulators preoperatively
      gained a similar level of function postoperatively. Despite these findings, the
      low perioperative mortality and morbidity indicate that operative treatment is
      still the treatment of choice in all nonagenarians with hip fractures, as it
      provides for easier nursing care and maximized functional outcome, with an
      expected 54% one-year survival rate.

PMID- 2654829
TI  - Imaging rounds #99. Luxatio erecta of the left shoulder.

PMID- 2654831
TI  - Historical vignette #10. Medical history in England.

PMID- 2654830
TI  - Team physician #6. Surgical treatment of Achilles tendon rupture.
AB  - The ideal treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures has always been controversial.
      Nonoperative treatment has been criticized for its high rerupture rate and
      surgical treatment has been criticized for its high complication rate. This paper
      describes a surgical method of repair that can be used for acute or late
      ruptures, and has been associated with a low complication and rerupture rate.

PMID- 2654832
TI  - Relations between resistance to chloroquine and acidification of endocytic
      vesicle of Plasmodium berghei.
AB  - In order to visualize low-pH compartments of Plasmodium berghei strains we have
      used a basic congener of dinitrophenol, 3-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-3'-amino-N
      methyldipropylamine (DAMP) which concentrates in acidic compartments, and can be
      detected by immunocytochemistry with anti-dinitrophenol antibodies. We have
      demonstrated that in a P. berghei chloroquine-sensitive strain (N strain), DAMP
      accumulates in the endocytic vacuoles where haemoglobin degradation is occurring.
      These compartments which have recently been shown to concentrate 4-aminoquinoline
      drugs (Moreau, Prensier, Maalla & Fortier, 1986) have an acidic pH. Conversely
      DAMP was found scattered all over the cytoplasm in a P. berghei chloroquine
      resistant strain; the same phenomenon was previously observed (Moreau et al.
      1986) in the localization of a 4-aminoquinoline on this same strain. Monensin
      induced swelling of acidic compartments (Boss & Morre, 1984) was used as a
      complementary method for the determination of low-pH compartments on P. berghei
      strains. All the data reported here suggest that chloroquine resistance in P.
      berghei RC may be related to an impairment in the acidification of endocytic
      vesicles.

PMID- 2654833
TI  - Strongyloides ratti: studies of cutaneous reactions elicited in naive and
      sensitized rats and of changes in surface antigenicity of skin-penetrating
      larvae.
AB  - This study provides the first quantitative assessment of the cutaneous reaction
      elicited in naive and sensitized rats by invading larvae of Strongyloides ratti.
      Parasites were identified in skin samples harvested from both naive and
      sensitized rats between 0.5 and 8 h following percutaneous infection, but were no
      longer visible at the site of invasion at 24 h. Mast cells, neutrophils,
      eosinophils and mononuclear cells recruited into the dermis in response to
      invading larvae were recorded and quantified. Cellular infiltrates were observed
      as early as 1 h post-invasion in naive/challenged skin, where total cell numbers
      were up to 3 times greater than in naive control tissue. Peak numbers of all cell
      types were recorded from 3 to 8 h in both naive/challenged and
      sensitized/challenged hosts. Interestingly, the reaction in sensitized/challenged
      rats was neither enhanced nor accelerated, a feature perhaps attributable to lack
      of recognition of parasite antigens by the host. This possibility was
      investigated by immunofluorescent labelling, which clearly demonstrated changes
      in the surface antigen profile of the parasite following penetration of the host
      skin both in vitro and in vivo. It is proposed that these changes in surface
      antigenicity constitute an evasive stratagem used by the parasite to deter the
      host from mounting a potentially lethal inflammatory response.

PMID- 2654834
TI  - The pathology and biologic behavior of ovarian cancer. An autopsy review.
AB  - 1. Widespread visceral and intestinal wall metastases are present in women dying
      with ovarian cancer. Intestinal wall invasion is commonly found at autopsy and is
      associated with bowel obstruction. Liver parenchymal replacement by metastases in
      more extensive than that in the lung, where most metastases have a subpleural
      location. Multifocality characterizes metastases in both of these organs. 2.
      Neoplastic lymphatic invasion is common. Lymphatic and blood vascular invasion
      are associated with an increased incidence of metastases in lymph nodes, small
      bowel wall, pancreas, lungs, ureter, and liver. 3. The mean survival time from
      diagnosis to death is less than 2 years. Both increasing neoplastic histological
      grade and clinical stage at diagnosis are associated with decreased survival
      time. 4. The most common causes of death are carcinomatosis, infection, or a
      combination of these processes. Sepsis, pneumonia, or both of these account for
      most of the fatal infections. 5. Bowel and ureteral obstruction constitute the
      most common forms of tumor-induced morbidity. The former process tends to be
      multifocal, involving the small and large intestines, and it is found during the
      disease course as well as at autopsy. Ureteral involvement is usually associated
      with hydronephrosis and is bilateral in approximately one fourth of the cases.

PMID- 2654835
TI  - Paget's disease of bone. An update on the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and
      treatment of osteitis deformans.

PMID- 2654836
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration and needle biopsy of the thyroid gland.

PMID- 2654838
TI  - Needle biopsy of primary bone lesions. M.D. Anderson experience.

PMID- 2654837
TI  - Breast lesions in black women.
AB  - A number of studies compared the clinical features and demographic
      characteristics of black and white patients with diseases of the breast. Only a
      few, however, dealt with the pathology of breast lesions. In this study, the
      distribution of breast lesions in blacks and whites (Caucasians) in the
      accessioned material of the AFIP from 1980 to 1983 was described. Additionally,
      the distribution of estrogen and progesterone receptors in a total of 425 black
      patients with breast cancer at Howard University Hospital was studied and the
      results compared with similar data reported in white American women. In the
      period January 1, 1980, to January 1, 1983, there were 380 breast lesions from
      black patients and 3511 comparable lesions from white patients accessioned at the
      AFIP. A total of 159 black women and 1819 white women were diagnosed with
      carcinoma of breast. Black patients had 102 (79 percent) invasive duct
      carcinomas, and white patients had 1112 (78 percent). Black patients with
      invasive duct carcinoma were generally younger than white patients, as 68 percent
      of black patients and 53 percent of white patients were younger than 54 years.
      The difference in age distribution was statistically significant. Lobular
      carcinoma was less common in blacks than in whites. The relative ratio frequency
      of mucinous, medullary, and papillary carcinoma was higher in black women than in
      whites. Tubular carcinoma, however, was more common in whites than in blacks.
      Black patients had a lower incidence of ER-positive tumors and a higher incidence
      of ER-negative tumors compared with published data on white patients.
      Postmenopausal patients were more likely to be ER positive than premenopausal
      patients. Stratification of the data indicated a lower incidence of ER-positive
      and a higher incidence of ER-negative breast cancers in both premenopausal and
      postmenopausal patients compared with published data from institutions with
      predominantly white patient populations. Microscopic examination revealed a
      higher frequency of poorly differentiated carcinomas and fewer well- and
      moderately well-differentiated carcinomas than has been reported for white women
      with the tumor. There was a significant correlation between tumor grade and
      receptor positivity. Well-differentiated carcinomas were more likely ER and PR
      positive than poorly differentiated ones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2654839
TI  - Systemic and isolated vasculitis. A rational approach to classification and
      pathologic diagnosis.

PMID- 2654840
TI  - Amyloidosis presenting in the respiratory tract.

PMID- 2654841
TI  - Liver pathology in diabetes mellitus and morbid obesity. Clinical, pathological,
      and biochemical considerations.

PMID- 2654842
TI  - The ultrastructural pathology of malignant pleural mesothelioma.

PMID- 2654843
TI  - Pathology of AIDS in children.

PMID- 2654844
TI  - Malignant melanoma. A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors.

PMID- 2654845
TI  - [Interaction of insulin with lymphocyte plasma membrane receptors after
      experimental burn injury].
AB  - It was demonstrated in experiments on rats who has suffered from IIIa-IIIb degree
      thermal burns of the skin that changes in the function of the insular apparatus
      are accompanied by transitory diabetes caused by inhibition of insulin secretion
      and disturbance in insulin-receptor interrelations. In the period of stress the
      burn injury (in the first hours after the burn) leads to inhibition of insulin
      production in the animals, while hyperglycemia occurring in the later
      posttraumatic period results from inhibition of the insulin receptor
      interrelations and, evidently, from reduction of the postreceptor insulin action.

PMID- 2654846
TI  - [Hypoglycemic activity of the insulin-heparin complex and conditions for its
      appearance].
AB  - In animals with experimentally induced stable hyperglycemia attended by heparin
      deficiency in the blood, the insulin-heparin complex (the ratio of heparin and
      insulin in the complex was 1:4.7) produces a stronger hypoglycemic effect than
      that of an equivalent dose of insulin. A simple mixture of insulin and heparin
      (in the same ratio) causes an equally strong hypoglycemic effect. In animals with
      experimentally induced stable hyperglycemia without attendant heparin deficiency
      in the blood the hyperglycemic effect of the insulin-heparin complex and the
      mixture of these preparations does not differ from that of an equivalent dose of
      insulin. The results of the study bear evidence that intensification of the
      hypoglycemic effect in administration of insulin with heparin is due to the
      existence of hypoheparinemia, and confirm the concept that for adequate
      manifestation of the hypoglycemic effect of insulin a sufficient concentration of
      heparin is necessary.

PMID- 2654847
TI  - Comparison of conventional and high-frequency ventilation in piglets after lung
      lavage.
AB  - A piglet model of respiratory failure was used to compare airway pressures
      required for adequate gas exchange by a conventional positive pressure ventilator
      (CMV) and a high-frequency pneumatic flow interrupter (HFFI). Twelve newborn
      piglets (age means = 3.8 days and weight means = 1.4 kg) were given saline lung
      lavages after receiving intravenous Ketamine and Pavulon. Femoral and jugular
      vessels were catheterized for measurements of aortic and pulmonary blood
      pressures and gases, cardiac output, hematocrit, glucose and for the infusion of
      fluids. Airway pressures were measured 5 mm above the distal tip of the
      endothracheal tube. Lung lavage resulted in decreased static compliance and a
      twofold increase in pulmonary shunting. Following lavage the animals were kept on
      100% oxygen and randomly assigned to either CMV (30/min) or HFFI (600/min)
      ventilation and thereafter were switched every 30 minutes to the alternate mode.
      Inspiratory duration was 33% of the total respiratory cycle during CMV and 30-50%
      for HFFI. Sixteen pairs of data comparing both ventilator modes were used. Blood
      gases, cardiovascular variables, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, and pulmonary
      shunting were not different with either ventilator. Positive end-expiratory
      pressure (5.3 and 5.6 cm H2O) and mean airway pressure (12.5 and 11.9 cm H2O)
      were equal for CMV and HFFI, respectively. Peak inspiratory pressure was
      significantly lower for HFFI (23.1 +/- 3.7 SD cm H2O) than for CMV (30.4 +/- 5.5
      SD cm H2O). The lower peak inflation pressure required during HFFI ventilation
      may reduce the potential for lung rupture.

PMID- 2654848
TI  - Respiratory syncytial virus alters electrophysiologic properties in cotton rat
      airway epithelium.
AB  - The effect of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection on the
      electrophysiologic properties of the airway epithelium was studied in tracheas
      obtained from cotton rats, after in vivo exposure to the virus. RSV infection was
      documented by tissue culture infectivity and immunofluorescent antibody
      techniques. Light microscopic studies of the tracheas 72 hours after exposure to
      RSV revealed normal epithelial morphology. RSV infection produced a 28% decrease
      in short-circuit current (Isc) and an almost 100% increase in tissue resistance.
      The decrease in Isc was partially attributed to a decrease in Cl secretion, while
      the increase in tissue resistance was associated with significant restriction to
      sodium and chloride movement through the paracellular pathway in RSV-infected
      tracheas. We conclude from these studies that RSV infection in the cotton rat
      trachea produces significant changes in active and passive ion flows. Alterations
      in ion transport across the airway epithelium may result in changes in secondary
      water transport across the airways and may contribute to the pathophysiology of
      RSV bronchiolitis and other locally invasive mucosal viral infections in
      children.

PMID- 2654849
TI  - Bronchodilation from intravenous theophylline in patients with cystic fibrosis:
      results of a blinded placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial.
AB  - Most patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) eventually develop chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease and theoretically could benefit from theophylline therapy. The
      purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacologic response to
      intravenous theophylline by pulmonary function tests (PFT) and the theophylline
      pharmacokinetics in patients with CF. A randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled, crossover trial was conducted in 10 ambulant patients with CF (5
      females, 5 males), aged 11 to 21 years. Each patient received an intravenous dose
      of theophylline and normal saline over 1/2 hour on consecutive days. Spirometry
      and whole-body plethysmography were performed at baseline, 1, 3, 5, and 7 h after
      the theophylline dose, and 10 blood samples were collected over 9 h on both study
      days. The percent change of PFT from the baseline was recorded. Analysis of
      variance for balanced two-period crossover design was used to evaluate the
      effectiveness of theophylline therapy. The serum concentration (Conc.) vs. time
      data were fitted using nonlinear least-squares regression analysis. The
      theophylline dose administered was 7.9 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- SD) mg/kg, which
      produced a maximal Conc. (Cmax) of 14.6 +/- 2.7 microgram/ml. The half-life
      (T1/2), volume of distribution (Vd), and total body clearance (TBC) were 4.9 +/-
      1.9 h, 537 +/- 124 mL/kg, and 80 +/- 16 ml/h/kg, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654850
TI  - Septo-optic-dysplasia-schizencephaly. Radiographic and clinical features.
AB  - The anatomical anomalies that characterize septo-optic-dysplasia (deMorsier
      Syndrome) are variable and often subtle. We report imaging studies of nine
      patients with septo-optic-dysplasia which provide radiologic and ultrasonographic
      clues to this disorder. In addition, we propose that cerebral schizencephaly may
      be a component of the dysmorphogenesis that results in septo-optic-dysplasia.
      Septo-optic-dysplasia-schizencephaly complex is frequently associated with
      endocrinologic, ophthalmologic, and neurologic symptoms and signs.

PMID- 2654851
TI  - Fetal sonography. I. Neural tube defects.

PMID- 2654852
TI  - Dopplersonographic diagnosis of subclavian steal in infants with coarctation of
      the aorta and interrupted aortic arch.
AB  - In two newborns with severe coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch,
      subclavian-steal was shown by angiocardiography. In both children pulsed doppler
      recordings were obtained in the cerebral arteries: normal forward flow during
      systole and diastole could be shown in the anterior cerebral arteries, both
      internal carotid arteries, the basilar artery and the right vertebral artery. In
      the left vertebral artery in both infants a negative flow indicating backflow
      from the brain could be shown. Pulsed doppler sonography of the flow in the
      vertebral arteries is a non invasive method for diagnosis of subclavian steal in
      infants with coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch.

PMID- 2654853
TI  - Pulsed Doppler ultrasound blood flow measurements in the superior mesenteric
      artery of the newborn.
AB  - In 25 healthy newborns transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound measurements (Duplex
      Scan) of flow velocities in the superior mesenteric artery were performed to
      define normal values and to investigate the response of intestinal blood flow to
      feeding. The diameter of the vessel was measured from real-time and M-mode
      imaging: mean value 3.2 mm. The analysis of the flow patterns before and after
      feeding revealed a significant change of the blood flow with increase of the peak
      velocity (Vp) (from 57 +/- 3.1 cm/sec to 97 +/- 11.5 cm/s) and the mean velocity
      (Vm) (from 22 +/- 1.6 cm/s to 41 +/- 4.1 cm/s). The pulsatility index decreased
      from 0.85 in the fasting baby to 0.73  45 min after feeding. The Vm was
      correlated with the post natal age and depended upon the quantity and quality of
      the meals. Neonates when fed only with tea/glucose 5% or small amounts of milk in
      the first 24 h, showed a fasting Vm of about 17-18 cm/s. Neonates older than two
      days who were fed with increasing amounts of milk showed a mean pre feeding Vm of
      30 +/- 3.8 cm/s.

PMID- 2654854
TI  - Sonographic evaluation of superior mesenteric vascular relationship in
      malrotation.
AB  - We report sonographic demonstration of abnormal and characteristic superior
      mesenteric vascular anatomy in three cases of surgically proved intestinal
      malrotation. Sonographic screening examinations of children with abdominal pain
      should include an evaluation of the superior mesenteric vessels.

PMID- 2654855
TI  - Glomerulocystic renal disease: ultrasound appearances.
AB  - Renal and hepatic sonography were performed in 2 neonates with glomerulocystic
      renal disease. One neonate had ultrasound findings of normal hypoechoic medullary
      pyramids, enabling differentiation from infantile polycystic renal disease.
      Previous case reports have highlighted the similarity of renal ultrasound
      findings in these two conditions.

PMID- 2654856
TI  - Duplex Doppler sonography for renal artery stenosis in the post-transplant
      pediatric patient.
AB  - Of 60 renal transplant patients who underwent 134 duplex Doppler sonograms, 38
      had normal frequency shift profiles and 8 showed only minimal disturbances,
      within normal post-transplantation limits. Fourteen patients had hypertension and
      showed a very abnormal profile. In 3 of the 14 the hypertension was controllable
      medically, and the remaining 11 underwent angiography. Duplex Doppler sonography
      showed gross turbulence (spectral broadening, bidirectional flow) and high
      frequency shift confirmed on angiography to represent 50 to 75% main renal artery
      stenosis in 8 of these 11, and major renal intrahilar vessel stenosis in 2. In
      the remaining patient, no Doppler signal was found and 95% stenosis was present.
      In 1 patient with intrahilar stenosis, arterial signals detected in the renal
      veins indicated the presence of a post-biopsy arteriovenous fistula. One patient
      with main renal artery stenosis also had a fistula, which was masked by a 70%
      stenosis. All patients with angiographically proven renal artery stenosis had a
      distinctive abnormality of the Doppler arterial flow pattern.

PMID- 2654858
TI  - Magnetic resonance appearance of adrenal hemorrhage in a neonate.
AB  - The Magnetic Resonance (MR) appearance of adrenal hemorrhage in a neonate is
      described and compared with Ultrasound (US). The value of US studies in adrenal
      neonatal hemorrhage is well known. We present the MR appearance of this common
      condition.

PMID- 2654857
TI  - Ultrasound diagnosis of gallbladder papilloma in childhood.

PMID- 2654859
TI  - Clinical presentation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infections in patients with
      immunodeficiency syndromes.
AB  - Nine children with immunodeficiency syndromes who developed persistent or
      disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infections after BCG vaccination at
      birth were observed in Santiago, Chile, over a period of 10 years. This
      represents a risk for persistent or disseminated BCG infections of 3.4/1,000,000
      vaccinated newborns. This may closely reflect the incidence of severe combined
      immunodeficiency syndromes, cellular immunodeficiency syndromes and chronic
      granulomatous disease in the study area. The clinical presentation and course of
      the infection varied considerably depending on the underlying immunodeficiency
      syndrome. Two patients with severe combined immunodeficiency presented with
      cutaneous nodules in the absence of any local reaction at the site of BCG
      vaccination. Both patients died of disseminated BCG infection within the first
      year of life. Four patients with cellular immunodeficiency syndromes presented
      with regional lymphadenitis resistant to treatment after the fifth month of life.
      Three of these patients had specific unresponsiveness to tuberculin and survived
      from 5 to 6 years of age. Two boys with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease
      presented with regional lymphadenitis in the first 3 months of life. A girl with
      autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease presented at 18 months of age
      with regional lymphadenitis. All three patients with chronic granulomatous
      disease had positive tuberculin reactions and died from infections other than
      BCG.

PMID- 2654860
TI  - Meningococcal infections in children: a review of 100 cases.
AB  - One hundred children with meningococcal infection diagnosed from January 1, 1985,
      to February 29, 1988, were reviewed. Clinical manifestations ranged from fever
      alone to fulminant septic shock with purpura fulminans. Twenty-nine percent of
      the children presented without skin lesions. Of the 55 patients with meningitis,
      6 lacked cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities on initial lumbar puncture but
      cerebrospinal fluid cultures were positive. An overall case fatality rate of 10%
      was noted with the following poor prognostic indicators identified: hypothermia;
      seizures or shock on presentation; a total peripheral white blood cell count less
      than 5000/mm3; a platelet count less than 100,000/mm3; and the development of
      purpura fulminans. Meningococcal infections remain an important cause of
      morbidity and mortality in children. Infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis
      (including meningitis) should be considered even in the absence of skin lesions
      or cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities.

PMID- 2654861
TI  - Development of diagnostic tests for Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius,
      the etiologic agent of Brazilian purpuric fever. The Brazilian Purpuric Fever
      Study Group.

PMID- 2654862
TI  - Polyclonal anti-group B Streptococcus latex antigen detection test.

PMID- 2654863
TI  - Fatal pneumonia caused by Flavobacterium meningosepticum.

PMID- 2654864
TI  - Acute transient myositis associated with influenza virus infection.

PMID- 2654865
TI  - Steroid treatment of laryngotracheitis: a meta-analysis of the evidence from
      randomized trials.
AB  - The use of adrenocorticoids to reduce the morbidity associated with
      laryngotracheitis (croup) remains controversial despite ten published reports of
      randomized trials involving 1,286 patients. To determine whether, viewed in
      aggregate, these studies demonstrate a significant benefit of steroid treatment
      for this disorder, a meta-analysis of the nine methodologically satisfactory
      trials was performed. Clinical improvement 12 and 24 hours posttreatment and
      incidence of endotracheal intubation were evaluated. For each end point, an
      estimate of the overall effect was obtained by calculating a typical odds ratio
      and 95% confidence interval. This analysis indicates that the use of steroids in
      children hospitalized with croup is associated with a significantly increased
      proportion of patients showing clinical improvement 12 hours (odds ratio = 2.25,
      95% confidence interval = 1.66, 3.06) and 24 hours (odds ratio = 3.19, 95%
      confidence interval = 1.70, 5.99) posttreatment and a significantly reduced
      incidence of endotracheal intubation (odds ratio = 0.21, 95% confidence interval
      = 0.05, 0.84). Higher initial doses of steroid (greater than or equal to 125 mg
      of cortisone or greater than or equal to 100 mg of hydrocortisone) were
      associated with a larger proportion of patients improved 12 hours posttreatment
      than was seen with lower doses. These results support the use of steroids in the
      treatment of hospitalized children with croup and, in the absence of a randomized
      clinical trial of sufficient size, provide the most reliable estimate of the
      impact of steroid therapy on the morbidity associated with croup. In addition,
      the results of this meta-analysis may be used to estimate the number of subjects
      who would be required to conduct a randomized clinical trial of steroids for the
      treatment of croup.

PMID- 2654866
TI  - Cerebral vasculitis and hemorrhage in an adolescent taking diet pills containing
      phenylpropanolamine: case report and review of literature.
AB  - Phenylpropanolamine is consumed by millions of persons annually and is sold in
      varying dosages and combinations for different ailments. Adolescents are an
      especially susceptible group influenced by its action as an anorexiant. During
      the past 6 years, several cases have been reported of patients in whom
      intracerebral hemorrhage developed, with and without concomitant angiographic
      evidence of vasculitis, after taking phenylpropanolamine. In this report, the
      11th documented case of phenylpropanolamine-associated intracerebral hemorrhage
      with vasculitis is described. This is the first case in an adolescent following
      the ingestion of an overdose of diet-aid pills. Cases of intracerebral hemorrhage
      with vasculitis have also been described in users and abusers of amphetamine,
      methamphetamine, and ephedrine, all sympathomimetics with chemical structures
      similar to that of phenylpropanolamine. This report should alert pediatricians to
      the potential use by their patients of nonprescription medications containing
      phenylpropanolamine whenever unexplained acute cerebral symptoms are present.

PMID- 2654867
TI  - Adolescent pregnancy prevention by health education computer games: computer
      assisted instruction of knowledge and attitudes.
AB  - Adolescents enjoy animated-action computer games that capture and hold attention.
      In this study, the use of computer-assisted instruction in improving knowledge
      and attitudes in favor of decreased teenage pregnancy is evaluated. Computer
      assisted health education is an interactive process and simulates reality.
      Teenagers explore alternatives and outcomes, and experience consequences of
      behavioral choices. Two games were designed to promote understanding of the
      impact and cost of sexual behaviors and parenthood, as well as provide sexual
      survival skills. Educational evaluation in high schools showed improvements in
      knowledge and attitudes in these sensitive areas. Test instruments based on the
      content of each game were developed to assess the impact of the two
      interventions. Half of the 718 teenagers used the educational programs, and half
      served as matched control subjects who did not use computer games. Players rated
      the games highly and evaluated them positively. Measures of 19 factual and
      psychologic factors associated with pregnancy and parenting were separately made
      for control and experimental groups. Teenagers who played the games gained
      knowledge and positive attitude changes to a significantly greater extent than
      did the comparison group. "The Baby Game!" users increased their knowledge of
      costs of birth and of costs in money and time of child rearing. "Romance!" users
      would seek more professional help, had a better understanding of risk of
      pregnancy, learned more effective means of contraception, and had greater
      acceptance of oral contraceptives. Teachers and teenagers found the computer
      games acceptable and fun, and the games reduced counseling time in physician's
      offices. Computer-assisted instruction is a useful means of providing health
      education and a promising intervention for adolescent pregnancy.

PMID- 2654868
TI  - Normal neurodevelopment in four young children treated with bone marrow
      transplantation for acute leukemia or aplastic anemia.
AB  - Longitudinal neurodevelopmental studies of four consecutive young children
      treated by bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia or aplastic anemia are
      presented. The children, the only four children less than 2 years of age who have
      received bone marrow transplants for these diseases at UCLA Medical Center,
      ranged in age from 36 weeks to 24 months at the time of transplantation.
      Conditioning involved high-dose cyclophosphamide treatment; three also had total
      body irradiation prior to bone marrow transplantation. Their respective outcomes
      after follow-up times of 28 months to 71 months posttransplantation are
      remarkable for normal somatic growth and normal development of intelligence,
      language, perception, and motor coordination. These findings indicate that future
      therapeutic studies of infants and young children with acute leukemia or aplastic
      anemia using total body irradiation, cyclophosphamide, and bone marrow
      transplantation are not contraindicated by risks of debilitating
      neurodevelopmental sequelae.

PMID- 2654869
TI  - Taurine and auditory system maturation.

PMID- 2654870
TI  - Streptococcal pharyngitis study.

PMID- 2654871
TI  - Neonatal testing for sickle cell diseases--a historical and personal review.

PMID- 2654872
TI  - Newborn experience in the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease.

PMID- 2654873
TI  - Newborn screening for sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathies. Newborn
      screening.

PMID- 2654874
TI  - [Nephrocalcinosis and pancreatic calcification after ablation of adrenal adenoma:
      the role of hypercortisolism?].
AB  - Renal and pancreatic calcifications were observed in an infant who had been
      surgically treated for Cushing's syndrome associated with an adrenal adenoma. On
      examination of the relation between this secondary complication and Cushing's
      syndrome, was carried out and the possible role of the post-operative
      substitutive treatment is discussed. Close echographic surveillance is advocated
      in these cases.

PMID- 2654875
TI  - [Predictive value of skull hypodensities in x-ray computed tomography in
      perinatal asphyxia in full-term newborn infants].
AB  - Prediction of risk of sequelae in 78 asphyxiated full-term newborns was evaluated
      during the 15 first days of life by clinical, electroencephalographic and cranial
      tomodensitometric (CT) data. The predictive value of CT hypodensity is poor
      (sensitivity: 87.7%; specificity: 63%), while its negative predictive value
      appears more interesting (97%). Combined evaluation of clinical,
      electroencephalographic and CT data allows the most accurate prognosis. These
      findings agree with other studies in the literature.

PMID- 2654876
TI  - [Comparative study of the administration of amikacin by intramuscular and
      intravenous routes in neonatal resuscitation].
AB  - A study was carried out to determine amikacin blood levels in 44 neonates who
      were admitted to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Amikacin was administered by
      intravenous or intramuscular route. The levels obtained with both methods were
      similar. The results of our study indicate that amikacin levels should be
      monitored in neonates to avoid toxic concentrations of this drug. On the basis of
      this study a new neonatal dosage schedule is proposed.

PMID- 2654877
TI  - [Triple immunosuppression in renal transplantation in children: 3 years'
      experience].
AB  - Cyclosporin A in combination with low-dose steroid therapy and azathioprine was
      given to 50 children who received 53 renal transplants. In spite of a limited
      period of observation, the use of cyclosporin A, either on a post operative
      intravenous regime or on oral regime when primary graft function is achieved, has
      no significant influence on graft survival rate, which is 82% after 1 and 2
      years, utilising cadaver donors. Vascular complications were responsible for the
      loss of 4 grafts and were associated with the use of kidneys from young donors,
      rather than the type of immunosuppressive agents used.

PMID- 2654878
TI  - [Neonatal Proteus mirabilis septicemia and cerebral abscess. Value of the assay
      of antibiotics in the puncture fluid].
AB  - The authors describe a case of neonatal Proteus mirabilis septicemia accompanied
      by cerebral abscess formation despite the presence of therapeutically effective
      antibiotic levels utilised to treat the disorder. The occurrence of such brain
      abscesses during the course of effective antibiotic therapy raises the question
      of the mechanism behind their formation. Cerebritis may occur very early in the
      clinical course of the infection without being due to failure of antimicrobial
      therapy.

PMID- 2654879
TI  - Contribution to the history of psychology: LII. Purkinje phenomenon: the original
      and a later account.

PMID- 2654880
TI  - Insulin, exercise, and dietary effects upon behavioral thermoregulation in albino
      rats.
AB  - The objectives of this exploratory research were to assess the effects of insulin
      preparations (Humulin-regular and NPH) on operant behavior reinforced by
      schedules of microwave radiation in a cold environment and to measure changes in
      this thermoregulatory behavior as a function of exercise and food deprivation.
      Eight albino rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 6
      sec. exposures of microwave (MW) radiation (SAR = 0.34 Watts/kg/(mW/cm2) under FR
      1 and FR-10 schedules. Regular-insulin and NPH-insulin sessions were administered
      alternately with saline-control sessions for 8-hr. durations. Exercise in an
      activity wheel and 48 hr. of food deprivation (diet) were additional independent
      variables used to alter thermoregulation. Three randomized-block analysis of
      variance designs with repeated measures showed that insulin preparations resulted
      in a suppression of operant responding for heat, yet food deprivation increased
      rates of microwave responding. These data are interpreted in terms of functional
      relationships between ambient temperature changes, core body temperature, blood
      glucose fluctuations, and operant behavior.

PMID- 2654881
TI  - A cognitive-psychological perspective on Gillespie's "Lights and lattices": some
      relations among perception, imagery, and thought.
AB  - George Gillespie's valuable observations on light and lattice imageries are
      played in the context of current research and theory on cognitive imagery
      (Kosslyn, Pylyshyn), ordinary and lucid dreaming, representational geometric
      imagery in scientific thought, the author's previous writings on altered states
      of consciousness, and Gibson's views on perception and imagery. Gillespie's
      reports show categories of imagery deconstruction and abstraction that link these
      areas and suggest an integrative model of the varieties of symbolic imagery.

PMID- 2654883
TI  - [Methods of estimating causality].

PMID- 2654882
TI  - [Vegetarian diets and rheumatoid arthritis. Is it possible that a vegetarian diet
      might influence the disease?].
AB  - For several decades representatives of Scandinavian health food movements have
      categorically recommended that victims of rheumatoid arthritis should switch to a
      vegetarian diet to obtain a cure for the disease. A very strict vegan diet (i.e.,
      completely lacking in animal protein) is usually recommended, with certain
      features said to be particularly beneficial to rheumatic patients. These notions
      have been widely disseminated and have been adopted with remarkable faith by the
      public. Although a measure of support for the subjective palliative effects of a
      vegan diet has derived from certain medical studies, it should be borne in mind
      that, apart from exceptional cases, the inflammatory joint condition has
      persisted unabated; nor has the diet shown any tendency to forestall subsequent
      joint damage. More recent studies of the importance of various dietary factors
      vis-a-vis rheumatoid arthritis have to some extent improved our understanding of
      vegan diets, and shown there to be features of this type of diet which might
      contribute to the subjective improvement experienced by patients. The findings of
      such studies may provide a basis for speculation as to the form a more rational
      health food diet for rheumatic patients in the future.

PMID- 2654885
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the metA gene encoding homoserine trans-succinylase in
      Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2654884
TI  - The conserved 900 stem/loop region in Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA is not
      required for protein synthesis.
AB  - Plasmid pPM114 carries the Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA gene under the
      control of a T7 promoter. It can generate in vitro transcribed 16S rRNA that can
      be assembled into functional 30S ribosomal subunits. Two deletion mutants were
      derived from pPM114, by partial or total deletion of the conserved 900 stem/loop
      region of the 16S rRNA. These mutants, pMG delta 10 and pMG delta 23,
      respectively lack bases 895 to 904 and 889 to 911 of the 16S rRNA. The amputated
      16S rRNA transcripts synthesized from these mutated plasmids were assembled into
      30S subunits which were as active under the direction of an artificial or a
      natural messenger as subunits reconstructed with the full-length 16S rRNA
      transcript. They also responded as well to the stimulation of misreading by
      streptomycin, although the deleted region is proximal to the streptomycin binding
      domain. However, when we attempted to delete the 895-904 or 889-911 region from
      the 16S rRNA gene in plasmid pKK3535 which carries the rrnB operon, no
      transformants harbouring plasmids with one of these deletions could be recovered.
      These observations suggest that the 900 stem/loop region of the 16S rRNA is not
      required for the ribosomal function but is probably essential for important cell
      regulatory functions.

PMID- 2654886
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the barley chloroplast psbE, psbF genes and flanking
      regions.

PMID- 2654887
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the 5.2 kbp barley chloroplast DNA fragment, containing
      psbB-psbH-petB-petD gene cluster.

PMID- 2654888
TI  - Directed mutagenesis using PCR.

PMID- 2654889
TI  - A comprehensive list of cloned human DNA sequences.
AB  - A list of DNA sequences cloned from the human genome is presented. Intended as a
      guide to clone availability, this list includes published reports of cDNA,
      genomic and synthetic clones comprising gene and pseudogene sequences,
      uncharacterised DNA segments and repetitive DNA elements.

PMID- 2654890
TI  - Compilation of DNA sequences of Escherichia coli.
AB  - We have compiled the DNA sequence data for E. coli K12 available from the GENBANK
      and EMBO databases and over a period of several years independently from the
      literature. We have introduced all available genetic map data and have arranged
      the sequences accordingly. As far as possible the overlaps are deleted and a
      total of 940,449 individual bp is found to be determined till the beginning of
      1989. This corresponds to a total of 19.92% of the entire E. coli chromosome
      consisting of about 4,720 kbp. This number may actually be higher by some extra
      2% derived from the sequence of lysogenic bacteriophage lambda and the various
      insertion sequences. This compilation may be available in machine readable form
      from one of the international databanks in some future.

PMID- 2654892
TI  - Integrity of vinyl and latex procedure gloves.
AB  - In a series of experiments the integrity of vinyl and latex procedure gloves were
      tested under in-use conditions. Both types of gloves were tested by three
      methods: watertight (645 samples), bacterial penetration (50), and dye exclusion
      (90). Results of the watertight test demonstrated visible defects in 4.1% of
      vinyl and 2.7% in latex gloves. Twenty percent of latex gloves and 34% of vinyl
      gloves which had passed the watertight test allowed penetration of Serratia
      marcescens when worn by volunteers. A series of manipulations designed to
      simulate approximately 15 minutes of clinical activity in an intensive care unit
      resulted in failure rates as high as 66%. Using the dye penetration test, there
      was a statistically significant difference between vinyl and latex procedure
      gloves with full manipulations, with failure rates of 53% and 3%, respectively.
      Both types of gloves provided some barrier protection. However, latex gloves
      performed better when stressed.

PMID- 2654893
TI  - Pain interventions with children: a meta-analysis of research.
AB  - A meta-analysis of 27 studies on pain management interventions with children was
      conducted using two decades of research reported in five disciplines. One-fifth
      of these studies were in the nursing literature and 78% were published since
      1979. Two complementary methods of calculating the effectiveness of pain
      management interventions were used for each of three outcome categories. Fisher's
      Combined test procedure was used to combine the results of the independent
      studies, to determine if a significant relationship existed between pain
      management programs and children's response. An overall effect size (r) was also
      calculated. Significant relationships of small magnitude were found between pain
      management interventions and child's response for behavioral (r = .41, chi 2 =
      181.97, p less than .0001), self-report (r = .34, chi 2 = 122.06, p less than
      .0001), and physiologic (r = .30, chi 2 = 88.29, p less than .0001) measures.

PMID- 2654891
TI  - A comprehensive compilation and alignment of histones and histone genes.

PMID- 2654894
TI  - Nursing's divided loyalties: an historical case study.
AB  - Using the historical version of the case study method, this research explored an
      example of turn-of-the-century nurses' conflicted loyalties. One training school
      alumnae association was examined to demonstrate that nurses acted out
      simultaneous loyalty to competing entities: individual graduates attributes vs.
      associational eligibility requirements; member vs. institutions' needs; and local
      vs. national nursing concerns. As a result of these divided loyalties, the nurses
      did not meet the alumnae organizational goals they set for themselves.

PMID- 2654895
TI  - Managing measurement error.

PMID- 2654897
TI  - Journal of the Wound Care Society. Learning from the past?

PMID- 2654896
TI  - Familiarity breeds acceptance.

PMID- 2654898
TI  - [Tuberculosis in children in the early 90's].
AB  - The natural history of tuberculosis was re-examined, and especially the relation
      between contagion and first infection on one side and, on the other, primary
      tuberculosis (in children) and secondary tuberculosis in adult. With regard to
      the primary tuberculosis, the different clinical pictures were taken into
      consideration and it was reported how symptoms change as years go by (see miliary
      tuberculosis). As for the diagnostic aspect the importance of a quantitative
      interpretation of Mantoux reaction, was emphasized. In the final judgement, all
      factors that may change the results can therefore by considered: from the
      intercurrent viral infection to the patient's age, to the spreading of atypical
      mycobacteria in that area. The screening performed with the multi-injections
      technique is necessary to control the diffusion of the infection in the general
      population. In Italy, 1-2% of children aged 6 to 14 years old, are skin positive
      but the percentage varies widely in the different areas. However, it was higher
      than that observed in other European countries and far from the 1% incidence for
      14 year olds, as hoped by the World Health Organization. After re-examining the
      characteristics of the four most important anti-tubercular drugs with particular
      attention to possible hepatotoxic effects of the isoniazid-rifampicin
      association, the authors analyses new therapeutic strategies, especially the one
      that tends to shorten treatment periods. This approach is effective in adults but
      has not yet been definitively confirmed in children. The surgical approach is
      more standardized in superficial adenitis where extirpation is indicated in
      atypical mycobacteria infections rather than in those due to Koch's bacillus. As
      far as indications of chemoprophylaxis are concerned it would seem that an
      international arrangement has now been reached that on the whole extends the
      indications to this type of treatment. The only uncertainty is whether adults,
      with intradermal reactions to tuberculin should undergo chemoprophylaxis if the
      time of contagion is unknown and the subject does not show any particular risk
      factors. On the grounds of data from literature, the results of vaccination are
      contrasting. Many factors could be responsible for this, especially the use, till
      a few years ago, of a non-standardized vaccine. However, vaccination remains an
      efficient method in populations at risk, listed in Italian law too. Nevertheless,
      according to the law, the subjects who would most benefit by vaccination are
      excluded (children under the age of 5 years and over the age of 15 years).
      However vaccination is getting less important in the general population.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2654899
TI  - [Acute encephalitis: study of a childhood case load].
AB  - Twenty patients with viral encephalitis were studied retrospectively. Among
      these, in 2 cases, it was possible to formulate the diagnosis of encephalitis
      with viral replication by herpes virus on the basis of finding of cerebrospinal
      fluid IgM, serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid specific antibody rate movement and
      TC-scan necrotic lesions in typical sites. In 18 of 20 patients it was formulated
      the generic diagnosis of encephalitis without evidence of viral replication.
      Among these last 18 patients, 7 were considered affected by post-infective
      encephalitis on the basis of the anamnestic finding of the causing disease within
      30 days from the appearance of the first symptoms. Into the 11 other the etiology
      was anamnestically hidden. The outcome was essentially favourable in the
      considered cases (16/20 complete recoveries). Poor outcome factors were
      considered the presence of herpetic infection and TC-scan alterations into the
      group of encephalitis without evidence of viral replication in association of
      anamnestic finding of measles.

PMID- 2654900
TI  - Antenatal ultrasound for fetal anomalies: importance of perinatal autopsy.
AB  - Sixty-one instances of congenital anomalies identified prenatally by ultrasound
      were reviewed to determine whether autopsy provided important additional
      information. An important finding was defined as one which would affect: 1)
      genetic counseling; 2) diagnosis of a syndrome; 3) determination of etiology or
      pathogenetic mechanism of the anomaly; or 4) interpretation of severity of the
      anomalies. In 28 cases (46%), post-mortem examination provided such information.
      All of these infants had multiple anomalies; correlations with oligohydramnios
      and poor fetal outcome were noted. Autopsy provided no additional meaningful
      information in 30 cases (49%), the majority (77%) of whom had isolated anomalies.
      In 3 cases (5%), due to tissue autolysis, autopsy provided less information than
      the previous ultrasound. Although most fetal anomalies are readily diagnosed by
      ultrasound, we found that post-mortem examination is still necessary: 1) to
      confirm a prenatal diagnosis; 2) to delineate multiple anomalies; 3) when the
      ultrasound examination is limited by oligohydramnios; and 4) to obtain tissue for
      microscopic examination, cytogenetic and biochemical analysis, if these studies
      have not been performed prenatally.

PMID- 2654901
TI  - Cardiac abnormalities and nonimmune hydrops fetalis: a coincidental, not causal,
      relationship.
AB  - Few conditions associated with nonimmune hydrops fetalis have had a demonstrable
      causal relationship. Congenital heart disease is often said to be a cause of
      nonimmune hydrops fetalis and antenatal closure of the foramen ovale is the
      cardiac abnormality most frequently reported in association with hydrops. In
      order to examine the role of congenital heart disease in hydrops, and, in
      particular, that of antenatal closure of the foramen ovale, we reviewed all
      autopsy cases with hydrops fetalis over an 11 year period and compared cardiac
      anomalies with those of nonhydropic controls. The incidence of various congenital
      heart malformations was not significantly different among these groups,
      suggesting that factors in addition to cardiac anomalies must be considered in
      the pathogenesis of nonimmune hydrops fetalis.

PMID- 2654902
TI  - Maternal malignant melanoma with placental metastasis: a case report with
      literature review.
AB  - Histologic detection of micrometastatic melanoma in the placenta led to the
      clinical diagnosis in the mother. Metastases were present in the intervillous
      space and in villous stroma. The infant has survived and has no evidence of
      disease at one year of age. The mother died of metastatic disease 6 months post
      partum. Literature review shows that only 25% of infants with placental
      metastatic melanoma succumb to the disease. In a review series of 16 cases, there
      are some maternal clinical factors which seem to have some bearing on the
      likelihood of fetal metastasis and death from disease. Features that are
      associated with an unfavorable fetal/infant prognosis are: maternal age less than
      30 years, primiparity, leg primary site, disease onset greater than 3 years prior
      to pregnancy, node-1 metastatic status prior to pregnancy, M4 status in third
      trimester, birth at greater than 36 weeks' gestation, male sex. Extent of
      penetration of metastases into the villi does not have prognostic significance.

PMID- 2654903
TI  - Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Recognizing and managing major complications.
AB  - Complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease are reassuringly few,
      considering the widespread morbidity from reflux disease. The major ones are
      bleeding, ulcer, stricture, and carcinoma. These serious, disabling
      complications, although infrequent, can be life-threatening. Management is not
      entirely satisfactory. Improved medical and surgical therapy awaits further
      clinical research.

PMID- 2654904
TI  - Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Identification and management of the surgical
      patient.
AB  - Antireflux surgery remains the most reliable and expedient means of treating
      patients with a mechanically defective lower esophageal sphincter who are
      experiencing pathologic gastroesophageal reflux. Identifying these patients, who
      are known to have a poor response to medical therapy, permits control of the
      reflux process before serious complications develop. Well-planned and precisely
      performed antireflux surgery by an experienced medical team will enhance reflux
      control and reduce postoperative complications.

PMID- 2654905
TI  - Solving the mystery of menstrual dysfunction.
AB  - Most patients who have a change in menstruation can be evaluated and treated on
      the basis of a brief history, a physical examination, and a few laboratory tests.
      Because menstrual dysfunction can cause worry and inconvenience, patients should
      be promptly treated. Pregnancy must be excluded as a cause of amenorrhea in the
      initial evaluation. Other possible causes that must be ruled out include
      hypothalamic or pituitary tumors and severe thyroid disease. Amenorrhea should be
      treated to avoid possible complications such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular
      disease, and uterine or endometrial cancer. Treatment methods depend on whether
      the lack of menstruation is caused by an excessive estrogen level or estrogen
      deficiency.

PMID- 2654906
TI  - Chronic hepatitis. The challenge of diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Chronic hepatitis can be caused by a variety of viruses or therapeutic agents,
      but in about 80% of cases, the cause is unknown. Distinguishing between chronic
      persistent and chronic active hepatitis is of primary importance in diagnosis and
      treatment. Percutaneous liver biopsy is necessary to make the distinction. In
      most cases, chronic persistent hepatitis does not necessitate specific therapy.
      Chronic active hepatitis responds to a wide range of therapeutic options:
      corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, antivirals, and immunostimulants. Prognosis
      depends on the risks and advantages of therapy as well as the severity and cause
      of the disease.

PMID- 2654907
TI  - Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Medical aspects.
AB  - Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux is one of the most common complaints
      encountered by clinicians. The pathogenesis of reflux remains unclear, but
      multiple factors are involved. Heartburn is the most common clinical
      manifestation. The history and barium esophagram provide sufficient diagnostic
      information in most cases. Other studies, including ambulatory pH monitoring, the
      Bernstein test, endoscopy with biopsy, and esophageal manometry, are warranted if
      the patient has atypical symptoms, an incomplete response to therapy, dysphagia,
      or abnormalities on the esophagram. Proper utilization of these studies requires
      an understanding of the questions each test answers. Reflux disease is often a
      chronic problem. Many patients can be treated symptomatically by a combination of
      life-style modifications and use of antacids. Patients who do not respond
      adequately to these simple measures or who have documented erosive esophagitis
      usually require further drug therapy.

PMID- 2654908
TI  - The role of endothelium in leukocytes emigration: the views of Cohnheim,
      Metchnikoff and their contemporaries.

PMID- 2654909
TI  - Intrauterine manometry: technique and application to fetal pathology.
AB  - A technique is described for measuring pressure within the amniotic cavity and
      within fetal vessels and/or body compartments. Two saline-filled catheters were
      connected at one end to needles inserted during indicated invasive procedures and
      at the other to silicon strain gauge transducers. In 36 pregnancies with normal
      liquor volume, stable intra-amniotic pressure (IAP, range 1-14 mmHg) increased
      with gestation (r = 0.48, p less than 0.01). In pregnancies complicated by severe
      oligohydramnios, IAP was less than or equal to 1 mm Hg and rose to normal levels
      with saline amnioinfusion. Raised IAP (range 17-26 mm Hg), found in pregnancies
      with gross polyhydramnios, fell with drainage of amniotic fluid. Subtraction
      manometry was used to determine supra-amniotic pressure within the intervillus
      space, umbilical vein, umbilical artery, abdominal and thoracic cavities, and the
      urinary tract in normal and/or pathological fetuses. Low intravesical and
      intrapelvicalyceal pressures (median 6.5, range 2-10 mm Hg) were noted in fetuses
      with obstructive uropathies. Intrauterine subtraction manometry appears to be a
      useful tool in the understanding of fetal pathophysiology and may be of clinical
      benefit in the therapeutic drainage and infusion of amniotic fluid and in the
      assessment of certain fetal disease states.

PMID- 2654910
TI  - Chromosomal prenatal diagnosis: study of 936 cases of intrauterine abnormalities
      after ultrasound assessment.
AB  - Nine hundred and thirty-six prenatal chromosomal analyses were performed by four
      cytogenetic centres after ultrasound diagnosis of fetal abnormalities, amniotic
      fluid disorders, fetal growth retardation, and fetal or placental abnormalities.
      During the same period, 6515 fetal karyotypes were analysed because of maternal
      age. Frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in each case were respectively 4.4,
      6.7 and 15.8 per cent, compared with 3.18 per cent when the fetal karyotype was
      performed because of maternal age. High rates of chromosomal aberrations are
      observed in cases of cervical hygroma, limb abnormalities, omphaloceles, duodenal
      stenosis, hydrocephalus, and facial abnormalities. In the case of
      polymalformations, this rate was 29.2 per cent. When malformations were seen
      together with an amniotic fluid disorder or growth retardation, 21.5 per cent
      chromosomal aberrations were observed. This frequency was 10.4 per cent when
      growth retardation was associated with an amniotic fluid disorder. Trisomy 13,
      18, 21 and monosomy X accounted for 4/5 of all abnormalities in which we observed
      a high rate of triploidies (4.9 per cent) and balanced (3.3 per cent) or
      unbalanced (9.8 per cent) non-Robertsonian structural abnormalities. Sonographic
      ascertainment of these aberrations and prenatal characteristics of major
      anomalies are discussed.

PMID- 2654911
TI  - [Immunohistochemical differentiation of generalized amyloidoses].

PMID- 2654912
TI  - [Combined amyloidosis of the AA and AB type following chronic hemodialysis].

PMID- 2654913
TI  - [Possibilities and limits of ilial crest punch biopsy in the diagnosis of bone
      metastases of solid tumors].

PMID- 2654914
TI  - [Jean Darier (1856-1938)].

PMID- 2654915
TI  - Extracellular transport pathways in the haemochorial placenta.

PMID- 2654916
TI  - LHRH-like immunoreactivity in the human placenta is not identical to LHRH.
AB  - LHRH-like immunoreactive material was separated from human placental homogenates
      by chromatography and tested against two antibodies directed respectively against
      the C- or the N-terminus (N- and C-antibodies) of the synthetic peptide.
      Extraction yield was 94 per cent as assessed by the recovery of the radiolabelled
      LHRH added to the homogenates. Placental LHRH-like immunoreactivity in crude
      extracts appeared largely overestimated, due to interference of endogenous
      substances non-related to LHRH. After elimination of this contamination, a higher
      residual activity was detected with the C- than with the N-antibodies. Eluates
      tested under these conditions contained only 550 pg of LHRH-like material per kg
      of placenta. This concentration was comparable whether placental tissue had been
      sampled at 12 weeks of pregnancy or at the end of gestation. The corresponding
      peptides however neither co-eluted with synthetic LHRH nor with catabolite
      fragments of the peptide. It is concluded that the human placenta contains a
      lesser amount of LHRH-like material than anticipated on the basis of earlier
      results and that this material does not correspond to the native decapeptide.

PMID- 2654917
TI  - [The history and development of thoracoscopy].
AB  - The development of thoracoscopy is closely connected with the history of the
      artificial pneumothorax, of pleural suction drainage and of endoscopy. After its
      introduction in 1910 by Jacobaeus thoracoscopy was at first used mainly for
      therapeutic purposes (thoracocausty). With the onset of drug treatment of
      tuberculosis and the end of the area of pneumothorax therapy thoracoscopy was
      increasingly used as a diagnostic method. Today it is second in importance only
      to fibre bronchoscopy in pneumology.

PMID- 2654918
TI  - Thoracoscopy: diagnostic and therapeutic indications.
AB  - This survey is a comprehensive review of the diagnostic and therapeutic
      indications for thoracoscopy.

PMID- 2654919
TI  - [Content of vasopressin and beta2-microglobulin in the blood in patients with
      diabetes mellitus type II accompanied by microangiopathy].
AB  - Altogether 50 patients with diabetes mellitus, type II, with the presence of
      microangiopathies and 10 healthy controls were investigated to study the
      pathogenesis of vascular complications. An increased level of vasopressin and a
      normal level of beta 2-microglobulin were radioassayed in the blood plasma of the
      examinees. An acute furosemide test made it possible to establish 3 types of
      responses of vasopressin secretion in such patients: normal, paradoxical and
      areactive. The blood level of beta 2-microglobulin was raised in 65% of cases in
      the paradoxical response, in 34.5% in the normal response and in 0.6% in the
      areactive response. The data obtained suggested heterogeneity of the mechanisms
      of development of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus, type II.

PMID- 2654920
TI  - [Pathogenesis of euthyroid goiter].

PMID- 2654921
TI  - [Insulin-receptor interaction and the structure of the plasma membrane of adipose
      tissue during aging].
AB  - Studies were carried out to characterize age-related changes in insulin binding
      with plasma membranes (PM) from rat adipose tissue. Kd for high affinity binding
      sites as well as binding capacity for PM of young rats (5-6 mos. old) were higher
      than those of aged rats (22-24 mos. old). Binding characteristics of insulin
      receptors were compared with physical and chemical parameters of lipid matrix.
      Considerable enrichment in the saturated fatty acid content was noted for PM from
      old rats as compared to young ones. No significant differences in the
      phospholipid composition and cholesterol content were observed. Age-related
      modifications of the fatty acid composition was accompanied by an increase in
      membrane lipid order sampled by means of the hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1,6
      diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. A conclusion is that insulin receptors may be
      sensitive to age-related changes in the structure of surrounding lipid
      environment causing changes in their properties.

PMID- 2654922
TI  - [Indications for the use of prednisolone in tuberculosis].
AB  - To study the nature of lesions in the lungs developing as a result of using
      glucocorticoids in combined therapy of tuberculosis, two groups of new cases of
      infiltrative tuberculosis were observed. 51 patients were treated with the use of
      prednisolone and 23 patients were treated with antibacterial drugs alone. In
      addition, studies were performed on two groups of noninbred albino rats infected
      with mycobacteria Bovinus-8. It was shown that by changing the nature of the
      tissue reactions prednisolone promoted formation of tuberculoma type foci in the
      lung tissue and prolonged the periods of cavern closing.

PMID- 2654923
TI  - [Biological activity of tubercule bacilli in an epizootic infectious process].
AB  - The studies showed that during epizootic infectious processes of tuberculosis in
      cattle and due to multiple subcultivation and long-term storage on artificial
      nutrient media tubercle bacilli changed their properties and biological activity
      which was evident first of all from their lower virulence and sensitizing
      capacity.

PMID- 2654924
TI  - [AIDS and its manifestations in the form of tuberculosis and other pathology of
      the lungs].

PMID- 2654925
TI  - Islet vasculature in atrophic pancreas: evidence for coexisting parallel and
      serial (insuloacinar) angioarchitecture.
AB  - Islet vasculature was studied in rats rendered dietarily copper-deficient, a
      regimen that effects progressive acinar atrophy while leaving islets and ducts
      intact. Scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts produced from Mercox
      injected rats was used to analyze islet angioarchitecture in the atrophied gland.
      The results indicate that with the onset of acinar atrophy, the vasculature of
      islets remained intact despite loss of insuloacinar interconnectivity. With
      atrophy of the dense acinar vascular matrix, three populations of islets could be
      distinguished according to their size and vascular structures: (a) All small
      islets (40-150 microns in diameter) were found to have exclusively serial
      vasculature since no postcapillary collecting venules were found directly
      continuous with parallel efferent veins. (b) A second population of intermediate
      size islets (160-250 microns) was found to have serial vessels in addition to
      postcapillary collecting venules that were directly continuous with larger
      interlobular veins indicative of a parallel mode of microcirculation. (c) All
      larger islets (260-700 microns) were also found to have both serial as well as
      parallel microcirculatory patterns based upon the coexistence of both types of
      postcapillary venules within the same islet. In all cases, postcapillary venules,
      which normally link islet capillaries to peri-insular acinar plexuses, were
      continuous with veins that extended through lipomatous lobules devoid of acini to
      link with branches of interlobular veins. It is proposed that the functional
      integrity of islet blood flow remains in the atrophied pancreas because of
      preservation of both serial and parallel microcirculation that facilitate normal
      glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the atrophied pancreas, as demonstrated
      in an earlier study. Furthermore, it is suggested that analysis of the atrophied
      state of the gland provides a valid comparative model with which to study islet
      angioarchitecture and microcirculation in the normal gland.

PMID- 2654926
TI  - Effects of mannose and fructose on the synthesis and secretion of insulin.
AB  - Synthesis-secretion coupling of insulin was determined in perfused pancreases
      stimulated for 3 h by various sugars. These monosaccharide stimuli included
      glucose alone at either 200 or 300 mg/dl; mannose or fructose alone at 1,200
      mg/dl; or combinations of mannose and fructose or galactose and fructose at 600
      mg/dl each. Glucose and mannose each promoted insulin synthesis and secretion.
      Mannose at 1,200 mg/dl produced synthesis-secretion coupling similar to glucose
      at 200 mg/dl. Fructose alone at 1,200 mg/dl failed to cause any significant
      release of insulin, but it did significantly increase beta cell insulin content.
      When mannose and fructose were combined at 600 mg/dl each, in the absence of
      glucose, they resulted in a synergistic effect on insulin secretion and an
      additive effect on insulinogenesis, which was in excess of, or equal to, the
      insulinotropic effect of glucose at 300 mg/dl. These results clearly establish
      that the synthesis and secretion of insulin can be uncoupled. Mannose primarily
      stimulates the putative beta cell glucoreceptor, and fructose signals the insulin
      biosynthetic pathway. When combined, these monosaccharides couple synthesis
      secretion of insulin comparable to glucose. The data suggest that the uncoupling
      of insulin secretion and synthesis, which may contribute either independently or
      in combination to abnormalities in pancreatic function observed in various
      diabetic conditions can be studied using the isolated perfused pancreas model.
      Use of this relatively physiological experimental model should provide optimal
      opportunity to further investigate and identify cellular controlling signals
      regulating either insulin biosynthesis, insulin secretion, or the coupling of
      both mechanisms.

PMID- 2654927
TI  - Pancreatic juice enhances fat-stimulated release of enteric hormones in dogs.
AB  - The presence of pancreatic juice in the intestinal lumen results in the
      hydrolysis of dietary fat. The hydrolytic products of dietary fat are potent
      stimulants of pancreatic exocrine secretion and potent inhibitors of gastric acid
      secretion. In this study, residual pancreatic enzyme activity in the intestinal
      lumen may account for the observed increase of triglyceride-stimulated pancreatic
      exocrine secretion and the release of peptides during diversion of pancreatic
      juice. The presence of pancreatic juice enhanced the pancreatic protein output
      that was stimulated by the intraduodenal administration of a triglyceride (corn
      oil, 2 g/kg/h) by 240% (p less than .05). The presence of pancreatic juice during
      the intraduodenal administration of a triglyceride nearly abolished the output of
      gastric acid as well as the release of gastrin (p less than .05) that had been
      stimulated by the intragastric placement of a 10% peptone meal. Pancreatic juice
      in the duodenum significantly enhanced the triglyceride-stimulated release of
      cholecystokinin-33/39, secretin, neurotensin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide,
      and insulin (p less than .05) when compared with the release of these
      enteropancreatic hormones during the diversion of pancreatic juice. This study
      shows that the presence of pancreatic juice in the duodenal lumen enhances the
      fat-stimulated release of enteric hormones that have a stimulatory action on the
      enteroacinar and enteroinsular axis as well as an inhibitory action
      (enterogastrone-like activity) on the postprandial regulation of gastric
      function.

PMID- 2654928
TI  - The effect of cellophane wrapping of the pancreas in the Syrian golden hamster:
      autoradiographic observations.
AB  - We examined the effects of cellophane wrapping of the pancreas on the age-related
      uptake of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) by the differentiated cell types of the
      pancreas of the Syrian golden hamster. Fifty-two hamsters were studied. At 7
      weeks of age, hamsters underwent cellophane wrapping (n = 32) or were allocated
      to a control group (n = 20). Animals 8-22 weeks of age (four at each interval)
      received 3H-TdR (2 microCi/g) intraperitoneally and were killed 1 h later.
      Pancreatic tissues from each animal was processed for autoradiography. The
      percent of acinar cells labeled with 3H-TdR at 8 weeks, in control and wrapped
      animals, was 1.17 +/- 0.26 and 1.51 +/- 0.38 respectively (p = N.S.). In control
      animals, this steadily diminished to 0.02 +/- 0.00 at 22 weeks. In wrapped
      animals, there was less of a tendency for acinar cell labeling to decrease with
      age, and the percent of labeled acinar cells in wrapped animals at 22 weeks was
      0.05 +/- 0.00. The percent of ductular cells labeled with 3H-TdR at 8 weeks in
      control and wrapped animals was 0.24 +/- 0.24 and 0.98 +/- 0.24, respectively (p
      = N.S.), and at 22 weeks was 0.13 +/- 0.90 and 0.60 +/- 0.03, respectively (p
      less than 0.01). The percent of islet cells labeled with 3H-TdR at 8 weeks in
      control and wrapped animals was 0.16 +/- 0.01 and 0.42 +/- 0.01, respectively (p
      less than 0.05), and at 22 weeks was 0.18 +/- 0.01 and 0.63 +/- 0.05 (p less than
      0.05), respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2654929
TI  - A novel assay for pancreatic cellular damage: III. Use of a pancreas-specific
      protein as a marker of pancreatic graft dysfunction in humans.
AB  - Pancreas-specific protein (PASP) is a recently isolated and partially
      characterized major protein in the human pancreas. It has not been described
      previously. Serum levels of PASP and amylase were analyzed in 21 patients
      subjected to combined renal and segmental pancreatic transplantation with both
      organs obtained from the same donor and in eight kidney transplant patients. In
      the pancreas transplant patients, PASP and amylase levels were elevated in
      episodes of graft pancreatitis. With chronic graft rejection, PASP rose to high
      levels long before other indications. In episodes of renal rejection, the levels
      of PASP, but not always of amylase, were elevated on several occasions. They
      decreased after antirejection therapy. This may indicate accompanying pancreatic
      graft rejection. PASP and amylase levels were stable in kidney transplant
      patients and were not affected by serum creatinine levels, renal rejection, or
      antirejection therapy. The results support earlier observations that renal
      rejection in combined pancreas and renal transplant patients may or may not be
      accompanied by a rejection process in the pancreatic graft. PASP may be the means
      by which to tell when the pancreatic graft is involved.

PMID- 2654930
TI  - An enzyme immunoassay for the determination of lipase in human duodenal fluid.
AB  - The application of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay method for the
      determination of lipase concentration in human duodenal fluid is reported.
      Variations in the test procedure have been investigated. A sample incubation and
      a conjugate incubation of 1 h at 37 degrees C are necessary. There is substantial
      agreement between the determination of lipase in duodenal fluid measured
      according to this enzyme immunoassay and a turbidimetric method. The output of
      pancreatic lipase, alpha-amylase, and trypsin in four healthy volunteers during
      infusion of stepwise increasing doses of cholecystokinin was measured. A parallel
      increase of the output of these three enzymes has been observed, and there is a
      correlation between the activity concentrations of alpha-amylase and trypsin and
      the content of lipase in the various samples. This study shows that lipase in
      duodenal fluid can be easily and reliably determined with this enzyme
      immunoassay.

PMID- 2654931
TI  - Insulitis and diabetes are preceded by a decrease in beta cell volume in diabetes
      prone BB rats.
AB  - Immunocytochemistry combined with morphometry was used to test the hypothesis
      that insulitis and diabetes are preceded by quantitative changes in the pancreas
      of diabetes-prone BB (DPBB) rats. Diabetes-resistant BB (DRBB) rats of the w
      subline served as controls. In the first part of the study rats aged 15, 30, 45,
      and 60 days were studied. At 60 days preceding both insulitis and onset of
      diabetes, the DPBB rats demonstrated lower volumes of the entire pancreas, the
      parenchyma, the endocrine pancreas, and beta, A, and D cells. Body weights of the
      DPBB rats were lower than the DRBB rats from 15 days of age on. In the second
      part of the study, DP and DRBB rats were coreared by a foster mother to obtain
      weight-matched animals. Morphometric analysis at 70 days of age revealed a
      reduction in both the beta cell volume density and volume whereas no differences
      were seen in other pancreatic parameters. These results indicate that the
      appearance of insulitis and the later onset of insulin-dependent diabetes are
      preceded by a reduction in beta cell volume.

PMID- 2654932
TI  - A host-encoded DNA-binding protein promotes termination of plasmid replication at
      a sequence-specific replication terminus.
AB  - We have purified approximately 6600-fold an approximately 40-kDa protein (Ter
      protein) encoded by Escherichia coli that specifically binds to two sites at the
      216-base-pair replication terminus (tau) of the plasmid R6K. Chemical
      footprinting experiments have shown that the Ter protein binds to two 14- to 16
      base-pair sequences that exist as inverted repeats in the tau fragment. Site
      directed mutagenesis of one of the terminus sequences (tau R) resulted in a
      mutant tau R that failed to bind to the Ter protein. The same mutant terminus
      also failed to terminate DNA replication in vivo. These experiments strongly
      suggest that the interaction of the Ter protein with tau sequences plays an
      essential role in the termination of DNA replication, specifically at tau.

PMID- 2654933
TI  - A hydrogenase-linked gene in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum strain delta H
      encodes a polyferredoxin.
AB  - The genes mvhDGA, which encode the subunit polypeptides of the methyl viologen
      reducing hydrogenase in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum strain delta H, have
      been cloned and sequenced. These genes, together with a fourth open reading frame
      designated mvhB, are tightly linked and appear to form an operon that is
      transcribed starting 42 base pairs upstream of mvhD. The organization and
      sequences of the mvhG and mvhA genes indicate a common evolutionary ancestry with
      genes encoding the small and large subunits of hydrogenases in eubacterial
      species. The product of the mvhB gene is predicted to contain six tandomly
      repeated bacterial-ferredoxin-like domains and, therefore, is predicted to be a
      polyferredoxin that could contain as many as 48 iron atoms in 12 Fe4S4 clusters.

PMID- 2654934
TI  - Protein fragments as probes in the study of protein folding mechanisms:
      differential effects of dihydrofolate reductase fragments on the refolding of the
      intact protein.
AB  - We describe an approach for investigating the protein folding process, using
      protein fragments as inhibitory probes of the refolding protein. The refolding of
      Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3), reversibly unfolded in 7 M
      urea, was monitored by the reappearance of enzyme activity after diluting the
      unfolded enzyme into low urea concentrations (less than or equal to 2 M) in the
      presence of substrates. Of eight protein fragments produced by limited
      proteolysis of the 159-residue enzyme, three isolated peptides--Ser-49/Glu-90,
      Ile-91/Glu-154, and Gln-102/Glu-154--were evaluated for their effects on the
      recovery of the refolding protein's enzymatic activity. By this criterion, 13
      microM peptide Gln-102/Glu-154 inhibits the refolding of 0.015 microM enzyme by
      approximately 80%, while the related peptide, Ile-91/Glu-154, and peptide Ser
      49/Glu-90 at the same concentration inhibit the recoverable activity of the
      refolding enzyme by less than or equal to 20%. None of these three peptides has
      any significant effect on the activity of the folded enzyme. Our results indicate
      that peptides may inhibit refolding differentially and that these effects may be
      extremely sensitive to fragment sequence and composition. We suggest that peptide
      specificity in the inhibition of protein folding may be exploited as a structural
      probe of protein folding mechanisms.

PMID- 2654935
TI  - Activation of the Ki-ras protooncogene in spontaneously occurring and chemically
      induced lung tumors of the strain A mouse.
AB  - The strain A mouse has a high incidence of spontaneous lung tumors and is
      susceptible to lung tumor induction by chemical carcinogens. By utilizing
      transfection assay, Southern blot analysis, and DNA amplification techniques, we
      have detected an activated Ki-ras gene in the DNAs of both spontaneously
      occurring and chemically induced lung tumors of strain A mice. The point
      mutations in the spontaneous lung tumors were in both codon 12 (60%) and codon 61
      (30%). In contrast, 100% of the mutations in the Ki-ras gene detected in
      methylnitrosourea-induced lung tumors and 93% of the mutations in the Ki-ras
      genes detected in benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung tumors were in codon 12, whereas
      90% of the mutations in the Ki-ras genes detected in ethyl carbamate-induced lung
      tumors were in codon 61. The selectivity of mutations in the Ki-ras oncogene
      observed in chemically induced tumors, as compared to spontaneous tumors,
      suggests that these chemicals directly induce point mutations in the Ki-ras
      protooncogene. These data indicate that the strain A mouse lung tumor model is a
      very sensitive system to detect the ability of chemicals to activate the Ki-ras
      protooncogene in lung tissue.

PMID- 2654936
TI  - Evidence for several higher order structural elements in ribosomal RNA.
AB  - Comparative analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences suggests the
      existence of two new higher order interactions: (i) a double-helical structure
      involving positions 505-507 and 524-526 (Escherichia coli numbering) and (ii) an
      interaction between the region of position 130 and the helix located
      approximately between positions 180 and 195. In the first of these, one of the
      strands of the helix exists in the bulge loop, and the other strand exists in the
      terminal loop of a previously recognized compound helix involving positions 500
      545. Therefore, the new structure formally represents a pseudoknot. In the
      second, the insertion/deletion of a nucleotide in the vicinity of position 130
      correlates with the length of the helix in the 180-195 region, the latter having
      a 3-base-pair stalk when the base in question is deleted and a stalk of
      approximately 10 pairs when it is inserted.

PMID- 2654937
TI  - Rat amylin: cloning and tissue-specific expression in pancreatic islets.
AB  - Amyloid deposits in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas are a common finding
      in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The main protein constituent of these
      deposits is a 37-amino acid peptide known as amylin that resembles calcitonin
      gene-related peptide, a neuropeptide. We have isolated cDNA clones corresponding
      to the rat amylin precursor from an islet cDNA library and we show that this
      peptide is encoded in a 0.9-kilobase mRNA that is translated to yield a 93-amino
      acid precursor. The amylin peptide is bordered by dibasic residues, suggesting
      that it is proteolyzed like calcitonin gene-related peptide. The peptide
      sequences flanking the amylin sequence do not resemble the calcitonin gene
      related peptide flanking sequences. RNA hybridization studies show that amylin
      mRNA is abundant in the islets of Langerhans but is not present in the brain or
      seven other tissues examined. Dietary changes, such as fasting or fasting and
      refeeding, have little effect on amylin mRNA expression. This tissue specificity
      suggests that amylin is involved in specific signaling pathways related to islet
      function.

PMID- 2654939
TI  - Intron and upstream sequences regulate expression of the Drosophila beta 3
      tubulin gene in the visceral and somatic musculature, respectively.
AB  - The morphogenetic programs involved in the differentiation of internal organs,
      such as the muscle system, during Drosophila embryogenesis have remained largely
      obscure. beta 3-tubulin has proved to be a good marker for mesoderm development
      as this tubulin isotype is detectable soon after mesoderm formation and during
      the process of mesoderm differentiation. The beta 3-tubulin gene is expressed in
      the somatic and pharyngeal musculature, the dorsal vessel, and the visceral
      musculature. To learn more about the programs underlying mesodermal
      differentiation, we have started to dissect the regulatory elements of the beta 3
      tubulin gene by means of P-element-mediated transformation experiments. We show
      that expression of the beta 3-tubulin gene in the somatic muscles, the pharyngeal
      muscles, and the dorsal vessel is mediated by far upstream sequences. We also
      demonstrate that the first intron of the beta 3-tubulin gene bears a tissue
      specific enhancer element that is required for expression in the visceral muscles
      and that also functions efficiently when cloned downstream of an indicator gene.
      The separability of elements driving beta 3-tubulin expression in the somatic and
      visceral mesoderm facilitates the investigation of the different programs
      involved in regulating the early differentiation of this germ layer.

PMID- 2654938
TI  - Sequence, tissue distribution, and differential expression of mRNA for a putative
      insulin-responsive glucose transporter in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AB  - The cDNAs for two putative glucose transporters from mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes were
      isolated and sequenced. One of these cDNAs encodes the murine homolog of the
      human hepG2/erythrocyte glucose transporter, termed GT1. GT1 mRNA is most
      abundant in mouse brain and is expressed in both 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and
      adipocytes. The other cDNA encodes a glucose transporter-like protein, termed
      GT2, that has a unique amino acid sequence and tissue distribution. GT2 cDNA
      encodes a protein with 63% amino acid sequence identity and a similar structural
      organization to GT1. GT2 mRNA is found at high levels in mouse skeletal muscle,
      heart, and adipose tissue, all of which exhibit insulin-stimulated glucose
      uptake. GT2 mRNA is absent from 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but is induced dramatically
      during differentiation into adipocytes. This increase in mRNA content correlates
      closely with the acquisition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. We propose
      that GT2 is an insulin-regulated glucose transporter.

PMID- 2654940
TI  - A plant manganese superoxide dismutase is efficiently imported and correctly
      processed by yeast mitochondria.
AB  - In the plant Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is
      synthesized in the cytoplasm as a preprotein and is subsequently translocated to
      the mitochondrial matrix with corresponding cleavage of an NH2-terminal leader
      sequence. To determine whether the plant enzyme could replace the endogenous SOD
      activities of Escherichia coli and yeast, constructions have been made in
      appropriate vectors for expression of the preprotein and the mature MnSOD. These
      were introduced into SOD-deficient strains for complementation studies. In E.
      coli, both forms of the protein were shown to be active and able to complement
      SOD deficiency to different degrees. Expression of the preprotein in a yeast
      strain lacking a mitochondrial MnSOD resulted in a restoration of wild-type
      growth, only possible if the plant protein was being targeted to the
      mitochondria. Subsequent studies revealed that the protein was processed and that
      the leader sequence was cleaved at the identical position as recognized by the
      mitochondrial peptidase of plants. The components mediating mitochondrial import
      thus appear to be highly conserved between plants and yeast.

PMID- 2654941
TI  - T-cell mitogenesis stimulates the synthesis of a mRNA species coding for a 43-kDa
      peptide reactive with CM-H-9, a monoclonal antibody specific for placental
      isoferritin.
AB  - In studying the changes that occur in concanavalin A-activated T lymphocytes, an
      mRNA species was discovered by hybridization of poly(A)+ mRNA with a human
      ferritin heavy chain cDNA probe. This ferritin mRNA, termed superheavy chain
      mRNA, differed from the known human ferritin heavy chain mRNAs by its larger size
      and degree of homology. The superheavy chain mRNA was isolated by sucrose
      gradient centrifugation and translated in vitro in a cell-free system. The
      products obtained included two peptides (superheavy) of 43kDa that reacted with
      CM-H-9, a monoclonal antibody specific for placental isoferritin. De novo
      synthesis in intact transformed T cells revealed the synthesis of the superheavy
      chain peptides that were immunoprecipitated by anti-ferritin monoclonal antibody
      CM-G-8 and by placental isoferritin specific monoclonal antibody CM-H-9. The
      above results indicated that blast transformation of human T cells stimulated the
      appearance of a unique mRNA species that coded for a superheavy chain peptide
      associated with placental isoferritin, which was not detected in resting T cells.

PMID- 2654942
TI  - Identification and characterization of a membrane-bound cytotoxin of murine
      cytolytic lymphocytes that is related to tumor necrosis factor/cachectin.
AB  - Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill their targets by a contact-dependent
      mechanism. We investigated the possibility that the CTL membranes themselves
      could exert direct cytotoxic activity. Murine CTLs that had been fixed with
      paraformaldehyde retained a slow cytotoxic activity toward various target cells
      that are also sensitive to another cytokine, tumor necrosis factor
      (TNF)/cachectin. This cytotoxic activity was neutralized by antibodies specific
      for TNF. Membrane fractions obtained from CTLs were cytotoxic to TNF-sensitive
      targets but not to several TNF-resistant cell lines. Immunoblot analysis revealed
      a membrane protein band of 50-60 kDa from CTLs that reacts with anti-TNF
      antibodies. The surface localization of this cytokine was further ascertained by
      flow cytometry, indirect immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy
      studies using TNF-specific antibodies. Radioiodination of CTL surface proteins
      followed by immunoprecipitation with anti-TNF antibodies confirmed the presence
      of a TNF-related cytokine in the plasma membranes of CTLs that migrated with an
      apparent molecular mass of 50-60 kDa under disulfide-reducing conditions. This
      cytokine can be removed from membranes by treatment with detergents but not with
      high-salt buffers, suggesting that it may be an integral membrane protein.

PMID- 2654943
TI  - Long-term observations of autoimmune-prone mice treated for autoimmune disease by
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Long-term effects of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) across major
      histocompatibility complex barriers were studied in (NZB x NZW)F1 (B/W), BXSB,
      and MRL/Mr-lpr-lpr (MRL/lpr) mice with established autoimmune disease at the time
      of ABMT. In the BXSB or B/W mice, ABMT cured all aspects of autoimmune disease.
      Glomerular damage, revealed by histological study was dramatically improved.
      Serological abnormalities and immunologic functions also were normalized.
      Correction of autoimmune disease and advanced renal disease in BXSB and B/W mice
      regularly lasted greater than 5-6 mo and even 1 yr after ABMT. In the MRL/lpr
      mice, however, autoimmune and renal disease at first improved but then recurred
      after ABMT, apparently because of intolerance of mice for high doses of
      irradiation and a high degree of resistance of recipient stem cells to
      irradiation. In this model, H-2 typing revealed that by the time of relapse,
      immunocompetent cells of the chimeric mice had been replaced by host (MRL/lpr; H
      2k) cells. B220+ Ly-1+ cells, present in increased numbers in untreated MRL/lpr
      mice, initially returned to normal levels after ABMT but then reappeared in the
      MRL/lpr mice that had received marrow from donors having few such lymphocytes.
      Thus, our results show that MRL/lpr mice possess abnormal radioresistant stem
      cells and provide impressive evidence that the origin of autoimmune diseases in
      this strain, as in the several other strains studied, residues in abnormalities
      present in stem cells.

PMID- 2654945
TI  - Interleukin 1 protects against the lethal effects of irradiation of mice but has
      no effect on tumors in the same animals.
AB  - Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a radioprotector of bone marrow and is cytotoxic to some
      tumor cells. This investigation examines these two properties in the same host
      animals and gives evidence of radioprotection against localized x-irradiation of
      the head and neck region. By LD50 analyses, recombinant human IL-1 (100 ng/mouse,
      approximately 3 micrograms/kg) was found to be radioprotective against whole-body
      irradiation for both C3H/Km and C57BL/Ka mice. The combined potency ratio for the
      two strains was 1.07 (95% confidence limit: 1.02-1.12). It was also
      radioprotective against the injury leading to acute lethality resulting from
      localized head and neck irradiation of C3H/Km mice; 100 ng of IL-1/mouse produced
      a potency ratio of 1.05 (95 confidence limit: 1.03-1.07). However, two tumors
      that originated in C3H/Km mice, RIF-1 and SCCVII, showed neither in vitro nor in
      vivo response to IL-1. Also, there was no IL-1-induced reduction in in vivo
      growth of the RL 12NP lymphoma in C57BL/Ka mice.

PMID- 2654944
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of beta II subspecies of protein kinase C in rat
      brain.
AB  - The distribution of a subspecies of protein kinase C (PKC) encoded by the beta II
      sequence in rat central nervous tissue was demonstrated immunocytochemically by
      using antibodies raised against an oligopeptide having a partial sequence
      specific for the beta II PKC. The beta II PKC immunoreactivity was widely but
      discretely distributed in the brain. The distribution of the beta II PKC
      immunoreactivity differed from that of the beta I and gamma PKC subspecies. The
      beta II PKC immunoreactivity was found in the perikarya, dendrites, and axons of
      neuronal cells. Few if any glial cells were stained. Immunoreactive neurons were
      present in the anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, amygdaloid
      complex, caudate-putamen, accumbens nucleus, claustrum, dorsal part of the
      lateral septal nucleus, CA1 region of the hippocampus, subiculum, medial
      habenular nucleus, cerebral cortex, nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal
      nerve, nucleus of the solitary tract, and substantia gelatinosa of the spinal
      cord. In these neurons, the beta II PKC immunoreactivity was seen mainly in the
      form of cytoplasmic dots and, in some cases, diffusely in the cytoplasm. Under
      electron microscopy, these immunoreactive large dots appeared to be associated
      with the Golgi complex, suggesting that the beta II PKC plays a specialized
      function at the Golgi complex in certain neuronal cell types.

PMID- 2654946
TI  - Molecular interactions of cultured turkey kidney cells with specific antigens of
      Eimeria adenoeides sporozoites.
AB  - Earlier studies suggested that specific communication between the parasite and
      the host cell may play a role in cellular invasion by sporozoites of species of
      avian Eimeria. In this study, quantification of cellular invasion and modified
      Western blot analysis were used to explore the possibility that parasite
      receptors for interaction with the host cell might be involved in the sporozoite
      host cell communication. Invasion in cultured cells treated with a homogenate of
      Eimeria adenoeides sporozoites was approximately 50% lower than that in untreated
      cultures. When the sporozoite homogenate was solubilized in sodium dodecyl
      sulfate and electrophoretically separated, components of the cultured host cells
      bound consistently to sporozoite bands having Mr of 23 and 40 kDa. Biotinylation
      of intact sporozoites revealed at least 14 biotin-labeled bands, including bands
      at 23 and 40 kDa, that were considered to be surface molecules. If the
      sporozoites were incubated in trypsin after they were biotinylated, only two
      biotinylated bands at 18 and 23 kDa remained; the 40-kDa biotinylated band was
      not detected. Despite the removal of the majority of the surface molecules, the
      cell homogenate still bound to the trypsin-treated sporozoites; the intensity of
      the label was similar to that resulting from the binding of cell homogenate to
      untreated sporozoites. The data show specific interactions between 23- and 40-kDa
      sporozoite bands and host cell components, and provide evidence that the 23-kDa
      molecule may be located on the sporozoite surface and the 40-kDa molecule located
      intracellularly.

PMID- 2654947
TI  - Vitamin A supplementation improves macrophage function and bacterial clearance
      during experimental salmonella infection.
AB  - The effects of additional but nontoxic amounts of vitamin A on susceptibility to
      salmonella infection was studied by comparing rates of bacterial clearance and
      phagocytosis. Forty-eight male Lewis rats were divided into a treatment group
      receiving a total of 6000 units of vitamin A palmitate weekly for 5 weeks and a
      control group was given an equal volume of saline. After completion of the
      treatment regimen, one-half from each group were infected intraperitoneally with
      10(5) Salmonella typhimurium; the other half received intraperitoneal injection
      of saline. At this time no differences in weight gain were noted and all animals
      were sacrificed within 2 weeks. At 72 hr after bacterial challenge, all saline
      treated control animals displayed bacteremia. Cultures of liver and splenic
      homogenates were positive in 89 and 100% of infected control animals vs 0 and 44%
      for treated animals during the first week of infection. Kupffer cell, peritoneal,
      and splenic macrophages of the vitamin A-treated group had greater phagocytic
      activity than controls as assessed by the percentage of cells ingesting yeast
      particles and by the number of particles ingested (phagocytic index). These
      results suggest that vitamin A in moderate amounts may benefit the host's
      response to infection by enhancing phagocytic cell function.

PMID- 2654948
TI  - Changes in lipogenesis and lipolysis associated with recovery from reversible
      obesity in mature female rats.
AB  - Reversible obesity provides a model for demonstration of weight regulation in
      mature animals. Changes in body composition and in vitro adipose and hepatic
      lipid synthesis and adipose lipolysis of rats recovering from enforced weight
      gain were examined to determine whether correction of weight was facilitated by
      metabolic changes independent of those resulting from hypophagia and negative
      energy balance. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g) were divided into three
      groups. Controls ate ad libitum, tube-fed control rats were weight matched to
      controls. Two-hundred percent-fed rats were tube-fed twice control intake. After
      26 days tube feeding stopped and a subgroup from each treatment was killed for
      determination of body composition and in vitro tissue metabolism. Further
      subgroups were examined 5, 10, 15, and 36 days later. At the end of overfeeding
      200%-fed rats were hypophagic and had high rates of adipose and hepatic lipid
      synthesis, which soon returned to normal. Gross changes in body fat mass were
      corrected by hypophagia and increased adipose lipolysis. The remaining small
      excess in body fat appeared to be corrected by decreased basal and insulin
      stimulated adipose fatty acid synthesis when food intake had returned to normal.

PMID- 2654949
TI  - "Lymphokine activated killing" as treatment for human cancer: clinical
      extrapolations from laboratory studies with interleukin-2 expanded leukocytes.

PMID- 2654950
TI  - Pre-clinical models for immunotherapy of melanoma.

PMID- 2654951
TI  - Host endocrine responses during tumor growth.
AB  - Transplantation of the EL-4 lymphoma to syngeneic recipients caused significant
      endocrine changes which occurred very early as well as late after
      transplantation. Among the hormonal changes induced were a biphasic increase in
      the level of serum corticosterone, a biphasic decrease in serum insulin levels,
      an early decrease in prolactin and a terminal severe deficiency in thyroxine. The
      mechanism by which corticosterone levels are increased immediately following
      tumor transplantation appears to involve post-thymic T cells. In addition, the
      corticosterone response after tumor transplantation seems to be restricted to
      syngeneic recipients and does not seem to occur with allogeneic tumor
      transplantation. Further, the phenomenon may require an immunogenic tumor since
      the relatively nonimmunogenic mammary tumor virus (MTV) induced adenocarcinoma
      did not increase corticosterone in syngeneic C3H/He mice. Such data are
      consistent with the proposition that recognition of tumor antigen by mature T
      cells occurs within hours of tumor transplantation. This recognition appears to
      be MHC restricted. Whereas mitogen stimulation of T cells produces a
      glucocorticoid increasing factor designated GIF (Besedovsky et al., 1985b), it is
      reasonable to suggest that GIF is produced in vivo as part of the T cell response
      to tumor antigen. GIF in turn stimulates hypophyseal release of ACTH with a
      subsequent release of corticosterone from the adrenal gland. The biological
      relevance of this physiological increase in serum levels of corticosterone was
      examined with respect to the anti-inflammatory phenomenon often observed after
      tumor transplantation. First, a concordance was noted following tumor
      transplantation between elevated corticosterone levels and anti-inflammation.
      Similarly, transplantation of the MTV induced mammary adenocarcinoma which failed
      to increase serum levels of corticosterone did not exhibit anti-inflammation.
      Consistent with the concept that corticosterone levels increase following T cell
      recognition of tumor antigens, it is known that anti-inflammation does not occur
      with weakly immunogenic tumors but does follow transplantation of moderately
      immunogenic tumors (Normann, 1985b; Normann et al., 1985a). Second, adrenalectomy
      prevented the corticosterone response to tumor transplantation and eliminated
      tumor associated anti-inflammation. Additional studies are necessary to determine
      if the increase in serum levels of corticosterone alters other parameters of the
      host response to tumors. Anti-inflammation was shown to occur following tumor
      transplantation via a corticosterone dependent pathway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2654952
TI  - Leukoregulin.

PMID- 2654953
TI  - Experimental and clinical studies with active specific immunotherapy.
AB  - The factors involved in constructing vaccines for clinical testing are shown in
      Figure 3. The definition of melanoma antigens which are likely to be immunogenic
      is greatly facilitated by identification of reactive antibodies in sera or human
      hybridoma supernatants. It is also possible that antigens defined by murine
      monoclonal antibodies or extraction of melanoma specimens will be proven
      immunogenic with appropriately constructed vaccines, but this is unlikely unless
      immunohistologic testing and extraction of normal tissues show lack of expression
      on normal cells. With the use of purified antigens it has been possible to
      immunize with more antigen and to present the antigen in a more immunogenic
      fashion. On the other hand, the use of whole tumor cells or cell fractions
      provides the possibility of obtaining immune responses against antigens not
      previously known to be immunogenic, especially if linked with the production of
      human monoclonal antibodies. Experimental models for vaccine construction play a
      critical role in the selection of optimal adjuvants or vehicles for antigen
      presentation and for comparing different approaches to anti suppressor cell
      treatment. (Formula: see text). The ability to consistently induce high titer
      antibody responses against a single antigen, the ganglioside GM2, represents a
      foot in the door of active specific immunotherapy against malignant melanoma in
      man. When we are able to immunize as well against 2 or 3 additional melanoma
      antigens, the door will be open for testing the hypothesis that active specific
      immunotherapy can play a role in preventing recurrence or treating measurable
      cancer in man.

PMID- 2654954
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to oncogene products.

PMID- 2654955
TI  - Thymic hormone in the treatment of cancer.

PMID- 2654956
TI  - Treatment of human metastatic melanoma with mouse monoclonal antibodies against
      GD3 ganglioside.

PMID- 2654957
TI  - Imaging and therapy of cancer with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2654958
TI  - Pharmacokinetic considerations on monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2654959
TI  - Treatment of AIDS and its attendant malignancies.

PMID- 2654960
TI  - Platelet function, platelet prostanoids and vascular prostacyclin in diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 2654961
TI  - Interaction of albumin, arachidonic acid and prostanoids in platelets.

PMID- 2654963
TI  - [260 years of pharmacy law. An overview].

PMID- 2654962
TI  - Arachidonic acid analogues: an additional class of membrane--active agents with
      potential anticancer activity.

PMID- 2654964
TI  - The pulmonary toxicity of nitrosoureas.
AB  - Drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis in cancer chemotherapy has become a more serious
      problem as treatment regimens are refined, larger total doses of cytotoxic drugs
      are administered and patient prognosis improves. The nitrosoureas are a class of
      chemotherapeutic agents whose clinical use is severely limited by drug-induced
      toxicities. The myelosuppression caused by nitrosourea administration can be
      managed clinically; however, the development of irreversible pulmonary fibrosis
      is a more serious clinical problem. Studies are needed to identify biochemical
      markers for early lung injury so that the amount of pulmonary tissue damage can
      be assessed and monitored. Additionally, considerable research is needed to
      understand the mechanisms by which these agents produce lung injury, so that
      therapeutic regimens can be developed to minimize or prevent lung toxicity. In
      understanding the mechanisms of toxicity, potentially the pulmonary injury caused
      by nitrosourea administration can be altered without affecting the clinical
      antitumor activity of this class of compounds. In the future, knowledge on
      mechanisms of drug-induced pulmonary injury can be used in the development of
      antineoplastic agents which are more disease specific and less pulmonary toxic.

PMID- 2654965
TI  - Pharmacogenetic perspectives gained from twin and family studies.

PMID- 2654966
TI  - Vocal behavior and psychopathology.
AB  - An overview of voice parameters such as fundamental frequency, intensity,
      spectral characteristics, and formants is given, and ways to measure such
      parameters are demonstrated. Furthermore, an attempt is made to link voice
      parameters theoretically to emotions and psychopathology. The relevance of voice
      parameters is demonstrated by reporting results of studies on vocal indicators of
      different emotions, on differences between depressives and schizophrenics, as
      well as on voice changes during the course of psychotherapy. The importance of
      voice characteristics as a diagnostic tool is discussed within the framework of a
      general model of person perception, the Brunswikean lens model.

PMID- 2654968
TI  - Facial expression as a behavioral indicator of emotional states.
AB  - This article gives an overview of possibilities for the assessment of facial
      behavior. With regard to validity, results from a longitudinal study of 36
      depressed patients and nine controls as well as of ten schizophrenic patients and
      their relatives will be referred to. These results are used to illustrate the
      following principles which have to be taken into account when studying facial
      behavior: a) communication strongly facilitates facial expression, b) activation
      of facial behavior follows the "principle of least effort", and c) the principle
      of individual specificity applies to the association of nonverbal behavior and
      mood states. Making allowance for these principles has, among others,
      consequences a) for situations or conditions under which to asses behavior
      (specifically conditions of communication), b) for data analysis (e.g., dealing
      with frequent and rare events), and c) for empirical or experimental strategies
      (e.g., aggregation of single-case longitudinal comparisons). From the results on
      facial behavior during depression it can be concluded that the nonverbal reaction
      tendencies of endogenous and neurotic depressed patients differ. Moreover, the
      differential behavioral patterns observed cast doubt on the assumption of a
      homogeneity of affects in depression. Taking into account the conditions which
      govern it, facial behavior has proved to be a valid and, especially, a
      differential indicator for pathologic affective states and their changes. Given
      the fact that a psychiatric illness generally incorporates emotional problems it
      is more than surprising that little attention has been paid to the systematic
      study of emotional behavior. Some of the reasons for this will be clarified in
      the following.

PMID- 2654967
TI  - Changes of speech activity in depressed patients under pharmacotherapy.
AB  - The reduced speech activity of depressed patients is a consistent finding in many
      systematic studies. However, this and other nonverbal parameters have seldom been
      investigated in psychopharmacological studies. In this double-blind study, 21
      retarded depressed patients were treated with amitriptyline or pirlindol over a
      four-week period. The speech behavior of the patients was analyzed by computer
      techniques, and the drug-induced changes in these variables were compared with
      the psychopathological effects of the treatment.

PMID- 2654969
TI  - Visuomotor behavior in schizophrenia.
AB  - The diagnosis of "positive" schizophrenia relies heavily on reported symptoms.
      Behavioral signs, however, play an important role in "negative" schizophrenia.
      Their advantage is that they can be assessed objectively and quantitatively.
      Thus, their measurement can improve both the precision of the diagnostic process
      and the phenomenological basis of biologically oriented research. The assessment
      of various types of visuomotor behavior (e.g., eye fixations, saccades, smooth
      pursuit eye movements) with different functions and anatomic organization, and of
      their trait- and state-related disturbances in schizophrenia are an example of
      this kind of research. Whether analyzed from an interactional or an individual
      perspective, visuomotor behavior is best understood within a broader
      neurobiological frame of reference. In combination with brain imaging techniques
      it is an important tool with which to explore brain behavior relationships in
      schizophrenia and other related psychoses.

PMID- 2654970
TI  - On the relation between ratings of the emotional state and expressive variables
      of gesture and verbal activities in old-aged people.
AB  - Methods to assess emotional reactions in old-aged people are predominantly
      confined to physiological or biochemical variables. In an experiment the authors
      examined whether variables of gesture and verbal activity are indicators of
      emotional states. Ninety-six old-aged women took part in the experiment which had
      two experimental and two control conditions. Subjective variables, physiological
      variables, and variables of expression were assessed. The results show that
      emotional reactions are expressed in variables of verbal activity but not in
      variables of gesture.

PMID- 2654971
TI  - Ethological studies in animals and man, their use in psychiatry.
AB  - Ethology is concerned with the observation, description and measurement of the
      acts and postures which make up the behavioural repertoire of animals. Man too,
      exhibits analogous patterns of non-verbal behaviour, many of which serve social
      interactions. It is shown how ethological profiles of psychiatric patients can be
      constructed using the same methods as are used to analyse the social behaviour of
      rodents. It is argued that deficits in social behaviour are a key feature of the
      mentally ill patient and arise when flight, i. e. escape-oriented behaviour
      predominates. This notion is supported by an ethological study which shows that
      compared to healthy subjects, depressed patients exhibit fewer facial expressions
      and gestures which instigate or invite social interactions. These patterns serve
      to isolate the depressive patients from the group. With its emphasis upon
      objective analysis of behaviour, the ethological approach can provide a useful
      adjunct to conventional but largely subjective, clinical assessment schemes. It
      can also help to integrate findings in man and animals since in both, the
      behaviour is assessed in the same kind of units according to a common conceptual
      framework.

PMID- 2654972
TI  - Speech chronemics--a hidden dimension of speech. Theoretical background,
      measurement and clinical validity.
AB  - The term "speech chronemics" is introduced to characterize a research strategy
      which extracts from the physical qualities of the speech signal only the pattern
      of ons ("speaking") and offs ("pausing"). The research in this field can be
      structured into the methodological dimension "unit of time", "number of
      speakers", and "quality of the prosodic measures". It is shown that a
      researcher's actual decision for one method largely determines the outcome of his
      study. Then, with the Logoport a new portable measurement device is presented. It
      enables the researcher to study speaking behavior over long periods of time (up
      to 24 hours) in the normal environment of his subjects. Two experiments are
      reported. The first shows the validity of articulation pauses for variations in
      the physiological state of the organism. The second study proves a new
      betablocking agent to have sociotropic effects: in a long-term trial socially
      high-strung subjects showed an improved interaction behavior (compared to placebo
      and socially easy-going persons) in their everyday life. Finally, the need for a
      comprehensive theoretical foundation and for standardization of measurement
      situations and methods is emphasized.

PMID- 2654973
TI  - Comparison of phage T4 denV endonuclease V and M. luteus UV-DNA endonuclease by
      serology and DNA hybridization.

PMID- 2654974
TI  - [10 years of achievements of the Nursing Department of the Academy of Medicine in
      Wroclaw].

PMID- 2654975
TI  - [A remembrance of Jadwiga Izycka].

PMID- 2654976
TI  - [History of the profession of midwifery].

PMID- 2654978
TI  - The discovery of modern antidepressants.

PMID- 2654977
TI  - Traditional herbal medicines--the role of polyphenols.
AB  - The polyphenol composition of some traditional herbal remedies is reviewed.
      Polyphenols probably act in such remedies by virtue of their astringent action
      and current views on the molecular basis of this property are outlined and
      discussed.

PMID- 2654979
TI  - Lithium: personal reminiscences.

PMID- 2654981
TI  - History of psychopharmacology in North America.

PMID- 2654980
TI  - The introduction of chlorpromazine to North America.

PMID- 2654982
TI  - Historical antecedents of modern psychopharmacology.

PMID- 2654983
TI  - Religion and epilepsy.
AB  - A study of 57 consecutive patients with epilepsy who were attending a
      neurological epilepsy clinic at a general hospital, was carried out. A
      preliminary analysis of the data revealed that 33% had at some time been treated
      for a psychological disorder, 51% had 'normal' and 60% 'abnormal' interests in
      religion and related belief systems. Fifty-one percent had undergone a
      significant change in their interest in these matters in the past (religious
      conversion). A significant association was found between the 'abnormal' group and
      psychopathology, and religious conversion. These associations were not found with
      the 'normal' group.

PMID- 2654984
TI  - Components of care for patients with schizophrenia.
AB  - To assist in the planning of mental health services for Metropolitan Toronto, the
      Mental Health Care Committee of the Metropolitan Toronto District Health Council
      convened a Task Force on Mental Health Epidemiology to help determine the need
      for services for patients suffering from schizophrenia. As part of its work, the
      Task Force described components of care which comprise a comprehensive treatment
      model. Underlying this approach was the recognition that many efficient,
      effective interventions for the treatment of schizophrenia have been developed
      and evaluated, but few attempts have been made to apply these various
      interventions in a systematic, comprehensive manner. This report presents an
      inventory of state-of-the-art approaches to dealing with schizophrenia which
      should be of interest both to practicing clinicians and health care planners.

PMID- 2654985
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis, renal failure and schizophrenia.
AB  - Rhabdomyolysis appears to be a complication that psychiatrists need to be aware
      of. A case is reported here of a patient who developed rhabdomyolysis and renal
      failure as a result of intense activity during a psychotic episode.

PMID- 2654986
TI  - Multiple exostosis, brain ventricular enlargement and schizophrenia.
AB  - Case histories of two family members with multiple exostosis and schizophrenia
      are presented. There are no previous reports of such an association. The
      computerized axial tomography scan revealed signs of hydrocephalus in one patient
      and substantial enlargement of lateral brain ventricles in the other. The mutual
      occurrence of all three clinical findings (multiple exostosis, ventricular brain
      enlargement and psychosis) in two family members may suggest a subgroup of
      patients who manifest schizophrenic symptomatology.

PMID- 2654987
TI  - The antisocial personality (the sociopathic personality)

PMID- 2654988
TI  - [The contribution of psychoanalysis to medicine--selected results of research by
      H. Weiner (instead of a laudatory address)].

PMID- 2654989
TI  - [Aldolase biosynthesis and stability in a monolayer of intact and irradiated rat
      liver cells].
AB  - Aldolase turnover in rat hepatic cell culture and the influence of whole-body X
      irradiation on the rates of synthesis and degradation of the enzyme and its "half
      life" have been investigated. Aldolase biosynthesis in irradiated cells increases
      significantly as the rate of its degradation grows and the time of its
      functioning decreases.

PMID- 2654990
TI  - [Explantation, incubation and reimplantation of bone marrow cells as a means of
      treating acute radiation sickness in various species of animals].
AB  - In experiments with mice, rats, guinea pigs, and dogs subjected to whole-body
      irradiation a favourable effect of postirradiation explantation, incubation,
      under suboptimal conditions, and reimplantation of bone marrow cells was shown.
      The effect was perhaps associated with the enhanced recovery of stem cells, their
      primary differentiation into a granulocytic series, and activation of bone marrow
      regeneration.

PMID- 2654991
TI  - [Late sequelae of gamma irradiation of rat ovaries during embryonic development].
AB  - From abnormalities in the first pregnancy, antenatal and postnatal development of
      the Wistar rat offspring subjected to a single whole-body gamma irradiation (0.5
      1.5 Gy) during embryogenesis, it was inferred that ovaries were most
      radiosensitive on days 10-16 of the antenatal ontogeny with regard to the remote
      effects of irradiation.

PMID- 2654992
TI  - [Changes in the capacity of CFU-S to form macrocolonies under long-term chronic
      irradiation].
AB  - Distribution of CFU-S upon daily chronic irradiation of mice with doses of 0.25
      and 0.5 Gy during 3-4 months was close to normal: the percentage of individuals
      without CFU-S capable of forming macrocolonies being high in both cases. 60 day
      after the end of the exposure the macrocolony-forming ability after the second
      transplantation was nearly twice as low and independent of daily dose and
      duration of exposure.

PMID- 2654993
TI  - [Metabolic indices of proteolysis of the blood serum in dogs in the early period
      following uniform whole-body gamma irradiation].
AB  - Free amino acid concentration and proteinase inhibitor content were studied
      during the first 48 h following whole-body uniform gamma irradiation of dogs
      (LD30/50 and LD90/45). The contribution of metabolic profile features to
      individual radiosensitivity is discussed on the basis of the retrospective
      analysis of the initial level of metabolic indices in animals survived and died
      after irradiation. The comparison of the dynamics of changes in the indices under
      study in the animals died after exposure to different radiation doses permitted
      to suggest the important role that early hyperactivation of proteolysis played in
      the development of metabolism decompensation which promoted the fatal outcome of
      the affection.

PMID- 2654994
TI  - [Effect of He-Ne laser radiation on the chemiluminescence of mouse spleen cells].
AB  - A study was made of He-Ne laser radiation (lambda = 632.8 nm) on spontaneous
      chemiluminescence of mouse splenic cells and that stimulated by addition of
      Candida albicans. Irradiation with low-intensity red light was shown to stimulate
      cell chemiluminescence and to intensify that stimulated by C. albicans within the
      dose range from 100 to 300 J/m2 with a maximum at about 200 J/m2.

PMID- 2654995
TI  - [Quantitative histologic changes of the glioneuronal complex in the central and
      intermediate parts of the visual analyzer exposed to microwaves of thermogenic
      intensity].
AB  - Whole-body exposure of guinea pigs to microwaves of 60 mW/cm2 for 10 min causes
      quantitative changes in glial population of outer geniculate bodies and visual
      cortex that are manifested by the enlarged perineuronal glia, an increased
      glioneuronal index, and a relatively stable perivascular glia. The dynamics of
      the changes observed indicates higher reactivity and repair capacity of the
      glioneuronal complex of outer geniculate bodies.

PMID- 2654996
TI  - [Comparative action of X-rays and fast neutrons on thymus endocrine function].
AB  - Whole-body exposure of rats to X-rays (4, 6 and 8 Gy) and neutron radiation (1,
      1.5 and 2 Gy) causes a dose-dependent inhibition of endocrine function of thymus
      and death of its lymphoid cells. Shielding of thymus somewhat reduces the degree
      and duration of inhibition of thymus hormone secretion.

PMID- 2654997
TI  - [Effect of He-Ne laser radiation on the bacteriophage T4-Escherichia coli
      system].
AB  - Exposure of T4 bacteriophage, having no red light chromophores, to He-Ne laser
      (lambda = 632.8 nm) of 10(3)-6 X 10(4) J/m2 does not influence its lytic
      properties. Irradiation of E. coli WP2 bacteria with doses of 4-6 X 10(3) J/m2
      causes a 1.25-1.35-fold increase in their ability to keep on the development of
      nonirradiated bacteriophage T4.

PMID- 2654998
TI  - Update on radiopharmaceuticals for medical imaging.

PMID- 2654999
TI  - Pulmonary sarcoidosis: what are we learning from CT?

PMID- 2655000
TI  - Perivascular color artifact: pathologic significance and appearance on color
      Doppler US images.
AB  - A distinctive type of artifactual extravascular assignment of color was
      identified in 49 color Doppler ultrasound (US) examinations in 43 patients. This
      artifact appeared as a random localized mixture of red and blue assigned to
      perivascular soft tissues; the artifact varied with the cardiac cycle, being most
      prominent in systole and absent or less prominent in diastole. The artifact was
      seen in 26 patients (32 examinations) at an anastomotic site or stenotic lesion
      associated with surgically created arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. It
      was also observed in ten patients with accidental iatrogenic arteriovenous
      fistulas (renal transplant [n = 6], femoral artery [n = 3], and iliac artery [n =
      1]), five with stenotic arteries not associated with arteriovenous fistulas, and
      two with arterial aneurysms. The authors believe this artifact reflects
      perivascular tissue vibration caused by turbulent intravascular blood flow. If
      properly recognized and accurately interpreted, the artifact can be a valuable
      color Doppler US sign of underlying vascular abnormality.

PMID- 2655001
TI  - Image-directed percutaneous biopsies with a biopsy gun.
AB  - Core tissue for histologic study is believed by many pathologists to be more
      diagnostic than material from needle aspiration. Recently, a biopsy "gun" has
      been introduced, which simplifies core biopsies. With this device, 182 biopsies
      of multiple anatomic sites were performed with ultrasonic, computed tomographic,
      and fluoroscopic guidance and 18-gauge needles. High-quality histopathologic
      specimens were obtained in 177 of the biopsies, and diagnostic target tissue was
      obtained in 167. Only three significant complications occurred: one bleeding
      complication that required transfusion and two cases of pneumothorax that
      necessitated placement of chest tubes. The biopsy gun eliminated the disjointed
      movements of conventional "skinny" needle biopsies, and none of the samples
      demonstrated significant "crush" artifact or obscuring blood, problems that are
      commonly associated with manual biopsy techniques. Patient discomfort was
      decreased with this system compared with that of manual biopsies, and the total
      procedure time was reduced. Because of these distinct advantages, the authors now
      use the biopsy gun exclusively for all percutaneous biopsies and recommend that
      other institutions consider the use of this biopsy method.

PMID- 2655002
TI  - Bacterial renal infection: role of CT.
AB  - The imaging studies done on 62 patients hospitalized for acute renal infections
      were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-six (58%) had one or more abscesses, 17
      (27%) had focal or diffuse acute bacterial nephritis, five (8%) had pyonephrosis,
      and four (6%) had pyelonephritis. All had prolonged fever (greater than or equal
      to 72 hours) and leukocytosis. Among 25 patients examined with both ultrasound
      (US) and computed tomography (CT), US failed to depict three of five (60%) cases
      of acute bacterial nephritis and seven of 15 (47%) intrarenal and extrarenal
      abscesses. One renal abscess was misdiagnosed as a tumor at CT. US is not an
      adequate screening test for detecting lesions that may require invasive therapy.
      CT is more sensitive for the detection of acute renal inflammatory disease and
      for defining the extent of disease for planning of radiologic or surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 2655003
TI  - Duplex Doppler US of renal allografts: causes of elevated resistive index.
AB  - The authors retrospectively investigated the utility of the resistive index (RI)
      in evaluating the major causes of renal allograft dysfunction. Three hundred
      fourteen duplex US studies in 162 patients with 150 episodes of renal allograft
      dysfunction within a 17-month period were reviewed. Histologic findings were
      available in 69 cases. Three patients had hyperacute rejection with a mean RI of
      0.85 +/- 0.049. There were 37 episodes of acute rejection (mean RI, 0.76 +/-
      0.054) and 22 instances of chronic rejection (mean RI, 0.71 +/- 0.065). Ureteral
      obstruction (nine cases; mean RI, 0.72 +/- 0.026) was the only cause of allograft
      dysfunction other than rejection with a mean RI greater than 0.70. Mean RI values
      associated with rejection were significantly elevated above those in the 88 cases
      of dysfunction without rejection (mean, 0.64 +/- 0.064) and in baseline
      examinations (mean, 0.63 +/- 0.066). The results identified two causes of
      increased RI values in addition to acute rejection: chronic rejection and
      ureteral obstruction.

PMID- 2655004
TI  - Gastrinomas: comparison of MR imaging with CT, angiography, and US.
AB  - In this prospective study, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to localize
      gastrinoma in 24 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The results were
      confirmed by means of either surgery or percutaneous liver biopsy and compared
      with results of computed tomographic (CT) scanning, selective abdominal
      angiography, and abdominal ultrasound (US). For primary extrahepatic gastrinoma
      (intra-or extrapancreatic), MR imaging had a sensitivity of 20% and a specificity
      of 100%, with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value
      of 11%. For metastatic gastrinoma in the liver, MR imaging had a sensitivity of
      43% and a specificity of 100%, with a positive predictive value of 100% and a
      negative predictive value of 81%. The ability of MR imaging to depict
      extrahepatic gastrinomas was directly related to tumor size; no tumors smaller
      than 1 cm were detected, and 50% of tumors 3 cm or larger were detected. MR
      imaging was as effective as abdominal US but less effective than either CT
      scanning or selective abdominal angiography for the detection of extrahepatic
      gastrinoma. In seven patients with hepatic gastrinoma, three gastrinomas were
      detected with MR imaging and with abdominal US, while five were detected with CT
      scanning and with selective abdominal angiography. These results indicate that,
      at the present time, MR imaging is generally not useful in the initial attempt to
      localize gastrinomas.

PMID- 2655005
TI  - Abdominal lymphoma in AIDS: evaluation with US.
AB  - The sonographic findings in 38 patients with abdominal lymphomas related to
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reviewed. Thirty-three patients
      had non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and five had Hodgkin disease. Abnormal masses were
      detected with sonography in 33 patients (87%). Focal hypoechoic liver lesions up
      to 10 cm in diameter were visible in 17 patients. Several lesions were anechoic
      and septated, mimicking fluid. Adenopathy (at the retroperitoneum, mesentery, or
      porta hepatis) was seen in 15 patients. Other involved areas included bowel,
      omentum, spleen, kidney, and adrenal gland. AIDS-related abdominal lymphomas
      frequently cause extranodal masses that can be readily imaged with ultrasound.
      Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy allows a specific diagnosis to be
      made in many cases.

PMID- 2655006
TI  - Complicated appendiceal inflammatory disease in children: pylephlebitis and liver
      abscess.
AB  - Five children with complicated appendiceal inflammatory disease are reported.
      They presented with nonspecific signs and symptoms, but three had liver abscess
      and two had inflammation of the portal vein. The inflamed portal vein may act as
      a conduit to the liver for bacteria, or it may become thrombosed and cause portal
      hypertension and hypersplenism. In one child, symptomatic portal hypertension
      developed 10 years after the initial disease. In children, an ultrasonic finding
      of a focal liver mass of low-to-mixed echogenicity or the presence of low
      attenuation areas on computed tomographic scans should suggest the possibility of
      a hepatic abscess, and the radiologist has a major role in suggesting complicated
      inflammatory disease of the appendix as the cause. Similarly, when portal vein
      thrombosis or portal hypertension are found, the radiologist should consider
      complicated inflammatory disease of the appendix as the cause.

PMID- 2655007
TI  - Segmental dilatation of the small bowel: report of three cases and literature
      review.
AB  - Segmental dilatation of the small bowel is a rare congenital abnormality that
      occurs mainly in children and produces significant nonspecific symptoms. The
      authors reviewed 33 cases reported in the literature and present three new cases
      in which the lesion was demonstrated on radiographs obtained before laparotomy.
      These cases showed the spectrum of symptoms and characteristic radiologic
      features of this condition in both plain abdominal radiographs and barium
      studies. Plain radiographs of the abdomen may show an isolated loop of bowel
      containing an air-fluid level. The characteristic finding in barium studies of
      the small bowel is a localized dilatation of the small bowel lumen with afferent
      and efferent loops. In the absence of a complication or coexistent cause of
      obstruction, the transit time of contrast medium through the small bowel is not
      delayed. The radiologic examination is useful in diagnosis, and the condition is
      cured with surgery.

PMID- 2655008
TI  - Plasticity in the neocortex: mechanisms underlying recovery from early brain
      damage.

PMID- 2655009
TI  - Trans-placental transport and metabolism of carbacyclin by perfused human
      placental in vitro.
AB  - When carbacyclin (5E-6a-carba-prostaglandin I2) was added to the maternal
      afferent circulation of in vitro perfused placentae from normal term pregnancies,
      relatively little carbacyclin was found in either the maternal or fetal efferent
      circulations. When carbacyclin was added to the perfusate at 1.0 microM, the peak
      level in the maternal effluent was only 0.06 microM and in the fetal effluent,
      0.026 microM. When infused at 10 microM, 0.77 microM carbacyclin was measured in
      the maternal effluent and 0.13 in the fetal effluent. These findings demonstrate
      that carbacyclin is transferred across the placenta from the maternal side to the
      fetal, but that the net transfer is small. The assay procedure employed HPLC
      resolution, followed by capillary gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring
      using PGB as an internal standard. The low levels of carbacyclin detected in the
      effluents did not result from poor recovery in the analyses. When carbacyclin was
      added to maternal or fetal effluents at 1 microM, the recovery averaged 85.4 +/-
      14.1% (SD); at 10 microM recovery averaged 97.3 +/- 4.2%. Much of the loss of
      carbacyclin on passage through placental circulation resulted from metabolism.
      Extracts of both fetal and maternal effluents from placenta perfused with
      carbacyclin contained a component which on reverse phase HPLC appeared less polar
      than carbacyclin. When analyzed by GC/MS as the methyl ester-trimethylsilyl
      ether, this component had a mass spectrum expected for 15-dehydro-carbacyclin.
      When the presumed metabolite was further converted to the methoxime, the mass
      spectrum was identical to published spectra for that derivative of 15-dehydro
      carbacyclin. When extracts of fetal effluents were analyzed for 15-dehydro
      carbacyclin metabolite as well as carbacyclin, it appeared that the metabolite
      accounted for the majority of the carbacyclin recovered. Most of the metabolite
      was apparently not formed in the fetal circulation, since when carbacyclin was
      added to the fetal afferent circulation, little 15-dehydro-carbacyclin was
      observed in either efferent fluid, and most of the perfused carbacyclin was
      recovered unaltered in the fetal effluent.

PMID- 2655010
TI  - Changes in plasma levels of PGF2 alpha and PGI2 metabolites at and after delivery
      at term.
AB  - Plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (PGFM)
      were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay during
      and up to 48 hours after term labor. PGFM levels increased during labor to reach
      values which at full dilatation, at delivery of the fetal head and at placental
      separation were each time higher than levels obtained earlier. In all women (n =
      10) PGFM levels reached their maximum and started to decline within 10 min. after
      placental separation. Levels decreased to prelabor values within 2 to 3 hours
      after delivery and no temporary increases were observed within the first 2 days.
      Levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha on the other hand, showed no consistent trends
      throughout labor and the early puerperium. The observed changes are believed to
      be of relevance for ensuring adequate hemostasis after birth.

PMID- 2655011
TI  - The effects of a prostacyclin analog OP-41483 on pulmonary oxygen toxicity in an
      isolated heart-lung autoperfusion model.
AB  - Using an isolated canine heart-lung autoperfusion model, the effect of
      prostacyclin analog (OP-41483) on pulmonary oxygen toxicity was investigated.
      Twenty-four mongrel dogs were divided into four groups. Groups 1 and 2 inspired
      oxygen at concentrations (FiO2) of 0.95 and 0.6, respectively, while groups 3 and
      4 received OP-41483 (0.1 micrograms/kg/min) in addition to FiO2 of 0.95 and 0.6.
      Autoperfusion was performed for five hours, and during the experiments the
      systolic blood pressure was maintained at 100 mmHg and the cardiac output at 40
      ml/kg/min. After five hours of perfusion, PaO2 decreased significantly (P less
      than 0.01) from 410 +/- 49 mmHg to 237 +/- 38 mmHg in group 1, and also decreased
      significantly (P less than 0.01) from 368 +/- 44 mmHg to 243 +/- 26 mmHg in group
      2. However, no significant changes in PaO2 were observed in groups 3 and 4. The
      pathological examinations clearly revealed perivascular edema and vascular
      dilation in groups 1 and 2, whereas no abnormal pathological findings were seen
      in groups 3 and 4. The above results indicate that OP-41483, when administered at
      the low dose of 0.1 micrograms/kg/min, induces no circulatory changes and exerts
      an effective action with respect to the prevention of pulmonary edema.

PMID- 2655012
TI  - Influence of albumin and non-esterified fatty acids on serum prostacyclin binding
      in pregnancy.
AB  - We investigated the etiology of the previously documented decrease in serum
      prostocyclin binding during pregnancy. Addition of albumin to the serum of
      pregnant women failed to raise binding to non-pregnant levels. Pregnancy serum
      bound significantly more prostacyclin following the removal of non-esterified
      fatty acids and the addition of fatty acid free albumin resulted in a rise in
      binding to non-pregnant levels. We conclude that serum protein prostacyclin
      binding is affected by both albumin concentration and non-esterified fatty acids.

PMID- 2655013
TI  - [Politics and psychoanalysis in Vienna before 1938].
AB  - On the basis of personal reminiscences the author describes the political climate
      of Vienna between the end of the Monarchy and Anschluss of Austria. At the same
      time she clarifies the extent to which politics impinged on psychoanalysis.

PMID- 2655014
TI  - [Health services of the Home Army].

PMID- 2655015
TI  - [Health services of the Home Army in the Rabka district].

PMID- 2655016
TI  - [Health status of so-called children from the Zamosc district].

PMID- 2655017
TI  - [Polish medical students in Lvov during the Nazi occupation].

PMID- 2655018
TI  - [Dr. Jost Walbaum, the head of the Health Department in the so-called General
      Government].

PMID- 2655019
TI  - [Dr. Walter Weisspfennig, the murderer of shipwrecked men].

PMID- 2655020
TI  - [Punishment of Nazi physicians].

PMID- 2655021
TI  - [Sorrows and joys at the hospital for Polish prisoners of war at Skarbowa Street
      No. 2 in Cracow].

PMID- 2655022
TI  - [Reminiscences of the stay at the transitory camp in Pruszkow].

PMID- 2655023
TI  - [The concept of values in former prisoners of Nazi concentration camps].

PMID- 2655024
TI  - [The end of the concentration camp gehenna].

PMID- 2655025
TI  - [In Neustadt-Glewe].

PMID- 2655026
TI  - [The "Scientific Department" in Dachau. Paul Neumann].

PMID- 2655027
TI  - [Prof. Czeslaw Kempisty].

PMID- 2655029
TI  - [The physician and biologist Nicet Franciszek Wlodarski].

PMID- 2655028
TI  - [Maria Cecylia Autsch ("Angela")].

PMID- 2655030
TI  - [Ideologic attitudes of prisoners at the Auschwitz concentration camp].

PMID- 2655031
TI  - [Various characteristic reactions in the concentration camp].

PMID- 2655032
TI  - [Auschwitz dictionary (I,J). A model].

PMID- 2655033
TI  - [Ashes of cremated prisoners of concentration camps].

PMID- 2655034
TI  - [Prisoners-cleaners in the concentration camp hospital for the SS personnel].

PMID- 2655035
TI  - [Dr. Josef Mengele and the traces of his crimes].

PMID- 2655036
TI  - Neuropeptides as growth factors. Possible roles in human diseases.

PMID- 2655037
TI  - Water quality criteria for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX).
AB  - The occurrence of the munitions compound hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine
      (RDX) in groundwater surrounding Army ammunition plants may result in
      contamination of local drinking water supplies. RDX exerts its primary toxic
      effect in humans on the central nervous system, but also involves
      gastrointestinal and renal effects. Symptomatic effects following acute exposure
      include hyperirritability, nausea, vomiting, generalized epileptiform seizures,
      and prolonged postictal confusion and amnesia. Health effects data were analyzed
      for RDX, and although no controlled human studies exist concerning the acute or
      chronic toxic effects of exposure to RDX, sufficient animal toxicity data are
      available to derive an ambient water quality criterion for the protection of
      human health. This paper summarizes the available literature on metabolism of RDX
      and human and animal toxicity. Based on noncarcinogenic mammalian toxicity data,
      and following the methodologies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, an
      ambient water quality criterion for the protection of human health of 103
      micrograms/liter is proposed for ingestion of drinking water and aquatic
      foodstuffs. A criterion of 105 micrograms/liter is proposed for ingestion of
      drinking water alone.

PMID- 2655038
TI  - Pesticides and food safety.
AB  - This report reviews recent developments regarding the environmental,
      toxicological, and regulatory issues surrounding pesticide residues in food.
      Factors affecting the establishment of regulatory limits are discussed.
      Pesticides monitored by state and federal agencies are compiled and the need for
      improvements in analytical techniques and enforcement procedures in governmental
      monitoring programs is pointed out. Specific incidents of concern related to
      pesticides in food including EDB in grain and grain products, aldicarb in
      watermelon, demeton-methyl in wine, DDT in fish, S,S,S
      tributylphosphorotrithioate in chili peppers, and daminozide in apples and
      processed apple products are described. The National Academy of Science's study
      on the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) method for setting tolerances for
      pesticide residues is discussed, especially the dietary cancer risk estimates
      from pesticides and the inconsistencies in regulating oncogenic pesticides in raw
      and processed foods existing under the Delaney Clause. The EPA's Tolerance
      Assessment System is identified to improve the quality of the tolerance
      establishment process. New California laws to ensure food safety include mandated
      activities in identifying the toxicological data gaps for pesticides and
      evaluating pesticide tolerances. Already initiated, tighter regulatory activities
      at both the federal and the state levels are expected to improve scientific
      information development, regulatory decisions, and public health protection.

PMID- 2655039
TI  - Carcinogenic risk assessment of benzene in outdoor air. Developed jointly by the
      members of the Committee on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Substances, Health
      Council of The Netherlands.
AB  - Based on a working document reviewing benzene toxicity data prepared by the
      national Institute of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene of The Netherlands
      a committee of the health Council of The Netherlands prepared a report regarding
      a health risk assessment of benzene in ambient air. A short review of the
      available data on the health effects of benzene is presented. Two risk
      evaluations based on epidemiological studies of humans exposed to benzene are
      presented and incorporated in the overall risk assessment. Together with these
      evaluations and the fact that there is no strong evidence for the existence of a
      stochastic working mechanism of action the committee advised to increase the
      result of the risk assessment presented by the National Institute of Public
      Health and Environmental Hygiene of The Netherlands by two orders of magnitude.

PMID- 2655040
TI  - Pharmacokinetically based risk assessment of workplace exposure to benzene.
AB  - Cancer risk from exposure to benzene for a working lifetime was estimated from
      data obtained in studies with rodents. Cancers of the Zymbal gland and the blood
      forming system were selected as endpoints for the assessment because of their
      consistent occurrence. The combined metabolites were judged from toxicological
      data to be the best representative of the reactive agent. Because of similarity
      in the percentages of lifetime exposed in the rodent studies and in the
      occupational setting, the amount metabolized/day as a result of exposures 5 days
      a week for a lifetime was judged to be an appropriate dose paradigm for this
      assessment. Derived Michaelis-Menton constants were used to convert the doses of
      combined metabolites from the pharmacokinetic studies to the doses used in the
      bioassays. Scaling across species was based on allometric relationships.
      Experimental data were used to scale doses across species with body weight ratios
      raised to the exponents of 0.74 for the inhalation route and 1.0 for the oral
      route. The occupational lifetime cancer risk estimated from rodent data was 6 to
      14 cases/1000 workers, which is consistent with the 9.5 to 174 leukemia
      cases/1000 estimated by others from epidemiological data. Implications of these
      estimates and uncertainties associated with making them are discussed.

PMID- 2655041
TI  - Human health: a surrogate for the environment. The evolution of environmental
      legislation and regulation during the 1970s.
AB  - Human health and threat to human health have been used repeatedly and, at times,
      deliberately, as surrogates for other desirable features of the physical
      environment in order to make environmental regulatory and legislative initiatives
      politically attractive. Since the decade of the 1970s, this strategy has been a
      successful one in terms of providing a persuasive politcal argument for
      environmental initiatives. At the same time, however, the use of a surrogate or
      "false colors" has had the unfortunate effect of raising and sustaining public
      fears and preoccupations which, in at least some cases, have probably diverted
      our attention away from more important contributors to disease and premature
      mortality.

PMID- 2655042
TI  - [Liver biopsy].

PMID- 2655043
TI  - [Treatment of severe aplastic anemia with bone marrow transplants or with
      antithymocyte globulin. Evaluation of 27 patients].
AB  - The therapeutic results obtained in 27 patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA)
      have been studied retrospectively. Ten patients underwent allogenic bone marrow
      transplantation (BMT) and 17 received antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Five of the
      ten patients transplanted (50%) are living and show normal hemopoiesis. Although
      prophylaxis was used, the incidence of host-versus-graft disease (grade II-IV)
      was 40% and concomitant pneumonitis was the main cause of death. Twenty courses
      of ATG were given to the 17 patients. 12 responses were achieved (60%), of which
      two were complete and the remaining were partial. Two patients who did not
      respond initially and one who recurred responded to a second course. Eleven
      patients survived (64.7%) of which 10 were disease-free (58.8%). One of them had
      remission controlled with cyclosporine. The probability of long-term survival is
      48% in the group transplanted and 61.6% in the group treated with ATG, showing no
      statistical differences.

PMID- 2655044
TI  - [Comparative prospective randomized multicenter study of 2 dosage protocols of
      nitrendipine in patients with mild to moderate hypertension].
AB  - 134 patients with mild to moderate hypertension received nitrendipine during 6
      months in an increasing fashion. Therapeutic goal was achieved in 92% of the
      patients (DBP less than 95 mmHg) in which BP decreased from 168.4 +/- 13.7/105.0
      +/- 1.1 to 140.9 +/- 12.7/84.4 +/- 6.6 (p less than 0.001). In patients whose BP
      was not controlled with a single initial doses of 20 mg/day, the degree of
      control was similar with 40 mg single dose and 20 mg twice a day. The most
      frequently encountered undesirable effects were those caused by the vasodilator
      action of the drug. No changes in blood glucose and plasma lipid levels were
      found.

PMID- 2655045
TI  - [Comments on the current treatment of fulminant liver failure].
AB  - The current treatment of fulminant liver failure, underscoring substitutive liver
      therapy, is reviewed. The usefulness of hemodialysis and hemofiltration with a
      high-permeability membrane, hemoperfusion with activated carbon, hemoperfusion
      with resins, plasma exchange, artificial cells and the combination of various
      techniques for the same patients has been studied. Finally, the indications for
      utility of these techniques and the role of liver transplantation are considered.
      Early onset of treatment is essential for achieving satisfactory results.

PMID- 2655046
TI  - [Infections caused by penicillin-resistant pneumococci].

PMID- 2655047
TI  - [Cough induced by captopril].

PMID- 2655048
TI  - [French Language Society of Pneumology. List of members (1989)].

PMID- 2655049
TI  - [Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemias].

PMID- 2655050
TI  - [The thyroid gland and bone and joint diseases. Pathologic associations in
      adults].

PMID- 2655051
TI  - [Cortical blindness in systemic lupus erythematosus].

PMID- 2655052
TI  - [Severe mixed hepatitis caused by fenofibrate? A review of the literature apropos
      of a case].

PMID- 2655053
TI  - [Wegener's granulomatosis and pregnancy. A case].
AB  - Pregnancy concomitant with Wegener's granulomatosis is extremely rare: so far,
      only four cases have been published. The authors report a fifth case where the
      disease appeared during the post-partum period, a situation which has already
      been noted in two of the published cases. Interruption of a subsequent pregnancy
      was followed by a flare-up of the disease resulting in the patient's death. This
      suggests that post-partum and post-abortum are probably instrumental in the onset
      and deterioration of Wegener's granulomatosis. The two patients previously
      reported who received immunosuppressants combined with corticosteroids had no
      flare-up after delivery. It seems permissible to prescribe such a therapeutic
      combination before and after delivery or abortion, especially since the fear of
      foetal toxicity from these drugs seems to be exaggerated.

PMID- 2655054
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic interactions of macrolides and theophylline].
AB  - Interaction between macrolides and theophylline has given rise to numerous
      studies which are reviewed in this paper. The results of these studies are often
      conflicting. When such interactions occur, the question is whether they have
      clinical significance.

PMID- 2655055
TI  - Determination of in vivo and in vitro radiosensitivity of mouse splenic T
      lymphocytes using a T-cell cloning technique.
AB  - Recently the authors established a method for culturing mouse splenic T
      lymphocytes with T-cell growth factor (TCGF) and feeder cells in vitro. Using
      this method, T-lymphocytes grow for approximately 14 days with population
      doubling times of 27-29 hr; cloning efficiencies (CEs) of mouse spleen cells
      ranged from three to twelve percent. Using this colony forming assay, in vivo and
      in vitro radiosensitivity of mouse splenic T-lymphocytes in the G0 phase and in
      vitro radiosensitivity of proliferating T-lymphocytes (cycling T-lymphocytes)
      were examined. For in vitro irradiation, the dose-survival curve of T-lymphocytes
      in G0 phase gave a D0 value of 0.99 Gy and a Dq value of 0.87 Gy and that of
      cycling T-lymphocytes gave a D0 value of 1.04 Gy and a Dq value of 0.19 Gy. For
      in vivo irradiation, the dose-survival curve of T-lymphocytes gave a D0 value of
      1.01 Gy and a Dq value of 0.73 Gy. These results suggest that the recovering
      activity from sublethal damage of G0 T-lymphocytes was more effective than that
      of cycling T-lymphocytes. Furthermore, this colony forming assay system appears
      to be very useful for screening the effects of in vivo exposure to toxic and/or
      mutagenic agents and for comparing the effects of in vivo exposure with those of
      in vitro exposure to toxic agents as well as radiation.

PMID- 2655056
TI  - [Pregnancy and ovarian tumors].

PMID- 2655057
TI  - [Allergy to hymenoptera venoms].

PMID- 2655059
TI  - [Hypercalcemia: diagnostic and therapeutic procedures].
AB  - The management of hypercalcaemia is easy for a trained medical group, but it is
      difficult and confusing for others. The most tricky treatment is that severe
      acute hypercalcaemia, although biphosphonates, which are very effective agents,
      are now available. In 60 p. 100 of the cases, hypercalcaemia is due to a
      malignant disease, but the so-called benign causes, such as parathyroid adenoma,
      must not be missed since acute hyperparathyroidism may be life-threatening.

PMID- 2655058
TI  - [Direct transfer of obstetrical data by magnetic means in a randomized
      multicenter trial of the subjective count of fetal movements by the mother-to
      be].
AB  - Ten Belgian maternity hospitals have collaborated in an international clinical
      multicenter trial: Multicenter Fetal Movement Trial. Nine maternity hospitals
      were already managing a computerized data bank before their participation in the
      trial. In seven of these centers the local team was able to write a program for
      direct transmission of data, using standard sequential ASCII files. This
      procedure presents many advantages: there is a gain in time and money, since it
      is no longer necessary to fill out data collecting forms, or coding at a central
      level. Transcription errors are avoided, adhesion to strict and standard
      definitions is guaranteed, the micro-systems are performing in a suitable fashion
      in each center, modifications of parameters (and corrections) are done very
      quickly and, automatically carried out, on the basis of clinical data as well as
      "research" data, transmission by telecommunication is immediately and easily
      feasible.

PMID- 2655060
TI  - [The French consensus on cholesterol and dyslipoproteinemias. Administration
      Council of ARCOL].

PMID- 2655061
TI  - [Malignant nerve sheath tumor (malignant schwannoma). Presentation of a clinical
      case and review of the literature].
AB  - The malignant schwannoma is a sarcoma which very rarely occurs on the face. This
      article describes the case of a woman with such a tumour and whose study and
      evolution shows that was no relation with the nervous trunk, neurofibroma or
      neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 2655062
TI  - [Augmentation rhinoplasty using bone graft. Technical aspects and therapeutic
      deductions].
AB  - Reviewing 45 cases of augmentation rhinoplasties with bone grafting the authors
      discuss some technical points and the choices of their indications: donor site,
      incision, patterns of graft implantation depending on clinical examination which
      selected the cases where exogenous material from the nose is needed for
      reconstruction. A columellar support seem to them necessary to correct collapsed
      noses and in these cases a mortise and tenon joint has been employed. When a pure
      saddle nose deformity exists, a biomaterial can be used reducing morbidity of an
      iliac bone graft.

PMID- 2655063
TI  - [Anomalies of the 1st branchial arch. Apropos of 3 cases].
AB  - The authors report three cases of first branchial cleft anomaly in three patients
      treated in O.R.L. Service of H. Thameur Hospital of Tunis. After an embryologic
      and a classification discussion, they expose the etiologic data and insist on the
      extreme rarity of these malformations (1-8% of the branchial abnormalities). To
      establish a positive diagnosis, some specific clinic data have to be known, so
      much the chirurgical management can be began. The operative difficulty is
      consecutive to the connection with the VII nerve

PMID- 2655064
TI  - [Myiasis: facial location. Apropos of a case of Dermatobia hominis infection].
AB  - Myiases constitute a parasitic disease always secondary to the presence of the
      larvae of certain insects, particularly diptera, in skin wounds ("cutaneous
      myiases") or in the body ("deep myiases") of man or vertebrates. Larvae or
      maggots are able to invade natural cavities and induce myiasis. They can invade
      the nasal fossae causing "nasomyiases", the eyes causing "ophthalmomyiases" and
      the ears causing "otomyiases". They can penetrate further, causing urinary tract
      "cystomyiases", vaginal or gastrointestinal myiases. They can invade the scalp or
      complicate surgical wounds "surgical myiases". These diseases are initially
      confused with other pathologies, but the discovery of a larva in one of these
      sites is a certain sign of myiases. When the diagnosis has been established,
      treatment is generally simple and cure is rapidly obtained.

PMID- 2655065
TI  - Human monoclonal antibody technology--are its achievements, challenges, and
      potential appreciated?

PMID- 2655066
TI  - Antibody responses to hapten in thymectomized mice: extraordinarily pronounced
      deficiency in IgG1 production.
AB  - The effect of thymectomy on the production of antibodies was studied by
      immunizing mice with hapten-carrier conjugates. Antibody responses were analysed
      with monoclonal antibody-based quantitative isotype-resolving assays. In spite of
      bone marrow reconstitution, irradiation without thymectomy caused a long-lasting
      relative deficiency in responsiveness to T-independent antigens. Even when no
      visible remnants of the thymus could be observed at the autopsy of thymectomized
      mice, there appeared to be a gradual recovery of antibody-forming capacity within
      4 months, as assessed by the response to a T-dependent antigen. Therefore, some
      of the thymectomized mice had to be regarded as having recovered with respect to
      the helper T-cell effect. The antibody responses to T-dependent antigens were
      improved in all isotypes by a functional T-cell system, but the IgG isotypes
      seemed to benefit more than IgM. The most conspicuous deficit in antibody
      production in non-recovered thymectomized mice was observed in the T-dependent
      responses of the IgG1 isotype (2000-fold reduction in contrast to about 50- to
      100-fold in IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3).

PMID- 2655067
TI  - Social problem solving in schizophrenia.
AB  - The recent literature on social skills training has placed an increasing emphasis
      on the role of cognitive factors in social failure, as opposed to deficits in
      motoric skills. It has been hypothesized that schizophrenic patients are markedly
      deficient in social problem-solving abilities, and several programs have been
      developed to teach problem-solving skills. Despite high face validity, there is
      little empirical support for these training programs or the problem-solving model
      on which they are based. Research on information processing and problem solving
      in nonpatient populations is discussed, and it is concluded that the model used
      in these treatment programs is not a good representation of the problem-solving
      process. In particular, means-ends analysis is not an appropriate strategy for
      dealing with most interpersonal problems and conflicts. The difficulties
      experienced by schizophrenic patients in social situations might be due to a
      number of factors other than deficits in problem-solving skill, including
      sensitivity to negative affect and disordered communication. It is concluded that
      further research on problem-solving training programs is clearly warranted but
      that the validity of the problem-solving model and the utility of the training is
      uncertain.

PMID- 2655068
TI  - Age incidence and schizophrenia: Part I. The season of birth controversy.
AB  - Distortions in incidence data are probably responsible for the apparent excess of
      schizophrenia among people born in winter. The widely held belief that the excess
      reflects a winter component in the etiology of schizophrenia is based on errors
      in the design and interpretation of seasonal studies.

PMID- 2655069
TI  - Social class, marriage, and fertility in schizophrenia.
AB  - The hypothesis is presented that the etiology of schizophrenia is
      neurodevelopmental: schizophrenia is a disorder occurring in extremely late
      maturers, whereas manic-depressive psychosis affects early maturers. This
      hypothesis is related to recent neurobiological findings and also to the
      following epidemiological and demographic topics covered by the author in her
      review of social class, marriage, and fertility in schizophrenia: Kretschmer's
      observations of body type differences between patients with schizophrenia and
      manic-depressive psychosis; trends in the incidence of schizophrenia and manic
      depressive psychosis in industrialized versus developing economies; changing
      epidemiology of the subtypes of schizophrenia and of manic-depressive psychosis;
      sex differences in manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia; fertility and
      childlessness in schizophrenia; selection for marriage in schizophrenia; marriage
      patterns, inbreeding, and schizophrenia; social class, social mobility, and
      occupation in schizophrenia; social mobility and social selection; excess of
      schizophrenia in the lowest strata of society; social class, course, and outcome;
      and social stress and schizophrenia.

PMID- 2655070
TI  - Multiple organ failure: whole body inflammation?
AB  - Inventarising the inflammatory capacities of the three types of inflammatory
      cells, PMN, macrophages and mast cells, each type seems able to induce a lethal
      whole body reaction. This whole body inflammation has hitherto largely escaped
      our attention, as in clinical studies inappropriate methods have been used such
      as counting peripheral leucocytes, and as monitoring key-mediators (IL-1, TNF,
      PGE-2, leukotrienes) and key-cells (activated PMN, macrophages and mast cells)
      hitherto was impossible. Presently a new set of methods is available, allowing a
      closer look at this whole body inflammation, such as elastase (monitoring PMN
      activity), neopterin (monitoring macrophage activity) and hopefully clinically
      practicable methods to monitor cytokines as well as endotoxin-levels. Only after
      such comprehensive studies have been performed, it might be concluded that--as in
      the experimental animal--sepsis and MOF may not necessarily be caused by bacteria
      or their endotoxins, but by an untoward autodestructive and self-sustaining
      activation of angry leucocytes and mad macrophages.

PMID- 2655071
TI  - [Immunologic changes and infection in severely injured patients].
AB  - The severity of major surgery determines the extent of immunodeficiency which
      follows. The most pronounced immunodepression is found after severe blunt trauma;
      in polytraumatized patients the alterations of many measured parameters correlate
      with the injury severity score (ISS) i.e. with the severity of the injuries.
      Infection is also followed by many changes in the immune response. A score
      including serum concentrations of IgA, beta 2-microglobulin and percentage of
      monocytes was found to be predictive for the first 3 days after trauma with
      regard to subsequent occurrence of infection. In the first post-trauma day the
      lymphocyte-monocyte ratio correlates with the probability of survival or death by
      infection. Pneumonia occurred in 47% and septicemia in 22% of 150 polytraumatized
      patients ventilated artificially for more than 24 hours. The first signs of these
      infections were already present during the first 5 days, i.e. in the period of
      the most severe immunodeficiency. The preliminary results of a pilot study with
      immunomodulation by thymopentin are encouraging and show a significant decrease
      in the frequency of infections.

PMID- 2655072
TI  - [Epidemiologic study of 2 S. typhimurium outbreaks using plasmid fingerprints].
AB  - An outbreak of salmonellosis in an old people's home is reported. The infectious
      agent, S. typhi-murium, was isolated not only from several inmates but also from
      sick cows of the farm belonging to the home, in animal feed, from employees of
      the local butcher's shop, and finally in sludge from the local sewage plant.
      Plasmid analysis provided evidence of a common origin for the isolated S. typhi
      murium strains. The incriminated strains harboured, together with two low
      molecular-weight plasmids, a plasmid of approximately 50 Mdal, which was also
      demonstrated in some other S. typhi-murium strains isolated from clinical cases
      in the area around St. Gallen.

PMID- 2655073
TI  - [Comparison of 3 latest-generation glucose micro-reflectometers].
AB  - Three glucose reflectance meters (Reflolux II = Accu-Chek II, Glucometer II and
      Hypocount GA) were tested for precision and accuracy when used by medical
      personnel of a diabetic outpatient department and for self-monitoring at home. In
      addition, the visual readability of the appropriate reagent strip was checked.
      All three systems were sufficiently valid for reflectometric reading, while
      visual evaluation showed a higher deviation. The precision of Accu-Chek II under
      optimal conditions in the outpatient department was comparable to the precision
      of laboratory examinations (CV 3.3%). When used by patients themselves, Accu-Chek
      II and Glucometer II were sufficiently precise (CV 4.8% [corrected] and 5.3%
      respectively). These devices are recommended for blood glucose self-monitoring.

PMID- 2655074
TI  - [ECG and cardiac changes in acute brain injury].
AB  - Two case reports and a review of the literature on ECG changes and myocardial
      damage (subendocardial hemorrhages and focal myocytolysis) in patients with acute
      brain lesions are presented. The implications and problems associated with these
      changes are discussed, particularly in relation to the evaluation of potential
      cardiac transplant donors.

PMID- 2655075
TI  - [Abdominal tuberculosis and open lung tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium
      bovis].
AB  - Abdominal tuberculosis is a rare disease in Western countries and remains
      difficult to diagnose. The most frequent symptoms are abdominal pain, weight
      loss, fever, vomiting, constipation and/or diarrhea. Clinical findings include
      abdominal tenderness, a palpable mass (often in the right fossa due to ileocecal
      infection), paleness, cachexia and ascites. Suggested radiological investigations
      include plain abdominal film, upper GI-series and barium enema. Chest X-rays
      often show signs of either active or inactive tuberculosis. Sputum and gastric
      juice should be cultured. Coloscopy serves to sample specimens for histology and
      bacteriology and may help to confirm the diagnosis, which is, however, not ruled
      out by negative findings. The same holds good for peritoneal biopsy and
      laparoscopy. Bowel perforation and ileus are frequent complications and always
      require surgery, whereas uncomplicated cases can be treated by drugs only.

PMID- 2655076
TI  - [Sudden death during mass running events in Switzerland 1978-1987: an
      epidemiologico-pathologic study].
AB  - Between 1984 and 1987 there were 7 cases of sudden cardiac death during organized
      mass runs in Switzerland, and between 1978 and 1987 there were 3 cases during the
      nine largest mass running events (total 8 cases of sudden death during the race).
      Based on numbers of participants in all events 1984-1987, or in the nine largest
      events 1978-1987, an incidence of 1 sudden death per 129,500 hrs. of running (95%
      confidence interval 1/62,500-1/263,000 hrs.), or 1 sudden death per 117,000 hrs.
      of running (1/45,000-1/311,000 hrs.) respectively, was estimated. This estimate
      is higher than the rate of 1 sudden death per 396,000 hrs. of noncompetitive
      jogging found in a study from the United States (Thompson et al.: J. Amer. med.
      Ass. 1982; 247: 2535-2538). The Swiss incidence of sudden cardiac death during
      organized mass runs was 50 to 1000 times higher than the incidence expected by
      chance alone (as estimated from national death register data). All 8 cases of the
      study were men, the younger four aged 23 yrs. on average (range 20-31 yrs.), the
      older four aged 49 yrs. (46-53 yrs.). Autopsy in three of the younger men
      identified hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in one instance whereas in the two other
      cases no plausible cause of death could be found. The two autopsies performed in
      older men both showed severe coronary heart disease. Only in 1 case out of the 8
      were possible prodromal symptoms of the subsequent death, such as fatigue and
      nausea, observed, and the average prevalence of known cardiovascular risk factors
      was low. None of the 8 runners dying suddenly was completely untrained, but 6 out
      of 8 had only modest running experience, i.e. a low number of years of running.
      This study confirms that there is probably a clearly increased risk of sudden
      death during running events with a competitive character, but this acute
      elevation of risk should probably not be overstated in view of both its very low
      population - attributable risk and the important potential of regular exercise
      for overall coronary risk reduction and health promotion.

PMID- 2655077
TI  - [Drugs in the periodontal pocket. A review of the literature].
AB  - The local subgingival administration of antiseptics should, theoretically, help
      to eliminate the pathological flora of a periodontal pocket and, therefore, help
      the practitioner in his therapeutical procedures. Several techniques have been
      utilized and tested, i.e. irrigation with a syringe, with an irrigation device,
      the method of Keyes and procedures of slow releasing. The results of the numerous
      investigations with different techniques and drugs have been described and
      compared. Within the limits of a well designed periodontal treatment the most
      appropriate and useful techniques are, at present, the following: subgingival
      irrigations with chlorhexidine (irrigating devices) by the patient himself,
      subgingival irrigations (syringes) with chlorhexidine or stannous fluoride by the
      practitioner during curettage, in the near future, slow releasing devices with
      frequent controls of the bacterial flora (darkfield microscopy) for cases of
      rapidly progressive periodontitis.

PMID- 2655078
TI  - [Late results with hybrid dentures in low-income patients. An investigation at
      the Cantonal Public Dental Clinic of Zurich].
AB  - 72 patients who had received overdentures at the Cantonal Public Dental Clinic of
      Zurich during a period of ten years (1970-1980) were called for re-examination.
      Results obtained were evaluated according to an analogous survey which had been
      conducted 12 years previously at the same public dental clinic (Wiesmann 1975):
      The test subjects of both studies belonged exclusively to the lower-income
      population and treatment was performed by post-graduate dentists employed at the
      clinic. A comparison with Wiesmann's findings demonstrated a definite improvement
      in the general oral health conditions of these wearers of hybrid prosthesis.
      Since 1972 a recall system has been successively introduced which, for the
      greatest part, offers the most probable explanation for these positive findings.
      Each patient was summoned for at least one dental examination per year, thereupon
      presenting better results in regard to average plaque index, carious lesions,
      degree of gingival inflammation, probing depth and functionality of the
      prosthetic appliance, a marked difference to those patients who did not
      participate in such a dental maintenance program. Therefore, the regular
      motivation and supervision of patients is mandatory for long-term success of
      overdenture treatment.

PMID- 2655079
TI  - Dingell v. Baltimore.

PMID- 2655080
TI  - The story so far--chronology, dramatis personae.

PMID- 2655081
TI  - Wyngaarden to leave NIH.

PMID- 2655082
TI  - AIDS researchers upset by refusal to share probes on mysterious microbe.

PMID- 2655083
TI  - Recording and interpretation of cerebral magnetic fields.
AB  - Contemporary brain research progresses along two main lines: the microlevel
      approach explores single neurons and subcellular elements, while macrolevel
      studies focus on more complex cerebral functions, including behavior. This review
      presents results obtained mainly in our laboratory by means of an intermediate
      method, magnetoencephalography (MEG), which reflects cortical activity of
      neuronal populations at the level fo cytoarchitectonic areas. Because it is
      completely noninvasive, MEG can be used to study brain functions that are
      characteristically human.

PMID- 2655084
TI  - High rate of HTLV-II infection in seropositive i.v. drug abusers in New Orleans.
AB  - Confirmed infection with HTLV-II (human T cell leukemia virus type II) has been
      described only in rare cases. The major limitation to serological diagnosis of
      HTLV-II has been the difficulty of distinguishing HTLV-II from HTLV-I (human T
      cell leukemia virus type I) infection, because of substantial cross-reactivity
      between the viruses. A sensitive modification of the polymerase chain reaction
      method was used to provide unambiguous molecular evidence that a significant
      proportion of intravenous drug abusers are infected with HTLV, and the majority
      of these individuals are infected with HTLV-II rather than HTLV-I. Of 23
      individuals confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis to be infected with
      HTLV, 21 were identified to be infected with HTLV-II, and 2 were infected with
      HTLV-I. Molecular identification of an HTLV-II--infected population provides an
      opportunity to investigate the pathogenicity of HTLV-II in humans.

PMID- 2655085
TI  - Retraction.

PMID- 2655086
TI  - The Dingell probe finally goes public.

PMID- 2655087
TI  - Secret Service probes lab notebooks.

PMID- 2655088
TI  - Frazier honored by psychiatrists.

PMID- 2655089
TI  - Koop resigns in a huff.

PMID- 2655090
TI  - The economic status of the elderly.
AB  - Augmented by public programs such as Social Security and Medicare, incomes of the
      elderly in the United States have grown more rapidly during the last several
      decades than have the incomes of other groups, so that on average the elderly are
      at least as well off as the nonelderly. Not all elderly, however, have done as
      well: widows, in particular, have high poverty rates. The economic prospects of
      the elderly during the next few decades are good because of the large work force
      from the baby-boom cohort. In the distant future a large fraction of the
      population will be elderly, which will probably lead to a deterioration in their
      economic status. Today, the main problems center on the distribution of economic
      resources among the elderly and on uncertainties such as costs of medical care.

PMID- 2655092
TI  - Carboplatin (JM-8, CBDCA). A new platinum compound.

PMID- 2655091
TI  - Complementary DNA coding click beetle luciferases can elicit bioluminescence of
      different colors.
AB  - Eleven complementary DNA (cDNA) clones were generated from messenger RNA isolated
      from abdominal light organs of the bioluminescent click beetle, Pyrophorus
      plagiophthalamus. When expressed in Escherichia coli, these clones can elicit
      bioluminescence that is readily visible. The clones code for luciferases of four
      types, distinguished by the colors of bioluminescence they catalyze: green (546
      nanometers), yellow-green (560 nanometers), yellow (578 nanometers), and orange
      (593 nanometers). The amino acid sequences of the different luciferases are 95 to
      99 percent identical with each other, but are only 48 percent identical with the
      sequence of firefly luciferase (Photinus pyralis). Because of the different
      colors, these clones may be useful in experiments in which multiple reporter
      genes are needed.

PMID- 2655093
TI  - The pharmacology of carboplatin.

PMID- 2655094
TI  - Optimal dosing with carboplatin.
AB  - Carboplatin is a new cisplatin analogue that has a spectrum of activity similar
      to that of the parent compound. Since the dose intensity of cisplatin is
      important in achieving optimal results, it is probable that carboplatin dosage is
      an important factor in maximizing efficacy, particularly in platinum-sensitive
      tumors. Renal function and prior history of chemotherapy are the most important
      factors in selecting an individual patient's dose. In ovarian cancer patients,
      the usual dose of carboplatin will be 300 to 400 mg/m2 and will depend upon
      whether carboplatin is used as salvage therapy or as part of an induction
      combination chemotherapy regimen in previously untreated patients.

PMID- 2655095
TI  - Carboplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
AB  - Carboplatin, a new cisplatin analogue, appears as active as cisplatin in patients
      with advanced ovarian cancer, but in phase I and II trials has proven
      significantly less toxic. In single-agent phase II trials, carboplatin has been
      associated with clinical complete response (CR) rates of up to 13% and overall
      objective response rates of up to 32% in patients with prior cisplatin exposure.
      As first-line treatment in phase II trials, single-agent carboplatin has produced
      clinical CR rates ranging from 9% to 62% and overall objective response rates of
      45% to 85%. In phase III trials in this patient population, single-agent
      carboplatin has been associated with clinical CR rates comparable with or
      exceeding those of single-agent cisplatin. Phase I/II trials of combination
      chemotherapy have yielded overall objective response rates of 44% to 75% when
      carboplatin was combined with either cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil. In
      randomized phase III trials of combination chemotherapy, response rates similar
      to those of cisplatin have been achieved. However, toxicities were greatly
      reduced in the carboplatin-treated patients. The data from these phase I, II, and
      III trials document that carboplatin is as active as cisplatin in patients with
      advanced ovarian cancer and is associated with a significantly lower incidence of
      emesis, ototoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, and renal dysfunction. Thus,
      carboplatin may become the platinum compound of choice in the first-line
      treatment of advanced ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2655096
TI  - Carboplatin: the experience in head and neck cancer.

PMID- 2655097
TI  - Use of carboplatin in the treatment of testicular cancer.
AB  - Recent evidence indicates that carboplatin may be useful in the treatment of
      various forms of testicular cancer. The results of one study showed that
      carboplatin was highly effective and well tolerated in patients with previously
      untreated disseminated seminoma. However, conventional doses of carboplatin
      appear to be inactive in patients with refractory nonseminoma. Of particular
      interest are recent results showing that an intensive regimen of carboplatin in
      combination with etoposide with autologous bone marrow rescue will induce a few
      complete remissions in heavily pretreated germ cell tumor patients.

PMID- 2655098
TI  - Carboplatin in refractory epithelial ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2655099
TI  - Overview of carboplatin: replacing, complementing, and extending the therapeutic
      horizons of cisplatin.
AB  - Carboplatin is the one platinum analogue that has received widespread clinical
      testing both in cancers that are normally targets for cisplatin and in others. It
      was introduced in 1981 because of its lesser toxicity and equivalent biochemical
      selectivity and antitumor spectrum relative to cisplatin in preclinical systems.
      Clinical studies have generally confirmed these expectations and given rise to
      interesting prospects in current cancer therapeutics. Carboplatin is as effective
      as cisplatin in ovarian cancer and considerably less toxic. Replacement of
      cisplatin by carboplatin seems likely in a number of other diseases where
      cisplatin has played a major role, especially if ongoing phase III studies
      confirm the regimens are equivalent. Carboplatin may also complement cisplatin's
      role by its innovative integration into treatment strategies, and by use of it as
      additional treatment when cisplatin's nonhematologic toxicities are prohibitive.
      Finally, although it is not likely to possess a different therapeutic spectrum
      than cisplatin, carboplatin appears to be extending the indications for platinum
      compounds to new areas such as acute leukemia, endometrial cancer, and breast
      cancer. In the latter, use of autologous bone marrow reconstitution permits the
      dose intensity needed for promising therapeutic results. Carboplatin has become
      the experimental platinum analogue of choice in a wide range of new clinical
      situations and in combinations with other modalities.

PMID- 2655100
TI  - Progressive parkinsonism in boxers.
AB  - Parkinsonism associated with boxing has attracted recent media attention, yet
      little has been written about it in the medical literature. This report presents
      a typical case with a review of the literature.

PMID- 2655101
TI  - Renal revascularization in anuric patients: determinants of outcome.
AB  - We describe three patients who recently had surgical revascularization for
      prolonged anuria due to renal artery occlusion. A review of the literature
      revealed 31 similar patients with sufficient data to allow comparison. There was
      no correlation between the interval of anuria and the surgical outcome regarding
      survival, renal function, and blood pressure. On renal angiography, 16 patients
      had nephrogram as evidence of collateral circulation. Seven patients had no renal
      perfusion. There was no significant difference in renal function, blood pressure,
      or survival after renal reperfusion in patients with or without nephrogram. In
      patients who received vascular grafts, the postoperative serum creatinine level
      and blood pressure were significantly lower than those of patients who had
      thromboendarterectomy (P less than .05). In contradistinction to commonly held
      concepts, these findings are independent of collateral circulation.

PMID- 2655102
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy: a leading cause of new blindness.
AB  - Some of the basic underlying processes in the development of diabetic retinopathy
      include changes in the walls of retinal vessels, with occlusion and leakage.
      These result in edema, hemorrhage, hard exudates, plaques, and ischemia, leading
      to neovascularization. When proliferative retinopathy supervenes, it may result
      in complete blindness. Internists and family practice physicians should be alert
      for early signs of diabetic retinopathy. Ideally, diabetic patients should have
      their eyes examined yearly by an ophthalmologist. A fundus examination without
      dilation and usually without acuity testing rarely detects proliferative or early
      background retinopathy. Multicenter studies have shown that photocoagulation of
      new vessels with the argon laser may significantly reduce the incidence of severe
      visual loss. This treatment method has the potential of reducing the incidence of
      diabetic blindness by 60% to 80%. Photocoagulation is not a "cure" for diabetic
      macular edema; when used judiciously, however, it can sometimes further reduce
      visual loss caused by this common disease. The course of diabetic retinopathy in
      individual cases is unpredictable. After photocoagulation, some patients cannot
      see as well as before, though in others the progress of the disease is arrested.
      There is a conservative concern about a procedure that destroys retinal tissue in
      the hope of limiting the progression of the disorder. Yet photocoagulation
      appears to be the only alternative until a better treatment is developed through
      basic research.

PMID- 2655103
TI  - Reconstruction of heel defects.
AB  - In the mechanics of normal walking, the heel plays an important role, and
      injuries to the heel often result in limitation, and occasionally loss, of that
      ability. We review the three categories of heel injuries based on their severity
      and discuss the available methods of treatment for each. We also propose the
      addition of a fourth category for injuries requiring bony replacement. We discuss
      the appropriate use of skin grafts, local flaps, pedicle flaps, and vascularized
      free flaps in heel reconstruction. Successful treatment of heel defects often
      restores normal and pain-free ambulation.

PMID- 2655104
TI  - Colloid oncotic pressure as a guide for the anesthesiologist in directing fluid
      therapy.
AB  - One useful but underused parameter of fluid replacement is colloid oncotic
      pressure. Colloid oncotic pressure (COP) is one of the Starling forces that
      maintain a balance between intravascular and extravascular fluid. Systemic and
      pulmonary circulations exhibit differences that limit the usefulness of COP
      manipulation in the treatment of pulmonary edema, especially that associated with
      hypoxic damage or pulmonary contusion. Systemic transcapillary fluid transport,
      however, is governed significantly by COP, and serial measurements of COP can
      serve as useful guides for colloid replacement. In this paper we present
      instances in which COP determinations were found to be clinically helpful, and
      discuss colloid replacement during surgery.

PMID- 2655105
TI  - Dante and medicine: the circle of malpractice.

PMID- 2655106
TI  - Septic shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome after salpingitis caused by
      Streptococcus pyogenes group A.
AB  - A 32-year-old woman with acute salpingitis had signs and symptoms of sepsis, with
      hypotension, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and disseminated
      intravascular coagulation. Streptococcus pyogenes group A was grown from blood
      cultures taken at the onset of illness, and salpingitis was confirmed at
      laparotomy. The patient recovered after appropriate antimicrobial and intensive
      supportive therapy.

PMID- 2655107
TI  - Biliary lithotripsy in the United States.
AB  - We have reported the case of a patient whose gallstone was completely fragmented
      by lithotripsy; all demonstrable particles passed completely within 36 hours. The
      patient required no analgesics and had no complications from the procedure. This
      is the first case of gallstones successfully treated solely by a combination of
      lithotripsy and bile acid therapy in the United States under an FDA-approved IDE
      protocol.

PMID- 2655108
TI  - [Maternal and child health services in Bashkiria during the years of establishing
      of Soviet power].

PMID- 2655109
TI  - [Valentin Mikhailovich Buianov (on his 60th birthday)].

PMID- 2655110
TI  - [Termination of pregnancy in the first and second trimester using natural and
      synthetic laminaria tents].

PMID- 2655111
TI  - [The reserve deposition system in the pathogenesis of endogenous toxemia].

PMID- 2655112
TI  - [Results of cooperative studies on the combined treatment of cancer of the lungs
      including postoperative polychemotherapy].

PMID- 2655113
TI  - Intraoperative ultrasonography for reduction of thoracolumbar burst fractures.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of intraoperative
      ultrasound monitoring in the reduction and stabilization of thoracolumbar burst
      fractures of the spine. Thirty-one patients underwent a posterior approach for
      reduction and stabilization of a thoracolumbar burst fracture, with complete
      follow-up available on 26. Intraoperative real-time sonography was used for
      monitoring retropulsed fragments during distraction and fracture impaction.
      Computed tomography was used to compare preoperative canal compromise and
      postoperative reduction. Average canal compromise preoperatively was 66.5%, and
      the average canal compromise postoperatively was 18.7%. Neurologic function was
      not changed in 16, improved in ten, and worsened in none. Average hospital stay
      was 21.6 days. No complications were directly attributable to the use of the
      ultrasound. The authors believe that ultrasonography provides a safe and accurate
      method of intraoperatively evaluating reduction of burst fracture of the
      thoracolumbar spine from the posterior approach.

PMID- 2655114
TI  - Tension band wiring-bone grafting for spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. A
      clinical and biomechanical study.
AB  - Patients with spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis with persistent symptoms often
      require surgical treatment. The purpose of this article is to present a new
      surgical technique and clinical results of 13 patients with symptomatic
      spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis who were treated with tension band wiring (intra-
      or intersegmental) and bone grafting techniques. This article also presents the
      results of biomechanical effects of these tension band wiring methods on canine
      lumbar spines with experimental spondylolytic defects. Thirteen adult patients,
      three with spondylolysis, and ten with spondylolytic spondylolisthesis, were
      treated with intrasegmental or intersegmental wiring with bone grafting
      technique, and the clinical results were evaluated at the mean follow-up period
      of 20 months. Patients with spondylolysis were treated with intrasegmental wiring
      (transverse processes to the spinous process of the same segment) with bone
      grafting at the lytic defect. Patients with spondylolytic spondylolisthesis were
      treated with intersegmental wiring (transverse process of the segment with defect
      to the spinous process of the same segment and to the spinous process of the
      segment below) with bone grafting to the defect and one-level fusion. All 13
      patients had a solid spinal fusion and/or healing of the defect at the follow-up
      evaluation. Eleven had excellent clinical results; one a good, and one a fair
      result. The results of the biomechanical study showed that the experimental
      spondylolytic defect produced a significant decrease in bending stiffness
      (flexion-extension), and the wiring techniques (both the intra- and intersegment)
      increased the bending stiffness to that of the normal intact spinal segment.

PMID- 2655115
TI  - Spinal bone density following spinal fusion.
AB  - Spinal bone densities were assessed in 25 patients following lumbar fusion and
      bracing, in an attempt to study bone remodeling by noninvasive methods. Dual
      photon densitometry was used to study specific areas of autologous bone grafts
      and adjacent vertebrae above the fusion mass. Measurements were made
      preoperatively and at 6-week intervals postoperatively. The data for the first 12
      months postoperatively are reported here. In all patients there was at first a
      consistent loss in density in the vertebrae above the fusion mass, averaging
      15.7%. This was followed by a gradual density increase such that by 1 year
      postoperatively, in 60% of the subjects, the density of these vertebrae was
      higher than the preoperative level. In the grafted areas, bone changes were
      cyclical, demonstrating a remodeling pattern consistent with that described in
      animal literature for graft healing and also consistent with modern bone
      remodeling theory. There was a general tendency toward a gradual increase in the
      density of the fusion mass.

PMID- 2655116
TI  - [Personal experience with the use of sonography in the diagnosis of acute
      pancreatitis].
AB  - The authors tested in a group of 52 patients the possibility to detect
      pathological changes in the pancreatic area in acute pancreatitis. The conclusive
      evidence of changes in 77% the patients can be increased by repeated examinations
      after intervals of several days. Further sonographic controls may signalize the
      development of complications of the disease.

PMID- 2655117
TI  - [Cervical vertebrae replacements].
AB  - The authors analyze caused and indications for prostheses of bodies of cervical
      vertebrae. As caused they mention bone tumours, metastases, benign bone tumours
      and injuries. For operation they indicate patients with neurological symptoms and
      instability of the spine. For prostheses they use bone grafts from the blade of
      the ilium. They insert the graft during traction, as described by Crutchfield and
      do not routine fix it. After operation they immobilize by "Minerva" for three
      weeks. The method is in case of metastases and bone tumours only palliative, but
      improves the patients' mobility and prevents the development of early
      neurological complications.

PMID- 2655119
TI  - Social Security financing in North America.

PMID- 2655118
TI  - Renal venous thrombosis in infancy.
AB  - Renal venous thrombosis (RVT) in infancy occurs in situations associated with
      reduced renal blood flow and hypercoagulability. The clinical diagnosis is based
      on finding enlarged kidney(s), haematuria and thrombocytopenia in a setting where
      the infant is at risk of RVT. Ultrasonography is the imaging modality of choice
      and should replace the more invasive excretory urography and venography for
      confirmation of the diagnosis. Impairment of renal function is best documented by
      radionuclide studies. Treatment is supportive with heparinisation for severe
      bilateral RVT and inferior vena cava thrombosis. The role of thrombectomy and
      fibrinolytic therapy is limited in infancy. Survival rates have much improved in
      recent years. Severe venous infarction leads to atrophy of the affected kidney,
      which may later be mistaken for congenital renal hypoplasia. RVT may be
      complicated by hyperreninaemic hypertension, which is curable by nephrectomy.

PMID- 2655120
TI  - Improvements in the management of civilian vascular trauma.

PMID- 2655121
TI  - Angelchik or not?

PMID- 2655122
TI  - The duodenal mucosa in health and disease. A clinical and experimental study.
AB  - Normal Human Duodenal Mucosa. There are three clearly identifiable different
      histologic types of normal human duodenal mucosa. These have been termed antral
      type-duodenal mucosa, transitional-type duodenal mucosa, and jejunal-type
      duodenal mucosa. The mucosa has a characteristic fingerlike distribution at the
      gastroduodenal junction. Transitional-type duodenal mucosa, one of the three
      types of normal mucosa, is also referred to as gastric epithelium or gastric
      surface epithelial metaplasia. Evidence is presented to support the view that
      this is a normal finding and is not an indication of duodenitis. Normal
      variations of villi are described, which again cannot be regarded as indicators
      of duodenitis. The normal shape and mucosal lining of the pyloric sphincter are
      described. Abnormal Duodenal Mucosa. Acute and chronic duodenal ulcers occur in
      jejunal type duodenal mucosa. It is suggested that the three different types of
      mucosa vary in their degree of susceptibility to the effect of acid
      hypersecretion. Aspects of the diagnosis of duodenitis are reviewed. Duodenitis
      and gastritis both are patchy conditions, which may persist or become worse in
      spite of ulcer healing. Without the availability of accurate morphometric methods
      and quantitative immunocytochemistry, the classification suggested by Jenkins et
      al has much to recommend it. When the Jenkins classification was used in giant
      duodenal ulceration, there was widespread duodenitis, which was not seen in
      conventional duodenal ulceration. Chronic duodenitis does not appear to be
      related to chronic duodenal ulceration as chronic gastritis is related to chronic
      gastric ulceration. Regeneration of Duodenal Mucosa. The Brunner glands as well
      as the crypts of Lieberkuhn appear to regenerate from cells in the base of these
      crypts, where there is a marked increase in mitotic activity. It is rare to see
      mitotic activity in normal or regenerating Brunner glands. Surface epithelium
      regenerates from adjacent normal villi, not from the Brunner glands.

PMID- 2655123
TI  - Choledochoduodenostomy.

PMID- 2655124
TI  - Penetrating injuries to the abdomen.

PMID- 2655125
TI  - Current trends in management of hepatic metastases.

PMID- 2655126
TI  - Alternatives to conventional surgical therapy for calculous biliary tract
      disease.

PMID- 2655127
TI  - Total colectomy with preservation of the anal sphincter.

PMID- 2655128
TI  - Surgical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2655129
TI  - Anorectal physiology.

PMID- 2655130
TI  - Advances in the surgical treatment of localized cancer of the prostate.

PMID- 2655131
TI  - Digital replantation.

PMID- 2655132
TI  - The surgical management of abdominal tuberculosis.

PMID- 2655133
TI  - Diagnosis and management of odontogenic tumors.

PMID- 2655134
TI  - Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in children.

PMID- 2655135
TI  - Craniopagus parasiticus. Everard Home's Two-Headed Boy of Bengal and some other
      cases.
AB  - Craniopagus parasiticus, or epicome, is a rare teratological type, of which only
      six cases have been recorded in the medical literature. It differs from
      craniopagus conjoined twins in that the body and limbs of the parasitic twin are
      underdeveloped, leaving in some cases only a parasitic head, inserted on the
      crown of the autositic twin. The first case of this malformation was Everard
      Home's famous Twin-Headed Boy of Bengal, whose skull is preserved at the
      Hunterian Museum. In this historical review, Home's case is presented in some
      detail, and the later cases are used to explain further some of its particulars.

PMID- 2655136
TI  - The McKenzie reservoir.

PMID- 2655137
TI  - Gilbert Horrax the complete surgeon: postoperative drawings.

PMID- 2655138
TI  - Disc hemorrhages in the glaucomas.
AB  - Over the past two decades, hemorrhages on the optic disc have become recognized
      as a common and significant sign of glaucomatous damage. It is not known what
      causes the hemorrhages, and since at least monthly examinations of the disc would
      be required to identify most hemorrhages, it is not clear whether some patients
      have them frequently while others do not, or whether hemorrhages occur in some
      phases of glaucoma more than in others. Because it is evident that disc
      hemorrhages precede glaucomatous change in the retinal nerve fiber bundle, the
      visual field, and the topography of the disc, "normal" patients with such
      hemorrhages should be considered glaucoma suspects or low tension glaucoma
      patients, depending on their intraocular pressures. The literature regarding the
      appearance, prevalence, location and recurrence rates of disc hemorrhages is
      reviewed, and their significance to the diagnosis of glaucoma is discussed.

PMID- 2655139
TI  - Ocular choristomas.
AB  - Choristomas are congenital lesions representing normal tissue(s) in an abnormal
      location. They are the most common epibulbar and orbital tumors in children.
      Epibulbar choristomas affect the cornea, limbus or subconjunctival space, and
      range in appearance from a small, flat lesion to a large mass filling most of the
      epibulbar region. Astigmatism is often present. Choristomas may be associated
      with coloboma, Goldenhar syndrome or epidermal nevus syndromes; those associated
      with the latter are often bilateral and extensive. Choristomas are occasionally
      familial. Surgery may be indicated to improve vision or cosmesis, or to impede
      growth. Although choristomas most commonly involve the epibulbar area, they can
      affect many areas of the eye and orbit, and often affect more than one area.

PMID- 2655140
TI  - The case of the gray optic disc!
AB  - A child with interstitial deletion of chromosome 17, right optic nerve
      hypoplasia, and impaired speech had bilateral congenital optic disc pigmentation,
      giving the appearance of gray optic discs. This appearance did not change over a
      period of two-and-a-half years. Previous cases of gray optic discs in neonates
      have been notable for 1) absence of visible pigmentation within the optic discs,
      2) resolution of the gray discoloration over a period of months, and 3)
      development of albinotic features in several infants. This suggests that
      congenital optic disc pigmentation is a rare cause of gray optic discs.
      Congenital optic disc pigmentation is compatible with good vision.

PMID- 2655141
TI  - Therapeutic uses of contact lenses.
AB  - Therapeutic use of contact lenses is an essential element in ophthalmic care.
      Materials currently in use include polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), cellulose
      acetate butyrate, siloxane-containing polymethacrylates, silicones, and
      hydrogels. Suitability of a material for therapeutic contact lens use is
      determined by the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties (notably gas
      permeability and hydrophilicity, but also lipid absorption and lens movement,
      among others) and the condition to be treated; fabrication techniques are
      likewise important, affecting lens diameter and base curve. Selection and fitting
      of therapeutic contact lenses requires knowledge of how different contact lenses
      affect corneal physiology, as well as an understanding of the mechanisms whereby
      a contact lens can be therapeutic. In addition to these topics, general fitting
      guidelines are discussed, and results of therapeutic lens use in selected
      clinical situations (including recurrent erosion, metaherpetic ulcers and other
      epithelial defects, and keratitis sicca, and other dry eye states). Common
      therapeutic contact lens complications and their treatment are also discussed.

PMID- 2655142
TI  - Tonometry in question: can visual screening tests play a more decisive role in
      glaucoma diagnosis and management?
AB  - Chronic open-angle glaucoma is a disease in which characteristic changes occur in
      optic nerve morphology and in ganglion cell function. The utility of intraocular
      pressure readings in the diagnosis and ongoing management of glaucoma patients is
      pragmatically considered in the light of the availability of potentially more
      sensitive means of glaucoma monitoring. Conservative appraisal of the literature
      suggests that traditional clinical tonometry has low diagnostic sensitivity and
      specificity. The majority of new cases of glaucomatous visual field loss are most
      likely to arise from the normotensive population. Clinical studies to determine
      the correlation between intraocular pressure reduction and the preservation of
      visual function have repeatedly yielded a much weaker association between these
      two variables than is perhaps generally assumed. Newer psychophysical methods may
      have greater potential for rapidly identifying and subsequently monitoring
      glaucoma patients, but still require refinement and more widespread clinical
      evaluation. One prerequisite for the eventual adoption of such methods is that
      clinicians fully appreciate the limitations inherent in tonometry as a glaucoma
      screening and monitoring technique.

PMID- 2655143
TI  - Electrophysiological and psychophysical testing of vision in glaucoma.
AB  - Electrophysiological testing in patients with early glaucoma and in glaucoma
      suspects reveals defects of central or foveal vision. Most studies suggest that
      glaucomatous eyes are best separated from normal eyes by use of stimuli with a
      spatial frequency below the peak of the human contrast sensitivity curve and a
      relatively high temporal frequency. The stimulus-dependent abnormalities in
      glaucoma are generally consistent with contrast sensitivity data The stimulus
      dependent visual changes are related to the physiology of parallel processing in
      the primate retinogeniculate pathway.

PMID- 2655144
TI  - Psychophysical changes in glaucoma.
AB  - Chronic glaucoma has been thought to spare the central vision until quite late in
      the disease process. This assumption is based on the use of the relatively
      insensitive Snellen chart to measure central vision and the relatively sensitive
      kinetic and static perimetry to measure the peripheral vision. In recent years,
      new measures of visual function have been utilized to assess patients with
      glaucomatous damage. Sensitive methods of measuring central visual function such
      as color vision, contrast sensitivity (both spatial and temporal), and macular
      light sensitivity have demonstrated defects early in the glaucomatous process -
      sometimes even before perimetry is affected. Since these visual functions are
      largely mediated by macular fibers, central vision may be affected earlier and
      more frequently in glaucoma than previously believed. Studies of both the nerve
      fiber layer of the retina and of quantitative light sense perimetry suggest that
      glaucomatous damage may occur diffusely across the population of nerve fibers,
      focally in the arcuate portion of the nerve fiber layer, or in both places. Color
      vision, contrast sensitivity and macular light sense appear to correlate with the
      diffuse type of nerve fiber layer damage. The exact utility of the psychophysical
      tests that assess central visual function for the clinical management of glaucoma
      has not yet been demonstrated. More work is needed to determine which tests are
      most useful, what parameters are most efficient, and what the diagnostic and
      prognostic significance of abnormal values may be. However, the studies of color
      vision, contrast sensitivity and macular light sensitivity have led to a better
      understanding of how glaucoma affects visual function.

PMID- 2655145
TI  - Correlation of visual function with optic nerve and nerve fiber layer structure
      in glaucoma.
AB  - Careful clinical correlation of the appearance of the optic nerve and retinal
      nerve fiber layer with measurements of the visual field is an important aspect of
      the evaluation of patients with glaucoma. The anatomy of the nerve fiber layer
      and its retinotopic projections to the optic nerve head form the basis of the
      spatial relationships between structure and function in glaucoma. Clinical
      experience with the temporal correlations of structure and function indicates
      that visible alterations of the optic nerve and surrounding nerve fiber layer may
      occur before scotomas in the visual field can be detected. Quantitative clinical
      studies of the optic nerve and visual field support this concept, and provide
      additional clues regarding the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic nerve damage.

PMID- 2655146
TI  - Fine structure of synaptogenesis in the vertebrate central nervous system.
AB  - This article reviews studies of the formation of synaptic junctions in the
      vertebrate central nervous system. It is focused on electron microscopic
      investigations of synaptogenesis, although insights from other disciplines are
      interwoven where appropriate, as are findings from developing peripheral and
      invertebrate nervous systems. The first part of the review is concerned with the
      morphological maturation of synapses as described from both qualitative and
      quantitative perspectives. Next, epigenetic influences on synaptogenesis are
      examined, and later in the article the concept of epigenesis is integrated with
      that of hierarchy. It is suggested that the formation of synaptic junctions may
      take place as an ordered progression of epigenetically modulated events wherein
      each level of cellular affinity becomes subordinate to the one that follows. The
      ultimate determination of whether a synapse is maintained, modified or dissolved
      would be made by the changing molecular fabric of its junctional membranes. In
      closing, a hypothetical model of synaptogenesis is proposed, and an hierarchial
      order of events is associated with a speculative synaptogenic sequence. Key
      elements of this hypothesis are 1) epigenetic factors that facilitate generally
      appropriate interactions between neurites; 2) independent expression of surface
      specializations that contain sufficient information for establishing threshold
      recognition between interacting neurites; 3) exchange of molecular information
      that biases the course of subsequent junctional differentiation and ultimately
      results in 4) the stabilization of synaptic junctions into functional
      connectivity patterns.

PMID- 2655147
TI  - Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are directly innervated by
      catecholamine terminals.

PMID- 2655148
TI  - [Features of the clinical course and diagnosis of giant tumors of the adrenal
      cortex].

PMID- 2655149
TI  - [A calendar of anniversaries in the history of therapy in 1989].

PMID- 2655150
TI  - Intrauterine herpes simplex virus infection.
AB  - Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection usually is the consequence of
      intrapartum infection, with disease onset between 5 and 15 days of life. More
      recently, intrauterine HSV infection has been identified. Intrauterine infection
      is apparent within the first 24-48 hr of life and is associated with skin
      vesicles/scarring, chorioretinitis, and/or hydraencephaly. The recognition that
      babies with these findings can have disease caused by HSV should prompt enhanced
      physician awareness in the evaluation of newborns with suspected intrauterine
      infection. The frequency of intrauterine infection appears to be about 5% of all
      babies with neonatal HSV infection.

PMID- 2655151
TI  - [Echography of the musculo-tendinous system].
AB  - Ultrasonography is the preferred diagnostic tool for evaluation of musculo
      tendinous pathology, especially for the diagnosis of long-tendon diseases (rotary
      cuff, Achille's and patellar tendon.). Pathology due to injury of the musculo
      tendinous system benefits as well of sonography, for it allows a more accurate
      diagnosis and treatment decision. For soft tissue masses of the extremities,
      ultrasound is less accurate than CT and IRM, particularly for those arising close
      to the bony boundaries, and it provides less detailed anatomical information.
      However, US is accurate in determining the size of soft tissue masses.

PMID- 2655152
TI  - [Sonography of the shoulder].
AB  - Sonography is a valuable method for the detection of rotator cuff tears. A high
      resolution transducer and an experienced examiner are necessary. The rotator cuff
      is not visible in large tears and has a convex outer border in small tears.
      Sonography reveals pathology of the subacromial bursa, joint effusions,
      inflammatory tissue in rheumatoid arthritis and often also bony erosions and
      tendon calcifications. Arthrography is still indicated in equivocal cases. Arthro
      CT is the method of choice for the diagnosis of limbus and capsular pathology,
      but not for rotator cuff tears. MRI shows promising results in rotator cuff
      tears, but its role has not been definitively assessed.

PMID- 2655153
TI  - [Sonography of the hip in infants].
AB  - Efficient hip-sonography requires adequate expertise of both patho-anatomy and
      technique. There are several problems concerning selection of patients, timing of
      the examination, technique, analysis of findings. The goal is early diagnosis of
      inhibited maturation or of dislocation of the hip-joint in order to begin
      treatment - if indicated - as early as possible. Thus therapy may be shortened
      and it gets less invasive. In future no gross hip-pathology should be detected
      for the first time after the age of three months.

PMID- 2655154
TI  - [The contribution of scrotal and abdominal computerized tomography in assessing
      malignant tumor of the testis].
AB  - In the last 10 years, sonography has become an essential examination to establish
      the diagnosis of urologic diseases. The use of high frequency real-time probes
      makes the visualization of superficial organs easy. Clinical datas and the
      informations obtained from 400 testicular and 23 abdominal sonographies performed
      between july 1981 and december 1986, give us a good idea concerning the use of
      such examinations in the diagnosis and abdominal staging of testicular cancer.

PMID- 2655155
TI  - [Echography of the soft tissues of the neck].
AB  - Clinical examination remains of utmost importance when dealing with patients
      presenting with symptoms in the cervical region. High frequency real time
      ultrasound can confirm a clinical diagnoses and give precise information about
      measurements and content of the lesion. Ultrasound guided needle punctures for
      cytology or microbiology are most informative. Duplex or better color Doppler
      instruments provide information about the vascular supply of a lesion. Thyroid,
      parathyroid, salivary glands, lymph nodes and blood vessels of the cervical
      region are studied. Malformations and tumors of the neck, of the tongue and of
      the subclavian fossae are portrayed.

PMID- 2655156
TI  - [Ultrasonic study of the breast: examination technic--criteria for diagnosis].
AB  - Sonography of the breast is an important supplement of conventional mammography
      and allows for differentiation between solid and cystic lesions. Moreover, fine
      needle puncture under ultrasound guidance and permanent view is possible. Typical
      sonographical signs of benign and malignant focal lesions are demonstrated
      comparing them with corresponding mammograms. Ultrasound examination alone,
      however, is insufficient for screening of breast cancers.

PMID- 2655157
TI  - [Duplex and transcranial sonography in cerebrovascular diseases].
AB  - Duplex and transcranial sonography make non-invasive assessment of
      cerebrovascular hemodynamics possible. Lesions of the carotid bifurcation are
      divided into the categories I-VI by which the different forms of carotid lesions
      are defined. Pathological alterations of the major basal cerebral arteries as
      well as the quality of collateral circulation via the ophthalmic artery and the
      circle of Willis are readily picked up and evaluated by transcranial doppler
      sonography. If cerebrovascular disease is suspected it is therefore recommended
      to proceed first with duplex and transcranial sonography. If the results are
      negative, then echocardiography is indicated. With these non-invasive methods a
      correct diagnosis can usually be made. Patients who are at great risk of
      suffering a stroke are integrated into a programme aimed at prevention of
      cerebrovascular insults and re-insults. This programme includes the elimination
      of the usual risk factors and specifically the medication of anti-platelet drugs
      or oral anticoagulants respectively in cases of cardiac embolism. In special well
      defined cases endarterectomy of the carotid bifurcation might be indicated.
      Regular clinical examinations will enable a long-term follow-up and permit
      assessment of the efficacy of a preventive programme while simultaneously
      increasing patient compliance.

PMID- 2655158
TI  - [Diagnosis using ultrasound in peripheral arterial disorders: possibilities and
      limitations].
AB  - Ultrasound plays an increasingly important role in investigating peripheral
      vascular disease. Two major approaches, the Doppler technique and the (B-mode)
      imaging technique, are routinely used. Duplex scanning combines the two
      ultrasonic techniques taking advantage of both the hemodynamic and anatomic data
      that can be obtained. The simple conventional Doppler devices may be used to
      measure limb blood pressure at rest and after exercise and to assess velocity
      patterns. Recent advances in duplex technology allow non-invasive assessment of
      the vascular tree from the aorta to below the knee. Compared with arteriography
      duplex scanning has a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 81%. In selected
      cases duplex scanning can safely and reliably replace arteriography.

PMID- 2655159
TI  - [Indications and interpretation of serologic studies in reactive arthritis].
AB  - The big number of microorganisms known to cause arthritis following infections
      and also her biological variety make culture methods for the etiologic diagnosis
      difficult if not impossible in the individual case. Diagnostic possibilities
      offered by serology are practically unlimited. The search for the etiology can
      easily be adapted to the history and the clinical picture presented by the
      patient. Arthritis is usually accompanied by high antibody titers, which may be
      explained by a strong immunological reaction of the organism and the relatively
      long duration of the disease. The conditions required for a satisfactory
      interpretation of the results are discussed. Examples of real cases will
      illustrate the possibilities of diagnostic serology.

PMID- 2655160
TI  - A study on the properties of commercial thrombin preparations.
AB  - Three commercial thrombin preparations used clinically to stop topical bleeding
      were studied. The specific activities of these preparations were 1,064 U/mg
      (human); 59 U/mg (bovine) and 147 U/mg (bovine). SDS-PAGE analysis of the human
      product produced one major band corresponding to a molecular weight of alpha
      thrombin and one minor band. The bovine preparations produced several bands in
      addition to the alpha-thrombin band. One of bovine preparations had the highest
      amidolytic activity toward synthetic substrates S-2238 and S-2251 and also showed
      fibrinolytic activity when tested with the plasminogen-free fibrin plate method.
      Immunological analysis revealed that one preparation (human origin) contained
      immunoglobulin G, hepatitis B surface (HBs) antibody and human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) antibody. All of the preparations maintained more than 80% of their
      proteolytic activity for six hours when dissolved in physiological saline
      solution. It was found that the product A (bovine origin) was the best from the
      viewpoints of the specific activity, the stability and the purity which was free
      from factor Xa and plasmin.

PMID- 2655161
TI  - Effects of an antithrombotic agent (MD-805) on progressing cerebral thrombosis.
AB  - The effects of the newly developed synthetic selective antithrombin agent MD-805
      were examined in 11 patients with progressing cerebral thrombosis, as an open
      trial. Nine (82%) of 11 patients improved after 1 week of intravenous drip
      infusion. No hemorrhagic complications were observed during the therapy. These
      results suggest that MD-805 is a safe and effective agent for treatment of
      progressing cerebral thrombosis.

PMID- 2655162
TI  - [Corpora lutea with and without cavities in cattle. Their occurrence and their
      development in estrus and during early pregnancy].
AB  - Occurrence and development of cystic and non-cystic corpora lutea were compared
      during oestrus cycle and in early pregnancy. Using ultrasound scanning in 24
      (47%) of 51 oestrus cycles of 12 heifers a cavity greater than or equal to 7 mm
      in their corpora lutea could be detected at least at one day of the cycle. This
      could also be observed in 9 (53%) of 17 heifers in the first three weeks of
      gestation. The culmination of the cavity development was around day 9 after
      oestrus in normal cycles and in early pregnancy. At this time 41% of cycling
      heifers and 36% of pregnant heifers had a corpus luteum with a cavity greater
      than or equal to 7 mm, the largest diameters of the cavities being 11 mm. After
      day 9 the cavities decreased by half a millimeter a day. Cystic corpora lutea
      were longer and wider, and had more luteal tissue than non-cystic structures in
      both reproductive stages. Percentage and size parameters of cystic corpora lutea
      showed no apparent discrepancy between oestrus cycles and early pregnancy.
      Fertility of heifers with cystic structures did not indicate a pathological
      implication of the cavity.

PMID- 2655163
TI  - [Neutrophil defense against bovine uterine infections].
AB  - The killing ability of bovine peripheral blood neutrophils did not vary during
      the oestrous cycle. Administration of sex steroids to ovariectomised cows reduced
      the intrinsic killing ability of neutrophils but enhanced the opsonising ability
      of serum. Exudate from experimental uterine infection with Corynebacterium
      pyogenes and Fusobacterium necrophorum impaired neutrophil function, probably as
      a result of the action of bacterial leucotoxins.

PMID- 2655164
TI  - [Antibiotic treatment of equine endometritis].

PMID- 2655165
TI  - [The structure of eukaryotic genes].
AB  - The structure of eukaryotic transcription units and already known DNA elements
      which influence gene expression and eukaryotic gene regulation are described. In
      recent years molecular genetics approaches have been used to identify and
      characterize the molecular anatomy of protein-coding eukaryotic genes. Within
      these genes there are modular sequences, consisting of arrays of short, highly
      conserved recognition elements that are essential for the initiation of
      transcription, translation, and tissue-specificity of gene expression. The
      skillful combination of promoters, enhancers and other regulatory sequences
      allows the expression of every gene in every organ or tissue of a transgenic
      animal.

PMID- 2655166
TI  - [Gene transfer in swine by DNA microinjection into zygotes].
AB  - The techniques for the production of transgenic pigs are described. Once a gene
      interesting for animal breeding is found, a gene construct is cloned. The gene
      construct is a combination of a structure gene and a promoter region which
      regulates the gene expression of the transgene. The DNA solution is microinjected
      into the pronuclei of fertilized ova. The injected ova are transferred to
      synchronised recipient pigs. The animals born must be controlled for the
      integration of the injected gene construct. In transgenic offspring the
      expression of the gene, the heredity to the next generation and the biological
      activity have to be tested. The overall efficiency of a gene transfer programme
      in pig is about 0.5%. This is lower than in similar projects in mice.

PMID- 2655167
TI  - [Artifacts in ultrasonic diagnosis].
AB  - Due to facts of the wave theory, to properties of ultrasound-systems and to
      peculiarities of the examined organs and tissues artifacts may influence the
      image-formation in diagnostic sonography. In diagnostic ultrasound five types of
      artifacts are common: --Displaying of nonstructural echo signals (reverberation
      and reflection) --Removal of real structural echo signals from the display
      (tissue-attenuation and acoustic shadowing) --Displacement of echo signals on the
      display (refraction and beamwidth-artifact) --Distortion of echo signals (shape
      distortion-artifact, bands, gray-scale-contouring and blobby dots) --Distortion
      of the organ dynamics on the display (reverberation or "ring-around" and
      "herbie") The understanding of the mechanisms behind their production allows
      recognition of artifacts and avoids misinterpretations and incorrect diagnoses.
      Moreover, it helps to prevent the production of artifacts, e.g. by proper gain
      control-setting, adjusted focussing, etc.; it also may, if properly evaluated,
      reveal further information which can be used for diagnostic purposes (e.g. nature
      and geometry of interfaces, content of cysts, etc.).

PMID- 2655168
TI  - [Diagnostic sonography of the limb of the horse].
AB  - The ultrasonic examination of tendons and ligaments of the distal limb of the
      horse improves the diagnostic possibilities of these frequently injured
      structures. The successful application is based upon a reliable knowledge of the
      normal sonographic anatomy and upon a standardized, flawless technic of the
      examination. Practice and experience allow the recognition of minor alterations
      which enables a more precise diagnosis, a more reliable prognosis, and in follow
      up examinations also more specific information about the further use of the
      horse.

PMID- 2655169
TI  - [Compilation of experiences with intensive management of newborn foals].
AB  - Since 1980 techniques specifically designed to treat human neonatal diseases have
      also started to be applied to ill or premature equine newborns. These techniques
      will be described and their application to the most common equine neonatal
      disorders will be discussed. Such techniques include: post-natal cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation, exogenous thermal support, administration of broad spectrum
      antibiotics after diagnostic studies, supplemental oxygen therapy and mechanical
      ventilation, intravenous fluid and electrolyte therapy, blood component
      transfusion and total parenteral nutrition.

PMID- 2655170
TI  - [The control of the development of the corpus luteum and its maintenance in
      cattle].
AB  - During its limited lifespan the bovine corpus luteum secretes large amounts of
      progesterone. The function of lipoproteins in maintaining corpus luteum activity
      and the role of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in development of the corpus
      luteum have been examined using luteal and granulosa cell cultures. Results show
      that luteal cells require lipoproteins for steroidogenesis, low density
      lipoprotein (LDL) being 3.5 times more potent than HDL. It is likely, however,
      that HDL is of more importance in vivo since concentrations in the blood are
      considerably higher than those of LDL. The results also show that luteal cells
      may be maintained in culture in the presence of HDL. Granulosa cells in culture
      show an increasing basal progesterone production. In addition they respond to HDL
      and dibutyryl cyclic AMP with a marked increase in progesterone production. This
      data suggests that granulosa cells in pre-ovulatory follicles are prevented from
      responding to HDL, perhaps through lack of receptors. Luteinization must allow
      granulosa cells to respond to HDL and, in addition, it provides an increase in
      availability of both HDL and LDL through the marked angiogenesis occurring at
      this time.

PMID- 2655171
TI  - [Peculiarities of exotic animals in human-pet relations].
AB  - In the past years an upward tendency in zoo animal husbandry is seen which is
      reflecting itself in additional visits to the small animal practitioner. The
      motivation for the increased keeping of zoo animals is of various nature and is a
      result of changes in the living conditions in the age of high technology.
      Misinterpretation when purchasing a zoo animal frequently leads to torturous
      husbandry. In contrast to dogs and cats, avian and rodent pets have additional
      characteristics. Cage housing and the therefore total dependence on the owner as
      well as the frequently missing sexual partner mean individual consideration for
      the needs of each species. Only the knowledge of these circumstances enables the
      small animal practitioner to assess the relationship of the owner and his pet,
      which is essential for therapy but also for an appropriate animal protection.

PMID- 2655172
TI  - [Antibiotic therapy in psittacines].
AB  - The use of different antibiotics in psittacines is described. Among other aspects
      especially the anatomy of the bird and its consequence for the application of
      medicaments is taken into account. The use of antibiotics in psittacines often
      turns out to be difficult because of missing data about their pharmacokinetics,
      dosage, period of application and their compatibility. In order to deal with the
      increasing number of pet-birds in the veterinary practice, further examinations
      have to be conducted.

PMID- 2655173
TI  - [Recommendations for keeping birds of prey and owls according to animal welfare
      regulations].
AB  - In the Federal Republic of Germany the ownership of birds of prey and owls is
      subject to legal provisions for the conservation of nature and wildlife, as well
      as to the game law. Minimal requirements for housing and care of such birds
      result from regulations for animal welfare. According to these--arranged as to
      the pertinent paragraphs--recommendations are supplied for dealing with all
      aspects of animal welfare in the management and care of birds of prey and owls.

PMID- 2655174
TI  - Elevation in metallothionein messenger RNA in rat tissues after exposure to X
      irradiation.
AB  - Metallothionein (MT) mRNA levels in tissues were measured in rats following whole
      body X-irradiation (2 and 20 Gy). When compared with control rats, the elevation
      in MT mRNA levels of liver, kidney, and thymus was observed in irradiated rats at
      9 or 72 hr after irradiation. However, the elevation in MT mRNA levels was not
      observed in brain, spleen, lung, heart, and testis. When compared with other
      tissues, testicular MT mRNA levels in control rats were extremely high, and
      treatment with X-irradiation produced a slight decrease of testicular MT mRNA
      levels. Time-course experiments indicated that hepatic and renal MT mRNA reached
      a maximum at 6 hr after irradiation. In low-dose (2 Gy) irradiated rat, these
      values were returned to control values by 4 days after irradiation. However, in
      high-dose (20 Gy) irradiated rat, the values were not decreased to control
      values. These data indicate that treatment with X-irradiation produces an
      elevation in MT mRNA in rat tissues.

PMID- 2655175
TI  - Toxicity of dibutyltin, tributyltin and other organotin compounds to humans and
      to experimental animals.
AB  - Alkyltin compounds are used as stabilizers and antifouling agents. Food chain
      accumulation and bioconcentration have been demonstrated in crabs, oysters and
      salmon exposed to tributyltin oxide. In mammalian species, tributyltin compounds
      may be metabolized to dibutyltin derivatives and related metabolites. Di- and
      tributyltins appear to be less potent neurotoxicants than trimethyltins and
      triethyltins. Dibutyltins and tributyltins produced bile duct damage in rats,
      mice and hamsters. Tributyltin oxide and dibutyltin and dioctyltin compounds are
      potent thymolytic and immunotoxic agents in rats. Tributyltin oxide at 5 ppm in
      the rat diet produced immunotoxicity in a 2-year feeding study, and at 50 ppm
      increased the incidence of tumors of endocrine origin. In preliminary reports, 5
      ppm tributyltin produced no detectable increase in tumor incidence, and 0.5 ppm
      produced no detectable immunotoxicity in long-term studies. Tributyltin oxide and
      dibutyltin acetate did not appear to be mutagenic in a large battery of
      mutagenicity assays but produced base-pair substitutions in one of the bacterial
      strains tested. Tributyltin oxide produced mutations in Chinese hamster ovary
      cells, increased the incidence of micronuclei in the erythrocytes of exposed male
      BALB/c mice, and was highly embryotoxic in vitro. Embryotoxic and teratogenic
      effects in mice exposed to tributyltin oxide in vivo may have been due either to
      direct tributyltin oxide action or responses secondary to maternal toxicity. More
      information is needed to determine the applicability to human risk assessments of
      the immunotoxicity data derived from rat studies and to establish a definitive
      tolerable daily intake for tributyltin oxide.

PMID- 2655176
TI  - In vitro screens from CNS, liver and kidney for systemic toxicity.
AB  - The development and evaluation of in vitro systems from target organs for
      preliminary assessments of the potential for systemic toxic effects has been
      receiving increased attention. This review presents a synopsis of progress made
      in developing toxicity screens for three common target organs and identifies
      further work needed for more complete validation.

PMID- 2655177
TI  - Quantification of toxic response and the development of the median effective dose
      (ED50)--a historical perspective.
AB  - The development of the widely-used median effective (or lethal) dose as a summary
      measure in quantifying toxic response to chemical stimuli is reviewed. Attention
      is directed at those mathematical properties noted by the originator of the
      median effective dose, the English physiologist John William Trevan, that make
      the measure a useful summary statistic for toxicological studies. Consideration
      is also given to the development of precursor measures to the median effective
      dose, such as minimal effective dose.

PMID- 2655178
TI  - In situ assessment of genotoxic hazards of environmental pollution.
AB  - The potential impact of the environmental pollutants on human health can be
      evaluated by the laboratory analysis of the environmental samples or by the
      measurement of the biological effects on indigenous populations and/or specific
      test organisms placed in the environment to be monitored. A canary in a cage,
      used by 19th century miners as a biological indicator for rising levels of toxic
      gases, is a classical example of in situ hazard identification. The induced toxic
      effects are often the result of synergistic and antagonistic interactions among
      various physical and chemical factors that are difficult to reproduce in the
      laboratory. Therefore, conceivably the biological effects measured on or near the
      impacted site have greater relevancy for hazard assessment to man than from the
      data derived from the environmental samples analyzed in the lab. The organisms
      most commonly employed for the assessment of mutagenicity under real-world
      conditions are: (1) flowering plants, (2) wild and captive mammals, and (3)
      aquatic vertebrates. Plant species such as Tradescantia paludosa, Zea mays, and
      Osmunda regalis have been used for monitoring ambient air quality around several
      major industrial cities in the U.S.A., nuclear power plants, and industrial waste
      sites, and also for the assessment of potential health effects of municipal
      sewage sludges. Domestic animals such as dogs can be used as sentinels to provide
      information on the effects of contaminants in the environment and have been used
      to a limited extent to evaluate the environmental influences on the occurrence of
      breast cancer and osteosarcoma. Cytogenetic analysis from feral and wild animals
      has been employed for assessing the health hazards and prioritizing the clean-up
      efforts at hazardous waste sites. Aquatic animals have been used more often than
      terrestrial animals or plants to identify and characterize the genotoxic effects
      of environmental pollution. Since 1970, a number of studies has been reported on
      the mutagenic and neoplastic effects on aquatic animals from coastal areas and
      continental rivers, lakes, and ponds. The limitations of in situ environmental
      assessment are lack of control over the physical environmental components,
      inherent variability and interactions of test organisms, lack of control of
      exposure doses, and difficulty of finding concurrent experimental controls.
      Nevertheless, flowering plants, terrestrial, and aquatic animals may serve as
      useful sentinels and biomarkers of environmental pollution.

PMID- 2655179
TI  - Health effects of the alkylbenzenes. II. Xylenes.
AB  - The alkylbenzenes are a class of six-membered ring aromatic compounds that have a
      variety of alkyl groups attached. These chemicals are liquids with relatively low
      boiling points used primarily as solvents or as starting materials in the
      synthesis of other chemicals and drugs. They are integral components of gasoline,
      distillate fuels and other petroleum products and are economically important in
      the chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, polymer, paint and dye industries.
      Alkylbenzenes such as toluene, the xylenes, ethylbenzene, styrene and cumene are
      produced and utilized in large quantities and therefore, present the possibility
      of exposure to humans and to wildlife. Fortunately, the toxicity of alkylbenzenes
      has been found to be rather low and therefore, the human and environmental risks
      are probably low. In modern industrial activities, exposures to the alkylbenzenes
      are minimized by workplace controls or personal protective equipment which meet
      guidelines for maximum allowable exposure concentrations that have been
      established for the workplace. Nevertheless, considerable quantities of
      alkylbenzenes are released to the environment each year through solvent and fuel
      evaporation, accidental spills and misuse, and considerable toxicological
      information for these materials has appeared in the recent literature. This
      present paper, the second in a series reviewing the potential health effects of
      alkylbenzenes, covers the toxicology and disposition of the dimethyl-substituted
      benzenes (the xylenes) in animals and man.

PMID- 2655180
TI  - Effects of venom proteases on peptide chromogenic substrates and bovine
      prothrombin.
AB  - Eighteen proteases were isolated from six hemorrhagic venoms of snakes belonging
      to the families of Crotalidae and Viperidae. According to their actions, they are
      classified as thrombin-like enzymes, alpha-fibrinogenases, beta-fibrinogenases,
      Factor X activator, prothrombin activator, hemorrhagins and esterases. Thrombin
      like enzymes, beta-fibrinogenases, hemorrhagins and esterase hydrolyzed Phe-Pip
      Arg-pNA (S-2238, substrate for thrombin) more strongly than CBZ-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg
      pNA (S-2222, substrate for Factor Xa), CBZ-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA (B-7632) or CBZ-Pro
      Phe-Arg-pNA (B-2133). Thrombin-like enzymes, beta-fibrinogenase and esterase
      hydrolyzed tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester and benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester. S
      2238 is the most susceptible chromogenic substrate for most venom proteases.
      Thrombin-like enzymes degraded prothrombin molecule progressively down to
      prethrombin 2 while alpha- and beta-fibrinogenases degraded it only to
      prethrombin 1. Factor X activator of Vipera russelli venom and esterase of T.
      mucrosquamatus venom did not have any effect on prothrombin. Thus, the effects of
      venom proteases on prothrombin are not parallel to their amidolytic or
      esterolytic effects.

PMID- 2655181
TI  - Clostridium botulinum type D neurotoxin: purification and detection.
AB  - A method is reported for the purification of type D botulinum toxin using a
      combination of low and high pressure ion exchange chromatography. The procedure
      produced homogeneous toxin in its free form in 3 days, with a specific toxicity
      in mice of 5.4 x 10(7) LD50/mg protein. Polyclonal antibodies against the pure
      toxin were raised in rabbits and detected the toxin in both ELISA and western
      blotting. The antibodies also detected type C1 botulinum toxin using these
      techniques, confirming the presence of cross-reacting antigenic determinants in
      these two proteins.

PMID- 2655182
TI  - A poisonous plant file in TOXLINE.
AB  - A file has been added to TOXLINE on the subject of the toxicology of poisonous
      plants. It contains 2508 records, each of which comprises the full reference, key
      words, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number and abstract when available. A
      controlled vocabulary was constructed for the indexing and can be obtained from
      the National Technical Information Service. Searches can be made for several
      different data elements including authors; year; significant textwords of the
      title or abstract; journal or book; document type such as review or case report;
      geographic place at the level of continent, nation and state/province; plant
      species at the level of family, genus and species; plant parts involved; animal
      species affected including humans; type of harmful effects including major signs
      and lesions and chemicals.

PMID- 2655183
TI  - Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis.

PMID- 2655184
TI  - A double-blind, randomized trial of PY108-068 in acute ischemic cerebral
      infarction.
AB  - A double-blind, randomized, pilot trial of the calcium channel antagonist PY108
      068 was completed in patients with acute ischemic cerebral infarction. Nine
      treated patients received PY108-068 orally (150 mg/day in divided doses) and 10
      control patients received placebo within 48 hours of stroke onset for 21 days.
      The mean age of the treated patients (four men, five women) was 63.7 years and of
      the control patients (seven men, three women) 64.4 years. Most infarctions were
      in the territory of the middle cerebral artery. One treated patient died of
      sudden cardiac death on Day 12; one control patient died of cerebral herniation.
      Two treated patients had episodes of clinically insignificant hypotension during
      Day 1 of treatment. Two control patients had myocardial infarctions during the
      trial. The mean Toronto Stroke Scale scores at stroke onset were 67 and 90 and at
      Week 12 were 22.5 and 34.7 in the treated and control groups, respectively. There
      was parallel improvement in the two groups, with no significant difference
      between groups (p = 0.12). The mean Barthel Index functional scores at stroke
      onset were 32.8 and 33 and at Week 12 were 90 and 78.8 in the treated and control
      groups, respectively. There was a trend in favor of the treated group, but
      differences between groups did not reach significance. In this pilot trial, PY108
      068 was found to be safe but not effective in patients with acute ischemic
      cerebral infarction.

PMID- 2655185
TI  - Clinical correlates of Doppler/ultrasound errors in the detection of internal
      carotid artery occlusion.
AB  - One recognized limitation of carotid Doppler/ultrasound is its accuracy in
      differentiating occlusion from near-total occlusion of the internal carotid
      artery, which is a crucial issue in management decisions. Clinical histories were
      reviewed in 58 patients with apparent occlusion of an internal carotid artery
      diagnosed by Doppler/ultrasound who also underwent angiography. False-positive
      results were detected in eight patients, for an overall accuracy of 86%. Among a
      group of 25 patients with acute cerebral or ocular events ipsilateral to an
      apparently occluded artery, false-positive results occurred in seven (accuracy of
      72%). Among a group of 33 patients with asymptomatic or remotely symptomatic
      apparent occlusions, only one false-positive occurred, for an accuracy of 97%.
      This difference in accuracy between groups was significant. Thus, a
      Doppler/ultrasound diagnosis of occlusion was most inexact in those patients for
      whom the detection of continued patency was most likely to influence management.

PMID- 2655186
TI  - Postischemic insulin reduces spatial learning deficit following transient
      forebrain ischemia in rats.
AB  - We investigated the ability of postischemic insulin administration to modify the
      structural and neurobehavioral consequences of cerebral ischemia in rats.
      Forebrain ischemia was induced in fed rats by combining controlled systemic
      hypotension with bilateral carotid artery clamping for 10 1/2 minutes. Following
      clamp release, one group of six rats [corrected] was given insulin (2 IU/kg s.c.
      b.i.d.) for 1 week. An ischemic-control group of five rats [corrected] received
      no postischemic treatment. A sham-ischemia group of rats was used as a behavioral
      control. Throughout the recovery period until sacrifice, the drinking water of
      all rats was supplemented with 25% glucose. Rats were trained on two water maze
      place navigation tasks 1-2 months after ischemia. Escape latencies and swim
      patterns were recorded. Performance in the insulin-treated group was better than
      that in the ischemic-control group (p less than 0.05) on both tasks and did not
      differ significantly from that of the sham-ischemia group. Improvement in
      behavior correlated with a significant reduction in CA1 hippocampal necrosis in
      the insulin-treated group (p less than 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that
      postischemic treatment with insulin improves neurobehavioral performance in
      addition to lessening ischemic neuronal necrosis.

PMID- 2655187
TI  - Recanalization of intracranial carotid occlusion detected by duplex carotid
      sonography.
AB  - We studied three patients with internal carotid artery occlusion at the siphon
      who had recanalization during 1 month of close observation. Angiography and
      duplex carotid sonography (DCS) were repeated serially in each patient. Blood
      flow patterns detected by DCS were classified into three patterns by specific
      angiographic changes. The distal occlusive flow pattern on DCS corresponds to
      internal carotid artery occlusion at the siphon angiographically, the median flow
      pattern on DCS corresponds to partial recanalization, and a normal flow pattern
      on DCS indicates almost complete recanalization. Since DCS can be easily
      repeated, the exact time of recanalization can be determined noninvasively. In
      all three patients, hemorrhagic infarction observed on computed tomograms
      occurred at the time of recanalization detected by DCS. DCS demonstrates that
      recanalization is one of the mechanisms of hemorrhagic infarction.

PMID- 2655188
TI  - Spontaneous calcific cerebral embolus from a calcific aortic stenosis in a middle
      cerebral artery infarct.
AB  - Calcific emboli from a calcific aortic stenosis is an uncommon event, usually
      following local trauma, as from cardiac surgery or left heart catheterization or
      as a sequel to bacterial endocarditis. We report what we believe to be the first
      case of a spontaneous calcareous emboli demonstrated by cranial computed
      tomography. In this patient, systemic hypertension and mild aortic insufficiency
      may have caused increasing mechanical forces acting on the aortic cusps and may
      have precipitated embolism.

PMID- 2655189
TI  - Prostacyclin in experimental ischemic models.

PMID- 2655190
TI  - Arrogance revisited.

PMID- 2655192
TI  - The role of detergents in membrane reconstitution.

PMID- 2655191
TI  - Collecting data on pregnancy loss: a review of evidence from the World Fertility
      Survey.
AB  - Estimates of levels and differentials of pregnancy loss are presented for 40
      developing countries participating in the World Fertility Survey (WFS) program.
      Judged against agreed-upon levels of spontaneous loss in human populations, WFS
      surveys measured from 50 to 80 percent of recognizable losses. The coverage of
      induced abortions appears to be much worse. Consistent with data from other
      sources and settings, the probability of loss is strongly correlated with
      maternal demographic characteristics: age, pregnancy order, pregnancy spacing,
      and pregnancy loss history. Despite incomplete coverage, the WFS data on
      pregnancy loss provide considerable, and largely unexploited, insight on the
      dynamics of the reproductive career.

PMID- 2655193
TI  - Fluorescence studies of membrane dynamics and heterogeneity.

PMID- 2655194
TI  - Membrane fusion. Fusogenic agents and osmotic forces.

PMID- 2655195
TI  - Lectin-carbohydrate interactions in model and biological membrane systems.

PMID- 2655196
TI  - Membrane lipid phase behavior and lipid-protein interactions.

PMID- 2655197
TI  - Energy-transducing complexes in bacterial respiratory chains.

PMID- 2655198
TI  - Reconstitution of acetylcholine receptors into planar lipid bilayers.
AB  - Obviously, bilayer reconstitution experiments have largely contributed to the
      understanding of the AChR-channel function. Nevertheless, at present there are
      many unanswered questions concerning the minimum structural requirements for AChR
      channel function, agonist cooperativity, and different types of AChR. Another
      complex of parameters important for receptor function which must be explored in
      much more detail, is the dependence of AChR-channel function on membrane
      composition and its physical state. This important but rather neglected field is
      predestined to be explored by reconstitution techniques. All the results on AChRs
      reconstituted in planar lipid bilayers cannot adequately be discussed without the
      data obtained by other techniques, thus coming back to the statements already
      mentioned in the introductory section about strategies for investigating ion
      channels in general. Only such a strategy can lead to a molecular understanding
      of channel function.

PMID- 2655199
TI  - Liposomes as carriers of drugs. Observations on vesicle fate after injection and
      its control.

PMID- 2655200
TI  - Reconstitution and physiological protein translocation processes.

PMID- 2655201
TI  - Reconstitution of membrane molecular mechanisms in bilayer lipid membranes and
      patch-clamp bilayers.

PMID- 2655202
TI  - Evaluation of assay techniques for the measurement of antiepileptic drugs in
      serum: a study based on external quality assurance measurements.
AB  - The accuracy and precision of eight techniques used to measure a range of eight
      antiepileptic drugs in human serum were compared using data from 80 samples from
      the Heathcontrol External Quality Assurance scheme. The fluorescence polarization
      immunoassay was significantly more precise than other techniques for several
      analytes, producing the lowest number of measurements rejected as outliers and
      measurements with the lowest coefficient of variation. Other techniques had a
      significantly lower precision. Nephelometry (Neph) produced most outliers for
      phenytoin and carbamazepine and had the highest variability for phenytoin. Gas
      liquid chromatography (GLC) with derivatization was most variable for
      phenobarbitone and primidone. Measurements by GLC with or without derivatization
      contained greater than 10% of outliers and were least precise for carbamazepine.
      Differences between the majority of techniques were in many cases, however, not
      significant. The accuracy of techniques was assessed from differences between
      sample means and spiked drug concentrations. Neph was notable in producing
      overestimates at lower concentrations. Immunoassay methods had a 16-21% cross
      reactivity with carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide when measuring carbamazepine. All
      techniques reported underestimates for valproic acid that were thought to result
      from the hygroscopic nature of the salt used for spiking.

PMID- 2655203
TI  - Reassessment of cross-reactivity of spironolactone metabolites with four digoxin
      immunoassays.
AB  - Spironolactone and one of its metabolites, canrenone, cross-react with some
      digoxin immunoassays to result in erroneous serum digoxin concentrations.
      Recently, additional compounds, 7-alpha-thiomethylspirolactone (7-a-TMS) and 6
      beta-hydroxy-7-alpha-thiomethylspirolactone (6-B-OH-7-a-TMS), have been reported
      to be quantitatively important metabolites of spironolactone. This study was
      initiated to evaluate the cross-reactivity of these metabolites, canrenone, and
      spironolactone with four different digoxin immunoassays. Blank serum was spiked
      with each compound to yield concentrations reported to occur in vivo. Samples
      were analyzed in duplicate by each of the following immunoassays: fluorescence
      polarization immunoassay (FPIA); affinity-column-mediated immunoassay (ACMIA);
      radioimmunoassay (RIA); and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The 7-a-TMS metabolite
      cross-reacted with both the RIA and ACMIA methods. Apparent digoxin
      concentrations were as great as 0.39 ng/ml for this metabolite at the highest
      concentration evaluated, 600 ng/ml. At the lowest concentrations evaluated with
      the 7-a-TMS metabolite, 50 ng/ml, apparent digoxin concentrations as high as 0.28
      ng/ml were reported. The 6-B-OH-7-a-TMS metabolite did not cross-react to a
      significant extent with any of immunoassays studied. Canrenone cross-reacted with
      the ACMIA method at a concentration of 100 ng/ml. The EIA method exhibited no
      apparent cross-reactivity with any of the compounds, whereas the FPIA method
      exhibited minimal cross-reactivity. The results of this study indicate that the 7
      a-TMS metabolite cross-reacts to a significant extent with some immunoassays;
      however, this is not true for the 6-B-OH-7-a-TMS metabolite.

PMID- 2655204
TI  - Evaluation of fluorescence polarization immunoassay for determination of
      cyclosporin in plasma.
AB  - The fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) method for determination of
      cyclosporin in plasma was evaluated and compared with the high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods. The coefficients of
      variation for the within-run and between-run precision were less than 5 and less
      than 8%, respectively, for samples ranging in concentration from 50 to 600 ng/ml.
      Recoveries were determined by adding cyclosporin at concentrations from 25 to
      1,000 ng/ml to patient plasma; they were, on average, 98.5%. The calibration
      curve was stable throughout a 10-week study period. There was no clinically
      significant interference due to hemolysis, icterus, lipemia, or other commonly
      used drugs. There was considerable variation of the ratio of the FPIA result to
      the HPLC result, whereas there was a good correlation between the FPIA and the
      RIA results (r = 0.975, n = 25, y = 1.2x - 36.4), when evaluated using specimens
      from renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporin orally. It was concluded
      that the FPIA is an appropriate, rapid method for patient cyclosporin analysis in
      plasma and serves as a practical alternative to the RIA.

PMID- 2655205
TI  - Determination of an appropriate size of unrelated donor pool to be registered for
      HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation from related or unrelated donors appears
      to be effective. To supply HLA-matched bone marrow for patients who do not have
      HLA-matched family donors, registration of unrelated HLA-typed donors and
      selection of matched donors will be necessary. In this study, the frequencies of
      each possible HLA phenotype and of corresponding, potentially matched donors were
      calculated by a computer from the table of frequencies of HLA-A, -B, and -DR
      haplotypes using data from 300 families in Japan and from the Eighth
      International Histocompatibility Workshop for European and North American whites.
      Appropriate sizes of such donor pools were evaluated theoretically in the
      Japanese population and in European and North American whites. To enable more
      than 80 percent of patients to have at least one identical donor, only 50,000
      potential donors would be necessary for Japanese persons, whereas 1,000,000 and
      400,000, respectively, would be required for European and North American whites.

PMID- 2655206
TI  - Attitudes and physical condition of unrelated bone marrow donors immediately
      after donation.
AB  - Annually, over 3000 bone marrow transplants are performed worldwide involving HLA
      identical sibling donors. However, only 30 percent of those patients who need a
      bone marrow transplant have a matched sibling donor. Programs have been developed
      to provide volunteer unrelated bone marrow donors for patients without sibling
      donors. Because bone marrow donation requires a high level of altruism,
      especially on the part of a donor unrelated to the patient, it is important to
      determine the effect of donation on the donor. Serious medical complications
      during the collection of marrow from related donors have been reported only
      rarely, but there have been no reports on the psychosocial and physical effects
      of the bone marrow donation process on volunteer unrelated bone marrow donors.
      The first 20 unrelated volunteers who donated bone marrow through the authors'
      volunteer bone marrow donor program were surveyed. They suffered no serious
      emotional or physical aftereffects. Seventeen of 20 donors reported that making
      the decision to donate was easy, and 16 reported making the decision to donate
      right away. Nine of 20 donors, however, stated that a friend or family member
      discouraged them from donating. All 20 donors thought that they were well
      prepared for the donation process. Four donors thought that the donation process
      required more time than they expected, but four donors thought the reverse. One
      person thought the process was more painful than they expected; however, 12 found
      the process to be less painful than expected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655207
TI  - Further observations on the patterns of clearance of incompatible red cells.

PMID- 2655208
TI  - What price progress? An update on vinyl plastic bags.

PMID- 2655209
TI  - Longitudinal follow-up of blood donors found to be reactive for antibody to human
      immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA+) but
      negative by western blot (WB-).
AB  - A cohort of 467 volunteer blood donors who were found to be EIA+/WB- was studied
      longitudinally for up to two years. EIA screening for anti-HIV and WB testing,
      regardless of the EIA result, was performed on all 769 subsequent donation events
      of this cohort to ascertain the consistency of test results over time. The
      following results were obtained: 1) 8.8% of subsequent donation events were EIA+;
      2) Most donors who returned were found to be EIA-/WB-; 3) EIA-/WB?
      (indeterminate) was 14.5 times more common than EIA+/WB?; 4) EIA and WB results
      were generally inconsistent from donation to donation; 5) No donor was found to
      be WB+. These results suggest that, in a volunteer donor population, an EIA+/WB-
      result may have little value in predicting anti-HIV test results and AIDS
      infectivity in a future donation. The current practice of not using blood donated
      subsequently by EIA+/WB- donors unless a re-entry testing scheme is
      satisfactorily completed should be reconsidered.

PMID- 2655211
TI  - Improved 72-hour renal preservation with phosphate-buffered sucrose.
AB  - The result of this study shows that a simple phosphate buffered sucrose solution
      (PBS) is better than hyperosmolar citrate (HOC) solution in the flush perfusion
      and hypothermic storage of canine kidneys for 72 hr prior to autotransplantation
      with immediate contralateral nephrectomy. The peroperative measurement of
      postreperfusion renal blood flow revealed a significant reduction after 60 min in
      kidneys preserved with HOC solution. All grafts and animals in the PBS group
      (5/5) survived with primary renal function compared with one in the HOC group
      (1/5), which functioned after a period of oliguria. The early serum creatinine
      and urea levels were significantly lower in the PBS group, with a return to
      normal range within two weeks. This is reflected in higher inulin clearances and
      a more rapid recovery of proximal tubular function in the PBS animals, which also
      demonstrated a more rapid return of loop function and the ability to concentrate
      urine.

PMID- 2655210
TI  - T cell depletion for graft-versus-host-disease prophylaxis. A perspective on
      engraftment in mice and humans.

PMID- 2655212
TI  - An increase in the survival of murine H-2-mismatched cultured fetal pancreas
      allografts using depleting or nondepleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, and a
      further increase with the addition of cyclosporine.
AB  - Depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been shown
      to prolong allograft survival in mice. In this study, two rat anti-CD4 mAbs,
      H129.19 and GK1.5, were administered either alone or in combination with
      cyclosporine (CsA) to recipients of MHC-mismatched (H-2k to H-2d) cultured fetal
      pancreas allografts to determine their effect on graft survival. When compared
      with control mice, splenic CD4+ cells of GK1.5-treated mice were depleted by
      greater than 95%, but in H129.19-treated mice no depletion of CD4+ cells
      occurred. Instead, rat Ig was present on the surface of CD4+ cells in H129.19
      treated mice. Anti-CD4 therapy with either H129.19 or GK1.5 prolonged fetal
      pancreas allograft survival to a similar extent, but did not lead to indefinite
      survival. Blockade of the CD4 antigen by the mAb H129.19 was as effective as the
      depletion of CD4+ cells by GK1.5 in prolonging allograft survival. Rejection of
      grafts by day 28 posttransplantation occurred in the absence of CD4+ cells, as
      determined by both flow cytometric examination of spleen cells and
      immunoperoxidase staining of the graft site. CsA alone did not prolong graft
      survival, but its addition to either H129.19 or GK1.5 mAb treatment significantly
      increased the survival rate of grafts at 28 days compared with mAb treatment
      alone. These results suggest that CD4+ cell depletion is not essential for
      effective anti-CD4 mAb therapy--and, further, that CsA may have a direct
      inhibitory effect on CD8+ cells during allograft rejection.

PMID- 2655213
TI  - Seventy-two-hour preservation of the canine pancreas by the two-layer (Euro
      Collins' solution/perfluorochemical) cold storage method.
AB  - A 72-hr preservation of canine pancreas by a 2-layer (Euro
      Collins'/Perfluorochemical) cold storage method was tested in the canine model of
      segmental pancreas autotransplantation. The functional recovery of the grafts by
      this method (group 1) was determined by daily fasting blood glucose concentration
      and intravenous glucose tolerance test at 2 weeks after autotransplantation and
      compared with simple cold storage with Euro-Collins' solution (group 2) and
      control (no preservation) (group 3). Maintenance of normoglycemia for at least 5
      days after transplantation was considered a successful preservation. The
      functional success rates after 72-hr preservation were 100%, 0%, and 100% for
      groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The mean K values of group 1 after 72-hr
      preservation was 1.78 +/- 0.42 compared with 2.05 +/- 0.32 for group 3 at 2 weeks
      after transplantation. Biopsies of grafts of group 2 after 72-hr preservation
      showed remarkable autolytic changes in exocrine and endocrine tissues. In
      contrast, biopsies of grafts of group 1 after 72-hr preservation showed almost
      normal architecture in both tissues. In addition, biopsies of 72-hr preserved
      grafts of group 1 at 4 weeks after after autotransplantation showed almost normal
      pancreas architecture with minimal fibrotic changes in the exocrine tissue. This
      study demonstrated the possibility of 72-hr preservation of the pancreas for
      transplantation.

PMID- 2655214
TI  - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance of rat pancreatic grafts.
AB  - This study investigates whether phosphate metabolite concentrations and
      intracellular pH alter in early acute rejection of rat pancreatic allografts. In
      vitro biochemical assays, in vitro 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
      and in vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy of the grafts were compared. Duct-ligated,
      vascularized rat pancreatic isografts and allografts were transplanted onto the
      infrarenal aorta of the recipients with inferior vena cava venous drainage. In
      order to obtain reproducible acute rejection, allografting was performed across a
      major histocompatibility barrier. For the in vitro experiments freeze-clamped
      graft extracts were prepared and analyzed for adenosine triphosphate
      concentration by fluorimetry, then placed in an 8.5 Tesla vertical bore magnet.
      31P NMR spectra were recorded using a Bruker AM 360 spectrometer operating at
      145.7 MHz for 31P. Spectra were acquired from nontransplanted controls; 3-day, 5
      day, and 1-month posttransplant isografts, and 3-day and 5-day posttransplant
      allografts. All grafts examined were functioning satisfactorily. The ATP content
      of the extracts was significantly lower in the 3- and 5-day allografts than the
      respective isografts. Invasive in vivo 31P NMR spectra were recorded using
      surface coils adjacent to the grafts from functioning 5-day posttransplant
      isografts and allografts (i.e., 3 days prior to an expected elevation in blood
      sugar from acute rejection in the allografts). The ATP/inorganic phosphate ratios
      and pH from the in vivo spectra were significantly lower in the allografts than
      in the isografts. It is concluded that changes in intracellular metabolism occur
      early in the process of acute rejection and that 31P NMR spectroscopy may provide
      a means of diagnosing this before current methods.

PMID- 2655215
TI  - Efficacy of OKT3 retreatment for refractory cardiac allograft rejection.
AB  - Although OKT3 monoclonal antibody is a useful therapy for refractory cardiac
      allograft rejection, the use of OKT3 for prophylaxis may be limited by the
      potential of sensitization and subsequent loss of efficacy on retreatment. OKT3
      was required for refractory rejection in 21 of 165 recipients transplanted
      between March 1985 and August 1988. Twelve of these patients had previously been
      exposed to OKT3, and the retreatment efficacy was evaluated. The study population
      averaged 42.1 +/- 15.3 years of age (mean +/- SEM) and had experienced 2 +/- 1
      previous episodes of rejection. The prior episodes of rejection had been treated
      with pulse methylprednisolone and antithymocyte globulin, and in addition 3
      patients (25%) also required a course of antilymphoblast globulin. Retreatment
      OKT3 for refractory rejection was required 120 +/- 94 days following
      transplantation. CD3+ lymphocytes were eliminated from the circulation within 24
      48 hr in 11 of 12 patients, all of whom showed histologic improvement within the
      first week. Total resolution on the initial follow-up biopsy was noted in 9 (75%)
      during the course of therapy. Subsequent rejection episodes occurred in 9 (82%)
      of the survivors at 71 +/- 64 days. One-year survival was 83% in this vigorously
      rejecting patient population. Serious infections occurred within 3 months of
      therapy in 4 (36%). The side effects of OKT3 retreatment were similar to those
      seen with first exposure and did not require OKT3 discontinuation. Thus OKT3 may
      be administered with success in most patients who have previously been exposed to
      it.

PMID- 2655217
TI  - Cyclosporine kinetics in renal transplant patients as assessed by high
      performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay using monoclonal and
      polyclonal antibodies.
AB  - The area under the blood concentration vs. time curves of cyclosporine (24 hr)
      were determined nonspecifically by the polyclonal RIA, specifically by a
      monoclonal RIA and by HPLC after an oral and an i.v. dose of CsA in 10 renal
      transplant patients. The mean blood concentrations determined by monoclonal RIA
      were 10-20% higher than those measured by HPLC, whereas the concentrations
      assessed by polyclonal RIA were greater than 100% higher than those determined by
      HPLC. As a corollary, the pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance, volume of
      distribution, and systemic availability) differed when the results from the 3
      methods were compared. The RIA/HPLC concentration ratio of CsA was higher after
      oral than after i.v. dosing when RIA measurements were performed by the
      polyclonal but not by the monoclonal RIA. These ratios changed continuously
      during the first 12 hr after the administration when the polyclonal but not when
      the monoclonal RIA was used. In conclusion, blood concentrations assessed by the
      3 methods are not identical, and when compared with the polyclonal RIA the
      monoclonal RIA exhibits 3 advantages: (1) much less crossreactivity with
      metabolites; (2) a constant RIA/HPLC concentration ratio after the third hr after
      administration of CsA; and (3) a RIA/HPLC concentration ratio that is independent
      of the route of administration.

PMID- 2655216
TI  - Intraoperative blood transfusions in highly alloimmunized patients undergoing
      orthotopic liver transplantation.
AB  - Intraoperative blood requirements were analyzed in patients undergoing primary
      orthotopic liver transplantation and divided into two groups on the basis of
      panel reactive antibody of pretransplant serum measured by lymphocytotoxicity
      testing. One group of highly sensitized patients (n = 25) had PRA values of over
      70% and the second group of patients (n = 26) had 0% PRA values and were
      considered nonsensitized. During the transplant procedure, the 70% PRA group
      received considerably greater quantities of blood products than the 0% PRA group-
      namely, red blood cells: 21.1 +/- 3.7 vs. 9.8 +/- 0.8 units (P = 0.002), and
      platelets: 17.7 +/- 3.2 vs. 7.5 +/- 1.5 units (P = 0.003). Similar differences
      were observed for fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. Despite the larger
      infusion of platelets, the blood platelet counts in the 70% PRA group were lower
      postoperatively than preoperatively. Twenty patients in the 70% PRA group
      received platelet transfusions, and their mean platelet count dropped from 95,050
      +/- 11,537 preoperatively to 67,750 +/- 8,228 postoperatively (P = 0.028). In
      contrast, nearly identical preoperative (84,058 +/- 17,297) and postoperative
      (85,647 +/- 12,445) platelet counts were observed in the 17 0% PRA patients who
      were transfused intraoperatively with platelets. Prothrombin time, activated
      partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen levels showed no significant
      differences between both groups. These data demonstrate that lymphocytotoxic
      antibody screening of liver transplant candidates is useful in identifying
      patients with increased risk of bleeding problems and who will require large
      quantities of blood during the transplant operation.

PMID- 2655218
TI  - The impact of body weight on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in renal transplant
      recipients.
AB  - In order to assess the effect of body weight on cyclosporine disposition, 45
      adult uremic candidates for renal transplantation underwent detailed nutritional
      assessment and pharmacokinetic analysis. There were 10 obese and 35 nonobese
      patients defined as actual body weight (ABW) greater than 125 Per cent of ideal
      body weight (IBW), and arm fat area greater than 90th percentile. There was no
      significant difference in demographic variables such as age, sex, number of
      diabetics, IBW, serum lipids, or liver function tests between the 2 groups.
      Although there was a significant difference in ABW, pharmacokinetic analyses
      failed to demonstrate significant differences in bioavailability, elimination
      half-life, clearance, or apparent steady state volume of distribution when these
      calculations were normalized by IBW, body surface area, or as absolute values.
      Multiple stepwise linear regression failed to demonstrate a significant
      correlation between serum lipids or body size measurements and these parameters.
      When dosed according to ABW, obese recipients of renal allografts had a mean
      serum RIA trough level of 227 ng/ml as compared to 121 ng/ml in nonobese
      recipients on day 7. Therefore in order to achieve comparable drug concentrations
      in the early transplant period, CsA should be given to obese patients based on
      their IBW.

PMID- 2655219
TI  - Diagnosis of rejection in renal allograft biopsies using the presence of
      activated and proliferating cells.
AB  - Forty cyclosporine-treated renal allograft biopsies were stained with anti-Tac, a
      monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against interleukin 2 receptor (CD25), anti
      transferrin receptor MoAb, and Ki67 MoAb (a proliferating cell marker), using a
      method of gold enhancement of the diaminobenzidine reaction product, in order to
      study the utility of these markers to differentiate rejection from other causes
      of graft dysfunction. Biopsies were selected on the basis of availability of
      sufficient frozen material and optical microscopy diagnosis, and only biopsies
      that showed acute cellular rejection and biopsies that did not show any sign of
      rejection (cyclosporine toxicity or a stable graft) were studied. In addition
      biopsies were stained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies reacting with CD45,
      CD3, CD4, CD8, EBM11 (a monocyte-macrophage marker), HLA-DR, DP, and DQ, using
      the usual indirect immunoperoxidase method. The clinical diagnosis (rejection
      versus no rejection) was made in ignorance of the biopsy findings. In 17 of 18
      (94%) episodes of rejection, anti-Tac and anti-transferrin receptor-positive
      cells, and in 15 of 18 rejection episodes (83%), proliferating cells, were found
      in the interstitium. Anti-Tac-positive cells were never found in the 11 biopsies
      diagnosed as no rejection, and only in two a few anti-transferrin receptor
      positive cells were present. The proportion of activated and proliferating cells
      in rejection episodes, expressed as the percentage of CD45-positive cells were:
      anti-Tac MoAb 4.1 +/- 2.9%, anti-transferrin receptor MoAb 6.9 +/- 3.9%, and Ki
      67 MoAb 6.3 +/- 4.8%. There was a positive correlation between the total number
      of infiltrating cells and the number of cells stained with anti-Tac (r = 0.75, P
      less than 0.005), anti-transferrin receptor MoAb (r = 0.84, P less than 0.0001),
      and Ki-67 (r = 0.50, P less than 0.05). The episodes of rejection that took place
      when cyclosporine levels were high had fewer 1L-2R-bearing cells in the
      interstitium than those that took place when cyclosporine levels were low (r =
      0.47, P less than 0.05). We conclude that during rejection the presence of
      activated and proliferating cells is a consistent finding, and that these markers
      could be useful in differentiating between rejection and other causes of graft
      dysfunction as well as in grading the severity of rejection.

PMID- 2655220
TI  - Immunologic diagnosis of kidney rejection using FACS analysis of graft
      infiltrating functional and activated T and NK cell subsets.
AB  - In human organ transplantation, the correct diagnosis of rejection may be
      difficult using clinical and/or histopathologic criteria, and immunologic assays
      should therefore be considered. We have applied monoclonal antibodies in 2-color
      flow cytometric (FACS) analysis to study phenotypic patterns of kidney
      infiltrating activated and functional T and NK cell subsets in 132
      posttransplantation biopsies. Viable intragraft lymphocytes and kidney tubular
      cells were obtained by the use of medium-sized ultra-sound guided needle biopsy.
      In univariate analyses, highly significant differences were observed between
      rejecting and stable grafts. During rejection, the proportions of HLA-DR+ kidney
      tubular cells, total lymphocytes, T suppressor/cytotoxic cells, and natural
      killer (NK)-like cells increased; the fractions of phenotypically activated, HLA
      DR+ cells within the latter 2 cell populations were elevated. Further, during
      rejection phenotypic T suppressor inducer and T suppressor effector cells were
      virtually absent in kidney tissue but reappeared rapidly upon successful
      antirejection therapy. Multivariate analyses revealed that combinations of
      antibodies in FACS analysis defining functional and activated subsubsets of T and
      NK cells allow a precise and rapid immunologic diagnosis of kidney rejection.

PMID- 2655221
TI  - Influence of HLA matching on survival of second kidney transplants in
      cyclosporine-treated recipients.
AB  - In an analysis of over 4000 cyclosporine-treated recipients of second kidney
      transplants we observed a strong effect of HLA matching in living-related and
      cadaver transplants. In contrast to the results obtained in first cadaver
      transplants, second cadaver transplants benefited substantially from matching for
      HLA-A locus antigens. The strongest effect of matching was found when HLA-A, HLA
      B, and HLA-DR antigens were analyzed together: 214 second grafts with no mismatch
      had a survival rate of 82 +/- 3% at two years in contrast to a 49 +/- 4% rate in
      149 grafts with 6 mismatches (P less than 0.0001, log rank). Patients whose first
      graft functioned for more than 1 year had a significantly higher second graft
      survival rate than patients with shorter first graft duration. Because the effect
      of HLA matching is particularly strong in patients with less than 1 year first
      graft duration, it is suggested that HLA well-matched kidneys should be allocated
      to them with priority.

PMID- 2655222
TI  - Phenotypic and functional characterization of T cell clones following allogeneic
      bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - T cell clones (n = 456) were derived from 9 patients following allogeneic bone
      marrow transplantation (BMT) with or without acute graft versus host disease
      (aGVHD) and from 4 healthy donors. The cloning efficiency was 63.2% in controls,
      13.2% and 12.1% in patients with or without aGVHD. Once established, T cell
      clones were typed for surface markers (CD3, CD4, CD8) and tested for production
      of IL-2 and expression of cytolytic activities in a lectin-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity assay (LDCC) and against the K562 target cell line to detect natural
      killer activity. We found the expected imbalance of CD4/CD8 clones in BMT
      patients, as compared to controls. A higher proportion of IL-2-producing clones
      was observed in patients with aGVHD (83.5%; P less than 0.02) as compared to
      patients without aGVHD (64.8%) and controls (68.5%). No major differences were
      found in terms of LDCC, whereas an increased percentage of clones with NK-like
      activity was found in patients with aGVHD (34.7%, P less than 0.05) as compared
      to patients without aGVHD (29.5%) and controls (21.3%). The clones were also
      tested for inhibition of IL-2 production mediated by cyclosporine. Such
      inhibition could be obtained in virtually all clones both in patients with or
      without aGVHD, suggesting that the latter is probably not due to the emergence of
      CsA-resistant clones. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a low cloning
      efficiency in BMT patients associated with the well-known CD4/CD8 imbalance. A
      higher production of IL-2, an increased NK activity, but not the presence of CsA
      resistant clones appear to differentiate patients with from patients without
      aGVHD.

PMID- 2655223
TI  - Abrogation of alloreactive spleen cell-induced second-set skin graft rejection in
      mice with donor-specific bone marrow cells.
AB  - To study the mechanism of induction of specific unresponsiveness to allografts in
      animals treated with antilymphocyte serum and donor bone marrow cells, we
      examined the effect of donor BMC on second-set graft rejection responses caused
      by antidonor-sensitized spleen cells (SSC) in mice bearing donor ear skin grafts.
      Anti-C3H SSC were obtained from skin-grafted, ALS-treated B6AF1 mice after
      rejection of their grafts. The second-set rejections of C3H skin grafts were
      assessed in B6AF1 mice following adoptive i.v. transfer of 30 x 10(6) SSC one day
      after grafting. Median survival time (MST) of C3H skin grafts in the group
      injected with SSC was 7 days, which is significantly lower than an MST of 11 days
      observed in the control group, which exhibited a first-set graft rejection
      response. Addition of 50 x 10(6) C3H BMC to 30 x 10(6) SSC abrogated the second
      set rejection of C3H skin grafts (MST = 11 days). This abrogation effect of BMC
      is strain-specific, since BMC of a third-party strain (DBA/2) failed to abrogate
      the second-set rejection responses caused by anti-C3H SSC. Of the different C3H
      lymphoid cells tested for abrogation of the second-set graft rejection, BMC were
      the most effective. Splenocytes were more effective than thymocytes, which showed
      a partial effect. Lymph node cells had no effect. Our data suggest that
      unresponsiveness to allografts in animals treated with the ALS/bone marrow
      protocol may result from the inactivation of graft-reactive cells by donor BMC.

PMID- 2655224
TI  - Induction of intestinal graft-versus-host reactions across mutant major
      histocompatibility antigens by T lymphocyte subsets in mice.
AB  - We have examined the ability of highly purified subsets of C57B1/6 L3T4+ and
      Lyt2+ cells to cause intestinal graft-versus-host reactions in H-2 mutant mice
      expressing isolated class I (bm1) or II (bm12) MHC mutations. Heavily irradiated
      B6xbm12)F1 mice given B6 L3T4+ T cells (anti-class II GVHR) developed an acute,
      lethal GVHR that was associated with intense jejunal crypt hyperplasia and an
      early rise in the density of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Irradiated (B6xbm1)F1
      mice given B6 Lyt2+ T cells (anti-class I GVHR) showed a similar phase of crypt
      hyperplasia within the first 2 weeks, but this was less marked than for anti
      class II GVHR and was not associated with an increase in IEL count. Only very
      minor gut pathology was observed when B6 Lyt2+ T cells were transferred to
      irradiated mice carrying the bm9 class I mutation, which is much weaker than the
      bm1 mutation and does not stimulate Lyt2+ helper T cells. The GVHR mediated by B6
      L3T4+ and Lyt2+ T cells was H-2 class-specific, as no pathology was seen in bm12
      recipients of Lyt2+ cells or in bm1 recipients of L3T4+ cells. B6 L3T4+ and Lyt2+
      T cells both induced splenomegaly and intestinal GVHR in nonirradiated, 4-5-day
      old neonatal (B6xbm12)F1 or (B6xbm1)F1 mice, respectively, a form of intestinal
      GVHR that does not require specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Again, Lyt2+ T cells
      were less efficient than L3T4+ T cells in the induction of GVHR. Thus, both class
      I and class II MHC-restricted T cells can mediate different forms of intestinal
      GVHR under appropriate circumstances, but class II MHC-restricted T cells may be
      more efficient.

PMID- 2655225
TI  - Promotion of fetal liver engraftment by T cells in a murine semiallogeneic model
      without graft-versus-host reaction.
AB  - Graft failure following transplantation with T cell-depleted bone marrow or with
      tissue naturally devoid of T cells, such as fetal liver (FL), suggests an
      important role for T cells in ensuring sustained hematopoietic stem cell
      engraftment. Whether T cells act by eliminating host residual immune cells--or,
      alternatively, by helping stem cell growth and differentiation--is still to be
      determined. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of T cell
      supplementation to the FL graft, using a semiallogeneic murine model where the
      graft-versus-host reaction is absent. Lethally irradiated C3H/OuJ mice were
      grafted with 10(6) FL cells from (C3H/OuJ x BALB/c) F1 hybrid mice, with or
      without 10(6) isogeneic mature T cells (FL and FL + T groups). Recipient animals
      were then monitored for survival and for hematologic and immune reconstitution.
      Eight days postgrafting, the number of multipotent stem cells in the spleen was
      significantly higher in FL + T as compared with FL recipient mice. Addition of T
      cells to the FL graft provided a faster recovery of hematological parameters and
      a significant increase in short-term survival (25.5% 6 weeks of survival in the
      FL group, as opposed to 55.5% 6 weeks of survival in the FL + T group, P less
      than 0.01). By contrast, immunological functions, as assessed by mitogen
      responses, were quite similar in both groups of animals. Overall a promoting
      effect of T cells in early stem cell engraftment was clearly demonstrated in this
      murine model, where GVHR is absent. These results provide in vivo support for a
      direct T cell effect on hematopoiesis.

PMID- 2655226
TI  - The effect of type of preservation solution and hemodilution of the recipient on
      postischemic erythrocyte trapping in kidney grafts. An experimental study in the
      rat.
AB  - The role of recipient hemodilution for postischemic renal medullary red cell
      trapping was investigated after different periods of cold storage in a
      conventional cold storage solution (Sacks'). At all cold storage times
      investigated (4, 12, 24, and 48 hr) medullary red cell trapping was reduced by
      isovolemic hemodilution, with about 50% reduction of recipient hematocrit.
      Trapping was also reduced when a modification of a new preservation solution
      (University of Wisconsin solution [UW]) was used and compared with flush-out and
      storage in a standard preservation solution (Sacks'). The combination of
      hemodilution and preservation in modified UW solution had additional capacity to
      reduce medullary red cell trapping. Thus, even after 48 hr of cold storage, only
      a moderate trapping was observed. The results also indicate that measurements of
      medullary red cell trapping offers an accurate method of grading postischemic
      renal damage.

PMID- 2655227
TI  - Attempts to break perimetamorphically induced skin graft tolerance by treatment
      of Xenopus with cyclophosphamide and interleukin-2.
AB  - The maintenance of skin allotolerance induced by perimetamorphic application of
      MHC-disparate skin to isogeneic Xenopus is investigated. Removal of the
      perimetamorphically applied first-set graft after 4 weeks did not, in general,
      completely break allotolerance; however, many second-set semi-allogeneic grafts,
      applied up to 14 weeks after first-set removal, were no longer maintained in
      perfect condition. Skin allografts tolerated for up to 42 weeks continued to
      express donor histocompatibility antigens, as indicated by their survival times
      when transplanted back to the original donor or recipient strain. Treatment with
      human recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2), shown elsewhere to be an effective
      immunoregulatory lymphokine for Xenopus in vivo, failed to cause long-term
      tolerated 1st-set allografts, or newly-applied 2nd-set grafts, to be rejected. In
      contrast, cyclophosphamide (CyP) treatment led to acute (less than 4 weeks)
      destruction of both 1st- and 2nd-set allografts; breaking of tolerance was
      regularly seen when donor and host differed by two MHC haplotypes, but occurred
      infrequently in semiallogeneic combinations. The experiments suggest that skin
      induced allotolerance is maintained by an immunosuppressive mechanism, that is
      CyP-sensitive but resistant to rIL-2 treatment.

PMID- 2655228
TI  - Human pancreatic graft fistula exocrine suppression by oral pancreatic enzymes.

PMID- 2655229
TI  - Pancreatic hormonal responses to hyperglycemia during orthotopic liver
      transplantation in man.

PMID- 2655230
TI  - Primary nonfunction of hepatic allografts with preexisting fatty infiltration.

PMID- 2655231
TI  - Difference in allograft tolerance induction in X-irradiated and cyclophosphamide
      treated chickens.

PMID- 2655232
TI  - The influence of pretransplant and posttransplant immunosuppression on cardiac
      graft survival in the donor-specific transfusion model in mice. Comparison of the
      effects of cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, cyclosporine, and cortisone.

PMID- 2655233
TI  - The induction of allograft tolerance in immune rats.

PMID- 2655234
TI  - Eosinophil cells in dog kidney transplants during rejection.

PMID- 2655235
TI  - Autoimmune neutropenia after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2655236
TI  - Functional studies on endothelin catch up with molecular biology.

PMID- 2655237
TI  - Receptor structure: the accelerating impact of molecular biology.

PMID- 2655238
TI  - New selective COMT inhibitors: useful adjuncts for Parkinson's disease?

PMID- 2655239
TI  - Drugs interacting with 5-HT systems show promise for treatment of eating
      disorders.

PMID- 2655240
TI  - Molecular biology of 5-HT receptors.
AB  - Within the past six months, isolation of cDNA or genomic clones has been reported
      for three 5-HT receptors, the 5-HT1C, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 subtypes. As members of
      the G protein receptor superfamily, all three 5-HT receptor clones encode single
      subunit proteins containing approximately 450 amino acids arrayed as seven
      interconnected transmembrane segments. Comparisons of 5-HT receptor sequence data
      with data from other G protein receptors provide suggestions for which amino
      acids may be involved in the binding of 5-HT and 5-HT antagonists to these
      receptors, and for certain key amino acids which may help confer 5-HT properties
      on these receptors. These rapid advances in our molecular understanding of 5-HT
      receptors also have significant implications for the ongoing debate over 5-HT
      receptor classification. In this article, Paul Hartig assembles the available
      molecular data and proposes a speculative model for the structure of G protein
      coupled 5-HT receptors.

PMID- 2655241
TI  - Predicting the biologically active conformations of short polypeptides.
AB  - In general, the smaller a polypeptide is, the less well defined its three
      dimensional structure. In spite of advances in structure determination, the
      conformations of short polypeptides, as bound to their receptors, are not always
      easy to predict. However, much information about polypeptide structure is
      available from three-dimensional structures of proteins. James Milner-White
      discusses its relevance to small polypeptides and considers other means of
      inferring their biologically active conformations, especially for those that form
      loops and turns.

PMID- 2655242
TI  - Mechanisms of signal transduction at the dopamine D2 receptor.
AB  - D2 dopamine receptor activation induces inhibition of adenylate cyclase, with a
      rapid decrease of cAMP levels, and an ensuing blockade of IP3-dependent release
      of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. K+ channels are concomitantly activated and
      Ca2+ channels are possibly also inhibited. The increased K+ conductance causes
      hyperpolarization, which may be responsible for the abolition of Ca2+ action
      potentials and [Ca2+]i fluctuations occurring both at rest and after activation
      of receptors coupled to PIP2 hydrolysis. Lucia Vallar and Jacopo Meldolesi
      analyse this spectrum of intracellular signals which might be sufficient to
      sustain inhibition of secretion in pituitary lactotroph cells and possibly the
      other effects of D2 receptors in other cell systems.

PMID- 2655243
TI  - Genetic approaches to the analysis of addiction processes.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that large genetic differences exist in the extent to
      which animals will work to obtain drugs abused by humans. These findings suggest
      that there may be human populations with elevated risk for developing drug
      addictions. Frank George and Steven Goldberg describe the behavioral genetic and
      self-administration methods used in these studies of addiction processes, review
      the findings obtained in genetic studies of drug addiction, and present
      hypotheses that can be explored in the attempt to better understand and prevent
      drug addiction.

PMID- 2655244
TI  - Newer gastrointestinal infections.

PMID- 2655245
TI  - Gastrointestinal tract infection in immunocompromised hosts.
AB  - The recent regognition of AIDS has stimulated the development of newer cytotoxic
      therapies and hematological support system which have prolonged the life of these
      immunocompromised subjects. Moreover, greater number of patients are being
      recognised who are susceptible to various opportunistic infections involving the
      GI tract. In view of the poor anti-inflammatory response and minimal signs and
      symptoms of infection, the diagnosis of these organisms is often difficult. Hence
      a proper knowledge of the predisposing conditions and meticulous attention to
      minor symptoms and thorough physical examination alone can lead to an early
      diagnosis of infection. The common infectious agents include cryptosporiodium,
      herps virus cytomegalovirus and Giardia. Since, a satisfactory treatment is not
      available for many of these pathogens, attention should be paid to preventive
      measures while injudicious use of broadspectrum antibiotics must be checked to
      prevent superinfections.

PMID- 2655246
TI  - [Reminiscences of Dmitrii Nikolaevich Nasonov].

PMID- 2655247
TI  - [Effect of amines on insulin-stimulated processes: the transport of sugars and
      synthesis of glycogen in frog sartorius muscles].
AB  - Amines and amides were found to inhibit the process of stimulation of sugar
      transport in muscle tissue (N. A. Vinogradova et al., 1978). The present paper
      reports results of experiments on frog sartorius muscles acted upon by amines and
      other substances that inhibit induction of cultured cell proliferation. The
      stimulation of sugar transport induced by insulin, 2,4-dinitrophenol, or KCl was
      found to be inhibited by dansylcadaverine (1 mM), 5-methoxytryptamine (2 mM), or
      methylamine (100 mM). Such substances as chloroquine, bacitracin, or monensin
      exerted no effect. Besides, dansylcadaverine (1 mM), and 5-methoxytryptamine
      inhibited the stimulation of insulin induced glycogen synthesis. Dansylcadaverine
      was ineffective at concentrations lower than 0.5 mM. It is suggested that the
      inhibitory action of amines depends on their influence on the processes of
      membrane protein phosphorylation.

PMID- 2655248
TI  - [A prospective controlled study of vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.
      Results after 11-15 years].
AB  - A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to compare truncal
      vagotomy and drainage (TV), selective vagotomy and drainage (SV) and parietal
      cell vagotomy (PCV) as elective treatment for duodenal ulcer. Between 11 and 15
      years post-operatively, 248 patients were available for study of the recurrent
      ulceration rate by a life table method and 197 patients could be studied with
      regard to post-vagotomy symptoms. The recurrent ulcer rates were TV 28.5%, SV
      37.4% and PCV 39.3%. These differences were not statistically significant. There
      was no significant difference in the Visick gradings among the three groups
      either before or after treatment of the failures. About two-thirds of the
      patients in each group were finally satisfied with their operation, often after
      second operations or prolonged medical treatment.

PMID- 2655249
TI  - [Ultrasound examination of the scrotum].
AB  - Eighty-five patients who underwent ultrasound examination of the scrotum for
      scrotal disorders were reviewed. The predictive value of a positive test after
      ultrasound was better than after clinical examinations in almost every scrotal
      disease. Forty-five patients underwent operations, and six had malignant tumours
      of the testicle. Two of these were discovered by ultrasonography, although there
      were no suspicion of malignancy on clinical examination. Among the non-operated
      patients, nine patients had epididymitis, but four of these were not diagnosed by
      ultrasound. Ultrasound examination of the scrotum is recommended in patients
      presenting with scrotal symptoms.

PMID- 2655250
TI  - [A perforating foreign body in a duodenal blind loop].
AB  - A case of perforating foreign body which ran a fatal course is described. The
      foreign body was situated in a blind loop after a Billroth II operation.

PMID- 2655251
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of paraprostatitis].
AB  - Forty-six patients were investigated by ultrasonography in order to assess the
      state of the tissues directly adjacent to the prostate in patients with chronic
      prostatitis. Inflammatory infiltrations in paraprostatic fat, seen as irregularly
      shaped rarefication foci with a vague outline were detected in 16 (33.3%) and
      termed as paraprostatitis. The inflammatory infiltration involved seminal
      vesicles in 56.3% of the patients. The prostate was involved into the
      infiltration in 62.5% of the cases, while in the remaining 37.5% there was no
      correlation between the prostate and the paraprostatic fat infiltration. It is
      concluded that paraprostatitis, both acute and chronic, may be present as an
      independent condition, or be secondary to chronic prostatitis.

PMID- 2655252
TI  - [Cohen's operation in the treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux in children].
AB  - The present study is a review of the results of Cohen's operation performed on 43
      ureters in 32 children. Treatment results were assessed through the comparison of
      cystographic and 131I-hippuran renographic findings obtained before and after
      surgery. Urodynamic recovery in the affected ureter was demonstrated in all
      children. One year after surgery, there was no improvement in the activity of the
      resected kidney in 37% of patients. In the remaining patients, secretion improved
      by 10-13% in the affected kidney. Seventeen children returned for follow-up
      examination 2 years after surgery. The activity of the affected kidney and the
      contralateral one improved in 13 of 17 patients. There was no upper urinary
      retention due to ureteral stricture in any of the children. The rate of recurrent
      vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) was 5.3%. Augmentation or persistence of
      purification deficiency in the affected kidney, detected in 12 patients at first
      postoperative follow-up, was qualified as a result of aggravated chronic
      pyelonephritis rather than that of surgical complications related to methodologic
      specifics. This assumption was verified by the results of the next follow-up
      examination 2 years after surgery. Therefore, Cohen's method can be recommended
      for large-scale application in the treatment of VUR in children and is expected
      to essentially reduce the rate of relapses and improve the standards of surgical
      care of children with this grave disease.

PMID- 2655253
TI  - [The role of outpatient ultrasonic study in the detection and differential
      diagnosis of benign kidney tumors].
AB  - Investigation of 18,000 patients has demonstrated the value of ultrasonography
      for the detection and differential diagnosis of renal tumors. Benign renal
      tumors, detected by ultrasonography at a population screening, make up 21.4% of
      all detected tumors of the renal parenchyma. Typical echographic features of
      renal angiomyolipomas make ultrasonography effective even in cases of small
      formations, whereas computerized tomography was only valuable where the size of
      the tumor was more than 1.5 cm. There were diagnostic difficulties in one case of
      renal adenoma. There were no changes of size or structure of the formation in 23
      patients with typical ultrasonic appearance of renal angiomyolipoma over 1
      through 3 years of follow-up, so that active surgical intervention can be avoided
      here; where ultrasonic appearance is doubtful, additional combined investigation
      and surgery, where necessary, are required.

PMID- 2655254
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of ureterocele].
AB  - Diagnostic ultrasonic investigation has found many applications in routine
      urologic practices. The use of ultrasound for the investigation of 19 patients
      with ureterocele is reported. High diagnostic value, simplicity and
      noninvasiveness of echographic diagnosis of this congenital malformation of
      distal ureteral portions and related complications are pointed out. Its
      advantages over conventional means of ureterocele diagnosis, such as excretory
      urography and cystoscopy, are demonstrated, while their shortcomings are avoided.
      Echography is particularly effective in cases of impaired renal activity, doubled
      upper urinary tract and segmentary ureterohydronephrosis. Ultrasound makes it
      possible to choose the type of surgical intervention, and exclude angiography
      from the diagnostic complex in some cases. Follow-up echographic examination
      after surgery for ureterocele provides adequate information on treatment results.

PMID- 2655255
TI  - [Antibacterial therapy and the prevention of acute pyelonephritis and its
      complications].

PMID- 2655256
TI  - [Tramadol versus metimazole in alleviating pain in ureteral colic].
AB  - In an open, prospective, randomized study, the quality and duration of analgesia
      and the side effects associated with tramadol were compared with those of
      metimazole in acute ureteral colic in 60 patients. The results revealed that
      tramadol (100 mg) is as effective as metimazole (2.5 g) with respect to
      analgesia. No serious side effects were observed in either group.

PMID- 2655257
TI  - [Endourology--minimal invasive surgery. I].
AB  - There has never been a century in which treatment strategies in urology have
      changed as quickly. In parallel with the worldwide acknowledgement of
      extracorporeal lithotripsy as a German development, the surgical and endoscopic
      accomplishments of German urologists have also placed them in a leading position.
      In turn, this has led to an extended definition of endourology. This paper deals
      with endoscopic and percutaneous procedures and not with stone treatment. The
      author shows the extent to which other specialties have been influenced by this
      purely urological development and how it has stimulated the development of
      minimal invasive surgical procedures in other disciplines as well. In other
      disciplines, it is necessary to specialize in these minimal invasive surgical
      procedures, but the knowledge and experience of the urologist allows immediate
      application. Therefore, our discipline is ready for modern urosurgery, including
      the whole range of minimal invasive surgery.

PMID- 2655258
TI  - [Prostaglandin E1 in erectile dysfunction].
AB  - Of 447 presenting with erectile dysfunction, 322 (72%) responded to
      intracavernous injection of PGE1 with erections that were adequate for sexual
      intercourse. A multidisciplinary comparative study of PGE1 and other vasoactive
      drugs, e.g., papaverine or the combination of papaverine and phentolamine, was
      performed in 249 patients. Whereas 180 of the 249 patients (72.3%) showed
      adequate erections after 10 or 20 micrograms PGE1, only 79 of them (31.3%) did so
      after papaverine. A further 72 of the 249 patients (29%) had adequate erections
      after papaverine/phentolamine; thus, a total of 151 of 249 patients (60.3%)
      developed good erections after papaverine/phentolamine. Whereas after PGE1 no
      patients at all suffered from priapism lasting more than 6 h, this occurred in 13
      of 249 patients (5.2%) after papaverine or papaverine/phentolamine. After
      intracavernous injection of PGE1, 9.4% of the patients complained of
      uncomfortable penile sensations during erection interfering with sexual
      intercourse. Since the initial study, 60 patients have been instructed in self
      injection therapy and a further 45 patients obtain intracavernous PGE1 injections
      periodically, with very promising results. In vitro studies of cavernosal tissue
      samples obtained from potent men with penile deviations showed both the excellent
      relaxation of the smooth muscles of cavernous bodies by PGE1 and the
      antiadrenergic effect of the drug.

PMID- 2655259
TI  - [Short-term versus long-term chemoprevention of recurrence with Epodyl following
      transurethral resection of superficial urinary bladder cancer].
AB  - This investigation compares the short and long-term administration of
      intravesical Epodyl (etoglucid), following transurethral bladder tumor resection.
      This chemoprophylactic agent was used specifically in the treatment of bladder
      tumors that displayed different associated tumor risk factors: solitary versus
      multiple tumors, grade(s) I-III, primary versus recurrent tumors, and the
      presence of associated dysplasia. Within this study, 114 patients with carcinoma
      of the bladder underwent primary transurethral resection (TUR), followed in 10
      days by short-term intravesical therapy (STIT) or long-term intravesical therapy
      (LTIT). Short-term intravesical therapy was administered to 56 patients. The
      therapy consisted of a 1% solution of Epodyl, which was given once per week for 6
      weeks. Long-term intravesical therapy was given to 58 patients. This consisted of
      the short-term intravesical therapy protocol, followed by an additional dose once
      a month during an observation period of 2 years. The follow-up in both groups was
      for a minimum of 2 years. When the total number of recurrences in patients
      receiving (STIT) or (LTIT) was compared, no marked differences were noted (39% vs
      38%). However, there was a difference when the individual tumor risk features
      were compared, e.g. for solitary tumors, the recurrence rate was 67% within the
      (STIT) group and 43% within the (LTIT). These results demonstrate that the
      decision of whether superficial bladder carcinomas are to be treated with short-
      or long-term Epodyl should be based on tumor-associated risk factors.
      Furthermore, if multiple tumor risk factors are present, maximal therapy is
      require; in the absence of risk factors TUR alone may be sufficient.

PMID- 2655261
TI  - Sonographic diagnosis of a mucometra in a cat.

PMID- 2655260
TI  - [Memorable ophthalmology dates in 1989].

PMID- 2655262
TI  - The influence of stress and cheese-whey on intestinal parameters in mice.
AB  - In a mouse model the effects of environmental stress on gastrointestinal
      parameters and the effects of cheese-whey on the changes induced by stress were
      studied. Mice were subjected to overcrowding, lack of bedding, overcrowding
      together with lack of bedding, continuous light, and housing at 30 degrees C. The
      influence of stress on relative caecal weight, faecal enterobacteriaceae,
      colonisation resistance (CR), filamentous segmented bacteria in the small
      intestine, fusiform bacteria in the faeces, and concentration of faecal bile
      acids was studied. Stress had no influence on relative caecal weight, faecal
      enterobacteriaceae, and faecal bile acids. Stress did decrease colonisation
      resistance, presence of segmented filamentous bacteria in the small intestine,
      and fusiform bacteria in the faeces. Cheese-whey had no positive effect on the
      microbiological disturbances caused by stress. The number of filamentous
      segmented bacteria in the small intestine and fusiforms in the faeces decreased
      by giving cheese-whey.

PMID- 2655263
TI  - Three groups of Babesia canis distinguished and a proposal for nomenclature.
AB  - Two stocks of large Babesia from dogs originating in France, transmitted by
      Dermacentor reticulatus, two from North Africa, having Rhipicephalus sanguineus
      as vector, and one from South Africa, transmitted by Haemaphysalis leachi, were
      compared in cross-immunity tests in dogs and in the indirect fluorescent antibody
      test (IFAT). The French and North African stocks did not immunise against the
      South African one, while the North African stocks did not protect against a
      French one. The South African stock partially protected against a French one. The
      three groups could be clearly distinguished in the IFAT. These differences have
      practical implications for existing and future vaccines against canine babesiosis
      and for the serological diagnosis of atypical and chronic cases. It is proposed
      to use a trinomial system of nomenclature for these groups: Babesia canis canis
      (Piana and Galli-Valerio, 1895), Babesia canis vogeli Reichenow, 1937, and
      Babesia canis rossi (Nuttall, 1910), having Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus and
      Haemaphysalis ticks as their vectors respectively.

PMID- 2655264
TI  - Comparative observations of fever and associated clinical, haematological and
      blood biochemical changes after parenteral administration of poly I: poly C,
      interferon-alpha 2a and Escherichia coli endotoxin in goats.
AB  - The present report describes a comparative study in dwarf goats on human IFN
      alpha 2a (0.5 x 10(6) IU kg-1 body weight IM), poly I: poly C (an interferon
      inducer; 30 micrograms kg-1 b.w. IV), and Escherichia coli endotoxin (an I1-1
      inducer; 0.1 micrograms kg-1 b.w. IV). Although IFNs are considered to be species
      specific, human IFN-alpha 2a was very potent in dwarf goats. All 3 stimuli
      induced the 'acute phase response'. Among the varied physiological alterations,
      which together produce this response, are fever and depression, inhibition of
      gastric function, tachycardia, a decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity,
      leukopenia, lymphopenia and neutropenia followed by neutrophilic leukocytosis,
      hypoferraemia and hypozincaemia. The results suggest that, apart from I1-1, IFN
      alpha also seems to mediate the systemic 'acute phase response' to certain
      exogenous stimuli.

PMID- 2655265
TI  - Antibodies to Escherichia coli J5 core glycolipids in gnotobiotic and
      conventionally reared piglets.
AB  - Antibody titers to Escherichia coli J5 endotoxin core glycolipids were determined
      in 5-week-old, unvaccinated, conventionally reared and gnotobiotic pigs in a
      micro-ELISA. Both groups of pigs had naturally occurring antibody of all major
      isotypes. The conventionally reared pigs had significantly (P less than 0.05)
      more serum antibody to J5 endotoxin glycolipids (geometric mean titer, GMT =
      2.07) than gnotobiotes (GMT = 0.85). This relationship was not necessarily true
      in fluids from various anatomical structures. In gnotobiotes, mucosal-associated,
      anti-J5 glycolipid immunoglobulin was primarily IgM. In conventionally reared
      piglets, the mucosal-associated, anti-J5 glycolipid antibody contained more IgA.
      Such naturally occurring antibody could confer partial to complete immunity from
      challenge with Gram-negative bacteria.

PMID- 2655266
TI  - [Digital subtraction angiography of patent ductus arteriosus].
AB  - Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed in 31 patients with the open
      arterial duct (OAD), of them 15 were outpatients. Diagnosis was made in all
      primary patients using DSA, indications and contraindications for endovascular
      occlusion of the OAD were defined. Of 17 patients examined at varying time after
      endovascular occlusion of the duct, valid signs of reliable occlusion of the duct
      were obtained in 16. In one patient a contrast medium got from the aorta to the
      pulmonary artery via the arterial duct indicating OAD incomplete closure. DSA can
      be used under outpatient conditions to define indications and contraindications
      for endovascular occlusion of the OAD and to assess its long-term effectiveness.

PMID- 2655267
TI  - [Ultrasound tomography of soft tissues and venous vessels in secondary edema of
      the upper limbs].
AB  - The paper is concerned with ultrasound investigation that permits obtaining
      objective data on changes in the thickness, structure, borders and density of
      soft tissues in upper limb lymphedema. Moderate thickening of the skin and
      subcutaneous fat with slight thickening of the latter was noted in patients with
      mild edema. The thickness of the group of muscles at the shoulder level was
      decreased in each 3rd patient. Thickening of the skin and subcutaneous fat more
      than 1.5-fold was noted in edema of average severity. In severe edema the skin
      and subcutaneous tissue got thicker 2-2.5 times and acquired a dense regular
      spotty pattern. Echogeneity of the skin was reduced, and it often became merged
      with the subcutaneous fat. Cavities filled in with edematous fluid were found in
      the zone of maximum edema. Ultrasound phlebography made it possible to determine
      the state of major veins in upper limb edema and to abandon roentgenocontrast
      investigation of veins in a majority of cases.

PMID- 2655268
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of pleurisy].
AB  - Ultrasound investigation of changes in the pleural cavity was conducted in 146
      patients with infectious and infectious-allergic pleuritides, beginning with the
      first clinical manifestations to the outcome of the disease. The following stages
      were noted: thickening of the pleural layer in a limited area, sometimes of the
      endothoracic fascia and connective tissue layer between it and the parietal
      pleura; the appearance of fibrinous effusion; fluid accumulation; encapsulation
      and multilocular pleurisy; exudate resorption, fibrinolysis; fibrin involvement
      by connective tissue and formation of adhesions. Besides, an ultrasound picture
      of the normal chest wall and pleural cavity is presented.

PMID- 2655269
TI  - Comparison of bovine mononuclear cells with other species for cytolytic activity
      against virally-infected cells.

PMID- 2655270
TI  - Stress and immunity: a unifying concept.

PMID- 2655271
TI  - An improved method for the isolation of enriched canine peripheral blood
      mononuclear cell and peripheral blood lymphocyte preparations.
AB  - A two-step purification method was developed for obtaining (1) peripheral blood
      mononuclear cell preparations of greater than 97% purity and (2) peripheral blood
      lymphocyte preparations of greater than 95% purity from canine whole blood with
      yields similar to or greater than those obtained by conventional techniques.

PMID- 2655272
TI  - The protease and gag gene products of the human immunodeficiency virus: authentic
      cleavage and post-translational modification in an insect cell expression system.
AB  - Three recombinant baculoviruses which are capable of expressing human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease, p55gag, and both products simultaneously
      in insect cell culture have been constructed. Upon co-infection of cells with the
      protease and p55gag-expressing viruses, authentic processing of the gag precursor
      is observed to take place. This processing could be reproduced in vitro using
      mixtures of cellular lysates containing the expressed proteins. When expressed
      alone, uncleaved p55gag precursor appears to form retroviral core-like particles
      within the cytoplasm of infected cells. Metabolic labeling studies of the
      baculovirus-expressed gag products have demonstrated that p17 is myristylated at
      its amino terminus, and that p24 is phosphorylated. In these respects, the insect
      cell system is evidently capable of carrying out post-translational processing
      resembling that which occurs in authentic HIV-1 replication.

PMID- 2655273
TI  - Insertion of the SfMNPV polyhedrin gene into an AcMNPV polyhedrin deletion mutant
      during viral infection.
AB  - The Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) polyhedrin
      deletion mutant, d10A, was cotransfected with the recombinant plasmid
      SfMNPV.HindIII-L, which contains the Spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis
      virus (SfMNPV) polyhedrin gene. An occlusion-positive hybrid virus was obtained
      which contained a DNA insertion at approximately 13 map units on the AcMNPV.d10A
      genome. A fine structure restriction map of cloned viral DNA fragments from this
      region revealed that most of the 1.7-kb AcMNPV.PstI-O fragment (13.4-14.7 map
      units) had been replaced with a 3.7-kb fragment, containing the SfMNPV polyhedrin
      gene with flanking sequences and the entire pUC8 plasmid. Subclones of this
      region were sequenced and the exact site of insertion was determined. Flanking
      the insert were 43 and 60 bp of unknown origin at the 5' and 3' ends,
      respectively. Transcription was examined in the region of the insertion in both
      wild-type AcMNPV and the AcMNPV/SfMNPV (Ac/Sf) hybrid. In the AcMNPV, a nested
      set of seven overlapping transcripts ranging from 2.2 to 5.3 kb was found, each
      with coterminal 3' ends. Only the 2.2-kb transcript was found to be expressed
      early and throughout infection. The SfMNPV insertion interrupted this
      transcriptional unit and produced a more complex pattern of transcription.
      Alterations included a nested set of three overlapping transcripts with
      coterminal 5' ends, including the SfMNPV polyhedrin mRNA, transcripts originating
      in AcMNPV and terminating in either SfMNPV or pUC8 sequences, and other minor
      transcripts. The SfMNPV polyhedrin gene was sequenced and the locations of the 5'
      and 3' ends of polyhedrin mRNA were mapped. An analysis of SfMNPV polyhedrin
      protein expression showed that the SfMNPV polyhedrin gene in the hybrid virus was
      expressed at approximately one-fourth the level of the wild-type AcMNPV
      polyhedrin gene. Expression of a beta-galactosidase gene under the control of the
      SfMNPV polyhedrin promoter in the AcMNPV.d10A mutant was also investigated.

PMID- 2655274
TI  - Baculovirus expression of the M genome segment of Rift Valley fever virus and
      examination of antigenic and immunogenic properties of the expressed proteins.
AB  - Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis viral recombinants containing coding
      information for the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) envelope glycoproteins (G1 and
      G2) and varying amounts of preglycoprotein coding sequences were prepared by
      using transfer vectors pAc373 or pAcYM1. Expression products were processed to
      yield proteins indistinguishable from authentic G1 and G2 by gel electrophoresis.
      The immunogenic properties of the expressed proteins were assessed by immunizing
      mice and challenging with RVFV. A single inoculation with lysates of cells
      infected with recombinants expressing both G1 and G2 induced neutralizing
      antibody responses in mice and protected them from an otherwise lethal challenge
      with RVFV. Lysates of cells infected with a recombinant expressing only G2 also
      induced a protective response after two immunizations. Survivors displayed
      elevated antibody titers to G1 and G2 and also developed antibodies to the RVFV
      nucleocapsid protein, the latter allowing discrimination from vaccinated mice and
      indicating that animals had survived infection. Nonimmune mice were protected
      from lethal RVFV infection by passive transfer of sera from animals immunized
      with recombinant antigens, indicating that a humoral immune response is
      sufficient to protect against RVFV.

PMID- 2655275
TI  - Expression mechanism of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) C gene and biosynthesis of
      HBe antigen.
AB  - The C gene of the hepatitis B virus, which contains two in-phase initiation
      codons delimiting the pre-C sequence and the C region, directs the synthesis of
      the major protein of the capsid (HBcAg) and of a precore protein which upon
      processing results in the secretion of the HBeAg. We used an adenovirus-based
      vector to study in the human 293 cell line the C gene products, the intermediates
      of the precore protein processing and the kind of protease involved in this
      processing. The synthesis of the 21-kDa HBcAg polypeptide was dependent on the
      deletion of the pre-C sequence suggesting that a pre-C mRNA is not used for the
      synthesis of the major capsid protein. With the construct containing the complete
      C gene, two proteins of 25 and 22 kDa were detected intracellularly,
      corresponding to the unprocessed and partially processed precore protein,
      respectively. In addition, a 15-kDa protein (HBeAg) was secreted in the culture
      medium. Using pepstatin, an inhibitor specific for aspartyl proteinases,
      reduction of HBeAg secretion and accumulation of the 22-kDa processing
      intermediate were observed, suggesting the involvement of an aspartyl proteinase
      in the conversion of the 22-kDa protein into HBeAg.

PMID- 2655277
TI  - [Use of the computer for predicting the outcome of refraction surgery of myopia].

PMID- 2655276
TI  - Expression of the plum pox virus coat protein region in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A cDNA complementary to the 3' end of plum pox virus (PPV) RNA was sequenced. The
      sequence was investigated for the presumable coat protein cistron by computer
      aided translation. A fragment containing the stop codon of the polyprotein gene
      and a putative virus-specific protease cleavage site was subcloned into an E.
      coli expression vector. It is shown by immunological analysis that the coat
      protein cistron is located within the subcloned region.

PMID- 2655278
TI  - [M. I. Baranov and the journal Voenno-sanitarnoe delo].

PMID- 2655279
TI  - [A. Ia. Danilevskii in the Military Medicine Academy (on the 150th anniversary of
      his birth)].

PMID- 2655280
TI  - [AIDS and characteristics of the medical measures relating to this infection in
      the Armed Forces of the USA].

PMID- 2655281
TI  - [B. I. Zbarskii and his role in the development of nutritional science].

PMID- 2655282
TI  - [The basic stages in the development of public health in the Ukrainian SSR (on
      the 70th anniversary of the formation of the People's Commissariat of Public
      Health of the Ukrainian SSR)].

PMID- 2655283
TI  - [Dissertations of the physician alumni of the Kiev Academy (the 2d half of the
      18th century to the beginning of the 19th century)].

PMID- 2655284
TI  - [The centenary of the organization of the Pasteur Vaccination Institute and
      Bacteriological Station in Kharkov].

PMID- 2655285
TI  - [The contribution of A. R. Kirichinskii to the development of Soviet
      physiotherapy and health resort medicine (on the centenary of his birth)].

PMID- 2655286
TI  - [Current methods of treating hemolytic anemia (a review of the literature)].

PMID- 2655287
TI  - [Migration of a fragment of liver parenchyma into the common bile duct].

PMID- 2655288
TI  - [Echo-controlled puncture biopsy of the liver].
AB  - The method of echo-controlled percutaneous puncture biopsy of the liver is
      described. Use of the method extends indications to diagnostic biopsy of the
      hepatic tissue, allows to realize aimed removal of material from the given
      portion of the organ and increases safety of the procedure. Therapists,
      gastroenterologists and other medical specialists are advised to use this method.

PMID- 2655289
TI  - [Current concepts of acute glomerulonephritis (a review of the literature)].

PMID- 2655290
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy in a rural diabetic population. Prevalence and risk.
AB  - As part of the West Virginia Diabetes Eye Care Project of 1986, 178 patients in a
      rural diabetic population were screened for diabetic retinopathy using
      psychophysical testing and stereo fundus photography. The effects of sex, age,
      mode of therapy, and duration of diabetes mellitus on the prevalence of
      retinopathy were investigated. The prevalence of retinopathy was 34 per cent
      among insulin-treated patients, 18 per cent for those receiving oral
      hypoglycemics, and seven per cent for the diet-controlled group. Diabetic
      retinopathy was most prevalent among insulin-dependent patients with prolonged
      duration of disease. Age did not affect the prevalence of retinopathy after
      adjustment for sex and duration of diabetes.

PMID- 2655291
TI  - [Parasites of domestic animals in the work "De re rustica" by L.I. Columella.
      III. Scabies].
AB  - In the third part of article (first was published in Wiad. Parazytol. 32, 3-10
      and second in Wiad. Parazytol. 33, 3-7, 1987) the authors quote fragments of the
      work of L. J. Columella (books: VI and VII) concerning scabies of domestic
      animals. The paper is provided with a wide, vet.-parasitological comment.

PMID- 2655292
TI  - [Need and consent for stomatologic treatment in elderly citizens. A comparative
      analysis of elderly persons in their own home and residents of retirement and
      nursing homes in the Hildburghausen district].
AB  - An analysis of the situation of dental care, in consideration of aspects of
      social hygiene, took place in the Hildburghausen district in 1986, using the
      method of interview and oral examination of 249 old aged peoples - living in
      homes for the aged and 155 pensioners - living in their own residences.

PMID- 2655293
TI  - Phenytoin hepatotoxicity: a review of the literature.
AB  - Phenytoin hepatotoxicity is a serious idiosyncratic reaction that occurs in less
      than one percent of patients. The onset of symptoms occurs early in therapy,
      usually within the first six weeks. Presenting symptoms often include fever,
      rash, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, anorexia, and myalgias or arthralgias. Other
      significant findings that may develop throughout hospitalization are jaundice,
      periorbital or facial edema, and splenomegaly. The following alterations in liver
      function tests are associated with phenytoin hepatotoxicity: elevations in serum
      aminotransferases, lactic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and
      prothrombin time. Rechallenges, lymphocyte stimulation test, and liver biopsy
      have been used to aid in the diagnosis. Rechallenge is the most definitive
      diagnostic approach; however, its use is limited by the potential of a fatal
      reaction. Although the exact mechanism of phenytoin hepatotoxicity is unknown,
      the majority of literature supports a hypersensitivity mechanism. The severity of
      this adverse effect ranges from self-limiting to fatal. Since 1965 six fatal
      cases have been reported. To date, sufficient evidence is not available to
      establish treatment guidelines. Discontinuation of phenytoin therapy is
      warranted.

PMID- 2655294
TI  - Iofetamine hydrochloride I 123: a new radiopharmaceutical for cerebral perfusion
      imaging.
AB  - Iofetamine hydrochloride I 123 permits cerebral blood perfusion imaging with
      single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). SPECT is more widely
      available than positron emission tomography, and complements anatomic
      visualization with X-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging.
      Iofetamine is an amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs, then
      redistributed principally to the liver and brain. The precise mechanism of
      localization has not been determined, but is believed to result from nonspecific
      receptor binding. Brain uptake peaks at 30 minutes postinjection and remains
      relatively constant through 60 minutes. The drug is metabolized and excreted in
      the urine, with negligible activity remaining at 48 hours. When compared with CT
      in stroke patients, visualization may be performed sooner after symptom onset and
      a larger zone of involvement may be evident with iofetamine. Localization of
      seizure foci and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease may also be possible. As CT has
      revolutionized noninvasive imaging of brain anatomy, SPECT with iofetamine
      permits routine cerebral blood flow imaging.

PMID- 2655295
TI  - Intravenous erythromycin lactobionate-induced severe nausea and vomiting.
AB  - Intravenous erythromycin lactobionate has been used for several years to treat
      various infectious diseases. Several cases of severe nausea and vomiting
      associated with its use have been reported in Europe but only a few cases have
      been reported in the U.S. The official product information does not refer to
      severe nausea and vomiting associated with its intravenous use; however, we
      report six additional cases of severe nausea and vomiting associated with rapid
      administration of erythromycin lactobionate, and review the current literature on
      the characteristics of this adverse effect.

PMID- 2655296
TI  - Aging and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced renal dysfunction.

PMID- 2655297
TI  - Clinical differences among nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: implications for
      therapeutic substitution in ambulatory patients.
AB  - The practice of therapeutic substitution, i.e., replacing one drug with another
      chemically different drug from the same therapeutic class, represents an
      important therapeutic modification with potential clinical significance far
      beyond that of generic substitution. Adverse consequences following therapeutic
      substitution of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) is of special concern
      because of substantial differences among these agents in pharmacokinetic,
      pharmacological, and clinical properties. Therapeutic substitution of NSAID for
      ambulatory patients may result in compromised clinical outcome because (1)
      patient response is unpredictable and selection of the optimal agent must be
      tailored for each patient; (2) substantial differences exist in adverse reaction
      profiles; (3) drug interaction studies are lacking; and (4) selection of an agent
      must be individualized to ensure compliance with the dosing regimen. Cost savings
      achieved through therapeutic substitution of NSAID may be lost by additional
      overall treatment costs due to adverse reactions or suboptimal therapy. The
      occurrence of adverse or suboptimal effects in ambulatory patients is more likely
      if NSAID are substituted without full knowledge of the patient's medical history
      and clinical status. Communication between the pharmacy and prescribing physician
      regarding a patient's specific needs is essential for rational substitution among
      NSAID.

PMID- 2655298
TI  - Propafenone: a novel type Ic antiarrhythmic agent.
AB  - Propafenone is an investigational type Ic anti-arrhythmic agent that markedly
      slows conduction velocity in all cardiac tissues. Propafenone also possesses weak
      beta- and calcium-channel blocking properties. The bioavailability of propafenone
      is dose-dependent. Hepatic metabolism of this agent is polymorphic and appears to
      correlate with the ability of the liver to oxidize debrisoquin sulfate.
      Propafenone is effective in suppressing spontaneous ventricular ectopy; however,
      the drug may be less effective in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia
      or ventricular fibrillation when evaluated using programmed stimulation.
      Propafenone is also useful in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardias
      including atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia, AV reentrant
      tachycardia associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and atrial
      fibrillation. Adverse reactions seen with propafenone affect the
      gastrointestinal, central nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Comparative
      studies with currently available type Ic agents are needed to better define
      propafenone's place in therapy.

PMID- 2655299
TI  - Reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis.
AB  - Regurgitation of gastric contents with subsequent aspiration into the lungs
      contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in surgical and nonsurgical
      patients. The consequences of aspiration pneumonitis depend on the volume and the
      acidity of the aspirate, and the presence of particulate and bacteria in the
      aspirate. The occurrence of aspiration pneumonitis may be prevented by correction
      of risk factors, careful monitoring, and appropriate airway management. The goal
      of aspiration pneumonitis prophylaxis is to minimize pulmonary complications by
      controlling risk factors for gastric regurgitation, which include gastric pH less
      than or equal to 2.5, gastric volume greater than 25 mL, lower esophageal
      sphincter incompetence, and delayed peristalsis. Prophylactic techniques include
      nasogastric decompression, acid neutralization, acid suppression, and increased
      gastric peristalsis. The ability of drugs to alter risk factors does not
      guarantee that aspiration will not occur, but it does reduce the likelihood of
      secondary respiratory complications. The ideal prophylactic agent should
      consistently reduce all risk factors, produce a prompt and sustained response,
      and possess few adverse effects and drug interactions.

PMID- 2655300
TI  - [Johann Lukas Schonlein, the natural history school and the method of clinical
      medicine. On the 125th anniversary of his death].

PMID- 2655301
TI  - [Thure von Uexkull and the "basically evil" in medicine].

PMID- 2655302
TI  - [Autologous blood transfusion].

PMID- 2655303
TI  - [The molecular principles of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy and their
      genetic diagnosis].

PMID- 2655304
TI  - [Polyneuropathies].

PMID- 2655305
TI  - [Isolated aortic obliterations caused by arteriosclerosis--the importance of
      clinical examination].

PMID- 2655306
TI  - [Drug therapy of hypertension 1989].

PMID- 2655307
TI  - [Physical training in hypertension].

PMID- 2655308
TI  - [Stress hypertension--pathophysiology and clinical value].

PMID- 2655309
TI  - [Nuclear medicine function diagnosis in arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2655310
TI  - [Modern imaging nuclear medicine diagnosis in cardiovascular complications of
      arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2655311
TI  - [Renovascular hypertension. 1: Pathophysiology, clinical aspects and diagnosis].

PMID- 2655312
TI  - [Peripheral arterial chemoreceptors and hypertension].

PMID- 2655313
TI  - [Oskar Liebreich on his 150th birthday].

PMID- 2655314
TI  - [The contribution of nutrition to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis].
AB  - Osteoporosis primarily affects women and is a bone disease of great social,
      medical and economic importance. The pathogenesis is thought to be of
      multifactorial origin. The current work discusses nutritional aspects relative to
      osteoporosis. In this aspect, calcium supply seems to have the largest
      preventional importance. In contrast, food statistics and individual food records
      show that calcium intake of females is below the DGE's recommendation of 800
      mg/daily. Furthermore, in view of skeletal integrity, calcium intake should be
      increased up to 1,500 mg/daily after menopause, because of endocrinological
      changes in calcium metabolism. Therefore, calcium intake on the whole is usually
      found to not be sufficient. The importance of further nutritional aspects for
      manifestation of osteoporosis are discussed. In some cases, influences on
      skeletal integrity are quite evident, whereas the literature has only
      infrequently drawn conclusions about the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

PMID- 2655315
TI  - Vitamin A deficiency. New knowledge on diagnosis, consequences and therapy.
AB  - Due to the rapid development of biochemical analyses in the last 10 years
      different substances like vitamin A, with an apparent clarified metabolism and
      action, were re-estimated. As a result, new knowledge was presented which could
      be essential for human health. Some details and consequences are reviewed in this
      paper. Marginal deficiency, which also may occur in industrialized nations,
      cannot be determined with certainty by usual blood analyses. The reasons for
      marginal deficiency are either different diseases or unbalanced nutrition. From
      epidemiological research it is argued that low vitamin A intake is associated
      with a higher incidence of cancer in different tissues. However, vitamin A may
      lead by over-dosing to toxic side effects. There exists a possibility that
      vitamin A is teratogenic also in humans. Thus, for safety reasons, woman who can
      become pregnant should not be advised to supplement the vitamin more than twice
      the RDA of the US Food and Nutrition Board for pregnant women (10,000 I.U./day)
      if there is no clear-cut indication. On the other hand there are indications that
      malformations may also caused by vitamin A deficiency.

PMID- 2655317
TI  - [Some recent facts on the function of macrophages and their modification].
AB  - A survey is given of the occurrence, the biochemical qualities and the various
      functions of macrophages. By binding of gamma-interferon and of waste products of
      bacteria they are activated and increasedly give off interleukin 1 and other
      compounds, which play a part in the evocation of the immune reaction and the
      inflammatory processes. The interleukin 1 causes the evocation of fever, an
      increase of the secretion of corticoliberin and of ACTH, an increase of the
      formation of the proteins which are increasedly effective in the acute phase of
      the inflammation as well as an activation of B- and T-lymphocytes. For the
      phagocytosis, among others, the fibronectin is of importance, the content of
      which in the blood plasma is greatly reduced in sepsis and after severe burns. In
      macrophages an elaboration of numerous antigens takes place which are then
      transferred into the membrane and under participation of glycoproteins of MCH II
      cause an activation of T-lymphocytes.

PMID- 2655318
TI  - [History of the Halle Ars medica Judaica. III. The path to academic equality].
AB  - After the repeal of the special decisions for Jewish candidates for a doctorate
      which was done in 1784 it lasted still more than 60 years, before a far-reaching
      equality of status became reality also with regard to possibilities of a
      university career. In 1847 this phase of development is marked by the official
      licence of Jews to academic teachership. It is a partial complex within a general
      process of emancipation which was quite differently practised in the German
      territorial states.

PMID- 2655316
TI  - Antioxidant vitamins in cataract prevention.
AB  - The ocular lens, which is continually exposed to light and ambient oxygen, is at
      high risk of photooxidative damage resulting in cataract. Oxygen free radicals
      appear to impair not only lens crystallins which will aggregate and precipitate
      forming opacities but also proteolytic enzymes whose function it would be to
      eliminate the damaged proteins. Apart from an enzymatic defense system consisting
      of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase against excited
      oxygen species the lens contains the antioxidant vitamins C, E and presumably
      beta-carotene as another line of defense. In vitro and in vivo studies in
      different animal species have demonstrated a significant protective effect of
      vitamins C and E against light-induced cataract. Sugar and steroid cataracts were
      prevented as well. Epidemiological evidence in humans suggests that persons with
      comparatively higher intakes or blood concentrations of antioxidant vitamins are
      at a reduced risk of cataract development. These positive findings established by
      several research groups justify extensive intervention trials with antioxidant
      vitamins in humans using presenile cataract development as a model.

PMID- 2655319
TI  - [Hormonal aspects of erectile dysfunction].
AB  - Organic erectile dysfunction may be due to vascular, local, neurogenic, or
      hormonal disturbances. Various ascertainments of basal levels of testosterone,
      prolactin, and other hormones produced inconsistent results, although
      hyperprolactinemia and hypogonadism have been shown to be associated with
      erectile dysfunction. Recent studies by means of the dexamethasone suppression
      test (DST) revealed not only clinical but also endocrinological connections
      between erectile dysfunction and depression. These results suggest possible
      multiendocrinological alterations in some of the patients suffering from erectile
      dysfunction, similar to those obtained in depressive disorders.

PMID- 2655320
TI  - [Acral lentiginous malignant melanoma].
AB  - Whether acral lentiginous malignant melanoma (ALM) has to be regarded as an
      independent entity of malignant melanoma is still controversial. But sure, there
      are some clinical and histological characteristics regarding melanoma of acral
      location which support a separate consideration of this disease. Our paper will
      discuss the peculiarities of ALM.

PMID- 2655321
TI  - [Jean-Louis Alibert: his life and work. An exhibition in Paris].

PMID- 2655322
TI  - [Congenital poikiloderma].
AB  - Poikiloderma is characterized by the syntopy of diffuse atrophy,
      leukomelanodermia and teleangiectasia. We differentiate between symptomatic,
      idiopathic and congenital forms. Congenital poikiloderma shows 3 decisive
      features: early appearance, familial occurrence, and various associated
      congenital malfomations. On account of distinctive features - such as the
      consanguinity of the parents, cataracts, leukoplakia, bullas, and verrucous
      keratoses - we can distinguish between 5 biotypes of congenital poikiloderma,
      which are named after their first observers: Rothmund's, Thomson's, Zinsser's,
      Brain's and Dowling's syndrome.

PMID- 2655323
TI  - [Energy and vitamin requirements in long-term patients].
AB  - Chronically ill elderly patients who are unable to eat independently and often
      refuse food are threatened by malnutrition, even under conditions of long-term
      tube feeding. As the daily requirement of energy, protein, and vitamins varies
      according to the health of the patients, the higher need for food in conditions
      often seen in elderly patients such as decubital ulcers, infectious diseases,
      carcinomas, and after surgery should not be overlooked. The possibilities of
      modifying food supply require a knowledge of eating habits and of the exact
      composition of nutrients per volume of the preparation used for tube feeding.

PMID- 2655324
TI  - [Aspects on the diagnostic relevance of plasma neutral proteinases in cardiology
      and cardiac surgery].

PMID- 2655325
TI  - [Enzyme immunoassay for thromboxane B2].

PMID- 2655326
TI  - [Liberation of prostacyclin from human endothelial cells].

PMID- 2655327
TI  - [Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2655328
TI  - Influence of therapy-induced insulin antibodies on glycemic control in type 1
      diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2655329
TI  - [Determination of microalbuminuria and its diagnostic value in the development of
      diabetic nephropathy].

PMID- 2655330
TI  - [Changes in the lipoprotein profile in children with insulin treated type 1
      diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2655331
TI  - [Alkaline phosphatase in crevicular fluid in inflammatory periodontopathies].

PMID- 2655332
TI  - [The treatment of congenital foot abnormalities].
AB  - With the exception of club foot, flat foot and claw foot, this paper gives a
      review of principal foot malformations at birth, proceeding from the available
      radiographical and clinical findings, and also from the facts found during
      surgery. In addition, there is suggested a classification of various deformities,
      and there are defined major guidelines and instructions for treatment. As far as
      the rather frequent polydactylies are concerned, the author distinguishes between
      a distal phalanx type, an interphalanx type, a proximal phalanx type, a
      metatarsal type and a tarsal type, depending on the "level", each, where
      distal/proximal web separation between the fingers stops. It is possible to
      include also rather particular forms, such as the rudimentary type and the so
      called multiplications in this classification. The major indications for the
      surgical treatment of polydactylies are problems in finding adequate shoes, and
      also the aesthetic appearance. The principal concern of surgical treatment is to
      remove additional toes. When there is in parallel a syndactyly or a congenital
      hallux varus, this may require great skill in the applied surgical technique.
      Various approaches of surgical treatment are demonstrated by a few examples. Feet
      oligodactylies are primarily encountered with fibula dysplasia or aplasia, or in
      cleft feet. In very severe cases it is possible to find just one toe. The actual
      deformities alone rarely require surgical treatment, but they often "hint at"
      further malformations in the reach of the root of the foot (synostosis) and of
      the lower limb. Cleft feet are also frequently impaired in form and function,
      with these deformities including less severe hypoplasia of a middle toe, e. g.
      with a somewhat deeper web separation, toe aplasia, metatarsus hypoplasia and
      aplasia, synostosis, and transversal bones, and even monodactylies with only ray
      V existing. Additional toes in the cleft foot is one of the rare exceptions.
      However, the combination of cleft feet and cleft hands is rather frequently
      encountered. Many cleft feet are nevertheless highly efficient, even without any
      surgical treatment. That is why there are only indications for a surgical
      treatment when there are severe foot deformities or most inconvenient
      misalignments of peripheral toes. Some of the "lobster like" feet are so wide
      that it is just not possible to wear normal shoes. In this case it is recommended
      to have surgical correction and to close the cleft. Feet of congenital giant
      growth are extremely rare, but they raise most complex problems as to adequate
      treatment. In many cases, an amputation of the additional parts cannot be
      avoided.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2655333
TI  - [Compartment pressure of the anterior tibial area in jogging].
AB  - 31 healthy persons had to run on a treadmill under defined conditions at a
      constant speed of 8 km/h. Pressure in the anterior flexor-muscles compartment was
      measured regulary in time before, during and after running; the size of the
      compartment was documented by sonography. The measured pressure was attached to
      the respective compartment size. The runners were divided into three groups based
      on characteristic pressure-courses: the normal-type with average values below 50
      mmHg, the indifference-type with a distinctly higher pressure than 50 mmHg and
      the risk-type with values more than 70 mmHg. A correlation between exercise
      pressure and time of post-exercising decrease of pressure was found. While the
      normal type reached the starting pressure within 6 minutes the indifference and
      risk type didn't succeed in decreasing after this period of time. No change of
      compartmental size was measured while the pressure increased on exertion.

PMID- 2655334
TI  - [Shoulder stiffness and metal allergy--a possible link? A single case report].
AB  - The authors report on the link between shoulder stiffness following surgery for a
      traumatically recurrent dislocation of the shoulder and an allergy to the metal
      bone clamp used. In addition to a review of the literature on the problems of
      metal allergies and their verification, the relationship between metal allergy
      and the stiffening of a shoulder due to an allergy and the stiffening of a
      shoulder due to an allergy to nickel, hitherto unknown to the present authors, is
      discussed.

PMID- 2655335
TI  - [Follow-up studies of transosseous capsule-ligament sutures of the basal joint of
      the thumb using a standardized holder].
AB  - In cases of capsular ligament lesions at the basal joint of the thumb,
      transosseal reinsertion has proved to be a suitable procedure for treating both
      old and fresh ruptures of the ligament. Primary suturing is only possible in the
      rare cases where the tear is straight and the ruptured ends are close. In cases
      of old ruptures, if no usable ligament stump or cicatricized strand can be found,
      plastic surgery should be performed. Roentgenograms are made under standardized
      conditions using a holder in order to objectify the preoperative and
      postoperative findings. To this end a holder has been developed which satisfies
      criteria for objective assessment.

PMID- 2655336
TI  - [The phasic component of myocardial mechanical activity].

PMID- 2655337
TI  - [Evolutionary physiology. Results and outlook].

PMID- 2655338
TI  - [Hearing mechanisms in birds. Their structure, function and ontogeny].

PMID- 2655339
TI  - [Comparative organization of the neuromuscular synapses of the phasic skeletal
      muscles in vertebrates].

PMID- 2655340
TI  - [Physiologic sciences in the USSR--the history of their formation and the basic
      developmental trends in 1917-1987].

PMID- 2655341
TI  - [Complex heparin compounds and their physiologic significance].

PMID- 2655342
TI  - Involvement of T cells in malaria immunity: implications for vaccine development.
AB  - T cells are critical for immunity to malaria, not only because they function as
      helper cells for an antibody response, but also because they serve as effector
      cells. Such cellular immunity is directly implicated in protection from
      sporozoites and plays an important role in protection from blood-stage parasites.
      It also can block transmission of malaria from mammalian host to the mosquito.
      Both CD8 and CD4 effector cells have important roles. The parasite's defence from
      immune attack, however, is designed to minimize activation of T cells. Thus,
      there appears to be limitation of the number of T sites within many malaria
      proteins and variation within these limited sites. Homology to host proteins and
      resultant immune-escape due to tolerance may be another mechanism. These parasite
      defence mechanisms highlight both the importance of T-cell immunity in malaria
      and the challenge of designing effective vaccines to stimulate T cells.

PMID- 2655343
TI  - Mechanism of lung injury in cotton rats immunized with formalin-inactivated
      respiratory syncytial virus.
AB  - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) seronegative cotton rats were immunized
      intramuscularly at four and eight weeks of age with either formalin-inactivated,
      alum-precipitated RSV grown in HEp-2 cell tissue cultures or virus-free HEp-2
      cell tissue cultures similarly prepared. Sham-immunized animals served as
      controls. At 12 weeks of age, all animals were challenged with 6 x 10(5) plaque
      forming units of live RSV via the intranasal route. Animals were killed at
      predetermined days and evaluated for RSV antibody, virus replication and
      pulmonary histopathology. Of animals immunized with inactivated-RSV, 88%
      developed neutralizing antibody to RSV. Virus replication in the lungs of such
      animals was significantly reduced compared with tissue-culture-immunized animals.
      Surprisingly, however, both groups exhibited pulmonary histopathology,
      characterized by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear interstitial infiltrates. The
      virus-immunized animals manifested a more severe inflammatory reaction that
      reached a peak earlier than the virus-free, tissue-culture-immunized control
      group. In contrast, sham-immunized animals, when infected with live RSV for the
      first time, developed little or no pulmonary histopathology. The data suggest
      that the pathogenesis of pulmonary injury during natural RSV infection in the
      immunized host is due primarily to prior sensitization to the virus. In the
      animal model, sensitization to non-viral tissue culture components also
      contributes to lung injury.

PMID- 2655344
TI  - [Effect of microfields of magnetically aligned media on Treponema pallidum. 1].
AB  - An end ferromagnetic masking of T. pallidum has been revealed; this phenomenon
      appears to help the bacterium orientation in human body under the effects of both
      the external electromagnetic fields and the internal sources of such fields in
      the body. The studies have demonstrated the primary physicochemical mechanism of
      the magnetic field action of T. pallidum--human body biological system. A
      magnetically regulated medium (MRM) is a tool altering the characteristics of the
      biological material and revealing the new properties of the pathogenic bacterium.
      This latter fact promotes search for new approaches to the suppression of T.
      pallidum and, probably, other pathogens' infectious activities. Immediate
      degradation of T. pallidum in thin MRM suggests a possibility of creating potent
      antibacterial coating for working elements of medical instruments.

PMID- 2655345
TI  - [Epidemiologic aspects of trichomoniasis].

PMID- 2655346
TI  - [Food allergy in patients with atopic dermatitis studied using the allergen
      specific IgE-FAST test].
AB  - Alimentary allergy has been studied in 16 patients with atopic dermatitis and in
      4 ones with common psoriasis (a reference group) by measuring the concentrations
      of specific and total immunoglobulin E with the 3M IgE fluoroallergosorbent test.
      The method has proved to be highly sensitive for the detection of IgE-dependent
      alimentary allergy contributing much to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 2655347
TI  - [Convergent origin of repeats in genes coding for globular proteins. An analysis
      of the factors determining the presence of inverted and symmetrical repeats].
AB  - The factors, determining the presence of inverted and symmetrical repeats in
      genes coding for globular proteins, have been analysed. An interesting property
      of genetical code has been revealed in the analysis of symmetrical repeats: the
      pairs of symmetrical codons corresponded to pairs of amino acids with mostly
      similar physical-chemical parameters. This property may explain the presence of
      symmetrical repeats and palindromes only in genes coding for beta-structural
      proteins-polypeptides, where amino acids with similar physical-chemical
      properties occupy symmetrical positions. A stochastic model of evolution of
      polynucleotide sequences has been used for analysis of inverted repeats. The
      modelling demonstrated that only limiting of sequences (uneven frequencies of
      used codons) is enough for arising of nonrandom inverted repeats in genes.

PMID- 2655348
TI  - [Experimental histology and the problems of the evolution of tissues].
AB  - Trends in modern histology have been reviewed. The role of evolutionary concepts
      (hypotheses) in analysis of experimental data has been stressed. Several problems
      of onto- and phylogenesis of hemopoiesis have been discussed. They include
      evolution of structure of hemopoietic system; origin of fibroblasts and
      correlation of hemal (mobile) and desmal (fixed) mesenchymal cells; immunological
      approaches to studies of evolution of hemopoietic cell.

PMID- 2655349
TI  - [DNA and the theory of stabilizing selection].
AB  - A comparison of structural-functional features of genomic DNAs allowed to
      estimate the role of internal and external factors in evolution of different
      groups of organisms. The basic difference between higher and lower organisms has
      been demonstrated. It is reflected in the difference of their reaction on to
      external factors in accordance with two adaptation types, the openness and
      autonomization. There is a correlation between structural-functional organization
      of genomic DNAs of higher and lower organisms and the above mentioned types of
      adaptation. DNA of lower organisms has been proposed to be characterized as
      "labile", and that of higher organisms, as "stable". The "DNA lability" means
      high mutation ability, which characterizes the existence of and evolution of
      lower organisms (genetic inconstancy of the lower organisms). On the contrary,
      "DNA stability" means the creation of stable genetic apparatus, reduction of
      variability in higher organisms (genetic constancy of higher organisms). This
      suggests the existence of the two principal ways of evolution.

PMID- 2655350
TI  - [Abnormalities of the common bile duct and Vater's papilla in various forms of
      duodenal atresia].
AB  - Associated anomalies are often found in newborn with duodenal obstruction.
      Anomalies of the biliary tract are of special interest. Malformations of the
      terminal common bile duct and the papilla of Vater are the most common ones. The
      recognition of the possible anatomical variations is most important to avoid
      inadvertent injuries in the correction of duodenal obstruction.

PMID- 2655351
TI  - [Possibilities and limits of radiotherapy in the treatment of pelvic tumors in
      childhood].
AB  - 1. The most frequently occurring malignant tumours of the pelvis in childhood are
      germ cell tumours, soft-tissue sarcomas and osseous sarcomas. 2. Of the embryonal
      carcinomas, the dysgerminomas are regularly cured by radiotherapy alone. The
      other embryonal carcinomas are also radiosensitive. However, in view of the very
      high success rate of surgery and chemotherapy, radiotherapy is really not
      necessary. 3. Of the soft-tissue sarcomas, local radiotherapy is necessary only
      if complete remission of the tumour has not been achieved by surgery and
      aggressive chemotherapy in the following tumours: embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas,
      undifferentiated sarcomas and extraosseous Ewing's sarcomas. On the other hand,
      radiotherapy is necessary for reducing the local relapse rate in the rare types
      of soft-tissue sarcomas such as alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas and synovial sarcomas.
      These tumours show a similarly characteristic behaviour as the soft-tissue
      sarcomas in adults. 4. Of the osseous sarcomas, Ewing's sarcoma of the pelvis
      always requires aggressive local therapy (surgery and/or irradiation) besides
      intensive drug therapy.

PMID- 2655352
TI  - Repair of mild hypospadias.
AB  - A one-stage repair of mild hypospadias is presented. A meatal-based vascularised
      flap is used to create the neourethra. The two halves of the glans are brought to
      the midline, thus covering the glanular urethra, and producing a normal appearing
      glans. Next, the prepuce is reconstructed by dividing its two lamina and
      approximating them in the midline. Urine is drained by means of an indwelling
      infant feeding tube, which is removed on the third postoperative day. In 70
      operated patients - aged 12 months to 16 years - there were no fistulas or
      stenosis. In one patient the meatus required tailoring for deviated urinary
      stream. There were no major complications due to short-term urinary drainage. The
      method described may also be used in more proximal than glanular or subcoronal
      forms of hypospadias.

PMID- 2655353
TI  - [Sonography of fetal growth behavior in maternal diabetes mellitus].
AB  - In the Gynaecological Hospital affiliated to the District Hospital of Karl-Marx
      Stadt, which is a care centre for pregnant diabetic women, 363 diabetic women of
      classes White A-F 1779 were subjected to ultrasonic examinations between 1982 and
      1988. In this connection, nominal-value graphs were prepared to show the
      biparietal diameter (BIP), the medium thorax diameter and the head-thorax index
      in dependence upon the gestational age. These nominal-value graphs give a general
      idea of the specific fetal growth behaviour in case of diabetes mellitus. They
      permit to reliably diagnose a fetal hypertrophy or hypotrophy. Moreover, they
      provide a starting point for a more effective coverage of gestational diabetics
      and open up new prospects for insulinisation.

PMID- 2655354
TI  - [Amniotic band syndrome with anencephaly--a case report].
AB  - The rare case of a severe amniotic band syndrome associated with anencephaly,
      hypoplasia of adrenal glands and limb deficiencies is presented and discussed
      with regard to its probable pathogenesis. Impressive photo- and sonographic
      material can be shown. Early rupture of amnion seems to be the most probable
      explanation for this combination of anomalies.

PMID- 2655355
TI  - [Which signals of early pregnancy are known currently, what cer- tainty have they
      and exactly how far are they applicable in practice?].

PMID- 2655356
TI  - The development and progress of urology in Europe.
AB  - Based on the data of eminent European urologists, author gives an overview of the
      development of urology in Europe from the Ancient Times to our days. Reviewing
      the history, he has attempted to follow the simultaneous events in various
      countries. In discussing them, the most important events are highlighted. Such
      milestones in the history of urology were lithotomy and litholapaxy. He
      attributes no less importance to the development of the individual urological
      schools. He could not aim at completeness, since it was not easy to gather the
      historical data. At the end of the paper he expresses his thanks to all those who
      were of great help in compiling the data.

PMID- 2655357
TI  - "Spontaneous" non clostridial gas gangrene: case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - The authors present a case of spontaneous non clostridial gas gangrene and
      discuss the possible etiology, the microbiology as well as the treatment compared
      to the literature.

PMID- 2655358
TI  - [Lymphangiosarcoma following mastectomy: review of the literature apropos of 2
      recent cases of Stewart-Treves syndrome].
AB  - Two cases of lymphangiosarcomas which arose 4 and 14 years after a mastectomy are
      reported (Stewart-Treves syndrome). One of the patients was treated by shoulder
      disarticulation and the other by chemotherapy (using Melphalan, Cyclophosphamide
      and 5-fluorouracil). Disseminated metastases and deaths occurred 6 and 18 months
      after the onset of the lesion. Stewart-Treves syndrome occurs in approximately
      0.07 to 0.45% of mastectomy. Prognosis is worse: survival at five year is fewer
      than 10%. Early diagnosis is mandatory. Surgical resection of the lesions and
      adjunctive chemotherapy seem the best treatment.

PMID- 2655359
TI  - The detection and follow-up of fetal diseases: contributions of ultrasound.
AB  - This work illustrates the major contributions of ultrasound to the monitoring of
      the human fetus and to our understanding of its normal and abnormal development.
      Examples of in-utero diagnosis of uropathies, ovarian cysts, hemorrhage or
      biliary sludge with post natal follow-up help to understand the occurrence and
      disappearance of several "pathological" entities. More experience is needed and
      improvements should occur in the sonographic detection of intra uterine growth
      retardation and in uncomplicated genetic anomalies.

PMID- 2655360
TI  - [Physiopathology and diagnostic methods in esophagitis due to reflux].
AB  - Several sensitive and specific methods are now available for the investigation of
      gastro-oesophageal reflux and oesophagitis. Nevertheless, judicious medical or
      surgical management requires a good understanding of the pathophysiological
      aspects of these conditions and of the significance of the investigation results.

PMID- 2655361
TI  - Angiosarcoma of the spleen. Case report and review of literature.
AB  - Angiosarcomatous tumours of the spleen are rather rare. We report such a tumor in
      a 46 year old male. The pathology is described as well as a review of the
      literature. The pathogenesis is unknown, the symptomatology indistinct but
      spontaneous rupture is a rare event. Definite diagnosis is only possible with
      exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy. The prognosis is poor.

PMID- 2655362
TI  - [Acute non-calculous cholecystitis].
AB  - The authors compared their own clinical experience with existing literature and
      noticed that acute non-calculous cholecystitis is a clinical picture with
      explosive evolution and a very high mortality, presenting atypical clinical signs
      in very ill patients recovering from previous non-surgical disease. In a series
      of 350 operations on gallbladder and biliary ducts over a five years period 86
      cases of acute cholecystitis were confirmed. Only 4 were proven to be acute
      acalculous cholecystitis. This means 1.14% on the whole series and 4.65% on the
      series of acute cholecystitis. Early diagnosis and immediate surgery are needed
      to reduce mortality.

PMID- 2655363
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of the nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine receptor
      in the adult rat: liver, kidney, heart, lung and spleen.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody was used for the localization of the nuclear T3 receptor in
      different tissues of the adult rat: the liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen,
      testis, and pituitary. In the liver, the immunoreactivity was found uniformly
      distributed in the nuclei of hepatocytes. Sections incubated with a control
      ascitic fluid or with the same ascitic fluid pre-adsorbed with purified receptor
      showed no specific staining. In the kidney, the immunoreactivity was higher in
      the epithelial cell of the proximal convoluted tubes and juxtaglomerular cells.
      In the heart, only the myocardial cells were stained. In the lung, the
      immunoreactivity was confined to type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages. In
      the spleen, only a few mature lymphocyte and macrophage cell nuclei were stained.
      These results show that: 1) the abundance of the nuclear T3 correlates with
      previous studies using hormone binding techniques; 2) the nuclear T3 receptor is
      selectively located in certain cell types, which possess a precise local
      function.

PMID- 2655364
TI  - The presenting ECG pattern in survivors of cardiac arrest and its relation to the
      subsequent long-term survival. Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial I Study Group.
AB  - In a prospective multi-center study, 262 patients were given general intensive
      care therapy following cardiopulmonary resuscitation if they were still comatose
      and unresponsive to pain 10 min after restored spontaneous circulation. Mortality
      (mainly cardiac) was 53.4% over the first 10 days, and 49% of the remaining
      survivors died between 10 days and 6 months. In the subsequent 6 months few
      patients died. Presenting electrocardiograms (ECG) showed ventricular
      fibrillation (VF) in 54.2%, asystole in 29.8% and electromechanical dissociation
      (EMD) in 9.2% of the patients. One-year survival, 14.1% for asystole, 4.2% for
      EMD and 26.0% for VF and VT (ventricular tachycardia), differed significantly (P
      less than 0.01). VF/VT patients were older and had more cardiovascular disease.
      Adjustments of these and other covariates increased the significance of
      difference between ECG groups. Successful resuscitations from asystole or EMD
      appeared to be more common than has previously been reported, but this group of
      patients experienced an extremely high cardiac mortality over the first 6 months
      following resuscitation.

PMID- 2655365
TI  - Local anesthesia prevents hypertension following application of the Mayfield
      skull-pin head holder.
AB  - A marked hypertensive response is often seen when the Mayfield skull-pin device
      is applied to stabilize the head of the anesthetized patient for neurosurgery. In
      a prospective, blinded and randomized trial, 10 patients received an infiltration
      block of 0.5% mepivacaine with epinephrine 5 micrograms/ml (3 ml at each pin
      site) 1 min before the Mayfield holder was applied. Ten patients received normal
      saline and served as controls. All patients were under general anesthesia induced
      with sodium pentothal, fentanyl and pancuronium, and maintained with isoflurane
      in nitrous oxide/oxygen and increments of fentanyl. In the control group, there
      were significant increases in mean arterial pressure (mean increase 43%, P less
      than 0.001) and heart rate (15%, P less than 0.01) at 0.5, 1 and 2 min after
      application. In the mepivacaine group, no significant changes occurred.
      Infiltration of local anesthetic with epinephrine can thus safely protect against
      potentially dangerous increases in arterial pressure when the Mayfield holder is
      used.

PMID- 2655366
TI  - Subarachnoid analgesia with hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine: effect of a 60-min
      period of sitting.
AB  - A prospective randomised study of the effect when the patient remained sitting
      for 2 (Group-2) or 60 min (Group-60) before being put in the supine horizontal
      position, was evaluated in 12 patients, aged 39-67 years and given a spinal
      anesthesia with 4 ml 0.5% bupivacaine in 8% glucose (hyperbaric). The maximal
      cephalad spread of analgesia was obtained after 12.5 min (median) in Group-2 and
      75 min in Group-60 (P less than 0.01). The spread of sensory analgesia went to T
      6 (Group-2) and L3 (Group-60) after 60 min (P less than 0.01). After 90 min the
      spread went to T6.5 in Group-60, the difference being statistically significant
      (P less than 0.001). Given as median and range the maximum cephalad spread in
      Group-2 was T6(T3-T10) and in Group-60 T6.5 (T2-T10).

PMID- 2655367
TI  - Intravenous regional analgesia--a new modification.
AB  - A modification of the standard intravenous regional analgesia technique is
      described whereby excess local anaesthetic solution is removed from the veins of
      the isolated arm once analgesia has been established. This simple procedure was
      shown to reduce the incidence of oozing at the site of operation without
      affecting the quality of analgesia. Measurement of the quantity of local
      anaesthetic agent removed from the isolated arm 15 min after injection revealed
      that the amounts removed were small, indicating rapid uptake and binding in the
      tissues. This would imply that removal of excess local anaesthetic agent from the
      isolated arm after 15 min does not confer added safety as regards reducing the
      risk of leakage of agent into the general circulation in the event of cuff
      failure.

PMID- 2655368
TI  - Effects of thiopental on granulocyte oxidative microbicidal capacity.
AB  - Some anaesthetics are known to depress granulocyte chemiluminescence responses in
      the phagocytosis of zymosan as a measure of their oxidative microbicidal
      capacity. In this study the effects of thiopental were measured on
      chemiluminescence responses in the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and
      Escherichia coli, which are the commonest bacteria causing postoperative
      infections. Granulocytes from 14 healthy volunteers (mean age 35 +/- 9 (s.d.)
      years) were tested in vitro in the presence of clinical thiopental concentrations
      0, 5, 10 and 25 micrograms/ml (0, 18, 36 and 91 mumol/l, respectively). During a
      60-min exposure period, decreased chemiluminescence responses occurred to Staph.
      aureus at 5 micrograms/ml (P less than 0.01) and higher thiopental concentrations
      and to E. coli at 10 micrograms/ml (P less than 0.01) and higher concentrations,
      as a sign of depressed oxidative microbicidal activity.

PMID- 2655369
TI  - Localized hypertrophic neuropathy: possible focal perineurial barrier defect.
AB  - Localized hypertrophic neuropathy (hypertrophic mononeuropathy) is a rare benign
      condition that generally occurs in people under 40 years of age. Our
      immunocytochemical (S-100 protein) study of four new cases confirms previous
      observations that the cells forming the hypertrophic onion bulb are composed of
      perineurial cells. These observations and previously published illustrations,
      reveal a curious hyalinization of the outer perineurium of affected fascicles
      which suggests the absence of a perineurial barrier. Compartmentation
      (compartmentalization) of the endoneurium in hypertrophic mononeuropathy closely
      mimics the transient compartmentation which occurs in the distal nerve stumps of
      axotomized nerves, particularly in nerves in which re-innervation is prevented.
      Compartmentalization also can be produced by resection of the perineurial sheath.
      These findings suggest that hypertrophic mononeuropathy may be a reactive
      condition due to focal damage to the perineurial barrier.

PMID- 2655370
TI  - Right-left asymmetry of maximum jaw opening.
AB  - According to several studies on human populations, the mandible deviates on
      opening significantly more often to the left than to the right. An association
      between the asymmetry of opening and handedness has been suggested. The present
      study of 143 left-handed Finnish conscripts showed no significant difference from
      the asymmetry reported for populations unselected for handedness. It was
      concluded that the opening asymmetry and handedness are not associated. The
      asymmetry proved also to be unassociated with the side of first unilateral tooth
      contact on guided hinge closure, with the side of palpatory tenderness of the
      muscles of mastication, and with the side of temporomandibular joint sounds.

PMID- 2655371
TI  - On the clinical deformation of maxillary complete dentures. Influence of denture
      base design and shape of denture-bearing tissue.
AB  - This paper aimed to study the influence of denture base design and the shape of
      the denture-supporting area on the functional deformation of maxillary complete
      dentures. Six strain-gauged duplicate maxillary dentures were made for the study
      of two test subjects with different shapes of the palatal vault. Each subject was
      supplied with two polymethyl methacrylate dentures, one with a 1-mm-thick palatal
      base and the other 2 mm thick. A third denture was constructed with a cobalt
      chromium base. The functional loading tests included maximum biting and the
      chewing of the food test samples. An analysis based on chewing time and total
      number of chewing cycles per test piece was also made. The results showed that
      surface straining is highly complex at the anterior part of the maxillary
      dentures constructed from polymethyl methacrylate and that increasing the denture
      thickness per se might not be accompanied by a reduction of strain. The results
      also suggest that high thrust to the supporting tissue is produced with high
      palatal vault dentures made in polymethyl methacrylate. The study proposes that
      cobalt-chromium bases may be used in maxillary dentures to reduce functional
      deformation and thrust to the supporting tissues at the anterior part of the
      maxilla.

PMID- 2655373
TI  - Direct spread of medulloblastoma in adjacent extrameningeal tissues.
AB  - A case of a medulloblastoma with extensive intradural dissemination and direct
      tumour spread from a lumbosacral deposit in the pelvis is presented. A review of
      the literature revealed six similar cases. In all of them direct invasion of
      contiguous structures occurred at sites of secondary deposits. Two predilection
      site were identified: 1. The anterior fossa with tumour invasion of the paranasal
      air sinuses. 2. The lumbosacral spine with tumour extension into the
      retroperitoneum and pelvis. Generally, this unusual mode of tumour spread
      indicates a final stage in the course of the disease. The possible pathogenesis
      is discussed.

PMID- 2655372
TI  - Age-dependent changes of cerebral ventricular size. Part I: Review of
      intracranial fluid collections.
AB  - The age distributions of communicating hydrocephalus (CH), pseudotumour cerebri
      (PC) slit-ventricle syndrome (SVS), and chronic subdural haematomas (CSH) were
      reviewed in the medical literature. An age-related incidence was found: CH and
      CSH predominated in neonates less than 2 years and adults older than 55 years,
      while PC and SVS occurred mainly in older children and young adults. The latter
      two patient groups seem to show a greater resistance to ventricular dilatation in
      the presence of decreased CSF absorption. This may be related to larger volume
      and state of maturity of the cerebrum. On the other hand, neonates and the
      elderly more readily develop enlarged ventricles, in association with impairment
      of CSF absorption, or subdural fluid collections. Factors including status of
      cranial sutures, cerebral atrophy, cerebral water content, degree of cerebral
      myelination, and glial cell composition, may contribute to the age-related
      incidence of the four disorders investigated. Similarly, the development of
      ventriculomegaly may depend upon cerebral elastic properties besides the pri mary
      disturbance of CSF dynamics. The authors postulate that the size of cerebral
      ventricles in disorders of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption is related to
      the elastic properties and volume of the brain. Furthermore, cerebral volume and
      elastic properties may also contribute to the age distribution of chronic
      subdural haematomas (CSH).

PMID- 2655375
TI  - Intractable epilepsies. An open trial with Clobazam.
AB  - Clobazam was used as an added treatment in 28 patients with intractable
      epilepsies: 26 subjects had associated handicaps. A good response was observed
      during the first two-three months of Clobazam treatment: the reduction in seizure
      frequency of 73% for partial seizures and 62% for GTCs. A tolerance to Clobazam
      treatment was observed after the third month of treatment: at the end of the
      sixth month, the seizure frequency was reduced to 36% for partial seizures and
      39% for GTCs. Out of 28 patients 4 were seizure free at the end of the sixth
      month; we have not found any specific characteristic in these patients. The AA.
      suggest the possibility of an intermittent use of Clobazam for this type of
      patients.

PMID- 2655374
TI  - Management of primary or recurring grossly cystic craniopharyngiomas by means of
      draining systems. Topic review and 6 case reports.
AB  - In primary or relapsing grossly cystic craniopharyngiomas most of the problems
      related to the neoplastic mass may be, even if temporarily, improved by reducing
      volume of the cyst. A major surgical approach is unjustified when the aim is only
      to empty the cyst contents. Drainage of the cyst cavity by means of derivative
      techniques may be as effective and less invasive; in combined management plans
      that such tumours often require, they are, therefore, useful complementary
      procedures that can achieve long-lasting relief of symptoms, provided that the
      cyst is unilocular. Technical features and indications for such methods, with
      special regard to the techniques of sump drainage and of tube
      ventriculocystostomy, are discussed on the basis of the few reported series and
      of 6 personal cases. Usually only palliative aims are achieved, waiting for more
      definitive treatment; in a few selected cases, however, they may be quite
      effective.

PMID- 2655376
TI  - Capsular ataxic hemiparesis. Early diagnosis with MRI.
AB  - The Authors report a case of ataxic hemiparesis caused by a lacunar infarct
      involving the posterior limb of the right internal capsule, in a 64-year-old
      hypertensive man who completely recovered in about two weeks. The lesion was
      detected by MRI four days after the onset of illness, when the CT scan was
      normal. In patients presenting with ataxic hemiparesis, MRI is the most accurate
      tool in locating very small causative infarcts of the brainstem or the
      subcortical white matter.

PMID- 2655377
TI  - [AIDS and the nervous system. Immunologic aspects of the cerebrospinal fluid:
      personal data and review of the literature].

PMID- 2655378
TI  - [Melatonin and mental disorders. Review of neuro-endocrinologic aspects. II:
      Melatonin and depressive disorders].
AB  - The authors have carried out a bibliography revision about the relation between
      Melatonin secretion in the pineal gland and mental disorders. In the introduction
      a revision is done of the aspects of the anatomical functions of Melatonin
      secretion regulation. After words they study from a chronological perspective'
      studies of literature with reference to mental disorders. Two stages in the
      evolution of knowledge about Melatonin. The first stage consists of pharmacologic
      studies and pharmacotherapeutic studies and pharmaco-endocrine studies. Beginning
      with the melatonin determinations in biological liquids during the 60's and 70's;
      and a second stage which began at the end of 70's up until the present date,
      namely Melatonin secretion endocrinal studies in mental disorders. Apart from
      this, the comparing of the other hormonal secretion endocrinal studies in mental
      disorders. Apart from this, the comparing of the other hormonal secretion rhythms
      such as corticoids with function tests in Hip- Hipof. axis using the
      Dexamethasone suppression Test (DST). The authors also compare their experimental
      results with previous bibliography publications. The importance of night levels
      of Melatonin secretions in some patients with major depressive disorders and with
      abnormal answers in the DST show a diminishing when compared with another
      depressive disorders and their normal controls. Lastly the possible
      pathophysiological implications of melatonin and the pineal gland in the
      affective disorders are discussed, such as the conceptual form and the use of
      future studies of chronobiological systems.

PMID- 2655379
TI  - [Disease and the physician. Transculturation in the discovery of the New World].
AB  - This work is referring to the curative acts by the word, that start to happened
      in the cultural shock while the discover of America that in a lot of ways remain
      in force today. These curative events are studying in two streams; one which own
      to the cure mechanism, and in expounding mentioned and trying to define it by
      scientific ways, all this processes, which can be considerate like an unusual
      therapeutic and transcultural as the world; the other stream would be the
      curative mechanism, that stabilize in the different personalities of the
      different kinds of "doctors", that try to study too during all the transcultural
      diffusion that since "the discovery" have got the figure of the doctor by the
      word, like a true guackdoctor. With this work we try to discover although the
      historic realities which establish this "magic" healing beginning, like his
      actual reality; studied by itself and across the people who do it.

PMID- 2655380
TI  - [Neuropsychological sequelae of deportation to the Nazi concentration camps
      during the Second World War].
AB  - The essential neuropsychic consequences of the deportation to the nazi
      concentration camps of adults during the second world war are the "KZ syndrome",
      the survival syndrome (or persecution syndrome) and reactive schizophrenias. The
      "KZ syndrome" puts together a psychic asthenia, a progressive intellectual
      deterioration, anxiety, depressive mood and vegetative disturbances. It is
      brought about as a consequence of malnutrition and the psychic traumas suffered
      by those deported. It shows up mainly in the non-jewish deported. The survival
      syndrome is chronic, puts together anxiety, insomnia and nightmares, repetitive
      memories relative to the period of persecution, depressive symptoms, somatic
      complaints, neurovegetative disturbances and hypervigilance. It is observed
      mainly in those deported that are jewish. It is produced as a consequence of very
      severe psychic traumas suffered by the jewish deportees. Some reactive
      schizophrenias described in deported jews seem to be the direct consequence of
      psychic traumas of an extreme intensity.

PMID- 2655381
TI  - [Critical evaluation of hidden organic factors causing impotence].
AB  - Many studies have pointed out the possibility of "masked" organic factors in
      erectile impotence, detectable only by means of laboratory investigations: mild
      hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia, occlusions selectively located at the site of
      the sexual arteries, venous incompetence, subclinical neuropathies. This paper
      critically reviews these conditions, and the methods proposed to diagnose them.
      Impotence is a multifactorial disorder, involving in most cases psychological
      factors. Among the preceding conditions only severe venous incompetence can
      induce impotence only by itself. The other masked organic factors play only a
      partial role in most cases and need to be potentiated by another organic or
      psychological factor. In our experience, masked organic factors are present in
      50% of the impotent males. But they play a significant role in only 25%.

PMID- 2655382
TI  - [Paracrine regulation of testicular function].
AB  - Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis are controlled by FSH and testosterone but
      need also the participation of several paracrine and autocrine mechanisms of
      regulations. The relationships between peritubular, Sertoli and Leydig cells are
      currently investigated. High intratesticular testosterone levels are maintained
      by a binding to a protein called ABP which is synthetized by Sertoli cell and
      regulated by pituitary FSH. Leydig cell testosterone, peritubular cell P-Mod-S
      (protein modulating Sertoli function) and Sertoli cell FRP (follicle regulatory
      protein). Accumulation of testosterone results to aromatase activity modulation.
      Aromatization is stimulated by FSH, activin, alpha-MSH but is inhibited by
      aromatase inhibitor, inhibin, FSHBI (FSH binding inhibitor). Other molecules,
      growing factors, mitogenic factors, energetic substrates are synthetized in the
      testis under the control of germ cells. Understanding of these mechanisms of
      intratesticular regulation will permit to discover therapies capable of
      correcting certain fertility dysfunctions.

PMID- 2655383
TI  - [Obstructive conditions of the seminal vesicles].
AB  - A propos de 90 cases of excretory infertility the authors expose their concept of
      obstruction of the seminal ways. They detail the echographic patterns of 5
      selected observations and they insist upon the interest of the echographic test
      of dynamic voiding of the seminal vesicles and upon the value of a complementary
      test (provoked voiding of the seminal vesicles).

PMID- 2655384
TI  - Diagnostic imaging of bone and joint abnormalities associated with sickle cell
      hemoglobinopathies.

PMID- 2655385
TI  - Three-dimensional techniques and artificial intelligence in thallium-201 cardiac
      imaging.
AB  - Three-dimensional reconstruction techniques including bull's-eye polar-coordinate
      maps, surface rendering, and surface modeling have been developed that help
      interpreting physicians assimilate complex 3-D tomographic data. Comparison of
      patient data with normal files highlights myocardial perfusion abnormalities,
      thus facilitating their recognition. In addition, AI systems that use
      heuristically defined rules derived from an expert knowledge base assist
      inexperienced observers in drawing conclusions regarding scan abnormalities.

PMID- 2655386
TI  - Computer applications in radiology education: a challenge for the 1990s.

PMID- 2655387
TI  - Treatment of pleural effusions and pneumothorax with catheters placed
      percutaneously under imaging guidance.
AB  - We analyzed our experience with 42 consecutive patients who had pleural effusions
      (seven benign exudates, 12 malignant exudates, and 15 empyemas) or pneumothoraxes
      (eight patients) treated over a 3-year period by catheters placed percutaneously
      under imaging guidance. The catheters ranged in size from 8 French to 14 French.
      Although the overall success rate was 71% (30/42), the success rate during the
      first 2 years was 57% (12/21), compared with 86% (18/21) during the third year.
      The success rates according to collection type were 63% (12/19) for exudates, 80%
      (12/15) for empyemas, and 75% (6/8) for pneumothoraxes. There were two
      complications: a vasovagal reaction and a sterile collection converted to an
      empyema. After an initial learning period and with accumulated experience,
      radiologically placed catheters have proved to be an efficacious treatment of
      pleural effusions and pneumothoraxes that has a low complication rate.

PMID- 2655388
TI  - Characterization of splenic structure in Hodgkin disease by using narrow-band
      filtration of backscattered ultrasound.
AB  - A preliminary study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of narrow-band
      filtration of backscattered ultrasound for the detection of splenic involvement
      in patients with Hodgkin disease. Regions of interest were identified in the
      spleens of 14 normal volunteers and eight Hodgkin disease patients before staging
      laparotomy. An analysis of the narrow-band-filtered waveforms showed that the
      mean amplitudes of the filtered ultrasonic signals received correlated with the
      presence of extensive splenic involvement with Hodgkin disease (defined as more
      than four grossly visible nodules on cut section) (p = .0004). Conversely, mean
      amplitudes of unfiltered ultrasonic backscatter, employed in conventional
      sonographic imaging, did not correlate with splenic involvement (p = .5). Phantom
      studies were performed to develop a tissue model for the observed phenomena;
      images of the phantoms and of the involved and uninvolved spleens were made by
      using techniques involving narrow-band filtration of backscattered ultrasound.
      Our results indicate that narrow-band-filtered sonography holds promise for
      detecting lymphomatous involvement of the spleen, although larger studies, with
      equipment allowing real-time implementation of narrow-band filtering, are needed.

PMID- 2655389
TI  - Cecal diverticulitis differentiated from appendicitis using graded-compression
      sonography.

PMID- 2655390
TI  - Testicular ischemia: color Doppler sonographic findings in five patients.
AB  - We studied the findings on color Doppler sonography in five men with testicular
      ischemia (three with acute testicular torsion and two with testicular infarcts
      after herniorrhaphies). In all five cases, no intratesticular blood flow was
      identified on the symptomatic side, while normal blood flow was evident on the
      opposite side. In the three cases of acute torsion, no gray scale sonographic
      abnormalities were seen, and in the two cases of postoperative infarction, the
      abnormalities were nonspecific. These findings suggest that color Doppler
      sonography can be used to show decreased blood flow in cases of acute testicular
      ischemia and that it may have a role in evaluating patients with suspected
      testicular torsion.

PMID- 2655391
TI  - MR imaging of the abdomen in children.

PMID- 2655392
TI  - Hypercalciuric Bartter syndrome: resolution of nephrocalcinosis with
      indomethacin.

PMID- 2655393
TI  - Stenosis of the internal carotid artery: assessment using color Doppler imaging
      compared with angiography.
AB  - The percentage of diameter stenosis of the internal carotid artery was estimated
      directly from color Doppler images obtained in both longitudinal and transverse
      planes and compared with the results of digital subtraction angiography in 49
      patients (95 carotid arteries). Peak systolic velocity measurements were obtained
      by placing the sample volume in the highest-velocity flow stream with the angle
      correction cursor parallel to the color-encoded lumen. Arterial stenoses were
      categorized on a grade 1-5 scale: 1 = 0-15%, 2 = 16-49%, 3 = 50-75%, 4 = 76-99%,
      and 5 = occlusion. Percent diameter stenosis could not be determined in 12 color
      Doppler flow imaging studies (13%) due to calcified plaque. Of the remaining 83
      arteries evaluated by both techniques, the respective categories by color Doppler
      flow imaging/angiography were grade 1 (16/26), grade 2 (25/24), grade 3 (30/19),
      grade 4 (5/8), and grade 5 (7/6). Percent diameter stenosis determined by color
      Doppler flow imaging was greater than by angiography in 25% and less than by
      angiography in 4%. Peak systolic velocity measurements did not separate the
      hemodynamically insignificant (less than 50% diameter stenosis) grade 1 and grade
      2 lesions, but were in agreement in 86% of grades 3-5 stenotic categories, as
      determined by measurements from the color Doppler flow image. A direct
      measurement of percent diameter stenosis from the color Doppler flow image was
      possible in 87% of cases. Peak systolic velocity provided correlative diagnostic
      information when assessing hemodynamically significant lesions.

PMID- 2655394
TI  - Pelvic arteriovenous malformation diagnosed by color flow Doppler imaging.

PMID- 2655395
TI  - Sonography case of the day. Postbiopsy renal transplant arteriovenous fistula.

PMID- 2655396
TI  - Sonography case of the day. Allantoic cyst of the umbilical cord.

PMID- 2655397
TI  - Sonography case of the day. Pseudosubcapsular splenic hematoma due to elongation
      of left hepatic lobe.

PMID- 2655398
TI  - Sonography case of the day. Focal hepatic fatty infiltration adjacent to
      falciform ligament.

PMID- 2655399
TI  - Pediatric radiology case of the day. Duodenal duplication.

PMID- 2655400
TI  - Pediatric radiology case of the day. Congenital hepatic fibrosis with saccular
      dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts and infantile polycystic kidneys.

PMID- 2655401
TI  - Fatty-meal sonography for diagnosis of obstruction of common bile duct.

PMID- 2655402
TI  - Testicular epidermoid cyst: sonographic and MR findings.

PMID- 2655403
TI  - Sonographic appearance of aortic saddle embolus.

PMID- 2655404
TI  - Laboratory investigations in clinical immunology. Methods, pitfalls and clinical
      indications. A second I.U.I.S./W.H.O. report. I.U.I.S./W.H.O Working Group.

PMID- 2655405
TI  - Urinary tract infections in the elderly.
AB  - Urinary tract infections in the elderly present many diagnostic and therapeutic
      challenges. Signs and symptoms may be confusing, and complications are more
      likely to occur. Prompt recognition, appropriate treatment and thorough follow-up
      are essential to minimize morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2655406
TI  - Fragile-X syndrome.
AB  - A fragile site on the X chromosome has been implicated in mental retardation and
      behavioral problems among both males and females. The fragile-X syndrome is
      second only to Down syndrome among causes of mental retardation associated with
      cytogenetic abnormalities. The clinical phenotype is extremely variable. During
      the early years, many affected children demonstrate normal or near-normal
      intellect and development. Folic acid may be of benefit before puberty.

PMID- 2655407
TI  - Differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma.
AB  - The incidence of malignant melanoma is rising. Early recognition and surgical
      treatment give the best chance for a cure. Since a variety of skin tumors and
      conditions may resemble melanoma, knowledge of the differential diagnosis and a
      systematic approach to the evaluation of a suspicious lesion are essential.

PMID- 2655408
TI  - Sports medicine for wheelchair athletes.
AB  - Participation in wheelchair athletic competitions has increased, and a growing
      number of sports have become available for disabled athletes. Benefits of
      participation include increased mobility and improved self-image. Common problems
      include soft tissue injuries, blisters, pressure sores and temperature regulation
      disorders.

PMID- 2655409
TI  - Advances in the management of the infertile couple.

PMID- 2655410
TI  - Soy products and the human diet.
AB  - This review focuses upon the nutritional significance of soy products in the
      human diet. The impact of the consumption of soy foods on a range of diet and
      health issues are discussed, including protein quality and growth promoting
      effects of soy protein, allergies in children, hypocholesterolemic effects of soy
      protein and soy fiber, effects of soy products upon glucose tolerance, and the
      bioavailability of zinc and iron from soy foods. Recent research reports
      involving humans and relevant animal studies are reviewed.

PMID- 2655412
TI  - Role of genetic factors in atherosclerotic disease.

PMID- 2655411
TI  - Relative contribution of obesity and body fat distribution to alterations in
      glucose insulin homeostasis: predictive values of selected indices in
      premenopausal women.
AB  - Obesity and fat topography are risk factors for hyperinsulinemia, insulin
      resistance, and diabetes mellitus. The relative contribution of obesity and body
      fat distribution indices to fasting and oral glucose-stimulated C peptide,
      insulin, and glucose concentrations were determined in 33 healthy premenopausal
      women. Obesity level was assessed by hydrostatic weighing and fat topography by
      computerized tomography-derived intraabdominal fat area, waist to hip ratio,
      subscapular skinfold thickness and the ratio of subscapular to triceps skinfold
      thickness. Both fat mass and regional fat distribution indices were associated
      closely with changes in insulin secretion. Fat topography indices were more
      closely correlated (p less than 0.001) to insulin response than were fat mass
      indices (p less than 0.01). The subscapular skinfold thickness had the greatest
      integrity for reflecting fat mass and fat distribution as they relate to the
      metabolic profile. The subscapular skinfold thickness may help identify
      individuals at risk for noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2655413
TI  - Diet and endurance fitness.

PMID- 2655414
TI  - Nutrition and fitness in elderly people.

PMID- 2655415
TI  - Physiological aspects of exercise in weight cycling.

PMID- 2655416
TI  - Exercise as an adjunct to weight loss and maintenance in moderately obese
      subjects.

PMID- 2655417
TI  - Opening address. Nutrition and fitness from the first Olympiad in 776 BC to 393
      AD and the concept of positive health.

PMID- 2655418
TI  - Effects of nutrition and diabetes mellitus on the regulation of metabolic fuels
      during exercise.

PMID- 2655419
TI  - Nutritional effects on work performance.

PMID- 2655420
TI  - Sex differences in the regulation of energy balance with exercise.

PMID- 2655421
TI  - Age-dependent changes in dietary intake related to work output, physical fitness,
      and body composition.

PMID- 2655422
TI  - Relationship of genetics, age, and physical fitness to daily energy expenditure
      and fuel utilization.

PMID- 2655423
TI  - A European view of nutrition and emerging problems in the Third World.

PMID- 2655424
TI  - Unbalanced diets as a cause of chronic diseases.

PMID- 2655425
TI  - Physical activity and chronic diseases.

PMID- 2655426
TI  - A double-blinded comparative evaluation of three media for chromophore testing
      with viridans and nutritionally variant (deficient) streptococci.
AB  - A double-blinded prospective comparison of chromophore testing among 109 clinical
      isolates of alpha-hemolytic gram-positive cocci and 48 strains of nutritionally
      variant (deficient) streptococci (NVS) for its sensitivity, specificity, and
      predictive value under stimulated clinical laboratory conditions was performed
      after growth in three different media--Todd-Hewitt broth supplemented with 10
      micrograms/mL of pyridoxal (THBP), THBP with 0.8% (w/v) yeast-extract (THBP +
      YE), and a semisynthetic chemically defined medium with Todd-Hewitt dialyzate
      (CDMT). The chromophore detection rates of Streptococcus mitis were 60.7, 67.9,
      and 78.6% after growth in THBP, THBP + YE, and CDMT, respectively. After growth
      in THBP there was significantly lower chromophore detection than either THBP + YE
      or CDMT for NVS (P less than 0.001), with a trend toward significantly less
      detection for S. mitis (0.15 greater than P). For Streptococcus sanguis II the
      detection rates were 45.7, 57.1, and 54.3%, respectively, for each medium. There
      was no significant difference between the detection rates after growth in THBP +
      YE or CDMT. One NVS was persistently chromophore negative, the first so
      described. There was a similar number of presumably false positive chromophore S.
      sanguis I strains (3 of 12) detected after growth in THBP + YE or CDMT. The
      sensitivity of chromophore detection for NVS (pooling results in THBP + YE and
      CDMT) was 95.8% and specificity was 59.6%. For a nonvariant streptococcus, the
      sensitivity was 61.9% and specificity was 93.5% for an isolate to be either S.
      mitis or S. sanguis II.

PMID- 2655428
TI  - Langerhans' cells and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2655427
TI  - Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis of the finger caused by Exophiala spinifera.
AB  - A patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis treated with prednisone had a painless
      soft tissue nodule develop on the dorsal aspect of the ring finger. She denied
      any history of hand trauma, animal exposure, or systemic symptoms such as fever
      or malaise. Fungal cultures performed on an aseptically obtained aspirate of this
      lesion demonstrated dark, olive-black creamy colonies on Sabouraud's agar. Slide
      cultures made from mold colonies produced slender conidial forms with
      annellations and spine-like conidiophores, features characteristic of Exophiala
      spinifera. The lesion was surgically excised, and the patient was successfully
      treated with a course of oral itraconazole. This nodular lesion has not recurred
      at the time of this writing. Exophiala species are difficult to differentiate,
      and E. spinifera may be confused with Exophiala jeanselmei. A literature review
      will consider Exophiala species and clinical manifestations produced by these
      dematiaceous fungi.

PMID- 2655429
TI  - More on mononuclear osteoclasts.

PMID- 2655430
TI  - An American Board of Orthodontics case report.

PMID- 2655431
TI  - Physiotherapy for children with cerebral palsy. Evidence for its efficacy.
AB  - Physiotherapy is currently the most popular therapeutic intervention for cerebral
      palsy. This therapy requires highly trained personnel, diverse equipment, and
      parental cooperation. Notwithstanding the expense and commitment required for the
      implementation of a therapeutic program, a computer search of the literature
      published in English during the past 15 years revealed only nine studies
      pertaining to the efficacy and no study addressing the effectiveness of this
      intervention. A critical review of this literature, employing 14 methodological
      and reporting criteria, revealed that only three studies adequately fulfilled
      nine of the criteria; the remaining studies used a less rigorous design. Of those
      three articles, two used statistical analysis and concluded that the results were
      negative, while the third utilized clinical analysis only and demonstrated
      positive results. Evidence for the usefulness of this therapy has yet to be
      demonstrated; with the presently available methodologies it is ethically
      imperative to institute a properly designed, collaborative, multicenter,
      randomized, controlled trial.

PMID- 2655432
TI  - Secondary disorders of the complement system.

PMID- 2655433
TI  - The management of hemorrhoids.

PMID- 2655434
TI  - Evaluation of the use of ultrasonography in the study of liquid gastric emptying.
AB  - Gastric emptying of two different test liquid meals (500 ml isotonic saline and
      500 ml skimmed milk, 1.8% fat) has been measured in 10 (saline) and in 19 (milk)
      normal volunteers by means of real-time ultrasonography (RUS) and scintigraphy,
      employed simultaneously. In each subject, saline and milk contained 37 MBq of
      diethylenetriaminopentacetic acid (DPTA) marked with 99mTc. Determinations were
      made thereafter every 5 min up to 45 min with saline and every 30 min up to a
      maximum of 220 min with milk. The determination of gastric emptying by RUS was
      obtained indirectly through the measurement of gastric dimensions, with a single
      scan performed at the epigastrium, while the subject was kept in a standing
      position. At each observation, the percent decrease of gastric measurements and
      the decay in radioactivity over the gastric region were calculated, blind, by two
      independent examiners. Linear regression and correlation coefficient were
      subsequently computed for gastric measurements and decay in radioactivity. The
      results show that the values obtained with RUS do not differ grossly from the
      ones obtained with scintigraphy. This suggests that the ultrasonographic
      determination of gastric dimensions with a single section of the stomach may be a
      valuable method for use in the evaluation of gastric emptying of liquids.

PMID- 2655435
TI  - Histological study on pathogenesis of sites of isolated islets of Langerhans and
      their course to the terminal state.
AB  - Histological study was performed on the pathogenesis of sites of isolated islets
      of Langerhans and on their course to the terminal state, using the pancreas of
      each of 200 randomly selected autopsy cases. With regard to sites of isolated
      islets, we found an incidence of 26.5% (53/200, 115 sites), which increased with
      age until subjects were in their 80s. To further our study, we also
      histologically studied the pancreas in 13 cases with evident obstruction in the
      lower stream of the main pancreatic ducts due to pancreatic carcinoma (10 cases)
      and stones (three cases), and one case of mucin-producing intraductal papillary
      adenocarcinoma in the tail of the pancreas with abundant mucin in the main
      pancreatic duct. As a result, we believe its pathogenesis to be the obstructive
      mechanism of pancreatic ductuli, caused by epithelial papillary projection or
      mucin secreted by epithelial cells of mucinous metaplasia, and that the course to
      the terminal state of isolated islets is as follows: For the first time, we
      report that the atrophy and disappearance of acinar cells by obstructive
      mechanism of ductuli (described above) occur with fibrosis, inflammatory cellular
      infiltration, and fatty infiltration around the site of isolated islets,
      accompanied by gathering of islets. This is followed by scarring of the site with
      further gathering of islets and a decrease in inflammatory cells. Fibrosis is
      gradually displaced by fatty tissue. Fatty infiltration into the site becomes
      marked, and gathered islets are found in the fatty tissue.

PMID- 2655436
TI  - Enteroglucagon release in disaccharide malabsorption induced by intestinal alpha
      glucosidase inhibition.
AB  - To study the effects of acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, on saccharide
      absorption and pancreatic and gut hormone release, we loaded 50 g glucose (GTT),
      maltose (MTT), and sucrose (STT) to 12 healthy male volunteers with and without
      acarbose (0, 100, or 300 mg) in a double-blind protocol. Oral load of 300 mg
      acarbose did not inhibit absorption of 50 g glucose; neither did it alter
      subsequent responses of insulin and glucagons. Maltose absorption was not
      influenced by acarbose up to 300 mg. However, insulin response was reduced and
      eteroglucagon response was enhanced by acarbose. Acarbose 100 mg markedly
      decreased absorption of sucrose, resulting in inhibition of plasma elevation of
      glucose and insulin and in enhancement of enteroglucagon release. Oral load of 30
      g lactulose, nonabsorbable disaccharide, could reproduce the acarbose-induced
      enteroglucagon release. An increase in osmotic pressure due to retention of
      unabsorbed carbohydrate in the distal small intestine and proximal colon may
      explain the acarbose-induced enteroglucagon release and diarrhea that results
      from STT with acarbose.

PMID- 2655437
TI  - An esophageal duplication cyst presenting as an abdominal mass.
AB  - Esophageal duplication cysts are uncommon, benign lesions of the esophagus that
      have previously been described as occurring only in the thoracic cavity. Herein
      we report a case of an esophageal cyst located entirely within the abdomen, which
      is, to the best of our knowledge, the first such case reported. Surgery is
      generally the treatment of choice for esophageal cysts, and was indicated in this
      case for the diagnosis and management of symptoms attributable to the cyst.

PMID- 2655438
TI  - Presidential address. American Society of Nephrology meeting. December 11, 1988.
      San Antonio, Texas.

PMID- 2655439
TI  - Beta 2-microglobulin kinetics in maintenance hemodialysis: a comparison of
      conventional and high-flux dialyzers and the effects of dialyzer reuse.
AB  - beta 2-Microglobulin (beta 2M) forms synovial and bony amyloid deposits in long
      term hemodialysis patients. To define the kinetics of beta 2M during hemodialysis
      and the effects of dialyzer reprocessing, we measured serum beta 2M, plasma C3a,
      and neutrophil counts immediately predialysis; 15, 90, and 180 minutes after
      beginning dialysis; and 15 minutes postdialysis in ten chronic hemodialysis
      patients. The studies were performed during first and third uses of cuprammonium
      rayon and polysulfone dialyzers processed by rinsing with water, then bleach, in
      an automated system (Seratronics DRS 4) and then packed in 1.5% formaldehyde.
      Mean serum beta 2M (corrected for ultrafiltration) decreased by 16.6% +/- 18.1%
      with new cuprammonium dialyzers and 57.1% +/- 12.8% with new polysulfone
      dialyzers. Dialyzer reprocessing had no significant effect on this decline.
      Predialysis serum beta 2M decreased by 30.4% +/- 15.5% 1 month after switching
      from cuprammonium to polysulfone dialyzers; these levels remained stable after 3
      months of dialysis with polysulfone. Complement activation and neutropenia during
      dialysis were significantly more marked with cuprammonium, but were not affected
      by reprocessing of either dialyzer. In vitro adsorption of 124I-beta 2M to
      polysulfone fibers was greater than to cuprammonium; adsorption was not
      influenced by dialyzer reprocessing.

PMID- 2655440
TI  - Leprosy and glomerulonephritis: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a common form of
      glomerulonephritis and frequently is associated with chronic infections. Leprosy,
      one of the most common infections worldwide, was found in conjunction with MPGN,
      type I, in a patient. Serological abnormalities typical of MPGN, improvement in
      renal function with therapy of acute complications of leprosy, and long-term
      renal improvement with antileprosy therapy all occurred in this patient. Others
      have found that MPGN is found in 11% to 43% of leprosy patients undergoing renal
      biopsy. Serological abnormalities typical of MPGN frequently are found in
      patients with lepromatous leprosy. The associations of MPGN and leprosy, and the
      susceptibility of the glomerulonephritis to therapy, should be emphasized.

PMID- 2655441
TI  - Acute renal failure due to bilateral renal parenchymal malacoplakia.

PMID- 2655443
TI  - Documentation and appropriateness of prescribing for VA ambulatory-care patients.

PMID- 2655442
TI  - Renal transplantation for the nephrologist: HLA matching and cadaveric kidney
      allocation.

PMID- 2655444
TI  - Paraprofessional personnel in law.

PMID- 2655445
TI  - Factors affecting survival in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - From 1979 to 1988, 82 allogeneic and 2 syngeneic bone marrow transplants (BMT)
      were performed in 78 patients (age range 13-49 years) with the following
      diagnoses: acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) (21 patients); acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL) (15 patients); chronic myelocytic leukemia in chronic,
      accelerated, or blastic phase (CML-CP, AP or BC) (25 patients); myelodysplastic
      syndrome (MDS) (1 patient); multiple myeloma (MM) (1 patient); Hodgkin's disease
      (HD) (1 patient); diffuse poorly differentiated lymphoma (DPDL) (1 patient);
      aplastic anemia (AA) (13 patients). Univariant analyses were carried out to
      determine factors of importance in predicting outcome. AML patients receiving
      transplants in remission had 12/19 (63%) survivors. Only one of seven ALL
      patients receiving transplants in remission survives free of disease, and none of
      eight patients receiving transplants in relapse survived. Six ALL patients
      relapsed. In CML, 6 of 16 (40%) patients receiving transplants in CP survive; two
      of nine patients (22%) in AP or BC survive. Of the 13 aplastic anemias, 8 (62%)
      survive. Graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) was evaluated in 75 patients, 24 of 33
      (73%) who developed GVHD died, compared to 24 of 44 (55%) who did not develop
      GVHD. Of the 30 patients given the combination of methotrexate (MTX) plus
      cyclosporine (CSP), only 23% developed GVHD, compared to 58% of those not given
      the combination. Interstitial pneumonia (IP) occurred in 16 patients and was
      fatal in 15. The introduction of daily acyclovir and weekly intravenous gamma
      globulin in 1985 was associated with little reduction in the frequency of IP
      (from 20% to 18%). However, survival increased from 21% to 47%.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655446
TI  - Transdermal delivery of human insulin to albino rabbits using electrical current.
AB  - The transdermal route of administration for medication has many potential
      advantages over other routes of administration. However, the stratum corneum is
      an effective barrier to the absorption of most chemicals from the external
      environment into the body. To evaluate techniques for alteration of transdermal
      permeability, the authors studied the effect of low levels of electrical current
      on transport of a protein across the stratum corneum. Transcutaneous insulin
      absorption was used as an indicator of altered permeability. Twenty-six albino
      rabbits had acute diabetes mellitus induced by the intravenous administration of
      125 mg/kg of alloxan. The animals then received either cutaneous patches
      containing insulin and an electrical current of 0.4 mA (active) or patches
      containing an equal amount of insulin but without electrical current (passive).
      At 10 and 12 hours after the placement of the patches, animals with active
      patches had significant elevations in serum insulin levels (p less than .05) and
      reduction in blood glucose levels (p less than .01). No changes were seen in
      controls. Animals with active patches also had significant differences from
      control animals in mean insulin response and peak insulin response (p less than
      .05). No cutaneous toxicity was observed in any of the animals. The authors
      conclude that low levels of electrical current can induce changes in stratum
      corneum permeability that are sufficient to produce the transdermal absorption of
      physiologic doses of a protein such as human insulin.

PMID- 2655447
TI  - Spontaneous hematoma of a parathyroid adenoma.
AB  - A patient with long-standing, asymptomatic, primary hyperparathyroidism developed
      pain in the anterior neck area, with cough, dysphagia and increasing shortness of
      breath. This led to respiratory insufficiency, which required endotracheal
      intubation and respirator assistance. During the ensuing hours the patient
      developed an area of ecchymosis on the anterior chest. Chest x-ray showed
      widening of the superior mediastinum, and CT scan showed a large mass with a
      fluid level. Surgery revealed a large hematoma originating from a mediastinal
      parathyroid adenoma with a hemorrhagic infarct. Serum calcium, previously
      elevated, decreased to normal with the onset of neck pain, and the patient
      remains normocalcemic. Previous reported cases of this rare complication of
      parathyroid adenomas are reviewed. Hemorrhagic infarct of a parathyroid adenoma
      may present with a rapidly enlarging mediastinal mass, and/or hypercalcemic
      crisis. Surgical removal of the infarcted adenoma can return the serum calcium to
      normal.

PMID- 2655448
TI  - Analysis of reciprocal creatinine plots by two-phase linear regression.
AB  - The progression of renal diseases is often monitored by the serial measurement of
      plasma creatinine. The slope of the linear relation that is frequently found
      between the reciprocal of creatinine concentration and time delineates the rate
      of change in renal function. Minor changes in slope, perhaps indicating response
      to therapeutic intervention, can be difficult to identify and yet be of clinical
      importance. We describe the application of two-phase linear regression to
      identify and characterise changes in slope using a microcomputer. The method fits
      two intersecting lines to the data by computing a least-squares estimate of the
      position of the slope change and its 95% confidence limits. This avoids the
      potential bias of fixing the change at a preconceived time corresponding with an
      alteration in treatment. The program then evaluates the statistical and clinical
      significance of the slope change and produces a graphical output to aid
      interpretation.

PMID- 2655449
TI  - Tamm-Horsfall protein accumulation in glomeruli during acetazolamide-induced
      acute renal failure.
AB  - A patient with ocular hypertension was treated with acetazolamide. Acute renal
      failure developed rapidly and renal biopsy showed mild tubular lesions and
      crystal formation in a tubular lumen. By immunofluorescence studies with a
      monoclonal antibody, Tamm-Horsfall protein, normally absent from the proximal
      segments of the nephron, was detected in most glomeruli. This strongly suggests
      that tubular obstruction plays a major part in some cases of acetazolamide
      induced acute renal failure.

PMID- 2655450
TI  - The origins of nephrology--Galen, the founding father of experimental renal
      physiology.

PMID- 2655451
TI  - Evaluation of the clinical performance of three triphasic oral contraceptives: a
      multicenter, randomized comparative trial.
AB  - Three hundred thirteen women participated in an open, multicenter comparison of
      the incidence of intermenstrual bleeding (breakthrough bleeding and or spotting)
      associated with the use of three triphasic oral contraceptives. Triphasil (n =
      107), containing levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol, and Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (n =
      97) and Tri-Norinyl (n = 109), both of which contain norethindrone and ethinyl
      estradiol, were administered over four cycles for a total of 1141 cycles. The
      total incidence of intermenstrual bleeding was significantly lower with Triphasil
      (17.2%) than with Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (39.5%) or Tri-Norinyl (49.0%). The pattern
      remained the same when findings were analyzed cycle by cycle and for breakthrough
      bleeding and spotting separately. The incidence of other side effects was
      comparable for all regimens. Results of this study demonstrate superior cycle
      control with Triphasil compared with Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 and Tri-Norinyl during the
      first four cycles of use.

PMID- 2655452
TI  - Lipid and lipoprotein changes in women taking low-dose, triphasic oral
      contraceptives: a controlled, comparative, 12-month clinical trial.
AB  - Effects on lipid/lipoprotein metabolism of two triphasic oral contraceptives,
      Triphasil (ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel) and Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (ethinyl
      estradiol/norethindrone) were compared in a 12-month controlled, prospective
      clinical trial. The data indicate that use of both estrogen-progestin
      preparations were accompanied by increases in cholesterol, low-density
      lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein3 cholesterol, apolipoproteins A1 and B,
      and triglycerides. Also observed were a decline in high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol and greater decreases in high-density lipoprotein2 cholesterol
      levels; the latter were below the lower limits of laboratory's reference range.
      All other changes remained within clinically acceptable limits. There were no
      statistically significant differences between the test preparations, suggesting
      that the impact on lipid metabolism of the triphasic preparations Triphasil and
      Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 are similar and, given the dynamic balance between the various
      fractions, are unlikely to impart an adverse cardiovascular risk.

PMID- 2655453
TI  - Cardiovascular benefits of estrogen replacement therapy.
AB  - Epidemiologic case-study and cohort-study data concerning effects of estrogen
      replacement therapy on the risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women
      are reviewed. Although there is conflicting literature, most research strongly
      suggests that estrogens, and estrogen replacement therapy in particular, reduce
      the risk of cardiovascular disease. Such reduced risk in estrogen users is most
      likely mediated in part by the beneficial effects of estrogen therapy on lipid
      metabolism. Risks associated with the use of estrogens and possible effects when
      progestational agents are added to an estrogen regimen are also discussed.

PMID- 2655454
TI  - The role of estrogen replacement therapy in the prevention of osteoporosis.
AB  - Postmenopausal women suffer hip fractures caused by osteoporosis that develops
      primarily as a consequence of the low estrogen levels of menopause. Calcium
      supplementation, although probably important before menopause, cannot stop bone
      loss alone in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal phases. Estrogen replacement
      therapy remains the treatment of choice. As little as 0.625 mg of conjugated
      estrogens can inhibit bone loss. Oral contraceptives also have a beneficial
      effect on bone density. Although fluoride therapy can increase bone mass,
      objectionable side effects rule out its use.

PMID- 2655455
TI  - A control systems framework for understanding normal and abnormal posture.
AB  - This paper presents a brief overview of a control systems framework for
      understanding normal and abnormal posture, with a special emphasis on postural
      control during arm movements. The need for meaningful and valid definitions of
      postural output is discussed. A distinction is drawn between the joint posture
      and balance outputs of the system. The roles of commands and perturbing inputs in
      controlling and disturbing joint posture and balance are described. The effects
      of initial conditions on command inputs and postural outputs are considered.
      Mechanisms for correcting postural errors are described, with a major focus on
      active closed-loop and open-loop control processes. The method of objectively
      describing system behavior by the gains, time delays, and thresholds of input
      output functions is presented. All concepts are developed in relation to their
      clinical implications.

PMID- 2655456
TI  - Movement laterality and its relationship to hemispheric specialization.
AB  - Hypothesized relationships between asymmetric brain processes and movement
      related asymmetries are reviewed. Theories that attribute asymmetric preference
      and performance to hemisphere dominance have been superseded by more complex
      ideas: motor-specific and more global hemispheric specializations are considered
      to influence movement organization. Environmentally conditioned preferences and
      their relationship to preferential asymmetric movements are also addressed. The
      literature suggests that laterality may be dynamic, because task requirements
      have been shown to override asymmetric brain influences. This observation of the
      nature of laterality may result in a more flexible approach to the reeducation of
      preference and performance in brain-injured patients.

PMID- 2655457
TI  - Weakness in patients with hemiparesis.
AB  - Clinical and experimental results are reviewed concerning muscle weakness in
      patients with hemiparesis after a stroke. The discussion includes the important
      role that alterations in the physiology of motor units, notably changes in firing
      rates and muscle fiber atrophy, play in the manifestation of muscle weakness.
      This role is compared with the lesser role that spasticity (defined as
      hyperactive stretch reflexes) of the antagonist muscle group appears to play in
      determining the weakness of agonist muscles. The contribution of other factors
      that result in mechanical restraint of the agonist by the antagonist (e.g.,
      passive mechanical properties and inappropriate cocontraction) is discussed
      relative to muscle weakness in patients with hemiparesis.

PMID- 2655458
TI  - Current concepts of the vestibular system reviewed: 1. The role of the
      vestibulospinal system in postural control.
AB  - This paper reviews the research findings that support the presence of
      vestibulospinal reflexes in corrections for head and body instability. Studies of
      the importance of labyrinthine inputs to the central nervous system organization
      of eye, head, and body movements demonstrate that the vestibular nuclei are more
      than a simple relay station for labyrinthine activity. At all levels of the
      vestibular system beyond the primary vestibular afferents, parallel processing of
      labyrinthine signals occurs with input from other sensory systems. Thus, output
      of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) is not equivalent to the labyrinthine
      input. It is the VNC output that influences motor behavior. Various sensory
      inputs are available to the nervous system to detect and correct postural
      instability. Most notably, vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive signals
      contribute significantly to the stabilizing responses in humans. The intent of
      this paper is to review experimental results rather than to discuss treatment
      interventions. Wherever possible, conclusions are drawn as to the clinical
      implications of current research findings.

PMID- 2655459
TI  - Current concepts of the vestibular system reviewed: 2. Visual/vestibular
      interaction and spatial orientation.
AB  - The vestibular system contributes to the generation of conjugate eye movements,
      spatial orientation, and postural control. The functional connections of the
      vestibular end-organs and of the descending vestibulospinal pathways and their
      importance to postural control were reviewed in the previous paper by Keshner and
      Cohen (pp. 320-330). This paper reviews the ascending vestibular pathways, the
      visual/vestibular interactions, and the role of the vestibular system in
      oculomotor control and spatial orientation.

PMID- 2655460
TI  - Motor control and the role of occupational therapy: past, present, and future.
AB  - Human motor behavior continues to evolve and, therefore, may never be fully
      understood. Still, occupational therapy treatment approaches that are based on
      neurophysiological principles are fairly well accepted, and there is much
      potential for the development of treatments that will facilitate recovery of
      function. Occupational therapy must face and confront its roles in relation to
      the field of motor control; a health care profession involved with performance
      and motor control issues cannot afford to ignore the rapid advances in
      neuroscience information and the parallel developments in the field of motor
      control. Rood (1980) stated that many people want a "womb with a view," so that
      they remain protected and yet passively observe the outside world. However, if
      occupational therapy is to remain current with new developments in the field of
      motor control, it cannot afford to be passive.

PMID- 2655461
TI  - Studies with antibodies to cultured rat glomerular epithelial cells.
      Subepithelial immune deposit formation after in vivo injection.
AB  - To investigate the role of glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) membrane proteins in
      the in situ formation of subepithelial immune deposits, the authors raised a
      rabbit antiserum against GEC that had been grown in culture (anti-GEC). By
      indirect immunofluorescence (IF) on normal rat kidney, anti-GEC stained proximal
      tubular brush border (BB). After intravenous injection into animals, granular
      glomerular capillary wall staining for IgG was present by IE and subepithelial
      immune deposits were identified by standard transmission and immunoelectron
      microscopy. Using the latter technique, injected anti-GEC IgG was identified
      beneath slit diaphragms and in endocytic-coated pits and intracellular vesicles
      of podocytes. Anti-GEC immunoprecipitated gp330 and two other proteins from
      radiolabeled BB. These proteins also were identified by sheep anti-rat Fx1A, the
      antiserum responsible for passive Heymann nephritis. Anti-GEC and anti-Fx1A also
      immunoprecipitated five identical proteins from surface-labeled GEC.
      Biosynthetically-labeled but not surface-labeled GEC contained immunoprecipitable
      gp330. Thus, injection into rats of antibodies raised against cultured GEC can
      produce subepithelial immune deposits, a disease process classically induced by
      antibodies to BB or its purified components. In addition to gp330, GEC and BB
      share other antigenic determinants that may contribute to the formation of these
      immune deposits.

PMID- 2655462
TI  - Otospongiosis and sodium fluoride. A clinical double-blind, placebo-controlled
      study on sodium fluoride treatment in otospongiosis.
AB  - The effect of sodium fluoride treatment in patients with otospongiosis has been
      evaluated in a prospective clinical double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 95
      patients. The results showed a statistically significant greater deterioration of
      hearing loss in the placebo group than in the group actively treated with 40 mg
      of sodium fluoride daily. These results support the view that sodium fluoride can
      change otospongiotic, active lesions to more dense, inactive otosclerotic
      lesions.

PMID- 2655463
TI  - Molecular and cellular biology of the inner ear. The next frontier.
AB  - Molecular and cellular biology is the study of cellular ultrastructure and
      function. Current research in immune regulation, delineation of receptor control
      function (signal translation at the cellular level), and nucleic acid
      manipulation (genetic engineering) illustrates fundamental relationships among
      biochemistry, immunology, and molecular and cellular biology. Our knowledge
      already includes significant discoveries in membrane permeability, ionic
      gradients, and mediators of homeostasis. To these are added newer discoveries in
      bone metabolism, vascular anatomy and physiology, trace element deficiency, and
      the broader field of nutrition. Biochemical research gradually is unlocking the
      mysteries of otosclerosis, Paget's disease, endolymphatic hydrops, ototoxicity,
      acoustic trauma, presbycusis, and other forms of sensorineural hearing loss. This
      paper presents some of the research topics of current interest. Relationships of
      molecular and cellular biology, immunology, and nutrition are discussed.
      Molecular and cellular biology of the inner ear is an exciting "new" frontier.

PMID- 2655464
TI  - Biochemical mechanisms affecting susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss.
AB  - In magnesium (Mg)-deficient rats and guinea pigs, noise-induced hearing loss
      (NIHL) was found to be correlated to the decrease of Mg in serum and perilymph.
      Also, in noise-exposed humans, NIHL increased with decreasing serum Mg. During
      the process of mechanoelectrical transduction within the hair cells in the inner
      ear, membrane permeability of K+ and Ca2+ will transiently increase. Mg
      deficiency may additionally increase membrane permeability and, therefore, energy
      dependent K+ and Ca2+ turnover. The increased release of catecholamines in Mg
      deficiency may affect the hair cells, either directly by increasing the
      intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ and/or indirectly by reducing the blood
      flow. Also, thromboxane A2, which is increased in Mg deficiency, may reduce the
      blood flow in the inner ear. By these mechanisms, Mg deficiency may cause energy
      depletion and irreversible damage to the hair cells.

PMID- 2655465
TI  - Neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring: II. Facial nerve function.
AB  - Intraoperative facial nerve monitoring provides a potentially useful adjunct to
      recent surgical advances in neurotology and neurosurgery. These measures further
      aid the surgeon in preserving facial nerve function by enhancing visual
      identification with electrical monitoring of mechanically evoked facial muscle
      activation. Facial nerve monitoring in neurotologic surgery may achieve the
      following goals: (1) early recognition of surgical trauma to the facial nerve,
      with immediate feedback made available to the surgeon through monitoring of
      mechanical activation; (2) assistance in distinguishing the facial nerve from
      regional cranial nerves and from adjacent soft tissue and tumor with selective
      electrical stimulation; (3) facilitation of tumor excision by electrical mapping
      of portions of tumor that are remote from the facial nerve; (4) confirmation of
      nerve stimulability at the completion of surgery; and (5) identification of the
      site and degree of neural dysfunction in patients undergoing nerve exploration
      for suspected facial nerve neoplasm or undergoing decompression in acute facial
      palsy. This paper provides an overview of intraoperative facial nerve monitoring
      principles and methodology and reports a recent clinical investigation that
      demonstrates the utility of facial nerve monitoring in translabyrinthine acoustic
      neuroma surgery.

PMID- 2655466
TI  - Facial nerve manual. Chapter 3. Physiology and pathophysiology.

PMID- 2655467
TI  - The twenty fine points of otosclerosis surgery.

PMID- 2655468
TI  - Changes in glucose transporters in muscle in response to exercise.
AB  - The mechanism underlying the increase in glucose uptake in response to muscular
      contraction is not known, although it has been established that the change does
      not require insulin. It is our hypothesis that exercise, like insulin, stimulates
      translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane. To test this
      hypothesis an experiment was performed to determine whether glucose transporters
      are translocated from an intracellular membrane to the plasma membrane during
      exercise. Untrained male rats weighing approximately 250 g were exercised by
      treadmill running for 2 h at 25 m/min. They were killed immediately after
      completion of exercise, and the gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscles were quickly
      removed. Sedentary animals were treated in the same way. Plasma and intracellular
      membranes were isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and
      cytochalasin B binding assays were performed. Exercise resulted in a
      redistribution of glucose transporters from the intracellular membrane to the
      plasma membrane. The ratio of cytochalasin B binding sites in the membrane
      fractions (intracellular/plasma membrane) was 3.2 +/- 0.6 in rested animals and
      1.3 +/- 0.3 after exercise. The concentration of glucose transporters was
      increased in the plasma membrane (from 19.8 +/- 1.8 to 30.4 +/- 3.9 pmol/mg
      protein) and decreased in the intracellular membrane (from 20.7 +/- 3.0 to 10.8
      +/- 1.1 pmol/mg protein) in response to exercise. These results suggest that at
      least part of the increase in glucose uptake that occurs during exercise is the
      result of a redistribution of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2655469
TI  - Effects of training and detraining on dose-response relationship between glucose
      and insulin secretion.
AB  - We studied the effect of training and detraining on the dose-response
      relationship between plasma glucose and beta-cell secretion in seven trained
      young men using sequential hyperglycemic clamp technique (7, 11, and 20 mM).
      Experiments were performed in the habitual state 15 h after last training session
      (T) as well as after 5 days of detraining (DT). Results were compared to data
      from seven untrained subjects (UT). Glucose-stimulated insulin, proinsulin, and C
      peptide levels were lower in T than in UT. They increased during detraining but
      not to levels seen in UT. Furthermore, in T and DT, but not in UT, increases in C
      peptide and proinsulin leveled off with increasing glucose concentrations.
      Estimated by C-peptide-to-insulin ratios, clearance of endogenous insulin was not
      influenced by T. Glucose uptake in tissue was the same in T, DT, and UT during
      clamps, despite lower insulin levels in T and DT. Differences between groups in
      counterregulatory hormones, fat metabolites, alanine, or electrolytes did not
      account for these findings. Oxygen consumption was higher in the basal state in T
      and DT compared with UT but increased similarly in all groups in response to
      glucose. CONCLUSIONS: regular physical activity causes an adaptive decrease in
      glucose-mediated beta-cell secretion in humans. The training-induced decrease in
      glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is accurately matched to increased insulin
      action, keeping glucose disposal constant at any given plasma glucose
      concentration. Finally, training increases basal metabolic rate but does not
      influence glucose-induced thermogenesis or clearance of endogenous insulin.

PMID- 2655470
TI  - Postreceptor defect in insulin action in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AB  - To clarify the mechanism(s) responsible for the insulin resistance in
      streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic rats, we studied insulin-induced glucose
      disposal by using the glucose clamp technique and measured insulin receptor and
      glucose transporter of muscles. The insulin dose-response curve of the metabolic
      clearance rate (MCR) of glucose revealed a decrease of the maximal response
      without a rightward shift in STZ rats. Maximal MCR was even lower when clamped at
      300 rather than 150 mg/dl of blood glucose levels. Insulin binding to the crude
      plasma membrane of muscles from STZ rats was increased compared with controls.
      The number of glucose transporter of the plasma and microsomal membranes were
      significantly decreased in STZ rats. These in vivo and in vitro studies using
      skeletal muscles suggest that in STZ-treated diabetic rats 1) a defect or defects
      exist in the signal transduction mechanism of insulin in postbinding steps, 2)
      the decreased maximal MCR is related at least partly to the decrease of glucose
      transporter numbers, and 3) a defect in glucose metabolism (postglucose transport
      defect) is also present.

PMID- 2655471
TI  - Insulin, glucagon, and catecholamines in prevention of hypoglycemia during
      fasting.
AB  - To dissect the mechanisms of the prevention of hypoglycemia during fasting, eight
      normal humans were studied after overnight and 3-day fasts. Prolonged fasting
      resulted in the expected decrements in base-line glucose production and plasma
      glucose, insulin, and C-peptide and increments in plasma glucagon, epinephrine,
      norepinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol. After the overnight and 3-day
      fasts, insulin restoration (0.2 mU.kg-1.min-1) alone resulted in transient
      decrements in glucose production and only 15 and 19% decrements in plasma
      glucose, respectively. Selective glucagon deficiency (somatostatin infusion with
      insulin and growth hormone replacement) resulted in transient decrements in
      glucose production and additional 24 and 29% decrements in plasma glucose,
      respectively. Notably, plasma glucose plateaued under both fasting conditions in
      both instances. Combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade (phentolamine and
      propranolol infusions) alone had no effect on glycemia under either fasting
      condition. However, progressive hypoglycemia developed during adrenergic blockade
      coupled with glucagon deficiency after the overnight fast (85 +/- 2 to 48 +/- 4
      mg/dl, P less than 0.001) and after the 3-day fast (65 +/- 2 to 33 +/- 1 mg/dl, P
      less than 0.001). These were the result of both decrements in glucose production
      and increments in glucose clearance. Thus we conclude that during fasting 1) the
      prevention of hypoglycemia is not due solely to decreased insulin secretion. 2)
      Glucagon plays a primary counterregulatory role. Sympathochromaffin
      catecholamines are not normally critical but compensate and become critical when
      glucagon is deficient. Adrenomedullary epinephrine is probably the relevant
      catecholamine. 3) Other hormones, neurotransmitters, or substrate effects may, or
      may not, be involved; if they are, they appear to stand low in the hierarchy of
      glucoregulatory factors.

PMID- 2655472
TI  - Hepatic glucose production and insulin sensitivity preceding diabetes in monkeys.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between basal hepatic
      glucose production (HGP) and peripheral insulin sensitivity as assessed by the
      hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp prior to and during the development of non
      insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus in rhesus monkeys. Twenty-six male
      monkeys (Macaca mulatta), including normal animals and monkeys in various phases
      of the development of spontaneous obesity-associated type 2 diabetes were
      studied. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and insulin (FIRI), basal HGP using a
      [3H]glucose infusion, and peripheral insulin sensitivity (as determined by the
      euglycemic clamp technique) were examined. The earliest change that could be
      detected was a significant reduction in peripheral insulin sensitivity
      accompanied by increased FIRI. These changes preceded a significant deterioration
      of glucose tolerance. Basal HGP changed in parallel with FPG (r = 0.90, P less
      than 0.001), becoming significantly elevated only when FPG rose to levels
      diagnostic of diabetes (greater than 140 mg/dl). Thus basal HGP and fasting
      glucose levels showed no significant changes early in the development of type 2
      diabetes. We conclude that the early serial decreases in insulin sensitivity and
      progressive increases in FIRI, with or without decreased glucose tolerance, are
      prognostic of the future development of diabetes in obese monkeys, a longitudinal
      process that is also likely to be observed in most if not all obese humans
      progressing to diabetes.

PMID- 2655473
TI  - Heterogeneity of the exocrine pancreas.
AB  - The exocrine pancreas is generally considered to be a homogeneous organ at the
      morphological and functional levels. Recent work, reviewed here, has provided
      multiple reasons to question this. Morphologically, differences have been found
      in cell size and digestive enzyme content in "peri-" vs. "teleinsular" acini by
      methods including acinar separation, enzyme assay, and both light and electron
      microscopic immunocytochemistry. Detection of several blood group antigens in
      human acinar tissue showed striking cellular heterogeneity in a mosaic pattern.
      Stimulation of pancreatic lobules by specific secretagogues and separation of
      individual zymogen granules with microfluorometric assay of enzyme content also
      confirmed heterogeneity at the lobular and organellar level. Functionally,
      evidence that nonparallel digestive enzyme secretion can be taken as direct
      support for acinar heterogeneity is reviewed, as is the work leading to direct
      demonstration of secretagogue-specific heterogeneous sequestration and storage of
      nascent digestive enzyme protein. A general overview of pancreatic acinar cell
      specificity is presented; the model incorporates temporal changes in secretion
      from eligible acini, with secretagogue specificity of whole acini containing
      specific preset mixtures of digestive enzymes.

PMID- 2655474
TI  - Rapid regulation of D-glucose transport in basolateral membrane of rat jejunum.
AB  - D-Glucose transport and D-glucose inhibitable [3H]cytochalasin B binding to
      jejunal basolateral membrane vesicles were measured to investigate the possible
      association between changes in transport activity seen in hyperglycemia and
      density of transporter sites. Comparison was made between hyperglycemic animals,
      noninfused rats, and a group infused with sorbitol. Vascular infusion of D
      glucose produced a rapid increase in D-glucose transport followed by a delayed
      and smaller increase in [3H]cytochalasin B binding. The Vmax for glucose uptake
      was increased after only 30 min of glucose infusion and continued to rise up to 6
      h. Comparison with noninfused and sorbitol-infused controls showed that 2 h of
      glucose infusion produced a 3.5-fold increase in the Vmax for D-glucose uptake
      while D-glucose-inhibitable binding of [3H]cytochalasin B was unaffected. Six
      hours of hyperglycemia resulted in the further stimulation of glucose transport
      (4.1-fold) and a significant 1.8-fold increase in cytochalasin B binding over
      that for noninfused animals. Vesicles prepared from animals 4 h after an in vivo
      injection of cycloheximide showed an 80% reduction in glucose transport with no
      significant change in the cytochalasin B binding density. These results suggest
      that D-glucose transport in the basolateral membrane is regulated by a
      combination of a modulation of carriers already in the membrane and subsequent
      changes in carrier site density.

PMID- 2655475
TI  - Insulin modulates rat intestinal glucose transport: effect of hypoinsulinemia and
      hyperinsulinemia.
AB  - The current studies were designed to evaluate the role of plasma insulin and
      glucose as regulators of intestinal glucose transport in vivo. Initially, rats
      received either intravenous glucose infusion or intraperitoneal streptozotocin to
      induce sustained hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemic hypoinsulinemia.
      Net jejunal uptake rates of glucose were measured in vivo at several perfusate
      concentrations, and the kinetic constants, corrected for diffusion barrier
      resistance, were derived. Maximal velocity (Jmax) was increased 1.8-fold by
      hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia and 2.6-fold by hyperglycemic hypoinsulinemia
      compared with controls, whereas Km and passive permeability of glucose were
      unchanged. The rate of L-proline uptake at saturation conditions was not
      increased by these experimental interventions. The corrected kinetic constants
      for jejunal glucose transport in streptozotocin diabetic rats kept normoglycemic
      and normoinsulinemic with insulin were similar to controls. Finally, induction of
      normoglycemic hyperinsulinemia by intravenous glucose-insulin infusion increased
      Jmax 1.8-fold, similar to hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia, but induction of
      hyperglycemic normoinsulinemia by intravenous glucose-somatostatin infusion did
      not change Jmax. In conclusion, changes in plasma insulin but not glucose
      concentration cause a specific and reversible increase in Jmax of intestinal
      glucose transport. Hypoinsulinemia is a more potent signal than hyperinsulinemia.
      The membrane level, microvillus or basolateral, at which insulin induces an
      increased number of glucose transporters in intestinal epithelial cells remains
      to be defined.

PMID- 2655476
TI  - Putative tripeptidyl peptidase in renal brush border is due to sequential action
      of two other exopeptidases.

PMID- 2655477
TI  - Effect of epidermal growth factor on sodium transport in the cortical collecting
      tubule.
AB  - Receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF) have been demonstrated in the distal
      tubule. To determine whether there are acute functional correlates, we studied
      the effect of EGF on cortical collecting tubule (CCT) transepithelial voltage and
      transport of sodium and bicarbonate. Rabbit CCT were perfused in vitro and EGF
      was added to either the bathing medium or the luminal perfusate after base-line
      measurements of transport. Peritubular EGF in concentrations of 0.1 to 100 ng/ml
      (1.7 X 10(-11) to 1.7 X 10(-8) M) decreased sodium reabsorption, measured as 22Na
      absorption from the lumen, by 44-59%. There was a corresponding fall in the lumen
      negative transepithelial voltage. Lower doses of EGF were without effect on
      transepithelial voltage or sodium transport. Pretreatment of the tubules with
      ouabain eliminated the effect of EGF on sodium transport. In contrast to
      peritubular EGF, luminal EGF (100 ng/ml) did not affect sodium transport.
      Peritubular EGF had no effect on either bicarbonate secretion or net bicarbonate
      transport in the CCT and no effect on net bicarbonate reabsorption in the
      medullary collecting tubule. Using the pH sensitive, fluorescent dye 2',7'-bis-(2
      carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein, no change in principal cell
      intracellular pH was found after peritubular EGF. Two other growth factors,
      insulin and insulin-like growth factor I were without effect on sodium transport.
      We conclude that EGF inhibits active sodium absorption in CCT via receptors
      located at the basolateral membrane.

PMID- 2655478
TI  - Fish oil diet decreases prostacyclin and increases resistance in isolated rat
      kidneys.
AB  - The mechanisms whereby diet-induced alterations in fatty acids may affect renal
      structure and function are unknown. Kidneys from rats fed chow supplemented with
      18% (wt/wt) coconut oil (CO, n = 8), sunflower seed oil (SO, n = 7), or fish oil
      (FO, n = 8) were isolated from systemic influences of the diets and perfused with
      a cell-free medium. The FO diet caused a twofold reduction in prostaglandin (PG)
      I2 (urine excretion of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha) compared with SO and CO. Urine PGE2 and
      thromboxane (Tx) B2 were similar in the three diet groups. There was a 22%
      reduction in perfusate flow associated with the decrease in PGI2 in the FO group
      (42 +/- 6 ml.min-1.g-1) compared with the CO (54 +/- 7 ml.min-1.g-1) and SO (54
      +/- 8 ml.min-1.g-1) groups (mean +/- SD, P less than 0.05). The glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) was similar in the three groups during the initial base
      line determination but subsequently declined to a greater degree in the FO group.
      Morphologically, tubular injury was most extensive in the FO group, and the
      distribution of the injury indicated that it was caused, at least in part, by
      ischemia. The decline in GFR and the degree of histological injury were more
      closely linked to the diminished PGI2 production. Thus dietary FO supplementation
      caused decreased renal PGI2, increased renal vascular resistance, and an
      increased susceptibility to ischemic tubular cell injury in the isolated kidney.

PMID- 2655479
TI  - Rate of activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and sodium intake in
      rats.
AB  - When sodium intake in the rat is reduced abruptly from the typical high level to
      a very low level (0.02%), sodium excretion falls exponentially, with a half time
      of 2-3 h. The result is that the rat achieves external sodium balance, in which
      intake equals excretion, on the new low intake within a few hours. In this study,
      we assessed the rate of activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and
      its contribution to blood pressure during that interval. Plasma renin activity
      and angiotensin II concentration had risen sharply within 8 h and did not change
      over the next 40 h. Plasma aldosterone concentration, on the other hand,
      continued to rise over 48 h. Within 8 h, blood pressure dependency on angiotensin
      II had increased sharply, as assessed by depressor responses to an angiotensin
      antagonist (Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II) and to converting-enzyme inhibition
      (captopril). The depressor response to neither agent changed over the next 40 h.
      The pressor response to angiotensin II was blunted significantly by 8 h and also
      did not change over the next 40 h. The findings indicate that the rapid tempo of
      sodium homeostasis in the rat is matched by an equally rapid tempo of activation
      of the renin-angiotensin system, although the factors responsible for aldosterone
      release are probably more complex. Experiments to assess the renin-angiotensin
      system in the rat must be designed with this rapid tempo in mind.

PMID- 2655480
TI  - Effect of salt deprivation on blood pressure in rats.
AB  - In most cases blood pressure (BP) is directly related to NaCl intake. In some
      studies, BP is increased by low salt intake. The effect of Na and Cl deprivation
      or selective Na deprivation on BP in the normotensive Sprague-Dawley rat was
      investigated. In study 1, rats were uninephrectomized and fed low NaCl, normal
      NaCl, or low Na-normal Cl for 3 wk. BP was higher (P less than 0.05) in rats fed
      low NaCl and low Na-normal Cl than normal NaCl. Plasma renin activity was
      stimulated by low NaCl intake but was not different between the other two groups.
      After captopril treatment, BP was lower in the low NaCl group (73.1 +/- 3.6 mmHg)
      than in the normal-NaCl (99.2 +/- 6.7 mmHg) or low Na-normal Cl (92.0 +/- 6.7
      mmHg) groups. In study 2, intact rats (n = 8 per group) were fed low (less than
      0.01%), normal (1%), or high NaCl (4%) for 1 wk. BP and heart rate were higher in
      the low-NaCl group (P less than 0.05) than in the other two groups. Plasma
      volumes were not different among the groups. In study 3, two groups of eight rats
      were given either low NaCl or 2% NaCl for 2 wk. BP (131.4 +/- 3.6 mmHg) and heart
      rate (402 +/- 11 beats/min) were higher in the low-NaCl group than in the 2% NaCl
      group (121.1 +/- 3.2 mmHg and 369 +/- 9 beats/min, respectively). In the
      normotensive Sprague-Dawley rat, low NaCl intake elevated BP when compared with
      normal or high NaCl intake. Part of the increase in the uninephrectomized, Cl
      supplemented group is not dependent on the renin-angiotensin system.

PMID- 2655481
TI  - Regional hemodynamic changes following hypovolemia in conscious rats.
AB  - Regional hemodynamic responses to subcutaneous injection of hyperoncotic
      polyethylene glycol (PEG) were assessed in Long-Evans (i.e., normal) and
      Brattleboro [i.e., arginine vasopressin (AVP)-deficient] rats with chronically
      implanted, pulsed Doppler probes. The results were compared with saline-injected
      time controls. PEG injection elicited an early (30 min) selective mesenteric
      vasoconstriction in Long-Evans rats; 4-5 h after PEG the mesenteric
      vasoconstriction was greater in Long-Evans than in Brattleboro rats, but the
      renal and hindquarters vasoconstrictions were similar in both strains. There was
      a transient mesenteric vasodilatation [with no change in blood pressure (BP)] in
      Long-Evans rats given an antagonist of the V1-receptor actions of AVP 5 h after
      PEG. In the presence of the AVP antagonist, Long-Evans rats showed a marked
      dependence on the vasoconstrictor actions of the renin-angiotensin system for the
      maintenance of BP, similar to Brattleboro rats. Both strains also showed marked
      hypotensive responses to inhibition of sympathoadrenal activity (with
      pentolinium). Hence, AVP has clear-cut hemodynamic effects after PEG
      administration, but its role is not indispensable.

PMID- 2655482
TI  - [Neuroendocrine syndrome with disorders of the reproductive functions: their
      clinical problems and pathogenesis].

PMID- 2655483
TI  - [Current methods of the treatment of patients with sclerocystic ovary syndrome].

PMID- 2655484
TI  - [Safe lasers in gynecology].

PMID- 2655485
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of transabdominal and transvaginal echography in the
      diagnosis of acute inflammatory diseases of the adnexa uteri].
AB  - Typical echographic criteria of acute adnexal inflammations have been identified
      in transabdominal and transvaginal echographic scanning. The advantages of
      transvaginal echography for the diagnosis of such conditions are demonstrated.

PMID- 2655486
TI  - [Clinico-echographic aspects of the diagnosis of acute inflammatory diseases of
      the small pelvis].
AB  - A clinical echographic study of 49 patients with acute salpingitis has identified
      3 variants of echographic picture of acute salpingitis: acute salpingitis without
      pelvic peritonitis, acute salpingitis complicated by pelvic peritonitis and acute
      salpingitis with the formation of a tubo-ovarian abscess.

PMID- 2655487
TI  - [Clinico-laboratory diagnosis of chronic candidiasis of the external genital
      organs in women].
AB  - Major clinical characteristics of various forms of recurrent chronic external
      genital candidiasis in females and remission thereof are considered. Cytologic
      findings in vaginal smears are reported, as are the results of Candida albicans
      culture in vaginal discharge of patients with acute and subacute recurrences and
      those with remissions. Cytologic investigation is shown to be very valuable and
      capable of differentiating between various forms of the pathology when used in
      combination with the cultures. It was also valuable in the diagnosis of acute and
      suacute relapses of chronic candidiasis, the accuracy of diagnosis being 87.8%.
      High detectability rate of vegetating fungal forms may serve as an indicator of
      the activity of the pathologic process.

PMID- 2655488
TI  - [Morphological analysis of the effect of corticosteroids on the development and
      course of vaginal candidiasis].
AB  - Specific features of the development and course of vaginal candidiasis were
      examined in corticosteroid-treated mice. Corticosteoids enhance epithelial
      adhesion of fungal cells and contribute to rapid invasion of the causative agent.
      Tissue inflammatory response in slow and weak. Pseudomycelium penetrates deep
      into Malpighi's layer, and, at some sites, damages the epithelial basal layer and
      invades the mucosal plate. In some animals, vascular invasion led to hematogenic
      dissemination. The described tissue and cellular mechanisms must be the basis of
      the stimulating effect of corticosteroids on vaginal candidiasis in the humans.

PMID- 2655489
TI  - [Adhesion of fungi of the genus Candida to vaginal epithelium in various
      physiological changes in the levels of sex hormones].

PMID- 2655490
TI  - Antiallergic drugs and the immune response. Interactions and possible clinical
      relevance.
AB  - Since the pharmacological treatment of allergic diseases is used in patients with
      alteration of the immune response due to atopy and possible concomitant
      infections, we have investigated the possible effects of such drugs as cromolyn,
      theophylline, ketotifen, oxatomide, astemizole, fenoterol, pirenzepine, and
      rosaprostol on the in vitro immune response, in order to obtain experimental data
      and, as a consequence, clinical conclusions. In a series of investigations by our
      group and other authors the following immunological parameters have been
      considered: T cell activation induced by different pathways (i.e. autologous
      stimulation, PHA, anti-CD3, -CD2 and -CD28 monoclonal antibodies), and lymphokine
      production (i.e. IL-1, IL-2 and gamma-IFN). For a more detailed experimental
      model the experiments have been performed both in bulk culture and by using T
      cell clones derived from the peripheral blood. The results show cromolyn to have
      an enhancing effect, theophylline and ketotifen a suppressing effect, whereas the
      remainder show no effect on the immune response. These data are considered and
      discussed from the aspect of their possible clinical relevance and also in light
      of the in vivo data previously reported.

PMID- 2655491
TI  - A double-blind study of hyposensitization with an alginate conjugated extract of
      D. pteronyssinus (Conjuvac) in patients with perennial rhinitis. 1. Clinical
      aspects.
AB  - The efficacy of hyposensitization with a standardised extract of Dermatophagoides
      pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) conjugated to alginate and containing known
      amounts of antigen P1 (Conjuvac) was tested in a double blind, placebo
      controlled, multi-centre study in 66 adult patients with perennial rhinitis.
      Patients received 11 weekly injections of increasing concentrations of Conjuvac
      containing from 56 x 10(1) to 448 10(3) IU D. pteronyssinus or placebo injections
      of the alginate diluent to some of which 5 micrograms of histamine has been
      randomly added. This was followed by 15 monthly injections of Conjuvac or
      placebo. The severity of nasal blockage, sneezing and rhinorrhoea was recorded
      twice daily in a diary and visual analogue assessments (VAS) made at each clinic
      visit. Nasal provocation testing (NPT) was performed with increasing
      concentrations of the same extract of D. pteronyssinus as used in the
      hyposensitization injections, and changes in nasal airways resistance measured by
      passive anterior rhinomanometry. VAS was recorded and NPT was performed on entry
      to the study and after the fifth, ninth and final monthly injection. Conjuvac
      injections were well tolerated. Large local reactions (greater than 5 cm)
      occurred within 30 min in only 1% of patients but later in 23%. No systemic
      reactions or anaphylaxis occurred within 30 min of injections, but urticaria or
      worsening of asthma and rhinitis was reported later in 3% of patients.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655492
TI  - [Relapsing polychondritis. An infrequent cartilage disease].
AB  - Report of a case affecting a middle-age woman, 48, involving the E.N.T. area
      only. The AA comment on the features of the disease and report on the good
      results with medical treatment (prednisolone, indomethacin and dapsone).

PMID- 2655493
TI  - Pregnancy-induced hypertension: current concepts.
AB  - This brief review outlines current concepts concerning the aetiology and
      pathophysiology of pregnancy-induced hypertension and, based upon these concepts,
      presents a plan of intensive care management for the severe forms of this
      condition.

PMID- 2655494
TI  - Geoffrey Kaye oration: anaesthesia--ideals and reality.

PMID- 2655495
TI  - Fifty-five years ago in Anesthesia and Analgesia, 13: 75-79, 1934. K. W.
      Thompson: Fatalities from Spinal Anesthesia.

PMID- 2655496
TI  - Informed consent: a review.
AB  - Of paramount importance is the respect for autonomy and right to self
      determination inherent in an ethically sound decision-making process. The
      President's Commission clearly summarized the prevailing view of informed consent
      when it stated: "ethically valid consent is a process of shared decision making
      based on mutual respect and participation, not a ritual to be equated with
      reciting the content of a form that details the risks of a particular treatment
      or intervention".

PMID- 2655497
TI  - Regional anesthesia in children.

PMID- 2655498
TI  - Fifty-seven years ago in Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia:
      1932;11:177-183. P. D. Woodbridge: Neothesin for Spinal and Regional Anesthesia:
      A preliminary Clinical Report.

PMID- 2655499
TI  - Real-time ultrasound imaging aids jugular venipuncture.

PMID- 2655500
TI  - Needle bevel direction and headache after inadvertent dural puncture.
AB  - To study the effect of needle bevel direction on the incidence and severity of
      headache following inadvertent dural puncture occurring during the identification
      of the epidural space, the authors randomly assigned obstetric anesthesia
      residents to identify epidural space with the bevel of the epidural needle
      oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the longitudinal dural fibers. If
      dural puncture occurred, an observer unaware of the needle bevel direction, daily
      assessed the presence and severity of any subsequent headache. Of the 1,558 women
      who received epidural analgesia during this study, 41 women suffered dural
      puncture, 20 with the needle bevel oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal
      dural fibers and 21 with the needle bevel inserted parallel to the dural fibers
      (NS). Fourteen of 20 women in the group in which the needle bevel was
      perpendicular to dural fibers developed a moderate to severe headache, whereas
      only five of 21 in the group in which the needle bevel was parallel to dural
      fibers did so (P less than 0.005). Similarly, we administered a therapeutic blood
      patch to ten of 20 women in the perpendicular group but to only four of 21 in the
      parallel group (P less than 0.05). Thus, identifying the epidural space with the
      needle bevel oriented parallel to the longitudinal dural fibers limits the size
      of the subsequent dural tear and, therefore, lowers the incidence of headache
      should dural perforation occur.

PMID- 2655501
TI  - Intrathecal methadone and morphine for postoperative analgesia: a comparison of
      the efficacy, duration, and side effects.
AB  - A double-blind study of patients selected at random compared the analgesic and
      adverse effects of intrathecal methadone (1 mg) with those of intrathecal
      morphine (0.5 and 1 mg). The study was conducted on 30 patients who underwent
      major orthopedic or urologic surgery. The intrathecal opioid was administered at
      the end of surgery, and assessments began 1 h thereafter and continued for 20 h.
      Pain measurements, supplementary analgesia requirements, and adverse effects were
      recorded. Intrathecal morphine (0.5 and 1 mg) provided effective and prolonged
      analgesia. Methadone, however, was unable to ensure the same degree of analgesia;
      consequently, the median pain scores were consistently higher following methadone
      than morphine (0.5 and 1 mg) (P less than 0.05). The time to the onset of
      discomfort severe enough to require supplemental morphine was longer after
      intrathecal morphine than that following methadone (24 and 29 h with morphine 0.5
      and 1 mg; 6.5 h with methadone; P less than 0.05). Respiratory depression
      (increases PaCO2) was not associated with methadone and morphine 0.5 mg but was
      common following morphine 1 mg (P less than 0.05). Facial pruritus was unique to
      intrathecal morphine. Urinary retention requiring bladder catheterization was
      more frequent following morphine than methadone, although this was not
      statistically significant. Nausea and vomiting were common to all groups.
      Intrathecal morphine (0.5 and 1 mg) provides superior postoperative analgesia to
      1 mg methadone. Various explanations for the observed differences between the
      drugs are discussed, including the possibility that the dose of methadone used in
      the subarachnoid space was inadequate and that a larger dose might have produced
      an effect equal to that of morphine.

PMID- 2655502
TI  - Bradycardia and asystole during spinal anesthesia: a report of three cases
      without morbidity.

PMID- 2655503
TI  - Real-time ultrasound for diagnosis of symptomatic venous thrombosis and for
      screening of patients at risk: correlation with ascending conventional
      venography.
AB  - This is a prospective study of 108 patients in two distinct groups undergoing
      real-time ultrasonography (US) and ascending conventional venography within the
      same day. The two patient groups consisted of the following: Those patients
      evaluated because of suspicion of deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs (69
      patients) and those at high risk for venous thrombosis (19 patients with a recent
      hip fracture, 20 with a suspected pulmonary embolism). In the diagnosis group 48
      patients had venographic evidence of thrombosis. The predictive value of abnormal
      findings from real-time US was 97%, and that of a negative study was 75%. Thus,
      real-time US may have a role as a diagnostic procedure, to be followed by x-ray
      venography in patients with negative US results. By contrast, real-time US is far
      less sensitive as a screening test in patients without clinical evidence of
      thrombosis. Only 3 of 9 patients with thrombosis were detected, with a 50%
      sensitivity for proximal vein thrombosis. Therefore, the use of real-time US for
      screening high-risk patients must be limited to very high risk patients in whom
      other tests are ineffective (as in hip surgery).

PMID- 2655504
TI  - Favorable effects of prostacyclin infusion in a patient given a renal transplant
      and with severe vascular disease secondary to diabetes--a case report.
AB  - Microangiopathy is one of the most frequent diseases in diabetic patients. A
      diabetic man with a kidney transplant and with severe and progressive
      vasculopathy with early necrosis of the fingers and toes was submitted to three
      prostacyclin (PGI2) intravenous infusions (5 ng/kg/min for forty-eight hours)
      during a period of two months. Three months after the last infusion, radiographs
      of the hands and feet showed a marked reduction in the extent of the vascular
      calcifications and healing of the ischemic-necrotic areas. The authors discuss
      the immediate and later effects of PGI2 infusion in a case of diabetic vascular
      disease.

PMID- 2655505
TI  - Giant cell arteritis (Horton's disease) of the axillary artery--case reports.
AB  - The authors recently observed 2 elderly female patients with ischemic pain of the
      upper extremity as the first manifestation of giant cell arteritis. They
      presented with rest pain of both upper extremities and even gangrene of the thumb
      in 1 case. Subclavian and radial pulses were absent while peripheral pulses in
      the lower limbs were preserved. The angiography was so typical that the diagnosis
      of inflammatory arteritis was made, despite negative temporal artery biopsy. The
      patient with thumb gangrene was successfully operated on, the occlusive axillary
      lesions being bypassed by a long venous carotid humeral bypass graft. A biopsy of
      the axillary artery showed a granulomatous lymphoplasmocellular infiltration. A
      high-dose corticotherapy (24 mg daily) was begun in both cases, with dramatic
      improvements of general state, lowering of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate,
      and even reapparition of a reduced radial pulse in 1 patient. The authors discuss
      the incidence, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of systemic giant cell
      arteritis, with special attention to extracranial involvement. These case reports
      may broaden the knowledge of the diverse manifestations of giant cell arteritis
      and of its systemic character with widespread vascular involvement.

PMID- 2655506
TI  - Corticosteroids: a review with emphasis on complications of prolonged systemic
      therapy.

PMID- 2655507
TI  - Computed tomography versus diagnostic peritoneal lavage: usefulness in immediate
      diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to compare diagnostic peritoneal lavage with
      computed tomography in the evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma. Acutely injured
      patients meeting the advanced trauma life support criteria for lavage were first
      studied with computed tomography followed by diagnostic peritoneal lavage.
      Patients underwent exploratory celiotomy for positive results of either study.
      Computed tomography was read initially by the radiology resident and then by the
      trauma fellow or senior surgery resident or both. A second interpretation was
      made by senior radiology staff. Analyses included sensitivity, specificity, false
      negative, false-positive, predictive value of positive and negative tests, and
      accuracy for lavage and each tomography interpretation. Lavage was found to be
      more accurate than computed tomography in the immediate diagnosis of blunt
      abdominal trauma and remains the diagnostic test of choice at our institution.
      Caution is advised in using computed tomography as the primary diagnostic
      technique until the reliability is demonstrated at any particular institution.

PMID- 2655508
TI  - The evaluation of suspected renal colic: ultrasound scan versus excretory
      urography.
AB  - Patients commonly present to the emergency department with a suspected diagnosis
      of renal colic. A prospective study of 98 patients presenting with acute flank or
      abdominal pain or both was conducted to determine the diagnostic accuracy of
      ultrasound scan compared with excretory urography for the diagnosis of urinary
      tract calculi. All patients underwent standardized ultrasound scan and excretory
      urography as independent procedures. Two staff radiologists who reported the
      procedures were blinded to the results of the other diagnostic test and ultimate
      clinical outcome. All patients discharged home from the ED were followed to the
      hospital urology clinic. The diagnosis of urinary calculus was made only by
      identification of calculus at surgery or by reported passage of a stone by the
      patient. Of 85 patients available for follow-up study (56 men, 29 women; mean
      age, 40.5 years; range 18 to 77 years), calculi were identified in 69 (81%).
      Ultrasound identified calculi in 44 patients (sensitivity, 64%; specificity,
      100%). Excretory urography identified calculi in 44 patients (identical
      sensitivity and specificity). When the presence of obstructive hydronephrosis
      only was used to diagnose renal calculi, ultrasound scan identified 59 patients
      (sensitivity, 85%; specificity, 100%) and excretory urography identified 62
      patients (sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 94%). When the results of both
      diagnostic modalities were combined, calculi were identified in 59 patients
      (sensitivity, 85%; specificity, 100%) and hydronephrosis was seen in 66 patients
      (sensitivity, 95%; specificity, 94%). Our study shows that the diagnostic
      abilities of these procedures are equal in the detection of renal
      calculi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655509
TI  - The emergency department diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginitis.
AB  - Trichomonas vaginalis is a common cause of vaginitis in emergency department
      patient populations. While the diagnosis of this condition is usually on the
      basis of wet-mount microscope slide preparations, other diagnostic technology
      exists. We studied the accuracy of the traditional wet-mount technique as
      compared with detection using direct immunofluorescence and culture techniques in
      ED patients with the presenting complaint of vaginal discharge. Of 157 patients
      evaluated, the wet-mount technique detected 27 cases of Trichomonas, compared
      with 35 cases diagnosed by direct immunofluorescence and 52 cases detected by
      culture. This represents a false-negative rate for the wet-mount technique of
      51%; the false-negative rates for direct immunofluorescence and culture technique
      were 36% and 5%, respectively. Our study suggests that the wet-mount technique is
      relatively insensitive in the detection of Trichomonas vaginitis.

PMID- 2655510
TI  - Outpatient benefits for mental health services in Medicare. Alignment with the
      private sector?
AB  - Revision of Medicare's benefit for outpatient mental health care is long overdue.
      The Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1987 expands the covered limit to $2,200 (from
      the $500 set in 1966) but retains the 50% coinsurance requirement for
      beneficiaries. There are several strong arguments supporting further changes in
      the benefit to reduce the coinsurance and include psychologists as covered
      providers. These are need among the elderly, changes in Medicare's inpatient
      reimbursement system, and innovations in treatment. Outpatient mental health care
      is a very small portion of Medicare expenditures, amounting to less than .1% of
      total costs. Using data from the Bureau of Data Management and Strategy at the
      Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), it was estimated that $41.8 million
      was paid by HCFA for outpatient mental health care in fiscal year 1984. This
      article estimates the costs to Medicare and beneficiaries of reducing the
      coinsurance to 20% and including psychologists as eligible providers.

PMID- 2655511
TI  - Spontaneous gallbladder perforation.
AB  - Acute gallbladder perforation is an infrequent, although not uncommon,
      complication of cholecystitis. It is rarely diagnosed preoperatively and the
      delay in making the definitive diagnosis usually accounts for the increased
      incidence of morbidity and mortality associated with this complication. A case of
      a 92-year-old patient in whom acute gallbladder perforation was suspected
      peroperatively at ultrasonography of the abdomen and confirmed by technetium-99m
      disofenin radionuclide biliary scan is reported.

PMID- 2655512
TI  - [Cardiopathy in Noonan syndrome. Review of 29 cases].
AB  - Twenty nine cases, nineteen females and ten males of Noonan's syndrome are
      reported. The age at diagnosis ranged from five months to 11.5 years (median age:
      56 months). Fifteen cases 57% disclose aspects of the Noonan's phenotype in
      female siblings. Fourteen cases showed an associated cardiopathy. The total
      included eleven pulmonary valve stenosis, five atrial septal defect. three
      hypertrophic myocardiopathies, three ventricular septal defect, one patients with
      pulmonary stenosis manifested an associated situs inversus this concomitance is
      the first reported in Noonan's syndrome. Eight patients underwent surgery, and
      two valvuloplasties. We can conclude that Noonan's syndrome includes cardiopathy
      in 50% of patients the most frequent type is pulmonary valve stenosis. On going
      follow-up will permit to evaluate the clinical evolution of the hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2655513
TI  - [Intensification of the initial treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukemias of
      middle and high risk in children].
AB  - The aim of study LAL 17/84 was to reduce the number of relapses by intensifying
      initial treatment. Patients were classified as high (HR) and standard-risk (SR)
      groups following the established risk index. Early response, after 2 weeks of
      treatment was also considered. SR protocol includes a ten-week induction and CNS
      prophylaxis phase: in the first 5 weeks, prednisolone (PRED), vincristine (VCR),
      daunorubicin (DAUNO) and asparaginase (ASPAR) are given; in the last 5 weeks two
      intravenous infusions of Ara-C and three of intermediate dose (ID) methotrexate
      (MTX) are administered simultaneously with 5 it injections of both drugs. CNS
      prophylaxis is completed with 5 further it injections: one at the beginning and 4
      at monthly intervals from the 3rd to the 6th months. In the HR protocol, the
      initial phase lasts 16 weeks: in the first 5 the same drugs as in SR are used but
      doses of PRED and ASPAR are higher. CNS prophylaxis includes holocranial
      radiotherapy (18 Gy), 2 iv infusions of Ara-C and a further 2 of MTX ID and 6 it
      doses of MTX and Ara-C. Finally, a consolidation phase of PRED, VCR (3 doses),
      tenoposide (3 doses) and cyclophosphamide is given. Complementary chemotherapy in
      both protocols consists of daily mercaptopurine and weekly MTX for 2 years;
      moreover, the randomized half of the patients received monthly reinforcements
      with PRED, VCR (and DAUNO in HR group) for 4 months. Between Oct. 83 and Nov.
      87,87 patients with ages between 3 months and 15 years were enrolled; 86 are
      evaluable. All achieved remission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655514
TI  - [Circadian rhythms of cortisol and insulin in nutritional obesity in children].
AB  - It have been studied 90 children (obese 73, non obese or control 17), trying to
      analyze the following parameters: mean and standard deviation values, its
      circadian rhythms and relation between cortisol and insulin, correlation between
      both hormones and anthropometric parameters of obesity and sexual influence with
      all the studied parameters. The plasmatic cortisol values were higher in male,
      obese (180.4 +/- 11.2 ng/ml) and control (377.5 +/- 49.2 ng/ml) children. The
      plasmatic insulin values higher in obese children (55.3 +/- 9.5 microU/ml)
      verifying the hyperinsulinemia observed in obesity. There was not correlation
      between cortisol and insulin values with body fat. All the children showed
      cortisol and insulin circadian rythm. In the groups of obese children the
      cortisol circadian rythm was similar to the control one. However, the insulin
      circadian rythm was disturb. So, the acrophase was delayed two hours when male
      and female were analyzed all together and only one hour in the obese female
      group. The acrophase of cortisol and insulin rhythms in obese group is delayed in
      relation with the degree of obesity. The circadian rhythms of cortisol and
      insulin, in both obese and control groups, are not dependent. The duration of
      obesity do not have any relation with the mentioned alterations.

PMID- 2655515
TI  - [Chronic hepatitis caused by B virus and glomerulonephritis in children].
AB  - Eight children with chronic HBV hepatitis and glomerular disease were studied.
      There were seven males and one female, with ages between one and nine years old.
      Three had CPH and five CAH. All patients with CPH had membranous nephropathy, and
      those with CAH three had MNG. one membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and
      one mesangial glomerulonephritis. Only six patients had moderate liver
      enlargement. In all, the diagnosis of HBV infection was performed by
      investigation of the etiology of their nephropathy. Liver function test showed
      signs of moderate necrobiosis with impaired biliary acid metabolism. All were
      HBsAg (+), antiHBc (+), six were antiHBe (+) and two were HBeAg (+). In one case
      renal deposit of HBsAg was found. Due to the frequent association of HBsAg and
      glomerulonephritis (GN) in children, an investigation of liver function is highly
      recommended in those patients with GN a HBV infection.

PMID- 2655516
TI  - [Primary peptic ulcer in childhood: apropos of 20 cases studied using digestive
      fiberendoscopy].
AB  - We report a review of 20 children (14 males and 6 females) between 3 1/2-13 years
      of age (mean 9.7/ 12 years) with primary peptic ulcer disease, diagnosed by
      digestive fiberendoscopy. Endoscopy revealed 18 duodenal and 2 gastric ulcers.
      Positive family history was found in 45% of the patients. Abdominal pain was the
      most common presenting symptom and gastrointestinal bleeding was the only
      complication. The time before diagnosis was lesser than one month in 10%, between
      one to six months in 30% and more than months in 60% of patients. The follow-up
      period rate from three to 46 months (mean 14.9/12 months). Radiological study was
      performed in 18 patients and led 50% of false negative. A satisfactory response
      to mean treatment was found in all cases. Three patients related No patients
      required surgical treatment.

PMID- 2655517
TI  - Selective intestinal decontamination--an infection control measure whose time has
      come?

PMID- 2655518
TI  - Hyperosmolar coma: cellular dehydration and the serum sodium concentration.

PMID- 2655519
TI  - Combining clinical and thallium data optimizes preoperative assessment of cardiac
      risk before major vascular surgery.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether clinical markers and preoperative
      dipyridamole-thallium imaging are both useful in predicting ischemic events after
      vascular surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. SETTING: University
      medical center. PATIENTS: Two hundred fifty-four consecutive patients referred to
      a nuclear cardiology laboratory before surgery. Forty-four patients had surgery
      cancelled or postponed after clinical evaluation and dipyridamole-thallium
      imaging. Surgery was not confirmed for ten. Two hundred patients receiving prompt
      vascular surgery were the study group. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Thirty
      patients (15%) had early postoperative cardiac ischemic events, with cardiac
      death in 6 (3%) and nonfatal myocardial infarction in 9 (4.5%). Logistic
      regression identified five clinical predictors (Q waves, history of ventricular
      ectopic activity, diabetes, advanced age, angina) and two dipyridamole-thallium
      predictors of postoperative events. Of patients with none of the clinical
      variables (n = 64), only 2 (3.1%; 95% CI, 0% to 8%) had ischemic events with no
      cardiac deaths. Ten of twenty (50%; 95% CI, 29% to 71%) patients with three or
      more clinical markers had events. Eighteen of one hundred sixteen (15.5%; 95% CI,
      7% to 21%) patients with either 1 or 2 clinical predictors had events. Within
      this group, 2 of 62 (3.2%; 95% CI, 0% to 8%) patients without thallium
      redistribution had events compared with 16 events in 54 patients (29.6%; 95% CI,
      16% to 44%) with thallium redistribution. The multivariate model using both
      clinical and thallium variables showed significantly higher specificity at
      equivalent sensitivity levels than models using either clinical or thallium
      variables alone. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative dipyridamole-thallium imaging appears
      most useful to stratify vascular patients determined to be at intermediate risk
      by clinical evaluation. For patients with one or two clinical predictors,
      thallium redistribution correlates with substantial change in probability of
      events. For nearly half the patients, however, thallium imaging may have been
      unnecessary because of very high or low cardiac risk predicted by clinical
      information alone.

PMID- 2655520
TI  - Adiposity, fat distribution, and cardiovascular risk.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative importance of adiposity and fat
      distribution to cardiovascular risk profile. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study.
      SETTING: Clinical research center funded by the National Institutes of Health.
      PATIENTS: Convenience sample of 33 healthy premenopausal women with a wide range
      of body weight who did not have diabetes mellitus, hirsutism and virilism,
      gynecologic disorder, cardiac disease, or hypertension. Women participating in
      exercise or dietary programs or taking medication were excluded. All subjects
      completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Total body fat mass was determined by
      hydrostatic weighting, and fat distribution was assessed by subscapular skinfold
      thickness, subscapular-to-triceps skinfold ratio, the waist-to-hip ratio, and
      computed tomography. Cardiovascular risk was assessed by the serum insulin
      response during oral glucose stimulation; levels of triglycerides and total
      cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol
      concentrations; and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: The anthropometric parameters chosen were significantly associated with
      the cardiovascular risk profile (P less than 0.001). Visceral fat distribution
      assessed by computed tomography accounted for a significantly greater degree of
      variance in the cardiovascular risk factors than the total body fat mass (P less
      than 0.05). The cumulative insulin response was the primary metabolic variable
      relating the anthropometric indices to cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS: Intra
      abdominal fat deposition constitutes a greater cardiovascular risk than obesity
      alone. Hyperinsulinemia may constitute an important component of the increased
      cardiovascular risk of abdominal obesity.

PMID- 2655521
TI  - Intestinal decontamination for control of nosocomial multiresistant gram-negative
      bacilli. Study of an outbreak in an intensive care unit.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of intestinal decontamination by oral
      nonabsorbable antibiotic agents to control a nosocomial outbreak of intestinal
      colonization and infection with multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae, and to examine
      its effects on endemic nosocomial infection rates. DESIGN: A 10-week prospective
      incidence study (group 1), and then an 8-week randomized, open trial of
      intestinal decontamination (groups 2 and 3). SETTING: A medical intensive care
      unit of a tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients with
      unit stay of over 2 days and a severity score at admission of more than 2; 124
      patients were included in group 1, 50 in group 2 (control), and 36 in group 3
      (intestinal decontamination). INTERVENTIONS: Neomycin, polymyxin E, and nalidixic
      acid were given to group 3 patients throughout their stay in the unit.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Intestinal colonization with multiresistant
      strains occurred in 19.6% of patients in group 1, at a mean of 16 days after
      admission, and preceded detection in clinical samples by a mean of 11 days.
      During the decontamination trial, intestinal colonization rates decreased to 10%
      (group 2), and 3% (group 3) (P = 0.12 and P less than 0.01, compared with group
      1, respectively). Corresponding infection rates were 9% (group 1), 3% (group 2),
      and 0 (group 3). No new cases were detected in the following 4 months. The
      intestinal colonization rate with gram-positive cocci was higher in group 3 than
      group 2 (P less than 0.001). The overall rate of nosocomial infections was at 28%
      (group 1), 33% (group 2), and 32% (group 3). CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal
      decontamination can help to control an outbreak of intestinal colonization and
      infection with multiresistant gram-negative bacilli in the intensive care unit,
      but should not be recommended for routine prevention of endemic nosocomial
      infections.

PMID- 2655522
TI  - Diagnostic reasoning.
AB  - Research in cognitive science, decision sciences, and artificial intelligence has
      yielded substantial insights into the nature of diagnostic reasoning. Many
      elements of the diagnostic process have been identified, and many principles of
      effective clinical reasoning have been formulated. Three reasoning strategies are
      considered here: probabilistic, causal, and deterministic. Probabilistic
      reasoning relies on the statistical relations between clinical variables and is
      frequently used in formal calculations of disease likelihoods. Probabilistic
      reasoning is especially useful in evoking diagnostic hypotheses and in assessing
      the significance of clinical findings and test results. Causal reasoning builds a
      physiologic model and assesses a patient's findings for coherency and
      completeness against the model; it functions especially effectively in
      verification of diagnostic hypotheses. Deterministic reasoning consists of sets
      of compiled rules generated from routine, well-defined practices. Much human
      problem solving may derive from activation and implementation of such rules. A
      deeper understanding of clinical cognition should enhance clinical teaching and
      patient care.

PMID- 2655523
TI  - Hypertension in elderly patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To synthesize and analyze new information on the epidemiology,
      pathophysiology, and management of hypertension in the elderly to guide
      physicians making treatment decisions. DATA IDENTIFICATION: An English-language
      literature search using MEDLINE (1972-1988) and bibliographic reviews of
      textbooks and review articles. STUDY SELECTION: Primary research articles on the
      epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of hypertension in the elderly were
      reviewed. Particular emphasis was placed on large randomized clinical trials.
      DATA EXTRACTION: Study design and quality were assessed, with particular
      attention to subject selection, sample size, definition of outcome variables, and
      applicability of the results to management of the elderly hypertensive patient.
      RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Epidemiologic studies confirm that elevated systolic
      blood pressure in the elderly is more highly correlated with subsequent
      cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than is elevation of diastolic blood
      pressure. Results of several large randomized trials of the treatment of
      diastolic hypertension in elderly patients indicate that treatment is beneficial,
      at least up to age 80. For instance, the European Working Party on Hypertension
      in the Elderly reported that drug treatment resulted in a significant relative
      reduction (27%) in overall cardiovascular mortality, or an absolute reduction of
      29 fewer cardiovascular events per 1000 person-years of treatment. Data from well
      designed studies are not available to make a definitive statement about the
      treatment of isolated systolic hypertension. CONCLUSION: The cardiovascular risk
      reduction from treating mild to moderate diastolic hypertension in the elderly is
      significant, but the magnitude of absolute risk reduction is not so great that
      treatment should invariably be pursued if serious side effects cannot be avoided.

PMID- 2655524
TI  - Colony-stimulating factor and drug-induced agranulocytosis.

PMID- 2655525
TI  - Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia.

PMID- 2655526
TI  - Effect of naproxen, a prostaglandin inhibitor, on acute otitis media and
      persistence of middle ear effusion in children.
AB  - Prostaglandins are thought to be of importance in the pathophysiology of otitis
      media with effusion (OME), and the possibility of reducing the frequency and
      persistence of this condition by using prostaglandin inhibitors has been
      suggested. In a double blind manner, naproxen was administered to children with
      acute otitis media, in addition to amoxicillin, and its influence on the
      subsequent occurrence and persistence of middle ear effusion was evaluated.
      Eighty-one children participated in the study. No significant difference was
      found in the number of patients with tympanograms consistent with OME in the two
      groups. After 10 days of treatment, 63% in the naproxen and 58% in the placebo
      group, and after 30 days, 41% and 59%, respectively, had type B tympanograms.
      Similarly, there were no differences between the two groups with respect to other
      parameters studied (duration of otalgia, fever, otoscopic findings). No side
      effects related to naproxen were observed.

PMID- 2655527
TI  - Ewing's sarcoma of bone and soft tissues.
AB  - Ewing's sarcoma is a distinctive clinical and pathologic entity that may be
      intraosseous or of soft-tissue origin. In the facial bones, the incidence of the
      sarcoma is estimated at 2.5% of all Ewing's sarcoma of bone. The soft tissue of
      the head and neck account for 11% of extraskeletal sites of the neoplasm.
      Combined modality treatment has modified its high-grade malignancy.

PMID- 2655528
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of the fluoroquinolones.

PMID- 2655529
TI  - Escherichia coli susceptible to glycopeptide antibiotics.
AB  - Mutants of Escherichia coli susceptible to vancomycin were isolated after
      mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine. One such mutant was studied extensively.
      Multiple regression analysis of the relationship between physical properties of
      20 glycopeptides and their in vitro activities against the vancomycin-susceptible
      mutant revealed a significant correlation with molecular mass (P = 0.007). pI,
      hydrophobicity, and affinity of the glycopeptide for the pentapeptide target were
      not as important for activity. This suggested that a block of access of the
      antibiotic to its target could be the major factor determining activity. Outer
      membrane proteins of the vancomycin-susceptible mutant, resistant parent, and
      revertant strains appeared normal. The mutant exhibited increased susceptibility
      to both erythromycin and fusidic acid which was lost in single-step revertants to
      vancomycin resistance. Polymyxin B nonapeptide was synergistic with erythromycin
      and fusidic acid against the parent and revertant but not against the susceptible
      mutant. Analysis of the susceptibilities of control strains of E. coli and
      Salmonella typhimurium with known defects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis
      revealed that core LPS mutants (Re chemotype) were phenotypically similar to the
      E. coli mutant under study. However, the LPS core of the mutant migrated slightly
      less rapidly on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than
      wild-type or revertant core LPS and did not resemble Re chemotype LPS core
      obtained from Salmonella rfaC and rfaD mutants. These data suggest that defects
      in LPS core structure other than loss of heptose moieties may also be important
      in loss of resistance to large, hydrophilic molecules such as glycopeptides.

PMID- 2655530
TI  - In vitro antibacterial activity of SM-7338, a carbapenem antibiotic with
      stability to dehydropeptidase I.
AB  - SM-7338, a new carbapenem antibiotic, was demonstrated to have potent
      antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of aerobes, including
      Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae,
      Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria spp., members of the family Enterobacteriaceae,
      Pseudomonas spp., and gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes in a collection
      of 1,102 unselected clinical isolates. At a concentration of 0.5 micrograms/ml,
      SM-7338 inhibited 90% of these strains. The spectrum of activity of ceftazidime
      and cefotaxime was more limited, and many of the Enterobacteriaceae and
      Pseudomonas spp. were resistant to these agents, piperacillin, or gentamicin. A
      collection of ofloxacin-resistant strains was inhibited by SM-7338 or imipenem at
      4 micrograms/ml. SM-7338 was more active than metronidazole and clindamycin
      against anaerobes. Of the carbapenems, imipenem had greater activity against
      staphylococci but SM-7338 was much more active against Haemophilus, Branhamella,
      and Neisseria spp. and all genera of Enterobacteriaceae tested. The MIC of SM
      7338 for 90% of these strains ranged from less than or equal to 0.008 to 0.13
      micrograms/ml. When tested against 124 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SM-7338
      inhibited 76% at 0.5 microgram/ml but imipenem inhibited only 15% at this
      concentration. Both carbapenems exhibited similar activities against Bacteroides
      spp., but SM-7338 was more active than imipenem against Clostridium spp. The MBC
      of SM-7338 was most commonly the same as or twice the MIC. SM-7338 and imipenem
      showed excellent activities against bacteria elaborating chromosome- or plasmid
      mediated beta-lactamases, including those conferring resistance to broad-spectrum
      cephalosporins. The activity of SM-7338 was generally unaffected by the culture
      medium used, pH, 25% human serum, and inoculum size, but the susceptibility of
      Xanthomonas maltophilia was medium dependent.

PMID- 2655531
TI  - Enhanced gentamicin killing of Escherichia coli by tet gene expression.
AB  - Time-kill studies were performed to determine the effect of tetracycline
      resistance (tet) gene expression on gentamicin killing of Escherichia coli.
      Expression of tet increased gentamicin killing in laboratory strains and clinical
      isolates. A role for tetracycline in inducing tet expression and increasing the
      bactericidal activity of aminoglycosides is suggested.

PMID- 2655532
TI  - gyrA and gyrB mutations in quinolone-resistant strains of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The proportion of gyrA and gyrB mutations in quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli
      strains was examined by introducing cloned wild-type gyrA and gyrB genes. In 25
      spontaneous mutants of strain KL16, 13 had gyrA and 12 had gyrB mutations. In
      eight clinical isolates, five had gyrA mutations and one had a gyrB mutation;
      mutations in two isolates remained unidentified.

PMID- 2655533
TI  - Drinking saccharin increases food intake and preference--IV. Cephalic phase and
      metabolic factors.
AB  - Rats that drink saccharin solution increase their short-term food intake and
      develop a preference for flavored food eaten when saccharin is ingested. In this
      paper, we examined whether these effects are mediated by cephalic-phase metabolic
      reflexes. The results show that the cephalic-phase insulin response could be
      dissociated from food intake in three ways. (1) Drinking saccharin increased the
      food intake and food preference of rats with sham surgery (SHM) or celiac
      vagotomy (CV), but not hepatic vagotomy (HV); it produced a short-lived increase
      in plasma insulin levels in all three groups, but the insulin response of both
      the CV and HV group was attenuated relative to the SHM group. (2) Rats increased
      food intake even when a 90 min interval was imposed between drinking saccharin
      and eating food, although insulin and glucose levels returned to normal within 30
      min of drinking saccharin. (3) Streptozotocin-induced diabetes did not affect the
      increased feeding response to saccharin. The failure of rats given hepatic
      vagotomy to increase food intake and food preference when drinking saccharin
      suggests that a hepatic mechanism is involved. We propose that drinking saccharin
      increases food intake by temporarily altering the disposition of metabolic fuels
      towards storage and away from oxidation. Flavored food eaten after drinking
      saccharin becomes preferred because it provides fuel to counteract this reduction
      in oxidation.

PMID- 2655534
TI  - Proportion of beta-D-glucuronidase-negative Escherichia coli in human fecal
      samples.
AB  - Convenient assays and reports that almost all clinical isolates of Escherichia
      coli produce beta-D-glucuronidase (GUR) have led to great interest in the use of
      the enzyme for the rapid detection of the bacterium in water, food, and
      environmental samples. In these materials, E. coli serves as an indicator of
      possible fecal contamination. Therefore, it was crucial to examine the proportion
      of GUR-negative E. coli in human fecal samples. The bacterium was isolated from
      35 samples, and a mean of 34% and a median of 15% were found to be GUR negative
      in lauryl sulfate tryptose broth with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide. E.
      coli from three samples were temperature dependent for GUR production: very
      weakly positive at 37 degrees C but strongly positive at 44.5 degrees C. These
      results remind us of differences between fecal and clinical E. coli populations,
      of diversity in GUR regulation and expression in natural populations of E. coli,
      and of the need for caution in using GUR for the detection of fecal E. coli.

PMID- 2655535
TI  - Estimation of nitrogenase activity in the presence of ethylene biosynthesis by
      use of deuterated acetylene as a substrate.
AB  - Nitrogenase reduces deuterated acetylene primarily to cis dideuterated ethylene.
      This can be distinguished from undeuterated ethylene by the use of Fourier
      transform infrared spectroscopy. Characteristic bands in the region from 800 to
      3,500 cm-1 can be used to identify and quantitate levels of these products. This
      technique is applicable to field studies of nitrogen fixation where ethylene
      biosynthesis by plants or bacteria is occurring. We have verified the reaction
      stoichiometry by using Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bradyrhizobium japonicum in
      soybeans. The most useful bands for quantitation of substrate purity and product
      distribution are as follows: acetylene-d0, 3,374 cm-1; acetylene-d1, 2,584 cm-1;
      acetylene-d2, 2,439 cm-1; cis-ethylene-d2, 843 cm-1; trans-ethylene-d2, 988 cm-1;
      ethylene-d1, 943 cm-1; ethylene-d0, 949 cm-1. (The various deuterated ethylenes
      and acetylenes are designated by a lowercase d and subscript to indicate the
      number, but not the position, of deuterium atoms in the molecule.) Mass
      spectrometry coupled to a gas chromatograph system has been used to assist in
      quantitation of the substrate and product distributions. Significant amounts of
      trans-ethylene-d2 were produced by both wild-type and nifV mutant K. pneumoniae.
      Less of this product was observed with the soybean system.

PMID- 2655536
TI  - In situ survival of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in a tropical rain
      forest watershed.
AB  - For 12 months, Vibrio cholerae and fecal coliform densities were monitored along
      with nine other water quality parameters at 12 sites in a rain forest watershed
      in Puerto Rico. Densities of V. cholerae and fecal coliforms were not
      significantly correlated, even though the highest densities of both bacteria were
      found at a sewage outfall. High densities of V. cholerae were also found at
      pristine sites at the highest point in the watershed. The density of Escherichia
      coli and V. cholerae in membrane diffusion chambers did not change significantly
      during the course of two such studies. Physiological activity, as measured by
      electron transport system activity and relative nucleic acid composition,
      indicated that both E. coli and V. cholerae remained active. This study suggests
      that V. cholerae is indigenous to tropical fresh waters and that assays other
      than those that detect fecal coliforms or E. coli must be used for assessing
      public health risk in tropical waters.

PMID- 2655537
TI  - Comparison of the presence-absence and membrane filter techniques for coliform
      detection in small, nonchlorinated water distribution systems.
AB  - The traditional membrane filter (American Public Health Association, Standard
      Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th ed., American Public
      Health Association, Washington, D.C., 1985) and presence-absence (P-A) (J. A.
      Clark, Can. J. Microbiol. 14:13-18, 1968) techniques for the detection of
      coliform bacteria were compared in a small nonchlorinated drinking water
      distribution system by using total positive samples and frequency-of-occurrence
      analyses. No significant differences (P less than 0.05) were found in detection
      of the presence of coliform bacteria or in changes in the frequency of occurrence
      with time. A reduction in P-A sample volume (to 50 ml) was not found to
      statistically affect the comparative results of traditional membrane filter and P
      A tests.

PMID- 2655539
TI  - Comparison of a new inorganic membrane filter (Anopore) with a track-etched
      polycarbonate membrane filter (Nuclepore) for direct counting of bacteria.
AB  - Bacterial counts obtained by using a new Anopore inorganic membrane filter were
      21 to 33% higher than those obtained by using a Nuclepore polycarbonate membrane
      filter. In addition, the inorganic filter had higher flow rates, permitting lower
      vacuum pressures to be used, while the intrinsically flat, rigid surface resulted
      in easier focusing and sharp definition of bacteria across the whole field of
      view.

PMID- 2655538
TI  - Cell-free mercury volatilization activity from three marine caulobacter strains.
AB  - Three mercury-resistant marine Caulobacter strains showed an inducible mercury
      volatilization activity. Cell-free mercury volatilization (mercuric reductase)
      from these three marine Caulobacter strains was characterized and compared with
      enzyme activities determined by plasmids of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
      aureus. The temperature sensitivity of the Caulobacter mercuric reductase was
      greater than that of mercuric reductase from other gram-negative sources. Cell
      free enzyme activity required NADH or NADPH, with NADPH functioning much better
      at lower concentrations than NADH. The Km for the Caulobacter enzyme was 4 microM
      Hg2+. Ag+ was a competitive inhibitor of Caulobacter mercuric reductase (Ki = 0.2
      microM Ag+), as with previously studied enzymes. Arsenite was a noncompetitive
      inhibitor of the Caulobacter enzyme with a Ki of 75 microM AsO2-.

PMID- 2655540
TI  - A descriptive analysis of the pediatric pain management research.
AB  - A meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the overall effect as well as scope of
      pediatric pain management research. The findings of this meta-analysis as related
      to effect size and methodologic characteristics are reported elsewhere. In
      describing the scope, the authors found that the majority of pediatric pain
      management research focused on the preparation of relatively well children for
      acute pain experiences of short duration. The interventions reported consisted of
      strategies that attempted to increase the cognitive, affective, and/or
      biophysical skills of the child experiencing pain. Behavioral, self-report, and
      physiologic measures were used to ascertain children's response to the painful
      experience.

PMID- 2655541
TI  - Advances in management of rheumatic disease. 1965 to 1985.
AB  - Advances in management of the rheumatic diseases over the past 20 years have been
      substantial. Over this period, survival of patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus improved dramatically. Previously fatal renal crisis in scleroderma
      became treatable. Survival in Wegener's granulomatosis improved from 7% after 2
      years to over 90%. Gout became an easily and effectively managed disease.
      Polymyalgia rheumatica became readily recognized and dramatically treatable. Less
      quantifiably, the shift toward more aggressive use of an increasing repertoire of
      "disease-modifying" agents in rheumatoid arthritis gave hope of having altered
      the natural history of the disease. Replacement of destroyed joints dramatically
      reduced pain and improved function in appropriately selected individuals. An
      increasingly broad mission of the National Institutes of Health has provided
      support for systematic evaluation of clinical management, including the Multi
      Purpose Arthritis Centers, the American Rheumatism Association Medical
      Information System, and the Cooperating Clinics, effectively complementing
      research in fundamental mechanisms of disease. The role of the concerned
      clinician and the clinical epidemiologist in identification of new syndromes and
      new diseases and in innovating approaches to their management has been extremely
      important; this role appears far from over.

PMID- 2655542
TI  - Age-related hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal differences among patients with
      congestive heart failure.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if there were characteristics that
      distinguish elderly patients with heart failure (greater than 65 years of age)
      from younger patients with heart failure. We studied 128 consecutively admitted
      patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) under uniform conditions,
      with measurement of systemic hemodynamics, vasoactive hormones and sodium status,
      and renal function. Additional characterization included the hemodynamic response
      to gravitational stress (head-up tilt; n = 65), and renal blood flow and function
      by steady-state clearance techniques (n = 46). Compared with younger patients
      with CHF, there was a greater frequency of ischemic heart disease in the elderly
      patients with CHF. Within the CHF population there was an increase of systemic
      vascular resistance and a trend of decreased heart rate with aging. Heart rate
      responsiveness was attenuated during tilt according to age. Circulating
      norepinephrine increased with aging, but a clear-cut age-related effect was not
      observed for renin system activity or sodium status. Both serum urea nitrogen and
      serum creatinine increased with age. More detailed renal studies confirmed an age
      related decrease of glomerular filtration rate and a noncompensatory filtration
      fraction, despite increasing renal vascular resistance. We conclude that elderly
      patients with CHF have relatively greater vasoconstriction (or decreased
      compliance) and blunted heart rate responsiveness associated with increased
      circulating norepinephrine. Furthermore, renal function in the elderly patient
      with CHF is markedly compromised. These findings are consistent with
      superimposition of an aging effect on the CHF process, which must be considered
      in evaluating the response to drug therapy and the outcome of multicenter CHF
      trials.

PMID- 2655543
TI  - Glucose intolerance after short-term administration of corticosteroids in healthy
      subjects. Prednisone, deflazacort, and betamethasone.
AB  - Glucocorticoid-induced glucose intolerance has been related to the dose, duration
      of treatment, and steroid compound. However, a clear demonstration of this
      phenomenon is still lacking for fluorinated corticosteroids. We performed an oral
      glucose tolerance test in six healthy volunteers after the short-term
      administration of deflazacort (18 + 18 mg), prednisone (15 + 15 mg), and
      betamethasone disodium phosphate (1.5 + 1.5 mg) at equivalent anti-inflammatory
      doses, in random sequence, and in a triple crossover design. Fasting plasma
      glucose levels were not modified by deflazacort, whereas fasting plasma glucose
      levels together with insulin and C-peptide values were progressively and
      significantly increased by prednisone and betamethasone. During oral glucose
      tolerance testing a significant increase in the plasma glucose and insulin peaks
      was recorded after betamethasone and, to a lesser extent, after prednisone and
      deflazacort. These results suggest that betamethasone induces greater glucose
      intolerance and insulin resistance than prednisone and deflazacort.

PMID- 2655545
TI  - Chronic constrictive pericarditis. A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Actinomycosis is typically a chronic infection of the cervicofascial, thoracic,
      or abdominal region. Involvement of the heart occurs but is unusual. We present a
      case of chronic constrictive pericarditis caused by actinomycetes. The
      actinomycosis infection was present for 20 years, thereby representing the
      longest duration reported in the literature, to our knowledge.

PMID- 2655544
TI  - Human adjuvant disease. A new cause of chylous effusions.
AB  - Connective-tissue disease occurring after cosmetic surgery with silicone
      injections or implants has been reported. This disorder has been called human
      adjuvant disease. One patient is described in whom a chylous effusion and
      systemic lupus erythematosus-like disorder developed after mammary augmentation
      with silicone gel-filled prostheses. This patient represents still another
      example of human adjuvant disease. A brief review of the literature regarding
      human adjuvant disease is also presented.

PMID- 2655546
TI  - Listeria monocytogenes septic arthritis. A case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Septic arthritis is a relatively uncommon manifestation of listeriosis. Only four
      documented cases of Listeria arthritis have been reported in the medical
      literature. We now present a fifth case associated with Listeria peritonitis and
      briefly review the clinical spectrum of articular listeriosis. These cases
      suggest that (1) the early diagnoses of Listeria peritonitis and arthritis
      require a high degree of clinical suspicion, and (2) a cephalosporin should not
      be used as the sole antibiotic in cases of septic arthritis and peritonitis in
      which the causative organism has not been identified.

PMID- 2655547
TI  - Evidence for functional heterogeneity among microbodies in yeasts.
AB  - We have studied the biogenesis and enzymic composition of microbodies in
      different yeasts during adaptation of cells to a new growth environment. After a
      shift of cells of Candida boidinii and Hansenula polymorpha from glucose to
      methanol/methylamine-containing media, newly synthesized alcohol oxidase and
      amine oxidase are imported in one and the same organelle together with catalase;
      as a consequence the cells contain one class of morphologically and enzymatically
      identical microbodies. Similar results were obtained when Candida utilis cells
      were transferred from glucose to ethanol/ethylamine-containing media upon which
      all cells formed microbodies containing amine oxidase and catalase. However, when
      methanol-limited cells of H. polymorpha were transferred from media containing
      ammonium sulphate to those with methylamine as the nitrogen source, newly
      synthesized amine oxidase was incorporated only in part of the microbodies
      present in these cells. This uptake was confined to the few smaller organelles
      generally present at the perimeter of the cells, which were considered not fully
      developed (immature) as judged by their size. Essentially similar results were
      obtained when stationary phase cells of C. boidinii or C. utilis - grown on
      methanol and ethanol plus ammonium sulphate, respectively - were shifted to media
      containing (m)ethylamine as the nitrogen source. These results indicate that
      mature microbodies may exist in yeasts which no longer are involved in the uptake
      of matrix proteins. Therefore, these yeasts may display heterogeneities in their
      microbody population.

PMID- 2655548
TI  - Changes in internal and external pH accompanying growth of Candida albicans:
      studies of non-dimorphic variants.
AB  - Non-dimorphic variants of Candida albicans, which were unable to form germ tubes
      or mature hyphae in media containing amino acids, glucose and salts or N
      acetylglucosamine or serum, were prepared from two hyphal positive laboratory
      strains using a physical separation method. The hyphal-minus phenotype was stable
      and may be due to mutations or phenotypic variation. The variant strains
      maintained their internal pH within narrower bounds as compared to their parental
      wild-types. When exposed to conditions that normally supported the induction of
      germ tubes the cytoplasmic pH of the wild type strains increased from 6.8 to over
      pH 8.0 within 5 min while in the variants the rise in internal pH was only about
      0.3 pH units. The wild type strains acidified the growth medium more rapidly than
      the variants. The results suggest that the control of internal pH is directly or
      indirectly associated with the regulation of dimorphism. The variants had
      unaltered cell volumes and specific growth rates. The hyphal-minus phenotype was
      however fully reversible since revertants occurred spontaneously on serum
      containing agar.

PMID- 2655550
TI  - Photokilling of bacteria by the natural dye curcumin.
AB  - Curcumin is a yellow-orange compound derived from the root of Curcuma longa
      (Zingiberaceae family), that has been used as a medicine, spice and coloring
      agent. Curcumin has proved nontoxic in a number of cell culture and whole animal
      studies. Curcumin has, however, been reported to have bactericidal effects at
      very high concentrations. When illuminated, curcumin exerted potent phototoxic
      effects in micromolar amounts. Gram-negative bacteria displayed greater
      resistance to curcumin phototoxicity relative to Gram-positive bacteria. Oxygen
      was required for curcumin phototoxicity. Curcumin binding to cells was not
      required for photokilling; the reactive intermediate therefore must be relatively
      long-lived. The mechanism(s) of curcumin phototoxicity may involve hydrogen
      peroxide production. Singlet excited oxygen was not detected.

PMID- 2655549
TI  - Effects of nucleotides and divalent cations on phospholipase activity in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Divalent cations activate the lysophospholipase and transacylase reactions
      catalyzed by the same enzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The
      activation was observed at neutral pH, but not at the pH optimum of
      lysophospholipase/transacylase, near 3.5. Adenine nucleotides, especially AMP and
      ADP, are strong inhibitors of the same group of enzymes. Half maximal inhibition
      by AMP was found at a concentration of about 20 microM. The inhibition by
      nucleotides in low concentrations is enhanced by divalent cations.

PMID- 2655551
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of the lipo-penicillinase gene of alkalophilic Bacillus
      sp. strain 170.
AB  - The lipo-penicillinase (LIPEN) gene from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain 170
      was cloned in Escherichia coli using the vector pHSG399. A plasmid, pFAP121, was
      isolated from an ampicillin resistant transformant and the cloned LIPEN gene was
      found to be in a 2.2 kb DNA fragment. The nucleotide sequence of a 1.9 kb segment
      encoding the LIPEN was determined. This segment showed an open reading frame
      which would encode a polypeptide of 310 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of
      this LIPEN gene product has strong homology with those of the Bacillus cereus
      beta-lactamase III and Bacillus licheniformis penicillinase.

PMID- 2655552
TI  - [Mitoguazone (methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone))--its status and prospects].
AB  - Because of its severe side effects, initial clinical trials of the antineoplastic
      compound mitoguazone (Methyl-GAG, M-G) were ceased in the middle of 1960s. One
      decade later pharmacokinetically guided dose schedules as well as new
      experimental data on the antiproliferative mechanism of action stimulated new
      clinical studies. First results indicated that M-G had single-agent activity
      against various tumors such as acute leukemia and malignant lymphoma connected
      with acceptable tolerance. M-G seems to be effective especially in combination
      with other antineoplastic drugs. Its final evaluation may be reserved to further
      randomized trials. Recently, the psoriasis vulgaris is expected to be an
      additional field of the application of M-G. In this minireview data on synthesis,
      preclinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, biochemical effects and toxicology of
      M-G are given. Furthermore, clinical findings on M-G concerning its
      pharmacokinetic behaviour, antitumor and antipsoriatic activities are described.

PMID- 2655553
TI  - [Experience in the treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma with norethisterone
      acetate in a clinical study].
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with progressive advanced carcinoma of the breast were
      treated with 40 mg/day norethisterone acetate orally in this clinical trial. 27
      of 29 patients were evaluable for response to the drug. One patient achieved a
      partial response (duration 2 months), 6 had a stable disease (median duration 7.6
      months) and 20 developed a progressive disease on treatment. There was a high
      rate of liver toxicity in 23 patients [grade 3 and 4 according to WHO (1)]. The
      literature on norethisterone acetate is reviewed and compared with present
      results. The role of progestogenic agents in treatment of advanced mammary
      carcinoma is discussed.

PMID- 2655554
TI  - Pediatric rehabilitation. 1. General principles and special considerations.
AB  - This self-directed learning module addresses core concepts in the assessment of
      any child with disability, including physical growth and development, evolution
      of reflexes, and cognitive and personality development. It is a section of the
      chapter on pediatric rehabilitation for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge
      Program Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and
      rehabilitation. The rehabilitation perspective is emphasized, especially as it
      changes to accommodate the developing child, with a focus on specific chronic
      disorders such as respiratory disease, congenital heart disease, and malignancy.
      These types of disorders serve as a model for the management of problems that
      require special medical, rehabilitative, and psychosocial consideration.

PMID- 2655555
TI  - Pediatric rehabilitation. 2. Brain damage causing disability.
AB  - This self-directed learning module addresses rehabilitation issues in the child
      with brain damage. It is a section of the chapter on pediatric rehabilitation for
      the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study Guide for practitioners and
      trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. In addition to the motor
      manifestations, intellectual, social, and emotional impairment are addressed.
      Problems vary with developmental stage. Emphasis is on the etiology, severity,
      and combination of deficits in order to develop a plan of management, including
      physical, occupational, and speech therapy, recreational and social milieu, and
      family and community resources.

PMID- 2655556
TI  - Pediatric rehabilitation. 3. Disorders of the spinal cord: spinal cord injury,
      myelodysplasia.
AB  - This self-directed learning module provides review and references for the basic
      concepts of, and highlights new advances in, disorders of the spinal cord in
      children. It is a section of the chapter on pediatric rehabilitation for the Self
      Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in
      physical medicine and rehabilitation. For spinal cord injury, only data pertinent
      to the pediatric age group are discussed. Myelodysplasia is presented in detail
      to include genetic implications, early intervention, long-term management
      planning, psychosocial impact, and quality-of-life considerations.

PMID- 2655557
TI  - Pediatric rehabilitation. 4. Disorders of the motor unit.
AB  - This self-directed learning module addresses diagnostic and rehabilitation issues
      in children with the most common disorders of the motor unit. It is a section of
      the chapter on pediatric rehabilitation for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge
      Program Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and
      rehabilitation. Conditions occurring only in infancy or childhood and differences
      in diagnostic and rehabilitation approaches as compared with those used in adults
      are highlighted.

PMID- 2655558
TI  - Pediatric rehabilitation. 5. Joint and connective tissue diseases.
AB  - This self-directed learning module presents pertinent information about
      rehabilitation management of specific joint and connective tissue diseases
      affecting children. This section highlights juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Lyme
      disease, rheumatic fever, hemophilia, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, systemic
      lupus erythematosus, and other forms of arthritis. It is a section of the chapter
      of pediatric rehabilitation for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study
      Guide for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation.

PMID- 2655559
TI  - Prosthetics, orthotics, and assistive devices. 1. General concepts.
AB  - This self-directed learning module highlights the general concepts and new
      advances in the area of orthotics and prosthetics. This general overview is part
      of the chapter on prosthetics, orthotics, and assistive devices for the Self
      Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in
      physical medicine and rehabilitation. This section contains essential information
      on spinal, lower and upper limb orthotics, lower and upper limb prosthetics,
      juvenile prosthetics, kinesiology, motion analysis, and assistive devices such as
      canes and crutches. This article establishes a foundation on which the second,
      third, and fourth articles of this chapter will build. The three articles to
      follow review newer developments in specialized seating and assistive devices,
      prosthetics, and the orthotic management of selected disorders.

PMID- 2655560
TI  - Prosthetics, orthotics, and assistive devices. 3. Prosthetics.
AB  - This self-directed learning module highlights new advances in prosthetics. It is
      part of the chapter on prosthetics, orthotics, and assistive devices for the Self
      Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in
      physical medicine and rehabilitation. This section contains information regarding
      conventional and myoelectric upper limb prosthetics, above-knee (AK) socket
      designs and materials, and foot and ankle systems. New advances that are covered
      in this section include the narrow medial-lateral AK socket, the flexible AK
      socket, and new prosthetic foot and ankle systems. Proper understanding and
      clinical application of this technology is essential for the optimal prosthetic
      rehabilitation of the amputee.

PMID- 2655561
TI  - Prosthetics, orthotics, and assistive devices. 4. Orthotic management of selected
      disorders.
AB  - This self-directed learning module presents core information and new advances in
      the orthotic management of problems of the runner and of patients with
      neurovascular foot ulcers or arthritis. Additional topics covered include a
      comprehensive approach to positioning and splinting for burns and tone-reducing
      orthoses for spasticity management. It is part of the chapter on prosthetics,
      orthotics, and assistive devices for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program
      Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and
      rehabilitation.

PMID- 2655562
TI  - [Chlamydiosis: diagnosis and role in human pathology].
AB  - The paper presents the data reported in literature on the taxonomy of chlamydia,
      their tinctorial properties and modes of infection. It comes as evidence for the
      significance of urogenital chlamydiosis, including venereal lymphogranuloma. The
      morphological characteristics of the former abnormal condition are reported. Then
      the paper analyses intrauterine chlamydiosis and provides the results of the
      author's own investigations that suggest that its manifestations are largely
      similar to those of intrauterine mycoplasmosis. There is detailed information on
      respiratory chlamydiosis (ornithosis, psittacosis) and eye diseases (trachoma and
      paratrachoma). Finally, benign lymphoreticulosis (cat-scratch disease) is briefly
      reported too. Special emphasis is laid on extremely high incidence of
      chlamydiosis, in terms of laboratory and epidemiological data, and on little
      evidence for its structural changes. Nevertheless, the author considers that
      chlamydiosis may be suspected by the presence of basically homogeneous
      morphological changes in various diseases caused by different chlamydia, as
      evidenced by a light microscopy. This is especially important for a pediatric
      pathologist in his practice. Since even if the diagnosis is supposed to be
      established in a baby who has died in the perinatal period or upon examination of
      his/her afterbirth, the parents should undergo clinical and laboratory
      examinations followed by therapy as the need arises.

PMID- 2655563
TI  - [Application of the microcomputer "Electronika BK-0010" in programmed monitoring
      of the degree of students' assimilation of a course in pathologic anatomy
      according to tests at the first level].
AB  - To optimize the programmed checking of the students' knowledge on pathological
      anatomy, it is feasible to use an "Elektronika BK-0010" microcomputer. In terms
      of the limited internal storage of the computer, a package of questions and
      answers to them is recorded on a magnetic tape, the microcomputer being loaded
      with it before each study. For maximal employment of the microcomputer's internal
      storage, it is expedient to use the programs based on the combined application of
      a text in the form of questions and computer-assisted processing of the students
      answers.

PMID- 2655564
TI  - [The academician A. I. Abrikosov and his scientific school].

PMID- 2655565
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation in the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis].
AB  - Reviewing the data available in the literature and their own findings, the
      authors consider the role of lipid peroxidation in the etiology and pathogenesis
      of atherosclerosis. The paper provides a good evidence for intensified
      peroxidation of hepatic lipids and liver-secreted atherogenic lipoproteins in
      atherogenesis, which is followed by blood lipid peroxides accumulation in
      hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The excess of aortic lipid peroxides
      occurs concurrently with a sharp decrease in the activity of the enzymatic
      systems in utilizing lipid peroxides. Accumulation of lipid peroxides in the
      aorta may be a factor that contributes to higher migration and proliferation of
      smooth muscle cells forming a cellular basis for an atherosclerotic plaque. The
      products of cholesterol oxidation were also reported to exert an atherogenic
      action.

PMID- 2655566
TI  - Sharing tissue typing information from the collaborative corneal transplantation
      studies.

PMID- 2655567
TI  - Implantation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses in the absence of lens
      capsule during penetrating keratoplasty.
AB  - We retrospectively studied the clinical records and the corneal endothelial cell
      counts of 133 consecutive eyes that received sutured posterior chamber
      intraocular lenses during penetrating keratoplasty in the absence of lens
      capsular support. Postoperative follow-up time ranged from three to 24 months,
      with 82 patients having at least one year of follow-up. At one year, 45.1% of
      these patients had 20/40 or better visual acuity, 30.5% had a visual acuity
      between 20/50 and 20/100, and 24.4% had a visual acuity of 20/200 or worse. At
      two years, 63.6% had a visual acuity of 20/40 or better, 18.2% had a visual
      acuity between 20/50 and 20/100, and 18.2% had a visual acuity of 20/200 or
      worse. Ninety-seven percent of the grafts remained clear at their latest follow
      up examination. Cystoid macular edema (36.4%) and age-related macular
      degeneration (14.0%) accounted for poor visual acuity in most cases. Less common
      problems included graft rejection, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and
      endophthalmitis. At one year, the endothelial cell loss in the grafts averaged
      19% with sutured posterior chamber intraocular lenses.

PMID- 2655568
TI  - Acute retinal necrosis neuropathy. Clinical profile and surgical therapy.
AB  - Twelve patients (17 eyes) with the acute retinal necrosis syndrome were analyzed
      with special reference to the development of an acute optic neuropathy. Six
      patients (9 eyes) without acute optic nerve involvement were treated with
      intravenous acyclovir sodium and/or vitreoretinal surgery (group 1). Six patients
      (8 eyes) fulfilling absolute and relative criteria for acute retinal necrosis
      optic neuropathy were treated with intravenous acyclovir as well as optic nerve
      sheath decompression, and, in addition, some of these patients also underwent
      vitreoretinal surgery. Despite more pronounced initial visual loss compared with
      group 1, six eyes in group 2 regained visual acuity of 20/400 or better. In
      contrast, only 2 of 9 eyes in group 1 maintained their entry level visual acuity,
      and the visual acuities of the remaining 7 eyes deteriorated to counting fingers
      or worse. Therefore, the acute optic neuropathy complicating the acute retinal
      necrosis syndrome appears to benefit from prompt recognition and surgical
      decompression of the intraorbital optic nerve meninges in conjunction with
      intravenous acyclovir.

PMID- 2655569
TI  - Refractive results of hyperopic hydrogel intracorneal lenses in primate eyes.
AB  - Hyperopic hydrogel intracorneal lenses were successfully implanted into 27 of 33
      primate eyes. All eyes were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at
      monthly intervals for clinical appearance and refractive alteration. In a
      preliminary surgical series, several factors, such as tight sutures and implant
      design, resulted in a poor refractive yield. The final surgical series used a
      microkeratome with a pediatric microkeratome ring for smooth interface cuts,
      interrupted suturing with sufficient tension to align the wound without
      compression, a suture through the lens to prevent its dislocation, and
      intraoperative keratometry to reduce postoperative cylinder. The predicted vs
      measured refractive alteration for a range of 6 to 20 diopters had a correlation
      coefficient of .95. Keratometry changes correlated to the refractive changes with
      a coefficient of .97 but understand the change in refraction created by the
      surgery.

PMID- 2655570
TI  - Biological and biochemical properties of fibroblast growth factors. Implications
      for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2655571
TI  - Regional variability of prostacyclin biosynthesis.
AB  - To investigate the regional variability in arterial and venous endothelial
      prostacyclin (PGI2) biosynthesis, we obtained 1-cm segments of carotid arteries,
      external jugular veins, femoral arteries and veins, iliac arteries and veins,
      inferior venae cavae (IVC), and aortas from 17 dogs. Vessel luminal PGI2
      production was measured in the basal state by radioimmunoassay of 6-keto
      prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha). A total of 90 arterial specimens (57,
      19, and 14 segments, respectively, of femoral/carotid arteries, iliac arteries,
      and aorta) and 41 venous specimens (15, 10, and 16 segments, respectively, of
      femoral/jugular veins, iliac veins, and IVC) were analyzed. Overall, arterial
      endothelial 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was higher than venous (8.1 +/- 0.5 ng/ml vs. 4.9
      +/- 0.7 ng/ml, p less than 0.0004); 6-keto-PGF1 alpha levels were greater in the
      arteries than in their corresponding veins [femoral/carotid arteries (6.3 +/- 0.4
      ng/ml) vs. femoral/jugular vein (2.1 +/- 0.4 ng/ml), p less than 0.0002; iliac
      arteries (9.3 +/- 1.0 ng/ml) vs. iliac veins (4.8 +/- 0.9 ng/ml), p less than
      0.005; aorta (14.0 +/- 1.6 ng/ml) vs. IVC (7.5 +/- 1.4 ng/ml), p less than
      0.006].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655572
TI  - Report from Boston: National Demonstration Project on Industrial Quality Control
      and Health Care Quality (September 1986-June 1988).

PMID- 2655573
TI  - Sir Neville Howse, VC, KCB, KCMG, FRCS: physician, surgeon, soldier, politician.

PMID- 2655574
TI  - [The detection of Clostridium botulinum in fecal samples of cattle and swine and
      in the raw material and animal meal of different animal body rendering plants].
AB  - Fecal samples of cattle and swine and samples of raw material and pulverized
      dehydrated meat taken from three rendering plants were investigated with special
      enrichment methods on the presence of Clostridium botulinum to get a view about
      the hygienic risk by the incidence of C. botulinum in rendering plants. Eight-six
      specimens were examined: 25 fecal specimens each of swine and cattle, 11 of raw
      material and 25 of pulverized dehydrated meat of three rendering plants. Twelve
      specimens contained C. botulinum: 7 fecal specimens, 6 of swine and one of
      cattle, 4 raw material specimens and one of pulverized dehydrated meat. C.
      botulinum was detected by its toxin production in culture medium. Six times C.
      botulinum type E, twice C. botulinum type B and one time C. botulinum type C was
      identified. C. botulinum could not be typed in other cases because the toxin
      quantities were too small. C. botulinum type E was detected in raw material and
      pulverized dehydrated meat in one of the three examined rendering plants.

PMID- 2655575
TI  - [Food quality and "health nutrition"--a challenge for agriculture and food
      processing].
AB  - The importance of a well balanced diet for good health is generally accepted. The
      modern techniques of agricultural production and food manufacturing, however, are
      widely debated. Although it is clear that no yield is possible without any
      expense, the use of farming aids is often overdone as is shown at the example of
      nitrogen fertilisers which can increase the nitrate content of some foods and of
      drinking water. This is partially also valid for some techniques and applications
      of food processing although their general use is not refused by the population.
      In these discussions, namely in connection with food additives, pesticides an
      environmental toxicants, a loss of the golden mean in the judgment is to be seen
      with biased arguments on both sides. The consequences are confusions in the
      population and improper political decisions by the authorities. In order to avoid
      the real and threatening dangers decisions should be ranked according to the
      significance of the potential risks. The importance of considering the
      bioavailability of nutrients and toxicants requires a collaboration of
      specialists in the fields of agricultural production, food manufacturing, food
      science and nutrition as is shown in some examples.

PMID- 2655577
TI  - Effects of inhibitors on aldolase breakdown after its microinjection into HeLa
      cells.
AB  - 1. The regulation of protein breakdown as well as the generation of intermediates
      in the pathway from intact protein to amino acids was investigated by using 3H
      labelled N-ethylmaleimide-modified aldolase (NEM-aldolase) as an indicator
      protein after its microinjection into HeLa cells. 2. NEM-aldolase degradation to
      acid-soluble products proceeded at a slower rate than that of endogenously
      labelled total cell protein, and was inhibited to a greater extent by 3
      methyladenine, leupeptin and NH4Cl. The combination of leupeptin plus NH4Cl was
      particularly effective, decreasing the NEM-aldolase breakdown rate by 90%. 3.
      Measurements of the loss of radioactivity from the aldolase band located from
      fluorograms after SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that NEM-aldolase
      breakdown was much more rapid when measured by this method. The effects of
      insulin, 3-methyladenine, leupeptin and NH4Cl on this breakdown were also
      substantial. 4. Substantial amounts of peptide intermediates in the breakdown
      pathway of NEM-aldolase accumulated in cells. The production of small
      intermediates (less than 30 kDa) accounted for approx. 40% of the NEM-aldolase
      degraded in control cultures. Addition of NH4Cl increased the proportion of these
      intermediates. Large intermediates, between 31 and 38 kDa, were particularly
      evident in the presence of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor leupeptin, but
      almost no small intermediates were detected. 5. The results are best explained by
      the degradation of NEM-aldolase being predominantly a lysosomal process, with
      cysteine proteinases involved in early proteolytic steps and other proteinases
      that have acid pH optima required for the complete catabolism of small
      intermediates.

PMID- 2655578
TI  - Effect of the antibiotic purpuromycin on cell-free protein-synthesizing systems.
AB  - Purpuromycin, an antibiotic isolated from the culture broth of Actinoplanes
      ianthinogenes, which is very active against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi,
      inhibits protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell-free systems.
      The ID50 was 9 microM with the endogenous mRNA-directed rabbit reticulocyte
      lysate, 17 microM with a poly(U)-directed system from Escherichia coli and 69
      microM with a poly(U)-directed system from Artemia salina cysts. Of the three
      steps of elongation, purpuromycin does not affect the peptidyl-transferase
      reaction, inhibits the elongation factor 1 (EF-1) dependent binding of
      phenylalanyl-tRNA and stimulates the GTP-dependent binding of EF-2. When protein
      synthesis is stopped by the addition of purpuromycin, the nascent peptide chains
      are found in the puromycin-reactive P site. The results suggest that the
      mechanism of action of purpuromycin is similar to that of fusidic acid. Both
      antibiotics would seem to produce a stable guanine nucleotide-ribosome-EF-2
      complex which allows one round of translocation but prevents, because of a common
      or overlapping ribosomal binding site for the two elongation factors, the
      subsequent EF-1-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA.

PMID- 2655576
TI  - High-Mr microtubule-associated proteins: properties and functions.

PMID- 2655579
TI  - Membrane peptidases in the pig choroid plexus and on other cell surfaces in
      contact with the cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - A comprehensive survey of 11 peptidases, all of which are markers for renal
      microvillar membranes, has been made in membrane fractions prepared from pig
      choroid plexus. Two fractionation schemes were explored, both depending on a
      MgCl2-precipitation step, the preferred one having advantages in speed and yield
      of the activities. The specific activities of the peptidases in the choroid
      plexus membranes were, with the exception of carboxypeptidase M, lower than in
      renal microvillar membranes: those of aminopeptidase N, peptidyl dipeptidase A
      ('angiotensin-converting enzyme') and gamma-glutamyltransferase were 3-5-fold
      lower, those of aminopeptidase A and endopeptidase-24.11 were 12-15 fold lower,
      and those of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and aminopeptidase W were 50-70-fold lower.
      Carboxypeptidase M had a similar activity in both membranes. Alkaline phosphatase
      and (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase were more active in the choroid-plexus membranes.
      No activity for microsomal dipeptidase, aminopeptidase P and carboxypeptidase P
      could be detected. Six of the peptidases and (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase were
      also studied by immunoperoxidase histochemistry at light- and electron
      microscopic levels. Endopeptidase-24.11 and (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase were
      uniquely located on the brush border, and the other two peptidases appeared to be
      much more abundant on the endothelial lining of microvessels. Dipeptidyl
      peptidase IV and aminopeptidase W were also detected in microvasculature. Pial
      membranes associated with the brain and spinal cord also stained positively for
      endopeptidase-24.11, aminopeptidase N and peptidyl dipeptidase A. The
      immunohistochemical studies indicated the subcellular fractionation did not
      discriminate between membranes derived from epithelial cells (i.e. microvilli)
      and those from endothelial cells. The possible significance of these studies in
      relation to neuropeptide metabolism and the control of cerebrospinal fluid
      production is discussed.

PMID- 2655581
TI  - Effects of angiotensin II and of phorbol ester on protein kinase C activity and
      on prostacyclin production in cultured rat aortic smooth-muscle cells.
AB  - The role of the Ca2+-sensitive phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) was
      studied in cultured rat aortic smooth-muscle cells, known to respond to
      angiotensin II (Ang II) by producing prostacyclin, determined by the release of 6
      oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha. PKC activity was measured in the cytosol and the
      solubilized membrane fraction after DEAE-cellulose chromatography using a linear
      NaCl gradient. Ang II stimulated the activity of PKC in the cytosolic and in the
      membrane fractions of aortic smooth-muscle cells. These increases in PKC activity
      were concentration-dependent and occurred rapidly, reaching a plateau within 10
      min. In contrast, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) rapidly decreased
      cytosolic PKC activity and at the same time increased membrane PKC activity to
      reach a plateau after 20 min. Cytosolic PKC activity from control and Ang II
      stimulated cells was found to be less dependent on [Ca2+] than was the highly
      [Ca2+]-dependent membrane PKC activity from the same cells. In contrast, membrane
      PKC activity from PMA-treated cells was largely [Ca2+]-independent. In the
      presence of 10 nM-PMA, the sensitivity of cultured smooth-muscle cells towards
      Ang II was increased, and maximal values of Ang II-induced prostacyclin
      production were enhanced by about 60%. In cells incubated with both Ang II and
      PMA, an additive effect on membrane PKC activity was observed, whereas cytosolic
      PKC activity was suppressed as in cells treated with PMA alone. These results
      suggest that an increase of the membrane, but not the cytosolic, PKC activity
      represents a positive signal in the prostacyclin production induced by Ang II
      stimulation of aortic smooth-muscle cells. PMA seems to induce a state of
      activation of membrane PKC which does not need increased intracellular [Ca2+] to
      be fully expressed, whereas Ang II-stimulated membrane PKC activity requires
      higher Ca2+ concentrations. The possibility exists that the addition of both
      signals leads to the augmentation of Ang II-stimulated prostacyclin production.

PMID- 2655580
TI  - The eicosanoids and their biochemical mechanisms of action.

PMID- 2655582
TI  - Effects of lactate on pancreatic islets. Lactate efflux as a possible determinant
      of islet-cell depolarization by glucose.
AB  - The secretion of insulin from perifused rat pancreatic islets was stimulated by
      raising the glucose concentration from 5.6 to 20 mM or by exposure to
      tolbutamide. The addition of sodium lactate (40 mM) to islets perifused in the
      presence of glucose (5.6 mM) resulted in a small, transient, rise in the rate of
      secretion. The subsequent removal of lactate, but not glucose or tolbutamide,
      from the perifusate produced a dramatic potentiation of insulin release. The rate
      of efflux of 45Ca2+ was also increased when islets were exposed to a high
      concentration of glucose or lactate or to tolbutamide, and again subsequently
      upon withdrawal of lactate. Efflux of 86Rb+ was modestly inhibited upon addition
      of lactate and markedly enhanced by the subsequent withdrawal of lactate from
      islets. The output of [14C]lactate from islets incubated in the presence of [U
      14C]glucose increased linearly with increasing concentrations of glucose (1-25
      mM). It is proposed that the activation of islets by the addition or withdrawal
      of lactate is not due to increased oxidative flux, but occurs as a result of the
      electrogenic passage of lactate ions across the plasma membrane, resulting in
      islet-cell depolarization, Ca2+ entry and insulin secretion. The production of
      lactate via the glycolytic pathway, and the subsequent efflux of lactate from the
      islet cells with concomitant exchange of H+ for Na+, could be a major determinant
      of depolarization and hence insulin secretion, in response to glucose.

PMID- 2655583
TI  - Inflammatory cytokines induce synthesis and secretion of gro protein and a
      neutrophil chemotactic factor but not beta 2-microglobulin in human synovial
      cells and fibroblasts.
AB  - Exposure of human synovial cells and fibroblasts in monolayer culture to
      interleukin 1 results in prominent secretion of proteins with Mr values of 6000
      and 7000. By N-terminal sequence analysis, the Mr-6000 protein is identified as
      the protein encoded by a recently described gro mRNA. The Mr-7000 protein is
      identical to a neutrophil chemotactic factor released from monocytes. Stimulation
      of normal human fibroblasts with tumour necrosis factor alpha also results in
      expression and secretion of these two proteins. In addition to these cytokine
      induced proteins, we have identified beta 2-microglobulin as an Mr-8000 protein
      constitutively secreted by synovial cells.

PMID- 2655584
TI  - X-ray-absorption-spectroscopic evidence for a novel iron cluster in hydrogenase
      II from Clostridium pasteurianum.
AB  - Hydrogenase II from Clostridium pasteurianum contains three different iron
      sulphur clusters. Two are [4Fe-4S](2+.1+) clusters, whereas the other, which is
      thought to be the site of interaction with H2 and is known as the 'H cluster', is
      of unknown structure and possesses unusual spectroscopic properties. Analysis of
      the iron e.x.a.f.s. spectra shows that the H cluster contains iron co-ordinated
      mostly to sulphur and possesses 2.8 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) Fe--Fe separations when
      oxidized and 3.3 A Fe--Fe separations when reduced with H2. The data suggest that
      the reduced H cluster represents a new structural type of iron-sulphur cluster.

PMID- 2655585
TI  - The molecular biology of brain and mind development.
AB  - The recent dramatic development of molecular neurobiology has focused almost
      entirely on biological events in individual brain cells, and it seems that many
      of the goals of such work will soon be attained. Yet, when we attain those goals,
      we will still have to ask how this information will enable us to understand the
      properties of brain cell collectivities and their presumptive roles in higher
      brain functions. Even general ideas about those functions are not yet well
      defined. Therefore, it seems worthwhile to start studying correlations of the
      molecular events to these higher functions to help delineate the molecular
      aspects that need study. It is readily appreciated that we cannot tell what other
      animal species see, hear, taste, smell and feel when touching something, though
      we can foresee the time when we will be able to detail the biochemical and
      biophysical consequences of all inputs to those senses. Thus, however deep our
      understanding of the biology of those species, we are unable to establish
      relations between their biological responses to inputs and their presumptive
      mental perceptions. Even though humans can use language to talk about those
      perceptions, we cannot even verify whether someone else's perceptions are the
      same as our own, as with the old question of whether two individuals see the same
      thing when viewing something blue. Questions about still higher mental functions
      of human brains are even less accessible to analysis and can be approached at
      best, by using correlations. In this article are a number of such questions and
      their current correlation-level answers.

PMID- 2655586
TI  - The structural and functional interrelationships of muscarinic acetylcholine
      receptor subtypes.
AB  - Molecular cloning of the genes encoding the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
      has shown that receptor subtypes classified on the basis of pharmacological
      properties are related polypeptides encoded by distinct genes. These studies have
      also revealed the existence of novel muscarinic receptor subtypes. Functional
      analysis of each of the subtypes expressed in mammalian cells indicates that the
      different subtypes activate distinct biochemical pathways, a finding that
      explains the tissue-specific physiological response elicited by the
      neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.

PMID- 2655587
TI  - Cellular and molecular biology of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease results from the degeneration of neurons. Degenerating nerve
      cells express atypical proteins, and amyloid is deposited. We suggest that some
      of these events are strongly influenced by genetic factors and age. Animal models
      should be useful in investigating the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to the
      brain abnormalities seen in this disease.

PMID- 2655588
TI  - Cell-cell adhesion in the nervous system--structural groups emerge.

PMID- 2655589
TI  - Detection of ras point mutations by polymerase chain reaction using mutation
      specific, inosine-containing oligonucleotide primers.
AB  - The use of DNA primers with 3'-ends complementary to specific genetic point
      mutations allowed for the rapid detection of such mutations in genomic DNA by
      polymerase chain reaction. The sensitivity of this approach was such that
      mutations could be detected in DNA samples mixed with a 10(7)-fold excess of
      normal non-mutated DNA. To increase the practicality of this approach for the
      detection of point mutations affecting all 3 of the known ras oncogenes we
      synthesized mutation-specific primers complementary to all 3 genes by
      substituting inosine residues at positions corresponding to ambiguous bases on
      the genes.

PMID- 2655590
TI  - Evidence for the presence of DNA primase in mitochondria of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - Chromatography of a DNA polymerase preparation from mitochondria of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae on DNA-cellulose column, using Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) buffer containing 0.6
      M NaCl as eluent, was found to yield a fraction exhibiting DNA primase-like
      activity free of DNA polymerase. This fraction could support the synthesis of 12
      15 residue-long oligoribonucleotides on single-stranded natural or synthetic DNA
      templates. The oligoribonucleotides could be further elongated by incorporation
      of deoxyribonucleotides in the presence of Klenow fragment.

PMID- 2655591
TI  - A peptide substrate for Escherichia coli protein kinase activity in vitro.
AB  - The phosphorylation in vitro of a series of exogenous peptides by E. coli protein
      kinases was studied. One of the substrates assayed, the hexapeptide Arg-Gly-Tyr
      Ser-Leu-Gly, was found to be significantly phosphorylated at its serine residue.
      This finding provides the first example of an exogenous substrate utilizable by
      bacterial protein kinases. The kinetic parameters of the corresponding reaction
      were determined and the effect of various cations were analyzed. Magnesium,
      cobalt, manganese and zinc ions were all found to be activators, although to a
      varying extent. The results were discussed in terms of substrate specificity of
      bacterial protein kinases.

PMID- 2655592
TI  - The effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      (rhGM-CSF) on human osteoblast-like cells.
AB  - The activity of human osteoblast-like cells cultured in vitro is regulated by a
      number of factors, which include systemic hormones as well as agents that can be
      produced locally within bone. Several cytokines and growth factors have been
      demonstrated to be produced by osteoblasts themselves, and this includes
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In this report we show
      that recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) modulates the activities of osteoblast
      like cells derived from human trabecular bone in vitro. rhGM-CSF stimulated the
      proliferation of the cultured human osteoblast-like cells, but antagonised the
      induction by 1,25(OH)2D3 of osteocalcin synthesis and alkaline phosphatase
      activity, two characteristic products of osteoblasts. rhGM-CSF however, had no
      appreciable effect on the production of prostaglandin E2, or on the plasminogen
      activator activity associated with human osteoblast-like cells. These results are
      the first report of which we are aware of an apparently direct action of GM-CSF
      on cells of the osteoblast phenotype. These studies indicate that GM-CSF
      represents another haematological factor that can potentially exert regulatory
      actions on human osteoblast-like cells. GM-CSF may therefore be a potential
      paracrine/autocrine regulator of osteoblast activity.

PMID- 2655593
TI  - Endothelin immunoreactivity in medium from cultured porcine aortic endothelial
      cells correlates with the biological activity.
AB  - Using the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of endothelin (ET), we measured immunoreactive
      ET (IR-ET) in culture medium of porcine aortic endothelial cells. The
      immunoreactivity in the medium was compared with the biological activity. The
      amount of IR-ET released into the medium was calculated at 250-350 pg/10(6)
      cells/hr. The amount of IR-ET released into the culture medium increased
      progressively with 3-24 hr of incubation and corresponded to the increase in
      medium-induced vasoconstriction of rat isolated aorta. When the vasoconstrictor
      activities in the culture medium were plotted against the IR-ET concentration
      determined by RIA, the concentration-response curve showed similarity to that
      obtained with synthetic porcine ET. This RIA system will be a useful for
      investigating mechanisms of ET secretion from endothelial cells.

PMID- 2655594
TI  - Endothelin stimulates aldosterone biosynthesis by dispersed rabbit adreno
      capsular cells.
AB  - The effect of endothelin on aldosterone production by dispersed adreno-capsular
      cells from rabbits was examined. Porcine endothelin stimulated aldosterone
      production dose-dependently with an EC50 of 5 x 10(-14) M, but had no effect on
      corticosterone production. A calcium channel blocker, nicardipine, completely
      inhibited the stimulatory effect of endothelin on aldosterone production.
      Endothelin induced prompt and sustained increase in intracellular Ca2+ in fura-2
      loaded cells, and nicardipine inhibited this increase in intracellular Ca2+.
      These results indicate that endothelin stimulates aldosterone biosynthesis in
      dispersed zona glomerulosa cells of rabbits, and that its effects is related to
      increase in intracellular calcium through voltage-dependent calcium channels.

PMID- 2655595
TI  - Crystallographic characterization and three-dimensional model of yeast Cu,Zn
      superoxide dismutase.
AB  - The Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase from yeast was crystallized in the orthorhombic
      space group P21212 with unit cell dimension a = 105.1 A,b = 142.2 A, c = 62.1 A.
      The crystals grow in 25 mM citrate, 10 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.5, and 6% (W/V)
      polyethylene glycol, with a Vm of 3,4 A3/dalton, for two dimers/asymmetric unit.
      The crystals were unstable in the mother liquor, but were stabilized by transfer
      to a 35% polyethylene glycol solution. This crystalline form diffracts at high
      resolution and is suitable for determination of the atomic structure. The three
      dimensional structure of the yeast enzyme could be model-built by computer
      graphics techniques using the bovine enzyme atomic coordinates as template. The
      proposed model requires removal of some salt bridges and non equivalence of the
      metal-binding sites in the subunits, in line with reported functional properties
      of the yeast enzyme.

PMID- 2655596
TI  - Endothelin-induced mobilization of Ca2+ and the possible involvement of platelet
      activating factor and thromboxane A2.
AB  - Endothelin (ET) caused transient and sustained elevations of cytosolic free Ca2+
      concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in cultured rat and rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells
      (VSMC). Specific platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists (CV-6209 and WEB
      2086) and arachidonic acid (AA) cascade blockers (chlorpromazine, indomethacin,
      CV-4151 and AA-2414) potently inhibited the ET-induced increase in [Ca2+]i.
      Additionally, these compounds inhibited the PAF-induced increase in [Ca2+]i.
      These results suggest that PAF and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) may be involved in the
      mechanism of ET-induced mobilization of Ca2+ in cultured rat and rabbit VSMC.

PMID- 2655597
TI  - Endothelin stimulates the release of prostacyclin from rat mesenteric arteries.
AB  - The effect of endothelin on the release of prostacyclin was examined in perfused
      rat mesenteric arteries with or without their pretreatment with indomethacin.
      Porcine endothelin at 10 pmol (a subpressor dose) and 40 pmol stimulated the
      release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, a stable metabolite of prostacyclin. Rat endothelin
      also stimulated its release, but less than porcine endothelin. Pretreatment with
      indomethacin completely inhibited this 6-keto-PGF1 alpha release. These results
      indicate that endothelin stimulates the release of prostacyclin from mesenteric
      arteries. This release may modulate the action of endothelin locally.

PMID- 2655598
TI  - Islet amyloid polypeptide inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from
      isolated rat pancreatic islets.
AB  - Islet amyloid polypeptide has 37 amino acids and is a major component of amyloid
      deposition in pancreatic islets of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To
      determine whether the peptide is involved in the impaired insulin secretion in
      this type of diabetes mellitus, we synthesized islet amyloid polypeptide and its
      fragments and examined its effect on insulin secretion. Islet amyloid polypeptide
      inhibited the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated rat pancreatic
      islets, as calcitonin gene-related peptide did, but the fragments failed to
      inhibit the secretion. Thus, we propose that amyloid deposition may be an
      important factor in the impairment of insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 2655599
TI  - Retrovirus vectors for study of biochemical processes.
AB  - Retroviruses can be viewed as a collection of different modules controlling
      different processes. As such, they are very malleable both by genetic engineering
      and by evolution. They are thus both a useful tool in the laboratory and a
      dangerous pathogen in nature.

PMID- 2655600
TI  - The J.E. Purkyne lecture: the insertion of stalked proteins of the brush border
      membranes: the state of the art in 1988.

PMID- 2655601
TI  - From anti-asthma drugs to PAF-acether antagonism and back. Present status.

PMID- 2655602
TI  - Quantitative relationship between sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics and beta
      lactamase production in gram-negative bacteria--II. Non-steady-state treatment
      and progress curves.
AB  - A non-steady-state model is discussed for the study of the interplay between beta
      lactamase activity and outer membrane permeability with slowly hydrolysed beta
      lactams. The analysis shows: (1) that the simple, steady-state model presented in
      the accompanying paper remains valid as long as kcat (i.e. k3 with chromosome
      encoded class C beta-lactamases) is larger than 10(-3)/sec (generation time = 20
      min or more); (2) that among the beta-lactam antibiotics studied here, the
      complete, non-steady-state model needs only be used in the case of aztreonam; (3)
      that the term "trapping" should be replaced by "formation of a covalent acyl
      enzyme" and that such a phenomenon only contributes significantly to the
      resistance when penetration and hydrolysis are very slow and the periplasmic beta
      lactamase concentration is very high. Aztreonam seems to be the only compound
      which fulfils the first two conditions.

PMID- 2655603
TI  - The development of an immunosensor for the electrochemical determination of the
      isoenzyme LDH5.
AB  - In this work we describe an immunoelectrochemical technique for the determination
      of LDH isoenzymes. The method is based on the covalent binding of monoclonal
      antibody against the isoenzyme LDH5 to a glassy carbon electrode, and the
      exploitation of the electrode surface as the solid phase for enzyme immunoassay.
      The resulting enzyme electrode was studied by a computerized electrochemical
      system. This combination formed the basis of a highly sensitive fast and
      convenient technique for the determination of the LDH isoenzymes in sera.

PMID- 2655604
TI  - Idiotypic characteristics of immunoglobulins associated with systemic lupus
      erythematosus. Studies of antibodies deposited in glomeruli of humans.
AB  - Indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies to 6 different idiotypes
      was used to characterize immunoglobulins deposited in the glomeruli of renal
      biopsy samples from 32 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 19
      patients with nonlupus immune glomerulonephritis. IdGN2 was present in 75% of the
      biopsy specimens from SLE patients and in 6% of those from patients with non
      lupus nephritis; IdGN1 occurred in 38% and 6%, respectively. The other idiotypes
      were not increased in biopsy samples from patients with SLE. Deposition of IdGN2
      was associated with a subendothelial location of Ig and proliferative changes in
      the glomeruli. In studies of glomerular eluates from 4 immunosuppressed SLE
      patients, an average of 26% of total Ig and 37% of anti-DNA was composed of
      IdGN2. Compared with IdGN2- immunoglobulin, IdGN2+ immunoglobulin was enriched in
      IgG1 in all 4 eluates, and was enriched in high-avidity anti-DNA in 2 eluates.
      IdGN2 is a marker of antibody subsets that are characteristic of SLE and are
      associated with severe lupus nephritis.

PMID- 2655605
TI  - Systemic vasculitis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Fourteen cases of vasculitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus
      infection have thus far been described. Five of these cases may be classified as
      angiocentric immunoproliferative disorders, including benign lymphocytic
      angiitis, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and angiocentric lymphoma. We report a
      case of benign lymphocytic angiitis of T cell lineage. Extensive studies found no
      evidence of viral antigens in the inflammatory infiltrates, and immunologic
      evaluation of the pathologic lesions revealed the infiltrating cells to be
      predominantly CD3+, CD8+, CD4-. A significant number of these lymphocytes
      demonstrated a deletion of T cell antigen receptor determinants. We believe that
      in certain cases of human immunodeficiency virus disease, there occurs a spectrum
      of lymphoproliferative disorders with angiocentric features that lead to the
      clinical picture of systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Clinicians should be aware
      of this association.

PMID- 2655606
TI  - Immunosuppression with chlorambucil, versus placebo, for scleroderma. Results of
      a three-year, parallel, randomized, double-blind study.
AB  - Placebo and chlorambucil (0.05-0.1 mg/kg/day) were compared as treatments for
      scleroderma in a 3-year, randomized, double-blind, parallel study of 65 patients.
      Slopes of change over time, calculated for each organ system of each patient,
      failed to show significant differences between treatment groups. An
      immunosuppressive effect in the chlorambucil-treated group was shown by decreases
      in the white blood cell counts (P = 0.02), platelet counts (P = 0.04), lymphocyte
      counts (P = 0.001), IgA/IgM concentrations (P less than or equal to 0.05), and
      wheal size on mumps skin tests (P = 0.02). Three years of immunosuppressive
      treatment with chlorambucil did not benefit this scleroderma population.

PMID- 2655607
TI  - Involvement of the cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2655608
TI  - Renin inhibitors: specific modulators of the renin-angiotensin system.
AB  - 1. Angiotensin II (AII) acts as a potent pressor agent directly, by virtue of its
      vasoconstrictor activity and indirectly, by the volume expansion resulting from
      stimulation of aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex, leading to sodium and
      water retention. Various approaches of interfering with the enzymatic cascade
      leading to the production of AII have been made in an attempt to define
      therapeutic agents for the control of hypertension and heart failure. 2. AII
      receptor antagonists, to date, lack oral activity and have a relatively short
      duration of action, limiting their clinical usefulness. Inhibitors of angiotensin
      converting enzyme block AII production, are orally active and have been used
      successfully in the control of hypertension and in the treatment of congestive
      heart failure. 3. An ideal approach to the blockade of the renin-angiotensin
      system (RAS) is the inhibition of renin, an enzyme with only one known substrate
      (angiotensinogen) which catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the RAS.
      Early attempts to discover a renin inhibitor focused on immunologic inhibitors of
      renin, fragments of the prorenin sequence and compounds related to pepstatin, a
      potent pentapeptide inhibitor of pepsin and less potent inhibitor of renin. None
      of these approaches proved feasible for a variety of reasons including poor
      absorption, short duration of action and weak activity. 4. Substrate analogs
      offer the greatest promise for clinically useful renin inhibitors. Most recently,
      synthesis of compounds mimicking the enzyme transition state, the condition of
      greatest binding affinity, has resulted in renin inhibitors with potencies in the
      nanomolar range, which have shown hypotensive activity. These compounds contain
      at least one peptide bond and have limited oral activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655609
TI  - Autoradiographic localization of 125J-endothelin in rat tissues.
AB  - A potent peptidergic vasoconstrictor in vitro and in vivo termed endothelin has
      been isolated from the supernatant of cultured endothelial cells. The
      autoradiographic localization of 125J-endothelin has been studied after
      intravenous administration in rat tissues. Highest enrichment of radioactivity
      was found in kidney and lung. Activity was also detected, especially in vascular
      wall of the aorta and adrenal gland.

PMID- 2655610
TI  - Effect of flunarizine on volume flow of the common carotid artery, peripheral
      hemodynamics, erythrocyte deformability and platelet function.
AB  - The Ca2+ antagonist flunarizine (Flunarl) was administered to 14 patients (4 men
      and 10 women, 70.9 +/- 2.5 years old, mean +/- S.E.), suffering from cerebral
      atherosclerosis. The dose was 10 mg/day given for 8 weeks and the following
      results were obtained. The volume flow of the common carotid artery was increased
      in the 4th week after the administration, and this increase was maintained until
      the 8th week. Flunarizine caused improvement of peripheral hemodynamics, induced
      inhibition of platelet aggregation and improvement erythrocyte deformability.
      These results indicate that the Ca2+ entry blocker flunarizine improves cerebral
      and peripheral hemodynamics including microcirculation by inhibiting platelet
      aggregation and erythrocyte deformability.

PMID- 2655611
TI  - Determination of the optimal dose of the antihypertensive drug cicletanine
      hydrochloride in man.
AB  - The optimal antihypertensive dose of cicletanine (BN 1270) was investigated in 3
      short-term and 3 long-term therapeutic trials using doses of 12.5 to 200 mg.
      There was a dose-response effect such that in double-blind studies of 1 month's
      duration, 50 mg/d was the minimum effective dose in mild to moderate hypertensive
      patients, while a higher dose, 200 mg/d, was more effective in patients with
      severe hypertension. Despite a quicker reduction in blood pressure by 100 mg
      cicletanine compared with 50 mg, a similar antihypertensive effect resulted after
      3 months' treatment. In patients with mild to moderate hypertension the average
      decrease in blood pressure over this period was 43.7/38.0 mmHg. A daily dose of
      50 mg, which may be increased, particularly at the beginning of treatment, is
      therefore the optimal recommended dose for these patients. Furthermore, the
      similar efficacy of the 50 mg and 100 mg doses was confirmed in the long-term
      trial in the elderly. In all studies, at all doses, cicletanine had a gradual
      antihypertensive effect, avoiding the risks associated with a sudden fall in
      blood pressure. The different rates of effect of the 50 mg and 100 mg doses are
      thought to be due to different mechanisms of action: since 50 mg has no
      natriuretic effect and 100 mg has a slight natriuretic effect, which is even more
      pronounced at higher doses.

PMID- 2655612
TI  - [Molecular biology of the inhibitory synapse].
AB  - The amino acids glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid are the major inhibitory
      neurotransmitter substances in the central nervous system of all vertebrates. Due
      to an increase of chloride ion conductance of the postsynaptic membrane these
      neurotransmitters inhibit the excitability of the nerve cell. During the last
      years the receptor proteins mediating the action of glycine and gamma
      aminobutyric acid were characterized in more detail by biochemical and molecular
      biology techniques. The present data show that all neurotransmitter receptors
      which alter the ion permeability of the postsynaptic membrane are members of a
      large protein family which has evolved from a common precursor.

PMID- 2655613
TI  - [Functional implication of calcium ions in epileptic seizures. Antiepileptic
      effects of organic calcium antagonists].
AB  - In animal experiments, focal epileptic activity and tonic-clonic seizures were
      induced by local application of penicillin and repeated intraperitoneal
      injections of pentetrazol (PTZ), respectively. With epileptic activity
      neocortical and hippocampal neurons showed typical paroxysmal depolarization
      shifts. Experimental findings indicate that a calcium inward current and calcium
      dependent membrane currents participate in the generation of these events.
      Paroxysmal depolarizations were depressed by intra- and extracellular
      applications of the organic calcium channel blockers N,N-dimethyl-N-(4-cyan-4
      (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-hexyl)- N-(beta- 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethyl)
      ammonium-chloride-monohydrate (D 890) and verapamil. The same depressive effect
      was exerted by flunarizine in hippocampal but not in neocortical neurons.
      Paroxysmal depolarizations were enhanced by intracellular injections of the
      calcium agonist methyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2
      trifluoromethylphenyl)-pyridine-5- carboxylate (Bay K 8644) and of the calcium
      chelator ethyleneglycol-bis(aminoethylether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA). Focal
      seizure activity of the neocortex was reduced and often abolished by
      intracerebroventricular perfusion of verapamil, with the frequency of occurrence
      of epileptic discharges being decreased. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were
      depressed to a great extent and often abolished during an intracerebroventricular
      verapamil perfusion. Simultaneously, the negative shift of the DC potential
      evoked by the PTZ injections turned over to a positive displacement. In non
      epileptic preparations, organic calcium antagonists had no depressive effects on
      neuronal bioelectrical activity.

PMID- 2655614
TI  - [Clinical relevance of calcium antagonists in the treatment of epilepsy].
AB  - The antiepileptic effects of dihydropyridine derivates and flunarizine are
      currently evaluated in controlled clinical trials following earlier reports of
      their antiepileptic action in experimental animal models of epilepsy and
      promising pilot studies in human epilepsy. Other calcium antagonists such as
      verapamil or diltiazem have proved less effective in experimental models. They
      penetrate poorly into the CNS (Verapamil) and are difficult to evaluate
      clinically due to relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with antiepileptic drugs.

PMID- 2655615
TI  - Molecular properties of potassium channels.
AB  - The paper describes the molecular pharmacology and biochemistry of three types of
      K+ channels, the calcium-activated potassium channels, ATP-regulated potassium
      channels and voltage-sensitive potassium channels.

PMID- 2655616
TI  - [Regulation mechanisms of receptors mediated activation of phospholipase c and
      inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate sensitive Ca2+ release and Ca2+ uptake in exocrine
      glandular cells].
AB  - The involvement of guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins in the receptor
      mediated activation of phospholipase C in isolated, permeabilized acinar cells of
      rat pancreas was studied. Stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC) by agonists such
      as cholecystokinin (CCK), carbachol (Cch) or GTP-gamma-S, a weakly hydrolysable
      GTP-analog, induced production of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) by
      hydrolysis of its precursor phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2).
      Preincubation of permeabilized cells with activated cholera toxin (CT) inhibited
      cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP) and GTP-gamma-S--but not Cch-induced
      production of IP3. Pertussis toxin had no effect on PLC activity. Neither cyclic
      adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) nor hormones which activate adenylyl cyclase,
      inhibited activation of PLC. This indicates that the inhibitory effect of CT is
      not mediated by stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity. In isolated plasma
      membranes of pancreatic acinar cells a 40 kDa protein was adenosine diphosphate
      (ADP)-ribosylated by CT, which was inhibited by CCK-OP but not by Cch. A 40 kDa
      protein was also labelled by the photosensitive affinity marker GTP [alpha 32P]
      gamma-azidoanilide. Binding of this GTP-analog was enhanced by CCK-OP but not by
      Cch. It is concluded that CCK- and muscarinic acetylcholine-receptors are
      functionally coupled by two different G-proteins to phospholipase C. IP3, which
      is produced by activation of phospholipase C leads to release of Ca2+ from a
      nonmitochondrial Ca2+ pool, which is likely the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER).
      Reuptake of Ca2+ by Ca2+ pumps into ER compartments was studied in isolated
      permeabilized pancreas- and parotid cells as well as in isolated ER
      vesicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655617
TI  - [The importance of calcium for secretion in excitable and non-excitable cells].
AB  - Secretion via exocytosis is a process common to excitable as well as non
      excitable cells. The notion that this process is entirely determined by a rise in
      [Ca]i is no longer tenable in view of recent reports demonstrating secretion at
      basal or even reduced levels of [Ca]i. It appears appropriate to distinguish
      between electrically excitable and electrically non-excitable cells. In the
      former, a rise in [Ca]i is the triggering event for secretion, whereas in the
      latter, second messengers seem to induce secretion while [Ca]i acts as a
      modulator of the rate of secretion. Conversely, second messengers may modulate Ca
      induced secretion in excitable cells.

PMID- 2655618
TI  - [Properties and activation mechanism of neutrophilic leukocytes].
AB  - The mechanism of neutrophil activation by chemotactic receptor agonists was
      studied by monitoring stimulus-induced changes in the cytosolic free calcium
      concentration and hydrogen peroxide formation during the respiratory burst. Two
      receptor-dependent signal transduction sequences were identified. One sequence
      depends on calcium, phospholipase C and protein kinase C, and is rate limiting,
      while the other is comparatively fast and appears to be calcium-independent. The
      present studies indicate that both sequences must act in concert to transduce
      receptor-mediated signals and to activate the NADPH oxidase.

PMID- 2655619
TI  - [Regulation of potassium channels in insulin secreting cells].
AB  - Glucose is the single most important signal for stimulating insulin secretion
      from the B-cells in the pancreatic islets. An increase in the plasma glucose
      concentration causes a reduction of the electrical potential difference across
      the plasma membrane (membrane depolarization), and this is mediated by closure of
      adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ channels. This depolarization opens
      voltage-gated Ca2+ channels through which Ca2+ enters, elevating the free
      intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and this signal stimulates insulin secretion by
      exocytosis (granule fusion with plasma membrane and opening at point of fusion).
      The increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration evokes opening of Ca2+- and
      voltage-activated K+ channels with a high unit conductance, and this results in
      membrane repolarization. The repolarization closes the Ca2+ channels and Ca2+
      inflow ceases. The stimulus for opening the Ca2+-activated K+ channels therefore
      disappears and they close, resulting in renewed depolarization and reopening of
      the Ca2+ channels. This cycle of channel openings and closures results in
      repetitive firing of Ca2+ action potentials, causing waves of Ca2+ inflow that
      stimulate insulin secretion. Reducing the extracellular glucose concentration
      below the normal resting level evokes reopening of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels
      and closure of the other channels, reestablishing the resting situation.

PMID- 2655620
TI  - Survey of ASHA members holding dual certification.

PMID- 2655621
TI  - Involvement in the legislative process through the state association.
AB  - Speech-language-hearing professionals need to develop a proactive posture
      regarding legislative issues. The first steps must begin at the local level. The
      state association is a reasonable and logical organization from which broader
      issues may be addressed, issues affecting the professionals as well as the
      patients/clients/students who require their services. The ideas that we generate
      at conferences and meetings to improve our educational and health care systems
      can be funneled into meaningful legislative action. The legislative issues of
      today become the governing regulations of tomorrow. Involvement in the
      legislative process helps strengthen our collective voices.

PMID- 2655622
TI  - Dissecting ASHA's membership: current counts.

PMID- 2655623
TI  - Functional assessment. Current issues and future challenges.

PMID- 2655624
TI  - Medicare and nursing home services.

PMID- 2655625
TI  - The effect of placebo in the alcohol withdrawal state.
AB  - A double-blind study of the effects of 100% oxygen and medical air on the alcohol
      withdrawal state (AWS) showed no significant difference between the two
      conditions using a random sample of 50 subjects in each treatment group. However,
      both gases produced a therapeutic effect in over half the cases in each group.
      These results could be related to the possible opioid properties of the placebo
      response.

PMID- 2655626
TI  - Public health aspects of toxic chemical disposal sites.

PMID- 2655627
TI  - Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2655628
TI  - The effect of the Medicare prospective payment system.

PMID- 2655629
TI  - Studies of doctor-patient interaction.

PMID- 2655630
TI  - The role of media across four levels of health promotion intervention.

PMID- 2655631
TI  - Is modest alcohol consumption better than none at all? An epidemiologic
      assessment.

PMID- 2655632
TI  - Control of diarrheal diseases.
AB  - The tremendous advances made in the control of diarrheal diseases in the past few
      years indicate what more can be achieved. Even though the lives of an estimated
      three quarters of a million children are being saved each year, over three
      million children are still dying from readily preventable diarrheal disease. The
      challenge is to build on the successes thus far, to learn from experience, to
      promote changes in health habits that will prevent diarrhea, and to make all of
      these activities sustainable. From this analysis, we have three specific
      recommendations for CDD programs in the next decade. 1. ORT programs should move
      strongly toward promoting home treatment, building on local traditions of giving
      food-based preparations, with ORS available from health workers and health
      facilities for those who need it. Local assessment of people's beliefs and
      practices in caring for diarrhea should lead to simple methods of adapting ORT
      preparations that are culturally acceptable. Most of these traditional
      preparations have adequate amounts of the proteins and starches that are now
      being shown to produce better clinical results than the glucose in the standard
      ORS formula. Usually, the main change needed is more precision in the quantity of
      sodium added. Education of parents can then focus simply on how to make these
      adapted preparations, on starting rehydration early, and on replacing fluid
      volume as it is lost. The use of ORS packets in health facilities should
      continue, but the main indicator of progress in CDD should be ORT use including
      home solutions. Every packet of ORS should have printed on it the locally
      recommended formula for home ORT. 2. Nutritional support is just as important as
      rehydration. Diarrhea precipitates and accelerates the progression of
      malnutrition, which lowers resistance and increases the duration of diarrhea.
      Nutritional support through continued breast feeding and improved weaning
      practices using high density, easily digestible, local foods is especially
      important during and after episodes of diarrhea. 3. For long-term prevention,
      breaking the transmission cycles of the many common pathogens that cause diarrhea
      will be necessary. The most immediate preventive impact can be achieved by
      promoting hand washing with soap. Priority should also continue to be given to
      improving water supply, sanitation, and excreta control, especially of childrens'
      stools. Even with the great progress of recent years, the Child Survival and
      Development Revolution has just begun.

PMID- 2655633
TI  - New directions in alcohol policy.

PMID- 2655634
TI  - The application of recombinant DNA technology for genetic probing in
      epidemiology.

PMID- 2655635
TI  - Literacy and health status in developing countries.

PMID- 2655636
TI  - Low-level radioactive waste from U.S. biomedical and academic institutions:
      policies, strategies, and solutions.

PMID- 2655637
TI  - Prevention and the elderly: public health issues and strategies.

PMID- 2655638
TI  - Decision making for introducing clinical preventive services.

PMID- 2655639
TI  - Modern contraception: a 1989 update.

PMID- 2655640
TI  - Prevention and the field of mental health: a psychiatric perspective.

PMID- 2655641
TI  - Perspectives on statistical significance testing.
AB  - The question of whether statistical significance testing should be used for the
      analysis of public health and epidemiologic data has received considerable
      attention in recent years. In this paper we have described some of the arguments
      for and against the use of hypothesis testing for the analysis of biomedical
      data. In addition, we have reviewed the literature from related fields, in
      particular sociology and psychology, in which similar discussions have taken
      place within the last 30 years. Many of the significance testing criticisms in
      these scientific fields have been raised in the more recent discussions taking
      place in the biomedical field. We present an example that emphasizes the use of
      both confidence interval estimation and significance testing. The example is
      particularly pertinent because it represents a more complex problem than has
      generally been discussed by critics of significance testing. Much of the
      discussion on this topic has focused on simple data analysis, such as the
      analysis of a 2 x 2 table or problems involving simple linear regression. Most
      epidemiologic data are far more complicated and warrant the use of both
      confidence interval estimation and significance testing for statistical analysis.
      Both of these techniques have no doubt been misused in the analysis of data.
      These misuses may have arisen from a lack of understanding of the role of
      statistical methods in data analysis and the choice of such methods for data
      analysis. If used prudently and judiciously, significance testing can help reduce
      the number of variables involved in a statistical analysis, thereby resulting in
      shorter confidence intervals for the models presented. Both significance testing
      and confidence interval estimation can serve and have served very useful
      functions for the analysis of public health and biomedical data.

PMID- 2655642
TI  - Effects of ozone on respiratory function and structure.

PMID- 2655643
TI  - Exposure assessment of oxidant gases and acidic aerosols.
AB  - Clearly the presence of high ozone and acidic species in North America is
      primarily dependent upon photochemical air pollution. Evidence shows, however,
      that high acid exposures may occur in specific types of areas of high sulfur fuel
      use during the winter. At the present time, our concerns about exposure to local
      populations and regional populations should be directed primarily toward the
      outdoor activity patterns of individuals in the summer, and how those activity
      patterns relate to the location, duration, and concentrations of ozone and acid
      aerosol in photochemical air pollution episodes. Lioy & Dyba (23) and Mage et al
      (33) have examined the activity patterns of children in summer camps. Because
      they spend more time outside than the normal population, these children form an
      important group of exercising individuals subject to photochemical pollution
      exposures. The dose of ozone inhaled by the children in the two camps was within
      50% (23) and 25% (33) of the dose inhaled by adults in controlled clinical
      situations that produced clinically significant decrements in pulmonary function
      and increased the symptoms after 6.6 hr exposure in a given day (12, 30). The
      chamber studies have used only ozone, whereas in the environment this effect may
      be enhanced by the presence of a complex mixture. The work of Lioy et al (27) in
      Mendham, New Jersey found that hydrogen ion seemed to play a role in the
      inability of the children to return immediately to their normal peak expiratory
      flow rate after exposure. The camp health study conducted in Dunsville, Ontario
      suggested that children participating in a summer camp where moderate levels of
      ozone (100 ppb) but high levels of acid (46 micrograms/m3) occurred during an
      episode had a similar response. Thus, for children or exercising adults who are
      outdoors for at least one hour or more during a given day, the presence and
      persistence of oxidants in the environment are of particular concern. Lippmann
      (19, 30) has suggested that the complex mixture of pollutants in the atmosphere
      increased the decrements in pulmonary function of children in camps, since their
      decrements were similar to those observed at higher ozone concentrations in the
      clinical studies (30). This phenomenon must be investigated in future research
      studies since there appears to be a potential for enhanced exposure and effects.
      Ozone is present for many hours during the day in summer during episodes of
      photochemical air pollution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2655644
TI  - Communicating technological risk: the social construction of risk perception.

PMID- 2655645
TI  - [Molecular biology and functions of interleukin 3, a growth factor for bone
      marrow cells].

PMID- 2655646
TI  - [Role of the nurse in breast cancer].

PMID- 2655647
TI  - Expert systems in histopathology. I. Introduction and overview.
AB  - An introduction to, and overview of, expert systems is presented, along with some
      preliminary comments on their application in diagnostic and analytical
      histopathology and cytopathology. The terminology common to expert systems is
      defined, and the nature of expert systems is discussed. In particular, the
      differences between expert systems and other types of computer programs (e.g.,
      algorithms) or means of solving problems are explored. The rationale for their
      use and the types of tasks for which they are appropriate are also discussed.

PMID- 2655648
TI  - Immunocytochemistry in cytology. Comparative evaluation of different techniques.
AB  - Immunocytochemistry represents an important tool in diagnostic cytology. Its
      application, however, is of restricted value due to methodologic difficulties,
      leading in some cases to false-positive or false-negative results. This study
      examined the influence of different fixatives and modes of storage of cytologic
      cell preparations on immunoreactivity using immunoenzymatic techniques.
      Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were used on imprint preparations of breast
      lesions and tonsils and on bronchoalveolar lavages. A short fixation of the
      cytologic material with 0.05% glutaraldehyde or a commercially available spray
      fixative (Merckofix) enabled the immunolocalization of a considerable number of
      antigens. Optimal demonstration of some antigens, however, required the use of
      individual fixatives. Drying of cell preparations should be avoided at any step
      of the procedure to prevent false-positive or false-negative results. Smears
      stored in methanol or sucrose-MgCl2-glycerol solutions retained their
      immunoreactivity for several months. The results of this study are compared with
      those of previous reports, and the reasons for, and means of avoiding, frequent
      pitfalls in immunocytochemistry are discussed.

PMID- 2655649
TI  - Endothelial cells help in the diagnosis of primary versus metastatic carcinoma of
      the liver in fine needle aspirates. An immunofluorescence study with vimentin and
      endothelial cell-specific antibodies.
AB  - Fine needle aspirates of 5 primary hepatocellular carcinomas and 24 carcinomas
      metastatic to the liver were studied using vimentin and endothelial cell-specific
      monoclonal antibodies. Numerous endothelial cells dispersed and in bundles
      overlying clumps of tumor cells were positively stained by both antibodies in
      smears of primary hepatocellular carcinomas while such cells were rare or absent
      in metastatic carcinomas, with the exception of clear cell carcinoma of the
      kidney. It is concluded that endothelial cells, if present in large numbers in
      fine needle aspirates of a hepatic carcinoma and arranged in bundles that
      envelope the clumps of tumor cells, can (1) suggest the presence of a primary
      hepatocarcinoma and (2) narrow the differential diagnosis with the most common
      metastatic cancers to renal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2655650
TI  - Computerized microscopic analysis of prostatic fine needle aspirates. Comparison
      with breast aspirates.
AB  - Computerized image analysis was employed to analyze fine needle aspiration smears
      of the prostate and breast using both high-resolution images of individual cells
      and medium-resolution images of scenes and clusters (contextual analysis). A
      linear discriminant analysis was used to demonstrate the computer's ability to
      discriminate between benign and malignant categories for both types of tissue.
      Correct classification as benign or malignant using contextual analysis was
      achieved in 22 of 26 prostatic aspirates and in 15 of 18 breast aspirates, as
      determined by comparison with histology. The addition of high-resolution single
      cell analysis resulted in correct classification of 24 of 26 prostatic aspirates
      and all breast aspirates. For virtually all features, the distinction between
      benign and malignant was more subtle for prostatic than for breast tissue. The
      data indicate that contextual analysis may be less effective as an adjunct to
      high-resolution single-cell microscopy of prostatic specimens than it is for
      breast specimens.

PMID- 2655651
TI  - Representativity and reproducibility of DNA malignancy grading in different
      carcinomas.
AB  - The reproducibility of the determination of the "DNA malignancy grade" (DNA-MG)
      was tested in 56 carcinomas of the colon, breast and lung while its
      representativity was tested on 195 slides from 65 tumors of the colon, breast and
      lung. DNA measurements were performed on Feulgen-stained smears with the TAS Plus
      TV-based image analysis system combined with an automated microscope. The
      variance of the DNA values of tumor cells around the 2c peak, the "2c deviation
      index" (2cDI), was taken as a basis for the computation of the DNA-MG, which
      ranges on a continuous scale from 0.01 to 3.00. The representativity, analyzed by
      comparison of the DNA-MGs measured in three different areas of the same tumor
      greater than or equal to 1.5 cm apart from each other, yielded an 81% agreement.
      No significant differences between DNA-MGs of these areas were found. The
      intraobserver and interobserver reproducibilities of the DNA grading system,
      investigated by repeated DNA measurements, were 83.9% and 82.2%, respectively. In
      comparison, histopathologic grading of the 27 breast cancers studied yielded 65%
      intraobserver and 57% interobserver reproducibilities and 66% representativity.

PMID- 2655652
TI  - Reevaluation of optimal Feulgen reaction for automated cytology. Influence of
      fixatives.
AB  - The Feulgen reaction is used for cytophotometric quantification of nuclear DNA
      and texture studies of chromatin structure. It appears that fixative agents are
      responsible for the microscopic appearance of chromatin. In this investigation,
      different fixative agents mixed in various proportions were tested for their
      performance in automated quantitative cytology. It was determined that three
      factors have to be considered in the choice of a fixative: stain intensity,
      nuclear area and chromatin texture. In this respect, the Regaud fixative appears
      to be the best for automatic analysis of Feulgen-stained nuclei.

PMID- 2655653
TI  - [Plasmapheresis, immunosuppressive therapy and kidney transplant in a pre
      sensitized patient].
AB  - An uremic patient with circulating antibodies against HLA Class I antigens and
      awaiting renal transplantation was treated with plasmapheresis three times weekly
      for 10 procedures. Prednisone (50 mg/24 h) and azathioprine (1 mg/kg/24 h) were
      started after the first plasma exchange. Each exchange fluid was replacement with
      5% human albumin and frozen plasma. Except for transient leukopenia no
      complications were observed during the pretransplant treatment. Following
      treatment the positive crossmatches became negative and she was successfully
      transplanted with her father kidney. The graft functioned immediately with no
      hiperacute rejection and a mild episode on day 5 treated methyl prednisolone and
      three plasma exchange. Our patient is well with plasma creatinine of 0.7 mg/dL
      and a clearance of 60 mL/min three months after transplantation. This findings
      must be confirmed by others but identification and removal of anti-HLA antibodies
      is emerging as a promising method of dealing with the sensitized transplant
      recipient.

PMID- 2655654
TI  - [Severe asthmatic crisis in children].
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical and laboratory features of
      acute severe asthma (ASA) in children and their outcome of mechanical ventilation
      (MV). Twenty ASA episodes admitted to the hospital with hypercapnia (HC) and/or
      lost of consciousness (LC) and/or severe non reversible bronchial obstruction
      (NRBO) were retrospectively studied. Long lasting asthma and frequent admissions
      were registered in the majority of cases. In HC group (14 cases) the PaCO2 was 70
      +/- 26 mmHg (X +/- SD). Hypercapnia was associated with intravenous
      administration of sodium bicarbonate in three cases. In NRBO group (4 cases) the
      acute response to salbutamol brought out during the first week of treatment and
      it was associated with increased basal forced expiratory volume in one second
      (FEV1). Ten cases were treated with MV because of hypercapnia and/or lost of
      consciousness, seizures (one case), and cardiac arrest (one case). The later
      patient died in 24 hours. Pneumothorax and atelectasis (one case), and pneumonia
      (one case) were the complications of mechanical ventilation. Three cases with
      PaO2 less than 60 mmHg and four cases with FEV1 less than 60% were sent home.
      After 27 days one patient from the later group had a new episode of ASA. Arterial
      gases and expiratory flow measurements are paramount tools for close monitoring
      of children with ASA. It is suggested that normalization of those parameters are
      an essential criteria for discharging those patients.

PMID- 2655655
TI  - [Agenesis of the trachea. Presentation of a case and review of the literature].
AB  - Tracheal agenesis is one of the rarest and most refractory causes of neonatal
      respiratory distress; only 35 cases have been reported. We describe another
      example of this rare condition and review the literature.

PMID- 2655656
TI  - [Allergic rhinosinusitis].
AB  - Is a brief review of the allergic rhinosinusitis, the role of the immunology in
      the etiopathogenesis, remarking the importance of the good clinical study which
      is the corner stone of the diagnosis and which what others diseases make a
      differential diagnosis. We present also some of the ways to treat the
      rhinosinusitis including preventive drugs, hyposensitivity and symptomatic
      medications.

PMID- 2655657
TI  - [Liver transplant in children. Selection of receptors and donors].
AB  - The indications for liver transplantation in children as well as its
      contraindications are reviewed and analyzed. We describe the basis for a correct
      receptor and donor selection. The cost and complications of the procedure are
      discussed.

PMID- 2655658
TI  - Differentiation between renovascular and essential hypertension by means of
      changes in single kidney 99mTc-DTPA clearance induced by angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibition.
AB  - Blood pressure (BP), plasma renin concentration (PRC), and 99mTc-labeled
      diethylenetriaminepenta acetate (DTPA) renography with determination of single
      kidney 99mTc-DTPA clearance and parenchymal mean transit time (MTT) were measured
      in exactly the same way on two consecutive days in 14 patients with renovascular
      hypertension (RVH), unilateral renal artery stenosis in nine and bilateral
      stenosis in five, and ten patients with essential hypertension (EH). The
      examination on day 1 served as a control for day 2 during which captopril (25 mg)
      was given orally one hour before measurements of PRC and DTPA clearance. Blood
      pressure was reduced by captopril in both groups, but the maximum decrease in
      systolic BP was slightly more pronounced (P less than .01) in RVH (22%, median)
      than EH (13%). Plasma renin concentration increased to a much greater extent (P
      less than .01) after captopril in RVH (366%) than in EH (46%), Single kidney
      99mTc-DTPA clearance was significantly (P less than .01) reduced (-39.5%) and MTT
      considerably prolonged (170%) on the affected/most affected side in RVH, but both
      parameters were only slightly changed or unchanged on the unaffected/least
      affected side (-6.5%, -2% respectively) and were not significantly changed in any
      of the sides in EH. The degree of renal artery stenosis was significantly
      correlated to the increase in PRC (rho = -0.786, n = 14 patients, P less than
      .01), to the reduction in single kidney 99mTc-DTPA clearance (rho = 0.729, n = 19
      kidneys, P less than .01) and to the prolongation in MTT (rho = -0.785, n = 16
      kidneys, P less than .01). By analysis of the captopril-induced changes in 99mTc
      DTPA clearance and MTT, it was possible to predict the existence of a moderate to
      several renal artery stenosis in arterial hypertension with a very high degree of
      probability, and the use of changes in 99mTc-DTPA clearance and MTT after
      angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition may become a valuable tool in
      differentiation between RVH and EH.

PMID- 2655659
TI  - Captopril-stimulated renin secretion in the diagnosis of renovascular
      hypertension.
AB  - Evidence concerning the clinical utility of single dose captopril in the
      diagnosis of renovascular hypertension was evaluated. Of 173 identified papers,
      16 were specifically selected because they used single dose oral captopril and
      obtained pre-dose and post-dose peripheral renin levels in at least one patient
      with renovascular hypertension. These 16 studies were appraised independently by
      three reviewers using standardized forms for evaluation of diagnostic tests. The
      16 studies included 805 patients. All studies involved referred hypertensive
      populations; detailed demographics and clinical characteristics were not
      provided. Captopril test procedures varied in all studies. Thirteen of 16 studies
      used arteriography as a gold standard for the diagnosis of renovascular
      hypertension, and three of 16 used surgical outcome data. In ten studies,
      patients with renovascular hypertension clearly had a significantly greater
      increase in plasma renin activity than patients with essential hypertension. In
      the remaining six, plasma renin activity was increased in patients with
      renovascular hypertension but control comparisons were not made adequately.
      Existing data suggest that the captopril test may be useful in identifying
      patients with renovascular hypertension. However, specific clinical
      recommendations regarding its use cannot be made until future research better
      defines test cutoff points and identifies which patients are most likely to
      benefit from the test.

PMID- 2655660
TI  - Hypertension in kidney transplant recipients. Effect on long-term renal allograft
      survival.
AB  - To examine the effects of hypertension on renal graft function, we studied the
      clinical course of 144 kidney transplant recipients who had functioning grafts
      for three to 13 years. The patients were divided into three groups: normotensive
      (n = 32), controlled hypertensive (n = 49) and uncontrolled hypertensive group (n
      = 63). In addition to the difference in their blood pressure status, the three
      groups had significantly different levels of serum creatinine at entry to the
      study (mean +/- SE in mg/dL: 1.41 +/- 0.02, 8.89 +/- 0.02 and 2.30 +/- 0.03,
      respectively, P = .0002). Cumulative graft survival (CGS) at ten years for
      normotensive patients was 81%, whereas it was 58% for controlled hypertensive
      patients and 50% for uncontrolled hypertensive patients. The difference of CGS
      between normotensive and hypertensive patients was significant (P = .01), whereas
      the difference between the two hypertensive groups, controlled v. uncontrolled,
      was not. If serum creatinine levels at entry to the study were adjusted and the
      CGS of hypertensive patients was compared to normotensive patients with
      comparable levels of serum creatinine, the differences in CGS between the two
      groups were no longer significant. Regression analyses for potential prognostic
      factors revealed that serum creatinine levels were of more primary importance as
      a prognostic variable than blood pressure status. We conclude that hypertension
      is an important risk factor for renal graft survival, but control of hypertension
      alone does not appear to improve it. Graft survival appears to be influenced more
      by the severity of graft dysfunction at entry to the study irrespective of blood
      pressure control.

PMID- 2655661
TI  - Prorenin and renin as separate mediators of tissue and circulating systems.
AB  - The renin gene is expressed in extrarenal tissues. High concentrations of renin
      occur in female reproductive organs: the adrenals of rats and mice have
      intermediate levels. The testis also synthesizes renin, as does the anterior
      pituitary. In contrast, very low levels of renin (ie, below plasma levels) are
      found in the heart and extrarenal vascular tissues. The predominant form of renin
      in the human ovary, placenta, and uterus is prorenin and the human ovary, testis,
      and adrenals have been shown to secrete prorenin into the circulation. The kidney
      is the only organ that secretes active renin and it is also the major source of
      plasma prorenin. We have used the ovary as a model to study extrarenal renin.
      Ovarian prorenin secretion changes dynamically during the menstrual cycle and
      during gestation. Secretion occurs during the LH surge and when hCG is present in
      the blood during pregnancy. Plasma active renin does not change concurrently and
      only low levels of active renin are found in association with very high
      concentrations of prorenin in ovarian follicular fluid after gonadotropin
      stimulation. To explain the preponderance of prorenin, and the virtual absence of
      renin in the ovary we hypothesize that prorenin need not be converted to active
      renin to have effect. In vitro, when prorenin is acidified to pH 3.3 or cooled to
      0 degrees C, it develops intrinsic catalytic activity without cleavage of the
      prosegment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655662
TI  - A structural model to explain the partial catalytic activity of human prorenin.
AB  - Human prorenin, secreted from a Chinese hamster ovary cell line transfected with
      the cDNA for preprorenin, has been purified in mg quantities by a novel single
      step procedure. The method takes advantage of reversible acid activation as a
      means of generating active prorenin that may be bound and eluted from an affinity
      column for renin. Analysis of the prorenin so purified revealed that it contained
      about 80% intact zymogen; the remaining 20% comprised a mixture of various
      prorenin derivatives truncated in the prosegment, and a small amount of renin.
      After exposure to 37 degrees C and pH 7.5, the refolded, partially active
      preparation was passed once more over the affinity column to remove renin and any
      truncated prorenin forms that were still active and that were, therefore, again
      retained by the column. Over a period of several hours, refolded and inactive
      prorenin not bound to the column slowly regains 5% to 10% renin activity, even
      when maintained under conditions that are optimal for zymogen inactivation. This
      activity is observed toward both model peptide substrates and natural human
      angiotensinogen. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model in which,
      under physiological conditions, a small amount of open, active prorenin is in
      equilibrium with a predominant, closed, and inactive form of the zymogen. Support
      for the model is provided by binding studies with a strong renin inhibitor that
      displaces the equilibrium entirely to a 1:1 zymogen:inhibitor complex. Limited
      cleavage of prorenin by several different proteinases has provided a number of
      fully active renin derivatives with varying N-terminal sequences. Results thus
      obtained, together with analysis of prorenin and its truncated forms bound, or
      not bound, to the affinity column under a variety of conditions, suggest that the
      propeptide region, -Arg-Ile-Phe-Leu-Lys- (positions 10P-14P), is essential for
      the reversible refolding of the prosegment that leads to zymogen inactivation.

PMID- 2655663
TI  - Prorenin and vascular complications of diabetes.
AB  - A high plasma prorenin is a marker of microvascular complications of diabetes. We
      have followed 56 adults and 120 children with uncomplicated insulin-dependent
      (type 1) diabetes. When plasma prorenin rises above the normal range in an
      adolescent or adult with type 1 diabetes, signs of nephropathy, retinopathy, or
      neuropathy follow within one to two years. The earliest sign may be intermittent
      microalbuminuria, which can often be abolished by improved control of
      hyperglycemia. The association between increased plasma prorenin and
      complications of noninsulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes is less reliable in
      patients with hypertension and in those receiving medication that affects plasma
      prorenin. The oral hypoglycemic agent, glipizide, lowers plasma prorenin, but its
      effect on prognosis is unknown. Plasma prorenin and renin decline as blood
      pressure rises, whereas the prevalence of micro- and macroalbuminuria increases.
      Many drugs used to control hypertension affect the level of prorenin. In the
      majority of our patients with type 2 diabetes who are hypertensive or are taking
      a medication that affects plasma prorenin, microalbuminuria may prove to be a
      more reliable warning of vascular complications.

PMID- 2655664
TI  - Functional relevance of the microheterogeneity of active renin.
AB  - We previously demonstrated the presence of six active forms of renin in rats,
      based on their isoelectric points (pI). Intravenous or intraventricular
      injections yielded different renal effects with the different forms. Additional
      work is presented supporting the hypothesis that these forms are functionally
      different. Renin form 2 (pI = 5.7), form 4 (pI = 5.2) or form 6 (pI = 4.8) was
      infused intravenously (IV) in Spague-Dawley rats. The total renin infused over 30
      minutes was the amount that could generate 1000 ng angiotensin I (Ang I)/h/100g
      body weight. Arterial blood pressure, urine volume, sodium, and potassium
      excretion were determined at 15-minute intervals. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and
      plasma aldosterone concentrations were measured 45 minutes after the start of
      infusion of renin forms. Infusion of renin form 4 increased urine volume and
      sodium excretion significantly. Renin forms 2 and 6 were without effect on renal
      excretion in spite of the fact that the same activity was infused. Both PRA and
      aldosterone concentrations after renin infusions were similar for all groups.
      Nonrenin renal protein with the same pI as form 4 was used as a control. This
      preparation was inactive and implies that our data with renin form 4 were not the
      result of contamination with a nonrenin protein having a pI of 5.2. In addition,
      the urinary responses could not be attributable to change in renal perfusion
      pressure as arterial blood pressure was not altered. These data support the
      hypothesis that there are functional differences among the different renin forms.

PMID- 2655665
TI  - Lysis of squamous cell carcinoma via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
AB  - We have developed a system in which antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
      (ADCC) can be consistently demonstrated against squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of
      the head and neck. Serum samples from patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV)
      provided antibodies for ADCC. The effector cells were lymphocytes from the
      peripheral blood of healthy human donors. The SCC cell lines served as targets.
      Lysis of SCC, as measured by 51Cr release, was significantly enhanced by the
      presence of serum from patients with PV, but not by healthy human serum. Serum
      alone produced no target cell killing. Nonepithelial cell lines were not affected
      by the presence of PV antibodies. The results demonstrate that SCC is susceptible
      to ADCC. Thus, tumor-specific antibodies may have a role in the treatment of
      cancer of the head and neck. This system can serve as a positive control for
      further testing of ADCC against SCC.

PMID- 2655666
TI  - Metastatic neck disease. Palpation vs ultrasound examination.
AB  - Nodal disease is a diagnostic problem in head and neck oncology. Current methods
      for investigation of the neck are not satisfactory as far as differentiation
      between necks with positive nodes and those with negative nodes is concerned. In
      the present study, the results of palpation and ultrasound examination were
      compared with histopathologic examination results of 120 neck dissection
      specimens. Furthermore, the value of ultrasound examination, combined with
      cytologic examination, of neck nodes was evaluated. Ultrasound examination was
      characterized by high sensitivity, ie, 96.8%; specificity was 32.0%. When the
      results of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy were added to the
      ultrasound findings, specificity was as high as 92.9%. From these results, it was
      concluded that ultrasound examination with fine-needle aspiration biopsy is an
      accurate method for assessment of the neck in head and neck oncology.

PMID- 2655667
TI  - Carboplatin. The better platinum in head and neck cancer?
AB  - Chemotherapeutic regimens containing cisplatin are the most effective ones in the
      treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Because of the high
      rate of dose-limiting side effects of cisplatin, carboplatin, a second-generation
      cisplatin analogue, was tested in a phase II trial with fluorouracil in 55
      previously untreated patients with advanced carcinoma of the head and neck. Among
      the 52 patients who completed the study, there were 17 complete responses (33%),
      28 partial responses (54%), five patients with no change (10%), and two with
      progressive disease (4%). Toxic side effects of all courses summed together
      included leukopenia in 65% of courses, thrombocytopenia in 45% of courses, nausea
      or vomiting in 29% of courses, and change in serum creatinine level in 3% of
      courses. These data were compared with the results of our study with cisplatin
      and fluorouracil in comparable patients and indicated that carboplatin and
      fluorouracil is better for induction chemotherapy in the treatment of head and
      neck cancer than cisplatin and fluorouracil due to similar effectiveness but less
      toxic effect.

PMID- 2655668
TI  - Perichondrial cutaneous graft. An alternative in composite skin grafting.
AB  - The perichondrial cutaneous graft (PCCG) is a composite skin graft that is an
      alternative to the full-thickness skin graft (FTSG). The PCCG is harvested from
      the ear and contains epidermis, dermis, scant subcutaneous tissue, and the
      perichondrial layer. This experiment examined the differences in contraction
      properties of PCCGs and FTSGs. Twenty FTSGs and 20 PCCGs were harvested from the
      ears and grafted onto the backs of seven New Zealand white rabbits. The results
      confirmed that the PCCG provides superior coverage to the FTSGs with regard to
      thickness, contraction properties, and hair retention. This graft has potential
      in reconstructive head and neck surgery. When skin grafting is appropriate, the
      PCCG may provide superior results.

PMID- 2655669
TI  - Upper airway obstruction secondary to warfarin-induced sublingual hematoma.
AB  - Sublingual hematoma is a rare but potentially fatal complication of oral warfarin
      sodium. Less than ten cases are reported in the English-language literature with
      only two of these appearing in the otolaryngologic literature. Spontaneous
      bleeding into the sublingual and submaxillary spaces creates a "pseudo-Ludwig's"
      phenomenon with elevation of the tongue and floor of mouth and subsequent airway
      compromise. Two new cases, along with a review of the literature are presented.
      Management is directed at prompt control of the airway and reversal of the
      coagulopathy. Sore throat is a uniform, early complaint that should be taken
      seriously in any patient receiving oral anticoagulation therapy.

PMID- 2655670
TI  - Tracheal agenesis. A case report and literature review.
AB  - Tracheal agenesis (TA) is a rare congenital anomaly that is incompatible with
      prolonged life. It occurs in isolation or in association with other anomalies.
      The affected neonate presents with respiratory distress and is unable to produce
      an audible cry despite obvious physical effort. A difficult intubation ensues,
      and often only during a postmortem examination is the diagnosis of TA made. It is
      hoped that in addition to adding the 47th case of TA to the literature, this
      article will provide some insight into the pathogenesis, presentation, and
      management of this anomaly. It must be emphasized that as TA carries a fatal
      prognosis, great care must be taken in establishing the diagnosis. If the
      diagnosis is confirmed, complex reconstructive surgery is not recommended as it
      has not been shown to change the prognosis or clinical course of affected
      neonates.

PMID- 2655671
TI  - Effects of naloxone and naltrexone on self-injury: a double-blind, placebo
      controlled analysis.
AB  - The effects of naloxone hydrochloride (Narcan) and naltrexone hydrochloride
      (Trexan) on the pervasive self-injury of a 12-year-old autistic and mentally
      retarded girl were examined. Using separate multiple schedule (A1/B/B') and
      withdrawal (A-B-A1B-A1) single-subject experimental designs, we investigated the
      effects of both opiate antagonists in serial fashion under double-blind, placebo
      controlled conditions. Results of the two studies showed that self-injury
      increased during the naloxone trial, whereas a decrease to near zero rates of
      self-injury was observed following treatment with naltrexone. The differential
      effect produced by the two drugs was discussed in terms of drug half-life and the
      operant conditioning theory of extinction. Follow-up data showing near zero rates
      of self-injury for 22 months following the conclusion of active treatment with
      naltrexone indicated that the intervention produced a durable result.

PMID- 2655672
TI  - Specificity of polymerase chain amplification reactions for human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA sequences.
AB  - The polymerase chain amplification reaction (PCR) is a sensitive, specific, and
      quantitative assay of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The assay was
      performed with polymerases from Escherichia coli or Thermus aquaticus (Taq). A
      single pair of oligonucleotide primers within the long terminal repeat (LTR)
      sequences were used to detect HIV-1 sequences in infected cell cultures and fresh
      tissues of the large majority of infected individuals. The amplified product was
      a faithful copy of this LTR sequence. Utilization of a subsaturating number of
      cycles of amplification allowed quantitation of HIV-1 DNA sequences.

PMID- 2655674
TI  - [Neurolinguistics].

PMID- 2655673
TI  - [The reappraisal study of the ultrastructure of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary
      tangles in three cases of progressive supranuclear palsy].
AB  - Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is characterized by symptoms of disturbance
      of eye movement, nuchal rigidity, parkinsonism and subcortical dementia. Its
      pathology reveals that Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are situated
      especially in the nuclei of basal ganglia and brainstem. It has been pointed out
      that NFTs observed in PSP are composed of straight tubules, the width of which is
      about 15 nm. This report is to reappraise the ultrastructure of NFTs observed in
      three cases of PSP. They are case 1; 69-year-old male, case 2; 62-year-old female
      and case 3; 65-year-old male. The clinical features of three cases were
      characterized by above-mentioned symptoms. Many NFTs were observed in brainstem
      of case 1 and 3. NFTs seen in brainstem of case 2 were in a small amount. In case
      1 and 2, there were many NFTs in cerebral cortex, especially in parahippocampal
      gyri and other limbic areas. We examined the portions of frontal cerebral cortex,
      parahippocampal cortex, the basal nucleus of Meynert, oculomotor nucleus,
      substantia nigra, pontine nuclei and locus caeruleus of case 1, substantia nigra,
      red nucleus and inferior olivary nucleus of case 2, and Ammon's horn, globus
      pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, oculomotor nucleus, pontine
      nuclei, locus ceruleus and inferior olivary nucleus of case 3. Ultrastructurally,
      NFTs of frontal cortex of case 1 consisted of twisted tubules and those of
      hippocampal and parahippocampal cortices of case 1 consisted of straight and
      twisted tubules, being observed separately in neurons. The NFTs of brainstem of
      case 1 and 2 were mainly composed of 12-17 nm straight tubules, and twisted
      tubules occasionally intermingled with straight components. In locus ceruleus of
      case 1, a single straight tubule could be seen in the bundles of twisted tubules.
      NFTs of case 3 were composed of only straight tubules, the width of which was
      about 15 nm. Twisted components were not observed in neurons of each nuclei of
      case 3. The characteristic ultrastructure of NFTs in PSP has been an appearance
      of straight tubules, however, twisted tubules were occasionally observed in this
      study. There are several case reports which demonstrated an appearance of both
      straight and twisted components. It is easily presumed that the process of aging
      takes part in the accumulation of twisted fibrils. However, it is now under
      consideration why twisted tubules are also observed in PSP. To summarize this
      study, the cases with many NFTs observed in widespread cerebral cortex may have a
      tendency to show both straight and twisted tubules.

PMID- 2655675
TI  - [Surgical treatment of spasmodic torticollis: effectiveness of microvascular
      decompression].
AB  - We report two patients of spasmodic torticollis who underwent different types of
      surgery according to their pathogenetic mechanisms. The first case was a 42-year
      old man who had two years history of right-sided antecollis. EMG of the
      sternocleidal muscle on the affected side showed pathological findings.
      Characteristic findings on the vertebral angiography were a low position of the
      branching of tortuous PICA. At operation, we confirmed sandwich-like compression
      of left accessory nerve between the PICA and vertebral artery. Decompression of
      the nerve from these arteries led to a remarkable relief of the symptom. The
      second case was a 70-year-old man whose neck had been forced to bend backward;
      retrocollis over two years. EMG study was negative. The vertebral angiography
      showed no abnormality, either. Because there was no evidence of vascular
      compression on both accessory nerves at surgery, we chose bilateral C1-3 anterior
      root section which was effective in consequence. We found so far sixteen cases of
      spasmodic torticollis in the literature including ours who were benefited by
      microvascular decompression (MVD). All of them presented antecollis or horizontal
      type. The characteristic operative finding was the compression of the accessory
      nerve located at between the dural perforation of the vertebral artery and dural
      attachment of C1 dentate ligament. We can therefore propose a mechanism that the
      compression at the junction of the central and peripheral myelin causes such a
      neuroexcitatory symptom as in cases of facial spasm and trigeminal
      neuralgia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655676
TI  - A comparative study of Japanese and British BCG vaccine strains in newborn
      infants.
AB  - A prospective study on the British and Japanese BCG vaccines in newborn infants
      was carried out in which 317 and 285 infants were randomly allocated and
      vaccinated with the British and Japanese BCG vaccines, respectively. Four follow
      up examinations were carried out with an average of 98% of the study cohort
      attending all sessions. About half the infants did not produce any visible
      response at the end of the first week. All, by the end of the third month, had
      characteristic BCG scars with an average diameter of 4.6 mm. A Mantoux test was
      carried out at six months. A mean skin induration of 7.2 mm (SD 5.3 mm) was
      recorded. Significantly higher proportions of infants given Japanese BCG were
      found to be tuberculin convertors (74.7%) when compared to those given British
      BCG (51.4%). Breast-feeding practices and the mothers' tuberculin status did not
      influence markedly their infants response to tuberculin.

PMID- 2655677
TI  - The University of Hawaii, a School of Public Health retrospective.

PMID- 2655679
TI  - Badges of the dental profession. Society for the Advancement of Anaesthesia in
      Dentistry.

PMID- 2655678
TI  - Ultrasonic debonding of composite-retained restorations.
AB  - Ultrasonic chisels are used clinically to remove composite-retained bridges from
      one or both abutment teeth. Displacement amplitude measurements at the tip of the
      two designs available showed that the curved chisel was twice as powerful as the
      straight chisel. Investigations were undertaken to assess the efficiency of these
      chisels in vitro. Cast metal retainers were made, which incorporated particulate
      roughening of the fitting surface and these were bonded with a composite luting
      cement to extracted premolar teeth. Ten clinicians were asked to remove the
      retainers from the teeth and their application forces were measured. Clinicians
      were able to apply the highest force with the straight chisel design. The time
      taken to remove the retained restorations under increasing application forces and
      different power settings of the two chisels was then measured. Optimal time for
      removal of the retainers (ie with 5-10 minutes' exposure) required the use of
      high displacement amplitudes of the chisel, together with high application
      forces. Scanning electron microscopy of the failed bond revealed that composite
      was removed in those areas where the chisel was applied to the tooth. However,
      there was a disproportionate amount of tooth surface damage compared to that
      inflicted upon the metal retainer.

PMID- 2655680
TI  - Methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration.
AB  - 1. The pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone (MP) were studied in five normal
      subjects following intravenous doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg methylprednisolone
      sodium succinate (MPSS) and an oral dose of 20 mg methylprednisolone as 4 x 5 mg
      tablets. Plasma concentrations of MP and MPSS were measured by both high
      performance thin layer (h.p.t.l.c.) and high pressure liquid chromatography
      (h.p.l.c.). 2. The mean values (+/- s.d.) of half-life, mean residence time
      (MRT), systemic clearance (CL) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vss)
      of MP following intravenous administration were 1.93 +/- 0.35 h, 3.50 +/- 1.01 h,
      0.45 +/- 0.12 lh-1 kg-1 and 1.5 +/- 0.63 1 kg-1, respectively. There was no
      evidence of dose-related changes in these values. The plasma MP concentration
      time curves were superimposable when normalized for dose. 3. The bioavailability
      of methylprednisolone from the 20 mg tablet was 0.82 +/- 0.11 (s.d.). 4. In vivo
      hydrolysis of MPSS was rapid with a half-life of 4.14 +/- 1.62 (s.d.) min, and
      was independent of dose. In contrast, in vitro hydrolysis in plasma, whole blood
      and red blood cells was slow; the process continuing for more than 7 days. Sodium
      fluoride did not prevent the hydrolysis of MPSS.

PMID- 2655681
TI  - Comparison of the acute renal and peripheral vascular responses to frusemide and
      bumetanide at low and high dose.
AB  - 1. The effects of equipotent doses of frusemide (10 mg and 100 mg) and bumetanide
      (250 micrograms and 2.5 mg) upon renal and peripheral vascular responses, urinary
      prostaglandin excretion, plasma renin activity, angiotensin II and noradrenaline
      were compared in nine healthy volunteers. 2. Frusemide (10 mg and 100 mg) and
      bumetanide (2.5 mg) increased renal blood flow acutely compared with placebo but
      bumetanide (250 micrograms) had no effect. The changes in peripheral vascular
      responses were not significantly different from placebo. 3. Urinary prostaglandin
      metabolite excretion was acutely increased by all treatments, with no inter
      treatment difference. Plasma renin activity was increased acutely by both doses
      of frusemide and by bumetanide (2.5 mg) compared with placebo and to bumetanide
      (250 micrograms). There were no differences between the latter two treatments.
      Angiotensin II was increased significantly 30 min after frusemide 100 mg and
      bumetanide 2.5 mg, and by all four treatments at 50 min when compared with
      placebo. There were no significant differences between either of the low doses or
      the higher doses. Plasma noradrenaline was unchanged by all treatments. 4.
      Frusemide 100 mg and bumetanide 2.5 mg have the same effects on the renal
      vasculature and the renin-angiotensin-prostaglandin system. Under the conditions
      of this study, frusemide 10 mg had different effects on plasma renin activity
      than bumetanide 250 micrograms.

PMID- 2655682
TI  - A double-blind comparison of conventional and controlled-release carbamazepine in
      healthy subjects.
AB  - 1. Eight healthy subjects took part in a balanced, double-blind, crossover
      comparison of conventional carbamazepine (Tegretol, Ciba-Geigy Ltd, CBZ-C) and a
      novel controlled-release formulation (Tegretol CR Divitabs, Ciba-Geigy Ltd; CBZ
      CR). An initial single dose of either preparation was followed 1 week later by a
      2 week course of 200 mg twice daily. 2. Following the single dose, CBZ-CR
      produced a concentration plateau from 6-56 h at 50-60% of the CBZ-CR peak. 3.
      After 2 weeks' treatment, CBZ daytime levels measured as area under the
      concentration-time curve over a dosage interval were 7% lower with CBZ-CR, but
      this difference was not statistically significant. 4. CBZ-CR showed less diurnal
      fluctuation (12%) of CBZ than CBZ-C (24%; P less than 0.025) with less rapid
      changes in concentration (P less than 0.02). 5. Diurnal fluctuation of free CBZ
      and of CBZ 10,11 epoxide, the active metabolite, did not differ significantly
      between the two preparations. 6. Auto-induction of CBZ metabolism resulted from
      the administration of both formulations. The mean elimination half-life was 23 h
      (CBZ-C) and 25 h (CBZ-CR) after dose 29 compared with a base-line value of 37 h
      (both P less than 0.02). Antipyrine metabolism was also induced to a similar
      extent in both legs of the study (P less than 0.01). 7. No significant alteration
      in psychomotor function was demonstrated with either preparation. 8. CBZ-CR
      fulfils the criteria for a controlled-release preparation with comparable
      apparent bioavailability to CBZ-C. Further pharmacokinetic and, more importantly,
      pharmacodynamic studies are required in epileptic patients to confirm a clinical
      advantage over the currently available formulation.

PMID- 2655683
TI  - A controlled evaluation of a homoeopathic preparation in the treatment of
      influenza-like syndromes.
AB  - 1. A controlled clinical trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a
      homoeopathic preparation in the treatment of influenza-like syndromes. 2. 237
      cases received the test drug and 241 were assigned to placebo. Patients recorded
      their rectal temperature twice a day, and the presence or absence of five
      cardinal symptoms (headache, stiffness, lumbar and articular pain, shivers) along
      with cough, coryza and fatigue. 3. Recovery was defined as a rectal temperature
      less than 37.5 degrees C and complete resolution of the five cardinal symptoms.
      4. The proportion of cases who recovered within 48 h of treatment was greater
      among the active drug group than among the placebo group (17.1% against 10.3%, P
      = 0.03). 5. The result cannot be explained given our present state of knowledge,
      but it calls for further rigorously designed clinical studies.

PMID- 2655684
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin: influence of rate-duration profile of an
      intravenous infusion in renal transplant patients.
AB  - 1. The pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin were studied in six renal transplant
      patients, following intravenous administration of 5 mg kg-1 infused over 3, 6 and
      24 h. 2. Plasma, separated at 37 degrees C, was analysed for cyclosporin by
      h.p.l.c. 3. The data were described by a biexponential disposition model. 4. None
      of the disposition parameters (clearance, initial volume of distribution, half
      lives) changed with the duration of infusion.

PMID- 2655685
TI  - Comparative effects of zofenopril and hydrochlorothiazide on office and
      ambulatory blood pressures in mild to moderate essential hypertension.
AB  - 1. Thirty-eight patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension (seated
      diastolic 95-110 mm Hg) were randomized double-blind to treatment with either
      zofenopril (n = 19) or hydrochlorothiazide (n = 19) over a period of 12 weeks. 2.
      Office blood pressure, heart rate, side effects and metabolic changes were
      assessed at the end of the run-in period on placebo and after 4, 8, 12 weeks
      treatment at the same time, 22-24 h after the last dosing. Ambulatory recordings
      over 14 h (8 h to 22 h) were performed at the end of placebo period and after
      active treatment for 12 weeks. 3. The two regimes reduced office blood pressures
      equally with minimal additional effect seen on increasing the dose. Both
      zofenopril and hydrochlorothiazide lowered average baseline ambulatory blood
      pressure, but zofenopril had greater efficacy in reducing BP during some working
      hours. 4. Adverse reactions were mild and transient with both drugs. There were
      no significant changes in laboratory values. 5. Thus hydrochlorothiazide and
      zofenopril given once daily at low dosage both reduce office and ambulatory blood
      pressures and are well tolerated.

PMID- 2655686
TI  - Captopril: a free radical scavenger.
AB  - The use of captopril in heart failure and hypertension is becoming increasingly
      accepted. Captopril has a sulphydryl group in its molecular structure. We
      wondered if this might confer free radical scavenging activity on the drug and
      have investigated this in an in vitro system. Results show that captopril is a
      free radical scavenger and we suggest that this action might be relevant in its
      use in heart failure and other vascular diseases.

PMID- 2655687
TI  - A double-blind randomized cross-over study of the efficacy and tolerability of
      nifedipine and nitrendipine in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension.
AB  - 1. In order to examine whether nitrendipine was superior to slow release
      nifedipine as monotherapy in the treatment of mild to moderate essential
      hypertension, the two agents were administered to 22 patients in a double-blind
      randomized cross-over study, incorporating low and titrated dose regimes. 2. Six
      patients failed to complete the study because of vasodilator side-effects such as
      headache, flushing and ankle swelling. Three were taking nitrendipine and three
      took nifedipine and all withdrawals occurred at the introduction of the drug. 3.
      Both agents reduced blood pressure in the 16 patients who completed the study,
      and neither agent was superior to the other; mean blood pressure after the
      placebo phase was 177 +/- 5.5/100 +/- 2.6 mm Hg supine and 175 +/- 5.3/113 +/-
      2.4 mm Hg standing. At the end of therapy with nifedipine pressures were 160 +/-
      4.0/91 +/- 3.0 mm Hg supine and 158 +/- 4.6/103 +/- 2.7 mm Hg standing. After 8
      weeks treatment with nitrendipine blood pressures were 162 +/- 4.4/90 +/- 2.9 mm
      Hg supine and 161 +/- 6.2/104 +/- 2.7 mm Hg standing. Comparisons of these
      attained blood pressures on both agents showed no statistically significant
      differences. 4. Nitrendipine did not appear to be effective on a once daily
      basis.

PMID- 2655688
TI  - Does a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist (ICI 169, 369) lower blood
      pressure in hypertensive patients?
AB  - 1. The effect of single doses (10, 30 and 50 mg) of a selective 5-HT2 receptor
      antagonist, ICI 169, 369, on blood pressure, heart rate and the electrocardiogram
      was studied using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within subject design in
      hypertensive patients. 2. ICI 169, 369 did not reduce blood pressure or increase
      QT interval as has been reported with ketanserin. This suggests that it is the
      other properties of ketanserin which are responsible for its antihypertensive
      effect. 3. Plasma concentrations of AUC for ICI 169, 369 were low. This is
      consistent with low bioavailability due to extensive first pass metabolism. 4.
      ICI 169, 369 was well tolerated and none of the symptoms reported by the patients
      was thought to be drug related.

PMID- 2655689
TI  - A comparison of three mathematical models to describe the disappearance curves of
      subcutaneously injected 125I-labelled insulin.
AB  - 1. The absorption of insulin in constant and varied volumes and concentration was
      studied in healthy volunteers. 2. Disappearance curves of radioactivity after
      subcutaneous injection of labelled insulin were fitted with three models: a
      diffusion rate-limited, a dissolution rate-limited and a capacity-limited model.
      3. For each curve and model goodness of fit (r2) and sum of weighted squared
      deviations (SWSD) were calculated. With constant volume and concentration r2 was
      greater than 0.097 for each curve. SWSDs with the second model were less than
      those with the first (NS) and third (P less than 0.01). 4. When volume and
      concentration were varied, the parameters of the first and third model also
      varied, arguing against the validity of these models. 5. It is concluded that
      each of the three models, although yielding an accurate description of the
      observed data is too simple conceptually. Suggestions for more appropriate
      modelling are discussed.

PMID- 2655690
TI  - Cyclosporin-erythromycin interaction in renal transplant patients.
AB  - 1. The interaction between cyclosporin (CyA) and erythromycin was studied in
      renal transplant patients following oral and intravenous administration of CyA.
      2. Blood and plasma CyA concentrations and blood concentrations of metabolite 17
      were measured by h.p.l.c. 3. Erythromycin produced almost a two-fold increase in
      bioavailability, from 36% to 60%; with a small (13%) decrease in clearance of
      CyA. 4. The metabolite 17 data further support the postulate that erythromycin
      increases the absorption of CyA rather than inhibits its metabolism, as generally
      believed.

PMID- 2655691
TI  - A comparison of the effects of ibuprofen and indomethacin upon renal
      haemodynamics and electrolyte excretion in the presence and absence of frusemide.
AB  - 1. This study has compared the effects of ibuprofen and indomethacin upon renal
      haemodynamics, electrolyte excretion and renin release in the presence and
      absence of frusemide under sodium replete conditions in eight healthy volunteers.
      2. Neither ibuprofen (400 mg and 800 mg) nor indomethacin (50 mg) affected renal
      blood flow, glomerular filtration rate or electrolyte excretion in the basal
      state. 3. Frusemide had no effect on renal blood flow, but significantly
      increased glomerular filtration rate. This latter change was suppressed
      significantly only by ibuprofen 400 mg. Frusemide-induced diuresis was inhibited
      by all treatments, while natriuresis following frusemide was inhibited by
      indomethacin only. 4. Significant increments in plasma renin activity, which were
      suppressed by all treatments, were observed after frusemide. The degree of
      inhibition of the renin responses was significantly greater in the presence of
      indomethacin than with either dose of ibuprofen. 5. In a sodium replete setting
      in healthy volunteers, indomethacin and ibuprofen had no detrimental effects on
      basal renal function. In the presence of frusemide, indomethacin had more anti
      natriuretic and renin-suppressing effect than ibuprofen. There was no evidence
      for a dose-related effect of ibuprofen.

PMID- 2655692
TI  - Low and conventional dose cyclopenthiazide on glucose and lipid metabolism in
      mild hypertension.
AB  - In a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomised parallel study we investigated
      the antihypertensive activity and metabolic adverse effects of three doses of
      cyclopenthiazide in 53 patients with mild hypertension. After a 4 week placebo
      washout period, patients with diastolic blood pressures between 90-110 mm Hg were
      randomly assigned to receive 50 micrograms, 125 micrograms and 500 micrograms of
      cyclopenthiazide or matching placebo, over an 8 week active treatment period.
      Blood pressure was recorded at 2 weekly intervals during the trial. Venous
      samples were taken for evaluation of drug effect on indices of carbohydrate and
      lipid metabolism just prior to, and on completion of, the active treatment
      period. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly (P less
      than 0.05) with the 125 micrograms and 500 micrograms doses of cyclopenthiazide.
      No change was apparent in any index of glucose and lipid metabolism over time.
      Low and conventional doses of cyclopenthiazide lower blood pressure without
      alteration to the metabolic profile in the short term.

PMID- 2655693
TI  - Cytosine photoproduct-DNA glycosylase in Escherichia coli and cultured human
      cells.
AB  - Ultraviolet irradiation of DNA produces a variety of pyrimidine base damages. The
      activities of Escherichia coli endonuclease III and a human lymphoblast
      endonuclease that incises ultraviolet-irradiated DNA at modified cytosine
      moieties were compared. Both the bacterial and human enzymes release this
      cytosine photoproduct as a free base. These glycosylase activities are linear
      with times of reaction, quantities of enzyme, and irradiation dosages of the
      substrates. Both enzyme activities are similarly inhibited by the addition of
      monovalent and divalent cations. Analysis by DNA sequencing identified loci of
      endonucleolytic incision as cytosines. These are neither cyclobutane pyrimidine
      dimers, 6-(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-5-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinediones,
      nor apyrimidinic sites. This cytosine photoproduct is separable from unmodified
      cytosine by high-performance liquid chromatography. This separation should
      facilitate identification of this modified cytosine and elucidation of its
      biological significance.

PMID- 2655694
TI  - An ultraviolet resonance Raman study of dehydrogenase enzymes and their
      interactions with coenzymes and substrates.
AB  - Ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectra, with 260-nm excitation, are reported
      for oxidized and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD+ and NADH,
      respectively). Corresponding spectra are reported for these coenzymes when bound
      to the enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and liver and
      yeast alcohol dehydrogenases (LADH and YADH). The observed differences between
      the coenzyme spectra are interpreted in terms of conformation, hydrogen bonding,
      and general environment polarity differences between bound and free coenzymes and
      between coenzymes bound to different enzymes. The possibility of adenine
      protonation is discussed. UVRR spectra with 220-nm excitation also are reported
      for holo- and apo-GAPDH (GAPDH-NAD+ and GAPDH alone, respectively). In contrast
      with the 260-nm spectra, these show only bands due to vibrations of aromatic
      amino acid residues of the protein. The binding of coenzyme to GAPDH has no
      significant effect on the aromatic amino acid bands observed. This result is
      discussed in the light of the known structural change of GAPDH on binding
      coenzyme. Finally, UVRR spectra with 240-nm excitation are reported for GAPDH and
      an enzyme-substrate intermediate of GAPDH. Perturbations are reported for
      tyrosine and tryptophan bands on forming the acyl enzyme.

PMID- 2655695
TI  - Kinetics and specificity of reductive acylation of lipoyl domains from 2-oxo acid
      dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes.
AB  - Lipoamide and a peptide, Thr-Val-Glu-Gly-Asp-Lys-Ala-Ser-Met-Glu lipoylated on
      the N6-amino group of the lysine residue, were tested as substrates for reductive
      acetylation by the pyruvate decarboxylase (E1p) component of the pyruvate
      dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli. The peptide has the same
      amino acid sequence as that surrounding the three lipoyllysine residues in the
      lipoate acetyltransferase (E2p) component of the native enzyme complex. Lipoamide
      was shown to be a very poor substrate, with a Km much higher than 4 mM and a
      value of kcat/Km of 1.5 M-1.s-1. Under similar conditions, the three E2p lipoyl
      domains, excised from the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by treatment with
      Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase, could be reductively acetylated by E1p much
      more readily, with a typical Km of approximately 26 microM and a typical kcat of
      approximately 0.8 s-1. The value of kcat/Km for the lipoyl domains, approximately
      3.0 x 10(4) M-1.s-1, is about 20,000 times higher than that for lipoamide as a
      substrate. This indicates the great improvement in the effectiveness of lipoic
      acid as a substrate for E1p that accompanies the attachment of the lipoyl group
      to a protein domain. The free E2o lipoyl domain was similarly found to be capable
      of being reductively succinylated by the 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase (E1o)
      component of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of E. coli. The 2-oxo acid
      dehydrogenase complexes are specific for their particular 2-oxo acid substrates.
      The specificity of the E1 components was found to extend also to the lipoyl
      domains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655696
TI  - A loop involving catalytic chain residues 230-245 is essential for the
      stabilization of both allosteric forms of Escherichia coli aspartate
      transcarbamylase.
AB  - The allosteric transition of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase involves
      significant alterations in structure at both the quaternary and tertiary levels.
      On the tertiary level, the 240s loop (residues 230-245 of the catalytic chain)
      repositions, influencing the conformation of Arg-229, a residue near the
      aspartate binding site. In the T state, Arg-229 is bent out of the active site
      and may be stabilized in this position by an interaction with Glu-272. In the R
      state, the conformation of Arg-229 changes, allowing it to interact with the beta
      carboxylate of aspartate, and is stabilized in this position by a specific
      interaction with Glu-233. In order to ascertain the function of Arg-229, Glu-233,
      and Glu-272 in the catalytic and cooperative interactions of the enzyme, three
      mutant enzymes were created by site-specific mutagenesis. Arg-229 was replaced by
      Ala, while both Glu-233 and Glu-272 were replaced by Ser. The Arg-229----Ala and
      Glu-233----Ser enzymes exhibit 10,000-fold and 80-fold decreases in maximal
      activity, respectively, and they both exhibit a 2-fold increase in the aspartate
      concentration at half the maximal observed velocity, [S]0.5. The Arg-229----Ala
      enzyme still exhibits substantial homotropic cooperativity, but all cooperativity
      is lost in the Glu-233----Ser enzyme. The Glu-233----Ser enzyme also shows a 4
      fold decrease in the carbamyl phosphate [S]0.5, while the Arg-229----Ala enzyme
      shows no change in the carbamyl phosphate [S]0.5 compared to the wild-type
      enzyme. The Glu-272 to Ser mutation results in a slight reduction in maximal
      activity, an increase in [S]0.5 for both aspartate and carbamyl phosphate, and
      reduced cooperativity. Analysis of the isolated catalytic subunits from these
      three mutant enzymes reveals that in each case the changes in the kinetic
      properties of the isolated catalytic subunit are similar to the changes caused by
      the mutation in the holoenzyme. PALA was able to activate the Glu-233----Ser
      enzyme, at low aspartate concentrations, even though the mutant holoenzyme did
      not exhibit any cooperativity, indicating that cooperative interactions still
      exist between the active sites in this enzyme. It is proposed that Glu-233 of the
      240s loop helps create the high-activity-high-affinity R state by positioning the
      side chain of Arg-229 for aspartate binding while Glu-272 helps stabilize the low
      activity-low-affinity T state by positioning the side chain of Arg-229 so that it
      cannot interact with aspartate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2655697
TI  - Enzymatic synthesis and inhibitory characteristics of tartronate semialdehyde
      phosphate.
AB  - The immediate product of the pyruvate kinase catalyzed phosphorylation of beta
      hydroxypyruvate is the enol of tartronate semialdehyde phosphate (TSP). The
      reaction has the same pH profile as that for the phosphorylation of pyruvate with
      pK's of 8.2 and 9.7 observed in H2O. This enol tautomerizes in solution to the
      aldehyde, which in turn becomes hydrated. 31P NMR spectra indicate that the enol
      resonates approximately 1 ppm upfield from the hydrated aldehyde. By following
      the tautomerization spectrophotometrically at 240 nm, we have found it to be
      independent of pH (0.2 min-1 below pH 6 in water), except that it is 2-fold
      slower above the pK of the phosphate group (6.3 in H2O and 6.7 in D2O). It is 3.6
      fold slower in D2O. When this TSP is reduced with NaBH4, approximately 50% of the
      product is D-2-phosphoglyceric acid (substrate for enolase). Thus, while the
      immediate product of the phosphorylation rection is the enol of TSP, the eventual
      product is D,L-TSP. Both the enol and the aldehyde forms of TSP were found to be
      potent inhibitors of yeast enolase with apparent Ki values of 100 nM and 5
      microM, respectively. However, since the aldehyde form is 95-99% hydrated
      [Stubbe, J., & Abeles, R. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 5505], the true Ki for the
      aldehyde species is 50-250 nM. The enol of TSP shows slow binding behavior, as
      expected for an intermediate analogue, with a t1/2 for this process of
      approximately 15 s (k = 0.046 s-1) and an initial Ki of approximately 200 nM.

PMID- 2655698
TI  - Effects of single-base bulges on intercalator binding to small RNA and DNA
      hairpins and a ribosomal RNA fragment.
AB  - The way in which a single-base bulge might affect the structure of an RNA helix
      has been examined by preparing a series of six RNA hairpins, all with seven base
      pairs and a four-nucleotide loop. Five of the hairpins have single-base bulges at
      different positions. The intercalating cleavage reagent (methidiumpropyl)-EDTA
      Fe(II) [MPE-Fe(II)] binds preferentially at a CpG sequence in the helix lacking a
      bulge and in four of the five hairpins with bulges. Hairpins with a bulge one or
      two bases to the 3' side of the CpG sequence bind ethidium 4-5-fold more strongly
      than the others. V1 RNase, which is sensitive to RNA backbone conformation in
      helices, detects a conformational change in all of the helices when ethidium
      binds; the most dramatic changes, involving the entire hairpin stem, are in one
      of the two hairpins with enhanced ethidium affinity. Only a slight conformational
      change is detected in the hairpin lacking a bulge. A bulge adjacent to a CpG
      sequence in a 100-nucleotide ribosomal RNA fragment enhances MPE-Fe(II) binding
      by an order of magnitude. These results extend our previous observations of
      bulges at a single position in an RNA hairpin [White, S. A., & Draper, D.E.
      (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 4049] and show that (1) a structural change in an
      RNA helix may be propagated for several base pairs, (2) bulges tend to increase
      the number of conformations available to a helix, and (3) the effects observed in
      small RNA hairpins are relevant to larger RNAs with more extensive structure. A
      bulge in a DNA hairpin identical in sequence with the RNA hairpins does not
      enhance MPE-Fe(II) binding affinity, relative to a control DNA hairpin. The
      effects of bulges on ethidium intercalation are evidently modulated by helix
      structure.

PMID- 2655699
TI  - Carbodiimide-catalyzed cross-linking sites in the heads of gizzard heavy
      meromyosin attached to F-actin.
AB  - In the rigor complex between rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin and chicken gizzard
      heavy meromyosin (HMM), the direct contact between two HMM heads was demonstrated
      by using a zero-length cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]maleimide
      (EDC) [Onishi, H., Maita, T., Matsuda, G., & Fujiwara, K. (1989) Biochemistry
      (preceding paper in this issue)]. Here, the 60K peptide which was a product of
      the EDC cross-linking between two 24K heavy chain (tryptic) fragments of HMM was
      further fragmented with cyanogen bromide, and the location of the cross-linking
      sites on the amino acid sequence of the HMM heavy chain was investigated. The
      result showed that one site resided within the 77-residue peptide region
      (residues 1-77) on one head of HMM, whereas the other site belonged to the 40
      residue peptide region (residues 164-203) on the other head. This finding
      suggests that the two HMM heads are in contact with each other at different
      sites. Ultracentrifugal fractionation revealed that the head-to-head cross-linked
      gizzard HMM could be reversibly released from F-actin in the presence of Mg-ATP.
      The yield of the head-to-head cross-linking was not significantly changed with
      the acto-HMM complex between actin/HMM head molar ratios of 1 and 4, and it was
      very slightly decreased even at a molar ratio of 8, where HMM molecules were
      attached sparsely to actin filaments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655700
TI  - Resonance Raman spectroscopy of ribonucleotide reductase. Evidence for a
      deprotonated tyrosyl radical and photochemistry of the binuclear iron center.
AB  - Native ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli exhibits a resonance
      enhanced Raman mode at 1498 cm-1 that is characteristic of a tyrosyl radical. The
      Raman frequency as well as the absorption maximum at 410 nm identifies the
      radical as being in a deprotonated state. The B2 subunit of ribonucleotide
      reductase shows an additional resonance Raman mode at 493 cm-1 that has been
      assigned to the symmetric stretch of an Fe-O-Fe moiety. When samples of active B2
      or metB2 are exposed to a tightly focused laser beam at 406.7 nm, there is a loss
      of intensity at 493 cm-1 and the appearance of a new peak at 595 cm-1. Although
      the 595-cm-1 feature was previously assigned to an Fe-OH vibration on the basis
      of its 23-cm-1 shift to lower energy in H2(18)O and the apparent dependence of
      its intensity on pH [Sjoberg, B. M., Loehr, T. M., & Sanders-Loehr, J. (1987)
      Biochemistry 26, 4242], the present studies indicate that the intensity of this
      mode is dependent primarily on input laser power. The peak at 595 cm-1 is more
      plausibly assigned to a new vs(Fe-O-Fe) mode in view of its lack of the deuterium
      isotope dependence expected for an Fe-OH mode and its resonant scattering cross
      section which is comparable to that of the 493-cm-1 mode. This new species has a
      calculated Fe-O-Fe angle of approximately 113 degrees compared to approximately
      138 degrees calculated for the Fe-O-Fe unit in unmodified protein B2. One
      possible explanation for the photoinduced vibrational mode is that a bridging
      solvent molecule has been inserted in place of a bridging carboxylate.

PMID- 2655701
TI  - Human leukocyte and porcine pancreatic elastase: X-ray crystal structures,
      mechanism, substrate specificity, and mechanism-based inhibitors.

PMID- 2655702
TI  - Effects of multiple replacements at a single position on the folding and
      stability of dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli.
AB  - We have made multiple replacements (alanine, arginine, cysteine, histidine,
      isoleucine, serine, tyrosine) of valine-75 in dihydrofolate reductase from
      Escherichia coli to examine the relative importance to protein folding of the
      position that is substituted and the specific character of the amino acid
      replacement. Valine-75 is part of the eight-stranded beta sheet that forms the
      structural core of the protein. The isopropyl side chain participates in van der
      Waals interactions with a number of nonpolar residues, helping to establish a
      large hydrophobic cluster. Equilibrium studies showed that arginine, histidine,
      isoleucine, serine, and tyrosine destabilize the protein by 1.9-2.8 kcal mol-1.
      Alanine and cysteine substitutions have little or no effect. Contrary to other
      recent studies of the effect of multiple replacements at a hydrophobic site,
      there is no observed correlation between the changes of the free energy of
      folding and the changes of the free energy of transfer for the individual amino
      acids from water to an organic solvent when they are inserted into this site. The
      effects observed in kinetic studies are both consistent with and extend the
      equilibrium results; these data indicate that position 75 participates in a rate
      limiting step of folding. Some of the equilibrium and kinetic properties of the
      tyrosine-75 mutant deviated significantly from those of wild-type protein and the
      other mutants at position 75. (1) The tyrosine variant displayed a complex
      banding pattern when analyzed by native gel electrophoresis; the wild-type
      protein and all other mutants at position 75 migrated as single, discrete bands.
      (2) Comparison of the difference ultraviolet and circular dichroism transition
      curves showed that a third species is populated at equilibrium; the wild-type
      protein and all other mutants at position 75 follow a two-state model involving
      only native and unfolded forms. (3) A third kinetic phase appeared in the
      unfolding reaction; the wild-type protein and all other mutants at position 75
      only showed two kinetic phases in unfolding. Properties 1 and 3 suggest that the
      tyrosine mutation significantly alters the distribution of native conformers in
      the protein. These effects on the equilibrium and kinetic data readily display an
      overriding pattern: residues that would require hydrogen bonding or lead to an
      expansion of the tightly packed hydrophobic environment in which valine-75
      resides destabilize the protein and alter relaxation times of kinetic phases in a
      consistent manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2655703
TI  - Staphylococcal nuclease active-site amino acids: pH dependence of tyrosines and
      arginines by 13C NMR and correlation with kinetic studies.
AB  - The pH and temperature dependence of the kinetic parameters of staphylococcal
      nuclease (EC 3.1.4.7) have been examined with three p-nitrophenyl phosphate
      containing DNA analogues that vary as to 3'-substituent. With wild-type (Foggi
      variant) (nuclease wt) and the substrates thymidine 3'-phosphate 5'-(p
      nitrophenyl phosphate) (PNPdTp), thymidine 3'-methylphosphonate 5'-(p-nitrophenyl
      phosphate) (PNPdTp*Me), and thymidine 5'-(p-nitrophenyl phosphate) (PNPdT), kcat
      remains nearly constant at 13 min-1. However, kcat/Km with nuclease wt varies
      considerably: 413, 13, and 0.52 mM-1 min-1 with PNPdTp, PNPdTp*Me, and PNPdT,
      respectively. When tyrosine-85 is changed to phenylalanine (nuclease Y85F) by
      site-directed mutagenesis, kcat is unchanged at about 13 min-1, except with
      PNPdTp where it drops to 1 min-1. With nuclease Y85F, kcat/Km is 19.5 and 25 mM-1
      min-1 with PNPdTp and PNPdTp*Me, respectively. With PNPdTp as the substrate, a
      bell-shaped kcat/Km vs pH profile is seen with pKa values at 8.94 and 9.67 in 0.3
      M KCl and H2O. The pKa at 9.67 disappears, and a new pKa appears at 10.1 when
      tyrosine-85 is changed to phenylalanine (nuclease Y85F) or when the substrate 3'
      phosphomonoester is changed to a 3'-methylphosphonate (PNPdTp*Me). This suggests
      that the inflection in kcat/Km with pKa at 9.67 arises from ionization of
      tyrosine-85, which hydrogen bonds to the divalent 3'-phosphomonoester of
      substrates with this substituent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655704
TI  - Hysteresis and conformational drift of pressure-dissociated
      glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase.
AB  - Pressure dissociation of yeast glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was
      studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. Observations in the range of -5 to 30
      degrees C indicate that monomer association into the tetramer proceeds with an
      enthalpy change of -14 kcal mol-1 and a large increase in entropy which at 25
      degrees C amounts to 18 kcal mol-1. The large conformational drift and the low
      temperature stability of the tetramer recovered after decompression facilitated a
      comparison of its properties with those of the native tetramer. Significant
      differences in absorption and fluorescence-excitation polarization spectra, yield
      of tryptophan fluorescence, and binding of anilinonaphthalenesulfonate and NADH
      were observed. At 0 degree C the standard free energies of association of the
      monomers into the native and drifted tetramers were respectively -32 and -29 kcal
      mol-1. The volume change upon association measured from the pressure span of the
      compression curves was 200-230 mL mol-1 but four times as large when derived from
      the displacement of the compression curves with total protein concentration. This
      large discrepancy can be explained by the existence in the native tetramer
      population of a distribution of free energies of association with a dispersion
      from the mean of about 6 kcal mol-1. At 0 degree C and 1 bar ATP and ADP
      decreased the stability of the GAPDH tetramer by changes in free energy of
      association of +3.7 and +4.1 kcal mol-1, respectively. NAD and c-AMP stabilized
      it by -2.3 and -1.3 kcal mol-1. The variation in sign and magnitude of the ligand
      induced changes in free energy of association observed in this case, and
      previously in hexokinase [Ruan, K., & Weber, G. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 3295],
      and the heterogeneity of the free energy of association of GAPDH, revealed as
      indicated above, lead to the conclusion that oligomeric aggregates exist in a
      variety of conformations that depend upon the protein concentration, temperature,
      pressure, and the presence of specific ligands. The multiplicity of species
      revealed by the energetics raises questions about the significance of the
      structures of oligomeric proteins determined by X-ray crystallography.

PMID- 2655705
TI  - In vivo enzymology: a deuterium NMR study of formaldehyde dismutase in
      Pseudomonas putida F61a and Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - High-resolution deuterium NMR spectroscopy has been used to follow the
      detoxifying metabolism of [D2]formaldehyde in vivo in several bacterial species.
      Production of [D2]methanol in Escherichia coli confirms that the oxidation and
      reduction pathways of metabolism are independent in this organism. Efficient
      production of equimolar quantities of [D]formate and [D3]methanol in Pseudomonas
      putida F61a and Staphylococcus aureus implicates a formaldehyde dismutase, or
      "cannizzarase", activity. These observations imply that the unusual formaldehyde
      resistance in P. putida F61a is a direct result of efficient dismutation acting
      as a route for detoxification. Cross-dismutation experiments yield an enzymic
      kinetic isotope effect of ca. 4 for H vs D transfer and a similar spectrum of
      substrate specificity to the isolated enzyme. [D]benzyl alcohol produced by cross
      dismutation of [D2]formaldehyde and benzaldehyde in P. putida is demonstrated to
      have the R configuration by a novel deuterium NMR assay. Additionally, S. aureus
      produces methyl formate as a product of formaldehyde detoxification, apparently
      by oxidizing the methanol hemiacetal of formaldehyde.

PMID- 2655706
TI  - Peroxisome biogenesis revisited.

PMID- 2655707
TI  - In vitro replication and mutagenesis of ColE1 plasmid DNA in extracts from repair
      deficient Escherichia coli mutants.
AB  - We have investigated conditions in vitro for the analysis of replication of
      ultraviolet-irradiated ColE1 DNA in cell extracts from Escherichia coli. In wild
      type extracts substantial replication was obtained; however, this could be
      greatly reduced when the irradiated plasmid was incubated in extracts prepared
      from a uvrA recB strain. Modest stimulation of DNA replication was then obtained
      by addition of extracts from the same strain previously ultraviolet-irradiated.
      However, this stimulating activity proved to be highly unstable and has so far
      proved unsuitable as a basis for purification of specific factors involved in
      replication on irradiated templates. We also investigated the mutagenesis of
      pBR325 DNA replicated in cell extracts from a strain expressing the SOS response
      constitutively. Conditions for efficient recovery and transformation by plasmid
      DNA replicated in vitro were determined and, using this system, a more than 10
      fold increase in reversion frequency of a mutation in the tet gene, compared to
      that with wild-type extracts, was obtained. This mutagenesis appeared to be
      independent of replication, indicating the presence of an error-prone repair
      system in the extract. This effect was not enhanced by the presence of the muc
      gene products in the extracts. This suggests that the observed mutagenesis is
      also independent of the lexA-controlled umuCD genes.

PMID- 2655708
TI  - Membrane-bound D-lactate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli: a model for protein
      interactions in membranes.

PMID- 2655709
TI  - Inhibitors of sodium-calcium exchange: identification and development of probes
      of transport activity.

PMID- 2655710
TI  - The low density lipoprotein receptor.
AB  - The study of familial hypercholesterolemia at the molecular level has led to its
      advancement from a clinical syndrome to a fascinating experimental system. FH was
      first described 50 years ago by Carl Muller who concluded that the disease
      produces high plasma cholesterol levels and myocardial infarctions in young
      people, and is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait determined by a single
      gene. The existence of two forms of FH, namely heterozygous and homozygous, was
      recognized by Khachadurian and Fredrickson and Levy much later. The value of FH
      as an experimental model system lies in the availability of homozygotes, because
      mutant genes can be studied without interference from the normal gene. The first
      and most important breakthrough was the realization that the defect underlying FH
      could be studied in cultured skin fibroblasts. Rapidly, the LDL receptor pathway
      was conceptualized and its dysfunction in cells from FH homozygotes was
      demonstrates. Isolation of the normal LDL receptor protein and studies on the
      biosynthesis and structure of abnormal receptors in mutant cell lines provided
      essential groundwork for elucidation of defects at the DNA level. The power of
      the experimental system, FH, became nowhere more obvious than in work that
      correlated structural information at the protein level with the elucidation of
      defined defects in the LDL receptor gene. In addition to revealing important
      structure-function relationships in the LDL receptor polypeptide and delineating
      mutational events, studies of FH have established several more general concepts.
      First, the tight coupling of LDL binding to its internalization suggested that
      endocytosis was not a non-specific process as suggested from early observations.
      The key finding was that LDL receptors clustered in coated pits, structures that
      had been described by Roth and Porter 10 years earlier. These investigators had
      demonstrated, in electron microscopic studies on the uptake of yolk proteins by
      mosquito oocytes, that coated pits pinch off from the cell surface and form
      coated vesicles that transport extracellular fluid into the cell. Studies on the
      LDL receptor system showed directly that receptor clustering in coated pits is
      the essential event in this kind of endocytosis, and thus established receptor
      mediated endocytosis as a distinct mechanism for the transport of macromolecules
      across the plasma membrane. Subsequently, many additional systems of receptor
      mediated endocytosis have been defined, and variations of the overall pathway
      have been described.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2655711
TI  - Calcium regulation in muscle diseases; the influence of innervation and activity.

PMID- 2655712
TI  - Analysis of cancer-associated colonic mucin by ion-exchange chromatography:
      evidence for a mucin species of lower molecular charge and weight in cancer.
AB  - Cancer-associated mucins in the colon are antigenically distinct and glycosylated
      differently from their normal counterparts. Mucin-rich glycoconjugate
      preparations were made from nine non-neoplastic colons, seven colon cancers, and
      two different xenografts from mucin-producing human colon cancer cell lines, and
      radiolabeled with 3H. The preparation was applied to a DEAE-cellulose ion
      exchange column, and eluted with a discontinuous ascending NaCl gradient
      resulting in seven discrete fractions or 'species'. Over half of the 3H-labeled
      glycoconjugates from specimens of non-neoplastic colonic epithelium eluted in
      fraction V (eluted with 0.25 NaCl). Significantly less of the 3H-labeled
      glycoconjugates from specimens of colon cancer eluted in fraction V (34%, P less
      than 0.0005), and there were significant increases in glycoconjugates eluted in
      fractions IV (P less than 0.008), III (P less than 0.0005), and II (P less than
      0.028). Additional samples were prepared without the radiolabeling procedures,
      chromatographed on a DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange column, and analyzed for
      monosaccharide content. Each of the fractions contained the monosaccharides
      expected in mucin-type glycoproteins, but only sialic acid was differentially
      expressed in the seven fractions or 'species', occurring principally in the more
      charged species. However, differences in sialic acid content were not sufficient
      to explain the differences in retention on the ion-exchange column, nor were
      differences in O-acetylation of the mucins. Mucin-type glycoconjugates from colon
      cancers are relatively less charged than those from the normal colon, and elute
      at lower ionic strengths. Of interest, cancer-associated mucins appear to be of
      lower molecular weight than their normal counterparts. Additional studies of
      oligosaccharide and apomucin structure will be required to explain the molecular
      basis of these differences in charge.

PMID- 2655713
TI  - Purification and characterization of a novel type of catalase from the bacterium
      Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - A novel type of catalase, designated KpA, was purified from the bacterium
      Klebsiella pneumoniae. The enzyme is unique in that it is a dimer with subunit
      molecular weight of 80,000, it bears a chlorine-type heme as prosthetic group,
      and is active over a very wide range of H+ concentrations, with a plateau from pH
      2.8 to 11.8. Yet, some properties of KpA are characteristic of typical catalases:
      it is stable when treated with with ethanol/chloroform, cannot be reduced by
      dithionite and it is inhibited by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and by the conjugate
      acid forms of azide and cyanide. The protein of KpA is outstandingly resistant to
      denaturing conditions: it retains full activity when incubated with 8 M urea, at
      30 degrees C for 4 days, it is stable for 1 h at 70 degrees C and at pH values
      3.1 and 11.5 and, when dialyzed against 50 mM H2O2, it still retains 42% of its
      activity after 80 min.

PMID- 2655714
TI  - Quantitation and immunohistochemical localization of cathepsins E and D in rat
      tissues and blood cells.
AB  - The distribution of cathepsins E and D in various rat tissues and blood cells was
      determined by immunoprecipitation and by immunohistochemistry with discriminative
      antibodies specific for each enzyme. While cathepsin D was detected in all of the
      tissues and blood cells tested (except for erythrocytes), cathepsin E had a
      relatively limited distribution. The cathepsin E content was highest in the
      stomach and was succeeded in the following order by the urinary bladder, thymus,
      spleen, cervical lymph node and bone marrow. Significant amounts of cathepsin E
      were also found in the colon, rectum, jejunum, skin, lung, kidney and
      submandibular gland. The other tissues tested had little or no detectable
      cathepsin E content. Of the blood cells tested, lymphocytes and peritoneal
      neutrophils contained high levels of cathepsin E. Erythrocytes had cathepsin E
      only as aspartic proteinases. When the subcellular localization of cathepsin E in
      the neutrophils was investigated by fractionation of the postnuclear
      supernatants, the enzyme behaved as a soluble cytosolic enzyme. In contrast,
      cathepsin D was mainly associated with the granular fraction. The
      immunohistochemical localization of cathepsins E and D was clearly different in
      the stomach, large intestines, kidney and urinary bladder, but was similar in the
      lymph node and spleen. The tissue-fixed macrophages, which were notable in the
      skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues, submucosal layers of the gastrointestinal
      tracts, salivary gland, lung and trachea, also exhibited similar intense
      immunoreactivities demonstrative of both cathepsins E and D.

PMID- 2655715
TI  - The ethology of saccades: a non-cognitive model.
AB  - It is proposed that there is a low-level automatic component of visual scanning
      in which saccades are triggered probabilistically in time by non-foveal stimulus
      features. By ignoring cognitive factors and memory, a first-order Markov approach
      is taken, which is tractable for spatially homogeneous stimuli. The predicted
      distributions of saccade magnitude, fixation duration, fixation position, and how
      they are related to stimulus size are in good agreement with empirical
      observations by Bahill et al. (1975), Enoch (1959), and Harris et al. (1988).
      Ways in which this low-level process could be modulated by cognitive factors are
      discussed.

PMID- 2655716
TI  - Cerebral metabolic response and mitochondrial activity following insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia in newborn lambs.
AB  - We evaluated the newborn lamb's cerebral cellular activity and metabolism
      following acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Eleven animals received an insulin
      bolus followed by a continuous infusion to maintain a plasma glucose of 1 mM/l
      for 2 h, while 8 other animals received an equivalent dose of saline. Following
      the induction of hypoglycemia, the animals became quiet and transient seizures
      were observed in 3 animals. A significant increase in heart rate (p less than
      0.01), and a decrease in arterial PaCO2 at 30 min (p less than 0.01), and pH at 2
      h (p = 0.02), following hypoglycemia, were observed in the experimental group.
      Hypoglycemia did not significantly alter the cerebral blood flow, mitochondrial
      respiratory control ratio or the state-3 activity. The cerebral arteriovenous
      difference (CAVD) for oxygen did not change, while the glucose CAVD was
      significantly reduced from 0.47 +/- 0.21 to 0.24 +/- 0.16 mM/l (p less than 0.05)
      at the end of the hypoglycemia period, suggesting consumption of alternate
      substrates of energy by the brain. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia was associated
      with a significant increase in arterial lactate (p less than 0.01), and a
      significant correlation (p less than 0.01) between arterial and CAVD for lactate
      and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOB) was observed. Cerebral consumption of alternate
      substrates of energy was inconsistent, and only observed for lactate in 5 and for
      BOB in 3 experimental animals following hypoglycemia. These data indicate that
      the newborn lamb's cerebral cellular activity is not affected by the degree of
      hypoglycemia achieved in these studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655717
TI  - Prophylactic effects of neuroleptics in symptom-free schizophrenics: a
      comparative dose-response study of timiperone and sulpiride.
AB  - Remitted schizophrenic outpatients were prophylactically treated to prevent
      relapse with three different doses of timiperone or sulpiride for a year in a
      double-blind controlled study employing a randomized design. Each drug's ability
      to prevent relapse was by counting the number of subjects with different outcomes
      (remission, relapse, adverse reactions) during the trial and/or the number of
      symptom-free days for each patient before any sign of relapse or adverse
      reactions appeared. Patients were randomly assigned to the following drugs, which
      were orally administered once every night: placebo; timiperone 1 mg, 3 mg, 6 mg;
      sulpiride 100 mg, 300 mg, 600 mg. Data from previous studies involving
      haloperidol and propericiazine were utilized as a retrospective placebo group to
      compare the characteristics of the four drugs for maintenance treatment of
      remitted schizophrenic outpatients. Both timiperone and sulpiride increased the
      number of patients in remission and decreased the number of patients who
      relapsed, compared with the placebo group. With timiperone, there was an
      especially marked increase in the number of patients who showed signs of adverse
      reactions compared with sulpiride. Sulpiride was the only drug that increased the
      number of dose-dependent symptom-free days. However, both of these drugs
      significantly increased the number of symptom-free days compared with placebo. By
      comparing the dose-response curves of four drugs tested in the same fashion,
      haloperidol and sulpiride were superior to propericiazine and timiperone because
      they displayed a wider dose range for the maintenance treatment of remitted
      schizophrenic outpatients.

PMID- 2655718
TI  - Effect of the 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin on the ECT-induced prolactin release.

PMID- 2655719
TI  - Reduced REM latency predicts response to tricyclic medication in depressed
      outpatients.
AB  - Forty-two outpatients with major depressive disorder entered a double-blind,
      randomized trial of either desipramine or amitriptyline for a minimum of 6 weeks.
      Pretreatment polysomnographic and clinical measures were used to predict
      response. Response was defined as a 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
      score less than or equal to 9 at the end of treatment. There was a 61.1% response
      rate for patients treated with amitriptyline and a 66.7% response rate for
      patients treated with desipramine. Reduced REM latency (2-night mean less than or
      equal to 65.0 min) predicted a positive response to these tricyclic
      antidepressants. REM latency did not differentiate between desipramine or
      amitriptyline responders. More patients with reduced REM latency (80%) responded
      to treatment compared with patients with nonreduced REM latency (50%). The 80%
      response rate in reduced REM latency depressed patients confirms our previous
      findings in a mixed inpatient and outpatient sample. Contrary to our hypothesis,
      in this sample, endogenous depression was not associated with a good response to
      tricyclic medication.

PMID- 2655720
TI  - Regulation of progesterone production in the rabbit corpus luteum.
AB  - Substantial evidence accumulated over six decades has established that estradiol
      exerts a dominant stimulatory influence on the production of progesterone by
      luteal tissue in pseudopregnant or pregnant rabbits, beginning approximately five
      days after ovulation. The direct steroidogenic action of estradiol on the luteal
      cell is mediated by the estrogen-receptor protein complex at the nuclear level.
      Major effects of estradiol lie distal to cholesterol ester and the formation of
      lipid droplets, and proximal to cholesterol availability for translocation into
      cytochrome P-450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P-450scc). Structure
      function studies corroborate this as an estrogen-sensitive segment of the
      steroidogenic pathway in the rabbit corpus luteum. Estradiol increases the amount
      of precursor available for pregnenolone production in rabbit luteal mitochondria.
      Whether this is because of enhanced precursor storage in the mitochondria or
      because of effects on intramitochondrial movement of precursor, or both, is
      unclear. There is a void in knowledge between events at the nuclear level in
      response to the estrogen stimulus and known post-translational effects at the
      level of cellular and subcellular organelles. Studies to determine estrogen
      sensitive transcriptional and translational events associated with
      steroidogenesis in the rabbit luteal cell model offer a novel perspective for an
      improved understanding of the regulatory processes governing steroidogenesis.

PMID- 2655721
TI  - Role of prolactin and luteinizing hormone in regulating timing of implantation in
      the spotted skunk.
AB  - The western spotted skunk exhibits an obligate delay of implantation lasting 200
      220 days. The pituitary is essential for luteal activation. The corpora lutea, in
      turn, secrete the hormones necessary for blastocyst implantation. Two experiments
      were designed to determine which pituitary hormones are responsible for
      increasing luteal activity and induction of implantation. Forty-two pregnant
      skunks with delayed implanting blastocysts were treated as follows: 13 served as
      untreated controls, 6 received 0.5 mg prolactin (PRL) daily, and 5 received
      diluent beginning in January. Four received 1.5 mg bromocriptine (CB-154) daily,
      3 received both CB-154 and PRL, 3 received diluent, 5 received a gonadotropin
      releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) dispensed from osmotic minipumps, and 3
      received diluent dispensed from osmotic minipumps starting in April. The skunks
      were subjected to a natural photoperiod. Duration of preimplantation and blood
      levels of progesterone and luteinizing hormone were measured. PRL significantly
      (p less than 0.05) shortened and CB-154 significantly (p less than 0.05)
      prolonged the duration of preimplantation when compared to controls (148 +/- 33.6
      vs. 251 +/- 3.2 vs. 199 +/- 5.1 days, respectively). PRL was able to reverse the
      inhibitory effect of CB-154 when both were administered simultaneously (195 +/-
      4.0 vs. 251 +/- 3.2 days). GnRHa had no significant (p greater than 0.05) effect
      on duration of preimplantation (199 +/- 5.1 days) when compared to controls (203
      +/- 3.2 days). These results indicate that PRL is the primary pituitary hormone
      responsible for increased luteal activity and subsequent blastocyst implantation
      in the spotted skunk.

PMID- 2655722
TI  - Suppression of luteal estradiol receptors and progesterone synthesis by a
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (WY-40972) during midgestation.
AB  - Our recent studies demonstrated that the continuous administration of a
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-Ag: WY-40972) in early pregnancy or
      midpregnancy induces abortion in rats by suppressing the plasma levels of
      progesterone (P) within 24 h. This fall in P levels is not accompanied by a fall
      in ovarian vein plasma testosterone (T) or estradiol (E). To determine whether
      the suppression of P by GnRH-Ag at midpregnancy is due to decreased E present in
      the corpora lutea (CL) and/or a decrease in luteal receptors of E, rats were
      treated continuously on Days 11-14 of pregnancy with 5 micrograms/day of GnRH-Ag
      delivered by an osmotic minipump. Ovarian blood samples were obtained on Day 12;
      at autopsy, CL were harvested and incubated with Medium 199 for 4 h at 37 degrees
      C under an atmosphere of 95% O2:5% CO2. Additional rats were killed on Day 12 or
      14; CL were isolated from the ovary and pooled within the group for measurement
      of nuclear and cytosolic E receptors. While the net synthesis of P by CL in the
      GnRH-Ag-treated rats decreased to 40 +/- 14 from 138 +/- 54 ng/CL in controls, T
      and E levels were not different from their respective controls. Steroid levels in
      the ovarian vein plasma reflected a similar response. Nuclear E receptors levels
      were 211 and 198 in controls and 62 and 61 fmoles/mg DNA in the treated group on
      Days 12 and 14, respectively. These results suggest that GnRH-Ag has no effect on
      the ability of the luteal synthesis of T and E and that the anti-pregnancy effect
      of GnRH-Ag may be at the level of the CL due to the direct inhibitory effect of
      GnRH-Ag on the luteal synthesis of P which, in turn, results in a fall in E
      receptors in the CL. Alternatively, GnRH-Ag treatment could suppress luteal
      receptors for rat placental lactogen that, in turn, lower luteal E receptors,
      leading to a fall in luteal synthesis and release of P.

PMID- 2655723
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-containing nerves in rat gonads: sex difference and development.
AB  - The objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate for a sex difference in
      innervation of adult rat gonads by neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive (NPY-I) nerves
      and 2) to examine the development of innervation of rat gonads by NPY-I nerves
      during the fetal and neonatal periods. With fluorescence immunocytochemistry, NPY
      I nerves were profuse in adult ovarian tissues. Ovarian blood vessels were
      particularly well innervated by NPY-I nerves, and nerves were also detected in
      interstitial gland tissues. No nerves were found within the testis, and NPY-I
      nerves were only rarely located within the tunica albuginea. During fetal life,
      ovaries were devoid of NPY-I nerves; however, nerves were visualized within the
      connective tissue immediately peripheral to the ovary on fetal Day 22. As early
      as postnatal Day 2, NPY-I nerves were observed in connective tissue septa of the
      developing ovary. By postnatal Day 12, NPY-I nerves surrounded developing
      follicles and blood vessels of the ovarian cortex. In the developing testis after
      postnatal Day 5, NPY-I nerves were limited to the tunica albuginea and
      surrounding large subcapsular blood vessels. Structures within the testis lacked
      innervation by NPY-I nerves. These anatomical studies suggest that NPY-I nerves
      are absent in the gonads during fetal life and grow into the ovary and not the
      testis during the perinatal period and that NPY-I nerves may play a role in the
      functioning of the rat ovary, but may not be important in control of testicular
      function.

PMID- 2655724
TI  - Implantable reservoir for supplemental insulin delivery on demand by external
      compression.
AB  - Previously, a small implant of compressed insulin in palmitic acid provided a
      basal dose to reduce hyperglycaemia for 42 +/- 12 d in rats with induced
      diabetes. This study describes a silicone implant that can be used for
      preprandial dose supplements. The device consists of two compartments assembled
      by attaching a 9 mm diameter foam ring to a 6 mm diameter ring of the same
      material. The assembly is then enclosed between two membranes, and an annular
      external wall. Before sealing, a 6 mg piece of compressed insulin (Zn) is
      inserted into the smaller ring with 2 mg tetracycline to hinder microbial growth.
      The top membrane is pierced once with an 18 gauge needle, and the device is
      tested by implanting under the abdominal skin of diabetic rats. Serous fluid soon
      enters to fill the 141 microliter internal volume through the orifice and
      dissolves some of the insulin which does not leak out. Sidewise compression
      weekly over the skin fold of the unanesthetized animal shows that the insulin
      remained potent until used up after 154 d. When compressed daily, the insulin
      supply lasted for 24 +/- 4 d and maintained the blood glucose consistently at 3.4
      +/- 1.1 mM/l for 6-8 h each day. The dependable device is refillable
      percutaneously by injection of an insulin suspension.

PMID- 2655725
TI  - Is greater female longevity a general finding among animals?
AB  - (A) There are data showing beyond question a gender gap, with women living longer
      than men, especially in economically developed societies. There is greater male
      vulnerability to the major causes of human death. (B) In lower animals there are
      data suggesting a female survival advantage to adult life in many species, but
      the observations do not consider longevity or survival to an advanced age. (C) In
      laboratory rodents kept under controlled conditions the relationship of sex to
      longevity is variable, with males sometimes showing greater longevity than
      females and with life span being dependent on factors like breeding and diet. (D)
      Similar genetic and hormonal processes operate in humans and in non-human mammals
      including the genetic mechanism of sex determination, the hormonal consequences
      of sex determination, and the effects of hormones on processes which affect
      longevity such as cholesterol levels and immune functions. (E) Causes of death in
      humans and animals are different, and it seems unlikely, therefore, that the same
      mechanisms could be determinants of longevity in all mammalian species. (F) Human
      male and female longevity continue to change, and it is likely that the gender
      gap will narrow, with societal and medical changes in post-industrial societies
      reducing the male disadvantages in behaviour and in the handling of cholesterol.
      (G) It remains an important question whether part of the gender gap seen in
      humans is based on other differences in the basic biology of males and females.

PMID- 2655726
TI  - Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the
      empirical evidence.
AB  - One commonly cited benefit to animals that forage in groups is an increase in the
      probability of detecting a predator, and a decrease in the time spent in predator
      detection. A mathematical model (Pulliam 1973) predicts a negative relationship
      between group size and vigilance rates. Over fifty studies of birds and mammals
      report that the relationship at least partly explains why individuals forage in
      groups. This review evaluates the strength of these conclusions based on their
      evidence. Those variables that may confound the relationship between vigilance
      and group size are outlined, and their control is assessed for each study. The
      variables I consider to be important include the density and type of food;
      competition between individuals; the proximity to both a safe place and the
      observer; the presence of predators; the visibility within the habitat; the
      composition of the group; the ambient temperature and the time of day. Based on
      these assessments, most of the studies fail to adequately demonstrate an
      unambiguous relationship between vigilance behavior and group size. Nevertheless,
      many studies reveal interesting features of the relationship between vigilance
      and group size that should provide fruitful avenues for future research.

PMID- 2655727
TI  - Modelling paired survival data with covariates.
AB  - The objective of this paper is to consider the parametric analysis of paired
      censored survival data when additional covariate information is available, as in
      the Diabetic Retinopathy Study, which assessed the effectiveness of laser
      photocoagulation in delaying loss of visual acuity. Our first approach is to
      extend the fully parametric model of Clayton (1978, Biometrika 65, 141-151) to
      incorporate covariate information. Our second approach is to obtain parameter
      estimates from an independence working model together with robust variance
      estimates. The approaches are compared in terms of efficiency and computational
      considerations. A fundamental consideration in choosing a strategy for the
      analysis of paired survival data is whether the correlation within a pair is a
      nuisance parameter or a parameter of intrinsic scientific interest. The
      approaches are illustrated with the Diabetic Retinopathy Study.

PMID- 2655728
TI  - A general class of nonparametric tests for survival analysis.
AB  - Tarone and Ware (1977, Biometrika 64, 156-160) developed a general class of s
      sample test statistics for right-censored survival data that includes the log
      rank and modified Wilcoxon procedures. Subsequently, many authors have considered
      two- and s-sample classes in detail. In this paper a family of nonparametric
      statistics is shown to unify existing and generate new test statistics for the s
      (greater than or equal to 2)-sample, s-sample trend, and single continuous
      covariate problems.

PMID- 2655729
TI  - The application of the GSK method to the determination of minimum sample sizes.
AB  - Grizzle, Starmer, and Koch (1969, Biometrics 25, 489-503) presented a unified
      approach for data analysis when the outcome variable is measured on a nominal or
      ordinal scale. The technique uses a weighted least squares methodology, and
      hypotheses are tested using asymptotic chi-square statistics. In this paper, we
      adapt these procedures to the problem of determining the minimum sample size
      required for an applied research effort, and use the noncentral versions of these
      chi-square statistics. The results are compared against several procedures widely
      used in the literature, and are found to concur well with these techniques. As
      well, some new situations are considered.

PMID- 2655730
TI  - Maximum likelihood estimation for incomplete repeated-measures experiments under
      an ARMA covariance structure.
AB  - A stochastic model is presented for the analysis of incomplete repeated-measures
      experiments. The general linear model is used to relate the response measures to
      other variables which are thought to account for inherent variation; an
      autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time series representation is used to model
      disturbance terms. Maximum likelihood estimation procedures are considered, and
      the properties of these estimators are derived. It is concluded that while the
      assumptions underpinning the ARMA covariance models may be somewhat restrictive,
      they provide a useful inferential vehicle, particularly in the presence of
      missing values.

PMID- 2655731
TI  - 2 x 2 kappa coefficients: measures of agreement or association.
AB  - Two general but different contexts in which kappa might be used are defined:
      agreement and association. Two models, one for agreement and one for utility of
      association, are defined yielding different kappa coefficients and different
      sampling theory. Asymptotic results are derived for both models. Small-sample
      evaluations are presented for the model for agreement.

PMID- 2655732
TI  - Triplet state properties of tryptophan residues in complexes of mutated
      Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA binding proteins with single-stranded
      polynucleotides.
AB  - Complexes of point-mutated E. coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein (Eco SSB)
      with homopolynucleotides have been investigated by optical detection of magnetic
      resonance (ODMR) of the triplet state of tryptophan (Trp) residues. Investigation
      of the individual sublevel kinetics of the lowest triplet state of Trp residues
      40 and 54 in the poly (dT) complex of Eco SSB-W88F,W135F (a mutant protein whose
      Trp residues at positions 88 and 135 have been substituted by Phe) shows that Trp
      54 is the most affected residue upon stacking with thymine bases, confirming
      previous results based on SSB mutants having single Trp----Phe substitutions.
      (Zang, L. H., A. H. Maki, J. B. Murphy, and J. W. Chase. 1987. Biophys. J. 52:867
      872). The Tx sublevel of Trp 54 shows a fourfold increase in the decay rate
      constant, as well as an increase in its populating rate constant by selective
      spin-orbit coupling. The two nonradiative sublevels show no change in lifetime,
      relative to unstacked Trp. For Trp 40, a weaker perturbation of Tx by thymine
      results in a sublevel lifetime about one-half that of normal Trp. Trp54 displays
      a 2[E]transition of negative polarity in the double mutant SSB complex with Poly
      (dT), but gives a vanishingly weak [D] - [E] signal, thus implying that the
      steady-state sublevel populations of Tx and Tz are nearly equal in this residue.
      Poly (5-BrU) induces the largest red-shift of the Eco SSB-W88F,W135F Trp
      phosphorescence 0,0-band of all polynucleotides investigated. Its phosphorescence
      decay fits well to two exponential components of 1.02 and 0.12 s, with no
      contribution from long-lived Trp residues. This behavior provides convincing
      evidence that both Trp 40 and 54 are perturbed by stacking with brominated
      uridine. The observed decrease in the Trp [D] values further confirms the
      stacking of the Trp residues with 5-BrU. Wave-length-selected ODMR experiments
      conducted on the [D[ + [E] transition of Eco SSB-W88F,W135F complexed with
      poly(5HgU) indicate the presence of multiple heavy atom-perturbed sites.
      Measurements made on poly (5-HgU) which each of its 4 Trp residues has been
      replaced in turn by Phe demonstrate that Trp 40 and 54 are the only Trp residues
      undergoing stacking with nucleotide bases, as previously proposed.

PMID- 2655733
TI  - 1H-NMR studies of synthetic polypeptide models of Plasmodium falciparum
      circumsporozoite protein tandemly repeated sequence.
AB  - The major immunodominant region of the coating protein of Plasmodium falciparum
      sporozoites contains multiple tandem copies of the sequence Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro
      (NANP). Current efforts for the development of an antisporozoite vaccine are
      focused on the synthesis of polypeptides reproducing part of the circumsporozoite
      protein repeat sequence and, in an attempt to relate conformational properties
      and biological response, 1H-nmr one- and two-dimensional studies of the synthetic
      models (NANP)2NA and (NANP)6 were carried out in water and water/methanol
      mixtures, at 400 and 500 MHz. In water, (NANP)6 undergoes fast conformational
      averaging. At variance, in water/methanol, the molecule appears to adopt an
      extensive structure, but detailed analysis is impaired by high spectral
      degeneracy. Based on the results obtained with (NANP)2NA and from preliminary
      experiments in water/trifluoroethanol, an interpretation is suggested for the
      (NANP)6 data in water/methanol in terms of a mixed sequence of beta I-turns and
      half-turns (or/and gamma I-turns) around the positions Ni-1-Pi-Ni + 1.

PMID- 2655734
TI  - The renin-angiotensin system: an example of the study of linear peptides by x-ray
      crystallography.
AB  - In order to get information on the bioactive conformations of the endogenic renin
      substrate, a few peptide segments of angiotensinogen, along with a pepstatin
      analogue, were studied in the solid state by x-ray crystallography. These results
      are compared with the conformations of acidic proteinase inhibitors observed at
      the level of the active site. Such a comparison allows us to point out some
      analogies and differences between the observed conformation for the peptide alone
      and the conformations on the active sites. The analysis of the results should be
      a good starting point for making hypotheses on the renin substrate bioactive
      conformation(s).

PMID- 2655735
TI  - Biologically significant conformation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha
      factor.
AB  - The conformation of the tridecapeptide alpha-factor of the yeast Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae was examined in both solution and in the presence of lipid vesicles.
      CD, differential scanning calorimetry, and phosphorus nmr all indicate that this
      mating pheromone interacts with lipid vesicles. In both aqueous and organic
      solution the alpha-factor is a flexible molecule that exhibits features of a type
      II beta-turn spanning the center of the peptide. Two-dimensional Nuclear
      Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy gives evidence that the beta-turn is
      stabilized on interaction of the peptide with lipid vesicles. Our current belief
      is that the beta-turn may play an important role in the biologically active
      conformation of the alpha-factor.

PMID- 2655736
TI  - Extracellular adhesive molecules in neurite growth.
AB  - This review deals with two topics: (1) the effects of fibronectin and laminin on
      neurite growth and the molecular mechanisms of these effects, and (2) isolation
      and properties of the adhesive molecule p30. This novel molecule is an abundant
      heparin-binding protein in perinatal rat brain, and is suggested to have a role
      in neuronal growth.

PMID- 2655737
TI  - Resonance electroconformational coupling: a proposed mechanism for energy and
      signal transductions by membrane proteins.
AB  - Recent experiments show that membrane ATPases are capable of absorbing free
      energy from an applied oscillating electric field and converting it to chemical
      bond energy of ATP or chemical potential energy of concentration gradients.
      Presumably these enzymes would also respond to endogenous transmembrane electric
      fields of similar intensity and waveform. A mechanism is proposed in which energy
      coupling is achieved via Coulombic interaction of an electric field and the
      conformational equilibria of an ATPase. Analysis indicates that only an
      oscillating or fluctuating electric field can be used by an enzyme to drive a
      chemical reaction away from equilibrium. In vivo, the stationary transmembrane
      potential of a cell must be modulated to become "locally" oscillatory if it is to
      derive energy and signal transduction processes.

PMID- 2655738
TI  - The interaction of prostaglandins with human serum lipoproteins.
AB  - Using high density and low density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL) labeled with
      fluorescent analogues of phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin it was found that
      low amounts (10(-12) M) of prostaglandins E1 and F2 alpha induced different
      structural rearrangements of the lipoprotein surface, whereas prostaglandins E2
      and F1 alpha had no effect. The effects of prostaglandin E1 on HDL were largely
      paralleled by those of this prostaglandin on synthetic recombinants prepared from
      pure apolipoprotein A1, phospholipids and cholesterol and were demonstrated to be
      caused by prostaglandin-apolipoprotein interaction. The interaction resembled
      that of a ligand with a specific receptor protein because it was specific,
      reversible, concentration and temperature dependent and saturable. However the
      retaining capacity of HDL or LDL for prostaglandin E1 as determined by
      equilibrium dialysis was very low and a single prostaglandin E1 molecule was able
      to induce structural changes in large numbers of discrete lipoprotein particles.
      To explain this remarkable fact a non-equilibrium model of ligand-receptor
      interaction is proposed. According to that model in open systems characterized by
      weak ligand-receptor binding, high diffusion rate of the ligand and long
      relaxation times which exceed the interval between two successive receptor
      occupations, the ligand-induced changes will accumulate, resulting in
      transformation of the system into a new state which may be far away from
      equilibrium. It is emphasized that the low mobility of lipids constituting the
      environment of the receptor protein plays a critical role in this type of signal
      amplification. It was further demonstrated that the PGE1-induced changes of the
      lipoprotein surface resulted in an enhancement of LDL-to-HDL transfer of
      cholesterol esters and phosphatidylcholine especially in the presence of serum
      lipid transfer proteins. The acceleration of the interlipoprotein transfer caused
      by prostaglandin E1 in turn increases the rate of cholesterol esterification in
      serum. It is suggested that in such a way prostaglandin E1 may influence the
      homeostasis of cholesterol.

PMID- 2655739
TI  - The genetic predisposition to cancer.
AB  - The multi-stage nature of cancer, and the interaction of the host and environment
      in the origin of cancer, both suggest multiple ways in which genetic
      predisposition to cancer might operate. A role for genetic variation has already
      been demonstrated in many instances and it is likely that still more examples of
      genetic predisposition will be uncovered. In some individuals genetic
      predisposition operates interactively with environment. Much of human cancer may
      occur in persons of this interactive oncodeme. Other persons have a very strong
      susceptibility to cancer because they have inherited a mutation on the path to
      cancer; they belong to a "purely" genetic oncodeme. The population of target
      cells itself is known to be affected by some environmental agents. Genetic
      factors may also operate, as in the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome with
      its predisposition to Burkitt lymphoma. Somatic mutation plays a critical role in
      carcinogenesis. Numerous environmental agents can increase the probability that
      somatic mutation will occur. Host genes can interact with these factors in two
      general ways. One concerns the ability to repair the damage caused by the agent.
      Most of the damage is repaired in normal persons, but much more is not repaired
      in persons with certain recessively inherited disorders, known as DNA-repair
      deficiencies. The other general way concerns the delivery of the critical agent.
      For example, the albino absorbs such excessive amounts of sunlight that even a
      normal DNA-repair mechanism is stressed. Similarly, some individuals metabolize
      certain chemical compounds in such a way that the concentration of an active
      mutagen is abnormally high, again overcoming the DNA-repair mechanism. The stages
      of promotion, progression, and metastasis are much less well understood, and
      clear examples of a role for genetic factors in them are not available. However,
      there are multiple ways in which heredity could be interacting, as with a genetic
      control of hormone production. Finally, the genetic targets of mutation, the
      "cancer genes," can play a role in cancer. Although no heritable mutations for
      oncogenes are yet known in man, there are reasons to believe that they could
      occur. On the other hand, heritable mutations of anti-oncogenes are well known
      and apparently account for much, or all, of dominantly heritable cancer in
      humans. In toto, the contribution of genetic predisposition to the burden of
      cancer could be considerable, because of the potentially large size of the
      interactive oncodeme. Identification of such susceptible persons could have
      important consequences in preventive oncology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655740
TI  - Current knowledge of heritable tumors.
AB  - The consolidation of formal genetic, epidemiologic, cytogenetic and molecular
      genetic data has provided a complementary model that invokes the unmasking of
      recessive predisposing mutations by aberrant mitotic events. This model proposes
      the fixation of monoallelic genetic damage and, subsequently, its elucidation
      through mitotic malsegregation or recombination. The net result of these
      sequential events is a single somatic tumor progenitor that is homozygously
      defective at the relevant tumor locus. These events have been reasonably well
      delineated in the cases of retinoblastoma and Wilms tumor and limited studies
      indicate the applicability of the model to other solid tumors as well. The
      relevance of these approaches to clinical medicine promises to be substantial.
      The public health value of accurate empirical designation of high- and low-risk
      groups for specific cancer development may be large. At present, the involvement
      of various environmental agents in these processes is unknown. However, should
      the interplay between genetic predisposition and genotoxic damage be defined, the
      implication for work force assignment may be of great interest. The application
      of these analyses to premorbid diagnosis has already been successful in familial
      retinoblastoma cases. Hopefully, these latter approaches will provide the
      conceptual basis for their extension to other human cancers. Genotypic
      information that does not rely on phenotypic expression may provide a useful
      adjunct to conventional histopathologic diagnoses, particularly in diseases such
      as the soft tissue sarcomas that are often equivocal with the latter analyses.
      Finally, the identification of molecular alterations in tumors associated with
      particular genetic syndromes may lead to more rapid and efficient isolation of
      linked genetic markers; and these approaches will certainly be useful in
      estimating the number and genetic location of similar mutations with an etiologic
      role in the more common cancers. The elucidation of interactions of these genetic
      loci with environmental carcinogens as well as the dominantly acting class of
      oncogenes holds great promise in uncovering the molecular basis of cancer. Once
      these single or bipartite mechanisms are identified, the limitations of our
      understanding of features of the disease caused by genes with partial penetrance
      or expressivity, or by compound genetic loci, promise to become a reality at long
      last.

PMID- 2655741
TI  - DNA repair in man.
AB  - DNA repair in man can be described in general terms, but details are still
      obscure. Excision repair of base damage has a general similarity to the mechanism
      of the bacterial uvr ABC exonuclease, but the individual roles of at least 15
      genes that regulate mammalian excision repair are as yet unknown. The
      differential repair of specific regions of DNA and of specific genes is
      highlighted by the clustered mode of repair characteristic of xeroderma
      pigmentosum group C and by the rapid repair of the dihydrofolate reductase gene.
      Cloning of genes that specify repair in man is proceeding slowly, in part,
      because of confusion by genes that produce only partial correction or nonspecific
      changes in sensitivity and by phenotypic reversion. In human cells, DNA damage
      inducible genes are recognized that may overlap the spectra of other stress
      induced proteins, but the relationship of these to any error-prone or recA-like
      system is unknown and unlikely. Four diseases, xeroderma pigmentosum, ataxia
      telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, and Fanconi anemia, have well-documented and
      significantly increased sensitivities to DNA-damaging agents, and each has
      recognizable though complex abnormalities in processing DNA damage. In addition,
      a wide variety of diseases and cellular processes have been ascribed to an
      association with DNA damage and repair, but the accuracy and significance of
      these associations are hard to identify.

PMID- 2655742
TI  - Epidemiologic studies of the molecular genetics of cancer.

PMID- 2655743
TI  - [Lateral modulation of the hypoglycemic action of insulin].
AB  - The results of the experimental investigation on 15 rabbits are presented here.
      Hypoglycemic action of the standard exogenic insulin dose strengthened after
      performing transcerebral lateral electrostimulation on the right side with the
      weak current impulse.

PMID- 2655745
TI  - Treatment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis.
AB  - Over the 12 years since the first introduction of interferon for the treatment of
      chronic hepatitis B, progress has apparently been slow. Nevertheless, it now
      appears that at least one third of chronic hepatitis virus carriers, particularly
      those with more severe disease, and a similar, perhaps greater, proportion of
      those with chronic parenteral non-A, non-B hepatitis, can be successfully treated
      with alpha-interferon. In the not too distant future, controlled trials of alpha
      interferons in these situations will be complete and they will be a yardstick by
      which other future therapies can be judged. Already a number of trials are in
      progress to determine which agents might, in addition to interferon, augment the
      response rates. The situation clinically is analogous to that for tuberculosis in
      the 1950s and for cancer chemotherapy only a decade or so ago. The prospects of
      prevention of the progression to cirrhosis, and perhaps in the long term
      reduction in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma, are exciting, and with
      the introduction of a number of new cytokines available through recombinant
      technology, each with novel antiviral activities, the future prospects are
      exciting indeed.

PMID- 2655744
TI  - bcr rearrangement and C-abl gene expression in Ph1-positive hybrid acute leukemia
      with simultaneous proliferation of lymphoid and myeloid blasts.
AB  - bcr gene rearrangement and c-abl gene expression were analyzed in a patient with
      Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive hybrid acute leukemia with simultaneous
      proliferation of lymphoid and myeloid blasts. These data were compared with those
      from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in mixed crisis. The
      leukemic cells of both patients showed immuno-phenotypic profiles such as non-T,
      non-B common ALL with some MPO-positive leukemic cells and rearranged JH genes.
      On analysis of molecular events associated with the Ph1 chromosome, the leukemic
      cells of a patient with CML in mixed crisis showed bcr rearrangement and an 8.5
      kb bcr-abl chimeric mRNA, but those of a patient with Ph1-positive hybrid acute
      leukemia showed no 8.5-kb bcr-abl mRNA, as previously reported in a number of Ph1
      positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases. These results revealed that
      the molecular event found in Ph1-positive ALL is not only restricted to lymphoid
      lineage but may play an important role in the proliferation of the myeloid
      lineage.

PMID- 2655746
TI  - Prescribing for patients with liver disease.

PMID- 2655747
TI  - Variceal bleeding: acute and long-term management.

PMID- 2655748
TI  - Treatment of ascites and renal failure in cirrhosis.
AB  - Ascites is a frequent complication in patients with liver cirrhosis. The
      accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity is associated with disturbances of
      systemic and splanchnic haemodynamics and of kidney function, which contribute to
      the poor prognosis of these patients. Classically, the treatment of ascites in
      patients with cirrhosis has been based on the combination of a sodium-restricted
      diet and the administration of diuretics. However, this treatment is not entirely
      satisfactory, since it is associated with a relatively high incidence of side
      effects, and about 20% of patients hospitalized for the treatment of an episode
      of ascites do not respond to such therapy. In the last two decades, alternative
      therapies to diuretics have been introduced. PVS is an effective method of
      treating ascites. The high incidence of complications observed in early studies
      may be reduced by adequate perioperative management and careful selection of
      patients. The role of the PVS in the treatment of cirrhotics with ascites,
      however, still remains to be established. Recently, paracentesis has emerged as
      an alternative method of treating ascites in patients with cirrhosis. Several
      studies have shown that therapeutic paracentesis plus i.v. albumin infusion is
      more effective than conventional diuretic therapy and is associated with a lower
      incidence of complications. It has also been demonstrated that therapeutic
      paracentesis without the i.v. administration of albumin is associated with a
      marked increase in plasma renin activity, suggesting an impairment of effective
      blood volume, and with the development of hyponatraemia and/or renal failure in
      20% of cases. Therefore, the i.v. administration of albumin is an essential
      measure in preventing the impairment of systemic haemodynamics and renal function
      that frequently follows the mobilization of ascites by paracentesis.

PMID- 2655749
TI  - Bacterial infections complicating liver disease.
AB  - Bacterial infection is a serious and often fatal complication of patients with
      liver disease and can prove fatal either directly or by precipitation of
      gastrointestinal bleeding, renal failure, or hepatic encephalopathy. At greatest
      risk are patients with alcoholic cirrhosis or decompensated chronic liver
      disease, or cases of acute liver disease who progress to fulminant hepatic
      failure or subacute hepatic necrosis. Infection appears to be unusual in patients
      with primary biliary cirrhosis. The site and type of infection is unrelated to
      the aetiology of the liver disease. Bacteraemia, pneumonia, urinary tract
      infection and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis are most common but infective
      endocarditis and meningitis, especially with pneumococci, are easily overlooked.
      Clinical suspicion of infection must be high as the only indication may be a
      general deterioration in the patients' clinical state, increasing encephalopathy
      or renal impairment. In the case of patients with fulminant hepatic failure,
      infection may precipitate the initial or recurrent encephalopathy and contributes
      to death in 10% of fatal cases. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is now
      recognized to occur in the absence of clinical features of peritonitis. The PMN
      content of the ascitic fluid may provide the only indication of infection and is
      the most readily available screening test. The most common types of organism
      responsible for all types of infection are Gram-negative enteric and
      streptococci, especially pneumococci, while infection with anaerobes is rare.
      Risk factors for infection include decompensated alcoholic liver disease,
      fulminant hepatic failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, invasive practical
      procedures and impaired host defence mechanisms against infection. Of the host
      defence mechanisms, impaired function of the reticuloendothelial system,
      complement, and PMNs represent the most common and serious defects. Defects of
      humoral immunity are present in ascitic fluid from patients with cirrhosis and
      are probably a major reason for development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
      Diuresis improves these functions and reduces the risk of peritonitis. Treatment
      of infections even with the appropriate antibiotic is still associated with a
      high mortality but the use of adjuvant gut sterilization is promising,
      particularly in cases infected with Gram-negative enteric organisms. Infusions of
      fresh frozen plasma, blood and cryoprecipitate improve some systemic host
      defences and may be beneficial in the treatment and reduction of risk of
      infection.

PMID- 2655750
TI  - Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - Autoimmune CAH is important to recognize, since it is highly responsive to
      treatment which undoubtedly prolongs life. Autoimmune CAH can rarely be cured;
      complete withdrawal of treatment leads to relapse in over 80% of patients.
      Prednisolone and azathioprine are the major drugs of choice, the former inducing
      remission while the latter maintains remission, either alone or in combination
      with prednisolone. Since both drugs are associated with substantial side-effects
      which tend to be dose-related, the object of treatment must be to induce and
      maintain remission with the minimum risk of relapse together with an acceptably
      low incidence of complications. Although PBC shares many features in common with
      autoimmune CAH, treatment of the underlying disease is generally unsuccessful. To
      date no drug has been shown to induce remission or to prolong survival. The main
      aim of treatment should be directed towards the complications of PBC, of which
      pruritus and osteoporosis are the two major complaints. Cholestyramine and
      antihistamines are the drugs of choice, but when these fail a variety of other
      therapies are also available, although many have only been shown to be effective
      on an anecdotal basis. No treatment has yet been shown to reverse the bone
      demineralization which occurs in PBC, but early calcium supplementation is
      recommended in this disorder. Osteomalacia is uncommon and can be prevented by
      prophylactic calcium and vitamin D supplementation in jaundiced patients. Liver
      transplantation is effective in treating PBC, and when successful leads to
      complete restoration of health with the prospects of increasingly long survival.
      Recurrence of PBC does not appear to be a significant problem.

PMID- 2655751
TI  - Biliary atresia.

PMID- 2655752
TI  - Liver transplantation.
AB  - The 1-year survival rates of around 70% that are now being achieved have resulted
      in the acceptance of liver transplantation as a treatment for end-stage liver
      disease. The number of patients undergoing transplantation is increasing rapidly
      and the indications are widening. More patients are being transplanted for acute
      liver failure following the recent encouraging reports of successful grafting in
      this condition. The proportion of patients transplanted for liver cancer is
      falling as it becomes apparent that 80% of patients will die from recurrent
      disease. The selection of candidates and timing of transplantation continue to
      pose difficult clinical problems. Although the surgical and anaesthetic aspects
      of liver transplantation have been greatly improved, the 30-day mortality remains
      high at around 30% and postoperative complications, especially infection and
      rejection, continue to be major problems. However, rehabilitation is excellent
      for most patients and liver transplantation should no longer be considered an
      experimental procedure.

PMID- 2655753
TI  - Treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
AB  - With advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of alcoholic liver
      disease, pharmacological treatments of some of the basic disease processes are
      now in sight. The most notable development has been the introduction of
      propylthiouracil for the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis. In a recent trial the
      mortality rate of patients treated with this drug was 62% lower than that of a
      control group. Its beneficial effects may stem not from its anti-thyroid
      properties but rather from other actions such as free radical scavenging.
      Corticosteroids now appear to have no place in the treatment of alcoholic liver
      disease. Anabolic steroids, however, show promise, though longer term trials are
      required before this can be confirmed. Colchicine, too, has been reported to
      improve survival in patients with established cirrhosis. More experience is
      required with this and other anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrogenic drugs. beta
      Adrenergic blocking drugs, such as propranolol, reduce portal venous pressure. In
      a trial among patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who had oesophageal varices, 39%
      of those receiving propranolol had not experienced a haemorrhage by 2 years
      compared with 74% in the control group. The mortality rates at this time were 28%
      and 49% respectively. Results of treatment once the first haemorrhage has
      occurred are less impressive. Treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome in
      patients with liver disease is often problematic. The dose of any sedative should
      be reduced to 25-50% of the usual dose and sedatives should be avoided in
      patients who are encephalopathic. Once the patient has recovered from the acute
      illness, abstinence from alcohol remains the single most important factor that
      determines long term survival.

PMID- 2655754
TI  - Nonviral infections of the liver.

PMID- 2655755
TI  - Acute liver failure.

PMID- 2655756
TI  - Bile pigment metabolism.

PMID- 2655757
TI  - Familial hyperbilirubinaemia syndromes: kinetic approaches.

PMID- 2655758
TI  - Gilbert's syndrome.
AB  - While Gilbert's syndrome is extremely common and benign, its pathogenesis may not
      be as straightforward as once believed. It has been used as a model to examine
      aberrations of virtually every step in bilirubin metabolism. The clinical
      hallmarks are of a hereditary, chronic, mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia.
      Not infrequently subclinical haemolysis may coexist. Liver histology is normal
      although some minor ultrastructural abnormalities may be evident. The universal
      defect appears to be a reduction in hepatic bilirubin-GT activity. However, other
      associated abnormalities in bilirubin metabolism, which occur less consistently,
      suggest that this may not be the sole defect in all patients. The syndrome is
      almost certainly part of a spectrum which includes the Crigler-Najjar syndromes;
      molecular biology data suggests that there is an absence of one (or even more) GT
      isoenzymes in these disorders. Whether one or more genes is consistently culpable
      remains open to speculation. Despite the complicated pathogenesis of Gilbert's
      syndrome, management remains simply reassurance alone.

PMID- 2655759
TI  - Clinical and biochemical diagnosis of jaundice.

PMID- 2655760
TI  - The radiology of jaundice.
AB  - Ultrasonography is the most useful technique for screening patients with
      suspected obstructive jaundice. Additional information may be gained with CT when
      US fails either because of disturbing gas-filled loops of bowel or because the
      patient is obese. A more specific diagnosis is usually obtained from the ERCP
      which can be combined with percutaneous biopsy and drainage of obstructed bile
      ducts. PTC and PTCD are left for those patients in whom ERCP has failed.

PMID- 2655761
TI  - Use of computers in diagnosis of jaundice.
AB  - The development of computer-assisted diagnostic systems for the differential
      diagnosis of jaundice has been attempted in several studies during the last 25-30
      years. All working systems have depended on numerical methods whereas expert
      systems have not yet become operational. The first step in the construction of a
      system is the collection of a data base from a series of jaundiced patients of
      clinical information (indicants) i.e. symptoms, signs, and the results from
      laboratory tests. The best discriminating indicants are selected and processed
      into a mathematical rule. The performance of this rule must be tested on an
      independent test sample of relevant patients. The performance may also be
      compared to that of clinicians. So far the computerized diagnoses have not been
      more accurate than those of clinicians. However, computer-assisted diagnostics
      may form an important first step in clinical decision making regarding the
      selection of a confirmatory diagnostic test (direct cholangiography,
      ultrasonography, liver biopsy, etc.) in the evaluation of the jaundiced patient.

PMID- 2655762
TI  - Cholestatic liver disease and its management.
AB  - Cholestatic syndromes present symptomatically with pruritus and biochemically
      either with elevated levels of serum bile acid as an early manifestation of
      hepatocellular disease or with elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase if
      the disease originates in the biliary tree. Slow progression to cirrhosis occurs,
      with recurrent cholangitis and/or pancreatitis as the major problems if the
      obstruction is in the larger duct system. Maintenance of nutrition and relief of
      pruritus are important supportive measures. Colchicine and ursodeoxycholic acid
      administered orally have been proposed as useful therapies for delaying the
      progression to cirrhosis. Liver transplantation has proven successful in those
      patients in whom spontaneous remission does not occur.

PMID- 2655763
TI  - Jaundice in systemic disease.

PMID- 2655764
TI  - Drug-induced jaundice.
AB  - A large number of drugs may be associated with impaired bile flow. Drug
      associated cholestasis presents like other forms of cholestasis with pale stools,
      dark urine, pruritus and jaundice. Abdominal pain may be present in some
      instances and can be so severe as to lead to a false diagnosis of acute
      cholecystitis. Biochemically, drug-associated cholestasis resembles other forms
      of cholestasis although the presence of eosinophilia may suggest drug
      involvement. Many types of drug-induced cholestasis run a benign course with
      resolution of signs and symptoms within 3 months but occasionally the jaundice
      can take a year or more to resolve. Progression to cirrhosis is uncommon. Some
      patients may develop a syndrome resembling primary biliary cirrhosis. The
      mechanisms of drug-associated cholestasis are uncertain but may arise from
      alteration of bile formation within the hepatocyte or bile excretion at the level
      of the canaliculus or the extrahepatic ducts. Histological examination of the
      liver may be helpful in classifying the types of jaundice but the diagnosis of
      drug-induced cholestasis is usually one of temporal association and exclusion of
      other causes.

PMID- 2655765
TI  - Jaundice in pregnancy.
AB  - The occurrence of hepatobiliary disease with or without jaundice during pregnancy
      provides both the hepatologist and obstetrician with an interesting and urgent
      diagnostic challenge. Advances in our understanding and management of liver
      disorders unique to pregnancy and hepatobiliary disease in general have resulted
      in a significant improvement in the outcome for both mother and fetus. Certain
      disorders such as acute fatty liver of pregnancy and hepatic haemorrhage
      associated with toxaemia should be considered medical emergencies and delay in
      diagnosis of these conditions will probably adversely affect maternal and fetal
      outcome. A careful clinical history, physical examination, appropriate laboratory
      tests and radiological investigations should allow a diagnosis within 24-48 hours
      of presentation. Liver biopsy is rarely required. A careful history may provide
      important information. Does the patient have pre-existent liver disease? Has
      there been contact with hepatitis, intravenous drug abuse or any other factor
      predisposing to acute viral hepatitis? Does the patient have a family history of
      pruritus and/or jaundice to suggest intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy? Is the
      patient's alcohol consumption excessive? Has the patient received any hepatotoxic
      medications? Has there been abdominal pain and/or fever to suggest gallstones,
      hepatic bleeding or acute fatty liver of pregnancy? Laboratory investigations may
      give valuable diagnostic clues. Marked aminotransferase elevation would suggest
      acute viral or 'ischaemic' hepatitis. Haematological features of microangiopathic
      haemolysis would point towards toxaemia or AFLP. Hepatitis A and B serological
      tests may be helpful in viral liver disease. Radiological investigations may be
      indicated depending on the clinical context. Abdominal ultrasonography may be
      useful in the diagnosis of gallstones, biliary obstruction, liver tumours or
      intrahepatic bleeding. Fatty infiltration of the liver may be diagnosed by
      ultrasonography but computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen is probably more
      reliable for a diagnosis of acute fatty liver of pregnancy as it allows
      measurement of liver density which is typically reduced by fatty infiltration. CT
      scanning is also probably more valuable than ultrasound in assessing the extent
      of capsular rupture and haemorrhage into the liver and peritoneal cavity.

PMID- 2655766
TI  - Postoperative jaundice.

PMID- 2655767
TI  - Ethanol, acetaldehyde and cardiac protein synthesis: the relation to
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - The occurrence of cardiomyopathy in chronic alcoholism has been well documented,
      but the cause of the myopathy is still unclear. Some of the mechanisms described
      have included accumulation of triglycerides, altered fatty acid extraction,
      membrane alterations with decreased response to Ca2+ and to catecholamines and
      alterations in cardiac protein synthesis. The present article briefly reviews the
      effects of ethanol or its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, on cardiac protein
      synthesis and possible relation to cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2655768
TI  - Alcoholic hallucinosis: a psychiatric enigma--2. Follow-up studies.
AB  - This paper reviews the contribution of natural history and genetic studies to the
      understanding of the syndrome called alcoholic hallucinosis. Critical analysis of
      research methodology demonstrates that the diversity of fundamental definitions
      and assessment techniques challenge the interpretations derived from the data.
      Important questions for future research are outlined.

PMID- 2655769
TI  - What drives British drug policies?
AB  - This paper identifies four broad types of influence which have contributed to the
      dynamics of British drug policy development over many decades: international
      influences, varieties of fear, professional entrepreneurship, and the perceived
      tension between treatment and control. A follow-through of these same themes to
      current policy concerns is traced. The need to develop a comparative and
      international framework for policy analysis is stressed. Policy research, it is
      argued, deserves to be given greater attention as the necessary means toward a
      more informed sense of feasibilities and policy options.

PMID- 2655770
TI  - Psychology and brief interventions.
AB  - In this article, a discussion of the definition and description of brief
      interventions is followed by broad reviews of their effectiveness in the
      cigarette smoking and alcohol fields. It is then argued that brief interventions
      should not be justified only in terms of early intervention; that there is at
      present insufficient evidence to warrant the abandonment of conventional
      outpatient treatment for clinic attenders; and that the relative contribution of
      motivational and active behaviour-change components of brief interventions is an
      important area for research.

PMID- 2655771
TI  - Can a computer reliably elicit an alcohol history?
AB  - The drinking histories of 102 patients were elicited by both a computer and a
      nurse, with 48 of the patients also being interviewed by a psychiatrist. The
      computer agreed as closely with the nurse and the psychiatrist as they did with
      each other. For all three, there was better agreement for screening interviews
      whose questions are dichotomous (i.e. yes/no) than for interval data such as
      volume of alcohol consumed. Nevertheless, the agreement for alcohol volume was at
      least as good as that reported in the literature for inter-rater reliability.
      Thus a computer can interview patients about their drinking habits as accurately
      as a nurse or a psychiatrist. In many clinical settings computer interviewing
      might prevent patients with alcohol-related illnesses remaining undetected.

PMID- 2655772
TI  - In memory of Constantine Spiro Anast.

PMID- 2655773
TI  - The messenger function of Ca2+: from PTH action to smooth muscle contraction.

PMID- 2655774
TI  - Calcium, magnesium and the control of PTH secretion.

PMID- 2655775
TI  - Mineral regulation of vitamin D metabolism.

PMID- 2655776
TI  - Impaired osteoclast differentiation in subcutaneous implants of bone particles in
      osteopetrotic mutants.
AB  - Because of its synchrony and relative homogeneity, the subcutaneous model of the
      resorption of mineral-containing, devitalized bone particles (BPs) is useful to
      evaluate the recruitment, differentiation, and activity of bone-resorbing,
      osteoclastic cells. Bone particles were prepared from normal rats or mice and
      were implanted in normal and osteopetrotic rats (ia, tl, op strains) or mice (mi
      strain). In addition, particles of microcrystalline hydroxyapatite or
      polymethylmethacrylate were implanted into tl and op mutants and their unaffected
      littermates. Non-decalcified histomorphometry of elicited tissues after 12 days
      revealed significantly less resorption in each mutant. Enzyme histochemical
      assays revealed that only normal animals showed tartrate-resistant acid
      phosphatase-positive cells around the BPs. In agreement with this, only normal
      animals showed ruffled borders against the BPs. op and tl strains were tested for
      generation of foreign body giant cells in response to particulate hydroxyapatite
      or polymethylmethacrylate and no differences were found between mutant and normal
      animals. These mutants appear to have intact fusion of mononuclear progenitors.
      These data show impaired recruitment of osteoclasts by BP implants in several
      rodent strains of osteopetrotic mutants.

PMID- 2655777
TI  - Modulation of myelomonocytic U937 cells by vitamin D metabolites.
AB  - Investigation of the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 on the proliferation
      and differentiation of the human myelomonocytic cell line U937 has been
      complemented with studies of the effect of the same metabolites on the number of
      nuclear receptors for 1,25(OH)2D3. Both 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 inhibit the
      proliferation of U937 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The concentrations of
      24,25(OH)2D3 required to produce this effect were 100-times greater than those of
      1,25(OH)2D3. Inhibition of proliferation was associated with increased expression
      of the CD14 and 200 kDa 63D3 antigens thus confirming differentiation of U937
      towards a more mature cell type. Studies of the nuclear receptor for 1,25(OH)2D3
      showed that pre-treatment of the cells with 1,25(OH)2D3 resulted in an apparent
      40% decrease in the number of detectable 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors as compared to
      control U937 cells. This is due to the fact that the 1,25(OH)2D3 binds to U937
      cell nuclei during culture and thus blocks the subsequent binding of
      radiolabelled 1,25(OH)2D3 used to measure the number of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors.
      Measurement of the binding of unlabelled 1,25(OH)2D3 by radioimmunoassay
      indicated that pre-treatment of the cells with 1,25(OH)2D3 increased the capacity
      of U937 to bind the hormone, although measurement of these receptors by whole
      cell assay was prevented by the binding of 1,25(OH)2D3 itself. This effect was
      not observed with 24,25(OH)2D3 which was more easily displaced from binding sites
      by radiolabelled 1,25(OH)2D3 and it appears to act through low affinity binding
      to the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor.

PMID- 2655779
TI  - Proceedings of the 15th annual meeting of the European Bone Marrow
      Transplantation Group. 26th February-2nd March, 1989, Badgastein, Austria.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2655778
TI  - Effect of dihydrotachysterol on bone induction in ovariectomized rats.
AB  - We have demonstrated via marrow stromal cell cultures and the osteoinductive
      response to demineralized bone grafts (DBM) that the cortical bone deficit in the
      ovariectomized (OVX) rat (6 weeks postop) is primarily due to impaired
      osteoprogenitor cell proliferation, and that dihydrotachysterol (DHT) treatment
      can be protective. In cultured marrow stromal cells from OVX rats, short-term DHT
      Rx exaggerated the already subnormal pattern of marrow stromal cell
      proliferation. However, in DBM grafts, DHT treatment benefited the time-course of
      mesenchymal cell DNA synthesis as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation
      and osteogenic cell maturation as measured by alkaline phosphatase concentration,
      and established a suggestive trend toward normalization of bone
      formation/mineralization (24 h 45Ca incorporation). The data from this animal
      model infer that DHT could moderate the bone loss normally seen in ovariectomized
      rats via an activation of the osteoprogenitor cell population.

PMID- 2655781
TI  - A lending library for medical students in the eighteenth century.

PMID- 2655780
TI  - Clinicians' satisfaction with Grateful Med: an exploratory study.
AB  - End-user search software is designed to simplify online searching for the casual
      searcher. User-friendly features provide relatively easy online access to remote
      databases without the need for expert search systems. At issue is whether the
      simplified features of such software compromise what is potentially retrievable,
      and if so, whether the missing information is critical to the end user. A study
      was designed to address this question, particularly as applied to clinicians
      using a user-friendly search software package such as Grateful Med. Clinician
      participants compared their Grateful Med search results with a full Elhill search
      (as performed by an intermediary) and indicated whether references unique to
      either search were or were not critical to their information needs.

PMID- 2655782
TI  - Selected list of books and journals for the small medical library.
AB  - In the introduction to this revised list of 607 books and 141 journals, quality
      assurance programs of health care institutions and patient education are
      suggested as vehicles for more directly involving the hospital library and its
      collection in patient care. This list is intended as a selection guide for the
      small or medium-sized library in a hospital or comparable medical facility, or as
      a core collection for a consortium of small hospital libraries. Books and
      journals are categorized by subject; the book list is followed by an
      author/editor index, and the subject list of journals by an alphabetical title
      listing. To purchase the entire collection of books and to pay for 1989
      subscriptions would require about $63,500. The cost of only the asterisked items
      totals $24,000.

PMID- 2655783
TI  - In search of applications of nursing theories: the Nursing Citation Index.
AB  - Cited author searches were conducted in Nursing Citation Index to determine its
      utility in locating clinical studies that apply the conceptual frameworks of
      Dorothea Orem, Callista Roy, Martha Rogers, Betty Neuman, and Dorothy Johnson.
      Fully 75 percent of the relevant papers would have been missed by a conventional
      subject/textword search in the MEDLINE or CINAHL databases. Had Nursing Citation
      Index not been available, only 22 percent of relevant papers could have been
      retrieved by cited author searches of Social Science Citation Index. In summary,
      Nursing Citation Index provides an important indexing link between nursing theory
      and nursing research.

PMID- 2655784
TI  - MEDTUTOR: a microcomputer-based training program for MEDLINE.
AB  - MEDTUTOR is an interactive, microcomputer-based training package designed to
      teach medical and health professionals, as well as librarians and information
      specialists, how to use MEDLINE effectively. The objective of MEDTUTOR is to
      provide a comprehensive package for teaching the various commands and search
      techniques required for utilizing the MEDLINE database through the MEDLARS
      system. MEDTUTOR's menu-driven design allows novice users to learn about the
      content and use of MEDLINE, such as author searching, text word searching, MeSH
      indexing, etc., at their own pace and with considerable program feedback. In
      addition, MEDTUTOR provides the skilled searcher with a way to reinforce or
      recall previously-learned search techniques without incurring online charges.
      MEDTUTOR may be used in place of formal training, as a precursor to or as a
      refresher following formal training, or for review of a particular concept. It
      provides inexpensive and easily accessible instruction for searching MEDLINE.

PMID- 2655785
TI  - Journal rankings by citation analysis in health sciences librarianship.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to identify objectively a hierarchical ranking of
      journals for health sciences librarians with faculty status. Such a guideline can
      indicate a journal's value for promotion and tenure consideration. Lists of
      recent research articles (1982-1986) in health sciences librarianship, and
      articles written by health sciences librarians, were compiled by searching Social
      SCISEARCH and MEDLINE. The journals publishing those articles are presented.
      Results show BMLA as the most prominent journal in the field. Therefore,
      citations from articles in BMLA from 1982 to 1986 were chosen as a sample for
      citation analysis. Citation analysis was employed to identify the most frequently
      cited journals. Some characteristics of the citations in BMLA are also discussed.
      The ranking of journals based on citation frequency, as a result, was identified.

PMID- 2655786
TI  - Dr. Yan Zonglin, 1982-1983 MLA Cunningham International Fellow: five years later.

PMID- 2655787
TI  - The impact of litigation and court decisions on clinical practice.
AB  - Malpractice litigation has dramatically increased in recent years, posing a major
      challenge to psychiatrists and other clinicians. The author reviews the current
      legal situation and major court decisions, and then addresses five categories of
      litigation specifically affecting psychiatry: (1) patients' acts of violence; (2)
      patient suicides; (3) patient injuries that result from negligent treatment; (4)
      faulty initiation, process, or termination of treatment; and (5) liability
      arising from employer, supervisory, or consultative relationships. He concludes
      that a sensitive and effective relationship between treaters and patients remains
      the best safeguard against malpractice litigation.

PMID- 2655788
TI  - Long-term treatment of chronically suicidal patients.
AB  - Chronically suicidal persons with chronic psychiatric disorders (dysthymia,
      recurrent depression, alcoholism/addiction, schizophrenia, personality disorders)
      challenge the experience and resourcefulness of psychiatrists. The author reviews
      his 30 years of experience with these patients and makes six recommendations for
      long-term treatment: (1) a team approach using consultants and ancillary
      therapists, (2) flexible therapeutic plans combining medication with
      psychotherapy, (3) care in monitoring transference and countertransference, (4)
      brief hospitalization at turning points in the patient's life or in the
      treatment, (5) decisions based on risk-benefit evaluation, and (6) appropriate
      record keeping. He also summarizes effective treatment approaches with patients
      who have chronic psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2655789
TI  - Evolving concepts of borderline personality disorders.
AB  - The author examines major trends in the definition of borderline conditions in
      this century. Particular note is taken of the conflicts among psychodynamic,
      empirical-descriptive, and biological approaches to the problem leading up to DSM
      III formulations; current controversies; and the implications of these historical
      trends for the future of borderline concepts.

PMID- 2655790
TI  - An update on sleep disorders.
AB  - Sleep disorders are so common that approximately 38% of the general population
      complains about a current sleep problem and 52% complains about a current or past
      sleep problem. Psychiatric factors are prominent in virtually all sleep
      disorders, either as primary factors (insomnia and adult parasomnias) or as
      significant secondary consequences (sleep apnea and narcolepsy). The authors
      describe normal sleep; delineate the prevalence of sleep disorders, both those
      associated with psychiatric disturbance and those of organic etiology; and
      outline procedures for evaluation and treatment, which is multidimensional and
      comprises general measures, psychotherapy, and, when indicated, pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 2655791
TI  - Posttraumatic stress disorder. A historical perspective on diagnosis and
      treatment.
AB  - The author explores new directions in the diagnosis and treatment of
      posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychological, biological, and sociological
      findings are contrasted with earlier developments to provide historical
      continuity. The author addresses such topics as developments in psychoanalytic
      theory, information-processing theory, normal stress response, multitheoretical
      syntheses, countertransference, and pharmacological approaches.

PMID- 2655792
TI  - Brain neuropeptides: actions on central cardiovascular control mechanisms.
AB  - The many peptides we have not considered (e.g. gastrin, motilin, FMRFamide,
      carnosine, litorin, dermorphin, casomorphin, eledoisin, prolactin, growth
      hormone, neuromedin U, proctolin, etc.) were omitted due to lack of information
      as far as any putative central cardiovascular effects are concerned. However,
      even for some of these peptide pariahs intriguing snippets of information are
      available now (e.g. ref. 85), although as we write, the list of possible
      candidates for investigation grows longer. On an optimistic note, it is becoming
      clear that many brain neuropeptides may have important effects on cardiovascular
      regulation. It seems feasible that 'chemically coded' pathways in the brain might
      be the neuroanatomical correlate of a 'viscerotopic' organization of
      cardiovascular control mechanisms, whereby the activity of the heart and flows
      through vascular beds are individually controlled, but in an integrated fashion,
      utilizing particular combinations of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides within
      the brain. Such possibilities can only be investigated, properly, by measurement
      of changes in cardiac output and regional haemodynamics in response to
      appropriate interventions, in conscious, unrestrained animals.

PMID- 2655793
TI  - AIDS in Colombia.
AB  - Between January 1984 and December 1987 a total of 178 AIDS cases were reported to
      the Colombian Ministry of Health. The location of these cases suggests that the
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is widely distributed in Colombia. Most of
      those afflicted (97%) have been adult males. HIV seroprevalence studies of
      selected population groups revealed the highest antibody prevalence (5.65% in
      females, 22.5% in males) among individuals involved in high-risk behaviors who
      participated in a free AIDS testing program. High prevalences (from 0.6% to 3.9%
      in females, and 14.6% to 15.9% in males) were also found in patients (primarily
      female prostitutes and male homosexuals) attending clinics for sexually
      transmitted diseases in several urban areas. The number of AIDS cases in Colombia
      has doubled or tripled annually since reporting began in 1984, a pattern similar
      to that observed worldwide.

PMID- 2655794
TI  - Perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from an infected
      mother to her fetus or infant can occur in utero and probably during labor and
      delivery. Transmission via breast milk has also been documented. Because of
      limitations of conventional HIV testing in infants, it is difficult to determine
      the rate of transmission from an infected mother to her fetus or infant, but it
      is probably between 20% and 60%, depending on the mother's health status.
      Perinatal HIV infection is a significant problem particularly in "Pattern II"
      countries, where HIV is spread primarily by heterosexual contact. In "Pattern I"
      countries, where HIV predominantly affects homosexual and bisexual men, children
      are infected by mothers who acquired the infection through I.V. drug abuse or
      sexual contact with an infected partner.

PMID- 2655795
TI  - A simple procedure for obtaining large amounts of HIV antigens for serodiagnostic
      purposes.
AB  - The established method of purifying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involves
      centrifuging the lysates of infected cells onto a sucrose gradient. This article
      reports an alternative methodology for purifying large amounts of HIV antigens
      that avoids the need for expensive equipment such as an ultracentrifuge and
      requires no purification gradient. These semipurified antigens have been used to
      perform a "homemade" confirmatory Western blot assay that produced reactivity
      comparable to that obtained with a commercial Western blot assay. Although the
      "homemade" procedure did not detect one important viral protein (env gp160), this
      purification method seems to offer a suitable and economical means of obtaining
      antigens to confirm the presence of antibodies to HIV.

PMID- 2655796
TI  - Evaluation of home pregnancy test kits.
AB  - Nine pregnancy test kits intended for home use were evaluated for optimal
      accuracy, sensitivity, ease of operation, and definitude of results. Tests of the
      kits on samples of urine from healthy male volunteers previously spiked with
      known concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin showed wide variations among
      the kits in all characteristics examined. Specific values are given for the kits
      tested.

PMID- 2655797
TI  - Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta.
AB  - Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta is a lethal injury associated with high
      speed accidents. In multiply injured patients a high index of suspicion is
      required to allow prompt diagnosis of this condition. Urgent surgery is life
      saving in the majority of patients.

PMID- 2655798
TI  - Placental biopsy.
AB  - There is increasing patient demand for placental biopsy, principally for
      karyotyping because it enables termination of pregnancy in the first trimester if
      an abnormality is detected. Precise risks in terms of fetal loss rates due to the
      procedure have not been clearly established. Over 41,000 biopsies have been
      performed worldwide, with an average fetal loss rate of 3.54%.

PMID- 2655799
TI  - The surgical treatment of adrenal disease.
AB  - Since the advent of cortisone replacement therapy in 1950 made adrenal surgery
      possible, it has had the reputation of being fraught with medical and technical
      difficulties. However, with good endocrine medical cooperation, expert
      anaesthesia and sound technical expertise, excellent results are obtainable.

PMID- 2655800
TI  - Cutaneous malignant melanoma: a potentially curable disease.
AB  - Theoretically no-one should die of cutaneous malignant melanoma for it is a
      unique cancer in that it is visible and can therefore be spotted early and
      excised before it has invaded to a significant depth. Cure depends on an informed
      general public and on doctors who can distinguish the sinister from the banal.

PMID- 2655801
TI  - New vaccines.
AB  - New technology is allowing the development of more effective and safer vaccines
      to replace old vaccines and provide protection against a wider range of diseases.
      The worldwide priority, however, must be to increase the uptake of existing
      vaccines to reduce childhood mortality and morbidity.

PMID- 2655802
TI  - Thrombophilia.
AB  - Disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis which increase the tendency to clot are
      far more common than the well-known conditions which predispose to bleeding. An
      increased understanding of these processes will improve the management of
      patients with thrombosis.

PMID- 2655803
TI  - Neurosurgery for epilepsy.
AB  - 'Consideration of operative therapy should be given to more patients with
      refractory partial epilepsy...there can be little doubt that resources for the
      evaluation and surgical treatment of patients should be more widely available and
      more widely used in the UK.'

PMID- 2655804
TI  - Effects of peptidases on non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory responses of
      tracheal smooth muscle: a comparison with effects on VIP- and PHI-induced
      relaxation.
AB  - 1. The effects of peptidase enzymes on non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC)
      inhibitory responses of guinea-pig trachea to electrical field stimulation (EFS),
      and on relaxations induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide
      histidine isoleucine (PHI) have been examined. 2. alpha-Chymotrypsin reduced both
      the magnitude and, particularly, the duration of the inhibitory response to EFS,
      whereas papain reduced only the magnitude. Aprotinin, a peptidase inhibitor
      prevented the effects of alpha-chymotrypsin but was without effect on papain. 3.
      alpha-Chymotrypsin and papain both abolished relaxant responses to exogenous VIP
      and PHI. The action of alpha-chymotrypsin was prevented by aprotinin, whereas
      that of papain was not affected. 4. The peptidases were without effect on
      concentration-response curves to methacholine or to isoprenaline. It was also
      observed that, in the absence of the peptidases, aprotinin had no effect on
      inhibitory responses either to EFS or to exogenous VIP and PHI. 5. It is
      suggested that neuropeptides, possibly VIP and PHI, released during EFS of guinea
      pig trachea, partly mediate NANC relaxations, and that their action may be
      inhibited by peptidases. However, the lack of effect of aprotinin alone, on
      responses to EFS, suggests that, if endogenous peptidases are important in
      terminating the action of neuropeptides, they are resistant to the effect of this
      particular peptidase inhibitor. It is further suggested that neurogenic
      relaxation of guinea-pig trachea is also partly mediated by a substance, possibly
      non-peptide, other than VIP or PHI.

PMID- 2655806
TI  - Intrahepatic stones.

PMID- 2655805
TI  - Effects of the bradykinin antagonist B4310 on smooth muscles and blood pressure
      in the rat, and its enzymatic degradation.
AB  - 1. Six competitive bradykinin (Bk) antagonists were tested for their agonistic
      properties on the rat uterus. Five of these peptides showed agonistic effects
      only at concentrations at least two orders of magnitude higher than those of
      bradykinin. 2. The antagonistic potency of Lys-Lys-3-Hyp-5,8-Thi-7-DPhe-Bk
      (B4310) in the rat uterus (pA2 = 7.24) and in the rat duodenum (pA2 = 7.31) was
      very similar to that determined in an earlier study for the antagonism of the
      bradykinin-induced stimulation of the trigeminal nerve in the rabbit iris
      sphincter muscle preparation (pA2 = 7.59). 3. The fall in mean arterial blood
      pressure induced by i.a. injections of bradykinin was greatly reduced during an
      i.a. infusion of B4310, but not 10 min thereafter, which indicates a rapid
      inactivation of B4310 in vivo. Bacitracin possibly interferes with the enzymatic
      cleavage of B4310 but seems to have no effect on the degradation of bradykinin.
      4. An i.a. infusion of captopril greatly enhanced the potency of bradykinin in
      inducing a fall in arterial blood pressure, confirming the important role of
      angiotensin converting enzyme in the cleavage of bradykinin. However, the design
      of this experiment did not allow conclusions about the effect of captopril on the
      degradation of B4310. 5. B4310 incubated with rat lung tissue disappeared from
      the incubation medium within a few minutes, i.e. as fast as bradykinin, which
      explains its short duration of action in vivo. Captopril partially inhibited the
      cleavage of both bradykinin and B4310. 6. The present results show that the
      bradykinin antagonists available at present are useful tools for the
      investigation of the biological role of bradykinin. However, the susceptibility
      to enzymatic degradation may limit their usefulness in animal experiments or in
      clinical studies.

PMID- 2655807
TI  - Endoscopic haemostasis for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
AB  - Endoscopic haemostasis can be effective in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal
      haemorrhage, and should be regarded as potential front-line treatment. Diverse
      methods are available, and although no single technique has become firmly
      established, current evidence favours thermal coagulation and injection therapy.

PMID- 2655808
TI  - Liver transplantation for primary and secondary hepatic apudomas.
AB  - Four patients underwent liver transplantation in the Cambridge/King's College
      Hospital programme for malignant primary and secondary apudomas, secreting
      various peptide hormones and uncontrollable by standard treatment techniques.
      After transplantation all patients had excellent symptomatic relief and specific
      peptide hormone levels fell to normal ranges. Two patients remain alive and well
      after 38 and 22 months, the latter with recurrence of slight tumour-related
      symptoms and elevation of the specific secretory product. The other two patients
      died from chronic graft rejection 7 and 8 months after transplantation.

PMID- 2655809
TI  - Cholecystectomy and colorectal cancer.
AB  - This review examines the evidence for and against an association between
      cholecystectomy and colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2655810
TI  - Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.

PMID- 2655811
TI  - Preoperative assessment of mesorectal lymph node involvement in rectal cancer.
AB  - One hundred patients with rectal adenocarcinoma were examined preoperatively with
      rectal endosonography (ES) and 50 were also examined with computed tomography
      (CT). ES predicted mesorectal lymph node involvement with an accuracy of 83 per
      cent, sensitivity of 88 per cent, specificity of 79 per cent, positive predictive
      value of 78 per cent and negative predictive value of 89 per cent. CT in
      comparison had an accuracy of 57 per cent, sensitivity of 25 per cent,
      specificity of 91 per cent, positive predictive value of 75 per cent and negative
      predictive value of 53 per cent. No particular histological architectural feature
      could be identified as responsible for false positive diagnosis though nodal size
      was significantly larger in the true positive and false positive group when
      compared with the true negatives (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01
      respectively).

PMID- 2655812
TI  - Adjuvant therapy of poor prognosis colon cancer with levamisole: results of an
      EORTC double-blind randomized clinical trial.
AB  - From 1978 to 1985, 297 patients were entered in a double-blind randomized trial
      comparing levamisole to placebo as adjuvant therapy of Dukes' C carcinoma of the
      colon. Therapy consisted of from two to five tablets of 50 mg levamisole (or
      placebo) twice a week, depending on bodyweight for 1 year. Levamisole was
      generally well tolerated, with only four reversible cases of agranulocytosis
      reported among 129 patients. The trial failed to show a benefit of levamisole on
      disease-free survival (P = 0.53) or on survival (P = 0.35). There was no
      difference between the two treatment groups in terms of number of disease
      relapses, sites of relapse, or time to relapse. The proportion of patients still
      alive at 5 years was 51 per cent (standard error, 5.5 per cent) in the levamisole
      group versus 39 per cent (standard error, 5.4 per cent) in the placebo group.

PMID- 2655813
TI  - The role of thrombolytic therapy in surgical practice.
AB  - The ability of streptokinase and urokinase to lyse intravascular fibrin-based
      clots is firmly established. However, there is a lack of enthusiasm for these
      agents because of serious haemorrhagic complications and a lack of controlled
      randomized studies indicating their efficacy. Thrombolytic therapy is suitable in
      only 15 per cent of patients with acute deep venous thrombosis. It restores the
      venous circulation to normal in up to 95 per cent of these patients if therapy is
      instituted within 5 days of the onset of symptoms. These patients have
      significantly fewer symptoms on follow-up than patients treated with heparin
      although the ability of thrombolytic therapy to preserve venous valvular function
      and to prevent the post-phlebitic syndrome is now in question. Thrombolytic
      therapy is as effective as heparin in preventing pulmonary embolism and may be
      superior in its treatment. Pulmonary haemodynamics are rapidly improved,
      diffusion capacity is restored and, although the evidence is inconclusive, long
      term pulmonary hypertension may be prevented. Although the mortality rate is not
      decreased, controlled studies show that thrombolytic therapy may be beneficial in
      massive pulmonary embolism with clinical shock. Thrombolytic therapy is indicated
      for acute arterial and acute bypass graft occlusion when the surgical alternative
      is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality. Partial thrombolysis is
      achieved in up to 90 per cent of cases and the need for further therapeutic
      intervention is eliminated in one-third of the patients treated. New thrombolytic
      agents with greater specificity and potentially greater efficacy and fewer
      complications are being developed. Tissue plasminogen activator has been
      successfully used. Prourokinase, fibrin-seeking urokinase and acetylated
      streptokinase-plasminogen complex may expand the role of thrombolytic therapy in
      surgical practice.

PMID- 2655814
TI  - Role of B-mode venous mapping in infrainguinal in situ vein-arterial bypasses.
AB  - Two hundred and eighty patients underwent B-mode mapping (B-map) of their
      saphenous vein over a period of 3 years (1984-1987) before lower limb
      revascularization. B-map deemed that 229 veins were suitable for bypass, 26 were
      questionable and 25 were unsuitable. A successful bypass was achieved in 97.8 per
      cent of the suitable group (all in situ), 85 per cent of the questionable group
      (in situ and composite vein), and 80 per cent of the unsuitable group (composite
      vein). At a minimum follow-up period of 1 year the overall patency rate was 95.0
      per cent with a revision rate of 15.8 per cent. There was no correlation between
      revision rate and vein complexity or calf vein diameter. Calf vein diameter
      greater than 2.5 mm was correlated with a successful bypass (P less than 0.001).
      It is concluded that B-map is the investigation of choice for saphenous vein
      assessment before infrainguinal bypass surgery.

PMID- 2655815
TI  - Effect of shoulder immobilization on wound seroma and shoulder dysfunction
      following modified radical mastectomy: a randomized prospective clinical trial.

PMID- 2655816
TI  - Tamoxifen comes of age.

PMID- 2655817
TI  - Recessive mutations and chromosome deletions leading to cancer.
AB  - This review examines the effect that a small chromosome deletion affecting a
      specific DNA sequence may have in producing a state of 'hemizygosity' for a gene
      or genes, and so triggering malignancy of the cells concerned. The association
      between such deletions and a variety of cancers will be considered and the
      implications for clinical practice will be outlined.

PMID- 2655819
TI  - A more realistic way of practising surgical knots using a surgical glove.

PMID- 2655818
TI  - Sutureless large bowel anastomosis: European experience with the biofragmentable
      anastomosis ring.
AB  - Sutureless colonic anastomosis using a biofragmentable anastomosis ring (BAR) has
      been evaluated in a prospective randomized comparison with sutures and staples
      for elective colorectal surgery. One hundred and one patients underwent BAR
      anastomosis, 85 a sutured anastomosis, and 16 a stapled anastomosis. There were
      two anastomotic leaks in the patients undergoing BAR anastomosis, seven in
      patients having a sutured anastomosis, and one in a patient who had a stapled
      anastomosis. Wound infection occurred in ten BAR patients, ten sutured patients
      and no stapled patient. There was no statistically significant difference in
      these or in other postoperative complications between the groups. The BAR was
      easy to use and is a safe alternative to sutures and staples for large bowel
      anastomosis.

PMID- 2655820
TI  - Stapling technique for pouch-anal anastomosis without the need for purse-string
      sutures.

PMID- 2655821
TI  - Colonic complications of severe acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Colonic complications are rare in acute pancreatitis. Over the last 9 years at
      St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK, we have managed severe acute pancreatitis by
      intensive supportive therapy followed by sub-total pancreatic resection and/or
      debridement in those who fail to improve. Of the 22 patients who have undergone
      this form of surgery, nine were found to have colonic involvement in the form of
      either necrosis or perforation. In addition, one patient presenting at West
      Middlesex University Hospital, Isleworth, UK, had severe acute pancreatitis and
      almost total colonic necrosis as an unexpected finding at emergency laparotomy.
      These ten patients comprised seven men and three women of median age 59 years and
      with a median of four Ranson criteria. In seven patients, colonic involvement was
      discovered at the time of pancreatic surgery or laparotomy for pancreatitis and
      in the remainder it presented between 1 and 3 weeks later as either a faecal
      fistula (n = 2) or persistent abdominal sepsis (n = 1). The ascending colon was
      involved in one patient, the splenic flexure and descending colon in one, the
      transverse colon in three, the splenic flexure alone in four, and one patient had
      almost total colonic involvement. All patients underwent resection of the
      involved colon and exteriorization with either a proximal colostomy (n = 7) or
      ileostomy (n = 3) and a distal mucous fistula. Pathological examination of the
      resected colons revealed a spectrum of changes from pericolitis through to
      ischaemic necrosis suggesting at least two possible mechanisms. Six patients died
      from overwhelming sepsis between 1 day and 4 weeks (median 11 days) after colonic
      resection. Severe acute pancreatitis must be recognized as a cause of colonic
      ischaemia and necrosis; this complication is associated with a very poor
      prognosis despite surgical intervention.

PMID- 2655822
TI  - High volume lesser sac lavage in acute necrotizing pancreatitis.
AB  - The effect of lesser sac drainage with or without lavage on some early predictors
      and on outcome in acute necrotizing pancreatitis was analysed. The evaluation was
      made prospectively for 24 patients, in a single centre study. According to
      Ranson's criteria and laparotomy findings, the lavage and drainage groups were
      comparable and the pancreatitis was severe and necrotizing in both groups. In a
      longitudinal analysis of the first 4 postoperative days, lavage did not show any
      advantage over drainage, as measured by seven prognostic signs (serum creatinine,
      blood glucose, base excess, haematocrit, white blood cells, C-reactive protein
      and immunoreactive phospholipase A2 concentration). Furthermore, the study did
      not find that lavage had any positive effect on the incidence of mortality (36
      versus 17 per cent in the drainage group) or on septic complications in acute
      necrotizing pancreatitis. In the total series the extent of pancreatic necrosis
      was an essential predictor of the outcome.

PMID- 2655823
TI  - Gross morphology and evolution of the mechanoreceptive lateral-line system in
      teleost fishes.
AB  - The morphology and development of the mechanoreceptive lateral-line system in
      teleost fishes is reviewed, and the systematic distribution of defined types of
      lateral-line systems is summarized. The importance of an understanding of
      ontogeny is stressed and the roles of phylogenetic and developmental constraints
      in the evolution of the lateral-line system are discussed. Four types of head
      canal systems are identified on the basis of the relative development of the
      canals and the orientation of the neuromast receptors contained within them. The
      distribution of these patterns in the four major teleost clades is analyzed. It
      is suggested that a branched tubule system associated with the head canals is a
      primitive teleost character, while widened and reduced head canal patterns are
      convergent functional specializations in many taxa. The trunk canals are
      contained in a continuous series of lateral-line scales, and eight trunk canal
      patterns are described in teleosts. Given the correlation of the systematic
      distribution of the different trunk canal patterns, ecological habit and body
      shape, it appears that the trunk canals may function as a hydrodynamic monitor in
      swimming fishes.

PMID- 2655824
TI  - Evaluation of the glutamate antagonist dizocilipine maleate (MK-801) on
      neurologic outcome in a canine model of complete cerebral ischemia: correlation
      with hippocampal histopathology.
AB  - This study was designed to determine if dizocilipine maleate (MK-801),
      administered following 11 min of complete ischemia in dogs, could favorably alter
      neurologic outcome and hippocampal damage. Eighteen dogs were anesthetized and
      subjected to complete cerebral ischemia by temporary occlusion of the ascending
      aorta and the venae cavae via a thoracotomy. Five min postischemia, 9 dogs were
      given dizocilipine 150 micrograms/kg, followed by an infusion of 1.25
      microgram/kg/min for 8 h. Control dogs were given equal volumes of placebo. Dogs
      were evaluated neurologically at 24, 48, and 72 h; thereafter, the brains were
      perfused, fixed and harvested. There was no significant difference in outcome
      between dizocilipine- and placebo-treated dogs: 5 of 9 given dizocilipine were
      normal, 1 was mildly injured and 3 were severely injured or dead. In the control
      animals given placebo, 3 of 9 were normal, 2 were mildly injured and 4 were
      moderately to severely injured. Histopathologic examination was limited to the
      hippocampus. CA1 and CA2,3,4 pyramidal neurons were graded according to degree of
      injury on a 5-point scale. There were no differences in histopathologic grades
      between the two groups. However, in both groups combined there was a significant
      correlation between neurologic outcome grade and histopathologic grade. The only
      notable systemic effect of dizocilipine appeared to be prolonged sedation which
      extended beyond 24 h postischemia but was not evident at 48 h postischemia. The
      authors conclude that more outcome studies in more sensitive models are needed.

PMID- 2655825
TI  - Bilateral transection of the lateral olfactory tract but not removal of the
      vomeronasal organs inhibits short-photoperiod-induced testicular regression in
      golden hamsters.
AB  - It is now known that removal of the olfactory bulbs increases basal gonadotropin
      secretion and prevents short-photoperiod-induced testicular regression in Syrian
      hamsters. The experiments described in the present paper were an attempt to
      determine which neuronal systems associated with the olfactory bulbs are
      responsible for this influence on the reproductive neuroendocrine axis. In the
      first experiment, removal of the vomeronasal organ failed to influence
      gonadotropin secretion or testes weight in hamsters on long or short photoperiod,
      suggesting that the vomeronasal-accessory olfactory pathway is not individually
      responsible for the effect of the olfactory bulbs on gonadotropin secretion. In
      the second experiment, bilateral transection of the lateral olfactory tracts
      (LOT) did prevent short-photoperiod-induced testicular regression and the
      associated decrease in gonadotropin secretion. Since the nervus terminalis is
      confined to the surface of the medical olfactory bulb pathway, the results of LOT
      transection indicate that the nervus terminalis, which itself contains
      gonadotropin releasing hormone, does not mediate the influence of the olfactory
      bulbs on gonadotropin secretion. These results further suggest that the olfactory
      bulb influence on gonadotropin secretion is due to neural connections to the
      pyriform cortex, entorhinal cortex or amygdala.

PMID- 2655826
TI  - [Rapid detection and easy culture of Campylobacter pylori from human gastric
      mucosa].
AB  - 96 gastric mucosal biopsy specimens collected at endoscopy and placed into 3 ml
      20% glucose were examined histologically, microscopically (Gram staining), by
      urease test, and by cultivation. The rate of positive findings ws 62.5% by urease
      test, 34.4% by cultivation, and 27.0% microscopically. By using simple selective
      solid media, the number of positive cultivations increased to 58.7%. Positive
      microbiological findings were established by one of three microbiological methods
      at a high percentage in gastric ulcers (87.5%) and at the lowest rate in duodenal
      ulcers (57.1%). Remarkable were the positive findings in 60% of patients with
      normal endoscopic results. In chronic gastritis the highest positivity rate was
      established histologically (52.6%). Antibiotics without bismuth preparations were
      used in the treatment of six patients. Check-up examinations yielded negative
      histological and microbiological findings only in two patients. We failed to
      affect the inflammatory activity of the gastric mucosa even when consolidation of
      the ulcer lesion was achieved.

PMID- 2655827
TI  - [Prof. Frantisek Simer--an important personage at the Medical School of Comenius
      University in Bratislava].
AB  - An outline of Prof. Simer's life and work is given, highlighting the period when
      he was a faculty member of the School of Medicine, Comenius University,
      Bratislava. Special attention is drawn to his scientific orientation and his
      contribution to the teaching of pathologic physiology.

PMID- 2655828
TI  - [Ethology and medicine].
AB  - In a review paper intended for postgraduate education, the author stresses the
      role of ethology in contemporary medicine. Ethology is a branch of science using
      the comparative approach in studying behaviour in its natural context. The method
      of natural experiment is applied to advantage in psychiatry as well as in other
      medical specialities.

PMID- 2655829
TI  - Allograft vs. exposure in the treatment of scalds--a prospective randomized
      controlled clinical study.
AB  - In a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCCT) the healing rate, infection and
      late cosmetic/functional results were investigated in 48 children admitted to
      hospital with scalds. They were treated with either exposure treatment (EP) or
      lyophilized allograft (LA). Healing rate was improved with LA treatment. The
      infection tendency was identical within the two groups. Late cosmetic/functional
      results were superior, with LA treatment compared to exposure treatment but only
      in the subgroup of superficial dermal scalds.

PMID- 2655830
TI  - Buried chip skin grafting for treatment of perianal burns.
AB  - A technique of buried chip skin grafting for perianal burn injury is described.
      Small chip skin grafts are buried in the granulating wound around the anus and
      this procedure achieves epithelialization of the perianal and perineal wound
      within about 5 or 6 cm laterally from the middle with extremely small amounts of
      skin graft. Graft survival is not disturbed by stools or gently wiping of the
      wound to remove stools, as grafts are buried in the holes. If infection occurs
      soon after the operation, graft survival does not appear to be affected because
      the grafted holes show good drainage. This procedure is considered to be very
      useful for treating perianal or perineal granulating wounds in extensively and
      deeply burned patients who have limited autograft donor sites.

PMID- 2655831
TI  - Omiderm treatment of scalds in children.
AB  - As a temporary dressing on scald wounds in children Omiderm was tried in 10
      consecutive patients. Omiderm is a thin, transparent, hydrophilic polyurethane
      membrane, permeable to water and oxygen. It was applied on the wound when
      exudation was declining, about 4-10 hours postburn. The dressing formed a crust
      with the wound exudate and was removed when the wound had reepithelialized or at
      day 14 postburn before split skin grafting of the wound if the wound had not yet
      healed. The dressing had no advantages nor disadvantages compared to conventional
      exposure treatment with regard to healing time, rate of bacterial contamination,
      need for split skin grafting, quality of scars on spontaneously healed areas nor
      comfort to the patients.

PMID- 2655832
TI  - Cutaneous 10 MHz ultrasound B scan allows the quantitative assessment of burn
      depth.
AB  - Alterations in the epidermis and dermis after a scald burn (deep dermal wound)
      are sonographically displayed by different echo reflections. Histological slide
      preparations from various layers of healthy skin were studied to check the
      ultrasound analysis. Echo reflections of high and low density showed a close
      correlation to real anatomical structures in the histological slides. The 10-MHz
      B scan allows the differentiation of 0.1 mm. Heat causes an increase in dermal
      thickness of between 50 and 100 per cent for the period between 1 and 6 h after
      injury. Identifying the layers corresponding to the histological slides makes it
      is possible to measure the distance between the interfaces. This improves the
      quantitative assessment of both the depth and the area of thermal injury.

PMID- 2655833
TI  - How to get large meshed split skin grafts.
AB  - A method of meshing large sheets of split skin using the Zimmer dermamesher with
      a standard carrier is described.

PMID- 2655834
TI  - Clinical experience with glycerol-preserved donor skin treatment in partial
      thickness burns.
AB  - The development of glycerol-preserved donor skin by the Dutch National Skin Bank
      has led to the clinical use of this skin in 57 patients with partial thickness
      burns treated in the Burns Centre of the Red Cross Hospital in Beverwijk.
      Practical aspects, as well as clinical results, are presented in this article,
      leading to the conclusion that glycerol-preserved donor skin is a very easy to
      store and easy to use as an alternative for the 'conventional' cryopreserved
      donor skin.

PMID- 2655835
TI  - Treatment of donor sites--Duoderm or Omiderm?
AB  - In the search for a good temporary donor site dressing two synthetic products
      were compared in a randomized controlled clinical trial: Duoderm, a double layer
      dressing with an inner hydrocolloid polymer complex layer and an outer layer of
      polyurethane foam, impermeable to water and oxygen, and Omiderm, a hydrophilic
      polyurethane transparent membrane, permeable to water and oxygen. Sequence
      analysis showed that the trial could finish when eight patients had been treated.
      The Duoderm dressing resulted in solid re-epithelialization almost 3 days earlier
      than Omiderm, and it was more comfortable for the patients. Neither the Duoderm
      treated nor the Omiderm-treated donor sites showed any signs of clinical
      infection. Due to fluid accumulation beneath the dressing during the first
      postoperative days the Duoderm dressing had to be changed more often than the
      Omiderm.

PMID- 2655836
TI  - The physiologic changes that occur with aging.
AB  - The elderly critically ill patient requires more intense consideration and
      observation, because his or her system has become less capable of adapting to
      external stresses. Table 2 summarizes the major changes in the various systems
      and considerations for care in the critical care unit. The use of various
      diagnostic tests to establish organ function is required in the elderly
      population before medication or treatment regimes are instituted. Tests typically
      performed on a routine basis include tests of renal function, gastrointestinal
      motility, and respiratory and cardiac function. Judicious use of these studies is
      required, including evaluation of the patient's ability to cooperate and
      comprehend instructions. Clinicians also must consider the impact of past and
      recent life-style patterns on the aging process. Health care professionals need
      to develop ways to promote what Rowe and Kahn have termed, "successful aging,"
      and improve their understanding of factors, psychosocial or physiologic, that
      facilitate resistance to disease and maintenance of autonomy in the elderly
      population.

PMID- 2655837
TI  - Pharmacogeriatrics.

PMID- 2655838
TI  - Immunologic impairment, infection, and AIDS in the aging patient.
AB  - Consideration of immunologic consequences of aging coupled with the potential for
      infectious disease and the relatively new recognition of HIV infection will
      continue to present challenges to nurses in acute care settings. Knowledge of
      these issues can provide the basis for effective approaches to the problems.

PMID- 2655839
TI  - Immobility and bone loss in the aging adult.
AB  - Increasing numbers of older patients will be admitted to critical care units.
      Although bone loss will not be the primary concern, astute critical care nurses
      must be aware that the bone loss associated with immobility, compounded with the
      bone loss that occurs with aging, can place a patient at the fracture threshold.

PMID- 2655840
TI  - Impaired cognition in the critically ill elderly patient: clinical implications.
AB  - Cognitive impairment is a significant health problem for the critically ill aged
      and warrants further investigation. Despite the lack of knowledge of all aspects
      of cognitive impairment, much can be undertaken to improve the care of impaired
      patients. Nurses must routinely, systematically, and comprehensively assess the
      cognitive state of each elderly patient at the time of admission and daily
      throughout hospitalization. On the basis of these assessments, nurses must
      accurately differentiate among confusion, depression, and dementia in the
      cognitively impaired patient. To carry out such assessments, modification of
      existing tools, such as the MMSE, may be necessary. Only through such assessment,
      however, is it possible to detect, prevent, or treat changes in cognition, and
      thereby prevent its sequelae.

PMID- 2655841
TI  - The economics of dental care in Sri Lanka. A profile of unqualified
      practitioners.
AB  - A study was carried out to determine the number and distribution of unqualified
      dental practitioners (UQP's), and to compare some aspects of their practice
      profile with those of general dental practitioners (GDP's) in the island. The
      results showed that there were probably as many UQP's as general dental
      practitioners and that 91 per cent of them provided dentures. The proportions
      performing extractions, fillings and scalings were 44, 58 and 38 per cent
      respectively. For most procedures their charges were roughly 30 per cent lower
      than those of general dental practitioners, although in the case of dentures they
      tended to charge nearly as much and sometimes more. A way of rationalizing the
      role of UQP's as de facto providers of dental care is suggested in the light of
      new information about this manpower type that is generally regarded as unlawful
      and therefore ignored.

PMID- 2655842
TI  - Problems in the assessment of complete dentures.
AB  - The evidence for the reliability of some of the most widely used criteria for the
      assessment of complete dentures is reviewed and a number of factors discussed
      which might account for the contradictory nature of this evidence, including
      methods of statistical analysis, the wording of criteria and possible extraneous
      influences on the judgment of observers using the criteria. Adequate and
      consistent reliability has not been demonstrated for any of the criteria which
      have been proposed and the development of either more reliable criteria or of
      objective tests of the performance of complete dentures is a priority if the
      results of epidemiological surveys of complete dentures are to be regarded as
      meaningful.

PMID- 2655843
TI  - The effects of ultrasonic scaling with oral hygiene education on the distribution
      of pathological pockets using CPITN diagnostic standards.
AB  - Thirty-three subjects aged 20-44 years, selected from Japanese company employees
      who had been given CPITN Codes of 3 or 4, received a treatment of ultrasonic
      scaling to investigate any changes in the distribution of pathological pockets
      after this treatment using CPITN diagnostic standards. A pathological pocket was
      defined as a pocket with a depth of 4 mm or deeper as described in the CPITN
      system. The results demonstrate that the number of teeth with pathological
      pockets was significantly reduced from 6.2 to 3.4 (45 per cent reduction) after
      scaling with an ultrasonic instrument requiring at most 30 minutes per subject.
      The reduction in pathological pockets was attributed to an improvement in shallow
      pockets rather than deep pockets. These results imply that as far as shallow
      pockets are concerned, one episode of scaling with ultrasonics is effective in
      reducing the extent of periodontal disease. Comparison between the number of
      sextants with shallow pockets before and after scaling further revealed that more
      improvements were observed in the subjects aged 20-29 years than in those aged 30
      44 years. These results suggest that subjects aged 20-29 years with shallow
      pockets should be given first priority for scaling programmes in an adult
      population. The results also indicate that the CPITN diagnostic standards, in
      which the probe measures what is 'normal' and 'abnormal', is appropriate for the
      evaluation of periodontal status in an epidemiological study.

PMID- 2655844
TI  - Dentists and dental health education: a study of the perceptions of 28 community
      dentists.
AB  - The aim of this paper is to describe the perceived problems and difficulties of
      28 community dentists when carrying out dental health education. Their
      perceptions are discussed in relation to some wider implications for prevention
      and dental health education. Sociological literature has identified two differing
      approaches to health education; these are the lifestyle/individualistic and the
      socio-structural approaches. The dentists' responses were found to be congruent
      with the former. The format of the paper is first, to highlight the increasing
      emphasis in the official literature on the need for dentists to practise dental
      health education in the dental surgery. Second, the study method, which is
      essentially qualitative, is outlined, and third, the findings of interviews
      carried out with the 28 dentists are presented. These findings raise issues for
      discussion. An underlying concern of this paper is that before enthusiastically
      endorsing dental health education in the dental surgery it is necessary to
      clarify what the people involved understand by it, and the extent to which they
      are willing and able to adopt new practices.

PMID- 2655845
TI  - Restoration of flow in acute coronary obstructive syndromes: consequences of
      different management strategies.
AB  - Although much necessary evidence is not yet available, there is sufficient
      information from recent therapeutic trials to necessitate a nationwide review of
      the management of acute coronary obstructive syndromes. On the basis of present
      information it is evident that, in addition to heparin, all patients suffering
      from suspected acute myocardial infarction should receive immediate low dose
      aspirin which should be continued for one to six months. This treatment, if
      generally applied, can be expected to save 1200 lives per year in Canada at
      negligible cost. Addition of intravenous streptokinase infusion to all patients
      (in whom there are no contraindications) available for treatment from 0 to 24 h
      from the onset, can be expected to save an additional 1088 lives at an additional
      cost of approximately $11,000 per life. Other thrombolytic agents involve
      additional cost and the gains in terms of mortality are not yet demonstrated. The
      evidence for thrombolytic treatment in acute unstable angina is still uncertain
      but the treatment of all cases with aspirin from the earliest possible moment is
      clearly indicated.

PMID- 2655846
TI  - Laennec Society remembers Aldo Augusto Luisada.

PMID- 2655847
TI  - A prospective trial of new versus refurbished cardiac pacemakers: a Canadian
      experience.
AB  - Pacemaker reimplantation in the same patient is common, and pacemaker
      transplantation or reuse in a second patient has been reported. No report
      prospectively compares the long term costs, the impact of reuse on the number of
      pacemakers implanted, the pacemaker related complications, the types of patients
      selected and the patient survival of those who receive new versus a refurbished
      pacemaker. The authors implanted 70 pacemakers of which 75% (52) were new and 25%
      (18) were refurbished. The refurbished pacemakers were implanted in older
      patients (P less than 0.02), with a mean +/- SD of 77 +/- 8 versus 69 +/- 13
      years of age. During a follow-up period of 36 months, the rate of pacemaker
      related complications was the same in both groups, with no unusual or unexpected
      problems arising in the refurbished group. There were 12 (23%) complications in
      the new pacemaker group and four (22%) complications in the refurbished pacemaker
      group. There were no major pacemaker related complications, no pacemaker battery
      depletions and no pacemaker related deaths. The refurbished pacemakers saved
      $33,000. After three years the cumulative probability of survival in the new
      group tended to be higher (P = 0.08) with a mean (SE) of 0.62 (0.12) versus 0.44
      (0.15). New and refurbished pacemakers are similar with respect to pacemaker
      related survival and complications. Refurbished pacemakers effect a major
      reduction in pacemaker costs while maintaining health care standards.

PMID- 2655848
TI  - Rest and exercise left ventricular ejection and filling characteristics following
      orthotopic cardiac transplantation.
AB  - High temporal resolution radionuclide angiography was performed in 24 normal
      volunteers and 31 healthy cardiac transplant recipients two to 43 months (mean 13
      +/- 14 months) postoperatively in order to obtain cardiac volumes and parameters
      of left ventricular ejection and filling at rest and during supine exercise. The
      peak left ventricular ejection rate was significantly higher in transplant
      patients at rest (2.73 +/- 0.62 versus 1.98 +/- 0.29, P less than 0.0001). During
      submaximal exercise, however, in contrast to normal subjects, peak ejection rate
      increased in transplant recipients only during later exercise, corresponding to
      an increase in heart rate. Peak left ventricular filling rate was also
      significantly higher among transplant recipients at rest (3.52 +/- 0.96 versus
      2.36 +/- 0.45, P less than 0.0001) and during submaximal exercise. Peak filling
      rate increased in transplant patients on initiation of exercise, associated with
      an increase in the end diastolic volume in the absence of an increase in heart
      rate. In 13 patients studied more than one year post cardiac transplantation, the
      peak ejection rate and peak filling rates did not differ from those studied less
      than one year post transplant. Therefore, in transplant patients, no defect of
      myocardial filling was apparent either at rest or during exercise. Systolic
      performance improved in later exercise, presumably as levels of circulating
      catecholamines and heart rate increased.

PMID- 2655849
TI  - Helping students combat licensing examination test anxiety.

PMID- 2655850
TI  - Annual software exchange.

PMID- 2655851
TI  - Ribosomal proteins in halobacteria.
AB  - The amino acid sequences of 16 ribosomal proteins from archaebacterium
      Halobacterium marismortui have been determined by a direct protein chemical
      method. In addition, amino acid sequences of three proteins, S11, S18, and L25,
      have been established by DNA sequencing of their genes as well as by protein
      sequencing. Comparison of their sequences with those of ribosomal proteins from
      other organisms revealed that proteins S14, S16, S19, and L25 are related to both
      eukaryotic and eubacterial ribosomal proteins, being more homologous to
      eukaryotic than eubacterial counterparts, and proteins S12, S15, and L16 are
      related to only eukaryotic ribosomal proteins. Furthermore, some proteins are
      found to be similar to only eubacterial proteins, whereas other proteins show no
      homology to any other known ribosomal proteins. Comparisons of amino acid
      compositions between halophilic and nonhalophilic ribosomal proteins revealed
      that halophilic proteins gain aspartic and glutamic acid residues and
      significantly lose lysine and arginine residues. In addition, halophilic proteins
      seem to lose isoleucine as compared with Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins.

PMID- 2655852
TI  - Gene organization and structure of two transcriptional units from Methanococcus
      coding for ribosomal proteins and elongation factors.
AB  - Two transcriptional units coding for ribosomal proteins and protein synthesis
      elongation factors in Methanococcus vannielii have been cloned and analysed in
      detail. They correspond to the "streptomycin operon" and "spectinomycin operon"
      of the Escherichia coli chromosome. The following general conclusions can be
      drawn from comparison of the nucleotide and the derived amino acid sequences of
      ribosomal proteins from Methanococcus with those from eubacteria and eukaryotes.
      (i) Ribosomal protein and elongation factor genes in Methanococcus are clustered
      in transcriptional units corresponding closely to E. coli ribosomal protein
      operons with respect to both gene composition and organization. (ii) These
      transcriptional units contain, in addition, a few open reading frames whose
      putative gene products share sequence similarity with eukaryotic 80S but not with
      eubacterial, ribosomal proteins. They may correspond to "additional" ribosomal
      proteins of the Methanococcus ribosome, there being no functional homologues in
      the eubacterial ribosome. (iii) Methanococcus ribosomal proteins and elongation
      factors almost exclusively exhibit a higher sequence similarity to eukaryotic 80S
      ribosomal proteins than to those of eubacteria. (iv) Many Methanococcus ribosomal
      proteins have a size intermediate between those of their eukaryotic and
      eubacterial homologues. These results are discussed in terms of a hypothesis
      which implies that the recent eubacterial ribosome developed by a "minimization"
      process from a more complex organelle and that the archaebacterial ribosome has
      maintained features of this ancestor.

PMID- 2655854
TI  - Routine screening of blood and urine for severe reactions to anticonvulsant drugs
      in asymptomatic patients is of doubtful value.
AB  - Severe or fatal reactions to anticonvulsant agents are fortunately rare. We
      examined the value of routine screening of blood and urine to detect early signs
      of such reactions in asymptomatic patients. The basic assumptions of this type of
      screening program have been faulty or unproven, and the results of studies,
      although not definitive, have not supported the value of such programs. Our
      recommendations, approved by the Canadian Association for Child Neurology,
      suggest that asymptomatic patients not undergo routine screening of blood and
      urine but, rather, be informed of the early symptoms of severe toxic reactions
      and be asked to report them immediately to a physician.

PMID- 2655855
TI  - Canada's first ECG machine: shut down the laundry before use.

PMID- 2655853
TI  - Pulmonary complications of AIDS: a clinical strategy.
AB  - Infectious and noninfectious forms of pulmonary disease are the most common
      complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and many are
      amenable to treatment. We describe the clinical and radiologic features of the
      most common causes of lung disease in AIDS patients and review the drugs
      available for treatment. In addition, we provide a strategy for the clinical
      assessment and management of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
      who have lung infiltrates.

PMID- 2655856
TI  - Measuring quality of life in clinical trials: a taxonomy and review.
AB  - Measurement of quality of life is becoming increasingly relevant to controlled
      clinical trials. Two basic types of instrument are available: generic
      instruments, which include health profiles and utility measurements based on the
      patient's preferences in regard to treatment and outcome; and specific
      instruments, which focus on problems associated with individual diseases, patient
      groups or areas of function. The two approaches are not mutually exclusive; each
      has its strengths and weaknesses and may be suitable under different
      circumstances. We surveyed 75 randomized trials published in three medical
      journals in 1986 and categorized them according to the importance of quality of
      life as a measure of outcome and the extent to which quality of life was actually
      measured. Although a number of the investigators used quality-of-life instruments
      in a sophisticated manner, in only 10 of 55 trials in which the measurement had
      been judged to be crucial or important were instruments with established validity
      and responsiveness used. We conclude that although accurate measurement of
      quality of life in randomized trials is now feasible it is still not widely done.
      Using the framework we have outlined, investigators can choose generic or
      specific instruments according to the purpose and the focus of their trial.

PMID- 2655857
TI  - Evaluation of in vitro IgE testing to diagnose atopic diseases.

PMID- 2655858
TI  - Prediction of the development of IgE-mediated atopic disorders and environmental
      engineering for their control.

PMID- 2655861
TI  - Canadian collaborative study of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) and lecithin
      treatment of Alzheimer's disease: effect on mood.
AB  - Several lines of evidence have implicated acetylcholine (ACh) as one of the
      neurotransmitters found to be decreased in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Various
      methods of cholinergic augmentation have been attempted, with mixed results.
      Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is currently
      being investigated at the McGill Centre for Studies in Aging. Preliminary
      uncontrolled data from a 10-week clinical trial of THA and lecithin, reported
      elsewhere, suggest a clinically modest but statistically significant beneficial
      effect on cognition, although problems exist with side effects, particularly
      gastrointestinal. Since the suggestion by Janowsky in 1972 that cholinergic
      neurotransmission may exert an inhibitory or depressant effect on mood, the
      evidence accumulated in the literature has been inconclusive. We undertook to
      assess several potential pretreatment correlates of depressive symptoms in AD and
      to monitor the course of these symptoms during the 10 week treatment period,
      using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) of Brink and Yesavage. Pretreatment
      GDS scores were found to correlate with degree of overall disability and dementia
      as measured by the Rapid Disability Rating Scale (RDRS) and the Mini Mental State
      Examination (MMS), respectively. GDS scores over the treatment period did not
      change to a statistically significant degree. The meaning of these results is
      discussed, particularly with reference to the difficulty of diagnosis and
      measurement of depression in the setting of dementia.

PMID- 2655859
TI  - Leukocyte activation following IgE dependent mechanisms in bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2655862
TI  - Kurt Schneider's concepts of psychopathy and schizophrenia: a review of the
      English literature.
AB  - A conceptual review of Schneider's concepts of psychopathy and the first rank
      symptoms of schizophrenia, and a critical review of the English research
      literature relating thereto. It is concluded that some of the criticism of
      Schneider's concepts is to be attributed to a misunderstanding of what he
      actually meant.

PMID- 2655860
TI  - Clinical significance of anti-IgE autoantibodies and immune complexes containing
      IgE.

PMID- 2655863
TI  - Expression of GCDFP-15 in breast carcinomas. Relationship to pathologic and
      clinical factors.
AB  - A retrospective immunoperoxidase staining study for a glycoprotein isolated from
      human breast gross cystic disease fluid (GCDFP-15) in 562 primary breast
      carcinomas in 539 patients was conducted to correlate its immunohistochemistry
      with pathologic and clinical factors. Overall, 55% of the carcinomas studied
      stained positively for GCDFP-15. In certain histologic subtypes, the percentage
      of carcinomas that stained positively was greater: those subtypes with apocrine
      histologic features (75%), intraductal carcinoma (70%), and infiltrating lobular
      carcinoma with signet-ring cell differentiation (90%). In contrast, only 5% of
      medullary carcinomas exhibited positive staining. Only 23% of breast carcinomas
      without apocrine features stained positively for GCDFP-15. Carcinomas that
      stained positively were more likely to have involved axillary lymph nodes (P less
      than 0.054). The staining was independent of nuclear grade, mitotic index, tumor
      size, and estrogen receptor status. Positive staining was related to a history of
      gross cystic disease but not to age, parity, menopausal status, or age at first
      birth. A positive stain was not related to risk of recurrence or survival.

PMID- 2655864
TI  - Human bladder and colon carcinomas contain activated ras p21. Specific detection
      of twelfth codon mutants.
AB  - Members of the ras family of proto-oncogenes code for 21,000-dalton molecular
      weight protein products (p21s). Transformation of cells from the normal to the
      malignant phenotype in experimental studies has been associated with point
      mutations within the coding region for these ras proteins. Recent reports
      demonstrate that 40% of human colon cancers and 20% of acute leukemias contain
      ras mutations in the twelfth or thirteenth codon that can result in amino acid
      substitutions at these positions in the p21 products. Similarly, studies of ras
      mRNA detected 40% of human colon tumors with twelfth codon c-Ki-ras mutant mRNA.
      The authors previously developed a nonradioactive double-antibody enzyme-linked
      immunoblot assay (ELIBA) for detection of normal and mutant ras p21. They have
      adapted that technology to specifically detect twelfth codon activated ras p21
      utilizing mutation-specific antisera. In this report the authors show that one of
      seven de novo human bladder cancers and four of seven colon cancers express a
      twelfth codon activated ras p21. These results document that mutations at both
      the DNA and mRNA levels are ultimately translated into an abnormal protein
      product present in human tumors.

PMID- 2655865
TI  - Monoclonal antibody B72.3. An adjunct for evaluation of suspicious aspiration
      biopsy cytology from the breast.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody B72.3 (MoAb B72.3) is a potentially valuable diagnostic
      adjunct when applied to aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC). In this prospective
      study, its reactivity was tested on the ABC from 25 breast lesions interpreted as
      suspicious. The stain was applied directly to the Papanicolaou-stained specimen
      by the avidin-biotin peroxidase methodology at a concentration of 40
      micrograms/ml. In 11 aspirates from invasive carcinomas, the reactivity to MoAb
      B72.3 was strongly positive in nine cases and weakly positive in two. Ten of
      these tumors were homogeneous or heterogeneous infiltrating lobular neoplasms,
      tumors causing special diagnostic pitfalls by ABC. The cells from seven of the
      nine benign lesions were nonreactive, and in two cases from fibrocystic change,
      weakly reactive. The ABC from five patients with noninvasive carcinomas or
      atypical lobular hyperplasia showed a variety of responses. The findings indicate
      that in select circumstances, MoAb B72.3 used in conjunction with clinical and
      cytologic findings may be a useful diagnostic adjunct.

PMID- 2655866
TI  - Cancer pain. Anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology.
AB  - Cancer pain can be divided into three classes: somatic, visceral, and
      deafferentation. Somatic and visceral pain result from activation of nociceptors
      by tumor infiltration of tissues and from secondary inflammatory changes with
      release of algesic chemicals that act to sensitize nociceptors. Pain may be
      experienced locally (somatic and visceral) or referred to remote cutaneous sites
      (visceral). Deafferentation pain results from injury to the nervous system due to
      tumor infiltration or cancer therapy and may persist even after the cause of the
      injury has been removed. Somatic, visceral, and deafferentation pain may be
      complicated by sympathetically maintained pain, in which efferent sympathetic
      activity promotes persistent pain, hyperpathia, and vasomotor and sudomotor
      changes after tissue injury from cancer or its therapy. The neurobiology of
      cancer pain is complex and incompletely understood. This article summarizes
      current knowledge in this area and briefly discusses approaches to cancer pain
      management that are based on this knowledge.

PMID- 2655867
TI  - Cancer pain. Epidemiology and syndromes.
AB  - Medical practitioners face the challenge of assuring that pain management has a
      central place in the treatment of patients with cancer. To meet this challenge,
      they must understand the prevalence of pain in cancer patients, the frequency
      with which cancer pain goes untreated or is inadequately managed, and the
      numerous causes and manifestations of cancer pain. With the goal of contributing
      to this understanding, this article summarizes the current knowledge about the
      epidemiology of cancer pain and its syndromes.

PMID- 2655868
TI  - Psychiatric management of cancer pain.
AB  - Appropriate management of cancer pain is essential and requires a
      multidisciplinary approach that includes a major role for a psychologist and/or
      psychiatrist. An increased incidence of psychiatric disturbance, in particular,
      anxiety and depression, is found in patients with pain. Psychiatric symptoms in
      patients with cancer pain must be initially viewed as a consequence of
      uncontrolled pain. Personality factors may be quite distorted by the presence of
      pain, and its relief often results in the disappearance of a perceived
      psychiatric disorder. Reassessment after pain control is imperative. Optimal
      treatment of cancer pain includes pharmacologic, psychologic, behavioral,
      anesthetic, stimulatory, and rehabilitative approaches, often in combination.
      Cognitive and behavioral interventions, such as relaxation, imagery, hypnosis,
      distraction, and biofeedback, are effective as part of a comprehensive multimodal
      approach and must never be used as a substitute for appropriate analgesic
      management of cancer pain. Psychotropic drugs, particularly the tricyclic
      antidepressants, are useful as adjuvant analgesic agents in the pharmacologic
      management of cancer pain.

PMID- 2655869
TI  - Controlled-release morphine (MST Contin) in advanced cancer. The European
      experience.
AB  - The published data relating to the clinical evaluation and use in Europe of oral
      controlled-release morphine tablets (MST Continus, [MST] Napp Laboratories,
      United Kingdom) in the treatment of chronic cancer pain are reviewed. There are
      three evaluable published reports of double-blind randomized controlled studies
      and a number of prospective open studies and retrospective reviews. There are
      also several published pharmacokinetic studies and substantial accumulated
      clinical experience with MST since its introduction in the United Kingdom in
      1981. A critical review of the evidence indicates that MST is effective in
      patients with opioid-responsive pain; that for almost all patients twice-daily
      administration is sufficient; that the potency ratio compared with standard
      (immediate-release) oral morphine formulations is one to one; and that the side
      effect profile is similar. An immediate-release morphine preparation is
      preferable during the dose titration period when frequent dose adjustment may be
      required. However, once patients have been stabilized MST is much more convenient
      and simpler to use than conventional morphine elixirs or tablets and is the
      preferred formulation for maintenance treatment.

PMID- 2655870
TI  - Acral erythema secondary to high-dose cytosine arabinoside with pain worsened by
      cyclosporine infusions.
AB  - Acral erythema after high-dose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) has been described as
      a painful, sharply demarcated, and intense erythema of the palms and soles. This
      phenomenon occurred and is described in three out of three allogeneic bone marrow
      transplant (BMT) recipients who received high-dose Ara-C and total-body
      irradiation for conditioning therapy via the same protocol. These patients also
      received cyclosporine and methotrexate as prophylaxis for acute graft-versus-host
      disease. Two of the three patients experienced an increase in the pain associated
      with acral erythema during cyclosporine infusions and required large doses of
      narcotic analgesics. Since alcohol intensifies the pain of stomatitis and
      cyclosporine is manufactured in an alcohol base, the high alcohol content is
      suspect as the causative factor for this adverse reaction/drug interaction.

PMID- 2655871
TI  - Placental proteins in high-grade urothelial neoplasms. An immunohistochemical
      study of human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, and pregnancy
      specific beta-1-glycoprotein.
AB  - We examined the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in 16 low-grade
      and 47 high-grade urothelial neoplasms, including two cases with trophoblastic
      like differentiation. In HCG-positive tumors, the presence of human placental
      lactogen (HPL) and pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (SP-1) also was
      assessed. HCG immunoreactive cells were found in nine of the 47 high-grade tumors
      (19%), whereas none of the low-grade tumors were positive for HCG. This hormone
      was predominantly detected in the most undifferentiated and pleomorphic areas;
      however, HCG-positive cells also were found in areas of carcinoma in situ and
      well-differentiated transitional cell carcinoma in two cases. The serum HCG level
      was increased in two of the four cases studied. HPL and SP-1 immunoreactive cells
      were observed in seven and five cases, respectively, and it was found that tumors
      positive for SP-1 also were positive for HPL. Five tumors, including the two with
      trophoblastic differentiation, contained the three placental proteins. The HPL
      and SP-1 immunostained cells were usually found in the same areas of the tumor
      that were positive for HCG, but there was always a lower number of HPL and SP-1
      immunoreactive cells than HCG immunoreactive cells. In one case, HPL and SP-1
      could be found in areas of well-differentiated transitional cell carcinoma. These
      findings suggest that the morphologic and functional trophoblastic
      differentiation in urothelial carcinomas is a progressive phenomenon evolving
      from transitional cell carcinomas.

PMID- 2655872
TI  - Basaloid-squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx.
AB  - Basaloid-squamous carcinoma, a variant of squamous cell carcinoma, has only
      recently been described as arising in the pharynx. The cardinal histopathologic
      feature, as its name suggests, is a biphasic cellular pattern of basaloid and
      squamous components in an intimate relationship. Major differential diagnoses
      include adenoid cystic, squamous, adenosquamous, and sarcomatoid carcinomas.
      Although the number of reported cases is small, basaloid-squamous carcinoma
      appears biologically virulent, with a propensity to aggressive local behavior and
      early regional and distant metastasis, and subsequent poor survival. The authors
      add a further case of basaloid-squamous carcinoma to the world literature.

PMID- 2655873
TI  - Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma with lymph node metastasis in a 17-year-old
      boy.
AB  - A case of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma (DGP) in a 17-year-old boy is
      presented. In this case a lymph node in the peripancreatic region was involved by
      a metastatic tumor. A review of the literature on DGP indicates that this case
      represents the youngest patient and is the second case of DGP with metastasis.
      Immunohistochemical staining for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament
      (NF), pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin showed positive results for
      epithelioid and ganglion-like cells, whereas spindle cells showed
      immunoreactivities for S-100 protein, NSE, and NF. The histogenesis of DGP is
      discussed.

PMID- 2655874
TI  - Therapy: state-of-the-art assessment of quality. The National Cancer Institute
      perspective.
AB  - The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has a broad spectrum of responsibilities that
      range from support of basic laboratory research to the clinical testing of new
      therapeutics and, finally, the dissemination of results of this research to the
      practicing physician and the public. The reduction of cancer mortality is largely
      dependent on the responsibility for widespread application of state-of-the-art
      cancer treatments. A major cancer control focus of the NCI over the last decade
      has been the development and implementation of programs designed to improve
      awareness, access and application of state-of-the-art cancer treatment. In
      addition to the computerized Physician Data Query system, three targeted
      programs, the Cooperative Group Outreach Program (CGOP), the Community Hospital
      Oncology Program (CHOP), and the Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) have
      all been aimed at establishing mechanisms to facilitate the transfer of new
      patient care technology; and, thereby, provide the highest quality cancer
      treatment in the community setting. An evaluation was conducted to determine if
      patterns and outcomes of cancer care management changed over time, and whether
      this could be related to the presence of CGOP, CHOP, and CCOP. Measurement of
      required program implementation was relatively straightforward. However,
      measurement of resultant changes in "quality of care" and the factors that
      influence physician performance are complex and controversial. Critical elements
      in the treatment of breast, colon, rectum, and small cell lung cancer were used
      as tracers to measure changes in the patterns of care in communities where
      programs were implemented. Results from this study highlight issues in state-of
      the-art assessment of quality, such as the difficulty in defining quality cancer
      care, relationships between process and outcome indicators, and the problems of
      documentation and missing data. Assurance of quality cancer care requires the
      interaction of health care professionals with knowledge of the most up-to-date
      cancer research results working in a health care delivery system that encourages
      and rewards application of these results.

PMID- 2655875
TI  - Cancer in the economically disadvantaged.

PMID- 2655876
TI  - Video techniques for on-line portal imaging.
AB  - The application of on-line portal imaging techniques to the verification of
      treatment precision is reviewed. The design parameters for a video portal imaging
      system are described, and the optimization of image quality is discussed with
      particular emphasis on photon noise. On-line images are presented for a head
      phantom imaged on a 4 MV linac, and compared with a conventional portal film. The
      relative advantages of an on-line system are compared with conventional portal
      film analysis.

PMID- 2655877
TI  - Digital image processing of radiation therapy portal films.
AB  - Digital image processing has the potential to enhance and improve several
      functions of a modern radiation oncology department. These functions may include
      improving perception of information for low contrast films, electronic transfer
      of images to remote facilities and back, and reducing storage space requirements
      for archiving once treatment is finished. This paper gives an overview of the
      digitization process and of image processing fundamentals. The clinical
      evaluation of digitized portal films is also discussed. The authors conclude that
      digitizing low contrast radiation therapy portal films is feasible with present
      technology and will produce images acceptable for routine clinical use in most
      instances. The role of image enhancement is less well established and remains
      investigational.

PMID- 2655878
TI  - Radiation transport calculations in treatment planning.
AB  - This article reviews the role of radiation transport calculations in radiotherapy
      dose computation. The physical and mathematical principles underlying transport
      theory, as applied to electrons and photons, are discussed. Practical methods of
      solving the transport equation, with emphasis on Monte Carlo techniques, are
      reviewed. The contribution of analytic and Monte Carlo transport calculations to
      electron beam, photon beam, and brachytherapy treatment planning dosimetry is
      assessed. Currently, the most important roles of transport theory include using
      approximate solutions of the transport equation as theoretical foundations of
      dose computation algorithms, and using Monte Carlo simulation to calculate basic
      treatment planning data, characteristic of the treatment modality, which can
      serve as input to a dose computation algorithm.

PMID- 2655879
TI  - Remote site treatment planning.
AB  - Remote site treatment planning was one of the earliest methods of digital
      computer dose planning. Using batch-oriented or time-sharing mainframe computer
      systems, researchers in the late 1950s and early 1960s developed many of the
      basic algorithms used later in stand-alone systems. Although time-shared systems
      have continued in use, most of the emphasis on treatment planning in the last
      decade has been on using dedicated mini- and micro-computer systems. Recent
      developments in the computer industry, such as the use of networks and
      distributed computer processing, may lead to a resurgence of interest in remote
      computer systems for treatment planning.

PMID- 2655880
TI  - The promise of a new technology: knowledge-based systems in radiation oncology
      and diagnostic radiology.
AB  - The revolutionary changes in computer capabilities in the last decade, both in
      software and hardware, have opened new doorways for the uses of computers in
      radiation oncology and diagnostic radiology. Knowledge-based systems offer the
      potential to function as aids, consultants and advisors in the differential
      diagnosis of disease, staging, selection of therapy and treatment management and
      delivery for cancer patients. These computer-based systems can also provide for
      the training and teaching of radiotherapy and diagnostic radiology residents, and
      act as advisors and teachers to the medical physicists, dosimetrists and
      technicians. Following a brief history of the development of knowledge-based
      systems, the general capabilities of computer-based physician workstations in a
      department of radiation oncology are described.

PMID- 2655881
TI  - Global epidemiology of meningococcal disease.

PMID- 2655882
TI  - Beta-lactamase plasmids and chromosomally mediated antibiotic resistance in
      pathogenic Neisseria species.

PMID- 2655883
TI  - Genetic mechanisms and biological implications of phase variation in pathogenic
      neisseriae.

PMID- 2655884
TI  - Animal models for pathogenic Neisseria species.

PMID- 2655885
TI  - Gonococcal vaccines.

PMID- 2655886
TI  - Unusual karyotypic evolution in subacute myelomonocytic leukemia in two
      monozygotic twins.
AB  - A subacute myelomonocytic leukemia was diagnosed in 28-month-old cotwins. At this
      age, their spontaneously dividing cells had a normal karyotype. A few months
      later, after treatment with 6-mercaptopurine, the following karyotypes were
      observed: 50,XX, +X, +13, +19, +21 in one and 51,XX, +X, +X, +10, +19, +21 in the
      other. After bone marrow transplantation, both relapsed although they had
      received high doses of chemo- and radiotherapy. One developed a clone
      46,XX,del(20q), which acquired other clonal rearrangements. The other child
      developed two different abnormal clones, both with unbalanced rearrangement of
      chromosome 13. Some of these clones may correspond to immature erythroblasts. The
      gain of chromosomes, especially for #13, which occurred independently in the
      cotwins by various mechanisms and at different periods during the disease, is
      very striking. It may indicate the existence of a strong selective advantage for
      trisomic 13 cells and may be related to the genetic constitution of the patients.

PMID- 2655887
TI  - Occupational history and involvement of chromosomes 5 and 7 in acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - We compared the histories of exposure to leukemogens for two groups of patients
      presenting with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
      (ANLL). In one group there were 59 patients with an acquired abnormality of
      chromosomes 5 or 7 in the marrow at time of diagnosis. In the other group there
      were 39 patients with a normal marrow karyotype at the time of diagnosis. A much
      higher proportion of the chromosomally abnormal cases had a history of treatment
      for a previous malignancy (odds ratio = 13.0, p less than 0.01). There was little
      difference found between the occupational histories of the patients with de novo
      ANLL with and without cytogenetic abnormalities. An occupational history of
      exposure to chemicals or metals was more common in males with either a deletion
      of the long arm of chromosome 7 or with monosomy 7 or monosomy 5 (82.3%) than in
      males with a normal karyotype (52.1%). The odds ratios did not, however, reach
      statistical significance.

PMID- 2655888
TI  - Control of the expression of c-sis mRNA in human glioblastoma cells by phorbol
      ester and transforming growth factor beta 1.
AB  - The regulation of c-sis oncogene expression in human glioblastoma cell line A172
      has been investigated using a sensitive RNA-RNA solution hybridization method.
      Enhanced expression of c-sis mRNA was induced by phorbol ester (PMA) and
      diacylglycerol, each of which activates protein kinase C. c-sis mRNA was also
      induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). The response to PMA and
      TGF-beta was transient, and in each case the decrease in c-sis mRNA level
      following maximum stimulation occurred with a half-life similar to the mRNA half
      life previously determined. Cycloheximide had no significant effect on the
      induction of c-sis mRNA by either PMA or TGF-beta. The increases in c-sis mRNA
      following addition of either PMA or TGF-beta correlated well with increases in c
      sis transcription as observed by the nuclear run-on technique. In cells in which
      protein kinase C had been down-regulated, there was no inhibition of the c-sis
      mRNA response to TGF-beta. Furthermore in cells pretreated with TGF-beta,
      induction by PMA was unaffected. Thus the TGF-beta signal pathway does not
      involve activation of protein kinase C, and at least two initially distinct
      intracellular signaling routes lead to activation of c-sis gene expression in
      this glioblastoma cell line. The protein kinase inhibitor H7 abolished the
      ability of not only PMA but also of TGF-beta to induce c-sis mRNA. The ability of
      H7 to inhibit the TGF-beta stimulation suggests that a protein kinase other than
      protein kinase C is involved in the signal transduction by TGF-beta.

PMID- 2655889
TI  - Immunoscintigraphy of adenocarcinomas by means of radiolabeled F(ab')2 fragments
      of an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody: a multicenter study.
AB  - F(ab')2 fragments of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody
      F023C5, determined to be more suitable than intact IgG and Fab fragments for
      immunoscintigraphy, were labeled with 131I or conjugated to DTPA for instant
      111In-labeling, and administered i.v. (2-3 mCi/0.5 mg) to 509 patients in 11
      nuclear medicine departments: 284 patients had gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas,
      204 had nongastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and 21 were control; serum CEA was
      elevated in 169 patients, normal in 115, and not determined in 225. The following
      results were obtained: (a) no adverse reactions; (b) tumor imaging in 324
      patients (in particular, in 81.5% CEA-seropositive and in 69.0% CEA-seronegative
      patients); (c) no significant difference in sensitivity among the results of the
      11 departments; (d) no significant difference in overall sensitivity between 131I
      and 111In-labeled immunoradiopharmaceuticals; (e) the fraction of documented
      lesions imaged was 73.3% in CEA-seropositive and 53.7% in CEA-seronegative
      patients; (f) the detection of liver metastases was hampered, particularly when
      using the 111In-labeled reagent, by nonspecific radioactivity uptake; (g) the
      major cause of negative immunoscintigraphy results was a lack of CEA in tumor
      lesions, as documented by immunohistochemistry; (h) lesion size is also important
      since the sensitivity was 64% for lesions up to 2 cm in diameter and 84% for
      larger lesions; (i) many "unexpected" radiolocalizations were recorded. Most were
      identified as occult tumor lesions. In 35 patients, this finding contributed to
      the early detection of tumor recurrences.

PMID- 2655890
TI  - Body size and breast cancer prognosis: a statistical explanation of the
      discrepancies.
AB  - A historical cohort of 68 female breast cancer patients from one institution who
      were enrolled in a multicenter randomized controlled trial between 1971 and 1973
      were followed up to the beginning of 1986. Weight and height at the time of
      mastectomy were transformed into two indices of body size, namely the Quetelet
      Index and a weight to "ideal weight" ratio. These two indices were analyzed for
      their relation with overall and disease-free survival, while controlling for the
      effect of several potential confounding variables. While neither index was
      linearly related to the hazard of death or recurrence, a significant quadratic
      (curvilinear) relation was found for both indices and both hazards. In all cases
      the hazard function was concave up, indicating that not only overweight but also
      underweight status is predictive of an unfavorable prognosis of breast cancer.
      This finding offers a possible explanation for the discrepancies among previous
      studies on this topic.

PMID- 2655891
TI  - Human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes involved in the bioactivation of
      procarcinogens detected by umu gene response in Salmonella typhimurium TA
      1535/pSK1002.
AB  - A total of 57 procarcinogens was examined for induction of umu gene response in
      the chimeric plasmid pSK1002, carried in Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535, after
      incubation with a series of human liver microsomal preparations which had been
      selected on the basis of characteristic levels of individual cytochrome P-450 (P
      450) enzymes. The 18 most active compounds were selected and further analyzed
      using the umu gene response and correlative studies with a larger number of
      microsomal preparations, enzyme reconstitution studies involving purified
      enzymes, immunochemical inhibition, and patterns of stimulation and inhibition of
      catalytic activity by 7,8-benzoflavone. The results collectively indicate that 16
      of these 18 most potent genotoxins examined are activated primarily either by P
      450NF (the nifedipine oxidase) or P-450PA (the phenacetin O-deethylase). P-450NF
      appears to be the major enzyme involved in the bioactivation of aflatoxin B1,
      aflatoxin G1, sterigmatocystin, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene, 6
      aminochrysene, and tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate in human liver. P-450PA
      appears to be the major enzyme involved in the bioactivation of 2-amino-3
      methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, 2-amino-3,5-dimethylimidazo[4, 5-f]quinoline, 2
      amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, 2-aminoanthracene, 2-amino-6
      methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole, 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 4
      aminobiphenyl, 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b] indole, and 2-aminodipyrido[1,2
      a:3',2'-d]imidazole. More than one enzyme appears to contribute significantly to
      the bioactivation of the other two compounds examined, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H
      pyrido[4,3-b] indole and 6-nitrochrysene. The literature suggests that the two
      human liver P-450s involved in activation of these 16 procarcinogens are highly
      inducible by barbiturates, macrolide antibodies, and certain steroids (P-450NF)
      and by smoking and ingestion of charcoal-containing food (P-450PA); noninvasive
      assays are available to monitor the function of both P-450NF and P-450PA.

PMID- 2655892
TI  - Dietary fat and breast cancer: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiological
      literature and a discussion of methodological issues.

PMID- 2655893
TI  - Local tumor control following single dose irradiation of human melanoma
      xenografts: relationship to cellular radiosensitivity and influence of an immune
      response by the athymic mouse.
AB  - The potential usefulness of untreated congenitally athymic adult mice as hosts
      for human tumors in radiocurability studies was investigated using five human
      melanoma xenograft lines (E.E., E.F., G.E., M.F., V.N.). The tumor
      radiocurability was found to differ considerably among the lines; the radiation
      doses required to achieve local control of 50% of the tumors irradiated (TCD50
      values) ranged from 29.6 +/- 2.1 (SE) to 67.9 +/- 3.5 Gy. Since the clinical
      relevance of experimentally determined TCD50 values depends on to what extent
      they are modified by a host immune response, a possible immune reactivity against
      the melanomas was investigated by comparing the radiocurability data with cell
      survival data measured in vitro after irradiation in vivo and by performing
      quantitative tumor transplantability studies. The radiocurability and the cell
      survival data were found to agree well for the E.F., G.E., and M.F. melanomas.
      Moreover, the number of tumor cells required to achieve tumors in 50% of the
      inoculation sites (TD50 values) in untreated and in whole-body irradiated mice
      were similar, suggesting that the TCD50 values measured for these lines were not
      significantly influenced by a host immune response. On the other hand, the E.E.
      and V.N. melanomas showed significantly lower TCD50 values in vivo than predicted
      theoretically from the in vitro cell survival data and a significantly lower
      number of tumor cells required to achieve tumors in 50% of the inoculation sites
      in whole-body irradiated than in untreated mice, suggesting that the
      radiocurability of these two lines was enhanced due to an immune response by the
      host. Athymic mice may thus express a significant immune reactivity against some
      human tumor xenograft lines but not against others. Consequently, TCD50 values
      measured for human tumors in athymic mice cannot be considered to be clinically
      relevant unless it has been verified that the tumors are not exposed to an immune
      reaction in the untreated host or the host has been rendered immunologically
      blank by immunosuppressive treatment.

PMID- 2655894
TI  - Modulation of the transformed and neoplastic phenotype of rat fibroblasts by MHC
      I gene expression.
AB  - Transfection of the activated ras oncogene (Ha-ras) into second passage rat
      embryo fibroblasts can induce the metastatic phenotype, while cotransfection of
      Ha-ras with the adenovirus type 2 E1a gene (Ad2-E1a) yields cells which are
      tumorigenic but nonmetastatic in nude mice. Because of the presence in nude mice
      of natural killer cells and B-lymphocytes, which might account for the different
      metastatic behavior of single versus double transfectants, we used triple
      deficient mutants as recipient animals in tumorigenicity assays. These mice carry
      two additional mutations resulting in the deficiency of natural killer cells and
      activated B-lymphocytes. We observed that the rat embryo fibroblast transfectants
      exhibit the same metastatic behavior in nude as well as in triple deficient mice,
      indicating that natural killer and B-cells are not responsible for the observed
      difference in metastatic phenotype between Ha-ras and Ha-ras plus Ad2-E1a
      transfectants. Double transfectants were found to express higher levels of major
      histocompatibility complex class I genes and the degree of expression appeared to
      correlate inversely with in vitro and in vivo parameters such as the ability to
      grow in agar-containing semisolid media and rate of tumor formation in triple
      deficient mice. Our observations are consistent with the concept that expression
      of major histocompatibility class I genes may be involved in regulating and
      modifying cell behavior by mechanisms independent of their role in immune
      recognition.

PMID- 2655895
TI  - Detection of a circulating tumor-associated antigen with a murine monoclonal
      antibody, LISA 101, selected by reversed indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay.
AB  - In the presence of a characterized monoclonal antibody recognizing a soluble
      molecule, additional monoclonal antibodies reactive with unknown antigenic
      determinants on the molecule can be easily selected by reversed indirect enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay. A novel murine monoclonal antibody, LISA 101, was
      selected by reversed indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against soluble
      antigens, which exist in sera and in pleural effusions derived from lung
      adenocarcinoma patients and which bear determinants recognized by the previously
      characterized murine monoclonal antibody KL-6. Antigenic determinants recognized
      by the LISA 101 antibody appear to be sialylated carbohydrate in nature and
      different from those recognized by previously reported monoclonal antibodies
      against sialylated carbohydrates, such as NS 19-9, FH-6, and KL-6, suggested by
      competitive inhibition assay and immunostaining of tissues. A circulating
      antigen, LISA 1-6, was detected by a bimonoclonal bideterminant assay using
      immobilized LISA 101 antibody and enzyme-labeled KL-6 antibody. It was found that
      serum LISA 1-6 levels were elevated in 63% (25 of 40) of patients with lung
      adenocarcinoma and in 92% (11 of 12) of patients with pancreatic carcinoma, but
      only in 6.5% (2 of 31) of patients with benign lung diseases and in 7.1% (1 of
      14) of patients with pancreatitis. The present observations indicate that the
      LISA 1-6 antigen may serve as a new tumor marker for adenocarcinomas of the lung
      and the pancreas. Additionally, the reversed indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay may be a widely applicable method for selecting new monoclonal antibodies
      against as yet unknown antigenic determinants on soluble molecules.

PMID- 2655896
TI  - Case-control study of colorectal cancer and fecal mutagenicity.
AB  - Fecal mutagenicity was measured in 68 patients with colorectal cancer and in 114
      controls, using Salmonella tester strains TA98 and TA100 with and without S9
      activation. Samples were also tested for fecapentaenes by high-performance liquid
      chromatography, to permit the separation of fecapentaene and non-fecapentaene
      mutagenicity. Overall, no significant case-control differences in fecal
      mutagenicity were observed. However, when samples containing high concentrations
      of fecapentaenes were excluded, non-fecapentaene TA98 mutagenicity was observed
      in eight cases (12%) and only four controls (4%), resulting in an estimated
      relative risk of 4.4 (95% confidence interval = 1.0-21.1). The association of
      colorectal cancer risk with non-fecapentaene TA98 mutagenicity could not be
      explained as an artifact of diagnostic workup or gastrointestinal bleeding among
      the cases. Smoking could also be excluded as a source of the TA98 mutagenicity
      seen, but possible dietary origins are still being explored.

PMID- 2655897
TI  - Tradozone in essential tremor. Probe of serotoninergic mechanisms.

PMID- 2655898
TI  - Clozapine: an antipsychotic agent in Parkinson's disease?

PMID- 2655899
TI  - [Two sides of the coin, or converting enzyme inhibitors in the therapy of heart
      failure].

PMID- 2655900
TI  - [Radiation exposure in hemodynamics].

PMID- 2655901
TI  - [Biostatistic methodology in research: a necessity or cosmetic?].

PMID- 2655903
TI  - The short happy life of the first pharmacology division of the FDA: 1935-1936.

PMID- 2655902
TI  - Effect of captopril on high-density lipoprotein subfractions in patients with
      mild to moderate essential hypertension.
AB  - Changes in serum lipids, apolipoproteins, and lipoproteins including high-density
      lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions following administration of captopril in patients
      with hypertension were studied. Captopril (25 mg twice daily) was administered
      over a 12-week period to 17 patients with mild to moderate essential
      hypertension. Captopril was observed to significantly reduce both systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure, as well as to increase HDL2- cholesterol (HDL2-C) and
      to decrease HDL3-cholesterol (HDL3-C); however, no significant changes in total
      HDL-C were recognized. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
      triglyceride, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo A-II, apo B, apo C-II, apo C-III, and
      apo E did not change significantly. It is suggested that captopril monotherapy
      produces a favorable effect on HDL subfractions.

PMID- 2655904
TI  - Osteoporosis--a review.
AB  - Osteoporosis is a major medical problem in older women. Although a variety of
      factors influence bone formation and resorption, ovarian failure and a reduction
      in adrenal androgen production are major causes of menopausal osteoporosis. The
      prevention of trabecular bone loss and vertebral fractures in menopausal patients
      is feasible. Women who are at risk, so-called "fast bone losers," can be
      identified by office and chemical laboratory techniques. Estrogen therapy reduces
      or halts osteoclastic resorption and preserves bone mass. Exercise and anabolic
      hormones, including progesterone, stimulate osteoblastic building of bone. The
      combination of estrogen and progesterone reduces the risk of uterine malignancy
      below that seen in patients who take estrogen alone and possibly below the
      incidence seen in women who take no hormones. An individual's doses of
      replacement hormones will vary, depending on the amount of endogenous bone
      targeted hormones and the response to treatment. These doses can be determined by
      monitoring their effect on 24-hour hydroxyproline and calcium excretion. Another
      way to monitor dose effect is by observation of the FSH levels. The serum FSH
      levels should be reduced at least to that level considered to be diagnostic of
      menopause. It may be unnecessary, if not inappropriate, to strive to restore FSH
      levels to normal premenopausal levels. Age-associated osteoporosis is a
      potentially fatal disease. Osteomalacia, with the associated loss of cortical
      bone, is superimposed upon the trabecular bone loss due to ovarian and adrenal
      androgen hormone deficiencies. These hormone deficiencies continue to operate
      upon trabecular bone at this later stage in the continuum. In addition to
      estrogen therapy and progesterone replacement, patients who are fracture victims
      may benefit from androgen replacement to increase their bone mass. Replacing
      androgens using nandrolone decanoate in women may address the natural loss of
      their adrenal bone-targeted hormones. The identification and treatment of
      individuals who need vitamin D and calcium replacement will reverse this
      contribution to the loss of bone. Clinical experience demonstrates that monitored
      hormone, vitamin D, and calcium supplements reduce the frequency of fractures,
      especially hip fractures, which may be reduced as much as 40% to 60% over a three
      year period with such treatment. Cautious fluoride supplements in addition to
      calcium, hormones, and appropriate amounts of vitamin D appear to reduce
      vertebral fracture rates. The associated suffering, disability, and death from
      osteoporosis-induced fractures can be dramatically altered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2655905
TI  - Assessing the cost of albuterol inhalers in the Michigan and California Medicaid
      Programs: a total cost-of-care approach.
AB  - A study was conducted to determine whether the addition of albuterol inhalers to
      the Medicaid formulary of California would increase patient costs. Data on the
      treatment of asthma in 1,463 patients were obtained from the Michigan Medicaid
      formulary files for the period from July 1983 to December 1984. Annual inhalant
      costs for albuterol users were higher (+60.47) than for metaproterenol users
      (+47.66). However, the costs of additional asthma drugs and the total asthma drug
      costs were lower for the albuterol than metaproterenol users. Other asthma
      related medical costs, including emergency-room and physician or clinic visits
      and days in hospital, were lower for the albuterol than metaproterenol users
      (+765 vs +1,135 per patient per year, P less than 0.05). These Michigan data were
      used to determine the costs in California. It was estimated that the addition of
      albuterol to the California Medicaid formulary would result in an annual per
      patient saving of +3.46 in asthma medication and +521.33 in asthma-related
      medical costs.

PMID- 2655906
TI  - Relief of epigastric pain in nonulcer dyspepsia: controlled trial of the
      promotility drug cisapride.
AB  - In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 32 patients with
      nonulcer dyspepsia received 5 mg of cisapride or placebo three times daily for
      four weeks after a two-week run-in phase on placebo. Limited antacid use was
      allowed. Cisapride was superior to placebo in reducing the intensity of
      epigastric pain at two weeks (P = 0.03) and four weeks (P = 0.01). At the end of
      treatment, 82% of the cisapride-treated patients and 43% of the controls had no
      or only mild pain. Minor, gastrointestinal side effects were observed in two
      cisapride-treated patients and in one control.

PMID- 2655907
TI  - Fenofibrate for the treatment of type IV and V hyperlipoproteinemias: a double
      blind, placebo-controlled multicenter US study.
AB  - The results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial
      of fenofibrate in the treatment of type IV/V hyperlipoproteinemia are reported.
      Ten study centers in the United States recruited 147 adults with a history of
      type IV or V hyperlipoproteinemia. After a six- to 12-week dietary stabilization
      period and a four-week placebo period, patients whose 12-hour fasting total
      plasma triglyceride levels ranged from 350 to 1,500 mg/dl were continued in the
      study; 55 patients with levels of 350 to 499 mg/dl were placed in group A and 92
      with levels of 500 to 1,500 mg/dl in group B. Patients in each group were
      randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of fenofibrate or placebo three times daily
      for eight weeks. In both groups A and B fenofibrate-treated patients showed
      statistically significant reductions in levels of total cholesterol, very-low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol, total triglycerides, and very-low-density
      lipoprotein triglycerides, and significant increases in high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol; patients in group B also showed a significant increase in low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Sixteen of the 75 fenofibrate-treated
      patients and 11 of the 72 placebo patients reported adverse events that were
      potentially drug related; most of these were gastrointestinal and a few reported
      musculoskeletal and skin reactions. It is concluded that fenofibrate is an
      effective and safe agent in the treatment of type IV/V hyperlipoproteinemia.

PMID- 2655908
TI  - The role of nicardipine during anesthesia and surgery.
AB  - The stresses of the perioperative period often requires the use of vasoactive
      drugs for hemodynamic control. Nicardipine hydrochloride is a short-acting
      dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with a unique configuration and
      characteristics that make it attractive for intraoperative and postoperative use.
      Nicardipine has highly specific modes of action, producing coronary and systemic
      vasodilation, a reduction in coronary spasm, and cardioprotection not
      consistently seen with other calcium antagonists. It produces a rapid decrease in
      blood pressure without severe hypotension, sinus arrest, cardiac depression, or
      clinically significant tachycardia, while it increases myocardial contractility
      and cardiac output. Nicardipine dilates the cerebral vasculature but does not
      significantly increase cerebrospinal fluid pressure in surgical patients without
      intracranial lesions. Unlike nifedipine, which must be administered orally or
      sublingually, nicardipine is stable in parenteral formulation ("light stable and
      water soluble") and can be given intravenously. The distinctive characteristics
      of nicardipine suggest that anesthesiologists might find it preferable to other
      vasodilators or calcium antagonists for hemodynamic control during and after
      surgery.

PMID- 2655909
TI  - Antihypertensive effectiveness of very low doses of hydrochlorothiazide: results
      of the PHICOG Trial.
AB  - A large, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was
      carried out to determine the effects of the lowest dose of commercially available
      hydrochlorothiazide. Thus, Dyazide (which contains 25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide
      and 50 mg of triamterene in an approximately 50% bioavailable form), one capsule,
      was given daily to patients with either mild or moderate hypertension (supine
      diastolic blood pressure of 95 to 115 mmHg) for eight weeks. At the end of this
      eight-week period, supine diastolic blood pressure (SDBP) fell by 11.3 +/- 6.7
      mmHg (mean +/- SD) in the Dyazide-treated compared to 4.6 +/- 6.9 mmHg in the
      placebo-treated group (P less than 0.001). In two thirds of the patients
      receiving active treatment the fall in SDBP was more than 10 mmHg, and in over
      half SDBP was completely normalized (ie, SDBP less than 90 mmHg). Supine systolic
      blood pressure fell by 14.7 +/- 12.3 mmHg in the Dyazide-treated group compared
      to 5.3 +/- 11.6 mmHg in the placebo-treated group (P less than 0.001).
      Approximately 80% of the antihypertensive effect occurred within two weeks and
      after four weeks there was no further significant reduction. Mildly (SDBP = 95 to
      104 mmHg) and moderately (SDBP = 105 to 115 mmHg) hypertensive patients responded
      similarly to treatment. All studied subpopulations responded to treatment with a
      reduction of SDBP of at least an average of 10 mmHg; the best responders were
      blacks, women, the elderly (greater than 65 years old), and patients weighing
      less than 170 lbs. Side effects were mild and infrequent. In conclusion, by
      examining the effects of Dyazide (one capsule/day), this investigation
      demonstrated the effectiveness of low-dose hydrochlorothiazide in
      antihypertensive therapy and quantified it both in the general population and in
      clinically relevant subpopulations.

PMID- 2655910
TI  - [Women physicians in the fight for peace and prevention of nuclear war].

PMID- 2655911
TI  - [Nephrolithotomy using Doppler and dynamic sonography].
AB  - In open operations of coralliform or multiple small nephrolithiasis frequently
      the problem of peroperative localization of residual concrements arises. A
      simple, reliable, accurate and non-aggressive peroperative detection of
      concrements in the kidney is made possible by ultrasonography. The method was
      used in 25 cases, a probe with a frequency of 7.5 MHz makes it possible to detect
      even minute fragments. On the screen we can see not only the size of concrements
      but also their distance from the surface, and their position can be accurately
      assessed three-dimensionally. The surgeon thus can make nephrotomy aimed directly
      on the concrement. The course of major blood vessels can be detected by means of
      a Dopplers probe. This procedure makes it possible to make the incision in a
      relatively avascular zone without the necessity of the application of cooling or
      ischaemia of the kidney. In the investigated group no false positive finding was
      obtained, a false negative finding can result from non-systematic examination.

PMID- 2655912
TI  - [Kidney transplantation in diabetics].
AB  - Diabetic nephropathy affects half the type I diabetics and is their most frequent
      cause of death. While in some countries diabetics account for 25-30% of all newly
      admitted patients in dialyzation-transplantation programmes, in the CSSR the
      number of diabetic patients treated by dialyzation or transplantation is small.
      From August 1985 to June 1988 in the Institute of Clinical and Experimental
      Medicine a total of 15 isolated transplantations of the kidneys were made in 13
      diabetics with serious late complications of diabetes. At present all recipients
      survive (1-35 months) and only two are treated by an artificial kidney.
      Progressing vascular complications were in two instances the cause of gangrene of
      the lower extremity, one recipient had a central cerebrovascular attack. Despite
      this, successful transplantation caused a marked improvement of the general
      condition and quality of life. The compensation of diabetes was also, due to
      intensified insulin therapy, satisfactory in the majority of recipients. Hitherto
      assembled experience indicates that when the patient is prepared in time, which
      includes diabetological, nephrological and opthalmological treatment, the results
      of transplantation treatment in diabetic patients can be comparable with results
      in should be developed in all transplantation centres in the CSSR and uraemic
      diabetics should be eliminated from the dialyzation transplantation programme
      only in case of fundamental contraindications.

PMID- 2655913
TI  - [Dialysis amyloidosis and beta-2-microglobulin].
AB  - Basic facts are presented of the recently identified and yet clinically very
      significant complication of chronic artificial kidney treatment -- haemodialysis
      amyloidosis. The manifestations include the carpal tunnel syndrome,
      humeroscapular periarthritis, and other types of arthritis, destructive
      spondyloarthropathy, bone cysts as well as, very probably, visceral involvement.
      Fully developed, the disease may cause invalidism. The presence of amyloid with
      beta-2-microglobulin as the main component was proved in articular structures and
      other localizations. The precise mechanism of the build-up of this amyloid is not
      known, though a massive and chronic increase in beta-2-microglobulin in the blood
      of haemodialyzed patients is thought to be mainly responsible. Since beta-2
      microglobulin is not normally removed in routine cuprophane haemodialysis, its
      blood values keep increasing. This phenomenon is reported to be connected with
      the biocompatibility of the dialysis membrane and, of late, with serum osmolality
      changes in the course of haemodialysis. While the highly previous membranes used
      for haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration do remove beta-2-microglobulin the
      serum levels are never completely normalized. Current research centers on the
      problem of whether the incidence of dialysis amyloidosis can be reduce by a wider
      use of on-line haemofiltration.

PMID- 2655914
TI  - [Prostaglandins and chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis].
AB  - In 14 patients with chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis, corrected arterial
      hypertension and normal or marginal glomerular filtration the authors assessed
      plasmatic and urinary metabolites of PGI2 and TXA2. They found that the
      production of both PGI2 and TXA2 was raised in the organism and they assume that
      in the stimulated synthesis hypertension and its treatment participated. The
      production of both prostaglandins in the kidneys was, however, normal.

PMID- 2655915
TI  - [Experimental study of the action of antimalarial agents with respect to therapy
      in porphyria. Combined effect of chloroquine and pyrimethamine].
AB  - On an experimental model created from semiaerobically cultivated yeast cells of
      Caccharomyces cerevisiae (RIMB-75) the authors tested the effect of antimalarics
      used or tested for treatment of symptomatic liver porphyria. Chloroquine and
      pyrimethamine inhibited the synthesis of porphyrins, whereby pyrimethamine was
      more effective. Chloroquine released moreover intracellular porphyrins, contrary
      to pyrimethamine, which caused their intracellular cumulation. An equimolar
      combination of the two preparations preserved the inhibitory action of
      pyrimethamine, and the intracellular porphyrin content was reduced. Based on
      experimental results the suggested combination of chloroquine and pyrimethamine
      was successfully tested in clinical work.

PMID- 2655916
TI  - [Ancient Czech gastronomy].

PMID- 2655917
TI  - [A rare manuscript on the therapy of horse diseases].

PMID- 2655918
TI  - [Automatic diagnosis of implanted pacemaker function].
AB  - Along with the growing technical and functional complexity of modern pacemakers
      there are mounting difficulties involved in the clinical assessment of unusual
      episodes of dysrhythmia in pacemaker patients. Very often such episodes go
      unrecorded except on a simple leectrocardiogram without an extra pacemaker lead.
      However, explication and diagnosis of the pacemaker patient's electrocardiogram
      may pose considerable difficulties as natural ectopic depolarization may simulate
      stimulated impulses, the recording noise may cover up pictures of stimulation
      impulses etc. The authors describe a computer system developed to provide
      automatic support to the diagnosis of ECG recorded in pacemaker patients. The
      system permits the use of any stimulation algorithms including its programmed
      parameters, as well as evaluation of a manually identified ECG curve which is set
      as a sequence of "certain" and "potential" depolarization events and stimulation
      impulses. Computer analysis is introduced to find out whether or not there is
      logical agreement between the specified pacemaker algorith and the diagnosed ECG,
      and to reconstruct the heart-pacemaker interaction by means of retrograde
      modelling of the pacemaker activity. The system generates the actual explanation
      of the diagnosed episode graphically in the shape of a simulated lay-out lead,
      complemented with more detailed technical alignment of each step of the pacemaker
      activity. Three clinical cases are given of the use of the system for analyzing
      ECG of patients with twin-chamber pacemakers. Limitations of the present system
      and the need for its further development are likewise discussed.

PMID- 2655919
TI  - [The beginnings of the Brno Surgical Clinic from the "mirror of memory" of Prof.
      Julia Petrivalsky].

PMID- 2655920
TI  - [Identification of the skulls of paratroopers from Ressl Street in Prague].
AB  - The paper presents an overall report on the skull identification of paratroopers
      shot in Ressl Street, Prague. The victims, members of the underground group,
      assassinated R. Heydrich in June 1942. The skull identification is based on the
      paratroopers' photographies and, in particular, on the stomatological findings
      which was compared with the dentition visible in some photographs, especially
      those showing them smiling. None of the skully examined belonged to the actual
      assassins (J. Kubis, J. Gabcik). It is highly probable that they were those of
      the other members of the underground group.

PMID- 2655921
TI  - A short history of the society for cardiac angiography: the first decade.

PMID- 2655922
TI  - Antibody-cell interactions: Fc receptors.

PMID- 2655923
TI  - The functional role of ribosomal RNA in protein synthesis.

PMID- 2655924
TI  - Some cis- and trans-acting mutants for splicing target pre-mRNA to the cytoplasm.
AB  - We designed a strategy to identify splicing factors that act by preventing pre
      mRNA transport into the cytoplasm. A yeast synthetic intron was inserted into a
      lacZ gene so that only the pre-mRNA could be translated to produce beta
      galactosidase activity. Deletion of either of the 5' splice junction sequence
      GUAUGU and the branchpoint sequence UACUAAC resulted in a dramatic increase in
      pre-mRNA translation, indicating its cytoplasmic localization. In rna6 and rna9
      mutant strains assayed at the nonpermissive temperature, splicing inhibition
      occurred simultaneously with a large increase in pre-mRNA translation. Similarly,
      a point mutation in U1 snRNA decreased splicing efficiency and increased pre-mRNA
      translation. From these results, we conclude that early acting factors, probably
      including U1 snRNA, and the RNA6 and RNA9 gene products, interact in vivo with
      the 5' splice junction and the branchpoint sequence to commit the pre-mRNA to the
      splicing pathway, thereby preventing its transport to the cytoplasm.

PMID- 2655925
TI  - The t complex polypeptide 1 (TCP-1) is associated with the cytoplasmic aspect of
      Golgi membranes.
AB  - The t complex polypeptide 1 (TCP-1) is a protein of unknown function expressed in
      large amounts during spermatogenesis. Rat monoclonal antibodies recognizing TCP-1
      have been prepared and used to immunoprecipitate and Western blot a 57 kd protein
      from germ cell and tissue culture cell extracts. In tissue culture cells,
      indirect immunofluorescent localization of antigen indicated a perinuclear
      distribution similar to that of the Golgi apparatus. Analysis of the TCP-1
      distribution in tissue culture cells showed that the polypeptide was associated
      with the cytoplasmic aspect of membranes of the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The
      distribution in spermatids suggested that TCP-1 was localized to structures often
      associated with the developing acrosome. The TCP-1 antigenic epitopes are highly
      conserved, allowing the protein to be identified in cells across a wide variety
      of vertebrate species and tissues. These experiments suggest that TCP-1 may be
      essential for transport of proteins through the exocytic pathway in all cells and
      required in large amounts for acrosome formation in developing spermatids.

PMID- 2655926
TI  - A mutant with a defect in telomere elongation leads to senescence in yeast.
AB  - We describe a general assay designed to detect mutants of yeast that are
      defective for any of several aspects of telomere function. Using this assay, we
      have isolated a mutant that displays a progressive decrease in telomere length as
      well as an increased frequency of chromosome loss. This mutation defines a new
      gene, designated EST1 (for ever shorter telomeres). Null alleles of EST1 are not
      immediately inviable; instead, they have a senescence phenotype, due to the
      gradual loss of sequences essential for telomere function, leading to a
      progressive decrease in chromosomal stability and subsequent cell death.

PMID- 2655927
TI  - Dangerous liaisons: spermatozoa as natural vectors for foreign DNA?

PMID- 2655928
TI  - Sorting and traffic in the central vacuolar system.

PMID- 2655929
TI  - T cell recognition as the target for immune intervention in autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2655930
TI  - RAP-1 factor is necessary for DNA loop formation in vitro at the silent mating
      type locus HML.
AB  - DNA fragments containing the silencers that flank the mating type genes at HML
      alpha are shown to bind specifically to the nuclear scaffold of yeast. The
      scaffold proteins are solubilized with urea and then renatured to form a soluble
      extract which allows reconstitution of sequence-specific DNA loops. At the silent
      mating type locus HML alpha, loops are formed by either silencer-silencer (E-I)
      interaction or silencer-promoter interactions (E-P and I-P). The nuclear protein
      RAP-1 fractionates efficiently with the nuclear scaffold, and binds to the E, I,
      and promoter regions. Affinity purification of RAP-1 and oligonucleotide
      competition show that RAP-1 is necessary for reconstitution of loops in vitro.
      These results are consistent with a model in which silencers define a chromatin
      loop within which occur modifications that maintain the promoter in an inactive
      state.

PMID- 2655931
TI  - Interactions of three sequentially expressed genes control temporal and spatial
      specificity in Aspergillus development.
AB  - Aspergillus nidulans brlA, abaA, and wetA form a dependent pathway that regulates
      asexual reproductive development. The order in which these genes are expressed
      determines the outcome of development. Expression of brlA in vegetative cells
      leads to activation of abaA and wetA, cessation of vegetative growth, cellular
      vacuolization, and spore formation. By contrast, expression of abaA in vegetative
      cells does not result in conidial differentiation but does lead to activation of
      brlA and wetA, cessation of vegetative growth, and accentuated cellular
      vacuolization. brlA, abaA, and wetA act individually and together to regulate
      their own expression and that of numerous other sporulation-specific genes. We
      propose that the central pathway controlling development is largely
      autoregulatory. The timing and extent of expression of the regulatory genes and
      their targets are determined as development proceeds by intrinsically controlled
      changes in the relative concentrations of regulatory gene products in the various
      conidiophore cell types.

PMID- 2655932
TI  - Identification of a human bone marrow-derived immunoenhancing factor, BDEF.
AB  - In this report we describe the production and biological activity of human bone
      marrow-derived enhancing factor (BDEF). This factor is the constitutive product
      of cultured human BMC and could initially be recovered by ultrafiltration of cell
      free BM supernatants to yield a crude fraction of Mr greater than 10,000 Da. This
      preparation can enhance the Ab response of human tonsillar cells, as well as
      murine spleen cells, to SRBC. HPLC fractionation of BM supernatants enriches for
      enhancing activity in a peak with an approximate Mr of 60 kDa. PAGE gel analysis
      reveals two protein bands which migrate to this area, one of 60 kDa, and a
      slightly smaller protein at 55 kDa. Antibodies generated against the above two
      proteins were shown to be specific by Western blotting and could recognize the
      native BM proteins as determined by ELISA. The antibodies were used to affinity
      purify the respective proteins, p60 and p55. The BM protein p60, but not p55, was
      able to enhance Ab synthesis in vitro and was also mitogenic for murine BMC and
      thymocytes. The addition of anti-p60 Ab to human tonsillar cells cultured with
      SRBC and human BDEF preparations resulted in abrogation of enhancement. These
      findings support the notion that the BM protein p60 is BDEF and that it may
      represent a novel enhancing molecule produced by normal human BM.

PMID- 2655933
TI  - Lymphocytes treated with natural alfa-interferon produce a chemotactic factor for
      human neutrophils.
AB  - Lymphocytes stimulated with alfa-interferon released a chemotactic factor for
      neutrophils. The process was not inhibited by cycloheximide, whereas mepacrine
      completely inhibited release of the chemotactic activity. The chemotactic factor
      was resistant to storage, heat treatment and proteolysis. Recombinant alfa
      interferon did not stimulate lymphocytes to release a neutrophil chemotactic
      factor.

PMID- 2655934
TI  - Biosynthesis and secretion of thrombospondin in human melanoma cells.
AB  - A polyclonal antisera specific for human platelet thrombospondin (TSP) has been
      utilized to study the biosynthesis and secretion of TSP in the M21 human melanoma
      cell line. Pulse-chase indirect immunoprecipitation analysis reveal that human
      melanoma cells rapidly synthesize and secrete this platelet alpha-granule
      associated glycoprotein. Topographical analysis of the melanoma cell surface by
      indirect immunofluorescence indicate that the TSP molecules have no obvious
      extracellular organization. The implications of thrombospondin synthesis in the
      metastatic process of melanoma are discussed.

PMID- 2655935
TI  - Compounds binding to cytoskeletal proteins are active against Plasmodium
      falciparum in vitro.
AB  - The effects of nine different tubulin-binding substances and of one actin-binding
      compound, cytochalasin B, upon the intraerythrocytic development of the malaria
      parasite Plasmodium falciparum were investigated in vitro. From the data
      obtained, plasmodial tubulins seem to be quite different from the mammalian
      proteins on the molecular level. Tubulozole-T, a substance which is inactive in
      mammalian systems, appears to be a promising novel antimalarial drug.

PMID- 2655936
TI  - Fluorescence microscopic localization of actin in pollen tubes: comparison of
      actin antibody and phalloidin staining.
AB  - A comparison of actin localization in pollen tubes of Nicotiana has been made
      using a monoclonal actin antibody and rhodamine-phalloidin (RP). The monoclonal
      antiactin, based on Western blotting of pollen tube extract, labels a polypeptide
      at 45 kD that comigrates with muscle actin. A 51-kD unknown protein and three
      bands less than 45 kD, presumed to be proteolytic fragments of actin, are also
      observed. Structural observations using this antibody reveal a network of axially
      oriented strands of microfilaments (MFs). The MFs are distributed throughout the
      length of the pollen tube except at the very tip, where diffuse staining is
      usually observed. A similar pattern of MFs is evident after RP staining. When
      pollen tubes are treated with cytochalasins (CB or CD) cytoplasmic streaming is
      inhibited, as is tube elongation. Microscopic analysis reveals that the
      microfilament (MF) pattern is markedly altered; however, the antibody and RP
      produce different staining patterns. The antibody reveals many MF strands that
      distribute throughout the tube length and extend into the very tip. In contrast,
      RP shows mostly a diffuse staining pattern with only a few short clumps of
      filamentous material. Immunogold labelling of sections of pollen tubes prepared
      by rapid-freeze fixation and freeze substitution reveals that actin MF bundles
      are indeed present after cytochalasin treatment. Our results thus question
      reports in the literature, based on phalloidin staining, asserting that
      cytochalasin fragments or destroys actin MFs.

PMID- 2655937
TI  - Functional diversity among spectrin isoforms.
AB  - The purpose of this review on spectrin is to examine the functional properties of
      this ubiquitous family of membrane skeletal proteins. Major topics include
      spectrin-membrane linkages, spectrin-filament linkages, the subcellular
      localization of spectrins in various cell types and a discussion of major
      functional differences between erythroid and nonerythroid spectrins. This
      includes a summary of studies from our own laboratories on the functional and
      structural comparison of avian spectrin isoforms which are comprised of a common
      alpha subunit and a tissue-specific beta subunit. Consequently, the observed
      differences among these spectrins can be assigned to differences in the
      properties of the beta subunits.

PMID- 2655938
TI  - Differential localisation of tyrosinated, detyrosinated, and acetylated alpha
      tubulins in neurites and growth cones of dorsal root ganglion neurons.
AB  - The comparative distribution of tyrosinated, detyrosinated, and acetylated alpha
      tubulins was examined in neurites of rat dorsal root ganglion neurones in culture
      using immunofluorescence microscopy. Phase contrast observations of single
      neurones revealed that the neurites were actively motile, and rhodamine
      phalloidin staining of actin filaments showed the extent of lamellopodia and
      microspike projections from the growth cones. From double-labelling experiments
      using antibodies against tyrosinated, detryrosinated, or acetylated alpha
      tubulin, it was found that the three different isoforms were differentially
      localised in neurites and growth cones. Detyrosinated and acetylated forms of
      alpha-tubulin were in the main restricted to the neurites extending no further
      than the base of the growth cones. Tyrosinated alpha-tubulin was, however,
      distributed throughout the body of the growth cone and into the base of some
      microspikes. Following treatment with taxol to promote microtubule assembly,
      detyrosinated and acetylated alpha-tubulins were found to be colocalised with
      tyrosinated alpha-tubulins throughout the growth cones of all cells examined.
      These results would be consistent with axonal transport of tyrosinated alpha
      tubulin followed by assembly in the growth cone and subsequent detyrosination and
      acetylation. In addition the presence of unmodified alpha-tubulin in the growth
      cone may be necessary for the provision of labile microtubules for growth cone
      motility and extension.

PMID- 2655939
TI  - Physiopathology of cerebral ischemia.
AB  - In spite of significant advances made in the technology to image the intracranial
      contents and to measure the metabolic activity of discrete brain sites, the
      factor(s) responsible for the death of ischemic neurons remains unresolved.
      Several potential culprits have been tried: (1) "energy failure", or depletion of
      high-energy phosphates, occurs very quickly after ischemia, but energy
      metabolites recover even in tissues where functional return does not occur; (2)
      "tissue lactacidosis" enhances ischemic cell necrosis, but this factor is not the
      indispensable cause of neuronal necrosis because acidosis is minimal or
      nonexistent under conditions of hypoglycemia and seizures; (3) "impairment of the
      microcirculation" may be a contributing factor, but such microcirculatory
      impairment cannot be the initiating event as it is known that irreversible
      neuronal injury precedes the development of microcirculatory abnormalities; (4)
      the effects of "excitatory neurotransmitters", especially glutamate, may explain
      the "delayed neuronal death" or the protracted necrosis of neurons in the CA1
      sector of the hippocampus; (5) ionic pump alterations: studies of experimental
      myocardial ischemia tend to support a contributory role of Ca2+ in the
      aggravation of cell necrosis; however, lack of an experimental model in which
      steady-state conditions can be maintained has left unresolved the potential
      participation of calcium ions in ischemic cell necrosis; (6) the same statement,
      concerning the lack of an experimental model, can be made about the role of free
      radical species; oxygen free radicals and superoxides are abundant in the
      reperfusion stage of ischemic injury, but it is unclear how significant their
      contribution might be as initiators of ischemic necrosis; and (7) the "ischemic
      penumbra" is a zone or portion of brain tissue that is sufficiently hypoperfused
      as to be functionless, but where the cells are likely to recover once normal
      perfusion is reestablished. Further understanding of the "penumbra" may prove
      crucial in future studies of brain ischemia.

PMID- 2655940
TI  - Photomechanical coupling in the vertebrate sphincter pupillae.
AB  - The photomechanical response of the vertebrate iris sphincter pupillae isolated
      from irises of many species of vertebrates contract when light is shined on them.
      It appears that the cell membranes of the constituent smooth muscle cells contain
      rhodopsin which triggers the photomechanical response (PMR) when bleached. In
      amphibians and some fish this mechanism of pupillary control is more important
      than the more well-known retinal reflex. In the mammals the retinal reflex is
      more important; however, even in the mammals the exact role of the innervation is
      not understood. The PMR can be inhibited by beta adrenergic agonists but not by
      alpha adrenergic agonists. The activation sequence of the PM probably involves
      (1) rhodopsin activated G-protein, (2) phospholipase C, (3) inositol
      triphosphate, and (4) a calcium-calmodulin-myosin light chain kinase cascade. A
      simple mathematical version of the phosphorylation theory of smooth muscle
      contraction accurately predicts the time courses of PMRs to light stimuli of
      different durations and intensities.

PMID- 2655941
TI  - Cellular and molecular mechanisms of autoimmune demyelination in the central
      nervous system.
AB  - Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), particularly in its chronic
      form, shares features with the major human demyelinating disease multiple
      sclerosis (MS). The roles of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in EAE are
      increasingly clear. However, little information has been collated on the
      molecular events involving myelin components in the initiation and perpetuation
      of the autoimmune condition and in demyelination itself. To draw together
      relevant data, this review first outlines the molecular structure of the myelin
      sheath. Evidence implicating individual myelin molecules, as autoimmunogens, as
      targets for autoimmune attack, or as participants in the demyelinating processes
      in EAE, is then discussed. Finally, the extent to which the experimental findings
      are mirrored in MS, and the natural genesis of myelin-directed autoimmunity are
      considered.

PMID- 2655942
TI  - [Thanatophoric dysplasia and possibilities of prenatal diagnosis].

PMID- 2655943
TI  - [Is adrenal hemorrhage rare in neonates?].

PMID- 2655944
TI  - [Medical genetics and ethics].

PMID- 2655945
TI  - [Transplantation of bone marrow].

PMID- 2655946
TI  - [Pathogenesis of oxygen toxicity].

PMID- 2655947
TI  - [Persistent pulmonary hypertension in neonates].

PMID- 2655948
TI  - [The development and beginnings of otorhinolaryngology at the Comenius University
      Medical School in Bratislava].
AB  - The subject of the paper is the history of development and the beginnings of
      otolaryngology at the Medical Faculty, Comenius University in Bratislava. A
      special feature of the process was that in Bratislava two separate clinics were
      established: an otological and rhinolaryngological clinic. The founder and first
      head of the otological clinic founded in 1932 was professor MUDr. Pavel Zaviska
      and the first head of the rhinolaryngological clinic was professor MUDr. Bedrich
      Wiskovsky. At the end of 1938 the two departments fused and professor Wiskovsky
      was the head of the new department.

PMID- 2655949
TI  - Synthesis and alpha-glucosidase-inhibiting activity of a new alpha-glucosidase
      inhibitor, 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosylmoranoline and its N-substituted
      derivatives.
AB  - Various N-substituted derivatives of 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosylmoranoline have
      been synthesized, and their inhibitory activities against rabbit sucrase and
      maltase have been measured, as well as their effects on postprandial
      hyperglycemia in the sucrose-loaded rat, 4-O-alpha-D-Glucopyranosylmoranoline was
      also shown to have potent hypoglycemic activity in starch-loaded dogs.

PMID- 2655950
TI  - Measurement of extravascular lung water during abdominal aortic surgery.
AB  - Cross-clamping of the abdominal aorta can be associated with significant changes
      in haemodynamic variables. However, intraoperative changes in extravascular lung
      water (EVLW) have not been studied. Nine patients undergoing elective surgery,
      either aortic aneurysm repair or aorto-bifemoral grafting, were monitored
      invasively with arterial lines, pulmonary artery catheters and Edwards lung water
      catheters inserted in either the brachial or axillary artery. Determinations of
      EVLW were made prior to and five minutes after application of the aortic cross
      clamp and at 30-minute intervals during the course of the operation. Baseline
      EVLW was found to be 7-9 ml.kg-1. There were no significant changes in
      haemodynamic variables and no changes in EVLW with cross-clamping of the aorta.
      The EVLW did not change during the course of surgery. The EVLW did not increase
      in the absence of sustained elevation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. One
      patient developed an axillary artery thrombosis which required thrombectomy at
      the site of lung water catheter insertion. Two other patients lost their distal
      pulses without overt ischaemic changes. It was felt that such relatively high
      incidence of complications precluded further use of the lung water catheter in
      the axillary or brachial artery.

PMID- 2655951
TI  - Anaesthesia for hip surgery in the elderly.
AB  - Surgical repair of hip fracture and total hip arthroplasty are primarily
      performed on elderly patients. Patients presenting for hip fracture surgery have
      a high prevalence of preoperative medical problems and may require medical
      stabilization before surgery. Regional anaesthesia for hip fracture repair may be
      contraindicated due to perioperative pharmacologic prophylaxis for deep venous
      thrombosis. The use of regional anaesthesia increases the magnitude and frequency
      of hypotensive episodes when compared with general anaesthesia. Intraoperative
      blood losses, averaging 250-300 ml, are not affected by anaesthetic technique.
      Following hip fracture surgery under spinal anaesthesia, patients exhibit better
      oxygenation in the early postoperative period than those after general
      anaesthesia. The frequency of postoperative confusion is unrelated to anaesthetic
      technique. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis is reduced following spinal
      anaesthesia as compared with general anaesthesia. The one-month mortality rate,
      approximately eight per cent, is unrelated to anaesthetic technique. Spinal,
      epidural and general anaesthesia have been used successfully for total hip
      arthroplasty. Intraoperative blood loss of 0.5-1.5 litres is reduced with
      regional anaesthesia. General anaesthesia with controlled hypotension also
      significantly reduces blood loss. Intraoperative instability with hypoxaemia,
      hypotension and cardiac arrest may follow impaction of the femoral prosthesis and
      are related to absorption of acrylic cement monomers and pulmonary embolism of
      fat, air, and platelet-fibrin aggregates. Postoperative deep venous thrombosis is
      common and the incidence may be reduced with epidural anaesthesia. Operative
      mortality is less than one per cent and pulmonary embolism is the commonest cause
      of death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655952
TI  - Management of post-operative pain.

PMID- 2655953
TI  - Preoperative patient evaluation.
AB  - Screening laboratory testing seemed logical: if you could spot abnormalities
      before overt disease occurred, you could prevent disability. But it has not
      worked out that way for the majority of preoperative tests. We are now spending
      over $40 billion a year in the United States on preoperative testing and
      evaluation; 60 per cent of it is wasted. This is like saying, "If a little
      epinephrine is good, more is better." That is wrong in the use of epinephrine and
      it can be wrong with too much testing. Worse than wasteful, I believe this extra
      testing is causing iatrogenic disease by pursuit and treatment of borderline and
      false-positive test results. It is increasing our medicolegal risk and decreasing
      the efficiency of practice. Fortunately, this history of too much testing can now
      be turned to our advantage. It provides an arena where we can demonstrate to our
      constituency, the patient, and our watchdog, the bureaucrat, that we can use
      inexpensive technology to reduce costs substantially and improve the quality of
      care.

PMID- 2655954
TI  - Controversies in obstetric anaesthesia.

PMID- 2655955
TI  - The management of acute severe head injury.

PMID- 2655956
TI  - Mechanisms causing myocardial ischaemia.

PMID- 2655957
TI  - Perioperative myocardial ischaemia.

PMID- 2655958
TI  - Pathophysiology of cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2655959
TI  - Gastric emptying and anaesthesia.

PMID- 2655960
TI  - Anaesthesia for neonatal surgical emergencies.

PMID- 2655961
TI  - A dose escalation study of carboplatin and ifosfamide in advanced ovarian cancer.
AB  - A dose escalation study of carboplatin (CBDCA) and ifosfamide was carried out in
      35 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma to determine the toxicity and
      therapeutic effect of this combination. In all, 13 patients had recurrent ovarian
      carcinoma, 11 had abdominal carcinomatosis of probable ovarian origin and 9 had
      newly diagnosed stage III/IV ovarian cancer. Myelosuppression was the major dose
      limiting toxicity. At a dose of 400 mg/m2 CBDCA plus 5,000 mg/m2 ifosfamide, 61%
      of courses were associated with grade 3 leukopenia and 27%, with grade 3
      thrombocytopenia. The lowest leukocyte and platelet counts occurred at a median
      of 14 days after treatment and cytopenia persisted for a median of 8 days.
      Myelotoxicity was cumulative with successive courses at this dose level, whereas
      at a dose of 400 mg/m2 CBDCA plus 4,000 mg/m2 ifosfamide it was possible to
      deliver the planned six courses of treatment. No other untoward toxicities were
      observed. A clinical response was achieved in 16/33 patients (49%), with 10
      complete remissions (CRs), of which 3 were pathologically confirmed at
      laparotomy. No significant dose-response relationship was demonstrated in this
      heterogeneous group of patients. The predicted median duration of response is 12
      months. CBDCA plus ifosfamide is an active combination therapy for ovarian cancer
      that merits further comparison with CBDCA alone. The recommended doses for six
      courses are 400 mg/m2 CBDCA plus 4,000 mg/m2 ifosfamide.

PMID- 2655962
TI  - The mutagenicity of dibenz[a,j]acridine, some metabolites and other derivatives
      in bacteria and mammalian cells.
AB  - Dibenz[a,j]acridine (DBAJAC) was studied because of its close structural
      relationship with a number of important carcinogenic polycyclic and azaaromatic
      hydrocarbons. It was of particular relevance to examine the mutagenicity of known
      or proposed 'bay-region' metabolites, which may be proximate or ultimate
      carcinogenic derivatives of DBAJAC. Trans-1,2-, 3,4- and 5,6-dihydrodiols, the 4-
      and 6-phenols, the 5,6-oxide and N-oxide derivatives, and anti- and syn-3,4-diol
      1,2-epoxides of DBAJAC were examined for their mutagenicity in Salmonella
      typhimurium TA98 and TA100 and in V79 Chinese hamster lung cells. Of all the
      compounds studied which require metabolic activation, the 3,4-dihydrodiol was the
      most active in both TA100 and in V79 cells. The activity of the 3,4-dihydrodiol
      enantiomers was also tested in strain TA100 where no difference was observed from
      that of the racemic mixture. In V79 cells only the 3R,4R-dihydrodiol was active,
      the activity being about three times that of the racemic material. Salmonella
      strains TA98 and TA100 also differed in their sensitivity towards DBAJAC
      dihydrodiols, the 1,2-isomer being of greatest activity in TA98. The most
      mutagenic compounds in both mammalian and bacterial cells were the 'bay-region'
      diol epoxides of DBAJAC which did not require metabolic activation by S9 mix. The
      anti-DBAJAC 3,4-diol 1,2-epoxide was more mutagenic than the syn form in V79,
      TA98 and TA100 cells. Overall these results suggest that the in vivo biological
      activity of DBAJAC metabolites is likely to reflect previous findings with other
      similar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PMID- 2655963
TI  - Photoactivation of mutagens.
AB  - Solutions of several promutagens or of non-genotoxic carcinogens were exposed to
      sunlight or to artificial sources of UV or fluorescent light, under various
      experimental conditions. Irradiation resulted in the oxygen-mediated formation of
      direct-acting mutagenic and DNA-damaging photoproducts in bacteria, with evident
      structure-activity relationship. Of the aromatic amines tested, 2-aminofluorene
      and, with lower efficiency, 2-acetylaminofluorene were photoactivated, whereas
      irradiation of 4-acetylaminofluorene and of the 1- and 2-amino substitutes of
      anthracene and naphthalene did not produce mutagenic derivatives in Salmonella
      typhimurium. Of the heterocyclic amines, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline
      and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline were extraordinarily sensitive to
      activation by sunlight and fluorescent light, which contrasted with the
      insensitivity of the tryptophan pyrolysis products. Use of optical and
      interference filters showed that near-UV light is the main component of solar
      radiation responsible for the formation of highly stable mutagenic derivatives.
      The mutagenicity of 2-aminofluorene and of the aminoimidazoquinoline compounds,
      following both metabolic and light activation, was lost in nitroreductase- and O
      acetyltransferase-dificient bacteria. Benzo[alpha]pyrene was better activated by
      254- than by 365-nm UV light. Sunlight did not affect the lack of mutagenicity of
      carcinogenic organochlorine pesticides, but exposure to 254-nm UV light
      selectively resulted in the formation of weak mutagens from dieldrin and 1,1
      dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene, but not from 4,4'
      dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, lacking carbon-carbon double bonds.

PMID- 2655964
TI  - Mutagenicity in Salmonella and sister chromatid exchange in mice for the bay
      region syn- and anti-diol epoxides of 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene.
AB  - Dose-response relationships for (+/-)-7 alpha,8 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta,6 beta
      epoxy-1,4-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrophenanthrene and its 5 alpha,6 alpha-epoxy
      diastereomer, the syn- and anti-diol epoxides of 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene
      respectively, have been established for their mutagenicity in Salmonella strains
      TA98 and TA100 and for their in vivo sister chromatid exchange in the bone-marrow
      cells of mice. Both isomers were mutagenic in the eta mole per plate range with
      the syn isomer being in the order of fifteen times more active with TA98 and five
      times more mutagenic in TA100 than its anti isomer. The anti isomer was more
      genotoxic in the sister chromatid exchange assay than the syn isomer.
      Statistically significant results were obtained as low as 1.5 mg/kg body weight
      for the anti isomer and 3 mg/kg for the syn isomer. The present study supports
      the inclusion of methyl-substituted bay-region diol epoxides in the concept that
      the syn isomer, with quasi-diequatorial hydroxyl groups, can contribute to the
      genotoxicity of the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of those compounds
      which form hindered bay-region diol epoxides.

PMID- 2655965
TI  - Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and the upper limit of cerebral blood
      flow autoregulation: effect of sympathetic stimulation.
AB  - The effect of stimulation of the cervical sympathetic ganglia on the upper limit
      of cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation was studied in normotensive Wistar
      Kyoto rats (WKY) and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) following
      intravenous administration of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
      captopril (10 mg/kg). CBF was measured using the intracarotid 133Xe injection
      method in halothane/nitrous oxide anaesthetized WKY and SHR. Arterial blood
      pressure was raised stepwise by the intravenous infusion of noradrenaline. Toward
      the end of the study, Evans blue was injected and the brains examined for gross
      blood-brain barrier breakdown. In SHR, sympathetic stimulation reextended the
      upper limit of CBF autoregulation, which was at a mean arterial blood pressure
      level of 120-139 mm Hg in the control group of eight SHR and above 170 mm Hg in
      the stimulated group of nine SHR. In the group of nine WKY subjected to
      sympathetic stimulation, the upper limit of CBF autoregulation was reached at a
      mean arterial blood pressure level of 110-129 mm Hg as opposed to 90-109 mm Hg in
      a previous unstimulated group of WKY. In the two groups subjected to sympathetic
      stimulation, there was no extravasation of Evans blue in any of the brains. In
      the control group of SHR, in which there had been marked increases in CBF, three
      out of eight brains had foci with extravasation of the dye. It is concluded that
      in normotensive and in hypertensive rats sympathetic stimulation attenuates the
      downward shift of the upper limit of CBF autoregulation, which is known to
      accompany intravenous administration of captopril.

PMID- 2655966
TI  - Pediatric and congenital therapeutic cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 2655967
TI  - The ESVEM trial. Electrophysiologic Study Versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring
      for selection of antiarrhythmic therapy of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The
      ESVEM Investigators.
AB  - ESVEM (Electrophysiologic Study Versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring) is an
      ongoing multicenter trial supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood
      Institute that began enrollment of patients on October 1, 1985. We describe here
      the methodology of the trial and data regarding enrollment of patients in the
      trial. The purpose of the trial is to determine whether electrophysiologic study
      or electrocardiographic Holter monitoring more accurately predicts antiarrhythmic
      drug efficacy in patients with aborted sudden death or sustained ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias. Consenting patients with inducible, sustained ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias and at least 480 premature ventricular contractions during 48
      hours are randomized to undergo antiarrhythmic drug selection either by
      electrophysiologic study or by Holter monitoring. Up to six drugs (mexiletine,
      pirmenol, procainamide, propafenone, quinidine, and sotalol) are assessed in
      random order until one is predicted effective. An efficacy prediction is achieved
      in the electrophysiology limb if ventricular tachyarrhythmias are no longer
      inducible and in the Holter limb if ventricular ectopy is largely suppressed.
      Patients in whom a drug is predicted effective are followed while they are taking
      that drug to detect one of the three primary endpoints: arrhythmia recurrence,
      sudden death, or unmonitored syncope. In the first 37 months, 967 patients
      satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria to undergo baseline studies. Two
      hundred eighty-six were eligible for and consented to randomization. In total,
      approximately 500 patients will be randomized and 285 subjects will be followed
      while receiving drugs that are predicted effective in this trial. Approximately
      70 patients are expected to attain a primary end-point during a mean follow-up ot
      3 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655968
TI  - Background of the prevention of cardiovascular disease. I. Nutritional,
      infectious, and alcoholic heart disease.

PMID- 2655969
TI  - Declining out-of-hospital sudden coronary death rates. Additional pieces of the
      epidemiologic puzzle.

PMID- 2655970
TI  - Acute ischemic ventricular septal defect.
AB  - Thirty-one published reports (366 patients) and 48 consecutive patients treated
      for postinfarction ventricular septal defect at four institutions in northern
      California were reviewed. Overall hospital mortality was 43% in the reviewed
      group and was not affected by age, concomitant myocardial revascularization, date
      of operation, presence of cardiogenic shock, or location of the defect. Mortality
      for the 48 consecutive patients, all of whom had surgery within 30 days of acute
      infarction, was 67%. Although there were no survivors over 65 years of age,
      mortality was not affected by age, location of the ventricular septal defect, or
      concomitant myocardial revascularization.

PMID- 2655971
TI  - Ischemic mitral regurgitation.
AB  - At a time when hospital mortality for adult cardiac operations is continuing to
      fall, the ischemic mitral regurgitation subset remains at relatively high risk.
      Based on analysis of available data, efforts to improve results might be directed
      toward a more general application of mitral valve reconstruction in this
      population. Other promising therapeutic measures include the liberal use of
      reperfusion therapy in the acute papillary muscle dysfunction group, better
      selection of patients for operation, and, perhaps, operative recommendation to a
      greater proportion of the more stable patients who previously were treated
      medically. Incorporating these therapeutic concepts into routine clinical
      practice may improve the overall prognosis of this difficult subgroup.

PMID- 2655972
TI  - Surgery for mitral regurgitation associated with ischemic heart disease. Results
      and strategies.
AB  - Analysis of published reports indicates that ischemic mitral insufficiency is
      associated with higher operative mortality (10-30%) than is nonischemic mitral
      valve procedures. Probable incremental risk factors include emergency operation,
      acute myocardial infarction, hemodynamic instability, poor left ventricular
      function, pulmonary hypertension, advanced age, and renal failure. Early valve
      repair or replacement with myocardial revascularization improves survival in
      patients with circulatory insufficiency due to acute postinfarction mitral
      regurgitation. Although the technique of repair of nonacute ischemic mitral
      insufficiency is not standardized, repair with revascularization is preferred.
      Preliminary data suggest that long-term results are primarily related to the
      severity of left ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 2655973
TI  - Emergency cardiac procedures in patients in cardiogenic shock due to
      complications of coronary artery disease.
AB  - Onset of cardiogenic shock in patients with various manifestations of acute
      myocardial ischemia has high mortality, but use of improved hemodynamic
      monitoring, the intra-aortic balloon pump, and early operation have improved
      previously dismal results. Review of published experience spanning the last 20
      years indicates that 66% of patients survive after emergency myocardial
      revascularization for acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. If
      cardiac damage is overwhelming and irreversible, selected patients may be
      "bridged" with mechanical biventricular circulatory assist devices and
      transplanted. Infarctectomy for acute myocardial infarction remains controversial
      and unproven; successful repair of free left ventricular wall rupture is
      uncommon. In patients with cardiogenic shock, operations for acute postinfarction
      ventricular septal defect or mitral insufficiency have operative survival rates
      of 45% and 54%, respectively. Long-term (greater than 2-year) survival for
      patients after repair of acute postinfarction ventricular septal defect is 84%.
      However, 5-year survival after successful operation for acute postinfarction
      mitral insufficiency complicated by cardiogenic shock is only 40%.

PMID- 2655974
TI  - Emergency management of cardiogenic shock.

PMID- 2655975
TI  - Patient selection criteria and results of surgery for refractory ischemic
      ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - The direct surgical techniques for the treatment of refractory ischemic
      ventricular tachycardia have now been available for 10 years. This report
      assimilates the first decade's experience with these direct procedures to clarify
      the present indications for ventricular tachycardia surgery, the preferred method
      for conducting the operative procedures, the clinical results that are to be
      expected, the subsequent prognosis, and the role of the automatic internal
      cardioverter-defibrillator in the contemporary management of refractory ischemic
      ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 2655976
TI  - Coronary artery bypass grafting in the presence of valvular disease.
AB  - Compared with isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), the combination of
      valve replacement or repair with coronary revascularization generally increases
      operative risk. However, complete revascularization is superior to no
      revascularization in patients with valvular and coronary artery disease (CAD).
      Patients who undergo aortic valve replacement and CABG have two unrelated disease
      processes; these patients only infrequently have ischemic cardiomyopathy, and the
      operative mortality is slightly increased to 4-7% for the combined procedure
      versus isolated aortic valve replacement. Patients who are operated on for mitral
      valve disease and CAD fall into two groups: 1) where CAD and mitral valve disease
      are not etiologically related, and 2) where mitral valve dysfunction is the
      result of ischemic changes. In the latter group, operative mortality
      significantly exceeds that for isolated mitral valve surgery, and surgical
      priority increases that difference (operative mortality 7-20%). Thus, the
      operative risk for a mitral valve procedure plus CABG exceeds that for isolated
      coronary revascularization or isolated valve replacement. In the combined
      procedure, risk increases if valve dysfunction is caused by CAD, if severe left
      ventricular function is present, if the patient has been assigned to Class IV, or
      if emergency operation is required.

PMID- 2655977
TI  - Coronary artery bypass grafting with saphenous vein.
AB  - Occlusion rate of the saphenous vein is around 12-20% during the 1st year and 2
      4% annually for the next 4 or 5 years. Subsequently, this rate doubles, so that
      at 10 years, approximately 50% of grafts become occluded due to the occurrence of
      graft atherosclerosis. A similar percentage of patent grafts show atherosclerotic
      changes at the end of the 1st decade. Sequential vein grafts probably suffer the
      same fate although late follow-up is lacking. Reoperation is estimated to be 30%
      at 10 years, as judged by angiographic criteria. The operative risk of
      reoperation is at least double that of primary operation; symptomatic relief
      appears to be of shorter duration. Recent technical changes to better preserve
      medial and endothelial function and to pharmacologically inhibit platelet
      function may lead to longer duration of the venous conduit.

PMID- 2655978
TI  - Use of internal thoracic artery for coronary artery grafting.
AB  - Because of excellent long-term patency (greater than 90% at 7 years), internal
      thoracic artery (ITA) bypass grafts are preferred over saphenous vein grafts for
      myocardial revascularization. ITA grafts can be used for up to 70% of all distal
      anastomoses and in up to 95% of patients. ITA grafts are more technically
      demanding; inadequate length, traumatic arterial injury, torsion, separation of
      intima and adventitia, and anastomotic stricture are important pitfalls.
      Postoperative problems of bleeding, phrenic nerve injury, mediastinal infection,
      and arm paresis or paresthesia are complications attributed to ITA grafts, but
      they are uncommon if meticulous technique is used.

PMID- 2655979
TI  - Alternative conduits for aortocoronary bypass grafting.
AB  - The internal mammary artery is the premier conduit for initial and repeat
      coronary artery bypass grafting and should be used as either a pedicled or free
      graft whenever possible. Saphenous veins from the greater and lesser systems are
      distinctly second choices but can serve satisfactorily as aortocoronary grafts
      for many years. When neither the internal mammary arteries nor the saphenous
      veins are available, the cardiac surgeon today must choose from a wide variety of
      alternative conduits that have been used periodically over the past two decades
      for coronary artery bypass grafting.

PMID- 2655980
TI  - Coronary bypass surgery in chronic stable angina.
AB  - Over the last 20 years, operative mortality has decreased and late survival has
      improved for patients with chronic stable angina who have coronary artery bypass
      surgery. However, this favorable trend may not continue because the operation is
      now extended to elderly and high-risk patients. The most powerful predictors of
      operative mortality include indexes of left ventricular function, age, and the
      number of associated medical conditions. Female gender, severity of angina, and
      extent of coronary artery disease appear to be predictors of operative mortality
      in some series but not in all. Indexes of left ventricular dysfunction remain the
      most powerful predictors of late death, but the extent of coronary disease, older
      age, and presence of associated diseases (including noncardiac vascular disease)
      remain important determinants. Analyses of the randomized trials and registry
      studies reveal a consistent trend: in patients at high risk on the basis of
      clinical, functional, and anatomic characteristics, coronary artery bypass
      surgery prolongs survival in comparison with medical therapy alone. In patients
      determined to be at low risk, medical therapy is initially recommended with the
      realization that revascularization may be necessary subsequently if symptoms
      worsen or the severity of ischemia increases.

PMID- 2655981
TI  - Myocardial revascularization for unstable angina pectoris.
AB  - We reviewed 14 reports from 1978 to 1988 of 6,136 patients with unstable angina
      pectoris treated by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The mean age was 56.8
      years, and 23% were female. Mean operative mortality in the 14 reports was 3.7%
      (1.2-8.5%). The mean incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction was 9.9%
      (3.8-17%). The mean incidence of postoperative low cardiac output was 16% (8
      35%). No risk factors for morbidity or mortality different from those observed in
      patients with chronic stable angina were identified. Clinical subgroups of the
      heterogeneous group of patients with unstable angina pectoris are associated with
      different prognoses and treatment results. Variable pathological changes are
      associated with these subgroups. Reductions in morbidity and mortality of those
      patients undergoing CABG may require better preoperative management of the
      underlying pathological process and improved myocardial preservation at the time
      of CABG. Angina relief, improved survival, and reduction in late nonfatal
      myocardial infarction is similar to that observed in patients with chronic stable
      angina after CABG.

PMID- 2655982
TI  - Summary of a consensus concerning death and ischemic events after coronary artery
      bypass grafting.
AB  - The early and long-term results of myocardial revascularization are reviewed for
      four unidentified community hospitals, for Katholieke Universiteit (Leuven,
      Belgium), and for the University of Alabama at Birmingham at two different times.
      After operation, approximately 77% of patients are free from all ischemic events
      at 5 years and nearly 50% are free at 10 years. Over 90% of patients survive 5
      years, and approximately 80% survive 10 years. Some of the incremental risk
      factors for early death after operation include older age; degree of left
      ventricular dysfunction; hemodynamic instability at the time of operation; recent
      myocardial infarction; number of diseased coronary vessels; associated mitral
      incompetence, ventricular aneurysm, or ventricular tachycardia; longer aortic
      cross-clamp time; and non-use of the internal mammary artery for
      revascularization. The number of diseased coronary arteries and the
      aggressiveness of the atherosclerotic process, degree of left ventricular
      dysfunction, older age, and non-use of the internal mammary artery are risk
      factors for reduced long-term survival.

PMID- 2655983
TI  - Coronary bypass grafting in patients with chronic congestive heart failure.
AB  - Three to four percent of patients who have myocardial revascularization without
      additional procedures have moderately severe or severe heart failure. Analysis of
      reported experience and data from two centers indicate that the severity of heart
      failure correlates poorly with left ventricular ejection fraction and other
      indexes of left ventricular function. Operative mortality ranges from 2.2% to
      14.9% and roughly correlates with the severity of heart failure. By logistic
      regression, age, ejection fraction, presence of mitral regurgitation, and
      presence of left main coronary artery disease are identified as incremental risk
      factors for operative death. Long-term survival is affected by age, ejection
      fraction, sex, presence of left main coronary artery disease, severity of angina,
      and presence of mitral insufficiency.

PMID- 2655984
TI  - Preparing to search on-line.

PMID- 2655985
TI  - Viscoelastic agents.
AB  - Viscoelastic materials possess a unique set of properties that result from their
      chemical structure. These properties enable them to protect the corneal
      endothelium and epithelium from mechanical trauma and to maintain an intraocular
      space, such as the anterior or vitreous chambers, even in the face of an open
      incision. Hence viscoelastic materials have been successfully applied to many
      areas of ophthalmic surgery, most notably anterior segment surgery, with few
      complications. There are currently three commercially available viscoelastic
      preparations, and several new preparations are in various stages of development.

PMID- 2655986
TI  - Clinical and neurophysiologic correlates of neonatal seizures.

PMID- 2655987
TI  - Genetic aspects of childhood epilepsy.
AB  - The extensive studies pertinent to these problems cannot be elaborated here. We
      have restricted ourselves to a few representative concepts, which can be
      summarized as follows. The genetic aspects of convulsibility and epilepsy are
      highly complex phenomena. The level of convulsibility is determined by a number
      of different excitatory (and inhibitory) genetic factors. None of these factors
      is strictly specific to epilepsy. Each one is only a partial aspect of a complex
      genetic constitution which is strikingly common in perfectly healthy individuals,
      and which is related to a variety of psychic and somatic particularities. Almost
      all of these genetic factors seem to be polygenetically determined; in other
      words, they seem to reflect the actions of many genes. An increased liability to
      convulsions, and, finally, to epilepsy, is induced by an accumulation of these
      factorial sets, and, of course, by the effects of exogenous lesional factors.
      Special constellation of these polygenic sets may lead to the manifestation of
      different epileptic syndromes and may also explain the segregation of seizure
      types in the descendants of patients with seemingly uniform epileptic syndromes,
      as observed, for instance, in absence epilepsy and in juvenile myoclonic
      epilepsy.

PMID- 2655988
TI  - Therapy of neonatal seizures.

PMID- 2655989
TI  - Antiepileptic drugs, cognitive function, and behavior in children.
AB  - In conclusion, it should be repeated that behavioral and cognitive functions in
      children with epilepsy, as in adults, represent the outcome of multifactorial
      processes. However, interest has been growing in the role of anticonvulsant drugs
      as an important variable. Studies in adults have clearly shown the impact of
      these drugs on both cognitive function and behavior, and the beneficial effects
      of achieving monotherapy, especially with carbamazepine, have been noted.
      Extrapolation of these results to children would seem reasonable, and there is
      some evidence in the literature to support this conclusion. Data in children,
      however, are complicated by several confounding factors. These include the status
      of the child under investigation; for example, children with a pre-existing
      behavior disorder appear to be more susceptible to developing grossly disturbed
      behavior with medications such as phenobarbital, as opposed to those who at
      pretreatment assessment do not display abnormalities. Mentally retarded children
      may be another group specifically susceptible to developing problems with
      medications. The effect of the anticonvulsant drug on seizure frequency is a
      complicating variable in interpretation of many investigations: in some patients
      improvement of seizures leads to improved behavior, while in others the opposite
      occurs. In some children, behavior exacerbations appear to be provoked by the
      sudden cessation of seizures, which may occur, for example, in forced
      normalization associated with barbiturates or benzodiazepines. Serum level
      monitoring is often not possible in childhood studies because of ethical
      considerations, and interpreting pharmacokinetic interactions from mere knowledge
      of orally prescribed agents is hazardous.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2655990
TI  - Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes.

PMID- 2655991
TI  - Cerebral hemispherectomy for seizures with hemiplegia.
AB  - The risk-benefit ratio of this functionally complete but anatomically subtotal
      hemispherectomy is strongly in favor of its more widespread and early use for the
      small group of unfortunate seizure patients who have maximal or near maximal
      hemiplegia and a complete or high-grade hemianopsia, and whose seizures
      constitute a significant handicap in regard to schooling and psychosocial
      development despite an adequate trial of appropriate antiepileptic medication.
      The earlier the "good" hemisphere and the upper brain are spared the nociferous
      effect of continual bombardment by wide-spread high-amplitude epileptiform
      discharges, the more effectively motor, sensory, intellectual, and psychosocial
      development can take place in the remainder of the nervous system.

PMID- 2655992
TI  - Corpus callosotomy in the treatment of medically intractable secondarily
      generalized seizures of children.

PMID- 2655993
TI  - Experimental epilepsy: developmental aspects.

PMID- 2655994
TI  - Spatiotemporal cell expression of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the
      prenatal mouse: evidence for an embryonic origin in the olfactory placode.
AB  - The spatiotemporal cell expression of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
      (LHRH) was investigated in mice during prenatal development using light
      microscopic immunocytochemistry. LHRH immunoreactive cells were first detected in
      the epithelium of the olfactory pit on gestational day 11 1/2 (E11.5). Some LHRH
      cells were just outside the olfactory epithelium (OE), clustered on short
      'tracks' which extended dorsocaudally. Immunopositive LHRH cells were not
      observed in any other regions. At E12.5, immunopositive cells were still detected
      in the OE, but now many LHRH cells were clustered on 'tracks' within olfactory
      areas. These 'tracks' started at the OE, bilaterally, and extended towards and
      abutted the basal telencephalic hemispheres. Some immunopositive cells were
      detected in the rostral telencephalon but not caudal to the telencephalon. The
      LHRH cells outside the OE were unipolar or bipolar, morphologically resembled
      mature LHRH neurons and appeared to contact neighboring LHRH cells. The
      distribution of LHRH cells at E13.5 was similar to E12.5, with the exception that
      immunopositive cells now extended from the telencephalon to the rostral
      diencephalon. From E14.5 to E17.5 the majority of LHRH cells were located within
      the forebrain; extending throughout the diencephalon. Immunopositive cells were
      not detected in the OE, but were scattered rostrocaudally in olfactory septal
      areas. By E16.5, LHRH cells within the brain were distributed in a pattern
      similar to that of the adult mouse. These findings illustrate that LHRH cells
      express their peptide phenotype early in ontogeny and before their distribution
      in the forebrain is detected. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that
      LHRH cells are derived from the olfactory placode and migrate into the forebrain
      during prenatal development.

PMID- 2655995
TI  - Endoprotease in human liver transforming multiple forms of alkaline phosphatase.
AB  - Two forms of alkaline phosphatase, extracted from human liver and named API1 and
      API3, are of high molecular mass, but API3 is the larger molecule and is membrane
      bound while API1 is smaller and soluble. Enzyme kinetics are identical. It is
      suggested that API1 is produced from API3 by an endoprotease. We demonstrated the
      action of an endoprotease in human liver homogenate converting API3 into API1. In
      the absence of this enzyme no conversion occurred. This enzyme is active at an
      acidic pH (less than 6.5) in the presence of Ca.. or Mg.. -ions. It is inhibited
      by traces of EDTA. It is insensitive to diisopropyl fluoro-phosphate, to
      leupeptin and to reducing or oxidizing chemicals. At alkaline pH (8.6) its
      activity is rapidly destroyed. The enzyme is stable in acidic buffer. We conclude
      that API1 is indeed formed from API3 in the living cell by enzymatic conversion.

PMID- 2655996
TI  - Modulated adhesion: a proposal for the role of myelin-associated glycoprotein in
      myelin wrapping.
AB  - Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a 100-kDa integral membrane glycoprotein
      expressed by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in the central and peripheral
      nervous systems, respectively. It is found first in loosely wrapped myelin and
      then periaxonally after compaction. Clinical findings, structural analysis, and
      cell assays indicate a role for MAG in adhesion. We propose that the
      phosphorylation state of MAG modulates its adhesion and that a minimum spatial
      requirement for the separation of the kinase and phosphatase activities
      postulated by this model may explain the correlation between axon size and
      myelination state.

PMID- 2655997
TI  - Defective epithelial ion transport in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - In America, cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common fatal inherited disease. In
      the past few years new concepts have evolved regarding the etiology of CF,
      changing from an almost universal acceptance of the abnormality as a disease of
      abnormal mucus production to that of a disease of abnormal fluid and electrolyte
      transport. Although mucus production is increased, this probably occurs as a
      secondary defense or protection against more primary disturbances in electrolyte
      transport brought on by a defect in Cl- permeability that affects both fluid
      absorption and fluid secretion. Here I review the progress that has been made and
      some of the puzzles uncovered in recent investigations of electrolyte transport
      in secretory and absorptive processes in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2655998
TI  - Genes encoding neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
AB  - Four genes (alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4, and beta 2), which encode proteins
      homologous to the Torpedo electric organ and vertebrate muscle nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptors, have been identified by cloning rat brain cDNAs.
      Injection of transcripts derived from these cDNAs into Xenopus laevis oocytes
      results in the formation of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Two of these
      receptors, alpha 3/beta 2 and alpha 4/beta 2, have the characteristics of
      ganglionic nicotinic receptors. The third (alpha 2/beta 2) exhibits a previously
      undescribed pharmacology and thus represents a novel subtype that may be
      expressed in the brain. The wide distribution of alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4, and
      beta 2 transcripts in the brain indicates that neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptors are a major neurotransmitter receptor system.

PMID- 2655999
TI  - Cell and substrate adhesion molecules in embryonic and neural development.
AB  - Recent studies of cell adhesion molecules and substrate adhesion molecules
      suggest that many key events related to embryonic and neural pattern formation
      depend upon cell surface modulation. I briefly review here the evidence
      supporting this conclusion.

PMID- 2656000
TI  - Current concepts in proteinuria.
AB  - Proteinuria, long recognized as a sign of renal disease, is a common laboratory
      abnormality in children and adults. Proteinuria may be transient or persistent;
      when persistent, the cause must be determined. Proteinuria may be primarily
      glomerular or tubular in origin. Glomerular proteinuria is usually an important
      concern. Tubular proteinuria often indicates the presence of tubulointerstitial
      or obstructive renal disease. Screening tests are available to detect albumin
      (the major protein in glomerular proteinuria), but there are no simple tests for
      immunoglobulin light chains and low-molecular-mass proteins, which predominate in
      overflow proteinuria and tubular proteinuria. These small proteins can only be
      detected by more sophisticated assays such as electrophoresis, isoelectric
      focusing, and chromatography. The association of glomerular and tubular types of
      proteinuria with specific disorders is reviewed in this paper, and current
      concepts in laboratory methodology for the study of proteinuria are summarized.

PMID- 2656001
TI  - One-step enzyme immunoassay for free thyroxin: results with dysalbuminemic sera
      and one serum containing autoantibodies to thyroxin.

PMID- 2656002
TI  - EMIT measurement of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and theophylline in the
      "Monarch" centrifugal analyzer.

PMID- 2656003
TI  - Is electrophoresis a reference method for CK-MB in comparison with an
      immunoenzymometric method?

PMID- 2656004
TI  - CK-MM interference with an immunoenzymometric method for quantification of CK-MB
      in serum.

PMID- 2656005
TI  - An enzyme immunoassay of slow moving protease (SMP) in human gastric mucosa.
AB  - A two-site enzyme immunoassay for slow moving protease (SMP) of human gastric
      mucosa has been developed. The detection limit of SMP was 50 pg/tube and the
      optimal assay range was 0.5 to 50 ng/tube. This assay system made it possible to
      measure a trace amount of gastric mucosal SMP in endoscopic biopsy-specimens.
      Mean gastric mucosal SMP contents of the antrum, the angles, and the distal and
      proximal corpuses were 4.5, 3.7, 2.6, and 2.5 micrograms/mg protein,
      respectively. The antral mucosa contained a larger amount of SMP than the gastric
      mucosa of other area. The present enzyme immunoassay system is sufficiently
      sensitive for the clinical study of SMP in gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2656006
TI  - Sensitive enzyme immunoassay for human aldolase B.
AB  - A highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay system for measurement of aldolase B
      subunit (aldolase B) was established. Antisera were raised in rabbits by
      injecting aldolase B4 purified from human liver, and specific antibodies to
      aldolase B were purified by the use of a column of aldolase B4-coupled Sepharose.
      The purified antibody IgG was digested with pepsin to obtain the F(ab)'
      fragments. The antibody F(ab)' fragments were immobilized noncovalently on
      polystyrene balls, and the same antibody Fab' fragments were labeled with beta-D
      galactosidase from Escherichia coli. The sandwich-type assay system using these
      reagents was sensitive and specific to aldolase B, showing no cross-reactivity
      with aldolase-A or aldolase-C. The minimum detection limit of the assay was 3 pg
      aldolase B4/assay tube. The immunoreactive aldolase B was present at high levels
      in the liver and kidney, and considerably in the small intestine. It was detected
      in all the tissues examined. Immunohistochemically, aldolase B is localized in
      hepatocytes, proximal renal tubular cells and epithelial cells of small
      intestine. Serum levels of aldolase B in healthy subjects were ranged from 33 to
      202 ng/ml.

PMID- 2656007
TI  - Stability of nasal airflow resistance.

PMID- 2656008
TI  - Pancreatic abscess: formation, diagnostic procedures and treatment.

PMID- 2656009
TI  - Chronic (nonerosive) gastritis: pathogenesis and management.

PMID- 2656010
TI  - Diverticular disease of the colon.

PMID- 2656011
TI  - The role of the human anti-DNA idiotype 16/6 in autoimmunity.

PMID- 2656012
TI  - Comparative expression of bullous pemphigoid antigens in normal human epidermis
      and cultured keratinocytes.
AB  - A heterogeneity of the bullous pemphigoid (BP) antigen initially described as a
      220- to 240-kDa polypeptide doublet expressed in normal human skin was recently
      demonstrated. The aim of our study was to compare the heterogeneity of BP antigen
      by the immunoblotting technique in extracts of both human epidermis and
      keratinocyte cultures. Extracts of epidermal tissues obtained from plastic
      surgery skin samples and secondary keratinocyte cultures were analyzed for their
      immunologic content defined by 30 BP sera. Twenty-six out of 30 tested sera
      showed similar binding reactivities with one or several polypeptide bands in both
      extracts. These sera defined seven antigens of molecular weights ranging from 240
      to 97 kDa. Three groups of sera reacting with three, two, or only one antigen
      could be distinguished in which 180, 200, and 220 kDa polypeptides represented
      the major BP antigens both in vivo and in vitro. The binding reactivity of most
      immunofluorescent negative sera demonstrated the sensitivity of the
      immunoblotting technique to evidence the heterogeneity of BP antigens and
      antibodies. Keratinocyte cultures represent a reproducible substrate for such
      analysis and offer a standardization attempt in comparative investigations in BP.

PMID- 2656013
TI  - T-cell subset alterations in HIV-infected homosexual men: NIAID Multicenter AIDS
      cohort study.
AB  - Immunologic changes in HIV-infected homosexual men without AIDS were studied
      using flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies. A decline in CD4 cells occurred
      after anti-HIV antibodies detectable by ELISA developed. CD4 T-cell levels
      dropped to an average of 60% of their original level within 12-18 months after
      seroconversion. Subsequently, CD4 levels remained constant in most HIV
      seropositive men for several years. However, in men who developed AIDS, there was
      a rapid fall in the CD4 level during the 2 years prior to development of AIDS.
      Throughout the course of HIV disease, the total T-cell levels (CD3) remained
      constant, apparently due to CD8 lymphocytosis. The selective depletion by HIV
      infection of discrete functional subsets of CD4 cells was examined using 4B4,
      2H4, HB-11, and Leu-8 monoclonal antibodies and dual color immunofluorescence. No
      selective depletion of CD4 subsets was noted using any of these reagents.
      However, selective activation of subsets of CD8 lymphocytes characterized disease
      progression. In particular, increases in the number of HLA-DR+, CD38+ (OKT10),
      and Leu-8- CD8 lymphocytes were associated with a fall in CD4 levels and
      development of AIDS.

PMID- 2656014
TI  - Revised immune network concepts.
AB  - The idiotype network concept needs to be revised in order to be in agreement with
      current data on protein/protein interactions, with the phenomenon of T and B cell
      recognition of idiotopes, and with the failure of certain anti-idiotypes to
      stimulate a given immune response. It is proposed that the distinction among Ab2
      alpha, beta, and gamma is abandoned, as well as the concept of an internal image
      idiotope which mimics the three-dimensional shape of nominal antigen. In place of
      these definitions, the concept of "network antigen" is introduced. Network
      antigens are potentially the entire repertoire of anti-idiotypes. However, their
      biological effectiveness is controlled and established by two factors: (i) the
      affinity to the idiotype Ig receptor; and (ii) the preexisting regulatory network
      segment that controls the outcome of immune stimulation or suppression. Screening
      for effective idiotype therapeutic agents has to be done with panels of anti
      idiotype and idiotype antibodies in order to establish correlations between
      idiotope expression and disease progression. Recognizing the importance of
      network segments will be the first step in the direction toward a rational design
      of idiotype-based therapies.

PMID- 2656015
TI  - Circulating immune complexes and kidney lesions following 131I administration in
      mice with thyroglobulin antibodies.
AB  - Immune complexes containing thyroglobulin have been described in kidneys of some
      patients with thyroid disease. We investigated the circulating immune complexes
      (with the Raji cell radioassay) and the kidney histopathology (by
      immunofluorescence and electron microscopy) in mice that received radioiodine to
      release thyroglobulin in the circulation, 2 or 4 weeks after immunization with
      mouse thyroglobulin in Freund's complete adjuvant. Circulating immune complexes
      and thyroglobulin, antibodies were found in all mice. Granular deposition of IgG,
      IgM, C3, and thyroglobulin, mainly in the mesangium but also in the capillary
      walls of the glomeruli, were observed in most of the mice. These experiments
      suggest that circulating immune complexes composed of thyroglobulin are
      responsible for the glomerular lesions. Hyperthyroid patients should be tested
      for thyroglobulin antibodies before treatment with radioiodine to avoid formation
      of thyroglobulin-containing circulating immune complexes.

PMID- 2656016
TI  - Precision and accuracy of absolute lymphocyte counts.
AB  - A critique of leukocyte counting using automated hematology instruments is
      presented. Important preanalytical variables include the anticoagulant and
      specimen assay delays. The precision of counts is directly related to the number
      of leukocytes counted. Criteria for the selection of an acceptable hematology
      laboratory for lymphocyte counts for CD4 determinations are presented.

PMID- 2656017
TI  - Biostatistical considerations for quality assessment of immunologic measurements
      used in clinical and longitudinal studies.

PMID- 2656018
TI  - Immunophenotyping in a multicenter study: the Transfusion Safety Study
      experience.
AB  - The Transfusion Safety Study (TSS) is a cooperative investigation of factors that
      determine the occurrence of and modify the expression of transfusion-transmitted
      infections. A major component of its data is derived from lymphocyte
      immunophenotyping using a large panel of monoclonal antibodies and two-color flow
      cytometric analysis. The multicenter longitudinal character of TSS necessitates a
      uniformity of instrumentation, reagents, and protocols, as well as an intensive
      quality control program. The baseline assessment of a cohort of males 10 years of
      age and over with congenital clotting disorders (CCD) exemplifies the approach
      and some of the flow cytometry results. A comparison of anti-HIV-1 positive and
      negative subjects shows that more of the loss of T4+ cells was attributable to a
      decrease in the T4+4B4+ subset than the T4+2H4+ subset. There was an overall
      increase in CD8 cells, with a significant increase in the I2+T8+ and Leu7+T8+
      cells, but a fall in NKH.1+T8+ cells. Monocytes, MO2+I2+ cells, increased. In CCD
      patients under the age of 10, both anti-HIV-1 positive and negative, there were
      absolute elevations in immunocytes, including CD4. There was also a distinctly
      different distribution of CD4 subsets. The suppressor inducer subset, 2H4+T4+,
      was increased relative to the helper inducer subset, 4B4+T4+, in the younger
      subjects.

PMID- 2656019
TI  - Procedural guidelines for performing immunophenotyping by flow cytometry.
AB  - Flow cytometry is a rapidly expanding technology that is moving from the research
      laboratory into the clinical laboratory. Recent advances in availability and
      reproducibility of monoclonal antibody reagents specific for a wide range of cell
      types coupled with lower costs for increasingly automated flow cytometers with
      powerful and user friendly data analysis capabilities have made flow cytometry
      the method of choice for immunophenotyping in the clinical laboratory. However,
      there is great variability in the level and type of quality assurance procedures
      used from laboratory to laboratory. A subcommittee established by the National
      Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), composed of representatives
      from industry, academia, professional societies, and regulatory agencies, has
      drafted consensus procedures which address specific problems and suggested
      solutions for performance of immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. This paper is
      based on the authors' discussions with the NCCLS Committee but does not represent
      an official NCCLS position. The official NCCLS document on this subject (H42) is
      expected to be published in 1989.

PMID- 2656020
TI  - Nicardipine, a new calcium channel blocker: role for vascular selectivity.
AB  - Calcium channel blockers are important drugs for the treatment of chronic stable
      angina. However, negative inotropic and dromotropic effects may limit their
      usefulness in patients with atrioventricular conduction abnormalities or left
      ventricular dysfunction. A new generation of calcium channel blockers will soon
      be available that have a more vascular selective action than currently available
      agents. Of the new agents, nicardipine has been most extensively studied. In
      experimental studies, nicardipine is more specific for vascular smooth muscle
      than for cardiac smooth muscle and for coronary than peripheral vasculature. In
      controlled trials, nicardipine exhibited efficacy and safety that was comparable
      to older calcium blockers or beta blockers. However, nicardipine was associated
      with minimal negative inotropic or dromotropic effects even in patients with
      existing left ventricular dysfunction. Thus, nicardipine may have an advantage
      over existing calcium channel blockers, especially in patients with underlying
      cardiac disease.

PMID- 2656021
TI  - The application of radionuclide ventriculography to cardiac screening.
AB  - Screening asymptomatic individuals for latent coronary disease often requires
      sequential testing because exercise electrocardiography typically produces more
      false positive than true positive results in a population with a low prevalence
      of coronary disease. Cardiac scintigraphy is a technique that may be employed as
      a confirmatory test in lieu of coronary arteriography to further evaluate the
      significance of a positive exercise electrocardiogram. Radionuclide
      ventriculography was employed in 98 asymptomatic individuals who were considered
      to be at moderate risk of heart disease after risk factor analysis and exercise
      electrocardiography. Seventeen (17%) patients had an abnormal study and underwent
      cardiac catheterization. Seven had coronary artery disease, two had
      cardiomyopathy, and eight were normal. Eighty-one (83%) patients had a normal
      study. Because the sensitivity of radionuclide ventriculography is 63-80%, it was
      postulated that 2 to 5 individuals with disease were missed. Thus, from a
      population with an 11-14% prevalence of disease, two subsets were identified. A
      large subset in which a prevalence of 2-6% could be estimated was separated from
      a much smaller one in which a prevalence of approximately 50% was demonstrated.

PMID- 2656022
TI  - Vector U loop in patients with old myocardial infarction.
AB  - The U loop of the vectorcardiogram was examined qualitatively and quantitatively
      in 100 normal subjects and 67 patients with old myocardial infarction, using a
      direct-writing vectorcardiograph with memory function. In the control group, the
      U loop was directed to the left, anteriorly and inferiorly, and it was inscribed
      counterclockwise in the horizontal plane. In patients with anterior myocardial
      infarction, the U loop tended to be displaced to the right, and in patients with
      inferior myocardial infarction to the right and superiorly. The shape of the U
      loop in patients was also different from that of normal subjects. The maximum U
      vector was significantly smaller in magnitude both in patients with anterior and
      inferior myocardial infarction than that of normal subjects (p less than 0.01).
      In patients with ventricular aneurysm, the magnitude of the maximum U vector was
      significantly smaller and its direction was displaced more to the right and
      posteriorly than those without aneurysm (p less than 0.01). In standard 12-lead
      electrocardiogram (ECG), observation of the U wave in patients with old
      myocardial infarction was difficult, especially in the limb lead, because of the
      small size of the U wave. Therefore, vectorcardiographic observation may be more
      useful than electrocardiographic observation for the analysis of the U wave in
      patients with old myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2656023
TI  - Cardiac manifestations of noncardiac tumors. Part I: Direct effects.
AB  - Cardiac manifestations of secondary tumors of the heart may exert their effects
      directly by endocardial, myocardial, epicardial, or cavitary deposits (metastatic
      lesions), indirectly via tumor products such as in carcinoma, or mediated by
      therapy (chemotherapy, radiation) to treat the primary neoplasm. Part I of this
      review summarizes the frequency of metastatic cardiac involvement by various
      tumors and discusses pericardial manifestations (effusion, tamponade,
      constriction), one of the most common consequences of direct cardiac involvement
      by secondary tumors.

PMID- 2656025
TI  - Osteoblastoma of the patella. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Benign osteoblastoma is a rare tumor; the majority of lesions occur in the spine,
      femur, and tibia. Osteoblastoma in the patella is so rare that it seems not to
      have been reported previously in more than one case. A 29-year-old man with a
      sports injury, who failed to respond to conservative treatment over a prolonged
      period of time, was later found to have an osteoblastoma of the patella.

PMID- 2656024
TI  - Benign metastasizing giant-cell tumor of bone. Report of three cases and review
      of the literature.
AB  - Three cases of benign giant-cell tumor (GCT) of bone with pulmonary metastasis
      are reported. In addition, 28 cases from the literature are reviewed. The
      patients were followed for a mean of 7.8 years (range from two to 29 years). The
      interval to metastasis ranged from zero to ten years with a mean of 3.2 years.
      Metastasis was not related to the number of previous operations. The local
      recurrence rate in the tumors that metastasized was 63%, suggesting that GCTs
      that metastasize may be an aggressive form of the tumor. The overall mortality
      rate was 16%. Persistent pulmonary disease does not carry a poor prognosis;
      surgical resection of accessible pulmonary nodules is recommended to provide
      histologic confirmation of the diagnosis, and prevent future complications
      secondary to local growth of the implants, as well as provide a potential cure.
      Chemotherapy has not improved survival and is associated with significant
      morbidity and is thus not recommended. Adjuvant radiation is recommended only for
      control of surgically unresectable lesions because of its potential association
      with sarcomatous degeneration in GCT.

PMID- 2656026
TI  - Juxtacortical liposarcoma. A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Juxtacortical liposarcoma is an uncommon entity. The purpose of this paper is to
      report the case of a 63-year-old man with juxtacortical liposarcoma. Liposarcomas
      arising as surface lesions of bone are extremely rare. Histologically,
      juxtacortical liposarcoma is composed of myxoid and round-cell areas. Because of
      the extent of compartmental involvement and the high-grade malignancy, limb
      sparing surgery was not considered for the patient. A review of the English
      literature on diagnosis and treatment indicates a grave prognosis.

PMID- 2656027
TI  - Inhibition of the immune response to experimental fresh osteoarticular
      allografts.
AB  - The immune response to osteoarticular allografts is capable of destroying the
      cartilage--a tissue that has antigens on its cells identical to those on the bone
      and marrow cells. Osteoarticular allografts of the distal femur were performed in
      rats using various methods to attempt to temporarily inhibit the antibody
      response. The temporary systemic immunosuppressant regimens investigated were
      cyclophosphamide, azathioprine and prednisolone, cyclosporine A, and total
      lymphoid irradiation. The most successful appeared to be cyclosporine A, but
      significant side effects were observed. To specifically inhibit the immune
      response in the allograft antigens without systemically inhibiting the entire
      immune system, passive enhancement and preadministration of donor blood were
      tried. Neither was as effective as coating the donor bone with biodegradable
      cements, a method previously found to be successful. Cyclosporine A was
      investigated in dogs in a preliminary study of medial compartmental knee
      allografts and was found to be successful in inhibiting the antibody response and
      in producing a more successful graft; however, some significant side effects were
      similarly observed.

PMID- 2656028
TI  - Autogeneic cancellous bone grafts in extensive segmental ulnar defects in dogs.
      Effects of xenogeneic bovine bone morphogenetic protein without and with
      interposition of soft tissues and interruption of blood supply.
AB  - Xenogeneic (bovine) bone morphogenetic protein (bBMP) and associated insoluble
      noncollagenous proteins (NCP) were implanted in inbred adult beagle dogs with 3-4
      cm diaphyseal defects in the ulna. Defects were stabilized with internal plate
      fixation, and the control defects were not stabilized. The defects were implanted
      with either autogeneic cancellous bone grafts (ACG), bBMP/NCP, or a composite of
      ACG and bBMP/NCP. Of the plated ulnae, 18 of 19 ACG controls restored bone
      continuity; six of seven defects healed under the influence of bBMP/NCP plus ACG.
      Two of four defects with bBMP/NCP plus ACG healed and two were filled with
      osseous tissue, but fibrous tissue developed at one or both bone ends. Eight of
      nine defects implanted with bBMP/NCP capsules alone were repaired with fibrous
      tissue only. Of the nonplated defects, four were implanted with bBMP/NCP plus ACG
      and only one regenerated; three of four showed hypertrophic bone growth around a
      pseudarthrosis. Of six nonplated defects implanted with bBMP/NCP without ACG, all
      developed atrophic bone ends and fibrous tissue repair. Thus, to restore
      continuity of large segmental defects three times greater than the critical size
      for spontaneous regeneration, xenogeneic bBMP/NCP failed to induce bone
      regeneration in dogs. To exclude cell-mediated immune reactions and soft-tissue
      ingrowth, one defect was bridged with a polytetrafluoroethylene semipermeable
      tube (pore size 0.45 micron) containing implants of bBMP/NCP. In response to
      bBMP/NCP, cells from the host bone ends produced ossicles of induced woven bone
      formation. The observation that bBMP/NCP induced bone formation across the defect
      inside of semipermeable cylindrical chambers suggests that the experiments on
      bone defects larger than the critical size for spontaneous repair should be
      repeated with: (1) allogeneic dog BMP/NCP; (2) semipermeable cylinders to protect
      against muscle interposition; (3) compartment angiograms to evaluate blood
      supply; (4) treatment of the recipient with immunosuppressants and immunostaining
      to observe the concentration gradient of BMP; and (5) histologic observations on
      the first three days after implantation to evaluate cell-mediated immune barriers
      to the response of BMP.

PMID- 2656029
TI  - Meniscal suture. An experimental study in the dog.
AB  - A longitudinal tear was made and then sutured in the peripheral quarter of the
      medial meniscus of 43 dogs. The sutured menisci were examined using histologic
      and microangiographic techniques at regular intervals during a 12-week period.
      Biomechanical tests were also performed. The healing process was promoted not
      only by the synovial blood supply but also by the peripheral blood supply. Even
      at the end of 12 weeks, the healing tissue was mainly composed of fibrous tissue,
      but chondrocytelike cells were also found. The tensile forces were calculated and
      compared with the opposite leg. The maximum tensile strength reached 80% of that
      of the opposite side at the end of the 12-week period.

PMID- 2656030
TI  - Amputations. 1943.

PMID- 2656031
TI  - Vascular injury associated with fracture-dislocations of the lower extremity.
AB  - Vascular damage occurring in conjunction with orthopedic injury of the lower
      extremity is uncommon. This relative rarity is further complicated by the
      potentially subtle nature of vascular injury. Doppler signals and even palpable
      pulses do not exclude vascular damage. Missed or delayed diagnosis with a
      subsequent avoidable amputation is a too-frequent result. Displaced fractures of
      the distal femur and proximal tibia and particularly dislocation of the knee are
      associated with the highest risk of concomitant vascular injury and the poorest
      collateral circulation to support the distal limb. Optimal management of such
      injuries requires a high index of suspicion, aggressive use of angiography, and
      close cooperation among all members of the trauma team. With proper care, few
      extremities will be lost to ischemia alone. Limb loss should result only when the
      extremity has been too badly damaged to justify salvage efforts.

PMID- 2656032
TI  - Criteria for bone debridement in massive lower limb trauma.
AB  - Adequate debridement remains the most important factor in prevention of chronic
      sepsis in cases of massive lower limb trauma. Despite treatment with chronic
      antibiotics, muscle flaps, hyperbaric oxygen, and/or free-tissue transfer,
      failures are common due to inadequate bone debridement. All bony fragments with
      marginal soft-tissue attachments and exposed bone without evidence of adequate
      blood flow must be removed during debridement for optimal results. Laser Doppler
      flowmetry (LDF) may be a useful adjunct for the assessment of bone viability
      during both initial and subsequent debridements. Preliminary data on eight
      patients have demonstrated that bone blood flow as determined by LDF is highly
      correlated with clinical outcome. In 13 cases, LDF has proved to be helpful in
      the management of chronic osteomyelitis.

PMID- 2656033
TI  - Soft-tissue reconstruction in severe lower extremity trauma. A review.
AB  - The reconstruction of soft tissues is a difficult aspect of limb salvage after
      severe lower extremity injury. Newer techniques such as free-tissue transfer can
      expedite wound care, decrease morbidity and hospital costs, and spare some limbs
      from amputation. It is important to know the mechanism of injury and the
      resultant zone of soft-tissue trauma. This is best defined by serial debridements
      over several days. The final defect size and composition will determine the type
      of soft-tissue flap used. Soft-tissue coverage may be accomplished with muscle,
      with muscle and skin transposition, or with free transfer. Microvascular
      transfers offer the advantage of one procedure that provides coverage for donor
      and recipient sites with early patient mobilization.

PMID- 2656034
TI  - Vascularized autografts for reconstruction of skeletal defects following lower
      extremity trauma. A review.
AB  - Over the last 15 years, vascularized bone grafts have proved to be a valuable
      method of reconstructing skeletal defects in the extremities. Successful skeletal
      reconstruction has been reported following tumor resection, select traumatic
      skeletal defects, congenital pseudarthrosis, and both infected and uninfected
      skeletal nonunions unresponsive to conventional methodology. Incorporation of the
      graft into the recipient is not as dependent on an uninfected well-vascularized
      host as a conventional avascular autogenous graft is. Vascularized autografts are
      also capable of achieving union across large skeletal defects with fewer stress
      fractures than when avascular autografts are used to span a defect greater than 6
      cm. With patency of the vascular anastomoses and union at both ends of the graft,
      hypertrophy of the segmental graft is not unusual. The overall success rate of
      ultimate bony union is approximately 80% and is mostly dependent on the recipient
      location. As discussed in this article, vascularized autografts are a salvage
      procedure to be used in reconstructing extremities in which conventional
      reconstructive techniques have failed or are not applicable.

PMID- 2656035
TI  - Local bone transportation for treatment of intercalary defects by the Ilizarov
      technique. Biomechanical and clinical considerations.
AB  - Ilizarov applied revolutionary methods for salvaging limbs with severe
      congenital, posttraumatic, or other acquired deformities. His methods, which use
      a universal system of ring external fixators with tensioned transosseous wires,
      were developed over the past 35 years at his institute in Kurgan, USSR. These
      noninvasive techniques have proved successful in over 300,000 patients (adults
      and children) treated for bone shortening and intercalary deficiency, angulatory
      and rotational malalignment, active infection, ischemia, joint contractures, and
      nonunions. Bone transportation involves moving a free segment of living bone to
      fill intercalary bone defects with vital bone. The trailing end of the transport
      bone segment maintains continuity with the host bone surface by distraction
      osteogenesis. The leading end of the transport bone segment fuses to the target
      bone surface by transformational osteogenesis. The small diameter of the
      transosseous wires contributes to better patient tolerance over the prolonged
      treatment times required for gradual distraction at 1 mm per day.

PMID- 2656036
TI  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the lower extremity.
AB  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a complex syndrome of pain, trophic
      changes, and vasomotor instability secondary to an abnormal hyperactive state of
      the sympathetic nervous system following injury to an extremity. Numerous
      theories have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology. None is universally
      accepted. The diagnosis of RSD is complicated because some patients improve
      without treatment, whereas others develop intractable symptoms even after the
      injury has healed. A delay in diagnosis and/or treatment for this syndrome can
      result in severe physical and psychological problems. Early recognition and
      prompt treatment, i.e., sympathetic blockade and physical therapy, provide the
      greatest opportunity for a successful outcome.

PMID- 2656037
TI  - Limb reconstruction versus amputation decision making in massive lower extremity
      trauma.
AB  - Massive lower extremity trauma, in particular open tibial fractures with
      associated vascular injuries, presents an immediate and complex decision-making
      challenge between a limb salvage attempt and primary amputation. Unfortunately,
      the literature to date is deficient in providing sound and defensible guidelines
      for primary amputation. Individual patient variables, specific extremity injury
      characteristics, and associated injuries must all be weighed before a decision
      can be reached. Further prospective studies are necessary before a well-defined
      protocol for primary amputation can be properly developed.

PMID- 2656038
TI  - Scintigraphy in a patient with complicated osteopetrosis.
AB  - Skeletal, reticuloendothelial and renal images were obtained on a patient with
      osteopetrosis using Tc-99m MDP, Tc-99m HSA millimicrospheres and Tc-99m DTPA
      respectively. The bone scan showed increased uptake in multiple fracture sites,
      in the frontal bone, and in the splayed metaphyses of long bones while the
      remainder of the skeleton appeared normal. Reticuloendothelial images
      demonstrated an absence of bone marrow activity, hepatosplenomegaly and a site of
      extramedullary hematopoiesis. A renogram demonstrated a left kidney displaced and
      distorted by the massive splenomegaly.

PMID- 2656039
TI  - Gallium-67 uptake in the salivary glands in chronic graft-versus-host disease
      after bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Ga-67 citrate scans were performed in a 17-year-old female patient after bone
      marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ga-67 accumulated in
      salivary glands in which chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVH) was demonstrated
      pathologically. Ga-67 scan may be a sensitive and noninvasive test for detecting
      and monitoring the Sicca syndrome induced by chronic GVH.

PMID- 2656040
TI  - External accumulation of radionuclide in hepatic hydrothorax.
AB  - Hepatic hydrothorax is a complication in approximately 5% of patients with
      cirrhosis. Ascites is almost always present and helps to suggest the correct
      diagnosis. However, when ascites is absent, radionuclide imaging has proven to be
      helpful in establishing that the pleural effusion originated from ascitic fluid.
      When pleural fluid is rapidly removed, such as by thoracostomy tube drainage, the
      radioisotope may accumulate outside the thorax and produce a negative scan of the
      chest. When the radionuclide scan is nondiagnostic and the pleural space is being
      rapidly drained, the pleural fluid collecting system should always be imaged
      before rejecting a diagnosis of hepatic hydrothorax.

PMID- 2656041
TI  - Scintigraphic demonstration of intracranial communication between arachnoid cyst
      and associated subdural hematoma.
AB  - An arachnoid cyst found to have a communication to an associated subdural
      hematoma was demonstrated with the Tc-99m DTPA brain scintigraphy. Although
      arachnoid cysts are known to be silent, when a patient with an arachnoid cyst
      develops signs of increased intracranial pressure or neurological deficits, the
      presence of a complication, including subdural hematoma, intracystic hemorrhage
      or subdural hygroma, is highly suspected. In the present case, the patient with
      an arachnoid cyst had a subdural hematoma following minor head injury. Tc-99m
      DTPA brain scintigraphy showed abnormal accumulation of the tracer not only in
      the hematoma but in the arachnoid cyst. This observation suggested communication
      of the two lesions, which was confirmed at surgery.

PMID- 2656042
TI  - Sequential use of indium-111 labeled monoclonal antibodies 96.5 and ZME-018 does
      not increase detection sensitivity for metastatic melanoma.
AB  - Two indium-111 labeled anti-melanoma murine monoclonal antibodies (MAb), 96.5 and
      ZME-018, each recognizing separate antigens on melanoma cells, were administered
      intravenously to 17 patients with melanoma in a sequential fashion to determine
      whether: 1) additional tumor sites could be imaged with the combination compared
      to a single Mab; 2) the first MAb influenced the biodistribution and tumor
      localization of the second; and 3) significantly toxicity occurred with the
      combination. Patients were randomized to receive either 96.5, followed by ZME
      018, ZME-018 followed by 96.5, or each MAb followed by itself (controls).
      Infusions of the second MAb occurred 10 days after the first infusion. Gamma
      camera images were obtained 72 hours after each antibody infusion. There were 139
      known metastatic sites of which 72 lesions were localized by either MAb for an
      overall sensitivity of 52%. The detection rate was higher when lesions only
      greater than 1.5 cm were considered. Imaging results were independent of MAb
      administration sequence. When ZME-018 was given as the first infusion, when ZME
      018 was given as a second infusion (p = NS). However, mean sensitivities using
      96.5 as the first or second infusion were 48% and 66% respectively (p = NS).
      There was not a significant number of sites detected by MAb 2 that were missed by
      MAb 1. Human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) response occurred in seven of eight
      patients studied; two patients who experienced toxicity had levels of HAMA
      greater than 2000 ng/ml. We conclude that the use of these two murine anti
      melanoma monoclonal antibodies given in sequential fashion did not significantly
      change the imaging sensitivity from that seen with each individual antibody.
      Moreover, with the exception of one patient, mean plasma half-life of the MAb did
      not change significantly, suggesting that overall clearance mechanisms were not
      saturated by the consecutive doses of monoclonal antibody or significantly
      altered by the presence of HAMA.

PMID- 2656044
TI  - Protein binding drug displacement interactions fact or fiction?

PMID- 2656045
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of clofazimine. A review.
AB  - Clofazimine is useful in the treatment of Hansen's disease (leprosy) and some
      dermatological disorders, and is currently being used in drug regimens for
      patients with human immunodeficiency viral infections who are also infected with
      Mycobacterium avium complex. After an oral dose, absorption is variable, but when
      given in an oil-wax suspension is approximately 70%. Administration with food
      appears to increase the peak plasma drug concentration and reduce the time to
      peak level. Data on the volume of distribution and percentage or type of protein
      binding are not available; however, the drug undergoes extensive tissue
      distribution. Clofazimine does not cross the blood-brain barrier, but does cross
      the placenta, and is found in human breast milk. To date 3 urinary metabolites
      have been identified in man, but their biological activity is unknown. A
      substantial portion of the unchanged drug is excreted in faeces. The elimination
      half-life is variable, with values as long as 70 days being quoted in the
      literature. Frequently reported side effects of clofazimine are hyperpigmentation
      of the skin and conjunctiva, and abdominal pain. These resolve upon cessation of
      therapy. Biochemical and haematological adverse effects have been reported, but
      are generally not clinically relevant. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of
      potential clinical significance have been observed with dapsone, oestrogen,
      rifampicin and vitamin A.

PMID- 2656046
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic use of hydralazine in congestive heart
      failure.
AB  - Hydralazine (1-hydrazinophthalazine) has been used extensively in the treatment
      of hypertension and congestive heart failure and produces arteriolar
      vasodilation, in part, mediated by prostaglandins. Its associated reflex
      baroreceptor-mediated responses of tachycardia and increased ejection velocity
      are attenuated in congestive heart failure. A direct inotropic effect has been
      attributed to the drug. Pharmacokinetic data indicate hydralazine is absorbed
      well from the gastrointestinal tract, and has an extensive and complex metabolism
      depending on acetylator status: slow acetylators undergo primary oxidative
      metabolism, while rapid acetylators are acetylated. Half-lives, clearances and
      bioavailability of the drug are not significantly altered in congestive heart
      failure compared with hypertensive patients. A wide range of dosages in heart
      failure has been noted (150 to 3000 mg/24h), and may related to a saturation of
      the first-pass effect. Hydralazine improves haemodynamics in the short term in
      patients with increased peripheral vascular resistance, and has variable effects
      on pulmonary capillary wedge and left ventricular filling pressures. Prediction
      of the short term clinical response is difficult and appears to be independent of
      pharmacokinetics. A meta analysis did not demonstrate long term efficacy of
      hydralazine alone in heart failure, but combination therapy with nitrates has
      been shown to improve survival and exercise performance in patients with mild to
      moderate heart failure. Side effects are common and are dependent on dose,
      duration and acetylator status.

PMID- 2656043
TI  - Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of oral hypoglycaemic agents. An
      update.
AB  - Oral hypoglycaemic drugs, sulphonylureas and biguanides, occupy an important
      place in the treatment of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients who
      fail to respond satisfactorily to diet therapy and physical exercise. Although
      the precise mechanisms of action of these compounds are still poorly understood,
      there is sufficient agreement that sulphonylureas have both pancreatic and
      extrapancreatic effects, whereas biguanides have predominantly extrapancreatic
      actions. By using labelled compounds or measuring the circulating concentrations,
      the main pharmacokinetic properties of oral hypoglycaemic agents have been
      assessed and, in some cases, their pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships
      have been evaluated. A correlation between diabetes control and plasma
      sulphonylurea or biguanide concentrations is generally lacking at the steady
      state, with the possible exception of long-acting agents; after either oral or
      intravenous dosing, the reduction of plasma glucose is usually related to the
      increased circulating drug concentrations. The toxic effects of oral
      hypoglycaemic drugs are more frequent in the elderly and in the presence of
      conditions that may lead to drug accumulation or potentiation (increased dosage,
      use of long-acting compounds, hepatic and renal disease, interaction with other
      drugs); however, a relationship between toxic effects and drug plasma levels has
      been reported only for biguanides.

PMID- 2656048
TI  - Food interactions with sustained-release theophylline preparations. A review.
AB  - Currently, theophylline is being used predominantly as sustained-release capsules
      or tablets. In the mid-seventies the first preparations for use with a dosage
      interval of 12 hours (twice-daily preparations) were introduced. Since 1983,
      theophylline preparations that can be given with an interval of 24 hours (once
      daily preparations) have become available. The release of theophylline from some
      of these products can be influenced (either increased or decreased) by
      concomitant intake of food. With some preparations the composition of the meal
      (especially the fat content) has an influence on the degree of effect. The
      consequence may be an effect on the rate of absorption or on the amount absorbed,
      or both simultaneously. This could result in an unexpected shift of the plasma
      theophylline concentration. Such a shift is therapeutically undesirable, because
      theophylline has a fairly narrow therapeutic range. A review is given of those
      food interactions with the sustained-release theophylline preparations, both
      twice-daily and once-daily products, that are currently on the world market.
      Special attention is paid to the specific (bio)pharmaceutical characteristics of
      the different products, and to the influence of the composition and timing of the
      meals. For each preparation the effect of food on the following pharmacokinetic
      parameters is discussed: area under the plasma concentration-time curve, peak
      plasma drug concentration and time to reach this peak. Where possible, the
      results for both adults and children are discussed. There are indications that
      children are more susceptible to food-effects than adults. The regulatory aspects
      are mentioned briefly. Clinically important effects of food have been observed
      with the following twice-daily products: 'Theo-Dur Sprinkle', 'Theolair SR' (=
      'Nuelin SR') and 'Theograd'. Pronounced effects could have an even greater impact
      with once-daily preparations, as the total daily dose will be given at a single
      time. A particularly sudden release of a major part of the dose ('dose-dumping')
      may result in toxic plasma concentrations. Among these products, clinically
      important effects in children have been reported with 'Theo-24' and 'Uniphyl'.

PMID- 2656049
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of the macrolide antibiotics. Effects of age
      and various pathophysiological states (Part I).
AB  - The pharmacokinetic aspects in humans of macrolide antibiotics that are currently
      or soon to be on the market (i.e. erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin,
      josamycin, midecamycin, miocamycin, rosaramycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin)
      are reviewed. Macrolide antibiotics are basic compounds, poorly soluble in water,
      which are mostly absorbed in the alkaline intestinal environment. They are acid
      unstable, but the newer semisynthetic derivatives (i.e. roxithromycin and
      azithromycin) are characterised by increased stability under acidic conditions.
      Macrolides are highly liposoluble and consequently penetrate well into tissue,
      especially bronchial secretions, prostatic tissue, middle ear exudates and bone
      tissues, as evidenced by tissue/serum concentration ratios greater than 1. They
      do not penetrate well into the CSF. Macrolides undergo extensive
      biotransformation in the liver. With a few exceptions (e.g. miocamycin), the
      metabolites of these drugs are characterised by little or no antimicrobial
      activity. Plasma protein binding is variable from one compound to another. At
      therapeutic concentrations, protein-bound erythromycin accounts for 80 to 90% of
      the total drug present in the blood, and the fraction is 95% for roxithromycin.
      The lowest values of protein-bound fraction are observed for midecamycin and
      josamycin (about 15%), and intermediate values are reported for spiramycin and
      miocamycin. However, the clinical relevance of this parameter is not clearly
      established. Plasma half-life (t1/2) values vary for the macrolides described:
      erythromycin, oleandomycin, josamycin and miocamycin have a t1/2 ranging from 1
      to 2 hours; spiramycin, erythromycin stearate, the mercaptosuccinate salt of
      propionyl erythromycin and rosaramicin have an intermediate t1/2 (about 7, 6.5, 5
      and 4.5 hours, respectively); the newer semisynthetic compounds roxithromycin and
      azithromycin are characterised by high t1/2 values (i.e. 11 and 41 hours,
      respectively). Under normal conditions, the major route of elimination is the
      liver. Renal elimination also takes place but it contributes to total clearance
      only to a small degree, as evidenced by low renal clearance values. The degree of
      modification of macrolide pharmacokinetics by renal insufficiency or hepatic
      disease is usually not considered clinically relevant, and no recommendation for
      dose modification is necessary in these patients. The pharmacokinetics of
      macrolides are modified in elderly patients. Accordingly, their use must be
      accompanied by a closer than usual clinical monitoring of the older
      patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2656047
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics in organ transplant patients.
AB  - Diseases of the liver, kidney and heart influence the pharmacokinetics of several
      drugs. Organ transplantation is an accepted therapeutic option for the treatment
      of several disease states associated with these organs. Recently, there has been
      an increase in both graft and patient survival after transplantation of the
      liver, heart, kidney and bone marrow. Such patients normally receive a wide range
      of drugs, and optimisation of drug therapy requires a thorough understanding of
      the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs in transplant patients.
      However, only limited studies have been carried out to characterise drug kinetics
      in these situations. Available information indicates that drug kinetics cannot be
      considered normal in transplant patients. Drug absorption generally appears to be
      similar to that in healthy subjects. The plasma protein binding of drugs that
      primarily bind to albumin increases after transplantation, but remains lower than
      that observed in healthy subjects. While the binding of certain basic drugs may
      increase after transplantation due to an increase in the concentration of alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein, a lower albumin concentration may mask this effect. Oxidative
      and conjugative metabolism as measured by the kinetics of antipyrine (phenazone)
      and paracetamol (acetaminophen) is normal, while the metabolism of steroids may
      be impaired. Serum creatinine does not appear to be a good indicator of the
      functional status of the kidney in transplant patients. It is also important to
      realise that there will be time-dependent changes in several kinetic parameters
      of drugs due to improvement in the physiological function from that associated
      with the disease state to that of the normal state. Individualisation and close
      monitoring of drug therapy is necessary in transplant patients.

PMID- 2656052
TI  - Accuracy of radiographic differentiation of bacterial from nonbacterial
      pneumonia.
AB  - The chest roentgenogram is an accepted tool for the diagnosis of pneumonia.
      Little information is available, however, addressing the ability of physicians to
      distinguish bacterial from nonbacterial pneumonias by examination of the chest
      roentgenogram. Five different observers evaluated 36 chest films from patients
      with pneumonia who had a laboratory proven etiologic diagnosis. The sensitivity
      of roentgenogram diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia ranged from 42-58 percent. When
      clinical and laboratory data were provided to the observers the sensitivity
      ranged from 42-92 percent. This study indicates that chest film examination is
      too insensitive to be useful for the selection of patients who have bacterial
      pneumonia from those whose pneumonia is non-bacterial.

PMID- 2656050
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of 5-fluorouracil.
AB  - 5-Fluorouracil, first introduced as a rationally synthesized anticancer agent 30
      years ago, continues to be widely used in the management of several common
      malignancies including cancer of the colon, breast and skin. This drug, an
      analogue of the naturally occurring pyrimidine uracil, is metabolised via the
      same metabolic pathways as uracil. Although several potential sites of antitumour
      activity have been identified, the precise mechanism of action and the extent to
      which each of these sites contributes to tumour or host cell toxicity remains
      unclear. Several assay methods are available to quantify 5-fluorouracil in serum,
      plasma and other biological fluids. Unfortunately, there is no evidence that
      plasma drug concentrations can predict antitumour effect or host cell toxicity.
      The recent development of clinically useful pharmacodynamic assays provides an
      attractive alternative to plasma drug concentrations, since these assays allow
      the detection of active metabolites of 5-fluorouracil in biopsied tumour or
      normal tissue. 5-Fluorouracil is poorly absorbed after oral administration, with
      erratic bioavailability. The parenteral preparation is the major dosage form,
      used intravenously (bolus or continuous infusion). Recently, studies have
      demonstrated the pharmacokinetic rationale and clinical feasibility of hepatic
      arterial infusion and intraperitoneal administration of 5-fluorouracil. In
      addition, 5-fluorouracil continues to be used in topical preparations for the
      treatment of malignant skin cancers. Following parenteral administration of 5
      fluorouracil, there is rapid distribution of the drug and rapid elimination with
      an apparent terminal half-life of approximately 8 to 20 minutes. The rapid
      elimination is primarily due to swift catabolism of the liver. As with all drugs,
      caution should be used in administering 5-fluorouracil in various
      pathophysiological states. In general, however, there are no set recommendations
      for dose adjustment in the presence of renal or hepatic dysfunction. Drug
      interactions continue to be described with other antineoplastic drugs, as well as
      with other classes of agents.

PMID- 2656053
TI  - Left pleural effusion: masking subphrenic abscess--caused by Salmonella
      enteritidis serotype Heidelberg.
AB  - The authors describe a young girl presenting with fever and respiratory distress
      and a chest x-ray showing a left lower lobe infiltrate and an effusion. She also
      had splenomegaly. Salmonella enteritidis serotype Heidelberg was isolated by
      thoracentesis. Further evaluation disclosed an occult but large left subphrenic
      abscess, explaining the misleading presentation and radiograph. A review of
      salmonella infections associated with subphrenic abscess is discussed.

PMID- 2656051
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations in the control of oral anticoagulant
      therapy.
AB  - Aspects of the pharmacokinetics of warfarin that are clinically relevant are
      reviewed here. Since warfarin is normally completely absorbed, resistance to
      treatment due to impaired absorption is unusual, even in severe short bowel
      syndrome. Warfarin is highly albumin-bound; thus, hypoalbuminaemic states result
      in an increased free fraction of the drug and a decreased half-life but, as might
      be expected, there is no evidence of altered response at steady-state. Warfarin
      is completely metabolised by the liver to hydroxy-warfarins and warfarin
      alcohols, and although the latter have some biological activity they do not
      contribute significantly to the drug effect. No information is available
      concerning the metabolism of warfarin in chronic liver disease, but there is
      evidence of increased sensitivity due to impaired vitamin K-dependent clotting
      factor synthesis. Impaired renal function does not appear to alter the effect of
      warfarin. Lowered response to the drug may be secondary to poor compliance,
      kinetic resistance or pharmacodynamic resistance. These factors can be identified
      using algorithms based on population values for plasma warfarin concentrations
      and clearances at steady-state. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
      warfarin indicate that several days' overlap with heparin on initiation of
      warfarin, and gradual (rather than sudden) discontinuation of warfarin, might
      theoretically be necessary. However, those studies which have been performed have
      indicated that a long overlap and gradual discontinuation are not associated with
      greater safety or efficacy of the drug. Because of the long elimination half-life
      of warfarin and the short elimination half-life of vitamin K, many days'
      treatment with phytomenadione may be required after warfarin overdose. The
      elimination half-life and therefore the duration of therapy may be reduced by
      regular oral cholestyramine, although the means by which the latter enhances
      warfarin elimination is still unknown.

PMID- 2656054
TI  - Measures of attention deficit. Part II: Clinical perspectives and test
      interpretation.
AB  - After a detailed behavioral and developmental history has been supplemented by
      the use of formal questionnaires, the diagnosis of an attentional disorder can be
      further clarified by the judicious selection of psychoeducational and pediatric
      physical and neurodevelopmental examinations. The most common difficulty in the
      interpretation of psychoeducational test subscores and profiles is the
      significant overlap between the patterns generated by attentional deficits and
      those associated with memory-based learning disabilities. Certain other medical
      and behavioral conditions need to receive careful consideration prior to
      finalizing the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A
      thorough but focused general examination coupled with the pediatric
      neurodevelopmental examination can contribute to this differentiation.

PMID- 2656055
TI  - Overview of neonatal surgery.
AB  - Neonatal surgery emerged as a fledgling in the 1930s and 1940s in restricted
      regional centers of the world where the pioneer pediatric surgeons were located.
      It galvanized into a bona fide pediatric surgical subspecialty during the 1950s,
      lead by those children's hospitals that developed neonatal surgical units and
      training centers. These institutions produced increasing numbers of highly
      trained young pediatric surgeons who fanned out to bring their expertise to other
      academic surgical centers. The 1960s saw both neonatologists and pediatric
      surgeons enriching the care of newborns in community and private hospitals in
      developed countries. Pediatric anesthesiologists, pediatric radiologists, and
      perinatologists joined ranks in the 1970s, extending care to the fetus as well as
      the newborn. Technologic developments such as ultrasound, computer tomography
      (CT), sophisticated ventilators, and advances in parenteral nutrition
      revolutionized both diagnosis and treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging, ECMO,
      cine CT, and sophisticated improvements in other areas have increased the scope
      and expanded the horizons of neonatal care in the 1980s, improving treatment
      yield and reducing morbidity and mortality of newborns who suffer from major
      medical and surgical diseases. Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea, and Taiwan recently
      have built neonatal surgical centers where high-quality care and training is
      offered. Almost every developing country now has surgeons who are partially or
      completely trained in pediatric surgery and who are on the faculty of their major
      medical teaching centers. There is every reason to believe that the next
      pediatric surgical issue of Clinics in Perinatology will describe further
      revolutionary advances in the care of the newborn patient, in areas now
      sacrosanct to perinatologists, neonatologists, and pediatric surgeons of this
      generation.

PMID- 2656056
TI  - Abdominal mass lesions in the newborn: diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Most neonatal abdominal masses will be due to benign retroperitoneal lesions such
      as hydronephrosis and multicystic dysplastic kidney. Although history and
      physical examination, plain radiographs and ultrasonography will confirm most
      diagnoses, severe unilateral hydronephrosis, hemorrhagic neuroblastoma, and
      intraperitoneal cysts may provide diagnostic difficulties. Masses identified by
      prenatal ultrasound need careful evaluation as they may represent normal
      structures, nonsignificant variants, or physiologically significant anomalies.
      Many lesions will require operative intervention, which can be safely performed
      in small infants by trained personnel at facilities with appropriate support
      services. Genuine controversy exists in the management of some of these lesions
      including MDK, renal vein thrombosis, and acalculous cholecystitis.

PMID- 2656057
TI  - Fetal diagnosis and fetal surgery.
AB  - Accurate fetal diagnosis became possible by the steadily increasingly complex
      techniques of amniocentesis, ultrasound, and ultrasound-guided fetal blood
      sampling and chorion villous sampling. A high degree of diagnostic accuracy for a
      wide variety of structural and metabolic anomalies is required. The field of
      fetal diagnosis has been extended to the point that a journal dedicated to this
      subject alone is a viable proposition. It is becoming apparent, however, that
      lesions that were well known and well understood when recognized in neonatal life
      appear in general to have a worse prognosis if the lesion is diagnosed in utero.
      Fetal surgery began with attempts to perform in utero transfusions for babies
      with erythroblastosis fetalis. For a while, there was competition between open
      surgical procedures and the percutaneous placement of blood through catheters
      introduced into the fetal peritoneal cavity from outside the mother's abdomen.
      For fetal transfusion, closed techniques proved far safer and just as
      efficacious. There has been a worldwide interest in shunting of hydrocephalus and
      obstructive uropathy. The results of shunting hydrocephalus have been
      disappointing, with most of the patients surviving, but most of the survivors
      being severely handicapped. The results of shunting obstructive uropathy were
      that only about 50 per cent of the babies survived, but it appeared that those
      that did survive did well. Other lesions that have been shunted have been
      hydrothoraces or fetal ascites. A limited number of open procedures have been
      carried out in the last few years in San Francisco, and it may well be that
      diaphragmatic hernia (in appropriately selected patients) will be a lesion that
      can be corrected by in utero surgery. The future of this field is exciting, but
      before this form of treatment becomes routine, the ethical implications of the
      possibility of fetal surgery must be defined much more clearly than is currently
      the case.

PMID- 2656058
TI  - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Managing the unmanageable?
AB  - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn is a complex syndrome with
      multiple causes, which retains a high morbidity and mortality. This article
      presents pathophysiologic and diagnostic foundations and then focuses the
      discussion on management issues.

PMID- 2656059
TI  - Current status of surgery for congenital heart diseases.
AB  - Results of the surgical treatment of congenital heart diseases have improved
      significantly in the recent past, with an overall hospital mortality rate of less
      than 4 per cent. This has been due to improved preoperative diagnosis,
      intraoperative management, and postoperative care. Aggressive intervention in
      early infancy and attempts at total repair rather than palliation in cases such
      as ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and others has optimized the
      long-term outcome. The introduction of new procedures has made it possible to
      treat patients who were considered unoperable in the past, such as tricuspid
      atresia, single ventricle, and hypoplastic left ventricle. Continued progress in
      the field of cardiac transplantation promises hope for the few remaining
      unoperable lesions.

PMID- 2656060
TI  - Pulse oximetry in neonatal intensive care.
AB  - Pulse oximetry, a noninvasive technique of measuring oxygen saturation
      continuously, is being used increasingly in the intensive care setting. This
      article provides information regarding physiologic basis and practical aspects of
      clinical usage of pulse oximetry in the neonate, both in medical and surgical
      units.

PMID- 2656061
TI  - Renal function and renal failure in the newborn.
AB  - Renal function in the newborn infant varies with conceptual age and should be
      evaluated in this context. Very preterm infants less than 34 weeks' conceptual
      age have reduced GFR and tubular immaturity in the handling of filtered solutes
      when compared to term infants. Premature infants between 34 and 37 weeks'
      conceptual age undergo rapid maturation of renal function similar to term
      infants, with establishment of glomerulotubular balance early in the postnatal
      period. ARF in neonates differs from that seen in older children and adults in
      that ischemic (e.g., hypoxic) insults and congenital malformations constitute the
      major pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for clinically observed oliguria
      and azotemia. Principles of conservative management are similar to those used in
      older children except for the greatly increased insensible water loss
      requirements of the very preterm and premature infant. Technical advances have
      added peritoneal dialysis and CAVH to the therapeutic regimen for persistent ARF
      or life-threatening complications of reduced renal function.

PMID- 2656062
TI  - Electrolyte problems in neonatal surgical patients.
AB  - Surgical care itself, apart from the disorder for which it is given, results in
      catabolism and its attendant electrolyte disturbances in all patients. Research
      has focused primarily on adult surgical patients, and little is known about these
      electrolyte disturbances in newborn infants, especially preterm infants. This
      article presents what is known about this patient population.

PMID- 2656063
TI  - Management of neonatal emergencies in the delivery room.
AB  - Emergencies in the delivery room are best handled by anticipation and a team
      approach. Basic principles of resuscitation should be applied in all cases by a
      team skilled in airway management and ventilatory and circulatory support.
      Specialized management schemes are described for rapid treatment and effective
      stabilization of infants with air leak syndromes, hydrops fetalis, disorders of
      the airway, and diaphragmatic and abdominal wall defects.

PMID- 2656064
TI  - Ethical dilemmas of neonatal--perinatal surgery.
AB  - This article reviews historical developments and ethical problems, including
      quality of life determinations, surrogate decision making, informed consent, and
      medical uncertainty. Procedural aspects of ethical decision making and a
      framework for resolving ethical dilemmas are described, and case examples are
      provided.

PMID- 2656065
TI  - Anesthetic management of the newborn.
AB  - Advances in monitoring technology, the availability of special skill, and
      training has resulted in the improved perioperative care of the newborn. With the
      coordinated efforts of pediatric anesthesiologists, pediatric surgeons, and
      neonatologists, safe anesthesia and surgery have become a reality even in a sick
      500-gm premature infant. Fortunately for these nonverbal neonates, the personnel
      involved in this perioperative care are now more sensitive to their analgesic and
      anesthetic needs. With adequate preoperative preparation and intraoperative
      monitoring, safe anesthesia at present can be provided to most critically ill
      neonates, using the guidelines outlined above. In addition, the postoperative
      period also can be made pain free for them by a judicious selection of analgesic
      and local anesthetic drugs.

PMID- 2656066
TI  - Management of pain in the postoperative neonate.
AB  - Only recently has the use of anesthesia and analgesia become widely accepted in
      the newborn infant. This is largely a result of the overwhelming evidence that
      neonates have the neurologic substrate for the perception of pain and display
      characteristic behavioral, physiologic, metabolic, and hormonal responses to
      noxious stimuli. The management of postoperative pain in the surgical neonate
      begins in the operating room, where techniques can be chosen that will ease the
      transition into the postoperative period. For postoperative analgesia, the most
      widely used and effective agents are the narcotics morphine and fentanyl. They
      may be administered either intermittently or continuously, and with proper
      precautions may be given to both intubated and nonintubated newborns. Other
      medications for analgesia and sedation are not as well studied in the newborn,
      but chloral hydrate and the benzodiazepines are useful for sedation, and
      acetaminophen may be used for analgesia alone or for potentiating the effect of
      narcotics. In addition, a number of creative nonpharmacologic techniques are
      being developed and promise to further decrease the discomfort experienced by
      postoperative neonates.

PMID- 2656067
TI  - Necrotizing enterocolitis of the neonate.
AB  - Necrotizing enterocolitis is the most common gastrointestinal emergency in the
      newborn. The syndrome strikes premature infants during the first 2 weeks of life.
      Abdominal distention, lethargy, and feeding intolerance are early signs of NEC
      that may progress to gastrointestinal bleeding and hemodynamic instability. The
      radiographic hallmark of NEC is pneumatosis intestinalis (air in the bowel wall).
      The ileum and colon are the usual sites of crepitant intestinal necrosis, leading
      frequently to perforation. In spite of appropriate medical therapy, about half of
      the infants with NEC develop intestinal gangrene or perforation and require
      surgery, consisting of bowel resection and enterostomy formation. The most common
      late complication, intestinal stricture, occurs in 15 to 35 per cent of recovered
      infants. Overall mortality from NEC ranges from 20 to 40 per cent. The etiology
      of NEC is poorly understood and is considered to be multifactorial, related to
      ischemia, bacterial colonization, and formula feedings in a susceptible infant.
      Future progress in the treatment of NEC may be achieved by earlier detection of
      necrosis, modification of gastrointestinal flora, or by bolstering the deficient
      gastrointestinal immune mechanisms of the premature neonate.

PMID- 2656069
TI  - Is intracellular sodium increased in hypertension?

PMID- 2656068
TI  - A model to decrease hepatic blood flow and cardiac output with pressure
      breathing.
AB  - This randomized, controlled, crossover study evaluated the effect of continuous
      positive airway pressure (CPAP) breathing on hepatic blood flow (HBF) and cardiac
      output in 10 healthy male subjects. A CPAP mask was placed on the face and the
      subject breathed at either CPAP 12.5 cm H2O or ambient airway pressure. The
      estimated HBF was calculated as the ratio of indocyanine green plasma clearance
      to one minus the hematocrit. Cardiac output was measured with Doppler ultrasound.
      CPAP caused HBF to decrease in 8 of 10 subjects (14.1% +/- 15.3%, mean +/- SD, p
      = 0.033) and cardiac index (CI) to decrease in all subjects (14.1% +/- 5.7%, p =
      0.0001). Stroke volume and respiratory rate were significantly decreased; heart
      rate was unchanged. These results indicate that CPAP at 12.5 cm H2O causes a
      small, but significant decrease in both HBF and CI.

PMID- 2656070
TI  - Prostacyclin attenuates both the pressor and adrenocortical response to
      angiotensin II in human pregnancy.
AB  - 1. The effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) infusion without and with simultaneous
      infusion of prostacyclin (PGI2; 1.4 pmol min-1 kg-1; 5 ng min-1 kg-1) have been
      studied in 16 women in second-trimester pregnancy. Ten received one infusion of
      ANG II alone, followed by its infusion together with PGI2; the remainder received
      two identical infusions of ANG II alone as controls. 2. PGI2 administration was
      associated with a small fall in diastolic pressure (P less than 0.01) and a
      proportionally greater rise in heart rate (P less than 0.001). Small rises in
      basal plasma renin and ANG II concentrations and a fall in aldosterone
      concentration were not statistically significant. 3. The diastolic pressor
      response to ANG II was blunted during PGI2 infusion by comparison with controls
      (P less than 0.025); this diminution in response was greatest in patients who had
      initially been most sensitive to ANG II (P less than 0.02). 4. The evoked
      increment in plasma aldosterone during ANG II infusion was considerably reduced
      (P less than 0.005) in the presence of PGI2. 5. These data further support the
      hypothesis of a role for PGI2 in relation to the blunted pressor response to ANG
      II of normal pregnancy. The apparent inhibitory effects of PGI2 on aldosterone
      secretion may partly explain the previously described dissociation between the
      renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone in pregnancy.

PMID- 2656072
TI  - Headaches.

PMID- 2656071
TI  - Exercise tolerance in the heat on low and normal salt intakes.
AB  - 1. Salt restriction is recommended in the treatment of hypertension and is
      included in national dietary guidelines, but its effect on exercise in hot
      conditions has not been extensively studied. 2. The effects of 2 weeks on two
      levels of salt intake (50 and 150 mmol/day) on the ability to exercise (60% of
      maximal oxygen uptake) in a hot environment (35 degrees C) were studied in eight
      healthy normotensive subjects. 3. All subjects were able to complete the exercise
      load on the two levels of salt intake. No differences in mean oxygen uptake,
      heart rate or rectal temperature during exercise were observed between the two
      salt intakes. 4. Plasma sodium, potassium and osmolality were similar on the two
      salt intakes both before and during exercise. Plasma renin activity and
      aldosterone concentration were elevated after 2 weeks on the reduced salt intake
      and remained so during exercise. 5. The estimated sweat rate during exercise was
      similar on the two salt intakes but the loss of sodium was less on the low salt
      intake. 6. On the basis of these results it is concluded that moderate salt
      restriction does not impair the ability to exercise in a hot environment.

PMID- 2656073
TI  - Technetium-99m DTPA does not break down during ultrasound nebulization.
AB  - For several years aerosolized 99Tcm-DTPA has been used for studies of pulmonary
      permeability. Comparable results have been obtained regardless of the 99Tcm-DTPA
      having been nebulized in an ultrasound nebulizer or a jet nebulizer. It was
      therefore surprising when in a recent study it was observed that more than 90% of
      a commercially available 99Tcm-DTPA (Squibb) was dissociated into 99TcmO4- and
      DTPA during ultrasound nebulization. To verify this observation we performed
      chromatography of seven commercially available DTPA-labelling kits (including
      that of Squibb). Four different test preparations of each of the kits were
      analysed: (1) stock solution of 99Tcm-DTPA; (2) heated (80 degrees C) 99Tcm-DTPA;
      (3) 99Tcm-DTPA nebulized by a DeVilbiss ultrasound nebulizer; (4) 99Tcm-DTPA
      nebulized by a Varic ultrasound nebulizer. In no case were we able to demonstrate
      more than 1.0% reduced pertechnetate (99TcmO2) or more than 0.9% free 99TcmO4-
      after either heating or ultrasound nebulization. A maximum of 5.6% 99TcmO2 could
      be demonstrated in the stock solution if chromatography was done immediately
      after the preparation, but only 15 min later no more than 0.9% 99TcmO2 was
      present. We conclude that there is no essential chemical breakdown of 99Tcm-DTPA
      during ultrasound nebulization. Caution should be taken not to use the 99Tcm-DTPA
      until 15 min after its preparation.

PMID- 2656074
TI  - Health of British Asians; a research review.
AB  - About 2.5 per cent of United Kingdom residents are of Asian (or Indian
      subcontinent) origin though the term 'Asian' hides their internal diversities of
      languages, religions and national origins. The research on the health of these
      populations is heavily concentrated in areas of rickets and osteomalacia,
      tuberculosis, maternal and child health, and mental health, and is mainly
      dependent on analysis of routinely available morbidity and mortality data. Little
      has been published on the use of primary care services, racism in health service
      delivery, quality of care and doctor-patient communication. Also, few of the
      studies have attempted to interpret their findings against the disadvantaged
      background of Asian communities. It is implied that differences in health status
      are due to linguistic and cultural factors alone. The research literature on the
      health of Asian populations is critically reviewed.

PMID- 2656075
TI  - Effect of NaCl on the heating activation of the heat-stable alkaline proteinases
      from various animal muscles.
AB  - 1. Heat-stable alkaline proteinase (HAP) showed a wide distribution in fish,
      avian and mammalian muscles, while the total activity varied among animal
      species. 2. Total activity of HAP was changeable according to the degree of
      maturation in the case of chum salmon. 3. Effect of NaCl on HAPs varied among
      animal species. 4. It seems likely that the different sensitivity of HAPs to NaCl
      reflects the difference in the living circumstances of each animal species. 5. It
      is also postulated that the different sensitivity of HAPs to NaCl reflects the
      conformational diversity of the regulatory structure of HAP among animal species.

PMID- 2656076
TI  - Knowledge management as a decision support method: a diagnostic workup strategy
      application.
AB  - We have explored the potential of a computer-based approach called "knowledge
      management" to aid in clinical problem solving and education. The major features
      of the approach are its ability to support flexible and immediate access by a
      user to relevant knowledge and annotation and organization of the knowledge for
      personal use and subsequent retrieval. We illustrate this approach with its
      application to diagnostic workup strategy problems. In this application,
      knowledge may be in the form of static narrative text, diagrams, pictures,
      graphs, tables, flow charts, or bibliographic citations. Other more dynamic forms
      of knowledge may be the result of simulations, "what if" analyses or modeling,
      quantitative mathematical or statistical calculation, or heuristic inference.
      User assessment has demonstrated the system's ease of use and user perception of
      its desirability, but underscores the need for a "critical mass" of knowledge
      before such an approach will be widely utilized.

PMID- 2656077
TI  - Tracing expert thinking in clinical trial design.
AB  - This paper describes a method for the analysis of the clinical trial design
      process used by experts. With this procedure, the scientific ideas and their
      sources can be identified and related to the clinical trial protocol actually
      prepared by the experts. An example is given using the work of the Intergroup
      Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Committee (IRS). That committee has been the primary
      contributor of information dealing with the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in
      children. The IRS-III protocol was used in this analysis of expert behavior
      because the protocol was adopted by the leading pediatric oncology clinical trial
      groups in North America and Europe. The analysis showed that the experts rely
      heavily, for much of the design, on ideas presented in numerical displays in
      published documents. Further, those aspects of the design which are innovative
      can be traced and better understood by applying the new procedure.

PMID- 2656078
TI  - Mechanisms of tissue damage by the membrane attack complex of complement.
AB  - This article explores the role of the cytolytic membrane attack complex of
      complement in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Evidence of nucleated
      cell resistance to lysis by the membrane attack complex and the stimulation of
      secretion of pro-inflammatory factors in the absence of cell death in a variety
      of cell types in vitro are documented, and the possible significance of these non
      lethal effects to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases highlighted.

PMID- 2656079
TI  - Inherited C1 inhibitor deficiency.
AB  - The paper reports our experience of a 15-year follow-up of 179 patients with
      hereditary angioedema (HAE). The disease is transmitted as an autosomal dominant
      trait and two variants have been described: type I characterized by functional
      and antigenic C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency and type II with normal or upper
      normal C1-INH antigenic levels but no functional activity. The clinical picture
      is characterized by self-limiting bouts of swelling in the subcutaneous and/or
      mucous tissues. Data about frequency, localization and possible triggering
      factors of HAE attacks are reported. Analysis of genomic DNA from our patients
      using a C1-INH cDNA probe demonstrated the presence of restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms tightly linked with the disease in a minority of them. Data
      concerning prophylaxis and treatment of HAE attacks are also shown.

PMID- 2656080
TI  - Frequency of complement deficiencies in man, disease associations and chromosome
      assignment of complement genes and linkage groups. A summary of the data from the
      literature.

PMID- 2656081
TI  - Measurement of complement activation in clinical practice.
AB  - Many new tests which measure complement activation are now available, although it
      is unclear which tests or group of tests are appropriate for monitoring
      complement activation in clinical samples. Carefully planned prospective studies
      are required to resolve this issue, and to identify which groups of patients in
      which the monitoring of complement activation improves the quality of their
      medical management.

PMID- 2656082
TI  - [Mortality in the British Army].

PMID- 2656083
TI  - [The world of Hildegard von Bingen (5). How a man should live].

PMID- 2656084
TI  - Passive transfer of contact sensitivity to colophony as a complication of an
      allogenic bone-marrow transplant.
AB  - A 29-year-old woman developed allergic contact dermatitis from colophony 1 year
      after an allogenic bone-marrow transplant for refractory anaemia. The donor had a
      previous history of contact dermatitis from colophony, with a positive patch
      test. Although we cannot absolutely exclude active sensitization, it seems highly
      improbable because host immunity is severely restricted by the chemoradiotherapy
      used to prepare marrow graft recipients. The clinical data therefore suggest that
      sensitivity to colophony was passively acquired through marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2656085
TI  - Post-coital contraception: an overview of published studies.
AB  - Information from published studies testing the effect of hormonal and mechanical
      interceptive methods in post-coital contraception was pooled with the aim of
      assessing the efficacy of various regimens. The pooled failure rates were 0.6%
      (19/3168 based on four studies) for high-dosage ethinylestradiol, 1.1% (11/975,
      based on two studies) for other high-dose estrogens, 1.8% (69/3802 based on 11
      studies) for combined estro-progestin preparations, 2.0% (20/998 based on three
      studies) for danazol and 0.1% (1/879 based on nine studies) for intra-uterine
      devices (IUD). Although this overview has several limitations in terms of over
      representation of optimistic results in the literature or absence of direct
      comparison between treatments in several studies, it suggests that IUD and high
      dose ethinylestradiol are more efficacious forms of post-coital contraception
      than danazol or combined contraceptives.

PMID- 2656086
TI  - Consensus statement on the use of breastfeeding as a family planning method.
AB  - An interdisciplinary international group of researchers in the area of
      lactational infertility gathered with the purpose of coming to a consensus about
      the conditions under which breastfeeding can be used as a safe and effective
      method of family planning. The consensus of the group was that the maximum birth
      spacing effect of breastfeeding is achieved when a mother "fully" or nearly fully
      breastfeeds and remains amenorrheic. When these two conditions are fulfilled,
      breastfeeding provides more than 98% protection from pregnancy in the first six
      months. Data are reviewed from thirteen prospective studies in both developed and
      developing countries supporting the consensus. The rationale for the consensus is
      given in detail. Recommendations are made based on what is currently known of the
      antifertility effects of breastfeeding. Research should continue to measure a
      broad spectrum of variables so that these guidelines can be refined as new
      information becomes available.

PMID- 2656088
TI  - Cervical laceration at IUD insertion--incidence and risk factors.
AB  - Incidence and risk factors of cervical laceration at IUD insertion are studied as
      the one remaining IUD insertion-related rare event using the multi-center IUD
      database developed by Family Health International. Two-hundred-ten lacerations
      were reported from 11,646 insertions (1.8 per 100 insertions) performed between
      1977 and 1987. The incidence was twice as high in insertions with the copper
      devices and the multiload devices as in those with the Loop devices. Nulliparous
      women were found to be at an increased risk compared to multiparous women. Use of
      a tenaculum at insertion may also be a risk factor for laceration, but this
      finding needs to be confirmed by future studies. Data were not adequate to
      examine the effect of insertor's experience on the incidence of cervical
      lacerations at insertion.

PMID- 2656089
TI  - Current status of anti-bradycardial electrotherapy.
AB  - A review of the current status of cardiac pacing in the treatment of cardiac
      bradyarrhythmias is presented. The article describes the indications,
      haemodynamic principles of differentiated treatment and the technical potential
      of a new generation of (multi-mode and multi-parameter programmable, rate
      responsive) devices.

PMID- 2656090
TI  - Combined non-invasive diagnostics of deep vein thrombosis of the lower
      extremities.
AB  - Application of a combined non-invasive diagnostic approach to screening
      examination of a high-risk group of patients made it possible to detect
      phlebothrombosis on 34 lower extremities in 31 patients with absent clinical
      manifestations of the disease. Combined use of Doppler ultrasound flowmetry and
      occlusive venous plethysmography increases the accuracy of the diagnosis of deep
      vein thrombosis of the lower extremities up to 96%.

PMID- 2656087
TI  - Induction of early abortion with mifepristone (RU486) and two different doses of
      prostaglandin pessary (gemeprost).
AB  - One-hundred-and-twenty women of less than 56 days amenorrhoea were treated with a
      single dose of 600 mg of mifepristone in combination with half or a whole 1 mg
      gemeprost vaginal pessary. Complete abortion was induced in 119 (99%) women and
      there were no continuing pregnancies. There were few gastro-intestinal side
      effects following prostaglandin. The smaller dose of prostaglandin caused
      significantly less severe pain. This study confirmed the effectiveness of
      mifepristone and prostaglandin for the induction of early abortion but suggests
      that more research should be carried out to determine the lowest effective doses
      of both drugs.

PMID- 2656091
TI  - Epidemiology of congestive heart failure. A review.

PMID- 2656092
TI  - Potentiometric (bioselective electrodes) assay systems: utility and limitations.
AB  - Numerous potentiometric assays utilizing bioselective electrodes are fast
      revolutionizing many areas of biotechnology. Adequately discussing the utility
      and limitations of these electrochemical systems is the purpose of this review. A
      general overview introduces bioselective potentiometry by presenting basic
      concepts, historical background, and current developments. Essentially, the
      review consists of several sections describing electrode architecture,
      operational concepts, different biosensors, assay systems, applications, and
      future trends. Advantages and disadvantages of the different bioselective assay
      systems discussed are included throughout each section. Electrode design
      discussion covers conventional liquid probes and the newer solid-state transitor
      biosensors. Limitations and advantages of different chemoreceptors, biocatalysts,
      and potentiometric transducers are presented. Operational characteristics
      include: linear behavior, sensitivity, stability, specificity, response,
      recovery, and the influence of interfering factors. Enzyme, organelle, tissue,
      and microbial biocatalytic sensors are discussed. Bioligand systems include:
      affinity, immunoselective enzyme, and liposome sensors. Potentiometric
      bioselective drug, microbial, and immunoassay systems are also included.

PMID- 2656093
TI  - Mucosal IgA elaboration.
AB  - Secretory IgA is the main immunoglobulin present along mucosal surfaces. It is
      elicited best by oral rather than parenteral administration of specific antigens.
      The role of antigen form on the development of a secretory IgA response is still
      unclear. IgA protects by preventing attachment of microorganisms or their toxic
      products to the surface epithelium. A wide variety of regulatory T cells are now
      known to be of considerable importance in optimizing the secretory IgA response.
      This regulation is at least partly due to the elaboration of small polypeptide
      products (lymphokines). These lymphokines have been shown to be key signals
      during the maturation of IgA precursor B cells to IgA-secreting plasma cells. By
      studying models of the mucosal immune system which closely approximate the
      natural mucosal immune response, it should be possible to develop vaccines
      against many pathogenic microorganisms, their toxic products, and to toxicants
      and carcinogens within the environment.

PMID- 2656094
TI  - The evolution of pretransfusion testing: from agglutination to solid-phase red
      cell adherence tests.
AB  - Hospital transfusion services and blood centers still use manual hemagglutination
      tests for most of their serological procedures. Automation of hemagglutination
      reactions has proven to be difficult, primarily because hemagglutination lacks an
      objective endpoint which can be easily interpreted by inexpensive instruments.
      Alternatively, solid-phase red cell adherence assays for ABO cell and serum
      grouping, Rh typing, red cell and platelet antibody screening, red cell and
      platelet crossmatching, IgA deficiency screening, hepatitis B surface antigen,
      and HIV antibody screening have been developed. The performance of these assays
      compares favorably with current hemagglutination and enzyme immunoassay methods.
      All of these tests share a common objective endpoint of adherence or nonadherence
      of indicator red cells. This uniformity allows easy interpretation of results
      visually, spectrophotometrically, or by image analysis. The latter technique has
      the potential to revolutionize the reading and interpretation of all
      agglutination tests. Solid-phase red cell adherence tests in microplates are
      ideal for batch processing large numbers of specimens. However, adherence tests
      are not restricted to this format. Therefore, blood grouping dipsticks have been
      produced, which permit testing of individual blood samples even outside of the
      laboratory.

PMID- 2656095
TI  - Pulmonary management during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
AB  - Traditional lung management during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
      calls for low inspiratory and expiratory pressures with low ventilator rate to
      achieve lung rest. However, rapid weaning of pressures to severely injured lungs
      commonly leads to marked increase in pulmonary opacification as seen on chest x
      ray and loss of volume. We postulated that a sufficiently high level of PEEP
      could prevent this deterioration. Forty-six newborns, who required ECMO therapy
      for refractory respiratory failure, were maintained on 8 to 14 cm H2O PEEP. The
      peak pressure was 20 to 24 cm H2O, rate 10 to 15 breath/min, and FIO2 0.21. Forty
      one (89%) of 46 patients survived to discharge. The duration of ECMO was
      significantly decreased compared to the national average (82.4 +/- 43 vs. 117.5
      +/- 59 h). The lungs of most patients remained adequately expanded and free of
      severe pulmonary opacification. Eleven of 40 patients did show significant
      worsening of chest x-ray compared to baseline, but only one of 18 who were on
      PEEP of greater than or equal to 12 cm H2O showed such deterioration. No
      unexpected complications were encountered. These data suggest that the use of
      high PEEP during ECMO safely prevents deterioration of lung function and promotes
      more rapid lung recovery. PEEP levels of 12 to 14 cm H2O appear to be most
      effective.

PMID- 2656096
TI  - Prevention of pneumonia in an intensive care unit: a randomized multicenter
      clinical trial. Intensive Care Unit Group of Infection Control.
AB  - In a randomized multicenter clinical trial on antibiotic prophylaxis, 1,319
      patients in 23 ICUs were enrolled over a 4-month period. The end-point of the
      study was the prevention of early onset pneumonia (EOP), defined as acquired
      pneumonia diagnosed within 4 days of ICU admission; this accounted for greater
      than 50% of overall pneumonia. Patients eligible for the study were divided into
      three groups which received either cefoxitin (2 g iv for three doses/8 h),
      penicillin G (2 million U iv for four doses/6 h), or no antibiotic (control
      group). In the overall population, the incidence of EOP was 6.1% in the
      prophylaxis recipients vs. 7.2% in the control group (a 15.3% reduction). No
      statistically different rates of pneumonia or death were found among the groups.
      Patients with impaired reflexes on admission or prolonged ventilatory support
      were noted to have a lower incidence of EOP and an improved outcome when treated
      with cefoxitin.

PMID- 2656097
TI  - Cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic changes produced by pressure-supported
      ventilation in intensive care unit patients.
AB  - The cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic effects of pressure-supported
      ventilation with 7, 14 and 21 cm H2O were studied in 16 spontaneously breathing
      patients convalescing from severe illness. No statistically significant changes
      occurred in the hemodynamic variables, although CVP and urine output were
      increased at the higher levels of pressure support. Minute volume and blood gases
      did not change. Pressure-supported ventilation was associated with a
      statistically significant decrease in respiratory rate (p less than .002), a
      significant increase in tidal volume (p less than .01) and in mean airway
      pressure (p less than .001). Oxygen consumption, CO2 production, and resting
      energy expenditure were reduced by 14% to 20%, 17% to 25% and 10% to 18%,
      respectively, the decrease being proportional to the level of pressure support.
      These changes of the metabolic variables were not found to be statistically
      significant.

PMID- 2656098
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of high-frequency jet ventilation in dogs with a chronically
      banded pulmonary artery.
AB  - Two to seven weeks after banding the main pulmonary artery, the hemodynamic
      effects of high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) and conventional mechanical
      ventilation (CMV) were studied in dogs with and without PEEP. In comparison with
      CMV, HFJV significantly increased cardiac index, stroke index (SI), left
      ventricular stroke work index, and oxygen delivery index, and decreased pulmonary
      vascular resistance index both with and without PEEP; however, there were
      significant decreases in PaO2 and increases in intrapulmonary physiologic shunt
      ratio in HFJV without PEEP. SI without PEEP was significantly greater with HFJV
      when the peak airway pressure was synchronized with the diastole in pulmonary
      arterial pressure (PAP) than with CMV and with HFJV synchronized with the systole
      in PAP. These findings suggest that HFJV has hemodynamic advantages over CMV in
      dogs with chronically banded pulmonary artery and dilated right ventricle.

PMID- 2656099
TI  - Mediastinal, left, and right atrial pressure variations with different modes of
      mechanical and spontaneous ventilation.
AB  - Variations in mediastinal, left, and right atrial pressures (MedP, LAP, RAP,
      respectively) were measured by means of catheters and tubes positioned in ten
      patients with nonvalvular cardiac surgery. For each pressure, a maximum, minimum,
      and mean value was determined in relation to its oscillations during the
      respiratory cycle. Thus, we compared the variations in MedP, LAP, and RAP in
      controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV), CMV with 5 cm H2O PEEP, synchronous
      intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), SIMV with 5 cm H2O PEEP, continuous
      positive airway pressure (CPAP), and spontaneous respiration (SR). We built an
      experimental model to compare the measurements obtained by air-filled tubes
      inserted at surgery with those obtained by esophageal balloons filled with water.
      The maximum MedP did not vary significantly in these patients except when SIMV
      and SR were compared; however, the minimum MedP diminished significantly (p less
      than .001) in SIMV, SIMV-PEEP, CPAP, and SR, with negative inspiratory values
      reaching significant proportions. The mean values of MedP, LAP, and RAP showed a
      similar tendency although to a lesser degree. The experimental model revealed a
      strong linear relation between the values obtained with air-filled tubes and
      those obtained with water-filled esophageal balloons (r = .99, p less than .001).
      These results suggest that the mean values of MedP, LAP, and RAP do not reflect
      the dynamic variations in ventricular filling pressure accurately, nor the
      important negative inspiratory peaks that appear in different types of
      ventilation using spontaneous cycles with and without PEEP. These inspiratory
      peaks can overload the left ventricle by hydrostatic gradients, and lead to
      pulmonary edema in susceptible patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656100
TI  - Etiology and management of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity.

PMID- 2656101
TI  - Blood gas monitoring: yesterday, today, and tomorrow.

PMID- 2656102
TI  - A direction for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation research.

PMID- 2656103
TI  - Psychiatric investigations among American Indians and Alaska natives: a critical
      review.
AB  - This review of psychiatric investigations among Native Americans opens with a
      discussion of the dominant theoretical perspectives in psychiatric anthropology
      in order to provide an analytic framework with which to assess the substantive
      findings of researchers in the field. Studies of culture-specific disorders,
      service utilization and patient population studies, psychiatric epidemiological
      studies, and studies designed to test the validity of certain diagnostic
      instruments are scrutinized for evidence of the nature of the role of indigenous
      cultures in the manifestations of psychiatric disorders among these populations.
      The review reveals that a universalist theoretical perspective, which tends to
      obscure the role of local interpretations in the phenomenology of psychiatric
      illness, dominates this field of inquiry. Nonetheless, evidence has accumulated
      which indicates the importance of native understandings for a more reliable and
      valid explanation of the nature of mental disorder among these peoples. The
      inadequacies of our current knowledge are examined and suggestions for directions
      in future work are presented in the concluding section. Recommendations include
      the direct investigation of the local meanings of the signs, symptoms, and
      syndromes of Western psychiatry; the concentrated search for potentially unique
      and powerful local signs of distress; and the study of the culturally-constituted
      social processes of illness.

PMID- 2656104
TI  - Visual illusions in the interpretation of the radiographic image.
AB  - The human body is a complex of tissues of different radiographic densities.
      Overlapping shadows, differences in background density, subjective contour
      formation, and the parallax effect often produce a variety of optical illusions
      that exist only in the "mind's eye" and may be mistaken for significant
      pathology. Most of these phenomena are produced by the Mach effect, a consequence
      of the physiological process of lateral inhibition. Subjective contour formation
      is a "psychophysiological" phenomenon in which complete "structures" appear from
      minimal outlines. A parallax effect occurs if real structures contribute to the
      radiographic image. This review discusses the basic physiology involved in image
      reception and the formation of false images. Clinical consequences of the
      presence of Mach bands, background density effect, subjective contours, and real
      or physical phenomena are illustrated.

PMID- 2656105
TI  - Cardiac arrhythmia surgery.

PMID- 2656106
TI  - Rejection of renal allografts: prediction with a new peripheral blood assay.

PMID- 2656107
TI  - Stress conditioning: a novel approach to organ preservation.
AB  - Effective stress conditioning can extend the safe cold storage time of rat
      kidneys to 48 hours. We demonstrated that planned induction of the stress
      response, by heat shock, can be used to stress condition the transplant organ and
      protect it against the damages of cold storage. A powerful and useful protective
      mechanism exists in a latent form in all cells. This mechanism can be rapidly
      activated in a controlled and planned way to allow tissues temporarily to resist
      injury. Through stress conditioning it is possible to provide a high level of
      protection in situations in which stress can be anticipated and planned for.

PMID- 2656108
TI  - Kidney retrieval from cadaver donors with disseminated intravascular
      coagulopathy.
AB  - Cadaver kidneys from donors with DIC appear to have an increased incidence of
      delayed function and primary nonfunction. These kidneys may be safely
      transplanted if cortical necrosis is ruled out. Heparin, antiplatelet therapy,
      and withholding of cyclosporin A therapy in the early post-transplantation period
      may improve renal function if there is evidence of glomerular capillary
      thrombosis.

PMID- 2656109
TI  - Prevention and repair of photoaging: sunscreens and retinoids.
AB  - The term photoaging describes the gross and microscopic cutaneous alterations
      that are a consequence of chronic overexposure to sunlight. These changes include
      severe damage to the dermal connective tissue matrix and are quite different from
      those associated with innate chronological aging. Long believed to be
      irreversibly damaged, photoaged skin has now been shown to undergo significant
      repair when ultraviolet exposures are stopped. With the hairless mouse as a
      model, we found that sunscreens could prevent photoaging and also allow natural
      repair to occur. We also found that topical retinoic acid augmented the repair
      process.

PMID- 2656110
TI  - Is it ethical to administer vasodilator drugs to patients with primary pulmonary
      hypertension?

PMID- 2656111
TI  - A reevaluation of sputum microscopy and culture in the diagnosis of pulmonary
      tuberculosis.
AB  - This prospective study was undertaken to determine the interpretation of "scanty
      positive" acid-fast bacilli on microscopy and to reevaluate simultaneous
      microscopy and culture of sputum for the accurate diagnosis of pulmonary
      tuberculosis (PTB). A total of 2,560 specimens were processed from 727 patients.
      There were 435 positive specimens (17.0 percent), originating from 139 patients,
      10 by microscopy only, 176 by culture only, and 249 on both microscopy and
      culture. Review of the hospital records showed that 107 patients had PTB, 1 had
      Mycobacterium kansasii colonization, and 31 were thought not to have PTB.
      Sensitivity and specificity were 53.1 and 99.8 percent for microscopy, 81.5 and
      98.4 percent for culture, and 77.6 and 100 percent for microscopy and culture,
      respectively. Seventy-five microscopy specimens (46 patients) were reported as
      scanty-positive, of which five (four patients) were deemed false positives,
      yielding a positive predictive value of 93.3 percent. In those patients with
      positive sputum microscopy, acid-fast bacilli were detected in one of the first
      four specimens. Seven isolates (three patients) were mycobacteria other than
      tubercle (0.27 percent of specimens and 1.6 percent of mycobacteria cultured).
      Despite the ready availability of laboratory evidence of disease, only 73 percent
      of cases were diagnosed by ward staff and 36 percent notified by the primary
      physician. Eleven patients (10.3 percent) died, six of whom had not received
      diagnoses of PTB before death. Sputum microscopy and culture remains reliable
      despite Bayesian predictions when applied to a population with a decreasing
      incidence of tuberculosis.

PMID- 2656112
TI  - Intrasubject between-day variability of PD20 methacholine assessed by the
      dosimeter inhalation test.
AB  - The intrasubject between-day variability of the methacholine inhalation test
      (MIT) was estimated in a group of 30 patients (15 males, mean age 29 yr),
      representative of a wide range of degrees of nonspecific bronchial responsiveness
      (from normal to severely increased). In each patient, an MIT with the dosimeter
      method was carried out on three separate occasions within one week, keeping as
      constant as possible both the technical and patient-related factors (FEV1 within
      +/- 5 percent, no recent airway inflammation) and independently from operator
      related factors (three tests, three different operators blinded with regard to
      previous MIT results). On each occasion, twofold increasing doses of methacholine
      were given from 6.25 to 3,200 micrograms as cumulative doses, at five-minute
      intervals by means of a dosimeter Me.far MB3 (nebulization time 0.8 +/- 0.2s,
      output 5 +/- 0.2 microliters/puff). The FEV1 was measured initially and 1.5 and 3
      minutes after each inhalation. The test was continued until either a fall of 20
      percent or more in FEV1 was obtained or the last dose was reached. The results
      were expressed in terms of PD20, ie, the dose of methacholine producing a 20
      percent fall in FEV1. Under these carefully controlled conditions, the 95 percent
      confidence intervals (as based on a single determination) corresponded to +/-
      0.22 on a log10 scale or, in a more meaningful way, +/- 1.66 fold-difference in
      PD20 from one visit to the other.

PMID- 2656113
TI  - Asbestos and the lung.

PMID- 2656114
TI  - Roles of mast cell proteases in airways.

PMID- 2656115
TI  - Aspergillus pancarditis following bone marrow transplantation for chronic
      myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - A 34-year-old man with chronic myelogenous leukemia developed hemoptysis, pain in
      the left side of the chest, and a systolic heart murmur eight weeks following an
      allogeneic bone marrow transplant. His clinical status deteriorated, and he died
      ten weeks after transplantation. Autopsy revealed unsuspected disseminated
      aspergillosis, including the unusual finding of Aspergillus pancarditis and
      pericarditis. Cardiac aspergillosis is a uniformly lethal disease in
      immunocompromised persons and must be aggressively diagnosed following early
      symptoms.

PMID- 2656116
TI  - Management of massive hemoptysis secondary to catheter-induced perforation of the
      pulmonary artery during cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Pulmonary artery perforation by flow-directed catheters is associated with high
      mortality, particularly in heparinized patients. We report a recent case and
      discuss recognition and management.

PMID- 2656117
TI  - Correlation between the growth and killing curves of Escherichia coli in the
      presence of cefotetan or piperacillin.
AB  - Escherichia coli strains that were susceptible to multiple antibiotics were
      exposed to cefotetan and piperacillin. As with the majority of beta-lactam
      antibiotics, the growth curves showed an increase in optical density (OD) due to
      an increasing volume of cell-wall-deficient bacteria during the first hours
      before lysis. This increase in OD depended on the concentration of cefotetan and
      was less dependent on the concentration of piperacillin. A good correlation was
      found between the prelytic increase in OD and the killing curve. During the
      prelytic increase in OD, the number of CFU/ml remained more or less constant. The
      decrease in the number of CFU/ml depended on the concentration of cefotetan and
      was less dependent on the concentration of piperacillin.

PMID- 2656118
TI  - Studies on antifungal agents. 19. Effect of the C-5-aromatic substitution on the
      in vitro activity of novel 3,5-substituted isoxazolidines.
AB  - The influence of the C-5-aromatic substitution on the in vitro antifungal
      activity of novel cis-3,5-substituted isoxazolidine derivatives was investigated.
      Compounds having a C-5-(substituted phenoxy)methyl group were found to be the
      most active against Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida
      albicans with MIC values ranging from 0.7 to 70.0 micrograms/ml. Replacing the
      phenoxymethyl group with either naphthyl or 2-oxo-1,3-benzoxathiol-6-yl groups
      resulted in a diminished in vitro activity.

PMID- 2656119
TI  - [Lymphadenectomy of the neck].

PMID- 2656120
TI  - [Lymphadenectomy in stomach cancer].

PMID- 2656121
TI  - [Lymphadenectomy as the primary therapy of colorectal cancers].

PMID- 2656122
TI  - [Axillary lymphadenectomy in breast cancer].

PMID- 2656123
TI  - [Experimental ultrasound analysis of the appendix. Contribution to improving the
      diagnosis of acute inflammation in routine clinical practice].
AB  - Sonographic investigations of fresh operative specimens - 50 non-infected, 50
      chronic and 50 acute inflammatory appendices - and also of 335 pertinent operated
      patients with "typical" appendiceal disorders were performed. All other entities,
      mimicking acute or perforated appendicitis were excluded from this study. Under
      experimental conditions, negative, chronic and acute or phlegmonous appendices
      appeared as "cockade" or "pseudokidney sign" with reflecting wall and echoless
      lumen. The application of a 5 Mz linear transducer made the differentiation of
      three wall layers feasible, in negative appendices as well as in dilated acute
      appendicitis, whereas in chronic inflammation and in obliterating acute
      appendicitis a wall layer stratification was not possible. In clinical
      application of 335 operated patients we only could demonstrate cases of acute or
      perforated appendicitis (n = 182/220), but no cases of non-infected appendix. In
      57% of pertinent cases the objectivation of lumen dilatation, in 35% a wall layer
      stratification was feasible. Acute, phlegmonous or perforated appendicitis was
      proven by demonstrating an immobile "pseudotumor mass" with dominating constant
      hypodense reflex property. The pertinent diameters as measured in clinical acute
      appendicitis exceeded significantly the diameters observed in experimental
      sonography of negative appendices with a differential intact mobility.
      Intraluminary coproliths and hyperdense reflecting attached omental segments
      facilitated a sonographic diagnosis. In 101/115 patients correct negative
      diagnosis was established. On the basis of these criteria, a sensitivity of 83%,
      a specificity of 88% and a diagnostic accuracy of 85% related to the diagnosis of
      acute or perforated appendicitis was obtained in this study.

PMID- 2656124
TI  - [Ileus of the large intestine].

PMID- 2656125
TI  - [Mechanical ileus of the small intestine].

PMID- 2656126
TI  - [Ileus disease].

PMID- 2656127
TI  - [The concept, structure and practice of prospective clinical studies].

PMID- 2656128
TI  - [Current significance of retrospective studies].

PMID- 2656130
TI  - [The surgical treatment of patients treated with cytostatic chemotherapy].
AB  - Surgical interventions during or immediately following cytostatic therapy carry
      an increased risk of complications such as healing disturbances, septic
      complications or organ insufficiencies. These complications can also be expected
      if chemotherapy follows the surgical treatment. As the possible complications
      depend on the class of substances used as well as the time of application these
      risks can be taken into consideration in multimodal treatment plans. In cases of
      emergency surgical interventions during chemotherapy or because of tumor based
      complications there is of course minimal influence to be exerted on the
      complication rate except through very diligent anastomosis sutures and wound
      closure.

PMID- 2656129
TI  - [First successful clinical small intestine transplantation. Tactics and surgical
      technic].
AB  - A case of successful clinical small bowel transplantation is demonstrated. A
      segment of 60 cm of jejunum and ileum has been harvested from the sister of the
      recipient and has been brought in heterotopic position in the first operative
      step. It was anastomosed to the recipient's GI-tract 6 weeks later. This
      procedure has the advantage that the graft can recover from ischemic damage in
      heterotopic position and that an immunological steady state can be achieved. This
      case of successful clinical small bowel transplantation offers a new causal
      therapy for patients with short gut syndrome.

PMID- 2656131
TI  - [The double stapling technic of the esophagus. Mechanical esophagojejunostomy
      without purse-string suture].

PMID- 2656132
TI  - Hormones and blood pressure: clues from chronobiology.
AB  - Results relating to the study of several hormones homeostatically related to
      blood pressure (renin-angiotensins, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, atrial
      natriuretic factor) are reviewed. Most experimental data and clinical
      observations concerning 'hypertension' are specified neither as to circadian
      stage nor do they assess rhythm parameters. Such homeostatic data suggest that
      several groupings of hormones play a major role in coordinating blood pressure.
      The majority of hormones involved have multiple actions and the diversity of
      effects is often unexplained in homeostatic terms. In chronobiology, opposite
      effects are seen in response to the same stimulus depending upon the stage of the
      organism's multifrequency rhythms and their intermodulation. The periodic pattern
      exhibited by some of the hormones coordinating blood pressure in health and the
      capability of these hormones to modify temporal structure, either inducing a
      change in timing (circadian blood pressure ecphasia) or in amplitude (amplitude
      hypertension) or in mean level of the values (MESOR-hypertension) are reviewed as
      well.

PMID- 2656133
TI  - Biliary colic treatment and acute cholecystitis prevention by prostaglandin
      inhibitor.
AB  - Sixty patients were treated in the emergency ward for biliary colic.
      Cholelithiasis was proven by ultrasonography. Twenty patients (group I) were
      treated by placebo. Twenty patients (group II) were treated by papaverine, and 20
      patients were treated by diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) (group III). Twenty more
      patients (group IV) with low back pain (LBP) were treated with diclofenac sodium
      (Voltaren) as a control to assess the analgesic effect of Voltaren. Two
      interesting observations were made: Voltaren was proven more efficient for pain
      relief (P less than 0.002), and none of the patients treated with Voltaren were
      in need of hospitalization and immediate surgery. In comparison, nine patients of
      the other two groups progressed to acute cholecystitis and needed surgical
      intervention. The possible anticolic and anti-biliary inflammation properties and
      the indications for use of Voltaren are discussed.

PMID- 2656135
TI  - Detection of biliary origin of acute pancreatitis. Comparison of laboratory
      tests, ultrasound, computed tomography, and ERCP.
AB  - Fifty consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were assessed with respect to
      a biliary origin of the disease. Endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreaticography, surgery, and autopsy were used to define biliary
      pancreatitis. Ultrasound, computed tomography, and several laboratory tests
      (SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin) were analyzed for their ability
      to detect a biliary origin of the disease. Ultrasound and computed tomography
      could not reliably make the diagnosis in the 10 patients found to have biliary
      disease. Receiver-operator-characteristic curves revealed that none of the
      laboratory tests assessed had sufficient sensitivity and specificity to determine
      the diagnosis, although all tests showed higher mean values in biliary
      pancreatitis. SGPT gave the best discrimination (positive predictive value 53%,
      negative predictive value 94%, cut off 40 units/liter). Therefore, initial ERCP
      is suggested for a reliable diagnosis of biliary origin of acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2656134
TI  - Lactitol in prevention of recurrent episodes of hepatic encephalopathy in
      cirrhotic patients with portal-systemic shunt.
AB  - Recurrent episodes of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) frequently occur in surgically
      shunted cirrhotic patients. The prevention of these episodes is based mainly on
      the long-term use of lactulose. Recently, lactitol, a nonabsorbable disaccharide
      similar to lactulose, has been proposed as an alternative in the management of
      HE. It has the advantage of being better tolerated and producing a more
      predictable catharsis. The effects of the two agents were compared in a
      controlled randomized study lasting six months involving 31 cirrhotic patients
      with portal-systemic shunt, of whom 40% experienced HE. The PSE index (mental
      state, EEG, asterixis, Raitan test, and ammonia) was assessed in each patient on
      entry to the study and every three months during treatment. Episodes of HE, side
      effects, and the patients' comments on efficacy, tolerability, and palatability
      were recorded. The dose required to induce two bowel movements per day was 48 +/-
      25 ml of lactulose syrup and 36 +/- 7 g of lactitol. During the study, the number
      of patients who had an episode of HE and the PSE index was similar in both
      groups. The patients judged lactitol better from the point of view of
      palatability. Meteorism and flatulence, experienced by patients treated with
      lactulose, was not reported by the lactitol group. We concluded that lactitol is
      as effective as lactulose in the long-term prevention of episodes of HE in
      cirrhotics with portal-systemic shunt and may be better tolerated.

PMID- 2656136
TI  - Impaired response of main pancreatic duct to secretin stimulation in early
      chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - In the present study we compared sonographic measurements of the main pancreatic
      duct (MPD) following maximal secretin stimulation (75 CU intravenous in 1 min) in
      15 chronic pancreatitis patients (CP) with those of 18 normal control subjects.
      The mean caliber of the main pancreatic duct was 1.2 +/- 0.4 mm in controls and
      1.8 +/- 0.9 in patients with chronic pancreatitis (P less than 0.025). In the
      control group a dilatation of the duct with a peak at the third minute was found.
      In patients with chronic pancreatitis a flatter profile of the response curve
      with a slower increase and inconstant return to basal values was found. A
      statistically significant difference was found between absolute variations of MPD
      caliber over basal values (1.7 +/- 1.06 in controls vs 0.8 +/- 0.69 in CP, P less
      than 0.005) and the dilatation index [(Dmax - D)/D] (1.31 +/- 0.6 in controls vs
      0.66 +/- 0.69 in CP, P less than 0.005). The mean percent increase at the third
      minute was 131% in control subjects vs 53% of patients with CP (P less than
      0.0005). In the five cases of CP showing a caliber increase greater than 100%, a
      persistent dilatation (100-200%) was found 15 min after secretin administration.
      At this time, the mean percent increase over basal value in controls was
      25%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656137
TI  - Esophageal tamponade in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage.
AB  - Over a seven-year period, 138 patients with portal hypertension presented on 223
      occasions with endoscopically proven acute variceal hemorrhage. Hemorrhage ceased
      spontaneously on 92 occasions (41%). On 126 occasions (57%) passage of the four
      lumen modification of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube was required, and hemorrhage
      was successfully controlled in 98%. Intubation was refused on five occasions
      (2%). Hemorrhage recurred during these 223 admissions on 47 occasions (21%); on
      11 occasions a second rebleed occurred and on two occasions, a third. Tamponade
      was required during all of these rebleeds and arrest of hemorrhage was achieved
      in 87%. Hemorrhage in patients with poorer modified Child's grade was less likely
      to cease with intubation. The overall rate of control in the 186 episodes of
      hemorrhage requiring tamponade was 94%. There were 28 complications attributed to
      the use of tamponade in 186 episodes of hemorrhage (15%). On 12 occasions these
      complications proved fatal (6.4%). In four further patients failure of tamponade
      to control hemorrhage was fatal.

PMID- 2656138
TI  - Reproducible lactulose hydrogen breath test as a measure of mouth-to-cecum
      transit time.
AB  - Breath hydrogen monitoring after oral lactulose syrup is a conventional measure
      of mouth-to-cecum transit time (MCTT), but its reproducibility has been
      questioned. We compared the reproducibility of five measurements of MCTT after a
      conventional breakfast (380 kcal) taken with tea containing 20 g lactulose to
      five measurements of MCTT after 20 g lactulose in water in eight normal
      volunteers. Individual mean breakfast transit time was not significantly
      different from lactulose transit time in each of the seven subjects, but one had
      a breakfast transit time of 151 +/- 15 min and a lactulose transit time of 86 +/-
      22 minutes (X +/- SD, P less than 0.001). The coefficient of variation of
      breakfast transit time (11.6 +/- 5.3%, range: 6.9-24.2%) was less than that of
      lactulose transit time (30.7 +/- 7.8%, range: 22.1-50.0%, P less than 0.001). In
      a second set of experiments, the liquid phase marker (99mTechnetium-diethylene
      triamine pentaacetic acid) emptied from the stomach more rapidly after the
      lactulose solution (T1/2 16.3 +/- 5.4) than after the breakfast (33.9 +/- 10.9
      min, P less than 0.01) and MCTT was shorter after lactulose (77 +/- 32 vs 104 +/-
      40 min, respectively, P less than 0.05). There was no correlation between MCTT of
      lactulose and breakfast and between half-time gastric emptying and MCTT of either
      lactulose or breakfast. We conclude that the ingestion of inert lactulose induces
      an abnormally rapid MCTT and that breakfast MCTT is a much more reproducible
      investigation and should be employed in studies requiring serial measurements.

PMID- 2656139
TI  - Lymphoma predominantly involving the pancreas.

PMID- 2656140
TI  - Increased insulin action and clearance in hyperthyroid newly diagnosed IDDM
      patient. Restoration to normal with antithyroid treatment.
AB  - In a patient with hyperthyroidism and newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (IDDM), insulin action and clearance were studied before the initiation
      of antithyroid treatment and at 3-mo intervals for 1 yr thereafter. The
      sequential euglycemic clamp technique (5 mM) was used with insulin infusion rates
      of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mU.kg-1.min-1 in four steps of 2 h. The data were
      compared with nine control subjects and nine newly diagnosed euthyroid IDDM
      patients treated with insulin for 0.5 mo. Insulin sensitivity was increased in
      the patients (ED50 40 vs. 52 mU/L, range 43-70, in controls and 70 mU/L, range 59
      120, in IDDM subjects). Insulin responsiveness was markedly elevated; the steady
      state glucose infusion rate (SSGIR) of step 4 was 104 vs. 64 mumol.kg-1.min-1
      (range 50-79) in controls and 61 mumol.kg-1.min-1 (range 47-69) in IDDM subjects.
      Insulin clearance was elevated in all steps (1-3, 20-23 vs. 9-15 ml.kg-1.min-1;
      4, 18 vs. 6-12 ml.kg-1.min-1 in control and IDDM subjects). Parallel to the
      normalization of thyroid metabolism, insulin action (ED50 60 mU/L, SSGIR in step
      4, 51 mumol.kg-1.min-1) and insulin clearance (steps 1-3, 11-14 ml.kg-1.min-1;
      step 4, 7 ml.kg-1.min-1) returned to the normal range in 6 mo. Both remained
      within the normal range until 12 mo. In the patient with newly diagnosed IDDM,
      the initial marked increases of insulin action and clearance were due to
      coexistent hyperthyroidism. With the amelioration of the hyperthyroid state, both
      processes became normal. The parallelism between insulin action and clearance
      suggests a functional relationship.

PMID- 2656141
TI  - Lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in young nonobese Arab women with NIDDM treated
      with insulin.
AB  - The effects of insulin on the lipid values of nonobese non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic (NIDDM) Arab women requiring insulin was investigated to find whether
      these patients have the same coronary artery risk factor related to lipid levels.
      In this study, 55 NIDDM women on insulin therapy (mean age 28 +/- 8.1 yr and
      duration of disease 5 +/- 1.2 yr) and 70 control subjects (matched for sex, age,
      and body mass index) were studied for their plasma levels of lipids,
      lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins. Concentrations of total cholesterol, very-low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol,
      triglyceride (TG), LDL TG, high-density lipoprotein triglyceride (HDL TG),
      phospholipid, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAtc), apolipoprotein B (apoB),
      LDL-apoB, and apoB/apoAl were significantly elevated in diabetic women compared
      with control subjects. There was no significant change in the levels of apoAll in
      plasma and lipoprotein fractions. Concentrations of HDL cholesterol (chol), HDL2
      chol, HDL3-chol, plasma apoAl, HDL2-apoAl, HDL3-apoAl, and HDL-apoAl were
      significantly lower in diabetic women than in control subjects. There was no
      significant correlation between glucose or HbAtc and most of the lipids,
      lipoprotein lipids, and apolipoproteins measured. Despite normal body weight and
      insulin therapy, abnormalities in lipids, lipoprotein lipids, and apoB persisted
      in NIDDM patients compared with control subjects. Our data may favor an enhanced
      affinity toward atherosclerosis in these patients.

PMID- 2656142
TI  - What you should know about Papanicolaou smears.

PMID- 2656143
TI  - Microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti in fine-needle aspirate from a colloid
      goiter.

PMID- 2656144
TI  - Aspiration biopsy cytology of mesothelioma.
AB  - From 1977 to 1986, 39 cases at our institution were diagnosed as "consistent with
      mesothelioma" by percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy. All were verified
      clinically and/or histologically, with no false-positive results. All
      mesotheliomas except four tumors of peritoneal origin originated from the pleura.
      On the basis of their cytomorphologic features in correlation with
      histopathology, the tumors were classified into four types: benign,
      carcinomatous, sarcomatous, and undifferentiated. Of these 39 cases of
      mesothelioma diagnosed by aspiration biopsy, nine were benign type; 14,
      carcinomatous type; 13, sarcomatous type; and three, undifferentiated type. The
      cytomorphologic features and patterns of different types of mesotheliomas
      observed in aspirate preparations are presented, and the differential diagnosis
      is discussed. It appears feasible to investigate pleural- or peritoneal-based
      lesions with fine-needle aspiration biopsy, particularly in patients without
      effusions or with negative results in effusion examinations. It is also possible
      to make a definitive diagnosis of mesothelioma on the basis of cytologic findings
      coupled with special and immunoperoxidase staining in combination with
      roentgenographic findings and clinical history.

PMID- 2656145
TI  - A review of pulmonary cytopathology in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Over the past 6 yr, we have observed an increase in cytologic specimens from the
      respiratory tract in patients suspected or known to have AIDS, from 7 of 81,031
      cases in 1982 to 1,231 of 55,333 in 1987. Based on our experience with 1,140
      patients, this article reviews the technical and morphologic evaluation of
      pulmonary cytologic specimens from AIDS patients.

PMID- 2656146
TI  - Applications of immunocytochemistry to diagnostic cytopathology.
AB  - Immunohistochemical technique is now successfully applied to the cytologic
      materials. This review article describes details of staining procedures for
      immunocytochemistry at both light and electron microscopic levels. The clinical
      application of the technique includes aspiration biopsy cytology for breast
      lesions, thyroid lesions, lymph nodes, the nervous system, and others. The
      establishment of carcinoma cells in the body fluid by the demonstration of
      carcinoembyronic antigen (CEA) and the establishment of specific diagnoses in
      small-cell or large-cell anaplastic tumors by immunocytochemistry warrants
      special emphasis.

PMID- 2656147
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of extragonadal choriocarcinoma with
      immunoperoxidase studies.
AB  - A case of extragonadal choriocarcinoma in a 30-yr-old man was diagnosed by fine
      needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy with immunoperoxidase studies. FNA diagnosis in
      this case resulted in prompt treatment of rapidly growing metastases without the
      need for an invasive diagnostic procedure.

PMID- 2656148
TI  - A rapid method for spin-drying large quantities of cytofunnels.
AB  - A centrifugal spinner designed for drying lettuce leaves has been found to
      facilitate rapid drying of large quantities of cytofunnels.

PMID- 2656149
TI  - Clinical management of the organ donor.
AB  - Critical care nurses play a vital role in the clinical management of potential
      organ donors. Knowledge of the physiologic traits a donor will exhibit and the
      clinical interventions necessary to prevent circulatory collapse are essential in
      providing care to the organ donor. Maintaining hemodynamic stability in the donor
      optimizes organ function and improves the chances of successful results in
      transplant recipients.

PMID- 2656150
TI  - Substance abuse among nurses: types of drugs.
AB  - Substance abuse among nurses can have significant ramifications for patient care,
      productivity, and personal well-being. Existing evidence suggests that critical
      care nurses are especially vulnerable to pressures that induce substance abuse.
      Consequently, critical care leaders and nurses need to be prepared to help their
      impaired colleagues. This paper provides several valuable guidelines for
      addressing substance abuse based on an exploratory study of the types of drugs or
      substances most frequently abused among nurses.

PMID- 2656151
TI  - Hyperbaric oxygen therapy--nursing opportunity.
AB  - Hyperbaric nursing is a challenging new role for critical care nurses. The
      authors discuss this expanding career opportunity along with the science of
      hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy, clinical uses, types of chambers, and steps
      toward developing this exciting nursing career.

PMID- 2656152
TI  - Increasing reliability and validity of pulmonary artery measurements.
AB  - Pulmonary artery (PA) catheter pressure measurements are a primary means of
      assessing the cardiac output status of critically ill patients. Critical care
      nurses are responsible for obtaining these measurements accurately; yet
      preliminary studies demonstrate that critical care nurses have difficulty making
      reliable and valid PA catheter measurements. Nurses in critical care need to
      insure the accuracy of the PA measurements they obtain through the use of a
      systematic measurement process.

PMID- 2656153
TI  - Inter-organ metabolism of amino acids in vivo.

PMID- 2656154
TI  - Effects of branched-chain amino acids on protein turnover.
AB  - Amino acid availability rapidly regulates protein synthesis and degradation.
      Increasing amino acid concentrations above the levels found in post-absorptive
      plasma stimulates protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner at the level of
      mRNA translation-initiation and inhibits protein degradation by inhibiting
      lysosomal autophagy. The anabolic effects of insulin on protein synthesis and
      protein degradation are exerted at the same sites (i.e., peptide chain initiation
      and lysosomal stabilization) allowing for a rapid synergistic response when both
      amino acids and insulin increase after a protein-containing meal. In perfused
      liver preparations, protein anabolic effects are exerted by a group of amino
      acids acting in concert. The BCAA are among the amino acids required for
      stimulation of hepatic protein synthesis, but there is no evidence that BCAA or
      leucine alone are effective. Leucine alone is an important inhibitor of hepatic
      protein degradation, but maximal inhibition requires in addition several other
      regulatory amino acids. In heart and skeletal muscle in vitro, increasing the
      concentration of the three BCAA or of leucine alone reproduces the effects of
      increasing the supply of all amino acids in stimulating protein synthesis and
      inhibiting protein degradation. Skeletal muscle is the largest repository of
      metabolically active protein and a major contributor to total body nitrogen
      balance. Supplying energy alone (i.e., carbohydrate and lipids) cannot prevent
      negative nitrogen balance (net protein catabolism) in animals or humans; only
      provision of amino acids allows the attainment of nitrogen balance. In rats and
      in humans nourished parenterally, provision of balanced amino acid solutions or
      of only the three BCAA cause similar improvements in nitrogen balance for several
      days. There is some evidence that infusions of leucine alone can stimulate muscle
      protein synthesis in vivo; the effect may be transitory and was not observed by
      all investigators; provisions of excess leucine alone does not seem to affect
      total body or muscle protein degradation in vivo. In postabsorptive rats, in
      vivo, infusion of the three BCAA together stimulates muscle protein synthesis as
      much as the infusion of a complete amino acid mixture or of a mixture of
      essential amino acids; the in vivo effect requires coinfusion of glucose or of
      small (physiological) doses of insulin, suggesting synergism between insulin and
      amino acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2656155
TI  - Ketone body production and disposal: effects of fasting, diabetes, and exercise.
AB  - Turnover studies performed during progressive fasting in normal subjects indicate
      that the production rate and the concentration of KB rise markedly during the
      early phase of fasting and start reaching a plateau after about 5 days. In
      addition to increased production, a reduction in the metabolic clearance rate of
      KB contributes to the hyperketonemia. This reduced metabolic clearance rate
      reflects essentially the progressive saturation of muscular ketone uptake that
      occurs with increasing ketonemia. The hormonal and metabolic environment of
      fasting plays only a minor role in this process, since a fall in KB metabolic
      clearance similar to that observed during fasting is observed if hyperketonemia
      is artificially induced in the postabsorptive state by the infusion of exogenous
      ketones. As extraction of KB by muscle becomes limited during ongoing fasting, KB
      are preferentially taken up by the brain to serve as a substrate replacing
      glucose. The remarkable stability of ketonemia during prolonged fasting is
      maintained through the operation of a negative feedback mechanism whereby KB tend
      to restrain their own production rate. The antilipolytic and insulinotropic
      effects of KB are instrumental in this process. This homeostatic mechanism
      maintains ketogenesis only slightly above the maximal metabolic disposal rate,
      the difference corresponding to urinary excretion, which is always below 10% of
      total turnover under physiologic conditions. When type I insulin-deprived
      diabetic patients are compared at the same KB concentration with control subjects
      with fasting ketosis, the characteristics of KB kinetics are comparable in the
      two groups. The maximal KB removal capacity is identical in the two situations,
      and it is not possible to identify a ketone removal defect specific to diabetes.
      Thus, these data favor the concept that excessive production of KB represent the
      main factor leading to uncontrolled hyperketonemia. It should be realized that a
      production exceeding only slightly that prevailing during prolonged fasting is
      sufficient to cause a progressive build-up in concentration, leading to
      uncontrolled diabetic ketosis. In the overnight-fasted state, a prolonged
      exercise (2 h) performed at moderate intensity (50% VO2 max) stimulates the
      capacity of muscle to extract ketones from blood as evidenced by a stimulation of
      the metabolic clearance rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2656156
TI  - Regulation of ketogenesis and the renaissance of carnitine palmitoyltransferase.

PMID- 2656157
TI  - Human ketone body production and utilization studied using tracer techniques:
      regulation by free fatty acids, insulin, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones.
AB  - Ketone body concentrations fluctuate markedly during physiological and
      pathological conditions. Tracer techniques have been developed in recent years to
      study production, utilization, and the metabolic clearance rate of ketone bodies.
      This review describes data on the roles of insulin, catecholamines, and thyroid
      hormones in the regulation of ketone body kinetics. The data indicate that
      insulin lowers ketone body concentrations by three independent mechanisms: first,
      it inhibits lipolysis, and thus lowers free fatty acid availability for
      ketogenesis; second, it restrains ketone body production within the liver; third,
      it enhances peripheral ketone body utilization. To assess these effects in humans
      in vivo, experimental models were developed to study insulin effects with
      controlled concentrations of free fatty acids, insulin, glucagon, and ketone
      bodies. Presently available data also support an important role of catecholamines
      in increasing ketone body concentrations. Evidence was presented that
      norepinephrine increases ketogenesis not only by stimulating lipolysis, and thus
      releasing free fatty acids, but also by increasing intrahepatic ketogenesis.
      Thyroid hormone availability was associated with lipolysis and ketogenesis.
      Ketone body concentrations after an overnight fast were only modestly elevated in
      hyperthyroidism resulting from increased peripheral ketone body clearance. There
      was a significant correlation between serum triiodothyronine levels and the
      ketone body metabolic clearance rate. Thus, ketone body homeostasis in human
      subjects resulted from the interaction of hormones such as insulin,
      catecholamines, and thyroid hormones regulating lipolysis, intrahepatic
      ketogenesis, and peripheral ketone body utilization.

PMID- 2656158
TI  - Ketone body metabolism: a physiological and clinical overview.

PMID- 2656159
TI  - Renal and hepatic aspects of ketoacidosis: a quantitative analysis based on
      energy turnover.
AB  - The central theme explored is that the rate of ATP production cannot exceed its
      rate of use in any organ or compartment. Thus the rate of ATP turnover exerts an
      absolute control over the rates in pathways that synthesize it. This is
      manifested in two major ways: substrate competition for oxidation and the
      influence of changes in oxygen consumption rate on the rate of fuel oxidation. By
      direct measurement, the rate of ketogenesis in the liver is as high as 1500
      mmol/day during chronic ketoacidosis of fasting. Given the limited ate of hepatic
      oxygen consumption, ketogenesis and glucose synthesis from amino acids compete as
      precursors for hepatic ATP synthesis. Thus There is little room to increase the
      rate of ketoacid production further in these subjects. Energy turnover
      considerations in the kidney during chronic fasting seem to limit renal NH4+
      production. In this case, there is competition between glutamine and ketone
      bodies as ATP precursors. This aspect may be important in the regulation of lean
      body mass catabolism of fasting. There is a "trade-off" in maintaining high
      circulating ketone body concentrations during fasting. The benefit is primarily
      for the CNS, and the cost is small loss of lean body mass owing to the need for
      high rates of NH4+ excretion.

PMID- 2656160
TI  - Alcoholism, ketoacidosis, and lactic acidosis.
AB  - Alcoholic ketoacidosis is a metabolic disorder that occurs in acute-on-chronic
      ethanol abusers who become acutely starved because of cessation of all caloric
      intake (including ethanol) owing to gastric intolerance or to an intercurrent
      acute illness. The precise pathogenesis, and especially the cause of the
      increased lipolysis, is not known, but several factors known or believed to
      promote ketogenesis are present in those patients. These are particularly
      starvation and recent ethanol ingestion. The metabolic disorder responds rapidly
      to rehydration and administration of glucose intravenously, which stops the
      ketogenesis. The prognosis in these patients depends on the presence and severity
      of any underlying illness and the adequacy and effectiveness of treatment for
      that illness. Patients rarely if ever die from either the ketoacidosis or the
      lactic acidosis associated with ethanol abuse, but they may succumb to other
      precipitating or coexisting illnesses.

PMID- 2656161
TI  - Regulation of lactate metabolism in vivo.

PMID- 2656162
TI  - Regulation of acid production in ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis.

PMID- 2656163
TI  - Lactic acidosis.
AB  - An understanding of the pathophysiology of lactic acidosis is crucial in
      facilitating the optimal care of critically ill patients. The relevant
      biochemistry of lactic acidosis is reviewed, and the more controversial aspects
      relating to the genesis of the acidosis are highlighted. The current system of
      classification of lactic acidosis divides etiologies on the basis of the presence
      or absence of clinical signs of tissue hypoperfusion. Several types of lactic
      acidosis in which clinical evidence of tissue hypoperfusion is lacking
      demonstrate hemodynamic evidence of occult hypoperfusion. The diagnostic and
      therapeutic implications of this observation are discussed. Current diagnostic
      criteria for lactic acidosis include a pH less than 7.35 and blood lactate
      concentration greater than 5 to 6 mM/L. An important issue relates to the
      implications of lactate values that are greater than normal but below this
      diagnostic range. The use of the oxygen flux test may be valuable in the
      diagnosis of occult tissue hypoperfusion in patients with low-grade elevations in
      lactate levels. The current therapy for lactic acidosis involves addressing the
      primary cause and supportive management. The use of bicarbonate in the therapy
      for lactic acidosis is controversial due to potential adverse effects on cardiac
      function. The specifics of this controversy are outlined, and newer therapeutic
      alternatives are reviewed. The use of blood lactate concentration as a prognostic
      index may be more useful in patients with shock than without shock.

PMID- 2656164
TI  - Sudden cardiac death: etiologies, pathogenesis, and management.
AB  - Sudden death claims an estimated 350,000 lives per year in the United States.
      When death occurs within 1 hour of the onset of symptoms, 90% are the result of
      ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The majority of victims are middle-aged men with
      coronary artery disease, but in approximately 25%, sudden death is the presenting
      manifestation of their problem. In some populations, the detection of premature
      ventricular complexes (PVCs) by ambulatory monitoring is predictive of an
      increased risk of sudden death. However, the arrhythmia that best predicts this
      risk is unclear, and ambient arrhythmias are only a modest marker of this risk.
      Therapy to suppress asymptomatic PVCs has not been shown to be effective in
      preventing sudden death, and in some cases, lethal arrhythmias can be prevented
      without significant effects on ambient arrhythmias. Other risk markers such as
      depressed left ventricular function and the presence of low-amplitude, long
      duration, late potentials recorded on a signal averaged electrocardiogram are
      more powerful predictors of risk than are PVCs. These latter findings in
      particular support the presence of areas of slow electrical conduction (a
      requirement for reentrant mechanism arrhythmias) and suggest that an abnormal
      electrical environment or "substrate" is the most important factor in this
      problem. The management of patients at risk for sudden death is controversial.
      While postinfarct survivors with arrhythmias constitute a population at increased
      risk, the absolute risk is only about 5% in the first year and has not been shown
      to be improved by conventional antiarrhythmic drugs. Small study size, arrhythmia
      variability, ill-defined end points, and proarrhythmia may partially explain this
      apparent lack of efficacy. The prophylactic use of antiarrhythmic drugs other
      than beta-blockers to prevent sudden death in asymptomatic populations at risk is
      therefore of unproven benefit. By contrast, patients who have survived a life
      threatening arrhythmia unrelated to an acute myocardial infarction have an
      approximately 30% risk of recurrence in the following year. In these patients,
      the use of ambulatory monitoring to guide therapy is limited by the high
      incidence of false-negative responses (lethal arrhythmia recurrence despite
      ambient arrhythmia suppression) and the lack of frequent spontaneous arrhythmias
      in many patients. In this patient population, electrophysiological testing can be
      used to prognosticate recurrence and gain insight into arrhythmia mechanism,
      stability, and hemodynamic tolerance. The technique is also useful in guiding
      both pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2656165
TI  - tRNAGlu(GAA) genes from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - The haploid genome of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum contains
      at least 18 gene copies coding for a tRNAGlu(GAA). Using a combination of
      parasexual genetic analysis and molecular biology techniques, 14 of the 18
      individual members of this gene family could be assigned to particular linkage
      groups. According ot this analysis four tRNAGlu genes are located on group I (C,
      H, I, K), two genes on group II (D,J), seven genes on either group III or VI (A,
      B, E, F, L, M, N), and one gene on group VII (G). Eight of the tRNAGlu(GAA) genes
      have been cloned and characterized. All genes are identical in that part of the
      gene which corresponds to the mature tRNA, thus representing true nonallelic
      members of this gene family. Different members of this gene family can be
      distinguished from each other because they reside on restriction fragments of
      different lengths and because each gene contains unique 5'- and 3'-flanking
      regions. Nevertheless, a certain degree of sequence conservation within these
      flanking regions is apparent for members of this gene family. According to in
      vivo expression analyses of individual genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, all
      isolated tRNAGlu(GAA) copies represent functional transcription units.

PMID- 2656166
TI  - Target antigen of islet cell antibody in Japanese insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - The target antigens of islet cell antibody (ICA) have not been clarified. We
      tried to modify the antigen in human pancreatic tissues and characterize the ICA
      with immunohistochemical methods. Human pancreatic tissues were treated with
      periodate (A), borohydride (B), neuraminidase (C), methanol (D), chloroform
      methanol (E), or protease (F) to modify the antigens, and stained by an
      immunofluorescent method using ICA-positive sera from five Japanese insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients. In all sera the fluorescence of
      islets disappeared or waned after A, C, D, and E, and did not change after F. The
      disappearance or loss of fluorescence induced by A was recovered after B. It is,
      therefore, suggested that one of the antigens of ICA in Japanese IDDM patients is
      the sialic acid residue of glycolipid.

PMID- 2656167
TI  - The effect of prednisolone on cyclosporin-induced damage of pancreatic B cells in
      Wistar rats.
AB  - The combined effects of cyclosporin (CYA) and prednisolone (PSL) on the function
      and morphology of pancreatic B cells of Wistar rats were investigated. Four 13
      day treatment groups were compared; these were the O group (olive oil alone,
      p.o.), the P group (PSL 3 mg/kg/day, i.m.), the C group (CYA 20 mg/kg/day, p.o.),
      and the PC group (PSL 3 mg/kg/day, i.m. plus CYA 20 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Glucose
      tolerance was equally impaired in the C and PC groups. The pancreatic insulin
      content in the C group was 49.7% of that of the O group, whereas that in the PC
      group was 81.1%. Morphometric analysis using modified aldehyde-fuchsin staining
      revealed that 'percent beta-granule area' in the islet was 17.5%, 15.0%, 6.5%,
      and 7.8% in the O, P, C, and PC groups, respectively. Ultrastructurally,
      pancreatic B cells in the PC group showed CYA damage; however, a significant
      number of B cells exhibited hypertrophy of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and
      the Golgi apparatus, suggesting concomitant B cell hyperactivity in this group.
      These findings suggest that PSL does not aggravate the toxic effects of CYA on
      pancreatic B cells during short-term treatment; rather, it might be protective.

PMID- 2656168
TI  - Effects of dietary sucrose on age-related changes in VLDL-triglyceride kinetics
      in the rat.
AB  - The effects of sucrose feeding on in vivo kinetics of triglyceride metabolism
      were compared in rats aged 2 and 12 months. Sucrose was supplied as a 10%
      solution in their drinking water for 2 weeks. Although plasma triglyceride
      concentrations doubled with age, total triglyceride secretion rates for the whole
      rat (mg/min/rat) increased by 40%, suggesting a decrease in the efficiency of
      triglyceride removal from plasma with aging. The rate of triglyceride secretion
      per unit body mass (mg/min/kg body weight), however, decreased by 40% as the rats
      grew to 12 months of age. These age-related differences were statistically
      significant only in rats receiving supplementary sucrose. Feeding sucrose to rats
      of both ages doubled the secretion rates of triglyceride not only for the whole
      rat but also per unit body mass. However, it tripled triglyceride concentrations,
      implying that the sugar decreases the removal efficiency of plasma triglyceride
      equally in rats at either age. Fasting hypertriglyceridemia induced by sucrose
      supplement was much greater in old rats than in young rats (162 +/- 30 vs. 80 +/-
      8 mg/dl). The present studies demonstrate that dietary sucrose enhances age
      related changes in triglyceride kinetics in the rat.

PMID- 2656169
TI  - Suppression by insulin treatment of glucose-induced inhibition of insulin release
      in non-insulin-dependent diabetics.
AB  - Although restoration of normoglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects
      improves insulin release evoked by several secretagogues, conflicting data were
      reported concerning the effect of intensive insulin therapy on the first-phase
      response of the B-cell to an intravenous glucose challenge. In the present study,
      14 non-insulin-dependent diabetics underwent an intravenous glucose test
      performed before and after 20 h of glycemic normalization. Before insulin
      treatment, glucose failed, as a rule, to provoke an early positive secretory
      response. On the contrary, a paradoxical inhibition of insulin release was
      observed in most patients. This phenomenon was reproducible when a second test
      was performed 120 min after the first one. The paradoxical inhibition was not
      observed any more after glycemic normalization. As judged from the paired
      difference (delta) between the early increment in insulin release before and
      after insulin treatment, normoglycemia resulted in an improved secretory response
      (delta greater than 5.0 microU/ml) in seven patients, whilst the first-phase
      response remained little affected (delta less than 3.0 microU/ml) in the other
      seven subjects. These findings suggest that an impaired first-phase response to
      glucose does not always represent an irreversible primary defect of the
      pancreatic B-cell in diabetic subjects.

PMID- 2656170
TI  - Combined effect of exogenous insulin and sucrose on alterations in plasma
      lipoproteins induced by cholesterol feeding in the rat.
AB  - We have recently reported increased cholesterol concentrations in high-density
      and very-low-density lipoproteins (HDL and VLDL) in sucrose-fed rats with
      exogenous hyperinsulinemia. In order to see if exogenous hyperinsulinemia has any
      effect on the alterations in plasma lipoproteins induced by cholesterol feeding,
      we fed a cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with lard, cholic acid and
      propylthiouracil to hyperinsulinemic, sucrose-supplemented rats and examined
      plasma lipoprotein profiles. Three control groups were investigated: one
      receiving chow only, the other receiving a cholesterol-rich diet, the third
      receiving exogenous insulin, sucrose, and no cholesterol-rich diet but chow.
      Hyperinsulinemia was induced by a constant s.c. infusion of porcine insulin (6
      U/day) from an osmotic minipump. Insulin infusion plus sucrose produced an
      increase in HDL cholesterol concentrations similar to that seen in the previously
      reported injection model in the face of no change in total and low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Rats receiving a cholesterol-rich diet but no
      insulin developed marked hypercholesterolemia characterized by an elevation of
      cholesterol not only in LDL but also in intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL)
      and VLDL. Infusing insulin into cholesterol-fed rats produced a further increase
      in IDL and VLDL cholesterol but was not accompanied by any further increase in
      LDL cholesterol. HDL cholesterol was decreased below normal.

PMID- 2656171
TI  - [Identification of polymeric genes of melibiose fermentation in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae].

PMID- 2656172
TI  - [Expression of proto-oncogenes myc and ras and hormonal regulation of adenylate
      cyclase in human colon tumor cells].

PMID- 2656173
TI  - [Therapy of hydrofluoric acid burns].
AB  - Burns caused by exposure to hydrofluoric acid require immediate First Aid and
      specific therapeutic measures by the first available physician. Based on a review
      of the literature the following outline of therapy is proposed.

PMID- 2656174
TI  - [Tattooing. A review with special reference to adverse side effects].
AB  - Intentional and non-intentional (ornamental and accidental) tattoos are reviewed.
      First, a survey of the history of tattooing is given and the different motives
      for being tattooed are discussed. The technique of tattooing and the histological
      pattern of ornamental tattoos are described. Typical risks are presented in
      detail. Various methods for the treatment of tattoos are discussed. In the second
      part, non-intentional (accidental) tattoos are reviewed in respect to etiology,
      complications and special therapeutic methods.

PMID- 2656175
TI  - [Antiperspirants and deodorants--ingredients and evaluation].
AB  - Antitranspirants and deodorants gain more and more interest. Aluminium
      chlorohydrate and aluminium zirkonium tetrachlorohydrate glycine complex are the
      most frequently used active ingredients in commercial antitranspirants today.
      Aluminium chloride and propantheline bromide, the anticholinergic substance, are
      important alternatives although less common. Active ingredients of deodorants are
      mainly perfumes or bactericidal/bacteriostatic substances, such as triclosan. In
      addition, there are substances which are meant to bind offending smells (e.g.
      zinc ricinoleate) or to influence the skin surface pH (e.g. triethyl citrate). As
      in the cosmetics industry in general, both safety and efficacy of a product are
      major parameters in the experimental and clinical evaluation. Establishment of
      efficacy is based on olfactory tests in model situations as well as on the
      detection of associated effects (e.g. influence on cutaneous microflora).

PMID- 2656176
TI  - A standard method for repeated recording of skin blood flow using laser Doppler
      flowmetry.
AB  - We investigated the simple method of non-invasive Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF),
      and its use as a reproducible standard method for measuring skin blood flow.
      Microcirculatory blood flow shows both considerable temporal as well as regional
      variation. The study of reactive changes in skin blood flow, e.g. in irritancy
      tests, requires repeated measurements. The normal variation of skin blood flow
      was studied on the forearms of healthy volunteers. Males showed higher values
      than females. Differences between left and right arms, and recordings in the
      morning and the afternoon were not significant. Differences between lateral and
      medial aspects were borderline significant; and significant differences were
      measured between proximal and distal test sites. To improve the reproducibility
      of the measurements, a probeholder was designed with a considerably larger test
      area than that of the original probeholder. Fixation at both ends of the
      probeholder allows for repeated measurements without affecting skin blood flow.
      Recommendations are given for repeated testing by LDF.

PMID- 2656177
TI  - [Tumor markers in the diagnosis and follow-up assessment of bronchial carcinoma].

PMID- 2656178
TI  - [Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis].

PMID- 2656179
TI  - [Optimal long-term control of arterial hypertension. Experiences with ambulatory,
      sports-oriented groups of patients with hypertension].
AB  - Out-patient groups of hypertensives were organized in an effort to improve long
      term treatment results with greater attention to general measures and to increase
      compliance. Under supervision of a doctor and a physiotherapist 45 patients (aged
      54 +/- 10 years) with mild or moderately severe hypertension were enrolled in a
      sports training programme after thorough examination. At the same time they were
      given advice and instructions on self-measurement of blood pressure, diet,
      medication, general life style and relaxation techniques. In the first 20
      patients (observation period of more than one year) a significant reduction in
      both resting (systolic of -9%) and exercise (systolic of -12%) blood pressures
      was noted. At the same time exercise tolerance was raised (+18%), while body
      weight and total cholesterol concentrations were lowered. It was possible to
      reduce drug dosage in seven patients, in three more it was discontinued. Left
      ventricular wall thickness fell slightly but not significantly. There were no
      complications. It is concluded that group therapy with sport as a vehicle and
      advice on general life style are satisfactory means for controlling hypertension
      and achieve better compliance.

PMID- 2656180
TI  - [Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the leg].

PMID- 2656181
TI  - [Rhythms in the bone marrow and blood: differences as to day and night].

PMID- 2656183
TI  - [Pharmacotherapy and kidney function].

PMID- 2656182
TI  - [Indications for liver transplantation in Wilson's disease with a fulminant
      course].
AB  - In two 19-year-old girls with Wilson's disease the condition took a fulminant
      course, including a poor general state, marked haemolysis and ascites. In the
      first patient the diagnosis was histologically confirmed only after three weeks,
      and onset of treatment with penicillamine was therefore delayed. With this
      medication the concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase and total
      bilirubin returned to normal, but again became abnormal after about seven weeks.
      Despite substitution of clotting factors thromboplastin time remained reduced.
      She died 82 days after the onset of symptoms. In the second patient, treatment
      with penicillamine was started at once, without waiting for histological
      confirmation. All laboratory values became normal and remained so. It is
      concluded from these observations that liver transplantation is indicated if the
      abnormal values for cholinesterase, thromboplastin time and bilirubin do not
      remain normal after six weeks and if the initial suppression of alkaline
      phosphatase continues or occurs again.

PMID- 2656184
TI  - [Therapy of recurrent Hodgkin's lymphoma. I. Radiotherapy and conventional
      chemotherapy].

PMID- 2656185
TI  - [Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy of gallstones: how many patients are
      suitable for it?].
AB  - The proportion of patients with gallbladder stones suitable for extracorporeal
      shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) was analysed prospectively in 200 patients aged 17
      76 years (62 males, 138 females) with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Criteria
      for inclusion were clinical symptoms, solitary stones (diameter 10-30 mm) or up
      to three stones with comparable total volume, contractile gallbladder, no
      calcification of stones, normal biliary tract anatomy. To check these criteria a
      step-by-step diagnostic procedure was instituted which consisted of history,
      ultrasonography with contractility test, abdominal X-ray film, computed
      tomography measurement of stone density, and endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiography. Only 19 patients fulfilled the criteria. The others had to be
      excluded because of history (35), stone size or number (73), impaired gallbladder
      contractility (27), calcified stone (30), pigment content (12), and/or biliary
      tract anatomy. Thus only a surprisingly small percentage (about 10%) of patients
      with symptomatic gallbladder stones is suitable for ESWL.

PMID- 2656186
TI  - [Intensified conventional insulin therapy. The long-term successes and reasons
      for failure of this therapeutic concept].
AB  - Insulin treatment in 34 type I diabetics (17 women and 17 men; mean age 30.6 [13
      72] years) was changed from a conventional to an intensified conventional
      treatment schedule (ICIT). However, optimal metabolic control was possible in the
      long term in only 16 patients. A "dawn phenomenon" occurred in 18 patients,
      compliance was unsatisfactory in five despite intensive instruction, in three the
      basal insulin requirements could not be determined on an out-patient basis, and
      two developed marked gastroparesis. Ultratard, used at first as a retard-insulin,
      proved inadequate in eight patients. In the 16 patients in whom it was possible
      to continue ICIT, the HbA1c value decreased after 18.0 +/- 7.2 months from 8.4 +/
      1.4% to 7.1 +/- 1.1% (P less than 0.01), fasting blood sugar levels fell from
      185.6 +/- 118 mg/dl to 123.2 +/- 11.8 mg/dl. Thus ICIT may significantly
      contribute to improving the metabolic state of type I diabetics. But factors
      which may interfere with a satisfactory control of the diabetes must first be
      excluded. In particular, if the "dawn phenomenon" occurs, other forms of
      treatment should be attempted.

PMID- 2656187
TI  - [Extraintestinal symptoms in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases].

PMID- 2656188
TI  - [Therapy of the extraintestinal symptoms in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases].

PMID- 2656189
TI  - [Therapy of recurrent Hodgkin's lymphoma. II. The value of bone marrow
      transplantation].

PMID- 2656190
TI  - [Ernst Kretschmer: the struggle for medical psychology].

PMID- 2656191
TI  - [Arctic medicine].

PMID- 2656192
TI  - [Beneficial light].

PMID- 2656193
TI  - [How animals adapt to the cold].

PMID- 2656194
TI  - [Central nervous system temperature regulation].

PMID- 2656195
TI  - [Hormonal effects of cold and light].

PMID- 2656196
TI  - [The metabolic effect of cold].

PMID- 2656197
TI  - [Cold and blood circulation].

PMID- 2656198
TI  - [Environmental temperature and circulatory diseases].

PMID- 2656199
TI  - [Effect of cold on respiration and respiratory diseases].

PMID- 2656201
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of frostbite injuries].

PMID- 2656200
TI  - [Mortality and seasonal change in Finland].

PMID- 2656202
TI  - [Cold weather work].

PMID- 2656203
TI  - [SLE and pregnancy].

PMID- 2656204
TI  - [Where and who should manage patients stricken with acute cerebrovascular
      disorders?].

PMID- 2656205
TI  - [Has there been a decrease in the risk of stroke?].

PMID- 2656206
TI  - [Risk factors in cerebrovascular disease].

PMID- 2656207
TI  - [Regulation and pathophysiology of cerebral circulation].

PMID- 2656208
TI  - [Atherosclerosis--the primary cause of cerebrovascular ischemia].

PMID- 2656209
TI  - [Arachidonic acid metabolites, blood platelets and vascular endothelium in
      cerebrovascular disease].

PMID- 2656210
TI  - [In which brain cells does ischemia occur?].

PMID- 2656211
TI  - [Stroke prevention].

PMID- 2656212
TI  - [Prognosis and management of transient cerebral ischemia].

PMID- 2656213
TI  - [Heart disease and cerebrovascular disorders].

PMID- 2656214
TI  - [Infrequent causes of cerebral ischemic disease].

PMID- 2656215
TI  - [Cerebrovascular disease in young persons].

PMID- 2656216
TI  - [Murmurs and carotid artery stenosis].

PMID- 2656217
TI  - [Diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease].

PMID- 2656218
TI  - [Management of acute stroke].

PMID- 2656219
TI  - [Benefit and risk of carotid artery surgery].

PMID- 2656220
TI  - [Surgical management of cerebral hemorrhage].

PMID- 2656221
TI  - [Treatment of cerebral hemorrhage].

PMID- 2656222
TI  - [Multi-infarct dementia].

PMID- 2656223
TI  - [Therapeutic rehabilitation of stroke patients].

PMID- 2656224
TI  - [Infection and cerebral infarction].

PMID- 2656225
TI  - [Bacterial stress proteins and autoimmunity].

PMID- 2656226
TI  - [The psychiatric challenge of asocial children and young persons].

PMID- 2656227
TI  - [Coronary artery disease associated with cardiac arrest and se- lective
      rususcitative management].

PMID- 2656228
TI  - [Prevention of urinary tract infection--cause and course in children and adults].

PMID- 2656229
TI  - Perilymph fistula.
AB  - PLF is an enigmatic otologic disease that may be congenital or acquired through
      surgery, trauma, neoplasm, or infection. The exact incidence of PLF is unknown,
      primarily because it is difficult to diagnose. A careful, thorough history is
      important in recognizing PLF. If a PLF exists, repair can be effected simply and
      quickly and may be very beneficial to the patient. There is a small but real risk
      of total hearing loss with operation to repair any PLF. Currently, the most
      useful diagnostic tests for PLF involve the vestibular system, and further
      studies of vestibular responses to PLF hold promise in improving our diagnostic
      ability.

PMID- 2656230
TI  - Variable presentations of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.
AB  - Although medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is rare, this disease generates
      considerable interest due to its unusual cellular origin from parafollicular C
      cells, ability to secrete calcitonin, and association with other endocrine
      adenomatosis. Pentagastrin-calcium stimulation continues to be the most valuable
      test for early diagnosis, in detecting recurrence of tumor, and for screening of
      family members. Total thyroidectomy along with central neck dissection is the
      treatment of choice. However, management of metastatic disease in the lateral
      neck remains controversial. We report three cases of medullary carcinoma of the
      thyroid to illustrate its various forms and the use of diagnostic tests.

PMID- 2656231
TI  - Fibrous dysplasia masquerading as chronic maxillary sinusitis.
AB  - Fibrous dysplasia is a rare disease of unknown cause that affects one or multiple
      bones. In its monostotic form, only one bone is involved. The maxilla is the most
      commonly affected facial bone. Facial deformity with or without pain is the most
      common presentation of fibrous dysplasia affecting the craniofacial bones. In
      certain cases the disorder can present clinically as chronic maxillary sinusitis.
      The clinical, radiologic, and histologic findings, as well as the differential
      diagnosis and treatment of this condition are reviewed.

PMID- 2656232
TI  - The child with a tracheotomy: making home care work.
AB  - Successful tracheotomy home care in children includes safe care of the child; it
      should promote the child's normal growth and development, yet minimize
      deleterious effects to the family's functioning and integrity. Only through
      cooperation and hard work among all concerned parties can this goal be attained.

PMID- 2656233
TI  - Pathologic disorders of the salivary glands.
AB  - The pathology of benign and malignant neoplasms and other lesions of salivary
      glands has been discussed with special reference to their macroscopic and
      microscopic appearances.

PMID- 2656234
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of salivary glands.
AB  - The historical development, technique, interpretation and diagnostic reliability
      of FNAC of the salivary glands are reviewed. The advantages, difficulties, and
      limitations of the method are considered.

PMID- 2656235
TI  - Immunohistochemistry of salivary gland tumors.

PMID- 2656236
TI  - Tumors of the minor salivary glands.
AB  - Ten to 15% of all salivary gland tumors arise from the minor salivary glands,
      which are distributed throughout the upper aerodigestive tract. Most of these
      tumors occur in the oral cavity, and there is a much higher incidence of
      malignancy than is the case with the major salivary glands. The pathologic
      appearance, clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of minor salivary gland
      tumors are discussed. Particular reference is made to the role of adjuvant
      radiotherapy in improving the control rate after surgical excision.

PMID- 2656237
TI  - Investigation of salivary gland disease.
AB  - The various techniques available for the investigation of salivary gland disease
      are described and their clinical applications discussed. Sialography and
      scintigraphy are most helpful in cases of recurrent glandular swelling, and CT or
      MRI in the evaluation of tumors.

PMID- 2656238
TI  - Inflammatory conditions of the major salivary glands.
AB  - The clinical features, diagnosis, management, and complications of inflammatory
      conditions affecting the major salivary glands are described. Acute and chronic
      infections arising primarily and secondary to predisposing causes are discussed,
      and cause and epidemiological factors are included as relevant. Noninfective
      inflammatory conditions are outlined.

PMID- 2656239
TI  - Analysis of components of fetal breathing cycles.
AB  - The duration of the inspiratory phase (Ti) and the expiratory phase (Te) together
      with the relative amplitude (Amp) of successive breathing movements of the chest
      wall or abdominal wall were measured by real-time ultrasound in 12 fetuses of
      normal gestation. The observations were performed at 33-39 gestational weeks. The
      distributions of Ti, Te, the duration of the breathing cycle (Ttot), Amp and the
      ratios Amp/Ti and Ti/Te were all considerably skewed. Correlations between these
      variables differed markedly in different fetuses. Running correlations, however,
      showed the presence of alternations with time in the correlations between Ti and
      Te, and between Amp and Ttot. These findings suggest the possibility of central
      nervous system mechanisms controlling these events, operating over time spans
      considerably longer than the individual breathing cycle.

PMID- 2656240
TI  - Vibratory acoustic stimulation and the flow velocity waveform in the fetal
      internal carotid artery.
AB  - Eleven healthy fetuses between 36 and 39 weeks of gestation were studied during
      the active sleep state to examine effects of a 5-s vibratory acoustic stimulus on
      the baseline fetal heart rate and flow velocity waveform in the fetal internal
      carotid artery. There was an immediate marked rise in baseline fetal heart rate
      with concomitant drop in pulsatility index in the flow velocity waveform of the
      fetal internal carotid artery, which persisted for at least 15 min after the
      stimulus. However, when the pulsatility index was standardized for a fetal heart
      rate of 140 beats/min this index remained virtually unaltered. These data suggest
      that in the healthy term fetus during active sleep state, a vibratory acoustic
      stimulus has no measurable effect on cerebral vascular resistance. Since
      virtually all reported studies on vibratory acoustic stimulation of the fetus
      were carried-out during the quiet sleep state, the data from the present study do
      not provide any information on the safety of this device when employed as a means
      of assessing of fetal well-being.

PMID- 2656241
TI  - [A historical perspective of the hospital].

PMID- 2656242
TI  - [Posthumous homage to Amador Neghme].

PMID- 2656243
TI  - Velocity of spreading of the excitation along the muscle fibres of human motor
      units measured by superficial electrodes.
AB  - It was demonstrated experimentally that the errors in measuring of the velocity
      of spreading of the excitations along the muscle fibres of human motor units were
      different when different types of surface electrodes are used. On this basis a
      new principle of double measurements is proposed which is applicable to all
      methods using surface electrodes. The principle was applied with the method for
      measuring velocity of the potentials of separate motor units. Correct values of
      velocity were obtained when v1 measured by one type of electrodes was equal to v2
      measured by other type of electrodes both types abolishing to a different degree
      the influence of the volume conductor on the error. The mean value of velocity
      for m. biceps brachii using equal double measurement was 3.62 +/- 0.51 m/s.

PMID- 2656244
TI  - Assessment of testicular function after acute and chronic irradiation: further
      evidence for an influence of late spermatids on Sertoli cell function in the
      adult rat.
AB  - To study cell to cell communications within the testis of adult Sprague-Dawley
      rats, we used acute whole body neutron plus gamma-irradiation (0.99 Gray of
      neutron and 0.24 Gray of gamma-rays, 3 min; Exp A) over 7-121 days
      postirradiation and chronic whole body gamma-irradiation (7 cGy/day 60Co gamma
      rays; Exp B) over 14-84 days of irradiation and 7-86 days postirradiation.
      Neither irradiation protocol had an effect on the body weight of the animals.
      Neutron plus gamma-rays induced dramatic damages to spermatogonia, preleptotene
      spermatocytes, spermatozoa, and, to a lesser extent, pachytene spermatocytes. In
      contrast, gamma-rays induced a selective destruction of spermatogonia.
      Subsequently, in both experiments a maturation-depletion process led to a marked
      decrease in all germ cell types. A complete or near complete recovery of the
      different germ cell types and spermatozoa took place during the two
      postirradiation periods. Under both irradiation protocols Sertoli cells number
      was unchanged. Androgen-binding protein and FSH levels were normal in spite of
      the disappearance of most germ cells from spermatogonia to early spermatids.
      However, the decline of androgen-binding protein as well as the rise of FSH and
      their subsequent recovery were highly correlated to the number of late spermatids
      and spermatozoa. Moreover, it appeared that spermatocytes may also interfere with
      the production of inhibin (Exp B). With neither irradiation was Leydig cell
      function altered, except in Exp B in which elevated LH levels were temporarily
      observed. Correlation analysis suggested a relationship between preleptotene
      spermatocytes and Leydig cell function. In conclusion, this study establishes
      that chronic gamma-irradiation is particularly useful in the study of
      intratesticular paracrine regulation in vivo and provides further support to the
      concept that late spermatids play a major role in controlling some aspects of
      Sertoli cell function in the adult rat.

PMID- 2656245
TI  - A rapid, extranuclear effect of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine on sugar uptake by
      several tissues in the rat in vivo. Evidence for a physiological role for the
      thyroid hormone action at the level of the plasma membrane.
AB  - T3 produced a prompt and biphasic change in the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose
      (dGlc) by atria, ventricles, diaphragm, and fat in the rat in vivo. At the lower
      physiological doses T3 produced a dose-related increase in tissue dGlc uptake;
      the lowest effective concentration was 5-10 ng/100 g BW, and maximal effect of
      about 75-100% increase above control values was seen at a T3 dose of 25
      (diaphragm) or 100 ng. At pharmacological doses of 5 and 50 micrograms/100 g BW
      T3 inhibited dGlc uptake by about 50%. Evaluation of the physiological related
      stimulatory effect of T3 on dGlc uptake in the four tissues revealed that it was
      independent of new protein synthesis, because it was not inhibited by
      cycloheximide which blocked [3H]leucine incorporation by more than 95%, and that
      it was thyroid hormone specific, as judged from the order of potency of several
      T3 analogs: 3'-isopropyl-L-T2 greater than or equal to L-T3 greater than L-T4 = D
      T3 greater than D-T4; L-rT3, 3,5-L-T2, and DL-thyronine were without effect.
      Additional studies demonstrated that in the four tissues employed T3 acted to
      promote sugar uptake by increasing the activity of the sugar transport system
      located at the plasma membrane. The present study together with previous in vitro
      and in vivo studies, in the same and other tissues, provide a strong evidence in
      support of a physiological role for the action of thyroid hormone at the level of
      the plasma membrane to increase cellular sugar uptake.

PMID- 2656246
TI  - Hormonal regulation of chick kidney inhibitor of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate
      dependent protein kinase.
AB  - The endogenous inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKI) in chick kidney
      is regulated by the vitamin D status of the animal. To determine the specific
      factors that are involved in the regulation of chick kidney PKI, chicks were
      raised on a low (0.05%), normal (1%), or high (3%) calcium diet and given vitamin
      D3 or vehicle three times a week orally. The results from this experimental
      protocol show that vitamin D3 or one or more of its metabolites and serum calcium
      levels are both involved in the regulation of chick kidney PKI in vivo.
      Measurement of PKI activity in primary cultures of chick kidney cells revealed
      treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3) led to a 90-95% decrease
      in PKI activity. This effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was dose dependent, and neither PTH
      nor insulin was able to reverse it completely. Treatment with PTH caused 30-60%
      increase in PKI activity, and cell cultures that were grown in medium containing
      either 0.5 or 2 mM calcium chloride had similar PKI activities. Taken together,
      these results indicate that 1,25-(OH)2D3, the most physiologically active form of
      vitamin D3, is the predominant regulator of PKI, but serum calcium, indirectly
      through the regulation of PTH secretion, is also involved.

PMID- 2656247
TI  - Pancreastatin-like immunoreactivity and insulin are released in parallel from the
      perfused porcine pancreas.
AB  - Pancreastatin, a peptide isolated from the porcine pancreas, suppresses insulin
      release from pancreatic islets of the rat. Pancreastatin immunoreactivity has
      been localized to islet B and D cells in the porcine pancreas. We have developed
      a RIA for this peptide, using rabbit anti-porcine pancreastatin antibodies and
      125I-Tyr-pancreastatin. Isolated pig pancreata were perfused with a
      nonrecirculating bicarbonate buffer solution containing 4% Dextran and 0.1%
      Albumin. Glucose (11 mmol/liter) induced a biphasic release of pancreastatin-like
      immunoreactivity (PLI). Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves (8 Hz), as
      well as perfusion with acetyl choline (10(-6) mol/liter) in the presence of 5.5
      mmol/liter glucose, also evoked prompt PLI responses. Furthermore, truncated GLP
      1 (proglucagon 78-107; 10(-9) mol/liter) induced PLI release. All tested stimuli
      also elicited insulin secretion. To investigate whether the PLI measured could be
      ascribed to secretion of the low molecular weight pancreastatin (Mr 5,100) or to
      a possible precursor such as chromogranin A (Mr approximately 75,000), perfusates
      containing PLI were subjected to gel filtration on an Ultropac G3000SW column.
      All of the PLI was recovered at the elution position of the pancreastatin marker.
      In conclusion, PLI and insulin are released in parallel from the perfused porcine
      pancreas, exposed to stimuli known to affect insulin release.

PMID- 2656248
TI  - Insulin stimulates the synthesis and release of prolactin from human decidual
      cells.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin have been implicated in the
      regulation of differentiated functions in many cells. We have reported that IGF-I
      stimulates the release of decidual PRL, acting through the type I IGF receptor
      (1). To determine whether insulin regulates the synthesis and secretion of
      decidual PRL, monolayer cultures of human decidual cells were exposed to insulin
      at concentrations ranging from 10 ng to 10 micrograms/ml for up to 5 days.
      Insulin stimulated a dose-dependent increase in PRL release (half-maximal
      concentration, 50 ng/ml), beginning 48 h after initial exposure. Insulin-exposed
      cells released 62 +/- 2% (mean +/- SEM), 97 +/- 3% and 82 +/- 6% more PRL than
      control cultures on days 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Insulin also stimulated de
      novo PRL synthesis. During the final 24-h culture period, insulin-exposed cells
      released 73 +/- 7% more immunoprecipitable [35S]-methionyl PRL than control
      cells, comparable to the 60 +/- 7% increase in PRL (by RIA) during the same
      period. Insulin effects were relatively specific to PRL, since insulin had a much
      smaller effect on the synthesis of total trichloroacetic acid-precipitable
      proteins. Additionally, insulin had no significant effect on cell number, total
      DNA, or total cellular protein. Specific and saturable insulin-binding sites were
      observed in decidual cells, and polyclonal antibodies to the insulin receptor
      acted as insulin agonists, stimulating an increase in PRL release comparable to
      that produced by insulin alone. These observations suggest that the responses to
      insulin are mediated through the insulin receptor. Furthermore, our studies
      suggest that insulin may have a role in the regulation of PRL synthesis and
      release from human decidua.

PMID- 2656249
TI  - Metabolism of 35S- and 14C-labeled propylthiouracil in a model in vitro system
      containing thyroid peroxidase.
AB  - In previous communications we described an in vitro model system containing
      highly purified thyroid peroxidase (TPO) for studying the mechanism of inhibition
      of thyroid hormone biosynthesis by the antithyroid drugs, 6-propylthiouracil
      (PTU) and 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (MMI). We showed that inhibition of
      iodination of thyroglobulin in this system may be reversible or irreversible
      depending on the relative concentrations of iodide and drug and the TPO
      concentration. Metabolism of the drugs occurred under both conditions, but was
      more limited under irreversible conditions of inhibition. It was of interest to
      examine the nature of the drug metabolites associated with reversible and
      irreversible conditions of inhibition. For this purpose we have employed the 35S-
      and 14C-labeled drugs and a recently developed reverse phase HPLC procedure.
      Results of a similar study with MMI were reported in an earlier communication. In
      the present study we report our findings with PTU. Under conditions of reversible
      inhibition, PTU was readily metabolized and by 15 min was reduced to a few
      percent of the starting value. The earliest detectable metabolite with both [35S]
      and [14C]PTU was the disulfide, which reached a peak in about 15 min and then
      slowly declined. Coincident with the decline in the disulfide was the appearance
      of more polar metabolites. In the case of [35S]PTU, these corresponded to
      sulfate/sulfite, PTU sulfonate, and a product tentatively identified as PTU
      sulfinate. The latter two were also observed as 14C-labeled metabolites produced
      from [14C]PTU. Two nonpolar desulfurated 14C-labeled metabolites were also
      observed. Surprisingly, these did not correspond to either propyluracil or
      propyldeoxyuracil, the anticipated most likely products of PTU desulfuration. The
      identity of these desulfurated metabolites of PTU in the TPO model system remains
      to be determined. Under conditions of irreversible inhibition of iodination, a
      relatively small fraction of PTU was metabolized. PTU disulfide was, again, the
      earliest detectable metabolite, and it declined with time. However, only small
      amounts of other metabolites were observed, in contrast to the results obtained
      under conditions of reversible inhibition of iodination. As in the case of MMI,
      the difference in metabolic pattern between reversible and irreversible
      conditions is primarily related to the rapid inactivation of TPO that occurs
      under irreversible conditions. In general, the metabolism of PTU by the TPO model
      system resembled that previously observed with MMI. With both drugs, the
      disulfide was the earliest detectable metabolite, and under conditions of
      reversible inhibition of iodination, an appreciable fraction of the sulfur was
      oxidized as far as sulfate/sulfite.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2656250
TI  - A reexamination of the proposed inactivation of thyroid peroxidase in the rat
      thyroid by propylthiouracil.
AB  - The antithyroid drug 6-propylthiouracil (PTU) was previously shown in our
      laboratory to have an unexpectedly prolonged inhibitory effect on iodination in
      the thyroid glands of rats. Eighteen hours after injection of a relatively small
      dose, iodination in the thyroid remained inhibited by more than 90%. We
      previously suggested that the prolonged inhibitory effect might be due to
      inactivation of thyroid peroxidase (TPO), a reaction previously shown to occur
      under certain conditions in an in vitro iodinating system containing highly
      purified TPO. However, the analytical procedure used in our earlier study did not
      exclude the possibility that sufficient PTU remained in the thyroid even after 18
      h to inhibit TPO-catalyzed iodination by a reversible mechanism. Development of
      an improved analytical procedure, based on HPLC, led us to reexamine the
      mechanism of the prolonged inhibitory effect of PTU on iodination in rat thyroid
      glands. Rats were injected with [35S]PTU (1 mumol/100 g BW), and ultrafiltrates
      prepared from their homogenized thyroid glands were analyzed by HPLC. The major
      35S-labeled metabolites were identified as sulfate/sulfite, PTU sulfinate, and
      PTU sulfonate. However, even after 18 h, a significant amount of unchanged
      [35S]PTU was also present. The calculated mean concentration of residual PTU was
      20 microM, a sufficiently high level to explain the observed inhibition of
      iodination on the basis of a reversible mechanism. Experiments were also
      performed to examine the intrathyroidal distribution of 35S at intervals after
      the injection of [35S]PTU. All of the oxidation products of PTU showed marked
      increases between 2 and 16 h after injection. Based on our view that TPO is the
      major mediator of intrathyroidal metabolism of PTU, this observation is
      inconsistent with our previous proposal that TPO is inactivated after PTU
      injection. The results of the present study, therefore, lead us to withdraw our
      previous suggestion that TPO is inactivated after injection of PTU into rats. It
      is more likely that inhibition of iodination by PTU in the rat thyroid involves
      competition between PTU and tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin for oxidized
      iodine, comparable to the reversible mechanism of inhibition observed in the TPO
      model system.

PMID- 2656251
TI  - In memoriam Sidney H. Ingbar.

PMID- 2656252
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging as a sensitive and specific predictor of neoplasms
      removed for intractable epilepsy.
AB  - Twenty-three patients had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed
      tomography (CT) of the head prior to surgery for medically intractable epilepsy.
      Eleven patients had neoplasms, mostly astrocytomas. Six of the 11 tumors were
      seen on CT. In five of the six cases, the MRI showed a focal area of increased
      signal on T2-weighted images. All 11 tumors were detected by MRI. None of the non
      neoplastic lesions produced an abnormal T2-weighted signal area on MRI. Only one
      of the non-neoplastic lesions was seen on both CT and on MRI. MRI allowed clear
      discrimination between tumors and non-neoplastic lesions in patients coming to
      surgery for intractable epilepsy.

PMID- 2656253
TI  - Gene fusions to lacZ reveal new expression patterns of chimeric genes in
      transgenic plants.
AB  - The lacZ gene of Escherichia coli, coding for beta-galactosidase, is a widely
      used reporter gene for gene expression studies in microbial and animal systems.
      To demonstrate that it is also a powerful reporter gene in plants, lacZ was fused
      to 5' regulatory elements of several genes known to be functional in plant cells.
      By measuring LacZ activities in transgenic plants containing these gene
      constructs, we showed that the reporter is correctly monitoring the regulatory
      properties of the well-characterized promoters fused to lacZ. beta-Galactosidase
      was assayed directly in plant extracts when they contained high levels of LacZ
      or, when LacZ was expressed at low level, by separating the endogenous and LacZ
      activities electrophoretically and detecting the enzymes with a fluorogenic
      substrate. The most outstanding property of the marker is its amenability to
      histochemical detection. Due to its stability, LacZ can be fixed in the tissue
      with glutaraldehyde without loss of activity and detected with high resolution by
      using XGal. We could reveal expression patterns unnoticed earlier for many of the
      regulatory elements studied. The chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene, expressed
      at very high levels in green tissues, is also expressed at a low level in the
      vascular cylinder of the root. The Agrobacterium T-DNA gene encoding octopine
      synthase is especially active in the epidermis of the root tip and the TR2' gene
      was shown to be root specific in the intact plant and stimulated by wounding in
      the leaf tissue. The TR1' gene, fused to nptII, shows similar characteristics
      suggesting co-regulation of this tightly linked dual promoter.

PMID- 2656254
TI  - A second proteinase encoded by a plant potyvirus genome.
AB  - The RNA genome of tobacco etch virus (TEV) encodes a large polyprotein precursor
      that is processed to mature proteins by virus-specific proteinases. Cleavage
      sites located within the carboxyl-terminal two-thirds of the polyprotein are
      processed by a TEV-encoded 49 kd proteinase, while the enzyme(s) responsible for
      cleaving the remaining sites has not been found. In this study, a second TEV
      encoded proteinase has been identified based on cell-free expression of defined
      RNA transcripts. The boundaries of this proteinase have been delineated by
      deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis. The proteolytically active
      domain has been localized to the carboxyl-terminal half of the 56 kd aphid
      transmission helper component. A cleavage site that is recognized by this
      proteinase has been identified in the polyprotein adjacent to the carboxyl
      terminus of the enzyme, and the proteinase appears to cleave by an autocatalytic
      mechanism. Proteolysis in vitro occurs between a Gly-Gly dipeptide as determined
      by radiochemical sequencing at the amino-terminus of the proteolytic product.

PMID- 2656256
TI  - Isolation of point mutations that affect the folding of the H chain of human
      ferritin in E.coli.
AB  - We have approached the problem of folding and assembly of the heavy (H) chain of
      human ferritin by isolating point mutations that affect this process. Apoferritin
      is an ideal model system to approach the problem of protein folding and assembly
      into multimeric structures. We have developed a recombinant hybrid molecule that
      allows us to select for ferritin mutants in which the folding-assembly process is
      altered or completely impaired. The selection procedure is based on a recombinant
      protein which consists of a fusion between the H chain of human ferritin and the
      alpha-peptide of beta-galactosidase. In the wild type situation, the alpha
      peptide domain is segregated inside the apoferritin shell upon assembly and is
      unable to interact with the substrate and perform its enzymic function. We show
      that by selecting for mutations that restore beta-galactosidase activity we are
      able to identify ferritin mutations that affect the folding-assembly process. The
      selective procedure was applied to the analysis of the amino acid side chains
      that are important for the attainment of the correct conformation of the carboxy
      terminal E helix in the 4-fold axis.

PMID- 2656255
TI  - Studying the structure of the intracellular moiety of the insulin receptor with a
      kinase-splitting membranal proteinase.
AB  - A kinase-splitting membranal proteinase specifically clips the cytoplasmic moiety
      of the insulin receptor beta-subunit (95 kd) to yield an 84-kd fragment. Using
      antibodies against different domains in the receptor, cleavage is shown to remove
      an 11-kd 'tail' (rooted at the C-terminal end of the kinase domain) which
      includes tyrosines 1316 and 1322. This cleavage impairs the ability of the
      clustered tyrosines 1146, 1150 and 1151 to undergo autophosphorylation.
      Nevertheless, the clipped beta-subunit is as active as the intact subunit if its
      kinase activity is measured at high exogenous substrate concentrations (greater
      than or equal to 2 mg/ml) indicating that autophosphorylation is not obligatory
      for insulin-dependent phosphotransferase activity. With low substrate
      concentrations (e.g. 0.2 mg/ml) a severe damage to the kinase activity is
      detected, which may reflect an important structural contribution of the 'tail'
      and/or the clustered phosphotyrosines in creating the preferential affinity of
      the kinase for its in vivo substrate(s). The membranal proteinase strictly
      recognizes the native conformation of the kinase domain, and fails to cleave it
      after denaturation. Since such a conformation-dependent cleavage occurs also in
      the case of the cytoplasmic moiety of the EGF receptor and the catalytic subunit
      of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, it is suggested that the similarity between
      these three kinase domains extends beyond their reported sequence homology to
      reflect a similarity in conformation.

PMID- 2656257
TI  - Mutational analysis of a prokaryotic recombinational enhancer element with two
      functions.
AB  - The site-specific DNA inversion system Cin encoded by the bacteriophage P1
      consists of a recombinase, two inverted crossing-over sites and a recombinational
      enhancer. The latter approximately 75 bp long genetic element is bifunctional due
      to its location within the 5' part of the cin gene encoding the recombinase. In
      order to determine the essential nucleotides for each of its two biological
      functions we randomly mutated the recombinational enhancer sequence sis(P1) and
      analysed both functions of the mutants obtained. Three distinct regions of this
      sequence were found to be important for the enhancer activity. One of them
      occupies the middle third of the enhancer sequence and it can suffer a number of
      functionally neutral base substitutions, while others are detrimental. The other
      two regions occupy the two flanking thirds of the enhancer. They coincide with
      binding sites of the host-coded protein FIS (Factor for Inversion Stimulation)
      needed for efficient DNA inversion in vitro. These sequences appear to be highly
      evolved allowing only a few mutations without affecting either of the biological
      functions. Taking the effect of mutations within these FIS binding sites into
      account a consensus sequence for the interaction with FIS was compiled. This FIS
      consensus implies a palindromic structure for the recombinational enhancer. This
      is in line with the orientation independence of enhancer action with respect to
      the crossing-over sites.

PMID- 2656258
TI  - Induction of dnaN and dnaQ gene expression in Escherichia coli by alkylation
      damage to DNA.
AB  - The dnaN and dnaQ genes encode the beta-subunit and the epsilon-subunit of the
      DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. By transcriptional fusions to the galK gene,
      translational fusions to lacZ and comparative S1 mapping analysis, we
      investigated the in-vivo regulation of dnaN and dnaQ. We found that DNA damage
      caused by the alkylating agent methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) leads to a
      significant induction in dnaN and dnaQ gene expression suggesting a requirement
      of increased amounts of at least some DNA polymerase III holoenzyme subunits for
      recovery from DNA damage caused by MMS. These results are first evidences that
      subunits of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme are DNA damage inducible. This MMS
      induction of dnaN and dnaQ gene expression is unrelated to the adaptive response.
      It was not observed in lexA and recA mutants which abolish the induction of the
      SOS response.

PMID- 2656259
TI  - Isolation and analysis of the C-terminal signal directing export of Escherichia
      coli hemolysin protein across both bacterial membranes.
AB  - We have studied the C-terminal signal which directs the complete export of the
      1024-amino-acid hemolysin protein (HlyA) of Escherichia coli across both
      bacterial membranes into the surrounding medium. Isolation and sequencing of
      homologous hlyA genes from the related bacteria Proteus vulgaris and Morganella
      morganii revealed high primary sequence divergence in the three HlyA C-termini
      and highlighted within the extreme terminal 53 amino acids the conservation of
      three contiguous sequences, a potential 18-amino-acid amphiphilic alpha-helix, a
      cluster of charged residues, and a weakly hydrophobic terminal sequence rich in
      hydroxylated residues. Fusion of the C-terminal 53 amino acid sequence to non
      exported truncated Hly A directed wild-type export but export was radically
      reduced following independent disruption or progressive truncation of the three C
      terminal features by in-frame deletion and the introduction of translation stop
      codons within the 3' hlyA sequence. The data indicate that the HlyA C-terminal
      export signal comprises multiple components and suggest possible analogies with
      the mitochondrial import signal. Hemolysis assays and immunoblotting confirmed
      the intracellular accumulation of non-exported HlyA proteins and supported the
      view that export proceeds without a periplasmic intermediate. Comparison of
      cytoplasmic and extracellular forms of an independently exported extreme C
      terminal 194 residue peptide showed that the signal was not removed during
      export.

PMID- 2656260
TI  - Phase-variation of pyelonephritis-associated pili in Escherichia coli: evidence
      for transcriptional regulation.
AB  - The regulation of pyelonephritis-associated pili (pap) pilin gene transcription
      has been examined using two operons (pap-17 and pap-21) isolated from the
      pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli strain C1212. DNA sequence analysis and E.
      coli minicell analysis were used to map two genes (papB and papI) within the
      pilin regulatory regions of both pap-17 and pap-21, and the protein products of
      these genes were identified. Pilin transcription, initiated at the papBA
      promoter, was monitored by constructing single copy operon fusions with lacZYA in
      E. coli K-12. Inoculation of E. coli (pap'-lac) strains onto solid M9 minimal
      medium containing glycerol and the Lac indicator X-gal (M9-Glycerol) yielded both
      Lac+ and Lac- colony phenotypes. The Lac+ ("phase on') and Lac- ("phase off')
      phenotypes were heritable since reinoculation of M9-Glycerol with bacteria picked
      from Lac+ colonies gave rise to a much higher fraction of Lac+ colonies than
      reinoculation of M9-Glycerol with bacteria picked from Lac- colonies. Measurement
      of phase transition rates for E. coli (pap17'-lac) inoculated onto M9-Glycerol
      showed that the Lac(-)----Lac+ transition frequency (1.57 X 10(
      4)/cell/generation) was reduced 35-fold when cells were inoculated onto minimal
      medium containing glucose (M9-Glucose). However, the Lac+----Lac-transition
      frequency obtained using M9-Glycerol (2.60 X 10(-2)/cell/generation) was 1.4-fold
      lower compared to results obtained with M9-Glucose. In contrast, lowering the
      incubation temperature of E. coli (pap17'-lac) cultures from 37 degrees C to 23
      degrees C caused all cells to shift to the Lac- state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2656261
TI  - Interpathway regulation of the TRP4 gene of yeast.
AB  - Two regulatory proteins, PHO2 and the general control regulator GCN4, bind in
      vitro to the promoter of the tryptophan biosynthetic TRP4 gene; the TRP4 gene
      product catalyses the phosphoribosylation of anthranilate. PHO2 binds
      specifically to the TRP4 promoter, but does not bind to any other TRP promoter.
      PHO2 and GCN4 proteins bind in a mutually exclusive manner to the same sequence,
      UAS1, one of two GCN4 binding sites in the TRP4 promoter. UAS1 is the major site
      for GCN4-dependent TRP4 activation. The second GCN4 binding site, UAS2, interacts
      with GCN4 alone. PHO2 binding interferes with the general control response of
      TRP4 under low phosphate conditions and simultaneous amino acid starvation and
      thus the PHO2 regulatory protein connects phosphate metabolism and amino acid
      biosynthesis in yeast. The GCN4 protein mediates the response of the
      transcriptional apparatus to the environmental signal 'amino acid limitation',
      while PHO2 seems to be the phosphate sensor that adjusts the response to the
      availability of phosphate precursors.

PMID- 2656262
TI  - Internal and terminal cis-acting sites are necessary for in vitro replication of
      the L-A double-stranded RNA virus of yeast.
AB  - Empty particles of the L-A dsRNA virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae bind to added
      viral (+) strands and convert them to dsRNA (RNA replication) in an in vitro
      reaction that is dependent on host factors. X dsRNA (530 bp long) is a deletion
      derivative of L-A dsRNA (4.5 kb). By modifying our cDNA clone of X and testing
      template activity of T7 RNA polymerase transcripts, we have found that both the
      3' end 30 bases and an internal site on the (+) strand are necessary for optimal
      replication [in vitro (-) strand synthesis]. Changing any one of the 3' terminal
      three bases eliminates template activity, but the 3' terminal five bases of M1 (a
      satellite virus of L-A) can replace the 3' terminal four bases of X. A
      subterminal stem-loop structure is also important for template activity. The
      internal site that enhances replication is approximately 400 bp from the 3' end
      and is distinct from the site necessary for binding of (+) strands to the empty
      viral particles.

PMID- 2656263
TI  - A comparison of the anaesthetic properties of propofol and methohexitone when
      used as the sole induction agent for thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion.
AB  - Methohexitone and propofol were compared when used as the sole induction agent
      for thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. Sleeping and apnoea times were
      not significantly different for both drugs, nor were they for the same drug
      during repetitive inductions. However, the haemodynamic data showed a better
      stability when propofol was used. Amnesia may be in favour of propofol. There
      were no significant differences concerning pre- and post-operative side-effects
      in both groups.

PMID- 2656264
TI  - Anaesthetic induction in children: the effects of maternal presence on mood and
      subsequent behaviour.
AB  - Forty-nine children, aged from 1 to 9 years, undergoing elective surgery under
      general anaesthesia, were studied in two groups. In one group, each child's
      mother was present during induction of anaesthesia, whereas in the other group no
      parent was present. Children's moods and cooperation during waiting and induction
      periods did not differ significantly between the groups, neither was the
      incidence of technical difficulties with anaesthetic induction different.
      Induction took longer (P = 0.005) if the mother was present. Mothers, when
      present, were calm and supportive to their children, with one exception. No
      mother was critical or interfering. Each child's behaviour was assessed by
      questionnaire pre-operatively and 4 weeks post-operatively. There was a
      significant overall improvement in behaviour scores post-operatively. There were
      no significant differences in direction or magnitude of behaviour changes between
      the two groups.

PMID- 2656265
TI  - Long-term survival in medically treated patients with ischaemic heart disease and
      prognostic importance of clinical and electrocardiographic data (the Italian CNR
      Multicentre Prospective Study OD1).
AB  - In order to study long-term survival in medically treated patients with ischaemic
      heart disease in our country and to evaluate the prognostic significance of
      clinical variables, 1083 patients less than 65 years old were followed up for a
      mean period of 66 months (min 36, max 93). All patients performed an exercise
      stress test and had coronary angiography. Vital status was known for 98.3% of the
      patients. The great majority were treated with calcium antagonists and nitrates.
      In the overall population, the annual cardiac mortality rate was 1.54%. On the
      basis of clinical variables, groups with a tenfold difference in mortality could
      be identified. The annual cardiac mortality was 0.29% in patients without
      myocardial infarction and effort ischaemia and reached 3.12% in those with
      extensive infarction and/or severe reduction of exercise tolerance. Among risk
      factors, only arterial hypertension was an independent predictor of mortality.
      According to angiographic variables, the highest mortality rate was 5.7% in
      patients with three-vessel disease and poor left ventricular function. When
      multivariate analysis was applied to clinically stratified subgroups,
      angiographic variables gave additional prognostic information on survival only in
      the subgroup with an intermediate prognosis. In conclusion (1) the annual cardiac
      mortality in our medically treated patients is low; (2) patients with very
      different prognoses may be identified on a clinical basis; (3) coronary
      angiography adds prognostic information only in moderately severe disease.

PMID- 2656266
TI  - Efficacy of felodipine in congestive heart failure.
AB  - The efficacy of felodipine, a vasodilating calcium antagonist, was analysed in 23
      patients with congestive heart failure, New York Heart Association class III,
      during an 8-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study.
      After felodipine, exercise duration increased significantly without changes in
      oxygen consumption. Heart rate, arterial pressures and rate pressure product
      decreased at similar submaximal exercise levels. Invasive haemodynamics before
      and after 8 weeks of therapy revealed arterial vasodilation without reflex
      tachycardia and no significant reduction in right atrial, pulmonary and capillary
      wedge pressures. Subjective symptom scores improved and side-effects were minor.
      Fluid retention, as assessed by body weight and ankle circumference did not
      occur. Felodipine has a beneficial effect in patients with moderately severe
      heart failure. Further research is necessary to demonstrate its long-term
      efficacy and safety.

PMID- 2656267
TI  - Dipyridamole-echocardiography test: historical background and physiologic basis.
AB  - Dipyridamole was first introduced as an antianginal, coronary vasodilator agent.
      It was soon found that this drug could not prevent effort ischaemia; on the
      contrary, given intravenously, it could frequently induce ischaemia in the
      presence of coronary artery stenosis. This property was exploited for the
      diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The dipyridamole-induced ischaemia was
      detected by different techniques: ST-segment depression, thallium 201
      scintigraphy and echocardiography. This review article describes the mechanisms
      underlying dipyridamole-induced ischaemia and discusses the value of this
      pharmacologic stress test for the detection of coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2656268
TI  - Intra-operative diagnosis of lymph node metastases in gynaecological practice
      using imprint cytology.
AB  - The technique of imprint cytology has been described for the assessment of
      malignancy and correlates well with histology. Despite the simplicity, speed and
      excellent cellular detail the technique has still not been fully appreciated. We
      describe the value of the technique applied to intra-operative diagnosis of lymph
      node metastases in gynaecological malignancy. Four hundred and seventy five lymph
      nodes were examined using imprint cytology followed by routine histology. The
      technique of imprint cytology was found to have a zero false negative rate, 0.6%
      false positive rate and an accuracy of 99.3%. We advocate the consideration of
      this technique for the evaluation of cases with gynaecological malignancy as an
      alternative to frozen section histology.

PMID- 2656269
TI  - The climacteric and gynaecological cancers.
AB  - Epidemiologic data show how the climacteric is definitely an high risk period for
      the developing of genital and mammary neoplasias. This can be probably explained
      for the genital district by the hyperestrogenic situation that the climacteric
      woman experiences and by the promoting effect that estrogens have on the
      neoplastic growth. As far as the mammary cancer concerns the reproductive history
      would seem to be more important than the perimenopausal hormonal in determining
      the high risk woman. Estrogen replacement therapy would seem to be dangerous only
      for the endometrium while little or no effect can be demonstrated for the ovary
      and the breast. The combined estrogen-progesterone therapy all the beneficial
      effects and seems to be absolutely safe.

PMID- 2656270
TI  - Chronopharmacology and its application to the development of theophylline
      treatment schedules for asthma.

PMID- 2656271
TI  - Effect of therapeutic concentrations of anthracyclines on monocyte phagocytosis
      of yeast cells.
AB  - The effect of therapeutic concentrations of doxorubicin, epirubicin, and
      mitoxanthrone on mature leukocyte function has been examined by measuring
      phagocytosis of yeast cells by surface-bound monocytes, using a fluorescence
      quenching method. There was a 10% inhibition of monocyte phagocytosis by
      doxorubicin, but epirubicin and mitoxanthrone had no effect on monocyte
      phagocytosis. Anthracyclines may have a major immunosuppressive effect due to
      bone marrow depression. The lack of interference with mature monocyte function by
      epirubicin and mitoxanthrone provides a potential advantage in comparison with
      the parent compounds.

PMID- 2656272
TI  - Terbutaline decreases the blood flow of the pancreatic islets but does not reduce
      the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin in the rat.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected i.v. with either 0.5 ml saline or
      terbutaline (1 mg/kg body weight) and 5 min later the whole pancreatic blood flow
      (PBF) and the islet blood flow (IBF) were measured with a microsphere technique.
      Injection of terbutaline increased the serum insulin concentrations, but had no
      effect on the serum glucose concentration of the animals. The IBF was decreased
      by terbutaline by approximately 40%, while the PBF remained unchanged.
      Furthermore, the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin (SZ; 35 mg/kg bodyweight;
      i.v.) was not affected by the administration of terbutaline 5 min before the SZ
      injection. It is concluded that the beta 2-selective adrenoceptor agonist
      terbutaline selectively decreases the blood flow of the pancreatic islets in
      spite of its stimulatory effects on the release of insulin. This confirms our
      previous findings that the IBF and the release of insulin can be dissociated.
      Moreover, the hyperglycemic action of a single diabetogenic dose of SZ could not
      be reduced by terbutaline administration despite the reduction in the IBF. This
      suggests that a decrease in the islet blood flow is not sufficient to prevent the
      cytotoxicity of SZ.

PMID- 2656273
TI  - The effect of acute and chronic treatment with SCH 23390 on the spontaneous
      activity of midbrain dopamine neurons.
AB  - The effect of acute and chronic administration of SCH 23390 on the spontaneous
      activity of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and
      ventral tegmental area (VTA) was studied. Two groups of rats were given an acute
      subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of the specific D-1 DA receptor block SCH 23390
      (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg). In four separate chronic experiments, SCH 23390 was
      administered repeatedly for 21 days either s.c. (0.5 or 1 mg/kg) or orally (5 or
      10 mg/kg). No change in the number of spontaneously active DA neurons was found
      either after acute or chronic treatment with SCH 23390. On the other hand,
      chronic (21 days) haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg per os) produced a marked reduction in
      the number of spontaneously active DA neurons both in the SNc and VTA, a finding
      previously shown to be due to the development of depolarization block. It is
      concluded that chronic D-1 DA receptor blockade, may not be involved in the
      development of depolarization block produced by chronic treatment with
      antipsychotic drugs.

PMID- 2656274
TI  - Vasoconstrictor response of large cerebral arteries of cats to endothelin, an
      endothelium-derived vasoactive peptide.
AB  - Endothelin, a 21-amino acid peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells,
      caused a sustained constriction of isolated large cerebral arteries of cats in a
      dose-dependent manner. The increased tone of the tissue did not return to the
      resting level after repeated washings. No vasodilator response was evoked by
      endothelin in the presence of an active tone. The contractile response of
      cerebral arteries was not inhibited by rubbing of the endothelium, cold storage
      denervation or indomethacin. In contrast, nicardipine or diltiazem antagonized
      the endothelin-induced contraction non-competitively. No contraction was evoked
      by endothelin in a Ca2+-free solution while the addition of Ca2+ ions in the
      presence of endothelin in a Ca2+-free solution caused a sustained contraction.
      Ca2+-induced contraction in the Ca2+-free solution containing endothelin was also
      inhibited by nicardipine. Therefore, endothelin causes a direct contraction of
      the smooth muscles of cat cerebral arteries, probably by activating the influx of
      Ca2+ ions through L-type Ca2+ channels of smooth muscles.

PMID- 2656275
TI  - Inotropic effects of endothelin in ferret ventricular myocardium.
AB  - The characteristics of the inotropic response to endothelin were studied in
      isolated ferret papillary muscle preparations. Endothelin (0.1-10 nM) induced
      concentration-dependent positive inotropic effects. At 10 nM, isometric tension
      increased by 17%, maximum rate of tension development by 18%, maximum velocity of
      unloaded shortening by 23% and peak isotonic shortening by 11%. Time to peak
      isometric tension and half isometric relaxation time were unaltered by
      endothelin. This pattern of change is similar to that of elevating extracellular
      calcium concentration.

PMID- 2656276
TI  - Autoradiographic localisation of endothelin binding sites in kidney.
AB  - [125I]Endothelin binding sites occurred in glomeruli of human, monkey, rat and
      dog kidney but not rabbit glomeruli. The renal medulla had more binding sites in
      all species, with the greatest densities of all in the rat and monkey renal
      papillas. Binding in rat kidney was inhibited by [Ala3,11]endothelin with lower
      potency than endothelin but not by unrelated peptides. These binding sites may
      represent the endothelin receptors and suggest actions for endothelin on renal
      function.

PMID- 2656277
TI  - Scleral fibroblasts of the chick embryo proliferate by an autocrine mechanism in
      protein-free primary cultures: differential secretion of growth factors depending
      on the growth state.
AB  - Scleral fibroblasts of the chick embryo in primary culture proliferated in a
      protein-free medium. Conditioned medium (CdM) from the culture contained plural
      growth-promoting factors, which were active to the same cell type. The activity
      of one of the growth-promoting factors (SAF-I) was heat-resistant and the rest
      (SAF-II) were heat-sensitive. SAF-I accumulated in the CdM only during the
      growing phase; on the other hand, SAF-II accumulated in the CdM during the
      stationary phase. SAF-I showed the same time course of DNA synthesis-promoting
      activity as human PDGF. However, the activity of the SAF-I was not neutralized by
      anti-human PDGF. On the other hand, a part of the SAF-II (SAF-II a) showed a
      strong affinity for heparin.

PMID- 2656278
TI  - Nucleolar proteins identified in human cells as antigens by sera from dogs with
      autoimmune disorders.
AB  - In the course of a systematic screening of sera from dogs suffering from
      autoimmune disorders, three sera were shown by indirect immunofluorescence to
      characteristically label the nucleoli and nucleoplasm of human cell lines (Hep-2
      and HeLa). This pattern of staining persisted throughout the cell cycle, except
      for mitosis when the fluorescence was localized in extrachromosomal areas. By
      immunoblotting nuclear and subnuclear fractions, three polypeptides of 110,000,
      95,000, and 45,000 Da apparent molecular weight were identified, which reacted
      with all three sera. By means of affinity purification, it was shown that an
      antibody specific for any one of the three proteins also reacts with the two
      others. This antigenic cross-reactivity suggested regions of structural homology
      shared by the three proteins. Indeed, treatment of nucleoli with high
      concentrations of DNase I containing residual proteolytic activity resulted in
      the disappearance of the 110- and 95-kDa proteins and the concomitant appearance
      of a doublet of 45-kDa proteins. Subnuclear localization studies indicated that
      all three polypeptides were located in both nucleoli and nucleoplasm.
      Significantly, the 110-kDa protein differs from the major nucleolar protein,
      nucleolin, by its electrophoretic mobility in two-dimensional gels, its location
      in nucleoli and in nucleoplasm, its absence in nucleolar organizer regions of
      chromosomes, and its differential solubility of DNase I. Therefore, the three
      antigenically related species reported in this study constitute a new class of
      nucleolar proteins.

PMID- 2656279
TI  - Laminin synthesis by NK cells and modulation of its expression by TPA (12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate).
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells have been suggested to play a major role in resistance
      against metastatic spread of tumors. This study was aimed at understanding
      whether laminin (LM), a component of the extracellular matrix involved in the
      mechanism of tumor invasion and cell interaction, is expressed by NK cells. The
      results indicate that NK cells can synthesize and display on the cell surface LM
      and that TPA can modulate its expression. Our findings suggest that the presence
      of LM on NK cells could be relevant in the control of tumor invasion by NK cells.

PMID- 2656280
TI  - Microfilaments and actin-associated proteins at sites of membrane-substrate
      attachment within acetylcholine receptor clusters.
AB  - Rat myotubes in tissue culture form broad areas of close contact with the
      substrate. These areas often display two distinct, interdigitating sets of
      membrane domains. One, the "contact domain", is close to the substrate; the
      other, termed the "AChR domain", is further from the substrate and is rich in
      acetylcholine receptors (AChR). We have used fluorescence techniques to study the
      organization of the cytoskeleton in these areas. Substrate-apposed membrane of
      the myotubes was exposed either by shearing or by permeabilizing the cells with a
      neutral detergent. Phalloidin derivatives and affinity-purified polyclonal or
      monoclonal antibodies specific for cytoskeletal proteins were then applied to the
      samples. Sheared samples were observed by epifluorescence microscopy; detergent
      permeabilized samples were observed by total internal reflection fluorescence
      microscopy. We found that, like antivinculin, fluorescent phalloidin derivatives
      and antibodies to alpha-actinin, filamin, and talin preferentially labeled the
      contact domains. This suggests that bundles of microfilaments associate with the
      membrane at sites of myotube-substrate attachment. In contrast, a 43K protein,
      closely associated with AChR, was present only at AChR domains. A monoclonal
      antibody to actin labeled both AChR and contact domains, suggesting that actin is
      enriched over both regions. Our results suggest that, like the plasma membrane of
      AChR clusters, the underlying membrane skeleton is organized into at least two
      distinct domains.

PMID- 2656281
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum: dimorphism of the p190 alleles.

PMID- 2656282
TI  - Complement evasion by protozoa.

PMID- 2656283
TI  - Sterols of parasitic protozoa and helminths.

PMID- 2656284
TI  - The effect of ethanol on the biosynthesis and regulation of opioid peptides.
AB  - Alcoholism and alcohol abuse are serious health problems. Alcohol is known to
      influence the activity of a number of biological systems, for example the
      hormonal and neuronal systems. One of the biological systems whose activity is
      greatly influenced by alcohol is the endogenous opiate system. Alcohol modifies
      the function of both opiate receptors and opioid peptides. In fact it has been
      proposed that many of the effects of ethanol are mediated by its effects on the
      endogenous opiate system. This review will present results from various
      laboratories on the effects of acute and chronic ethanol treatments on various
      species, and on the release, biosynthesis and post-translational processing of
      the endorphins, enkephalins and dynorphins, the three known families of
      endogenous opioid peptides. Furthermore, the effect of acute and chronic ethanol
      consumption on the beta-endorphin system in man, and the possible implications of
      the functional activity of the endogenous opiate system for the genetic
      predisposition to alcoholism will be discussed.

PMID- 2656286
TI  - Vanadium biochemistry: the unknown role of vanadium-containing cells in ascidians
      (sea squirts).
AB  - This article reviews several new developments in vanadium biochemistry, as
      elucidated from studies of ascidians. A hypothesis correlating ascidian blood
      cell function to anaerobiosis, via two prominent redox constituents, namely
      vanadium(III) and the tunichromes, a family of metal ion complexing/reducing
      hydroquinonoid peptides, is presented.

PMID- 2656287
TI  - Novel and sensitive noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay for kassinin in rat plasma.
AB  - A novel and sensitive noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay for kassinin is
      described. Kassinin was biotinylated using sulfosuccinimidyl-6
      (biotinamido)hexanoate. The biotinylated kassinin was trapped on anti-kassinin
      IgG-coated polystyrene balls and, after washing to eliminate other biotinylated
      substances, was eluted with HCl. The biotinylated kassinin eluted was reacted
      with anti-kassinin Fab'-peroxidase conjugate and trapped onto streptavidin-coated
      polystyrene balls. Peroxidase activity bound to the polystyrene balls was assayed
      by fluorimetry. The detection limit of kassinin was 0.13 pg (0.1 fmol)/tube or
      0.065 microgram/l of rat plasma, which was 750-fold or 15-fold lower than that
      for competitive radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2656285
TI  - Isoquinolines, beta-carbolines and alcohol drinking: involvement of opioid and
      dopaminergic mechanisms.
AB  - Two classes of amine-aldehyde adducts, the tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) and beta
      carboline (THBC) compounds, have been implicated in the mechanism in the brain
      underlying the addictive drinking of alcohol. One part of this review focuses on
      the large amount of evidence unequivocally demonstrating not only the corporeal
      synthesis of the TIQs and THBCs but their sequestration in brain tissue as well.
      Experimental studies published recently have revealed that exposure to alcohol
      enhances markedly the endogenous formation of condensation products. Apart from
      their multiple neuropharmacological actions, certain adducts when delivered
      directly into the brain of either the rat or monkey, to circumvent the brain's
      blood-barrier system, can evoke an intense and dose-dependent increase in the
      voluntary drinking of solutions of alcohol even in noxious concentrations. That
      the abnormal intake of alcohol is related functionally to opioid receptors in the
      brain is likely on the basis of several distinct lines of evidence which include:
      the attenuation of alcohol drinking by opioid receptor antagonists; binding of a
      TIQ to opiate receptors in the brain; and marked differences in enkephalin values
      in animals genetically predisposed to the ingestion of alcohol. Finally, it is
      proposed that the dopaminergic reward pathways which traverse the meso-limbic
      forebrain systems of the brain more than likely constitute an integrative
      anatomical substrate for the adduct-opioid cascade of neuronal events which
      promote and sustain the aberrant drinking of alcohol.

PMID- 2656288
TI  - The use of 5-fluorocytosine and ketoconazole in the culture of the erythrocytic
      stages of Plasmodium falciparum and some tumor cell lines.
AB  - In vitro culture systems are often contaminated by bacteria and fungi. It is
      therefore often necessary to supplement culture media with agents such as
      penicillin/streptomycin, gentamycin or amphotericin B. The latter cannot be used
      in the in vitro culture of erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum, and thus anti
      fungal agents have not been regularly used in this system. We describe the
      prophylactic use of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and ketoconazole (KTZ) in tissue
      cultures at concentrations up to 300 and 10 micrograms/ml respectively which have
      no effect on the growth of P. falciparum (FCR-3 strain). A melanoma cell line
      (C32) and a line of uterine carcinoma (C41) were also unaffected by similar
      concentrations of 5-FC and KTZ. When dissolved in complete culture medium (RPMI
      1640) with 10% human plasma, the minimum inhibitory concentration of 5-FC for a
      susceptible strain of Candida remained below 2 micrograms/ml. These experiments
      suggest that 5-FC (at 50 micrograms/ml) alone or in combination with KTZ (at 1
      microgram/ml) is a useful addition to the armamentarium of antimicrobials
      available to the tissue culture biologist for a variety of cell culture systems.

PMID- 2656289
TI  - Chemoreception in Turbellaria.
AB  - This paper reviews the ultrastructural features and the behavioural aspects of
      presumptive chemoreceptors as reported in the literature, and adds some new
      observations. The involvement of both uniciliary and multiciliary sensory
      receptors has been cited. In some cases the expanded membrane area is due to
      microvillar projections and the ciliary segment is either reduced or absent. The
      chemoreceptive function can be inferred from comparison with similar, identified
      chemoreceptors in other taxa, from their specific location on the body surface,
      or from selective ablation experiments resulting in modified behavioural
      responses to known stimulants. In addition to feeding and ingestive behaviours,
      chemosensory cues are used in other ecologically adaptive functions such as
      habitat selection, intraspecific social communication which modulates
      reproduction, and several symbiotic relationships. Oriented behaviours can be
      altered by experience, giving rise to a more efficient colonization of different
      habitats or to a better exploitation of different food resources. Changes in
      water quality or the presence of pollutants will influence chemoreceptive
      abilities and can disrupt adaptive behavioural patterns.

PMID- 2656290
TI  - Cytochrome P450 isozyme distribution in normal and tumor-bearing hepatic tissue
      from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - An immunohistochemical technique was used to localize the major constitutive
      cytochrome P450 isozyme, P450 LM2, and the major beta-naphthoflavone-inducible
      isozyme, P450 LM4b, in the livers of untreated and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-initiated,
      tumor-bearing rainbow trout. In hepatic tissue sections from untreated trout, no
      regular anatomical pattern within the hepatic parenchymal cells could be
      discerned for either isozyme. Immunostaining was observed for P450 LM2 along the
      sinusoidal border of some of the parenchymal cells, there was moderate staining
      within the cytoplasm of most cells, and there were focal areas of increased
      staining. There was intense, uniform immunostaining for P450 LM2 within the
      cytoplasm of the bile duct cells, in the endothelial lining of arterioles, and
      along the epithelial surface of the gall bladder. Staining for P450 LM4b in
      livers from untreated trout was barely detectable. In liver tissue sections from
      AFB1-treated tumor-bearing fish, P450 LM2 appeared to be reduced and P450 LM4b
      was absent in the hepatocellular carcinoma nodules. An apparent increase in
      immunostaining for P450 LM4b was observed in nonneoplastic cells juxtaposed next
      to neoplastic cells as well as in areas distant to the tumors. These results may
      indicate that the pattern of P450 isozymes is altered in nonneoplastic cells of
      tumor-bearing trout livers.

PMID- 2656291
TI  - Endogenous megakaryocyte colonies from peripheral blood in precursor cell
      cultures of patients with myeloproliferative disorders.
AB  - Megakaryocyte colony formation, as identified by conventional techniques, was
      observed in precursor cell cultures from peripheral blood in 8 of 20 consecutive
      patients with diagnosis of myeloproliferative disease (4/11 patients with
      polycythemia vera, 3/5 with essential thrombocythemia, 1/2 with primary
      osteomyelofibrosis and 2 with a myeloproliferative syndrome not further
      assessable), but not in 50 healthy controls (p less than 0.0001). 7 cultures
      showed spontaneous erythroid colonies, but were negative for megakaryocyte
      colonies. Megakaryocyte colony formation was independent of added erythropoietin,
      plasma or human leukocyte-conditioned medium, but was dependent on the presence
      of accessory cells. The cells in megakaryocyte colonies had the characteristic
      morphology of megakaryocytes and stained positively with the IIIa/IIb monoclonal
      anti-platelet antibody. Thus, megakaryocyte colony formation by precursor cells
      from peripheral blood in the absence of exogenous stimulating factors seems to be
      a phenomenon specific for myeloproliferative disease. Differential diagnosis of
      thrombocythemia may be facilitated by demonstration of endogenous megakaryocyte
      colony formation, which does not occur in secondary disease.

PMID- 2656292
TI  - Biological properties in vitro of a combination of recombinant murine interleukin
      3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
AB  - The effect of recombinant murine interleukin-3 (rIL-3) and recombinant murine
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) on in vitro murine
      myeloid progenitor cell (CFU-C) growth and on the function of murine resident
      peritoneal macrophages was investigated. Both rIL-3 and rGM-CSF are known to
      support the growth of CFU-C and, when combined, were found to act synergistically
      to induce the development of an increased number of CFU-C. The distribution
      pattern of myeloid colonies in the presence of these two growth factors was in
      general similar to that in the presence of rGM-CSF alone. Both rGM-CSF and rIL-3
      enhanced the phagocytosis of Candida albicans (CA) by mature macrophages
      producing an increase in the percentage of phagocytosing cells as well as an
      increase in the number of yeast particles ingested per cell. No additive effect
      on the phagocytosis was observed when the two growth factors were added
      concurrently. rGM-CSF, but not rIL-3, enhanced the killing of CA by macrophages.
      This killing was inhibited by scavengers of oxygen radicals.

PMID- 2656293
TI  - O-mannosylation of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)
      produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A glycosylated form of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)
      expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was shown to contain mannose as the only
      carbohydrate constituent. All oligosaccharide chains of the glycoprotein could be
      released by mild alkaline treatment, and separated from the protein by gel
      permeation chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2. The structures of these O-linked
      carbohydrate chains were determined by 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy, affording the
      disaccharide Man alpha 1-2Man as the major component and the tetrasaccharide Man
      alpha 1-3Man alpha 1-2Man alpha 1-2Man as a minor component. Reference
      oligosaccharides were prepared from mannoproteins released from the cell wall of
      S. cerevisiae X2180 (alpha-wild type). In addition to previously reported
      structures, ranging from mannose to mannotetraose, the pentasaccharide Man alpha
      1-3Man alpha 1-3Man alpha 1-2Man alpha 1-2Man was identified in the cell wall
      mannoprotein.

PMID- 2656294
TI  - Interleukin-1 inhibits glucose-induced Ca2+ uptake by islets of Langerhans.
AB  - Recombinant interleukin-1 (rIL-1) is known to inhibit glucose-induced insulin
      secretion by islets of Langerhans, a novel target tissue of cytokine. We have
      investigated whether rIL-1 pretreatment affects biochemical mechanisms known to
      be involved in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis during glucose-induced insulin
      secretion. Glucose-induced Ca2+ uptake by intact islets through the plasma
      membrane was dramatically inhibited (96%) by rIL-1 (2 nM). rIL-1, however, did
      not affect Ca2+ uptake by, or Ins 1,4,5-P3-induced Ca2+ efflux from, the
      endoplasmic reticulum in digitonin-permeabilized islets, although glucose-induced
      accumulation of inositol trisphosphates was inhibited (38%). These results
      suggest that perturbation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in islets is involved
      in inhibition of insulin secretion by rIL-1.

PMID- 2656295
TI  - Activation of an insulin-stimulated S6 kinase in 3T3 L1 cell-free extracts by
      proteolysis.
AB  - Using chromatography on a Fast S-Sepharose column, the insulin-stimulated S6
      kinase can be resolved from other S6 kinases present in 3T3 L1 cell extracts.
      Only one S6 kinase is greatly activated by insulin (4-5-fold) and phosphorylates
      S6 with a high stoichiometry (4-5 mol phosphate per mol S6). This insulin
      dependent S6 kinase can be activated in cell-free extracts by incubation with
      high concentrations of Ca2+. This activation is blocked by protease inhibitors
      such as leupeptin and is mimicked by trypsin. The stimulation does not require
      the presence of the protein kinase dependent on phospholipids and calcium (PK-C)
      in the cell extracts. The level of stimulation produced by proteolysis in the
      cell extracts is comparable to that reached in vivo by incubation with insulin.

PMID- 2656296
TI  - The effect of nonreceptor adsorption on the lethal action of colicin E1.
AB  - The survivability of Escherichia coli K12s cells has been studied after treatment
      with 125I-labeled colicin E1. It has been shown that for low amounts of adsorbed
      colicin the survivability follows single-hit kinetics. When the number of colicin
      molecules adsorbed exceeds approx. 50 per cell, deviation from single-hit
      kinetics occurs towards higher survivability. Colicin E1 adsorbed nonreceptorwise
      by the cell's surface has been shown to inhibit the lethal action of colicin E1
      molecules adsorbed at specific receptors. This fact has been used in accounting
      for the elevated survivability of cells at high colicin doses. The functional
      significance of the phenomenon is discussed.

PMID- 2656297
TI  - Synthesis of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin in kidney cells.
AB  - The expression plasmid containing human prepro-endothelin cDNA was constructed
      and introduced into COS-7 cells. Mature endthelin, consisting of 21 amino acid
      residues, was secreted into the culture medium of the transfected cells and was
      also synthesized by non-transfected COS-7 cells. Normal kidney cells derived from
      other species also synthesized and secreted endothelin. Partial characterization
      of endothelins produced by kidney cells suggested that existence of new types of
      endothelin. This is the first report of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin
      being synthesized in kidney cells.

PMID- 2656298
TI  - New fluoroketones as human renin inhibitors.
AB  - Renin inhibition has been evaluated for a new class of fluorinated ketones, true
      analogues of peptides that have been retroinverted at the C-terminal position.
      The readily formed hydrate of the ketone is proposed to mimic the tetrahedral
      intermediate that occurs during the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of amide linkage.
      From this series of compounds it appears that the number of reverted amide bonds
      is crucial in terms of activity. Furthermore, a shortening of the C-terminal part
      of our peptide analogues and the replacement of the leucine residue in P1 by a
      cyclohexylalanine leads to the tripeptide analogue 12 a potent renin inhibitor
      (IC50 = 3.5 x 10(-9) M).

PMID- 2656299
TI  - Alpha 3 beta 3 complex of thermophilic ATP synthase. Catalysis without the gamma
      subunit.
AB  - A complex of the alpha- and beta-subunits of thermophilic ATP synthase showed
      about 25% of the ATPase activity of the alpha beta gamma complex. The alpha 3
      beta 3 hexamer structure was analyzed by sedimentation (11.2 S) and gel
      filtration (310 kDa). Dilution of the alpha beta complex caused dissociation of
      the complex and rapid loss of ATPase activity which was restored by addition of
      the gamma-subunit. A previous method using urea for isolating the subunits
      resulted in an alpha beta complex with lower activity than that prepared by over
      expression of the genes. The alpha beta-ATP complex was formed from the alpha
      beta complex, ADP and Pi in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide.

PMID- 2656300
TI  - [A. G. Savinykh--a great Soviet surgeon, scientist and social activist (on the
      centenary of his birth)].

PMID- 2656301
TI  - [International Woman's Day].

PMID- 2656302
TI  - [The organization of stands on oral hygiene].

PMID- 2656303
TI  - [P. F. Borovskii (on the 125th anniversary of his birth)].

PMID- 2656304
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists attenuate estrogen/progesterone
      induced hyperprolactinemia in monkeys.
AB  - Previous studies have documented that exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone
      (GnRH) stimulates prolactin (PRL) secretion and augments thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone-induced PRL release. Further, the concomitant pulsatile release of PRL
      and luteinizing hormone (LH) suggests that GnRH may be an important regulator of
      PRL release in certain physiologic states. The authors explored this possibility
      by evaluating the effect of a GnRH antagonist ([Ac-pClPhe1, pClPhe2, DTrp3,
      DAla10]-GnRH; GnRH-antagonist) on PRL secretion in monkeys with induced
      hyperprolactinemia. Monkeys were given estradiol (E2) benzoate 25 mg/kg
      intramuscularly (IM) on cycle days 1 to 28, and a 3-cm progesterone (P) silastic
      capsule was placed on cycle day 15 and removed on day 28. On cycle days 15 to 28,
      monkeys were given IM injections of 1 mg/kg GnRH-antagonist (n = 3), 2 mg/kg GnRH
      antagonist (n = 3), or vehicle (n = 3). Daily blood samples were assayed for E2,
      P, and PRL. The degree of PRL elevation was calculated as percent increase in
      area under the curve for days 15 to 28 when compared with days 1 through 14
      (baseline). Luteinizing hormone levels were calculated similarly. Results
      indicate a dose-dependent effect of GnRH-antagonist on PRL secretion, with the
      larger dose producing a significantly lower hyperprolactinemic response, as well
      as a decline in LH. Thus, GnRH-antagonist attenuates induced hyperprolactinemia
      in a dose similar to that which suppresses LH release. These findings suggest
      that GnRH is a physiologic regulator of pituitary PRL secretion. In addition,
      GnRH analogs may be of benefit in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation by
      attenuating gonadotropin-induced hyperprolactinemia, thereby reducing potential
      adverse effects on fertility.

PMID- 2656305
TI  - Transvaginal ultrasonographic detection of primary ovarian pregnancy with
      laparoscopic removal: a case report.
AB  - The use of transvaginal ultrasound has greatly increased our visualization of
      pelvic organs and our diagnostic capabilities. By combining transvaginal
      ultrasound with laboratory and clinical information, ectopic pregnancies can be
      diagnosed and treated early in the gestational period. Early diagnosis allows
      laparoscopic treatment of ectopic pregnancies. This case report combined the use
      of transvaginal ultrasound with laparoscopic treatment of an ovarian pregnancy.

PMID- 2656306
TI  - Heterotopic pregnancy associated with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer:
      a possible role for routine vaginal ultrasound.
AB  - A case of an asymptomatic heterotopic pregnancy resulting from IVF-ET and
      diagnosed by TVU is presented. Heterotopic pregnancy should be considered a risk
      of IVF-ET, and TVU may facilitate early diagnosis.

PMID- 2656307
TI  - Clomiphene citrate in male infertility.

PMID- 2656308
TI  - Endometriosis and autoantibodies.

PMID- 2656309
TI  - Current management of a donor insemination program.
AB  - Substantial evidence now exists to show that considerable maternal-fetal
      morbidity may result from microbiologic transmitted diseases that can be
      transmitted through artificial insemination by donor. In the present decade it
      has become increasingly clear that the use of fresh semen is potentially
      hazardous and its use has been discouraged by both the CDC and AFS. To minimize
      this risk, donor insemination programs should establish their own guidelines to
      thoroughly evaluate potential semen donors via history, physical examination, and
      laboratory evaluation before the use of donor semen after cryopreservation and
      quarantine. The management of a donor insemination program in the future requires
      uniform procedures for rigorous genetic and microbiologic screening before the
      selection and use of semen donors for artificial insemination.

PMID- 2656310
TI  - Long-term treatment of leiomyomas with gestrinone.
AB  - A prospective randomized study was conducted in 100 women with leiomyomas in
      order to evaluate the effect of gestrinone, a synthetic derivative of ethynil-nor
      testosterone. Patients in group A received capsules containing 2.5 mg of
      gestrinone three times weekly orally. Those in group B received capsules
      containing 5.0 mg twice weekly, also orally. In group C, patients used by vaginal
      route tablets containing 5 mg of gestrinone three times weekly. Reduction in
      uterine volume occurred in all three groups of patients. Of patients who
      discontinued treatment at 6 months, uterine volume remained lower than
      pretreatment values in 89%, 18 months after discontinuation. Of those patients
      who discontinued at 1 year, uterine volume remained below pretreatment levels in
      76% 1 year after discontinuation. In patients treated continuously for 24 months,
      mean uterine volume decreased from a mean 339 cm3 to 273 cm3, a statistically
      significant difference. The vaginal route showed statistically more significant
      volume decreases than the oral route for all treatment intervals.

PMID- 2656311
TI  - [Obtaining anti-tetanus immunoglobulin from blood plasma of immunized dogs].
AB  - Dogs were immunized by tetanic anatoxin. Eight series of antitetanic
      immunoglobulin with the antitoxin activity from 100.10(3) IU/l to 700.10(3) IU/l
      were produced from blood plasma. That immunoglobulin was used to study passive
      and active-passive immunization for tetanus prophylaxis and treatment in the
      strictly allogenic system.

PMID- 2656312
TI  - [Oleg Georgievich Gazenko (on his 70th birthday)].

PMID- 2656313
TI  - [Significance of brain renin for pathogenesis of hypertension: effect of
      antihypertensive drugs on active and inactive renins in the brain of
      spontaneously hypertensive rat].
AB  - Relationship between blood pressure and brain renin was studied in four groups of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY); as controls (n
      = 5), administered captopril (n = 5), trichlormethiazide (n = 5) and atenolol (n
      = 5). 1) Inactive renin in the hypothalamus of captopril-administered SHR was
      significantly lower than that of control SHR and captopril-administered WKY. On
      the other hand, active renin in the hypothalamus, thalamus and striatum of
      captopril-administered SHR was significantly lower than that of control SHR and
      captopril-administered WKY. 2) Inactive renin in the hypothalamus of
      trichlormethiazide administered SHR was significantly lower than that of control
      SHR and trichlormethiazide-administered WKY. On the other hand, active renin in
      the hypothalamus, thalamus and midbrain of trichlormethiazide-administered SHR
      was significantly lower than that of control SHR and trichlormethiazide
      administered WKY. 3) Inactive renin in the hypothalamus of atenolol-administered
      SHR was significantly lower than that of control SHR and atenolol-administered
      WKY. On the other hand, active renin in the hypothalamus, thalamus and midbrain
      of atenolol-administered SHR was significantly lower than that of control SHR and
      atenolol-administered WKY. These results suggest that the production and/or
      activation of renin in the hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain and striatum play an
      important role in the initiation and/or development of hypertension of SHR by the
      local generation of angiotensin II.

PMID- 2656314
TI  - Complete denture esthetics.
AB  - Complete denture esthetics can no longer be considered solely a function of tooth
      selection and arrangement or the colors and contours of the denture bases.
      Denture esthetics must also include the entire face in which the expressions of
      inner feelings, personality, comfort, image, well-being, and perceptions of past
      dental experiences are all very evident. These hard and soft components all
      contribute to the complete denture esthetic result; they are inseparable and
      should be given every consideration when developing a successful complete denture
      esthetic restoration. Both the patient and the dentist must understand this
      interrelationship for optimal success.

PMID- 2656315
TI  - The smile line as a guide to anterior esthetics.
AB  - A sound, effective, and forthright method has been presented to maximize the
      esthetic quotient of the dental composition. This rationale will also assist in
      helping the dentist to achieve the establishment of a physiologically sound
      vertical dimension.

PMID- 2656316
TI  - The role of osseointegrated implants in esthetic dentistry.
AB  - During the past 5 years, tremendous advancements have been made in the
      application of the principles of osseointegration to esthetic dentistry. Long
      term predictability, combined with time-honored esthetic principles, can now
      greatly benefit patients previously burdened by removable dental appliances.

PMID- 2656317
TI  - Periodontal problem solving. Interrelationship of periodontal therapy and
      esthetic dentistry.
AB  - Periodontal disease, dental caries, facial trauma, posterior bite collapse, and
      occlusal trauma are discussed as complicating factors in achieving functional and
      esthetic restorative results. Various solutions to these challenging problems are
      offered, using a multimodal approach to therapy.

PMID- 2656318
TI  - Maxillary anterior esthetics. Preservation of the interdental papilla.
AB  - Periodontal therapy for the maxillary anterior area requires careful
      consideration as to the choice of therapy, as esthetic results are just as
      important as eradication of disease. The extensive shrinkage or loss of the
      interdental papilla, especially between the two central incisors as a result of
      periodontal therapy, should be minimized by the proper selection of therapy.
      Thorough subgingival scaling and root planing without surgical flaps is the
      treatment of choice as the maxillary anterior area is compatible for this type of
      therapy from the anatomic and access standpoints. In the posterior dentition, the
      surgical, conventional flap approach is encouraged after initial scaling, because
      of the anatomy of the roots (concavities, furcations) and difficulty with access
      makes thorough root therapy difficult. Fortunately, esthetics is not a major
      concern in the posterior areas. If surgical therapy is necessary for the
      maxillary anterior area, the papilla preservation flap technique better preserves
      the papilla for esthetic purposes but allows good access to the roots for root
      planing and, if necessary, the placement of graft material.

PMID- 2656319
TI  - The role of operatory and laboratory personnel in patient esthetic consultations.
AB  - Sophisticated esthetic restorative dentistry cannot routinely be developed
      without close coordination with laboratory personnel. Direct communication
      between operatory and laboratory personnel and the patient is an integral
      requirement for predictable results. By effectively delegating many preparatory
      procedures to laboratory personnel, the efficiency and quality control of
      operatory procedures can be greatly enhanced. Coordination of each operatory
      procedure with the appropriate preliminary, concurrent, and subsequent laboratory
      procedures can provide the patient, technician, and dentist with a mutually
      appreciated functional and esthetic result.

PMID- 2656320
TI  - Changing trends of dental restorative materials.
AB  - Esthetic dentistry evolved through advancements in dental materials and
      techniques. This article cites these trends, particularly the adhesive systems
      such as dentin bonding agents and polyacrylic acid based materials. In
      particular, the expanding role of glass ionomer cements is explored with
      attention to the various formulations and manipulative factors that influence
      performance. Also, a classification system for composite resins is offered with
      suggestions for proper selection.

PMID- 2656321
TI  - Esthetic and physiologic considerations in metallic framework design.
AB  - The metal framework is the essential precursor to a successful porcelain fused to
      metal fixed partial denture. The framework should be rigid not by bulkiness, but
      by design. Pontics must be supported to span the edentulous space and replace the
      missing dentition while providing adequate space for a 1-mm porcelain veneer. The
      combined thickness of the metal and porcelain must be sufficient to achieve the
      desired color and vitality without producing a prosthesis that is morphologically
      overcontoured. To develop a framework that meets all the requirements of
      physiology, esthetics, and strength, a diagnostic waxup directs the positioning
      of connectors and allows planning of both form and support. A properly designed
      and positioned connector area should allow separation of the units by permitting
      the development of natural appearing labial embrasures. At the same time, the
      connector must, by engineered design, provide adequate structural strength to
      support the porcelain. Designing and fabricating the metallic framework for a
      fixed partial denture requires planning and an understanding of what is desired
      in the final form. An outline has been presented that details the connector form
      and placement and a technique has been suggested for developing a framework that
      provides optimal strength while allowing space for placement of esthetically
      contoured porcelain.

PMID- 2656322
TI  - Direct composite veneers versus etched porcelain laminate veneers.
AB  - It would appear that over the years, the inherent weakness in composite veneering
      has been the composite itself. The etched porcelain restoration offers the
      advantages of increased strength, color, stability, and biocompatibility for a
      veneering material using composite merely as a luting agent. With the ongoing
      development of porcelain material, it is possible that the etched porcelain
      restoration will all but replace direct bonding in most clinical situations.

PMID- 2656323
TI  - [The history of dermatology. On the 150th birthday of Heinrich Kobner].
AB  - Report on Heinrich Kobner's biography and his most important merits: foundation
      of dermatological clinics in Breslau (Wroclaw), Kobner-phenomenon of psoriasis,
      evidence of fungi in sycosis parasitaria and eczema marginatum, discovery of drug
      rash, introduction of chrysarobin for treatment of psoriasis, German first
      description of dominant simple epidermolysis bullosa.

PMID- 2656324
TI  - [Ionizing radiation--(a) cause of malignant melanoma?].
AB  - Supported by a review of literature the relation between ionizing radiation and
      malignant melanoma is discussed. Current knowledge however does not reveal
      convincing evidence for proven causative connections.

PMID- 2656325
TI  - The hapten in contact hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene: immunoelectron
      microscopic and immunofluorescent studies.
AB  - Six hours after challenge with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in sensitized
      volunteers, infrequent cells reacting with both OKT6 (CD 1a) and with an antibody
      to DNCB were demonstrated in the upper dermis in 3 out of 4 subjects, using a
      double fluorescence technique. Single marker studies using polyclonal and
      monoclonal antibodies to DNCB showed cytoplasmic reactivity with peripheral
      accentuation in keratinocytes throughout the epidermis, most intense in the
      granular and basal layers, and occasional positive cells in the papillary dermis.
      Immunoperoxidase electron microscopy using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
      to DNCB demonstrated reactivity on keratinocyte and Langerhans cell membranes,
      with intracellular deposition of reaction product on mitochondria. Reaction
      product was present on the external leaflets of Birbeck granules, suggesting that
      the penetration of DNCB was passive rather than due to an active endocytic
      process. The immunofluorescent studies suggest that the double-fluorescing upper
      dermal cells were Langerhans cells but this could not be confirmed by electron
      microscopy.

PMID- 2656326
TI  - Change of epidemiological characteristics of malignant melanoma during the years
      1962-1972 and 1983-1986 in the Federal Republic of Germany.
AB  - In the FRG data on more than 2,000 patients with malignant melanoma (MM) have
      been documented so far by the malignant melanoma cooperative group (MMCG 1962
      1972) and by the central malignant melanoma registry of the German Dermatological
      Society (CMMR 1983-1988). In this study we compared the basic characteristics
      between these two multicenter data collections (CMMR until 1986) in order to
      detect any changes in clinical epidemiology of MM diagnosed within the past 20
      years. The age distribution of the patients with MM at the time of first
      diagnosis did not reveal any change: a similar portion of patients was under 50
      years of age (1962-72: males 44%, females 45%; 1983-86: males 44%, females 47%).
      The percentage of males with MM, however, increased in the CMMR group (35-41%)
      and the portion of tumors localized on the trunk was found markedly increased in
      both sexes (males: 39-56%, females: 15-25%). Comparison of the tumor thickness
      indicated some significant advance in the early recognition of MM: the percentage
      of thick tumors (greater than 1.5 mm) decreased between both time periods (males:
      72-41%; females: 60-37%) with a corresponding elevation of thinner tumors.
      Nevertheless, during both time periods the first diagnosis was metastasizing
      melanoma in about 10% of all patients. Also, the proportion of prognostically
      unfavorable, nodular malignant melanomas remained nearly constant (about 30% of
      all patients in both groups).

PMID- 2656327
TI  - Metastatic malignant melanoma arising from a common blue nevus in a patient with
      subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
AB  - We describe a 66-year-old black male who first presented with subacute cutaneous
      lupus erythematosus (SCLE) and was later found to have malignant melanoma
      adjacent to a common blue nevus. The melanoma was located on the left buttock and
      in several left inguinal lymph nodes. Following complete resection and lymph node
      dissection the patient developed widespread leukoderma. To our knowledge this is
      the first report of malignant melanoma arising in a common blue nevus. The
      literature on SCLE and leukoderma in the setting of melanoma is reviewed.

PMID- 2656328
TI  - Hormonal and glycaemic responses to serial meals in newly diagnosed non insulin
      dependent diabetic patients.
AB  - The hormonal and glycaemic responses to serial test meals have been well
      documented in normal subjects and in patients with insulin dependent diabetes.
      There is less information in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes. We
      studied 39 newly diagnosed previously untreated non-insulin dependent diabetics.
      Each patient received four identical test meals over a 24 hour period and their
      plasma glucose and insulin levels were determined at frequent intervals
      throughout the study period. The results show that all the non-insulin dependent
      patients at diagnosis had large post-prandial glucose excursions, and that the
      post-prandial rise in insulin was delayed. The study also demonstrates that
      glucose and insulin profiles are dependent on the degree of obesity of the
      patient. Patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes have a greater degree of
      glucose intolerance in the morning in contrast to normal subjects whose glucose
      tolerance is best in the morning.

PMID- 2656329
TI  - Stress antecedents and immune status in recently diagnosed type I
      (insulindependent) diabetes mellitus.
AB  - It has been speculated that stressful life events can precipate some autoimmune
      diseases by altering the immune system. This study was undertaken to test this
      hypothesis in type I (insulindependent) diabetes. Thirty-two young patients (less
      than 40 years) with a recently diagnosed IDDM and 53 age-matched controls were
      interviewed according to a standardized questionnaire designed to identify, date,
      and weigh past stressful life events. In patients immunological status was
      assessed during the six months following the first manifestation of the disease
      by measuring anti-organ and anti-islet cell antibodies, T lymphocyte subsets, PHA
      mitogenic activity, IL2 production by blood mononuclear cells, IgG, IgA, IgM, and
      C3, C4 component fraction levels. The diabetic population experienced fewer life
      events, stressful or non-stressful, but in the 12 months preceding the onset of
      the disease, 50% of the diabetics endured at least one stressful life event as
      against only 18.8% of the controls (p less than 0.01). The only difference in the
      immunological status of the patients who had experienced a stressful life event
      in the previous twelve months and those that had not, involved PHA mitogenic
      activity which was significantly lower after a stressful event. While these
      findings do attest to a temporal relation between stress and type I diabetes in
      at least 1 out of 2 patients, they do not establish a causative connection.

PMID- 2656330
TI  - Effect of glucose ingestion on peripheral glucose metabolism in normal man.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the forearm exchange of energetic substrates
      (glucose and free fatty acids) and the carbohydrate and lipid oxidation rates of
      normal individuals, in the postabsorptive state and after an oral glucose
      challenge. Seventeen healthy male volunteers were studied after an overnight fast
      (12-14 h) and during 3 hours after ingestion of 75 g of glucose. The forearm
      glucose uptake rate reached the maximum at 60 minutes (0.935 +/- 0.098 mg/100 ml
      of forearm.min), while 114.9 +/- 9.4 and 90.1 +/- 8.4 mg/100 ml of forearm were
      the total and incremental peripheral uptake of glucose in 3 hours of study,
      respectively. After the ingestion of 75 g of glucose, an increase in the
      oxidation rate of this hexose was observed, corresponding to an increment in the
      basal oxidation of 21.0 +/- 2.6 mg/100 ml of forearm in 3 hours. The arterial and
      venous plasma levels of free fatty acids decreased significantly after the
      glucose meal, associated with a decrease in the lipid oxidation rate. In
      conclusion, the results of this study showed that, in normal subjects after
      ingestion of 75 g of glucose, 30.3 +/- 2.1 g (40.4% of the ingested load) of this
      substrate were processed by the skeletal muscle in the body as a whole and 8.1 +/
      0.6 g were oxidized in this tissue during 3 hours.

PMID- 2656331
TI  - Adjuvant PSK immunotherapy in patients with carcinoma of the nasopharynx.
AB  - A controlled study using adjuvant PSK immunotherapy in patients with
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma was initiated with the aim of improving survival by
      enhancing the host immune system against tumour cells. A total of 38 patients
      were randomly selected, all of whom had previously received radiotherapy with or
      without chemotherapy. Eight patients in the PSK immunotherapy group (n = 21)
      developed local recurrence, three of whom later died due to distant metastasis.
      In the control group (n = 17) three patients developed local recurrence while six
      patients developed distant metastasis. All of these six patients later died due
      to disease progression. It seems that PSK exerts its antitumour effect
      systemically; the risk of distant metastasis occurring is decreased, but it is
      apparently ineffective in improving local disease control. The estimated median
      survival time of the PSK-treated group compared with the control was
      significantly increased (35 months versus 25 months, P = 0.043). The 5-year
      survival rate was also significantly better in the PSK immunotherapy group (28%
      versus 15%, P = 0.043). It is concluded that PSK deserves careful consideration
      as an important immunotherapeutic agent in the management of nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2656332
TI  - A 1-year follow-up study on the effect of atenolol on serum beta 2-microglobulin
      level in hypertensive diabetic patients.
AB  - Hypertensive diabetic patients are particularly prone to renal function
      impairment. A total of nine out-patients with diabetes and hypertension were,
      therefore, entered into this single-blind uncontrolled study on the effects of 50
      mg/day atenolol on reducing blood pressure and preserving normal kidney
      functioning. Treatment and evaluations were continued for 12 months. Serum beta 2
      microglobulin concentration was used as the index for measuring renal impairment.
      Atenolol significantly reduced heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure,
      and serum beta 2-microglobulin concentrations compared with baseline. Plasma
      glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin levels were unchanged, and blood urea
      nitrogen levels were increased slightly (non-significant). Serum creatinine
      showed a tendency (non-significant) to reflect the changes in beta 2
      microglobulin concentration. Ways in which atenolol may act to improve kidney
      functioning are suggested. It is concluded that atenolol is a favourable choice
      for the treatment of hypertension in diabetic patients with normally functioning
      kidneys since, even in long-term use, normal renal functioning is preserved.

PMID- 2656333
TI  - A multicentre open comparison of isosorbide-5-mononitrate and nifedipine given
      prophylactically to general practice patients with chronic stable angina
      pectoris.
AB  - A total of 126 patients from general practice with chronic stable angina pectoris
      entered the treatment phase of this open, randomized, crossover comparison of 20
      mg isosorbide-5-mononitrate, and 20 mg nifedipine. Both treatments were given
      orally, three times daily, for 4 weeks and sublingual administration of glyceryl
      trinitrate was allowed throughout. Over the whole treatment period, there was no
      statistically significant difference between treatments for anginal attacks.
      However, significantly fewer glyceryl trinitrate tablets were required by
      patients receiving prophylaxis with nifedipine, although this difference was too
      small to be of clinical significance. No statistical difference existed between
      treatments in respect of scores for 'overall intensity of pain', 'physical
      exercise ability' and 'general well-being'. Of those patients who expressed a
      preference, the majority preferred the second treatment with no statistically
      significant difference between isosorbide-5-mononitrate and nifedipine. Both
      treatments showed similar levels of adverse events, the major difference (not
      significant) being for flushing of the skin which occurred in five patients given
      nifedipine compared with one patient given isosorbide-5-mononitrate. It is
      concluded that, in clinical terms, the two treatments were similar. Headache and
      dizziness/giddiness were the most frequently recorded adverse events.

PMID- 2656334
TI  - A review of combined hyperlipidaemia and its treatment with fenofibrate.
AB  - Approximately 15% of myocardial infarction survivors less than 60 years of age
      have a plasma lipid abnormality defined as combined hyperlipidaemia. Patients
      with this condition are at substantial risk for future cardiovascular events.
      Combined hyperlipidaemia involves elevations in both plasma triglycerides and low
      density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and may share similarities with
      hyperapolipoproteinaemia, LDL-pattern B and the small LDL-pattern. Treatment is
      directed at reduction of LDL-cholesterol and plasma triglyceride values.
      Nicotinic acid and the fibric acid derivatives are useful therapeutic agents.
      Fenofibrate is a fibric acid derivative that lowers both triglycerides and LDL
      cholesterol in combined hyperlipidaemia. In combined hyperlipidaemia, fenofibrate
      has been shown to reduce significantly plasma triglycerides by approximately 40%,
      LDL-cholesterol by 6%, and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by
      15%. Apoproteins are favourably altered with increases in apoprotein-A, decreases
      in apoprotein-E and inconsistent decreases in apoprotein-B. Fenofibrate is well
      tolerated with primarily dermatological side-effects.

PMID- 2656335
TI  - Clinical evaluation of 20 mg/day famotidine in the treatment of acute gastric
      mucosal lesions.
AB  - A multicentre, randomized, double-dummy control trial compared the efficacy of
      two famotidine dosage regimens for the treatment of acute gastric mucosal
      lesions. A total of 209 patients, aged 16-85 years, were randomized to treatment
      with either 10 mg famotidine twice daily or a 20 mg bedtime dose. Treatment was
      continued for 2 weeks unless healing occurred earlier. Endoscopy was performed
      before treatment and at the end of weeks 1 and 2 of treatment. Pain and
      haemorrhages disappeared in greater than 90% of patients after 2 weeks of
      treatment with either famotidine dosage. Mucosal erosions healed in more than two
      out of three patients by the end of the treatment period. No statistical
      difference was seen between the two dosage groups. Since 20 mg famotidine given
      at bedtime was as effective as twice daily dosing, it is recommended for the
      treatment of acute gastric mucosal erosions.

PMID- 2656336
TI  - A new phase of insulin secretion. How will it contribute to our understanding of
      beta-cell function?
AB  - Although initially described two decades ago, biphasic insulin secretion has
      gradually been understood to reflect beta-cell rate sensitivity, be important in
      minimizing overinsulinization in normal individuals, be defective in non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and be useful as an early predictor in
      prediabetic individuals. Recently, a third phase of insulin secretion has been
      observed in fully in vitro islets or pancreatic preparations. This phase is
      characterized as a spontaneous decline of secretion (desensitization) during 24 h
      of sustained exposure to glucose or other secretagogues and does not appear to be
      simply an artifact of in vitro preparations. The impaired secretion is localized
      to the final release process in that neither glucose-stimulated proinsulin
      synthesis nor its conversion to insulin is affected. The mechanisms responsible
      for the third phase of reduced secretion are unknown. Kinetic evidence suggests
      it is not caused by emptying of a single finite insulin storage compartment but
      does not exclude the possibility that the decreased release reflects depletion of
      threshold-sensitive beta-cells recruited at a given secretagogue level.
      Alternatively, the third phase may reflect inhibition of a priming or terminal
      insulin-release process by metabolic feedback. Because several secretagogues
      cause similar third-phase impaired release, even in the absence of glucose,
      desensitization probably occurs at a common fundamental site in the secretory
      site (e.g., calcium metabolism). Preliminary studies indicate the third phase is
      not the result of a paracrine effect by other islet hormones or of a change in
      muscarinic regulation. Whether other neurologic effectors are involved requires
      further investigation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656337
TI  - Characterization of insulinlike growth factor I produced by fetal rat pancreatic
      islets.
AB  - Pancreatic islets were prepared from 22-day-old rat fetuses. After 5 days of
      culture in dishes allowing cell attachment, neoformed islets were kept free
      floating in RPMI-1640 medium (16.5 mM glucose, 1% fetal calf serum). The islets
      were then pulsed with [3H]leucine and [35S]methionine for 24 h. The conditioned
      medium was acidified with acetic acid (final pH 2.7), desalted, concentrated, and
      gel filtered on Bio-Gel P100 in acid conditions. The radioactive material that
      comigrated with immunoreactive insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) produced by
      the islets was pooled, concentrated, and further characterized by reverse-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography on a C18 Bondapak column with a linear
      gradient of acetonitrile (20-80%). The radioactive material that eluted as pure
      IGF-I (40% acetonitrile) was further studied by chromatofocusing on a Pharmacia
      PBE 94 column. A sharp radioactive peak containing [3H]leucine and
      [35S]methionine was eluted at pH 8.55. This material was immunoprecipitated with
      an antiserum to IGF-I. This study demonstrated that fetal islet cells synthesize
      molecules that are, by several criteria, equivalent to native IGF-I.

PMID- 2656339
TI  - Effects of cyclosporin on insulin and C-peptide secretion in healthy beagles.
AB  - Plasma glucose, C-peptide, and insulin responses to intravenous glucose
      (intravenous glucose tolerance test [IVGTT], 0.5 g/kg), glucagon (1 mg i.v.), and
      oral glucose (oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT], 1 g/kg) were assessed in six
      normal beagles before, during, and 1 and 4 mo after the administration of
      cyclosporin A (CsA) in doses previously shown to be required for uniform
      prevention of canine islet-allograft rejection (20 mg/kg; mean trough
      radioimmunoassay serum levels greater than or equal to 500 ng/ml). Insulin
      secretion in response to intravenous glucose and glucagon was significantly
      inhibited during the administration of CsA (areas under insulin-response curves,
      pmol.min-1.L-1; IVGTT, pre-CsA, 11,127 +/- 1285; during CsA, 5954 +/- 1147, P
      less than .05; glucagon tolerance test, pre-CsA, 18,617 +/- 2807; during CsA,
      4401 +/- 486, P less than .05 vs. pretreatment levels). These secretory defects
      persisted 4 mo after CsA was discontinued (IVGTT, 4358 +/- 659; glucagon
      tolerance test, 10,567 +/- 2479, P less than .05). C-peptide responses paralleled
      these changes. Plasma glucose disposal in response to these secretagogues,
      however, returned to normal 1 mo after discontinuation of CsA. In contrast to the
      findings for IVGTT and glucagon, insulin-response curves to OGTT were not
      statistically different during CsA administration. We conclude that, although
      glucose disappearance rates are normal after discontinuation of the CsA
      administration, CsA causes irreversible impairment in islet secretory responses
      detectable with IVGTT and glucagon but not with OGTT. These results suggest that
      short-term CsA in doses required to prevent islet-allograft rejection in dogs can
      result in permanent loss of functionally competent beta-cells.

PMID- 2656338
TI  - Comparison of insulin secretory patterns in obese nondiabetic LA/N-cp and obese
      diabetic SHR/N-cp rats. Role of hyperglycemia.
AB  - Obese diabetic SHR/N-(cp/cp) rats are a genetic model for non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus. When SHR/N-cp rats are overtly diabetic, they are
      hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic in the fed state when consuming commercial
      chow or semipurified high-carbohydrate diets. Obese SHR/N-cp rats were
      hyperinsulinemic by 4 wk of age, although hyperglycemia did not appear until 3-4
      wk later and was exacerbated by a high-sucrose diet (mean +/- SE 1488 +/- 238
      microU/ml insulin and 425 +/- 51 mg/dl glucose). The control SHR/N-cp rats (+/?)
      on the sucrose diet remained lean and normoglycemic. The obese diabetic SHR/N-cp
      rats showed three alterations in pancreas perfusion data (not present in control
      rats): 1) paradoxically high insulin secretion at low glucose levels (2.5 mM), 2)
      secretion of insulin in response to arginine (10 mM) in the absence of glucose,
      and 3) impaired response of insulin secretion to high glucose (16.7 mM). To
      determine whether hyperglycemia was responsible for the abnormalities of insulin
      secretion, perfusion studies were conducted in obese nondiabetic LA/N-cp rats and
      compared with the SHR/N-cp rats. The obese LA/N-cp rats resembled the corpulent
      SHR/N-cp rats in every way, except that they were normoglycemic on the sucrose
      diet. The obese LA/N-cp rats had two of the three alterations in insulin
      secretion shown by obese SHR/N-cp rats, lacking only the impaired response to
      high glucose, suggesting that hyperglycemia was required for that defect to
      occur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656340
TI  - Metabolic effects of long-acting somatostatin analogue (sandostatin) in type I
      diabetic patients on conventional therapy.
AB  - We evaluated the effectiveness of a more potent and longer-acting somatostatin
      analogue (SMS 201-995) as an adjunct to insulin therapy, in a double-blind
      placebo-controlled randomized study of 26 C-peptide-negative type I (insulin
      dependent) diabetic patients (20 women, 6 men, aged 22-40 yr) on their
      conventional drug regimens for 12 wk. Eight patients received a low dose (10
      micrograms) of the analogue, 9 received a high dose (50 micrograms) of the
      analogue, and 9 received placebo subcutaneously before breakfast and dinner.
      Twenty-four-hour serum glucose, free insulin, plasma growth hormone (GH), and
      glucagon profiles were obtained before and during treatment at 4-wk intervals.
      The mean age, duration of diabetes, daily insulin dose, and body weight were not
      significantly different among the groups. The mean weekly capillary blood glucose
      values and exogenous insulin requirements were not changed by the SMS 201-995
      therapy. Mean glycosylated hemoglobin A1 levels were unchanged in both the
      analogue- and placebo-treated groups at wk 12. Basal and postprandial glucose,
      free insulin, GH, and glucagon profiles were not influenced by the SMS 201-995
      therapy throughout the study. Nocturnal glucose turnover rates (D-[3-3H]glucose
      technique) remained unaltered by the analogue therapy. Dose-dependent
      gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects (e.g., diarrhea) were documented in the
      analogue-treated patients. Visual acuity and fundic photomicrographs of our
      patients were not changed by the analogue therapy. In conclusion, the prominent
      adverse GI effects our patients experienced preclude the use of larger doses of
      the analogue that may be necessary to suppress GH and glucagon and improve
      glucose control in type I diabetic patients.

PMID- 2656341
TI  - Plasma 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol as new clinical marker of glycemic control in NIDDM
      patients.
AB  - To elucidate the value of using plasma 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (AG) as a marker of
      glycemic control in diabetic patients, the relationship between the plasma
      concentration of AG and glucosuria was examined in 152 patients with non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). After recovery from the deterioration of
      glycemic control in NIDDM patients had started, AG began to increase day by day.
      The recovery of plasma AG showed a constant linear increase curve when excellent
      glycemic control was attained. The ordinary daily recovery rate of plasma AG was
      estimated to be 0.3 microgram/ml, which was independent of body weight, sex, age,
      the difference in treatment, the duration of diabetes, or the level of plasma AG
      among NIDDM patients. This rate decreased according to the increase in urinary
      glucose. When we calculated the decrease rate of plasma AG (delta AG), assuming
      0.3 microgram/day to be the maximum increase rate in a day, we found a high
      correlation between delta AG and urinary glucose at almost all AG levels except
      the normal range and observed that plasma AG (A) times urinary glucose (G) was
      relatively constant. The formula A x G = 16 is a simple equation for rough
      estimation of urinary glucose from the plasma AG concentration in a stable
      glycemic-controlled NIDDM patient, and we call it the A.G index. The plasma AG
      also correlated significantly with fasting plasma glucose (r = -.810) and
      glycosylated hemoglobin (r = -.856) in the same stable glycemic-controlled NIDDM
      patients. Based on these observations, we propose that plasma AG can serve as a
      new marker that may provide sensitive and analytical information about glycemic
      control.

PMID- 2656342
TI  - Impairment of spinal cord conduction velocity in diabetic rats.
AB  - Peripheral neuropathy is a common and well-studied complication of diabetes
      mellitus, but the possibility that central neuropathy is also present has
      received scant attention. Based on recent evidence showing that insulin has a
      direct effect on axon formation and neuronal survival in vitro, it was predicted
      that functional neuropathy would be present in the spinal cord of diabetic
      animals. Although structural lesions are encountered in the spinal cord of
      diabetic patients at autopsy, the functional corollaries have essentially
      remained unstudied. We used a new procedure to study evoked spinal cord
      potentials in the rat, which revealed a significant retardation in conduction
      velocity in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. This retardation was not
      due to a toxic effect of STZ on the involved spinal cord sensory pathways,
      because insulin infusion prevented the development of spinal cord neuropathy. The
      kinetics and magnitude of decline in conduction velocity were similar in the
      spinal cord, saphenous nerve, and common peroneal nerve during the first 2 wk,
      suggesting that a common mechanism was involved. After 10 wk, a spontaneous
      improvement in function was observed in the spinal cord and common peroneal nerve
      but not in the saphenous nerve. Our results support the hypothesis that central
      nervous system dysfunction can occur along with peripheral sensory neuropathy in
      diabetes.

PMID- 2656343
TI  - Mechanism for underestimation of isotopically determined glucose disposal.
AB  - Use of [3H]glucose and a one-compartment model to determine glucose kinetics
      frequently underestimates the rate of glucose production (Ra). To assess to what
      extent an isotope effect, a tracer contaminant, or inadequacy of the model was
      responsible, we measured glucose Ra and forearm clearance of tracer and unlabeled
      glucose at various concentrations of plasma insulin (approximately 50,
      approximately 160, and approximately 1800 microU/ml) and plasma glucose
      (approximately 90, approximately 160, approximately 250, and approximately 400
      mg/dl) under steady-state and non-steady-state conditions. Under isotopic steady
      state conditions, the clearances of tracer and unlabeled glucose across the
      forearm were identical, and exogenous glucose infusion rates did not differ
      significantly from the isotopically determined glucose Ra (10.0 +/- 1.3 vs. 10.5
      +/- 1.0 mg.kg-1 fat-free mass.min-1, respectively). However, under isotopic non
      steady-state conditions, the isotopically determined Ra was significantly lower
      than the glucose infusion rate (11.5 +/- 1.3 vs. 13.7 +/- 1.5 mg.kg-1 fat-free
      mass.min-1, respectively, P less than .001), and the underestimation was related
      to the deviation from the isotopic steady state. When [3H]glucose specific
      activity of plasma samples from experiments with the greatest underestimation of
      Ra was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, less than 7% of the
      underestimation could be accounted for by a contaminant. These results indicate
      that inadequacy of the one-compartment model is responsible for underestimation
      of glucose Ra under non-steady-state conditions and that there is no detectable
      isotopic effect or appreciable contaminant of [3-3H]glucose. We conclude that
      under isotopic steady-state conditions, [3-3H]glucose is a reliable tracer for
      glucose kinetic studies in humans.

PMID- 2656344
TI  - Effects of interrupted insulin treatment on fetal outcome of pregnant diabetic
      rats.
AB  - Streptozocin-induced diabetic female rats became normoglycemic after subcutaneous
      insertion of insulin-releasing osmotic minipumps. These female rats were mated
      with normal males from the same Sprague-Dawley substrain. In this substrain, the
      offspring of diabetic rats show a markedly increased congenital malformation rate
      compared with fetuses of nondiabetic rats. The pregnant diabetic rats were
      subjected to removal and insertion of pumps at defined gestational days that
      marked the beginning or end of a 2- or 4-day period of insulin withdrawal.
      Evaluation of the offspring on day 20 of pregnancy included fetal/placental
      weights, estimated number of implants, resorptions, and morphological assessment
      of congenital malformations. Resorptions occurred in all interruption groups, but
      malformations were found only in animals with insulin withdrawal on gestational
      days 4-8, 6-8, 6-10, 8-10, and 8-12. The highest resorption (42%) and
      malformation (17%) rates were found in the rats subjected to insulin withdrawal
      during gestational days 6-10. Because manifestly diabetic rats with no insulin
      treatment showed similar resorption (39%) and malformation (17%) rates, this
      study suggests that a teratogenic period in diabetic rat pregnancy occurs during
      gestational days 6-10, a period corresponding to postconceptional wk 2-4 in human
      pregnancy. Interruption of insulin treatment induced similar maternal weight loss
      and similar maternal serum concentrations of D-glucose, cholesterol, urea, and
      creatinine in rats with and without malformed offspring.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656345
TI  - Effects of low insulin levels on rat embryonic growth and development.
AB  - The risk of congenital abnormality in diabetic pregnancy is about four times that
      for the normal population. Past clinical studies have suggested hyperglycemia and
      hyperketonemia as the factors responsible for these abnormalities, with no
      reference to the possible effects of low insulin levels. We examine the effect of
      hypoinsulinemia on rat embryonic growth and development in culture while normal
      glucose levels are maintained. With anti-insulin antibody bound to an affinity
      column containing cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B beads, insulin was
      selectively removed from the homologous culture serum eluted down the column. A
      culture of rat embryos from the early head-fold stage for 50 h in insulin
      depleted normoglycemic homologous serum (insulin levels 0.055-0.18 ng/ml) showed
      retardation of growth and development when compared with control embryos. Adding
      physiological amounts (10 ng/ml) of insulin back into the insulin-depleted serum
      subsequently restored growth level to that of control embryos. We conclude that
      low insulin levels, encountered in newly diagnosed diabetic pregnancy, may be
      instrumental in increasing the risk of congenital abnormalities.

PMID- 2656346
TI  - Double-blind controlled trial of azathioprine in children with newly diagnosed
      type I diabetes.
AB  - A double-blind controlled trial of azathioprine (2 mg.kg-1.day-1) was conducted
      with 49 patients aged 2-20 yr (mean 10.8 yr) who had newly diagnosed type I
      (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either
      azathioprine (n = 24) or placebo (n = 25) for 12 mo, beginning within the 20-day
      period after diagnosis. Baseline clinical and metabolic characteristics did not
      differ between the two groups. No patient experienced complete remission, defined
      as restoration of normal carbohydrate tolerance without other treatment. Partial
      remission, defined as good metabolic control (hemoglobin A1c less than or equal
      to 7.9%, preprandial blood glucose less than or equal to 8 mM with an insulin
      dose of less than 0.5 U.kg-1.day-1), occurred in 10 placebo (40%) and 7
      azathioprine (29%) patients at 6 mo and in 4 placebo (16%) and 4 azathioprine
      (17%) patients at 12 mo (differences not significant). Fasting plasma C-peptide
      was significantly greater in the azathioprine-treated group at 3 and 6 mo, but
      this difference was not sustained. C-peptide responses to a standard meal and the
      frequency of islet cell and insulin antibodies did not differ between the two
      groups over the 12-mo period. Azathioprine caused no significant side effects. We
      conclude that in the dosage used, and despite early effects on endogenous insulin
      secretion, azathioprine alone does not influence the remission phase in children
      with newly diagnosed type I diabetes.

PMID- 2656347
TI  - Insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant variants in NIDDM.
AB  - To define the sequence of events that is involved in the pathogenesis of non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), we studied 16 NIDDM individuals (15
      of 16 Black patients) with a mean age of 44 yr who had been near normoglycemic
      for 2-91 mo while off of antidiabetic medicine. With the euglycemic insulin clamp
      at 100 microU/ml insulin, we defined two populations, one with normal peripheral
      insulin sensitivity (glucose disposal 7.51 +/- 0.97 mg.kg-1.min-1) and the other
      with insulin resistance (glucose disposal 3.35 +/- 0.58 mg.kg-1.min-1; P less
      than .001). The populations did not differ in age, degree of obesity, fasting
      plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, clinical presentation, or clinical
      course. Basal plasma insulin levels were normal in the sensitive group and
      significantly elevated in the resistant group. Islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies
      were absent in all patients. Insulin action on the liver was normal in both
      groups. Basal hepatic glucose production measured with D-[3-3H]glucose was lower
      in the insulin-resistant group (1.53 +/- 0.11 mg.kg-1.min-1) than in the insulin
      sensitive group (1.88 +/- 0.06 mg.kg-1.min-1) or normal control subjects (1.93 +/
      0.05 mg.kg-1.min-1). The decreased basal hepatic glucose production appeared to
      be secondary to the twofold higher fasting plasma insulin level seen in the
      insulin-resistant group. The insulin concentration necessary to suppress basal
      hepatic glucose production by 50% was 29.6 microU/ml in the insulin-sensitive
      group and 30.5 microU/ml in the insulin-resistant group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656348
TI  - Three-dimensional imaging of intact isolated islets of Langerhans with confocal
      microscopy.
AB  - We present a new technique for analyzing the three-dimensional structure of
      intact isolated islets of Langerhans. Adult rat and human islets were stained
      with whole-mount immunofluorescence techniques and optically sectioned with a
      confocal microscope. This has several advantages over traditional methods: 1) the
      technical difficulties in serial sectioning and handling the large numbers of
      sections are avoided, 2) optical sectioning by confocal microscopy gives improved
      resolution and strongly suppresses light from out-of-focus structures, and 3)
      entire islets can be rapidly imaged for the presence of positive staining. This
      new technique should facilitate the study of the three-dimensional structure of
      islets of Langerhans.

PMID- 2656349
TI  - Effects of growth hormone on insulin sensitivity and forearm metabolism in normal
      man.
AB  - To elucidate the short-term actions of growth hormone on insulin sensitivity and
      forearm metabolism, we have studied six normal male subjects receiving a 6-h
      hyperinsulinaemic euglycemic clamp with and without a concomitant 4-h growth
      hormone infusion. When infused, serum growth hormone rose to 25 +/- 4 mU/l and
      during administration of insulin serum insulin increased by 11 +/- 1 mU/l. During
      euglycemic clamp, administration of growth hormone decreased forearm glucose
      uptake after 180 min and onward (240 min 0.216 +/- 0.031 vs 0.530 +/- 0.090
      mg/100 ml/min, p less than 0.05). Glucose infusion rate (240 min 2.83 +/- 0.24 vs
      4.35 +/- 0.28 mg.kg-1.min-1, p less than 0.05) and glucose disposal rate (240 min
      3.57 +/- 0.17 vs 4.00 +/- 0.15 mg.kg-1.min-1, p less than 0.05) also decreased.
      Growth hormone persistently increased hepatic glucose production after 120 min.
      After 210 min, all circulating lipid intermediates increased slightly. The
      decrease in forearm glucose uptake and glucose infusion rate and the increase in
      hepatic glucose production was observed before there was any detectable increase
      in circulating levels and forearm uptake of lipid intermediates. These data
      suggest that growth hormone induces insensitivity to insulin in liver, muscle and
      fat after 120, 180 and 210 min respectively. The early effects of growth hormone
      on glucose metabolism seems independent of changes in the rate of lipolysis.

PMID- 2656350
TI  - Effect of diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor RHC 80267 on pancreatic mouse islet
      metabolism and insulin secretion.
AB  - The effect of interference with diacylglycerol metabolism was investigated in
      pancreatic mouse islets. In the presence of the diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor
      RHC 80,267, glucose-induced insulin secretion was reduced 50-60%; whereas
      carbacholin-induced insulin secretion was unaffected. Addition of the
      diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor R 59,022 did not change glucose-stimulated
      insulin secretion but abolished the inhibition seen in the presence of RHC
      80,267. RHC 80,267 increased islet glucose utilisation, measured as formation of
      tritiated water from 5-[3H]-glucose, 3-fold but did not affect glucose oxidation
      to CO2, lactate production or islet ATP levels. Glucose utilisation in leucocytes
      and hepatocytes was not increased by addition of RHC 80,267. Islet lipid
      production from glucose was augmented 4-fold in the presence of RHC 80,267 but
      only accounted for about 5% of the increase in glucose utilisation. The activity
      of adenylate cyclase and phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C was unaffected
      by RHC 80,267. Concentrations of RHC 80,267 below 35 mumol/l did not alter the
      activity of phospholipase A2; whereas higher concentrations of the drug inhibited
      phospholipase A2 activity approx 25%. The data support the hypothesis that
      production of arachidonic acid from diacylglycerol may be involved in regulation
      of insulin secretion.

PMID- 2656351
TI  - Macrophage infiltration precedes and is a prerequisite for lymphocytic insulitis
      in pancreatic islets of pre-diabetic BB rats.
AB  - We have analysed whether infiltration of macrophages and lymphocyte subtypes into
      pancreatic islets of diabetes prone BB rats occurs at random or whether insulitis
      requires a specific sequence of events. Serial sections from more than 700 islets
      of diabetes prone BB rats (70-150 days of age) were analysed for infiltrating
      immunocytes and expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens by 4-11
      different monoclonal antibodies. In parallel, electron microscopy was performed
      in a fraction of islets. Part of the animals had been treated with macrophage
      toxic silica particles. A specific non-random sequence of events was identified
      and 4 stages of islet inflammation were recognised. Stages 1a and 1b are defined
      by macrophage (ED1+, W3/25+. Ox3/6/17+, ED2-) infiltration and concomitant
      enhanced major histocompatibility complex class I antigen expression initially at
      one pole or at the periphery of islets. T-, NK- and B-lymphocytes are absent
      (less than 1 cell per mean islet section). In stage 2, more macrophages are
      infiltrating and concomitantly Ox19+-T-lymphocytes and Ox8+-granular (NK-)
      lymphocytes are observed. In stage 3, additional massive infiltration of Ox12+-B
      lymphocytes is noted. Silica treatment of BB rats largely prevented macrophage
      infiltration. Concomitantly islets were free of lymphocytes. Thus, macrophage
      infiltration clearly precedes T- and NK-lymphocyte and later B-lymphocyte
      infiltration. Lymphocytes do not infiltrate islets in the absence of prior
      macrophage invasion.

PMID- 2656352
TI  - Is a low insulin response to intravenous glucose a marker of type 1 (insulin
      dependent) insulin?

PMID- 2656353
TI  - Seasonality of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: values of C-peptide,
      insulin antibodies and haemoglobin A1c show evidence of a more rapid loss of
      insulin secretion in epidemic patients.
AB  - According to month of diagnosis, 165 children who developed Type 1 (insulin
      dependent) diabetes mellitus at the age of 0-16.2 years (mean +/- SD, 7.6 +/- 4.1
      years) could be divided into 69 patients diagnosed during peak seasons (epidemic
      cases) and 96 patients diagnosed during months of low incidence (non-epidemic
      cases). Seasonality of onset of symptoms and of diagnosis was observed in both
      sexes in all age groups. The patients diagnosed during peak seasons had shorter
      duration of symptoms (13.2 +/- 8.1 days) as compared to 22.9 +/- 10.3 days; p
      less than 0.001 in the patients diagnosed during months of low incidence. At
      diagnosis, 88.4% (61/69) of the epidemic group had ketonuria as compared to 71.9%
      (69/96); p less than 0.06 in the non-epidemic patients. The values of C-peptide,
      insulin antibodies, haemoglobin A1c and HLA-DR phenotype frequencies in the 69
      epidemic patients were compared with those of the 96 non-epidemic patients. In
      the epidemic patients, the C-peptide values of 0.11 +/- 0.05 mmol/l at diagnosis
      had increased to 0.12 +/- 0.05 mmol/l at one month and 0.13 +/- 0.06 mmol/l at 3
      months. These values were significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than in the non
      epidemic patients at the same time points: 0.17 +/- 0.08 nmol/l; p less than
      0.001, 0.23 +/- 0.11 nmol/l; p less than 0.001, and 0.22 +/- 0.10
      nmol/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656354
TI  - Using microcomputers in rural preceptorships.
AB  - Current U.S. health manpower forecasts indicate an oversupply of physicians. In
      the Intermountain Region this oversupply is concentrated in the medical and
      surgical subspecialties, not in primary care specialties. Students cite fear of
      not knowing all that a general field requires as a reason for focusing their
      studies in a narrow area. Because ambulatory care experiences are not required of
      medical students at Utah, it is difficult to recruit students into the primary
      care specialties. One means of exposing students to primary care and rural
      medicine is through the clinical preceptorship. Beginning in 1985, with a grant
      from the National Library of Medicine, clinical students who elected the rural
      family practice preceptorship were given lap-top microcomputers to take with them
      to their preceptorship sites. Students were taught how to operate the computer
      and how to perform a MEDLINE search. Student evaluations of the experience were
      high and students reported feeling less concerned about the knowledge explosion
      and positive about improving their ability to access current medical literature.
      It is anticipated that by teaching students how to use this technology to provide
      better patient care, they will be more likely to consider primary care practices
      in rural areas.

PMID- 2656355
TI  - Promotion criteria for family practice residents: perceptions of program
      directors.
AB  - This study utilized a modified Delphi technique to identify criteria considered
      important in the promotion of family practice residents. A designated expert
      panel consisting of the directors of the family practice residency programs in
      the State of Texas was used as the data source for the study. The Delphi results
      revealed a marked degree of consensus among the state program directors for 16 of
      20 criteria evaluated. The criteria identified did not define comprehensive
      competency areas or goals. Further studies utilizing this information to develop
      comprehensive goals or to evaluate a program's current policies are proposed.

PMID- 2656356
TI  - Biological actions of carotenoids.
AB  - Of 600 carotenoids from natural sources that have been characterized, fewer than
      10% serve as precursors of vitamin A. Many dietary carotenoids, both with and
      without provitamin A activity, are found in the blood and tissues of humans. beta
      Carotene, the most nutritionally active carotenoid, comprises 15-30% of total
      serum carotenoids. Vitamin A is formed primarily by the oxygen-dependent central
      cleavage of beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids. Several carotenoids
      show enhancement of the immune response, inhibition of mutagenesis, reduction of
      induced nuclear damage, and protection from various neoplastic events in cells,
      tissues, and whole animals. Carotenoids also protect against photo-induced tissue
      damage. Some carotenoids, including beta-carotene, quench highly reactive singlet
      oxygen under certain conditions and can block free radical-mediated reactions. In
      epidemiological studies, the intake of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables has
      been correlated with protection from some forms of cancer, particularly lung
      cancer. Similarly, serum beta-carotene levels have been associated with a
      decreased chance of developing lung cancer. It must be stressed, however, that
      these epidemiological associations do not show cause and effect. In this regard,
      long-term intervention trials with beta-carotene supplements are in progress.
      Whatever the results of these trials, carotenoids clearly show biological actions
      in animals distinct from their function as precursors of vitamin A.

PMID- 2656357
TI  - Lens crystallins and their genes: diversity and tissue-specific expression.
AB  - The soluble proteins--or crystallins--that constitute the bulk of the cellular,
      transparent eye lens are encoded by a surprisingly diverse group of genes.
      Several crystallin genes generate further heterogeneity by producing more than
      one polypeptide, in which they use different mechanisms. Some crystallin genes
      are lens specific (e.g., alpha A and gamma), while others show only lens
      preference (alpha B and enzyme/crystallins); all the crystallin genes are
      temporally and spatially regulated in the developing lens. Transfection and
      transgenic mouse experiments, identifying DNA regulatory elements in the 5'
      flanking region and in one case (delta) in an intron, point to transcriptional
      control as the primary basis for the tissue- and differentiation-specific
      expression of crystallin genes. Crystallin promoters have been used to target
      foreign genes to the lens in transgenic and chimeric mice. Such gene transfer
      experiments have been used to create tumors and ablate specific cells in the
      lens. The identification of trans-acting factors responsible for crystallin gene
      expression has begun but is in its infancy. The many mechanisms leading to the
      diversity and precise regulation of crystallins show that the lens is, in
      addition to a favorable tissue for studying differential gene expression, a
      fascinating portrait of molecular evolution.

PMID- 2656358
TI  - [Recent data in the study of gastric emptying].

PMID- 2656359
TI  - [Flow cytometry and digestive tract cancer].

PMID- 2656360
TI  - [Small intestinal motility].

PMID- 2656361
TI  - Exocrine pancreatic function after gastrectomy. Specificity of indirect tests.
AB  - We compared intraindividually the specificity of indirect pancreatic function
      tests before and after total (n = 4; Roux-en-Y) or subtotal (n = 6; Billroth II)
      gastrectomy. Before gastrectomy only 1 patient showed a falsely pathological
      result with the pancreolauryl test (90% specificity), while the results of all
      the other tests were correctly normal (100% specificity using the usual cutoff
      limits). After gastrectomy the respective specificities were as follows:
      pancreolauryl test 10%, bentiromide test 70%, fecal chymotrypsin 70%, and plasma
      amino acid consumption test 100%. There was no obvious difference in the
      reduction of specificity between subtotal and total gastrectomy. The respective
      preoperative to postoperative changes in the median test data were as follows:
      plasma amino acid consumption test +21%, bentiromide test -12%, fecal
      chymotrypsin -51%, and pancreolauryl test -53%. It is concluded that after
      gastrectomy only the plasma amino acid consumption test is unaffected by
      postoperative anatomic alterations.

PMID- 2656362
TI  - Effect of diuresis versus therapeutic paracentesis on ascitic fluid opsonic
      activity and serum complement.
AB  - Therapeutic paracentesis has recently been reported to eliminate ascites in
      patients with cirrhosis more rapidly than diuresis. However, diuresis has been
      shown to increase ascitic fluid opsonic activity. Patients with adequate ascitic
      fluid opsonic activity have been reported to be protected from spontaneous
      bacterial peritonitis. In this randomized controlled trial, 19 patients with
      cirrhotic ascites were treated with diuresis versus daily therapeutic
      paracenteses during 20 hospitalizations. Serum and ascitic fluid complement
      concentrations and ascitic fluid opsonic activity were measured at the beginning
      and end of treatment. Although opsonic activity increased significantly (p less
      than 0.01) in patients treated with diuresis, this parameter was stable in the
      paracentesis group. The stability of the ascitic fluid opsonic activity and
      complement concentration in the paracentesis group were maintained at the expense
      of a decrease in serum complement, whereas serum and ascitic fluid complement
      increased in the diuresis group. Diuresis may have the advantage over therapeutic
      paracentesis of providing better protection from spontaneous bacterial
      peritonitis. Study of larger numbers of patients will determine if these changes
      in complement concentrations and opsonic activity translate into an increased
      risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in vivo.

PMID- 2656363
TI  - Liver transplantation in a patient with protoporphyria.
AB  - A 38-yr-old woman with liver disease due to protoporphyria underwent orthotopic
      liver transplantation. The resected liver was cirrhotic and contained a massive
      amount of protoporphyrin, with numerous birefringent pigment deposits.
      Transplantation was accomplished without difficulty following blood volume
      exchange to reduce the blood protoporphyrin level. Sequential biopsy specimens
      obtained through the 13th month after transplantation showed no accumulation of
      protoporphyrin pigment deposits in the new liver. Portal inflammation observed in
      the liver biopsy specimen at 6 mo after transplantation resolved spontaneously.
      Erythrocyte and serum protoporphyrin levels returned to values similar to those
      in the pretransplantation period when the patient had normal hepatic function;
      the fecal level was lower. Thus orthotopic liver transplantation can be
      successfully done in patients with protoporphyria who have severe liver disease.
      Prolonged follow-up is needed to determine the ultimate outcome, however, as the
      new liver remains susceptible to protoporphyrin-induced damage.

PMID- 2656364
TI  - Gastric small lymphocytic proliferation with immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in
      pseudolymphoma versus lymphoma.
AB  - The nature of gastric infiltrates consisting primarily of benign-appearing small
      lymphocytes is at present a controversial issue. Earlier reports of gastric
      lymphoma developing in gastric pseudolymphoma and more recent immunohistochemical
      studies demonstrating monoclonal B-cell populations in pseudolymphoma suggest
      that at least some cases represent low-grade lymphomas or clonal precursor
      lesions that may develop into lymphoma. Observations of a small lymphocytic
      infiltrate arising in the region of a gastric ulcer that lacked definitive
      morphologic evidence of malignancy (lymphoma) but was clearly a monoclonal B-cell
      proliferation by immunohistochemical and gene rearrangement studies support the
      notion that some gastric lymphoproliferative lesions that histologically have
      been called pseudolymphomas may include one or more clonal lymphoid expansions. A
      histopathologic/molecular model suggesting a potential pathway for the
      development of morphologically recognizable lymphoma from benign-appearing small
      lymphocytic infiltrates is presented, and the concept that for a variety of
      lymphoid proliferations clonality and malignancy may not be synonymous is
      discussed.

PMID- 2656365
TI  - Lymphokine-activated killer-cell cytotoxicity in the intestinal immune system.

PMID- 2656366
TI  - Diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.

PMID- 2656367
TI  - The D-xylose test in pediatrics: is it useful?

PMID- 2656369
TI  - [High grade multiple pregnancy--a clinical and ethical problem in reproduction
      medicine].
AB  - 24 patients with high grade multiple pregnancy were admitted to the Department of
      Obstetrics of the Grosshadern Hospital of the University of Munich between 1984
      and 1988. Aetiology, clinical findings and neonatal outcome are presented. With
      this data as background, the main part of the paper presents and discusses
      critically three methods of solving this difficult medical and psychosocial
      problem: 1. prevention, 2. abortion, and 3. foeticide. It is shown that in
      contrast to killing following prenatal diagnosis, foeticide in high grade
      multiple pregnancy is unselective. Since every new medical possibility will soon
      be demanded by society after suitable sociopsychological persuasion and
      inducement, it is practically an ethical imperative to rightaway prevent high
      grade multiple pregnancy from occurring.

PMID- 2656368
TI  - Arbaprostil [15(R)-15-methyl prostaglandin E2] in a single nighttime dose of
      either 50 or 100 micrograms in acute duodenal ulcer.
AB  - To determine the efficacy of single nighttime doses of arbaprostil [15(R)-15
      methyl prostaglandin E2], 50 or 100 micrograms for 4 wk, a double-blind
      randomized placebo-controlled multiclinic trial was undertaken. Success was
      defined as complete healing of the ulcer documented by endoscopy. Fifty-one of 64
      patients enrolled were considered evaluable. Ulcer healing was documented in
      64.3%, 85.7%, and 31.2% of the 100-micrograms arbaprostil, 50-micrograms
      arbaprostil, and placebo treatment groups (p value vs. placebo = 0.003 and 0.002,
      respectively). No difference in side effects or changes in laboratory parameters
      were found between the treatment groups except that diarrhea, usually mild, was
      found more often in the 100-micrograms arbaprostil group (60.0%) than in the 50
      micrograms arbaprostil (31.8%) or placebo groups (23.5%) (p value 100 micrograms
      arbaprostil vs. placebo = 0.02). A single nighttime administration of arbaprostil
      seems to be a safe and efficacious agent for the treatment of acute duodenal
      ulcer.

PMID- 2656370
TI  - [Selective abortion under sonographic control in multiple pregnancy].
AB  - Selective embryocide was performed at 9 weeks in a patient with a quadruplet
      pregnancy. No complications occurred and the patient was delivered of healthy
      triplets at 31 3/7 weeks of pregnancy. This procedure may be offered to patients
      with pregnancies with more than four embryos.

PMID- 2656371
TI  - [Vaginosonographic measurement of the postmenopausal endometrium in the early
      detection of endometrial cancer].
AB  - Vaginosonographic measurements of the endometrium were performed in 155
      postmenopausal women without abnormal gynecological findings and free of any
      clinical symptoms. An endometrial thickness of greater than or equal to 4 mm was
      clarified histologically by means of a curettage. We found endometrial carcinomas
      in seven cases, cervical carcinomas in one, endometrial polyps in ten and
      glandular-cystic hyperplasia in three cases. One patient showed an atrophic
      endometrium associated with a submucous myoma. In total, endometrial carcinomas
      were detected by sonography in 4.5% of our patients. On the basis of our
      preliminary results, we conclude that vaginosonographic examination of the
      endometrium is a highly sensitive (81%) and specific (89%) method, with good
      acceptance by the patients, in the detection of asymptomatic benign and malignant
      neoplasms of the postmenopausal woman.

PMID- 2656372
TI  - [Physiologic bases of the clinical use of oxygen-transporting blood substitutes].

PMID- 2656373
TI  - [Effect of blood transfusion on specific anti-tetanus immunity].
AB  - The clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that in patients with
      large lesions accompanied by blood loss, injection of heterogenous antitetanic
      blood serum may be withdrawn during emergency prophylaxis of tetanus provided
      these patients are administered hemotherapy. Such a treatment policy makes it
      possible to considerably reduce the incidence of allergic complications that may
      occur after injection of antitetanic horse serum.

PMID- 2656374
TI  - [Transplantation of the bone marrow after total body irradiation of the victims
      after the accident at the Chernobyl atomic power plant].
AB  - Bone marrow transplantation was carried out in 13 patients. Seven patients (the
      doses of the total gamma-radiation were from 6.6 to 11.9 Gy; 4 identical, 2
      "haplo + I", 1 haploidentical to BMT) died from radiation-induced skin injuries
      (beta-burns) incompatible with further life, from intestinal and pulmonary
      lesions from days 17 to 25 after radiation (days +2-+9 after BMT). Four patients
      (the doses were from 4.4 to 10.2 Gy; 2 identical, 1 "haplo + I", 1 haploidentical
      to BMT) died from acute secondary disease (ASD) and herpes virus infections
      within 34 (+27) to 91 (+79) days. Two patients (the doses constituted 5.6 and 8.7
      Gy; haploidentical to BMT) are alive. They demonstrated incomplete myelopoietic
      chimera (up to +32-+36 days), non-grave ASD (from day +13 to day +57), the onset
      of the own myelopoiesis on days 27-28 and its final recovery by the termination
      of the 3d-4th month following radiation.

PMID- 2656375
TI  - [Polyamine levels in cadaveric bone marrow].
AB  - The content of polyamines in cadaveric bone marrow was measured before and after
      cryopreservation. The content of some polyamines was found to depend on the
      morphologic and functional preservation of bone marrow elements. It is concluded
      that the content of some polyamines may serve as criterion of cell destruction
      and proliferative potencies of bone marrow.

PMID- 2656376
TI  - [Use of chelates for removal of excess iron from the body].

PMID- 2656377
TI  - [Ultrasonography in hematological practice].

PMID- 2656378
TI  - Heterologous expression of alcohol oxidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
      properties of the enzyme and implications for microbody development.
AB  - Alcohol oxidase (AO) expressed in transformed oleic acid-grown Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae, accumulated into microbodies to up to 8% of the total protein content
      of the organelles. This led to a small increase in volume fraction of the
      organelles, but not in their number. Most of the AO protein was present in large
      aggregates in the cytosol. The AO synthesized was inactive, irrespective of its
      subcellular localization and did not contain FAD. When the same AO gene was
      expressed in fused protoplasts of transformed S. cerevisiae and Hansenula
      polymorpha, the enzyme was properly assembled and activated in H. polymorpha
      microbodies.

PMID- 2656379
TI  - Isolation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic variants of Candida albicans.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that most isolates of C. albicans are hydrophobic
      when grown at room temperature (RT, ca. 22-24 degrees C) and hydrophilic when
      grown at 37 degrees C. Variants of our standard strain LGH1095 were isolated that
      are hydrophobic at 37 degrees C and hydrophilic at RT. After repeated phase
      partitioning with cyclohexane-water cell populations that were 6-16% hydrophobic
      at RT and 66-80% hydrophobic at 37 degrees C were obtained. Subsequent limiting
      dilution experiments provided clones which were more hydrophobic at RT or
      hydrophilic at 37 degrees C. These were then recloned until the resultant
      populations were consistently under 5% cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) at RT or
      over 95% at 37 degrees C. Treatment with several detergents as well as sugars did
      not decrease the CSH of these cells. Lipase and several proteases also had no
      effect. When treated with trypsin at a concentration twice that used to lower CSH
      of normal cells to less than 5%, the hydrophobic variant only decreased in CSH by
      50%. Both variants were capable of germinating, although at different levels
      depending on prior growth temperature. Sensitivity to the germination inhibitor
      morphogenic autoregulatory substance (MARS) was similar to that of the parent
      strain.

PMID- 2656380
TI  - Pyrimidine scavenging by Mycobacterium leprae.
AB  - Mycobacterium leprae incorporated exogenously supplied pyrimidines as bases or
      nucleosides, but not as a nucleotide, into its nucleic acids. Notably, thymine
      was incorporated approximately 5 times more rapidly than thymidine by both
      suspensions of, or intracellular M. leprae. Thymine incorporation was
      significantly inhibited by clofazamine and dapsone at near-pharmacological
      levels. Therefore, incorporation of thymine is preferable as an activity for
      assessing viability of M. leprae. Nucleosides were converted to nucleotides
      through kinases, bases through phosphoribosyltransferases. Alternatively, thymine
      and uracil could first be converted to nucleosides. Cytosine and uracil bases
      were interconvertible, and uracil alone could supply all the pyrimidine
      requirements of M. leprae, though conversion to the thymine base was extremely
      slow. Overall, pyrimidine scavenging occurs at a slower rate than, and appears
      not to be so important as purine scavenging in M. leprae.

PMID- 2656381
TI  - Pyrimidine biosynthesis de novo in M. leprae.
AB  - Mycobacterium leprae can synthesise pyrimidines de novo. Although pyrimidine
      synthesis could not be detected in intact bacteria, extracts contained all four
      enzymes unique to the de novo pathway which are detectable in mycobacteria by the
      methods used. Inhibition of aspartate transcarbamylase by UTP and ATP suggested
      that lack of pyrimidine synthetic activity in whole M. leprae could be a result
      of strong feedback inhibition.

PMID- 2656382
TI  - SAR-2: identification of a novel plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase from India.
AB  - A novel beta-lactamase has been identified in an Escherichia coli strain isolated
      in South India. The beta-lactamase gene was carried on a plasmid (pUK734) along
      with resistance determinants to sulphonamides and tetracycline. The novel enzyme
      has a pI of 8.3 and an Mr of 36,000. The enzyme has a broad-spectrum of activity
      against both penicillins and cephalosporins. It is also active against oxacillin
      and methicillin.

PMID- 2656383
TI  - Development of pLR591, a Streptomyces-Escherichia coli positive selection shuttle
      vector.
AB  - The Escherichia coli positive selection vector pEcoR251 was ligated with the
      broad host range, high copy number Streptomyces plasmid pIJ702 to produce pLR591,
      a Streptomyces-E. coli positive selection shuttle vector. The EcoRI and
      thiostrepton resistance genes of pLR591 were expressed in E. coli and
      Streptomyces lividans respectively. The positive selection shuttle vector pLR591
      facilitates the construction in E. coli of genomic libraries which can be
      screened in Streptomyces strains.

PMID- 2656384
TI  - Variations in cell size and buoyant density of Escherichia coli K12 during
      glycogen accumulation.
AB  - The effect of glycogen accumulation on buoyant density and volume of Escherichia
      coli K12 was studied. A procedure consisting of three linear equations is
      presented. This requires measurement only of three parameters: cell buoyant
      density, cell volume and specific content of the polymer. Experimental values are
      then used to calculate intercepts and slopes of the equations by linear
      regression. From the estimated values of such parameters the in vivo values of
      several variables of interest can be calculated. These include in vivo density
      and volume of the glycogen inclusion, as well as density and volume of the
      structural material in the cell. The results are consistent with the glycogen
      inclusions being hydrated.

PMID- 2656385
TI  - Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes to detect verocytotoxin-producing
      Escherichia coli in diseased pigs.
AB  - Oligonucleotide probes constructed from the sequences published for Shiga-like
      toxin I (SLT-I) and Shiga-like toxin II (SLT-II) genes and antibody against the
      purified toxins were used to study the SLT (SLT-IIp) produced by porcine E. coli
      O138 and O139 strains. By DNA hybridization assays no homology was observed
      between SLT-I and SLT-IIp. By contrast the oligonucleotide probe derived from the
      slt-II A gene detected porcine strains of E. coli producing SLT-IIp and E. coli
      strains associated with human disease producing SLT-II. Homology of nucleotide
      sequences between SLT-IIp and SLT-II is reflected by serological cross-reactivity
      as demonstrated by a dot blot ELISA and neutralization of SLT-IIp with anti-SLT
      II. The toxins were distinguishable in their ability to kill HeLa S-3 cells. The
      oligonucleotide probe and anti-SLT-II can facilitate identification of SLT-IIp
      producing E. coli to further clarify their role in diseased pigs.

PMID- 2656386
TI  - Role of glycosylation in the incorporation of intrinsic mannoproteins into cell
      walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Cell wall mannoproteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are completely or partially
      incorporated into their final location when N-glycosylation is inhibited by
      tunicamycin. These include a 90-100 kDa species still containing O-linked
      oligomannose chains, derived from a N-glycosylated material larger than 120 kDa;
      and a 30.5 kDa peptide lacking mannose residues, derived from a 33 kDa species.
      For both species, the growth temperature influences the level of incorporation of
      the non N-glycosylated molecules. Secretion of the peptides lacking N-linked
      saccharide chains follows the route defined by sec mutants.

PMID- 2656387
TI  - O-linked mannose composition of secreted invertase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The secreted invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a glycoenzyme
      that contains N- and O-linked mannoses in 40/1 proportion. The small amount of
      mannose chains O-linked to invertase is distributed as follows: mannose (20%),
      mannobiose (50%), mannotriose (6%), mannotetraose (7%) and mannopentaose (17%).

PMID- 2656388
TI  - Loss of plasmid linked antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli on treatment
      with some phenolic compounds.
AB  - Treatment of E. coli 46R641 cells carrying multidrug resistant TP181 plasmid with
      phenolic compounds namely bharangin, gossypetin, gossypin and quercetin lead to
      the concurrent loss of all the six plasmid linked antibiotic resistance markers.
      Among these test compounds, bharangin exhibited higher efficiency in curing of
      plasmids belonging to IncF1, H1 and X groups. However, multicopy plasmids with
      ColE1 origin of replication were totally refractory to these curing agents under
      similar conditions. The curing activity of the test compounds was much higher as
      compared to some of the known curing agents.

PMID- 2656389
TI  - Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the toluene dioxygenase gene from
      Pseudomonas putida NCIB11767.
AB  - The genes encoding toluene dioxygenase, toluene cis-glycol dehydrogenase and
      catechol 2.3-oxygenase from Pseudomonas putida NCIB 11767 were cloned and
      expressed in Escherichia coli HB101 on a 20 kb fragment. The recombinant strain
      produced indigo and a variety of other coloured products. Although the enzymes
      were expressed in the absence of inducers, further induction was observed in the
      presence of toluene or benzene, implying the presence of regulatory elements on
      the 20 kb insert.

PMID- 2656390
TI  - 5-Carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenases of Escherichia coli
      C and Klebsiella pneumoniae M5a1 show very high N-terminal sequence homology.
AB  - 5-Carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde (CHMS) dehydrogenase from
      Escherichia coli C and Klebsiella pneumoniae M5a1 have been purified and some of
      their properties studied. The apparent Km values for NAD and CHMS were 11.7 +/-
      1.5 microM and 5.2 +/- 1.9 microM, respectively, for the K. pneumoniae enzyme,
      and 19.5 +/- 2.7 microM and 9.2 +/- 1.4 microM, respectively, for the E. coli
      enzyme. Both enzymes were optimally active at pH 7.5 in sodium phosphate buffer.
      They had subunit molecular weights of 52,000 (+/- 1000) and the native enzymes
      appeared to be dimers of identical subunits. The first 20 residues of their N
      terminal amino acid sequences were 90% homologous. A degenerate oligonucleotide
      probe constructed to a six amino acid sequence common to both enzymes gave strong
      hybridization with DNA from E. coli strains B and W as well as with E. coli C and
      K. pneumoniae but little or no hybridization to DNA from E. coli K12 or
      Pseudomonas putida.

PMID- 2656391
TI  - Differential fructose effect in Pachysolen tannophilus and Pichia stipitis.
AB  - The yeasts Pachysolen tannophilus and Pichia stipitis differed in their ability
      to utilize D-xylose in the presence of D-fructose. When P. tannophilus was grown
      aerobically in fructose-xylose mixture, the ketohexose was utilized
      preferentially over the pentose. However, in P. stipitis cultures, the converse
      was observed. The effect was associated with the ability of D-fructose to repress
      the induction of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities in P.
      tannophilus but not in P. stipitis. Both yeasts grew on D-fructose and fermented
      it to ethanol when it was supplied as the sole carbon source. The results suggest
      that there may exist some fundamental difference in the regulation of D-fructose
      metabolism between P. tannophilus and P. stipitis.

PMID- 2656392
TI  - Conjugative co-transfer of penicillin tolerance and high-level resistance to
      kanamycin in group A streptococci.
AB  - To understand further the association between high-level resistance to kanamycin
      and penicillin tolerance in group A streptococci, high-level resistance to
      kanamycin was transferred from a penicillin-tolerant group A streptococcal strain
      possessing a high-level resistance to kanamycin to a penicillin non-tolerant,
      kanamycin-susceptible group A streptococcal strain and transconjugants were
      examined for penicillin tolerance. Transfer of high-level resistance to kanamycin
      occurred at a frequency of 10(-6). Transconjugants carrying high-level resistance
      to kanamycin exhibited characteristics of penicillin tolerance. These findings
      suggest that the genetic basis for penicillin tolerance is related to that for
      high-level resistance to kanamycin in group A streptococci. Further studies are
      needed to characterize the transferable genetic element(s).

PMID- 2656393
TI  - Construction of a secretion vector production of peptide hormones in Escherichia
      coli (extracellular production of calcitonin as fused protein).
AB  - A new secretion vector, pEAP84 which contained a unique restriction site (BglII)
      at the 3' end of the penicillinase gene to produce a fused protein, and the Ex
      kil region to make the outer membrane permeable, was constructed from pEAP82. A
      recombinant plasmid p84h06, which contained a synthetic gene for human calcitonin
      with a cyanogen bromide cleavage site at the junction site of the fused protein,
      was constructed and introduced into Escherichia coli. The hybrid protein produced
      in E. coli carrying p84h06 was secreted into the culture medium. The amino acid
      composition of this product was consistent with that deduced from the DNA
      sequence. Mature calcitonin was obtained following cyanogen bromide cleavage of
      the fused protein.

PMID- 2656394
TI  - Characteristics of a protease of Streptococcus sanguis G9B which degrades the
      major salivary adhesin.
AB  - An endogenous enzyme present in cell surface extracts of Streptococcus sanguis
      strain G9B degraded the major salivary adhesin of the organism. The enzyme showed
      optimal activity between 50 and 65 degrees C and was inactivated at higher
      temperatures. The activity at these unusually high temperatures seemed to be a
      consequence of release from the cell surface since intact whole G9B cells showed
      greater activity at 37 degrees C. The enzyme was not found in culture
      supernatants of G9B cells. The pH range for the enzyme was between 5 and 9. It
      was inhibited by iodoacetic acid, Hg2+, Cu2+, EDTA, SDS, and PMSF, but not by
      TLCK, TPCK, soybean trypsin inhibitor, cysteine, dithiothreitol, leupeptin, Ca2+,
      Mg2+ or saliva. The enzyme did not show any activity against human or rabbit IgG
      or human IgA. Enzyme activity was also found in S. sanguis strains Adh- (a
      spontaneously occurring non-adherent mutant of G9B), and M-5.

PMID- 2656395
TI  - Genes coding for Shiga-like toxin and heat-stabile enterotoxin in porcine strains
      of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Besides diarrheagenic enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) that produce
      classical heat stable and/or heat labile enterotoxins (STs, LTs) and the class of
      Shiga-like toxin-producing entero-hemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), a new category of
      E. coli is defined sharing similarities with ETEC and EHEC. DNA hybridization
      studies indicate that some E. coli serovars from porcine origin harbor genes
      encoding cytotonic ST and cytotoxic Shiga-like toxin. The presence of two potent
      toxins might contribute to the virulence of such strains and should be taken into
      consideration when bio-assays are performed.

PMID- 2656396
TI  - Functioning of a hybrid BRP-beta-lactamase protein in the release of cloacin DF13
      and lysis of Escherichia coli cells.
AB  - The gene encoding a hybrid BRP-Bla protein consisting of the pCloDF13 encoded BRP
      signal sequence, 25 of the 28 amino acid residues of the mature bacteriocin
      release protein (BRP) and the mature portion of beta-lactamase (Bla) was
      subcloned in the expression vector pEB112. A similar construct was made using a
      mutant gene encoding a BRP-Bla protein in which the cysteine residue at the +1
      position was changed into a glycine residue. The expression, processing,
      functioning and subcellular localization of the 'wild-type' and mutant hybrid
      protein at high-level expression conditions were studied. The 'wild-type' BRP-Bla
      protein was mainly found in the outer membranes and possessed all the activities
      of the BRP itself; the protein was able to bring about the release of cloacin
      DF13 and caused apparent cell-lysis after high-level synthesis. The mutant hybrid
      protein was predominantly located in the inner membranes, was inactive in the
      release of cloacin DF13, but caused apparent cell-lysis only after strong
      induction.

PMID- 2656397
TI  - Occurrence of Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid-specific sequences in
      different serovars of Salmonella.
AB  - We have subcloned the 96-kilobasepair (kb) virulence plasmid, pLT2, of Salmonella
      typhimurium line LT2 into 7 subfragments. Using these subclones as probes, 35
      independent Salmonella isolates were tested for complementary DNA sequences
      Sequences homologous to pLT2 were present in 15 of the isolates. All of these
      contained sequences homologous to at least one specific probe representing 15 kb
      of pLT2. The traT gene from pLT2 was absent in 6 of these 15 isolates. Three
      strains reported to be cured of the plasmid were shown to harbour some sequences
      with homology to the pLT2 plasmid. Seven isolates were shown to contain
      homologous sequences with pBR322 but not with the pLT2 plasmid.

PMID- 2656398
TI  - Ketopantoyl lactone reductase is a conjugated polyketone reductase.
AB  - Ketopantoyl lactone reductase (EC 1.1.1.168) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was
      found to catalyze the reduction of a variety of natural and unnatural conjugated
      polyketone compounds and quinones, such as isatin, ninhydrin, camphorquinone and
      beta-naphthoquinone in the presence of NADPH. 5-Bromoisatin is the best substrate
      for the enzyme (Km = 3.1 mM; Vmax = 650 mumol/min/mg). The enzyme is inhibited by
      quercetin, and several polyketones. These results suggest that ketopantoyl
      lactone reductase is a carbonyl reductase which specifically catalyzes the
      reduction of conjugated polyketones.

PMID- 2656399
TI  - Cytotoxic effect of multinucleation in HeLa cell cultures associated with the
      presence of Vir plasmid in Escherichia coli strains.
AB  - Escherichia coli strain S5 possesses a virulent plasmid termed Vir, which codes
      for a lethal toxin and a surface antigen. This strain and two trans-conjugant
      strains, which have received the Vir plasmid from S5, produced a specific and
      thermolabile cytopathic effect of multinucleation in an HeLa cell cultures assay,
      whereas isogenic Vir- strains did not. Moreover sonicates of two
      epidemiologically unrelated Vir+ strains, exerted the same type of cytotoxicity.
      This effect, together with lethality for chicken, was specifically neutralized by
      a rabbit antiserum prepared against Vir+ sonicates. The Vir cytopathic effect
      appeared morphologically distinct from the one caused by the cytotoxic
      necrotizing factor of E. coli, which was partially related immunologically. We
      therefore propose to call this type of toxin 'Vir cytotoxin'.

PMID- 2656400
TI  - Palindromy and the location of deletion endpoints in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The contributions of direct and inverted repeats to deletion formation were
      studied by characterizing Ampr revertants of plasmids with a series of insertion
      mutations at a specific site in the pBR322 ampicillin resistance (amp) gene. The
      inserts at this site are palindromic, variable in length, and bracketed by 9- or
      10-bp direct repeats of amp sequence. There is an additional direct repeat
      composed of 4 bp within the insert and 4 bp of adjoining amp sequence. DNA
      sequencing and colony hybridization of Ampr revertants showed that they contained
      either the parental amp sequence, implying deletion endpoints in the flanking 9-
      or 10-bp repeats, or a specific 1-bp substitution, implying endpoints in the 4-bp
      repeats. Although generally direct repeats seem to be used as deletion endpoints
      with a frequency proportional to their lengths, we found that with uninterrupted
      palindromes longer than 32 bp, the majority of deletions ended in the 4 bp, not
      the 9- or 10-bp repeats. This preferential use of the shorter direct repeats
      associated with palindromes is interpreted according to a DNA synthesis-error
      model in which hairpin structures formed by intrastrand pairing foster the
      slippage of nascent strands during DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2656401
TI  - Suppressors of yeast actin mutations.
AB  - Suppressors of a temperature-sensitive mutation (act1-1) in the single actin gene
      of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were selected that had simultaneously acquired a cold
      sensitive growth phenotype. Five genes, called SAC (suppressor of actin) were
      defined by complementation tests; both suppression and cold-sensitive phenotypes
      were recessive. Three of the genes (SAC1, SAC2 and SAC3) were subjected to
      extensive genetic and phenotypic analysis, including molecular cloning.
      Suppression was found to be allele-specific with respect to actin alleles. The
      sac mutants, even in ACT1+ genetic backgrounds, displayed phenotypes similar to
      those of actin mutants, notably aberrant organization of intracellular actin and
      deposition of chitin at the cell surface. These results are interpreted as being
      consistent with the idea that the SAC genes encode proteins that interact with
      actin, presumably as components or controllers of the assembly or stability of
      the yeast actin cytoskeleton. Two unexpected properties of the SAC1 gene were
      noted. Disruptions of the gene indicated that its function is essential only at
      temperatures below about 17 degrees and all sac1 alleles are inviable when
      combined with act1-2. These properties are interpreted in the context of the
      evolution of the actin cytoskeleton of yeast.

PMID- 2656402
TI  - Dominant suppressors of yeast actin mutations that are reciprocally suppressed.
AB  - A gene whose product is likely to interact with yeast actin was identified by the
      isolation of pseudorevertants carrying dominant suppressors of the temperature
      sensitive (Ts) act1-1 mutation. Of 30 independent revertants analyzed, 29 were
      found to carry extragenic suppressor mutations and of these, 24/24 tested were
      found to be linked to each other. This linkage group identifies a new gene SAC6,
      whose product, by several genetic criteria, is likely to interact intimately with
      actin. First, although act1-1 sac6 strains are temperature-independent (Ts+),
      4/17 sac6 mutant alleles tested are Ts in an ACT1+ background. Moreover, four Ts+
      pseudorevertants of these ACT1+ sac6 mutants carry suppressor mutations in ACT1;
      significantly, three of these are again Ts in a SAC6+ background, and are most
      likely new act1 mutant alleles. Thus, mutations in ACT1 and SAC6 can suppress
      each other's defects. Second, sac6 mutations can suppress the Ts defects of the
      act1-1 and act1-2, but not act1-4, mutations. This allele specificity indicates
      the sac6 mutations do not suppress by simply bypassing the function of actin at
      high temperature. Third, act1-4 sac6 strains have a growth defect greater than
      that due to either of the single mutations alone, again suggesting an interaction
      between the two proteins. The mutant sac6 gene was cloned on the basis of
      dominant suppression from an act1-1 sac6 mutant library, and was then mapped to
      chromosome IV, less than 2 cM from ARO1.

PMID- 2656403
TI  - Hypochondriasis and related disorders. Assessment and management of patients
      referred for a psychiatric opinion.
AB  - This article outlines the main components of a comprehensive plan for the
      assessment and management of patients referred for a psychiatric opinion with
      hypochondriasis and related disorders. Particular emphasis is placed on the
      discussion of attitudes to previous medical contact, to the value of physical
      investigations, and to the psychiatric referral itself; these attitudes are often
      neglected and yet are of clinical importance because they are usually associated
      with resistance to psychiatric treatment. A short-term flexible therapeutic
      approach to the presenting syndrome itself is outlined, which is based on
      cognitive-behavioral strategies used in other emotional disorders and on the
      literature on hypochondriasis. Clinical experience with this approach suggests
      that nonattendance may be high even in those who present for initial assessment,
      but that for attenders the prognosis may be good, with 80% showing a marked or
      moderate improvement on discharge. Younger patients, those with a past
      psychiatric history, and those receiving state benefits did worse, and those with
      major depression had the best prognosis. Social function, personal distress, and
      preoccupation with symptoms all tend to improve more than the underlying physical
      symptoms themselves.

PMID- 2656404
TI  - Dissecting mouse development with toxigenics.

PMID- 2656405
TI  - Nucleolin from Xenopus laevis: cDNA cloning and expression during development.
AB  - Nucleolin is a key nucleolar protein in higher eukaryotic cells and is involved
      directly in ribosome biogenesis. Using an antiserum raised against hamster
      nucleolin, the homologous protein was detected in nucleoli of Xenopus laevis
      hepatocytes as well as in the amplified nucleoli of oocytes. A cDNA encoding
      Xenopus nucleolin has been isolated and sequenced. The deduced protein sequence
      reveals similar domains in Xenopus and in mammals, but they have undergone
      separate evolutions. In particular, each of the four RNA-binding domains has
      evolved differently--the carboxy-proximal domain is twice as conserved (87%) as
      the amino-proximal domain (42%). These data shed some light on the possible roles
      of each domain. The expression of nucleolin has been followed throughout
      oogenesis and embryogenesis. The appearance of nucleolin during early development
      precedes the transcription of rDNA and the synthesis of ribosomal proteins. The
      maximal accumulation of nucleolin at gastrulation coincides with nucleolar
      reformation. Furthermore, when ribosomal synthesis is activated during oogenesis
      and embryogenesis, peptides immunorelated to nucleolin appear and accumulate. The
      results suggest that nucleolin plays a role not only in ribosome assembly but
      also in nucleologenesis.

PMID- 2656406
TI  - The mitochondrial ribosomal RNA molecules of Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - The 16S and 23S mitochondrial rRNAs of Aspergillus nidulans have been identified
      by Northern hybridisation and the ends of the molecules mapped onto the
      mitochondrial genome by S1 nuclease analysis. The results show that both the rRNA
      molecules are longer than originally reported, forcing a reassessment of the
      potential secondary structures that can form in the terminal regions. In
      particular, structures resembling the 5.8S- and 4.5S-like domains of the
      bacterial large rRNA can now be recognised within the A. nidulans 23S molecule.
      The new 5' termini of the 16S and 23S genes lie within conserved 18-bp sequences
      that may be promoters but are more likely to be processing signals that cleave
      the mature rRNAs from larger precursor molecules. The new end of the 23S gene
      abuts the 5' end of the threonine-tRNA gene.

PMID- 2656407
TI  - Nucleotide sequence determination of the DNA region coding for Bacillus
      stearothermophilus glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and of the flanking
      DNA regions required for its expression in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of a 3541-base pairs (bp) DNA fragment from
      Bacillus stearothermophilus able to complement an Escherichia coli glyceraldehyde
      3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mutant (gapD-) has been determined. The B.
      stearothermophilus gap gene consists of a 1005-bp open reading frame commencing
      with an ATG start codon and ending with a TAA stop codon. Upstream from the start
      codon is a strong Shine-Dalgarno sequence typical of Gram-positive bacteria. Only
      one putative RNA polymerase recognition signal (-35 and -10 regions) is found
      1153 bp upstream from the ATG start codon. In vivo utilization of this signal is
      in agreement with the study of gene expression from different subclones of the
      original fragment. 57 bp downstream from the TAA stop codon is a structure
      resembling Rho-independent transcription termination signals. Although B.
      stearothermophilus GAPDH-coding gene is highly expressed in E. coli, it contains
      several rare codons for E. coli. The predicted amino acid sequence of the GAPDH
      enzyme presents several differences with the amino acid sequence previously
      determined from the protein and is in better agreement with published
      crystallographic data.

PMID- 2656408
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the F plasmid transfer gene, traH: identification of a new
      gene and a promoter within the transfer operon.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the F plasmid transfer gene traH, which is involved in
      F-pilus assembly in Escherichia coli K-12, has been determined. From the sequence
      data, it would appear that traH encodes a 38,897-dalton precursor polypeptide
      which is processed to give a periplasmic protein. Furthermore, a new gene, trbF,
      has been located immediately upstream of traH and shown to be expressed by means
      of a translational fusion to lacZ. Using galK fusion and S1 nuclease protection
      studies, a weak traJ-dependent promoter, P trbF, has been mapped upstream and
      adjacent to trbF. Transcription of trbF and traH from P trbF may well serve to
      complement transcription from the major tra operon promoter PY located some 16 kb
      upstream of these genes.

PMID- 2656409
TI  - Characterization of the Escherichia coli protein-export gene secB.
AB  - The Escherichia coli secB gene product is required for normal export of envelope
      proteins out of the cell cytoplasm. In this report, we present the identification
      and nucleotide sequence of the secB coding sequence. The secB structural gene
      overlaps almost completely with a predicted open reading frame (ORF) that is
      encoded on the opposite strand. To establish the identity of the secB ORF, we
      characterized a secB mutation that caused total loss of secB function, based upon
      its phenotype. This mutation resulted from a nucleotide change that caused an
      ochre mutation in one ORF (the secB gene) and a silent (no amino acid change)
      codon change in the opposite ORF.

PMID- 2656410
TI  - The structure of the Escherichia coli hemB gene.
AB  - The Escherichia coli hemB gene, which encodes 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase,
      and was cloned into pTZ18U, a multicopy plasmid, was sequenced. The hemB insert
      was double-digested with restriction enzymes and recloned back into pTZ18U and
      pTZ19U to allow for sequencing in two directions. In a second procedure, used to
      fill in gaps and to confirm the sequence derived from the first procedure, the
      whole insert was cloned into M13 phages. A nested set of deletions was
      constructed and recloned into M13. Both the double-digested fragments cloned into
      plasmids pTZ18U and pTZ19U and the overlapping fragments contained in M13 phages
      were sequenced using the dideoxy procedure with [35S]dATP. Computer software was
      used to identify coding regions and the correct reading frame. Two promoter
      regions, two Shine-Dalgarno sequences and two possible start sites were
      identified. Extensive homologies with yeast (36%), human liver (40%) and rat
      liver (40%) amino-acid (aa) sequences were observed, especially in the 16-aa Zn
      binding region (75%) and the 4 aa surrounding the essential lysine at the active
      site (100% for rat and human proteins). Computer analysis of promoter strength
      and two independent analyses of codon usage indicated that the hemB gene is
      moderately expressed.

PMID- 2656411
TI  - The role of a static bend in the DNA of the aroF regulatory region of Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - DNA fragments containing the regulatory regions of two genes repressed by the
      tyrR gene product exhibit retarded electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide
      gels indicating the presence of static bends in the DNA. In the aroF gene this
      bend has been localized to a region containing two TyrR protein-binding sites. A
      point mutation between these two sites reduced the degree of bending observed but
      did not reduce the level of repression, indicating the static bend may not be an
      important component of the repression mechanism.

PMID- 2656412
TI  - Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus-based vectors for expressing passenger
      genes in silkmoth cells under viral or cellular promoter control.
AB  - The polyhedrin gene of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the silkmoth Bombyx mori
      (BmNPV) has been subjected to deletion mutagenesis. A number of clones containing
      partially deleted polyhedrin genes were characterized and four clones containing
      limited deletions of the 5'-untranslated or 5'-flanking sequences of the gene
      were further analyzed with respect to polyhedrin promoter activity. The
      functional characterization of the deletion mutants was achieved through the
      insertion of a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene (cat) into each
      deletion junction. The resultant cat constructs were introduced into the genome
      of BmNPV through homologous recombination and the effect of each deletion on the
      activity of the polyhedrin promoter was evaluated by measurements of CAT
      enzymatic activity in extracts of tissue culture cells infected with the
      corresponding recombinant BmNPVs as well as by primer extension assays. Removal
      of the entire leader region and eleven adjacent residues of the 5'-flanking
      sequences of the polyhedrin gene results in a dramatic decrease in promoter
      activity, which, however, remains detectable through CAT activity measurements.
      Elimination of an additional 30 nucleotides (nt) of the upstream sequences
      results in the complete inactivation of the polyhedrin promoter. The functional
      characterization of a deletion mutant lacking 41 nt of the 5'-flanking sequences
      has demonstrated that no functions necessary for viral infectivity, replication
      or assembly are disrupted by this deletion, since the corresponding recombinant
      viruses propagate in the cells with the same kinetics and to the same extent as
      wild-type BmNPV. As a result of the deletion mutagenesis, two classes of transfer
      vectors have become available. The first class can be used for introducing into
      the viral genome foreign nucleotide sequences under polyhedrin promoter control,
      while the second one can be used for obtaining recombinant viruses harboring
      foreign genetic material in an environment which is devoid of polyhedrin promoter
      activity.

PMID- 2656413
TI  - The rate of living theory revisited.
AB  - A rereading of The Rate of Living [Pearl, University of London Press, London
      1928] shows that Pearl's thoughts about the meaning of inheritance and heredity,
      about the relations of between and within populations measurements and about the
      ways in which life span should be measured are unclear. New ways in which the
      theory should, eventually, be tested are suggested and the genetic implications
      of these suggested experimental ways are given. A review is made, mainly in
      insects, accessorily in rodents, of the different manners in which the theory has
      been essayed, namely by relating life span with temperature, rate of energy
      expenditure, growth rate and activity. It is concluded that the theory rests on a
      weak theoretical basis and even on a series of highly nonplausible assumptions
      and that, furthermore, the evidence experimentally accumulated is, with a few odd
      exceptions, not in favor of the theory.

PMID- 2656414
TI  - Clinical and pathological status of mesectodermal leiomyoma of the ciliary body.
      A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - The case of a 28-year-old woman with a well-vascularized, yellowish neoplasm in
      her right eye is reported. The findings upon slit-lamp examination and
      fluorescein iridography strongly suggested a malignant lesion. The tumor and the
      adjacent portion of the iris, angle structures, ciliary body, cornea, and sclera
      were removed en bloc under the half-thickness corneoscleral flap. On the basis of
      light-microscopic studies, the tumor was suspected to be a neurogenic or glial
      tumor but further studies confirmed it to be a mesectodermal leiomyoma of the
      ciliary body. Electron-microscopic studies revealed the smooth muscle nature of
      the tumor. Because of the high percentage of benign lesions in this site, we
      believe that even though examinations may suggest malignancy, excision of the
      tumor should be preferred to enucleation of the globe in cases of ciliary tumor.

PMID- 2656415
TI  - Topical BVDU plus low-dosage steroids in the treatment of chronic relapsing
      zoster keratouveitis. A pilot study.
AB  - A therapeutic trial with topical bromovinyldeoxyuridine (BVDU) plus low-dosage
      steroids was conducted in five patients with chronic zoster keratouveitis, who
      had previously received topical acyclovir (ACV) and steroids. In all cases, BVDU
      (plus steroids) was found to be superior to ACV (plus steroids). Yet BVDU was not
      able to keep the patients from having chronic relapsing varicella-zoster
      keratouveitis. This can probably be explained by pathophysiological reasons,
      i.e., the persistence and low-grade multiplication of the varicella-zoster virus
      in peripheral eye tissues during the chronic carrier stage. It is possible that
      this chronic carrier status could be obviated by vigorous antiviral treatment
      during the acute phase of the illness.

PMID- 2656416
TI  - [Occurrence in the environment and among the population of antibiotic-resistant
      strains of pathogenic Escherichia].
AB  - When studying antibioticograms of 1303 strains of pathogenic Escherichia, the
      correlation of their resistance with the character and source of emanation,
      exciters' serogroups and antibiotics has been established. The strains isolated
      from the environment, primarily from food-staffs, wash-out, and wastewater have
      higher antibiotic resistance. No significant differences are noted in the number
      of resistance markers as to the source of pathogenic Escherichia. The following
      antibiotic range is established: streptomycin-chloramphenicol (chloromycetin)-
      neomycin sulfate-tetracyline-kanamycin-polymyxin-gentamycin, thus the least
      number of strains in characterized by gentamycin resistance.

PMID- 2656417
TI  - [Evaluation of safety for humans and the environment of viruses used in insect
      control].

PMID- 2656418
TI  - [Effect of the extent of testing and the degree of contamination on the isolation
      of Salmonella from water].

PMID- 2656419
TI  - [The questions of the combined action on the body of industrial chemical
      compounds and ionizing radiations].
AB  - Proceeding from the analysis of literature data on the problem of the combined
      body effect of chemical industrial compounds, a methodological approach to the
      problem has been developed in order to regulate hygienically the concentration of
      industrial poisons in the work zone air under the combined effect of ionizing
      radiation and industrial chemical compounds.

PMID- 2656420
TI  - [Planning and coordination of the research carried out by medical institutes on
      the problem of the scientific bases of industrial hygiene and occupational
      pathology].

PMID- 2656421
TI  - [Correction of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary
      trunk].
AB  - The article describes a successful operation for hemodynamic correction of
      anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk which was
      carried out for the first time in the Soviet Union. Experience in such operations
      according to the data in world literature is analysed. The authors point out the
      peculiarities of recognizing anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from
      the pulmonary trunk in "asymptomatic" patients with no classical manifestations
      of the anomaly.

PMID- 2656422
TI  - [Microsurgical sutures of the trachea and bronchi (experimental study)].
AB  - A method for the formation of tracheal and bronchial anastomoses with a two-row
      suture by means of microsurgical techniques was elaborated in experiments on 52
      mongrel dogs. In the control series the bronchial anastomosis was created with
      interrupted sutures passed through all the coats of the bronchial wall.
      Morphological study of the reparative processes in the tracheal and bronchial
      anastomoses showed that healing of the anastomosis formed by means of
      microsurgical techniques occurred sooner and with a lesser inflammatory reaction
      than healing of the communication in the control series. This is explained by the
      fact that the microsurgical suture of the tracheal and bronchial mucosa ensures
      adequate approximation of the margins of the anastomosis and reliable air
      tightness and promotes healing by first intention.

PMID- 2656423
TI  - [The surgical treatment of acute myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2656424
TI  - [Current models of bicuspid artificial heart valves].

PMID- 2656425
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of histiocytes in normal ectocervical
      epithelium and epithelial lesions of the uterine cervix.
AB  - The numbers of Langerhans cells and lysozyme-positive macrophages were assessed
      quantitatively in normal ectocervical epithelium, cervical intraepithelial
      neoplasia (CIN), microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma (MICA), clinical invasive
      squamous cell carcinoma (CICA), and koilocytotic atypia using the avidin-biotin
      peroxidase complex (ABC) method. The distribution of Langerhans cells was
      different from that of lysozyme-positive macrophages in that the former were
      intermingled with the cervical lesion, while the latter were present mainly
      surrounding the cervical lesion and/or on the edge of the cervical lesion. The
      numbers of Langerhans cells and lysozyme-positive macrophages in CIN were
      significantly larger than those in normal ectocervical epithelium and
      significantly smaller than those in invasive squamous cell carcinoma (MICA +
      CICA). Langerhans cell number significantly increased as the grade of CIN
      advanced. In contrast, the number of lysozyme-positive macrophages did not differ
      significantly between progressive grades of CIN. As for koilocytotic atypia, the
      numbers of Langerhans cells and lysozyme-positive macrophages in koilocytotic
      atypia were significantly greater than those in normal ectocervical epithelium
      but did not differ significantly from those in CIN 1 and CIN 2. With respect to
      stromal lymphoid infiltration, invasive squamous cell carcinoma with moderate or
      dense stromal lymphoid infiltration showed significantly greater numbers of
      Langerhans cells and lysozyme-positive macrophages than that with no or scattered
      stromal lymphoid infiltration, but such a correlation was not found in CIN.

PMID- 2656426
TI  - A nonsialylated high-molecular-weight glycoprotein defined by a monoclonal
      antibody to adenocarcinoma of the uterine endometrium.
AB  - A murine monoclonal antibody, MCA-97, was prepared against a human endometrial
      adenocarcinoma cell line. In a cellular enzyme-linked immunospecific assay, the
      MCA-97 antibody reacted with all adenocarcinoma cell lines tested, including four
      endometrial adenocarcinoma lines. The antigen defined by MCA-97 was estimated to
      be a nonsialylated high-molecular-weight glycoprotein containing galactose and N
      acetylglucosamine in its determinant. In immunoperoxidase staining of formalin
      fixed, paraffin-embedded sections, MCA-97 reacted with most endometrial
      adenocarcinomas and ovarian endometrioid-type adenocarcinomas, and also reacted
      with normal glandular epithelium of the female genital and gastrointestinal
      tracts. However, it was mostly unreactive with squamous cell carcinoma and
      ovarian serous adenocarcinoma tissues. By the reversed passive hemagglutination
      method, the antigen defined by MCA-97 was detected in the sera of one-third of
      patients with endometrial adenocarcinomas, and in half of those with ovarian
      endometrioid adenocarcinomas. The antigen was not demonstrable in the sera of
      most normal female volunteers. Thus, MCA-97 monoclonal antibody has potential
      clinical applications in diagnostic serology and pathology.

PMID- 2656427
TI  - Infectious pneumoperitoneum as an uncommon presentation of endometrial carcinoma:
      report of two cases.
AB  - Two patients with pneumoperitoneum are reported; in both cases, the cause was
      severe infection of the upper genital tract. Investigation led to the finding of
      an underlying endometrial carcinoma. Literature review of the etiology of
      pneumoperitoneum, nature of the usual infecting organisms, and therapeutic
      principles are presented. Endometrial carcinoma should be considered in the
      differential diagnosis of infectious pneumoperitoneum, especially where patient
      risk factors are present.

PMID- 2656428
TI  - [Measuring fetal ischemia using multichannel pulsed Doppler sonography of the
      aorta and umbilical vein. Preliminary results in normal pregnancy].
AB  - The recent development of ultrasound techniques linked to a continuous or pulsed
      Doppler system allows an immediate and atraumatic study of fetal blood flow to be
      performed. Using pulsed Doppler techniques, blood velocity waves can be analyzed
      and blood flow can then be calculated using ultrasound to determine the diameter
      of the fetal vessel; the result is expressed in milliliters per minute. A study
      of aortic and umbilical venous blood flow has been carried out with a prototype
      pulsed Doppler system with 128 gates. The same probe was used to obtain pictures
      by B mode ultrasound as well as to generate Doppler waves. The study group
      consisted of 90 normal pregnancies between 32 and 41 weeks of gestation. The
      umbilical venous blood flow has been measured in 50 subjects and the aortic blood
      flow in 79 subjects. The average aortic blood flow varied from 345 to 618 ml/min.
      In the umbilical vein, the flow was between 240 and 420 ml/min. It was noticed
      that as pregnancy advanced, blood flow slightly increased. The paper discusses
      the results obtained and the problems encountered with this method.

PMID- 2656429
TI  - [Pemphigus vegetans, a rare variant of pemphigus vulgaris].
AB  - Pemphigus vegetans is a variant of pemphigus vulgaris with different clinical
      manifestations. Diagnosis may be difficult because of the varied presentations. A
      46-year-old woman with this condition had been treated for Behcet's disease
      because of oral lesions. On admission, prior to dermatological consultation, she
      was thought to have an infectious disease. The diagnosis of pemphigus vegetans
      was confirmed by histological and immunofluorescence studies.

PMID- 2656430
TI  - [Dermatologic manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].

PMID- 2656431
TI  - [Urinary tract infections during pregnancy].

PMID- 2656432
TI  - [Adult respiratory distress syndrome--cellular pathophysiology].

PMID- 2656433
TI  - [Uncontrolled epilepsy--neurological approach].

PMID- 2656434
TI  - [Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine].

PMID- 2656435
TI  - [Effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on canine ventricular arrhythmia models].
AB  - In order to compare and clarify the effects of various antiarrhythmic drugs, we
      examined drug effects on several canine arrhythmia models, simultaneously
      determining the minimum effective plasma concentrations. We used 1) two-stage
      coronary ligation arrhythmia, 2) digitalis arrhythmia, and 3) halothane
      adrenaline arrhythmia. The following are, a summary of our results:
      Antiarrhythmic drugs of class 1 all suppressed digitalis arrhythmia, and except
      for lidocaine, also suppressed coronary ligation arrhythmia. Class 2
      antiarrhythmic drugs, beta blockers, and class 4 antiarrhythmic drugs, Ca channel
      blockers, had common features of effectiveness, where they suppressed adrenaline
      arrhythmia in relatively low concentrations. Some differences among the
      antiarrhythmic effects of class 1 drugs could not be explained by their
      subclassification based either on action potential duration or kinetic properties
      of dissociation or association with Na channels. A new arrhythmia model for
      triggered activity in in vivo canine heart was developed, but drug effects on it
      does not seem to be very different from the effects on the other three arrhythmia
      models.

PMID- 2656436
TI  - [3-Dimensional model analysis of normal and dysgnathic bites using a coordinate
      measurement technic].
AB  - In this article results of three-dimensional measurements are compared for normal
      occlusions, protrusion cases and class III patients. The results were divided
      into dental measurements values, values related to the jaws and values of the
      intermaxillary comparison. They were obtained with the help of a three-coordinate
      measurement device and a computer. The author takes especially the values of
      intermaxillary comparison into consideration as a new basis for orthodontic
      diagnosis from cast measurements.

PMID- 2656437
TI  - Contact lens-associated Acanthamoeba keratitis: a report from the USA.
AB  - Acanthamoeba keratitis is a serious complication of contact lens wear. The
      majority of reports documented in the literature are from the USA. The typical
      features of this condition are reported and illustrated by personal observations.
      Clinically, Acanthamoeba keratitis can be misdiagnosed as viral, especially
      Herpes simplex, fungal, or bacterial keratitis. Culture and microscopic
      examination of corneal scrapings, biopsy, or of the disc obtained at
      keratoplasty, and special staining techniques, including indirect
      immunofluorescence, can provide the definitive diagnosis. We discuss the medical
      and surgical management of this disease, as well as the risk factors and
      preventive measures. Knowledge of the factors which are responsible for the low
      incidence of contact lens-associated Acanthamoeba keratitis in Europe, would be
      helpful in understanding the epidemiology of this disease.

PMID- 2656438
TI  - [Growing human corneal endothelium in cell culture].
AB  - Enzyme treatment of the corneal endothelium with collagenase was employed in a
      new method of isolating human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC) from the corneas
      of adult donors (30-70 years). It was possible to isolate 5-10 X 10(4)
      endothelial cells from each cornea, and primary cultures were established. During
      the first 3-5 passages, the growth of contaminating fibroblast like cells was
      inhibited by the use of an L-valine-free selective culture medium. Proliferation
      of the cells was stimulated by supplementation of the culture medium with
      fibroblast growth factor and also by coating the culture dishes with a mixture of
      laminin and chondroitin sulfate. After 3-6 passages, the cell number had
      increased 150-200 times. During the passage the cells changed with regard to
      their typical morphology. This change depended on the amounts of serum and
      mitogen, respectively, in the culture medium, as well as on the in vitro age of
      the cells.

PMID- 2656439
TI  - [Virology/AIDS. A second front in virus chemotherapy].

PMID- 2656440
TI  - [3-dimensional organ representation with ultrasound. Experimental studies-
      computer simulation].
AB  - This is the first report on the 3-dimensional representation of organs with US.
      The prerequisite for this was a coordinated transducer movement, in such a manner
      that the organ under examination was represented by US sections differing in only
      one of the space coordinates. Such transducer movement was made possible by 2
      devices. In the first instance, longitudinal movement of the transducer resulted
      in the production of parallel sections of the organ while, in the other instance,
      rotation of the transducer head permitted sections arranged around a fixed center
      point. Using a special computer program, the sections were contoured in such a
      manner that only the surface of the organ was represented. These sections were
      then arranged in space. The 3-dimensional representation can be effected both by
      binary image representation and by representation with closed (intact) body
      surface. The advantage of the binary image representation is the fact that the
      organ surfaces "extracted" from the original US sections are directly
      incorporated within the 3-dimensional image build-up, with no further computer
      manipulations. It can be seen that the rotation of the transducer head represents
      the practicable possibility for the use in the clinical setting.

PMID- 2656441
TI  - [Local anesthetics. Side effects and their treatment].
AB  - Local anesthetics are increasingly being used, especially in the treatment of
      pain. This makes it important for the physician to be familiar with possible side
      effects and their treatment. In this paper the most important complications
      affecting the CNS, circulatory system and heart, as also allergies, psychological
      reactions, etc. are discussed.

PMID- 2656442
TI  - [Piracetam in the treatment of soft tissue rheumatism].
AB  - Forty patients aged between 40 and 60 years, diagnosed as suffering from soft
      tissue rheumatism were admitted to a randomized, controlled, double-blind study.
      During the first week they received either 3 g piracetam/day i.v. followed by 3 x
      800 mg/day p.o. for the next 8 weeks, or a placebo i.v. and then p.o. After 0, 1,
      5 and 9 weeks, pain on starting to walk, on movement and at rest, diurnal and
      nocturnal, as also improvement or deterioration resulting from movement, warmth
      or cold, as well as any changes, were recorded on a pain assessment scale and a
      state-of-wellbeing scale. With respect to all the parameters, piracetam proved
      significantly superior to the placebo. The laboratory parameters were not
      affected. The sole side effect was observed in a patient in the placebo group.
      Both physician and patient assessed the therapeutic results as better in the
      piracetam group. 92.5% of the treated patients had a history of abnormal
      perceptional reactions. It is a well known fact that mental factors play a
      considerable role in non-articular rheumatism.

PMID- 2656443
TI  - [Immunopathologic and inflammatory processes in chronic polyarthritis. Discussion
      principles of the mechanisms of action of antirheumatic drugs].

PMID- 2656444
TI  - [Pulmonary emphysema. Clinical aspects and open questions].
AB  - The development of airway obstruction is decisively influenced by the formation
      of emphysemata. Preventing the formation of emphysemata will have a substantial
      influence on the progression of obstructive airway diseases. Absolute as well as
      relative protease excess can be regarded as essential cause for emphysemata.
      Alpha 1-antitrypsine as significant protease inhibitor in alveolar regions is
      capable of compensating for a protease imbalance. Processes accompanied by an
      excess of proteases in the alveolar region should be influenced by adequate alpha
      1-antitrypsine substitution to prevent the development of emphysemata. This
      promising preventive as well as therapeutic principle is apt to be extended and
      specified.

PMID- 2656445
TI  - [Asbestos-induced bronchopulmonary diseases].
AB  - Asbestos is a collective term for fibrous crystalline silicate minerals, which
      can be used to produce technically useful fibers. The various types of asbestos,
      such as chrysotile, crocidolite and amosite, may induce not only fibrotic changes
      in the pleura and lungs, but also carcinomas and mesotheliomas. The increasing
      industrial use of asbestos has led to a marked increase in bronchopulmonary
      diseases, which can be shown to be caused by occupational exposure to fine
      asbestos dust. In this overview, the pathological anatomy, differential diagnosis
      and occupational-medical assessment of the various conditions induced by asbestos
      are discussed.

PMID- 2656446
TI  - [Polyneuropathies in HIV infection].
AB  - In approximately 10-16% of the cases, diseases of the peripheral nerves occur in
      the fully developed stage of AIDS, more seldom, however, in the stage of ARC.
      Some cases have been described in the stage of seroconversion or lymphadenopathy.
      At this stage cranial neuropathies can show up in connection with aseptic
      meningitis. The peripheral nerve diseases are present as distal symmetric
      sensomotory neuropathy, as chronic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, as acute
      polyradiculoneuritis and as mononeuropathy multiplex. Frequently Varicella-zoster
      radiculitis is observed. Cranial neuropathies are noted especially together with
      atypical aseptic meningitis, as a syndrome of the above mentioned
      polyneuropathies, with intracranial lymphomas and meningitides and
      meningoencephalitides caused by opportunistic infections. The morphological
      findings of the roots and nerves are variable: axonal degeneration and/or
      demyelination, infiltration of lymphocytes and microvasculitis. The pathogenesis
      varies: amongst others, direct infection by HIV, immunopathological changes and
      opportunistic infections are considered. The spontaneous development frequently
      leads to a remission. Treatment with corticosteroids and/or plasma exchange is
      only partially successful.

PMID- 2656447
TI  - [Significance of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine for
      the etiology and therapy of idiopathic Parkinson disease].
AB  - Exposure of drug addicts to MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)
      has caused a Parkinsonian syndrome accompanied by a selective destruction of
      dopamine containing neurones in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. MPTP
      in the human causes a severe irreversible state that very closely resembles
      idiopathic Parkinson's disease both in its clinical features and response to
      pharmacological treatment. Interest in potential environmental agents that might
      play a role in the aetiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease is likely to
      increase as the result of the discovery of the relatively simple molecule MPTP
      which is highly toxic to the substantia nigra. Until the discovery of the
      neurotoxicity of MPTP there was no effective animal model of Parkinson's disease.
      Administration of PTP to monkeys induces persistent parkinsonism which responds
      to classical antiparkinsonian therapy. The morphological and biochemical changes
      in the brains of the animals are more limited and selective than those seen in
      idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The model of MPTP-treated monkeys appears to
      provide a useful testbed for the evaluation of future treatments for the disease.
      The precise mechanism of MPTP toxicity has yet to be determined and may provide
      the clue to the mechanism of neuronal death in Parkinson's disease. After
      entering the brain MPTP is oxidized to MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine) at an
      extraneuronal site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656448
TI  - [Dysarthrophonia of Parkinson syndrome].
AB  - Disorders of speech are a common and sometimes even the first symptom of
      parkinsonism. The various features of parkinsonian speech disorder include
      repetitive phenomena, disturbances of respiration, dysphonia, and impairment of
      articulation. This review aims at summarizing the neurological, phoniatric, and
      phonetical data regarding symptomatology, pathophysiology, and therapy of
      parkinsonian dysarthrophonia.

PMID- 2656449
TI  - [Karl Wilmanns (1873-1945)...some further contributions and corrections].

PMID- 2656450
TI  - [Emotional behavior and arrhythmias].

PMID- 2656451
TI  - [Rapid-freeze, deep-etch replica studies of cell fine structures].

PMID- 2656452
TI  - [Epidemiological study of hepatitis B infection in Okinawa, Japan].

PMID- 2656453
TI  - Scintigraphic diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
AB  - The ventilation-perfusion scintigram, as the pivotal noninvasive diagnostic aid
      in detection of pulmonary embolism, is interpreted with respect to regional
      comparison of ventilation, perfusion and chest radiographic findings. Two
      segmental mismatched defects in areas with normal ventilation and no associated
      radiographic abnormalities are required for the diagnosis. Scintigraphic findings
      can be classified into four major categories: normal, low probability,
      intermediate probability and high probability for pulmonary embolism (Table 1).
      Subsequent diagnostic measures can be derived from a flow chart accordingly
      (Figure 1). Patients with low probability have favorable outcomes without
      treatment; in those with high probability anticoagulants should be used unless
      specific contraindications exist. In the case of indeterminate results, further
      imaging evaluation is necessary.

PMID- 2656454
TI  - [Hemodynamics and gas exchange in acute lung embolism].
AB  - The main hemodynamic consequence of pulmonary embolism is the acute mechanical
      reduction of the pulmonary vascular cross-sectional area. This results in a
      sudden increase of the pulmonary vascular resistance, and if the cardiac output
      is to be maintained, in an increase in pulmonary artery pressure and right
      ventricular work. The extent of hemodynamic changes in pulmonary embolism are
      determined primarily by the size of the emboli and whether or not the patient has
      underlying cardiopulmonary disease. Although humoral factors and neural reflexes
      play a role in determining the severity of hemodynamic responses to pulmonary
      embolism in experimental animals, their role in patients is uncertain. In
      patients free of preembolic cardiopulmonary disease, the extent of embolic
      obstruction can be related directly to the mean pulmonary artery pressure.
      Accordingly, either the extent of obstruction or the mean pulmonary artery
      pressure may be used as a measure of right ventricular afterload. Obstruction of
      25 to 40% leads to an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure of 20 to 30 mm
      Hg, massive obstruction over 75% to a pressure of 40 to 45 mm Hg. Continuous
      hemodynamic monitoring helps to estimate the speed of the resolution of emboli
      and to a certain extent the adequacy of treatment. Right arterial pressure is
      consistently elevated by a mean pulmonary artery pressure over 30 mm Hg and
      provides also a rough estimate of the degree of pulmonary vascular obstruction. A
      previously normal right ventricle will dilate at a mean pulmonary artery pressure
      of 40 to 45 mm Hg. which may result in acute tricuspid insufficiency.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656455
TI  - Pulmonary angiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
AB  - In patients in whom there is clinical suspicion of pulmonary thromboembolic
      disease, because of the risk of inadequate treatment, definitive radiologic
      evaluation should be carried out. Of the diagnostic procedures available,
      conventional pulmonary angiography has the greatest sensitivity and specificity
      in the detection of pulmonary embolism or other pulmonary vascular disease.
      Pulmonary angiography is indicated for patients with an indeterminate lung scan,
      for those with a high-probability lung scan in whom confirmation is necessary
      because of high risk for bleeding complications from anticoagulation, if embolism
      is massive and embolectomy is contemplated, if thrombolytic therapy or vena cava
      interruption is considered or if there is significant clinical evidence for an
      alternative diagnosis as well as for those with low-probability scans with a high
      degree of clinical suspicion and to complete a workup in patients with pulmonary
      hypertension. Refinements in the technique have simplified and expanded its
      application. The hemodynamic evaluation with right-heart catheterization before
      and after pulmonary angiography plays an important role in the choice of
      treatment of pulmonary embolism. In patients with multiple bilateral lobar or
      segmental perfusion defects, performance of right and left pulmonary
      arteriography in the right and left posterior oblique projections should be
      carried out. In the presence of additional pulmonary hypertension, the lung in
      which perfusion is most abnormal is selected first for angiography with a low
      bolus contrast dose. The angiographic criteria for the diagnosis of pulmonary
      embolism are intraluminal vascular filling defects or an abrupt cutoff of a large
      vessel. For selective opacification of lobar pulmonary branches occlusion
      pulmonary angiography is helpful. The mortality of pulmonary angiography in
      experienced centers is approximately 0.3%. Complications may include cardiac
      perforation in up to 1% and subendocardial injury in less than 0.2%. In patients
      with pulmonary embolism but no pulmonary hypertension, treatment with heparin for
      ten to 14 days should be followed by coumadin anticoagulation for at least three
      to six months. For obstruction of greater than or equal to 50% of the pulmonary
      vascular cross-sectional area and pulmonary hypertension thrombolytic therapy
      should be given and insertion of an inferior caval filter can be considered. In
      those with more than 75% pulmonary vascular obstruction and corresponding
      hemodynamic derangement, pulmonary artery embolectomy or thrombolytic therapy
      should be carried out.4

PMID- 2656456
TI  - Doppler techniques for lower extremity arterial diagnosis.
AB  - Doppler ultrasonic methods are based on a frequency shift incurred in the
      reflected sound from moving objects, for example, red blood cells. According to
      the desired depth of penetration, ultrasonic frequencies between 2 and 10 MHz are
      used. Continuous-wave Doppler detects all blood flow through the path of the
      ultrasound beam and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound permits detection of flow at
      specific sites in the arterial lumen. Through measurement of the systolic blood
      pressure, the extent of hemodynamically-significant arterial occlusive disease
      can be assessed. With the use of the ankle-arm index, which is normally greater
      than 1.0, compensation is enabled for variations in systemic pressure.
      Localization of the occlusive lesion can be obtained by measuring the systolic
      pressure at various levels in the limb. Normally, the ratio of high-thigh to
      brachial artery systolic pressure is greater than 1.2 and the difference in
      systolic pressure between any two adjacent levels in the leg should be less than
      20 mm Hg. Measurement of toe pressure may be helpful when the ankle pressure is
      falsely elevated due to arterial calcification; in normal limbs, the systolic toe
      pressure is about 80 to 90% of the brachial systolic pressure. The use of small
      cuffs on large limbs can result in spuriously high pressure and medial
      calcification in the arterial wall can also lead to falsely high pressures.
      Treadmill exercise testing with determination of the immediate drop in ankle
      systolic pressure and the time for recovery to resting pressure is valuable to
      confirm or rule out intermittent claudication as the cause of leg pain and to
      detect severe multiple level arterial disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656457
TI  - [The diagnosis of lung embolism].
AB  - An accurate diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is essential to prevent excessive
      mortality and morbidity from lack of therapy or inappropriate anticoagulation.
      The clinical diagnosis is highly nonspecific because none of the symptoms or
      signs of pulmonary embolism is unique and all may be caused by other
      cardiorespiratory disorders. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is unlikely,
      however, if patients do not have dyspnea, tachypnea, evidence of deep vein
      thrombosis, or a recognized predisposition to thromboembolic disease. Objective
      testing is mandatory to either confirm or exclude a diagnosis of pulmonary
      embolism. The electrocardiogram, chest X-ray and the echocardiogram may assist by
      excluding other potential diagnoses. Routine laboratory studies and lung function
      testing including blood gas analysis will not be of much help in the differential
      diagnosis. The hemodynamic investigation with a floating catheter is of
      diagnostic value especially in those cases where it is not possible to obtain the
      definitive diagnosis immediately; this method as well as echocardiography can
      provide a rough estimate of the degree of pulmonary vascular obstruction and are
      thus able to guide therapy. Methods such as DSA, CT, MR, SPECT, or radiolabelled
      thrombus scanning are promising but require more extensive validation before
      routine use. Lung scanning, with its high sensitivity but low specificity is a
      very useful procedure but cannot be considered to have diagnostic significance
      independent of the clinical situation. Pulmonary angiography provides the
      greatest diagnostic certainty of any test available. Based on current knowledge,
      a diagnostic approach for the management of clinically suspected pulmonary
      embolism is proposed. Ventilation-perfusion lung scanning is the appropriate next
      step after ECG, chest X-ray and echocardiogram. The finding of a normal perfusion
      scan rules out clinically significant embolism and anticoagulation is withheld.
      Segmental or lobar perfusion defects with normal ventilation in an appropriate
      clinical setting is sufficiently indicative of pulmonary embolism to proceed with
      therapy in patients without contraindications. Ventilation-perfusion scans of low
      or indeterminate probability for pulmonary embolism neither confirm nor exclude
      the presence of embolism and pulmonary angiography would then be the definitive
      procedure. As an alternative approach instrumental examination of the leg veins
      (with venography, impedance plethysmography, or ultrasound) is proposed (Figure
      1). If these tests confirm the presence of deep venous thrombosis,
      anticoagulation can be commenced without the need to perform pulmonary
      angiography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2656458
TI  - [Echocardiography in the diagnosis of lung embolism].
AB  - In the Federal Republic of Germany, approximately 10,000 to 20,000 persons die of
      pulmonary embolism (PE) each year. The mortality of treated PE is about 8% as
      compared with 18 to 35% in nondiagnosed PE. Massive PE is detected in only about
      15 to 30% of the patients while, on the other hand, in 30 to 80% of those in whom
      PE is suspected the pulmonary angiogram may be normal. On use of pulmonary
      ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy, in 30 to 40% of the cases, both false
      negative as well as false positive findings have been described. ROLE OF
      ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM. With
      echocardiographic imaging, the right heart as well as the central vessels in the
      proximity of the heart, in particular the pulmonary arteries, can be visualized.
      In addition to direct detection of right-sided-intraluminal thrombi,
      echocardiographic diagnosis is based predominantly on indirect signs, such as
      evidence of an acute cor pulmonale with dilatation of the right atrium and
      ventricle, the central pulmonary vessels and the inferior vena cava which,
      however, are relatively unspecific and may also be found in the presence of other
      diseases. Echocardiographic changes in acute pulmonary embolism can only be
      expected in the presence of increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation, that
      is, when at least a 30%-reduction in the cross-sectional area of the pulmonary
      vascular bed can be found. This can be documented in 60 to 70% of patients with
      acute PE. According to the literature and our own studies, of a total of 284
      patients 84% had dilatation of the right ventricle, 70% paradoxic or hypokinetic
      motion of the interventricular septum in 102/141 patients there was dilatation of
      the right pulmonary artery. These changes regressed rapidly after therapeutic
      intervention. In about 30% of the patients a reduction in the left ventricular
      dimensions can be seen. Paradoxic septum motion and a decrease in the closing
      amplitude (EF-slope) of the anterior mitral leaflet can be seen. The extent of
      dilatation of the right ventricle and the right pulmonary artery correlate with
      the extent of the angiographic severity of acute PE provided that there is no
      marked preexisting left ventricular function impairment. NONINVASIVE ESTIMATION
      OF THE PRESSURE INCREASE IN THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION. On use of Doppler
      echocardiography, most patients with acute cor pulmonale have tricuspid
      regurgitation. This enables through determination of the systolic RV-RA pressure
      gradient an estimation of the systolic right ventricular pressure and,
      accordingly, the pulmonary artery pressure. In our experience, a systolic
      acceleration time in the pulmonary artery of less than 90 to 95 ms is

PMID- 2656459
TI  - Factors regulating mammalian sperm migration through the female reproductive
      tract and oocyte vestments.
AB  - Mechanisms of mammalian sperm migration through the female reproductive tract and
      ovum vestments are described. The perspective is biophysical as well as
      biochemical and morphological, and the focus is upon the role of sperm motility
      in these processes. Sperm forward progression is characterized as an interactive
      process between the the cell and its environment, and the mediation of flagellar
      bend propagation by the physical properties of its surroundings is described.
      These properties, together with flagellar beat kinematics, sperm morphology, and
      surface properties, determine the magnitude of the forces generated by sperm and
      their consequent rate of progression. Sperm interactions with the cervical mucus,
      the cumulus oophorus, and the zona pellucida are described. The poorly understood
      affinity of the sperm surface for the macromolecules of the mucus, cumulus, and
      zona is stressed, as is the viscoelastic structural mechanical resistance of
      these biopolymers to sperm motion. The kinematics and consequences of
      hyperactivated sperm motion are presented, with emphasis on objective
      characterization of such motion (as a biomarker), along with analysis of the
      mechanical advantage that such motion may confer on spermatozoa during egg
      vestment interaction.

PMID- 2656460
TI  - A synthetic translation-terminator gene. A tool for dissecting the translation
      direction of a gene.
AB  - A 41-nucleotide-long duplex DNA, which contains the translation termination codon
      TAA in six reading frames and lactose operator sequence of Escherichia coli, has
      been synthesized. This fragment may be useful not only for producing a truncated
      protein encoded in a plasmid, but also for the identification of the precise
      coding region and translation direction of a bacterial gene in the cloned
      chromosomal segment. The synthetic fragment was inserted into beta-lactamase
      structural gene in pBR322 in order to test the in vivo activity. The plasmid
      produced mutant beta-lactamase reduced in size, as expected from the insertion
      site, and rendered the host bacterium constitutive for beta-galactosidase. Thus,
      termination codons and lactose operator in synthetic nucleotide appear to be
      functional in vivo.

PMID- 2656461
TI  - [Recent topics on diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2656462
TI  - [Acute pandysautonomia and acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy].
AB  - Acute pandysautonomia and acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy were reviewed
      with special reference to their clinical entity, pathogenesis and clinical
      course. Since acute pandysautonomia was primarily described as an entity by Young
      et al. in 1969, a number of similar cases have been described. The disorder is
      characterized by severe sympathetic and parasympathetic impairment with relative
      or complete preservation of somatic motor and sensory functions. Some cases have
      only shown a cholinergic dysautonomia, while others have displayed a loss of
      autonomic function together with other impairments of nervous function. In 1980,
      Colan et al. reported a patient with acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy,
      manifesting severe sensory impairment and dysautonomia with marked loss of
      myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Several other similar cases have appeared in
      the literature. Four years prior to the Colan et al. report, the author described
      a case which showed almost the same symptoms. At the present time, it is not
      clear whether this disorder is a new syndrome that is different from acute
      pandysautonomia or merely a subtype of it. The causes of the above two syndromes
      are unknown; however, an immunological disorder similar to the Guillain-Barre
      syndrome has been suggested. The clinical course is often protracted with slow
      improvement. However, from the author's experience, a relatively rapid
      improvement occurs after a single systemic administration of either
      parasympathomimetic or sympathomimetic agonists. Acute pandysautonomia which
      includes acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy has recently become more common:
      A number of similar cases have been reported worldwide, including many areas in
      Japan.

PMID- 2656464
TI  - Prolactin influences the circadian rhythm of lipogenesis in primary cultured
      hepatocytes.
AB  - Hepatocytes from male Syrian hamsters were cultured in the presence of insulin
      and assayed for lipogenesis by following (14C)acetate incorporation into total
      cell lipid at 4 hourly intervals over a 48-h period. Circadian rhythms of
      lipogenic activity were observed on days 2 and 3 of culture. Although the phases
      of the rhythms were similar, the amplitude of the peak levels of lipogenesis
      declined from day 2 to 3. Addition of prolactin to the culture reversed this
      decline when introduced at specific times relative to the lipogenic peaks.
      Prolactin more than doubled lipogenesis only at the daily peaks of lipogenic
      activity and only when added to culture 20 h before the times of peak
      lipogenesis. The results are the first to demonstrate important roles for
      circadian rhythms and a direct prolactin stimulation in the regulation of
      lipogenesis in primary hepatocyte culture.

PMID- 2656463
TI  - Effect of muscarinic and nicotinic-cholinergic blockade on the glucagon response
      to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in normal men.

PMID- 2656465
TI  - Integrated communication between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems.
AB  - Several data accumulated over recent years on the mechanisms underlying the
      interactions between the brain, hormones and the immune system. These data
      concern two major avenues of research: the evidence that brain-controlled,
      behavioral parameters can modulate the response of immunocompetent cells, and an
      increasing awareness that a number of chemical signals - neurotransmitters,
      hormones or mediators of immunity - are not, as previously believed, specific of
      given sets of tissues or of functions, but that, on the contrary, they can be
      produced and recognized by cellular elements belonging to any of those three
      systems. There is indeed evidence to indicate that signaling molecules involved
      in cellular communication are 'banalized': that means that their receptors are
      liable to be expressed in almost any tissue by a wide variety of cells. This
      statement, together with the discovery that intercellular regulation is
      multifactorial - that is, depends at any given time upon messages built up by
      combinations of signal molecules rather than by isolated transmitters - raises a
      certain number of theoretical problems as to the manner by which cells extract
      messages out of an important background noise. In the present paper, some of
      those theoretical problems will be presented in a summarized form, and their
      relevance for the interpretation of neuroendocrine or neuroimmunological
      interactions will be discussed.

PMID- 2656466
TI  - Angiotensin II in the brain and pituitary: contrasting roles in the regulation of
      adenohypophyseal secretion.
AB  - Angiotensin II (AII) is present in gonadotropes in rats, and there are AII
      receptors on lactotropes and corticotropes. AII may be a paracrine mediator that
      stimulates the secretion of prolactin and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) at the level
      of the pituitary, but additional research is needed to define its exact role.
      Angiotensinogen may also reach the gonadotropes via a paracrine route. On the
      other hand, there is considerable evidence that brain AII stimulates the
      secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) by increasing the secretion of LH-releasing
      hormone, and that this effect is due to AII-mediated release of norepinephrine
      from noradrenergic nerve terminals in the preoptic region of the hypothalamus. In
      addition, brain AII inhibits the secretion of prolactin, probably by increasing
      the release of dopamine into the portal hypophyseal vessels. Circulating AII
      stimulates the secretion of a third anterior pituitary hormone, ACTH, by acting
      on one or more of the circumventricular organs to increase the secretion of
      corticotropin-releasing hormone.

PMID- 2656467
TI  - Neuroendocrine aspects of aging: experimental data.
AB  - Aging is characterized by changes in neuroendocrine/endocrine functions which are
      manifest in female reproductive physiology and less perceptible in other
      functions such as thyroid, adrenal or growth/metabolic functions. The
      contribution of each level of the axis - hypothalamus, adenohypophysis or
      peripheral tissues - is not clearly established. Functional impairments with age
      are recognized in the peripheral glands (gonad, thyroid, adrenal) as well as in
      the pituitary, but increasing evidence is accumulating for a marked contribution
      of the hypothalamus in the age-associated endocrine changes observed in animals
      and humans. In old rats, multineuronal dysfunctions are demonstrated in the
      hypothalamus, with a documented decline in the activity of the neurons producing
      dopamine and thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and to a lesser extent luteinizing
      hormone- and growth hormone-releasing hormones, and alterations in regulatory
      mechanisms of these neurons are disclosed. Moreover, impairments are observed in
      the processing - binding, accumulation and intracellular distribution - of
      hypothalamic hormones in the adenohypophysis of old rats. Taken together, these
      observations are supportive of the view that the neuroendocrine/endocrine changes
      appearing with age result from a complex balance of functional alterations
      occurring at each level - central and peripheral - of the axis.

PMID- 2656468
TI  - Experience of a six-month treatment with sandostatin at increasing doses in
      acromegaly.
AB  - The French Sandostatin/Acromegaly Study Group performed a multicentric,
      prospective, open-label trial of incremental doses with the aim of obtaining the
      best antisecretory effect. Forty-two patients (24 women, 18 men) aged 22-71 years
      were involved, either after unsuccessful surgery and/or radiotherapy (30
      patients), or as primary treatment (12 patients). Doses were increased from 3 x
      100 to 3 x 500 micrograms/day, according to the results of hormonal
      investigations (GH profiles and Sm-C) performed each month and for each dose, and
      tolerability. Four patients dropped out because of major digestive troubles.
      Recurrent pain at the injection site and minor gastrointestinal disorders were
      noted in some patients. Asymptomatic gallstones appeared in 4 patients.
      Carbohydrate tolerance and insulin secretion (determined by diurnal plasma
      glucose and insulin profiles) were not significantly altered by the various SMS
      doses. Clinical improvement was determined by the scoring of the symptoms. Mean
      plasma GH concentrations were significantly reduced for each SMS dose, compared
      to pretreatment values. Fifteen patients obtained 75% of GH values less than or
      equal to 2 micrograms/l. In 9 patients the highest dose failed to bring GH below
      10 micrograms/l. Sm-C normalized in 17/31 patients. After 6 months of treatment a
      tumor reduction of 20-50% was found in 7 patients and greater than 50% in 5
      patients. We conclude that (1) the tolerability of SMS is compatible with long
      term treatments; (2) clinical improvement and biological criteria of efficacy are
      obtained in 3/4 acromegalic patients treated by SMS, and that (3) some patients
      are resistant to SMS and the increase in the dose does not improve the result.

PMID- 2656469
TI  - Use of benzodiazepines to manipulate the circadian clock regulating behavioral
      and endocrine rhythms.
AB  - Extensive studies have now been carried out demonstrating that the systemic
      administration of the short-acting benzodiazepine, triazolam, can have pronounced
      effects on both behavioral and endocrine circadian rhythms. For example, three
      daily injections of triazolam can phase-advance the circadian rhythm of pituitary
      luteinizing hormone release and locomotor activity by about 2-3 h in female
      hamsters maintained in constant light. Triazolam has also been found to
      facilitate the rate of reentrainment of the activity rhythm following an 8-hour
      advance or delay in the light-dark cycle. Limited studies with other short-acting
      benzodiazepines indicate that the effects of triazolam on the circadian system of
      hamsters can be generalized to this class of drugs. Recent studies in humans
      indicate that treatment with triazolam can alter the time it takes for human
      endocrine rhythms to become reentrained following an 8-hour delay in the sleep
      wake and light-dark cycle. Such findings raise the possibility that short-acting
      benzodiazepines may prove useful in reducing the symptoms associated with 'jet
      lag' and rotating shift-work schedules as well as in the treatment of various
      physical and mental illnesses that have been associated with a disorder of
      biological timekeeping.

PMID- 2656470
TI  - Corticotropin-releasing hormone: from endocrinology to psychobiology.
AB  - Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a brain neuropeptide which coordinates
      the endocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses to stress. We review the
      abnormal response to exogenous CRH in various psychiatric syndromes, including
      major depression and anorexia nervosa. We also contrast pituitary responses to
      CRH in patients with depression versus Cushing's disease. We hypothesize that CRH
      may play a role in the pathogenesis of various psychiatric syndromes which are
      characterized during their course by the symptom of depression.

PMID- 2656471
TI  - Neuroendocrinology of the thymus.
AB  - The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) are synthesized in the human
      thymus in a similar way as in the hypothalamo-neurophypophyseal system.
      Immunocytochemistry with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies revealed that
      immunoreactive OT- and VP-producing cells are localized in the subcapsular cortex
      and medulla of human and murine thymuses. The epithelial nature of the
      neuroendocrine thymic cells is demonstrated by their immunostaining with a
      monoclonal antibody against cytokeratin. An original example of a neuroendocrine
      immune microenvironment is given by the thymic nurse cells which are composed of
      a large neuroendocrine epithelial cell enclosing numerous mitotic immature
      thymocytes. These observations and the previously reported mitogenic and
      immunomodulatory properties of VP and OT upon mature T cells and thymocytes
      strongly support the existence of a neuroendocrine thymo-lymphoid axis and an
      active role of thymic VP and OT in T cell differentiation and activation.

PMID- 2656472
TI  - Targeting of drugs: implications in medicine.

PMID- 2656473
TI  - Biodegradable polymers for controlled release of peptides and proteins.

PMID- 2656474
TI  - Microspheres as drug carriers.

PMID- 2656475
TI  - Pharmacological uses of resealed and modified red cell carriers.

PMID- 2656476
TI  - Liposomes as a drug delivery system in cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2656478
TI  - Liposomes as drug carriers in the therapy of infectious diseases.

PMID- 2656477
TI  - The use of liposomes as drug carriers in the immunotherapy of cancer.

PMID- 2656479
TI  - Targeting of liposomes to liver cells.

PMID- 2656480
TI  - Implantable infusion pumps for drug delivery in man: theoretical and practical
      considerations.

PMID- 2656481
TI  - The use of antibodies and polymers as carriers of cytotoxic drugs in the
      treatment of cancer.

PMID- 2656482
TI  - The application of drug-polymer conjugates in chemotherapy.

PMID- 2656483
TI  - The mentally ill in prisons: a review.
AB  - Mentally ill persons who have been charged with crimes present difficult dilemmas
      for correctional authorities and mental health system administrators. The authors
      examine the scope of the problem, the legal issues and treatment needs of this
      population during incarceration, and the obstacles in caring for them after their
      eventual release from prison. They recommend that mentally ill offenders be
      afforded the same level of mental health care available to mentally ill residents
      in other institutions and in the community. The need for postrelease supervision
      and coordination between mental health and correctional authorities are central
      issues in reintegrating mentally ill offenders into the community.

PMID- 2656484
TI  - Clinical presentations of AIDS and HIV infection in state psychiatric facilities.
AB  - The epidemiologic, neuropsychiatric, and medical data on AIDS and HIV infection
      that are relevant to state psychiatric facilities are reviewed. The epidemiologic
      data suggest that a larger than expected number of AIDS patients may be seen in
      these facilities. Patients who are severely disturbed and psychotic may present
      to state hospitals with HIV encephalopathy. In patients who are chronically and
      severely ill, physical symptoms, including oral and cutaneous conditions, the HIV
      wasting syndrome, and lymphadenopathy, may provide early clues to HIV infection.
      The early neuropsychiatric and medical findings in HIV infection are discussed,
      and a clinical case is presented.

PMID- 2656485
TI  - What is therapeutic about inpatient alcoholism treatment?
AB  - Empirical studies supporting the efficacy of specific techniques and practices in
      the inpatient treatment of alcoholism are reviewed. The studies confirm the value
      of an intensive, group-oriented, multimodal treatment approach. Specific features
      that have been found to be helpful include a responsive intake procedure, patient
      participation in treatment planning, a professional staff with good interpersonal
      skills, interdisciplinary assessment and treatment, judicious use of appropriate
      medication, and a strong aftercare program. These findings may be useful in
      efforts to assess and compare different treatment programs and to design
      treatment outcome studies.

PMID- 2656487
TI  - Governile: untangle the ambulatory payment knot.

PMID- 2656486
TI  - Darman crafts Bush's health policy agenda.

PMID- 2656488
TI  - Market-based financial plan is vital for survival.

PMID- 2656489
TI  - Capital costs resurrect health-planning debate.

PMID- 2656490
TI  - Vitamin A: its role in the chemoprevention and chemotherapy of cancer.

PMID- 2656491
TI  - Mesangiolytic glomerulonephritis associated with Takatsuki's syndrome: an
      analysis of five renal biopsy specimens.
AB  - Renal biopsy specimens from five patients with Takatsuki's syndrome were studied.
      Proteinuria and hematuria were modestly positive in four cases and three cases,
      respectively. One case demonstrated early azotemia, while four cases revealed
      normal serum creatinine levels. All cases displayed glomerular enlargement and
      lobulation, mesangial cell proliferation, and double contour structure,
      simulating membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. It is noteworthy that
      mesangial loosening was also detected in the renal biopsy specimens of this
      study. This change was present diffuse-globally in the well-developed cases and
      focal-globally or segmentally in the developing cases. In addition, various
      morphologic expressions were observed, ie, microaneurysms congested with RBCs,
      tentatively termed mesangial hyaline thrombi, nodule-like lesions, and tiny to
      small-sized mesangiolytic lesions. Since all these features could be explained by
      low-grade mesangiolysis, the renal alteration associated with this syndrome was
      termed mesangiolytic glomerulonephritis. Humoral factor(s) also toxic to the
      mesangium were implicated.

PMID- 2656492
TI  - Angiotropic large cell lymphoma (intravascular malignant lymphomatosis) of the
      kidney: presentation as minimal change disease.
AB  - We report the first case of angiotropic large-cell lymphoma (intravascular
      malignant lymphomatosis) presenting as minimal change disease (MCD) and diagnosed
      by renal biopsy. Neoplastic lymphoid cells were disseminated throughout the
      glomerular capillary bed and were associated with diffuse foot process
      effacement. The tumor had the immunophenotype of a B cell lymphoma (reactive with
      LCA and L-26 and unreactive with FVIII-R-Ag, Leu-M-1, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin,
      lysozyme, UCHL-1, Leu-22, kappa, and lambda). The temporal association between
      the onset of lymphoma and MCD, and the failure of the nephrotic syndrome to
      respond to immunosuppressive therapy support a role for lymphoma in the
      pathogenesis of MCD in this patient.

PMID- 2656493
TI  - Peripheral neuroectodermal sarcoma of soft tissue (peripheral neuroepithelioma):
      a pathologic study of ten cases with differential diagnosis regarding other
      small, round-cell sarcomas.
AB  - Peripheral neuroepithelioma of soft tissue belongs to the group of peripheral
      neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), but because of its clinical, biological, and
      morphological characteristics, it differs from other small, round-cell sarcomas
      that appear in children (neuroblastoma) or in the thoracopulmonary region
      (Askin's tumor) and bone (peripheral neuroectodermal sarcoma of bone). We report
      ten new cases of such PNET variety, based on their histologic,
      immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings. In all of these cases,
      the clinicopathologic correlations demonstrated high malignancy, with an ominous
      outcome in nine cases. The mean age of the patients was 32.6 years and there was
      a clear male predominance (eight men, two women). Histologically, the presence of
      Homer-Wright rosettes is mandatory for diagnosis, being complemented with
      positive immunohistochemistry for several neural immunomarkers using paraffin
      embedded material. Neuron-specific enolase, E-36, HNK-1, and chromogranin neural
      markers proved to be positive in a high number of cases, but other markers (S-100
      protein, synapto-physin, GFA protein, and neurofilaments [70 kilodalton]) were
      absent. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of neural structures, both by
      scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

PMID- 2656494
TI  - Mesangiolytic glomerulopathy in a bone marrow allograft recipient.
AB  - A boy with null-cell leukemia received a bone marrow allograft after preparation
      with chemotherapy and total body irradiation. Cyclosporine A was not administered
      following transplantation. Renal biopsy performed 6 months after transplantation
      because of unexplained deterioration of renal function revealed diffuse
      mesangiolysis and glomerular sclerosis. The significance of this finding is
      discussed with reference to similar, recently reported cases.

PMID- 2656495
TI  - Lupus lymphadenitis: report of a case with immunohistologic studies on frozen
      sections.
AB  - A case of lupus lymphadenitis with frozen section immunohistologic studies is
      presented. Clinically, the patient had well-documented systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) when rapid development of generalized lymphadenopathy raised
      the possibility of a diagnosis of malignant lymphoma. Histologically, the
      findings of paracortical foci of necrosis and hematoxylin bodies were diagnostic
      of SLE. Granulocytes were absent. Monoclonal antibodies applied to frozen
      sections demonstrated two predominant cell populations within and surrounding the
      paracortical zones of necrosis: OKM1+, Leu-M1+ histiocytes and OKT8+, Leu-4+ T
      cytotoxic/suppressor cells. In the lymph node not involved by necrosis, lymphoid
      follicles were composed of polytypic B cells and the interfollicular regions of T
      cells. Leu-3a+, Leu-4+ T helper/inducer cells outnumbered T cytotoxic/suppressor
      cells in a 3:1 ratio. Since lupus lymphadenitis may closely resemble histiocytic
      necrotizing lymphadenitis of Kikuchi and Fujimoto, particularly if hematoxylin
      bodies are not found, we compared the findings in this case with findings of
      cases of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis of Kikuchi and Fujimoto reported
      in the literature. The immunologic findings in both diseases are similar. We
      conclude that immunologic studies using frozen sections are probably of no help
      in differentiating between these two disorders when histologic findings are not
      conclusive.

PMID- 2656496
TI  - Needle aspiration biopsy: past, present, and future.
AB  - Since its inception more than 50 years ago at Memorial Hospital for Cancer (New
      York), needle aspiration biopsy has traveled to its present popularity over a
      torturous road. The early influence of Stewart on the interpretation of
      aspiration smears and the use of this biopsy method is still worthy of review,
      particularly the importance of close cooperation between clinician and
      pathologist. While cytology has been profoundly influenced by individual cell
      interpretation as practiced by Papanicolaou, it is really pattern recognition
      that dominates successful diagnosis by the aspiration biopsy smear method.
      Present concerns over technical variation in procurement of the biopsy and
      staining methods should be of less importance than identification of the
      aspiration methodology that produces the best-quality microscopic image.
      Reliability of diagnosis by aspiration smear must also be judged by a suitable
      and reproducible standard, something that is not necessarily fulfilled by tissue
      pathology, although many would believe otherwise. The author proposes that
      aspiration may also now be judged, like tissue pathology, by clinical outcome.
      The application and ease of procuring cell samples from tumors for cell image
      analysis, for flow cytometry and ploidy studies, and for gene rearrangement place
      this biopsy method in the forefront of the integration of biologic research and
      clinical medicine. Aspiration biopsy has caused us to explore how the human eye
      and brain analyze microscopic images and may even assist in the design of useful
      artificial intelligence diagnostic systems in the future.

PMID- 2656497
TI  - Image analysis in quantitative cytopathology and histopathology.

PMID- 2656498
TI  - Testicular atrophy in homosexual AIDS patients: an immune-mediated phenomenon?
AB  - An immunopathologic analysis of the testes of 20 homosexual acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients was performed to investigate the hypothesis
      that the testicular atrophy of these patients represents an immune-mediated
      process. The findings were compared to those in a control group of heterosexual
      men without AIDS. The testes of the homosexual AIDS patients showed an overall
      lower degree of spermatogenesis with more prominent interstitial inflammation and
      thickening of the tubular basement membrane. However, direct immunofluorescence
      and immunoperoxidase studies failed to demonstrate significant differences in the
      prevalence of immune complex deposits along the tubular basement membrane in the
      two study groups. No electron-dense deposits were demonstrated in cases examined
      ultrastructurally. Therefore, this study does not support the hypothesis that the
      testicular atrophy of homosexual AIDS patients is a manifestation of autoimmune
      orchitis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of the
      testicular atrophy in AIDS, as this appears to be a specific manifestation of the
      disease.

PMID- 2656499
TI  - Plasmacytoid monocytes (so-called plasmacytoid T cells) in granulomatous
      lymphadenitis.
AB  - Immunohistochemical evidence that the plasmacytoid T cell is closely related to
      the blood monocyte has been reported, and the term plasmacytoid monocyte has been
      proposed to describe this cell. The present study was undertaken to analyze the
      presence and distribution of plasmacytoid monocytes in human reactive lymph nodes
      showing epithelioid cell reactions. Numerous plasmacytoid monocytes (detected by
      a panel of monoclonal antibodies) were found in the majority of the lymph nodes
      studies, usually in close topographical association with epithelioid cells and
      multinucleated giant cells. The present findings suggest that plasmacytoid
      monocytes may give rise to epithelioid cells. This is further supported by the
      ultrastructural similarities between plasmacytoid monocytes and plasmacytoid
      epithelioid cells, a cell type that has been identified previously in granulomas
      and considered a direct precursor of the classical epithelioid cell.

PMID- 2656500
TI  - Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a study of 49 patients.
AB  - Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) refers to an alcoholic hepatitis-like
      histologic pattern found in nonalcoholic patients. A review of 543 liver biopsies
      diagnosed as alcoholic hepatitis yielded 49 cases of NASH. The patients were
      commonly middle-aged women who were obese and often diabetic. NASH was usually
      discovered because of abnormal liver function tests or hepatomegaly noted during
      evaluation of other medical problems. Histologic examination revealed the same
      spectrum of changes found in alcoholic hepatitis, including cirrhosis in eight
      patients. Follow-up information was available for 39 patients after an average
      length of 3.8 years. Only one patient developed hepatic decompensation or died
      with liver failure or portal hypertension. Repeat histologic material was
      available for 13 patients after a mean 3.5 years of follow-up. Five patients
      showed progression of fibrosis, with cirrhosis developing in two, but the other
      eight patients demonstrated little morphologic change. These findings indicate
      that NASH is, in general, a clinically mild and biologically low-grade condition,
      but with the potential to progress and evolve into cirrhosis in some patients.
      The factors promoting progression are unclear.

PMID- 2656501
TI  - RAP-5 binding in formalin-fixed samples.

PMID- 2656503
TI  - Automated interpretation of brainstem auditory evoked potentials: a prototype
      system.
AB  - This paper describes a preliminary version of an expert decision support system
      for interpretation of brainstem auditory evoked potentials. The design combines
      an analytical signal processing module with a rule-based module that incorporates
      the kinds of heuristic criteria used by human interpreters. The prototype system
      determines whether a sensory response is present in the waveform; if so, it
      identifies peak V, the most prominent peak. A level of confidence is associated
      with the identification. Results of applying the system to a test set of 20
      waveforms, including some waveforms from comatose patients that showed no sensory
      response, are described. The system performed well when a response was present,
      but it was not as effective in interpreting waveforms with no response present.

PMID- 2656502
TI  - Kinetochore development in two dicentric chromosomes in man. A light and electron
      microscopic study.
AB  - Two dicentric human chromosomes were investigated with light and electron
      microscopic techniques. One chromosome, with a translocation tdic(5;13)(p12;p12),
      behaved as a dicentric in about half the cells: it had two primary constrictions;
      C- and Cd-banding showed two centromeres; and the CREST antikinetochore antibody
      reacted with the two centromeres with equal affinity. Electron microscopic
      analysis of sectioned metaphases showed that the dicentric could develop
      kinetochores at both centromeres simultaneously. The other dicentric chromosome,
      tdic(21;21)(q22;q22), occasionally showed two primary constrictions, but both C-
      and Cd-banding distinguished between an active and an inactive centromere, and
      the CREST antibody reacted only weakly with the inactive centromere. Electron
      microscopy showed kinetochore development at only one centromere.

PMID- 2656504
TI  - ESPRE: a knowledge-based system to support platelet transfusion decisions.
AB  - ESPRE is a knowledge-based system which aids in the review of requests for
      platelet transfusions in the hospital blood bank. It is a microcomputer-based
      decision support system written in LISP and utilizes a hybrid frame and rule
      architecture. By automatically obtaining most of the required patient data
      directly from the hospital's main laboratory computers via a direct link, very
      little keyboard entry is required. Assessment of time trends computed from the
      data constitutes an important aspect of this system. To aid the blood bank
      personnel in deciding on the appropriateness of the requested transfusion, the
      system provides an explanatory report which includes a list of patient-specific
      data, a list of the conditions for which a transfusion would be appropriate for
      the particular patient (given the clinical condition), and the conclusions drawn
      by the system. In an early clinical evaluation of ESPRE, out of a random sample
      of 75 platelet transfusion requests, there were only three disagreements between
      ESPRE and blood bank personnel.

PMID- 2656505
TI  - Knowledge representation and compilation for symptom-disease-test relationships.
AB  - A method that represents and compiles expert knowledge for choosing diagnostic
      tests is presented. Usually, physicians inquire into the patient's complaints,
      examine him/her physically, and on the assumption of a specific disease or
      impaired organ system, choose a certain group of laboratory tests designed to
      examine this assumption. After checking the test results, they may perform
      another set of tests for further differential diagnosis. This step is repeated
      until they obtain the final diagnosis. In the proposed method, this knowledge is
      categorized into three relations. The relation SD is defined on domains
      symptom/sign and disease, the relation DT is on disease and diagnostic test, and
      the relation DD is on disease and disease where the first attribute (column) in
      each relation, respectively, is a primary key, that is, there exists precisely
      one value, and the second is a set of values. We show that redundant tuples can
      be reduced or decomposed by checking whether or not there exist tuples whose set
      of diagnostic tests are equivalent to that of other tuples or are a subset of
      others. Finally, we can obtain a preferable set of diagnostic tests for given
      symptoms/signs by using the join of SD and DT, and for further diagnosis, the
      join of DD and DT is applicable.

PMID- 2656506
TI  - The in vitro proliferative response of lymphoid cells of mice infected with
      Salmonella enteritidis 11RX.
AB  - Intraperitoneal injection of (BALB/c x C57BL/6) F1 mice with live, but not killed
      Salmonella enteritidis 11RX (11RX) induced T cells in the spleen and peritoneal
      cavity which were able to proliferate in vitro in response to two different forms
      of 11RX antigens. The majority of cells which proliferated were L3T4+ T cells and
      most of the response was restricted by the I-A locus of the H-2 major
      histocompatibility complex, although a smaller K region restricted response was
      also detected. T cells able to respond to 11RX antigens could only be
      demonstrated when non-adherent lymphoid cell suspensions from immunized mice were
      used, and usually a limited response was obtained unless small numbers of
      adherent cells present in normal peritoneal cell suspensions were added. Cells
      cultured in vitro for 3 days were able to mediate local transfer of delayed type
      hypersensitivity and secondary immunization did not enhance the reactivity of
      responding cells to 11RX antigens.

PMID- 2656507
TI  - Articles based on presentations at the Sir Peter Medawar Memorial Symposium.
      London, December 5th and 6th, 1988.

PMID- 2656508
TI  - T cells in transplantation immunity.
AB  - This paper reviews the following problems in transplantation immunity: (i) short
      lived ability to transfer immunity or suppression, in contrast to long-lived
      immunological memory in the autochthonous animal; (ii) short-lived ability to
      transfer graft-resistance, in contrast to long-lived ability to transfer helper
      activity for B-cells; (iii) the response to H-Y, as a system that might solve
      some outstanding problems in antigen presentation; and (iv) the contrast between
      live and killed allogeneic cells as immunogens. All of these problems, it is
      suggested, are amenable to study by modern methods. Students like me were drawn
      into Peter Medawar's orbit in the 1940s and 1950s by an irresistible mix of
      intellectual challenge and the glamour of experimental surgery. Much the same was
      happening elsewhere in the laboratories of Ray Owen, Milan Hasek, George Snell,
      Burnet, and Florey, and by 1960 the transplantation immunologists could justly
      claim to have opened up a whole new area of ideas in biology: we had discovered
      the lymphocyte as the antigen-sensitive cell, and the principles of immunological
      tolerance; we had revived interest in cellular immunity, and it was we who found
      the MHC (even if we had little idea of its real meaning). But by 1960 the first
      wave of success had passed, and the penetration of immunology by molecular
      biology had begun. Interest in transplantation immunity perceptibly declined,
      although many groups continued to address important problems, particularly in the
      field of organ transplantation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656509
TI  - Toward an understanding of the basis of alloantigen recognition.

PMID- 2656510
TI  - Histocompatibility antigens and transplantation: reflections over 20 years.

PMID- 2656511
TI  - Clinical kidney transplants, 1988.
AB  - 1. The one-year graft survival rate of cadaver donor transplants has increased
      from about 40% in 1965 to almost 80% in 1988. Much of the improvement lies in the
      reduction of the one-month failure rates, which went down from one quarter in
      1965 to 10% in 1988. 2. Kidneys that failed to function in the first month
      occurred in 5% of first graft patients without cytotoxins and increased to 9% if
      cytotoxins to more than 50% of the random panel were present. The non-function
      rate was 9% in regrafted patients without antibodies and double (18%) in those
      with a PRA of less than 50%. 3. Some indication that the harmful antibodies can
      be detected by flow cytometry is provided by the fact that low graft survival
      rates resulted when transplants were done across a positive flow cytometry
      crossmatch in sensitized patients and in second graft recipients. In non
      sensitized patients and in first graft patients, flow cytometry crossmatches
      against T cells were of no value. 4. The difference between first grafts, second
      grafts and transplants into sensitized patients disappeared when the grafts that
      did not function at one month were removed. 5. Cold ischemia time up to 36 hours
      had no effect on 1-3-year survival rates. Cold ischemia had relatively little
      effect even on delayed function in first transplants. However, in regrafts and in
      grafts into patients with preformed cytotoxins, increasing cold ischemia resulted
      in an increased incidence of delayed function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656512
TI  - Minor transplantation antigens: their role in shaping the T cell repertoire.
AB  - Minor transplantation, or histocompatibility (H), antigens are the targets of
      host-versus-graft (hvg) and graft-versus-host (gvh) reactions that occur when
      organs or tissues are exchanged between members of the same species who, although
      genetically not identical, are matched for their major histocompatibility complex
      (MHC) encoded transplantation antigens. Genes encoding minor H antigens map
      outside the MHC, on a number of different chromosomes. Whilst gvh and hvg
      reactions against individual minor H antigens are relatively weak, certainly in
      comparison with such reactions against MHC antigens, the presence of multiple
      minor H differences (the situation encountered in man) gives rise to very
      vigorous reactions that can endanger the survival of graft or host, or both. This
      is the pathological role of minor H antigens and, indeed, it was this role which
      was first designated to the MHC antigens, before their physiological role as
      guidance molecules for T lymphocytes was discovered. Recently, a potential
      physiological role for minor H antigens has been uncovered by the finding that
      the presence of certain minor H alleles in mice leads to removal in the thymus
      (negative selection) of all those T cells expressing a particular T cell receptor
      (TCR) gene. Such cells therefore never reach the periphery, where they might
      otherwise give rise to autoimmune reactions. The T cell repertoire is thus
      moulded by at least some minor H antigens, which may therefore be regarded as non
      MHC immune response genes. Furthermore, T cell receptor usage by T cells specific
      for allogeneic minor H antigens appears not to be representative of T cell
      receptor usage in the peripheral pool.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656513
TI  - 'The foetus, qua tissue homograft': an assessment of the possible mechanisms for
      its survival.

PMID- 2656514
TI  - Peter Medawar: his life and work.

PMID- 2656515
TI  - Neonatal tolerance revisited.

PMID- 2656517
TI  - Peter Medawar and clinical transplantation.

PMID- 2656516
TI  - On the feasibility of inducing tolerance in man: a study in the cynomolgus
      monkey.
AB  - Our previous work on the in vitro generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes from the
      blood of 15-22-week-old fetuses, and on the induction of immunological tolerane
      in both radiation chimeras and neonatal mice, using T lymphocyte-depleted
      allogeneic bone marrow cells, has led us to believe that it should be possible to
      establish red cell chimerism in human fetuses by the infusion of allogeneic adult
      bone marrow cells. The essential prerequisite appears to be the removal of
      immunocompetent T lymphocytes from the bone marrow transplant, for new T cells
      generated from donor stem cells become tolerant to the histocompatibility
      antigens of the host's thymus and cannot, therefore, cause graft-versus-host
      disease (GVHD). Such an approach could be used in the treatment of fetuses
      diagnosed at an early stage as suffering from life-threatening inherited blood
      disorders. The experiments described here were designed to test this hypothesis
      in a sub-human primate species, Macaca fascicularis. Twenty-two cynomolgus
      monkeys received infusions of haploidentical (paternal) bone marrow between days
      51 and 95 of gestation. There was no evidence of chimerism in animals inoculated
      after day 75 from mating. Eight out of 14 fetuses inoculated before day 70 were
      late intra-uterine deaths, four were hydropic and in one, histological
      confirmation of GVHD was obtained, indicating that tolerance can be induced at
      this time, as GVHD can occur only if donor cells survive. The T cell-depletion
      technique used here did not appear to prevent GVHD.

PMID- 2656518
TI  - Renorenal reflexes present in young and captopril-treated adult spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - In normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats stimulation of
      renal mechanoreceptors or chemoreceptors by increasing ureteral pressure or renal
      pelvic perfusion with 0.9 M NaCl results in a contralateral inhibitory renorenal
      reflex response with contralateral diuresis and natriuresis. However, in 14-15
      week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) renal sensory receptor stimulation
      failed to elicit a contralateral inhibitory renorenal reflex response. The
      present study was performed to examine whether the lack of a renorenal reflex
      response in SHR was related to elevated arterial pressure by studying the
      responses to renal sensory receptor stimulation in 5-6-week-old SHR and in 12-16
      week-old SHR that had been treated with captopril from 3 weeks of age to prevent
      the development of hypertension. In 5-6-week-old SHR, mean arterial pressure was
      113 +/- 3 mm Hg. Graded increases of ureteral pressure of 15 and 29 mm Hg
      resulted in graded increases in ipsilateral afferent renal nerve activity of 57
      +/- 22% and 120 +/- 38%. Contralateral urinary sodium excretion increased from
      0.26 +/- 0.06 to 0.35 +/- 0.07 mumol/min/g and from 0.36 +/- 0.08 to 0.46 +/-
      0.11 mumol/min/g, respectively. In captopril-treated SHR, mean arterial pressure
      was 109 +/- 3 mm Hg. Increasing ureteral pressure by 34 mm Hg increased
      ipsilateral afferent renal nerve activity 65 +/- 21% and contralateral urinary
      sodium excretion from 1.28 +/- 0.24 to 1.53 +/- 0.30 mumol/min/g. Similar results
      were produced by renal chemoreceptor stimulation. It is concluded that renal
      sensory receptor stimulation results in a contralateral inhibitory renorenal
      reflex response in 5-6-week-old SHR and in SHR treated with captopril to prevent
      the development of hypertension. These results suggest that the previously
      demonstrated lack of a renorenal reflex response to renal sensory receptor
      stimulation in hypertensive SHR is related to the maintenance of hypertension.

PMID- 2656519
TI  - Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. IV. EXP6155 and EXP6803.
AB  - EXP6155 (2-n-butyl-1-[4-carboxybenzyl]-4-chloroimidazole-5-acetic acid) and
      EXP6803 (methyl 2-n-butyl-1-[4-(2-carboxybenzamido)benzyl]-4-chloroimidazole -5
      acetate, sodium salt) are shown to be novel, nonpeptide, antihypertensive,
      specific angiotensin II receptor antagonists. In rabbit aorta, they competitively
      inhibited the contractile response to angiotensin II with pA2 values of 6.54 and
      7.20 and did not alter the response to norepinephrine or KCl. In guinea pig
      ileum, both agents blocked the responses to angiotensin I and II and did not
      alter the responses to bradykinin and acetylcholine. A similar specific
      angiotensin II antagonism was shown in vivo in the spinal pithed rat model. In
      renal artery-ligated rats, a high renin hypertensive model, EXP6155 and EXP6803
      given intravenously, decreased blood pressure with ED30 of 10 and 11 mg/kg,
      respectively. Both compounds did not alter blood pressure when given orally at
      100 mg/kg. Unlike saralasin, EXP6155 and EXP6803 given intravenously did not
      cause a transient increase in blood pressure in the renal artery-ligated and
      normotensive rats. Our results indicate that EXP6155 and EXP6803 are selective
      angiotensin II receptor antagonists and antihypertensive agents. Since neither
      compound had partial agonist activities or bradykinin potentiation effects,
      unlike the existing peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists and angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors, respectively, they may represent preferred probes
      for studying the physiological roles of angiotensin II.

PMID- 2656520
TI  - Metacyclic neutralizing effect of monoclonal antibody 10D8 directed to the 35-
      and 50-kilodalton surface glycoconjugates of Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - It was shown in this work that the infectivity of metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma
      cruzi was affected upon interaction with the monoclonal antibody (10D8), which
      reacts with a carbohydrate epitope of the 35- and 50-kilodalton (kDa) surface
      glycoconjugates. The invasion of Vero cells by metacyclic forms of strains
      Tulahuen and G was inhibited 50 to 67% in the presence of 10D8 (10
      micrograms/ml), whereas a nonrelated monoclonal antibody to Plasmodium berghei
      had no such effect. In mice that were inoculated with metacyclic forms
      preincubated with 10D8 or that had passively received 10D8 before challenge with
      metacyclic forms, a considerable decrease in the parasitemia levels was observed.
      The 35- and 50-kDa antigens were detectable by the galactose oxidase and sodium
      boro[3H]hydride procedure but not by surface iodination or metabolic labeling
      with [35S]methionine, suggesting that they may be of glycolipid nature. The
      finding that the 35- and 50-kDa antigens are major bands recognized by sera of
      mice immunized with killed metacyclic forms and protected against acute
      infection, in addition to the results with 10D8, indicate that these
      glycoconjugates may play an important role in the metacyclic form-host cell
      association that initiates T. cruzi infection.

PMID- 2656521
TI  - Mechanisms of recrudescence of Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in mice.
AB  - The capacity of various immunosuppressive agents to cause a recrudescence of the
      replication of Mycobacterium bovis BCG in the spleens of chronically infected
      mice was investigated. The actions of three corticosteroid preparations,
      cyclosporin A, and anti-T-cell subset monoclonal antibodies were compared.
      Treatment of mice with hydrocortisone acetate, which depressed the number of
      splenic lymphocytes and suppressed T-cell responses, most effectively exacerbated
      the stationary BCG counts, at 4 to 6 months after infection. The magnitude of
      reactivation was more pronounced in innately resistant CBA/Ca mice than in the
      susceptible C57BL/6 strain of mice. Splenic bacterial counts were also amplified
      by anti-L3T4 antibody when the antibody was injected at the chronic phase,
      whereas cyclosporin A had an effect only during the initial 6 weeks after BCG
      infection. Cultures of spleen cells from chronically infected mice showed a
      significant increase in the numbers of viable BCG recovered after 7 days of
      incubation in the presence of dexamethasone but not with cyclosporin A. The
      observed differences between the tested immunosuppressive agents indicate that
      the stationary bacterial counts during chronic BCG infection are maintained by
      discrete T-cell actions on the infected macrophages.

PMID- 2656522
TI  - Characterization of a suppressor factor that regulates phagocytosis by
      macrophages in murine cryptococcosis.
AB  - A T-suppressor factor which inhibits the phagocytic activity of a macrophage
      subset has been further characterized. This suppressor factor was first described
      for a murine model of cryptococcosis but was later found to be common to models
      of immunologic unresponsiveness. The suppressor factor was produced when
      suppressor cells were cultured in the presence of specific cryptococcal antigen.
      It could not be extracted from spleen cells and was not induced by antigen in
      cultures of lymph node cells. The suppressor factor was filtered through Amicon
      filters of 100-kilodalton (kDa) exclusion limit but was retained by filters
      excluding molecules of less than 50 kDa. By Sephadex G-100 chromatography, the
      factor eluted just ahead of bovine serum albumin (68 kDa). The activity of the
      suppressor factor could not be inhibited by anticryptococcal antibody, but it was
      inhibited by anti-I-J alloantiserum of the same genotype as the lymphocyte which
      produced the factor. Absorption with an encapsulated strain of Cryptococcus
      neoformans removed the suppressor factor from culture supernatants, while
      absorption with a nonencapsulated mutant or an unrelated yeast cell had not
      effect. On the basis of these observations, it was apparent that the suppressor
      factor was idiotypic in nature and that I-J and/or the I-J-interactive molecule
      played a role in the function of the suppressor factor. The requirement for
      antigenic stimulation for the production of suppressor factor in vitro
      distinguished it from the T-suppressor factor 3 described by others which
      regulates delayed-type hypersensitivity in cryptococcosis.

PMID- 2656524
TI  - Inactivation of various proteinase inhibitors and the complement system in human
      plasma by the 56-kilodalton proteinase from Serratia marcescens.
AB  - The interaction of the 56-kilodalton (kDa) proteinase from Serratia marcescens
      with human plasma activated C1 (C1) inhibitor, alpha 2-antiplasmin, and
      antithrombin III was investigated. The 56-kDa proteinase was not affected by
      these inhibitors; on the contrary, all the inhibitors were inactivated by the 56
      kDa proteinase within 2 to 6 h. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis indicated that all three inhibitors showed decreases in molecular
      weight of approximately 8,000 to 10,000 as a result of proteolytic cleavage by
      the 56-kDa proteinase. The 56-kDa proteinase also inactivated serum complement
      within 2 to 6 h. The loss of inhibitory activity caused by the 56-kDa proteinase,
      together with the effects of endogenous serine proteinases, may facilitate tissue
      destruction and inflammation.

PMID- 2656523
TI  - Protective effect of recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in leukocytopenic mice.
AB  - The effects of recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor (rmGM-CSF) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in ICR mice were
      investigated. Mice were treated with cyclophosphamide (CPA) and were then
      injected intraperitoneally with rmGM-CSF three times daily, beginning on the day
      after CPA treatment, for 7 days. The number of peripheral blood leukocytes in
      both CPA- and rmGM-CSF-treated mice and control CPA-treated mice reached a nadir
      on day 4, when P. aeruginosa was injected intraperitoneally. The administration
      of rmGM-CSF significantly increased the proportion of survivors among mice
      infected with a lethal dose of P. aeruginosa. This effect was further analyzed by
      monitoring sequential changes in leukocyte count and bacterial growth in various
      organs. The number of bacteria in the peritoneal cavities, peripheral blood
      samples, and livers of GM-CSF-treated mice decreased to an undetectable level
      after a transient increase, and the number was significantly lower than that in
      control mice. In GM-CSF-treated mice, the neutrophil levels in peripheral blood
      started to increase 5 days after CPA administration and were consistently higher
      than those in controls. Furthermore, the neutrophils in GM-CSF-treated mice were
      more mature morphologically. Thus, the prophylactic effect of rmGM-CSF against P.
      aeruginosa infection may result from a rapid recovery of myelopoiesis and a
      partial enhancement of mature neutrophil function.

PMID- 2656525
TI  - Laryngeal cancer and occupational exposure to asbestos.
AB  - The risk of laryngeal cancer associated with occupational exposure to asbestos
      was evaluated by a review of published reports. In only two of 13 cohort studies
      was the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) significantly increased. Smoking (a
      risk factor for laryngeal cancer) may have been more prevalent among asbestos
      workers than among the comparison populations. This was not taken into account in
      any of the studies, and may have caused the SMRs to be overestimated. Two of
      eight case-control studies reported large odds ratios (greater than or equal to
      13) for laryngeal cancer. Subsequent case-control studies did not confirm this
      higher risk; the odds ratios in these studies were 0.3 to 1.9. The conclusion of
      the review, based on data from 13 cohort and 8 case-control studies, is that
      neither case-control nor cohort studies have established an increased risk of
      laryngeal cancer for asbestos workers.

PMID- 2656526
TI  - Reproductive hazards related to perchloroethylene. A review.
AB  - The literature of perchloroethylene (PER) was scrutinized to find answers to the
      following questions: (1) is an effect of PER on reproduction to be expected, and
      (2) if so, has such an effect actually been shown in animal experiments and/or in
      epidemiological studies? From this review it can be concluded that the first
      question should be answered in the affirmative, considering the various
      mechanisms capable of leading to defects in the reproductive processes and the
      information about how PER can interact (and in fact does interact) with these
      mechanisms. The few studies in which the effects of PER exposure on reproductive
      outcome have been studied are, however, not very conclusive. Some suggest an
      effect, others do not. In view of the incompleteness of the experimental results
      and the methodological shortcomings especially of the epidemiological studies,
      there is a need for a suitably designed epidemiological investigation on the
      reproductive consequences of exposure to PER. In order to avoid the
      methodological problems of the above-mentioned studies, the design should be a
      prospective one.

PMID- 2656527
TI  - Zopiclone in insomniac shiftworkers. Evaluation of its hypnotic properties and
      its effects on mood and work performance.
AB  - Fifty adult insomniac shiftworkers (47 males and 3 females) between the ages of
      22 and 55 participated in this two-week, double-blind comparative study of the
      hypnotic properties and effects on mood and work performance of zopiclone 7.5 mg
      and placebo. All subjects took inactive medication on the first night of the
      study and then received either zopiclone or placebo for the following 13 nights
      according to randomization. Pre-study variables included a demographic profile,
      medical history, physical examination, laboratory data, profile of insomnia and
      work shift pattern description. A sleep questionnaire along with mood and work
      performance questionnaires were filled out on Days 1, 2, 4, 9 and 12 of the
      study; on Days 7 and 14, adverse events were recorded. After the first placebo
      night, subjects assigned to receive zopiclone showed significantly improved sleep
      induction; from the second night on, a distinct pharmacological effect over
      placebo was observed and maintained since statistically significant increases in
      quantitative sleep induction and sleep soundness (qualitative and quantitative)
      were noted during the course of zopiclone treatment. Active hypnotic treatment
      did not interfere with morning awakening and functioning, nor did it affect mood
      or work performance. Zopiclone treatment produced significantly more taste
      disturbance and drowsiness. In summary, zopiclone was shown to be an effective,
      fast-acting hypnotic which maintained its efficacy over a two-week period in our
      sample of insomniac shiftworkers and did not produce mood changes or influence
      work performance.

PMID- 2656528
TI  - Conscious sedation for pediatric outpatient dental procedures.

PMID- 2656529
TI  - Standards and regulations for dental anesthesia.

PMID- 2656530
TI  - Anesthesia for dentistry--an overview.

PMID- 2656531
TI  - Regional anesthesia for dental procedures.

PMID- 2656532
TI  - Nitrous oxide in dental practice.
AB  - Nitrous oxide has been widely employed by dentists as an anesthetic agent
      throughout its history of clinical use. While hypoxic general anesthetic
      techniques using nitrous oxide are rarely if ever employed today in the United
      States, and appear to be on the decline abroad, nitrous oxide is extensively and
      successfully used in dentistry as a conscious sedative to reduce anxiety and
      provide some supplemental analgesia. Less frequently it is used as a co-agent
      with intravenous anesthetics or sedatives during oral surgery or restorative
      dentistry. Considering the number of patients given this agent on a yearly basis,
      its relative lack of reported side effects when used appropriately is remarkable.

PMID- 2656533
TI  - Anesthesia for orthognathic surgery.

PMID- 2656534
TI  - Detection of antigens from gram-negative bacilli in urine of children with
      urinary tract infections. I. Common antigen of Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) has attracted considerable interest since
      the original publication by Kunin in 1962. In the present study we demonstrated
      this antigen directly in the urine from patients with urinary tract infections
      (UTI) elicited by enterobacteria. Sheep erythrocytes were incubated with UTI
      urine; this resulted in their coating with ECA, which was studied by means of
      hemagglutination by anti-ECA serum. Test tube hemagglutination and the more
      simple slide hemagglutination were employed and with both procedures similar
      results were obtained. Positive results were observed in 94-99% of urine
      specimens from enterobacterial UTI collected in The Buffalo Children's Hospital
      in the 1960s. ECA in urine could also be demonstrated by hemagglutination
      inhibition. In this test, antibodies in anti-ECA serum were neutralized as a
      result of incubation of this serum with urine, and agglutination by the antiserum
      of sheep erythrocytes coated with a standard ECA preparation was prevented or
      reduced. By means of this latter test, ECA could be demonstrated in 67-88% of
      urine specimens from enterobacterial UTI. The possible diagnostic application of
      these tests has been discussed.

PMID- 2656535
TI  - Detection of antigens from gram-negative bacilli in urine of children with
      urinary tract infections. II. Thermostable bacterial proteins.
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay for detection of bacterial antigens in urine specimens from
      urinary tract infections (UTI) was developed. The antigens detected in infections
      by Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Proteus sp.
      were different from the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). They were digested
      by trypsin and were characterized by remarkable thermostability; their molecular
      weights were approximately 34,000 and 31,000. They were detected by means of
      antisera to ECA or to suspension of E. coli. The frequency of positive results
      with urine specimens from enterobacterial UTI was 87-99%. In contrast, the urine
      specimens of UTI by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were positive in fewer than 20% with
      anti-E. coli sera, but were positive in more than 85% in tests with antiserum to
      P. aeruginosa. The possible diagnostic application of the described tests was
      discussed.

PMID- 2656536
TI  - Removal of low density lipoproteins (LDL) from plasma: the state of the art.

PMID- 2656537
TI  - Evaluation of reused hemodialyzers and membranes.

PMID- 2656538
TI  - Optimal reuse of cuprammonium rayon hollow-fibre dialyzers.
AB  - The optimal number of times a hollow-fibre cuprammonium rayon (Terumo TAF)
      dialyzer could be used was determined in twelve patients. Each dialyzer was
      reused six times. There was a highly significant decrease in neutrophil count
      (46.9 +/- 6.9%, mean +/- s.e.m.), platelet count (9.6 +/- 3.8%, mean +/- s.e.m.)
      and serum C3 concentration (10.25 +/- 2.4%, mean +/- s.e.m.) 30 minutes after the
      commencement of dialysis The intensity of these changes decreased with the re-use
      of the dialyzers up to the fourth time. There was a small, but significant
      increase in serum beta 2-microglobulin concentrations after a 6-hour dialysis.
      The difference between pre- and post-dialysis serum beta 2-microglobulin
      concentrations appeared to be greater during the 5th and the 6th use (18.8% and
      20.5% vs 5.0% during the first use). The clearance rates of urea and creatinine
      showed a trend to decrease from the fourth use onwards and the ultrafiltration
      coefficient was significantly reduced from the third use (8.5 +/- 4.0 mean +/-
      s.e.m.) onwards so that at the sixth use it was only 75.8 +/- 4.8%, (mean +/-
      s.e.m.) of the value at the first use. It is concluded that the optimal number of
      uses a cuprammonium rayon hollow-fibre dialyzer can be put to is four.

PMID- 2656539
TI  - Microscopic observation of leukocyte kinesis in the vascular bed during
      hemodialysis using the rabbit ear chamber technique.
AB  - Leukocyte kinesis in the capillary vascular bed during hemodialysis (HD) was
      investigated to elucidate the mechanism of transient leukopenia. Leukocyte
      movement was observed microscopically during HD using the rabbit ear chamber
      (REC) technique, which permits visualization of the movement of blood corpuscles
      in capillaries. Blood was drawn from the femoral artery and returned into the
      auricular and/or carotid artery so that the blood passing through the hollow
      fiber artificial kidney (HFAK) flowed into capillaries in the REC. Leukocyte
      counts of blood samples taken from the afferent and efferent limbs of the HD
      circuit, the right jugular vein and the right atrium were determined
      consecutively during HD. The difference in the leukocyte count was observed
      between the afferent and efferent limbs for the first 15 minutes and thereafter
      between the efferent limb and the jugular vein. The "transpulmonary" difference
      in the leukocyte count was not noticed throughout HD. Between 15 and 90 minutes
      after the start of HD, scarcely any circulating leukocytes were found in
      capillaries in the REC and some leukocytes were attached to the endothelial
      surface. Thereafter circulating leukocytes were seen again and detachment of
      leukocytes from the endothelial surface was observed. No leukocyte aggregation or
      embolization of aggregating leukocytes was noticed. This evidence suggests that
      leukopenia may be attributed to the transient shift of leukocytes to the marginal
      pool of the vessel lumen and this process may not be specific for the pulmonary
      vasculature, but may occur in the first capillary bed into which the blood
      passing through the HFAK flows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656540
TI  - Therapy of venous hypertension in calves with total artificial heart (TAH).
AB  - Vasomotor disregulation, preponderantly expressed by a pathological increase of
      central venous pressure (CVP) in calves with total artificial heart (TAH), starts
      to be evident from about the 50th day of pumping. The main cause of this state is
      an imbalance in cardiac receptor areas. Ventricular vasodepressor mechanisms are
      eliminated with the ventricular tissue, which is replaced by the artificial blood
      pump. In the stumps of both atria, which remain in situ, all neural elements
      disappear immediately after TAH implantation, but within two months they are
      fully regenerated. Regenerated atrial receptors are the starting points of
      afferent neural stimuli, which in the vasomotor center of the brainstem, increase
      the activity of the vasoconstricting functional component. A general tendency to
      vasoconstriction, now not well counterbalanced, increases, and the progressive
      venous hypertension causes loss of liver function and morphology. Two therapeutic
      approaches were tried: afferent therapy by atrial electrical stimulation, and
      efferent therapy by the administration of antihypertensives. Both kinds of this
      therapy were sufficiently effective in reducing CVP, protecting the liver, and
      prolonging average survival.

PMID- 2656541
TI  - Early treatment with intravenous metoprolol for suspected acute myocardial
      infarction: a phase IV United States trial. Phase IV Metoprolol in Myocardial
      Infarction Study Group.
AB  - Recent randomized clinical trials have shown that total mortality and
      cardiovascular mortality are reduced by the early intravenous administration of
      beta-blockers to patients suspected of suffering from acute myocardial
      infarction. These trials were conducted on patients meeting strict entry
      criteria. In order to assess this therapy when applied to a broader range of
      myocardial infarction patients, we performed a Phase IV study of metoprolol in
      acute myocardial infarction. The study was designed to test whether early (less
      than 8 hours from onset of chest pain) intervention by practicing physicians with
      open label intravenous metoprolol for cases of suspected acute myocardial
      infarction achieved mortality results similar to those obtained in large
      randomized clinical trials. We studied 3824 patients treated by 741 physicians
      representing a broad spectrum of clinical practice in the United States. Seventy
      two percent of the patients entered into the study had confirmed myocardial
      infarction (39% anterior, 39% inferior, 22% other locations) and 85% of all
      individuals treated tolerated the full intravenous dose of 15 mg of metoprolol.
      The 15 day total mortality and cardiovascular mortality rates were 4.9% and 4.5%;
      90 day mortality rates were 6.9 and 5.9%. Patients with anterior infarctions had
      a significantly greater cumulative mortality rate than patients with other types
      of infarctions. Marked bradycardia (heart rate less than 45 beats per minute) in
      the first 8 hours post treatment occurred in 4.7% cases and hypotension (systolic
      blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg) occurred in 9.8% of cases. When compared with
      the results of the Goteborg and MIAMI trials of metoprolol, it appears that there
      is no appreciable increase in mortality or morbidity when metoprolol is used in
      the community practice of acute coronary care.

PMID- 2656542
TI  - Persistent 5th aortic arch--a great pretender: three new covert cases.
AB  - Although persistence of the embryonic fifth aortic arch is considered a rare
      congenital malformation, analysis of the records of the cardiopathological
      collections of the Brompton and Killingbeck Hospitals reveals 6 examples in
      approximately 2000 specimens, an incidence amongst our material of 1 in 330.
      Since our review of the literature reveals only a further 13 described cases, we
      wonder if the condition may go unrecognized rather than being exceedingly rare.
      This possibility is further supported by the fact that 3 of our cases were
      incorrectly interpreted when initially described. In this report, we describe the
      details of 2 of these specimens and one other case that was not included in our
      earlier descriptions of this malformation. The first case had the persistent
      fifth arch as a conduit between the pulmonary and systemic circulations in the
      setting of aortic atresia with interruption of the aortic arch. The second case
      demonstrated a double lumen aortic arch, the fifth arch in this instance being an
      accessory systemic-to-systemic conduit. In the final case, the persistent arch
      was initially considered to represent an aorto-pulmonary window but review
      revealed an aortic to pulmonary conduit more in keeping with the presence of a
      fifth arch. We conclude that the powers of mimicry of this enigmatic structure
      may account for its apparent rarity.

PMID- 2656543
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of drug therapy in old age. Part
      2.
AB  - In this Part 2, pharmacodynamic studies which have examined the possibility of
      true changes in drug "sensitivity" in old age are reviewed. In a variety of organ
      systems, age-related physiological changes are reflected in altered drug
      responsiveness in the elderly. Also, a better understanding of different
      pathophysiological background of disease in this age group leads to a more
      rational pharmacotherapeutic approach, which is exemplified in the recent drug
      therapy of hypertension in the elderly.

PMID- 2656545
TI  - Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of congenital hip dysplasia in the newborn.
AB  - A new technique for ultrasonic examination of the hip is aimed at identification
      of the acetabular cartilaginous ridge, called the "neolimbus" by Ortolani. The
      presence of this ridge is pathognomonic for congenital hip dysplasia in the
      newborn. Ultrasonography of 300 normal hips never showed the neolimbus, but it
      was present in 25 dysplastic hips. Ultrasound examination of the hips of newborn
      infants can therefore be combined with the Ortolani test in the very early
      diagnosis of hip dysplasia.

PMID- 2656544
TI  - Rotational acetabular osteotomy in congenital dysplasia of the hip.
AB  - Rotational acetabular osteotomy was carried out in 127 patients (147 hips) with
      acetabular dysplasia, some of whom showed early or progressive degenerative
      changes. Complications occurring during and after operation were transient
      lesions of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in 20 patients, of the femoral
      nerve in 2, fracture of the acetabulum in 1, inadequate rotation of the
      acetabulum in 11, and infection in 3 patients. Later complications were breakage
      of Kirschner wires in 3, ectopic bone formation in 2 and acute chondrolysis in 3
      patients. Sixty-six patients (69 hips) were followed for an average of 5 years
      and 4 months, and in most of them satisfactory results were achieved in spite of
      these complications.

PMID- 2656546
TI  - Laminopediculoplasty: a new method of reconstructing the posterior elements of
      the thoracic spine.
AB  - We describe a new method of reconstructing the posterior elements of the thoracic
      spine following decompression of the cord through a wide posterior approach.
      Osteoperiosteal corticocancellous grafts are harvested from the iliac wing, then
      bent into a semicircle with the periosteum on the inside and inserted between the
      resected vertebral pedicles where they act as a base for further grafting. The
      posterior spinoligamentous complex is preserved and reattached. This technique
      permits circumferential decompression of the thoracic cord through a posterior
      approach and posterior thoracic interbody fusion. Fifteen patients were treated
      by this method and a solid fusion achieved in each case. No bony ingrowth into
      the spinal canal was observed.

PMID- 2656547
TI  - Reducing the radiation dosage in patients with a scoliosis.
AB  - A significant number of girls develop an adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and
      require repeated full-length radiographs of the spine. Since Nash's publication
      in 1979 [16], there has been considerable concern expressed about protecting them
      from excessive radiation, and particularly from the development of radiation
      induced breast tumours. We present a study which compares the differences in
      radiation dose using different techniques, specifically, the use of a
      posteroanterior projection, very fast rare earth screens and progressive wedge
      shaped filtration. The use of a posteroanterior projection reduced the sternal
      exposure by 98.9% and the breast skin exposure by 92%. A combination of all three
      techniques reduced the sternal exposure by 99.5%. We recommend that these should
      be used routinely to reduce the radiation hazard to children with an adolescent
      idiopathic scoliosis.

PMID- 2656548
TI  - Substrate and hormone responses to exercise following a marathon run.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine selected substrate and hormone responses to
      30-min treadmill runs performed several days before and after a competitive
      marathon (42.2 km) to determine the time course for return of altered responses
      to pre-race levels. Six experienced male runners (30.8 +/- 9.1 years) ran at
      their predicted race pace (77.1% +/- 4.1% of VO2max) 8-7 days prior (S-1) to the
      Boston Marathon and 2-3 (S-2), 6-7 (S-3), and 13-14 days (S-4) post-marathon. All
      30-min runs were performed in the morning at a constant time for each subject
      following a 12-h fast. Blood samples were drawn immediately before and
      immediately after (within 1 min) the 30-min runs. Post-exercise glucose responses
      were higher (P less than 0.05) during S-2 and S-3 compared with S-1 values. S-2
      post-exercise lactate concentrations were also higher than the corresponding S-1
      value. Pre-exercise free fatty acid (FFA) levels during S-4, and the post
      exercise FFA values during S-2, S-3, and S-4, were lower (P less than 0.05) than
      the corresponding S-1 concentrations. Pre- and post-exercise alanine levels
      during S-2 were higher (P less than 0.05) than the S-1 values. Both pre- and post
      exercise insulin levels during S-2, S-3, and S-4 were greater (P less than 0.05)
      than corresponding S-1 concentrations. Glucagon concentrations were unchanged
      across all sessions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656549
TI  - Variability in creatine kinase: methodological, exercise, and clinically related
      factors.

PMID- 2656550
TI  - Viruses in pemphigus.

PMID- 2656551
TI  - Ocular side effects of the retinoids.

PMID- 2656552
TI  - Coexistence of pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid.

PMID- 2656553
TI  - Recent advances in medicine (1988). AIDS, HTLV 1, mycosis fungoides/Sezary
      syndrome, psoriasis, HPV, lupus, scleroderma, and cancer.

PMID- 2656554
TI  - Tadeusz P. Chorzelski. A tribute on the 25th anniversary of his first visit to
      the United States.

PMID- 2656555
TI  - Leprosy.

PMID- 2656556
TI  - The use of Michel's solution as a fixative for the histologic study of Langerhans
      cells in human tissue.

PMID- 2656557
TI  - Determinants of policy on smoking and health.

PMID- 2656558
TI  - Setting environmental exposure standards: the role of the epidemiologist.

PMID- 2656559
TI  - What symptoms predict the bronchial response to histamine? Evaluation in a
      community survey of the bronchial symptoms questionnaire (1984) of the
      International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.
AB  - A questionnaire developed by the International Union against Tuberculosis and
      Lung Disease (IUATLD) to assess bronchial symptoms has been tested for its
      ability to predict the bronchial response to histamine in adults aged 18-64 years
      living in two areas of southern England. A number of questions were found to be
      independently associated with increased reactivity in the first randomly selected
      half of the subjects. These symptoms included wheeze, waking at night with
      shortness of breath, tightness in the chest or shortness of breath when exposed
      to animals, dust or feathers and the non-specific symptom of persistent problems
      with breathing. A predictive score based on these symptoms was more sensitive and
      only slightly less specific than the question on wheeze alone in predicting the
      response to histamine in the second half of the subjects. Questions about asthma
      though more specific were considerably less sensitive than either. Symptoms did
      not differentiate between reactivity associated with positive skin tests and that
      associated with smoking.

PMID- 2656560
TI  - Community-wide epidemiological investigation of a typhoid outbreak in a rural
      township in Taiwan, Republic of China.
AB  - An outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Chu-Tung township, Taiwan, with dates of
      onset from 6 July to 8 August, 1983. Fifty-four cases were hospitalized, of which
      52 were laboratory confirmed. A chloramphenicol-resistant strain of Salmonella
      typhi was isolated from patients' blood samples. A community survey of 2772
      people selected from 490 households by stratified systematic cluster sampling,
      presented an attack rate of 9.4 per 1000 and a case reporting rate of 10%. The
      attack rate was higher in males than females for persons younger than ten years,
      but was greater in females than in males aged 40 years and older. The only
      consistent characteristic of the early outbreak cases was drinking of tapwater
      (10/10, 100% versus 319/490, 65% of the controls). None of the early cases but
      36% (13/36) of the late cases had drunk stream or river water. Households of
      early cases had better hygienic conditions than those of late cases. Laboratory
      examination of environmental specimens indicated Escherichia coli contamination
      of tapwater, well water and all stream foci associated with human activities. The
      epidemiological data combined with laboratory results suggested that the epidemic
      might be due to repeated contamination of some common source (such as municipal
      tapwater) and/or a variety of other vehicles.

PMID- 2656561
TI  - Ecological bias, confounding, and effect modification.
AB  - Ecological bias is sometimes attributed to confounding by the group variable (ie
      the variable used to define the ecological groups), or to risk factors associated
      with the group variable. We show that the group variable need not be a confounder
      (in the strict epidemiological sense) for ecological bias to occur: effect
      modification can lead to profound ecological bias, whether or not the group
      variable or the effect modifier are independent risk factors. Furthermore, an
      extraneous risk factor need not be associated with the study variable at the
      individual level in order to produce ecological bias. Thus the conditions for the
      production of ecological bias by a covariate are much broader than the conditions
      for the production of individual-level confounding by a covariate. We also show
      that standardization or ecological control of variables responsible for
      ecological bias are generally insufficient to remove such bias.

PMID- 2656562
TI  - Diagnostic criteria for hospitalized acute myocardial infarction: the Minnesota
      experience.
AB  - Standardized diagnostic algorithms are needed for systematic surveillance of
      hospitalized acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Ambiguities in diagnostic
      classification are resolvable to the extent that objective information is
      available in the hospital chart. In this study of diagnostic algorithms, serum
      cardiac enzyme levels, especially creatine kinase total (CK-TOT) and creatine
      kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) isoenzyme, were most closely correlated with the
      physician-reviewer diagnostic assignment used for validation; chest pain and
      electrocardiographic findings were less closely correlated. In addition, a close
      relationship was noted between the clinician's diagnostic impression and testing
      procedures and the final hospital discharge diagnosis. Thus, the algorithm should
      include discharge diagnosis as a classification element. The algorithm for cases
      discharged as acute myocardial infarction should be very sensitive, tending to
      call cases acute myocardial infarction. Other discharge diagnoses may harbour
      some clinically unrecognized myocardial infarction cases; however, the algorithm
      for such cases should be restrictive and specific to minimize false positives.
      These findings indicate optimal ways of combining clinical characteristics to
      most completely and accurately identify cases of acute myocardial infarction
      based on hospital records examined in retrospect.

PMID- 2656563
TI  - Immune expulsion of parasitic nematodes from the alimentary tract.

PMID- 2656564
TI  - Neuropsychiatric manifestations of obstructive sleep apnea: a review.
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may result in neuropsychiatric complications.
      Psychiatrists need to be alert to the possibility that patients who present to
      them with cognitive and/or affective disorders, who also have sleep related
      complaints such as snoring and significant daytime hypersomnolence, may have OSA.
      Clinical suspicion needs to be reinforced by obtaining a history from the bed
      partner. A polysomnogram will establish the diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is
      made, several treatment options are available. Treatment of sleep apnea usually
      leads to a resolution, or at least improved control, of the complicating
      neuropsychiatric disorder. Physicians must be aware that sedating neuroleptic or
      antipsychotic agents may worsen sleep apnea and, thereby, aggravate the
      neuropsychiatric disturbance.

PMID- 2656565
TI  - Psychological interventions in the pre-surgical period.
AB  - The literature on pre-surgical psychological interventions designed to improve
      psychological adjustment to and recovery from surgery, as well as increase cost
      effectiveness, is reviewed. Three broad classifications of interventions
      (information-based interventions, behaviorally-oriented interventions, and
      insight-oriented interventions) are discussed based on previous studies aimed at
      demonstrating the utility of each approach. Limitations of the research in this
      area are presented and recommendations are made for effective implementation of
      pre-surgical interventions.

PMID- 2656566
TI  - Induced specific immunological unresponsiveness & conditioned behavioral
      reflexes, in functional isomorphism-meditation and conditioned specific
      unresponsiveness.
AB  - Detailed functional isomorphism had been observed (Freed, 1984) between induced
      (conditioned) immunogenicity and classical conditioned defensive reflexes,
      possibly as evolutionary adaptation against danger at micro and macro levels
      respectively. Similarly, functional isomorphism is postulated between conditioned
      specific tolerogenicity of the immunotolerance system and behavioral reflexes.
      Isomorphism requires that sensory signals elaborated with intrinsic
      (unconditioned) behavioral tolerogens as carriers do not subsequently combine
      classically with unconditioned aversive stimuli and evoke conditioned defensive
      responses. Unconditioned behavioral tolerogenic carriers were identified with
      behavioral (physiological) activities of Oriental meditation. Confirmation of
      conditioned behavioral tolerogenicity appeared in the unresponsiveness of Yogi
      mediators to sensory stimuli as reflected in unchanged alpha rhythms of their
      encephalograms. Conditioned behavioral specific unresponsiveness maintains the
      "quiet" of meditation and mediates the experience of Zen mediators, namely,
      sharpened, clearer perceptions and unresponsiveness to aversive components of
      current conditioned signals ordinarily reactivating residues of affect.
      Conditioned behavioral specific unresponsiveness has survival value.

PMID- 2656567
TI  - Assessment of vitamin A status in an elderly French population using impression
      cytology with transfer.
AB  - The vitamin A status of 105 elderly French people was assessed by ocular
      impression cytology with transfer (ICT). 5 patients (4.8%) had a negative ICT
      defined by the absence of goblet cells and the enlargement of the epithelial
      cells (deficient vitamin A status). 100 patients had a positive ICT with goblet
      cells and small, numerous epithelial cells (sufficient vitamin A status). ICT
      results were compared to serum biochemical parameters. Mean serum levels of
      retinol, retinol-binding protein (RBP) and transthyretin (TTR) were significantly
      lower while C-reactive protein (CRP) and orosomucoid were significantly higher in
      negative ICT than in positive one. The etiology of vitamin A deficiency is
      difficult to conclude (malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, inflammation). ICT is
      a good indicator of peripheral vitamin A deficiency in our experience.

PMID- 2656568
TI  - Neutral proteinases and inhibitors secreted by human rectal adenocarcinoma cell
      line (RCM-1).
AB  - A human rectal adenocarcinoma cell line, RCM-1, secreted some neutral
      proteinases: metallo-, serine and cysteine proteinases; and trypsin inhibitors
      into the serum-free conditioned medium (SFCM) in vitro. They were separated by
      anion-exchange and gel filtration high-performance liquid chromatography. SFCM
      from the cells of early passage numbers (20-24) contained native activities of
      serine proteinase and collagenolytic metalloproteinase. However, after several
      passages the native activities of them were diminished and latent form of
      metalloproteinase increased. In contrast to the native proteolytic activities,
      trypsin inhibitory activity was elevated in SFCM from the cells of passages 38
      42. It inhibited the serine proteinase secreted by the same cells of early
      passage numbers. Furthermore, the serine proteinase was able to activate the
      latent form of metalloproteinase. Cooperative roles of these tumor-secreted
      proteinases and inhibitors may be important in tumor invasion.

PMID- 2656569
TI  - Tabulation of results on the heterogeneity of cellular characteristics among
      cells from B16 mouse melanoma cell lines with different colonization potentials.
      A summary of sixty reports.
AB  - The analysis of the complex, multi-step process of metastasis has been
      facilitated by the use of variant cell lines with differing metastatic or
      colonization potentials. In order to assess the full extent of the heterogeneity
      that can be expressed within a single cell line, the results of experiments
      describing individual ultrastructural, biochemical and behavioral aspects of the
      metastatic phenotype of B16 mouse melanoma cells have been collected. Of the 84
      observations from 60 reports presented, there are 53 positive and 16 negative
      correlations with colonization after intravenous injection and/or metastatic
      potential, and 15 cases of no correlation. The tabulated results indicate that
      colony formation and metastasis can be associated with one or more of many
      different cellular traits so that genes responsible for each of these many traits
      could contribute to the metastatic phenotype.

PMID- 2656570
TI  - Some mammalian retinae lack FMRF-amide-like immunoreactive efferents.
AB  - The retinae of a monkey, cat, rat and mouse were examined for FMRF-amide
      immunoreactivity, a marker for efferent fibers in the retinae of lower
      vertebrates. No FMRF-amide immunoreactive retinal fibers were found despite their
      presence in the rat CNS. Therefore, we conclude that efferent fibers, if present
      in mammalian retinae, are immunologically different from efferent fibers in lower
      vertebrates.

PMID- 2656571
TI  - Behavior of human RPE cultured on Bruch's membrane and on necrotic debris.
AB  - Degeneration and necrosis of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is found in
      several conditions associated with reactive alteration of the cell layer, and is
      probably involved in the formation of drusen and age-related macular
      degeneration. In the current study we describe a novel system for culturing human
      RPE. This system permits evaluation of the effect of necrotic material between
      the epithelium and Bruch's membrane, of drusen, and of other alterations in
      Bruch's membrane on the behavior of the RPE. In this system, dissociated RPE
      cells were seeded onto isolated Bruch's membrane. Cell behavior was assessed in
      areas with and without drusen, and also in areas covered with necrotic cells and
      fragmented debris. On both exposed Bruch's membrane and on the membrane covered
      with debris, the cells developed a polygonal shape, with a varying density of
      apical microvilli. The cultures were monolayered with some overlapping. In areas
      containing fragmented debris and dead cells, seeded RPE cells were found to
      adhere to the apical surface of necrotic cells, but were also seen to intrude
      between the necrotic debris and underlying Bruch's membrane, appearing to clear
      the membrane of such debris. Our study demonstrates the stability of epithelial
      histology of human RPE under not previously tested conditions. Further, it shows
      that the present system permits exposure of these cells to several in vivo
      physiological and pathological changes in a controlled in vitro environment.

PMID- 2656572
TI  - Are seven standard photographic fields necessary for classification of diabetic
      retinopathy?
AB  - Stereoscopic fundus photography of seven fields has become standard procedure for
      detecting diabetic retinopathy. However, the question has arisen as to whether
      adequate detection of retinopathy can be achieved with fewer fields. This
      question was investigated in a population-based study of 2694 diabetic persons.
      Retinopathy levels derived from the detailed grading of all seven fields were
      compared with those derived from combinations of two, three or four fields, the
      data for these being selected from the grading of the full seven fields. For
      eight retinopathy levels, the rate of agreement with seven fields ranges from 80%
      for two fields to 91% for four fields. For four retinopathy levels, agreement
      increases to 85 to 95%. The rate of agreement also varies with the specific
      retinopathy level, with level 65 being especially sensitive to the number of
      fields. The sensitivity of two to four fields compared to seven fields for
      detecting any retinopathy varies from 87 to 95%. For detecting proliferative
      retinopathy, sensitivity varies from 74 to 90%, and for Diabetic Retinopathy
      Study high-risk characteristics, it varies from 81 to 91%. Analysis of two groups
      of 50 eyes in which the combinations of fields were graded independently shows a
      small but nonsignificant effect of field overlap. These results indicate that in
      some situations, fewer fields may be adequate.

PMID- 2656573
TI  - Man's conception of disease--a historical journey.
AB  - The author traces the fascinating history of man's understanding of disease.

PMID- 2656574
TI  - An institution in transition. A roundtable discussion.

PMID- 2656575
TI  - Managing PRO review changes.

PMID- 2656576
TI  - Clinical and pathological features of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the tonsil.
      Review of the literature and report of 10 cases.
AB  - Ten patients with tonsillar lymphomas diagnosed and treated in our hematology
      unit from 1979 to 1986 are reported. The heterogeneous histology at presentation,
      the aggressiveness of the histologic types during relapse, and the relatively low
      incidence of gastrointestinal tract involvement are discussed. A review of the
      literature is presented. In view of the better survival rate obtained with
      chemotherapy or combined chemo- and radiotherapy, we confirm that lymphomas of
      the tonsil should be aggressively treated, regardless of the staging. Among our
      10 cases, 2 are of special interest since they progressed into highly malignant
      disorders: B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia and Burkitt's lymphoma.

PMID- 2656577
TI  - High technology in medicine--ethical aspects.
AB  - The use of high technology in medicine continues to expand. Apart from the usual
      questions that accompany the introduction of any new procedure in medical care,
      such as efficacy, dependence on existing methods, and cost risk and cost
      benefits, high technology raises particular issues: high costs that influence the
      setting of priorities both at the local and national levels, equal access to
      health care for all, and social justice. Moreover, the sophistication of
      technology and its high cost complicate basic issues, such as informed consent
      and the autonomy of the patient. Finally, the use of high technology in medicine
      raises fundamental questions concerning the patient-physician relationship and
      the profile of the doctor of tomorrow.

PMID- 2656578
TI  - Ultrasonic evaluation of residual urine volume after vaginal surgery.

PMID- 2656579
TI  - Alleviation of cyclosporin-induced immune suppression by the cytokine inducer ADA
      202-718.
AB  - ADA-202-718 (ADA) has been shown to augment the production of various cytokines
      (IL-1, IL-2 and gamma-interferon) by murine T lymphocytes. Administration of 1
      mg/kg/day to mice from the time of immunization significantly enhanced delayed
      type hypersensitivity responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). ADA also
      inhibited immune suppression in mice given 25 but not 50 mg/kg/day cyclosporin A
      (CsA). There were, however, few changes compared with vehicle-treated controls in
      the numbers of splenic regulatory T cell subsets (L3T4+ and Ly2+) following
      treatment with CsA, ADA or both drugs. On the other hand, splenic lymphocytes
      from ADA-treated animals exhibited augmented proliferative responses to
      polyclonal T and B cell mitogens and antigen. ADA (1 mg/kg) also stimulated the
      splenic IgM plaque-forming cell response to SRBC and prevented CsA (25 mg/kg)
      induced suppression of humoral immunity. In vitro, ADA (2 micrograms/ml)
      inhibited CsA-induced suppression of T cell proliferation, the effect being most
      marked at lower inhibitory concentrations of CsA. These data illustrate the
      capacity of ADA to augment or restore T cell responses in experimental animals
      and are consistent with the view that CsA acts in these experimental in vivo
      systems by inhibition of cytokine production.

PMID- 2656580
TI  - Nonvalidated therapies and HIV disease. McGill/Boston Research Group.
AB  - As more AIDS patients seek access to nonvalidated therapies, Authorized
      Investigational Units can preserve the integrity of clinical trials, protect
      patients' interests, and enhance clinicians' flexibility.

PMID- 2656581
TI  - Reviving a distinctive medical ethic.
AB  - Our culture is well on its way to reducing medical ethics to legal requirements,
      general citizen ethics, or personal values. A distinctive ethic for medicine
      provides critical distance and moral meaning for the profession and an enriched
      societal ethic.

PMID- 2656582
TI  - Primary branchiogenic carcinoma.
AB  - An extensive historical review of branchial cleft cyst carcinoma is undertaken
      and a critical analysis of all 67 cases reported in the English literature since
      Martin's landmark report is carried out and tabulated. Forty-one of the 67 cases
      were definitely ruled out as carcinomas of branchial cysts. Though only eight of
      the remaining 26 cases satisfied Martin's criterion of 5-year follow-up without
      evidence of primary carcinoma elsewhere, 14 patients had incontrovertible
      evidence of branchiogenic carcinoma, evidenced by a branchial cyst with
      histologic evidence of epithelial dysplasia progressing to squamous cell
      carcinoma within the cyst wall. Two previously unreported cases are presented. A
      therapeutic approach including wide local excision, radical neck dissection, and
      radiotherapy is recommended. A more thorough search for an occult head and neck
      primary, and a clearer understanding of the histopathology of branchiogenic
      carcinoma, are suggested as alternate requirements for this diagnosis.

PMID- 2656583
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma with metastasis to the parotid gland: case reports and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Two cases of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the parotid gland are presented.
      The parotid mass was the initial manifestation of the first patient's renal cell
      malignancy and the pathologic evaluation was the first clue to the diagnosis. The
      second case demonstrates discovery of metastasis to the parotid gland 8 years
      after resection of a hypernephroma. A review of the literature on this subject is
      presented and the pathologic characteristics as well as recommendations for
      diagnosis and treatment of this entity are reviewed.

PMID- 2656584
TI  - Low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma of buccal mucosa salivary gland origin.
AB  - The clinicopathologic features of a low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma arising in
      minor salivary gland tissue are presented. This tumor demonstrates a predilection
      for minor salivary glands of the oral cavity, a slow growth pattern, recurrence
      in spite of radical excision, and a tendency to produce nodal metastasis. This is
      the second documented case in the English literature of this recently defined
      subtype of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma arising in a minor salivary
      gland of the buccal mucosa.

PMID- 2656585
TI  - Botryomycosis of the oral cavity.
AB  - Botryomycosis is a bacterial infection characterized histologically by granules
      containing bacteria. Usually there is surrounding granulomatous inflammation with
      occasional extension into muscle or bone. While there are several hypotheses
      regarding the pathogenesis of botryomycosis, the exact mechanism is unclear.
      Botryomycosis has been associated with a variety of aerobic and anaerobic
      bacteria, usually endogenous flora and low virulence organisms. Oral lesions
      appear to be uncommon despite continuous exposure to endogenous oral flora.
      Treatment should include surgical excision and antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2656586
TI  - 1988 Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award presented to Marvin Goldman.

PMID- 2656587
TI  - 1988 Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award presented to Charles W. Mays.

PMID- 2656588
TI  - 1988 Founders Award presented to Francis J. Bradley.

PMID- 2656589
TI  - 1988 Elda E. Anderson Award presented to John R. Frazier.

PMID- 2656590
TI  - Immunolocalization of collagen types I and III in the arterial wall of the rat.
AB  - Collagen types I and III were located by immunofluorescence procedures in the
      aorta and coronary arteries of the rat. Type I collagen was most prevalent in the
      adventitia of the aorta with only small amounts present in the intima and media.
      Type III collagen appeared to be a significant component in the media of the
      aorta and also in the adventitia of both blood vessels. The intima and media of
      the coronary arteries did not stain strongly for either type I or III collagen.
      Neither staining procedure was altered with preincubation of the sections with
      hyaluronidase or chondroitinase ABC. These studies indicate that type III
      collagen is a major component of the adventitia which has previously not been
      recognized by immunohistochemical techniques, possibly due to masking of collagen
      staining with glycosaminoglycans.

PMID- 2656591
TI  - Combined method of fluorescence tracer technique and PAP immunohistochemistry for
      discrimination of the transplanted cells.
AB  - The retrograde fluorescence tracer, True Blue (TB), was injected into the
      forebrain septal area of neonatal rats. After 3 to 6 days the brains of these
      animals were carefully removed and placed in ice-cold sterilized physiological
      saline containing 1% glucose. Under the surgical microscope, one or two pairs of
      mesencephalic tissue samples, each containing a dorsal raphe nucleus, were
      punched out and transplanted into the third ventricle of a 5,6-DHT-pretreated
      adult rat. One month after transplantation, all animals were perfused and their
      brains sectioned using a cryostat. The sections were examined using a
      fluorescence microscope, and then processed for serotonin immunohistochemistry.
      The grafts were found to be successfully implanted and connected with the middle
      portion of the third ventricle. Four types of neurons, i.e., TB-labeled,
      serotonin-labeled, both TB- and serotonin-labeled, and non-labeled neurons, were
      detected in the grafts. This double-labeling method is considered to be a useful
      technique in characterizing the neurons in grafts which consist of a
      heterogeneous cell population.

PMID- 2656592
TI  - Potency of microwave irradiation during fixation for electron microscopy.
AB  - Liver, skeletal muscle, peripheral nerves, pancreas, thyroid and adrenal cortex
      were prepared for electron microscopy employing microwave energy either during
      prefixation with glutaraldehyde or instead of prefixation. Microwave irradiation
      in the presence of glutaraldehyde in Na/K-phosphate or Na-cacodylate containing
      CaCl2 and MgCl2 led to distinct appearance of membranes, mainly plasma membrane,
      and membranes of SER, Golgi complex and mitochondria in liver, pancreas and
      muscle. The area of high quality fixation, however, was limited to the periphery
      of samples. On the other hand, SER was dilated in cells of the adrenal cortex,
      and RER markedly vacuolated in thyroid follicular cells. Microwave irradiation in
      the presence of Na/K-phosphate and subsequent osmication resulted in preservation
      of the ultrastructure in similar quality as was obtained by osmication without
      previous immersion in glutaraldehyde. However, the preservation of SER and Golgi
      complex in liver and pancreas, and of mitochondria in muscle was greatly
      improved. Small myelin sheaths remained intact whereas large ones showed focal
      disintegration. We consider that enhancement of fixation by microwave energy may
      greatly improve preservation of membranes in some tissues. Successful fixation
      depends on the use of glutaraldehyde during microwave irradiation, the type of
      buffer, the addition of ions to increase stabilization, the exposure time to
      heat, and on postosmication.

PMID- 2656593
TI  - Biosynthesis of Astacus protease, a digestive enzyme from crayfish.
AB  - For the first time, the site of biosynthesis of a well characterized invertebrate
      digestive enzyme is localized. The enzyme chosen, Astacus protease, is a zinc
      metalloenzyme occuring in high concentration in the gastric fluid of the
      freshwater crayfish Astacus astacus. Enzyme production was stimulated in adult
      crayfish either by feeding or by removal of the gastric fluid.
      Immunohistochemistry, cytology and investigation with radioactive tracers
      demonstrate that in the hours following stimulation, new enzyme was produced in
      the F-cells of the midgut gland and subsequently discharged into the midgut gland
      lumen. The enzyme was then accumulated and stored extracellularly in the cardiac
      stomach in active form. The mechanism of enzyme production observed in Astacus
      differs considerably from vertebrates suggesting an alternative model for
      synthesis and storage of digestive enzymes.

PMID- 2656594
TI  - Immunocytolocalization of human gastric lipase in chief cells of the fundic
      mucosa.
AB  - The presence in human gastric juice of a lipase secreted by the gastric mucosae
      has been reported previously, but its exact cellular origin has not yet been
      established. Polyclonal antibodies specific to human gastric lipase (HGL) were
      prepared, and used by an immunofluorescence technique to label cells producing
      HGL. This immunocytolocalization was correlated with that of pepsin (chief cells)
      and parietal cells using specific polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. Our
      results clearly establish that HGL is exclusively located in the chief cells of
      fundic mucosa; furthermore, it was found to be always co-located with pepsin. No
      HGL was observed in the parietal or mucus cells. HGL was always detected
      intracellularly, either in secretory granules of the apical region of the chief
      cells, or revealed by more diffuse cytoplasmic labelling.

PMID- 2656595
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of experimental parameters for the immunofluorescent
      labeling of BrdUrd in various tumour cell lines.
AB  - This report describes the results of the comparison of three different methods
      and three monoclonal antibodies to stain cells in suspension for incorporated
      bromodeoxyuridine and total DNA content. The procedures were tested in three
      different experimental tumour cell lines. The sensitivity of the different
      procedures was expressed as the ratio of the anti-BrdUrd fluorescence intensities
      of the S and G1 phase cells (FS/FG1 ratio). There were remarkable differences in
      sensitivity between the different procedures. With the heat denaturation the most
      favourable FS/FG1 ratio's were obtained but substantial cell loss occurred during
      this procedure which is a disadvantage for clinical application. With the pepsin
      digestion + acid denaturation procedure cell loss was negligible. The standard
      acid denaturation procedure was inferior to the other two methods. Using the
      pepsin digestion + acid denaturation procedure we examined the variations in
      sensitivity for the different monoclonal antibodies and cell lines and the
      influence of BrdUrd concentration, labelingtime and cell concentration. The
      binding characteristics for the various antibodies differed considerably in our
      hands. Only with the IU4 antibody we obtained FS/FG1 ratio's comparable with
      those described in the literature. No difference was observed between the cell
      lines. Variation in cell concentration between 1 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(6) ml nor
      BrdUrd concentration appeared to influence the sensitivity of the procedure. A
      labelingtime of 1 h or even 30 min seems to be more than sufficient for an
      optimal FS/FG1 ratio. Our results indicate that using the appropriate antibody
      and immunofluorescence BrdUrd can be detected by flow cytometry, after
      incorporation into the DNA of tumour cells under a wide range of culture
      conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656596
TI  - [The bridge flap concept in closure of large defects of the nasal septum].
AB  - In the bridge flap technique for the repair of large defects of the nasal septum
      mucoperichondrium and mucoperiostium are elevated from the entire septum and
      nasal roof above of the septal defect on one side, as well as on the opposite
      side from the septum and the floor of the nose below the defect. Bridge flaps are
      created by longitudinal incisions along the nasal roof and the lateral wall of
      the inferior nasal meatus, and then drawn over the defect. Additional filling of
      the cartilaginous defect with an autogenous cartilage graft from the remaining
      septum, auricle or rib is regarded as a condition sine qua non, because a
      postoperative dehiscence of the mucous membrane can heal spontaneously over
      autogenous cartilage only. We have used this method on eight patients: closure of
      the septal defect was achieved without difficulty in all.

PMID- 2656597
TI  - [The relevance of sonographic diagnosis of cervical lymph nodes in tumors of the
      head and neck].
AB  - Thirty patients with a squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, with
      cervical lymph nodes which could be shown by ultrasound but not by palpation of
      the neck, are reviewed. The cervical lymphatic nodes, which were similar in size
      to the preoperative ultrasonic measurement, were removed by elective neck
      dissection. Histological examination showed a reactive inflammation only, without
      tumour infiltration, in 83.3% of the cases. These clinically inconspicious lymph
      nodes, which were homogeneous on ultrasound scan and could be easily
      differentiated from the background, obviously show the premalignant stage of
      tumour spread. The consequences for the operation and later follow-up are
      discussed.

PMID- 2656598
TI  - Malignant glioma--a nemesis which requires clinical and basic investigation in
      radiation oncology.
AB  - Malignant gliomas account for 40% of all central nervous system malignancies.
      These are essentially localized neoplastic tumors that have defied most
      treatment. In spite of improved techniques, surgery is unlikely to increase
      survival further since true cancer operations cannot be performed. Radiation
      therapy has made a significant difference in outcome. Investigation in radiation
      oncology is essential for further improvement in the treatment of these tumors.
      The pattern of failure is local tumor recurrence, but the method to overcome this
      resistance to treatment is not clear. Radiation therapy techniques and inherent
      radio-resistance have been considered as possible reasons for failure. With newer
      imaging procedures, the extent of tumor can be more accurately defined allowing
      improved treatment planning. Identifying an effective treatment program is more
      difficult. Studies have documented the beneficial effect of radiation therapy,
      but the optimal dose or fractionation schedule has not been determined. Whereas
      some studies have reported improved survival using higher radiation doses, others
      have reported no benefit. More recently, studies of multiple daily fractionation
      schedules have been conducted using two or three daily fractions. Equally
      confusing results have been reported. Histologically, these tumors have necrotic
      areas and may be radioresistant due to hypoxic cells. Treatment methods designed
      to overcome the radioprotective effect of hypoxia have yielded disappointing
      results. The addition of hypoxic cell sensitizers has not produced the expected
      improvement in outcome. Studies using neutron radiation therapy report tumor
      control but not improved survival. Radiobiologic information is now available
      which may contribute to our understanding of the response of these tumors to
      radiation. Further laboratory and clinical investigation is required. Carefully
      designed clinical trials are needed to test new treatment concepts, and all
      radiation oncologists should be prepared to participate in such clinical studies.

PMID- 2656599
TI  - Radiation induced thyroid neoplasms 1920 to 1987: a vanishing problem?
AB  - Radiation for benign diseases has been implicated as an etiologic factor in
      thyroid cancer. From 1930-60, over 2 million children may have been exposed to
      therapeutic radiation and it is estimated that up to 7% may develop thyroid
      cancer after a 5-40 year latency. Thyroid stimulating hormone, secondary to radio
      induced hypothyroidism, has been implicated as causative in animals. Such data
      has led to expensive screening programs in high risk patients. Because of a
      decline in irradiation for benign diseases in children over the last 2 decades,
      we questioned whether the incidence of radiation induced thyroid neoplasms (RITN)
      was also decreasing. Twenty-six of 227 patients (11%) with thyroid malignancies
      seen at our institution from 1974-87 had a history of previous head and neck
      irradiation. These included 13 papillary, 3 follicular, and 7 mixed carcinomas as
      well as 2 lymphomas and 1 synovial cell sarcoma. None of these 26 patients had
      abnormal thyroid function tests at presentation. Mean latency from irradiation to
      the diagnosis of thyroid cancer was 25.4 years (6-55 year range). Compared to the
      reported increasing incidence of RITN from 1940-70, there appears to be a
      significant decrease since 1970. Based on our analysis, the use of expensive
      screening programs in high risk populations may no longer be warranted.
      Additionally, the routine use of thyroid replacement in previously irradiated
      chemically hypothyroid patients is not recommended.

PMID- 2656600
TI  - Late toxicity of total body irradiation with bone marrow transplantation in a rat
      model.
AB  - In defined-flora, barrier-maintained rats, radiation nephritis is the principle
      late toxicity seen after high dose-rate total body irradiation (TBI), when
      hematologic toxicity is prevented by bone marrow transplantation (BMT).
      Pneumonitis develops only if rats are placed in a conventional microbiological
      environment during and after BMT. Low dose-rate TBI gives qualitatively similar
      late toxicity, but at radiation doses twice as large. Fractionation of the TBI
      has little effect on the bone marrow ablation doses, but results in increased
      gastrointestinal and renal tolerance. The addition of immunosuppressive or
      cytotoxic drugs (cyclosporine-A, methotrexate, cis-platinum) after TBI and BMT
      greatly decreases the dose of TBI that can be tolerated. The use of a
      cyclophosphamide plus cytosine arabinoside conditioning regimen prior to TBI and
      BMT increases the bone marrow ablation dose, but has no effect on acute
      gastrointestinal toxicity or on renal toxicity. These results indicate that
      substantial late toxicity may be associated with the TBI conditioning regimens
      used for BMT even in the absence of cytotoxic and antibiotic drugs,
      immunosuppressive agents, infection and graft-versus-host disease; and that
      radiation may be a contributing factor in the nephritis sometimes observed after
      TBI and BMT.

PMID- 2656601
TI  - Prevention of oral mucositis in radiation therapy: a controlled study with
      benzydamine hydrochloride rinse.
AB  - Benzydamine hydrochloride rinse was shown to prevent oral mucositis in radiation
      therapy. Prevention of mucositis allows reduction in morbidity of one of the
      therapy limiting complications of radiotherapy for cancer therapy.

PMID- 2656602
TI  - Radiation oncology: postgraduate medical education in the United States, 1988.
AB  - The fourteenth survey of postgraduate medical education in radiation oncology in
      the United States was conducted in the first three months of 1988. It revealed
      stability in the number of approved programs, positions offered, and physicians
      in training compared with 1986. The proportion of trainees who were U.S. citizens
      by birth rose to an all-time high of 88%, and the proportion of foreign medical
      graduates decreased to 9%. The proportion of women in residency has remained
      unchanged (24%) over the past 6 years. At present, approximately 150 physicians
      complete residency and enter practice each year, one-third of whom commence in an
      academic setting. A high proportion of recent graduates of approved programs
      successfully completes the examinations and becomes certified by the American
      Board of Radiology.

PMID- 2656603
TI  - The effect of oral nutritional supplements on head and neck cancer.
AB  - Fifty ambulatory patients with head and neck cancer treated by definitive
      radiation therapy at the Fox Chase Cancer Center were prospectively studied to
      determine the effect of oral nutritional supplements on both nutritional status
      and treatment response. Nutritional supplements maintained serum albumin during
      and post treatment. Nutritional supplements were shown to increase total protein
      and total calorie intake rather than displace these nutrients in usual food
      intake. Equal weight loss occurred in both the supplemented and non-supplemented
      groups during the observation period of 6 months, with the same or greater amount
      of weight loss registered 10 weeks after the start of treatment. Food supplements
      did not affect treatment response or complications, nor did they offer any
      survival advantage.

PMID- 2656604
TI  - Stereotactic frame for neuroradiology and charged particle Bragg peak
      radiosurgery of intracranial disorders.
AB  - The application of heavy charged particle Bragg peak radiosurgery for the
      treatment of intracranial vascular and other disorders requires a system of
      precise patient immobilization and stereotactic localization of defined
      intracranial targets. The process of using stereotactic neuroradiological
      procedures (including cerebral angiography, CT scanning and magnetic resonance
      imaging) for target definition and localization, and complex treatment planning
      constrain such a system to be adaptable and reusable. This paper describes a
      removable stereotactic frame-mask system that is used to immobilize and
      reposition the patient during stereotactic neuroradiological procedures and
      charged particle radiosurgery. It consists of four parts--(a) a plastic mask for
      immobilizing the patient's head; (b) a lucite-graphite mounting frame; (c) a set
      of fiducial markers; and (d) interfaces between the frame for immobilization and
      fixation to various diagnostic and therapeutic patient couches. The relationship
      between each component and the radiosurgical procedure is discussed. This system
      has proven to be safe, reliable, and noninvasive and it does not require fixation
      to the bones of the face or skull. When integrated into the radiosurgical
      treatment planning and localization procedures developed at Lawrence Berkeley
      Laboratory, it is capable of reliably repositioning the patient to 1 mm in each
      of three planes and contouring the intracranial target reliably to this accuracy.
      The application of this stereotactic system in heavy charged particle
      radiosurgery of intracranial arteriovenous malformations is described in other
      reports.

PMID- 2656605
TI  - AIDS in adolescence. Exploring the challenge.

PMID- 2656606
TI  - Ethical and legal issues in research and intervention.

PMID- 2656607
TI  - Leeches and leeching: the magic cure.

PMID- 2656608
TI  - Cost of mastitis and its prevention in four dairy cattle herds on St Croix, US
      Virgin Islands.
AB  - Nonclinical mastitis in the dairy herds on St Croix, US Virgin Islands,
      represents a prevalent (97%) and severe problem (44% of quarters had California
      Mastitis Test results of 2 or 3). Streptococcus agalactiae (26%) and
      Staphylococcus aureus (22%) were the most prevalent pathogens. More than half
      (54%) of all organisms isolated and tested for resistance were resistant to
      ampicillin and benzyl penicillin; 29% were resistant to
      trimethoprim/sulfadiazine. Estimates of the loss of milk production suggested
      that there was a loss of 4.40 to 13.33 lb/cow/day. The yearly economic cost of
      prevention was estimated for each cow ($22.07); yearly income loss attributable
      to mastitis was estimated to be from $339 to $1,022/cow/yr. Suggestions for the
      prevention and control of mastitis are included.

PMID- 2656609
TI  - Carving out a career in Arizona.

PMID- 2656610
TI  - Systemic mycoses.

PMID- 2656611
TI  - Neuroradiographic diagnosis and surgical repair of tethered cord syndrome in an
      English bulldog with spina bifida and myeloschisis.
AB  - A 3-month-old English Bulldog had excretory incontinence and sensory deficits in
      the distribution of pudendal nerves. Noncontrast radiography, myelography, and
      computed tomography revealed spina bifida beginning at L7, an expanded
      subarachnoid space caudal to L7, and a taut, thick filum terminale. Microsurgical
      exploration of the lumbosacral spine confirmed the presence of a tethered cord,
      and the filum terminale was transected. The spinal cord immediately migrated
      cranially about 1 cm. Although some sensory improvement was evident during a 2
      week postoperative period, the dog was euthanatized. Postmortem examination
      confirmed spina bifida and atrophy of sacral nerve roots and perineal muscles,
      thoracic hemivertebrae, and hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2656612
TI  - Removal of a retropharyngeal foreign body in a horse, with the aid of
      ultrasonography during surgery.
AB  - Diagnostic ultrasonography was used during surgery to assist in the removal of a
      piece of wire from the retropharyngeal region. A 3-year-old Quarter Horse mare
      was referred with dysphagia of 2 days' duration. Radiography revealed a 9-cm
      piece of wire located caudodorsal to the larynx. A ventral surgical approach was
      performed, dissecting along the right side of the larynx and trachea. The
      surgical field was filled with 0.85% sterile physiologic saline solution. A 5 MHz
      mm sector scanner probe immersed in the fluid was able to locate the wire and
      facilitate the direction and depth of dissection to where the wire was identified
      and removed.

PMID- 2656613
TI  - Oral chrysotherapy with auranofin in dogs.

PMID- 2656614
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia.

PMID- 2656615
TI  - UCN-01 and UCN-02, new selective inhibitors of protein kinase C. II.
      Purification, physico-chemical properties, structural determination and
      biological activities.
AB  - A new inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), UCN-01, was isolated from the culture
      broth of Streptomyces sp. N-126. We have found that this strain also produces UCN
      02 which is a stereoisomer of UCN-01. The inhibitors have the molecular formula
      C28H26N4O4 and have an indolo[2,3-alpha]carbazole chromophore. Their structures
      have been elucidated by mass and NMR spectra. UCN-01 has been shown to inhibit
      PKC and protein kinase A (PKA) with IC50 values of 0.0041 and 0.042 microM,
      respectively, and UCN-02 has been shown to inhibit PKC and PKA with IC50 values
      of 0.062 and 0.25 microM, respectively. UCN-01 and UCN-02 also showed the
      cytotoxic effect on the growth of HeLa S3 cells.

PMID- 2656616
TI  - Inhibition of c-myc gene expression in murine lymphoblastoma cells by
      geldanamycin and herbimycin, antibiotics of benzoquinoid ansamycin group.
AB  - We have shown that geldanamycin (GDM), an antibiotic of benzoquinoid ansamycin
      group, inhibits DNA replication in cultured mouse lymphoblastoma L5178Y cells.
      Here we report that GDM selectively inhibited the expression of c-myc gene, proto
      oncogene, along with suppression of DNA replication in L5178Y cells, which are
      consistent with our previous results that c-myc protein promotes cellular DNA
      replication. The significantly enhanced inhibition by GDM of DNA replication was
      observed, when the antibiotic was introduced at G1 stage prior to S phase of cell
      cycle. The results are in favor of the prospects that GDM inhibits DNA
      replication mainly at time of initiation, and that c-myc protein is essential for
      the initiation of cellular DNA replication. Furthermore, when c-myc expression
      was inhibited by GDM, the expression of p53 gene, the product of which may be
      another DNA replication protein, was stimulated in the tumor cells. Thus, GDM
      should be useful to investigate the molecular mechanism of DNA replication
      promoted by c-myc protein and also to distinguish the function of c-myc protein
      from that of p53 protein in DNA replication.

PMID- 2656617
TI  - L-658,310, a new injectable cephalosporin. III. Experimental chemotherapeutics
      and pharmacokinetics in laboratory animals.
AB  - The therapeutic activity of L-658,310 was demonstrated in experimental
      bacteremias in normal, diabetic and neutropenic mice. Especially potent activity
      was shown against the usually difficult to control pathogens, Enterobacter
      cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, that were resistant to ceftazidime and/or
      gentamicin. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice showed a linear dose response in
      serum after the 20 and 50 mg/kg subcutaneous dose and urinary recoveries of
      administered dose of about 60% in 6 hours. Excretion was mainly by glomerular
      filtration. In a crossover design in rhesus monkeys, the pharmacokinetics of L
      658,310 were similar to those of ceftazidime and suggest a moderately long half
      life in serum of humans.

PMID- 2656618
TI  - Effects of porcine growth hormone on glucose metabolism of pigs: I. Acute and
      chronic effects on plasma glucose and insulin status.
AB  - The acute and chronic effects of porcine growth hormone (pGH) administration on
      glucose homeostasis of pigs were investigated in the present study. Twelve
      Yorkshire barrows (average BW = 65 kg) fitted with femoral artery catheters were
      allotted to three groups. Pigs received acute, intra-arterial injections of
      either pituitary pGH, a recombinantly derived pGH analog (ppGH or rpGH, 100
      micrograms/kg BW) or saline. Acute injection of pGH did not affect fasting plasma
      glucose or insulin status. Pigs then were treated daily by i.m. injection for 24
      d with 70 micrograms ppGH/kg BW. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations during
      the fed and fasted states were higher in pGH-treated than in control pigs. On d
      25, an acute intra-arterial injection of ppGH (100 micrograms/kg BW) elicited
      increases in plasma glucose and insulin in pigs chronically treated with pGH. The
      area circumscribed by the glucose and insulin response curves 5 min to 7 h
      postinjection was 40% (P less than .005) and 177% (P less than .001),
      respectively, higher in ppGH-treated than in control pigs. These data indicate
      that pGH does increase plasma glucose and insulin in the fed and fasted states;
      however, this response is only observed after chronic pGH administration. In
      addition, pGH is capable of increasing plasma glucose and insulin acutely in the
      pig. This effect, however, only is observed in pigs treated chronically with pGH.
      The mechanisms by which pGH elicit these effects on glucose homeostasis are not
      known.

PMID- 2656619
TI  - Effects of porcine growth hormone on glucose metabolism of pigs: II. Glucose
      tolerance, peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity and glucose kinetics.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine whether the increase in serum glucose
      observed in pigs treated chronically with pGH is due to an increase in hepatic
      glucose output or to an impairment in glucose clearance. Barrows (n = 4 per
      treatment) were treated with pituitary derived pGH (ppGH), recombinant pGH analog
      (rpGH) or vehicle. Pigs were treated for 28 d by daily i.m. injections. Insulin
      tolerance and glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were performed on d 19 and 21,
      respectively, following treatment with pGH. Glucose turnover was quantified on d
      28 using [6-3H]glucose. Chronically treating pigs with pGH resulted in a
      significant decrease (26%; P less than .05) in glucose clearance, as determined
      by the GTT. Glucose clearance was affected similarly by ppGH and rpGH. Intra
      arterial glucose infusion markedly increased plasma insulin concentration in pGH
      treated pigs. Peak plasma insulin response was 87% and 58%, respectively, higher
      (P less than .05) in ppGH- and rpGH-treated than in control pigs. Insulin
      infusion elicited a marked hypoglycemia in pigs; however, the extent and duration
      of hypoglycemia were significantly less in pGH-treated pigs (ppGH or rpGH).
      Glucose production rates were 23% higher (P = .085) in ppGH-treated than in
      control pigs. These results establish that the hyperglycemia induced by pGH is
      the result of an increase in hepatic glucose output and a concurrent impairment
      in glucose clearance.

PMID- 2656620
TI  - Investigation of a simple amperometric electrode system to rapidly quantify and
      detect bacteria in foods.
AB  - A two electrode system mounted as a single probe was developed to measure
      electrochemically the rate of reduction of a redox mediator (thionine) by
      bacteria. The system gave a rapid (2 min) bacterial-dependent current above 2.5 x
      10(5) cfu/ml with pure cultures of bacteria, but when applied to the measurement
      of the bacterial contamination in samples of meat and milk it was unable to
      detect or quantify the contamination reliably. Incubation of samples for a few
      hours before examination enabled the system to detect bacteria in excess of 10(6)
      cfu/ml.

PMID- 2656621
TI  - Rapid radiometric detection of mycobacterial growth from smear-positive tissue
      samples from pigs.
AB  - Rapid demonstration of mycobacteria in slaughter pigs is important for medical,
      epidemiological and economic reasons. The Bactec radiometric system detected more
      mycobacteria in less time than conventional culture on solid medium.

PMID- 2656622
TI  - Review of the in-vitro spectrum and characteristics of cefmetazole (CS-1170).
AB  - The in-vitro antimicrobial qualities of cefmetazole are summarized from a review
      of over 30 publications. Cefmetazole, a 7 alpha-methoxy cephalosporin, is shown
      to have an antimicrobial spectrum closely resembling cefoxitin's. However,
      cefmetazole is approximately two- to eight-fold more active than cefoxitin
      against commonly isolated species such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp.,
      Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, pyogenic streptococci, pneumococci, and
      Haemophilus influenzae. Cefmetazole is also active against anaerobic pathogens,
      Neisseria spp., Citrobacter diversus, indole-positive Proteus spp. and
      Branhamella catarrhalis. Cefmetazole is bactericidal against aerobic and
      anaerobic pathogens. Its MICs and MBCs are minimally influenced by high inoculum
      concentrations. beta-Lactamases failed to hydrolyze cefmetazole significantly and
      cefmetazole is considered the most stable of the cephamycin drugs. Some
      Bacteroides strains produce beta-lactamases that are uniquely inhibited by
      cefmetazole. In-vitro tests with cefmetazole have been evaluated and interpretive
      criteria established for NCCLS methods: susceptible greater than or equal to 18
      mm (less than or equal to 8.0 mg/l) and resistant less than or equal to 14 mm
      (greater than or equal to 32 mg/l). The consistent cross-resistance and 
      susceptibility observed between cefmetazole and cefoxitin requires the testing of
      only one of these agents routinely. Quality control guidelines for cefmetazole
      disc diffusion (30 micrograms disc) and dilution tests are summarized in this
      review.

PMID- 2656623
TI  - Comparison of single-dose cefmetazole and cefotetan prophylaxis in women
      undergoing primary caesarean section.
AB  - The efficacies of a single 2 g intra-operative iv dose of cefmetazole or
      cefotetan in women undergoing non-elective Caesarean section were compared.
      Thirty-six women (18 in each group) completed the double-blind protocol. Both
      antibiotics were equally effective as agents for prophylaxis of post-Caesarean
      infections. Combined data suggest that routine multi-dose antibiotic prophylaxis
      regimens could be replaced by a single dose regimen.

PMID- 2656624
TI  - Comparative efficacy and safety of cefmetazole or cefoxitin in the prevention of
      postoperative infection following vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy.
AB  - We evaluated three 1-g doses of cefmetazole in comparison with the standard three
      2-g doses of cefoxitin for prophylaxis in vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy to
      determine efficacy and safety. The antibiotics were administered intravenously 30
      90 min before the incision and were followed with additional intravenous doses 8
      and 16 h or 6 and 12 h later, respectively. The patients received povidone-iodine
      vaginal preparations before surgery; vaginal packs, when used, contained no
      antibiotic agents. Vaginal cultures were obtained before the vaginal preparation,
      at the time of discharge from hospital and when there was a suggestion of
      operative site infection. The activity of both antibiotics against these
      organisms was tested. Patient demographic characteristics and surgical procedures
      were similar in each treatment group. The difference between the primary failure
      rates with the two antibiotics (2 of 35 (5.7%) with cefmetazole and 2 of 16
      (12.5%) with cefoxitin) did not reach statistical significance, and results were
      similar for the two routes of hysterectomy. Cefmetazole was more active than
      cefoxitin against the majority of the aerobic and anaerobic organisms recovered,
      although approximately 20-30% of the isolates showed resistance, or intermediate
      sensitivity, generally to both antibiotics.

PMID- 2656625
TI  - Clinical experience with cefmetazole sodium in the United States: an overview.
AB  - The clinical development programme for cefmetazole sodium included over 4000
      patients treated by 78 investigators. Cefmetazole therapy was compared with that
      of cefoxitin sodium (cefoxitin) for the treatment of urinary tract, skin and soft
      tissue, lower respiratory, abdominal, and gynaecological infections (with
      cefoxitin-sensitive pathogens) and for the prevention of postoperative wound
      infection in patients undergoing surgical procedures. Both cefmetazole and
      cefoxitin were administered intravenously in all studies. Cefmetazole was as
      effective as cefoxitin in the treatment of the infections studied. In the
      surgical wound infection prophylaxis studies, multiple-dose cefmetazole therapy
      was more effective than multiple-dose cefoxitin therapy in patients undergoing
      lower gastrointestinal surgery; this difference approached statistical
      significance. Both multiple-dose and single-dose cefmetazole therapy were as
      effective as multiple-dose cefoxitin treatment in the other types of surgery
      studied. Clinical laboratory findings and adverse medical events reported among
      cefmetazole patients were similar to those observed in patients treated with
      cefoxitin.

PMID- 2656626
TI  - Comparative evaluation of safety and efficacy of cefmetazole and cefoxitin in
      lower respiratory tract infections.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of cefmetazole and cefoxitin were compared in a
      randomized open-label parallel trial in 68 hospitalized adult patients with lower
      respiratory tract infections. Of 40 patients evaluable for efficacy, 23/25 (92%)
      in the cefmetazole group and 13/15 (87%) in the cefoxitin group demonstrated a
      favourable clinical response. The causative bacteria were eradicated in 30/32
      (94%) and 13/14 (93%) of isolates in the cefmetazole and cefoxitin groups,
      respectively. A total of 51 adverse events was noted in 68 patients: 36 in 26
      patients (55%) in the cefmetazole group and 15 in 12 patients (57%) in the
      cefoxitin group. These events were reversible, and except in one patient who was
      treated for oral candidiasis, did not require any therapeutic intervention or
      prolonged hospitalization. Cefmetazole appears to be as safe and effective as
      cefoxitin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections of hospitalized
      patients.

PMID- 2656627
TI  - The role of cephalosporins in surgical prophylaxis.
AB  - Worldwide, cephalosporins are the most widely used antibiotics for surgical
      prophylaxis. These drugs are recommended for prophylaxis because of their good
      safety profile, excellent antimicrobial activity against most of the bacteria
      causing postoperative wound infection, satisfactory penetration into critical
      tissues and, most importantly, a strong track record of efficacy in clinical
      trials. There are still unresolved questions about the choice of cephalosporin
      and the timing and duration of administration. In vaginal hysterectomy, Caesarian
      section, and biliary tract surgery a single preoperative dose of any one of
      several cephalosporins has been used effectively. There are no apparent benefits
      in using a longer course for prophylaxis, nor for choosing a third-generation
      cephalosporin rather than a first- or second-generation cephalosporin. Several
      cephalosporins have been employed successfully in cardiac surgery, mostly in
      trials using a 24-48 h regimen. A recent study with a single preoperative dose of
      ceftriaxone has produced favourable results. In elective colorectal surgery
      definitive conclusions are difficult because of limited controlled studies. The
      best results have been achieved with an oral bowel preparation such as neomycin
      erythromycin. Metronidazole, combined with another agent to suppress facultative
      bacteria, has also produced excellent reduction in wound infections. While it is
      not firmly established that a systemic cephalosporin contributes to the proven
      good effects of an oral bowel preparation, there is evidence that the choice of
      the cephalosporin should be based, in part, on its activity against anaerobic
      bacteria.

PMID- 2656628
TI  - Check your references or rediscovering the wheel.

PMID- 2656629
TI  - Photographing animals. An annotated bibliography.

PMID- 2656630
TI  - Identification of the enzymatic basis for delta-aminolevulinic acid auxotrophy in
      a hemA mutant of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The hemA mutation of Escherichia coli K-12 confers a requirement for delta
      aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Cell extract prepared from the hemA strain SASX41B was
      incapable of producing ALA from either glutamate or glutamyl-tRNA, whereas
      extract of the hem+ strain HB101 formed colorimetrically detectable amounts of
      ALA and transferred label from 1-[14C]glutamate and 3,4-[3H]glutamyl-tRNA to ALA.
      Extracts of both strains converted glutamate-1-semialdehyde to ALA and were
      capable of aminoacylating tRNAGlu. Glutamyl-tRNA formed by extracts of both
      strains could be converted to ALA by the extract of hem+ cells. The extract of
      hemA cells did not convert glutamyl-tRNA formed by either strain to ALA. However,
      the hemA cell extract, when supplemented in vitro with glutamyl-tRNA
      dehydrogenase isolated from Chlorella vulgaris cells, formed about as much ALA as
      did the unsupplemented hem+ cell extract. We conclude from these observations
      that the enzyme activity that is lacking in the ALA auxotrophic strain carrying
      the hemA mutation is that of glutamyl-tRNA dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2656631
TI  - DNA-binding properties of the transcription activator (OmpR) for the upstream
      sequences of ompF in Escherichia coli are altered by envZ mutations and medium
      osmolarity.
AB  - Expression in Escherichia coli of the genes that encode the major outer membrane
      porin proteins (OmpF and OmpC) is regulated by the transcription activator
      protein OmpR and the receptorlike protein EnvZ, which is located in the inner
      membrane. Using synthesized oligonucleotide fragments containing the OmpR-binding
      site of ompF, we show that soluble extracts and partially purified OmpR derived
      from both the parent strain grown in nutrient broth plus 20% sucrose and the
      envZ11 strain grown in nutrient broth produced high-affinity DNA-binding
      activity, whereas soluble extracts from the parent strain grown in nutrient broth
      produced low-affinity binding. We also show that the soluble extracts from the
      envZ22(Am) strain grown in nutrient broth did not produce detectable bound forms
      of the ompF fragments, but low levels of DNA binding were detected with soluble
      extracts of the envZ22 strain grown in nutrient broth plus sucrose. In addition,
      the time course of the repression of OmpF synthesis produced by a shift to high
      osmolarity growth medium was correlated with an increase in the DNA-binding
      affinity of soluble extracts to the ompF fragment. These results provide evidence
      that envZ function influences the DNA-binding activity of OmpR and suggest that
      high-affinity binding of OmpR to the upstream sequences of ompF is correlated
      with the repression of OmpF production.

PMID- 2656632
TI  - Cloning of a Thermomonospora fusca xylanase gene and its expression in
      Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans.
AB  - Thermomonospora fusca chromosomal DNA was partially digested with EcoRI to obtain
      4- to 14-kilobase fragments, which were used to construct a library of
      recombinant phage by ligation with EcoRI arms of lambda gtWES. lambda B. A
      recombinant phage coding for xylanase activity which contained a 14-kilobase
      insert was identified. The xylanase gene was localized to a 2.1-kilobase SalI
      fragment of the EcoRI insert by subcloning onto pBR322 and derivatives of pBR322
      that can also replicate in Streptomyces lividans. The xylanase activity produced
      by S. lividans transformants was 10- to 20-fold higher than that produced by
      Escherichia coli transformants but only one-fourth the level produced by induced
      T. fusca. A 30-kilodalton peptide with activity against both Remazol brilliant
      blue xylan and xylan was produced in S. lividans transformants that carried the
      2.1-kilobase SalI fragment of T. fusca DNA and was not produced by control
      transformants. T. fusca cultures were found to contain a xylanase of a similar
      size that was induced by growth on xylan or Solka Floc. Antiserum directed
      against supernatant proteins isolated from a Solka Floc-grown T. fusca culture
      inhibited the xylanase activity of S. lividans transformants. The cloned T. fusca
      xylanase gene was expressed at about the same level in S. lividans grown in
      minimal medium containing either glucose, cellobiose, or xylan. The xylanase
      bound to and hydrolyzed insoluble xylan. The cloned xylanase appeared to be the
      same as the major protein in xylan-induced T. fusca culture supernatants, which
      also contained at least three additional minor proteins with xylanase activity
      and having apparent molecular masses of 43, 23, and 20 kilodaltons.

PMID- 2656633
TI  - Escherichia coli dnaT gene function is required for pBR322 plasmid replication
      but not for R1 plasmid replication.
AB  - Plasmid pBR322 was unable to replicate in a temperature-sensitive dnaT1 strain at
      a nonpermissive temperature, whereas a pBR322-derived plasmid carrying the wild
      type dnaT+ gene was able to replicate under the same conditions. In contrast to
      pBR322, plasmid R1 could replicate in the dnaT1 strain at a nonpermissive
      temperature. In keeping with this finding, in vitro replication of plasmid R1 did
      not require DnaT protein.

PMID- 2656634
TI  - Two outer membrane transport systems for vitamin B12 in Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The involvement of an outer membrane transport component for vitamin B12 uptake
      in Salmonella typhimurium, analogous to the btuB product in Escherichia coli, was
      investigated. Mutants of S. typhimurium selected for resistance to bacteriophage
      BF23 carried mutations at the btuB locus (butBS) (formerly called bfe, at the
      analogous map position as the E. coli homolog) and were defective in high
      affinity vitamin B12 uptake. The cloned E. coli btuB gene (btuBE) hybridized to
      S. typhimurium genomic DNA and restored vitamin B12 transport activity to S.
      typhimurium btuBS mutants. An Mr-60,000 protein in the S. typhimurium outer
      membrane was repressed by growth with vitamin B12 and was eliminated in a btuBS
      mutant. The btuBS product thus appears to play the same role in vitamin B12
      transport by S. typhimurium as does the E. coli btuBE product. A second vitamin
      B12 transport system that is not present in E. coli was found by cloning a
      fragment of S. typhimurium DNA that complemented btuB mutants for vitamin B12
      utilization. In addition to this plasmid with a 6-kilobase insert of S.
      typhimurium DNA, vitamin B12 utilization by E. coli btuB strains required the
      btuC and btuD products, necessary for transport across the cytoplasmic membrane,
      but not the btuE or tonB product. The plasmid conferred low levels of vitamin B12
      binding and energy-dependent transport activity but not susceptibility to phage
      BF23 or utilization of dicyanocobinamide. The cloned S. typhimurium DNA encoding
      this new transport system did not hybridize to the btuBE gene or to E. coli
      chromosomal DNA and therefore does not carry the S. typhimurium btuBS locus.
      Increased production of an Mr -84,000 polypeptide associated with the outer
      membrane was seen. The new locus appears to be carried on the large plasmid in
      most S. typhimurium strains. Thus S. typhimurium possesses both high- and low
      affinity systems for uptake of cobalamins across the outer membrane.

PMID- 2656635
TI  - Cloning, sequencing, and overexpression of mvaA, which encodes Pseudomonas
      mevalonii 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.
AB  - We have cloned, determined the primary structure of, and overexpressed in
      Escherichia coli the gene mvaA, which is the 1,287-base structural gene for the 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase [EC 1.1.1.88] of
      Pseudomonas mevalonii. The amino acid composition of HMG-CoA reductase agreed
      with that predicted from the nucleotide sequence of mvaA, and DNA-derived
      sequences were identical to all experimentally determined peptide sequences.
      Overexpression of mvaA in E. coli yielded quantities of HMG-CoA reductase over
      1,500-fold higher than those present in control cultures. Comparison of the
      primary structure of the P. mevalonii enzyme with the DNA-derived primary
      structure for a mammalian HMG-CoA reductase revealed two regions of similarity
      suggestive of functional relatedness. An open reading frame, ORF1, lies on the 3'
      side of mvaA, and a potential ribosome-binding site for ORF1 overlaps the
      termination codon of mvaA.

PMID- 2656636
TI  - Expression of cloned rpoB gene of Escherichia coli: a genetic system for the
      isolation of dominant negative mutations and overproduction of defective beta
      subunit of RNA polymerase.
AB  - The rifampin resistance rifD18 allele of rpoB, carried on the expression plasmid
      pXT7 beta, is controlled by a strong bacteriophage T7 late promoter and two weak
      Escherichia coli promoters. Depending on the host strain, pXT7 beta specifies
      different levels of Rifr beta subunit, providing a system for the isolation,
      maintenance, and overexpression of dominant lethal alleles of rpoB. In rpoB+
      hosts, pXT7 beta confers the Rifr phenotype on the Rifs host. Negative rpoB
      mutations in the plasmid DNA can thus be scored by screening transformants for
      Rifs. In an rpoB(Am) supD(Ts) host in which chromosomal rpoB expression is
      decreased as the temperature goes up, some of the negative plasmid-borne rpoB
      mutations displayed a dominant phenotype. In a host harboring inducible T7 RNA
      polymerase, the defective beta subunits could be overexpressed independently of
      the E. coli transcriptional machinery. With this system, we isolated several
      negative rpoB mutations induced in vitro by hydroxylamine. Seven of the mutant
      rpoB alleles, when overexpressed, were found to specify normal-size beta
      polypeptides. Two of them displayed the dominant lethal phenotype in the rpoB(Am)
      supD(Ts) background. We also constructed a mutation (rpoB1800) in which 24
      carboxy-terminal amino acids were substituted with a random 19-amino-acid
      sequence. The nonfunctional rpoB1800 beta polypeptide was isolated and assembled
      in vitro into the core enzyme molecule.

PMID- 2656637
TI  - Characterization of anaerobic sulfite reduction by Salmonella typhimurium and
      purification of the anaerobically induced sulfite reductase.
AB  - Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium that lack the biosynthetic sulfite reductase
      (cysI and cysJ mutants) retain the ability to reduce sulfite for growth under
      anaerobic conditions (E. L. Barrett and G. W. Chang, J. Gen. Microbiol., 115:513
      516, 1979). Here we report studies of sulfite reduction by a cysI mutant of S.
      typhimurium and purification of the associated anaerobic sulfite reductase.
      Sulfite reduction for anaerobic growth did not require a reducing atmosphere but
      was prevented by an argon atmosphere contaminated with air (less than 0.33%). It
      was also prevented by the presence of 0.1 mM nitrate, which argues against a
      strictly biosynthetic role for anaerobic sulfite reduction. Anaerobic growth in
      liquid minimal medium, but not on agar, was found to require additions of trace
      amounts (10(-7)M) of cysteine. Spontaneous mutants that grew under the argon
      contaminated with air also lost the requirement for 10(-7)M cysteine for
      anaerobic growth in liquid. A role for sulfite reduction in anaerobic energy
      generation was contraindicated by the findings that sulfite reduction did not
      improve cell yields, and anaerobic sulfite reductase activity was greatest during
      the stationary phase of growth. Sulfite reductase was purified from the
      cytoplasmic fraction of the anaerobically grown cysI mutant and was purified 190
      fold. The most effective donor in crude extracts was NADH. NADPH and methyl
      viologen were, respectively, 40 and 30% as effective as NADH. Oxygen reversibly
      inhibited the enzyme. Two high-molecular-weight proteins separated by gel
      filtration (Mr 360,000 and 490,000, respectively) were required for maximal
      activity with NADH. Indirect evidence, including in vitro complementation
      experiments with a cysG mutant extract, suggested that the 360,000-Mr component
      contains siroheme and is the terminal reductase. This component was further
      purified to near homogeneity and was found to consist of a single subunit of
      molecular weight 67,500. The anaerobic sulfite reductase showed some resemblance
      to the biosynthetic sulfite reductase, but apparently it has a unique, as yet
      unidentified function.

PMID- 2656638
TI  - Penicillin-binding protein 2 is essential in wild-type Escherichia coli but not
      in lov or cya mutants.
AB  - Penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2), target of the beta-lactam mecillinam, is
      required for rod morphology and cell wall elongation in Escherichia coli. A new
      temperature-sensitive PBP2 allele and an in vitro-constructed insertion deletion
      allele were shown to be lethal in wild-type strains, establishing that the
      activity of this protein is essential. Mutations in the lov or cya genes,
      conferring mecillinam resistance, compensated for the deleterious effect of the
      absence of PBP2. The resulting double mutants grew as spheres. In a cya mutant
      lacking PBP2, the restoration of a Cya+ phenotype by addition of cyclic AMP
      caused lethality and a block in cell division. These results show that in wild
      type cells, PBP2 is essential for growth and division.

PMID- 2656639
TI  - Gene conversion in Escherichia coli: the recF pathway for resolution of
      heteroduplex DNA.
AB  - The independent repair of mismatched nucleotides present in heteroduplex DNA has
      been used to explain gene conversion and map expansion after general genetic
      recombination. We have constructed and purified heteroduplex plasmid DNAs that
      contain heteroallelic 10-base-pair insertion-deletion mismatches. These DNA
      substrates are similar in structure to the heteroduplex DNA intermediates that
      have been proposed to be produced during the genetic recombination of plasmids.
      These DNA substrates were transformed into wild-type and mutant Escherichia coli
      strains, and the fate of the heteroduplex DNA was determined by both restriction
      mapping and genetic tests. Independent repair events that yielded a wild-type
      Tetr gene were observed at a frequency of approximately 1% in both wild-type and
      recB recC sbcB mutant E. coli strains. The independent repair of small insertion
      deletion-type mismatches separated by 1,243 base pairs was found to be reduced by
      recF, recJ, and ssb single mutations in an otherwise wild-type genetic background
      and reduced by recF, recJ, and recO mutations in a recB recC sbcB genetic
      background (the ssb mutation was not tested in the latter background).
      Independent repair of small insertion-deletion-type mismatched nucleotides that
      were as close as 312 nucleotides apart was observed. There was no apparent bias
      in favor of the insertion or deletion of mutant sequences.

PMID- 2656640
TI  - Genetic reconstitution of the high-affinity L-arabinose transport system.
AB  - Expression plasmids containing various portions of araFGH operon sequences were
      assayed for their ability to facilitate the high-affinity L-arabinose transport
      process in a strain lacking the chromosomal copy of this operon. Accumulation
      studies demonstrated that the specific induction of all three operon coding
      sequences was necessary to restore high-affinity L-arabinose transport. Kinetic
      analysis of this genetically reconstituted transport system indicated that it
      functions with essentially wild-type parameters. Therefore, L-arabinose-binding
      protein-mediated transport appears to require only two inducible membrane
      associated components (araG and araH) in addition to the binding protein (araF).

PMID- 2656641
TI  - Negative control of cell division by mreB, a gene that functions in determining
      the rod shape of Escherichia coli cells.
AB  - Exponentially growing Escherichia coli cells containing additional copies of the
      shape-determining gene mreB were found to be elongated, whereas mreB mutant cells
      were spherical and overproduced penicillin-binding protein 3, a septum
      peptidoglycan synthetase. The effect of the mreB gene on expression of ftsI, the
      structural gene for penicillin-binding protein 3, was examined by using an ftsI
      lacZ fusion gene on a plasmid. Formation of beta-galactosidase from the fusion
      gene was significantly increased in mreB129 mutant cells, and its overproduction
      was suppressed to a normal level by the presence of a plasmid containing the mreB
      gene. These results indicate a negative mechanism of control of cell division by
      this morphology gene and suggest that the gene functions in determining whether
      division or elongation of the cells occurs.

PMID- 2656642
TI  - Transfer of tra proteins into the recipient cell during bacterial conjugation
      mediated by plasmid ColIb-P9.
AB  - Selective transfer of the two products of the ColIb primase gene, sog, from donor
      to recipient cell during conjugation was demonstrated by two independent methods.
      The transfer of these tra proteins was unidirectional and dependent on DNA
      transfer. The Sog polypeptides were localized to the cytoplasm of the donor cell,
      but they appeared to interact with other tra gene products located in the inner
      membrane. After cell mating, the transferred polypeptides were found to be in the
      cytoplasm of the recipient cell, and it is estimated that as many as 500 Sog
      polypeptides were transferred per round of conjugation. It is proposed that these
      proteins are transferred as a result of an interaction with the single-stranded
      DNA and that the transferred strand may be coated with Sog polypeptides.

PMID- 2656643
TI  - N2O reduction and HD formation by nitrogenase from a nifV mutant of Klebsiella
      pneumoniae.
AB  - Dinitrogenase from a nifV mutant of Klebsiella pneumoniae contains an altered
      form of iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) that lacks a biologically active
      homocitric acid molecule. Change in the composition of FeMoco led to substantial
      variation in the kinetics of nitrogenase action. The KmS of the mutant enzyme for
      N2 and N2O were 0.244 and 0.175 atm (24,714 and 17,726 kPa), respectively. The km
      for N2 was higher and the Km for N2O was lower than that for the wild-type
      enzyme. The mutant enzyme was ineffective in N2 fixation, in N2O reduction, and
      in HD formation, as indicated by the low Vmax of these reactions with saturating
      levels of substrate and under conditions of saturating electron flux. These
      observations provide further support for the concept that N2, N2O, and D2
      interact with the same form of dinitrogenase. H2 evolution by the mutant enzyme
      is only partially inhibited by CO. Observation that different numbers of
      electrons are stored in CO-inhibited than in noninhibited dinitrogenase before H2
      is released suggests that the mutant enzyme has more sites responsible for H2
      evolution than the wild-type enzyme, whose H2 evolution is not inhibited by CO.

PMID- 2656645
TI  - Flagellar switch of Salmonella typhimurium: gene sequences and deduced protein
      sequences.
AB  - The fliG, fliM, and fliN genes of Salmonella typhimurium encode flagellar
      components that participate in energy transduction and switching. We have cloned
      these genes and determined their sequences. The deduced amino acid sequences
      correspond to proteins with molecular masses of 36,809, 37,815, and 14,772
      daltons, respectively. None of the protein sequences are especially hydrophobic
      or look as though they correspond to integral membrane proteins, a result
      consistent with other evidence suggesting that the proteins may be peripheral to
      the membrane, possibly mounted onto the basal body M ring. The fliL gene, which
      immediately precedes fliM, is of unknown function; it encodes a protein with a
      deduced molecular mass of 17,082 daltons. The hydropathy profile of FliL
      indicates that it is likely to be an integral membrane protein with at least one
      spanning segment, near its N terminus. None of the four proteins exhibit
      consensus N-terminal signal sequences. Comparison of the fliL, fliM, and fliN
      sequences with the homologous ones in Escherichia coli reveals ranges of
      similarities of 77 to 95% at the amino acid level and 75 to 86% at the nucleotide
      level, with the majority (58 to 89%) of codon changes being synonymous ones.

PMID- 2656644
TI  - Genetic and physiological relationships among the miaA gene, 2-methylthio-N6
      (delta 2-isopentenyl)-adenosine tRNA modification, and spontaneous mutagenesis in
      Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - The miaA tRNA modification gene was cloned and located by insertion mutagenesis
      and DNA sequence analysis. The miaA gene product, tRNA delta 2
      isopentenylpyrophosphate (IPP) transferase, catalyzes the first step in the
      biosynthesis of 2-methylthio-N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)-adenosine (ms2i6A) adjacent
      to the anticodon of several tRNA species. The translation start of miaA was
      deduced by comparison with mod5, which encodes a homologous enzyme in yeasts.
      Minicell experiments showed that Escherichia coli IPP transferase has a molecular
      mass of 33.5 kilodaltons (kDa). Transcriptional fusions, plasmid and chromosomal
      cassette insertion mutations, and RNase T2 mapping of in vivo miaA transcription
      were used to examine the relationship between miaA and mutL, which encodes a
      polypeptide necessary for methyl-directed mismatch repair. The combined results
      showed that miaA, mutL, and a gene that encodes a 47-kDa polypeptide occur very
      close together, are transcribed in the same direction in the order 47-kDa
      polypeptide gene-mutL-miaA, and likely form a complex operon containing a weak
      internal promoter. Three additional relationships were demonstrated between
      mutagenesis and the miaA gene or ms2i6A tRNA modification. First, miaA
      transcription was induced by 2-aminopurine. Second, chromosomal miaA insertion
      mutations increased the spontaneous mutation frequency with a spectrum distinct
      from mutL mutations. Third, limitation of miaA+ bacteria for iron, which causes
      tRNA undermodification from ms2i6A to i6A, also increased spontaneous mutation
      frequency. These results support the notion that complex operons organize
      metabolically related genes whose primary functions appear to be completely
      different. In addition, the results are consistent with the idea that mechanisms
      exist to increase spontaneous mutation frequency when cells need to adapt to
      environmental stress.

PMID- 2656646
TI  - Role of homocysteine in metR-mediated activation of the metE and metH genes in
      Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli.
AB  - The metR-mediated activation of the Salmonella typhimurium metE and metH genes
      was shown to be modulated by homocysteine, an intermediate in the methionine
      biosynthetic pathway. Homocysteine stimulates expression of a metE-lacZ gene
      fusion four- to fivefold by increasing transcription from the metE promoter. In
      contrast, homocysteine plays an inhibitory role in the metR-mediated activation
      of the metH gene, decreasing expression of a metH-lacZ gene fusion threefold.

PMID- 2656647
TI  - Variations in UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide pools
      in Escherichia coli after inhibition of protein synthesis.
AB  - The pool levels of the nucleotide precursors of peptidoglycan were analyzed after
      inhibition of protein synthesis in various Escherichia coli strains. In all cases
      UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide (UDP
      MurNAc-pentapeptide) cell pools increased upon treatment with chloramphenicol or
      tetracycline. Similar results were observed after the treatment of K-12 strains
      with valine. Since the intermediate nucleotide precursors did not accumulate
      after the arrest of protein synthesis and since a feedback mechanism was
      unlikely, the increases of the UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide pool appeared as a
      consequence of that of the UDP-GlcNAc pool by the unrestricted functioning of the
      intermediate steps of the pathway. The highest increase (sixfold) of UDP-GlcNAc
      was observed with strain K-12 HfrH growing in minimal medium and treated with
      chloramphenicol. When a pair of isogenic Rel+ and Rel- strains were considered,
      both the UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide pools increased upon treatment
      with chloramphenicol or valine. However, the UDP-GlcNAc pool of the Rel+ strain
      was at a high natural level, which increased only moderately (20%) after the
      addition of valine. The increase of the UDP-GlcNAc pool after the various
      treatments could be due to an effect on some upstream step by an unknown
      mechanism. The possible correlations of the variations of the precursor pools
      with the rate of synthesis and extent of cross-linking of peptidoglycan were also
      considered.

PMID- 2656648
TI  - Cyanide inactivation of hydrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii.
AB  - The effects of cyanide on membrane-associated and purified hydrogenase from
      Azotobacter vinelandii were characterized. Inactivation of hydrogenase by cyanide
      was dependent on the activity (oxidation) state of the enzyme. Active (reduced)
      hydrogenase showed no inactivation when treated with cyanide over several hours.
      Treatment of reversibly inactive (oxidized) states of both membrane-associated
      and purified hydrogenase, however, resulted in a time-dependent, irreversible
      loss of hydrogenase activity. The rate of cyanide inactivation was dependent on
      the cyanide concentration and was an apparent first-order process for purified
      enzyme (bimolecular rate constant, 23.1 M-1 min-1 for CN-). The rate of
      inactivation decreased with decreasing pH. [14C]cyanide remained associated with
      cyanide-inactivated hydrogenase after gel filtration chromatography, with a
      stoichiometry of 1.7 mol of cyanide bound per mol of inactive enzyme. The
      presence of saturating concentrations of CO had no effect on the rate or extent
      of cyanide inactivation of hydrogenases. The results indicate that cyanide can
      cause a time-dependent, irreversible inactivation of hydrogenase in the oxidized,
      activatable state but has no effect when hydrogenase is in the reduced, active
      state.

PMID- 2656650
TI  - Specific localization of the lysis protein of bacteriophage MS2 in membrane
      adhesion sites of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Specific localization of the lysis (L) protein of bacteriophage MS2 in the cell
      wall of Escherichia coli was determined by immunoelectron microscopy. After
      induction of the cloned lysis gene, the cells were plasmolyzed, fixed, and
      embedded in either Epon or Lowicryl K4M. Polyclonal L-protein-specific antiserum
      was purified by preabsorption to membranes from cells harboring a control
      plasmid. Protein A-gold was used to label the protein-antibody complexes. Between
      42.8% (Lowicryl) and 33.8% (Epon) of the label was found in inner and outer
      membranes, but 30.3% (Lowicryl) and 32.8% (Epon) was present mostly in clusters
      in the adhesion sites visible after plasmolysis. The remaining label (26.9 and
      33.4%, respectively) appeared to be present in the periplasmic space but may also
      have been part of membrane junctions not visible because of poor contrast of the
      specimen. In contrast, a quite different distribution of the L protein was found
      in cells grown under conditions of penicillin tolerance, i.e., at pH 5, a
      condition that had previously been shown to protect cells from L-protein-induced
      lysis. At tolerant conditions, only 21.0% of the L protein was in the adhesion
      sites; most of the protein (68.2%) was found in inner and outer membranes. It is
      concluded that lysis of the host, E. coli, was a result of the formation of
      specific L-protein-mediated membrane adhesion sites.

PMID- 2656649
TI  - Functions required for vitamin B12-dependent ethanolamine utilization in
      Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - When B12 is available, Salmonella typhimurium can degrade ethanolamine to provide
      a source of carbon and nitrogen. B12 is essential since it is a cofactor for
      ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, the first enzyme in ethanolamine breakdown. S.
      typhimurium makes B12 only under anaerobic conditions; in the presence of oxygen,
      exogenous B12 must be provided to permit ethanolamine utilization. Genes required
      for ethanolamine utilization are encoded in the eut operon. For complementation
      testing, an F' plasmid containing the eut genes was constructed by transposition
      of the eut operon (flanked by two Tn10 elements) to an existing F plasmid.
      Complementation tests defined six genes in the eut operon. Three of these genes
      encode enzymes known to be involved in degradation of ethanolamine: ethanolamine
      ammonia-lyase (eutB and eutC) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (eutE). One gene
      (eutR) seems to encode a positive regulatory protein required for induction of
      transcription of eut. The function of one of the remaining two genes (eutA) was
      shown to be required for ethanolamine utilization only when cyano-B12 or hydroxy
      B12 were the precursors of the adenosyl-B12 cofactor of ethanolamine ammonia
      lyase; eutA mutants could use ethanolamine as the nitrogen source only when
      adenosyl-B12 was provided. No function has been assigned to the eutD gene, which
      is required for use of ethanolamine as a carbon source. Ethanolamine uptake
      assays of eut mutants suggest that no ethanolamine permease is encoded in the eut
      operon.

PMID- 2656651
TI  - Multiple control mechanisms for pyrimidine-mediated regulation of pyrBI operon
      expression in Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - Expression of the pyrBI operon of Escherichia coli K-12, which encodes the
      subunits of the pyrimidine biosynthetic enzyme aspartate transcarbamylase, is
      negatively regulated over a several-hundredfold range by pyrimidine availability.
      This regulation occurs, at least in large part, through a UTP-sensitive
      attenuation control mechanism in which transcriptional termination at the pyrBI
      attenuator, a rho-independent transcriptional terminator located immediately
      upstream of the pyrB structural gene, is regulated by the relative rates of
      transcription and translation within the pyrBI leader region. There is suggestive
      evidence that an additional, attenuator-independent control mechanism also
      contributes to this regulation. To measure the level of regulation that occurs
      through the attenuation and attenuator-independent control mechanisms, we
      constructed a mutant strain in which a 9-base-pair deletion was introduced into
      the attenuator of the chromosomal pyrBI operon. This deletion, which removes the
      run of thymidine residues at the end of the attenuator, completely abolishes rho
      independent transcriptional termination activity. When the mutant strain was
      grown under conditions of pyrimidine excess, the level of operon expression was
      51-fold greater than that of an isogenic pyrBI+ strain. Under conditions of
      pyrimidine limitation, operon expression was increased an additional 6.5-fold in
      the mutant. These results demonstrate that the attenuation control mechanism is
      primarily responsible for pyrimidine-mediated regulation but that there is a
      significant contribution by an attenuator-independent control mechanism.

PMID- 2656652
TI  - Alp, a suppressor of lon protease mutants in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli lon mutants lack a major ATP-dependent protease, are sensitive
      to UV light and methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), and overproduce capsular
      polysaccharide. Evidence is presented that an activity (Alp), cloned on a
      multicopy plasmid, can suppress the phenotypes of lon mutants. The sensitivity to
      UV and MMS is a reflection of the stabilization of the cell division inhibitor
      SulA, while the capsule overproduction arises through the stabilization of a
      transcriptional activator of capsule biosynthetic genes, RcsA. Multicopy alp
      (pAlp) suppressed capsule formation in delta lon cells, and delta lon cells
      containing the pAlp plasmid were resistant to MMS treatment. The MMS resistance
      of delta lon pAlp+ cells correlates with an increase in the degradation of SulA
      to that found in lon+ cells. Lon-directed degradation of SulA was energy
      dependent, as was the increase in degradation of SulA in delta lon pAlp+ cells.
      alp maps close to pheA, at 57 min on the E. coli chromosome. Although pAlp can
      substitute for Lon, cells lacking alp activity did not have the phenotype on a
      lon mutant. This study demonstrates that at least one activity, when overproduced
      in the cell, can substitute for Lon protease.

PMID- 2656653
TI  - Two proteins encoded at the chlA locus constitute the converting factor of
      Escherichia coli chlA1.
AB  - Molybdopterin (MPT) is not produced by the Escherichia coli mutants chlA1, chlM,
      or chlN or by the Neurospora crassa mutant nit-1. Extracts of E. coli chlA1
      contain an activity, the converting factor, which is functionally defined by its
      ability to convert a low-molecular-weight precursor present in crude extracts of
      N. crassa nit-1 into molybdopterin in vitro. In this study, it has been shown
      that the converting factor consists of two associative proteins (10 and 25
      kilodaltons [kDa]) which can be separated by using either anion-exchange or gel
      filtration chromatography. Neither protein is able to complement extracts of nit
      1 by itself. Analysis of chlA Mu insertion mutants has shown that the two
      proteins are distinct gene products encoded at the chlA locus. Twelve chlA Mu
      insertion strains which lacked converting factor activity were deficient in one
      or both of the proteins. Converting factor activity could be generated by mixing
      extracts from strains having the 25-kDa protein with those having the 10-kDa
      protein but not those lacking both proteins. Finally, it was shown that the chlM
      mutant lacks the 10-kDa protein while the chlN mutant, which contains both the 10
      and 25-kDa proteins, lacks a function required to activate the 10-kDa protein.

PMID- 2656654
TI  - Amino acid sequence of the regulatory-site glyoxylate peptide of biodegradative
      threonine dehydratase of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Incubation of purified Escherichia coli biodegradative threonine dehydratase with
      glyoxylate resulted in covalent binding of 1 mol of glyoxylate per mol of protein
      with concomitant loss of enzyme activity. The glyoxylate-binding site was
      identified as a heptapeptide representing amino acid residues Ser-33-Asn-Tyr-Phe
      Ser-Glu-Arg-39 in the protein primary structure. Addition of glyoxylate to a
      culture of E. coli cells led to time-dependent enzyme inactivation.
      Immunoprecipitation with anti-dehydratase antibody of extract from
      [14C]glyoxylate-treated cells revealed labeled dehydratase polypeptide. These
      results are interpreted to mean that enzyme inactivation by glyoxylate in E. coli
      cells is associated with covalent protein modification.

PMID- 2656655
TI  - Rate and topography of peptidoglycan synthesis during cell division in
      Escherichia coli: concept of a leading edge.
AB  - The rate at which the peptidoglycan of Escherichia coli is synthesized during the
      division cycle was studied with two methods. One method involved synchronization
      of E. coli MC4100 lysA cultures by centrifugal elutriation and subsequent pulse
      labeling of the synchronously growing cultures with [meso-3H]diaminopimelic acid
      ([3H]Dap). The second method was autoradiography of cells pulse-labeled with
      [3H]Dap. It was found that the peptidoglycan is synthesized at a more or less
      exponentially increasing rate during the division cycle with a slight
      acceleration in this rate as the cells start to constrict. Apparently, polar cap
      formation requires synthesis of extra surface components, presumably to
      accommodate for a change in the surface-to-volume ratio. Furthermore, it was
      found that the pool size of Dap was constant during the division cycle. Close
      analysis of the topography of [3H]Dap incorporation at the constriction site
      revealed that constriction proceeded by synthesis of peptidoglycan at the leading
      edge of the invaginating cell envelope. During constriction, no reallocation of
      incorporation occurred, i.e., the incorporation at the leading edge remained high
      throughout the process of constriction. Impairment of penicillin-binding protein
      3 by mutation or by the specific beta-lactam antibiotic furazlocillin did not
      affect [3H]Dap incorporation during initiation of constriction. However, the
      incorporation at the constriction site was inhibited in later stages of the
      constriction process. It is concluded that during division at least two
      peptidoglycan-synthesizing systems are operating sequentially.

PMID- 2656656
TI  - Cloning and expression of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans mercury ion resistance genes
      in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A search of various domestic isolates of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans revealed that
      some were fairly resistant to mercury ion. A proportion of mercury-resistant
      clones were able to volatilize mercury, and their corresponding gene was
      localized not in the plasmid DNA but in chromosomal DNA. This mercury ion
      resistance gene was cloned in Escherichia coli. E. coli carrying the recombinant
      plasmid was able to grow in the presence of more than 40 micrograms of HgCl2 per
      ml. Deletion analysis of the recombinant plasmid showed that the entire coding
      sequence of the mercury ion resistance gene was located within a 2.3-kilobase
      fragment of the chromosomal DNA from strain E-15. At least two polypeptides
      (molecular mass, 56 and 16 kDa, respectively) were coded by this fragment.

PMID- 2656657
TI  - Rhizobium meliloti anthranilate synthase gene: cloning, sequence, and expression
      in Escherichia coli.
AB  - We determined the DNA sequence of the Rhizobium meliloti gene encoding
      anthranilate synthase, the first enzyme of the tryptophan pathway. Sequences
      similar to those seen for the two subunits of the enzyme as found in all other
      procaryotic species studied are present in a single open reading frame of 729
      codons. This apparent gene fusion joins the C terminus of the large subunit
      (TrpE) to the N terminus of the small subunit (TrpG) through a short connecting
      segment. We designate the fused gene trpE(G). The gene is flanked by a typical
      rho-independent terminator at the 3' end and a complex regulatory region at the
      5' end resembling those of operons under transcriptional attenuation control. The
      location of the promoter was determined by S1 nuclease protection, using
      Rhizobium mRNA. Although this promoter was inactive in Escherichia coli,
      mutations eliciting activity were easily obtained. One of these was a C----T
      change at position -9 in the -10 region. The +1 position of the mRNA is the first
      base of the initiation codon of the leader peptide, implying that unlike trpE(G),
      which has a normal Shine-Dalgarno sequence, the leader peptide gene lacks a
      ribosome-binding site.

PMID- 2656658
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the FNR-regulated fumarase gene (fumB) of Escherichia coli
      K-12.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a 3,162-base-pair (bp) segment of DNA containing the
      FNR-regulated fumB gene, which encodes the anaerobic class I fumarase (FUMB) of
      Escherichia coli, was determined. The structural gene was found to comprise 1,641
      bp, 547 codons (excluding the initiation and termination codons), and the gene
      product had a predicted Mr of 59,956. The amino acid sequence of FUMB contained
      the same number of residues as did that of the aerobic class I fumarase (FUMA),
      and there were identical amino acids at all but 56 positions (89.8% identity).
      There was no significant similarity between the class I fumarases and the class
      II enzyme (FUMC) except in one region containing the following consensus: Gly-Ser
      Xxx-Ile-Met-Xxx-Xxx-Lys-Xxx-Asn. Some of the 56 amino acid substitutions must be
      responsible for the functional preferences of the enzymes for malate dehydration
      (FUMB) and fumarate hydration (FUMA). Significant similarities between the
      cysteine-containing sequence of the class I fumarases (FUMA and FUMB) and the
      mammalian aconitases were detected, and this finding further supports the view
      that these enzymes are all members of a family of iron-containing hydrolyases.
      The nucleotide sequence of a 1,142-bp distal sequence of an unidentified gene
      (genF) located upstream of fumB was also defined and found to encode a product
      that is homologous to the product of another unidentified gene (genA), located
      downstream of the neighboring aspartase gene (aspA).

PMID- 2656659
TI  - Characteristics of galactose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and
      reconstituted lipid vesicles.
AB  - Growth on galactose induces two transport processes, a high-affinity and a low
      affinity process. The most important results of a comparison of the two processes
      were that (i) both depended on GAL2 expression, (ii) only the high-affinity
      process required galactokinase, (iii) both were down-regulated by catabolite
      inactivation, (iv) neither was significantly inhibited by carbonyl cyanide-p
      trifluoromethoxy-phenyl-hydrazone, (v) neither was differentially inhibited by
      silver nitrate or mercuric chloride, and (vi) transport activity with a Km closer
      to that of the low-affinity process of whole cells was reconstituted in fused
      phospholipid membrane vesicles.

PMID- 2656660
TI  - Unusual nucleotide arrangement with repeated sequences in the Escherichia coli K
      12 chromosome.
AB  - Between 59 and 60 min on the Escherichia coli genetic map, there is a highly
      conserved sequence of 29 base pairs, containing an inverted repeat of seven base
      pairs that appears 14 times, 32 or 33 base pairs apart, downstream of the iap
      gene coding region. About 24 kilobase pairs downstream of the 14 repeats, a
      similar 29-base-pair sequence with a spacing of 32 base pairs appears seven
      times. Nucleotide sequences hybridizing with the 29-base-pair fragment were also
      detected in Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhimurium but not in Klebsiella
      pneumoniae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 2656661
TI  - Formation of crystals of the insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis
      subsp. aizawai IPL7 in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli JM103 cells harboring expression plasmid pTB1 or pKC6
      synthesized the 130- and 135-kilodalton insecticidal proteins, respectively, of
      Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai IPL7, and both products accumulated as
      cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Amorphous inclusions which contained contaminating
      proteins, together with the corresponding insecticidal proteins, were formed in
      cultures at 37 degrees C, but bipyramidal crystals practically free of
      contaminants were observed at 30 degrees C. Although 9.8% of the amino acids were
      substituted between these two proteins, both protein crystals had the same shape
      as those of the parental B. thuringiensis strain, which produced both proteins.

PMID- 2656662
TI  - Intergeneric conjugation between Escherichia coli and Streptomyces species.
AB  - We have constructed Escherichia coli-Streptomyces shuttle plasmids which are
      capable of conjugal transfer from E. coli to Streptomyces spp. These plasmids
      contained the pBR322 and pIJ101 origins of replication and the RK2 (IncP) origin
      of transfer. The transfer of plasmid was specifically dependent the presence of a
      760-base-pair, cis-acting, oriT-containing fragment and on RP4 (IncP) functions
      supplied in trans. Conditions of mating and selection of exconjugants were
      analyzed with Streptomyces lividans as recipient. Plasmid transfer to other
      Streptomyces species was also demonstrated.

PMID- 2656663
TI  - Amino acid sequence of a presynaptic neurotoxin, agkistrodotoxin, from the venom
      of Agkistrodon halys Pallas.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of a presynaptic neurotoxin, agkistrodotoxin (ATX)
      isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon halys Pallas, was determined by automated
      Edman degradation and the carboxypeptidase digestion of the S-carboxymethylated
      ATX and by sequence analyses of peptides produced with cyanogen bromide cleavage
      and with trypsin or staphylococcal V8 protease digestion of the S
      carboxymethylated ATX. ATX consists of 122 amino acid residues, including the
      histidine residue and 14 half-cystine residues. The amino acid sequence of ATX is
      very similar to those of toxic phospholipases and the phospholipase subunits of
      presynaptic neurotoxins from snake venoms. The residues responsible for the toxic
      activity of the presynaptic neurotoxins are discussed.

PMID- 2656664
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of high choriolytic enzyme (HCE), a
      component of the hatching enzyme of the teleost, Oryzias latipes.
AB  - The hatching enzyme is an embryo-secreted enzyme(s) which digests the egg
      envelope, allowing the embryo to emerge at the time of hatching. The hatching
      enzyme of the fish, Oryzias latipes, has recently been found to consist of two
      kinds of proteases which may digest the inner layer of chorion (egg envelope)
      cooperatively [Yasumasu, S. et al. (1988) Zool. Sci. 5, 191-195]. In the present
      study, one of them, high choriolytic (egg envelope digesting) enzyme (HCE) was
      purified and some biochemical and enzymological properties were examined. The
      enzyme was a basic protein with a molecular weight of about 24 kDa, and exhibited
      choriolytic activity as well as proteolytic (caseinolytic) activity. The results
      of inhibitor studies and metal analyses strongly suggested that it was a zinc
      protease. The purified HCE consisted of two probable isomers, HCE-1 and HCE-2.
      Both of them were markedly similar in amino acid composition, specific activities
      of choriolysis and proteolysis, and substrate specificity as determined using MCA
      peptides. Moreover, they were not separable on SDS-PAGE, electrofocusing PAGE, or
      ultracentrifugal analysis, but were discriminated only on HPLC with a CM-300
      column. Thus, the mixture of HCE-1 and HCE-2 could be regarded as almost a single
      enzyme, HCE. When it acted on an intact chorion, the purified HCE caused a
      remarkable swelling of its inner layer with concomitant release of peptides from
      it. Once the inner layer of chorion was swollen, the enzyme hardly digested it.

PMID- 2656665
TI  - Isolation and some properties of low choriolytic enzyme (LCE), a component of the
      hatching enzyme of the teleost, Oryzias latipes.
AB  - One of the two component proteases of the hatching enzyme of the fish, Oryzias
      latipes, low choriolytic enzyme (LCE), was isolated from the hatching liquid and
      partly characterized. The enzyme was a basic protein with molecular weight of
      about 25.5 kDa. Like high choriolytic enzyme (HCE), the other component of the O.
      latipes hatching enzyme [Yasumasu, S. et al. (1989) J. Biochem. 105, 204-211],
      LCE was considered to be a zinc-protease from the results of inhibitor studies
      and metal analyses. However, LCE was found to be distinct from HCE not only in
      some biochemical characteristics such as molecular weight, amino acid
      composition, and isoelectric point, but also in some enzymological properties
      such as substrate specificity, heat stability, and mode of action toward their
      natural substrate, chorion (egg envelope). Although LCE was almost incapable of
      digesting the inner layer of intact chorion, it very efficiently digested the
      inner layer of chorion that had been swollen previously by the action of HCE.
      Taking account of the fact that HCE swells the inner layer of intact chorion by
      partial proteolysis but does not efficiently digest the swollen chorion any more
      [Yasumasu, S. et al. (1989) J. Biochem. 105, 204-211], the present results
      demonstrated an essential role of LCE in choriolysis, in cooperation with HCE.

PMID- 2656666
TI  - Site-directed mutagenesis of human aldolase isozymes: the role of Cys-72 and Cys
      338 residues of aldolase A and of the carboxy-terminal Tyr residues of aldolases
      A and B.
AB  - In order to elucidate the role of particular amino acid residues in the catalytic
      activity and conformational stability of human aldolases A and B [EC 4.1.2.13],
      the cDNAs encoding these isoenzyme were modified using oligonucleotide-directed,
      site-specific mutagenesis. The Cys-72 and/or Cys-338 of aldolase A were replaced
      by Ala and the COOH-terminal Tyr of aldolases A and B was replaced by Ser. The
      three mutant aldolases A thus prepared, A-C72A, A-C338A, and A-C72,338A, were
      indistinguishable from the wild-type enzyme with respect to general catalytic
      properties, while the replacement of Tyr-363 by Ser in aldolase A (A-Y363S)
      resulted in decreases of the Vmax of the fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate (FDP)
      cleavage reaction, activity ratio of FDP/fructose-1-phosphate (F1P), and the Km
      values for FDP and F1P. The wild-type and all the mutant aldolase A proteins
      exhibited similar thermal stabilities. In contrast, the mutant aldolase A
      proteins were more stable than the wild-type enzyme against tryptic and alpha
      chymotryptic digestions. Based upon these results it is concluded that the
      strictly conserved Tyr-363 of human aldolase A is required for the catalytic
      function with FDP as the substrate, while neither Cys-72 nor Cys-338 directly
      takes part in the catalytic function although the two Cys residues may be
      involved in maintaining the correct spatial conformation of aldolase A.
      Replacement of Tyr-363 by Ser in human aldolase B lowered the Km value for FDP
      appreciably and also diminished the stability against elevated temperatures and
      tryptic digestion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656667
TI  - Proton nuclear magnetic resonance study of the solution conformation of C3a
      Arg69, a 69-residue N-terminal fragment of the third component of complement.
AB  - A proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study is reported of human C3a-Arg69,
      which is a 69-residue fragment obtained by the tryptic cleavage of human C3. It
      has been shown that the combined use of a CPase/digestion difference spectroscopy
      method (Endo and Arata (1985) Biochemistry 24, 1561-1568) with a variety of two
      dimensional NMR techniques is effective in advancing spectral assignments for
      structural analyses. On the basis of the results of the NMR measurements, we have
      concluded that: 1) the N-terminal region of the C3a molecule plays a crucial role
      in stabilizing the conformation of the C-terminal segment Leu63-Arg69 and 2) the
      existence of the core region, which is formed by segment Tyr15-Tyr59 (Huber et
      al. (1980) Hoppe Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 361, 1389-1399), is essential in
      maintaining this conformation. We also suggest that the disorder of the N
      terminal region, which is invisible by the X-ray crystallographic study, is due
      to dimerization of this molecule in the crystal.

PMID- 2656668
TI  - Intramitochondrial fatty acylation of a cytoplasmic imported protein in animal
      cells.
AB  - Mitochondrial digitonin particles from mouse liver (and also from other tissues)
      incorporate [3H]myristic acid into a 52-kilodalton (kDa) protein in an energy
      dependent manner. The 52-kDa N-myristylated protein is located inside the
      mitochondrial inner membrane since it is protected against proteolytic
      degradation in intact mitoplasts. Disruption of mitochondrial inner membrane by
      sonication results in severalfold higher labeling of the 52-kDa protein, further
      confirming that the enzyme system for protein fatty acylation as well as the 52
      kDa target protein are compartmentalized inside the mitochondrial inner membrane
      matrix. The results of in vitro labeling of submitochondrial fractions suggest
      that both the 52-kDa target protein and the enzyme system for fatty acylation are
      in the matrix fraction, although the N-myristylated protein is found loosely
      associated with the inner membrane. Finally, immunoprecipitation of cytoplasmic
      free polysome translation products and in vitro transport of proteins into
      isolated mitochondria show that the 52-kDa protein is of cytoplasmic translation
      origin. These results demonstrate that the intramitochondrial N-myristylation of
      the 52-kDa protein is not translationally linked.

PMID- 2656669
TI  - Cloning and characterization of the major insulin-responsive glucose transporter
      expressed in human skeletal muscle and other insulin-responsive tissues.
AB  - Complementary DNA clones encoding a facilitative glucose transporter-like protein
      have been isolated from human small intestine and muscle cDNA libraries. This 509
      amino acid protein has 65.3, 54.3, and 57.5% identity with the previously
      described human erythrocyte/HepG2, liver, and fetal muscle glucose
      transporter/transporter-like proteins, respectively. RNA blotting studies
      indicate that transcripts encoding this protein are very abundant in adult human
      skeletal muscle and subcutaneous fat. The adult skeletal muscle glucose
      transporter-like protein was expressed in vitro by cDNA-directed transcription
      and cell-free translation of the synthetic mRNA. The in vitro-synthesized protein
      reacted with a monoclonal antibody, 1F8, which recognizes the insulin-regulatable
      glucose transporter expressed in rat skeletal muscle, heart, and adipocytes. In
      contrast, in vitro-synthesized erythrocyte/HepG2 and fetal muscle glucose
      transporters did not react with 1F8. The high levels in adult skeletal muscle and
      subcutaneous fat of mRNA encoding the adult skeletal muscle glucose transporter
      and its specific reactivity with monoclonal antibody 1F8 suggest that this
      protein is the major insulin-regulatable glucose transporter expressed in
      skeletal muscle and other insulin-responsive tissues.

PMID- 2656670
TI  - Acute effects of cycloheximide on the translocation of glucose transporters in
      rat adipose cells.
AB  - Insulin's rapid action to increase glucose transport is believed to occur
      primarily through the translocation of glucose transporters from an intracellular
      pool to the plasma membrane. To better understand the mechanism involved, we
      studied the role of protein synthesis in glucose transporter translocation by
      using the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. Isolated rat epididymal
      adipose cells were incubated in the presence or absence of cycloheximide (10
      micrograms/ml) for a total of 120 min. Insulin (7 nM) was added to half of the
      cells from both groups for the final 30 min. Protein synthesis was inhibited by
      approximately 90%, as measured by [14C]leucine incorporation, in the cells
      exposed to cycloheximide. The 3-O-methylglucose uptake in intact cells was
      slightly increased in the basal state with cycloheximide treatment, but the
      insulin-stimulated 3-O-methylglucose uptake was unchanged by cycloheximide. The
      distribution of glucose transporters in the different subcellular membrane
      fractions, as measured by the cytochalasin B binding assay, was unchanged by
      cycloheximide. These results suggest that insulin's stimulation of glucose
      transport and translocation of glucose transporters can occur without acute
      protein synthesis.

PMID- 2656671
TI  - Location of heme axial ligands in the cytochrome d terminal oxidase complex of
      Escherichia coli determined by site-directed mutagenesis.
AB  - The cytochrome d terminal oxidase complex is one of two terminal oxidases which
      are components of the aerobic respiratory chain of Escherichia coli. This
      membrane-bound enzyme catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of ubiquinol and the
      four-electron reduction of oxygen to water. Enzyme turnover generates proton and
      voltage gradients across the bilayer. The oxidase is a heterodimer containing 2
      mol of protoheme IX and 1 or 2 mol of heme d per mol of complex. To explain the
      functional properties of the enzyme, a simple model has been proposed in which it
      is speculated that the heme prosthetic groups define two separate active sites on
      opposite sides of the membrane at which the oxidation of quinol and the reduction
      of water, respectively, are catalyzed. This paper represents an initial effort to
      define the axial ligands of each of the three or four hemes within the amino acid
      sequence of the oxidase subunits. Each of the 10 histidine residues has been
      altered by site-directed mutagenesis with the expectation that histidine residues
      are likely candidates for heme ligands. Eight of the 10 histidine residues are
      not essential for enzyme activity, and 2 appear to function as heme axial
      ligands. Histidine 186 in subunit I is required for the cytochrome b558 component
      of the enzyme. This residue is likely to be located near the periplasmic surface
      of the membrane. Histidine 19, near the amino terminus of subunit I also appears
      to be a heme ligand. It is concluded that two of the four or five expected heme
      axial ligands have been tentatively identified, although further work is required
      to confirm these conclusions. A minimum of two additional axial ligands must be
      residues other than histidine.

PMID- 2656672
TI  - Titration studies on the active sites of pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase and
      yeast glutathione reductase as monitored by the charge transfer absorbance.
AB  - Macroscopic pKa values associated with the influence of pH on the visible
      spectrum of 2-electron reduced pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase and yeast
      glutathione reductase have been determined by monitoring changes in the principal
      flavin band near 460 nm and the charge transfer band at 540 nm. The ionization of
      at least three active site amino acid side chains can influence the spectra over
      the range of pH studied: the two nascent thiols (interchange thiol and electron
      transfer thiol) and the histidine residue which acts as the base catalyst in
      lipoamide dehydrogenase and the acid catalyst in glutathione reductase thiol
      disulfide interchange reactions. These systems are analogous to, but more complex
      than, those in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and papain where a single
      thiol and a histidine residue in a relatively apolar milieu form a thiolate
      imidazolium ion pair which is favored over the thiol-imidazole prototropic
      tautomer. In an effort to more nearly mimic the papain titrations, the
      macroscopic pKa values were determined on reduced glutathione reductase which had
      been monoalkylated with iodoacetamide under conditions known to favor the
      reaction of the interchange thiol by at least 10 to 1 (Arscott, L. D., Thorpe,
      C., and Williams, C. H., Jr. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 1513-1520). Like papain and
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alkylated glutathione reductase showed
      two macroscopic pKa values, at pH 3.7 and pH 9.1, and by analogy, these were
      associated primarily with the thiol and the imidazole, respectively. Results with
      the native enzymes depended on the wavelength monitored. Glutathione reductase
      had pKa values at 4.8, 7.1, and 9.2 when monitored at 540 nm and 5.1 and 8.2 when
      monitored at 462 nm. Lipoamide dehydrogenase had pKa values at 4.4 and 8.7 when
      monitored at 529 nm and 3.9, 7.0, and 9.3 when monitored at 455 nm.

PMID- 2656673
TI  - The biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin in rat brain. Purification and
      characterization of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin (2'-oxo)reductase.
AB  - An enzyme with 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin (6PPH4) (2'-oxo)reductase activity was
      purified to near homogeneity from whole rat brains by a rapid method involving
      affinity chromatography on Cibacron blue F3Ga-agarose followed by high
      performance ion exchange chromatography and high performance gel filtration. The
      enzyme has a single subunit of Mr 37,000 and has a similar amino acid composition
      to previously described aldoketo reductases. The reductase activity is absolutely
      dependent on NADPH, will only catalyze the reduction of the C-2'-oxo group of
      6PPH4, and is inactive towards the C-1'-oxo group. However, the enzyme also shows
      high activity towards nonspecific substrates, such as 4-nitrobenzaldehyde,
      phenanthrenequinone, and menadione. The role of this 6PPH4 reductase in the
      formation of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) was investigated. Measurements were made
      of the rate of conversion of 6PPH4, generated from dihydroneopterin triphosphate
      with purified 6PPH4 synthase, to BH4 in the presence of mixtures of pure
      sepiapterin reductase and the 6PPH4 (2'-oxo)reductase purified from rat brains.
      The results suggest that when sepiapterin reductase activity is limiting, a large
      proportion of BH4 synthesis proceeds through the 6-lactoyl intermediate. However,
      when sepiapterin reductase is not limiting, most of the BH4 is probably formed
      via reduction of the other mono-reduced intermediate which is produced from 6PPH4
      by sepiapterin reductase alone.

PMID- 2656674
TI  - Recovery of maximal insulin responsiveness and insulin sensitivity after
      induction of insulin resistance in primary cultured adipocytes.
AB  - Treatment of primary cultured adipocytes with 50 ng/ml insulin and 20 mM glucose
      for 0-6 h resulted in a loss of maximal insulin responsiveness (MIR) which was
      immediate (no lag period), rapid (t1/2 of 3 h), linear, and extensive (80% of
      that seen at 24 h), whereas loss of insulin sensitivity from 0-24 h was slow
      (t1/2 = 8 h), extensive (insulin ED50 of 0.3 and 1.45 ng/ml at 2 and 24 h,
      respectively), and was preceded by an initial 2-h lag. Recovery of MIR and
      insulin sensitivity was assessed by inducing desensitization for various times
      from 2-24 h, removing insulin and glucose, and then measuring MIR and insulin
      sensitivity over a subsequent 1-6-h period. After 2 h, recovery of MIR in
      desensitized cells was rapid (251 pmol of glucose/3 min/h), whereas after 24 h,
      recovery was much slower (35 pmol/3 min/h). In contrast, the opposite trend was
      seen for recovery of insulin sensitivity: at early times recovery of insulin
      sensitivity was slow (0.05 ng/ml/h) but was rapid after 24 h (0.12 ng/ml/h).
      Thus, it appears that MIR and insulin sensitivity can be independently regulated
      since recovery rates for MIR and insulin sensitivity diverged with the
      progression of insulin resistance. When the effects of insulin and glucose on
      recovery were examined, we found that insulin alone was unable to block recovery
      of MIR or insulin sensitivity. Glucose alone, however, was effective in
      preventing recovery of insulin sensitivity but not recovery of MIR. In the
      presence of 20 mM glucose, low doses of insulin (treatment EC50 = 0.22-0.46
      ng/ml) effectively prevented recovery of both MIR and insulin sensitivity. De
      novo protein synthesis apparently is not involved in the development of insulin
      resistance or the reversal of desensitization since inhibition of protein
      synthesis by cycloheximide had no effect on the loss of MIR and insulin
      sensitivity or recovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2656675
TI  - Proteolytic fragmentation and peptide mapping of human carboxyamidomethylated
      tracheobronchial mucin.
AB  - Human tracheobronchial mucin was isolated from lung mucosal gel by chromatography
      on Sepharose 4B in the presence of dissociating and reducing agents, and its
      thiol residues were carboxyamidomethylated with iodo[1(-14)C]acetamide. The 14C
      carboxyamido-methylated mucin was purified by chromatography on Sepharose 2B. No
      low molecular weight components were detected by molecular sieve chromatography
      or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dissociating and
      reducing agents or by analytical density centrifugation in CsCl/guanidinium
      chloride. After digestion of the purified 14C-mucin with trypsin-L-1-tosylamido-2
      phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, three fractions (TR-1, TR-2, and TR-3) were
      observed by chromatography on Sepharose 4B. TR-1, a 260-kDa mucin glycopeptide
      fragment, contained all of the neutral hexose and blood group activity and 20% of
      the radioactivity in the undigested mucin. TR-1 was refractory to a second
      incubation with trypsin but could be digested by papain or Pronase to a smaller
      mucin glycopeptide fraction, as judged by the slight decrease in apparent
      molecular weight on Sepharose CL-4B. These mucin glycopeptides contained
      approximately 50% of the radioactivity in the TR-1 fraction, indicating that the
      glycosylated domains of carboxyamidomethylated tracheobronchial mucin contained
      thiol residues. The remainder of the radioactivity from papain or Pronase digests
      of TR-1 eluted, like the TR-3 fractions, in the salt fraction on Sepharose CL-4B.
      Peptide mapping of the nonglycosylated TR-3 fraction by TLC and high voltage
      electrophoresis yielded six principal and several less intensely stained
      ninhydrin reactive components, with the radiolabel concentrated in one of the
      latter peptides. Peptide purification of the TR-3 fraction by high pressure
      liquid chromatography on a C18 reverse phase column demonstrated the presence of
      four major peptides, with TR-3A being the dominant component. The TR-3D peptide
      contained S-carboxy-aminomethylcysteine and had 69% sequence similarity to the
      sgs-7 salivary glue protein of Drosophila.

PMID- 2656676
TI  - Endothelin stimulates diacylglycerol accumulation and activates protein kinase C
      in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Endothelin, a novel peptide isolated from the conditioned medium of endothelial
      cells, causes a slow, sustained contraction of vascular smooth muscle, but its
      mechanism of action remains unclear. To determine whether the
      diacylglycerol/protein kinase C signalling pathway is stimulated by endothelin,
      we exposed cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells to endothelin and measured
      diacylglycerol accumulation and protein kinase C-dependent protein
      phosphorylation. Endothelin stimulated a dose-dependent, biphasic increase in
      diacylglycerol, which was sustained for at least 20 min. This peptide also
      induced a prolonged phosphorylation of an acidic protein with a molecular weight
      of 76,000, which was detectable by 30 s and sustained for at least 20 min. This
      phosphorylation could be mimicked by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, but not by
      ionomycin, and was markedly reduced when protein kinase C was down-regulated by a
      24-h pretreatment with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. These results suggest that
      endothelin causes a robust stimulation of the diacylglycerol/protein kinase C
      pathway in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, and that this mechanism may
      contribute importantly to the physiologic events stimulated by endothelin in
      intact blood vessels, including slow, tonic contraction and Ca2+ influx.

PMID- 2656677
TI  - A protein containing the cystic fibrosis antigen is an inhibitor of protein
      kinases.
AB  - To investigate myeloid cell maturation, we established a panel of monoclonal
      antibodies that recognize myeloid cell nuclear antigens. One of these monoclonal
      antibodies was used to purify a specific protein complex (PC) from a human
      spleen. This PC, which is present at high levels in peripheral blood monocytes
      and granulocytes, contains a protein that is the cystic fibrosis (CF) antigen.
      The purified PC was shown to inhibit the activity of casein kinase I and II but
      not cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, v-abl tyrosine kinase, or
      insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. The observed Ki values for casein kinases I and
      II purified from several sources were 1 microM or less. Furthermore, the addition
      of the purified PC to a nuclear extract from human cells was able to prevent
      protein kinase-mediated stimulation of RNA polymerase activity. The unique
      inhibitory character of the PC and its elevated levels in monocytes and
      granulocytes and of the CF antigen in CF patients implies that this complex may
      be associated with myeloid cell functions and perhaps with the cause or
      consequence of the clinical manifestations of CF.

PMID- 2656678
TI  - A transgenic mouse model that is useful for analyzing cellular and geographic
      differentiation of the intestine during fetal development.
AB  - Regional as well as cell-specific differences in gene expression are established
      and maintained in the perpetually regenerating intestinal epithelium. We have
      recently linked regions of the 5'-nontranscribed domain of the rat "liver" fatty
      acid binding protein (L-FABP) gene which is normally expressed in both liver and
      intestine, to a reporter, the human growth hormone (hGH) gene, and examined hGH
      expression in adult transgenic mice (Sweetser, D. A., Birkenmeier, E. H., Hoppe,
      P. C., McKeel, D. W., and Gordon, J. I. (1988) Genes Dev. 2, 1318-1332). Our
      results indicated that cis-acting elements, including an orientation-independent
      suppressor, could produce a pattern of cellular and geographic expression of hGH
      which mimics that of the intact, endogenous murine Fabpl gene in both organs. We
      now show that nucleotides -4000 to +21 of the rat L-FABP gene can direct
      "appropriate" cell-specific, regional, and temporal expression of the hGH
      reporter during a period of remarkable cellular expansion, cytodifferentiation,
      and morphologic transformation of the fetal gut epithelium. These studies also
      indicate that the polyclonal stem cell population located in the intervillous
      regions of the late fetal intestine exhibits a different pattern of transgene
      regulation than does the monoclonally derived crypt stem cell population in adult
      transgenic mice. Nucleotides -4000 to +21 are not sufficient to reproduce the
      normal temporal pattern of L-FABP gene activation in liver. Precocious expression
      of growth hormone in this pedigree of transgenic mice results in early induction
      of insulin-like growth factor I mRNA accumulation in liver but has no effect on
      insulin-like growth factor II mRNA levels. In contrast, local synthesis of growth
      hormone in the small intestine does not influence its insulin-like growth factor
      I or II mRNA levels.

PMID- 2656679
TI  - cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Model for an enzyme family.

PMID- 2656680
TI  - Asymmetric DNA bending induced by the yeast multifunctional factor TUF.
AB  - TUF is a yeast regulatory factor that binds to conserved DNA sequence elements
      involved in gene activation or silencing as well as in telomere function. Using
      gel electrophoresis analyses, we show here that TUF induces DNA bending at a site
      located upstream of the recognition sequence (rpg box). Several point mutations
      in the rpg box reduced TUF binding strength without affecting the extent of
      bending. Selective proteolysis of TUF.DNA complexes further suggested the
      existence of two separate protein domains involved in DNA bending and specific
      DNA recognition. DNA bending may be an important feature of multifunctional
      factors that could help them to recruit other proteins for the formation of
      multiprotein complexes.

PMID- 2656681
TI  - Zinc protects Escherichia coli against copper-mediated paraquat-induced damage.
AB  - The essential mediatory role of copper and iron in paraquat-induced biological
      damage has been recently demonstrated. It was postulated that these transition
      metals undergo cyclic redox reactions and serve as centers for repeated
      production of hydroxyl radical, which are the ultimate deleterious agents.
      Additionally, we had presented evidence indicating efficient protection against
      paraquat toxicity by agents commonly employed (chelators, chemical scavengers,
      and protecting enzymes). In this study we have used the Escherichia coli model in
      order to develop a new approach for protection against paraquat-induced metal
      mediated cellular injury. It entails the administration of excess zinc (up to 50
      fold over copper), which results in an inhibition of the toxic effect of
      paraquat. Lineweaver-Burk analysis demonstrates the competitive mode of this
      inhibition. The suggested mechanism involves either the direct displacement of
      copper by zinc or the formation of a ternary complex, (formula; see text) in
      which the binding of Cu(II) is weakened by the binding of Zn(II), interfering
      with the copper-mediated free radicals formation. Thus, use of redox-inactive
      metals, which possess high similarity of their ligand chemistry to that of iron
      and copper but are of relative low toxicity by themselves, should be considered
      for intervention in paraquat toxicity and in other metal-mediated free radical
      induced injurious processes.

PMID- 2656682
TI  - The primary structure of rabbit liver mitochondrial serine
      hydroxymethyltransferase.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase
      from rabbit liver was determined. The sequence was obtained from analysis of
      peptides isolated from chymotryptic, cyanogen bromide, and limited acid cleavages
      of the protein. The enzyme consists of four identical subunits, each of 475
      residues, i.e. 8 residues shorter than the subunit of the corresponding cytosolic
      isoenzyme. The sequences of the two rabbit proteins are easily aligned, provided
      a gap of 5 residues near the amino terminus and a gap of 3 residues near the
      carboxyl terminus are included in the mitochondrial sequence. The overall degree
      of identity between the two isoenzymes is 61.9%, whereas the structural identity
      of each eukaryotic isoenzyme with the corresponding Escherichia coli enzyme is
      about 40%. The rabbit isoenzymes are about 70 residues longer than the E. coli
      enzyme, with one-half of these residues accounted for by insertions in both
      isoenzymes near their carboxyl terminus. Predictions of secondary structure and
      calculations of hydropathy profiles are also presented, suggesting an even more
      extensive degree of identity in the three-dimensional folding of the three
      proteins, in accord with the known similarity of their catalytic properties.
      Evidence was obtained for the existence of additional molecular forms of the
      mitochondrial protein, differing in the absence of some amino acid residues at
      the amino terminus of the polypeptide chain.

PMID- 2656683
TI  - Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis, diacylglycerol release, and gene
      expression in response to endothelin, a potent new agonist for fibroblasts and
      smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide recently isolated by Yanagisawa,
      M., Kurihara, H., Kimura, S., Tamobe, Y., Kobayashi, M., Mitsui, Y., Yazaki, Y.,
      Goto, K., and Masaki, T. (1988) Nature 332, 411-415). In order to understand the
      mechanism of action of endothelin in various cell types we have examined the
      effects of endothelin on second messenger levels in Rat-1 fibroblasts and A10
      smooth muscle cells. Endothelin stimulated a 15-fold increase in the accumulation
      of inositol trisphosphate in Rat-1 cells, with half-maximal stimulation observed
      at 0.5 nM endothelin. In the A10 vascular smooth muscle cell line, endothelin
      stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover more than 3-fold, comparable to the
      stimulation produced by serum. Concurrent with the increase in inositol phosphate
      release, endothelin increased diacylglycerol levels by 50% in A10 cells and by
      more than 3-fold in Rat-1 cells. The increase in diacylglycerol levels in
      response to endothelin was equal to or greater than the response to serum.
      Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover by endothelin did not require the
      presence of extracellular calcium and was not blocked by treatment with EGTA or
      cobalt. Furthermore, endothelin did not stimulate Ca2+ uptake by either cell type
      and actually reduced Ca2+ uptake below control levels with increased duration of
      preincubation. Endothelin stimulated an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels,
      from 100 to over 750 nM in Rat-1 cells and from 150 to over 350-nM in A10 cells
      as measured by fura-2 microspectrofluorimetry. The rise in intracellular Ca2+
      concentration was not inhibited by the presence of EGTA or cobalt. These data
      indicate that endothelin did not act to open Ca2+ channels in either Rat-1
      fibroblasts or A10 smooth muscle cells. Cytoplasmic levels of VL30 RNA, a gene
      independently induced by protein kinase C and by epidermal growth factor, were
      increased following endothelin treatment, even in protein kinase C-depleted
      cells. We conclude that endothelin is a very potent stimulus for
      phosphatidylinositol turnover, diacylglycerol release, and gene transcription.
      These data may have wide-ranging implications for a number of disease states.

PMID- 2656684
TI  - Transfer of phosphoryl group between two regulatory proteins involved in
      osmoregulatory expression of the ompF and ompC genes in Escherichia coli.
AB  - EnvZ is a cytoplasmic membrane protein which is involved in osmoregulatory
      expression of the ompF and ompC genes in Escherichia coli possibly by sensing the
      environmental osmotic signal. A truncated form of the EnvZ protein (EnvZ*),
      comprising 82% of EnvZ starting from the C terminus, was purified to homogeneity.
      The purified EnvZ* was autophosphorylated with ATP. The phosphoryl group on EnvZ*
      could then be rapidly transferred to OmpR, which is a positive regulator of the
      ompF and ompC genes and which was proposed to interact with EnvZ in the process
      of osmoregulation. In the presence of ATP, the phosphorylated OmpR was rapidly
      dephosphorylated. These results suggest that the transfer of the phosphoryl group
      between EnvZ and OmpR plays an important role in the signaling pathway in
      osmoregulation.

PMID- 2656685
TI  - para-aminobenzoate synthesis from chorismate occurs in two steps.
AB  - Escherichia coli p-aminobenzoate synthase is composed of two nonidentical
      subunits encoded by pabA and pabB and has been assumed to be the sole enzyme
      responsible for p-aminobenzoate biosynthesis from chorismate and glutamine.
      Plasmids were constructed that overproduce the p-aminobenzoate synthase subunits
      250-500-fold. Partial purification of the subunits revealed that they form a
      diffusible intermediate that is subsequently converted to p-aminobenzoate by a
      second enzyme (Mr = 49,000) temporarily designated enzyme X.

PMID- 2656686
TI  - The metabolic and mitogenic effects of both insulin and insulin-like growth
      factor are enhanced by transfection of insulin receptors into NIH3T3 fibroblasts.
AB  - Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) have 50% sequence homology and
      regulate similar cellular functions. Their membrane receptors also share 84%
      homology in a tyrosine kinase domain essential to transmembrane signaling and may
      thus share common postreceptor paths. To probe action mechanisms for these
      related hormones, we examined the receptor and postreceptor overlap of responses
      stimulated by insulin and IGF-I. NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts have few endogenous
      insulin receptors and are insensitive to insulin; they have IGF-I receptors and
      are responsive to IGF-I. Stable transfection of these cells with cDNA for the
      human insulin receptor yielded a cell line (3T3/HIR) expressing greater than 6 x
      10(6) receptors/cell that was highly sensitive and responsive to insulin for
      stimulation of deoxy[14C]glucose uptake and [3H]thymidine incorporation. The
      cells also showed increased responses to IGF-I, although the sensitivity was less
      than that for insulin. The receptor specificity of such responses was examined
      with a monoclonal antibody MA10 that bound to insulin receptors, but elicited no
      responses. When 3T3/HIR cells were preincubated with MA10, subsequent insulin- or
      IGF-I-stimulated deoxy[14C]glucose uptake was markedly inhibited. Likewise, the
      presence of MA10 caused a 10-fold increase in the concentration of insulin needed
      to stimulate half-maximal incorporation of [3H]thymidine and also led to
      diminished IGF-I-stimulated responses. These results showed that the transfected
      human insulin receptors coupled readily with existing effector pathways in the
      mouse fibroblasts and mediated metabolic and mitogenic responses to both insulin
      and IGF-I. Such findings indicate that insulin and IGF-I regulate common cellular
      functions using both overlapping receptor and postreceptor signaling pathways.

PMID- 2656687
TI  - The primary structure of the core protein of the small, leucine-rich proteoglycan
      (PG I) from bovine articular cartilage.
AB  - Two forms of small, interstitial proteoglycans have been isolated from bovine
      articular cartilage and have different core proteins, based on NH2-terminal
      analysis and peptide mapping (Choi, H. U., Johnson, T. L., Pal, S., Tang, L-H.,
      Rosenberg, L. C., and Neame, P. J. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 2876-2884). These
      proteoglycans have been called PG I and PG II. Since they were first described,
      they have also been called "biglycan" (PG I), "decorin," and "DS-PG" (PG II).
      This report describes the primary structure of PG I from bovine articular
      cartilage. The protein core consists of 331 amino acids with a molecular mass of
      37,280 Da. The amino acid sequence shows 55% identity to the cDNA-derived
      sequence of PG II from bovine bone. There are four discrete domains in the amino
      acid sequence. Domain 1, at the NH2 terminus (approximately 23 amino acids),
      contains two sites of attachment of dermatan sulfate, both of which match the
      consensus sequence of Asp/Glu-X-X-Ser-Gly-hydrophobic. Neither of these sites is
      substituted to 100% with glycosaminoglycan in native PG I. Domain 2, near the NH2
      terminus and containing approximately 28 amino acids, has a cysteine pattern
      similar to a domain near the COOH terminus of mouse metallothionein and contains
      at least one disulfide bond (between the first and fourth cysteine residues). The
      majority of the core protein of PG I (domain 3) is a leucine-rich domain
      containing ten repeating units (approximately 231 amino acids). Patthy [1987) J.
      Mol. Biol. 198, 567-577) has shown that for PG II, the majority of domain 3 shows
      considerable similarity to leucine-rich alpha 2-glycoprotein (LRG) from serum.
      Domain 2 of PG I or PG II also has an analog in LRG, in that it has two cysteines
      in a similar place. The major motif in the PG I described here, in PG II and in
      LRG, is a series of leucine-rich repeats. PG I and PG II both contain 10 leucine
      rich repeats which are 14 amino acids long and which are somewhat irregularly
      spaced, while LRG contains 9 leucine-rich repeats spaced 10 amino acids apart.
      Other proteins which contain leucine repeats are the platelet glycoprotein Ib,
      which is involved in platelet adherence to subendothelium (eight repeats in the
      alpha chain and two in the beta chain), the protein encoded by the Toll gene
      (involved in lateral and ventral spatial organization in Drosophila) and chaoptin
      (a protein involved in Drosophila photoreceptor morphogenesis).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2656688
TI  - Identification of an upstream repressor site controlling the expression of an
      anaerobic gene (ANB1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The Saccharomyces cerevisiae anaerobic gene (ANB1) is negatively regulated both
      by oxygen and heme. A 299-base pair-long fragment from the 5'-flanking region of
      the ANB1 gene was found to confer oxygen-mediated negative regulation to an
      heterologous CYC1-LacZ hybrid gene. Studies with deletions of predefined length
      in this fragment demonstrated the presence of separate elements that comprise an
      upstream promoter that is active in the absence or presence of oxygen, and an
      upstream repressor site (URS) which confers strong repression upon the promoter
      element when oxygen is present. The promoter element is located 5' to the URS in
      the ANB1 gene. Mixed oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to obtain
      nucleotide substitutions in the URS which partially or completely inactivated
      this sequence without affecting the promoter activity. The URS region has three
      short direct repeats which seem to be important for function, as nucleotide
      substitutions within the repeats and not outside them, inactivated URS function.
      A model to explain the negative regulation of the ANB1 gene by oxygen and heme is
      proposed.

PMID- 2656689
TI  - Cloning of the glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase gene from yeast.
      Pheromonal regulation of its transcription.
AB  - The activity of the amino sugar-synthesizing enzyme L-glutamine:D-fructose-6
      phosphate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.16) in haploid a cells of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae increases 1.7-fold after alpha factor addition. The gene (the gene
      should be called GFA1 for glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase) for
      the enzyme has been cloned by complementing the gcn1 mutation (Whelan, W. L., and
      Ballou, C. E. (1975) J. Bacteriol. 125, 1545-1557). Its expression is increased 2
      3 times within 15 min when the mating pheromone is added. The gene codes for a
      protein of 716 amino acids in length. It is highly homologous (64%) to the
      corresponding gene of Escherichia coli, except for a sequence coding for 83 amino
      acids (numbers 204-286), which is lacking in E. coli. The amino-terminal region
      of the coding sequence also shows a high degree of homology to the corresponding
      sequence of the E. coli and S. cerevisiae L-glutamine:phosphoribosylpyrophosphate
      amidotransferase. In the promotor region of the S. cerevisiae L-glutamine:D
      fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase gene the heptanucleotide "TGAAACA," shown
      to be required for pheromone control of transcription (Kronstad, J. W., Holly, J.
      A., and MacKay, V. L. (1987) Cell 50, 369-377), is present six times.

PMID- 2656690
TI  - Metalloendoprotease inhibitors which block the differentiation of L6 myoblasts
      inhibit insulin degradation by the endogenous insulin-degrading enzyme.
AB  - The cultured myoblasts of the rat skeletal muscle cell line L6 proliferate till
      confluency and then fuse to form myotubes and express a number of muscle-specific
      proteins. We had shown that this differentiation process is blocked by specific
      metalloendoprotease inhibitors. We now demonstrate that metabolizing L6 myoblasts
      and their cell extracts degrade insulin to acid-soluble fragments by a non
      lysosomal pathway. About 90% of the insulin-degrading activity residues in the
      cytoplasm and is due to a 110-kDa enzyme known as the insulin-degrading enzyme.
      The same metalloendoprotease inhibitors that block the differentiation of L6
      myoblasts also inhibit insulin degradation by the metabolizing L6 cells, their
      cell extracts, and the insulin-degrading enzyme immunoprecipitated from the
      cytosolic extracts by a monoclonal antibody. These results suggest that the
      insulin-degrading enzyme is the metalloendoprotease whose activity is required
      for the initiation of the morphological and biochemical differentiation of L6
      myoblasts.

PMID- 2656691
TI  - Thermal stability and folding of type IV procollagen and effect of peptidyl
      prolyl cis-trans-isomerase on the folding of the triple helix.
AB  - Intact, monomeric type IV procollagen was isolated from the medium of PF-HR9
      cells. Its stability was measured by optical rotatory dispersion, differential
      scanning calorimetry, and trypsin susceptibility of the partially unfolded
      molecules. At neutral pH, a complex transition between 35 and 42 degrees C and a
      smaller transition at 48 degrees C are observed by optical rotatory dispersion,
      using a heating rate of 10 degrees C/h. Reduction of the heating rate to 1.6
      degrees C/h resulted in a 1 degree C lowering of the apparent melting
      temperatures. A similar curve is observed in 10 mM acetic acid, with transitions
      about 2 degrees C lower. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed transitions
      at 36.0, 42.1, and 48.0 degrees C at neutral pH, with a total transition enthalpy
      of 17.1 kJ/mol tripeptide units. In 10 mM acetic acid, transitions at 35.6, 38.9,
      41.7, and 50.0 degrees C are observed. The transition enthalpy is 16.4 kJ/mol
      tripeptide units. The transition enthalpy is similar to values found for
      interstitial collagens. Results from trypsin digestion experiments are consistent
      with the stability found by optical methods and calorimetry. The rate and
      completeness of refolding after melting were measured. In neutral buffer, the
      initial rate was found to be 0.041 min-1, faster than the refolding rates
      observed with types pN III and III collagen. Peptidyl prolyl cis-trans-isomerase
      increased the refolding rate to 0.083 min-1, indicating that cis-trans
      isomerization is the rate-limiting step, despite the interruptions in the triple
      helix. Trypsin digestion experiments indicated that the refolding mechanism is
      similar in the presence and absence of the enzyme. Refolding was nearly complete
      in neutral buffer. In 10 mM acetic acid, folding was considerably slower and went
      to about 74% completion. In both solvents, the refolded material was only
      slightly less stable than the native material. Electron microscopy of partially
      refolded samples showed that most refolding started at the COOH terminus, but
      some was initiated at other sites.

PMID- 2656692
TI  - Molecular cloning of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC6 gene. Isolation,
      identification, and sequence analysis.
AB  - The CDC6 gene product is required for entering the S phase of the cell cycle in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been isolated on recombinant plasmids by
      selection for complementation of temperature-sensitive alleles with a yeast
      genomic library. The entire complementing activity is carried on a 1.8-kilobase
      chromosomal DNA fragment, as revealed by deletion mapping. Northern blotting
      shows that the size of the CDC6 mRNA is about 1.7 kilobases. A Southern blot of
      yeast chromosomes which were separated by the field inversion gel electrophoresis
      method indicates that the isolated DNA fragment is derived from chromosome X. The
      locus from which the clone was derived was marked by integration with a
      nutritional marker and found by meiotic mapping to cosegregate with CDC6. Thus,
      we conclude that we have isolated the authentic CDC6 gene. Nucleotide sequence
      analysis of the CDC6 gene has revealed an open reading frame that encodes a
      protein with Mr = 57,969. There are five potential Asn-X-(Ser/Thr) glycosylation
      sites and a highly conserved nucleotide-binding site in the CDC6 sequence.
      Although computer surveys indicate overall sequence homology between S.
      cerevisiae CDC6 protein and Saccharomyces pombe CDC10 START protein, they may not
      be functionally equivalent as evaluated by the complementation assay.

PMID- 2656693
TI  - Insulin regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is
      mediated at posttranscriptional and posttranslational levels.
AB  - Insulin is a major regulator of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. The molecular
      events associated with LPL regulation by insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were
      studied by determining LPL enzyme activity, mRNA levels, protein synthetic rate,
      and transcription run-off activity. Adipocytes treated with insulin (10(-6) M for
      48 h) had substantially higher LPL activity (mean difference compared to carrier
      treated cells 146%) with little difference in LPL mRNA levels (mean level 109% of
      control). Insulin regulation of LPL activity was dose-dependent but changes in
      LPL mRNA were not. Within 2 h of hormone addition, LPL activity was higher in
      insulin-treated versus carrier-treated adipocytes although their LPL mRNA levels
      were similar. In [35S]methionine pulse-labeled adipocytes, insulin decreased LPL
      protein synthetic rate measured by immunoprecipitation 42-48%, although increases
      (75-340%) in heparin-releasable LPL activity were detected in the same cells. In
      contrast, during differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to the adipocyte state, 5
      80-fold increases of heparin-releasable LPL activity were closely associated with
      similar (8-60-fold) increases in LPL mRNA levels. LPL synthetic rate was 16-fold
      greater, and LPL gene transcription initiation measured by transcriptional run
      off was 10-fold higher in adipocytes than in undifferentiated cells.
      Differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts increases transcription of the LPL gene
      leading to increased LPL mRNA, protein synthetic rate, and enzyme activity.
      Insulin regulation of LPL activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, however, is mediated
      entirely at posttranscriptional and posttranslational levels.

PMID- 2656694
TI  - Proteins that bind to the yeast rDNA enhancer.
AB  - The transcription of ribosomal RNA genes differs from that of other genes in
      several respects: the use of a specialized polymerase, the generally high level
      of transcription, and the tandem arrangement of the genes. In the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we identified a nucleotide sequence in the
      "nontranscribed" spacer region that had many characteristics of an enhancer of
      transcription (8). More recently, it has become apparent that transcription of
      this sequence occurs (9) and that it may also be involved in some aspect of
      termination of 35 S rRNA transcription. The likelihood that there are protein
      factors involved in termination and activation of transcription and that these
      may participate in the coupling of the transcription of adjacent rRNA genes led
      us to search for proteins that might bind to the enhancer. We have identified two
      such proteins, termed REB1 and REB2, that bind to the enhancer and protect
      specific sequences from attack by chemical and enzymatic reagents. It is
      noteworthy that there is a second REB1 binding site approximately 210 base pairs
      upstream of the origin of transcription of rRNA and that binding of REB1 to this
      site alters the conformation of DNA adjacent to the site of initiation.

PMID- 2656695
TI  - Expression of human thymidylate synthase in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A cDNA clone encoding thymidylate synthase (TS) has been isolated from a human T
      cell library and modified in the 5'-untranslated region to incorporate several
      unique cloning sites. The gene has been cloned as a cassette into several
      Escherichia coli expression vectors which did not provide detectable amounts of
      the enzyme. A successful approach used a constitutive E. coli expression vector
      developed for the enzyme from Lactobacillus casei. A 115-base pair 5'
      untranslated region from the L. casei TS which contains a ribosomal binding site
      and other regulatory sequences has been fused to the coding region of the human
      TS gene to provide a construct that is expressed in E. coli. The level of
      expression was further enhanced by altering the nucleotide sequence of the first
      90 base pairs to accommodate common codon use in E. coli. In our best expression
      system, catalytically active human TS is expressed to a level that represents
      about 1.6% of the total soluble protein. The recombinant human TS has been
      purified and characterized; except for the presence of an amino-terminal blocking
      group, the enzyme has physical and kinetic properties similar to the enzyme
      isolated from human cells.

PMID- 2656696
TI  - Stereochemical effects of L-tryptophan and its analogues on trp repressor's
      affinity for operator-DNA.
AB  - We have employed a filter binding assay to help study the mechanism by which
      bound L-tryptophan enables the Escherichia coli trp repressor to bind its
      operators. We have prepared variants of the trp repressor using structural
      analogues of the natural corepressor, L-tryptophan, and measured the affinity of
      these variants for a 20-base pair oligonucleotide duplex containing a symmetrical
      idealization of the trp operator from the E. coli trpEDCBA operon. By normalizing
      for each analogue's previously determined affinity for the trp aporepressor, we
      have estimated the extent to which each of the functional groups of bound L
      tryptophan contributes to operator affinity. We discuss the likely role of these
      functional groups in the context of the crystal structures of the inactive,
      unliganded trp aporepressor, the liganded, active repressor, an inactive
      pseudorepressor (Pseudorepressors are formed by analogues of L-tryptophan that
      bind at the tryptophan-binding site but form near isomorphs of the repressor that
      have poor affinity for operator-DNA.) and the trp repressor/operator complex. We
      find that the alpha-amino group and an unsubstituted amino (-NH-) nitrogen of L
      tryptophan's indole ring are essential for operator affinity. The former properly
      orients the corepressor and the latter interacts directly with the DNA. The alpha
      carboxyl group, on the other hand, greatly enhances but is not essential for
      operator binding. The alpha-carboxylate's role, which is dependent on the
      corepressor's orientation in the binding pocket, is apparently to position the
      guanidinium group of Arg-84 for favorable contacts with the operator's sugar
      phosphate backbone.

PMID- 2656697
TI  - Enzymatic regulation of the radical content of the small subunit of Escherichia
      coli ribonucleotide reductase involving reduction of its redox centers.
AB  - The active form of protein B2, a homodimeric subunit of Escherichia coli
      ribonucleotide reductase, contains a diferric iron center and a cationic free
      radical localized to tyrosine 122 of one of the two polypeptide chains.
      Hydroxyurea scavenges this radical but leaves the iron center intact. The
      resulting metB2 (earlier named B2/HU) is enzymatically inactive. Crude extracts
      of E. coli catalyze the interconversion of metB2 and B2. Radical introduction
      into metB2 requires a flavin reductase together with a second poorly defined
      protein fraction ("Fraction b") as well as dioxygen, NAD(P)H, and a flavin
      (Fontecave, M., Eliasson, R., and Reichard, P. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 12325
      12331). We now find that ferrous ions can substitute for Fraction b and that the
      diferric center of metB2 is reduced during anaerobic incubation of the system
      with reduced flavin and ferrous ions. Spectroscopic evidence and isotope
      experiments suggest an in situ reduction of the diferric to a diferrous center.
      Admission of oxygen then results in the instantaneous oxidation of tyrosine 122
      to the cationic radical coupled to the reformation of the diferric center, giving
      enzymatically active B2. These data suggest that reduced diferrous B2 is an
      intermediate between metB2 and B2 during radical introduction. In addition, we
      find that anaerobic incubation of B2 with reduced flavin results in the loss of
      the tyrosyl radical and the formation of metB2. This reaction occurs in the
      absence of Fraction b or ferrous ions. Our experiments reconstitute with defined
      reagents the interconversion between metB2 and B2 observed earlier in the E. coli
      extract. The flavin reductase system catalyzes the interconversion in both
      directions with dioxygen as the critical factor deciding whether activation or
      inactivation of ribonucleotide reductase occurs.

PMID- 2656698
TI  - The tetrameric form of ribosomal protein L7/L12 from Escherichia coli.
AB  - A tetrameric form of the ribosomal protein L7/L12 has been prepared and its
      structure studied by using hydrodynamic methods, photon correlation spectroscopy,
      and small angle x-ray scattering. The tetrameric nature of the protein
      preparation is confirmed by three independent determinations of its molecular
      weight, with analysis of accurate sedimentation equilibrium data giving the most
      reliable estimate. The species has a Stokes radius of 4.0 +/- 0.1 nm and an
      absolute frictional ratio of 1.7. Taken together, the hydrodynamic measurements
      suggest the possibility of a flat structure, and this is consistent with the x
      ray scattering results. The molecule has a radius of gyration of 3.6 +/- 0.05 nm
      and a maximum dimension of 11-12 nm. A geometric model consisting of four
      elongated monomers, arranged in a plane, is proposed.

PMID- 2656699
TI  - Rat insulin II gene expression by extraplacental membranes. A non-pancreatic
      source for fetal insulin.
AB  - Using cDNA cloning, ribonuclease protection, and Northern hybridization analysis,
      we showed that insulin gene expression occurs in yolk sac-derived fetal
      extraplacental membranes throughout the last half of rat fetal development. The
      mRNA product of the ancestral rat insulin II but not the duplicated rat insulin I
      gene was present in high copy number, and its abundance was regulated during
      development. Insulin mRNA was present in extraplacental membranes before
      pancreatic differentiation; membrane insulin mRNA content greatly exceeded that
      in pancreas until the last 2 days of gestation when content in each tissue became
      similar. Polyadenylation and intron splicing occurred at the same sites used in
      pancreas, but initiation of transcription occurred at multiple sites in
      membranes. Minces of membranes maintained in culture produced approximately 10 ng
      of radioimmunoassayable insulin/mg membrane protein/day. Over a 4-day period,
      approximately 50 times more insulin accumulated in medium than that present in
      membranes at the time of isolation. These studies indicate that yolk sac is a
      source for insulin during fetal development and that the mechanisms regulating
      insulin gene expression in this tissue differ from those in pancreatic beta
      cells.

PMID- 2656700
TI  - Identification of an adipocyte protein that binds to calmodulin in the absence of
      Ca2+ and is phosphorylated in response to insulin and tumor-promoting phorbol
      esters.
AB  - The present experiments were performed to identify calmodulin-binding proteins
      phosphorylated in response to insulin. Homogenates were prepared from 32Pi
      labeled rat adipocytes. After centrifugation, the supernatants (+/- Ca2+) were
      applied to calmodulin-Sepharose columns. The bound proteins were subjected to
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and phosphoproteins
      were visualized by autoradiography. Several proteins bound to the affinity resin
      in the presence of Ca2+, two bound +/- Ca2+, but only one protein, Mr = 170,000
      (denoted pp170), bound in the absence of Ca2+. Binding of pp170 was inhibited by
      adding calmodulin (micromolar) or Ca2+ (nanomolar) to extracts prior to affinity
      chromatography. Physiological concentrations of insulin rapidly and reversibly
      increased (by as much as 4-fold) 32P-labeled pp170. Phorbol 12-myristate 13
      acetate (PMA) increased (up to 3-fold) phosphorylation of pp170; but 4 alpha
      phorbol 12,13-didecanoate was without effect. Phosphorylation of pp170 in
      response to insulin and PMA occurred predominantly on serine residues; no
      phosphotyrosine was detected. Protein kinase C inhibitors attenuated PMA
      stimulated phosphorylation of pp170, but had no effect on insulin-stimulated
      phosphorylation. Peptide mapping indicated that pp170 was phosphorylated on
      multiple sites and that insulin stimulated the phosphorylation of at least one
      site not phosphorylated in response to PMA. The results indicate that insulin and
      PMA stimulate the phosphorylation of pp170 via different pathways, the latter
      presumably via protein kinase C.

PMID- 2656701
TI  - Role of enzyme-bound 5,10-methenyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamate in catalysis by
      Escherichia coli DNA photolyase.
AB  - DNA photolyase catalyzes the photoreversal of pyrimidine dimers. The enzymes from
      Escherichia coli and yeast contain a flavin chromophore and a folate cofactor,
      5,10-methenyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamate. E. coli DNA photolyase contains
      about 0.3 mol of folate/mol flavin, whereas the yeast photolyase contains the
      full complement of folate. E. coli DNA photolyase is reconstituted to a full
      complement of the folate by addition of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate to cell
      lysates or purified enzyme samples. The reconstituted enzyme displays a higher
      photolytic cross section under limiting light. Treatment of photolyase with
      sodium borohydride or repeated camera flashing results in the disappearance of
      the absorption band at 384 nm and is correlated with the formation of modified
      products from the enzyme-bound 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate. Photolyase modified
      in this manner has a decreased photolytic cross section under limiting light.
      Borohydride reduction results in the formation of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate
      and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, both of which are released from the enzyme.
      Repeated camera flashing results in photodecomposition of the enzyme-bound 5,10
      methenyltetrahydrofolate and release of the decomposition products. Finally, it
      is observed that photolyase binds 10-formyltetrahydrofolate and appears to
      cyclize it to form the 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate chromophore.

PMID- 2656702
TI  - Preliminary crystallographic investigations of glycinamide ribonucleotide
      transformylase.
AB  - Crystals of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase have been grown from 0.4 to
      1 M ammonium sulfate, 0.6 to 1 M sodium-potassium phosphate, or 0.65 to 1 M
      citrate in the pH range 4.5-7.0. The single crystals display variable morphology
      with varying pH. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group C222 with
      cell dimensions a = 141.4 A, b = 98.2 A, c = 103.5 A. Co-crystals have also been
      obtained in the presence of the inhibitor 5,8-dideazafolate (KI = 18 microM)
      under similar crystallization conditions. Crystals of a chemically modified
      enzyme, iodinated at Cys-21, were grown under similar conditions within the pH
      range 6.5-7.0. These crystals are isomorphous with the unmodified enzyme.
      Crystals suitable for high resolution (less than 2.5 A) x-ray diffraction studies
      have been obtained for each of the above.

PMID- 2656703
TI  - DNA-binding properties of the Hin recombinase.
AB  - The recombinase of the Salmonella inversion system, Hin, mediates site-specific
      recombination between two 26 base pairs (bp) inverted repeat sequences (hixL and
      hixR) which flank a 993-bp DNA segment. We have investigated Hin recognition of,
      and association with, the hix recombination sites. Nuclease and chemical
      protection studies with linear and supercoiled DNA substrates demonstrate that
      Hin initially binds hixL and hixR independently of binding of the other protein
      components of the inversion system, Fis and HU. DNA-binding assays with mutant
      recombination sites and methylation interference experiments indicate that the
      critical bases for Hin recognition of its DNA-binding site are within an 8-bp
      sequence covering adjacent major and minor grooves of the DNA helix in each of
      the 12-bp half-sites of the hix recombination sites. The nature of the Hin-hix
      complexes in these binding studies and the results of gel filtration assays with
      purified Hin suggests that Hin binds the recombination sites as a dimer. The
      implications of the nature of the interactions of Hin with its recombination
      sites on the mechanism of the recombination reaction and on the novel features of
      DNA recognition by Hin are discussed.

PMID- 2656704
TI  - Identification of the DNA-binding domain of the OmpR protein required for
      transcriptional activation of the ompF and ompC genes of Escherichia coli by in
      vivo DNA footprinting.
AB  - Expression of the ompF and ompC genes of Escherichia coli requires the OmpR
      protein for transcriptional activation. In vivo binding of the OmpR protein to
      the ompF and ompC promoter regions was observed using an in vivo dimethyl sulfate
      DNA footprinting technique. Two different sequence motifs were found to be
      protected by OmpR in both the ompF and ompC promoter regions. This technique was
      further used to localize the DNA-binding domain of OmpR to be within the C
      terminal 117 amino acid residues. Binding of the C-terminal portion OmpR to the
      ompF and ompC promoter regions, however, did not result in activation of
      transcription. Our results, together with sequence homologies between OmpR and
      other regulatory proteins, suggests that OmpR has separable domain structures:
      the C-terminal portion for binding-specific DNA sequences and the N-terminal
      portion for interacting with RNA polymerase and/or other transcription factors.

PMID- 2656705
TI  - Purification and properties of deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase from recombinant
      Escherichia coli and its comparison with the native enzyme purified from
      Streptomyces clavuligerus.
AB  - A putatively rate-limiting synthase (expandase) of Streptomyces clavuligerus was
      stabilized in vitro and purified 46-fold from cell-free extracts; a major
      enriched protein with a Mr of 35,000 was further purified by electrophoretic
      elution. Based on a 22-residue amino-terminal sequence of the protein, the
      synthase gene of S. clavuligerus was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli
      (Kovacevic, S., Weigel, B.J., Tobin, M.B., Ingolia, T.D., and Miller, J. R.
      (1989) J. Bacteriol. 171, 754-760). The synthase protein was detected mainly from
      granules of recombinant E. coli. The recombinant synthase was solubilized from
      the granules by urea, and for the first time a highly active synthase was
      purified to near homogeneity. The synthase was a monomer with a Mr of 34,600 and
      exhibited two isoelectric points of 6.1 and 5.3. Its catalytic activity required
      alpha-ketoglutarate, Fe2+, and O2, was stimulated by dithiothreitol or ascorbate
      but not by ATP, and was optimal at pH 7.0 in 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1
      piperazineethanesulfonic acid buffer and at 36 degrees C. The Fe2+ requirement
      was specific, and at least one sulfhydryl group in the purified enzyme was
      apparently essential for the ring expansion. The Km values of the enzyme for
      penicillin N and alpha-ketoglutarate were 29 and 18 microM, respectively, and the
      Ka for Fe2+ was 8 microM. The recombinant synthase was indistinguishable from the
      native synthase of S. clavuligerus by those biochemical properties. In addition
      to the enzymic ring expansion of penicillin N to deacetoxycephalosporin C, the
      recombinant synthase catalyzed a novel hydroxylation of 3
      exomethylenecephalosporin C to deacetylcephalosporin C.

PMID- 2656706
TI  - K562 leukemia cells transfected with the human c-fes gene acquire the ability to
      undergo myeloid differentiation.
AB  - Expression of the proto-oncogene p93c-fes and its associated tyrosine kinase
      activity is marked in mature granulocytes, monocytes, differentiated HL-60
      leukemia cells, and leukemia cell lines KG-1, THP-1, HEL, and U-937, which can be
      induced to differentiate along the granulocyte/monocyte pathway. Conversely, p93
      c-fes expression is absent in the K562 cell line, which is resistant to myeloid
      differentiation. Upon transfection and clonal selection of K562 cells using a
      mammalian expression vector containing the 13-kilobase pair c-fes gene, c-fes
      mRNA was transcribed and p93-c-fes tyrosine activity kinase was expressed. Clones
      expressing c-fes underwent myeloid differentiation as assessed by the appearance
      of phagocytic activity, Fc receptors, nitro blue tetrazolium reduction, Mac-1
      immunofluorescence, and lysozyme production. These results indicate that the
      expression of the c-fes protooncogene and its associated tyrosine kinase activity
      plays a major role in the initiation of myeloid differentiation.

PMID- 2656707
TI  - Suramin inhibits cell growth and glycolytic activity and triggers differentiation
      of human colic adenocarcinoma cell clone HT29-D4.
AB  - Suramin, a drug used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis
      inhibits growth factor-induced mitogenesis. In the present report, we show that
      suramin inhibits the growth of human colic adenocarcinoma cells HT29-D4 and
      rapidly induces their differentiation into enterocyte-like cells. As soon as 6
      days after the addition of suramin (100 micrograms/ml) in the culture medium, the
      cells form a polarized monolayer of regular columnar cells with occluding
      junctions delimiting two distinct membrane domains (apical and basolateral) and
      an apical brush-border expressing alkaline phosphatase and sucrase-isomaltase.
      The process of differentiation is fully reversible when the drug is removed from
      the culture medium. We also show that suramin inhibits both glucose consumption
      and lactate production so that the glycolytic activity of the treated cells is
      lowered by 42%. This observation would shed some light on the complex mechanisms
      involved during the induction of HT29 cell differentiation when glucose is
      removed from the culture medium.

PMID- 2656708
TI  - Ancient DNA and the polymerase chain reaction. The emerging field of molecular
      archaeology.

PMID- 2656709
TI  - Glycoprotein Ib and glycoprotein IX in human platelets are acylated with palmitic
      acid through thioester linkages.
AB  - The glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX complex is a major component of the platelet membrane
      which mediates adhesion of platelets to exposed subendothelium. GP Ib is a
      heterodimer with a large alpha chain (Mr = 135,000-145,000) and small beta chain
      (Mr = 22,000-27,000) linked by a disulfide bond(s). GP Ib is bound in a
      noncovalent 1:1 complex with GP IX (Mr = 17,000-22,000). We labeled isolated
      human platelets with [3H] palmitate or surface-labeled platelet membrane
      glycoproteins with sodium periodate-[3H]sodium borohydride and immunoprecipitated
      the GP Ib-IX complex from radiolabeled platelet lysates using a mouse monoclonal
      antibody (SZ.1) which recognizes the intact complex. Sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography of immunoprecipitates from
      [3H]palmitate-labeled platelets revealed two radiolabeled bands under reducing
      conditions at 24 and 19 kDa and two bands under nonreducing conditions at 170 and
      19 kDa. As demonstrated by the parallel analysis of immunoprecipitates from
      periodate-[3H]sodium borohydride-labeled platelets, the [3H]palmitate-labeled
      bands obtained under reducing conditions corresponded to GP Ib beta and GP IX and
      the ones obtained under nonreducing conditions to intact GP Ib and GP IX,
      respectively. Using alkaline methanolysis followed by high pressure liquid
      chromatography analysis of the methanolysis products, we demonstrated that the
      radioactivity associated with the GP Ib-IX complex from [3H]palmitate-labeled
      platelets was, in fact, covalently bound [3H]palmitate in ester linkage to
      protein. The protein-fatty acid linkage was also disrupted by hydroxylamine at
      neutral pH. Thus, this study demonstrates that GP Ib beta and GP IX in human
      platelets are both fatty acid-acylated with palmitate through thioester linkages.

PMID- 2656710
TI  - Evidence for the presence of glucose cycling in pancreatic islets of the ob/ob
      mouse.
AB  - Pancreatic islets from ob/ob mice incubated with 3H2O and 5.5 mM glucose formed
      3H-labeled glucose, 74 picoatoms incorporated/islet/h. Sixty-three percent of the
      3H was bound to carbon 2 of the glucose. The amount of glucose-6-P
      dephosphorylated to glucose, determined from this incorporation, was 48
      pmol/islet/h. Glucose utilization, measured by the formation of 3H2O from [5
      3H]glucose, was 72 pmol/islet/h. The amount of glucose dephosphorylated was then
      about 40% of that phosphorylated. Thus, glucose-6-P is dephosphorylated to
      glucose to a significant extent by intact islets in vitro and presumably by the
      beta cells of the islets. The extent of this glucose cycling, i.e. glucose---
      glucose-6-P----glucose, may play a role in determining the extent of glucose
      induced insulin secretion.

PMID- 2656711
TI  - Canavanine incorporation into the antibacterial proteins of the fly, Phormia
      terranovae (Diptera), and its effect on biological activity.
AB  - In response to microbial infection or mechanical injury, larvae of the fly,
      Phormia terranovae (Diptera), can induce de novo production of a group of
      antibacterial proteins including: peak I protein, diptericin A, diptericin B,
      diptericin C, and peak V protein. Administration of L-canavanine at the time of
      mechanical injury results in the incorporation of this arginine antagonist into
      these proteins. Canavanine replacement for arginine causes a total loss of
      detectable antibacterial activity for diptericin B and diptericin C, whereas
      diptericin A and peak V protein are severely inhibited. This loss in biological
      activity occurs in spite of the fact that canavanine stimulates induced protein
      synthesis. Analysis of the hydrolysate of diptericin A reveals that one-third of
      the 3 arginyl residues are replaced by canavanine. This investigation provides
      the first evidence that canavanine incorporation into a protein can impair its
      function.

PMID- 2656712
TI  - Degradation of structurally characterized proteins injected into HeLa cells.
      Comparison with their stability in rabbit reticulocyte lysate.
AB  - We recently reported (Rogers, S. W., and Rechsteiner, M. (1988) J. Biol. Chem.
      263, 19833-19842) the metabolic stabilities of 35 structurally characterized
      proteins following their injection into HeLa cells. In this study 22 proteins
      from that set were radioiodinated, and their susceptibilities to proteolysis were
      measured in reticulocyte lysate. Degradation rates varied from less than 1% per h
      to almost 25% per h. ATP stimulated the degradation of 21 of the proteins with
      nucleotide enhancement typically in the range 2- to 3-fold. When structural
      features of the 22 proteins were compared with their degradation rates in lysate,
      no correlation was found with respect to charge, size, thermal stability, or N
      terminal acylation. Furthermore, relative rates of proteolysis in lysate
      correlated only marginally with the metabolic stabilities of the 22 proteins as
      measured 24-48 h after injection into HeLa cells. Degradation rates for the 22
      proteins in lysate did, however, show a strong correlation with their rates of
      turnover immediately after injection into the human cells. Since the enhanced
      proteolysis observed for many proteins soon after injection is thought to reflect
      disruption of HeLa cytoskeletal assemblies, this correlation provides further
      evidence that diffusibility or location can affect intracellular protein
      stability.

PMID- 2656713
TI  - The consequences of introducing an autophosphorylation site into the type I
      regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - The type I and type II regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase can
      be distinguished by autophosphorylation. The type II regulatory subunits have an
      autophosphorylation site at a proteolytically sensitive hinge region, while the
      type I regulatory subunits have a pseudophosphorylation site. Only holoenzyme
      formed with type I regulatory subunits has a high affinity binding site for
      MgATP. In order to determine the functional consequences of regulatory subunit
      phosphorylation on interaction with the catalytic subunit, an autophosphorylation
      site was introduced into the type I regulatory subunit using recombinant DNA
      techniques. When Ala97 at the hinge region of the type I regulatory subunit was
      replaced with Ser, the regulatory subunit became a good substrate for the
      catalytic subunit. Stoichiometric phosphorylation occurred exclusively at Ser97.
      Radioactivity was incorporated primarily into the recombinant regulatory subunit
      when catalytic subunit and [gamma-32P]ATP were added to the total bacterial
      extract. Phosphorylation of the mutant regulatory subunit also occurred readily
      following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrophoretic transfer to
      nitrocellulose. Phosphorylation occurred as an intramolecular event in the
      absence of cAMP indicating that the hinge region of the regulatory subunit
      occupies the substrate recognition site of the catalytic subunit in the
      holoenzyme complex. Holoenzyme formed with both the wild type and mutant
      regulatory subunits was susceptible to dissociation in the presence of high salt;
      however, only the native holoenzyme was stabilized by MgATP. In contrast to the
      wild type holoenzyme, the affinity of the mutant holoenzyme for cAMP was not
      reduced in the presence of MgATP. Holoenzyme formation also was not facilitated
      by MgATP.

PMID- 2656714
TI  - Affinity labeling of a glutamyl peptide in the coenzyme binding site of NADP+
      specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Salmonella typhimurium by 2-[(4-bromo-2,3
      dioxobutyl)thio]-1,N6-ethenoadenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate.
AB  - NADP+-specific glutamate dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium, cloned and
      expressed in Escherichia coli, has been purified to homogeneity. The nucleotide
      sequence of S. typhimurium gdhA was determined and the amino acid sequence
      derived. The nucleotide analogue 2-[(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio]-1,N6
      ethenoadenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate (2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'-DP) reacts
      irreversibly with the enzyme to yield a partially inactive enzyme. After about
      60% loss of activity, no further inactivation is observed. The rate of
      inactivation exhibits a nonlinear dependence on 2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'-DP
      concentration with kmax = 0.160 min-1 and KI = 300 microM. Reaction of 200 microM
      2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'-DP with glutamate dehydrogenase for 120 min results in
      the incorporation of 0.94 mol of reagent/mol of enzyme subunit. The coenzymes,
      NADPH and NADP+, completely protect the enzyme against inactivation by the
      reagent and decrease the reagent incorporation from 0.94 to 0.5 mol of
      reagent/mol enzyme subunit, while the substrate alpha-ketoglutarate offers only
      partial protection. These results indicate that 2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'-DP
      functions as an affinity label of the coenzyme binding site and that specific
      reaction occurs at only about 0.5 sites/enzyme subunit or 3 sites/hexamer.
      Glutamate dehydrogenase modified with 200 microM 2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'-DP in
      the absence and presence of coenzyme was reduced with NaB3H4, carboxymethylated,
      and digested with trypsin. Labeled peptides were purified by high performance
      liquid chromatography and characterized by gas phase sequencing. Two peptides
      modified by the reagent were isolated and identified as follows: Phe-Cys(CM)-Gln
      Ala-Leu-Met-Thr-Glu-Leu-Tyr-Arg and Leu-Cys(CM)-Glu-Ile-Lys. These two peptides
      were located within the derived amino acid sequence as residues 146-156 and 282
      286. In the presence of NADPH, which completely prevents inactivation, only
      peptide 146-156 was labeled. This result indicates that modification of the
      pentapeptide causes loss of activity. Glutamate 284 in this peptide is the
      probable reaction target and is located within the coenzyme binding site.

PMID- 2656715
TI  - The regulation by insulin of glucose transporter gene expression in 3T3
      adipocytes.
AB  - The effect of insulin on the expression of the gene encoding the rat brain
      glucose transporter (GT) was studied in 3T3 F442A murine adipocytes.
      Differentiation from fibroblasts into adipocytes did not alter the basal
      expression of this gene, but did confer on the cells the ability to accumulate GT
      mRNA in response to insulin. Concentrations of the hormone less than 40 nM were
      capable of stimulating about a 5-fold increase in GT mRNA in adipocytes, whereas
      insulin was without effect in fibroblasts. The stimulation in adipocytes by
      insulin was maximal 4 h after the addition of the hormone and was preceded by a 4
      6-fold augmentation in the transcription of the GT gene. In NIH/3T3 HIR3.5 cells,
      which express 3 X 10(6) insulin receptors per cell due to the introduction of the
      receptor cDNA by DNA-mediated gene transfer (Whittaker, J., Okamoto, A., Thyss,
      R., Bell, G.I., Steiner, D.F., and Hofmann, C. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
      U.S.A. 84, 5237-5241), insulin increased GT mRNA levels at the same
      concentrations and to the same extent as in adipocytes. The augmentation in GT
      gene expression in HIR3.5 cells occurred 3-4 h of addition of insulin correlated
      with a 3-4-fold increase in glucose transport in these cells. These data
      demonstrate that: 1) the differentiation from fibroblasts to adipocytes is
      accompanied by the acquisition of an insulin-stimulated mechanism for the
      regulation of GT gene expression. 2) In fibroblasts, the limiting factor in the
      pathway regulating GT mRNA levels by insulin is the low number of receptors,
      since their expression by gene transfer in the absence of differentiation is
      sufficient to confer sensitivity to insulin.

PMID- 2656717
TI  - Patent literature as a source of information for research and development: an
      investigation on calcium phosphate-containing biomaterials, Part I.
AB  - The usefulness of patent literature for research and development is mostly
      unknown. Therefore a specific patent retrieval has been carried out concerning
      calcium phosphate-containing biomaterials. This research field includes chemical,
      medical, and engineering problems and is of importance to the development of
      bioactive materials for bone replacement. The preliminary work includes
      information on the characteristics and the availability of patent literature as
      well as about patent classification systems according to which the documents are
      filed in patent collections. By reading the non-patent literature searching
      questions can be formulated. The proper patent retrieval starts with the study of
      secondary literature especially that in Chemical Abstracts, which report on
      patents since 1907. The structure of Chemical Abstracts, their indexes and
      sections help to find relevant patents of chemical or chemical engineering
      contents fast and inspire to read patents of bordering areas. This retrieval from
      Chemical Abstracts led to 171 patents disclosed 1975-1985 and to 95 patents
      disclosed in 1986; the latter are listed in a table. The contents of the
      abstracts inform on the research activity and help to reduce time and effort for
      a continuation of the retrieval in a patent collections or database.

PMID- 2656716
TI  - Different requirements for protein kinase C activation and Ca2+-independent
      insulin secretion in response to guanine nucleotides. Endogenously generated
      diacylglycerol requires elevated Ca2+ for kinase C insertion into membranes.
AB  - Electrically permeabilized RINm5F cells were used to assess the factors required
      for activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and insulin secretion. PKC was activated
      either by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or by the generation of
      endogenous diacylglycerol in response to the nonhydrolyzable guanine nucleotide
      analog guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S). As shown previously, both
      PMA and GTP gamma S elicit Ca2+-independent insulin secretion. This effect was
      mimicked by guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) but not by guanosine 5'-O-(3
      fluorotriphosphate) and guanosine 5'-O-(3-phenyltriphosphate) possessing only one
      negative charge in the gamma-phosphate group. The action of PMA was mediated by
      PKC, since the agent caused both phosphorylation of specific protein substrates
      and association of the enzyme with cellular membranes. This translocation was
      independent of the Ca2+ concentration employed. In contrast, GTP gamma S only
      promoted association of PKC with membranes at 10(-6) and 10(-5) M Ca2+ and failed
      to alter significantly protein phosphorylation in the absence of Ca2+. Neither
      Gpp(NH)p, which stimulates insulin release, nor the other two GTP analogs,
      increased the proportion of PKC associated with membranes. To verify that the
      Ca2+-dependent effect of GTP gamma S on PKC is due to activation of phospholipase
      C, we measured the generation of diacylglycerol. GTP gamma S indeed stimulated
      diacylglycerol production in the leaky cells by about 50% at Ca2+ concentrations
      between 10(-7) and 10(-5) M, an effect which was almost abolished in the absence
      of Ca2+. Thus, at 10(-7) M Ca2+, the concentration found in resting intact cells,
      the generated diacylglycerol was not sufficient to cause PKC insertion into the
      membrane, demonstrating that both elevated Ca2+ and diacylglycerol are necessary
      for translocation to occur. It is concluded that while PKC activation by PMA
      elicits Ca2+-independent insulin secretion, the kinase seems not to mediate the
      stimulatory action of GTP analogs in the absence of Ca2+.

PMID- 2656718
TI  - The role of expanding intramedullary rods in osteogenesis imperfecta.
AB  - We report the results of using 83 expanding intramedullary rods in 24 children
      with osteogenesis imperfecta after a mean follow-up of five years three months.
      In all, 62% of the rods have expanded after one primary operation. Thirty-four
      additional operations were necessary; 11 for the correction of rotation or
      angulation deformities and 23 for revision of the rod or T-piece. All these
      revisions were successful. Complications were more frequent in children who
      required very small rods. Problems with Bailey-Dubow rods led to the development
      of the Sheffield rod system; 17 bones treated with these rods are included in the
      series. Before surgery only eight of the 24 children were able to walk but at
      review 20 children were walking, 15 without walking aids. Elongating
      intramedullary rods should be available to all children with osteogenesis
      imperfecta as they improve walking capability, reduce the number of fractures,
      prevent deformity and allow integration of the child into society.

PMID- 2656719
TI  - Total hip replacement in the renal transplant recipient.
AB  - Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a severely disabling complication of steroid
      immunosuppression in renal transplant patients. We report 31 total hip
      arthroplasties in 21 renal transplant recipients with an average follow-up of six
      years. There were no problems with wound healing or infection despite full
      immunosuppression. Four hips developed symptomatic loosening but the other
      results were excellent, comparing well with other methods of treatment for
      osteonecrosis. Ten patients died during the follow-up period. Total hip
      replacement is a safe and effective treatment for transplant recipients and, in
      view of their limited life expectancy, should be considered at an early stage in
      their treatment.

PMID- 2656720
TI  - Acetabular reconstruction with a bipolar prosthesis. Five year results of the
      Dautry technique.
AB  - We report the results of acetabular reconstruction using a bipolar prosthesis
      bearing on cancellous bone graft in 37 patients after a minimum of five years.
      There was a satisfactory clinical outcome in 58% when assessed by pain, range of
      movement and stability, with greater improvement in the pain score than of the
      other parameters. Radiological migration of the prosthesis was a frequent finding
      although this did not always correlate with symptoms. Better results were
      obtained in cases of primary or secondary protrusio acetabuli than after the
      revision of previous total arthroplasties.

PMID- 2656721
TI  - Shortwave ultraviolet radiation in operating rooms.
AB  - We have evaluated the effect of shortwave ultraviolet radiation on bacterial
      levels in an operating theatre, both in experimental conditions and during 20 hip
      operations. When compared with the use of sham blue light, there was a
      significant reduction in the number of bacteria. The reduced level was comparable
      with that suggested for ultraclean air ventilation systems.

PMID- 2656722
TI  - The aetiology of multiple loose bodies. Snow storm knee.
AB  - We report four patients who showed hundreds of brilliant white loose bodies at
      arthroscopy of the knee after a short history of pain and crepitus. Histological,
      historical and clinical evidence is presented which indicates that the aetiology
      of this condition is the culture of chondrocytes in synovial fluid. It is
      suggested that reversal of the usually accepted order of events in synovial
      osteochondromatosis could provide a better and unified explanation for both that
      condition and multiple loose bodies. The term 'snow storm knee' is proposed to
      describe the dramatic picture seen at arthroscopy.

PMID- 2656723
TI  - Estimation of amputation level with a laser Doppler flowmeter.
AB  - Leg amputation levels were decided in 24 patients suffering from atherosclerosis,
      using the conventional techniques of segmental blood pressure and radioisotope
      skin clearance. The skin microcirculation was measured and recorded before
      operation with a laser doppler flowmeter. A high correlation was found between
      the successful amputation levels and the maximal blood perfusion of the skin
      measured in this way.

PMID- 2656724
TI  - Biomechanical basis of transfers for shoulder paralysis.
AB  - Elevation of the scapulohumeral joint can be executed by two different and
      distinct systems, both capable of separately performing this movement. The
      deltoid muscle is composed of several parts contracting independently, sometimes
      antagonistically between them and providing elevation in different directions.
      Parts two and three (Fick) of the deltoid are essential because they are lateral
      to the centers of rotation and work in the plane of the scapula. The
      supraspinatus and adjacent muscle system can produce compensatory movements with
      full elevation in the plane of the scapula. Lateral rotation is absolutely
      necessary for abduction in the coronal plane. Rotatory muscles inserted on the
      tuberosities of the proximal part of the humerus are more efficient than those
      inserted on the humeral diaphysis. Vertical and horizontal stabilization of the
      humeral head in the glenoid fossa is the result of a complex balance between
      several muscles and passive factors. Trapezius and serratus anterior are
      essential for the rotation of the scapula around its centers of rotation.

PMID- 2656725
TI  - Elbow flexion palsy after traumatic lesions of the brachial plexus in adults.
AB  - The development of direct repair of traumatic injuries of the brachial plexus has
      completely transformed the treatment of these severe lesions. Treatment must be
      an integrated procedure combining direct nerve surgery and muscle transfers, if
      needed. This article presents the results of a study of 315 surgically treated
      supraclavicular lesions.

PMID- 2656726
TI  - Tendon transfers for treatment of the paralyzed hand following brachial plexus
      injury.
AB  - The correction of functional deficits of the hand after a brachial plexus lesion
      is difficult; treatment should be provided by a well-knit team of surgeons and
      therapists. The patient should be fully aware of the limitations of surgical
      treatment before surgery, and should be entrusted to the care of a physical
      therapist during the critical period of nerve regeneration after initial surgical
      treatment to ensure optimal results. This article presents therapeutic
      possibilities and discusses specific problems of tendon transfers in brachial
      plexus palsy.

PMID- 2656727
TI  - Evaluation and treatment of the upper extremity in the stroke patient.
AB  - Selected surgical procedures to correct specific deformities of the upper
      extremity in the stroke patient related to muscle imbalance, spasticity,
      contracture, and joint instability as seen in spastic hemiplegia are described.
      The postoperative rehabilitation is also discussed with regard to functional and
      anatomic disabilities, considering first the patient, then the extremity, and
      finally, the hand.

PMID- 2656728
TI  - Orthotics and rehabilitation after extensive upper limb paralysis.
AB  - The author reviews the progress that has been made in the development of
      orthotics and rehabilitation techniques for patients with extensive paralysis of
      the upper limb after injury and disease. Splint components and their variations
      are described with regard to patients with less extensive or recovering lesions.

PMID- 2656729
TI  - Local anaesthesia of the skin.
AB  - Local anaesthesia of intact skin is of growing importance given the increased use
      of minor surgical procedures on an out-patient basis. Specific pain receptors
      (nociceptors) are responsible for sensing cutaneous pain. Mechanisms of pain
      perception and the role of local anaesthetics in reversibly blocking nociception
      are considered. Effective routes of administration are dermal infiltration or,
      more recently, anaesthesia by topical application of specifically formulated
      preparations which promote percutaneous absorption of the drug (percutaneous
      local anaesthesia). Although many other topical anaesthetic products are also
      available these do not permit the anaesthetic to reach the nociceptors underlying
      the stratum corneum and are therefore only suitable for mucosal anaesthesia or
      for application to damaged skin. The chemical characteristics of local
      anaesthesia drugs are identified. Those agents suitable for cutaneous anaesthesia
      are reviewed with respect to potency, onset and duration of anaesthesia and
      possible systemic or local adverse reactions.

PMID- 2656730
TI  - The pharmaceutical industry and legislation in Egypt--historical perspectives and
      current practice.

PMID- 2656731
TI  - Therapeutic progress in intensive care--rational use of vasoactive and inotropic
      drugs in the intensive care unit.
AB  - Vasoactive (vasodilating and vasoconstricting) and inotropic drugs are widely
      used in intensive therapy. Major progress in their use in recent years has been
      due to a greater understanding of the physiological derangements of the
      critically ill. This progress is the consequence of improved standards of
      haemodynamic monitoring in the intensive therapy unit (ITU). In addition the
      introduction of accurate and reliable syringe pumps, to administer small volumes
      of fluid accurately, has enabled the easy use of drugs to manipulate
      physiological parameters. An understanding of the basic anatomy and physiology of
      the cardiovascular system (CVS) is essential to an understanding of the methods
      used for monitoring and measurement (1). Logical therapeutic interventions follow
      from consideration of these measured and derived parameters.

PMID- 2656732
TI  - Secretion of multiple forms of human luteinizing hormone by cultured fetal human
      pituitary cells.
AB  - Previous studies of the heterogeneity of human LH have employed LH stored within
      the pituitary gland. In this study we characterized LH secreted by dispersed
      fetal human pituitary cells. Chromatofocusing across a pH 9-6 gradient of the
      medium in which fetal pituitary cells had been grown yielded at least eight
      distinct peaks of LH immunoreactivity. The more basic LH peaks bound more
      strongly to Concanavalin-A-Sepharose than did the more acidic ones, suggesting
      that the more basic LH molecules contain more hybrid oligosaccharides, in which
      one antenna terminates in a mannose, and that the more acidic human LH molecules
      contain more complex oligosaccharides, in which both antennae terminate in
      negatively charged groups, sialic acid and/or N-acetylgalactosamine-sulfate. The
      biological/immunological activity (B/I) ratios of the secreted LH varied directly
      and dramatically with the pI, from 8.1 at pI 8.4 to 1.1 at pI 6.3. Secreted LH,
      therefore, exhibits similar heterogeneity of glycosylated forms as does stored
      LH, raising the possibility that the hormones that control overall LH secretion
      could affect the secretion of some isohormones more than others and thereby
      influence LH biological activity to a degree not predicted by measuring total LH
      immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2656733
TI  - Circulating amino acids and pancreatic endocrine function after ingestion of a
      protein-rich meal in obese subjects.
AB  - We measured plasma amino acid together with insulin, glucagon, pancreatic
      polypeptide (PP), and glucose concentrations after the ingestion of a protein
      meal in lean and obese subjects. The basal plasma amino acid levels were similar
      in both groups. The postprandial increase in the plasma amino acid levels in the
      obese subjects was only 15-50% of that in the lean subjects. The mean basal and
      peak postprandial plasma insulin levels were significantly higher (72 and 165
      pmol/L) in the obese group than in the lean group (36 and 115 pmol/L; P less than
      0.05-0.01). The postprandial rise in plasma glucagon was largely attenuated in
      the obese subjects, and there was no difference in plasma PP and glucose levels
      in the 2 groups. To further evaluate the role of circulating amino acids on
      pancreatic endocrine function in obese and lean subjects, an amino acid mixture
      consisting of 15 amino acids was infused iv. During the infusion the plasma amino
      acid levels were comparable in both groups. Plasma insulin rose by 36 +/- 7 (+/-
      SE) pmol/L (5 +/- 1 microU/mL) in the lean and 129 +/- 22 pmol/L (18 +/- 3
      microU/mL) in the obese subjects, whereas plasma glucagon, PP, and glucose levels
      were similar in both groups. In view of the 3.6-fold greater insulin responses in
      the obese subjects, it is likely that circulating amino acids contribute to their
      hyperinsulinemia in spite of the reduced postprandial rise of amino acids in this
      group (50-85%). Thus, under physiological conditions amino acids have to be
      considered as an important regulatory component of postprandial insulin release
      in obese subjects.

PMID- 2656734
TI  - Influence of duration of hypoglycemia on the hormonal counterregulatory response
      in normal subjects.
AB  - Glucagon and epinephrine are the most important short term glucose
      counterregulatory hormones. The epinephrine response in patients with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus is related to the level of glycemic control, but
      little is known about the factors influencing counterregulation in normal
      subjects. We, therefore, conducted hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp studies to
      examine the counterregulatory response to recurrent and prolonged mild
      hypoglycemia in normal women. Blood glucose was clamped for 20 min at 3.5 mmol/L.
      Thereafter, the subjects had their blood glucose maintained at 2.8 mmol/L for 90
      min and on another occasion lowered to 2.8 mmol/L and raised to 3.5 mmol/L twice
      during the 90-min period. Continuous hypoglycemia produced augmented plasma
      glucagon, cortisol, and pancreatic polypeptide responses (all P less than 0.05)
      compared to these responses to recurrent hypoglycemia. Plasma GH increased, but
      the magnitude of the response was not altered by the duration of hypoglycemia.
      During the recurrent hypoglycemia study plasma epinephrine levels rose and fell
      in parallel with the fluctuations in blood glucose. The mean peak increase was
      similar [1.37 +/- 0.25 (+/- SE) nmol/L] to that during the continuous study (1.76
      +/- 0.23 nmol/L). There was no change in plasma glucagon levels in response to
      hypoglycemia of less than 15-min duration. We conclude that 1) the duration of
      hypoglycemia influences the counterregulatory response, and 2) epinephrine
      release is under precise control and responds rapidly to fluctuations in blood
      glucose.

PMID- 2656735
TI  - Interleukin-1 production and action in thyroid tissue.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) on
      human thyroid epithelial cells (thyrocytes) and whether thyrocytes produce IL-1.
      The supernatants of cultured peripheral blood monocytes stimulated with
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased [3H]thymidine incorporation into thyrocytes
      from normal subjects and patients with Grave's disease. The IL-1 levels of
      cultured supernatants of monocytes were measured by a thymocyte costimulation
      assay and a solid phase sandwich immunoenzymometric assay. The supernatants of
      monocyte cultures stimulated with LPS contained significant amounts of IL-1
      bioactivity and IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta immunoactivity. Recombinant IL-1 beta
      (rIL-1 beta) also stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into thyrocytes from
      normal subjects and patients with Graves' disease, and it increased the
      proportion of thyrocytes in the S phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore,
      thyrocytes stimulated with rIL-1 beta for 24 h produced significant amounts of
      prostaglandin E2. Indomethacin inhibited completely the rIL-1 beta-stimulated
      prostaglandin E2 production and increased markedly [3H]thymidine incorporation.
      IL-1-like activity also was detected in the cultured supernatants of
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated thyrocytes from Graves' and normal thyroid
      glands, but the amount of IL-1-like activity secreted by thyrocytes was
      significantly less than that secreted by circulating monocytes. The kinetics of
      the release of IL-1-like activity by thyrocytes were similar to those of its
      production by circulating monocytes. Pretreatment of thyrocytes with interferon
      gamma failed to enhance the release of IL-1-like activity. Moreover, IL-1 alpha
      or IL-1 beta immunoreactivity could not be detected in the supernatants of LPS
      stimulated thyrocytes, despite the presence of IL-1-like bioactivity. No IL-1
      alpha mRNA was detected in unstimulated thyrocytes or thyrocytes stimulated with
      LPS and phorbol myristate acid. These findings demonstrate that thyrocytes
      produce an IL-1-like substance(s), but not IL-1, when stimulated by LPS. We
      conclude that IL-1 may regulate the proliferation of thyrocytes and that local
      production of IL-1 by infiltrating monocytes may contribute to the development of
      goiter in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases.

PMID- 2656736
TI  - Cabergoline: long-acting oral treatment of hyperprolactinemic disorders.
AB  - Cabergoline, a new orally active dopaminergic drug with an extremely long-lasting
      PRL-lowering effect, was given to 48 hyperprolactinemic women for 3-18 months
      (median, 8 months) at doses varying between 0.2-3 mg/week administered one to
      three times weekly. Serum PRL levels declined to normal in 41 women, 30 of whom
      received 0.2-1 mg cabergoline once weekly, 8 received 0.2-0.5 mg twice weekly,
      and 3 received 0.4-0.6 mg 3 times weekly. Five women had slightly supranormal
      serum PRL levels while receiving 0.3-0.6 mg once weekly, but the dose was not
      increased because the lower dose had produced the desired clinical benefit. Two
      women had 50% reductions in their serum PRL levels, but remained
      hyperprolactinemic while receiving 2-3 mg cabergoline weekly. Among 30
      amenorrheic women, 28 had resumption of menses, the exceptions being 2
      hypopituitary women, presumptive evidence of ovulation was available in 21.
      Marked tumor shrinkage occurred after 3-month treatment in 5 of the 6 women who
      had macroprolactinomas. Only 4 women had side-effects during the first weeks of
      treatment, and these vanished despite continued cabergoline administration at the
      same or reduced, but still effective, doses. In a short term, double blind study,
      cabergoline at 3 different schedules (0.4 mg twice weekly, 0.2 mg 4 times weekly,
      and 0.4 mg 3 times weekly for 3 weeks, followed by 0.4 mg twice weekly) or
      placebo was given to a total of 24 hyperprolactinemic women (6 in each subgroup)
      for 8 weeks, with weekly evaluation of serum PRL levels and side-effects. All 3
      cabergoline schedules, but not placebo, induced significant reductions in serum
      PRL concentrations during the 8-week treatment period. Mild transient side
      effects occurred in 7 drug-treated patients (nausea in 5; dizziness in 3). We
      conclude that cabergoline is effective treatment for hyperprolactinemia. Its
      efficacy, tolerability, and long duration of action may make it the drug of
      choice for patients with hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 2656737
TI  - Epidemiology and clinical spectrum of Brazilian purpuric fever. Brazilian
      Purpuric Fever Study Group.

PMID- 2656738
TI  - Microbiology of Brazilian purpuric fever and diagnostic tests. Brazilian Purpuric
      Fever Study Group.

PMID- 2656740
TI  - Clonal groups of Salmonella typhimurium in New York State.
AB  - The epidemiology of 278 strains of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from 1973 to
      1981 from animals in New York State was studied by using four "fingerprinting"
      techniques, bacteriophage type (B.R. Callow, J. Hyg. 57:346-359, 1959), biotype
      (J. P. Duguid, E. S. Anderson, G. A. Alfredsson, R. Barker, and D. C. Old, J.
      Med. Microbiol. 8:149-166, 1975), plasmid profile, and antibiogram. Phage type
      with biotype was the most useful marker for distinguishing clonal groups of S.
      typhimurium. Four clones of S. typhimurium predominated, i.e., phage
      type/biotypes U275/26, 49/26, 10/3, and 2/3. U275/26 and 49/26 were commonly
      found until 1976, but clones 10/3 and 2/3 were predominant after 1976. Comparison
      of results with data from Canada suggested a dissemination of strains of S.
      typhimurium between Canada and New York. Cattle were a common source of phage
      type 49, as has been observed in other countries.

PMID- 2656739
TI  - Potential virulence-associated factors in Brazilian purpuric fever. Brazilian
      Purpuric Fever Study Group.

PMID- 2656741
TI  - Comparison of the Pasteurella haemolytica A1 envelope proteins obtained by two
      cell disruption methods.
AB  - The French pressure cell and sonication methods of bacterial cell disruption were
      compared for the evaluation of surface proteins from Pasteurella haemolytica A1.
      Several protein bands were quantitatively different when compared by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and
      densitometry. With densitometry, sonicated preparations had higher concentrations
      of the 102-, 83-, 50-, 38-, and 30-kilodalton (kDa) proteins; French pressure
      cell preparations had higher concentrations of the 96-, 65-, and 42-kDa proteins.
      Qualitative differences between these two disruption methods were evident at the
      102-, 96-, 91-, 50-, 38-, and 30-kDa protein bands. However, significant
      differences (P less than 0.05) were detected between the two methods at only the
      102-, 96-, 91-, and 50-kDa bands.

PMID- 2656743
TI  - Rapid bioluminescence method for bacteriuria screening.
AB  - A study was performed to evaluate the UTIscreen (Los Alamos Diagnostics, Los
      Alamos, N. Mex.), a rapid bioluminescence bacteriuria screen. The UTIscreen was
      compared with three other rapid bacteriuria screens: the Bac-T-Screen (Vitek
      Systems, Hazelwood, Mo.), an automated filtration device; the Chemstrip LN
      (Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics, BioDynamics, Indianapolis, Ind.), an enzyme
      dipstick; and the Gram stain. A semiquantitative plate culture was used as the
      reference method. Of the 1,000 specimens tested, 276 had colony counts of greater
      than 10(5) CFU/ml by the culture method. Of these, the UTIscreen detected 96%
      (265 of 276) using greater than or equal to 5% of the integrated light output of
      the standard reading as a positive interpretive breakpoint, the Bac-T-Screen
      detected 96% (266 of 276), the Chemstrip LN detected 90% (249 of 276), and the
      Gram stain detected 96% (264 of 276). Of the 214 probable pathogens isolated at
      greater than 10(5) CFU/ml, the UTIscreen detected 95% (204 of 214), the Bac-T
      Screen detected 98% (210 of 214), the Chemstrip LN detected 92% (198 of 214), and
      the Gram stain detected 98% (209 of 214). The predictive values of negative test
      results at greater than 10(5) CFU/ml for the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the
      Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain were 98, 97, 93, and 98%, respectively. The
      overall specificities at greater than 10(5) CFU/ml for the UTIscreen, the Bac-T
      Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain were 70, 48, 51, and 69%,
      respectively. There were 532 specimens with colony counts of >10(3) CFU/ml, and
      of these, the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain
      detected 72, 81, 76, and 73%, respectively. Of the 249 probable pathogens
      isolated at >10(3) CFU/ml, the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and
      the Gram stain detected 91, 95, 89, and 93%, respectively. The overall
      specificities at > 10(3) CFU/ml for these methods were 79, 55, 57, and 78%,
      respectively. The cost per test for detection was approximately $0.50 for the
      Chemstrip LN. Overall, the UTIscreen is rapid and easy to perform; its
      sensitivity compared favorably with those of the other screening methods; it had
      higher specificity than the Bac-T-Screen and Chemstrip LN; and it allowed for
      bathing of specimen.

PMID- 2656742
TI  - Switching of Candida albicans during successive episodes of recurrent vaginitis.
AB  - Strain relatedness and switching were monitored in Candida albicans strains
      isolated from different body locations through three episodes of recurrent
      vulvovaginal candidiasis separated by two treatment-latency periods in a single
      patient. Strain relatedness was assessed by comparing Southern blot hybridization
      patterns with the relatively immobile mid-repeat sequence Ca3. The following
      conclusions are demonstrated. (i) Three different strains of C. albicans
      colonized the mouth, the area under the breasts, and the vulvovaginal, anal, and
      rectal regions, respectively, at the time of the first infection. (ii) The same
      strain of C. albicans was responsible for the three vaginal infections. (iii)
      Switching of colony phenotype occurred with each new vaginal infection. (iv)
      Enrichment of drug-resistant switch phenotypes (assessed in vitro) was unlikely
      the basis for the changes in the switch phenotypes of the strain found in the
      vulvovaginal, anal, and rectal areas after treatment of the first infection with
      clotrimazole. (v) The same strain of C. albicans was responsible for the
      recurrent increases in mouth colonization and was distinct from the recurrent
      vaginal strain. The results of this case study demonstrate the need for further
      detailed analyses of full-body mycofloras, strain relatedness, switching
      repertoires, and changes in drug susceptibility during successive episodes of
      recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.

PMID- 2656744
TI  - Assessment of the BACTEC NR660 blood culture system for the detection of
      bacteremia in young children.
AB  - The sensitivity of the BACTEC NR660 blood culture system was assessed by using
      paired bottles of anaerobic (NR7A) and resin-containing aerobic (NR16A) media and
      conditions and organisms which simulated those found in pediatric practice.
      Corresponding media (7D and 16B) of the established BACTEC 460 radiometric method
      served as controls. The performances of the two systems were similar with 50
      isolates of 10 aerobic organisms (aerobic medium) and with 21 isolates of 15
      strict anaerobes (anaerobic medium).

PMID- 2656745
TI  - Identification of Enterococcus species isolated from human infections by a
      conventional test scheme.
AB  - Streptococci (206 cultures) previously identified as enterococci were retrieved
      from storage and reidentified by using tests designed to identify species of the
      genus Enterococcus. Of these 188, 91% were correctly identified as Enterococcus
      species. Of the remaining strains, nine (4%) were unidentified and six (3%) and 3
      (1.5%) were identified as Leuconostoc sp. and Lactococcus sp., respectively. Two
      new Enterococcus species were discovered: E. raffinosus and E. solitarius. DNA
      DNA hybridizations were performed on selected strains to assure correct
      identification. Cultures representing 10 of the 12 Enterococcus species were
      among the 188 strains identified. An identification system based on the grouping
      of key reactions of 20 phenotypic characteristics of Enterococcus species is
      described.

PMID- 2656746
TI  - Biotypes and O serogroups of Escherichia coli involved in intestinal infections
      of weaned rabbits: clues to diagnosis of pathogenic strains.
AB  - A total of 575 Escherichia coli strains isolated from weaned rabbits experiencing
      diarrhea in 119 French commercial farms were tested for O serogroups. The results
      showed a strong predominance of serogroup O103 strains. A sample of 126 strains
      were further checked for simplified biotypes by using five carbohydrate
      fermentation reactions. Of 72 O103 strains, 70 were shown to belong to biotypes
      characterized by a rhamnose-negative reaction. Four of nine serogroup O68 strains
      also showed this type of reaction. Thirty-nine strains, representative of the
      serotypes and biotypes found, were further tested for experimental pathogenicity
      in weaned rabbits and for antibiotic susceptibility. All the rhamnose-negative
      strains produced life-threatening watery or hemorrhagic diarrhea, whereas
      rhamnose-positive strains induced only mild diarrheic syndrome without any
      mortality or no clinical signs at all. Rhamnose-negative, highly pathogenic
      strains did not belong to related antibiotypes. We think that O serogrouping
      together with biotyping, or even rhamnose fermentation testing, may be an
      important clue in the diagnosis of enteropathogenic strains from rabbits in
      France, permitting rapid identification of highly pathogenic strains and leading
      to improved prognosis and treatment.

PMID- 2656747
TI  - Evaluation of enzyme immunoassay for the detection of pathogenic Yersinia
      enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains.
AB  - To determine the virulence plasmid-harboring strains of Yersinia enterocolitica,
      we prepared antiserum against plasmid-encoded proteins of Y. enterocolitica
      serotype O3 and carried out an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) against temperature
      inducible released proteins. This serum reacted with proteins released from not
      only a Y. enterocolitica serotype O3 strain but also Y. enterocolitica serotype
      O5:27, O8, and O9 and Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3, 4a, 4b,
      5a, 5b, 6, 7, and 8 strains, which all harbored plasmids. Plasmid-cured Y.
      enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis strains did not react in the EIA, nor
      did nonpathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains or Y. frederiksenii, Y. intermedia,
      and Y. kristensenii strains. These observations demonstrated that this EIA was
      useful for determining whether the isolated Yersinia strains were pathogenic or
      not.

PMID- 2656748
TI  - Relationship between cytotoxic necrotizing factor production and serotype in
      hemolytic Escherichia coli.
AB  - We examined the relationship between serotype and cytotoxic necrotizing factor
      (CNF) production in 123 hemolytic strains of Escherichia coli isolated from both
      stools and extraintestinal infections. Of 76 strains producing both hemolysin
      (Hly) and CNF, 66 (87%) belonged to one of six serogroups (O2, O4, O6, O22, O75,
      and O83). In contrast, 47 E. coli strains producing Hly only belonged to 21
      different O serogroups, and only 2 of these (O6 and O18ac) were widely
      represented. Generally, CNF-positive and CNF-negative hemolytic isolates were
      assigned to different O serogroups, with the exception of O6, often present in
      both categories of isolates. Serogroups O4 and O18ac were significantly more
      prevalent among strains from extraintestinal infections than among those from
      stools. In contrast, the Hly-positive, CNF-negative isolates, belonging to
      numerous less common serogroups, were hardly ever isolated from extraintestinal
      infections. Serological typing further confirmed that hemolytic isolates of E.
      coli may grossly be divided into two main populations on the basis of the ability
      to produce CNF. Examination of hemolytic E. coli for this property may also be
      useful in achieving a more detailed characterization of pathogenic clones.

PMID- 2656749
TI  - Efficacy of the urinary bladder for isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from
      naturally infected, wild Peromyscus leucopus.
AB  - The efficacy of culturing urinary bladder tissue for Borrelia burgdorferi from
      naturally infected, wild Peromyscus leucopus mice was determined. The urinary
      bladder cultures were as efficient as spleen, kidney, and blood tissue cultures.
      The rapid B. burgdorferi isolation (mean, 6 days) from mouse urinary bladders
      should aid in defining new Lyme disease foci.

PMID- 2656750
TI  - Rapid detection of Escherichia coli in urine samples by a new chromogenic beta
      glucuronidase assay.
AB  - A new compound, indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide, was assessed as a substrate for the
      rapid detection of Escherichia coli in urine. Incorporation of this compound into
      MacConkey agar allowed the direct differentiation of E. coli as deep blue
      colonies distinct from lactose and nonlactose fermenters. The sensitivity was 88
      to 90%, and the specificity was 100%.

PMID- 2656751
TI  - Detection of urinary antigens of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 by broad
      spectrum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - The first Canadian case of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 infection is
      reported. The initial diagnosis was made with a urine specimen by a broad
      spectrum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; further serogrouping was done by
      indirect fluorescent-antibody and tube agglutination tests. This case emphasizes
      the importance of multivalent urinary antigen detection for the diagnosis of
      legionellosis.

PMID- 2656752
TI  - Special features of distribution of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Japan.
AB  - The incidence of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolation from humans, animals,
      water, and pork in Japan is presented on the basis of a review of the literature
      and serotyping of 633 strains referred to our laboratory. Most of the strains
      belonged to serogroup 4b, followed in frequency of isolation by serogroups 3, 1b,
      5b, 5a, and the others, whereas serogroup 1a has not been detected. Although
      strains were isolated from 11 species of animals, none were isolated from birds.

PMID- 2656753
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous
      system: an evaluation of cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Cytokines play an important role not only for initiation of immune reactivity but
      also for development of tissue injury. Of 38 patients infected with human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and
      interleukin-6 (IL-6) were identified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 22 (58%) and
      16 (42%) patients, respectively. Among the IL-1 beta- and IL-6-positive CSF were
      eight of 15 HIV-1 patients with no clinical signs of central nervous system
      involvement and four of five patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) dementia complex. The presence of IL-6 was often associated with IL-1 beta
      and soluble interleukin-2 receptor in CSF as well as with intrathecal IgG
      synthesis. In none of the CSF samples tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin
      2 was detected.

PMID- 2656754
TI  - The induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression on human
      fetal astrocytes by interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, lymphotoxin,
      and interleukin-1: relevance to intracerebral antigen presentation.
AB  - Antigen presentation reactions are dependent upon the expression of the class II
      major histocompatibility antigens (MHC), the T-cell receptor, and the presented
      antigen. Recent studies demonstrate that such processes also require the presence
      of adhesion molecules such as lymphocyte functional antigen 1 (LFA-1) and its
      cell surface ligand, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). It has been
      suggested that the brain astrocyte can function as a facultative antigen
      presenting cell (APC). This hypothesis is based upon the ability to induce the
      expression of the class II MHC antigens on astrocytes, and on their ability to
      present myelin basic protein to encephalitogenic T-cells in vitro. The best in
      vivo data showing that astrocytes serve as intracerebral APCs is the finding that
      astrocytes in multiple sclerosis plaques are DR+ (class II MHC in human).
      However, it still remains to be resolved whether the in vivo expression of the
      MHC antigens in disease states is instrumental to antigen presentation mechanisms
      or whether these cell surface glycoproteins are expressed secondary to brain
      immune responses. If astrocytes function as immunocompetent APCs within the
      brain, it would seem that they would also be able to express molecules important
      for intercellular adhesion. Here, we present the first data that indicates that
      human astrocytes are capable of expressing ICAM-1 in response to cytokines that
      either induce or upregulate the expression of DR. In essence, cytokines derived
      from different cell types seem to exert similar pleiotropic effects on the
      modulation of MHC and ICAM-1 expression on astrocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2656755
TI  - Obituary Marian W. Kies.

PMID- 2656756
TI  - Surgical correction of myelomeningocele scoliosis: a critical appraisal of
      various spinal instrumentation systems.
AB  - A retrospective review of 38 patients with myelomeningocele scoliosis, focusing
      on the incidence of eventual fusion, curve correction, and change in pelvic
      obliquity, was performed. Single stage anterior or posterior fusion was compared
      to combined anterior and posterior spinal fusion. Single stage anterior or
      posterior procedures resulted in only a 50% fusion rate compared to rates of 83
      to 100% for various combinations of combined anterior and posterior fusions.
      Similarly, average curve correction and change in pelvic obliquity were much
      improved with a two-stage approach. No statistical difference in fusion rate,
      curve correction, or change in pelvic obliquity was noted between the various
      combinations of two-stage anterior and posterior fusions.

PMID- 2656757
TI  - Avascular necrosis in congenital hip dysplasia: the effect of treatment.
AB  - Fifty-one patients known to have developed avascular necrosis during treatment
      for congenital hip dislocations were studied. Thirty-nine patients were followed
      for a mean of 23 years, 7 months. They were classified as to the severity of
      involvement, the subsequent treatment provided, and their final result. The
      greater the involvement, the worse the outcome. Residual subluxation of hips
      resulted in a poor prognosis. Intervention with open reduction did not result in
      success. Varus femoral osteotomies and acetabuloplasties met with limited
      success. Total hip replacements have not resulted in long-term success.

PMID- 2656759
TI  - Retraction.

PMID- 2656758
TI  - Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.
AB  - Thirty-five children were evaluated at a mean of 2 years, 3 months following
      treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus. Elbow motion, clinical
      carrying angle, and roentgenographic measurements including Baumann's angle,
      humeral-ulnar angle, and metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle were determined for both
      the normal and the involved extremities. The humeral-ulnar angle best correlated
      with the final clinical carrying angle, followed by Baumann's angle and the
      metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle. We recommend postreduction measurement of the
      humeral-ulnar angle in fractures that have been surgically stabilized and
      Baumann's angle in those fractures treated by cast immobilization alone to
      determine the adequacy of reduction.

PMID- 2656761
TI  - Role of surface proteins in staphylococcal adherence to fibers in vitro.
AB  - To study the role of surface proteins in the adherence of Staphylococcus aureus
      to fibers that are used in tampon and surgical gauze pad manufacture, we have
      developed an adherence assay with S. aureus cells and cotton and rayon fibers.
      Results suggest that staphylococcal adherence is dependent on both the substrate
      and the material used to coat these fibers. Scanning electron micrographs
      supported the adherence results and revealed more cells on the surface of cotton
      than rayon fibers. Treatment of staphylococcal cells with proteolytic enzymes
      significantly reduced binding to pure cotton and detergent-treated cotton fibers.
      Immunoblot analysis of cell wall proteins suggested that surface proteins in the
      mol wt range of 120-220 kD were involved in the adherence of S. aureus to cotton
      fibers. Although the adherence of S. aureus to cotton fibers alone appeared to be
      mediated through surface charge or hydrophobic interactions, bacterial binding to
      fibers which have been pretreated with defibrinated blood appeared to be more
      specific and independent of the surface constituents of the fibers. The results
      of these studies implicate staphylococcal surface proteins in the adherence of S.
      aureus to commercially available tampon fibers and surgical gauze pads.

PMID- 2656760
TI  - The electron transport chain of the microbicidal oxidase of phagocytic cells and
      its involvement in the molecular pathology of chronic granulomatous disease.

PMID- 2656763
TI  - The effect of ultrasonic cleaning and air polishing on the marginal integrity of
      radicular amalgam and composite resin restorations. An in vitro study.
AB  - This study attempts to put at ease some uncertainty of a possible damaging effect
      of ultrasonic scaling and air polishing procedures on dental restorations
      (amalgam and composite resin). Under optimal in vitro conditions, the margins of
      120 restorations were subject to thorough ultrasonic and air polishing
      instrumentation in order to mimic those extensively used in periodontal
      treatments. Light-cure composite resin and Dispersalloy amalgam alloy were used
      to restore class V cavities at the CEJ. After being exposed to ultrasonic scaling
      and air polishing, cleaning, and thermocycling, clinical evaluation of the cavity
      margins and microleakage examination showed no detrimental effects of these
      procedures.

PMID- 2656762
TI  - Human decidua is a major source of renin.
AB  - Plasma prorenin levels are elevated in normal pregnant women. Current evidence
      suggests renin production by tissues of the uteroplacental unit contribute to
      this elevation. The purpose of this investigation was to define the source of
      renin biosynthesis within the human uteroplacental unit and to characterize the
      renin produced. RNA extraction and Northern blot analysis consistently
      demonstrated renin mRNA expression in uterine lining both in the pregnant
      (decidua) and nonpregnant states (endometrium) and in fetal chorion laeve, which
      is inseparable from the decidua. In contrast, renin mRNA expression was not
      detected in basal plate and intertwin chorion (which is separate from decidua),
      amnion, myometrium, or placental villi. The total renin content in decidual
      homogenates was two- to threefold greater than in endometrial homogenates, and
      cultured human decidual cells produced significantly more total renin than
      cultured human endometrial cells, suggesting that pregnancy enhanced renin
      production by the cells lining the uterus. Immunoblot analysis and [3H]leucine
      incorporation identified 47,000-mol wt prorenin as the major form of renin
      produced by cultured human decidual cells. These studies indicate that maternal
      decidua is the major source of prorenin in the uteroplacental unit.

PMID- 2656764
TI  - Histological and clinical parameters of human gingiva following 3 weeks of
      chemical (chlorhexidine) or mechanical plaque control.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to compare stereologically the histopathologic
      variations following 3 weeks of chemical (chlorhexidine) or mechanical plaque
      control. 18 students and dental hygienists volunteered for this investigation.
      After prophylaxis, they performed optimal oral hygiene to reach mean plaque and
      gingival indices approaching 0. Six of them then performed mechanical plaque
      control of 3 weeks (control), while the other 12 rinsed 3 times daily with a
      0.12% chlorhexidine solution (test). At days 0 and 21, the plaque index (PlI),
      the gingival index (Gl) and the gingival exudate flow rate (GEFR) were assessed
      and biopsies were obtained from buccal sites. Point-counting procedures were
      performed at 2 different levels of magnification on light microscopic sections to
      estimate the volume fractions of epithelium, infiltrated and non-infiltrated
      connective tissue, and collagen. The relative numbers of fibroblasts,
      polymorphonuclear neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and mast
      cells were estimated by counting the number of nuclear profiles of these cells in
      a specific connective tissue area adjacent to the apical termination of the
      junctional epithelium. After 21 days, the PlIs of the test subjects were
      significantly higher than the PlIs of the controls, but their Gl were similar. At
      the end of the experimental period, the various volume fractions and %s of cell
      profiles remained stable with the exception of an increase in the %s of
      lymphocytes in the test group. This study has shown that, clinically as well as
      histologically, the daily use of chlorhexidine for a 3-week period is equally
      efficient as optimal mechanical tooth cleaning in maintaining a healthy gingiva
      in the buccal sites investigated.

PMID- 2656765
TI  - Relationship of subgingival plaque flora to lysosomal and cytoplasmic enzyme
      activity in gingival crevicular fluid.
AB  - Examining the relationships among indicators of the acute inflammatory response
      in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and specific bacterial species in subgingival
      plaque may provide indications of which bacterial species or groups of species
      may be associated with potentially destructive host-derived processes. Here we
      report on the relationship of the subgingival plaque flora to the activity of
      mammalian forms of the enzymes beta-glucuronidase (beta G), lactate dehydrogenase
      (LDH), and arylsulfatase (AS) in GCF from a total of 54 4-6 mm periodontal sites
      from 13 periodontitis patients. Sites were scored for probing depth (PD) and
      bleeding on probing, and GCF was collected using filter paper strips inserted
      into the sulcus for 30 s, eluted in buffer and assayed for enzyme activity. 1
      week later, the patients were again evaluated for PD and bleeding, and
      subgingival plaque was removed with a curette oriented toward the pocket
      epithelium. Plaque samples were examined by darkfield microscopy and cultured
      anaerobically on selective and non-selective media. Various groups of bacteria,
      including species of black pigmenting Bacteroides (BPB), Fusobacterium sp.,
      Capnocytophaga sp, Streptococcus sanguis, and total facultative organisms were
      enumerated. Relationships among the enzymes and bacterial groups expressed as
      colony-forming unit (CFU) counts or as a % of the total cultivable flora were
      assessed by Spearman correlation analysis. beta G levels were significantly
      correlated with populations of spirochetes, B. intermedius, B. gingivalis, and
      total lactose negative BPB's. Correlation between beta G and F. nucleatum sp. or
      Capnocytophaga sp. approached but did not reach statistically significant levels.
      In contrast, LDH activity showed a significant positive correlation with levels
      of B. gingivalis and total lactose negative BPB's. AS levels were significantly
      correlated only with B. gingivalis. beta G and LDH showed a significant negative
      correlation with levels of coccoid forms. Thus, beta G, an acid hydrolase which
      can serve as a marker for primary granule release from polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes, was most closely correlated with the micro-organisms found in other
      studies to be associated with chronic adult periodontitis.

PMID- 2656766
TI  - Effect on plaque growth and salivary micro-organisms of amine fluoride-stannous
      fluoride and chlorhexidine-containing mouthrinses.
AB  - Amine fluoride-stannous fluoride mouthrinse was tested in a double-blind cross
      over clinical trial on 16 healthy subjects. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse prepared in
      the same colour and taste was used as the control. After a preparatory phase of 2
      weeks, during which the subjects' plaque and gingival indices were reduced to
      zero by professional cleaning, 1-week test periods without mechanical cleaning
      were started in random order. The fluoride test solution did not prevent plaque
      accumulation and growth of salivary S. mutans and lactobacilli as did
      chlorhexidine. Furthermore, the plaque wet weight was statistically highly
      significantly greater during test periods of fluoride rinsing than during the
      chlorhexidine phase. The cleansing effect, as subjectively estimated by
      questionnaire, was in favour of chlorhexidine, but discolorations of teeth were
      assessed as significantly worse during chlorhexidine periods. Neither of the test
      solutions showed any effect on salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, or
      lysosomal enzyme activity.

PMID- 2656767
TI  - Distribution of immunoglobulin isotypes including IgA subclasses in adult,
      juvenile, and rapidly progressive periodontitis.
AB  - The plasma cell population in gingival biopsies from 3 groups of patients with
      adult, juvenile, and rapidly progressive periodontitis was characterized with
      respect to the distribution of individual immunoglobulin isotypes, including IgA
      subclasses, by paired immunofluorescence staining. The median ratios of IgG:IgA
      plasma cells in gingival connective tissue from the 3 groups were 2.7 (range 2.0
      6.5), 3.0 (1.4-6.2), and 2.0 (1.2-4.0), respectively. Cells staining for
      intracellular IgM were found in low numbers in all biopsies (range 0.3-6.3% of
      all plasma cells). No statistically significant differences were observed between
      the 3 patient groups. In all 3 groups, the IgA plasma cell population was
      predominantly of the IgA1 isotype. One function of IgA seems to be to dampen
      inflammatory side-effects of other immune effector systems. The demonstrated
      predominance of IgA1 plasma cells indicates that the majority of IgA produced
      locally in gingivae of patients with periodontal diseases is susceptible to the
      IgA1-specific proteases excreted by important members of the disease-associated
      subgingival microflora. This may be an important factor in the apparently
      uncontrolled inflammation and tissue degradation taking place in the marginal
      periodontium during active periodontal disease.

PMID- 2656768
TI  - Dentine hypersensitivity. The development and evaluation of a replica technique
      to study sensitive and non-sensitive cervical dentine.
AB  - Studies of extracted teeth have shown that teeth exhibiting dentine
      hypersensitivity have larger numbers of widened dentinal tubules at the dentine
      surface compared to non-sensitive teeth. Many compounds used in the treatment of
      dentine hypersensitivity are thought to achieve therapeutic benefit by tubule
      occlusion, but there has been almost no attempt to prove such action in vivo.
      These studies systematically determined whether the dentine surface could be
      evaluated non-invasively, by a scanning electron microscopic replica technique.
      Employing a silicone rubber impression method in vitro, the surface detail of
      dentine could be accurately replicated, with surface scratches, tubules and
      intratubular structures on the original reproduced on the replica. With attention
      to method, similar accuracy was achieved in vivo, particularly when tubules were
      open on the dentine surfaces of the original. The method would appear useful for
      the study of the dentine surface in cases of dentine hypersensitivity and could
      prove the first objective method of studying the effects of treatment agents used
      in the treatment of this painful condition.

PMID- 2656769
TI  - Clinical and microbiological effects of daily brushing with either NaF or SnF2
      gels in subjects with fixed or removable dental prostheses.
AB  - 61 adults, with fixed or removable dental protheses, completed a 6-month double
      blind trial comparing the clinical and microbial effects of brushing twice daily
      with either 0.22% NaF or 0.4% SnF2. Those subjects brushing with SnF2 had less
      gingivitis and fewer bleeding sites for both "total teeth" and "abutment teeth".
      Plaque scores between groups were only statistically different for the "abutment
      teeth". The microbial parameters, salivary S. mutans and subgingival plaque total
      CFU, were significantly reduced in the SnF2 group. In both treatment groups,
      there was a reduction over the course of the study in the number of subjects with
      recoverable A. actinomycetemcomitans and black pigmented bacteroides, yet there
      was no difference between groups.

PMID- 2656770
TI  - Black-pigmented Bacteroides species and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in
      subgingival plaque of adult Kenyans.
AB  - A microbiological study was performed of the subgingival plaque on 2 sites in
      each of 20 adults originating from a rural area 40 km outside Nairobi, Kenya. The
      recovery rate of B. gingivalis was 70%, of B. intermedius 100% and of A.
      actinomycetemcomitans 40% of the subjects, and 50%, 90% and 28%, respectively, of
      the sites. The isolated strains exhibited similar biochemical characteristics and
      antibiotic susceptibility pattern as type strains of these species. The high
      recovery rate of these 3 bacterial species in adult Kenyans was a rather
      surprising finding, since pathological pocketing was found only sporadically.
      Furthermore, the results of 2 methodological approaches tested demonstrated that
      such microbiological studies can be carried out in countries with limited
      laboratory facilities.

PMID- 2656771
TI  - Problems around the in vitro and in vivo application of quantitative digital
      subtraction radiography.
AB  - The validity of a quantitative digital subtraction technique was investigated in
      vitro when influenced by the following aspects: the material enveloping the
      aluminium reference wedge, the radiation quality used to produce the radiographs
      and the effect of differences in image geometry between repeated radiographs. The
      test object consisted of a dry mandible in which small test objects made of
      aluminium with known volumes were introduced. By means of the quantitative
      digital subtraction technique, the aluminium volumes of these test objects were
      determined. The best agreement between the measured volumes and the actual
      volumes, was found when the aluminium reference wedge was embedded in
      polymethylmethacrylate and exposure conditions of 50 kVp, 15 mAs were used. An
      increase in the differences in image geometry between radiographs led to a
      decrease in the validity and accuracy of the measurements. For the in vivo
      application of this method, serial radiographs of 4 patients were taken to
      register the periodontal bone changes over a 5-8 month period. Differences in the
      approximal bone between radiographs were quantified in aluminium equivalent
      volumes (AEV's). In 23% of the measured sites, changes in the mineral content
      could be detected. The changed sites were found in only 2 patients. One patient
      showed 3 sites with remineralization, while the other patient showed 2 sites with
      demineralization. The differences detected ranged from -1.54 to +0.38 mm3
      aluminium equivalent.

PMID- 2656772
TI  - Antihypertensive therapy in the geriatric patient. I: A review of the role of
      calcium channel blockers.
AB  - Animal and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of calcium channel
      blockers in reducing blood pressure, especially in older patients whose
      hypertension is characterized by increased peripheral vascular resistance. Their
      chemical heterogeneity, which permits targeted therapy, as well as their minimal
      side effects, drug interactions, and clinical utility in numerous
      pathophysiologic states common to the elderly, enhance the suitability of calcium
      channel blockers in treating mild to moderate hypertension in this subgroup. This
      is particularly relevant for those patients who have concomitant conditions, such
      as diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or peripheral vascular
      disease, and for whom many of the more traditional antihypertensive drugs are
      either contraindicated or might cause a worsening of the disease.

PMID- 2656773
TI  - Bioavailability/bioequivalence: study design and statistical issues.

PMID- 2656774
TI  - Influence of indomethacin on a reduction in forearm blood flow induced by
      propranolol in healthy subjects.
AB  - The influence of indomethacin on a reduction in forearm blood flow (FBF) induced
      by propranolol was investigated in eight healthy subjects. Indomethacin was
      orally administered (75 mg daily for 3 days) in a randomized cross-over design.
      Blood pressure (BP) was slightly decreased after a single oral administration of
      propranolol (40 mg) alone. However BP was slightly increased after the drug with
      indomethacin pretreatment. FBF was significantly decreased after propranolol with
      or without indomethacin. No significant difference was observed in FBF before or
      after propranolol between both groups. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was reduced by
      indomethacin pretreatment. These results suggest that the reduction in FBF
      induced by propranolol is not augmented with indomethacin.

PMID- 2656776
TI  - Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in infected patients
      with varying degrees of renal function.
AB  - To determine the single- and multiple-dose ceftazidime kinetics, we administered
      ceftazidime, 2 gm intravenous bolus every 12 hours, to 14 infected Chinese
      patients with various degrees of renal function. Blood samples were drawn in
      serial after the first and 7th dose and serum ceftazidime concentrations were
      measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. Ceftazidime concentration-time
      data were fitted to a two-compartment model with a nonlinear regression program.
      Ceftazidime kinetics was unaltered by repeated dosing. Both total body clearance
      and elimination rate constant of ceftazidime decrease significantly in proportion
      to the creatinine clearance estimated by Bjornsson's method. Renal insufficiency
      did not modify the steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss) of ceftazidime
      which, however, appeared to be larger than those reported previously. This larger
      Vdss may be explained by acute infection process, confinement to bed, and
      increased extracellular fluid volume as a result of hypoalbuminemia. Our study
      indicates the estimated creatinine clearance as a useful guide to ceftazidime
      dosage adjustment and also emphasizes the clinical relevance of conducting
      kinetic studies of antibiotics in infected patients.

PMID- 2656775
TI  - A comparison of the hypotensive effects of captopril and atenolol in the
      treatment of hypertension in diabetic patients.
AB  - In a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study in 23 diabetic patients, insulin
      treated (N = 11) or noninsulin treated (N = 12), with mild to moderate
      hypertension, the hypotensive effects of captopril and atenolol were compared.
      Five patients had overt diabetic nephropathy. All patients received 50 mg twice
      daily of either drug. Treatment periods lasted 6 weeks and were preceded and
      separated by a placebo period. Two patients dropped out, one because of
      intermittent claudication during atenolol, one with cardiac arrhythmia during
      placebo. Blood pressure was reduced from 165 +/- 5/96 +/- 1 to 154 +/- 5/89 +/- 2
      mmHg (mean +/- SEM: P less than 0.01) during captopril and from 171 +/- 5/98 +/-
      1 to 159 +/- 6/89 +/- 2 mmHg (P less than 0.01) during atenolol. These
      antihypertensive effects are not significantly different. There was a wide inter-
      and intraindividual variation in hypotensive response to both drugs, which may
      have important consequences for treatment strategies. No consistent differences
      between insulin and noninsulin treated patients were seen. Parameters of glycemic
      control did not change during any therapy, neither in insulin treated nor in non
      insulin treated patients. Albuminuria and renal function did not change. During
      captopril treatment one patient complained of a non-productive cough. Two
      patients experienced a severe hypoglycemic reaction during atenolol. No other
      major side-effects were seen. In conclusion, this study showed equal hypotensive
      effectivity of 100 mg captopril and 100 mg atenolol daily in hypertensive
      diabetics, without evident effect on glycemic control.

PMID- 2656777
TI  - Tonazocine mesylate in postoperative pain patients: a double-blind placebo
      controlled analgesic study.
AB  - One hundred-fifty post-operative adult patients with moderate to severe pain were
      enrolled into this analgesic efficacy study comparing single doses of tonazocine
      mesylate, a new mixed agonist-antagonist opioid analgesic, with morphine. The
      patients were randomly assigned to five treatment groups: tonazocine mesylate 2,
      4, 8 mg; morphine sulfate 10 mg and a placebo group. The results showed mean
      total pain relief scores for tonazocine 4 mg were nearly identical with that of
      morphine sulfate 10 mg while 8 mg of tonazocine were superior to 10 mg of
      morphine. All the active medication groups were superior to the placebo group (P
      less than 0.02) for both pain intensity and pain relief. Relative potency
      determined by the dose response indicates that 3.2 mg of tonazocine is equivalent
      to 10 mg of morphine. Drowsiness was the main adverse reaction seen in all active
      treatment groups. Tonazocine mesylate appears to be a potent analgesic with
      promising clinical usefulness and warrants further study.

PMID- 2656778
TI  - Adverse effects of fenfluramine in treatment refractory schizophrenia.
AB  - Fenfluramine was administered to eight severely ill schizophrenic patients as an
      adjunct to neuroleptic drugs in a double-blind, multiple baseline design. A
      significant adverse effect of fenfluramine on psychopathology was detected
      through nurses' ratings, target symptom scales, the Brief Psychiatric Rating
      Scale, and time-sampled behavioral observations. Clinical deterioration was
      correlated with fenfluramine-induced reductions in blood serotonin levels and
      persisted beyond the point of discontinuation of fenfluramine.

PMID- 2656779
TI  - Pharmacologic management of acute mania in pregnancy.
AB  - Mania is a psychiatric illness that often requires immediate intervention, and
      the pregnant manic patient presents a therapeutic dilemma. Use of psychotropic
      medications during pregnancy may cause three complications: teratogenesis,
      neonatal toxicity, and behavioral toxicity. The literature contains few well
      controlled studies for psychotropic medications in bipolar or other psychiatric
      populations and those often lack a control group or do not consider confounding
      factors such as other drug use. Pharmacologic alternatives include
      antipsychotics, lithium, carbamazepine, and benzodiazepines. Although studies and
      case reports describe fetal malformations in infants exposed in utero to
      psychotropic medications, the data are conflicting as to the nature of anomalies
      and risk of their occurrence. Malformations can occur in almost every organ
      system; however, the cardiovascular type are of major concern after lithium
      exposure during the first trimester and oral clefts after benzodiazepine
      exposure. Antipsychotic exposure can produce extrapyramidal symptoms in the
      neonate and lithium has been associated with neonatal cyanosis, lethargy,
      flaccidity, and non-toxic goiter. A neonatal abstinence syndrome has occurred
      after maternal benzodiazepine consumption. Behavioral toxicity is more difficult
      to assess, as long-term follow-up is needed. To date, evidence for behavioral
      toxicity in children exposed to lithium or antipsychotics in utero is lacking.
      Few specific guidelines for using psychotropic medications in an acutely manic
      pregnant patient exist. Current symptoms, past response, and the stage of
      gestation all must be considered. Complete elimination of symptoms may not be the
      goal. A team approach is essential in treatment of such a complex and challenging
      patient.

PMID- 2656780
TI  - Substance-induced dissociative disorders and psychiatric nosology.
AB  - Transient amnesias, fugues, twilight states, automatisms, depersonalization, and
      furors or explosive disorders can occur in association with, or be caused by,
      various medications or substance-induced organic brain states. Agents capable of
      precipitating dissociative-like states include alcohol, barbiturates and
      similarly acting hypnotics, benzodiazepines, scopolamine, clioquinol, beta
      adrenergic blockers, marijuana and certain psychedelic drugs, general
      anesthetics, and others. The presentations of substance-induced dissociative
      states may resemble those of functional dissociative disorders, or organic and
      psychogenic dissociative factors may coexist and be intertwined or
      indistinguishable. Organic dissociative states are distinct from intoxication,
      amnestic disorder, frank delirium, or other organic mental disorders as specified
      in DSM-III and DSM-III-R, yet these diagnostic manuals have no inclusive category
      or coherent nosological approach to dissociative states not strictly psychogenic
      in etiology. Substance-induced and other organic dissociative disorders can have
      clinical, medicolegal, and neuropsychological significance. They provide a unique
      opportunity for the study of mind-brain relationships and should be included in
      psychiatric nosology.

PMID- 2656781
TI  - A placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study of naltrexone hydrochloride in
      outpatients with normal weight bulimia.
AB  - The endogenous opioid system plays an important role in the control of feeding
      behavior. Previous research has shown that antagonism of endogenous opioids will
      suppress feeding in certain models in both human and infrahuman species. In the
      current study, 16 normal-weight bulimic women were treated with low-dose
      naltrexone, the long-acting, orally active narcotic antagonist, and placebo in a
      crossover design. The use of the active drug was not associated with a clinically
      significant reduction in binge eating or vomiting episodes. Suggestions for
      further research in this area are offered.

PMID- 2656782
TI  - Shwartzman reaction in the brain induced by Haemophilus somnus and Escherichia
      coli lipopolysaccharide in rabbits.
AB  - Intracerebral inoculation of viable Haemophilus somnus resulted in suppurative or
      fibrino-suppurative meningitis of the brain and spinal cord in rabbits. Multiple
      fibrin thrombosis complicated with meningitis in the central nervous system was
      produced by intracerebral inoculation of H. somnus followed by intravenous
      inoculation with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The latter reaction may be
      attributable to a form of Shwartzman reaction.

PMID- 2656783
TI  - Computed tomography of renal abscesses complicating medullary sponge kidney.
AB  - Although urinary tract infection occurs in approximately one-third of symptomatic
      patients with medullary sponge kidney (MSK), renal abscess is a rare complication
      of the disorder. We describe two patients with MSK complicated by renal abscesses
      that were diagnosed by CT. The diagnosis of renal abscess should be suspected in
      patients with MSK and acute pyelonephritis who do not respond to appropriate
      antibiotic therapy, and renal CT should be done. Computed tomography may show
      large abscesses that require percutaneous or open surgical drainage or small
      abscesses that require prolonged high dose antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2656784
TI  - Neonatal dural venous sinus thrombosis associated with central venous
      catheterization: CT and MR studies.
AB  - We report a case of extensive thrombosis of dural venous sinuses associated with
      placement of a central venous catheter in the jugular vein. Cases such as this
      one, though uncommon, underscore a potentially devastating complication
      associated with central venous catheterization and emphasize caution in catheter
      placement particularly in neonates.

PMID- 2656785
TI  - CT and MR imaging in cystic abdominal lymphangiomatosis.
AB  - We report the ultrasound, CT, magnetic resonance, and pathologic findings in a
      patient with cystic lymphangiomatosis of the retroperitoneum, liver, spleen,
      pancreas, left kidney, somatic soft tissues, and bone. Unusual features of this
      case include multiple organ involvement and the patient's relatively benign
      clinical course.

PMID- 2656786
TI  - Thrombus calcification of renal vein in neonate: ultrasound and CT diagnosis.

PMID- 2656787
TI  - Localized prepubertal periodontitis: literature review and report of case.
AB  - This case describes a young, healthy, white female who demonstrated anterior
      alveolar bone loss along with premature loss of her primary incisors. The
      alveolar bone loss remains unexplained. The root surfaces of most of the primary
      anterior teeth exhibited one or more eroded areas devoid of cementum with some
      evidence in two teeth of cellular resorptive activity. These findings suggest
      that premature root resorption was occurring concurrently with unexplained
      extensive alveolar bone loss. The child will be examined periodically to
      determine whether this process of bone loss with subsequent tooth loss will
      involve additional primary or permanent teeth.

PMID- 2656788
TI  - Endodontic treatment of infected primary teeth, using Maisto's paste.
AB  - A method of endodontic treatment, using a modification of Maisto's paste, is
      suggested for preservation of infected primary teeth. Adding more zinc-oxide
      reagent and other anti-bacterial materials to the original Walkhoff's paste (Kri
      1), for pulp canal medication and final filling, seems to improve the
      pharmacological effect of the paste by reducing the resorption rate. The
      literature is reviewed and a case with a follow-up time of three and a half years
      is described, in which the tooth remained stable.

PMID- 2656789
TI  - Dental insurance coverage and the use of dental services by children.
AB  - The increasing availability of dental insurance for children, and the
      relationship between insurance and dental visits are detailed. In the changing
      environment for the delivery of dental services, successful dental practice and
      general medical practice increasingly require that health providers recognize the
      variations in the new populations served.

PMID- 2656790
TI  - The study of caries prevalence in children in a developing country.
AB  - This study has shown that prevalence of dental caries in a rural section of a
      developing country is related to age, socioeconomic status, and specific
      location. Caries prevalence is also directly correlated with family consumption
      of sugar. No correlation could be found, however, with regard to sex. Further
      study should be conducted on the relationship of individual practices (sugar
      consumption and hygiene) to caries-prevalence. In particular, data could be
      collected on practices in the communities where the school surveys were conducted
      in order to define the factors underlying the high prevalence of caries in some
      and lower prevalence in the others. The fluoride levels in the drinking water and
      the possible effect of hypoplasia on caries-prevalence in primary teeth are
      topics for further research. The latter condition should be investigated to
      determine the cause of its high prevalence, which might be an important
      consideration in future dental health interventions. Dental health education
      should be directed as soon as possible to communities, such as those in this
      study, where dental caries prevalence and sugar consumption are still low. It is
      usually more successful to encourage the adoption of new behaviors and attitudes
      or redirect them in a similar direction than to ask people to give up a valued
      behavior. In this situation, it would be preferable to encourage continuation and
      effective use of traditional hygiene methods and the current low levels of sugar
      consumption than to wait until sugar consumption is likely to become entrenched
      at high levels and traditional hygiene practices abandoned.

PMID- 2656791
TI  - The relationship of breastfeeding to oral development and dental concerns.
AB  - Infants' oral muscles are exercised strenuously in suckling. Breastfeeding
      contributes an important influence on the thrust and growth of the mandible, in
      addition to imparting maternal immunological components in the nutritious milk.
      Infant feeding practices may affect the life-long health of the child.
      Appropriate, health-promoting practices, such as breastfeeding, should be
      encouraged by healthcare professionals.

PMID- 2656792
TI  - Severe infraclusion ankylosis: report of three cases.
AB  - Tooth ankylosis may occur at any time during eruption and may show varying
      degrees of infraclusion. Cases of fully erupted teeth subsequently becoming
      totally embedded in bone are rare. The three reports described here show cases of
      severe infraclusion ankylosis; the etiology and related problems are discussed.
      Associated periodontal, prosthetic and orthodontic problems can be avoided with
      early diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2656793
TI  - A clinical evaluation of a light-cured fissure sealant (Helioseal).
AB  - The clinical success of pit and fissure sealants has been reported by several
      authors. In this study a white-shaded, visible-light-cured sealant was used; the
      results of the clinical evaluation confirmed this finding. Concerning retention
      rate, marginal adaptation, and the presence of secondary caries and air bubbles,
      good results were obtained. Data indicate that a visible- light-cured sealant
      (Helioseal) appears to be as good as the self-cured sealants and better than the
      UV-light-cured products. A comparison was also made between the invasive (PFSI)
      and non-invasive (PFS) application techniques; with respect to the marginal
      adaptation and the presence of air bubbles, better results were found for
      fissures that had been enlarged as a preventive measure. More longitudinal
      studies over a longer period of time are necessary.

PMID- 2656794
TI  - The effect of etch-time on the bond strength of a sealant and on the etch-pattern
      in primary and permanent enamel: an evaluation.
AB  - This study was undertaken to establish laboratory evidence of minimum etch-time
      for primary enamel, for effective retention of occlusal sealants. The effect on
      enamel of contamination by oral fluid for different exposure times was also
      evaluated. Here it is shown that a short etch-time of 15 sec is satisfactory for
      primary enamel, and is also sufficient to produce the required etch-pattern for
      the strong binding of sealants.

PMID- 2656795
TI  - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: historical review, report of two cases in one family and
      treatment needs.
AB  - Easy bruising in EDS is common, and is frequently the presenting complaint.
      Bleeding from the gingiva following toothbrushing or dental extraction is another
      manifestation. There are many oral manifestations of this syndrome.

PMID- 2656796
TI  - Dental considerations in the treatment of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: report of
      case.
AB  - This disease is characterized by cutaneous eczema (usually beginning on the
      face), thrombocytopenic purpura, and an increased susceptibility to infection due
      to an immunologic defect. Oral manifestations include gingival bleeding and
      palatal petechiae. Hyperplastic gingiva may now be expected as a complication of
      cyclosporine A therapy.

PMID- 2656798
TI  - Melanoma update: advances in diagnostic technique.

PMID- 2656797
TI  - Recent advances in the management of lactose intolerance.
AB  - Lactose intolerance is a concern for the majority of the world's population.
      Persons who experience symptoms following the consumption of milk should consult
      with their physician. Symptoms may be eliminated or reduced with good dietary
      management that includes: Limiting milk consumption to one glass at a time.
      Drinking milk with other foods rather than alone. Eating yogurts instead of fluid
      milk. Using enzyme tablets to predigest the lactose in milk or to supplement the
      body's own lactase. Possibly eating small amounts of dairy foods each day to
      adapt the colonic bacteria. For an additional review of the research findings on
      lactose intolerance and milk drinking, the reader is directed to reference 4, a
      very recent and complete review by Scrimshaw and Murray. For information on
      dietary management of lactose intolerance suitable for the consumer, contact your
      local affiliate of the National Dairy Council.

PMID- 2656799
TI  - The preauricular tubed pedicle flap.
AB  - Tubed pedicle flaps find limited application for the cutaneous surgeon, but the
      preauricular area offers particular advantages in reconstructing certain
      congenital or acquired defects on the pinnae. These flaps are two-staged
      procedures, the utmost care being required in presurgical assessment and careful
      handling of the transposing pedicles. The attached vascular pedicle virtually
      guarantees success in transferring thicker portions of preauricular tissue into
      deep defects on the auricle. The reconstructive surgeon will find the challenges
      rewarding in achievement of aesthetic results with difficult problems. To date we
      have performed 36 two-staged pedicled auricular reconstructive procedures with no
      untoward complications or sequelae.

PMID- 2656800
TI  - Acne keloidalis: a review.
AB  - Acne keloidalis is a chronic scarring folliculitis located on the posterior neck
      of young black men. It is manifest clinically by follicular papules that coalesce
      into firm plaques and nodules. Examination of early lesions shows that
      inflammation begins at the deep infundibular and isthmic levels of the hair
      follicle and is accompanied by absence of sebaceous glands. The etiology of acne
      keloidalis is uncertain, but centers around anatomic, infectious, and autoimmune
      theories. Successful surgical therapy of advanced cases can be carried out using
      a number of methods as long as subfollicular destruction of the process is
      achieved.

PMID- 2656801
TI  - A synthetic skin substitute as a temporary dressing in Mohs surgery.
AB  - Epigard (Synthes, Paoli, PA), a synthetic skin substitute, is useful in the
      temporary covering of surgical wounds. The dressing adheres to the wound bed,
      provides hemostasis, and aids neovascularization. When removed after 2-3 days,
      the surgeon has a wound ready to accept a graft.

PMID- 2656802
TI  - Split-thickness skin grafting in extensive ulcerative sarcoidosis.
AB  - A 64-year-old white male had extensive ulcerative cutaneous sarcoidosis of the
      lower extremities. After stabilization with methotrexate and prednisone therapy,
      the ulcers were debrided and covered with split-thickness skin grafts. An 80%
      graft acceptance was maintained 2 months later. Successful grafting of ulcerative
      sarcoidosis has not been reported previously.

PMID- 2656803
TI  - The substrate of epidermal proteases--effects of in situ activation of epidermal
      thiol proteases on stratum granulosum cells.
AB  - In newborn rat skin, disulfide bonds exist in the cell membrane of the stratum
      corneum and in the cytoplasm of the stratum granulosum. However, in the latter
      region, they can be detected after ethanol fixed epidermis remains for 2 weeks at
      4 degrees C. Thus, the idea arose that the visualization of the disulfide bonds
      in the stratum granulosum may be caused by proteases. Therefore, the in situ
      effects by both activation and inhibition of epidermal proteases were examined in
      tissue sections. Cryostat sections which were fixed in cold ethanol (-20 degrees
      C, 98%) were incubated either in PBS, pH 7.4, containing 10mM 2-ME as a control
      or in an epidermal homogenate (15,000 x g supernatant fraction containing 2-ME)
      at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes and 4 hours, respectively, in order to activate
      the epidermal proteases and then reacted with NEM, 2-ME, and DACM in steps. Many
      minute fluorescent particles were seen in the stratum granulosum under both of
      the above conditions. However, with incubation in PBS without 2-ME, no
      fluorescent particles were seen. In addition, when the tissue was treated with
      NEM and zinc chloride before incubation, no fluorescent particles were seen. O
      phenanthrolin remarkably inhibited the appearance of these fluorescent particles.
      In contrast, leupeptin and antipain only slightly inhibited the appearance of
      these fluorescent particles, and pepstatin and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
      didn't inhibit at all. In general, as NEM and zinc chloride strongly inhibit
      thiol proteases, these findings suggest that presence of the minute fluorescent
      particles in the stratum granulosum could be due to the effects of proteases,
      especially thiol proteases.

PMID- 2656804
TI  - Hyperthermic effects in vitro on the peripheral lymphocytes isolated from three
      cases of malignant lymphoma/leukemia.
AB  - We have carried out in vitro studies of hyperthermic effects on the viability,
      blastogenesis, and ultrastructural changes of atypical lymphocytes isolated from
      the peripheral blood of three patients with malignant lymphoma/leukemia. One was
      lymphocytic lymphoma/leukemia (T-cell origin), and the others were adult T-cell
      lymphoma/leukemia (both acute and smoldering type). In the cases of adult T-cell
      lymphoma/leukemia, the peripheral lymphocytes were found to be more sensitive to
      hyperthermia than those of non-ATL patients in terms of trypan-blue exclusion
      ability and blastogenesis ability with concanavalin A challenge. When heated
      under sublethal conditions, lymphocytes of both ATL and non-ATL patients
      exhibited the following characteristics: production of multilayered nuclear
      membranes, increase in vesicles (lysosomes), swelling of mitochondria, and
      cytoplasmic vacuolization.

PMID- 2656805
TI  - Glycosaminoglycan content in the media of cultured dermal fibroblasts derived
      from burn scar and normal skin.
AB  - The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of the extracellular matrix of burn scar in
      humans has been reported to differ from that of normal skin. In order to
      investigate whether the GAG content altered as a result of functional changes in
      fibroblasts, the GAG content was determined in culture media of fibroblasts
      derived from growing burn scar, mature scar, and normal skin tissue. No
      statistical differences were observed in the population doubling-times of scar
      and normal skin. Mature scar showed significantly higher values for all the
      concentrations of uronic acid, hexosamine, and sulfate measured in the
      glycosaminoglycan, as compared with normal skin values, and the concentrations
      from growing scar were slightly higher than those for normal skin. The above
      results may suggest an increase in glycosaminoglycan sulfate synthesis following
      the hyperplasia of the matrix in burn scar tissue.

PMID- 2656806
TI  - Neonatal lupus syndrome and microtubular structure.
AB  - A female infant, at 6 weeks old, with the clinical manifestation of annular
      erythemas on the trunk and face, was positive for anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B
      antibodies. The annular erythema disappeared spontaneously at the age of 7 months
      when anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B antibodies were negative. Electron microscopic
      observation of the vascular endothelial cells on the annular erythema revealed
      microtubular structures. Later microtubular structures were found absent from the
      vascular endothelial cells of the area where the annular erythema had
      disappeared. The patient's mother is suffering from Sjogren's syndrome; she has
      no clinical symptoms but anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B antibodies are positive and a
      biopsy of small salivary glands of the lip demonstrated a marked periductal
      mononuclear cell infiltration. Microtubular structures were observed in her
      vascular endothelial cells in the small salivary gland region. These findings
      suggest that disappearance of microtubular structure may have some relationship
      with anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B antibodies.

PMID- 2656807
TI  - Exacerbation of psoriasis during lithium treatment.
AB  - Exacerbation of psoriasis was observed in a 28-year-old patient following the
      addition of lithium carbonate to a treatment regimen of carbamazepine and other
      drugs for manic-depressive psychosis. The biopsied lesion histologically showed a
      typical psoriasiform tissue reaction and immunohistochemically, remarkable
      infiltration of activated helper T cells. Immunologic reaction to lithium in a
      patch test and a lymphocyte proliferation test could not be demonstrated. The
      mechanisms of lithium action and their relations to the exacerbation of psoriasis
      were reviewed. In this patient, although we could not define which effect of
      lithium was most important, it seemed that an increased blood lithium level
      combined with simultaneous carbamazepine administration enhanced the triggering
      effect of lithium and caused the exacerbation of psoriasis.

PMID- 2656808
TI  - Primary malignant melanoma of the penis--a case report and a review of the
      literature.
AB  - A 50-year-old man had a primary malignant melanoma of the penis associated with
      granuloma telangiectaticum in the pigmented lesion. The patient had an operation
      for phimosis at the age of 20 and after the operation, he noticed a pigmented
      lesion at the operation site. We examined the literature and found 16 cases of
      primary malignant melanoma of the penis in Japan.

PMID- 2656809
TI  - Pityriasis lichenoides-like eruption occurring during therapy for myelogenous
      leukemia.
AB  - A 61-year-old Japanese man with chronic myelogenous leukemia developed pityriasis
      lichenoides-like eruptions during chemotherapy. Histopathological features were
      also consistent with the disease. The eruption in this case may have been an
      allergic reaction arising in a depressed immunity induced by chemotherapy.

PMID- 2656810
TI  - A case of tick-bite from Ixodes ovatus Neumann--a report from west Japan.
AB  - A 70-year-old male forestation worker had a tick-bite on the lower abdominal
      skin. The bite was treated by surgical excision of the tick together with the
      surrounding skin. The tick was identified as Ixodes ovatus Neumann through
      investigation of its morphological characteristics. This patient is the fourth
      case of a tick-bite from Ixodes ovatus Neumann in western Japan.

PMID- 2656811
TI  - Respiratory muscle fatigue.
AB  - When respiratory muscle demands for energy exceed supplies, the energy stored
      within the muscles is depleted and the force of contraction diminishes. This
      state is called inspiratory muscle fatigue. When it occurs alveolar ventilation
      decreases, arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) increases and hypercapnic
      respiratory failure ensues. It has also been suggested that such a dysfunction of
      the respiratory muscles contributes to the pathogenesis of acute respiratory
      failure. The purpose of this article is to review those factors that predispose
      to respiratory muscle fatigue and determine energy demand and supply and the
      principal means of investigation available to detect respiratory muscle fatigue
      in the clinical setting.

PMID- 2656812
TI  - The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AB  - As the pathophysiology of CPR is understood, ways to alter cerebral blood flow
      and neurologic outcome following CPR are likely to develop. This review
      highlights those areas likely to be of clinical importance in the near future.

PMID- 2656813
TI  - Pulmonary problems following multiple trauma in children.
AB  - Acute respiratory failure (ARF = hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia) is a frequent
      finding in the polytraumatized patient. Multiple injury is often accompanied by
      injury of the central nervous system, and the presence or absence of ARF may play
      a key role for survival and late morbidity. This paper reviews the incidence of
      pulmonary problems after severe head injury and the possible dysfunctions of the
      respiratory apparatus following single or multiple trauma. Diagnostic work-up in
      ARF includes consideration of the mechanisms of injury, clinical examination,
      determinations of arterial blood gases and chest radiographs which are all
      essential for the choice of an effective treatment. This frequently includes
      supportive treatment by continuous positive pressure ventilation.

PMID- 2656814
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in severe abdominal trauma in children with
      multiple trauma.

PMID- 2656815
TI  - Immunological factors in organ transplantation.
AB  - Several immunological factors affect the outcome of human kidney transplants. HLA
      A, -B and -DR matching improves kidney graft survival rate, especially matching
      for HLA-DR antigens. The beneficial effect of pretransplant blood transfusion has
      been confirmed although the mechanisms of the beneficial effect are not clear.
      Donor specific transfusion prior to living related donor kidney transplantation
      improve graft survival but some 30% of potential recipients become sensitized to
      the donor during the transfusion process. Major improvements in the results of
      organ transplantation have been achieved during the past few years with the use
      of new immunosuppressive agents, namely cyclosporin and monoclonal antibodies
      reacting with T lymphocytes. Both agents act selectively on T lymphocytes.
      However, nephrotoxicity of cyclosporin may limit its use.

PMID- 2656816
TI  - Intensive care for children after orthotopic liver transplantation.
AB  - We report our experience in the management of children after orthotopic liver
      transplantation (OLT). From 03/84 to 04/87 50 patients (pts) were transplanted.
      Mean age was 4 3/12 years (8/12 to 13 2/12) and mean body weight 14.7 kg (5.8 to
      40). Hospital mortality was 14%. Problems related to the surgery included:
      Abdominal complications: bleeding (8 pts), infection (18 pts), ascites and
      fistula (1 pt), need for secondary abdominal surgery (10 patients). Respiratory
      problems: lobar atelectasis (11 pts), right diaphragmatic paralysis (2 pts) and
      right pleural effusion (11 pts). Problems related to immunosuppression included:
      Bacterial infection (29 pts) fungal infection (5 pts), one patient died of
      disseminated cytomegalovirus infection. Side effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) were
      systemic blood hypertension (S.B.H.) (47 pts), sinusal bradycardia (37 pts),
      associated to SBH (24 pts), hypertensive encephalopathy (2 pts). Generalized
      seizures (2 pts in the absence of SBH). Renal side effects of CsA were
      hypercreatininemia, decreased sodium bicarbonate and hyperkaliemia. The
      nephrotoxicity of CsA was favoured by the use of other nephrotoxic drugs such as
      aminoglycosides, amphotericin B. Edematous pancreatitis was observed in 3
      patients and related to the use of large doses of steroids. Problems related to
      the functioning of the graft included: Primary non-function of the graft (4 pts),
      hepatic artery thrombosis (8 pts) and severe acute rejection unresponsive to
      therapy (1 pt); these situations needed to be recognised early in order to
      organize a second OLT. Other causes of hepatic dysfunction were: portal vein
      thrombosis (1 pt), biliary tract obstruction (2 pts), angiocholitis (3 pts),
      right hepatic lobe necrosis (2 pts). Acute hepatic insufficiency in 7
      children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656817
TI  - Intraoperative hemodynamic modifications during pediatric orthotopic liver
      transplantation.
AB  - OLT is generally associated with important cardiovascular changes occurring
      during the vascular clamping and at the time of revascularization of the newly
      transplanted liver. In our series of 60 OLT performed in 52 children, the IVC
      clamping is generally followed by a fall in the PAP and the PWP, the SBP
      remaining fairly stable in half of the cases. This good tolerance is confirmed by
      the fact that a veno-venous bypass was used only in 3 instances and vasopressive
      drugs were needed in only 6 cases. At unclamping, a severe decrease in SBP is
      associated with a sharp rise in PAP and PWP in most of the cases, whereas some
      hypovolemic patients decrease their SBP, PAP and PWP. Therefore, we believe that
      adequate fluid replacement under careful monitoring of the filling pressures
      provides a good hemodynamic stability in most of the children during the
      different stages of OLT.

PMID- 2656818
TI  - Organ transplantation in children.
AB  - Organ transplantations have opened a new field in medicine and particularly in
      pediatrics. The kidney was the first organ to be regularly transplanted and there
      are now more than 2000 children who have received a kidney graft. Cadaver kidneys
      or living-related donor (LRD) kidneys can be used since an adult kidney may be
      grafted in a young child. Cadaver graft survival exceeds 85% at 1 year in recent
      single centre reports and patient survival is above 95%, the results being even
      better with LRD. Some complications may be observed in the long term, such as
      bone osteonecrosis, hypertension or infections. Rehabilitation is generally
      remarkable and growth which remained abnormal in 1/3 of cases under conventional
      treatment seems to improve markedly with cyclosporin. In the future, the
      development of kidney transplantation could lead hopefully to a drastic decrease
      in the number of children on dialysis. Liver transplantation is now performed in
      children with biliary atresia and metabolic diseases. There is no age limit for
      grafting a liver, the only problem being to find a pediatric cadaver donor of
      similar size. It is also possible to use an adult liver after hepatectomy. There
      were 170 liver grafts recorded in children in Europe in December 1986, and the
      long-term survival thanks to cyclosporin is exceeding 80% in some units. Thanks
      to cyclosporin, programs of cardiac transplantation for children are rapidly
      developing. The main indications are gross-congenital cardiac malformations or
      severe functional abnormality not compatible with life. Newborns have been
      grafted with success. The only problem is also to find a suitable pediatric
      donor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656819
TI  - The right to life.
AB  - In this issue is a lengthy, thought-provoking essay on the issues raised by
      unwanted pregnancy. Written by Robert Wennberg in 1984 for the Christian
      Scholar's Review (13:4), the article has been edited and condensed for our
      purposes and is quite relevant, I believe, for the student health population. Any
      practitioner who cares for students wrestling with these issues should at least
      acknowledge the moral and philosophical dilemmas presented. As one who has walked
      both sides of the argument, I find Wennberg's fair-mindedness compelling. In
      closing his article, the author raises the question of what will happen when it
      becomes possible to accomplish an "abortion"--or removal of the fetus from the
      mother--without killing the fetus. Will this procedure be acceptable to the
      average single college student? The New York Times, in an article on "High Tech
      Babies" (February 21, 1986), raised ethical questions posed by the technology of
      frozen embryos. Who decides what is to be done with frozen embryos? To whom do
      they belong? Do they have rights? The theoretical issues raised by Wennberg are
      already forcing themselves upon us. Whether we like it or not, the future is now.
      Regardless of your beliefs on this controversial topic, I urge you to read this
      article. Dr. Wennberg has also just completed a book on this subject, Life In The
      Balance.

PMID- 2656820
TI  - Growth and development of state of the art care for people with congenital heart
      disease.
AB  - For 40 years the American College of Cardiology has been a responsible
      organization in promoting the art and science of cardiac care for people of all
      ages. This review chronicles the leapfrogging of medical and surgical creativity
      and contributions to saving lives and making those lives healthy through informed
      care for people with congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2656821
TI  - Genetics and congenital heart disease: perspectives and prospects.
AB  - Elucidating the role of genes in the ontogenesis of the cardiovascular system is
      a task that involves many fields of inquiry. Recent dramatic advances in the
      molecular biology of transcription and its variations and the prospects for
      sequencing the entire human genome must not induce complacency; the major task of
      determining how a one-dimensional code specifies a three-dimensional structure
      demands an understanding of biologic systems considerably beyond the current
      level. The study of pathologic cardiovascular ontogeny is equally in need of new
      insight and fresh approaches. Although all clinicians might agree that genes are
      important contributors to both the etiology and the pathogenesis of congenital
      heart defects, with the exception of a few Mendelian conditions, this knowledge
      cannot be put to practice beyond crude statements of empirically determined
      probabilities. In this review, we selectively examine studies that are addressing
      what we perceive as provocative issues and suggest some areas, such as chaos
      theory, in which new ideas might be found.

PMID- 2656822
TI  - Morphology of left anterior descending coronary territory lesions as a predictor
      of anterior myocardial infarction: a CASS Registry Study.
AB  - Despite a growing awareness of the correlation of coronary artery stenoses
      morphology with clinical syndromes, no comprehensive, prospective analysis of the
      implications of stenosis morphology on risk of myocardial infarction has been
      reported. Angiograms from 118 patients, representative of the 4.9% of medically
      treated Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) patients who during subsequent 3
      year follow-up study had an anterior myocardial infarction, were matched on the
      basis of arteriographic anatomy and disease with 141 patients who did not have an
      anterior infarction. Angiograms from these 259 patients with 557 left anterior
      descending artery stenoses were reviewed without knowledge of clinical outcome.
      Conditional regression analyses were performed to determine the importance of
      stenosis morphology, relative to computer-determined stenosis severity and other
      clinical variables, in the prediction of risk of infarction. Univariate analysis
      revealed luminal roughness (odds ratio 4.5; p = 0.001) and lesion length (odds
      ratio 1.7 per unit length; p = 0.007) to be highly correlated with future risk of
      infarction. Multivariate analysis revealed left anterior descending artery
      percent stenosis greater than or equal to 50%, lesion roughness, left circumflex
      artery stenosis and smoking, in that order, to be predictive of anterior
      myocardial infarction, whereas 22 other morphologic variables were not
      independently predictive of outcome. The importance of stenosis roughness may
      relate to its propensity for thrombogenesis and should be considered in clinical
      decision making.

PMID- 2656823
TI  - Doppler color flow mapping in the evaluation of prosthetic mitral and aortic
      valve function.
AB  - Doppler color flow mapping and color-guided conventional Doppler studies were
      performed on 119 patients with 126 prosthetic valves (mitral alone in 60, aortic
      alone in 52 and both mitral and aortic in 7 patients) within 2 weeks of the
      catheterization study or surgery, or both. The mean pressure gradients derived by
      color-guided continuous wave Doppler ultrasound correlated well with those
      obtained at catheterization for both the tissue and mechanical mitral and aortic
      prostheses (r = 0.85 to 0.87). For the effective prosthetic orifice areas, better
      correlation with catheterization results were obtained with the tissue mitral (r
      = 0.94) and tissue aortic (r = 0.87) prostheses than with the mechanical mitral
      (r = 0.79) and mechanical aortic (r = 0.76) prostheses. The maximal width of the
      color flow signals at their origin from the tissue mitral prostheses also
      correlated well with the effective prosthetic orifice area at catheterization (r
      = 0.81). Doppler color flow mapping identified prosthetic valvular regurgitation
      with a sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 100%, respectively, for the mitral
      and 92% and 83% for the aortic prostheses. There was complete agreement between
      the Doppler color flow mapping and angiographic grading of the severity of
      prosthetic valvular regurgitation in 90% of mitral and 73.5% of the aortic
      regurgitant prostheses with under- or overestimation by greater than 1 grade in
      only two cases. Valvular and paravalvular regurgitation was correctly categorized
      by Doppler color flow mapping in relation to the surgical findings in 94% of the
      mitral and 80.5% of the aortic prostheses.

PMID- 2656824
TI  - Cardiac interstitium in health and disease: the fibrillar collagen network.
AB  - Composed of type I and III collagens, the valve leaflets, chordae tendineae and
      collagen matrix of the myocardium form a structural continuum. Synthesized by
      cardiac fibroblasts, these fibrillar collagens support and tether myocytes to
      maintain their alignment, whereas their respective tensile strength and
      resilience resist the deformation, maintain the shape and thickness, prevent the
      rupture and contribute to the passive and active stiffness of the myocardium. An
      acquired or congenital defect in this collagen network can lead to abnormalities
      in myocardial architecture, mechanics or valve function. In the hypertrophic
      process that accompanies a pressure overload, for example, increased collagen
      synthesis, fibroblast proliferation and a structural and biochemical remodeling
      of the matrix are seen. This includes distinctive patterns of reparative and
      reactive myocardial fibrosis, each of which alters diastolic and systolic
      myocardial stiffness and may lead to pathologic hypertrophy. Alternatively, a
      loss of collagen tethers or decline in matrix tensile strength can be responsible
      for regional or global transformations in myocardial architecture and function
      seen in the reperfused ("stunned") myocardium and in dilated (idiopathic)
      cardiopathy. Inherited disorders in the transcriptional and posttranslational
      processing of collagen can also alter the biophysical properties of the network.
      Future studies into collagen gene regulation, gene switching events and the
      control of collagen synthesis and degradation are needed to develop a more
      complete understanding of the relation between the collagen network and acquired
      and inherited forms of heart disease and to utilize therapeutics that will
      prevent, retard or regress abnormal collagen matrix remodeling.

PMID- 2656825
TI  - Importance of epidemiology and biostatistics in deciding clinical strategies for
      using diagnostic tests: a simplified approach using examples from coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - The explosion of costly new medical diagnostic technologies demands a common
      sense approach to help physicians decide appropriate indications and strategies
      for use of these tests. This simple, nonmathematical review focuses on the
      assessment of coronary artery disease, but the approach can be generalized to
      other medical problems. This clinical approach to diagnostic testing strategies
      is based on seven sequential questions: 1. What is the clinical probability that
      this patient has a specific disease characteristic based on clinical data? 2.
      What is the overall objective for management of this patient based on the overall
      status of the patient? 3. Most importantly, what specific questions need to be
      answered about the patient's condition before the physician can recommend the
      most appropriate management (e.g., whether the patient has coronary disease,
      whether an anatomic lesion is functionally significant, whether a myocardial
      region is reversibly ischemic or irreversibly infarcted, whether a particular
      therapy has had good or bad effects or what is the patient's prognosis)? The key
      point is for the physician to formulate a specific clinical question about the
      patient before the test. 4. The physician must then ask how well does the test
      answer the particular clinical question about the patient. Here the physician
      needs to understand the sensitivity and specificity of the test, especially
      because they are influenced by various clinical biases. 5. Next, the physician
      must ask how to interpret the reliability of a positive or negative test result
      in the individual patient. This requires understanding predictive value and
      predictive error of a given result and how they are influenced by the clinical
      data as described by Bayes' theorem. 6. Next, the physician must ask what further
      tests or therapies will be recommended for the patient. The physician can
      estimate in advance how different test results would alter management plans and
      he can then allow this estimate to help determine indications for the test. There
      is some controversy concerning whether to use Bayes' theorem or multivariate
      analysis to estimate the final probability of a disease characteristic. 7.
      Finally, in this era of quality assurance, professional review and cost
      containment, it behooves each physician to ask whether the data provided by the
      particular tests were worth the cost, inconvenience and risk for that particular
      patient.

PMID- 2656826
TI  - Thrombolysis in unstable angina: will the beneficial effects of thrombolytic
      therapy in myocardial infarction apply to patients with unstable angina?

PMID- 2656827
TI  - Improving pregnancy outcomes in the United States: the importance of preventive
      nutrition services.

PMID- 2656829
TI  - Vision care for the elderly: problems and directions.
AB  - This paper discusses vision care needs of the elderly population as a public
      health concern. Emphasis has been placed on the current utilization of optometric
      services. Recommendations are made for optometric practitioners to get actively
      involved as members of the multidisciplinary health care team, both by learning
      about aging and teaching other providers about vision of the aging, to truly
      serve the visual needs of the elderly.

PMID- 2656828
TI  - Relationships between sour and salt taste perception and selected subject
      attributes.
AB  - The relationships between perceived sour and salt taste intensity and selected
      subject attributes--taste/smell deficits, salt use, avoidance of salt/sour
      tasting foods, smoking, alcohol use, dentures, education, and prescription drug
      use--were investigated in 180 subjects (30 men and 30 women/age group: 20 to 29
      years [young], 70 to 79 years [old], 80 to 99 years [very old]. Multiple
      regression analyses showed that the taste intensity estimates were significantly
      related to age, sex, stimulus concentration, self-reported taste/smell deficits,
      avoidance of salt/sour tasting foods, salt use, alcohol, smoking, education, and
      use of certain drugs (drugs for the treatment of arthritis, drugs acting on the
      gastrointestinal tract and heart system, and diuretics/drugs for the treatment of
      hypertension). The very old showed deficits in perception of the low
      suprathreshold tastant levels, with near normal perception of the high levels,
      whereas the old exhibited deficits at all levels. Wearing dentures was the only
      single variable not selected in any of the final regression models, due to the
      high prevalence and homogeneity in use of dentures in the elderly groups. Further
      work using a stratified sample and a large number of subjects is warranted to
      elucidate the influence of subject attributes on taste perception.

PMID- 2656830
TI  - Effects of superior mesenteric and coeliac ganglionectomy on the small intestinal
      mucosa in the Hanford mini pig. I. Histological and enzyme-histochemical study.
AB  - The effects of total superior mesenteric and coeliac ganglionectomy on the
      thickness of the mucosa, the cell composition of the epithelium and the enzyme
      activity of the absorptive cells was studied in 10 Hanford mini pigs 3 weeks and
      6 months after ganglionectomy. The mucosal thickness increased after
      ganglionectomy by 10-33% (P less than 0.02) mainly due to increase in the villus
      height. Differential cell counts showed a postganglionectomy decrease in
      percentage of goblet cells of 20-40%. Absorptive cell counts increased
      significantly (P less than 0.05). Enterochromaffin cells (stained with the Masson
      Fontana method) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-immunoreactive cells did not
      change significantly in the small intestine. The activity of L-leucine-amino
      peptidase, non-specific alkaline phosphatase, adenosintriphosphatase, non
      specific acid phosphatase, non-specific esterase and succinate dehydrogenase, as
      assessed by absorption photometry, increased by 2-18% (P less than 0.01) after
      ganglionectomy. Total ganglionectomy thus results in a rise in villus height and
      in an increase in the number of absorptive cells which, by their enzymatic
      activity, appear to be fully mature.

PMID- 2656831
TI  - Insulin resistance in acromegaly: evaluation by studies of insulin binding to
      erythrocytes.
AB  - Insulin binding to erythrocytes (RBC) was evaluated in 10 acromegalic patients (6
      females and 4 males) in comparison to 22 normal subjects (12 females and 10
      males) in an attempt to study the insulin resistance of acromegaly. Basal glucose
      from all acromegalic patients were within the normal range but incremental
      glucose and insulin curves, respectively, on oGTT were significantly increased in
      the acromegalic patients suggesting an insulin resistant state. Basal growth
      hormone concentrations were elevated in all acromegalic patients, but no
      correlation was observed between insulin and GH levels. The insulin binding
      studies in the acromegalic patients showed a decreased binding due to a reduction
      in the receptor number per cell but with no alterations in the affinity state.
      Correction of data for creatine, as a procedure of normalization of binding data
      for a standardized RBC cell age, enhanced the reduction of insulin binding of the
      acromegalic patients in comparison to controls in consequence to the younger
      population of acromegalic RBC as indicated by their increased creatine
      concentrations. In conclusion, the insulin resistant state in acromegalics
      observed in our study is accompanied by a decrease in the insulin binding to the
      RBC receptor due to a reduction of the receptor concentration as mediated by the
      compensatory hyperinsulinemia.

PMID- 2656832
TI  - Melatonin effects on prolactin secretion in pituitary-grafted female rats.
AB  - Melatonin influences prolactin (PRL) secretion through unknown mechanisms. This
      work was undertaken to study the effects of melatonin administration of PRL
      secretion in pituitary-grafted female rats. Melatonin administration resulted in
      a marked and rapid decrease of previously high plasma PRL levels in pituitary
      grafted rats. Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) administration
      resulted in a marked decrease of plasma PRL levels in both sham-operated and
      grafted animals given saline whereas a statistically significant increase was
      observed in grafted, melatonin-treated rats. Estradiol benzoate administration
      caused an increase in plasma PRL levels of greater magnitude in the afternoon
      than in the morning in sham-operated animals given saline whereas in grafted
      animals no response to estradiol benzoate was detected. Melatonin increased the
      plasma PRL response to estradiol benzoate in sham-operated rats as compared to
      vehicle-treated animals. A normalization of PRL response to estradiol benzoate
      was shown in melatonin-treated, pituitary grafted rats. While the suppressive
      effects of melatonin in plasma PRL levels of pituitary-grafted animals is
      substantial the mechanism of this inhibition remains unknown.

PMID- 2656834
TI  - Incontinence.
AB  - 1. Urinary incontinence is a significant cause of disability and dependency among
      the elderly, and is frequently cited as the major precipitant in long-term
      institutionalization. 2. Incontinent elderly view their condition as a
      significant symbol of loss of control as well as self-esteem, and is discussed by
      them in terms of infantilization. 3. Potential advantages of research and
      intervention and urinary incontinence include improved well-being of patients,
      relief of family burden, and cost benefit to society. 4. Evaluating behavioral
      treatment for incontinence remains an important nursing challenge due to the
      diversity of the incontinent elderly population in terms of their urinary tract
      pathophysiology; neurologic, cognitive, and functional status; and their
      environmental setting.

PMID- 2656835
TI  - [Cancer risk of hormone replacement treatment in the menopause].
AB  - For the last 40 years oestrogens have been prescribed for treating the menopause
      and their effects are beginning to be well recognised. Many epidemiological
      surveys have shown that giving oestrogens by themselves increases the risk of
      cancer of the endometrium. This most undesirable secondary effect can be
      neutralised if progestogens are given at the same time. It is even possible to
      treat endometrial hyperplasia, the precursor stage of cancer of the endometrium.
      No effects on cancers of the ovary, of the cervix, of the vagina and of the vulva
      have been found resulting from the use of replacement oestrogens. The
      epidemiological surveys to study the risk of cancer of the breast linked with
      oestrogen treatment have not shown that there is any increased risk. There are,
      however, still some doubts about sub-groups and in particular those women whose
      ovaries have been removed. As with cancer of the endometrium, taking progestogens
      at the same time lessens the risk, doubtless because the deficiency in
      progesterone is more important as a causative agent for the development of
      tumours in the breast than excess oestrogens. It is necessary to weigh the risks
      and the benefits of hormone replacement therapy after the menopause, but overall
      the results of studies that have been carried out until now favour greatly the
      prescription of such therapy.

PMID- 2656833
TI  - Goiter and iodine deficiency in Europe. The European Thyroid Association report
      as updated in 1988.

PMID- 2656836
TI  - [Antenatal diagnosis of holoprosencephaly and its consequences. Apropos of 2
      cases].
AB  - Cyclops represents the worst form of a rare malformation of the brain and face:
      holoprosencephaly. Two cases are reported, including one that was diagnosed at
      the 23rd week of pregnancy. Now, ultrasonography makes it possible to diagnose
      early; as soon as the 15th week of gestation. Ultrasound diagnosis is based on
      hypotelorism and anomalies of the mid-line, with or without facial abnormalities.
      The outcome is always poor. This malformation is associated with various
      conditions and a complete assessment, including the karyotype, morphologic
      studies of the fetus and of his family, and search for related minor facial
      dysmorphias (median labial or cleft palate with, with a single upper incisor) is
      mandatory. The condition recurs in 2 to 50% of cases depending on various
      associated conditions and on the family histories.

PMID- 2656837
TI  - [Comparative study of 2 series of cases of uterine rupture collected at the
      Averroes Hospital in Casablanca from 1979 to 1981 and from 1984 to 1986].
AB  - There were 156 uterine ruptures collected out of 34,807 deliveries in the
      gynaecological and obstetrical department of the University Hospital of Averroes
      in Casablanca. This is a rate of 1 per 223 deliveries. The factors that
      predispose to this complication are low socio-economic status of the patients,
      multiparity and, above all, a scarred uterus. Surgical abnormalities of the
      pelvis and dystocia due to malpresentations and above all inappropriate
      manoeuvres which continue to be practised are all responsible for the condition.
      The rupture usually occurs in the lower segment. When the lesions are extensive
      the cervix and the bladder are most often damaged. Treatment should be as
      conservative as possible to maintain the woman's fertility but at the same time
      doing whatever is necessary for her.

PMID- 2656838
TI  - [Infertility associated with polyps of the interstitial portion of the fallopian
      tubes. Experience with 26 cases treated by microsurgery].
AB  - Twenty-six patients with infertility, from two to ten years, associated to 21
      bilateral and 5 unilateral (with contralateral salpingectomy) cornual polyps,
      underwent a microsurgical procedure, either by resection and anastomosis in 19
      cases, or a simple polypectomy in 5 cases and a mixed procedure in 2 cases. The
      rate of patency, at least for one tube, was 88.5%. The rate of intra-uterine
      pregnancies was 46.4% (10/26 cases, 38.5%, achieved a full term pregnancy). It is
      concluded that the surgical procedure, either resection of the intra-mural
      segment of the tube, or a simple polypectomy, must be considered in case of large
      polyps, after at least three years of infertility.

PMID- 2656839
TI  - [Fertilization in vitro and embryo transfer (FIVET) and endometriosis.
      Uncertainties and issues].
AB  - The progressive improvements in the results and extra simplification of the
      recent techniques for in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer (IVFET) have
      contributed to broadening the indications for this method of assisted
      reproduction. Endometriosis has not escaped this evolution and more and more
      works referring to the use of IVFET for this indication. All the same, there are
      many questions which have not been clearly answered. The possible variety of
      causes for this condition, the number of factors that may be causing the
      infertility, make it difficult to assess completely the method of therapy, and
      require that controlled studies should carried out. These are not always easy to
      perform. IVFET is no exception to these difficulties. The relationships between
      endometriosis and infertility are complex and very often difficult to assess. All
      the same, very many hypotheses have been put out to explain the deleterious
      effect of this abnormality. Certain mechanisms have been suggested (such as
      troubles with maturation of the follicle and of the oocyte and the production of
      a hostile environment for the gametes and for the embryo). These are logical
      arguments for IVFET which initially produces follicular maturation and takes the
      gametes and the embryo away from the peritoneal and tubal environment. In spite
      of certain hypotheses which would be unfavourable in cases of endometriosis
      (oocytes being less likely to be fertilised, poorer quality of the embryos,
      defective implantation...) the results that have been obtained after IVFET are
      overall very favourable and certainly can compare with those obtained when it has
      been used for, for instance, tubal indication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656840
TI  - The scaphoid allograft: a new operation for treatment of the very proximal
      scaphoid nonunion or for the necrotic, fragmented scaphoid proximal pole.
AB  - This is a preliminary report of eight cases in which an allograft was used to
      replace half of the scaphoid. The indications for the procedure include the
      following: (1) Severe necrosis with fragmentation of the proximal pole, (2) Very
      proximal pole nonunion with small (less than 20% of the bone), unreconstructable
      proximal fragments, and (3) One case of severely comminuted intra-articular
      fracture of the scaphotrapezial joint and basal joint of the thumb caused by a
      gunshot wound. The Herbert scaphoid screw was used to provide rigid fixation.
      Follow-up ranged from 8 to 30 months. The result was good in six of eight
      patients. It should be emphasized that this is a preliminary report of the early
      experience with a new operation for salvage of difficult scaphoid fracture
      problems.

PMID- 2656841
TI  - Metacarpal fracture fixation with interosseous nylon suture in a patient with
      metal allergies.
AB  - The successful repair of two oblique metacarpal shaft fractures with interosseous
      nylon sutures is reported. The technique was devised for the treatment of a 54
      year-old woman with severe asthma and metal allergies that precluded the use of
      more conventional methods. Allergic reactions to mental implants and alternative
      stabilization techniques are discussed. The method is suggested not as a routine
      procedure, but rather as an option to standard means of fracture fixation in
      similar unusual circumstances.

PMID- 2656842
TI  - Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the scaphoid: Preiser's disease?
AB  - Although avascular necrosis after fracture of the scaphoid is common, it rarely
      develops without apparent trauma. Preiser's disease is commonly associated with
      avascular necrosis of the scaphoid without fracture or trauma. A critical review
      of Preiser's original article reveals that all of his cases, as well as three of
      seven additional cases in the literature, were associated with fracture or
      trauma. Preiser's disease, therefore, should be traumatic avascular necrosis and
      differentiated from truly nontraumatic avascular necrosis. Five additional cases
      in four patients with nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the scaphoid are
      presented.

PMID- 2656843
TI  - Flexor tendon surgery: technical note.

PMID- 2656844
TI  - Caregiving, ethical and informal: emerging challenges in the sociology of health
      and illness.
AB  - The concept of care, integral to medical sociology and to the sociology of health
      and illness, suggests new challenges in two key areas of this field: 1) within
      professional socialization, an examination of socialization to ethical thinking,
      behavior, and identity among professional caregivers, building on the substantial
      literature already accumulated; 2) in the arena of hidden or informal care
      providers, an analysis of male and female informal providers and the productive
      work, other than care, done by these individuals. In both analyses, as well as in
      all medical sociology and sociology of health and illness, gender, race, and
      class require more attention. Both analytic endeavors influence the substance and
      the contours of the field.

PMID- 2656845
TI  - An appraisal of organizational response to fiscally constraining regulation: the
      case of hospitals and DRGs.
AB  - Results from analysis of 227,771 discharge abstracts from 68 short-term, acute
      care hospitals and from interviews with a stratified random selection of 24 of
      the 68 chief executives of these hospitals demonstrate that institutions perceive
      implementation of DRGs as fiscally constraining, especially in light of other
      resource-constraining conditions (an increase in unemployment resulting in fewer
      people with hospitalization insurance, in addition to severe cuts in Medicaid
      rolls and budget). Hospitals responded to DRGs by decreasing the use of affected
      resources or services available to the hospitalized Medicare patient. In order to
      survive a more economically stringent marketplace, hospitals no longer protected
      the traditional core within the Medicare inpatient market. They opted instead to
      change practices and products at the unregulated margins of the DRG system.

PMID- 2656846
TI  - Synergistic effect of migrating Ascaris larvae and Escherichia coli in piglets.
AB  - The effect of intestinal flora on the establishment, development and
      pathogenicity of Ascaris suum larvae in piglets (Large White breed) was
      investigated. The infected piglets with Ascaris and Escherichia coli showed signs
      of pneumonia, cough with respiratory difficulties initially even though these
      moderated with time. They lost appetite and showed signs of unthriftiness with
      loss of weight. The packed cell volume was normal but the differential leucocyte
      counts of the pigs infected with Ascaris larvae and bacteria had high
      neutrophils, unlike the very high lymphocyte count observed in piglets with
      ascarids only. The piglets had generalized serous atrophy of body fat. The
      pericardial and perirenal fats were gelatinous. There was a firm and nodular grey
      and red hepatization with abscess pockets in the intermediate and anterior one
      third of the diaphragmatic lobes of the lungs. The liver contained greyish-white
      and depressed focus immediately dorsal to the area of attachment to the gall
      bladder with multifocal areas. There was no significant gross lesion in the
      control animals. Cultural and microscopic examinations of some internal organs of
      the infected animals showed that bacteria were carried to the lungs by the
      migrating Ascaris larvae. The combined synergistic effect of Ascaris larvae and
      E. coli was also investigated and it was concluded that the two agents (A. suum
      larvae and E. coli) worked together synergistically.

PMID- 2656847
TI  - Medical museum notes.

PMID- 2656848
TI  - Lyme disease: a review and an outlook for Indiana.

PMID- 2656849
TI  - Ultrasound guided drainage of pleural fluid.
AB  - Ultrasound guided drainage has been reported as a highly successful drainage
      procedure. Computed tomography (CT) and fluoroscopy also have been cited as
      favorable imaging modalities for the treatment of pleural effusion. With its
      extreme sensitivity to fluid collections and rapid and accurate localization of
      fluid, real-time ultrasound has become the primary imaging modality for the
      interventional drainage of pleural fluid. This is a retrospective study of
      patients with radiographically suspected pleural effusion, using ultrasonic
      scanning for possible drainage. A special bedside drainage technique in
      critically ill patients also is described.

PMID- 2656850
TI  - Reimbursement for services to dependents of Medicaid and Medicare.

PMID- 2656851
TI  - Thomas Rogers Forbes (1911-1988). Anatomist, medical educator, and historian of
      medicine.

PMID- 2656852
TI  - Robert Burton and psychological healing.

PMID- 2656853
TI  - Death on the Argus: American medical malpractice versus British chauvinism in the
      War of 1812.

PMID- 2656854
TI  - Wartime bureaucracy and penicillin allocation: the Committee on Chemotherapeutic
      and Other Agents, 1942-44.

PMID- 2656855
TI  - William Shippen's unsuccessful attempt to establish the first "School for
      Physick" in the American colonies in 1762.

PMID- 2656856
TI  - Our experiences with isolation of heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli.
AB  - From the Escherichia coli strain isolated from a patient suffering from diarrhoea
      a homogenate and concentrated culture filtrate were prepared. From these
      materials the heat-labile enterotoxin was isolated after its elution with 0.2 M D
      galactose from Sepharose 6B column. The obtained enterotoxin was positive in the
      rabbit ileal loop test up to a concentration of 1 microgram protein/ml. In the
      immunodiffusion test it reacted in a concentration up to 5 micrograms protein/ml
      with anticholeragen and in a concentration up to 30 micrograms protein/ml with
      its specific antiserum. This antiserum was prepared by intramuscular immunization
      of rabbits by enterotoxin with complete Freund's adjuvant.

PMID- 2656857
TI  - Bibliography of the current world literature in hypertension.

PMID- 2656858
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure measurement in the evaluation of blood pressure
      lowering drugs.

PMID- 2656859
TI  - A major structural abnormality in the renin gene of the spontaneously
      hypertensive rat.
AB  - The renin genes of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto
      (WKY) rat were compared by Southern blotting using cDNA and oligonucleotide
      probes. A 'deletion' of approximately 650 base pairs was found in the first
      intron (intron A) of the SHR gene compared with the WKY gene. Our studies
      strongly suggest that this is due to a decrease in the number of copies of the
      tandemly repeated sequence present within intron A of the rat renin gene. In both
      SHR and WKY, this region of the gene was found to be different from that of the
      parent Wistar rat and those of other Wistar-based inbred strains. The functional
      significance of the abnormality and any role it may have in hypertension in the
      SHR remain to be determined.

PMID- 2656860
TI  - A double-blind evaluation of captopril in elderly hypertensives.
AB  - To establish the role of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the
      management of hypertension in the elderly, 16 patients were treated with
      captopril in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study.
      Clinic blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure, renal function and mental
      performance, with emphasis on mood and psychological well-being, were assessed.
      Twelve patients, aged 73 (+/- 4.4) years, completed the study. The doses of
      captopril used were 50 mg (11 patients) and 25 mg (one patient) twice daily for 4
      weeks. Mean (+/- s.e.m.) clinic sitting blood pressure during captopril therapy
      was significantly lower than during administration of placebo (172 +/- 4.5/83 +/-
      25 versus 188 +/- 4.4/89 +/- 3.4 mmHg; P less than 0.001/P less than 0.05). Mean
      ambulatory blood pressure was also significantly lower on captopril treatment
      than during administration of placebo (166 +/- 5.3/87 +/- 1.6 versus 179 +/-
      5.1/94 +/- 2.4 mmHg; P less than 0.02/P less than 0.02) and this effect was
      sustained over the dosing interval. Renal blood flow and mental performance were
      unaltered by treatment. Gastrointestinal discomfort occurred in two patients, one
      of whom was withdrawn and cough developed in one patient. We conclude that
      captopril is effective as monotherapy in lowering blood pressure in the elderly.

PMID- 2656861
TI  - Processing and presentation of insulin. II. Evidence for intracellular, plasma
      membrane-associated and extracellular degradation of human insulin by antigen
      presenting B cells.
AB  - To study the biochemistry of processing of a soluble protein Ag by an APC, we
      investigated how 125I-labeled human insulin (HI) is processed in situ by TA3
      mouse hybridoma B cells. Fractionation of TA3 cells into their extracellular,
      plasma membrane-associated and intracellular compartments coupled with the use of
      HPLC enabled us to analyze several peptides derived from each compartment. One HI
      peptide found in all three compartments is composed of residues A1-A14 disulfide
      linked to B7-B26 (A1-A14/B7-B26). The presence of this peptide in the
      extracellular compartment likely resulted from digestion of HI by an enzyme(s)
      released from the APC. Extracellular processing of radiolabeled HI was inhibited
      completely by unlabeled HI and N-ethylmaleimide, an inhibitor of a previously
      described insulin-specific protease, partially by lysozyme but not by BSA or OVA.
      This suggests that the enzyme involved in the extracellular processing of insulin
      is relatively insulin-specific and gives rise to the A1-A14/B7-B26 peptide. The
      processing of HI both at the plasma membrane and intracellularly was inhibited by
      chloroquine, monensin, and NH4Cl, suggesting that both intracellular pH changes
      and endocytic and exocytic events may be required for these compartments to
      process insulin. Kinetic analyses revealed that the processing of insulin into
      the A1-A14/B7-B26 peptide is first detected at the plasma membrane then
      intracellularly and finally in the extracellular compartment. This unlabeled A1
      A14/B7-B26 peptide was purified from the extracellular compartment of TA3 APC by
      HPLC; when presented by TA3 APC this peptide effectively stimulated pork insulin
      (PI/I-Ad) specific Th cells to secrete IL-2. These data, taken together with the
      identification of another processed insulin peptide, A7-A11/B7-B26, have enabled
      us to elucidate the first steps in the biochemical pathway(s) of processing of
      insulin as an Ag in a B cell APC.

PMID- 2656862
TI  - HLA class I-related impairment in IL-2 production and lymphocyte response to
      microbial antigens in reactive arthritis.
AB  - The contribution of certain Gram-negative bacteria and host HLA class I Ag to the
      development of reactive arthritis (ReA)3 has strong epidemiologic support but the
      pathogenesis of the arthritis is unknown. An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium
      afforded the opportunity to compare the immune response to the organism between
      those who developed ReA (ReA+, n = 11) with those who did not (ReA-, n = 12). Of
      the 11 ReA+ patients, 4 were B27-positive and 6 were B7-positive; of the ReA-
      patients none was B27- or B7-positive. The causative pathogen S. typhimurium
      phage 22 was used to examine PBL proliferation by [3H]thymidine incorporation.
      Impairment in lymphocyte response to S. typhimurium in ReA+ compared with ReA-
      was demonstrated by: i) lower stimulation index (1.9 +/- 0.3 for ReA+, 5.7 +/-
      0.6 for ReA-, p less than 0.01); ii) lower in vitro Ig production; and iii) lower
      Ag-induced IL-2 production. Mixing experiments did not demonstrate a soluble
      suppressor factor in ReA+ supernatants. Thus, after infection with S. typhimurium
      there is an impairment in cellular immunity that has correlates in immunogenetic
      and clinical features of the infected population.

PMID- 2656863
TI  - Aberrant expression of class II MHC antigens by skeletal muscle endothelial cells
      in experimental autoimmune myositis.
AB  - We recently described the induction of an inflammatory myopathy in SJL/J mice
      after injection of skeletal muscle Ag and adjuvant that is characterized by
      necrosis of muscle fibers associated with infiltrating mononuclear cells. In the
      present study, an immunohistologic analysis was performed to examine the
      phenotype of these infiltrating cells and to determine changes in cell-surface Ag
      expression in involved muscle. The predominant cells infiltrating muscle after
      induction of experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM) were found to be Mac-1+/I-A+
      macrophages, representing 80 to 90% of all infiltrating cells, and CD4+ T
      lymphocytes, representing 10 to 15% of all infiltrating cells. Few CD8+ T cells,
      and no B cells, were seen in the involved muscles. Interestingly, endothelial
      cells in involved muscles were also noted to express class II MHC Ag. Aberrant I
      A Ag expression was not observed on endothelial cells in other tissues examined,
      including kidney, liver, cardiac muscle, and lung. I-A Ag expression appeared to
      correlate with susceptibility to disease in that muscle endothelial cells
      remained negative after attempts to induce EAM in a nonsusceptible strain.
      Together, the data suggest that aberrant organ-specific class II MHC Ag
      expression and a response by CD4+ T cells may be pathogenetically involved in the
      muscle injury of EAM. In addition, the predominance of infiltrating macrophages
      suggests that these recruited cells may also be important in the immune-mediated
      muscle damage.

PMID- 2656864
TI  - Influence of IL-1 alpha and -1 beta on the survival of human bone marrow cells
      responding to hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors.
AB  - Purified recombinant human (rhu) IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were evaluated for
      their effects on the proliferation and survival of granulocyte-macrophage (CFU
      GM) and erythroid (BFU-E) progenitor cells from normal human bone marrow (BM).
      Using nonadherent low density T lymphocyte depleted (NALT-) BM cells cultured in
      the presence or absence of IL-1, CSF-deprivation studies demonstrated that IL-1
      alpha or IL-1 beta by itself did not enhance the proliferation of CFU-GM or BFU
      E. They did, however, promote the survival of progenitors responding to the
      delayed addition of media conditioned by the 5637 cell line (5637 conditioned
      medium), rhu GM-CSF and erythropoietin. The survival promoting effects of IL-1
      alpha on CFU-GM and BFU-E were neutralized by anti-IL-1 alpha mAb added to the
      cultures. The survival promoting effect of IL-1 alpha did not appear to be
      mediated by CSF, because neither CSF nor erythroid burst promoting activity were
      detectable in cultures in which NALT- cells were incubated with rhuIL-1 alpha. In
      addition, suboptimal concentrations of rhu macrophage CSF (CSF-1), G-CSF, GM-CSF,
      and IL-3, which were just below the levels that would stimulate colony formation,
      did not enhance progenitor cell survival. Survival of CFU-GM and BFU-E in low
      density (LD) bone marrow cells did not decrease as drastically as that in NALT-
      BM cells, and exogenously added IL-1 did not enhance progenitor cell survival of
      CFU-GM and BFU-E in LD BM cells. However, addition of anti-IL-1 beta decreased
      survival of CFU-GM and BFU-E in LD BM cells. These results implicate IL-1 in the
      prolonged survival of human CFU-GM and BFU-E.

PMID- 2656865
TI  - Antibacterial properties of eosinophil major basic protein and eosinophil
      cationic protein.
AB  - We examined the bactericidal activity of two proteins that are abundant in the
      cytoplasmic granules of human eosinophils, major basic protein (MBP) and
      eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). Unlike the human neutrophil's peptide
      defensins, both MBP and ECP killed stationary phase Staphylococcus aureus 502A in
      a simple nutrient-free buffer solution. Although MBP also killed Escherichia coli
      ML-35 with considerable efficacy under these experimental conditions, the in
      vitro activity of ECP against E. coli was considerably enhanced if mid
      logarithmic phase bacteria replaced stationary phase organisms or if the assay
      medium was enriched with trypticase soy broth. The antibacterial activity of both
      eosinophil proteins was modulated by incubation time, protein concentration,
      temperature and pH. A pBR322-transformed derivative of E. coli ML-35 was used to
      examine the effects of ECP and MBP on integrity of the bacterial inner membrane
      (IM) and outer membrane. Although both MBP and ECP caused outer and inner
      membrane permeabilization when nutrients were present, only MBP was effective
      under nutrient-free conditions. Two proton ionophores (DNP and carbonyl cyanide m
      chlorophenyl hydrazone) protected E. coli from the bactericidal effects of ECP
      but not from MBP. These findings establish that MBP and ECP have bactericidal
      properties and suggest that these proteins kill E. coli by similar but
      nonidentical mechanisms marked by an attack on the target cell's membranes. In
      view of evidence that high concentrations of ECP and MBP exist in cytoplasmic
      granules whose contents are translocated to phagocytic vacuoles, we suggest that
      MBP and ECP contribute to the eosinophil's ability to kill ingested bacteria.

PMID- 2656866
TI  - Multimeric C9 within C5b-9 deposits in unique locations in the cell wall of
      Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - We have shown previously that multimeric C9 within C5b-9 (C9:C5b-8 greater than
      3:1) is needed for killing of a rough strain of Escherichia coli. We now extend
      these studies using serum sensitive, rough (R) and serum resistant, wild type
      (WT) strains of Salmonella typhimurium as well as a mutant S. typhimurium strain
      (TS) with a temperature sensitive mutation in synthesis of keto-deoxy
      octulosonate, a constituent within the deep core structure of Salmonella LPS.
      Both R and TS required multimeric C9 within C5b-9 to be killed. Addition at 37
      degrees C of increasing inputs of C9 to TS or R bearing C5b-9 led to a dose
      related increase in C9 binding and killing. In contrast, addition of high inputs
      of C9 to the same strains at 4 degrees C, a procedure that limits the C9:C5b-8
      ratio to 1:1, resulted in low C9 binding and minimal killing. Bactericidal C5b-9
      formed at 37 degrees C on R and TS with high inputs of C9 co-sedimented with the
      bacterial outer membrane on sucrose density gradient analysis. Non-bactericidal
      C5b-9 on R, WT, and TS co-sedimented near the inner membrane, despite the
      presumed lack of association between these constituents. Whereas 125I C9 within
      the non-bactericidal pools immunoprecipitate with anti-C5, 125I C9 within
      bactericidal pools did not immunoprecipitate with anti-C5, anti-C7, or anti-C9.
      These findings suggest that bactericidal C5b-9 may be deposited in a unique
      location or configuration within the bacterial cell wall.

PMID- 2656867
TI  - Immunoblotting and dot blotting.

PMID- 2656868
TI  - Flow cytometric detection of anti-gliadin antibodies.
AB  - A very sensitive solid-phase fluorescent immunoassay to detect anti-alpha-gliadin
      IgA class antibodies is described. The solid phase consisted of polystyrene
      carboxylated microspheres, of 5 microns diameter, coated with alpha-gliadin.
      Serum-specific antibodies bound to the alpha-gliadin were measured by flow
      cytometry using fluorescein-conjugated anti-human IgA. 41 samples were tested and
      the results compared with those obtained by a standard method: an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A good correlation was found between the two
      techniques (r = 0.96). The sera of untreated coeliac children showed
      significantly higher antibody values than the sera of children on a gluten-free
      diet or healthy control groups. The flow cytometric method was more sensitive
      when the Kolgomorov/Smirnov test was used to analyse the histograms. This method
      provides an alternative screening test for coeliac disease and may also be used
      to confirm borderline results obtained in the ELISA test.

PMID- 2656869
TI  - Effect of cytochalasin D on cell morphology and AcMNPV replication in a
      Spodoptera frugiperda cell line.
AB  - Cytochalasin D (CD) is a specific inhibitor of actin microfilament elongation and
      has been used to identify actin-dependent cellular processes. In this study we
      observed the effects of this inhibitor on Autographa californica M nuclear
      polyhedrosis virus infected and uninfected IPLB-SF-21 cells by electron
      microscopy. The cytochalasin D-induced morphological effects detected in
      uninfected cells included lobulate nuclei, double nuclei, long retraction
      processes, increased zeiosis, more frequent plasma membrane indentations,
      increased vacuolation, more numerous coated pits and vesicles, filamentous masses
      in the cytoplasm, and decreased surface microvilli. Observation of infected cells
      treated with CD revealed that viral morphogenesis was severely affected. Few
      normal-appearing nucleocapsids were seen in the nucleus, and none were detected
      in the cytoplasm. Instead, long capsid-like tubular structures appeared
      juxtaposed to the inner nuclear membrane. Very infrequently sections of these
      structures contained electron dense material. The center of the nucleus contained
      electron-dense, spidery-like structures, presumably viral DNA. Normal virus was
      not observed to bud from the plasma membrane but electron-lucent, coreless
      particles were. By 50 hr postinfection occasional polyhedra appeared, but these
      contained few or no enveloped virions. The intranuclear fibrous masses normally
      associated with infection were significantly reduced. These observations suggest
      that viral morphogenesis, especially nucleocapsid assembly, is an actin-dependent
      process.

PMID- 2656870
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedrin
      gene.
AB  - The polyhedrin gene of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth
      (Lymantria dispar) (LdMNPV) was cloned and sequenced. A polyhedrin open reading
      frame of 735 nucleotides (nt) was identified which can code for a protein of 245
      amino acids that demonstrates a high degree of similarity to other polyhedrins.
      The protein predicted from the nucleotide sequence shows differences in several
      regions to that previously sequenced from the LdMNPV polyhedrin protein. The
      consensus sequence AATAAGTATTTT found at the mRNA start site of baculovirus
      hyperexpressed genes was located 55 nt upstream from the translational start
      site.

PMID- 2656871
TI  - Active and inactive edges of psoriatic plaques: identification by tracing and
      investigation by laser--Doppler flowmetry and immunocytochemical techniques.
AB  - In plaque psoriasis it is likely that biochemical and ultrastructural changes
      precede the appearance of the typical plaque that is recognizable clinically.
      Currently, no technique exists by which the very early changes in psoriasis can
      be investigated. We report a method in which plaques of psoriasis are serially
      traced to identify their advancing edge. Eight-two untreated plaques from 15
      patients and 38 treated plaques from 6 patients were traced over a three-week
      period; 65% of untreated and 57% of treated plaques showed consistent
      asymmetrical movement, allowing identification of an active and an inactive edge
      of each plaque. Using this technique, the active edge of two or more plaques was
      identified in each of ten patients. Blood flow measured by laser Doppler
      flowmetry indicated a 2.5-to-4.5-fold increase in cutaneous blood flow at the
      active edge compared with the inactive edge of each plaque. Punch biopsies from
      the sites investigated by laser Doppler flowmetry were examined by routine
      histology and monoclonal antibody immunohistology, but revealed no epidermal
      change and no T lymphocytic excess when the two areas were compared. We infer
      from these findings that the earliest change in a developing plaque is an
      increased blood flow, probably associated with a diffusable, and possibly
      humoral, initiating factor that accumulates at the active edge, stimulating
      transformation of normal skin to psoriatic plaque.

PMID- 2656872
TI  - Localization and characterization of the interleukin 1 immunoreactive pool (IL-1
      alpha and beta forms) in normal human epidermis.
AB  - A panel of polyclonal antisera and monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) raised against
      recombinant human interleukin 1 alpha (rh IL-1 alpha) and beta (rh IL-1 beta) was
      used to localize IL-1 pools within epidermal compartments and to characterize the
      immunoreactive species. Interleukin 1 alpha and beta immunoreactive species were
      detected by Western blot analysis only when epidermal extracts were obtained in
      extraction buffers containing dithiothreitol (DTT), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS),
      or 2 mercaptoethanol. Together with the 31-kD (intracellular precursor molecule)
      and the 17-kD (mature, secreted form) species, most of the antisera and MoAb
      reacted with a protein of 52-kD that was not found in several internal organs,
      and from which a 31-kD form could be released upon reelectrophoresis. Interleukin
      1 beta immunoreactivity was consistently found by immunohistology at the level of
      the stratum granulosum, where IL-1 alpha immunoreactivity, although less
      consistently, also localized. Several monoclonal antibodies to IL-1 beta reacted
      intensively and specifically with epidermal basal cells. At the electron
      microscopical level, IL-1 beta immunoreactivity was detected in the upper layers
      of the stratum granulosum; it appeared to be membrane associated and suggested an
      exocytosis process similar to that involving lamellar bodies. These observations
      1) confirm the presence of IL-1 species in the normal unstimulated human
      epidermis, 2) show that both IL-1 alpha and beta are detectable herein, 3)
      identify 52-kD IL-1 alpha and beta immunoreactive bands that appear special to
      the epidermis, and 4) suggest a link between epidermal IL-1 and the
      differentiation process of the keratinocyte.

PMID- 2656873
TI  - Detection and partial characterization of a midlamina lucida-hemidesmosome
      associated antigen (19-DEJ-1) present within human skin.
AB  - A murine anti-human monoclonal antibody (19-DEJ-1) has been produced that binds
      to basement membranes (BMs) of the dermoepidermal junction and arrector pili
      muscles but not to either dermal glandular or vascular BMs. 19-DEJ-1 also
      recognizes BMs underneath epithelia of buccal mucosa, tongue, esophagus, cervix,
      and cornea, and BMs surrounding smooth muscle in medium-sized vessels, placenta,
      uterus, and esophagus. When 16 human fetal skins (aged 54-142 gestational days)
      were examined, the antigen was first detected at 81 days. Using immunoperoxidase
      and immunogold staining techniques, indirect immunoelectron microscopy
      demonstrated localization of 19-DEJ-1 to the level of the midlamina lucida,
      directly underneath hemidesmosomes; absent staining was noted beneath
      melanocytes. 19-DEJ-1 antigen was detectable in unfixed A431 cells grown on
      coverslips. After radioincorporation of 35S-methionine into A431 cells, 19-DEJ-1
      monoclonal antibody specifically precipitated 2.75% of the total radiolabeled
      proteoglycans produced in culture supernatant and isolated by anion exchange
      chromatography. On the basis of our present findings, we conclude that 19-DEJ-1
      monoclonal antibody defines a unique primate-specific proteoglycan that is
      present within BMs along the epithelial-connective tissue interface and around
      smooth muscle in skin and other selected organs. Its unique ultrastructural
      localization suggests the possibility that 19-DEJ-1 may recognize an antigenic
      epitope of either anchoring filaments or alternatively, the subbasal dense plate.

PMID- 2656874
TI  - HEp-2 cell adherence as an assay for virulence among diarrheagenic Escherichia
      coli.

PMID- 2656875
TI  - Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli associated with persistent diarrhea in a
      cohort of rural children in India.
AB  - A cohort of 452 rural children was followed longitudinally for 13 mo to ascertain
      the role of HEp-2 cell adherent Escherichia coli and other pathogens in causing
      acute (less than or equal to 14 d) and persistent (greater than 14 d) diarrhea.
      Aeromonas, Campylobacter jejuni, E. coli manifesting localized adherence to HEp-2
      cells and enterotoxigenic E. coli were significantly associated with acute
      diarrhea. E. coli strains that exhibit aggregative adherence, so-called
      enteroaggregative E. coli, a newly-described category of diarrheagenic E. coli
      distinct from enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, and
      enteropathogenic E. coli, were found significantly more often in patients with
      persistent diarrhea (29.5%) than with acute diarrhea (12.8%) (P = .0052) or
      controls (9.9%) (P = .0006).

PMID- 2656876
TI  - Amdinocillin treatment of catheter-associated bacteriuria in rabbits.
AB  - The effect of the beta-lactam antibiotic, amdinocillin, on the bacterial biofilm
      adherent to the Foley catheter surface, the bacterial microcolonies attached to
      the urinary bladder mucosa, and on planktonic bacteria in the urine was studied
      in a rabbit model of the closed urinary catheter drainage system. Progressively
      increasing the dose of antibiotic in this experimental catheter-associated
      urinary tract infection model first eliminated the bacterial population adherent
      to the bladder mucosa and then the planktonic population in the urine. The
      bacterial biofilm on the Foley catheter could be eradicated only by the highest
      dose of antibiotic (400 mg/kg). Scanning electron microscopy showed a gradual
      deterioration of bacterial biofilm and reduction in bacterial numbers with
      increasing antibiotic dosages. These data suggest that antibiotics used in short
      term catheterization may reduce the serious sequelae associated with catheter
      related infections by clearing the potentially dangerous bladder mucosal
      bacterial populations and urine planktonic bacteria.

PMID- 2656877
TI  - Nonperforative appendicitis: a continuing surgical dilemma.
AB  - Acute appendicitis continues as a medical challenge with newer approaches failing
      to improve diagnostic accuracy. The role of antibiotics in acute nonperforative
      appendicitis (NPA) remains unclear. In 175 patients studied at two hospitals,
      preoperative guidelines were used to exclude perforative appendicitis.
      Nevertheless, 14% of patients were found to have this condition. Surgeon's
      reports significantly underestimated the diagnosis when compared with the
      pathologists' reports. Antibiotic prophylaxis in 122 patients with NPA was
      studied prospectively comparing ceftizoxime (CTZ), cefamandole (CFM), and placebo
      (PLA). Ceftizoxime decreased the infection rate compared with PLA (0 vs. 8; P
      less than .01). Use of antibiotics (CTZ or CFM) resulted in decreased infections
      when compared with PLA (3 vs. 8; P less than .01) and fewer days of
      hospitalization (3.8 vs. 5.4 d, P less than .005). Analysis of infection risk
      factors showed no correlations except for failure to administer antibiotics and
      the finding of a gangrenous appendix. Operative culture results had no predictive
      value for either infection or pathogen identification. It is recommended that all
      patients undergoing surgery for NPA be given 1 d of antibiotic prophylaxis.

PMID- 2656878
TI  - Experimental Chlamydia trachomatis salpingitis in mice: initial studies on the
      characterization of the leukocyte response to chlamydial infection.
AB  - The murine biovar (mouse pneumonitis) of Chlamydia trachomatis was inoculated
      into the left oviduct of female Swiss Webster mice to establish acute
      salpingitis. Chlamydial inclusions were observed in secretory epithelial cells by
      both transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy using immunoperoxidase
      staining of deparaffinized sections. By days 5-8 after infection, a mixed
      polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cellular infiltrate was observed in the
      submucosa and mucosa. Epithelial cell deterioration occurred in the endosalpinx
      in areas of heavy mononuclear cellular infiltration. During the acute phase of
      the disease a cellular infiltrate consisting mainly of T cells was identified by
      staining frozen tissue sections with monoclonal antibodies to mouse lymphocyte
      antigens. Occasionally B lymphocytes were observed. Widespread deciliation of the
      mucosa was observed by scanning electron microscopy. No histopathologic or
      immunopathologic responses were observed in the control oviducts. These
      observations suggest an immunologic basis for the structural abnormalities seen
      in the infected oviducts.

PMID- 2656879
TI  - Countrywide epidemics of Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR, in Scandinavia, 1981
      1983.
AB  - There was a large increase in incidence of reported cases of ornithosis in
      Norway, Sweden, and Denmark in 1981-1983. Serologic evidence indicated that the
      epidemic was caused by the newly described Chlamydia organism, C. pneumoniae,
      strain TWAR. When serum samples that had been shown to contain Chlamydia
      complement fixing antibodies were tested by the microimmunofluorescence method
      with TWAR antigen, 49%-71% showed evidence of current TWAR infection during the
      epidemic years compared with 10%-20% in nonepidemic years.

PMID- 2656880
TI  - Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission.

PMID- 2656881
TI  - Seroepidemiology of group B streptococcus type III colonization at delivery.

PMID- 2656882
TI  - Analysis of IgA antibodies to lipopolysaccharide in Yersinia-triggered reactive
      arthritis.

PMID- 2656883
TI  - Antigenemia in a rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis.

PMID- 2656884
TI  - Risk of developing AIDS in newly seropositive intravenous drug abusers.

PMID- 2656885
TI  - Origins and properties of hematopoietic growth factor-dependent cell lines.
AB  - Studies of the growth regulation, differentiation and transformation of myeloid
      cells have been greatly facilitated by the availability of a variety of
      hematopoietic growth factor-dependent cell lines. These cell lines have been
      isolated from long-term bone marrow cultures and myeloid tumors using interleukin
      3 (IL-3) as a growth factor. Using growth factor-dependent cells, it has been
      shown that growth regulation by IL-3 involves binding to a high-affinity receptor
      of 140 Kd and activation of tyrosine phosphorylation. IL-3 binding is associated
      with a number of cellular responses which are required for maintenance of
      viability, including induction of transcription of the c-myc and ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC) genes. In addition, IL-3 regulates the expression of
      transcription of the gamma T cell receptor locus. The properties of the IL-3
      dependent lines are consistent with the hypothesis that they are transformed in
      their ability to terminally differentiate. In some of the cell lines, this
      transformation may terminally differentiate. In other of the cell lines, this
      transformation may be due to the altered expression of the c-myb gene. In other
      cell lines, transformation is associated with the activation of the expression of
      a novel gene, termed Evi-1, of the zinc finger family of transcriptional factors.
      Comparable transformation of erythroid lineage cells is speculated to be due to
      the activation of the expression of another novel gene termed spi-1. These
      studies have emphasized the value of well-characterized hematopoietic growth
      factor-dependent cell lines in advancing our understanding in the basic biology
      of myeloid cells.

PMID- 2656886
TI  - Syngeneic or autologous graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) until recently was supposed to occur only when
      immunocompetent T lymphocytes are infused into immunoincompetent allogeneic hosts
      that possess histocompatibility antigens not possessed by the donor that could
      act as targets for cell-mediated cytotoxicity. A syndrome clinically and
      histologically identical to mild allogeneic GVHD occurs infrequently, following
      syngeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT). This syndrome called
      syngeneic or autologous GVHD can be regularly produced with Cyclosporine (CsA) in
      animals undergoing syngeneic or autologous BMT. Animals with this syndrome
      develop T cells that are autocytotoxic to Ia antigen-bearing cells. The presence
      of an irradiated thymus and CsA administration is necessary to produce this
      disease. Operationally, this disease results from a disturbance of balance
      between a normally present autoregulatory cell and an autocytotoxic T cell. The
      study of mechanisms involved in the generation of this disease will add to our
      fundamental understanding of the cellular regulation of autocytotoxic T cell
      medicated reactions and diseases. Most recently, we have been able to induce this
      disease in man with the aim of investigating its therapeutic effect in autologous
      BMT in patients with Ia-bearing tumors.

PMID- 2656887
TI  - Alcohol-induced pancreatic injury (Part I). Unexplained features and ductular
      theories of pathogenesis.
AB  - The pathogenesis of alcoholic pancreatitis continues to be a puzzle. Classical
      theories of pathogenesis tend to overlook the dual nature of the disease, i.e.,
      symptomatic acute attacks and chronic progressive parenchymal destruction.
      Furthermore, it is unknown why only a small minority of alcoholics develop
      clinical pancreatic injury. In addition, there is a lack of basic data concerning
      the natural history of the condition after cessation of alcohol consumption. The
      most widely accepted theory of pathogenesis postulates the deposition of protein
      plugs in peripheral pancreatic ducts as the initial lesion. However, it has not
      been established that these plugs are the cause rather than a result of
      pancreatic injury. The so-called "Big Duct" theories of pathogenesis (biliary
      pancreatic reflux, duodeno-pancreatic reflux, and obstruction-hypersecretion) are
      confounded by a lack of agreement concerning the effect of alcohol on the
      sphincter of Oddi. Nutritional factors and heredity may be responsible for the
      selectivity of alcohol in this condition; in this regard, a number of dietary and
      HLA studies have been performed, but these have generally been inadequately
      controlled. Subcellular pancreatic injury (fat droplets, autophagic vacuoles, and
      mitochondrial lesions) has been observed in alcoholics without pancreatitis and
      in animals fed alcohol. In addition, ethanol feeding in animals has been shown to
      affect pancreatic cholesterol, phospholipid, and fatty acid metabolism as well as
      pancreatic content of digestive enzymes. Research is hampered by the lack of a
      suitable animal model of the disease.

PMID- 2656888
TI  - Relapsing pancreatitis as initial manifestation of cystic fibrosis in a young man
      without pulmonary disease.
AB  - In young adults with acute pancreatitis a wide etiologic spectrum has to be
      considered. Among the possible causes, cystic fibrosis is rare. Besides the
      typical clinical triad of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease, and elevated sweat chloride levels, there is a wide spectrum
      of variants of the cystic fibrosis syndrome. Especially mild manifestations of
      the disease may, therefore, escape proper identification. Here we describe a
      young man who presented initially with recurrent acute pancreatitis without
      pulmonary disease and without a family history of cystic fibrosis, in whom the
      diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was established by slightly elevated sweat chloride
      levels and obstructive azoospermia. Five years after the first attack of
      pancreatitis the patient developed pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.

PMID- 2656890
TI  - [A modified Shirodkar procedure--double cervical cerclage with an auxiliary
      loop].
AB  - Cervical cerclage high enough at the level of the internal ostium is effective in
      treating incompetent cervix. And double cerclage at a distance can close the
      cervix at a higher level even in the case of marked dilation with "bulging
      membranes". But the higher the cerclage, the more difficult it is to remove the
      suture at term. To solve this problem, we have designed a modified Shirodkar
      procedure, "The double cervical cerclage with an auxiliary loop". We have used
      this new method in 31 cases. In every case the closure was at a high level and
      the suture was able to be removed very easily at term without any complication.

PMID- 2656889
TI  - Effects of verapamil and diltiazem on hyperthermic cell death in CHO cells.
AB  - Non-toxic concentrations of verapamil (0.05 and 0.075 mM) and diltiazem (0.10 and
      0.25 mM) sensitize CHO cells to heat killing at 44 degrees C. These drugs
      sensitize by reducing both the shoulder and the slope of the exponential survival
      curve. Exposure to verapamil or diltiazem in conjunction with the heat sensitizer
      procaine HCl at 44 degrees C reduced cell survival below that observed for
      procaine plus heat. The mechanism by which verapamil and diltiazem sensitize CHO
      cells to heat killing is not understood.

PMID- 2656891
TI  - [Computer processing of the ultrasonic Doppler actographic fetal movement
      signals].
AB  - Computer analysis of ultrasonic Doppler actographic signals was done in the fetal
      active state, resting state and during fetal breathing movement (FBM) in order to
      more objectively study fetal movements. 1) The amplitude and interval of movement
      signal spikes were analyzed in 11 voltage steps between 0.05 and 0.55V. The
      interval distribution showed a uniform pattern in all states when the signals
      were analyzed at levels below 0.10V. 2) In the fetal resting state, almost all
      spikes were distributed in the lowest level of amplitude. 3) In the fetal active
      state, the mean values for spike amplitude were high and the coefficients of
      variation (CV) were large. The 3-dimensional interval number histograms showed
      wide distribution until high amplitude and long interval steps. 4) In FBM, the
      mean values for spike amplitude and CV were smaller, respectively, than those in
      the active state and the spikes distributed in the short interval steps of 0.5
      2.0 seconds. 5) The envelope processing was useful for easier recognition of
      fetal movement burst in the fetal active state. A very low envelope was formed in
      the resting state. Analyses during FBM revealed a flat but elevated envelope. The
      results show the possibility of automatic and objective recognition of fetal
      behavioral states.

PMID- 2656892
TI  - Conjunctival oxygen tension monitoring in experimental septic shock.
AB  - Continuous non-invasive monitoring of conjunctival oxygen tension (PcjO2) versus
      'conventional' invasive hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables was evaluated
      in a porcine model of septic shock induced by a continuous i.v. infusion of E.
      coli endotoxin over 2 hours. Seventeen pigs under ketamine anesthesia and
      breathing air spontaneously were investigated. PcjO2, which reflects local oxygen
      tension at tissue level, correlated significantly at baseline and throughout the
      septic course with mixed venous oxygen saturation and oxygen utilization
      coefficient. All these correlations were significant at the 1% level. The
      corresponding correlations between PcjO2 and cardiac output were significant at
      the 5% level. A finding of great importance was that changes in PcjO2 preceded
      major changes in the intermittently measured physiological variables such as SvO2
      and cardiac output. We conclude that PcjO2 monitoring is a valuable non-invasive
      method and which can provide a continuous assessment of the hemodynamic and
      oxygenation status in experimental septic shock.

PMID- 2656893
TI  - Tonsil cancer.
AB  - Tonsillar region carcinoma ranks as the second most common malignancy of the
      upper aerodigestive tract. Tobacco and alcohol use are the most important risk
      factors. The rate of cervical metastasis may be as high as 70%. Treatment options
      include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or any combination of these modalities.
      Overall survival is in the range of 50%.

PMID- 2656894
TI  - Duplex venous scanning: a case report.
AB  - Duplex venous scanning is a new noninvasive modality useful in the diagnosis of
      deep vein thrombosis. Its use is demonstrated in a case study. The mobility of
      this technique allows the patient to be studied at his bedside even while in
      traction. The development of deep vein thrombosis and the course of its
      progression can be monitored utilizing the duplex scan. The course of treatment
      can be altered if necessary. A Greenfield vena caval filter was inserted
      following identification of a clot in the common femoral vein to prevent a
      pulmonary embolus. The accuracy of venous duplex scanning, together with its many
      advantages over other diagnostic techniques and its few disadvantages, makes this
      procedure the noninvasive study of choice for the diagnosis and management of
      acute deep vein thrombosis.

PMID- 2656896
TI  - Civil War hospitals around Chickamauga Battlefield. "Marching Through Northwest
      Georgia".

PMID- 2656895
TI  - The neurologic manifestations of primary HIV infection.
AB  - The peripheral and central nervous systems are commonly affected in patients with
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Primary infection with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause an acute encephalitis, meningitis, or an
      acute polyneuropathy. Spinal cord involvement can result in a progressive spastic
      paraparesis. Many patients develop dementia which can be severely debilitating.
      Sensory neuropathies can also occur late in the course.

PMID- 2656897
TI  - Short-course multi-drug therapy for leprosy patients.
AB  - Short-course multi-drug therapy for leprosy patients was evaluated in terms of
      effectiveness, recurrence rate and side effects. Of the 108 patients studied,
      48.1 per cent defaulted. This MDT appeared to be quite effective in controlling
      leprosy. The medication could be stopped at 6 months in 83 per cent of the
      paucibacillary patients. The medication was continued further in 17 per cent of
      paucibacillary patients because of persistent skin lesions clinically and
      histopathologically. Recurrence occurred in 2.3 per cent of the paucibacillary
      patients. The effect of this regimen for multibacillary patient is difficult to
      evaluate because of the small number of patients studied. Side effects of this
      regimen occurred in 5.4 per cent of the patients. Leprosy reaction occurred in
      two patients with borderline lepromatous leprosy.

PMID- 2656898
TI  - Comparison of culture and latex agglutination in the diagnosis of bacterial
      meningitis.
AB  - This preliminary study compared culture and latex agglutination in the diagnosis
      of bacterial meningitis. Only 23.08 per cent of meningitis patients were
      bacterial meningitis by culture. The causative organisms detected by culture and
      latex agglutination respectively were as follows: Streptococcus pneumoniae 7.69,
      5.77 per cent: Haemophilus influenzae 1.92, 1.92 per cent: Neisseria meningitidis
      1.92, 5.77 per cent: Salmonella species 5.77 per cent, -: Viridans streptococci
      1.92 per cent, - and Nonfermentative gram-negative rod 3.85 per cent -. There was
      no latex reagent for the latter three organisms.

PMID- 2656899
TI  - Ultrasound diagnosis of Dandy-Walker cyst.
AB  - A variety of congenital malformations of the brain can be diagnosed by cranial
      sonography. Those which alter macroscopic morphology can be recognized and their
      findings are similar to those seen on computed tomography and
      pneumoencephalography. The ultrasonic findings in Dandy-Walker cyst are described
      in this report.

PMID- 2656900
TI  - Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis with an ultrasonic Doppler technique: a study
      of 64 cases.
AB  - Doppler ultrasound examination and radionuclide venography were performed on 82
      limbs of 64 patients with a clinical diagnosis of femoral and/or popliteal vein
      thrombosis. Doppler ultrasound diagnosis gave positive results in 19 of 21 limbs
      with femoral and/or popliteal vein thrombosis. In 61 limbs without femoral or
      popliteal thrombosis, the diagnosis was excluded by Doppler ultrasound in 80 per
      cent of cases. In both groups, Doppler ultrasound was superior to physical signs
      in making the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 2656901
TI  - Sick molecules and our concepts of disease.

PMID- 2656902
TI  - Effects of felodipine on plasma digoxin levels and haemodynamics in patients with
      heart failure.
AB  - The interaction between felodipine and digoxin was studied after a single oral
      dose and at steady state in 14 patients with congestive heart failure. Felodipine
      (10 mg) was randomly given as an extended release (FER) tablet in a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled, cross-over fashion. In addition, felodipine (10 mg) was given
      openly as a plain tablet, following the double-blind period. Each period lasted
      for 7 d. Felodipine ER did not alter the pharmacokinetics of digoxin when given
      as a single dose or at steady state compared with placebo. At steady state the
      felodipine plain tablet resulted in an 11% increase (P less than 0.05) in peak
      plasma concentrations of digoxin. Systolic time intervals as noninvasively
      measured haemodynamic parameters were not significantly altered following the
      felodipine ER period, while the felodipine plain tablet significantly decreased
      the pre-ejection/left ventricular ejection time ratio compared to placebo.

PMID- 2656903
TI  - Differentiation of Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Trichomonas
      vaginalis infections of the vagina.
AB  - This study evaluated the positive predictive values of factors associated with
      Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Trichomonas vaginalis for diagnosing
      vaginitis in a community-based population. One hundred ninety-six women with and
      without vaginal complaints were evaluated for historical factors, physical
      examination findings, and office laboratory results that were potentially
      associated with each of the three vaginal organisms. Extensive microbiological
      tests were performed to detect pathogenic organisms in the vagina and cervix.
      Gardnerella vaginalis was associated with findings of clue cells, gray or creamy
      vaginal discharge, amine ordor on application of potassium hydroxide solution to
      the discharge, pH greater than 5, and a history of more than six sexual partners.
      Candida albicans was associated with the presence of pseudohyphae or budding
      yeast on microscopic examination and the lack of clue cells. Current use of oral
      contraceptives and the recent use of antibiotics were not predictive of a Candida
      albicans infection. Trichomonas vaginalis was more common in patients presenting
      with symptoms, but otherwise was not predicted by the factors tested.

PMID- 2656904
TI  - Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia in the community hospital.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to elicit the circumstances of occurrence and
      organism sensitivities of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia in the community
      hospital, since data on this illness from the community hospital are rare. All
      records of documented Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia (46 cases) at Alachua
      General Hospital, Gainesville, Florida, over the period July 14, 1982, through
      July 27, 1985, were reviewed in detail. Fifty-nine percent (27 organisms) were
      nosocomial, whereas 41% (19 organisms) were community acquired. The most common
      predisposing disorders in these patients were, in decreasing order, malignancy;
      following gastrointestinal or biliary surgery; biliary tract obstruction;
      diabetes; and unknown. Twenty-two percent (10) of the patients died from
      bacteremia. The majority of organisms tested were sensitive to mezlocillin,
      cephalothin, cefoxitin, tetracycline, tobramycin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole and
      ceftizoxime. Therapy was considered to be appropriate in 89% (41) of the patients
      and inappropriate in 10.9% (5) of the patients. Contrary to previous thought,
      Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia is a relatively common problem in the community
      hospital and may be community acquired as well as nosocomial. There are many
      characteristics of this disease in the community that are different from those
      reported in studies on Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia from large referral
      centers.

PMID- 2656905
TI  - Obstetric risk assessment in rural practice.
AB  - A study was undertaken to evaluate Coopland's obstetric risk index in a rural
      primary care setting. Information on 635 pregnant women cared for in a rural
      practice was collected prospectively. Adverse outcome was defined as perinatal
      death, birthweight less than 2500 g, 5-minute Apgar score less than 7, or newborn
      transferred to a level 2 or level 3 nursery. Forty-seven pregnancies (8.3%) had
      an adverse outcome. There was a clear relationship between risk score and
      probability of adverse outcome. Good sensitivity could be achieved only at the
      expense of a very high false-positive rate, however. The index can be used to
      identify a subgroup of women at relatively high risk for adverse outcome, but the
      majority of adverse outcomes will occur in women identified as low risk. The risk
      scoring system in this population was no more effective than a policy that would
      refer all women with standard obstetric risk factors.

PMID- 2656906
TI  - Human and animal bite infections.
AB  - Although often innocuous initially, human and animal bites can cause serious
      local and systemic infections as well as other complications. Bites to a site
      where joints or bones are close to the skin are especially prone to severe
      complications. Bites to the hand, therefore, require meticulous radiographic and
      surgical evaluation if a puncture or a severe laceration has occurred. Since the
      normal human oral flora harbors more pathogens than that of animals, human bites
      have a higher incidence of serious infections and complications. The oral flora
      of both humans and animals is anaerobic-aerobic, and initial empiric treatment
      requires the most broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy available, in addition to
      scrupulous wound management and, when required, immunization against rabies and
      tetanus.

PMID- 2656907
TI  - Enhancement of Inoue-Melnick virus synthesis by 5-bromodeoxyuridine in human
      meningioma (MG-1) cells.
AB  - The authors found remarkable enhancement of Inoue-Melnick virus (IMV) synthesis
      by 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR) in human meningioma (MG-1) cells, a virus-producer
      line of type 1 IMV. Treatment with BUDR resulted in rapid and abundant synthesis
      of infectious IMV in MG-1 cells. The titer of the cell-associated virus in
      treated cells increased approximately 6.0 log 10 compared with that in untreated
      cells. Immunofluorescent antibody tests revealed that IMV-associated late antigen
      was induced by BUDR in the cytoplasm of approximately 50% of treated cells. A
      clonal difference was also found in the enhancement of BUDR on the IMV synthesis
      in MG-1 cells. The most remarkable enhancing effect of BUDR was observed in the
      clone C line, and a herpes-type virus was detected by negative-staining electron
      microscopy in the culture fluid of the clone C treated with BUDR.

PMID- 2656909
TI  - Maturation of immunoglobulin G avidity after rubella vaccination studied by an
      enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (avidity-ELISA) and by haemolysis typing.
AB  - Two tests were introduced recently for assessment of the avidity of rubella
      immunoglobulin antibodies. In the quantitative test--avidity-enzyme linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA)--IgG antibodies obtained from individuals shortly
      after primary infection with rubella virus are distinguished from those with past
      immunity by their antigen-elution characteristics. This method uses agents that
      disrupt hydrophobic bonds in proteins [Kamoun PP (1988): Denaturation of globular
      proteins by urea: Breakdown of hydrophobic bonds? Trends in Biological Sciences
      13:424-425.]. In the semiquantitative, presumptive test--haemolysis typing--the
      low-avidity rubella-IgG antibodies are distinguished from the high-avidity
      antibodies by the quality of their haemolytic zones in a radial haemolysis test.
      In the present study, both tests were applied to sera taken before and after
      vaccination with two different strains (Cendehill or RA 27/3) of live attenuated
      rubella virus. It was found that after vaccination of previously nonimmune
      subjects, IgG synthesized during the first 2 months had a very low avidity; IgG
      avidity increased dramatically during the subsequent 4 months and less markedly
      between 6 and 12 months after vaccination. On the contrary, the initially high
      IgG avidity of previous immune vaccinees remained at an elevated level
      postvaccination. These results provide a basis for identification of recent
      primary rubella virus infections, or vaccination reactions, by the avidity of
      specific IgG and also for their separation from rubella reinfections.

PMID- 2656908
TI  - Quantitation of hepatitis B viral DNA by solution hybridization: comparison with
      DNA polymerase and hepatitis B e antigen during antiviral therapy.
AB  - Serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication were assessed in a
      randomized, controlled trial of prednisone withdrawal followed by alpha
      interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. HBV DNA levels in more than
      700 serial serum samples from 41 patients were determined by a sensitive and
      quantitative solution hybridization assay. Results were compared with HBV DNA
      polymerase (DNAp) activity and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in 21 untreated
      controls and 20 treated patients. Among treated patients, the mean pretherapy HBV
      DNA values were higher in nonresponders than in responders. During prednisone
      treatment, DNA levels increased an average of 2.1-fold in responders and 1.4-fold
      in nonresponders. During the 2-week rest interval between prednisone and
      interferon, DNA values fell an average of 57% in responders. In contrast, the
      mean DNA values in nonresponders did not change during the same interval. This
      early distinction between responders and nonresponders was not apparent from DNAp
      or HBeAg results. During interferon treatment, HBV DNA became undetectable in
      responders and remained negative during a 1-year follow-up. DNA in nonresponders
      declined to 14% of baseline during interferon treatment but increased to
      pretherapy levels after treatment. DNAp values generally paralleled HBV DNA
      values, but DNAp activity showed more variability and lower sensitivity than did
      the hybridization assay results. HBeAg values varied independently of HBV DNA and
      DNAp with a much delayed decline in responders. These results indicate that HBV
      DNA, when measured quantitatively by a sensitive solution hybridization assay, is
      an early predictor of the effects of antiviral agents on replication.

PMID- 2656910
TI  - Detection of hepatitis B virus in serum using amplification of viral DNA by means
      of the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - A new assay was developed for the detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in human
      serum using amplification of a short viral DNA sequence by means of the
      polymerase chain reaction. As little as 0.4 fg viral DNA, corresponding to about
      130 genome equivalents, per ml serum could be detected after the amplification
      procedure. This assay detected viral DNA in a number of patients with proven or
      suspected chronic HBV infection who were all negative for HBV DNA in the
      conventional hybridisation assay. We found HBV DNA in all of six HBeAg-positive
      and in three of eight HBeAg-negative HBsAg carriers, as well as in all of 11
      patients with chronic liver disease with antibodies against the HBV core antigen
      (anti-HBc) as the sole marker for HBV infection, and in three of five apparently
      healthy individuals showing only anti HBc. Thus, this method is an important
      improvement for the diagnosis of persistent HBV infections, especially in
      patients where a definitive serological diagnosis is not possible.

PMID- 2656911
TI  - High frequency of hepatitis B virus DNA in anti-HBe positive sera on longitudinal
      follow-up of patients with renal transplants and chronic hepatitis B.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers were determined in 821 patients receiving renal
      allografts and undergoing immunosuppressive therapy during 1970-1986. Twenty-four
      of the patients with a renal transplant functioning for longer than 1 year
      originally were or became chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen
      (HBsAg). These patients remained carriers during the follow-up period, which
      lasted until death or until the end of 1986. Follow-up time was 1.2-15.3 years
      (mean 9.1 years). A total of 301 samples from the HBsAg-positive patients were
      tested for HBV DNA and HBeAg/DNA and HBeAg/anti-HBe. Nine patients who were
      constantly positive for HBeAg also remained positive for HBV DNA. Reactivation of
      HBV replication occurred in 11 patients. Among these, HBV DNA and HBeAg varied in
      parallel in six patients, three patients developed anti-HBe, and two patients
      were constantly positive for anti-HBe. Another four of the 24 patients
      seroconverted to anti-HBe, and two of these also lost HBV DNA. Three of 12
      deceased patients died from liver failure during follow-up. None of these three
      had been constantly positive for HBeAg or HBV DNA, but they had had reactivations
      of HBV; two were also positive for HBV DNA in serum specimens available from
      their terminal month. HBV DNA was demonstrated in 99% of HBeAg-positive and 53%
      of anti-HBe-positive sera and in at least two samples from each of the 24
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656912
TI  - Selenotrisulfide inhibits initiation by RNA polymerase II but not elongation.
AB  - We previously reported that RNA polymerase II (purified from wheat germ) is
      inhibited by selenotrisulfides, the products of the reaction of selenite with
      sulfhydryl compounds [Frenkel, Walcott, and Middleton, Molecular Pharmacology 31,
      112 (1987)]. We have now found that the initiation stage of the reaction is
      inhibited by selenotrisulfide but the elongation stage of the reaction is not.
      The actual start of the RNA chain is not inhibited by the selenotrisulfide, but
      rather the formation of the enzyme-DNA binary complex. Selenotrisulfide has a
      similar differential effect on initiation and elongation by RNA polymerase II
      from HeLa cells; in contrast, with E. coli RNA polymerase, it inhibits elongation
      as well.

PMID- 2656913
TI  - Brain microdialysis.

PMID- 2656914
TI  - Molecular genetics of the monoamine oxidases.

PMID- 2656915
TI  - Proteolytic cleavage of tetanus toxin increases activity.
AB  - Tetanus toxin is initially synthesized in the form of a single polypeptide chain
      and then proteolytically "nicked" by the bacteria to produce a two-chain
      structure joined by a disulfide bond. This two-chain form of the toxin is the
      form known to be biologically active. Whether such nicking is necessary for
      activity, as it is for certain other bacterial toxins, has not been demonstrated
      previously. Single-chain toxin preparations produced by salt extraction from the
      bacteria are characterized and compared with pure two-chain toxin obtained from
      extracellular filtrates. The ability of these various toxin preparations to
      produce paroxysmal activity in mouse spinal cord neurons grown in dissociated
      cell culture is described. The pure two-chain toxin is demonstrated to have
      greater activity than the single-chain toxin preparations. Indeed the activity of
      the single-chain toxin preparations can be explained by the small amounts of
      residual two-chain toxin present in these extracts. Using a protease from a toxin
      minus strain of Clostridium tetani to convert a single-chain toxin preparation to
      two-chain toxin increases toxin activity. In vivo the single-chain toxin
      preparation is also less toxic. These findings indicate that proteolytic nicking
      of tetanus toxin increases activity. The unnicked, single-chain form of tetanus
      toxin may be a relatively nontoxic protoxin form of the toxin; this is a
      structure-function relationship similar to that of other bacterial protein
      toxins.

PMID- 2656916
TI  - Neuropeptide-metabolizing peptidases of nervous tissue.

PMID- 2656917
TI  - Clathrin-coated vesicle subtypes in mammalian brain tissue: detection of
      polypeptide heterogeneity by immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was developed to identify polypeptides
      sorted in subtypes of brain coated vesicles (CVs) and to separate these by
      immunoprecipitation. The corresponding antigen of some of the mAbs elicited by CV
      components was present also in synaptosomal plasma membrane, synaptic vesicles,
      or microsomes. On immunoblots the mAbs reacted with constitutive brain CV
      proteins, with cargo molecules, and with a novel CV component that interacts with
      the actin cytoskeleton. Analysis of radioiodinated brain CVs immunoprecipitated
      with a tubulin antibody revealed that all brain CVs contained tubulin. The mAb A
      7C11 recognized a 40-kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide on the clathrin coat and
      immunoprecipitated one-quarter of the total brain CVs. The mAb S-11D9 reacted
      with a 44-kDa antigen and immunoprecipitated 25% of the CVs. This antigen (44
      kDa) was present in synaptic vesicles and synaptosomal membrane as well.
      Moreover, this mAb (S-11D9) reacted with a polypeptide of 56 kDa detected only in
      synaptosomal membrane. A mAb (C-10B2) that reacted with one of the clathrin light
      chains (LCb) immunoprecipitated 90% of the brain CVs. One of the mAbs
      immunoprecipitated a CV subtype that displayed a reversed ratio of the clathrin
      LCs (LCa greater than LCb). Each of the mAbs yielded different immunofluorescent
      staining patterns of vesicles in culture cell types that included nerve growth
      factor-differentiated PC12 cells, neuroblastoma cells, and Madin Darby bovine
      kidney cells. The data suggest that in brain tissue there is a heterogeneous
      population of CVs with different polypeptide compositions and subcellular
      distributions and that each of these subtypes performs a different role in nerve
      cells.

PMID- 2656918
TI  - Inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by the alpha-glucosidase
      inhibitor castanospermine.
AB  - The alkaloid castanospermine is a potent inhibitor of oligosaccharide processing
      in vitro. Our recent findings indicating the importance of carbohydrate moieties
      in some critical step of the neuro-immunologic inflammatory process of allergic
      encephalomyelitis prompted us to investigate the effect of castanospermine on
      this disease process. The alkaloid inhibited passively induced allergic
      encephalomyelitis in a dose-dependent manner when administered continuously for 7
      days beginning at the time of lymphocyte transfer. Although clinical disease was
      totally inhibited, treated animals did have inflammatory lesions in the central
      nervous system. These lesions were qualitatively different from those seen in
      untreated animals in that the inflammatory cells were tightly packed around the
      vessels and showed little migration into surrounding tissues. Castanospermine
      also effectively inhibited clinical disease in recipient animals which had had a
      previous episode of allergic encephalomyelitis. Castanospermine did not alter the
      disease when treatment was started after the onset of clinical symptoms.

PMID- 2656920
TI  - Government agencies directory.

PMID- 2656919
TI  - Myotonic dystrophy: hypotheses and facts about the illness of the Ypsilante
      brothers.
AB  - A study was undertaken in order to determine the state of health of the Ypsilante
      brothers, leaders of the Greek revolution. Available data, which are considered
      reliable, indicate that the Ypsilante brothers were affected by a chronic
      hereditary degenerative disease. A comparison of the symptoms of the illness of
      the Ypsilante brothers with those of myotonic dystrophy discloses many
      similarities between the two diseases. Also, myotonic dystrophy has been
      diagnosed in a female descendant of the family, examined in 1932 in London.

PMID- 2656921
TI  - The J. Allyn Taylor International Prize in Medicine: a salute to excellence.

PMID- 2656922
TI  - Positive end-expiratory pressure: implications for tidal volume changes in
      anesthesia machine ventilation.
AB  - In clinical practice, the addition of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
      into a standard anesthesia circle circuit decreases the delivered tidal volume
      (DTV) to a patient. We studied the magnitude of the delta DTV/delta PEEP
      relationship in two commonly used anesthesia systems. In addition, the magnitude
      of the delta DTV/delta PEEP relationship varies with both pulmonary compliance
      and volume of gas contained in the patient's breathing system between the
      ventilator and PEEP valve site, and this was also evaluated. Routine monitoring
      of expired tidal volume should be used whenever PEEP is added to an anesthesia
      circuit.

PMID- 2656923
TI  - Model for the physics and physiology of fluid administration.
AB  - This article describes a model designed to provide an understanding of fluid flow
      in intravenous systems and human subjects. Experiments were developed which
      demonstrate that the model can represent common clinical situations. The model
      depicts physical devices as ideal resistors, pressure sources, and flow sources.
      The patient's venous system is depicted as a combination of ordinary and Starling
      resistors. For flows between 0 and 300 ml/hr, both physical devices and patients
      are adequately represented by a straight line representing the pressure-flow
      relationship (PFR): pressure = opening pressure + flow X resistance, where the
      slope is the resistance to fluid flow and the intercept is the opening pressure.
      The PFR for a normal vein is characterized by a flat slope (vein resistance = 22
      +/- 20 mm Hg/L/hr, mean +/- SD) and a low intercept (opening pressure = 15 +/- 8
      mm Hg). The PFR for a partially obstructed vein has a resistance equal to that of
      an unobstructed vein and an opening pressure elevated approximately equal to the
      pressure obstructing the vein. For perivascular tissue, the PFR has a steep slope
      (tissue resistance = 1,125 +/- 1,376 mm Hg/L/hr), while tissue opening pressure
      depends on the amount of fluid infused. At the onset of fluid extravasation
      (infiltration), tissue pressure usually is lower than venous pressure (8 +/- 8
      versus 15 +/- 8 mm Hg), until fluid fills the distensible tissue compartment. In
      clinical practice, when infiltration or obstruction occurs, flow decreases and
      the clinician adjusts the roller clamp until correct flow resumes; no problem is
      obvious. The combined model for the intravenous tubing and venous systems
      explains the behavior of current clinical infusion devices.

PMID- 2656924
TI  - Fluorescent light interferes with pulse oximetry.
AB  - Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) values displayed on the pulse oximeter dropped
      dramatically in 3 children undergoing neurosurgical procedures when a hand-held
      fluorescent light was used to observe the patients. Pulse rates were unchanged on
      both the electrocardiograph and pulse oximeter. Electromagnetic interference was
      excluded as the cause of desaturation. A great deal of energy was emitted by the
      hand-held light in the 660-nm region, which is one of the wavelengths used by the
      oximeter. False readings of pulse rate and SaO2 values caused by ambient light
      could be avoided if oximeter probes were manufactured of black opaque material
      that does not transmit light or enclosed in an opaque plastic housing.

PMID- 2656925
TI  - Understanding natural frequency and damping and how they relate to the
      measurement of blood pressure.
AB  - The model that describes the physical behavior of a fluid-filled catheter
      transducer blood pressure monitoring system is a simple mass-spring system. When
      the mass is displaced and then released, there results a characteristic motion
      called simple harmonic motion. The full description of this motion requires
      defining the concepts of undamped and damped natural frequency, as well as of
      damping itself. Once these concepts are defined and the mass-spring system
      clearly understood, their relevance to recording blood pressure measurement by
      fluid-filled catheters is explained. The apparent paradox of how damping can
      affect undamped natural frequency is clarified. Finally, impedance matching is
      explained in the context of how some damping devices work. Detailed mathematical
      proofs are relegated to an appendix.

PMID- 2656926
TI  - Simple and noninvasive indicator of pulmonary gas exchange impairment using pulse
      oximetry.
AB  - We postulated that the fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2) required
      to achieve a certain value of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) can be used as an
      indicator of pulmonary gas exchange impairment in patients during mechanical
      ventilation. We tested this hypothesis in 20 patients. By reducing FIO2 in
      increments of 10 vol% of capacity while monitoring SaO2 with pulse oximetry, we
      could determine FI98, FI97, FI96, and FI95; that is, the FIO2 that yields 98, 97,
      96, and 95% SaO2, respectively. On the basis of our data, we chose FI98 as the
      most appropriate index, as an SaO2 of 97% or below could not be achieved even
      with a low FIO2 in some of the patients. To test the significance of the newly
      proposed index, we compared FI98 with the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension
      difference, P(A - a)O2, and with the respiratory index, which are routinely used
      elsewhere. The correlation between FI98 and P(A - a)O2 was excellent: P(A - a)O2
      = 490.5 * FI98 + 117.2 with a correlation coefficient of 0.906 (P less than
      0.01). FI98 also correlated significantly with the respiratory index: respiratory
      index = 4.354 * FI98 - 0.776 (r = 0.889, P less than 0.01). We conclude that FI98
      may be used as a simple index for the rough estimation of pulmonary gas exchange
      impairment without the need for invasive procedures. However, further studies are
      needed to confirm the validity of our method in hemodynamically unstable patients
      or when other brands of pulse oximeters are used.

PMID- 2656927
TI  - Clinical impact of newer quinolones: influence on normal microflora.
AB  - This review article summarizes the published data concerning the impact of
      ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin on the oropharyngeal and intestinal human
      microflora. The use of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin for selective
      decontamination in compromised patients and for prophylaxis of recurrent urinary
      tract infections is also reviewed.

PMID- 2656928
TI  - How to choose antimicrobials for surgical prophylaxis.
AB  - For many of today's clean-contaminated surgical operations antibiotic prophylaxis
      is a generally accepted and proven procedure. On the basis of a literature survey
      the parameters to be considered are analyzed: bactericidal spectrum,
      pharmacokinetics (peak plasma and tissue concentrations, tissue penetration,
      persistence at high-risk sites and elimination), minimal toxicity, absence of
      (above all, serious) adverse drug reactions (coagulation disorders, etc.),
      avoidance of resistance, suitability for single-dose prophylaxis even when the
      operation is unforeseeably delayed after the administration of the antibiotic, or
      when the operation lasts a very long time. Finally, the antimicrobial chosen must
      be cost-effective. The decisive factor, however, remains the proven clinical
      efficacy for the procedure concerned. There should be no prejudging of any issue
      until the relevant data have been collected, especially in the case of facts
      suggesting that single-dose antimicrobial agents are effective even in colorectal
      surgery, and that cephalosporins of the third generation might offer advantages
      over those of the first.

PMID- 2656929
TI  - Ciprofloxacin versus ceftazidime in skin and soft tissue infections.
AB  - Intravenous ciprofloxacin therapy was evaluated in comparison with i.v.
      ceftazidime in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections and were found to
      be comparable. Intravenous or peroral forms of ciprofloxacin may be used instead
      of intravenously given third generation cephalosporins or aminoglycosides in the
      treatment of even severe infections of the skin and soft tissue.

PMID- 2656930
TI  - Clinical and microbiological evaluation of miocamycin activity against group A
      beta-hemolytic streptococci in pediatric patients. Three years' incidence of
      erythromycin-resistant group A streptococci.
AB  - The authors have evaluated the incidence of Group A streptococci, and the
      prevalence of erythromycin-resistant strains in the years 1985/86/87 at the
      I.C.P. of Milan. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for erythromycin,
      penicillin and miocamycin of 40 erythromycin-resistant strains were also studied
      (MIC50-MIC90 = 4.5-8, 0.015-0.015, 0.041-0.186 micrograms/ml respectively). A
      clinical trial with miocamycin vs. erythromycin in the elimination of Group A
      streptococci (67 patients) showed good and comparable efficacy for both the
      antibiotics.

PMID- 2656931
TI  - Drug resistance in cancer: an overview of the clinical aspects.
AB  - The primary cause of failure of the pharmacological treatment of cancer is the
      occurrence of intrinsic or acquired resistance to drugs in tumor cells. Drug
      resistance occurs through a variety of mechanisms and usually results from
      mutation or amplification of genes. Biochemical and genetic mechanisms by which
      tumor cells may become resistant clinically to chemotherapeutic agents are
      reviewed. Strategies for preventing or circumventing drug resistance are also
      discussed.

PMID- 2656932
TI  - Changes in properties of the medial gastrocnemius motor units in aging rats.
AB  - 1. The properties of motor units were investigated in the medial gastrocnemius
      (MG) of old rats [27.5 +/- 1.6 (SD) mo old, n = 18]. Individual motor units were
      functionally isolated by ventral root fiber splitting and grading stimulus
      intensity. The muscle-unit portion of the motor unit was identified by the
      glycogen depletion method. The physiological properties of 77 motor units in 6
      animals and the histological results of 7 slow-twitch (type S) muscle units were
      compared with data from motor units in the same muscle of middle-aged rats (12.8
      +/- 1.6 mo old, n = 33). 2. The motor units were classified into four types of
      categories [FF (fast-twitch motor units with a fatigue index less than or equal
      to 0.5), FI (fast-twitch motor units with a fatigue index greater than 0.5 but
      less than 0.75), FR (fast-twitch motor units with a fatigue index greater than or
      equal to 0.75), S (slow-twitch motor units with a fatigue index greater than
      0.75)] using the same criteria (i.e., presence or absence of the "sag" property
      and fatigability) used for middle-aged rats. No significant difference in the
      relative distributions of these unit types was detected, although the MG muscle
      in old rats exhibited a relatively high proportion of type S units and fewer type
      FR units. 3. The mean tetanic tensions for type FF + FI and FR units were
      significantly smaller than those in the middle-aged rats. On the other hand, type
      S motor units produced more tension than in the middle-aged rats. 4. The
      conduction velocity of motor axons was considerably slower in any unit type of
      old motor units, and the most marked change was found in type FR units. 5. The
      general morphological features of the old rat MG were fiber-type grouping,
      disseminated atrophic or angulated fibers, a decrease in the total number of
      muscle fibers, and an increase in the number of type I muscle fibers. The major
      distribution patterns of fibers of different types were the same as those in the
      middle-aged MG. 6. Seven type S units that produced large tetanic tension were
      depleted of glycogen in the muscle-unit portions. These units had a large
      innervation ratio compared with those in the middle-aged rats, whereas the mean
      cross-sectional area of muscle fibers and the calculated specific tension
      remained unaltered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2656933
TI  - A neuroglial cooperativity is required for the potentiation by 2-chloroadenosine
      of the muscarinic-sensitive phospholipase C in the striatum.
AB  - In rat striatal slices, 2-chloroadenosine, which had no direct effect on inositol
      phosphate formation, potentiated in a dose-dependent manner the accumulation of
      inositol phosphates induced either by carbamylcholine (10(-3) M) or by
      noradrenaline (10(-4) M). Experiments made on pure populations of striatal
      neurons or striatal glial cells in primary culture from mouse embryos indicated
      that 2-chloroadenosine potentiated the noradrenaline-elicited phosphoinositide
      breakdown in striatal glial cultures but did not modify the responses evoked
      either by noradrenaline or by carbamylcholine in striatal neuronal cultures.
      However, 2-chloroadenosine enhanced both the carbamylcholine and the
      noradrenaline-induced accumulation of inositol phosphates in neuroglial
      cocultures just as it did in rat striatal slices. The potentiation by 2
      chloroadenosine of the carbamylcholine response, which is neuron specific,
      involved a cooperative effect between neurons and glial cells and, as shown by
      additional experiments, required a brief contact only between the 2 types of
      cells. The potentiating effect of 2-chloroadenosine was blocked completely by a
      nonselective A1, A2 adenosine antagonist isobutylmethylxanthine either on rat
      striatal slices or on mouse embryonic cocultures (noradrenaline and
      carbamylcholine responses) or on mouse embryonic glial cultures (noradrenaline
      response). These data indicate the involvement of an extracellular membrane-bound
      adenosine receptor, possibly of the A1 subtype since N6-cyclohexyladenosine, an
      A1 adenosine receptor agonist, was more efficient than 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide
      adenosine, a rather selective A2 adenosine receptor agonist. We propose that 2
      chloroadenosine acts through an adenosine receptor located on glial cells and
      induces the synthesis of a substance that improves the coupling between
      carbamylcholine or noradrenaline and phospholipase C located in glial cells or
      neurons.

PMID- 2656934
TI  - MK-801 prevents hypobaric-ischemic neuronal degeneration in infant rat brain.
AB  - Recent evidence implicates the endogenous excitatory amino acids, glutamate (Glu)
      and aspartate, in hypoxic/ischemic neuronal degeneration. In a preceding article
      (Ikonomidou et al., 1989) we described a new model for studying hypoxic/ischemic
      neuronal degeneration in the infant rat brain that entails unilateral common
      carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to a partial vacuum for 75 min.
      Promising features of this model include a low mortality rate and high incidence
      of acute brain damage disseminated over numerous brain regions. In addition,
      there is a striking similarity between the type of cytopathology characterizing
      this model of hypoxic/ischemic neuronal degeneration and that which has been
      described in infant animals treated with Glu. MK-801 is a powerful antagonist of
      the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ionophore complex (a subtype of Glu
      receptor). In the present study, after unilateral carotid artery ligation was
      performed on 10-d-old rat pups, they were treated either with MK-801 (1 mg/kg
      i.p.) or saline 15 min before exposure to the hypobaric condition. MK-801 exerted
      a strong neuroprotective effect without serious side effects; the majority of
      saline control animals sustained severe brain damage, whereas the majority of MK
      801-treated pups had no brain damage. These and other recent findings suggest
      that the NMDA receptor may play an important role in hypoxic/ischemic neuronal
      degeneration in the immature brain and provide hope that NMDA antagonists such as
      MK-801 may be effective in preventing such degeneration.

PMID- 2656935
TI  - Protein intake, brain amino acid and serotonin concentrations and protein self
      selection.
AB  - Analysis of evidence of associations among dietary protein content, brain amino
      acid and serotonin concentrations, and protein self-selection by rats suggests
      that 1) protein intake is not regulated precisely, although rats will select
      between low and high protein diets to obtain an adequate, but not excessive,
      amount of protein; 2) associations between brain serotonin concentration and
      protein intake are weak, although consumption of single meals of protein
      deficient diets will elevate brain serotonin concentration; 3) the nature of
      signals that drive rats to avoid diets containing inadequate or excessive amounts
      of protein remains obscure; (4) whole brain amino acid and serotonin
      concentrations are quite stable over the usual range of protein intakes, owing to
      competition among amino acids for uptake across the blood-brain barrier and
      effective metabolic regulation of blood amino acid concentrations; 5) protein
      intake and preference are not in themselves regulated, but what appears to be
      regulation of intake and preference is a reflection of the responses of systems
      for control of plasma amino acid concentrations; and (6) the relative stability
      of the average protein intake of groups of self-selecting rats (which gives the
      appearance of regulation) results from averaging the variable behavioral
      responses--learned aversions and preferences--of rats to the variety of sensory
      cues arising from diets that differ in protein content.

PMID- 2656936
TI  - Calcium supplementation in premenstrual syndrome: a randomized crossover trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of calcium supplementation in women with
      premenstrual syndrome (PMS). DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind crossover trial.
      SETTING: Outpatient medical clinic of a large city hospital. PARTICIPANTS:
      Seventy-eight women were initially screened. Trial selection was based on a
      history of recurrent PMS symptoms and on the results of a prospective assessment
      of daily symptom scores. Only women with symptom scores during the late luteal
      phase that were at least 50% greater than those during the intermenstrual phase
      were selected. Thirty-three women completed the trial. INTERVENTION: A
      preliminary evaluation included physical examination, routine laboratory tests,
      dietary assessment, and psychiatric evaluation. Each participant received six
      months of treatment involving three months of daily calcium supplementation
      (1,000 mg of calcium carbonate) and three months of placebo. MEASUREMENTS:
      Efficacy was assessed prospectively by changes in daily symptom scores over a six
      month period and retrospectively by an overall global assessment. Multivariate
      repeated measures analysis of variance on symptom ratings derived from daily PMS
      symptom scores demonstrated a reduction in symptoms on calcium treatment during
      both the luteal (p = 0.011) and the menstrual phases (p = 0.032) of the
      reproductive cycle. Calcium supplementation had no effect during the
      intermenstrual phase. Retrospective assessment of overall symptoms confirmed this
      reduction: 73% of the women reported fewer symptoms during the treatment phase on
      calcium, 15% preferred placebo, and 12% had no clear preference. Three
      premenstrual factors (negative affect [p = 0.045]; water retention [p = 0.003];
      pain [p = 0.036]) and one menstrual factor (pain [p = 0.02]) were significantly
      alleviated by calcium. CONCLUSION: Calcium supplementation is a simple and
      effective treatment for premenstrual syndrome, but further studies will be needed
      to determine its precise role in PMS.

PMID- 2656937
TI  - Initial management of serious urinary tract infection: epidemiologic guidelines.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To obtain information necessary for the development of initial
      antibiotic treatment guidelines for patients with serious urinary tract
      infections. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: The medical service of a
      533-bed university-affiliated community hospital. PATIENTS: 253 unselected
      patients hospitalized between January 1985 and December 1987 given principal
      discharge diagnoses of urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, or gram-negative
      rod bacteremia originating in the urinary tract. RESULTS: Three clinically
      distinct groups were identified: women under 50 years old, older women, and men.
      Escherichia coli was isolated from 93% of young women, 70% of older women, and
      46% of men. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 39% of men with one or more
      urinary tract risk factors, including recent or recurrent urinary tract
      infections and known genitourinary tract abnormality. The overall prevalence of
      Group D streptococci was only 1%. More than 20% of the patients in each group
      were bacteremic. In all groups, resistance to ampicillin and first-generation
      cephalosporins was common. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was active in 98% of
      young women and 85% of older women and men without urinary risk factors.
      CONCLUSIONS: Age and gender identify clinically important subgroups of patients
      with serious urinary tract infections. Pending culture results, all patients
      should be considered bacteremic, ampicillin alone should not be prescribed, and
      antibiotics effective against P. aeruginosa should be given to men, especially
      those with risk factors.

PMID- 2656938
TI  - Does screening proctosigmoidoscopy result in reduced mortality from colorectal
      cancer? A critical review of the literature.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the strength of the evidence in the literature that
      screening proctosigmoidoscopy reduces colorectal cancer mortality. DESIGN: All
      English-language studies reporting mortality or survival from screening
      proctosigmoidoscopy published since 1960 were critically reviewed. DATA
      EXTRACTION: Fifteen references reported on five studies of screening
      proctosigmoidoscopy. Two authors independently reviewed each reference using
      explicit methodologic criteria, particularly for potential sources of bias.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the five studies, four used historical controls
      and were susceptible to bias, especially self-selection and lead-time bias. Only
      the Kaiser-Permanente Multiphasic Health Check-up study collected a
      representative patient sample from a defined population, had randomly allocated
      controls, and avoided multiple sources of bias. There was a reduction in
      mortality from a group of seven potentially postponable causes of mortality,
      including colorectal cancer, although no difference in overall mortality between
      screened and control groups was found. This study was not designed to determine
      specifically the impact of screening proctosigmoidoscopy on mortality from
      colorectal cancer, and suggested that most of the reduction in colorectal cancer
      deaths was due to a lower incidence in the screened group, which could not be
      attributed to polypectomy. The benefit of screening proctosigmoidoscopy in this
      study, if any, was small. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence in the literature is
      inadequate to determine whether or not screening proctosigmoidoscopy has an
      impact on colorectal cancer mortality, but the best available data suggest that
      the benefit is small, at best.

PMID- 2656940
TI  - Surgical repair of defects in the rabbit temporomandibular joint disc: a
      comparison of various techniques.
AB  - A study was designed to evaluate the effects of different types of repair (suture
      vs. graft), donor graft tissues (dermis vs. fascia), and methods of graft
      fixation (sutured vs. laser-assisted) on excisional defects of the rabbit TMJ
      disc made anterior to the retrodiscal tissue. Groups created to compare the
      different variables were assessed at 30 and 90 days postoperatively by
      macroscopic and histologic methods, microangiography, and mechanical strength
      testing. Without repair, all excisional defects of the disc failed to heal.
      Suturing of the reapproximated margins did not appear to promote healing or
      provide much strength beyond the properties of the suture material. Dermal
      grafts, fixed by suturing, induced healing by becoming incorporated into the
      disc, restoring discal continuity, and approximating normal disc strength. The
      use of laser-assisted tissue welding for dermal graft fixation was found to be
      inadequate and was subsequently abandoned. Fascial grafts could be fixed into
      position by both suture and laser-assistance, but consistently failed to exhibit
      successful transplantation and promote healing at the disc site.

PMID- 2656939
TI  - Primary prevention and international travel: infections, immunizations, and
      antimicrobial prophylaxis.

PMID- 2656941
TI  - Extubation criteria for oral and maxillofacial surgery patients.
AB  - An overview is presented of some of the factors that should be considered before
      extubating a patient who has undergone an oral and maxillofacial surgical
      procedure. A discussion of the possible preoperative assessment of the patient,
      complications of intubation, effects of narcotics and muscle relaxants,
      assessment of airway edema, and criteria for extubation is included.

PMID- 2656942
TI  - Mandibular ameloblastoma with metastasis to the lungs and lymph nodes: a case
      report and review of the literature.

PMID- 2656943
TI  - Basal cell nevus syndrome with squamous cell carcinoma of the maxilla: report of
      a case.

PMID- 2656944
TI  - Adenocarcinoma arising in a thyroglossal duct cyst: report of a case and
      literature review.
AB  - A case of thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma is presented, and the previously
      reported cases are reviewed. The clinical features of these midline neck masses
      do not suggest the presence of a carcinoma which may be localized to a single
      area of the cyst wall. Therefore, submission of the complete surgical specimen
      for histologic examination is recommended even if frozen sections during surgery
      fail to reveal a carcinoma.

PMID- 2656945
TI  - [A case of adult T cell leukemia with laryngeal tumor].
AB  - Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is one of malignant tumors originated from T-cell
      system, first described by Takatsuki in 1976. Most cases of ATL have been
      diagnosed in department of internal medicine and dermatology, because they
      usually show lymphoadenopathy and skin rash. However, it is rare that ATL has
      symptoms of otolaryngology. We experienced a case of hoarseness with smoldering
      ATL. Patient was 51 years old male. He had a tumor in left vocal cord.
      Pathologically the tumor was malignant lymphoma originated from T cell. HTLV-1
      was provided in his serum and proviral DNA was found in ATL cells. First
      cisplatin was given generally and soon radiotherapy was applied. Reaction of
      therapy was good and tumor of larynx disappeared gradually. Patient has been
      alive 6 years from the onset.

PMID- 2656946
TI  - Shamanism and altered states of consciousness: an introduction.
AB  - In this article, the issue of shamanism and altered states of consciousness (ASC)
      is reviewed from a cross-cultural and multidisciplinary perspective. It is
      suggested that in spite of considerable differences in the uses of these terms,
      there are conceptual and empirical grounds for distinction among different types
      of trance practitioners. The authors argue that shamanism is a cultural
      adaptation of hunting and gathering societies to the biological potential for
      ASC, and that the specific nature of that manifestation changes as societies
      become more complex. The role of ASC in understanding shamanic phenomena, the
      roots of religious experience, and the modern manifestations of the potential for
      trance are examined. Western cultural avoidance of ASC has inhibited
      understanding of these phenomena, and has prevented an integration of shamanistic
      and trance perspectives into the understanding human of psychology,
      consciousness, and knowledge of the world.

PMID- 2656947
TI  - Jungian shamanism.
AB  - The literature on shamanism generally describes a specially gifted individual who
      is able to contact and communicate with a realm where spirit beings offer wisdom
      and help, and who actively transmits this knowledge to others. There seem to be
      approximately five features that define shamanism: the necessity of a "call"--an
      illness or accident that signifies the necessity of the individual to work with
      the spirits; the method used to achieve communion with the altered state of
      reality; the quality of the altered state of consciousness (ASC); the process of
      healing that is utilized; and the psychic feats that distinguish the abilities of
      a shaman. Carl Jung displayed all five of these features in his life and
      psychotherapy, including dreams and waking fantasies in childhood; the use of
      active imagination in the induction of an ASC; contact with forces, knowledge,
      and power of the unconscious; a dual "personality," and the dialogue with the
      inner world--the unconscious, the realm of the archetypes; the use of these
      discoveries to counsel, advise, and heal; and psychic abilities, such as
      clairvoyance and out-of-body experiences.

PMID- 2656948
TI  - Shamans, sacraments, and psychiatrists.
AB  - This article reviews the role of psychedelic drugs as potential tools for
      psychiatric research and practice. The decline in the utilization of these
      substances is linked to social reactions, which led to psychedelics being
      scheduled as controlled substances and consequently unavailable for human
      research. Three different paradigms for the use of psychedelics in psychiatry are
      reviewed: the psychotomimetic, the psycholytic, and the psychedelic approaches.
      The psychotomimetic paradigm, which viewed hallucinogens as agents for
      temporarily inducing psychoses, proved to be of limited value to the
      understanding and treatment of mental illness. The psycholytic approach, which
      was derived from the psychoanalytic paradigm, is a technique employing low doses
      of psychedelic drugs to reduce psychological defenses and to release unconscious
      information. The high-dose psychedelic paradigm frequently produced reports of
      mystical or spiritual experiences, thus recasting the psychiatrist as the modern
      day shaman. This paradigm has alienated many in the psychiatric profession and
      has led to a reaction against the use of psychedelics in psychotherapy. If the
      opportunity should arise to pursue sanctioned clinical research with these unique
      psychoactive substances, however, it will be imperative to learn from the
      traditional models of shamanic healers in order to optimally assess true clinical
      efficacy and safety.

PMID- 2656949
TI  - A cross-cultural study of shamanistic healers.
AB  - The issue of cross-cultural similarities and differences in trance practitioners
      engaged in healing is examined, based on a formal quantitative cross-cultural
      study and analysis. The findings suggest distinct types of healers: shamans,
      shaman/healers, healers, and mediums. The data illustrate not only some
      universals of healers, but more importantly it reveals systematic differences
      between the shamans of hunting and gathering societies, the shaman/healers of
      agricultural societies, and the possessed mediums of politically stratified
      societies. These different types of trance healers are characterized and compared
      in order to illustrate the importance of terminological clarity, as well as to
      examine the characteristics and functions of shamanistic healers with respect to
      the social and cultural context of their activities.

PMID- 2656950
TI  - The nature of the shamanic state of consciousness: a review.
AB  - A review of the literature suggests that a common psychobiological process is
      associated with various altered states of consciousness (ASC) utilized by
      shamans, meditators, and mediums. However, the shamanic state of consciousness
      (SSC) can be differentiated physiologically from possession trance states. The
      psychophysiological literature on different types of trances and on seizure
      conditions associated with the temporal lobe discharge syndrome is reviewed. On
      this basis, it is hypothesized that while both the SSC and possession trances
      involve hippocampal-septal stimulation, the difference between the SSC and the
      possession states includes the amygdala involvement associated with the latter.
      This criterion and others establish a basis for differentiating between the terms
      "shamanic," "shamanistic," and "mediumistic." The physiological concomitants of
      the SSC make it appear to be both physiologically and psychologically beneficial
      as well as indicating that it is most likely that there is a genetic component
      affecting one's ability to enter the SSC and other ASC.

PMID- 2656951
TI  - A philosophical inquiry to include trance in epistemology.
AB  - In a state of voluntary trance or meditation, the perception of reality appears
      to extend beyond the usual spatial and temporal boundaries that are normally
      perceived by the sense organs. It is argued that the problems of validity and
      reliability of trance experiences for scientific discourse are in principle no
      different than the problems associated with ordinary perception. The shift in
      early Greek philosophy from myth to an emphasis on logos (reason) has led to a
      neglect of those subtle qualities of reason that were considered to be gateways
      for divine revelation. Scientific methodologies cannot account for such
      revelation, and there are no criteria known to science that would enable people
      to utilize these phenomena. Shamanic experiences are intersubjectively accessible
      and provide data that is suitable for the construction of rational theories if
      appropriate methodologies are developed. However, for a scientist, shamanic
      experiences are considered at most to be psychological ones, and consequently
      without any value for empirical research. This article examines the possibility
      of reevaluating the terms "rational" and "consciousness," in order to expand
      scientific methodologies in such a way that volitionally altered perceptions of
      reality can be integrated into scientific research.

PMID- 2656952
TI  - What has really been learned about shamanism?
AB  - Within anthropology, investigations of shamans and their altered states of
      consciousness have followed some of the prescriptive problems inherited from the
      discipline of psychology, coloring the assumptions and perspectives of students
      of shamanism. These inherited problems include the following:
      conscious/volitional versus unconscious/involuntary mentalisms; contentual
      objectivism versus contentual subjectivism; environmentalism versus nativism;
      monopsychism versus polypsychism; mechanism versus vitalism; and quantitativism
      versus qualitativism. Although the polemics of anthropological studies of
      shamanism have reflected these prescriptive perspectives, this has not inhibited
      the acquisition of new knowledge about shamanism. Nonetheless, a resolution of
      these problems is lacking due to insufficient data.

PMID- 2656953
TI  - The sacred journey in dynastic Egypt: shamanistic trance in the context of the
      narcotic water lily and the mandrake.
AB  - Contemporary reference to the role of water lilies and mandrakes (Nymphaea and
      Mandragora, respectively) in ancient Egyptian healing, and subsequent research on
      the iconography of the water lily in Mayan shamanistic ritual, suggest the
      possible importance of these plants as adjuncts to shamanistic healing in
      dynastic Egypt. Although the usual interpretation of the water lily and the
      mandrake has been that of a part of ritual mourning, the present article revises
      this notion. Based on an extensive review of these two powerful narcotic (i.e.,
      hypnotic) plants in iconography and ritual, it is argued that the dynastic
      Egyptians had developed a form of shamanistic trance induced by these two plants
      and used it in medicine as well as healing rituals. Analysis of the ritual and
      sacred iconography of dynastic Egypt, as seen on stelae, in magical papyri, and
      on vessels, indicates that these people possessed a profound knowledge of plant
      lore and altered states of consciousness. The abundant data indicate that the
      shamanistic priest, who was highly placed in the stratified society, guided the
      souls of the living and dead, provided for the transmutation of souls into other
      bodies and the personification of plants as possessed by human spirits, as well
      as performing other shamanistic activities.

PMID- 2656954
TI  - Sociopsychotherapeutic functions of ayahuasca healing in Amazonia.
AB  - The social and psychotherapeutic functions of healing rituals with ayahuasca
      among Amazonian groups are examined, and their healing effectiveness is explained
      in terms of Western scientific and sociopsychotherapeutic perspectives. The
      article includes an overview of the preparation and application of ayahuasca, the
      symbolic adaptations to the process of social change, the role of singing, the
      perceptive mode during the visionary state, and the structure of the visions. It
      is noted that the healing activities provide the entire community access to
      transcendental experiences, which clearly have integrative and cohesive social
      functions. Ethnopsychology provides important insights into the functions of
      archaic healing rituals, and can be used to illustrate the transcendental
      experiences and pathological use of drugs in modern societies.

PMID- 2656955
TI  - Trance and shamanism: what's in a name?
AB  - This article considers the implications of the definitions and typologies of
      trance and shamanism for the development and testing of cross-cultural hypotheses
      through a review of definitions, typologies, and use of key terms and related
      concepts in anthropology. Authors vary widely in their definitions and
      applications of terms: some uses are based on reasoned criteria, others on
      traditional practice; some establish typologies, others prefer continua.
      Classifications range from narrow and highly specific to broad and inclusive
      coverage. Some restrict the usage to traditional societies, while others seek
      applications to Western phenomena, whether faith healers and mediums, or poets,
      such as Walt Whitman. The concept of control, with a variety of meanings assigned
      to it, emerges as a significant variable in the comparative study of "trance" and
      "shamanism" as these terms are used by different authors in widely different
      manners.

PMID- 2656956
TI  - Hyperphosphatemia associated with cortical hyperostosis and tumoral calcinosis.

PMID- 2656957
TI  - High-output cardiac failure in fetuses with large sacrococcygeal teratoma:
      diagnosis by echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound.
AB  - With two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound, we demonstrated
      high-output cardiac failure in three fetuses with large sacrococcygeal teratomas.
      All fetuses had normal cardiac structure, dilated ventricles maintaining a normal
      fractional shortening index, a dilated inferior vena cava reflecting the
      increased venous return from the lower body, pericardial and pleural effusions as
      a manifestation of fetal hydrops, and a markedly thickened placenta. When fetal
      hydrops was present, the combined ventricular output was very high (mean 1280
      ml/min/kg; normal 553 +/- 153 (SD)). Descending aortic flow was also sharply
      increased (mean 930 ml/min/kg; normal 184 +/- 20), as was placental flow (mean
      480 ml/min/kg, normal 110 +/- 26). High-velocity arterial flow signals were also
      found within the tumor. In one fetus studied serially, placental thickness and
      tumor diameter increased rapidly; placental flow as a percentage of descending
      aortic flow decreased, indicating a further increase of flow to the tumor. These
      abnormal hemodynamic changes were reversed after the fetus's teratoma was
      surgically removed. We conclude that the sacrococcygeal teratoma acts as a large
      arteriovenous fistula, which causes high-output cardiac failure. Surgical removal
      of the teratoma in a previable fetus with such hemodynamic findings may prove to
      be the most effective treatment.

PMID- 2656958
TI  - Neutropenia and intraventricular hemorrhage among very low birth weight (less
      than 1500 grams) premature infants.
AB  - To assess the previously reported association of intraventricular hemorrhage
      (IVH) with neutropenia, we prospectively followed during a 38-month study period
      infants with birth weight less than or equal to 1500 gm who survived greater than
      72 hours and underwent serial cranial sonography and neutrophil counts for the
      first 14 days of life. Neutrophil counts were interpreted according to a widely
      employed reference range. Infants with conditions other than IVH reported to be
      associated with neutropenia (sepsis, maternal hypertension, 5-minute Apgar score
      less than or equal to 5) were excluded. Final study groups included 38 infants
      with IVH and 114 without IVH. No significant differences were found for birth
      weight, gestational age, respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation,
      prolonged rupture of membranes, patent ductus arteriosus, route of delivery,
      pneumothorax, or sex. The occurrence of neutropenia before 14 days of age was not
      significantly different between the groups (50% with IVH, 56% without IVH), nor
      were differences found at individual postnatal ages. Comparison of immature
      neutrophil count and immature/total neutrophil ratio also revealed no
      differences. The high incidence of neutropenia in our non-IVH group raises
      questions about application of these widely accepted reference ranges to very low
      birth weight infants.

PMID- 2656959
TI  - Acetaminophen: more harm than good for chickenpox?
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether acetaminophen affects the duration or
      severity of childhood varicella. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled trial. SETTING: Office- and hospital-based pediatric practices.
      PATIENTS: Seventy-two children between 1 and 12 years of age entered the study.
      One child was withdrawn because of high fever, and three children did not
      complete the study; 31 received placebo and 37 received acetaminophen.
      INTERVENTIONS: Acetaminophen, 10 mg/kg/dose, was given at 8 AM, 12 PM, 4 PM, and
      8 PM for 4 days. Placebo was given to the control group. Itching, appetite,
      activity, and overall condition were measured for 6 days. The time to last
      vesicle formation, time to total scabbing, and time to total healing were
      measured until complete resolution of the exanthem. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: The following results were better in the placebo group (p less than
      .05): time to total scabbing 5.6 days (SD 2.5) versus 6.7 days (SD 2.3) in the
      acetaminophen group, and itching on day 4 in the placebo group (symptom score 2.9
      (SD 0.20) vs 2.2 (SD 0.26]. Activity was better in the acetaminophen group on day
      2 (3.13 (SD 0.23) vs 2.82 (SD 0.24]. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence
      that acetaminophen does not alleviate symptoms in children with varicella and may
      prolong illness.

PMID- 2656960
TI  - Comparative efficacy of ceftriaxone and cefuroxime for treatment of bacterial
      meningitis.
AB  - To assess the comparative efficacy of cefuroxime and ceftriaxone for the
      treatment of bacterial meningitis, we reviewed the records from four prospective
      efficacy trials conducted at our institution. One hundred seventy-four infants
      and children received ceftriaxone and 159 received cefuroxime. The clinical
      characteristics of the two groups were comparable at admission. After 24 hours of
      therapy, routine cerebrospinal fluid cultures for all patients treated with
      ceftriaxone were sterile, whereas 9% of cerebrospinal fluid cultures were
      positive in cefuroxime-treated patients (p less than 0.001). More cefuroxime
      treated patients had abnormal physical examinations at the time of discharge than
      did ceftriaxone-treated patients (39/159 vs 25/174, p = 0.02). At 6-week and 1
      year follow-up examinations, there was no longer a statistically significant
      difference in the incidence of neurologic abnormalities between the two therapy
      groups, but the incidence of hearing impairment in one or both ears was higher in
      the cefuroxime (18%) than in the ceftriaxone (11%) treatment group. Both regimens
      are efficacious for the treatment of bacterial meningitis, but some patients may
      not respond as satisfactorily to cefuroxime as to ceftriaxone.

PMID- 2656961
TI  - Intermittent intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for lupus nephritis.
AB  - We carried out a preliminary study to determine whether intermittent intravenous
      cyclophosphamide therapy could be safely and effectively used in the treatment of
      childhood lupus nephritis. Sixteen children (4 to 18 years of age) with lupus
      nephritis were treated with cyclophosphamide monthly for 6 months and then every
      3 months. Eight children were treated because of corticosteroid-unresponsive
      active lupus nephritis, with a fall in their creatinine clearance to less than
      100 ml/min/1.75 m2, and eight children were treated because of corticosteroid
      dependent nephrotic syndrome or active lupus nephritis with unacceptable
      corticosteroid-induced side effects. Cyclophosphamide treatment was associated
      with significant improvement at 1 year in mean levels of hemoglobin (11.3 +/- 0.5
      to 13.1 +/- 0.3 gm/dl), C3 (52 +/- 5.9 to 108 +/- 13.7 mg/dl), and C4 (7.6 +/-
      0.9 to 15.9 +/- 2.2 mg/dl) (all p less than 0.005), despite a significant
      reduction in mean prednisone dosage (31 +/- 5 to 14 +/- 2 mg/day; p less than
      0.005). There was a decrease in 24-hour urine protein excretion from 3121 +/- 913
      to 1016 +/- 364 mg/24 hours (p less than 0.05). For children whose initial
      creatinine clearance was less than 100 ml/min/1.75 m2, creatinine clearance also
      improved significantly (57.5 +/- 11 to 121 +/- 24.5 ml/min/1.75 m2; p less than
      0.05). The long-term safety of intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy and its long
      term efficacy in comparison with prednisone alone remain to be established. In
      the interim, intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy should be reserved for children
      with severe, unacceptable corticosteroid side effects or with corticosteroid
      resistant and potentially life-threatening disease.

PMID- 2656962
TI  - Prehistoric parasitism in Tennessee: evidence from the analysis of desiccated
      fecal material collected from Big Bone Cave, Van Buren County, Tennessee.
AB  - Eight samples of desiccated human feces collected from Big Bone Cave (40VB103),
      Van Buren County, Tennessee, were analyzed to determine the presence of ecto- and
      endoparasitic infection among the prehistoric population using the cave.
      Radiocarbon-dated torch material from the cave indicated that it was a locus of
      human activity 2,177 +/- 145 yr ago. Parasitic species identified were: Ascaris
      lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, fleas of the tribe Phalacropsyllini, and
      protozoan cysts. The cysts were identified as Giardia using an indirect
      immunofluorescent antibody test. The only report of Giardia in a prehistoric
      context is the identification of cysts in 2 1,800-yr-old paleofecal specimens
      from a cave in Israel. This is the first report of Giardia from paleofeces in the
      New World.

PMID- 2656963
TI  - Regulation of milk fat synthesis.

PMID- 2656964
TI  - State of the art vitamin K in human milk.
AB  - Breast-feeding is the sole source of vitamin K for most of the world's children
      and breast-fed infants are at risk for vitamin K-responsive hemorrhagic disease
      of the newborn (HDNB). Recent advances in high performance liquid chromatography
      methodology have made possible the first quantitative studies of vitamin K in
      human milk. Although much progress has been made, much remains to be done.
      Innovative improvements in methodology are needed, as detection of nanogram
      quantities of vitamin K in milk is at the limit of current methodology.
      Additional studies are needed over the lactation period. A better understanding
      of colostrum is needed with regard to other nutrients as well as vitamin K.
      Vitamin K in the milk of mothers who gave birth prematurely has not been
      measured. The significance of menaquinones as a vitamin K source to the infant is
      undetermined. The mechanism regulating vitamin K secretion into milk has not been
      investigated. The localization of vitamin K in milk is undetermined as is the
      relationship of vitamin K to other milk lipids. The effects of fat-soluble
      vitamins in the diet on vitamin K concentrations in milk is unknown. The
      pharmacokinetics of vitamin K supplementation of mothers is particularly
      important in cultures where vitamin K is not routinely administered at birth.
      Finally, most critical at this point is our ignorance about the relationship of
      the maternal vitamin K status to the vitamin K status of the infant. As breast
      milk is the sole source of vitamin K for most of the world's infants, HDNB
      remains a very real threat to the health of infants and warrants concentrated
      study.

PMID- 2656965
TI  - An interpretative review of smokeless tobacco research in the United States: Part
      II.
AB  - This is the second part of a two-part series reviewing the published literature
      of smokeless tobacco in the United States. The article explores smokeless tobacco
      as a pharmacologically addicting substance, educational interventions designed to
      prevent use or help users quit, and outlines areas of future research.

PMID- 2656966
TI  - A critical and comparative review of the prevention of drug and alcohol abuse in
      Israel.
AB  - The article reviews the various programs and intervention strategies of substance
      abuse prevention in Israel. It concentrates mainly on the stages of primary and
      secondary prevention among youth. School-based prevention programs, those
      designated for detached youth as well as community-based programs, are presented
      and analyzed. The prevention efforts in Israel are also compared to those in
      other Western countries. The discussion includes recommendations for future
      developments in this domain.

PMID- 2656967
TI  - Pediatric AIDS/HIV infection: an emerging challenge to pediatric psychology.
AB  - The number of pediatric AIDS cases are increasing. This disease, with its social
      and political ramifications, as well as its biological consequences, presents a
      number of unique issues for psychologists. Some of the areas that present
      opportunities and problems for psychologists are briefly identified. These areas
      include prevention, clinical issues, public education, research,
      neuropsychological effects, psychoneuroimmunological issues, and ethical
      concerns. Current epidemiological projections and future directions for research
      are also discussed.

PMID- 2656968
TI  - Psychological research in pediatric settings: lessons from the field.
AB  - Described the practical problems that threaten the progress of psychological
      research conducted in pediatric settings and strategies to manage these problems.
      Research collaborations with physicians and setting-based constraints on data
      collection and research participants place strenuous demands on investigators.
      Special efforts are needed to enhance the quality of interdisciplinary research
      collaboration, lessen constraints on research participants, set priorities for
      research activities, and develop necessary support for research. To facilitate
      the progress of psychological research in pediatric settings, research training
      and continuing education should equip researchers to deal with the problems of
      applied research with pediatric populations.

PMID- 2656969
TI  - Liver transplantation in infants and children.
AB  - Orthotopic liver transplantation has become an accepted form of therapy for
      advanced liver disease. Over a 44-month period, we performed 27 liver transplants
      in 25 pediatric recipients, including 14 infants (mean age, 7.2 months; mean
      weight, 5.9 kg) and 11 children (mean age, 9.0 years; mean weight, 34.8 kg).
      Indications for transplantation were biliary atresia (16), tyrosinemia (3),
      chronic hepatitis with cirrhosis (2), fulminant hepatic failure (2), and one
      patient each with Wilson's disease and primary hepatoma. Eighteen patients (72%)
      had undergone a previous laparotomy, including 19 Kasai procedures in 13 patients
      with biliary atresia. The average time on the waiting list was 26.8 days (range,
      1 to 60), and no patients died while awaiting transplantation. Mean preservation
      time was 6.9 hours (range, 2 to 13.5), employing cold storage with Collin's
      solution (16), or more recently, UW solution (11). Urgent liver transplantation
      was performed in seven cases (25.9%), although at present, we perform liver
      transplantation as a scheduled semielective procedure with extended preservation
      times in stable patients. The recipient hepatectomy and orthotopic liver
      transplantation were performed by standard techniques, with venous bypass used in
      three cases. Biliary reconstruction was performed with a Roux limb in 16 and via
      choledochocholedochostomy in ten cases, while arterial reconstruction was end-to
      end hepatic artery in 21, and aorto-aortic anastomosis in the remaining six. Two
      hepatic artery thromboses (7.4%) and two biliary complications (7.4%)
      occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656971
TI  - Microcolon in the absence of small bowel obstruction in the newborn.
AB  - Microcolon is a manifestation of intestinal obstruction in utero, and in the
      overwhelming majority of cases it accompanies low small bowel obstruction. Two
      cases of congenital abdominal masses, an ileal duplication, and a cystic
      mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver caused microcolon although the bowel was
      intrinsically normal. Bowel compression in utero may also lead to neonatal
      microcolon.

PMID- 2656970
TI  - Pediatric liver transplantation: a 3-year experience.
AB  - From September 1, 1984 to March 1, 1988, 201 patients were evaluated for liver
      transplantation. Ninety-one orthotopic liver transplants were performed on 80
      children ranging in age from 3 months to 15 years. The average waiting time for a
      transplant was 5 months, with children less than 10 kg in weight waiting a
      disproportionately long time. The average operative time was 10.6 hours and the
      average blood product replacement was 2.7 blood volumes. There was a steady
      improvement in both operative time and blood loss from 1985 to 1987. The overall
      hepatic arterial thrombosis rate was 9%; complex reconstructions having a
      thrombosis rate of 39%, and end-to-end anastomoses having a thrombosis rate of
      1.4%. The average hospital stay was 37 days, and the major causes of
      postoperative morbidity and mortality were rejection (75%), infection (50%), and
      diarrhea (76%). The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 75% and 73%, respectively.
      Children with a successful transplant returned to home and school. After
      transplantation, 60% of the children exhibited catch-up growth and 88% have
      normal liver function. Pediatric liver transplantation is an effective modality
      in the treatment of children with terminal liver disease. Increased pediatric
      organ donation and the investigation of new operative techniques and types of
      preservation are necessary to meet the needs of an expanding recipient pool.

PMID- 2656972
TI  - Delayed diagnosis of a primary psoas abscess mimicking septic arthritis of the
      hip.
AB  - A 5-year-old boy presented with a limp, fever, and right hip pain of 72 hours'
      duration. An intensive workup of right hip pain synovitis failed to diagnose any
      local pathology. Delayed diagnosis of psoas abscess was made on the 12th day of
      hospitalization. A rapid recovery with no further complications followed surgical
      evacuation of the abscess.

PMID- 2656973
TI  - Clinical nursing research: you can do it!
AB  - Nurses can use clinical nursing research to strengthen the knowledge base of
      their practice and to develop effective nursing interventions. When planning and
      implementing their studies, nurses must anticipate and deal with important issues
      concerning the realities of clinical nursing research. These issues include
      developing the research question, planning for an optimal sample size, passing
      the Institutional Review Committee, managing conflicts between clinical and
      research roles, selecting instruments to measure the variables, collecting data
      in a clinical setting, analyzing and interpreting the data, funding the proposed
      study, and ensuring administrative support.

PMID- 2656974
TI  - Type A behavior in children: what a pediatric nurse practitioner needs to know.
AB  - Type A behavior has been shown in adults to be a predictor of heart disease equal
      in magnitude to cigarette smoking and cholesterol level. This article reviews
      current thinking on Type A behavior and its relationship to cardiovascular
      health. Particular emphasis is given to current literature about Type A behavior
      in adolescents, school-aged children, and preschoolers. Discussion covers the
      importance of the primary subcomponents of Type A behavior (i.e.,
      competitiveness, hostility, and impatience). Clinical cautions and applications
      of this research are included.

PMID- 2656976
TI  - The hard evidence of alveolar bone loss in early hominids of southern Africa. A
      short communication.
AB  - Since the discovery at Taung of the first early hominid specimen to be recovered
      in Africa, designated as Australopithecus africanus, the South African Pliocene
      and earliest Pleistocene deposits of the Blaauwbank Valley (Sterkfontein,
      Swartkrans, Kromdraai) in the Transvaal and of Makapansgat in the northern
      Transvaal, have yielded the most spectacular fossilized hominid remains of the
      genus Australopithecus and associated fauna, together with some intriguing and
      fascinating specimens of the genus Homo.

PMID- 2656975
TI  - Application of a local drug delivery system to periodontal therapy: I.
      Development of collagen preparations with immobilized tetracycline.
AB  - For the purpose of applying a local drug delivery system to periodontal therapy,
      atelocollagen preparations with immobilized tetracycline (TC) were prepared by
      modifying the form of the collagen, the concentration of the immobilized TC, and
      the time of the cross-link process with glutaraldehyde. The course of the TC
      release from the collagen preparations into an aqueous solution was determined in
      relation to time. The preparations were also inserted into periodontal pockets,
      and the amount of TC remaining in the pocket was determined daily. The results
      obtained were as follows: 1) The degree of drug release could be controlled to
      some extent by adjusting the TC concentration and the time of the cross-link
      process; and 2) an amount of TC exceeding the effective dose in the gingival
      crevicular fluid was present in the periodontal pocket even 10 days after the
      insertion of TC fixed in the cross-linked processed collagen film in the
      periodontal pockets.

PMID- 2656977
TI  - The effect of citric acid on retained plaque and calculus. A short communication.
AB  - Five extracted human teeth with clinically demonstrable calculus were used. One
      proximal surface of each tooth was partly scaled, leaving a small amount of
      calculus. The crown was then cut off at the cementoenamel junction and the scaled
      proximal surface was divided vertically into two segments using a thin separating
      disk. One segment was treated by rubbing cotton pellets soaked in citric acid
      (pH1) over the surface for three minutes and then immersing the segment in saline
      to stop the reaction. The other (control) segment was treated by rubbing cotton
      pellets soaked in saline over the surface for three minutes. When viewed under a
      scanning electron microscope, the control sections displayed scaling striations,
      considerable surface debris, and large numbers of bacteria at the borders of the
      residual calculus. Citric acid-treated specimens displayed little debris on
      cementum or residual calculus and virtually no bacteria at the junction between
      calculus and cementum. The surface morphology of the citric acid-treated calculus
      varied from layered-like to honeycomb.

PMID- 2656978
TI  - Antibodies to Bacteroides gingivalis in patients with treated and untreated
      periodontal disease.
AB  - It is proposed that the development of periodontal disease is associated with
      rising levels of serum and gingival crevice fluid (GCF) IgG antibodies to
      specific organisms, while treatment of periodontal disease is associated with a
      decline in specific IgG antibodies. This study examined the immune response to
      Bacteroides gingivalis, a suspected periodontal pathogen, in serum and GCF of
      patients with adult periodontitis. Three groups of subjects were studied: (1)
      patients with untreated adult periodontitis, (2) patients with treated adult
      periodontitis, and (3) patients with gingivitis (controls). An enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay was employed using whole formalinized B. gingivalis (ATCC
      33277) as antigen. Results showed that the untreated adult periodontitis patients
      had a humoral immune response to B. gingivalis, producing significantly higher
      serum levels of IgG antibody to that organism than did patients with treated
      adult periodontitis (p less than or equal to 0.01) or gingivitis (p less than or
      equal to 0.005). The untreated patients also demonstrated a local immune response
      to B. gingivalis in that their GCF levels of IgG antibody to that organism were
      also significantly higher than levels in treated adult periodontitis patients (p
      less than or equal to 0.005) and gingivitis patients (p less than or equal to
      0.001). These results are consistent with reports by other investigators.
      However, ratios of GCF antibody to serum antibody in the untreated adult
      periodontitis group were not significantly higher than ratios in the other two
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2656979
TI  - Cotinine in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of smokers with periodontal
      disease.
AB  - A study was undertaken to determine the presence of cotinine, a metabolite of
      nicotine, in the saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of smokers with periodontal
      disease. Saliva and crevicular fluid samples were obtained from 16 habitual
      cigarette smokers and analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
      for the presence of cotinine. Thirteen non-smokers with periodontal disease
      served as controls. There was no evidence of cotinine (within our detection
      levels) in either the saliva or crevicular fluid of any of the nonsmokers.
      Cotinine, in a wide range of concentrations, was detected in the saliva and
      crevicular fluid in all of the 16 cigarette smokers. The presence of a nicotine
      metabolite in the saliva and gingival crevicular fluid reflects the extent of the
      systemic distribution of nicotine in smokers. The vasoactive properties of
      nicotine are well known and may possibly affect the pathogenesis of periodontal
      disease.

PMID- 2656980
TI  - Personality assessment and counseling psychology.
AB  - This article examines the place of personality assessment in counseling
      psychology. Three areas are considered: (a) the types of tests counseling
      psychologists use, (b) the perspective counseling psychologists apply to the use
      of tests, and (c) projective techniques and counseling psychology. Each area is
      examined, and the issues it raises for counseling psychology are presented. Some
      conclusions about personality assessment practices in counseling psychology are
      made, and several directions for future training are identified.

PMID- 2656981
TI  - [Enrichment of cytochrome P-450 in human liver microsomes by the action of
      proteases].
AB  - Human liver microsomes have been partially enriched in cytochrome P450 using a
      simple and rapid method. Microsomes were digested with protease XXVII (40
      micrograms/nmole cyt. P450), then incubated with CHAPS, a zwitterionic detergent
      (25 mg/nmole cyt. P450) in combination with 0.07% protamine sulfate and the
      solubilized cyt. P450 was separated by ultracentrifugation. By this method, about
      35% of total microsomal protein was solubilized with more than 80% of cyt. P450.
      This technique increases the specific activity of cyt. P450 by three fold.

PMID- 2656983
TI  - [Meat and risks of its consumption].
AB  - The hazards of meat consummation are not necessary imputable from production
      technology but rather to bad practices of consummation.

PMID- 2656982
TI  - [Research and development of oral controlled-release dosage forms].
AB  - Important data concerning the gastrointestinal transit of oral solid dosage forms
      have been obtained recently by using the technique of gamma scintigraphy. It is
      now possible to put forward the principal limitations of the oral sustained
      release dosage forms actually available. The research and development of new
      controlled release products such as buoyant dosage forms and coevaporates with
      polymers should permit to decrease the large inter and intrasubject variations of
      drug plasma levels observed when the actual sustained release dosage forms are
      administered.

PMID- 2656984
TI  - Effect of quinidine on the hepatic uptake of digoxin in guinea pigs.
AB  - Effect of quinidine on the hepatic uptake of digoxin was studied using isolated
      guinea pig hepatocytes and with the multiple indicator dilution method using
      perfused livers. The initial uptake rate of digoxin by isolated hepatocytes was
      significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased in the presence of quinidine or
      ouabain and at low temperature (27 degrees C). The influx rate constant to the
      liver (K1) of unbound digoxin was also decreased by quinidine or the metabolic
      inhibitor 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP) in isolated perfused livers, while K1 of
      diazepam, which is thought to be taken up by a passive transport system, was not
      significantly changed in the presence of DNP. These findings suggest that an
      active transport system for digoxin may exist in the liver and may be inhibited
      by quinidine. We concluded that the quinidine-induce decreases in the hepatic
      distribution of digoxin may be attributed both to the decreased tissue binding
      and to the inhibition of uptake, which might be related to the decreased hepatic
      clearance.

PMID- 2656985
TI  - Promotion of nasal absorption of insulin by glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives. I.
AB  - Nasal absorption of insulin in rats was enhanced by addition of sodium
      glycyrrhetinate (GA Na), dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (GZ K2), and carbenoxolone
      (glycyrrhetinic acid hydrogen succinate) disodium salt (GAHS Na2). The latter
      agent was the most effective. On addition of 1% GAHS Na2, plasma immunoreactive
      insulin levels in rats showed a maximum level of 0.75 mU/ml at 15 min and plasma
      glucose levels were decreased to about 25 mg/dl after nasal administration of 10
      U/kg insulin. In a comparison of the absorption rates of insulin by nasal and
      intravenous (i.v.) routes in rats, nasal absorptions of 10 U/kg insulin in the
      presence of 1% GAHS Na2, 0.5% GA Na and 1% GZ K2 were 26.5%, 13.2% and 14.5% of
      that in the case of a 5 U/kg i.v. dose, respectively. Hemolytic activies of GAHS
      Na2, GA Na and GZ K2 were milder than those of Na caprate and Na laurate, and
      nasal leucine aminopeptidase activity was more strongly inhibited by GAHS Na2
      than by medium chain fatty acid salts, sodium glycocholate, GA Na or GZ K2.
      Therefore, it is suggested that GAHS Na2 is a very useful promoter which dose not
      irritate the nasal mucosal membrane or degrade insulin.

PMID- 2656986
TI  - Colic: idiopathic, excessive, infant crying.
AB  - Infantile colic is a common and frustrating condition for parents and health care
      practitioners. A commonly held belief is that the condition is benign and only
      results in transient loss of parental sleep; however, a detailed study of the
      recent literature and clinical studies suggests that not all colic abates without
      residual consequences. In this article, we outline current understanding of the
      condition and suggest methods of intervention. In addition, we focus on the
      potential effect of colic on infant attachment; the later growth and development
      of the once-colicky child; the evidence that supporting and refuting commonly
      held beliefs, and areas of intervention.

PMID- 2656987
TI  - Parental coping in response to their child's spina bifida.
AB  - This study explored how 100 parents coped with their child's chronic illness of
      spina bifida. Nearly half the sample (48 parents) were husband-wife pairs. The
      mailed study instrument was The Chronicity Impact and Coping Instrument: Parent
      Questionnaire (CICI:PQ) developed by Hymovich. High copers and low copers scored
      significantly differently (p less than 0.05) on 18 out of 37 coping strategies.
      There were no significant differences in the stressors of high and low copers.
      Significant positive relationships were found between coping and marital
      satisfaction, coping and the quality of the relationship between husband and
      wife, and coping and attending a spina bifida support group (p = 0.008). Higher
      income and increased age of the parent also contributed to coping ability.

PMID- 2656988
TI  - Exposure of cryptantigens on red blood cell membranes in patients with acquired
      immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS-related complex.
AB  - Patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex
      (ARC) are subject to recurrent and severe infections due to organisms known to
      cause red blood cell membrane modifications. These red cell modifications include
      the exposure of novel carbohydrate cryptantigens that can react with naturally
      occurring antibodies and potentially result in hemolysis. We examined the
      frequency of cryptantigen exposure on the surface of red cells from AIDS/ARC
      patients. Blood samples from 108 patients with AIDS/ARC and from 65 non-AIDS/ARC
      patients were tested for most common forms of cryptantigens. The lectin Arachis
      hypogaea agglutinated red cells from 7% (8/108) of the AIDS/ARC patients and 3%
      (2/65) of non-AIDS/ARC patients, indicating the presence of T, Tk, or Th
      cryptantigen exposure. One sample from an AIDS patient with E. coli sepsis had T
      activation with polyagglutinable red cells. None of the samples showed evidence
      of exposed Tn or acquired B antigens. These results show that red cell
      cryptantigen exposure does occur in AIDS patients with a prevalence similar to
      that previously reported in patients with sepsis or malignancy. For this reason,
      and because polyagglutination has been associated with in vivo hemolysis,
      cryptantigen exposure should be considered in the differential diagnosis in AIDS
      patients with suspected immune hemolysis; it can be tested for by performing a
      minor crossmatch with ABO compatible serum.

PMID- 2656989
TI  - The potential role of nutritional factors in the induction of immunologic
      abnormalities in HIV-positive homosexual men.
AB  - The literature is briefly summarized as to how several nutrients affect immune
      function, susceptibility to infection, and cancer susceptibility or progression.
      Nutritional deficiencies can impair immunity and so influence susceptibility to
      infectious agents, including ones that are common and relatively virulent in
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. A variety of nutrients
      affect several of the immune functions that are defective in human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. For example, beta-carotene
      increased the number of CD4+ cells; vitamin E decreased the number of CD8+ cells
      and increased the CD4+/CD8+ ratio; vitamin D decreased the CD4+/CD8+ ratio; and
      iron increased the number of peripheral lymphocytes in humans receiving
      supplementation. Furthermore, nutritional deficiencies can influence
      gastrointestinal function, while infectious diseases can influence nutrient
      requirements by altering the efficiency of absorption and the rate of tissue
      metabolism. Malnutrition, depressed serum zinc levels, and intestinal nutrient
      malabsorption have been found in AIDS patients. The above findings suggest that
      dietary manipulations might diminish the immune defects in HIV infection and
      enhance resistance to opportunistic infections. However, dietary alterations in
      immune defects are generally not well quantified and may be small relative to the
      magnitude of the defects observed in AIDS patients. Because conflicting or
      adverse effects have been reported for some nutrients, recommendations for
      dietary supplementation in HIV-infected individuals are premature and possibly
      hazardous. Further studies are much needed to relate dietary nutrient intakes to
      clinical outcomes.

PMID- 2656990
TI  - Structural and functional characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus
      rev protein.
AB  - Expression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rev protein is required for
      expression of virus structural proteins. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to
      localize regions important for Rev function. We found that proteins with single
      amino acid substitution mutations concentrated within the amino termini and
      midportion of Rev were for the most part nonfunctional. Indirect
      immunofluorescence revealed that Rev was localized predominantly in the
      nucleolus. However, a deletion mutant that lacked the basic stretch of amino
      acids comprising residues Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Trp accumulated in the cytoplasm and
      was no longer functional. Consistent with this observation, a beta-galactosidase
      fusion protein containing this basic rich peptide at its amino termini was
      targeted to the nucleus. These observations indicate that the HIV rev protein has
      a distinct nuclear localization sequence and suggest that Rev-mediated regulation
      of gene expression involves nuclear events.

PMID- 2656991
TI  - Peroneal tendon balance procedure.
AB  - The authors introduce the peroneal tendon balance procedure and discuss normal
      and hypermobile function of the first ray. The procedure is based on the theory
      that the peroneus longus tendon is a primary retrograde stabilizer of the
      proximal portion of the first ray. The theory emphasizes that abnormal pronation
      results in a positional weakness of the peroneus longus tendon, which induces
      first ray hypermobility. This surgical procedure involves an anastomosis of the
      peroneus longus to the peroneus brevis tendon. It is designed to increase the
      force of the peroneus longus tendon in order to reduce first ray hypermobility.

PMID- 2656992
TI  - Volume injection adhesiotomy.
AB  - The authors present a modified method for treating painful cicatrix nerve
      entrapments. A series of three high-volume injections of local anesthetic,
      steroid, and hyaluronidase are used to perform percutaneous adhesiotomies and
      extraneural fibrosis decompression. If special attention is given to the tissue
      plane level in performing the sequential injections, circumferential neural trunk
      decompression or cicatrix adhesiotomy can be obtained. The procedure may decrease
      or eliminate pain sufficiently to circumvent surgical intervention.

PMID- 2656993
TI  - Modified V-Y capsulorrhaphy in hallux abducto valgus surgery.
AB  - The two-stage capsular closure modification of the V-Y capsulorrhaphy in hallux
      abducto valgus surgery is a technique for restoring the soft tissue anatomical
      relationships of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in a bunion deformity. The
      first stage of the V-Y capsulorrhaphy corrects the plantar and lateral deviation
      of the abductor hallucis tendon. The second stage of the V-Y capsulorrhaphy
      closure allows for the correction of abductus and valgus rotation of the hallux.
      Inasmuch as each element of the soft tissue deformity in hallux abducto valgus
      deformity is corrected individually, greater precision can be applied to each
      constituent of the hallux abducto valgus deformity.

PMID- 2656994
TI  - Brown recluse spider bite. A literature review and case report.
AB  - A review of the literature on brown recluse spider bite is presented, including
      clinical presentation and treatment. Emphasis is placed on the treatment of local
      tissue necrosis. A case report of a severe necrotic ulcer secondary to a spider
      bit is presented. Tissue necrosis following a brown recluse spider bit can be
      debilitating, and healing may be prolonged for many months. Even with early
      treatment, prognosis often is poor. Future studies might help establish better
      treatment regimens.

PMID- 2656995
TI  - Radiation osteitis in the foot. A case report.

PMID- 2656996
TI  - Comparison of hand-held, suction, and automated trephines on experimental corneal
      wound size.
AB  - Three trephines were tested to determine their uniformity in creating a circular
      opening during penetrating keratoplasty. Twenty-one globes (seven per instrument)
      were trephined with a hand-held, suction or automated trephine. The mean
      astigmatism was greatest with the hand-held device (mean 0.73 cm) and least with
      the automated trephine (mean 0.50 cm). The automated and the suction trephines
      (mean astigmatism 0.51 cm) may result in reduced corneal astigmatism during
      penetrating keratoplasty.

PMID- 2656997
TI  - Rehabilitation research and development in Japan.

PMID- 2656998
TI  - [Pain and polymodal receptor].

PMID- 2656999
TI  - Cleft palate rehabilitation using a resin-bonded split-post prosthesis.
AB  - For the patient described in this report a nonprecious metal alloy that contains
      neither beryllium nor nickel was used. The retainers were sandblasted with 50
      microns alumina and cemented by using a resin that bonds chemically to metal.
      With good oral hygiene and regular review the resin-bonded split-post prosthesis
      should provide a long period of service. In contrast to conventional fixed
      restorations, failure of this type of prosthesis is not highly destructive and
      other restorative options are still possible if failure occurs.

PMID- 2657000
TI  - Consequences of inadequate bone healing before implant surgery.

PMID- 2657001
TI  - Orthodontic therapy for the restorative patient. Part II: The esthetic aspects.
AB  - By incorporating orthodontics and other specialty disciplines into the
      restorative and prosthodontic treatments for the adult patient presenting for
      improvement or enhancement of esthetics, the dentist can correct reverse over
      lapped (cross-bite) relationships, retrieve and reposition unerupted (impacted)
      anterior teeth, and improve irregular smile lines in three dimensions. The
      correction or improvement of incisal guidance, incisal planes, root proximity,
      and embrasure spaces will enhance long-term stability and successful prognoses.
      This article discusses several of the daily challenges encountered by the
      restorative dentist regarding malposed teeth in the anterior portion of the oral
      cavity. By using established principles of orthodontic therapy, composite resin
      bonding of brackets, improved wire technology, polymer plastic force modules, and
      additional advances in the methods of repositioning the malposed teeth, the
      necessary corrections can be made.

PMID- 2657002
TI  - Temporary crown and fixed partial dentures: new methods to achieve esthetics.
AB  - Two methods to achieve maximum esthetics of temporary restorations are discussed.
      Method 1 demonstrates the use of light-cured composite resin, acrylic resin, and
      acrylic resin stain. Method 2 describes the use of denture teeth, acrylic resin,
      and acrylic resin stain.

PMID- 2657003
TI  - Cast restorations made to existing removable partial dentures.
AB  - Procedures for the fabrication of complete cast and ceramometal restorations that
      support existing removable partial dentures are reviewed. Clinical and laboratory
      procedures are presented. These techniques allow the patient to continue to
      function with the existing removable partial denture while the restorations are
      made.

PMID- 2657004
TI  - The effect of sprue attachment design on castability and porosity.
AB  - Sprue attachment design is an important and controversial variable that can
      affect casting characteristics of castability and porosity. Four sprue attachment
      designs--straight, flared, abrupt constriction, and gradual constriction--were
      investigated. Standardized wax copings simulating complete veneer metal ceramic
      crowns with knife-edge margins were sculpted on refractory investment dies,
      sprued, invested, and cast with Olympia alloy. The specimens were embedded,
      sectioned, and polished. Castability was analyzed by measuring the width of the
      cast meniscus of the margins. The margin widths of the flared and the straight
      sprue attachment groups were significantly less than the abrupt or gradual
      constriction attachment group (p less than 0.05). Photomicrographs revealed
      discernible differences in the relative quantity and location of porosity in the
      sprue-coping junctions. The straight and flared sprue attachment groups were less
      porous than the abrupt or gradual constriction groups (p less than 0.01). Flared
      and straight sprue attachments optimized castability and minimized porosity.

PMID- 2657005
TI  - Telescopic copings in restorative dentistry.
AB  - The complete mouth reconstruction of a periodontally compromised dentition is a
      tremendous challenge. Although the treatment is complex, the rewards can be
      satisfying. In some cases, the use of telescopic copings overcomes several of the
      problems associated with periodontal prosthetic treatment. This article reviews
      the advantages and disadvantages in the use of telescopic copings in restorative
      dentistry.

PMID- 2657006
TI  - Anterior retainer design for resin-bonded acid-etched fixed partial dentures.
AB  - Electrolytically etched castings of varying designs were cemented to prepared
      enamel. The load required to displace these castings was compared with the load
      required to displace anterior and posterior three-quarter crowns cemented with
      zinc phosphate cement. Electrolytically etched castings with grooves, half
      grooves, pins, a labial wrap, and no additional resistance feature (lingual plate
      only) were cemented to properly etched enamel. All specimens were loaded in
      tension from the lingual surface with an Instron testing machine at a crosshead
      speed of 0.05 in/min. Specimens with proximal extensions (3/4 crowns, full
      grooves, or labial wrap) required significantly more load for displacement than
      the other groups. This study demonstrated the need for proximal extensions when
      designing retainers for the Maryland Bridge denture.

PMID- 2657007
TI  - Cast metal, resin-bonded prostheses: a 10-year retrospective study.
AB  - A sample of 99 resin-bonded prostheses placed over a 10-year period were examined
      by four clinicians using a standardized criteria sheet. Areas examined included
      hard tissues, periodontium, retainer and pontic design, retention, the effect of
      occlusion on framework design and retention rate, and bonding media. The data
      from 7- and 10-year retrospective studies were compared for meaningful trends.
      Results showed (1) caries on retainer teeth was 3%, (2) gingival index of the
      retainer teeth was less than the gingival index of the rest of the mouth (0.7 +/-
      0.5 versus 0.9 +/- 0.6), (3) the respective mean probing depths of retainer teeth
      of 34 patients in the 7- and 10-year studies were 2.2 +/- 0.4 mm and 1.9 +/- 0.7
      mm, (4) the debond rate of all the prostheses from all causes was 31%, (5) the
      debond rate comparing etched metal and perforated retainers from all causes was
      32% and 31% [corrected], respectively, and (6) 83% liked the prosthesis; 17% were
      noncommittal. The authors concluded that the resin-bonded prosthesis may be
      considered a permanent restoration and a valuable asset in the clinician's
      armamentarium.

PMID- 2657008
TI  - Two-stage impression technique for overdentures.
AB  - Overdentures are supported by hard tissue and resilient tissue. Optimum
      distribution of functional load between these different tissue types is a
      challenge. A two-stage impression technique is proposed to eliminate much of the
      need for finished denture base modification. A first stage impression is made of
      the resting form of the soft tissue and is used to make a mucostatic metal base.
      A second impression is developed under occlusal pressure with modeling compound
      applied to the border and the surfaces of the metal base overlying the abutments.
      This procedure establishes border seal and relates ridge tissue displacement to
      the abutments. A final cast is made by using the metal base and modeling
      compound. Heat-cured acrylic resin is processed to the metal base on this cast.
      Adjustment of the tissue surface of the base is limited to surfaces overlying
      free marginal gingivae and axial surfaces of the abutments.

PMID- 2657009
TI  - Comparative bond strengths of light-cured, heat-cured, and autopolymerizing
      denture resins to denture teeth.
AB  - Standard and interpenetrating polymer network acrylic resin denture teeth were
      milled into cylinders 8 mm in diameter and processed against cylinders of the
      three different resins. The specimens were reduced by milling to a diameter of 6
      mm in the region of the tooth-resin interface and thermocycled for 24 hours.
      Specimens were then subjected to tensile loading until fracture. Group means were
      compared by using the Duncan multiple range test at the 5% level of significance.
      The strongest bond occurred between the heat-cured resin and the standard acrylic
      resin teeth. Intermediate strength was achieved with the heat-cured resin to the
      IPN teeth and the autopolymerizing resin to both types of teeth. Lowest strength
      was measured with the light-cured resin to both types of teeth.

PMID- 2657010
TI  - An intraoral surveyor.
AB  - A device is described for checking tooth preparations of abutment teeth for fixed
      or removable partial dentures. The device quickly and accurately indicates the
      planned path of insertion of the prosthesis intraorally, serves as a visual guide
      during the preparation of teeth, and aids the dentist in evaluating tooth
      preparations before making a final impression. This intraoral surveyor provides
      an inexpensive, practical, and readily available method for producing optimal
      tooth preparations for fixed and removable partial dentures.

PMID- 2657011
TI  - A survey of dentitions and removable partial dentures constructed for patients in
      North America.
AB  - The prevalence of removable partial dentures in North America is not known. This
      study was designed to collect information about (1) the indications for, (2) the
      teeth to be replaced with, and (3) the type of major connectors used in removable
      partial dentures. Five commercial dental laboratories situated in different
      regions of North America were selected to give as wide as possible a view of the
      production of removable partial dentures. Each laboratory was asked to provide
      details of 300 consecutive removable partial dentures. Photographs (35 mm) of
      master casts and processed partial dentures were obtained for more than 1300
      patients. The color slides were analyzed and the remaining teeth and types of
      dentures were recorded. The dentures were classified as follows: cast frame
      denture, acrylic resin denture with or without some wrought metal, and acrylic
      resin denture with some cast units. The major connectors were classified as one
      of seven alternatives in the maxillae, and as one of six alternatives in the
      mandible.

PMID- 2657012
TI  - The Vancouver microstomia orthosis.
AB  - Eighteen microstomia orthoses are compared with respect to their characteristics,
      use, and limitations. A new prosthesis, the Vancouver microstomia orthosis, was
      designed to incorporate the advantages of many of the orthoses and eliminate some
      drawbacks. Ten adults with microstomia secondary to second- or third-degree
      circumoral flame burns were fitted with the prosthesis and observed over a 12
      month period. In 9 weeks or less, microstomia was corrected with an average gain
      of 7 mm in the horizontal and 13 mm in the vertical active range of motion. The
      measures before and after this treatment were statistically significant for
      increase in both dimensions (paired t-test, p less than .01).

PMID- 2657013
TI  - Duplicating natural palatal contours in acrylic resin complete dentures.
AB  - The form and thickness of maxillary complete dentures is easily controlled with
      the use of palatal veneers. A technique is described for making individual
      palatal patterns that are custom-made for each patient.

PMID- 2657014
TI  - Denture base claying.

PMID- 2657015
TI  - Secure mounting of diagnostic casts.

PMID- 2657016
TI  - An alternative centric relation recording technique for a distal-extension
      removable partial denture.

PMID- 2657017
TI  - A sectional complete denture for a patient with microstomia.

PMID- 2657018
TI  - Management of root-amputated maxillary molar teeth: periodontal and prosthetic
      considerations.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that maxillary molar teeth with furcation involvement
      can be retained for many years in a state of health. Removal of one or more roots
      may be required to create a morphology that can be maintained. Proper treatment
      planning is essential for long-term success. The indications for root amputation
      and surgical technique are described. Esthetic restorative procedures are
      illustrated.

PMID- 2657019
TI  - Reassessment of die-spacer with dynamic loading during cementation.
AB  - The authors previously reported a reduction in crown seating discrepancies of
      approximately 200 microns resulting from the application of dynamic forces during
      cementation. Previous in vitro die-spacer studies used static loads with large
      seating discrepancies unrepresentative of clinical practice. This investigation
      reassessed paint-on die-spacer for its effect on completeness of seating and
      retention when dynamic seating was used. A series of seven complete crowns was
      made for each of three extracted human teeth by using 0 to 6 coats of spacer.
      Index marks were used to measure crown position before and after cementation.
      Mean seating discrepancies indicated complete seating for all groups of crowns
      irrespective of the number of coats of die-spacer. An analysis of variance
      demonstrated no significant differences in the degree of seating. However, crowns
      made from dies without spacer were significantly more retentive (p less than
      0.05) than those made from spaced dies.

PMID- 2657020
TI  - Microleakage of core materials for complete cast gold crowns.
AB  - This study evaluated the microleakage patterns of complete cast-gold crowns
      cemented onto teeth rebuilt with pin-retained cores made from cast gold, amalgam,
      composite resin, and silver-reinforced glass ionomer by using three different
      cements (zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and resin cement). Crowns cemented onto
      unrebuilt tooth preparations with zinc phosphate cement served as controls. The
      cemented specimens were thermocycled between 4 degrees and 50 degrees C in
      waterbaths. They were then embedded in epoxy resin and sectioned. The extent of
      marginal microleakage was evaluated with a stereomicroscope and scored. The
      findings indicated that the type of luting agent used appeared to affect
      microleakage more than the core material. No significant differences in the
      degree of microleakage were found under crowns cemented onto teeth rebuilt with
      the four core materials when cemented with the same luting cement.

PMID- 2657021
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of clinically cemented cast gold
      restorations.
AB  - Copper replicas were made of well-fitting, clinically cemented cast gold
      restorations. The replicas were scanned in the scanning electron microscope to
      measure the accuracy of fit at the margins. The margin discrepancies observed
      compared with findings of laboratory studies. Numerous microscopic cracks were
      found in the cervical enamel of these restored, vital, and asymptomatic teeth.

PMID- 2657023
TI  - Effect of metal collars on resistance of endodontically treated teeth to root
      fracture.
AB  - Fractures of restored pulpless teeth without reinforcement are a familiar dilemma
      to the dentist. This study examined the effect of a metal collar with approximate
      3 degrees of taper on the resistance of endodontically treated roots to fracture.
      Teeth without copings failed at a load of 49.6 kg whereas teeth with metal
      collars failed at a load of 65.29 kg. Our findings indicated that reinforcement
      with a metal collar is necessary to enhance resistance to root fracture.

PMID- 2657022
TI  - The addition of an adhesive composite resin to the same material: bond strength
      and clinical techniques.
AB  - The addition of a chemically adhesive composite resin to a restoration of the
      same material may be evaluated by the bond strength. This was determined after no
      contamination and after momentary (30 seconds), short-term (7 days), and long
      term (3 months) contamination under various conditions. The momentary
      contamination was not removed by spray-washing the glossy surface that set under
      a matrix. Removing the glossy surface reduced the bond. The momentary
      contamination was removed by the etchant whereas the longer contamination was
      removed only by surface reduction. The application of etchant and bonding agents
      significantly strengthened the bond to the reduced surface. According to the
      directives drawn from this investigation, the clinical techniques were
      illustrated for a large restoration, a subgingival proximal restoration, repair
      of an open proximal contact, and repair of a worn restoration.

PMID- 2657024
TI  - Marginal leakage of composite resin restorations in combination with dentinal and
      enamel bonding agents.
AB  - Marginal leakage is a cause of failure of composite resin restorations. The
      effect of two enamel and two dentin bonding agents on marginal leakage alongside
      composite resins was assessed and compared in enamel and dentinal cavities.
      Cavities, one in buccal enamel and the other in cervical dentin, were prepared in
      each of 350 extracted sound human premolar teeth and randomly assigned to
      combinations of bonding agents and composite resins. After insertion the
      restorations were polished and the restored teeth were stored in distilled water
      and thymol at 20 degrees C for 28 days. This was followed by thermal stressing
      (15 degrees C and 45 degrees C) for 24 hours with a dip cycle of 30 seconds,
      whereafter a marginal leakage test was performed. The results showed that in
      enamel cavities, the bonding agents Enamelbond, Heliobond, and Scotchbond
      significantly reduced marginal leakage compared with Dentin-Adhesit. In the
      dentinal cavities, Dentin-Adhesit and Scotchbond reduced marginal leakage
      compared with Enamelbond and Heliobond. No significant difference was noted in
      the sealing ability of Dentin-Adhesit and Scotchbond. In dentin the P10/Dentin
      Adhesit, and Silar/Scotchbond combinations sealed significantly better than
      P10/Enamelbond.

PMID- 2657025
TI  - Distance alterations of dies in sagittal direction in dependence of the die
      material.
AB  - The distance alterations between the first premolar and second molar in the
      sagittal direction were measured on complete arch models in two planes. Two
      dental stones, three resins, and silver-plating were used to make reproductions
      of a master cast under standardized conditions. Special emphasis was directed to
      the distinction between the right half of the model with teeth between the dies
      and the left side edentulous between the dies. The stones Die Keen and Fuji Rock
      showed the least distortion, identical bilaterally. The epoxy resins Blue Star E
      and Metapox exhibited a significant distinction between the right and the left
      sides. In addition to the pronounced distance reduction caused by polymerization
      shrinkage, a divergence between the dies and the model base on the side with
      teeth was measured. This phenomenon was also observed with polyurethane Blue Star
      P resin, but was less substantial. Silver-plating recorded a slightly greater
      reduction in distance between the dies than Fuji Rock. However, no significant
      differences were found between both sides.

PMID- 2657026
TI  - Tensile strength of enamel-resin-metal joints.
AB  - This study evaluated the tensile strength of enamel-resin-metal joints formed
      with four adhesive systems for attaching resin-bonded FPDs. Groups of 10 cast
      alloy cylinders were blasted with 50 microns alumina, washed, and prepared for
      bonding according to the resin as follows: (1) Panavia Ex with no treatment, (2)
      Super-Bond oxidized for 2 minutes with potassium permanganate in sulphuric acid,
      (3) Conclude electrolytically etched, and (4) ABC conditioned with primer. The
      cylinders were bonded to etched human enamel and after 24 hours in water at 37
      degrees C the tensile strengths of the joints were recorded. Joint failure was
      examined under a stereomicoscope and a scanning electron microscope. The results
      demonstrated that the adhesive system influenced the tensile strength and mode of
      failure of the joints.

PMID- 2657027
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a nystatin pastille for treatment of denture-related oral
      candidiasis.
AB  - Nystatin has been formulated in the form of a flavored pastille (troche) as an
      alternative to the oral suspension. This parallel, double-blind, randomized,
      placebo-controlled study evaluated the acceptance and effectiveness of the
      nystatin pastille at two different dosages. Twenty-four subjects were selected on
      the basis of clinical signs of denture stomatitis and culture isolation of
      Candida spp. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups
      (A, 200,000 units; B, 400,000 units; and C, placebo). At entry, 7 days, 14 days,
      and at 10 days after cessation of treatment, the clinical condition was evaluated
      and Gram stain smears and imprint cultures were made and analyzed. The flavored
      pastille was well accepted by the subjects and both dosages were shown to be
      effective in significantly reducing or eliminating the Candida organism during
      active therapy. Data from the 10-day follow-up, however, demonstrated reinfection
      with the organism. Thus to resolve the condition, effective therapy must include
      treatment of the etiologic factors of denture stomatitis along with antimicrobial
      therapy.

PMID- 2657028
TI  - Use of an Adams clasp for a cast unilateral removable partial denture.
AB  - A unilateral complete dentition with tight intercuspal contacts complicates the
      design of the interocclusal retentive elements of a cast removable partial
      denture. Use of an Adams clasp, which is connected to a predesigned retentive
      mesh in the metal framework, is suggested as a conservative and economical
      treatment option in this situation. Guidelines for minimizing the risk of
      breakage of the Adams clasp are presented.

PMID- 2657029
TI  - Eleven-year study of hydroxyapatite implants.
AB  - An 11-year clinical research study was conducted with both unloaded bulk
      hydroxyapatite implants and loaded hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants. A
      total of 102 submerged bulk hydroxyapatite implants were placed after extraction
      of teeth to maintain the volume of the residual alveolar ridge by their physical
      presence. All 21 implants under fixed partial dentures and 51 of 81 implants
      under lower complete dentures remained submucosal. A total of 71 hydroxyapatite
      coated titanium implants were connected with permucosal superstructures by use of
      a two-stage method. Modifications in design and in implantation technique were
      required. This long-term research indicates that cylindrical hydroxyapatite
      implants are reliable devices as natural tooth root substitutes that bond
      directly to bone instead of simply being osseointegrated.

PMID- 2657030
TI  - Older adults: demographics and need for quality care.
AB  - The elderly are becoming important consumers of dental care because of several
      factors. These include (1) decreasing caries rates among children and young
      adults, (2) increasing numbers of older adults in the population, (3) increasing
      retention of natural teeth by the elderly, (4) increasing prevalence of coronal
      and root surface caries associated with advanced age, (5) large unmet need for
      prosthodontic care projected for coming years, and (6) significant disposable
      income available to many older persons. This article reviews the importance to
      dentists of physiologic and pathologic changes associated with aging and the need
      for developed diagnostic and clinical skills in providing dental care.

PMID- 2657031
TI  - Factors that augment the role of direct retainers in mandibular distal-extension
      removable partial dentures.

PMID- 2657032
TI  - Stage-dependent inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by potent Ca2+ and calmodulin
      modulators.
AB  - The effects of Ca2+ channel blockers, verapamil, nicardipine and diltiazem, and
      of potent calmodulin (CaM) inhibitors, trifluoperazine (TFP), calmidazolium, W-7
      and W-5, on Plasmodium falciparum in culture were examined. Among Ca2+ blockers,
      nicardipine was the most potent with the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of
      4.3 microM at 72 h after culture. Parasites were more sensitive to calmidazolium
      and W-7 with IC50 of 3.4 and 4.5 microM, respectively, than to TFP and W-5. All
      Ca2+ blockers and CaM inhibitors suppressed parasite development at later stages.
      Nicardipine, diltiazem, calmidazolium and W-5 also retarded parasite development
      at earlier stages and/or subsequent growth following pretreatment. Verapamil,
      nicardipine, TFP and calmidazolium reduced erythrocyte invasion by merozoites.
      Fluorescence microscopy with the cationic fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 revealed
      that nicardipine, TFP and calmidazolium depolarized both the plasma membrane and
      mitochondrial membrane potentials of the parasite. It is therefore considered
      that although all Ca2+ and CaM antagonists tested here influence parasite
      development at later stages, they are multifunctional, having effects not
      directly associated with Ca2+ channels or CaM.

PMID- 2657033
TI  - Some factors inducing formation of metacyclic stages of Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, Peru strain, incubated in Contreras'
      artificial triatomine urine transformed into metacyclic trypomastigotes within 48
      h at 28 degrees C when 10 mM L-proline or L-glutamate was added to the medium.
      Smaller numbers of metacyclic stages were induced in the presence of glucose or L
      alanine. The L-leucine and L-isoleucine, 2 amino acids known to inhibit proline
      catabolism, inhibited proline-induced metacyclogenesis. Cells gassed with 5% CO2
      showed significantly faster rates and higher levels of transformation than those
      not gassed, therefore indicating the additional importance of CO2 for
      transformation.

PMID- 2657034
TI  - Update on the molecular genetics of Paramecium.

PMID- 2657035
TI  - Biochemistry and metabolism of Giardia.
AB  - Giardia lamblia, an aerotolerant anaerobe, respires in the presence of oxygen by
      a flavin, iron-sulfur protein-mediated electron transport system. Glucose appears
      to be the only sugar catabolized by the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and hexose
      monophosphate pathways, and energy is produced by substrate level
      phosphorylation. Substrates are incompletely oxidized to CO2, ethanol and acetate
      by nonsedimentable enzymes. The lack of incorporation of inosine, hypoxanthine,
      xanthine, formate or glycine into nucleotides indicates an absence of de novo
      purine synthesis. Only adenine, adenosine, guanine and guanosine are salvaged,
      and no interconversion of these purines was detected. Salvage of these purines
      and their nucleosides is accomplished by adenine phosphoribosyltransferase,
      adenosine hydrolase, guanosine phosphoribosyltransferase and guanine hydrolase.
      The absence of de novo pyrimidine synthesis was confirmed by the lack of
      incorporation of bicarbonate, orotate and aspartate into nucleotides, and by the
      lack of detectable levels of the enzymes of de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Salvage
      appears to be accomplished by the action of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase,
      uridine hydrolase, uridine phosphotransferase, cytidine deaminase, cytidine
      hydrolase, cytosine phosphoribosyltransferase and thymidine phosphotransferase.
      Nucleotides of uracil may be converted to nucleotides of cytosine by cytidine
      triphosphate synthetase, but thymidylate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase
      activities were not detected. Uptake of pyrmidine nucleosides, and perhaps
      pyrimidines, appears to be accomplished by carrier-mediated transport, and the
      common site for uptake of uridine and cytidine is distinct from the site for
      thymidine. Thymine does not appear to be incorporated into nucleotide pools.
      Giardia trophozoites appear to rely on preformed lipids rather than synthesizing
      them de novo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657036
TI  - Hydrogen production by rumen holotrich protozoa: effects of oxygen and
      implications for metabolic control by in situ conditions.
AB  - Experiments with washed suspensions of holotrich protozoa (Isotricha spp. and
      Dasytricha ruminantium) showed that both organisms have an efficient O2
      scavenging capability (apparent Km values 2.3 and 0.3 microM, respectively).
      Reversible inhibition of H2 production increased almost linearly with increasing
      O2 up to 1.5 microM; higher levels of O2 gave irreversible inhibition. In situ
      determinations of H2, CH4, O2 and CO2 in ovine rumen liquor, using a membrane
      inlet mass spectrometer probe, indicated that O2 was present before feeding at 1
      1.5 microM and decreased to undetectable levels (less than 0.25 microM) within 25
      min after feeding. A transient increase in O2 concentration after feeding
      occurred only in defaunated animals and resulted in suppression of CH4 and CO2
      production. The presence of washed holotrich protozoa decreases the O2
      sensitivity of CH4 production by suspensions of a cultured methanogenic bacterium
      Methanosarcina barkeri. It is concluded that holotrich protozoa play a role in
      ruminal O2 utilization as well as in the production of fermentation end products
      (especially short-chain volatile fatty acids) utilized by the ruminant and H2
      utilized by methanogenic bacteria. These hydrogenosome-containing protozoa thus
      both control patterns of fermentation by influencing O2 levels, and are
      themselves regulated by the low ambient O2 concentrations they experience in the
      rumen.

PMID- 2657037
TI  - Carbohydrate, energy and hydrogenosomal metabolism of Tritrichomonas foetus and
      Trichomonas vaginalis.

PMID- 2657038
TI  - Central administration of muscimol phase-shifts the mammalian circadian clock.
AB  - The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus contains a neural
      oscillatory system which regulates many circadian rhythms in mammals.
      Immunohistochemical evidence indicates that a relatively high density of
      GABAergic neurons exist in the suprachiasmatic region. Since intraperitoneal
      injections of the benzodiazepine, triazolam, have been shown to induce phase
      shifts in the free-running circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in the golden
      hamster, the extent to which microinjections of muscimol, a specific agonist for
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), may cause phase-shifts in hamster activity
      rhythms was investigated. Stereotaxically implanted guide cannulae aimed at the
      region of the SCN were used to deliver repeated microinjections in individual
      animals. A phase-response curve (PRC) generated from microinjections of muscimol
      revealed that the magnitude and direction of permanent phase-shifts in the
      activity rhythm were associated with the time of administration. The PRC
      generated for muscimol was characterized by maximal phase-advances induced 6 h
      before activity onset and by maximal phase-delays which occurred 6 h after
      activity onset. The PRC for muscimol had a shape similar to a PRC previously
      generated for the short-acting benzodiazepine, triazolam. Single microinjections
      of different doses of muscimol given 6 h before activity onset induced phase
      advances in a dose-dependent fashion. Histological analysis revealed that phase
      shifts induced by the administration of muscimol were associated with the
      proximity of the injection site to the SCN area. These data indicate that a
      GABAergic system may exist within the suprachiasmatic region as part of a central
      biological clock responsible for the regulation of the circadian rhythm of
      locomotor activity in the golden hamster.

PMID- 2657039
TI  - Psychological treatment of chronic pain: a selective review.
AB  - Chronic pain occurs commonly in patients who have either physical or mental
      disorders, or both. Almost any psychiatric diagnosis may be involved, but
      affective and somatoform disorders predominate, together with adjustment
      disorders and psychological factors affecting physical condition. Psychological
      treatments for chronic pain have developed rapidly within the last 15 years. Most
      treatment is provided in the form of multi-faceted 'packages' incorporating a
      range of methods which are derived from operant or cognitive-behavioural
      theories. A selective review of these approaches leads to the conclusion that in
      general there is good evidence for their efficacy, despite the limitations of
      many research reports. There is still considerable uncertainty about the most
      effective treatments for different patients with different disorders. The effects
      on treatment outcome of litigation and compensation and of family factors are
      briefly considered. Despite the considerable cost resulting from chronic pain
      there appears to be meagre treatment available in the United Kingdom,
      particularly for the most severely disabled.

PMID- 2657040
TI  - The 'hitch-stitch' and drain technique for the prevention of inguinoscrotal
      haematoma following complicated inguinoscrotal surgery.
AB  - A method to prevent inguinoscrotal haematoma following hernia and hydrocele
      repair is presented. The technique was used in 34 consecutive patients, none of
      whom developed a significant postoperative haematoma or complications.

PMID- 2657041
TI  - Distal splenorenal versus lienorenal shunt for acute variceal haemorrhage: is the
      selective shunt an advance?
AB  - Retrospective analysis of 81 patients (average age 48 years) undergoing
      lienorenal shunt (28) or distal splenorenal (Warren) shunt (53) surgery over a 15
      year period (1971-1986) revealed important predictive factors for survival, but
      showed no significant differences between the two shunt groups in terms of
      accepted follow-up data over a period of up to 15 years. In 52 patients (64%)
      active haemorrhage was occurring at the time of operation, or was temporarily
      controlled by tamponade, and 17 of the 18 deaths (22% operative mortality)
      occurred in this group. Patients in whom prolonged conservative resuscitation had
      been attempted fared worse (64% survival), as did patients with poor hepatic
      reserve (Pugh grade C: 32% survival). Twenty-two patients (27%) rebled within 30
      days, 18 following urgent shunts, and 12 died. Seven (11%) of the long-term
      survivors have suffered recurrent variceal haemorrhage with a clear relationship
      to shunt or portal system thrombosis. Portasystemic encephalopathy occurred in 13
      survivors (20%) with six requiring hospital treatment.

PMID- 2657042
TI  - Closure of the patent ductus arteriosus on cardiopulmonary bypass: use of the
      Fogarty balloon catheter and transpulmonary suture-ligation.
AB  - A technique of closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) suitable for use in
      two situations is described. The technique is a modification of previous methods
      and was used successfully in eight cases.

PMID- 2657043
TI  - Maintenance therapy of cyclical mastalgia using low-dose danazol.
AB  - In an open study, low-dose danazol (mean total dose 700 mg/month) was given
      during the luteal phase to 20 women with severe relapsing cyclical mastalgia. All
      subjects had previously obtained a useful clinical response on conventional
      dosage of danazol, but side effects occurred in 13 (65%). On the low-dose
      regimen, complete relief of symptoms was attained by 11 women (55%) and the
      remainder achieved a substantial clinical improvement; no side effects were
      reported. A low-dose regimen may be suitable for women with chronic relapsing
      cyclical mastalgia or those who develop side effects on conventional dosage.

PMID- 2657044
TI  - Blood platelets: an overview.

PMID- 2657045
TI  - Randomized comparison of oral terbutaline and ritodrine for preventing recurrent
      preterm labor.
AB  - We compared oral ritodrine and terbutaline for the prevention of recurrent
      preterm labor. Women between 20 and 35 weeks' gestation who successfully
      completed a course of intravenous tocolysis were eligible for inclusion. One
      hundred two patients were randomized to oral ritodrine (20 mg every four hours)
      or oral terbutaline (5 mg every four hours). The groups showed no significant
      differences with respect to recognized risk factors for preterm labor or
      prognostic factors for the failure of tocolysis. Initial treatment failures
      occurred more frequently in the ritodrine group (nine vs. two, P = .0527). There
      were no statistically significant differences in the treatment results or
      frequency of side effects. We conclude that ritodrine appears to be less
      effective than terbutaline upon the initiation of oral therapy and that oral
      ritodrine and terbutaline are equivalent in safety and efficacy when used on a
      long-term basis for preventing recurrent preterm labor.

PMID- 2657046
TI  - Cervical pregnancy managed without hysterectomy. A case report.
AB  - A woman with a cervical pregnancy was treated without a hysterectomy. Hemorrhage
      from the implantation site was controlled by placement of a Foley catheter
      balloon in the cervix. Placement and inflation of a Foley catheter balloon in the
      cervix after cervical dilation and curettage appears to be a simple and effective
      means of managing postoperative hemorrhage secondary to cervical pregnancy.

PMID- 2657047
TI  - Rheumatoid T lymphocyte MHC class II expression: in vitro stimulation produces
      normal MHC class II expression, independent of proliferation.
AB  - MHC Class II mediated immune responses, such as tuberculin PPD, are often
      subnormal in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated peripheral blood T
      lymphocyte proliferation and Class II expression after stimulation with
      phytohemagglutinin, OKT3 and tuberculin PPD, using double label
      immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. No difference was found in the percentage
      of Class II positive T lymphocytes or intensity of fluorescence of Class II
      between matched controls and patients with RA. A disparity between Class II
      expression and proliferation was noted, particularly in the 50% of patients with
      RA with poor proliferation to PPD, who showed normal Class II expression,
      indicating that these 2 functions are under separate control.

PMID- 2657048
TI  - Does the acetyl group of aspirin contribute to the antiinflammatory efficacy of
      salicylic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? The Multicenter
      Salsalate/Aspirin Comparison Study Group.
AB  - In a multicenter, double blind, parallel group study, 233 patients with classical
      or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were randomized to 12 weeks of either
      salsalate (salicylsalicylic acid, nonacetylated salicylate) or aspirin following
      disease flare. One hundred-fifty patients completed, 83 taking salsalate and 67
      taking aspirin. Patients received initial doses of 3 g/day of salsalate or 3.6
      g/day of aspirin. Doses were adjusted during the first 5 weeks for efficacy and
      tolerance. Both treatments were equally effective as measured by all the usual
      variables, but there was a higher incidence of severe gastrointestinal problems
      among patients taking aspirin. Thus, this study demonstrated that the acetyl
      group of aspirin does not enhance the antiinflammatory efficacy of salicylic acid
      in RA.

PMID- 2657049
TI  - Pericardial tamponade complicating systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - We describe a case of pericardial tamponade as an initial manifestation of late
      onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Tamponade is uncommon in SLE, but when
      it occurs, it is usually during the initial presentation of the patient. The
      occurrence of tamponade in patients with SLE with pericarditis is unpredictable,
      but usually associated with radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly. Treatment
      consists of pericardiocentesis, administration of high dose glucocorticoids and
      drainage via pericardial catheter. Recognition of this rare manifestation of SLE
      may be life saving.

PMID- 2657050
TI  - A rational approach to the nutritional care of patients with cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2657051
TI  - Pathophysiology of the exocrine pancreas in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2657053
TI  - Autogenic drainage: a modern approach to physiotherapy in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2657052
TI  - Cor pulmonale in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2657054
TI  - Chronic intussusception in a young adult with cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2657055
TI  - Captopril versus perindopril: a double blind study in essential hypertension.
AB  - This was a double blind, parallel group, multicentre comparison of the
      therapeutic efficacy and acceptability of perindopril and captopril in essential
      hypertension. After one month of placebo, 165 patients with supine diastolic
      blood pressure (DBP) between 95 and 125 mmHg were randomised to perindopril 4 mg
      once daily or captopril 25 mg twice daily orally. The perindopril group (n = 82)
      had significantly higher pretreatment DBP (105.4 +/- 0.8 mmHg vs 102.3 +/- 0.6
      mmHg) but other demographic variables were similar. Assessment was monthly for
      three months: 'uncontrolled' patients (DBP greater than 90 mmHg) had the dose
      doubled and then hydrochlorothiazide added. Two of the six withdrawals were
      attributed to drug side effects and were in the captopril group. There was no
      significant difference in the number of withdrawals or incidence of side effects
      between the drugs. The final titrated treatments were similar and monotherapy
      normalised DBP in 49% of each group. The final 'control' rate was higher with
      perindopril than captopril: 75% vs 57%, P = 0.016. The overall fall in DBP was
      greater in the perindopril group: 26.5 +/- 1.9 mmHg vs 18.9 +/- 1.9 mmHg, P =
      0.005. The doses of diuretic were similar in the two groups. The DBP of patients
      who received only monotherapy for three months also fell more in the perindopril
      group (-17.5 +/- 1.4 mmHg vs -13.9 +/- 1.0 mmHg, P less than 0.01). At the doses
      studied, perindopril was more effective than captopril in lowering DBP, either as
      monotherapy or in combination with a diuretic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657056
TI  - Twice-daily low-dose captopril in diuretic-treated hypertensives.
AB  - Twice-daily captopril (25 mg) and placebo were compared in ten hypertensive
      patients who were already receiving bendrofluazide. After six weeks therapy,
      captopril produced significant antihypertensive effects one to six hours after
      dosing but these did not persist at eleven to twelve hours. Plasma renin
      concentration was increased for twelve hours after captopril but inhibition of
      angiotensin II activity was lost by twelve hours. During the period when
      captopril reduced blood pressure significantly, effective renal plasma flow and
      hepatic blood flow were unchanged although renal vascular resistance was reduced.
      There was no evidence that captopril altered plasma sodium, potassium or
      magnesium concentrations following bendrofluazide. Thus, in thiazide-treated
      patients, captopril 25 mg produces significant blood pressure reduction for at
      least six hours after dosing, without impairing renal or hepatic blood flow.
      However, twice-daily low-dose captopril does not adequately control blood
      pressure throughout the dosage interval.

PMID- 2657057
TI  - The effects of verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine and propranolol on metabolic
      control in hypertensives with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The effects of one month's treatment with each of nifedipine, verapamil,
      diltiazem, propranolol and placebo, given in random order, on fasting plasma
      glucose, haemoglobin Alc, serum fructosamine, immunoreactive insulin,
      cholesterol, and triglyceride were studied in a group of 19 patients with
      hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The metabolic effects
      of the active drugs were generally small but fasting plasma glucose was increased
      by propranolol from 9.3 +/- 3.0 to 10.4 +/- 3.4 mmol/l (P less than 0.01) (mean
      +/- SD) and to 10.1 +/- 3.2 mmol/l (P less than 0.05) by nifedipine. Serum
      fructosamine was increased from 2.75 +/- 0.53 to 2.89 +/- 0.62 mmol/l (P less
      than 0.05) by diltiazem and to 2.91 +/- 0.65 (P less than 0.05) by propranolol.
      Verapamil increased fasting serum immunoreactive insulin: diltiazem and
      propranolol tended to reduce it. Propranolol but not the other drugs
      significantly increased serum triglyceride. Calcium antagonists may be preferable
      to beta adrenoceptor blockers for the treatment of hypertensive diabetics. Of the
      three calcium antagonists we studied, verapamil may have advantages over
      nifedipine and diltiazem.

PMID- 2657058
TI  - A comparison of felodipine and nifedipine as monotherapies for the treatment of
      mild to moderate hypertension.
AB  - We conducted a randomised double-blind crossover comparison of felodipine, 10 mg
      once daily, nifedipine 20 mg twice daily, each treatment being given as a
      monotherapy for four weeks. Active treatment was preceded by a two-week placebo
      run-in. Both systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures (supine and
      erect) fell significantly (all P less than 0.001) following both drug treatments.
      Nifedipine produced a greater orthostatic effect, and hence a significantly
      greater fall in erect SBP than felodipine (P less than 0.05). There was no
      significant difference between the effects of the drugs on DBP. Achieved DBP was
      90 mmHg or less in 18/22 patients on felodipine and 18/22 patients on nifedipine.
      Both drugs were well-tolerated. Felodipine given once daily was effective as a
      monotherapy for the control of mild to moderate hypertension and compared
      favourably with twice daily nifedipine.

PMID- 2657059
TI  - Doping in race horses.

PMID- 2657060
TI  - Validation of the tritiated water dilution technique used to estimate fractional
      turnover rates of body water in sheep.
AB  - Daily fractional water turnover rate (i.e. that proportion of total body water
      which is exchanged daily) was determined in S.A. Mutton Merino sheep (n = 6)
      under thermoneutral conditions by direct measurement of total water intake and by
      the tritiated water dilution technique. No significant difference between direct
      and indirect methods was observed in any of the animals. Tritiated water space
      estimated from a plasma sample taken at 6 h after tritium administration in
      general overestimated this compartment when compared with values derived from the
      zero time intercept of the linear regression analysis obtained for each animal.

PMID- 2657061
TI  - Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in pigs: a review.
AB  - Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumoniae is a primary and specific pathogen
      of the respiratory tract and is an economically important pathogen of pigs. The
      disease is starting to cause peracute deaths in South Africa and the chronic form
      leads to deteriorating heard performance. This review highlights various aspects
      of the taxonomic, antigenic, and drug sensitivity characteristics of the
      bacterium and the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, serology and
      immunology, detection and diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prevention and
      control of the disease.

PMID- 2657062
TI  - Some husbandry factors influencing weaning stresses in piglets.
AB  - The post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome (PWDS) in piglets is multi-factorial in
      origin. Numerous managemental, environmental, housing, nutritional, immunological
      and physiological factors are discussed, being primary factors in the cause of
      the PWDS. Infectious agents especially Escherichia coli are often incriminated as
      causes of PWDS but are more likely to be opportunistic elements due to faulty
      management of stressed animals.

PMID- 2657063
TI  - Eicosanoids: a short review.
AB  - The biochemical reactions leading to the formation of eicosanoid compounds are
      reviewed. Arachidonic acid and similar homologous polyunsaturated acids are shown
      to be important precursors of these compounds. The partitioning of precursors
      between the cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase enzyme systems leads to the
      prostanoid/thromboxane/prostacyclin and leukotriene families groups are reviewed.
      The mechanism of action of the prostacyclin group is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2657064
TI  - The current status of research on diseases of wildlife in South Africa and south
      west Africa/Namibia.
AB  - This paper contains a review of the formal research being done on the diseases
      and parasitic infestations of wild animals by universities and the state as well
      as other institutions in this part of the African continent. It is clear that
      most information obtained in this research is of an epidemiological or ecological
      nature and that ungulates, which form the bulk of the game-farming industry, are
      receiving the most attention. An analysis of the 20 most important diseases,
      which cover 6 disciplines, revealed that most of the research is being done for
      the benefit of livestock rather than wildlife. Seventeen of these diseases can be
      regarded as indigenous and 3 as being exotic to this part of Africa. Arguments
      are provided in favour of the concept that our game is genetically endowed, by
      virtue of centuries of adaptation, to handle the indigenous diseases, if their
      resistance is not compromised. None of the indigenous diseases constitute a
      threat to game populations, and hence no research on them is justified from an
      economic point of view. What is, however, absolutely essential, is research on
      game management with particular reference to those ecological factors which
      enable game on game-fenced farms to lead the sort of lives to which they are
      adapted. If this approach is not followed, further destruction of the habitat and
      deterioration of genetic disease resistance seem inevitable.

PMID- 2657065
TI  - Antimalarial activity of new water-soluble dihydroartemisinin derivatives. 2.
      Stereospecificity of the ether side chain.
AB  - A new series of hydrolytically stable and water-soluble dihydroartemisinin
      derivatives with optically active side chains was prepared as potential
      antimalarial agents. This was an effort to prepare compounds with activity
      superior to that of artelinic acid and to examine the impact of the
      stereospecificity of the introduced alkyl side chain on biological properties.
      The ester derivatives (6a-d) possess superior in vitro activity to artemisinin,
      artemether, and arteether against two strains of Plasmodium falciparum (D-6 and W
      2); however, conversion of the esters to their corresponding acids drastically
      reduces their antimalarial activity. None of the new acids possess in vitro
      antimalarial activity superior to that of artelinic acid. Although there appears
      to be limited stereospecificity for antimalarial activity among the acids (7a-d)
      tested, significant differences in antimalarial activity was seen among the
      esters.

PMID- 2657066
TI  - N1-alkyl-substituted derivatives of chlorpropamide as inhibitors of aldehyde
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - On the basis of an earlier observation that the N1-ethyl derivative of the
      hypoglycemic agent chlorpropamide (CP) inhibited aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) in
      rats without producing hypoglycemia, we undertook a structure-activity study to
      assess the effect of altering the alkyl substituents at N1 and N3, as well as
      substituting O for N at the latter position, and evaluated these analogues for
      their effect on AlDH in vivo and in vitro. Our results suggest that only those CP
      analogues that can release alkyl isocyanates nonenzymatically inhibited AlDH.
      Increasing the steric bulk of the N1-alkyl substituent enhanced isocyanate
      formation and AlDH inhibition. CP analogues that lacked the NH group at N3 or
      were otherwise incapable of alkyl isocyanate release were inactive.

PMID- 2657067
TI  - Azido glycols: potent, low molecular weight renin inhibitors containing an
      unusual post scissile site residue.
AB  - Azidomethyl-substituted 1,2- and 1,3-diols were prepared from Boc
      cyclohexylalanal and evaluated as transition state analogue renin inhibitors,
      leading to the development of a small (MW less than 600), nanomolar inhibitor.
      Remarkable aqueous solubility enhancement followed the incorporation of an N
      terminal urea functionality. Evaluation of selected compounds both in vivo and in
      vitro demonstrated that while transport across the intestine occurred upon id
      administration, extensive liver extraction resulted in low systemic levels.

PMID- 2657068
TI  - Bovine platelet aggregation by Fusobacterium necrophorum.
AB  - Fusobacterium necrophorum aggregated bovine platelets. The aggregation was
      paralleled by the haemagglutinating ability of the organism. Treatment of the
      bacterial cells with antiserum to the homologous purified haemagglutinin reduced
      the degree of platelet aggregation. Scanning electronmicroscopy revealed that
      little lysis of the affected platelets occurred during the 1-h incubation period.
      Purified haemagglutinin became bound to the surfaces of the platelet cells as
      shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. These observations suggest that platelet
      aggregation is mediated by the haemagglutinin and may be related to the
      pathogenicity of the bacterium.

PMID- 2657069
TI  - Candida species and C. albicans biotypes in women attending clinics in
      genitourinary medicine.
AB  - Yeasts were isolated from two or more anatomical sites in 198 women attending
      genitourinary clinics on at least two occasions. The yeast biotypes isolated
      concurrently from the vagina and urethra were the same in 138 (99%) of 140
      instances, and 94% of 124 concurrent genital and anal isolates were of matching
      types, whereas only 75% of concurrent genital and oral isolates were of the same
      type. Mixtures of Candida spp. or C. albicans biotypes were encountered only five
      times among 545 yeast-positive samples. In instances where Candida spp. were
      isolated at successive times from the same site in a patient, the same yeast type
      was encountered on 97 (87%) of 112 occasions when the interval between samples
      was less than 15 weeks, and on 19 (66%) of 29 occasions when the interval was 15
      weeks or more. These data indicate a tendency to carriage of phenotypically
      consistent types of Candida among most women attending genitourinary clinics.

PMID- 2657070
TI  - Detection of anti-cerebral autoantibodies in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - Autoantibodies to cerebrum were investigated in the sera from schizophrenia,
      Alzheimer's disease and healthy subjects by indirect immunofluorescence method.
      Four patterns of staining were observed: type A (neuronal cell), type B (blood
      vessel), type C (nucleus) and type D (glia and miscellaneous cell). Among rat,
      guinea pig and rabbit cerebrum, rabbit cerebrum proved best (low non-specific
      binding and high sensitivity) for the detection of circulating autoantibodies to
      cerebrum. With schizophrenia, 13 out of 46 cases (28.3%) were positive for
      autoantibodies to neuronal cells and 6/13 of those were not absorbed by liver
      acetone powder. With Alzheimer's disease, 25/63 (39.7%) were positive for
      autoantibodies to neuronal cells and 6/25 were not absorbed by liver acetone
      powder.

PMID- 2657071
TI  - Immunohistologic characterization of epitheloid cells in Crohn's granulomas.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies reactive with monocyte/macrophages were used to
      characterize the nature of epitheloid cells in Crohn's granulomas. Six micron
      continuous frozen sections were studied in 12 specimens. A series of monoclonal
      antibodies was used to stain sections by the avidin-biotin complex method.
      Epitheloid cells in Crohn's granulomas reacted with anti-25F9 and anti-HLA-DR
      antibodies, but did not respond to anti-Leu M1, anti-Leu M2, anti-Leu M3 nor anti
      Leu M5 antibodies. These results suggest that epitheloid cells in Crohn's
      granulomas may be activated macrophages.

PMID- 2657072
TI  - Serologic properties of the triple antibody-sandwich-lymphocyte-agglutination
      assay (TASLA).
AB  - Detailed studies concerning the serologic properties of the triple antibody
      sandwich-lymphocyte-agglutination (TASLA) assay are described herin. The
      technique is a sensitive one based on sandwiching three layers of antibody onto
      the target cell. Two different test systems were utilized which included xeno-
      and allogeneic models. In the xenogeneic test system, rabbit-anti-DA lymphocyte
      xenosera served as the primary antibody sandwich layer. Goat-anti-rabbit and
      swine-anti-goat IgG served as the secondary and tertiary antibody sandwich
      layers, respectively. In the rat allogeneic test system, LEW-anti-BN rat
      lymphocyte allosera served as the primary antibody layer. Rabbit-anti-rat and
      goat-anti-rabbit IgG served as the secondary and tertiary antibody sandwich
      layers, respectively. Several different experiments were run with varying numbers
      of antibody sandwich layers, and differing concentrations within each layer. The
      lymphocyte agglutination reaction was then evaluated by regression analysis.
      Regardless of the number or concentration of antibody sandwich layers, it was
      found that the reaction could be functionally defined mathematically, by
      regression analysis. A secondary or tertiary antibody sandwich layer increased
      assay sensitivity. The level of lymphocyte agglutination was found to be both a
      linear function of the number of antibody sandwich layers and the concentration
      of each utilized. In addition, the serological properties of the TASLA assay were
      extended to the rat allogeneic test system and was again functionally defined
      mathematically by regression analysis.

PMID- 2657073
TI  - Alternative approaches to the management of gravidas with prolonged-postterm
      postdate pregnancies.

PMID- 2657074
TI  - Medicaid today.
AB  - The Health Policy Agenda for the American People (HPA) is a coalition of 172
      public and private sector organizations committed to improving the nation's
      health care system. Expansion of Medicaid was identified by the HPA as one of the
      nation's most urgent health care issues. The Ad Hoc Committee on Medicaid has
      made recommendations for eight major reforms to increase the effectiveness of the
      program. This article is taken from "Including the Poor," a publication
      describing the committee's finding. Copies of the complete report are available
      from the MSMA office.

PMID- 2657075
TI  - Changes recommended in Medicare payment.

PMID- 2657076
TI  - Clinical experience with ciprofloxacin: analysis of a multicenter study.
AB  - The authors report a multicenter study of 19 patients treated with ciprofloxacin
      (mean daily dosage, 972 mg per day; mean duration of treatment, 8.5 days) for a
      variety of infections, ten microbiologically proven. Of these, bacteriologic cure
      equaled 70%, and improvement 30%. Overall, clinical cure equaled 73.7%, while
      improvement was 15.8%. No infections were classified as chronic. One adverse
      reaction was noted; a case of severe vomiting classified as related definitely to
      ciprofloxacin therapy. The patient discontinued therapy.

PMID- 2657077
TI  - Safe harbors for the stormy Medicare seas.

PMID- 2657078
TI  - Management of essential hypertension in the black patient: profiling as the
      initial approach to treatment.
AB  - The pathophysiology and course of hypertensive cardiovascular disease in the
      black population differ significantly from those of nonblacks. The hemodynamic
      and endocrine profiles are different, consequences of hypertension are more
      severe in blacks, and black patients are often less responsive to standard
      antihypertensive treatment. Safe and efficacious treatment can be achieved when
      drug therapy is directed at the specific underlying pathophysiologic abnormality
      in black patients. By closely matching cardiovascular pathophysiologic findings
      in a given patient with the pharmacologic effects of an antihypertensive agent,
      blood pressure can often be controlled with fewer adverse effects. In addition,
      blood flow to target organs and their function can be maintained or improved.
      Calcium channel blockers are especially well suited for the treatment of
      essential hypertension in black patients.

PMID- 2657080
TI  - Effect of procarbazine on sperm morphology in Syrian hamsters.
AB  - The effect of procarbazine, an antineoplastic drug, on the reproductive system of
      male Syrian hamsters was studied. Exposure to procarbazine (5 daily doses ranging
      from 20 to 500 mg/kg body weight) resulted in 5- to 7.5-fold increase in sperm
      abnormalities, diminished sperm counts, and smaller testes within 4 wk.
      Transmission electron micrographs showed severe damage to the acrosomal plasma
      membrane and nucleus of the sperm head in treated hamsters. These findings
      corroborate the detrimental effect of procarbazine on the germinal tissue and
      strengthen the basis for using the sperm morphology assay for the detection of
      mutagens and possibly other germ-cell toxicants in an in vivo mammalian system.

PMID- 2657081
TI  - MAST-associated compartment syndrome (MACS): a review.
AB  - Compartment syndromes occur following lower extremity injuries and have been
      associated with the use of pneumatic or "medical" antishock trousers (MAST).
      Review of 12 previously reported cases and 15 new cases suggests that lower
      extremity trauma and systemic hypotension are cofactors responsible for the
      development of compartment syndrome but MAST use also contributes to the process
      by prolonging muscle ischemia. Complications of lower limb compartment
      hypertension may be averted by early recognition and fasciotomy. Associated
      amputations and mortality are directly related to the severity of injury, or
      indirectly to delay in diagnosis and treatment of the compartment syndrome and
      its complications.

PMID- 2657079
TI  - Adverse health consequences of cocaine abuse.
AB  - Cocaine creates a strong physical addiction and is becoming recognized as one of
      the most dangerous illicit drugs abused today. The myth is that cocaine is
      harmless and nonaddictive. An estimated 30 million Americans have used cocaine,
      but the number may be as high as 40 million. Five to six million individuals are
      compulsive users. A review of the current literature revealed multiple reports of
      acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident with a temporal relation
      to cocaine use. Cocaine has also been associated with acute rupture of the aorta,
      cardiac arrhythmia, and sudden death. Cocaine has multisystem toxicity involving
      neurologic, psychiatric, obstetric, pulmonary, dermatologic, and gastrointestinal
      systems. The dopamine depletion hypothesis may explain why cocaine is repeatedly
      administered; cocaine produces a transient increase in synaptic dopamine.
      Alterations in dopamine neurotransmission may be responsible for the development
      of compulsive use patterns. When cocaine use becomes compulsive, psychosocial
      dysfunction, deviant behaviors, and a wide spectrum of social, financial, and
      family problems invariably result. Addiction, major medical complications, and
      death are true hazards of cocaine use.

PMID- 2657082
TI  - The natural history of clinically occult arterial injuries: a prospective
      evaluation.
AB  - Nineteen patients with 20 clinically occult arterial injuries were prospectively
      followed without surgery in order to define the natural history of these lesions.
      The patients were predominantly male (74%), with a mean age of 31 years. The
      mechanism of injury was penetrating in 13 cases and blunt in seven cases. The
      arterial injuries were located in the lower extremity (45%), upper extremity
      (35%), neck (15%), and abdominal aorta (5%). Neurologic trauma (55%) and
      musculoskeletal trauma (40%) were the most common associated injuries. There was
      no clinical manifestation of vascular injury in any case. All lesions were
      identified by arteriography, which was performed for high-risk blunt trauma and
      proximity of penetrating wounds to major vessels. Intimal flap was the most
      commonly demonstrated form of injury (65%), followed by focal narrowing (30%) and
      false aneurysm (5%). Followup of 19 injuries (95%) was obtained for periods
      ranging from 3 days to 19 months (mean, 3.8 months). Arteriographic followup was
      obtained in 15 cases (79%). One injury (5%), a false aneurysm, enlarged after 10
      weeks and was surgically repaired without clinical sequelae. All other lesions
      either resolved (53%), improved (16%), or remained unchanged (26%). These results
      suggest that nonoperative observation may be a safe and feasible method of
      managing clinically occult arterial injuries.

PMID- 2657083
TI  - Traumatic pancreatitis and pseudocyst in children: current management.
AB  - Twenty years ago, we reviewed the pediatric surgical experience with traumatic
      pancreatitis and pseudocysts at a large children's hospital. That series
      encompassed 13 years, during which time 23 cases were found. Six of these had
      pseudocysts, five of which were managed by external catheter drainage and one by
      excision. The present series spans 10 years and consists of nine cases of post
      traumatic pediatric pancreatitis, seven of which progressed to pseudocysts. Four
      of these were externally drained, one was excised, and two resolved
      spontaneously. We have reviewed this recent experience in order to re-evaluate
      the efficacy of external drainage of pseudocysts in pediatric patients. We
      continue to believe that external drainage is the most effective method of
      therapy. Internal drainage is usually unnecessary unless the drainage from the
      ductal disruption does not resolve.

PMID- 2657084
TI  - Surgical management of severe liver trauma: a role for liver transplantation.
AB  - Severe devascularizing liver injuries continue to carry a high mortality. Rapid
      operative intervention to achieve hemostasis and debride devitalized tissue
      remains essential to salvaging these patients. For those with unsalvageable liver
      injuries liver transplantation can be employed. Careful support of the patient in
      the anhepatic state, reversal of coagulopathy, and use of venous bypass
      intraoperatively permit successful transplantation.

PMID- 2657085
TI  - A revision of the Trauma Score.
AB  - The Trauma Score (TS) has been revised. The revision includes Glasgow Coma Scale
      (GCS), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and respiratory rate (RR) and excludes
      capillary refill and respiratory expansion, which were difficult to assess in the
      field. Two versions of the revised score have been developed, one for triage (T
      RTS) and another for use in outcome evaluations and to control for injury
      severity (RTS). T-RTS, the sum of coded values of GCS, SBP, and RR, demonstrated
      increased sensitivity and some loss in specificity when compared with a triage
      criterion based on TS and GCS values. T-RTS correctly identified more than 97% of
      nonsurvivors as requiring trauma center care. The T-RTS triage criterion does not
      require summing of the coded values and is more easily implemented than the TS
      criterion. RTS is a weighted sum of coded variable values. The RTS demonstrated
      substantially improved reliability in outcome predictions compared to the TS. The
      RTS also yielded more accurate outcome predictions for patients with serious head
      injuries than the TS.

PMID- 2657086
TI  - Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture: not an uncommon entity--personal experience with
      collective review of the 1980's.
AB  - A 10-year experience with 30 diaphragmatic injuries in 28 patients is reviewed.
      The left diaphragm was injured in 22 and the right in eight instances. Nine of 10
      patients with penetrating trauma had diaphragmatic tears of less than 5 cm in
      length. Ethanol intoxication was detected in 47% of the patients involved in road
      accidents. Twenty per cent of auto accident victims were restrained.
      Transabdominal repair is the procedure of choice because of the high incidence of
      associated trauma (79%). Right thoracotomy was required in 25% of the patients to
      facilitate repair of right diaphragm rupture. The mortality rate was 7%.

PMID- 2657087
TI  - Sonography of the simple and complicated ipsilateral fused kidney.
AB  - Anomalies of renal fusion and their sonographic findings can be straightforward
      or quite complex. Sonograms of eight cases of simple and complicated anomalies of
      renal fusion in pediatric patients are reviewed to determine characteristic
      sonographic findings in such cases. The correct diagnosis can be suspected by
      evaluation of the following parameters: (1) the echoic texture of the renal
      "mass"; (2) the differential orientation of the renal pelves; (3) the content of
      the contralateral renal fossa; (4) the size of the ipsilateral kidney; (5)
      extension of the isthmus medially anterior to the spine; and (6) presence of a
      deep anteroposterior notch. Utilizing these parameters, a rationale for diagnosis
      and for selecting the appropriate sequence of further studies is suggested.

PMID- 2657088
TI  - Real-time ultrasound, axillary mammography, and clinical examination in the
      detection of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients.
AB  - The axillary node status is important in the prognosis of breast cancer. To
      evaluate the accuracy of various preoperative examination methods in detecting
      metastatic axillary lymph nodes, we compared the findings of clinical
      examination, axillary ultrasonography, and axillary mammography of 41 breast
      cancer patients who underwent axillary dissection and histological examination.
      The sensitivity was 72.7% for ultrasonography, 38.9% for axillary mammography,
      and 32.3% for clinical examination. Ultrasonography provides good information
      about the axillary nodal status. The specificity can be increased by fine-needle
      biopsy under ultrasound guidance.

PMID- 2657089
TI  - Sonography of Candida albicans cystitis.
AB  - Candida albicans infections are opportunistic and range from asymptomatic
      infections to life-threatening ones. Noted on sonography in three proven cases,
      Candida albicans cystitis produced a mildly thickened bladder wall and a
      discrete, well-defined, dense fluid-fluid interface within the bladder, debris
      that contained the long threadlike pseudomycelia of the fungus. This fluid-fluid
      interface shifted with changes in position. The sonographic appearance, although
      not pathognomonic, was similar in all three cases. Sonography was used to monitor
      the progress of therapy. In all three cases, conservative treatment successfully
      cleared the vesical debris without significant sequelae or the formation of
      concretions analogous to bezoars and the bladder returned to normal except for
      minimal residual wall thickening.

PMID- 2657090
TI  - Pulmonary sequestration. Diagnosis by ultrasound.
AB  - Sonographic imaging of a basilar chest mass in each of three newborns and in a 2
      month-old infant either confirmed or correctly suggested the diagnosis of
      surgically documented pulmonary sequestration. The appearance of each mass was
      that of a highly echogenic lesion, the homogeneity of which was interrupted only
      by vascular structures. In two cases, an artery was identified arising from the
      aorta and extending into the mass, thus confirming the diagnosis. Chest
      sonography should be utilized when the possibility of a pulmonary sequestration
      is considered.

PMID- 2657091
TI  - Intraoperative sonography in low-grade gliomas.
AB  - A retrospective study of intraoperative sonography and preoperative head computed
      tomography (CT) in 15 patients with low-grade brain gliomas was undertaken to
      determine whether areas of increased echogenicity without shadowing corresponded
      with areas of pathologic CT enhancement. Glioma echogenicity was considered
      increased if greater than or equal to adjacent sulcal echogenicity. Of the 15
      lesions, 7 of 8 with pathologic CT enhancement showed areas of increased
      echogenicity without shadowing. Areas of increased echogenicity topographically
      correlated with areas of pathologic CT enhancement. One of eight lesions with
      pathologic enhancement had no areas of increased echogenicity; however, the
      enhancement in this lesion was minimal. Six of seven patients without pathologic
      CT enhancement had areas of echogenicity always less than sulcal echogenicity.
      Our results suggest that, in low-grade gliomas, regions of enhancement usually
      correspond to areas of increased echogenicity without shadowing. These findings
      differ from those found with high-grade gliomas.

PMID- 2657092
TI  - Renal blood flow pattern by noninvasive Doppler ultrasound in normal children and
      acute renal failure patients.
AB  - A pilot study of the Doppler renal arterial flow pattern was done in a group of
      38 normal children, including 11 neonates age 2 weeks or less, 10 infants age 2
      weeks to 1 year, and 17 children age 1 year and over. The appearance time,
      acceleration time, end-diastolic to peak-systolic velocity ratio (d/S), and
      diastolic to systolic flow ratio (A2/A1) increased with age. Another four
      patients with acute renal failure showed a characteristic absence of blood flow
      in the whole or late-diastolic phase. Diastolic flow reappeared with recovery.
      Doppler renal arterial flow pattern may be a noninvasive investigation of
      diagnostic and prognostic value.

PMID- 2657093
TI  - Relationship of cerebral blood flow regulation to acute mountain sickness.
AB  - Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a prevalent illness seen in humans exposed to
      high altitudes. An increase in cerebral blood flow as a result of
      cerebrovasodilatation is felt by many to be responsible for its occurrence. Using
      the recently developed transcranial Doppler (TCD), it has become possible to
      detect and quantify flow velocity in the large cerebral vessels. By this method,
      intracranial arterial blood flow velocities and vasodilatation were measured at
      high altitude and correlated with clinical symptoms. Mean middle cerebral artery
      velocity (MCA-V) showed a significant increase from 55 +/- 7 cm/s at sea level to
      71 +/- 13 cm/s at 13,500 feet. The pulsatility index (PI) and vasomotor
      reactivity (VMR) both decreased (.71 +/- .11 at sea level to .53 +/- .12 at
      13,500 and 45 +/- 17% sea level to 23 +/- 15% at 8,000 feet, respectively). These
      preliminary studies indicated that TCD technique is a viable tool for measurement
      of cerebral blood flow velocities and cerebral arterial vasodilatation at
      altitude.

PMID- 2657094
TI  - Doppler color flow imaging of carotid artery dissection.

PMID- 2657096
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging as an adjunct to ultrasound in oligohydramnios.
      Detection of sirenomelia.

PMID- 2657095
TI  - Spontaneous resolution of fetal hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2657097
TI  - Propagation of human parvovirus B19 in primary culture of erythroid lineage cells
      derived from fetal liver.
AB  - Erythroid lineage cells derived from fetal liver were demonstrated to be target
      cells for human parvovirus B19 infection. B19 virus antigen-positive serum was
      inoculated into primary cultures containing erythroid lineage cells enriched from
      fetal liver. The B19 virus antigen was detected on about 5% of cells in the
      culture by immunofluorescence staining, and the stained cells were identified as
      erythroid lineage cells by double staining with anti-B19 virus-positive serum and
      anti-erythroid lineage monoclonal antibody. The immunofluorescence staining study
      also revealed that the B19 virus antigen localized in the nucleus and the
      periphery of cytoplasm. We also detected B19 virus DNA, which was generated by
      replication in the infected cells, not only in the cells but also in the culture
      supernatants, in which the amount of B19 DNA increased depending on the period of
      culture, indicating that the cells infected with B19 virus produced B19 virus and
      released it into the medium. The ability of B19 virus released into the medium to
      infect fetal erythroid lineage cells was demonstrated quantitatively. Because of
      the absence of any cytopathic effect of B19 virus during culture periods of at
      least 15 days, this culture system should be useful in the study of B19 virus
      replication and in vitro generation of B19 virus. In addition, the present study
      may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of hydrops fetalis,
      which is probably associated with B19 virus infection during pregnancy.

PMID- 2657098
TI  - Artificial cleavage site recognized by plum pox potyvirus protease in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - A synthetic plum pox virus (PPV) NIb-CP cleavage site was recognized by a PPV
      protease in an in vivo Escherichia coli expression system. The presence of the
      natural NIb-CP cleavage site did not affect processing at the artificial one.
      However, although both the proteases and the cleavage sites of PPV and tobacco
      etch virus show high sequence homology, a similar cassette from the tobacco etch
      virus NIb-CP junction was not efficiently recognized by the PPV protease.

PMID- 2657099
TI  - Role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific protease in core protein
      maturation and viral infectivity.
AB  - It is generally believed that the gag gene product of human immunodeficiency
      virus type 1 (HIV-1) is processed into several core proteins by a virus-specific
      protease. We used deletion mutation analysis to study the role of HIV-specific
      protease in the processing of core proteins and its requirement for viral
      infectivity. Several mutant genomes with deletions in the protease gene were
      constructed. A mammalian cell line, COS-M6, transfected with the wild-type viral
      genome was shown to produce virions containing processed core proteins, while COS
      M6 cells transfected with two mutated genomes could express only the core protein
      precursor, Pr56gag. The wild-type transfectant produced infectious virus; both
      transfectants expressing the mutated genomes also produced virions, and one of
      them still retained reverse transcriptase activity. However, the mutant viral
      particles were devoid of infectivity. Virions with a distinct central core and an
      electron-dense nucleoid budded out from the plasma membrane of COS-M6 cells
      transfected with the wild-type genome. In contrast, noninfectious virions that
      budded either into cytoplasmic vacuoles or out from the plasma membrane of COS-M6
      cells transfected with mutant genomes contained ring-shaped nucleoids. These
      results indicate that the HIV-1 protease plays a role not only in the maturation
      of the core proteins but also in the assembly of the virus and thus is required
      for viral infectivity.

PMID- 2657100
TI  - Role of SP1-binding domains in in vivo transcriptional regulation of the human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat.
AB  - Five regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal
      repeat (LTR) have been shown to be important in the transcriptional regulation of
      HIV in HeLa cells. These include the negative regulatory, enhancer, SP1, TATA,
      and TAR regions. Previous studies in which purified SP1 was used showed that the
      three SP1-binding sites in the HIV LTR were important in the in vitro
      transcription of this promoter. However, no studies to ascertain the role of each
      of these SP1-binding sites in basal and tat-induced transcriptional activation in
      vivo have been reported. To determine the role of SP1 sites in transcriptional
      regulation of the HIV LTR in vivo, these sites were subjected to oligonucleotide
      mutagenesis both individually and in groups. The constructs were tested by DNase
      I footprinting with both oligonucleotide affinity column-purified SP1 and
      partially purified HeLa extract and by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays
      in both the presence and absence of the tat gene. Mutagenesis of each SP1-binding
      site resulted in minimal changes in basal and tat-induced transcriptional
      activation. Mutations involving alterations of SP1 sites I and II, I and III, or
      II and III also resulted in minimal decreases in basal and tat-induced
      transcriptional activation. However, mutagenesis of all three SP1-binding sites
      resulted in a marked decrease in tat induction. The latter mutation also greatly
      decreased DNase I protection over the enhancer, TATA, and TAR regions when
      partially purified HeLa nuclear extract was used. Mutagenesis of the HIV LTR SP1
      sites which converted them to consensus high-affinity SP1-binding sites with the
      sequence GGGGCGGGGC resulted in increased tat-induced gene expression compared
      with the wild-type HIV LTR template. These results suggest that SP1, through its
      interaction with other DNA-binding proteins, is critical for in vivo
      transcriptional regulation of HIV.

PMID- 2657101
TI  - Proteaselike sequence in hepatitis B virus core antigen is not required for e
      antigen generation and may not be part of an aspartic acid-type protease.
AB  - The hepatitis B virus (HBV) C gene directs the synthesis of two major gene
      products: HBV core antigen (HBcAg[p21c]), which forms the nucleocapsid, and HBV e
      antigen (HBeAg [p17e]), a secreted antigen that is produced by several processing
      events during its maturation. These proteins contain an amino acid sequence
      similar to the active-site residues of aspartic acid and retroviral proteases. On
      the basis of this sequence similarity, which is highly conserved among mammalian
      hepadnaviruses, a model has been put forward according to which processing to
      HBeAg is due to self-cleavage of p21c involving the proteaselike sequence. Using
      site-directed mutagenesis in conjunction with transient expression of HBV
      proteins in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, we tested this hypothesis. Our
      results with HBV mutants in which one or two of the conserved amino acids have
      been replaced by others suggest strongly that processing to HBeAg does not depend
      on the presence of an intact proteaselike sequence in the core protein. Attempts
      to detect an influence of this sequence on the processing of HBV P gene products
      into enzymatically active viral polymerase also gave no conclusive evidence for
      the existence of an HBV protease. Mutations replacing the putatively essential
      aspartic acid showed little effect on polymerase activity. Additional
      substitution of the likewise conserved threonine residue by alanine, in contrast,
      almost abolished the activity of the polymerase. We conclude that an HBV
      protease, if it exists, is functionally different from aspartic acid and
      retroviral proteases.

PMID- 2657102
TI  - Polarized entry of canine parvovirus in an epithelial cell line.
AB  - The binding and uptake of canine parvovirus (CPV) in polarized epithelial cells
      were investigated by growing the cells on a permeable support and inoculating
      with the virus either from the apical or basolateral surface. Binding of
      radiolabeled CPV occurred preferentially on the basolateral surface. In contrast,
      when a similar experiment was carried out on nonpolarized A72 cells, virus
      binding occurred regardless of the direction of virus input. Binding appeared to
      be specific for CPV and could not be competitively inhibited by either bovine or
      porcine parvovirus. Analysis of the binding data revealed a high-affinity
      receptor (10(5) per cell) for CPV on the basolateral surfaces of MDCK cells (Kd,
      29 pM). In indirect immunofluorescence studies, virus entered only from the
      basolateral surfaces of MDCK cells. These results provide evidence for a
      functional CPV-specific receptor that is expressed only on the basolateral
      surfaces of polarized epithelial cells, a result that has interesting
      consequences for viral pathogenesis.

PMID- 2657103
TI  - N myristylation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag polyprotein
      precursor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A semisynthetic gene precisely encoding the 502 amino acids of the human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag precursor (Pr53gag) was expressed in the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Amino acid sequence analysis of the recombinant Pr53gag
      showed that the amino terminus was fully blocked. Labeling of Pr53gag with
      [3H]myristic acid demonstrated that, as with Pr53gag isolated from virus-infected
      cells, the yeast-derived protein was demethionylated and N myristylated on
      glycine, the second amino acid residue.

PMID- 2657104
TI  - Malacoplakia: a 25-year experience with a review of the literature.
AB  - Our experience with 9 cases of genitourinary malacoplakia is reviewed. The
      bladder was involved in 4 patients, ureter in 2, prostate in 1, testis in 1 and a
      combination of prostate, bladder, rectum and pelvic adnexae in 1. The female-to
      male ratio was 2:1. Escherichia coli was present in 7 of 8 available urine
      cultures. Of 9 patients 2 had associated immunocompromised conditions. A variety
      of therapeutic approaches were chosen, depending mainly on location and extent of
      disease. These varying combinations of medical and surgical therapies produced
      resolution of disease in 8 of 9 patients. Generally, upper tract involvement
      requires surgical intervention, while most cases of lower tract involvement can
      be managed with antibiotics and endoscopic resection. Rare cases of extensive
      lower tract malacoplakia may require extirpation for cure.

PMID- 2657105
TI  - Effect of yohimbine hydrochloride on erectile impotence: a double-blind study.
AB  - A double-blind, partial crossover study on the therapeutic effect of yohimbine
      hydrochloride on erectile dysfunction was done in 82 sexually impotent patients.
      All patients underwent a multifactorial evaluation, including determination of
      penile brachial blood pressure index, cavernosography, sacral evoked response,
      testosterone and prolactin determination, Derogatis sexual dysfunction inventory
      and daytime arousal test. After 1 month of treatment with a maximum of 42.0 mg.
      oral yohimbine hydrochloride daily 14 per cent of the patients experienced
      restoration of full and sustained erections, 20 per cent reported a partial
      response to the therapy and 65 per cent reported no improvement. Three patients
      reported a positive placebo effect. Maximum effect takes 2 to 3 weeks to manifest
      itself. Yohimbine was active in some patients with arterial insufficiency and a
      unilateral sacral reflex arc lesion, and in 1 with low serum testosterone levels.
      The 34 per cent response is encouraging, particularly in a Veterans
      Administration population presenting with a high incidence of diabetes and
      vascular pathological conditions not found in regular office patients. Only few
      and benign side effects were recorded, which makes this medication worth an
      attempt, often as a first line of treatment even at a dose of 8 tablets.

PMID- 2657106
TI  - Malignant lymphoma of the testis: histological and immunohistological study of 28
      cases.
AB  - Histological and immunohistological studies were made in 28 patients with
      testicular lymphoma who presented with a right (15), left (11) or bilateral (2)
      scrotal swelling. Patient age at hospitalization ranged from 39 to 87 years, with
      a median age of 64 years. The disease was stage 1 in 12 patients, stage 2 in 11
      and stage 3 in 5. Histologically, most of the neoplasms were of the diffuse large
      cell type, with an immunoblastic type being the most common. Immunohistochemistry
      revealed that all but 2 cases were of the B cell type. None of the tumors reacted
      with monoclonal antibody for T cell. These findings suggested that testicular
      lymphoma exclusively consisted of the B cell type, identical to previous reports
      of extranodal lymphomas other than those in the skin. The pertinent literature is
      reviewed and the histogenesis of testicular lymphoma is discussed.

PMID- 2657107
TI  - Candidal antigenemia: a prognostic determinant.
AB  - We evaluated 98 hospital patients, debilitated by serious illness or major
      surgery with or without candiduria, for the development of candidal antigenemia
      with a commercially prepared antibody-coated latex particle assay. Group 1 (41
      patients) had persistent Candida albicans candiduria (colony counts of more than
      10,000 per ml.), group 2 (25 patients) had candiduria (more than 10,000 colonies
      per ml.) due to species other than Candida albicans and group 3 (32 patients) had
      no documented candiduria. Indwelling urinary catheters were present in 78 per
      cent of the patients in group 1, 80 per cent in group 2 and 66 per cent in group
      3. In group 1 elevated candidal antigen titers of 1 to 8 or more occurred in 87
      per cent of the patients with candiduria and other positive sites and in 31 per
      cent of those with candiduria alone (p less than 0.005), compared to 50 and 18
      per cent, respectively, in group 2. In group 3 positive candidal cultures
      subsequently developed from other sites in 6 patients, 2 of whom had elevated
      titers. Patients with indwelling urinary catheters and candiduria had higher
      candidal antigen titers than patients without positive urine cultures. Increased
      mortality was noted in patients with elevated titers of 1 to 8 and urine cultures
      positive for Candida albicans plus other positive sites than in those with
      candiduria alone (100 versus 63 per cent, p less than 0.005). In groups 2 and 3
      there was a higher mortality rate among patients with candiduria plus other
      positive sites. The sensitivity of elevated candidal antigen titers in the
      presence of candiduria and/or multiple positive culture sites was 62.8 per cent,
      with a specificity of 84 per cent and a predictive value of 68.7 per cent. We
      conclude that the commercial candidal antigen detection system was a useful
      laboratory adjunct in the evaluation of the debilitated patient with candiduria.

PMID- 2657108
TI  - Bilateral ureteral triplication with crossed ectopic fused kidneys associated
      with the VACTERL syndrome.
AB  - We report a case of bilateral ureteral triplication associated with crossed
      ectopic fused kidneys, vesicoureteral reflux and the VACTERL syndrome (Vertebral
      defects, Anal atresia, Cardiovascular anomalies, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula,
      Radial and renal anomalies, and Limb defects). The relevant literature is
      reviewed.

PMID- 2657109
TI  - Retroiliac ureter in a male newborn with multiple genitourinary anomalies: case
      report and review of the literature.
AB  - We report a case of a male newborn with unilateral retroiliac ureter, ectopic
      left vas deferens, ectopic ureters and imperforate anus. A review of the
      urological literature has revealed only 2 other instances of an association of
      anomalies similar to that in our patient.

PMID- 2657110
TI  - Technical challenge of the megameatus intact prepuce hypospadias variant: the
      pyramid procedure.
AB  - An unusual variant of hypospadias is the focus of this report. This distal
      variant consists of a megameatus and urethra in the presence of intact foreskin.
      Recognition is important, not only because of the uncommon combination of
      findings, which run contrary to the classical presentation of most hypospadias,
      but also because of the technical shortcomings that are encountered during repair
      with standard techniques. The pyramid procedure is described, which allows for an
      end-on dissection of the distal megameatus-urethra, enabling a reduction in
      caliber of both while facilitating remodeling of the glans. The procedure has
      proved to be successful and reliable for this particular hypospadias variant. No
      complications have been encountered.

PMID- 2657111
TI  - Incidence, possible causes and followup of idiopathic prolonged penile erection
      in the newborn.
AB  - From 1974 to 1988, 4 cases of neonatal idiopathic prolonged penile erection were
      recorded, for an incidence of 0.15 per thousand or 1 case for 6,673 male
      newborns. Our first patient was case 7 described in the literature and the first
      observed in 1 of nonidentical twins. Followup for 2 to 8 years revealed no
      urogenital problems but a longer period (at least until puberty) is needed.
      Clinical and etiological aspects of this entity are discussed. Many of the
      etiological factors cited as possible causes of prolonged erection at this
      patient age represent only predisposing conditions for the occurrence of penile
      erection. Because of the spontaneous disappearance of prolonged penile erection,
      observation rather than surgical or medical management is advocated for the
      newborn. Only in selected patients should the limit of expectation, and the best
      time for and type of surgical intervention be established.

PMID- 2657112
TI  - Conservative management of a seminal vesicle abscess.
AB  - A pure seminal vesicle abscess is a rare condition. We report case 7 in the
      literature and to our knowledge the first patient who has been managed
      successfully by noninvasive, conservative antibiotic treatment alone. All
      previously reported cases of seminal vesicle abscesses have been managed with
      invasive therapy. In 5 cases the seminal vesicle abscess was incised and drained
      surgically, while in 1 the abscess was drained percutaneously. We describe a
      patient with a seminal vesicle abscess, review the literature and recommend a
      more conservative method of management.

PMID- 2657113
TI  - Class I and class II HLA antigen expression by transitional cell carcinoma of the
      bladder: correlation with T-cell infiltration and BCG treatment.
AB  - HLA class I and II glycoproteins from transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and from
      perineoplastic and healthy vesical mucosa were characterized together with
      infiltrating cells by means of immunochemistry using specific monoclonal
      antibodies on frozen sections obtained during resection or radical cystectomy.
      Specimens were taken from 11 patients with TCC and five with healthy bladder
      mucosa. Four patients with TCC and four with healthy mucosa had been previously
      treated with a course of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Ten out of
      11 TCC samples expressed class I glycoproteins with a membrane pattern (diffuse
      in seven, focal in three) as normal epithelial cells from either controls or
      perineoplastic bladder. Interestingly, eight out of 11 TCC samples expressed
      class II antigens on their membrane that were also present in six cases in the
      perineoplastic tissue while the epithelial cells from four out of five normal
      bladders were completely negative. The epithelial display of class II antigens in
      the non-neoplastic areas and in the normal bladder correlates (p less than 0.001)
      with the degree of cellular infiltrate while such a relationship was not found
      between the HLA II expression of neoplastic cells and the infiltrate. BCG
      treatment was associated with a higher amount of inflammatory cells, prevalently
      T "activated" cells (CD5+,DR+), with a CD4/CD8 ratio always greater than 1. In
      the light of the role played by HLA glycoproteins in immune mechanisms, these
      results could help explain the positive action of BCG and the relative
      immunosensitivity of TCC.

PMID- 2657114
TI  - Effects of anti-lipid A human monoclonal antibody on lipopolysaccharide-induced
      toxicity to the kidney.
AB  - Studies were done to evaluate the effects of the human monoclonal anti-lipid A
      IgM antibody A6(H4C5) on several components of the hemodynamic and renal toxicity
      of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide of E. coli 0111:B4. Antibody (0.25 to four
      mg./kg. BW) was administered 0.5 hour before, or premixed for one hour with,
      lipopolysaccharide (0.05 mg./kg., a 14 to 18% lethal dose), and the following
      measurements made over 0.5 to 3.5 hours of study: systemic arterial blood
      pressure, renal plasma flow, and glomerular filtration. The proximal tubular cell
      cytotoxicity of 90 mg./kg. of the cephalosporin cephaloridine was also quantified
      in similarly treated animals sacrificed 48 hours later. While one mg./kg. of
      antibody prevented the reduction by the lipopolysaccharide of renal plasma flow,
      it did not prevent the nephrotoxic synergy with cephaloridine, and four times the
      antibody dose did not prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension or reduced
      glomerular filtration. These amounts of this antibody protect leukopenic rabbits
      against the lethality of the slow onset bacteremic model of Pseudomonas
      conjunctivitis. It is suggested that the incompleteness of protection in this
      study may be the result of the sensitivity of the assay methods used and/or the
      acute endotoxemia produced in these animals.

PMID- 2657115
TI  - Immunoresponse of tissue infiltrating lymphocytes in bladder tumors.
AB  - Local immunocompetence was evaluated immunohistochemically in patients with
      bladder tumors before and after local injections of an immunomodulator. The
      subpopulations of tissue infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were examined by staining
      six serial sections with Leu4, Leu7, Leu10, LeuM3, OKT4, and OKT8 antibodies. T
      cells predominated over B cells in 19 of 25 bladder tumors. T cell infiltration
      was prominent around tumor cells, and it was marked in non-invasive tumors. B
      cells were rare in the stroma. In patients with low-stage tumors, OKT8 cells were
      more prominent than OKT4 cells. NK cells accumulated within cancer nests but
      their infiltration was scanty in invasive bladder tumors. Before surgery,
      immunomodulators (OK-432, IL-2) were injected intratumorally. Their
      administration resulted in marked increase of T and NK cells, irrespective of the
      stage of disease; there was a slight increase in B cells. These findings suggest
      that local immunosurveillance plays a role against bladder tumors. Further
      studies are required to elucidate host immune responses in the microenvironment
      of the cancer site, as well as the systemic immune reaction.

PMID- 2657116
TI  - The fate of unrepaired minor technical defects detected by intraoperative
      ultrasonography during carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - This report describes the natural history of unrepaired minor technical defects
      detected by intraoperative B-mode ultrasonography during carotid endarterectomy.
      Intraoperative ultrasonography was used to assess the technical adequacy of 80
      carotid endarterectomies. Sixty-two arteries were normal on intraoperative
      ultrasound examination, whereas the remaining 18 arteries had a total of 21 minor
      residual technical defects. The 21 minor defects consisted of four internal
      carotid artery lesions, nine common carotid artery lesions, and eight external
      carotid artery lesions, 19 had 1 to 3 mm intimal flaps, and two had small
      stenoses. Sixteen of the 19 intimal flaps resolved before the first postoperative
      ultrasound study. These arteries had normal examination results, which indicated
      that these intimal flaps had healed. The two stenoses detected intraoperatively
      could not be detected by postoperative carotid duplex scanning at 1 month follow
      up. No statistically significant relationship was found between the presence of a
      minor residual defect on intraoperative ultrasonography and the subsequent
      development of recurrent stenosis or occlusion in any of the arteries assessed.
      These data suggest that certain minor technical defects in the carotid artery
      that were detected by intraoperative ultrasonography are benign and may not
      require repeat exploration of the carotid artery for repair.

PMID- 2657117
TI  - Angioscope-assisted occlusion of venous tributaries with prolamine in in situ
      femoropopliteal bypass: preliminary results of canine experiments.
AB  - Ten mongrel dogs underwent left lower extremity in situ femoropopliteal bypass
      with femoral vein. A 20 to 25 cm myocutaneous bridge was left between femoral and
      popliteal anastomoses. A 2.8 mm angioscope was introduced intraluminally to
      visualize venous tributaries (VT). A balloon occlusion catheter was placed
      alongside the angioscope and directed in each VT. Prolamine was injected into
      each VT to effect occlusion. Seven dogs were followed up for 1 week and three
      dogs for 1 month. A total of 34 VT (range one to five per dog) were available for
      attempted occlusion. Twenty-nine of 84 (85%) VT were able to be occluded based on
      comparison of pre-VT and post-VT occlusion angiograms. Poor visualization of VT
      or VT too small to admit the 5F catheter were reasons for failure. We conclude
      that (1) in the canine model studied angioscope-assisted occlusion of
      femoropopliteal during bypass is technically feasible, (2) this technical detail
      makes unnecessary medial thigh dissection for exposure of the vein graft, and (3)
      during short-term observation prolamine appeared to be a suitable occluding
      substance.

PMID- 2657118
TI  - The limitations of impedance plethysmography in the diagnosis of acute deep
      venous thrombosis.
AB  - We reviewed our experience with impedance plethysmography (IPG) and duplex
      scanning in the diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) to determine
      their respective accuracy and current role in our noninvasive vascular
      laboratory. During a recent 22-month period 1776 patients were evaluated in our
      laboratory for DVT. Sixty patients (64 limbs) underwent ascending venography
      within 48 hours of testing (49 limbs were evaluated by all three modalities).
      With the venograms used as the reference standard, B-mode scanning correctly
      identified the presence of acute thrombus in 24 of 27 limbs (88.8%) and the
      absence of thrombus in 31 of 34 limbs (91.2%), for an overall accuracy of 90.6%.
      IPG alone was less sensitive (75%) and less specific (44.8%), with an overall
      accuracy of only 57.1%. Twenty-eight IPGs were performed on patients with
      negative venous scans. Two positive IPGs were the result of chronic venous
      occlusion and two others detected clinically significant isolated iliac vein
      thrombi, but 13 patients had false positive IPGs. One false negative IPG
      occurred. The difference in the sensitivity of scan alone vs scan plus IPG was
      not significant (chi 2 = 0.045; difference not significant), but the decrease in
      specificity was chi 2 = 17.3; p less than 0.001). The rarity of isolated iliac
      vein thrombosis and the high false positive rate for IPG do not justify its
      continued use if B-mode venous scanning is available. Although positive scan
      results may be used confidently to institute therapy without the need for
      venography, in high-risk patients with a strong clinical suspicion of proximal
      DVT despite a negative scan venography should be obtained before withholding
      anticoagulation.

PMID- 2657119
TI  - The use of sartorius muscle rotation-transfer in the management of wound
      complications after infrainguinal vein bypass: a report of eight cases and
      description of the technique.
AB  - Although rare, major wound breakdown after infrainguinal bypass resulting in vein
      graft exposure carries the risk of vein graft disruption with threat to both life
      and limb. The use of sartorius muscle rotation-transfer specifically in the
      management of exposed autogenous infrainguinal vein grafts has not been
      previously described. Eight patients were evaluated for major wound disruption
      resulting in graft exposure after infrainguinal vein bypass. Soft tissue coverage
      was provided in all eight cases by means of a distally based sartorius muscle
      rotation flap. There was no instance of postoperative death, graft thrombosis,
      secondary hemorrhage, or persistent infection. Late follow-up has shown continued
      satisfactory results. We conclude that effective soft tissue coverage and salvage
      of exposed infrainguinal vein bypass grafts can be accomplished in selected cases
      by means of sartorius muscle rotation-transfer.

PMID- 2657120
TI  - Avoiding reperfusion injury after limb revascularization: experimental
      observations and recommendations for clinical application.
AB  - This study tests the hypothesis that reperfusion injury is the principal cause of
      limb loss after acute arterial occlusion and that this injury is avoidable. Of 61
      isolated hindlimbs amputated at the level of the hip joint, 17 were controls
      (group I), 5 were perfused without ischemia to establish the validity of the
      model (group II), and 15 underwent 4 hours of ischemia at room temperature
      without reperfusion (group III). Acute embolectomy was simulated in 24 limbs
      after 4 hours of ischemia; 12 were reperfused with standard Krebs-Henseleit
      solution at 100 mm Hg (group IV), and 12 were reperfused under controlled
      conditions (i.e., 37 degrees C, 50 mm Hg) with substrate-enriched modified
      reperfusate (group V). Leg volume, water content, contractile function, and high
      energy phosphate content were assessed and data were expressed as mean +/- SD.
      Four hours of ischemia caused a profound fall in adenosine triphosphate content
      (4.0 vs 26.0 mmol/L/gm of protein, p less than or equal to 0.001). Uncontrolled
      reperfusion resulted in severe reperfusion injury; massive edema developed (83%
      vs 75%, p less than or equal to 0.01), leg volume increased markedly (21.5% above
      control, p less than or equal to 0.001), and no contractile function followed
      electrical stimulation. In contrast, controlled reperfusion resulted in normal
      water content (76.9% vs 75.0%, NS) and minimal change of leg volume (5.5% +/- 5%
      of control, NS), replenished adenosine triphosphate completely (24.2 vs 26.4
      mmol/L/gm of protein, NS), and restored immediate contractile function in all
      limbs (24.3% +/- 14% of control). This study shows that 4 hours of room
      temperature ischemia (18 degrees C) does not produce irreversible damage of the
      rat hindlimb because the reperfusion injury that follows uncontrolled reperfusion
      can be avoided. Immediate recovery of contractile function can be restored if the
      conditions of reperfusion are controlled by gentle reperfusion pressure (50 mm
      Hg) at 37 degrees C and if a modified substrate-enriched, hyperosmotic,
      alkalotic, low-Ca++ reperfusate is administered.

PMID- 2657121
TI  - Arterial complications of the thoracic outlet syndrome: fifty-five operative
      cases.
AB  - Between January 1, 1969, and December 31, 1984, 55 operative procedures were
      carried out in 47 patients to correct subclavian-axillary artery lesions
      resulting from compression at the thoracic outlet. The most common causes of
      compression were a long cervical rib (27) and an anomalous first rib (15).
      Presenting features included claudication, vasomotor phenomena, digital gangrene,
      and acute limb-threatening ischemia. A combined supraclavicular and
      infraclavicular approach was preferred. Decompression was best achieved by
      excision of the cervical rib and the first rib and division of all soft tissue
      elements. The most common methods of arterial repair were resection-anastomosis
      (23) and replacement of vein graft (11). Embolic occlusions were frequently
      present (35). Axillary emboli were amenable to direct revascularization at the
      time of subclavian artery repair. If possible, more-distal embolic occlusions
      were managed without recourse to embolectomy catheter manipulations. The mean
      follow-up was 5 years 8 months (range 4 months to 16 years). Patients were
      assessed clinically, and the arterial repair was monitored by Doppler
      ultrasonography, B-mode scanning, and digital subtraction angiography. Of the 39
      patients available for follow-up, 35 had no symptoms and four had residual
      claudication. There were no amputations. In the remaining cases the subclavian
      axillary artery segment showed no hemodynamic or anatomic abnormality.

PMID- 2657122
TI  - Multisensor transcutaneous oximetric mapping to predict below-knee amputation
      wound healing: use of a critical Po2.
AB  - Preoperative transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPo2) measurements of calf and
      brachial skin were performed on 40 patients before they underwent below-knee
      amputation (BKA); dual calf measurements on the anterior and posterior skin were
      obtained. Both anterior and posterior calf tcPo2 values were significantly lower
      in patients with unsuccessful wound healing after BKA compared to those with
      successful healing (p less than 0.01). Successful wound healing occurred in 50%
      (6/12) of patients with calf tcPo2 values less than 20 torr and in 96% (27/28) of
      patients with calf tcPo2 values greater than 20 torr. Calculation of a critical
      Po2 index (defined as the lesser of the anterior and posterior calf/brachial
      tcPo2 ratios) resulted in improved predictive accuracy; 100% (6/6) of patients
      with a critical Po2 index of 0.20 or less had unsuccessful wound healing after
      BKA, whereas 97% (33/34) of patients with a critical Po2 index greater than 0.20
      had successful healing. The use of a critical Po2 index greater than 0.20 as
      predictive of successful healing after BKA was associated with a sensitivity,
      specificity, and overall accuracy of 100%, 86%, and 98%, respectively, compared
      to 82%, 86%, and 83%, respectively, by use of absolute calf tcPo2 values. In
      conclusion, multisensor transcutaneous oximetric mapping is an accurate method
      for predicting wound healing success after BKA. Measurement of both anterior and
      posterior calf tcPo2 should be performed; calf tcPo2 values less than 20 torr may
      indicate local ischemia, but ischemia should be confirmed by comparison of calf
      tcPo2 with brachial tcPo2 before the patient is denied BKA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657123
TI  - Traumatic fistula between the aorta and the left renal vein: case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - This report of an aorto-left renal vein fistula (ALRVF) of traumatic origin is
      the sixth such case on record. The fistula was successfully repaired, with
      preservation of the kidney, by autotransfusion. Review of the English language
      literature revealed the differences between spontaneous and traumatic ALRVF.
      Spontaneous fistulas were caused by rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm into
      a retroaortic left renal vein. Hematuria was almost constant (93% of cases). The
      operative mortality rate was 14%. By contrast, traumatic ALRVFs were the result
      of a penetrating wound to the abdomen. The left renal vein was in a normal
      position, anterior to the aorta. Hematuria was less common (16% of cases). The
      diagnosis was delayed because clinical signs were less acute. There were no
      reports of postoperative deaths.

PMID- 2657124
TI  - Acute or chronic respiratory failure. Assessment and management of patients with
      COPD in the emergency setting.
AB  - Patients with acute or chronic respiratory failure exhibit severe pulmonary
      impairment as a baseline characteristic. Additional minor insults can precipitate
      cardiopulmonary failure that requires hospital admission and possibly mechanical
      ventilation. Our approach to these patients emphasizes evaluation of the
      imbalance between neuromuscular competence and mechanical load on the respiratory
      system. In this way, reversible factors can be identified and corrected before
      they progress to inspiratory muscle fatigue and respiratory failure. For cases in
      which deterioration is inexorable, guidelines for mechanical ventilation are
      given and approaches to eventual liberation from the ventilator are reviewed.

PMID- 2657125
TI  - Current therapy for hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2657126
TI  - Physical activity counseling for healthy adults as a primary preventive
      intervention in the clinical setting. Report for the US Preventive Services Task
      Force.
AB  - Physical activity has been associated with the prevention and control of several
      medial conditions that are major causes of death and disability in the United
      States. The criterion-based approach adopted by the US Preventive Services Task
      Force is used to objectively evaluate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of
      physical activity counseling for healthy adults as a primary preventive
      intervention in the clinical setting. This evaluation addresses: (1) the burden
      of suffering attributable to physical inactivity; (2) the efficacy of physical
      activity in disease prevention in regard to six medical conditions; and (3) the
      characteristics of the intervention in terms of simplicity, cost, safety,
      acceptability, and patient compliance. Based on consideration of the evidence for
      each of these issues, specific recommendations are made regarding the role of
      physical activity counseling in routine clinical practice. In addition, practical
      guidelines are presented to aid clinicians in physical activity counseling.

PMID- 2657127
TI  - [Analysis of factors influencing the accuracy of ejection fraction measurement
      based on the thermal washout technic--investigation in a model heart].
AB  - Evaluation of ejection fraction and ventricular volume is more difficult in the
      right side of the heart than in the left side. Thermal washout method in the
      right ventricle with the aid of a rapid response thermistor made it possible in
      the clinical practice, but its accuracy is uncertain. We attempted to elucidate
      what factors could influence the accuracy of the measurement of the right
      ventricular ejection fractions in a model circuit and artificial heart equipped
      with two one-way valves. Findings are as follow: 1) By ventricular injection of
      the cold water it is possible to evaluate the ejection fractions more accurately
      than by atrial injection. The latter technique measured the ejection fraction
      8.4% lower than the actual values. 2) The first ejection fraction measured will
      be the most accurate among the serially obtained ejection fractions using a
      thermal washout curve. 3) When the ejection fraction is high, the ejection
      fractions calculated from the later part of a thermal washout curve will be
      falsely low. 4) When the cold water is injected through the catheter running in
      the circuit, the effect of the catheter cooling could not be neglected and
      ejection fraction will be measured falsely low. The temperature change is so
      small in the later part of the descending limb of the thermal washout curve, that
      the effect of catheter cooling and ventricular cooling will be exaggerated and
      the calculation of the temperature change will be measured falsely high. This
      seems to be the cause of our findings in this research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2657128
TI  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm of unknown origin and renovascular hypertension in a 25
      year old male.
AB  - A 25 year old male had an abdominal aortic aneurysm involving bilateral renal
      arteries. Aortography revealed no irregularity in the aortic wall but a slight
      kinking at the tenth thoracic level followed by a fusiform aneurysm. Computed
      tomography (CT) showed an enlarged aortic lumen with an intraluminal thrombus.
      Plasma renin activity (PRA) was markedly increased (11 ng/ml/h), and the
      administration of captopril caused a further increase in PRA with a significant
      reduction in blood pressure, indicating the presence of renovascular
      hypertension. Abdominal aneurysm in a young adult is very rare. The etiology of
      the aneurysm appears to be idiopathic.

PMID- 2657129
TI  - [Craniopharyngioma with malignant transformation--a report of two cases].
AB  - Two cases of a craniopharyngioma with malignant transformation are reported. Case
      1 involved a 3-year-old male who had received a partial resection and
      radiotherapy for a suprasellar tumor. Histologically, a biopsy specimen showed
      craniopharyngioma. Eight years later, the child died of an intracerebral and
      nasopharyngeal invasion of the recurrent tumor. Case 2 involved a 9-year-old male
      who initially had been diagnosed as having a craniopharyngioma in the suprasellar
      region. Five years after the first operation, he died from growth of the tumor in
      spite of radiotherapy and a partial resection. The pathological examinations of
      these two cases showed an apparent transition of the craniopharyngioma into a
      squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2657130
TI  - [Detection method for HIV antigen].

PMID- 2657131
TI  - [Genes participating in the maturation of AIDS viruses; retrovirus protease].

PMID- 2657132
TI  - [Survey on overseas traveller's diarrhea at Narita Airport Quarantine Station-
      the species of bacteria isolated and the suspected countries for infection].

PMID- 2657133
TI  - [Clinical features of overseas travellers' infectious enteritis admitted in the
      hospitals for infectious diseases].

PMID- 2657134
TI  - [Imported diarrheal diseases caused by Escherichia coli].

PMID- 2657135
TI  - [Viral hemorrhagic fevers as international infectious diseases--epidemiology,
      virology and clinical symptoms].

PMID- 2657136
TI  - [High risk group of patients with infection of herpes group virus].

PMID- 2657137
TI  - [A new immunochemical fecal occult blood test--combination assay of hemoglobin
      and transferrin].

PMID- 2657138
TI  - [Fundamental studies and clinical evaluation of fecal occult blood by
      immunological detection].

PMID- 2657139
TI  - [Analysis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis with transesophageal
      ultrasonic endoscopy; influences on cardiovascular system].
AB  - We studied influences of mediastinal lymphadenopathy on cardiovascular system in
      nine cases of sarcoidosis with transesophageal ultrasonic endoscopy. Chest x-ray
      films revealed bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy in all cases, whose diagnoses were
      made histologically with biopsies of peripheral lung through flexible fiber optic
      bronchoscope and/or of lymph nodes. These findings were typical in this disease.
      Many compartments of cardiovascular system in mediastinal and hilar regions were
      visible with this technique in all subjects. And enlarged lymph nodes changed
      dimensions in these compartments, especially in main pulmonary arteries, left
      atria, pulmonary veins and aorta. Furthermore, these phenomena were seen in
      azygos vein and superior caval vein in some cases. It is suggested that these
      lymph nodes may influence hemodynamics in above-mentioned compartments of
      cardiovascular system, if this phenomenon deteriorates more progressively.

PMID- 2657140
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of lung tumors by broncho-arterial DSA--compared with
      conventional film method and analysis by time density curve].
AB  - We have performed broncho-arterial DSA on 25 patients with pulmonary tumorous
      lesion and made comparative study of the roentgenographic findings on 23 patients
      to whom the film method was applied concurrently. DSA was superior than the film
      method in examining tumor stain itself by contrast medium. Further, Time Density
      Curve (T.D.C.) showing change in the density of contrast medium when it passes
      through a tumor has been analyzed for investigate the possibility of IADSA being
      applied to differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2657141
TI  - [Renal scintigraphic evaluation of glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma
      flow with the use of a simultaneous renal clearance study].

PMID- 2657143
TI  - [Clinical usefulness of physiologic components obtained by factor analysis-
      application to 99mTc-DTPA renography].
AB  - The clinical usefulness of physiological components obtained by factor analysis
      was assessed in 99mTc-DTPA renography. Using definite physiological components,
      another dynamic data could be analyzed. In this paper, the dynamic renal function
      after ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy) treatment was examined using
      physiological components in the kidney before ESWL and/or a normal kidney. We
      could easily evaluate the change of renal functions by this method. The
      usefulness of a new analysis using physiological components was summarized as
      follows: 1) The change of a dynamic function could be assessed in quantity as
      that of the contribution ratio. 2) The change of a sick condition could be
      morphologically evaluated as that of the functional image.

PMID- 2657142
TI  - [A case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease followed up by N-isopropyl-[123I]-p
      iodoamphetamine and 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime SPECT].
AB  - N-isopropyl-[123I]-p-iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP) and 99mTc
      hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HM-PAO) SPECT were performed in a 66 yrs
      old female patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). The decreased
      accumulation of both radiopharmaceuticals, which localized initially in the focal
      regions and progressed eventually to the whole brain, were observed in the early
      stage of CJD, when no abnormal findings were obtained on X-CT. Although the
      redistribution of 123I-IMP was recognized in the relatively early stage in which
      the accumulation was significantly decreased, it disappeared with the progression
      of the disease. The accumulation of both radiopharmaceuticals which decreased
      remarkably in the early stage of CJD was sustained in low level during the
      chronic stage. The accumulation ratio of 99mTc-HM-PAO, after second examinations,
      to that on first SPECT was lower than those of 123I-IMP. It was suggested, as
      this cause, that the difference of the accumulation mechanism of both agents
      might be concerned. Thus, it is interested to follow up a patient with CJD by
      using 123I-IMP and 99mTc-HM-PAO SPECT, and this modality will provide a useful
      information to clarify the pathogenesis of CJD.

PMID- 2657144
TI  - Comparison of the acute effects of acebutolol and propranolol on blood pressure,
      heart rate and hormonal changes during graded treadmill exercise in patients with
      essential hypertension.
AB  - The acute effects of propranolol and acebutolol on blood pressure, heart rate and
      hormonal changes during graded treadmill exercise were studied in patients with
      essential hypertension. Both of propranolol (2 mg i.v.) and acebutolol (10 mg
      i.v.) lowered the pre-exercise hemodynamic parameters and suppressed the
      elevation of systolic blood pressure, heart rate and pressure-rate product during
      exercise, but did not show any significant effect on diastolic blood pressure.
      Although these drugs increased plasma norepinephrine concentration (PNE) at rest
      and during moderate exercise, they failed to affect PNE at submaximal exercise.
      Plasma renin activity at rest and during exercise were more strongly suppressed
      by propranolol than acebutolol. Plasma aldosterone concentration was not affected
      by these drugs. Propranolol and acebutolol showed similar acute effects on blood
      pressure, heart rate and hormonal profiles at rest and during exercise within the
      doses used in this study. These results indicate that beta 1 adrenoceptor
      selectivity and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity may not play an important role
      in the acute antihypertensive effect at rest and during exercise and that both
      beta blockers have beneficial antihypertensive effects during exercise on
      patients with essential hypertension.

PMID- 2657145
TI  - Fulminant hepatic failure without evidence of cirrhosis in a case of Wilson's
      disease.
AB  - We treated a sixteen-year old Japanese girl with fulminant hepatic failure in
      Wilson's disease. The diagnosis of Wilson's disease was made immediately after
      the admission because of low serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels with high
      urinary copper excretion. Her hepatic failure was accompanied by bouts of
      hemolytic crisis. In spite of the administration of D-penicillamine and repeated
      plasmapheresis, she died of hepatic failure four months later. At autopsy, the
      surface of the liver was smooth. The histology of the liver showed massive
      necrosis. There were only a few remaining scattered hepatocytes, in which copper
      was revealed by Rhodanine staining. There was no evidence of cirrhosis. The
      livers of the previously reported cases of Wilson's disease accompanied by
      fulminant hepatic failure were all cirrhotic. Our case indicated that Wilson's
      disease could occur as true fulminant hepatic failure without preceeding
      neurological and hepatological signs and the evidence of cirrhosis.

PMID- 2657146
TI  - [The outcome of Sakurai Girl's High School Nursing Division established by Maria
      T. True. A visit to Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia].

PMID- 2657147
TI  - Direct and indirect sensory input pathways to the motor cortex; its structure and
      function in relation to learning of motor skills.

PMID- 2657148
TI  - Pressor response to endothelin in guinea pigs.
AB  - Endothelin (ET), an endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide, was injected
      into the jugular vein (i.v.) of guinea pigs anesthetized with urethane. Blood
      pressure was measured from a cannula inserted into the carotid artery. All
      experiments were carried out after treatment with adrenergic and cholinergic
      antagonists. ET showed a potent, dose-dependent pressor action in guinea pigs.
      However, the initial, transient depressor response which is observed in rats was
      not produced in guinea pigs. Nicardipine (0.1 mg/kg), a dihydropyridine Ca2+
      channel blocker, significantly inhibited the ET-induced pressor response. These
      results suggest that ET causes a potent pressor response, which appears to be
      related to the activation of Ca2+ channels.

PMID- 2657149
TI  - Management of esophageal varices in the Western world--the state of the art.
AB  - The treatment by Western countries of bleeding from esophageal varices was
      reviewed from three definite viewpoints: prevention of first bleeding or
      prophylactic treatment, control of acute bleeding or emergency treatment, and
      prevention of rebleeding or elective treatment. Even though prophylactic surgery
      has been abandoned on the basis of several randomized studies, some authors still
      perform esophageal transection and report encouraging results. In emergency
      situations, the role of surgery has been limited by the prohibitive hospital
      mortality and by the introduction of vasoactive drugs and endoscopic
      sclerotherapy. Nevertheless, good immediate and long term results have been
      obtained in specialized centers in which bleeding patients undergo surgery no
      later than 8 hours after their admission. As regards the prevention of
      rebleeding, non selective portal decompression gives adequate protection against
      rebleeding, however, hepatoencephalopathy follows in considerable incidence. In
      order to avoid this complication, direct operations on varices have been
      performed, largely with good results. The Warren shunt offers results showing
      advantage over the non-selective shunt in the first postoperative period but
      later on, it behaves hemodynamically as a total shunt and the advantage is then
      cancelled. We report herein a review of the literature and also describe our
      personal experience with treating bleeding esophageal varices.

PMID- 2657150
TI  - The successful outcome of second kidney transplantation and its contributing
      factors.
AB  - Fourteen out of 301 patients who underwent allogeneic kidney transplantations,
      between April, 1970 and December, 1987, received second kidney allografts,
      including 4 living and 10 cadaveric grafts. The survival of the second grafts
      transplanted in those 14 recipients was superior to that of the first grafts
      transplanted in the other 287 recipients. Furthermore, the survival of the second
      grafts from 4 years onwards was significantly higher than that of the first
      grafts, in spite of a higher population of cadaveric grafts used in the second
      transplantation than in the first. Although it was impossible to determine the
      main factor which induced the improved survival of the second grafts when
      compared with that of the first, a combination of beneficial factors, such as a
      high rate of living related transplantation resulting in long-term graft survival
      of the first transplantation, the administration of immunosuppressive drugs
      during the period of re-hemodialysis and blood transfusion prior to the second
      transplantation, was considered to be the reason why successful second graft
      survival was achieved.

PMID- 2657151
TI  - Estrogen and progesterone receptors in gallbladder cancer.
AB  - Cancerous tissues from 21 patients with primary gallbladder cancer were examined
      immuno-histochemically for the presence of receptors for estrogen (ER) and
      progesterone (PGR). ER and PGR, localized in the nucleus, were evident in 52.4
      per cent and 0 per cent of the patients, respectively. Furthermore, ER and PGR
      were positive only in the cytoplasm of cancer cells in 28.6 per cent and 66.7 per
      cent, respectively. There was a higher tendency of moderately- and poorly
      differentiated adenocarcinoma to have an ER-positive rate than well
      differentiated adenocarcinoma. With respect to the relationship between ER and
      sex, ER-positive nuclei were observed in 8 of 14 women (57.1 per cent) and 3 of 7
      men (42.9 per cent), but the difference between the two was not significant due
      to the small number of subjects. These result suggested that gallbladder cancers
      with ER in the nuclei may respond to antihormone therapy.

PMID- 2657152
TI  - The beneficial effect of superoxide dismutase on the rat liver graft.
AB  - We performed orthotopic liver transplantation in male Wistar rats and
      investigated the effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on the liver graft. Animals
      were divided into the four following experimental groups. Group I was an
      untreated control group, group II received oxygen, group III received SOD and
      group IV received both oxygen and SOD. The dose of SOD was 3 mg/kg which was
      injected intravenously into both donors and recipients during the operation.
      Oxygen was given through an oxygen inhaler to both donors and recipients during
      the operation. The preservation time of the liver graft ranged from 4 hours and
      41 minutes to 5 hours and 40 minutes. The survival after liver transplantation
      was compared among groups I, II, III and IV. Group IV showed a significantly
      higher survival rate than groups I and II by two weeks after liver grafting, but
      there was no statistical difference in the survival rates between groups III and
      IV. These results indicate the beneficial effect of SOD on the rat liver graft
      and may implicate oxygen free radicals in the pathogenesis of
      ischemia/reperfusion injury in liver grafts.

PMID- 2657153
TI  - Cyclosporine-associated microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in a renal transplant
      recipient.
AB  - A case of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MHA) associated with the
      immunosuppressive agent, cyclosporine, is reported herein. The patient manifested
      anemia with red blood cell fragmentation, hypertension, thrombocytopenia,
      elevation of serum LDH levels and glomerular capillary thromboses within a few
      days of his transplantation. Extensive treatments with urokinase and heparin
      proved ineffective and graftectomy was performed 7 days after his
      transplantation. Immunofluorescent staining failed to show immunoglobulin (IgG or
      IgM) or complement (C3) deposition within the glomeruli, which discriminated MHA
      from acute humoral-vascular rejection.

PMID- 2657154
TI  - Lung allografts with and without omentopexy in canines--bronchofiberscopic and
      histologic observation of bronchial anastomosis healing.
AB  - An endoscopic evaluation of the effects of omental wrapping around the bronchial
      anastomosis of lung allografts in an early post-transplant phase, was performed
      in 13 mongrel dogs. Disruption or marked stenosis of the anastomotic portion was
      bronchofiberscopically observed more frequently in dogs without omental wrapping
      than in dogs with omental wrapping and the above findings were later confirmed
      histologically by light microscopic observation.

PMID- 2657155
TI  - [Transseptal suture fixation in the management of prosthetic valve dehiscence].
AB  - Valve dehiscence resulted from prosthetic valve endocarditis and aortitis is the
      most common cause of the reoperation after prosthetic valve replacement. In our
      experience, the results of reoperation has been far from satisfactory. For the
      successful management of prosthetic dehiscence, we have adopted the transseptal
      suture technique of accurately securing the prosthetic valve. Five patients with
      prosthetic valve dehiscence and one patient with native valve endocarditis were
      operated upon using the transseptal techniques. Left ventricular-aortic
      discontinuity was repaired using composite valve-tube graft together with this
      technique in two patients. All but one patient who succumbed to multiple organ
      failure induced by preoperative hemodynamic deterioration have survived the
      operation without recurrent infective endocarditis or valve dehiscence.

PMID- 2657156
TI  - [Treatment of empyema--the trends of the treatment methods].

PMID- 2657157
TI  - [Evaluation of transrectal longitudinal ultrasonography of chronic non-bacterial
      prostatitis].
AB  - Transrectal longitudinal ultrasonography was performed in 34 patients with
      chronic non-bacterial prostatitis. Prostatic stones and cystic lesions were
      associated with chronic non-bacterial prostatitis in 67.6% and 11.8%,
      respectively. The annual relapse rates of clinical symptoms were related to the
      presence of prostatic stones and cystic lesions. Transrectal ultrasonography
      plays a very important role in predicting the clinical courses of chronic non
      bacterial prostatitis.

PMID- 2657158
TI  - [A trial of digitization and digital analysis from analogue clinical images of
      the renal cancer].
AB  - The advancement in image diagnostic methods has been great in recent years and
      image diagnosis has become indispensable for the diagnosis of renal and other
      cancers. However, the clinical images are fixed and recorded on film as analog
      images for storage and the expansion of storage space, the poor efficiency in
      arrangement and control and the inconvenience of transfer have become big
      problems. Digitization of the clinical images offers the advantages of solving
      these problems and of allowing a variety of image analyses to be made easily. The
      tendency is for the digitization of all images for medical use in the near
      future. We applied a handy image analysis system (Shonic GA) using a personal
      computer as the mainframe and tried to digitize the analog images of a pyelogram,
      DSA, ultrasonogram, and X-ray CT of renal carcinoma for digital analysis. The
      results were displayed. This system is handy and easy to operate and thus is
      useful for the purposes of understanding and gaining experience in digitization
      and digital analyses of images for medical use.

PMID- 2657159
TI  - [Acute focal bacterial nephritis (acute lobar nephronia) report of two cases].
AB  - Acute focal bacterial nephritis (AFBN) is one of the acute renal infections, its
      entity can be distinguished from other renal infections by the findings of
      sonography and computed tomography. There is no evidence of liquefaction in focal
      masses of AFBN in contrast to renal abscess. We present two cases with AFBN. The
      first case was a 52-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and benign prostatic
      hypertrophy. The second case was a 24-year-old woman with bilateral vesico
      ureteral refluxes. Although their initial symptoms mimicked those of acute
      pyelonephritis, the findings of sonography and computed tomography revealed renal
      masses. They were treated with anti-microbial agents, and showed rapid
      improvement on both clinical symptoms and renal masses.

PMID- 2657160
TI  - ED gridlock and blaming the victim.

PMID- 2657161
TI  - Research is not a four-letter word.

PMID- 2657162
TI  - An understanding.

PMID- 2657163
TI  - ED nurse staffing standards.

PMID- 2657164
TI  - Ectopic pregnancy is also a perinatal loss.

PMID- 2657165
TI  - Acetaminophen dosage for children with fever questioned.

PMID- 2657167
TI  - A brief glimpse of emergency nursing in Japan.

PMID- 2657166
TI  - Information about emergency nursing courses sought.

PMID- 2657168
TI  - Symptoms of digitalis-like toxicity in a family after accidental ingestion of
      lily of the valley plant.

PMID- 2657169
TI  - Development of a pediatric injury prevention program for emergency departments.

PMID- 2657170
TI  - The role of hyperbaric oxygen in current emergency medical care.
AB  - HBO is the definitive treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning, air or gas
      embolism, and decompression sickness. It is an important adjunct to other
      treatment modalities in the management of patients with cyanide poisoning,
      exceptional blood loss (anemia), crush injury, and gas gangrene. In addition, HBO
      has many investigational uses such as reduction of edema in acute bowel
      obstruction before surgical intervention. It should be remembered that the best
      hope for tissue recovery occurs when HBO is initiated within 4 to 6 hours of
      injury. After this time irreversible muscle and peripheral nerve damage usually
      will have occurred in ischemic tissue.

PMID- 2657171
TI  - Prevalence and referral of nonurgent ED patients with previously undetected
      hypertension.

PMID- 2657172
TI  - Syncope in the elderly (continuing education credit).

PMID- 2657173
TI  - Planning and implementing a pediatric sexual assault evidentiary examination
      program.

PMID- 2657174
TI  - Upper extremity peripheral nerve assessment.
AB  - Peripheral nerve injuries are an unfortunate and serious complication of trauma
      and medical interventions. By anticipating which patients are more likely to
      experience such problems, emergency care personnel can carefully assess and
      document a person's nerve function. This should be done on contact with the
      patient, preceding and after any interventions that may aggravate the problem.
      This allows the nurse to provide a baseline of information that can be used to
      initiate immediate care if necessary or to document the onset of problems.

PMID- 2657175
TI  - Digibind: emergency treatment for digitalis toxicity.
AB  - Digitalis is a commonly prescribed cardiovascular agent. The advent of Digibind
      constitutes an important pharmacologic breakthrough for the toxicities
      encountered with the use of this drug.

PMID- 2657176
TI  - Making the machinery of government work for nursing.

PMID- 2657177
TI  - The emergency nurse on the witness stand.

PMID- 2657178
TI  - "Beat the (Grim) Reaper"--education by game playing.

PMID- 2657179
TI  - Evidentiary examination in sexual assault.

PMID- 2657180
TI  - An 18-year-old male patient with bilateral shoulder pain.

PMID- 2657181
TI  - Southern Arizona search and rescue: an emergency nurse volunteer.

PMID- 2657182
TI  - [Correction of a rare combination of congenital heart defects: the origin of the
      aorta and pulmonary artery at the right ventricle and an aortopulmonary septal
      defect].

PMID- 2657183
TI  - [Insulin and C-peptide secretion after physical exertion in men with newly
      manifested stenocardia and chronic ischemic heart disease].
AB  - Variation in insulin and C peptide levels was examined in patients with angina of
      new onset and chronic coronary heart disease. Insulin secretion was increased in
      all coronary patients, as compared to the controls, and hormonal response to
      additional stress was abnormal in postmyocardial infarction patients. It is
      demonstrated that insulin secretion is already changed at early stages of
      coronary disease, and the pattern of change is presented.

PMID- 2657184
TI  - [Clinical characteristics and diagnosis of stenocardia in persons with normal
      coronary vessels].
AB  - To date, the clinical pattern and electrocardiographic diagnosis of only one
      variant of coronary heart disease (CHD) with unchanged coronarogram, Prinzmetal's
      angina, have been worked out, while the diagnosis of other variants remains
      undeveloped. Clinical symptoms and possibilities of CHD diagnosis in the presence
      of intact coronary arteries have been evaluated in 67 coronary patients, the
      coronarograms being normal in 46 of those. The diagnosis of CHD was verified by
      means of various instrumental methods, including electrocardiographic tests and
      myocardial metabolic studies in conditions of frequent atrial stimulations. The
      results were computerized, using a specifically designed programme. Sets of signs
      identifying coronary patients with intact coronary arteries at questioning and
      noninvasive investigation are presented.

PMID- 2657185
TI  - [Effect of coronary arterial occlusion on prostacyclin biosynthesis in dogs of
      various ages].
AB  - In acute experiments in animals of different age, local myocardial ischemia was
      stimulated, and the pattern of change in prostacyclin biosynthesis by segments of
      ischemized and normal coronary arteries was studied. Prostacyclin biosynthesis by
      coronary arterial segments was much more intensive in young animals, as compared
      to adult ones. Ischemized arterial segments of pups were also shown to produce a
      much smaller quantity of prostacyclin, as compared to control animals and to
      adult levels. The demonstrated findings may be making an important pathogenetic
      contribution to ischemic heart damage.

PMID- 2657186
TI  - [Muscle function therapy of the orofacial area].
AB  - Many disabilities, motorial disorders, tics, behaviour disturbances, habits,
      greater or smaller dysfunctions in the oral system and speech and voice damages
      concern the paediatrician in his daily practice. Very often these problems appear
      in combination or together with other pathologies, sometimes within difficult
      complex diseases. Different symptoms are mentioned helpful to the paediatrician.
      Often must be used diagnosis and therapy of different branches in a connected
      team-work. The demonstrated conception of the myofunctional therapy in the oro
      facial system developed by the two authors, has to be seen in this respect. This
      conception has been tested on patients with dysgnathias, dyslalias and the two
      oro-facial dysfunctions deviate swallowing and habitual mouthbreathing.
      Characteristic features of this conception, its sources, its elements, its
      course, its methodical principles and its position in a paediatric complex
      therapy are demonstrated.

PMID- 2657187
TI  - [The bifidogenic effect of breast milk. Theories and facts].
AB  - Human milk has the unique capability to originate and maintain a predominance of
      bifidobacteria in the large bowel of infants. There is evidence, that besides
      other protective factors this special microbiologic effect may have beneficial
      influences on the resistance against enteral infections as well as on a symbiotic
      utilization of some milk components. This is the reason, why there have been many
      attempts in past to imitate the bifidogenic effect in infant formulas. The
      different theories formed for the classification of this principle focus on
      either the low buffer capacity of mother's milk, the mutarotation of lactose and
      the existence of antimicrobial and bifidus growth factors, respectively. The
      bifidogenic principle is, however, in all probability not related to only one of
      these factors. It can rather be considered a complex of interacting factors, of
      which rapid gastric emptying due to the relatively high concentration of free
      amino acids and peptides, missing bacterial colonization of the small bowel,
      absence of antigenic effects of the food protein and low enterocyte regeneration
      may play an additional role. These aspects can be looked upon as a challenge for
      further research on mother's milk composition and on the metabolic effects of its
      constituents in future.

PMID- 2657188
TI  - [Albrecht Peiper (1889-1968)--the pediatrician and scientific personality on his
      100th birthday, 23 October 1989].
AB  - Peiper's scientifical biography and his contribution for development of GDR
      pediatrics in the 50th are described. His manyfold activities as physician and
      scientist during his directorship in the department of pediatrics of Leipzig
      university (1948-1958) are appreciated.

PMID- 2657189
TI  - [Prevention of suture incompetence in end-to-end anastomoses].
AB  - On the basis of the experimental investigation and clinical observations, the
      authors consider that the formation of inter-intestinal end-to-end anastomosis
      with two-layer interrupted suture of non-absorbable material creates the
      prerequisites for the development of suture failure and anastomotic stenosis. The
      removal of the mesothelium of the sutured intestinal surfaces leads to the early
      formation of adhesions between the organs. The first-turn placing of the internal
      layer of sutures with tightening the threads provides their timely eruption and
      rejection. The suturing of the mesenterial sites of the intestine with the
      surfaces covered by serous membrane increases the safety of anastomotic sutures
      and creates convenience for the work of a surgeon.

PMID- 2657190
TI  - [Compression anastomoses in abdominal surgery].

PMID- 2657191
TI  - [Diseases of the epiploic appendages of the colon].

PMID- 2657192
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of postoperative intestinal paresis with serotonin
      adipinate].

PMID- 2657194
TI  - [Joseph Lister and his followers in Russia (on the 160th anniversary of his birth
      and the 120th anniversary of the use of antisepsis)].

PMID- 2657193
TI  - [Primary emergency and delayed autotransplantation of free vascularized tissues
      in the reconstructive microsurgery of severe injuries and traumatic amputation of
      the extremities].

PMID- 2657195
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery of the deep femoral artery in the treatment of
      arteriosclerotic occlusions of the femoropopliteal segment].
AB  - The work analyzes the results of 29 reconstructions of the profunda femoris
      artery (PFA) which were performed for acute and chronic occlusions of the
      femoropopliteal arterial segment in elderly patients with stage III-IV
      atherosclerosis obliterans and marked concomitant pathological conditions. The
      cumulative rate of patency of the zone of reconstruction was studied in late
      follow-up periods of up to 5 years. The authors determined the indications and
      contraindications for isolated PFA plastics. The superficial veins of the upper
      extremity served as the plastic material.

PMID- 2657196
TI  - [Trauma of the iliac blood vessels].
AB  - The authors generalized experience in the treatment of 32 patients with closed
      (in 7), puncture-incised (in 8) and iatrogenic (in 17) injuries to the iliac
      vessels. Three patients had a concurrent acute injury to the main arteries and
      veins, one patient had a posttraumatic arteriovenous fistula. Operations were
      performed on 29 persons: restorative operation on the main vessels in 21 and
      ligation of the vessels in 8 patients. The arterial blood flow was completely
      restored in 11 patients, the venous blood flow - in 8 patients. The lethality in
      injuries to the iliac vessels of various genesis was 9.4%.

PMID- 2657197
TI  - [Surgical treatment of injuries of the bile ducts].
AB  - The bile ducts were injured during cholecystectomy in 143 of 155 patients treated
      at the clinic. In most cases (78) the iatrogenic injuries occurred under
      conditions of a severe inflammatory and cicatricial process in the zone of the
      cystic neck and hepaticocholedochus. Mortality in correction of a fresh injury of
      the duct by the traditional methods was 11.1%. An alternative approach to
      improvement of the results of surgical treatment of injury to the bile ducts and
      its late-term sequelae may be the use of precision techniques with application of
      sutures of nonreactive and nonlithogenous monofilamentous suture materials.

PMID- 2657198
TI  - [Diagnosis of ocular Chlamydia infections. Experiences with 2 test systems].
AB  - It is well known that both direct and indirect test systems are available for
      identifying chlamydial infections. In the author's laboratory two of these
      systems were compared by examining conjunctival scrapings, sera, and tears from
      more than 150 patients with chronic, therapy-resistant conjunctivitis. The
      principal criteria considered were the time and technical effort involved and the
      sensitivity and specificity of these tests in ophthalmology. According to the
      authors' findings, direct identification of the pathogens with FITC-labeled
      monoclonal antibodies is useful for diagnosing fresh infections. In cases of
      chronic disease, however, the indirect serologic test is of greater value,
      because it is usually impossible to isolate the viruses. This test shows specific
      IgA and IgG antibodies in serum and tears that do not occur before the tenth
      (IgA) or 30th (IgG) day after infection. The sensitivity and specificity of both
      tests seem to be on a par with the culture system, which is still the "gold
      standard" for diagnosis. For a secure diagnosis both test systems should be used,
      though of course always taking the clinical picture into consideration.

PMID- 2657199
TI  - [Treatment of glaucoma chronicum simplex with a combination of 0.5 percent
      timolol with 0.5 percent adrenaline plus 0.3 percent guanethidine].
AB  - The effect on the intraocular pressure of patients with primary open-angle
      glaucoma of a combination of timolol 0.5% with epinephrine 0.5% plus guanethidine
      3% was studied and compared with the effects of timolol alone, of epinephrine
      0.5% plus guanethidine 3%, and of other glaucoma drugs. The combination of
      timolol 0.5% with epinephrine 0.5% plus guanethidine 3% had a stronger effect on
      intraocular pressure (reduction 10.9 +/- 1.1 mm Hg) than epinephrine 0.5% plus
      guanethidine 3% (7.6 +/- 0.9 mm Hg) or timolol alone (5.8 +/- 1.1 mm Hg) or other
      glaucoma drugs. However, when the three substances are administered in
      combination therapy may show an addition of both pressure-lowering and side
      effects.

PMID- 2657200
TI  - [The effect of levobunolol eyedrops on trabecular outflow of aqueous humor in
      chronic simple glaucoma].
AB  - The present paper reports a double-blind, cross-over, randomized study in which
      31 patients (62 eyes) suffering from open-angle glaucoma were included. These
      patients were treated for one year with 0.5% levobunolol and 0.5% timolol
      ophthalmic solutions and followed up. Tonographic examinations of outflow
      facility showed a statistically significant increase following topical
      applications of 0.5% levobunolol, while there was little change with 0.5%
      timolol. The difference in the effect of outflow facility due to instillations of
      0.5% levobunolol and 0.5% timolol can be explained by the different
      pharmacokinetic profiles of the two beta-blocker solutions in topical ocular
      application.

PMID- 2657201
TI  - [Clinical and ultrastructural classification of Reis-Buckler corneal dystrophy].
AB  - Reis-Bucklers' corneal dystrophy has been incorrectly defined in the English
      literature: the corneal opacities described in most reports on it do not
      correspond to Bucklers' original findings, but are equivalent to Thiel and
      Behnke's honeycomb corneal dystrophy. Moreover, the synonym "annular dystrophy"
      is based on a misunderstanding and ought to be replaced by the term "maplike
      dystrophy". Perhaps due to the misnomer, annular or honeycomblike subepithelial
      opacities have come to be regarded as Reis-Bucklers' dystrophy. Subsequently,
      histologic and ultra-structural features were also evolved from such supposed
      cases, and the curly, electron-dense filaments were regarded as pathognomonic.
      The erroneous definition in the standard literature has been causing diagnostic
      confusion ever since. Research in the older literature and studies of the
      author's own patients have established the following original features of Reis
      Bucklers' dystrophy: (1) dominant inheritance, (2) early manifestation and rapid
      progression, (3) painful attacks during childhood, (4) subepithelial corneal
      opacities extending almost to the limbus, (5) maplike opacity pattern, (6)
      sheetlike deposits replacing Bowman's membrane in histologic sections, (7)
      electron-dense rod-shaped bodies observed by electron microscopy. The original
      Reis-Bucklers' dystrophy resembles granular corneal dystrophy (Groenouw I)
      histochemically and ultrastructurally, but differs from it in its clinical
      symptoms, corneal opacity pattern, histopathological arrangement, and probably
      gene linkage as well. The condition commonly referred to as Reis-Bucklers'
      dystrophy in the literature is in fact Thiel and Behnke's honeycomb corneal
      dystrophy.

PMID- 2657202
TI  - [Chamber angle findings following implantation of "chamber angle" supported
      lenses of the Dubroff and Kelman-Multiflex type].
AB  - The authors examined 92 eyes after planned ICCE combined with implantation of
      anterior chamber lenses on average 16.5 months after surgery (range: 6 to 37
      months). Two types of lenses were used, namely Kelman-Multiflex and Dubroff. The
      tissue reactions at the points of contact of the lens haptics in the chamber
      angle were classified gonioscopically. Even though it was found that reactive
      tissue reached the filtering trabecular meshwork in some cases (2% of haptic
      points of Kelman-Multiflex lenses and 15% of those of Dubroff lenses), no
      significant increase in intraocular pressure was observed. Comparing advantages
      and disadvantages as regards facility of implantation as well as the probability
      of hazardous tissue reactions, neither type can be said to be clearly preferable.

PMID- 2657203
TI  - [Preoperative irradiation before enucleation in malignant melanoma of the uvea.
      Review of the literature and initial personal experiences].
AB  - The results of animal experiments and clinical studies concerning preoperative
      radiation of malignant extraocular tumors suggest that pre-enucleation radiation
      may be helpful in reducing the incidence of tumor-related death after enucleation
      of an eye containing a melanoma. Based on a retrospective study of 80 patients
      with malignant melanomas of the choroid or ciliary body, in which pre-enucleation
      irradiation with 8.5 Gray or 20 Gray was performed, no beneficial effect could be
      found in terms of better survival. The need for a prospective, randomized and
      possibly multicentered study is emphasized.

PMID- 2657204
TI  - Clinical features and management of amebic liver abscess. Experience from 29
      patients.
AB  - 29 patients with amebic liver abscess were evaluated in a study to examine
      clinical picture, laboratory data, epidemiology, radiologic methods, and therapy.
      Since the clinical picture was unspecific a considerable amount of misdiagnoses
      occurred, and often originated from pulmonary symptoms. To establish diagnosis
      one should rely on the triad with positive amebic serology, intrahepatic scanning
      defects, and clinical picture with fever, right upper quadrant pain, and
      hepatomegaly. Nearly all patients had an exposure history of travel or
      immigration from endemic areas in the tropics. Medical therapy with metronidazole
      alone is highly effective and leads to defervescence and clinical improvement
      usually within 3-5 days. Invasive procedures, such as needle aspiration or
      surgical drainage of the abscess are rarely needed; these invasive methods
      neither shorten the course of the disease nor improve prognosis.

PMID- 2657205
TI  - Cyclosporin drug monitoring: comparison of four immunoassays and HPLC.
AB  - Cyclosporin blood trough levels were measured with four different immunoassays
      and high-performance liquid chromatography in 12 patients receiving low-dose
      steroids and CsA after kidney transplantation. These patients represent a
      selection with an uncomplicated posttransplant course and received no drugs with
      a known influence on CsA pharmacokinetics. The use of specific antibodies against
      the parent drug yielded levels comparable to those detected by HPLC. CsA levels
      measured with nonspecific antibodies exceeded those measured with specific ones
      by a factor of two to three. All immunoassay-detected CsA levels correlated
      significantly with the HPLC-determined CsA levels. In addition, blood levels of
      the CsA metabolites 1, 17, 18, and 21 were determined by HPLC. In one additional
      patient, who was under tuberculostatic treatment and had a transitory
      deterioration of liver function, levels of nonspecific-antibody-determined CsA
      rose, as confirmed by rising levels of metabolite 17, while those of the parent
      drug fell. We conclude that routine drug monitoring should include at least one
      immunoassay with a specific antibody detecting the unchanged CsA, and a
      supplementary immunoassay with a nonspecific antibody detecting a composition of
      cross-reacting metabolites plus the unchanged substance. If available, HPLC
      should be used to confirm levels of CsA and its metabolites in patients with
      suspected alteration of their CsA metabolism.

PMID- 2657206
TI  - [Diagnosis of very early arteriosclerosis vascular changes using Duplex
      sonography].
AB  - The technical evolution of ultrasonic equipment provides a high resolution
      imaging analysis of the vessel wall and thereby offers new possibilities in
      diagnosing very early atherosclerotic changes. The typical B-mode image in human
      and animal arteries shows parallel wall contures enclosing a hypoechoic space. In
      this study in Vitro- and in Vivo-experiments in rabbit aortas document the
      distance between these contures correlating histologically with a high
      cholesterol diet caused a broadening of the hypoechoic space in the rabbit aortic
      vessel wall. The data demonstrate that high resolution Duplex Sonography is a
      usefull noninvasive approach for the detection of very early atherosclerotic
      changes in arterial vessel walls in a stage before plaques can be identified.

PMID- 2657207
TI  - [Clinico-immunologic effectiveness of chlorophyllypt in the treatment of acute
      destructive pneumonia].
AB  - An attempt has been made to replace antibiotics by chlorophyllypt (0.25 per cent
      solution in physiological sodium chloride solution administered by intravenous
      drip). The clinical, laboratory and X-ray parameters in 22 patients treated by
      this drug normalized in earlier terms than those in 19 patients who received the
      traditional antibiotic therapy. Chlorophyllypt was found to have the
      immunocorrective effect manifested by the normalization of the T-lymphocyte
      number and their theophylline-resistant subpopulation. No such an effect was
      achieved when broad-action antibiotics were used.

PMID- 2657208
TI  - [Experience using autovaccines in the treatment of chronic suppurative diseases].

PMID- 2657209
TI  - [Alimentary outbreak of tonsillitis].

PMID- 2657210
TI  - [About the illness of Karl Marx].

PMID- 2657211
TI  - [The history of the illness of M.V. Lomonosov].

PMID- 2657212
TI  - [Francois Brusset (on the 150th anniversary of his death)].

PMID- 2657213
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of benign cicatricial strictures of the bile ducts].

PMID- 2657214
TI  - [Pancreatic hormones and gastrin in patients with acute dysentery].
AB  - The incretory pancreatic function has been studied in 35 patients with a
      moderately severe course of acute dysentery. The blood plasma content of insulin,
      glucagon and gastrin was determined by means of radioimmunoassay with standard
      kits during the acute course of the disease and prior to discharge of patients.
      The endocrine pancreatic function was found to be deranged with an increased
      insulin content during convalescence; the glucagon content was decreased during
      the period of the disease and the gastrin content was decreased in the acute
      period.

PMID- 2657215
TI  - [Use of diuretics in the treatment of patients with viral hepatitis].
AB  - The effectiveness of intensification of diuresis by means of hypothiaside and
      furosemide has been studied during treatment of 135 patients with viral hepatitis
      A and B. Both these agents were found to posses the same effect which was
      manifested by lessening of the intoxication syndrome, total blood toxicity and
      convalescence terms. A therapeutic effect of diuretics is most pronounced in
      moderately severe form of the disease.

PMID- 2657216
TI  - The 'normalization' of germ-free guineapigs with host-specific caecal microflora.
AB  - Hysterectomy-derived germ-free guineapigs were given colonization-resistant
      caecal flora from mice (mCRF) or microflora obtained from the caecum of an
      antibiotic-decontaminated conventional guineapig (gpCRF) and compared with
      guineapigs raised conventionally with the sow. Body weight and the following
      intestinal parameters were determined for the groups: colonization resistance
      (CR) to Escherichia coli, relative caecal weight (RCW), beta-aspartylglycine
      (faeces), volatile fatty acids (caecum) and bile acids (faeces). mCRF guineapigs
      showed values quite different from control animals for CR and RCW, indicating the
      unsuitability of mouse CRF for normalizing guineapigs. In gpCRF guineapigs CR and
      RCW values were comparable with controls, indicating the suitability of the
      guineapig flora for normalizing guineapigs. mCRF guineapigs housed with gpCRF
      guineapigs, showed an improvement in CR and RCW, yielding values found in control
      animals.

PMID- 2657217
TI  - Gastrointestinal flora of cotton rats.
AB  - The gastrointestinal (GI) flora of cotton rats was examined. No lactobacilli were
      detected in any part of the GI tract. Anaerobes, including Peptococcaceae,
      Bacteroidaceae, bifidobacteria and eubacteria, were the predominant bacteria in
      the stomach, small intestine, caecum and faeces. Aerobes and facultative
      anaerobes, including Enterobacteriaceae and streptococci, were detected at low
      numbers and very low frequency of occurrence in all parts of the GI tract. Sixty
      one isolates of bifidobacteria were recovered from the stomach, small intestine,
      caecum and faeces of cotton rats. They were identified as Bifidobacterium
      animalis, B. pseudolongum biovar a and b. The study showed that the GI flora of
      cotton rats seem to be very different from the GI flora in other rodents.

PMID- 2657218
TI  - Transducers, sensors, and instrumentation in clinical biomechanics.
AB  - Successful measurements in any field are dependent on the availability of
      appropriate transducer materials and the associated instrumentation. In recent
      years there has been a most welcome advance in both these areas. If we consider
      first the transducer developments that have recently taken place, these have much
      to do with the discovery and application of new materials such as electroactive
      polymers, fibre optic devices and many others. Instrumentation has largely
      benefitted from the microelectronics revolution. Our ability to process and
      ultimately display data has improved to a remarkable extent. Indeed, the designer
      of instrumentation is under enormous pressure to convert the data into the
      digital domain as early as possible simply because the resulting instrument will
      usually be easier to design and construct, more accurate, more reliable, smaller
      and possibly more important still, cheaper. This paper reviews some of these
      developments, gives a number of examples of applications in the clinical
      biomechanics area and makes some predictions for future developments.

PMID- 2657219
TI  - Measurement of soft tissue thickness over the sacrum of elderly hospital patients
      using B-mode ultrasound.
AB  - The thickness of soft tissues over the sacrum of elderly hospital in-patients has
      been measured using B-mode ultrasound. Forty patients were scanned, of which nine
      had recognizable superficial pressure sores at the sacrum. No correlation was
      found between the depth of soft tissue and either age or Norton score. Patients
      with sores had less soft tissue over the sacrum (p less than 0.025). Excluding
      one patient whose sacral sore appeared to be the final stage of the healing
      process, the remaining eight all had less than 8.5 mm of sacral soft tissue
      cover. Five patients without sacral sores also had less than 8.5 mm of sacral
      soft tissue cover. However, a combination of the presence of incontinence and the
      depth of sacral soft tissue cover identified seven of the eight patients with
      sacral sores with no inclusion of patients without sores.

PMID- 2657220
TI  - Non-suture repair of tendons.
AB  - A set of metal clamps cooled by liquid nitrogen were developed to hold the ends
      of tendons during in vitro tension tests. These were then used to determine the
      strength of whole human tendons, and human tendons repaired in vitro by sutures
      or by cyanoacrylate glues with or without suturing. The mean ultimate load of the
      intact human tendons was 1065 N, and the ultimate stress was 99.02 MN m-2. The
      repairs gave values of 0.3-2.3% of those of intact human tendon. Tendons were
      then repaired in vivo by a Kessler suture technique using braided polyester
      sutures with or without augmentation by a butyl cyanoacrylate glue (Histoacryl).
      At six months post-repair all tendons were as strong as the unoperated
      contralateral tendons. The glue augmented sutures were stronger than those not so
      augmented. A scanning electron micrograph of a tension tested glued tendon showed
      that it had failed by cohesive failure, i.e. failure of the inter-glue bonds
      rather than failure at the glue/tendon interface.

PMID- 2657221
TI  - Phosphorylation of steroid receptors.

PMID- 2657222
TI  - Primary choriocarcinoma of the lung: report of a case treated with intensive
      multimodality therapy and review of the literature.
AB  - Primary choriocarcinomas of the lung are extremely rare. Like choriocarcinomas
      elsewhere, they possess rapid growth ability and a high propensity to
      metastasize. There is minimal information available on the treatment of lung
      choriocarcinoma. In the case reported herein, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) infusion, etoposide, and cisplatin induced a partial response
      permitting complete excision of a massive tumor of the right upper lobe involving
      the chest wall and superior vena cava. The patient relapsed with a metastasis to
      the brain that was surgically excised. Contralateral lung metastases were soon
      noted and responded well to systemic chemotherapy; yet the patient died of a new
      brain metastasis. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a primary
      choriocarcinoma of the lung treated with intensive multimodality therapy. The
      latter seems to offer a potential benefit if certain guidelines are followed.

PMID- 2657223
TI  - Inhibition of accelerated cardiac allograft arteriosclerosis by fish oil.
AB  - Accelerated coronary arteriosclerosis remains the most important factor limiting
      long-term survival of heart transplant recipients, and dietary fish oil
      supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been suggested to
      have a protective effect against coronary disease in epidemiologic studies and to
      inhibit arteriosclerosis in animal experiments. Therefore we tested the
      hypothesis that fish oil administration inhibits the development of allograft
      coronary arteriosclerosis by using a heterotopic heart transplant model. Three
      groups of Lewis rats (n = 10 each) received heterotopic heart transplants from
      Brown-Norway donors and were treated with cyclosporine intraperitoneally on a
      tapering schedule. Group 1 received fish oil daily by gavage (2 ml/kg/day;
      Emulsified Super MaxEpa, Twin Labs, Ronkonkona, N.Y.). Group 2 received an equal
      amount of safflower oil, as well as aspirin (1 mg/kg/day) and dipyridamole (3
      mg/kg/day). Group 3 received safflower oil only. All rats were put to death 110
      days later, at which time there was no statistically significant difference in
      graft function as assessed by palpation (scale 0 to 4, mean = 3.7 +/- 0.5 [+/-
      standard deviation]; analysis of variance: p = 0.72) or in microscopic grade of
      rejection (scale, 0 = none to 3 = severe, mean 2.1 +/- 0.6; analysis of variance:
      p = 0.68) between any of the groups. The coronary arteries were histologically
      scored for the degree of arteriosclerosis (scale, 0 = normal to 3 = occluded),
      and a mean grade of coronary disease was calculated for each heart. The fish oil
      treated group had significantly less severe allograft coronary arteriosclerosis
      (analysis of variance: p = 0.005) than did groups 2 and 3 (mean grade 0.23 +/-
      0.22 versus 1.04 +/- 0.75 and 0.96 +/- 0.55 (p less than 0.05, Scheffe F test),
      whereas groups 2 and 3 had similar degrees of coronary disease (p = no
      significant difference). These data demonstrate that fish oil supplementation
      inhibited accelerated coronary arteriosclerosis in this cyclosporine-treated
      heart allograft rat model, whereas antiplatelet agents in these doses were
      ineffective. Although the mechanism of this protective effect remains
      incompletely understood, it does not appear to involve enhanced
      immunosuppression. Fish oil and specific omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
      should be further investigated as potentially useful agents to ameliorate
      accelerated allograft coronary arteriosclerosis in other animal species and
      perhaps eventually in man.

PMID- 2657224
TI  - Perioperative exposure to plasticizers in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary
      bypass.
AB  - Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and its principal metabolite, mono(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate, are contaminants of blood that are extracted on contact
      with polyvinylchloride surfaces, such as blood collection bags and tubing used in
      cardiopulmonary bypass. In this study, levels of the two plasticizers were
      measured in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, orthotopic
      transplantation, implantation of the Jarvik 7-70 total artificial heart during
      bridge-to-transplant procedures, and in infants who underwent corrective
      operations for congenital defects. In all adult patients the levels of di(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate increased tenfold by the end of cardiopulmonary bypass,
      whereas the levels of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate increased ninefold. In infants,
      levels of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate rose seven times by the end of bypass and
      mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate rose significantly as well. In most of the patients
      having coronary bypass, the two plasticizers declined to preoperative levels
      within 24 hours. However, in some of the patients having orthotopic
      transplantation and in those in whom the Jarvik 7-70 total artificial heart was
      used as a bridge to transplant, the levels were still detectable 120 hours
      postoperatively. Circulating levels of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate are only 20-
      to 35-fold lower in patients undergoing cardiac operations than the level of
      mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate causing a 50% reduction in developed contractile
      force and arrhythmias in an in vitro human atrial trabecular preparation. This
      study shows that patients with multisystem failure and infants may be at risk for
      this acute exposure to mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.

PMID- 2657225
TI  - Lung function after prolonged lung preservation.
AB  - Our previous study revealed significant improvement in lung preservation with a
      new solution, the UCLA formula, which contains verapamil and is based on a
      glucose-insulin-potassium solution. In this study, we extended the preservation
      time up to 12 hours and, using various parameters, compared lung function after
      12 hours' preservation with that after 6 hours' preservation. The left lung of 15
      dogs was perfused with 300 ml of the UCLA formula (4 degrees C) and preserved for
      6 hours in eight dogs (group A) and for 12 hours in the other seven dogs (group
      B). The preserved left lung was then autotransplanted and pulmonary function was
      evaluated during the following 2 weeks. The oxygen tension was monitored at 2 and
      12 hours postoperatively, then daily for 1 week, and on the fourteenth
      postoperative day. The right pulmonary artery was temporarily occluded to assess
      the function of the preserved left lung alone. Oxygen tension in group A was
      maintained within the normal range. By contrast, in group B transient
      deterioration in oxygen tension was observed from the third to the fourth
      postoperative day (p less than 0.01), improving toward the normal range by the
      seventh day. Pulmonary vascular resistance was significantly elevated after
      transplantation in group B, improving to the normal range by the fourteenth
      postoperative day. Lung compliance, according to the airway pressure-tidal volume
      curve, also deteriorated significantly in group B (p less than 0.01), improving
      to the normal range within 2 weeks. Lung perfusion scintigraphy with technetium
      labeled macroaggregated albumin was performed on the fourth day after the
      operation. The ratio of left to right pulmonary flow on the fourth postoperative
      day was 57.1 +/- 8.5% in group A and 52.2% +/- 12.3% in group B (no significant
      difference). In conclusion, temporary deterioration of lung function was observed
      after 12 hours of lung preservation, manifested by impaired oxygen exchange and
      loss of compliance.

PMID- 2657226
TI  - Pathophysiology of the spinal cord studied in vitro.
AB  - We describe the use of isolated hemisected mouse spinal cords for
      pathophysiological investigations and analyze the responses evoked and recorded
      with suction electrodes in spinal roots. Dorsal root (DR) recordings from
      preparations in control solution show a directly evoked fiber volley (FV); an
      early postsynaptic spike generated by neurons in spinal gray matter and picked up
      by volume conduction (DRR1); and a 'slow' dorsal root potential (DRP). The
      'conventional' dorsal root reflex (here termed DRR2) was absent or very small in
      control medium but became very prominent in elevated bath [Ca2+]. DRP and DRR2
      but not DRR1 are depressed by GABAA antagonists. Recordings from VR contain the
      electrotonically conducted VRepsp and superimposed monosynaptic reflex discharge
      (VRR1). Rarely in control medium but regularly in elevated bath [Ca2+] a GABA
      dependent late reflex (VRR2) appears (see also Duchen, 1986). The effects of
      varying bath concentrations of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ on evoked responses are briefly
      summarized. Irregularly timed spontaneous discharges appear in DR and VR
      recordings when [Ca2+] is elevated above 1.8 or 2.4 mM, and when [Mg2+] is
      lowered to 0.4 mM. In hypoxic solution synaptically transmitted responses fail in
      10 to 20 min, but persist longer when [Ca2+] is elevated. Unexpectedly, spreading
      depression (SD)-like responses were recorded in some preparations during hypoxia.
      Following hypoxia, after synaptically transmitted responses recovered,
      spontaneous activity developed in DR and VR recordings.

PMID- 2657227
TI  - Low threshold calcium spikes, intrinsic neuronal oscillation and rhythm
      generation in the CNS.
AB  - Field potential studies in vivo have shown that many subcortical structures, such
      as the inferior olivary nucleus, the thalamic nuclei and the lateral habenular
      nucleus, generate behaviorally relevant rhythms. In each region, intracellular
      analysis in brain slices has revealed that activation of a transient, low
      threshold calcium current plays a pivotal role in rhythmogenesis. The membrane
      potential of each individual neuron may oscillate rhythmically as a result of
      interplay between this current and other inward and outward voltage and calcium
      dependent currents. Synchronization of this oscillatory single-cell activity,
      through mutual interaction and/or appropriately timed afferent drive, results in
      generation of stereotyped population rhythms.

PMID- 2657228
TI  - Prostaglandin I2 synthase in the lymphatic endothelium of rat liver as revealed
      by preembedding immunoelectron microscopy.
AB  - Localization of prostaglandin I2 synthase-like immunoreactivity (PGI2SI) in the
      lymphatic endothelium of rat liver was investigated by means of preembedding
      immunoelectron microscopy. Vesicular and multivesicular bodies with PGI2SI were
      closely apposed to Golgi complexes of the endothelial cells. Membrane-bounded
      PGI2SI structures including vesicular and dense bodies were also present beneath
      the endothelial plasmalemma on both luminal and abluminal sides. Other organelles
      within the endothelial cells did not exhibit PGI2SI. These findings are
      consistent with previous biochemical and physiological studies suggesting
      prostaglandin I2 is produced in the Golgi apparatus and released into luminal and
      abluminal spaces through membrane-bounded structures containing PGI2SI.

PMID- 2657229
TI  - Proliferative effect of interleukin-3 on normal and leukemic human B cell
      precursors.
AB  - We have examined the influence of recombinant, human IL-3 on normal and leukemic
      B cell precursors. CD10/CALLA+ leukemic B cell precursors, the pre-B cell line
      BLIN-1, and surface IgM-B cell precursors isolated from fetal bone marrow all
      responded to IL-3. This IL-3 response was dose-dependent and could be abrogated
      by a rabbit anti-IL-3 antiserum. Binding studies using radiolabeled IL-3 revealed
      the presence of approximately 200 high affinity IL-3 receptors on the BLIN-1 cell
      line, with a KD of 150pM. We conclude that normal and leukemic human B cell
      precursors express functional IL-3 receptors, extending the biologic range of
      this hematopoietin to the lymphoid lineage.

PMID- 2657230
TI  - Human bone marrow cytogenetics: growth factors stimulate metaphases for specific
      lineages.
AB  - Fresh and/or frozen bone marrow cells from five healthy individuals and seven
      patients with myeloid leukemia were studied using growth factors and a
      cytogenetic technique which allows simultaneous analysis of karotype and cell
      lineage. Cell lineages were identified using monoclonal antibodies in an alkaline
      phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase staining method. In general, cultures
      stimulated with a colony stimulating factor containing conditioned medium (CSF)
      and erythropoietin (EPO) had a higher (approximately 2-fold) mitotic index (MI)
      than cultures without these growth factors (maximum 7.0 vs. 3.8 after 4-day
      culture). The significantly higher MI in cultures with growth factors was shown
      to result from an increase in both erythrocytic and granulocytic-monocytic
      mitoses. Every culture with CSF and EPO had more erythrocytic metaphases than the
      identical culture without these growth factors (mean erythrocytic MI 3.1 vs. 0.3,
      p = 0.01 in healthy subjects; 6.9 vs. 0, p = 0.05 in leukemia). In each of the
      three patients showing an increased MI where lineage-specific MI was studied, the
      granulocytic-monocytic MI increased (mean 4.0 vs. 2.1, p = 0.05). These data
      suggest that growth factors increase the number of metaphases available for
      cytogenetic analysis from fresh or frozen marrow, and may be used to stimulate
      metaphases from specific lineages.

PMID- 2657231
TI  - Analysis of the individual and combined reactivities of monoclonal antibodies
      H25, H366, and MY9 with normal progenitor cells and blast cells from patients
      with acute myeloblastic leukemia.
AB  - Recently we reported that two monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), H25 and H366, which
      react with human natural killer cells and monocytes, also react with normal in
      vitro colony-forming cells including granulocyte-monocyte colony-forming units
      (CFU-GM), erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E), and erythroid colony-forming
      units and with leukemic blasts in preliminary testing of cells from patients with
      myeloid leukemias and T cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. In the present studies
      we examined the reactivities of MoAbs H25, H366, and MY9 (singly or combined)
      with the total leukemic cell population and the leukemic clonogenic cells (L-CFC)
      from 28 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Using cytofluorography, we
      found the extent of expression of antigen H25 comparable to MY9 in the majority
      of patients, and both were more highly expressed than antigen H366. Incubation
      with H25 and H366 MoAbs simultaneously did not increase the number of positive
      cells over that seen when stained with H25 alone; however, the amount of antibody
      fluorescence intensity (FI) was increased. Leukemic cells simultaneously stained
      with MoAbs H25, H366, and MY9 displayed the highest number of positive cells and
      FI. Using magnetic beads coated with sheep anti-mouse IgG for depleting antibody
      binding cells, greater than or equal to 90% of L-CFC were depleted by a
      combination of H25 and H366 MoAbs in 76% of AML cases tested as compared to 41%
      of the cases with MoAb MY9. Using a MoAb cocktail of H25, H366, and MY9, greater
      than or equal to 90% of L-CFC were depleted in 94% of cases tested, and greater
      than or equal to 99% of L-CFC were removed in 76% of the cases. Using the same
      depletion methods for normal bone marrow cells, a combination of anti-H25 and
      anti-H366 removed 90%, 98%, and 84% of CFU-GM, BFU-E, and multipotent colony
      forming units (CFU-GEM), respectively, whereas the cocktail of H25, H366, and MY9
      MoAbs removed 98%, 99.5%, and 97% of CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-GEM, respectively.
      Incubation of H25 and H366-depleted bone marrow cells for 2 weeks in the presence
      of irradiated adherent cell layers from long-term marrow cultures generated CFU
      GM and some BFU-E, as did H25, H366, and MY9-depleted marrow cells, although to a
      much lesser extent. Based on the overall data, combinations of H25, H366, and MY9
      MoAbs and immunomagnetic beads conceivably might have therapeutic potential for
      ex vivo elimination of leukemic cells from AML remission marrows prior to
      autologous transplantation.

PMID- 2657232
TI  - Follow-up of an activity-sensing, rate-modulated pacing device, including
      transtelephonic exercise assessment.
AB  - Single-chamber rate-modulated (ventricular or atrial demand [VVIR or AAIR])
      pacemakers are now an accepted and frequently used pacing modality. Although
      several sensor-driven pacemakers are currently under investigation, activity
      sensing pacemakers have been used most frequently to date. We assessed our
      implantation and follow-up experience with 156 activity-sensing pacemakers.
      Analysis of the patient population revealed an age range of 6 to 91 years and a
      variety of indications for pacing, the most common being atrioventricular block.
      Specific programming techniques were adopted for assessing these pacemakers.
      Although several episodes of reprogramming may be necessary to identify the
      optimal sensor settings for an individual patient, once optimal programming has
      been achieved, the sensing characteristics seem to have long-term stability. An
      important part of our follow-up procedure involves transtelephonic exercise,
      which allows some degree of long-term assessment of the sensor. All but six
      patients with pacemakers programmed to the sensor-driven mode (VVIR or AAIR) had
      evidence of sensor-driven pacing during transtelephonic exercise. Thus, this
      adjunct seems helpful for follow-up of some rate-modulated pacemakers.

PMID- 2657233
TI  - Arteriovenous fistula after biopsy of renal transplant: detection and monitoring
      with color flow and duplex ultrasonography.
AB  - An asymptomatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistula was incidentally discovered by
      color flow and duplex ultrasonography approximately 2 weeks after a percutaneous
      biopsy of a renal allograft. On the basis of information obtained from the color
      flow image and pulsed Doppler analysis, the vascular communication could be
      characterized without the need for angiographic correlation. The patient was
      managed successfully with close observation aided by serial ultrasound
      examinations. Spontaneous resolution of the fistula occurred within 4 weeks after
      the biopsy and was evident on a follow-up ultrasound examination. Duplex
      ultrasonography in conjunction with color flow imaging proved to be a valuable
      noninvasive technique for diagnosing and monitoring this postbiopsy vascular
      complication.

PMID- 2657234
TI  - Update on systemic necrotizing vasculitis.
AB  - The systemic necrotizing vasculitides are classified into vasculitic syndromes on
      the basis of the pattern of clinical and pathologic involvement. The vasculitides
      have certain common clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Systemic necrotizing
      vasculitis is diagnosed on the basis of clinical features, and the vascular
      nature of the disease is determined by biopsy of involved tissue or angiography.
      The outcome is dependent on the extent of visceral involvement. Vascular
      inflammation influences the physiologic features of the vessel and may trigger
      vasoconstriction. Although glucocorticoids combat the inflammation, they may
      augment vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. These effects must be
      considered in designing a management approach and in evaluating the cause and
      management of ischemic complications.

PMID- 2657235
TI  - Wolfgang Ernst Pauli--leading theoretical physicist.

PMID- 2657236
TI  - Endotheliitis in hepatic allografts.
AB  - Endotheliitis (EN) is a feature of hepatic allograft rejection, characterized by
      the adherence of immunocytes to the endothelium of veins, often leading to
      endothelial damage, endophlebitis, and, sometimes, panphlebitis. We found EN at
      least once in 28 of 41 allografts (68%) that had survived 6 months or longer. In
      approximately half the affected cases, the condition recurred. The EN was mild in
      most instances; moderate or severe manifestations were found in only 13% of the
      cases. The histologic changes were present for about 1 week in approximately half
      the cases; a duration of more than 2 weeks was noted in 17%, and then EN usually
      persisted. After retransplantation, recurrence of EN was observed in all of nine
      cases. We were unable to establish specific clinicopathologic and laboratory
      correlations for EN. The immunocytes in EN consisted mainly of helper and
      suppressor/cytotoxic T cells as well as natural killer cells. Sometimes, the
      immunocytes assumed a blastlike appearance; in these instances, the condition was
      severe. Such blastlike changes may be specific for EN. The immunocytes were
      attached to the endothelium by pseudopodia, broad bases, or both; some also were
      interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. Underlying endothelial cells often showed
      evidence of cytoplasmic damage. The pathogenesis of EN is not completely
      understood; the immunocytes probably attach themselves to antigenic epitopes.
      Their nature, however, has not been clearly identified; HLA-A, B, and C and HLA
      DR were displayed in areas of EN, but the antigens also were found in vessels
      without EN.

PMID- 2657237
TI  - Immunohistologic pattern of the portal T-lymphocyte infiltration in hepatic
      allograft rejection.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were used to identify helper T cells (TH) and
      suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (TS/C) in liver allograft biopsy specimens obtained
      7,21,90,180, and 365 days postoperatively and then annually or during episodes of
      graft dysfunction and after treatment of rejection episodes. Biopsy specimens
      were obtained from 70 hepatic allografts from patients treated with cyclosporine
      and corticosteroids. Rejection was diagnosed by the presence of appropriate
      laboratory and light microscopic findings and at least 16 weeks of follow-up to
      exclude other causes of graft dysfunction. Three immunohistologic patterns were
      noted: no or only a trace of T lymphocytes, predominantly TH infiltrate with or
      without a small amount of TS/C cells (portal TH), and a mixture of TH with an
      equal or greater number of TS/C infiltrate (portal mix). Of 68 biopsy specimens
      obtained during quiescent periods, only 3 had a portal tract T-lymphocyte
      infiltrate. Of 30 protocol biopsy specimens, 24 contained such an infiltrate a
      mean of 12.4 days before biochemical and routine histologic indications of
      rejection in the allograft. At the time of the rejection episode, 33 biopsy
      specimens were immunohistologically labeled; portal tract T-lymphocyte infiltrate
      was predominantly TH in 8 and a mixture of TH and TS/C in 25. All rejection
      episodes with a predominantly TH pattern responded to methylprednisolone. Of the
      25 rejection episodes with a portal mix pattern, only 3 responded to
      methylprednisolone. Eighty-seven biopsy specimens were obtained more than 10 days
      after treatment of rejection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657238
TI  - Multiple sclerosis: basic concepts and hypothesis.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, is
      characterized by primary destruction of myelin. This review covers recent
      advances in neuropathology, immunogenetics, neuroimmunology, and neurovirology
      that have provided insights regarding its pathogenesis. Three hypotheses are
      discussed: (1) autoimmunity, (2) "bystander" demyelination, and (3) immune
      destruction of persistently infected oligodendrocytes. A paradigm for induction
      of primary demyelination is proposed in which immune cells recognize "foreign"
      antigens on the surface of oligodendrocytes in the context of major
      histocompatibility complex gene products. The final result of this scheme may be
      "dying-back gliopathy," the alteration being noted first in the most distal
      extension of the oligodendrocyte--that is, the myelin sheaths.

PMID- 2657239
TI  - Multiple sclerosis: update in diagnosis and review of prognostic factors.
AB  - The cornerstone of the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is the neurologic history
      and examination. Support for the diagnosis as well as aid in the exclusion of
      other disorders can be obtained from other investigations. Analysis of
      cerebrospinal fluid can provide evidence of a central nervous system inflammatory
      process; evoked potential studies can provide evidence of subclinical multifocal
      involvement of the central nervous system. Magnetic resonance imaging can reveal
      dissemination of white matter lesions and help in the exclusion of other
      neurologic disorders. These tests have been incorporated into the modern
      diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. The natural history of multiple
      sclerosis is variable; accordingly, early in the clinical course of the disorder,
      predicting the prognosis for a specific patient is usually difficult.
      Nevertheless, some features have limited predictive value.

PMID- 2657240
TI  - Pursuing the perfect pacemaker.

PMID- 2657241
TI  - Current concepts about multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2657242
TI  - Recurrent hepatitis B infection in hepatic allograft.

PMID- 2657243
TI  - Age-related changes in brush border enzymes under different dietary conditions.
AB  - We examined the age-related changes of renal brush border enzymes of male Donryu
      rats under different dietary conditions. High protein diet (51% casein) markedly
      decreased the activity of renal leucine aminopeptidase as compared with low
      protein diet (8% casein). No significant difference, however, was observed in the
      activity of renal maltase between high and low protein diets. Alkaline
      phosphatase activity from young adult (3-month-old) rats in the high protein diet
      group was significantly lower than that in the low protein diet groups. From
      these results, it is inferred that dietary conditions affect the age-related
      alteration of renal brush border enzymes. Together with the previous results, it
      is suggested that proteins of renal brush borders are altered differently during
      the aging process.

PMID- 2657244
TI  - Therapy of secondary T-cell immunodeficiencies with biological substances and
      drugs.
AB  - Thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte defects are common in cancer. Recent advances in
      the understanding of the regulation of T-cell development by biologicals and
      drugs now allow the formulation of better strategies of immune reconstitution to
      correct these defects. Thymic hormone preparations of several types offer one
      type of approach; however, they are somewhat limited in their reconstitutive
      ability. Interleukins (IL), particularly IL-1 and IL-2, appear to be
      complementary to the actions of thymic hormones in promoting T-cell development.
      Two classes of thymomimetic drugs have been identified and are represented by
      levamisole and isoprinosine. These drugs mimic by indirect and direct actions,
      respectively, the actions of thymic hormones. Newer analogs of these compounds
      have emerged which appear more effective. Also new factors, e.g. pituitary
      factors, are emerging which may be potent regulators of the immune system and
      useful in therapy. These agents may now be more effectively integrated with
      cytodestructive therapy in cancer treatment.

PMID- 2657245
TI  - Cimetidine as an immune response modifier.
AB  - Cimetidine, a selective histamine-2 receptor antagonist, has attracted interest
      because of its potential as an immune response-modifying drug. Most data suggest
      that cimetidine has a stimulatory action on the immune system, possibly by
      blocking of receptors on subsets of T-lymphocytes and inhibiting histamine
      induced immune suppression. Several studies have shown that cimetidine can affect
      the relative number of CD8 + ve lymphocytes and increase the NK cell activity as
      well as the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cimetidine has also been
      used successfully to restore immune functions in patients with malignant
      disorders, hypogammaglobulinemia and AIDS-related complexes.

PMID- 2657246
TI  - Immunomodulation with thymopentin: in vitro studies.
AB  - Immunomodulation is interpreted as a temporary alert in a certain part of the
      immune system. The activation of immune competent cells is presented as a
      possible basic mechanism of this phenomenon. In the absence of a primary
      stimulus, immunomodulation remains physiologically silent, but it results in a
      modified immune response if the corresponding targets are being stimulated. For
      practical reasons it is suggested that distinctions be made between preventive
      and regulative immunomodulation. The PWM-induced IgG production of PBMCs was used
      as a model for the demonstration of the modulatory effect of thymopentin in
      vitro. Depending on the concentration of thymopentin used in the cultures, this
      pentapeptide can either stimulate or inhibit the induced IgG production. It also
      influences PGE2 production and catabolism in the cultures stimulated with PWM.
      Indomethacin abolishes the modulatory effect of thymopentin on IgG production in
      this model. It is suggested that the possibility of interactions between an
      immune modulator and therapeutic approaches which can influence the proportions
      or functions of the corresponding target cells be considered.

PMID- 2657247
TI  - Thymulin, a zinc-dependent hormone.
AB  - Thymulin (formerly called FTS) is a well defined nonapeptide hormone produced by
      thymic epithelial cells. Its biological activity and antigenicity depend upon the
      presence of the metal zinc in the molecule. This pharmacologically active
      metallopeptide induces the differentiation of T-cells and enhances several
      functions of the various T-cell subsets in normal or partially thymus-deficient
      recipients. Its effect on suppressor T-cells is, so far, the most remarkable and
      should be the first to find useful clinical applications. The peptide is a
      natural hormone, available in synthetic form. It is not toxic and one may foresee
      its clinical use as one of the major immunoregulatory agents in the near future.

PMID- 2657248
TI  - Therapeutic application of calf thymus extract (TFX).
AB  - The semipurified calf thymus extract, TFX, produced since 1973 by the Polish
      Pharmaceutical Industry (POLFA) has been found to exert biological activities
      meeting criteria for thymic hormones. During the last 15 yr TFX has been
      evaluated independently by several Polish medical centers in over 1000 patients
      with symptomatically different but pathogenically similar human diseases,
      including primary immunodeficient states, bone marrow failure, autoimmune
      disorders, chronic skin diseases, recurrent viral and bacterial infectious
      diseases and some oncological disorders. Long term immunotherapy with TFX-
      expressing the pro-host approach--resulted, in the majority of the observed
      patients, in amelioration of symptoms and signs of the disease and in parallel
      normalization of disturbed immune parameters. It is suggested that IFX (and
      perhaps other thymic hormones) would support, modify and enrich future treatment
      protocols, especially in patients with immunodeficiency-related or chronic immune
      mediated diseases.

PMID- 2657249
TI  - Thymomodulin: biological properties and clinical applications.
AB  - Thymomodulin (Ellem Industria Farmaceutica s.p.a., Milan, Italy) is a calf thymus
      acid lysate derivative, composed of several peptides with a molecular weight
      range of 1-10 kD. Thymomodulin did not exhibit any mutagenic effect. Furthermore,
      thymomodulin used in animal studies showed no toxicity even when used at high
      concentrations. Of major significance are the observations in murine and human
      systems that thymomodulin remains active when administered orally. In vitro and
      in vivo administered thymomodulin was able to induce the maturation of T
      lymphocytes. Additionally, studies in vitro showed that this thymic derivative
      can enhance the functions of mature T-lymphocytes with cascading effects on B
      cell and macrophage functions. Extensive human clinical trials with thymomodulin
      showed that this agent can improve the clinical symptoms observed with various
      disease processes, including infections, allergies and malignancies, and can
      improve immunological functions during ageing.

PMID- 2657250
TI  - Preliminary results on clinical and immunological effects of thymus hormone
      preparations in AIDS.
AB  - The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the newly recognized agent of the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Global defects of the immune
      functions, including T- and B-cell immunity, macrophage functions and cytokine
      production, are commonly observed among patients with HIV infection. Many studies
      have shown thymus involvement and endocrine function impairments among these
      patients. Clinical trials with thymic compounds aiming at restoring the immune
      dysfunctions will be reviewed.

PMID- 2657251
TI  - Effect of the immunomodulator LF 1695 on T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Activity
      in HIV infection.
AB  - LF 1695, a synthetic immunomodulator with a low mol. wt, has been shown to exert
      its activity on T-lymphocytes and macrophages. It induced T-cell differentiation
      of bone marrow precursor cells which acquired the expression of CD3, CD4 and/or
      CD8. It increased lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogens, antigens and
      allogeneic cells. IL-2 production was increased in Con A-activated but not in
      resting lymphocytes. Added to macrophages, LF 1695 augmented IL-1 production and
      LTB4 synthesis but it decreased PGE2 secretion. Hematological reconstitution of
      animals, following bone marrow alteration by irradiation or chemotherapy, was
      accelerated. Many of the effects of this compound may result from the enhancement
      of interleukin production, by macrophages especially. After investigations of LF
      1695 effect on HIV-infected cells, clinical trials have been initiated in AIDS
      and ARC patients.

PMID- 2657253
TI  - [Current neurological indications for magnetic resonance (I)].

PMID- 2657252
TI  - Cyclophosphamide and melphalan as immunopotentiating agents in cancer therapy.
AB  - The murine plasmacytoma, MOPC-315, has been used as a tumor model to investigate
      the immunopotentiating effect of a low dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) or melphalan
      (L-PAM). Each drug was shown to shift the balance in mice bearing a late-stage
      tumor from a state of immunosuppression to that of potent T-cell-dependent
      antitumor immunity against tumor-associated antigens. The resultant immunity
      eradicated the extensive tumor burden not already eradicated by the direct
      tumoricidal activity of the drug and brought about the cure of the mice. The
      immunity responsible for tumor eradication, as well as the immunity responsible
      for the resistance of the cured mice to further tumor challenge, was mediated by
      the Lyt 2 subset of T-cells which contains cytotoxic T-cells. The principle of
      using a low dose of drug to selectively decrease suppressor cell activity so as
      to allow the development of antitumor immunity with the aid of autologous tumor
      vaccine or interleukin-2 has been exploited successfully by clinicians in
      therapeutic protocols for human melanoma.

PMID- 2657254
TI  - [Psychoneuroendocrine aspects of climacteric].

PMID- 2657255
TI  - [Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in Western Africans living in
      Catalonia].
AB  - We have studied retrospectively the presence of serologic markers of type 1 and
      type 2 human immunodeficiency virus infection in 102 subjects coming from West
      Africa and living in Catalonia. We have proven the presence of specific
      antibodies to type 2 human immunodeficiency virus in three asymptomatic subjects
      among whose epidemiologic antecedents the unique risk factor was heterosexual
      promiscuity. These three subjects are the first seropositive to type 2 human
      immunodeficiency virus reported in our country. In none of the studied cases
      serologic markers of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus infection were detected.

PMID- 2657257
TI  - [Medicaid].

PMID- 2657256
TI  - [Indications of autologous bone marrow transplantation].

PMID- 2657258
TI  - [Serological markers in human immunodeficiency virus infection].

PMID- 2657259
TI  - Liver transplantation.
AB  - Liver transplantation has become an established form of therapy for patients with
      almost any type of irreversible and severe liver disease. The remarkable success
      of liver transplantation has resulted from recent advances in immunosuppressive
      therapy, surgical techniques, and patient selection. Additional progress has been
      made in the management of the complex postoperative medical complications that
      may occur. Indeed, liver transplantation has contributed significantly to an
      improved quantity and quality of life for many patients with liver disease.

PMID- 2657260
TI  - Liver disease in pregnancy.
AB  - The entire spectrum of liver diseases may occur in pregnancy. It is useful to
      consider those disorders uniquely associated with pregnancy and those that are
      coincidental. The most common cause of jaundice during pregnancy is viral
      hepatitis. Intrahepatic cholestasis and fatty liver may be peculiar to pregnant
      women. Early recognition of these situations may be life-saving.

PMID- 2657261
TI  - Pathophysiology and treatment of gallstones.
AB  - Spurred on by the discovery of "lithogenic bile" as a precursor, there has been
      much attention focused on the pathophysiology and treatment of gallstones. The
      article reviews the progress to date regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology,
      diagnosis, therapy, and recurrence/prevention of gallstones.

PMID- 2657262
TI  - Drug-induced liver disease.
AB  - The relative importance of drug-induced liver disease assumes much significance
      in certain groups of patients such as the elderly. The majority of cases occur as
      unexpected reactions to a therapeutic dose of a drug. Factors affecting
      susceptibility to drug-induced liver disease are diverse and are discussed in
      this article.

PMID- 2657263
TI  - Hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex reversible syndrome that can progress to
      coma. Recently, behavioral and electrophysiologic ameliorations of HE have been
      reported to occur in animal models of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and, in
      uncontrolled studies, in a majority of patients with FHF or cirrhosis following
      the intravenous administration of the benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor antagonist,
      flumazenil. These observations, while not excluding a role for other mechanisms
      in the mediation of HE, raise the possibility that an endogenous BZ receptor
      ligand with agonist properties may contribute to the manifestations of HE by
      allosterically potentiating GABA-mediated neurotransmission.

PMID- 2657264
TI  - Alcoholic liver disease.
AB  - Liver injury may develop in some people who consume alcohol. The pathogenesis of
      liver damage in such subjects remains obscure. Major histopathologic features of
      alcohol-associated liver injury include steatosis, steatonecrosis, and cirrhosis.
      The clinical manifestations of alcoholic liver disease are nonspecific and range
      from asymptomatic hepatomegaly to stigmata of portal hypertension with advanced
      parenchymal failure. The severity of the clinical presentation and the degree of
      aminotransferase elevation correlate poorly with the liver histopathology,
      particularly in patients who continue to drink alcohol. Short-term mortality of
      such patients is best predicted by a composite of clinical and laboratory
      parameters that are influenced by alcohol consumption as well as by liver
      disease. Long-term prognosis is determined by residual damage to vital organs
      (that is, whether or not cirrhosis has developed) and whether or not the patient
      continues to drink. Current therapy of alcoholic liver disease includes
      abstinence and correction of nutritional deficiencies. Other therapies are
      experimental and are best utilized in the setting of controlled clinical trials.

PMID- 2657265
TI  - Hemochromatosis.
AB  - This article discusses the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of
      idiopathic and secondary hemochromatosis. Pedigree studies documenting the
      hereditary evidence for hemochromatosis are discussed. Current theories for the
      molecular mechanisms that result in iron overload are presented. Diagnostic
      strategies for assessing hemochromatosis and therapeutic modalities are reviewed.

PMID- 2657266
TI  - The hyperlipoproteinemias.
AB  - The association of disturbances of plasma lipid transport and atherogenesis has
      been recognized, and scientific data continue to accumulate to explain this
      association from a mechanistic viewpoint. A number of recent clinical trials have
      shown that cholesterol-lowering therapy can prevent the complications of
      atherosclerosis. Consequently, the attention of physicians to therapeutic
      intervention has increased and public awareness to plasma cholesterol levels has
      been heightened. This article summarizes current knowledge of how plasma lipid
      transport is regulated. The classical primary hyperlipoproteinemias are
      considered and hyperlipoproteinemias occurring secondary to other diseases are
      discussed. Standard methods to diagnose the defined genetic hyperlipidemias are
      outlined, and new approaches to assess risk of atherosclerosis are examined.
      Finally, the role of dietary measures and drugs in lowering blood lipids and
      reducing risk of coronary heart disease is delineated.

PMID- 2657267
TI  - Primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - Primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease of unknown etiology
      characterized by slowly progressive intrahepatic cholestasis due to an
      inflammatory destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts. The clinical course of
      PBC is variable ranging from a few years in rapidly progressive cases to a normal
      life-expectancy in a proportion of asymptomatic cases. The typical patient is a
      middle-aged woman who may present with pruritus, increasing pigmentation of the
      skin, and eventually jaundice. The level of serum alkaline phosphatase is almost
      invariably elevated, serum mitochondrial antibodies are present in more than 90
      per cent, and an elevated serum IgM is usually present. PBC is associated with
      many immunologic abnormalities and appears to be a classic autoimmune disease.
      Some of the immune defects may be epiphenomena; others such as a marked defect in
      suppressor T cell function seem to be related to the pathogenesis of the disease.
      All drug therapy that is aimed at slowing the disease process is experimental. A
      place for immunosuppressive drugs in the management of PBC would be anticipated.
      However, no drug has to date been definitively shown to have a beneficial effect
      on the disease. Currently, the main treatments used are aimed at preventing or
      correcting the complications of intractable cholestasis. Patients with PBC and
      evidence of hepatic decompensation and/or poor quality of life make good
      candidates for liver transplantation. The current aim of therapy is to find an
      effective regime of immunosuppression that will make hepatic transplantation
      redundant for this disease.

PMID- 2657269
TI  - Fulminant hepatic failure.
AB  - Most cases of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) are related to viral hepatitis or
      to drugs and toxins. With improvement in supportive intensive care, the overall
      survival has increased, but specific forms of temporary hepatic support pending
      hepatic regeneration have been disappointing. With the widespread availability of
      orthotopic liver transplantation, this has become a viable option for those
      patients with FHF who are unlikely to survive with conservative treatment,
      although patient selection and timing of transplantation still presents a
      clinical dilemma.

PMID- 2657268
TI  - Portal hypertension.
AB  - Portal hypertension is a frequent syndrome characterized by a chronic increase in
      portal venous pressure and by the formation of portal-systemic collaterals. Its
      main consequence is massive bleeding from ruptured esophageal and gastric
      varices. Bleeding is promoted by increased portal and variceal pressure, and is
      favored by dilatation of the varices. The evaluation of the portal hypertensive
      patient should include the assessment of portal vein patency by ultrasonography,
      endoscopic evaluation of the presence, size, and extent of esophageal varices,
      and hemodynamic studies with measurements of portal pressure and of portal
      collateral blood flow. The preferred techniques are hepatic vein catheterization
      and measurement of azygos blood flow. Endoscopic measurements of variceal
      pressure and estimations of portal blood velocity by the Doppler technique have
      recently been introduced, but are still research procedures. Acute variceal
      hemorrhage should be treated under intensive care. Specific therapy to arrest
      variceal bleeding includes balloon tamponade, vasopressin, somatostatin,
      sclerotherapy, and emergency surgery. Treatment of portal hypertension is aimed
      at preventing variceal hemorrhage and bleeding-related deaths. Pharmacologic
      prophylaxis is based on the use of drugs that cause a sustained reduction in
      portal pressure; most studies have used propranolol. Surgery and endoscopic
      sclerotherapy can also be used to prevent rebleeding.

PMID- 2657270
TI  - A system for computer-aided diagnosis.
AB  - MEDICIS is an integrated environment for computer-aided diagnosis. It consists of
      two subsystems: a module used by the expert to build knowledge bases and a
      consultation module to exploit those bases. MEDICIS uses a framed representation
      of knowledge. The inference engine performs logical reasoning without recourse to
      certainty factors. This phase is followed by a multicriteria analysis.

PMID- 2657271
TI  - Automated electrocardiogram analysis: the state of the art.
AB  - The overwhelming number of electrocardiograms (ECGs) now recorded routinely has
      prompted the development of computer analysis which in turn has benefited
      electrocardiography with important technological advances. All automated ECG
      analysis systems adopt a similar approach: a measurement program and a program
      that interprets the clinical significance of these measurements along with a
      rhythm analysis algorithm. Measurement, selection and classification of
      parameters vary according to the program used. Data compression is applied to the
      signal to reduce processing time and allow long-term storage. Diagnostic
      accuracy, however, is not greatly improved over that of experienced
      cardiologists. Programs studied using a validated data bank provided by an
      international group of cardiologists show a variability not only in parameter
      measurement but also in diagnostic statement and in the way in which such
      statements are expressed. Recommendations for measurement standards have been
      made to fulfil the need for exchange of diagnostic criteria. No recommendations
      concerning the selection of parameters have been proposed, and so new parameters
      or combinations of parameters can be introduced with the ultimate aim of
      increased diagnostic performance.

PMID- 2657272
TI  - Computers and physicians--an appraisal study.
AB  - The use of computers to improve health care delivery in a cost-conscious era is
      increasingly considered appropriate and is even recommended by the World Health
      Organization. Provision of adequate and appropriate health care requires a large
      amount of information. However, the assessment of acceptance, of existing skills
      and of the ability of people to learn and absorb computer technology is still a
      neglected aspect in the implementation of computer systems. Therefore, in order
      to address this problem, a study was performed among end users in a rapidly
      developing country. The results demonstrated that the physicians are interested,
      but that an information gap exists. Respondents with some experience and
      information accepted the potential of the computer as a decision support tool,
      but those without experience had reservations.

PMID- 2657273
TI  - Transdermal delivery systems.
AB  - Based on a number of revolutionary ideas in the early seventies the development
      of transdermal delivery systems (TDS) for systemic therapy has been receiving
      considerable attention, both in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry.
      About ten years after a number of products were successfully put on the market,
      it has become clear that transdermal delivery of drugs not only exhibits
      appealing therapeutic prospects but may also provide a viable economic basis for
      future activities of the pharmaceutical industry. The paper will briefly stress
      some of the fundamentals of transdermal delivery with respect to the skin as
      absorption site. The main focus will be on transdermal delivery systems, covering
      design of transdermal systems, manufacturing of transdermal systems, polymers and
      adhesives, in vitro and in vivo testing of transdermal systems, principles of
      delivery control, and modelling of transdermal delivery. The final section will
      describe the fundamental strategies for enhancing drug permeation through the
      skin by alteration of barrier properties, approaches for thermodynamic activity
      increase of drug, and the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of drugs.

PMID- 2657274
TI  - Skin permeability.
AB  - The histochemical and physicochemical aspects of skin permeability and
      transdermal drug permeation are reviewed under preponderant consideration of the
      past years' literature supplied by relevant investigations from the author's
      laboratories. The chemical composition and the physical order of the horny layer
      lipids as well as the interactions of drugs and vehicle components with these
      lipids are the basis of understanding drug penetration, its influencing by
      vehicles and penetration enhancement. By means of measuring drug concentration
      profiles in human skin the mechanisms of vehicle effects and penetration
      enhancement are demonstrated. The consequences of increased permeability and
      xenobiotic enrichment in pathologically altered skin are discussed.

PMID- 2657275
TI  - In vitro/in vivo functionality of Catapres-TTS.
AB  - The in vitro and in vivo functionality of Catapres-TTS, a transdermal therapeutic
      system that delivers the alpha adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine, is
      discussed in terms of the drug transport kinetics and resultant plasma drug
      concentration profiles. The design of Catapres-TTS is presented as an
      optimization by which the best combination of system performance characteristics
      is obtained within the inherent limitations of the transdermal drug transport
      properties and the known pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the
      drug. Clonidine is a potent antihypertensive agent with a relatively low
      therapeutic index. For Catapres-TTS, the majority of control over the drug input
      rate resides within the system, rather than within the skin, which significantly
      reduces the variability in drug input rate and resulting plasma drug
      concentration both within and between patients. Moreover, the presence of a rate
      control element in the system allows for patterning of the drug release rate. An
      initial bolus of drug is placed in the contact adhesive layer, where its
      transport into the skin is not inhibited by the rate control element in the
      system, for reduction in the time needed to achieve steady state drug input. The
      selection of the loading dose of drug is described as an optimization between the
      minimization of the lag time and the maintenance of constant plasma drug
      concentrations during the crossover period between system applications in chronic
      therapy.

PMID- 2657276
TI  - Effectiveness of a transdermal nicotine system in smoking cessation studies.
AB  - To investigate the effectiveness and tolerability of a transdermal nicotine
      system (TNS) as an aid towards easing smoking cessation, two double-blind placebo
      controlled randomized field studies were performed. The TNS was available in
      sizes of 10, 20 and 30 cm2, delivering 7, 14 and 21 mg of nicotine per 24 h. A
      first study was undertaken in general medical practice by a group of 21 doctors
      (Practitioner Study). This study involved 199 nicotine-dependent cigarette
      smokers of whom 100 were allocated to the nicotine group and 99 to the placebo
      group. The second trial was performed in 112 young people, 56 in each treatment
      group, at the Universities of Basle and Zurich (University Study). The placebo
      and the nicotine groups were comparable in both studies. Participants smoking
      more than 20 cigarettes a day were treated with the 30-cm2 system and the others
      with the 20-cm2 system. When abstinence, as verified by CO measurements, was
      achieved, the next smaller system was applied. In the Practitioner Study, the
      double-blind treatment phase lasted for 12 weeks with consultations every month
      and in the University Study the consultations during the 9-weeks' treatment
      period took place every 3 weeks. Abstainers in both studies will be followed up
      until 12 months after treatment was begun. After 1, 2 and 3 months of treatment
      41%, 36% and 36% of the participants in the nicotine group of the Practitioner
      Study were abstinent. The corresponding figures in the placebo group were 19.4%,
      20.4% and 22.5%. The differences were statistically significant for all three
      months (p = 0.001; p = 0.018 and p = 0.043). Body weight did not increase in the
      TNS group, but did in the placebo group (+ 4.4 kg). The craving for cigarettes
      and withdrawal symptoms decreased more under nicotine substitution. Abstinence
      rates in the University Study were initially higher with 51.8% in the nicotine
      group and 28.6% in the placebo group after 3 weeks of treatment, but then
      declined to 42.9% after 6 weeks and 39.3% after 9 weeks in the nicotine group and
      to 25% and 19.6%, respectively, in the placebo group. The differences between the
      groups were statistically significant on all 3 occasions, with p = 0.012, p =
      0.046 and p = 0.023.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657277
TI  - Efficiency of multimodal smoking cessation therapy combining transdermal nicotine
      substitution with behavioral therapy.
AB  - Effects of smoking cessation treatment combining transdermal nicotine
      substitution with behavioral therapy were investigated in three studies. A total
      of 535 smokers underwent 9 weeks of behavioral self-control treatment. For 7
      weeks, groups with transdermal nicotine substitution received in addition
      nicotine patches that continuously released nicotine through the skin into the
      circulatory system. The effects of treatment were measured by daily cigarette
      consumption. Subjects additionally treated with transdermal nicotine substitution
      reached significantly higher abstinence rates by the end of treatment and during
      the follow-up period than control subjects. The results thus indicate enhanced
      therapeutic effectiveness of transdermal nicotine substitution.

PMID- 2657278
TI  - Omeprazole: mode of action and effect on acid secretion in animals.
AB  - Stomach acid is generated by the parietal cell of the gastric mucosa. During the
      last two decades an enzyme called H+,K+-ATPase, has been discovered and shown to
      be the agent responsible for acid transport in the parietal cell. H+,K+-ATPase is
      thus the hydrogen ion pump of the stomach. Omeprazole is the first example of a
      clinically useful inhibitor of H+,K+-ATPase. In animals and in man, omeprazole
      has been shown to effectively antagonize gastric acid secretion, irrespective of
      the stimulus used to activate acid formation. Omeprazole was found to have a long
      duration of antisecretory effect. For a dose that initially gave near maximal
      inhibition of secretion, four days were required in order to restore the normal
      secretory rate. Extensive mechanism studies showed that omeprazole specifically
      bound to H+,K+-ATPase of the gastric mucosa. Furthermore, a parallel inhibition
      of both maximal acid secretion and of mucosal H+,K+-ATPase activity was found.
      These data strongly suggested that omeprazole inhibited acid secretion by
      blockade of H+,K+-ATPase. Studies on the chemical mechanism for inhibition of the
      pump revealed that omeprazole is concentrated in the acid canaliculus of the
      parietal cell due to its weak base properties. In acid, omeprazole is rearranged
      into a sulfenamide derivative which reacts with luminal sulfhydryl groups of the
      H+,K+-ATPase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657279
TI  - Clinical utility and safety of omeprazole.
AB  - Omeprazole inhibits H+,K+-ATPase, the enzyme responsible for the exchange of H+
      and K+ in the final step in the acid secretory process within the parietal cell.
      It has been shown to produce a marked and long-lasting inhibition of acid
      secretion with a decrease in 24-hour intragastric acidity after repeated daily
      dosing. Omeprazole has been shown to give significantly higher healing rates than
      ranitidine or cimetidine in patients with duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer.
      Similarly, a more pronounced effect on ulcer symptoms has been observed. In
      patients with reflux esophagitis, omeprazole has been shown to decrease the time
      with an acid milieu in the esophagus. Omeprazole has consistently given about
      twice as high healing rates and faster decrease in symptoms than with ranitidine.
      In patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, omeprazole has been found to have a
      rapid and long-lasting effect on acid secretion and acid-induced symptoms.

PMID- 2657280
TI  - Sucralfate and other non-antisecretory agents in the treatment of peptic ulcer
      disease.
AB  - Sucralfate as well as colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) and probably also
      bismuth subsalicylate (BBS) are effective in the acute treatment of peptic ulcer
      disease. Sucralfate also has positive effects upon symptoms and healing of peptic
      lesions in reflux esophagitis. Healing rates in gastric and duodenal ulcers are
      equal to those obtained with H2-antagonists. Side effects are rare, transient and
      generally mild. Therapy with bismuth compounds should be restricted to 4-8 weeks
      (cave: bismuth encephalopathy). Healing rates of smokers with duodenal ulcers
      were the same as in non-smokers during sucralfate therapy. Sucralfate seems to be
      useful in the treatment (prophylaxis?) of NSAID-induced lesions in the upper
      gastrointestinal tract. The question of different recurrence rates in peptic
      ulcer disease after various kinds of medical treatment still remains open. The
      relationship between the etiology of peptic ulcer disease and Campylobacter
      pylori infection, as well as possible medical and therapeutic consequences,
      should be further investigated.

PMID- 2657281
TI  - Zinc compounds as therapeutic agents in peptic ulcer.
AB  - Zinc acexamate (ZAC) is the first zinc compound developed and marketed for use in
      the therapy of peptic ulcer. ZAC is active in several ulcer experimental models.
      This action is secondary to an effect on both aggressive and defensive mucosal
      factors. ZAC reduces acid and peptic secretion, increases mucus secretion,
      protects mucosa from disruption by aspirin and reverses the reduction of blood
      flow caused by noradrenaline. Clinically, ZAC has proven to be a useful drug in
      the healing of peptic ulcer. Reduction of inflammatory associated processes of
      peptic ulcer, which has not been seen with H2-blockers, suggests that ZAC may be
      highly effective in preventing ulcer relapse. These properties, together with its
      good safety profile, indicate that ZAC would be an interesting option in the
      treatment of peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2657282
TI  - Therapeutic failure and relapse in peptic ulcer.
AB  - The objective of peptic ulcer (PU) treatment is to cure the ulcer, as no therapy
      exists for the disease itself. However, not all patients can be cured. The causes
      of therapeutic failure are not precisely known, and there is no easy way to
      identify failure-prone cases before commencing treatment. It is known that such
      patients do not show different gastric acid secretion patterns or alterations in
      drug absorption. Nevertheless, the inhibition achieved in nocturnal secretion is
      less than in patients who respond favorably to treatment. The therapeutic
      strategy to be followed has not been clearly defined, although a number of
      observations are of practical interest in designing therapeutic protocols. An
      increase in the doses of H2-antagonists administered is unable to enhance the
      antisecretory effect or improve the cure rate. On the other hand, prolonging the
      administration of the same or a different H2-antagonist is capable of curing many
      patients, but not all. Recently, it has been found that prolonging treatment with
      cytoprotective drugs would be more advantageous. This suggests that an alteration
      in the defensive mechanisms of the gastric mucosa may be the main cause of PU
      among these patients. In contrast, it has also been found that healing is
      practically universal on administration of a more potent antisecretory drug such
      as omeprazole. These observations suggest that a bivalent drug combining
      antisecretory and cytoprotective effects could reduce the number of failures;
      nevertheless, the ideal objective would be to treat the disease itself and not
      just the ulcer.

PMID- 2657283
TI  - Role of Campylobacter pylori in the etiology of peptic ulcer.
AB  - Campylobacter pylori has been associated with chronic gastritis type B and
      gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer. Among the numerous works published in recent
      years, we intend to briefly review the principal characteristics of this
      association: microbiological characteristics of C. pylori and pathogenic aspects
      that can be implicated in the pathophysiology of the entities mentioned, i.e.,
      biochemical factors, adherence, invasiveness, immunology, toxins.

PMID- 2657284
TI  - Therapeutic approach to peptic ulcer relapse.
AB  - The ideal aim of ulcer treatment is to avoid relapse. However, to date it has
      only been possible to reduce the annual number of relapses following maintenance
      therapy using different drugs. All prolonged treatments using drugs at doses
      usually below those used in treating acute outbreaks have shown statistically
      significant differences in the number of resulting relapses when compared with
      placebo trials. Reports comparing the results obtained with the different drugs
      available are contradictory. However, at present the H2 antagonists agents
      constitute the treatment of choice in preventing relapse, in view of their easy
      administration and single nocturnal dose requirements. Moreover, there are
      monitored groups of patients with over five years administration of these drugs,
      with results being satisfactory and secondary effects very few. Elective surgery
      to counter relapse is currently less common in cases of uncomplicated ulcers, as
      the less aggressive and more functional forms of surgery lead to an important
      percentage of relapse that tends to increase with time. Because of discomfort to
      the patient, little experience has been accumulated on the administration of
      associated drugs. In the future, the ideal drug will not only exhibit
      antisecretory activity, but will also protect the gastric mucosa and prevent
      ulcer relapse once administration is discontinued.

PMID- 2657285
TI  - Acid inhibition and long-term treatment of peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Acid is an influencing factor in most peptic diseases, including peptic ulcers.
      Acid inhibition, whatever the means used to obtain it, is followed by healing of
      most peptic ulcers. If acid inhibition is maintained recurrences are prevented
      (or diminished). A quantitative correlation between the degree of acid inhibition
      obtained and the effectiveness of treatment has been suggested in different
      studies. However, it is not possible to predict in the individual subject which
      rate of acid inhibition is needed for healing, and which rate is needed for
      avoiding relapse. Acid inhibition, apart from intrinsic toxicity of the drugs
      used to obtain it, is not without theoretical risks, particularly bacterial
      overgrowth and gastric carcinogenesis. To date, these effects lack practical
      importance at least with the doses and durations of treatments reported.
      Empirical data on acid inhibition and treatment of peptic ulcers, especially
      duodenal ulcers, are abundant. However, pathophysiological studies are scarce.
      Pathophysiological data should be studied in the future in groups of patients in
      order to design new strategies of treatment, particularly individual treatments.
      Acid inhibition by drugs or surgery remains the most important treatment of
      peptic ulcer disease. Long-term acid inhibition by drugs is safe and effective.

PMID- 2657286
TI  - The gastric mucosal barrier.
AB  - The gastric mucosal barrier is a complex system made up of submucosal, epithelial
      and mucus elements. The mucus gel layer is a thick tenacious organized layer
      adherent to the epithelium. Despite these properties it is composed of more than
      95% water, the organization being provided by long interacting glycoprotein
      molecules (mucus glycoprotein or mucin). These molecules are largely made up of
      carbohydrate which is present in large numbers of relatively small
      oligosaccharide units packed around the polypeptide core. This structure provides
      clues to the nature of the protection afforded by the mucus layer. For example,
      it is relatively resistant to proteolysis in the gastrointestinal tract; it
      retains water in an unstirred layer; the tangled glycoproteins exclude large
      molecules and the carbohydrate of the oligosaccharide units mirror that at the
      surface of the epithelial cell. Few biochemical studies have been carried out on
      the effect of ulcer-healing drugs on gastric mucus. Normal subjects were,
      therefore, given two weeks treatment with cimetidine, carbenoxolone or
      misoprostol and the secretions aspirated from the unstimulated and pentagastrin
      stimulated stomach. The volume of secretion and weight and carbohydrate content
      of non-diffusable glycoconjugates were determined for each specimen, together
      with the proportion of high molecular mass mucin and qualitative and quantitative
      analyses of the glycopolypeptide. There were no significant differences between
      the results for each drug or without drug. This may be because normal subjects
      were studied who already have an effective mucosal barrier. In addition, it is
      likely that the process of mucus biosynthesis and secretion in a healthy
      individual is relatively resistant to the action of ulcer healing drugs.

PMID- 2657287
TI  - The defensive role played by the gastric microcirculation.
AB  - Microcirculation plays an important role in the maintenance of functional
      integrity of the stomach and in the provision of its defense mechanisms against
      damage. Changes in blood flow in the gastro-duodenal mucosa, brought about by the
      local release of vasoactive or cytotoxic mediators, including free-radicals, the
      eicosanoids thromboxanes and leukotrienes, and the related phospholipid, PAF,
      have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various forms of peptic ulceration
      and erosive gastritis. Damage to microvessels and vascular endothelium leading to
      disruption of microcirculation is considered to be an initial event in the
      development of such lesions. Furthermore, preservation of microcirculation by
      prostaglandins is likely to make an important contribution to the overall
      protection of the gastric mucosa by these agents. Studies on the hemostatic
      mechanisms in the gastric mucosa indicate that bleeding is initially arrested by
      a coagulation process that is independent of platelet aggregation. Thus, the
      identification and characterization of microcirculatory events is of major
      importance in the understanding of pathophysiological processes in the gastric
      mucosa.

PMID- 2657288
TI  - Prostaglandins: mucosal protection and peptic ulceration.
AB  - Endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins mobilize gastroduodenal mucosal defenses
      which are compromised by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with non-steroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). There is some evidence, conversely, that
      stimulation of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis by increasing precursor
      availability by dietary enrichment or by provoking its release may increase
      mucosal integrity. However, there are also non-prostaglandin defense mechanisms
      which can be elicited even when prostaglandin synthesis is profoundly depressed.
      Most (but not all) evidence suggests that gastric ulcer patients have deficient
      prostaglandin synthesis, though it is not clear whether this is a primary or
      secondary defect and the evidence on duodenal ulcer patients is incoherent.
      Prostaglandin analogues heal both gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers, mainly as a
      result of acid inhibition. There is suggestive, but not conclusive, evidence that
      subsequent relapse may be retarded. Misoprostol has obtained a licensed
      indication for the prevention of NSAID-induced peptic ulcer on the basis of
      studies showing a reduced development of peptic ulcers and erosions over 4-8
      weeks, implying that deficient endogenous prostaglandin levels can be replaced by
      exogenous administration.

PMID- 2657289
TI  - Involvement of leukotrienes in acute gastric damage.
AB  - The leukotrienes have potent inflammatory actions which could be of importance in
      gastric mucosal integrity. In animals, LTC4 produces vasoconstriction in the
      gastric mucosa. Furthermore, acute gastric damage produced by ethanol is
      accompanied by marked increases in the mucosal formation of LTC4 and LTB4.
      Depending on the extent of protection, prostaglandins either have no effect or
      prevent the increases in leukotriene formation which accompany ethanol-induced
      damage. Various non-specific inhibitors of leukotriene synthesis prevent ethanol
      and indomethacin-induced damage to the gastric mucosa. However, a novel selective
      5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (BW A4C) had no effect on these models of acute gastric
      damage at doses which completely inhibited gastric mucosal leukotriene synthesis.
      These studies cast doubt on the role of the leukotrienes in these models of acute
      gastric damage. However, the potent biological actions of the leukotrienes may be
      of importance in the pathogenesis of other forms of gastric damage, or as
      mediators of chronic gastric ulceration or inflammation.

PMID- 2657290
TI  - Gastric effects of PAF.
AB  - PAF is one of the most potent ulcerogens yet known and it has been proposed that
      it is involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases affecting the gastric
      mucosa. The present paper reviews the gastric actions of PAF and special emphasis
      is made in analyzing the mechanisms responsible for such actions. A role for PAF
      in gastric damage during septic shock seems well established, and the clinical
      use of selective PAF antagonists in such situations seems appropriate. The
      involvement of PAF in other types of gastric mucosal damage is less clear and
      needs further investigation.

PMID- 2657291
TI  - Antacids in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - In peptic ulcer disease, antacids present a therapeutic effect by neutralizing
      gastric acid and reducing acid delivery to the duodenum. Furthermore, they reduce
      the activity of pepsin and have the capacity to bind bile acids. Despite the
      opinion of most clinicians, the effect of antacids relieving pain in patients
      with peptic ulcer has not been definitely demonstrated. Furthermore, antacids do
      not seem to improve the healing rate of gastric ulcer. Earlier studies showed
      that antacids could hasten the healing of duodenal ulcer when administered at a
      very high dose. However, recent papers demonstrate that this therapeutic effect
      is also achieved with a dose with very low neutralizing capacity. Severe side
      effects are rare, although they can occur in high-risk patients. However, minor
      problems, such as changes in bowel habits, are more frequent.

PMID- 2657292
TI  - Antimuscarinic drugs.
AB  - Anticholinergic, or antimuscarinic, drugs have been used for the treatment of
      more or less specified gastrointestinal diseases or complaints for many
      centuries, first in herbal preparations (including belladonna), and in modern
      times as synthetic tertiary or quaternary compounds, with atropine being a
      pharmacological standard. Conventional antimuscarinics act unselectively on
      receptors in heart, smooth muscle and exocrine glands. The M1-selective
      antimuscarinic drugs, pirenzepine and telenzepine, moderately reduced gastric
      acid and pepsin secretion without inhibiting smooth-muscle activity as do non
      selective antimuscarinics. They hasten peptic ulcer healing and improve the
      symptoms of reflux esophagitis. In combination with H2-antagonists they abolish
      gastric acid secretion almost completely and can, therefore, be used in high risk
      peptic conditions. Long-term trials have to show whether they can form a medical
      alternative to parietal cell vagotomy. The effect of M1-selective antimuscarinics
      on "non-ulcer dyspepsia" is still equivocal, but they may be useful in the
      treatment of disorders with increased intestinal spasticity.

PMID- 2657293
TI  - The importance of acid in peptic ulceration.
AB  - There is strong evidence that acid plays an important role in the pathogenesis of
      peptic ulceration. However, other factors may be equally important in the
      initiation of ulceration and the subsequent relapse. Reducing acid aids ulcer
      healing but does not remove the underlying diathesis nor the tendency for
      ulceration to recur.

PMID- 2657295
TI  - [Increased use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of eye and orbital diseases].

PMID- 2657294
TI  - [About Miss Barry and her career as Inspector General James Barry MD].

PMID- 2657296
TI  - The effects of peritonsillar infiltration on the reduction of intraoperative
      blood loss and post-tonsillectomy pain in children.
AB  - Improved hemostasis and reduction of postoperative pain are desired goals when
      performing tonsillectomy. This is especially true in children, who may be
      reluctant to receive intramuscular injections for pain relief and who may lose a
      higher percentage of total blood volume during surgery than adults. This study
      evaluated the effects of peritonsillar infiltration upon operative blood loss and
      postoperative pain in 42 children. For the purpose of infiltration, patients were
      randomly assigned to one of four groups. Children in groups I, II, and III had
      their peritonsillar infiltrations performed with the contents of a coded vial
      which contained bupivacaine 0.25% with epinephrine (1:200,000), normal saline
      with epinephrine (1:200,000), and normal saline, respectively. Group IV children
      (controls) received no infiltration. All solutions were prepared in the hospital
      pharmacy to assure binding of the operator and observer. All infiltrations were
      performed following the induction of general anesthesia and 5 minutes prior to
      the onset of surgery. Anesthetic agents, end-tidal carbon dioxide levels, and the
      administration of intravenous fluids were carefully regulated. Surgery was
      performed by one of two attending otolaryngologists or a senior otolaryngology
      fellow using the same dissection and snare technique. Hemostasis was managed by
      suction-electrocautery and packs. Patients in group IV, the control group, lost
      twice as much blood as did those who had infiltrations performed with normal
      saline, group III (p less than 0.001). However, patients in group III lost 1.5
      times more blood than did those children in either of the two groups whose
      infiltrations were performed with an epinephrine solution, groups I and II (p
      less than 0.001). No postoperative bleeding was noted in any patient.
      Infiltration of the peritonsillar space with epinephrine (1:200,000) was shown to
      be more effective in reducing blood loss than infiltration with normal saline.
      Because of the small sample size we were unable to evaluate the beneficial
      effects of peritonsillar infiltration performed with bupivacaine upon the
      reduction of the severity of pain and the requirement for narcotic analgesics
      following tonsillectomy. Therefore, until further studies demonstrate such
      efficacy, all peritonsillar infiltrations should be performed solely for the
      purpose of reducing operative blood loss. As such, infiltrations should be
      performed with either normal saline containing epinephrine (1:200,000) or
      lidocaine containing epinephrine (1:200,000).

PMID- 2657297
TI  - The use of screws for maxillary denture fixation.
AB  - Stabilization of dentures or prostheses to the maxilla is necessary and desirable
      for trauma and maxillectomy patients. The use of screws from standard compression
      plating sets provides an inexpensive, simple, and well-tolerated means of
      achieving reliable fixation.

PMID- 2657298
TI  - Priorities in leprosy control.

PMID- 2657299
TI  - Eye lesions in leprosy.
AB  - Out of 742 out-patients screened for ocular disease, 177 (24%) had eye lesions
      due to leprosy. These were more in the lepromatous spectrum of the disease and
      showed increasing trend with age of patient and duration of the disease.
      Madarosis was the commonest lesion (76%). The serious and sight threatening
      lesions like lagophthalmos, corneal anaesthesia, corneal opacities and ulcers,
      iritis and complicated cataracts constituted 8.22% of the lesions. Blindness due
      to corneal opacity and complicated cataract developed in 6 patients, constituting
      3.4% of eye lesions with a prevalence rate of 0.8% among all the leprosy
      patients. Although the blinding lesions occurred in a very small percentage of
      patients, most of these are preventable through early recognition and institution
      of appropriate treatment. The simple techniques of examination to detect
      potentially sight threatening lesions should be taught to all leprosy workers to
      prevent blindness among leprosy patients.

PMID- 2657300
TI  - Prostaglandins and leprosy. A role for aspirin?
AB  - Prostaglandins not only have a role in inflammation, but may also be involved as
      mediators in the immune response. Drugs which affect prostaglandin synthesis may
      therefore be potential tools with which to modulate disturbed immunity. These
      possibilities are discussed with reference to immunity in leprosy, and in
      particular reversal reactions.

PMID- 2657301
TI  - The use of xylene (xylol) in medical laboratories.

PMID- 2657302
TI  - Evaluation of Mycobacterium leprae antigens in the serological monitoring of a
      clofazimine-based chemotherapeutic study of dapsone resistant lepromatous leprosy
      patients in Cebu, Philippines.
AB  - Thirty-one dapsone resistant lepromatous leprosy patients receiving clofazimine
      based therapy were serologically monitored throughout their 5-year period of
      treatment. Sequentially collected sera were used to examine 4 Mycobacterium
      leprae antigens to evaluate their usefulness in ELISA's for monitoring the
      progress of their therapy. The ELISA results were compared with decline in
      bacterial load over the treatment period and with duration of treatment. In
      addition the ELISA's were compared with each other. The ELISA's based on the
      measurement of IgM antibodies to the two neoglycoproteins (NDO and NTO)
      representing the phenolic glycolipid antigen of M. leprae were found to be the
      most effective with regard to monitoring treatment. A whole M. leprae based ELISA
      was less efficient in monitoring treatment because it failed to measure
      antibodies in 5 out of 31 patients. The ELISA-inhibition test based on the
      detection of antibodies to a species-specific epitope on the 36 K antigen of M.
      leprae was less suitable because of persistent reactivity during therapy.

PMID- 2657303
TI  - Evaluation of microleakage due to cuffs of endotracheal tubes during positive end
      expiratory pressure ventilation.
AB  - Mallinkrodt tubes (internal diameter 8.0 mm) with high residual volume and low
      pressure cuffs were used to evaluate the influence of positive end-expiratory
      pressure (PEEP) on leakage from cuffed endotracheal tubes. A thin smooth epidural
      catheter (Portex) was placed immediately above the cuff to monitor visually
      whether methylene blue dye solution (2-3 ml) passed through the cuff and stained
      the trachea. One hundred male patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgical
      procedures were randomly divided into five groups: a control group and groups
      using 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 cm H2O of PEEP during nitrous oxide-oxygen-isoflurane
      anesthesia. The cuff pressure was set to 25 cm H2O in each group. The cuff
      pressure was recalibrated and evidence of staining below the cuff was sought with
      a fiberscope every twenty minutes for a total of three times. Leakage increased
      with PEEP level but the amount was not statistically significant and the
      difference between groups was not significant.

PMID- 2657304
TI  - [New trends and the influencing factors on the results of spinal anesthesia].
AB  - Since its introduction about a century ago, spinal anesthesia has been
      increasingly accepted by anesthesiologists. Recent studies are looking for an
      ideal local anesthetic. The influence of the type of anesthetic, its
      concentration, volume, dose, specific gravity, patient position, puncture site,
      injection speed, characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid and general condition of
      the patient are reviewed. New trends of spinal anesthesia including prolongation
      of the block by clonidine, pentazocine as a sole agent, and management of
      postspinal headache are also discussed. The review is based mainly on a computer
      assisted search for articles published after 1960.

PMID- 2657305
TI  - Cardiac transplantation at National Taiwan University Hospital: a review from the
      anesthesiologist's standpoint.
AB  - We report our initial experience with three patients who underwent heart
      transplantations at National Taiwan University Hospital. Two had idiopathic
      dilated cardiomyopathy. One had ischemic heart disease. Anesthesia was induced
      with fentanyl, ketamine, etomidate and pancuronium. In addition to regular
      maintenance with fentanyl, diazepam and pancuronium, low doses of isoflurane were
      added for skin incision and sternotomy. The anesthetic courses were uneventful.
      Mild hypotension was noted in the first case after cardiopulmonary bypass, and
      was immediately corrected by increasing the preload and dosage of inotropes.
      Sinus tachycardia from the donor SA node was the predominant rhythm after
      cardiopulmonary bypass. Our experience agrees with other reports that anesthesia
      for cardiac transplantation is a relatively safe procedure under careful
      hemodynamic monitoring and pharmacological support. Aseptic techniques, adequate
      preload and hemostatic agents supply are the major concerns for anesthetists.

PMID- 2657306
TI  - [Large-field irradiation of patients with a disseminated tumor process].
AB  - Large field fractionated irradiation was provided to 32 patients aged 24 to 75
      with tumor dissemination in the absence of the effect of other types of therapy
      including local gamma-beam therapy. The upper part of the body (as a result of
      the lung involvement) was irradiated in most of the patients. A single dose of
      irradiation was 100-500 cGy, the total dose--10-24 Gy. Irradiation was delivered
      from 2 opposite fields using a ROKUS-M unit. The effect was noted in 5 patients,
      improvement of the general status--in 22, remission--in 5 patients, 16 patients
      died. Their mean survival time starting from large field irradiation was 6.5 mos
      (1-10 mos).

PMID- 2657307
TI  - The social classification of AIDS in American epidemiology.

PMID- 2657308
TI  - Words of fear, words of power: nerves and the awakening of political
      consciousness.

PMID- 2657309
TI  - [Suppurative wounds].

PMID- 2657310
TI  - [Enthusiastic supporter of maternal and infant welfare A. N. Antonov].

PMID- 2657311
TI  - [A cassette with reels for surgical suture material].

PMID- 2657312
TI  - [Surgical treatment of complicated urethral stenosis (54 case reports)].
AB  - The authors report their surgical experience of complicated stenosis of urethra
      in the Department of Urology of the Central Hospital of N'Djamena (Tchad) from
      1984 to 1987 (July). The surgical treatment was indicated for the complicated
      cases of stenosis of the urethra, which were obstructed (less than a quarter of
      the patients who were admitted for urethra stenosis). Before 1984 the only
      surgical procedure was called "Chemin de fer: a blind pull-through method with a
      lot of complications. After 1984 the one stage urethroplasties were used in forty
      four cases: either with a free full thickness skin graft (DEVINE), or with a
      vascularized flap (BLANDY'S or ORANDI'S technique). The results are studied with
      a follow up of 18 months. The urethroplasties with a vascularized flap have had
      less failures (16%) than with a free full thickness skin graft (33%).

PMID- 2657313
TI  - [Urinary tract infection and surgical disorders of the lower urinary tract].
AB  - Infection is a constant concern during perioperative period. Bacteremia occur
      during intervention and immediate postoperative period. They are the risk of
      acute complications, mainly septic shock with a high mortality rate. Escherichia
      coli is the germ most often found, then Enterococcus and other gram-negative
      germs. Diagnosis of an urinary infection is made difficult because the presence
      of a vesical catheter; so, 10(3) bacteria per ml. have to be considered as
      pathological. Two therapeutic behaviours can be considered in practice: suitable
      antibiotherapy in obvious infections, but sterilization of urines must not delay
      surgical intervention, short-time peri-operative prophylaxis cephalosporins of
      the 2nd or 3rd generation are most often utilized. Overseas, trimethoprim
      associated with sulfamides can be administrated per os every 2 hours before
      surgical intervention, at the time of anesthesia for example.

PMID- 2657314
TI  - [In vivo study of chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in
      Mayotte].
AB  - According to the existence of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resisting cases
      in Madagascar and, someone, in the Comoro Archipelago, a study using in vivo
      W.H.O. test was conducted in Mayotte Island. Between the end of 1985 and 1987,
      despite the great difficulties for ambulatory blood collection in a rural
      population, 24% of malaria cases had been followed up during 28 days, using a
      dose of 25 mg/Kg in 3 days. During 1986 and 1987, 5 cases showed positive
      serology of thin blood films. Either the possibility of reinfection cannot be
      excluded, these cases may be notified as R I and R II resistant type according to
      the W.H.O. standard test. In vitro W.H.O. test is necessary to confirm this fact
      but is not possible in local laboratory conditions. Thus, the surveillance of
      chemosensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum local strains is a priority.
      Nevertheless, chloroquine remains efficient for prophylactic (new travelers only)
      or curative purpose in the main cases.

PMID- 2657315
TI  - [A new antimalarial on the market: halofantrine. Various observations].
AB  - To face the geographical extension of chloroquine resistant strains of Plasmodium
      falciparum and the extant of multiple drug resistant strains (with sometimes a
      loss of quinine sensitivity), a new antimalarial drug which comes on to the
      market is wellcome. Halofantrine, a phenanthren methanol, licensed as Halfan has
      been authorized for sell in France in 1988 and is also available in four
      countries of Tropical Africa: Ivory Coast, Togo, Congo and Zaire. The current
      prescription of Halfan is the treatment of acute attacks of P. falciparum in
      areas where chloroquine resistant strains occur. Halfan is only available under
      oral form (tablets and drinkable solution). Its clinical and biological
      tolerability is good.

PMID- 2657316
TI  - Arterialization of liver transplants in rats: I. Application of the tissue
      perfusion monitor in hemodynamic studies.
AB  - This study demonstrates the use of the tissue perfusion monitor in the
      investigation of arterialization (using an arteriovenous fistula) of the
      heterotopic partial liver transplant. An index of peak perfusion rate was
      introduced as a reliable and accurate measure of the index of delivery rate of
      blood to the liver. Results revealed a significant (P less than .01) difference
      between arterialized and nonarterialized liver grafts when compared with their
      respective recipient host livers. Arterialization of grafted livers raised the
      index of peak perfusion rate to levels that were comparable to host livers.
      Arterialization also had a significant effect (P less than .01) on the host
      liver, whose values dropped by 74.26% when compared with the normal liver.
      Surprisingly, host values of the nonarterialized group fell by 61.54%. At this
      point, explanations for this phenomenon are speculatory. An extensive review of
      the literature exposes the variability in the observations of the role and
      usefulness of arterialization in hepatocellular function.

PMID- 2657317
TI  - A microvascular anastomotic device: part I. A hemodynamic evaluation in rabbit
      femoral arteries and veins.
AB  - This study quantitatively assesses the hemodynamic consequences of inserting a
      1.5-mm polyethylene anastomotic device in both small arteries and veins. The
      device was placed in 20 rabbit femoral arteries and 20 femoral veins. Using 20
      MHz pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry techniques, blood flow was measured in
      5 immediate postoperative intervals and at the 24-hour and 3-week postoperative
      intervals. In arteries, volumetric flow (Q) was not statistically different in
      any postoperative interval; maximum spatial velocity (Vmax) was significantly
      increased in the immediate postoperative intervals but was not different at 24
      hours or 3 weeks. In veins, significant decreases in Q and increases in Vmax
      occurred in the immediate postoperative intervals, but differences were not noted
      at the 24-hour or 3-week intervals. The results of this study indicate that the
      hemodynamic consequences of anastomosing small vessels with a polyethylene device
      are minimal and that this mechanical technique is an effective method for
      experimental microvascular repairs.

PMID- 2657318
TI  - Tubulation for peripheral nerve gap: its history and possibility.
AB  - A large gap in peripheral nerve will not allow effective regeneration unless a
      grafting conduit is used to bridge the defect. Conventionally, nerve tissue has
      been used as such a conduit in nerve reconstruction; however, results from
      techniques using these grafts are often unsatisfactory. A number of recent
      investigations have indicated that nerve fibers will regenerate through a non
      neural tube. The purpose of this review is: 1) to provide an overview of the
      various tubulation techniques previously reported for peripheral nerve gap
      repair; 2) to investigate new possibilities for enhancing the regenerative
      capacity of nerves following these tubulation techniques by drawing from
      technical innovations in microsurgery and recent progress in immunology and
      neurobiology. The interposed graft thus may perform a more positive role, not
      merely as a pathway for deregenerating axons, but as a source for neuronotrophic
      factors and neurite-promoting factors, which would nurture and guide the neurons
      and axons. Such modifications in graft materials may lead to clinical
      applications of tubulation of nerve defects that would result in an improvement
      in clinical results.

PMID- 2657319
TI  - How much "effort" should be devoted to memory?
AB  - We focus on the issue of whether cognitive effort is causally related to memory.
      We begin with a discussion of the concept of cognitive effort as derived from
      capacity models of attention. We then suggest that the theoretical analysis of
      memory may involve concepts from different levels of psychological analysis, and
      we draw a distinction between concepts that represent boundary conditions and
      sufficient cause. When applied to memory phenomena, attentional concepts serve
      only as a boundary--or limiting--function in memory theory. In contrast, concepts
      that represent memorial processes serve as a sufficient cause function. In some
      instances, cognitive effort appears to have been used as a sufficient cause
      concept, resulting in some confusion. A review of the literature reveals a
      haphazard correlation between indexes of cognitive effort and of memory
      performance. Alternatively, the application of cognitive effort or capacity to
      the memory performance of certain populations (clinical, children, and elderly)
      illustrates a potentially more appropriate use of the concept.

PMID- 2657320
TI  - Effects of short-term pulsatile and continuous insulin delivery on glucagon
      secretion and insulin secretion and action.
AB  - In six normal nonobese subjects, hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps were
      performed during paired sequential two-hour intravenous (IV) insulin infusions
      separated by an hour washout period. Each infusion was either 32 mU/kg/h of
      continuous insulin (CI) or 75% of this dose as 40-second pulses delivered every
      13 minutes (PI). Six studies were performed with each of the following sequences
      in random order: PI-CI, CI-PI, and CI-CI. Based on the initial infusions, the
      insulin-dependent fractional glucose disappearance rate (X) during pulsatile
      insulin delivery (3.0 +/- 0.4 min-1 X 10(2), n = 6) was 73% of that of the
      continuous infusions (4.1 +/- 0.3 min-1 X 10(2), n = 12). This ratio was similar
      to that of the measured time-averaged plasma insulin areas (PI = 24.7 +/- 3.8 v
      CI = 31.4 +/- 3.5 mU/L). There was an average 23% enhancement of insulin's
      hypoglycemic effect during the second 12 CI infusions compared with the 12
      initial CI infusions (X = 5.1 +/- 0.5 v 4.1 +/- 0.3 min-1 X 10(2), P less than
      .05). There was no significant difference between the enhancing effects of PI and
      CI infusions on insulin action in the subsequent CI's (X = 4.9 +/- 0.9 for PI-CI
      v X = 5.3 +/- 0.2 min-1 X 10(2) for CI-CI). First infusion PI significantly (P
      less than .05) decreased plasma C-peptide levels (0.34 +/- 0.05 to 0.20 +/- 0.06
      mumol/L), whereas CI did not (0.33 +/- 0.02 to 0.32 +/- 0.07).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657321
TI  - The effects of islet activating protein on oral glucose tolerance in the
      genetically obese fa/fa rat.
AB  - When tested in insulin-deficient animal models of diabetes, islet activating
      protein (IAP) has been shown to increase the secretion of insulin and to improve
      glucose intolerance. The genetically obese fa/fa rat is an animal model of
      impaired oral glucose tolerance that does not have reduced insulin secretion. In
      this model IAP treatment increases basal insulin levels, resulting in lower basal
      glycemia. However, glucose tolerance following an oral glucose load was worsened
      by IAP. This was found to be due to an exaggerated stimulation of hepatic glucose
      production (HGP) following glucose, a defect that is already present in the
      absence of IAP. IAP has been reported to inhibit (by ADP ribosylation) the
      inhibitory regulatory protein (Ni) of adenylate cyclase. It is therefore
      suggested that the increased HGP following oral glucose in fa/fa rats either in
      the absence or in the presence of IAP treatment may result from a cAMP-mediated
      mechanism. A beta adrenergic activation or a stimulation of glucagon output could
      therefore be potential candidates responsible for glucose intolerance in obese
      fa/fa rats.

PMID- 2657322
TI  - Genetic effect in resting and exercise metabolic rates.
AB  - Two studies dealing with the contribution of the genotype in individual
      differences for resting metabolic rate (RMR), thermic effect of a 4.2 MJ
      carbohydrate meal (TEM), and energy cost of submaximal exercise are reported. The
      genetic effect for RMR and TEM was studied in 31 pairs of parent-child, 21 pairs
      of dizygotic (DZ) twins, and 37 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins, whereas the
      heritability of the energy cost of submaximal exercise was determined from data
      on 22 pairs of DZ twins and 31 pairs of MZ twins. The heritability of RMR reached
      approximately 40% of the variance remaining after adjustment for age, gender, and
      fat-free mass, (FFM). The genetic effect for TEM was equivalent to at least 40%
      to 50% of the variation in the energy expended during four hours after the meal
      test. A highly significant genetic effect was found for fasting plasma glucose
      (greater than .72), but the results for fasting plasma insulin are unclear. No
      significant genetic variance was seen for the glucose and insulin response to the
      carbohydrate meal. Finally, heritability for the metabolic rate during cycle
      exercise was high (greater than or equal to .46) at low power output, but it
      became nonsignificant when the energy cost reached about 6 times the RMR.

PMID- 2657323
TI  - Fasting hyperglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: contributions
      of excessive hepatic glucose production and impaired tissue glucose uptake.
AB  - The factors responsible for fasting hyperglycemia were investigated in 77 normal
      weight non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDD) and 72 age-, sex-, and weight
      matched control individuals. In diabetic subjects with mild fasting hyperglycemia
      (less than 140 mg/dL) hepatic glucose production (1.85 +/- 0.03 mg/kg.min) was
      similar to controls (1.84 +/- 0.02); the major factor responsible for the
      elevated basal glucose level in the diabetic group was a decreased efficiency in
      the tissue uptake of glucose, as reflected by a 30% decline in the rate of
      glucose clearance (1.56 +/- 0.03 v 2.00 +/- 0.03 mL/kg.min, P less than .001). In
      contrast, in diabetic subjects with fasting plasma glucose concentrations above
      140 mg/dL, basal hepatic glucose production was significantly elevated (2.42 +/-
      0.08 mg/kg.min, P less than .001) and correlated closely with the increase in
      fasting plasma glucose concentration (r = .796, P less than .001). The basal rate
      of whole body glucose clearance reached a plateau value at fasting glucose levels
      of 160 to 180 mg/dL and did not contribute to the further rise in fasting plasma
      glucose concentrations above 160 to 180 mg/dL. Decreased efficiency of tissue
      glucose uptake is responsible the development of fasting hyperglycemia in
      patients with mild NIDDM (fasting plasma glucose less than 140 mg/dL). As the
      diabetic state worsens, an increase in basal hepatic glucose production is the
      major factor responsible for the progressive rise in fasting glucose levels.

PMID- 2657324
TI  - Effects of parenteral testosterone administration on insulin action in perfused
      hindlimb muscle of female rats.
AB  - The effects of 14 days of testosterone (T) administration (1 mg/kg/d) on insulin
      regulated phenylalanine release and glucose uptake by perfused hindquarters of
      intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were studied. Results were compared
      with control groups that did not receive T. In the absence of exogenous insulin,
      T treatment significantly suppressed phenylalanine release (an index of net
      protein degradation) from hindquarters of intact and OVX rats below that of the
      intact control group (P less than .01). In perfusions containing insulin (100 or
      500 microU/mL), phenylalanine efflux from intact and OVX control hindquarters was
      significantly lower as compared with hindquarters perfused without exogenous
      insulin (P less than .01). Insulin also reduced the phenylalanine release by T
      treated groups to the efflux rates of control rats perfused at the same insulin
      concentration. Basal glucose uptake by perfused hindquarters was similar in all
      four treatment groups. In perfusions containing 100 or 500 microU insulin/mL,
      glucose uptake by hindlimbs of intact and OVX control rats was increased 2.7-fold
      and 5-fold, respectively, above that observed in perfusions without insulin (P
      less than .01). T treatment did not alter glucose uptake by perfused hindquarters
      in the absence or presence of insulin under these experimental conditions. The
      results of these studies suggest that T has anabolic effects on skeletal muscle
      that are independent of exogenous insulin action.

PMID- 2657325
TI  - A rapid ELISA for measuring insulin in a large number of research samples.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for insulin was developed. Anti
      insulin antibody was bound to the bottom of 96-well microtiter plates. Insulin
      conjugated to beta-galactosidase was used as a label and methyl umbilliferyl beta
      D galactoside was used as an enzyme substrate. To estimate insulin, relative
      fluorescence was measured with a fluorescent microtiter plate reader. Unknowns
      from an insulin release experiment yielded results comparable to those obtained
      with our enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) and a conventional radioimmunoassay (RIA). The
      insulin ELISA is suitable for research purposes in which samples contain
      solutions of physiological salts and albumin, but not for samples containing
      serum. The insulin ELISA is as sensitive as the insulin RIA and has several
      advantages over the standard insulin RIA. These include (1) avoidance of hazards
      and inconvenience of handling radioactivity, (2) not requiring a separate test
      tube for each sample, (3) stability of the enzyme-labeled insulin (greater than
      18 months), (4) short time period required for the assay (less than 6 hours), and
      (5) the possibility of long-term storage (at least 3 months) of antibody-coated
      microtiter plates.

PMID- 2657326
TI  - Differential effects of insulin and hyperglycemia on intracellular glucose
      disposition in humans.
AB  - Insulin stimulates both glucose oxidation and nonoxidative glucose disposal
      (glycogen and lipid synthesis, anaerobic glycolysis) in vivo. The influence of
      hyperglycemia per se on these two major pathways of intracellular glucose
      disposition has not been established. Whole-body glucose oxidation (by continuous
      indirect calorimetry) and total glucose turnover (by the glucose clamp technique)
      were measured in six healthy volunteers under four different experimental
      conditions: (protocol A) insulin was infused at a rate of 1 mU/min/kg while
      euglycemia (92 +/- 1 mg/100 mL) was maintained by an exogenous glucose infusion
      (8.05 +/- 0.94 mg/min/kg over three hours); (protocol B) the insulin infusion was
      halved but the same glucose infusion was given, thereby raising plasma glucose
      levels to a plateau of 144 +/- 14 mg/100 mL over the third hour; (protocol C) the
      insulin infusion was further reduced to 0.25 mU/min/kg, but the glucose infusion
      rate was left unchanged, whereby plasma glucose plateaued at 275 +/- 21 mg/100
      mL; and (protocol D) the insulin infusion rate was 0.5 mU/min/kg), but the
      glucose infusion was adjusted (5.03 +/- 0.69 mg/min/kg) to maintain euglycemia.
      In all protocols, somatostatin was used to block endogenous insulin response.
      Under euglycemic conditions (protocols A and D), the presence of higher plasma
      insulin levels (80 +/- 6 v 39 +/- 5 microU/mL) caused the expected stimulation of
      both glucose oxidation (4.08 +/- 0.29 v 3.27 +/- 0.36 mg/min/kg) and nonoxidative
      glucose uptake (4.84 +/- 0.67 v 2.96 +/- 0.77 mg min/kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657327
TI  - Insulin resistance in uremia: an in vivo and in vitro study.
AB  - Insulin-mediated glucose metabolism was examined in vivo and in vitro in a
      chronically uremic (4-week) rat model established by a 90% nephrectomy. Using the
      euglycemic insulin clamp technique, uremic rats demonstrated a 28% reduction (P
      less than .01) in total body glucose disposal compared with pair-fed controls.
      Suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin was not impaired. The
      ability of insulin to promote glycogen synthesis by the soleus muscle in vitro
      was normal in uremic rats. In contrast, the ability of insulin to enhance both
      glycolysis and glucose oxidation by the soleus muscle was significantly reduced
      (P less than .01) in uremic rats. These results provide evidence that at least
      two intracellular metabolic defects, ie, in the glycolytic and glucose oxidative
      pathways, contribute to the insulin resistance of chronic uremia.

PMID- 2657328
TI  - Importance of obesity for the metabolic abnormalities associated with an
      abdominal fat distribution.
AB  - Obese people with a high waist/hip ratio (W/H ratio) have an increased risk for
      cardiovascular disease. The present study was designed to separately analyze the
      importance of obesity and the regional fat distribution for the metabolic risk
      factors. Blood pressure, glucose tolerance, insulin, and plasma lipid levels were
      studied in lean and obese postmenopausal women with a high or low W/H ratio. The
      individuals within each group were carefully matched for age, lean body mass, and
      body fat. The risk factors associated with a high W/H ratio (elevated blood
      pressure, blood lipids, and glucose levels) were found in the obese but not in
      the lean women. Furthermore, lean women with a high W/H ratio tended to have a
      lower metabolic risk factor profile than obese women with a low W/H ratio. These
      findings document the importance of obesity in expressing the metabolic risk
      factors for cardiovascular disease associated with a high W/H ratio.

PMID- 2657329
TI  - Dose-response testing of peptides by hippocampal brain slice recording.
AB  - The brain slice chamber described offers a method of studying, with intracellular
      electrodes, the relationship of response to dose of peptides. By raising the
      level of the slices 1 mm above the level of flowing perfusion medium, we can test
      substances in known concentrations, free from artifacts, during long duration,
      stable intracellular recordings. Manipulation of Ca2+/Mg2+ ratios in the medium
      can help to define synaptic and second messenger mediation of the responses. The
      addition of substances to the perfusion medium in this system could be combined
      with iontophoresis and/or micropressure techniques. Pathways in the slices may
      also be stimulated electrically and analyzed for the involvement of various
      synaptic transmitters. The results with the method so far show distinct
      differences among the peptides studied. Thus, there are several advantages to
      this method in establishing the physiological role of peptides in the brain.

PMID- 2657330
TI  - Patch clamp recording from anterior pituitary cells identified by reverse
      hemolytic plaque assay.
AB  - The study of hormone secretion by anterior pituitary cells is complicated by the
      presence of multiple cell types. For unambiguous interpretation of data it is
      necessary to identify the cells from which measurements are made. We have
      described a reliable experimental approach involving the identification of
      cultured cells of a particular type with a reverse hemolytic plaque assay. The
      electrical characteristics of individual identified cells can then be studied
      using patch clamp recording. This electrophysiological approach is well suited to
      the study of complex systems in cultured cells. Although this combined approach
      requires some expertise in a variety of techniques, it is workable and should
      yield valuable information regarding the role of ion channels in the cellular
      control of hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary.

PMID- 2657331
TI  - Microdialysis for measurement of neuroendocrine peptides.

PMID- 2657332
TI  - In vitro perifusion of human hypothalamic and pituitary tissue.

PMID- 2657333
TI  - Transient permeabilization of endocrine cells: inositol lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2657334
TI  - Intracellular calcium levels in rat anterior pituitary cells: single-cell
      techniques.

PMID- 2657335
TI  - Use of protein kinase C-depleted cells for investigation of the role of protein
      kinase C in stimulus-response coupling in the pituitary.

PMID- 2657336
TI  - Assay of peptidylglycine monooxygenase: glycine-directed amidating enzyme.

PMID- 2657337
TI  - Measurement of vasopressin-converting aminopeptidase activity and vasopressin
      metabolites.

PMID- 2657338
TI  - Assessment of peptide regulation of the autonomic nervous system.

PMID- 2657339
TI  - Combined antibody-high-performance liquid chromatography approach to assess
      prohormone processing.

PMID- 2657340
TI  - Regulation of neuroendocrine peptide gene expression.

PMID- 2657341
TI  - Use of metal complexes in neuroendocrine studies.

PMID- 2657342
TI  - Knowledge-based decision support for diagnosis and therapy: on the multiple
      usability of patient data.
AB  - Expert systems in medicine are frequently restricted to assisting the physician
      to derive a patient-specific diagnosis and therapy proposal. In many cases,
      however, there is a clinical need to use these patient data for other purposes as
      well. The intention of this paper is to show how and to what extent patient data
      in expert systems can additionally be used to create clinical registries and for
      statistical data analysis. At first, the pitfalls of goal-oriented mechanisms for
      the multiple usability of data are shown by means of an example. Then a data
      acquisition and inference mechanism is proposed, which includes a procedure for
      controlling selection bias, the so-called knowledge-based attribute selection.
      The functional view and the architectural view of expert systems suitable for the
      multiple usability of patient data is outlined in general and then by means of an
      application example. Finally, the ideas presented are discussed and compared with
      related approaches.

PMID- 2657343
TI  - Prolonged administration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist for the
      induction of a post-menopausal state.

PMID- 2657344
TI  - Aspects of hormone replacement therapy in the post-menopause.
AB  - A review of the literature indicates that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in
      post-menopausal women not only reduces the frequency of hot flushes and sweating
      episodes but also has a protective effect as regards the post-menopausal
      osteoporotic process. However, it has not yet proved possible to arrive at any
      conclusions concerning the overall effect of HRT on either ischaemic heart
      disease and other cardiovascular problems or the risk of developing malignant
      neoplastic disease. Nevertheless, there is evidence that oestrogen replacement in
      combination with a progestogen will reduce the risk of endometrial and breast
      cancer. There is a clear need for additional knowledge and it would therefore
      seem ethically appropriate to carry out an intervention study in order to
      determine whether women in general or specific groups in particular would benefit
      from long-term HRT. Such a study would seem especially urgent, since fractures of
      the neck of the femur and other osteoporotic manifestations are likely to be a
      major problem among women in the future.

PMID- 2657345
TI  - Simple method for quantitation of cell-bound protein A on Staphylococcus aureus
      cells by means of hemagglutination with sheep erythrocytes differentially
      sensitized with rabbit antibody and its clinical application.
AB  - A simple method for quantitation of cell-bound protein A (SpA) on organisms of
      Staphylococcus aureus was successfully devised by using hemagglutination between
      staphylococcal organisms and a series of sheep erythrocyte suspensions sensitized
      with different amounts of anti sheep erythrocyte rabbit antiserum. The validity
      of the principle and the reproducibility of the method presented here were
      precisely analyzed and the details of the method are presented. The
      hemagglutination was quantitatively inhibited both by normal rabbit serum and by
      soluble SpA. Using the method presented here, 376 strains of S. aureus freshly
      isolated from clinical materials were subjected to SpA quantitation in cell-bound
      form. According to the results, there was an unexpected distribution profile in
      the amounts of cell-bound SpA among the clinical isolates, which showed a two
      peak pattern. A possible usefulness of the method presented here in clinical
      investigations is briefly discussed also.

PMID- 2657346
TI  - Chemotherapy of streptococcal infections: implications of antimicrobial drug
      resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes.

PMID- 2657347
TI  - The emergence of erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in Fremantle,
      Western Australia.
AB  - Erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes is unusual except in Japan.
      Since January 1, 1985, a dramatic increase has occurred in the prevalence of
      erythromycin-resistant Strept. pyogenes infections in the outpatients who have
      presented to Fremantle Hospital, Western Australia. In 1985, 1% of isolates of
      Strept. pyogenes was erythromycin-resistant. This had risen to 9.1% of isolates
      in 1986 and to 17.6% of isolates in 1987. Several M- and T-types of Strept.
      pyogenes were involved. Treatment failure now can be expected when erythromycin
      is prescribed for the treatment of common infections in outpatients at this
      hospital. Laboratories that use disc methods of antimicrobial susceptibility
      testing may not detect erythromycin resistance in these organisms.

PMID- 2657348
TI  - Effects of pindolol, or a pindolol/clopamide combination preparation, on plasma
      lipid levels in essential hypertension. Hunter Hypertension Research Group.
AB  - In an open study that was conducted in general practice, 22 patients with
      previously-untreated mild hypertension received an average daily dose of 11.7 mg
      of pindolol over a 50-week study period. The total cholesterol, high-density
      lipoprotein fraction and plasma triglyceride levels showed no significant change
      from baseline values at the conclusion of this period. A separate group of 18
      patients were treated with 10 mg of pindolol a day for 12 weeks, to which regimen
      was added 5 mg of clopamide for the succeeding 38 weeks. A small rise in total
      plasma cholesterol levels in this group of patients at both 12 and 50 weeks did
      not achieve statistical significance, and no change was observed in either the
      high-density lipoprotein fraction or the plasma triglyceride levels. These
      results which were obtained in general practice and over a prolonged period of
      time accord with the general view that the treatment of hypertension with
      pindolol, a beta-receptor blocking drug with partial agonist activity, is not
      associated with either the increases in total plasma cholesterol levels or the
      falls in the high-density lipoprotein fraction that have been reported with other
      beta-blocking compounds.

PMID- 2657349
TI  - On the road--halfway to Birdsville.

PMID- 2657350
TI  - Modern inhalational anaesthetic agents. A review of halothane, isoflurane and
      enflurane.
AB  - The intelligent use of modern inhalational anaesthetic agents requires a detailed
      knowledge of their pharmacology. Currently, the volatile agents in most-common
      use in Australia are halothane, isoflurane and enflurane. This brief review
      analyses the similarities and differences in the pharmacological properties of
      these three drugs in order to provide practitioners with the necessary background
      knowledge to assist in the selection of an appropriate anaesthetic agent for a
      given clinical problem.

PMID- 2657351
TI  - Follow-up of stress-management courses.
AB  - A study was made of the effects of stress-management courses on 595 men and women
      (mean age, 45 +/- 11 years) from one to seven years after they had attended such
      courses. The course (six 1.5-h sessions) included relaxation training, rational
      thinking and priority setting and assertiveness training. Evaluation comprised
      the Paul stress inventory of perceived stress and a questionnaire that dealt with
      stress and related behaviour and coping skills. The results indicated a
      substantial reduction in perceived stress immediately after the course which
      persisted until follow-up; satisfactory persistence in the use of learned coping
      skills; good reception of the course; and that decreases in perceived stress
      predicted changes in life-style, a reduced use of stress-related medications and
      an increased use of relaxation training. Extensive research, including controlled
      studies, on stress-management courses for Australians is recommended, as a basis
      for the development of courses which serve the needs of groups that differ in
      age, health status, occupation, education, and ethnic origin.

PMID- 2657352
TI  - Ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a 12-month prospective study.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken of all cases of ruptured intracranial
      aneurysms that presented to Monash Medical Centre's neurosurgical service over a
      12-month period. Forty-seven patients had proved aneurysmal subarachnoid
      haemorrhages. The management mortality rate over all was 23.4%. Forty patients
      underwent definitive treatment by craniotomy and clipping of the aneurysm; the
      operative mortality rate was 12.5%. Excellent results were obtained in all 22
      patients whose clinical grade was good on the day of surgery; half these patients
      underwent operation within 72 hours of the episode. Sixty per cent of all
      patients were discharged from hospital without any neurological deficit;
      virtually all the remaining patients' morbidity and mortality were attributable
      to aneurysmal rebleeding and cerebral vasospasm. Early surgery for aneurysms has
      been the trend in North America, Europe and Japan and the results that were
      obtained in this study support early surgery in patients with a good clinical
      grade; further experience is needed to establish the optimal timing of surgery in
      patients with a worse clinical grade.

PMID- 2657353
TI  - Fluid management of shock in critically-ill patients.
AB  - This article summarizes the theoretical basis and practical applications of the
      fluid management of shock in critically-ill patients. It also draws attention to
      the differences in the aetiology and management of fluid disturbances in adult
      and paediatric practice. Some evidence suggests that colloidal solutions alone
      may be superior to crystalloid solutions alone in the resuscitation of patients
      with shock, but in most situations a combination of both types of fluid is more
      logical.

PMID- 2657354
TI  - [Useful border areas].

PMID- 2657355
TI  - [Test anxiety. On the origin, symptoms and therapy].

PMID- 2657356
TI  - [Glucocorticoids in the therapy of dermatologic diseases].

PMID- 2657357
TI  - [Oral penicillins. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties].

PMID- 2657358
TI  - [Oral contraception with low-dose progestagen].

PMID- 2657359
TI  - Photoplex--a broad spectrum sunscreen.

PMID- 2657360
TI  - [Ambulatory sonography in clinical and general practice. Incidence and accuracy
      of findings and consequences].
AB  - In a prospective study an ultrasound examination was performed in 372 out
      patients. 230 were examined in two physicians offices (group I) and 142 in a
      clinical ultrasound center (group II). The indication for ultrasound was
      different in both groups: 42% of patients in group I were examined without exact
      questions. Search for primary tumors or metastasis were more often indications in
      group II. More patients were found to have liver abnormalities and less biliary
      disease in group II. The impact of ultrasound findings on final diagnosis was not
      different. More diagnostic and therapeutic consequences resulted in group I, in
      particular in patients with cholelithiasis. A broad indication for sonography in
      the physicians office is justified given sufficient experience of the examiner.
      With respect to the consequences of the findings improvement is warranted.

PMID- 2657361
TI  - [Doppler-ophthalmomanometry in patients with obstruction of the carotid
      arteries].
AB  - A novel noninvasive method to determine simultaneously ophthalmic artery pressure
      (OAP) and flow direction based on Doppler ultrasound principles is presented:
      ophthalmomanometry-Doppler (OMD). Studies performed on 25 angiographically proven
      normal subjects with direct recording of the internal carotid artery pressure
      (ICP) and indirect determination of the brachial artery pressure (BAP)
      demonstrated that OAP values assessed by the OMD device are highly correlated
      with simultaneous ipsilateral intraarterial systolic ICP measurements (r = 0.95,
      n = 10) and with simultaneous recordings of the BAP (r = 0.88, n = 15). In 50
      patients presenting angiographically occlusions and 52 patients presenting
      angiographically stenoses (greater than 60%) of the carotid artery the measured
      Doppler ophthalmic pressure index (OPI = ratio of the ophthalmic to systemic
      blood pressure) was lower ipsilateral to an occlusion (0.46 +/- 0.08) than
      ipsilateral to a stenosis (0.54 +/- 0.08; p less than 0.001) of the carotid
      artery. In both it was clearly diminished compared to normal values (0.68 +/-
      0.04; p less than 0.001). In carotid artery occlusions, the ipsilateral OPI was
      0.46 +/- 0.06 for antegrade (n = 17) and 0.46 +/- 0.09 for retrograde (n = 28)
      ophthalmic artery flow. In carotid artery stenoses, the ipsilateral OPI was 0.55
      +/- 0.07 for antegrade (n = 41) and 0.48 +/- 0.06 for retrograde (n = 9)
      ophthalmic artery flow (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that in carotid
      occlusions presenting a longer disease history extra-intracranial
      collateralisation via the ophthalmic artery are as efficient as a functional
      circle of Willis.

PMID- 2657362
TI  - [Diagnosis of deep leg and pelvic vein thromboses].

PMID- 2657363
TI  - [Oral therapy of type II diabetes].

PMID- 2657364
TI  - [Erythropoietin as a therapeutic agent. II: Indications, side effects and
      dangers].

PMID- 2657365
TI  - The Klaus Thurau festschrift.

PMID- 2657366
TI  - [Structural aspects of degenerative disease of the temporomandibular
      articulation].
AB  - The authors, after having considered some structural aspects of the
      temporomandibular joint, examine the histologic features of the degenerative
      disease (arthrosis, remodelling, deviation in form).

PMID- 2657367
TI  - [Hereditary type enamel hypoplasia. Clinical and histopathological findings of an
      observed case].
AB  - The main classifications published in recent years on amelogenesis imperfecta are
      reported and the ways in which abnormal enamel can be formed are described. A
      personal case is reported in which it was possible to draw up a family tree and
      document clinical and histological histories. The anomaly was classified in the
      hypoplasia group, rough, autosomic dominant according Witkop and Sauk.

PMID- 2657368
TI  - [A method for taking upper jaw impression and transferring it to the articulator
      in a single sitting].
AB  - This article describes a quicker and cheaper method of obtaining an upper jaw
      impression, and transferring this to the articulator at one sitting.

PMID- 2657369
TI  - [Desquamative gingivitis: etiopathogenetic and clinical assessment].
AB  - The aetiopathogenetic, diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of a
      particular form of gingival condition given various names in the past but
      presently defined as "chronic desquamative gingivitis" have been examined.
      Desquamative gingivitis is an uncommon clinical condition whose aetiology remains
      uncertain. It has therefore not yet been definitely established wether it is a
      specific entity or whether, as is confirmed by much clinical evidence and
      laboratory data, it is merely an oral clinical sign of dermatological type
      pathologies (pemphigus vulgaris, benign mucosal pemphigoid, bullous pemphigoid,
      erosive lichen ruber planus, psoriasis).

PMID- 2657370
TI  - [Pigmented lesions of the oral cavity. I. Classification and etiopathogenesis].
AB  - The literature on the subject is reviewed, special attention being paid to the
      complex problems of aetiological and pathogenetic classification involved by such
      lesions in the oral cavity. Stress in salso laid on topographical and
      histological aspects of pigmented lesions of melanocytic origin.

PMID- 2657371
TI  - [Anticaries vaccination: present and future prospects].
AB  - Despite the encouraging decline in dental caries observed in recent years in many
      populations, millions of children still risk tooth decay. Along with established
      methods of prevention, caries vaccines have the potential of making a highly
      valuable contribution to disease control. Compelling evidence has shown that
      Streptococcus mutans is the principal etiologic agent of dental caries, therefore
      a vaccine directed to this microorganism could significantly reduce the caries
      incidence. In experimental models with rodents, both peroral and parenteral
      immunization have provided protection against S. mutans infection and dental
      caries. In primates only parenteral immunization has given positive results, and
      there have been conflicting results in studies on human peroral immunization.
      Presently there is no conclusive evidence which shows that antibodies to S.
      mutans can protect against dental caries in humans. Among the S. mutans antigens
      that could be used as a vaccine, only some protein antigens have given protection
      in primates. One of these has been produced in large amounts and is ready for
      testing in humans. Another antigen, the enzyme complex glucosyltransferase, has
      shown protection in rodents and the effect of peroral administration of this
      antigen is now being tested in humans. While awaiting results of clinical trials
      with available vaccines, much additional experimental work is needed to
      understand the complex phenomenon of caries. New information will permit the
      development of more efficacious vaccines against the caries.

PMID- 2657372
TI  - [The French Society of EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology is 40 years old].
AB  - The historical reminder of the foundation of the French EEG Society and the
      changes which have occurred during its operation show the worry of the Society
      for a better efficiency all along this last fourty years. A general survey of the
      scientific activities disclose the contribution of the society in the papers
      first published in the Revue Neurologique, and, after 1971, in the Revue d'EEG et
      de Neurophysiologie clinique de Langue francaise. The French participation in
      other clinical neurophysiological or scientific meetings in France and abroad is
      underlined by the important role it has played in the life of the International
      Federation for EEG Societies. Training of specialized doctors and technicians in
      the domain of the functional exploration of the nervous system has been a
      standing preoccupation of the Society, with the teaching of the so-called
      "Attestation d'EEG" in French universities and the training of technical
      personnel in specialized schools.

PMID- 2657373
TI  - The introduction of computer assisted learning in a school of midwifery using the
      Wessex Care Plan Program.
AB  - This case study was the result of attending the Computer Assisted Learning (CAL)
      Course sponsored by the Wessex Regional CAL Project. This was the Region's
      initiative to prepare Nurse and Midwife Teachers in developing CAL in the
      curriculum. The small scale qualitative classroom study was conducted in the
      School of Midwifery. The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of the content
      free Wessex Care Plan Program (WCPP) in the Midwifery curriculum. For the
      evaluation of the study, a triangulation of data were obtained from the following
      sources: 1) classroom observation 2) questionnaires and interviews of eight
      Student Midwives 3) colleagues' responses to the introduction of CAL and personal
      experience The findings of this study showed that the content-free WCPP was easy
      to prepare and implement. The Student Midwives found the program easy to follow
      and a useful means of learning. At the same time it was enjoyable and fun; a
      dimension of learning that we could do with more often!

PMID- 2657374
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the affective domain.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to discuss issues contingent to clinical
      evaluation of the affective domain in nursing education. Review of current and
      classic literature reveals that various mechanisms proclaimed as useful in
      evaluating the affective domain have inherent strengths and limitations. A
      framework for analysis of affective behaviours is suggested. The concept of
      learning in the affective domain is extensively addressed and provides the basis
      for understanding the process of evaluating this domain. A brief discussion of
      the controversial issues surrounding concepts of 'evaluation' versus 'grading'
      precedes the analysis of objectives characteristic of a clinical evaluation tool
      currently being used in a school of nursing in Manitoba. Results of the analysis
      reveal that affective objectives may be suitable for grading purposes. Data such
      as this is significant for consideration by nurse educators when developing
      clinical evaluation tools to measure objectives specific to the affective domain.

PMID- 2657375
TI  - The neurophysiology of pain.
AB  - Elucidating the details of the changes of neural function associated with chronic
      pain would do more than expand our knowledge of the neurophysiology of pain. It
      would also help us understand the relationship of nociception to pain both in
      normal and pathologic conditions. Perhaps most important, it would help us more
      intelligently to develop treatments to reverse these pathologic changes and thus
      treat chronic pain more effectively.

PMID- 2657376
TI  - Mechanisms of clinical pain. Observations and speculations.
AB  - Advances in basic research have provided extraordinary insights into the
      physiologic systems subserving pain transmission and modulation. Although these
      data can provide a foundation for the understanding of clinical pain, the
      relationship between clinical phenomena and the diverse findings of studies
      performed in animal and human models of experimental pain is often obscure. A
      classification of pain pathophysiology is proposed in an effort to clarify this
      relationship. Within this classification, the data that elucidate the mechanisms
      of specific pain-related phenomena observed in the clinical setting are reviewed.

PMID- 2657377
TI  - Stump and phantom limb pain.
AB  - Recent literature suggests that phantom pain and stump pain have closely related
      physiologic mechanisms and that treatments frequently overlap. Decreased blood
      flow in the residual limb is related to burning and tingling phantom and stump
      pain, whereas spasms in major muscles of the residual limb precede cramping
      phantom and stump pain. There is little support for psychological mechanisms
      underlying the vast majority of chronic phantom and stump pain problems, but
      these mechanisms can exacerbate both acute and chronic pain. It is critically
      important to educate patients about the process of amputation and the physiologic
      mechanisms of phantom sensation and pain in order to minimize magnification of
      pain due to stress. Acute stump pain usually responds well to traditional
      interventions based on identifying and correcting specific problems in the
      residual limb. Most traditional treatments for phantom pain and chronic stump
      pain are not effective for more than a few months. Recommended treatments are
      related to underlying mechanisms. For chronic phantom and stump pain, burning
      sensations are treated with interventions designed to increase blood flow to the
      residual limb, whereas cramping sensations are treated with interventions that
      reduce muscle spasms.

PMID- 2657378
TI  - Deafferentation pain syndromes.
AB  - Neuropathic pain is a major clinical problem and is often a source of persistent
      suffering and disability for patients with deafferenting injuries. In addition to
      the emotional burden of this persistent pain, patients' lives are frequently
      disrupted socially and financially. Understanding of the mechanisms that underlie
      neuropathic pain is poor, although there is evidence for widespread changes
      within the peripheral and central somatosensory nervous systems of such patients.
      In addition, treatment for neuropathic pain is often ineffective. Some degree of
      symptom control is often possible, however, through a multidisciplinary approach.
      This approach includes medications, physical treatments, and behavioral
      modifications. The limited understanding we have of the mechanisms of neuropathic
      pain is a strong reason to actively pursue further research into the
      pathophysiology of these conditions. Continued clinical and basic investigations
      into neuropathic pain also provide the best chance of finding treatments that are
      effective.

PMID- 2657379
TI  - Trigeminal neuralgia and related disorders.
AB  - Trigeminal neuralgia is probably the most excruciatingly painful disorder to
      afflict mankind and is refractory to all conventional analgesic agents.
      Fortunately, a number of specific medical and surgical therapies are now
      available. An accurate diagnosis is thus essential for the successful management
      of patients afflicted with trigeminal neuralgia. This article reviews the signs
      and symptoms, natural history, and diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia. A
      discussion follows on current views on its pathogenesis and on available medical
      and surgical treatment modalities.

PMID- 2657380
TI  - Neurologic pain syndromes in patients with cancer.
AB  - Recognizing and treating the cause of pain in the patient with cancer should be
      the initial approach to the management of this common symptom. Careful analysis
      of patients with cancer and pain has led to the elucidation of common neurologic
      pain syndromes unique to this disease process. Pain in patients with cancer is
      commonly the presenting symptom of neurologic involvement. Changes in the pattern
      of pain or neurologic deficits should be carefully evaluated to rule out the
      possibility that metastatic disease may be exacerbating existing neuropathic
      pain. This chronic intractable pain syndrome can markedly debilitate the patient
      and needs an aggressive approach with drug therapy as the first-line approach.

PMID- 2657381
TI  - Chronic headache syndromes.
AB  - This article reviews the changing perspectives on migraine and other chronic
      headache syndromes. It addresses the current interest in "central" (brain)
      pathogenetic mechanisms and various aspects of the diagnostic evaluation,
      classification, and treatment. Specific treatment regimens are detailed,
      including approaches to overuse of medication and dependency in patients with
      headache. The use of inpatient treatment units for refractory syndromes are
      considered. Post-traumatic headache conditions and those arising as a consequence
      of dental pathology are addressed.

PMID- 2657382
TI  - Myofascial pain syndrome.
AB  - Myofascial pain syndrome is a regional muscle pain disorder that is the most
      common physical diagnosis causing chronic pain. The complex symptoms, concomitant
      disorders, and frequent behavioral and psychosocial contributing factors make
      this disorder frequently overlooked and difficult to treat. Once recognized,
      management programs involving rehabilitating the affected muscles and controlling
      the contributing factors are effective if long-term compliance is maintained by
      the patient.

PMID- 2657383
TI  - Clinical perspectives on the relationship between pain and disability.
AB  - Physicians involved in the evaluation and management of those with pain as a
      primary symptom are frequently requested to provide information about the
      "disability status" of that individual. Such requests arise from third-party
      payors such as insurance companies, state workers compensation departments, and
      other systems of disability determination. To effectively manage the individual
      with pain, the physician needs to have an understanding of the concepts of
      disability and those systems involved in this process.

PMID- 2657384
TI  - The La antigen shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in CV-1 cells.
AB  - Recently we established a monoclonal antibody against the La-protein (Bachmann et
      al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 7770, 1986). The antibody gives a nuclear
      speckled type staining and, in addition, a perinuclear cytoplasmic staining on
      cultured cells in immunofluorescence microscopy. After inhibition of RNA
      synthesis the La-protein is transported into the cytoplasm. After prolonged
      inhibition it returns into the nucleus forming large growing speckles. The
      transport into the nucleus apparently depends on glycosylation.

PMID- 2657385
TI  - Dominant effects of tubulin overexpression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The consequences of altering the levels of alpha- and beta-tubulin in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined by constructing fusions of the structural
      genes encoding the tubulins to strong galactose-inducible promoters.
      Overexpression of beta-tubulin (TUB2) was lethal: cells arrested in the G2 stage
      of the cell cycle exhibited an increased frequency of chromosome loss, were
      devoid of microtubules, and accumulated beta-tubulin in a novel structure.
      Overexpression of the major alpha-tubulin gene (TUB1) was not lethal and did not
      affect chromosome segregation. The rate of alpha-tubulin mRNA and protein
      synthesis was increased, but the protein did not accumulate. Overexpression of
      both alpha- and beta-tubulin together resulted in arrested cell division, and
      cells accumulated excess tubules that contained both alpha- and beta-tubulin.
      Transient overexpression of both tubulins resulted in a high frequency of
      chromosome loss. These data suggest that strong selective pressure exists to
      prevent excess accumulation of microtubules or beta-tubulin and suggest a model
      by which this goal may be achieved by selective degradation of unassembled alpha
      tubulin. Furthermore, the phenotype of beta-tubulin overexpression is similar to
      the phenotype of a beta-tubulin deficiency. These results add to a number of
      recent studies demonstrating that mutant phenotypes generated by overexpression
      can be informative about the function of the gene product.

PMID- 2657386
TI  - Accumulation of viruslike particles in a yeast mutant lacking a mitochondrial
      pore protein.
AB  - The lack of mitochondrial porin is not lethal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but it
      impairs some respiratory functions and, therefore, growth on nonfermentable
      carbon sources such as glycerol. However, after a lag phase porinless mutant
      cells adapt to growth on glycerol, accumulating large amounts of an 86-kilodalton
      (kDa) protein (M. Dihanich, K. Suda, and G. Schatz, EMBO J. 6:723-728, 1987) and
      of a 5-kilobase RNA. Immunogold labeling localized the 86 kDa-protein exclusively
      to the cytosol fraction, although most of it cosedimented with the microsome
      fraction in earlier cell fractionations. This discrepancy was resolved when the
      86-kDa protein was identified as the major coat protein in viruslike particles
      (VLPs) which is encoded by a double-stranded RNA (L-A RNA). Elimination of VLPs
      in the original porinless strain by introduction of the mak10 or the mak3
      mutation increased the respiratory defect and prolonged its lag phase on
      nonfermentable carbon sources. The fact that the simultaneous loss of VLPs and
      respiratory functions are the introduction of mak10 or mak3 occurred even in some
      porin-containing wild-type strains suggests that there is a link between VLP and
      mitochondrial functions.

PMID- 2657387
TI  - Sec59 encodes a membrane protein required for core glycosylation in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - When incubated at a restrictive temperature, Saccharomyces cerevisiae sec59
      mutant cells accumulate inactive and incompletely glycosylated forms of secretory
      proteins. Three different secretory polypeptides (invertase, pro-alpha-factor,
      and pro-carboxypeptidase Y) accumulated within a membrane-bounded organelle,
      presumably the endoplasmic reticulum, and resisted proteolytic degradation unless
      the membrane was permeabilized with detergent. Molecular cloning and DNA sequence
      analysis of the SEC59 gene predicted an extremely hydrophobic protein product of
      59 kilodaltons. This prediction was confirmed by reconstitution of the sec59
      defect in vitro. The alpha-factor precursor, which was translated in a soluble
      fraction from wild-type cells, was translocated into, but inefficiently
      glycosylated within, membranes from sec59 mutant cells. Residual glycosylation
      activity of membranes of sec59 cells was thermolabile compared with the activity
      of wild-type membranes. Partial restoration of glycosylation was obtained in
      reactions that were supplemented with mannose or GDP-mannose, but not those
      supplemented with other sugar nucleotides. These results were consistent with a
      role for the Sec59 protein in the transfer of mannose to dolichol-linked
      oligosaccharide.

PMID- 2657388
TI  - Sequences within the spacer region of yeast rRNA cistrons that stimulate 35S rRNA
      synthesis in vivo mediate RNA polymerase I-dependent promoter and terminator
      activities.
AB  - Sequences within the spacer region of yeast rRNA cistrons stimulate synthesis of
      the major 35S rRNA precursor in vivo 10- to 30-fold (E. A. Elion and J. R.
      Warner, Cell 39:663-673, 1984). Spacer sequences that mediate this stimulatory
      activity are located approximately 2.2 kilobases upstream from sequences that
      encode the 5' terminus of the 35S rRNA precursor. By utilizing a centromere
      containing plasmid carrying a 35S rRNA minigene, a 160-base-pair region of spacer
      rDNA was identified by deletion mapping that is required for efficient
      stimulation of 35S rRNA synthesis in vivo. A 22-base-pair sequence, previously
      shown to support RNA polymerase I-dependent selective initiation of transcription
      in vitro, was located 15 base pairs upstream from the 3' boundary of the
      stimulatory region. A 77-base pair region of spacer DNA that mediates
      transcriptional terminator activity in vivo was identified immediately downstream
      from the 5' boundary of the stimulatory region. Deletion mutations extending
      downstream from the 5' boundary of the 160-base-pair stimulatory region
      simultaneously interfere with terminator activity and stimulation of 35S rRNA
      synthesis from the minigene. The terminator region supported termination of
      transcripts initiated by RNA polymerase I in vivo. The organization of sequences
      that support terminator and promoter activities within the 160-base-pair
      stimulatory region is similar to the organization of rDNA gene promoters in
      higher organisms. Possible mechanisms for spacer-sequence-dependent stimulation
      of yeast 35S rRNA synthesis in vivo are discussed.

PMID- 2657389
TI  - Hormonal regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression is
      mediated through modulation of an already disrupted chromatin structure.
AB  - We used indirect end labeling to identify a series of five hypersensitive (HS)
      sites in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene in H4IIE rat hepatoma
      cells. These sites were found at -4800 base pairs (bp) (site A), at -1300 bp
      (site B), over a broad domain between -400 and -30 bp (site C), at +4650 bp (site
      D), and at +6200 bp (site E). Sites A to D were detected only in cells capable of
      expressing the PEPCK gene, whereas site E was present in all of the cells
      examined thus far. The HS sites were present in H4IIE cells even when
      transcriptional activity was reduced to a minimum by treatment with insulin.
      Stimulation of transcription by a cyclic AMP analog to a 40-fold increase over
      the insulin-repressed level did not affect the main features of the HS sites.
      Furthermore, increased transcription did not disrupt the nucleosomal arrangement
      of the coding region of the gene, nor did it affect the immediate 5' region (site
      C), which is always nucleosome-free. In HTC cells, a rat hepatoma line that is
      hormonally responsive but unable to synthesize PEPCK mRNA, the four expression
      specific HS sites were totally absent. Our experimental results also showed that,
      although there is a general correlation between lack of DNA methylation and
      transcriptional competence of the PEPCK gene, the role, if any, of methylation in
      the regulation of PEPCK gene activity is likely to be exerted at very specific
      sites.

PMID- 2657390
TI  - Functional characterization of the two alcohol oxidase genes from the yeast
      Pichia pastoris.
AB  - In Pichia pastoris, alcohol oxidase (AOX) is the first enzyme in the methanol
      utilization pathway and is encoded by two genes, AOX1 and AOX2. The DNA and
      predicted amino acid sequences of the protein-coding portions of the genes are
      closely homologous, whereas flanking sequences share no homology. The functional
      roles of AOX1 and AOX2 in the metabolism of methanol were examined. Studies of
      strains with disrupted AOX genes revealed that AOX1 was the major source of
      methanol-oxidizing activity in methanol-grown P. pastoris. The results of two
      types of experiments each suggested that the difference in AOX activity
      contributed by the two genes was a consequence of sequences located 5' of the
      protein-coding portions of the genes. First, the coding portion of AOX2 was able
      to functionally substitute for that of AOX1 when placed under the control of AOX1
      regulatory sequences. Second, when labeled oligonucleotide probes specific for
      the 5' nontranslated region of each gene were used, it was apparent that the
      steady-state level of AOX1 mRNA was much higher than that of AOX2. Except for the
      difference in the amount of mRNA present, the two genes appeared to be regulated
      in the same manner. A physiological reason for the existence of AOX2 was sought
      but was not apparent.

PMID- 2657391
TI  - Transient expression of the proto-oncogene int-1 during differentiation of P19
      embryonal carcinoma cells.
AB  - In mouse embryos, the int-1 proto-oncogene is transiently expressed in areas of
      the developing neural system. Retinoic acid-treated P19 embryonal carcinoma cells
      have often been used as an in vitro model for the molecular basis of neural
      development. We shown here that int-1 is transiently expressed in differentiated
      P19 cells. The time course and retinoic acid dose dependence of int-1 expression
      suggest that the gene is specifically expressed during early neural
      differentiation. P19 cells may be a useful model to assist in the study, at the
      cellular level, of the role of int-1 in neural development.

PMID- 2657392
TI  - Acquisition and processing of a conditional dicentric chromosome in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - The introduction of a conditional centromere into chromosome III of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae provided an opportunity to evaluate phenotypic and karyotypic
      consequences in cells harboring dicentric chromosomes upon entry into mitosis. A
      mitotic pause ensued, and monocentric derivatives of chromosome III were
      generated at a high frequency.

PMID- 2657394
TI  - Formation of irregular giant peroxisomes by overproduction of the crystalloid
      core protein methanol oxidase in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha.
AB  - The crystalloid core in peroxisomes of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula
      polymorpha is composed of the octameric flavoprotein methanol oxidase (MOX). We
      transformed yeast cells with a high-copy-number vector harboring the cloned MOX
      gene in order to study the effects on regulation, protein import, and peroxisome
      biosynthesis. In transformed wild-type cells, no increase in expression of MOX
      was detectable. Mutants defective in MOX activity were isolated by a specific
      selection procedure. Two structural MOX mutants are described that allow
      overproduction of a fully active enzyme upon transformation at quantities of
      about two-thirds of the total cellular protein. The overproduced protein was
      imported into peroxisomes, altering their morphology (in thin sections) and
      stability in cell lysates; the organelles showed a tendency to form rectangular
      bodies, and their lumina were completely filled with the crystalloid structure.
      The overall size of the peroxisomes was increased severalfold in comparison with
      the size of nontransformed yeast cells. The results suggest high capacities of
      peroxisomal growth conferred by overproduction and import of a single protein.

PMID- 2657393
TI  - The phosphorylation state of eucaryotic initiation factor 2 alters translational
      efficiency of specific mRNAs.
AB  - Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the eucaryotic translation initiation
      factor (eIF-2 alpha) by the double-stranded RNA-activated inhibitor (DAI) kinase
      correlates with inhibition of translation initiation. The importance of eIF-2
      alpha phosphorylation in regulating translation was studied by expression of
      specific mutants of eIF-2 alpha in COS-1 cells. DNA transfection of certain
      plasmids could activate DAI kinase and result in poor translation of plasmid
      derived mRNAs. In these cases, translation of the plasmid-derived mRNAs was
      improved by the presence of DAI kinase inhibitors or by the presence of a
      nonphosphorylatable mutant (serine to alanine) of eIF-2 alpha. The improved
      translation mediated by expression of the nonphosphorylatable eIF-2 alpha mutant
      was specific to plasmid-derived mRNA and did not affect global mRNA translation.
      Expression of a serine-to-aspartic acid mutant eIF-2 alpha, created to mimic the
      phosphorylated serine, inhibited translation of the mRNAs derived from the
      transfected plasmid. These results substantiate the hypothesis that DAI kinase
      activation reduces translation initiation through phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha
      and reinforce the importance of phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha as a way to
      control initiation of translation in intact cells.

PMID- 2657395
TI  - A majority of mice show long-term expression of a human beta-globin gene after
      retrovirus transfer into hematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - Murine bone marrow was infected with a high-titer retrovirus vector containing
      the human beta-globin and neomycin phosphotransferase genes. Anemic W/Wv mice
      were transplanted with infected marrow which in some cases had been exposed to
      the selective agent G418. Human beta-globin expression was monitored in
      transplanted animals by using a monoclonal antibody specific for human beta
      globin polypeptide, and hematopoietic reconstitution was monitored by using donor
      and recipient mice which differed in hemoglobin type. In some experiments all
      transplanted mice expressed the human beta-globin polypeptide for over 4 months,
      and up to 50% of peripheral erythrocytes contained detectable levels of
      polypeptide. DNA analysis of transplanted animals revealed that virtually every
      myeloid cell contained a provirus. Integration site analysis and reconstitution
      of secondary marrow recipients suggested that every mouse was reconstituted with
      at least one infected stem cell which had extensive repopulation capability. The
      ability to consistently transfer an active beta-globin gene into mouse
      hematopoietic cells improves the feasibility of using these techniques for
      somatic cell gene therapy in humans.

PMID- 2657396
TI  - Intragenic revertants of yeast invertase variants with secretion-defective leader
      sequences.
AB  - Several secretion-defective variants of invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      were generated by replacement of the wild-type signal sequence codons with DNA
      fragments with random sequences. Strains encoding these proteins failed to grow
      on medium containing sucrose as the sole source of carbon. The invertase that was
      made in these strains was found to fractionate with soluble, cytoplasmic
      proteins, and indirect immunofluorescence confirmed that the mutant invertase was
      located throughout the cytoplasm. To define the defects in the secretion
      defective leader sequences, we selected revertants by requiring growth on
      sucrose. Surprisingly, most of the reversion events consisted of point changes
      and duplications in the upstream noncoding portion of the gene. Each of these
      changes introduced several hydrophobic residues into the nonfunctional leader
      sequences, suggesting that the defective random leader peptides might simply lack
      adequate hydrophobicity to be effective signal peptides.

PMID- 2657397
TI  - Introduction of extra telomeric DNA sequences into Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      results in telomere elongation.
AB  - The termini of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes consist of tracts of C1-3A
      (one to three cytosine and one adenine residue) sequences of approximately 450
      base pairs in length. To gain insights into trans-acting factors at telomeres,
      high-copy-number linear and circular plasmids containing tracts of C1-3A
      sequences were introduced into S. cerevisiae. We devised a novel system to
      distinguish by color colonies that maintained the vector at 1 to 5, 20 to 50, and
      100 to 400 copies per cell and used it to change the amount of telomeric DNA
      sequences per cell. An increase in the number of C1-3A sequences caused an
      increase in the length of telomeric C1-3A repeats that was proportional to
      plasmid copy number. Our data suggest that telomere growth is inhibited by a
      limiting factor(s) that specifically recognizes C1-3A sequences and that this
      factor can be effectively competed for by long tracts of C1-3A sequences at
      telomeres or on circular plasmids. Telomeres without this factor are exposed to
      processes that serve to lengthen chromosome ends.

PMID- 2657398
TI  - Functional expression of a yeast mitochondrial intron-encoded protein requires
      RNA processing at a conserved dodecamer sequence at the 3' end of the gene.
AB  - All mRNAs of yeast mitochondria are processed at their 3' ends within a conserved
      dodecamer sequence, 5'-AAUAAUAUUCUU-3'. A dominant nuclear suppressor, SUV3-I,
      was previously isolated because it suppresses a dodecamer deletion at the 3' end
      of the var1 gene. We have tested the effects of SUV3-1 on a mutant containing two
      adjacent transversions within a dodecamer at the 3' end of fit1, a gene located
      within the 1,143-base-pair intron of the 21S rRNA gene, whose product is a site
      specific endonuclease required in crosses for the quantitative transmission of
      that intron to 21S alleles that lack it. The fit1 dodecamer mutations blocked
      both intron transmission and dodecamer cleavage, neither of which was suppressed
      by SUV3-1 when present in heterozygous or homozygous configurations.
      Unexpectedly, we found that SUV3-1 completely blocked cleavage of the wild-type
      fit1 dodecamer and, in SUV3-1 homozygous crosses, intron conversion. In addition,
      SUV3-1 resulted in at least a 40-fold increase in the amount of excised intron
      accumulated. Genetic analysis showed that these phenotypes resulted from the same
      mutation. We conclude that cleavage of a wild-type dodecamer sequence at the 3'
      end of the fit1 gene is essential for fit1 expression.

PMID- 2657399
TI  - Two N-myc polypeptides with distinct amino termini encoded by the second and
      third exons of the gene.
AB  - The N-myc and c-myc genes encode closely related nuclear phosphoproteins. We
      found that the N-myc protein from human tumor cell lines appears as four closely
      migrating polypeptide bands (p58 to p64) in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gels. This and the recent finding that the c-myc protein is synthesized from two
      translational initiation sites located in the first and second exons of the gene
      (S. R. Hann, M. W. King, D. L. Bentley, C. W. Anderson, and R. N. Eisenman, Cell
      52:185-195, 1988) prompted us to study the molecular basis of the N-myc protein
      heterogeneity. Dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase reduced the four
      polypeptide bands to a doublet with an electrophoretic mobility corresponding to
      the two faster-migrating N-myc polypeptides (p58 and p60). When expressed
      transiently in COS cells, an N-myc deletion construct lacking the first exon
      produced polypeptides similar to the wild-type N-myc protein, indicating that the
      first exon of the N-myc gene is noncoding. Furthermore, mutants deleted of up to
      two thirds of C-terminal coding domains still retained the capacity to produce a
      doublet of polypeptides, suggesting distinct amino termini for the two N-myc
      polypeptides. The amino-terminal primary structure of the N-myc protein was
      studied by site-specific point mutagenesis of the 5' end of the long open reading
      frame and by N-terminal radiosequencing of the two polypeptides. Our results show
      that the N-myc polypeptides are initiated from two alternative in-phase AUG
      codons located 24 base pairs apart at the 5' end of the second exon. Both of
      these polypeptides are phosphorylated and localized to the nucleus even when
      expressed separately. Interestingly, DNA rearrangements activating the c-myc gene
      are often found in the 1.7-kilobase-pair region between the two c-myc
      translational initiation sites and correlate with the loss of the longer c-myc
      polypeptide. Thus the close spacing of the two N-myc initiation codons could
      explain the relative resistance of the N-myc gene to similar modes of oncogenic
      activation.

PMID- 2657400
TI  - Amino-terminal extension generated from an upstream AUG codon increases the
      efficiency of mitochondrial import of yeast N2,N2-dimethylguanosine-specific tRNA
      methyltransferases.
AB  - Fusions between the TRM1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and COXIV or DHFR were
      made to examine the mitochondrial targeting signals of N2,N2-dimethylguanosine
      specific tRNA methyltransferase [tRNA (m2(2)G)dimethyltransferase]. This enzyme
      is responsible for the modification of both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic tRNAs.
      We have previously shown that two forms of the enzyme are translated from two in
      frame ATGs in this gene, that they differ by a 16-amino-acid amino-terminal
      extension, and that both the long and short forms are imported into mitochondria.
      Results of studies to test the ability of various TRM1 sequences to serve as
      surrogate mitochondrial targeting signals for passenger protein import in vitro
      and in vivo showed that the most efficient signal derived from tRNA
      (m2(2)G)dimethyltransferase included a combination of sequences from both the
      amino-terminal extension and the amino terminus of the shorter form of the
      enzyme. The amino-terminal extension itself did not serve as an independent
      mitochondrial targeting signal, whereas the amino terminus of the shorter form of
      tRNA (m2(2)G)dimethyltransferase did function in this regard, albeit
      inefficiently. We analyzed the first 48 amino acids of tRNA
      (m2(2)G)dimethyltransferase for elements of primary and secondary structure
      shared with other known mitochondrial targeting signals. The results lead us to
      propose that the most efficient signal spans the area around the second ATG of
      TRM1 and is consistent with the idea that there is a mitochondrial targeting
      signal present at the amino terminus of the shorter form of the enzyme and that
      the amino-terminal extension augments this signal by extending it to form a
      larger, more efficient mitochondrial targeting signal.

PMID- 2657401
TI  - Molecular analysis of GPH1, the gene encoding glycogen phosphorylase in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - In yeast cells, the activity of glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by cyclic AMP
      mediated phosphorylation of the enzyme. We have previously cloned the gene for
      glycogen phosphorylase (GPH1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To assess the role of
      glycogen and phosphorylase-catalyzed glycogenolysis in the yeast life cycle,
      yeast strains lacking a functional GPH1 gene or containing multiple copies of the
      gene were constructed. GPH1 was found not to be an essential gene in yeast cells.
      Haploid cells disrupted in GPH1 lacked phosphorylase activity and attained higher
      levels of intracellular glycogen but otherwise were similar to wild-type cells.
      Diploid cells homozygous for the disruption were able to sporulate and give rise
      to viable ascospores. Absence of functional GPH1 did not impair cells from
      synthesizing and storing trehalose. Increases in phosphorylase activity of 10- to
      40-fold were detected in cells carrying multiple copies of GPH1-containing 2
      microns plasmid. Northern (RNA) analysis indicated that GPH1 transcription was
      induced at the late exponential growth phase, almost simultaneous with the onset
      of intracellular glycogen accumulation. Thus, the low level of glycogen in
      exponential cells was not primarily maintained through regulating the
      phosphorylation state of a constitutive amount of phosphorylase. GPH1 did not
      appear to be under formal glucose repression, since transcriptional induction
      occurred well in advance of glucose depletion from the medium.

PMID- 2657402
TI  - The Xenopus laevis U2 gene distal sequence element (enhancer) is composed of four
      subdomains that can act independently and are partly functionally redundant.
AB  - The sequences involved in enhancement of transcription of the Xenopus U2 small
      nuclear RNA gene by the distal sequence element (DSE) of its promoter were
      analyzed in detail by microinjection of mutant genes into Xenopus oocytes. The
      DSE was shown to be roughly 60 base pairs long. Within this region, four motifs
      were found to contribute to DSE function: an ATGCAAAT octamer sequence, an SpI
      binding site, and two additional motifs which, since they are related in
      sequence, may bind the same transcription factor. These motifs were named D2 (for
      DSE; U2). Both the octamer sequence and the SpI site bound nuclear factors in
      vitro, but no factor binding to the D2 motifs was detected. All four elements
      were independently capable of enhancing transcription of the U2 gene to some
      extent. Furthermore, when assayed under both competitive and noncompetitive
      conditions, the individual units of the DSE displayed functional redundancy.

PMID- 2657403
TI  - Continued withdrawal from the cell cycle and regulation of cellular genes in
      mouse erythroleukemia cells blocked in differentiation by the c-myc oncogene.
AB  - Constitutive expression of the c-myc oncogene blocks dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
      induced differentiation of mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. During the first 12
      h of treatment with DMSO, MEL cells undergo a temporary decrease in the level of
      c-myc mRNA, followed by a temporary withdrawal from the cell cycle. We found the
      same shutoff of DNA synthesis during the first 12 to 30 h after DMSO induction in
      normal MEL cells (which differentiate) and in c-myc-transfected MEL cells (which
      do not differentiate). We also examined whether deregulated c-myc expression
      grossly interfered with the regulation of gene expression during MEL cell
      differentiation. We used run-on transcription assays to monitor the rate of
      transcription of four oncogenes (c-myc, c-myb, c-fos, and c-K-ras); all except c
      K-ras showed a rapid but temporary decrease in transcription after induction in
      both c-myc-transfected and control cells. Finally, we found the same regulation
      of cytoplasmic mRNA expression in both types of cells for four oncogenes and
      three housekeeping genes associated with growth. We conclude that in the MEL cell
      system, the effects of deregulated c-myc expression do not occur through a
      disruption of cell cycle control early in induction, nor do they occur through
      gross deregulation of gene expression.

PMID- 2657406
TI  - Current concepts on the etiology of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2657405
TI  - Mutagenesis of the rat insulin II 5'-flanking region defines sequences important
      for expression in HIT cells.
AB  - To define the cis-acting elements important for rat insulin II gene expression,
      we analyzed the effects of 5' deletions and linker-scanning mutations on the
      expression of a rat insulin II reporter gene in an insulinoma cell line (HIT).
      The reporter gene contained 448 base pairs of 5'-flanking sequence joined to the
      bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Expression of the 5' deletion
      mutations indicated that the minimal sequence requirement for efficient
      expression was 218 base pairs of 5'-flanking sequence, and at least three regions
      downstream from - 218 were important for transcription. A more precise
      localization of these elements and the cis-acting sequences in the promoter was
      achieved by analysis of the expression of 18 linker-scanning mutations. In these
      studies at least four other regions important for expression of the rat insulin
      II gene were identified. These findings suggest that the sequences important for
      rat insulin II and rat insulin I expression may differ significantly despite the
      high degree of sequence similarity in their 5'-flanking regions.

PMID- 2657407
TI  - The history of parkinsonism.

PMID- 2657404
TI  - Upstream activation sequence-dependent alteration of chromatin structure and
      transcription activation of the yeast GAL1-GAL10 genes.
AB  - Conversion of the positioned nucleosome array characteristic of the repressed
      GAL1-GAL10 promoter region to the more accessible conformation of the induced
      state was found to depend on the upstream activation sequence, GAL4 protein, a
      positive regulator of transcription, and galactose, the inducing agent. The
      effect of the GAL4 protein-upstream activation sequence complex on the structure
      of adjacent chromatin required no other promoter sequences. Although sequences
      protected by histones in the repressed state became more accessible to
      micrococcal nuclease and (methidiumpropyl-EDTA)iron(II) cleavage following
      induction of transcription, DNA-protein particles containing these sequences
      retained the electrophoretic mobility of nucleosomes, indicating that the
      promoter region can be associated with nucleosomes under conditions of
      transcription activation.

PMID- 2657408
TI  - Slowness of movement in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2657409
TI  - The dopamine motor system.

PMID- 2657410
TI  - Overcoming pharmacokinetic problems in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2657411
TI  - Parkinsonism-plus syndromes.

PMID- 2657412
TI  - [Intra- and intermolecular recombination of test plasmids in K12 Escherichia coli
      cells carrying an RTF derivative of the R1drd-19 plasmid].
AB  - The RTF derivative of the plasmid R1drd-19 was found to stimulate recombination
      of the tester plasmids in a recB mutant of Escherichia coli K12. The frequency of
      intramolecular recombination is increased 3.5 and 20-fold, as compared to the one
      in rec+ and rec- strains, respectively. The frequency of interplasmid
      recombination is enhanced 4 and 9-fold, respectively. Considerable heterogeneity
      of the recombination products of the tester plasmid intramolecular recombination
      in recB-/RTFR1-19 strain has been revealed. It is hypothesized that a
      "recombinase" encoded by Rldrd-19 plasmid determines a new minor pathway in recB-
      (Rec P) which differs in activity and, perhaps substrate specificity from the
      main Rec BCD pathway.

PMID- 2657413
TI  - [Localization of SsoII restriction endonuclease and methylase genes on the map of
      the P4 plasmid].
AB  - The restrictional mapping of naturally occurring plasmid P4 from Shigella sonnei
      47 strain coding for the SsoII restriction endonuclease and methylase genes has
      been made. Using the genetic engineering approach the locations of the SsoII host
      cell specificity system enzymes genes have been determined.

PMID- 2657414
TI  - [Analysis of phenotypic manifestations of abnormal human hemoglobins].
AB  - Phenotypic manifestations of abnormal human hemoglobins are discussed using the
      data of hematology, protein chemistry and molecular biology. On the basis of the
      presented analysis it is proposed to distinguish between phenotypic
      manifestations characterizing the primary molecular defect, i.e. properties of a
      mutant protein and their expression on the molecular and cellular levels;
      manifestations characterizing the equilibrium of the primary defect and
      compensatory potentialities of the organism; and finally the unbalanced state
      when the compensatory abilities of the organism are depleted. These different
      manifestations of the same defective gene reflect the most relevant peculiarities
      of mutant protein properties per se, expression of the properties in the living
      organism, the influence on the homeostatic system "mutant protein--organism" of
      the genetic and environmental factors both at the compensation state and at
      stress.

PMID- 2657415
TI  - [Mutagenesis directed by phosphotriester analogs of oligonucleotides: a way to
      site-specific mutagenesis in vivo].
AB  - A new approach is proposed to obtain the directed mutations in the gene under
      study. The technique is based on using alkylphosphotriester analogues of
      oligodeoxyribonucleotides as site-specific mutagens. The deletion C in lacZ' gene
      of bacteriophage M13mpB was obtained by cotransfection of Escherichia coli cells
      with a mix of DNA and phosphotriester analogues of oligonucleotides.

PMID- 2657416
TI  - Mechanisms that produce rapid damage to myofilaments of amphibian skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - The system causing myofilament damage is separate from the phospholipase A2
      pathway, Ca activation of which ultimately causes sarcolemma breakdown in muscle
      cells. Mitochondrial agents cause myofilament damage in saponin-skinned frog
      pectoris cutaneous muscle when [Ca] = 0. There are parallels with other systems
      that generate oxygen radicals. However, a variety of protectors against oxygen
      radicals, or anoxia, failed to protect; Ca-activated damage was not augmented by
      diethylthiocarbamate, nor was it accompanied by a respiratory burst. Thus, there
      is no firm evidence implicating oxygen radicals in myofilament damage. Thiol
      oxidizing agents cause contraction damage in skinned muscle that resembles the
      quasirigor induced in myosin by N-ethylmaleimide. Activation of transmembrane
      dehydrogenases and electron flow produced damage and increased Ca sensitivity in
      skinned muscle, and it is suggested that this enzyme system may be implicated in
      characteristic damage to the myofilaments via redox cycling and modification of
      sulphydryl groups; its possible location on the sarcoplasmic reticulum is
      discussed.

PMID- 2657417
TI  - The thoracic outlet syndrome: controversies, overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and
      recommendations for management.
AB  - This review is an objective critique of the thoracic outlet syndrome, with
      emphasis on the need to separate true neurogenic and vascular syndromes from
      nonspecific ones. Major controversies in the diagnosis and management of thoracic
      outlet syndromes are discussed, with an analysis of major pitfalls encountered in
      the diagnosis and treatment of patients with nonspecific syndromes.
      Recommendations to improve diagnostic methods in patients with chronic
      neurovascular abnormalities in the upper extremities are outlined.

PMID- 2657418
TI  - Acquired inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies: clinical and
      electrodiagnostic features.
AB  - The acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies include acute (AIDP, Guillain-Barre
      syndrome, GBS) and chronic (CIDP, dysproteinemic) forms which differ primarily in
      their temporal profile. They are inflammatory-demyelinating diseases of the
      peripheral nervous system and likely have an immunologic pathogenesis. Although
      these neuropathies usually have a characteristic presentation, the
      electromyographer plays a central role in their recognition, since the
      demyelinating component of the neuropathy, which greatly reduces the differential
      diagnosis, is often first identified in the electromyography laboratory. In AIDP,
      the electromyographer, in addition to establishing the diagnosis, can sometimes
      predict the prognosis. Recognition of the chronic and dysproteinemic forms of
      acquired demyelinating polyneuropathy is important since they are treatable. The
      dysproteinemic forms also may be associated with occult systemic disorders that
      also may require treatment, independent of the neuropathy.

PMID- 2657419
TI  - Characterization of a large gene family in Schistosoma japonicum that encodes an
      immunogenic miracidial antigen.
AB  - Three of eleven clones isolated from a genomic expression library of Schistosoma
      japonicum DNA using chronically infected human sera also react with chronically
      infected mouse sera. Characterization of these three clones showed that they
      contain different members of the same gene family. One clone contains two members
      of the gene family approximately 2 kb apart and in opposite orientation to each
      other. DNA sequence homologies between pairs of genes range from 98% to 99.5%.
      Southern hybridization results indicate there are approximately 40 copies of
      these genes per haploid genome. Sera from mice immunized with purified fusion
      protein detected immunoreactive products in the central ganglion and ciliated
      epidermal cells of miracidia.

PMID- 2657420
TI  - Leupeptin alters the proteolytic processing of P126, the major parasitophorous
      vacuole antigen of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Among several protease inhibitors tested, only leupeptin was found to modify
      qualitatively the processing of P126, a major antigen of the parasitophorous
      vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum, and to inhibit the release of merozoites.
      Whereas P126 is normally processed upon merozoite release into 2 polypeptides of
      50 and 73 kDa which are discharged in the culture medium, leupeptin treatment led
      to the recovery of a 56 kDa fragment which was recognized by a monoclonal
      antibody specific for the 50 kDa polypeptide and of a 73 kDa fragment comigrating
      with the one obtained in normal culture conditions. Mild trypsinization of the 56
      kDa polypeptide gave rise to a 50 kDa product the tryptic fragments of which
      comigrated with those of the 50 kDa antigen obtained from untreated cultures.

PMID- 2657421
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote clones differentially express a parasite cell
      adhesion molecule.
AB  - We have cloned blood trypomastigotes from infected mice and found that
      Trypanosoma cruzi strains are composed of heterogeneous populations that
      dramatically vary (more than 100 fold) in their abilities to attach to and enter
      rat heart myoblasts. Trypomastigote clones were distinctively separated into
      highly and weakly infective groups presenting higher and lower rates of
      attachment to myoblasts, respectively. Each trypomastigote clone maintained the
      same profile of attachment and internalization into heart myoblasts when tested
      at different periods of time. This pattern did not change when the parasites were
      incubated in fresh medium before being exposed to heart myoblasts. Highly and
      weakly infective clones show differences at the cell surface level, particularly
      with regard to a 83 kDa glycoprotein. We have identified this 83 kDa glycoprotein
      as the parasite membrane ligand that specifically binds to rat heart myoblasts.
      The binding of the biotinylated 83 kDa to myoblasts is inhibited by cold excess
      in Western blots, as indicated by laser densitometry. In addition, the specific
      binding of this molecule to myoblasts is saturable and is greater in highly than
      in weakly infective trypomastigote clones. Highly invasive trypomastigote clones
      express this glycoprotein in more abundance on their surface than weakly
      infective trypomastigote clones. These results indicate that the 83 kDa
      glycoprotein present on the surface of T. cruzi trypomastigotes mediates the
      attachment of the parasite to heart myoblasts.

PMID- 2657422
TI  - N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the 105 kilodalton rhoptry antigen of
      Plasmodium falciparum.

PMID- 2657423
TI  - A controlled trial of dexamethasone in preterm infants at high risk for
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
AB  - We evaluated the use of dexamethasone in preterm infants to decrease morbidity
      associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled trial. Thirty-six preterm infants (birth weight, less than or equal to
      1250 g and gestational age, less than or equal to 30 weeks) who were dependent on
      oxygen and mechanical ventilation at two weeks of age received a 42-day course of
      dexamethasone (n = 13), an 18-day course of dexamethasone (n = 12), or saline
      placebo (n = 11). The starting dose of dexamethasone was 0.5 mg per kilogram of
      body weight per day, and it was progressively lowered during the period of
      administration. Infants in the 42-day dexamethasone group, but not those in the
      18-day group, were weaned from mechanical ventilation significantly faster than
      control infants (medians 29, 73, and 84 days, respectively; P less than 0.05),
      and from supplemental oxygen (medians 65, 190, and 136 days, respectively; P less
      than 0.05). No clinical complications of steroid administration were noted.
      Follow-up of all 23 survivors at 6 and 15 months of age showed good outcome
      (normal neurologic examinations and Bayley Developmental Indexes greater than or
      equal to 84) in 7 of the 9 infants in the 42-day dexamethasone group, but in only
      2 of the 9 infants in the 18-day dexamethasone group and 2 of the 5 in the
      placebo group (P less than 0.05). We conclude that dexamethasone therapy for 42
      days improves pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcome in very-low-birth-weight
      infants at high risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

PMID- 2657425
TI  - How can we pay for graduate medical education in ambulatory care?

PMID- 2657424
TI  - Intrathecal baclofen for severe spinal spasticity.
AB  - We studied the effect of the intrathecal infusion of baclofen, an agonist of
      gamma-aminobutyric acid, on abnormal muscle tone and spasms associated with
      spinal spasticity, in a randomized double-blind crossover study. Twenty patients
      with spinal spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis or spinal-cord injury who had
      had no response to treatment with oral baclofen received an intrathecal infusion
      of baclofen or saline for three days. The infusions were administered by means of
      a programmable pump implanted in the lumbar subarachnoid space. Muscle tone
      decreased in all 20 patients (mean [+/- SD] Ashworth score for rigidity, from 4.0
      +/- 1.0 to 1.2 +/- 0.4; P less than 0.0001), and spasms were decreased in 18 of
      the 19 patients who had spasms (mean [+/- SD] score for spasm frequency, from 3.3
      +/- 1.2 to 0.4 +/- 0.8; P less than 0.0005). Tests for motor function, neurologic
      examination, and assessments by the patients correctly indicated when baclofen
      was being infused in all cases. All patients were then entered in an open long
      term trial of continuous infusion of intrathecal baclofen. During a mean follow
      up period of 19.2 months (range, 10 to 33), muscle tone has been maintained
      within the normal range (mean Ashworth score, 1.0 +/- 0.1) and spasms have been
      reduced to a level that does not interfere with activities of daily living (mean
      spasm score, 0.3 +/- 0.6). No drowsiness or confusion occurred, one pump failed,
      and two catheters became dislodged and had to be replaced. No infections were
      observed. Our observations suggest that intrathecal baclofen is an effective long
      term treatment for spinal spasticity that has not responded to oral baclofen.

PMID- 2657426
TI  - Chemoprophylaxis and treatment of malaria.

PMID- 2657427
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor and disease severity in children with falciparum malaria.
AB  - To investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor in Plasmodium falciparum
      infections, we measured serum concentrations of this cytokine in 65 Malawian
      children with severe falciparum malaria. Of these children (mean age, 5.3 years),
      55 were unconscious and 10 had hypoglycemia at presentation. Although there was
      considerable overlap, the mean (+/- SEM) initial serum concentration of tumor
      necrosis factor was significantly higher in the 10 patients who died (709 +/- 312
      pg per milliliter) than in the 55 who survived (184 +/- 32 pg per milliliter; P
      less than 0.02). The mortality rate increased with the concentration of tumor
      necrosis factor: at a level of less than 100 pg per milliliter, 1 of 24 patients
      died; at 100 to 500 pg per milliliter, 6 of 34 patients; and at more than 500 pg
      per milliliter, 3 of 7 patients. High concentrations of tumor necrosis factor
      were also associated with hypoglycemia (P less than 0.02), hyperparasitemia (P
      less than 0.002), age under three years (P less than 0.03), and severity of
      illness as measured by a prognostic index (P less than 0.0005). The highest serum
      concentrations of tumor necrosis factor were found in patients who died shortly
      after admission. The concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid were within the normal
      range in all patients. In serum samples obtained from 38 convalescent patients,
      the concentration of tumor necrosis factor declined to a mean of 16 +/- 3 pg per
      milliliter. We conclude that the level of tumor necrosis factor is frequently
      increased in patients with severe falciparum malaria, particularly in those with
      cerebral malaria or hypoglycemia. To determine whether it is important in the
      pathogenesis of the signs and symptoms of the disease requires further study.

PMID- 2657428
TI  - Randomized, double-blind six-month trial of prednisone in Duchenne's muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - We performed a randomized, double-blind, controlled six-month trial of prednisone
      in 103 boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (age, 5 to 15 years). The patients
      were assigned to one of three regimens: prednisone, 0.75 mg per kilogram of body
      weight per day (n = 33); prednisone, 1.5 mg per kilogram per day (n = 34); or
      placebo (n = 36). The groups were initially comparable in all measures of muscle
      function. Both prednisone groups had significant improvement of similar degree in
      the summary scores of muscle strength and function. Improvement began as early as
      one month and peaked by three months. At six months the high-dose prednisone
      group, as compared with the placebo group, had improvement in the time needed to
      rise from a supine to a standing position (3.4 vs. 6.2 seconds), to walk 9 m (7.0
      vs. 9.7 seconds), and to climb four stairs (4.0 vs. 7.1 seconds), in lifting a
      weight (2.1 vs. 1.2 kg), and in forced vital capacity (1.7 vs. 1.5 liters) (P
      less than 0.001 for all comparisons). There was an increase in urinary creatinine
      excretion (261 vs. 190 mg per 24 hours), which suggested an increase in total
      muscle mass. However, the prednisone-treated patients who had required long-leg
      braces (n = 5) or wheelchairs (n = 11) continued to require them. The most
      frequent side effects were weight gain, cushingoid appearance, and excessive hair
      growth. We conclude from this six-month study that prednisone improves the
      strength and function of patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. However,
      further research is required to identify the mechanisms responsible for these
      improvements and to determine whether prolonged treatment with corticosteroids
      may be warranted despite their side effects.

PMID- 2657429
TI  - Need donated hearts be entirely free from disease?

PMID- 2657430
TI  - A prospective study of infants born to women seropositive for human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1. HIV Infection in Newborns French Collaborative
      Study Group.
AB  - Assessment of the risks of transmission of infection with human immunodeficiency
      virus type 1 (HIV-1) from mother to newborn is difficult, partly because of the
      persistence for up to a year of maternal antibodies transmitted passively to the
      infant. To determine the frequency of perinatal transmission of HIV infection, we
      studied from birth 308 infants born to seropositive women, 62 percent of whom
      were intravenous drug abusers. Of 117 infants evaluated 18 months after birth, 32
      (27 percent) were seropositive for HIV or had died of the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (n = 6); of the 32, only 2 remained
      asymptomatic. Another 76 infants (65 percent) were seronegative and free of
      symptoms, whereas 9 (8 percent) were seronegative but had symptoms suggestive of
      HIV-1 infection. The infants infected with HIV-1 did not differ from the others
      at birth with respect to weight, height, head circumference, or rate of
      malformations, but as compared with newborns who were seronegative at 18 months,
      their serum IgM levels were higher (78 +/- 81 mg per deciliter vs. 38 +/- 39 mg
      per deciliter; P less than 0.03) and their CD4 lymphocyte counts were lower (2054
      +/- 1221 per cubic millimeter vs. 2901 +/- 1195 per cubic millimeter; P less than
      0.006). Neither maternal risk factors nor the route of delivery was a predictor
      of seropositivity at 18 months; however, 5 of the 6 infants who were breast-fed
      became seropositive, as compared with 25 of 99 who were not (P less than 0.01).
      We conclude that approximately one third of the infants born to seropositive
      mothers will have evidence of HIV-1 infection or of AIDS by the age of 18 months,
      and that about one fifth of this group will have died.

PMID- 2657431
TI  - New approaches to raw meat processing as a result of recent studies of food
      exotrophia.
AB  - The general supremacy of classical theory of balanced nutrition entailed the
      tendency to remove ballast substances from food products. However, a new theory
      of adequate nutrition grounded a significant role of these substances in human
      ration. On the basis of experimental observations and theoretical theses of a new
      theory it was determined that animal connective tissue elements can be considered
      as ballast substances, that are physiologically useful for human organism.
      Proceeding from this a conclusion was made that a definite content of connective
      tissue in meat products does not reduce, but raises their nutritional value. A
      new level of knowledge made it possible to propose the modified method of
      integral score for food products nutritional value estimation.

PMID- 2657432
TI  - E. coli genome.

PMID- 2657433
TI  - Neutron scattering.

PMID- 2657434
TI  - A fusion protein required for vesicle-mediated transport in both mammalian cells
      and yeast.
AB  - A protein sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide catalyses the fusion of transport
      vesicles with Golgi cisternae in a mammalian cell-free system. By cloning and
      sequencing its gene from Chinese hamster ovary cells and by use of in vitro
      assays, we show that this fusion protein is equivalent to the SEC18 gene product
      of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, known to be essential for vesicle-mediated
      transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The mechanism of
      vesicular fusion is thus highly conserved, both between species and at different
      stages of transport.

PMID- 2657435
TI  - New light on the Lysenko era.

PMID- 2657436
TI  - Pro-sequence of subtilisin can guide the refolding of denatured subtilisin in an
      intermolecular process.
AB  - Subtilisin E, an alkaline serine protease consisting of a single polypeptide
      chain of 275 amino acids is produced from a pre-pro-protein. The pre-sequence
      functions as the signal peptide for protein secretion across the membrane.
      Deletion of the pro-sequence yields mature but inactive subtilisin: the 77-amino
      acid pro-sequence must precede the mature subtilisin to guide the latter into an
      active conformation. Pro-subtilisin denatured in 6 M guanidine-HCl can be self
      processed to the active enzyme intramolecularly, with concomitant cleavage of the
      pro-sequence, when dialysed against renaturing buffer. We have constructed an
      active-centre mutant of pro-subtilisin (Asp 32----Asn) which is not processed to
      active enzyme, unlike the wild-type pro-subtilisin, because intramolecular
      processing is prevented. Here we report an intermolecular pathway for the
      refolding of the inactive mature protein to an active enzyme in vitro with the
      aid of exogenously added pro-sequence. We establish conditions under which the
      mature inactive form, as well as acid-denatured subtilisins Carlsberg and BPN',
      can be renatured by the mutant pro-subtilisin.

PMID- 2657437
TI  - [Danger of radiation--a realistic view].
AB  - It is evident that ionizing radiation at high doses is able to damage living
      organisms and may induce cancer and leukemia in man. At low doses, however,
      biopositive effects appear possible too, for which examples are given. The
      mechanism of such effects can be explained as a general stimulation of the
      natural immune system. In conclusion, radiation at low doses is thus not as
      dangerous as often assumed but is rather essential for life and the maintenance
      of health.

PMID- 2657439
TI  - Azadirachtin inhibits Trypanosoma cruzi infection of its triatomine insect host,
      Rhodnius prolixus.

PMID- 2657438
TI  - [Biochemistry of thiol groups: the role of glutathione].
AB  - Glutathione (GSH) comprises the bulk of the pool of free thiol groups in
      biological systems. Since its first description as philothione 100 years ago,
      there have been repeated surprises in discoveries of novel functions. Just
      recently the important role of thioethers with products of the lipoxygenase
      reaction, i.e., the leukotrienes, was revealed as mediator of physiological and
      pathophysiological processes. Another major function resides in detoxication, GSH
      being cosubstrate in the GSH-peroxidase reaction for the reduction of
      hydroperoxides in the defense against oxidative stress. Interest also focuses on
      reactions of glutathionyl radicals in protection by thiols against DNA damage
      resulting from ionizing radiation.

PMID- 2657440
TI  - Anti-cholinergic effect of verapamil on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
      gated K+ channel in isolated guinea-pig atrial myocytes.
AB  - Effects of verapamil on the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced K+ current were examined
      in single atrial cells, using the tight-seal whole-cell clamp technique. The
      pipette solution contained guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) or guanosine-5'-O-(3
      thiotriphosphate) (GTP-gamma S, a non-hydrolysable GTP analogue). In GTP-loaded
      cells, ACh induced a specific K+ current, which is known to be mediated by
      pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding (G) proteins. Verapamil (0.1-100 microM)
      depressed the ACh-induced K+ current in a concentration-dependent fashion. In GTP
      gamma S-loaded cells, the K+ current remained persistently after wash-out of ACh,
      probably due to irreversible activation of G proteins by GTP-gamma S. Verapamil
      (0.1-100 microM) also depressed the intracellular GTP-gamma S-induced K+ current.
      However, the magnitude of verapamil-depression of the K+ current in GTP-gamma S
      loaded cells was significantly smaller than that in GTP-loaded cells at
      concentrations between 1 and 10 microM of the drug. From these results, it is
      suggested that verapamil may block not only the function of muscarinic ACh
      receptors but also of G proteins and/or the K+ channel itself and thereby depress
      the ACh-induced K+ current in isolated atrial myocytes.

PMID- 2657441
TI  - CGS 9343B and W7 (calmodulin antagonists) inhibit KCl-induced increase in
      cytosolic free calcium and insulin secretion of RINm5F cells.
AB  - CGS 9343B:1,3-Dihydro-1-[1-[4-methyl-4H,6H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]-[4,1] benzoxazepin-4
      yl)methyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2H-benzimidazol-2-o ne maleate and W7:N-6(aminohexyl)-5
      chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide) are calmodulin antagonists with different
      specificities. The effects of CGS 9343B and W7 on cytosolic free calcium
      concentration ([ Ca2+]i) and insulin release were investigated in rat insulinoma
      cells (RINm5F). As measured with the Quin-2 technique, preincubation with CGS
      9343B (0.3-10 microM) and W7 (5-50 microM) concentration dependently decreased
      KCl (25 mM)-mediated accumulation of cytosolic calcium. Both, CGS 9343B (10
      microM) and W7 (50-100 microM) almost abolished the alanine- and KCl-induced
      increase in [Ca2+]i and significantly inhibited KCl (25 mM)- and alanine (10 mM)
      mediated insulin release. W5 (100 microM), the chlorine-deficient analogue of W7
      with decreased affinity for calmodulin, did not inhibit the KCl-induced increase
      in [Ca2+]i and enhanced basal and KCl-mediated insulin release by 56% and 189%,
      respectively. Our data suggest that CGS 9343B and W7 inhibit the depolarization
      induced calcium uptake and subsequent increase in [Ca2+]i.

PMID- 2657442
TI  - Dinner with De Quincey. Loperamide overdose.

PMID- 2657443
TI  - [Postpartum thyroiditis, an overview].

PMID- 2657444
TI  - [Eicosanoids and the gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2657445
TI  - [AIDS and the skin].

PMID- 2657446
TI  - [Vitamin A deficiency, anemia and infectious diseases].

PMID- 2657447
TI  - Profound hypothermia: a case report and a review.

PMID- 2657448
TI  - Neonatal jaundice.

PMID- 2657449
TI  - [Is schizophrenia a disease? Epidemiologic data and speculative conclusions].

PMID- 2657450
TI  - Insulin pen, a step forward?

PMID- 2657451
TI  - Does an insulin pen improve the metabolic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus if
      added to conventional treatment?
AB  - This study concerns the metabolic control of 19 type 1 diabetic patients during 3
      consecutive periods of 4 months. All patients were well trained in self-control
      and self-regulation. During the first period, the previous treatment regimen
      consisting of diet and injections once or twice daily of short-acting and
      intermediate-acting insulin was intensified. During the 2nd period, an insulin
      pen, filled with short-acting insulin, was added to the treatment. The patients
      were advised to use this pen every time the blood glucose concentration exceeded
      10 mmol/l or when this was expected; extra attention was paid to the lunch time
      and afternoon snacks. During the 3rd period, the use of the insulin pen was
      stopped but, just as in the 1st period, adjustments with short-acting insulin
      using normal syringes were allowed. The total daily dose of insulin remained
      unchanged throughout the entire study. The relative proportion of short-acting
      insulin increased from 25 to 34%, a quarter of which was injected by the insulin
      pen during period 2. The HbA1 % decreased steadily from 12.8 +/- 2.0 to 10.6 +/-
      1.3 (P less than 0.001) during the first 2 periods and remained unchanged
      thereafter. The blood glucose concentration measured 7 times during the day twice
      monthly showed the greatest fall during the 1st period with only a minor extra
      fall during the 2nd period, and no further statistical drop during the last
      period. None of the patients had any problems using the insulin pen and 15 of 19
      patients resumed its use after the end of the study. It is concluded that the
      improvement of glycaemic control was due to the intensified attention and not to
      the use of the insulin pen per se.

PMID- 2657452
TI  - Renal involvement in Behcet's syndrome. Report of a case and a review of the
      literature.
AB  - A patient is described with acute renal failure in Behcet's syndrome. Two types
      of renal involvement can occur in patients with Behcet's syndrome, viz.,
      proliferative glomerulonephritis and amyloidosis. Glomerulonephritis can occur
      early in the disease; amyloidosis is a late complication. In patients with
      amyloidosis of unknown origin, Behcet's syndrome should be considered.

PMID- 2657453
TI  - Central nervous system and insulin secretion.

PMID- 2657454
TI  - Answer to the letter of J.W.M. van der Meer.

PMID- 2657455
TI  - Does thyroid function influence serum beta 2-microglobulin?
AB  - In 24 patients with hyperthyroidism (15 with Graves' disease and 9 with toxic
      nodular goitre), serum beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) levels were measured prior
      to and during 6 wk of treatment with carbimazole. The same schedule was followed
      in 7 patients with hypothyroidism, but their treatment consisted of levothyroxin
      in increasing doses. In 16 of the patients with hyperthyroidism, beta 2-m was
      initially found to be increased. In all these patients an increased beta 2-m
      declined to normal or near-normal levels. The patients with hypothyroidism had a
      normal medium serum beta 2-m. During substitution there was a tendency for the
      serum beta 2-m to decline. Indirect arguments are stated for the hypothesis that
      both in Graves' disease and in toxic nodular goitre activated T-lymphocytes are
      modulated in their function by carbimazole acting as an immunosuppressing agent.
      Moreover, we conclude that thyroid hormone levels are not directly responsible
      for the increased serum beta 2-m concentrations in hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2657456
TI  - Decreased rectal body temperature induced by different vasodilatory drugs.
AB  - In three patients with either hypertension or Raynaud's phenomenon who were
      treated with different types of vasodilatory drugs, i.e. prazosin, nifedipine and
      prostacyclin, a decrease in rectal body temperature was measured. Overt
      hypothermia occurred in one patient. Because we found a pronounced improvement of
      arteriovenous shunt flow within the skin vessels in two of these patients,
      increased heat loss seems the most reasonable explanation for the observed
      decrease in body temperature. These observations point to an adverse effect of
      vasodilatory drugs. One should be aware of this possibility in patients being
      treated with these drugs who have complaints suggestive of hypothermia.

PMID- 2657457
TI  - The absorption of subcutaneously injected insulin.
AB  - Insulin has been used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus for 65 years. Still,
      little is known about the processes governing its absorption after subcutaneous
      injection. Since normoglycaemia is the general aim nowadays, knowledge about the
      absorption process is important. In this review, the physiology and the
      pharmacological and clinical factors influencing the absorption rate are dealt
      with, resulting in recommendations for the injection procedure of insulin.

PMID- 2657458
TI  - Criteria in ambulatory 24-hour oesophageal pH recording.

PMID- 2657459
TI  - Twenty-four-hour oesophageal pH monitoring: advances and controversies.

PMID- 2657460
TI  - Twenty-four-hour ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring: experience in The
      Netherlands.
AB  - Twenty-four-hour ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring has become a major
      diagnostic method for the evaluation of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
      Essential requirements for registration and reproduction of the pH are reliable
      pH electrodes, well-performed calibration and optimal reproduction and analysis
      of the signal. The most commonly used pH probes in The Netherlands are not
      combined monocrystalline antimony electrodes (Synectics Ltd, Sweden) and combined
      glass electrodes (Ingold and Radiometer). For diagnostic intra-oesophageal pH
      measurements both types are suitable; for research purposes, especially
      intragastric, glass electrodes are preferable. In The Netherlands several types
      of solid-state recorders are commercially available: all fulfill the conditions
      necessary to produce reliable registrations. In the present study, available
      measuring systems in The Netherlands and current practices associated with
      ambulatory pH monitoring were evaluated. Inquiry among the Dutch pH registration
      centres showed that more than half were using Synectics electrodes and equipment.
      Positioning of the pH probe was based on manometry (25%), fluoroscopy (22%) or
      endoscopy (20%). In the initial phase there were many problems, especially
      related to ignorance of the complicated registration procedure. For ambulatory pH
      measurements we recommend a simple datalogger with a sufficient memory capacity
      and direct interface with a PC, a combined glass electrode positioned 5 cm above
      the manometrically determined lower oesophageal sphincter. For clinical
      interpretation of the results the percentage of time with pH below 4 is probably
      the most reliable parameter for the detection of pathological gastrooesophageal
      reflux.

PMID- 2657461
TI  - Recommendations for long-term oesophageal pH monitoring.
AB  - Ambulatory 24-h pH monitoring in the distal oesophagus represents a widely
      accepted tool in the diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. When this
      method was first established, most attention was drawn to the definition of
      normal oesophageal pH values; various studies correlated morphological findings
      in the distal oesophagus with the extent of gastro-oesophageal reflux. We have
      compared different reflux-related variables under different measuring conditions;
      reflux time (percentage of time with pH below 4) was found to be much more
      reliable than variables derived from the recognition of single reflux episodes.
      The special advantage of long-term ambulatory pH monitoring is, however, in our
      opinion, its capacity for identifying gastro-oesophageal reflux as the primary
      cause of chest pain in those patients whose oesophagus has an endoscopically
      normal appearance. For this purpose, it is vital that the recording system be
      equipped with a reliable event marker; the oesophageal origin is confirmed by
      detection of a high coincidence between pain attacks and reflux episodes. The
      evaluation software for ambulatory pH monitoring must therefore allow for
      diagrammatic display of a complete 24-h recording where the onset of pain attacks
      is visible within the pH curve.

PMID- 2657462
TI  - Assessment of intragastric acidity in man: modern aspects and reproducibility of
      intragastric pH monitoring.

PMID- 2657463
TI  - Immunoreactivity of neuronal lipofuscin with monoclonal antibodies to the amyloid
      beta-protein.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies generated against a synthetic peptide corresponding to
      amino acids 1 to 24 of cerebrovascular amyloid beta-protein do not only stain
      amyloidotic blood vessels and the amyloid deposits of the (senile) neuritic
      plaques, but also the neuronal pigment lipofuscin. Staining of lipofuscin is
      observed in both cerebral and cerebellar cortices, subcortical nuclei as well as
      the brain stem, and is identical in Alzheimer and normal control brain. Western
      blots of a lipofuscin enriched fraction show an anti-beta-protein reactive
      polypeptide migrating at approximately 31 kDa position on SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. These results suggest that this polypeptide is associated with
      lipofuscin and is most likely derived from the predicted amyloid precursor
      protein. This implicates that, unlike in Alzheimer's disease where this protein
      is also processed extraneuronally in a manner to release an amyloid fiber forming
      fragment, the end point of its processing in the nerve cell seems to accumulate
      on a lipopigment characteristic for normal aging.

PMID- 2657464
TI  - Age-related impairment in complex maze learning in rats: relationship to
      neophobia and cholinergic antagonism.
AB  - Scopolamine was utilized to assess cholinergic muscarinic blockade on the
      performance of young (3 months) and aged (23 months) male F-344 rats in a 14-unit
      T-maze task. Prior to training, a portion of each age group received a gustatory
      neophobia test (percent consumption of a novel sucrose solution) to assess
      involvement of norepinephrine systems implicated in age-related impairments of
      rats in other memory tasks. All rats were pretrained in one-way active avoidance
      (1.0 mA) on 3 consecutive days. Rats meeting criterion (8/10 avoidances on last
      day) began maze training the next day consisting of 10 trials on 2 consecutive
      days. The task required the rat to negotiate each of 5 maze segments within 10
      sec to avoid scrambled footshock (1.0 mA). Rats received an intraperitoneal
      injection of either scopolamine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg or 0.75 mg/kg) or saline
      vehicle 30 min prior to maze testing. Consistent with past reports, aged rats
      were more neophobic (i.e., consumed less sucrose) than were young rats, but the
      degree of neophobia was not significantly correlated with maze error performance
      in either age group. Also consistent with previous studies, aged rats were
      significantly impaired, compared to young counterparts, in all maze performance
      measures including errors, alternation errors, runtime, and shock frequency and
      duration. Significant scopolamine-induced deficits were observed in both age
      groups, but only in errors and alternation strategy. No age by drug interaction
      was manifested in any performance measure indicating that scopolamine impaired
      learning of young and aged rats equivalently.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657465
TI  - Basal forebrain lesions impair tactile discrimination and working memory.
AB  - Rats received bilateral injections of the excitotoxin, N-methyl-D,L aspartate,
      which resulted in degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic (BFC) neurons in
      the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Most tests of general neurological function
      revealed no differences between control rats and those with BFC lesions and where
      differences were found they appeared to be due to hyperemotionality. Rats with
      BFC lesions demonstrated significant deficits in working memory, as evaluated in
      an 8-arm radial maze. In addition, these rats showed a severe impairment in
      tactile discrimination learning, an effect of BFC lesions not previously
      demonstrated. We propose that cholinergic deafferentation of the somatosensory
      cortex with consequent disruption in somatosensory information processing might
      account at least in part for this effect.

PMID- 2657466
TI  - Septo-hippocampal neurons in the aged rat: relation between their
      electrophysiological and pharmacological properties and behavioral performances.
AB  - The performances of aged (24-26 months) rats in two behavioral tasks (passive
      avoidance and spontaneous alternation) have been studied. Subpopulations of old
      animals were found to be impaired in these tasks. Most of the impaired animals,
      however, were not impaired in both tasks. The properties of the septo-hippocampal
      neurons (SHNs) were subsequently studied in the same group of experimental
      animals, anesthetized with urethane, using electrophysiological techniques. The
      spontaneous activity of SHNs displaying a rhythmically bursting activity (RBA)
      was significantly higher in animals impaired in the spontaneous alternation task.
      The proportion of SHNs with RBA was significantly lower and the frequency of the
      RBA was higher in animals impaired in the passive avoidance task. The
      pharmacological properties of the SHNs were not significantly different in the
      various groups. The significance of these complex correlations with regard to the
      age-related alterations of SHNs properties is discussed.

PMID- 2657467
TI  - Acute effects of oral pyridostigmine on memory and cognitive function in SDAT.
AB  - This study reports the effects of the anticholinesterase pyridostigmine on
      cognitive function in 15 elderly patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer
      type (SDAT). Each patient was given placebo and pyridostigime 60 mg orally four
      times over 26 hours, with a seven day washout between, using a randomized double
      blind cross-over design. There was no significant improvement in cognitive
      function following placebo or pyridostigmine. We did not perform any preliminary
      dose-finding trials to find the optimum dose of pyridostigmine, but gave the drug
      in a predetermined fixed dosage to each patient. We conclude that with this
      dosage, pyridostigmine did not significantly improve cognitive function more than
      placebo in this group of elderly patients.

PMID- 2657468
TI  - Potential use of nerve growth factor to treat Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2657469
TI  - Pharmacological effects of phenylalanine on seizure susceptibility: an overview.
AB  - The effects of excessive doses of phenylalanine on seizure susceptibility were
      examined in animal models in the past, primarily because of their relevance to
      phenylketonuria. It was thought that such effects might involve brain
      monoaminergic mechanisms. Recently, this issue has been pursued with a renewed
      interest but for a different reason. The dipeptide sweetener, aspartame, contains
      a phenylalanine residue. In the last three years, a number of studies involving
      as many as nine animal models of seizures have reexamined the effects of
      phenylalanine (and aspartame) on seizure thresholds. Data from these studies are
      in general agreement that aspartame at dosage levels below 1,000 mg/kg, or
      phenylalanine at equimolar doses, is without an effect on seizure susceptibility
      in animals. When the dosage level of aspartame reaches 1,000 mg/kg, the findings
      between various laboratories and from different animal models of seizures are
      inconsistent, showing either no effect or a proconvulsant effect. The Acceptable
      Daily Intake of aspartame in humans set by the Food and Drug Administration is 50
      mg/kg/day. Thus, the data from the excessive bolus doses in rodents do not appear
      to be relevant to human use. This article provides a detailed review of the data
      from both early and recent studies and points out the methodological problems
      apparent at such high doses.

PMID- 2657470
TI  - Non-specific esterases and esterproteases in masticatory muscles from the
      muscular dystrophic mouse.
AB  - With the aid of histochemical and electrophoretic techniques activities for
      esterase and esterprotease were investigated in the digastric and masseter
      muscles from normal and dystrophic mice. The substrates used were alpha-naphthyl
      acetate and N-acetyl-L-alanine alpha-naphthyl ester. According to the microscopic
      observations of the dystrophic muscles the histopathological changes in the
      masseter muscle were much more pronounced than in the digastric muscle. The
      connective tissue surrounding the myofibers of the dystrophic masseter contained
      a large number of cells with pronounced enzyme activity. Among them were mast
      cells that were strongly stained for esterprotease. The connective tissue of the
      dystrophic digastricus was much less infiltrated with cellular elements reacting
      for esterprotease. In zymograms the normal digastricus, the dystrophic masseter
      and the dystrophic digastricus showed a strong activity for certain isoenzymes
      that were absent or weakly expressed in the normal masseter.

PMID- 2657471
TI  - The immunohistochemical demonstration of subsequences of the precursor of the
      amyloid A4 protein in senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The actual presence of the predicted precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4
      protein, reported by Kang et al. (1987) in the Alzheimer brain, has yet to be
      verified. To identify the various regions of this precursor, antibodies were
      raised against three synthetic polypeptides, R35 (residues 274-286), R36
      (residues 527-540), and R37 (residues 681-695), subsequences of the precursor
      protein; the specificity of these antibodies was ascertained by ELISA. Upon
      immunohistochemical examination, the antibody to R35 failed to react, but the
      antibody to R36 (the extracellular part) stained the amyloid of senile plaques
      and the staining pattern was identical to that of anti-A4 antibody. The antibody
      to R37 (the C-terminal intracellular part) stained what may be degenerating
      neurites in senile plaques whereas the amyloid remained unstained. An anti
      neurofilament (NF) antibody reacted with some of the R37-positive grains, but R37
      negative grains also were seen. Further, some R37-positive grains were not
      stained by the anti-NF antibody. The anti-GFAP antibody and the anti-macrophage
      antibody did not stain the R37-positive grains. These findings indicate that the
      amyloid protein in senile plaques actually contains a larger polypeptide than the
      A4 protein, and suggest that the intracellular C-terminal part of the precursor
      may exist in the degenerated neurites seen in senile plaques.

PMID- 2657472
TI  - Mitochondria-related encephalomyopathies.
AB  - Owing to advances in morphological and biochemical techniques, the mitochondria
      related myopathies and encephalomyopathies have emerged as a still rapidly
      growing group of primary and secondary metabolic disorders, which may extend from
      infancy to late adulthood. Impairment of the biochemically diversified
      mitochondria is reflected in an enormous number of deficiencies, often affecting
      several mitochondrial enzymes in the same patient; morphologically abnormal
      mitochondria are common and are thus not specific to individual mitochondrial
      enzyme deficiencies. Skeletal muscle biopsies have provided a wealth of data
      through histological and histochemical studies and from isolated mitochondria. As
      a similar abundance of biochemical and morphological findings has not been
      obtained from brain tissue in mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, investigation of
      these disorders is still in its infancy; interpretation of these conditions and
      their encephalopathic components has largely been based on comparison of data not
      derived from brain tissues. Therefore, it has been, and still is, largely the
      link between an encephalopathy and an associated mitochondrial myopathy that
      identifies the brain lesions as clinical and morphological expressions of a
      mitochondrial defect. As enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic
      investigations of mitochondrial encephalopathies have not yielded a comparable
      rich spectrum of morphological findings, it is conceivable that the spectrum of
      mitochondrial encephalopathies may be much larger than defined by the hitherto
      identified encephalomyopathies. This may be especially so when the myopathic
      component is of minor nosological significance.

PMID- 2657473
TI  - Vasopressin neuron is the target of monoclonal antibodies raised against
      vasopressin-neurophysin injected in vivo.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against the neurophysin (NP) specifically
      synthesized with vasopressin (VP, VP-NP) were injected into the paraventricular
      nucleus (PVN) of the rat hypothalamus. Their fate was studied by
      immunocytochemistry from 1 min to 3 h after the end of injection. It could be
      demonstrated that the VP-NP MAbs penetrated in vivo into some magnocellular
      neurons of the injected PVN and were transported ipsi- and contralaterally in
      individual neurons and in accessory magnocellular groups. When the time after
      injection was longer than 15 min, the VP-NP MAbs were also carried in the fibers
      of the median eminence. The prior treatment of rats with colchicine did not
      prevent the uptake of VP-NP MAb in the neurons but inhibited the transport
      towards the eminential fibers, the individual neurons and accessory groups. The
      detection of the PVN endogenous peptides (VP and oxytocin) on the same brain
      sections indicates that the neuronal uptake was specific. It only occurred in the
      neurons which synthesized VP and never appeared in the brain of rats suffering
      from a genetic defect of the central VP synthesis (Brattleboro rat). These data
      support the hypothesis of the location on the cell surface of the VP-NP precursor
      in magnocellular neurons which synthesize VP. This membrane signal identifies the
      neuron and allows the immunological recognition of the neurosecretory neurons in
      vivo.

PMID- 2657474
TI  - Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone release from the human mediobasal
      hypothalamus in vitro: opiate receptor-mediated suppression.
AB  - An in vitro perifusion system was used to investigate pulsatile gonadotropin
      releasing hormone (GnRH) release from the fetal (20-23 weeks of gestation) and
      adult human mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). Fetal human MBHs released GnRH in
      discrete pulses, with a periodicity of approximately 1 h. Adult human MBHs also
      released GnRH in a pulsatile manner, with a periodicity of 60-100 min. The
      calcium-dependent pulsatile GnRH release from fetal human MBHs was suppressed by
      addition of morphine (10 microM) to the perifusion medium, and this suppression
      was reversed by addition of the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (10 microM).
      These results indicate that the human hypothalamic GnRH pulse-generating
      mechanism is located entirely within the MBH, and that this pulse generator can
      maintain intrinsically pulsatile GnRH release independent of all innervation from
      outside this site. Our data also demonstrate that human hypothalamic pulsatile
      GnRH release can be suppressed by an opiate receptor-mediated mechanism located
      within the MBH.

PMID- 2657475
TI  - Immunohistochemical distribution of delta sleep inducing peptide in the rabbit
      brain and hypophysis.
AB  - The distribution of delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) in the rabbit brain has
      been studied with immunohistochemical techniques. DSIP-like immunoreactivity was
      predominantly detected in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus and hypophysis. Even
      in colchicine-pretreated animals, immunolabeled cell bodies were relatively few.
      They were mostly scattered through the ventrolateral septum, the diagonal band of
      Broca and preoptic areas. Clusters of positive cell bodies were also found in the
      arcuate nucleus and adjacent lateral hypothalamic areas. Large populations of
      varicose fibers and terminal-like structures were observed in the
      juxtaventricular zone of the ventrolateral septum, in the preoptic areas and
      lamina terminalis especially around the preoptic recess of the third ventricle
      and more caudally, in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Dense
      networks of immunolabeled fibers were visualized in the median eminence and
      pituitary stalk where many fibers could be seen in close apposition to the
      capillaries. Many DSIP-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the subfornical
      organ. Other extra-hypothalamic regions displaying a low-to-moderate density of
      immunoreactive fibers were the indusium griseum, the hippocampus, the fimbria of
      the fornix, the subcommissural organ, the medial habenula and, occasionally, the
      medial periaqueductal gray. Most cells of the pars intermedia and a few cells of
      the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary were DSIP-immunoreactive. Taken
      together these results in the rabbit brain emphasize the predominant localization
      of DSIP-like immunoreactivity in areas related to the hypothalamic neurosecretory
      systems.

PMID- 2657476
TI  - Estradiol-induced progestin receptor immunoreactivity is found only in estrogen
      receptor-immunoreactive cells in guinea pig brain.
AB  - A fluorescent immunocytochemical technique was developed to determine if cells in
      the guinea pig hypothalamus and preoptic area that contain estradiol-induced
      progestin receptors also contain estrogen receptors. With this technique little
      or no progestin receptor-immunoreactivity (PR-IR) was observed in the absence of
      estrogen treatment in ovariectomized guinea pigs. As has been reported
      previously, priming with estradiol caused a large increase in the concentration
      of PR-IR cells in discrete regions of the hypothalamus and preoptic area,
      primarily in the arcuate nucleus, ventrolateral area of the hypothalamus,
      periventricular preoptic area, medial preoptic nucleus, medial preoptic area,
      anterior hypothalamic nucleus and anterior hypothalamus. A range of lightly to
      intensely labeled estrogen receptor-immunoreactive (ER-IR) cells were observed in
      high concentration in each of these areas, as well as in some areas in which no
      PR-IR cells have been identified, such as the amygdala. PR-IR was only observed
      in cells that also had ER-IR. In some areas such as the ventrolateral
      hypothalamic area and arcuate nucleus, nearly all medium to highly-fluorescent ER
      IR cells also contained estradiol-induced PR-IR, while in the amygdala no PR-IR
      was observed despite a high concentration of ER-IR cells. These results confirm
      the hypothesis that progestin receptors are produced in estrogen receptor
      containing cells in the brain, and they suggest that these cells are the sites
      where estradiol and progesterone act to influence behavior and physiology.

PMID- 2657477
TI  - Luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion in hypophysial-stalk-transected pigs
      given estradiol and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
AB  - To determine the sites of action whereby estradiol (E2) induces the preovulatory
      luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in pigs, hypophysial-stalk-transected (HST)
      ovariectomized (OVX) gilts (mean +/- SE: 118 +/- 12 kg) received intramuscular
      injections of E2 benzoate (10 micrograms E2B/kg body weight) on day 0, plus
      intravenous pulses of 1 microgram gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) every 45
      min either from days -5 to 4, days -5 to 0 or days -5 to 0 then days 2 to 4. A
      fourth and fifth group received steroid vehicle on day 0 and pulses of GnRH on
      either days -5 to 4 or days -5 to 0 then days 2 to 4. In stalk-intact OVX gilts,
      E2B inhibited LH release for 48 h, then induced an LH surge that peaked 60-84 h
      after steroid treatment. In HST OVX gilts, serum LH increased from undetectable
      concentrations (less than 0.17 ng/ml) to 0.42 +/- 0.03 ng/ml after 5 days of
      pulsatile GnRH replacement. In the presence of pulsatile GnRH stimulation, serum
      LH concentrations were inhibited for 12 h after E2B but then returned to values
      that were similar to those for HST gilts given GnRH in the absence of steroid
      treatment. Discontinuing GnRH pulses at the time of E2B injection caused serum LH
      concentrations to drop to 0.18 ng/ml or less for the remaining 96 h. When GnRH
      pulses were interrupted for 48 h, beginning immediately after injecting E2B or
      vehicle to mimic the secretory hiatus of LH and presumably GnRH observed in stalk
      intact pigs prior to the surge, resumption of GnRH pulses caused serum LH
      concentrations to increase progressively over 3 h in E2B-treated gilts but to
      peak abruptly in controls given vehicle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657478
TI  - Inhibitory effect of central LHRH on LH secretion in the ovariectomized ewe.
AB  - The role of central luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in the control
      of pulsatile LHRH and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion was investigated in
      ovariectomized adult ewes. Injection of LHRH (2.1-21 pmol) into the third
      cerebral ventricle caused a delayed but sustained inhibition of LH secretion.
      Pulse frequency, pulse amplitude and mean LH levels were reduced significantly
      when compared with the responses to the control injection of saline (50
      microliters). The inhibitory effect of centrally administered LHRH was not
      accompanied by a reduction in the pituitary responsiveness to intravenous LHRH.
      In contrast to the effect on LH, plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone
      (FSH) and prolactin were unaffected by central LHRH. The inhibitory action of
      LHRH was antagonized by prior injection of an LHRH antagonist ([N-Ac-D-Nal(2)1, D
      p-Cl-Phe2, D-Trp3, D-hArg (Et2)6, D-Ala10] LHRH, 69 pmol) into the third
      ventricle. Central injection of the LHRH antagonist alone (at the same
      concentration) did not influence any characteristic of pulsatile LH secretion. In
      conclusion, these data indicate that exogenous administration of LHRH into the
      brain exerts a dose-related and receptor-mediated inhibition of LHRH pulse
      generator activity. However, the physiological significance of endogenous LHRH in
      the regulation of the LHRH pulse generator remains unresolved.

PMID- 2657479
TI  - Selective depression of N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated responses by dextrorphan in
      the hippocampal slice in rat.
AB  - The effects of dextrorphan (DX) and dextromethorphan (DM) on responses to
      excitatory amino acids in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of the rat were
      studied using extracellular and intracellular recording in in vitro slices of
      brain. Dextrorphan selectively and non-competitively blocked depolarizations
      evoked by focally-applied N-methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMA), recorded by both
      extracellular and intracellular techniques. Quisqualate (QUIS) responses and
      evoked field potentials were not affected by DX. Epileptiform activity elicited
      in Mg2+-free solution was suppressed by DX. Dextrorphan had no effect on resting
      membrane potential or input resistance. The antagonism of NMA by DX was dose
      dependent with an EC50 of 0.65 microM; DM was also effective but considerably
      less potent. In the paradigm used in the present study, DX did not produce the
      clear use-dependent block observed in the presence of MK-801. These data suggest
      that DX, the metabolite of the widely used antitussive DM, is a potent NMDA
      antagonist with a potential role as an anticonvulsant and neuroprotective agent.

PMID- 2657480
TI  - The drug MK-801 attenuates the development, but not the expression, of long-term
      potentiation and stimulus train-induced bursting in hippocampal slices.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H
      dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), a use-dependent blocker of N-methyl
      D-aspartate (NMDA)-activated membrane channels, attenuates the development of
      long-term potentiation in vitro and kindling in vivo. Both of these phenomena are
      manifestations of physiological plasticity related to behavioural states and the
      results of these studies add to the gathering evidence for the involvement of the
      NMDA receptor/channel system in such processes. In the present experiment, slices
      of hippocampus, prepared from rats, were electrically stimulated to produce
      either long-term potentiation of the CA1 population spike or stimulus train
      induced epileptiform bursting in area CA3. At 10 microM, MK-801 attenuated the
      development of long-term potentiation, but had no attenuating effect upon the
      previously-potentiated population spike. Similarly, 10 microM MK-801 attenuated
      the development of epileptiform activity in area CA3, but had little or no effect
      on the previously-established bursting in area CA3. These data support the
      suggestion that MK-801 exerts an antiepileptogenic, but not an anticonvulsant
      effect, at concentrations which also inhibit long-term potentiation.

PMID- 2657481
TI  - Dopamine D1 receptor and dopamine D2 receptor binding activity changes during
      chronic administration of nicotine in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine-treated mice.
AB  - The effect of nicotine on MPTP-induced changes in striatal dopamine receptors
      binding activity was investigated. Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors were labeled with
      [3H]SCH-23390 and [3H]spiperone respectively in BALB/cBy mice. With
      administration of only MPTP, which caused more than an 80% decrease in striatal
      dopamine level, binding of 0.15 nM [3H]spiperone was increased by 37%; whereas
      0.3 nM [3H]SCH-23390 binding was unchanged. With chronic nicotine treatment (0.4
      mg/kg twice daily for 7-9 days), [3H]SCH-23390 binding activity was increased by
      27% and [3H]spiperone binding activity was unchanged. When nicotine was
      administered after MPTP, their separate effects could be seen in that both the D1
      and D2 dopamine receptor ligand binding activities were increased and that
      nicotine elevated the ratio of D1/D2 receptor binding activities in MPTP-treated
      mice.

PMID- 2657482
TI  - Acetylcholinesterases: zymogens of neuropeptide processing enzymes?

PMID- 2657483
TI  - Synaptology of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in the preoptic area
      of the male rat: effects of gonadectomy.
AB  - Ultrastructural analysis of the synaptic input to luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone neurons has previously shown that in male rats these cells acquire an
      increased density of innervation with increasing age [Witkin J. W. (1987)
      Neuroscience 22, 1003-1013]. To determine if this aging phenomenon might be due
      to changes in the steroid environment, we examined luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone neurons, using methods identical to the earlier study, in sham operated
      and 1 day and 4 week castrated male rats. The density of synaptic input to
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons did not vary among the three
      experimental groups. Furthermore, there were no differences in the relative
      numbers of various morphological categories of synaptic boutons (characterized by
      vesicle type: clear vs dense and round vs pleomorphic) among the groups. Long
      term castration did result in a slight decrease in immunocytochemically
      detectable luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neuron numbers. These results
      suggest that gonadal steroid deprivation does not alter the total density or
      morphological characteristics of synaptic input to the luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone neuron in the male rat.

PMID- 2657484
TI  - Spinal segmental somatosensory evoked potentials in lumbosacral radiculopathies.
AB  - We studied 21 patients with lumbosacral radiculopathy with segmental
      somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) recorded over both spine and scalp
      following saphenous, superficial peroneal, and sural nerve stimulation. Spinal
      SEPs were abnormal in 10 patients. In 3 patients, SEPs detected abnormalities not
      seen on EMG examination. With 1 exception, all anatomic levels of SEP
      abnormalities matched that of radiographic, EMG, or clinical abnormalities. SEPs
      were abnormal in 41% of nerve roots shown to be involved by other techniques.
      SEPs added to the clinical evaluation in 4 patients, but were less accurate than
      a combination of EMG and radiography in indicating the extent of nerve root
      involvement. We conclude that spinal SEPs following segmental sensory stimulation
      are useful in the evaluation of lumbosacral radiculopathies and complement
      information provided by the EMG. In contrast, scalp-recorded segmental SEPs
      rarely provide additional useful clinical information.

PMID- 2657486
TI  - Luigi Galvani, body electricity, and the 'galvanic skin response'.

PMID- 2657485
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid beta 2 microglobulin in patients infected with human
      immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - We prospectively evaluated CSF concentrations of beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2M)
      in 65 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seropositive patients. The highest
      concentrations occurred in those with lymphoma, neurologic opportunistic
      infections, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome dementia complex (ADC). There
      was a high correlation between the CSF beta 2M concentration and ADC severity,
      suggesting that CSF beta 2M may be useful as a marker for the development,
      progression, and perhaps response to treatment of ADC. Elevated CSF beta 2M was
      not due to CSF pleocytosis and was usually independent of blood-brain barrier
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2657487
TI  - [Holter evaluation in elderly subjects without cardiovascular disease].
AB  - In 2001, 22% of the Italian population will be over 60 and the
      morbidity/mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease is extremely high in this
      age group. However reports in the literature disagree on the incidence of
      arrhythmias. The present study assesses the incidence of hyper and hypokinetic
      arrhythmias in a group of "over-sixties" with no clinical signs of cardiovascular
      and/or systemic disease. Twenty-four hour Holter monitoring was performed on 103
      patients (49 male, 54 female) after clinical examination anamnesis, ECG and chest
      X-rays had shown a normal picture. There was a wide variation in total heart
      beats and maximum-minimum cardiac frequency but none of these variables appeared
      related to age. Total heart beat and minimum cardiac frequency figures were
      significantly higher among the bedridden (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05
      respectively). There were no supraventricular arrhythmias in 63% of the patients
      and only simple forms were encountered in the 38 patients presenting such
      arrhythmias. Ventricular arrhythmias were absent in 60% of the group, while among
      the 41 patients presenting these phenomena, as many as 32 presented simple forms,
      while only 5 were in Lown's class IV and 2 of these due to a single pairing, 1 a
      single triplet. No significant difference was found in the incidence of
      supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias among the 60-69 and 70-79 age
      groups. There were 3 cases of transitory nocturnal grade I atrioventricular
      block, but no advanced hypokinetic arrhythmias. The ST-T interval revealed no
      alterations definitely indicative of ischaemia, despite the presence of
      alterations in the basal morphology. To sum up, the study revealed a low
      incidence of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias in the elderly
      population examined and most importantly, the vast majority of those encountered
      were simple forms.

PMID- 2657488
TI  - [Peroperative radiotherapy in tumors of the pancreas].
AB  - Intraoperative irradiation has been devised as a method to safely deliver higher
      radiation doses to the tumors while minimizing the dose to the surrounding normal
      tissues. Among 14 patients treated by intraoperative radiotherapy in our
      institution, 8 had a pancreatic carcinoma (unresected in 7 patients, and
      partially resected in 1 patient). Anesthetized patients were transferred with the
      incision temporarily closed from the fourth floor operative room to the basement
      accelerator suite. A single dose of 15 to 20 Gy with 20meV electrons was
      delivered. Five patients with a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas had had a
      biliary and a digestive by-pass. After surgery all the patients received an
      additional 40 Gy and chemotherapy with 5-Fluorouracil. There was nor post
      operative mortality neither morbidity. Four patients with preoperative pain had
      no pain after treatment. Five patients died after 5 to 10 months and two patients
      are alive with a follow-up of 4 and 9 months. Because of the short follow-up and
      the small number of patients no conclusion on survival may be made. Nevertheless,
      in other experiences good palliation has been generally obtained. Significant
      difference in survival time was noticed in a Japanese experience in unresected
      cases. In 16 patients with resected carcinomas a 41% survival rate at 2 years has
      been observed in a North American experience. Thus we are encouraged to continue
      this approach.

PMID- 2657489
TI  - [Benign breast pathology. Current approaches and personal experience].
AB  - The current approach to the treatment of benign breast pathology is outlined.
      After a review of the literature and a detailed classification of benign breast
      pathologies, the data from a retrospective study of a personal series are
      presented.

PMID- 2657490
TI  - [Extra-anatomical bypass in the treatment of stenotico-obstructive lesions of the
      subclavian and vertebral arteries].
AB  - The haemodynamic premises for extra-anatomical by-pass in the treatment of
      stenosis and obstructions of the subclavian and vertebral arteries are discussed
      with a report on a surgically treated series.

PMID- 2657491
TI  - [Tumors of the upper excretory tract. Cases contribution and review of the
      literature].
AB  - Authors reviewed 11 cases of urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract.
      Clinical history, diagnostic procedures and surgical treatment of 8 patients with
      tumor in the renal pelvis and of 3 patients with ureteral tumor are described.
      The aspecificity of clinical finding and the possibility of different urinary
      tract affections may be responsible of many difficulties in doing early diagnosis
      using routinary instrumental investigations. Nephroureterectomy is most
      frequently performed as surgical treatment. The results are correlated with the
      stage of infiltration of surrounding tissues by tumor. It is necessary an early
      clinical study of the patients with signs or symptoms referring to urinary tract
      (hematuria, abdominal pain) using excretory urogram, cystoscopy and urinary
      cytology in order to lower the delay of surgical procedure after the evidence of
      clinical finding.

PMID- 2657492
TI  - [The inguinal hernia today. Technical notes].
AB  - Following a short introduction on Bassini's operation, alternative surgical
      techniques are discussed: Postempski, Halsted, Mugnai-Ferrari, Anson-McVay,
      Marcy, Ferguson, Shouldice with their indications, advantages and disadvantages.
      Personal experience in the surgical treatment of 516 patients suffering from
      inguinal hernia is then reported and stress is laid on the need for precise
      anatomic knowledge of the inguinal region and skill in one technique in
      particular to limit the risk of recurrences.

PMID- 2657493
TI  - [Intramuscular hemangioma: problems of differential diagnosis from angiosarcoma].
AB  - Despite recent technical advances in diagnostic imaging (computerised tomography,
      magnetic resonance), intramuscular haemangiomas are relatively uncommon and often
      difficult to diagnose. Angiosarcomas are probably the most important tumour to be
      differentiated from hemangiomas, in order to define the optimal therapeutic
      approach. Only biopsy allows a proper preoperative diagnosis, although this
      diagnostic technique involves some risks. Total excision is the treatment of
      choice. Radiotherapy has been employed without substantial results. A review of
      the literature and a case report are presented here.

PMID- 2657494
TI  - [Significance of evening primrose oil in the problem of the nutritional value of
      poly-unsaturated fatty acids].
AB  - The essential nutritional value of the polyunsaturated fatty acids can, in the
      light of present-day knowledge, be considered valid in all respects as regards
      the n-6 family which derives from linoleic acid. On the other hand, the
      polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 family deriving from linolenic acid to not
      possess essential requisites as, for instance, they are ineffective for healing
      skin lesions caused by deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated
      fatty acids taken in with the diet have a two-fold function: 1) plastic, insofar
      as they are necessary for the biosynthesis of the phospholipids; 2) regulatory,
      as precursors of prostanoids or eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes,
      prostacyclins). The process of desaturation-lengthening that leads to the
      formation of these compounds is, however, limited by the activity of desaturase,
      which is in poor enough supply, especially in certain tissues, under
      physiological conditions and is almost non-existent in certain pathologies such
      as diabetes, alcoholism, anaemia and hypercholesterolaemia. The recent use of
      vegetable oils such as those obtained from the seeds of Evening Primrose, is of
      particular interest owing to the presence of gamma-linolenic acid, the product of
      the activity of desaturase. In the light of this unusual property, the recent
      nutritional-therapeutic results obtained by using this vegetable oil are
      described.

PMID- 2657495
TI  - [Solitary ulcer of the rectum. Description of a case].
AB  - A case of solitary rectal ulcer is presented. Different views on the pathogenesis
      are discussed. Symptoms were nonspecific: anal pain, rectal tenesmus and
      bleeding. On sigmoidoscopy, the lesion has a characteristic appearance, but the
      definitive diagnosis of benignity must depend upon the recognition of specific
      histopathologic features in rectal biopsy specimens from ulcer margins. In this
      case, the surgical treatment was satisfactory, but frequently neither medical nor
      surgical treatment achieve relief of symptoms or healing of the lesion.

PMID- 2657496
TI  - [Hemorrhage in the Wirsung's duct caused by aneurysm of the splenic artery in
      chronic pancreatitis].
AB  - Two cases of haemorrhage from rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm into the
      pancreatic duct are reported. Both patients suffered from chronic pancreatitis;
      when haemorrhage appeared both patients experienced abdominal pain. In one
      patient the melaena was repetitive, in the other one--with a single episode of
      melaena - the endoscopy showed fresh blood near the papilla. In both patients
      ultrasonography and computerized tomography (CT) revealed a cystic mass in the
      pancreatic tail; CT scan also showed a clear contrast enhancement of these
      lesions after iodinated medium intravenous bolus. Coeliac arteriography confirmed
      the presence of two large saccular aneurysmal dilatation of the splenic artery.
      Both patients underwent a laparotomy: distal pancreatectomy with aneurysm
      resection and splenectomy were successfully performed.

PMID- 2657498
TI  - [Ultrasonographic diagnosis of the retroperitoneal space. A case history series
      and some selected clinical cases].
AB  - A personal series and some clinical cases of pathology of the retroperitoneal
      space observed by ultrasonography during routine and emergency investigations are
      reported. Although the limitations of this diagnosis compared to the more recent
      image techniques (CT and NMR) are recognised, it is still considered an
      indispensable first level diagnosis in this extensive pathology (in terms of
      site, type and extent) of retroperitoneally located organs, tissues and systems.

PMID- 2657497
TI  - [Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Personal experience and review of the literature].
AB  - The Mallory-Weiss syndrome is a more common cause of upper gastrointestinal
      bleeding than that previously recognised. Personal experience is reported of
      twelve cases of Mallory-Weiss tear, constituting 6.4% of all cases of upper
      gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage observed in the three year period from 1984 to
      1986. History of alcoholism was present in 50% and hiatus hernia was associated
      in 41% of all the cases. Ten patients (84%) were managed nonoperatively, two
      patients underwent operation. None of the twelve patients in this series died.
      The literature of the last few years, is reviewed with particular reference to
      progress in the treatment of the syndrome.

PMID- 2657499
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of norfloxacin and cinoxacin in the therapy of
      complicated infections of the urinary tract].
AB  - A randomized clinical study was conducted in order to compare the effectiveness
      of norfloxacin and cinoxacin in complicated urinary tract infections. Norfloxacin
      proved effective in 80% of the 40 patients treated, cinoxacin in only 60%.

PMID- 2657500
TI  - [A heparin-glucuronylglucosaminoglycan combination for topical use. An evaluation
      of the therapeutic effects in induced experimental muscle damage and in minor
      sports injuries].
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the association of
      heparin and sulodexide on experimental pain and on "small sport traumatology". In
      the experimental part of the study, cutaneous pain threshold and subcutaneous
      tissue ticking were measured after the induction of an algogenic focus in deep
      somatic side. In the clinical part of the study, pain intensity (by A.V. scale),
      athletic performance and therapy duration, in athletes from muscular or articular
      posttraumatic injuries, were also assessed. After the therapy with the examined
      drug, a less significant lowering of cutaneous pain threshold and a less
      subcutaneous tissue thickening were found in the experimental study; in the
      clinical study a significant reduction of pain intensity and a quick restore of
      athletic performance were revealed. These results allow to conclude that the drug
      in effective to reduce painful symptomatology in both experimental and clinical
      conditions, by the limitation of some aspects of inflammation.

PMID- 2657501
TI  - [Aluminum lung as an occupational disease. Case reports].
AB  - The cases are examined of 13 males, mean age 53, granted disability pensions by
      the Turin I.N.A.I.L. in 1975-86 as suffering from lung disease caused by the
      inhalation of dust and exhalation of aluminium. The patients had worked in
      bauxite smelting for Al2O3 production and the preparation of synthetic abrasives
      (8 cases), in milling using synthetic abrasives (1 case) in the cold grinding of
      aluminium for paint production (3 cases) and in the electrolytic processing of
      aluminium (1 case). In line with the latest reports in the literature the present
      series confirms the possibility that interstitial fibrosis can be caused by
      exposure to aluminium in industries other than bauxite processing. The relatively
      benign character of modern aluminium lung is also confirmed.

PMID- 2657502
TI  - Pancreastatin-like immunoreactivity in epidermal Merkel cells of pig and man.
AB  - By use of light microscopic immunohistochemistry it was shown that Merkel cells
      of pig and man stained for pancreastatin. In pig, evaluation of paired
      consecutive sections revealed a coexistence of pancreastatin and chromogranin A
      (CGA) in individual Merkel cells from all localisations. However, in man
      pancreastatin expression was variable and depended from the localization and the
      developmental stage. The present findings suggest that pancreastatin is not
      specific for the pancreas and the intestine. However, it remains to be elucidated
      whether pancreastatin is a widely distributed in peptide-containing
      neuroendocrine granules of cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) as
      has been established for CGA.

PMID- 2657503
TI  - Alz-50 immunoreactivity in the neonatal rat: changes in development and co
      distribution with MAP-2 immunoreactivity.
AB  - Alz-50 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes pathological alterations in
      Alzheimer's disease. It has recently been noted also to mark some subplate
      neurons in human infants under the age of 2 years. We now report that Alz-50
      recognizes many neurons in the normal neonatal rat in a pattern that changes with
      development. Immunoreactivity decreases substantially in intensity as the rat
      matures. This immunoreactivity co-distributes with microtubule-associated protein
      2 (MAP-2) immunoreactivity in terms of topography, cellular localization and
      changes over the developmental time-course. This observation raises the
      possibility of exploring cytologic triggers that may lead to re-expression of Alz
      50 immunoreactivity in aging and in pathological conditions.

PMID- 2657504
TI  - Serotoninergic projections from the midbrain periaqueductal gray to the nucleus
      accumbens in the rat.
AB  - A combined method of retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and
      serotonin (5-HT) immunocytochemistry indicated that some 5-HT-like immunoreactive
      neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the rat send their axons to
      the nucleus accumbens. These PAG neurons are mainly located in the ventromedial
      and ventrolateral subdivisions at the middle and caudal levels of PAG.

PMID- 2657505
TI  - Glycine reverses the effect of HA-966 on NMDA responses in cultured rat cortical
      neurons and in chick retina.
AB  - The effects of glycine on NMDA antagonism by a series of excitatory amino acid
      antagonists were tested in two functional in vitro models: NMDA induced [3H]GABA
      release from cultured mouse cortical neurons and NMDA evoked spreading depression
      in chick retina. In both models glycine reversed the NMDA antagonism by HA-966.
      Also NMDA block by kynurenic acid and by DNQX were partly reversed by glycine.
      However, CNQX, D-APV, ketamine and MK 801 showed the same NMDA antagonism in the
      absence and presence of glycine.

PMID- 2657506
TI  - Apomorphine increases plasma oxytocin concentration in male rats.
AB  - The effect of systemic administration of the dopamine agonist apomorphine on
      plasma oxytocin concentration was studied in male rats by a specific
      radioimmunoassay. Apomorphine given subcutaneously in doses ranging from 80 to
      480 micrograms/kg increased oxytocin levels in a dose-dependent manner. The
      minimal effective dose was found to be 80 micrograms/kg, which induced a 66%
      increase above basal values, while the maximal effect (210%) was seen with a dose
      of 240 micrograms/kg. The apomorphine effect was prevented by pretreatment with
      the DA D2-receptor blockers haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) or (-) sulpiride (10
      mg/kg i.p.) and, but only partially, with the DA D1-receptor blocker SCH 23390
      (0.2 mg/kg s.c.). The present results suggest that hypothalamic dopamine has a
      facilitatory role on the release of oxytocin in male rats.

PMID- 2657507
TI  - Coexistence of corticotropin releasing factor and neurotensin within oval nucleus
      neurons in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in the rat.
AB  - Within the oval nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis of the rat,
      corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)- and neurotensin (NT)-immunoreactive (ir)
      neurons were densely and evenly distributed. A substantial number of these
      neurons showed both CRF and NT immunoreactivities.

PMID- 2657508
TI  - Intraepidermal neuron-specific enolase (NSE)-immunoreactive nerve fibres:
      evidence for sprouting in uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
AB  - The use of indirect immunohistochemistry in 12 patients on maintenance
      hemodialysis has shown weak or moderately strong neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
      immunoreactive nerve terminals and fibres sprouting throughout the layers of the
      epidermis. No such terminals or fibres were found in any of 15 controls. There
      was no difference between uremic patients with pruritus and those without.
      Furthermore, NSE-positive nerve fibres with a normal appearance were seen in the
      dermis, at the epidermal-dermal junctional zone and sometimes entering the
      stratum basale in both patients and controls. The immunoreactive nerves were
      thin, smooth and, at their terminal fields, varicose. The immunoreactivity seemed
      to be associated chiefly with sensory nerves. Thus, our results suggest that
      uremic patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis develop an abnormal pattern
      of cutaneous innervation.

PMID- 2657509
TI  - The evolution of a journal.
AB  - The Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey has served the physicians of the
      state for 85 years. It has grown from a small, monthly report of Society news, to
      an established, award-winning medical journal.

PMID- 2657510
TI  - D&C results improved by hysteroscopy.
AB  - A review of the records of 287 women examined hysteroscopically prior to
      dilatation and curettage (D&C) and a review of the international literature on
      hysteroscopy indicate that there is significant evidence to support the routine
      use of hysteroscopy as an adjunct to D&C.

PMID- 2657511
TI  - Pancreatitis of pancreas divisum.
AB  - Pancreas divisum is a frequently encountered congenital anatomic variant of the
      pancreatic ductal system. Its presence alone rarely causes pancreatitis on the
      basis of "functional obstruction" at the minor papilla. Endoscopic and surgical
      interventions, to relieve hypothetical obstruction at the minor papilla, may not
      be necessary at all.

PMID- 2657512
TI  - Management of infertility: a changing perspective.

PMID- 2657513
TI  - Gallium-67 scintigraphy in the detection of infected polycystic kidneys in renal
      transplant recipients.
AB  - Renal transplant recipients with underlying polycystic kidney disease (PKD) may
      present with recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). This is often due to
      persistent infection in one or both of the native polycystic kidneys. It may be
      necessary to remove the infected kidney in order to remove the source of
      persistent infection. Gallium-67 scintigraphy was performed in 11 renal
      transplant recipients with underlying PKD. Positive studies were obtained in four
      recipients who had recurrent UTI. The scan also localized which of the kidneys
      (native or transplant) was the site of persistent infection. These four
      recipients subsequently had nephrectomy of the infected polycystic kidneys as
      suggested by the scan. Negative scans were obtained in seven recipients who did
      not have recurrent UTI. Gallium scintigraphy is a useful test for detecting and
      localizing the site of persistent UTI in renal transplant recipients with
      underlying PKD who present with recurrent UTI.

PMID- 2657514
TI  - Sites of deposition of aqueous aerosols: a study of efficiency of delivery
      systems for lung ventilation imaging in man.
AB  - A study was made of the deposition of 99Tcm-DTPA aerosol in the components of a
      jet nebulizer-based aerosol production system. Three impaction devices were
      compared: a ball-bearing separator, a virtual impactor and a step separator. In
      addition a comparison was made of two types of tubing which carried aerosol from
      nebulizer to mouthpiece: corrugated and smooth-walled tubing. The retention of
      aerosol following inhalation was measured in five normal volunteers using
      different patterns of breathing. Using an aerosol production system which
      included a ball-bearing separator only a mean of 11% of the radioactivity loaded
      into the nebulizer was emitted as an aerosol. Some 18% remained in the ball
      bearing separator. The ball-bearing and step separators produced similar total
      outputs (7% and 6% minimum), the step separator producing marginally higher mean
      output/min. The virtual impactor produced a lower output than the other two
      impactors studied, only 1%. A larger proportion of the aerosol output was
      deposited on corrugated tubing (7%) compared with smooth-walled tubing (1%). The
      retained fraction of the aerosol inhaled by subjects ranged from 16% to 43%. A
      higher fraction was retained when subjects inhaled deeply and held their breath
      for 10 s between each breath. The efficiency of radionuclide deposition from
      aerosol generator to patient ranged from 1.1% to 6% and was determined more by
      the retention in the subject than by choice of separator or tubing.

PMID- 2657515
TI  - General applications of GnRH agonists in gynecology: past, present, and future.

PMID- 2657516
TI  - Endometriosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
AB  - Endometriosis remains a poorly understood disease. Multiple factors are likely to
      be responsible for the relative infertility in patients with endometriosis. All
      therapeutic options should be presented to the patient. Treatment of a patient
      with endometriosis should be individualized based on symptoms (i.e., pain and/or
      infertility), extent of disease, age and associated pelvic pathology. Diagnosis
      continues to require visual documentation with histologic confirmation if
      possible.

PMID- 2657517
TI  - GnRH analogs and safety.

PMID- 2657518
TI  - Accidental injury during pregnancy.

PMID- 2657519
TI  - Angiokeratoma of the vulva: diagnosis and review of the literature.
AB  - Angiokeratomas of the vulva are uncommon benign lesions. They are usually
      unilateral, multiple in number, and occur before the age of 50 years.
      Angiokeratomas are papular lesions measuring less than 1 cm in diameter and are
      purple in color. In most patients the lesions are asymptomatic; however,
      intermittent bleeding, pruritus, and pain have been reported. Histologically,
      hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, acanthosis, and dilated vasculature in the
      papillary dermis are characteristic features. Degenerative changes in the
      perivascular elastic tissue is observed and may contribute to the pathogenesis of
      vulvar angiokeratomas. In asymptomatic patients, management need only include
      reassurance and follow-up observation; surgical excision, electrodesiccation, or
      argon laser for local removal of the lesions may be useful in symptomatic women.
      Clinically, infections, inflammatory lesions, vascular conditions, and epithelial
      tumors must be differentiated.

PMID- 2657520
TI  - Fibromatosis of the female pelvis.
AB  - Fibromatosis is a benign, infiltrating, nonmetastasizing neoplasm which is rarely
      completely resected. Therefore, the incidence of recurrence is high. Fibromatosis
      is more common in females and is frequently diagnosed during pregnancy. Inasmuch
      as fibromatosis of the female pelvis appears to be a discrete entity, management
      poses significant problems for the gynecologist. Radiation therapy, frequently
      used following incomplete resection or for recurrence, is undesirable due to the
      loss of ovarian function and fertility. Hormonal manipulation and combination
      chemotherapy are alternatives which have been effective in some reports. Three
      patients with pelvic fibromatosis, referred within 1 year, are reported. The
      various aspects of this neoplasm and the diagnostic procedures are discussed.
      Treatment modalities whose effects are reversible are recommended for recurrent
      fibromatosis. Radiation therapy can be reserved for patients in the older age
      groups or for those with progressive disease not responding to other therapy.

PMID- 2657521
TI  - Potential use of C-reactive protein determinations in obstetrics and gynecology.
AB  - C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein synthesized by the liver
      during the course of a large number of diseases. During gestation and
      parturition, progressively increasing numbers of gravida develop elevated levels
      up to 32, 48 to 80 per cent, respectively). These elevations in pregnancy, the
      nonspecificity of the test, and the inability to function as a reliable marker of
      fetal and/or maternal infectious morbidity have obscured the pragmatic utility of
      CRP determinations in both obstetrics and gynecology. Because of its biophysical
      kinetics, C-reactive protein determinations are best used as a monitoring
      parameter after the documentation of infection rather than as a diagnostic
      indicator of infection. They can provide valuable end titration points for
      termination of parenteral antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2657522
TI  - Nitrofurantoin: an update.
AB  - Nitrofurantoin has been in clinical use for more than 35 years for the treatment
      of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In particular, it has been used to treat
      acute uncomplicated UTIs, recurrent urinary tract infections, and asymptomatic
      bacteriuria of pregnancy. Most recently, it has been used for both prophylaxis
      and treatment of nosocomial infections related to urinary tract instrumentation.
      Nitrofurantoin is being "rediscovered" for urinary tract infections in obstetrics
      and gynecology because of its continuing safety record and lack of associated R
      factor resistance, compared to recently introduced antimicrobials.

PMID- 2657523
TI  - Topical anesthesia for gynecologic procedures.
AB  - Topical benzocaine 20% gel was evaluated for its ability to reduce pain
      associated with several common gynecologic procedures. In the first phase of the
      investigation, designed to determine the efficacy of the gel, 40 women received
      it before one or more of five procedures (cervical biopsy, intrauterine device
      insertion, endocervical curettage, paracervical block, and tenaculum placement).
      These women reported significantly less pain than 42 control subjects (P less
      than .05 to P less than .0005). In the second phase of the study, a placebo gel
      was compared in a blind fashion with 20% benzocaine gel in 63 study subjects and
      64 control women undergoing procedures similar to those in the first part of the
      study. The modal pain rating by both physician and patient was "none" in the
      study group for all procedures except endocervical curettage, for which the
      rating was "mild"; ratings were "mild" or "moderate" in the control group.
      Compliance with respect to keeping follow-up visits was significantly greater in
      the study group. These data indicate that benzocaine 20% significantly reduces
      the pain experienced by patients after many gynecologic procedures performed
      vaginally.

PMID- 2657524
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis of giant cystic cavernous hemangioma by Doppler velocimetry.

PMID- 2657525
TI  - Antenatal detection of congenital malformations by routine ultrasonography.
AB  - Routine ultrasound examination was performed in 9012 fetuses of a general
      pregnant population to detect fetal malformations. The examination was done on
      3098 fetuses at 18 weeks, and on 5914 fetuses it was repeated at 34 weeks. Ninety
      three infants (1.03%) showed 123 major malformations, of which 65 (52.8%) in 54
      children were visualized in utero. The sensitivity of detection of malformed
      fetuses was 58.1% (54 of 93), specificity 99.9%, positive predictive value 91.5%,
      and negative predictive value 99.6%. Five fetal hydronephroses were the only
      false-positive cases (0.06%), with apparent spontaneous resolution after birth.
      Fetal growth retardation, polyhydramnios, or oligohydramnios was observed in 43%
      of the malformed cases, suggesting the importance of these conditions in
      ultrasound screening. Abnormality of pregnancy was suspected clinically in only
      25.8% of the cases at the time of diagnosis of fetal malformation, emphasizing
      the necessity for ultrasound examination of all pregnancies.

PMID- 2657526
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of anomalous fetuses.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used sparingly in obstetrics. The
      reasons for this relate mainly to cost, availability, difficulty obtaining clear
      images because of fetal movement, and the convenience and utility of ultrasound.
      However, MRI use is expanding and has the potential to play an important role in
      selected problem pregnancies. We studied the pregnancies of five women whose
      fetuses showed anomalies by ultrasound. These included cases of a large body wall
      defect, a diaphragmatic hernia, hydrocephalus, Meckel-Gruber syndrome, and
      iniencephaly with a diaphragmatic hernia (the iniencephaly sequence). Three of
      these examinations followed fetal neuromuscular blockade, and two were associated
      with oligohydramnios without fetal paralysis. Paralysis provided superior images.
      The fetal central nervous system, subcutaneous tissue, and liver imaged
      particularly well. This study illustrates that MRI can enhance and even clarify
      certain information provided by ultrasound.

PMID- 2657527
TI  - Umbilical artery waveform during bicycle exercise in normal pregnancy.
AB  - Eighteen healthy pregnant women in the last half of gestation exercised to 85% of
      their predicted maximum heart rate on a bicycle ergometer. Pulsed Doppler flow
      studies before the exercise and during the recovery period were taken close to
      the umbilical artery's placental insertion site. The systolic-to-diastolic ratio
      (S/D) of the umbilical artery waveform did not change significantly during the
      period of observation. In three women, however, a significant increase in the S/D
      ratio occurred in the first few minutes post-exercise; this was due to a
      transient fetal bradycardia. In one woman, the S/D ratio remained high despite
      return of a normal fetal heart rate.

PMID- 2657528
TI  - Doppler umbilical artery velocimetry in pregnancy complicated by insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The mean peak systolic to end-diastolic (S/D) umbilical artery ratio was measured
      in 291 Doppler studies performed during pregnancy in 35 insulin-dependent
      diabetic women. A normal decline was observed in the umbilical artery S/D ratio,
      from 4.2 +/- 0.21 at 18 weeks to 2.18 +/- 0.22 at 38 weeks. There was no
      significant correlation between mean third-trimester S/D and either glycosylated
      hemoglobin (r = 0.25) or mean blood glucose levels (r = 0.15). Fetuses of women
      with vascular disease (class F/R or chronic hypertension) had a mean third
      trimester S/D of 3.0 or higher in five of ten cases, compared with three of 25 in
      patients with uncomplicated diabetes (P less than .03). Mean second- and third
      trimester S/D ratios differed significantly in patients with and without vascular
      disease: 4.34 +/- 0.7 and 3.2 +/- 0.65 versus 3.72 +/- 0.42 and 2.55 +/- 0.32,
      respectively (P less than .03). Two of three women without vascular disease who
      demonstrated an elevated mean S/D ratio developed preeclampsia and delivered
      appropriate for gestational age infants. In women with vascular disease, four of
      five with an abnormal mean third-trimester umbilical artery S/D ratio were
      delivered of growth-retarded infants, whereas all five with normal umbilical
      artery S/D ratios had appropriate for gestational age infants. In three of the
      abnormal cases, elevated S/D ratios were present in the second trimester before
      ultrasound documentation of fetal growth retardation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2657530
TI  - How well do you understand the resource-based relative value scale?

PMID- 2657529
TI  - A model of bacterially induced umbilical vein spasm, relevant to fetal
      hypoperfusion.
AB  - From experience with placental pathology and autopsies, we hypothesize that
      infected amniotic fluid may produce umbilical cord and placental surface
      vasospasm, reduced fetal perfusion, and perinatal asphyxia, morbidity, and
      mortality. We tested the hypothesis by a preliminary investigation with group B
      beta-hemolytic streptococcus, a common cause of perinatal morbidity and
      mortality. Our methods included suspension of isolated human umbilical vein
      segments in a 30-mL organ bath with modified Krebs solution, pH 7.3-7.4, under
      continuous aeration by 95% O2 and 5% CO2 at 37C. The vessels were attached to an
      isometric transducer which was connected to a polygraph. We tested Krebs
      solution, sterile culture medium, group B streptococcus spent medium, and washed
      whole group B streptococcus bacteria. Contractility was compared with results
      produced by 10(-5) M serotonin. The average contraction produced by 30 microL/mL
      group B streptococcus spent medium was 40.8% of that produced by serotonin. Whole
      washed bacteria produced 8.6% of the serotonin contraction. Krebs solution and
      sterile culture medium did not stimulate vascular contraction. Intraperitoneal
      injection of group B streptococcus spent medium in mice at four times the maximal
      experimental dose had little effect. Boiling group B streptococcus spent medium
      failed to affect its vasoactive stimulatory properties. We conclude that in
      vitro, group B streptococcus synthesizes a heat-stable, non-protein exotoxin that
      causes human umbilical vein contraction.

PMID- 2657531
TI  - A literary look at contemporary society.

PMID- 2657532
TI  - Pancreatic cancer: today's frontier.
AB  - The Present State The incidence of cancer of the pancreas in the U.S. is
      increasing. The diagnosis can be made preoperatively with increasing precision.
      Resection can be accomplished with a mortality rate now reduced below 5%. Long
      term survival remains low--about 5%. The Present Frontier Having accomplished the
      technical improvements in the safety of resection, the immediate frontier is the
      evaluation of combined modalities: resection, irradiation and chemotherapy as
      definitive, primary (intraoperative) treatment. The adjunctive use of
      intraoperative irradiation promises to extend the practicality of resection to
      numerous patients previously deemed unresectable.

PMID- 2657533
TI  - Excimer laser keratoplasty. Part 2: Elliptical keratoplasty.
AB  - An excimer laser at 193 nm was used with a new "open mask system" to perform
      elliptical noncontact and nonthermal keratoplasties and corneal grafts in human
      cadaver eyes (Part 1 of this article, Ophthalmic Surg 1989; 20:262-267). By light
      microscopy the corneas showed sharp, unbeveled cut margins with nearly perfect
      apposition of the inner wound aspects. An elliptical shape may be better than a
      circular one, since the former closely approximates the cornea's normal
      elliptical outline, making it easier to fit corresponding areas of corneal graft
      to bed. Also, it provides a wider area of Bowman's membrane for anchoring sutures
      and relatively less volume of donor antigenic tissue.

PMID- 2657534
TI  - Use of neodymium: YAG laser to open an occluded molteno tube.
AB  - A patient with refractory glaucoma secondary to trauma and repeat penetrating
      keratoplasty had Molteno implant surgery to control elevated intraocular
      pressure. Six weeks after surgery intraocular pressure rose abruptly, and a
      fibrinous membrane was seen covering and occluding the tip of the Molteno tube.
      The Q-switched neodymium (Nd):YAG laser was used successfully to open the
      membrane, with subsequent renewal of aqueous flow and control of intraocular
      pressure. Bevel-up cutting of the tube tip facilitates Nd:YAG laser opening of
      such an obstruction. We describe this use of the Nd:YAG laser and recommend bevel
      up trimming of implant tubes in aqueous implant surgery.

PMID- 2657535
TI  - Successful treatment of metastatic endophthalmitis. Case reports.
AB  - Endophthalmitis is a well-recognized complication of intraocular surgery,
      penetrating ocular trauma and systemic infection. Metastatic bacterial
      endophthalmitis is rare. However, once it happens, the visual outcome is very
      poor. In order to prevent visual damage, early diagnosis and treatment is
      essential. Due to the blood-ocular barrier, intravitreal drug concentrations are
      low after systemic administration. Strong antibiotics with good penetration into
      the vitrous humor are needed to obtain adequate bactericidal concentrations. We
      report two cases with liver abscess complicated by septic events to the eye. One
      was uveitis, and the other was endophthalmitis. They were diagnosed early and
      were successfully treated with parenteral ceftriaxone and good vision was
      preserved.

PMID- 2657536
TI  - Assessment of echographic regression criteria in ruthenium-irradiated melanoma.
AB  - Steady flattening of the tumor, increasing reflectivity and decreasing
      vascularity are echographic signs of successful irradiation treatment. The
      specific example of an irradiated choroidal melanoma shows that the absence of
      echographic changes by no means excludes tumor destruction. Because of a dense
      vitreous body hemorrhage, the melanoma could only be evaluated echographically.
      Since the echogram lacked evidence of regression, the tumor was locally resected
      5 months later. Histology, however, revealed an amorphous mass of dead tissue
      pervaded by intact vessels. Apparently a successfully irradiated melanoma may
      generate an echo typical of vital melanoma tissue. The authors therefore draw the
      conclusion that only a steady tumor growth, as substantiated by an echogram, may
      be considered an unambiguous sign of tumor vitality.

PMID- 2657537
TI  - Corneal carcinoma.
AB  - Carcinomas of the cornea have not yet been described in the literature. A 50-year
      old man underwent keratoplasty because of corneal dystrophy. Microscopic
      examination disclosed a squamous-cell carcinoma which had spread over the entire
      cornea and just reached the limbus.

PMID- 2657538
TI  - Cataract surgery and prior approval.

PMID- 2657539
TI  - Benign conjunctival melanocytic lesions. Clinicopathologic features.
AB  - The common acquired conjunctival nevus usually undergoes progressive maturation
      and only exceptionally gives rise to conjunctival melanoma. Pure junctional nevi
      are rare except in childhood. Histologically, however, a junctional nevus may be
      indistinguishable from primary acquired melanosis (PAM) with atypia, a condition
      of middle-aged and elderly individuals that has a tendency to evolve into
      melanoma. Nevi in adolescents may attract a vigorous lymphocytic response and may
      cause clinical and histologic confusion with other entities, particularly a
      regressing nodule of melanoma that occurs predominantly in adults. Rarely,
      congenital conjunctival nevi are identified, sometimes in patients with adjacent
      congenital nevi of the eyelid. A variety of unusual nevi, including balloon-cell
      nevi, Spitz nevi, epithelioid cell nevi, dysplastic nevi, recurrent nevi,
      episcleral melanosis and the nevus of Ota, blue and cellular blue nevi,
      melanocytoma, and composite or mixed nevi all may be identified in the
      conjunctiva. Concepts of histogenesis as well as the clinical, light microscopic,
      and ultrastructural features of these and other benign pigmentary conditions of
      the conjunctiva are described.

PMID- 2657540
TI  - Neuroimaging in neuro-ophthalmology.
AB  - Computed tomographic scanning is an excellent modality for evaluation of most
      orbital and intracranial tumors and strokes. However, MR scanning is definitely
      superior to CT when evaluating for multiple sclerosis, posterior fossa lesions
      (evaluation of gaze palsies, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and downbeat
      nystagmus), or when assessing an area where sagittal scanning is important
      (chiasmal lesions). Magnetic resonance has increased specificity when the CT is
      equivocal. Although MR and CT may be complementary in the information they
      provide, many clinical studies have shown MR to be superior to CT in evaluating
      cerebral infarctions, hematomas, the intracanalicular optic nerve, optic chiasm,
      sella turcica, and the cavernous sinus. Magnetic resonance generally has replaced
      metrizamide CT cisternography as the procedure of choice for evaluating the
      suprasellar cistern and posterior fossa. Computed tomography is still preferable
      for major trauma, especially involving acute fractures and hematomas, although MR
      is more sensitive to the more subtle intracerebral lesions, such as shear
      injuries and subdural hematomas, that may provide prognostic information.
      Computed tomography also is preferred in situations where detecting small amounts
      of calcification is important for the differential diagnosis. As the development
      of MR imaging continues with faster scan times, finer spatial resolution, the use
      of paramagnetic contrast agents, and with increased availability and decreased
      cost, MR imaging may become preferable to CT as the imaging modality of choice
      for the CNS and orbit.

PMID- 2657541
TI  - Temporomandibular joint disorders: discussion of a rational approach to surgery
      and a retrospective analysis of surgeries performed.
AB  - A discussion of a rational technique of evaluation, diagnosis, and surgical
      therapy of temporomandibular joint disorders is presented. A retrospective
      analysis of operations for temporomandibular joint that occurred in a 30-month
      period is presented in light of this approach.

PMID- 2657542
TI  - The effect of human blood on the sealing ability of root canal sealers: an in
      vitro study.
AB  - The effect of human blood and moisture contamination on the sealing ability of
      six commonly used root canal sealers was studied. The materials tested-
      Tubliseal, Diaket, AH26, Nogenol, Roth, and Endomethasone sealers--were placed in
      root canals with laterally condensed gutta-percha. The specimens were immediately
      immersed in blood or saline solution or kept dry for 2 hours. All the teeth were
      then subjected to methylene blue dye for 1 hour. A comparison of the seal was
      made by observation of dye penetration around the filling materials. Under all
      conditions, Tubliseal exhibited the least amount of marginal penetration,
      followed by AH 26. There was no significant difference in the depth of dye
      penetration between Diaket and Tubliseal in dry and wet conditions. Although AH
      26, Nogenol, Roth, and Endomethasone sealers showed comparable sealing ability
      under dry conditions, the sealing ability of AH 26 and Diaket was superior to
      that of Nogenol, Roth, and Endomethasone sealers in moisture contamination. A
      significant drop in the seals afforded by AH26, Diaket, Roth, and Endomethasone
      sealers was recorded when these materials were immersed in blood. On the other
      hand, immersion in blood caused no significant change in the sealing ability of
      Nogenol.

PMID- 2657543
TI  - [Surgical treatment of recent injuries of the internal lateral ligament of the
      knee joint].
AB  - The authors describe their experience in surgical treatment of fresh injuries of
      the interior lateral ligament in 25 patients, in 15 of whom autoplasty of the
      injured ligament was performed by making use of the tendon of musculus
      semitendinosus which was shifted without being cut off into the projection of the
      ligament location and sewn to the joint capsule by interrupted sutures.

PMID- 2657544
TI  - [Osteoplastic correction of defects of the forearm bones].
AB  - The author has used an improved two-stage method of autoplasty in 27 patients
      mainly with posttraumatic bone defects of the forearm in the conditions of latent
      infection. Preliminary longitudinal distraction of the fragments allowed to
      reconstruct distal radioulnar syndesmosis and simultaneous transversal traction
      of the fragments extended the interosseal space. At the second stage it allowed
      to carry out surgical treatment of the deformed avascular ends of the fragments
      in optimal conditions and to adequately replace the defect by a self-fixing
      figure autograft from the tibial crest which was modelled according to the shapes
      and to the form of the lost segment of the radius or of the ulna. The long-term
      results were positive.

PMID- 2657545
TI  - [Development of torsion of the crural bones in the normal state and in congenital
      clubfoot].

PMID- 2657546
TI  - [The roots, concept, subject, and history of hemorheology, current tasks and
      further perspectives].
AB  - The authors give a reviewing summary on the origin of hemorrheology and its
      relationship to basic sciences. Its concept is defined, recognitions and
      endeavours of this character in the history are analysed and followed up. The
      names of the scientists whose merit was significant in the creation of rheology
      hemorrheology are presented referring briefly to the main points of their
      activity. The general, international situation of the discipline is outlined,
      countries leading and determining its development are indicated and the main
      points of the situation in Hungary are described. The examinational fields of
      clinical hemorrheology are presented, describing briefly the future directions.

PMID- 2657547
TI  - [Epidural administration of a morphine-adrenaline-bupivacaine mixture in
      obstetric anesthesia].
AB  - Pain relieving effect of epidurally given epinephrine-morphine-bupivacaine drug
      combination was studied in 50 primiparous women during labour. The double-blind,
      randomised clinical evaluation showed that the components of our drug combination
      act synergistically. The total dose and the mg min-1 dose of bupivacaine was
      significantly less following epinephrine-morphine pretreatment than the dose
      required when only bupivacaine was used for pain relief. The duration of
      analgesic effect of separate top-up doses was also significantly prolonged when
      the drug combination was used. It was established that this method of obstetric
      pain relief uses about 30% less bupivacaine than the classical method. This means
      decreased drug exposure of mother and fetus alike. In addition to this the use of
      this drug combination provides also a long-lasting postpartum analgesia.

PMID- 2657548
TI  - [Comparative study of the consumption of cariogenic food in monozygotic and same
      sex dizygotic twins].
AB  - The eating habits of the 111 monozygotic and 67 like-sexed dizygotic twins were
      compared with respect to cariogenic foods. The food habits were recorded using a
      seven-day dietary history with the weekly frequency of the cariogenic foods
      examined. The biometrical analysis showed that the eating habits of the
      monozygotic pairs were more similar than that of the dizygotic twin pairs. The
      differences were statistically significant. Based on these findings, it seems
      that genetic factors play a role in the development of the food habits.

PMID- 2657549
TI  - [In memoriam Lajos Winkler].

PMID- 2657550
TI  - [A century of phenacetin].

PMID- 2657551
TI  - [Clinical significance of chromosome number deviations in myelodysplastic
      syndromes and in acute non-lymphoid leukemia].
AB  - The cytogenetic data of 77 patients (47 adults and 30 children) with
      myelodysplastic syndromes and acute non-lymphoid leukemia are evaluated with
      regard to the morphological types of leukemia and prognosis. The groups of the
      adult patients were found to be different in the frequency and types of non
      random chromosome aberrations. In patients with secondary leukemias and mutagen
      related leukemias the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities was higher than in
      those with the idiopathic form of the disease. Specific abnormalities were total
      or partial loss of chromosome 5 and/or 7, and an additional chromosome 8. In
      contradistinction to these the patients with primary leukemias had specific
      translocations associated with pseudodiploidy. We found the frequency of
      aberrations in adults exposed to mutagen agents similar to that in children with
      ANLL, but the types of aberrations were similar to those of adults without any
      exposition. Comparing the median duration of remission and survival of patients'
      groups with different cytogenetic findings we found the chromosome aberrations to
      be of prognostic value. The present data demonstrate the usefullness of
      cytogenetic investigations in the diagnosis of the disease and in morphological
      and etiological classification of patients.

PMID- 2657552
TI  - [24-hour pH monitoring in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux].
AB  - The 24 hour pH monitoring is superior to other methods in assessing chemical
      activity and quantitative characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux (GER). This
      technique supported by the pull-through esophageal manometry, reveals and
      classifies the patients for either medical or surgical treatment. The comparison
      of the diagrams recorded before and after surgical repair, is a reliable guide in
      evaluating the efficacy of the anti-reflux procedure.

PMID- 2657553
TI  - [Conservative solution of tubal pregnancy by microsurgery].
AB  - Possibilities of conservative microsurgical solution of ectopic tubal pregnancy
      are reported on. The authors present their cases of which a term pregnancy is
      first reported in the Hungarian literature. The attention is drawn to the
      expectable complications, the indications and technical realisation of the
      microsurgical technique are discussed. The importance of conservative
      microsurgery of tubal pregnancy is emphasized.

PMID- 2657554
TI  - [Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in a hetrozygous woman].
AB  - The authors report a case of a 20-year old woman, with all the characteristics of
      the Wiskott-Aldrich-syndrome. The main signs of the disease were recurrent
      infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia and mild mucosal bleeding. The size of
      platelets was reduced. Storage pool disease was based on the abnormal platelet
      aggregation and the lack of dense bodies shown by electronmicroscopic
      examination. The disturbances of the lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes,
      which resulted in immunodeficiency, could be proven by the immunological tests.
      This X-linked recessive disorder appeared with typical signs in a heterozygous
      carrier woman. According to our knowledge, no similar case has been reported
      before.

PMID- 2657555
TI  - [History of the development of cardiovascular radiology].
AB  - A brief review is given about the history and development of the cardiovascular
      radiology from the discovery of the X-rays to the color-duplex sonography and
      magnetic resonance imaging in our days. X-ray technical, medical, chemical
      aspects and the more recently developed methods as computed tomography,
      ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging are separately discussed.

PMID- 2657556
TI  - [Attempted suicide with verapamil].
AB  - A 26-year old woman took 4000 mg (100 tablets) of VerpamilR (Orion Pharmaceutica,
      Helsinki) with suicidal intestions. As a consequence of the poisoning cardiogenic
      shock, 3rd grade AV block and cardiac arrest occurred. The disturbance of
      stimulus formation and conduction was treated with a temporary pacemaker.
      Discussing the therapeutical possibilities it is stated that cardiovascular
      symptoms may be influenced successfully by Ca++ preparations (Calcium gluconicum,
      Calcium chloratum) and beta-receptor stimulants (isoproterenol, dopamine,
      orciprenalin) possibly also with glucagon.

PMID- 2657557
TI  - [The genealogy of King Stephen I. (Saint)].

PMID- 2657558
TI  - [Endre Kovcs Sebestyen--a pioneer of otorhinolaryngology in Hungary].

PMID- 2657559
TI  - [40th anniversary of the re-publication of Orvosi Hetilap].

PMID- 2657560
TI  - [The role of real-time sonography in the differential diagnosis of acute
      appendicitis and in the detection of post-appendectomy complications].
AB  - 110 urgent sonography were performed on 101 patients with suspected acute
      appendicitis and on subsequent 26 patients 33 echography with suspected
      postappendectomy abscess. Although according to a few publications in connection
      with acute appendicitis there are characteristic sonographic signs, the authors
      didn't find any typical structures at patients having non-complicated
      appendicitis. But at perforated appendicitis and periappendicular abscesses the
      fluid collection was frequently very well visualizable and the periappendicular
      infiltration was detectable as well. The differentation between infiltration and
      abscess is difficult, often unsuccessfull. The authors confirm the high
      sensitivity of sonography in the detection of postappendectomy intraabdominal
      abscesses, similarly to other abscesses of unrelated origin. They emphasize the
      differentialdiagnostic aid of sonography, if the clinical symptoms are atypical
      or the signs of acute appendicitis are imitated by other disease.

PMID- 2657561
TI  - [Demonstration of antibodies against gliadin using an immunofluorescence method
      in childhood celiac disease].
AB  - IgA and IgG type antibodies against gliadin were demonstrated in 396 serum
      samples of 350 patients with immunofluorescence method. The procedure was used in
      cases of clinically suspected celiac disease and for the control of the diet of
      patients with diagnosed celiac disease. The sensitivity of the patient material
      was 83% in the case of antibodies against IgA and 85% with antibodies against
      IgG. The specificity value with IgA antibodies was 96% and 91% with IgG
      antibodies. The authors consider the immunofluorescence technique suitable for
      the demonstration of immune complexes developed against gliadin and circulating
      in blood. On this basis the method is recommended both for the screening test of
      patients with suspected celiac disease and for the control of patients on gluten
      free diet.

PMID- 2657562
TI  - [Early screening of gestational diabetes in high risk pregnancy cases].
AB  - Oral glucose tolerance testing was performed according to WHO criteria among
      pregnant women with historical risk factors for gestational diabetes (a previous
      baby weighing 4000 g or more, a previous unexplained intrauterine death) in
      Baranya county. Oral glucose tolerance test was carried out for the first time
      between gestational ages of 16-20 weeks, and it was repeated monthly in cases of
      normal curve. Patients with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes were cared,
      dietary of prophylactic insulin treatment was introduced. 152 patients were
      involved in the screening program. 26 patients had gestational diabetes or
      impaired glucose tolerance. The glucose tolerance test curve was "stretched" in
      81 patients. Early screening and management of pregnant women with maternal
      historical risk factors is emphasised from the view of diminishing complications,
      especially the frequency of macrosomia.

PMID- 2657563
TI  - [Fracastoro (1478-1533) and the origins of scientific epidemiology].

PMID- 2657564
TI  - [Family planning counseling after extrauterine pregnancy].
AB  - In the past 30 years the Hungarian incidence of ectopic pregnancies decreased
      after the maximum in 1961 till the minimum in 1974, however, there was a slight
      increase after this. The proportion of maternal mortality due to ectopic
      pregnancies was 8 per cent in 1970-1986. The recurrence risk of ectopic pregnancy
      is about 12 per cent and about one-third of these women will be infertile. Thus,
      the appropriate family planning counselling is an important medical task after
      ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 2657565
TI  - [Prognosis of stomach cancer patients in the age of complex diagnostic methods].
AB  - A retrospective study was done in 1986-87 on the survival of patients with
      stomach cancer. Their disease was established with complete diagnostic methods
      between 1975-87. In 244 patients diagnosis had been set up more than five years
      before. The survival of these patients was 19.4%, i.e. 47 of them were alive five
      years after the diagnosis. Both operability and resectability improved when
      compared to the earlier results (between 1965-74.). The most favourable 5-year
      survival and resectability were found in patients with intestinal type cancer.
      Early cancer was 8.3% of total, however, when only those patients were taken into
      consideration who had been treated either surgically or underwent surgical or
      endoscopic polypectomy, the percentage markedly increased 22.7%. The survival of
      patients with early stomach cancer was excellent: 34/37 (91.9%). A significant
      decrease of the incidence of stomach cancer in the region so far could not be
      observed.

PMID- 2657566
TI  - [Fourth centenary of the first printed Hungarian medical book].

PMID- 2657567
TI  - [In memory of Janos Berecz].

PMID- 2657568
TI  - [Follow-up studies of patients with neonatal icterus using acoustic evoked
      potential audiometry].
AB  - Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia is a common cause of sensorineural hearing loss.
      There is no exact method to detect the neurotoxicity of bilirubin. On the other
      hand the auditory pathway is known to be one of the most sensitive part of the
      CNS to this toxic agent. 39 one-year-old children were examined by BERA, who had
      had hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborn period. According to the risk factors the
      patients were divided into two groups but there was no significant difference in
      BERA changes. Two infants were found suffering serious hearing loss, who required
      hearing aids. Five more had some subclinical BERA changes. The authors emphasize
      the value of acoustic evoked potentials in evaluation infants after neonatal
      jaundice.

PMID- 2657569
TI  - [Two translations of a quote from Seneca].

PMID- 2657570
TI  - [Prospective study of K-cell activity in patients with malignant gynecologic
      tumors. Effect of radiation therapy].
AB  - K cell activity was measured in the enzyme-like kinetic model of cytotoxicity
      against O, Rh (D) positive erythrocytes in 127 patients with carcinoma of the
      uterine cervix, 55 with carcinoma of the corpus uteri and 30 with malignant
      tumors of the ovary. The control groups included 62 healthy age matched women and
      39 patients with benign tumor of the ovary. The cytotoxic activity was measured
      in a number of cases before any treatment and after irradiation and surgery in
      patients with cervical and endometrial cancer. The target cells were obtained
      from the same donor. ADCC activity of cervical and ovarian tumor patients
      enhanced depends on the stage of the disease. K cell activity of endometrial
      carcinoma patients was similar to the controls. ADCC activity of patients with
      carcinoma of the uterine cervix was increased, with carcinoma of the uterine
      corpus was indicated an increasing tendency following irradiation. There was
      connection with the dose of the irradiation and K cell activity. On the contrary,
      operation did not influence ADCC activity.

PMID- 2657571
TI  - [Protein C and apoprotein levels in ischemic heart disease diagnosed by
      coronarography].
AB  - The levels of protein C and different lipid parameters were measured in 22
      patients, younger than 50 years, suffering from coronary heart disease, proved
      previously by angiography. The severity of coronariasclerosis showed certain
      correlation with the concentration of apolipoprotein B and triglycerids, while
      low levels of protein C were also mainly observed in those with severe coronary
      heart disease.

PMID- 2657572
TI  - Structural characterization of the BCR gene product.
AB  - Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is associated with the reciprocal
      translocation of a region of chromosome 22 called BCR with the c-abl gene of
      chromosome 9.5' coding sequences from the BCR gene are spliced in-frame to the
      second exon of the ABL gene to produce a CML-specific 8.5 kilobase message which
      encodes the BCR-ABL hybrid protein P210. To definitively identify and
      characterize the normal BCR gene product, sequences from BCR cDNA clones were
      used to reconstitute the coding portion of the normal message in retroviral and
      bacterial transcription vectors. The normal BCR gene product was demonstrated to
      be a phosphoprotein of 160 kilodaltons by in vitro translation and
      immunoprecipitation from lysates of NIH3T3 lines expressing BCR retroviruses.
      Whereas BCR-homologous RNA levels in these cell lines were increased 50 fold, BCR
      protein levels increased only 2 to 10 fold depending on the presence or absence
      of BCR-specific 5' and 3' untranslated regions. We observe a kinase activity
      associated with this protein but we do not observe morphological transformation
      of NIH3T3 cells as a result of its overproduction.

PMID- 2657573
TI  - Lymphomagenesis in E mu-myc transgenic mice can involve ras mutations.
AB  - Transgenic mice bearing c-myc driven by the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer
      (E mu) initially exhibit a preneoplastic lymphoproliferative syndrome from which
      clonal pre-B or B lymphomas develop at random. To investigate whether this
      transition involves the activation of oncogenes capable of transforming
      fibroblasts, we transfected DNA from 14 E mu-myc lymphomas into NIH3T3 cells and
      tested the tumorigenicity of the transfectants in nude mice. By this assay and
      subsequent direct analysis of the lymphoma mRNA by cDNA cloning or the polymerase
      chain reaction, two independent E mu-myc lymphomas were shown to contain an N-ras
      or a K-ras oncogene mutated at codon 61. When incorporated into a recombinant
      retrovirus, the mutant N-ras allele could collaborate with myc to transform
      preneoplastic E mu-myc bone marrow pre-B cells. These results indicate that
      spontaneous mutation of ras genes is one pathway to lymphomagenesis in E mu-myc
      mice but that many of the lymphomas arise in response to changes that do not
      register in fibroblasts.

PMID- 2657574
TI  - Mouse fibroblasts transformed with the human c-myc gene express a high level of
      mRNA but a low level of c-myc protein and are non-tumorigenic in nude mice.
AB  - Overexpression of a transfected c-myc gene under the control of a strong promoter
      causes the phenotypic changes of malignant transformation. We have investigated
      the effect of exogenous c-myc gene expression in NIH3T3 cells transfected with an
      intact human c-myc gene which is expressed under the control of its own promoter.
      The presence of the exogenous c-myc gene in the transfected cells was documented
      by Southern blot analysis. The transfected clones contained 20-40 copies of the
      human c-myc gene and demonstrated a proportional elevation in the level of c-myc
      mRNA which had a normal half life of 20-30 min. Despite the high level of c-myc
      mRNA, the transfected cells contained a relatively low level of c-myc protein and
      expression appears to be regulated at a post-transcriptional level. The
      transfected cells exhibited a decreased serum requirement for growth and formed
      colonies in soft agar, but were non-tumorigenic in Balb/c athymic nude mice. The
      morphologic evidence of transformation in the absence of tumorigenesis suggests
      that transfection of murine fibroblasts with multiple copies of the c-myc gene
      expressed under the control of its own promoter may cause partial transformation.

PMID- 2657575
TI  - Mechanisms of ras mutation in myelodysplastic syndrome.
AB  - Using synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization, we have found a ras mutation in 11
      of 27 patients (41%) with primary or non-therapy related myelodysplastic syndrome
      (MDS). This high incidence of mutation, mainly of the N-ras oncogene, was
      generally found in patients with disease progression to acute leukemia (8 of 11
      patients = 73%). Two general mechanisms of ras mutation were found. In five
      patients the ras mutation was present in only a fraction of the cells; sometimes
      appearing in late stages of the disease, suggesting that it can occur in a
      differentiated cell clone. In six other patients, the ras mutation was present in
      the great majority of bone marrow or blood cells. The mutation was detected in
      mature normal lymphocytes and persisted following a complete clinical remission
      in two of these patients, implying that the ras mutation can occur in an early
      stage of cell differentiation or stem cell. Patients with a ras mutation had a
      median survival of nine months (all patients dead) compared to 16 patients
      without a ras mutation that had a median follow-up of 16 months (10 patients
      alive; P less than 0.005). Since 9 of the 11 patients (82%) with a ras mutation
      were found to have an abnormal monocytic component at diagnosis or during disease
      evolution, it is possible that in myeloid disorders a ras mutation is
      preferentially associated with myelomonocytic cell differentiation.

PMID- 2657576
TI  - Altered myc gene transcription and intron-induced stabilization of myc RNAs in
      two mouse plasmacytomas.
AB  - Accumulation of unusually high amounts of larger-than-normal c-myc mRNAs occurs
      in two mouse plasmacytomas, TEPC 1165 and TEPC 2027. Southern blot and DNA
      sequence analyses showed that both tumors have undergone translocations of
      immunoglobulin heavy chain loci to positions 5' of the c-myc gene promotors
      resulting in removal of DNA sequences encoding a negative transcriptional
      regulatory element. In contrast to other mouse plasmacytomas, TEPC 1165 and TEPC
      2027 rearranged myc genes show increased transcription, partially explaining
      their abundance of myc RNA. Similar to other mouse plasmacytomas, the abundance
      of myc RNA in TEPC 1165 and TEPC 2027 is also influenced by increased stability
      of structurally atypical myc RNAs. Two myc mRNAs are found in TEPC 2027, a 2.4 kb
      species including all 3 myc exons and a 4.0 kb species with the 3 exons plus the
      first intron. The two major myc mRNAs in TEPC 1165, 3.0 and 3.9 kb species, also
      include all three myc exons plus portions of the first intron. S1 nuclease
      protection analyses show that the 5' initiation and 3' untranslated (UT) regions
      of the unusual TEPC 1165 RNAs are normal showing that the size differences arise
      solely from inclusion of first intron sequences in the large myc RNAs. DNA
      sequence analysis showed that the presence of first intron sequences in the large
      myc RNAs is due to mutations affecting the splice donor region at the 3' end of
      exon 1 in both tumors. SDS-PAGE analysis of immunoprecipitated TEPC 1165 and TEPC
      2027 myc proteins showed them to be of normal electrophoretic mobility but no
      more abundant than in a pre-B cell line 18-81 that contains at least 10 fold less
      myc RNA. The 4.0 kb myc mRNA of TEPC 2027 is atypically stable while the 2.4 kb
      myc mRNA undergoes normal rapid turnover within the same cell, demonstrating that
      the presence of first intron sequences in the large myc RNA stabilizes it despite
      the presence of 3' UT and putative exon 1 destabilizing sequences. These results
      show that myc intron 1 sequences can counteract the effect of 3' UT region
      destabilizing sequences in myc RNA and suggest that the increased myc RNA
      stability noted in TEPC 1165 and TEPC 2027 is largely due to the presence of the
      intron 1 sequences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2657577
TI  - Elevation of 1,2-diacylglycerol in ras-transformed neonatal liver and pancreas of
      transgenic mice.
AB  - Expression of the activated Harvey-ras (H-ras) oncogene in cultured cells is
      associated with an elevated steady-state concentration of 1,2-diacylglycerol
      (DG), an intracellular second messenger capable of promoting cell division. To
      explore the biochemistry of ras expression in vivo, we measured DG in ras
      transformed neonatal liver and pancreas of transgenic mice. DG was elevated over
      2-fold in these tissues compared to controls, but was not elevated in transgenic
      neonatal liver expressing normal H-ras, the nuclear oncogene myc, or the Simian
      Virus 40 T-antigens. DG was also not elevated in ras-induced lung adenomas in
      transgenic mice. These findings demonstrate an association between activated ras
      expression and DG concentration in neonatal tissue, but suggest that marked
      elevation of DG is not necessary for the development of ras-induced tumors in
      lung.

PMID- 2657578
TI  - Similar and synergistic inhibition of gap-junctional communication by ras
      transformation and tumor promoter treatment of mouse primary keratinocytes.
AB  - Modulation of gap junctional communication (GJIC) is likely to play an important
      role in tumorigenesis, as suggested by the action of tumor promoters and certain
      oncogene products. In this report we examine the effects of ras transformation
      and TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) treatment on GJIC of murine
      primary keratinocytes. Introduction of the ras oncogene into primary keratinocyte
      cultures by Harvey Sarcoma virus (HaSV) infection is sufficient to cause a 70-80%
      reduction in their GJIC as measured by Scrape-Loading/Dye Transfer technique.
      Furthermore, while a 100% increase in GJIC is observed when normal keratinocyte
      cultures are induced to differentiate by addition of calcium, no such increase
      can be detected with their ras transformed counterparts. As with ras, TPA
      treatment of normal keratinocytes results in a 70-80% reduction of GJIC both
      under low and high calcium conditions. TPA treatment of keratinocytes already
      transformed by ras completely abolishes GJIC of these cells, regardless of
      calcium concentrations. The similar and synergistic effects of ras and TPA on
      GJIC of primary keratinocytes suggest that inhibition of this function represents
      an important early step in transformation of these cells.

PMID- 2657579
TI  - Expression, methylation and chromatin structure of the p53 gene in untransformed
      and human T-cell leukemia virus type I-transformed human T-lymphocytes.
AB  - p53 is a nuclear protein associated with cellular transformation and normal
      cellular proliferation. Some transformed cells have been found to have one or
      several quantitative or qualitative abnormalities of p53. We studied expression,
      kinetics, phosphorylation, DNA methylation and chromatin structure of p53 in
      resting and proliferating untransformed T-lymphocytes and in human T-cell
      leukemia virus type I transformed T-lymphocytes from the same individuals. p53
      expression is indistinguishable in transformed compared to untransformed
      proliferating T-lymphocytes by: (1) p53 mRNA levels, (2) rate of synthesis and
      stability of p53 protein, (3) change in protein stability after exposure to an
      inhibitor of protein synthesis, (4) presence of phosphorylation of the p53
      protein. Resting T-lymphocytes from these same individuals did not express p53.
      No difference in DNA methylation and chromatin structure of the p53 gene was
      observed in either resting or proliferating untransformed, or virally transformed
      T-lymphocytes. The gene was fully methylated and resistant to DNAase I over its
      entire coding region but was demethylated and contained DNAase I hypersensitive
      sites in a distinct region 5' of the site of initiation of transcription.

PMID- 2657580
TI  - The auditory brainstem response in pediatrics.
AB  - When properly recorded and interpreted, the auditory brainstem response (ABR)
      serves as a powerful, noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of pediatric auditory
      disorders. The detection of eighth cranial nerve and brainstem dysfunction relies
      primarily on the comparison of wave latencies to normative data and between ears
      of the same patient. The description of peripheral hearing sensitivity thresholds
      by ABR relies primarily on the determination of the weakest stimulus intensity at
      which the ABR can be elicited. Differential diagnosis of sensorineural versus
      conductive loss is assisted by analysis of latency-intensity relationships and by
      bone-conducted ABR findings, whereas description of the frequency contour of the
      audiogram is possible using band-limited tone burst stimuli as well as other
      methods. From the caveats and case examples reported here, it should be clear
      that the ABR cannot be measured or interpreted from a patient in a "black box"
      fashion. Suprathreshold ABR recordings for neurotologic analysis are influenced
      by cochlear dysfunction, which can affect both absolute and interpeak wave
      latencies, and by conductive hearing loss, which affects absolute wave latencies,
      in such a way that the patient's audiogram must be known for proper test
      administration and interpretation. Interpretation of suprathreshold ABR data to
      infer hearing threshold sensitivity has extremely limited utility and can "clear"
      a child who indeed has substantial hearing loss. Threshold ABR recordings
      represent the most accurate means available to estimate the audiogram in the very
      young infant or difficult-to-test child, yet can be influenced by retrocochlear
      dysfunction, and require concurrent knowledge of outer and middle ear status as
      well as careful interpretive statements of the actual frequency range for which
      the audiogram has been estimated. The diagnosis of hearing impairment by ABR in a
      child is accomplished best when it is performed in the context of concurrent
      audiologic and otologic workups, with availability (on site or by referral) of a
      team of hearing health care professionals to evaluate and support the whole child
      and family. In the case of a newly diagnosed significant hearing impairment in an
      infant or toddler, input is needed from various professionals including those
      involved in education of the hearing-impaired, speech-language pathology,
      developmental psychology, social service, genetics, and ophthalmology, as well as
      the primary care pediatrician.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2657581
TI  - Evaluation of velopharyngeal insufficiency.
AB  - To summarize briefly, in our opinion, the combined use of end-viewing flexible
      fiber optic nasopharyngoscopy and multiview videofluoroscopy (which must include
      lateral and frontal views) and a behavioral assessment of the patient's speech
      provides the examiner with all of the information necessary to select the
      appropriate treatment for VPI. Indirect assessment procedures, such as airflow
      studies, do not enhance the decision making process even though they may provide
      what would appear to be objective data. Treatment decisions depend on the ability
      to confirm the type of speech abnormality present (by behavioral assessment)
      followed by a direct view of the defect (by endoscopy and fluoroscopy).

PMID- 2657582
TI  - Sleep apnea in children.
AB  - Sleep apnea in children develops when airway obstruction at night is severe;
      however, lesser degrees of obstruction may also cause problems. The most common
      cause of nighttime obstruction with or without apnea is hyperplasia of the
      tonsils and adenoids. Other conditions such as craniofacial anomalies and
      neuromuscular disorders may predispose children to obstruction of the airway
      during sleep. Although cor pulmonale, heart failure, and cardiorespiratory arrest
      are the most dramatic results of obstructive apnea, before these occur many other
      problems may develop that are detrimental to the child's health, including
      failure to thrive. A careful history and physical examination are usually
      sufficient to determine if obstruction and apnea are present at night. Additional
      studies such as sleep sonography and polysomnography are helpful for
      documentation of the disorder. The treatment of obstructive apnea, unless
      associated with central apnea, is surgical. The vast majority of children with
      obstruction have dramatic resolution of their obstruction following a
      tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Occasionally additional procedures including
      uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and tracheotomy are needed.

PMID- 2657583
TI  - Advances in sinus disease in pediatrics.
AB  - Advances in sinus diseases in pediatrics during the 1980s have occurred in both
      diagnosis and treatment. Perhaps the most significant development in diagnosis
      has been the increased sophistication of computerized tomography. In treatment,
      the most significant advances have been in the better understanding of the
      bacteriology of pediatric sinusitis and the development of endoscopic sinus
      surgery.

PMID- 2657584
TI  - Vocal cord paralysis.
AB  - The information presented in this article demonstrates that unilateral or
      bilateral vocal cord paresis or paralysis in infants and children is difficult to
      diagnose and difficult to manage. In an attempt to provide the otolaryngologist
      with a concise set of relevant guidelines, the following rules for management are
      presented here. 1. Suspect bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis (BAVP) when a
      neonate or infant presents with high-pitched inspiratory stridor and evidence of
      airway compromise. Factors that should increase the suspicion of BAVP include
      associated Arnold-Chiari malformation; congenital anatomic abnormality involving
      the mediastinum (for example, tracheoesophageal fistula, vascular ring, other
      vascular anomalies); dysmorphic syndromes, especially those involving brainstem
      dysfunction; and manifest findings indicative of neuromuscular disorder. The
      neonate or infant with Arnold-Chiari malformation and inspiratory stridor has
      bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis until proven otherwise. 2. Suspect
      unilateral vocal cord paresis or paralysis in an infant or child with hoarse
      voice, low-pitched cry, or breathy cry or voice. The infant who develops mild
      stridor and hoarse cry following surgical repair of a patent ductus arteriosus or
      tracheoesophageal fistula has a unilateral vocal cord paralysis until proven
      otherwise. 3. Direct laryngoscopy with the flexible fiberoptic
      nasopharyngolaryngoscope and photodocumentation using a videocassette recorder
      offers the best method for diagnosis of vocal cord paresis or paralysis.
      Additional diagnostic studies that may be helpful include radiographic studies,
      CT scan, MRI scan, electromyography of the larynx, and, in older children,
      stroboscopy. 4. In using a flexible direct laryngoscope be careful not to
      interpret all motions of the vocal cords or arytenoids as evidence to preclude
      the diagnosis of vocal cord paralysis or paresis and be careful not to mistake
      the anterior intraluminal portion of a normal cricoid for an "anterior glottic
      web." 5. Tracheotomy is often required in order to assure adequate airway during
      infancy for children with BAVP. However, with the advent of sophisticated
      cardiorespiratory monitoring equipment and methods for monitoring blood oxygen
      and carbon dioxide levels, tracheotomy can be delayed until attempts have been
      made to improve the adequacy of the airway with neurosurgical intervention or
      other procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2657585
TI  - Lasers in pediatric otolaryngology.
AB  - Extensive clinical experience and anecdotal evidence indicate that application of
      laser technology has improved the management of many congenital and acquired
      diseases of the head and neck in pediatric patients. The general principles of
      laser surgery, with respect to laser-tissue interaction, must be adhered to at
      all times to achieve the best surgical effect. Improperly used, the laser can
      damage normal tissue in the infant's or child's larynx, with devastating
      consequences.

PMID- 2657586
TI  - Teratomas of the head and neck.
AB  - Teratomas of the head and neck are a particular type of developmental
      malformation or tumor that are composed of cells with a full range of histogenic
      potential. They occur almost exclusively in the newborn and infancy periods.
      Treatment is directed at complete surgical removal with preservation of normal
      anatomic structures.

PMID- 2657587
TI  - Pediatric infection with the human immunodeficiency virus: issues for the
      otorhinolaryngologist.
AB  - Pediatric HIV infection is increasing at a rapid rate. It has many features that
      distinguish it from the adult forms of the disease. An understanding of the
      epidemiology and pathophysiology of HIV infection in children is necessary for
      the clinician to accurately diagnose and effectively treat infected children.
      Particular emphasis is placed on the infectious and neoplastic conditions of the
      head and neck region in infected children.

PMID- 2657588
TI  - Review of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy.

PMID- 2657589
TI  - Pediatric care for state's poor and near-poor.

PMID- 2657590
TI  - Hyperargininemia, epilepsy and the metabolism of guanidino compounds.
AB  - Patients with hyperargininemia have an arginase deficiency which leads to
      blockade of the urea cycle in the last step with several clinical symptoms. Owing
      to the arginase deficiency this patients accumulate arginine which leads to
      eventual alternative yet unknown pathways of arginine metabolism. These clinical
      and biochemical findings intensified the research on guanidino compounds. It has
      been shown that most of the guanidino compounds are epileptogenic. Therefore we
      investigated the levels of 12 guanidino compounds in serum and brain of
      audiogenic sensitive rats. The changes of some guanidino compounds in serum and
      brain will be discussed.

PMID- 2657591
TI  - [Sonographic volume determination of the thyroid in newborn infants].
AB  - In 50 newborn children without a struma the volume of the thyroid gland was
      determined by the aid of sonography in a territory distinguishing itself by
      iodine deficiency. The volumes of the thyroid glands ran to 1.0 ml between 3.9
      ml. The renal iodine excretion confirmed by values of 2.10 to 5.40 micrograms
      J/dl (the arithmetric mean = 3.32 +/- 0.34 micrograms J:dl) the situation as to
      iodine deficiency in our territory. The averages T4 with 150 +/- 6 nmol/l and TSH
      with 3.4 +/- 0.5 mE/l ranged in the standard area. The comparison of the thyroid
      gland volumes with the birth weight resulted in a first-hand correlation. Newborn
      children with a slight weight at birth showed a small volume of the thyroid gland
      and vice versa. Altogether, however, the thyroid gland of newborn children is-
      compared to body weight--too large, the cause seeming to be the known deficiency
      of iodine during pregnancy. A significant difference to the volume of the thyroid
      gland between male and female newborn children was not to be stated. The results
      found out may be called in to a more exact evaluation of the volume of the
      thyroid gland in the connatal struma still relatively often to be found in
      territories of iodine deficiency. The thyroid gland in newborn children is in
      respect to the sonogram poorer in echoes than in infancy and adulthood. The
      thyroid sonography--a non-invasive and a not radiation-exposed examination--is
      recommended to be practised especially in paediatrics.

PMID- 2657592
TI  - Clinical evaluation of defibrotide in the treatment of arterial and venous
      vascular disease. A preliminary report.
AB  - Defibrotide is a new compound with antithrombotic and profibrinolytic activity.
      It increases the endogenous fibrinolytic activity by promoting the cellular
      activator of plasminogen from endothelial cells and by decreasing the
      concentration of its inhibitors. In this study we evaluated a total of 223
      patients for a mean period of 43 days for the following vascular conditions: (a)
      superficial venous thrombosis; (b) prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis;
      (c) peripheral vascular disease (ischaemic foot and intermittent claudication;
      (d) prophylaxis against TIAs in patients with carotid plaques determining
      embolization; (e) treatment of venous ulcerations determined by chronic venous
      incompetence; (f) patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and disease. The
      tolerability observed was good. No side effects were observed even in more
      prolonged treatments. The overall efficacy was good for all groups especially in
      comparison with other treatment already in use for these vascular conditions. In
      conclusion defibrotide is a particularly useful drug in these vascular diseases
      and can be used both for acute and chronic treatments.

PMID- 2657593
TI  - Evaluation of cerebral blood flow in premature newborns by duplex scanning using
      a high resolution probe.
AB  - The evaluation of cerebral blood flow in premature newborns offers interesting
      information about cerebral circulation and, physiological flow variations. Using
      a high resolution probe as the Access 10 of the ATL ultramark 4 duplex scanner it
      was possible to define flow in the anterior cerebral artery and in the middle
      cerebral artery in newborns without significant pathology. This study was
      performed in premature babies both to evaluate the best technical solution to
      study these small arteries and to define a standard of flow to be used in future
      evaluations. By the 10 MHz focus (on the variable focus probe 5-7.5 and 10 MHz)
      it was observed that a smaller variation of flow determinations is obtained by
      the 10 MHz focus (both for the middle and anterior cerebral arteries). In
      conclusion duplex scanning offers probably the best solution to evaluate cerebral
      blood flow in premature newborns both in qualitative and quantitative way.

PMID- 2657594
TI  - Septic arthritis: common pitfalls.
AB  - The diagnosis of suppurative arthritis is a challenging task complicated by many
      pitfalls. The physician must rely on the basic skills of a history, physical
      examination, and index of suspicion to properly decipher the differential
      diagnosis, and the perceptive analysis of laboratory studies is essential. Prompt
      institution of treatment with antibiotics and effective cleansing of the joint
      are the key factors in achieving a good result.

PMID- 2657595
TI  - The pathogenesis of adult osteomyelitis.
AB  - The pathophysiology and pathologic appearances of adult osteomyelitis are
      discussed, without reference to childhood hematogenous (metaphyseal)
      osteomyelitis or chronic osteomyelitis secondary to vascular phenomena such as
      diabetes or arteriosclerosis. Osteomyelitis as a feature of generalized sepsis in
      the immunocompromised patient is also excluded. The focus is on infection of the
      adult skeleton that occasionally arises spontaneously but more commonly presents
      as a complication of an open fracture or an operative procedure. The special
      features of adult osteomyelitis that are the result of the infection developing
      within the confined and rigid structure of the skeleton are highlighted. Lastly,
      the histopathology of osteomyelitis is examined in an effort to demonstrate the
      host bone's response to this injury.

PMID- 2657596
TI  - Diabetic foot infections.
AB  - The feet of diabetic patients are prone to injury because of their decreased
      sensation as well as their impaired blood supply. The injury is usually thermal,
      chemical, or mechanical, and treatment requires a team approach. Evaluation
      should include vascular and radiologic studies. Treatment, either surgical or
      nonsurgical, should be aggressive, to attempt to save a limb at risk for loss.
      Amputation should be personalized with the goal of removing the least tissue
      consistent with infection resolution. The prevention of future problems, both for
      the affected foot and the contralateral limb, should not be forgotten, and the
      many actions patients can take to protect their feet in the future should be
      stressed.

PMID- 2657597
TI  - The Ilizarov technique in the treatment of infected tibial nonunions.
AB  - Five patients with infected tibial nonunions and segmental defects were treated
      with the method of Ilizarov: application of circular small-wire fixator,
      corticotomy and bone transport to fill the segmental defect. Four of the five
      patients developed regenerate bone at the corticotomy distraction site. The one
      failure was related to a previous surgery--reamed locked nailing of the tibia.
      Three of the four patients with regenerate bone required open reduction and
      internal fixation at the nonunion site following bone transport. Superficial pin
      tract infections, broken wires and psychological intolerance of the frame were
      frequent but minor problems.

PMID- 2657598
TI  - Strategies for viral vaccines: scientific challenge and regulatory aspects.

PMID- 2657599
TI  - The Wellcome Trust lecture. Problems specific to parasite vaccines.

PMID- 2657600
TI  - An update on candidate malaria vaccines.

PMID- 2657601
TI  - Experiences with vaccines against cutaneous leishmaniasis: of men and mice.
AB  - The need for a vaccine(s) against cutaneous leishmaniasis and the populations at
      risk for whom such vaccines should be developed are briefly discussed. The
      current human vaccine studies are reviewed, as are some experimental mouse
      studies with emphasis on Leishmania major infection relevant to vaccine
      development. Based on the information available from the mouse model and those
      data which are being sought in human studies, the benign nature of the cutaneous
      disease, the ease with which L. major can be manipulated to yield the required
      material, and the ongoing practice of leishmanization which allows rapid
      evaluation of candidate vaccine(s), it is suggested that a vaccine, at least
      against L. major, is imminent in the not too distant future.

PMID- 2657602
TI  - Immunological control of ticks and tick-borne parasitic diseases of livestock.

PMID- 2657603
TI  - Parasite vaccines versus anti-parasite drugs: rivals or running mates?

PMID- 2657604
TI  - [Prolactin receptor: characterization by monoclonal antibodies and cloning of
      complementary DNA].
AB  - Rat liver prolactin receptor has been partially characterized and purified to
      homogeneity using monoclonal antibodies. Pure receptor was digested with trypsin
      and amino acid sequence of receptor fragments determined. This allowed us to
      clone the prolactin receptor cDNA. Our approach to clone the receptor cDNA
      consisted of synthesizing oligonucleotides corresponding to the amino acid
      sequence of receptor fragments, and to screen a cDNA library. Sequencing reveals
      that prolactin receptor is a 291 amino acid protein, containing an extracellular
      domain of 210 residues, a single transmembrane segment of 24 amino acids and a
      cytoplasmic domain of 57 amino acids. Introduction of the prolactin receptor cDNA
      into various cell types demonstrates that the single protein is sufficient to
      bind prolactin with the same affinity and specificity reported for the prolactin
      receptor.

PMID- 2657605
TI  - [Transferrin].
AB  - Transferrin structure, metabolism and physiological functions (iron transport,
      activation of cellular growth, bacteriostatic effect) are described with
      reference to the last informations available from the literature. This analysis
      results in a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in its
      physiopathological variations. Decreased serum transferrin levels are the result
      of a reduction of the biosynthesis (hepatic deficiencies, malnutrition), or an
      increase of catabolism (acute, chronic and malignant infections), or an increase
      of intestinal or renal losses, or very infrequently genetic disorders. Increased
      serum transferrin levels are the result of either hyposiderosis or an oestrogenic
      impregnation. Alcoholism and diabetes are responsible of qualitative
      modifications of this protein.

PMID- 2657606
TI  - [Plasma hemoglobin. Comparison between 2 methods of determination].
AB  - The methods used to titrate plasmatic haemoglobin, an analysis which is of great
      interest to cardiac surgery, must be very accurate because the levels are much
      lower than those found in whole blood. This work introduces a comparison between
      two methods: the ammoniacal water method and Cripps's differential method. After
      studying various criteria (repeatability, limit of detection, accuracy, reference
      values, stability of the reaction), and after studying the correlation between
      each method and the benzidin method, used as reference method, as well as the
      correlation between all of them, Cripp's method turns out to be the closest to
      the benzidin method, as well as being simpler, more accurate, more specific, and
      also easier to use than the ammoniacal water method, the only problem occurring
      at the stage of the preparation of the standard solution.

PMID- 2657607
TI  - The discovery of the principles of reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and
      differentiation of conditional reflexes in Pavlov's laboratories.
AB  - The discovery of reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and differentiation
      with the conditional reflex method in Pavlov's laboratories is described. Modern
      American introductory texts show that contemporary understanding of the
      experimental work on conditioning in Pavlov's laboratories is derived from a 1927
      English translation of Pavlov's lectures on the conditional reflexes. The
      lectures present the discoveries topically, not chronologically. In contrast,
      this article presents a chronological account of the contributions of S.G.
      Vul'fson, I.F. Tolochinov, and B.P. Babkin, which led to the conceptualization of
      reinforcement and extinction, and the work of V.N. Boldyrev and N.A.
      Kashereninova, which led to the formulation of the concepts of generalization and
      differentiation. This historical approach avoids giving the impression that the
      development of the Pavlovian paradigm was a highly systematic pursuit.

PMID- 2657608
TI  - A role for hemispheric asymmetry in human behavioral variability.
AB  - A model is presented in which functional lateral specialization and selective
      hemisphere priming combine to provide a mechanism for behavioral variability. The
      model is tested and supported by two experiments in which lateral attentional
      priming produces significant reductions in between-subject and within-subject
      variability. These findings help us to understand the source of behavioral
      variability, broaden our knowledge of the gross structures and functions of the
      brain, provide information about the manipulation of perceived control, and offer
      a technique for increasing statistical power in a wide variety of research
      settings.

PMID- 2657609
TI  - Social development.

PMID- 2657610
TI  - Language and communication in early childhood.

PMID- 2657611
TI  - Attention and memory.

PMID- 2657612
TI  - Emotional development in the preschool child.

PMID- 2657613
TI  - Processing of one-chain to two-chain renin in the mouse submandibular gland is
      influenced by androgen.
AB  - In the male CD-1 mouse submandibular gland (SMG) renin activity increases
      markedly with puberty. We have reported that this is, in part, due to an androgen
      mediated increase in renin gene transcription. In this study, we examined whether
      posttranslational processing is also influenced by androgen. We studied secretion
      and processing of active renin in the CD-1 male mouse SMG which secretes
      primarily the Ren-2 renin isozyme before and after puberty and also compared
      findings with the adult female CD-1 mouse. Maturation increases renin level and
      secretion rate in the male SMG but much less in the female. In addition, Western
      blot analysis of molecular forms of renin in SMG tissue and media shows a
      predominance of 1-chain intermediate form of renin before puberty but of the 2
      chain mature form thereafter. Adult female SMG contains and secretes much less
      active renin than the male organ. Administration of testosterone to the female CD
      1 mouse induces an adult male level and pattern of secretion, with high
      concentrations of active 2-chain renin being secreted. These data suggest that
      SMG renin is androgen regulated, in part by an androgen-responsive enzyme that
      processes 1-chain renin to the 2-chain form.

PMID- 2657614
TI  - Prevention of group B streptococcal early onset sepsis: 1989.

PMID- 2657615
TI  - Group B streptococcal disease: its importance in the developing world and
      prospect for prevention with vaccines.

PMID- 2657616
TI  - Vancomycin does not enhance amikacin-induced tubular nephrotoxicity in children.
AB  - A three-drug antibiotic regimen including vancomycin and amikacin has been
      recommended as effective treatment in clinical settings in which Gram-positive
      bacteremias are a serious problem. To determine if vancomycin potentiates the
      tubular proteinuria associated with amikacin therapy, we studied febrile,
      neutropenic children with leukemia who were treated with either amikacin (800
      mg/m2/day) and ticarcillin-clavulanate or with vancomycin (1.2 g/m2/day),
      amikacin and ticarcillin. Tubular proteinuria was assessed in 14 children by
      monitoring the excretion of total urinary protein and two other sensitive
      indicators of nephrotoxicity, the renal tubular enzymes N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase, in sequential 8-hour urine
      collections during 7 days of antimicrobial therapy. There were no significant
      differences between the two treatment groups in excretion of the three marker
      proteins when values were compared on any day of therapy or for the entire 7-day
      course. Nor did we observe any significant changes in either serum creatinine
      concentrations or amikacin clearance rates in the larger study group of 101
      children from which these patients were drawn. Although amikacin was
      subclinically nephrotoxic, the addition of vancomycin to amikacin therapy did not
      enhance clinical or tubular nephrotoxicity in these children.

PMID- 2657617
TI  - Vancomycin pharmacokinetics in very low birth weight neonates.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of vancomycin hydrochloride was studied in 12 very low birth
      weight infants. The gestational age (mean +/- SD) was 25.9 +/- 1.3 weeks and body
      weight was 769.2 +/- 151.5 g at the time of initiation of the study. Vancomycin
      was infused over a period of 60 minutes in a dosage of 14.2 +/- 3.2 mg/kg once
      daily in 10 patients, twice daily in 1 patient and every 36 hours in 1 patient
      for a mean of 10.5 +/- 4.9 days. Serial blood samples were obtained and the
      concentration time data were fitted to a one-compartment open model using the
      ADAPT computer program. A significant positive correlation was found between
      postconceptional age and vancomycin clearance (P less than 0.005) and between
      vancomycin elimination half-life and plasma creatinine (P less than 0.01). A
      negative correlation existed between plasma creatinine and vancomycin clearance
      (P less than 0.005), between postconceptional age and plasma creatinine (P less
      than 0.005) and between vancomycin half-life and postconceptional age (P less
      than 0.01). On the basis of these findings a vancomycin dosage of 15 mg/kg every
      24 hours for infants less than 1000 g should yield concentrations within the
      accepted therapeutic range. This susceptible population requires frequent
      monitoring of vancomycin concentrations because of the high degree of
      interpatient variability and the continuous maturation of renal function.

PMID- 2657618
TI  - Lack of impact of rapid identification of rotavirus-infected patients on
      nosocomial rotavirus infections.
AB  - The efficacy of rapid identification of rotavirus-infected patients in the
      control of nosocomial rotavirus infections on an infant and young toddler ward by
      use of a rotavirus antigen detection test on stool from patients with diarrhea
      was evaluated by comparing the rate of nosocomial rotavirus infection in children
      during two separate 5-week periods in the winters of 1984 and 1986. In contrast
      to 1984 rapid rotavirus antigen testing by latex agglutination of stool from
      patients with diarrhea was instituted in 1986, in addition to testing for
      rotavirus by enzyme immunoassay, to determine whether use of rapid antigen
      testing resulted in an increased incidence of appropriate isolation and a
      decrease in nosocomial infections. In 1986 rapid identification of rotavirus
      resulted in an increase in hospitalization of rotavirus-infected patients in
      single bed rooms from 68% to 100% (P = 0.02, chi square test) but no significant
      increase in the use of enteric precautions for these patients. The total number
      of cases of nosocomial rotavirus infection in the two periods did not differ. In
      both periods 11 cases occurred; the nosocomial infection rate in 1984 was 18.9
      cases/1000 days of exposure whereas in 1986 it was 20.2 cases/1000 days. These
      findings indicate that the use of rapid rotavirus antigen testing of patients
      with diarrhea is not of appreciable benefit in preventing the nosocomial spread
      of rotavirus to infants on the ward.

PMID- 2657619
TI  - Epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among children in
      Finland before vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine.
AB  - On the basis of intensified surveillance in Finland we report the epidemiology of
      invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease based on 333 consecutive culture
      proved cases recorded during 1985 and 1986. The annual incidence rate among
      children younger than 5 years of age was 52/100,000; 46% of patients had
      meningitis, 29% had epiglottitis and 25% had other forms of invasive disease. The
      median age of patients was 27 months, with 45% younger than 2 years of age.
      Meningitis and epiglottitis were found more often among boys than among girls,
      whereas the opposite was found among patients with other types of invasive
      disease (P = 0.015). Among the latter 68% of children with pneumonia or
      septicemia were 2 years or older compared with 32% of patients with arthritis,
      cellulitis or pyelonephritis (P = 0.009). These background data are essential for
      correct interpretation and application of results from trials with H. influenzae
      type b conjugate vaccines that are currently ongoing in Finland.

PMID- 2657620
TI  - Bartholin's gland abscess in a neonate.

PMID- 2657621
TI  - Group A streptococcal pericarditis in a previously well child.

PMID- 2657622
TI  - Anatomy of femoral vessels in infants and guidelines for venous catheterization.
AB  - This study was performed to formulate femoral venous catheterization guidelines
      for infants from ultrasound observations. Femoral vessels were evaluated on both
      sides in 75 infants, 2 weeks to 24 months of age. The site of the greatest
      probability of successful venipuncture 1 cm below the skin crease at the groin is
      located 4 to 5 mm medial to the femoral artery pulse. If it is assumed that entry
      into the central half of the vein will result in successful catheterization,
      successive attempts 5 mm and 6 mm medial to the pulse would result in cumulative
      successful insertion in 53% and 61%, respectively, with no arterial punctures. A
      third attempt 4 mm medial to the pulse further increases cumulative success to
      78%, but 3% arterial punctures would occur. These guidelines are intended to
      facilitate achievement of femoral venous catheterization, minimizing arterial
      punctures and number of needle passes required.

PMID- 2657623
TI  - 1988 George Armstrong Award Lecture, Ambulatory Pediatric Association: prophets,
      disciples, and honorable schoolboys.

PMID- 2657624
TI  - Dangers of captopril therapy in newborns.

PMID- 2657625
TI  - Continuous infusion of low-dose urokinase in the treatment of central venous
      catheter thrombosis in infants and children.
AB  - Thrombotic occlusion is a frequent complication associated with the use of
      central venous catheters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy
      of a continuous infusion of low-dose urokinase (200 U/kg/h) in clearing catheters
      that had not cleared after two bolus doses of urokinase in a pediatric oncology
      population. Fifty-eight incidents of catheter-related occlusions (49 Hickman-type
      catheters/nine implantable ports) as documented by radiographic dye study
      occurred in 227 pediatric oncology patients with 254 central venous catheters
      during a 1-year period. Fourteen of 58 catheters failed to clear after two bolus
      instillations of urokinase (5,000 U and 10,000 U). Thirteen catheters were
      treated for 24 hours with urokinase, 200 U/kg/h, and one catheter with urokinase,
      100 U/kg/h for 24 hours. Twelve catheters were used for study. Coagulation
      studies were monitored preinfusion, 12 hours into the infusion, and postinfusion.
      Patency was reestablished in 11/12 catheters (92%) with a mean infusion time of
      28.7 hours. No coagulation abnormalities or clinical bleeding associated with the
      urokinase infusion occurred. Only one patient exhibited a prolonged partial
      thromboplastin time (greater than 150 seconds); this was associated with a
      heparin effect. These data indicate that low-dose urokinase may be a safe and
      effective means to clear occluded central venous catheters in children.

PMID- 2657626
TI  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome in full-term newborns.
AB  - Since 1984, 11 newborns with severe respiratory distress have been treated whose
      clinical characteristics appear distinctive. Characteristics of these neonates
      were as follows: (1) they were full term by obstetric and neonatal criteria, (2)
      they had diffuse bilateral alveolar opacification on chest radiographs during the
      acute illness, (3) each had an acute perinatal triggering insult, (4) the
      neonates required continuous positive pressure ventilation for at least 48 hours
      with FiO2 greater than 0.50 for at least 12 hours, (5) they needed positive end
      expiratory pressure of 6 cm of H2O or greater within three days of the triggering
      event, (6) there were no other known causes of these clinical conditions. Ten
      (91%) neonates had evidence of other organ dysfunction in addition to the lungs.
      Trials of hyperventilation in nine and tolazoline in five failed to improve
      oxygenation. Ten infants who underwent trials of increased positive end
      expiratory pressure greater than or equal to 6 cm of H2O without other concurrent
      changes in ventilator settings responded with prompt increases in PaO2 (median
      increase 84 mm Hg, range 22 to 196 mm Hg). All 11 babies survived but required
      prolonged mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen. We suggest that adult
      respiratory distress syndrome can and does occur in newborns. A trial of positive
      end-expiratory pressure greater than or equal to 6 cm of H2O should be considered
      in full-term infants with severe respiratory distress in whom other causes can be
      excluded.

PMID- 2657627
TI  - Lumbar cutaneous hemangiomas as indicators of tethered spinal cords.
AB  - Children with cutaneous hemangiomas in the lumbar region often also have tethered
      spinal cords. This diagnosis can be overlooked, because children with cutaneous
      hemangiomas may be otherwise asymptomatic and neurologically normal. From 1983 to
      1987, six consecutive children with lumbar cutaneous hemangiomas underwent
      magnetic resonance imaging, and a seventh had a myelogram. In all seven children,
      despite their normal neurologic status, tethered spinal cords were diagnosed. All
      children had operations, which confirmed this finding. None had postoperative
      neurologic deficits. Infants and children with similar lumbar cutaneous
      hemangiomas should have magnetic resonance scans to detect the presence of
      tethered spinal cords.

PMID- 2657628
TI  - Behcet disease: long-term follow-up of three children and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Behcet disease is rare in children. There are only two reports of Behcet disease
      in childhood, describing seven patients. Three pediatric patients are described,
      in whom the age of onset ranged from 6 to 11 years. Aphthous stomatitis and
      arthritis were present in all of the patients; genital ulcers, iridocylitis,
      erythema nodosum, and CNS involvement were present in two patients. Other
      manifestations included Stevens-Johnson-like eruption, fever of unknown origin,
      and testicular involvement. All of the patients responded to glucocorticoids; two
      were also treated with colchicine and one was treated with chlorambucil. In two
      patients, follow-up of more than 10 years was done, with complete cure in one
      patient and benign course of illness in the other. Because of the rarity of the
      disease in childhood and the difficulty in making the diagnosis, there is not
      enough awareness by pediatricians concerning this disease.

PMID- 2657629
TI  - Acromegaly in an infant.
AB  - Serial hormonal studies were carried out in a girl with a growth hormone
      secreting pituitary adenoma and hyperprolactinemia diagnosed at 21 months of age,
      the youngest verified case of acromegaly. The child had progressive macrocephaly,
      noted at 6 months of age, which preceded the rapid acceleration of linear growth
      by nearly 1 year. At 21 months of age, the girl's head circumference measured 55
      cm (+5.5 SD) and her height was 97.6 cm (+4.4 SD). Preoperative serum growth
      hormone level was 135 ng/mL, somatomedin C was 1,540 ng/mL (normal for bone age
      18 to 97 ng/mL), and prolactin was 370 ng/mL (normal less than 20 ng/mL).
      Following total resection of a large adenoma, immunohistochemical staining of the
      tumor showed growth hormone but not prolactin. With longitudinal monitoring of
      the child for 2 years postoperatively, persistently low growth hormone levels
      were demonstrated and normal growth velocity (6 cm/yr). Peak serum growth hormone
      levels ranged from 2.8 to 4.1 ng/mL after stimulation tests with insulin,
      arginine, and L-dopa. Maximum sleep-entrained growth hormone level was 3.4 ng/mL.
      At the same time, serum somatomedin C levels measured serially were normal (29 to
      111 ng/mL), whereas simultaneous prolactin levels were moderately increased (30
      to 147 ng/mL). The data support the hypothesis that hyperprolactinemia may have
      contributed to stimulating somatomedin C and sustaining the normal growth rate in
      this child.

PMID- 2657630
TI  - [Epidemiological aspects of sudden death of young children].

PMID- 2657631
TI  - [Evaluation of 5-year results of the scheduled treatment of lymphogranulomatosis
      in children].
AB  - A total of 186 children and adolescents aged 2.5 to 16 years with Hodgkin's
      disease were placed under observation. According to the accepted classification
      (Ann Harbour, 1971) they were divided into two groups. Exploration laparatomy was
      applied in the first group of the patients (n-103) as the final diagnostic stage
      in order to verify the pathomorphological stage of the process. In the second
      group (n-83) the clinical stage of the disease was only appraised. The
      pathological foci beneath the diaphragm were discovered, however, with the aid of
      ultrasonic tomography of the abdominal cavity, scanning with gallium-67 citrate,
      and computer-aided tomography. The latter technique was employed in case of
      controversies in the interpretation of the foci of lesion with the aid of the
      first two diagnostic methods. It is concluded that in view of the high tempo of
      the so-called silent generalization and dissemination of Hodgkin's disease in
      children, this condition should be regarded in childhood as a potentially
      systemic process. With such an attitude towards Hodgkin's disease in children it
      is advisable to abandon exploration laparotomy with splenectomy depriving the
      patient of the massive depot of humoral (B cell) immunity and creating the danger
      of an aggressive course of intercurrent infections in splenectomized children
      affected with Hodgkin's disease. In the choice of the initial treatment which
      provides the basis for obtaining the highest effect, preference should be given
      to polychemotherapy. It is indicated in the presence of "biological activity" of
      the process, general symptoms, generalization and dissemination of the process
      (stages III and IV), and in the presence of multiple foci in stage II.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657632
TI  - [The system of automated diagnosis of hereditary diseases and syndromes in
      children].

PMID- 2657633
TI  - [Experience with the treatment of infants under 1 year of age with the
      preparation "nipocin"].

PMID- 2657634
TI  - [Congenital toxoplasmosis and its social and economic significance].

PMID- 2657635
TI  - [Febrile convulsions].

PMID- 2657636
TI  - [Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of retroperitoneal teratoma].

PMID- 2657637
TI  - [Nonspecific bronchial reactivity and bronchial provocation tests in patients
      with bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2657638
TI  - [The prostaglandin system of the kidneys in nephrologic pathology].

PMID- 2657639
TI  - Congress, the FDA, and new drug development: before and after 1962.

PMID- 2657640
TI  - Parasites and immunity: tactical considerations in the war against disease--or,
      how did the worms learn about Clausewitz?

PMID- 2657641
TI  - Medicine in the time of Saint Cuthbert.

PMID- 2657642
TI  - Chronic renal failure: a disorder of adaptation.

PMID- 2657643
TI  - The process of research in posttraumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 2657644
TI  - Developments in quinolones. Bacteriology, pharmacokinetics and initial clinical
      experience of several investigational quinolone derivatives.
AB  - The properties of several new, investigational quinolones are reviewed. Desirable
      characteristics of new quinolones are improved activity against especially Gram
      positive bacteria, longer elimination half-life, slower development of
      resistance, fewer side effects etc. Fleroxacin and lomefloxacin have entered
      phase III trials: their main advantage lies in improved pharmacokinetics. AM
      1091, AT-4140 and T-3262 are still in early phases of development and show
      improved activity against Gram-positive bacteria. They also show a reduced
      penetration of the blood-brain barrier, probably resulting in fewer side effects
      in the central nervous system. AM-1091 shows incomplete cross-resistance with
      ciprofloxacin.

PMID- 2657646
TI  - The doctor of philosophy degree: evolutionary and societal perspectives.

PMID- 2657645
TI  - Convergence and interaction of neck and macular vestibular inputs on locus
      coeruleus and subcoeruleus neurons.
AB  - Extracellular recordings were obtained in precollicular decerebrate cats from 90
      neurons located in the noradrenergic area of the dorsal pontine tegmentum, namely
      in the dorsal (LCd, n = 24) and the ventral part (LC alpha, n = 40) of the locus
      coeruleus (LC) as well as in the locus subcoeruleus (SC, n = 26). Among these
      units of the LC complex, 13 were coerulospinal (CS) neurons antidromically
      identified following stimulation of the spinal cord at T12-L1. Some of these
      neurons showed the main physiological characteristics of the norepinephrine (NE)
      containing LC neurons, i.e., a slow and regular resting discharge and a typical
      biphasic response to fore- and hindpaw compression consisting of a short burst of
      excitation followed by a period of quiescence, due, in part at least, to
      recurrent and/or lateral inhibition. Unit firing rate was analyzed under separate
      stimulation of macular vestibular, neck, or combined receptors by using
      sinusoidal rotation about the longitudinal axis at 0.15 Hz, +/- 10 degrees peak
      amplitude. Among the 90 LC-complex neurons, 60 (66.7%) responded with a periodic
      modulation of their firing rate to roll tilt of the animal and 67 (74.4%)
      responded to neck rotation. Convergence of macular and neck inputs was found in
      52/90 (57.8%) LC-complex neurons; in these units, the gain and the sensitivity of
      the first harmonic of the response corresponded on the average to 0.34 +/- 0.45,
      SD, impulses.s-1.deg-1 and 3.55 +/- 2.82, SD, %/deg for the neck responses and to
      0.23 +/- 0.29, SD, impulses.s-1.deg-1 and 3.13 +/- 3.04, SD, %/deg for the
      macular responses. In addition to these convergent units, 8/90 (8.9%) and 15/90
      (16.7%) LC-complex units responded to selective stimulation either of macular or
      of neck receptors only. These units displayed a significantly lower response gain
      and sensitivity to animal tilt and neck rotation with respect to those obtained
      from convergent units. Most of the convergent LC-complex units were maximally
      excited by the direction of stimulus orientation, the first harmonic of responses
      showing an average phase lead of about +31.0 degrees with respect to neck
      position and +17.6 degrees with respect to animal position. Two populations of
      convergent neurons were observed. The first group of units (43/52, i.e., 82.7%)
      showed reciprocal ("out of phase") responses to the two inputs; moreover, most of
      these units were excited during side-down neck rotation, but inhibited during
      side-down animal tilt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2657647
TI  - The doctor of nursing science degree: evolutionary and societal perspectives.

PMID- 2657648
TI  - Achieving program approval: the proposal and the process.

PMID- 2657650
TI  - State-approved schools of nursing R.N. 1989.

PMID- 2657649
TI  - Readiness assessment: asking and answering the critical questions.

PMID- 2657651
TI  - In vivo gene expression directed by synthetic promoter constructions restricted
      to the -10 and -35 consensus hexamers of E. coli.
AB  - Two synthetic DNA sequences, carrying no other known E. coli promoter element
      than the consensus hexamers (CH) TTGACA (CH-35) and TATAAT CH(-10), spaced by 17
      bp, were inserted in pBR329, in a position enabling transcription of the complete
      Cmr gene. The region upstream of the Cmr transcription start was carefully
      cleared of w.t. promoter elements (full deletion of the wild type (w.t.) Cmr
      promoter upstream +2 and large portion of an upstream coding sequence). Both
      synthetic promoters, which differ only by the sequences of the spacers (non
      consensus, constrained in AT or GC) support in vivo high level Cmr gene
      expression. The GC rich spacer is associated with transcription start at the
      usual +1 position, but with the AT rich spacer, transcription starts at several
      places, mainly in CH(-10). Rearranged promoter sequences derived from the
      synthetic ones upon transformation with partly ligated plasmids, yield new
      insights on the role of the standard CH pair, the size of the spacer and the
      sequence downstream of CH(-10).

PMID- 2657652
TI  - The narX and narL genes encoding the nitrate-sensing regulators of Escherichia
      coli are homologous to a family of prokaryotic two-component regulatory genes.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a 4.4-kilobase SacII-SspI fragment encoding the narXL
      operon and a part of the narK gene of Escherichia coli has been determined. The
      narX and narL genes encode proteins of molecular weight 67,275 and 23,927,
      respectively, and are transcribed from a common promoter, narXp, locating within
      429 bases upstream of narX. Transcription from narXp is not significantly induced
      by nitrate under anaerobiosis, whereas transcription from narK promoter, which
      overlaps narXp region and is transcribed divergently, is fully induced by
      nitrate. The N-terminal two-thirds of the NarL protein has extensive homology
      with those of a diverse set of prokaryotic regulatory proteins, including OmpR,
      PhoB, SfrA, UhpA, CheY, CheB, NtrC, DctD, FixJ, VirG, SpoOF, and SpoOA. A segment
      locating in the C-terminal half of the NarL protein seems to have potential most
      likely to form the helix-turn-helix structure characteristic of a class of DNA
      binding protein. The protein is considered to play a role as a transcriptional
      activator of the nitrate reductase operon, narCHJI, and the narK gene. The C
      terminal region of the NarX protein also has homology with other regulatory
      proteins known as counterparts of two-component regulatory systems, such as EnvZ,
      PhoR, PhoM, CpxA, NtrB, DctB, FixL, and VirA. Presence of two copies of
      hydrophobic segments in the N-terminal half of the NarX protein suggests the role
      as a transmembrane receptor sensing nitrate.

PMID- 2657653
TI  - An additional ribosome-binding site on mRNA of highly expressed genes and a
      bifunctional site on the colicin fragment of 16S rRNA from Escherichia coli:
      important determinants of the efficiency of translation-initiation.
AB  - For various genes of E. coli, three regions (-55 to -1; -35 to -1; -21 to -1) 5'
      to AUG codon on mRNA were searched for sites of interaction with colicin fragment
      of 16S rRNA. The detailed sequence comparison points out that apart from Shine
      Dalgarno base pairing, an additional ribosome-binding site, a subsequence of 5'
      UGAUCC-3' invariably exists in mRNA for highly expressed genes. Poorly expressed
      genes appear to be controlled by only Shine-Dalgarno base pairing. The analysis
      indicates that in the initiator region, the -55 to -1 region contains the signal
      which decides the efficiency of the translation-initiation. The site on 16S rRNA,
      5'-GGAUCA-3' at position 1529, that can base pair to the above site, has a
      recognition site on 23S rRNA at position 2390. In the light of the conserved
      nature and accessibility of these sites, it is proposed that the site on 16S rRNA
      plays a bifunctional role--initially it binds to mRNA from highly expressed genes
      to form a stable 30S initiation complex, and upon association with 50S subunit it
      exchanges base pairing with 23S rRNA, thus leaving the site on mRNA free.

PMID- 2657654
TI  - Differential extra-renal expression of the mouse renin genes.
AB  - We have used RNase-protection analyses to study renin gene expression in one- and
      two-gene mouse strains. The RNase-protection assay is capable of discriminating
      between the transcripts from the different renin genes. In a two-gene strain
      containing Ren-1D and Ren-2, we demonstrate transcriptional activity from Ren-1D
      in kidney, submandibular gland (SMG), testes, liver, brain and heart. Ren-2 is
      clearly expressed in kidney, SMG and testes. Similar analyses of one gene strains
      (containing Ren-1C only) show expression in kidney, SMG, testes, brain and heart.
      We cannot detect renin mRNA in the liver of these mice. Ren-1C and Ren-1D thus
      display quite different tissue-specificities. In order to determine whether the
      different tissue-specificities of the highly homologous Ren-1C and Ren-1D genes
      are due to different trans-acting factors in the different mouse strains or to
      different cis-acting DNA elements inherent to the genes, we introduced a Ren-1D
      transgene (Ren-1*) into a background strain containing only the Ren-1C gene. The
      transgene exhibits the same tissue-specificity as the Ren-1D gene of two-gene
      strains suggesting the presence of different cis-acting DNA elements in Ren-1C
      and Ren-1D.

PMID- 2657655
TI  - The histone-like H protein of Escherichia coli is ribosomal protein S3.
AB  - We report the purification of four proteins from Escherichia coli that stimulate
      or inhibit inter- and/or intramolecular recombination promoted by the yeast
      plasmid-encoded FLP protein. The proteins are identified as the ribosomal
      proteins S3 (27 kDa), L2 (26 kDa), S4 (24 kDa), and S5 (16 kDa), on the basis of
      N-terminal sequence analysis. The S3 protein is found to be identical to H
      protein, an E. coli histone-like protein that is related to histone H2A
      immunologically and by virtue of amino acid content. The H protein/S3 identity is
      based on co-migration on polyacrylamide gels, heat stability, amino acid
      analysis, and effects on FLP-promoted recombination. These results are relevant
      to current studies on the structure of the E. coli nucleoid. Since the H protein
      has previously been found associated with the E. coli nucleoid, the results
      indicate that either (a) some ribosomal proteins serve a dual function in E.
      coli, or, more likely, (b) ribosomal proteins can and are being mis-identified as
      nucleoid constituents.

PMID- 2657656
TI  - Effect of nucleotide sequences directly downstream from the AUG on the expression
      of bovine somatotropin in E. coli.
AB  - We have studied the expression of bovine somatotropin (BSt) to gain more
      understanding of various factors affecting translation in E. coli. The unmodified
      cDNA coding for mature bovine somatotropin does not produce significant amounts
      of BSt in E. coli using a pBR322-derived vector. However, a translation fusion
      with 16 codons from trpLE in front of BSt cDNA results in greater than 20% of
      total cell protein as the fusion product. Analysis of transcription by measuring
      the rate and integrity of the mRNA confirms that a post-transcriptional event is
      responsible for the poor expression of the BSt cDNA. There are two potential stem
      loop structures in the 5' region of the mRNA which may interfere with
      translation. To study their effect on translation, lacZ fusions and
      oligonucleotide mutagenesis were carried out. The results demonstrate that the
      secondary structure involving the initiation codon blocks translation initiation.
      Removal of this stem-loop results in a 100-fold increase in BSt expression.
      However, the expression level is still low, amounting to only 0.5-1% of total
      cell protein. High level expression can be obtained by replacement of the
      beginning sequence of BSt cDNA with trpLE codons. These results suggest that in
      addition to the secondary structure, the nucleotide sequence or amino acid
      context within the beginning of BSt is incompatible with one of the steps in
      translation initiation.

PMID- 2657657
TI  - Tetrahymena micronuclear sequences that function as telomeres in yeast.
AB  - We explored the ability of S. cerevisiae to utilize heterologous DNA sequences as
      telomeres by cloning germline (micronuclear) DNA from Tetrahymena thermophila on
      a linear yeast plasmid that selects for telomere function. The only Tetrahymena
      sequences that functioned in this assay were (C4A2)n repeats. Moreover, these
      repeats did not have to be derived from Tetrahymena telomeres, although we show
      that micronuclear telomeres (like macronuclear telomeres) of Tetrahymena
      terminate in (C4A2)n repeats. Chromosome-internal restriction fragments carrying
      (C4A2)n repeats also stabilized linear plasmids and were elongated by yeast
      telomeric repeats. In one case, the C4A2 repeat tract was approximately 1.5 kb
      from the end of the genomic Tetrahymena DNA fragment that was cloned, but this
      1.5 kb of DNA was missing from the linear plasmid. Thus, yeast can utilize
      internally located tracts of telomere-like sequences, after the distal DNA is
      removed. The data provide an example of broken chromo-some healing, and
      underscore the importance of the telomeric repeat structure for recognition of
      functional telomeric DNA in vivo.

PMID- 2657658
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of a canine gene segment encoding mature endothelin.

PMID- 2657659
TI  - Expression of pGKL killer 28K subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: identification
      of 28K subunit as a killer protein.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeast cells harboring the linear double
      stranded (ds) DNA plasmids pGKL1 and pGKL2 secrete a killer toxin consisting of
      97K, 31K and 28K subunits into the culture medium (EMBO J. 5, 1995-2002 (1986),
      Nucleic Acids Res., 15, 1031-1046 (1987]. The 28K subunit of the killer toxin was
      successfully expressed in S. cerevisiae when it was cloned on a circular plasmid
      with its putative promoter region replaced with that of S. cerevisiae chromosomal
      genes. The expression of the 28K subunit of the killer toxin in killer-sensitive
      cells resulted in the death of the host cells. This killing activity by the 28K
      subunit was prevented by the expression of the killer immunity, indicating that
      the killing activity of the killer toxin complex was carried out by the 28K
      subunit. Although the 28K subunit was synthesized as a intact precursor protein
      with its own signal sequence, it was not secreted into the culture medium but
      remained in the host cells. This indicated that 28K subunit killed host cells
      from inside of the cells rather than from outside. We further suggested that 28K
      killer subunit without 97K and 31K subunits did not kill the killer-sensitive
      cells from outside.

PMID- 2657660
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of Escherichia coli host strains for tolerance to
      cytosine methylation in plasmid and phage recombinants.
AB  - Many strains of E. coli K12 restrict DNA containing cytosine methylation such as
      that present in plant and animal genomes. Such restriction can severely inhibit
      the efficiency of cloning genomic DNAs. We have quantitatively evaluated a total
      of 39 E. coli strains for their tolerance to cytosine methylation in phage and
      plasmid cloning systems. Quantitative estimations of relative tolerance to
      methylation for these strains are presented, together with the evaluation of the
      most promising strains in practical recombinant cloning situations. Host strains
      are recommended for different recombinant cloning requirements. These data also
      provide a rational basis for future construction of 'ideal' hosts combining
      optimal methylation tolerance with additional advantageous mutations.

PMID- 2657661
TI  - Tracking bacterial DNA replication forks in vivo by pulsed field gel
      electrophoresis.
AB  - The location of chromosomal DNA replication forks was identified in synchronously
      replicating E. coli cultures by pulse labeling DNA at specific times with 14C
      thymidine and following incorporation of radionucleotide into genomic Not I
      restriction fragments. This technique could be used to characterize chromosomal
      DNA replication, to characterize mutations which affect this process, to identify
      the location of DNA replication origins and termini as well as aid in the
      construction of macrorestriction maps. Here, we further characterize the DNA
      replication mutations divE and dnaK and preliminary characterize the genomic
      organization of E. coli isolate 15.

PMID- 2657662
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of bacteriophage T4 genes 13, 14 and 15.

PMID- 2657663
TI  - High degree of conservation between ribosomal proteins of Yersinia
      pseudotuberculosis and Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2657664
TI  - A rapidly growing RecBC- strain of E. coli: applications for problem cloning.

PMID- 2657665
TI  - DNA cleavage by restriction endonuclease PflMI is inhibited in recognition sites
      modified by dcm methylation.

PMID- 2657666
TI  - An officer and a gentlewoman.

PMID- 2657667
TI  - Fit for nursing. Transcending stress.

PMID- 2657668
TI  - A mission in the workhouse.

PMID- 2657669
TI  - Evaluation of nutritional status.
AB  - Most of the methods used for nutritional assessment provide information regarding
      body composition abnormalities. In addition to clinical evaluation, straight
      forward physical measurements (such as body weight, anthropometric measures) and
      biochemical or immunological determinations are used. Sophisticated laboratory
      measurements are, at present, useful primarily for research purposes. Based on
      the results of nutritional assessment, a diagnosis as to type of malnutrition
      (and its treatment) may be made. Nutritional assessment criteria are also used to
      evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional support.

PMID- 2657670
TI  - Teaching ethics in nursing curricula. Traditional and contemporary models.
AB  - The teaching of ethics in nursing education has become increasingly important in
      recent years. While it was an important part of early nursing education, it
      nearly disappeared from the nursing curriculum during the 1950s and 1960s. The
      traditional method of ethics teaching, the Scientific Model, is no longer used in
      nursing education. However, the contemporary models of ethics teaching--the Moral
      Concepts Model, the Moral Issues Model, the Clinical Practice Model, and the
      Ethics Inquiry Model--are being implemented into baccalaureate, graduate, and
      doctoral education in nursing. Having different goals and employing different
      teaching methods, these models promise to achieve the overall goal for teaching
      ethics to nurses: to produce a morally accountable practitioner who is skilled in
      ethical decision making. The uses of these model are encouraged in all aspects of
      nursing education, regardless of type of curriculum and faculty preparation to
      teach ethics. Given the availability of ethics resources and faculty
      seminars/workshops on ethics teaching strategies, all or part of any of the
      models can be easily implemented in the majority of nursing education programs.

PMID- 2657671
TI  - Values, moral reasoning, and ethics.
AB  - The purpose of this exchange was to explore the domains of values, moral
      reasoning, and ethics. Values and moral reasoning reflect the "is." Moral
      reasoning is the mental process that nurses set in motion to come to some
      decision of right or wrong in any moral dilemma. Values are motivational
      preferences or dispositions. Moral values are those preferences that are integral
      to any moral reasoning process. Ethics reflect the oughts. It is the art-science
      that critically evaluates the "is." As such, ethics identifies the norms or
      standards of behaviors that either are or can become the values that are
      implemented through moral reasoning. Nursing is just beginning to identify its
      moral values and reasoning. Nevertheless, nursing seems to be further along in
      the identification of the "is" than it is with the "ought." The further
      development of nursing ethics will be of great benefit to nurse researchers and
      educators. The greatest benefit will be, however, to the practicing nurse as
      she/he struggles with giving excellent nursing care consistent with a positive
      nursing ethic.

PMID- 2657672
TI  - Moral reasoning and ethical practice in nursing. Measurement issues.
AB  - This article presents an overview and analysis of issues related to measuring
      moral reasoning and ethical practice. Conceptual and methodological issues are
      addressed. Directions for future research are suggested.

PMID- 2657673
TI  - Ethical issues in providing nursing care to human immunodeficiency virus-infected
      populations.
AB  - During the past few years, an incredible body of knowledge about HIV infection
      and all of its ramifications has been accumulated. As we consider whether or not
      our conduct toward persons who are HIV infected is right, however, many
      unanswered questions still exist. All health care professionals must be involved
      in reflection, re-examination of values, and ethical analysis of our behaviors.
      Nurses have an obligation to be informed about HIV infection, its clinical
      manifestations, treatments, and the care of affected persons. We must help our
      patients to know their needs and their options. We must listen to them. We must
      advocate for them. It has been said that nurses caring for patients with AIDS
      require two dominant characteristics: courage and impartiality. They need courage
      to face risks and impartiality to temper prejudice. In addition to these
      characteristics, nurses need a strong sense of caring, compassion for fellow
      human beings, and a conviction that they can make a difference in promoting a
      person's welfare and preserving his or her dignity.

PMID- 2657674
TI  - The role of the nurse on hospital ethics committees.
AB  - Sound decisions are characterized by assurance of adequate information, multiple
      perspectives, sufficiently deliberate thought, emotional support for all decision
      makers, and legal acceptability. Each of these features can be enhanced by
      appropriate involvement of the nurse on an ethics committee. As a result, the
      nurse will be helping to assure patient, family, and professional participants
      that they have done their best under difficult constraints. Serving as a member
      of a hospital ethics committee is time consuming and challenging. Yet, it is one
      of the most important ways nurses can function in the role of patient advocate.
      The ethics committee can be the answer to the frustration that nurses confront
      every day when faced with increased technology, legislative inaction, and medical
      paternalism. Even competent patients are often manipulated when they want to
      refuse treatment. Patients and families frequently have the illusion of choice
      but no real choice at all. If an ethics committee can provide some meaningful
      avenue for the exercise of patients' and families' rights, then they are worth
      the effort.

PMID- 2657675
TI  - An evaluation of flurbiprofen, aspirin, and placebo in postoperative oral surgery
      pain.
AB  - One hundred sixty-four outpatients with postoperative pain after the removal of
      impacted third molars were randomly assigned on a double-blind basis, to receive
      oral doses of flurbiprofen 25, 50, or 100 mg; aspirin 600 mg; or placebo. Using a
      self-rating record, subjects rated their pain and its relief hourly for 8 hours
      after medicating. Estimates of sum of pain differences (SPID), peak pain
      intensity difference (PID), total relief, peak relief, and hours of 50% relief
      were derived from these subjective reports. All active medications were
      significantly superior to placebo. Analgesia was similar for flurbiprofen 25 mg
      and aspirin 600 mg. Flurbiprofen 50 and 100 mg were significantly superior to
      aspirin for every measure of analgesia except peak PID. There was a significant
      dose-response regression between flurbiprofen 25 mg and both of the higher
      dosages. Flurbiprofen 50 and 100 mg did not differ significantly, suggesting a
      plateau in flurbiprofen's analgesia. The analgesic effect of flurbiprofen was
      significant by hour 1 and persisted for 8 hours. The frequency of adverse effects
      was similar for the active medications.

PMID- 2657676
TI  - The positive association of cough with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
AB  - Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril, cilazipril, and quinipril have all
      been documented to induce cough with an estimated frequency of at least 15% of
      treated patients. Common descriptors include tickling, dry, nonproductive, and
      persistent. Onset usually occurs during the first week of therapy and lasts as
      long as the drug is taken, remitting within a few days after the agent is
      discontinued. Alternative angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
      replicate the cough. The mechanism seems related to stimulation of lung afferent
      C fibers, perhaps by prostaglandin E2. It may also be related to decreased
      breakdown of substance P, the neurochemical mediator of the cough reflex released
      in response to stimulation of C fibers and metabolized by ACE. The possible role
      of prostaglandins is supported by two anecdotal reports of cough disappearing in
      patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. Future trials should
      recognize cough as a side effect of ACE inhibitor therapy, and prospective
      determination of its true frequency and cross-occurrence are necessary.

PMID- 2657678
TI  - Histopathology of rare chondroosteoblastic metaplasia in benign lipomas.
AB  - Lipomas are frequent findings in the routine work of a pathologist. Variants of
      lipomas are characterized by an additional component, e.g. capillaries in
      angiolipomas, but ordinarily their classification does not pose any problem. In
      contrast to the high incidence of lipomas metaplastic formation of cartilage and
      bone is only rarely seen. This metaplasia is thought to develop on the basis of
      myxoid and chondroid change within the lipoma. Mechanical stress, trophic
      disturbances, the conspicuously frequent contact with periosteum and even still
      unknown factors may represent the causes for the metaplastic transformations.
      Four own case reports of chondro- and osteolipomas are described and discussed in
      view of the gross and microscopic findings.

PMID- 2657679
TI  - What's new in the application of Southern blot analysis of malignant lymphomas?
AB  - With the introduction of gene probes for the immunoglobulin and T cell receptor
      gene segments and the use of the Southern Blot Analysis a new method for the
      diagnostic characterization of malignant lymphomas was established. Although the
      method is not absolutely specific for the determination of lineage and clonality
      of a given lymphoid neoplasm, it provides a lot of additional information for the
      pathologist. It is the first method that gives proof to the clonality of T cell
      lymphomas; reactive lymph node processes can be distinguished from true
      neoplasms; within lymph nodes of mixed lymphoid populations the clonally
      proliferated can be detected and the lineage can be determined. Therefore the
      Southern Blot Analysis is a method that should be applied for the diagnosis of
      malignant lymphomas together with histology and immunohistochemistry. Using the
      combination of all these methods an extensive characterization of lymphoid
      neoplasms can be made.

PMID- 2657677
TI  - Pulmonary vascular sling: report of seven cases and review of the literature.
AB  - A total of 130 cases of pulmonary vascular sling, including seven new cases in
      our collection, were studied. The sex distribution was 60% male and 40% female.
      The age at presentation was in the first year of life in approximately 90% of
      cases. Barium-esophagraphy showing anterior indentation was diagnostic in most of
      the cases. Bronchoscopy and tracheobronchography were useful in detecting
      associated tracheobronchial anomalies preoperatively. The analysis of 68
      autopsied cases revealed associated tracheobronchial anomalies in 40% of the
      cases. Anomalies of the tracheobronchial tree took three major forms: abnormal
      distribution of cartilage in the walls of the trachea and major bronchi,
      intrinsic stenosis, and abnormal branching, the latter being that of bronchus
      suis. Acquired changes secondary in the sling resulted in compression of the
      major respiratory pathway by the anomalous left pulmonary artery. Major
      associated cardiovascular anomalies were present in 30% of the cases. These were
      represented by ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus
      arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, common ventricle, and coarctation of the aorta.

PMID- 2657680
TI  - The role of hip location and dislocation in the functional status of the
      myelodysplastic patient. A review of 100 patients.
AB  - One hundred patients 10 years of age or older with myelodysplasia were evaluated
      to compare located versus dislocated hips with regard to neurologic level,
      ambulation, hip pain, skin condition, and spinal deformity. Operated and
      nonoperated individuals were compared. Analysis was carried out to determine what
      the overall long-time function was in located, dislocated, and "relocated"
      individuals. Of the 100 patients, 72 presented at follow up with bilateral
      located hips, 18 with unilateral hip dislocations, and 10 with bilateral
      dislocations. Twenty patients functioned at T12 levels or above, 30 patients had
      preservation of anterior thigh musculature, and 25 patients had posterior leg or
      hip abductor power. Thirteen patients (15 hips) were found to have some degree of
      pain, 1 patient with bilateral dislocation, 5 with unilateral dislocation, and 7
      with bilaterally located hips. Ambulatory function was not affected in any
      neurologic group by location versus dislocation of the hips. Skin ulceration
      problems were not increased in patients with hip dislocation. Major spinal
      deformity in most groups correlated highly with neurologic levels, but not with
      location versus dislocation of the hips. In one group, an increase in lumbar
      lordosis was present in unilateral hip dislocations. This study suggests that
      adolescents and young adults with myelodysplasia have different functional levels
      related to the neurologic level which are not related to whether the hips are
      located or dislocated.

PMID- 2657681
TI  - Thoracic spine fractures.
AB  - Fractures of the thoracic spine (T2-T12) should be considered as a separate
      entity because of the anatomic features of the rib cage and spinal canal in this
      region. Fifty-seven patients sustained this injury over a 10-year period (16% of
      thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar fractures). Twenty-eight fracture
      dislocations, 25 compression fractures, and 1 burst fracture were seen. Three
      injuries, combining elements of a burst fracture and a dislocation, were
      designated "burst-dislocations." Apart from compression fractures, a direct blow
      was often the implicated mechanism of injury. Significant associated injuries
      were uncommon. Fracture-dislocations were often associated with neurologic injury
      and compression fractures with long-term pain. Operative treatment appeared to
      afford the best results for stabilization and pain relief.

PMID- 2657682
TI  - Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the shoulder.
AB  - No characteristic clinical presentation of pigmented villonodular synovitis of
      the shoulder can yet be determined. Symptoms of discomfort and stiffness may
      appear insidiously or, in some cases, pigmented villonodular synovitis may be
      found incidentally during surgery for unrelated problems. Cystic and degenerative
      changes are more likely to occur in the shoulder than in joints with large
      synovial recesses such as the knee. Histologic findings parallel those in other
      joints. Optimal treatment appears to be early marginal excision for the localized
      form or total synovectomy for the diffuse form. The incidental finding of
      pigmented villonodular synovitis should not influence the decision to proceed
      with a preplanned reconstructive procedure. No experience with arthroscopic
      treatment or radiation therapy for diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of
      the shoulder has been reported.

PMID- 2657683
TI  - Simultaneous ipsilateral intertrochanteric and subcapital fracture of the hip. A
      case report.

PMID- 2657684
TI  - Digital flexion contractures secondary to tophaceous gout. A report of three
      cases.

PMID- 2657685
TI  - Radiologic case study. Monostotic Paget's disease in the sacrum.

PMID- 2657686
TI  - Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of bone.
AB  - Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is a highly malignant variant of chondrosarcoma.
      Approximately 11% of chondrosarcomas can be expected to dedifferentiate into more
      anaplastic lesions. Radiographic evidence of a benign-appearing cartilage lesion
      adjacent to a lytic, highly aggressive lesion suggests dedifferentiation. Despite
      radical surgical treatment, the prognosis is unfavorable, with a 5 year survival
      rate of 10%.

PMID- 2657688
TI  - Children's strategies for coping with pain.
AB  - Children's typical modes of responding to stress influence their ability to
      manage painful events. Coping skills mediate a child's response to pain that is
      associated with illness, injuries, and medical procedures. A number of factors
      can influence children's use of coping skills and their adaptation responding to
      pain, including cognitive-developmental level, previous experiences with painful
      events and children's belief in their ability to tolerate pain, parental support,
      and the extent to which the pain is acute or chronic and perceived as
      controllable by the child. There has been recent progress in the assessment of
      children's coping with distressing and/or painful experiences. Research in this
      area is providing a foundation upon which interventions can be tailored to a
      particular child's specific needs to assist him or her in the management of pain.

PMID- 2657687
TI  - Pediatric pain: the parents' role.
AB  - As the child's primary caretaker, the parents' role in the management of
      pediatric pain is one of a priori significance, although it has not been studied
      in a systematic manner. This article considers several domains in which the
      parent may influence the onset and course of pediatric pain problems, as well as
      ways in which the parent may assist in pain assessment and management. The
      parents' role in the etiology and maintenance of children's pain complaints is
      discussed in the context of psychosomatic and behavioral theories. The parents'
      role in pediatric pain management is considered in terms of the interactive
      effects of parent and child distress, and avenues for direct parental
      intervention. It is concluded that the parent can be a helpful agent to the
      pediatrician in treating children's pain problems, while enhancing the parents'
      feelings of usefulness and competency in the process.

PMID- 2657689
TI  - Pain assessment and management in infants.
AB  - A review of infant pain assessment and management is presented. Included are
      physiological (cardiovascular and hormonal) and behavioral (facial expression and
      cry analysis) approaches to measurement. Management of pain in infants includes
      pharmacological (namely opiate) approaches and nonpharmacological techniques.

PMID- 2657690
TI  - Assessing children's and adolescents' pain.
AB  - Problems related to the complex task of pain assessment in children and
      adolescents are identified. Solutions to the problems are presented by describing
      a variety of tools currently available to assess three distinct dimensions of
      pain: location, intensity, and quality. Characteristics and strengths of a
      variety of tools are discussed and examples of each are included. Presented are
      body outlines to report location, and a variety of tools appropriate for
      measuring intensity from young preschoolers to adolescents. Worldwide current
      work describing the development of word lists to describe childhood pain quality
      is summarized.

PMID- 2657691
TI  - Management of young children's acute pain and anxiety during invasive medical
      procedures.
AB  - Acute painful medical procedures frequently engender anxiety reactions in
      children and sensitize them to future medical interventions. Techniques that
      reduce pain and anxiety, including behavioral distraction (e.g. bubbles and pop
      up books), kinesthetic methods (e.g. rocking), and imaginal methods (e.g.
      hypnosis), are discussed and described using case examples. Guidelines are
      provided for the physician's management of children during acute painful
      procedures. These include methods of engaging the child and the use of ego
      supporting suggestions. These pain reduction techniques are synergistic with
      analgesics and have long-term benefits for pediatric patients.

PMID- 2657692
TI  - Anesthesia for pediatric outpatient surgery.
AB  - Children are ideal patients for outpatient surgery. Thorough preoperative medical
      evaluation and selection of appropriate surgical and anesthetic procedures allow
      most pediatric surgery to be performed safely on an outpatient basis.
      Psychological preparation, the presence of parents whenever possible, and the
      appropriate use of premedication minimize the emotional trauma inherent in having
      anesthesia and surgery. Good anesthetic management consists of selecting
      anesthetic agents and techniques to promote safety, minimize complications,
      reduce postoperative nausea, vomiting and pain, and facilitate recovery and
      discharge. Most importantly, the outpatient setting permits minimal disruption of
      a child's life and provides an opportunity for the pediatric patient and family
      to have a positive health-care experience while receiving necessary surgical
      care.

PMID- 2657693
TI  - Assessment and management of chronic and recurrent pain in children with chronic
      diseases.
AB  - This paper provides an overview to the assessment and management of chronic and
      recurrent pain in children with chronic diseases. Relevant clinical research
      studies are cited, and practical guidelines are provided for the differential
      assessment and management issues inherent in the comprehensive care of chronic
      and recurrent pain in children and adolescents with hemophilia, juvenile
      rheumatoid arthritis, sickle cell disease, and cancer.

PMID- 2657694
TI  - The enigma of pain in children: an overview.
AB  - During the last 2 decades, a vast amount of information has been obtained about
      the sensory system responsible for pain perception, with the result that there
      have been dramatic changes in the understanding of how pain is experienced and
      how pain can be modified. However, recent advances in the management of pain have
      been confined almost exclusively to adults. Consequently, our understanding about
      pain perception in infants, children and adolescents, our knowledge about the
      prevalence of different pain problems for children and data about the
      effectiveness of various pharmacological and nonpharmacological pain control
      methods are limited. This article explores the issue of the undertreatment of
      acute, recurrent, chronic and cancer pain in infants and children.

PMID- 2657695
TI  - Recurrent headaches in children and adolescents: diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Recurrent headache is a frequent problem in children and adolescents. With a
      careful history and physical examination few errors in diagnosis will be made.
      Fortunately, few headaches are of pathological origin. The most common headaches
      are migraine and muscle contraction headaches. For many sufferers, a few simple
      suggestions and proper use of analgesics will provide effective management. The
      best documented treatments for more difficult headaches are stress management
      therapies. Recently stress management treatments that can be administered by
      professionals not trained in psychology have made these approaches more
      accessible.

PMID- 2657696
TI  - Recurrent abdominal pain: theories and pragmatics.
AB  - Although recurrent abdominal pain is a common complaint occurring in
      approximately 15% of school-age children, 90% of these children do not appear to
      have disease process that explains the pain. On the other hand, serious and life
      threatening pediatric illnesses can present with recurrent abdominal pain as
      their only symptoms. This article proposes a clinical approach designed to
      identify those children with active disease processes, and presents a review of
      the current models proposed to explain the other 90% of children with recurrent
      abdominal pain. The objective of this review is to help pediatricians to minimize
      the morbidity associated with and the trauma caused by the evaluation of this
      common symptom in childhood.

PMID- 2657697
TI  - Assessment and management of recurrent pain in adolescence.
AB  - The pediatrician presented with an adolescent complaining of recurrent or chronic
      pain should assess the antecedents, sustainers and consequences of the pain
      syndrome. Particular attention should be paid to the developmental tasks of
      adolescence and the presence of psychosocial stress in the adolescent's family,
      school, peer relationships or community. Regardless of its etiology, effective
      management of recurrent or chronic pain in adolescence involves a balance of
      cognitive, behavioral and pharmacologic interventions.

PMID- 2657698
TI  - Pediatric pain clinics: recommendations for their development.
AB  - Preliminary considerations regarding the development of pediatric programs for
      acute and chronic pain management are discussed. Adult clinics serve as models
      for pediatric pain programs, although there are substantial differences in the
      nature of adult and pediatric pain syndromes. Recommendations are given for the
      design of a pediatric pain program, and experience from our program is outlined.

PMID- 2657699
TI  - The impact of estrogen on cardiovascular disease. The Lipid Research Clinics
      Program.

PMID- 2657700
TI  - Effects of 17 beta-estradiol in cardiovascular models.

PMID- 2657701
TI  - Transcellular biosynthesis of eicosanoids.

PMID- 2657702
TI  - Evidence for the presence of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in rat oesophagus.

PMID- 2657703
TI  - Recent advances in the physiology and pharmacology of intestinal motility.

PMID- 2657704
TI  - Description and analysis of preadmission screening.
AB  - The practice of screening applicants for nursing home admission to determine
      whether less restrictive residential settings are possible is growing as states
      attempt to limit costs of Medicaid expenditures for long-term care. Preadmission
      screening (PAS) is a repetitive task conducted under conditions of complexity and
      uncertainty. Extensive knowledge and skills are required to make recommendations
      concerning appropriate residences for elderly persons that match their needs with
      available services while assuring their autonomy, as well as that of their
      families. We used task analysis to explicate the specific task characteristics
      and the knowledge and skill requirements for successful PAS.

PMID- 2657706
TI  - [A verbal form of the Columbus Test for visually handicapped patients].
AB  - Descriptions of each test-panel were read individually to 50 visually handicapped
      children and their results compared with those of 20 normally sighted. This new
      method is open for improvement but has already proved to be a useful addition to
      general clinical examination. In addition to an exemplary description of test
      panels number 5 and 15, the projective effect of the visual handicap is shown in
      the individual topics.

PMID- 2657705
TI  - A quiet day: a peep at some of the varied homes visited by a district nurse in
      the course of one "quiet day". 1923.

PMID- 2657707
TI  - Fetal exsanguination following intrauterine angiographic assessment and selective
      termination of a hydrocephalic, monozygotic co-twin.
AB  - Selective termination by intracardiac potassium chloride injection was performed
      in twins discordant for hydrocephaly at 20 weeks' gestation. Because of the
      potential for vascular anastomoses to exist between the twins, fetal angiography
      was performed prior to the selective termination procedure. Determination of
      vascular connections between the fetuses was hindered by fetal bradycardia
      following intracardiac administration of contrast material. Selective termination
      was performed without difficulty using intracardiac potassium chloride (KCl) to
      produce asystole in the twin with hydrocephaly. The unaffected fetus appeared
      active and had a normal heart rate during and immediately after the procedure.
      However, both twins were found to have died the following day. Pathologic
      examination documented several vascular anastomoses between the monochorionic,
      diamniotic fetuses. A likely cause of death was exsanguination of the normal twin
      into the abnormal one. This case illustrates the difficulties encountered in
      selective termination of monozygotic twins and, to our knowledge, represents the
      first reported use of intrauterine fetal angiography.

PMID- 2657708
TI  - Chorionic villus culture for prenatal diagnosis of chromosome defects: reduction
      of the long-term cultivation time.
AB  - We report in detail two series of chorionic villus cultivation for prenatal
      chromosomal diagnosis. Chorionic villi were sampled from both first- and second
      trimester pregnancies. One hundred cultures were treated with trypsin-EDTA for 2
      h and collagenase overnight, (method A) and 100 were treated with trypsin-EDTA
      for 1 h and collagenase for 2 h (method B). Using short-term enzymatic digestion,
      the cultivation time was reduced from 14 days to 6 days. Sufficient amounts of
      metaphases of good quality were present in 93 per cent of primary cultures
      harvested in situ, whereas enough metaphases of sufficiently good quality were in
      most cases present only after subcultivation of the cultures using method A. The
      decrease in cultivation time obtained is probably due to a higher yield of viable
      cells in monocellular suspension, an increased attachment efficiency, and a more
      rapid attachment of single cells (within 24 h).

PMID- 2657709
TI  - Congenital cystic hygroma of the neck diagnosed prenatally: outcome with normal
      and abnormal karyotype.
AB  - Twenty-two cases of cystic hygromas were diagnosed prenatally at Eastern Virginia
      Medical School and followed through the neonatal period. Our series was combined
      with 131 cases which have been described in the literature. Karyotypes were
      obtained in 110 fetuses and 80 (72.7 per cent) were abnormal. Fifty-one were not
      terminated: 30 with abnormal and 21 with normal karyotypes. There were no
      neonatal survivors in the group with abnormal karyotypes. There were five
      survivors in the 21 with normal karyotypes but only 2/21 without severe medical
      complications. Combining our series with those previously reported in the
      literature would suggest only a 2-3 per cent rate of intact survivors when fetal
      cystic hygromas are diagnosed in utero. This information should be helpful when
      counselling patients whose pregnancies carry this diagnosis.

PMID- 2657710
TI  - Conceiving a fetus for bone marrow donation: an ethical problem in prenatal
      diagnosis.
AB  - We present a family who sought prenatal diagnosis in order to bear a healthy
      child to serve as an HLA-identical bone marrow donor for their son affected with
      Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. They intended to abort HLA-incompatible fetuses who
      would have been unsuitable bone marrow donors. This case led us to conclude that
      prenatal diagnosis should not be used to benefit a third party or facilitate the
      conception or abortion of a fetus for the purpose of generating an organ for
      transplantation. The limits of parental autonomy and physician responsibility are
      discussed.

PMID- 2657711
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of pelvic kidney.
AB  - A 30-year-old woman had serial ultrasound scans from 28 weeks' gestation which
      revealed the presence of a cystic area in the fetal pelvis. The 'cyst' remained
      unchanged until delivery at 41 weeks. Fetal growth and amniotic fluid volume were
      normal throughout. A pelvic kidney was confirmed at birth. The differential
      diagnosis and antenatal management of this 'cyst' are discussed.

PMID- 2657712
TI  - Intrauterine mediastinal teratoma associated with non-immune hydrops fetalis.
AB  - We describe a rare case of non-immune hydrops fetalis caused by mediastinal
      teratoma. The sonographic appearance was that of a mixed cystic and solid mass in
      the antero-superior mediastinum. The teratoma, on post mortem, extended cranially
      to the upper part of the thyroid, exerting pressure and causing deviation of the
      trachea, oesophagus, and aortic arch. The pathogenesis of non-immune hydrops
      fetalis suggests obstruction of venous return caused by this tumour.

PMID- 2657713
TI  - [Use of automatic systems for processing spirograms of patients with chronic
      nonspecific diseases of the lungs].

PMID- 2657714
TI  - Characterization of a surface antigen of Eimeria nieschulzi (Apicomplexa,
      Eimeriidae) sporozoites.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (McAb 3C3) reacting with a pellicular antigen of Eimeria
      nieschulzi sporozoites has been selected among hybridomas produced against this
      organism by immunofluorescence assay. This antigen has been shown to be located
      on the zoite surface by immunofluorescence on living organisms. Capping and
      shedding of antigen-monoclonal antibody immune complexes was observed upon
      incubation at 37 degrees C. On western immunoblotting, two polypeptides at 22 and
      26 kDa were recognized by McAb 3C3, whereas only one polypeptide of 22 kDa was
      immunoprecipitated by the same antibody after lactoperoxidase surface radio
      iodination of sporozoites.

PMID- 2657715
TI  - Gametocytogenesis induction in cultured Plasmodium falciparum and further
      development of the gametocytes to ookinetes in prolonged culture.
AB  - Gametocytogenesis induction medium (RPMI-FSC reactive medium), prepared with a
      mixture of the culture supernatant from anti-Plasmodium falciparum antibody
      producing hybridoma cells and hybridoma cell lysate, consistently induced
      gametocytogenesis in cultured P. falciparum. Gametocytogenesis was induced in
      three strains (0662, FCB 1, and FCR-3) and one clone (R.FCR-3) as has previously
      been described in two other strains (Ono et al. 1986). Both caffeine (2 mM/ml)
      and calmodulin (5 micrograms/ml) enhanced the effects of RPMI-FSC reactive
      medium. Furthermore, gametocytes that appeared after treatment with RPMI-FSC
      reactive medium continued their development to ookinete formation in candle jar
      culture with Waymouth's medium.

PMID- 2657716
TI  - Antimalarial properties of ebselen.
AB  - The seleno-organic compound ebselen showed anti-malarial activity in vitro
      against the murine Plasmodium berghei and the human P. falciparum. In P. berghei,
      the uptake and incorporation of [3H]-methionine and [3H]-adenosine was inhibited
      and the infectivity of plasmodia was reduced. Ebselen affects the development of
      asexual stages of chloroquine-resistant and -sensitive P. falciparum strains. Its
      IC50 for P. falciparum was about 14 mumol/l and that for P. berghei, about 10
      mumol/l. The growth of P. falciparum was blocked by ebselen at all stages,
      including the invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites. In a human hepatoma cell
      line and in mouse peritoneal macrophages, no cytostatic or cytotoxic effects were
      found, indicating selective inhibition of plasmodia by ebselen. Its in vitro
      inhibitory effect is discussed in relation to its possible reactivity with thiol
      groups and its lack of an anti-malarial effect in infected mice.

PMID- 2657717
TI  - Development of immunoreactivity to the invertebrate neuropeptide small cardiac
      peptide B in the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum.
AB  - Neurons immunoreactive to small cardiac peptide B (SCPb) occur in the scolex and
      neck region of adult Diphyllobothrium dendriticum. The localisation of the SCPb
      IR neurons in the peripheral nervous system is very pronounced; they are closely
      associated to the bothridial musculature in the scolex. SCPb-IR neurons were not
      observed in plerocercoid larvae but appeared after cultivation in vitro at 37
      degrees C for 30 h. Functional and developmental aspects of the SCPb-IR neurons
      are discussed.

PMID- 2657718
TI  - The relationship of basement membrane to histologic grade of human prostatic
      carcinoma.
AB  - The presence or absence of basement membrane (BM) was examined in normal and
      neoplastic adult prostatic tissue as well as prostate cell lines using
      immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical studies using
      antibodies directed against laminin and type IV collagen were done on 55 samples
      of human prostate representing various grades of prostate carcinoma. The
      percentage of glandular structures surrounded by BM was determined. Benign
      prostates (n = 15) had BM around 99% of the acini. Gleason Grade II
      adenocarcinoma (n = 9) had 65%, Grade III (n = 5) had 23%, Grade IV (n = 12) had
      15%, and Grade V (n = 7) had 0% BM around glandular structures, respectively.
      None of the metastases (n = 7) had visible BM. By transmission electron
      microscopy, 32 prostates were examined for the glandular profile of BM. One
      hundred percent of the acini in the benign prostates (n = 17) had BM. Of the low
      grade carcinomas, Gleason I and II (n = 4), 44% of the acini had BM, and of the
      high grade carcinomas, Gleason IV and V (n = 7), 34% had BM. None of the
      metastases (n = 4) had BM by electron microscopy. We conclude that, in prostatic
      carcinoma, there is a progressive loss of BM with decreasing differentiation, and
      that in prostate carcinoma metastases there is a complete loss of epithelial BM.

PMID- 2657719
TI  - Demonstration of human immunodeficiency virus in renal epithelium in HIV
      associated nephropathy.
AB  - HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a renal disease characterized clinically by
      heavy proteinuria and renal failure and morphologically by severe and rapidly
      evolving focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, tubular necrosis, interstitial
      edema, and ultrastructural cellular inclusions. In an attempt to elucidate its
      pathogenesis, we evaluated the role of direct viral (HIV) infection of renal
      epithelium with the use of a cDNA probe for viral nucleic acid and an
      immunoperoxidase-labeled antibody to p24 core protein. In 10 of 11 kidneys with
      HIVAN, nucleic acid was localized to glomerular and tubular epithelium, while
      only 2 of 4 kidneys from HIV-infected patients with immune complex
      glomerulonephritis were similarly affected, but with considerably less cellular
      involvement. Kidneys from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome but
      without renal disease had only rare cellular positivity. In all instances, the
      cDNA probe was more sensitive than anti-p24 immunoperoxidase. These data suggest
      a role for direct HIV infection of renal epithelial cells in the initiation
      and/or progression of HIV-associated nephropathy.

PMID- 2657720
TI  - Idiopathic and secondary vasculitis: a review.

PMID- 2657721
TI  - Subcapsular steatonecrosis in response to peritoneal insulin delivery: a clue to
      the pathogenesis of steatonecrosis in obesity.
AB  - Hepatic steatosis and steatonecrosis occur in nonalcoholic individuals, usually
      in a setting of obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, and after jejunoileal bypass.
      We propose an hypothesis for the pathogenesis of these hepatic lesions based on
      an observation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Hepatic histology was examined at
      autopsy in 11 patients with type I diabetes mellitus and renal failure who had
      received i.p. insulin in conjunction with continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis (CAPD). Steatosis in a unique subcapsular distribution occurred in 10 of
      11 patients treated with i.p. insulin and in 0 of 9 controls receiving CAPD
      without insulin. Three of the 11 had steatonecrosis, 2 of whom had Mallory
      bodies. We suggest that insulin has an important role in the pathogenesis of
      steatosis and steatonecrosis. In CAPD patients the lesions occurred only under
      the capsule where concentrations of insulin are high secondary to its i.p.
      administration. In obese patients the lesions occur throughout the liver where
      insulin concentrations are high because of elevated levels in the portal vein.
      Free fatty acids (FFA) are oxidized in the liver by a pathway that is blocked by
      insulin. In the presence of insulin, FFA are preferentially esterified into
      triglycerides which accumulate in large quantities leading to steatosis; small
      amounts of FFA escaping local control may lead to membrane injury and
      steatonecrosis. Steatosis and/or steatonecrosis will occur when there is insulin
      secretion sufficient to block FFA oxidation but not sufficient to block FFA
      mobilization from adipose tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657722
TI  - Factors contributing to mortality in lung transplant recipients: an autopsy
      study.
AB  - Despite improved surgical techniques and advances in immunosuppressive therapy,
      posttransplant mortality rates remain significantly high in lung transplant
      patients. Since 1985, 3 of 6 single lung recipients, 3 of 3 double lung
      recipients, and 4 of 7 heart-lung recipients have died and undergone autopsy. We
      reviewed the autopsy findings in these patients to determine the type and
      frequency of pathologic processes associated with mortality. One or more
      infectious processes was found in every patient at autopsy. Gram-negative
      bacterial pneumonia and sepsis, found in 7 and 8 of 10 autopsy cases,
      respectively, were by far the most frequent contributing factors to mortality.
      Epstein-Barr virus infection was demonstrated in one patient using polymerase
      chain reaction amplification. Acute transplant rejection was found in only 2
      patients and therefore is a much less common factor in the death of lung
      transplant recipients. Diffuse alveolar damage occurred in 6 patients and
      bronchiolitis obliterans occurred in 3 patients. These latter two processes may
      have different etiologies in different patients.

PMID- 2657723
TI  - Determinants of EcoRI endonuclease sequence discrimination.
AB  - The arginine at position 200 of EcoRI endonuclease is thought to make two
      hydrogen bonds to the guanine of the sequence GAATTC and thus be an important
      determinant of sequence discrimination. Arg-200 was replaced by each of the other
      19 naturally occurring amino acids, and the mutant endonucleases were assessed
      for activities in vivo and in vitro. The mutant endonuclease with lysine at
      position 200 exhibits the most in vivo activity of all the position 200 mutants,
      although the in vitro activity is less than 1/100th of wild-type activity. Five
      other mutants show more drastically reduced levels of in vivo activity (Cys, Pro,
      Val, Ser, and Trp). The Cys, Val, and Ser mutant enzymes appear to have in vivo
      activity which is specific for the wild-type canonical site despite the loss of
      hydrogen bonding potential at position 200. The Pro and Trp mutants retain in
      vivo activity which is independent of the presence of the EcoRI methylase. In
      crude cell lysates, only the Cys mutant shows a very low level of in vitro
      activity. None of the mutant enzymes show a preference for alternative sites in
      assays in vitro. The implications of these results are discussed.

PMID- 2657724
TI  - A protein kinase that phosphorylates the C-terminal repeat domain of the largest
      subunit of RNA polymerase II.
AB  - The unique C-terminal repeat domain (CTD) of the largest subunit (IIa) of
      eukaryotic RNA polymerase II consists of multiple repeats of the heptapeptide
      consensus sequence Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser. The number of repeats ranges from
      26 in yeast to 42 in Drosophila to 52 in mouse. The CTD is essential in vivo, but
      its structure and function are not yet understood. The CTD can be phosphorylated
      at multiple serine and threonine residues, generating a form of the largest
      subunit (II0) with markedly reduced mobility in NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gels. To
      investigate this extensive phosphorylation, which presumably modulates functional
      properties of RNA polymerase II, we began efforts to purify a specific CTD
      kinase. Using CTD-containing fusion proteins as substrates, we have purified a
      CTD kinase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The enzyme extensively
      phosphorylates the CTD portion of both the fusion proteins and intact subunit
      IIa, producing products with reduced electrophoretic mobilities. The properties
      of the CTD kinase suggest that it is distinct from previously described protein
      kinases. Analogous activities were also detected in Drosophila and HeLa cell
      extracts.

PMID- 2657725
TI  - Genetic selection for genes encoding sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins.
AB  - We describe a genetic selection method designed to facilitate the cloning of
      genes encoding sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. The strategy selects for
      clones expressing particular sequence-specific DNA-binding activities from a
      library of clones encoding other, nonspecific proteins. Specific DNA-binding
      sites have been placed near the start of transcription of the strong synthetic
      conII promoter to create promoters that can be repressed by the corresponding
      sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Transcription from the conII derivatives
      in the absence of repression interferes with the phenotypic expression of an
      adjacent drug-resistance gene, aadA. Sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins are
      shown to repress these promoters and alleviate transcriptional interference of
      aadA, resulting in drug resistance in cells expressing the appropriate DNA
      binding protein.

PMID- 2657726
TI  - Enhanced meiotic recombination on the smallest chromosome of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - Chromosome I is the smallest chromosome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and contains
      a DNA molecule that is only 250 kilobases (kb). Approximately 75% of this DNA
      molecule has been cloned. A restriction map for the entire DNA molecule from
      chromosome I was determined and most of its genetically mapped genes were located
      on this physical map. Based on the average rate of recombination
      (centimorgans/kb) found for other S. cerevisiae chromosomes, the outermost
      markers on the genetic map of chromosome I were expected to be close to the ends
      of the DNA molecule. While the rightmost genetic marker was 3 kb from the end,
      the leftmost marker, CDC24, was located near the middle of the left arm,
      suggesting that the genetic map would be much longer. To extend the genetic map,
      a copy of the S. cerevisiae URA3 gene was integrated in the outermost cloned
      region located 32 kb centromere distal to CDC24, and the genetic map distance
      between these two genes was determined. The new marker substantially increased
      the genetic map length of chromosome I. In addition, we determined the
      relationship between physical and genetic map distance along most of the length
      of the chromosome. Consistent with the longer genetic map, the average rate of
      recombination between markers on chromosome I was greater than 50% higher than
      the average found on other yeast chromosomes. Owing to its small size, it had
      been estimated that approximately 5% of the chromosome I homologues failed to
      undergo meiotic recombination. New measurements of the zero-crossover class
      indicated that the enhanced rate of recombination ensures at least one genetic
      exchange between virtually every pair of chromosome I homologues.

PMID- 2657727
TI  - Nonrandom utilization of codon pairs in Escherichia coli.
AB  - We have analyzed protein-coding sequences of Escherichia coli and find that codon
      pair utilization is highly biased, reflecting overrepresentation or
      underrepresentation of many pairs compared with their random expectations. This
      effect is over and above that contributed by nonrandomness in the use of amino
      acid pairs, which itself is highly evident; it is much weaker when nonadjacent
      codon pairs are examined and virtually disappears when pairs separated by two or
      three intervening codons are evaluated. There appears to be a high degree of
      directionality in this bias: any codon that participates in many nonrandom pairs
      tends to make both over- and underrepresented pairs, but preferentially as a left
      or right-hand member. We show a relationship between codon-pair utilization
      patterns and levels of gene expression: genes encoding proteins expressed at high
      levels tend to contain more abundant, but more highly underrepresented, codon
      pairs, relative to genes expressed at low levels. The nonrandom utilization of
      codon pairs may be a consequence of their effects on translational efficiency,
      which in turn may be related to the compatibility of adjacent aminoacyl-tRNA
      isoacceptors at the A and P sites of a translating ribosome.

PMID- 2657728
TI  - Expression in transgenic mice of class I histocompatibility antigens controlled
      by the metallothionein promoter.
AB  - To study the effects of increased expression of major histocompatibility complex
      class I molecules on the development of self-tolerance, transgenic mice were
      produced that expressed the H-2Kb gene under the control of the metallothionein
      promoter. Administration of zinc enhanced transgene expression in liver, kidney
      and exocrine pancreas. No evidence suggestive of an autoimmune response was found
      in transgene-expressing tissues in mice otherwise allogeneic to H-2Kb. Despite
      this lack of responsiveness in vivo, T cells could be stimulated in vitro to lyse
      H-2Kb-bearing target cells. No infiltration was detected in transgenic mice after
      irradiation and reconstitution with bone marrow cells. When spleen cells were
      used for reconstitution, however, dense lymphocytic infiltration was seen,
      particularly in the portal tracts of the liver, and this was accompanied by
      piecemeal necrosis and apoptosis of periportal hepatocytes. This aggressive
      response progressively diminished with time, and by 12 weeks after reconstitution
      many of the portal tracts were free of infiltration while the others showed no
      accompanying necrosis. The picture at this stage was similar to that seen in
      chronic persistent hepatitis. These results suggest that, in addition to negative
      selection in the thymus, peripheral mechanisms not involving clonal deletion or
      permanent clonal anergy can prevent immune responses to self molecules.

PMID- 2657729
TI  - von Willebrand factor synthesized by endothelial cells from a patient with type
      IIB von Willebrand disease supports platelet adhesion normally but has an
      increased affinity for platelets.
AB  - Endothelial cells were isolated from the umbilical vein of a patient with subtype
      IIB von Willebrand disease, and the biosynthesis and function of von Willebrand
      factor (vWF) synthesized by these cells were compared with those of vWF
      synthesized by endothelial cells from normal individuals. The patient's
      endothelial cells synthesized, stored, and secreted vWF indistinguishably from
      normal endothelial cells: it was synthesized as a prepolypeptide of Mr 270,000
      and had a mature form of Mr 220,000; the full spectrum of multimers was found
      both inside the cells and in the culture medium; it was stored normally, in the
      Weibel-Palade bodies; and similar amounts of vWF were secreted into the medium
      and deposited in the extracellular matrix. In a perfusion set-up, the
      extracellular matrix from IIB cells supported platelet adhesion similarly to the
      matrix from normal cells. vWF secreted constitutively by IIB cells into the
      culture medium bound to platelets at concentrations of ristocetin lower than
      those necessary for vWF from normal cells. vWF stored in the Weibel-Palade bodies
      of type IIB cells was released upon stimulation with phorbol ester and bound
      almost completely to platelets even in the absence of ristocetin. Moreover,
      spontaneous platelet aggregation was induced by vWF synthesized by type IIB
      cells. These data support the hypothesis that the absence of highly multimeric
      forms of vWF in plasma of type IIB von Willebrand disease patients is due to
      specific removal of these multimers by platelets.

PMID- 2657730
TI  - A specific role of MutT protein: to prevent dG.dA mispairing in DNA replication.
AB  - Occurrence of the transversion mutation A.T to C.G is specifically enhanced in
      Escherichia coli mutT mutants. With the aid of the cloned mutT gene, the MutT
      protein, which has a molecular mass of 15 kilodaltons, was overproduced and
      purified to near homogeneity. The protein catalyzes hydrolysis of dGTP to dGMP.
      dGDP and GTP were also hydrolyzed by the protein, but at a lower rate than seen
      with dGTP. No other deoxynucleoside triphosphates were hydrolyzed. Using
      poly(dA).(dT)20 as a template-primer, we investigated the misincorporation of
      dGMP, dCMP, and dAMP by the alpha subunit and the core of E. coli DNA polymerase
      III. When the polymerization reaction was performed with the alpha subunit, both
      dCMP and dGMP were misincorporated. The core, composed of alpha, epsilon, and
      theta subunits, misincorporated only dGMP. This would imply that the proofreading
      function of the epsilon subunit of DNA polymerase III may correct the dC.dA
      mispair but not the dG.dA mispair. Misincorporation of dAMP was not observed in
      reactions with the alpha subunit or core. The misincorporation of dGMP, but not
      dCMP, was almost completely suppressed by adding purified MutT protein to the
      reaction mixture. Under these conditions, only a portion of dGTP present in the
      reaction mixture was degraded. It is therefore likely that the MutT protein may
      prevent dGMP misincorporation by degrading a specific form of dGTP, probably the
      syn form, which can pair with deoxyadenosine.

PMID- 2657731
TI  - Activation of prophage P4 by the P2 Cox protein and the sites of action of the
      Cox protein on the two phage genomes.
AB  - Phage P2 induces the unrelated prophage P4. In this paper we show that this is
      due to the activation of the P4 late promoter PII by the P2 Cox protein. This is
      in contrast to the effects of Cox on P2, for which it is known from previous work
      that it acts as a repressor of the promoter Pc, which is responsible for
      expression of the immunity repressor C. The activator role of Cox was revealed by
      its effect on replication of P4 DNA and on the formation of chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase when a promoterless cat gene was inserted downstream of the P4
      PII promoter. DNase I protection studies revealed that the Cox protein binds to
      the repressor promoter Pc of phage P2 and to the promoter PII of phage P4. In the
      latter case the Cox protein binds upstream of the -35 region, in analogy to
      several other activators of promoters. A weak binding was found in the promoters
      Pe of phage P2 and Ple of phage P4. The Cox protein is a case of viral
      transactivation of the replication genes of one phage by a control protein of the
      other. However, the effects of the Cox protein are totally different in the two
      phages, repressive in one case and activating in the other.

PMID- 2657732
TI  - Incision by UvrABC excinuclease is a step in the path to mutagenesis by psoralen
      crosslinks in Escherichia coli.
AB  - 4,5',8-Trimethylpsoralen (psoralen) plus near UV light produces interstrand
      crosslinks and monoadducts in DNA, both of which are mutagenic. In Escherichia
      coli, crosslinks are incised by UvrABC excinuclease, an event that can lead to
      homologous recombination and repair. To determine whether UvrABC incision of
      crosslinks is a step in the path to mutagenesis as well as repair, the effect of
      DNA homologous to a target gene on a plasmid was determined. pSV2-gpt DNA was
      treated with psoralen and transformed into a pair of hosts: one was gpt+, the
      other was delta (gpt-lac)5. The DNA was extracted and transformed into a tester
      strain [delta (gpt-lac)5] in which Gpt- mutations in the plasmid were scored. The
      results show that psoralen-induced mutations were reduced to background levels by
      the presence of the gpt+ homolog in the host chromosome. delta gpt hosts that
      were constitutively induced for the SOS response yielded point mutations, whereas
      noninduced hosts yielded almost exclusively large deletions. Since crosslinks
      were estimated to be responsible for most of the mutations observed, we conclude
      that the premutagenic lesion of psoralen crosslinks is recombinagenic and
      therefore very likely to be the product of UvrABC incision.

PMID- 2657733
TI  - A five-residue sequence near the carboxyl terminus of the polytopic membrane
      protein lac permease is required for stability within the membrane.
AB  - The lac permease (lacY gene product) of Escherichia coli contains 417 amino acid
      residues and is predicted to have a short hydrophilic amino terminus on the inner
      surface of the cytoplasmic membrane, multiple transmembrane hydrophobic segments
      in alpha-helical conformation, and a 17-amino acid residue hydrophilic carboxyl
      terminal tail on the inner surface of the membrane. To assess the importance of
      the carboxyl terminus, the properties of several truncation mutants were studied.
      The mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis such that stop codons
      were placed at specified positions, and the altered lacY genes were expressed at
      a relatively low rate from plasmid pACYC184. Permease truncated at position 407
      or 401 retains full activity, and a normal complement of molecules is present in
      the membrane, as judged by immunoblot analyses. Thus, it is apparent that the
      carboxyl-terminal tail plays no direct role in membrane insertion of the
      permease, its stability, or in the mechanism of lactose/H+ symport. In marked
      contrast, when truncations are made at residues 396 (i.e., 4 amino acid residues
      from the carboxyl terminus of putative helix XII), 389, 372, or 346, the permease
      is no longer found in the membrane. Remarkably, however, when each of the mutated
      lacY genes is expressed at a high rate by means of the T7 RNA polymerase system
      [Tabor, S. & Richardson, C. C. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 1074-1079],
      all of the truncated permeases are present in the membrane, as indicated by
      [35S]methionine incorporation studies; however, permease truncated at residue
      396, 389, 372, or 346 is defective with respect to lactose/H+ symport. Finally,
      pulse-chase experiments indicate that wild-type permease or permease truncated at
      residue 401 is stable, whereas permease truncated at or prior to residue 396 is
      degraded at a significant rate. The results are consistent with the notion that
      residues 396-401 in putative helix XII are important for protection against
      proteolytic degradation and suggest that this region of the permease may be
      necessary for proper folding.

PMID- 2657734
TI  - Translational repression in bacteriophage f1: characterization of the gene V
      protein target on the gene II mRNA.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that the single-stranded DNA binding protein of
      bacteriophage f1 (gene V protein) represses the translation of the mRNA of the
      phage-encoded replication protein (gene II protein). We have characterized phage
      mutations in the repressor and in its target. Using a gene II-lacZ translational
      fusion, we have defined a 16-nucleotide-long region in the gene II mRNA sequence
      that is required in vivo for repression by the gene V protein. We have shown that
      in vitro the binding affinity of the gene V protein is at least 10-fold higher to
      an RNA carrying this sequence than to an RNA lacking it. We propose that this
      sequence constitutes the gene II mRNA operator.

PMID- 2657735
TI  - Site-directed mutagenesis of the phosphocarrier protein. IIIGlc, a major signal
      transducing protein in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein (IIIGlc) of the bacterial
      phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a major signal
      transducer that mediates the intricate interplay among extracellular signals (PTS
      and non-PTS sugars), cytoplasmic and membrane proteins (PTS and non-PTS
      transporters), and adenylate cyclase. To further define the central role of
      IIIGlc in these multiplex signaling mechanisms, we have used site-directed
      mutagenesis to construct three mutant IIIGlc proteins containing single amino
      acid changes; Phe-3 was replaced with tryptophan [( Trp3]IIIGlc), and His-75 and
      the active-site His-90 were replaced with glutamine [( Gln75]IIIGlc and
      [Gln90]IIIGlc, respectively). [Trp3]IIIGlc resembles the wild-type protein in
      most properties and should be valuable for spectrophotometric experiments. In
      contrast, clear differences between mutant and wild-type proteins were observed
      with both [Gln75]IIIGlc and [Gln90]IIIGlc in in vitro sugar phosphorylation
      assays. As predicted, [Gln90]IIIGlc with a modified active site cannot be
      phosphorylated. Unexpectedly, [Gln75]IIIGlc accepts but cannot transfer
      phosphoryl groups, suggesting His-75 may also be a critical amino acid for IIIGlc
      mediated signaling mechanisms. The physiological effects of these mutations are
      briefly described.

PMID- 2657736
TI  - Survey of amino-terminal proteolytic cleavage sites in mitochondrial precursor
      proteins: leader peptides cleaved by two matrix proteases share a three-amino
      acid motif.
AB  - We have compiled sequences of precursor proteins for 50 mitochondrial proteins
      for which the mature amino terminus has been determined by amino acid sequence
      analysis. Included in this set are 8 precursors that have leader peptides that
      are cleaved in two places by mitochondrial matrix proteases. When these eight
      leader peptides are aligned and compared, a highly conserved three-amino acid
      motif is identified as being common to this class of leader peptides. This motif
      includes an arginine at position -10, a hydrophobic residue at position -8, and
      serine, threonine, or glycine at position -5 relative to the mature amino
      terminus. The initial cleavage of these peptides by matrix processing protease
      occurs within the motif, between residues at -9 and -8, such that arginine at
      position -10 is at position -2 relative to the cleaved bond. The rest of the
      motif is within the octapeptide removed by subsequent cleavage catalyzed by
      intermediate-specific protease. An additional 14 leader peptides in this
      collection (all of those that contain an arginine at -10) conform to this motif.
      Assuming that these 14 precursors are matured in two steps, we compared the
      internal cleavage sites at position -8 with the ends of the other 30 leader
      peptides in the collection. We find that 74% of matrix processing protease
      cleavage sites follow an arginine at position -2 relative to cleavage.

PMID- 2657737
TI  - An Escherichia coli chemoreceptor gene is temporally controlled in Caulobacter.
AB  - Flagellar and chemotaxis genes are transcribed at a discrete time in the
      Caulobacter cell cycle. We demonstrate here that the expression of the
      Escherichia coli chemoreceptor gene tsr, with 2.6 kilobases of its upstream
      sequence, is temporally controlled in Caulobacter crescentus. The tsr gene was
      placed on the chromosome in single copy or on a low-copy-number plasmid. It was
      found that the Tsr protein appeared at the same point in the cell cycle as an
      endogenous C. crescentus methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein. Nuclease S1 mapping
      experiments showed that the tsr transcript was also controlled by the cell cycle,
      suggesting that the E. coli tsr gene is regulated by C. crescentus factors that
      mediate the timing of transcription initiation. The apparent transcription start
      site of the E. coli tsr gene was determined in both E. coli and C. crescentus,
      and we found that in both backgrounds the promoter used conforms to the consensus
      sequence for the promoters of the flagellar and chemosensory genes of Bacillus
      subtilis and E. coli. The use of this promoter suggests that C. crescentus has a
      cognate sigma factor and predicts that other C. crescentus genes are expressed
      from this consensus promoter.

PMID- 2657738
TI  - Effect of manganese ions on the incorporation of dideoxynucleotides by
      bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase and Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I.
AB  - Incorporation of dideoxynucleotides by T7 DNA polymerase and Escherichia coli DNA
      polymerase I is more efficient when Mn2+ rather than Mg2+ is used for catalysis.
      Substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+ reduces the discrimination against dideoxynucleotides
      approximately 100-fold for DNA polymerase I and 4-fold for T7 DNA polymerase.
      With T7 DNA polymerase and Mn2+, dideoxynucleotides and deoxynucleotides are
      incorporated at virtually the same rate. Mn2+ also reduces the discrimination
      against other analogs with modifications in the furanose moiety, the base, and
      the phosphate linkage. A metal buffer, isocitrate, expands the MnCl2
      concentration range effective in catalyzing DNA synthesis. The lack of
      discrimination against dideoxynucleoside triphosphates using T7 DNA polymerase
      and Mn2+ results in uniform terminations of DNA sequencing reactions, with the
      intensity of adjacent bands on polyacrylamide gels varying in most instances by
      less than 10%.

PMID- 2657739
TI  - Mutational analysis of a yeast transcriptional terminator.
AB  - We have isolated and mutagenized a DNA fragment from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      that specifies mRNA 3' end formation for the convergently transcribed CYC1 and
      UTR1 genes. An in vivo plasmid supercoiling assay previously showed that this
      fragment is a transcriptional terminator, and "run-on" assays shown here are
      consistent with this interpretation. The poly(A) sites in the mRNAs formed by the
      fragment are the same whether the fragment resides at the native location or at a
      heterologous location. No single linker substitution abolishes the fragment's
      activity, whereas certain large, nonoverlapping deletions have strong,
      deleterious effects. Therefore, the yeast terminator behaves more like rho
      dependent bacterial terminators than terminators of higher eukaryotes. That a
      number of deletions or substitutions have different effects in the two
      orientations suggests that the fragment contains the sequences of two,
      unidirectional terminator elements.

PMID- 2657740
TI  - Partial diversion of a mutant proinsulin (B10 aspartic acid) from the regulated
      to the constitutive secretory pathway in transfected AtT-20 cells.
AB  - A patient with type II diabetes associated with hyperproinsulinemia has been
      shown to have a point mutation in one insulin gene allele, resulting in
      replacement of histidine with aspartic acid at position 10 of the B-chain. To
      investigate the basis of the proinsulin processing defect, we introduced an
      identical mutation in the rat insulin II gene and expressed both the normal and
      the mutant genes in the AtT-20 pituitary corticotroph cell line. Cells expressing
      the mutant gene showed increased secretion of proinsulin relative to insulin and
      rapid release of newly synthesized proinsulin. Moreover, the mutant cell lines
      did not store the prohormone nor did they release it upon stimulation with
      secretagogues. These data indicate that a significant fraction of the mutant
      prohormone is released via the constitutive secretory pathway rather than the
      regulated pathway, thereby bypassing granule-related processing and regulated
      release.

PMID- 2657741
TI  - Rapid turnover of microtubule-associated protein MAP2 in the axon revealed by
      microinjection of biotinylated MAP2 into cultured neurons.
AB  - We studied the mechanism of compartmentation of microtubule-associated protein 2
      (MAP2) in the dendrites and cell bodies by using microinjection of biotin-labeled
      MAP2 into mature spinal cord neurons in culture. MAP2 molecules microinjected
      into the nerve cell body were distributed not only throughout the cytoplasm of
      the cell body and dendrites, but also in the axon as far as a few millimeters
      from the cell body within 24 hr after injection. However, when injected cells
      were incubated for more than 3 days, the amount of biotin-labeled MAP2 in the
      axon decreased remarkably compared with that in the dendrites. This indicates
      that there is no sorting mechanism in the cell body for the transport of MAP2
      selectively into the dendrites but that the turnover rate of MAP2 in the axons
      differs from that in the dendrites. To further characterize the mechanism of MAP2
      compartmentation, we performed immunoelectron microscopy of injected cells and
      detergent extraction of microinjected cells prior to immunocytochemistry with
      anti-biotin. The results strongly suggest that a large part of axonal MAP2 is not
      associated with cytoskeleton and that this weak association of MAP2 favors
      selective loss of MAP2 from the axon.

PMID- 2657742
TI  - Genetic analysis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe 7SL RNA: a structural motif that
      includes a conserved tetranucleotide loop is important for function.
AB  - We have studied the effects of mutations in a 6-base segment of
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe 7SL RNA, which lies within a 35-nucleotide domain whose
      sequence and secondary structure are conserved in RNAs from many divergent
      organisms, including the 7SL component of human signal recognition particle
      (SRP). Surprisingly, many changes in this region can be tolerated under normal
      growth conditions. An exception is the lethality of several mutations at
      positions 159 and 160, 2 nucleotides previously shown to be protected from RNase
      digestion by the 19-kDa canine SRP protein. Nucleotide 160 is, in addition, the
      most highly conserved base in a consensus sequence for the most common
      tetranucleotide loop in ribosomal RNAs. Mutations that are likely to affect the
      stability and/or conformation of the RNA give rise to a conditional phenotype:
      when osmolarity of the medium is raised, the RNAs become partially or completely
      defective in function at high temperature.

PMID- 2657743
TI  - Single adduct mutagenesis: strong effect of the position of a single
      acetylaminofluorene adduct within a mutation hot spot.
AB  - 2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF), a potent rat liver carcinogen that binds covalently
      to the C-8 position of guanine residues in DNA, is an effective frameshift
      mutagen. The mutations are distributed nonrandomly, in that most are located at a
      few specific DNA sequences (i.e., mutation hot spots). Among these hot spots, the
      Nar I sequence (GGCGCC) is especially susceptible to the induction of -2
      frameshift mutations (GGCGCC----GGCC). Due to the nature of the Nar I sequence,
      G1G2CG3CC, three different molecular events, each involving the deletion of two
      contiguous base pairs (i.e., G2C, CG3, G3C), can give rise to the observed end
      point (GGCC). To compare the potential role of each of the three possible guanine
      AAF adducts in the Nar I site to induce the -2 frameshift mutation, we
      constructed double-stranded plasmid molecules containing a single-AAF adduct
      bound to one of the three guanine positions. Using these plasmids, we found that
      only the adduct in the G3 position induces the -2 frameshift mutation. This
      strong effect of the position of the -AAF adduct within the Nar I site is
      discussed in relation to the possible involvement of an unusual DNA conformation
      in the mutagenic processing.

PMID- 2657744
TI  - Retroviral protease-like gene in the vaccinia virus genome.
AB  - The retroviral protease-encoding region, PR, situated between the gag and pol
      genes, underwent gene duplication in the lineage now represented by simian
      retrovirus type 1; the sequence of the duplicated segment has diverged
      considerably from the present PR sequence [Power, M.D., Marx, P.A., Bryant, M.L.,
      Gardner, M.B., Barr, P.J. & Luciw, P.A. (1986) Science 231, 1567-1572]. The PR
      like duplicated gene segment was at some point translocated to a new site within
      the pol gene of a lentivirus (subsequent to the divergence of human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1), where it has been maintained. We have identified
      in the vaccinia virus genome a sequence that is homologous to the PR-like
      duplicated gene segment of both types of retrovirus in an open reading frame
      whose product is predicted to be a 16.2-kDa protein. The vaccinia PR-like gene is
      located in the HindIII F fragment, and its product displays 31-34% amino acid
      identity to the two types of retroviral duplicated protease sequences over a
      region encompassing 125 amino acid residues. Sequences flanking the vaccinia gene
      showed no significant homology at either the DNA or amino acid level to the
      retroviruses. Nuclease S1 and primer extension analyses determined that the
      vaccinia gene is transcribed early in infection.

PMID- 2657745
TI  - Allorecognition of DR1 by T cells from a DR4/DRw13 responder mimics self
      restricted recognition of endogenous peptides.
AB  - Coculture of a series of anti-DR1Dw1 alloreactive human T-cell clones with
      autologous (DR4Dw4/DRw13Dw19) antigen-presenting cells and a series of recall
      antigens revealed that two of four clones tested proliferated in response to
      Candida albicans. One was restricted by DR4Dw4 and the other was restricted by
      DRw13Dw19. These results provide further evidence that many alloreactive T cells
      have a primary self-restricted specificity and cross-react on allogeneic major
      histocompatibility complex products. Structural comparison of the responder and
      stimulator DR molecules for these clones revealed that the regions predicted to
      contact the T cells' receptor, and thereby to determine self-restriction, are
      identical in sequence for DR4Dw4 and DR1Dw1 and differ by one residue between
      DRw13Dw19 and DR1Dw1. The DR beta residues that differ between responder, DR4Dw4
      and DR13Dw19, and stimulator, DR1Dw1, are predicted to contribute to antigen
      binding. This implies that these anti-DR1 T cells may be specific for endogenous
      peptides that are bound by DR1 and not by the responder DR products, seen in a
      self-restricted manner. These T-cell clones also cross-reacted on DR4Dw13 and
      DRw14Dw16 molecules and on a human/murine hybrid class II dimer DR1 beta/I-E
      alpha. These reactions are discussed in terms of self-restricted peptide
      recognition. Thus these data suggest that in certain responder/stimulator
      combinations allorecognition may resemble self-restricted recognition of
      fragments of endogenous antigens that are bound by stimulator but not by
      responder major histocompatibility complex products.

PMID- 2657746
TI  - Cytotoxic activity of a recombinant fusion protein between interleukin 4 and
      Pseudomonas exotoxin.
AB  - A recombinant chimeric toxin in which the cell binding domain of Pseudomonas
      exotoxin (PE) was replaced by murine interleukin 4 (IL-4) was produced in
      Escherichia coli. This chimeric protein, IL-4-PE40, was cytotoxic to murine IL-4
      receptor-bearing cell lines but had little effect on human cell lines lacking
      receptors capable of binding murine IL-4. A mutant form of IL-4-PE40 (termed IL-4
      PE40 asp553) with very low ADP-ribosylating activity displayed mitogenic activity
      similar to that of IL-4 rather than cytotoxic activity. Because the cytotoxic
      effects of IL-4-PE40 were blocked by excess IL-4 or by neutralizing antibody to
      IL-4 (11B11), we conclude that the cytotoxic effect of IL-4-PE40 is specifically
      mediated through IL-4 receptors. IL-4-PE40 could be a useful reagent for specific
      elimination of cells bearing IL-4 receptors.

PMID- 2657747
TI  - Potentiation of response to insulin and anti-insulin action by two human
      pituitary peptides in lean agouti A/a, obese yellow Avy/A, and C57BL/6J-ob/ob
      mice.
AB  - Insulin-like and anti-insulin effects of human growth hormone (hGH) were examined
      by determining the effects of two peptides representing portions of the hGH
      molecule in lean agouti A/a and obese yellow Avy/A and ob/ob mice. The peptides
      were the amino terminal segment, residue 1-43 (hGH1-43), which has been shown to
      potentiate the response to insulin and another peptide, hyperglycemic peptide
      (HP), with unknown structure, which has anti-insulin activity. The anti-insulin
      component is an acidic low molecular weight peptide which co-purifies with hGH
      but was not recognized by antibodies to intact hGH and did not cross-react with
      anti-hGH1-43 antiserum. The purpose of these studies was to further understand
      the multiple actions of hGH and its acute and chronic effects on response to
      insulin. Injections of hGH1-43 dramatically enhanced the effect of insulin on
      glucose clearance of obese yellow Avy/A and ob/ob mice and increased the insulin
      stimulated glucose oxidation in adipose tissue of yellow mice, but had no direct
      effect on blood glucose or insulin levels of either genotype. Administration of
      HP to obese yellow mice produced hyperglycemia and suppressed serum insulin
      concentrations. Tissues from lean agouti and obese yellow mice treated with HP in
      vitro showed decreased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation as well as
      decreased 14C incorporation into lipids. Chronic treatment of obese yellow and
      ob/ob mice with HP increased fasting blood glucose and impaired glucose
      tolerance. The effect of HP was more pronounced in obese yellow mice and the
      ob/ob mice were more sensitive to the diabetogenic actions of intact hGH. These
      data provide further evidence for the existence of two opposing biologic
      activities derived from disparate amino acid sequences in hGH. Additionally, the
      data indicate that assays using obese yellow Avy/A mice can distinguish the
      effects of hGH from those of the individual peptides to a greater degree than
      assays using obese ob/ob mice.

PMID- 2657748
TI  - Using the laboratory in infection control.

PMID- 2657749
TI  - Polymorphism in drug design and delivery.

PMID- 2657750
TI  - Structure of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from muscle and neurons.

PMID- 2657751
TI  - Modelling the cholinergic binding site: considerations.

PMID- 2657752
TI  - Hydrogen bonding in protein ligand interactions: a theoretical dimension of
      aspartic proteinase crystallography.

PMID- 2657753
TI  - Molecular dynamics as a tool for structural and functional predictions: the
      retinol binding protein and chloroplast C-terminal fragment of the L12 ribosomal
      protein cases.

PMID- 2657754
TI  - Protein structure predictions: new theoretical approaches.

PMID- 2657755
TI  - Enzymology and molecular biology of carbonyl metabolism 2: aldehyde
      dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and aldo-keto reductase. Proceedings of the
      fourth international workshop. Gifu, Japan, July 4-8, 1988.

PMID- 2657756
TI  - Mouse liver 3-hydroxyhexobarbital dehydrogenase: purification and substrate
      specificity.

PMID- 2657757
TI  - The purification and characterization of NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase from
      rat ovary.

PMID- 2657758
TI  - Localization and regulation of ovarian carbonyl reductase in rats.

PMID- 2657759
TI  - Enzymatic conversion of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin F2 alpha by aldehyde
      reductase from human liver.

PMID- 2657760
TI  - Properties of carbonyl reductase activity of sepiapterin reductase, an enzyme
      involved in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin.

PMID- 2657761
TI  - Consequences of the Hansch paradigm--Part II.

PMID- 2657762
TI  - QSAR--a European viewpoint.

PMID- 2657763
TI  - A phosphatidylglycerol analogue: effect on phospholipid packing using polarized
      fluorescence spectroscopy.

PMID- 2657764
TI  - Deuterium NMR as a monitor of organization and dynamics at the surface of
      membranes: the glycolipids.

PMID- 2657765
TI  - Optimization of transport and biological response with epithelial barriers.

PMID- 2657766
TI  - Mechanism of nasal absorption of drugs.
AB  - In recent years, nasal absorption has received a great deal of attention as a
      convenient and reliable method for the administration of certain drugs. Although
      this route is currently being used for the systemic administration of drugs, such
      as Oxytocin and DDAVP, it has only recently been quantitatively studied. This
      chapter will deal with the importance of the physical and chemical properties of
      drugs on the rate and extent of their nasal absorption.

PMID- 2657767
TI  - Biomembranes: basic science and future technology.

PMID- 2657768
TI  - Transport properties of synthetic and biological membranes in correlation with
      their structure.

PMID- 2657769
TI  - Structure and function of the red blood cell anion exchange protein.

PMID- 2657770
TI  - Outer membrane structure in smooth and rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium
      and their susceptibility to the antimicrobial peptides, magainins and defensins.

PMID- 2657771
TI  - Optical, infrared and NMR studies of cation-phospholipid interactions.

PMID- 2657772
TI  - Studies of lipid fluctuations using polarized fluorescence spectroscopy.

PMID- 2657773
TI  - Cancer control research in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG).

PMID- 2657774
TI  - Methodologic issues in the design of primary prevention trials.

PMID- 2657775
TI  - Regulation of steroidogenic function during luteinization.

PMID- 2657776
TI  - The function and regulation of the primate corpus luteum during the fertile
      menstrual cycle.
AB  - Figure 2 summarizes the changes in endocrine function and the factors which
      regulate the primate corpus luteum during the fertile menstrual cycle. The
      classical luteotropic role of LH during the menstrual cycle is superceded by CG
      at or before the time of implantation. The role of local factors in modulating
      luteal function is an area of continued research, as some factors are deemed less
      important (i.e., estrogen, at least prior to luteal rescue) and other
      possibilities (progesterone, prostaglandins, and relaxin) arise. The role of
      local factors has not yet been studied in the corpus luteum following its rescue
      in early pregnancy. Finally, it is apparent that a different type of "shift"
      precedes the recognized luteal-placental shift in early pregnancy, when the
      corpus luteum enhances or begins new activities as progesterone secretion
      declines. These new or augmented activities occur despite apparent
      desensitization of CG-responsive cAMP-mediated pathways in luteal cells. Although
      the cellular events promoting these changes are not known, it seems reasonable to
      propose that the resulting products, including estrogen (as discussed in Dr.
      Moudgal's chapter) and relaxin are important in early pregnancy. Thus the term
      "luteal-placental shift" may be a misnomer, as other activities which promote
      gestation continue within the corpus luteum for a limited time.

PMID- 2657777
TI  - Development of preimplantation mammalian embryos.

PMID- 2657778
TI  - Developmental expression of ZP3, a mouse zona pellucida gene.

PMID- 2657779
TI  - New concepts for old problems in meiosis.

PMID- 2657780
TI  - Morphodynamics of nuclear and cytoplasmic reorganization during the resumption of
      arrested meiosis in the mouse oocyte.

PMID- 2657781
TI  - Modulation of c-myc protein in the mouse uterus during pregnancy and by steroid
      hormones.

PMID- 2657782
TI  - Regulation of human endometrial and decidual cell functions--role of epidermal
      growth factor in the decidualization.

PMID- 2657783
TI  - Mechanism of mammalian ovulation.
AB  - The sequence of ovarian events during the process of ovulation discussed in this
      review is schematically represented in Figure 1. It is obvious that LH, perhaps
      with some contribution from FSH, is the normal physiological trigger for the
      ovulatory sequence of events and it appears from the available information that
      LH's effects are mainly mediated via adenylate cyclase and increased cAMP. The
      cAMP in turn, via cAMP-dependent protein kinase, influences at least three
      distinct steps in the ovulatory process which seem to be of crucial importance,
      namely 1) the stimulation of steroidogenesis; 2) the stimulation of
      cyclooxygenase/lipooxygenase leading to increased prostaglandin/leukotriene
      synthesis; and 3) the stimulation of plasminogen activator which catalyzes the
      conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. A fourth crucial step in the ovulatory
      mechanism is the LH-induced increase in latent collagenase, but it remains to be
      determined if this step is mediated via cAMP. Concomitant with the increase in
      latent collagenase, there also appears to be an LH-dependent increase in
      collagenase inhibitors. The latent collagenase is then activated and it appears
      that leukotrienes and prostaglandins as well as plasmin may be involved in this
      process. The active collagenase causes a digestion of the collagen in the
      follicle wall. Plasmin as well as possibly other proteolytic enzymes such as
      proteoglycanases (Too et al., 1984) may cause a further dissociation of the
      follicular wall. These processes of digestion of collagen and dissociation of the
      collagen fibers result in an opening in the follicular wall with the formation of
      the stigma and rupture. While the weakening of the follicular wall takes place
      throughout the entire wall, rupture remains for the most part a localized process
      at the apex of the follicle. This localization of the rupture may be explained on
      the basis of mechanical factors operating when the follicle wall thins and
      weakens (Rodbard, 1984). While it is clear that prostaglandins and leukotrienes
      can influence smooth muscle by causing contractions and that these compounds can
      cause vascular changes such as increased permeability, vasodilatation and
      vasoconstriction, it is not clear what the exact role of these latter processes
      are in ovulation. It appears that progesterone and not estrogen play an important
      role in the mechanism of LH induced follicular rupture, but the locus of action
      of progesterone and its mechanism of action remains to be determined.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2657784
TI  - The periovulatory interval: physiologic and endocrinologic implications.

PMID- 2657785
TI  - Cardiovascular dysfunction in human septic shock and endotoxemia.

PMID- 2657786
TI  - Plasma fibronectin and lung vascular injury.

PMID- 2657787
TI  - Clinical use of fibronectin in critically ill patients.

PMID- 2657788
TI  - Endotoxin biosynthetic precursors: biologic and therapeutic activities.

PMID- 2657789
TI  - Neutrophil-mediated vascular injury in shock and multiple organ failure.

PMID- 2657790
TI  - ATP-MgCl2 and liver blood flow following shock and ischemia.
AB  - The information available indicates that following hepatic ischemia and reflow,
      there is decreased tissue ATP levels, decreased tissue and mitochondrial
      magnesium levels, and decreased mitochondrial capability. Associated with these
      changes are altered cellular functions. Administration of ATP-MgCl2 following
      ischemia significantly improves total and microcirculatory blood flow, tissue and
      mitochondrial magnesium levels, tissue ATP stores, cellular functions, and the
      survival of animals. In contrast to ATP-MgCl2, administration of ATP or MgCl2
      alone after ischemia was ineffective in improving cellular functions and tissue
      and mitochondrial magnesium levels. ATP-MgCl2 therefore appears to be a promising
      adjunct to the treatment of shock and ischemia.

PMID- 2657791
TI  - The macrophages: effector cell wound repair.

PMID- 2657792
TI  - When critical illness interferes with informed consent.

PMID- 2657793
TI  - The rat in sepsis and endotoxic shock.
AB  - Compared to the experimental studies, interpretation of eicosanoid levels in
      human sepsis is complicated by a large number of uncontrolled variables. Further
      clinical studies are needed to establish the relationship between the septic rat
      model and the human septic condition. The rat model is useful for uncovering
      fundamental pathophysiologic processes and should be useful in developing
      therapeutic interventions in human circulatory shock. Studies on the rat model
      offered the first indication that eicosanoids were involved in the shock syndrome
      (Cook et al., 1980). This led to clinical trials to determine the role of these
      mediators in human sepsis (Reines et al. 1982). The rat affords a model system
      which allows for pharmacologic manipulation and testing of a large number of
      hypotheses in a practical and cost effective manner. The recent evidence that
      leukotrienes are released during circulatory shock in the rat and that
      attenuation of this release alters the pathophysiologic outcome (Ball et al.,
      1986), lays the groundwork for future clinical studies. Finding that eicosanoids
      and leukotrienes are elevated in rat models of adult respiratory distress
      syndrome (Hammarstrom, 1983) has opened further new areas of clinical inquiry.
      Although rat models involving bolus endotoxin administration have not been
      predictive of the human septic syndrome, they have proven useful in the
      determination of the cellular sources and mechanisms of eicosanoid and
      leukotriene action. From the evidence presented, the septic shock rat model would
      seem to be the best model in predicting the outcome of therapies in human sepsis.
      Limited clinical trials have assessed the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacologic
      agents which alter eicosanoid and leukotriene metabolism in sepsis. In view of
      the continued high mortality of patients with septic shock and the failure of
      conventional therapies (Sprung et al., 1984; DuToit et al. 1985), further
      clinical and experimental studies are desirable.

PMID- 2657794
TI  - Sheep as a cardiopulmonary model.

PMID- 2657795
TI  - Circulatory shock in long and short pigs.

PMID- 2657796
TI  - The guinea pig as a model in shock research.
AB  - Studies described in this review characterize the guinea pig as useful for
      modeling pathophysiologic changes associated with a variety of shock states,
      including thermal injury. There are basic similarities in the hemodynamic and
      metabolic responsiveness of humans and guinea pigs to thermal trauma. Guinea pigs
      are readily available, relatively inexpensive, and easily maintained in the
      laboratory in accordance with specific nutrition-environmental requirements. The
      inherent tractability of the guinea pig, coupled with small body size,
      facilitates cardiorespiratory monitoring without anesthetic restraint. A
      limitation to using the guinea pig is the amount of information that can be
      obtained from one animal, but we have demonstrated that with the use of
      microtechnology, both hemodynamic and metabolic alterations in shock can be
      characterized in individual guinea pigs. Experimental models using guinea pigs
      can also be successfully utilized to investigate potential resuscitative and
      therapeutic modalities in shock.

PMID- 2657797
TI  - Organ blood flow and metabolism in shock: overview.

PMID- 2657798
TI  - Hypertonic saline resuscitation: the neural component.

PMID- 2657800
TI  - Mitochondrial calcium metabolism during tissue reperfusion.

PMID- 2657799
TI  - Role of the microcirculation to skeletal muscle during shock.
AB  - Our laboratory has performed a number of experiments to outline the role of the
      skeletal muscle microcirculation during hemorrhage and sepsis. We have suggested
      that the transition from the compensated to decompensated state in hemorrhagic
      shock could be attributed to the loss of vascular smooth muscle tone in small
      precapillary arterioles. This loss of tone is not due to a decrease in vascular
      smooth muscle reactivity to norepinephrine. However, tissue acidosis which is a
      uniform finding in the shock state contributes to this loss of vascular smooth
      muscle tone in large arterioles but not in small arterioles. The skeletal muscle
      responses to hyperdynamic sepsis were a mild constriction of large arterioles
      with a marked dilation of small vessels. It is this latter dilation which
      contributes to decreased systemic vascular resistance in sepsis. The microvessels
      reacted similarly in the hypodynamic septic state and do not appear to be
      responsible for the transition from the hyper- to the hypodynamic state in
      sepsis. The marked constrictor influence of large vessels seen in hemorrhage were
      not present in sepsis, indicating a possible vasodilator influence or loss of
      vasoconstrictor reactivity during sepsis but not hemorrhage. Similar findings
      were noted in both hyper- and hypodynamic endotoxemia suggesting that the energy
      metabolism effect of high dose endotoxin does not play a major role in skeletal
      muscle microvascular responses. Overall skeletal muscle vascular tone is due to a
      balance of vasoconstrictor influences that predominate in large arterioles which
      appear to be mediated by adrenergic nerve activity and vasodilator influences in
      small arterioles which are due to an escape from adrenergic nerve activity along
      with activation of local control factors by mediators of the inflammatory
      process, such as complement. The initial vasodilator response appears to be
      mediated by release of EDRF from the endothelial cell. Prostaglandins but not
      histamine or serotonin appear to be important in the initiation of vasodilation
      in small arterioles and in the modulation of existing vasoconstricting
      influences.

PMID- 2657801
TI  - Historical perspective of endotoxin effects on hemodynamics in animals.

PMID- 2657803
TI  - [Adenosine receptor ligands--drugs of the future?].

PMID- 2657802
TI  - Splanchnic perfusion and sepsis.

PMID- 2657804
TI  - [Molecular drug research: an overview of mechanism-oriented serine protease
      inhibitors].

PMID- 2657805
TI  - Afferent pathways involved in reflex regulation of airway smooth muscle.

PMID- 2657806
TI  - Alpha-latrotoxin and related toxins.

PMID- 2657807
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin.

PMID- 2657808
TI  - Exploitation of elevated pyrimidine deaminating enzymes for selective
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2657809
TI  - Metabolism and pulmonary toxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).

PMID- 2657810
TI  - Thirst and embryon truths.

PMID- 2657811
TI  - Saluting a century of medicine at Johns Hopkins.

PMID- 2657812
TI  - In situ pyrimidine dimer determination by laser cytometry.
AB  - By using antiserum against pyrimidine dimers and argon-laser imaging
      microspectrofluorometry, we established a new method to determine UV-induced
      pyrimidine dimers and their repair in individual human cells. The method was
      sensitive enough to determine dimers induced by UV dose as low as 2 J/m2. Normal
      human cells repaired 50 and 60% of total damage within 8 and 24 h after UV
      irradiation (20 J/m2), but Xeroderma pigmentosum cells (complementation group A)
      were unable to repair any within the same period. Therefore, the method proved to
      be a quick, easy, sensitive and accurate means to determine pyrimidine dimers in
      situ.

PMID- 2657813
TI  - Proceedings of the tenth annual meeting of the IUPS Commission on Gravitational
      Physiology. International Union of Physiological Sciences. October 9-14, 1988,
      Montreal, Canada. Dedicated to Dr. Wilbur Rounding Franks.

PMID- 2657814
TI  - Continuing studies of "cells" flight hardware.

PMID- 2657815
TI  - Hypothalamic obesity: comparison of radio-frequency and electrolytic lesions in
      weanling rats.
AB  - Female rats were subjected to radio-frequency or anodal electrolytic lesions of
      the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) when 28 days old. Blood samples for
      determination of basal plasma insulin and glucose levels were taken on
      postoperative day 30 (Experiment 1) and on day 10 (Experiment 2). Body weight and
      daily food intake of rats with either type of lesion did not differ from
      unoperated animals during the first 10 days, but rats with electrolytic lesions,
      unlike radio-frequency lesioned animals, displayed excess food intake and weight
      gain starting in the third postoperative week. Both types of lesions produced
      stunted linear growth and a higher than normal Lee Obesity Index. Only the rats
      with electrolytic VMH lesions were significantly hyperinsulinemic on
      postoperative day 30, with a mean plasma insulin level that was at least double
      that observed in unoperated or radio-frequency lesioned animals. On day 10,
      however, the animals with electrolytic lesions had markedly lower plasma insulin
      and glucose levels compared to the other two groups, which did not differ from
      one another. There was no apparent difference in the size of the lesions produced
      by the two techniques, and it is therefore concluded that some of the endocrine
      dysfunctions resulting from electrolytic VMH lesions are due to metallic ion
      deposits (stimulating adjacent tissue) rather than to tissue ablation.

PMID- 2657816
TI  - Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) affects precopulatory behavior in
      testosterone-treated geldings.
AB  - Twelve pony geldings with (n = 6) and without (n = 6) testosterone replacement
      (200 micrograms/kg testosterone propionate in oil, SC every 48 hours) received
      either gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; 25 micrograms SC every 3 hours) or
      control treatment. Sexual behavior was recorded during 4-minute exposure to an
      estrous mare, 3 times weekly for 2 weeks before treatment, 3 weeks during
      treatment, and 3 weeks after treatment had been discontinued. The group receiving
      testosterone and GnRH (n = 3) exhibited significantly greater flehmen response
      frequency and attention duration and significantly lower vocalization frequency
      and erection duration than the group receiving only testosterone (n = 3). GnRH
      had no apparent effect on sexual behavior in geldings without testosterone
      replacement (n = 3). These results support an hypothesis of testosterone
      dependent, CNS-mediated effects of GnRH on precopulatory behavior in the
      stallion.

PMID- 2657817
TI  - Dietary hyperphagia and obesity: what causes them?
AB  - Diets that cause animals to overeat and become obese have been used in many
      investigations of obesity. Most of this research, however, has concentrated on
      the consequences rather than the causes of overeating. Furthermore, in most
      studies, several nutritional variables were manipulated simultaneously, making
      cause and effect relationship impossible to disentangle. Consequently, progress
      has been slow. Diets could alter energy intake by virtue of their effects on oral
      sensory, gastrointestinal or postabsorptive effects. Palatability is the most
      popular oralsensory hypothesis but the empirical basis for this hypothesis is
      particularly weak. A substantial body of evidence is consistent with the
      possibility that the osmotic effects of diets in the gastrointestinal tract and
      metabolic postabsorptive factors may play a major role in dietary hyperphagia and
      obesity. Suggestions for future research directions are offered.

PMID- 2657818
TI  - Activity of castrated male voles: rhythms of responses to testosterone
      replacement.
AB  - Male Microtus montanus are reported to decrease nocturnality in the absence o
      testosterone (T). Castrated male voles, housed in activity wheels under LD 16:8,
      received 21 daily injections of either 0, 30, 60, or 120 micrograms T at either 2
      hours after lights on midlight, 2 hours before lights off, or middark.
      Significant increase in both nocturnality and total activity occurred only in
      response to T administration at midlight and 2 hours before lights off. For
      increasing nocturnality, animals were more sensitive to T at midlight; for
      increasing total activity, animal were more sensitive to T2 hours before lights
      off. Although the rhythms for these responses differed, the most sensitive time
      for each occurred when plasma T levels were elevated in intact male voles under
      LD 16:8. Thus, increases in nocturnality and total activity appear to be mediated
      by separate pathways, each posessing diel rhythmicity.

PMID- 2657819
TI  - Transcriptional analysis of the F plasmid surface exclusion region: mapping of
      traS, traT, and traD transcripts.
AB  - Transcription of the surface exclusion genes, traS and traT, of the F plasmid of
      Escherichia coli K-12 has been analyzed using S1 nuclease protection experiments.
      The results show that both genes possess functional promoters in vivo and that a
      strong transcriptional termination signal lies immediately downstream of traT.
      Moreover, the adjacent downstream gene, traD, is expressed from its own promoter
      and appears not to lie within the major transfer operon. RNA stability
      experiments indicate that the products of traS and traT are translated from a
      stable RNA message. We propose that the traS and traT promoters serve to
      supplement the expression of these genes from the major tra promoter, PY.

PMID- 2657820
TI  - Structural analysis of loci involved in pSAM2 site-specific integration in
      Streptomyces.
AB  - pSAM2 is an 11-kb plasmid integrated in the Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877
      and ATCC15154 genomes and found additionally as a free replicon in an uv
      derivative. After transfer into S. ambofaciens DSM40697 (devoid of pSAM2) or into
      Streptomyces lividans, specific integration of pSAM2 occurred very efficiently. A
      58-bp sequence (att) present in both pSAM2 (attP) and S. ambofaciens strain
      DSM40697 (attB) attachment regions is found at the boundaries (attL and attR) of
      integrated pSAM2 in S. ambofaciens strain ATCC23877. The S. lividans chromosomal
      integration zone contained an imperfectly conserved att sequence (attB), and the
      integration event of pSAM2 was located within a 49-bp sequence of attB. Only one
      primary functional attB sequence was present in the S. lividans or S. ambofaciens
      DSM40697 total DNA. The integration zone of S. lividans hybridized with the
      integration zone of S. ambofaciens DSM40697. The two integration zones were
      homologous only to the right side of the att sequence. The conserved region
      contained an open reading frame (ORF A) with a stop codon located 99 bp from the
      attB sequence in both strains. S. ambofaciens DSM40697 contained DNA sequences
      related to pSAM2 on the left side of the att site. The att sequence was included
      in a region conserved in Streptomyces antibioticus, Streptomyces actuosus,
      Streptomyces bikiniensis, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces glaucescens, and
      Streptomyces parvulus. Site-specific integration of a pSAM2 derivative was
      characterized in another unrelated strain, Streptomyces griseofuscus. This strain
      contained an imperfectly conserved 58-bp attB sequence, and the integration event
      took place within a 45-bp sequence of attB. Site-specific integration of pSAM2 in
      three nonrelated Streptomyces strains suggests the wide host range of pSAM2
      integration in Streptomyces.

PMID- 2657821
TI  - Subunit sponge stenting of a skin graft.

PMID- 2657822
TI  - Malignant melanomas of eyelid skin.
AB  - Four cases of malignant melanoma of eyelid skin are reported. Management of the
      condition is discussed, with a review of the literature. The conclusions lead us
      to recommend wide surgical excision for those melanomas arising on the lash
      margins. If the melanoma is clear of the eyelid margin, smaller margins may be
      adequate.

PMID- 2657823
TI  - [Goethe, Kant, Locke, Villaume knew our technic of individual therapy].
AB  - John Locke (1632-1704) and Villaume (1746-1825) were already familiar with the
      method with which we, in our "individual therapy", treat neurotic patients. The
      question whether conditional reflexes and the elimination of their effects play
      an essential part in the procedure must be denied.

PMID- 2657824
TI  - [Neurologic manifestations of Lyme borreliosis].
AB  - The authors report on recent concept of Lyme borreliosis. The disease is caused
      by Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted by tick bite. As with other spirochetal
      illnesses, Lyme borreliosis occurs in stages. The dermatological,
      rheumatological, cardiological and especially neurological aspects in the course
      of disease are described and the principles of immunodiagnosis and treatment are
      explained.

PMID- 2657825
TI  - [Paraneoplastic polyneuropathies].
AB  - As paraneoplastic polyneuropathy is still too rarely diagnosed, thus precluding
      the possibility of early recognition and treatment of the malignant tumor,
      usually a bronchogenic carcinoma, the paper sets out symptoms, epidemiology, and
      differential diagnosis of the condition, whose therapy and prognosis being
      uncertain.

PMID- 2657826
TI  - Mutagenicity of dipyridyls and their methylated derivatives in Salmonella
      typhimurium/rat liver microsome system.
AB  - The Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and
      TA1538 was used to examine the potential mutagenicity of 5 dipyridyls, 1
      tripyridyl, 3 dipyridinium diiodides and 2 pyridinium monoiodides. The widely
      used herbicide paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium diiodide) and its
      precursor 4,4'-dipyridyl gave weak and marginal mutagenic activity to Salmonella
      typhimurium TA1535 and TA1538 in the presence of S9-mix. Significantly high
      mutagenicity was obtained with 2,2'-, 3,3'-, 2,3'-, and 2,4'-dipyridyls, 2,2',2"
      tripyridyl, and 5 pyridinium salts under the same conditions. The positive
      mutagenic response of 2,2',2"-tripyridyl suggests that higher polymers of
      pyridine contaminating paraquat preparations might be mutagenic. The dose
      response curves of 1,1-dimethyl-3,3'-dipyridinium diiodide and 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'
      dipyridinium diiodide revealed an exponential relationship between the number of
      induced revertants and the compound concentrations. The results suggested that
      the mechanism of mutation induced by these two compounds might be attributed to
      the chain reactions of their free-radicals with molecular oxygen.

PMID- 2657828
TI  - Iatrogenic transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

PMID- 2657827
TI  - [Social psychiatric traditions between the empire period and national socialism].
AB  - From the time psychiatry had become a scientific discipline in its own right,
      sociopsychiatric efforts have been directed towards erecting a second outpatient
      care pillar in the psychiatric patient care setup to make up for the drawbacks of
      oversize psychiatric hospitals that were the problematic heritage of erstwhile
      Prussia. During the period of the German Empire under Kaiser William II these
      efforts were not honored by the state. This started, with serious consequences, a
      vicious circle of institutionalising mentally deranged patients, a procedure that
      seemed to inflate the incidence of these diseases to the dimensions of a menace
      and hence created a fertile soil for the axioms of "reacial hygiene" to take
      root. The Bavarian psychiatrist Gustav Kolb (1870-1938), who realised how much of
      this development was really "home made", demanded in 1908--pursuing and expanding
      the ideas of that paradigmatic scientist and first sociopsychiatrist, Wilhelm
      Griesinger (1817-1868)--once again to recognise psychiatric care by setting up a
      second outpatient pillar in the form of an "Open Public Welfare Service" attached
      to a relevant psychiatric hospital. However, the full significance of his
      reformatory proposals was not realised at that time. When finally open public
      welfare was translated into reality during 1918-1933 as a result of the zealous
      efforts on the part of the reformatory psychiatrists, this was mainly done to
      save cost, whereas Kolb's original aims were largely lost in the
      process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657829
TI  - Mental illness and the late Victorians: a study of patients admitted to three
      asylums in York, 1880-1884.
AB  - The case histories of the patients newly admitted to the Retreat Asylum in York
      between 1880-1884 were examined. Most patients were aged under 50 years, single
      and non-Quaker, and a majority satisfied the Research Diagnostic Criteria for a
      diagnosis of schizophrenia or affective disorder. It was found that 72.9% of the
      patients were deluded, the most common delusions being of persecution, grandeur
      and guilt; in 34.9% of the deluded patients, the delusion had a religious
      content. Suicidal ideation was recorded in the case records of 31.4% of the
      patients. Drug therapy was commonly prescribed, a history of assault on other
      patients or asylum staff was recorded in 38.1% of the patients, and 11% of
      patients were force fed at some stage during their illness. Within a year of
      admission 49.1% of the patients were discharged, the prognosis being better for
      patients with an affective illness than for schizophrenia, but 31.4% remained in
      the asylum for five or more years. The characteristics, alleged causes of mental
      illness, and treatment and outcome of the Retreat patients were compared with
      those of patients admitted during the same period to the two other York asylums
      which served different socio-economic groups of the population. Mortality rates
      were higher in the asylum admitting mainly pauper patients, and possible reasons
      for this are explored.

PMID- 2657830
TI  - Validation of a computerized assessment (PROQSY) of minor psychological morbidity
      by Relative Operating Characteristic analysis using a single GP's assessments as
      criterion measures.
AB  - This is a study of the criterion validity of a newly developed computerized
      assessment (PROQSY) of minor psychological morbidity based on the Clinical
      Interview Schedule, employing a single GP's assessments as criterion measures of
      such morbidity and Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Two-stage
      screening was carried out with a consecutive sample of 256 patients aged 15-69
      consulting an experienced GP in a semi-rural setting over a six-week period. The
      GP made a standardized assessment of the reason for consultation and the degree
      of psychological disorder present. A 40% random sub-sample was then assessed
      using PROQSY. The area under the ROC curve using a GP criterion of minor
      psychological disorder ('degree of psychological problem - mild or greater') was
      0.81 (S.D. = 0.06). However, the kappa coefficient obtained between this
      criterion assessment and the PROQSY assessment of minor psychological problem at
      the observed optimal cut-off score was only 0.28 (S.E. = 0.1; Z = 2.83). It is
      concluded that PROQSY may be recommended for further development as a research
      tool providing a valid measure of minor psychological morbidity as assessed by
      GPs in primary care settings.

PMID- 2657832
TI  - Clinical validity.
AB  - Few psychiatric disorders have yet been adequately validated and it is still an
      open issue whether there are genuine boundaries between the clinical syndromes
      recognized in contemporary classifications, or between these syndromes and
      normality. In the long run validation depends on the elucidation of aetiological
      processes. There are, however, a number of strategies which clinicians could use,
      but at present rarely do, in order to improve and validate existing
      classifications. Most of these involve studying populations which have been
      deliberately chosen to represent a broader grouping than a single diagnostic
      category, or even a group of related categories.

PMID- 2657831
TI  - Rich and mad in Victorian England.
AB  - Clinical analyses of 19th century psychiatric practice have been limited by the
      paucity of available records. Using the richly detailed casebooks of Ticehurst
      House Asylum, it was possible to study over 600 admissions and assess them using
      the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Over 80% of cases conformed to recognizable
      psychiatric illness, mainly schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis.
      Movement disorder, often equivalent to tardive dyskinesia, was noted in nearly
      one-third of schizophrenics. Violence, masturbation and severe psychopathology
      were also common features. The implications of these findings in terms of
      treatment, diagnosis and the rise of the asylum are discussed.

PMID- 2657833
TI  - Congenital risk factors for schizophrenia.

PMID- 2657834
TI  - Comparative study of schizotypal and schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Using the method of a blind retrospective evaluation of clinical charts, 14 DSM
      III pure schizotypal personality disorders (SPD) and 25 schizophrenic patients
      diagnosed with the help of the ICD-9 and the Flexible System were compared. Some
      differences emerged between the groups indicating that there may not only be a
      relationship between clinical samples of SPD (preferably defined by positive
      symptoms) and schizophrenia but also between SPD and borderline personality
      disorder. A group of 7 SPD and 17 schizophrenics could be followed up 4 years
      later. On a blind examination, SPD patients were found to be socially less well
      adjusted and they tended to be more symptomatic. Compared with a small DSM-III
      schizophrenia subgroup the differences diminished, SPD still rating higher on
      social dissatisfaction. A different definition of schizophrenia probably accounts
      for the greater part of the different results in this and previous studies.

PMID- 2657835
TI  - Hallucinations and delusions in 1,715 patients with unipolar and bipolar
      affective disorders.
AB  - The prevalence of hallucinations and delusions was studied in 1,715 patients with
      unipolar or bipolar affective disorders hospitalized at a tertiary care facility.
      The authors found that the presence of psychotic features was significantly
      associated with diagnostic subtype. Bipolar manics were more likely than primary
      depressives, secondary depressives, and bipolar depressives to have
      hallucinations and/or delusions; primary depressives were significantly more
      likely than secondary depressives to have psychotic features. Among psychotic
      patients, bipolar manics were more likely than the other diagnostic groups to
      have delusions only and less likely to have hallucinations only. Possible
      explanations for these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2657836
TI  - Castilla del Pino's contribution to a scientific psychopathology.
AB  - This paper attempts to express critically the basic concepts in the extensive
      writings on psychopathology of the Spanish author, Castilla del Pino. These are
      otherwise only available to the world in Castilian. His work offers a way in
      which the course and depth of psychotic disorders could be charted
      mathematically. It illustrates the fact that, what is apparently objective is
      still necessarily so within the confines of the conventions of our languages,
      from which we cannot ever escape. He nevertheless shows how psychopathology is
      not therefore fundamentally different from other sciences, even if its
      development remains rudimentary.

PMID- 2657837
TI  - Serotonergic anxiolytics and treatment of depression.
AB  - The serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonists buspirone and
      gepirone have effects on serotonergic systems, including presynaptic and
      postsynaptic receptors, that predict both anxiolytic and antidepressant activity.
      Chronic administration of both drugs produces a down-regulation of 5-HT2
      receptors, a finding common to most antidepressant drugs irrespective of
      mechanism of action. In addition, gepirone induces a full-blown serotonin
      syndrome in rodents and is active in the behavioral despair test mediated by an
      action on serotonergic neurons. Buspirone is active in this paradigm when
      injected directly into the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus. The therapeutic
      effects of both buspirone and gepirone have been assessed in placebo-controlled
      studies of patients with major depression. Findings in these studies support
      antidepressant efficacy in addition to anxiolysis. In double-blind studies of
      patients with major depression treated for 8 weeks, each drug was found to be
      superior to placebo in improvement in Hamilton Depression and Anxiety total
      scores as well as individual depressive symptoms. These clinical findings are
      consistent with preclinical pharmacology suggesting that 5-HT1A partial agonists
      may possess intrinsic antidepressant activity.

PMID- 2657838
TI  - Buspirone in the treatment of alcoholic patients.
AB  - Buspirone is a unique anxiolytic drug with established efficacy in the treatment
      of anxiety. In animals, buspirone has been shown to alter drinking preference
      from alcohol to water. The following study was conducted to evaluate the
      behavioral effects of buspirone in patients meeting the Diagnostic and
      Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.; DSM-III) criteria of alcohol
      abuse. These patients were motivated to reduce or stop drinking, though none were
      abstinent at baseline. Buspirone was compared with placebo in a double-blind, 8
      week trial in 50 outpatients with mild to moderate alcohol abuse. Patients were
      assessed at baseline and at end point using the following psychometric and
      alcohol behavior measures: Drinking Behavior Interview (DBI), Alcohol Craving
      Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety (HAM-A) Rating Scale, the Hamilton Depression (HAM-D)
      Rating Scale, and the Physician Questionnaire. Dosage was initiated at 5 mg
      buspirone 3 times a day (15 mg/day), with a flexible regimen to a maximum of 30
      mg/day. The mean daily dose was 20.5 mg buspirone, which is comparable to the
      anxiolytic dose. Efficacy measures were available for 45 patients (24 buspirone,
      21 placebo). The treatment discontinuation rate was markedly lower (p = 0.002) on
      buspirone; 12 placebo patients and 2 buspirone patients discontinued due to lack
      of effect (p = 0.001). No patients discontinued due to adverse effect. Buspirone
      reduced alcohol craving by 40% (p = 0.001), in association with reduced HAM-A and
      HAM-D scores (p = 0.006) and improved the physician's assessment of global
      psychopathology. Buspirone treatment was also associated with a 57% decrease in
      DBI scores; statistical comparison of the DBI data with placebo was precluded by
      the high discontinuation rate in the placebo group. While these results should be
      interpreted with caution due to the limited sample size and high placebo
      discontinuation rate, the findings suggest that further evaluation of buspirone
      in the management of alcoholism, especially abstinent alcoholics, is warranted.

PMID- 2657839
TI  - Serotonergic anxiolytics in the treatment of panic disorder: a controlled study
      with buspirone.
AB  - The efficacy of buspirone for panic disorder was tested in 60 patients who met
      Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.) criteria for
      panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks. Patients were randomly assigned
      to treatment with buspirone (mean dose 29.5 mg/day), imipramine (mean dose 140
      mg/day), or placebo, and treated for 8 weeks after a 4- to 7-day placebo lead-in
      period. Patients with 4 or fewer attacks per month and those without attacks at
      the baseline visit were excluded from panic frequency comparisons. Both buspirone
      and imipramine tended to be better than placebo on total number of panic attacks,
      global psychopathology, and the Hamilton Anxiety rating scale, but end point
      differences among treatments were not statistically significant. At the end of
      the study, 25% of the buspirone patients were panic-free, as were 7% of the
      imipramine patients and 14% of the placebo patients; again, these differences
      were not statistically significant. The results of this study were inconclusive,
      partly because of the relatively small number of patients (10-11) completing the
      study in each treatment group, and partly because of a robust placebo response in
      this population. Possible reasons for this high placebo response are discussed,
      as well as suggestions for changes in study design for future studies.

PMID- 2657840
TI  - J. J. R. Macleod and the discovery of insulin.

PMID- 2657841
TI  - Mutation induction in haploid yeast after split-dose radiation-exposure. I.
      Fractionated UV-irradiation.
AB  - Mutation induction was investigated in wild-type haploid yeast Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae after split-dose UV-irradiation. Cells were exposed to fractionated
      254 nm-UV-doses separated by intervals from 0 to 6 h with incubation either on
      non-nutrient or nutrient agar between. The test parameter was resistance to
      canavanine. If modifications of sensitivity due to incubation are appropriately
      taken into account there is no change of mutation frequency.

PMID- 2657842
TI  - Size of lethality target in mouse immature oocytes determined with accelerated
      heavy ions.
AB  - Mouse immature oocytes were irradiated in vivo with highly charged, heavy ions
      from the Bevalac accelerator at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The particles
      used were 670-MeV/nucleon Si14+, 570-MeV/nucleon Ar18+, and 450-MeV/nucleon
      Fe26+. The cross-sectional area of the lethality target in these extremely
      radiosensitive cells was determined from fluence-response curves and information
      on energy deposition by delta rays. Results indicate a target cross-section
      larger than that of the nucleus, one which closely approximates the cross
      sectional area of the entire oocyte. For 450-MeV/nucleon Fe26+ particles, the
      predicted target cross-sectional area is 120 +/- 16 microns2, comparing well with
      the microscopically determined cross-sectional area of 111 +/- 12 microns2 for
      these cells. The present results are in agreement with our previous target
      studies which implicate the oocyte plasma membrane.

PMID- 2657843
TI  - Hypodontia in the beagle after perinatal whole-body 60Co gamma irradiation.
AB  - As part of a long-term study to evaluate health effects of pre- and postnatal
      irradiation, dental development was examined. Beagles were irradiated in utero at
      8, 28, or 55 days postcoitus or postnatally at 2, 70, or 365 days postpartum.
      Whole-body 60Co gamma radiation doses ranged from 0 to 3.8 Gy. There was an age
      dependent dose-related increase in premolar hypodontia for animals irradiated at
      55 days postcoitus or 2 days postpartum with doses of 0.83 Gy or higher and for
      those irradiated at 28 days postcoitus with 1.2 Gy or higher.

PMID- 2657844
TI  - [Radiation sequelae of the pancreas].
AB  - The pancreas has been considered a radioresistant organ for a long time. This
      classification originates in absence of clinical symptoms or in the vague
      position of the organ within the symptom-complex of radiogenic malabsorption
      after pancreas irradiation. Experiments with animals show considerable
      alterations after irradiation yet, especially in ultrastructural sphere. These
      disorders appear to be altered qualitatively after fractionated radioexposure:
      whereas in high single doses the parenchymatous part is affected more, in severe
      small single doses in area of small vessels with relatively early fibrotic
      alteration more severe alterations are described by different investigators.
      Alterations in parenchymatous structures of pancreas are capable of regression.
      Nevertheless it is not explained till now, why lasting pancreas-enzyme reduction
      can develop after a longer period. The great compensatory ability of pancreas
      results in merely non-essential enzyme alterations in serum as a rule in small
      fractionated irradiation of upper abdomen. Unanimously all investigators find a
      small or no impairment of island cell apparatus after irradiation. Continuation
      of studies on radiogenic impairment of pancreas seems to be required earnestly,
      in particular in investigations of different fractionation rhythm too. However it
      renders more difficult by the problem to mark off clear endpoint-criteria.

PMID- 2657845
TI  - Technical principles in CT evaluation of the gut.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen is a sophisticated, multifaceted, and
      expensive test that requires meticulous attention to technique and extensive
      pretest planning. Evaluation of the gut is an integral part of every abdominal
      CT, and a successful examination requires knowledge of the characteristics of
      oral and intravenous contrast materials, the available technology, and the ways
      these factors interact and influence the quality of the images. Careful tailoring
      of the examination and flexibility to combine the various techniques ensures a
      successful CT examination not only of the gastrointestinal tract but of the
      entire abdomen as well.

PMID- 2657846
TI  - CT of intra-abdominal fluid collections.
AB  - A wide variety of fluids including ascites, blood, pus, urine, bile, lymph,
      chyle, mucin, and cerebrospinal fluid can accumulate within the peritoneal and
      pelvic cavities. The location, appearance, and distribution of this fluid is
      governed by a number of anatomic and gravitational factors that when carefully
      analyzed, can help to reveal their source and etiology. Computed tomography is
      ideally suited to document the presence of abdominal and pelvic fluid
      collections; display their location and full extent; characterize the fluid and
      often suggest its source; and provide guidance for percutaneous diagnostic and
      therapeutic procedures when required.

PMID- 2657847
TI  - CT of esophageal neoplasms.
AB  - Considerable controversy surrounds the use of computed tomography (CT) in the
      staging of esophageal carcinoma. New evidence suggests that CT is extremely
      useful in the selection of patients who may benefit from surgery and/or adjuvant
      therapy. Additionally, CT can also plan the most efficacious surgical approach.
      The principles and problems of staging esophageal carcinoma are discussed and
      useful criteria are presented.

PMID- 2657848
TI  - CT of the stomach and duodenum.
AB  - CT has become an important tool in the diagnosis and management of diseases that
      affect the stomach and duodenum. By depicting the bowel lumen, wall, and
      extramural structures, CT can provide unique information that complements
      standard air contrast radiography and endoscopy. Proper scanning methods and
      knowledge of normal anatomy are necessary for optimal results. We utilize the gas
      contrast technique for organ-specific examination in patients with known or
      suspected gastroduodenal disease. Gastric adenocarcinoma is an important
      indication for CT evaluation. Unfortunately, early hopes that CT could accurately
      stage gastric cancer have not been realized. CT is not as accurate as laparotomy
      in staging early gastric cancer, primarily owing to its inability to detect small
      peritoneal implants, diagnose metastases in normal-sized lymph perigastric nodes,
      and predict pancreatic invasion. Nevertheless, CT retains an important role in
      depicting gross metastatic disease and guiding percutaneous biopsy, particularly
      in patients who are deemed poor surgical candidates or have undergone prior
      gastric resection. A variety of conditions other than primary gastric
      adenocarcinoma produce recognizable abnormalities on CT. Gastric lipoma,
      leiomyosarcoma, and varices have a distinctive appearance. Others, including
      gastritis and uncomplicated peptic ulcer, produce nonspecific gastric wall
      thickening. Endoscopic correlation and biopsy are required for specific diagnosis
      in these cases. The duodenum, by virtue of its location in the anterior pararenal
      compartment of the retroperitoneum, may be involved by numerous benign and
      malignant conditions. In blunt trauma, complicated pancreatitis, and peptic ulcer
      disease, as well as primary and metastatic malignancy, CT can provide data that
      may alter patient management.

PMID- 2657849
TI  - CT of the small bowel and mesentery.
AB  - The detection and definition of small bowel pathology is a frequent clinical and
      radiologic problem. Although contrast radiography and enteroclysis are the
      primary means of evaluating the small bowel, computed tomography (CT) has become
      increasingly important as a complementary examination. Initial diagnoses
      proffered by barium studies may be further characterized by CT and this
      additional information may have significant impact on patient management.

PMID- 2657850
TI  - CT of inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) provides an important perspective in patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease that often has a profound influence on the therapeutic
      decision-making process. By virtue of its ability to image the bowel wall,
      serosa, and mesentery directly and noninvasively, CT can diagnose infectious and
      inflammatory complications that often can only be inferred indirectly by barium
      studies and endoscopy.

PMID- 2657851
TI  - CT evaluation of carcinomas of the colon and rectum.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) has proved to be a powerful tool in the detection and
      staging of carcinomas of the colon and rectum. It is unsurpassed in the detection
      of recurrent colon cancer and is particularly useful in patients who have
      undergone abdominal-perineal resections for rectal neoplasms. The current
      applications of CT in colon cancer are contrasted with barium studies, endoscopy,
      and magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2657852
TI  - CT of diverticulitis. Diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Diverticulitis can be detected accurately by computed tomography (CT) and staged
      according to an established system that is meaningful to both radiologists and
      surgeons. Diverticulitis limited to the wall of the sigmoid colon or small
      diverticular abscesses contained within the pericolic mesentery generally respond
      well to antibiotic therapy; larger abscesses must be drained. CT-guided catheter
      drainage is an effective method to treat these large diverticular abscesses.
      Overall management is simplified since one-stage sigmoid resection can be
      performed electively on a nonseptic patient. High-risk patients may be spared
      surgery entirely in selected cases.

PMID- 2657853
TI  - CT of appendicitis. Diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - CT may provide valuable information in patients with appendicitis whose clinical
      presentations are atypical. The abnormal appendix and inflammatory changes in the
      pericecal fat are shown directly rather than inferentially. CT can reliably
      distinguish phlegmonous inflammation from a liquified abscess and can accurately
      delineate the full extent of such inflammatory masses. Percutaneous catheter
      drainage of well-localized appendiceal abscesses under CT guidance is safe and
      effective and has a lower morbidity than surgical drainage.

PMID- 2657854
TI  - CT of the gut in the immunocompromised host.
AB  - The spread of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the increasing popularity
      of bone marrow, renal, and other organ transplants, and the development of potent
      immunosuppressive drugs have produced a large population of immunocompromised
      hosts. These patients are at great risk for developing both opportunistic
      infections and neoplasms such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma. The
      gastrointestinal complications and computed tomographic manifestations of these
      previously rare disorders are discussed.

PMID- 2657855
TI  - CT of acute gastrointestinal disorders.
AB  - The evaluation of acute gastrointestinal disorders is a challenging task for both
      the clinician and the radiologist. Such disorders frequently are nonspecific in
      their presentation, often mimicking a variety of other acute abdominal disorders.
      No imaging test can provide a specific diagnosis in all circumstances. The choice
      of the initial imaging study for a particular presentation involves a compromise
      between various factors, including availability, safety, cost, clinical stability
      of the patient, the effect on other diagnostic tests and therapeutic maneuvers
      that may need to be performed, and the likelihood that the imaging method will
      provide at least some information localizing and characterizing the disorder. CT
      is not inexpensive, nor is it as rapidly performed as plain film radiography. Its
      spatial resolution limits its applicability in detection of gastrointestinal
      mucosal disease, fistulous tracts, and small vessel abnormalities. On the other
      hand, it is a powerful method to evaluate the full extraluminal extent of
      gastrointestinal abnormalities and to detect abnormalities of extraenteric organs
      and tissues. In some circumstances, such as trauma and suspected abdominal
      abscess, CT should probably be the initial imaging test. Also, when other imaging
      tests are nonrevealing, CT can provide valuable information and often suggest a
      clinically unsuspected gastrointestinal abnormality.

PMID- 2657856
TI  - CT diagnosis of postoperative abdominal complications.
AB  - Over 3 million abdominal operations are performed in the United States each year,
      and a significant number of these patients subsequently undergo computed
      tomography (CT) either for follow-up of resected lesions or evaluation of
      possible postoperative complications. This article describes the clinical
      presentations and CT features of commonly encountered postsurgical complications.
      A wide spectrum of lesions involving the abdominal wall as well as
      intraperitoneal structures is herein illustrated to emphasize the role of CT in
      their diagnosis and management.

PMID- 2657857
TI  - MRI of the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the gastrointestinal tract may be useful for
      detection of inflammatory and neoplastic processes and staging of neoplasms.
      Successful application of MRI depends upon the use of proper gut contrast
      material, glucagon, and scan sequences that diminish the effect of respiratory
      motion. Current uses of MRI center on the evaluation and staging of rectal tumors
      and on the distinction between recurrent tumor and fibrosis.

PMID- 2657858
TI  - Sonography of chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - Morphologic alterations detectable by US in CP may be schematically classified
      as: (1) size increase or decrease; (2) variations in shape with particular regard
      to contour irregularities; (3) changes in the parenchymal echo-texture; (4)
      presence of calcifications; (5) dilatation of the MPD; (6) presence of fluid
      collections; (7) dilatation of the biliary tree; and (8) obstruction of the
      portal venous system. These findings are associated in various combinations and
      occur with differing frequencies. Changes in pancreatic size may be found in many
      physiologic and pathologic conditions other than CP. The pancreas is usually
      larger during and shortly after acute relapses, whereas gland atrophy occurs in
      more advanced cases. A diagnosis of CP cannot generally be made only on the basis
      of a diffuse enlargement of the gland without changes in the echo-texture or in
      the MPD. Abnormalities of the parenchymal echo-texture are relatively sensitive
      but nonspecific for the diagnosis of CP. Calcifications can often be missed by
      US, and CT is clearly superior. Dilatation of the MPD is the most reliable sign
      of pancreatic disease. In CP, it generally has irregular walls, which is a
      distinctive finding that aids in differentiation of MPD dilatation occurring in
      pancreatic cancer. Changes in the MPD that are not visible under basal conditions
      may become evident under maximal hormonal (secretin) stimulation. Cysts and
      pseudocysts complicating the course of CP may present various shapes, contain
      necrotic debris, and even show a completely solid pattern. Dilatation of the CBD
      may also be seen as a consequence of a stricture of the intrapancreatic portion
      of the duct. Other complications, such as obstruction of the portal venous
      system, ascites, and pleural effusion, occur more rarely and are easily
      visualized by US. Despite the great technologic improvement of US in recent
      years, there is still general agreement that the US diagnosis of CP remains
      difficult owing to the polymorphism of anatomic changes and the relatively high
      incidence of false-negative results in early stages of the disease. It is,
      however, accepted that in clinical practice US currently is the first diagnostic
      step when CP is suspected.

PMID- 2657859
TI  - [The pathology of spinal diseases].
AB  - In painful lesions of the spine, the diagnosis must be established by different
      radiological methods and, in addition, confirmed histologically by a biopsy. For
      this purpose, representative tissue samples can be obtained by needle biopsy. The
      cause of backache may be degenerative processes, systemic osteopathies, traumatic
      lesions, bone necroses, bone granulomas, metabolic disorders, inflammation,
      pathologic bone remodelling, or bone tumors. Using autopsy material, even
      macroscopic analysis is possible. Pathological-anatomical, and radiological
      findings are essential for the diagnosis and therapy of most lesions of the
      spine.

PMID- 2657860
TI  - [Perthes' disease. Accuracy potentials and the value of sonography].
AB  - During a 2-year period 59 patients underwent sonography, 33 of them with
      confirmed Legg-Perthes disease and 26 in whom clinical examination had given rise
      to suspicion of this disorder. An intraarticular effusion was found in 53% (n =
      26) of the patients and characteristic sonographic findings could be detected in
      84% (n = 41). The special examination technique and the diagnostic criteria and
      their validity and correlation to radiologic abnormalities are discussed.

PMID- 2657861
TI  - [Primary carcinoid of the choledochus].
AB  - The differential diagnosis of obstructive disease processes of the common bile
      duct can be very difficult even when sonography, endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and angiography are applied. In most cases,
      morphological changes are due to stones or carcinoma. We report on a case of a
      carcinoid tumor located in the intrapancreatic part of the common bile duct.
      Exact localization, delineation and demonstration of the local extension of such
      a tumor requires at least ERCP and angiography, as these are the most efficient
      imaging techniques for these purposes.

PMID- 2657862
TI  - [Current diagnosis of dissecting aortic aneurysm].
AB  - The prerequisites for proper treatment of a dissecting aneurysm are for the
      diagnosis to be established quickly and for the location and extent to be
      identified precisely. For this purpose, various partially complementary methods
      of examination in addition to the history and clinical findings are at our
      disposal: plain chest roentgenography, abdominal sonography, transthoracic and
      transesophageal echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging
      and angiography. Thirty-one of our patients have been studied to assess the
      reliability of the different methods. The advantages, diagnostic criteria and
      limitations of the methods are discussed.

PMID- 2657863
TI  - [Unusual manifestations of echinococcosis].
AB  - Hydatid disease is mostly located in the liver. It then has a characteristic
      appearance allowing a definite diagnosis by means of ultrasound and/or CT
      examination. Isolated extrahepatic infestation is much less common. We report a
      number of cases of hydatid cysts in the tail of the pancreas, the adrenal, the
      spleen, and in bones and muscles. With reference to these examples we discuss the
      potential usefulness of radiological examination for the diagnosis and also its
      limitations and the pitfalls that may be encountered.

PMID- 2657864
TI  - Proteinases and their inhibitors in cells and tissues.
AB  - A large body of evidence has been assembled to indicate the substantial
      importance of proteolytic processes in various physiological functions. It has
      recently become clear too that endo-acting peptide bond hydrolases provisionally
      characterized and classified at present as serine, cysteine, aspartic and metallo
      together with unknown catalytic mechanism proteinases sometimes act in cascades.
      They are controlled by natural proteinase inhibitors present in cells and body
      fluids. In the first part of the present monograph the author was concerned to
      present an overview on the morphological and physiological approach to
      localization, surveying reaction principles and methods suitable for
      visualization of proteolytic enzymes and their natural and synthetic inhibitors.
      In the second part the roles played by proteinases have been summarized from the
      point of view of cell biology. The selection of earlier and recent data reviewed
      on the involvement of proteolysis in the behavior of individual cells reveals
      that enzymes, whether they be exogeneous or intrinsic, can be effective and
      sensitive modulators of cellular growth and morphology. There exists a close
      correlation between malignant growth and degradation of cells. It appears likely
      that as yet unknown or at least so far inadequately characterized factors that
      influence the survival or the death of cells may turn out to be proteinases. The
      causal role of extracellular proteolysis in cancer cell metastases, in stopping
      cancer cell growth and in cytolysis remains for further investigated. Ovulation,
      fertilization and implantation are basic biological functions in which
      proteolytic enzymes play a key role. The emergence of new approaches in
      reproductive biology and a growing factual basis will inevitably necessitate a
      reevaluation of present knowledge of proteolytic processes involved. The
      molecular aspects of intracellular protein catabolism have been discussed in
      terms of the inhibition of lysosomal and/or non-lysosomal protein breakdown.
      Peptide and protein hormone biosynthesis and inactivation are still at the centre
      of interest in cell biology, and a number of proteinases have been implicated in
      both processes. A number of conjectures partly based on the author's own work
      have been discussed which suggest the possibility of the involvement of
      proteolysis in exocytosis and endocytosis. The author's optimistic conclusion is
      that through the common action of biochemists, cell biologists, cytochemists, and
      pharmacologists the mystery of cellular proteolysis is beginning to be solved.

PMID- 2657865
TI  - Cytochemical studies of the vascular endothelium.
AB  - Cytochemical methods have been used to examine the vascular endothelium. With
      hemeproteins and immunocytochemistry, investigators have demonstrated the
      pathways that blood-borne molecules can take to gain access to the extravascular
      space (Ghitescu et al. 1986; Milici et al. 1987; Schneeberger and Karnovsky 1971;
      Simionescu et al. 1975). These same cytochemical methods have also provided
      evidence that morphologically similar endothelia may have different permeability
      properties (Hart and Pino 1985b, 1986; Pino 1985; Pino and Essner 1980, 1981).
      Differences in the location and chemical composition of cell surface moieties
      have been ascertained with enzyme digestion methods, lectins, and cationic
      ferritin (De Bruyn and Michelson 1978; Pino 1984c, 1986a, b; Simionescu et al.
      1981a). The author hopes that he has provided the reader with representative
      examples of how investigators have used these cytochemical methods for their
      studies. As new methods are developed and applications are found for existing
      techniques such as ultracryomicrotomy (Milici et al. 1987) and colloidal gold
      markers (Pino 1987b), cytochemistry will remain a fundamental tool for the study
      of the structure and function of the vascular endothelium.

PMID- 2657866
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of 3H-cicaprost in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Cicaprost (5-[(E)-(1S,5S,6S,7R)-7-hydroxy-6-[(3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-methylnona- 1,6-
      diinyl]-bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-yliden]-3-oxapentanoic acid, ZK 96 480) is a novel
      PGI2-derivative, which is chemically stable and not subject to metabolic
      degradation in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. The pharmacokinetics of Cicaprost
      were studied in six healthy volunteers (age: 54-74 y) after i.v. infusion (2.1
      micrograms over 60 min) and p.o. dosage (7.6 micrograms) of the tritiated
      compound. All treatments were well-tolerated by the test subjects. At the end of
      the infusion plasma levels of approximately 100 pg/ml were reached, declining
      biphasically with half-lives of 3-4 min and 64 +/- 21 min. Total clearance was
      3.8 +/- 0.5 ml/min/kg. The oral dosage resulted in peak plasma levels of 251 +/-
      90 pg/ml occurring at 23 +/- 5 min post dose. The terminal half-life in the
      plasma was 115 +/- 30 min. Gastro-intestinal absorption and absolute
      bioavailability of Cicaprost was complete. After both routes of administration
      approx. 60% of dose was excreted with the urine within 24 h, whereas fecal 3H
      excretion lasted for several days and accounted for approx. 35%.
      Radiochromatography revealed that Cicaprost was metabolically stable in plasma
      and urine. In the feces several degradation products were observed apart from
      approx. 30% of the dose fraction being excreted unchanged by that route. The
      present results demonstrate that Cicaprost is an orally completely bioavailable,
      metabolically stable PGI2-mimetic which may be an ideal candidate for oral
      therapy because of its pharmacokinetic characteristics.

PMID- 2657867
TI  - Behavior change following head injury: clinical assessment and intervention.
AB  - Behavioral change after head injury is a multiply determined event which requires
      careful assessment of biologic, psychologic, and social parameters prior to the
      initiation of a treatment plan. Under certain conditions, the prudent use of
      neuropsychopharmacologic agents may substantially augment the rehabilitation
      process. While some data exist relative to therapeutic efficacy of these agents,
      further investigation is required to better define the complementary roles of
      pharmacotherapy and psychosocial intervention in these individuals.

PMID- 2657868
TI  - Neuropsychiatric sequellae of traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents.

PMID- 2657869
TI  - The impact of parental head trauma on families with children.

PMID- 2657870
TI  - Sleep and head injury.

PMID- 2657871
TI  - The use of group therapy as a treatment modality for behavioral change following
      head injury.

PMID- 2657873
TI  - Review of repair kinetics for DNA damage induced in eukaryotic cells in vitro by
      ionizing radiation.

PMID- 2657872
TI  - Ethical dilemmas in the treatment of patients following traumatic brain injury.

PMID- 2657874
TI  - Repair kinetics in tissues: alternative models.
AB  - Monoexponential repair kinetics is based on the assumption of a single, dose
      independent rate of repair of sublethal injury in the target cells for tissue
      injury after exposure to ionizing radiation. Descriptions of the available data
      based on this assumption have proved fairly successful for both acutely
      responding (skin, lip mucosa, gut) and late-responding (lung, spinal cord) normal
      tissues. There are indications of biphasic exponential repair in both categories,
      however. Unfortunately, the data usually lack sufficient resolution to permit
      unambiguous determination of the repair rates. There are also indications that
      repair kinetics may depend on the size of the dose. The data are conflicting on
      this account, however, with suggestions of both faster and slower repair after
      larger doses. Indeed, experiments that have been explicitly designed to test this
      hypothesis show either no effect (gut, spinal cord), faster repair after higher
      doses (lung, kidney), or slower repair after higher doses (skin). Monoexponential
      repair appears to be a fairly accurate description that provides an approximation
      to a more complicated picture, the elucidation of whose details will, however,
      require very careful and extensive experimental study.

PMID- 2657875
TI  - Men's health status during pregnancy and early fatherhood.
AB  - The findings in this study of 147 men agreed with earlier research that health
      status declines over the first 8 months of fatherhood. The study extends previous
      work in that causes of this decline were tested. Empirical respecified models
      predicting health perception during pregnancy, early postpartum 1, 4, and 8
      months were able to predict from 20 to 60% of the variance. These models were
      substantively more powerful than the hypothesized theoretical model that was
      tested, which explained from 12 to 38% of the variance. At all time periods there
      was a link between negative life events and a direct or indirect predictor of
      health perception. Other variables that consistently entered the models with
      either direct or indirect links were self-esteem, mastery, and either depression
      or anxiety. The empirical respecified models showed moderate to strong predictive
      power and provide a base for future model testing and subsequent intervention
      studies.

PMID- 2657876
TI  - Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National
      Institutes of Health. Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, Human Gene Therapy
      Subcommittee. Minutes of meeting, December 9, 1988.

PMID- 2657877
TI  - Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National
      Institutes of Health. Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, Definitions
      Subcommittee. Minutes of meeting, December 5, 1988.

PMID- 2657878
TI  - [Radiodiagnosis of the liver and biliary tract].

PMID- 2657879
TI  - [The effect of age and sex on gallbladder motor dynamics. An echographic study].
AB  - Aging and female sex are major risk factors for cholesterol gallstones: in
      addition to hepatic secretion of lithogenic bile, decreased gallbladder
      contractility may play a role in such physiological conditions. This study was
      aimed at evaluating the effect of age and sex on gallbladder kinetics in healthy
      subjects. Gallbladder volume was measured on the US images of 157 fasting
      subjects using the sum-of-cylinders method. No significant difference was
      observed between males and females. On the contrary, age was shown to have a
      significant positive correlation with fasting gallbladder volume, particularly in
      males. In a second group of 63 healthy volunteers gallbladder volumes were
      evaluated both before and after a standard meal. The subjects were grouped
      according to age, and fasting gallbladder volume appeared to be significantly
      greater in the groups formed by older people. Gallbladder volumes were compared
      in younger groups (under 35), and gallbladder emptying resulted to be much more
      complete in males than in females. On the contrary, no significant difference was
      observed between males and females over 50--which suggests a possible role of sex
      and age-related hormonal factors. The above changes in gallbladder function may
      facilitate bile stasis which might in turn contribute to the increased risk for
      cholesterol gallstones notoriously associated with advanced age and female sex.

PMID- 2657880
TI  - [Differential diagnostic problems in the echographic study of adrenal
      metastases].
AB  - The sonographic detection of adrenal masses in patients with neoplasms,
      especially neoplasms of the lung, can be related to the presence of both
      metastases and adenomas. In order to assess the benign/malignant nature of such
      lesions, the adrenal glands of 43 patients with neoplasms (36 of them lung
      cancers) were studied with sonography (US) and fine needle aspiration biopsy
      (FNAB): in all, 58 masses were seen (28 monolateral and 15 bilateral). Six
      lesions (13%) presented with cytological features of benignancy, and on US they
      appeared as hypoechoic (as compared to the liver), round masses, with regular
      margins, ranging in size from 1.2 cm to 3.4 cm (average: 2.6 cm). In the
      remaining 34 patients (80%), cellular material with features of malignancy was
      obtained with FNAB. The US appearance of these metastases was heterogeneous, with
      the same echogenicity as the liver, and average size greater than 3 cm. On the
      basis of our data, the limit of 3 cm (if we consider the average dimension),
      corresponds to the threshold of benignancy, as well as the monolateral and
      hypoechoic appearance of the lesion. To sum up, the use of FNAB should be limited
      to those lesions which present with typical adenomatous features and for
      borderline lesions, while the diagnosis of metastasis is sufficiently accurate (p
      less than 0.001) in case of bilateral or isoechoic lesions greater than 3 cm.

PMID- 2657881
TI  - [Digital cystography in the evaluation of vesico-ureteral reflux in childhood].
AB  - The use of digital subtraction in voiding cystourethrography allows an accurate
      evaluation of the continence-micturition cycle. Fifty-two children with recurrent
      urinary tract infections were studied. The examination was easily performed, and
      it resulted useful in both detecting and characterizing vesicoureteral reflux.
      Even though it does not increase diagnostic sensitivity, digital voiding
      cystourethrography is useful in demonstrating the onset of vesicoureteral reflux,
      as related to the different phase of micturition. As far as radiation exposure is
      concerned, the technique, so far performed on children, appears to be a valid
      alternative to urodynamic studies.

PMID- 2657882
TI  - [Echotomographic evaluation of the anterior urethra].
AB  - A simple method of sonographic (US) evaluation of penile and bulbous urethra is
      reported. Twenty-three dysuric patients were examined. They were divided into 2
      groups according to their pathology. The US patterns of normal urethra were
      evaluated in 10 patients (first group) with no obstructive lesions. Urethral and
      periurethral structures were examined in 13 patients (second group) with urethral
      obstructive pathology. All patients underwent conventional cystourethrography.
      The diagnostic parameters considered were urethral gauge and thickness,
      echogenicity of the urethral wall, and Cowper's glands. US evaluation of
      obstructive lesions provided the same findings as conventional radiological
      techniques. Moreover, US allowed the evaluation of both thickness and
      echogenicity of the urethral wall, and of normal/injured Cowper's glands.

PMID- 2657883
TI  - [Doppler echo in evaluating arteriovenous fistulae for dialysis].
AB  - US-Doppler has recently gained attention as a noninvasive method for the
      functional evaluation of arteriovenous fistulas (FAV). Twenty patients with well
      functioning FAV were studied, and the results compared with those from a control
      group of 10 healthy subjects. Time average velocity (TAV) was calculated as
      hemodialysis parameter, together with telesystolic (Vts) and telediastolic (Vtd)
      velocities, absolute (F) and normalized (FN) fluxes to the area unit (cm2 1) and
      resistance index (IR). All of them proved to be statistically significant indexes
      of FAV functionality. Doppler has thus proved to be a valuable means both to
      calculate FAV capacity in a patient and to establish FAV functionality. Four
      parameters are recommended: FN greater than 2000 ml/min/cm2; IR less than 0.05;
      TAV greater than 50 cm/s: and Vtd greater than 35 cm/s.

PMID- 2657884
TI  - [Cholangitis and percutaneous biliary drainage].
AB  - The binomial PTBD-cholangitis often stands under different and sometimes even
      opposite relations. Among its indications the procedure lists, the treatment of
      cholangitis which, on the other hand, may be itself a complication of biliary
      drainage. The present work proposes a critical review of cholangitis-PTBD
      correlations, from an ordinary clinical-radiological point of view. Different
      pathogenetic hypothesis of cholangitis (inflammation, cholestasis, surgical
      manipulation) are discussed together with risk factors (impaired macrophagic
      phagocytic system, immunosuppression, wide neoplastic liver involvement, multiple
      intrahepatic ductal obstructions, chronic liver diseases, aged patients, etc.).
      The authors also report about prevention and treatment of septic complications
      which must be carried out following technical and therapeutic strategies, such as
      chemoprophylaxis and focused antibiotic therapy according to bile culture
      samples, slow injection of small amounts of contrast medium, peripheral branches
      approach, gentle handling of catheters and guidewires, flushing with saline
      solutions and brushing of the catheter itself, and finally use of large gauge
      catheters in the presence of bile sludge.

PMID- 2657885
TI  - [First branchial arch cysts. A diagnostic assessment].

PMID- 2657886
TI  - [Pseudoaneurysm in a pancreatic pseudocyst].

PMID- 2657887
TI  - [Splenic lymphangioma: a case report].

PMID- 2657888
TI  - Scleroderma.
AB  - This article reviews the literature on scleroderma and pregnancy, highlighting
      its sparsity, confused state, and retrospective nature. It emphasizes the need
      for more informed prospective work. This is required for clinical management and
      to help understand the complex interaction between scleroderma and pregnancy.
      This relationship is poorly defined and research is needed to investigate
      hormonal status, femaleness, and the disease.

PMID- 2657889
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy.
AB  - The activity of RA is significantly altered by pregnancy with approximately 70
      per cent of patients experiencing substantial improvement in symptoms, signs and
      sometimes extra-articular manifestations. This lessening of disease activity
      occurs in association with an almost complete cessation of medications. However,
      whether partial or complete this remission is short-lived with more than 90 per
      cent of women who improved relapsing by 6 to 8 months postpartum. Further, in
      approximately 30 per cent of RA patients the course remains unchanged or worsens
      during gestation and indeed the first symptoms of RA may develop during pregnancy
      or shortly thereafter. Conversely active rheumatoid arthritis seems to little
      influence the maternal course or fetal outcome of pregnancy. The multiple and
      complex immunologic alterations of the pregnant state are designed to ensure
      survival of the fetal allograft in a foreign host. A number of these alterations
      particularly involving modulation of cell-mediated immunity, immunoglobulin
      composition, immune complex generation, or the inflammatory response have the
      potential to interfere with the pathophysiology of RA. In short, although the
      specific mechanism remains an enigma, the reason for the amelioration of RA
      during pregnancy is probably an incidental and fortuitous reaction to one or more
      of these immunomodulatory factors.

PMID- 2657890
TI  - Ankylosing spondylitis and pregnancy.
AB  - In contrast to what is known for RA, pregnancy does not improve the symptoms of
      AS. The majority of women with AS has unchanged or temporarily aggravated disease
      activity during pregnancy. AS associated with other inflammatory states like
      psoriasis, IBS, or peripheral small joint arthritis, may benefit from pregnancy.
      Women with AS can expect to have the same rate of fertility, course of pregnancy,
      and normal delivery as the healthy female population. In general, female AS
      patients have healthy babies. However, the chance for their offspring to develop
      AS later in life is slightly increased.

PMID- 2657891
TI  - Neonatal rheumatic disorders. View of the pediatrician.
AB  - Neonatal lupus is a unique clinical entity characterized primarily by cutaneous
      or cardiac injury. Dermatitis usually resolves without significant residual
      effects but heart block may be irreversible and life threatening during the
      neonatal period. SS-A/Ro and/or SS-B/La antibodies of maternal origin are present
      in the serum of the mother and affected infant and are markers for this syndrome.
      For many mothers breast feeding is the preferred choice for infant nutrition.
      With proper guidance, lactating mothers may safely use several antirheumatic
      medications such as ibuprofen, piroxicam, flurbiprofen, diclofenac, mefenamic
      acid, prednisone, sulfasalazine, and methotrexate.

PMID- 2657892
TI  - Autoimmune diseases in pregnancy. The obstetrician's view.
AB  - Pregnancy in the patient with an autoimmune disease is a high-risk situation
      often resulting in preterm delivery or pregnancy loss. Pregnancy loss can occur
      in any trimester. These patients require special maternal and fetal surveillance
      by the obstetrician. Patients with normal renal function and blood pressure are
      associated with the best outcome. Cooperation between the obstetrician,
      rheumatologist, and pediatrician usually result in a good outcome for both mother
      and infant.

PMID- 2657893
TI  - Bleeding disorders in pregnant patients with rheumatic diseases.
AB  - Although the bleeding disorders that occur in patients with rheumatic diseases
      are not different during pregnancy than at other times, their diagnosis and
      management are often different during pregnancy. In idiopathic thrombocytopenic
      purpura, for instance, antiplatelet antibodies may cross the placenta and cause
      life-threatening thrombocytopenia in the fetus while the mother is asymptomatic.
      Management of this disease has changed significantly in the past 5 years with the
      use of intravenous gammaglobulin which appears to lessen the degree of fetal as
      well as maternal thrombocytopenia when administered during the peripartum period.
      The utilization of plasmapheresis and plasma infusions for patients with
      thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura has salvaged both the mother and the fetus in
      a disease which was fatal in more than 60 per cent of patients prior to their
      use. The outcome of pregnancy in this patient population has markedly improved
      with this treatment. The stimulus for the production of factor VIII inhibitors in
      the postpartum period is still not understood, but guidelines for management have
      changed, with the increased likelihood of decreasing the antibody and inducing
      tolerance with regimens including factor VIII, immunosuppressive agents and
      intravenous gammaglobulin in those patients who require treatment. The diagnosis
      of von Willebrand's disease during pregnancy is difficult because of the
      physiologic increase in von Willebrand factor during pregnancy; in this instance
      family studies may help in the diagnosis of this relatively common, autosomal
      dominant inherited disorder. Management now includes treatment with desmopressin
      as well as cryoprecipitate replacement therapy.

PMID- 2657894
TI  - Anti-Ro antibodies and neonatal lupus.
AB  - The presence of antibodies directed against the Ro (SS-A) antigen is the
      strongest risk factor for the neonatal lupus syndrome. In most instances, the
      pregnant woman is asymptomatic; however, the presence of subclinical connective
      tissue disease and the subsequent emergence of overt connective tissue disease
      have been reported. This article will review the molecular biology of the Ro
      antigen, assays for anti-Ro antibodies, prevalence of anti-Ro antibody in normal
      people and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and the clinical,
      immunogenetic and pathophysiologic features of the neonatal lupus syndrome.
      Finally, current concepts concerning treatment of pregnant women with anti-Ro
      antibodies will be reviewed.

PMID- 2657895
TI  - Psychologic aspects of pregnancy in patients with rheumatic diseases.
AB  - Under normal conditions, pregnancy constitutes a developmental crisis. In high
      risk pregnancies, the stages of adaptation and attachment to the developing fetus
      may be delayed. Prior miscarriage or loss of a more fully developed baby, which
      is common in SLE, may further challenge the bonding process. In deciding whether
      or not to have a baby, couples need current medical information provided by an
      internist/rheumatologist, in close coordination with the obstetrician.

PMID- 2657896
TI  - Dermatomyositis.
AB  - Pregnancy in DM/PM is infrequent probably because of the late age of onset of the
      disease. When pregnancy occurs in patients with long-standing remissions of
      childhood onset DM/PM the risk of exacerbation is 40 per cent and the prognosis
      for the fetus is reasonably good. If pregnancy starts in patients already
      diagnosed and under steroid treatment of DM/PM, the frequency of exacerbations is
      low (16 per cent) and the outcome of pregnancy is not as good, with only 50 per
      cent at-term babies and 37.5 per cent fetal loss. When DM/PM has its onset during
      pregnancy the fetal mortality reaches 62 per cent. No maternal deaths have been
      reported. The response to steroid therapy for active DM/PM during pregnancy seems
      to be good with two patients recovering their muscle strength very rapidly after
      delivery. There are no placental abnormalities that could explain the increased
      fetal loss. The newborns have no stigmata of the maternal disease. Pregnancy in
      DM/PM should be considered a high-risk pregnancy and managed accordingly;
      adequate prednisone therapy for the maternal disease, frequent monitoring of the
      growth and development of the fetus, careful search for signs of fetal distress
      and interruption of pregnancy as needed with the care of a neonatologist at the
      time of delivery. The mechanisms of the reciprocal interaction between DM/PM and
      pregnancy are unknown.

PMID- 2657897
TI  - Color Doppler evaluation of arterial stenoses and occlusions involving the neck
      and thoracic inlet.
AB  - Color Doppler flow imaging is a new technique providing simultaneous display of a
      gray-scale tissue and a color-flow vascular image. We demonstrate its ability to
      predict accurately occlusions of numerous vessels, including the internal
      carotid, external carotid, common carotid, subclavian and innominate arteries.
      Alterations in flow direction and changes in spectral wave form provide useful
      clues to the presence of these occlusions. The cases are correlated with
      angiographic findings and functional flow diagrams of the hemodynamic changes
      involved.

PMID- 2657898
TI  - Sonographic pitfalls in imaging of the antropyloric region in infants.
AB  - Certain pitfalls exist in the sonographic evaluation of the antrum in infants who
      are vomiting. Unless one is aware of these pitfalls, one can make erroneous
      diagnoses, miss diagnoses, or obtain erroneous measurements of both the mucosal
      and muscular layers. A discussion of these pitfalls and how to avoid them is
      presented.

PMID- 2657899
TI  - A comparison of anxiety treatments with adults who have moderate and severe
      mental retardation.
AB  - Several authors have suggested that Abbreviated Progressive Relaxation may not be
      effective with clients who have moderate and severe mental retardation. Because
      of this the authors were interested in the development of behavioural relaxation
      which is a more simple technique and does not require a conceptual awareness of
      internal states of tension. These two treatments were compared in group and
      individual forms with four groups of subjects. Subjects were assessed using
      measures of rated anxiety and pulse rate before, during, and after treatment. The
      rated anxiety measures suggest Behavioural Relaxation Training is more effective
      than Abbreviated Progressive Relaxation in both group and individual formats.
      There were no significant differences on the pulse rate measures.

PMID- 2657900
TI  - [Passive smoking and respiratory diseases. Current data].
AB  - Smoking is now unanimously recognised as a pathological factor and a major
      carcinogen. It is estimated that it is responsible for around 10% of the overall
      mortality in France or more than 50,000 deaths per year and in the United States
      for around 15% of the overall mortality or 300,000 deaths per year. There has
      been recent evidence that the risk linked to the inhalation of tobacco smoke does
      not appear only in active smokers, but also in all subjects who are involuntarily
      exposed to tobacco smoke. We have here planned a general review of the
      epidemiological studies which have looked for an association between passive
      exposure to tobacco and respiratory disease. In children, an increase in symptoms
      and respiratory infections has been observed, as well as a slowing down in
      pulmonary growth. In adults the effect of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke
      seems above all to be carcinogenic. It is estimated that there is a 25% increase
      in the risk of bronchial cancer in a non smoker married to a smoker when compared
      to the risk observed in a non exposed non smoker. Thus the disastrous effect of
      smoking appears without any threshold.

PMID- 2657901
TI  - [Alveolitis in hypersensitivity pneumopathies].
AB  - In the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis several immune mechanisms are
      in play. The initial phase appears to be an immune complex reaction occurring 4
      to 8 hours after antigen inhalation, and is characterized by an early increase in
      neutrophils in the alveolar washing and histopathologically there are oedema,
      neutrophil infiltration in the alveolar walls, and vasculitis. After 12 hours and
      for several days there is a cell mediated immune response and the alveolitis
      consists of cytotoxic cells and suppressor cells whose target is perhaps to
      modulate the diminution of the B cell response in the production of antibodies by
      plasma cells. During this phase the lymphocytes of CD8 positive phenotype, the NK
      cells and occasionally some plasma cells are increased in the alveolar lavage.
      The characteristic histological appearance is a mononuclear infiltrate
      predominantly of lymphocytes and some plasma cells and foamy macrophages. After
      several weeks and for several months a delayed hypersensitivity reaction may lead
      to a discrete increase in the CD4 cells in the broncho-alveolar lavage and the
      formation of granulomas. Finally after several months and for several years the
      repeated immunological activity and damage to the alveolar wall leads to the
      secretion of proteolytic enzymes and to growth factors to attract fibroblasts
      leading to pulmonary fibrosis and to a honeycomb lung with a concomitant increase
      in alveolar neutrophils as in other diseases characterised by pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2657902
TI  - [Primary malignant dysembryoma of the mediastinum].
AB  - The primary malignant dysembryomas of the mediastinum are highly malignant
      tumours, which originate from embryonal cells. This name excludes seminomas and
      dysgerminomas which derive from non-fecund germinal cells. In this general review
      only the dysembryomas will be touched on. They are relatively rare tumours found
      in young men and are characterised by the rapidity of their spontaneous growth.
      The absence of a gonadal tumour is sufficient to confirm the primary mediastinal
      character of malignant dysembryomas. There is little specific in the clinical
      data. The tumour markers, Beta HCG and above all alpha feto-protein play, at the
      same time, a leading role not only for diagnosis but also for therapeutic
      decisions and follow up under treatment. In spite of the appalling reputed
      prognosis of this disease, the malignant dysembryomas have benefited from the
      considerable therapeutic progress which has been made in recent years. It is
      vital to achieve a rapid and accurate diagnosis and to start on treatment without
      delay with a regime incorporating Cisplatin. As radical surgery as possible
      usually follows the initial chemotherapy. Post operative treatment depends on the
      anatomical observations made at the time of surgery.

PMID- 2657903
TI  - The impact of adolescent development on recovery from traumatic brain injury.
AB  - This article analyzes the role an adolescent's development plays in the recovery
      from traumatic brain injury. Erikson's model of psychosocial development is used
      to describe the characteristics of the adolescent head-injured patient. The role
      of family, peers, body image, and sexuality are discussed. Suggestions are
      offered regarding ways in which the rehabilitation practitioner can conduct
      comprehensive patient and family counseling and promote optimal developmental
      recovery after discharge from the rehabilitation facility.

PMID- 2657904
TI  - Stress management with SCI clients.
AB  - A spinal cord injury is a devastating event that totally disrupts a person's
      life. Stress management is an important consideration for individuals who have
      experienced a major loss. A program was developed to teach spinal cord injury
      clients the basic factors of stress and relaxation techniques to facilitate
      adaptation to their injury, as well as to help them deal with the daily
      frustrations of rehabilitation and disability. The stress management program was
      presented twice during an eight-week period to two different groups of spinal
      cord injury clients. The program was designed to be taught in conjunction with
      the formal training of the Spinal Injury Learning Series (SILS). Based on the
      data collected and the supported continuation of the program, it would appear
      that the program was beneficial to the participants.

PMID- 2657905
TI  - Cellular signalling in the kidney: the role of inositol lipids.

PMID- 2657906
TI  - T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HIV in seropositive patients: a
      physiopathological approach.

PMID- 2657907
TI  - HIV-gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2657908
TI  - Multiple cytotoxic effector cells are induced by infection with the human
      immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2657909
TI  - Role of oxygen-dependent mechanisms in monoclonal-antibody-induced lysis of
      normal T cells by phagocytes. II. Murine phagocytes.
AB  - In the first part of this study, we reported that antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by human polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear
      (MN) phagocytes against anti-T-cell monoclonal-antibody-(mAb)-coated T
      lymphocytes, is mainly dependent upon the generation of reactive oxygen
      intermediates (ROI) for PMN, whereas MN-mediated ADCC depends on both oxidative
      and non-oxidative cytolytic events. Using mouse effector cells from various
      organs and at various maturation or activation states, the present report shows
      that in this ADCC model against mAb-coated normal T cells, resident spleen (SPC)
      and peritoneal exudate (PEC) cells selectively bound and developed oxidative
      responses to these mAb-coated normal target cells but remained ineffective in
      ADCC. Similar data were obtained with inflammatory recruited (thioglycollate
      elicited or Biogel granuloma-induced) macrophages, whereas immunologically
      activated macrophages (from BCG-treated mice) mediated both strong oxidative
      responses and potent ADCC reactions. In contrast, and as in the human system,
      both resident (from bone marrow) and inflammatory PMN phagocytes exerted
      significant lysis of these mAb-sensitized normal lymphoid cells. These findings,
      which are similar to those reported in ADCC against tumour target cells, strongly
      suggest that the nature (normal or tumoral) of the target cell does not influence
      the lytic mechanisms of macrophage-mediated ADCC and that these latter require
      activated macrophages and, like PMN, involve strong (if not exclusive) ROI
      participation.

PMID- 2657910
TI  - Recognition of insulin on MHC-class-II-expressing L929 cells by antibody and T
      cells.
AB  - In the present experiments, we attempted to obtain evidence that T-cell receptors
      (Tcr) and immunoglobulins can react against the same antigen-peptide/MHC class II
      complexes on antigen-presenting cells (APC). Use was made of monoclonal APC, i.e.
      I-Ak alpha/beta gene-transfected L929 fibroblasts, monoclonal anti-insulin
      antibodies and selected insulin-specific T-cell lines. Evidence for similarities
      in antibody and T-cell recognition of insulin presented by I-Ak alpha/beta gene
      transfected L-cell fibroblasts was not obtained after serious attempts.
      Furthermore, we found no evidence for synthesis of antibodies specific for
      insulin-peptide/MHC class II complexes.

PMID- 2657911
TI  - Immunocompetence of peritoneal B cells.

PMID- 2657912
TI  - HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2657913
TI  - Physiological role of ovarian carbonyl reductase and effect of antiestrogen on
      its activity in rats.
AB  - In order to clarify physiological role of carbonyl reductase in rat ovary and
      effect of antiestrogen on its activity, we investigated effects of five
      antiestrogens on changes in ovarian enzyme activities towards three carbonyl
      compounds. All of five antiestrogens tested, significantly decreased 13,14
      dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin F2 alpha 4-benzoylpyridine and menadione reducing
      activities in ovarian cytosol by both consecutive treatments and single
      treatment. This inhibition of ovarian enzyme activities by antiestrogen was
      dramatically antagonized by human chorionic gonadotropin treatment at 3:00 p.m.
      on the day of proestrus. These results suggest that antiestrogen inhibits LH
      surge at afternoon of proestrus in rats and that the ovarian enzyme catalyzing
      reduction of carbonyl compounds is involved in ovulatory process.

PMID- 2657914
TI  - Growth factors in human tumors.
AB  - Various human tumor tissues contain different growth factors. In some cases
      progression of tumors is paralleled by elevated levels of these substances in
      blood or in tumor tissue. There is evidence that these growth promoting peptides
      might stimulate tumor growth. The growth of most tumors was associated with
      insulin-like substances (MW 45,000). We isolated and purified a substance
      immunologically cross-reactive with insulin (SICRI) from human melanoma. We found
      the molecular weight of affinity purified SICRI to be approximately 120,000. Our
      in vitro experiments with human renal carcinoma cells and growth factors suggest
      an important role of these molecules in tumor progression.

PMID- 2657916
TI  - [Functional and morphological characteristics in venous vessels].

PMID- 2657915
TI  - [Platelet-activating factor and disease].

PMID- 2657917
TI  - [Review of single coronary artery with myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2657918
TI  - Immunomodulating drugs in pneumology.

PMID- 2657919
TI  - Pulmonary sarcoidosis: do cellular and immunochemical lung parameters exist that
      would separate subgroups of patients for prognosis?

PMID- 2657920
TI  - Wegener's granulomatosis. New aspects of the disease course, immunodiagnostic
      procedures, and stage-adapted treatment.
AB  - Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) has been diagnosed more frequently in the past few
      years. The etiology is still unclear; the pathogenesis is only vaguely
      understood. The association between HLA-DR2 and/or B8 and WG indicates that there
      is a genetic predisposition. Without treatment WG is said to run a rapid
      malignant course; with immunosuppressive treatment, however, long-term remission
      has been reported in about 90% of the cases. More recently several new aspects of
      WG have been worked out. From the clinical point of view it is particularly
      important to point out that there are two phases the disease can run through: in
      more than one third of the cases WG begins with an initial stage that can last
      for many years without causing any life-threatening complications, but which can
      at any time turn into the classic disseminated disease. From the immunological
      point of view it is important to mention that there are new autoantibodies
      directed against intracytoplasmic antigens of leukocytes with the acronym ACPA.
      ACPA (synonym: ANCA) are found in greater than 95% of the cases of WG that are in
      the acute generalized phase, but also in the active initial phase in greater than
      60% of the cases. There is a close correlation between ACPA titre and the disease
      activity: after remission has been induced there is a clear drop in titre, while
      the titre rises again during relapse, but remains unchanged during
      superinfection. Thus we must adapt the treatment to the stage the disease is in
      and accept that ACPA will help to monitor the therapeutical procedure. In our
      experience, continuous cyclophosphamide-cortisone treatment must still be
      considered to be the treatment of choice for the acute generalized stage. When
      the progression of the disease has been stopped, cyclophosphamide can be
      administered monthly as a bolus for 6 more months. Thereafter we switch to
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol (T/S) for 12 more months. Furthermore, we must
      assume that the initial phase of the disease (loco-regional disease) can be
      treated less aggressively: e.g., with T/S and/or prednisolone.

PMID- 2657921
TI  - Coexistence of sarcoidosis and malignant disease: causality or coincidence?
AB  - A review of 131 cases of coexistent sarcoidosis and malignancy indicates that
      this association is not fortuitous: 1) A nonrandom sample of tumor types is
      observed. 2) The chronic active type of sarcoidosis is involved much more often
      than the subacute self-healing type. 3) The temporal relationship between
      sarcoidosis and subsequent malignancy is not a random one, at least not in
      malignant lymphoproliferative disease, in which sarcoidosis almost invariably
      precedes malignancy. 4) The observed incidences of malignant lymphoproliferative
      disease and of lung cancer are significantly higher than expected. The
      association of sarcoidosis and malignant lymphoproliferative disease is so
      constant that the existence of a sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome is suggested, in
      which the chronic active type of sarcoidosis appears to be responsible for an
      increased risk of malignant transformation of lymphoid cells.

PMID- 2657923
TI  - Personalities of sarcoidosis. Edwin L. Kendig. St. Mary's Hospital, Richmond,
      Virginia.

PMID- 2657922
TI  - Sarcoidosis: an alveolar macrophage disease?
AB  - The Authors focus on new functions of alveolar macrophages (AM) from patients
      with active pulmonary sarcoidosis. They show that sarcoid AM present a
      candidacidal activity higher than normal controls, probably due to an enhanced
      phagocytic efficiency. Furthermore, after LPS stimulation cultured sarcoid AM
      secrete larger amount of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
      than normal controls. In conclusion, a new key role is emerging for sarcoid AM:
      not only an antigen-presenting cell, but a cell with a great primitive potential
      in modulating the inflammatory process.

PMID- 2657924
TI  - Radiology of sarcoidosis.
AB  - This review of the radiology of sarcoidosis encompasses intrathoracic
      involvement, upper respiratory tract sarcoidosis, pleural disease, and
      involvement of bone, joint, neurological system, heart, kidney and alimentary
      tract. Attention is drawn to the value of CT scans, magnetic resonance imaging,
      gallium, and neutron activation analysis.

PMID- 2657925
TI  - Propionibacterium acnes in sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2657926
TI  - [Embolism caused by a bullet. Report of a case and review of the literature].
AB  - We describe the case of a 23 years old male, who suffered a 45 bullet wound in
      the arm and upper right hemithorax. He walked after his injury and 10 minutes
      later presented dizziness, cough and tachycardia. On admission a minor
      haemothorax was seen on a chest X ray, but the bullet was not seen. Even without
      symptoms, an X ray of abdomen showed the missile lying above the left sacroiliac
      joint. A chest tube was placed, the patient had an excellent recovery and was
      discharged a week later. After several months he presented hemoptysis and a
      moderate pain on his right chest and was treated as an acute bronchitis. Six
      months after his initial injury he developed a florid picture of acute pulmonary
      embolism (chest pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis, tachycardia, severe cough). A new
      chest X ray was done and the bullet was shown lying in the right chest. A
      pulmonary arteriography located it in a lower basal branch. Through a
      posterolateral thoracotomy the slug was obtained. The recovery was uneventful and
      he has remained well since. We discuss the possible mechanisms to explain the
      entrance of the bullet into the vascular system and conclude that in cases of
      gunshot wounds: a) An exit wound must be always searched for; if not found
      exploratory X ray are mandatory, b) If the bullet is not found, specially after
      thoracic injuries, bullet embolism should be contemplated, c) If there are signs
      of regional ischemia arteriography is mandatory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657927
TI  - [Sexual identity of the nervous system].
AB  - Although the experimental bases of contemporary neuroendocrinology were described
      within the first half of the century, structural sex differences of the mammalian
      central nervous system were substantiated over the past two decades. Such
      differences are encountered in brain areas which subserve sex related functions.
      The structure of these areas appears to be determined by the titers of sex
      steroids perinatally, at least in rodents. While important discoveries also
      suggest a key role of sex steroids in inducing phenotypic and behavioural sex
      patterns in primates, including humans, this induction does not appear to be
      solely determined by the steroid environment perinatally. On the other hand,
      several remarkable structural and histochemical sex differences have been
      identified in rodents and offer unique models to investigate potential mechanisms
      by which gonadal hormones bring about neuronal sex differentiation. Thus, some
      putative mechanisms involved in the inductory role of sex steroids during the
      development of the nervous system have been proposed. These include the influence
      of aromatizable gonadal sex steroids during the so-called "critical period" of
      development. The possible implications of these putative mechanisms in primates
      remain to be established; however, some human hormonal imbalances during
      development lead to endocrine and behavioral sex abnormalities, which can be
      prevented when proper diagnoses and treatment are performed.

PMID- 2657928
TI  - Ethical issues in clinical research.
AB  - A variety of ethical issues can arise from clinical trials. Personal biases of
      the health care professional, socioeconomic constraints of the patient, and lack
      of collaboration and communication between the nurse and the research team create
      ethical dilemmas. In resolving these dilemmas, it is the responsibility of the
      oncology nurse to ensure that the principles of autonomy, beneficence, and
      justice are preserved.

PMID- 2657929
TI  - Informed consent: an overview.
AB  - Informed consent is a process, not an isolated incident. It therefore requires
      that health care professionals approach the process with expert knowledge, open
      communication, and a willingness to participate in shared decision-making. Table
      2 identifies the major ethical and legal issues of informed consent. Legal
      precedents and professional collaboration will be necessary to further define and
      refine informed consent. The complexity of treatment regimens, potential system
      toxicities, and the chronicity of the disease process have fostered the
      development of a multidisciplinary team approach to the care of oncology
      patients. Therefore, collaboration is essential to meet the demands of the
      informed consent process and provide an optimal environment for the oncology
      nurse to intervene actively as a patient advocate.

PMID- 2657930
TI  - Streamlining outpatient cisplatin therapy to meet the challenges of today.
AB  - Increasing numbers of patients are receiving full courses of cisplatin therapy in
      such outpatient settings as clinics, offices, day hospitals, or home. Outpatient
      cisplatin therapy is administered safely and effectively in the ambulatory
      environment. Outpatient therapy is about one third the cost of inpatient therapy
      and offers the patient significant benefits in terms of work, illness perception,
      tolerance of side effects, and family strain. As more patients receive cisplatin
      on an outpatient basis, it is imperative that new strategies be developed to help
      streamline care to accommodate the growing number of outpatients. This article
      reviews methods used in a variety of settings to provide quality care to larger
      numbers of patients. A critical factor to consider when developing new care
      methods is how to maintain the fine balance between efficient, effective,
      economical, and quality care. Keeping that balance may necessitate a lot of
      trials and false starts. Developing a comfortable environment for cisplatin
      infusion is a matter of creativity. It is not necessary to spend large sums of
      money to create an acceptable setting. Flow sheets, standardized teaching
      protocols, patient information guides, patient diaries, and standardized
      hydration, anti-emetic, and therapy protocols are just a few of the approaches
      that have been used to streamline care. Becoming involved in oncology nurse
      groups, networks, or continuing education programs are excellent avenues to
      meeting people who are all working on methods to streamline and provide quality
      care. The three elements of a successful outpatient program for the
      administration of cisplatin include having a comfortable setting, a well
      organized, experienced staff, and appropriate patient selection.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657931
TI  - Managing the side effects of chemotherapy.
AB  - More chemotherapy is being administered today than ever before. Megadoses of
      these drugs are becoming commonplace. Better methods of drug delivery, patient
      monitoring, and sophisticated support services such as infectious disease
      specialists, transfusion therapy, intensive care facilities, oncology clinical
      nurse specialists, and others, enable the physician to treat the patient in a
      variety of settings, including ambulatory care centers and the home. Just as the
      nurse needs advanced skills and the knowledge to know the subtle differences
      between an expected side effect and a toxic reaction, the patient needs to learn
      preventive health care and which symptoms to report at a time when management
      strategies can be most effective. Research by Dodd indicates that patients who
      received information on side-effect management techniques performed more self
      care behaviors, and many acted promptly before side effects became persistent or
      severe. In addition, Stromberg advocates teaching self care to encourage persons
      with cancer to increase their sense of self-control and lessen feelings of
      helplessness that often accompany cancer and its treatment. The nurse is further
      challenged to teach patients to actively participate in their care rather than
      remaining dependent on the health-care professional. Using skill as a patient
      educator, the nurse enlists the patient and family members in a partnership to
      promote self-care. This requires the nurse to use great creativity and
      flexibility to individualize the approach to patient management problems.

PMID- 2657932
TI  - Carboplatin: a clinical review.
AB  - Carboplatin is a platinum analog that is less nephrotoxic, less neurotoxic, and
      less emetic than cisplatin, but has a similar spectrum of antitumor activity.
      Myelotoxicity is dose limiting. Carboplatin offers several advantages over
      cisplatin, in addition to a better quality of life. It may be useful in ABMT in
      refractory germ cell cancers in combination with etoposide. It may also prove
      useful in patients who have impaired renal function but require a drug with the
      efficacy of cisplatin.

PMID- 2657933
TI  - Ifosfamide: a clinical review.
AB  - Although ifosfamide first underwent clinical trials 15 years ago, it has largely
      been ignored by the American oncology community until the last few years. Earlier
      concerns about dose-limiting hemorrhagic cystitis have been mitigated by the
      development of effective urothelial protectors such as mesna. Furthermore,
      ifosfamide is not completely cross-resistant with cyclophosphamide. Ifosfamide
      has activity in a variety of disseminated refractory solid tumors that do not
      traditionally respond to conventional alkylating agent therapy, specifically
      refractory germ cell tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, and malignant lymphomas. The
      decreased myelosuppression and lack of apparent cross-resistance compared with
      cyclophosphamide make ifosfamide an ideal drug for inclusion in combination
      chemotherapy. While clarification of the differences between ifosfamide and
      cyclophosphamide is ongoing, ifosfamide may eventually replace cyclophosphamide
      in conventional combination chemotherapy regimens for a variety of solid tumors.
      At present, it has clear-cut major activity in refractory germ cell tumors and
      has become an integral component of a curative salvage regimen.

PMID- 2657934
TI  - Recordings of abnormal activity in patients with deafferentation and central
      pain.
AB  - We have performed a single-unit analysis of the spontaneous activity of cells in
      9 patients with central and deafferentation pain and 4 patients without pain.
      These studies have concentrated on the analysis of cells firing in bursts, which
      are particularly prevalent in pain patients. These cells were found to fire
      typically at interspike intervals of 1-2 ms and interburst intervals of 50 ms.
      Such cells occurred throughout nucleus ventralis caudalis, nucleus ventrocaudalis
      parvocellularis and possibly nucleus ventralis intermedius and are different in
      terms of firing characteristics and locations from bursting cells found in non
      pain patients.

PMID- 2657935
TI  - Evoked potentials from the human thalamus: correlation with microstimulation and
      single unit recording.
AB  - During stereotactic surgery, intrathalamic single unit recordings and summated
      evoked potentials (Th-SEP), evoked by percutaneous electrical median nerve
      stimulation and intrathalamic microstimulation, were done using the same
      microelectrode at the same site. Potentials evoked by natural and electrical
      stimulation were compared. The format of Th-SEP varied in anteroposterior,
      mediolateral and dorsoventral directions in the ventrocaudal nucleus (Vc). The
      positive response peak latency was shortest from the caudal part of Vc and
      longest from the anterior part of Vc.

PMID- 2657936
TI  - Microrecording for the study of thalamic organization, for tumor biopsy and
      removal.
AB  - Use of microrecording technique in stereotactic selective thalamotomy, and in
      stereotactic biopsy for deep-seated lesions and in tumor removal was briefly
      described. For selective thalamotomy, the microrecording gives ample information
      to delineate thalamic subnuclei. Thus, the ventrointermedius (Vim) nucleus is
      identified by high-amplitude background activity and large-spike discharge, some
      of which responds solely to contralateral natural stimuli of kinesthetic
      modality. A small coagulation including this thalamic Vim point resulted in
      permanent arrest of the various kinds of tremor. As the normal brain tissue,
      whether the gray or white matter, is electrically active, the microrecording is
      useful to delineate the brain tumor from its surroundings. Stereotactic
      diagnostic biopsy and removal of the brain tumor were facilitated by this
      adjuvant method.

PMID- 2657937
TI  - Electrophysiological characterization of human subcortical structures by
      frequency spectrum analysis of neural noise (field potential) obtained during
      stereotactic surgery. Preliminary presentation of frequency power spectrum of
      various subcortical structures.
AB  - Neural noise, or field potential, was recorded during stereotactic thalamotomy in
      46 cases of various involuntary movement disorders. Frequency power spectrum
      analysis of neural noise from various anatomical substrates was performed, and
      the relationship between resultant frequency power spectrum and anatomical
      substrates, as defined by Schaltenbrand-Bailey's atlas, was examined. Frequency
      power spectrum was fairly characteristic for each subcortical structure.

PMID- 2657938
TI  - Functional neuroanatomy of the target area for the treatment of pathological
      tremor: an electrophysiological approach.
AB  - Within the target area used for the stereotactic treatment of pathological
      tremor, recording of somatosensory evoked potentials and single units and also
      electrical stimulation were performed. The data were correlated with anatomical
      sites as demonstrated in the stereotactic atlas of Schaltenbrand and Wahren by
      using a computer system. The affected anatomical area was predominantly the
      prelemniscal radiation and adjacent thalamic nuclei. The recordings and
      stimulation effects indicate that a direct spinal input is involved in the
      control of muscle tone and manifestation of tremor.

PMID- 2657939
TI  - Mapping of semimicroelectrode stimulation response in and around the thalamus.
AB  - A new three-dimensional atlas, which was revised from the previously reported 0.5
      mm-step three-dimensional atlas, is presented. The new three-dimensional atlas
      consists of serial displays of slices of desired thickness at desired intervals,
      suited for display of computer-processed data which are stored with three
      dimensional coordinates. The responses evoked by stimulation of deep structures
      by a semimicroelectrode are displayed in this atlas. By this display system, the
      creation of various neurophysiological atlases based on computer-stored and
      processed data is facilitated.

PMID- 2657940
TI  - Mesothalamic discharge sites.
AB  - The underlying electrophysiologic abnormality in patients with chronic pain
      syndrome is demonstrated in 2 patients whose pain and associated symptoms were
      incapacitating. Mechanical perturbation evoked discharges most easily at the
      mesodiencephalic junction. Discharging tissue at that level appears to be
      oriented in both the transverse and sagittal planes. Since the area of
      involvement is relatively large and nonspecific, it is believed that the
      reticular formation is the major substrate for generating and propagating the
      discharges.

PMID- 2657941
TI  - Microphysiological recordings at CT gantry site during stereotactic thalamotomy.
AB  - Neural unit recording was performed during CT-guided stereotactic thalamotomy in
      2 patients referred for severe cerebellar ataxia and dysmetric movements.
      Periodic CT scanning was performed during the recording in order to verify probe
      location and trajectory. Our experience with electrophysiological recordings at
      the CT gantry site demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring satisfactory neural
      unit recordings in spite of the high-voltage environment.

PMID- 2657942
TI  - Lateral coordinates of nucleus ventralis intermedius target for tremor
      alleviation.
AB  - The lateral distance from the midline of the third ventricle to the nucleus
      ventralis intermedius (Vim) containing the proprioceptive neurons for arm
      movement, which is the site of lesion for tremor alleviation, was measured. In
      the brains with highly dilated third ventricle, the Vim is found displaced more
      laterally, at least 3 mm, than in brains with small ventricles.

PMID- 2657943
TI  - Striatal symptoms.
AB  - Classical striatal symptoms were interpreted through identification of the
      underlying projection system, by physiological analysis of neuronal activity of
      each subnucleus in the base of the thalamus during stereotactic procedures for
      various involuntary movements. Rigidity, levodopa-induced dyskinesia, idiopathic
      dyskinesia, symptomatic athetoid movement and symptomatic choreic movement, as
      well as that in Huntington's disease, belong to the category of striatal
      symptoms. These symptoms may be alleviated by surgery on the pallido-Vo-complex
      projection, which is the main output affected by disorders due to striatal
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2657944
TI  - Stereoencephalotomy and control of skeletal muscle tone.
AB  - Following therapeutic stereotactic lesions in the ventrolateral subthalamus and
      adjacent nuclei there are two phenomena concerning muscle tone: decreased muscle
      stiffness and failure in load compensation. In order to clarify whether hypotonia
      is due to decreased reflex activity and/or reduced nonreflex muscle stiffness,
      torque-induced stretch responses in the forearm flexor muscles and muscle spindle
      afferent discharge were investigated. In hypotonia following these lesions, the
      immediate compensation of abrupt external perturbations was diminished prior to
      reflex onset. A special feedback system is presented which originates in skeletal
      muscles and which continuously controls the muscle stiffness during movements.
      This afferent fiber system probably has a greater representation at the thalamic
      level as compared to the peripheral nerve. It is assumed that the decrease in
      muscle stiffness as well as the failure in load compensation are due to
      diminished static gamma-drive. This lack in somatosensory feedback can be
      compensated voluntarily by changing the mode of innervation.

PMID- 2657945
TI  - Thalamic stimulation and recording in patients with deafferentation and central
      pain.
AB  - Thalamic exploration was carried out in 39 patients with central or
      deafferentation pain. Several patients were explored more than once or
      bilaterally; therefore, 52 explorations were carried out. In 16 cases,
      microelectrode recording and microstimulation were employed. In the deafferented
      thalamus, a phenomenon of central allodynia was identified, in which patients
      with hyperpathia experience pain on stimulation rather than the usual sensations.
      With microrecording, a distinct unit firing in bursts can be identified and
      classified into three types. In several patients, the thalamic somatotopic map is
      found to be altered, and this reorganization can be classified into four types.

PMID- 2657946
TI  - Electrical stimulation across the midline and between basal ganglion nuclei.
AB  - Paired unipolar electrodes were introduced into the pulvinar and ventrolateral
      thalamic nuclei in 3 patients. Stimulation was applied in 1 patient in an attempt
      to alter the vegetative state after a closed head injury, and increased alertness
      and ability to comply resulted with stimulation. Auditory evoked responses
      improved from almost flat to a recognizable pattern. In the 2nd patient,
      bilateral disabling intention tremor was relieved for several days after a few
      hours of stimulation. In the 3rd, brachial plexus avulsion pain was improved by
      stimulation from the contralateral pulvinar to the ventroposterior lateral
      thalamic nucleus.

PMID- 2657947
TI  - New trends in computer graphics and computer vision to assist functional
      neurosurgery.
AB  - Computer vision (CV), a computerized method to analyze digital images (e.g., CT
      scans), and computer graphics (CG), a set of computer programs for displaying
      two, three- or four-dimensional data, are recent computer techniques which are
      appropriate to assist functional stereotactic surgery. CV and CG are useful for
      the evaluation of spatial relations between anatomical structures and the sites
      of spontaneous neuronal noise or of electrophysiological stimulation data
      gathered during stereotactic interventions for movement disorders. CV and CG can
      be employed for stereotactic operation planning, during the operation for target
      point evaluation and for further postoperative data analysis.

PMID- 2657948
TI  - A method for MRI and CT mapping of diencephalic somatotopography.
AB  - The author presents a method for the mapping of diencephalic somatotopography by
      the use of computerized image acquisition of CT and/or MRI scans with a computer
      graphics technique. Data gathered from exploratory stimulation and recordings
      during the normal course of stereotactic surgical procedures can then be used
      with this image acquisition and graphics technique for composing diencephalic
      somatotopographical maps.

PMID- 2657950
TI  - Proceedings of the meeting on the use of microphysiological recordings during
      stereotactic neurosurgery. Evain-les-Bains, France, September 4-6, 1987.

PMID- 2657949
TI  - Intraoperative CT-guided serial microbiopsy of brain lesions and concomitant use
      of CT air and angiographic studies.
AB  - The value of step-by-step confirmation of the location of the brain biopsy probe
      is demonstrated, using serial CT scanning to confirm the exact source of the
      sample tissue. Concomitant use of CT angiography and a CT air study makes
      possible the biopsy of small areas and of areas near major cerebral vessels, as
      well as of lesions near critical areas like the optic chiasma, basal ganglia,
      midbrain, and other complex lesions. The pathologist on-line examination of the
      CT-confirmed serial samples enables the surgeon to obtain the most informative
      tissue for the ultimate histopathological diagnosis. Our experience with the
      technique is illustrated by examples of its application in some complex cases.

PMID- 2657951
TI  - Connectivity patterns of thalamic nuclei implicated in dyskinesia.
AB  - Thalamic nuclei implicated in the neural mechanisms of dyskinesia (1) have
      projections to components of the basal ganglia; (2) receive efferents from the
      corpus striatum, and/or (3) project fibers to regions of the cerebral cortex that
      generate signals which produce or modulate motor phenomenon. The neostriatum
      receives a major input from the intralaminar thalamic nuclei (ITN).
      Thalamostriate fibers projecting to the caudate nucleus (CN) and the putamen
      (Put) originate from different neuronal populations; clusters of cells in the
      rostral ITN and in the parafascicular nucleus (PF) project to the CN, while cells
      in the centromedian nucleus (CM) project to the Put. Smaller numbers of cells in
      the medial, dorsal and ventral nuclear subdivisions of the thalamus also project
      to the striatum. The amygdaloid nuclear complex receives afferents from the
      midline thalamic nuclei. Ventromedial and rostral parts of the subthalamic
      nucleus receive a small input from the centromedian-parafascicular nuclear
      complex. Segments of the globus pallidus (GP) and the substantia nigra (SN) do
      not receive afferents from either the cerebral cortex or the thalamus. Thalamic
      afferents originate ipsilaterally from the medial segment of the globus pallidus
      (MPS), and the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra (SNR), and contralaterally
      from the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). Each of these projections to nuclear
      subdivisions of the thalamus is distinctive without overlap. Projections from the
      MPS are to the ventral anterior pars principalis (VApc) and ventral lateralis,
      pars oralis (VLo) thalamic nuclei with collaterals to CM. The SNR provides
      projections to the ventral anterior, pars magnocellularis, the ventral lateral,
      pars medialis and the mediodorsal, pars paralaminaris thalamic nuclei. Output
      from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) projects to both the MPS and the SNR and could
      modulate influences upon thalamic nuclei. In the monkey the projection of STN to
      the GP is four times greater than to the SNR. The most massive input to the
      thalamus arises from the contralateral DCN and terminates in the so-called cell
      sparse zone, which consists of the ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars oralis,
      the ventral lateral nucleus pars caudalis, and pars postrema and area x of
      Olszewski. Nuclear subdivisions of the thalamus receiving afferents from the MPS
      and the SNR have gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their major neurotransmitter;
      fiber systems originating from the DCN appear to have glutamate as their
      neurotransmitter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2657952
TI  - The diagnosis of candida vaginitis in general practice.
AB  - In a multi-practice study, 29 general practitioners registered 361 women with
      increased vaginal discharge, malodour, or pruritus, and 229 women without vaginal
      complants. A wet-smear was examined for Candida by the general practitioner.
      Culture for Candida was performed in the general practitioner's laboratory, and
      at a microbiological laboratory. Candida was found by microscopy or culture in
      140 (39%) women with vaginal symptoms, compared with 51 (22%) without vaginal
      complaints (p less than 0.001). In 34 women with symptoms (24%) Candida was found
      by wet-smear microscopy, in 98 (76%) by microscopy or culture in the general
      practitioner's laboratory, and in 126 (90%) by microscopy or culture at the
      microbiological laboratory. No relation was found between the number of Candida
      isolated and the presence of vaginal symptoms (p greater than 0.05). The
      sensitivity of microscopy was low compared with previous studies and underlines
      the need for multi-practice studies in the evaluation of diagnostic procedures.
      Vagicult is recommended for general practice, but problems exist in the
      interpretation of a positive culture result.

PMID- 2657953
TI  - Paraghurt for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. A controlled clinical
      investigation from general practice.
AB  - A comparison of Paraghurt tablets (freeze-dried culture of Streptococcus faecium)
      and placebo was carried out in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in a double
      blind trial in Danish general practices. Fifty-four patients (42 females and 12
      males) with an average duration of the disease of seven years were treated for
      four weeks. The clinical symptoms were registered prior to the treatment and
      after two and four weeks. The clinical effect was assessed according to changes
      in number of abdominal symptoms, the patients' registrations on rating scales,
      and the physicians' overall estimations. According to all three parameters a
      markedly better effect of Paraghurt was seen. Thus, after four weeks 81% of the
      Paraghurt- and 41% of the placebo-treated patients had improved according to the
      physicians' overall assessment (p = 0.002). The result of the trial suggests that
      Paraghurt is a valuable alternative in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2657954
TI  - Antenatal care in general practice, Trondheim, Norway.
AB  - In this study from the city of Trondheim during 1979-81 nulliparae were found to
      be younger, higher educated, and more actively working outside the home than
      parous women. Most women were examined by their GP during the first trimester,
      and were seen about 10 times on average during the pregnancy. Women who smoked
      tended to consult later in pregnancy than the non-smokers. Drugs were prescribed
      for 33% of the women during their pregnancy, 10% during the first trimester.
      Medication was most frequently prescribed for genitourinary disorders. Sick leave
      was often the result of low-back-pain and lasted on average 5 weeks longer in
      parous women. Hospitalization was most often due to hypertension and threatened
      premature labour and lasted on average longer among nulliparae. Controlled trials
      are needed to evaluate future antenatal care provision in the light of pregnancy
      outcome.

PMID- 2657955
TI  - Retrospective multipractice studies: problems involving attendance, design, and
      patients.

PMID- 2657956
TI  - A two-period crossover design for the comparison of two active treatments and
      placebo.
AB  - This paper discusses a two-period crossover design for the comparison of two
      active treatments (A and B) and placebo (P) for relief of recurrent symptoms of a
      chronic health disorder. It is based on blocks of ten patients for which the
      treatment sequences A:B and B:A are each assigned to three patients and the
      sequences A:P, P:A, B:P, and P:B are each assigned to one patient; thus,
      treatment periods have a 2:2:1 allocation for A, B, and P. The principal model
      for analysis of this design involves additive subject effects, period effects,
      and treatment effects. Analysis of within-patient differences provides an
      estimate of the comparison between active treatments with variance (2vw/7r) and
      an estimate of the comparison between an active treatment and placebo with
      variance (4vw/7r); here vw is the within-patient variance and r is the number of
      blocks of ten patients. Analyses which address carryover effects and treatment
      effects adjusted for carryover effects are also described. An example using
      simulated data on relief of recurrent gastrointestinal pain illustrates the
      methodology.

PMID- 2657957
TI  - The impact that group sequential tests would have made on ECOG clinical trials.
AB  - Using designs that several authors proposed, we reanalysed a large number of
      completed phase III clinical trials of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group as
      if each had been designed with group sequential stopping rules. With survival the
      primary endpoint of the large multicentre trials, we discuss the relative merits
      of each design, as well as the feasibility of group sequential designs in
      general.

PMID- 2657958
TI  - Flexible regression models with cubic splines.
AB  - We describe the use of cubic splines in regression models to represent the
      relationship between the response variable and a vector of covariates. This
      simple method can help prevent the problems that result from inappropriate
      linearity assumptions. We compare restricted cubic spline regression to non
      parametric procedures for characterizing the relationship between age and
      survival in the Stanford Heart Transplant data. We also provide an illustrative
      example in cancer therapeutics.

PMID- 2657959
TI  - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the hospital environment: virologic
      aspects].

PMID- 2657960
TI  - [Methods of detecting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection].

PMID- 2657961
TI  - [History of the Emergency Medical Service and Mobile Emergency Medical Service.
      Development of legal dispositions].

PMID- 2657963
TI  - Sleep deprivation and the effect on exercise performance.
AB  - Sleep deprivation or partial sleep loss are common in work conditions as rotating
      shifts and prolonged work hours, in sustained military operations and in athletes
      competing in events after crossing several time zones or engaged in ultramarathon
      or triathlon events. Although it is well established that sleep loss has negative
      effects on mental performance, its effects on physical performance are equivocal.
      This review examines the latter question in light of recent studies published on
      this problem. Sleep deprivation of 30 to 72 hours does not affect cardiovascular
      and respiratory responses to exercise of varying intensity, or the aerobic and
      anaerobic performance capability of individuals. Muscle strength and
      electromechanical responses are also not affected. Time to exhaustion, however,
      is decreased by sleep deprivation. Although ratings of perceived exertion always
      increased during exercise in sleep-deprived (30 to 60 hours) subjects compared
      with normal sleep, this is not a reliable assessment of a subject's ability to
      perform physical work as the ratings of perceived exertion are dissociated from
      any cardiovascular changes in sleep deprivation. Examination of the various
      hormonal and metabolic parameters which have been measured in the studies
      reviewed reveals that the major metabolic perturbations accompanying sleep
      deprivation in humans are an increase in insulin resistance and a decrease in
      glucose tolerance. This may explain the reduction in observed time to exhaustion
      in sleep-deprived subjects. The role of growth hormone in mediating altered
      carbohydrate metabolism may be of particular relevance as to how sleep
      deprivation alters the supply of energy substrate to the muscle.

PMID- 2657962
TI  - Exercise-induced muscle damage and adaptation.
AB  - Novel, unaccustomed exercise has been shown to result in temporary, repairable
      skeletal muscle damage. After exhaustive endurance exercise, muscle damage can be
      produced by metabolic disturbances associated with ischaemia. Extensive
      disruption of muscle fibres also occurs after relatively short term eccentric
      exercise where high mechanical forces are generated. Biopsies taken after
      repetitive eccentric muscle actions have revealed broadening, streaming and, at
      times, total disruption of Z-discs. Muscles that develop active tension
      eccentrically also become sore, lose inherent force-producing capability, and
      show a marked release of muscle proteins into the circulation. Because creatine
      kinase (CK) is found almost exclusively in muscle tissue, it is the most common
      plasma marker of muscle damage. Despite the universal use of CK as a marker,
      several factors with regard to efflux and clearance remain unexplained. Also the
      large intersubject variability in response to exercise complicates its
      interpretation. Damage progresses in the postexercise period before tissues are
      repaired. However, the mechanism to explain exercise-induced muscle damage and
      repair is not well defined. Among the factors that may influence the damage and
      repair processes are calcium, lysosomes, connective tissue, free radicals, energy
      sources, and cytoskeletal and myofibrillar proteins. Physical conditioning
      results in an adaptation such that all indicators of damage are reduced following
      repeated bouts of exercise. Recently, investigators have suggested that the
      prophylactic effect of training may be due to performance of a single initial
      exercise bout. Following a second bout of exercise performed 1 to 6 weeks after
      the first bout, there is a reduction in morphological alterations and performance
      decrements and a profoundly reduced elevation in plasma CK levels. Several
      hypotheses have been presented to explain the repeated bout or rapid training
      effect. Stress-susceptible fibres may be eliminated or susceptible areas within a
      fibre may undergo necrosis and then regenerate. These regenerated fibres, along
      with adaptations in the connective tissue, may provide greater resistance to
      further insult.

PMID- 2657966
TI  - [Pneumothorax: indications for thoracoscopic talc insufflation].
AB  - Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax and a persistent air-leakage after three days
      of suction therapy are two major indications for thoracoscopy. This procedure
      allows coagulation of blebs and cutting of pleural adhesions as well as
      identification of patients with large emphysematous bullae which should be
      treated surgically pleurectomy. Insufflation of talcum is safe and effective in
      achieving definitive pleurodesis.

PMID- 2657965
TI  - Reflex inhibition of thigh muscles in knee injury. Causes and treatment.
AB  - There are several common findings and contradictions noted in the research
      related to thigh muscle reflex inhibition and sequelae that occur with knee joint
      injury. Reflex inhibition may be measured directly by electromyography, or the
      sequelae of reflex inhibition may be measured, as commonly occurs in the clinic
      setting. Electromyography is useful in determining the causes of reflex
      inhibition. The most frequently cited causes of thigh muscle reflex inhibition in
      knee injury are pain, joint effusion and knee immobilisation. The other
      measurement methods described vary from thigh circumference measurement to muscle
      biopsy. These methods are useful in determining the magnitude and duration of the
      deleterious sequelae that affect the thigh muscles after reflex inhibition.
      Finally, there is selectivity of reflex inhibition after knee joint injury: the
      quadriceps versus the hamstrings, the different components of the quadriceps
      muscle group, and the different types of muscle fibres. In light of these
      findings, several suggestions have been offered for prevention of reflex
      inhibition and for techniques that can be applied to rehabilitate the most
      affected muscle group: the quadriceps femoris. Techniques used to prevent or
      limit the amount of reflex inhibition include cryotherapy, transcutaneous
      electrical nerve stimulation, iontophoresis, phonophoresis, joint mobilisation,
      rest and proper positioning of the knee in rest and exercise.
      Electromyostimulation, electromyographic biofeedback and traditional exercise
      training are 3 methods used to rehabilitate the quadriceps.

PMID- 2657964
TI  - Sport and the diabetic child.
AB  - The triad of insulin, diet and exercise has been the basis for treatment of
      diabetes for several decades. However, the choice of sporting activities for
      young diabetics requires an understanding of: (a) the energy metabolism and the
      adaptation to physical activity in the healthy; (b) the metabolic adaptation
      during physical activity in the diabetic child; and (c) the practical
      recommendations concerning diet and insulin that have to be learned by the
      children themselves. The healthy child utilises immediately available substrates,
      such as ATP and creatine phosphate in much the same fashion as the adult.
      However, the capacity for anaerobic degradation of glycogen and glucose seems
      limited in the muscles of children relative to that of adults. Consequently, the
      adaptation to resistance exercise should be undertaken with prudence in children
      and adolescents. In diabetic children, an adequate insulin therapy is required to
      allow the full benefit of muscular activity on glucose assimilation and to reach
      the same level of physical performance as the non-diabetic. In the case of
      insufficient metabolic control, exercise can provoke severe hypoglycaemic
      episodes, even after muscle activity has ceased, or increase glucose levels and
      lead to ketoacidosis. Regular physical training induces a reduction in
      postexercise proteinuria measured in diabetic adolescents but its role in
      metabolic control remains controversial. If a diabetic child or adolescent
      follows individual recommendations concerning diet and insulin, he or she can
      perform physical activity much the same as a young non-diabetic. These
      recommendations include: (a) self-measurement of blood glucose concentration
      before and after exercise; (b) ingestion of carbohydrates before, during, and
      after exercise; (c) reduction of the insulin dose during and immediately after
      exercise; and (d) not choosing an injection site involved with muscular work. The
      only prohibited sports are those which constitute a danger to the diabetic child
      by provoking an eventual hypoglycaemia. The best sports are those that require
      progressive physical effort and that are spread out over several hours.

PMID- 2657967
TI  - [Psychoimmunology].
AB  - Psychoneuroimmunology, an interdisciplinary field of research, is concerned with
      the interactions between the central nervous system, the endocrine system and the
      immune system. In this survey the importance of psychosocial factors is
      illustrated by means of a number of studies reviewed from the literature: 1.
      Psychosocial factors related to illness (except aids): In animal experiments it
      could be shown that the effects of aversive stimulation on tumor growth were
      dependent on the type and manner of application of the stressors. The influence
      of personality factors and psychological states on the course and possibly also
      on the susceptibility to illness was frequently confirmed with regard to upper
      respiratory infections, coronary artery disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.
      2. Psychosocial factors related to changes in immunity: Changes in immunity could
      be demonstrated relating to bereavement of close relatives as well as in mental
      illness. In spite of immunologic abnormalities found in the various diseases the
      importance of the aforementioned immunosuppression on possible subsequent onset
      of illness is not yet clarified. The fact that we can experimentally strengthen
      or weaken the immune system by means of psychological methods offers a further
      possibility to influence the course and prognosis of various diseases by means of
      psychologically induced changes in immunity.

PMID- 2657968
TI  - [Echocardiography of the right heart--unknown territory. Contribution of
      echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography to the study of the right heart].
AB  - The aim of this study involving 700 echocardiographic examinations (echoes) was
      to evaluate the diagnostic impact of the method for right heart abnormalities.
      Among 200 two-dimensional echoes of a first series we found 23 abnormalities
      (11.5%): nine congenital malformations, seven pulmonary hypertensions, four cases
      of isolated right ventricular dilatation, two tricuspid regurgitations (TR), one
      right atrial myxoma. In four cases the abnormality was clinically unexpected. In
      a second series of 500 patients, consecutively subjected to a two-dimensional
      echo with pulsed-wave and continuous-wave Doppler, we found 119 regurgitations of
      right heart valves in 98 patients (20%): 35 TR and 24 pulmonary regurgitations
      (PR) secondary to pulmonary hypertension, 13 TR secondary to tricuspid valve
      prolapse, 16 TR and 11 PR as a part of polyvalvular disease; 10 TR and 10 PR were
      isolated observations. The examination technique and the echo signs of the
      principal abnormalities of the right heart are reviewed. In summary, we emphasize
      that right heart abnormalities are surprisingly frequent in routine echo
      investigations; therefore, complete study of all the right heart structures in
      every echo examination is mandatory.

PMID- 2657969
TI  - [Recurrent thrombophlebitis, weakness].
AB  - The 46-year-old woman was admitted with an acute inflammatory swelling of the
      left forearm. During the previous six months the patient had suffered from
      recurrent thromboses of the superficial veins associated with generalized
      physical weakness. The gynaecological history was remarkable for hypermenorrhea
      and metrorrhagia. On examination, the signs of an acute thrombophlebitis with
      concomitant lymphangitis were observed. In the lower right abdomen there was a
      palpable tumor. Laboratory findings showed a mild anemia and indices of
      inflammation. Subsequent procedures (abdominal sonography, gynaecological
      examination) further substantiated the suspicion of an underlying malignant
      process. Hysterectomy and histological examination revealed two different
      carcinomas of the right ovary and of the uterine cave. Already during the
      uncomplicated postoperative period the thrombophlebitis completely regressed.

PMID- 2657970
TI  - Prognostic factors in breast cancer.
AB  - There are several independent but interrelated prognostic factors predictive of
      recurrence and survival in breast cancer. These include axillary nodal status,
      histopathology, steroid receptors, proliferative rate, ploidy, and oncogene
      amplification. Axillary nodal status has been the traditional mainstay predictor
      for recurrence and survival in primary breast cancer. In addition, the presence
      of the estrogen and progesterone receptors has correlated with longer disease
      free interval and overall survival in stage I and II breast cancer. Thymidine
      labeling index and percent S-phase as measured by flow cytometry are indices of
      cell proliferation that correlate with relapse rate in pre- and postmenopausal
      women with breast cancer. Estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative tumors are
      more commonly aneuploid, and have higher percent S-phase, factors that predict
      for recurrence in Stage I breast cancer.

PMID- 2657971
TI  - Modern thoughts on lymph nodes in breast cancer.
AB  - Axillary lymph node status remains the single most useful prognostic parameter in
      breast cancer patients. As clinical examination, imaging techniques, and lymph
      node sampling methods cannot accurately assess the axillary node involvement, a
      complete axillary dissection should always be performed. Moreover, this technique
      provides an excellent treatment modality for regional disease, abolishing the
      need for radiotherapy to the axilla. The status of the internal mammary lymph
      nodes is of less importance in the management of the breast cancer patient.

PMID- 2657972
TI  - Axillary metastasis in breast cancer: when, how, and why?
AB  - Axillary metastasis in breast cancer is a time-dependent phenomenon that varies
      greatly from tumour to tumour. It is discussed in relation to tumour diameter and
      the growth rate of the tumour cells. It parallels the former but is not directly
      related to either. A tumour age coefficient (Tac) is presented that demonstrates
      this lack of interrelationship. Tumour growth in the axillary nodes is
      progressive and in general mimics the potential tumour load elsewhere in the
      body. Qualitative rather than quantitative assessment is needed. This can be
      provided by simple means, using hilar nodal sections from standardised nodal
      samples. There is, however, as yet no definitive method of predicting the
      presence/absence of occult distant metastatic spread in either node-negative or
      node-positive cases. Treatment is thus based on statistical probability, which
      may or may not be relevant in the individual case.

PMID- 2657973
TI  - Cytodiagnosis and other methods of biopsy in the modern management of breast
      cancer.
AB  - Since 1970 fine-needle aspiration cytology for breast tumours has grown in
      popularity and is now routinely used in the initial diagnosis of palpable breast
      masses in the United States and other parts of the world. Fast staining methods
      of the aspirate enables reporting within 10 minutes of the aspirate being
      performed. Training and experience is important in obtaining satisfactory smears
      for diagnosis, and pitfalls are false-negative and false-positive findings, which
      may have dire consequences for the patient if cytological diagnosis is the final
      arbiter. Conditions such as benign mammary dysplasia and sclerosing adenosis are
      the most common sources of highly cellular smears and often show marked atypia,
      which makes distinction from carcinoma difficult. Also, atypical papillary
      formations present a diagnostic problem, and biopsy is indicated to exclude a
      papillary carcinoma. Fine-needle aspirations very seldom cause traumatic
      complications, and these are usually of a minor degree. Seeding along the needle
      track has occurred, but in most cases with a larger-caliber (18 s.e.g.) needle.
      Aspiration itself has been shown to have no effect on the survival rates in
      breast carcinoma. Contemporary reports show that around 90% of cases of breast
      cancer can be detected with confidence by means of this procedure. The reduction
      in scar formation facilitates future evaluation of the patient as scar tissue
      often interferes with the interpretation of mammograms. Cost effectiveness is
      evident in terms of decreased use of anaesthetics and operating time and a
      reduction in the use of frozen section histology by about 80%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2657974
TI  - Imaging techniques in breast cancer.
AB  - In the diagnosis of clinically inapparent breast cancer, mammography remains the
      most effective imaging modality, which is due in large part to its ability to
      detect microcalcifications. Of the ancillary modalities, sonography is the most
      useful because it readily differentiates cysts from other breast lesions.
      Internal mammary and axillary node imaging have been tried with varying levels of
      success, but false-positive and false-negative rates remain high with available
      techniques. Pulmonary metastases are best evaluated by chest X-ray with
      specificity increased by other imaging techniques. Liver and bone metastases may
      be screened for with isotope scans with computerized tomography, sonography, and
      magnetic resonance imaging, increasing the specificity of abnormal scans. CT and
      MRI are the most effective tools for evaluating CNS disease.

PMID- 2657975
TI  - The present state of screening for breast cancer.
AB  - The results to date are convincing enough to justify recommending large scale
      mammography screening. The International Union Against Cancer (UICC) Workshop on
      screening for breast cancer in 1986 concluded that "In countries where breast
      cancer is common and where the necessary resources are available, screening using
      mammography alone or mammography plus physical examination is applicable as
      public health policy." The Swedish government has recommended screening with
      mammography for all women aged 40-74. This recommendation repeatedly emphasizes
      the necessity of high-quality examinations interpreted by well-trained
      radiologists. Screening with mammography is bringing breast cancer patients to
      therapy at a far earlier stage in the development of the disease. This calls for
      a re-evaluation of therapeutic methods.

PMID- 2657976
TI  - Neurological progress. The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: a review.
AB  - Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is a common cause of neurodegenerative disease in
      children. The disease is characterized by visual failure, seizures and dementia.
      The presence of cortical atrophy by computerized axial tomography and distinctive
      ultrastructural findings by skin biopsy, together with a suggestive clinical
      course and neurophysiologic abnormalities, lead to a diagnosis. Presently four
      subtypes and rare atypical forms are recognized: the infantile, late infantile,
      juvenile and adult or Kufs variants and atypical early juvenile and protracted
      juvenile types. The inheritance pattern is autosomal recessive in all subtypes
      with some of the adult cases representing autosomal dominant inheritance. The
      biochemical characterization of this disorder is just beginning. There is some
      evidence to implicate overglycosylation of proteins as playing a role in
      pathogenesis. Further biochemical description coupled with linkage analysis
      techniques using DNA probes are needed to develop a better understanding of this
      group of disorders.

PMID- 2657977
TI  - [Long-term study of 20 cases of proximal stenosis of the middle cerebral artery.
      Role of transcranial Doppler ultrasound].
AB  - The validity of transcranial Doppler (tD) was evaluated for the identification of
      stenoses of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Twenty patients with atheromatous
      stenosis of the proximal MCA of more than 30% (3 of these cases with stenosis of
      more that 75%) had repeated transcranial Doppler between 1975 and 1987 and
      conventional angiography. No patient had carotid stenosis nor embolus-producing
      cardiopathy. Ten patients had had infarcts or transient ischemic attacks
      (symptomatic group). Ten patients were asymptomatic (asymptomatic group).
      Cerebral infarcts in the MCA territory occurred in 1 patient of each group and 1
      additional patient in each group had an infarct in another territory. Follow-up
      was possible in 15 patients. The stenosis remained unchanged in 14, occlusion
      occurred in 1. The results of transcranial Doppler were compared to those of
      angiograms in this series and in an additional series of 40 patients who had had
      a normal angiogram. Sensitivity of transcranial Doppler was 60% (75% when
      stenosis was over 50%). Specificity was 95%. Comparison with angiography findings
      showed, among causes of failure of tD, analysis of the artery over too short a
      segment or kinked artery of very long stenoses, or too decreased blood flow. The
      failure rate of tD due to failure of bone penetration by ultrasounds was 5%. This
      new reproducible, non-invasive method appears to be able to detect MCA stenoses
      of 50% or more and help in follow-up.

PMID- 2657978
TI  - [Kidney transplantation in the adult].

PMID- 2657979
TI  - [Heart transplantation in 1989].

PMID- 2657981
TI  - [Bone marrow donation, giving of oneself].

PMID- 2657980
TI  - [Bone marrow transplantation: principles, indications and results].

PMID- 2657982
TI  - Acute renal failure in pregnancy. Management depends upon cause, but dialysis may
      be necessary.

PMID- 2657983
TI  - Diabetes and pregnancy. Use of an integrated "team" approach provides the
      necessary comprehensive care.

PMID- 2657985
TI  - Nursing implications of today's burn care techniques.

PMID- 2657984
TI  - Coagulopathy and bleeding in the parturient patient. Recent information has
      helped in the identification of individuals at special risk.
AB  - Normal pregnancy is characterized by a hypercoaguable state that may progress to
      large or small vessel thrombosis and in some situations terminate in gross
      bleeding, due to consumption and lysis of clotting factors. Recent information
      concerning alterations in the factors that control normal clotting has helped in
      the identification of individuals at special risk for clotting and bleeding
      problems. At the present time, transfusion support is limited to unfractionated
      or semi-fractionated blood products. As knowledge is advanced, recombinant blood
      derivatives that will eliminate the risk of transmission of disease in the
      transfusion management of bleeding patients will emerge. In many patients
      consumption and lysis of clotting proteins occurs in catastrophic situations. In
      these situations the good clinical judgement of the obstetrician is of paramount
      importance. In order for the obstetrician to exercise this judgement most
      effectively, there must be good lines of communication among the clinicians
      involved in the patient's care and prompt, responsive support from the
      coagulation laboratory and the transfusion service.

PMID- 2657986
TI  - The new challenges of insulin therapy.

PMID- 2657987
TI  - [Stereotaxic treatment in Parkinson's disease].
AB  - For the stereotactic treatment of Parkinson's disease, the target is usually
      located in the thalamus; this point is related to nearby structures (third
      ventricle). Then the position is controlled by electrophysiological recordings.
      The lesion of the target results in permanent suppression of the contralateral
      tremor and/or rigidity but it changes neither the course of the disease nor the
      akinesia. Owing to the risk of dysarthria with bilateral procedures, the main
      indication for surgery is parkinsonism with unilateral tremor or rigidity.
      Particularly interesting for the future are the possibilities of stimulation
      through implanted chronic electrodes.

PMID- 2657988
TI  - [Lead poisoning: an ever-present intoxication].

PMID- 2657989
TI  - [Pernicious malaria seizure. Present status and new characteristics].

PMID- 2657990
TI  - [Efficacy and tolerance of methotrexate in rheumatoid polyarthritis. Results of
      an open study on 104 patients].

PMID- 2657991
TI  - [3 cases of pneumopathy during treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis with
      methotrexate].

PMID- 2657992
TI  - [Morvan's fibrillary chorea in patients on chrysotherapy for rheumatoid
      polyarthritis].

PMID- 2657993
TI  - [Evaluation of the benefit/risk relationship of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
      drug before its marketing].

PMID- 2657994
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of pain. Value of a 2-dimensional index of pain].

PMID- 2657996
TI  - [Arthropathy in the dialyzed patient. Preponderant role of age. Results of a
      study undertaken in 17 dialysis centers on 140 patients on hemodialysis for more
      than 10 years].

PMID- 2657995
TI  - [Histochemical study of amyloid spondyloarthropathy in hemodialyzed patients].

PMID- 2657997
TI  - [Beta 2 microglobulin amyloidosis and biocompatibility of the membranes used for
      extrarenal blood purification].

PMID- 2657998
TI  - [Joint overuse in sports and arthrosis].

PMID- 2657999
TI  - [Risk factors in arthrosis. Hierarchy and modes of action].

PMID- 2658000
TI  - [The practical problems of arthrosis in 1988].

PMID- 2658001
TI  - [40 years of the "Revue du Rhumatisme" (1947-1987). Contribution of French
      rheumatologists to progress in rheumatology].

PMID- 2658002
TI  - [Autochthonous Behcet's disease. Apropos of 73 cases].
AB  - A multicenter study of Behcet's disease in France confirms the male predominance
      (62 p. cent), the mean age of onset in the 4th decade, the frequent muco
      cutaneous, ocular, articular manifestations (94 p. cent), the skin
      hypersensitivity (68 p. cent). The forms with arthralgia predominate; the knees
      are especially affected; arthritis has a favorable course; the para-articular
      forms are infrequent and in 4 cases, are associated with ankylosing
      spondylarthritis. HLA B5 is found in 47 p. cent of the cases. HLA-B12 in 22 p.
      cent. HLA-B5 is associated with eye involvement in 62 p. cent of the cases, HLA
      B12 is associated with skin involvement in 67 p. cent of the cases. The
      effectiveness of colchicine and, at a lesser degree, of steroids, is confirmed.

PMID- 2658003
TI  - [Pulmonary rheumatoid nodules indicative of rheumatoid polyarthritis].

PMID- 2658004
TI  - [Acute pneumopathy during the treatment of severe rheumatoid polyarthritis with
      low fractionated doses of methotrexate administered orally].

PMID- 2658005
TI  - [Criteria for choosing an endosseous implant. Clinical and fundamental results
      concerning sintered ceramic implants].
AB  - In our opinion, the primary criteria are: absence of severe residual lesions in
      case of failure of the implant, implant material with demonstrated
      biocompatibility and which does not interfere with modern medical imaging
      techniques (CAT-scan, NMRI); ceramics meet this criteria, an implant morphology
      allowing for perfect initial stabilization, sparing of tissue and good
      distribution of transmitted forces to bone, an easy, accurate and nontraumatic
      implantation technique, the possibility of connecting the implant to fixed or
      movable structures by precision prefabricated accessories, dismantlable if
      possible, convincing animal experiments and clinical results in large series with
      a follow-up of more than 10 years.

PMID- 2658006
TI  - [The systemic environment and dental development. From the clinical to the
      molecular approach].
AB  - Clinical observation of patients with disordered phosphocalcium metabolism has
      demonstrated that dyschromia and/or dental dysplasias systematically accompany
      such disorders. A certain action of this steroid on dental buds has been
      demonstrated after analysis of the effects of experimental vitamin D deficiency
      in the rat: vitamin D would seem to control the behaviour of cells undergoing
      differentiation and also after this process is complete. Dentinogenesis and
      amelogenesis would appear principally to be affected. Two proteins, calbindins D
      9K and -28K, may constitute the molecular mediators of this ameloblastic
      regulation.

PMID- 2658007
TI  - [Occult adenocarcinoma of the parotid. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - The authors present two cases of parotid gland adenocarcinomas, without clinical
      swelling: revealed differently: one by facial paralysis; the other by mandibular
      extent signs, but setting altogether, some problems to explain their
      histogenesis; primitive or metastatic adenocarcinoma in the first observation;
      primary gland tumor, or transformation of a pleomorphic adenoma in the second
      one. The authors insist on the facial paralysis value, to guide the surgical
      approach.

PMID- 2658008
TI  - [Treatment of osteo-dural injuries of the anterior segment of the skull base
      through the trans-lesion approach. Apropos of 25 cases surgically treated by a
      dual neurosurgical and maxillofacial team].
AB  - The authors describe a technique of mobilisation of the frontal sinus using the
      fractures of anterior and posterior walls. The translesional approach is adapted
      to cranio-facial borders surgery of traumatisms. It's a skull base approach which
      minimizes the cerebral retraction and enables or perfect viewing of the top of
      the ethmoid. The advantages, drawbacks and indications are discussed about 25
      cases.

PMID- 2658009
TI  - [Secondary osteoplasty in congenital clefts of the primary palate. Technic and
      results apropos of 43 cases].
AB  - 43 patients with primary palatal clefts (53 clefts) were treated by secondary
      osteoplasty. In 85% of cases the graft enabled closure of the bucco-nasal fistula
      and alveolar continuity was reestablished in 98% of cases. Complications were
      minimal and did not generally affect the final result. The ideal age for the
      procedure would seem to be between 8 and 11 years, thereby allowing eruption of
      the canine under normal conditions and the production of a continuous dental
      arcade.

PMID- 2658010
TI  - [Secondary reconstruction of the mouth floor using a complete and prepared skin
      graft after non-interrupted pelvi-mandibulectomy].
AB  - A technique of secondary reconstruction of the buccal floor after non
      interruptive pelvimandibulectomy by thin-split graft enables insertion of a
      dental prosthesis to assist functional recovery. Results of 46 grafts of this
      type performed at the Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France, including 21
      cases previously analysed in the Annales d'oto-laryngologie, Paris 1985.

PMID- 2658011
TI  - Role of liver peroxisomes in bile acid formation: inborn error of C27-steroid
      side chain cleavage in peroxisome deficiency (Zellweger syndrome).
AB  - Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol metabolism, and represent the
      principal form in which cholesterol is eliminated from the body. Salts of bile
      acids are the major driving force to bile flow and are important to maintain
      insoluble constituents of bile in solution. The detergent properties of bile
      salts permit dispersion and absorption of lipophilic substances in the gut. This
      overview is intended to summarize the knowledge of the role of liver peroxisomes
      in bile acid formation.

PMID- 2658012
TI  - Are invertebrates capable of anticipatory immune responses?

PMID- 2658013
TI  - Engraftment of T-depleted major histocompatibility complex-mismatched bone marrow
      in T-deficient versus natural killer-deficient recipients.
AB  - When bone marrow transplantation recipients undergo standard pre-transplant
      immunosuppressive therapy, engraftment failures are significantly more frequent
      with the use of T-depleted allogeneic donor bone marrow cells than with T cell
      containing allogeneic donor bone marrow cells. The relative importance of T
      versus natural killer (NK) cells in the rejection process of T-depleted donor
      bone marrow cells remains debatable. Here, NK- and T-deficient mouse mutants were
      transplanted across the same major histocompatibility complex (MHC) differences
      with homozygous or heterozygous T-depleted bone marrow cells. Results show that
      under the experimental conditions described, residual host NK cells are almost
      exclusively responsible for the increased rejection rate.

PMID- 2658014
TI  - Enterobacter bacteremia: a review of 58 episodes.
AB  - This report reviews 58 episodes of enterobacter bacteremia in 55 patients during
      a 66-month period at a 750-bed community teaching hospital in USA. The median age
      of patients was 65 years and 38% of the patients were older than 70 years. All
      patients had underlying conditions: rapidly fatal (7%), ultimately fatal (33%)
      and non-fatal (60%). Nosocomial acquisition of bacteremia occurred in 72% of
      episodes. 20 episodes (34.5%) were polymicrobial bacteremia. The major portal of
      entry was the lungs (34%). The overall mortality was 69%. Factors that adversely
      influenced the mortality rate were nosocomial acquisition (p less than 0.02),
      rapidly fatal and ultimately fatal underlying conditions (p less than 0.02), and
      lungs as the portal of entry (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2658015
TI  - Suppurative thrombophlebitis of the superior vena cava.
AB  - A 22-year-old woman, a neurosurgical comatose patient developed suppurative
      thrombophlebitis of the superior vena cava due to Klebsiella pneumoniae, as a
      complication of catheterisation for parenteral nutrition. The diagnosis was
      established by gallium scan, computed tomography and digital vascular imaging.
      Conservative treatment with antibiotics and heparin resulted in the emergence of
      a resistant mutant of the causative agent. The infection could only be eradicated
      after surgical thrombectomy.

PMID- 2658016
TI  - Septic pulmonary embolism caused by Candida albicans: a fatal complication to
      bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - A fatal course of Candida albicans infected embolism in a 31-year-old woman
      undergoing bone marrow transplantation due to leukemia is described. C. albicans
      was continuously cultured from the mucous membranes for 6-8 months after
      transplantation in spite of local treatment with amphotericin B and mycostatin
      and systemic treatment with itraconazole.

PMID- 2658017
TI  - Diagnosis of falciparum malaria delayed by long incubation period and misleading
      presenting symptoms: life-saving role of manual leucocyte differential count.
AB  - In countries where malaria is not endemic the diagnosis of the disease is often
      delayed or overlooked, particularly if the clinical symptoms are atypical and if
      automated cell analyzers are used instead of blood films for leucocyte
      differential counts. We report 2 cases of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria
      with unusual clinical features: a 46-year-old man with an exceptionally long
      incubation period and a 22-year-old woman with presenting symptoms suggesting
      viral hepatitis. In both cases the diagnosis of malaria was unexpectedly made by
      observant laboratory technicians examining stained blood films for differential
      counts.

PMID- 2658018
TI  - Microbiologic and clinical study of acute diarrhea in children in Aswan, Egypt.
AB  - Children with diarrhea presenting to a Government Rehydration Center in Aswan,
      Egypt, were investigated to determine the etiology and clinical presentation of
      acute childhood diarrhea in southern Egypt. Among 126 outpatients and 25
      inpatients with diarrhea (mean age 18 months), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
      (ETEC) (17% of cases), Cryptosporidium (9%), Salmonella spp. (7%), Campylobacter
      jejuni/coli (7%), and Shigella spp. (5%) were the most common enteropathogens
      identified during the high incidence season of July. Enteropathogens were
      isolated as often from inpatients as outpatients, except for Salmonella spp. and
      Cryptosporidium, which were recovered more often from inpatients. Salmonella
      infected children, in particular, were more ill, feverish, and dehydrated on
      presentation than other children, resulting in more frequent hospitalization.
      Except for Salmonella-infected children, children with acute diarrhea usually
      presented without severe dehydration, which may have been due to frequent
      initiation of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) by mothers trained by local health
      care providers. A potential environmental source of ETEC was identified in clay
      water storage containers commonly used in this area.

PMID- 2658019
TI  - Host response in women with symptomatic urinary tract infection.
AB  - The agreement between clinical signs and host response was analysed in 174 women
      with symptomatic urinary tract infection. C-reactive protein (CRP) confirmed the
      clinical diagnosis in that 94% of non-pregnant and 91% of pregnant women with
      acute pyelonephritis had serum levels greater than or equal to 30 mg/l, compared
      with only 5% of cystitis patients. There was a significant increase in the
      erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and reduction of the renal concentrating
      capacity in patients with acute pyelonephritis, although the overlap with the
      cystitis group was greater than for CRP. The transient decrease in urine
      osmolality was unrelated to age, as were CRP, ESR and the total white blood cell
      count. Pregnant women had higher ESR but lower CRP levels than non-pregnant women
      with acute pyelonephritis. The renal concentrating capacity was more reduced in
      those infected with Escherichia coli expressing adhesins specifically recognizing
      Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-containing receptors on uroepithelial cells.

PMID- 2658020
TI  - Effect of latex agglutination test on prescribing for group A streptococcal
      throat disease in primary care.
AB  - Diagnosis and treatment of 849 sore throat patients in primary care was studied
      with regard to the utilization and accuracy of a latex test for group A beta
      hemolytic streptococci. 78% were tested, but 11% of the rapid test results were
      uncertain, and 15% conflicted with traditional culture results. The negative
      predictive value of the test was 98%, and the positive predictive value only 59%.
      52% of all patients received antibacterials, the rapid test result influencing
      the treatment decisions clearly but not solely. The nurses utilized the rapid
      test more often than the physicians. The study stresses the difficulties inherent
      in introducing new tests in primary care and illustrates the realities of
      overutilization of the test and overmedication despite test results.

PMID- 2658021
TI  - Two outbreaks of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 5a infection in Japan.
AB  - In the summer of 1984 there occurred 2 outbreaks of infection with Yersinia
      pseudotuberculosis 5a. 58 persons ate meat products, vegetables and rice at a
      Japanese barbecue restaurant. 39/58 (67%) developed symptoms. In 19/39 persons an
      infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis could be diagnosed by stool cultures and/or
      serological techniques. Fever occurred in all patients, exanthema in 68% and
      abdominal pain in 68%. Thus, human yersiniosis due to Y. pseudotuberculosis 5a
      could be a febrile disease with exanthema and gastrointestinal disturbances. A
      transient acute renal failure developed around the 10th day of illness in 4
      children. The source and mode of spread of this infection could not be clarified.

PMID- 2658022
TI  - Bacterial adhesion as an indicator of renal involvement in bacteriuria of
      pregnancy.
AB  - The association of bacterial virulence with the host response to bacteriuria was
      evaluated in 70 pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis or bacteriuria detected
      at screening. Patients infected with Escherichia coli attaching to Gal alpha 1---
      4Gal beta-containing receptors, had significantly higher levels of C-reactive
      protein and lower renal concentrating capacity than patients infected with
      strains lacking this specificity. The renal concentrating capacity ranged from
      419-1151 mOsm/kg in the women with bacteriuria on screening. 5/11 women with a
      renal concentrating capacity less than or equal to 784 mOsm/kg were infected with
      Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-specific bacteria, compared to 0/16 of patients who
      concentrated the urine greater than 784 mOsm/kg. According to earlier studies the
      risk for progression to pyelonephritis and recurrences during pregnancy was
      increased in bacteriuric women with a reduced renal concentrating capacity. The
      present study demonstrates that this risk group can be identified in part by the
      properties of the infecting E. coli strains.

PMID- 2658023
TI  - Surveillance tests for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in bone marrow
      transplant recipients.
AB  - A system for serial surveillance cultures and serological tests for diagnosis of
      disseminated fungal infections (FI) was evaluated retrospectively in 14 bone
      marrow transplantation (BMT) patients with autopsy proven FI (11 with Candida
      albicans and 3 with Aspergillus fumigatus) and 14 control BMT patients without
      FI. The 2 groups did not differ with regard to clinical features. Serial cultures
      for candida from various sites were more often positive in the FI group than in
      the controls (p less than 0.001). Consistently negative cultures were never seen
      in the FI patients (p less than 0.05). Positive conventional blood cultures or
      cultures of specimens from bronchoscopy were suggestive of FI before death in
      6/14 of the patients with FI. No blood cultures were positive among the controls.
      Sequential serum samples taken before death in 7 patients with systemic
      candidiasis, 3 with invasive aspergillosis, and 12 control patients, were tested
      retrospectively for diagnostic candida and aspergillus antibody titers and free
      circulating candida mannan. The serological tests gave evidence of FI in 9/10
      patients with FI and in half of the controls (p less than 0.05). In 8/10 cases
      with FI, serological tests became positive before a positive blood culture or a
      clinical suspicion of FI. With a prevalence of 7.5% of FI at our clinic, the
      predictive values for positive and negative was 100% and 97% for the antigenemia
      test and 14% and 100% for the ELISA test for IgA antibody against C. albicans
      mannan. Our data suggest that a rational use of surveillance cultures and
      serological tests may aid in an earlier diagnosis of FI in BMT patients.

PMID- 2658024
TI  - [Biotechnological principles and environmental hygiene aspects of in situ
      sanitation methods in soil and groundwater areas].
AB  - Biotechnological in situ measures can become a suitable mean to compete with a
      broad spectrum of mainly organic contaminants in soil and ground water
      environments. They can partly follow the spread of the contaminants, are
      ecologically safe and economically reasonable. Their application, however, is
      less effective at high concentrations of the contaminants, in the presence of
      toxicants and also under hydraulically unsuitable conditions. Care must be taken
      to avoid possible side-effects of the nutrient added, enriched microbial biomass,
      and some metabolical products. Long-term effects of in situ remediation
      techniques, and especially in connection with the possible use of added
      microorganisms, are not well known, yet. There is a need for further research in
      this complex field, in order to establish a scientific base because until now
      these remediation techniques were mainly based on empirical views.

PMID- 2658025
TI  - [The identification of microorganisms from groundwater and characterization of
      their physiologic activities].
AB  - The microbiological method presented in this contribution allows the following
      investigations: --Identification of aerobic, heterotrophic environmentally
      related organisms. --Investigation of different physiological activities of the
      test bacteria (e.g., degradation of different organic carbonaceous compounds,
      formation of extracellular enzymes). --Characterization of biological communities
      and their diversity. --Estimation of activities in environmental samples and
      mixed cultures. --Evaluation of a micro-site quality, e.g., reductions in the
      numbers of species or in a specific activity due to the effects of toxic
      substances. --Monitoring of the microbial community and its activities during
      biorestoration processes.

PMID- 2658026
TI  - [Technical methods and hydrogeological aspects of in situ sanitation measures in
      soil and groundwater areas].
AB  - The contribution deals in general with the following aspects of remediation
      processes: --Hydrogeological parameters --Microbiological and engineering
      parameters --Engineering conceptions of biological in situ remediations -
      Analytical aspects and monitoring.

PMID- 2658027
TI  - [Microbiologic studies of in situ removal of iron and manganese].
AB  - While undoubtedly a good understanding of soil microbiology in terms of pedology
      exists, little is presently known about unsaturated subsoils, and aquifers. Yet,
      in the North German Basin, such underground environments contain to a 90 m depth
      up to 10(4) g-1 dry wt of heterotrophic bacteria, oligocarbophilic bacteria,
      denitrifying bacteria, nitrate reducing bacteria, iron precipitating and reducing
      bacteria, manganese oxidizing and reducing bacteria and other physiological
      groups of microorganisms. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes. When
      estimating microscopically, their counts reach up to 10(7) g-1 dry wt. In an
      oxygen free aquifer which received an oxygenated water for 10 years to remove
      iron and manganese, the counts of heterotrophic bacteria increased 1-2 orders of
      magnitude. The counts of nitrifying bacteria also increased whereas those of
      desulfurizers remained non-affected. In general, the oxidizing bacteria benefited
      more from the treatment than the reducing bacteria. The soil Eh value was
      increased, and BOD 5, 10 or 20 values were diminished in comparison to the oxygen
      free aquifer.

PMID- 2658028
TI  - [Hydraulo-geologic assumptions of biological purification processes in the
      subsoil].
AB  - The use of microbiological methods to remediate contaminated underground and
      ground water may become both effective and economically advantageous. To exploit
      the potential advantage of these methods, one must start early enough prior to
      the treatment investigate the degradability of the contaminants present, and the
      geo-hydraulic conditions existing at the site. It seem to be advisable to involve
      neutral experts at this stage of preparation, i.e., those who are personally not
      indebted to one specific remediation method. At the present time, the progress in
      the biological remediation techniques seems to allow their use in numerous cases
      of the environmental contamination under economically attractive conditions.

PMID- 2658029
TI  - [Hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater].
AB  - The contribution deals with the following topics: --Microbiological in situ
      investigations of polluted ground water aquifers in order to develop a concept
      for biological remediation. --Removal of organic and halogenated organic
      compounds from ground water using methods which are common in the drinking water
      treatment (sand-fastfiltering, immobilized reactors). --Removal of organic and
      halogenated organic compounds from ground water using methods which are common in
      sewage treatment (activated sludge, suspension reactors). The conclusion has been
      drawn that there are many microbiological methods existing which can be used to
      remove the above contaminants from soil and ground water environments.

PMID- 2658030
TI  - [Technical in situ methods and their environmental hygiene control during the
      biological purification of soil and groundwaters polluted by organic halogens].
AB  - The contribution deals with the following topics: --A possible utilization of the
      biological soil remediation techniques. --Laboratory investigations for
      remediation projects. --Development of pilot treatments projects. --Technical
      treatments, monitoring, and the enhancement of microbial activities on a full
      scale.

PMID- 2658031
TI  - [Sanitizing contaminated soil and groundwater pipes by microbiological and
      physico-chemical methods].
AB  - The contribution reports on two contamination cases, i.e., a waterwork "Durlacher
      Wald" and an industrial plant "Oberrheingraben" which were remedied using
      biological and physico-chemical methods. Furthermore, it deals with the
      laboratory investigations of the degradation of hydrocarbons, and also discusses
      briefly the advantages and problems of the microbiological remediation
      techniques.

PMID- 2658032
TI  - Research for ground-water quality management with an emphasis on in situ
      biorestoration.
AB  - It is important to remember that the behavior of contaminants in the subsurface
      is influenced by chemical and hydrologic parameters as well as biotic
      considerations, and that a wholistic understanding of these processes will be
      required for successful ground-water quality management. There is little doubt
      that vast resources will be devoted to remedial action activities aimed at
      restoring ground water in coming years. With the average cost of cleaning up a
      hazardous waste site now approaching five million dollars, the future cost of
      dealing with existing sources of ground-water contamination will be measured in
      many billions of dollars and uncalculable hours of effort. Already we can see
      that, as we begin to understand the processes that control the behavior of
      pollutants in the subsurface, we can not only reduce these expenditures
      dramatically, but also assure that the actions taken adequately protect ground
      water now and in the future.

PMID- 2658033
TI  - Comparison of effective toxicant biotransformation by autochthonous
      microorganisms and commercially available cultures in the in situ reclamation of
      abandoned industrial sites.
AB  - Biotransformation and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the
      subsurface autochthonous microflora collected from an abandoned petroleum
      refinery site was investigated. In addition, the inoculation of a commercially
      available blend of bacterial cultures, with known ability to degrade polycyclic
      aromatics, was evaluated. This supplemental addition of select microorganisms has
      been referred to by commercial interests as "bioaugmentation". Their
      biodegradative potential was evaluated using laboratory mesocosms (simulations)
      containing a predetermined optimal waste loading rate based on % oil and grease,
      mixed with predetermined optimal loading rates of clay and river silt materials.
      The waste consisted primarily of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons found in
      buried sludges and abandoned lagoons. All mesocosms received nutrient amendment
      without additional energy sources. Experimental mesocosms were inoculated with
      adapted indigenous microflora and/or commercial strains. Microbial ATP, microbial
      diversity, and related enzyme assays were used to establish the detoxification
      efficiency of the experimental microflora. Quantitative toxicant concentrations
      and transformations were documented by GC/MS data. Information will be presented
      mainly on the kinetics of toxicant biotransformation processes to identify
      "bioaugmentation" contribution and relevancy in the recovery of abandoned
      polluted sites.

PMID- 2658034
TI  - Behavior of genetically engineered microbes in natural environments and their
      potential use in in situ reclamation of contaminated sites.

PMID- 2658035
TI  - Biotechnology for in situ restoration of ground water contaminated by the
      petroleum industry.
AB  - As a result of increasing incidents of ground water contamination, several
      methods to restore polluted aquifers have been developed. These include 1)
      physical containment, 2) hydrodynamic controls, 3) withdrawal and treatment, 4)
      in situ physical and chemical treatment, and 5) in situ biological treatment. The
      fifth technology, in situ biological treatment (in situ biorestoration), is an
      innovative technique which involves the use of the indigenous subsurface
      microflora to degrade ground water pollutants. The most important factor in
      successful application of the process is the presence of metabolically
      appropriate microorganisms in a perfusable aquifer. As a result of the high
      levels of carbonaceous material contaminating the subsurface as petroleum waste,
      nutrients such as oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen are often limiting.
      Stimulation of the microflora is therefore achieved by perfusing the aquifer with
      the limiting nutrients; the nutrients must be transported to the zone of
      contamination to be effective. Aquifers with high clay contents and low
      permeabilities are not good candidates for in situ biorestoration systems nor
      other treatment strategies which involve plume management using well systems. In
      conclusion, in situ biorestoration is an innovative technique that can be used to
      remediate contaminated aquifers which are permeable and contain a metabolically
      active microflora; in contrast to other remedial methods, the contamination can
      be completely destroyed rather than transferred to another part of the
      environment.

PMID- 2658036
TI  - Some critical points of the microbiological restoration of underground sites
      polluted by the volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons.

PMID- 2658037
TI  - Developments in in situ biorestoration of contaminated soil and groundwater in
      the Netherlands.
AB  - This paper considers the actual state of the art of in-situ biorestoration of
      contaminated soil and groundwater in the Netherlands. After a description of the
      relevant research programme, some research projects are described. These concern
      stimulation of biodegradation by means of venting and circulation of water for
      addition of oxygen and nutrients. Furthermore, some information about treatment
      of contaminated soil and groundwater on full scale is given. For groundwater,
      some activities on research of biological treatment systems for specific
      pollutants are mentioned.

PMID- 2658038
TI  - [Microbial degradation of aromatic compounds].
AB  - Benzene degrading bacteria can be isolated easily. In this contribution, the
      degradation pathway of benzene has been described. It shows a formation of
      catechol as an intermediate product which can be split oxidatively between
      hydroxyl groups (an ortho-splitting) as well as beside the hydroxyl groups (a
      meta-splitting). The participation of plasmids in the degradation process has
      been brought out. The herbicide PyraminR becomes metabolized by Phenylobacterium
      immobile in a way which is typical for the degradation of other aromatics, too.
      The characteristics of a Pseudomonas strain which could become enriched in the
      presence of 4-chlorobenzoic acid has been quoted: it offers four different ways
      of dehalogenation. The degradation pathways of aniline and its derivatives go
      towards catechol and its derivatives. The possible degradation of natural
      occurring aromatics has been shown by the examples of chloramphenicol, ephedrine,
      papaverin, juglone and lawsone. The formation of halogenated compounds under
      natural conditions has been discussed.

PMID- 2658039
TI  - [Transformation of xenobiotics by soil microorganisms and their potential
      distribution].
AB  - Xenobiotics, i.e., unnaturally occurring organic substances, become transformed
      in soils, waters and ground water aquifers primarily by co-metabolism or by
      physico-chemical processes. The persistence of both xenobiotics and natural
      substances, i.e., time required for a 95% disappearance of the original
      compounds, is dependent on the chemical and physical characteristics of a
      compound itself (its molecular recalcitrance), on soil properties and conditions,
      and on the relationships of these factors. Among the specific factors which
      influence the persistence of individual compounds belong both natural and
      anthropogenic "non-physiological" characteristics and structures. Naturally
      occurring compounds become transformed metabolically, those with a xenobiotic
      character mainly co-metabolically. The degradation kinetics for both types of
      compounds have an exponential character, and according to a semi-logarithmic
      figure, it is a first order function (i.e., mineralization or transformation have
      a linear character). The co-metabolic processes depend closely on the
      concentration of the given compound in soil solution as well as on the general
      microbial activity. Metabolically utilizable compounds may serve microorganisms
      as sources of C, N, and eventually also of P and energy, after the necessary
      enzymes have become induced and synthetized. Co-metabolical compounds may not
      have these functions or microorganisms may require a long period to become
      adapted to them. In general, all means which support the microbial activity, may
      also support the co-metabolical transformations in the soil. This is especially
      true for aeration and manuring of soil both of which stimulate unspecifically the
      proliferation and activity of microorganisms, and indirectly also a co-metabolism
      of xenobiotics.

PMID- 2658040
TI  - Early clinical experience with a simple method for autotransfusion in cardiac
      surgery.
AB  - A simple method for intraoperative autotransfusion (ATF) in open-heart surgery
      was tested in a prospective clinical trial. The patients were randomly assigned
      to a control group (33) or to the ATF group (35). The intraoperative ATF was
      combined with preoperative collection of blood and postoperative ATF. The
      postoperative chest-tube drainage was reduced by 24.3%, the donor-blood
      requirement by 43.3% and the consumption of fresh-frozen plasma by 43.9% in the
      ATF group as compared with the controls (all differences statistically
      significant). To investigate possible haematologic side effects of ATF,
      measurements of haemoglobin, haematocrit, fibrinogen concentration, thrombin,
      prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time, antithrombin-III and fibrinolytic
      activity were made in all patients preoperatively and on postoperative days 1 and
      2. No statistical differences were then found between the controls and the ATF
      group. Microbiologic tests of blood sampled from the cardiotomy reservoir gave
      satisfactory results.

PMID- 2658041
TI  - [Bacterial arthritis--a retrospective analysis].
AB  - Bacterial arthritis is an emergency situation in which rapid diagnosis and
      immediate therapy are the main factors conditioning a satisfactory functional
      outcome. Not infrequently, bacterial arthritis may involve only mild clinical
      features, thus leading to a delay in diagnosis. The case histories of 43 patients
      with bacterial arthritis are reviewed retrospectively. Only 20.9% mentioned a
      history of rigor and less than half (40.5%) of the patients had a body
      temperature elevation above 38 degrees C. Other signs of bacterial infection
      (i.e. leukocytosis, positive blood cultures, synovial fluid pleocytosis) were
      less frequent than expected. Functional outcome was better for patients with a
      short latent period between the onset of clinical symptoms and initiation of
      treatment.

PMID- 2658042
TI  - [Hypoglycemia in children with diabetes treated with human or porcine insulin].
AB  - If hypoglycemia unawareness in diabetes is related to human insulin, its use
      would mean an increased risk of unconscious hypoglycemia. In a prospective study
      in 59 children treated from onset of diabetes by either human or porcine insulin
      of equal purity for a mean observation period of more than 3 years, no
      significant difference in the incidence of hypoglycemic coma was detected: 9/29
      (31%) of the children treated by human insulin compared to 8/30 (27%) of those
      treated by porcine insulin had 1 or more severe hypoglycemic episodes. At the
      time of the first coma there was no significant difference in age, duration of
      diabetes, insulin dose, or HbA1 between the groups. Thus, human insulin is not
      considered to be an additional risk factor for the development of hypoglycemic
      coma in diabetic children.

PMID- 2658043
TI  - Decompression: English tables.
AB  - The formulation of decompression procedures has generally been based on the
      observation that divers can be decompressed without stoppages to surface, from
      steady-state exposures of about twice the atmospheric pressure. Because
      decompression sickness rarely develops from this "no-stop decompression", it has
      been assumed that no gas is liberated. It is therefore assumed, in the
      calculation of the majority of decompression tables, that using a 2:1
      decompression ratio allows the additional gas load from the hyperbaric exposure
      to be transported to the lungs in solution. Ultrasonic scanning and Doppler
      techniques have shown that this is not the case. Decompression tables must
      therefore be formulated so as to take into account the presence of gas, the
      critical diameter of circulating bubbles and the inherent unsaturation introduced
      by oxygen.

PMID- 2658044
TI  - Absinthe.

PMID- 2658045
TI  - Hypothermia and cold.
AB  - Hypothermia is defined and classified, and the physiology of temperature
      regulation summarized; fluid balance and the phenomenon of symptomless cooling
      are considered in more detail. The symptoms and signs of hypothermia are charted,
      with cautions, and the problems considered of making any diagnosis, including
      that of death, in hypothermic patients. Recommendations for treatment are
      complicated by the possible presence of other factors including drowning and the
      so-called 'diving reflex' phenomenon. There are many methods of rewarming and all
      are safe if used with intensive care monitoring. However, for field use by the
      rescue services there are only three practical methods. The traditional
      explanation of why survivors die after rescue is discarded with an alternative
      proposed. Since hypothermia is not numerically the most important cause of cold
      related deaths, the other dangers are considered. Finally caution is advised when
      interpreting published papers on hypothermia.

PMID- 2658046
TI  - The rational construction of new enzymes: design and synthesis of a dehydrogenase
      which accepts an unnatural substrate.
AB  - Advances in organic chemistry now make it possible for computer-controlled
      instruments to synthesize new and unnatural genes. When these genes are inserted
      into bacterial plasmids they can code for the over-production of new, synthetic
      enzyme proteins. One use for these new enzymes is as catalysts for the production
      of only a single one of the possible optical isomers of unnatural chemicals--a
      technology required for the synthesis of purer and safer drugs. The article
      describes attempts to use this new technology to design a new enzyme which
      recognizes a -CH2 -COO- side chain instead of the -CH3 side chain recognized by
      the naturally evolved enzyme. One of the new designs is shown to enable the
      construction of a new enzyme which is at least as catalytically active as the
      natural enzyme, and in which the substrate specificity has been shifted 10(7)
      fold in favour of the new target molecule. Thus, given a firm understanding of
      the structural properties of a natural enzyme, which determine its efficiency as
      a catalyst, it can be manipulated to accept a new substrate and it is reasonably
      hopeful that useful products will be cheaply available from the redesign of
      natural proteins.

PMID- 2658047
TI  - Recent advances in the study of viral gastroenteritis.
AB  - Acute infectious gastroenteritis is the commonest cause of death in children
      under 5 years old who live in developing countries. In developed countries,
      whilst deaths occur rarely, gastroenteritis remains an important public health
      problem. Before the early 1970s the cause of the majority of diarrhoeal disease
      episodes was a mystery. The recognized causes of infectious diarrhoea at the time
      were bacteria and parasites. During the 1970s a number of previously unknown
      viruses were discovered and subsequently shown to cause infectious
      gastroenteritis. Numerous studies which were conducted during the late 1970s and
      early 1980s confirmed the world-wide significance of these viruses as important
      pathogens, especially the rotaviruses, which can now be cultivated. Emphasizing
      recent progress, an overview is given of the virus, its pathogenesis and vaccine
      strategies for preventing disease. Other viruses, including adenoviruses,
      caliciviruses and astroviruses, are also described and their significance
      assessed.

PMID- 2658048
TI  - Mechanisms and ecological correlates of kin recognition.
AB  - Kin recognition, which can be inferred from differential interactions amongst
      close relatives as compared to unrelated conspecifics, has been documented in a
      wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. Kin may be discriminated by
      phenotypic traits (signatures) that are genetically mediated, acquired from the
      environment, or arise from an interaction between these two sources. The
      developmental mechanisms underlying recognition of relatives (or their
      signatures) include direct contact and familiarization, indirect familiarity
      (whereby previously unencountered individuals are recognized by their resemblance
      to familiar kin) and hypothetical recognition alleles. The biological
      significance and mediating mechanisms of kin recognition vary across species
      according to their ecology and natural history. To illustrate this point, the
      results of laboratory and field studies of larvae of several species of toads and
      frogs are reviewed.

PMID- 2658049
TI  - The ecology of host--parasite interactions.
AB  - In their attempts to explain observed patterns in population dynamics and
      community structure, ecologists have, until recently, been preoccupied with the
      effects of predation and competition. An increasing number of new studies,
      however, highlight the role of parasites (broadly defined to include viruses,
      bacteria, protozoans, helminths and arthropods) in determining both the abundance
      and distribution of animal species. This review outlines theoretical advances
      that have been made in this area and presents field and laboratory evidence for
      the importance of parasites in community ecology.

PMID- 2658050
TI  - Management of the second stage of labor: a review (Part I).
AB  - The second stage of labor is defined as that time from the completion of
      dilitation of the cervix to the delivery of the infant. Considerable controversy
      exists in the current obstetric and midwifery literature concerning the
      appropriate management of this stage of labor. With increased use of regional
      anesthesia, electronic fetal monitoring and the shift in favor of active
      management of labor, the second stage is often accompanied by forceful bearing
      down efforts, repeated Valsalva maneuvers and an increase in the use of forceps,
      vacuum extraction and episiotomies. Probably the single strongest point resulting
      in active intervention in the second stage of labor is the rigid use of the
      Friedman Curve. This approach tends to insist upon a predetermined time interval
      and promotes early intervention. The opinions on both sides of this controversy
      are the topic of this review.

PMID- 2658051
TI  - Whose notes are they?

PMID- 2658052
TI  - Bone marrow transplants approved.

PMID- 2658053
TI  - RNA-protein interactions in 30S ribosomal subunits: folding and function of 16S
      rRNA.
AB  - Chemical probing methods have been used to "footprint" 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
      at each step during the in vitro assembly of twenty 30S subunit ribosomal
      proteins. These experiments yield information about the location of each protein
      relative to the structure of 16S rRNA and provide the basis for derivation of a
      detailed model for the three-dimensional folding of 16S rRNA. Several lines of
      evidence suggest that protein-dependent conformational changes in 16S rRNA play
      an important part in the cooperativity of ribosome assembly and in fine-tuning of
      the conformation and dynamics of 16S rRNA in the 30S subunit.

PMID- 2658054
TI  - Induction of mesoderm by a viral oncogene in early Xenopus embryos.
AB  - During frog embryogenesis, mesoderm is specified in the equatorial region of the
      early embryo by a signal from the vegetal hemisphere. Prospective ectodermal
      cells dissected from the animal hemisphere can be respecified to form mesodermal
      tissues by recombination with vegetal tissue or by treatment with any of several
      polypeptide growth factors or growth factor-like molecules. Together with the
      discovery that several developmental mutations in Drosophila are in genes with
      significant homology to mammalian mitogens and oncogenes, these observations
      suggest that early developmental signals may use similar transduction pathways to
      mitogenic signals characterized in cultured mammalian cells. Whether mesoderm can
      be induced by activation of intracellular signal transduction pathways implicated
      in mitogenesis and oncogenesis has been investigated with the viral oncogene
      polyoma middle T. Microinjection of middle T messenger RNA into early embryos
      results in the respecification of isolated prospective ectodermal tissue to form
      characteristic mesodermal structures. Middle T in frog blastomeres appears to
      associate with cellular activities similar to those observed in polyoma
      transformed mouse cells, and transformation-defective middle T mutants fail to
      induce mesoderm. These results suggest that early inductive signals and mitogenic
      and oncogenic stimuli may share common signal transduction pathways.

PMID- 2658055
TI  - Class II MHC molecules are specific receptors for staphylococcus enterotoxin A.
AB  - T cell proliferation in response to stimulation with Staphylococcus enterotoxin A
      (SEA) requires accessory cells that express class II major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC) molecules. Murine fibroblasts transfected with genes encoding the
      alpha and beta subunits of HLA-DR, DQ, or DP were used to show that the
      proliferative response of purified human T cells to SEA is dependent on class II
      molecules but is not restricted by the haplotype of the responder. Binding of
      fluoresceinated SEA to class II transfectants and precipitation of class II
      heterodimers with SEA-Sepharose show that the proliferative response is a result
      of SEA binding to class II molecules. The binding is specific for class II
      molecules and is independent of class II allotype or isotype. The ability of SEA
      to bind class II molecules may be a general characteristic of this class of
      antigens, now called "superantigens".

PMID- 2658056
TI  - Delay of gratification in children.
AB  - To function effectively, individuals must voluntarily postpone immediate
      gratification and persist in goal-directed behavior for the sake of later
      outcomes. The present research program analyzed the nature of this type of future
      oriented self-control and the psychological processes that underlie it. Enduring
      individual differences in self-control were found as early as the preschool
      years. Those 4-year-old children who delayed gratification longer in certain
      laboratory situations developed into more cognitively and socially competent
      adolescents, achieving higher scholastic performance and coping better with
      frustration and stress. Experiments in the same research program also identified
      specific cognitive and attentional processes that allow effective self-regulation
      early in the course of development. The experimental results, in turn, specified
      the particular types of preschool delay situations diagnostic for predicting
      aspects of cognitive and social competence later in life.

PMID- 2658057
TI  - Molecular recognition and metal ion template synthesis.
AB  - Methods for the design and synthesis of ligands intended to be specific for a
      metal ion have been a recent chemical development. This article describes how
      this process can be inverted so that the specifics of the coordination
      environment around the metal ion can be used as a template in large-scale ligand
      synthesis. The synthesis of macrobicyclic ligands for ferric ion has been
      accomplished by using active esters of catechol ligands in which catecholate
      coordination to iron is a prelude to the organic chemical reactions that link the
      coordination subunits together into one ligand system surrounding a central metal
      ion coordination site. The lanthanide(III) ions, which are among the most labile
      metal ions known, have coordination numbers of 8 or higher, and thus their
      encapsulation into a macrobicyclic structure is a challenging problem. Lanthanide
      amine complexes have been used as metal templates in the synthesis of such
      macrobicyclic lanthanide complexes. There is evidence that such a complex is
      inert to exchange in aqueous solution.

PMID- 2658058
TI  - Developmental biology of T cell receptors.
AB  - T cell receptors are the antigen-recognizing elements found on the effector cells
      of the immune system. Two isotypes have been discovered, TCR-gamma delta and TCR
      alpha beta, which appear in that order during ontogeny. The maturation of
      prothymocytes that colonize the thymic rudiment at defined gestational stages
      occurs principally within the thymus, although some evidence for extrathymic
      maturation also exists. The maturation process includes the rearrangement and
      expression of the T cell receptor genes. Determination of these mechanisms, the
      lineages of the cells, and the subsequent thymic selection that results in self
      tolerance is the central problem in developmental immunology and is important for
      the understanding of autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 2658059
TI  - Enzymatic catalysts in organic synthesis.
AB  - The synthetic value of enzymes is being increasingly recognized. With an
      understanding of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and the techniques now available for
      the low-cost production and rational alteration of enzymes and for the design of
      new enzymatic activities, biocatalytic synthesis should become one of the most
      valuable synthetic methods. The fundamental as well as the practical issues of
      this rapidly growing area are described and its impact on the technology
      pertaining to synthesis is considered.

PMID- 2658060
TI  - The role of somatic hypermutation in the generation of antibody diversity.
AB  - The immune system is capable of establishing an enormous repertoire of antibodies
      before its first contact with antigen. Most antibodies that express germ-line
      sequences are of relatively low affinity. Once antigen enters the system, it
      stimulates a somatic mutational mechanism that generates antibodies of higher
      affinity and selects for the expression of those antibodies to produce a more
      effective immune response. The details of the mechanism and regulation of somatic
      hypermutation remain to be elucidated.

PMID- 2658061
TI  - Amplification of a gene related to mammalian mdr genes in drug-resistant
      Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum contains at least two genes related to
      the mammalian multiple drug resistance genes, and at least one of the P.
      falciparum genes is expressed at a higher level and is present in higher copy
      number in a strain that is resistant to multiple drugs than in a strain that is
      sensitive to the drugs.

PMID- 2658062
TI  - The neuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43 induces filopodia in non-neuronal
      cells.
AB  - The neuron-specific protein GAP-43 is associated with the membrane of the nerve
      growth cone and thus may be important to the activity of this distinctive
      neuronal structure. Transient transfection of COS and NIH 3T3 cells with
      appropriate vectors resulted in expression of GAP-43 in these non-neuronal cells;
      as in neurons, transfected GAP-43 associated with the membrane. In addition, many
      long fine filopodial processes extended from the periphery of such transfected
      cells. Stable CHO cell lines expressing GAP-43 also exhibited processes that were
      more numerous, far longer, and more complex than those of CHO cell lines not
      transfected or transfected with control plasmids. Thus GAP-43 may directly
      contribute to growth cone activity by regulating cell membrane structure and
      enhancing extension of filopodial processes.

PMID- 2658063
TI  - Clinical aspects of disseminated intravascular coagulation: a clinician's point
      of view.
AB  - DIC is a disorder of coagulation that is demonstrated to occur in many settings.
      In view of the fulminant nature of the disorder once it is fully activated, the
      potential for considerable morbidity and mortality, and the difficulty in
      treating this syndrome, the necessity for a thorough understanding of the
      disorder is clear. A high index of suspicion is absolutely essential; however,
      this requires a thorough knowledge of the medical and surgical disorders in which
      DIC is likely to occur. The presenting manifestations of DIC, the time course of
      development of the fulminant syndrome, and the specific complications of the
      disorder may be intrinsically related to the specific clinical characteristics of
      the underlying disease. Clinical evaluation of the patient must be comprehensive
      and consider not only the laboratory and clinical manifestations of DIC but the
      triggering illness. Without the ability to treat the underlying primary illness,
      controlling or abating the DIC may be difficult or impossible. This comprehensive
      review of the disease entities in which DIC is likely to occur and the associated
      clinical manifestations will, it is hoped, guide a more precise definition of the
      overall clinical picture that confronts the clinician when evaluating a patient
      with possible DIC.

PMID- 2658064
TI  - Pathophysiologic and biochemical events in disseminated intravascular
      coagulation: dysregulation of procoagulant and anticoagulant pathways.

PMID- 2658065
TI  - Hemostasis and fibrinolysis in renal transplantation.
AB  - Results of histologic, biochemical, and immunologic studies suggest that
      coagulation and fibrinolysis are possibly important in kidney graft rejection,
      but there is no information about how or why they are involved. The touchstones
      of their importance are histologic reports of platelet-fibrin thrombi in
      glomerular vessels of rejecting kidneys. Most of the nonhistologic studies have
      made use of functional assays aimed at measuring coagulation changes in blood.
      Little use has been made of immunoassays, and there are almost no studies of
      recently described anticoagulant systems, such as the protein C pathway.
      Endothelial cells form the interface between donor and recipient tissues.
      Antibody or thrombin-stimulated endothelium produces PAF, and thrombin-stimulated
      endothelium produces both plasminogen activators and plasminogen-activator
      inhibitors. As important as these reactions might be, information about them has
      been obtained with the use of either in vitro experiments or artificial systems,
      and there is no direct evidence that they are relevant to transplantation.
      However, these observations do show that tissue factor, PAF and fibrinolytic
      activities can be immunologically triggered. This opens the possibility that
      allogeneic recognition may initiate the triggering process. The clotting and
      fibrinolytic phenomena discussed in this overview were consequences of allogeneic
      recognition. Such recognition reactions cause monocytes and macrophages to
      produce tissue factor, which is a potent initiator of coagulation. Endothelial
      cells also can be stimulated to elaborate tissue factor by immune complexes,
      interleukin-1, or endotoxin. These observations give cause to speculate that the
      link between immunity and coagulation in kidney transplantation could be products
      of allogeneic recognition that activate Factor VII and lead to fibrin deposition.
      If true, this suggests new approaches to the old problems of diagnosis and
      treatment of rejection reactions in organ transplantation.

PMID- 2658066
TI  - The rheumatic manifestations of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - The recognized clinical spectrum of disease associated with HIV infection is
      rapidly expanding and now includes a variety of rheumatic syndromes. The
      laboratory features of HIV infection closely resemble those found in many
      connective tissue diseases and thus alter the predictive value of these tests in
      the evaluation of both types of conditions. In addition to the laboratory
      similarities, there are also increasing numbers of clinical reports of HIV
      infected individuals who develop syndromes either resembling classic idiopathic
      rheumatic diseases such as SS, polymyositis, or SLE, or newly recognized
      illnesses that fall under the clinical domain of the rheumatologist (ie, HIV
      associated vasculitis and arthritis). It is vital that clinicians recognize these
      new illnesses because there are important differences in prognosis and management
      between these and their idiopathic counterparts. Research is urgently needed for
      better definition of these syndromes and their pathogenesis, natural history, and
      optimal therapies.

PMID- 2658067
TI  - Gamma heavy chain disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2658068
TI  - Inflammatory central nervous system involvement in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We describe a patient with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis who developed
      pachymeningitis resulting in optic atrophy. Clinical, histopathologic, and
      radiologic findings in 18 additional cases of inflammatory CNS disease associated
      with rheumatoid arthritis are reviewed. The three characteristic neuropathologic
      findings were rheumatoid nodules, pachymeningitis or leptomeningitis, and
      vasculitis. In most cases, more than one of these histopathologic processes were
      found. The typical host was middle-aged with long-standing severe nodular
      disease. However, contrary to previous reports, CNS disease occurred in a
      significant number of patients without active synovitis and extracranial
      vasculitis and nodules. Although no correlation between specific neurologic
      symptoms and neuropathology was noted, patients with CNS nodules tended to be
      asymptomatic more often than patients with vasculitis or meningitis. CSF analysis
      and computed axial tomography were helpful diagnostic tools, but diagnosis was
      ultimately made only by directed biopsy or at autopsy. Treatment with surgical
      decompression and/or corticosteroids has proved beneficial in several cases.
      Inflammatory CNS involvement in rheumatoid arthritis should be considered in any
      patient with neurologic symptoms in whom infectious and malignant processes are
      ruled out. An aggressive, invasive approach for diagnostic biopsies seems
      warranted.

PMID- 2658069
TI  - Spondyloarthropathy in gorillas.

PMID- 2658070
TI  - The pleuropulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 2658071
TI  - The use of quinacrine (Atabrine) in rheumatic diseases: a reexamination.
AB  - Atabrine has been available for nearly 60 years. It has a variety of actions and
      has been administered to millions of individuals. Its antirheumatic properties
      have been well documented but have not been exploited optimally for a variety of
      reasons. The drug is generally quite safe and could be used in low doses in lupus
      and rheumatoid arthritis patients as a steroid-sparing agent or synergistically
      with hydroxychloroquine. Its bothersome side effects should not deter the
      clinician from using it, because they are easy to deal with or prevent (Table 5).
      Future studies should attempt to better characterize the immunosuppressive
      actions of this powerful drug, particularly in the treatment of lupus
      erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Studies of the role of combination or
      single-agent antimalarial therapy in combination with other "remittive" drugs
      could be of great potential benefit.

PMID- 2658072
TI  - Sleep influences on regional and diffuse pain syndromes associated with
      osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2658073
TI  - Pain mechanisms and mediators in osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2658074
TI  - Para-articular connective tissue in osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2658075
TI  - Soft tissue mechanisms of pain in osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2658076
TI  - Pain, synovitis, and articular cartilage changes in osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2658077
TI  - Immune mechanisms in osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2658078
TI  - Concepts in pain control.

PMID- 2658079
TI  - [Post-traumatic hemarthrosis of the hip joint. Pathophysiolgic significance and
      therapeutic consequences].
AB  - A correlation between the intra-articular pressure in the hip joint and blood
      flow in the femoral head has been demonstrated in both experimental and clinical
      data. A small effusion volume (2.5 cc) is capable of causing pathological
      pressure values, depending upon the position of the joints, although the highest
      volume capacity in the hip is well over 10 cc. Relief of post-traumatic tension
      hemarthrosis seems to be an essential therapeutic step, as it may prevent
      necrosis of the femoral head.

PMID- 2658080
TI  - Modification of radiotherapy by radiosensitizers and cancer chemotherapy agents.
      I. Radiosensitizers.

PMID- 2658081
TI  - Modification of radiotherapy by radiosensitizers and cancer chemotherapeutic
      agents. II. Cancer chemotherapeutic agents.

PMID- 2658082
TI  - Serotherapy of cancer.

PMID- 2658083
TI  - Antiidiotype antibody therapy of B-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2658084
TI  - Effects of anticancer drugs on the immune system in humans.

PMID- 2658085
TI  - The new biology of cancer: future clinical applications.
AB  - Our recognition that cancer evolves by clonal selection and that the basis for
      this selection is the growth advantage provided by the inappropriate expression
      or suppression of genes present in all normal cells allows us to anticipate that
      the pathways of this evolutionary process may be discovered. If a finite number
      of such pathways exist with some commonality between various tumors, there is the
      possibility to anticipate the mechanisms that cell clones might use for both
      carcinogenesis and tumor progression and to deal with evolving clones before
      their survival potential becomes overwhelming. As our biochemical understanding
      increases we may develop the capability to do the following: to identify
      individuals who have inherited or acquired defective cancer suppressor genes; to
      identify precursor lesions more exactly; to characterize the degree of
      progression of a newly diagnosed tumor (has the metastatic phenotype evolved?);
      to develop antibodies against cell membrane proteins necessary to tumor
      progression; to produce immune probes that carry cytotoxins or isotopes to
      specific cell populations; and to take advantage of cell signals to modify tumor
      growth. The potential for application of the New Biology to cancer medicine seems
      endless.

PMID- 2658086
TI  - Oxidative effects of heme and porphyrins on proteins and lipids.
AB  - Heme and porphyrins catalyze the formation of various reactive oxygen species
      under widely different conditions. Porphyrins are potent photosensitizers capable
      of transferring the energy of their excited state to oxygen, forming 1O2. Heme,
      by virtue of its iron content, is not a photosensitizer, but it can react with
      H2O2 forming reactive oxygen intermediates whose nature depends on the oxidation
      state of the iron. Ferric heme gives rise to a porphyrin cation radical, while
      ferrous heme catalyzes the formation of OH.. The reactive species formed by heme
      and porphyrins oxidize susceptible functional groups on protein and lipid
      components of membranes as well as serum and cytosolic proteins. Oxidation of
      membrane-bound proteins occurs independently of lipid peroxidation and it is
      characterized by extensive cross-linking, which takes place subsequent to amino
      acid oxidation. Serum and cytosolic proteins that bind and may transport heme and
      porphyrins are of special interest since they can modulate their toxicity by
      affecting their availability and reactivity. In addition, these proteins are
      particularly susceptible to oxidation, especially by heme, due to their proximity
      to the oxidizing species that are formed.

PMID- 2658087
TI  - Pathophysiology of cutaneous lesions in porphyrias.

PMID- 2658088
TI  - Oxidative hemoglobin denaturation and RBC destruction: the effect of heme on red
      cell membranes.
AB  - In this article, we have reviewed evidence to indicate that hemoglobin
      denaturation can cause sufficient membrane damage to contribute to red cell
      destruction. We have attempted to explain how hemoglobin denaturation may affect
      red cell membrane properties at the molecular level. Current information is
      consistent with the possibility that hemin, in addition to Heinz bodies, is an
      important factor contributing to red cell membrane damage following hemoglobin
      denaturation. The initial step in hemin-induced membrane damage appears to
      involve the oxidation of membrane protein sulfhydryl groups as well as lipids.
      Structural and functional membrane properties are likely to be altered. Further
      studies on the role of hemin in the process of red cell aging and in the
      pathophysiology of red cell disorders characterized by hemoglobin oxidation
      should yield new information regarding the role of hemin in these conditions.

PMID- 2658089
TI  - Pathobiology of heme interaction with the erythrocyte membrane.

PMID- 2658090
TI  - Control of heme biosynthesis in animals.

PMID- 2658091
TI  - Modified porphyrins, chlorins, phthalocyanines, and purpurins: second-generation
      photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.

PMID- 2658092
TI  - Interaction of porphyrins and metalloporphyrins with nucleic acids.
AB  - Differences in the interpretation of the details of the binding of porphyrins and
      metalloporphyrins to nucleic acids do exist, in part arising from the fact that
      different experimental techniques require different experimental conditions. For
      example, uv/vis absorption and CD spectroscopy use mumol/L and 10 to 100 mumol/L
      concentrations of drug and polymer respectively; whereas NMR uses mmol/l
      concentrations, increasing the likelihood of DNA aggregation. Differences in
      solvent conditions can have a profound effect on binding; changes in binding mode
      with changes in ionic strength have been observed for two of the porphyrins
      studied. At high levels of drug load the nucleic acid conformation may be
      changing and/or new modes of binding may become important. Thus, care must be
      taken when comparing data at different experimental conditions. At the same time
      that these various complexities for binding make comparison difficult it is
      precisely because of such complexities that these porphyrins are such sensitive
      probes of nucleic acid structure and dynamics. It may well be the diversity of
      binding of these porphyrins that will provide a variety of avenues for
      therapeutic strategies. It is certainly true that obtaining a complete binding
      picture for these porphyrins will require extended studies using a variety of
      techniques and experimental conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658093
TI  - Transport of tetrapyrroles by proteins.

PMID- 2658094
TI  - The effect of immunoadsorption therapy by a protein A column on patients with
      thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Immunoadsorption therapy employing protein A columns (PROSORBA columns) was used
      for the treatment of patients with naturally occurring or transfusion-induced
      immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP). Plasma from one unit of blood was perfused
      through the columns and returned to each patient. This procedure was performed
      once or twice weekly. In two cases of acute ITP, platelets markedly increased,
      and platelet-associated IgG (Pa-IgG) and circulating immune complexes (CIC) were
      decreased following the treatments. A transient increase in platelets was
      achieved in one patient with chronic ITP. Some improved response to platelet
      transfusions was noticed in one patient with aplastic anemia and platelet
      alloimmunization. Two mechanisms are suggested for the effect of protein A column
      therapy: one is the stimulation of the production of anti-idiotype antibody that
      neutralizes platelet auto-antibody and the other is activation of complement that
      induces solubilization and removal of CIC containing platelet autoantibodies.
      Immunoadsorption by protein A column is a useful therapy for some ITP cases,
      especially those that are acute.

PMID- 2658095
TI  - Treatment of patients with HIV thrombocytopenia and hemolytic uremic syndrome
      with protein A (Prosorba column) immunoadsorption.
AB  - Both antibodies and circulating immune complexes (CIC), which bind to platelets
      and induce the destruction and clearance of platelets by the reticuloendothelial
      system, are found in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and immune
      thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). IgG and CIC were removed from patients' plasma by
      extracorporeal immunoadsorption using protein A-silica columns (PROSORBA
      columns). Of the 36 HIV-positive ITP patients treated, 29 received more than one
      treatment and were evaluated for response. Sixteen patients showed more than a
      50% increase in their platelet counts. Platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) and/or
      platelet-directed IgG and CIC were elevated in all patients. After four to eight
      treatments, 16 of 29 patients showed a 170% to 430% increase in platelet counts.
      A decrease in CIC and PAIgG was noted in responding patients. The median duration
      of response to date was 8 to 12 months. This treatment was associated with immune
      modulation and the development of an anti-F (ab')2 antibody response. The
      antibody functions by complexing with both platelet-binding IgG and CIC,
      neutralizing their binding capacity for platelets and enhancing their clearance
      from the circulation. Nine patients with mitomycin-C-induced hemolytic uremic
      syndrome (HUS) were also treated with PROSORBA columns. Pretreatment platelet
      counts were markedly reduced while a definite increase in platelet counts was
      observed upon completion of therapy. There was a decrease of hemolysis and
      stabilization of renal function in three patients. PROSORBA column treatment has
      demonstrated marked activity against both HIV-ITP and HUS, and has successfully
      freed patients from the bleeding diathesis associated with these syndromes.

PMID- 2658096
TI  - Protein A immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer: an update.
AB  - Protein A, a naturally occurring Staphylococcus aureus cell surface protein, has
      the unusual property of binding circulating immune complexes and immunoglobulin G
      with high avidity. CIC have played a major role in cancer-associated
      immunosuppression. Thus, removal of the immunosuppressive agents, ie, the CIC,
      may lead to a modulation of the immunosuppression and a liberation of the immune
      system to perform an antitumor effect. In animal studies, protein A has been used
      in extracorporeal immunoadsorption columns and treatments have resulted in tumor
      shrinkage and antiviral responses. Our group developed a multicenter clinical
      trial to assess toxicity and antitumor responses with this biologic response
      modifier alone. This is an update of our original trial. We have now treated 142
      patients for a total of 1,306 treatments. The patients consisted of 74 males and
      68 females. Their age ranged from 7 to 83 years, with a mean of 50 years. The
      Karnofsky performance index values ranged from 40 to 95, with a mean of 80.
      Patients who received seven or more treatments were considered eligible for tumor
      response assessment, and all patients with one or more treatments were eligible
      for toxicity assessment. Thus, there were 101 patients eligible for tumor
      response and 142 eligible for toxicity response. The total response rate was 22
      patients or 21.8% (partial remission [PR], 12 patients, 12%; less than PR, 10
      patients, 10%). Response rates were similar in the 13 treatment centers. Toxicity
      was assessed in 142 patients. One thousand three hundred six treatments were
      assessed for treatment toxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658097
TI  - Biomodulation effects of extracorporeal circulation in apheresis.
AB  - The association of biochemical and cellular abnormalities in various disease
      states provides the rationale for apheresis technologies. Plasmapheresis by
      plasma exchange has severe technical and clinical limitations due to the
      nonselective removal of plasma factors. Plasmapheresis methods for the more
      selective removal of plasma components include membrane filtration, sorption, and
      physico-chemical methods such as precipitation. These methods can also eliminate
      the need for plasma product replacement and be more specific to the clinical
      needs. While plasmapheresis technologies are designed primarily for solute
      removal, the methodology itself will have a biomodulating influence and will
      impact on the course of the disease state. Extracorporeal biomodulation is
      defined as the act of effecting changes either procedurally induced or
      procedurally associated in the cellular or biochemical milieu of the body.
      Factors to be considered in an extracorporeal procedure such as plasmapheresis
      include the duration of an individual treatment, the degree of solute removal
      selectivity, the prescribed frequency for the treatment, the type of equipment
      employed, the choice of anticoagulant, and the materials for blood and plasma
      contact. Thus, the modulatory effects of the methodology occur not only in the
      humoral system but also among the cells. The effects of the modulation will
      extend beyond the procedure time. The general direction in material research for
      extracorporeal circulation is to minimize the biological response. However, the
      modulating effects of the procedure, independent of the removal effects, suggest
      that the proper choice of materials in the extracorporeal circuit can benefit the
      patient. With the various techniques of solute removal and material availability,
      the clinician may chose the biomodulating system for the treatment of a given
      disease state.

PMID- 2658098
TI  - Clinical applications of hematopoietic growth factors. Proceedings of an
      education program session of the 30th annual meeting of the American Society of
      Hematology. December 3, 1988, San Antonio, TX.

PMID- 2658099
TI  - Introduction and overview of hematopoietic growth factors.
AB  - Blood cell development is regulated by a variety of hematopoietic growth factors
      that mediate the growth, maturation, and activation of hematopoietic cell
      elements. Several of these factors have been isolated and are now being produced
      by means of recombinant DNA techniques in quantities sufficient for study and
      clinical use. Three factors in particular have recently received considerable
      attention in the clinical arena: recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating
      factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and
      erythropoietin (EPO). Although both may prove to be clinically useful, G-CSF and
      GM-CSF have distinct and different biological characteristics. The regulatory
      action of G-CSF is apparently lineage-specific for the proliferation and
      maturation of neutrophil granulocytes. GM-CSF is less restricted in its actions,
      affecting all granulocytes, especially eosinophil granulocytes. It also
      stimulates the proliferation and activation of monocyte-macrophages and induces
      these cells to produce a number of cytokines. EPO mediates the growth of
      erythroid progenitors into mature erythrocytes. The CSFs and EPO have many
      potential clinical applications, including enhancing myeloid effector cell
      production and function, rendering malignant cells more susceptible to killing by
      cycle-specific agents, and correcting the anemia of end-stage renal disease.

PMID- 2658100
TI  - The effect of recombinant human colony-stimulating factors on hematopoietic
      reconstitution following autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The prolonged and severe myelosuppression associated with high-dose chemotherapy
      and autologous bone marrow transplantation is a major causative factor in patient
      morbidity and mortality resulting from infection and other causes. The recent
      molecular cloning, in vitro expression, and formulation of recombinant human
      colony-stimulating factors (CSF) offered the possibility of reducing the duration
      of myelosuppression following high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow
      transplantation. We have evaluated both recombinant human granulocyte macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and recombinant human granulocyte colony
      stimulating factor (G-CSF) in patients undergoing high-dose combination
      alkylating-agent therapy with cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine (BCNU),
      and autologous bone marrow transplantation. At clinically acceptable doses, both
      agents will accelerate hematopoietic recovery and are associated with a reduction
      in the frequency of bacteremias encountered compared with historical controls.
      Differences in the pattern of toxicity associated with colony-stimulating factor
      use, as well as effects on the functional capacity of neutrophils, were noted.

PMID- 2658101
TI  - The promise of recombinant human erythropoietin.
AB  - Clinical trials have clearly demonstrated the efficacy of recombinant human
      erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) (EPOGEN [epoetin alfa]; AMGEN Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA) in
      the treatment of the anemia associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
      Nearly all dialysis patients treated with r-HuEPO have responded by reaching
      target hematocrit levels within 8 to 12 weeks. Maintenance therapy has been
      effective, and some patients have had stable blood counts for greater than 2
      years. The drug has been well tolerated, has resulted in elimination of
      transfusion dependency, and has evoked no antibody formation. Significant
      management issues include maintenance of sufficient iron stores to sustain red
      cell production and the control of blood pressure (BP) elevation associated with
      increased peripheral vascular resistance resulting from rising hematocrit (HCT)
      levels. Preliminary results of quality-of-life assessments confirm the beneficial
      effects of r-HuEPO therapy. This drug should become standard therapy for patients
      with the anemia of ESRD.

PMID- 2658102
TI  - Heterogeneity of antimitochondrial antibodies.

PMID- 2658103
TI  - Nature of the mitochondrial antigens of primary biliary cirrhosis and their
      possible relationships to the etiology of the disease.

PMID- 2658104
TI  - Medical treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2658105
TI  - Liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for PBC. The Pittsburgh
      experience is reported, with 1- and 5-year survival of 75.62% and 70.71%,
      respectively. Recurrence of PBC, when it occurs, has not been of clinical
      significance. Transplantation markedly improves chances for survival, an
      advantage that is demonstrable in all of the risk groups. Rehabilitation is
      achieved after transplantation in approximately 90% of the patients. Some
      clinical variables are associated with a poorer outcome and indicate the need for
      earlier treatment.

PMID- 2658106
TI  - Primary biliary cirrhosis: current knowledge, perspectives, and future
      directions.
AB  - These perspectives from the first International Symposium on Primary Biliary
      Cirrhosis review recent advances and single out some areas for further enquiry.
      The latter include frequency and type of associated autoimmune diseases, the
      existence of clinical subsets of PBC, immunohistochemical analysis of lymphoid
      infiltrates in the liver, effects of immunosuppressive and other treatment
      regimens, and models for predicting the optimal time for liver transplantation.
      The M2 autoantigens have been identified as mitochondrial 2-oxo-acid
      dehydrogenase enzymes. These include pyruvate dehydrogenase (70-74 kd antigen)
      and branched chain 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase and 2-oxo-acid glutaric dehydrogenase
      (45-52 kd antigens). Each of these enzymes has three subunits, E1 to E3. For PDH,
      an autoepitope has been identified as a decapeptide containing the attachment
      site of lipoic acid, an essential cofactor for enzyme activity. Current questions
      include the degree to which antibodies to PDH, and related enzymes, account for
      the mitochondrial reactivity defined by immunofluorescence or other procedures,
      the cell-surface expression of M2 autoantigens, and the significance of the
      occurrence of nonmitochondrial (such as centromeric) autoantibodies in PBC. The
      unknown T lymphocyte contribution to the autoimmune response in PBC may involve
      inducer and effector components. A postulated T-cell autoepitope may be
      presented, in association with MHC class I or class II molecules, on the surface
      of biliary epithelial cells. T cell lines from PBC livers removed during
      transplantation could provide data on the T-lymphocyte contribution to the
      pathogenesis of PBC.

PMID- 2658107
TI  - Cervical aortic arch: a commentary.

PMID- 2658108
TI  - The pulmonary veins.

PMID- 2658109
TI  - CT findings in superior vena cava obstruction.

PMID- 2658110
TI  - CT of congenital anomalies of the aortic arch.

PMID- 2658111
TI  - [The history of medicine science during the period of perestroika].

PMID- 2658112
TI  - [Sun Iatsen--a physician and revolutionary-democrat and his medical environment].

PMID- 2658113
TI  - [Problems of the anti-alcoholism movement in Russia].

PMID- 2658114
TI  - [Roentgenologic and ultrasonic diagnosis of breast cysts].

PMID- 2658115
TI  - [Free dermatoplasty in post-burn deformities].

PMID- 2658116
TI  - [Problems of practical medicine in the works of P.K. Anokhin].

PMID- 2658117
TI  - [Echographic and hemodynamic indicators in liver cirrhosis with portal
      hypertension].
AB  - The efficiency of combined echoradionuclide investigation for the identification
      of the severity of portal hypertension and the determination of clear-cut
      criteria for the differentiation of stages of portal hypertension with reference
      to functional potentials of renal hemodynamics and systemic circulation at large
      is demonstrated.

PMID- 2658118
TI  - [Pharmacoechography].
AB  - Ultrasonic scanning of the kidney was conducted in the presence of drug-induced
      polyuria in order to detect upper urinary urodynamic disorders and termed
      "pharmaco-echography". Pharmaco-echography with furosemide enables an indirect
      assessment of functional capacity and reserve potentials of the kidneys and the
      upper urinary tract, and detect a latent functional insufficiency. Detection of
      upper-urinary urodynamic disorders, using this method, makes possible timely
      treatment, thus preventing the development of disease. Pharmaco-echography with
      furosemide, combined with roentgenologic investigation in urologic patients
      provides an assessment of the events occurring in the upper urinary tract as well
      as the latter's performance and reserve potentials.

PMID- 2658119
TI  - [Mobile medical units in disasters of various origins].

PMID- 2658120
TI  - [Changes of the nervous system in mitral valve prolapse].

PMID- 2658121
TI  - [Digitoxin in congestive heart failure].

PMID- 2658122
TI  - [Diagnosis and methods of increasing the effectiveness of surgical treatment of
      vasorenal hypertension].

PMID- 2658123
TI  - [Treatment of "kissing" duodenal ulcers].

PMID- 2658124
TI  - The psychological impact of idiopathic scoliosis on the adolescent female. A
      preliminary multi-center study.
AB  - Seventy-two female idiopathic scoliosis patients, ages 12 to 16, who were
      receiving either no treatment/observation, the Scolitron, a brace, or who had
      undergone surgery were tested to determine the psychological impact of scoliosis.
      Mothers of the patients also served as subjects. A normal group of adolescents
      served as control subjects. Results showed that all groups were less likely to
      feel that their health status was due to chance than the controls. No other
      psychological differences were found between treatment groups, which contradicts
      previous reports of greater psychological distress among brace patients as
      compared with Scolitron (TM) patients. It was found that mothers' attitudes
      toward their children's illnesses were strongly and positively related to their
      children's attitudes toward their illnesses, and that these attitudes were
      strongly correlated with psychological distress. These findings underscore the
      need to consider the parent-child relationship when treating the adolescent
      patient.

PMID- 2658125
TI  - The failure of ethylene oxide gas-sterilized freeze-dried bone graft for thoracic
      and lumbar spinal fusion.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients underwent posterior and/or posterolateral spinal fusion
      using ethylene oxide gas-sterilized freeze-dried bank bone graft. Thirteen
      patients had discogenic back pain, eight with prior failed laminectomy
      procedures, and five undergoing initial spinal surgery. Six patients had isthmic
      spondylolisthesis, three with associated radicular complaints, and two patients
      had degenerative spondylolisthesis. Seven patients with spinal fractures and nine
      patients with scoliosis underwent spinal fusion with associated instrumentation.
      Pseudarthroses were detected in 28 patients (76%), and 18 patients (49%)
      underwent pseudarthrosis repair procedures using autogenous iliac bone graft. At
      surgery, the prior gas-sterilized freeze-dried bone graft was noted to have been
      almost completely resorbed. Ethylene oxide sterilization has been found
      experimentally in animal models to damage the osteoinductive ability of bone
      grafts. Ethylene oxide gas-sterilized freeze-dried bank bone graft is inferior to
      autogenous bone graft or bank bone graft preserved and/or sterilized by other
      methods. Its use in thoracic or lumbar posterior or posterolateral fusion cannot
      be recommended.

PMID- 2658126
TI  - Intradural lumbar disc herniation. Report of three cases with a review of the
      literature.
AB  - Intradural lumbar disc herniation (ILDH) is rare. Three new cases of this
      condition are reported, adding to the 70 previously documented cases. An
      incidence of ILDH in between 0.04 and 0.33 percent of lumbar disc protrusions has
      been reported. More than one third of ILDH were observed at L1-2 to L3-4 levels,
      while only a tenth of cases occurred at L5-S1. The mechanism of ILDH is not known
      with certainty. Adhesions between the ventral wall of the dura and posterior
      longitudinal ligament could act as a preconditioning factor. A diagnosis of ILDH
      may be made with difficulty, and it is seldom suspected preoperatively. Prompt
      surgery is necessary because the neurologic prognosis appears to be closely
      linked with preoperative duration of neurologic symptoms.

PMID- 2658127
TI  - Gene expression in implanted rat hepatocytes following retroviral-mediated gene
      transfer.
AB  - An hepatocyte transplantation-gene transfer protocol has been developed whereby
      liver cells containing an expressing NeoR gene can be successfully implanted in
      vivo. Adult primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, after infection with the
      retroviral vector N2, were grown on a floating solid support (coated with
      purified collagen IV) in a serum-free hormonally defined medium designed for
      hepatocytes that also contained G418. Under these conditions, normal adult
      hepatocytes expressing the NeoR gene could be grown to high density. The solid
      supports holding the gene-engineered hepatocytes were then implanted into adult
      rats into subcutaneous and intraperitoneal sites. After one to two weeks, the
      supports were removed and shown to still contain the gene-engineered hepatocytes
      expressing the NeoR gene. These results suggest that cells from solid organs,
      such as the liver, are potential targets for gene transfer and expression studies
      in vivo.

PMID- 2658128
TI  - [Imaging technics with respect to the hip joint].

PMID- 2658129
TI  - [Bone density measurements in the diagnosis of osteoporosis].

PMID- 2658130
TI  - [Roentgen diagnosis of the shoulder].

PMID- 2658131
TI  - [Imaging technics in the diagnosis of knee joint injuries and disorders].

PMID- 2658132
TI  - [Meniscus sonography--basis for equipment and study technics].

PMID- 2658133
TI  - [Reconstruction of the face after mandibular resection for sarcoma].
AB  - The main requirement of facial reconstruction is restoration of function and
      symmetry. The authors emphasize the advantage of collaboration of the dental
      surgeon and plastic surgeon when dealing with facial defects after radical
      treatment of malignant tumours. They describe the observation of a girl where in
      13-years-old they resected the lower jaw on account of a sarcoma and after the
      facial skeleton had completed its growth, they reconstructed the defect. The
      patient is now twenty years after the first operation and irradiation; she has no
      local relapse nor metastases of the original disease.

PMID- 2658134
TI  - Controversies in endocrine surgery.

PMID- 2658135
TI  - Early operative management of chylothorax by thoracic duct ligation.
AB  - Chylothorax following mediastinal mobilisation for carcinoma of the oesophagus
      can be devastating, especially in malnourished, debilitated patients. Early
      surgical management in significant chylothorax (+ 500 ml/d) is suggested before
      nutritional degeneration occurs. Conservative management should be reserved for
      those patients who drain less than 500 ml/d.

PMID- 2658136
TI  - Parotid tumours in black patients. The Baragwanath Hospital experience, 1981
      1986.
AB  - Parotid tumours are rare, but their diagnosis and management continue to be a
      surgical challenge. In a retrospective review of 60 patients over a 6-year
      period, the value of clinical features in distinguishing malignant from benign
      parotid tumours was examined. The sex of patients, the consistency, size and site
      of tumour, smoking, length of history and rate of growth were not helpful in
      differentiation. However, the association of pain, facial nerve paralysis, skin
      infiltration and enlarged ipsilateral cervical nodes with a final diagnosis of
      cancer was significant (P less than 0.005). Fixity of tumour and old age were
      also significant indicators of malignancy (P less than 0.05). When these symptoms
      and signs suggestive of malignant disease are associated with a parotid tumour,
      the patient should be prepared for the possibility of a radical operation. The
      surgeon should make extra efforts to obtain a histological diagnosis before
      proceeding to definitive surgery.

PMID- 2658137
TI  - To wash or not to wash? Intra-operative peritoneal lavage in the contaminated
      peritoneal cavity.

PMID- 2658138
TI  - Trigeminal neuralgia--management decisions.
AB  - A discussion of some issues presented by the diagnosis, differential diagnosis,
      treatment and results of management of tic douloureux shows how necessary it is
      to maintain functional integrity of the trigeminal nerve. In pursuit of insight
      into some of the issues, the outcome in 49 patients, who had a radiofrequency
      coagulation of the trigeminal ganglion, is outlined. These results are compared
      in anecdotal manner with the effects of microvascular surgical intervention to
      release compression of the trigeminal nerve in the posterior fossa.

PMID- 2658139
TI  - The technetium-99m DTPA partition test in the diagnosis of tuberculous
      meningitis.
AB  - Although the blood/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bromide concentration ratio is
      sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM), bromide
      82 is not always available since it is not generally used in nuclear medicine.
      The use of technetium-99m diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) for a
      partition test was compared with that of 82Br in 22 cases. Seven patients were
      diagnosed as having TBM, 9 patients had viral meningitis and 5 patients had
      septic meningitis. One normal control subject was also studied. Although the
      mechanism of transfer of substances across the blood-brain barrier as well as the
      factors affecting it are still unclear, both 82Br and 99mTc-DTPA cross the blood
      brain barrier to a greater extent in TBM than in viral meningitis. Both tracers
      thus yield decreased serum/CSF concentration ratios in TBM. The accuracy of the
      82Br partition test was found to be 90,9% if a critical serum/CSF ratio of 1,3
      was chosen, compared with 86,9% for the 99mTc-DTPA partition test if a critical
      value of 3 was chosen. The use of 99mTc-DTPA offers various advantages, including
      general availability, lower cost and radiation dose per MBq, as well as the
      possibility of concomitant brain scintigraphy.

PMID- 2658140
TI  - Depression and self-report disclosure after live related donor and cadaver renal
      transplants.
AB  - Important psychological reactions are associated with renal transplantation in
      general. Differences in psychological adjustment between recipients of kidneys
      from cadavers (CRs) and recipients of kidneys from live related donors (LRRs),
      however, have been poorly researched. In this study 10 LRRs (mean age 35,7 years;
      mean number of years after transplant 4,5) were compared with 30 CRs (mean age
      38,6 years; mean number of years after transplant 5,3). The prevalence of
      depression and self-disclosed stress-inducing factors which might have affected
      long-term psychological adjustment after the transplant were investigated. The
      psychological status of each patient was assessed by means of a clinical
      interview, a mental status examination, the Beck Depression Inventory and a self
      report questionnaire. There were found to be no long-term statistically
      significant differences between the LRR and CR groups in terms of the prevalence
      of depression, although 20% of the patients overall were depressed to varying
      degrees. The CR group was more concerned about the psychological and personal
      characteristics of the donors and their families than the LRR group, who
      expressed concern about the future well-being of the donors. Many members of both
      groups expressed having experienced both fear of graft rejection, before and
      immediately after the transplant, and anxiety, which decreased with time. The
      therapeutic value of a positive psychological climate in the renal unit and of
      supportive family relationships was confirmed for both groups. In comparison with
      their existence while on dialysis, most of the patients, irrespective of donor
      type, ultimately enjoyed an enhanced quality of life.

PMID- 2658141
TI  - Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerance of intravenously administered
      imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of septicaemia.
AB  - In an open study to determine the efficacy, safety and tolerance of intravenously
      administered imipenem/cilastatin (Tienam 500; Logos) in the treatment of
      septicaemia, 34 patients were given this thienamycin antibiotic in doses ranging
      from 1.5 g to 2 g daily for an average of 8.6 days (range 3-44 days). Based on
      clinical assessment, the study drug appeared to be effective in treating the
      septicaemia in 28 out of 34 patients and bacteriologically assessed eradication
      of the isolated pathogen was proven in 24 out of 34 patients. The drug appeared
      to be well tolerated in all but 4 patients, 3 of whom developed mild phlebitis
      and 1 a skin rash.

PMID- 2658142
TI  - Termination of pregnancy with mifepristone after intra-uterine death. Clinical
      and hormonal effects.
AB  - Mifepristone was used in a dosage of 400 mg/d in a double-blind study to induce
      labour in patients with intra-uterine fetal death in late pregnancy. Eight of 12
      patients who received the drug delivered within 72 hours while only 2 of 12
      patients treated with placebo delivered during a similar period. No adverse
      effects, viz. excessive vaginal bleeding and abnormal biochemical or
      haematological parameters, were associated with the use of this drug.

PMID- 2658143
TI  - Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome by relaxation.

PMID- 2658144
TI  - Occupational chemical dependency programs: the business of alcohol and drug
      dependencies.

PMID- 2658145
TI  - Alcoholism and chemical dependency in the workplace.

PMID- 2658146
TI  - Alcoholism in the workplace.

PMID- 2658147
TI  - Management perspectives on alcoholism: the employer's stake in alcoholism
      treatment.

PMID- 2658148
TI  - Role of the employee assistance program in helping the troubled worker.
AB  - The worksite has been identified as the most logical setting for providing
      primary preventive health care efforts that will reduce health care costs.
      Hazeldon Research Services in their review entitled, "The Cost-Impact of Employee
      Assistance and Chemical Dependency Treatment Programs," concluded that a
      significant savings for organizations has been demonstrated by EAP treatment
      programs. This group also concluded that work remains for service providers, the
      community, industry, and government to identify the balance between reasonable
      costs and quality of care. Roman has found that EAPs are becoming more acceptable
      to management as a means of addressing a broad range of employee problems. In
      addition, Roman has found that there is recognition by management that many
      employees have problems that affect job performance. Such problems may include
      substance abuse, relationship difficulties, absenteeism, and burnout. EAP
      services have evolved from occupational alcoholism programs to include a broad
      array of services, and they can be scaled to fit the size and needs of a
      particular company. Even if only limited services are offered, the EAP must
      adhere to high standards. Competent employee evaluation and appropriate referrals
      are necessary in EAPs with even the smallest of scopes.

PMID- 2658149
TI  - The general medical evaluation of the alcoholic.

PMID- 2658150
TI  - Women, work and alcohol.

PMID- 2658151
TI  - Treatments for alcoholism.

PMID- 2658152
TI  - Family therapy in the treatment of the employed alcoholic.

PMID- 2658153
TI  - Children of alcoholics: a target for prevention efforts.

PMID- 2658154
TI  - Nutrition and alcoholism: problems and therapies.

PMID- 2658155
TI  - Occupational therapy in alcoholism.
AB  - Gorski describes "abstinence plus a full return to biopsychosocial functioning as
      the indicator of successful recovery," and "relapse ... as the process of
      becoming dysfunctional in recovery." Occupational therapy supports a
      biopsychosocial premise in assisting the alcoholic to establish a sober lifestyle
      for recovery as a part of treatment. Adolph Meyer said, "If the goal of
      alcoholism treatment is abstinence, then the alcoholic patient must be instructed
      and guided to organize his time and build up habits of work and leisure which are
      free of alcohol." In order to attain satisfaction in recovery, the alcoholic must
      develop a balanced lifestyle. This balanced lifestyle will be for competent role
      performance in all roles. Sobriety can restore something the alcoholic has lost.
      The alcoholic can be a contributing member of society; have feelings of self
      respect; participate in relationships with family, friends, and coworkers; and
      return to work, social, and leisure environments. Zackon identified lifestyle
      rehabilitation as the second track of recovery. He also listed the key tasks of
      secondary recovery as deaddiction, learning new pleasures, social integration,
      and creating new goals. It is in these key tasks that occupational therapy can
      provide significant input and feedback to the alcoholic.

PMID- 2658156
TI  - Alcohol in the workplace: legal issues facing physicians.

PMID- 2658157
TI  - Substance abuse: an annotated bibliography.

PMID- 2658158
TI  - Alterations in digestive function caused by pancreatic disease.
AB  - Pancreatic exocrine secretion is regulated by a complex interaction of meal
      stimulated neurohormonal reflexes. Pancreatic enzyme output must be reduced to
      less than 10 per cent of normal before fat absorption is appreciably impaired,
      proving that the pancreas secretes a large surplus of enzymes. Surgical therapy
      does not improve pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, and partial pancreatic
      resection frequently precipitates steatorrhea in patients with chronic
      pancreatitis. Therefore, pancreatic resection should be undertaken cautiously in
      patients who do not yet have clinically evident exocrine insufficiency. In most
      patients, oral pancreatic enzymes will control diarrhea secondary to steatorrhea.
      In others, concurrent administration of an H2 blocker is required to reduce
      gastric acidity and prevent enzyme inactivation in the stomach. Formulations with
      an acid-resistant coating are also effective in some patients. However, complete
      normalization of fat absorption with restoration of body weight and nutritional
      well-being requires careful management of multiple dietary and behavioral
      factors, as well as long-term follow-up. Unfortunately, this appears to be an
      elusive goal, as many patients with chronic pancreatitis continue to die of
      malnutrition.

PMID- 2658159
TI  - Classification and pathogenesis of pancreatitis.
AB  - Full functional and morphologic restitution of the pancreas is possible after an
      attack of acute pancreatitis if the initiating agent or process is removed,
      whereas chronic pancreatitis is associated with irreversible changes. Most
      attacks of acute pancreatitis are related to biliary tract stone disease, and it
      is likely that the offending stone causes obstruction of the pancreatic duct with
      ductal hypertension. Some recent experimental observations suggest that acute
      pancreatitis may involve intra-acinar cell activation of digestive enzymes by
      lysosomal hydrolases. Most patients with chronic pancreatitis develop their
      disease after many years of ethanol abuse, but the events underlying the
      pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis are not known.

PMID- 2658160
TI  - Complications of chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - The most common complication of chronic pancreatitis is pain, which in many cases
      seems related to pancreatic ductal obstruction with ductal hypertension.
      Longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy is indicated in patients with a dilated
      (larger than 7 mm) duct and pain that requires narcotic analgesics for relief.
      Chronic pseudocysts may be corrected surgically without the usual 6-week wait,
      and asymptomatic pseudocysts less than 4 cm in diameter may not require surgery
      at all. The relative efficacy and risks of percutaneous drainage of pseudocysts
      versus the standard surgical approaches need to be studied. Pancreatic fistulas
      may be external or internal, where pancreatic ascites or hydrothorax can be the
      clinical manifestation. The pharmacologic suppression of pancreatic secretion
      (e.g., with somatostatin) may be useful in their management, but surgery may be
      required. Pancreatic resection or internal drainage is usually effective.
      Persistent jaundice should be relieved surgically by choledochoduodenostomy to
      avoid the development of secondary biliary cirrhosis. Obstruction at various
      levels of the gastrointestinal tract (duodenum, small bowel, colon) may require
      bypass (gastrojejunostomy) or resection. Hemorrhage from major arteries is an
      infrequent but often lethal complication of chronic pancreatitis, especially
      associated with pseudocysts. Angiography is invaluable for diagnosis and
      occasionally for treatment (embolization). Surgery is preferred in good-risk
      patients, with suture ligation (resection) of the bleeding source. Chronic
      pancreatitis is the most common cause of splenic vein thrombosis. The resultant
      hemorrhage from gastric varices is managed effectively by splenectomy.

PMID- 2658161
TI  - Pancreatic resection for chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - Patients with chronic pancreatitis needing operative management include those
      with severe pain, those with complications of pancreatitis, or those in whom it
      is not possible to distinguish cancer of the pancreas from chronic pancreatitis.
      The use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, CT, and angiography to
      define the structural abnormalities has increased the surgeon's ability to select
      an operation matched to the patient's needs. A longitudinal
      pancreaticojejunostomy should be performed in patients whose ducts are dilated.
      When the head of the pancreas is enlarged and thickened, pancreaticoduodenectomy
      has been the traditional operation of choice. However, local resection with
      pyloric and duodenal preservation should now be considered an alternative that
      has a lower mortality rate and less likelihood of creating diabetes or exocrine
      insufficiency. Patients whose ducts are of insufficient caliber to permit
      longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy are candidates for resection of the proximal
      or distal pancreas, depending on the site of disease or, alternatively, for the
      Beger or Warren procedure. Pain relief is achieved with surgery in about 80 per
      cent of patients with chronic pancreatitis. Many of the late deaths following
      operation for chronic pancreatitis are attributable, not to the operation, but to
      the effects of alcoholism. There is a need for surgeons to improve their
      observations and assessment of operative results.

PMID- 2658162
TI  - Surgical management of necrotizing pancreatitis.
AB  - The most important diagnostic step in the management of patients with severe
      acute pancreatitis is the discrimination between acute interstitial and
      necrotizing pancreatitis. Measurement of C-reactive protein, lactic acid
      dehydrogenase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and alpha-2-macroglobulin and contrast
      enhanced CT are useful in detecting the necrotizing course of acute pancreatitis.
      C-reactive protein, lactic acid dehydrogenase, and contrast-enhanced CT offer
      detection rates of 85 per cent to more than 90 per cent for pancreatic necrosis.
      Surgical decision-making in necrotizing pancreatitis should be based on clinical,
      morphologic, and bacteriologic data. Patients with focal pancreatic necrosis, in
      general, respond well to medical treatment and do not need surgery. Extended (50
      per cent or more) pancreatic necroses, infected necroses, and intrapancreatic
      parenchymal necroses plus extrapancreatic fatty tissue necroses are indicators
      for surgical management. The decision for the timing of operation in patients
      with proved necrotizing pancreatitis should be based on clinical criteria: the
      development of an acute surgical abdomen, generalized sepsis, shock, persisting
      or increasing organ dysfunction, or some combination thereof despite maximum
      intensive care treatment for at least 3 days. Major pancreatic resection for the
      treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis appears disadvantageous. Necrosectomy and
      continuous local lavage allow debridement of devitalized tissue and preservation
      of vital pancreatic tissue. Postoperative local lavage thus results in an
      atraumatic evacuation of necrotic tissue, the bacterial material, and
      biologically active substances. The hospital mortality rate of patients treated
      with necrosectomy and continuous local lavage (the Ulm protocol) is below 10 per
      cent. Nevertheless, controlled prospective clinical trials should be performed in
      order to bring more precision to our clinical decisions in respect to the role of
      surgery for this disease.

PMID- 2658163
TI  - Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer.
AB  - New studies continue to examine the puzzle of pancreatic cancer, and the results
      to date have provided us with clues but no clear answers other than the
      detrimental effects of tobacco. Many of those clues, however, are promising,
      particularly with regard to diet. It is hoped that in the future better dietary
      assessment methods will help sort out the complicated, but important,
      contribution of diet.

PMID- 2658164
TI  - Pancreatic resection for pancreatic cancer.
AB  - In the majority of patients, pancreatic resection is performed for a proved
      carcinoma or for a mass in the pancreas with clinical features of carcinoma.
      Preoperative preparation is similar to that for other cancer operations, and good
      nutritional status and normal clotting factors are important. In many patients
      with resectable lesions, preoperative histologic diagnosis is not possible.

PMID- 2658165
TI  - Management of pain in pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Potentially useful modalities of pain control in pancreatic cancer include
      antitumor therapy, pharmacotherapy, celiac plexus block, splanchnic nerve block,
      intercostal nerve block, and psychological intervention. These modalities are
      often used concurrently in treating the multiple dimensions that affect pain.
      Although thorough assessments are lacking, preliminary data suggest that
      antitumor chemotherapy and radiotherapy and celiac plexus block are especially
      useful modalities of pain control in these patients. The optimal time in the
      disease course for intervention with celiac plexus block is not known. Further
      studies are needed to clarify the nature of pain syndromes involved and the role
      of the various therapeutic modalities.

PMID- 2658166
TI  - Cystic neoplasms and true cysts of the pancreas.
AB  - As the spectrum of pancreatic cysts evolves, sped by the increasing utilization
      of CT scanning, it becomes apparent that the surgeon must gain information
      preoperatively about the family history, as well as the personal history of the
      patient. The presence of cysts in the liver or kidney should be sought. The
      relation of the lesion to the duodenum and biliary tract needs to be defined. The
      possibility that the "cyst" represents necrosis of a primary adenocarcinoma of
      the pancreatic duct should be considered prior to laparotomy. At the time of
      operation, biopsy of the cyst wall and frozen-section study are fundamental to a
      decision whether resection or drainage is the treatment of choice. Resection is
      generally the treatment of the cystic neoplasms, drainage the treatment of
      pseudocysts. The failure of the surgeon to distinguish between the two groups may
      be catastrophic. The true cysts and cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are rare
      lesions. The clinical and radiologic characteristics, the pathologic features,
      and the natural history of these lesions are not fully documented. Therefore,
      when they are encountered, the clinician who will carefully document their
      characteristics can make a contribution to our knowledge.

PMID- 2658167
TI  - Use of topical antiseptic in prophylaxis of catheter-related septic
      complications.
AB  - Pretreatment of catheters by a simple new procedure designed to reduce the
      incidence of septic complications was tested in both in vitro and in vivo
      studies. In the former experiments, the high sensitivity of gram-negative
      bacteria and fungi to Silastic (silicone rubber) catheters pretreated with silver
      nitrate solution was determined. The antimicrobrial activity remained unchanged
      after both sterilization and up to six weeks of storage. Furthermore, prolonged
      incubation of treated catheter segments in Escherichia coli inoculated plasma
      resulted in a significant reduction of organisms in the media and those adherent
      to the surface of the catheters. The in vivo experiments were performed upon two
      groups of rabbits. In the first group, catheters (one treated and one untreated)
      were implanted into contralateral jugular veins. In the second group, alternating
      treated and control catheter segments were threaded onto polyethylene core
      tubing; the resulting string of segments was positioned in the inferior vena
      cava. Five to 11 days after implantation of the catheter, all rabbits were
      intravenously injected with live E. coli (approximately 10(8) to 10(9) organisms
      per kilogram of weight); 18 to 24 hours later, the catheters and blood samples
      were removed for cultivation. Significant reductions in both incidence and
      magnitude of colonization in treated catheters by E. coli were observed in both
      rabbit groups. Additionally, histologic examination did not reveal any
      significant differences between contralateral jugular veins (previously in
      prolonged and intimate contact with the indwelling catheters), confirming the
      absence of any local adverse effects of silver nitrate.

PMID- 2658169
TI  - Modified mattress suture for closure of difficult wounds.

PMID- 2658168
TI  - Preservation of the retrohepatic vena cava during recipient hepatectomy for
      orthotopic transplantation of the liver.
AB  - A modified final phase of recipient hepatectomy in orthotopic hepatic
      transplantation is presented. It involves preservation of the retrohepatic vena
      cava "in toto" to decrease the risk of injury to the adrenal gland and assure
      better control of the adrenal vein, as well as the forming of the caval cuffs,
      for the subsequent implantation of the donor liver.

PMID- 2658170
TI  - A simplified approach to techniques of splenic salvage.
AB  - Splenic salvage or partial splenectomy may be simplified by following these basic
      steps. The spleen is completely mobilized from all of its attachments so that it
      is tethered only by its blood supply. Appropriate hilar and short gastric vessels
      are ligated, and devitalized splenic tissue is debrided. Parenchymal bleeding is
      controlled by compression using horizontal mattress sutures placed through
      pledgets of folded sheets of oxidized cellulose.

PMID- 2658171
TI  - [Methods and clinical results of interstitial thermoradiotherapy].
AB  - Besides percutaneous hyperthermia techniques, some new interstitial procedures
      have been developed and included into the arsenal of radiotherapists. As compared
      to percutaneous techniques, considerable benefits are offered by interstitial
      methods: a more homogeneous distribution of therapeutical temperatures, a better
      sparing of normal tissue, the possibility to treat deep tumors, and better
      therapy control and evaluation by extensive "thermal mapping" within the target
      volume. This study presents the technical principles and the clinical
      possibilities of the interstitial hyperthermia methods developed hitherto:
      resistive radiofrequency hyperthermia, radiative microwave hyperthermia,
      inductive ferromagnetic seed hyperthermia, and conductive hot-water perfusion
      hyperthermia. Until now, interstitial thermo-radiotherapy was only performed
      during some phase I/II studies. It was applied for palliative reasons in
      persisting and recurrent tumors accessible for implantation and situated in
      superficial to semi-deep locations with no or insufficient response to
      differently combined treatment modalities (surgery, radiotherapy, or
      chemotherapy). The preliminary clinical results obtained in almost 300 patients
      are quite promising: complete remission rates up to 70% have been achieved.
      Interstitial hyperthermia represents an effective and safe therapy modality,
      especially when combined with radiotherapy in palliative tumor therapy. At
      present, several prospective randomized multicentric studies are conducted to
      investigate its value as adjuvant therapy modality.

PMID- 2658172
TI  - Sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular adnexa.
AB  - Sebaceous carcinoma accounts for 1-5.5% of all eyelid malignancies. This lesion,
      traditionally considered among the most lethal of all tumors of the ocular
      adnexa, occurs more commonly in women and in the elderly and has a predilection
      for the upper lid. Both clinically and histologically, sebaceous carcinoma may
      masquerade as benign or less invasive conditions such as chalazion, blepharitis,
      conjunctivitis, meibomitis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, basal cell
      carcinoma and carcinoma in situ, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment. In
      this review the incidence, clinical presentation, and prognostic factors (both
      clinical and histopathologic), and treatment modalities are discussed.

PMID- 2658173
TI  - Diagnosing acute angle-closure glaucoma: a flowchart.
AB  - Acute angle-closure glaucoma is an ophthalmological emergency. Not all eyes will
      be responsive to an arbitrary medical regimen. Successful therapy is based upon
      understanding the mechanism of the angle-closure. A step-by-step flow chart for
      diagnosis of acute angle-closure glaucoma is presented with explanation of
      various signs and descriptions of appropriate diagnostic tests.

PMID- 2658174
TI  - Video display units and visual function.
AB  - The widespread use of visual display units (VDU) in the workplace has engendered
      visual complaints and concern for workers' health and safety. The detectable
      levels of radiation emitted from VDUs have been well below safety levels and
      exposure to VDUs does not appear to cause any organic damage to the eye. However,
      visual disturbance and eye discomfort affects many workers using VDUs, and these
      symptoms may be alleviated by a number of measures, including proper diagnosis of
      pre-existing ocular problems, use of special eyeglasses, and correct arrangement
      of lighting and furniture in the work area.

PMID- 2658175
TI  - Robert E. Wright and the development of facial nerve akinesia.
AB  - The name of Auguste Van Lint is linked with the development of facial nerve
      akinesia for ophthalmic surgery. Less well known is Robert Ernest Wright (1884
      1977) who described techniques to block the facial nerve in the same manner as
      later published by Atkinson and Nadbath. This paper reviews Wright's life as an
      ophthalmologist and ophthalmic bacteriologist and pathologist in British India,
      and his role in the evolution of facial nerve akinesia.

PMID- 2658176
TI  - Atrial myxomas: results of 25 years' experience and review of the literature.
AB  - Twenty patients with atrial myxoma from a 25-year period were reviewed. Sixteen
      patients had a tumor in the left atrium, three in the right, and one had a
      biatrial myxoma. The main clinical presentations were dyspnea and
      tachyarrhythmias seen in 11 patients. Nineteen patients had a correct
      preoperative diagnosis. Echocardiography confirmed the diagnosis in eight
      patients, angiocardiography in four, and both these techniques in seven. The
      diagnosis was established at the operative table in one case in which the
      preoperative diagnosis was mitral stenosis. All tumors were successfully removed
      with cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no operative deaths. Excision of the
      tumor resulted in marked symptomatic improvement. No recurrences have been
      observed. A differential approach to preoperative investigation, surgical
      treatment, and follow-up is suggested according to the clinical behavior of the
      tumor. Excision of the tumor appears to be curative, with no recurrences at long
      term follow-up in cases of "sporadic" myxoma. The risk of recurrences is much
      higher when a "complex" or a "familial" myxoma is faced. For these types, our
      recommendations are presented.

PMID- 2658177
TI  - Ranitidine prevents postoperative transfusion-induced depression of delayed
      hypersensitivity.
AB  - The influence of perioperative blood transfusion on postoperative depression of
      cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and the effect of ranitidine on transfusion-induced
      changes in postoperative CMI were investigated. CMI was assessed preoperatively
      and postoperatively by skin testing with seven common delayed-type antigens in 83
      consecutive patients undergoing major elective abdominal surgery. Sixty-six of
      these patients were randomly divided into ranitidine or no-ranitidine-treatment
      groups, and the remaining 17 patients were operated on without ranitidine. Thus,
      50 patients were operated on without ranitidine therapy, and whole blood
      transfusion was given to 24 of these patients. Postoperative skin test response
      was more reduced in transfused vs nontransfused patients (-57% vs -38%, p less
      than 0.0001). Fourteen of the 24 patients receiving blood transfusion could be
      exactly matched to 14 patients not receiving transfusion (age, sex, B-hemoglobin,
      S-albumin, type and duration of surgery, etc.), which confirmed that a more
      pronounced reduction in postoperative skin test response was found in transfused
      patients (-55% vs -31%, p less than 0.0001). Seventeen of the 33 patients treated
      with perioperative ranitidine, 50 mg intravenously every 6 hours for 72 hours,
      received perioperative blood transfusion. Eleven of these patients could be
      matched to 11 transfused patients not receiving perioperative ranitidine.
      Ranitidine prevented postoperative reduction in skin test response (+6% vs -55%,
      p less than 0.0001). It is concluded that perioperative transfusion with whole
      blood amplifies the postoperative impairment in delayed hypersensitivity and that
      transfusion-induced postoperative impairment in delayed hypersensitivity may be
      prevented by perioperative ranitidine treatment.

PMID- 2658178
TI  - Procurement of a whole pancreas and liver from the same cadaveric donor.
AB  - Analogous arterial and portal circulation to the liver and pancreas has
      heretofore represented an impediment to the simultaneous procurement of a liver
      and pancreas from the same cadaveric donor. A surgical approach that allows for
      the retention of sufficient arterial and portal supply to both allografts is
      described. Variant hepatic arterial anatomy may be technically managed by the use
      of a donor iliac artery interposition graft.

PMID- 2658179
TI  - Hypothermia or continuous ventilation decreases ischemia-reperfusion injury in an
      ex vivo rat lung model.
AB  - The susceptibility of lung tissue to ischemia-reperfusion injury has made distant
      procurement of heart-lung allografts difficult. The effects of hypothermia,
      ventilation without perfusion, and various reperfusion solutions (PSS/Ficoll or
      whole blood) on the development of ischemia-reperfusion lung injury were
      investigated. Use of an ex vivo rat lung model in which the above variables were
      individually varied permitted a direct approach for these studies. Normothermic
      ischemia for 1 hour caused significant damage, documented by increased iodine 125
      bovine serum albumin (125I-BSA) in alveolar lavage fluid and lung parenchyma
      compared with nonischemic controls. Hypothermic (4 degrees C) ischemia for 4
      hours in lungs reperfused with salt solution and for as many as 12 hours in lungs
      reperfused with whole blood caused no significant increase in 125I-BSA in
      alveolar lavage fluid and lung parenchyma compared with nonischemic controls.
      Lungs ventilated without perfusion showed no increase in 125I-BSA leakage
      compared with controls. The ex vivo rat lung model is excellent for studying
      ischemia-reperfusion injury. It is reproducible, allows for variance of
      reperfusion solutions, and permits change in temperature and ventilation easily.

PMID- 2658180
TI  - Matas, Antyllus, and endoaneurysmorrhaphy.
AB  - Much can be learned about the history of vascular surgery by tracing the
      treatment of aneurysms. Rudolph Matas played a major role in the development of
      the current therapy for these lesions. In the centennial of the signal case that
      set him on the road to surgical immortality, the details and setting of this
      operation are reviewed.

PMID- 2658181
TI  - Acute illnesses necessitating urgent abdominal surgery in neutropenic cancer
      patients: description of 14 cases and review of the literature.
AB  - Through a review of our experience and the literature, the cases of 56
      neutropenic cancer patients requiring urgent abdominal surgery have been studied.
      The most common underlying diagnosis of malignant disease was leukemia (70%), and
      the most common intra-abdominal disease discovered at surgery was neutropenic
      enteropathy (61%). Major postoperative complications occurred in 50% of cases.
      The 30-day postoperative mortality was 32%, and the determinant 6-month survival
      was 34%. Abdominal pain in a neutropenic cancer patient calls for a thorough
      evaluation of its cause and careful serial examinations. Evidence of a surgically
      treatable disease or failure to respond to medical therapy for a presumed
      medically treatable disease should prompt surgical intervention.

PMID- 2658182
TI  - Rectal prolapse caused by blunt abdominal trauma.
AB  - We describe a case of incarcerated rectal prolapse caused by blunt abdominal
      trauma. Emergency treatment consisted of manual reduction with the patient under
      general anesthesia, proctosigmoidoscopy, and peritoneal lavage. Subsequent
      definitive surgical therapy was then performed after bowel preparation and
      consisted of anterior resection of the sigmoid colon with posterior (sacral)
      rectopexy.

PMID- 2658183
TI  - Neonatal aortic thrombosis complicating umbilical artery catheterization:
      successful treatment with retroperitoneal aortic thrombectomy.
AB  - A newborn infant with a history of umbilical artery catheterization had renal
      vascular hypertension and congestive heart failure. An abdominal ultrasound
      examination revealed aortic thrombosis extending from the celiac axis to the
      aortic bifurcation. Retroperitoneal aortic thrombectomy was performed without
      difficulty. The infant's hypertension and cardiac failure resolved. The
      retroperitoneal approach allowed excellent exposure of the aorta and avoided the
      postoperative gastrointestinal morbidity associated with a transperitoneal
      approach.

PMID- 2658184
TI  - Subclavian artery-to-innominate vein fistula: a case caused by subclavian venous
      catheterization.
AB  - Arteriovenous fistulas caused by subclavian vein catheterization occur rarely.
      Most subclavian vein catheters are inserted through an infraclavicular subclavian
      venipuncture with passage of a vessel dilator and peel-away sheath over a
      guidewire. We report a previously undescribed complication of this technique,
      namely, a right subclavian artery-to-right innominate vein fistula. The mechanism
      of injury was perforation through the opposing walls of the respective vein and
      artery due to stiffness of the vessel dilator that could not negotiate the curve
      from the subclavian vein to the innominate vein. Measures to avoid this
      complication are described.

PMID- 2658185
TI  - [Mechanism of the therapeutic effect of dimethyl sulfoxide in rheumatoid
      arthritis].

PMID- 2658186
TI  - [Prevention of chronic esophageal diseases with vitamins].

PMID- 2658187
TI  - [Respiratory relaxation training in the treatment of hypertension].

PMID- 2658188
TI  - [Current approaches to prognosis in chronic myeloid leukemia].

PMID- 2658189
TI  - [Ultrasonography in the clinical diagnosis of internal diseases: the past,
      present time and the future].

PMID- 2658190
TI  - [Viral infection and immune mechanisms of the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus
      type 1].

PMID- 2658191
TI  - [John Brown--the reformer of the 18th century medicine (on the 200th anniversary
      of his death )].

PMID- 2658192
TI  - [N.A. Skuia--a clinician and scientist].

PMID- 2658193
TI  - [Seasonal changes in the regulatory systems in duodenal ulcer].
AB  - Examinations of different patients with duodenal ulcer performed during one year
      revealed seasonal changes in the function of the regulatory systems. Secretion of
      histamine, serotonin, insulin, and hydrocortisone was increased in spring and
      reduced in autumn. Secretion of adrenalin, noradrenalin and acetylcholinesterase
      activity were high in summer and low in autumn. The acid-producing function of
      the stomach did not depend on the season. It is suggested that deviations in the
      activity of the regulatory systems in spring and autumn may cause seasonal
      exacerbations of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2658194
TI  - [Echomorphological comparisons in chronic diseases of the liver].
AB  - Altogether 139 patients with liver diseases were examined by ultrasonography. Of
      these, 42 patients suffered from liver cirrhosis, 27 from chronic active
      hepatitis, 62 from chronic persistent hepatitis, and 8 from liver steatosis. The
      ultrasonography data were compared with the data of the morphological study of
      liver biopsy specimens and with the level of hydroxyprolinemia as a
      characteristic of the development of the connective tissue in the liver. It was
      established that pronounced acoustic heterogeneity of liver tissue was typical
      for liver cirrhosis and fatty dystrophy of the liver and that the distinctive
      sign of liver cirrhosis might be poor visibility of the posterior contour of the
      liver. In chronic active hepatitis, the focal structures in the portal fissure
      were detectable in 50 percent of the cases. In chronic persistent hepatitis, the
      liver appeared acoustically homogeneous. It is concluded that the connective
      tissue, fatty infiltration of hepatocytes, and round-cell inflammatory
      infiltration of the liver tissue that is pronounced as to the spreading and
      intensity may be an object of visualization during ultrasonography.

PMID- 2658195
TI  - [Elimination of the instability of blood glucose level as a measure of increasing
      the effectiveness of insulin therapy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2658196
TI  - A mouse model for neural tube defects: the curtailed (Tc) mutation produces spina
      bifida occulta in Tc/+ animals and spina bifida with meningomyelocele in Tc/t.
AB  - Curtailed (Tc), a dominant mutation on mouse chromosome 17, causes a tailless
      phenotype and occasional hindlimb paralysis in heterozygotes. Histologically,
      Tc/+ embryos show a variety of abnormalities including budding and ventral
      duplication of the developing spinal cord, duplication and intermittent absence
      of the notochord, and partial or complete absence of bony vertebrae, all
      posterior to midliver level. When Tc is heterozygous with t-haplotypes that
      contain the "tail interaction factor," tct, the phenotype is more severe, and a
      dorsal blood blister exists in the lumbosacral area. Our microscopic observations
      reveal that Tc/tw5 mice have a lumbosacral spina bifida with meningomyelocele.
      This results from the absence of bony vertebrae, extensive thinning of the dermis
      dorsally, and the rupturing of the previously closed neural tube, probably by
      increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure on the necrotic, attenuated roof
      plate. Thinning of the roof plate, which facilitates the rupturing of the spinal
      cord, is not observed in Tc/+, which suggests that this phenomenon is associated
      with the interaction of Tc with the t-allele. Later in the development of Tc/tw5
      embryos, adjacent blood vessels are ruptured, resulting in hemorrhage into the
      CSF space to give the external appearance of a blood blister. Tc/+ mice also show
      an absence of bony vertebrae dorsally in the lumbosacral region, but they lack
      the dorsal blood blister, and the dermal layer overlying the bony defect retains
      its normal thickness; these observations describe a spina bifida occulta.

PMID- 2658197
TI  - [Ultrasonics in testicular torsion].
AB  - Definite sonographic abnormalities are noted short time after the onset of acute
      testicular pain in patients with testicular torsion. In some cases gray-scale
      sonographic features will prove valuable in differentiating epididymo-orchitis
      from torsion. The spectrum of findings include testicular enlargement with an
      associated decrease in echogenicity of the testicular parenchyma, enlargement of
      the epididymal body and spermatic cord, and sometimes a hydrocele. A case is
      presented, in which the B-scan ultrasound mapped out the intrascrotal contents
      and caused prompt surgical intervention.

PMID- 2658198
TI  - Myocardial abscess after silent myocardial infarction.
AB  - A 73 year old male was hospitalised with fever of unknown origin and episodes
      with septic shock. During the in-hospital stay the clinical situation
      deteriorated rapidly, and E. coli was isolated from bloodcultures. All routine
      investigations revealed no specific abnormalities except for the
      electrocardiogram, which showed an old anterior-apical infarction although no
      history of cardiac disease was present. A CT-scan of the thorax and a
      scintigraphy using labelled autologous leucocytes made the diagnosis of a
      myocardial abscess, located in an apical aneurysm, probable. No other site of
      infection could be found and so it was decided to perform an aneurysmectomy with
      abscess evacuation in combination with extensive antibiotic treatment. After two
      years the patient is doing well. Only one case of survival has been reported
      before, also after surgical intervention. This underlines the importance of early
      diagnosis and aggressive therapy especially with regard to the reported high
      incidence of cardiac rupture.

PMID- 2658199
TI  - Rupture of small peripheral aneurysms: report of three cases, with review of the
      literature.
AB  - Three cases of rupture of a small peripheral aneurysm are presented and compared
      with reports in the literature. Such ruptures are rare but life-threatening
      events. Diagnosis is difficult since confusion with other diseases may occur. The
      therapy depends on the anatomical location: catheter-embolisation or operative.
      In the three cases presented operative management was necessary.

PMID- 2658200
TI  - Role of renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of spontaneous myocardial
      fibrosis in Sprague-Dawley rats: effect of long-term administration of captopril.
AB  - The role of endogenous renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of
      spontaneous myocardial fibrosis in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats was
      examined by long-term inhibition of endogenous angiotensin II production. For
      this purpose captopril, angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), was
      given at 30 or 100 mg/kg/day mixed with commercial powdered standard diet (CE-2,
      Japan Clea Co., Tokyo) for 52 weeks. Myocardial lesions consisting of focal
      fibrosis and minute necrotic foci of muscle cells intermingled with monocytic
      infiltration appeared preferentially in the subendocardial areas of the left
      ventricle. The incidence of myocardial fibrosis was very low in female rats, but
      in male rats, the incidence and severity of the lesion was significantly reduced
      in the captopril-treated groups than in the control group. These findings suggest
      that endogenous angiotensin II acts as a facilitatory effect on the pathogenesis
      of spontaneous myocardial lesion which can be effectively reduced by long-term
      administration of nontoxic dose of ACEI. The authors speculate that ACEI may have
      a therapeutic use in clinical cases of idiopathic myocarditis.

PMID- 2658201
TI  - Improved immunoassay for the determination of surfactant protein A (SP-A) in
      human amniotic fluid.
AB  - A simple, improved immunoassay for the determination of human surfactant protein
      A (SP-A) in human amniotic fluid was developed. The immunoreaction with a
      monoclonal antibody PC6-immobilized plastic bead, peroxidase-labeled monoclonal
      antibody PE10 and amniotic fluid sample diluting in the buffer containing 0.6%
      sodium dodecyl sulfate/2% Triton X-100, was carried out simultaneously at 45
      degrees C for 30 min in test tubes. After washing the bead with 2% skimmilk in
      phosphate buffered saline containing 1% Triton X-100, the peroxidase reaction was
      developed by adding the substrate reagent and the absorbance was measured. The
      amniotic fluid obtained at full term was used as a standard instead of purified
      SP-A, because of the stability of the antigenicity. This immunoassay method was
      used to measure SP-A in 69 samples of amniotic fluid from 22 to 41 weeks of
      gestation. The result indicated that the SP-A values obtained by the present
      immunoassay can be used for predicting the fetal lung maturity. This simplified
      monoclonal immunoassay completed the measurement within 1 hr, and so it could be
      used routinely in clinical laboratory.

PMID- 2658202
TI  - Critical assessment of motor activity as a screen for neurotoxicity.
AB  - Motor activity consists of a large number of motor behaviors not placed under
      stimulus control. The Environmental Protection Agency defines motor activity in
      terms of "activity counts," and has incorporated it in the guidelines for the
      assessment of neurotoxicity. While motor activity testing has some enticing
      operating characteristics, a dose-related change in activity counts can reflect
      an effect on the nervous system only in the absence of systemic toxicity.
      Furthermore, when a motor activity effect has been documented, ancillary data or
      further testing is needed to determine whether this effect is indeed adverse. In
      addition, the results of a motor activity test do not usually provide information
      about either the origin of the problem, or the follow-up tests that need to be
      conducted.

PMID- 2658203
TI  - Sequence homology between sarafotoxins S6 and porcine endothelin.

PMID- 2658204
TI  - Detection of Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin in V. vulnificus-infected mice.
AB  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
      specific for V. vulnificus cytolysin detected the toxin in an extract of skin
      lesions and in serum from mice showing local and systemic V. vulnificus disease
      after subcutaneous injection of the bacterium. The cytolysin also was detected in
      skin lesions by an indirect immunofluorescence procedure using polyclonal and
      monoclonal antibodies. Our findings provide direct evidence that the cytolysin is
      produced in vivo during the development of the disease process, and this
      observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the toxin is involved in the
      pathogenesis of V. vulnificus disease.

PMID- 2658205
TI  - Acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

PMID- 2658206
TI  - Progressing ischemic stroke in a homozygote with variant antithrombin III.
AB  - A 31-year-old woman developed disturbance of consciousness and left hemiparesis.
      Cerebral computed tomograms showed a low-density area in the right temporal lobe
      that extended to the right parietal and left frontal lobes as her clinical
      symptoms worsened. The diagnosis of familial variant of antithrombin III (AT-III)
      was based on decreased biologic activity and a normal immunologic level of AT-III
      in this patient and in her family members. Transfusion of normal AT-III
      concentrate led to a striking clinical recovery. Blood coagulation studies
      revealed that nine of 13 family members had decreased biologic AT-III activity
      and that the patient herself was the only homozygote with variant AT-III. We
      conclude that variant AT-III, especially in a homozygote, seems to be one cause
      of ischemic stroke in young adults and that simultaneous measurement of both the
      biologic and immunologic activities of AT-III is necessary to detect it.

PMID- 2658207
TI  - [S.F. Khotovitskii and his contribution to the development of Russian forensic
      medicine].

PMID- 2658208
TI  - [Development of forensic medical expertise in Kharkov during the years of Soviet
      rule].

PMID- 2658209
TI  - Comparison of cyclosporine assay methodology in the immediate postoperative
      period of renal transplantation.
AB  - The method of measurement of cyclosporine concentrations in renal transplant
      recipients varies between centers and employs either high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) or radioimmunoassay (RIA). The merit of using HPLC for
      identifying the parent compound versus the RIA technique, which also measures
      certain cross-reactive metabolites that accumulate during renal impairment, is
      controversial. As a result of the lack of uniformity among centers, an abundance
      of complex literature that describes the disposition of this potent
      immunosuppressive agent, as well as a wide range of guidelines for therapeutic
      monitoring, has evolved. To examine the influence of assay methodology on the
      repeated determination of cyclosporine in the immediate postoperative period, a
      time when renal function is often unstable, eight renal transplant recipients
      were studied after i.v. and oral administration on up to four separate occasions.
      Whole-blood samples were analyzed by HPLC and RIA. Intravenous kinetic analysis
      yielded a mean total body clearance of 0.24 +/- 0.2 L/min (RIA) and 0.31 +/- 0.1
      L/min (HPLC) (p greater than 0.05), the mean volume of distribution was 2.17 +/-
      0.6 L/kg (RIA) and 2.75 +/- 1.2 L/kg (HPLC) (p greater than 0.05), and a mean
      half-life was 11.7 +/- 4.4 h (RIA) and 12.8 +/- 3.8 h (HPLC) (p greater than
      0.05). The mean bioavailability was 0.36 +/- 0.23 (RIA) and 0.28 +/- 0.15 (HPLC)
      (p greater than 0.05). Regression of the 12-h cyclosporine (RIA versus HPLC)
      concentration yielded a line described by the following equation: RIA = 72 + 1.6
      (HPLC).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658210
TI  - Cyclosporine monitoring in renal transplantation: area under the curve monitoring
      is superior to trough-level monitoring.
AB  - Trough levels (TL) of cyclosporine (CS) measured in serum by the polyclonal
      radioimmunoassay (SR) are useful for dissecting the etiology of clinical events,
      but they are a poor guide to dosage adjustments. In renal transplant patients
      immunosuppressed by low doses of prednisone and CS given orally, once-a-day TL
      (24-h) monitoring was replaced by area under the curve (AUC) monitoring, i.e.,
      measuring the area under the concentration (SR)-time curve from seven blood
      samples (0, 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, and 24 h) at clinical steady state, which was
      reached on the 3rd day after a change in the oral dose rate. The therapeutic
      target was an average concentration at steady state (Css av) of 200 ng/ml during
      the first 6 months after transplantation and 150 ng/ml thereafter. The Css av was
      calculated by dividing the AUC by the dosing interval (24 h). Two findings
      demonstrated the superiority of AUC monitoring over TL monitoring. First, in 71
      paired observations AUC but not TL was significantly correlated with the dose
      expressed as total mg (r = 0.381, p = 0.001) or mg/kg body weight (r = 0.538, p =
      0.0001). Second, after adjusting (n = 26) the oral dose rate (to achieve the
      therapeutic target) the absolute error (i.e., deviation from the target) in the
      AUC observation (15%) was significantly (p = 0.0005) smaller than in the TL
      observation (36%). Monitoring AUC at clinical steady state reduced the number of
      dosage adjustments by a factor of 3.

PMID- 2658211
TI  - Comparison of whole-blood cyclosporine levels measured by radioimmunoassay and
      fluorescence polarization in patients post orthotopic liver transplant.
AB  - This study compared the analysis of whole blood cyclosporine concentrations
      measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) and radioimmunoassay
      (RIA) polyclonal and monoclonal procedures. Fifteen orthotopic liver transplant
      patients with a mean age of 39 +/- 11.06 years were included in the study. One
      hundred thirteen levels were analyzed using FPIA, RIA polyclonal, and RIA
      monoclonal procedures. There was no difference statistically in comparing FPIA
      and RIA polyclonal results (p greater than 0.05). There was a statistical
      difference between FPIA and RIA monoclonal results p = 0.0001). With use of least
      squares simple linear regression analysis, FPIA results showed good correlation
      with RIA polyclonal results (R2 = 0.87). Poor correlation was shown between FPIA
      and RIA monoclonal results (R2 = 0.51). In this study population, FPIA produced
      results 2.5% higher than the RIA polyclonal procedure.

PMID- 2658212
TI  - Determination of N-desmethylmethsuximide serum concentrations using enzyme
      multiplied and fluorescence polarization immunoassays.
AB  - N-Desmethylmethsuximide (NDM), the active metabolite of the antiepileptic agent
      methsuximide, has been analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the past. This study compares methods using two
      commercially available immunoassays for ethosuximide, the enzyme multiplied
      immunoassay technique (EMIT) and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA),
      with an HPLC method for the measurement of NDM concentrations in serum. Within
      day precision studies, utilizing low therapeutic (15.0 mg/L) and toxic (45.0
      mg/L) NDM concentrations (n = 20), resulted in coefficients of variation (CVs) of
      4.6 and 4.2%, respectively, for EMIT and 5.4 and 3.2%, respectively, for FPIA.
      Day-to-day precision studies (n = 10) resulted in CVs of 7.6 and 5.5%,
      respectively, for EMIT and 3.5 and 2.4%, respectively, for FPIA. No interference
      was observed from toxic concentrations of acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine,
      methsuximide, phenobarbital, phensuximide, phenytoin, primidone, salicylate, and
      valproic acid in the EMIT and FPIA procedures. There was good linear correlation
      between EMIT and HPLC NDM determinations of 50 patient samples (r = 0.970; y =
      0.96 x + 0.03), and a similar correlation between FPIA and HPLC NDM
      determinations in 48 patient samples (r = 0.975; y = 0.91 x + 1.24). Using
      ethosuximide reagents, both EMIT and FPIA systems can be adapted to reliably
      measure NDM serum concentrations.

PMID- 2658213
TI  - Evaluation of the EMIT amitriptyline and nortriptyline assays for the
      determination of serum clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine.
AB  - Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay reagents (EMIT) developed for the measurement of
      amitriptyline and nortriptyline in serum were modified to allow quantitation of
      clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine. The method was compared to a high
      performance liquid chromatographic method. Between-run precision [coefficient of
      variation (CV)] for clomipramine in the EMIT assay for amitriptyline ranged from
      2.6 to 3.2%. For desmethylclomipramine in the nortriptyline assay, the between
      run CV ranged from 1.4 to 1.9%. Serum specimens from 43 patients
      (desmethylclomipramine) and 59 patients (clomipramine) were analyzed by both
      methods, with good correlation between methods. For clomipramine, recovery ranged
      from 100 to 102% (0-600 ng/ml range) and was 95-103% for desmethylclomipramine (0
      600 ng/ml). The modified EMIT assays offered sufficient reproducibility,
      accuracy, and correlation with an established method for routine analysis of
      clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine.

PMID- 2658214
TI  - Routine methods in toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring by high-performance
      liquid chromatography. VI: A rapid microscale method for determination of
      caffeine in plasma and saliva.
AB  - A highly selective and specific method for determining caffeine levels in plasma
      and saliva is described. The method is a microscale procedure that requires only
      25 microliters of specimen, although the assay can be performed with as little as
      10 microliters of the specimen and is therefore, particularly suitable for
      monitoring caffeine levels in the neonates. The method is sensitive to 0.5
      microgram/ml and is specific for caffeine as none of the other xanthines shows
      any interference. The method is also fast as treatment of specimen requires only
      precipitation of proteins and thus is ideal for use in hospital and clinical
      laboratories.

PMID- 2658215
TI  - Perioperative care of the liver transplant patient.
AB  - 1. Communication among team members on the liver transplant team is crucial;
      individual responsibilities must be considered while problem solving is shared as
      a team. 2. A major goal of the OR nurse is to maintain the patient's skin
      integrity; proper patient positioning and protection is essential. 3. Constant
      awareness of blood and blood product availability is urgent.

PMID- 2658216
TI  - From analysis to synthesis: new ligand binding sites on the lactate dehydrogenase
      framework. Part I.
AB  - In Part I of this article, the naturally evolved protein framework of lactate
      dehydrogenase is investigated by genetically introduced modifications which
      reveal the structural basis of its catalytic and substrate-binding properties. In
      Part II (to be published in the April issue of TIBS), this analytical information
      is exploited in the design of two modified forms of the enzyme; one which is
      specific for a new substrate and one which lacks allosteric regulation.

PMID- 2658217
TI  - How RNA polymerase II terminates transcription in higher eukaryotes.
AB  - The termination of transcription of eukaryotic genes by RNA polymerase II, at
      first sight, appears to be a rather random process, with the heterogeneous
      transcripts produced being processed to generate their correct 3' ends. However,
      recent studies have revealed that specific termination or pause sites may
      influence the process. The mechanism of termination may even play a role in
      eukaryotic gene regulation.

PMID- 2658218
TI  - Enterokinase (enteropeptidase): comparative aspects.
AB  - The serine protease enterokinase is the physiological activator of trypsinogen
      and has a specificity for the sequence (Asp)4-Lys-Ile. The enzyme consists of two
      subunits linked by a disulfide bond. The heavy chain achors enterokinase in the
      intestinal brush border membrane and the light chain is the catalytic subunit,
      which has the same mechanism of action as trypsin and chymotrypsin. Many
      properties of enterokinase resemble blood-clotting enzymes, suggesting that
      enterokinase lies on the same phylogenetic branch as the blood-clotting proteins.

PMID- 2658219
TI  - The complexities of the cell cycle.

PMID- 2658220
TI  - Phosphorothioates in molecular biology.
AB  - The observation that phosphorothioate analogues of the nucleoside triphosphates
      are substrates for DNA- and RNA-polymerases has proven a boon for the molecular
      biologist. As these phosphorothioate-containing polymers are stable to
      degradation by nucleases and the sulfur atom confers many favourable chemical
      properties, several applications in molecular biology have been developed,
      including new methods for site-directed mutagenesis and DNA sequencing.

PMID- 2658221
TI  - Enzymatic catalysis in anhydrous organic solvents.
AB  - Not only do enzymes work vigorously in anhydrous organic media, but in this
      unnatural milieu they acquire remarkable properties such as greatly enhanced
      stability, radically altered substrate and enantiomeric specificities, molecular
      memory, and the ability to catalyse unusual reactions.

PMID- 2658222
TI  - From analysis to synthesis: new ligand binding sites on the lactate dehydrogenase
      framework. Part II.
AB  - In Part I of this article (published in the March issue of TIBS1), substrate
      binding and catalysis in lactate dehydrogenase were examined by genetic
      modification of the protein structure and analysis of the functional
      consequences. In Part II, the conclusions are used in the design and synthesis of
      two modified forms of the enzyme; one in which the substrate specificity is
      shifted to produce a more effective malate dehydrogenase than that isolated from
      the host organism and one which no longer requires its allosteric activator
      (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate).

PMID- 2658223
TI  - Green enzymes and suicide substrates: a look at the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in
      fatty acid oxidation.
AB  - The enzymes of mitochondrial beta-oxidation remain poorly understood despite
      their central role in energy production and their involvement in a number of
      genetic disorders. This article presents some interesting aspects of the acyl-CoA
      dehydrogenases focusing on their interaction with acyl-CoA substrates and
      analogs.

PMID- 2658224
TI  - Electrode surface microstructures in studies of biological electron transfer.
AB  - Specifically designed electrode surfaces that can exchange electrons directly
      with redox proteins and enzymes are providing new approaches to investigating
      electrochemical processes in bioenergetics.

PMID- 2658225
TI  - 'Nuclear' oncogenes convert extracellular stimuli into changes in the genetic
      program.
AB  - Recent discoveries have advanced our understanding of oncogene action:
      transcription factors are encoded by cellular (nuclear) oncogenes and the
      activity of transcription factors is modulated in response to extracellular
      stimuli. Moreover, the nuclear oncoproteins appear to represent the gene-proximal
      ends of a network of cellular oncoproteins that link extracellular stimuli to the
      transcriptional machinery and thus to the program of genes a cell will express.

PMID- 2658226
TI  - Mouse mutants provide new insights into the role of extracellular matrix in cell
      migration and differentiation.
AB  - Migratory cell populations in the developing embryo disperse, localize and
      eventually differentiate in environments rich in extracellular matrix material.
      The extracellular matrix provides both a substratum for migration and a source of
      differentiative cues for the developing cells. Mutations in mice and other
      animals that alter embryonic interstitial environments are now providing
      information about the role of the extracellular matrix in these early
      developmental processes.

PMID- 2658227
TI  - Common mechanisms of promoter recognition by RNA polymerases II and III.
AB  - Recent results indicate that RNA polymerase III can use upstream promoters that
      are structurally and functionally very similar to those recognized by RNA
      polymerase II. The demonstration that RNA polymerases II and III can use the same
      transcription factors emphasizes the fundamental similarities between these
      distinct activities. It is also clear now that transcription factors can be
      functionally interchanged between distantly related species, indicating that the
      basic structures involved in promoter recognition are highly conserved throughout
      evolution.

PMID- 2658228
TI  - [The biological role of superoxide dismutase].
AB  - Recent data available in literature on mechanisms for regulation of the activity
      of superoxide dismutase (an antioxidant enzyme) and its interrelation to other
      enzymes and antioxidants are generalized. The role of superoxide dismutase in the
      ontogenesis and under different pathologies accompanied by the formation of free
      radicals is considered.

PMID- 2658229
TI  - [Insulin-degrading neutral protease from plasma membranes of rat liver cells and
      erythrocytes].
AB  - Insulin-degrading neutral proteinase with molecular weight of 70 kDa was partly
      purified from the rat liver and erythrocyte plasma membranes. Incubation of
      membranes with [gamma-32P]ATP resulted in the enzyme phosphorylation. Intensity
      of this process greatly increased in the presence of insulin (100 microU/ml), and
      correlated with the elevation of the insulin-degrading activity in proteinase.
      Ca2+, Mn2+, dithiothreitol, cysteine were shown to have a stimulatory effect on
      insulin degradation; p-chloromercuribenzoate significantly repressed this
      process. Phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride and soybean trypsin inhibitor did not
      affect the activity of the proteinase. It was concluded that the investigated
      enzyme was a calpain and may participate in the mechanism of insulin action.

PMID- 2658231
TI  - Heartrate variation of umbilical artery Doppler waveforms.
AB  - Umbilical artery Doppler waveforms from 20 patients were used to investigate the
      dependence of resistance index and pulsatility index on beat to beat pulse length
      over short time periods for individual patients, and on the usefulness of a
      common normalisation formula. For individual patients the resistance index and
      pulsatility index were only partially correlated with pulse length. Changes in
      both indices occurred independently of pulse length. Use of a common
      normalisation formula resulted in no significant reduction of the coefficient of
      variation of the resistance index (p greater than 0.1), and a reduction in the
      coefficient of variation of the pulsatility index of 10% (p greater than 0.001).
      It is concluded that short term changes in resistance index and pulsatility index
      cannot be corrected by a common normalisation formula.

PMID- 2658230
TI  - [Histamine metabolism and its role in central nervous system function].
AB  - The present day data concerning biosynthesis, storage, release and inactivation
      of histamine in the brain of mammals are given. The possibility to regulate
      histamine of the action of physiologically active substances is discussed.

PMID- 2658232
TI  - The choice of index for umbilical artery Doppler waveforms.
AB  - Umbilical artery Doppler waveforms acquired from 211 patients were used to
      investigate the power of different waveform indices in predicting antenatal fetal
      compromise. Waveform indices were calculated using a BBC microcomputer. The
      specificity at 100% sensitivity for detection of antenatal fetal compromise was
      not significantly different for resistance index, pulsatility index, normalised
      resistance index and normalised pulsatility index, and was approximately 80%. For
      the indices of resistance time and downslope the specificity was significantly
      lower. This similarity in the power of a number of indices in the detection of
      antenatal fetal compromise suggests that standardisation to one of the simpler
      indices such as resistance index or pulsatility index could be adopted.

PMID- 2658233
TI  - Velocity profiles in the normal human abdominal aorta: a comparison between
      ultrasound and magnetic resonance data.
AB  - Evolving magnetic resonance (MR) procedures were utilized to validate one
      dimensional ultrasonic (US) Doppler profiles in vivo on the basis of this
      alternative noninvasive method of assessing blood velocity. Corresponding
      velocity profiles were acquired by both US and MR in the abdominal aorta of 10
      healthy volunteers. The ultrasound velocities recorded throughout a cardiac cycle
      along the anterio-posterior aortic diameter were compared to their spatial and
      temporal MR counterparts. Correlation coefficients ranging from 0.92 to 0.97 and
      regression slopes from 0.86 to 1.13 indicate a high degree of correspondence
      between the two modalities and increase the confidence in the fidelity of
      velocity profiles obtained with both procedures.

PMID- 2658234
TI  - Very high frequency pulsed Doppler apparatus.
AB  - A study of a method for exploration of microvessels is presented. Theoretical
      considerations taking into account the backscattering of ultrasound wave from a
      red cell and the attenuation versus frequency (up to 180 MHz) show that a
      frequency in the range of 80 to 120 MHz is most favorable for small depths of
      exploration (300 microns). The characteristics of the 113 MHz Doppler system
      which was built are described. The minimum detectable signal is 3 microV, the
      lateral resolution around 20 microns and the minimum length of the Doppler sample
      volume about 80 microns. The Doppler data are displayed in the form of a
      frequency spectrum. The first encouraging tests carried out using 20 microns
      rectangular glass capillary tubes and 50 to 150 microns microvessels of the
      mesentery of rat have demonstrated the resolution and the sensitivity of the
      system. A discussion illustrates the difficult problem of motion artefacts and
      the improvements which have to be made. From a technical point of view the
      authors think that it is possible to work with such a high frequency but there
      are two main difficulties: the processing of a very low frequency Doppler
      spectrum and the optimization of the probe (dimensions and shape).

PMID- 2658235
TI  - Bibliography of biomedical ultrasound. No. 80.

PMID- 2658236
TI  - Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Prize.

PMID- 2658237
TI  - Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Clinical Prize.

PMID- 2658238
TI  - The value of renal scan in acute renal colic--a clinical viewpoint.
AB  - The value of emergency room renal scan in acute renal colic was evaluated. Based
      on obstructive pattern on renal scan, 53 cases were admitted. The results
      indicate that only in 13 cases (25%) there was a need for further inpatient
      investigation followed by interventional treatment. In all 13 cases, either
      elevated fever, impaired renal function or intractable pain were present, in
      addition to an obstructive renal scan pattern. In the majority (75%) of cases,
      when there were no adjunctive ominous signs, hospital admission based only on an
      obstructed renal scan, showed need for conservative therapy only and was rather
      unjustified.

PMID- 2658239
TI  - Case history of a prune-belly syndrome with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
      treatment of allograft nephrolithiasis.
AB  - This is a case history of a prune-belly syndrome with multiple urologic disorders
      leading to a renal transplant due to a chronic renal failure at age 8. After four
      allograft pyelolithotomies he was referred to us with a staghorn stone in the
      same graft. He was successfully treated with extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy and a percutaneous nephrostomy and is now stone-free.

PMID- 2658240
TI  - Perirenal urinary extravasation complicating Burch colposuspension.
AB  - We report an unusual case of unilateral ureteral obstruction with secondary
      urinary extravasation by forniceal rupture as a complication of the Burch
      colposuspension procedure. Surprisingly, this complication has never been
      described before.

PMID- 2658241
TI  - Ultrasonic determination of the residual bladder volume.
AB  - In a clinical study the ultrasonic determination of the residual bladder volume
      is evaluated by applying several echographic methods described in the literature.
      163 patients (age 3-89 years, 114 males and 49 females) and 13 students were
      examined. Only in the latter group the bladder volume was also determined by a
      planimetric method. The most practical method showed a good agreement (with a
      maximum deviation of 25%) between the ultrasonically measured volumes and the
      volumes measured by catheterization in 66% of the cases. This method makes use of
      the formula Vus = 0.5(Vt + Vl), where Vus = residual volume estimated by
      ultrasonography; Vt = volume measured by the computer using the largest
      transversal ultrasonic bladder section, and Vl = volume measured for the largest
      longitudinal section). Factors that influence image quality and accuracy because
      of changes in the form of the bladder were analyzed. The magnitude of the
      residual volume determined the image quality and the accuracy above all: lower
      volumes give worse images and are less accurate. Other factors seem to be
      relatively unimportant. To avoid discomfort, caused by urine tract infection and
      urethral strictures, ultrasonic determination of the residual urine is
      recommended for clinical application.

PMID- 2658242
TI  - [Vibration as a therapeutic factor and its use in urology].

PMID- 2658243
TI  - Neonatal ascites and ureteral valves.
AB  - We report a case of neonatal urinary ascites in a newborn, presenting with a
      large communicating hydrocele. Initial diagnostic evaluation revealed high-grade
      ureteropelvic junction obstruction in a solitary functioning kidney with a
      nonobstructive megaureter. After pyeloplasty and with changing transitional
      nephrology, the megaureter became obstructive requiring tailoring and
      reimplantation. The unifying concept of ureteral valves explaining this case is
      presented.

PMID- 2658244
TI  - The role of ultrasound in prostatic imaging. Symposium. June 2, 1988, Boston,
      Massachusetts.

PMID- 2658245
TI  - The role of ultrasound in prostatic imaging. Introduction and overview.

PMID- 2658246
TI  - Transrectal ultrasound in management of prostate cancer.

PMID- 2658247
TI  - Use of transrectal ultrasound in diagnosis, guided biopsy, staging, and screening
      of prostate cancer.
AB  - TRUS allows visualization of the internal anatomy of the prostate gland.
      Knowledge of zonal prostate anatomy allows more accurate staging of prostate
      cancer by use of strategic TRUS-guided biopsy of sites of possible tumor
      extension. These biopsies may be facilitated via the transrectal route using an
      automatic Biopsy system. TRUS is twice as sensitive as DRE and is capable of
      detecting nonpalpable prostate cancer. TRUS can detect nonpalpable tumors with
      average dimensions as small as 1.0 cm. This size is considered to be clinically
      significant.

PMID- 2658248
TI  - [Microcomputers for training and monitoring of exercises in ophthalmology].
AB  - The author discusses the potentialities of programmed microcalculators used in
      the training of medical students. Employment of programmed microcalculators makes
      the training process and interrogation tests more interesting. Variants of
      applied programs for the training and control to be used with the Elektronika B3
      34, MK-61, MK-52 microcalculators are presented.

PMID- 2658249
TI  - [Albinism in the practice of ophthalmology (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2658250
TI  - [A method of ophthalmosphygmography in studying the blood supply to the eyes in
      patients with glaucoma].

PMID- 2658252
TI  - [Surgical treatment of bleeding penetrating ulcers of the stomach and duodenum].

PMID- 2658251
TI  - [Local use of common insulin in suppurative inflammation of the maxillary sinuses
      in patients with chronic bronchopulmonary diseases and diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2658253
TI  - [Surgical treatment of a defect of the venous sinus].

PMID- 2658254
TI  - [Use of plasmapheresis in surgery].

PMID- 2658255
TI  - [Endoscopic and morphologic criteria of the healing process in peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2658256
TI  - [Experimental substantiation of a precision technic of creating an
      interintestinal anastomosis in acute intestinal obstruction].
AB  - Two kinds of intestinal sutures performed with the use of a precision technique
      were investigated on models of acute intestinal obstruction. One-row (serous
      muscular-submucosal) and two-row (serous-musculo-submucosal and submucosal
      mucosal) sutures provide an exact layer-after-layer connection of the intestinal
      wall layers and a sufficient mechanical firmness of the anastomosis with little
      traumatization. The dynamics of microcirculation changes in the anastomosis zone
      was followed with the help of contact intraoperative biomicroscopy. Symptoms of
      the traumatic inflammation were cupped off within 5 days and changed by
      reparative processes.

PMID- 2658257
TI  - [Ultrasonic endoscopic examination in pancreatic diseases].
AB  - Under analysis were 76 patients with diseases of the pancreas. The data of the
      ultrasonic endoscopic method were compared with operative findings in 49 patients
      and with the final clinical diagnosis in 27 non-operated patients. The
      correctness of the method in the group of operated patients was 80%, in non
      operated patients 96.3%.

PMID- 2658258
TI  - [Intervertebral spondylodesis of mid- an lower-cervical vertebrae using blood
      supplied transplants].
AB  - The anatomical prerequisites, grounds and methods of anterior osteoplastic
      spondylosyndesis after traumas of the cervical part of the spinal column are
      described. Layer transplants from the manubrium sterni on the feeding pedicle-
      the breast portion of the muscle were used. The evolution of blood supplied
      transplants in 20 patients (out of 25 patients operated upon) was followed. The
      skeletal extension and plaster immobilization were used as means of additional
      stabilization of the spinal column. High resistance of the blood supplied
      transplants to microbe aggression was noted.

PMID- 2658259
TI  - [Actual problems of the treatment of lactation mastitis].
AB  - The article describes the experience with the treatment of 886 patients with
      lactation mastitis. For limited purulent foci preference is given to the
      dissection or wide opening of the abscess with wound dialysis and putting primary
      sutures. In patients with mastitis and symptoms of anaerobic damage wide openings
      (beyond the limits of the tissue involved) with necrectomy and following aeration
      of the wound are recommended; after complete cleansing the wound secondary
      sutures are possible or plastic closure of the wound. Complex conservative
      treatment after operation must be combined with the application of trichopol and
      its derivatives, oxygentherapy.

PMID- 2658260
TI  - [Surgical treatment of stomach ulcers].

PMID- 2658261
TI  - [Selection of the method of surgical treatment of bleeding gastroduodenal
      ulcers].

PMID- 2658262
TI  - [Effect of the duodenal contents on changes in catgut sutures].

PMID- 2658263
TI  - [Inhibition of the secretion of endogenous insulin and trypsin by exogenous
      insulin and trypsin in the complex treatment of acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 2658264
TI  - [Effect of immobilized inhibitors of proteolysis on the course of experimental
      pancreatitis].

PMID- 2658265
TI  - [Injuries of the duodenum].

PMID- 2658266
TI  - [A method of treating high ulcers of the posterior gastric wall].
AB  - The method of operative treatment of high ulcers of the posterior gastric wall
      has a number of advantages and is technically less difficult than other available
      methods. The use of the method includes preservation of blood supply of the
      gastric stump and pyloric sphincter, resection of the posterior gastric wall with
      ulcer, creation of the gastric tube from the anterior wall and putting a direct
      anastomosis with the preservation of the pyloric sphincter which allows avoidance
      of incompetence of the anastomosis sutures and such late disturbances as dumping
      syndrome, gastric stump gastritis and reflux-esophagitis. The method was used in
      operations on 6 patients and gave good results.

PMID- 2658267
TI  - [Surgical approach to the sciatic nerve of the gluteal area in children].

PMID- 2658268
TI  - [Healing of the anastomoses in restorative-reconstructive surgery of the large
      intestine].
AB  - An analysis of healing the intestinal anastomoses in 52 patients after
      restorative-reconstructive operations on the colon is presented. In 36.5% of the
      cases a complicated course of the early postoperative period was observed:
      anastomositis--in 28.8% and incompetence of the anastomosis sutures--in 7.7%.
      Such complications were mainly observed in patients older than 60 years of age
      with a concomitant pathology, with a one-trunk colostoma and when forming low
      colorectal anastomoses.

PMID- 2658269
TI  - [Alloplasty in injuries of the Achilles tendon].
AB  - Methods of alloplastic restoration of tendo calcaneus (Achilles) after different
      injuries with the application of tendinous transplants are described. An analysis
      of clinical observations for 25 years in 112 patients is presented. The methods
      used for operative interventions and preparation of plastic materials gave good
      and satisfactory results in most of the patients (97.3%).

PMID- 2658270
TI  - [Use of a nasolabial flap for correcting defects of the hard palate].
AB  - A method of surgical elimination of postoperative great defects of the hard
      palate is described. The method is based on using a nasolabial flap. The method
      was successfully used in 15 patients with this pathology.

PMID- 2658271
TI  - [Ways to increase the competence of sutures of the duodenal stump in the surgical
      treatment of complicated gastroduodenal ulcers].
AB  - The authors have made an analysis of their experience with the treatment of 119
      patients who had tubular resections of the stomach with the anastomozed gastric
      stump to the side with the obliquely dissected short loop of the jejunum.
      Specific methods of treatment of a "difficult" duodenal stump and measures to
      prevent its incompetence are described. In order to increase the reliability of
      the duodenal stump sutures a complex of measures directed to the elimination of
      duodenal hypertension and adequate drainage of the periduodenal zone is to be
      used.

PMID- 2658272
TI  - [Characteristics of the diagnosis and surgical treatment of injuries of the
      duodenum].
AB  - Specific features of diagnostics and surgical treatment of injuries of the
      duodenum in 41 patients with open and closed traumas of the abdomen are
      described. A wide access by means of mobilization of the right colic flexure
      should be used for the revision of the duodenum. In cases with closed injuries of
      the duodenum, in addition to maintenance of its reliable decompression, it is
      necessary to exclude the intestine from the passage of the gastric content. In
      order to prevent postoperative pancreatitis cholecystostoma should be made.

PMID- 2658273
TI  - [Current methods of surgical and conservative treatment of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2658274
TI  - [Various problems of the methodology of autologous transfusion of photomodified
      blood].

PMID- 2658275
TI  - [Andrei Grigor'evich Savinykh (on the centenary of his birth)].

PMID- 2658276
TI  - [A visit by I.I. Grekov to the grave and home of N.I. Pirogov in Vishnia].

PMID- 2658277
TI  - [Proteolytic activity in the stomach in duodenal ulcer].
AB  - An analysis of results of studying proteolytic activity in the stomach of
      patients with ulcer of the duodenum with the help of an installation "Ferment
      2MT" has shown the method to be undoubtedly objective. A direct relation between
      the clinical course of the disease and proteolytic activity in the stomach before
      and after the operative treatment has been established. Correlation of the
      proteolytic activity in the stomach with the gastric acid secretion has been
      found. The authors consider that the determination of the proteolytic activity in
      the stomach gives the information which can be used for the determination of
      indications to operative treatment, choice of the operative method and the
      assessment of effectiveness of the surgical treatment of the disease.

PMID- 2658278
TI  - [Preoperative evaluation of the local spread of rectal tumors using
      ultrasonography].
AB  - Ultrasonography with the use of the method of sectorial and complex manual
      scanning is a valuable additional method of examination of the rectum for
      diagnosing the local spread of the tumor. The diagnostic accuracy of the method
      of examination of the rectum through the anterior abdominal wall for the
      establishment of the depth of tumor infiltration of the intestinal wall and the
      surrounding fat is 82.7%.

PMID- 2658279
TI  - [Penetrating wound of the heart in a child].

PMID- 2658280
TI  - [A new method of surgical correction of a Venous sinus defect].

PMID- 2658281
TI  - Evaluation and use of pet foods: general considerations in using pet foods for
      adult maintenance.
AB  - Questions regarding pet animal nutrition are probably among the most frequent
      queries encountered by companion animal veterinarians. Given the plethora of pet
      food products available and the amount of advertising used to promote them, it is
      not surprising that pet owners have concerns as to what they should feed their
      pets. This "practical" review of pet foods and feeding is designed to assist
      veterinarians in making nutritional recommendations to their clients, with
      respect to feeding normal adult pets at maintenance.

PMID- 2658282
TI  - Taurine deficiency syndrome in cats.
AB  - Taurine deficiency occurs in a large number of cats fed unfortified commercial
      diets. Deficiency arises because cats are unable to absorb all the taurine in
      processed diets and/or are unable to synthesize the deficit between absorption
      and requirement, which makes taurine an essential amino acid for cats. Taurine
      depleted cats develop retinal degeneration, cardiomyopathy, altered white-cell
      function, and abnormal growth and development. Taurine deficiency is best
      estimated from the plasma-taurine concentration, with values less than 30 mumol/l
      considered deficient.

PMID- 2658283
TI  - Feline kaliopenic polymyopathy/nephropathy syndrome.
AB  - The prevalence of hypokalemia in cats has probably been underestimated until
      recently. Like many other "contemporary" diseases, this syndrome is probably not
      new; however, it is now more easily recognized because of the identification of
      associated dietary and disease risk factors, clinical signs, and laboratory
      abnormalities, which have been linked to the expected pathophysiology of
      potassium depletion in the cat.

PMID- 2658284
TI  - Overnutrition: an epidemic problem in pet animal practice?
AB  - This review demonstrates that manufactured pet foods contain more than adequate
      levels of all the essential nutrients needed by normal dogs and cats. Under
      normal circumstances, therefore, it is completely unnecessary to supplement the
      rations of these animals with protein, energy, fatty acids, vitamins, or
      minerals. We have tried to show that, in addition to being unnecessary,
      supplementation of the rations of normal animals may be quite dangerous, leading
      to serious--indeed, sometimes fatal--clinical consequences. Pet food
      manufacturers have responded to newer information regarding increased
      requirements for specific nutrients such as taurine and potassium. Thus,
      supplements of these nutrients, as well, are unnecessary in the absence of
      specific clinical indications. As practitioners, we should be wary of beneficial
      effects claimed for nutritional supplements. Anecdotal comments, in particular,
      should be discounted completely. Objective data, including statistical evaluation
      demonstrating efficacy, should be demanded before accepting claims for such
      products. Finally, the use of nutritional supplements should be restricted to
      those cases in which specific clinical problems dictate their use.

PMID- 2658285
TI  - Obesity: occurrence, treatment, and prevention.
AB  - Obesity is the most common nutritionally related disease of dogs and cats.
      Several of the important health problems that are inherent with obesity are
      resolved when the patient's body weight is returned to normal. Proper dietary
      management is central to successful treatment and prevention. Low-fat, high-fiber
      diets provide fewer available calories but induce a greater degree of satiety
      than simple restriction of the obese patient's regular food. Care must be taken
      to assure that overweight cats are not fasted, because preliminary reports
      indicate an alarming association between severe caloric restriction and hepatic
      lipidosis in obese cats. Obesity prevention should ideally be proactive, owing to
      the predictability of obesity in certain groups of pets. The large number of
      reduced-energy maintenance type diets that are available for obesity prevention
      facilitate this goal.

PMID- 2658286
TI  - Nutritional support of hospitalized patients.
AB  - Effective nutritional support requires sound knowledge of both basic and clinical
      nutrition of dogs and cats as well as familiarity with products and delivery
      systems. Case management includes assessment of nutritional status and estimation
      of fuel sources. Most starved or stressed patients use fatty acids for over 70
      per cent kcalME and protein for over 20 per cent kcalME. Approximate kcal needs
      are calculated from maintenance energy equations. Most patients respond best to
      enteral nutrition. Meat-based pet foods, liquid enteral products, and nutrient
      modules are offered in slurries or are tube-fed. Management includes careful
      monitoring of patients and gradual transitions to diets with more complex
      nutrient sources.

PMID- 2658287
TI  - Nutritional considerations in small animal dermatology.
AB  - Aside from food hypersensitivities, nutritional skin diseases in pets fed
      commercial foods appear to be very uncommon. Nutritional deficiencies all cause
      seborrheic skin signs and most of the clinical presentations are not
      pathognomonic for a specific nutrient deficiency. Careful consideration of the
      history and the results of skin biopsies usually suggest which nutrient is
      deficient. Because nutritional supplements can unbalance an animal's diet, they
      should not be used indiscriminately but only when indicated. Balanced nutrition
      should minimize the need for supplements.

PMID- 2658288
TI  - Nutritional management of hepatic disease.
AB  - The successful management of hepatic diseases of dogs and cats requires an
      understanding of hepatic metabolism and nutritional processes. General aspects of
      dietary therapy for hepatic diseases are described, along with specific
      recommendations for the promotion of tissue regeneration. Special considerations,
      including the role of diet in encephalopathy, hepatic lipidosis, and copper
      associated hepatic toxicosis, are also discussed.

PMID- 2658289
TI  - Nutrition and the heart.
AB  - Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., carnitine in dogs, taurine in cats) resulting in
      cardiomyopathy, and nutritional excesses (e.g., calories leading to obesity,
      sodium leading to hypertension) have emerged as important considerations in
      cardiology. These dietary factors may become particularly exaggerated in altered
      physiological and/or pathological states (e.g., pregnancy, old age, primary
      cardiovascular disease). Unfortunately, we do not have complete information on
      requirements for essential nutrients, nor do we know the precise role nutrition
      may play in the production of so-called old-age diseases or on the interactions
      among other organ systems (e.g., kidney, liver) and the heart.

PMID- 2658290
TI  - Dietary management of canine and feline chronic renal failure.
AB  - Nutritional therapy is the mainstay of management of chronic renal failure in
      dogs and cats. Diets designed for use in renal failure are typically reduced in
      protein, phosphorus, and sodium content. These and other dietary modifications
      are designed to prevent or ameliorate clinical signs of uremia, minimize
      disturbances associated with excesses or losses of electrolytes and minerals,
      arrest or retard progression of renal failure, and maintain adequate nutrition.

PMID- 2658291
TI  - Relationship of nutritional factors to the cause, dissolution, and prevention of
      feline uroliths and urethral plugs.
AB  - Feline lower urinary tract disease is often associated with uroliths and urethral
      plugs. Uroliths and urethral plugs are composed of variable quantities of matrix
      and a variety of minerals (including struvite, calcium oxalate, ammonium urate,
      calcium phosphate, and cystine). Knowledge of nutritional factors associated with
      the pathophysiology of uroliths and urethral plugs facilitates the modification
      of diets for the dissolution of several minerals contained within them.

PMID- 2658292
TI  - Relationship of nutritional factors to the cause, dissolution, and prevention of
      canine uroliths.
AB  - Nutritional factors play a variable role in the etiopathogenesis of canine
      struvite, ammonium urate, cysteine, calcium oxalate, and silica uroliths.
      Knowledge of these factors allows modification of diets to promote dissolution of
      selected minerals within uroliths.

PMID- 2658293
TI  - Early history of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association.

PMID- 2658294
TI  - Natural infection with an attaching and effacing Escherichia coli in the small
      and large intestines of a calf with diarrhoea.
AB  - Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli were identified in the small and large
      intestine of a calf with naturally occurring diarrhoea. The organisms were
      associated with intestinal lesions and were identified by immunoperoxidase
      staining and transmission and scanning electron microscopy, but they did not
      produce Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin).

PMID- 2658295
TI  - Flunixin meglumine and flurbiprofen in cows with experimental Escherichia coli
      mastitis.
AB  - The effect of flunixin meglumine and flurbiprofen on the course of experimental
      Escherichia coli mastitis was examined. Nine cows (within one month post partum)
      were inoculated intramammarily with 20 x 10(5) viable E coli in both rear
      quarters. Three cows remained untreated (controls); three cows received three
      injections of flunixin meglumine and three cows received flurbiprofen as two
      intravenous infusions. Flunixin meglumine and flurbiprofen were initially given
      before clinical signs were observed. Treatment was repeated if the cows'
      temperature increased by more than 1 degree C. In the untreated cows, rectal
      temperature and heart rate increased from three hours after infection, and rumen
      motility (both frequency and amplitude) decreased from four hours after
      infection. Treatment with flunixin meglumine or flurbiprofen almost completely
      abolished the febrile response during the first nine hours after infection, and
      the decrease in rumen motility was less pronounced in the treated animals. These
      results suggest that the decrease in rumen motility during E coli mastitis is at
      least partly due to a mechanism involving prostaglandin.

PMID- 2658296
TI  - Prevalence of Streptococcus suis types 1 and 2 in domestic pigs in Australia and
      New Zealand.
AB  - Using an indirect fluorescent antibody test, 54 per cent of 734 palatine tonsils
      of conventional pigs slaughtered in Australia and New Zealand were found to be
      infected with Streptococcus suis type 1 and 73 per cent of 959 were infected with
      S suis type 2. Variations in the prevalence of infection in pigs from different
      herds were thought to be due to differences in the sample sizes rather than to
      real differences in the prevalence between herds. The prevalence of infection
      with S suis was similar in pigs of either sex and in different age groups.
      Streptococcus suis type 2 was detected in the blood of 3 per cent of apparently
      normal pigs slaughtered at a meat processing plant. The presence of this organism
      in edible tissue may pose a health risk to consumers and meat-workers. Both S
      suis types 1 and 2 were detected in the vaginas and uteri of slaughtered pigs and
      the female reproductive tract could be another site for the carriage of
      infection. Piglets from sows with vaginas infected with S suis type 2 became
      infected earlier than piglets from sows with uninfected vaginas. No infected male
      reproductive tracts were detected and venereal transmission of S suis therefore
      appears unlikely. Three specific pathogen free herds were found to be free from
      infection with both S suis types 1 and 2. It is concluded that hysterectomy
      derived piglets are delivered free from infection, whereas some piglets born to
      sows with uterine and vaginal infections are either born infected or become
      infected at, or soon after, birth.

PMID- 2658297
TI  - Diagnosis of pregnancy and prediction of fetal age in red deer by real-time
      ultrasonic scanning.
AB  - Sixteen pregnant red deer hinds were scanned using real-time ultra sound at
      regular intervals during the first 150 days of pregnancy. In the early stages of
      pregnancy, an intra-rectal linear array transducer was used but later in
      pregnancy the hinds were scanned externally with a sector scanner. Pregnancy was
      determined from 30 days of gestation by intra-rectal scanning, and from 50 days
      by external scanning. With advancing age the size of the fetus increased, and
      linear regressions of size on age gave residual standard deviations of 0.508 days
      for head diameter and 0.506 days for trunk diameter. It is concluded that this
      technique can be used to determine pregnancy with a high degree of accuracy from
      30 days of gestation and to predict calving date from fetal measurements within
      the range 1.5 cm to 7 cm for head diameter or 0.5 cm to 8 cm for trunk diameter,
      corresponding to a fetal age range of 35 to 150 days.

PMID- 2658298
TI  - Practical uses of ultrasound in early pregnancy in cattle.
AB  - Using a 'real-time' ultrasound scanner with a 3.5 MHz rectal transducer, a herd
      of 80 Friesian cows were scanned at weekly intervals during early pregnancy to
      assess the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis, and the accuracy of twin detection.
      The growing fetuses were also measured to determine the relationship between
      crown-rump length and age. The accuracy of detection of pregnancy was inversely
      proportional to the age of the cow (r -0.967), the accuracy of detection of
      twinning was 100 per cent and there was strong correlation between fetal crown
      rump length and age (r 0.98).

PMID- 2658299
TI  - Experimental trichinellosis in horses: biological and parasitological evaluation.
AB  - Three groups of three horses each were, respectively, infected with 5000, 20,000
      and 50,000 larvae of Trichinella spiralis. The strain used was isolated from a
      human biopsy during horsemeat-related outbreaks of trichinellosis in France.
      Transient muscular disorders were only observed in two of the horses infected
      with 50,000 larvae but none of the horses had fever. A significant increase in
      blood eosinophils was noticed in 5 horses. Serum LDH, aldolase and CPK peaked at
      the fifth week post-infection. Specific IgG assayed by indirect
      immunofluorescence and ELISA, appeared 2-5 weeks post-infection and disappeared
      between 16 and 40 weeks. The distribution of T. spiralis larvae was maximal in
      the tongue, masseters and diaphragm, but a large decrease in the number of larvae
      recovered from the muscles was noticed among the horses slaughtered at the
      beginning and end of the experiment. In muscular histological sections, larvae
      were observed in an intramyofibrillar position and were surrounded by a mild to
      severe inflammatory reaction.

PMID- 2658300
TI  - Visualization of eosinophil chemotactic factor in abomasal tissue of cattle by
      immunoperoxidase staining during Ostertagia ostertagi infection.
AB  - Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) was localized predominantly in the intestinal
      cells and lateral hypodermal cords of developing fifth stage larvae (L5) of
      Ostertagia ostertagi within abomasal tissue cross-sections by peroxidase in an
      antibody sandwich technique using monoclonal antibody to ECF. Cooperia oncophora
      larvae in tissue cross-sections did not stain using this technique. These
      experiments demonstrate that ECF is localized in Ostertagia ostertagi organelles
      and is probably released by the developing L5 into the abomasal tissue
      surrounding the parasitized gland. The presence of ECF within O. ostertagi larvae
      in situ and the results of previous experiments demonstrated in vitro and in vivo
      ECF chemotactic activity help to explain why eosinophils are observed
      histologically in abomasal tissues from cattle with ostertagiasis.

PMID- 2658301
TI  - Enterotomy technique in the descending colon of the horse. Effect of location and
      suture pattern.
AB  - To compare the effects of placing enterotomy incisions on or off the
      antimesenteric teniae and closing the intestinal mucosa as a separate layer, four
      longitudinal enterotomies were performed in the descending colon of each of six
      horses by the following techniques: incision through the antimesenteric teniae
      with one- and two-layer closure, and incision adjacent to the teniae with one-
      and two-layer closure. The horses were necropsied at day 33 for evidence of
      obstruction, adhesions, and ultrasonographic determination of the percent
      reduction in lumen diameter. Histologic and histomorphometric evaluations
      included: inflammatory response in the mucosal and seromuscular layers, mucosal
      atrophy or degeneration, alignment of the incision edges, area of fibrosis, and
      distance between the incised muscle edges. Adhesions were present in 5 of 24
      enterotomies. Incisions adjacent to the teniae resulted in narrower lumen
      diameters than incisions through the teniae. Inflammatory response was greatest
      in incisions adjacent to the teniae with two-layer closure. Closure of the mucosa
      as a separate layer had no effect on any of the parameters evaluated.
      Enterotomies through the antimesenteric teniae were more easily performed,
      resulted in less hemorrhage, and maintained a larger lumen diameter than those
      performed adjacent to the teniae.

PMID- 2658302
TI  - Proteolytic activity of the plum pox potyvirus NIa-like protein in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the small nuclear inclusion protein (NIa)-like cistron
      of plum pox potyvirus (PPV) has been determined. Viral proteolytic activity was
      expressed in Escherichia coli cells harboring plasmids with a PPV cDNA insert
      approximately 7000 nt long. Free PPV capsid protein was detected in these cells,
      but it was not produced when a mutation was introduced in the PPV cDNA insert
      which induced a Gln to Pro substitution at the large nuclear inclusion protein
      (NIb)-capsid protein junction. By mutational analysis, the NIa-like protein was
      determined to be responsible for the proteolytic activity. A Gln to Ser
      substitution at the presumed NIa-NIb junction, which inhibited proteolytic
      processing at the carboxyl end of the protease, had no effect on proteolytic
      cleavage at the NIb-capsid protein junction. In contrast with the high efficiency
      of proteolytic processing at the NIb-capsid protein cleavage site, processing at
      the ends of the PPV protease was not complete, suggesting that the PPV
      polyprotein, like that of other potyviruses, contains cleavage sites with
      different properties.

PMID- 2658303
TI  - Recognition of the PB1, neuraminidase, and matrix proteins of influenza virus
      A/NT/60/68 by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
AB  - We have investigated the recognition of the PB1, neuraminidase, and matrix (M1)
      proteins of influenza virus A/NT/60/68 (H3N2 subtype) by secondary in vitro
      stimulated polyclonal cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) populations. While these three
      proteins have different functions and cellular locations, they can all be
      recognized as target antigens. However, the immunogenicity of these proteins for
      CTLs is under strict genetic control. Thus, PB1 protein is recognized as a cross
      reactive target antigen by CTLs raised in CBA (H-2k) but not BALB/c (H-2d) mice.
      CBA, but not BALB/c mice, also generate a low-level CTL response to the
      neuraminidase. This latter response was only detectable following in vivo priming
      of CBA mice with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing neuraminidase (N2-VACC).
      The matrix protein, expressed from recombinant vaccinia virus M-VACC, was not
      recognized as an antigen by CTL generated from either CBA or BALB/c strains of
      mice. By contrast, human HLA-A2-restricted influenza virus-specific CTLs were
      shown to recognize this matrix protein as a target antigen. Endogenous expression
      of as little as 90 amino acids of the matrix protein was sufficient to render
      target cells susceptible to lysis by such CTLs.

PMID- 2658304
TI  - Location, sequence, transcriptional mapping, and temporal expression of the gp64
      envelope glycoprotein gene of the Orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nuclear
      polyhedrosis virus.
AB  - The gene encoding gp64, the envelope glycoprotein of the budded virus (BV) of
      Orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV), was mapped
      to the HindIII-E fragment of of the viral genome and expression of the gp64 gene
      was examined at various times postinfection. To locate the gp64 gene, a cross
      reacting monoclonal antibody (AcV5) (A. W. Hohmann and P. Faulkner, 1983,
      Virology, 125, 432-444) directed against the gp64 protein of the Autographa
      californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) was used to screen a
      lambda gt11 expression library of OpMNPV and insert DNAs from immunopositive
      recombinants were used for Southern hybridization mapping. The gp64 gene was
      sequenced and transcription of the gp64 gene was examined by Northern blot, S1
      nuclease, and primer extension analysis. Two sets of gp64 transcripts were
      detected during infection: a single early transcript which initiated at -43 nt
      and four late transcripts which initiated at -152, -167, -174, and -175 nt
      relative to the start of the gp64 open reading frame. Comparison of the gp64
      early transcription initiation site with several other early baculovirus genes
      revealed a four-nucleotide consensus sequence (CAGT) which is conserved at the
      early transcription initiation sites of the IE-1 and 39K genes. The four late
      gp64 transcripts initiated at two of the four upstream ATAAG motifs. All gp64
      mRNAs appear to be coterminal at the 3' end. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence
      of the gp64 gene revealed that the late gp64 mRNAs are bicistronic, consisting of
      a three amino acid minicistron located 70 nt upstream of the 509 amino acid gp64
      open reading frame. Early transcripts do not contain the minicistron. The 1527-nt
      gp64 open reading frame encodes a predicted protein of 509 amino acids with a
      molecular weight of 58 kDa. The predicted gp64 protein contains seven potential N
      linked glycosylation sites and hydrophobic N- and C-termini characteristic of
      signal and membrane anchor sequences found on envelope glycoproteins. By western
      blot analyses and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, we show that the gp64
      protein is present at early times (6 hr) postinfection and accumulates in the
      infected cell, moving to the periphery at later times postinfection. Western blot
      comparisons of the temporal expression of the gp64 protein with the p39 capsid
      protein revealed that these two virion structural protein genes differ
      significantly in the timing of their initial expression. The upstream regulatory
      regions, open reading frames, and predicted proteins from the OpMNPV and AcMNPV
      gp64 genes were compared.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2658305
TI  - [Extraperitonealization in the surgical treatment of injuries of the large
      intestine].

PMID- 2658306
TI  - [Surgical procedures in gunshot injuries of the ileocecal area and ascending
      colon].

PMID- 2658307
TI  - [The outlook for introducing the Konsul'tant-2 expert medical system on board
      ships].

PMID- 2658308
TI  - [A method of planning for drug demand].

PMID- 2658310
TI  - [The tasks of military medicine historians in the light of perestroika].

PMID- 2658309
TI  - [Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin].

PMID- 2658311
TI  - [Details of the biography of M. I. Baranov].

PMID- 2658312
TI  - [Measuring devices and equipment in the practical work of medical personnel
      during World War II].

PMID- 2658313
TI  - [Ultrasonically guided biopsy of intra-abdominal changes. Report of the results
      of a 5-year study].
AB  - Ultrasound guided biopsies of intraabdominal changes have been performed in 215
      patients within a five-year period. The most frequent pathologic changes were
      liver neoplasms--liver metastases in 51 patients, angiomas in 16 and primary
      carcinomas in 17. The most frequent extrahepatic pathologic changes were
      pancreatic diseases in 22 patients and colonic carcinomas in 17 patients. This
      method of biopsy enables most rapid and reliable diagnosis and it is also simple
      and safe.

PMID- 2658314
TI  - [Analysis of the most common causes of failure in complete dentures].
AB  - The most frequent failures in complete denture construction are examined. All
      possible failures have been taken into con- been divided into 3 groups: failures
      in denture retention, in interocclusal relations and factors which are reducing
      denture stabilization. Failures in the lower complete denture retention with poor
      extension have been most frequently found (90% cases). Less frequent was poor
      extension of the upper complete denture. Disbalance such as excentric occlusion
      and articulation blocking have been frequently found. A sizable vertical occlusal
      dimension was also significant.

PMID- 2658315
TI  - [Current methods of imaging in the diagnosis of breast cancer].

PMID- 2658316
TI  - [Theoretical bases and possible ways of predicting individual sensitivity to the
      carcinogenic action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons].

PMID- 2658317
TI  - Hemophilia: state of the art of hematologic care 1988.
AB  - Since 1982, when the World Federation of Hemophilia first published a document on
      the state of the art of hemophilia diagnosis and care, there have been lights and
      shadows in this field. Although the widespread infection of hemophiliacs with the
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contaminating clotting factor concentrates is
      still a threatening and formidable shadow, the gloomy picture brought about by
      the AIDS epidemic is partially lightened by spectacular improvements in therapy
      and diagnosis. Carrier detection and first-trimester prenatal diagnosis can now
      be performed accurately in most kindreds by analysis of DNA of the factor VIII or
      IX genes. An important step forward towards the elimination of the risk of blood
      borne infections transmitted by plasma products was recently made through the
      application of virucidal methods to clotting factor concentrates. Since HIV
      appears more vulnerable to such methods than the hepatitis viruses, currently
      available concentrates can be considered substantially free from the risk of
      transmitting HIV infection. Even though transmission of hepatitis is much reduced
      but not totally abolished, virucidal methods are continuously being improved, so
      that it can be foreseen that concentrates will become safer and safer. Finally,
      factor VIII produced by recombinant DNA technology is undergoing the first
      clinical trials in hemophiliacs. Hopefully, it will free from the risk of
      transmitting infections and will be available in sufficiently large amounts to
      meet the need of hemophiliacs worldwide. In 1982, the World Federation of
      Hemophilia published a message on the status of diagnosis and treatment of
      hemophilia. Since then, hemophilia care has been complicated by widespread
      infection of hemophiliacs with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658318
TI  - Prevalence of anti-HIV antibodies in Greek thalassaemic patients.

PMID- 2658319
TI  - [Dynamics of antigen and antibody accumulation in adult mice, infected with Lassa
      virus].

PMID- 2658320
TI  - [What a vaccine against viral gastroenteritis should be: problems and prospects].

PMID- 2658321
TI  - Age: a truly confounding variable.
AB  - As Hinshaw (1981) has noted, the process of designing research might best be
      conceptualized as a series of informed decisions that involve constant trade-offs
      and compromise. With each advantage gained by a particular theoretical or
      methodological decision, the researcher inherits a certain number of threats to
      the study's internal and external validity and a potential number of error
      sources. Because of the nature of the research questions of interest to nurses
      and because of situational and contextual constraints in the clinical setting,
      nurse researchers often are required to select samples that contain small or
      large proportions of elderly subjects. The purpose of this article has been to
      raise some of the theoretical and methodological issues associated with the
      selection of both age-heterogeneous samples and age-homogeneous samples. Although
      in research all possible error sources cannot be controlled, it is possible to
      reduce the amount of error by a clear understanding of the implications of
      choices regarding age-related issues and inclusion of design features that reduce
      the amount of error introduced when research subjects who are relatively young
      are studied along with research subjects who are elderly.

PMID- 2658322
TI  - A critical review of aging and sleep research.

PMID- 2658323
TI  - Arthritis in childhood. A report on 65 consecutive cases observed at the
      University Hospital of the West Indies.
AB  - In a two-year period (October 1985 - September 1987), 65 children presented to
      the Child Health department and/or rheumatology clinic at the University Hospital
      with arthritis. Eighteen children (28%) had Juvenile Chronic Arthritis, ten (15%)
      rheumatic fever, eight (12%) systemic lupus erythematosus and thirteen (20%) had
      self-limiting arthritis. Systemic onset of Juvenile Chronic Arthritis occurred
      only in one child; nine children had polyarticular and eight pauci-articular
      onset of disease. The self-limiting arthritis was difficult to differentiate from
      Juvenile Chronic Arthritis; therefore serological testing for bacterial and viral
      infections should be performed before anti-rheumatic therapy is undertaken.
      Arthritis in childhood is not uncommon in Jamaica. However, the outcome appears
      to be generally favorable except in a few cases of Juvenile Chronic Arthritis.

PMID- 2658324
TI  - Morbidity pattern of paediatric emergencies.

PMID- 2658325
TI  - Hepatitis B infection. A clinical challenge.

PMID- 2658326
TI  - Compliance and side effects in sleep apnea patients treated with nasal continuous
      positive airway pressure.
AB  - Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an effective therapy for
      sleep apnea. We treated 144 patients with nasal CPAP and observed them for
      periods of as long as 25 months. No pneumothoraces occurred in any patient.
      Compliance rates were between 65% (90/139) and 83% (90/108), depending on the
      patient population considered. Demographic factors unrelated to discontinuing
      using CPAP included age, sex, and the presence of a housemate. Better-educated
      patients were less able to tolerate the equipment. Dry throat and nose and sore
      eyes were the most common side effects, but only sore eyes related to the amount
      of pressure. Side effects were unrelated to the number of months on the
      treatment, and obesity was related to higher pressures. Our study provides
      optimistic intermediate-term follow-up observations of patients on nasal CPAP
      therapy for sleep apnea. Whether adverse consequences occur over longer periods
      of time remains to be seen.

PMID- 2658328
TI  - [40th anniversary of the Polish Parasitological Society].

PMID- 2658329
TI  - [Polyunsaturated fatty acids].

PMID- 2658327
TI  - The adult respiratory distress syndrome. New insights into diagnosis,
      pathophysiology, and treatment.
AB  - These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the
      Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from
      transcriptions, they are prepared by Homer A. Boushey, MD, Professor of Medicine,
      and John G. Fitz, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, under the direction of
      Lloyd H. Smith, Jr, MD, Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean in the School of
      Medicine. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Department of Medicine,
      University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
      94143.

PMID- 2658330
TI  - Dietary fatty acids, serum lipids, platelet biochemistry and function.
AB  - Dietary fatty acids of the n-6 mainly linoleic acid (LA) series, and of the n-3,
      such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) series both
      reduce plasma cholesterol levels and platelet responses to aggregating agents.
      The potency of n-3 fatty acids, which are present in relatively high
      concentrations in fish oils, is at least one order of magnitude greater than that
      of LA. The effects of fish oils appear to be related to the incorporation of EPA
      into plasma lipoproteins and cell phospholipid pools, thus modulating metabolic
      processes within specific lipid pools. Inhibition of platelet function and
      modifications of the activity of other blood cells, such as leukocytes, is
      attributed to interference with the eicosanoid system. Competition of EPA with
      arachidonic acid (AA) for the oxygenases and/or generation of less active
      metabolites from this precursor are the major mechanisms of action. Feeding
      studies in experimental animals indicate that exogenously administered n-3 fatty
      acids undergo distribution among the major plasma lipid classes and platelet
      phospholipids quite different to that of endogenous AA. In addition, the
      generation of inositolphosphates by stimulated platelets is decreased by dietary
      n-3 fatty acids in a manner independent of the effects on the eicosanoid system.
      It appears that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the n-6 and n-3 series are
      differently handled in various lipid pools and that early steps of cell
      activation, in addition to the generation of eicosanoids, are affected by dietary
      fatty acids. This indicates that fatty acids modulate key steps in the regulation
      of cell function and biochemistry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658331
TI  - Dietary lipids, platelet function and arterial thrombosis.
AB  - In rats, diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids of the (n-6) and (n-3)
      families (P) lower arterial thrombosis tendency, whereas long-chain saturated
      fatty acids (S) are prothrombotic. Monounsaturated fatty acids seem to behave
      neutrally as to arterial thrombus formation. Consequently, the P/S ratio is an
      important determinant of the thrombogenicity of a dietary fat, the effect of
      which is probably mediated by an influence on platelet aggregability. In man, the
      dietary fat type also affects platelet aggregation. Methodological problems,
      however, resulted in equivocal results, especially with respect to diets enriched
      with fish oil. Thus, more research is required with methods that are able to
      quantify thrombotic risk in a reliable way. Nonetheless, the available evidence
      already justifies an active policy to increase the consumption of
      (poly)unsaturated fatty acids at the expense of long-chain saturated fatty acids.

PMID- 2658332
TI  - n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease--observations generated by studies in
      Greenland Eskimos.
AB  - Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 type (n-3 PUFAs) may offer some protection
      against ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Part of the evidence has been derived from
      our investigations on Greenland Eskimos. Through six expeditions to Greenland, we
      have studied Eskimos living on their traditional sea diet. We found favourable
      changes in lipids and lipoproteins, together with a reduced platelet reactivity
      in the Eskimos - findings of importance for their low incidence of IHD. In this
      survey we intend to review studies on the effects of an increased intake of n-3
      PUFAs, focusing on lipids and platelets. We conclude that beneficial changes in
      general have been obtained. However, individual patients and patient groups
      likely to profit from supplementation with n-3 PUFAs need to be further defined.
      The optimum dose needs to be established, and the effect and safety to be
      documented by highly needed long term studies.

PMID- 2658333
TI  - Essential fatty acids and the complications of diabetes mellitus.
AB  - In animals and humans with diabetes mellitus there is evidence that normal
      metabolism of essential fatty acids is impaired. The main dietary essential fatty
      acids, linoleic acid of the n-6 series and alpha-linolenic acid of the n-3
      series, must both be 6-desaturated and converted to further metabolites if they
      are to exert all their desirable effects on the body. 6-desaturation is impaired
      in diabetes and a lack of adequate rates of formation of the 6-desaturated
      metabolites may be involved in the abnormalities in membrane function, in lipid
      metabolism and in haemostasis and the microcirculatory system which are seen in
      diabetes. Attempts to overcome the block by giving very large amounts of dietary
      linoleic acid, or to by-pass the block by giving 6-desaturated metabolites such
      as gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, have both given promising
      results.

PMID- 2658334
TI  - [Systems theory in medicine and biology].
AB  - We try to determinate, that systems theory has to be introduced into modern
      medicine. The biological roots as well as the cybernetic ones are outlined. Among
      various concepts about systems theory the evaluation by Riedl seems to be the
      most efficient to explain medical procedures. His basic informations refer to von
      Bertalanffy, the additional introduction of a 4-cause-principle, Aristoteles,
      permits the explanation of complex relations. The examples of tumor and
      inflammation are used to demonstrate the basic idea of the formal cause as well
      as the final cause. The latter should also become an important fact in the
      solution of other medical problems.

PMID- 2658335
TI  - [Collagen-induced thrombocyte aggregation in parenteral therapy using Ginkgo
      biloba].
AB  - 24 patients suffering from arteriosclerotic disorders were divided into 2 groups.
      One half received 250 ml NaCl with 25 ml Ginkgo-biloba-extract the other 12 were
      treated with 250 ml NaCl without this substance. The collagen induced platelet
      aggregation was determined before, immediately after infusion and on the next
      day. The platelet aggregation increased in both collectives after infusion. In
      the group treated with Ginkgo-biloba-extract after 1 day values returned into
      normal range while the aggregation remained increased in the NaCl-group.

PMID- 2658336
TI  - [Practically important allergies. An overview].
AB  - In this survey, the importance of the various allergic diseases in medical
      practice is outlined. Animal allergies which are on the increase and allergies
      against fungal spores are discussed in more detail as new data have been
      collected in recent years. In closing, some remarkes were made on professional
      allergic diseases.

PMID- 2658337
TI  - [Pollinosis].
AB  - Following introductory remarks concerning the generally observed increasing
      morbidity and its socio-medical consequences, some particular and clinically
      important aspects of pollen biology are stressed. Further points discussed are:
      the importance of IgE-mediated late-phase reactions in pathogenesis,: diagnostic
      procedures,: symptomatic therapy and hyposensitization.

PMID- 2658338
TI  - [Sensitization to house dust mite allergens: diagnosis--therapy].
AB  - The 2 closely related house dust mites, D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae seem to
      be of major allergenic importance in the house dust. The faeces particles, in
      particular, contain allergenic material in a concentrated form. Practicable
      control measures, such as chemicals, cleaning, ventilation and temperature
      regulation, have been able to reduce the number of mites in houses to some
      extend, and, in general, the clinical effect has been limited. The immunotherapy
      could be appropriate for this type of allergy, and, in fact, in some studies such
      treatment has proved to be of some effect. In our own experience, control
      measures to reduce the mites, antiallergic drug therapy and controlled holidays
      in a mite free climate allow to reduce by far the mite allergen symptoms. In
      addition the immunotherapy could be of some success depending on the allergens,
      the doses of the allergen extract given and the duration of the therapy. It is
      still an open question, whether the therapeutic effect of the immunotherapy is of
      long duration after the immunotherapy has been finished.

PMID- 2658339
TI  - [Allergic contact reactions].
AB  - This paper gives an introduction into the pathomechanism of allergic contact
      dermatitis and test procedures.

PMID- 2658340
TI  - [Drug intolerance caused by pseudo-allergic reactions].
AB  - The symptomatology of allergic diseases may be imitated by non-immunological, so
      called "pseudo-allergic" reactions. Phenocopies of any type of allergic reaction
      may occur. Pseudo-allergic drug reactions may be caused by the active components
      as well as by additives. Anaphylactoid pseudo-allergic reactions are of special
      clinical interest. Their pathomechanism has not been conclusively elucidated yet.
      Based on clinical and experimental data, we discuss some hypothetical mechanisms
      of a few compounds, always keeping in mind the possibility of allergic mechanisms
      not yet identified. For the diagnosis of pseudo-allergic drug reactions we need
      provocation tests, as skin tests are not possible, and routine in-vitro assays
      are not available.

PMID- 2658341
TI  - [Food allergies--oropharyngeal reactions].
AB  - Clinical symptoms induced by eating foods of plant origin in pollen allergic
      individuals are the cause of special interest. The investigation of 286 patients
      with a sensitation to pollen revealed, that oral and pharyngeal reactions to
      vegetal foods were seen in a high percentage (about 70% in birch-pollen allergic
      patients).

PMID- 2658342
TI  - [Chronic allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinopathy].
AB  - The allergic rhinitis and the hyperreactive rhinitis are closely related not only
      in terms of symptoms. However it is possible to split both components by a
      subtile diagnostic management. In terms of treatment it is much easier to control
      allergic reactions than alter hyperreactivity.

PMID- 2658343
TI  - [The significance of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity].
AB  - The bronchial hyperreactivity is the cause of dyspnea in asthmatic subjects. The
      bronchial hyperreactivity is caused by the allergic "late-reaction". Inhalative
      bronchial challenge tests by metacholine prove bronchial hyperreactivity. The
      therapy of the bronchial hyperreactivity consists in systemic and local
      corticosteroids and dinatriumcromoglycate. One of these substances should be part
      of the basic therapy of every asthmatic patient.

PMID- 2658344
TI  - [Urticaria: allergic--not allergic].
AB  - Discussion of etiologically important facts in urticaria dealing as well with
      allergy as with psychosomatic origin.

PMID- 2658345
TI  - [Insect sting allergy--clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - Systemic allergic reactions following insect stings, most often by Hymenoptera
      (honey bee, wasp), are usually of the immediate type and thus mediated by venom
      specific IgE-antibodies. The most frequent clinical symptoms are: Urticaria,
      angioedema, asthma and anaphylactic shock. While up to 4% of individuals in
      epidemiological surveys give a history of systemic allergic reactions following
      Hymenoptera sings, fatal cases are extremely rare. Diagnosis is based on history,
      skin test and estimation of venom specific serum IgE-antibodies (RAST). For
      treatment of mild systemic reactions antihistamines are often sufficient. In all
      cases with respiratory and/or cardiovascular symptoms adrenalin must be given,
      either by inhalation or by injection. All patients with a history of systemic
      reactions of Hymenoptera stings have to be instructed in prophylactic measures
      and must receive emergency medications including adrenalin. The efficacy of venom
      immunotherapy is well documented, but this treatment is expensive: It is
      therefore mainly indicated in patients with a history of severe systemic
      reactions and a high degree of exposure.

PMID- 2658346
TI  - [Atopic neurodermatitis].
AB  - Atopic dermatitis is a multifactorial skin disease with complex aspects and a
      wealth of abnormal immunological and nonimmunological findings. Abnormalities of
      skin morphology and function, disturbances of the essential fatty acids
      metabolism and in the cyclic AMP system as well as immunological abnormalities
      are shortly described. In analogy to asthma and rhinitis, the author propose to
      divide atopic dermatitis according to the presence or not of an associated
      respiratory allergy and specific IgE sensitization in 3 groups, namely in an
      "extrinsic", an "intrinsic" and a "mixed" type.

PMID- 2658347
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma in a thyroglossal cyst remnant: a case report and review
      of the literature.

PMID- 2658348
TI  - The surgeon's role in breast screening.
AB  - The early detection of breast cancer by mammographic screening reduces the
      mortality of the disease. In the United Kingdom, a national screening service is
      being established for women 50-64 years of age by single mediolateral oblique
      mammography every 3 years. It is stressed that the basic mammograph is only the
      first stage in the screening procedure. The multidisciplinary assessment of
      mammographic abnormalities is a second critical step by which the need for biopsy
      is determined. The surgeons involved in screening programs must also appreciate
      the significance of the methods of assessment used. They must also be
      knowledgeable of the methods for biopsy of impalpable lesions and of the
      treatment of the noninvasive and small-invasive cancers. Ideally, they should be
      full members of the multidisciplinary team responsible for the program. These
      roles are reviewed.

PMID- 2658349
TI  - The biology and natural history of breast cancer from the screening perspective.
AB  - A review of the tumor biology of breast cancer from the screening perspective
      reveals important research issues. It is not known if the induction phase
      includes any detectable preneoplastic lesions. Evidence for the existence of
      preneoplasias is conflicting. The effect of removal of such lesions on the
      incidence of breast cancer has not yet been studied. The mechanisms that govern
      progression of in situ lesions--or even small preclinical invasive cancers--are
      not fully understood. It is not clear to what extent progression into cancers
      with metastatic behavior occurs. Current predictors for progression are weak. One
      major benefit of the scientific evaluation of the screening programs is that we
      can learn more about the natural history of the disease. Mammographic screening
      detects tumors that are smaller in size than those detected by clinical
      examination only. There is an inverse relationship between tumor size and the
      probability that the patient has acquired axillary metastases. These facts, taken
      together, indicate that the mortality reduction seen in screening is a result of
      a real impact on the natural history. Calculations of the lead time gained in
      randomized screening projects give empirical proof that a third of the cancers
      progress from a localized stage to a disseminated disease relatively late in the
      preclinical phase of the tumor. Analyses of interval cancers in screening have
      pointed to the conclusion that the net growth rate of the primary tumor does not
      directly parallel metastatic ability, and that the tumors grow faster in younger
      women.

PMID- 2658350
TI  - Quantitative approaches to the evaluation of screening programs.
AB  - The evaluation of screening programs for cancer is considered. Initial evaluation
      has to be in terms of mortality, but increasing importance should be attached to
      measures which evaluate the interaction of early detection with the disease
      process. These include the degree to which diagnosis is advanced, both in time
      and in stage of disease, and the ability of the screening test to identify
      presymptomatic lesions. Randomized trials are of major importance in establishing
      -in quantitative terms--the benefits of screening; in their absence, case-control
      methods can be adapted for this purpose, but cannot provide evidence of the same
      rigor. Currently, only screening for breast cancer and cervical cancer have been
      fully demonstrated to be effective.

PMID- 2658351
TI  - Screening for gastric cancer.
AB  - Mass screening for gastric cancer in Japan has been conducted nationwide since
      1960. The total number of examinees in 1985 amounted to 5,161,876 and 6,240 cases
      (0.12%) of gastric cancer were detected. Approximately half of these cases were
      early stage cancers. According to the studies of mass gastric screening in the
      Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, the sensitivity of the screening test by the indirect x
      ray method was 82.4%, and the specificity was 77.2%. The positive predictive
      value was 1.78%. Recently, mortality from gastric cancer has been decreasing in
      Japan. Many studies have been carried out to investigate the relationship between
      the decreasing trend of mortality from cancer of the stomach and the
      effectiveness of mass gastric screening. From these studies and from time trend
      analyses of incidence and death rates, case-control studies, nonexperimental
      cohort studies, etc., it is believed that mass screening for gastric cancer is
      effective in reducing the death rate from cancer at this site.

PMID- 2658352
TI  - Screening for colorectal cancer: a critical review.
AB  - This article discusses the place of symptom detection, endoscopy, and fecal
      occult blood testing in population screening for colorectal cancer. There is now
      considerable evidence that screening the population over the age of 50 years for
      occult blood in the feces will result in an increased yield of tumors localized
      to the bowel at the time of surgical treatment. These tumors also have other
      favorable prognostic features and it is likely that the prognosis of this group
      will be better than the prognosis of patients presenting with symptoms in the
      usual way. Because of the biases that result from the selection and detection of
      tumors in screening studies, the mortality results of the control trials now
      underway must be awaited until it is known whether population screening is of
      real value. In chemical fecal occult blood screening tests, a compromise has to
      be made between sensitivity and specificity. The fecal occult blood test most
      widely used and the one that has been subjected to the most evaluation in
      screening studies is the guaiac-based slide test, Hemoccult. The predictive value
      of a positive test for invasive cancer is 11-17%, and for adenomas, 36-41%. This
      specificity is achieved at a loss of sensitivity, the interval cancer rate
      reported in screening studies being over 20%. Newly developed immunological
      techniques appear to be more sensitive and specific, but require further
      evaluation in population screening studies.

PMID- 2658353
TI  - Do all colorectal carcinomas arise in preexisting adenomas?
AB  - In this article, the underlying nature of the adenoma is defined and evidence in
      support of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence is presented. Emphasis is placed on
      recent findings from the field of molecular biology which fortify the concept of
      the adenoma as a step in the evolution of large bowel cancer. Despite the
      considerable body of indirect evidence in support of the adenoma-carcinoma
      sequence, the de novo theory still has some support. Although differences between
      the de novo and adenoma carcinoma concept are largely semantic, the fact that
      infiltrating carcinoma can arise within small, flat foci of severely dysplastic
      epithelium (indistinguishable from carcinoma in situ) may be of considerable
      clinical importance. Other routes of morphogenesis exist also, but these make a
      relatively small contribution to the overall incidence of colorectal cancer. Even
      if it is accepted that the majority of colorectal cancers develop in a
      preexisting adenoma, the systematic removal of adenomas would pose a number of
      practical difficulties. First, adenomas are extremely common, particularly in
      populations at high risk of colorectal cancer. A second factor is the recently
      recognized existence of flat or depressed adenomas which may be small and
      difficult to visualize endoscopically. A simple screening program based on our
      knowledge of the evolution of colorectal cancer is outlined.

PMID- 2658354
TI  - Current status of tumor markers in large bowel cancer.
AB  - The aim of a primary screening system is to detect premalignant lesions and
      carcinomas when amenable to "curative" surgery. Although a number of "classical"
      tumor markers have acquired potential for clinical management, none is presently
      adequate for presymptomatic diagnosis or screening. In colorectal carcinoma, the
      screening potential of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), the gastrointestinal
      related antigen, CA19-9, and other more recently characterized "biochemical
      markers" is virtually nonexistent, even in patients at high risk to develop the
      disease. Promising new leads are beginning to emerge from somatic cell genetic
      and molecular biological approaches. In common with other epithelial neoplasms,
      perturbations in oncogene expression have been demonstrated in colorectal
      cancers, and probably reflect important events in malignant transformation and
      progression. Studies of oncogene expression have, however, not yet yielded
      clinically useful information. Recently, an intensive search for specific
      chromosomal and gene abnormalities in the hereditary colon cancer syndromes led
      to the location of the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) gene at chromosome
      5q21-q22. Significant is that the loss of alleles on chromosome 5 has also been
      observed in the tumor cells of at least 20% of sporadic colon cancer patients.
      This type of association between constitutional genetic change and genetic
      aberration in the cells of sporadic tumors is reminiscent of other malignant
      diseases with a genetic component (e.g., retinoblastoma and Wilms'
      tumor).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658355
TI  - Progress and problems in screening for carcinoma of the prostate.
AB  - Carcinoma of the prostate is the second most common cause of cancer-related
      deaths in American men. This is due, in part, to the low percentage of cases that
      are diagnosed when the tumor is still curable. To improve early detection,
      routine screening has been performed using one or a combination of tests that
      included open prostate biopsy, serum acid phosphatase, the digital rectal exam,
      and transrectal sonography. These studies have been critically reviewed and the
      problems associated with prostate cancer screening have been discussed. No study
      has proven that routine screening reduces the mortality from prostate cancer.
      Furthermore, the positive predictive value and the sensitivity of each of these
      tests are too low for any of them to be useful for screening at the present time.
      To determine the value of screening, new studies are needed which should include
      a control group and an assessment of the disadvantages of screening as well as
      the potential benefits. Based on published reports, however, routine screening
      for prostate cancer using any test should be considered investigational at the
      present time.

PMID- 2658356
TI  - Screening for carcinoma of the prostate: efficacy of available screening tests.
AB  - Despite the high prevalence and mortality from carcinoma of the prostate, very
      few prospective, controlled, population-based studies are available to assess the
      impact of early diagnosis programs. Three screening modalities have been
      suggested for this tumor: rectal examination, serum tumor markers, and
      transrectal ultrasound. Prostatic acid phosphatase and prostatic specific antigen
      have proven to be insensitive and nonspecific in large trials and generally, when
      elevated, allow diagnosis of metastatic disease. Transrectal ultrasound also
      suffers from poor specificity. Rectal examination, although insensitive to small
      tumors (less than 1 ml in volume), has the advantage of possibly detecting tumors
      of a higher biologic activity. An improved survival has been demonstrated in
      populations undergoing routine rectal examinations. Further prospective,
      population-based trials comparing early detection techniques are necessary before
      mass screening for carcinoma of the prostate can be recommended.

PMID- 2658357
TI  - Screening for cancer of the cervix uteri.
AB  - Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. The majority
      of cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Pap smears for early detection
      of precursor lesions of cervical cancer have been available for 40 years. A
      clinical trial to evaluate Pap smears was never undertaken; however, evidence
      gradually accumulated from time trend analyses and from cohort and case-control
      studies showed the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer to be reduced by
      organized screening programs. The risk of cervical cancer following different
      screening histories was estimated in a recent study of the International Agency
      for Research on Cancer. Screening with 1-year and 3-year intervals was estimated
      to reduce the incidence of squamous cervical cancer by 94% and 91%, respectively.
      Cervical cancer is rare in young women, and little was estimated to be gained
      from including women below the age of 25 years in organized screening programs.
      The age distribution of cervical cancer has changed; a substantial proportion of
      cases now occur in the older generations of women, who have never been offered
      organized screening. Computerized pathology registration systems may serve as a
      tool for integration of the total smear-taking activity and, thus, ensure that a
      high percentage of women are screened regularly at minimized costs. The planning
      of a screening program should include both the smear-taking activity and the
      treatment.

PMID- 2658358
TI  - Screening for cancer: state of the art and prospects for the future.
AB  - Effectiveness of screening has been established for two cancer sites: breast and
      cervix uteri. Only for these, therefore, are national policies applicable. The
      degree of effectiveness of such programs will depend on the coverage of the
      eligible population; organized programs are, therefore, essential. For cancer of
      the cervix, nearly maximal efficacy will be obtained by screening sexually active
      women from 25 to 60 years of age every 3 years. For cancer of the breast, current
      evidence only justifies screening from 50 years of age; most programs will stop
      at 70 years of age. Mammography every 2 years will provide nearly maximal
      efficacy. The place of breast self-examination and physical examination of the
      breasts is under investigation. In Japan, screening for stomach cancer is
      justifiable, although strict evidence of effectiveness is lacking. Screening for
      other cancers must still be regarded as experimental, including the use of
      sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer, and visual
      examination of the mouth for oral cancer. Because of organizational and other
      difficulties, screening seems unlikely to make a major contribution to reduction
      in overall cancer mortality by the year 2000. However, if organizational problems
      can be overcome, screening has the potential to control invasive cancer of the
      cervix, and to make a major contribution to reduction in breast cancer mortality.

PMID- 2658359
TI  - The status of breast cancer screening: a quarter of a century of research.
AB  - This article begins with a summary of the methods and results of the first
      randomized, controlled trial conducted to test the efficacy of periodic screening
      in reducing breast cancer mortality. The study was started in December, 1963 and
      the final phases of follow-up to determine the screening's long-term effect ended
      in 1986. Over 60,000 women aged 40-64 years, who were members of the Health
      Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP), were assigned at random to either a
      study group or a control group. The study group was offered screening
      examinations consisting of mammography and a clinical examination of the breast.
      About 67% accepted the invitation for an initial screening; a large proportion
      returned for 3 reexaminations at annual intervals. The control group continued to
      receive their usual medical care. By 10 years from entry, breast cancer deaths
      were reduced 30% among the study group women; over the long run of 18 years from
      entry, the decrease was 23-24%. The benefit from screening was found to be more
      certain among women who were over 50 years of age at the start of screening than
      among those aged 40-49 years. This article also describes research on efficacy of
      breast cancer screening started more recently in Sweden, the Netherlands, United
      Kingdom, and Canada, and reviews available findings which reinforce the results
      of the HIP project. Information is given on policies and guidelines being adopted
      in many countries regarding modalities, frequency, and ages to be included in
      breast cancer screening programs.

PMID- 2658360
TI  - Dilation therapy of benign esophageal stenoses.
AB  - Benign esophageal obstruction is virtually always responsive to dilation therapy.
      Dilation therapy should, therefore, be the initial approach. The introduction of
      the Savary-type dilating equipment and of balloon dilation systems are, or will
      become, standard practice. These systems will increasingly be preferred over the
      Eder-Puestow metal olives and the mercury-filled bougies in the near future,
      although the latter 2 will retain some distinct indications. All currently
      available dilating devices have advantages and shortcomings. The overall
      symptomatic and objective success rate of dilation therapy is acceptable.
      Perforation remains the major complication. Nonsurgical therapy of perforation is
      possible provided perforation site has occurred. Future controlled comparative
      studies are perforation site has occurred. Future controlled comparative studies
      are required to determine the usefulness and efficacy of the various dilation
      systems.

PMID- 2658361
TI  - Prophylactic sclerotherapy in nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis: preliminary results
      of a prospective controlled randomized trial.
AB  - Between June, 1984 and December, 1985, a total of 41 patients were enrolled in a
      prospective controlled randomized trial comparing prophylactic sclerotherapy and
      medical treatment for the prevention of the first esophageal variceal bleeding.
      All patients had nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis, fourth degree varices, and no past
      history of gastrointestinal bleeding. The patients were randomly assigned to the
      control group (20 patients) or to the sclerotherapy group (21 patients); most of
      the patients belonged to Child's classes A and B. After a mean follow-up of 16.8
      months, there were 3 variceal bleeding episodes and a 10% mortality rate in the
      control group whereas neither hemorrhage nor death was observed in the
      sclerotherapy group. In the latter group, severe complications occurred in 9.5%
      of the patients; the rate of recurrence after eradication of esophageal varices
      was 40%. Although there were no statistically significant results, the favorable
      trend toward a lower bleeding risk and better survival observed in the treated
      patients suggests that a longer trial in a larger population of cirrhotic
      patients with a longer follow-up should be considered.

PMID- 2658362
TI  - Endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers.
AB  - Since June, 1979, patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, other than of
      the varices, have been subjected to the procedure of endoscopic hemostasis with
      injection of absolute ethanol. This method is based on the principle of tissue
      dehydration and fixation with absolute ethanol. In this procedure, the bleeding
      vessels are dehydrated and fixed with consequent vasoconstriction and necrosis of
      the vascular wall, including its endothelial lining, thereby facilitating
      thrombogenesis and hemostasis. We have applied this method in 147 cases of upper
      gastrointestinal bleeding, obtaining a successful temporary hemostasis in all
      cases. Rebleeding from the same site occurred in 5 cases and new bleeding from
      another site occurred in 6 cases; however, in these cases, hemostasis was
      successfully obtained by reinjecting ethanol. After hemostasis, 6 patients
      received elective surgery and another 2 were operated on due to perforation of
      the stomach. Of the patients treated by this method, 11 died due to causes
      unrelated to gastrointestinal bleeding. After the hemostatic procedure, cure of
      the ulcer by conservative treatment was attained in the remaining 136 cases.
      Therefore, the local injection of absolute ethanol is an effective hemostatic
      method for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2658363
TI  - Biliary concrements: the endoscopic approach.
AB  - Since 1970, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) has received
      much attention as a diagnostic method in pancreaticobiliary disease. The
      information given by ERCP is of great value in the management of patients with
      symptoms after biliary tract surgery and especially in patients with suspected
      obstructive jaundice. In patients with symptoms highly suggestive of
      cholelithiasis, ERCP examination should be considered for definitive diagnosis
      despite a negative oral cholecystogram and ultrasound finding. Endoscopic
      papillotomy is a major advance in the treatment of many elderly and high-risk
      patients with common bile duct stones. It should replace surgery in most of these
      patients with retained or recurrent stones and appears justified in many patients
      who have not yet undergone cholecystectomy, either in the hope of avoiding
      biliary surgery altogether or to defuse an acute clinical situation. The rule of
      endoscopic treatment in the young and fit has yet to be established.

PMID- 2658364
TI  - Intraoperative endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract: clinical necessity or
      lack of preoperative preparation?
AB  - Intraoperative gastrointestinal endoscopy is an evolving technique that has
      received limited attention in the literature through case and small series
      reports. This literature does contain some papers in which the method was
      employed instead of conventional endoscopy, but, in general, intraoperative
      endoscopy has been effectively used as an aid to the surgeon to locate pathology
      not otherwise detectable and to enhance diagnosis and therapy at laparotomy. The
      procedure will not be required often, but when used, has the potential to be of
      as much service to the surgeon as a scalpel or retractor. As more surgeons are
      being trained in gastrointestinal endoscopy, the indications and uses will surely
      expand.

PMID- 2658365
TI  - Emergency colonoscopy.
AB  - Different diagnostic techniques for massive active lower gastrointestinal
      hemorrhage are reviewed. According to data in the literature and personal
      experience in 409 emergency endoscopic examinations of the large bowel, emergency
      colonoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool in cases of massive colorectal
      bleeding.

PMID- 2658367
TI  - Teaching surgical endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Surgical endoscopy, or the utilization of endoscopic techniques in the diagnosis
      and treatment of surgical disease, is an integral part of the practice of modern
      gastrointestinal surgery and the training of surgical residents. In addition to
      information crucial to preoperative evaluation and postoperative surveillance,
      endoscopy offers alternative therapeutic and complementary intraoperative
      options. Surgical endoscopy can be taught as part of an integrated residency
      experience, a separate endoscopy rotation, a postresidency fellowship, or an
      individually-arranged preceptorship. Each method of teaching has relative
      advantages and disadvantages. The 3 surgical endoscopy training programs with
      which the authors have been associated include an integrated experience, a
      separate endoscopy rotation followed by an integrated experience, and a
      preceptorship followed by an integrated experience.

PMID- 2658366
TI  - Complications and hazards of gastrointestinal endoscopy.
AB  - The diagnostic and therapeutic contribution of fiberoptic endoscopy to the
      advancement of the knowledge of gastrointestinal disease and to its proper
      management is already established. Technical refinements in the new instruments
      and extensive acceptance of the advantages of the method makes fiberendoscopy a
      procedure widely used throughout the world. Therefore, the appreciation of its
      potential risk of complications and hazards is justified. This review summarizes
      the complications and hazards of fiberoptic gastrointestinal endoscopy gleaned
      from reports of endoscopic surveys and individual experiences. Causes and means
      whereby complications related to upper intestinal and colonic endoscopy can be
      prevented or treated are discussed.

PMID- 2658369
TI  - Dietary fluoride supplements for children: what a physician needs to know.

PMID- 2658368
TI  - Renal autotransplantation.
AB  - In the period, 1973-1985, a total of 305 renal autotransplantations (often with
      extracorporeal repair) were performed in 274 patients for fibromuscular (56) or
      atherosclerotic (98) renovascular disease, nephrolithiasis (97), renal tumor
      (15), or ureteral injury (8). One-third of the patients had reduced renal
      function, and approximately half of the patients with renovascular lesions
      presented with severe or malignant hypertension. The postoperative mortality rate
      of 4% was related to age over 60 years and reduced renal function.
      Postoperatively, 3.6% of the autografted kidneys were lost due to vascular
      thrombosis (7) or other causes (4). Twenty-five percent (69) of the patients had
      a solitary kidney. Two patients died postoperatively with functioning autografts.
      Long-term renal function remained stable in 60 patients, and deteriorated in 7.
      We conclude that autotransplantation and extracorporeal repair provide safe and
      efficient treatment for selected difficult renal lesions.

PMID- 2658370
TI  - Clozapine: a novel antipsychotic agent.
AB  - Clozapine is an antipsychotic without the extra-pyramidal adverse effects
      associated with currently marketed antipsychotics. In animals, this drug has not
      been shown to induce catalepsy and only weakly antagonizes the stereotypic
      movements induced by apomorphine and the amphetamines. Clozapine is rapidly
      absorbed after both single and repeated oral doses, with steady-state
      concentrations attained within eight to ten days after beginning therapy. It is
      metabolized to N-oxideclozapine and N-desmethylclozapine, which have less
      pharmacological activity than the parent compound and are excreted in the urine
      and, to a lesser extent, in the feces. Clozapine has overall therapeutic efficacy
      and/or superiority to currently marketed antipsychotics in the treatment of
      refractory schizophrenia. Usual doses (25-900 mg/d) of clozapine cause fewer
      extrapyramidal adverse reactions than available antipsychotics. Hypotension,
      dizziness, salivation, and sedation are the most frequently reported adverse
      effects and tend to subside over time. Agranulocytosis is the most serious
      adverse reaction, and those receiving clozapine should undergo weekly white blood
      cell count determinations. Clozapine is useful for those treatment-resistant
      patients who have not responded to adequate trials of other antipsychotics.

PMID- 2658371
TI  - Drug interactions involving renal transport mechanisms: an overview.
AB  - The renal anatomy, physiology, and cellular mechanisms involved in tubular
      transport of organic acids (anions) and bases (cations) are reviewed. Drugs that
      are renally secreted are prone to significant and complex drug-drug interactions,
      and knowledge of the underlying mechanisms is important. Several clinical studies
      involving commonly used cationic drugs (e.g., cimetidine, trimethoprim, and
      procainamide) are cited as examples of drug interactions involving renal
      transport mechanisms.

PMID- 2658372
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus-associated thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Thrombocytopenia has emerged as a major hematological manifestation associated
      with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV)-positive patients. A study of homosexual patients with thrombocytopenia
      indicates 93 percent had serological evidence of HIV exposure whereas only 33
      percent of homosexuals without thrombocytopenia exhibited this finding.
      Thrombocytopenia in patients with hemophilia has been identified as an increased
      risk factor for AIDS development and has been observed in about one-third of
      children with AIDS. The management of thrombocytopenia in HIV-infected patients
      poses a therapeutic dilemma for clinicians since many of the traditional
      modalities for treating immune thrombocytopenia may adversely affect the
      underlying disease process or further compromise the immune system. Splenectomy,
      corticosteroids, danazol, intravenous immune globulin, vincristine, and RHo(D)
      immune globulin have all been used with variable results. A new technique that
      physically removes antibodies and immune complexes associated with
      thrombocytopenia is under investigation. Due to either toxicity or the high
      incidence of transient response, asymptomatic patients may not be candidates for
      treatment.

PMID- 2658373
TI  - Organic nitrate-induced methemoglobinemia.
AB  - Metabolism of organic nitrates results in the formation of inorganic nitrites
      that can oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Clinical trials have investigated
      the risk of developing methemoglobinemia during the therapeutic use of organic
      nitrates. Based on the results of these trials, organic nitrate use does appear
      to increase methemoglobin content but not to a clinically significant extent.
      These elevations may be related to dose but study design prevents determination
      of any dose-response relationship. Despite these results, several case reports of
      patients experiencing clinically significant methemoglobinemia can be found in
      the literature. These patients generally received organic nitrates at doses
      greater than those used in the clinical trials, and several were diagnosed early
      during coronary surgery. Renal dysfunction and concurrent use of methemoglobin
      inducers may be contributing factors. Patients receiving organic nitrates should
      be monitored for symptoms suggestive of methemoglobinemia, especially while
      receiving large doses. Treatment of nitrate-induced methemoglobinemia consists of
      discontinuing the medication and, when necessary, administering methylene blue.

PMID- 2658374
TI  - Evaluation of long-term triazolam use in an ambulatory Veterans Administration
      Medical Center population.
AB  - Triazolam is indicated for the short-term treatment of insomnia. To determine how
      it was being prescribed and used, we examined triazolam use in patients who had
      received the drug for greater than six weeks. We reviewed medical charts of 72
      adult male patients from an ambulatory Veterans Administration population who had
      received a 30-day triazolam prescription with at least one refill. Results showed
      that although prescribed daily doses of triazolam were generally appropriate for
      the age of the patient being treated, the average length of therapy was 6.2
      months. Seventy-five percent of the prescriptions had been written for a one
      month supply with five refills. Neither prescriber specialty nor level of
      training was significantly related to length of therapy. Thirty-nine of the
      patients (54 percent) were available for a telephone interview to determine how
      the drug was actually being used and the adverse effects profile. Over 60 percent
      claimed to be taking the drug every night, 95 percent at the dose prescribed.
      Sixty-seven percent of the patients taking triazolam nightly reportedly did not
      sleep as well if they tried a night without the drug. Apart from effects on
      sleep, dizziness and confusion were the most commonly reported adverse effects.
      As a result of this study, automatic stop orders on discharge were implemented to
      limit triazolam therapy to inpatient stays. Physicians must evaluate the need for
      continued hypnotic therapy so that a longer-acting agent like flurazepam may be
      used if chronic medication is necessary.

PMID- 2658375
TI  - Therapeutic monitoring of cyclosporine following pediatric bone marrow
      transplantation: problems with sampling from silicone central venous lines.
AB  - Blood concentrations are commonly used to guide dosing requirements of
      cyclosporine, due to large variations in pharmacokinetics both between and within
      individuals. Bone marrow transplant patients at The Hospital for Sick Children
      are prescribed intravenous cyclosporine as part of the posttransplant
      immunosuppression protocol. Sampling for blood concentration measurement is
      generally done via a single-lumen central venous line (CVL). Cyclosporine
      concentrations sampled by this route were compared with concentrations in
      peripheral capillary samples taken concurrently. Results from the CVL blood were
      substantially higher despite appropriate flushing of the CVL between the end of
      the infusion and the time of sample collection. This discrepancy disappeared once
      the patient was converted to oral cyclosporine. We conclude that the sampling
      error is due to drug adsorbed to the silicone CVL catheters during intravenous
      administration and displaced during blood sample collection.

PMID- 2658376
TI  - Physiologic implications of mechanical ventilation on pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Numerous factors present in the critically ill patient decrease drug clearance.
      The contribution of one factor, mechanical ventilation, to this decrease is
      largely unknown and unquantified. This article attempts to review the physiologic
      effects of mechanical ventilation and to propose theoretical changes in the
      pharmacokinetics of concomitantly administered drugs. Mechanical ventilation with
      or without positive end-expiratory pressure is a well-documented cause of
      decreases in cardiac output, hepatic and renal blood flow, glomerular filtration
      rate, and urine flow. The mean airway pressure delivered, the pathophysiologic
      state of the patient, and coexisting therapeutic interventions affect the degree
      of hemodynamic alteration. Theoretically, these hemodynamic changes can decrease
      the clearance of several drugs frequently administered to critically ill
      patients. Decreased hepatic blood flow decreases the clearance of
      nonrestrictively cleared drugs. The pharmacokinetics of drugs predominantly
      renally cleared, by either glomerular filtration or tubular secretion, are
      affected by a decrease in renal blood flow or glomerular filtration rate. Also,
      the clearance of agents for which tubular reabsorption is important may decrease
      because the reduction in urine flow resulting from mechanical ventilation allows
      increased time for drug reabsorption. Interventions that minimize the decrease in
      cardiac output and organ blood flow and, theoretically, the risk of the adverse
      drug reactions from decreased drug clearance include expansion of intravascular
      volume, administering positive inotropic agents, and decreasing mean airway
      pressure. Monitoring serum concentration of critical and toxic agents suspected
      to have altered clearance in patients receiving mechanical ventilation is
      recommended. We hope that our article will stimulate future research in this area
      to give clinicians guidelines for drug dosing in patients receiving mechanical
      ventilation.

PMID- 2658377
TI  - Role of milrinone in the management of congestive heart failure.
AB  - Milrinone is a bipyridine derivative with positive inotropic and vasodilating
      properties. The intravenous form of the drug has been approved by the Food and
      Drug Administration (FDA) for short-term management of congestive heart failure
      (CHF). The FDA has requested additional mortality data prior to approval of the
      oral form. Milrinone produces positive inotropic and vasodilating effects through
      unknown mechanisms, and causes a dose-dependent increase in cardiac index and a
      decrease in systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
      It is extensively absorbed following oral administration with an elimination half
      life of approximately 1.5-2 hours and a corresponding duration of action of 3-6
      hours. Its major route of elimination is renal (83 percent). The intravenous dose
      is 50 micrograms/kg given over ten minutes, followed by a maintenance infusion of
      0.375-0.75 micrograms/kg/min titrated to the desired hemodynamic response. The
      average effective oral dosage is 7.5-10 mg four to six times daily. Milrinone is
      most effective in the short-term management of CHF where the majority (60-80
      percent) of patients have symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement as well as
      increases in exercise duration. However, many patients do not derive long-term
      benefit from milrinone therapy. Available evidence suggests that milrinone does
      not arrest the natural progression of CHF, and some investigators feel it may
      actually worsen CHF and shorten patients' length of survival. Milrinone has been
      generally well tolerated with a low risk of major organ toxicity. The most common
      adverse reactions with intravenous milrinone include ventricular arrhythmias (12
      percent) and supraventricular arrhythmias (4 percent).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2658378
TI  - Branched-chain amino acid support of stressed patients.
AB  - Branched-chain amino acid-enriched formulas have been evaluated in a number of
      clinical trials. The efficacy of these solutions in the management of stressed
      patients is controversial. This review discusses the proposed benefits of the
      branched-chain amino acid-fortified solutions and summarizes prospective clinical
      trials regarding their use in stressed patients. A cost comparison is also
      included.

PMID- 2658379
TI  - [Immunoassays. Performance efficient methods of analysis for environmental
      toxicologic research and practice].
AB  - A review is presented which summarizes the development and application of
      immunoassays for pesticides and other environmental pollutants. Especially, in
      the last ten years an increased activity in that field can be noted. With the
      production of monoclonal antibodies an essential prerequisite is realized for
      standardization and commercialization of that methods. Potential application
      fields are routine measurements of environmental probes, biomonitoring in
      occupational hygiene and in epidemiological studies, determination of compounds
      difficult to analyze by classical analytical methods, application in chemical
      damages, control of hazardous waste deposits as well as for quality control of
      biotechnological products. Related research should be forced also in the GDR.

PMID- 2658380
TI  - [Methodologic principles for the prognosis of chronic toxicity of substances
      based on results of short-term trials].
AB  - One of the most important concerns of air-hygienic research is the determination
      of the threshold concentration for the influence of air-contaminating substances.
      The threshold concentrations are the basis of the air-hygienic norms. The
      experimental determination of the threshold concentration with chronical
      influence is expensive and needs a lot of time. A new method of extrapolation of
      the toxicity values obtained from subacute experiments is described. Different
      from other methods of extrapolation the biological qualities of the substances as
      well as the peculiarities of the toxic process are taken into consideration. In
      addition, evidence on the optimal duration of the chronical experiment can be
      derived. The extrapolation method described is not applicable to substances with
      extremely intensive cumulation.

PMID- 2658381
TI  - [Methodologic aspects and criteria for evaluating extracranial carotid Doppler
      sonography].
AB  - Doppler-sonographic and internal angiological findings of 57 patients with
      extracranial stenosis or obliteration of the internal carotid artery were
      evaluated. On the basis of the audio-signals and Doppler speed curves derived
      from the supratrochlear artery, the common and internal carotid arteries
      haemodynamically relevant extracranial obstructions of the vascular system could
      be objectified and judged with regard to their collateral compensation.
      Diagnostically valuable were the comparison of the sides and the additional
      calculation of the indices of the resistance. The Doppler sonography of the
      carotid artery should be used within the clarification of a cerebrovascular
      insufficiency and before every invasive diagnostics.

PMID- 2658382
TI  - [Friedrich Martius' studies of myocardial contraction and heart movements a
      century ago].
AB  - During the 19th century apex beat record represented the only possibility to
      document the movements of the heart. Friedrich Martius, head of the department of
      internal medicine of the university of Rostock, succeed with the acustic mark
      method to divide the systole in the period of isometric contraction and in the
      ejection time. As a precursor to the apexcardiography being developed half a
      century later, he used the apex beat record in the differential diagnosis of
      cardiac dilatation.

PMID- 2658383
TI  - [New aspects of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases].
AB  - While a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of
      arteriosclerosis has not been forthcoming until now, considerable progress has
      been made in several important areas of the biology of the arterial wall.
      Progress was mainly accomplished by the use of tissue culture and techniques of
      molecular biology. Focuses of current interests are the roles of endothelium and
      of white blood cells, the properties and biological activities of growth factors,
      and the function of oncogenes.

PMID- 2658384
TI  - [Oxidated sterols--a contributing factor in atherogenesis?].
AB  - Sterols are not only important metabolic precursors, they are also indispensable
      structural components of cell membranes. There is some evidence that synthesis of
      cholesterol is regulated by oxidized derivatives of cholesterol. They are able to
      inhibit the key enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, i.e. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
      CoA-reductase. In addition, oxidized sterols are inserted into the lipid bilayer
      of the cell membrane as cholesterol analogues. This insertion results in serious
      disturbances of morphology and function of the membrane. In animal models
      oxidized sterols have angiotoxic effects; they are also found in atheromas of
      human arteries. Therefore they may be a causative factor in atherogenesis.

PMID- 2658385
TI  - [Anticoagulants and inhibitors of thrombocyte function in the long-term treatment
      of arteriosclerosis].
AB  - Oral anticoagulants are suitable for the delay of progression of
      arteriosclerosis. The therapeutic effect is bound to the stability of the
      hypocoagulation with values of the thromboplastin time between 15 to 20%. There
      is a high risk of thrombosis after discontinuation of the therapy. Of the
      inhibitors of thrombocyte function acetyl salicylic acid preparations are
      antithrombotically effective. The controversies of dosage high (= 1,500 mg/d) or
      low (= 20-30 mg/d) are opposed by the concept of the individual dosage via the
      ASA-test.

PMID- 2658386
TI  - [Arthrocele of the knee joint--a differential diagnosis to deep venous
      thrombosis].
AB  - The symptoms of a thrombosis in deep veins of the calf in patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis should have thought of the possibility of a synovial cyst or
      synovial cyst rupture. Because of their too small specificity clinical findings
      do not allow to decide for one of the two diagnosis. Phlebography and/or
      arthrography effect the clarification which is necessary for an effective therapy
      with low risk. Arthrosonography gets increasing importance instead of
      arthrography.

PMID- 2658387
TI  - [Congenital choledochus cyst in adulthood].
AB  - New methods of visualisation of the cysts like ultrasonography,
      computertomography and endoscopy make a praeoperative diagnosis possible. Because
      of the malignant potential of the cyst resection is now the treatment of choice
      instead of cystenterostomy which was formerly used.

PMID- 2658388
TI  - [Antidiarrheal agents: tools and therapeutic agents].
AB  - A host of chemically diverse compounds have antidiarrheal potency, however, only
      a fraction of these agents has gained clinical acceptance. But regardless of
      their therapeutic status, the effects of these drugs have enhanced our
      understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the intestinal mucosa.
      Fluid- and electrolyte substitution are the primary therapeutic measures in
      severe diarrhea, for that purpose oral rehydration using glucose-sodium solutions
      has proven simple and effective. In addition gut-selective opiates, for instance
      loperamide, are indicated. Opiates not only decrease propulsive motor activity of
      the bowel but also increase intestinal water and electrolyte absorption, both
      effects are neuronally mediated. Antimicrobial drugs are necessary in only a
      small fraction of patients with diarrhea. Experimental findings have indicated
      possible future candidates for treatment of diarrhea: Besides opiates and glucose
      electrolyte solutions water and electrolyte absorption is enhanced by alpha 2
      adrenergic agents, corticosteroids, and somatostatin. Inhibitors of electrolyte
      secretion include phenothiazines and opiates, possibly because of binding to
      calcium-calmodulin, calcium-channel blockers, membrane-stabilizing agents for
      instance propranolol and inhibitors of prostaglandin-synthesis such as non
      steroidal antirheumatic agents.

PMID- 2658389
TI  - [Is Campylobacter pylori the pathogen of ulcer disease? Pro].

PMID- 2658390
TI  - [Is Campylobacter pylori the pathogen of ulcer disease? Contra].

PMID- 2658391
TI  - [Successful treatment of severe reflux esophagitis with omeprazole: a therapeutic
      success?].

PMID- 2658392
TI  - [Ranitidine ameliorates acemetacin and indomethacin-induced changes of the
      gastroduodenal mucosa, without modifying the pharmacokinetic behavior of both
      antirheumatic drugs].
AB  - 12 healthy volunteers participated in this double-blind, randomized, cross-over
      study. All subjects were given indomethacin (50 mg tid) or acemetacin (60 mg tid)
      for 6 days in the presence and absence of ranitidine 300 mg at night. At day 6
      120 minutes after the last morning dose an endoscopy was performed and the
      appearance of the gastric and duodenal mucosa was noted. In the indomethacin
      experiments mean lesion score averaged 2.2 +/- 0.2 (+/- SEM) when placebo was
      coadministered. In the corresponding acemetacin-series the lesions score was 1.6
      +/- 0.1 (+/- SEM). A reduction in mucosal damage occurred in both NSAID-groups
      when ranitidine 300 mg at night was given concurrently: The mucosal lesions score
      was reduced to 1.7 +/- 0.2 and to 1.0 +/- 0.1 (+/- SEM), respectively. This
      protection afforded by ranitidine was significant when compared with placebo (p
      less than 0.05). In 8 subjects plasma concentrations of acemetacin and
      indomethacin were determined on day 1 and day 5. The AUC-values of indomethacin
      and acemetacin in the presence and absence of ranitidine were almost identical
      when analysed by the paired T-test. The mean plasma concentrations of both
      antirheumatic agents did not show any difference when coadministered with placebo
      or ranitidine. Our data suggest that 300 mg ranitidine at night improves the
      gastroduodenal tolerability of both indomethacin and acemetacin without affecting
      main pharmacokinetic parameters of both antirheumatics.

PMID- 2658393
TI  - [Substitution of F XIII concentrate in ulcerative colitis].
AB  - A 33 years old female with ulcerative colitis was admitted with an acute
      exacerbation of the disease characterised by haematochezia, diarrhoea (10
      stools/die) and anaemia (haemoglobin 6.5 g/dl). Therapy with 5-ASA and
      corticosteroids for six weeks failed to decrease the activity of the disease.
      Since deficiency of coagulation factor XIII (activity 60%, subunit A 56%) was
      present, in addition, concentrates of factor XIII (Fibrogammin HS, Behring,
      F.R.G.) 1250 U/die were given for ten days. The substitution resulted in an
      immediate increase of reduced F XIII activity (164%) and F XIII subunit A (333%)
      as well as in a marked improvement of symptoms.

PMID- 2658394
TI  - [Does Hepavis have value in the therapy of fatty liver caused by alcohol
      poisoning?].
AB  - During the therapy of fatty liver (resp. fatty liver hepatitis) the additional
      application of Hepavis besides the prohibition of alcohol does not have any
      advantages in comparison to an additional application of a placebo. So the
      significant decrease of the fat content of the liver under those circumstances
      seems to be only the consequence of lacking alcohol consume, but not a specific
      effect of Hepavis. Consequently the treatment of alcoholtoxic fatty liver can be
      no other than to avoid alcohol, one of the most important causes of illness
      nowadays.

PMID- 2658395
TI  - [Monolobar (unilateral), secondary biliary liver cirrhosis in Klatskin tumor].
AB  - A 79-yr-old male was diagnosed as having an extrahepatic jaundice caused by an
      adenocarcinoma invading the hepatic duct at its bifurcation (Klatskin tumor). The
      presented case illustrates an unusual clinical and pathological feature, since in
      the patient's liver the progression from grossly normal liver parenchyma (right
      lobe) to a pathological picture of secondary biliary cirrhosis (left lobe) was
      found.

PMID- 2658397
TI  - [Diversion colitis in Crohn disease. A case report and review of the literature].
AB  - A 45 year old man, suffering from Crohn's disease of the colon, and a 25 year old
      woman, with ileocolitis Crohn, developed a diversion colitis in the remaining
      distal segment of the colorectum after ileostomy. After reanastomosis, which was
      done 11 and 2 years later, the diversion colitis vanished spontaneously. This
      case report and the data in literature indicate the opinion, that reanastomosis
      of the distal colon should be done early after diversion, if there are no
      specific signs of Crohn's disease in the remaining colorectum.

PMID- 2658396
TI  - [Single evening administration of a new antimuscarinic agent telenzepine in
      therapy of acute duodenal ulcer. Results of a randomized double-blind comparative
      study versus pirenzepine].
AB  - A multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled study was conducted in 314
      duodenal ulcer patients to compare the efficacy and safety of the antimuscarinics
      telenzepine and pirenzepine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Patients received
      telenzepine 3 mg (156) once-daily at bedtime or 50 mg pirenzepine (158) two times
      daily for 2 weeks. If ulcerous lesions persisted treatment was extended to 4
      weeks. Efficacy was assessed by relief of ulcer pain and endoscopic findings of
      ulcer healing. Safety was determined on the basis of side effects and results of
      laboratory tests. The 2- and 4-week healing rates achieved with telenzepine were
      21.1 and 67.3%, respectively, and with pirenzepine they were 20.0 an 69.0%,
      respectively; the differences in healing rates for the two drugs were not
      statistically significant. Similarly both drugs provided satisfactory relief of
      pain. The incidence of untoward effects was 24.5% with telenzepine and 29.7% with
      pirenzepine, dryness of mouth being most prominent (20.4 vs. 19.3%). With
      telenzepine blurred vision was reported in a significantly lower rate compared to
      pirenzepine (0.7 vs. 4.2%, p less than 0.05). Clinically relevant abnormal
      laboratory tests were not observed. The present study shows for the first time
      that the newly developed antimuscarinic drug telenzepine is in a single nocturnal
      dosage regimen (3 mg nocte) as effective as pirenzepine (50 mg bid) in the
      treatment of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2658398
TI  - [Primary adenomyomatosis of the choledochus as a rare cause of obstructive
      jaundice].
AB  - A 75-year-old man was hospitalized with marked signs of extrahepatic obstructive
      jaundice. On the basis of morphological criteria the uncommon diagnosis of
      primary adenomyosis of the common bile duct was made using sonography and
      established histologically after endoscopic sphincterotomy. The symptoms were
      therefore promptly to be controlled. Primary adenomyosis should be considered in
      the differential diagnosis of any aetiologically unexplained extrahepatic
      cholestasis.

PMID- 2658399
TI  - [Atherosclerosis and the process of lipid peroxidation].
AB  - Reported data on lipid peroxidation (LPO) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular
      diseases are summarized. Numerous evidences are presented in favor of the fact
      that atherosclerotic vascular lesions are accompanied with disordered blood LPO,
      resulting in the accumulation of excessive quantities of peroxide derivatives, an
      important pathogenetic sign of this disease, along with blood lipid and
      lipoprotein levels, and clinico-instrumental findings. Oxidation and
      antioxidation factors whose balanced interaction contributes to the control of
      LPO activity are described.

PMID- 2658400
TI  - [Pathogenesis of fetal growth retardation and behavioral disorders in the progeny
      caused by smoking during pregnancy].
AB  - A review of data reported in the literature and those obtained by the authors on
      disorders of fetal development in smoking pregnant women, the significance of
      disturbed maternal adaptation to pregnancy, and maternal, fetal and placental
      effects of nicotine, carbon dioxide and other constituents of tobacco smoke is
      presented. The genesis and damaging effect of hypoxia on fetal brain, eventually
      resulting in mental retardation, are discussed.

PMID- 2658401
TI  - [Optimization of the immunologic selection of donor-recipient pairs in
      transplantation of the kidney].
AB  - Three functional models relating the integral index of transplantation outcome to
      a combination of immunogenetic status determinants in the members of the donor
      recipient pair were constructed using statusometric techniques. These models for
      the first time make it possible to perform a quantitative assessment of the
      contribution of each of the 24 A and B locus HLA antigens and four blood groups
      of the recipient, of the role of coincidence and discrepancy among the
      determinants making up the combination, and to automate selection of the most
      suitable recipient for every donor kidney from waiting lists.

PMID- 2658402
TI  - [Sugar in the pathogenesis of dental caries].
AB  - While the complex and versatile nature of the cariogenic effect of refined sugars
      in the mouth cavity is recognized, it is nevertheless believed that it is mostly
      due to altered metabolism in dental hard tissues in the presence of changed
      pancreatic insular apparatus. Caries goes through several stages in its
      development: phosphate metabolism disorders in dental tissue; calcium metabolism
      disorder; abnormal glycemia; declining ascorbic acid level and activation of the
      insular apparatus followed by its exhaustion. It is demonstrated, both
      experimentally and clinically, that caries-inducing factors are particularly
      dangerous in childhood when carbohydrate metabolism is disturbed, especially if
      due to the exposure to refined sugars. The effect of sugars on dental pulp, with
      a resulting decrease of its trophic influence on the teeth is believed to be very
      important. Sugar effects on the teeth is not a purely stomatologic problem;
      rather, it is of interest to other medical professions as well and has a national
      significance.

PMID- 2658403
TI  - [The significance of the relation between folic acid and formaldehyde in
      important vital somatic processes].

PMID- 2658404
TI  - [Eugenics and its ideologic evolution].

PMID- 2658405
TI  - [Biological response modification: a non-alternative approach to the treatment of
      neoplastic processes of hematopoietic tissue].

PMID- 2658406
TI  - [Therapeutic use of plasmapheresis in a patient with bullous pemphigoid].
AB  - Treatment by exchange plasmapheresis has resulted in a considerable and rapid
      improvement of the skin status in a patient suffering from bullous pemphigoid.
      Apart from plasma exchange, treatment with azathioprine and steroids has proved
      to be effective. Neither significant side effects nor infectious complications
      have been observed.

PMID- 2658407
TI  - [The effect of magnetoregulated microfields on Treponema pallidum. 2].
AB  - The authors proceed with their studies of magnetic microfields detected round T.
      pallidum and of the interactions of these fields with the biologic objects round
      the treponemas; these studies will prompt approaches to physiotherapeutic
      management of infectious diseases, making use of a new (for medicine) source of
      physical fields. They have revealed that T. pallidum fluorescence intensity and
      the width of the 'fan' of T. pallidum on the domain structures of ferrite/garnet
      films indicates the degree of T. pallidum pathogeneity.

PMID- 2658408
TI  - [Prospects of use of xanthines in dermatology and venereology].

PMID- 2658409
TI  - [Contribution of dermatologists and venereologists in the study of pathology of
      buccal mucosa diseases].
AB  - Dermatologists and venereologists have been taking an active part in studies of
      the buccal mucosa involvements since 1953, when a Chair for Skin and Sexually
      Transmitted Diseases has been founded at the N. A. Semashko Moscow Medical
      Stomatological Institute. The head of the Chair, Professor B. M. Pashkov, an
      authority in this field, has set up an original school of dermatostomatology. One
      of his disciples, A. L. Mashkilleison, heads the Chair nowadays. The present-day
      priority trends in the research activities of the Chair are: the immunologic
      aspects in the pathogenesis of various dermatoses located on the buccal mucosa,
      immunity disorders, the role of viruses and of genetic factors.

PMID- 2658410
TI  - [Activity of the Stavropol scientific society of dermatovenereology].
AB  - This society has been founded in September 1944 and unites 81 scientists at
      present. The society's activities at various periods are described and the
      principal papers written by its members listed.

PMID- 2658411
TI  - Conservation of polyhedrin gene promoter function between Autographa californica
      and Mamestra brassicae nuclear polyhedrosis viruses.
AB  - The DNA sequence of the polyhedrin gene of the Mamestra brassicae multiple
      nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MbMNPV) was determined and compared with
      the polyhedrin genes of Autographa californica (Ac) and Panolis flammea (Pf)
      MNPVs. Using this information, a transfer vector was constructed based on the
      EcoRI I fragment of AcMNPV in which the polyhedrin promoter was replaced by the
      homologous region extending 481 nucleotides upstream from the MbMNPV polyhedrin
      coding sequence. The Escherichia coli lacZ gene was also included downstream from
      the putative MbMNPV promoter. Cotransfection of this transfer vector with wild
      type AcMNPV DNA produced stable recombinant viruses expressing the lacZ gene
      under the control of the MbMNPV polyhedrin promoter. The levels of beta
      galactosidase produced by these recombinants in infected cells were 30% lower
      than the expression level obtained from viruses with the authentic AcMNPV
      promoter in front of the lacZ gene. The MbMNPV promoter has thus been shown to
      function efficiently in the genetic environment of AcMNPV. The implications of
      this finding for the release of genetically manipulated baculovirus insecticides
      and for the construction of baculovirus multiple expression vectors are
      discussed.

PMID- 2658412
TI  - [Theoretical test problems in the diagnosis of brain damage in childhood
      exemplified by the validity of neuropsychological test procedures].

PMID- 2658413
TI  - [The significance of neuropsychological test batteries for the diagnosis of
      disorders of brain function in childhood].

PMID- 2658414
TI  - [Depersonalization experiences and the ability to take perspective].

PMID- 2658415
TI  - [Family therapy or systemic therapy--a plea for conceptual clarity].

PMID- 2658416
TI  - [Freud's narcissism concept].
AB  - The conception of narcissism according to Freud involves a number of different
      issues and hypotheses. Historically, the numerous contradictions and obscurities
      in the various psychoanalytical theories of narcissism were clear from the
      beginning. In this study it was attempted to define four central concepts and
      critically revise their clinical and theoretical relevance. Following a
      historical survey on the development of the term by Freud, the problems of
      defining narcissism by means of the theory of drive and libido are described. The
      corresponding hypothesis concerning developmental psychology will then be
      examined with regard to the results of recent infant research. Then the first
      (and for Freud most important) narcissism concept is represented, narcissism as a
      mode of object relation and a type of object choice. In conclusion, the new
      theories, which emphasize narcissism in terms of sense of one's self and self
      esteem will be dealt with. Thus this study contributes to the differentiation of
      the various concepts in the clinical theory of narcissism, especially concerning
      the unravelling of the object relation- and self-theories from energetic
      economical models and developmental speculation of primary narcissism.

PMID- 2658417
TI  - ["Spute dich, Kronos, fort den rasselnden Trott..." Reflections on time
      perception in the psychoanalytic process and at the end of life].
AB  - Referring to Goethe's Poem "An Schwager Kronos", the author tries to establish a
      relationship between the experience of time as lived through in the course of the
      psychoanalytic process as well as of time as experienced under the impression of
      the possibly approaching end of one's life. Psychoanalytic theory, however, has
      only limited possibilities to grasp "time" in psycho-dynamic or psycho-symbolic
      terms. Nevertheless, the changes in the experience of time, which take place in
      the course of a lifetime, can often be worked through in a psychoanalytic process
      focussing on loss, "fear of breakdown" (Winnicott) and hope. This working through
      contributes to the internalisation of the holding environment, i.e. good inner
      "saving" objects provided by the therapist. Episodes from Mozart's "Last Year"
      are used as clinical illustrations.

PMID- 2658418
TI  - [Biocompatibility in long-term hemodialysis: facts--theories--clinical
      significance].
AB  - Biocompatible hemodialysis membranes do not cause major untoward effects due to
      blood-interface reactions. In principle, however, every component of the
      extracorporeal circuit may have detrimental effects. Biocompatibility parameters
      include for example complement components, leukocyte drop, elastase release and
      interleukin-1 generation. Furthermore, ethylene oxide sensitization, beta 2
      microglobulin clearance and endotoxin contamination are of importance. The
      clinical relevance of biocompatibility in modern hemodialysis is critically
      discussed.

PMID- 2658419
TI  - [William Cheselden (1688-1752). On the 300th birthday of the English surgeon].
AB  - On the occasion of his 300th birthday it is remind to the important english
      surgeon William Cheselden, who has influenced markedly the development of
      vesicolithotomy. The few known biographical data and the methods of lithotomy
      commonly used in the 18th century are presented.

PMID- 2658420
TI  - [The immunohistochemistry of pituitary adenomas].
AB  - A great deal of progress has been achieved in recent years in the field of
      immunohistochemistry of pituitary adenoma. Continued use of more new antisera and
      monoclonal antibodies against numerous hormones in the adenohypophysis have
      resulted in new approaches to classification of pituitary adenoma. However, new
      problems have been discovered, on the other hand, by large-scale studies in
      recent years. The great number of multihormonal pituitary adenomas and possible
      change of the immunohistochemically detectable hormone status in cases of
      recurrent tumours have particularly re-emphasised the need for new thinking about
      patterns of classification. It would appear somewhat problematic, in this
      context, to uncritically accept terms, such as ACTH cellular adenoma or GH
      cellular adenoma. Reference is also made to the distribution pattern of cell and
      tissue markers in pituitary adenomas. The paper is based on thorough literature
      screening as well as on experience obtained by the authors from 450 cases of
      pituitary adenoma of which 260 had been analysed by immunohistochemistry, 131 by
      morphometry, and 80 by electron microscopy.

PMID- 2658421
TI  - [A rapidly expanding epithelial skull cyst of uncertain origin].
AB  - A rapidly expanding huge cystic lesion of the skull was the cause of unilateral
      exophthalmus in a 33 year old man. The differential diagnosis included an
      aneurysmal bone cyst, keratinous cyst, leptomeningeal cyst and intraosseous
      hemangioma. Although an epithelial lining was verified, the exact nature of the
      cyst could not be clarified despite immunohistochemical and electron
      microscopical investigations.

PMID- 2658422
TI  - [Soft tissue diagnosis of the shoulder joint using sonography, computerized
      tomography and magnetic resonance tomography (MRT)].
AB  - Injuries and degenerative alterations of the shoulder predominantly affect the
      soft tissue. To investigate this area we use a multitude of diagnostic
      examinations: apart from clinical and functional diagnosis also the image
      reproductive methods of arthrography, ultrasound and computer tomography in
      addition to the classical X-ray. To ascertain pathological changes to shoulder
      soft tissue the simplest and quickest, least dangerous and most straightforward
      examination is the sonograph as it includes dynamic movement procedures. Warning:
      a high degree of experience and anatomical knowledge is a must! Computer- and
      especially nuclear spin tomography--being static examining forms a comprehensive
      picture of every anatomic structure and its pathology--may well represent a
      valuable addition to shoulder diagnostics. Nevertheless, as yet the clinical and
      material requirements are still enormous.

PMID- 2658423
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery of the bronchi in inflammatory lesions].
AB  - "Reconstructive bronchial surgery" and "parenchyma-preserving operation" are
      terms which define the surgical purpose of restoring patency of the bronchial
      system or avoiding non-patency. This is beyond the limits of bronchoplasty.
      Inflammatory lesions are rare as reasons for reconstructive surgery. This
      indication applied to merely 13 of 120 of the author's patients who underwent
      reconstructive operations on their tracheobronchial system. Tuberculous aetiology
      was predominant. Bronchoplastic measures, therefore, were associated with
      lobectomy in almost all cases. Parenchyma-preserving operations may yield lasting
      success with minor complications even in cases of inflammatory processes,
      provided that indications were carefully established and operations performed
      with subtle techniques.

PMID- 2658424
TI  - [A new method of pancreas transplantation with drainage of exocrine secretion
      through the gallbladder-bile ducts into the duodenum of the recipient].
AB  - A new method of intraperitoneal transplantation of the whole pancreas as donor
      pancreaticoduodeno/recipient-cholecystostomy is described. The pancreas with
      duodenal segment is placed into the dorsal peritoneal cavity and the portal vein
      is anastomosed with the subhepatic vena cava and the long aortic segment of the
      graft with the distal aorta of the recipient. An anastomosis between the donor's
      duodenal segment and the recipient's gallbladder ensures exocrine pancreatic
      secretion drainage.

PMID- 2658426
TI  - [Neglected traumatic diaphragmatic rupture in a thoracic surgery patient sample].
AB  - Ten outdated traumatic ruptures of the diaphragm are reported in this paper. The
      accidents had been up to 34 year back. Symptoms were rarely characteristic. Long
      intervals with no complaint were found to be possible. X-ray techniques were
      helpful in diagnosis in seven cases. All ten patients underwent thoracotomy.

PMID- 2658425
TI  - [20th anniversary of the Thoracic Surgery Section of the East German Society of
      Surgery--retrospect and future responsibilities].

PMID- 2658427
TI  - [Possibilities for the use of ultrasonography in the puerperium].
AB  - While the ultrasonic methods in antepartal period are elaborated very good, the
      using of ultrasound in postpartal period is very poor. It was investigated a
      group 2,301 women in puerperium. In 58 cases there were found pathological
      ultrasonic pictures: in 12 cases blood clots, in 41 cases residua post partum
      (pregnancy rests), in 5 cases others. Preventive ultrasonic investigation in
      puerperium, before leaving woman from hospital can forestall (prevent) postpartal
      bleeding and puerperal endometritis. The authors discuss the advantages of
      ultrasonography of uterus in puerperium and recommend it as a routine
      investigation in all puerperas before leaving the hospital.

PMID- 2658428
TI  - [Psychological aspects of diagnostic methods in pregnancy].
AB  - Psychological effects and sequelae of prenatal diagnostics are presented using
      material of clinical trials and the results of client-centered counselling. All
      methods (ultrasound, alpha-fetoproteinscreening, amniocentesis and chorionic
      villous sampling) can only be understood with their effects upon mother - fetal
      bonding. A decision process, invasivity and discussion about a fetal malformation
      are the main characteristics of amniocentesis. High-risk populations like women
      with complicated pregnancies or advanced age profit most by prenatal diagnosis.
      The reactions and emotions of male partners are also discussed. The following
      guidelines for counselling are proposed: non-directive counselling dealing with
      facts and emotions, patient autonomy and preparation routines apt to reduce
      anxiety.

PMID- 2658429
TI  - [GABA immunoreactivity in the main olfactory bulb of the frog Rana temporaria].
AB  - Immunoreactivity for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was localized at the light
      microscopic level in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of the frog, Rana temporaria.
      By means of free-floating peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique,
      GABA was found in a large number of neurons in the granular cell layer, in a few
      small somata in the mitral cell layer and in two different types of cell somata
      in the glomerular layer. Individual GABA-immunopositive cells were found in the
      olfactory nerve layer. GABA immunostaining was also localized in cell processes
      and fiber fragments. There were many immunoreactive puncta in all layers of the
      MOB. GABA-positive punctate structures often outlined immunonegative cells in the
      mitral cell and glomerular layers. Rounded tightly packed groups of
      immunoreactive puncta were found only along ventral border of the glomerular
      layer. The results are discussed in comparison with data obtained on mammalian
      MOB in terms of MOB functional organization.

PMID- 2658430
TI  - [The contribution of L. G. Voronin to the development of the methodologic
      problems of the comparative physiology of higher nervous activity (on the 80th
      anniversary of his birth)].

PMID- 2658431
TI  - [Prof. Georgii Donatovich Smirnov (on the 75th anniversary of his birth)].

PMID- 2658432
TI  - [Immune tolerance and nonspecific immunosuppression in infectious processes].

PMID- 2658433
TI  - [Isolation and characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae lysozyme factor].
AB  - For the first time the preparation of K. pneumoniae antilysozyme factor has been
      isolated and purified. This factor, having a molecular weight of about 1,000
      daltons, is oligopeptide with an oligosaccharide part. It also contains such
      amino acids as proline, lysine, arginine and tyrosine. The antilysozyme factor is
      resistant to 30-minute boiling and has no optimal pH value for its action.

PMID- 2658434
TI  - [Tactics of vaccine prevention of meningococcal infections].

PMID- 2658435
TI  - [A study of the features of E. coli bacteroid infection in experiments on mice].
AB  - Experiments on the intraperitoneal infection of F1 (CBA X C57BL/6) mice with
      bacteroids of the group Fragilis in combination with E. coli have revealed the
      presence of a synergic effect leading to more pronounced (greater frequency of
      abscess formation) and even qualitatively new (necrotic lesions of the liver)
      pathological changes in comparison with those observed in monoinfections.
      Bacteroides fragilis strain 1/1087 gamma has been shown to have greater virulence
      than that of Bacteroides vulgaris strain 18; their virulence was determined from
      the capacity of microorganisms for survival in the abdominal cavity of mice, as
      well as from their capacity for inducing the formation of necrotic lesions and
      abscesses.

PMID- 2658436
TI  - [Determination of Shigella antigens in the feces of people, immunized with
      enteral vaccine prepared from S. flexneri antigen].
AB  - The dynamic determination of the presence of the specific antigen and its
      activity in the excreta of humans subjected to enteral immunization with vaccine
      prepared from S. flexneri antigen was made in the agglutination test and
      neutralization test with the use of, respectively, antibody and antigenic
      erythrocyte diagnosticums. In the feces and urine of the vaccinees antibodies
      occurred less commonly and, as a rule, they were less active than those detected
      in dysentery patients at the corresponding time from the beginning of the
      disease. The occurrence of Shigella antigens in the feces of the vaccinees was
      greater than in their urine at the corresponding time. Similarities and
      differences in the dynamics of the isolation of Shigella antigen from dysentery
      patients and from the vaccinees receiving enteral vaccine prepared from S.
      flexneri antigens were established.

PMID- 2658437
TI  - [Insulin and catecholamine levels of the erythrocytes in chronic alcoholism].
AB  - Cytochemical techniques were applied to study the red blood cell contents of
      insulin and catecholamines in patients with chronic alcoholism. Both insulin and
      total catecholamines were sharply decreased in alcoholic patients as compared to
      normal non-drinker subjects, and the difference persisted despite 12 months of
      antialcoholic treatment. Insulin and catecholamine production by red blood cells
      had distinct peculiarities in patients with chronic alcoholism and concomitant
      liver disease.

PMID- 2658438
TI  - [Effect of prior psychopharmacotherapy on the development, clinical course and
      therapeutic effect of insulin coma in patients with schizophrenia].
AB  - In 123 patients the peculiarities of formation and effectiveness of insulin coma
      (IC) were studied under drug therapy as compared with 49 drug-free patients.
      Pharmacotherapy preceding the ICs produced uneven effect on its course. Artefact
      course of IC was most frequently observed after mageptil, chlorpromazine
      melipramine treatment, and to a lesser extent--after haloperidol, triphtazin,
      amitriptyline. It was virtually absent after benzodiazepines. The autonomic
      manifestations in IC and the harmony if its development and clinical picture,
      markedly changing under drug treatment, were exposed as predictors of the
      efficiency of IC therapy.

PMID- 2658439
TI  - [Reaction of the nervous system to ionizing radiation (review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2658440
TI  - [The renin-angiotensin system in patients with neurasthenia with normal and
      decreased arterial blood pressure].
AB  - Baseline activity of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its reactance (active
      orthostatic transition) were compared in 36 healthy women, 22 neurasthenic
      normotensive female patients and 22 female patients with borderline hypotension
      aged about 46 years. In normotensive patients the baseline RAS activity tended to
      be lower that was not related to juxtaglomerular exhaustion, as manifested by
      normal orthostatic RAS responses. In hypotensive patients RAS activation had
      apparently compensatory nature. In neurotic patients, hypotension was unrelated
      to weakening of the RAS. The lack in RAS activation in chronic emotional stress
      at the stage of cortical functions decompensation (neurasthenia) is quite
      different from RAS response to acute emotional stress which is reportedly
      increasing the RAS activity.

PMID- 2658441
TI  - [Familial Friedreich's ataxia (review of foreign literature)].

PMID- 2658442
TI  - [Alcoholic myopathy (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2658443
TI  - [The place of electroconvulsive therapy in the current treatment of endogenous
      psychoses (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2658444
TI  - [Stammering: a new approach to its treatment].
AB  - Conventional approaches to the treatment of stammering were judged ineffective in
      terms of both the percentage of patients cured and the relapses rate. Application
      of the new devices, e.g., biofeedback ones, combined with the conventional
      techniques only fairly improved the situation. A new combined technique is
      offered. It derives from a neurophysiological approach allowing one to
      destabilize the pathological speech pattern and create prerequisites for a quick
      learning (10 to 20 days) of the logopedical skills. The technique proved highly
      effective both in adults and in pre-school children. It was used to cure more
      than 500 patients with 1.5 to 7 years follow-up.

PMID- 2658445
TI  - [A psychotherapist's experience with conducting emotional and psychological
      relaxation].
AB  - As industrial development intensified over the past decades, the loads suffered
      by both central nervous system and psychoemotional sphere raised drastically,
      especially in industrial workers. This often leads to reducing the labor
      productivity and its qualitative indices with tiredness increasing toward the
      second half of the working day. This trend is especially marked in subjects with
      weak type of the nervous system. The author has designed a technique optimally
      using the work time-outs approved by the management for group or individual
      psychotherapeutic sessions (autogenic training, hypnosuggestive and musc
      therapies) in medically selected worker population at a plant. The therapeutic
      efficiency was permanently controlled and substantional positive results were
      achieved judging by subjective (medical) and objective (economic-production)
      parameters.

PMID- 2658446
TI  - [Substantiation of puncture perfusion of the subarachnoid space in experiments
      with biomanikins].
AB  - Experiments were performed in 30 biomannequins. Single puncture subarachnoidal
      perfusion cleared the subarachnoidal spaces of the brain and medulla free of
      preinjected dye. The clearance was more radical at the base, in the brain
      hemisphere cysterns and sulci, at the pons, medullar and spinal levels. This can
      be regarded as anatomical ground for the expedience of puncture perfusion in
      order to clear the subarachnoidal space.

PMID- 2658447
TI  - Primary cardiac lymphoma initially diagnosed by routine cytology. Case report and
      literature review.
AB  - A case of primary cardiac lymphoma initially diagnosed by routine cytologic
      examination of pericardial fluid is presented. In a 64-year-old woman woman who
      originally presented with chest pain and heart block, the initial clinical
      impression was ischemic heart disease. However, coronary angiography failed to
      reveal significant disease. An echocardiogram demonstrated pericardial fluid,
      which was drained. A small amount was sent for cytologic examination, and the
      diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, large cell type, was made. Subsequent radiologic
      examinations revealed an intracardiac mass involving the atrioventricular canal;
      surgical biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of a large cell lymphoma. While primary
      malignant lymphoma of the heart is rare, this case highlights the efficacy of
      routine cytologic examination of an effusion fluid (often drained
      therapeutically) in establishing the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 2658448
TI  - Gravid adult female worms of Wuchereria bancrofti in fine needle aspirates of
      soft tissue swellings. Report of three cases.
AB  - Gravid adult female worms of Wuchereria bancrofti were observed in fine needle
      aspirates of soft tissue swellings from three patients. An inguinal lymph node
      was aspirated in two cases, and a breast nodule was the site of aspiration in the
      third case. In one of the inguinal lymph node aspirates, two adult gravid female
      worms were identified.

PMID- 2658449
TI  - Adult filarial worm in fine needle aspirate of an epididymal nodule.

PMID- 2658450
TI  - Turner's syndrome: treatment of 203 patients with recombinant human growth
      hormone for one year. A multicentre study.
AB  - A total of 203 patients with Turner's syndrome were treated with three different
      kinds of recombinant hGH preparations for one year. One hundred and seven
      patients were treated with hGH at a weekly dosage of 0.5 IU/kg, 71 with 1.0 IU.kg
      1.week-1, and the remaining 25 patients with combined administration of 0.5 IU.kg
      1.week-1 hGH and a small amount of anabolic steroid. All three treatment groups
      showed statistically significant growth increases during the treatment. Fifty
      percent of the patients treated with 0.5 IU.kg-1.week-1 and 80% of the patients
      treated with 1.0 IU.kg-1.week-1 showed growth rates more than 2 cm per year
      greater than pretreatment values or beyond the second SD of the untreated growth
      rate. Plasma somatomedin C levels were elevated and no remarkable advances in
      bone age were observed during the treatment. Antibody against hGH was observed in
      71.4% and 10.8% of the methionyl-hGH and methionine-free-hGH treated patients,
      respectively. However, the antibodies did not suppress the growth promoting
      effect of methionyl-hGH. Otherwise, there were no significant changes in physical
      or laboratory examinations. No glucose intolerance was observed. These results
      indicate that hGH treatment is useful for the acceleration of growth velocity in
      patients with Turner's syndrome.

PMID- 2658451
TI  - Impaired glucagon secretion to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in anorexia nervosa.
AB  - In order to clarify the role played by pancreatic alpha-cell dysfunction in the
      impaired glucose recovery from hypoglycemia in patients with anorexia nervosa,
      the response of pancreatic alpha-cells to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was
      investigated in 16 patients with anorexia nervosa before and after treatment. The
      results were compared with those obtained after loading with arginine. Before
      treatment, despite comparable falls in plasma glucose levels, glucagon secretion
      was significantly reduced in the anorectic patients compared with control
      subjects. In addition, glucose recovery from hypoglycemia in the patients was
      attenuated. However, after treatment, both glucagon secretory activity and plasma
      glucose recovery following insulin-induced hypoglycemia were restored to normal.
      Plasma glucagon responses to arginine infusion were not significantly different
      in the untreated anorectic patients and control subjects. However, the plasma
      insulin response in the patients was significantly lower than in the control
      group. These results suggest that the impaired recovery of plasma glucose levels
      from insulin-induced hypoglycemia in patients with anorexia nervosa is primarily
      attributable to impaired pancreatic alpha-secretory capability. In addition, this
      abnormality in pancreatic alpha-cell function is reversible with treatment
      leading to improved nutrition and weight gain.

PMID- 2658452
TI  - A sensitive enzyme immunoassay system of rat epidermal growth factor in
      biological fluids and tissue extracts.
AB  - Rat epidermal growth factor was purified from rat submandibular glands to obtain
      specific antiserum for the establishment of an immunoassay system. Purified rat
      epidermal growth factor showed a single peak on reverse phase HPLC and a single
      band on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at mol wt 5100
      in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and at mol wt 41,000 in the absence of 2
      mercaptoethanol. Antibody against rat epidermal growth factor showed cross
      reactivities with mouse and human epidermal growth factors on soft agar-double
      immunodiffusion test. The established sandwich enzyme immunoassay for rat
      epidermal growth factor had a high sensitivity (500 fg/tube), which made it
      possible to measure minute amounts of endogenous rat epidermal growth factor
      without pretreatment. Physiological concentrations of rat epidermal growth factor
      in rat biological fluids and tissues were determined. Species differences in
      physiological distributions of epidermal growth factor are discussed.

PMID- 2658453
TI  - Interactions between cholinergic agonists and enteric factors in the regulation
      of insulin secretion from isolated perifused rat islets.
AB  - The ability of the cholinergic agonist carbachol to sensitize islets to the
      action of combined glucose, cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide
      was determined in isolated rat islets. In response to this combination, peak
      first phase insulin secretion from control islets averages 85 +/- 5 pg.islet
      1.min-1 (mean +/- SEM) and the insulin secretory rates measured 35-40 min after
      the onset of stimulation averages 127 +/- 34 pg.islet-1.min-1. A prior 20 min
      exposure to 1 mmol/l carbachol potentiates the modest insulin stimulatory
      response to this combination of stimulants: peak first phase release is 354 +/-
      61 pg.islet-1.min-1, and release measured 35-40 min after the onset of
      stimulation is 179 +/- 34 pg.islet-1.min-1. This sensitizing effect of carbachol
      lasts for at least 40 min and can be duplicated by the natural in vivo agonist
      acetylcholine. These results demonstrate that cholinergic stimulation of isolated
      islets primes them to the subsequent stimulatory effect of a moderate increase in
      the circulating glucose level and to several postulated incretin factors. If
      operative in vivo, this communications network between cephalic and enteric
      factors represents a remarkable control system to ensure the release of insulin
      in amounts commensurate to meet the anticipated and actual insulin requirements
      for insulin-mediated fuel disposition.

PMID- 2658454
TI  - Antidiuretic effect of Sandostatin (SMS 201-995) in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Ten male healthy volunteers were studied in order to determine whether the
      synthetic somatostatin analogue Sandostatin (SMS 201-995) has effects similar to
      those of natural somatostatin on renal water and electrolyte excretion. The study
      was carried out in three separate placebo-controlled randomized double-blind
      cross-over trials. The subjects received single sc injections of 100 micrograms
      Sandostatin and placebo under conditions of mild diuresis (trial 1), water load
      with enhanced diuresis (trial 2), and water load with exogenous lysin-vasopressin
      (5 IU sc) induced antidiuresis (trial 3). The following parameters were measured:
      urine flow rate, serum and urine osmolalities, osmolar clearance, free water and
      creatinine clearances, excretion rates of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride,
      and phosphate, and immunoreactive insulin. A marked antidiuretic effect was
      observed within 2 h after dosing in all three trials. Urine flow rates were
      reduced by 45% in trial 1 and by 29 and 31% in trials 2 and 3, respectively (all
      P less than 0.05). There were no differences in effects on serum and urine
      osmolalities between Sandostatin and placebo. Osmolar clearance was significantly
      reduced in trial 1 (P less than 0.01). Free water clearance significantly
      decreased only in trial 2 (P less than 0.05). Sodium excretion decreased by 49,
      48 and 67%, respectively, the differences being significant in trials 1 and 3 (P
      less than 0.05). Calcium excretion decreased by 66, 70 and 54% (all P less than
      0.001). Chloride excretion decreased by 28, 22 and 44%, the differences being
      significant in trials 2 and 3 (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2658455
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor I responses to recombinant bovine growth hormone
      during feed restriction in heifers.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factor I, other hormones and blood metabolites were measured
      in growing heifers before, during and after a 3-day period of normal feed intake
      and a corresponding period of reduced feed intake. In addition, 0.1 or 0.5 mg
      recombinant bovine GH/kg was injected daily for 5 days during normal or during
      and following reduced feed intake. During reduced feed intake blood
      concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I, insulin, T4, T3, glucose and urea
      nitrogen decreased, whereas those of non-esterified fatty acids, albumin and
      protein increased (P less than 0.05). GH, insulin-like growth factor I and
      insulin increased, whereas urea-nitrogen decreased in response to exogenous GH
      when heifers were adequately fed (P less than 0.05). In contrast, insulin-like
      growth factor I did not change during GH injections while heifers received
      reduced amounts of feed. Therefore, during insufficient energy and (or) protein
      intake, characterized by low glucose, insulin and thyroid hormone levels and
      increased non-esterified fatty acid concentrations, insulin-like growth factor I
      concentrations and responses to GH administration were markedly reduced.

PMID- 2658456
TI  - Increases in concentrations of somatostatin- and insulin-like immunoreactivities
      in submandibular salivary gland of diabetic rats: effect of insulin treatment.
AB  - To investigate whether systemic insulin levels can influence somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity and insulin-like immunoreactivity concentrations in the rat
      submandibular salivary glands, we measured the concentrations of the two peptides
      in an experimental group rendered diabetic by streptozotocin administration. The
      diabetic group showed a low plasma level of insulin compared with the control
      group: 0.5 +/- 0.1 vs 3.5 +/- 0.8 micrograms/l, (P less than 0.01).
      Concomitantly, they exhibited clear glucosuria and a blood glucose level which
      was four times higher than in normal animals: 35.5 +/- 1.4 vs 8.8 +/- 0.8 mmol/l,
      (P less than 0.001). The two peptide concentrations in the submandibular glands
      of diabetic rats showed an increase compared with controls: 42.9 +/- 4.7 protein
      vs 24.7 +/- 3.1 pg/mg protein (P less than 0.001) and 34.9 +/- 4.9 protein vs
      18.4 +/- 4.0 pg/mg protein (P less than 0.01), for insulin-like immunoreactivity
      concentration and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity concentration, respectively.
      Chronic insulin treatment of diabetic rats reversed the increase in somatostatin,
      but had no effect on the increase in insulin-like immunoreactivity concentration.
      A negative correlation (r = 0.24, P less than 0.05) was found between the plasma
      insulin level and the somatostatin concentration of the submandibular glands. Our
      results suggest that the submandibular glands of rats may participate in the
      peripheral regulation of glucose homeostasis.

PMID- 2658457
TI  - Timed interruption of insulin therapy in diabetic BB/E rat pregnancy: effect on
      maternal metabolism and fetal outcome.
AB  - Experimental and clinical studies have suggested that periods of poor metabolic
      control in early diabetic pregnancy have an adverse effect on the developing
      embryo, but the precise nature and mechanism of this damaging influence have not
      been defined. In this study the effect of withdrawing treatment with insulin for
      2 days at various times during early gestation on maternal metabolism and fetal
      outcome has been investigated in the spontaneously diabetic BB/E rat. Non
      diabetic BB/E rats and diabetic BB/E rats treated continuously with insulin
      throughout pregnancy served as controls. Continuously treated diabetic rats had a
      higher rate of fetal resorption and bigger placentae and their offspring had
      fewer ossification centres, lower extractable pancreatic insulin content, larger
      hearts, and smaller kidneys and lungs than the offspring of non-diabetic rats.
      Interruption of treatment with insulin further aggravated the adverse effect of
      diabetes on the outcome of pregnancy by resulting in a further increase in the
      rate of fetal resorption, a rise in the neonatal death rate, a reduction in fetal
      body weight, and retardation of skeletal development. These effects were more
      apparent when interruption of treatment with insulin occurred during the period
      of organogenesis, i.e. during gestational days 8 and 9, and 10 and 11. Two severe
      malformations were seen, both in litters originating from mothers whose treatment
      with insulin was interrupted during and immediately before fetal organogenesis.
      We conclude that a period of disturbed maternal metabolism during fetal
      organogenesis is capable of affecting the survival, growth, and organ development
      of the fetus and that the spontaneously diabetic insulin-dependent BB rat appears
      to be a good model for studies of the effect of diabetes and its treatment on the
      outcome of pregnancy.

PMID- 2658458
TI  - Systemic administration of N-acetylcysteine has no effect on postoperative lung
      function following elective upper laparotomy in lung healthy patients.
AB  - In a randomized, double-blind study, 131 consecutive patients, subjected to
      elective upper laparotomy, were prophylactically given the recommended dose of N
      acetylcysteine (NAC) (Mucomyst, ASTRA) (200 mg x 3) or placebo against
      postoperative pulmonary complications. The effect was evaluated by lung function
      tests (VC and FEV1), arterial blood gas analyses and chest x-ray. No benefit
      could be demonstrated, either to postoperative pulmonary function or in the
      frequency of atelectasis in the recommended dose. However, no patients with
      preoperative bronchopulmonary disease demanding treatment with bronchodilatators
      were included in the study. A positive effect of NAC in this category of patients
      could not be excluded.

PMID- 2658459
TI  - The accuracy of ultrasonic determination of axial length in pseudophakic eyes.
AB  - The axial length was calculated by refractive means in 206 pseudophakic eyes and
      compared with the axial length measured by ultrasound using a Kretz 7200 MA A
      scanner or a Sonometrics DBR 400 scanner. The difference (+/- SD) between the
      calculated and the measured axial length was 0.13 mm (+/- 0.54) and 0.08 mm (+/-
      0.28) using the Kretz and Sonometrics equipment, respectively (P less than 0.01).
      The lower variation between the calculated and the measured axial length observed
      with the Sonometrics scanner indicated this instrument to be the most accurate.
      The calculated axial length may be used in future studies on the clinical
      accuracy of ultrasonic equipment.

PMID- 2658460
TI  - Isotypic characterization of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in 18 cases of
      congenital toxoplasmic chorioretinitis.
AB  - A serological study was carried out by ELIFA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Filtration
      Assay) for 50 children with congenital toxoplasmosis diagnosed by several
      parasitological and serological methods showing that the fetus had been infected
      by the parasite and had developed it's own specific immune response. At birth,
      anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgE antibodies were detected in the sera of 66% of the 18
      children who had retinochoroiditis and in 32% of the 32 children without this
      complication. During the 4 months before or at the time of diagnosis of
      retinochoroiditis, specific IgE antibodies were detected in 70% of the 20 cases
      (2 children with 2 successive lesions); but during the 4 months following the
      discovery of ocular lesions, anti-Toxoplasma IgE antibodies were only detected in
      30% of the 20 cases. Among all the 50 children, the prolonged detection of
      specific IgM + IgE association (for at least 4 months) was followed in 46% of
      cases by the appearance of chorioretinitis (predictive value).

PMID- 2658461
TI  - Exogenous, ocular, and systemic factors associated with keratitic ulceration.
AB  - Information on type and frequency of empirically observed exogenous, ocular, and
      systemic predisposing factors for keratitic ulceration is important for clinical
      identification of groups at risk and may form a basis for planning experimental
      studies on the pathogenesis of ulceration. Therefore a retrospective study
      comprising 104 patients with 25 herpetic and 79 non-herpetic corneal ulcerations
      was performed. Patients with herpetic ulcerations were mainly males and were
      younger than patients with non-herpetic corneal ulceration. Keratoplasty and
      steroid treatment was found as frequent co-existing predisposing factors in the
      herpetic group. In the non-herpetic group an exogenous factor was found in 56%,
      an ocular factor in 56%, and a systemic predisposing factor in 46% of the
      patients. In only 2.5% of these patients was there found no predisposing factor.
      Pathogenetic mechanisms of predisposing factors for non-herpetic corneal
      ulceration is discussed.

PMID- 2658462
TI  - Sodium hyaluronate in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. A double
      masked clinical trial.
AB  - The effect of sodium hyaluronate eye drops in the treatment of severe
      keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) was evaluated in a double masked crossover
      trial, comparing the effect of a 0.1% solution, a 0.2% solution and placebo in 20
      patients. We found significantly decreased rose bengal staining and increased
      break-up time following 0.2% treatment compared to placebo. No significant
      difference was found in the Schirmer values and the cornea sensitivity. The
      patients significantly preferred sodium hyaluronate treatment. We conclude that
      sodium hyaluronate eye drops seem to be a valuable new agent in the management of
      KCS.

PMID- 2658463
TI  - Tear stix tests for leucocyte-esterase, nitrite, haemoglobin, and albumin in
      normals and in a clinical series.
AB  - Tears are absorbed by a tuft of cotton and subjected to stix test for leucocyte
      esterase (L), nitrite (N), haemoglobin (H), and albumin (A). Testing of 84 cases
      of infectious conjunctivitis and 282 normals revealed nosographic sensitivity to
      L in 89% and a specificity of 98%. By including N (only 26% positive with
      infectious conjunctivitis) and H the sensitivity rose to 98% while the
      specificity fell to 95%. A was generally raised in cases of infectious
      conjunctivitis. An additional number of 607 stix tests were carried out on a
      clinical series. The reaction was controlled before, during, and after cataract
      extraction. Conjunctivitis patients were observed for possible infection, the
      result of antibiotic treatment was studied, and contact lens wearers were
      controlled for infection. Predominantly stix-positive reaction was noticed in
      keratitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and ocular prosthesis socket. Predominantly
      negative reaction was seen in chronic simple conjunctivitis, sicca, scleritis,
      and iritis, the latter despite pronounced ciliary hyperaemia. Contralateral
      reflexly induced L and H were rendered probable. H-positive reaction predominated
      immediately after removal of suture. The tear stix test is easy to carry out,
      reasonably precise, and valuable in the clinical work.

PMID- 2658464
TI  - Osseointegration of metallic implants. I. Light microscopy in the rabbit.
AB  - Thirty-eight adult albino rabbits received one implant of pure titanium and one
      implant of another, test, material in each tibia. The test materials were
      titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy, chrome-cobalt alloy, and stainless steel.
      Observation times were 4 months and 11 months. Light microscopy of the interface
      revealed a direct contact between bone and implant surface (osseointegration) in
      73 of the 76 cases. The exceptions were two implants of pure titanium and one of
      stainless steel. Thus, given identical healing conditions, the modern implant
      metals were accepted by the bone in the same way. It is suggested that
      osseointegration should be regarded not as an exclusive reaction to a specific
      implant material, but as the expression of a nonspecific and basic healing
      potential in bone.

PMID- 2658465
TI  - Osseointegration of metallic implants. II. Transmission electron microscopy in
      the rabbit.
AB  - In a material of 10 osseointegrated implants of pure titanium, Tivanium,
      Vitallium, and stainless steel, 23 interface areas were studied by transmission
      electron microscopy. The implant site was the upper tibia of mature rabbits, and
      the observation time was 11 months. The absence of a cellular reaction was
      verified. However, even in cases of apparently uniform osseointegration, electron
      microscopy revealed an unpredictable variation in interface ultrastructure within
      500-1,000 nm of the metal surface, common to all the materials. There was no
      structural feature that was specific for a particular material.

PMID- 2658466
TI  - Allogeneic grafts for bone tumor. 21 cases of osteoarticular and segmental
      grafts.
AB  - We treated 21 aggressive and malignant bone tumors by wide resection and
      replacement with deep-frozen osteoarticular and segmental (intercalary and block)
      allografts. Radiologic and histologic studies showed a gradual accretion of new
      bone on the graft trabeculae, sometimes with total creeping substitution.
      Substantial resorption of grafted condylar bone occurred in 3 of 14 cases. One of
      them ended with arthrodesis; in the other 2 the result after augmentation
      autografts was fair. Radiographically, a gradual joint surface destruction was
      observed in all the osteoarticular grafts after 5 years, not correlating with
      joint function, however. Biopsies showed some cartilage regeneration. Each
      patient underwent, on an average, two operations. Function after osteoarticular
      grafts at 3-16 years was excellent in 1 case, good in 4, fair in 6, and poor in 1
      case; 2 cases were too recent for evaluation. Function 3-12 years after segmental
      grafts was excellent in 3 cases and poor in 3 cases (1 amputation due to
      nonunion, 1 amputation due to recurrence, and 1 prosthetic replacement due to
      recurrence); 1 case was too recent for evaluation. We conclude that an allograft
      is an acceptable alternative in the reconstruction of large tumor defects.
      However, it still presents unsolved immunologic and preservation problems, which
      make the prognosis guarded.

PMID- 2658467
TI  - Osteogenesis in cranial defects and diffusion chambers. Comparison in rabbits of
      bone matrix, marrow, and collagen implants.
AB  - In rabbits, we compared calcification and bone formation by bone marrow, acid
      demineralized bone matrix and glutaraldehyde-cross-linked Type I collagen
      implanted in intramuscular diffusion chambers or in trephine skull defects. The
      rabbits were killed 4 weeks postimplantation and calcification and osteogenesis
      were evaluated radiographically and histologically, and by calcium and alkaline
      phosphatase assays. Bone marrow produced bone and fibrous tissue within the
      chambers and had high alkaline phosphatase levels. Bone matrix in chambers with
      intact filters failed to induce bone formation within and outside the chambers,
      while glutaraldehyde-cross-linked collagen produced only scant calcific deposits
      following implantation in either diffusion chambers or skull defects. Central
      areas of skull defects implanted with bone marrow were partially repaired with
      new bone and had high calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels, but not as high as
      defects implanted with demineralized bone matrix.

PMID- 2658468
TI  - Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering.
AB  - From the mechanical point of view the spinal system is highly complex, containing
      a multitude of components, passive and active. In fact, even if the active
      components (the muscles) were exchanged by passive springs, the total number of
      elements considerably exceeds the minimum needed to maintain static equilibrium.
      In other words, the system is statically highly indeterminate. The particular
      role of the active components at static equilibrium is to enable a virtually
      arbitrary choice of posture, independent of the distribution and magnitude of the
      outer load albeit within physiological limits. Simultaneously this implies that
      ordinary procedures known from the analysis of mechanical systems with passive
      components cannot be applied. Hence the distribution of the forces over the
      different elements is not uniquely determined. Consequently nervous control of
      the force distribution over the muscles is needed, but little is known about how
      this achieved. This lack of knowledge implies great difficulties at numerical
      simulation of equilibrium states of the spinal system. These difficulties remain
      even if considerable reductions are made, such as the assumption that the
      thoracic cage behaves like a rigid body. A particularly useful point of view
      about the main principles of the force distributions appears to be the
      distinction between a local and a global system of muscles engaged in the
      equilibrium of the lumbar spine. The local system consists of muscles with
      insertion or origin (or both) at lumbar vertebrae, whereas the global system
      consists of muscles with origin on the pelvis and insertions on the thoracic
      cage. Given the posture of the lumbar spine, the force distribution over the
      local system appears to be essentially independent of the outer load of the body
      (though the force magnitudes are, of course, dependent on the magnitude of this
      load). Instead different distributions of the outer load on the body are met by
      different distributions of the forces in the global system. Thus, roughly
      speaking, the global system appears to take care of different distributions of
      outer forces on the body, whereas the local system performs an action, which is
      essentially locally determined (i.e. by the posture of the lumbar spine). The
      present work focuses on the upright standing posture with different degree of
      lumbar lordosis. The outer load is assumed to consist of weights carried on the
      shoulders. By reduction of the number of unknown forces, which is done by using a
      few different principles, a unique determination of the total force distributions
      at static equilibrium is obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2658469
TI  - [Recent advances concerning etiopathogenesis of nasal polyposis].
AB  - The way nasal polyps arise and why they tend to recur is still unknown. Quite
      frequently they are found in association with asthma, rhinitis and ASA
      intolerance, thus suggesting a multifactorial etiopathogenesis. The incidence of
      atopy in patients affected with nasal polyposis is quite low (16.8%). Recent
      studies stress the involvement of mast cell mediators due to various
      degranulating stimuli other than those mediated by IgE. The finding of the
      interleukin-2 receptor (IL2-R) on murine mast cells and on human peripheral blood
      basophils, together with the possibility of inducing basophil degranulation
      through IL2 stimulation, have led the authors to seek IL2R on human nasal polyp
      mast cells and to study subpopulations of nasal polyp lymphoid infiltrates. Nasal
      polyps obtained from 4 patients, admitted to the E.N.T. Department of the
      Catholic University of Rome in 1988, were snap frozen soon after their surgical
      removal through transmaxillary ethmoidectomy. In this study the following
      monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) were used: Leu-2a (CD8), Leu-3a/3b (CD4), Leu-4
      (CD3), anti-HLA-DR and anti-IL2-R (CD25), OKM1 (CD11), OKB2 (CD24) and 1HT4-4H3
      (CD 25). In no patient was there evidence of atopy, asthma or ASA-intolerance.
      Several mast cells (MC) were observed, chiefly in the connective axis and
      perivascular areas. These cells were characterized by a large number of
      cytoplasmatic monomorphic granules. The MC displayed the IL2-R and they were very
      often close to T-lymphocytes. T-cell subpopulations were predominantly composed
      of CD4-positive cells (about 75% of all lymphocytes) often associated in clusters
      and located both in the submucosa and in the connective axis. CD8-positive cells
      (10-15% of the lymphoid cells) were located most often just under the epithelium.
      They were hardly ever scattered within the CD4-positive cell clusters. Almost all
      T cells were activated, above all those surrounding the MC. These results would
      appear to suggest the presence of a cell-mediated immune response in nasal polyp
      pathogenesis where MC degranulation, determined by activated T-cell cytokines,
      plays an important role.

PMID- 2658470
TI  - [Role fo ultrasound in the study of latero-cervical metastases].
AB  - In patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) for malignant neoplasies of the head and
      neck the availability of a diagnostic method permitting frequent, easy checkups
      of the latero-cervical lymph nodes would be extremely useful. This is especially
      so because clinical examination is often hindered by the post-actinic fibrosis of
      the tissues. Among the methods presently available for this purpose (CAT, NMR,
      lymphoscintigraphy, xerography, ultrasound) echotomography appears to be the most
      indicated as it is least invasive, can easily be repeated and is not difficult to
      perform. The refining of ultrasound techniques would, as reported in the
      literature, make it possible today to evaluate the effects of RT on latero
      cervical metastases both during and some time after treatment. The authors,
      therefore evaluated the advantages and limitations of the method examining 33
      patients undergoing RT for latero-cervical metastases due to head and neck
      carcinoma. Each patient underwent ultrasound examination prior to, during and at
      the end of the RT treatment cycle. Once treatment had been terminated 18
      underwent latero-cervical neck dissection. Upon termination of the radiation
      treatment three distinct types of ultrasound behaviour were identified: complete
      response; partial response; minimal or negligible response. For those patients
      undergoing surgery this response was compared to lymph node chain histology
      while, for the others, it was compared to the ultrasound findings of subsequent
      examinations. The results obtained appear to indicate that a systematic
      scheduling of ultrasound checkups offers a reliable evaluation of how metastatic
      adenopathies respond to RT. At times such response can only be completed several
      months after treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658471
TI  - Endocrine dynamics during pulsatile GnRH administration in patients with
      hypothalamic amenorrhea and polycystic ovarian disease.
AB  - The LH secretory patterns and ovarian endocrine responses have been determined
      during pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration for
      induction of ovulation in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA). However,
      until now these endocrine dynamics during GnRH therapy have not been thoroughly
      investigated in patients with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD). Seven patients
      with HA and 4 patients with PCOD have therefore been studied to determine changes
      in LH pulsatile activity and in serum sex steroid levels in response to chronic
      intermittent GnRH stimulation. GnRH was administered intravenously (5-10
      micrograms/90 minutes) by means of a portable infusion pump. Blood samples were
      obtained at 15-minute intervals for 4 hours on the day before the start of GnRH
      stimulation (control day) and on treatment days 5, 10 and 15. LH was determined
      in all samples and FSH, serum androgens and estrogens were measured in baseline
      samples by RIA. While 8 (62%) ovulations and 5 conceptions were observed in 13
      treatment cycles in patients with HA, no ovulations were achieved during 9
      treatment cycles in patients with PCOD. On the control day significantly (p less
      than 0.05) higher basal LH and testosterone (T) levels and significantly (p less
      than 0.05) lower FSH levels were found in the PCOD patients. The LH pulsatile
      profiles of the PCOD patients showed significantly (p less than 0.05) higher
      pulse amplitudes and areas under the curve (integrated responses). Pulsatile GnRH
      administration induced a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in LH pulse
      amplitudes in both HA and PCOD patients, and also increased (p less than 0.05)
      the integrated responses in patients with HA. During the GnRH stimulation, the LH
      interpulse intervals of both HA and PCOD patients were found to be similar to the
      frequency in which exogenous GnRH was administered. FSH levels rose continuously
      (p less than 0.001) during stimulation in patients with HA, but remained
      unchanged in patients with PCOD. In HA patients, T, androstenedione (AD) and
      estrone (E1) did not change during the GnRH treatment, but estradiol (E2) rose so
      that the ratios of aromatized estrogens to non-aromatized androgens (E1/AD, E2/T)
      increased. In contrast, T and AD increased significantly (p less than 0.05 or
      less) and E2 remained unchanged during stimulations in PCOD patients, which
      resulted in decreasing ratios of estrogens to androgens. These observations
      confirm that pulsatile GnRH administration can successfully induce ovulation in
      patients with HA by restoring the ovarian physiology. The data also demonstrate
      that pulsatile GnRH administration can influence the LH secretory patterns in
      PCOD patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2658472
TI  - Pregnancy outcome in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone induced cycles: a
      multicentre study.
AB  - In a retrospective international study 223 pregnancies induced with pulsatile
      hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) were evaluated. In patients with hypothalamic
      amenorrhea (HA) and polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) the abortion rate was
      similar (10% vs 8.7%). The premature delivery rate was significantly higher,
      however, in the patients with HA, but this could be explained by the higher
      incidence of multiple pregnancies in this group. Thirty multiple pregnancies were
      observed in the HA group (n = 174) compared with none in the PCOD group (n = 24;
      p less than 0.05). The incidence of multiple pregnancies in the HA group
      correlated to the pulse dose (p less than 0.05). The 1st treatment cycle resulted
      in more multiple pregnancies than did subsequent cycles (p less than 0.05).
      Difference in pulse interval did not affect the incidence of multiple
      pregnancies, nor did the route of administration (intravenous or subcutaneous).
      The incidence of congenital anomalies was comparable to that with spontaneously
      achieved pregnancies.

PMID- 2658473
TI  - Further data against HLA sharing in couples with recurrent spontaneous abortion.
AB  - Class I human leucocyte antigens (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DR) antigens were
      determined in 57 couples with primary recurrent abortions of unknown origin and
      in 57 normal fertile couples. No difference between abortion and control fertile
      couples was observed regarding HLA sharing. Analysis of 10 series in the
      literature, including our own results, is against the concept that compatibility
      in determinants of the major histocompatibility complex has a major role in
      recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA).

PMID- 2658474
TI  - Eicosanoids in primary dysmenorrhea, endometriosis and menstrual migraine.
AB  - This paper summarizes what has been learned over the years about the role of
      eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea, endometriosis and
      menstrual migraine. The role of prostaglandins (PGs) in the pathogenesis of
      primary dysmenorrhea is inferred from four main observations: firstly, the
      clinical symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea are similar to those induced by the
      administration of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 for the induction of labour; secondly, the
      increased production of PGs by the endometrium during the luteal and menstrual
      phases of ovulatory cycles is consistent with the occurrence of primary
      dysmenorrhea mainly in ovulatory cycles; thirdly, the concentrations of PGF2
      alpha and PGE2 in the endometrium and menstrual fluid of dysmenorrheic women are
      significantly higher than in controls; fourthly, certain PG inhibitors have been
      proved to be effective in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. The change in PG
      production can explain the major symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea, including the
      increased uterine contractility, uterine ischemia and the lowering of the pain
      threshold to chemical and physical stimuli in the pelvic nerve terminals.
      Moreover, recent experimental data suggest that leukotrienes (LTs) might be among
      the alternative pathogenetic causes of primary dysmenorrhea. The data which
      support a relationship between eicosanoids and endometriosis are as follows:
      endometriotic tissue produces PGs; the peritoneal fluid concentration of PGF2
      alpha increases significantly after the induction of endometriosis in laboratory
      animals; the concentration of PGs in peritoneal fluid of some patients with
      endometriosis is greater than in controls and, finally, the number and activation
      of pelvic macrophages which are able to synthesize eicosanoids increase in
      patients with endometriosis. Possible roles for eicosanoids in the pathogenesis
      of infertility and secondary dysmenorrhea induced by endometriosis have been
      suggested. Eicosanoids are probably also involved in the pathogenesis of
      menstrual migraine. Different types of PGs might play a role both in the initial
      vasoconstriction during the prodromal phase of migraine and in the vasodilation
      and sensitization to pain typical of the pain phase.

PMID- 2658475
TI  - Luciferase cDNA from Japanese firefly, Luciola cruciata: cloning, structure and
      expression in Escherichia coli.
AB  - We have cloned the cDNA for luciferase from lantern poly(A)+ RNA of a Japanese
      firefly, Luciola cruciata (Genji botaru in Japanese). This cDNA directed the
      synthesis of enzymatically active luciferase under the control of the lac
      promoter in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA
      sequence shows that Genji firefly luciferase consists of 548 amino acids and has
      a molecular weight of 60,024. Considerable sequence homology was found upon the
      comparison of the Genji and North American firefly luciferases.

PMID- 2658476
TI  - Properties and cellular localization of a luciferin binding protein in the
      bioluminescence reaction of Gonyaulax polyedra.
AB  - A luciferin binding protein LBP involved in the bioluminescence reaction of
      Gonyaulax polyedra was purified and used for antibody production. Luciferin bound
      to LBP is fluorescent and can be used as a marker in living cells, allowing the
      localization of LBP in cortical organelles to be visualized. In cell sections,
      the same peripheral localization was observed using anti-LBP and
      immunofluorescence microscopy. The amount of LBP is ten-fold greater from cells
      from in night phase compared to those from in day phase, as determined both by
      immunoblots of cell extracts, and in vivo fluorescence. These changes correlate
      with the circadian changes in bioluminescence of living cells.

PMID- 2658477
TI  - Bone histomorphometry in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.

PMID- 2658478
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Prospective study of a sample
      of 159 patients].
AB  - We studied the value of transrectal echography as the diagnostic means of
      prostate pathology. We carried out a prospective analysis of a sample of 159
      patients, on whom we have anatomopathological documentation which we use as the
      reliability control for the clinical exploration by means of rectal touch and
      ultrasonography with transrectal transducer. We have obtained 137 prostate
      fibromuscular hyperplasias, 3 inflammatory pathologies and 19 adenocarcinomas. A
      100% sensitivity in the echographic diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma was
      achieved for this sample.

PMID- 2658479
TI  - [Renal autotransplantation in the treatment of renovascular hypertension].
AB  - Surgery plays an important role in the treatment of renovascular Hypertension
      (RVHT). 123 RVHT carrier patients were treated by means of 101 single
      autotransplants (11 double autotransplants) and 34 autotransplants preceded by
      extracorporeal replacement of the branches of the renal artery (1 bilateral
      case). Taken all round, the patients improved either totally or partly (93.5%).
      In lesions involving multiple branches of the renal artery, replacement of these
      by a hypogastric autologous arterial transplant is regularly the only technique
      possible to save the kidney.

PMID- 2658480
TI  - [Calcification of the intrarenal excretory tract in a transplanted kidney].
AB  - We present a clinical case of calcification of the intrarenal excretory tract as
      a complication of kidney transplant. Its etilogic study indicates infection by
      urea splitting germs as the main cause. In the literature reviewed we found renal
      lithiasis as an uncommon complication. However, we found no case of urothelial
      mucus coating by mineral apposition as in the case described.

PMID- 2658481
TI  - [Obturator nerve block in transurethral surgery].
AB  - The obturator nerve passes in close proximity to the bladder as it courses
      through the pelvis. During transurethral operations, resection may result in
      stimulation of the obturator nerve, causing violent adductor contraction. Bladder
      perforation and incomplete tumor resection are the most important complications.
      All techniques proposed since transurethral surgery began, until nowadays are
      reviewed: neuromuscular blockade, electric circuit modifications, transparietal
      endoscopic blockade, periprostatic and subvesical infiltration, obturator nerve
      blockade and the "3 in 1 block" described by Winnie. Practical advices are
      proposed finally.

PMID- 2658482
TI  - [Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: apropos of 13 cases].
AB  - We present 13 patients anatomopathologically diagnosed with xantogranulomatose
      pyelonephritis. This form of inflammatory reaction may give rise to major pre
      operative diagnostic difficulties through being confused with renal neoplasias.
      Clinical evolution consists of long-developing lithiasis complicated with
      infection. We regard echography and C.A.T. as extremely useful elements both in
      accurate pre-operative diagnosis and in the locoregional evaluation of the
      lesion. Treatment is surgical and the prognosis is favourable.

PMID- 2658483
TI  - The reliability of self-reports of smoking and alcohol consumption by pregnant
      women.
AB  - The reliability of self-reports of prepregnancy smoking and drinking habits was
      assessed in over 700 pregnant smokers who participated in a randomized clinical
      trial of smoking cessation intervention. The participants provided self-reports
      of their prepregnancy smoking and drinking habits prior to the 18th week (test)
      and again in the eighth month of gestation (retest). About half the subjects gave
      identical reports of prepregnancy smoking habits at test and retest. Among those
      who changed their estimates, the changes were usually small. The reliability of
      reports of prepregnancy alcohol intake was also high. The reliability of reports
      by the treatment group - which experienced an anti-smoking intervention and
      extensive contact with study personnel - was very similar to that of the control
      group.

PMID- 2658484
TI  - Human mast cells.
AB  - The ultrastructural complexities of human mast cells are reviewed. Numerous
      investigators have provided ultrastructural descriptions of human mast cells in a
      variety of tissues in situ. We have reviewed these contributions and provide here
      unified information necessary for the recognition of the variable images
      presented by human mast cells and the substructural patterns of their granules.
      These studies in aggregate provide sufficient and necessary morphologic
      information for the identification of human mast cells found in tissues as
      contrasted with the necessary ultrastructural criteria for the identification of
      human basophilic leukocytes present either in bone marrow, peripheral blood, or
      tissues. Recent technical advances have provided rich sources of isolated,
      purified human mast cells from several organ sites. We have studied isolated,
      purified human lung mast cells in depth and present a review of these studies.
      Specifically, these in vitro studies of human mast cells have made possible the
      delineation of morphologic criteria for the distinction between two important
      subcellular organelles in human mast cells--secretory granules and lipid bodies.
      These organelles differ in structure, in content, in mechanism(s) of formation,
      in behavior during degranulation, and in behavior during recovery from
      degranulation. Secretory granules and their associated performed mediator(s) of
      inflammation are released together from appropriately stimulated mast cells.
      Lipid bodies contain large amounts of arachidonic acid. Ultrastructural
      autoradiographic analysis and biochemical determination of secreted, labeled
      products of arachidonic acid oxygenation by stimulated human mast cells
      demonstrate the release of small amounts of these labeled products in the same
      time course. We used an ultrastructural, morphometric, organelle aggregate volume
      analysis to show that the mechanism(s) of generation of human mast cell scroll
      granules differed from the mechanism of generation of lipid bodies. The
      morphologic kinetics of anaphylactic degranulation in vitro were correlated with
      histamine release kinetics in replicate samples of isolated, purified human lung
      mast cells. This noncytotoxic process is characterized by sequential morphologic
      changes. These include initially the swelling and alteration of intragranular
      materials, followed by granule membrane fusions to form elongated cytoplasmic
      degranulation channels filled with altered matrix materials. These closed
      channels open to the cells' surface through multiple narrow pores at peak release
      values for histamine. The aggregate volume of cytoplasmic granules decreases
      dramatically, whereas there is no significant changes i

PMID- 2658485
TI  - Granulated metrial gland cells.
AB  - Granulated metrial gland (GMG) cells take their name from the metrial gland. The
      metrial gland is formed during pregnancy in many rodents with the appearance of
      GMG cells in the mesometrium at each implantation site. This paper reviews
      knowledge about GMG cells in rats and mice: the species most extensively studied.
      Granulated metrial gland cells are characterised by their cytoplasmic granules
      which contain glycoproteins and hydrolytic enzymes. The cytoplasm of some GMG
      cells contains extensive deposits of glycogen and moderate amounts of rough
      endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies are usually present. Some GMG cells are
      binucleate and at certain stages of pregnancy many undergo mitosis. A few GMG
      cells are present in the endometrium (in mice) before implantation but in rats
      and mice during the week following implantation their numbers rapidly increase.
      During the 2nd week of gestation GMG cells are a prominent cell population in the
      decidua basalis and they appear in the circular layer of the myometrium and
      within the mesometrial triangle. By the beginning of the 3rd week of gestation
      they are present in the metrial gland in large numbers but they disappear and are
      relatively scarce at parturition. Rat and mouse GMG cells are readily
      distinguished by differences in the ultrastructure of their electron-dense
      granules. These differences have made it possible to show that GMG cells
      differentiate from bone marrow cell precursors by studying GMG cells in radiation
      induced chimeric mice. The disappearance of GMG cells from the decidua basalis
      and metrial gland as pregnancy proceeds is accounted for by their death in situ
      and by their migration into blood vessels. Some GMG cells probably become trapped
      in lung capillary beds but the GMG cells in the maternal blood spaces of the
      placental labyrinth appear to interact with some layer 1 trophoblast cells and
      degeneration of the trophoblast and GMG cells occurs. Other cell types present in
      the uterus are described and their relationships to GMG cells considered. A close
      morphological relationship exists between cells in the decidua basalis and GMG
      cells and between fibroblast-like stromal cells in the metrial gland and GMG
      cells. Although initially GMG cells are closely packed between smooth muscle
      cells at the base of the mesometrium, the organisation of muscle cells in this
      region is disrupted with the formation of the metrial gland. Macrophages are
      considered, particularly in relationship to endocytotic activity of cells in the
      uterus, and it is argued that "it is not appropriate simply to dismiss GMG cells
      as macrophages".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2658486
TI  - Assessment of life events during adolescence: the use of self-report inventories.
AB  - The assessment of stressful life events during adolescence is important to both
      research and clinical practice. Stressful events are studied to determine their
      etiological significance in physical and mental illnesses, and also their
      relevance in the clinical assessment of individual patients. In recent years, a
      number of self-report inventories of life events for adolescents have been
      developed, some very carefully, others as one-time endeavors. This article
      reviews these measures, with an emphasis on the conceptual and methodological
      issues which created problems in earlier inventories. These issues need to be
      considered when choosing an instrument to study or assess stressful life events
      in adolescents.

PMID- 2658487
TI  - Chiral phosphorothioates: stereochemical analysis of enzymatic substitution at
      phosphorus.

PMID- 2658488
TI  - Mechanism and regulation of the glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase
      of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2658489
TI  - The effect of dietary proteins on iron bioavailability in man.

PMID- 2658490
TI  - Effect of age and the milk sugar lactose on calcium absorption by the small
      intestine.

PMID- 2658491
TI  - Theoretical and practical aspects of zinc uptake and absorption.
AB  - The purpose of this review is to describe our present understanding of the
      theoretical aspects of zinc uptake and absorption. An attempt has been made to
      include a selected amount of older literature to illustrate specific points. The
      zinc acquisition system appears to respond to the dietary zinc supply and the
      extent of digestive capacity. Up regulation of the uptake process with limited
      zinc intake seems to increase the pool of zinc that is subsequently exported from
      mucosal cells to the vascular compartment. Intracellular factors such as
      metallothionein influence the rate and/or extent of zinc acquisition and are
      regulated by dietary zinc availability and physiological factors.

PMID- 2658492
TI  - Trace metal interactions involving the intestinal absorption mechanisms of iron
      and zinc.

PMID- 2658493
TI  - Protein digestion and the absorption of mineral elements.

PMID- 2658494
TI  - Lacticacidemia. Biochemical, clinical, and genetic considerations.

PMID- 2658495
TI  - A comprehensive and critical assessment of overgrowth and overgrowth syndromes.

PMID- 2658496
TI  - Chromosome instability syndromes.

PMID- 2658497
TI  - Nutrition and growth. A review.
AB  - Growth monitoring is a sensitive tool and an indicator of the nutritional status
      of a population. The stressors may interfere by delaying maturation (timing
      effect) or by lowering the growth potential (intensity effect). In the same way,
      the secular trend is a translation of the past evolution of the environmental
      factors in a population.

PMID- 2658498
TI  - Possibilities in the reconstruction of the human form 1922.

PMID- 2658499
TI  - Ageing of the population: measuring the need for care.

PMID- 2658500
TI  - Mental and physical health of elderly people: five-year follow-up of a total
      population.
AB  - The change in mental and physical functioning over 5 years for 594 survivors of a
      community survey of the elderly is described. An increase in cognitive
      impairment, physical disability and incontinence over the period was found with
      increasing age. Women in the two oldest age groups had a significantly greater
      increase in physical disability than men. An annual incidence of cognitive
      impairment of 1.4% was found and the implications of this are discussed.

PMID- 2658501
TI  - Pragmatic and explanatory trials in the evaluation of the experimental National
      Health Service nursing homes.
AB  - This paper reviews the issues which arose in the design of a randomized
      controlled trial of three experimental National Health Service nursing homes.
      Problems associated with the implementation of the trial included ethical issues,
      choice of sample size and recruitment of subjects to the trial, choice and
      validity of measures of outcome, evaluation of outcomes and replicability of
      findings. The distinction between explanatory and pragmatic trials is shown to
      overcome some of these problems.

PMID- 2658502
TI  - The implementation of a multicentred randomized controlled trial in the
      evaluation of the experimental National Health Service nursing homes.
AB  - This paper reviews the implementation of a pragmatic multicentred randomized
      controlled trial in the evaluation of three experimental nursing homes. The
      organization of services for the care of elderly people varied between the three
      centres, and each used different criteria for selecting subjects for the trial
      and different methods of seeking informed consent. Data presented show that in
      each centre two truly randomized samples have been selected. However, differences
      between centres, in the characteristics of selected subjects, reflect the
      implementation of the trials in each of the centres. These findings emphasize the
      importance of good collaboration between health professionals providing the
      service, an independent research team, and the establishment of rigorous criteria
      for inclusion and exclusion of subjects at the outset.

PMID- 2658503
TI  - [A case of primary ureteral squamous cell carcinoma associated with calculus].
AB  - A case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the ureter associated with ureteral
      calculus is presented. A 66-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital, with the
      chief complaint of macroscopic hematuria in October, 1985. A kidney-ureter
      bladder X-ray and drip intravenous pyelography failed to reveal the calculus
      shadow clearly. However, computerized tomographic scan revealed the calculus
      shadow clearly adjacent to the ureteral tumor, and retrograde pyelography
      revealed the filling defect on a third lower portion of the left ureter. She was
      diagnosed with tumor of the ureter associated with the calculus. She underwent
      complete nephroureterectomy with excision of a periureteral cuff of the bladder.
      The tumor was diagnosed histologically as squamous cell carcinoma. Metastases and
      recurrence of tumor have never occurred on July, 1987. Forty-four cases of the
      primary ureteral squamous cell carcinoma could be collected in the Japanese
      literature. Moreover, we deal with this disease associated with the ureteral
      calculus.

PMID- 2658504
TI  - [A case of ureteral polyp in a young man with renal autotransplantation].
AB  - We report a case of fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter in a 18-year-old boy
      with the chief complaint of left flank pain. An excretory urogram and retrograde
      pyelogram revealed left hydronephrosis and a filling defect at the pelvic
      ureteral junction. This ureteral disorder was corrected by the renal
      autotransplantation for conserving the renal function. The pathological diagnosis
      was fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter. Convalescence was uneventful and after
      3 months of follow up, excretory urogram and 99mTc-DTPA renogram showed good
      renal function and improvement of hydronephrosis. Along with our case, we briefly
      reviewed 32 cases of ureteral polyp in men under 20 years old.

PMID- 2658505
TI  - [Blind-ending bifid ureter: 3 case reports].
AB  - Blind-ending bifid ureter is one of the most rare anomalies of the upper urinary
      tract. Three cases of blind-ending bifid ureter are reported. Case 1: A 53-year
      old man was admitted with right lumbal colic pain. Kidney-ureter-bladder X-ray
      revealed the right ureteral stone and drip intravenous pyelography (DIP) revealed
      the left blind-ending bifid ureter. Case 2: A 61-year-old woman admitted with the
      complaint of asymptomatic microhematuria. DIP revealed extension of the right
      middle ureter and the left incomplete duplication of ureter. Retrograde
      pyelography revealed the right blind-ending bifid ureter. Case 3: A 57-year-old
      woman was admitted with asymptomatic microhematuria. DIP revealed the left blind
      ending bifid ureter. We collected 68 cases of blind-ending bifid ureter reported
      in Japan including our own according to the definition of Culp.

PMID- 2658506
TI  - [Malignant melanoma of male urethra: a case report].
AB  - A case of male urethral melanoma is reported. A 85-year-old male with a 2-month
      history of progressive, severe obstructive urinary symptoms and bloody urethral
      discharge was referred to us after an unsuccessful management at a local doctor.
      Physical examination revealed an ill looking old man with no evidence of nevi or
      other cutaneous pigmentation looking like malignant melanoma. Neither palpable
      periurethral mass nor inguinal lymphadenopathy was noted. RUG showed an irregular
      shadow defect in bulbous urethral regions. In cystourethroscopy, a raised nodular
      reddish black lesion in the urethra without adjacent satellite lesions was found.
      Histologic examination revealed that the tumor was made up of closely spaced,
      anaplastic, spheroidal or polyhedal cells. Intracellular brown pigment was richly
      present, gave a negative reaction for iron, but stained black with Masson
      Fontana's method. Further examination for evaluating metastases including bone
      scintigraphy, computer tomographic scan, chest X-ray film were negative. Due to
      his poor risk, radical operation such as cystourethrectomy might be undesirable.
      We performed TUR to relieve urethral obstruction, because the patient refused
      cystostomy. He died of wide spread metastases at 6 months after the operation.
      This case seems to be the second report in the Japanese literature.

PMID- 2658507
TI  - [A case of hemangiopericytoma in the retroperitoneal cavity and a review of
      literature in Japan].
AB  - A case of hemangiopericytoma in the pelvic retroperitoneum is reported. The
      patient, a 45-year-old man, visited us with a complaint of sudden urinary
      retention. Intravenous pyelogram and computerized tomographic scan revealed a
      large pelvic mass displacing the bladder to the left superiorly. Laparotomy was
      performed, and biopsy showed the mass to be a malignant hemangiopericytoma. He
      underwent a surgical excision after receiving irradiation to the true pelvis and
      embolization of right internal iliac. He developed multiple pulmonary and liver
      metastases and died 2 years after surgery. Thirty cases of retroperitoneal
      hemangiopericytoma reported in Japan are reviewed.

PMID- 2658508
TI  - [A case of papillary cystadenoma of epididymis].
AB  - We present a case of papillary cystadenoma of the right epididymis in a 52-year
      old man. He visited our hospital complaining of painless mass in his right
      scrotum. This painless hard mass was palpable at the head of his right epididymis
      and was 1 cm in diameter. Right epididymectomy was performed. A histological
      examination revealed epithelial proliferation of ectatic efferent ducts and
      microcysts filled with papillary processes, and a diagnosis of papillary
      cystadenoma of the right epididymis was made. In Japan, our present case is the
      12th of papillary cystadenoma of epididymis. We chiefly reviewed the clinical
      aspects of this disease, especially the relationship between this disease and von
      Hippel-Lindau's disease.

PMID- 2658509
TI  - [A case of advanced paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma].
AB  - A case of paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma is presented. An 18-year-old male was
      admitted with the complaint of giant scrotal swelling and abdominal fullness on
      September 5, 1986. Left radical orchiectomy was performed with the pathologic
      diagnosis of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The tumor was paratesticular in location
      and had invaded a spermatic cord. Radiological examination showed a gross
      metastatic mass in retroperitoneal lymph nodes, supraclavicular lymph nodes and
      Douglas pouch. The patient received induction chemotherapy containing
      vincristine, actinomycin-D, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin, CDDP and VP-16. After 3
      courses, he had no mass in Douglas pouch and supraclavicular lesion. He received
      retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for residual retroperitoneal mass, and
      postoperative radiotherapy was given. However, recurrent disease was developed in
      the paraaortic region with malignant ascites. He was treated with salvage
      chemotherapy, had without any significant effect. He died of liver dysfunction
      due to progressive mass in hepatic hilum. A review of the current approach of
      paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma with the usefulness of combination chemotherapy
      is given.

PMID- 2658510
TI  - [Giant liposarcoma of the spermatic cord: a case report].
AB  - A case of giant liposarcoma of the spermatic cord was reported. A 75-year-old man
      was admitted with a 25-year history of a slowly growing left scrotal solid mass
      without trans-illumination. The removed huge mass measuring 26.0 x 16.5 x 20.0 cm
      and weighing 4,500 g was confirmed to be a well-differentiated liposarcoma
      according to WHO classification. The patient died of acute pneumonia 5 months
      later, although the postoperative course was uneventful and he had no sign of
      recurrence.

PMID- 2658511
TI  - [Two cases of pathological dilatation of seminal duct end].
AB  - Two cases of male infertility due to pathological dilatation of seminal duct end
      are reported. One patient was 33 years old. He was diagnosed with azoospermia by
      semen analysis. The cystic wall of the seminal duct end was incised by a cold
      knife on the urethral scope. After the operation, 100,000-500,000/ml sperms were
      found in his semen. The other patient was 31 years old. He was diagnosed with
      severe oligoasthenozoospermia. He was operated on in a similar operation. After
      operation, the findings of his semen analysis improved exceedingly, and his wife
      became pregnant.

PMID- 2658512
TI  - [Clinical efficacy of ceftriaxone administered once daily against
      pyelonephritis].
AB  - Ceftriaxone (CTRX) was evaluated for clinical efficacy on uncomplicated and
      complicated pyelonephritis by administering 2 g once daily for 5 days to 16
      female patients between 20 and 65 years old (average: 39.7 years); i.e., 3 with
      uncomplicated pyelonephritis and 13 with complicated pyelonephritis. The
      pathogens in all 3 cases of uncomplicated pyelonephritis were E. coli. All of
      them disappeared after the treatment. Twenty-two strains of 10 strains of
      bacteria were isolated from the 13 cases of complicated pyelonephritis. Twenty of
      the 22 (91%) strains disappeared. The clinical efficacy was evaluated according
      to the Criteria for Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agents on
      UTI Japan in 15 cases except for 1 case of the complicated type where the CTRX
      administration was discontinued after the initial dose due to an adverse event.
      The efficacy rate was 100% in the 3 uncomplicated cases; 'excellent' in 1 case
      and 'good' in 2, and 92% in 12 of the complicated cases; 'excellent' in 9, 'good'
      in 2 and 'poor' in 1 (infection was with multiple pathogens including P.
      aeruginosa). No abnormal values were observed in any cases except for a slight
      increase in glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase in one case
      and skin rash in another case which appeared following the initial dose and
      required the immediate withdrawal of the drug. CTRX is characterized by a long
      half-life and shows a strong antibacterial activity against GNRs, especially E.
      coli. The efficacy rate was high particularly following the initial dose in the
      acute stage of pyelonephritis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658513
TI  - [Effects of long-term administration of oxybutynin hydrochloride (KL007) for the
      treatment of neurogenic bladder and unstable bladder].
AB  - The efficacy and safety of long-term administration of oxybutynin hydrochloride
      in patients with neurogenic bladder and unstable bladder, who complained of
      urinary frequency, urgency and incontinence, and whose bladder was proved to be
      uninhibited, reflex, and/or low compliant, were studied at the multi-center
      hospitals, and the following results were obtained. This study comprised 149
      cases but 8 of them were excluded because of the incomplete protocol. Thus, 141
      cases (104 neurogenic bladder patients, 33 unstable bladder patients and 4
      others) were investigated. The daily dosage of Oxybutynin hydrochloride ranged
      from 1 to 18 mg, and averaged at 6.6 mg. Since a small daily dosage of 3 mg was
      administered in 32 cases to examine the minimum effective dosage of the drug, the
      low average dosage possibly resulted. The clinical optimal dosage seemed to be
      more than 6.6 mg. The average period of administration in all cases was 161.7
      days (1-336 days), and the drug was discontinued in 46 cases (33.6%) on average
      62.1 days (1-141 days). The rate of global improvement by this drug estimated at
      the time of completion was found to be 65.6% with excellent and good and 87.8%
      with excellent, good and fair. The efficacy of this drug was stable and not
      decreased during the long-term test period. As to the objective findings studied
      before, during and after the drug administration, cystometric bladder capacity
      was significantly increased both first desire to void and the total capacity.
      Voided volume and residual urine were also increased, but there was no change in
      the rate of residual urine. Side effects were observed in 37 (26.2%) of 141
      cases, and mainly gastrointestinal signs such as dry mouth and constipation.
      Urological signs such as dysuria and urinary retention were experienced in 8
      cases. Regarding the findings of laboratory tests, there were no abnormality
      except for small changes of some items in normal range. Six children who were
      younger than 15 years old were subjected to this study. The results of evaluation
      were similar to those obtained on adults and no side effects were observed. From
      these findings, oxybutynin hydrochloride is considered an effective and useful
      drug in patients suffering from neurogenic bladder and unstable bladder with over
      active bladder condition.

PMID- 2658514
TI  - [Congenital unilateral multicystic kidney in an adult].
AB  - Congenital unilateral multicystic kidney is relatively rare in adult (16% in
      adult, and 84% in children). Most of the adult cases are asymptomatic, and should
      be followed up conservatively, but nephrectomy was performed in many cases
      reported in Japan, because it was difficult to distinguish those cases from renal
      tuberculosis. Here we present one adult case, and discuss its clinical findings,
      diagnosis, treatment, etiology and embryology.

PMID- 2658515
TI  - Rediscovered poem after 53 years.

PMID- 2658516
TI  - The quiet man.

PMID- 2658517
TI  - Panic disorder.
AB  - Panic disorder affects an estimated 1.4 percent of the general population. Nearly
      70 percent of patients with panic disorder may also suffer from a major
      depressive disorder at some time in their lives. Both disorders respond to
      tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Alprazolam is also an
      effective antipanic agent. Because avoidance behaviour (agoraphobia) often
      follows the onset of panic disorder, behavioral interventions are an important
      adjunct to management.

PMID- 2658518
TI  - Chronic hepatitis.

PMID- 2658519
TI  - Screening for breast cancer. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Washington,
      D.C.

PMID- 2658520
TI  - Effects of dexamethasone elution on tissue reaction around stimulating electrodes
      of endocardial pacing leads in dogs.
AB  - A pair of endocardial pacemaker leads, identical except for the presence or
      absence of dexamethasone elution from the distal stimulating electrode, was
      implanted into the right ventricle of each of 12 dogs for either 3 weeks (n = six
      pairs) or 6 weeks (n = six pairs). Fibrous connective tissue sheaths (0.04 to
      0.20 mm thick) formed around the distal porous-surfaced stimulating electrodes
      because of proliferation of endocardial connective tissue and adherence and
      organization of thrombus. Connective tissue sheaths were composed of fibroblasts
      within an abundant collagen matrix and contained scattered macrophages,
      lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells. Connective tissue sheaths around
      dexamethasone-eluting leads were thinner (p less than 0.03), less cellular (p
      less than 0.10), and had fewer mast cells (p less than 0.10) than corresponding
      nonsteroid leads. There was mild multifocal interstitial fibrosis, myofiber
      atrophy, and myofibrillar lysis in the adjacent myocardium. Thresholds for
      electrical stimulation of the myocardium were consistently lower for pacing leads
      with dexamethasone-eluting stimulating electrodes than for leads without
      dexamethasone.

PMID- 2658521
TI  - Laminin distribution and autoantibodies to laminin in dilated cardiomyopathy and
      myocarditis.
AB  - With the use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique and indirect
      immunofluorescence, we determined the frequency of antibodies to laminin (a
      noncollagenous protein of basement membrane) and their influence on
      endomyocardial laminin distribution in 132 patients suffering from dilated
      cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Seventy-eight percent of 91 patients with dilated
      cardiomyopathy and 73% of 41 patients with myocarditis exhibited significantly
      elevated anti-laminin antibody levels compared with 68 apparently healthy
      persons. A positive correlation was found between hemodynamic data and irregular
      myocardial immunofluorescence laminin staining patterns in dilated cardiomyopathy
      and myocarditis. With regard to recent studies, these data suggest that
      antibodies to laminin in dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis enhance clusters
      of cell-surface laminin, inducing an alteration of the cytoskeleton, which may
      account for functional abnormalities in dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis.
      Considering the fact that optical microscopy is unable to resolve sarcolemmal
      structures proper from the basement membranes, the high prevalence of laminin
      autoantibodies in dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis raises doubts as to the
      diagnostic value of direct immunofluorescence findings.

PMID- 2658522
TI  - Interdependence of the left and right ventricles in health and disease.
AB  - Since the publication of Bernheim's report it has been clear that the anatomic
      and functional integrity of each ventricle is an important determinant of the
      functional characteristics of the other ventricle. How the ventricles interact in
      health and disease has been of interest to many investigators. This article
      reviews and considers the structure and function of each ventricle as an
      independent subunit and as a unified pumping system in the healthy state and in
      various disease states.

PMID- 2658523
TI  - Centenary travelogue.

PMID- 2658524
TI  - Prognostic significance of the extent of myocardial injury in acute myocardial
      infarction treated by streptokinase (the GISSI trial).
AB  - To evaluate the different contributions of infarct site and infarct extent in
      determining the in-hospital outcome and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy, 8,731
      patients with a first Q-wave acute myocardial infarction (AMI) enrolled in the
      GISSI trial were studied. On the basis of the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram,
      the sample was classified in 2 ways: classic electrocardiographic site pattern
      (anterior, inferior, lateral and multiple location), and number of standard
      electrocardiographic leads with ischemic ST elevation (small, modest, large and
      extensive infarct in 2 to 9 leads). In-hospital mortality was evaluated according
      to infarct site, infarct extent and fibrinolytic treatment. The mortality rate
      was differently distributed in the various infarct sites. Streptokinase
      significantly reduced mortality only in anterior (13.8 vs 18.7%) and multiple
      site infarcts (8.1 vs 12.5%). According to the infarct extent observed, there is
      a progressive increase in the mortality rate--from 6.5% in small infarcts to 9.6%
      in modest, 14.3% in large and 21.7% in extensive. No significant benefit was
      obtained by streptokinase in small infarcts; in contrast, a significant decrease
      in mortality was achieved in modest (7.7 vs 11.4%), large (12.8 vs 16.6%) and
      extensive infarcts (19.5 vs 23.9%). Thus, the extent of myocardial injury seems
      to be more relevant than the site in determining in-hospital mortality and
      efficacy of thrombolytic therapy.

PMID- 2658525
TI  - Usefulness of penbutolol for systemic hypertension. Penbutolol Research Group.
AB  - Dose-response relations with penbutolol--a beta-adrenergic blocking agent--were
      evaluated in a double-blind multiclinic study conducted in 302 outpatients with
      mild to moderate hypertension (untreated supine diastolic blood pressure [BP]
      greater than or equal to 95 and less than or equal to 115 mm Hg). Penbutolol was
      administered once daily in 10, 20 or 40 mg doses for 6 weeks and compared with
      placebo. Mean declines from baseline in supine diastolic BP were comparable in
      the 3 penbutolol treatment groups and significantly superior to placebo (p less
      than 0.05). A significant difference between penbutolol dosage groups was
      observed only for supine systolic BP; the mean decline at 20 mg/day was
      significantly larger than that at 10 mg/day (p less than 0.05). Maximum BP
      response developed in approximately 4 weeks at 10 mg/day and in 2 weeks at the
      higher dosages. Decline in mean heart rate after 6 weeks of penbutolol therapy
      significantly exceeded placebo only at 40 mg/day (7.2 vs 2.5 beats/min, p less
      than 0.05). Treatment was well-tolerated and discontinued because of adverse
      effects in only 7 patients receiving penbutolol and 3 receiving placebo. The lack
      of significant bradycardia and the low incidence of other troublesome adverse
      effects are potential advantages during antihypertensive therapy with penbutolol.
      With rapid onset of effect and good efficacy and tolerability, the 20 mg once
      daily dose appears to be optimum for therapy with this new agent.

PMID- 2658526
TI  - Central and regional hemodynamic effects of flosequinan for congestive heart
      failure.
AB  - The central and regional hemodynamic effects of flosequinan, a new orally
      administered vasodilator, were examined in 10 patients with moderate to severe
      congestive heart failure. A single-blind design was used to compare a standard
      dose of flosequinan (100 mg) with placebo. Flosequinan produced a statistically
      significant increase in cardiac output, primarily through its augmentation of
      stroke volume. This response was accompanied by significant reductions in
      systemic vascular resistances and right and left ventricular filling pressures. A
      reduction in pulmonary artery pressure and total pulmonary vascular resistance
      also was observed. The vasodilatory actions of flosequinan improved overall left
      ventricular performance; the inotropic indexes measured were not altered. There
      were no significant changes in upper limb, renal or hepatic-splanchnic blood flow
      or in the vascular resistances of these regions after flosequinan administration.
      The upper limb venous capacitance increased significantly. First-dose flosequinan
      evokes favorable central hemodynamic changes and improves overall left
      ventricular performance in patients with congestive heart failure. The acute
      augmentation in cardiac output, however, is not accompanied by a preferential
      alteration of flow to any of the major vascular regions studied.

PMID- 2658527
TI  - Influence of endothelin on human coronary arteries and localization of its
      binding sites.
AB  - Endothelin, a 21 amino acid peptide synthesized by cultured porcine aortic
      endothelial cells, has recently been identified and shown to produce a potent and
      prolonged constriction of mammalian blood vessels in vitro. Using tissue obtained
      from explanted hearts at the time of cardiac transplantation, the response of
      isolated human epicardial coronary arteries to endothelin was studied. The
      presence of endothelin binding sites was demonstrated in these vessels using an
      autoradiographic technique. Endothelin produced a dose-dependent increase of
      tension in the isolated coronary vessels with a maximal tension achieved equal to
      135% of that induced by 90 mM of potassium. The maximal response was slow to
      develop and had a prolonged duration of 15 to 20 minutes. Nicardipine (4 microM)
      failed to affect the contraction induced by low doses of endothelin, but
      decreased the tension obtained at high doses. However, adenosine, substance P and
      glyceryl trinitrate were all effective in reversing the contraction induced by
      endothelin, while indomethacin and acetylcholine were ineffective. These features
      differ from those of other endogenous constrictor agents and make endothelin a
      potential candidate for long-term modulation of vascular tone.

PMID- 2658528
TI  - Effects of arterial dilator agents on central aortic systolic pressure and on
      left ventricular hydraulic load.
AB  - Recordings of pressure in the brachial or peripheral arteries fail to disclose
      the marked increase in systolic pressure that occurs in the proximal aorta and
      central arteries with increasing age and with hypertension. This systolic
      pressure boost is caused by wave reflection returning from the periphery of the
      body while the ventricle is still contracting. Such early wave reflection is
      caused in turn by increased pulse-wave velocity, attributable to stiffening of
      the aorta and major conduit arteries. Drugs have little effect on arterial
      stiffening, whereas wave reflection can be markedly reduced by agents that dilate
      peripheral arteries. Such reduction in wave reflection causes substantial
      decrease of systolic pressure in central arteries. Because of differential timing
      of wave reflection, however, such reduction is not apparent from pressure
      recordings taken in the brachial or other peripheral arteries. The
      sphygmomanometer, therefore, fails to show the favorable effects of reduced wave
      reflection in the proximal aorta and central arteries. Noninvasive tonometric
      pressure wave recordings can supplement the sphygmomanometer to assess the
      magnitude of beneficial effect.

PMID- 2658529
TI  - Dilevalol compared with propranolol and placebo for systemic hypertension.
AB  - Dilevalol is a new antihypertensive agent that is both a vasodilator, through its
      beta 2-agonist action, and a nonselective beta antagonist. Two multicenter,
      double-blind studies were performed: study 1 compared dilevalol administered once
      daily with either dilevalol or propranolol every 12 hours; study 2 compared
      dilevalol administered once daily with placebo. Both studies had a placebo run-in
      period to establish that the baseline supine diastolic blood pressures were
      consistent in the mild to moderate severity range (95 to 115 mm Hg) at 2
      consecutive visits for study 1 and in the mild severity range (95 to 105 mm Hg)
      in study 2. Patients then were randomized to the double-blind titration phase,
      during which doses were titrated over a 9-week period to achieve a supine
      diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg and a decrease from baseline of
      greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg. Patients were then maintained on a fixed dose
      for 2 months (study 1) or for 1 month (study 2). Dilevalol given once daily was
      as effective in reducing supine diastolic blood pressure as dilevalol every 12
      hours and propranolol every 12 hours (study 1) and was superior to placebo (p
      less than 0.001) (study 2). In both studies, dilevalol given once daily was
      effective and well tolerated. The side-effect profile of dilevalol was similar to
      that of placebo and different from that of propranolol. Treatment with dilevalol
      resulted in significantly less fatigue (p less than 0.05), bradycardia (less than
      50 beats/minute) and mental depression than with propranolol, but significantly
      (p less than 0.05) more diarrhea/loose stools.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658530
TI  - Hypertension, changes in high-density lipoproteins and antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - The risk for development of coronary heart disease (CHD) is related to a number
      of factors. Among these, both hypertension and various lipid abnormalities have
      been shown to play an important role. A clear inverse relation between high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and CHD has been observed in numerous
      observational and short studies. Pharmacologic treatment of hypertension has been
      shown to reduce dramatically some of the sequelae of high blood pressure--renal
      failure, cerebrovascular accidents and congestive heart failure. However, a
      consistent reduction in associated CHD has not been demonstrated, and the
      dissociation between reducing blood pressure and reduction in CHD has not been
      definitively explained. One of the suggested explanations relates to alterations
      in blood lipid levels that may be induced by certain antihypertensive agents.
      Changes in HDL cholesterol levels or other lipid alterations due to
      antihypertensive therapy could modify the beneficial effects achieved by the
      direct reduction of blood pressure. If so, antihypertensive agents could be
      subclassified as atherogenic or antiatherogenic depending on the associated
      changes in lipid levels. Therefore, the antihypertensive agents of choice for
      patients whose cholesterol levels are a concern would be those that reduce the
      CHD risk factor of hypertension without compromising the risk factor associated
      with a patient's lipid profile.

PMID- 2658531
TI  - Clinical characteristics and natural history of survivors of pulmonary congestion
      during acute myocardial infarction. The Multicenter Postinfarction Research
      Group.
AB  - Although pulmonary congestion during acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is
      recognized as an important adverse event, the detailed clinical features, natural
      history and predictive value of standard diagnostic tests in such patients have
      not been well characterized. As part of a multicenter prospective postinfarction
      trial, 123 patients with pulmonary congestion during AMI, who survived and were
      discharged from the coronary care unit, were studied. These patients were
      compared with similar patients who did not develop pulmonary congestion. Patients
      with pulmonary congestion had a significantly higher 1-year mortality rate
      compared with 744 patients without pulmonary congestion during AMI (28 vs 5.5%).
      Patients with pulmonary congestion were characterized by a lower ejection
      fraction, more frequent anterior infarction, diminished ability to perform
      exercise testing and higher incidence of subsequent cardiac events. Even without
      these variables, pulmonary congestion was associated with increased mortality. In
      patients with pulmonary congestion, ejection fraction (dichotomized at 30%) and
      exercise testing were the most discriminating tests in risk stratification. An
      ejection fraction greater than 30% and completion of the exercise test was
      associated with a 7% mortality while an ejection fraction less than 30% and
      inability to take or complete the exercise test was associated with a 44% 1-year
      mortality. A greater incidence of reinfarction, ischemia during exercise and
      ischemic events at the time of death in the pulmonary congestion group suggests
      that ischemia may be an important factor in this high risk category.

PMID- 2658532
TI  - Continuous aortic regurgitation in severely dysfunctional native hearts after
      heterotopic cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Doppler techniques were used to investigate the frequency and characteristics of
      aortic regurgitation (AR) in the severely deteriorated native heart after
      heterotopic cardiac transplantation. Ten patients were studied in whom the native
      left ventricular fractional shortening was less than 6%. AR was detected by
      Doppler in 6 patients. The AR was continuous throughout the cardiac cycle in 3
      patients, continuous when present (but not occurring with every beat) in 2
      patients and present throughout diastole and continued into midsystole in the
      remaining patient. AR was associated with abnormalities of aortic valve opening
      (either its complete or intermittent absence) and with poor forward flow and even
      reversed flow through the native heart. It is postulated that AR in this group
      mainly occurs as a result of abnormal locking of the aortic valve due to severely
      impaired left ventricular ejection. Abnormal left ventricular diastolic function
      and enlargement may also be contributory.

PMID- 2658533
TI  - Hypoglycemia-induced silent myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2658534
TI  - Fructose-induced in vivo insulin resistance and elevated plasma triglyceride
      levels in rats.
AB  - Insulin action was assessed by using the hyperinsulinemic (approximately 800
      pmol/L) euglycemic clamp in rats fed equal amounts of glucose or fructose (35% of
      calories) for 4 wk. The glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia was
      decreased in fructose-fed animals (14.6 +/- 1.4 vs 21.8 +/- 1.1 for glucose-fed
      rats, p less than 0.001) with this whole-body effect contributed to equally by an
      impairment in hepatic insulin action and a reduction in peripheral glucose
      disposal in a range of tissues. There was no difference in basal glucose
      turnover, energy expenditure, or postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses
      to the diets. In the fructose-fed rats there was an increase in fasting
      triglyceride levels by 2 wk. Euglycemic clamp glucose disposal correlated
      positively and clamp hepatic glucose output correlated negatively with fasting
      triglyceride levels. In summary, fructose but not glucose feeding led to impaired
      insulin action in both the liver and peripheral tissues, effects that may depend
      on antecedent circulating triglyceride levels.

PMID- 2658535
TI  - Dietary carbohydrate-to-fat ratio: influence on whole-body nitrogen retention,
      substrate utilization, and hormone response in healthy male subjects.
AB  - The effect of a high-carbohydrate and a high-fat diet on nitrogen retention,
      substrate utilization, and serum hormone concentrations was assessed in six
      healthy male subjects. Both diets were fed at a level estimated to provide
      maintenance and 75% maintenance energy requirements. Urine and feces were
      collected and analyzed for N and energy content. Anthropometric measurements;
      fasting and postprandial oxygen consumption; and serum levels of glucose,
      triglycerides, and metabolic hormones were measured. The high-fat diet increased
      N retention at both energy levels with significance reached at maintenance energy
      intakes (p less than 0.05). The high-fat diet resulted in less weight loss (p
      less than 0.05) at low energy and a consistently lower respiratory quotient (p
      less than 0.05), indicative of increased fat oxidation. The N sparing effect of
      the high-fat diet did not appear to be explained by hormone levels observed but
      may be substrate mediated.

PMID- 2658536
TI  - Xylitol vs glucose: effect on the rate of gastric emptying and motilin, insulin,
      and gastric inhibitory polypeptide release.
AB  - The effect of xylitol and glucose on the rate of gastric emptying and intestinal
      transit and on motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and insulin release
      were studied in human volunteers. A single oral dose of 200 mL water containing
      30 g glucose or 30 g xylitol, mixed with a 99mtechnetium-tin (99mTc-Sn) colloid,
      was used. Similar dosing without the label was used in motilin, GIP, and insulin
      studies. Xylitol decreased the rate of gastric emptying but concomitantly
      accelerated intestinal transit compared with glucose. The half-times for gastric
      emptying were 77.5 +/- 4.6 and 39.8 +/- 3.4 min after ingestion of xylitol and
      glucose solutions, respectively. Glucose suppressed motilin and stimulated GIP
      secretion; xylitol stimulated motilin secretion but had no effect on GIP, which
      is currently the main candidate for the role of enterogastrone. The accelerated
      intestinal transit and increase in plasma motilin observed after xylitol
      ingestion were thought to be causally related to the diarrhea and
      gastrointestinal discomfort produced by it.

PMID- 2658537
TI  - High-dose chemotherapy and autologous marrow transplantation for
      esthesioneuroblastoma and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma.
AB  - Eight patients with recurrent esthesioneuroblastoma or sinonasal undifferentiated
      carcinoma of the nasal or sinus cavities were treated with high-dose chemotherapy
      and autologous bone marrow transplantation. All patients had stage C disease
      initially and had received extensive prior conventional treatment with surgery,
      radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Two patients achieved prolonged relapse-free
      survival for 18+ and 60 months. The latter patient relapsed at 60 months, but
      died of progressive disease after a second transplant. Two additional patients
      remain alive without disease progression at 17+ and 31+ months posttransplant. No
      deaths occurred secondary to toxicity. Progression of tumor accounted for failure
      in five patients. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow
      transplantation should be considered as a salvage regimen for selected patients
      who fail conventional therapy for these diseases.

PMID- 2658538
TI  - Brain metastases in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Recent advances in pleural malignant mesothelioma include the sequential use of
      palliative surgery, perioperative radiation therapy, and systemic chemotherapy.
      Radical treatments may not only palliate but also improve survival in some
      patients. The latter may be associated with the appearance of metastases in
      unusual sites including the central nervous system. In malignant mesothelioma,
      brain metastases were previously reported in 19 patients at autopsy and in only 1
      patient antemortem. We detail the clinical presentation in the second patient
      with pleural malignant mesothelioma thus far reported to develop brain
      metastases. The difficulties in diagnosis, the role of immunoperoxidase stains in
      malignant mesothelioma, excellent tolerance of different modalities of treatment,
      and a review of the literature of brain metastases in mesothelioma are discussed.
      Based on our report, the possibility of brain metastases should be investigated
      by careful clinical examination prior to a radical treatment in patients with
      progressive refractory mesothelioma.

PMID- 2658539
TI  - Dose-ranging antiemetic trial of high-dose oral metoclopramide.
AB  - The present trial with high oral doses of metoclopramide was undertaken to (a)
      determine a well-tolerated dosage of oral metoclopramide; (b) measure the blood
      levels achieved with these oral doses; (c) determine the side effects of high
      doses; and (d) observe for antiemetic efficacy. Thirty-six patients receiving
      emesis-producing chemotherapy consisting primarily of high intravenous (i.v.)
      doses of cyclophosphamide plus adriamycin or cisplatin received 48 courses of
      oral metoclopramide. The metoclopramide dosage was escalated in six steps from
      0.5 to 3.0 mg/kg and was given 1/2 h before chemotherapy, then 1 1/2, 3 1/2, 7
      1/2, 11 1/2, and 15 1/2 after chemotherapy. Diphenhydramine (50 mg orally) was
      given with the first, third, and fifth dosages. Toxicity was generally mild, not
      dose related, and similar to that observed with the i.v. drug with the exception
      of an increased incidence of acute dystonic reactions. Antiemetic effects were
      observed at each dose level. In patients receiving oral metoclopramide doses of 2
      or 3 mg/kg, all achieved serum levels greater than 1,000 ng/ml. High-dose oral
      metoclopramide was well tolerated and demonstrated antiemetic effects at the dose
      levels explored. We recommend 2-3 mg/kg oral metoclopramide doses with 50 mg
      diphenhydramine for use in future trials.

PMID- 2658540
TI  - Chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide as an
      adjunct to surgery in stage Ic-II epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecologic
      Oncology Group of the Comprehensive Cancer Center.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with stage Ic-II ovarian cancer (8 stage Ic and 17 stage IIb
      c) were treated with total tumor removal followed by six cycles of chemotherapy
      consisting of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (CAP-1) i.v. on day 1,
      every 4 weeks. Of 18 patients in whom a second look was performed, 16 (89%)
      achieved a pathologically documented complete response and 2 had positive
      peritoneal washings at second look. Seven patients did not undergo second-look
      laparotomy. All had no clinical evidence of disease. One patient with stage Ic
      relapsed and died after 40 months. Nine patients with stage II relapsed, and 8
      died after a median of 25 months (range, 18-58 months). The overall relapse rate
      in all patients was therefore 40% (95% confidence interval: 21-61%). Median
      follow-up of all patients is 5 years (range, 40-85 months). The 5-year survival
      of patients with early-stage ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin-based
      chemotherapy appears to be at least as good as reported with the use of
      postoperative irradiation or intraperitoneal radioactive phosphate. Optimal
      treatment of these patients remains to be further defined.

PMID- 2658541
TI  - Interstitial microwave hyperthermia combined with iridium-192 radiotherapy for
      recurrent tumors.
AB  - From 1985 through 1987, 44 tumors in 39 patients with recurrent cancer were
      treated with interstitial microwave hyperthermia (HT) combined with interstitial
      192Ir radiotherapy (RT). All patients had unresectable and previously treated
      tumors (mean RT dose 57.6 Gy). Diagnoses were squamous cell carcinoma in 27
      (62%), adenocarcinoma in 11 (25%), melanoma in 5 (11%), and soft tissue sarcoma
      in 1 (2%) site. Interstitial RT dose was from 25 to 50 Gy (mean 38.3 Gy). The
      first HT session was scheduled immediately before the loading of 192Ir, and the
      second was scheduled following its removal. Each session lasted 45-60 min at
      therapeutic temperature (42.5 degrees C). Complete response (CR) was obtained in
      28 (64%) sites and partial response (PR) in 15 (34%) sites. None of the CR
      patients had local recurrence. Tumor volume was the most important factor
      influencing CR (p less than 0.001). The treated site, radiation dose, and thermal
      dose were not significant factors for CR (p = 0.03). The overall median survival
      was 39 weeks, with a 2-year survival of 22%. The treatment was well tolerated,
      with two patients developing focal skin necrosis.

PMID- 2658542
TI  - Sex steroid receptors in lymphoid cells of human endometrium.
AB  - Sex steroid hormone action on target tissues is mediated through binding of
      estrogen and progesterone to specific intranuclear proteins, the estrogen and
      progesterone receptors (ER and PR). Therefore, in the present report the authors
      investigated for the presence of ER and PR in lymphoid cells of endometrial
      stroma that may serve as potential targets for estrogen- and progesterone
      mediated effects in endometrium. The presence of ER was shown in nine
      proliferative and ten secretory endometria and the presence of PR in three
      secretory and one proliferative endometria. ER and PR were localized by
      monoclonal antibodies, to the nuclei of cells, with the use of, respectively,
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC)
      methods. Lymphoid cells were then delineated by decoration of their plasma
      membranes with the use of monoclonal antibodies to HLA-DR, leukocyte common
      antigen (LCA), Leu-4 (CD3), and IL-2 receptor molecules with the use of an ABC
      staining procedure. A group of cells in the lymphoid aggregates in endometrial
      stroma showing membranous staining for HLA-DR, LCA, and Leu-4 molecules had
      nuclear ER. IL-2 receptor-positive cells were rare in endometrium, and no PR
      positive cells were found in lymphoid aggregates. Furthermore, HLA-DR and ER were
      expressed in the glandular and surface epithelium in the proliferative phase and
      in occasional glands in the basalis in the late secretory phase. The presence of
      an ER-positive lymphoid cell population in endometrial lymphoid aggregates
      suggests that these cells may serve as target cells for estrogen.

PMID- 2658543
TI  - Phenylketonuria screening: avoiding a source of error by simplifying the
      procedure.

PMID- 2658544
TI  - Skeletal changes in vertical and anterior displacement of the maxilla with bonded
      rapid palatal expansion appliances.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether anterior and inferior
      displacement of the maxilla seen with rapid palatal expansion when done with a
      banded rapid palatal expansion appliance is significantly different from an
      occlusally bonded rapid palatal expansion appliance. It was hypothesized that the
      bonded appliance would limit unwanted displacement of the maxilla by producing
      vertical forces on both arches in a manner similar to a functional appliance. The
      study was conducted using the bonded appliance on 20 adolescents and comparing
      the results with those of a banded appliance population--namely, 60 cases from
      Wertz's study. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken before treatment and
      again after the expansion appliances were removed. The results of this study
      suggest that the downward and anterior displacement of the maxilla often
      associated with the banded rapid palatal expansion appliance may be negated or
      minimized with the more versatile bonded appliance.

PMID- 2658545
TI  - Computer-assisted location of reference points in three dimensions for
      radiographic cephalometry.
AB  - A major obstacle to the derivation of three-dimensional data from lateral and
      coronal radiographs of the head has been the lack of precision in locating the
      same landmarks on each of the biplanar images. The method described herein uses
      radiographic equations based on the geometry of a biplanar system to predict the
      location of a reference point on one film from its location on the other. This
      technique, which differs from previously described systems, allows a pair of
      cephalometric films to be digitized by an on-line procedure controlled by a
      personal computer. Three-dimensional coordinates of reference points are
      calculated and stored for subsequent retrieval when they can be used for metric
      analysis or for the display of simple wire-frame models of the skull. Computing
      algorithms are provided to aid software development.

PMID- 2658546
TI  - A review of clinical research in orthodontics.
AB  - The orthodontic journals should provide valid and reliable information that helps
      clinicians make appropriate decisions about patient care. The nature of the
      published literature has not been categorized. The American Journal of
      Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (formerly the American Journal of
      Orthodontics) was reviewed for the years 1976, 1981, and 1986, to determine the
      frequency of clinical articles, the topics reported, the study designs used to
      obtain information, the senior author affiliation, and the major funding sources.
      This review demonstrates that more than half the articles in this Journal report
      data on patients, with the majority focusing on the evaluation or description of
      therapeutic interventions. Academic institutions contribute the majority of the
      clinical research, although only a few student theses are published. The major
      support for this work continues to be from departmental resources with little
      external funding. Despite the introduction of powerful research designs such as
      randomized clinical trials, these methods have not been widely adopted for
      orthodontic clinical research. The case report (study containing fewer than 10
      patients with no control nor comparison group) continues to be the most
      frequently published format. Clinicians should become aware of the inherent
      weakness in the research designs generally used and recognize the limited
      information that can be obtained from such methods. Support for this research
      needs to be greatly expanded if the more powerful type of study required to
      provide valid and reliable clinical information is to be continued.

PMID- 2658547
TI  - Cephalometric appraisal of patients treated with fixed lingual orthodontic
      appliances: historic review and analysis of cases.
AB  - In the first part of this article, a retrospective look was taken of evolvement
      and progression in design of the lingual fixed orthodontic appliance. The second
      part is a retrospective study of treated lingual cases. By the use of
      standardized cephalometric radiographs, selected treatment parameters were
      analyzed:--namely, bite opening, changes in mandibular position, inclination,
      torque and intrusion of incisors, and soft-tissue effects. For the clinician who
      uses this treatment modality, the most significant effects are the bite opening,
      intrusion of the mandibular incisors (particularly in extraction cases), and
      limited reduction of lower lip protrusion. The mandibular plane angle and torque
      and inclination of incisors did not follow a consistent and predictable pattern.
      On the basis of the study's findings, it is suggested that lingual fixed
      appliance therapy is a useful supplement to our treatment modalities; good
      results are both realistic and possible.

PMID- 2658548
TI  - Evaluation of the vomiting infant.
AB  - This 12-month prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the cost, risk, and
      benefit of ultrasound followed by upper gastrointestinal series for the
      evaluation of the infant who vomits. Results suggest minimal morbidity from the
      upper gastrointestinal series, only a 33% reduction in the number of upper
      gastrointestinal series performed, and a 95% increase in cost if this imaging
      sequence is used. We conclude that the use of ultrasound for the initial
      evaluation of vomiting in infants substantially increases the cost with no
      meaningful decrease in morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2658549
TI  - Marked transient alkaline phosphatemia following pediatric liver transplantation.
AB  - An isolated marked transient rise in serum alkaline phosphatase levels in
      otherwise healthy children is a well-documented occurrence. However, in children
      undergoing liver transplantation, elevated alkaline phosphatase values raise the
      possibility of biliary obstruction, rejection, or both. During a 6-year period, 6
      of 278 children undergoing liver transplantation exhibited a similar phenomenon
      as an isolated abnormality. None had rejection, biliary obstruction, or other
      allograft dysfunction during a long follow-up. Eventually and without
      intervention, the alkaline phosphatase levels returned to normal. These
      instructive cases suggest that caution be used in advocating invasive procedures
      if elevated alkaline phosphatase levels are an isolated abnormality, and close
      observation with noninvasive testing is recommended.

PMID- 2658550
TI  - Toxoplasmosis needs evaluation. An overview and proposals.

PMID- 2658551
TI  - Colonic and anorectal dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in patients with multiple sclerosis. In a
      recent survey of 280 unselected patients with multiple sclerosis, 68% reported
      constipation and/or fecal incontinence. In contrast to bladder dysfunction which
      has been extensively studied, bowel dysfunction in this disease has received
      relatively little attention. This review outlines the clinical features and
      pathophysiology of constipation and fecal incontinence in multiple sclerosis and
      presents treatment options and suggestions for investigation of colonic and
      anorectal dysfunction in this population.

PMID- 2658552
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay of gastric luminal prostaglandin E2 in duodenal ulcer disease.
AB  - A highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay was used to determine gastric juice
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in control subjects with or without gastritis and
      in both active or inactive duodenal ulcer patients. Mean pentagastrin-stimulated
      PGE2 concentration was significantly lower in patients with duodenal ulcer than
      in control subjects considered as a whole group (with or without gastritis).
      However, no such difference was found between duodenal ulcer patients and
      controls showing histologically normal gastric mucosa. On the other hand,
      controls with chronic superficial gastritis had PGE2 levels significantly higher
      than those of histologically normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients.
      Therefore, it seems unlikely that an absolute gastric PGE2 deficiency is involved
      in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer disease. However, the possibility that PGE2
      synthesis could be deficient in relation to the prevailing level of mucosal
      inflammation cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2658553
TI  - Gastrinoma in a mesenteric lymph node.
AB  - A 36-yr-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of severe vomiting and
      diarrhea. Upper gastrointestinal series showed deformity of the duodenum. Serum
      gastrin level was very high (1,829 pg/ml) and secretin provocative test presented
      a positive result (peak 4,535 pg/ml). We diagnosed his illness as Zollinger
      Ellison syndrome, but failed to identify the site of tumor. His symptoms were
      controlled with cimetidine 1,600 mg qid, but serum gastrin level was increasing.
      A year after the first admission, computed tomographic scan and selective
      angiography demonstrated the tumor, and surgery was performed. A solitary 2-cm
      tumor was noted at the surface of mesenterium of the duodenum. Frozen and
      paraffin section of the tumor revealed islet cell tumor apparently within a lymph
      node. Immunohistological examination revealed positive staining for gastrin
      alone. No other tumors were detectable by inspection and palpation during the
      operation. After excision of the tumor, serum gastrin and secretion test were
      normalized, and the patient remains asymptomatic 1 yr after surgery.

PMID- 2658554
TI  - Unusual migration of a straight Amsterdam-type endoprosthesis for bile duct
      stones.
AB  - We describe an 84-yr-old woman in whom a straight Amsterdam-type biliary
      endoprosthesis was inserted because of endoscopically unremovable large common
      duct stones. After 18 months, the prosthesis migrated through the duodenum and
      the intrapancreatic portion of the bile duct, with its distal tip close to the
      vena cava and the aorta. In view of this high-risk complication, the authors
      avoid placing straight biliary endoprotheses for common bile duct stones in
      patients who might be lost to follow-up.

PMID- 2658556
TI  - Response to Goldie et al.

PMID- 2658555
TI  - Atenolol for prevention of rebleeding from esophageal varices in hepatic
      cirrhosis: results of a controlled, randomized pilot study.

PMID- 2658557
TI  - Re: "The evaluation of the data collection process for a multicenter, population
      based case-control design".

PMID- 2658558
TI  - Pathogenesis and significance of nonprimary focal and segmental
      glomerulosclerosis.
AB  - Injury of the glomerular microvasculature by nonimmunologic processes is often
      the underlying mechanism of progressive deterioration of renal function in
      patients with a variety of renal disorders. The structural hallmark of this
      injury is focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, often accompanied by entrapment
      of hyalin. Although such lesions are quite characteristic for diseases that
      primarily affect the glomerular podocyte, similar damage occurs in association
      with functional and structural adaptive changes that develop as a consequence of
      a significant loss of functioning nephrons or other systemic disorders.
      Experimental studies have revealed that such functional adaptations include
      intrarenal vasodilatation that through increases in glomerular capillary pressure
      and plasma flow leads to a significant compensatory hyperfiltration. This
      functional state is accompanied by a parallel increase in glomerular volume,
      attained chiefly by expansion of matrix components and an increase in the number
      of endothelial and mesangial cells, but not of podocytes. The persistence of the
      adaptive changes results in endothelial, mesangial, and epithelial cell
      dysfunction revealed clinically by proteinuria and structurally by the
      development of microthrombosis, microaneurysms, mesangial expansion, and
      occlusion of capillaries by hyalin accumulation. Although all these pathologic
      processes can lead to segmental collapse of the capillary tuft, it is the
      progressive hyalin deposition in capillaries with defective or detached podocytes
      that represents the major mechanism in the development of segmental and
      eventually global glomerulosclerosis. The inability of the highly differentiated
      podocyte to replicate in response to systemic or locally released trophic factors
      ultimately results in imperfections of the capillary wall that set the stage for
      permeability defects amplified and accentuated by greatly augmented hydrodynamic
      forces. These structural and functional microvascular changes acting in concert
      not only facilitate the transcapillary convection of macromolecules that results
      in albuminuria, but can also be anticipated to play a key role in the entrapment
      and accumulation of larger macromolecules in front of the lamina densa in the
      form of hyalin material. Continuing damage to the glomerular microvasculature
      exacerbates the adaptive changes in surviving nephrons, closing a positive
      feedback loop that culminates in end-stage renal failure.

PMID- 2658559
TI  - Selection of ESRD treatment: an international study.
AB  - Using the method of paired comparisons, we surveyed nephrologists in three
      different socioeconomic regions, North Carolina, Southern California, and
      Australia-New Zealand, to determine their preferences among the major end-stage
      renal disease (ESRD) treatment modalities. For comparison, we also determined how
      patients were assigned to the treatment modalities, based on registry data in the
      regions. Preferences were determined in for six standard ESRD treatment
      modalities--living related donor (LRD), four-antigen match, LRD two-antigen
      match, and cadaver (CAD) transplantation; and home peritoneal dialysis (HPD),
      home hemodialysis (HHD), and facility hemodialysis (FHD)--and for three
      categories of patients--patients with diabetes, patients over age 60, and
      patients in general. There was overall agreement in the ranking of treatments by
      the nephrologists from all three regions for each of the three patient
      categories; however, significant differences were noted between regions in
      preferences for certain modalities. Comparison within and between regions
      revealed striking disparities between preferences and practice. Analysis of these
      findings provides important insights into the process of ESRD treatment selection
      and identifies issues that merit further consideration.

PMID- 2658560
TI  - Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type II (dense-deposit disease): clinical
      features of progressive disease.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients presenting to the Royal Melbourne Hospital between 1968 and
      1988 with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type II with intramembranous dense
      deposits (dense-deposit disease, DDD) are analyzed. Patients were divided into
      two groups on the basis of whether renal function deteriorated (14 patients) or
      remained stable (13 patients). At presentation or during the course of the
      disease, heavy proteinuria, macroscopic hematuria, and high quantitative urinary
      red cell or white cell counts characterized patients with progressive disease.
      Patients with crescents on their initial renal biopsy or with large numbers of
      polymorphs in glomerular capillaries corresponding with sterile pyuria were more
      likely to have deterioration of renal function. The average time from onset of
      symptoms to development of end-stage renal disease was over 16 years. The
      patient's clinical course could not be anticipated by serum complement profiles,
      the presence of C3 nephritic factor, or partial lipodystrophy. Pregnancy did not
      affect the course of the disease. Six patients underwent renal transplantation
      and the disease recurred on renal biopsy in four. However, only two individuals
      lost renal allografts due to recurrent DDD.

PMID- 2658561
TI  - Unexpected renal biopsy findings in a febrile systemic lupus erythematosus
      patient with worsening renal function and heavy proteinuria.

PMID- 2658562
TI  - Glycogenosis type II: protein and DNA analysis in five South African families
      from various ethnic origins.
AB  - The molecular nature of lysosomal alpha-glucosidase deficiency was studied in
      five South African families with glycogenosis type II. Distinct ethnic origins
      were represented. Two new mutant acid alpha-glucosidase alleles were discovered.
      In two infantile patients from a consanguineous Indian family we found for the
      first time an acid alpha-glucosidase precursor of reduced size. The mutant
      precursor appeared normally glycosylated and phosphorylated but was not processed
      to mature enzyme. Abnormalities of the mRNA were not obvious, but digestion of
      genomic DNA with HindIII, BglII, and StuI revealed for each enzyme a fragment of
      increased length. Heterozygosity was demonstrated in the parents. Complete lack
      of acid alpha-glucosidase mRNA, as well as deficiency of precursor synthesis, was
      observed in two black baby girls from unrelated families. In these cases the
      length of all restriction-enzyme fragments was normal. Reduced enzyme synthesis
      but normal processing was registered in juvenile and young adult Cape colored
      patients. The extensive heterogeneity of glycogenosis type II is emphasized in
      these studies on various ethnic groups. The newly discovered mutants are valuable
      for the understanding of clinical diversity as a result of allelic variation.

PMID- 2658564
TI  - Standard setting and protection of human health and safety.
AB  - Human health and safety are determined by the behavior and performance of the
      individual, or of a piece of equipment, under the prevailing conditions. Setting
      health or safety standards, which will define a set of conditions to provide
      protection, requires consideration of many factors, including the level of
      protection required and the collection and assessment of factual information. The
      purpose of the paper is to identify and discuss the elements of the standard
      setting process and the major issues likely to be associated with it.
      Occupational exposure values and other initiatives to provide protection of human
      health from the potential effects of chemicals in Canada are reviewed in the
      context of recent initiatives and current pressures for change.

PMID- 2658563
TI  - Dystrophin analysis in clonal myoblasts derived from a Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy carrier.
AB  - Clonal myogenic cell cultures were established from a potential heterozygote for
      a mutant Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene who was also heterozygous for
      isozymes of the X-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Previous
      tissue culture studies of this muscle donor demonstrated equal proliferative
      capacity of myoblasts that had lyonized either the paternal or maternal X
      chromosome, indicating that mutation of the DMD gene does not affect growth of
      myoblasts. If this muscle donor were a gonadal mosaic, this conclusion would be
      incorrect. In the present study, only those myogenic colonies expressing the
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-A isozyme were found to express dystrophin,
      indicating that this woman was indeed a heterozygote for DMD. By documenting
      dystrophin deficiency in a specific population of myogenic cells from this woman,
      we verify our previous conclusion regarding the normal proliferative capacity of
      DMD myoblasts. Somatic cell testing of dystrophin expression may offer an
      alternative to established genetic carrier tests for those women in whom
      deletions of the DMD are not detectable, whose pedigree structure does not permit
      linkage analysis, or in whom standard phenotypic analyses are ambiguous.

PMID- 2658565
TI  - Design and conduct of occupational epidemiology studies: I. Design aspects of
      cohort studies.
AB  - Cohort and case-control studies are two standard approaches for investigating the
      etiology of occupational diseases. This paper, which is the first of a four-part
      series, contains a review of the design features of occupational cohort studies.
      Topics discussed include the basic features of prospective and historical cohort
      studies, options for defining the cohort, disease incidence ascertainment, and
      considerations involved in planning an occupational cohort study. Subsequent
      papers in this series will focus on data analysis of occupational cohort studies
      and the design and analysis of occupational case-control studies.

PMID- 2658566
TI  - Design and conduct of occupational epidemiology studies: II. Analysis of cohort
      data.
AB  - This paper reviews strategies and statistical methods for analyzing data from
      occupational cohort studies. Emphasis is placed on the common methods for grouped
      data analysis involving external and internal comparison populations. Analysis
      procedures reviewed are standardized mortality ratio, standardized rate ratio,
      and Mantel-Haenszel techniques for estimating relative risks. Methods for control
      of confounding, assessment of effect modification, and allowance for disease
      latency are discussed. These concepts and procedures are illustrated with data
      from an historical cohort mortality study of workers from an asbestos textile
      plant.

PMID- 2658567
TI  - Design and conduct of occupational epidemiology studies: III. Design aspects of
      case-control studies.
AB  - Currently available approaches for the design of occupational case-control
      studies are reviewed. An accompanying paper reviews methods of analysis. We
      commence by drawing a distinction between cohort-based and registry-based
      studies. Methods for selecting cases and controls are then reviewed, including
      cumulative incidence and incidence density sampling, matching, sources of
      controls, and issues in control selection. Finally, the advantages and
      disadvantages of the case-control approach are summarized.

PMID- 2658568
TI  - Design and conduct of occupational epidemiology studies: IV. The analysis of case
      control data.
AB  - This paper reviews the basic methods of analysis of data from case-control
      studies. The standard analytic methods are outlined first for a single stratum.
      The discussion is then extended to stratified analysis, multiple exposure levels,
      and analyses allowing for disease induction and latency periods. Finally,
      logistic regression is discussed as an extension of the more basic forms of
      analysis. The methods are illustrated with data from a study of lung cancer among
      asbestos textile plant workers.

PMID- 2658569
TI  - Relationship of lipid secretion and particle size to diffuse interstitial change
      in pneumoconiosis: a pathogenetic perspective.
AB  - Simple pneumoconiosis due to compact particles, notably in coal workers,
      sometimes departs from its customary focal formations and a more diffuse
      distribution of dust-impregnated fibrosis is superimposed. To account for this
      change, which may be reflected in the acquisition of radiologically irregular
      opacities in addition to rounded ones, attention is directed first toward type II
      alveolar epithelium. These cells come early into contact with inhaled particles
      and the lipid secretion provoked prevents their characteristic aggregation, so
      they remain in a more dispersed state and the consequent fibrotic reaction then
      tends to become diffuse. Second, submicron particles appear to act not from
      within the alveolus like the more usual larger ones, but after direct passage
      through type I epithelium into the interstitium, where lacking focal accumulation
      they are able to produce diffuse changes. Complexities, however, remain, among
      which are coalescence of focal lesions as their severity increases and interplay
      of agents producing interstitial fibrosis in the general population.

PMID- 2658570
TI  - Development and implementation of a strategic-planning process at a university
      hospital.
AB  - The development and implementation of a long-range strategic plan for the
      pharmacy department at a university hospital is described. Because of rapidly
      occurring changes in health-care delivery, financing, and education, the pharmacy
      department at the University of Illinois Hospitals decided to create a strategic
      plan that would stimulate growth, be responsive to a changing health-care
      environment, and emphasize the department's philosophy of striving for
      professional leadership in education, research, and innovation. Actual strategy
      development was done during a three-day administrative retreat, which was
      conducted according to a structured agenda that facilitated extensive
      brainstorming and discussion. As a result, the department developed eight major
      strategies that have been directing its growth and development over the last four
      years. Each strategy had an implementation plan that included substrategies with
      statements of specific results that were expected, an action plan (a list of
      specific tasks to be accomplished), and a general statement summarizing the
      benefits of each substrategy. Annual meetings were held to review the continued
      appropriateness of these strategies. Implementation of the strategic plan has
      resulted in major improvements in drug cost containment, improved ambulatory-care
      pharmaceutical services, a results-oriented performance-appraisal system, more
      support for clinical education programs, and a substantial increase in support
      for research. The strategic plan has allowed the department to constructively
      participate in two downsizing events within the hospital without major adverse
      effects on its own services and programs. Use of the strategic-planning process
      should be considered by other hospital pharmacy departments as a means of
      responding to the external and internal forces of change that currently affect
      most hospitals.

PMID- 2658571
TI  - Cyclosporine-associated hypertension.

PMID- 2658572
TI  - Value of parathyroid sonography in secondary hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2658573
TI  - Salmonella typhimurium enteritis and erythema nodosum.

PMID- 2658574
TI  - Empiric antifungal therapy in febrile granulocytopenic patients. EORTC
      International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group.
AB  - PURPOSE: The optimal management of fever in granulocytopenic patients remains
      controversial. Invasive fungal infections are common and life-threatening but are
      difficult to diagnose early. In this randomized study, we investigated the
      potential value of empiric administration of amphotericin B (versus no empiric
      antifungal therapy) in 132 patients remaining febrile and granulocytopenic
      despite broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy for four days. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      The patients were divided into two groups: 68 who were randomly assigned to
      receive empiric amphotericin B, and 64 who were randomly assigned to continue
      only the protocol antibiotics that they were already receiving. Amphotericin B
      was administered intravenously as follows: every other day at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg
      body weight or daily at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg body weight. Clinical response was
      evaluated as success or failure, depending upon the febrile course after
      randomization. RESULTS: Based on the evolution of fever, the response rate was
      69% in the group of patients receiving empiric amphotericin B and 53% for the
      other group (p = 0.09). There were six documented (four severe) fungal infections
      in 64 patients randomized not to receive the antifungal therapy as compared to
      only one fungemia among 68 patients treated empirically with amphotericin B (p =
      0.1). No deaths due to fungal infection occurred among the patients receiving
      empiric amphotericin B compared to four in the other group (p = 0.05). However,
      this study did not demonstrate a difference in survival between the two groups of
      patients (with or without empiric amphotericin B). The benefit of empiric
      administration of amphotericin B was primarily observed in specific subgroups of
      patients, such as those who did not receive any antifungal prophylaxis (78%
      versus 45%, p = 0.04), those who were severely granulocytopenic (69% versus 46%,
      p = 0.06), febrile patients with a clinically documented infection (75% versus
      41%, p = 0.03), and patients older than 15 years of age (67% versus 47%, p =
      0.06). CONCLUSION: These data suggest a benefit for early amphotericin B
      treatment in granulocytopenic patients with continued fever despite antibiotic
      therapy.

PMID- 2658575
TI  - Effect of the somatostatin analogue SMS-201-995 on the adrenergic response to
      glucose ingestion in patients with postprandial hypotension.
AB  - PURPOSE: The somatostatin analogue SMS-201-995 has recently been introduced as a
      new therapy for postprandial hypotension in patients with autonomic neuropathy.
      The present study was performed to determine the effect of SMS-201-995 on the
      adrenergic response to glucose ingestion in patients with this disorder. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: Eleven patients with postprandial hypotension were studied: six with
      central autonomic dysfunction (multiple system atrophy) and five with peripheral
      sympathetic dysfunction (progressive autonomic failure). Patients received either
      a subcutaneous injection of SMS-201-995 or a placebo injection, immediately
      before administration of a 50-g glucose drink. Each treatment was given on
      separate, consecutive days in a randomized fashion. RESULTS: Glucose ingestion
      caused a decrease in blood pressure (from 82 +/- 6 mm Hg to 66 +/- 7 mm Hg, p
      less than 0.01) and an increase in plasma norepinephrine level (165 +/- 20 pg/mL
      to 305 +/- 85 pg/mL, p less than 0.01) in five patients with progressive
      autonomic failure. Administration of SMS-201-995 prevented both the decline in
      blood pressure and the increase in norepinephrine. By contrast, glucose ingestion
      elicited no increase in plasma norepinephrine levels despite profound hypotension
      (average postprandial mean blood pressure, 55 +/- 3 mm Hg) in six patients with
      multiple system atrophy. Administration of SMS-201-995 prevented postprandial
      hypotension in these patients, but had no effect on plasma norepinephrine.
      CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that the pressor effect of SMS-201-995 is
      independent of the sympathetic nervous system in patients with multiple system
      atrophy, but may suppress the adrenergic response to glucose ingestion in
      patients with progressive autonomic failure.

PMID- 2658576
TI  - Pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux.
AB  - The factors controlling competence of the gastroesophageal junction have been
      carefully analyzed over the last decade. Although the presence of an anatomic
      sphincter guarding the lower esophagus has not been confirmed in humans, a
      manometrically defined high-pressure zone is present in the lower esophagus. The
      magnitude of sphincter pressure correlates well with the incidence of pathologic
      gastroesophageal reflux. Another important determinant of cardial competence is
      the length of intra-abdominal esophagus. The interaction of length and pressure
      in maintaining competence is demonstrated by several clinical and experimental
      studies. Twenty percent of refluxors have normal components of cardial
      competence. Several physical factors, namely components of Laplace's law, may
      govern control of reflux especially after antireflux repairs. The occurrence of
      esophagitis as a complication of gastroesophageal reflux is determined by the
      ability of the esophageal body to rid itself of an acid load as well as by
      factors that delay gastric emptying.

PMID- 2658577
TI  - Disseminated cryptococcosis in an apparently normal host presenting as primary
      adrenal insufficiency: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration.

PMID- 2658578
TI  - Pentamidine-induced pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction.

PMID- 2658579
TI  - Engraftment of bone marrow from long-term cultures.

PMID- 2658580
TI  - Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - As of December 31, 1988, 82,764 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) and more than 46,000 AIDS-related deaths had been reported in the United
      States. In 1987, AIDS deaths accounted for 9% of the total mortality among men 25
      to 34 years of age. Projections suggest that the impact of human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) infection on morbidity and mortality in young adults and children
      will continue to increase, with an estimated 50,000 cases projected to be
      diagnosed in 1989. The mean latency period between infection and diagnosis of
      AIDS is estimated to be more than seven years, and 78% to 100% of persons
      infected with HIV are predicted to develop AIDS within 15 years of onset of
      infection. Rates of seroconversions have been decreasing since 1984 among cohorts
      of homosexual HIV-seronegative men, and the proportion of AIDS cases among
      homosexual men is decreasing. In contrast, the proportion of AIDS cases
      attributed to intravenous drug use is increasing, with 33% of AIDS cases reported
      in 1988 occurring among intravenous drug users, their sex partners, or children
      of women who are intravenous drug users or sex partners of intravenous drug
      users. Worldwide, the differences in the epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS
      are primarily due to differences in the proportions of the modes of transmission
      and in the time in which HIV infection was introduced.

PMID- 2658581
TI  - Therapy of lower extremity infections with ciprofloxacin in patients with
      diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, or both.
AB  - PURPOSE: Lower extremity infections in the presence vascular insufficiency are
      difficult and costly to treat. Few well-controlled clinical trials evaluating the
      management of these infections exist. We decided to investigate the ability of a
      new fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin, to reduce the morbidity associated with these
      infections and the amount of in-hospital time required for the administration of
      antibiotic therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients with peripheral
      vascular disease (46 with diabetes mellitus) who presented to the hospital for
      treatment of lower extremity infections were randomized in a blinded fashion to
      receive oral ciprofloxacin at a dosage of either 750 mg or 1,000 mg twice daily.
      Patients with osteomyelitis received three months of therapy and those with
      infections limited to soft tissues, three weeks of ciprofloxacin treatment. All
      subjects were followed for one year. RESULTS: One patient received an amputation
      24 hours after enrollment, and two patients discontinued therapy after 20 and 34
      days because of adverse effects and were not evaluable. At the one-year follow
      up, 27 of the 45 (60 percent) evaluable patients had a fully successful outcome
      defined as not requiring either repeat antimicrobial therapy for their initial
      infection or amputation of the involved extremity. In the group of 18 patients in
      whom therapy failed, a total of only nine amputations were required. In the 15
      patients whose lesion closed during therapy, 93% (14 patients) experienced a long
      term successful outcome. CONCLUSION: Treatment with this new fluoroquinolone
      offers promise for the improved outcome of patients with the serious infectious
      complication of infected lower extremity ulcerations in peripheral vascular
      disease, diabetes mellitus, or both.

PMID- 2658582
TI  - Prospective study of amikacin versus netilmicin in the treatment of severe
      infection in hospitalized patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Four previous studies comparing netilmicin and amikacin have yielded
      inconclusive results concerning efficacy and rates of nephrotoxicity and
      ototoxicity. For this reason, we conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled
      trial of the two drugs in the treatment of hospitalized patients with severe
      infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 202 patients were enrolled in the
      study; 100 received netilmicin and 102 received amikacin. Concomitant
      antimicrobials were restricted to metronidazole and benzylpenicillin. Peak and
      trough aminoglycoside levels were assayed within the first 36 hours and at least
      every 72 hours thereafter. A full blood cell count, serum electrolytes,
      creatinine, bilirubin, and liver enzymes were measured before therapy, weekly
      thereafter, and within 48 hours after the discontinuation of therapy.
      Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity were assessed in patients. A standard agar
      dilution procedure was used to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations.
      RESULTS: No significant pretreatment differences were found between the two
      groups. Patients in the amikacin group responded significantly better to
      treatment than did patients in the netilmicin group (90% versus 79%; p less than
      0.05). A notable finding was the markedly inferior response rate of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa infections to netilmicin as compared with amikacin (13 of 24 with a
      favorable response compared with 25 of 26). No significant difference in
      ototoxicity was found, whereas nephrotoxicity appeared to be significantly less
      with amikacin (4% versus 12%, p less than 0.05). Although amikacin seemed less
      nephrotoxic than netilmicin, this may have been related to the significantly
      greater number of patients with initial renal dysfunction who received
      netilmicin. CONCLUSIONS: Amikacin appears to be significantly more efficacious
      than netilmicin for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections, especially those
      in non-urinary tract sites. There is no apparent difference between the two drugs
      in terms of ototoxicity.

PMID- 2658583
TI  - Hypogenitalism in the acrocallosal syndrome.
AB  - We have studied a boy with acrocallosal syndrome and hypogenitalism. He was the
      offspring of double first cousins. He had unusual facial appearance, postaxial
      polydactyly with unilateral soft tissue syndactyly of fingers, mental
      retardation, and absence of corpus callosum. Findings in the present case were
      compared with those of previously reported cases. Other syndromes associated with
      agenesis of the corpus callosum must be differentiated. The main differences
      between the acrocallosal syndrome and the Greig syndrome are outlined with
      particular emphasis on digital anomalies. The acrocallosal syndrome is an
      autosomal recessive trait with variable expressivity. Hypogenitalism may be a
      presenting feature. Positive consanguinity provides further evidence for
      autosomal recessive inheritance.

PMID- 2658584
TI  - Acrocallosal syndrome: additional manifestations.
AB  - The acrocallosal syndrome (ACS) is a probable autosomal recessive condition of
      macrocephaly, craniofacial and hand and foot abnormalities, absence of the corpus
      callosum, and mental retardation. This patient had characteristics of the ACS but
      also had a severe congenital heart defect and other visceral malformations. After
      comparing the ACS with and contrasting it to other disorders, we concluded that
      the internal organ abnormalities found in this patient probably represent further
      manifestations of the ACS.

PMID- 2658585
TI  - A review of phenotype-karyotype correlations in individuals with interstitial
      deletions of the long arm of chromosome 2.
AB  - We report an infant with del(2)(q31q33). His phenotype is compared with those of
      the 7 children reported previously with the apparently identical deletion. Nine
      cases of deletions involving other segments of chromosome 2q are reviewed. Common
      manifestations of the 2 groups include small size at birth, growth and
      developmental retardation, cardiovascular malformation, microcephaly, and cleft
      palate.

PMID- 2658586
TI  - Chromosome 10qter deletion syndrome: a review and report of three new cases.
AB  - We report on three patients with terminal deletions of chromosome 10q and compare
      them to 15 previously reported patients. A similar facial appearance with a
      prominent beaked nose, large and/or malformed ears, and a pattern of major
      abnormalities including severe mental retardation, cardiac anomalies, and
      anogenital anomalies are reviewed. We feel the manifestations of del 10qter are
      sufficiently distinct to suggest this diagnosis on clinical examination.

PMID- 2658587
TI  - Congenital microgastria and hypoplastic upper limb anomalies.
AB  - Six cases of congenital microgastria associated with limb anomalies are reviewed.
      The microgastria-hypoplastic upper limb association may arise as a result of
      aberrant mesodermal development in the 5th embryonic week.

PMID- 2658588
TI  - A presumptive translocation 1p;2q resulting in duplication 1p and deletion 2q.
AB  - Here we report on a girl with a translocation between 1 and 2 and duplication 1p
      and deletion 2q resulting in a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome including
      intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, hypotelorism, cleft palate,
      subglottic stenosis, umbilical hernia, scoliosis, anal atresia, bilateral
      calcaneovalgus, overlapping toes, and vertebral anomalies.

PMID- 2658589
TI  - Autosomal dominant supravalvular aortic stenosis: large three-generation family.
AB  - Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) can be inherited as an isolated autosomal
      dominant trait or can be a component manifestation of the Williams syndrome. Some
      consider the Williams syndrome to be due to more severe expression of the gene
      defect that causes isolated SVAS. We describe a family with isolated SVAS that is
      the largest thoroughly studied family with this disorder to our knowledge; no
      patients in this family had Williams syndrome. Five members of this family were
      reported by Lewis et al. (Dis Chest 55:372-379, 1969). We reevaluated this family
      and now include examinations of the parents, additional sibs and children of the
      original 5 patients. Twenty relatives had physical and echocardiographic
      examinations. In addition, information from outside sources was obtained on 7
      relatives not personally evaluated. The SVAS showed marked variability of
      expression and was not associated with mental retardation or with the facial
      manifestations of Williams syndrome. We think that previous reports of Williams
      syndrome reputedly occurring within the same family as isolated autosomal
      dominant SVAS were inadequately documented. Based on our family and review of the
      literature, we suggest that isolated SVAS and Williams syndrome represent
      clinically distinct entities.

PMID- 2658590
TI  - Prenatal detection of Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome: report of 2 sibs with
      characteristic manifestations.
AB  - We describe 2 sibs with Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome. Although an ultrasound
      scan performed at 13 weeks of gestation failed to identify specific
      abnormalities, repeat scan at 17 weeks detected tetraphocomelia. Ultrasonography
      can reliably detect Roberts-SC phocomelia prenatally; however, serial scans may
      be needed. Postmortem examination of the proposita confirmed the sonographic
      findings and also disclosed dysplastic kidneys and ovarian dysgenesis. The degree
      of phenotypic variation observed between the sibs supports the hypothesis that
      Roberts syndrome and SC phocomelia represent a single genetic entity.

PMID- 2658592
TI  - Estimate of the proportion of Duchenne muscular dystrophy with autosomal
      recessive inheritance.
AB  - The aim of the present report was to estimate the proportion of autosomal
      recessive (AR) inheritance among families with affected males diagnosed as
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in which X-linked inheritance could not be
      confirmed. A total of 470 families was studied: 20 with at least one affected
      girl with "Duchenne-like" phenotype and 450 with only affected boys. Based on the
      number of families with at least one affected girl and the number of patients per
      sibship among these pedigrees, the proportion of families with DMD inherited as
      an AR trait was estimated at 6.8%. It is also estimated that 2.5-4% of male
      isolated patients diagnosed as DMD may have the AR form, which could be one
      possible explanation for the inconsistent results between clinical diagnosis and
      dystrophin assessment in one case recently reported.

PMID- 2658591
TI  - Glutaric aciduria type II: review of the phenotype and report of an unusual
      glomerulopathy.
AB  - A male infant with glutaric aciduria II secondary to electron transfer
      flavoprotein: ubiquinone oxidoreductase deficiency is compared to previously
      reported cases of glutaric aciduria II. A common pattern of anomalies in patients
      with malformations (8/16) includes macrocephaly, large anterior fontanelle, high
      forehead, flat nasal bridge, telecanthus, and malformed ears. Abnormalities such
      as hypotonia, cerebral gliosis, heterotopias, hepatomegaly, hepatic periportal
      necrosis, polycystic kidneys, and genital defects in glutaric aciduria II are
      reminiscent of those in Zellweger syndrome, whereas elevations of glutaric,
      ethylmalonic, adipic, and isovaleric acids are quite distinctive. A unique
      ultrastructural alteration of the glomerular basement membrane was observed in
      the proposita. This manifestation may represent an early stage in renal cyst
      formation and provide a diagnostic criterion for glutaric aciduria II when enzyme
      studies are unavailable.

PMID- 2658593
TI  - Hypothesis: the existence of embryonic and adult isoforms of mRNA dystrophin
      provides an explanation for unusual clinical findings.

PMID- 2658594
TI  - CPR in a small hospital.

PMID- 2658595
TI  - Episiotomy: can its routine use be defended?
AB  - Episiotomy is routinely used before delivery in the United States. The rationale
      for routine episiotomy is based on two foundation arguments: that episiotomy
      reduces perineal trauma and that it prevents subsequent pelvic relaxation. A
      careful review finds little evidence to support these arguments. Episiotomy may
      predispose the gravid woman to third- and fourth-degree lacerations. Efforts
      should be directed to determine whether episiotomy is beneficial.

PMID- 2658596
TI  - Amniotic band syndrome: reevaluation of its pathogenesis.

PMID- 2658597
TI  - Intermittent fetal bradycardia induced by midpregnancy fetal ultrasonographic
      study.
AB  - Fetal bradycardias were observed during fetal ultrasonographic and
      echocardiographic studies performed in the second trimester of pregnancy. The
      episodes of bradycardia were brief and recovery was usually rapid. Ultrasound
      transducer pressure applied to the maternal abdomen during the study provoked the
      phenomenon. Vagal discharge resulting from an increase in intrauterine pressure
      appeared to be the causative mechanism.

PMID- 2658598
TI  - A comparative histologic study on the healing process after tissue transection.
      I. Carbon dioxide laser and electromicrosurgery.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare histologic parameters of
      wound healing subsequent to a standard uterine incision with carbon dioxide laser
      and electromicrosurgery in the rat model. The following histologic parameters
      were assessed and scored: scar width; amount of particulate carbon and necrotic
      debris; number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, histiocytes, and
      giant cells; and extent of edema, exudate, and collagen in the scar. The
      incisions were evaluated on postoperative days 0, 4, 7, 14, and 21. The ensuing
      scars were similar with respect to scar width and the amount of collagen in the
      scar. Foreign body reaction, denoted by histiocytes and giant cells, was
      significantly more pronounced in the electromicrosurgery group. Carbon particles,
      along with necrotic debris, appear to induce a foreign body tissue reaction. The
      particulate carbon in the electromicrosurgical incisions was significantly more
      extensive and was associated with the pronounced and longer lasting foreign body
      reaction in this group.

PMID- 2658599
TI  - A comparative histologic study on the healing process after tissue transection.
      II. Carbon dioxide laser and surgical microscissors.
AB  - In a previous study we have demonstrated that tissue transection with a carbon
      dioxide laser produces less carbon and less foreign body reaction than
      electromicrosurgery. The purpose of this study was to compare the healing process
      subsequent to transection of the rat uterine horn with carbon dioxide laser and
      microscissors. Incisions were histologically examined on postoperative days 0, 4,
      10, 14, and 21. The following histologic parameters were assessed: scar width;
      amount of carbon and necrotic debris; number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes,
      lymphocytes, histiocytes, and giant cells; and extent of edema, exudate, and
      collagen in the scar. The results show that cutting with a carbon dioxide laser
      causes significantly more necrosis and hence more extensive foreign body reaction
      than cutting with microscissors.

PMID- 2658600
TI  - Toxic shock-like syndrome associated with Bartholin's gland abscess: case report.
AB  - Herein is the first reported case of bartholinitis complicated by toxic shock
      like syndrome. Streptococcal exotoxin is implicated in this case of nonmenstrual
      toxic shock-like syndrome, which is an increasingly recognized manifestation of
      streptococcal infection. Further surveillance, investigation, and reporting of
      streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome are recommended.

PMID- 2658601
TI  - Plasma insulin in appropriate- and small-for-gestational-age fetuses.
AB  - Plasma insulin and blood glucose levels were measured in umbilical venous samples
      obtained by cordocentesis from 42 small-for-gestational-age and 68 appropriate
      for-gestational-age fetuses at 17 to 38 weeks' gestation. In the appropriate-for
      gestational-age fetuses plasma insulin and the insulin/glucose ratio increased
      exponentially with gestation, reflecting the progressive maturation of the
      pancreas. Maternal blood glucose concentration, not fetal plasma insulin, was the
      major determinant of fetal blood glucose concentration. In some small-for
      gestational-age fetuses hypoinsulinemia and hypoglycemia were found; the two were
      significantly correlated. However, the fetal insulin/glucose ratio was lower in
      small-for-gestational-age fetuses than in appropriate-for-gestational-age ones,
      suggesting that hypoinsulinemia in a small-for-gestational-age fetuses is not
      only the result of hypoglycemia but also a consequence of pancreatic dysfunction.
      The degree of fetal smallness did not correlate with plasma insulin or with the
      insulin/glucose ratio. These findings suggest that insulin may influence fetal
      growth through its action on nutrient uptake and utilization but it is not the
      primary determinant of fetal size.

PMID- 2658602
TI  - Gracilis myocutaneous vaginal reconstruction concurrent with total pelvic
      exenteration.
AB  - The gracilis myocutaneous vaginal reconstruction is commonly performed in
      patients undergoing a total pelvic exenteration. This retrospective review
      compares the operative and perioperative morbidity in 107 patients who underwent
      reconstruction with that in 44 patients who did not have reconstruction. With
      incorporation of the reconstructive procedure, there were no increases in
      operating time, blood loss, or length of hospitalization. Before 1980, 65% of
      patients experienced prolapse of the neovagina; in 25% it was severe. The
      frequency of prolapse has since been decreased to 16% (6% severe) because of
      several modifications to the initial technique. Modifications have included using
      smaller flaps, anchoring the neovagina to the levator and retropubic fascia, and,
      when necessary for mobilization, ligating the neurovascular pedicle. With these
      modifications, 66% of patients also remained free of wound breakdown or necrosis.
      The frequency of severe necrosis has decreased from 24% to 13%. The anatomic
      result of the vaginal reconstructions appears to have been enhanced by these
      changes in technique.

PMID- 2658603
TI  - Fetal hydrops and death from sacrococcygeal teratoma: rationale for fetal
      surgery.
AB  - Most sacrococcygeal teratomas diagnosed before birth can be managed by planned
      delivery and postnatal surgery. However, large tumors early in gestation may
      result in placentomegaly, hydrops, and fetal death and a preeclampsia-like
      syndrome in the mother. This chain of events may result from high output cardiac
      failure in the fetus caused by arteriovenous shunting through the tumor. We
      recently encountered this situation in a fetus at 21 weeks' gestation and
      performed fetal surgery in an attempt to reverse the process. Excision of the
      teratoma resulted in reversal of hydrops, diminution of descending aortic flow on
      Doppler echocardiography, and decrease in placental thickness. Despite these
      changes, uterine irritability after hysterotomy resulted in labor and delivery of
      a nonviable premature infant. This case demonstrates that when fetal
      sacrococcygeal teratoma becomes very large early in gestation, high output
      cardiac failure can endanger both fetus and mother. In the future, use of Doppler
      echocardiography may allow appropriate selection of high-risk fetuses.
      Intervention to prevent arteriovenous shunting through the tumor may offer these
      fetuses an improved chance for survival.

PMID- 2658604
TI  - Estimating fetal weight in patients with preterm premature rupture of the
      membranes.
AB  - Fetal weight estimation was performed in 58 women with preterm premature rupture
      of the membranes within 4 days of delivery. Of twelve formulas evaluated, only
      two met the requirements for clinical use (i.e., they had a small mean percent
      error and a high correlation). However, both had high random error, which may be
      attributable to the very low birth weights studied.

PMID- 2658605
TI  - Failure of sperm-induced immunosuppression: association with antisperm antibodies
      in women.
AB  - The ability of husbands' sperm to inhibit proliferation of their wives'
      lymphocytes was measured. Seventeen of 27 sperm samples tested (63%) inhibited
      lymphocytes from responding to Candida antigens. Eleven of the 27 women (41%) had
      sera that were positive for antisperm antibodies; sperm from only four of their
      husbands (36%) were immunosuppressive. In contrast, 13 of the 16 women (81%)
      without antisperm antibodies had partners with suppressive sperm. Lymphocytes
      from four women with antisperm antibodies were inhibited by sperm from a fertile
      donor although not inhibited by their husband's sperm, whereas in three other
      antibody-positive women neither the husbands' nor donors' sperm were inhibitory.
      Antisperm antibodies in some women may arise as a consequence of a failure of
      sperm from their male partners to inhibit lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 2658606
TI  - Preterm birth prevention: evaluation of a prospective controlled randomized
      trial.
AB  - Over a 3-year period 5457 indigent patients were scored for risk of preterm birth
      and 4595 women were delivered at greater than or equal to 20 weeks' gestation.
      Patients at high risk (18.1%) were randomized into control and intervention
      groups. The latter group received weekly cervical examinations and instruction
      regarding subtle symptoms and signs of preterm labor. Medical providers received
      similar instruction. There was no difference in preterm births between control
      and intervention groups (20.8% vs. 22.1%). Medical providers, convinced of
      preterm birth prevention during year 1 of the study, defeated the study design by
      giving preterm birth precautions to all patients. In turn, preterm births
      decreased from 13.7% (year 1) to 9.3% (year 2, p less than 0.001) and remained
      stable in year 3 (8.7%). Preterm births during year 1 and the 8 months preceding
      year 1 were not different. Significant differences in preterm births between
      private and indigent study patients during these two periods (p less than 0.001)
      disappeared during years 2 and 3 of the study.

PMID- 2658607
TI  - Prenatal identification of twin reversed arterial perfusion syndrome in the first
      trimester.
AB  - A twin pregnancy in which a single fetal death was diagnosed in the first
      trimester is described. Continued growth of the nonviable twin suggested the
      occurrence of the twin reversed arterial perfusion syndrome.

PMID- 2658608
TI  - Indomethacin-induced oligohydramnios.
AB  - A case of reversible indomethacin-induced oligohydramnios is presented. This case
      suggests a relationship between the dose of indomethacin and the quantity of
      amniotic fluid.

PMID- 2658609
TI  - Single-dose prophylaxis in patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy: cefamandole
      versus cefotaxime. The Multicenter Study Group.
AB  - The efficacy of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis in preventing infection
      after vaginal hysterectomy has been demonstrated. In this study 260 patients
      undergoing vaginal hysterectomy were randomly assigned at five centers to receive
      1 gm of cefamandole (N = 129) or cefotaxime (N = 131) immediately before
      operation. The two treatment groups were comparable. Febrile morbidity occurred
      in seven (5.4%) cefamandole patients and in 17 (13%) of those given cefotaxime (p
      = 0.04). In contrast, the number of patients who developed major pelvic infection
      was equal (cefamandole, 6; cefotaxime, 5). There was no significant difference in
      the concentration of either drug in the serum or tissues surveyed, and there was
      no correlation between infection and concentration of antibiotic in either group.
      The mean hospital stay and the mean total hospitalization charge did not differ
      significantly between the two groups. Both of these agents given as a single dose
      before vaginal hysterectomy are effective in reducing postoperative infections.

PMID- 2658610
TI  - The clinical significance of prenatally diagnosed choroid plexus cysts.
AB  - The choroid plexus cyst is one of many malformations of the central nervous
      system that can be detected in utero by ultrasonography. Choroid plexus cysts
      occur in 2.3% of fetuses. Because previous reports have shown an association
      between choroid plexus cysts and chromosomal anomalies, we analyzed 82 prenatally
      diagnosed cases, 65 of whom had chromosome analysis performed. Of the group, 6.2%
      had chromosomal anomalies of the trisomy 18 type. The remaining 17 cases were
      clinically normal at birth. These cases of trisomy 18 were also associated with
      multiple structural anomalies. Therefore, we suggest that after the diagnosis of
      choroid plexus cysts is made, a complete ultrasonographic survey of the fetal
      anatomy be performed. Fetal karyotype determination may be offered to patients,
      especially in the presence of structural anomalies.

PMID- 2658611
TI  - The clinical significance of uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy.
AB  - In a retrospective review of 6706 pregnancies between 1981 and 1985, uterine
      leiomyomas were documented by antenatal sonography in 93 (1.4%) patients. The
      obstetric records and sonograms of patients with documented leiomyomas were
      reviewed and compared with data from matched control patients managed at our
      institution during the same time period. Among the 93 patients with leiomyomas,
      14 (15.1%) had one or more leiomyomas subjacent to the maternal surface of the
      placenta. Significantly, eight of 14 (57%) of these patients with retroplacental
      leiomyomas subsequently developed abruptio placentae, which resulted in the
      deaths of four fetuses. Conversely, among the remaining 79 patients whose
      leiomyomas were not retroplacental, abruptio placentae occurred in only two
      patients (2.5%), neither of which resulted in fetal death. Clinically significant
      pain requiring narcotic analgesia developed in 14 of 93 (15.1%) patients and
      premature labor occurred in 20 of 93 (21.5%); pain and premature labor correlated
      positively with the size of the largest myoma. Delivery by cesarean section and
      vacuum assistance occurred significantly more frequently in patients with
      leiomyomas than in those without documented leiomyomas. In this population
      uterine myomas did not significantly alter the incidence of intrauterine growth
      retardation and low Apgar scores.

PMID- 2658612
TI  - Ultrasonographically determined thyroid size in pregnancy and post partum: the
      goitrogenic effect of pregnancy.
AB  - Thyroid function and ultrasonographically determined thyroid volume were
      investigated at regular intervals during pregnancy and the first postpartum year
      in 20 women without thyroid autoantibodies. Serum total thyroxine and total
      triiodothyronine levels were increased and free thyroxine index and free
      triiodothyronine index levels were decreased, whereas serum thyrotropin level was
      unaltered during pregnancy when compared with postpartum levels. Thyroid volume
      was increased during pregnancy with a mean variation of 30% between maximum
      values (24.1 +/- 2.2 ml, mean +/- SEM, thirty-sixth week of pregnancy) and
      minimum values (18.4 +/- 2.0 ml, 12 months post partum) (p less than 0.01). In
      conclusion, our study demonstrates a goitrogenic effect of pregnancy unexplained
      by alterations in thyroid function variables.

PMID- 2658613
TI  - Alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in the pregnant ewe: metabolic and
      cardiovascular effects on the mother and her fetus.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus was acutely produced in nine pregnant sheep by the intravenous
      administration of alloxan 40 mg/kg in the maternal inferior vena cava. Maternal
      and fetal plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate,
      insulin, glucagon, and PaO2, oxygen content, and pH were determined before and at
      days 1, 3, and 5 after the injection of alloxan. Two animals aborted between days
      1 and 3 after alloxan administration. In the other animals, significant changes
      occurred from baseline to day 5: maternal hyperglycemia (56.8 +/- 5.2 vs. 227.3
      +/- 54.6 mg/dl; p less than 0.01), maternal hypoinsulinemia (6.2 +/- 3.5 vs. 1.0
      +/- 0.4 microU/ml, p = 0.016); maternal hyperketonemia (beta-hydroxybutyrate:
      0.79 +/- 0.27 vs. 4.69 +/- 2.64 mmol/L, p less than 0.01); fetal hyperglycemia
      (17.0 +/- 2.6 vs. 86.0 +/- 16.2 mg/dl, p less than 0.001); fetal hyperinsulinemia
      (8.4 +/- 4.5 vs. 19.2 +/- 6.4 microU/ml, p less than 0.001); fetal hyperketonemia
      (beta-hydroxybutyrate: 0.03 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.06 +/- 0.02 mmol/L, p less than 0.05);
      fetal hypoxemia (arterial PO2: 21.6 +/- 1.8 vs. 18.0 +/- 2.8 mm Hg, p less than
      0.05, and oxygen content: 7.1 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.5 +/- 1.9 vol/dl, p less than 0.02).
      Thus alloxan administered in the pregnant ewe can produce major metabolic and
      endocrine derangements acutely simulating those occurring in human insulin
      dependent diabetic pregnancy.

PMID- 2658614
TI  - Discriminatory human chorionic gonadotropin zone "demilitarized".

PMID- 2658615
TI  - A clinical evaluation of the BioPen.
AB  - We conducted a clinical trial on the Oculab BioPen, a portable, handheld
      applanation instrument designed to measure ocular axial lengths. We compared the
      measurements obtained from the BioPen with those obtained from the Ultrascan
      Digital B System IV from CooperVision. Accuracy and reproducibility were assessed
      in vitro by performing ten measurements with each instrument on a precalibrated
      25.8-mm plastic test block. The in vivo reproducibility of the BioPen was
      evaluated by performing five serial readings on each eye of 58 patients.
      Keratometry measurements were also recorded to determine whether the BioPen
      provided consistent readings regardless of corneal curvature. We found the BioPen
      to be as accurate and reproducible as the Ultrascan Digital B in vitro and in
      vivo. Corneal curvature had no effect on the in vivo reproducibility of the
      BioPen.

PMID- 2658616
TI  - Endogenous bacterial retinitis in AIDS.
AB  - We studied two patients, one with histologically confirmed endogenous bacterial
      retinitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and a second
      with ophthalmoscopically identical findings who also responded to antibiotic
      treatment. Both patients had focal, discrete patches of retinitis that enlarged
      slowly over weeks and ultimately accumulated large amounts of subretinal fluid
      and retinal exudate. One patient underwent retinal biopsy after systemic and
      vitreous cultures were negative. Histopathologic sections showed necrotic retina
      infiltrated with multiple histiocytes containing intracytoplasmic, iodine
      positive, pleomorphic, encapsulated bacterial forms. The organism was not grown
      from the retinal biopsy specimen. Treatment with antibiotics resulted in improved
      vision in both patients. Our results indicate that endogenous bacterial infection
      should be considered in the differential diagnosis of retinitis associated with
      the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2658617
TI  - Follow-up and diagnostic reappraisal of 75 patients with Leber's congenital
      amaurosis.
AB  - We reexamined 75 children in whom Leber's congenital amaurosis had been
      previously diagnosed. On review, 30 of these patients had an ocular or systemic
      disorder other than Leber's congenital amaurosis. The most common of these
      revised diagnoses were congenital stationary night blindness, achromatopsia,
      infantile-onset retinitis pigmentosa, Joubert's syndrome, Zellweger syndrome, and
      infantile Refsum's disease. Of the 45 patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis,
      mental retardation occurred in six patients, and visual deterioration in six
      patients. Leber's congenital amaurosis should only be diagnosed if other known
      ocular and systemic disorders have been carefully excluded.

PMID- 2658618
TI  - Ocular manifestations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber
      disease).
AB  - Although hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a cause of blood tears from the
      conjunctival telangiectasias, visual loss from intraocular vascular malformations
      is a rare complication. We examined 20 patients with hereditary hemorrhagic
      telangiectasia to determine the prevalence of ocular abnormalities in this
      disease. Seven patients (35%) had conjunctival telangiectasias and two (10%) had
      retinal vascular malformations.

PMID- 2658619
TI  - Effect of factors unrelated to tissue matching on corneal transplant endothelial
      rejection.
AB  - We examined 348 consecutive adult recipients of a corneal transplant for clinical
      signs of an endothelial rejection episode in a single-center follow-up study. The
      variables studied included primary diagnosis, number of previous corneal
      transplants, previous transplant failures from rejection episodes, transplant
      size, recipient corneal vascularization, donor age, recipient age and sex, past
      blood transfusions, and number of pregnancies. Five important risk factors were
      identified: primary diagnosis of herpetic, interstitial, or traumatic keratitis;
      transplant size 8 mm and larger; more than one previous corneal transplant;
      recipients younger than 60 years of age; and the presence of recipient corneal
      vascularization. This information will serve eventually for analyzing the effect
      of donor recipient tissue matching on corneal transplant rejection.

PMID- 2658620
TI  - Transplantation of congenitally opaque corneas from eyes with exaggerated
      buphthalmos.
AB  - We treated three eyes with marked buphthalmos and congenitally opaque corneas
      with cyclocryotherapy, one application in one eye and two applications in two
      eyes. The size of the eyes became rapidly smaller during the first two weeks
      postoperatively. Thereafter, corneal transplantation improved vision in each eye.

PMID- 2658621
TI  - Acinetobacter corneal ulcer after penetrating keratoplasty.

PMID- 2658622
TI  - Ophthalmic solution, the ocular surface, and a unique therapeutic artificial tear
      formulation.

PMID- 2658623
TI  - Franciscus Cornelis Donders (1818-1889).

PMID- 2658624
TI  - Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder.
AB  - The reexperiencing of a traumatic event in the form of repetitive dreams,
      memories, or flashbacks is one of the cardinal manifestations of posttraumatic
      stress disorder (PTSD). The dream disturbance associated with PTSD may be
      relatively specific for this disorder, and dysfunctional REM sleep mechanisms may
      be involved in the pathogenesis of the posttraumatic anxiety dream. Furthermore,
      the results of neurophysiological studies in animals suggest that CNS processes
      generating REM sleep may participate in the control of the classical startle
      response, which may be akin to the startle behavior commonly described in PTSD
      patients. Speculating that PTSD may be fundamentally a disorder of REM sleep
      mechanisms, the authors suggest several strategies for future research.

PMID- 2658625
TI  - Psychiatry in Africa: an overview.
AB  - The authors review the practice of psychiatry in Africa today. They describe the
      similarities as well as the differences between psychiatry in Africa and in the
      Western world in the rates, presentations, and treatment of neurosis, depression,
      schizophrenia, and suicide and drug- and alcohol-related problems. Child
      psychiatric services and research in biological psychiatry are rare in Africa,
      and sociocultural problems confront epidemiologic studies and the use of
      psychotherapy. The authors conclude that to achieve the goal of mental health
      care for all Africans, psychiatry should be included in the primary health care
      program, regional postgraduate medical centers are needed, and a means of
      gathering statistics and funding research should be fostered.

PMID- 2658626
TI  - HIV-related symptoms and psychological functioning in a cohort of homosexual men.
AB  - The authors administered the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES
      D) Scale to 4,954 homosexual men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. HIV
      antibody status at enrollment was a less important predictor of psychological
      distress than were reported physical symptoms. Multivariate analysis showed an
      association between a high score on each CES-D Scale component and the number of
      self-reported possible AIDS- or HIV-related symptoms, perceived lymphadenopathy,
      and absence of "someone to talk to about serious problems." This relationship
      between self-reported physical symptoms and psychological distress suggests a
      possible etiologic relationship between perceived AIDS risk and psychological
      symptoms in men at risk of AIDS.

PMID- 2658627
TI  - Treatment of body-dysmorphic disorder with serotonin reuptake blockers.
AB  - The authors describe five patients with body-dysmorphic disorder who responded
      preferentially to serotonin reuptake blockers. They review the literature,
      describe how patients with excessive concern about body abnormalities lie along a
      spectrum of doubt and certainty, and discuss similarities and differences between
      this disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

PMID- 2658628
TI  - Experiences of a paraplegic psychiatry resident on an inpatient psychiatric unit.
AB  - The author reviews the literature on disabled physicians and describes her own
      adjustment to paraplegia. While she was a medical student and practicing
      internist, she encountered few comments about her disability, but during her
      later psychiatry residency, hospitalized psychiatric patients discussed it
      frequently. The author presents examples and points out that patients' reactions
      often revealed much about their characteristic response patterns; reactions to
      her disability became a type of projective test. Her primary defenses against
      patients' remarks were intellectualization and isolation of affect. Supervisors
      who were able to discuss the impact of her disability on the doctor-patient
      relationship were considered most helpful.

PMID- 2658629
TI  - Health practices of the elderly poor.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to describe the health practices of the
      elderly poor and to examine the association between specific health practices and
      subsequent hospital use. Data came from a sample of 931 Medicaid elderly living
      in California. Smoking, limited social networks, and lack of regular exercise
      significantly increased the odds of subsequent hospital utilization. Implications
      of these findings, which could benefit health promotion intervention and
      treatment programs for the elderly, were discussed.

PMID- 2658630
TI  - An in vitro study of the Muller anterolateral femorotibial ligament tenodesis in
      the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee.
AB  - The biomechanical effectiveness of the Muller anterolateral femorotibial ligament
      (ALFTL) iliotibial band tenodesis on anterior stability and internal rotational
      stability of the ACL deficient knee was investigated in six cadaver knees.
      Anterior drawer and internal rotation of the tibia were measured at 15 degrees
      increments from 0 degrees to 90 degrees in response to 50 N of anteriorly applied
      tibial force and 3 Nm of internally applied internal torque, respectively, in the
      intact knee, the ACL excised knee, and following the ALFTL reconstruction. A
      strain gage was used to measure the resting graft tension and to measure strain
      in the graft during the load-displacement tests. The Muller ALFTL tenodesis
      failed to return normal anterior stability to the ACL deficient knee (P less than
      0.05). The tenodesis did, however, reduce the anterior laxity of the ACL
      deficient knee from 30 degrees to 90 degrees of knee flexion (P less than 0.05).
      The tenodesis overconstrained internal tibial rotation of the ACL excised knee
      from 30 degrees to 90 degrees (P less than 0.05). Measurements of strain in the
      tenodesis supported the load-displacement findings that the tenodesis was most
      effective in constraining anterior drawer and internal tibial rotation from 30
      degrees to 90 degrees of knee flexion.

PMID- 2658631
TI  - Lymphoid infiltrates of the orbit and conjunctiva. A morphologic and
      immunophenotypic study of 99 cases.
AB  - Most of the earlier clinicopathologic studies of orbital and conjunctival
      lymphoid infiltrates were done before the development of immunohistologic
      methods. In this study, we have examined 99 lymphoid infiltrates of the orbit and
      conjunctiva immunohistologically and correlated clinical and histologic features
      with immunophenotype. Sixty-six infiltrates expressed monotypic immunoglobulin;
      one case was immunoglobulin-negative, B-lineage; and 32 infiltrates expressed
      polytypic immunoglobulin. Using histologic criteria, 36 cases were malignant (35
      monotypic; one immunoglobulin-negative, B-lineage), 44 were indeterminate (31
      monotypic, 13 polytypic), and 19 were benign (all polytypic). Combining
      histologic and immunophenotypic criteria, 67 cases were diagnosed as malignant
      lymphoma. Seventy-six percent of the lymphomas were classified as low-grade
      according to the Working Formulation; small lymphocytic lymphoma (45%) was the
      most common histologic subtype. Cytologic atypia (p less than .0001) and Dutcher
      bodies (p less than .05) were found only in lymphomas. Similarly, bilateral
      involvement (p less than .05) and dissemination at time of presentation (p less
      than .001) occurred only in lymphomas. No other histologic or clinical features
      reliably distinguished lymphomas from benign orbital and conjunctival lymphoid
      infiltrates. Nineteen patients had a prior history of extraorbital malignant
      lymphoma, and eight patients had a history of pseudolymphoma. Patients with a
      history of malignant lymphoma more often presented with dissemination (p less
      than .001) and less often had the small lymphocytic subtype (p = .07) than
      patients without a history of lymphoma. However, not all patients with a history
      of extraorbital lymphoma had monotypic orbital and conjunctival infiltrates, and
      the incidence of monotypic orbital and conjunctival lesions in these patients was
      similar to that of the patients without a history of lymphoma. Patients with a
      history of pseudolymphoma always presented with localized disease (p less than
      .01) and more often had benign lesions (p = .08) as compared with patients
      without a history of pseudolymphoma. We conclude that the presence of either
      cytologic atypia or Dutcher bodies is a reliable criterion of malignant lymphoma
      in the orbit and conjunctiva. However, for one-third of the cases in this study,
      immunohistologic studies were the only means of distinguishing malignant from
      benign lymphoid infiltrates.

PMID- 2658632
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder. A clinicopathologic and
      immunohistochemical study of 15 cases.
AB  - We present the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of 15 vesical
      leiomyosarcomas. The nine male and six female patients ranged in age from 16 to
      72 years (median: 49 years). Gross hematuria was the most common complaint. The
      tumors most often arose in the dome of the bladder (50%) and ranged in size from
      1 to 10 cm (median: 5 cm). Five patients underwent total cystectomy, nine had a
      partial cystectomy or local excision, and one was only biopsied. Based on the
      highest of five sets of mitotic counts per case, eight tumors had one or fewer
      mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields (MF/10HPF); none of these patients
      developed metastases during a follow-up interval of 1 month to 20 years (mean: 62
      months). Five tumors showed three to six MF/10HPF; one patient in this group died
      after 6 years with unresectable metastases, whereas the others are disease free
      with follow-up of 8 months to 8 years (mean: 62 months). Two tumors contained 10
      15 MF/10HPF; one produced widespread metastases and was fatal after 3 months,
      whereas the other has not recurred or metastasized after 9 months. All tumors had
      infiltrating margins and invaded the bladder musculature--important features in
      their distinction from vesical leiomyoma. Nine leiomyosarcomas had zones of
      myxoid intercellular material; six of these were predominantly or exclusively
      myxoid. The myxoid foci often closely resembled inflammatory pseudotumor,
      particularly in superficial portions of the neoplasms. In two cases, an intense
      superficial plasma cell infiltrate mimicked a plasma cell granuloma. All 12
      leiomyosarcomas studied immunohistochemically were negative for epithelial
      markers (cytokeratins and epithelial membrane antigen); staining for muscle
      specific actin and vimentin was uniformly positive, and eight neoplasms also
      expressed desmin.

PMID- 2658633
TI  - Idiopathic retractile (sclerosing) mesenteritis and its differential diagnosis.
AB  - We report a case of retractile mesenteritis presenting as an abdominal mass with
      incomplete small-bowel obstruction. Histological features included fat necrosis,
      fibrosis, elastosis, dystrophic calcification, and chronic inflammation.
      Lymphatic obstruction resulted in the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in
      the ileal mucosa. Ultrastructurally, myofibroblasts were the principal cells
      present. The differential diagnosis of retractile mesenteritis is discussed with
      particular attention to myofibroblastic disorders such as inflammatory
      pseudotumors, desmoids, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and other uncommon conditions
      that appear to be morphologically or clinically distinguishable although the
      etiology and pathogenesis are obscure.

PMID- 2658635
TI  - Growth and immunity conferred by a Plasmodium falciparum temperature sensitive
      mutant in Panamanian owl monkeys.
AB  - We have compared the growth of the wild type Plasmodium falciparum strain
      Honduras 1 and a previously isolated temperature sensitive mutant of it, AP1-16,
      in Panamanian owl monkeys. We examined serially infected splenectomized and
      normal animals that were initially infected with cultured parasites that had been
      grown in a mixture of owl monkey and human erythrocytes. Initial infections in
      splenectomized monkeys were marked by multiple recrudescences. The mutant grew
      less well than the wild type in the splenectomized monkeys, as determined by
      lower peak and total parasitemias. In the splenectomized monkeys tested by
      rechallenge with the wild type parasite, the mutant stimulated a comparable
      degree of protection. That protection was manifested in 2 ways. There was a
      marked reduction in the level of the primary parasitemia in the rechallenged
      monkeys and an absence of recrudescent parasitemias after the primary
      parasitemia. The potential value of generating and studying temperature sensitive
      P. falciparum strains that show attenuated growth is considered.

PMID- 2658634
TI  - Immunization of Saimiri sciureus boliviensis with recombinant vaccines based on
      the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax.
AB  - We report a trial in squirrel monkeys of 2 recombinant Plasmodium vivax malaria
      vaccine candidates based on the circumsporozoite (CS) protein. One recombinant
      (NSl81V20), produced in Escherichia coli, contains the repeat region of the CS
      protein. The other (VIVAX-1) recombinant is yeast-derived and contains the entire
      repeat domain and part of the surrounding N-terminal and C-terminal regions. Both
      antigens were administered with alum and muramyl tripeptide as adjuvants. No
      formulations caused toxic side effects. Both antigens, when administered with
      alum, induced high levels of sporozoite antibodies in all animals. Another group
      of animals was immunized with irradiated sporozoites alone. Upon challenge, a few
      immunized animals did not develop detectable parasitemia and others developed
      parasitemia only after a prolonged prepatent period. Monkeys immunized with
      irradiated sporozoites had higher levels of antibody but no increased protection.
      There was no correlation between protection and either antibody level or the in
      vitro proliferation of lymphocytes in response to the antigens. This is the first
      time P. vivax sporozoite vaccines have been tested in monkeys with a subsequent
      sporozoite challenge.

PMID- 2658636
TI  - Detection of specific anti-giardia serum antibody by an immunofluorescence test
      in children with clinical giardiasis.
AB  - In 50 of 100 children with clinical giardiasis studied, the presence of Giardia
      lamblia was proven by stool and/or duodenal aspirate examination; the presence of
      the parasite was not demonstrated in the rest. Serum antibodies to G. lamblia
      were investigated in all children by an indirect immunofluorescent test (IIF)
      with G. lamblia trophozoites as antigen. It was found that all the children with
      positive duodenal aspirate had positive serology (titers greater than or equal to
      1/32). The best correlation between parasitological and serological procedures
      were in the 1-5-year-old age group, and there was an age dependent increase of
      the antibody titer. Most of the parasitologically negative children were
      serologically negative. Our results support the use of IIF as a useful diagnostic
      procedure in the diagnosis of giardiasis in children.

PMID- 2658637
TI  - Ivermectin treatment of patients with severe ocular onchocerciasis.
AB  - The treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine and suramin is associated
      with an exacerbation of ocular disease. This occurs more frequently in patients
      with severe onchocercal ocular disease. We assessed ocular changes following
      ivermectin treatment in 39 patients with severe ocular onchocerciasis. Patients
      were treated with 100, 150, or 200 micrograms/kg of ivermectin at either 1 or 2
      year intervals and followed for 3 years. There was no evidence for an acute
      exacerbation of either anterior or posterior segment eye disease, and there was a
      marked improvement in ocular status in the group as a whole. There was a
      significant decrease in onchocercal involvement which was maintained for at least
      3 years. Annual treatment with ivermectin can be used safely in patients with
      severe ocular disease and is beneficial over a prolonged period of time.

PMID- 2658638
TI  - Detection of La Crosse and snowshoe hare viral nucleic acids by in situ
      hybridization.
AB  - A molecular hybridization technique was developed to detect bunyavirus RNA in
      cells. Complementary DNAs (cDNAs) to the small (S) RNA segment of La Crosse (LAC)
      virus and to a portion of the middle (M) RNA segment of snowshoe hare (SSH) virus
      were used as probes to detect LAC or SSH viral RNA by in situ hybridization.
      Protocols were developed and standardized using radiolabeled DNA probes, and
      adapted for use with biotin labeled probes. The in situ hybridization procedure
      detected an estimated 3,600 copies of viral S RNA/cell at 24 hr postinfection. In
      growth curve studies, LAC nucleocapsid antigen was detectable slightly before S
      RNA. LAC S RNA synthesis was first seen about the nucleus. By 12 hr
      postinfection, hybridization signal was detected throughout the cytoplasm of the
      cell. The LAC S RNA probe was group-specific and cross-hybridized to 5 other
      California group viruses. The SSH M RNA probe was type-specific.

PMID- 2658639
TI  - Heated laser Doppler flow measurements to determine depth of burn injury.
AB  - The ability to predict whether burn wounds will heal spontaneously or will
      require skin grafting is important because of increasing utilization of primary
      excision and grafting. This study prospectively evaluated the ability of heated
      laser Doppler flow measurements obtained in the first 48 hours after burn injury
      to predict whether burn wounds would heal within 3 weeks. Further, the severity
      of scarring at 3 months was compared with the initial measurements. The
      measurements predicted healing with 100 percent accuracy and failure to heal with
      93 percent accuracy. There was also a significant correlation between initial
      flow measurements and severity of scarring at 3 months. We conclude that heated
      laser Doppler flow measurements performed early after burn injury are useful in
      predicting whether healing is likely to occur, as well as the quality of late
      scar formation; therefore, the method is useful in selecting patients for primary
      excision and grafting of burn wounds.

PMID- 2658640
TI  - Penetration of prophylactic antibiotics into peritoneal fluid.
AB  - This study evaluates the penetration of cephalosporins into the peritoneal fluid.
      Forty-six patients scheduled for abdominal surgery were randomized into three
      groups. On call to the operating room each patient was given a single 1 g dose of
      cefazolin, cefuroxime, or ceftazidime. Samples of the peritoneal fluid and blood
      were simultaneously obtained immediately after opening the peritoneal cavity. The
      mean serum cefazolin concentration was the highest. High peritoneal fluid levels
      of all three antibiotics were found; however, the antibacterial activity against
      common intestinal pathogens varied significantly. Cefazolin is the only study
      drug that possesses marginal in vitro activity against Streptococcus faecalis, a
      species generally considered resistent to cephalosporins. This study suggests
      that prophylactic second and third generation cephalosporins are not superior to
      cefazolin.

PMID- 2658641
TI  - Eversion of difficult ileostomies by guy rope suture technique.
AB  - In the creation of a permanent ileostomy, a fully everted nipple ensures a good
      fit of the stomal appliance. In normal bowel segment this may not pose a problem,
      but forceful attempts at eversion in diseased, thickened, and friable bowel may
      result in damage to the bowel segment. In order to prevent this, we developed a
      technique that uses the guy rope principle to evert the necessary length of
      bowel. The technique described in this article may also be used to evert healthy
      segments of bowel during creation of a permanent ileostomy.

PMID- 2658642
TI  - Gastric cancer.
AB  - The overall cure rate for gastric cancer has changed relatively little in the
      United States over the past 30 years, largely because patients continue to
      present for treatment in advanced stages. The paucity of symptoms in early
      gastric cancer, the low incidence in the general United States population, and
      the lack of cost-effective screening methods suggest that improvements in early
      detection are unlikely. Hope for improved survival in late stage cases lies
      mostly in a better understanding of the pathophysiology and patterns of spread,
      in evolving techniques for more accurate perioperative staging, and in the
      gradually improving results of multimodality therapy for local-regional and
      systemic disease. A proposal is made for a new staging system integrating newer
      approaches to staging and for controlled trials of multimodality therapy in
      patients unlikely to be cured by surgery alone.

PMID- 2658643
TI  - A comparison of monobactam antibiotics in surgical infections.
AB  - The introduction of gentamicin almost 20 years ago provided an effective option
      for the treatment of gram-negative bacillary infections. During the past few
      years, the availability of aztreonam (a monobactam), imipenem (a carbapenem), and
      newer cephalosporins within vitro activities comparable with aminoglycosides
      against many gram-negative bacilli, has stimulated a reassessment of the role of
      aminoglycosides in treating these infections. When determining the role of new
      antimicrobials as potential replacements for more established agents, the
      clinical focus should be on three factors: comparative efficacy, safety, and
      cost. Consideration of cost is relevant only when efficacy and safety are
      equivalent. Other factors, such as comparative in vitro antimicrobial activity,
      pharmacokinetics, and effect on normal flora can also influence the selection of
      an antimicrobial regimen. A new class of antimicrobials, the monobactams, is the
      focus of this review. The only member of this class currently in clinical use is
      aztreonam. A comparison with aminoglycosides is particularly relevant because
      aztreonam is active against aerobic gram-negative bacilli. This review will
      discuss the acknowledged concerns with aminoglycoside use and compare the
      characteristics of aztreonam and currently marketed aminoglycosides.

PMID- 2658644
TI  - History of medicine in Alaska.

PMID- 2658645
TI  - Glimpses of Alaskan medical history.

PMID- 2658646
TI  - Malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts presenting as a skin tumor.
AB  - Malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts is a rare neoplasm that histologically
      resembles a giant cell tumor of bone. It has a distinctive multinodular growth
      pattern and is composed of numerous osteoclast-like giant cells, histiocytes, and
      fibroblasts. Although this tumor is usually found in deep soft tissues, a
      superficial form has been described in the subcutaneous tissue and fascia. The
      authors report two patients, aged 75 and 78, with malignant giant cell tumors
      presenting as ulcerating skin nodules of the arm and foot. The tumors were
      relatively small, measuring less than 3.5 cm in greatest dimension, and involved
      the entire dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The clinical differential diagnoses
      included Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma, and hematoma. Dermatopathologists and
      dermatologists should be aware of this entity to avoid confusion with other
      benign and malignant neoplasms that may contain multinucleated giant cells. The
      distinguishing histologic and immunohistochemical features of this tumor are
      discussed.

PMID- 2658647
TI  - Giant cell fibroblastoma. A report of a case and review of the literature.
AB  - A 15-year-old white boy with a giant cell fibroblastoma of the skin of the
      abdomen is described. Giant cell fibroblastoma is a rare soft tissue neoplasm
      that most commonly occurs in children as a small, painless mass in the dermis and
      subcutaneous tissue. Although local recurrences have been reported, no metastases
      have occurred. Giant cell fibroblastoma must be differentiated from other spindle
      cell neoplasms.

PMID- 2658648
TI  - The man behind the eponym. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). A short overview of his
      work in dermatology.

PMID- 2658649
TI  - Elevation of plasma salsolinol sulfate in chronic alcoholics as compared to
      nonalcoholics.
AB  - This report describes a radioenzymatic assay for the measurement of salsolinol
      and dopamine sulfate levels in plasma. It is based on a sulfatase-catalyzed
      hydrolysis of the sulfoconjugates followed by catechol-O-methyltransferase and
      [methyl-3H]-S-adenosylmethionine-catalyzed O-methylation of the resulting free
      salsolinol and dopamine. Rapid thin-layer chromatographic separation of the
      formed labeled metabolites attributed to the specificity of the differential
      enzymatic assay of salsolinol and dopamine. This assay was used to study plasma
      salsolinol and dopamine levels in a group of adult males (n = 36) serving as
      controls and a group of hospitalized chronic alcoholics (n = 18). The results
      (mean and range) of this preliminary study show that alcoholics had significantly
      (p less than 0.0001) elevated plasma concentration of salsolinol sulfate (497; 50
      1331 pg/ml) as compared to controls (93; 0-232 pg/ml). This was accompanied by
      significant (p less than 0.0003) elevation in plasma levels of dopamine sulfate.
      Elevation of plasma salsolinol sulfate reported here may be interpreted as a
      reflection of abnormalities in oxidative metabolism of dopamine, metabolically
      derived acetaldehyde, and/or biological carbonyls in chronic alcoholics.

PMID- 2658650
TI  - Methionine lowers circulating levels of acetaldehyde after ethanol ingestion.
AB  - Methionine, administered to ethanol treated mice and rats, significantly reduced
      circulating acetaldehyde levels without altering circulating levels of ethanol.
      Hepatic levels of acetaldehyde were also lowered by methionine. Methionine was
      effective when given prior to or after the administration of ethanol, but the
      time course of the action of methionine suggested the necessity for metabolic
      transformation of this amino acid in order for the acetaldehyde-lowering effect
      to be evidenced. Studies with humans, given methionine doses of approximately one
      tenth of those used with mice, indicated that methionine can also lower
      acetaldehyde in humans ingesting ethanol. Given the toxic characteristics of
      acetaldehyde, methionine may prove effective in reducing the damaging effects of
      ethanol ingestion.

PMID- 2658651
TI  - Evaluation of fibrosis in the disse space in noncirrhotic alcoholic liver
      disease.
AB  - In 40 alcoholic noncirrhotic patients, we performed a liver biopsy and determined
      the wedged hepatic vein pressure, the free hepatic vein pressure, and the
      intrahepatic vein pressure. In 27 of them, the serum concentration of the N
      terminal peptide of type III procollagen (PIIIP) and of the laminin P1 fragment
      was measured. All the liver biopsies were studied by light and transmission
      electronic microscopy. A score of collagenization of the Disse space (six
      classes) was performed using transmission electronic microscopy. 37 of the 40
      patients had pathological collagenization of the Disse space which was correlated
      with intrahepatic pressure (p less than 0.01). The lamin P1 blood level in
      patients (1.38 +/- 0.51 U/ml) was increased, compared to the values of our
      controls (0.99 +/- 0.10 U/ml, p less than 0.01) and was correlated with the wedge
      hepatic vein pressure (p less than 0.01). The PIIIP blood level was not
      significantly increased except when Mallory bodies were found in hepatocytes (p
      less than 0.05). The laminin P1 blood level seemed to be a good biological marker
      for detection of liver fibrosis in long-term alcoholic intake.

PMID- 2658652
TI  - Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: a consideration of reasons for
      and against.
AB  - Orthotopic liver transplantation is a clinical procedure that has been accepted
      widely as the treatment of choice for individuals with advanced chronic liver
      disease. As such, its application to the important clinical problem of alcoholic
      liver disease is inevitable. The arguments for and against liver transplantation
      for individuals with advanced alcoholic liver disease are presented.

PMID- 2658653
TI  - Influence of ethanol on stiffness, toughness, and ductility of femurs of rats.
AB  - Recently, we reported that the ingestion of alcohol in rats reduced the
      mechanical strength of femurs. Our results showed that, as the dose exceeded
      0.012 g of ethanol per gram of body weight, a significant (p less than 0.001)
      loss of "strength" occurred that was independent of sex according to the
      relationship, Strength (N) = 140.4 - 6003 dose (g/g). In the present effort, the
      same flexure tests were reevaluated to include the parameters of stiffness,
      toughness, and ductility. These latest results confirm that the femurs of rats
      fed an ethanol liquid diet for 4 weeks are not only weaker but also more
      compliant and less energy absorbing. Although the femurs of rats fed ethanol are
      more ductile, the bones are more prone to fracture in fatigue and impact
      circumstances as well as under simple loading situations. The rat may be an
      appropriate model to study the mechanisms that lead to the higher incidence of
      fractures in the alcoholic human.

PMID- 2658654
TI  - Effect on liver cirrhosis and traffic accident mortality of changing the number
      and type of alcohol outlets in western Australia.
AB  - A longitudinal study with a 6-year before-period and a 9-year after-period was
      conducted to determine the effect of changing the number and type of alcohol
      outlets in Western Australia relative to a control State. During the 1974 to 1982
      after-period Western Australia had a 16.0% increase in the hotel, tavern, and
      store rate in comparison to the control State, but a 17.4% decrease in the rate
      of licences for licensed clubs, restaurants, and all other licences. Consistent
      with previous correlational research, the above changes were associated with
      significant increases in Western Australia for male (+24.3%) and female (+29.3%)
      liver cirrhosis mortality, but a significant decrease in male driver and
      motorcyclist mortality (-22.1%). Attention is drawn to the value of longitudinal
      studies to examine both the negative and positive effects of changing the number
      and type of alcohol outlets.

PMID- 2658655
TI  - LS X SS recombinant inbred strains of mice: initial characterization.
AB  - In order to assess the genetic correlates of differences in ethanol-induced
      anesthesia, a set of 27 recombinant inbred (RI) strains was derived from an
      initial cross of the "long-sleep" (LS) and "short-sleep" (SS) selected lines of
      mice. In generations F24 and F25, samples of 534 and 580 mice from the LSXSS RI
      strains were tested for fall time, sleep time, and blood ethanol at awakening
      subsequent to intraperitoneal injection of a 4.1-g/kg body weight dose of
      ethanol. Approximately 2 weeks later, mice from F24 were also tested for body
      temperature lowering and blood-ethanol elimination rate (beta 60). Differences
      among the average ethanol-induced sleep-time scores of the RI strains are large
      (ranging from 36 to 171 min) and account for over 50% of the observed variance.
      Effects due to generation, sex, litters within strains, and the interaction
      between strain and generation are also significant, but account for relatively
      small proportions of the total variance. Quantitative genetic analyses of these
      data suggest that differences in sleep-time scores are polygenic; however,
      allelic differences at the albino (c) locus may have a pleiotropic effect.
      Genetic correlations between sleep time and blood ethanol at awakening (-0.79)
      and between body temperature 60 min after injection and beta 60 (+0.48) are
      significant. Because differences among the LSXSS RI strains are large and highly
      reliable, they should be valuable animal models for testing more searching
      hypotheses about the etiology of individual differences in ethanol-induced
      anesthesia.

PMID- 2658656
TI  - Cell-mediated immune responses associated with short term alcohol intake: time
      course and dose dependency.
AB  - Using a rat model, we report here the duration of heavy drinking necessary to
      produce immunosuppression, the recovery time after such alcohol-induced
      immunosuppression, and the variations in immune response associated with varied
      amounts of alcohol consumption. Immune status was evaluated by means of delayed
      cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH)-like responses to phytohemagglutinin. The daily
      consumption of 5 g of ethanol/kg body weight/d resulted in a prompt reduction in
      DCH-like responses which was significant by Day 3 (p = 0.03) and maximal by Day
      11 (45% of baseline). These data were consistent with a similar reduction of
      migration inhibitory factor activity in spleen cells from ethanol fed rats.
      Cessation of ethanol resulted in a return to baseline within 4 days. In a second
      experiment ethanol was administered daily in doses ranging from 0.5 to 6.0 g/kg.
      Early (Day 5) low dose ethanol (0.5-2 g/kg) stimulated immune response (153-188%
      of baseline) while high dose (6.0 g/kg) suppressed (79% of baseline). Continued
      treatments resulted in a loss of stimulation at low dose and increased
      suppression at higher doses. The relationship of these animal studies to human
      binge drinking and the possible risk for infection in the alcoholic remains to be
      established.

PMID- 2658657
TI  - Effect of prenatal ethanol administration on the urogenital system of mice.
AB  - The purpose of the present series of studies was to determine whether an
      obstruction in the urogenital system or vesicoureteral reflux (reflux, the
      retrograde passage of urine from the bladder into the kidney) existed in mice
      prenatally exposed to ethanol which might account for the high incidence of
      hydronephrosis and hydroureter observed. In order to examine these possibilities,
      indigo carmine was injected into the bladder of 19-day fetuses previously exposed
      to ethanol on Day 10 of gestation and the presence of hydronephrosis and/or
      reflux determined. As expected, we found a greatly increased incidence of
      hydronephrosis and hydroureter. In addition, there was a significant increase in
      reflux in the ethanol-treated mice. The incidence of reflux appeared to be
      related to the severity of the hydronephrosis observed, though cases of
      hydronephrosis without reflux and reflux without hydronephrosis were found. These
      data suggest both hypotheses may be salient and that a multiplicity of urogenital
      abnormalities are found following prenatal ethanol exposure.

PMID- 2658658
TI  - A morphometric study of the effects of ethanol consumption on lactating mammary
      glands of rats.
AB  - Morphometric procedures were used to quantitate changes induced by ethanol in
      tissue components of rat mammary gland. Rats were pair-fed ethanol-containing or
      isocaloric control liquid diets formulated for pregnant or lactating animals, or
      maintained on regular laboratory chow. Short term animals were pair-fed ethanol
      or control diets from Day 1 of pregnancy through lactation Days 2 or 10. Long
      term animals were pair-fed ethanol or control diets for 25 days prior to mating,
      and then through pregnancy to lactation Days 2 or 10. Point counting was used to
      determine the volume fractions (vf) of alveolar epithelium, lumen, and connective
      tissue in the mammary glands. In chow-fed animals the percentage of alveolar
      epithelium remained constant from late pregnancy through lactation, while the
      amount of connective tissue decreased and that of alveolar lumen increased. This
      indicates the sensitivity of this procedure to detect changes in tissue volume
      fractions during mammary proliferation. No changes from the normal controls were
      found in any tissue component in short term ethanol or pair-fed animals. At
      lactation Day 2, long term ethanol-treated animals demonstrated a significant
      decrease in the percentage of alveolar epithelium and a significant increase in
      the percentage of total connective tissue as compared to pair-fed and chow-fed
      control animals. However, by Day 10 of lactation, no changes were found in any of
      the tissue components in long-term ethanol-fed versus control animals. These
      results indicate that ethanol consumption can alter mammary gland structure
      during the early stages of lactation, even when adequate levels of dietary
      protein are maintained.

PMID- 2658659
TI  - Time-dependent effects of alcohol on the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-testicular
      function in the rat.
AB  - Adult male rats were followed throughout ethanol administration, in order to
      examine the time-dependent effects of ethanol on the hypothalamic-pituitary
      gonadal axis. The results indicate that there is an increase in plasma prolactin
      levels together with a reduction in basal plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels,
      which are evident from the beginning of the intoxication period. An exaggerated
      response of LH to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone was also evident from 2nd
      week on, in ethanol-treated rats. Basal and human chorionic gonadotropin
      stimulated plasma testosterone levels were decreased in alcohol-treated as
      compared to control rats, at all time points studied. In addition, plasma
      estradiol levels were increased in ethanol-fed rats. These data suggest a direct
      suppressive effect of ethanol on LH release in the beginning of the intoxication
      period. Subsequent elevations of plasma estradiol and prolactin levels may have
      contributed to the maintenance of hypogonadism at the end of the intoxication
      period.

PMID- 2658660
TI  - Self-administered alcoholism screening test (SAAST): comparison of classificatory
      accuracy in two cultures.
AB  - Results of stepwise discriminant analyses of the Self-Administered Alcoholism
      Screening Test (SAAST) administered to 181 alcoholics and 123 nonalcoholics in
      Mexico City were compared with results of a similar analysis of a sample in the
      United States (Rochester, MN). With sensitivities of 90% and 95%, specificities
      were 91.1% to 99.2% in the Mexican sample for total score and a nine-item version
      derived from the Mexican sample gave specificities between 95.1% and 99.2% at 90%
      and 95% sensitivities, as with the Rochester sample. The two items with greatest
      predictive power were the same in both cultures.

PMID- 2658661
TI  - Ethanol patch test--a simple and sensitive method for identifying ALDH phenotype.
AB  - The ethanol patch test, which is considered to be a cutaneous model of flushing,
      was performed on 311 healthy Japanese (237 adults and 74 children). By comparing
      the results with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) phenotype determined by
      isoelectric focusing from hair roots samples, it was demonstrated that the
      ethanol patch test is a good indicator of the ALDH phenotype. The usefulness of
      this test in future studies was discussed.

PMID- 2658662
TI  - Cognitive status of sons of alcoholic men.
AB  - Sons of community dwelling alcoholic, depressed, and normal men were administered
      a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. A generalized cognitive
      deficit was not found in the sons of alcoholics. The sons of alcoholics
      demonstrated greater ataxia than offspring in the two control groups and also
      performed more poorly on tests measuring visual scanning and attention, planning
      ability, and impulse control. These findings raise the possibility that an
      anterior cerebral dysfunction underlies the cognitive deficit observed in
      children of alcoholics.

PMID- 2658663
TI  - Effect of ethanol and vitamin B6 deficiency on pyridoxal 5-phosphate levels and
      fetal growth in rat.
AB  - The effects of chronic ethanol consumption and dietary vitamin B6 levels on
      tissue pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) contents and rat fetal development were
      investigated. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given 35% ethanol-calorie liquid
      diet with either adequate B6 (1.7 mg/liter) or deficient B6 (0.17 mg/liter), ad
      libitum, from gestation days 7 to 21. Control groups (adequate control and
      deficient control) were pair-fed with isocaloric sucrose substituted for ethanol.
      Rats were killed on gestation day 21. Ethanol groups had smaller fetuses than
      control groups, regardless of their dietary B6 levels. However, in B6 deficiency,
      ethanol affected fetal weight more severely than in B6 adequate state. Tissue PLP
      levels were determined by radioenzymatic method. In B6 deficiency, ethanol
      feeding reduced maternal liver PLP by 22%. PLP in other tissues were not affected
      by ethanol. These results confirmed that chronic alcohol consumption affected
      fetal growth and also provided evidence that B6 deficiency exacerbated ethanol
      effect.

PMID- 2658664
TI  - Effects of chronic alcoholism on perception of hierarchical visual stimuli.
AB  - Visuospatial processing in chronic alcoholism was investigated by asking subjects
      to make similarity judgements of hierarchically constructed visual stimuli.
      Comparison figures were similar to a standard figure at the global or local
      level. Alcoholics were less influenced by the global patterns in their similarity
      judgements than were controls. On the WAIS-R Block Design subtest, alcoholics
      were also more likely than controls to distort the outer configuration of the
      design. Results indicate that alcoholism affects global processing on both
      experimental visuoperception tasks and on clinical measures of visuospatial
      ability. Implications for models of alcoholic dysfunction are discussed.

PMID- 2658665
TI  - Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the content of alpha-tocopherol in
      subcellular fractions of rat liver.
AB  - The effects of long-term administration of ethanol (35% of total energy for 6-8
      weeks) on the distribution and concentration of alpha-tocopherol in subcellular
      fractions of rat liver have been studied. Marker enzymes were measured in all
      fractions. The highest concentration of alpha-tocopherol was found in the light
      mitochondrial fraction both in ethanol-fed and control rats, 754 +/- 104 and 1127
      +/- 126 pmol/mg protein, respectively. The microsomal, heavy mitochondrial, and
      nuclear fractions also had high concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, whereas the
      cytosolic fraction contained minor amounts. In the light mitochondrial fraction
      we found the highest concentration of alpha-tocopherol in lysosomes, whereas
      small amounts were detected in peroxisomes. In the microsomal fraction the
      highest concentration was found in the Golgi apparatus. The content of alpha
      tocopherol in the light mitochondrial fraction was reduced by 33% (p less than
      0.02) in the ethanol-fed group as compared to the controls. In the other
      fractions no significant differences between the two groups were observed. Long
      term administration of ethanol promoted, however, a further enrichment of alpha
      tocopherol (178% higher than controls) in the Golgi apparatus, possibly due to
      reduced secretion of very low density lipoprotein-associated alpha-tocopherol.

PMID- 2658666
TI  - Responses by sons of alcoholic fathers to alcoholic and placebo drinks: perceived
      mood, intoxication, and plasma prolactin.
AB  - Young adult sons of alcoholic fathers (HR) were compared with matched young men
      from families without alcoholic relatives (LR) with respect to perceived mood,
      perceived intoxication, and plasma prolactin responses to oral challenge with two
      doses of alcohol and a placebo drink. HR subjects were found to have a
      qualitatively and quantitatively different mood response than controls to all
      three beverage conditions. HR subjects endorsed greater tension, depression, and
      fatigue across beverage conditions independent of alcohol dose. Alcohol dose
      interacted with risk status for perceived anger, vigor, and confusion. HR
      subjects reported less perceived intoxication on the descending limb of the
      alcohol concentration-time curve across all three conditions. These differential
      responses could not be explained by the occurrence of personality subtypes
      determined through administration of the Tridimensional Personality
      Questionnaire. A significantly reduced prolactin response to alcohol in HR
      subjects could not be confirmed. Perceived mood effects of alcohol could have
      etiological significance in the development of alcoholism among HR individuals.

PMID- 2658667
TI  - Ethanol-induced impairments in receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoorosomucoid
      in isolated rat hepatocytes: time course of impairments and recovery after
      ethanol withdrawal.
AB  - Chronic ethanol administration markedly impairs the process of receptor-mediated
      endocytosis (RME) of a representative asialoglycoprotein, asialoorosomucoid
      (ASOR), by the liver. In this study, we further characterized these impairments
      by identifying the time of onset for ethanol-induced changes in RME as well as
      establishing the time course for recovery to normal endocytotic values after
      ethanol withdrawal. Ethanol administration for 3 days did not alter any aspect of
      endocytosis examined in this study. After feeding ethanol to rats for 7 days,
      however, significant decreases in amounts of ligand bound, internalized, and
      degraded were apparent. These impairments persisted throughout the 5-week feeding
      study although the effects were somewhat attenuated with more prolonged ethanol
      feeding. In addition, an accumulation of intracellular receptors was observed in
      ethanol-fed animals relative to controls after 7 days of ethanol feeding. In all
      cases, recovery of endocytotic values to control levels was partially completed
      after 2 to 3 days of refeeding control diet and was fully completed after 7 days
      of refeeding. These results indicate that ethanol feeding for as little as 7 days
      profoundly impairs the process of RME by the liver. These impairments can be
      reversed after refeeding control diet for 7 days.

PMID- 2658668
TI  - Sensitivity of liver mitochondrial functions to various levels of ethanol intake
      in the rat.
AB  - Mitochondrial function appears to be an early target for ethanol toxicity,
      however it is not clear to what extent the effects of ethanol, which occur at
      levels of intake lower than those already reported in the literature, can induce
      an alteration of it. To produce different levels of ethanol intake, the
      spontaneous consumption of ethanol by genetically low (UChA) and genetically high
      (UChB) rats, as well as the forced intake obtained by offering 10% v/v ethanol
      solution as the only source of drinking fluid, were employed. The O2 uptake by
      liver mitochondria of rats submitted to these conditions in the presence of
      glutamate + malate, succinate or ascorbate + TMPD, was measured polarographically
      with a Clark electrode at 25 degrees C. Results indicate that alterations of the
      hepatic mitochondrial function can be detected at levels of ethanol intake much
      lower than those previously reported. Whereas, a level of a daily ethanol intake
      of 2-3 g/kg body weight in UChA rats under free choice was insufficient to
      produce detectable changes in the mitochondrial function, the latter was
      decreased in the high ethanol consumers (UChB), which drank 4-5 g/kg per day
      under free choice conditions, and in both strains forced to drink 10% ethanol as
      only source of fluid, which produced intakes of about 7 g/kg per day. Therefore,
      mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to effects observed even at low levels
      of ethanol intake.

PMID- 2658669
TI  - Effect of ethanol and stress on plasma catecholamines and their relation to
      changes in emotional state and performance.
AB  - The "tension reduction hypothesis" of ethanol was investigated with respect to
      stress- and ethanol-induced changes of plasma catecholamines and their relations
      to changes in emotional state and performance. Twenty-two healthy male volunteers
      were tested under the influence of 0.8 g/kg ethanol and compared to 22 matched
      controls receiving a placebo drink. Stress was induced by mental arithmetic
      applied prior to and 45 min after fluid consumption. Plasma epinephrine (E) and
      norepinephrine (NE) obtained from an indwelling cannula inserted 50 min prior to
      stress application were determined prior to and after each stress session.
      Percentage changes were compared within and between groups and correlated with
      respective changes of emotional states and performance in mental arithmetic.
      While ethanol decreased performance and stress-related emotional arousal, it did
      not affect stress-induced changes in plasma catecholamines. Rather, the fluid
      (ethanol as well as placebo) increased NE levels. Emotional tension reduction was
      associated with low resting or average levels of E in the placebo group but this
      relationship was disrupted by ethanol. High NE resting levels and drink induced
      increases predicted emotional tension reduction with placebo but an increase in
      stress induced depression with alcohol. "Biochemical tension reduction"
      (represented by both reduced E and NE stress response) may be predicted from
      generally lower levels of activation and elation by alcohol but not with the
      placebo condition. Although performance was positively related to low NE resting
      levels and stress responses, no influence of alcohol on this relationship was
      observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658670
TI  - Sensitivity to the anticonvulsant effects of ethanol and pentobarbital in mouse
      lines genetically selected for ethanol sensitivity.
AB  - Mouse lines genetically selected for susceptibility [long sleep (LS)] or
      resistance [short sleep (SS)] to the acute hypnotic effects of ethanol were
      tested for sensitivity to maximal electroshock seizures. LS mice were slightly
      more sensitive than SS mice. Ethanol or pentobarbital pretreatment elevated
      seizure thresholds in both lines. LS and SS mice were approximately equally
      protected by ethanol, but LS mice were somewhat more protected than SS mice by
      pentobarbital. These studies do not provide evidence that sensitivity to the
      anticonvulsant effect of ethanol is mediated by substantially the same genes as
      those mediating sensitivity to EtOH's hypnotic effects. However, sensitivity to
      pentobarbital's anticonvulsant effects may be genetically correlated.

PMID- 2658672
TI  - Comment: validity of self-report in alcoholism research.

PMID- 2658671
TI  - Acute alcohol infusion suppresses endotoxin-induced serum tumor necrosis factor.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is suggested to play an important role in host
      defense as well as in eliciting some of the metabolic alterations in endotoxemia.
      Bacteria and their products are involved in triggering the production and release
      of TNF. Alcohol consumption is known to suppress the immune system and increase
      susceptibility to infections. The present study was undertaken to investigate the
      effect of acute ethanol administration on the ability of endotoxin to increase
      circulating TNF levels and to determine the relationship between blood ethanol
      levels and endotoxin-induced serum TNF. A 50% decrease in serum TNF levels was
      seen 1-1.5 h after endotoxin challenge in conscious rats with blood alcohol
      levels between 75-175 mg/dl. A dose-related depression of serum TNF was observed
      with increasing blood alcohol levels. This was accompanied by a markedly
      diminished hyperlactacidemia seen following endotoxin administration. These data
      suggest that impaired TNF release may have a role in the altered immune response
      of alcoholics to infection.

PMID- 2658673
TI  - [Analgosedation with midazolam and fentanyl as an alternative to general
      anesthesia in transvaginal follicle puncture within the scope of in vitro
      fertilization].
AB  - The technique of in vitro fertilization (IVF) was simplified by the development
      of ultrasound-supported transvaginal follicular centesis. This makes it possible
      to dispense with general anesthesia. As an alternative, an intravenous
      analgosedation with midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) and fentanyl (2 micrograms/kg) is
      presented. Besides a good analgesic and anxiolytic action, an incipient
      respiratory depression was observed, so that insufflation of oxygen-enriched air
      is to be recommended. The operation is felt to be comfortable by almost all
      patients. A high degree of anterograde amnesia is attained. Meticulous
      intraoperative and postoperative anesthesiological monitoring is a prerequisite
      for application of this procedure.

PMID- 2658674
TI  - [Visual EEG analysis in controlling intravenous anesthesia using propofol].
AB  - Since the discovery of brain waves by Berger, repeated efforts have been made to
      use the electroencephalogram EEG for monitoring and controlling anesthesia. Owing
      to its susceptibility to failure and the high expenditure regarding technology
      and personnel, the technique has not yet been adopted in routine anesthesia,
      however. In the study now reported an attempt was made to apply the positive
      experience with the recording and interpretation of EEG in the development of new
      anesthetic agents in the experimental laboratory, during routine clinical
      operations. The anesthetic used in the study was Propofol, an induction hypnotic
      that has only recently been introduced, together with nitrous oxide and repeated
      doses of fentanyl. Propofol is distinguished by its fast onset of action and
      short inactivation time; it is therefore suitable for induction and maintenance
      of anesthesia. The aim of the study was to maintain predetermined stages of sleep
      during anesthesia with the aid of visual on-line analysis of the EEG and to
      establish the dose of Propofol required for this purpose. The operations-general
      and orthopedic surgery-lasted 70-190 min (average duration: 120 min). In
      accordance with the randomization plan, the maintenance dose of Propofol was
      controlled in such a way that in ten patients light sleep levels (C0 to D1) and
      in the other ten deep sleep levels were maintained. The EEG was recorded via five
      active scalp electrodes (FP2, F4, C4, P4, O2) with reference to a joint electrode
      (A2). The stages of sleep were classified according to Kugler.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658675
TI  - [Postoperative respiratory therapy using incentive spirometry].
AB  - The optimal methods of prophylaxis and therapy of postoperative respiratory
      complications in surgical patients are still open to discussion. In spite of
      numerous recent clinical investigations, there is still no specific and
      universally acceptable therapeutic concept. In our department, we identify
      patients at risk of pulmonary complications by adequate screening, i.e. medical
      history, physical examination, chest X-ray, and spirometry. In the postoperative
      period there are a sequence of stages starting with early mobilization,
      respiratory therapy (including incentive spirometry and IPPB), and when
      necessary, controlled mechanical ventilation. We have measured and documented the
      flows and volumes required of patients using various types of incentive
      spirometer. In addition, we review on the literature and describe our experience
      with the technique, handling, and organization of sustained maximal inspiration
      (SMI). After thoracic or major upper abdominal surgery, all lung volumes decrease
      due to impairment of rib cage movement, changes in chest wall muscle tone, an
      increase in lung recoil, and airway closure. At the end of each expiration some
      of the smallest airways collapse either partly or totally. This process continues
      to some extent until, normally, a deep breath recruits the alveoli. Sighs to the
      limit of total lung capacity or oscillations of the expiratory baseline ought to
      be responsible for this effect in healthy humans; the same purpose is intended in
      incentive spirometry. For this therapy, it is mandatory that the central airways
      are not occluded by mucus and that the patient is able to breath volumes
      exceeding his normal tidal volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658676
TI  - [The PEEP wave: an automated technic for bedside determination of the
      volume/pressure ratio in the lungs of ventilated patients].
AB  - The volume/pressure (V/P) ratio in the lungs has been reported to be useful in
      the adjustment of mechanical ventilation equipment to suit individual pulmonary
      mechanics. Most of the techniques used so far (e.g. the super-syringe technique)
      need an apneic period of approximately 60-120 s, in which the pulmonary gas
      volume is reduced by the continuing oxygen uptake. Thus, a bias of 200-400 ml in
      volume is superimposed on the record. In contrast to the super-syringe technique,
      a new automatic procedure has been developed for which no apneic period is
      needed. This technique is called the PEEP wave technique: it is based on the
      imbalance between inspiratory and expiratory volumes after a sudden change in
      PEEP. The software of a Drager Evita respirator was adapted to allow automatic
      application of a special sequence of respiratory cycles with stepwise increase
      and decreases in PEEP between two preselectable borderline levels. The equipment
      is switched to the next PEEP level when the difference between two consecutive
      expiratory tidal volumes is less than 15 ml. After the highest level of PEEP is
      reached the procedure is reversed until PEEP returns to its initial value.
      Constant inspiratory tidal volumes (Vti) are achieved by a high pressure servo
      valve (HPSV) under conditions of chocked flow, resulting in inspiratory tidal
      volumes which are independent of back-pressure. Thus, only the difference in
      expiratory tidal volumes (Vte) before and after a PEEP change is necessary to
      determine gain and loss in lung volume (delta FRC).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2658677
TI  - Micropreparative procedures for high sensitivity sequencing of peptides and
      proteins.

PMID- 2658678
TI  - Quantitation of total DNA per cell in an exponentially growing population using
      the diphenylamine reaction and flow cytometry.
AB  - The diphenylamine assay used to estimate the absolute mass of DNA/cell as well as
      absolute differences in DNA content between cell populations is based upon the
      assumption that all of the cells are in the G0 or G1 phase of the DNA synthetic
      cycle. However, if cells are in exponential growth and synthesizing DNA, portions
      of the population will be in S or G2 phases and the diphenylamine assay will
      overestimate the total mass of DNA/cell. Conversely, flow cytometry (FCM) can
      estimate relative differences in total DNA/cell and the proportions of an
      exponentially growing population in G1, S, and G2 but cannot estimate absolute
      mass or differences in DNA/cell. In this report, we describe a methodology of
      combined diphenylamine and FCM assays of total DNA/cell which is applicable to
      any eukaryotic cell population. The method involves using the two assay methods
      concurrently and correcting the diphenylamine data for the FCM-derived
      distribution of the cells within the DNA synthetic cycle. The methodology was
      tested on single-cell-derived stocks of the obligate intracellular protozoan
      parasite Trypanosoma cruzi which displays marked but stable intraspecific
      heterogeneity.

PMID- 2658679
TI  - Purification of plasmid DNA by fast protein liquid chromatography on superose 6
      preparative grade.
AB  - We were able to reduce both the time and the use of hazardous chemicals
      associated with the previous plasmid isolation methods of high-pressure liquid
      chromatography and CsCl gradient centrifugation by employing fast protein liquid
      chromatography (FPLC). Plasmid was first crudely prepared from bacterial cultures
      by a standard alkaline lysis method. After an alcohol precipitation, the nucleic
      acids were divided into two equal portions. One half was used for a standard
      purification method employing CsCl centrifugation. The other was dissolved in
      FPLC buffer, treated with RNase A, and applied to a Superose 6 preparative grade
      column (HR 10/30). Plasmid eluted off the column within 20 min as a single,
      highly resolved peak. Plasmid isolated by FPLC had yields, purity, and
      transformation efficiencies similar to that isolated by CsCl centrifugation.

PMID- 2658680
TI  - A lectin-immunofluorometric assay using an immobilized Bandeiraea simplicifolia
      II lectin for the determination of galactosylation variants of glycoproteins.
AB  - The sandwich-type immunometric assay was modified by replacing the solid phase
      bound antibody with a lectin for the determination of glycoproteins carrying
      terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues. Microwells were coated with Bandeiraea
      simplicifolia II lectin and incubated with glycosylation variants of human serum
      glycoproteins. The bound glycoproteins were detected by time-resolved fluorometry
      using europium-labeled antibodies. Agalacto-derivatives of alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein and transferrin obtained by neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase
      treatment bound to the immobilized lectin, whereas the native or desialylated
      glycoproteins showed no binding. The measuring range of the method for agalacto
      alpha 1-acid glycoprotein was 0.01 to 10 micrograms/ml and for agalacto
      transferrin 1 to 300 micrograms/ml. The binding of the agalacto-glycoproteins was
      totally inhibited with 1 to 10 mM N-acetylglucosamine which confirmed the
      specificity of the method for glycoproteins containing terminal N
      acetylglucosamine residues. The results indicate that the novel lectin
      immunofluorometric method is sensitive and has a wide measuring range for the
      determination of glycosylation variants of glycoproteins.

PMID- 2658681
TI  - Phosphoamino acid analysis of protein immobilized on polyvinylidene difluoride
      membrane.
AB  - The direct analysis of phosphorylated proteins bound to polyvinylidene difluoride
      membrane (PVDFm) has been examined. Use of 14C-methylated marker proteins
      demonstrated that proteins electroblotted on PVDFm were quantitatively retained
      through a series of test conditions, which included 1 M hydroxylamine (25 degrees
      C, 30 min), 0.1 M NaOH (37 degrees C, 30 min), 0.1 M HCl (55 degrees C, 2 h), and
      6 U/ml alkaline phosphatase (pH 9.5, 37 degrees C, 24 h). Approximately half the
      protein remained bound following 2-h treatment in 1 M KOH (55 degrees C). The
      same series of test conditions were employed to assess the stability of
      phosphorylated residues in 32P-labeled protein immobilized on PVDFm, in order to
      assign them as carboxyl-,N-, or O-linked groups. The properties of phosphorylated
      proteins as determined by this method were comparable to the properties that have
      been reported for soluble proteins. Use of the PVDFm immobilization step affords
      simplification of the experimental procedures and permits rapid, quantitative
      sample recovery using submicrogram quantities of protein. Further, the PVDFm
      bound phosphoproteins could be subjected to partial acid hydrolysis directly on
      the membrane and required no further purification for subsequent identification
      of the labeled phosphohydroxyamino acids. Definitive identification of labeled
      phosphoserine residues in histone, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues in
      myelin basic protein and insulin receptor, and phosphotyrosine residues in
      autophosphorylated insulin receptor was accomplished with as little as 0.2 nCi in
      about 50 ng of phosphorylated protein.

PMID- 2658682
TI  - Formation and instability of o-phthalaldehyde derivatives of amino acids.
AB  - o-Phthalaldehyde reacts with amino acids in the presence of a thiol to give
      highly fluorescent 1-alkyl-thio-2-alkyl-substituted isoindoles. However, the
      instability of the derivatives limits the general utility of the reaction.
      Mechanistic descriptions of isoindole formation and degradation proposed in the
      last years, which permit a better understanding of the factors affecting
      isoindole stability, are presented. The use of alternative thiols and o
      phthalaldehyde-like reagents is also reviewed.

PMID- 2658683
TI  - Metabolically 35S-labeled recombinant calmodulin as a ligand for the detection of
      calmodulin-binding proteins.
AB  - We have developed a simplified procedure for the production of metabolically
      labeled calmodulin. We used bacterial clones (Escherichia coli) that were found
      to express VU-1 calmodulin, a calmodulin that is fully active with a variety of
      calmodulin-regulated enzymes. VU-1 calmodulin was labeled with sulfur-35 in
      bacteria maintained in a sulfur-free medium. Calmodulin was then purified by
      chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose. Under these conditions, the specific activity
      of the proteins was 150 to 400 cpm/fmol of calmodulin. To demonstrate the utility
      of this labeled VU-1 calmodulin, we examined the calmodulin-binding proteins in
      aortic myocyte preparation from Day 0 and Day 15 cultures by using both the gel
      and the nitrocellulose overlay protocols. The results showed that calmodulin
      binding proteins are easily detected by the two procedures and that the profile
      of these target proteins changed in myocyte with time in culture. While most of
      these calmodulin-binding proteins have not been identified, the relative mobility
      on SDS-PAGE gels suggests that myosin light chain kinase (Mr approximately
      137,000) was detected by these methods. We demonstrated here that the
      nitrocellulose overlay was faster than the gel overlay and that this technique
      can be useful for the study of calmodulin-binding proteins.

PMID- 2658684
TI  - Radiometric assay for carboxypeptidase H (EC 3.4.17.10) and other
      carboxypeptidase B-like enzymes.
AB  - Carboxypeptidase H, EC 3.4.17.10, also known as enkephalin convertase,
      carboxypeptidase E, and crino carboxypeptidase B, is an important enzyme involved
      in the biosynthesis of bioactive peptides. To assay the enzyme, tissues are
      homogenized in at least 20 vol (ml/g) of 0.025 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8, with 5
      mg/ml of bovine serum albumin. After centrifugation, the supernatant is brought
      to pH 5.6 and centrifuged again. Following a 20-min preincubation in 2 mM CoCl2,
      the supernatant is incubated with 0.1 mM (final concentration) of the radioactive
      substrate [3H]benzoyl-Phe-Ala-Arg. The 100-microliters assay is stopped by the
      addition of 680 microliters of acetonitrile/0.25 M HCl (0.7/1). The 1.5-ml tube
      is transferred into a scintillation vial and is flushed with 4 ml of Econofluor,
      a water-immiscible scintillation fluid. The product, [3H]benzoyl-Phe-Ala,
      recovered in the organic phase, is counted directly with no interference from the
      substrate remaining in the aqueous phase. The blank is below 1%. Expressed in
      nanomoles per minute per milligram of tissue, the activity of the soluble enzyme
      in rat is 0.34 for striatum, 21.0 for pancreatic islet, 16.6 for anterior
      pituitary, 46.0 for intermediate pituitary, and 10.9 for neural pituitary. In
      every case 25 microM guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid, an active site-directed
      inhibitor of carboxypeptidase H, completely inhibits the activity.

PMID- 2658685
TI  - Primary cell culture and morphological characterization of ventricular myocytes
      from the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.
AB  - Previous work has demonstrated that adult newt cardiac myocytes possess a
      proliferative ability in response to an experimentally induced injury, in vivo.
      This study describes an in vitro model in which the proliferative events of the
      adult cardiac myocyte may be studied. Ventricles were minced and then
      enzymatically dissociated in a Ca++- and MG++-free salt solution containing 0.5%
      trypsin and 625 U/ml of CLS II collagenase for 8 to 10 hours at 25 degrees C.
      Enzyme digests were preplated and then cultured on bovine corneal endothelial
      derived basement membrane "carpets" in either serum-free or serum-supplemented
      modified Leibovitz's medium for up to 30 days. Light and transmission electron
      microscopic characterization demonstrated that a majority of the myocytes
      underwent an initial period of disorganization characterized by a "rounding up"
      of the cell and a loss of myofibrillar organization. Once the myocytes had
      attached to the culture substratum they began to spread out, underwent a
      reassembly of their contractile elements, resumed spontaneous contractions, and
      demonstrated ultrastructural evidence of protein synthesis. Mitosis was observed
      in several myocytes 8 to 15 days following isolation. In 15-day serum
      supplemented and serum-free cultures, 6.5% +/- 0.9% and 8.1% +/- 1.4% of the
      myocytes were binucleated, respectively. These results demonstrate that adult
      newt ventricular myocytes can be successfully placed into primary culture and are
      capable of undergoing mitosis. This work may be considered as a foundation for
      future investigations which will focus on the mechanisms which control cardiac
      myocyte proliferation.

PMID- 2658686
TI  - Kinetic analysis of thymocyte attachment to thymus stromal cells in culture by
      using phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy.
AB  - Direct cellular contact between thymocytes and thymus stromal cells within the
      thymus appears to contribute to the maturation of thymocytes. Thymocyte-stromal
      cell complexes, formed in vivo, have been isolated by others and postulated to
      play a role in T-cell differentiation. These previous studies have been hampered,
      however, by a time-consuming isolation procedure from which only small numbers of
      these complexes are recovered. We have examined a model to study thymocyte
      stromal cell complexes in vitro in which thymocytes are added to primary cultures
      of thymus stromal cells. In the present study, we found that thymocytes were
      histotypically selective in their attachment to thymus stromal cells. We also
      investigated the kinetics of thymocyte attachment to these thymus stromal cells.
      Cultures were examined at selected time intervals from 5 min through 3 days of
      incubation. Thymocyte attachment to stromal cells was a biphasic interaction,
      with maximum surface attachment at 15 min of cocultivation, followed by migration
      of thymocytes into the cultures. Morphological studies were confirmed by using 3H
      leucine-labeled thymocytes and liquid scintigraphy. With increased time in
      culture, thymocytes became amoeboid and migrated between the layers of stromal
      cells where thymocyte mitotic figures were seen at 4 and 8 hr. In some cases it
      appeared that stromal cells, which often grew two to three cell layers deep,
      played an active role in enclosing thymocytes within the cultures. Large numbers
      of viable thymocytes were observed in the cultures at 24 hr. The number of
      thymocytes then decreased progressively on days 2 and 3, when relatively few were
      found within the layers of the culture.

PMID- 2658687
TI  - Inadvertent passage of a pulmonary artery catheter from the superior vena cava
      through the left atrium and left ventricle into the aorta.

PMID- 2658688
TI  - R(obert) Mortimer Glover and the first chloroform anesthesia.

PMID- 2658689
TI  - Prolongation of succinylcholine block by metoclopramide.
AB  - Laboratory and clinical evidence of the inhibition of plasma cholinesterase by
      metoclopramide was demonstrated. When succinylcholine is used as the substrate
      and the product choline assayed by choline oxidase-peroxidase-quinone dye
      colorimetry, the rate of the choline production as optical density change was
      reduced to 50% by 19.5 X 10(-6) M metoclopramide at 20 degrees C. Prolongation of
      neuromuscular blockade produced by concurrent administration of succinylcholine
      and metoclopramide was studied in 22 patients aged between 18 and 40 years
      undergoing elective gynecological surgery. EMG activity in the adductor pollicis
      muscle was recorded in response to a train-of-four (TOF) stimulus delivered every
      10 s. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: A and B. In both groups,
      anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with sufentanil and nitrous
      oxide. Tracheal intubation followed intravenous succinylcholine.
      Intraoperatively, after returning of neuromuscular function, patients in both
      groups received 20 mg succinylcholine for the determination of duration of
      neuromuscular blockade. Time from 95% suppression of baseline twitch following a
      20 mg increment of succinylcholine until recovery to 25% of control activity was
      determined. Thereafter, in group A, patients receive metoclopramide (10 mg iv)
      followed by succinylcholine 20 mg iv, and patients in group B received
      succinylcholine 20 mg iv alone. Recovery times were again measured and found to
      be prolonged in patients receiving metoclopramide compared with those not
      receiving metoclopramide (P less than 0.05). Metoclopramide has no intrinsic
      neuromuscular blocking activity, but its ability to inhibit plasma cholinesterase
      probably is the mechanism by which it prolongs succinylcholine block. Reducing
      the dose of succinylcholine may be appropriate when metoclopramide is given
      concurrently.

PMID- 2658690
TI  - [Parasitic diseases--a current problem area in intensive pasture management].
AB  - Current problems of intensive cattle pasture farming are considered with regard
      to three main aspects: parasite, habitat, biotop. Among the economically
      significant parasitic infections in the G.D.R. livestock of cattle, 15 must be
      considered to be productivity-reducing factors: trichostrongylidosis,
      dictyocaulosis, fasciolosis, babesiosis, pasture-coccidiosis (hypodermosis,
      stephanofilariosis--both eradicated!), mass-incidence of flies and black flies,
      tick infestation, thelaziosis, monieziosis, dicrocoeliosis, cysticercosis and
      hydatidosis. Incidence, scale of economic losses and present state of control of
      these parasitic infections are briefly discussed. This introductory report is
      closed with an outline on the "legal basis of parasite control in pasture
      farming".

PMID- 2658691
TI  - [Application of epidemiologic data to the organization of medical care of
      peripheral angiopathies].

PMID- 2658692
TI  - Case report: VT. An adult patient with a bilateral posterior crossbite
      characterized by maxillary deficiency.

PMID- 2658693
TI  - Advances in noninvasive bone measurement.
AB  - Several noninvasive measurement methods are used for evaluation of metabolic
      disease. Single-photon (125I) scans of the peripheral skeleton are useful in some
      diseases but are ineffective in osteoporosis (even on the distal radius or os
      calcis) because they cannot predict spinal or femoral density. Also, peripheral
      measurements show high percentages of false negatives, that is many patients with
      fractures have normal peripheral density. Dual-photon (153Gd) scans of the spine,
      femur, and total skeleton are precise and accurate (2% error) and provide direct
      measurements of bone strength at fracture sites. This gives the best
      discrimination of abnormality and the most sensitive monitoring. Quantitative
      computed computed tomography (QCT) allows measurement of the spine but not the
      critical proximal femur area. QCT has a large accuracy error because (a) the
      limited area measured (under 5 cm3) fails to represent the total vertebral body,
      (b) technical errors, and (c) variable fat and osteoid influence the results.

PMID- 2658694
TI  - Aminophylline loading in asthmatic patients: a protocol trial.
AB  - We tested an aminophylline loading-dose protocol in which asthmatic patients
      presenting to an emergency department were given a half (3 mg/kg) IV loading dose
      based on total body weight (TBW) if they had taken a short-acting or sustained
      release theophylline preparation within 12 or 24 hours, respectively, prior to
      arrival: otherwise, a full (6 mg/kg) loading dose was administered. Of the 28
      patients given a full loading dose, 20 (71.4%) achieved a postload therapeutic
      level (10 to 20 micrograms/mL), and none developed a toxic level (greater than 20
      micrograms/mL). Although 34 (60.7%) of 56 patients given a half loading dose
      attained a postload therapeutic level, 13 patients (23.2%) entered the toxic
      range. We were able to predict that loading doses of 7.6 mg/kg and 3.8 mg/kg
      based on ideal body weight (IBW) would have yielded very similar results. The
      mean change in theophylline level per mg/kg TBW of administered aminophylline was
      2.01 micrograms/mL. When calculated on the basis of IBW, the mean change in
      theophylline level was 1.58 micrograms/mL. Evaluation of the change in
      theophylline level resulting from aminophylline loading doses based on either TBW
      or IBW revealed that each dosing method produced changes in blood level with
      similar variability that were not independent of obesity, indicating that neither
      dosing method is superior to the other. Thus, patients who report not having
      taken a theophylline preparation within the above time limits can be given a full
      aminophylline loading dose of either 6 mg/kg based on TBW or 7.6 mg/kg based on
      IBW. Other patients, however, require a preload blood level determination to
      optimize therapy and avoid toxic levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658695
TI  - Comparison of pathophysiologic changes in the lungs of calves challenge exposed
      with Escherichia coli-derived endotoxin and Pasteurella haemolytica, alone or in
      combination.
AB  - Pulmonary responses to intratracheal challenge exposure with Pasteurella
      haemolytica, with or without Escherichia coli-derived endotoxin, E coli endotoxin
      alone, or saline solution were compared in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated
      neonatal calves. Baseline values for dynamic compliance, total pulmonary
      resistance, functional residual capacity, arterial blood gas tensions, hemogram,
      leukogram, and systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures were recorded for each
      calf. After baseline data were obtained, calves were challenge exposed with
      logarithmic-growth phase P haemolytica organisms with or without E coli
      endotoxin, E coli endotoxin alone, or saline solution (0.9% NaCl). Physiologic
      data were obtained immediately after challenge exposure and at various intervals
      over the next 6 hours. Calves challenge exposed with P haemolytica alone
      developed sever hypoxemia, had increased alveolar-arterial oxygen difference and
      threefold increases in total pulmonary resistance, became hypercarbic, had
      decreased functional residual capacity, and developed systemic hypotension
      without change in pulmonary arterial pressure. At necropsy, these calves had
      extensive multifocal areas of necrohemorrhagic and purulent pneumonia. Ratio of
      extravascular lung water to lung dry weight was not significantly increased in
      lung specimens obtained from calves challenge exposed with P haemolytica, but
      ratio of lung wet weight to dry weight was increased, indicating that increased
      lung wet weight was attributable largely to increased solids and not to fluid
      alone. (Extravascular lung water measurement excludes fluid from the vascular
      compartment.) Intratracheal challenge exposure with endotoxin failed to alter
      lung function and caused minor changes in lung structure consisting of focal
      areas of hemorrhage and edema.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658696
TI  - Effects of phenylbutazone on glucose tolerance and on secretion of insulin in
      healthy geldings.
AB  - The effect of phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg of body weight, IV, q 24 h, for 5 days)
      on glucose tolerance and on secretion of insulin in 6 healthy geldings was
      determined. Phenylbutazone significantly lowered fasting concentrations of
      glucose in plasma but did not significantly change the concentration of insulin
      in serum. There was no significant effect of phenylbutazone on glucose tolerance,
      on secretion of insulin, or on the area under the insulin/glucose ratio vs time
      curve in healthy geldings, as determined by paired t test analysis.

PMID- 2658697
TI  - Facts about Webster v. Reproductive Health Services.

PMID- 2658698
TI  - Nurses' lives show nursing is way of life.

PMID- 2658699
TI  - The use of a simple exercise test for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii
      pneumonia in patients with AIDS.
AB  - Because Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is so common among patients infected
      with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), a quick, simple test to evaluate
      for its presence or absence would be helpful. We report our results on the role
      of an exercise blood gas test as a useful procedure for the detection of
      Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with respiratory symptoms who have or who are
      at risk for developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Results
      show that a normal exercise test, as defined in the study and in our patient
      population, eliminated PCP from the differential diagnosis. An abnormal test was
      most useful in separating out a group of patients who urgently needed a diagnosis
      because PCP was a likely possibility. There were no significant complications
      associated with this test.

PMID- 2658700
TI  - Anticholinergic blockade of beta-blocker-induced bronchoconstriction.
AB  - The mechanism of propranolol-induced bronchoconstriction (PIB) remains unclear.
      Previous uncontrolled studies have suggested that atropine antagonizes PIB in
      asthma. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the
      effect of a new anticholinergic agent, oxitropium bromide, on bronchoconstriction
      induced by inhaled propranolol in seven subjects with mild asthma 24 to 39 yr of
      age. Inhaled propranolol induced long-lasting reduction in specific airway
      conductance (SGaw) in all subjects. This was associated with airway beta
      adrenoceptor blockade as demonstrated by a shift in the isoproterenol dose
      response curve. Propranolol was less potent than methacholine, with a geometric
      mean dose causing a 35% fall in SGaw of 4.7 mumol for propranolol compared with
      0.48 mumol for methacholine. Pretreatment with oxitropium 200 micrograms
      completely inhibited the fall in SGaw in response to inhaled propranolol in all
      subjects. Oxitropium also revealed PIB. Cholinergic receptor blockade by
      oxitropium inhibits bronchoconstriction induced by inhaled propranolol,
      supporting involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in PIB.

PMID- 2658701
TI  - Hypoxic, hypercapnic acidosis decreases tension and increases fatigue in hamster
      diaphragm muscle in vitro.
AB  - Hypoxia and hypercapnic acidosis have been shown to have a negative inotropic
      effect on diaphragmatic contractility. The effect of combined hypercapnia and
      hypoxia was studied in vitro using hamster diaphragm strips. A 12% CO2, 21% O2,
      and 67% N2 gas mixture was used to produce hypoxic, hypercapnic acidosis. Force
      frequency curves were generated using twitches and maximal tetanic contractions
      produced by stimulating with 0.2-ms pulses at 10 to 120 Hz for 300 to 500 ms.
      Moderate fatigue was then induced by repeated submaximal contractions (25 Hz, 160
      ms, at the rate of 1/s for 45 contractions). Muscle strips exposed to hypoxic,
      hypercapnic acidosis had a decreased force response at all frequencies. The
      decrease in force was not different from that seen with hypoxia alone but was
      significantly worse than with hypercapnia alone. In the combined hypercapnic,
      hypoxia solution, tension produced by stimulating at 25 Hz for 160 ms was
      decreased to 52 +/- 11% of control (p less than 0.001). For these submaximal
      contractions, hypercapnic acidosis had a greater negative inotropic effect than
      did hypoxia alone. With repeated contractions, tension declined at a faster rate
      than in control, hypoxia alone, or hypercapnia alone. In the combined hypoxic,
      hypercapnic solution, the time constant of relaxation (tau) was increased prior
      to the start of the fatigue run compared to the control (tau = 35 +/- 6 versus 45
      +/- 5 ms; p less than 0.001), and the tau increased at a faster rate than in
      control. These studies suggest that hypoxic, hypercapnic acidosis has a greater
      detrimental effect on the muscle than either abnormality alone and makes the
      muscle more susceptible to fatigue.

PMID- 2658702
TI  - Body weight in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The National Institutes of
      Health Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing Trial.
AB  - This study reviews the relationship between body weight, pulmonary function, and
      survival in the recent clinical trial of intermittent positive pressure breathing
      (IPPB). We related body weight, expressed as a percent of the ideal (%IBW), to
      the numerous other features of the disease recorded in this data set. Body weight
      was directly related to FEV1 (p = 0.0001), so that all subsequent analyses of
      body weight had to first consider FEV1. Mortality appeared to be influenced by
      body weight independent of FEV1. In patients with %FEV1 less than 35, mortality
      increased with decreasing body weight (p = 0.093), and this relationship was
      stronger in patients with %FEV1 35 to 47 (p = 0.048) and even stronger in
      patients with %FEV1 greater than 47 (p = 0.007). After adjusting for FEV1, body
      weight was a powerful positive correlate with exercise capacity (p = 0.0001).
      Body weight was also inversely related to %TLC (p = 0.0408) after adjusting for
      FEV1. Body weight was a powerful predictor of diffusing capacity (p = 0.0001) in
      patients with the same FEV1. These results support the hypothesis that factors
      related to nutritional status are an independent influence on the course of COPD.

PMID- 2658703
TI  - The National Institutes of Health Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing Trial:
      pathology studies. IV. The Destructive index.
AB  - A Destructive Index (DI) was recently devised by Saetta and coworkers (7), and
      their data suggest that the DI may be a better assessment of emphysema than the
      traditional indexes. We have applied the DI as well as conventional assessments
      of emphysema-panel grading (emphysema score), mean linear intercept (Lm), and
      internal surface area at a volume of 5 L (ISA5) - to the lungs of patients in the
      National Institutes of Health Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing Trial,
      which admitted patients with moderate to severe chronic airflow obstruction. In
      the 41 patients with satisfactory morphologic material who died and were
      autopsied, the DI was significantly correlated with emphysema score (p less than
      0.001), Lm (p less than 0.001), and ISA5 (p less than 0.001). There was a rapid
      increase in the DI between emphysema scores of 30 and 60; when the DI reached a
      score of about 90, it did not increase much further. A wide spread of the DI from
      23.7 to 86.5 was present in lungs with a Lm of less than 0.55 mm. The DI was well
      related to the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (p less than 0.001)
      and %TLC (p less than 0.01), but not to %FEV1, slope of phase III (phase III),
      nor recoil pressure at 90% of TLC (P90). The correlations between emphysema score
      and either DLCO or %TLC were about the same as for the DI. Also, correlations
      were significant for %FEV1, phase III, and P90. Lesions of bronchioles had no
      correlation with the DI. We therefore conclude that the DI is related to
      conventional assessments of emphysema, but beyond an emphysema score of 55 or a
      Lm of 0.55 mm, it does not discriminate emphysema severity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658704
TI  - Chronic thromboembolic occlusion of main pulmonary artery does not reduce the
      lung clearance of 99mTc-DTPA.
AB  - In two patients with chronic unilateral massive pulmonary embolism, we studied
      the pulmonary epithelial permeability by measuring the clearance of inhaled and
      deposited 99mTc-DTPA aerosol. The clearances from the embolized lungs with
      complete or almost complete occlusion of a main pulmonary artery were more rapid
      than the clearances from the normal lung, which had an increased blood flow. This
      suggests that in chronic, embolized lung (1) the bronchial flow clears the
      inhaled solutes, and (2) there is an increase of epithelial permeability.

PMID- 2658705
TI  - Pharmacologic modulation of lung injury.

PMID- 2658706
TI  - Vascular injury about the knee. Improved outcome.
AB  - The records of 41 patients with 43 vascular injuries about the knee (34 popliteal
      artery, five tibial-peroneal trunk, one proximal anterior tibial artery, and
      three isolated popliteal veins) were analyzed. The etiology of the injuries were
      gunshot wounds (22), blunt trauma (11), shotgun wounds (4), and stab wounds (4).
      Associated injuries included fractures (67%), popliteal vein (54%), and nerves
      (32%). Arterial repairs consisted of primary repair (19), lateral repair (1),
      saphenous vein grafts (13), and saphenous vein patching (1). Five patients
      received polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts. Fasciotomy was performed in 27
      limbs. The associated venous injuries (21) and isolated venous injuries (3) were
      managed with ligation (14), primary repair (9), and vein patch (1). The
      amputation rate was 11 per cent for popliteal artery injuries (4/34). No other
      amputations were required. All four amputations were associated with massive limb
      injury (3) or diagnostic delay (1). One patient died during hemodialysis for
      renal failure resulting from prolonged shock and myoglobinuria. Successful
      management correlates best with prompt repair of both popliteal arterial and
      venous injuries and early fasciotomy. Vein repair (vs ligation) is associated
      with better long-term results.

PMID- 2658707
TI  - [Clinico-epidemiologic study of accidental poisoning with Robinia pseudoacacia L.
      in school children].
AB  - A clinical-epidemiological study of an accidental poisoning by Robinia
      pseudoacacia L. (lucust tree) in six school children has been made. The case had
      sucked and/or chewed the bark of this plant. The clinical symptoms were abdominal
      pain, thirst, nausea, vomiting, dry throat, muscle weakness, mydriasis, headache,
      dizziness and diarrhea. The treatment was activated charcoal in 5 cases and
      subsequent gastric lavage in 3 cases. The results was favorable. The poisoning
      took place in the school yard during the mid-morning recreation period. Only
      girls were affected (average age 6.5 +/- 2.1 years old). The attack rate was
      31.6% for the school children who tasted the bark, and chewing it constituted the
      highest factor of risk (p = 0.03). Recommendations have been made to prevent
      childhood accidents.

PMID- 2658708
TI  - [Pneumonia caused by Legionella in a newborn infant].

PMID- 2658709
TI  - Transplanted infections: donor-to-host transmission with the allograft.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the transmission of infectious agents from organ donors to
      transplant recipients, and to assess risk factors for transmission, primarily in
      recipients of kidney, cornea, and heart allografts. DATA IDENTIFICATION:
      Computerized literature searches of MEDLINE and PAPERCHASE through January 1988,
      extensive review of references from identified articles, and review of major
      clinical and transplantation journals through June 1988. STUDY SELECTION: All
      case reports and studies that reported a possible donor-to-recipient transmission
      of infection were selected and reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: Each case report or
      patient series of donor-to-recipient transmission was judged as possible,
      probable, or proven depending on the completeness of donor and recipient
      information available and the likelihood of alternate causes of infection.
      RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: True donor-transmitted infection can occur with
      viruses including human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex,
      Epstein-Barr, rabies, the virus causing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and with
      hepatitis B virus. It can also occur with many common aerobic bacteria, although
      allograft-transmitted bacterial infection is more often caused by contamination
      during harvesting and processing. Fungi and yeast, as well as toxoplasmosis, have
      been transmitted less frequently, and there have been rare instances when
      mycobacterial infection, malaria, trypanosomiasis, and strongyloidiasis have been
      transplanted with the donor organ. CONCLUSIONS: Infection can be transmitted with
      a donor organ to the recipient, but contamination of the organ during processing
      and harvesting is commoner and may lead to severe infection in the recipient,
      especially if contamination is by one of a subset of more virulent organisms.
      True donor-transmitted infection, although rare, can be reduced by careful donor
      screening, which should include clinical and epidemiologic assessment for
      evidence of infection, as well as judicious laboratory testing.

PMID- 2658710
TI  - Coronary morbidity and mortality, pre-existing silent coronary artery disease,
      and mild hypertension.
AB  - Experimental findings in animals and epidemiologic studies in humans provide
      strong evidence that hypertension promotes the onset and progression of
      atherosclerosis. However, effective antihypertensive therapy has not consistently
      reduced the incidence of cardiac events in the major trials of treatment for mild
      hypertension. In reviewing these trials and the recent data on the
      pathophysiologic interrelationships among hypertension, atherosclerosis, and
      myocardial ischemia, two factors stand out: First, the power of these trials to
      produce a positive result was limited because of their size, entry criteria,
      duration, and other considerations; second, autopsy and epidemiologic data
      suggest that some patients in these trials probably had advanced coronary artery
      disease at the time of entry. Because these patients probably developed
      symptomatic coronary artery disease by virtue of this pre-existing disease, the
      failure of antihypertensive therapy alone to prevent cardiac events in trials of
      relatively short duration should not be construed as evidence against its value
      as a long-term therapy.

PMID- 2658711
TI  - Ciprofloxacin for Salmonella bacteremia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS).

PMID- 2658712
TI  - Asymptomatic gallstones in diabetic patients.

PMID- 2658713
TI  - Carboplatin and renal function.

PMID- 2658714
TI  - New challenges for thrombolytic therapy.

PMID- 2658715
TI  - Candidates for thrombolysis among emergency room patients with acute chest pain.
      Potential true- and false-positive rates.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential clinical impact of thrombolytic therapy
      for acute myocardial infarction by determining true-positive and false-positive
      rates of criteria for eligibility among emergency room patients with acute chest
      pain. DESIGN: Prospective multicenter cohort study. SETTING: Emergency rooms of
      three university and four community hospitals. PATIENTS: Emergency room patients
      (7734) with acute chest pain. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Only 261 (23%) of
      1118 patients with acute myocardial infarctions were 75 years of age or younger,
      presented within 4 hours of the onset of pain, and had emergency room
      electrocardiograms showing probable acute myocardial infarction: 60 (0.9%) of the
      6616 patients without infarction also met these criteria (positive predictive
      value, 261/321 = 81%; CI, 77% to 86%). The positive predictive value could
      increase to about 88% (CI, 82% to 93%) if eligibility were based on the official
      hospital electrocardiogram reading. CONCLUSIONS: Because experience from
      published studies suggests that about one third of patients who meet these three
      eligibility criteria have other contraindications to thrombolysis, we estimate
      that about 15% of patients with acute myocardial infarction would meet the
      criteria for eligibility for thrombolysis that have been used in clinical trials
      at the time of emergency room presentation. Further, for every eight patients
      with true-positive results who are treated, one to two patients with false
      positive results may also be treated if decisions are based on the interpretation
      of a single electrocardiogram.

PMID- 2658716
TI  - [Cerebral venous thrombosis in adults. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects in 20
      cases].
AB  - The authors have reported on 20 cases of cerebral venous thrombosis and reviewed
      the literature. In most of these 20 cases, CT scan findings were non-specific.
      Digital subtraction angiography was used for diagnosis in 6 cases. In 7 cases, no
      etiology was found. 12 patients received anticoagulant treatment despite CT scan
      showed hemorrhagic infarct in 4 of them. No neurological complication was
      reported after anticoagulation. Venous thrombosis was fatal in 3 non
      anticoagulated patients. 4 others showed mild or severe sequellae after
      discharge.

PMID- 2658717
TI  - [Lyme disease].

PMID- 2658718
TI  - Mucociliary disease of the middle ear during experimental otitis media with
      effusion induced by bacterial endotoxin.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharide (10 micrograms/mL) derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae was
      injected into the middle ear of guinea pigs. The animals were killed painlessly
      on days 1, 3, and 7 after inoculation, and the mucosal samples from two sites
      within the tympanic cavity, close to the tympanic orifice and distal to the
      orifice, were examined for ciliary activity and epithelial morphology. At day 1
      and day 3 serous effusion was observed and deterioration of ciliary activity and
      morphologic changes were observed. No effusion was recognized at day 7, when the
      ciliary activity in the distal mucosa was still diminished and that in the
      proximal mucosa had recovered to a normal level. Our data have shown that
      lipopolysaccharide extracted from K pneumoniae can produce otitis media with
      effusion in laboratory animals, and dysfunction of cilia due to
      lipopolysaccharide probably is responsible for the accumulation of middle ear
      effusion. The mucociliary system is indeed an important defense system and
      failure of such a system, especially in the mucosa close to the tympanic orifice,
      can cause the buildup of effusions.

PMID- 2658719
TI  - [Hydrocholecystitis in children and newborn infants. Apropos of 3 cases].
AB  - We report two cases of hydrocholecystitis in children and one in a neonate. One
      child had hepatitis A and the other had typhoid fever. A beta-hemolytic group B
      streptococcal infection was found in the neonate. In all three cases, the first
      manifestation was an abdominal mass and treatment of the causative disease
      ensured recovery. These three observations provided us with the opportunity for
      reviewing the literature. Isolated hydrocholecystitis is distinguished from
      hydrocholecystitis as a symptom. The clinical evaluation and diagnostic
      investigations are described in detail; special attention is given to abdominal
      ultrasonography. Etiology and pathophysiology, as well as management are
      discussed. Our three cases and the review of the literature confirm the benign
      prognosis of this condition.

PMID- 2658720
TI  - Aesthetic treatment of the columella.
AB  - Through a transfixion incision, a rhomboidal portion of both the depressor muscle
      of the nasal septum and the orbicular muscle of the mouth are excised. The
      remaining columellar tissues are brought nearer to each other by means of a
      mattress suture tied over a double-foam bolus. This simple procedure yields three
      advantages: (1) Tip projection, (2) nasolabial angle opening, (3) Interalar
      distance reduction, especially in the black population, avoiding the Weir-Joseph
      procedures. This simple and harmless procedure renders better results than the
      use of cartilage grafts or silicone implants aiming to project the tip or to open
      the nasolabial angle. Also, in some cases the patients' smile is enhanced.

PMID- 2658721
TI  - Second- and third-degree burns as a complication in breast reconstruction.
AB  - Over the last five years 10 patients in our practice have developed second- or
      third-degree burns following breast reconstruction. This has occurred in the
      reconstructed breasts of patients who have had tissue expansion, latissimus dorsi
      flaps, and transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flaps. Second- or
      third-degree burns have also occurred on the abdomen following TRAM flap
      procedures. The lack of normal sensation in the surgical areas has been the
      common etiological factor. Aggressive wound care has led to primary and secondary
      healing in all patients without the need for skin grafts. Patient education
      preoperatively and postoperatively is necessary to prevent this potential
      complication.

PMID- 2658722
TI  - Multiple microvascular transplants: a preliminary report of simultaneous versus
      sequential reconstruction.
AB  - We review a 10-year experience with multiple microvascular transplants (MMTs)
      performed on 94 patients undergoing reconstruction of complex extremity and head
      and neck wounds. One hundred ninety-eight flaps were performed with an overall
      success rate of 95%. Patients were classified into two groups: Group I comprised
      38 patients who received simultaneous MMTs (76 total flaps); two flaps were
      transplanted in the initial operative procedure. Group II consisted of 56
      patients undergoing reconstruction with sequentially transplanted MMTs (122 total
      flaps). The success rates of the two groups were not statistically different (97%
      vs. 93.4%). Complications were similar in both groups, although sequential
      reconstruction of lower extremity wounds had a higher frequency of complications
      and flap failures than the simultaneous method. Patients receiving simultaneous
      MMTs required more emergent reexplorations, but salvage rates were high (87.5%),
      particularly in upper extremity reconstructions. We suggest that simultaneous
      MMTs are a reliable, cost-effective method of reconstructing complex injuries.
      They reduce patient morbidity by eliminating second hospitalizations and
      reoperations without increased complications or flap failure.

PMID- 2658723
TI  - Application of DNA probes to hematology: an overview with selected examples.
AB  - Recent advances in molecular genetics have allowed development of short segments
      of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which are complementary to active genetic sites.
      By pairing normal DNA with these "molecular probes", the presence of specific
      genetic sequences may be detected in patient samples. The majority of hematologic
      diseases arise from hereditary errors, neoplastic change or parasitic organisms.
      These types of disorders are particularly suited to diagnosis and management
      using detection of abnormal DNA sequences. Sensitive laboratory techniques
      employing these molecular probes are now available directly to detect target DNA
      sequences, assess abnormal short sequences of DNA, and evaluate the presence of
      abnormal DNA from its transcription products. Using DNA polymerase amplification,
      the sensitivity of these methods approaches its theoretical limitation of a
      single gene pair. In hematology, a prevalent application has been the detection
      of clonal molecular rearrangements which serves as a marker for lymphocytic
      neoplasia. Other applications of these techniques include the detection of
      abnormal chromosomal regions such as the Philadelphia chromosome and the
      detection of deletions of DNA which occur in such diseases as the myeloid
      dysplastic syndrome. As more human genetic sequences are known, it seems likely
      that these techniques will become prevalent among methods of laboratory testing.

PMID- 2658724
TI  - Neutrophil antigens and antibodies in the diagnosis of immune neutropenias.
AB  - Neutrophil specific antigens (NA) are expressed exclusively on human neutrophils
      and were identified using alloantibodies. Neutrophil specific antigens are
      polymorphic, and several of them (NA1, NA2, NB1, NB2, NC1, ND1, NE1, and 9A), are
      thought to define genes at different loci. Feto-maternal incompatibility of NA
      has resulted in alloimmune neonatal neutropenia. Also, NA are the target antigens
      for autoantibody production in infants and young children with autoimmune
      neutropenia of infancy and chronic idiopathic neutropenia in adults. Autoimmune
      neutropenia can occur secondary to several other diseases, including AIDS.
      Numerous assays are useful in detecting granulocyte antibodies in patients with
      neutropenia. Among these assays, granulocyte agglutination (GA) and granulocyte
      immunofluorescence (GIF) are available in some clinical laboratories. Both IgG
      and IgM agglutinins are detected by GA: in addition, IgG, IgM, and IgA are
      detected by GIF. Immune neutropenia (IN) occurs in all age groups. Originally
      thought to be rare, IN is being increasingly recognized in recent years. Further
      investigations should lead to a greater understanding of the role of NA in immune
      neutropenias and to identify as yet unknown NA specificities. With the
      availability of reproducible and sensitive assays to detect granulocyte
      antibodies and the increasing knowledge and understanding of various disease
      aspects of IN, proper diagnosis and appropriate clinical management are being
      applied.

PMID- 2658725
TI  - Automated differential leukocyte counts.
AB  - Automated differential counts have the advantage of precision, efficiency,
      safety, and economy. They could potentially serve effectively in 90 percent of
      patients with normal counts or in 75 percent of patients with anemia only (64
      percent of the total in this study). Even patients with increased white blood
      cell counts and major population shifts (toward granulocytes or lymphocytes)
      could be followed with automated differential counts. Such a tactic would
      decrease turnaround time for results, be less expensive, and reduce exposure of
      technologists to direct contact with patients' blood. However, presently
      available instruments fail to detect patients' blood samples with small numbers
      of abnormal cells, e.g., blasts in early relapse of acute leukemia, atypical
      lymphocytes in viral diseases such as infectious mononucleosis, eosinophils in
      allergic or parasitic disease, and band forms in early infectious diseases.
      Clinical judgment should be used in selectively ordering manual differential
      counts for these patients. While automated differential counts can be very useful
      in screening general medical and surgical patients in the ambulatory setting, in
      referral centers where hematologic abnormalities are more prevalent, the manual
      differential count and further examination of a smear is particularly necessary
      at least on initial presentation. Selective manual differential counts may
      improve efficiency, economy, and safety while not compromising patient care.
      Further studies of the correlation of clinical disease with automated
      differential counts are necessary.

PMID- 2658726
TI  - A physician's office-based digoxin assay (Seralyzer) evaluated for interference
      by endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactive factors.
AB  - A digoxin test for a physician's office based-chemistry analyzer (Ames Seralyzer)
      was evaluated for possible interference by digoxin-like immunoreactive factors
      (DLIF). Sera from patients likely to have high concentrations of DLIF (renal and
      hepatic patients, pregnant women, and neonates) as well as from normal patients
      and umbilical cord blood were analysed by the Seralyzer digoxin immunoassay and
      by a fluorescence polarization digoxin immunoassay (Abbott TDx) known to detect
      DLIF. For all patients who were not taking digoxin (n = 85) only four patients
      (4.7 percent) measured apparent digoxin values greater than 0.2 ng per mL by the
      Seralyzer compared to 64 (75 percent) by the TDx analyzer. Measurements of DLIF
      from adrenal extracts demonstrated a 17-fold greater potency for detection of
      DLIF by the TDx (2.9 ng per mL) compared to the Seralyzer technique (0.18 ng per
      mL). However, recovery data suggest that the presence of digoxin reduces the
      potency of DLIF interference as a function of increasing digoxin concentrations
      especially for the TDx assay. This diminished DLIF crossreactivity in the
      presence of digoxin is one explanation for the comparable correlation observed
      for both non-renal and renal failure patients taking digoxin when measured by
      these two immunoassays.

PMID- 2658727
TI  - Immunohistological studies in five patients with unknown primary carcinomas and
      poorly differentiated neoplasms.
AB  - In the evaluation of five patients with unknown primary carcinomas or poorly
      differentiated neoplasms, the most critical step was to obtain an accurate
      histological diagnosis upon which to base therapeutic options and prognosis. This
      required a thorough pathological examination which included histochemical and
      immunohistological staining of a properly prepared biopsy specimen of ample size.
      Two cases of lymphoma, two of carcinoma, and one of melanoma are presented in
      which the correct pathological diagnosis was made with immunohistological
      techniques permitting the institution of appropriate therapy. The value of a
      simple antibody panel employed with properly prepared tissue is clearly
      demonstrated by these cases.

PMID- 2658728
TI  - Strategy for purification of coagulation factor concentrates.
AB  - Advances in biotechnology are permitting significant changes in traditional
      plasma fractionation schemes. Increases in product purity, safety, and recovery
      are possible, and new products are being developed. Applications of technology to
      the purification of factor IX, factor X, protein C, antithrombin III, thrombin,
      and fibrin glue are described.

PMID- 2658729
TI  - Acute and chronic toxic nephropathies.
AB  - Toxic nephropathies manifest morphologically as glomerulonephritides,
      vasculitides, tubular necrosis, and acute or chronic tubulointerstitial disease.
      The most common toxicity is acute interstitial nephritis owing to
      hypersensitivity. However, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and necrotizing
      angiitis secondary to heroin abuse, membranous glomerulopathy owing to gold,
      penicillamine and captopril, thrombotic microangiopathy associated with mitomycin
      and tubular necrosis owing to cyclosporine A, cisplatin, aminoglycosides, and
      cephalosporins are also reviewed. The mechanisms of toxicity are poorly
      understood in most cases, but hypotheses related to cyclosporine A, cisplatin,
      gold, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, intravenous narcotics, sulfonamides, and
      methotrexate are summarized.

PMID- 2658730
TI  - [Experimental goitrogenesis].
AB  - Various modern aspects of experimental goitrogenesis are reviewed and discussed.
      Regulation of follicular cell proliferation clearly involves several stimulatory
      but also inhibitory mechanisms. Furthermore, different stimuli are probably
      involved. Growth of the vascular and connective interstitial tissue probably
      involves paracrine factors and that of the follicles maybe autocrine factors;
      indeed, several growth factors are secreted by stimulated follicular cells. The
      formation of nodules is still poorly understood. They could derive from different
      cell populations or from cells being in different reactivity status with respect
      to the variations of the iodine fluxes in the gland. Finally, the relationship
      between iodine toxicity, nodularity and autoimmunity are discussed.

PMID- 2658731
TI  - [Thyroid function and cancer].
AB  - Despite extensive epidemiological and biochemical studies, the effects of a
      thyroid dysfunction on the incidence and progress of human cancer have been, for
      many years, a controversial subject. Endocrine manipulations on laboratory
      animals clearly demonstrate the influence of thyroid hormones on the induction
      and growth of several types of experimental tumors: lymphomas, mammary tumors,
      primary or transplanted hepatomas. In vitro, triiodothyronine also plays an early
      and critical role in the neoplastic transformation of cultured cells by X-rays,
      chemical carcinogens and RNA- and DNA-viruses. At the molecular level, the
      effects of thyroid hormones on the alterations of gene expression accompanying
      neoplasms remain unknown. Yet, the presence of nuclear triiodothyronine receptors
      in experimental and human tumors and the recent discovery, by several authors,
      that the cellular counterpart of a viral oncogene (v-erb A) encodes a thyroid
      hormone receptor, suggest: either a direct influence of the hormone on the
      initiation and/or the progress of these tumors; or an indirect effect, via the
      modulation of another metabolic regulator, for example a polypeptide growth
      factor (Epidermal Growth Factor, Transforming Growth Factor).

PMID- 2658732
TI  - [Gonadal opioids and testicular function].
AB  - A review is presented on the occurrence of opioid systems within mammalian testes
      at different stages of sexual development. Identification of the messenger
      ribonucleic acid sequences (mRNA) related to the three opioid precursor families
      and as well as characterization and localization of their main derivates may
      account for the importance of such systems within reproductive tissues. These
      data are supported by experimental in vivo and in vitro studies giving evidence
      that opioid peptides are produced locally and may exert paracrine and/or
      autocrine effects within the testes.

PMID- 2658733
TI  - [Interactions of alcohol and iron proteins].
AB  - The known relationship between ethanol and the two main proteins of iron
      metabolism, transferrin and ferritin, are reviewed. Transferrin synthesis
      decreases in alcoholic cirrhosis, and increases in alcoholic fatty liver. In the
      latter case, its turnover is accelerated. Serum desialylated transferrin
      increases in chronic alcoholism and could be the best marker of heavy drinking.
      The increased uptake of desialylated transferrin by the liver could explain the
      development of hepatic siderosis in some alcoholics. Serum ferritin increases in
      chronic alcoholism, much more because of liver damage than in relation to iron
      stores. It is clear in this review that few experimental studies have been
      interested in the investigation of these relationships.

PMID- 2658734
TI  - [Inflammation of Oddi's sphincter in 1989].

PMID- 2658735
TI  - [Collagenous colitis and microscopic colitis. Assessment after a decade].

PMID- 2658736
TI  - [The small intestine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents].

PMID- 2658737
TI  - Familiarity, recessivity and germline mosaicism.
AB  - In man evidence of autosomal recessive disease is usually based on a high sib
      risk, absence of parent-child transmission and increased consanguinity.
      Discrimination from what are sometimes termed multifactorial disorders and their
      associated environmental effects is usually based on the latter having a lower
      recurrence risk, an increased recurrence risk after a second affected child and
      no increase in consanguinity. Another cause of familial disorders with recurrence
      restricted to sibs which has received little attention is germline mosaicism for
      a mutation expressed as a dominant. If, for example, an embryonic mutation
      resulted in half the precursors of the germ cells carrying a mutation with
      dominant expression, then the proportion of haploid nuclei conveying the
      mutation, which is the recurrence risk, would be a quarter. If severity precluded
      reproduction the disorder would tend to be classified as a recessive. While
      germline mosaicism will rarely be expressed with such a high recurrence risk, the
      estimation of this risk in rare disorders is difficult due to extreme and
      unpredictable bias in ascertainment.

PMID- 2658738
TI  - The nonrandom participation of human acrocentric chromosomes in Robertsonian
      translocations.
AB  - The present study explores the origin of human Robertsonian translocations (RT)
      and the causes of the nonrandom participation of the different acrocentrics in
      them. Satellite associations have been analysed in 966 cells from 8 persons, and
      1266 RT with ascertainment have been collected from the literature. The
      observation that the chromosomes preferentially taking part in satellite
      associations vary between individuals is confirmed. However, since a preferred
      chromosome appears to associate at random with the others, this phenomenon should
      not add to the nonrandomness of the RT. Most RT presumably arise through adjacent
      chromatid exchanges corresponding to mitotic chiasmata, in the pericentric
      regions of the acrocentrics. Our working hypothesis is that there is a basic
      exchange rate between any two acrocentrics. The surplus of t(14q21q) is presumed
      to depend on these two chromosomes having a homologous pericentric region. The 10
      20 times higher incidence of t(13q14q) as compared with other RT is best
      explained by crossing-over between homologous, but relatively inverted, segments
      in these chromosomes. Of the 246 RT ascertained through repeated abortions or
      infertility, 56 were found through the latter. Of these, chromosome 14 was
      involved in 51. The infertility may be caused by a small deletion of 14q, as is
      often the case in 15q in Prader-Willi syndrome. In all RT ascertained through 21
      or 13 trisomy, respectively, the relevant chromosome is one of the participants.
      Our data thus do not give any support to the idea of interchromosomal effects
      exerted by RT.

PMID- 2658739
TI  - [Pelvic kidney. Apropos of 50 cases].
AB  - The pelvic ectopic kidney is a relatively rare congenital anomaly. It is situated
      below the horizontal level of the iliac crest. Fifty cases, collected over twelve
      years, are reported here: 47 unilateral PEK, 2 bilateral PEK, 1 solitary PEK. The
      main clinical patterns are outlined. The healthy ectopic kidney (18 cases):
      clinical complaints are derived from adjacent organs. The diseased ectopic kidney
      (32 cases). Urinary symptoms reveal the anomaly. Renal stones (21 cases) and
      uretero-pelvic junction disease (7 cases) are the most frequent lesions
      encountered. The diagnosis is based on IVP data. Ultrasonography and computed
      tomography are of great help: they avoid useless and expensive complementary
      investigations when clinical symptoms are misleading. Ectopic kidney should be
      treated as if it were in its normal position. However, surgical procedures that
      may be performed might be particularly difficult because of different anatomical
      environment and non-systematized blood supply.

PMID- 2658740
TI  - [From scrotal ultrasonography to unnecessary castration].

PMID- 2658741
TI  - Operations for duodenal ulcer disease.
AB  - Operative treatment of duodenal ulcer has been restricted to the small proportion
      of ulcer patients who have complications of ulcers or to those patients who do
      not respond to medical treatment. The principal surgical procedures that have
      been used include different types of gastric drainage, gastric resection, gastric
      denervation, or various combinations of these principles. Initially, the primary
      objective of ulcer surgery was to prevent recurrent ulcer. Currently, the
      objectives of operation are to cure an ulcer without a recurrent ulcer or any
      undesirable sequelae developing as a result of altered gastric physiology.
      Perhaps no operation will satisfy each of these conditions for every patient.
      Parietal cell vagotomy without a drainage procedure, the latest contribution to
      ulcer surgery, has been intensively studied for 19 years. The operative mortality
      of 0.26%, the recurrence rate of 4 to 11%, and virtually no significant side
      effects have caused the operation to become the procedure of choice for an
      increasingly large number of gastric surgeons.

PMID- 2658742
TI  - Molecular pathogenesis of Ph-positive leukemias.
AB  - The strong association between the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) and chronic
      myelogenous leukemia (CML) suggests that the Ph translocation plays a significant
      role in CML pathogenesis. For this reason, Ph-positive leukemias have been well
      studied from the molecular, clinical, and cell biological perspective. We attempt
      to integrate these data in order to better our understanding of the role of the
      Ph chromosome in human leukemia.

PMID- 2658743
TI  - Burn unit treatment of acute, severe exfoliating disorders.
AB  - In this chapter, we review the experience gained in the burn unit treatment of
      two of the severe exfoliating disorders, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and the
      Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). Septic mortality was higher if high doses of
      corticosteroids were given versus the current protocol, which avoids these drugs.
      Current controversies include the role of topical therapy, leukopenia, and
      invasive catheters in septic complications as well as nutritional requirements.
      Concomitant viral infection and the macrophage may each play a role in the
      etiology of TEN and SJS.

PMID- 2658744
TI  - Cocaine dependence.
AB  - Cocaine has been proclaimed the "drug of greatest national public health
      concern." Recent clinical investigations demonstrate that cocaine causes abuse
      and withdrawal patterns differing from those of other major abused drugs. These
      observations converge with preclinical data to suggest that cocaine dependence,
      rather than being a purely "psychological" addiction, is based in
      neurophysiological down-regulation in specific central nervous system processes
      that regulate hedonic (pleasure) responses. Promising new experimental
      pharmacological treatments have consequently appeared, as have specialized
      psychotherapeutic approaches to cocaine abuse.

PMID- 2658745
TI  - Metabolic effects of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is associated with a number of metabolic
      abnormalities. These include lipid abnormalities, most commonly
      hypertriglyceridemia, increased VLDL and decreased HDL-cholesterol levels;
      carbohydrate abnormalities, a result of the absorption of large quantities of
      glucose; protein losses, consisting of albumin and amino acid losses; and a
      propensity to obesity. The pathogenesis and possible consequences of these
      abnormalities are discussed.

PMID- 2658746
TI  - Acid-base disorders in critical care medicine.
AB  - In critically ill patients, nonrespiratory (metabolic) alkalosis is the most
      common acid-base disturbance; it is caused by hypochloremia and/or by
      hypoproteinemia. Information on the concentration of plasma proteins should be
      included when evaluating acid-base status.

PMID- 2658747
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse.
AB  - Mitral valve prolapse continues to arouse considerable interest because of its
      worldwide prevalence, lack of unanimity in diagnostic criteria, and association
      with such potentially serious complications as angina-like chest pain, cardiac
      arrhythmias, sudden death, progressive mitral regurgitation, cerebral embolism,
      and infective endocarditis. This review includes a discussion of the prevalence
      of mitral valve prolapse around the world, a critical review of the diagnostic
      criteria, and a discussion of the pathophysiology of the important complications,
      with special emphasis on cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2658748
TI  - Human megakaryocytopoiesis.
AB  - The study of human megakaryocytopoiesis has grown tremendously in the past
      decade. Numerous advances and improvements in methodologies have contributed to a
      much enhanced understanding of the developmental biology of this platelet
      producing cell. This chapter reviews these methodologies, discusses current
      concepts regarding the regulation of human megakaryocyte development, and alludes
      to the clinical significance of these advances in the field.

PMID- 2658749
TI  - Management of prolactinomas.
AB  - Prolactinomas are the most common of the hormone-secreting pituitary tumors and
      must be distinguished from nonsecreting tumors causing hyperprolactinemia by
      hypothalamic or stalk dysfunction. For both micro- and macroadenomas, dopamine
      agonists appear to be the treatment of choice, transsphenoidal surgery being
      reserved for nonresponders. For women desiring pregnancy, dopamine agonists are
      safe when there is a microadenoma or an intrasellar macroadenoma. However, in
      women with large macroadenomas desiring pregnancy, limited transsphenoidal
      decompression followed by bromocriptine appears to be the safest mode of
      treatment.

PMID- 2658750
TI  - Preeclampsia: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
AB  - Preeclampsia, a major cause of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality, may be
      difficult to distinguish clinically from other hypertensive disorders of
      pregnancy. Signs helpful in its diagnosis include presentation during late
      gestation in a nullipara with edema and proteinuria, and one or more of the
      following: hemoconcentration, hypoalbuminemia, liver function and/or coagulation
      abnormalities, and increased urate levels. Measures that may prove useful in
      differentiating preeclampsia from less dangerous forms of hypertension are
      decreased antithrombin III levels, increments in serum iron and
      carboxyhemoglobin, and decreases in urinary calcium. Major pathophysiological
      features of preeclampsia are decreased cardiac output, pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure, and plasma volume; and marked increases in peripheral vascular
      resistance, as well as exaggerated pressor responses to endogenous angiotensin II
      and catecholamines. Renal hemodynamics decrease, in part as a result of a
      characteristic morphological lesion in glomeruli ("endotheliosis"), and there may
      be increased vascular permeability leading to albumin loss from the intravascular
      space. When gestation is advanced, termination is the treatment of choice; when
      temporization is required, several antihypertensive medications whose safety and
      efficacy have been tested in pregnant women are available. Magnesium sulfate
      remains the drug of choice for impending convulsions (the eclamptic phase of the
      disease). Finally, the etiology of preeclampsia remains unknown, but a popular
      theory suggests that alterations in prostaglandin metabolism may be responsible
      for the hypertension and coagulopathy in this disorder. In this respect,
      prophylactic treatment with low doses of aspirin, which decrease platelet
      thromboxane production but spare endothelial prostacyclin release, may decrease
      the incidence of preeclampsia in "high-risk" populations.

PMID- 2658751
TI  - Pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis.
AB  - Many risk factors that predispose to osteoporosis have been identified, but the
      fundamental pathogenesis remains unknown. Abnormalities in systemic calcium
      regulating hormones are probably less important than changes in local factors.
      Risk factor analysis, particularly using bone mass measurements, can provide the
      basis for effective prevention programs with calcium, exercise, and hormone
      replacement therapy. Treatment of established osteoporosis is limited. In
      addition to a preventive regimen, further bone loss may be prevented by fluoride
      therapy, which stimulates bone formation, or calcitonin, which inhibits bone
      resorption.

PMID- 2658752
TI  - The pathobiology of Campylobacter infections in humans.
AB  - Bacteria of what are now regarded as the genus Campylobacter were first isolated
      in 1909, but initially were considered as pathogens of animals only. Although the
      first human infections were reported in 1947, the importance of campylobacters as
      causes of intestinal illnesses was not widely recognized until the 1970s. C.
      jejuni and closely related species are now known as leading causes of bacterial
      gastroenteritis. C. fetus causes systemic diseases, primarily in compromised
      hosts. Most recently, C. pylori has been associated with antral gastritis and
      peptic ulcer disease. The pathogenic mechanisms for these three related
      organisms, while still being elucidated, are now known to be substantially
      different.

PMID- 2658753
TI  - Liver transplantation today.
AB  - Clinical liver transplantation has been performed for more than 25 years. In the
      1980s the survival has markedly improved as a result of better patient selection,
      improved operative techniques, and better understanding of rejection and
      immunosuppression. This review examines the improvements in liver transplantation
      that have led to one-year patient survival rates of better than 80%.

PMID- 2658754
TI  - Genetic changes in the pathogenesis of lung cancer.
AB  - Human lung cancer is a complex genetic disease resulting from a series of
      inherited and somatically occurring defects in a number of critical genes. These
      genetic events, produced in part by carcinogen exposure, include chromosomal
      deletion, rearrangement, and mutation, and lead to inactivation or activation of
      certain target genes. Recent data showed these genes to include both recessive
      oncogenes such as the retinoblastoma gene and dominantly acting oncogenes such as
      the myc and ras family members.

PMID- 2658755
TI  - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is the most important idiosyncratic drug-induced
      thrombocytopenia because of its high frequency and association with arterial
      thrombosis. Recent evidence implicates heparin-IgG immune complexes in the
      pathogenesis of this disorder. New developments such as a diagnostic test for
      heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and current treatment recommendations are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2658756
TI  - Fetal blood sampling.
AB  - Fetal blood sampling under ultrasound guidance has permitted the opening of the
      fetal vascular compartment for diagnosis and therapy. Under very strict
      conditions, this procedure allows the clinician to use fetal blood analysis as a
      complementary routine examination.

PMID- 2658757
TI  - Diabetes and thyroid-hormone-induced changes in cardiac function and their
      molecular basis.
AB  - The heart is a major target organ for insulin and thyroid hormone action, and
      marked changes in cardiac function occur in patients with hyper- or
      hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus. Cardiac contractility is increased in the
      hyperthyroid state and decreased in hypothyroidism, and changes in specific
      proteins mediating cardiac contraction accompany these alterations. Changes in
      thyroid status mediate their influence on cardiac function by a combination of
      direct thyroid hormone effects on the heart, alterations in the responsiveness of
      the cardiac sympathoadrenal system, and hemodynamic effects generated in the
      periphery. Cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus are a major
      contributor to mortality and morbidity in the diabetic population. In addition to
      cardiac small and large vessel disease, an autonomic neuropathy and a
      cardiomyopathy occur in diabetic patients. The cardiomyopathy results in
      congestive failure and is independent of large vessel disease. Studies in
      diabetic animal models point to a metabolic basis for the cardiomyopathy, which
      is accompanied by changes in specific contractile proteins.

PMID- 2658758
TI  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: risk factors, pathophysiology and
      pathogenesis.
AB  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined in this chapter, and the
      relation between its two major components, (a) chronic bronchitis and emphysema
      and (b) nonremitting asthma, is discussed. Intensity of tobacco smoking and age
      are the major risk factors for the development of chronic airways obstruction.
      Environmental air pollution, childhood infections, and familial factors other
      than alpha-1 protease inhibitor deficiency appear to play only small roles.
      Emphysema is the major cause of severe airways obstruction; bronchiolitis is a
      contributing factor and likely is responsible for the minor reversible element of
      airways obstruction. The elastase-antielastase hypothesis, which is based mainly
      on indirect evidence, is the best explanation for the pathogenesis of emphysema.
      Extensive airspace enlargement with fibrosis is infrequently observed; this
      mechanism may play a role in the pathogenesis of the centrilobular emphysema of
      smokers.

PMID- 2658759
TI  - Pulmonary surfactant.
AB  - Pulmonary surfactant is a chemically heterogeneous material that provides a
      stable, low surface tension within the lung, thereby preventing alveolar collapse
      at low transpulmonary pressures. Both the lipid and the protein components of
      surfactant are important for establishing and maintaining a low surface tension.
      The composition of surfactant, the biogenesis of surfactant components, and the
      biologic roles of surfactant components are discussed in this brief review.
      Surfactant functions in adult lung disease and surfactant replacement therapy are
      also briefly considered.

PMID- 2658760
TI  - Pathogenesis and epidemiology of chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - Acute pancreatitis is not the cause but may be a complication of chronic
      pancreatitis. Different forms of chronic pancreatitis are described. The most
      frequent type in all climates, chronic calcifying pancreatitis, has different
      causes but similar pathological changes. It is a lithiasis in which a new family
      of molecules. PSP, a calcium stabilizer, plays a dominant role. Studies of
      chronic pancreatitis have now reached the stage of molecular biochemistry.

PMID- 2658761
TI  - The cardiovascular pathophysiology of sepsis.

PMID- 2658762
TI  - Systemic effects of vitamin D.
AB  - Traditionally perceived as a seco-steroid hormone involved in the regulation of
      calcium metabolism, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3] is now
      known also to be active in tissues not directly contributing to mineral
      metabolism. New data show that 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 is produced by and interacts
      with hematopoietic cells. The hormone promotes myeloid differentiation and
      modulates the function of activated lymphocytes. Another new target tissue for 1
      alpha,25(OH)2D3 is the skin, where 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 enhances differentiation of
      epidermal cells. Therapeutic application of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 or suitable
      analogues in differentiation disorders of hematopoietic and skin cells is
      currently under investigation.

PMID- 2658764
TI  - Diagnosis of systemic Candida infections.
AB  - Invasive candidiasis has become an important cause of morbidity and mortality in
      patients receiving aggressive antineoplastic chemotherapy, in recipients of bone
      marrow transplants, and in other patient groups. The illness provides the
      clinician with few clues to its nature or presence. This paper reviews
      developments over the past three decades in the laboratory diagnosis of this
      important infection.

PMID- 2658763
TI  - Anticoagulants during pregnancy.
AB  - Anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy is problematic because both heparin and
      oral anticoagulants can potentially produce adverse maternal and fetal effects.
      Reviewing the relevant literature makes it clear that heparin is safer for the
      fetus than are oral anticoagulants. For the prophylaxis and treatment of venous
      thromboembolic disease in pregnant patients, heparin is the preferred
      anticoagulant because its efficacy and safety are established. However, because
      the efficacy of heparin in preventing systemic embolism in patients with
      prosthetic heart valves is not established, either adjusted-dose heparin or a
      combination of heparin and oral anticoagulants can be used.

PMID- 2658765
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation in the acute leukemias and lymphomas
      offers potentially curative treatment in patients who do not have a
      histocompatible, allogeneic donor. Results of marrow autografting in the
      lymphomas are especially encouraging, with disease-free survivals of 50-60% in
      patients who have failed primary and secondary treatment regimens. In the acute
      leukemias, one may expect 20-40% relapse-free survival after autologous marrow
      transplantation. We feel that ex vivo treatment ("purging") is necessary to
      eradicate occult tumor cells from autologous remission marrow in hematological
      malignancies, but this remains a controversial issue to some investigators.
      Preliminary studies of autologous bone marrow transplantation are promising in
      multiple myeloma and certain childhood tumors, and autografting is currently
      being explored in the treatment of other solid tumors such as adenocarcinoma of
      the breast.

PMID- 2658766
TI  - Bernard B. Brodie and the rise of chemical pharmacology.

PMID- 2658767
TI  - Rational design of antiviral agents.
AB  - Examining the change in the state of the art of antiviral drug discovery, from
      the discovery nearly 40 years ago of a smallpox drug (methisazone) of unknown
      mechanism of action to the analysis of an antiviral agent bound to a virus at
      atomic resolution, gives the reader an appreciation for the magnitude of the
      advances in the science of antiviral chemotherapy. The clinical success of
      amantadine, acyclovir, and azidothymidine have proved that antiviral chemotherapy
      is a reality. The next step will be to apply the new tools of x-ray
      crystallography and computational chemistry to the antiviral challenges that lie
      before us.

PMID- 2658768
TI  - Biochemical mechanisms of induction of hepatic peroxisome proliferation.

PMID- 2658769
TI  - Bioactivation in chemical teratogenesis.
AB  - Within the past decade, interest has increased markedly in the elucidation of
      mechanisms whereby drugs and other chemicals can alter the normal developmental
      pattern of the developing conceptus. This has, in large measure, been
      attributable to the recent availability of methods for the successful long-term
      culture of whole embryos as well as various embryonic tissues (e.g. limb buds).
      These preparations have enabled a more straightforward investigation of the
      direct effects of chemicals on the conceptus per se, without the complicating and
      frequently confounding participation of maternal factors. The demonstration that
      exogenous metabolic preparations could be incorporated into such culture systems
      has enabled investigators to pursue questions about the nature of proximate and
      ultimate chemical species responsible for producing abnormal morphogenesis.
      Demonstrations of the capacity of the early conceptus to effect profound
      dysmorphogenic bioactivation provide additional relevance to such questions.
      Elucidation of the identity of the chemical species represents a first and
      necessary step in unravelling the pathogenic mechanism. Control of their rates of
      generation and inactivation or elimination are probable major determinants of
      incidence/severity of chemically induced embryotoxicity. Future investigations of
      these phenomena promise to yield key contributions to the discovery of mechanisms
      in chemical teratogenesis.

PMID- 2658770
TI  - Methods for evaluating chemical genotoxicity.

PMID- 2658771
TI  - Characterization of human microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes.

PMID- 2658772
TI  - The pharmacological treatment of dyslipidemia.

PMID- 2658773
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2658774
TI  - Tissue kallikreins and kinins: regulation and roles in hypertensive and diabetic
      diseases.
AB  - The spectrum of cellular, or whole animal responses to kinins has expanded
      enormously in the last five years. The molecular basis for these consequences of
      kinin-kinin receptor interactions is being glimpsed as a series of cascading and
      parallel biochemical events occurring either in the same or adjacent, but
      communicating, cells of the same tissue (e.g. epithelial, endothelial, muscle,
      neural). Although it is likely that even more kinin-induced events remain to be
      discovered, like the interesting effects of the peptides on osteoclastic activity
      (128), a greater challenge in this field is the gathering of insights into
      precisely how the regulation of system component gene expression is coordinately
      carried out to allow component protein synthesis, transport and processing when
      necessary, and limitation of activities, when required. With these insights, we
      will be more able to understand the meaning of many observations of tissue
      kallikrein-kinin system abnormalities in common human diseases. This
      understanding will then make more obvious the drug design strategies to be used
      to stimulate or replace, and modulate or inhibit kallikrein-kinin system
      components in those diseases.

PMID- 2658775
TI  - Animal models for the study of drugs in ischemic stroke.

PMID- 2658776
TI  - Toxicology of complex mixtures of indoor air pollutants.

PMID- 2658777
TI  - Transfer factor: past, present and future.

PMID- 2658778
TI  - Percutaneous absorption of drugs.
AB  - Some practical applications of basic information in percutaneous absorption have
      been reviewed. Drug release from vehicles is discussed in relation to
      glucocorticosteroids. Penetration enhancers are reviewed with emphasis on the
      need for further investigations and applications of enhancers for clinical use.
      The role of the stratum corneum as a barrier to and a reservoir for drugs is
      discussed. Special problems in penetration as presented by regional anatomic
      variations, nails, and follicles are mentioned. Overall, we review some practical
      problems existing in the penetration of drugs through human skin.

PMID- 2658779
TI  - Characterization of beta-lactamases.

PMID- 2658780
TI  - Classification of beta-lactamases: groups 1, 2a, 2b, and 2b'.

PMID- 2658781
TI  - Classification of beta-lactamases: groups 2c, 2d, 2e, 3, and 4.

PMID- 2658782
TI  - Mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli: characterization of nfxB
      and cfxB, two mutant resistance loci decreasing norfloxacin accumulation.
AB  - Two genetic loci selected for norfloxacin (nfxB) and ciprofloxacin (cfxB)
      resistance were characterized. Both mutations have previously been shown to
      confer pleiotropic resistance to quinolones, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline
      and to decrease expression of porin outer-membrane protein OmpF. nfxB was shown
      to map at about 19 min and thus to be genetically distinct from ompF (21 min),
      and cfxB was shown to be very closely linked to marA (34 min). cfxB was dominant
      over cfxB+ in merodiploids, in contrast to other quinolone resistance mutations.
      The two loci appear to interact functionally, because nfxB was not expressed in
      the presence of marA::Tn5. Both nfxB and cfxB decreased the expression of ompF up
      to 50-fold at the posttranscriptional level as determined in strains containing
      ompF-lacZ operon and protein fusions. Both mutations also decreased norfloxacin
      accumulation in intact cells. This decrease in accumulation was abolished by
      energy inhibitors and by removal of the outer membrane. These findings, in
      conjunction with those of Cohen et al. (S. P. Cohen, D. C. Hooper, J. S. Wolfson,
      K. S. Souza, L. M. McMurry, and S. B. Levy, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:1187
      1191, 1988), suggest a model for quinolone resistance by decreased permeation in
      which decreased diffusion through porin channels in the outer membrane interacts
      with a saturable drug efflux system at the inner membrane.

PMID- 2658783
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular amopyroquin in healthy subjects and
      determination of a therapeutic regimen for Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
AB  - The disposition of amopyroquin was investigated in 10 healthy volunteers after a
      single 2-mg/kg (body weight) intramuscular dose of amopyroquin base. The major
      form of the drug in plasma and in whole blood was nonmetabolized amopyroquin, and
      only very low levels of its primary amine derivative were detected. After a rapid
      absorption phase (15 min), levels in plasma declined, following a tri-exponential
      model with a terminal elimination half-life of 129.6 +/- 92.5 h. The apparent
      volume of distribution (V/F) and the systemic clearance (CL/F) were 238 +/- 75
      liters/kg and 2,063 +/- 1,159 ml/min, respectively. The renal clearance,
      calculated by using urine excreted during the first 48 h, was 119 +/- 99 ml/min
      and represented about 6% of the systemic clearance. About 1.2 and 0.2% of the
      amopyroquin dose was excreted in the urine during the first 48 h as
      nonmetabolized amopyroquin and its primary amine metabolite, respectively. Twenty
      two Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients were studied after treatment with one
      of the following regimens of intramuscularly injected amopyroquin base: 3 mg/kg
      (body weight), 6 mg/kg, or 6 mg/kg followed by 3 mg/kg 24 h later. Parasitemia
      was cleared at day 7 in one of six, four of seven, and seven of nine patients,
      respectively. On the basis of this study, a regimen of 12 mg/kg (body weight)
      administered in two or three injections is suggested.

PMID- 2658784
TI  - Study of the effects of liposomal amphotericin B on Candida albicans,
      Cryptococcus neoformans, and erythrocytes by using small unilamellar vesicles
      prepared from saturated phospholipids.
AB  - We compared the anticellular effects of liposomal amphotericin B (AmB) formed
      from AmB and small unilamellar vesicles. The small unilamellar vesicles with or
      without cholesterol were prepared from three L-alpha-phosphatidylcholines with
      saturated acyl chains of different lengths: distearoyl (C18), dipalmitoyl (C16),
      and dimyristoyl (C14). We found that the anticellular potency of liposomal AmB,
      compared with that of free AmB, decreased with decreasing length of the acyl
      chain of the phospholipid and increased with the addition of cholesterol. In a
      parallel study (S. Jullien, A. Vertut-Croquin, J. Brajtburg, and J. Bolard, Anal.
      Biochem. 172:197-202, 1988), we found that binding of AmB to vesicles decreased
      with increasing length of the acyl chain of the phospholipid and decreased with
      the addition of cholesterol. We conclude that the anticellular effects of
      liposomal AmB preparations are due to the levels of AmB remaining free (unbound
      to the lipids) in these preparations.

PMID- 2658785
TI  - Tissue concentrations and bioactivity of amphotericin B in cancer patients
      treated with amphotericin B-deoxycholate.
AB  - We have studied amphotericin B concentrations in tissues of 13 cancer patients
      who died after having received 75 to 1,110 mg (total dose) of amphotericin B
      deoxycholate for suspected or proven disseminated fungal infection. Amphotericin
      B concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and
      by bioassay, the latter being done on tissue homogenates as well as on tissue
      methanolic extracts. The fungistatic and fungicidal titers of the tissue
      homogenates were also tested against three strains of Candida albicans and one
      strain of Aspergillus fumigatus. Tissue concentrations of amphotericin B measured
      by HPLC varied with the tested tissues as well as with the total dose of
      amphotericin B-deoxycholate administered and ranged from 0.4 to 147.1
      micrograms/g. A mean of 38.3% (range, 23.0 to 51.3%) of the total dose was
      recovered by HPLC from all of the tested organs. Bioassay of tissue methanolic
      extracts reached 58 to 81% of the concentration measured by HPLC, whereas only 15
      to 41% was recovered from the homogenates. Overall, 27.5% of the total dose was
      recovered from the liver, 5.2% was recovered from the spleen, 3.2% was recovered
      from the lungs, and 1.5% was recovered from the kidneys. The median concentration
      in bile was 7.3 micrograms/ml, suggesting that biliary excretion could contribute
      to amphotericin B elimination to an estimated range of 0.8 to 14.6% of the daily
      dose. Fungicidal titers were seldom measured in tissues, but fungistatic titers
      were observed and were linearly correlated with amphotericin B concentration
      measured by HPLC. In conclusion, only a small proportion of the amphotericin B
      administered as amphotericin B-deoxycholate to patients seems diffusible and
      bioactive.

PMID- 2658786
TI  - Effects of beta-lactamases and omp mutation on susceptibility to beta-lactam
      antibiotics in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Four types of beta-lactamases consisting of a penicillinase type I (TEM-1), a
      penicillinase type II (OXA-1), a cephalosporinase of Citrobacter freundii, and a
      cephalosporinase of Proteus vulgaris were introduced into Escherichia coli MC4100
      and its omp mutants, MH1160 (MC4100 ompR1) and MH760 (MC4100 ompR2), by
      transformation. Effects of the combination of the omp mutations and these beta
      lactamases on the susceptibility of E. coli strains were studied with 15 beta
      lactam antibiotics including cephalosporins, cephamycins, penicillins, imipenem,
      and aztreonam. The ompR1 mutant, MH1160, lacks OmpF and OmpC, and it showed
      reduced susceptibility to 11 of the 15 beta-lactam agents. The reduction in
      susceptibility to cefoxitin, moxalactam, and flomoxef was much greater than
      reduction in susceptibility to the other agents. When the ompR1 mutant produced
      the cephalosporinase of C. freundii, the susceptibility of the mutant to 12 of
      the 15 beta-lactam antibiotics decreased. The reduction in susceptibility of
      MH1160 to 10 of the 12 agents affected by the enzyme was two- to fourfold greater
      than that observed in MC4100. Such a synergistic effect was also observed with
      the cephalosporinase of P. vulgaris and ompR1 mutation against six
      cephalosporins, moxalactam, and aztreonam.

PMID- 2658787
TI  - Interaction of cefpirome and a cephalosporinase from Citrobacter freundii GN7391.
AB  - The interaction of cefpirome and a cephalosporinase from Citrobacter freundii,
      including hydrolysis and inhibition, was studied in comparison with those of
      cefotiam, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime. Cefpirome was hydrolyzed by the enzyme
      more rapidly at Vmax than were cefotaxime and ceftazidime. However, the low
      affinity of the enzyme for cefpirome caused a reduction in the hydrolytic rate of
      cefpirome at a low drug concentration (0.1 microM). The high stability of
      cefpirome at a low concentration explains the high antimicrobial activity of the
      agent against cephalosporinase-producing bacteria.

PMID- 2658788
TI  - Characterization of a halothane-resistant strain of measles virus.
AB  - A strain of measles virus (MVr) whose replication demonstrated increased
      resistance to halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) exposure
      compared with the susceptible parental strain (MVs) is described. After exposure
      to a 1.2% halothane concentration, substantial amounts of the measles virus H
      protein were detected in MVr-infected Vero cell lysates by immunoprecipitation
      and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or by quantitative immunofluorescence
      staining. The protein was barely detectable in identically treated MVs-infected
      lysates, however. The recovery of all other measles virus proteins studied was
      the same in MVr- and MVs-infected cells at this anesthetic concentration. Thus,
      the altered expression of a single gene product appears to be responsible for the
      observed halothane resistance.

PMID- 2658789
TI  - Reappraisal of the antistaphylococcal activities of first-generation (narrow
      spectrum) and second-generation (expanded-spectrum) cephalosporins.

PMID- 2658790
TI  - Decreased permeation of cephalosporins through the outer membrane of Escherichia
      coli grown in salicylates.
AB  - Escherichia coli K-12 cells grown in 1 to 5 mM sodium salicylate (SAL) or
      acetylsalicylate show increased phenotypic resistance to various antibiotics (J.
      L. Rosner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8771-8774, 1985), including
      cephalosporins (this study). To determine whether these effects are caused by a
      decreased uptake of the antibiotics, the permeation of several cephalosporins
      through the outer membrane was measured. For E. coli K-12 grown in LB broth
      containing 5 mM SAL or acetylsalicylate, permeation of the outer membrane by the
      five cephalosporins tested decreased three- to fivefold compared with that in
      cells not grown in salicylates. Permeation of the outer membrane by cephaloridine
      decreased within 15 min of the addition of SAL to cells grown in broth and
      reached a minimum in 1 to 2 h. When cells were transferred from broth with SAL to
      broth without SAL, their permeability to cephaloridine increased slowly for the
      first 45 min and more rapidly over the next 1.5 h; the permeability then attained
      normal levels by 3 h. The permeability changes that occurred after media shifts,
      either to or from SAL, were prevented by concentrations of chloramphenicol that
      inhibited protein synthesis. These effects of SAL on outer membrane permeability
      are fully consistent with their effects on antibiotic resistance and with the
      report (T. Sawai, S. Hirano, and A. Yamaguchi, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 40:233-237,
      1987) that the outer membranes of SAL-treated cells are deficient in certain
      porins. Permeation of cephaloridine through the outer membrane also decreased
      when a virulent strain of E. coli K1 was grown in the presence of as little as 1
      to 2 mM SAL. This raises the concern that high levels of salicylates in patients
      night interfere with cephalosporin or other antibiotic therapies.

PMID- 2658791
TI  - Effects of microamperage, medium, and bacterial concentration on iontophoretic
      killing of bacteria in fluid.
AB  - Prevention of nosocomial urinary tract infections by iontophoresis is addressed.
      An iontophoretic generator was used to provide microamperage (10 to 400 microA)
      to vials containing either synthetic urine or supplemented synthetic urine.
      Bacteria were added to vials, and parameters of growth, bacterial killing, and
      multiple electrode materials were examined. Escherichia coli and Proteus species
      were both inhibited and killed at various microamperages and with several
      electrode types, the most efficient being gold-gold as the anode-cathode
      combination. Klebsiella pneumoniae in supplemented synthetic urine was least
      inhibited in growth, and higher microamperage (200 to 400 microA) was most
      effective in killing the bacteria. Bacterial growth reduction and killing were
      directly related to increasing microamperage and were inversely related to
      bacterial concentration.

PMID- 2658792
TI  - In vivo efficacy of zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine) in experimental gram
      negative-bacterial infections.
AB  - The therapeutic efficacy of orally administered zidovuldine (3'-azido-3'
      deoxythymidine) was determined in animals infected with Escherichia coli and
      Salmonella dublin. The 50% effective dose (ED50) of zidovudine (9.6 to 11.8 mg/kg
      of body weight) compared favorably with that of trimethoprim (19.4 to 22.2 mg/kg)
      in mice with systemic E. coli infection. At 50 mg/kg, both zidovudine and
      ampicillin reduced the number of bacteria in the kidneys of mice and prevented
      lethal infection in mice with ascending pyelonephritis caused by E. coli.
      Zidovudine prevented a lethal S. dublin infection in calves over a wide dose
      range (8.0 to 31.0 mg/kg per day). Zidovudine levels in plasma of uninfected mice
      were 28.2 +/- 4.5 and 7.9 +/- 2.2 micrograms/ml at 30 and 60 min, respectively,
      exceeding the MICs for the bacteria used in the infections. Few zidovudine
      resistant strains were observed. The in vivo data raise the possibility that
      zidovudine may have an antibacterial effect in patients receiving this therapy.

PMID- 2658793
TI  - Do double-beta-lactam combinations prolong neutropenia in patients undergoing
      chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation for hematological disease?
AB  - The total period of neutropenia was assessed in 174 episodes after chemotherapy
      or bone marrow transplantation in which patients received antibiotics for fever
      in a randomized prospective trial. Log rank analysis demonstrated no significant
      difference in the total duration of neutropenia between patients receiving
      netilmicin plus either piperacillin or azlocillin and those given ceftazidime
      plus either piperacillin or azlocillin. Of 86 patients in the single-beta-lactam
      group, 27 had a persistent neutrophil count of 0.1 x 10(9) per liter during
      treatment compared with 27 of 88 patients in the double-beta-lactam group, and 29
      of 68 patients treated with the single-beta-lactam combination had a total period
      of neutropenia greater than 30 days versus 36 of 75 in the double-beta-lactam
      group. The use of two beta-lactam antibiotics rather than one does not appear to
      prolong neutropenia in patients undergoing treatment of hematological malignancy.
      However, in order to determine the effect of a single-beta-lactam combination, a
      similar carefully controlled prospective randomized study in which such treatment
      is compared with a non-beta-lactam-containing regimen is required.

PMID- 2658794
TI  - Minimum antibiotic levels for selecting a resistance plasmid in a gnotobiotic
      animal model.
AB  - The minimum antibiotic concentrations for selecting an R plasmid in vivo were
      determined in germfree mice colonized by two isogenic strains of Escherichia
      coli, one of which carried an R plasmid. Seventy groups of three gnotobiotic mice
      were given low doses of ampicillin, colistin, flumequin, gentamicin,
      tetracycline, or streptomycin via drinking water for 2 weeks. The equilibrium
      between susceptible and resistant populations of bacteria was monitored daily in
      feces and compared with that of control mice given pure water. This model yielded
      reproducible data, and dose and response were strongly correlated. The minimum
      selecting doses ranged from 0.9 to 12.8 micrograms/ml of water, depending on the
      antibiotic and the R plasmid. The use of mathematical models and complementary in
      vitro experiments accounted for the effect of the low antibiotic levels.

PMID- 2658796
TI  - Multicenter in vitro evaluation of SM-7338, a new carbapenem.
AB  - A new carbapenem, SM-7338, was compared with imipenem, cefotaxime, and
      ceftazidime at five medical centers. Nearly 6,000 strains were tested by
      reference methods of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards,
      and SM-7338 inhibited the largest percentage of gram-negative bacilli. Its
      spectrum included all members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (99.7% were
      susceptible to less than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml), Pseudomonas spp. (but not
      Xanthomonas maltophilia), and Acinetobacter spp. The potency and spectrum of SM
      7338 against the gram-positive organisms were less than those of imipenem and
      superior to those of ceftazidime. Only the enterococci and some oxacillin
      resistant staphylococci were less susceptible to SM-7338 (MICs for 90% of
      isolates, greater than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml). Organisms resistant to
      ceftazidime were generally susceptible to SM-7338 and imipenem (76%). However,
      for one-third of the imipenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli (MICs, greater than
      8 micrograms/ml), SM-7338 MICs were less than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml. Some
      endemic differences in patterns of SM-7338 activity against selected gram
      negative species were found among some medical centers.

PMID- 2658795
TI  - Development of a DNA probe from the deoxyribonucleotide sequence of a 3-N
      aminoglycoside acetyltransferase [AAC(3)-I] resistance gene.
AB  - The aacC1 gene encoding the 3-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase [AAC(3)-I] was
      cloned from enteric plasmid pJR88, and its deoxyribonucleotide sequence was
      determined. Significant nucleotide homology was noted in the region extending
      from the proposed -35 sequences through the first 59 base pairs of the aacC1 gene
      open reading frame (ORF) and the upstream flanking regions and ORFs of several
      other antibiotic resistance genes. Sequences were noted to be homologous with the
      6'-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase [AAC(6')-I], 2''-O-aminoglycoside
      adenylyltransferase [AAD(2'')], and 3''-O-aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase
      [AAD(3'')] resistance genes; the OXA-1, OXA-2, and PSE-2 beta-lactamase genes;
      and several dihydrofolate reductase genes. Small regions of homology were noted
      in the 3'-flanking regions of these resistance genes as well. A DNA probe for the
      aacC1 gene was selected from the nucleotide sequence information and was tested
      against a series of genetically and enzymatically defined strains. The probe,
      which proved specific for the aacC1 gene, was then tested against a series of 58
      gentamicin-susceptible and 219 gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli
      isolated from patients at the Seattle Veterans Administration Medical Center.
      Only six clinical isolates were noted to carry the aacC1 gene. Each was resistant
      to gentamicin but susceptible to kanamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin. The
      presence of homologous regions of DNA at both the 3' and 5' ends of the aacC1
      gene reinforces the importance of choosing probes from within the ORFs of genes
      and of avoiding flanking sequences. When the homology with other sequences
      extends into the ORF, as it does with the aacC1 gene, development of a specific
      probe may require determination of the nucleotide sequence.

PMID- 2658797
TI  - Small plasmids are involved in amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance in Escherichia
      coli.

PMID- 2658798
TI  - Cloning, expression and release of native and mutant cloacin DF13 immunity
      protein.
AB  - The pCloDF13 encoded immunity protein gene was subcloned in the expression vector
      pINIIIA1 and several deletion, insertion and point mutations were constructed in
      the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal regions of the protein. The expression,
      stability, BRP-dependent export and protective capacity of the native and mutant
      immunity proteins were studied by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and an in vivo
      activity assay. In the absence of cloacin the unbound, native immunity protein
      was stable produced by E. coli cells and released after BRP induction. The
      expression of most of the mutant immunity proteins was strongly reduced and non
      of the proteins were found to be released. All mutations in the carboxyl-terminal
      region strongly affected expression of the proteins, probably by causing protein
      instability and proteolytic degradation. One of these mutant immunity proteins,
      with an insertion mutation in its carboxyl-terminal region, still caused an
      intermediate immunity of susceptible cells against extracellularly added cloacin
      DF13. Mutations in the amino-terminal region of the immunity protein had less
      effect on its expression and did not affect the protective capacity of the
      protein.

PMID- 2658799
TI  - Arterial blood gases. As easy as ABG.

PMID- 2658800
TI  - Motor point blocks in children. A technique to relieve spasticity using phenol
      injections.
AB  - The careful attention that the day-surgery staff provides to the child who
      undergoes a motor point block procedure can reduce the anxiety of the parents and
      child and significantly contribute to the overall interdisciplinary care of the
      patient. The experience should be a positive one for the family and for the
      surgical staff.

PMID- 2658801
TI  - Perioperative nursing research. Part IV: Intraoperative phase.

PMID- 2658802
TI  - National field evaluation of a defined substrate method for the simultaneous
      detection of total coliforms and Escherichia coli from drinking water: comparison
      with presence-absence techniques.
AB  - A defined substrate method was applied to drinking water to simultaneously
      enumerate total coliforms and total Escherichia coli directly from samples. After
      incubation at 35 degrees C for 24 h, the development of yellow in an initially
      colorless solution was specific for total coliforms; fluorescence at 366 nm in
      the same tube(s) or vessel demonstrated the presence of E. coli. No confirmatory
      or completed steps were necessary. Known as autoanalysis colilert (AC), this
      method was constituted as a presence-absence test and compared with the methods
      described in Standard Methods (SM) in the P-A format. Seven water utilities
      representing a wide geological and hydrological spectrum participated in the
      evaluation. A total of 702 split drinking water samples were analyzed. Of these,
      358 were negative in both tests (SM- and AC-); 302 were positive (SM+ and AC+);
      and 42 were mixed (SM+ and AC-, 20; AC+ and SM-, 22). The overall agreement rate
      was 94%. Comparison of the SM and AC results by nonparametric statistics
      demonstrated no differences. Heterotrophic plate count bacteria exerted no
      discernible effect on the AC test. By subculture, each time the AC test was
      yellow, a total coliform was present; when the test was fluorescent, E. coli was
      isolated.

PMID- 2658803
TI  - Effect of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone on Escherichia coli
      halotolerance.
AB  - The growth-inhibitory effect of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)
      was less on members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (halotolerant organisms)
      than it was on species of Vibrio (moderately halophilic organisms). When sodium
      chloride concentration increased from 0.5 to 0.85 M, this effect was more
      pronounced for Escherichia coli; it remained relatively stable for Vibrio spp.
      The effect of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone was antagonized by the
      addition of glycine betaine or proline or by growth in a rich medium.

PMID- 2658804
TI  - Microcolony epifluorescence microscopy for selective enumeration of injured
      bacteria in frozen and heat-treated foods.
AB  - A rapid (less than 6 h) method for selectively enumerating coliforms,
      pseudomonads, and staphylococci has been developed which involves counting
      microcolonies grown on the surface of polycarbonate membranes under selective
      conditions. The method was not directly applicable to foods containing injured
      bacteria due to the poor formation of or an inability to form microcolonies under
      selective conditions. However, the introduction of a 3- to 5-h resuscitation step
      in tryptone soya broth allowed the method to give reliable estimates of these
      organisms in a variety of frozen and heat-processed foods. Under nonselective
      conditions, i.e., for total counts, the microcolony method enabled a rapid count
      to be made of viable bacteria in heat-treated foods, but these results were also
      made more consistent by the introduction of a resuscitation step. This method
      makes results from these foods available far faster than conventional enumeration
      methods.

PMID- 2658805
TI  - Survival and detection of bacteria in an aquatic environment.
AB  - A genetically engineered plasmid, pPSA131, was used as a DNA probe to detect
      homologous DNA in Escherichia coli HB101(pPSA131) after it was mixed with aquatic
      microorganisms from Lake Mead, Nevada, water samples. An isolate from the pLAFR1
      chromosomal library of Pseudomonas syringae Cit 7 was used to detect parent P.
      syringae Cit 7 that had been mixed with Lake Mead water. E. coli(pPSA131) was
      kept in variously treated samples of lake water or buffer, and its survival was
      measured by viable cell counting on modified Luria-Bertani (LB) agar. Full
      strength LB agar proved better than 0.1 x LB agar at recovering E. coli(pPSA131)
      after survival in low-nutrient environments. Survival of E. coli(pPSA131)
      remained high in filtered (0.22-micron pore size) lake water and salts buffer on
      both selective and nonselective agars but was lower in untreated lake water or
      lake water filtered with a 0.8-micron-pore-size membrane. Total recoverable
      colonies grown on LB agar were higher when lake water was filter treated (0.8
      micron pore size) than when lake water was untreated. Microorganisms recovered
      from lake water alone grew rapidly on nonselective media, probably because of the
      "bottle effect." After being mixed with Lake Mead water, E. coli(pPSA131) and P.
      syringae were detected by colony blotting with non-radioactively labeled DNA
      probes. E. coli(pPSA131) were recovered at three times during 48 h from variously
      treated samples of lake water and from a mixture with Lake Mead water organisms.
      Colonies were supported on either nonselective or selective agar for
      comparison.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2658806
TI  - Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a xylanase gene from Bacteroides
      ruminicola 23.
AB  - A gene coding for xylanase activity in the ruminal bacterial strain 23, the type
      strain of Bacteroides ruminicola, was cloned into Escherichia coli JM83 by using
      plasmid pUC18. AB. ruminicola 23 genomic library was prepared in E. coli by using
      BamHI-digested DNA, and transformants were screened for xylanase activity on the
      basis of clearing areas around colonies grown on Remazol brilliant blue R-xylan
      plates. Six clones were identified as being xylanase positive, and all six
      contained the same 5.7-kilobase genomic insert. The gene was reduced to a 2.7
      kilobase DNA fragment. Xylanase activity produced by the E. coli clone was found
      to be greater than that produced by the original B. ruminicola strain. Southern
      hybridization analysis of genomic DNA from the related B. ruminicola strains,
      D31d and H15a, by using the strain 23 xylanase gene demonstrated one hybridizing
      band in each DNA.

PMID- 2658807
TI  - Specific gene probe for detection of biotyped and serotyped Listeria strains.
AB  - A total of 284 strains of Listeria, including all known serovars and biovars
      together with Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi, were biotyped and serotyped.
      Biotyping and serotyping could be done in 2 days. A gene probe encoding a delayed
      hypersensitivity factor (DTH) was used in the detection of pathogenic biotypes
      and serotypes of the tested strains. The gene was found in all 117 tested
      Listeria monocytogenes strains of serogroups 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4c,
      4d, 4e, 4ab, and 7. It was also present in Listeria ivanovii. Of 78 L.
      monocytogenes strains of serogroup 4b, 77 strains contained the gene, whereas it
      was absent in all 10 tested L. monocytogenes strains of serogroup 4a.
      Furthermore, the gene was absent in Listeria seeligeri, L. grayi, L. murrayi, and
      L. innocua of serogroups 3c, 4b, and 6a and in L. welshimeri of serogroups 1/2b,
      3b, 6a, and 6b. Since L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii are the only two biotypes
      of the genus Listeria considered pathogens, the data obtained indicate that the
      DNA probe tested may be a useful tool in the detection of virulent Listeria
      isolates in clinical, environmental, and food samples.

PMID- 2658809
TI  - Nuclear uptake of monoclonal antibody to a surface glycoprotein and its effect on
      transcription.
AB  - Nuclear transport and chromatin binding of monoclonal antibody (MAb) ME491,
      directed against a cell surface glycoprotein, was tested in intact cells and in a
      cell-free system. After a 24-h incubation with 125I-MAb ME491, the chromatin of
      melanoma cells and of colorectal carcinoma cells contained approximately 10 and
      20%, respectively, of the antibody in nondegraded form. 125I-MAb ME491 was bound
      to a 55-kDa chromatin protein and localized in two HincII-digested chromatin
      fragments. Taken up by the nucleus, MAb ME491 inhibited transcription of
      ribosomal RNA genes by 70%. Nuclear uptake of 125I-MAb ME491 was increased up to
      ninefold when cells were preincubated with puromycin or actinomycin D. Nuclear
      uptake of MAb ME491 in a cell-free system was inhibited by ME491 antigen newly
      synthesized in the cytoplasm. Binding of 125I-MAb ME491 to the newly synthesized
      ME491 antigen caused precipitation of polysome-bound ME491 mRNA. The effect of
      MAb ME491 on transcription is discussed.

PMID- 2658808
TI  - Ammonium ions enhance proteolytic activation of adenylate cyclase and decrease
      its sensitivity to inhibition by "P"-site agonists.
AB  - A detergent-dispersed adenylate cyclase from rat brain was used to study the
      effects of ammonium salts and polyamines on the proteolytic activation of the
      enzyme by a sperm protease and on the sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to
      inhibition via its "P"-site. A purified preparation of a trypsin-like, serine
      protease from bovine sperm was used to activate solubilized adenylate cyclase in
      the presence of guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate (GTP gamma S). The
      proteolytically activated form of adenylate cyclase was found to be particularly
      sensitive to further activation by ammonium bicarbonate. The activation by
      NH4HCO3 was found to be due to the NH+4 cation and was characterized by an
      increased Vmax and by a decreased sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to
      inactivation by elevated concentrations of the sperm protease or by trypsin.
      NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 also caused biphasic effects on adenylate cyclase, which
      mimicked but were less effective than those caused by NH4HCO3. Consistent with
      observations of others, adenylate cyclase activity was enhanced by ammonium ions
      whether in the presence of reversible (Mn2+) or irreversible (GTP gamma S)
      activators. Mn2+- and GTP gamma S-stimulated activities were similarly optimally
      enhanced by 30 mM (NH4)2SO4 and by 30 to 150 mM NH4Cl or NH4HCO3. Ammonium ions
      did not increase the activity of the purified catalytic unit. Moreover, the
      effect of ammonium ions was not accompanied by an increased rate of activation by
      GTP gamma S, suggesting that the activation of Gs (guanine nucleotide-dependent
      stimulatory component) may not be the primary cause of stimulation by ammonium
      salts. Several polyamines at millimolar concentrations blocked the stimulatory
      effect of NH+4. This was observed when adenylate cyclase was activated by Mn2+,
      but not when it was activated by GTP gamma S or by the sperm protease + GTP gamma
      S. The inhibitory effect of polyamines was not due to the formation of a complex
      with ATP. Both the increase in Vmax of the Mn2+-stimulated enzyme by NH+4 and the
      decrease in Vmax caused by spermine were accompanied by an increase in the
      enzyme's Km MnATP app. Spermine increased the IC50 for inhibition of Mn2+
      activated adenylate cyclase by 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine (2',5'-ddAdo) from 0.75 to
      4.6 microM, consistent with the idea that increased sensitivity of P-site
      mediated inhibition is associated with increased enzyme activity. In contrast,
      activation of Mn2+-stimulated adenylate cyclase by 30 mM (NH4)2SO4 also reduced
      sensitivity to inhibition by 2',5'-ddAdo(IC50 1.1 microM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2658810
TI  - Expression of human plasminogen cDNA in a baculovirus vector-infected insect cell
      system.
AB  - A cDNA that encodes the human plasminogen (HPg) amino acid sequence has been
      inserted adjacent to the polyhedrin promoter in the genome of the baculovirus,
      Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, which was then used to infect
      cultured cells of the farm armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Under the conditions
      of cell growth employed, recombinant (rec)-HPg was secreted into the medium after
      24 h postinfection (p.i.), at which point virtually no rec-HPg antigen remained
      inside the cells. At 48 h p.i., a maximal level of intact rec-HPg was present in
      the medium, which underwent substantial proteolytic digestion after that time.
      The rec-HPg produced by this expression system possessed a molecular weight
      equivalent to that of plasma [Glu1]-plasminogen. In addition, the rec-HPg
      adsorbed to Sepharose-lysine, and was eluted with epsilon-aminocaproic acid
      (EACA). The recombinant protein also interacted with polyclonal antibodies
      generated to plasma HPg, as well as with a monoclonal antibody directed against a
      distinct region (kringle 1-3) of the plasma HPg molecule. Finally, the insect
      expressed rec-HPg was activatable to plasmin (HPm) by urokinase. The results
      demonstrate that this expression system produces a full-length functional single
      chain rec-HPg, which can be isolated intact from the culture medium, with some
      consideration for the temporal events that occur in secretion and longer-term
      degradation of the protein. The fact that this rec-HPg was converted to HPm with
      a plasminogen activator, and that it interacted with anti-plasma HPg polyclonal
      and monoclonal antibodies, as well as with the ligand, EACA, indicates that the
      molecule retains many of its important functional properties and is folded in an
      integral manner.

PMID- 2658811
TI  - Evidence that aspartic proteinase is involved in the proteolytic processing event
      of procathepsin L in lysosomes.
AB  - Our recent studies have shown that cathepsin L is first synthesized as an
      enzymatically inactive proform in endoplasmic reticulum and is successively
      converted into an active form during intracellular transport and we postulated
      that aspartic proteinases would be responsible for the intracellular propeptide
      processing step of procathepsin L accompanied by the activation of enzyme (Y.
      Nishimura, T. Kawabata, and K. Kato (1988) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 261, 64-71).
      To better understand this proposed mechanism, we investigated the effect of
      pepstatin, a potent inhibitor of aspartic proteinases, on the intracellular
      processing kinetics of cathepsin L analyzed by pulse-chase experiments in vivo
      with [35S]methionine in the primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. In the pepstatin
      treated cells, the proteolytic conversion of cellular procathepsin L of 39 kDa to
      the mature enzyme was significantly inhibited and considerable amounts of
      proenzyme were found in the cell after 5-h chase periods. Further, the
      subcellular fractionation experiments demonstrated that the intracellular
      processing of procathepsin L in the high density lysosomal fraction was
      significantly inhibited and that considerable amounts of the procathepsin L form
      were still observed in the light density microsomal fraction after 2 h of chase.
      These results suggest that pepstatin treatment caused a significant inhibitory
      effect on the intracellular processing and also on the intracellular movement of
      procathepsin L from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lysosomes. These findings
      provide the first evidence showing that aspartic proteinase may play an important
      role in the intracellular proteolytic processing and activation of lysosomal
      cathepsin L in vivo. Therefore, we suggest that cathepsin D, a major lysosomal
      aspartic proteinase, is more likely to be involved in this proposed model in the
      lysosomes.

PMID- 2658812
TI  - [Autologous bone marrow transplantation as a measure against myelosuppression in
      cancer chemotherapy].
AB  - One hundred seventy-three patients were treated 256 times with chemotherapy
      supported by autologous bone marrow transplantation during the past 9 years. The
      two most commonly used protocols were (cyclophosphamide 1,600-2,400 mg/m2 +
      adriamycin 80 mg/m2 + ACNU 3 mg/kg) and (cyclophosphamide 1,600-2,400 mg/m2 +
      adriamycin 100 mg/m2 + CDDP 100-150 mg/m2). Among 115 patients in the therapeutic
      setting in which two courses were usually given, 75 were evaluable and the
      overall response rate was 42.7% with 12.0% CR rate. Breast and pediatric groups
      responded well; the response rate in breast cancer was 67.9% with 21.4% CR rate.
      Two patients with breast cancer who had multiple distant metastases and 2
      pediatric patients are now alive with NED after 5 years of the treatment and seem
      to have been cured. The results in adjuvant settings have also been quite
      promising, e.g., 79.4% 5-year survival probability among breast patients mainly
      in stage III. Although drops of blood cell counts to the nadirs (WBC counts: less
      than 100-300) could not be prevented, the periods of myelosuppression appeared to
      have been effectively shortened so that the patients could be safely managed with
      intensified general supportive measures. Platelet counts are usually less
      affected, but the recovery is slower than for WBC counts. There were 13 patients
      who died within 10 weeks of the initiation of the treatment. Two of them
      succumbed to sepsis, and progressive disease was the cause of death in 8 patients
      whose terminal phases were undoubtedly affected by some infectious problems. We
      have shown that there are inverse relationships between infused numbers of CFU-GM
      and marrow recovery judged by the duration of neutropenia and the time required
      for neutrophils to recover over 500. Our recent laboratory experiments testing
      CFU-E, BFU-E and CFU-Mk in addition to MNC counts and CFU-GM showed that
      vulnerabilities of marrow progenitors seem to differ from cell lineage to cell
      lineage. This must therefore be taken into careful consideration in pursuing
      marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2658813
TI  - [Clinical application of cancer-associated carbohydrate antigens in the diagnosis
      and therapy of human cancers].
AB  - Cell surface carbohydrates are important cancer-associated antigens. The
      carbohydrate antigens which have been proved to be useful for the serum diagnosis
      of human cancers are classified from their biochemical primary structure into
      three categories; the type 1 chain antigens, type 2 chain antigens, and core
      structure-associated antigens. The SPan-1 antigen, the newly-introduced tumor
      marker for human pancreas cancers, seems to be a type 1 chain antigen, judging
      from its distribution pattern among human cancers and its good correlation with
      other type 1 chain antigens. Another newly-introduced tumor marker, the CA54/61
      antigen, which is specific for ovarian cancers, seems to belong to the family of
      the core-structure-associated antigens, since both antibodies (MA54 and MA61)
      used for the detection of the CA54/61 antigen are shown to recognize the antigen
      molecule which is closely related to sialyl Tn antigen, the well-known
      carbohydrate core structure of mucins. There are two approaches for the therapy
      of human cancers employing carbohydrate antigens as target molecules. One is the
      direct application of the specific monoclonal antibodies (alone, or in the drug
      conjugated forms) in cancer patients. In this case, special attention is paid to
      the use of murine antibodies in human patients. The other approach is to induce
      specifically an effective immune response against the cancer-associated
      carbohydrate antigens. For this approach, further methodological development is
      necessary to determine how to obtain an effective immune response to carbohydrate
      antigens, since they have long been known as very poor immunogens which are T
      independent.

PMID- 2658814
TI  - [NMR spectroscopy of tumors].
AB  - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy provides a non-invasive method for
      monitoring tumor bioenergetics and response to therapy. The 31 P spectrum appears
      to be an indicator of tumor bioenergetics, reflecting its extent of perfusion and
      degree of oxygenation. During growth, the level of high energy phosphates
      generally decreased while the level of low energy phosphates generally increased.
      This has been attributed to the development of vascular insufficiency. Tumor
      responses to chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hyperthermia appear to be
      accompanied by significant 31 P spectral changes. Specific metabolic pathways
      have been examined by 13 C NMR studies employing isotropically labeled
      metabolites. Detection of 1H compounds holds considerable promise for application
      to experimental, clinical oncology.

PMID- 2658815
TI  - [Utility of endoscopic ultrasonography of malignant tumors of the
      gastrointestinal tract].
AB  - We studied the efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for malignant tumor
      of the digestive tract. Materials were 174 cases of gastric cancer, 15 cases of
      myogenic tumor, 22 cases of gastric malignant lymphoma and 37 cases of colon
      cancer. A radial sector type GF-UM2 and EUM2 (Olympus-Aloka) were used. Almost
      all walls of the digestive tract were observed as five layers by EUS, and each
      layer corresponded to the histological wall structure. Malignant lesions showed
      the characteristic ultrasonographic images, respectively. It was possible to
      diagnose easily the depth of tumorous invasion by the degree of wall destruction.
      Also, the internal structure of tumors could be observed by this method. Since
      EUS is a new examination which had added ultrasonographic diagnosis to
      conventional endoscopic diagnosis, the combination of endoscopic and EUS images
      has improved the accuracy of diagnosis.

PMID- 2658816
TI  - [Cancer diagnosis by medical images with reference to medical physics].
AB  - Medical imaging technology has developed dramatically during recent 15 years,
      triggered by X-ray computed tomography. Cancer diagnosis has been greatly
      influenced by newly invented devices such as XCT, ultrasound, and MRI. In this
      report, a brief historical review is made of medical imaging after 1973 when XCT
      appeared on the market. Cancer diagnosis is divided into various stages such as
      detection, diagnosis, staging, planning, verification, response to therapy,
      follow-up, relapse and restaging. The effect of each imaging modality on various
      stages of cancer diagnosis is explained, and future directions are suggested.
      Finally, the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) is illustrated in
      detail in relation to cancer diagnosis. PACS will not only improve the diagnostic
      efficacy of cancer, but also contribute to reduction in health care expenditures.
      Thus, it is one of the most important goals of medical physicists for medical
      practice in the 21st century.

PMID- 2658817
TI  - [Role of NK cells in lung metastasis immunosurveillance].
AB  - NK cells play an important role in fighting tumor metastases. The incidence of
      metastasis was found to increase in mice with low cytotoxicity of NK cells. In
      the mice with high cytotoxicity of NK cells, the incidence of metastasis
      decreased. LAK cells induced by IL2 mediate the regression of established
      metastases from a variety of tumors. LAK progenitor cells were predominantly
      found in CD3-CD16+ Leu19+ fraction, a subset that are known to be the NK cells.
      Thus, NK cell lineage in LAK cells plays an important role for the inhibition of
      tumor metastases. Cells having NK cell-like phenotype nature, however, also play
      a key role in the side effects of adoptive immunotherapy involving IL2. In order
      to decrease adverse side effects during therapy, we are currently testing
      combination therapy of LAK cells plus IL2, IL2 alone with IFN, TNF, BRM,
      indomethacin and so on. Overall, augmentation of NK cells is one of the
      significant therapeutic methods to prevent metastases.

PMID- 2658818
TI  - [Recent trends in the treatment of stomach carcinoma and its link with treatment
      of carcinoma of other organs].
AB  - The updated surgical modality for gastric carcinoma tends to be divided into an
      extended operation for advanced carcinomas and the limited surgery for early
      carcinomas. Moreover, the value of cancer chemotherapy for inoperable carcinomas
      and postoperative carcinomas has been recognized. The treatment efficacy of lymph
      nodal dissection of the para-abdominal aorta area is such that the 5-year
      survival in the curative resection of N(-)-N3(+) is 34.6%, and that in N4(+) is
      19%. Therefore, it is concluded that lymph nodal dissection of the paraabdominal
      aorta area is significant to achieve better long-term survival. The 5-year
      survival rate in the adjuvant cancer chemotherapy group in cases of curatively
      resected Stage III carcinomas of the stomach was significantly superior to that
      in Stage III cases with surgery only.

PMID- 2658819
TI  - [Urogenital cancer].
AB  - Treatment of urogenital cancer has made great progress due to early detection by
      various imaging techniques. Renal cancer is a good example of cancer that has
      been diagnosed in the earlier stages by the routine imaging methods. BRM therapy
      of interferons and interleukin II has been proved useful for renal cancer. It has
      been difficult to diagnose the wall invasion of the bladder cancer. However,
      ultrasonic imaging has made it possible to detect precisely the invasion into the
      vesical muscles and adventitia. Also, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostatic
      specific antigen have become more specific markers for prostatic cancer. Various
      treatments for this malignancy, including operative surgery, have made progress.
      The results of chemotherapy for testicular cancer have become fruitful by the use
      of cisplatin.

PMID- 2658820
TI  - [Multidisciplinary treatment of leukemia].
AB  - Recently, treatment of leukemia has shown remarkable progress. Development of new
      antileukemic drugs, improvements in supportive care and rapid progress in bone
      marrow transplantation have resulted in considerable changes in responses in
      refractory leukemia. Chemotherapy for Acute leukemia: By the introduction of
      Mitoxantrone and etoposide and a new combination chemotherapy including them, a
      high remission rate of acute leukemia is obtained, but because of the high
      relapse rate the 5-year survival rates in our center were 20% for adult ALL and
      18% for ANL. In order to reduce the relapse rate, a new regimen containing
      intensive consolidation treatments is now being studied in a nation-wide
      cooperative study. BMT: In 1987, 160 BMTs including 75 acute leukemia and 28 CML,
      were registered in Japan. The improvements in the management of graft versus host
      disease (GVHD) and infections in the granulocytopenic period has contributed to
      the marked increase in the long-term survival rate after BMT. In our center the
      long-term survival rate rose from 20% before 1984 to 85% after 1985. Colony
      stimulating factor: Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and granulocyte
      colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) were studied in Japan. In the double-blind
      placebo controlled study of M-CSF, a significantly shorter duration of
      granulocytopenia, as well as a significantly lower rate of failure of BMT (i.e.,
      death or retransplant) was observed. In the phase II study of G-CSF, a rapid
      recovery of granulocytes after chemotherapy or BMT and marked efficacy on
      infection in granulocytopenic patients were observed.

PMID- 2658821
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of second-look operations in colorectal cancer].
AB  - The second look operation (SLO) for early detection of recurrent tumor is
      indicated rarely because of the advance in diagnostic techniques such as imaging
      radiology, tumor marker serology and colonofiberscopy. The SLO was performed in
      21 out of 362 curative cases of colorectal cancer resected in our department; 13
      for re-elevation of plasma CEA level (Group 1), 6 for unclear symptoms or signs
      (Group 2) and 2 for postchemotherapy or postirradiation (Group 3). Liver
      metastases were found in four cases in group 1 and two in group 2. Nothing was
      found in three cases in group 1 and two in group 2. In group 3 the radical
      operation was carried out in all cases following SLO with good survival results.
      In group 1 and 2 the excisional rate of liver metastases in 57%, its salvage rate
      75%, and the excisional rate of the lymph nodes is 50%, with a salvage rate of
      100%. The SLO today is indicated for cases of asymptomatic re-elevation of CEA
      titer, for cases of undeterminable signs or for cases of postchemotherapeutic or
      postirradiation improvement.

PMID- 2658822
TI  - [Studies of second-look operations (SLO) in ovarian cancer].
AB  - The Niigata Gynecological Cancer Society has been investigating the role of the
      second look operation (SLO) in the multi-disciplinary treatment of ovarian
      cancer, in cooperation with many other institutions, since 1981. One hundred
      seventy patients who underwent initial treatment for primary common epithelial
      ovarian cancer were analyzed in the present study. The distribution of clinical
      stages was as follows: stage I, 60 cases: stage II, 27 cases; stage III, 72
      cases; and stage IV, 11 cases. Results; Five-year survival rates were 96% in
      stage I, 54% in stage II, 26% in stage III and 23% (4-year rate) in stage IV.
      Survival rates classified by the degree of completion of initial operation were
      94% (5-year) in the complete extirpation group, 45% (4-year) in the group with
      residual tumor within 2 cm, 8% (4.5-year) in the group with residual tumor over 2
      cm and 18% (5-year) in the exploratory laparotomy group. There were 89 cases of
      incomplete initial surgery, and 51 of them underwent SLO after FCAP therapy
      (Cisplatin + Adriamycin + Cyclophosphamide + 5-fluorouracil). Cancer was
      macroscopically completely removed in 20 cases (39.2%) by SLO, with the 4.5-year
      survival rate of 58%. In 25% of the cases with initial exploratory laparotomy
      group, the residual cancer was completely extirpated. There were 74 cases of
      complete initial surgery at stage I and stage II. They have been given FCAP
      therapy with 3 courses and maintenance chemotherapy. SLO was performed in 40
      cases without clinical signs of recurrence. Recurrent cancer was noted in 2 cases
      (5%). On the other hand, 3 cases (12.5%) had recurred in 24 cases without SLO
      within about 2 years from initial operation. Consequently, SLO in the treatment
      of ovarian cancer is considered to be effective in the extirpation of residual
      cancer and in the early detection of cancer recurrence.

PMID- 2658823
TI  - [Cancer curable by chemotherapy: malignant lymphoma].
AB  - The trends in the rationale of chemotherapy for malignant lymphoma are to use
      combination regimen, non-cross resistant alternating regimen, and hybrid regimen.
      Long follow-up results of chemotherapy of lymphoma were summarized as follows:
      for Hodgkin's disease, MOPP regimen of 20 years from NCI in 188 patients (pts)
      with 84% CR rate and 54% (101 pts) relapse-free (RF) at 15 years, and MOPP-ABV
      hybrid regimen in 76 pts with 97% CR rate and 90% RFS rate at 7 years; for non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), results of three generations are reported: the first
      generations were the first generation (CHOP, BACOP, 40-50s% CR rate and 30s% long
      term survivors), the second generation (Pro-MACE/MOPP, 70s% and 40-50s%) and the
      third generation (MACOP-B, 80s% and 60-70s%). MACOP-B regimen in 125 pts with
      large-cell lymphoma showed 84% CR rate and 69% RFS rate and 69% RFS rate at 6.5
      years. In our studies with four regimens of VCP, AVCP, AVCP/EMLP and B-AVCR/EMVP,
      CR rate was 56% in 101 pts, and 26 pts are still in CR among 40 living pts. The
      CR rate and the RSF rate reported in Japan are generally still low for curability
      of NHL.

PMID- 2658824
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of new cisplatin analogues in experimental animals].
AB  - An equi-toxic dose of CDDP and its analogues (254-S, NK-121, CBDCA and DWA-2114
      R) was administered to rabbits and S.180 bearing mice, and the pharmacokinetics
      were studied. Blood levels: Plasma total platinum (Pt) curves of 5 drugs
      decreased, showing a biphasic function. The shortest t 1/2 alpha and the longest
      t 1/2 beta were observed in CDDP group, which correlated with the rate of protein
      binding (CDDP greater than DWA-2114R greater than NK-121 greater than CBDCA
      greater than 254-S). Tissue distribution: The tissue levels of Pt decreased
      slowly, and showed a similar pattern among 5 drugs. The highest level was
      observed in the kidney, liver and skin, with a moderate high level in the tumor,
      lung, spleen and thymus, followed by the heart, pancreas, stomach, intestine,
      muscle and testis in that order. The lowest level was in the brain in S.180
      bearing mice.

PMID- 2658825
TI  - [Present status of cisplatin (CDDP) analogues in Japan].
AB  - CDDP is an extremely active antineoplastic agent, yet has severe renal, upper GI
      and neurotoxicity. Therefore, extremely careful supportive care is necessary to
      administer this agent to patients. There are two ways to improve this agent. The
      first is to improve the activities of this agent, including widening the
      spectrum. The other is to reduce toxicity. By these two ways, the therapeutic
      window or efficacy of the agents will be increased. In these two factors in mind,
      4 analogues, CBDCA, 254S, DWA 2114R and NK-121 are in clinical trials in Japan.
      These 4 agents are different from mother compound CDDP, that is the DLF is bone
      marrow depression with rather mild renal and upper GI toxicities with different
      degrees among analogues, compared with those of CDDP. Therefore, these 4 agents
      do not need hydration before and after the administration. The extensive studies
      of pharmacokinetics and dynamics are studied including plasma levels, protein
      bindings and urinary excretions. These above studies indicate some correlations
      in efficacy and toxicity, but not perfectly correlated. The experiences of the
      above 4 analogues are still too short to predict the possibility of
      neurotoxicity, however, it seems to be 4 analogues also neurotoxic. Above
      findings strongly suggests that the more clinical experiences are necessary to
      evaluate these analogues.

PMID- 2658826
TI  - [Preclinical and clinical evaluation of toxicity and antitumor activity of
      cisplatin analogues].
AB  - Since the introduction of Cisplatin (CDDP) into clinical practice in 1972, CDDP
      has assumed an important role in the treatment of various tumors. But its renal
      toxicity has been proved to be a dose limiting factor. Thus the total number of
      courses which may be given is limited. For this reason, efforts have been made to
      develop CDDP analogues with reduced toxicities, especially renal toxicity, and
      more enhanced antitumor activity, and they are now reaching the clinical testing
      phase. Among them Carboplatin (CBDCA), 254-S, DWA 2114R and NK 121 have been well
      studied. These analogues were noted to be less nephrotoxic, but more
      myelosuppressive than CDDP in preclinical analysis. As for cytotoxicity, their
      inhibitory effects on tumor growth in murine experimental system were similar or
      more to that of CDDP. Due to these data clinical trials have been carried out.
      Phase I studies have shown that these analogues are relatively free of renal
      toxicity as evaluated in preclinical studies and that their dose limiting factor
      is myelosuppression. Estimation of cross resistance to CDDP and antitumor
      spectrum have been studied at phase II trials which are ongoing. Interim reports
      have not shown that enhanced tumor activity or enlarged antitumor spectrum are
      expected.

PMID- 2658828
TI  - [Current status of CDDP analogs in gynecologic malignancies].
AB  - Among the cooperative studies of cisplatin (CDDP) analogs in gynecologic
      malignancies in Japan, a phase III study of CBDCA in ovarian cancer was completed
      in 1988, while phase II studies of 254-S and DWA2114R are ongoing at the present
      time. Phase II preliminary data in ovarian cancer revealed a response rate of 25
      38%, almost equi-effective and less toxic to that of CDDP. Approximately 20%
      response rate was achieved in CDDP refractory cases, in particular, responders
      were observed in mucinous and mesonephroid cases considered CDDP resistant. A
      phase III study of CBDCA in ovarian cancer, with a comparative study of CAP
      regimen suggested that CBDCA-containing regimen has an advantage of unnecessity
      of hydration, in spite of no significant differences response and toxicity. In
      the cancer of the uterine cervix, approximately 20% response rate was achieved.
      Of interest is that 254-S yielded a response of 60%, and the result suggested
      that the agent may have broad antitumor spectrums, different to that of CDDP.

PMID- 2658827
TI  - [Experimental evaluation of cisplatin analogous in urogenital cancer].
AB  - We studied the efficiency and toxicity of three types of recently developed
      cisplatin analogous agents-carboplatin, 254-S and DW2114, in animal experiments
      and clinical examinations. In animal experiments, these three agents were
      injected into SD rats intraperitoneally to determine their effects on rat
      functions. The antitumor effect of these agents was about the same as that of
      CDDP, but the renal toxicity of 254-S and DW2114 was lower than that of CDDP.
      However, more serious myelopathy was observed with these agents than with CDDP.
      Although slight damage to the testis was seen in the 254-S group, damage to the
      testis by the other agents was negligible. It was suggested that the damaged
      region in the testis was spermatogonia. In clinical examinations, we administered
      the three analogous agents separately for testicular tumors, prostatic cancer and
      bladder tumors, but a complete response (5M) was recognized in only one case
      given 245-S, and we found these three agents less effective than CDDP. At
      present, CDDP is extensively used clinically as one of the combination therapy
      agents. However, in the first place, we should develop a new CDDP analogous agent
      that has an anti-tumor effect greater than that of CDDP.

PMID- 2658829
TI  - [Identification and characterization of effector lymphocytes lysing autologous
      tumor cells].
AB  - Effector lymphocytes cytotoxic to autologous tumor cells consist of heterogeneous
      populations. In this communication, we have presented the results of experiments,
      in which these heterogeneous effector cells were classified based on their
      surface markers and modes of differentiation depending upon culture conditions.
      NK cells with a typical phenotype of CD2+ 3-16+ were one of major populations,
      which could respond to IL-2 and be differentiated into lymphokine activated
      killer (LAK) cells. LAK cells were also induced from a CD3+4-8- T cell subset by
      IL-2 stimulation. Effector cells with a phenotype of CD2+ 3-4-8-16-, which may
      belong to the T cells at early stages of differentiation, could also be induced
      by stimulation of immunoadjuvants. Finally, it was shown that the effector cells
      with a typical phenotype of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CD3+4-8+16-, and a non-MHC
      restricted cytotoxicity were induced by IL-2 in the tumor infiltrating
      lymphocytes.

PMID- 2658830
TI  - [Induction of phenotypic reverse transformation by plant glycosides in cultured
      cancer cells].
AB  - Crude ginsenosides extracted from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer inhibited
      the growth and colony forming ability of Morris hepatoma cells in soft agar
      suspension culture, and stimulate the serum protein synthesis of these cells,
      thus converting the cell characteristics both functionally and morphologically to
      those resembling original normal liver cells. We have called such a phenomenon
      "reverse transformation" or "redifferentiation" which can be regarded as
      decarcinogenesis. In this report, the results of our recent investigations are
      presented with particular reference to reverse transformation of B16 melanoma
      cells induced by ginsenoside Rh2 isolated from the methanol extract of crude
      ginseng saponin fraction and action mechanisms of ginsenoside Rh2 are also
      discussed.

PMID- 2658831
TI  - [Preventive effect of TJ-48 on recovery from radiation injury].
AB  - Effects of Juzen-taiho-toh (TJ-48) on the recovery of haemopoietic systems from
      radiation injury are analyzed. Female C57BL/6 mice (6 to 8 week-old) were
      irradiated at doses of 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 or 7 Gy from a 60Co source. During the 7
      days after irradiation, the mice were given TJ-48 solution (1.25g in 100ml
      distilled water). Seven days after irradiation, the mice were sacrificed, and
      cell counts of bone marrow (both femurs), thymus, spleen, and peripheral blood
      were made. The bone marrow cells were used for CFU-f, CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-E
      assays. No difference were observed between the experimental and control groups.
      However, the CFU-S. d14 and CFU-S.d9 counts in the TJ-48-treated groups were
      greater than the respective values in the control groups, especially in the low
      dose range of irradiation (1, 2, 3 Gy). In the assay for CFU-S.d14, the mice
      injected with TJ-48-treated bone marrow cells showed better general condition,
      heavier spleens with larger and more numerous colonies than the control mice.
      There was no difference in the number of CFU-f between TJ-48-treated and control
      groups. Since the CFU-S.d14 assay is thought to reflect the most primitive
      progenitor cells in the haemopoietic system, these results strongly suggest that
      TJ-48 acts on stem cells in the G0 phase to manifest recovery-enhancing effects
      from radiation injury.

PMID- 2658832
TI  - [Limb salvage procedures in malignant bone tumors of the extremities, with
      special reference to the various reconstructive procedures of bone defects].
AB  - The outcomes of 31 cases of limb salvage procedures for malignant bone tumors
      performed between 1974 and August 1988 were investigated. The age at operation
      ranged from 7 to 76. Thirteen cases were growing children under 15. The site of
      lesions were humerus in 6 cases, femur in 20, tibia in 3 and fibula in 2.
      Pathological diagnoses were osteosarcoma in 19, chondrosarcoma in 5 and others in
      7. Reconstructive procedures were performed in 28 cases, consisting of
      endoprosthetic replacements in 18, vascularized fibula grafts in 6 and free
      autogenous bone grafts in 4. Two cases of osteosarcoma recurred, and amputations
      were performed. Six cases died of pulmonary metastases, while 22 cases (71%) are
      alive and free of disease. Functional results depended mainly on the size and
      site of resection rather than on the reconstructive procedures, and were
      generally good in the proximal femur and fibula, and poor in the distal femur and
      proximal tibia. Discrepancy in the length of lower limbs occurred in 8 cases of
      growing children; 5 of 6 vascularized fibula grafts showed thickening of the
      grafted bones, and one of them grew by 2.5 cm in length. Endoprosthetic
      replacements are adequate for hip and shoulder regions, and for low grade sarcoma
      which does not require chemotherapy or irradiation. Free autogenous bone grafts
      are good for narrow defect of bone, and cases of arthrodesis of joint.
      Vascularized fibula grafts are adequate for the upper limb, and lower limb of
      growing child.

PMID- 2658833
TI  - [Mass culture of LAK cells by a hollow-fiber bioreactor system].
AB  - We attempted to culture LAK cells by the use of the hollow-fiber bioreactor
      system, "Acusyst-P". The number of LAK cells increased by 30-40 times. The
      majority of LAK cells cultured by this hollow fiber system originated in T cell.
      LAK cells cultured by hollow-fiber system were different from LAK cells
      statically cultured in their cytotoxicity and change of phenotype. We obtained
      LAK cells more efficiently and safely which have higher viability and
      cytotoxicity by the use of hollow-fiber bioreactor system than by static culture.

PMID- 2658834
TI  - [A new high-yield continuous cell culture system and its clinical application in
      adoptive immunotherapy with LAK cells].
AB  - We developed a high-yield culture system, consisting of a culture bag on a
      rotator. The culture bag has two compartments, an inner compartment separated
      from an outer compartment by a semipermeable membrane. Cells in an appropriate
      culture medium are placed in the inner compartment, and medium without serum is
      placed in the outer compartment. The bag is rotated at an angle of 45 degrees
      between 0.5 and 5 rpm in a 37 degrees C incubator. The medium is changed in the
      outer compartment at intervals when needed. The outer compartment acts as the
      feeder as well as allows catabolites to diffuse through the culture. In addition,
      since the system is a closed-system, sterile conditions can easily be maintained.
      Using this system, we demonstrated that up to 20 X 10(6) cells/ml of PBMC could
      be cultured in IL-2 with sufficient recovery rate and cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2658835
TI  - [Antioncogene].
AB  - The inactivation of antioncogenes has been postulated to be important in the
      development of human malignancies. In 1986, a cDNA clone of the putative
      retinoblastoma antioncogene (Rb gene) has been isolated by molecular genetic
      approach. Recent work has shown that the neoplastic phenotype of retinoblastoma
      and osteosarcoma cells can be suppressed by the introduction of a cloned Rb gene.
      Interestingly, the product of the Rb gene has recently been shown to associate
      with the transforming proteins of DNA tumor viruses.

PMID- 2658836
TI  - [Progress in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia].
AB  - Results of treatment of AML have substantially progressed within the last decade.
      In almost all cases, the AML 3-year-survival rate did not exceed 1% in the 1960s.
      The 5-year disease-free survival rate now is ranges from 10% to 25% in adults and
      up to 45% in children. The 3-year survival at our hospital is 50%. Recent
      chemotherapy for acute leukemia is aimed at not only remission induction but also
      cure of the disease. Although some hematologists claim to stop chemotherapy as
      early as possible, there is considerable controversy regarding the total length
      of postremission treatment. Bone marrow transplantation is increasingly used to
      treat patients with acute leukemia in many facilities. Bone marrow
      transplantation assures a lower relapse rate than with chemotherapy alone. The
      limitations are the risk of transplant-related mortality, lack of a histo
      compatible donor and advanced age. To achieve substantial improvement in results
      of AML treatment requires the development of new drugs, and the reduction of
      transplant-related death. An attempt to establish registries of HLA type for the
      transplantation from unrelated, HLA-identical donors is now under way.

PMID- 2658837
TI  - [Chronic leukemia].
AB  - As compared with advances in the treatment of acute leukemia, we have made little
      progress in chronic leukemia. Recently we have attempted some new treatments for
      chronic phase of CML, and confirmed those effectiveness. But for blastic crisis,
      we still grope in the dark. In this paper, we review the chemotherapy of CML and
      CLL including new treatments except bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2658838
TI  - [Current status of chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant lymphomas].
AB  - Chemotherapy of malignant lymphomas has accomplished a significant progress
      during the two decades. Cure can be expected in a significant proportion of
      patients, even those with advanced disease. The major obstacle for cure is
      selection and overgrowth of a drug-resistant tumor cell population. For this
      reason, a number of investigators have tested the efficacy of intensive
      chemotherapy including non-cross-resistant alternating regimens and hybrid
      regimens. Today, with intensive combination chemotherapy, at least 60% of
      patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease and 50% of those with diffuse large cell
      lymphoma can be curable. The authors update the review of the chemotherapy for
      malignant lymphomas, and also report outcomes of chemotherapy in our own
      patients.

PMID- 2658839
TI  - [Current results of chemotherapy in multiple myeloma].
AB  - Since multiple myeloma has a heterogenous character in its pathophysiology, it is
      clinically classified according to various kinds of factors. Therefore, in the
      treatment of multiple myeloma, it is important to select efficacious regimens
      considering the different progress or modes of the diseases as defined by both
      Durie and Salmon's staging systems and tumor distribution classifications. In
      this review, the correlation between the response to chemotherapy and survival
      was analyzed and demonstrated to be significant when we used new response
      criteria, namely the serum albumin and M-protein levels after the treatment. The
      new criteria should be applied to determine a prognosis and improve survival.
      Recently, there has been progress in treatments involving high-dose melphalan
      combined with autologous bone marrow transplantation for refractory or relapsed
      myeloma patients. This treatment is anticipated to prolong survival.

PMID- 2658840
TI  - [Antitumor activity of a new platinum complex (R)-(-)-2-aminomethylpyrrolidine
      (1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylato) platinum (II) (DWA2114R) by its serial
      administration].
AB  - Antitumor activity of a newly synthesized platinum complex, DWA2114R, by the
      serial administration was examined and compared with that of cis-diammine-1,1
      cyclobutane dicarboxylato platinum (II) (CBDCA). In mice transplanted s.c. with
      tumor, the serial i.p. administration resulted in the increases of both maximal
      tolerated dose (MTD) and growth inhibitory ratio (GIR) of DWA2114R than single
      administration. Such increases in MTD and GIR were also shown by CBDCA, but the
      degree of these increases, such as the ratio of MTD or GIR by the serial
      administration compared to that at the single administration, was higher in
      DWA2114R than CBDCA. GIR of DWA2114R by the serial administration was higher than
      that of CBDCA at the doses to induce the same toxicity which was estimated by
      body weight loss. In addition, in the experiment using ascites tumor-bearing
      mice, better antitumor activity of DWA2114R was shown by the elongation of
      survival time. These results indicate that the cumulative toxicity of DWA2114R is
      lower than that of CBDCA, which causes the therapeutic advantages of DWA2114R in
      the serial administration.

PMID- 2658841
TI  - [A comparison of two doses of tamoxifen in patients with advanced breast cancer:
      20 mg/day versus 40 mg/day].
AB  - In order to establish the optimal dose of Tamoxifen in the treatment of advanced
      breast cancer, a randomized trial comparing 40 mg/day to 20 mg/day was conducted.
      Thirty-four patients were entered in the study, and the results were as follows:
      1) The response rates of 40 mg/day and 20 mg/day were 35.3% and 23.5%,
      respectively, without any significant difference between them. 2) The response
      rate in relation to metastatic sites were also similar at the two dose levels. 3)
      There was no significant difference in the median duration of response, either.
      4) Among nine patients, one PR and three NC case were observed with subsequent
      increase of the dosage to 40 mg/day after 20 mg/day. The conclusion from this
      study was that 20 mg/day of Tamoxifen was suitable as an initial dosage for the
      treatment of advanced breast cancer. But, in certain cases who failed to respond,
      a dose-escalation to 40 mg/day appeared to be effective.

PMID- 2658842
TI  - [Contact thermography as a prognostic indicator of breast cancer].
AB  - Ninety-seven primary, operable cancer patients were followed after surgery with a
      median follow-up of 44 months. Thermograms were classified into 3 categories:
      normal, equivocal and abnormal. There has been no recurrence in patients with
      normal thermographic pattern. Patients with abnormal thermographic pattern showed
      poor prognosis: 88% survival and 80% recurrence-free survival rate at 3 years.
      Normal thermographic pattern favored the survival curves and recurrence-free
      survival curves, even if stratified by nodal states. There seems to be no
      correlation between thermographic patterns and sites of recurrence, but patients
      with abnormal thermographic patterns tend to have recurrences at more than one
      site.

PMID- 2658843
TI  - Streptococcal cause of erysipelas and cellulitis in adults. A microbiologic study
      using a direct immunofluorescence technique.
AB  - We prospectively studied 42 adult patients with acute dermis and soft-tissue
      infections (27 with erysipelas and 15 with acute cellulitis) involving the lower
      limb in all except one case. Streptococcus organisms (groups A, C, D, and G) were
      researched in skin biopsy specimens by a direct immunofluorescent (DIF) technique
      using commercially available antibodies. Our results showed that DIF gives a
      sensitivity of 0.70 for the in situ detection of streptococci in cases of
      erysipelas and cellulitis. With the obvious contribution of this DIF technique,
      streptococcal pathogens could be detected in situ and grouped in 19 of 27 cases
      of erysipelas (group A, 13; group B, 1; group C, 1; and group G, 4) and in ten of
      15 cases of cellulitis (group A, 9; group B, 1). Combined data, including
      conventional cultures, DIF studies, and serologic findings, established that
      Streptococcus organisms, especially Streptococcus pyogenes (A), were, in nearly
      all cases, responsible for both erysipelas (26/27 cases) and acute cellulitis
      (11/15 cases) involving the lower limb in adults.

PMID- 2658844
TI  - Determination of IgG subclasses in patients with pemphigus with active disease
      and in remission.
AB  - IgG subclasses were determined in perilesional skin of 13 patients with pemphigus
      with active disease and of 14 patients in a state of clinical remission. Using
      indirect immunofluorescence technique, frozen sections were incubated with mouse
      monoclonal antihuman IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 followed by a second incubation
      with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat antimouse IgG. The results showed
      that among patients with active disease, IgG1 was found in all of them and IgG4
      in 85%, while IgG2 and IgG3 were found in 54% and 77%, respectively. For patients
      in remission the most common subclass was IgG4 in 79% of patients, and in a
      decreased order IgG1, 50%; IgG3, 29%; and IgG2, 14%. It appears that IgG1 and
      IgG4 are predominant among patients with active lesions. IgG1 seems to be the
      most sensitive indicator for activity of the disease. IgG4, normally found in the
      lowest concentration in human serum, is the most common subclass in patients who
      are in remission. IgG3 and C3 may have a predictive value for remission.

PMID- 2658845
TI  - Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Genetic markers and clinical and
      immunological findings in patients.
AB  - The role of HLA and complement genes was studied in 13 patients with subacute
      cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Genetic markers and by combining the major
      histocompatibility complex class I (HLA-A, -B, and -C), class II (HLA-DR), and
      class III (properdin factor B [BF] and C4) phenotyping with DNA level analysis of
      the C4 region. Of our patients, 54% had DR2 antigens and 50% had DR3 antigens,
      when the frequencies in the controls were 25% and 33%, respectively. The DR3
      antigen was associated with annular skin lesions that were associated with a
      younger age at onset, whereas the DR2 antigen was associated with papulosquamous
      skin lesions and an older age at onset. The frequency of C4 null alleles was 83%
      in the patients and 50% in the controls. The null alleles were found in both C4A
      and C4B loci and were not associated with any special major histocompatibility
      complex haplotype. The DNA studies showed that the null phenotype mostly resulted
      from a gene deletion. A highly increased frequency of complement C4 null alleles
      may be a predisposing factor for cutaneous lupus erythematosus and especially of
      the subacute cutaneous type.

PMID- 2658846
TI  - Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma. A report of six cases and a review of the
      literature.
AB  - Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma (CSMH) represents a proliferation of randomly
      oriented dermal smooth-muscle bundles. Six patients with CSMH were observed, the
      largest series to date, and the literature was reviewed. Congenital smooth muscle
      hamartoma has presented as congenital patches or slightly indurated plaques with
      prominent overlying hair (88% of cases), or rarely as patches with perifollicular
      papules without prominent hair (12% of cases). Most lesions (61% of cases) have
      been somewhat hyperpigmented, but 39% of cases have been flesh colored.
      Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma has occurred on the torso and proximal
      extremities, except for one case on the eyebrow and eyelid (present study). A
      positive pseudo-Darier's sign (temporary induration or piloerection after
      rubbing) helped to differentiate CSMH from congenital hairy nevo-cellular nevus.
      Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma is a distinct entity that is at one end of a
      spectrum that includes Becker's nevus, and should be considered in the
      differential diagnosis of any congenital hairy lesion.

PMID- 2658847
TI  - Cellulitis.

PMID- 2658848
TI  - Cellulitis of the foot due to Eikenella corrodens.

PMID- 2658849
TI  - Dr James Blundell (1790-1878) and neonatal resuscitation.

PMID- 2658850
TI  - Neonatal haemostasis.

PMID- 2658851
TI  - Pulmonary vascular air embolism in the newborn.

PMID- 2658852
TI  - Cholesterol and diet.

PMID- 2658853
TI  - Controlled trial of standard pad and bell alarm against mini alarm for nocturnal
      enuresis.
AB  - Fifty six children aged from 6-16 years who wet their beds at night were entered
      into a controlled trial of two alarm devices: a traditional alarm using a wet
      sensor mat on the bed attached to an alarm bell out of reach of the child, and a
      mini alarm system incorporating a tiny perineal wet sensor attached to a small
      alarm worn on the child's clothing. A quota allocation system ensured
      comparability between the two treatment groups. The children were encouraged to
      use the alarm for four months. Both alarms were equally effective in helping
      children to become dry. There was no significant difference between the number of
      children unable to comply with treatment or to be helped by each alarm. The rate
      of acquisition of dryness was similar for the two groups. The traditional
      standard alarm was sturdier, more dependable, and easier to maintain, but the
      mini alarm had some advantages, particularly for girls. Both types of alarm are
      recommended for general use.

PMID- 2658854
TI  - Gall stones in Jamaican children with homozygous sickle cell disease.
AB  - Gall stones were detected by ultrasonography in 30 of 226 (13%) children with
      homozygous sickle cell disease aged 5-13 years participating in a cohort study
      from birth. Children with gall stones had significantly lower total haemoglobin
      and fetal haemoglobin and higher bilirubin concentrations, but further analysis
      showed that the apparent effects of haemoglobin and fetal haemoglobin
      concentration were secondary to their relationship with bilirubin concentrations.
      Abdominal pain crises were significantly associated with gall stones but both
      factors appeared to reflect an increased clinical severity and were probably not
      causally related. No patients had symptoms specific of gall stones and an
      association with abdominal pain crisis should not, of itself, be considered an
      indication for surgery.

PMID- 2658855
TI  - Sonographic finding of ventricular asymmetry in neonatal brain.
AB  - One thousand normal Chinese full term neonates underwent prospective
      ultrasonography examination. Asymmetry of size between the right and left lateral
      ventricle was observed in a similar proportion of boys: 257/551 (47%) and girls:
      183/449 (41%). The mode of delivery did not significantly influence the
      occurrence of ventricular asymmetry. We propose four different patterns of
      asymmetry.

PMID- 2658856
TI  - Respiratory muscle training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Twenty two boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were entered into a randomised
      double blind crossover trial to compare respiratory muscle training with a
      Triflow II inspirometer and 'placebo' training with a mini peak flow meter.
      Supine posture was associated with significantly impaired lung function, but
      respiratory muscle training showed no benefit.

PMID- 2658858
TI  - Outcome after antenatal diagnosis of upper urinary tract dilatation by
      ultrasonography.

PMID- 2658857
TI  - Educating medical students about death and dying.

PMID- 2658859
TI  - Neonatology--then and now. Kernicterus (1957).

PMID- 2658860
TI  - Extracellular proteinase production and the pathogenicity of Nocardiae.

PMID- 2658862
TI  - Nephrology nursing 1915-1970: a historical study of the integration of technology
      and care.
AB  - Findings of this study of the role and functions of nurses working with renal
      dialysis and transplant teams between 1915 and 1970 suggest that many of the
      activities of dialysis and transplant nurses were assistive and technical in
      nature. However, further analysis of the characteristics of direct nursing care
      demonstrates that early nephrology nurses incorporated family support,
      interpersonal communication, and patient teaching as essential components in
      order to assist patients and their families in coping with the stresses of
      receiving these new experimental treatments.

PMID- 2658863
TI  - A commitment to care: the development of clinical specialization in nursing.
AB  - The development of clinical specialists is traced from the beginning of the
      profession into the present. Nurse anesthetists were the first clinical
      specialists to appear in the 1880s. In the 1900s, public health nurses began to
      specialize as infant, school, industrial, and tuberculosis nurses and midwives.
      From the 1950s to the present, the growth of critical care specialists paralleled
      the extraordinary growth of medicine. Underlying all specialization has been
      nursing's commitment to provide needed care.

PMID- 2658861
TI  - Effects of T-2 mycotoxin on gastrointestinal tissues: a review of in vivo and in
      vitro models.
AB  - T-2 mycotoxin, a trichothecene, is the principal toxic component of Fusarium sp.
      Agricultural products and food are frequently contaminated with this toxin.
      Various animal models have been used to determine its metabolic fate, rate of
      excretion, and distribution. A modulation effect on cell-mediated immunity and
      alterations in gastrointestinal propulsion have been demonstrated. The toxin has
      been shown to produce some similar pathologic alterations in various animal
      species studied. The consistent alteration appears to mainly affect mitotic cells
      of the gastrointestinal tract and the lymphoid system. A host of bioassay systems
      are now being used as alternative methods to the use of animals for testing of
      the mycotoxin. These tests may accurately assess and define the role of the
      subject-toxin interactions following consumption of T-2 mycotoxin contaminated
      food sources. T-2 mycotoxin, as observed above with in vivo and in vitro models,
      promotes a chemically-induced change in structure and function of affected
      gastrointestinal cells from a transient and reversible aberration in a single
      enzymatic reaction to cell death. Regardless of the end point measured, the toxic
      response brought about in cells appears to involve the interactions of virtually
      all subcellular processes--membrane transport and permeability, chemical
      metabolism, DNA function, and energy production/expenditure--as cells attempt to
      maintain their functional integrity while disposing of the toxicant. The
      variation in the quality of the toxic response with dose suggests that more
      cellular processes are perturbed as the chemical dose is increased.

PMID- 2658864
TI  - Nephrology nursing a photographic story: 1949-1971.
AB  - The theme of this special issue of the ANNA Journal commemorating 20 years as a
      professional organization is the growth and development of nephrology nursing.
      Certainly influencing who we are now is the growth in technology and medicine
      over the past 50 years and especially since 1950. But of equal or more importance
      in our development are the individual nephrology nursing leaders who pioneered
      our specialty practice. They exemplified professional practice in their visionary
      blending of technology and caring for patients and families. Nephrology nursing
      practice today is very much the result of their early work and mentoring. The
      photographs in this story and the anecdotes contributed to the Journal by a few
      of our pioneers add to our understanding of who we are today and make us proud to
      be a part of this unique area of professional nursing.

PMID- 2658865
TI  - Caring for the chronically ill: historical perspectives.. Interview by Julie E.
      Fairman.
AB  - In this interview with ANNA Journal Editorial Board member Julie Fairman, noted
      nurse historian Dr. Joan E. Lynaugh, director of the Center for the Study of the
      History of Nursing at The University of Pennsylvania, discusses the meaning of
      history along with significant perspectives on dialysis, ethics, technology, and
      the nephrology nurse.

PMID- 2658866
TI  - A professional organization for nephrology nurses.
AB  - The American Association for Nephrology Nurses (AANN), the predecessor of the
      American Nephrology Nurses' Association (ANNA), was formed in April 1969, in
      Atlantic City, New Jersey, but the beginnings of the organization reach back to
      the early 1960s. This article will review the events leading to the formation of
      AANN and discuss sources of support for the effort.

PMID- 2658867
TI  - Perspectives on our beginning: 1962-1979.

PMID- 2658868
TI  - ANNA: 20 years of progress.
AB  - Editor's note--The year 1989 marks the 20th year of progress for the American
      Nephrology Nurses' Association (ANNA). In this special anniversary issue, Journal
      staff and advisors have taken time to reflect back on the historical events and
      leaders who helped form the association. This article examines ANNA's history
      year by year, from the struggles and visions of a small group of nephrology
      nurses who founded the organization in Atlantic City, New Jersey in April 1969 to
      the association's position today as a leader in professional nursing and as a
      promoter of quality care to nephrology patients.

PMID- 2658869
TI  - The artificial kidney. 1952.
AB  - In this classic article, reprinted from the March 1952 issue of the American
      Journal of Nursing, Barbara K. Coleman, RN, and John P. Merrill, MD, describe the
      early artificial kidney, which was being used experimentally to treat acute renal
      failure. This is the first article published in the nursing literature addressing
      the role of the dialysis nurse.

PMID- 2658870
TI  - Industry's contribution to the development of renal care.
AB  - In the early days of dialysis, the practitioner was required to use whatever
      componentry that was available in order to construct dialysis equipment. Sausage
      casing, industrial pumps, and other nonmedical components were used to construct
      the crude dialysis devices. As time passed, industry began to take an interest in
      this unique medical treatment and developed systems that were especially designed
      for dialysis. The collaboration of medicine and industry was critical in the
      development of dialysis as we know it today.

PMID- 2658871
TI  - Reflections on the first dialysis nurse training program.

PMID- 2658872
TI  - Development of nephrology nursing care in Europe: 1978-1988.
AB  - Nephrology nursing care in Europe has been accelerated by medical and technical
      advances. Nurses are becoming more and more involved in decision-making processes
      as opposed to the traditional serving role. This article analyzes some aspects
      responsible for these changes in Europe from 1978-1988 and how nephrology nurses
      adapted to these developments.

PMID- 2658873
TI  - Changes in peritoneal dialysis nursing.
AB  - Improvements in technology have assisted nurses with the care of peritoneal
      dialysis patients. This article will discuss changes in the methods of accessing
      the peritoneal cavity and other changes that have allowed peritoneal dialysis to
      become an effective treatment modality for chronic as well as acute renal
      failure. These changes include the development of cyclers, plastic solution bags,
      and devices to facilitate bag exchanges and decrease the incidence of
      peritonitis.

PMID- 2658874
TI  - Antiphospholipid syndrome: linking many specialties.

PMID- 2658875
TI  - Clinical, biochemical, and radiographic effects of aminohydroxypropylidene
      bisphosphonate treatment in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A placebo controlled, double blind study of aminohydroxypropylidene
      bisphosphonate (APD), given by monthly intravenous infusion, was conducted in 40
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biochemical markers of increased bone
      resorption, such as fasting urinary calcium/creatinine ratio and
      hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio, were suppressed significantly in the APD group
      to approximately 50% and 60% of the pretreatment level respectively, and serum
      calcium fell transiently after the first APD infusion. There was no significant
      effect on disease activity in either the APD or placebo groups as judged by
      clinical (grip strength, morning stiffness, visual analogue score) or laboratory
      (haemoglobin, platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C reactive protein)
      criteria. An exception was the articular index which improved to a similar degree
      in both groups, falling from (mean (SEM] 13.8 (1.8) to 7.2 (2.2) in the APD group
      and from 13.7 (1.9) to 6.8 (1.5) in the placebo group. Radiological progression
      occurred to a similar degree in both groups as assessed by the Sharp index (mean
      (SEM) 86 (13.1) v 95 (12.9)-APD group; 103 (15.1) v 110 (15.8)-placebo group),
      but there was no significant change in the Larsen index in either group (mean
      (SEM) 53 (4.2) v 57 (3.8)-APD; 62 (5.8) v 63 (5.6)-placebo). The lack of effect
      on radiological progression in the APD group indicates that focal erosive disease
      may either have progressed as the result of a non-osteoclast related mechanism,
      or that the intensity of bone resorption was too great to be inhibited by the
      doses of APD used. The biochemical response to APD presumably reflected
      inhibition of bone resorption at other sites, suggesting that further studies of
      the effects of bisphosphates on periarticular and systemic osteoporosis in
      rheumatoid arthritis may be of the interest.

PMID- 2658876
TI  - 'Dialysis related arthropathy': a survey of 95 patients receiving chronic
      haemodialysis with special reference to beta 2 microglobulin related amyloidosis.
AB  - Ninety five patients receiving chronic haemodialysis (CHD) were surveyed to
      determine the prevalence of rheumatic disease and, where possible, its aetiology.
      At least three distinct rheumatic syndromes were identified--a group of patients
      with a syndrome consisting of large and medium joint synovial swelling,
      restricted hips and shoulders, tenosynovitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and bone
      cysts due to deposition of beta 2 microglobulin related amyloid (AM beta 2m); a
      second group with erosive azotaemic osteoarthropathy; and a third group with age
      related degenerative disease of small, large, and axial joints. The data
      presented suggest that in patients receiving CHD (a) the prevalence of AM beta 2m
      deposition and the associated syndrome increases with duration of dialysis, but
      in patients who have been dialysed for more than 10 years the risk of developing
      AM beta 2m is related to age; (b) AM beta 2m deposition in subchondral cysts, but
      not synovium, causes joint destruction; also, AM beta 2m may be more prone to
      deposition in synovium of joints already damaged by other processes; (c) in the
      absence of synovial iron deposition synovial AM beta 2m is not associated with an
      inflammatory infiltrate; (d) hyperparathyroidism and perhaps other factors such
      as synovial iron deposition are probably more important than AM beta 2m as causes
      of peripheral joint degeneration and destructive spondyloarthropathy in patients
      receiving CHD.

PMID- 2658877
TI  - [Comparative efficacy of alternative treatments in Plasmodium falciparum
      infections in Zaire].
AB  - The in vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum for chloroquine, quinine and
      pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine has been evaluated in 3 of 14 sentinel antimalarial
      drugs sensitivity surveillance centres between October 1986 and July 1987.
      Children of less than five years old were treated with chloroquine at 25 mg/kg
      dose administered during 3 days, or with 140 mg/kg quinine base administered in a
      daily dose of 20 mg/kg during 7 consecutive days, or with one standard dose of
      1/2 a pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine tablet for children between 3 and 48 months old
      and 1 tablet for children between 49 and 59 months old, or the combination of 60
      mg/kg quinine base at 20 mg/kg single dose during 3 consecutive days with the
      association pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine in single dose at the first day of
      treatment. A modified standard 7 days in vivo test of the World Health
      Organization was used 2, 3 and 7 days after the start of treatment. In one
      location an additional observation was made on day 14. The results, compared by
      location and by drug regimen, show a varying but relatively important reduction
      of the activity of chloroquine on the parasitological level. Quinine in maximal
      but single dose also shows reduction in activity, especially on day 14 in the
      Tshela centre. The pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine association shows a better activity.
      On the clinical level, e.g. temperature remission after treatment, all
      antimalarials still maintain their activity. As a result, and in view of its
      persisting high clinical activity, chloroquine at 25 mg/kg dose remains the drug
      of first choice for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum
      infections.

PMID- 2658878
TI  - [Production of sporozoites of human Plasmodium in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)].
AB  - Mass production of P. falciparum sporozoites requires an intensive production of
      mosquitoes and an experimental infection of this vector. A gambiae is the main
      vector of P. falciparum, and P. ovale in Burkina. In the first part we study 3
      factors interfering with breeding and experimental infection of this anopheline
      species. They are: insectarium temperature, pattern and rhythm of blood feeding.
      In the second part, we study "parasite", "host" and "mosquito" parameters which
      interfere with the yield of experimental infections. The increase of temperature
      promotes growth of parasite, but it also enhances bacterial and mycosal
      pollution; and so, it reduces survival of mosquitoes. Natural feeding on rabbit
      gives a better laying and a larger blood meal than experimental feeding through
      an artificial membrane. Meanwhile, it requires a rabbit rearing. We finally
      adopted the following compromise: the two first blood meals are taken on rabbit,
      the next are taken on membrane covered devices. It is necessary to give non
      parous females two consecutive blood meals that allow the first gonotrophic
      cycle. The optimal time is on the 3-4 day after emergence. For the mosquitoes
      reserved for experimental infections, it is necessary to infect them very soon to
      have more surviving females at the end of the sporogonic cycle. These mosquitoes
      receive their first and single blood meal an day 2 and can be infected on day 5.
      There is a positive correlation between the intensity of egg production and the
      mosquito mortality. Although blood meals are important for parasite development,
      we prefer to give only one blood meal on day 6 after infection to promote the
      vector survival rather than maturity of the parasite. This study has allowed to
      standardize breeding conditions and to obtain regularly 10,000 mosquitoes per
      day. The infection rate depends on parasite factors. P. falciparum gametocytes
      may be infectious to mosquitoes at densities as low as 5/mm3 of blood. Maximum
      infectiousness is reached between 50 to 450/mm3. At higher densities,
      infectiousness of gametocytes seems to decrease. In natural conditions, sex-ratio
      and maturity of gametocytes do not appear to interfer with infectiousness. The
      infection rate also depends on host parameters. They are yet unknown. We saw a
      specific phagocytosis of sexual stages in mosquito midgut, after infection with a
      high density gametocyte carrier, without any infected mosquito. On the other
      hanb, infectiousness of gametocytes seems to decrease with age of the gametocyte
      carrier. The role of immunity inmodulating the infectivity of gametocytes cannot
      be excluded. Finally, the infection rate depends on mosquito factors.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2658879
TI  - Anti-leishmanial antibodies during natural infection of Psammomys obesus and
      Meriones shawi (Rodentia, Gerbillinae) by Leishmania major.
AB  - Sera from 77 rodents (Psammomys obesus: 64; Meriones (M.) shawi: 10; M. libycus:
      3) trapped in a focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) (Leishmania (L.)
      major) were examined for the presence of anti-leishmanial antibodies by the
      indirect fluorscence antibody technique (IFAT) (L. major antigens) using
      homologous antiglobulins and/or anti-Rattus conjugates. Sera from 21 animals were
      positive with titres that ranged from 1: 20 up to 1: 640. The investigation
      revealed that a good correlation existed between the occurrence of
      antileishmanial antibodies in the sera and amastigotes in the rodents' ears. The
      data also suggest the suitability of the IFAT as an epidemiological tool to
      estimate rates of infection by L. major in Psammomys obesus and Meriones Spp. in
      foci of ZCL.

PMID- 2658880
TI  - Elective colon and rectal surgery without nasogastric decompression. A
      prospective, randomized trial.
AB  - Nasogastric (NG) decompression after colorectal surgery is practiced commonly.
      Our aim was to determine whether routine NG decompression benefitted patients
      undergoing this type of surgery. Five hundred thirty-five patients were
      randomized prospectively to either NG decompression or no decompression.
      Stratification was by type of operation and patient age. Excluded were patients
      who had emergency surgery with peritonitis, extensive fibrous adhesions,
      enterotomies, previous pelvic irradiation, intra-abdominal infection,
      pancreatitis, chronic obstruction. prolonged operating times, or difficult
      endotracheal intubation. Two hundred seventy-four patients received NG
      decompression (Salem sump, Argyle Co., Division of Sherwood Medical, St. Louis,
      MO) and two hundred sixty-one did not. There were 33 protocol violations included
      in the 535 patients. Patients who were not decompressed experienced significantly
      more abdominal distention, nausea, and vomiting than did those patients who were.
      Moreover, 13% required subsequent NG decompression as opposed to a reinsertion
      rate of 5% for patients routinely decompressed. The mean length of
      hospitalization for both groups was 11 days. There were no significant
      differences in nasopharyngeal or gastric bleeding, inability to cough
      effectively, respiratory infections, wound disruptions, reoperation, and wound
      infection rates (5%) between the two groups. We conclude that even though there
      is an increase in the rate of minor symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal
      distention, routine nasgastric decompression is not warranted after elective
      colon and rectal surgery.

PMID- 2658881
TI  - Tumor seeding from percutaneous biliary catheters.
AB  - Percutaneous transhepatic biliary decompression has been used since 1973 as a
      preoperative surgical adjunct in patients with obstructive jaundice. Tumor
      seeding along the catheter tract is an unusual complication but it occurred
      recently in one of our patients who had preoperative biliary drainage for four
      days. Four months after his pancreaticoduodenectomy, a 2-cm nodule developed at
      the catheter exit site. This nodule was a metastatic focus of adenocarcinoma
      similar to his pancreatic tumor. He died 1 month later and at autopsy was found
      to have numerous metastases along the catheter tract. A review of the world
      literature found 17 other patients with this complication. Thirteen of the 18
      total patients had catheters placed for palliation, while 5 patients underwent
      preoperative drainage before definitive procedures, and 4 of these patients had
      undergone "curative" resections. Nine of the 18 patients had biliary obstruction
      from cholangiocarcinoma, while seven patients had primary pancreatic carcinoma.
      Positioning of the catheter tip above the obstructing tumor and maintaining the
      catheter for only a short duration before operation (mean 8 days for resected
      patients, range 2 to 16 days) did not protect against catheter-related tumor
      seeding. Patients with suspected malignant obstruction of the biliary tract who
      may have resectable tumors should not undergo routine preoperative biliary
      decompression. If, on exploration, the tumor is found to be unresectable, then a
      palliative bypass may be performed.

PMID- 2658882
TI  - Results of direct surgical ablation of ventricular tachycardia not due to
      ischemic heart disease.
AB  - Surgical treatment of sustained ventricular tachycardia due to nonischemic causes
      is uncommon. Nonischemic ventricular tachycardia was treated in 14 patients by
      map-directed surgical ablation of an arrhythmogenic site. There were 9 male and 5
      female patients. The mean age was 33 +/- 13.4 years (range, 15 to 57 years). The
      etiology was idiopathic in 4 patients, cardiomyopathy in 3, acute myocarditis in
      1, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia in 2, tumor in 1, postoperative
      Tetralogy of Fallot in 2, and acute bacterial endocarditis in 1. Pre- and/or
      intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping was achieved in 13 of 14 patients. A
      variety of operations were performed without death. Two late deaths have
      occurred, neither of them, however, from arrhythmias. After operation two
      patients had recurrent arrhythmias. Surgery for nonischemic ventricular
      tachycardia is safe and effective and should be considered early in the course of
      these mostly young patients.

PMID- 2658884
TI  - Risks of cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2658883
TI  - Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy of bile duct calculi. An interim report of
      the Dornier U.S. Bile Duct Lithotripsy Prospective Study.
AB  - A multi-institutional study to evaluate the efficacy, clinical application, and
      safety of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) with the Dornier HM-3 or
      HM-4 lithotripter for bile duct calculi (BDC) was initiated in September, 1987.
      Symptomatic patients who entered into this prospective trial had BDC in the
      common bile duct and/or the intrahepatic, cystic or lobar ducts of the liver that
      were inaccessible or untreatable by papillotomy or percutaneous stone extraction.
      The study excluded gallbladder stones. Nasobiliary (54.4%) or transhepatic
      catheters (10.5%) and T-tube or cholecystostomy tubes (17.5%) or combinations
      (14.0%) permitted access for radiographic contrast to allow fluoroscopic
      monitoring of stone position and fragmentation. Exclusion criteria included
      pregnancy, failure to localize the stone, disturbances of coagulation,
      pacemakers, or vascular aneurysms or large bones that lie in the focal axis of
      the shock waves. Eleven institutions treated 42 patients (23 male, 19 female)
      with BDC; age range was 25 to 95 years (mean +/- SD, 73.5 +/- 13.8) and ASA risk
      category was 1 to 4 (mean, 2.3 +/- 0.8). Fourteen patients (33.3%) had a single
      BDC; 28 had 2 to 8 stones (mean, 2.7 +/- 1.8) ranging in size from 6 mm to 30 mm
      (mean, 18.5 +/- 6.4). The majority (66.7%) of patients were postcholecystectomy.
      The 42 patients received 57 ESWL treatments consisting of 600 to 2400 shocks per
      treatment (mean, 1924 +/- 289) at 12 to 22 kV (mean, 18.5 +/- 1.9) administered
      over 20 to 125 minutes (mean, 52.9 +/- 20.8). General anesthesia was used in 32%
      of the treatments; the majority were treated with epidural or regional block
      (42.1%), local infiltration (28.1%), or intravenous sedation (38.6%). Fifteen
      patients (35.7%) required two ESWL treatments. Stone fragmentation occurred in
      94.6% of evaluable patients and in 90.4% of ESWL treatments, respectively;
      however, BDC fragments remained in 59.5% of patients 24 hours after treatment
      (diameter less than or to 3 mm, 12%; 4 to 9 mm, 16%; greater than or equal to 10
      mm, 68%). Some patients (50%) required adjunctive procedures to achieve stone
      removal that included endoscopic extraction (n = 10; 47.6%), biliary lavage (n =
      8; 38.1%), endoscopic bile duct prosthesis (n = 1; 4.8%), and operation (n = 2;
      9.5%). ESWL treatment complications during hospitalization were observed in 15
      patients (35.7%) and were present in four (9.5%) at discharge. Complications
      included macrohematuria (5%), biliary pain (15%), biliary sepsis (5%), hemobilia
      (10%), ileus (2.5%), and adverse pulmonary changes (7.5%). One patient developed
      pancreatitis before ESWL at ERCP that resolved prior to discharge.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2658885
TI  - Exploratory analysis of time-dependent risk for infection, rejection, and death
      after cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Data from 95 heart transplantations performed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital from
      July 1983 to October 1988 were analyzed to detect patterns of morbidity and
      mortality. Using nonparametric techniques, hazard functions were determined for
      all deaths and for deaths due to infection or rejection. The rates of rejection
      and infection (episodes per patient-month) were determined within each of ten
      intervals following transplantation. A total of 19 deaths, 281 rejection
      episodes, and 180 distinct infections were available for analysis during a follow
      up of 1 to 62 months. The hazard function for rejection appeared biphasic, with a
      rapidly decelerating early phase during the first year followed by a constant
      late phase. The hazard function for infection was triphasic, with a delayed,
      decelerating early phase, a period of increased risk approximately 2 years after
      operation, and finally a late constant phase. Both infection and rejection rates
      (episodes per patient-month) were biphasic, with rapidly decelerating early
      phases and constant late phases. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that
      eventually nonsurviving patients had significantly higher rates of rejection and
      infection during both the early and late phases compared with survivors. The
      increased rate of rejection among nonsurvivors was evident throughout follow-up,
      although no deaths were attributable directly to rejection after the first 8
      months. These data suggest that a complex interrelationship between infection and
      rejection determines late survival after cardiac transplantation and that
      aggressive treatment of late rejection predisposes toward death from infection.

PMID- 2658886
TI  - Automated control of postoperative hypertension: a prospective, randomized
      multicenter study.
AB  - Hypertension after a cardiac operation is a frequent phenomenon. Complications
      resulting from this include bleeding, disruption of vascular suture lines,
      subendocardial ischemia, and possible cerebrovascular accidents. Treatment with
      sodium nitroprusside has become accepted practice to prevent these complications.
      To improve control of arterial blood pressure, a closed-loop system for sodium
      nitroprusside administration was developed. A prospective, randomized multicenter
      study was carried out postoperatively in 180 cardiac surgical patients to
      evaluate the performance of this system compared with manual control of infusion.
      Adherence of mean arterial blood pressure to +/- 10% of the target blood pressure
      occurred 85% of the time with the automatic system and 61% of the time with
      manual regulation (p less than 0.0001). With the automatic system, there was less
      hypertension (9% versus 22%; p less than 0.0001) and hypotension (6% versus 22%;
      p less than 0.0001). The superior control of hypertension was achieved more
      rapidly with less requirement for nurse regulation of infusion rate. The superior
      control of blood pressure resulted in less chest tube drainage in the automatic
      mode (720 mL versus 840 mL; p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2658887
TI  - Modified reperfusate after long-term preservation of the heart.
AB  - Warm (30 degrees C) blood cardioplegia (K = 22 mEq/L) with glutamate (26 mmol/L)
      as a reperfusate was compared with unmodified blood reperfusion after prolonged
      hypothermic storage of the isolated canine heart. After cardioplegic arrest,
      three groups of hearts (n = 5 each) were excised and stored at 2 degrees C. In
      groups 1 and 2, reperfusion with unmodified blood was undertaken after six and 24
      hours of storage, respectively, and in group 3, reperfusion with modified warm
      blood cardioplegia containing glutamate was administered after 24 hours of
      storage. After reperfusion, no significant difference in left ventricular
      developed pressure was noted between groups 1 (110 +/- 15 mm Hg), 2 (127 +/- 14
      mm Hg), and 3 (98 +/- 13 mm Hg). Similarly, no difference in maximum rate of rise
      of left ventricular pressure was noted between groups 1 (1,456 +/- 171 mm Hg/s),
      2 (1,905 +/- 395 mm Hg/s), and 3 (1,450 +/- 291 mm Hg/s). Group 3 (modified
      reperfusate) had improved diastolic compliance compared with group 2 (0.776 mm
      Hg/mL versus 1.395 mm Hg/mL; p less than 0.02). We conclude that our modified
      reperfusate improves diastolic function after 24 hours of hypothermic storage,
      but does not result in improved systolic function.

PMID- 2658888
TI  - Hypothermia: its possible role in cardiac surgery.
AB  - The current safety of operations on the heart requiring cardiopulmonary bypass
      occurred because of a series of step-by-step laboratory and clinical
      investigations that were compromises between the time needed for heart repair and
      the brain's requirement for oxygen. The first step, so clearly shown in a paper
      by Bigelow and associates in 1950, was the reduction of the brain's need for
      oxygen by surface cooling to 28 degrees to 32 degrees C, limited to this level by
      cardiac and pulmonary failure at levels lower than this. The six to eight minutes
      of circulatory arrest permitted time for repair of simple defects. This method
      was rapidly adopted by many surgeons. As low-flow pump oxygenators became
      available, blood cooling to 10 degrees to 20 degrees C was introduced. This
      increased the periods of circulatory arrest to 30 to 60 minutes, and also made
      still longer periods of bypass with the pump oxygenator possible. Hypothermia to
      reduce oxygen and metabolic requirements is still an important adjunct to bypass,
      even with the currently used efficient pump oxygenators. It remains the most
      important component of myocardial preservation, and has made possible the delay
      needed for transportation between the harvesting and the transplantation of
      organs.

PMID- 2658889
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic interpretation of the nephrotoxic effect of aminoglycosides.
      Tests, used for controlling the status of kidney function in aminoglycoside
      therapy].

PMID- 2658890
TI  - [A rapid immunofluorescent method of determining the antibiotic sensitivity of
      brucella].
AB  - Optimal conditions for rapid assay of Brucella antibiotic sensitivity with the
      immunofluorescent method were developed. With this method high sensitivity of the
      main Brucella species to tetracycline, doxycycline and rifampicin was confirmed.
      It was found actually possible to use the immunofluorescent method for rapid
      assay of Brucella antibiotic sensitivity in practice.

PMID- 2658891
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic interpretation of the nephrotoxic effect of aminoglycosides.
      Pharmacokinetic aspects of nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides].

PMID- 2658893
TI  - [Physiology or pathophysiology of highly productive microorganisms].

PMID- 2658892
TI  - [Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis caused by Clostridium difficile].

PMID- 2658895
TI  - The paradox of sodium's volume of distribution. Why an extracellular solute
      appears to distribute over total body water.

PMID- 2658894
TI  - Responses to dopamine of isolated human gastroepiploic arteries.
AB  - Responses to dopamine were compared in helical strips of human gastroepiploic
      arteries (proximal portion) and their epiploic branches (distal portion),
      partially contracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha. Dopamine produced a dose
      related contraction in the proximal arteries, which was reversed to a relaxation
      by treatment with phentolamine. On the other hand, the distal arteries responded
      to low concentrations of dopamine with relaxations and to high concentrations
      with contractions. The relaxant response was selectively suppressed by treatment
      with droperidol and reversed to a contraction by SCH23390, but was not influenced
      by domperidone and propranolol. The amine-induced relaxation was not reduced by
      removal of the endothelium. The distal arteries, in which dopamine elicited a
      relaxation, responded to norepinephrine with dose-related contractions, which
      were suppressed by phentolamine but were not reversed to relaxations. It may be
      concluded that dopamine contracts human gastroepiploic arteries of the proximal
      portion, due to a predominant activation of alpha-adrenoceptors, and dilates the
      distal arteries by acting preferentially on dopaminergic DA1-receptors, possibly
      residing in smooth muscle. In the distal arteries, the ability of norepinephrine
      to activate alpha-adrenoceptors appears to be evidently higher than that of
      dopamine.

PMID- 2658896
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in hemodialysis patients. Its role in
      infection and approaches to prophylaxis.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus infections remain a major cause of morbidity in
      hemodialysis patients. Chronic dialysis patients are more prone to staphylococcal
      infections because of their decreased immunity, increased skin colonization by
      staphylococci, and the multiple needle punctures required for dialysis. The
      source of the staphylococci is the anterior nares. Elimination of staphylococcal
      nasal carriage results in a significantly lower infection rate. Selected clinical
      studies of topical and oral therapy for eradication of staphylococcal nasal
      carriage are reviewed. Rifampin has been the most consistently efficacious agent,
      although emergence of resistance is a potential problem. Trials utilizing newer
      topical and oral agents for prophylactic eradication of S aureus from the nose
      are indicated. Promising antibiotics include topical mupirocin, the oral
      quinolones, and clindamycin.

PMID- 2658897
TI  - Prospective randomized comparison of mezlocillin therapy alone with combined
      ampicillin and gentamicin therapy for patients with cholangitis.
AB  - Forty-six patients with cholangitis were randomized to receive therapy with
      mezlocillin sodium (24 patients) or a combination of ampicillin sodium-
      gentamicin sulfate (22 patients). The biliary concentration of mezlocillin was
      112 times higher than that of ampicillin and 778 times higher than that of
      gentamicin. The ratio of the concentration in serum or bile over the minimum
      inhibitory concentration against aerobic gram-negative bacilli (therapeutic
      index) was higher for mezlocillin than for either ampicillin or gentamicin.
      Twenty (83%) of 24 patients were cured following mezlocillin therapy compared
      with 9 (41%) of 22 patients after ampicillin-gentamicin therapy. The 3 patients
      with superinfection were in the ampicillin-gentamicin arm of the study. Fewer
      toxic or adverse effects occurred in association with mezlocillin treatment than
      with ampicillin-gentamicin treatment. Mezlocillin therapy was more effective,
      less toxic, and less expensive than treatment with ampicillin and gentamicin for
      patients with cholangitis.

PMID- 2658898
TI  - Low incidence of thrombocytopenia with porcine mucosal heparin. A prospective
      multicenter study.
AB  - We treated 193 patients either intravenously (94) or subcutaneously (99) for at
      least 5 days with porcine intestinal mucosal heparin and followed them up
      prospectively with frequent platelet counts to determine the incidence of heparin
      related thrombocytopenia and arterial thrombosis. None of the patients in the
      study developed severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count, less than 100 x 10(9)/L)
      or arterial thrombosis. Eight patients had a platelet count of 100 to 140 X
      10(9)/L on one occasion, with a count of greater than 140 x 10(9)/L on the
      subsequent measurement. The mean (+/- SD) values of the initial and lowest
      platelet counts during therapy in all patients were 288 +/- 100 x 10(9)/L and 253
      +/- 88 x 10(9)/L, respectively, with the lowest counts occurring on day 4.1 +/-
      4.2. A least-squares line was computed for each patient to fit the day and
      counts; the slopes were significantly different from zero and negative in 7.8% of
      patients and positive in 14.5%. This multicenter study confirms the reports that
      the incidence of heparin-related severe thrombocytopenia and arterial thrombosis
      is distinctly low in patients treated with porcine-mucosal heparin.

PMID- 2658899
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus transmission and hemophilia.
AB  - Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) accounts for only
      a small percentage of the cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the
      United States, but it is a major public health care issue. However, despite
      intensive education and counseling regarding HIV transmission and prevention of
      transmission, including safe sex practices and pregnancy prevention, fewer than
      half of the couples in which one member is a hemophiliac practice these
      preventive measures consistently. Because heterosexual HIV transmission is
      preventable, this poor compliance is puzzling. The implementation of safe sex
      practices may increase the HIV-associated stress that is experienced by these
      couples, and the female partner may not necessarily be well informed, fearing
      testing and confidentiality issues in her own community. By providing education
      and counseling for female partners of hemophiliacs about their HIV-associated
      risk or by seeking alternative resources to help accomplish this task, hemophilia
      care providers will be fulfilling their ethical and moral obligations to these
      women.

PMID- 2658900
TI  - Selective screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms with physical examination and
      ultrasound.

PMID- 2658901
TI  - Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess associated with septic endophthalmitis.

PMID- 2658902
TI  - Magnetoencephalography. Applications in psychiatry.

PMID- 2658903
TI  - College of American Pathologists, Conference XV on Analytical Cytology and
      Immunohistochemistry. August 22-24, 1988.

PMID- 2658904
TI  - Use of flow cytometry in the evaluation and diagnosis of primary and secondary
      immunodeficiency diseases.
AB  - With the development of monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry technologies, the
      identification of cells expressing certain markers (phenotypes) and the
      association of phenotypes with differentiation state and function have become
      feasible. Clinicians can more clearly define defects and better understand the
      cellular responses in immunodeficiency diseases and determine the effects of
      therapy on these patients. This article addresses aspects of immunophenotyping in
      primary (genetic or with unknown cause) and secondary (acquired or with a known
      cause) immunodeficiencies with regard to diagnosis, characterization, and
      therapy.

PMID- 2658905
TI  - Membrane antigen analysis in the diagnosis of lymphoid leukemias and lymphomas.
      Differential diagnosis, prognosis as related to immunophenotype, and
      recommendations for testing.
AB  - The immunophenotypic features of lymphoid leukemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
      are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the more recent literature, particularly the
      insights provided by monoclonal antibodies specific for T and B lymphocytes, and
      the contributions of flow cytometry. Characteristic immunophenotypes for T- and B
      lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, chronic B- and
      T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, and multiple myeloma are described. The
      importance of this information in the diagnostic process and in providing
      prognostic information concerning disease progression is considered. Limitations
      associated with monoclonal antibody reagents and flow technology are noted.
      Representative panels of monoclonal antibodies as used in the author's laboratory
      for characterizing these disorders are presented and discussed in light of the
      author's experience.

PMID- 2658906
TI  - DNA content in human cancer. Application in pathology and clinical medicine.
AB  - The relationship between flow cytometry measurements (DNA ploidy, S-phase index)
      of solid tumors and survival is reviewed. Breast, ovarian, colorectal, pulmonary,
      urinary bladder, renal, thyroid, and endometrial cervical carcinoma and melanoma
      are discussed. Correlations between tumor stage or grade and flow cytometry
      derived data are considered. Tetraploidy, S-phase indexes, and data derived from
      paraffin-embedded material have been the basis for seemingly controversial
      interpretations. Related methods are covered in detail and comparative aspects of
      flow cytometry and cytophotometry are reviewed.

PMID- 2658907
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of oncogene expression in human neoplasias.
AB  - More than 40 oncogenes have been described and characterized. These oncogenes
      code for products intimately associated with cell proliferation. Their products
      include growth factors, growth factor receptors, transmembrane signaling
      molecules, second and third messengers, and nuclear proteins involved in gene
      regulation. Some oncogenes seem to be expressed in every malignancy, while others
      seem to be expressed only in certain malignancies. This expression pattern
      suggests some oncogenes may have tissue type specificity. Some oncogenes may also
      be expressed in only a fraction of the malignant cells, such as the proliferating
      cells. Flow cytometry has only recently been applied to the simultaneous
      measurement of oncoprotein levels and DNA content of malignant cells. As this
      application is developed, our understanding of oncogene expression in malignancy
      will be enhanced and its diagnostic importance will be realized.

PMID- 2658908
TI  - Techniques in immunocytochemistry. Application to diagnostic pathology.
AB  - The techniques used in the localization of antigens in histologic tissues are
      reviewed. The principles and conditions for successful antibody-antigen binding
      are presented. The importance of fixation is stressed. The advantages and
      disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies over polyclonal antisera are described.
      Applications of immunocytochemical techniques in diagnostic surgical pathology
      and cytology are discussed.

PMID- 2658909
TI  - Issues for quality assurance in clinical flow cytometry.
AB  - An increasing number of clinical laboratories are using flow cytometry to analyze
      cells stained with fluorescent antibodies or dyes. Many articles discuss the
      analytical performance of immunofluorescent assays and DNA staining procedures.
      However, quality assurance transcends the performance of analytical methods and
      includes preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic phases of the test procedure.
      This review focuses on preanalytic and analytic factors that affect the results
      of flow cytometric analysis of cells stained with fluorescent antibody or dyes
      specific for nucleic acid. The article reviews the controls used to assess
      instrument performance followed by a discussion of biological variables, and
      reagent, methodological, and instrumental factors that may affect the
      interpretation of these results.

PMID- 2658910
TI  - Assessment of interlaboratory variability in analytical cytology. Results of the
      College of American Pathologists Flow Cytometry Study.
AB  - In 1986, the College of American Pathologists introduced an interlaboratory
      proficiency testing program for clinical laboratories that perform flow
      cytometry. Specimens consisting of fresh human lymphocytes isolated from blood or
      tissue or neoplastic cells grown in culture were mailed to participants by
      overnight mail. Results of analyses for cell surface antigens on lymphocytes and
      for cellular DNA content were reported to the College of American Pathologists
      Computer Center and the summary data were mailed to participants. The results
      obtained to date indicate no reagent- or instrument-related biases for
      measurements of cell surface antigens or for cellular DNA content.
      Interlaboratory variability in enumerating lymphocytes of a given subset varies
      inversely with the percentage of such cells in each specimen. In our experience,
      it is feasible and practical to conduct an interlaboratory proficiency survey in
      clinical flow cytometry.

PMID- 2658911
TI  - Endomyocardial lymphocytic infiltrates in cardiac transplant recipients.
      Incidence and characterization.
AB  - The incidence, morphology, and immunoreactivity of endomyocardial lymphocytic
      infiltrates (ELIs) were studied to define the lesion more precisely, gain insight
      into its cause, and elucidate a possible relationship between ELIs and other
      lymphoproliferative lesions known to be associated with cyclosporine treatment of
      transplant recipients. We found ELIs in 166 (14.4%) of 1152 biopsy specimens from
      cyclosporine-treated patients with cardiac transplants, with 78.6% of those
      patients having at least one ELI. The ELIs ranged in size from 0.007 to 1.89 mm2
      and were predominantly T-lymphocyte infiltrates with foci of polyclonal B
      lymphocytes (follicular center type). Macrophages and plasma cells were located
      at the interface between the ELI and myocardium. The infiltrate extended into the
      myocardium in approximately 50% of cases and was associated with severe, local
      myocyte injury. The morphologic and immunohistochemical appearance was distinct
      from that of acute rejection and consistent with an early lymphoproliferative
      lesion of the type associated with Epstein-Barr virus and cyclosporine therapy.

PMID- 2658912
TI  - Intertrochanteric osteotomy for the treatment of coxarthrosis.
AB  - Intertrochanteric osteotomy of the femur as a joint-preserving procedure for the
      treatment of coxarthrosis depends, according to Pauwels, on the idea of
      calculated lowering of mechanical stress and changing of the quality of joint
      strain. In order to meet this rationale it is necessary to provide for optimal
      joint congruity. This traditionally means the creation of a joint space that is
      as "symmetrical" as possible, which can be demonstrated by means of conventional
      radiograms. In fact, however, the largest possible areas of hyaline cartilage of
      the best possible quality need to be positioned so that they articulate upon each
      other. Unfortunately, as yet no adequate methods are available of picturing the
      actual and the intended congruity: at least the traditional imaging techniques
      applied in living persons do not fulfil this. Since therefore exact preoperative
      planning is presently impossible, the results, unfortunately, are to some extent
      a matter of chance. Nevertheless, clinical long-term follow-up examination
      revealed that about 50% of patients continue satisfied even after 10 years, since
      they have no pain at all or at most minimal pain. Thus, intertrochanteric
      osteotomy still offers good relief in properly selected cases and there is often
      no need for early alloarthroplasty.

PMID- 2658913
TI  - Fluoroscopic measurement of tibial torsion in adults. A comparison of three
      methods.
AB  - Three methods based on the fluoroscopic technique for measurement of tibial
      torsion were analyzed. The measurements were performed bilaterally in 100 normal
      adults. The values for bilateral tibial torsion were recorded and the values for
      the difference in torsion between the right and left tibia were calculated. The
      standard error of all investigated methods was found to be lower than published
      figures for computerized tomography and ultrasonic methods. The method found to
      be most convenient for routine use also presented the best repeatability. With
      this method, the standard error of a single determination of tibial torsion was
      estimated to be 0.7 degrees.

PMID- 2658915
TI  - Rehabilitation management of children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.
AB  - Spastic diplegia has been recognized as the type of cerebral palsy most
      frequently associated with prematurity. Due to constantly improving neonatal care
      in developed countries, more and smaller premature infants are surviving, and the
      number of spastic diplegic children can be expected to increase. This paper
      reviews the incidence, pathophysiology, and associated handicaps of patients with
      this type of cerebral palsy. The role of the physiatrist and aspects of
      traditional management are discussed. Recent advances in treatment of spasticity
      and lower extremity bracing are stressed as they seem to be particularly suitable
      to spastic diplegic patients.

PMID- 2658914
TI  - Ultrasonography of the hip for Perthes' disease.
AB  - The incidence of intracapsular hip-joint effusion in the initial stage of
      Perthes' disease is unknown. Recent experimental data demonstrated intracapsular
      hip-joint tamponade followed by necrosis of the femoral head. Ultrasonographic
      screening of children with "irritable hip syndrome" may reveal a ventral capsular
      distension as the decisive morphological criterion of hip-joint effusion. The
      patient is treated by aspiration of the effusion, bed rest, and nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs. The noninvasive and nonionizing ultrasonographic technique
      permits the identification of a persisting hip-joint effusion by consequent
      serial follow-up. The suspicion of Perthes' disease can be confirmed by
      radiography, scintimetry, or, moreover, by magnetic resonance. On the other hand,
      hypertrophic synovial tissue stopping up the articular cavity and producing weak
      echos can be demonstrated in patients with a severe course of the disease. The
      importance of the sonographic diagnosis "ventral capsular distension along the
      femoral neck" for the prognosis and therapy of Perthes' disease should be
      investigated. Hips with intracapsular effusion should not be immobilized in
      extension and/or mild traction, as a relation between high intracapsular pressure
      and the position of the extended hip is known.

PMID- 2658916
TI  - Preliminary clinical experience with the titanium Greenfield vena caval filter.
AB  - Preliminary clinical experience in 40 patients from three institutions is
      reported for a new titanium model of the Greenfield vena caval filter. The
      titanium filter is slightly larger than the standard stainless steel filter and
      can be loaded into a 12 F diameter carrier system as opposed to the 24 F
      stainless steel filter. In patients ranging from 17 to 94 years of age,
      percutaneous insertions were made from the right femoral vein in 24 patients, the
      left femoral vein in 11 patients, and the right internal jugular in 2 patients.
      Operative access was obtained in 1 patient each from the right femoral, right
      jugular, and a lumbar vein at laparotomy. Insertion was completed in all cases
      but 1 and only 1 patient (3%) showed postoperative femoral vein thrombosis.
      Distal filter migration was seen in 3 cases (7.5%) without sequelae, and there
      was no proximal migration. The titanium Greenfield vena caval filter provides
      improved ease of insertion, and the sheath technique should prevent misplacement.
      Distal migration should be preventable by techniques to promote hook engagement
      at the time of insertion.

PMID- 2658917
TI  - Arterial mycotic aneurysm and rupture. A potentially fatal complication of
      pancreas transplantation in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Mycotic aneurysm at the site of a Carrel patch arterial anastomosis occurred in
      four patients who had undergone whole pancreas transplantation 2.5 to 14.5 months
      previously. In all patients, the graft had been removed, leaving the Carrel patch
      on the iliac artery. The aneurysms ruptured into the intestine or the
      extraperitoneal space. The ruptures were sudden and life-threatening in three of
      four cases. This diagnosis must be suspected in patients with a history of
      pancreas transplantation in the immediate or distant past if they present with
      unexplained hypotension, cardiac arrest, or gastrointestinal tract bleeding.

PMID- 2658918
TI  - Oral prophylaxis with neomycin and erythromycin in colorectal surgery. More proof
      for efficacy than failure.
AB  - In an open, prospective, and randomized investigation on the prophylactic
      efficacy of peroral neomycin sulfate-erythromycin base vs intravenous ceftriaxone
      metronidazole preparation in colorectal surgery, no significantly diverging
      results between regimens were recorded (1/27 [3.7%] and 2/27 [7.4%] wound
      infections, respectively). Commentary is made about the diverging results from
      earlier studies on antimicrobial prophylaxis and on the multifactorial causality
      of surgical infection. We believe that variables such as physical condition of
      the patients, virulence and local resistance patterns of bacteria, and technical
      skill of the surgeons are far more important in regard to the postoperative
      outcome concerning septic complications than is the choice of proper antibiotics.
      Thus, to determine the efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis, we call for larger
      investigations in the future, preferably double-blind, where it is possible to
      better control and diminish the influence of determinants other than the
      antibiotics being compared.

PMID- 2658919
TI  - The effect of endotoxin on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle requires the
      presence of plasma.
AB  - The administration of endotoxin in vivo results in an increase in glucose
      utilization through an as yet undetermined mechanism. This study evaluated (1)
      the contribution of blood to the increased glucose utilization noted following
      endotoxemia, (2) the direct action of endotoxin on skeletal muscle glucose uptake
      in an isolated hindlimb perfusion system and in incubated muscle, and (3) the
      possibility that the increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle mediated by
      endotoxin requires the presence of plasma. Incubation of blood with 50 and 100
      mg/L of endotoxin increased glucose uptake and lactate production in a dose
      dependent manner. Muscle incubations and perfusions in the absence of plasma and
      white blood cells showed that glucose uptake and lactate production were not
      affected by the presence of 50 to 250 mg/L of endotoxin, while 500 mg/L of
      endotoxin produced a 26.2% decrease in glucose uptake. In contrast, incubation of
      muscle in the presence of plasma and endotoxin increased glucose uptake by 37%.
      These findings suggest that (1) the increased glucose utilization of endotoxemia
      is only partially explained by increased glucose metabolism by blood, (2)
      endotoxin does not have a direct effect on the glucose uptake of skeletal muscle,
      and (3) an interaction of endotoxin with a component of plasma is required for an
      endotoxin-mediated increase in glucose utilization by skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2658920
TI  - Echinococcal diseases in an extended family and review of the literature.
AB  - Echinococcal disease occurred in an extended family from Athens, Greece. Seven of
      the 11 family members were noted to be infected with Echinococcus granulosus, and
      five members have undergone surgical treatment. The potential sources of
      infection are discussed, although localization was impossible. There is no
      genetic basis for this disease and no apparent pattern of family member
      interrelationship or visceral involvement. Although echinococcal infection is
      frequently diagnosed in large urban centers, its transmission within a family is
      rare. Review of the literature and the current diagnostic and therapeutic
      measures are presented.

PMID- 2658921
TI  - A differentiated approach to testing skin sensitization. Proposal for a new test
      guideline skin sensitization.
AB  - The present EEC and OECD Guidelines for testing skin sensitization have been
      reviewed in light of scientific evidence demonstrating that those methods which
      use Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) are likely to be more accurate in predicting
      a probable skin-sensitizing effect of a new substance in humans than those
      methods not employing Freund's Complete Adjuvant. In this new test guideline,
      therefore, the primary testing of a substance should be carried out using one of
      the recommended Adjuvant methods. In special cases a non-adjuvant method may be
      performed in addition. Not all of the seven methods in the EEC Guideline or eight
      methods in the OECD Guideline have been included, but in a proposal for an
      updated test protocol two Adjuvant tests (Maximization test by Magnusson and
      Kligman and Optimization test by Maurer), and two non-Adjuvant tests (Open
      Epicutaneous test by Klecak and Buehler test) are suggested. The criteria for
      selecting these methods are based on the fact that they are well validated and
      widely used on a broad basis by the scientific community. Furthermore, it is
      considered appropriate to permit the use of a lower number of animals than
      presently recommended for the testing of skin sensitization. This is also in
      agreement with aspects of animal welfare.

PMID- 2658922
TI  - [Current problems of the biology of the diffuse endocrine system].

PMID- 2658923
TI  - [Neurolemmocytes and the problem of regenerating damaged nerves].

PMID- 2658924
TI  - Reliability of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of dementia. A longitudinal
      multicenter study.
AB  - The reliability of the clinical diagnosis of dementia was estimated by comparing
      the diagnosis made at 1-year intervals on 55 consecutive subjects with suspected
      cognitive impairment seen at three different centers by neurologists and
      gerontologists. The diagnosis was based on history and clinical examination, the
      criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (revised ed
      3), the Modified Ischemic Score, and a computed tomographic scan. Fifty-two of 55
      subjects were given the same diagnosis a year later indicating a reliability of
      95%. The study shows that a diagnosis of dementia established by simple clinical
      criteria comparable to the NINCDS/ADRDA criteria affords sufficient reliability
      to allow the comparability of groups at different centers for purposes of
      research, including research on the evaluation of the efficacy of pharmacologic
      treatment.

PMID- 2658925
TI  - High-resistance Doppler flow pattern in extracranial carotid dissection.
AB  - Internal carotid artery dissection is an increasingly recognized cause of
      cerebrovascular events. The diagnosis is conventionally established on the basis
      of characteristic clinical symptoms and arteriographic findings. However, the
      presence of characteristic hemodynamic features detected by ultrasound may
      already suggest the diagnosis, even in atypical cases. This is demonstrated in 16
      (76%) of 22 patients with internal carotid artery dissection. An intense systolic
      low-frequency Doppler signal of alternating flow direction accessible in the
      neck, either along the extent of a luminal tapering stenosis or proximal to a
      severe obstruction at the skullbase, indicated this diagnosis. Resolution or
      decreasing stenosis may similarly be diagnosed noninvasively, as shown by results
      from subsequent arteriograms in 14 patients (64%). This occurred suddenly during
      sequential follow-up between 2 days and 30 weeks (mean, 6 weeks) after the
      diagnosis was made.

PMID- 2658926
TI  - Focused stroke rehabilitation programs improve outcome.

PMID- 2658927
TI  - Focused stroke rehabilitation programs do not improve outcome.

PMID- 2658928
TI  - Cardiac transplantation in a patient with muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy.
AB  - A 17-year-old boy with muscular dystrophy developed a cardiomyopathy. His brother
      died of a cardiomyopathy, and muscle enzyme levels were elevated in asymptomatic
      family members. Examination revealed cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, proximal muscle
      atrophy and weakness, and calf hypertrophy. Skeletal muscle and endomyocardial
      biopsy specimens were consistent with Becker's muscular dystrophy. Because of
      intractable heart failure, orthotopic cardiac transplantation was performed. Two
      years after transplantation, the patient has returned to work and regained
      previous exercise tolerance. Heart transplantation can be an acceptable treatment
      of patients who have muscular dystrophy, with preserved ambulation and favorable
      life expectancy, and also life-threatening cardiomyopathy refractory to medical
      management.

PMID- 2658929
TI  - Conjunctival implantation cyst of the orbit. Transient visual loss with
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2658930
TI  - Chemically induced esthesioneuroepithelioma: a cytogenetic, cell culture and
      biochemical investigation with implications for tumor histogenesis.
AB  - Chemically induced esthesioneuroepitheliomas (ENE) in rats were subjected to
      tissue culture experiments, biochemical evaluations for catecholamines and
      chromosomal analyses. The most conspicuous cytogenetic finding was a C1 marker
      chromosome in addition to numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations.
      Regarding the overwhelming similarity between human ENE and experimentally
      induced ENE, similar cytogenetic aberrations in its human counterpart are
      postulated. Biochemically, no catecholamines or their metabolic precursors could
      be identified, thus distinguishing ENE from sympathetic neuroblastomas. No
      keratin-positive cells could be found in the primary tumor or in the cell
      cultures studied, thus showing that immunohistology can be a valuable tool for
      differentiating ENE from anaplastic carcinomas.

PMID- 2658931
TI  - The differential diagnosis of nasal mucosal swelling and adenoidal hyperplasia
      using two- and three-parameter discriminant functions.
AB  - Elevated nasal resistance, as a result of nasal mucosal swelling and/or adenoidal
      hyperplasia, has been associated with an increased incidence of mouth breathing,
      which may lead to alterations in facial morphology. The classical approach to
      studying this problem clinically has been through the adoption of percentiles and
      various other norms. However, these techniques are only crude estimates and are
      subject to error. We have developed a novel approach to the assessment of nasal
      resistance measurements that provides the means for its differential diagnosis.
      Two- and three-parameter discriminant (or classification) functions were found to
      replicate an experienced orthodontist's clinical diagnosis very accurately. We
      also propose the adoption of "sensitivity" and "specificity" when discussing the
      evaluation and/or success of such models.

PMID- 2658932
TI  - Bone allografts in reconstructive middle ear surgery.
AB  - The authors present their current experience with stored bone grafts, using
      allografts shaped from the cortices of long bones for reconstructing the tympano
      ossicular chain. The materials and the methods are described. The anatomical
      results have been good in 97% of the cases, while the functional results are as
      satisfactory as those obtained with bioceramics. In addition to ossiculoplasty,
      the bone allografts can also be used in otology for reconstructing large bony
      defects of the temporal bone.

PMID- 2658933
TI  - [Computerized tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance tomography and digital
      subtraction angiography of the petrous bone and the surrounding area].

PMID- 2658934
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis].

PMID- 2658935
TI  - The restoration of endodontically treated teeth. Part 3. Cores.
AB  - The functions and features of cores in restorative dentistry and the importance
      of preserving sound tooth tissue are discussed. The experimental and clinical
      support for a perceived superiority of cast post cores is reviewed. It is
      suggested that there is a need to re-evaluate this viewpoint, particularly when
      restoring posterior teeth. The materials currently in use are briefly discussed
      as well as research relating to possible core/luting agent interactions.

PMID- 2658936
TI  - The tensile strength of the union between various glass ionomer cements and
      various composite resins.
AB  - Increasing use is being made of the glass ionomer cements as a lining for
      composite resin restorations, particularly when restoring posterior teeth. It has
      been suggested that it is possible to obtain a mechanical union between the two
      materials by etching the surface of the cement. This paper discusses the result
      of testing a broad variety of combinations of different glass ionomer cements and
      composite resins that have been reported on previously, and suggests that a
      number of factors need to be taken into account if the optimum physical
      properties are to be achieved from the union. There would appear to be four main
      factors which dictate the final strength of the union. The tensile strength of
      the cement itself is of primary importance and it seems the wettability of the
      resin bonding agent is also significant. When using some of the less heavily
      filled composite resins, the stresses set up by the setting contraction of the
      resin may be too great and, finally, the more heavily filled composite resins for
      restoration of posterior teeth often prove difficult to adapt to the underlying
      cement. With careful clinical handling, the so-called 'sandwich' technique is
      very useful. However, not all combinations of glass ionomer cement and composite
      resin will unite with sufficient strength to be successful clinically.

PMID- 2658937
TI  - Modern practice management. The influence of government and other problems.

PMID- 2658938
TI  - Alcohol consumption and subsequent mortality.

PMID- 2658939
TI  - The diagnostic content of general practice.

PMID- 2658940
TI  - Comment and reply. A study of diagnostic accuracy in suspected acute
      appendicitis.

PMID- 2658941
TI  - A new translation of professor Dr P. Kraske's Zur Exstirpation Hochsitzender
      Mastdarmkrebse. 1885.

PMID- 2658942
TI  - Management of pain in children.

PMID- 2658943
TI  - Follow-up and outcome of low birthweight infants: conceptual issues and a
      methodology review.

PMID- 2658944
TI  - Assessment of childhood injury severity.

PMID- 2658945
TI  - The laboratory diagnosis of diseases in stock in New South Wales: 1890 to 1947.

PMID- 2658946
TI  - A serological survey of Eperythrozoon ovis in goats and sheep in Tasmania.

PMID- 2658947
TI  - Medical studies in aviation: I. Organization and objects of the Medical Research
      Board, Air Service, U.S. Army. 1918.

PMID- 2658948
TI  - To pop a balloon.

PMID- 2658949
TI  - Plasma corticosterone and renin activity during two-way active avoidance learning
      in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats.
AB  - The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) exhibits increased sympathetic and
      behavioral responses to several types of environmental stress compared to its
      normotensive progenitor, the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY). The aim of the present study
      was to investigate response-dampening mechanisms in the SHR. This study examines
      whether learning to control a stressful environment reduces behavioral and
      neuroendocrine activation in the SHR. Twelve SHR and 12 WKY were subjected to
      daily sessions (S) of 20 trials of signaled two-way active avoidance. Another 12
      SHR served as maturation controls. Blood samples were collected immediately after
      S 1, S 5, and S 14 and plasma level of corticosterone (p-CS) and plasma renin
      activity (PRA) were measured. There was an insignificant tendency for the SHR to
      exhibit larger increases in p-CS in response to stress than the WKY did. By S 5
      both groups had attained the avoidance task. However, the level of p-CS was the
      same as after S 1, showing that activation is independent of the number of shock
      pulses received and performance. Postsession p-CS decreased between S 5 and 14,
      slightly more so in the SHR than in the WKY. The SHR exhibited lower PRA than the
      WKY, but there were no significant effects of exposure to the avoidance schedule.
      Behaviorally, the SHR exhibited shorter latency to escape in the first trial than
      the WKY did. The SHRs were hyperactive compared to the WKY, showing more
      ambulation and rearing behavior. The maturation control SHR reached the same mean
      arterial pressure as the SHRs which were tested. After S 14, signal duration was
      shortened from 10 to 3 s for six additional sessions. Both p-CS and PRA
      increased, while at the same time ambulation and rearing behavior decreased.
      These data show that the relationship between behavioral control and
      adrenocortical activation is normal in the SHR in spite of differences in
      behavior. The present results also confirm previous data on hyperreactivity to
      footshocks in two-way active avoidance tasks in the SHR.

PMID- 2658950
TI  - Changes in the organization of the extracellular matrix in ovarian follicles
      during the preovulatory phase and atresia. An immunofluorescence study.
AB  - The distribution of laminin, type IV collagen and fibronectin was studied by
      immunofluorescence in rat, pig and cow ovarian follicles. The results obtained in
      the three species investigated were similar. In all the follicles, laminin and
      type IV collagen were identically localized in the basal lamina (BL) separating
      the granulosa and the theca layers. In addition, these two proteins were also
      distributed in the wall of blood vessels of the thecae and ovarian stroma. The
      staining showed that the BL of primordial and growing follicles was regular and
      continuous, but underwent striking modifications during ovulation and atresia. In
      fact, in preovulatory follicles the BL appeared thinner and discontinuous,
      whereas it was much thickened and ruptured in atretic follicles. Fibronectin was
      localized mainly in inner granulosa cells of small and medium-sized growing
      follicles, and as a broad and irregular layer around the cavity of the
      degenerated follicles. The results show that each stage of follicular growth and
      involution is associated with a precise and peculiar pattern of distribution of
      laminin, type IV collagen and fibronectin. The possibility that these proteins
      play a role in the local control of ovarian follicular dynamics is advanced.

PMID- 2658951
TI  - The measurement of blood density and its meaning.
AB  - Density is defined as mass per unit volume. The classical technique to measure
      the density of fluids consists of a determination of mass and volume. Blood
      density is proportional to hematocrit or, more exactly, to the total protein
      concentration of blood; only to a minor extent is blood density influenced by
      other plasma solutes. Since the introduction of the mechanical oscillator
      technique for the continuous recording of fluid density a sizeable amount of
      experience has accumulated. This review summarizes recent work performed with
      this technique. It appears that the scientific interest in a variable like blood
      density depends on the availability of a suitable and simple method. Until the
      oscillator technique was available the measurement of density was too complicated
      or too inaccurate for routine laboratory use. A further new technique permits us
      to determine fluid densities by measuring sound velocity transmission. The
      density dilution method can be used for the determination of distribution
      volumes, of flow through organs, and of the cardiac output. The influence of
      temperature and of certain artifacts like acceleration forces in the density
      measuring device have to be considered any may be used for additional diagnostic
      purposes like determination of erythrocyte sedimentation velocity. The new
      technique opens a reasonable simple way to study fluid shift between interstitial
      space and capillaries. The arterio-venous density gradient in an organ depends on
      the lymph production. The injection of a hypertonic solution leads to an osmotic
      fluid shift from the extravascular space towards the blood. This fluid shift can
      be recognized by a reduction of the blood density. A simple model for the
      description of this reaction is presented.

PMID- 2658952
TI  - [Arthroscopic meniscus refixation].

PMID- 2658953
TI  - [Is meniscus refixation sensible?].

PMID- 2658954
TI  - [Pathophysiology of knee instability].

PMID- 2658955
TI  - [Historical observation of indications for amputation of the hand].
AB  - In passing the indication of amputation of hand region in review the attitude
      appears not much changed for the beginning of modern surgery in the 16. und 17.
      century. Since that time a roll-call is published to the medical ethics and the
      medical exactness even for this simple therapeutic method. Many years ago and in
      these days the surgery treatment trends towards possibilities of conservation of
      hand or its parts and towards the replantation of extremities. But the present
      state of patient always have to take into consideration. To day amputations of
      hand region because of juridical indication are rare.

PMID- 2658956
TI  - Effects of processed foods on food consumption patterns in industrialized
      countries. Impact on nutritional status and health.

PMID- 2658957
TI  - Food manufacturing processes and their influence on the nutritional quality of
      foods.

PMID- 2658958
TI  - Irradiation and food processing.
AB  - After more than four decades of research and development, food irradiation has
      been demonstrated to be safe, effective and versatile as a process of food
      preservation, decontamination or disinfection. Its various applications cover:
      inhibition of sprouting of root crops; insect disinfestation of stored products,
      fresh and dried food; shelf-life extension of fresh fruits, vegetables, meat and
      fish; destruction of parasites and pathogenic micro-organisms in food of animal
      origin; decontamination of spices and food ingredients, etc. Such applications
      provide consumers with the increase in variety, volume and value of food.
      Although regulations on food irradiation in different countries are largely
      unharmonized, national authorities have shown increasing recognition and
      acceptance of this technology based on the Codex Standard for Irradiated Foods
      and its associated Code of Practice. Harmonization of national legislations
      represents an important prerequisite to international trade in irradiated food.
      Consumers at large are still not aware of the safety and benefits that food
      irradiation has to offer. Thus, national and international organizations, food
      industry, trade associations and consumer unions have important roles to play in
      introducing this technology based on its scientific values. Public acceptance of
      food irradiation may be slow at the beginning, but should increase at a faster
      rate in the foreseeable future when consumers are well informed of the safety and
      benefits of this technology in comparison with existing ones. Commercial
      applications of food irradiation has already started in 18 countries at present.
      The volume of food or ingredients treated on a commercial scale varies from
      country to country ranging from several tons of spices to hundreds of thousands
      of tons of grains per annum. With the increasing interest of national authorities
      and the food industry in applying the process, it is anticipated that some 25
      countries will use some 55 commercial facilities to treat different foods on an
      industrial scale by 1990.

PMID- 2658959
TI  - Can the composition and properties of carbohydrates in manufactured foods be
      modified to obtain nutritional benefits?

PMID- 2658960
TI  - Food processing and trace element supply.

PMID- 2658961
TI  - The effect of processing on the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and
      volatile N-nitrosamines in cured and smoked lamb meat.

PMID- 2658962
TI  - Application of 'active packaging' technologies for the improvement of shelf-life
      and nutritional quality of fresh and extended shelf-life foods.

PMID- 2658963
TI  - Attenuation of antioxidant enzymes in response to oxidative stresses.

PMID- 2658964
TI  - Inhibition of free radical processes by antioxidants--tryptophan and 5
      hydroxytryptophan.

PMID- 2658965
TI  - The antioxidant and nutritional effects of tocopherols, ascorbic acid and beta
      carotene in relation to processing of edible oils.
AB  - Tocopherols belong to a class of phenolic antioxidants which can inhibit lipid
      autoxidation by scavenging free radicals and by reacting with singlet oxygen. In
      vegetable oils alpha-tocopherol inhibits the effects of singlet oxygen during
      sensitized photoxidation. Ascorbic acid has a complex multi-function, acting as a
      hydrogen donor, as a metal inactivator, and as a peroxide destroyer. beta
      Carotene protects lipids by interfering with photosensitized oxidation, and
      behaves as a reducing agent by trapping radicals. After processing of vegetable
      oils, about 60-70% of the tocopherols remain in the oil. However, the tocopherol
      content in processed vegetable oils, is generally above the optimum range for
      antioxidant activity. On the other hand, beta-carotene is almost completely
      removed during processing of vegetable oils. For antioxidant purposes, both beta
      carotene and ascorbic acid must be added to vegetable oils after deodorization.
      The vitamin E activity of alpha-tocopherol may be attributed to its very
      efficient inhibition of in vivo lipid oxidation. In addition to its singlet
      oxygen quenching properties, beta-carotene has good radical-trapping properties
      at low partial pressures of oxygen, which prevail in healthy tissues. In
      biological systems, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene exhibit synergism by
      reinforcing their mutual activities. Synergism also takes place in a cascade
      where ascorbic acid can be regenerated at the expense of more oxidizable
      substrates. Our results suggest that singlet oxygen and free radical species may
      significantly contribute to the fluorescence formed from the interaction of DNA
      with linolenate hydroperoxides in the presence of iron and ascorbic acid. A
      better understanding of the biological effects of lipid oxidation products is
      needed to conserve the nutritional value of foods containing unsaturated lipids.

PMID- 2658966
TI  - Cereals as food: new technological trends and their nutritional implications.

PMID- 2658967
TI  - Environmental cancer, phagocytic oxidant stress and nutritional interactions.
AB  - Environmental exposure to inhaled mineral dusts is associated with a variety of
      inflammatory, fibrotic and carcinogenic pulmonary diseases, generally
      characterized by the infiltration into the lung of phagocytic cells, namely
      macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN). The ability of pathogenic
      mineral, fibrous and metalliferous dusts to stimulate PMN to produce potentially
      injurious free radical oxidants, has been studied using an in vitro
      chemiluminescent technique. The cellular mechanisms and nutritional agents
      involved in providing the pulmonary antioxidant biochemical defence systems are
      reviewed, and the prospects of dietary modification of environmentally induced
      lung cancers and related pneumoconiotic diseases discussed.

PMID- 2658968
TI  - Nutritional effects of pickle fermentation of blood and liver sausages in
      skyrwhey.

PMID- 2658969
TI  - Nutritional impact of food processing: fruits and vegetables.

PMID- 2658971
TI  - Evidence for the involvement of a gastrointestinal peptide in the regulation of
      glucose uptake in the mammary gland of the lactating rat.
AB  - 1. A method of obtaining serial arterial and mammary-venous blood samples was
      used to identify possible factors involved in the regulation of glucose uptake in
      the gland of the lactating rat. 2. Administration of insulin alone increased the
      arteriovenous glucose difference across the mammary gland of starved rats, but
      the time course of the recovery could not account for the restoration of
      arteriovenous glucose difference observed during refeeding [Page & Kuhn (1986).
      Biochem. J. 239, 269-274]. 3. A crude extract of the gastrointestinal tract
      (stomach-ileum) from lactating rats enhanced the change in mammary glucose uptake
      observed with insulin, but only when large amounts (100 munits/rat) of insulin
      were used. To achieve a similar recovery of arteriovenous glucose difference
      using near-physiological amounts (5 munits/rat) of insulin it was necessary to
      sever the mammary nerves. 4. A peptide fraction (of less than 10 kDa) isolated
      from the gut extract enhanced the effect of insulin in a similar manner to the
      crude extract. 5. It is suggested that in addition to insulin at least another
      component, probably a gut peptide, is required for the restoration of mammary
      glucose uptake during refeeding. An inhibitory component may also contribute to
      the regulation of mammary glucose extraction in the lactating rat.

PMID- 2658970
TI  - Acylation of viral and eukaryotic proteins.

PMID- 2658972
TI  - Probing the substrate-binding sites of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases with the
      procion dye green HE-4BD.
AB  - A reactive bis-dichloro derivative of the Procion dye Green HE-4BD was shown to
      inactivate irreversibly methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MTS) from Escherichia coli and
      also tryptophyl-tRNA synthetase (WTS) and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YTS) from
      Bacillus stearothermophilus at pH 8.5 and 37 degrees C. At a 5-fold excess of
      reactive dye over enzyme subunit concentration MTS was quantitatively inactivated
      within 20 min in the ATP/pyrophosphate exchange assay, whereas WTS and YTS show
      an 80% loss of activity over the same time period. The inactivation is affected
      by the addition of substrates, which either protect (WTS and YTS) or promote (YTS
      with tyrosine) the dye-mediated enzyme inactivation. Green HE-4BD-OH was shown to
      be a competitive inhibitor of MTS with respect to MgATP, methionine and tRNA
      substrates.

PMID- 2658973
TI  - A mucus-secreting human colonic cancer cell line. Purification and partial
      characterization of the secreted mucins.
AB  - A stably differentiated clonal derivative (Cl.16E) of the human colonic
      adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 secretes in culture high-Mr glycoproteins that were
      purified from the serum-free conditioned medium by preparative SDS/polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the oligosaccharides released from the
      [3H]glucosamine-labelled high-Mr glycoproteins by alkaline-borohydride treatment
      showed that this material consisted of O-linked oligosaccharides (without any
      detectable N-linked oligosaccharides) that were eluted as three fractions from
      Bio-Gel P-6 columns. The main oligosaccharide fraction obtained after such
      treatment and desialylation was eluted together with a six-unit glucose polymer
      from a Bio-Gel P-4 column. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against the high-Mr
      glycoproteins, and in immunoblot analysis they reacted specifically with the high
      Mr glycoproteins present in the conditioned medium. Furthermore,
      immunohistochemical staining of sections in paraffin wax revealed that these
      antibodies labelled normal human gastrointestinal mucins. We conclude that (1)
      the high-Mr glycoproteins prepared by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis are
      pure mucus glycoproteins on the basis of sensitivity to alkaline-borohydride
      treatment, monosaccharide composition and immunochemical and immunohistological
      findings, and (2) these mucins have antigenic determinants in common with the
      normal human gastrointestinal mucins.

PMID- 2658974
TI  - Cell fractionation studies indicate that dystrophin is a protein of surface
      membranes of skeletal muscle.
AB  - We studied the subcellular localization of dystrophin in rabbit skeletal muscle.
      In Western-blot analysis of membrane preparations, dystrophin was associated with
      the sarcolemmal fraction, as indicated by cholesterol content and co-purification
      with ouabain-binding activity and beta-adrenergic receptor. Dystrophin was also
      found with junctional T-tubules, but not with 'free' T-tubules, longitudinal
      portions or terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Dystrophin was not
      solubilized by high salt solutions, but it was solubilized by low concentrations
      of detergents (Triton X-100 and deoxycholate), suggesting that it is a peripheral
      membrane protein.

PMID- 2658975
TI  - Lactoperoxidase from human colostrum.
AB  - The present study has confirmed that human colostrum contains a lactoperoxidase
      (EC 1.11.1.7) [Langbakk & Flatmark (1984) FEBS Lett. 174, 300-303], which
      represents about 0.004% of the total protein in crude colostrum. An apparent 32
      fold purification of the enzyme was obtained by a multistep procedure, as
      modified from that of the bovine enzyme, with a recovery of about 7%. By use of
      chromatography on an immunoaffinity column (directed against bovine
      lactoperoxidase B), an apparent 1450-fold purification was obtained in a single
      step, with a recovery of 21%. The enzyme behaved as a glycoprotein (binding to
      concanavalin A-Sepharose), and revealed spectral properties (Soret peak at 412
      nm) and an Mr (80,000) similar to those of the bovine enzyme.

PMID- 2658976
TI  - Interleukin-1 and lipid metabolism in the rat.
AB  - Intravenous administration of a single dose (20 micrograms) of recombinant
      interleukin-1-beta to virgin, lactating and litter-removed rats rapidly decreased
      intestinal lipid absorption in all groups. In vivo, oxidation of [14C]triolein to
      14CO2 was also significantly decreased by interleukin-1. In addition, the
      cytokine decreased [14C]lipid accumulation in the mammary gland of lactating rats
      and in the adipose tissue of virgin and litter-removed rats. The decrease in
      lipid uptake in the interleukin-treated rats was accompanied by
      hypertriglyceridaemia; however, there was no significant decrease in tissue
      lipoprotein lipase activity, except in heart from lactating rats. In contrast,
      interleukin-1 administration had no effect on lipogenesis in liver, white or
      brown adipose tissue of virgin rats fed on glucose. These results suggest that
      interleukin-1 profoundly affects lipid metabolism by delaying intestinal
      absorption and decreasing tissue uptake.

PMID- 2658977
TI  - Transfection of insulin-producing cells with a transforming c-Ha-ras oncogene
      stimulates phospholipase C activity.
AB  - Pancreatic islet beta-cells and insulin-producing RINm5F cells were
      electroporated in the presence of the c-Ha-ras oncogene, to assess the possible
      involvement of the encoded product in coupling extracellular receptors to
      phospholipase C. After two days the c-Ha-ras-transfected cells increased their
      expression of c-Ha-ras mRNA. These cells were also found to contain more
      [3H]InsP3, suggesting an increased basal (non-ligand-activated) phospholipase C
      activity. In addition, the transfected cells were unable to respond to ligand
      (bombesin) activation of phospholipase C. The ras-transfected insulin-producing
      cells showed enhanced phosphorylation of a 200 kDa substrate crossreacting with
      an antibody to an 80 kDa protein kinase C substrate. The phorbol ester 12-O
      tetradecanoyl 13-acetate and bombesin also induced phosphorylation of the 200 kDa
      substrate. All of these changes occurred without changes in the rates of
      [3H]thymidine incorporation. The results suggest that the mutated c-Ha-ras
      oncogene directly or indirectly stimulates the basal phospholipase C activity of
      these cells.

PMID- 2658978
TI  - Amplification of fluoroaluminate-stimulated inositol phosphate generation in a
      cell line overexpressing the p21N-ras gene.
AB  - The stimulation of inositol phosphate generation in NIH-3T3 cells and a derived
      transformant overexpressing the p21N-ras gene (T15+ cells) was examined.
      Incubation with NaF in the presence of Al3+ leads to the generation of inositol
      phosphates in each cell type, though the response in the T15+ cells is
      significantly amplified. The effect of fluoroaluminate is dose- and time
      dependent. No differences were observed in fluoroaluminate-stimulated cyclic AMP
      accumulation among the cell types. In another NIH-3T3-derived cell line that
      expresses the transforming lys61 mutant of N-ras, no amplification of
      fluoroaluminate-stimulated inositol phosphate generation is observed. These
      results provide support for the proposal that, in the T15 cell line, p21N-ras can
      act in a guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G-protein)-like manner.

PMID- 2658979
TI  - The conditions under which rat islets are labelled with [3H]inositol alter the
      subsequent responses of these islets to a high glucose concentration.
AB  - Isolated rat islets were incubated with myo-[2-3H]inositol for 2 h to label their
      phosphoinositide (PI) pools. Labelling was carried out under three separate
      conditions: in media containing low (2.75 mM) glucose, high (13.75 mM) glucose,
      or low (2.75 mM) glucose plus sulphated cholecystokinin (CCK-8S; 200 nM). After
      labelling, the islets were perifused and the insulin-secretory response to 20 mM
      glucose was measured. PI hydrolysis in these same islets was assessed by
      measurements of both [3H]inositol efflux and the accumulation of labelled
      inositol phosphates. The following major observations were made. After
      prelabelling for 2 h in low glucose, perifusion with 20 mM-glucose resulted in a
      biphasic insulin-secretory response, an increase in [3H]inositol efflux and a
      parallel increase in the accumulation of labelled inositol phosphates. After
      prelabelling in high (13.75 mM) glucose, peak first-phase insulin secretion
      induced by 20 mM-glucose increased 2-2.5-fold, whereas the second phase of
      insulin release, as well as [3H]inositol efflux and inositol phosphate
      accumulation, were significantly decreased. The simultaneous infusion of the
      diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor 1-mono-oleoylglycerol (50 microM), along with 20
      mM-glucose, restored the second-phase insulin-secretory response from these
      islets. After labelling in low (2.75 mM) glucose plus CCK-8S, the initial phases
      of the insulin-secretory and [3H]inositol-efflux responses to 20 mM-glucose were
      blunted and the sustained phases of both responses were markedly decreased.
      Inositol phosphate accumulation was also impaired. Labelling islets in high
      (13.75 mM) glucose or low (2.75 mM) glucose plus CCK-8S suppresses, in a parallel
      fashion, glucose-induced increases in PI hydrolysis and in second-phase insulin
      release. These findings suggest that desensitization of the insulin-secretory
      response is a consequence of impaired information flow in the inositol lipid
      cycle.

PMID- 2658980
TI  - Alkylation, reduction, solubilization and enrichment of binding activity do not
      impair the ability of insulin receptors to convert from a rapid- into a slow
      dissociating state.
AB  - Hormone binding promotes conversion of rat hepatic insulin receptors from a rapid
      dissociating into a slow-dissociating affinity state. Solubilization into
      detergent does not impair the ability of receptors to convert into a slow
      dissociating state, and this property is retained as receptor-binding activity is
      enriched 11,000-13,000-fold during purification. Hormone binding also induces two
      conformational changes (alterations of tryptic lability) in the insulin receptor.
      The first change is rapid and exposes parts of the receptor to tryptic
      degradation. The second, slower, change occurs with the same time course, and
      probably mediates the conversion into the slower-dissociating binding state.
      Reduction of disulphide bonds with dithiothreitol does not prevent conversion of
      binding sites into a slower-dissociating state, and reduced receptors retain the
      ability to undergo conformational changes in response to hormone binding.
      Alkylation with N-ethylmaleimide also does not affect the insulin-induced
      conversion into a slow-dissociating state. These observations suggest that the
      conversion into a slow-dissociating state is an intrinsic property of the insulin
      receptor. Free thiol groups in the insulin receptor and disulphide bonds between
      the alpha-subunits are not essential to this process.

PMID- 2658981
TI  - Erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - 1. The erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase activity is significantly (P
      less than 0.001) decreased in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 2. The
      activity is negatively correlated (r = -0.97) with the fasting blood glucose
      level. 3. Insulin treatment restores the activity to normal. 4. The Km of the
      enzyme for acetylthiocholine iodide was unchanged; however, the Vmax. was
      decreased, suggesting a decrease in the number of active enzyme molecules in
      diabetes.

PMID- 2658982
TI  - Immunenzymometric assay for the heart specific glycogen phosphorylase BB in human
      serum using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of the human glycogen
      phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (GP BB) using two murine monoclonal antibodies was
      developed. A series of hybridoma clones producing monoclonal antibodies to GP BB
      were obtained by the standard lymphocyte hybridoma technique. Two of the selected
      clones synthesizing monoclonal antibodies, which recognize different epitopes,
      were employed for the immunenzymometric assay. The first monoclonal antibody was
      immobilized on microtiter plates and the bound glycogen phosphorylase BB was
      detected with the second monoclonal antibody conjugated with horse radish
      peroxidase. This assay enables a specific and sensitive measurement of GP BB in
      the range of 0.5-150 ng/ml phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.5% bovine serum
      albumin in less than 3 hours. The lower limit in human serum amounts about 3
      ng/ml. Preliminary data obtained with human sera from patients after aorto
      coronary artery bypass surgery are demonstrated.

PMID- 2658983
TI  - Prostacyclin as a cerebroprotective agent against brain hypoxia.
AB  - The cerebroprotective effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) was studied using the
      following methods: hypobaric hypoxia in mice, anoxic hypoxia in mice, complete
      ischemia by decapitation in mice, hypoventilation hypoxia in cats, and
      hypovolemic hypoxia in cats. PGI2 induced a dose-dependent prolongation of the
      survival time of mice, when administered either I.C.V. (0.001
      10/micrograms/mice), I.V. (0.5-500/micrograms/kg), or I.P. (50
      500/micrograms/kg). In the experiments on cats PGI2 (250 ng/kg/min I.V.) led to a
      significant improvement of the hypoxic ECoG. In another series of experiments, an
      interaction of some cerebroprotective agents with the anti-hypoxic effect of PGI2
      was investigated. Piracetam, meclofenoxate, nicergoline, naftidrofuryl,
      cinnarizine, and nifedipine shifted the anti-hypoxic dose-response curve of PGI2
      to the left indicating synergistic interaction. The results obtained suggest the
      function of PGI2 as a cerebroprotective prostanoid in brain hypoxia.

PMID- 2658984
TI  - On the release of glycogen phosphorylase from heart muscle: effect of substrate
      depletion, ischemia and of imipramine.
AB  - The release of glycogen phosphorylase from isolated, perfused rabbit heart was
      studied after substrate depletion and after global ischemia. The assayed efflux
      of the enzyme was found to be not only related to alterations in membrane
      integrity but also to the amount of glycogen in the injured heart tissue. The
      differential efflux profile of phosphorylase as a constituent of the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum-glycogenolysis complex in cardiac cells in comparison to cytosolic
      creatine kinase was found to be more pronounced employing K+-arrested,
      hypothermically perfused hearts exposed to imipramine (0.4 to 0.6 mM), known for
      altering specifically membrane integrity. Under these conditions only a rise in
      the release of creatine kinase occurs, whereas both glycogen content and the
      efflux of phosphorylase remains uneffected. It is suggested that the metabolical
      dependence of phosphorylase efflux from the injured heart muscle is of importance
      for its high sensitivity being a marker of acute heart infarction.

PMID- 2658985
TI  - Focal contacts: transmembrane links between the extracellular matrix and the
      cytoskeleton.
AB  - The sites of tightest adhesion that form between cells and substrate surfaces in
      tissue culture are termed focal contacts. The external faces of focal contacts
      include specific receptors, belonging to the integrin family of proteins, for
      fibronectin and vitronectin, two common components of extracellular matrices. On
      the internal (cytoplasmic) side of focal contacts, several proteins, including
      talin and vinculin, mediate interactions with the actin filament bundles of the
      cytoskeleton. The changes that occur in focal contacts as a result of viral
      transformation are discussed.

PMID- 2658986
TI  - Structural elements regulating zein gene expression.
AB  - Zeins are a group of alcohol-soluble proteins that are synthesized in the
      endosperm of developing maize seeds. These proteins are encoded by a large number
      of genes located on several chromosomes; based upon the number of mutants that
      have been isolated, zein gene regulation is complex. Comparisons of gene flanking
      regions reveal conserved sequences that may be important for their regulation.
      Studies of transformed plant tissues support the assertion that cis-acting
      elements with the 5' flanking regions of zein genes are required for accurate
      transcription. Although the genes are transcribed in transgenic tobacco and
      petunia plants, they are not properly regulated. This appears to be due to
      transcriptional effects rather than protein or mRNA instability.

PMID- 2658987
TI  - O-glycosylation pathway for mucin-type glycoproteins.
AB  - O-glycosylation is the post-translational process whereby carbohydrate is added
      to hydroxylated amino acids of proteins. The major O-glycosylation pathway in
      animal cells is involved in the synthesis of oligosaccharides linked by N
      acetylgalactosamine to serine or threonine residues in 'mucin-type' proteins or
      their analogs. In this review, we discuss the evidence for the cellular
      localization of the biosynthetic steps in this pathway and propose a simplified,
      consensus version. We also propose variations of the simple pathway to account
      for its heterogeneity and variability in different cell types and differentiation
      states.

PMID- 2658988
TI  - DNA synthesis in chromosomes: implications of early experiments.

PMID- 2658989
TI  - Cytoplasmic determination and distribution of developmental potential in the
      embryo of Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been described completely
      on a cell-by-cell basis. In an invariant pattern five somatic founder cells and
      the primordial germ cell are generated within the first hour after the onset of
      cleavage. Using a laser microbeam for manipulation of individual blastomeres
      several aspects of early embryogenesis have been investigated, including the
      expression of cellular polarity, the localization of lineage-specific cleavage
      potential, the necessity for early cell-cell interaction, and the control of
      differential cell-cycle timing. The experiments demonstrate the central
      importance of a correct partitioning of cytoplasmic components during early
      embryogenesis and suggest a stepwise, binary segregation mechanism associated
      with the unequal cleavages in the germline.

PMID- 2658990
TI  - Transforming growth factor alpha stimulates prostacyclin production by cultured
      human vascular endothelial cells more potently than epidermal growth factor.
AB  - Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) induces dose- and time-dependent
      stimulation of prostacyclin (PGI2) production by cultured human umbilical vein
      endothelial cells. The lowest stimulatory concentration of TGF alpha was 0.1
      ng/ml and the maximal response, a 2.7-fold rise, was obtained with 10 ng/ml. The
      stimulation, which lasted at least 24 h, was blocked by cycloheximide and by
      indomethacin. TGF alpha induced PGI2 production at 10-100 times lower
      concentrations than did epidermal growth factor (EGF), although in stimulating
      endothelial cell growth the two factors were equipotent. This is the first
      demonstration that TGF alpha enhances PGI2 production by human cells. Moreover,
      this is the first evidence that it acts as both an agonist (growth) and a
      superagonist (PGI2 production) of EGF in the same cell type. I suggest that this
      phenomenon may be involved with the angiogenic activity of TGF alpha.

PMID- 2658991
TI  - Detection of glycoproteins as tumor-associated Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen in
      human gastric cancer cell line, NUGC4.
AB  - NUGC4 cells derived from a human gastric cancer gave 6% Hanganutziu-Deicher (HD)
      antigen-positive cells by flow cytometric analysis using an affinity-purified
      chicken antibody to N-glycolyneuraminyl-lactosyl-ceramide (HD3 ganglioside). The
      cells showed no HD antigenic ganglioside by thin-layer chromatography enzyme
      immunostaining; however, they were revealed to contain HD antigenic proteins with
      molecular masses of 150, 100, 90, 70, 65, 60, 47, and 40 kDa, by both
      immunoblotting after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      (SDS-PAGE) and immunoprecipitation of [35S]-methionine-labeled proteins, followed
      by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Neuraminidase treatment destroyed the
      antigenicity of all proteins, indicating that these molecules are glycoproteins
      and have N-glycolyneuraminic acid at the non-reducing terminal of carbohydrate
      chains as an HD antigenic epitope.

PMID- 2658992
TI  - Partial purification and characterization of a new p36/40 tyrosine protein kinase
      from HL-60.
AB  - A major peak of tyrosine protein kinase activity was partially purified from a
      Triton X100 extract of HL-60. This preparation submitted to high pressure gel
      filtration was eluted at a volume corresponding to a mass of 35/40 kD. This
      activity was insensitive to EGF and insulin. Autoradiographs of the preparations
      incubated with [gamma P32]-ATP and separated by electrophoresis do not give any
      evidence that autophosphorylation occurs for that particular tyrosine protein
      kinase. Furthermore, we failed to immunoprecipitate the enzyme with a specific
      antiphosphotyrosine antibody and anti v-src antibody. All the data presented
      herein suggest that this enzyme has not been previously purified.

PMID- 2658993
TI  - Naturally occurring anti-band 3 autoantibodies recognize a high molecular weight
      protein on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes.
AB  - Naturally occurring anti-band 3 autoantibodies bind to erythrocytes infected with
      a knobby variant of the human malaria Plasmodium falciparum (FCR-3 strain). The
      autoantibodies recognized a greater than 240 kDa protein in SDS extracts made
      from surface iodinated infected erythrocytes. The antigen was associated only
      with erythrocytes infected with a knobby variant, and was removed by trypsin
      treatment of intact infected cells. By two-dimensional peptide map analysis the
      antigen was shown to be structurally related to the human erythrocyte anion
      transporter, band 3.

PMID- 2658994
TI  - The binding activities of proteins that bind Ap4A, an alarmone, are stimulated in
      the presence of ethanol or phosphatidylethanolamine.
AB  - Three proteins binding Ap4A which is known to increase in the heat-shocked cells
      or to trigger DNA synthesis in G1-arrested eukaryotic cells were purified from E.
      coli cell extract. For the binding activities of the proteins, glutathione or
      dithiothreitol and manganese or iron ion were absolutely required. Glutathione,
      which exists in relatively high concentration in the cells and had been reported
      to be related to oxidant shock, was far more effective than an artificial
      antioxidant, dithiothreitol. Ethanol, which has an effect similar to heat or
      oxidant shock on microbial or eukaryotic cells, enhanced several fold the Ap4A
      binding activity. Phosphatidylethanolamine, a major component of phospholipids of
      cytoplasma and membrane of E. coli cell also stimulated the Ap4A-binding
      activity.

PMID- 2658995
TI  - A G4-DNA/B-DNA junction at codon 12 of c-Ha-ras is actively and asymmetrically
      methylated by DNA(cytosine-5)methyltransferase.
AB  - Oligodeoxynucleotides spanning codon 12 of the human c-Ha-ras gene were found to
      be exceptionally good substrates for de novo methylation by human DNA(cytosine
      5)methyltransferase. In the complex formed by two complementary 30mers, only the
      C-rich strand was methylated by the enzyme. Guanines at the 3' end of the G-rich
      strand of the complex could not be completely modified by dimethyl sulfate
      [corrected] suggesting tetrameric bonding at these G-residues. An eight-stranded
      structure, composed of four duplex DNAs at one end, joined to a G4-DNA segment at
      the other with the junction between the two DNA forms at codon 12, can account
      for our results.

PMID- 2658996
TI  - Affinity purification of endothia protease with a novel renin inhibitor SQ
      32,970.
AB  - A novel tripeptidic renin inhibitor is described, SQ 32,970, that will potently
      inhibit endothia protease. This inhibitor can be coupled to Sepharose and will
      allow the affinity-purification of endothia protease in one step to greater than
      95% purity as measured by SDS PAGE. The purified endothia protease cleaves the
      Lys-Pro-Ala-Glu-Phe-Nph-Arg-Leu substrate at the Phe-Nph bond with a Kcat/Km of
      7445 (s-1 mM-1) at pH 3.1 and 4057 (s-1 mM-1) at pH 6.0. Affinity purified
      endothia protease can be crystallized in the pH range in which it is
      enzymatically active and can be inhibited by renin inhibitors.

PMID- 2658997
TI  - Characterization of human interleukin-3 receptors on a multi-factor-dependent
      cell line.
AB  - Recombinant human interleukin-3 (hIL-3) was radioiodinated by Bolton-Hunter
      method with maintenance of biological activity. Using 125I-hIL-3, hIL-3 receptors
      were characterized on a multi-factor-dependent cell line TF-1. Equilibrium
      binding studies revealed the existence of a single class of binding sites (667 +/
      306 sites/cell) with a Kd of 173 +/- 25 pM. Affinity labeling of TF-1 cells with
      125I-IL-3 yielded two bands of 150 kDa and 85 kDa, implying molecular weights of
      135 kDa and 70 kDa for the hIL-3 receptors.

PMID- 2658998
TI  - Endothelin in human plasma and culture medium of aortic endothelial cells-
      detection and characterization with radioimmunoassay using monoclonal antibody.
AB  - We have developed monoclonal (KY-ET-1-I) and polyclonal (ET-F5) antibodies
      against endothelin-1 (ET-1) and established sensitive radioimmunoassays (RIAs)
      with different specificities. The RIA with KY-ET-1-I detected ET-1, ET-2 and ET
      3, while the RIA with ET-F5 recognized ET-3 very weakly. Using these RIAs, we
      have investigated the concentration and molecular forms of ET-1-like
      immunoreactivity (-LI) in culture medium of bovine aortic endothelial cells and
      human plasma. Culture medium of endothelial cells contained two major components
      compatible with big ET and ET-1. ET-1-LI was also detected in human plasma. ET-1
      LI in human plasma consisted of apparent two components, the small molecular form
      emerging at the position of ET-1 and the large form with the peak eluting at the
      preceding fraction of the elution position of big ET. The concentration of the
      small form of ET in human plasma was about 5 pg/ml.

PMID- 2658999
TI  - Regional distribution of immunoreactive endothelin in porcine tissue: abundance
      in inner medulla of kidney.
AB  - A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for endothelin has been developed. Half
      maximal inhibition of binding of radioiodinated endothelin was observed at 37
      pg/tube and endothelin was detectable as low as 1 pg/tube. With this assay, the
      regional distribution of endothelin was determined in porcine tissue. The highest
      concentration of immunoreactive endothelin was observed in inner medulla of
      kidney (6.2 +/- 1.1 pg/mg wet weight), while the concentration in kidney cortex
      was very low. Immunoreactive endothelin was also found in lung in relatively high
      concentration. The immunoreactive endothelin in porcine lung and inner medulla of
      kidney was further characterized by reverse phase high performance liquid
      chromatography combined with radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2659000
TI  - Alpha-agglutinin expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A polyclonal antiserum raised against purified alpha-agglutinin was made specific
      for alpha-agglutinin after adsorption with a cells. The adsorbed antiserum
      identified alpha-agglutinin peptides on Western blots and bound to cell surface
      alpha-agglutinin, inhibiting the binding of alpha cells to a cells. Using the
      antibody, we have determined that 1) the surface distribution of alpha-agglutinin
      on alpha cells is polar, 2) about 5 x 10(4) molecules/cell are constitutively
      expressed on strain X2180-1B (alpha) cells, and 3) treatment of alpha cells with
      the sex pheromone a-factor causes an increase in cell surface alpha-agglutinin,
      consistent with the a-factor induced increase in cell agglutinability.

PMID- 2659001
TI  - Ultrastructural findings of Candida albicans blastoconidia submitted to the
      action of fenticonazole.
AB  - A study has been conducted about ultrastructural changes induced by an imidazole
      derivative, fenticonazole (Lomexin), on Candida albicans blastoconidia. The
      structural upset has been progressively exerted starting from coating membrane
      surfaces throughout cytosol components and nuclear compart, so that the existence
      can be assumed for a direct dependence of these changes upon activity failure by
      a few organules. Membrane permeability processes have resulted to be involved,
      which are the main metabolic paths in the defective ATP synthesis, and enzyme
      blockades responsible for peroxide accumulation.

PMID- 2659002
TI  - [Effectiveness and tolerance of the C3 convertase inhibitor, N-acetyl-aspartyl
      magnesium glutamate with anti-allergic action. Results of a double-blind study].
AB  - N-Acetyl-aspartyl magnesium glutamate (Rhinaaxia, NAAGA) is a topically active
      antiallergic dipeptide. The compound acts in two different ways. On the one hand
      NAAGA inhibits the mast cell-degranulation, on the other hand this compound
      blocks the activation of the C3-convertase, subsequently followed by a blocked
      cleavage of the fragments C3a and C5a, respectively. 20 patients suffering from
      pollinosis were treated for 2 weeks according to a randomized double-blind
      placebo-controlled study. Besides subjective complaints nasal obstruction was
      objectively documented via rhinomanometria. 9 out of 10 patients under placebo
      had to use the rescue drug tritoqualine, a histidine decarboxylase inhibitor,
      compared to none in the verum group (p less than 0.01). After 14 days of
      treatment with NAAGA the nasal peak flow rate increased by 21.5 l/min and 21.8
      l/min in the tritoqualine/placebo group, respectively (not significant). Nasal
      obstruction improved statistically significantly after 7 and 14 days of treatment
      in both groups. Tolerance was reported to be good in either group.

PMID- 2659003
TI  - [Effectiveness and tolerance of the C3 convertase inhibitor, N-acetyl-aspartyl
      magnesium glutamate in perennial rhinitis. Results of a double-blind, placebo
      controlled study].
AB  - N-Acetyl-aspartyl magnesium glutamate (Rhinaaxia, NAAGA) is a new antiallergic
      substance for topical use. The compound covers a bilateral way of action. There
      is inhibition of the mast cell-degranulation and blocking of the C3-convertase,
      subsequently followed by a blocked cleavage of the fragments C3a and C5a,
      respectively. 20 patients suffering from perennial allergic rhinitis were treated
      according to a randomized double blind placebo-controlled study design. Apart
      from a nominal documentation of subjective complaints the degree of nasal
      obstruction was objectively rated via rhinomanometria. The nasal flow rate
      improved significantly in patients treated with NAAGA and subjective complaints
      decreased markedly. NAAGA showed to be well tolerated although 6 of 10 patients
      observed transient "nasal burning".

PMID- 2659004
TI  - [Development of human monoclonal antibodies. Current status and future
      development].
AB  - The "state of the art" in the development of human monoclonal antibodies is
      reported. The classical cellular fusion method according to well established
      procedures, the Epstein-Barr virus mediated B-lymphocyte transformation and the
      modern genetic engineering method to obtain chimeric antibodies is reviewed in
      detail. Although they were praised in the last five years as the most efficient
      drugs against cancer and infectious diseases, no great success was clinically and
      experimentally reported in the past. The many experimental obstacles hindered the
      efficient development of these promising drugs. In the last two years, however,
      new ways were proposed to get this new therapeutic principle on a more efficient
      way in order to use them in the therapeutic treatment of patients with certain
      cancer and infectious diseases.

PMID- 2659005
TI  - Research funding reports from communication sciences and disorders programs.

PMID- 2659006
TI  - Who's isolated?

PMID- 2659007
TI  - Knowledge and skills needed by speech-language pathologists providing services to
      dysphagic patients/clients.

PMID- 2659008
TI  - Rapid development of atherosclerotic lesions in the rabbit carotid artery induced
      by perivascular manipulation.
AB  - A new rabbit model of atherosclerosis is described in which several of the
      features seen in early human atherosclerosis are generated within a period of 7
      days. The positioning of a hollow silastic collar around the carotid artery of a
      cholesterol-fed rabbit results in macrophage and smooth muscle cell infiltration
      into the arterial subendothelium, foam cell formation and the deposition of
      extracellular lipid. A time-dependent accumulation of extracellular cholesteryl
      ester occurs within the arterial wall. Each of these changes occurs in the
      presence of a morphologically intact endothelium as assessed using light
      microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A high cholesterol
      diet did not affect the extent of proliferation but exacerbated cholesteryl ester
      accumulation. It is proposed that the changes induced by the collar may be
      mediated by obstruction of the adventitial vasa vasorum with the creation of a
      localised ischaemic region.

PMID- 2659009
TI  - Occupational health hazards of hospital staff nurses. Part I: Overview and
      psychosocial stressors.
AB  - 1. In the health care environment, occupational stressors may be physical,
      chemical, biological, or psychosocial. 2. Psychosocial stressors include physical
      and mental overload, job insecurity, role ambiguity, a client population with
      anxiety or fear, and poorly designed work schedules. 3. Stress can be an
      occupational hazard because it arises from the environment, and may lead to
      accidents or injuries. 4. Psychosocial stressors will become increasingly
      important as the hospital environment demands more of nurses.

PMID- 2659010
TI  - Florence Nightingale and research. The historical link.

PMID- 2659011
TI  - First trimester diagnosis of a partial mole with the combined use of ultrasound
      and chorionic villous sampling.
AB  - A patient with vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy had a serum
      human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) titer of 495,132 mlU/ml and an abdominal
      ultrasound examination revealed an intrauterine gestational sac without a fetal
      pole. Two and a half weeks later the hCG titer was 385,000 mlU/ml and a fetal
      pole was visualized. Transabdominal villous sampling was performed because of the
      suspicion of a partial mole. Histopathologic examination showed hydropic villi
      and chromosomal studies were consistent with triploidy. The diagnosis of partial
      mole in the first trimester of pregnancy was made and the pregnancy terminated.

PMID- 2659012
TI  - Dystocia in late labor: determining fetal position by clinical and ultrasonic
      techniques.
AB  - A failure of adequate progression during late labor occurs often and may prohibit
      an accurate determination of the fetal head position from scalp edema or caput
      formation. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether ultrasonic
      evaluation could confirm or correct the digital examination impressions of the
      fetal head position. Eighty-six attempted vaginal deliveries had recent evidence
      for arrested cervical dilation after 7 cm or more. An occiput transverse position
      in 24 (28%) cases was diagnosed accurately, with the need for additional
      ultrasonic information only in the presence of scalp edema. Distinguishing
      between a persistent occiput posterior (15 cases, 17%) or anterior (47 cases,
      55%) position was often inexact by palpation alone. Combined clinical and
      ultrasonic impressions allowed for a significantly more precise diagnosis.
      Ultrasonic imaging allowed for more security while waiting, more confidence with
      midforceps application, or a prompter decision for cesarean section, depending on
      the head position.

PMID- 2659013
TI  - Accuracy of ultrasound in the prenatal diagnosis of spinal anomalies.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of sonographic examination in
      the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. The study population consisted of
      237 patients divided into three groups according to the indication for the
      sonographic examination. The overall sensitivity of sonography in the diagnosis
      of neural tube defects was 94.7%, and the specificity was 98.3%. A false positive
      diagnosis of spina bifida occurred in a fetus affected with ventriculomegaly,
      omphalocele, severe kyphosis and scoliosis. There were three false negative
      diagnoses of spina bifida.

PMID- 2659014
TI  - Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of intestinal obstruction: a case report.
AB  - A case of intrauterine intestinal obstruction diagnosed at 31 weeks' gestation by
      sonographic examination is presented. Unlike other reported cases, the diagnosis
      was made early in the third trimester and before the development of
      polyhydramnios. The patient was managed conservatively until delivery at 33.5
      weeks. At exploratory laparotomy, immediately after birth, ileal atresia was
      found and resected. The infant recovered uneventfully.

PMID- 2659015
TI  - Ultrasonography of discoid adrenals in Potter's syndrome: report of three cases.
AB  - Potter's syndrome, a rapidly fatal congenital disorder marked by renal agenesis,
      can be diagnosed in the first hours of life with real-time ultrasound. In infants
      with Potter's syndrome the adrenal glands assume a discoid shape and occupy the
      renal beds, thereby mimicking the absent kidneys. However, discoid adrenals can
      be distinguished from either normal or dysplastic kidneys by definitive
      ultrasound criteria. The ultrasound appearance of an echogenic medulla and a
      hypoechoic cortex in a posteriorly placed, flattened adrenal gland is quite
      different from the neonatal kidney with its echogenic cortex and hypoechoic renal
      pyramids. Early diagnosis is desirable to facilitate management of this hopeless
      condition. Difficulties with reliable antenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of
      Potter's syndrome are discussed.

PMID- 2659016
TI  - Neonatal survival rates based on estimated fetal weights in extremely premature
      infants.
AB  - With the increasing survival rates of the extremely premature infants, counseling
      patients as to the potential outcome of the pregnancy is difficult. Traditional
      methods of basing survival rates on gestational age and actual birthweights have
      limitations. This study compares survival rates based on ultrasonically estimated
      fetal weights to those of actual birthweights and demonstrates an excellent
      correlation at this institution. It is suggested that individual institutions
      should construct their own neonatal survival rates based on estimated fetal
      weights for the extremely premature fetus to counsel better patients at risk for
      early delivery.

PMID- 2659017
TI  - Role of the perinatal autopsy in evaluating unusual sonographic findings of
      intrauterine fetal death.
AB  - Three cases with an unusual sonographic presentation after fetal death are
      presented. In instances in which a complete autopsy cannot be performed, a plea
      is made for a sonographically directed necropsy of the organ system with a
      presumed congenital abnormality.

PMID- 2659018
TI  - Plasma volume, umbilical artery Doppler flow, and antepartum fetal heart testing
      in high-risk pregnancies.
AB  - The purpose of this clinical study is to investigate the diagnostic value of
      plasma volume (PV), nonstress test (NST), contraction stress test (CST), and
      umbilical artery Doppler (UAD) in detecting fetal compromise in 81 patients (83
      fetuses) at risk for fetal growth retardation. Neither PV nor UAD studies were
      used in the clinical management. There were two stillbirths and three neonatal
      deaths for a perinatal mortality of 6%. Twenty-seven infants (32.5%) were small
      for gestational age (SGA), seven (8.6%) had cord pH 7.20 or less, and five (6.2%)
      had 5-minute Apgar scores less than 7. Overall, PV had the highest sensitivity
      and NST the highest specificity regarding delivery of SGA infants. The positive
      and negative predictive values for infants with low cord pH and low Apgar scores
      were similar among the various tests. There were nine fetuses with zero or
      reverse diastolic flow: seven were SGA (four perinatal deaths) and all of them
      had both nonreactive NST and positive CST. The other two infants were appropriate
      for gestational age with all other tests being normal. Antepartum fetal heart
      rate testing appears to be similar to other tests in predicting poor fetal
      outcome in high-risk pregnancies.

PMID- 2659019
TI  - Thigh circumference in the detection of intrauterine growth retardation.
AB  - Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with an increase in
      perinatal mortality as well as long-term neurobehavioral morbidity. Despite the
      increasing sophistication of antenatal fetal assessment, the diagnosis of growth
      retardation remains difficult. Since the fetal effects of growth inhibition are
      variable, no one ultrasonic parameter can diagnose with certainty the growth
      retarded fetus. The reduction of thigh circumference with IUGR is secondary to
      the muscle wasting that is characteristic of this disease process. The
      sensitivity (77.8%) and specificity (75%) of thigh circumference may make it a
      useful additional sonographic parameter in the evaluation of fetal growth
      retardation.

PMID- 2659020
TI  - Pregnancy complicated by hemipelvectomy: case presentations and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Nine patients with posthemipelvectomy with subsequent delivery of 13 living
      children are reported in the world's literature. This radical procedure is
      possible only in a modern age of intensive medical and surgical support.
      Additional cases can be expected in the future. We present two additional
      patients and three children to be added to the existing experience and also
      provide a review of obstetric and gynecologic considerations in the care of these
      unusual patients.

PMID- 2659022
TI  - Plasma volume, umbilical artery Doppler.

PMID- 2659021
TI  - Intrarenal abscess caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonate: modern
      management and diagnosis.
AB  - We recently cared for a 12-day-old infant who was hospitalized for renal abscess
      caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, an organism not identified as etiologic in the
      three newborns described to date with this disorder. The advent of cross
      sectional diagnostic imaging techniques, specifically ultrasonography and
      computed tomography (CT), has changed the management of renal abscess in children
      and neonates. Ultrasonography is the diagnostic procedure of choice, but CT is
      another reliable imaging modality, particularly if there is spread of the abscess
      outside the kidney. Whether surgery is necessary for a resolution of renal
      abscess remains controversial. However, percutaneous aspiration under diet
      ultrasonographic or CT guidance has replaced routine exploration and deroofing of
      the abscess and therefore made the management of renal abscess achievable by
      simpler, less invasive techniques.

PMID- 2659024
TI  - Computer eyestrain.
AB  - Main ocular mechanisms probably underlying eyestrain symptoms in computer users
      diminished aqueous tears, extraocular muscle fatigue, color fatigue and decreased
      amplitude of accommodation induced by monochromatic light--are discussed. With
      this background, some practical consequences are drawn to avoid or reduce
      eyestrain.

PMID- 2659023
TI  - [Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in tests of filiation, paternity and forensic
      medicine].
AB  - A new precise method of personal identification with significant implications for
      civil and criminal paternity cases, as well as for other forensic purposes and
      genetic studies is presented. DNA multi-locus analysis offers a discrimination of
      1 in 30 billions, constituting the most precise determination in paternity
      testing. If we consider that the world population is around 5 billion people, and
      that less than 2.5 billions are males, of the which approximately 1/3 are not
      adults, then we can see how the possibility of error is extremely low. It makes
      other paternity studies with HLA, blood groups, enzymes and proteins ineffective
      in paternity disputes. All courts and legal personnel should be aware of the
      scientific implications of this new available test in our media.

PMID- 2659025
TI  - AMA policy on the Harvard resource-based relative value scale and related issues.

PMID- 2659026
TI  - [Tonsillectomy: its indications. 1939].

PMID- 2659027
TI  - Salt intake and blood pressure in humans.
AB  - Abundant evidence exists to link the dietary intake of sodium to the development
      of high blood pressure and the potential occurrence of cardiovascular
      consequences including stroke, congestive heart failure and other forms of
      cardiovascular disease as well as renal failure. Not all individuals are
      sensitive to the blood pressure-raising effects of sodium. Genetic or acquired
      factors may determine an individual's ability to handle the sodium load. In
      sodium-sensitive hypertensives, modest dietary sodium restriction is beneficial
      in both reducing blood pressure and in controlling the elevated pressure with
      medication. A role for potassium and/or calcium with respect to the effects of
      sodium is an intriguing area of current inquiry.

PMID- 2659028
TI  - Infant lung function: measurement conditions and equipment.

PMID- 2659029
TI  - Lung volumes in neonates and infants.

PMID- 2659030
TI  - Elastic properties of the respiratory system in infants.

PMID- 2659031
TI  - Lung elasticity in children and adolescents.

PMID- 2659032
TI  - Flow resistance in infancy.

PMID- 2659033
TI  - Measurement of resistance with the forced oscillation technique.

PMID- 2659034
TI  - Forced expiratory flow-volume curves in infants and young children.

PMID- 2659035
TI  - Measurement of blood gases.

PMID- 2659036
TI  - Regional lung function testing in children.

PMID- 2659037
TI  - Compilation of reference values for lung function measurements in children.

PMID- 2659038
TI  - Health legislation update. Between acts.

PMID- 2659039
TI  - Time was--medical notes. 1908.

PMID- 2659040
TI  - Time was-- the care and feeding of children. A catechism for the use of mothers
      and children's nurses. 1916.

PMID- 2659041
TI  - Peroneal nerve entrapment at the knee localized by short segment stimulation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of short segment
      stimulation (SSS) of the peroneal nerve at the knee in order to localize the site
      of compression and/or entrapment of the nerve. Eighteen patients with suspected
      peroneal nerve palsy and 28 controls were studied by SSS of the peroneal nerve
      across the knee. Compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) were obtained from the
      extensor digitorum brevis muscle after successive supramaximal stimuli of the
      nerve at 2 cm intervals, starting 4 cm distal (D4 and D2) and ending 6 cm
      proximal (P2, P4, and P6) to the fibular head prominence (P). In patients the
      average conduction times from D2 to P, P to P2, and P2 to P4 were significantly
      (P less than 0.05) longer and the average amplitude of CMAPs at P, P2, P4, and P6
      significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than those of controls. Fourteen patients
      showed statistically significant reduction in amplitude and prolongation of
      conduction time in one or more short segments. Three patients had prolongation of
      conduction time only and one patient had reduction in amplitude only. When nerve
      conduction of the entire 10-cm segment across the knee was tested by the
      conventional method, only nine showed reduction in amplitude from proximal
      stimulation, or slowing of motor conduction velocity across the 10-cm segment or
      both. It was concluded that the SSS technique is a sensitive and reliable
      procedure for the detection of mild compression or entrapment of the peroneal
      nerve around the knee.

PMID- 2659042
TI  - Rehabilitation technology for standing and walking after spinal cord injury.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to review the rehabilitation technology available
      for standing and walking by the spinal-cord injured. Existing aids for standing
      and walking and those aids under development in research laboratories are
      discussed. One conclusion is that therapeutic and perhaps functional standing
      could be achieved in a greater number of individuals using existing technology;
      however it must also be realized that some barriers still exist which prevent
      various technologies from being more widely used. Studies which measure the
      benefits of standing, and more fully establish minimum standing times to achieve
      these benefits, are needed. Standing is a necessary component of many tasks, and
      it is unlikely single type of standing aid is likely to perform adequately in
      every situation that requires standing. Therefore it may be prudent to have a
      variety of standing aids available to patients.

PMID- 2659043
TI  - Novel cellular interactions and networks involving the intestinal immune system
      and its microenvironment.
AB  - The interactions we have described enable the intestine to respond appropriately
      to antigenic challenge in an effective and coordinated way. This is of vital
      importance when one considers the dual role of the intestine as a first line of
      defence against harmful microorganisms and as the route by which the animal
      obtains nutrition. Under normal circumstances, these interactions select for an
      appropriate cell phenotype by providing a network of interactions that contribute
      to intestinal homeostasis. If there is dysfunction of any component, then other
      cells will be affected. For example, if down-regulation of the mucosal immune
      response is not effective, damage to the epithelium, nerves and muscle may occur
      during an inflammatory response. Similarly, if the integrity of the epithelium is
      disrupted, damage to the elements of the mucosal immune system may occur. This
      model would suggest that these interactions must be considered if one wishes to
      adequately explain diseases such as IBD and design innovative therapeutic
      regimens. Future interdisciplinary research will shed light on the web of
      interactions occurring in the intestinal environment and provide a novel view of
      the respective contributions of the immune system and its local environment to
      cell differentiation, function and regulation.

PMID- 2659044
TI  - Intraepithelial lumina in urothelial bladder neoplasms. A histochemical,
      immunohistochemical and electron microscopy study.
AB  - Intraepithelial lumina observed in 12 urothelial bladder neoplasms were studied
      histochemically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. Both intercellular
      and intracytoplasmic lumina could be demonstrated showing an alcianophilic margin
      and containing non-sulphated acid mucins. The presence of secretory component
      (SC) was identified in neoplastic urothelial cells around or adjacent to
      intercellular lumina as well as in cells with intracytoplasmic lumina. The cells
      surrounding intercellular lumina revealed ultrastructurally tight junctions,
      microvilli and a prominent glycocalyx while cellular remnants were found quite
      often within the lumen. As similar histochemical, immunohistochemical and
      ultrastructural characteristics are also expressed in surface umbrella cells of
      normal urothelium it is suggested that a focal differentiation of neoplastic
      urothelial cells towards surface umbrella-like cells takes place and that this
      process is intimately related to the formation of lumina.

PMID- 2659045
TI  - Human milk-fat globule membrane antigens (Mam-3 group) in normal cycling
      endometrium and endometrial carcinomas--an immunohistochemical study. A
      preliminary report.
AB  - The expression of Mam-3 antigens in normal human endometrium and endometrial
      carcinomas was investigated employing the monoclonal antibodies 67D11 (anti Mam
      3a), 115H10 (anti Mam-3b), and 115C2 (anti Mam-3c). Dewaxed sections of formalin
      fixed, paraffin-embedded curettings of 9 proliferative-, 6 interval-, 13
      secretory endometria, as well as 16 endometrial carcinomas were used. In normal
      cycling endometrium the Mam-3a, -3b and -3c antigens were detected at the apical
      membrane of surface and/or glandular epithelium only, but to a different degree.
      The Mam-3a antigen was only detected in the surface epithelium of 66% of
      proliferative and 33% of interval endometrium. The Mam-3b antigen was detected in
      surface and glandular epithelium of all normal endometria, but was most
      widespread in proliferative endometrium. The Mam-3c antigen was detected in
      surface epithelium of proliferative, and interval endometrium especially, and in
      glandular epithelium in 22% of endometria irrespective of the phase. Increased
      expression of Mam-3a and -3c antigens was recorded in most carcinomas. A loss of
      polarity of staining was seen in grade III carcinomas especially, staining of the
      cytoplasma was recorded in half of the carcinomas. The expression of Mam-3c
      antigen in carcinomas seemed to decline with increasing grade of anaplasia. All
      carcinomas expressed the Mam-3b antigen. The present results indicate that the
      Mam-3a and -3c antigens are tumor-associated antigens of endometrial carcinomas
      and that they might be useful as diagnostic tools in endometrial pathology.

PMID- 2659046
TI  - A short form for clinical assessment of quality of life among hypertensive
      patients.
AB  - Recently, medical research studies and clinical trials have included quality-of
      life assessments, which measure the biomedical, behavioral, and social dimensions
      of living as a major therapeutic end point. Monitoring the quality of life in
      routine clinical practice also has the potential to aid clinicians to evaluate
      the impact of new therapies on the health status of their patients. However,
      because quality-of-life assessment techniques are quite lengthy and often require
      the aid of a trained interviewer, the research format is not practical for the
      typical clinical setting. This study describes the formulation, construction, and
      testing of an abbreviated quality-of-life questionnaire suitable for the clinical
      assessment of hypertensive patients. The initial formulation was based on
      analyses of data from a large-scale clinical trial (626 hypertensive male
      patients). Using the data at baseline for this group, items were selected such
      that the variance, internal consistency, and concurrent validity of the response
      scales were maintained by a reduced subset of items. The sensitivity of the
      reduced subsets was evaluated using treatment data and found to be as sensitive
      to treatment differentials as the original research instrument was. A subsequent
      field test of 87 volunteer subjects indicated that the new shortened version had
      the qualities of stable internal consistency and test-retest reliability over two
      successive trials. The questionnaire was self-administered and required less than
      10 minutes to complete. It was given as an adjunct to the history and physical
      exam.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659047
TI  - Histochemical observations on bone marrow biopsies embedded in glycol
      methacrylate (Technovit 7100).
AB  - Preparation of sections from undecalcified bone marrow biopsies embedded in
      glycol methacrylate (GMA, Technovit 7100) is reported. The beneficial effect of
      vacuum for a better penetration of resin into the hard tissue is assumed.
      Preserved details of 2- to 3-microns-thick sections of bone marrow specimens from
      various haematological malignancies yield a proper diagnosis and use of some
      histochemical methods on immature leukaemic cells is also possible. The use of
      embedding medium Technovit 7100 in the bone marrow histopathology is widely
      recommended for its simple, quick usage and non-toxic properties. An additional
      advantage is that blocks can be cut with ordinary steel knives (Histoknife H).

PMID- 2659048
TI  - Current status of pancreas transplantation.

PMID- 2659049
TI  - Intraperitoneal insulin--a dose response curve.
AB  - To determine a dose response curve for intraperitoneal (i.p.) insulin using
      Sprague-Dawley rats, human insulin was administered i.p. in 1.5% glucose
      dialysate at the following doses: 10 U (2.19 U/100 g body wt); 5U (1.23 U/100 g
      body wt); 2 U (0.49 U/100 g body wt); 1 U (0.27 U/100 g body wt). A bolus
      injection of glucose was given to elevate blood sugar, followed by infusion of
      D20%. Blood sugar was maintained at 250 mg/dl by checking at 10 minute intervals
      and adjusting the IV infusion. Dialysate with regular insulin was instilled after
      blood sugar was constant for 20 minutes. The end-point was the amount of glucose
      to maintain a blood sugar of 250 mg/dl after instillation of dialysate and
      regular insulin. Mean blood sugars were similar within and between each dose
      group. The effect of regular insulin was noted within 10 minutes. The amount of
      glucose used with the IV dose differed from all other (p less than 0.05). The
      amount used by the 5 and 10 U doses of i.p. insulin were similar. Increasing
      amounts of glucose are required to maintain the blood sugar at increasing doses
      of intraperitoneal regular insulin up to 5 U. Thus, there appears to be a dose
      response curve for i.p. insulin.

PMID- 2659050
TI  - The birth of the new idea called "prophylactic daily dialysis" for the treatment
      of acute renal failure.

PMID- 2659051
TI  - Role of catheter removal in therapy of bacterial peritonitis of continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Bacterial peritonitis in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
      patients usually responds within a few days to intraperitoneal antibiotics.
      Catheter removal is rarely needed to resolve the episodes unless they are
      complicated by endogenous sources such as perforated diverticulitis or infections
      of the extraperitoneal catheter section. Recurrent peritonitis with the same
      organism has been attributed to bacterial colonization of the intraperitoneal
      section, making the decision for catheter removal more difficult. Catheter
      removal with substitution of hemodialysis may have greater morbidity than
      prolonged antibiotics. The authors retrospectively analyzed our incidence of and
      reasons for catheter removal during therapy for bacterial peritonitis for the
      period from October 1, 1980, to December 31, 1986. For uncomplicated peritonitis,
      that is, in the absence of infection of the extraperitoneal catheter section,
      endogenous sources, and episodes associated with catheter function problems per
      se, the authors were able to resolve the peritonitis without catheter removal in
      99.2% of cases. It was concluded that the intraperitoneal catheter section plays
      a negligible role in thwarting therapeutic efforts in uncomplicated bacterial
      peritonitis of CAPD.

PMID- 2659052
TI  - Insulin delivery by implanted pump. A chronic treatment for diabetes.
AB  - In the eight years that have elapsed since the first implantation of an insulin
      pump in a human subject, insulin delivered by implantable pump has been shown to
      improve metabolic control while reducing total and LDL cholesterol, serum amyloid
      A, and serum anti-insulin antibody titres. Both single-rate and programmable
      insulin pumps are now being evaluated in human trials with generally favorable
      results. Current clinical trial results indicate that the problem of insulin
      aggregation in pumps that inhibited initiation and expansion of clinical trials
      for several years has now been largely solved. Patients with implantable pumps
      are generally well-satisfied with this form of therapy, would choose it again,
      and recommend it to friends and relatives. Though currently more costly than
      subcutaneous insulin injections, the convenience of implantable pump therapy and
      the potential for reduction of diabetic complications through improved metabolic
      control may make it the treatment of choice in the future.

PMID- 2659053
TI  - Infections and thromboembolism with implantable cardiovascular devices.

PMID- 2659054
TI  - Absorption of fluid and solutes from the peritoneal cavity. Theoretic and
      therapeutic implications and applications.

PMID- 2659055
TI  - Pathogenesis of ascites in cirrhosis. A unitary hypothesis.
AB  - A unitary hypothesis of the pathogenesis of ascites in cirrhosis is presented
      that combines and augments the existing overflow and traditional hypotheses. The
      early circulatory events are increased resistance to sinusoidal blood flow and
      shift of arterial blood into a splanchnic venous pool with reduction of effective
      (arterial) intravascular volume (EIVV). The latter stimulates neurohormonal
      sodium and water retention by the kidney, restoring normal EIVV and expanding
      total intravascular volume (TIVV). After repeated cycles, normal splanchnic
      compliance is exceeded and sinusoidal and splanchnic capillary hypertension
      develop. Hepatic and splanchnic lymph production increases; when these rates
      exceed the absorptive capacities of the hepatic and retroperitoneal lymphatics
      and those of the peritoneal cavity, ascites develops. The ascites may, if
      untreated, be progressive and the start of a vicious circle in which sodium and
      water are increasingly retained.

PMID- 2659056
TI  - A rational approach to the therapy of ascites.

PMID- 2659057
TI  - The place of the peritoneovenous shunt in the treatment of ascites.
AB  - The peritoneovenous shunt (PVS) is a safe procedure; all of its complications
      have been found to be preventable. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)
      can be a life threatening complication but has been completely eliminated by
      draining the ascitic fluid at the time of surgery, as it is caused by the
      introduction of excessive quantities of peritoneal fluid into the venous system.
      Peritoneal fluid is rich in tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), which is
      inhibited by epsilon aminocaproic acid. This substance has been successfully used
      to treat postshunt coagulopathy. The salt retention associated with ascites is
      related to a diminished plasma volume, a condition further aggravated by diuretic
      drugs. A PVS should be inserted if the patient does not respond to a salt
      restricted diet. Occult peritonitis occurs in 10% of cirrhotic ascites. The shunt
      does not prevent this, and a high percentage of late shunt failures are caused by
      fibrinopurulent debris in the valve. The valve system should not contain a pump,
      which disseminates infection and causes fatal emboli; pumping and flushing are
      seldom remedial and often dangerous. Because the complications of the shunt are
      all preventable, the indications for the shunt should be liberalized.

PMID- 2659058
TI  - The Minnesota shunt.

PMID- 2659059
TI  - Randomized clinical trials of treatment of ascites in alcoholic cirrhotics.
      Medical treatment versus peritoneovenous shunting.

PMID- 2659060
TI  - Complications of peritoneovenous shunts.

PMID- 2659061
TI  - High frequency ventilation.

PMID- 2659062
TI  - Lipopolysaccharide-induced insulin resistance in monolayers of cultured
      hepatocytes.
AB  - In order to clarify the endotoxin effect on the hepatic removal of insulin, the
      influence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli 0111:B4 on the insulin binding
      and endocytosis in cultured hepatocytes from adult male rats has been
      investigated. LPS decreases both processes in a time and temperature-dependent
      manner, showing a major effect at short time and low temperature, according to
      the characteristics of LPS binding and uptake.

PMID- 2659063
TI  - A flow cytometric study of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
AB  - Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), or histiocytosis X, is now generally
      considered to be a non-malignant condition. A flow cytometric (FCM) study of a
      single case has, however, been published which claimed to provide evidence to
      contradict this. The presence of DNA-ploidy as detected using this technique is a
      feature of malignant and pre-malignant disease. In this reported single case, DNA
      ploidy was present but the clinical features of this patient were atypical for
      LCH. We have performed a FCM study of the DNA of nine biopsies of LCH lesions
      from six patients with well-established disease. In addition, in one of these,
      fresh tissue studies including the use of an anti-CD I monoclonal antibody to
      specifically label the LCH cells were performed. In all cases the DNA content of
      the cells was entirely normal. We therefore found no evidence that LCH is a
      neoplastic disorder.

PMID- 2659064
TI  - The pathogenesis of lichen planus.
AB  - The histological features of lichen planus (LP) are characterized by typical
      epidermal changes with dermal lymphocytes that are mostly Ia positive T cells. In
      order to find out whether the primary event of LP is damage to basal
      keratinocytes or a delayed hypersensitivity reaction in which an as yet
      unidentified antigen activates T lymphocytes that destroy keratinocytes, we
      transplanted skin obtained from six patients with LP. Two millimetre punch and
      split thickness of grafts were obtained from involved and uninvolved areas from
      each patient and grafted onto nude mice. Biopsies were taken from the grafts at
      14 and 21 days after transplantation for histological and immunofluorescence
      studies and after 6 weeks for Dopa incubation for melanocyte populations. A
      complete disappearance of the pathological changes of LP was found 21 days
      following grafting. An increased number of melanocytes was noted. This indicates
      that the pathogenesis of LP may not be due to an inherent change in the epidermal
      cells, but rather to the migration of cellular elements of the immune system.

PMID- 2659065
TI  - Some nineteenth century perspectives on four current issues in nursing.

PMID- 2659066
TI  - Smoking--the effects on cerebral vascular circulation. A variable in patient
      decision making.
AB  - Stroke, caused by either infartion or subarachnoid haemorrhage, can have
      devastating and debilitating effect on its victims. Traditional therapy has
      focused on the risk factors of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic
      heart disease and diabetes milletus. More recently, the literature has focused on
      smoking and the short and long term effects of cerebral blood flow. The purpose
      of this paper will be to review the most recent research literature on both the
      chronic and acute effects of smoking on the cerebral vascular system. More
      specifically, there will be an examination of the effect of smoking on the
      outcome of a carotid endarterectomy, subarachnoid haemorrhage and the progression
      of atherosclerosis. Smoking is harmful and its cumulative effects, along with
      additive effects must be recognized. Despite increased risk, people continue to
      smoke affecting disease progression and treatment. Two models will be discussed-
      the health belief model and the health decision model. These models can provide a
      basis for nursing to develop and assess comprehensive smoking cessation
      programmes.

PMID- 2659068
TI  - A net for extending the optic nerve at enucleation of the eyeball.
AB  - A long section of optic nerve can be obtained during enucleation, when the
      eyeball is caught in a net made specifically for this purpose. The net is knitted
      from surgical thread and is in the shape of a barrel with two openings: one wide,
      one narrow. Separate thread is wrapped around the edge of the wide opening. When
      the eyeball is freed from the extrinsic muscles and Tenon's capsule, it is drawn
      into the net, and the wide opening is closed round the optic nerve. At the narrow
      opening there are three slip-knots by which the net is pulled forward and out of
      the orbit. Then the optic nerve is exposed and the surgeon is able to cut it
      close to the apex of the orbit. The length of severed optic nerve amounts as a
      rule to about 15 mm or more, depending on the age of patient.

PMID- 2659067
TI  - Ten-year experience with primary ocular 'reticulum cell sarcoma' (large cell non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma).
AB  - Fourteen patients with intraocular 'reticulum cell sarcoma' (non-Hodgkin's large
      cell lymphoma) ranging in age from 27 to 77 are presented. All patients had
      evidence of vitritis with 50% showing intraretinal and/or subretinal lesions and
      21% having anterior uveitis. Five of the patients developed central nervous
      system lesions and subsequently died. Primary radiation therapy to the eyes and
      CNS appears to prevent spread of the disease and improve longevity. Chemotherapy
      improved survival in one patient with CNS spread of disease.

PMID- 2659069
TI  - NMR spectroscopy of 113Cd(II)-substituted gene 32 protein.
AB  - Gene 32 protein (g32P), the single-stranded DNA binding protein from
      bacteriophage T4, contains 1 mol of Zn(II)/mol of protein. This intrinsic zinc is
      retained within the DNA-binding core fragment, g32P-(A+B) (residues 22-253),
      obtained by limited proteolysis of the intact protein. Ultraviolet circular
      dichroism provides evidence that Zn(II) binding causes significant changes in the
      conformation of the peptide chain coupled with alterations in the
      microenvironments of tryptophan and tyrosine side chains. NMR spectroscopy of the
      113Cd(II) derivative of g32P-(A+B) at both 44.4 and 110.9 MHz shows a single
      113Cd resonance, delta 637, a chemical shift consistent with coordination to
      three of the four sulfhydryl groups in the protein. In vitro mutagenesis of
      Cys166 to Ser166 creates a mutant g32P that still contains 1 Zn(II)/molecule.
      This mutant protein when substituted with 113Cd(II) shows a 113Cd signal with a
      delta and a line width the same as those observed for the wild-type protein.
      Thus, the S-ligands to the metal ion appear to be contributed by Cys77, Cys87,
      and Cys90. Relaxation data suggest that chemical shift anisotropy is the
      dominant, but not exclusive, mechanism of relaxation of the 113Cd nucleus in
      g32P, since a dipolar modulation from ligand protons is observed at 44.4 MHz but
      not at 110.9 MHz. Complexation of core 113Cd g32P with d(pA)6 or Co(II) g32P with
      poly(dT) shows only minor perturbation of the NMR signal or d-d electronic
      transitions, respectively, suggesting that the metal ion in g32P does not add a
      ligand from the bound DNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659070
TI  - Formylglycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase from Escherichia coli: cloning,
      sequencing, overproduction, isolation, and characterization.
AB  - The purL gene of Escherichia coli encoding the enzyme formylglycinamidine
      ribonucleotide (FGAM) synthetase which catalyzes the conversion of
      formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR), glutamine, and MgATP to FGAM, glutamate,
      ADP, and Pi has been cloned and sequenced. The mature protein, as deduced by the
      structural gene sequence, contains 1628 amino acids and has a calculated Mr of
      141,418. Comparison of the purL control region to other pur loci control regions
      reveals a common region of dyad symmetry which may be the binding site for the
      "putative" repressor protein. Construction of an overproducing strain permitted
      purification of the protein to homogeneity. N-Terminal sequence analysis and
      comparison of glutamine binding domain sequences (Ebbole & Zalkin, 1987) confirm
      the amino acid sequence deduced from the gene sequence. The purified protein
      exhibits glutaminase activity of 0.02% the normal turnover, and NH3 can replace
      glutamine as a nitrogen donor with a Km = 1 M and a turnover of 3 min-1 (2%
      glutamine turnover). The enzyme forms an isolable (1:1) complex with glutamine:
      t1/2 is 22 min at 4 degrees C. This isolated complex is not chemically competent
      to complete turnover when FGAR and ATP are added, demonstrating that ammonia and
      glutamine are not covalently bound as a thiohemiaminal available to complete the
      chemical conversion to FGAM. hydroxylamine trapping experiments indicate that
      glutamine is bound covalently to the enzyme as a thiol ester. Initial velocity
      and dead-end inhibition kinetic studies on FGAM synthetase are most consistent
      with a sequential mechanism in which glutamine binds followed by rapid
      equilibrium binding of MgATP and then FGAR. Incubation of [18O]FGAR with enzyme,
      ATP, and glutamine results in quantitative transfer of the 18O to Pi.

PMID- 2659071
TI  - Drosophila insulin degrading enzyme and rat skeletal muscle insulin protease
      cleave insulin at similar sites.
AB  - Insulin degradation is an integral part of the cellular action of insulin. Recent
      evidence suggests that the enzyme insulin protease is involved in the degradation
      of insulin in mammalian tissues. Drosophila, which has insulin-like hormones and
      insulin receptor homologues, also expresses an insulin degrading enzyme with
      properties that are very similar to those of mammalian insulin protease. In the
      present study, the insulin cleavage products generated by the Drosophila insulin
      degrading enzyme were identified and compared with the products generated by the
      mammalian insulin protease. Both purified enzymes were incubated with porcine
      insulin specifically labeled with 125I on either the A19 or B26 position, and the
      degradation products were analyzed by HPLC before and after sulfitolysis.
      Isolation and sequencing of the cleavage products indicated that both enzymes
      cleave the A chain of intact insulin at identical sites between residues A13 and
      A14 and A14 and A15. Sequencing of the B chain fragments demonstrated that the
      Drosophila enzyme cleaves the B chain of insulin at four sites between residues
      B10 and B11, B14 and B15, B16 and B17, and B25 and B26. These cleavage sites
      correspond to four of the seven cleavage sites generated by the mammalian insulin
      protease. These results demonstrate that all the insulin cleavage sites generated
      by the Drosophila insulin degrading enzyme are shared in common with the
      mammalian insulin protease. These data support the hypothesis that there is
      evolutionary conservation of the insulin degrading enzyme and further suggest
      that this enzyme plays an important role in cellular function.

PMID- 2659072
TI  - Characterization of site-directed mutants in the lac permease of Escherichia
      coli. 1. Replacement of histidine residues.
AB  - Wild-type lac permease from Escherichia coli and two site-directed mutant
      permeases containing Arg in place of His35 and His39 or His322 were purified and
      reconstituted into proteoliposomes. H35-39R permease is indistinguishable from
      wild type with regard to all modes of translocation. In contrast, purified,
      reconstituted permease with Arg in place of His322 is defective in active
      transport, efflux, equilibrium exchange, and counterflow but catalyzes downhill
      influx of lactose without concomitant H+ translocation. Although permease with
      Arg in place of His205 was thought to be devoid of activity [Padan, E., Sarkar,
      H. K., Viitanen, P. V., Poonian, M. S., & Kaback, H. R. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. U.S.A. 82, 6765], sequencing of lac Y in pH205R reveals the presence of two
      additional mutations in the 5' end of the gene, and replacement of this portion
      of lac Y with a restriction fragment from the wild-type gene yields permease with
      normal activity. Permeases with Asn, Gln, or Lys in place of His322, like H322R
      permease, catalyze downhill influx of lactose without H+ translocation but are
      unable to catalyze active transport, equilibrium exchange, or counterflow. Unlike
      H322R permease, however, the latter mutants catalyze efflux at rates comparable
      to that of wild-type permease, although the reaction does not occur in symport
      with H+. Finally, as evidenced by flow dialysis and photoaffinity labeling
      experiments, replacement of His322 appears to cause a marked decrease in the
      affinity of the permease for substrate. The results confirm and extend the
      contention that His322 is the only His residue in the permease involved in
      lactose/H+ symport and that an imidazole moiety at position 322 is
      obligatory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659073
TI  - Role of the histidine 176 residue in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as
      probed by site-directed mutagenesis.
AB  - The catalytically essential amino acid, histidine 176, in the active site of
      Escherichia coli glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has been
      replaced with an asparagine residue by site-directed mutagenesis. The role of
      histidine 176 as a chemical activator, enhancing the reactivity of the thiol
      group of cysteine 149, has been demonstrated, with iodoacetamide as a probe. The
      esterolytic properties of GAPDH, illustrated by the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl
      acetate, have been also studied. The kinetic results favor a role for histidine
      176 not only as a chemical activator of cysteine 149 but also as a hydrogen donor
      facilitating the formation of tetrahedral intermediates. These results support
      the hypothesis that histidine 176 plays a similar role during the oxidative
      phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

PMID- 2659074
TI  - Three residues involved in binding and catalysis in the carbamyl phosphate
      binding site of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase.
AB  - Site-directed mutagenesis was used to create four mutant versions of Escherichia
      coli aspartate transcarbamylase at three positions in the catalytic chain of the
      enzyme. The location of all the amino acid substitutions was near the carbamyl
      phosphate binding site as previously determined by X-ray crystallography. Arg-54,
      which interacts with both the anhydride oxygen and a phosphate oxygen of carbamyl
      phosphate, was replaced by alanine. This mutant enzyme was approximately 17,000
      fold less active than the wild type, although the binding of substrates and
      substrate analogues was not altered substantially. Arg-105, which interacts with
      both the carbonyl oxygen and a phosphate oxygen of carbamyl phosphate, was
      replaced by alanine. This mutant enzyme exhibited an approximate 1000-fold loss
      of activity, while the activity of catalytic subunit isolated from this mutant
      enzyme was reduced by 170-fold compared to the wild-type catalytic subunit. The
      KD of carbamyl phosphate and the inhibition constants for acetyl phosphate and N
      (phosphono-acetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) were increased substantially by this amino
      acid substitution. Furthermore, this loss in substrate and substrate analogue
      binding can be correlated with the large increases in the aspartate and carbamyl
      phosphate concentrations at half of the maximum observed specific activity,
      [S]0.5. Gln-137, which interacts with the amino group of carbamyl phosphate, was
      replaced by both asparagine and alanine. The asparagine mutant exhibited only a
      small reduction in activity while the alanine mutant was approximately 50-fold
      less active than the wild type. The catalytic subunits of both these mutant
      enzymes were substantially more active than the corresponding
      holoenzymes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659075
TI  - UDP-galactose 4-epimerase. Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of
      NAD+ and NADH bound at the active site.
AB  - The phosphorus atoms of NAD+ bound within the active site of UDP-galactose 4
      epimerase from Escherichia coli exhibit two NMR signals, one at delta = -9.60 +/-
      0.05 ppm and one at delta = -12.15 +/- 0.01 ppm (mean +/- standard deviation of
      four experiments) relative to 85% H3PO4 as an external standard. Titration of
      epimerase.NAD+ with UMP causes a UMP-dependent alteration in the chemical shifts
      of the resulting exchange-averaged spectra, which extrapolate to delta = -10.51
      ppm and delta = -11.06 ppm, respectively, for the fully liganded enzyme, with an
      interconversion rate between epimerase.NAD+ and epimerase.NAD+.UMP of at least
      490 s-1. Conversely, the binding of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate, which is
      competitive with UMP, causes a significant sharpening of the epimerase.NAD+
      resonances but very little alteration in their chemical shifts, to delta = -9.38
      ppm and delta = -12.16 ppm, respectively. UMP-dependent reductive inactivation by
      glucose results in the convergence of the two resonances into a single signal of
      delta = -10.57 ppm, with an off-rate constant for UMP dissociation from the
      epimerase.NADH.UMP complex estimated at 8 s-1. Reductive inactivation by
      borohydride under anaerobic conditions yields a single, broad resonance centered
      at about delta = -10.2 ppm. The data are consistent with, and may reflect, the
      activation of NAD+ via a protein conformational change, which is known from
      chemical studies to be driven by uridine nucleotide binding. Incubation of
      epimerase.NAD+ with UMP in the absence of additional reducing agents causes a
      very slow reductive inactivation of the enzyme with an apparent pseudo-first
      order rate constant of 0.013 +/- 0.001 h-1, which appears to be associated with
      liberation of inorganic phosphate from UMP.

PMID- 2659076
TI  - Tubulin dimer dissociation and proteolytic accessibility.
AB  - The alpha and beta subunits of the tubulin dimer each possess a distal C-terminal
      subtilisin cleavage site which, when cleaved, releases an acidic, small peptide.
      In addition, each possesses an internal site, cleaved by trypsin in alpha and
      chymotrypsin in beta, which connects the amino and carboxyl structural domains. A
      model of the dimer is presented which suggests that the beta C-terminal
      subtilisin site may be more accessible in the monomer than in the dimer. Kinetics
      of cleavage at this site on the dimer yield straight-line plots of log
      (undigested fraction) versus time, from which pseudo-first-order rate constants
      are obtained. Temperature effects on the rate constant are due to changes in the
      activity of subtilisin, not to temperature-induced unfolding around this site.
      The rate constant is proportional to the subtilisin/tubulin ratio, whether this
      is varied by changing the concentration of subtilisin or of tubulin. However, if
      the rate constant increases due to decreasing tubulin concentration, the
      extrapolated zero time intercept decreases. The decrease in zero time intercept
      is interpreted as being due to the appearance of a rapidly digested fraction upon
      dilution of tubulin. The increase observed in this fast fraction with dilution of
      tubulin is fully reversible upon reconcentration. It is suggested that this fast
      fraction represents monomeric beta-tubulin and the concentration dependence of
      this fast fraction indicates a dissociation constant of about 1.5 X 10(-7) M.

PMID- 2659077
TI  - Changing the hydrogen-bonding potential in the DNA binding site of EcoRI by site
      directed mutagenesis drastically reduces the enzymatic activity, not, however,
      the preference of this restriction endonuclease for cleavage within the site
      GAATTC-.
AB  - According to the X-ray structure analysis of an EcoRI-oligodeoxynucleotide
      complex [McClarin et al. (1986) Science 234, 1526], sequence specificity is
      mediated by 12 hydrogen bonds, 6 from each of the two identical subunits of the
      dimeric enzyme to the recognition site -GAATTC-: Arg200 forms two hydrogen bonds
      with guanine, while Glu144 and Arg145 form four hydrogen bonds to adjacent
      adenine residues. Changing the hydrogen-bonding potential at the recognition site
      without perturbing the rest of the interface should lead to the recognition of
      degenerate sequences [Rosenberg et al. (1987) in Protein Engineering (Oxender, D.
      L., & Fox, C. F., Eds.) pp 237-250, Liss, New York]. We have shown previously
      that replacing Glu144 by Gln and Arg145 by Lys affects the activity of the
      enzyme, not, however, its specificity [Wolfes et al. (1986) Nucleic Acids Res.
      14, 9063]. We show now that also the mutation of Arg200 to Lys, the double
      mutation Glu144Arg145 to GlnLys, and the triple mutation Glu144Arg145Arg200 to
      GlnLysLys do not lead to a detectable degeneracy of the specificity of cleavage
      by EcoRI but significantly impair the catalytic activity of this enzyme. A
      detailed analysis of the steady-state kinetics of cleavage of pUC8 DNA and a
      tridecadeoxynucleotide substrate demonstrates that the reduction in activity for
      all DNA binding site mutants investigated so far is mainly due to a decrease in
      kcat, with the exception of the Arg200 to Lys mutant, which is only impaired in
      its KM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659078
TI  - Proocytocin/neurophysin convertase from bovine neurohypophysis and corpus luteum
      secretory granules: complete purification, structure-function relationships, and
      competitive inhibitor.
AB  - Structure-function relationship studies were conducted on the
      proocytocin/neurophysin endoprotease previously characterized in both bovine
      neurohypophyseal and corpus luteum granules, using as a reference substrate a
      synthetic peptide reproducing the entire (1-20) NH2-terminal domain of the
      precursor. The [D-Arg12] derivative of proocytocin/neurophysin (1-20) was found
      to be a good competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (Ki = 30 microM), while the [D
      Lys11] derivative was not. This allowed the complete purification of two isoforms
      of the endoprotease (Mr 58,000 and 52,000, respectively) by affinity
      chromatography using covalently immobilized [D-Arg12] proocytocin/neurophysin (1
      20) as the affinity adsorbent. The use of selectively modified or truncated forms
      of the reference substrate or of the [D-Arg12] competitive inhibitor of the
      endoprotease established clearly that this basic pair specific convertase is
      sensitive to modification of the substrate structure either at the basic residues
      of the cleavage locus or at amino acids around this site (i.e., Pro7 and Gly9).
      It is concluded that longer distance interactions between amino acids situated on
      both the NH2 and COOH sides of the basic doublet Lys11Arg12 may contribute to the
      stabilization of a preferred substrate conformation allowing recognition by the
      enzyme subsites.

PMID- 2659079
TI  - Insulin binding changes the interface region between alpha subunits of the
      insulin receptor.
AB  - The homobifunctional cross-linking reagent disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) was used
      to probe the interface region between the two alpha subunits of the alpha 2 beta
      2 human insulin receptor. The two alpha subunits formed a covalent dimer when
      affinity-purified receptor or membrane-bound receptor was reacted with DSS. The
      alpha 2 species was detected on protein blots from SDS gels using an anti-alpha
      subunit antibody or 125I-concanavalin A. Alternatively, iodinated receptor was
      reacted with DSS and the alpha 2 species measured directly in an SDS gel. As
      shown by all three assay systems, more alpha 2 was formed when insulin was bound
      to receptor than when insulin was absent. These data indicate that the
      conformational change which occurs in the alpha subunit in response to insulin
      binding results in a change in the alpha-alpha interaction within the receptor
      complex. The results are consistent with a kinase activation mechanism involving
      communication between the two alpha beta receptor halves.

PMID- 2659080
TI  - Important role of the proline residue in the signal sequence that directs the
      secretion of human lysozyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - To elucidate the role of the proline residue in the engineered signal sequence
      that directs the secretion of human lysozyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have
      remodeled an idealized signal sequence L8 = Met-Arg-(Leu)8-Pro-Leu-Ala-Ala-Leu
      Gly [Yamamoto, Y., Taniyama, Y., Kikuchi, M., & Ikehara, M. (1987) Biochem.
      Biophys. Res. Commun. 149, 431-436] in the vicinity of the proline residue. By
      analyzing the secretory capability of 10 engineered signal sequences, we have
      shown the following. (1) The proline residue is important for the secretion of
      human lysozyme and is allowed at position -4, -5, or -6. (2) The secretory
      capability of the engineered signal sequences is correlated with their predicted
      conformations. (3) The functional signal sequences that we have investigated can
      be generalized as follows: Met-Arg-(Leu)n-Pro-(Xaa)-Ala-Leu-Gly where n equals 6
      12 and Xaa is Leu, Ala, or Leu-Ala or can be omitted.

PMID- 2659081
TI  - A single base pair affects binding and catalytic parameters in the molecular
      recognition of a transfer RNA.
AB  - A single G3.U70 base pair in the acceptor helix is a major determinant of the
      identity of an alanine transfer RNA. Alteration of this base pair to A.U or G.C
      prevents aminoacylation with alanine. We show here that, at approximate
      physiological conditions (pH 7.5, 37 degrees C), high concentrations of the
      mutant A3.U70 species do not inhibit aminoacylation of a wild-type alanine tRNA.
      The observation suggests that, under these conditions, the G3 to A3 substitution
      increases Km for tRNA by more than 30-fold. Other experiments at pH 7.5 show that
      no aminoacylation of A3.U70, G3.C70, or U3.G70 mutant tRNAs occurs with substrate
      levels of enzyme. This suggests that kcat for these mutant tRNAs is sharply
      reduced as well and that the catalytic defect is not due to slow release of
      charged mutant tRNAs from the enzyme. Investigations were also done at pH 5.5,
      where association of tRNAs with synthetases is generally stronger and where
      binding can be conveniently measured apart from aminoacylation. Under these
      conditions, the binding of the A3.U70 and G3.C70 species is readily detected and
      is only 3-5-fold weaker than the binding of the wild-type tRNA. Although the
      A3.U70 species was demonstrated to compete with the wild-type tRNA for the same
      site on the enzyme, no aminoacylation could be detected. Thus, even when
      conditions are adjusted to obtain strong competitive binding, a sharp reduction
      in kcat prevents aminoacylation of a tRNA(Ala) species with a substitution at
      position 3.70.

PMID- 2659082
TI  - In vivo formation of metabolites of prostaglandins I2 and I3 in the marmoset
      monkey (Callithrix jacchus) following dietary supplementation with tuna fish oil.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that ingestion of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in man
      results in the formation of 'trienoic' prostanoids which amy partly explain the
      potent antithrombotic/antiatherogenic properties of long-chain polyunsaturated n
      3 fatty acids (PUFAs). However, endogenous formation of cyclooxygenase
      metabolites of EPA has not been demonstrated in an animal model, and in vitro
      studies indicate a clear species difference in the conversion of EPA to PGI3.
      Thus, in the present study, the in vivo formation of PGI3 following long-term
      dietary tuna fish oil supplementation was investigated in a small non-human
      primate - the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). The excretion of major
      urinary metabolites 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1 alpha (PGI2-M) and delta 17-2,3-dinor-6
      keto-PGF1 alpha (PGI3-M) was estimated as an index of total body synthesis of
      PGI2 and PGI3, respectively. Following extraction, dinor prostanoid metabolites
      were separated by capillary gas chromatography and identified by negative ion
      chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Supplementation of the standard
      (reference) diet with either sheep fat or sunflower seed oil did not alter the
      body production of PGI2-M. However, following the tuna fish oil-enriched diet,
      there occurred not only an increase in urinary PGI2-M (reference 70.7 +/- 9.0;
      tuna fish oil 115.5 +/- 12.1 ng/g creatinine, P less than 0.05), but also a
      considerable formation of PGI3-M (62.9 +/- 5.3 ng/g creatinine), which was not
      seen in any other dietary group; in addition, the urinary level of
      immmunoreactive 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2/3 was reduced after ingestion of tuna
      fish oil. These urinary changes were accompanied by a rise in plasma phospholipid
      bound EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, tuna fish oil
      supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol (53%)
      and triacylglycerols (44%). The present study provides for the first time
      experimental evidence for the in vivo formation of PGI3 in an animal model and
      also confirms the earlier observations in man following dietary fish oil
      supplementation.

PMID- 2659083
TI  - Diacylglycerol-phosphatidylethanolamine exchange in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The conversion of [3H]- or [14C]diacylglycerol to labelled
      phosphatidylethanolamine by dialysed, particulate fraction of Escherichia coli
      was studied. The reaction occurred in the presence of hydroxylamine, under which
      conditions, the synthesis of [14C]phosphatidylethanolamine from CDP
      diacylglycerol and [14C]serine did not occur. The conversion was enhanced by
      addition of dilauroyl- or dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine. A conversion of [3H]-
      or [14C]phosphatidylethanolamine to labelled diacylglycerol could also be readily
      demonstrated provided unlabelled diacylglycerol was added. Double-labelled [acyl
      3H, 32P]phosphatidylethanolamine was converted to labelled diacylglycerol without
      formation of labelled water-soluble products. The formation of double-labelled
      phosphatidylethanolamine from [3H]diacyl[14C]glycerol or of double-labelled
      diacylglycerol from [acyl-3H,glycerol-14C]phosphatidylethanolamine occurred
      without significant change in isotope ratio. When [acyl
      3H]phosphatidylethanolamine was incubated with increasing concentrations of [acyl
      14C]diacylglycerol, correspondingly increasing concentrations of
      [14C]phosphatidylethanolamine were formed which matched the concentrations of
      [3H]diacylglycerol produced concurrently. It was concluded that E. coli extracts
      can catalyze an exchange between the diacylglycerol moiety of
      phosphatidylethanolamine and free diacylglycerol with complete sparing of the
      phosphoethanolamine moiety.

PMID- 2659084
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates phospholipid synthesis in renal cortical
      slices without production of inositol phosphate.
AB  - The effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on the metabolism of
      phospholipids in renal cortical slices were examined using either sodium
      [32P]orthophosphate or myo-[3H]inositol. IGF-I was found to increase the
      incorporation of phosphate into phospholipids about 2-3-times above control
      values, leading to an increase in the concentration of total phospholipid
      phosphorus of 20% above control value after 1 h of incubation. The increased
      incorporation of phosphate into phospholipids could be prevented by 10 microM
      cycloheximide, while with 1 microM TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate) it
      could not. Insulin was also found to increase the incorporation of phosphate into
      phospholipids, but only if its concentration was at least 100-times higher than
      that of IGF-I. When phospholipids were prelabelled, IGF-I neither decreased the
      level of 32P in phospholipids nor stimulated the formation of inositol
      phosphates. The results show that IGF-I stimulates phospholipid synthesis without
      production of inositol phosphates in renal cortical slices.

PMID- 2659085
TI  - Molecular aspects of the energetics of nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium-legume
      symbioses.

PMID- 2659086
TI  - The second E.C. Slater lecture. Micellar enzymology: its relation to
      membranology.
AB  - Micellar enzymology, a new trend in molecular biology, studies catalysis by
      enzymes entrapped in hydrated reversed micelles composed of surfactants
      (phospholipids, detergents) in organic solvents. The key research problems of
      micellar enzymology and its relation to enzyme membranology are discussed.

PMID- 2659087
TI  - Changes in the proteolytic activity of human erythrocyte membrane during red cell
      aging.
AB  - The action of endogenous membrane proteinases in membranes isolated from human
      red cells of various ages was assayed by three groups of methods: (1)
      determination of the amount of protein fragments released to the acid-soluble
      fraction; (2) monitoring of changes in ESR spectra of maleimide spin-labeled
      erythrocyte membranes; (3) electrophoretic methods: a two-dimensional analysis
      and analysis of the activity inside SDS-PAGE gels. For all the methods the
      effects of proteinase action were highest in ghosts isolated from the
      erythrocytes of middle age.

PMID- 2659088
TI  - Therapeutic effect of chloroquine(CQ)-containing immunoliposomes in rats infected
      with Plasmodium berghei parasitized mouse red blood cells: comparison with
      combinations of antibodies and CQ or liposomal CQ.
AB  - The potential therapeutic application of chloroquine-containing immunoliposomes
      (Fab'-lipCQ) in a Plasmodium berghei malaria model was studied. Extending a
      previously described in vivo model (Peeters et al. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta
      943, 137-147) it was demonstrated that injection of antimouse red blood cell
      (anti-mRBC) Fab'-lipCQ was significantly more effective than liposome
      encapsulated chloroquine (lipCQ) or free chloroquine in delaying or preventing a
      patent infection after intravenous injection of parasitized mouse red blood cells
      (p-mRBC) in rats. The results could be improved by injecting synchronized
      infected cells instead of non-synchronous p-mRBC in order to minimize the
      presence of free parasites which could easily infect rat RBC. It was further
      demonstrated that sequential injection of anti-mRBC IgG and lipCQ or chloroquine
      resulted in complete inactivation of the injected parasitized cells while Fab'
      lipCQ administration resulted in a maximum score of 50% at an equal chloroquine,
      protein and phospholipid dose. In this report the potential of the concept of
      drug targeting for the effective treatment of a disease, which manifests in blood
      cells, was demonstrated.

PMID- 2659089
TI  - Effect of histamine and divalent cations on the activity and stability of
      tryptase from human mast cells.
AB  - Tryptase from human mast cells is stabilized by negatively charged macromolecules
      such as heparin and is not affected by the protein inhibitors of serine
      proteinases normally present in human extracellular fluids. The current study
      demonstrated inhibition of tryptase-catalyzed cleavage of tosyl-Gly-Pro-Lys-p
      nitroanilide by histamine and calcium, and destablization only by calcium.
      Calcium-mediated inhibition was competitive with a Ki of 30 mM. Cooperation of
      calcium with other extracellular cations or concentrations of calcium possible
      within cells or granules may permit calcium-mediated inhibition to occur in vivo.
      In contrast, only 5 mM calcium is needed to cause an irreversible 50% loss of
      tryptase activity after 60 min at room temperature. Histamine and N-methyl
      histamine concentrations of 2 mM to 10 mM inhibited tryptase activity by a
      different mechanism than calcium, resulting in sigmoid rather than hyperbolic
      kinetics. Whether this reflects cooperative binding of histamine to tryptase or
      conformational alterations of tryptase is not known. These concentrations of
      histamine are most relevant to those in mast cell secretory granules estimated at
      100 mM, where tryptase is stored fully active and where histamine may play a role
      in attenuating tryptase activity.

PMID- 2659090
TI  - Quantification of collagen synthesis by cultured human glomerular cells.
AB  - This study examines the amount of total collagen and its different fractions
      synthesized by cultured human glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells. Two
      quantitative techniques were used, namely estimation of proline (Pro) plus
      hydroxyproline (Hyp) present in the collagenase-sensitive proteins and ELISA or
      RIA of the different types of collagen. In addition, the pattern of collagen
      synthesis for both cell types was further examined using immunofluorescence
      methods and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Glomerular epithelial cells
      synthesized mainly type IV collagen and it was, for the better part, cell
      associated. Mesangial cells synthesized approx. 4-times more collagen than
      epithelial cells. Type I collagen was predominant, but there were also type IV
      and III collagens. Secreted and cell-associated collagens were present in roughly
      equivalent amounts. In both cell lines 10-14% of the newly synthesized collagen
      had been degraded within the cells. These results provide quantitative data on
      collagen synthesis by human glomerular cells in vitro and represent the first
      necessary stage before studying which factors mediate the development of
      glomerular sclerosis.

PMID- 2659091
TI  - [Molecular organization of protein-lipid components of the crystalline lens].
AB  - Lens transparency is primarily a physical phenomenon and is a manifestation of
      the lens structural organization. Traditionally the lens is considered as a "sac
      filled with proteins uniformly". Such studies have described overall average
      properties of the lens but have dealt with neither structural nor functional
      inhomogeneities in the lens tissue. All morphological, biochemical and
      physiological processes of the lens are aimed at the maintenance of transparency
      and refractive index. Minimizing of the lens light scatter is created in the lens
      by the processes that organize regularity at two structural levels: the fiber
      cytoplasmic matrix (cytoskeleton and soluble protein) and the fiber cell plasma
      membrane. Biochemical fractions of the lens are considered that are responsible
      for the physical basis of lens transparency.

PMID- 2659092
TI  - [The systemic-functional analysis of the principles of organization of vertebrate
      behavior].
AB  - The classification of systemic principles in animals' behaviour organization is
      revealed and based by means of functional triad method. The methodical basis for
      structure and function relationship in behaviour formation is given.

PMID- 2659093
TI  - [Bacteriolytic enzymes produced by actinomycetes. II. Biosynthesis and areas of
      practical application].
AB  - The data on physiological conditions of the bacteriolytic enzyme formulation of
      actinomycetes, the population structure of producing cultures, the search of
      producers of enzymes able to hydrolyze the peptidoglycan of cellular walls of
      bacteria are reviewed. The fields of application of lytic enzymes in fundamental
      and applied microbiological investigations are pointed out. These enzymes are of
      considerable interest as potentially useful chemotherapeutics and food
      preservatives. They may be successfully used in biochemical and genetic
      investigation, in the study of peptidoglycan structure. The ability of
      bacteriolytic enzymes to cause the lysis of microorganisms resistant to the
      lysozyme action is of special importance. The application of these enzymes allows
      to work out gentle methods of lysis of bacterial cells used in various fields of
      microbiology.

PMID- 2659094
TI  - Characteristics of the pulmonary transport functions for heat and dye in
      pulmonary edema and orthostasis.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in the distribution of
      pulmonary blood flow and disturbances of the pulmonary microcirculation can be
      detected by use of inflow-outflow indicator-dilution measurements. In 18
      anesthetized (N2O-piritramide) mongrel dogs 221 thermal-indocyanine green dye
      indicator dilution kinetics were recorded in the pulmonary artery and aorta after
      central venous indicator injection. The lagged normal density function was used
      as a model for the pulmonary transport functions for heat and dye. The parameters
      of the lagged normal density function were computed by a non-linear least squares
      procedure by iterative convolution. After baseline measurements, in nine dogs,
      pulmonary edema was induced by central venous application of oleic acid. In nine
      other dogs, measurements were performed before and after postural changes. Our
      data show that both the microvascular injury caused by oleic acid edema and the
      perfusion heterogeneity caused by orthostasis can be detected by the indicator
      dilution technique since the both relative dispersion and skewness of the
      transport functions for heat and dye were significantly increased after these
      interventions.

PMID- 2659096
TI  - High frequency oscillations and mucociliary transport.
AB  - Mucociliary transport is influenced by high frequency oscillation of air within
      the lungs. While some studies suggest that high frequency ventilation may be
      detrimental, with appropriate techniques, there is no doubt that this has
      potential as a means of improving the clearance of secretions from the lung.

PMID- 2659095
TI  - Dependence potential and abuse liability of nicotine replacement therapies.
AB  - Some abstinent smokers develop withdrawal symptoms when they stop using nicotine
      gum or when placebo is substituted; thus, physical dependence on nicotine gum
      does occur. Some smokers also use nicotine gum beyond the recommended period;
      thus, behavioral dependence on the gum occurs. Many (7-41%) smokers misuse
      nicotine gum by smoking cigarettes and chewing the gum concurrently. Among
      smokers who stop using the gum, many (35-90%) do not stop gum use by the
      recommended 3 months, and a substantial percentage (13-38%) persist in gum use
      for 1 year. Among quitters, long-term use of nicotine gum appears to be greater
      than that of placebo gum. If rapidity of onset and frequency of use are
      determinants of dependence potential, then nasal sprays and aerosols but not
      nicotine patches should have dependence potential. There are no reports of misuse
      of the gum by non-smokers; thus, the gum appears to have little if any abuse
      liability.

PMID- 2659097
TI  - Physiologic effects of nicotine polacrilex.
AB  - Nicotine is the pharmacologically active agent in tobacco responsible for the
      maintenance of cigarette smoking behavior. Paradoxically, nicotine also offers
      the most promise in the successful treatment of cigarette smoking when it is
      delivered to the central nervous system in a safer and more manageable form. By
      transferring the physiologic dependence from nicotine contained in tobacco to
      nicotine bound in a polacrilex, the behavioral aspects associated with cigarette
      smoking can be removed with a minimal amount of discomfort or risk of relapse.
      Nicotine bound to a polacrilex and administered as a chewing gum is currently the
      replacement of choice since many of the systemic effects of nicotine delivered
      via this route are similar to the effects of nicotine delivered in cigarette
      smoke without the accompanying exposure to carbon monoxide and tar. Factors such
      as administered dose, schedule of dosing, and rate and vigor of chew, however,
      can significantly alter the desired effects. This paper provides a summary of the
      physiologic changes which may affect the effectiveness of nicotine gum as a
      pharmacologic adjunct in the treatment of tobacco dependence.

PMID- 2659098
TI  - Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: recent advances in biology and therapy.

PMID- 2659099
TI  - Factor concentrates for treatment of hemophilia: which one to choose?

PMID- 2659100
TI  - Treatment of progressive Hodgkin's disease with intensive chemoradiotherapy and
      autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Twenty-six patients with progressive Hodgkin's disease after conventional
      chemotherapy received intensive chemoradiotherapy and autologous bone marrow
      transplantation (ABMT); 19 also received additional involved-field radiotherapy.
      Twenty-one patients [81%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 61% to 94%] attained
      complete (n = 18) or partial responses. Ten patients (38%, 95% CI 20% to 59%) are
      disease-free a median of 4.5 years later (range 3.5 to 7.0 years), including
      seven patients with continuous complete responses. The likelihood of overall
      response was not significantly influenced by any clinical or treatment variable
      examined. However, there was a trend favoring patients with higher Karnofsky
      scores, and higher scores were associated with attainment of complete responses
      (P = .06 and P = .02, respectively, Mann-Whitney U test). Both higher Karnofsky
      scores and shorter durations of disease before transplantation were associated
      with improved survival in a stepwise Cox multivariate analysis. The chief cause
      of failure was progression at sites previously involved with Hodgkin's disease.
      No patient relapsed in the marrow, and two of three patients with a history of
      marrow involvement with Hodgkin's disease achieved durable complete responses
      after transplantation. These data suggest that inadequate pretransplant
      conditioning, and not the reinoculation of occult tumor cells in the autologous
      marrow, caused most relapses. Fatal treatment-related toxicity occurred in six
      patients. Three patients died of idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis; each had
      previously received local mediastinal irradiation before intensive
      chemoradiotherapy. Intensive chemoradiotherapy and ABMT produces durable
      responses in some patients with Hodgkin's disease incurable with conventional
      therapy. Use of such therapies at the first sign of failure with conventional
      chemotherapy and development of more effective conditioning regimens should
      further improve results.

PMID- 2659101
TI  - Antibody-radionuclide conjugates as part of a myeloablative preparative regimen
      for marrow transplantation.
AB  - The behaviors of an anti-Ia antibody (7.2) and an antibody directed at a
      lymphocyte adhesion molecule (S.5) radiolabeled with 131I were studied in normal
      dogs. Antibody 7.2 localized to spleen and, to a lesser extent, to marrow and
      lymph nodes. Antibody S.5 rapidly localized to marrow and spleen, achieving
      tissue/blood ratios greater than 6:1 within three hours of injection that were
      maintained for at least 48 hours. Prior treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY)
      markedly altered the distribution of S.5 but had much less effect on the
      distribution of 7.2 and almost no effect on the distribution of a control
      antibody. When animals were treated with increasing doses of 131I labeled to S.5,
      lethal myelosuppression occurred when a dose of 6 mCi/kg was reached. At this
      dose, the otherwise lethal effects of 131I could be reversed with autologous
      marrow transplant support.

PMID- 2659102
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after high-dose busulfan and
      cyclophosphamide in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Ninety-nine patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) received HLA
      identical bone marrow transplants (BMTs) from sibling donors after preparation
      with high doses of busulfan and cyclophosphamide. Forty-nine patients were
      transplanted in first complete remission (CR), and 50 patients were transplanted
      in second and third CR and early relapse. Fifty-three received one of three
      regimens containing primarily low-dose cyclophosphamide (group I) for graft-v
      host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis; since March 1983, 46 patients received
      intravenous (IV) cyclosporine (group II). After December 1983, only
      cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative blood products were used in appropriate
      patients, and since April 1984 patients seropositive for herpes-simplex virus
      (HSV) and CMV received high-dose acyclovir prophylaxis. For patients transplanted
      in first CR, there was a significantly lower incidence of acute GVHD (P = .005)
      and deaths related to GVHD and interstitial pneumonitis (P = .001) in patients in
      group II. This was reflected in an improved Kaplan-Meier probability of disease
      free survival (DFS) in the 22 patients transplanted in group II as compared with
      the 27 patients in group I (64% +/- 10% v 30% +/- 9%, P = .017). The probability
      of remaining in remission was slightly lower in group II (82% +/- 9% v 94% +/-
      6%, P = .479). For patients transplanted in second and third CR and early
      relapse, the incidence of acute GVHD (P = .026) and deaths related to GVHD and
      interstitial pneumonitis was significantly lower in group II (P = .029); the
      probability of remaining in remission was also less (47% +/- 15% v 91% +/- 15%, P
      = .022). However, the probability of DFS was not significantly different between
      the two groups (26% +/- 10% v 35% +/- 18%, P = .957). We conclude that
      transplantation for patients in first CR who received IV cyclosporine therapy is
      effective treatment; patients with more refractory disease treated with the same
      cyclosporine regimen (group II) had a lower incidence of GVHD than those treated
      in group I, but survival did not improve because of an increase in the number of
      relapses and other nonleukemic complications.

PMID- 2659103
TI  - Trilostane with hydrocortisone in treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - Twenty-six patients with metastatic breast cancer who had previously responded to
      one or more endocrine therapies participated in a clinical trial of the
      combination of trilostane and hydrocortisone for subsequent disease progression.
      Of these, one patient achieved complete remission (4%), and five had partial
      response (19%). The median time to progression from initiation of therapy for
      responding patients was six months (range: 4 - 32 + months). Major toxicities
      included nausea/vomiting (16 patients), facial flushing (14), abdominal cramping
      (11), and oral paresthesia (10). Therapy was discontinued in four patients (15%)
      because of drug intolerance. Fourteen patients who failed trilostane were treated
      with aminoglutethimide and hydrocortisone. Six patients showed objective response
      (PR + MR). These data show that trilostane and hydrocortisone in combination can
      produce an objective response in a significant fraction of patients and that the
      combination has a different spectrum of toxicity from
      aminoglutethimide/hydrocortisone. A small number of patients crossed over to
      aminoglutethimide showed a few objective responses, suggesting a partial lack of
      cross-resistance between the two antiadrenal drugs.

PMID- 2659104
TI  - Results of salvage hormonal therapy and salvage chemotherapy in women failing
      adjuvant chemotherapy after mastectomy for breast cancer.
AB  - We have evaluated the results of salvage systemic therapy in 257 patients with
      breast cancer recurrent after surgical adjuvant treatment with cyclophosphamide,
      fluorouracil, and prednisone (CFP) with or without tamoxifen. The overall
      objective response rate to salvage hormonal therapy was 29% (47 responses in 161
      patients) and to salvage chemotherapy was 28% (43 responses in 156 patients).
      Response rates to salvage chemotherapy were similar whether or not prior salvage
      hormonal therapy or local modalities had been administered. Retreatment with CFP
      as a salvage chemotherapy yielded responses in 11 of 44 patients (25%). Response
      rates were similar for patients who began salvage CFP less than or equal to 12
      months or greater than 12 months after completion of adjuvant CFP. We conclude
      that when this unselected population of patients failing adjuvant CFP is
      considered, 1) response rates to salvage chemotherapy were low regardless of
      whether or not prior salvage hormonal or local therapies were given, 2) repeating
      adjuvant chemotherapy (CFP) following relapse produced a low response rate, and
      3) response rates to salvage hormonal therapy were low, but on the order of those
      observed in patients with advanced disease unselected by estrogen receptor status
      who are treated with first line hormonal maneuvers.

PMID- 2659105
TI  - Adjuvant therapy in node-negative breast cancer. A panel discussion.

PMID- 2659106
TI  - Is there a role for autotransplants in acute leukemia?

PMID- 2659107
TI  - Report from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry. Advisory Committee
      of the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry.
AB  - The International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR) receives and analyses
      detailed information contributed by transplant teams at more than 175
      institutions worldwide. This collaborative research effort has grown rapidly;
      there are now more than 8000 cases in the database. This is a summary of the
      current status of bone marrow transplantation in leukemia and severe aplastic
      anemia, a brief summary of key findings reported by the IBMTR during the past
      year, as well as studies planned for the coming year.

PMID- 2659108
TI  - Expression of MHC class I and II antigens by keratinocytes and enterocytes in
      acute graft-versus-host disease. Newcastle Bone Marrow Transplant Group.
AB  - The expression of MHC class I and subgroups of class II antigens by keratinocytes
      and enterocytes has been investigated in patients receiving autologous and
      allogeneic bone marrow transplants. Allogeneic recipients with graft-versus-host
      disease (GVHD) expressed all the class II antigens HLA DR, DP and DQ more
      frequently than pretransplant patients, autologous or allogeneic recipients
      without GVHD post-BMT (p less than 0.01). Staining for DP and DQ was never
      detected without DR being present. Whenever there was a lymphocytic infiltrate in
      the epidermis or single cell necrosis in the gut, DR was expressed on the
      epithelium. There was no difference in class I expression in GVHD. This study
      further increases the immunopathological characterization of acute GVHD which may
      improve the understanding of its pathogenesis.

PMID- 2659109
TI  - Mechanism of graft failure in HLA-matched and HLA-mismatched bone marrow
      transplant recipients.
AB  - This report characterizes the mechanism of graft failure in five patients who
      received allogeneic marrow depleted of T cells in vitro using anti-T12 (CD6)
      monoclonal antibody and rabbit complement. This group of five patients represents
      all patients who experienced early graft failure in a larger group of 59
      consecutive patients given T12 depleted marrow over a 5-year period. Although all
      patients received ablative pre-transplant conditioning including total body
      irradiation (12-14 Gy) graft failure was more frequent in patients without
      genetically HLA-identical donors (four of 11 patients) than in patients with HLA
      identical sibling donors (one of 48 patients). In patients without genotypically
      identical donors, graft failure was observed with variable degrees of genetic
      disparity including two patients with HLA haplotype-mismatched sibling donors,
      one patient with a phenotypically HLA-matched parental donor, and one patient
      with an HLA-matched unrelated donor. In patients with both HLA identical and non
      identical donors, results of immunophenotypic analysis demonstrated that early
      graft failure was associated with peripheral lymphocytosis with T cells
      expressing CD2, CD3, CD5, CD6, CD8 and Ia antigens. Direct cytotoxicity studies
      demonstrated specific lysis of donor cells by circulating lymphocytes and further
      analysis indicated that effector cells were derived from the recipients and not
      donors. Taken together, these results suggest that these allogeneic grafts did
      not 'fail', but rather that residual host cytotoxic T cells were responsible for
      active rejection of donor marrow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659110
TI  - Consensus among bone marrow transplanters for diagnosis, grading and treatment of
      chronic graft-versus-host disease. Committee of the International Bone Marrow
      Transplant Registry.
AB  - A questionnaire comprised of a series of clinical vignettes illustrating
      potential difficulties in diagnosis, grading and treatment of chronic graft
      versus-host disease (GVHD) was completed by 65 bone marrow transplant physicians
      from 51 transplant centers worldwide. The concordance index (CI) for responses to
      each question was calculated using the formula CI = 2p-1, where p was the
      percentage agreement among respondents. Possible responses ranged from 0 (no
      agreement) to 1.00 (perfect agreement). Responses indicated moderate (CI = 0.55),
      high (CI = 0.88) and moderate (CI = 0.54) agreement among transplanters for
      diagnosis, grading and treatment of chronic GVHD, respectively. Disagreement was
      observed in (1) diagnosis of uncommon manifestations of chronic GVHD; (2) in
      interpretation of symptoms which occur less than 2 months after transplant; (3)
      in interpretation of persistent stable symptoms; and (4) in deciding whether to
      treat chronic GVHD limited to skin. The results point to potential problem areas
      in designing and interpreting clinical trials to prevent or treat chronic GVHD
      and highlight the need for improved diagnostic criteria.

PMID- 2659111
TI  - Serum IgE levels after bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Total serum IgE levels were followed in 135 bone marrow transplant recipients in
      order to determine the clinical significance of post-transplant serum IgE
      monitoring. Patients with IgE levels less than 60 U/ml at the time of bone marrow
      transplantation (BMT) (59%) experienced at least one IgE peak. Patients with
      pretransplant IgE levels greater than or equal to 60 U/ml (16%) showed decreasing
      values following BMT. In 19% of patients, IgE levels were low and did not change
      up to 3 months after BMT. Increase in IgE levels coincided in time with
      engraftment (p less than 0.01) and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (p less
      than 0.01). Early IgE peaks were also seen in patients without GVHD. Maximal IgE
      values did not differ during grades II-IV GVHD compared with grades 0-1, but two
      or more peaks were more common in patients with grades II-IV (p less than 0.001).
      IgE peaks also appeared in patients receiving T cell-depleted marrow without
      GVHD. Syngeneic bone marrow recipients had high IgE levels after BMT. Two
      patients had increasing IgE values following reconditioning and
      retransplantation, but booster grafts had no effect on IgE levels. IgE levels
      were not changed during septicemia, herpes simplex virus or cytomegalovirus
      infections, and chronic GVHD. No linear correlation was found between serum IgE
      levels and CD4+/CD8+ ratios, percentages, or absolute numbers of either group of
      cells. It was concluded that serum IgE elevation is found in association with
      engraftment and acute GVHD, but is mainly caused by the conditioning treatment.

PMID- 2659112
TI  - Removal of neuroblastoma cells from bone marrow by a direct monoclonal antibody
      rosetting technique.
AB  - A one-step direct monoclonal antibody rosetting technique is described for
      removal of neuroblastoma cells from bone marrow. Two monoclonal antibodies
      (MoAbs) (BW 575, BW 625) were directly coupled to ox red blood cells by use of
      CrCl3. The IgG1 antibody BW 575 detects a 95-kD neuroblastoma cell-associated
      glycoprotein and the IgG3 antibody BW 625 recognizes the ganglioside GD 2. After
      coupling MoAbs to the erythrocytes, specific strong and stable rosettes were
      formed with neuroblastoma cells and effectively separated from mononuclear cells
      using density gradient centrifugation. A total of 1.5% IMR5 neuroblastoma cells
      were reliably removed from mononuclear cells beyond the limit of detection (less
      than 0.01%) as judged by tetanus toxin labeling. No impairment of stem cell
      growth (CFU-GM, BFU-E, CFU-GEMM, CFU-M) was observed. Recovery rate of
      mononuclear cells ranged between 35 and 69%. A red blood cell/nucleated cell
      ratio more than 50:1 resulted in increased loss of mononuclear cells and a ratio
      less than 30:1 in incomplete neuroblastoma cell removal. Using indirect rosettes
      the purging efficacy was lower and the mononuclear cell loss higher. We conclude
      that the direct monoclonal antibody rosetting technique may be a technically
      simple and effective alternative purging method for neuroblastoma patients, which
      is applicable even in cases demonstrating weak expression of one antigen.

PMID- 2659113
TI  - In situ hybridization using a Y-specific probe--a sensitive method for
      distinguishing residual male recipient cells from female donor cells in bone
      marrow transplantation.
AB  - A non-radioactive in situ hybridization method was used to detect residual host
      cells after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). A biotinylated Y-specific DNA
      probe was hybridized to bone marrow cells of three male patients who had received
      a bone marrow graft from their sisters for the treatment of acute leukaemia. Host
      cells were detected in two of the three patients, both in clinical remission, in
      six and seven cells out of 1000 cells analysed, respectively. Only one of a total
      of 3000 cells from three female controls showed a 'Y-signal'; 2580 cells out of a
      total of 3000 cells from three male controls showed a positive signal. These
      results indicate that in situ hybridization is a reliable and sensitive method
      for the detection of host cells after BMT.

PMID- 2659114
TI  - The use of unrelated bone marrow donors in the treatment of patients with chronic
      myelogenous leukemia: experience of four marrow transplant centers.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia who lacked an HLA
      identical sibling were transplanted with bone marrow from an HLA-A,B,DR-matched,
      one locus-mismatched, or two locus-mismatched unrelated volunteer donor. Twenty
      two were in chronic phase and 15 had advanced to either accelerated phase or
      blast crisis. The projected 1000-day survival is 55% for chronic phase patients
      and 22% for accelerated or blast phase patients. For patients transplanted during
      chronic phase, results appeared to be comparable whether the donor was fully HLA
      matched or HLA one locus-mismatched. These results indicate that marrow grafting
      from either HLA-identical or HLA one locus-mismatched volunteer donors may be
      effective therapy for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia who lack an
      acceptable related donor.

PMID- 2659115
TI  - Clinical and laboratory experience in marrow harvesting in children for
      autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The laboratory and clinical experience of a single institution of 75 consecutive
      children undergoing bone marrow harvesting, 65 for subsequent autologous
      reinfusion and 10 for allogeneic infusion, was analysed and compared in detail
      with the adult literature. The median age was 9.3 years (range 6 months-20 years)
      with equal distribution between all childhood age groups. The median volume of
      marrow harvested was 15.94 ml/kg (range 4.94-27.7 ml/kg) and there was no
      significant difference within each age group. Fifty percent of autologous marrows
      (32/65) required Ficoll-Hypaque density separation and the other 50% (33/65) were
      separated by using the Cobe 2991 cell separator. Allogeneic harvests yielded 5.1
      x 10(8) cells/kg vs 2.4 x 10(8) cells/kg for autologous harvests. Only 48% of
      children required red cell transfusions following this procedure (average volume
      9.36 ml/kg). There were no episodes of postoperative fever or infection. There
      was only one episode of life-threatening morbidity (1.3%), a pulmonary embolus
      related to venous stasis from tumor obstruction. Lastly, the average time to
      engraftment following autologous reinfusion (n = 10) (neutrophils greater than or
      equal to greater than or equal to 500 x 10(6)/l for 2 days) was 19.8 +/- 5.3 (SD)
      days and time to platelet recovery (greater than or equal to 20 x 10(8)/l without
      transfusions) was 25.6 +/- 5.8 days. This study suggests that bone marrow
      harvesting in a large cohort of children with an active pediatric malignancy for
      a future autologous bone marrow transplantation is a safe and reliable procedure
      with a low incidence of serious morbidity.

PMID- 2659116
TI  - Effects of anti-myeloid antibodies on the generation of hematopoietic colony
      forming units in long-term bone marrow culture.
AB  - We have prepared and characterized several monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), PM-18
      (CD 15),AML-2-23 (CD 14), and AML-1-99 (no cluster designation) reactive with
      antigens expressed on myeloid cells. Previous studies using complement-dependent
      lysis have determined the reactivity of these MoAbs with hematopoietic cells in
      vitro. PM-81 and AML-2-23 react with variable percentages of CFU-GM but not BFU-E
      or CFU-Mix. AML-1-99 reacts with greater than 90% of CFU-GM. CFU-E, and CFU-Mix.
      In order to determine the reactivity of these MoAbs with the bone marrow-derived
      precursors of in vitro colony-forming cells we have performed complement
      dependent lysis and fluorescence activated cell sorting of bone marrow cells
      followed by long-term culture of surviving or sorted cells. Bone marrow cells
      from four normal subjects were subjected to various combinations of MoAbs and
      complement and assayed for residual colony-forming cells. Total surviving cells
      were then placed in flasks which contained a monolayer of irradiated bone marrow
      derived adherent cells previously obtained from allogeneic donors. The cultures
      supported production of non-adherent colony-forming cells for up to 6 weeks as
      determined by serial in vitro colony-forming assays in methylcellulose. Cultures
      treated with one, two or three MoAbs and complement demonstrated variable
      reductions in colony-forming cells at the initiation of the experiments. However,
      cumulative production of colony-forming cells in anti-MoAb-treated cultures was
      usually at least as great as in control cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2659117
TI  - Continuous infusion of complement by an automated cell processor enhances
      cytotoxicity of monoclonal antibody sensitized leukemia cells.
AB  - We report the use of the Haemonetics cell processor for monoclonal antibody
      (MoAb) and complement (C')-mediated lysis of leukemia cells. Using the HL-60
      promyelocytic leukemia cell line, we can achieve a six-log depletion of HL-60
      colony-forming cells in cell mixtures containing 1% HL-60 cells and 99% normal
      peripheral blood or bone marrow leukocytes at 10(7)/ml after a single 60-min
      treatment with an anti-myeloid MoAb, PM-81, plus C'. In this procedure, we
      continuously infuse a solution of fresh C' while removing medium containing spent
      C'. We have utilized this procedure to purge remission bone marrow from patients
      with acute myelogenous leukemia in preparation for autologous bone marrow
      transplantation. There were no adverse effects to normal progenitor cells of the
      granulocyte, monocyte and erythrocyte lineages as measured in colony-forming
      assays. Other potential benefits of using the cell processor method of
      cytotoxicity include reduction in treatment time and the amounts of costly
      reagents.

PMID- 2659118
TI  - Coronary artery disease following bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - A 19-year-old woman died suddenly 30 months after allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation for refractory leukemia. On postmortem examination severe
      coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction were found. The patient
      had previously been given chemotherapy including daunorubicin for treatment of
      her leukemia. She received high dose cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation
      (1260 cGy) for her transplant. Diffuse chronic graft-versus-host disease, mainly
      affecting skin, subsequently developed, and was resistant to various therapies.
      The possible association of coronary artery disease and allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation is discussed.

PMID- 2659119
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for plasma cell leukemia following
      melphalan, cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation.

PMID- 2659120
TI  - Busulfan and cyclophosphamide as conditioning regimen for autologous BMT in acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID- 2659121
TI  - Stem cell competition.

PMID- 2659122
TI  - Frontal lobe function.
AB  - This article reviews, analyses, and provides commentary on the most recent major
      works pertaining to frontal lobe function. Other references are included, but
      only as they arise within the texts themselves. The overriding intention is to
      provide a comprehensive yet condensed reference on the frontal lobes.

PMID- 2659123
TI  - Tennis elbow--a reappraisal.

PMID- 2659124
TI  - A comparison of measures of health status in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - One hundred and five patients with rheumatoid arthritis were assessed on two
      occasions separated by 15 months, by means of the ARA functional scale, the
      Mallya and Mace index, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the
      Functional Limitations Profile (FLP). Thirty three per cent of patients were
      assessed as clinically changed in terms of the ARA scale. On both occasions cross
      sectional correlations were strongest between the health status measures (HAQ and
      FLP) and grip strength and the Ritchie articular index. The sensitivity and
      specificity of the two health status measures in relation to clinical change were
      calculated and overall the HAQ and FLP achieved similarly modest levels of
      sensitivity and specificity. The greater amount of precision and information
      provided by the FLP has to be weighed against the simpler measurement assumptions
      and shorter time required to administer the HAQ.

PMID- 2659125
TI  - Prostacyclin production by human umbilical vein endothelium in response to serum
      from patients with systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Sera from 29 patients with systemic sclerosis and 30 normal controls were
      examined for their effect on prostacyclin release by human umbilical vein
      endothelial cells during periods of response of 15 min and 72 h and for their
      effect on endothelial growth and 3H-thymidine uptake during a 72-h culture
      period. In contrast to previous reports, no significant differences were detected
      between patient and control sera in their effect on endothelial cell prostacyclin
      release, growth or 3H-thymidine uptake.

PMID- 2659126
TI  - Clinical practice monitoring of slow-acting remission-inducing (SARI) drugs.

PMID- 2659127
TI  - Studies in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. 1: Immunogenetic
      associations.
AB  - The critical role of CMI in the pathogenesis of RA has been reinforced, if not
      entirely illuminated, by recent information about the immunogenetic basis for
      individual susceptibility, in regard to genes of the HLA-D locus that control
      expression of MHC II determinants. An aberration in the T-cell response to cells
      presenting antigen is strongly implied, and must therefore be characterized. We
      will need to know what types of antigen trigger aberrant responses in those that
      are susceptible, and whether continuous presence of antigen is necessary to
      sustain chronic inflammation. The second part of this article will review
      immunological injury to joint tissues as an off-shoot of the CMI and HI responses
      of RA. Using data from animal models we shall examine criteria for establishing
      chronic joint inflammation, and consider their relevance to RA. We shall also
      consider the problem of why some joints are more susceptible than others to
      immunological injury.

PMID- 2659128
TI  - Paul and Carol--3. Gene transfer.

PMID- 2659129
TI  - Adolphe Abrahams memorial lecture, 1988. Exercise and lifestyle change.
AB  - While the evidence for a clustering of health habits is not particularly strong,
      there are both pedagogic and economic arguments in favour of a multifaceted
      approach to health education. The present review thus examines the impact of
      regular physical exercise upon other forms of health behaviour, testing the
      extent to which an activity programme can be a catalyst of improved lifestyle in
      both primary and secondary preventive therapy. The conceptual framework of health
      promotion is examined with particular reference to the models of Skinner, Becker,
      Fishbein, Triandis and Rokeach. Certain differences are noted between the
      decision to exercise and the marketing decisions for which Fishbein's model was
      originally designed. Nevertheless, in its later modifications, it provides a
      basic framework for understanding how human lifestyle is shaped. Theoretical
      mechanisms are suggested whereby exercise could influence such behaviours as
      cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and drug usage, seat-belt usage,
      hypertension, body mass, lipid profile, promiscuous sexual behaviour, the
      carrying of lethal weapons, and acceptance of regular preventive medical
      examinations. The empirical evidence from both cross-sectional and longitudinal
      experiments shows a relatively weak association between exercise habits and other
      desirable forms of health behaviour. Moreover, it is arguable that other forms of
      health intervention such as smoking withdrawal or dieting might be equally
      effective as a primary change agent, and much of the observed association between
      exercise and other health habits could be attributable to a common dependence on
      demographic and socio-economic factors. On the other hand, the apparent weakness
      of associations may arise in part from difficulties in measuring both habitual
      physical activity and other forms of health behaviour, with a resultant
      attenuation of correlations. Possibly, a stronger association between exercise
      participation and other favourable health habits would be uncovered if attention
      were focused upon those forms of endurance exercise currently thought to enhance
      cardiac health. Given that moderate endurance exercise is also positive and
      pleasant advice, further examination of the potential of multifaceted but
      exercise-centered health promotion programmes appears warranted.

PMID- 2659131
TI  - Viruses and the athlete.

PMID- 2659130
TI  - Health and ergogenic effects of caffeine.
AB  - The indiscriminate use of caffeine by people of all ages may present health
      hazards. The public at large needs to be more informed of the presence of
      caffeine in commonly consumed foods and beverages, particularly by infants,
      children and pregnant women. It is the responsibility of all consumers to
      investigate the caffeine content of suspected products so that intake may be
      objectively monitored. Although doubts still exist about the efficacy of caffeine
      as an ergogenic aid, particularly for exercise of high intensity and short
      duration, the IOC and the National Collegiate Athletic Association of the US have
      adopted bans on the use of caffeine to aid sport performance. Currently, both of
      these organizations prohibit the concentration of caffeine in urine to exceed 15
      micrograms-ml-1. That is to say, only very large amounts of caffeine are not
      permitted at present. Additional research is needed to confirm or deny the
      contraindications presented by the ingestion of caffeine on a chronic basis.

PMID- 2659132
TI  - Are prophylactic antibiotics necessary during extracorporeal shockwave
      lithotripsy?
AB  - A randomised clinical study was carried out on patients admitted for ESWL
      treatment in order to establish the requirement for prophylactic treatment with
      antibiotics during this procedure. Patients with clinical signs of urinary tract
      infection, evidence of infectious stones or a positive urine culture were
      excluded. All other patients were consecutively randomised into 3 groups which
      were given either trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole or mecillinam (Group A),
      methenamine hippurate (Group B), or no treatment at all (Group C). Evaluation
      with respect to clinical signs of infection was done immediately after the
      treatment and 4 weeks later. In addition, a urine culture was performed 2 weeks
      after ESWL, i.e. 1 week after completing treatment with antibiotics and
      methenamine hippurate. With respect to infectious complications there were no
      differences between Groups A and C, between Groups B and C or between Group A and
      B+C, whereas an unexplained slightly higher infectious rate was recorded for
      Group B compared with Group A. In all patients the occurrence of bacteriuria was
      low (6.7%) despite the fact that almost 30% of patients had a ureteric catheter
      during the ESWL procedure. Patients with ureteric catheters did not present with
      more infectious complications than those without. All patients had a bladder
      catheter during ESWL. It was concluded that prophylactic treatment with
      antibiotics during ESWL treatment is unnecessary in all situations where an
      infectious aetiology is unlikely.

PMID- 2659133
TI  - Renal carcinomas missed by urography.
AB  - It is well accepted that renal masses are missed on intravenous urography. We
      present 3 patients with renal carcinoma; their tumours, measuring between 3 and 5
      cm, were not detected on good quality IVU but were demonstrated on ultrasound. We
      wish to emphasise the importance of performing an ultrasound or computed
      tomography examination in cases where a renal tumour is suspected when the IVU is
      normal.

PMID- 2659134
TI  - The value of intravesical echography combined with double-surface coil magnetic
      resonance imaging in staging bladder cancer.
AB  - Correct staging of bladder tumours is essential for planning the best therapeutic
      strategy and is therefore directly related to the prognosis. In this study of 15
      patients with bladder cancer, a new method using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      with a newly developed double-surface coil was tested for bladder cancer staging
      and compared with other existing techniques. Ultrasonography produced 2 cases of
      overstaging and 2 of understaging. This was due to the inability of this method
      to evaluate muscular infiltration accurately. All superficial bladder tumours
      were staged correctly with ultrasound with the exception of 1 case that was
      overstaged because of superficial tumour calcification. Double-surface coil MRI
      correctly staged all infiltrating tumours. Two small superficial tumours were
      missed by MRI, while another superficial tumour was overstaged. It is suggested
      that double-surface coil MRI and intravesical ultrasonography are good
      complementary examinations in the pre-operative staging of bladder tumours.
      Larger studies are necessary to prove the reliability of this conclusion.

PMID- 2659135
TI  - Comparative histopathology, microradiography and per-rectal ultrasonography of
      the prostate using cadaver specimens.
AB  - A technique for examining cadaver prostates by per-rectal ultrasonography has
      been developed. The ultrasonic plane was defined and corresponding sections taken
      for microradiographic and histopathological examination. The technique has
      enabled a comparison to be made of the structural changes that occur in the
      prostate in disease states and the corresponding ultrasonic features.

PMID- 2659136
TI  - High dose polyoestradiol phosphate with and without acetosalicylic acid versus
      orchiectomy in the treatment of prostatic cancer. Finnprostate Group.
AB  - The clinical efficacy of high dose (160 mg) polyoestradiol phosphate (PEP) was
      compared with that of orchiectomy in a prospective randomised multicentre study
      including 200 prostatic cancer patients. The effect of daily low dose (75 mg)
      acetosalicylic acid (ASA) on possible cardiovascular complications during the
      first 6 months of therapy was also evaluated. Oestrogen-treated patients had more
      progressions, but follow-up was too short to draw any definite conclusions on the
      efficacy of treatment. There was no cardiovascular mortality and there were no
      thromboembolic complications in any treatment group. It was concluded that
      parenteral high dose PEP is not associated with an increased risk of
      cardiovascular complications and there is no need for daily low dose ASA.

PMID- 2659137
TI  - Testicular seminoma in an immunosuppressed renal transplant recipient.

PMID- 2659138
TI  - Fluorescent latex microspheres as a retrograde tracer in the peripheral nervous
      system.
AB  - Rhodamine labeled latex microspheres were used as a fluorescent retrograde tracer
      in the peripheral nervous system. Examination of rabbit trigeminal ganglia
      following application of microspheres to crushed or intact inferior alveolar
      nerve revealed that: (1) microspheres were taken up by only damaged axons; (2)
      microspheres remained in trigeminal cell bodies for up to 3 months without
      degradation or diffusion to extracellular structures; and (3) cells containing
      microspheres were capable of regenerating axons as evidenced by the return of
      evoked sensory action potentials and the retrograde axonal transport of True
      blue. Thus, fluorescent microspheres may be useful tools for in vivo survival
      studies of peripheral nervous system regeneration and development.

PMID- 2659139
TI  - Orientation of the semicircular canals in rat.
AB  - The orientation of the rat semicircular canals was determined using one of two
      techniques. Null point analysis was used to define physiologically the planar
      equations of the anterior (n = 15) and posterior canals (n = 15); equations for
      the horizontal canal (n = 19) were determined using an anatomical dissection
      technique. Canal orientation was defined with respect to stereotaxic coordinate
      system and, for comparison, relative to head position during freeze (startle)
      behavior. Results show that ipsilateral canal planes are orthogonal within 4-8
      degrees, and pairs of right-left synergistic pairs are essentially co-planar. The
      horizontal canals are inclined upwards 35 degrees with respect to the horizontal
      plane, but a head position of 43 degrees nose-down was determined to produce near
      optimal horizontal canal and minimal vertical canal activation with horizontal
      rotation. Finally, a loud or unexpected auditory stimulus initiates a freeze
      (startle) response in rat characterized by an transient followed by a sustained
      head position lasting several seconds. Transients are complete within 300-400 ms.
      Thereafter, the head becomes momentarily stabilized in the startle position which
      averaged 14 +/- 8 degrees (nose-down with respect to horizontal stereotaxic zero)
      across the population (n = 14). The response habituated only slightly, but the
      final position was sufficiently variable so as to limit the usefulness of the
      freeze (startle) position as a reference of semicircular canal position in the
      rat.

PMID- 2659140
TI  - Interhemispheric relationship between lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation and
      the region of the nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus.
AB  - Electrical self-stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus was recorded in both
      hemispheres of 20 rats before and after making a lesion either by unilateral
      radiofrequency stimulation or by injection of N-methyl-D,L-aspartate into the
      region of the peduncular-pontine nucleus. For the animals which received the
      radiofrequency lesion, a rate-intensity function was established for 3
      stimulation intensities 3 days before and 5 days after the lesion. For the
      animals in which N-methyl-D,L-aspartate was injected, a reinforcement threshold
      was measured 3 days before and after the lesion using a psychophysical method-of
      limits procedure. With the rate-intensity procedure a decrease in the rate of
      self-stimulation was observed at the highest stimulation intensity through the
      electrode situated contralateral to the side of the lesion. Similarly, with the
      reinforcement threshold method, a significant increase in threshold was found
      from the electrode placed in the hemisphere contralateral but not ipsilateral to
      the site of the lesion. These data suggest an involvement of primarily crossed
      pathways coursing to or from the peduncular-pontine nucleus as being involved in
      the control of lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation.

PMID- 2659141
TI  - [Nosocomial pneumopathies in resuscitation. II. Preventive and curative
      treatment].

PMID- 2659142
TI  - Implant prosthodontics: the advent of osseointegration.

PMID- 2659143
TI  - "All implants succeed: all implants fail." Part one.

PMID- 2659144
TI  - Dental technology education in Canada.
AB  - The dental technology education in Canada is described through a brief
      introductory historical overview with the emphasis placed on the present status
      of dental technology teaching institutions, accreditation system, admission
      policies, curriculum content, requirements for registration or certification and
      the comparison of provincial board examinations. The role and the responsibility
      of organized dentistry is stressed on shaping the future trends in dental
      technology.

PMID- 2659145
TI  - Removing the mandibular third molar: neurosensory deficits and consequent
      litigation.
AB  - Neurosensory dysfunction, on an iatrogenic basis, appears to be increasing at an
      alarming rate in the oral surgical section of dental practice. This is
      particularly so with respect to the impacted lower wisdom tooth. With changing
      social mores and more sophisticated consumerism, increasing litigious tendencies
      within the general population and a more informed public, there is a parallel
      increase in malpractice lawsuits related to this complication. This article
      presents the documentation supporting this impression and discusses methods of
      diminishing the likelihood of successful litigation against the dentist. Clinical
      aspects of mandibular third molar removal are explored with a view to surgical
      approach and anatomic awareness relevant to the subject. The current status of
      informed consent is presented, along with one example of a written form which
      might be applicable under the circumstances.

PMID- 2659146
TI  - Nifedipine-induced gingival hyperplasia.
AB  - Nifedipine-induced gingival hyperplasia was first reported in 1984. Nifedipine is
      a relatively new drug used in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias and
      angina. This article reports a case of gingival hyperplasia induced by the drug
      and reviews the cases reported so far in the literature.

PMID- 2659147
TI  - [Spiramycin].
AB  - Chemotherapeutic agents appear to offer a great potential in the treatment of
      periodontal disease in conjunction with root planning and/or surgical approach.
      One of these chemotherapeutic agents is spiramycin. The aim of this paper is to
      review some data about the spiramycin in vitro, in vivo, the effects of
      spiramycin on plaque control and some interesting hypothesis on action of
      spiramycin.

PMID- 2659148
TI  - The future of calcium channel blockade.

PMID- 2659149
TI  - Regression of atherosclerosis: dietary and pharmacologic approach.
AB  - Atherosclerosis control should combine diet therapy with drugs as needed.
      Mortality from coronary heart disease can be reduced and there is evidence that
      this is due to improvement in underlying atherosclerotic lesions with reduction
      of both the lipid and the sclerotic components.

PMID- 2659150
TI  - Individual variability in symptoms, ischemic threshold and cardiovascular
      efficiency during exercise testing in patients with effort angina.
AB  - This study assessed both group and individual variability of ECG exercise stress
      test in patients with effort angina. Forty-five untreated patients with typical
      effort angina, without evidence of spontaneous angina, with a positive exercise
      stress test (ST depression greater than 0.2 mV) and angiographically documented
      coronary artery disease were studied. Four multistage exercise stress tests were
      performed, two in the morning and two in the afternoon, on two consecutive days.
      Forty-four patients completed the protocol for a total of 176 exercise stress
      tests. For each exercise stress test the following parameters were analyzed: time
      to 0.15 mV ST segment depression (time to ischemia); rate-pressure product at
      ischemia (ischemic threshold); slope and intercept of the linear regression
      between rate-pressure product and time of exercise. Silent effort ischemia was
      largely prevalent: 21 patients (48%) experienced chest pain in all four tests,
      but only seven showed a consistent time relationship between pain and ECG
      changes. Symptomatic patients did not appear different from the asymptomatic ones
      in terms of clinical and angiographic data. When group data were analyzed for
      each parameter the four exercise stress tests appeared reproducible. In contrast,
      when individual variability of each parameter was computed as the percentage
      difference between range (maximum--minimum) and maximal value obtained in the
      series of four exercise stress tests, a large variability was detected.
      Variability of time to ischemia, was 27.2 +/- 17.4%. This resulted from a random
      combination of variability in ischemic threshold (19.1 +/- 9.2%), slope (28.4 +/-
      12.8%) and intercept (22.7 +/- 10%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659151
TI  - Atenolol for the prevention of arrhythmias following coronary artery bypass
      grafting.
AB  - Seventy patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass grafting were randomized, double
      blind, to receive either atenolol or placebo. There were 35 patients in each
      group. Patients received either atenolol 5 mg intravenously or matching placebo
      within 3 h of the completion of surgery. A second intravenous dose was
      administered 24 h following the first and then atenolol 50 mg orally or matching
      placebo was given for six days. Continuous Holter monitor recordings were
      obtained for the 24 h immediately preoperatively and continuously for eight days
      postoperatively. No patient received any antiarrhythmic drug preoperatively.
      Patients who required pharmacological intervention for the management of
      postoperative arrhythmias were withdrawn as treatment failures. Holter monitor
      analysis continued for 24 h following withdrawal of a treatment failure. All
      patients were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Both groups
      were comparable with respect to age, sex, severity of coronary artery disease,
      left ventricular ejection fraction, preoperative use of beta-blockers, bypass
      time, aortic cross-clamp time, number of grafts per patient and frequency of
      preoperative arrhythmias. Arrhythmia analysis was done manually. Supraventricular
      arrhythmias (atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter) were
      classified as either mild (less than 0.5 mins, less than 140 beats/min), moderate
      (0.5 to 30 mins, 140 to 180 beats/min), or severe (longer than 30 mins, more than
      180 beats/min). Ventricular arrhythmia analysis was performed with respect to
      isolated PVCs, couplets, triplets and episodes of nonsustained ventricular
      tachycardia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659152
TI  - Nurse educators' acceptance of the computer in baccalaureate nursing programs.
AB  - Although several studies have investigated nurse educators' perceived knowledge
      of and acceptance of computer technology, none have incorporated objective
      indicators of knowledge or acceptance. This descriptive research study used
      standardized and investigator-developed tests to examine acceptance of the
      computer by randomly selected administrators and faculty in private baccalaureate
      nursing programs. Levels of computer literacy and attitudes were sufficiently
      positive to promote the awareness, interest, and evaluation stages of Roger's
      diffusion and adoption model. Responses were not sufficiently positive to promote
      the trial and adoption of computer technology for instructional and
      administrative activities. Recommended approaches to meeting this challenge
      included instruction related to computer software and educational applications
      and the use of consortial arrangements to share knowledge, computer hardware and
      software, and application experiences.

PMID- 2659153
TI  - Nocardia asteroides keratitis associated with extended-wear soft contact lenses.
AB  - Chronic unilateral keratitis developed in a 34-year-old woman who wore extended
      wear contact lenses. A clinical response was not obtained until Nocardia
      asteroides was correctly identified as the causal agent. The response to 30%
      sulfacetamide was dramatic. We review the clinical presentation of Nocardia
      keratitis and recommendations for management. Use of corticosteroids should be
      avoided in Nocardia keratitis. This opportunistic organism should be considered
      in patients who wear contact lenses in whom infectious keratitis develops.

PMID- 2659154
TI  - Bilateral ciliary body melanomas.
AB  - We describe a 78-year-old woman with bilateral primary ciliary body melanomas.
      The tumours presented 6 months apart and were treated with iridocyclectomy.
      Histopathological examination revealed type B spindle cell melanomas. To our
      knowledge this is the first reported case of bilateral ciliary body melanomas.

PMID- 2659155
TI  - Ultrastructural study of galacturonic acid distribution in some pathogenic fungi
      using gold-complexed Aplysia depilans gonad lectin.
AB  - Aplysia gonad lectin, isolated from the mollusc Aplysia depilans, was
      successfully conjugated to colloidal gold and used for ultrastructural detection
      of galacturonic acids in some pathogenic fungi. These sugar residues were found
      to occur in the fibrillar sheath surrounding hyphal cells of Ascocalyx abietina
      and in intravacuolar dense inclusions of this fungus spores. In hyphae and spores
      of Ophiostoma ulmi, galacturonic acids were detected mainly in the outermost wall
      layers. In contrast, these saccharides appeared associated with the innermost
      wall layers and especially the plasma membrane of Verticillium albo-atrum cells.
      Galacturonic acids were found to be absent in cells of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
      radicis-lycopersici and Candida albicans. These cytochemical data indicate
      therefore that a heterogeneity in wall composition exists between ascomycete
      fungi. The significance of the presence of galacturonic acids in the cell walls
      of certain fungi is still open to question.

PMID- 2659156
TI  - Influence of prior growth conditions on low nutrient response of Escherichia coli
      in seawater.
AB  - By use of experimental microcosms, it was demonstrated that the survival of
      Escherichia coli in nutrient-free seawater depended on the age of cells and on
      some physicochemical conditions during their prior growth. Cells grown in a
      bacteriological medium, with an acid or an alkaline pH, at high temperature (44
      degrees C), or in the absence of oxygen were more sensitive to exposure to
      seawater of low nutrient content. In contrast, some complex media allowed
      production of cells adapting more rapidly to seawater. Cells grown in urine were
      far more sensitive than those grown in all bacteriological media tested. The
      sensitivity of all cells was highest when they were harvested during the early
      exponential phase of growth.

PMID- 2659157
TI  - The carotid endarterectomy trial: selection bias?

PMID- 2659158
TI  - Future trends in the legal rights of patients in nursing homes.
AB  - The author discusses the demographic aging of Canada and outlines how the
      Canadian Constitution and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms are likely to affect
      the care and treatment of nursing home residents. Because physical freedom and
      personal autonomy have been given such a high value in the constitution, civil
      and legal rights will be protected for all residents in nursing homes, and
      procedural safeguards will become mandatory in the next few years for patients
      who refuse treatment and for those who are deemed to be incompetent. Physicians
      and other caregivers will increasingly be removed from the role of substitute
      decision-maker for incompetent patients, and patient representatives, court
      appointed guardians and courts will assume this responsibility. Judicial
      safeguards such as impartial hearings, appeals to the court and the principles of
      natural justice will become commonplace in nursing homes.

PMID- 2659160
TI  - Experience with vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (VAD) chemotherapy in
      adults with refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Sixty-four adult patients with refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
      received salvage therapy with the vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Adria
      Laboratories, Columbus, OH), and dexamethasone (VAD) regimen consisting of
      induction chemotherapy with the three agents followed by multiple-agent
      maintenance therapy for 2 years. Overall, 25 patients (39%) achieved complete
      remission. The median remission duration was 28 weeks with 20% of these patients
      remaining disease-free at 2 years. The median overall survival was 23 weeks.
      Prognostic factors associated with differences in remission rates included
      patient performance status, hemoglobin and platelet levels, and degree of
      peripheral and marrow blastosis. Factors related to differences in survival were
      patient age and performance status, hemoglobin and platelet levels, percentage of
      peripheral blasts, and albumin and bilirubin levels. The toxicity of the regimen
      was minimal, with 33% of patients requiring hospitalization because of febrile
      episodes of unknown origin (17%) or documented infections (16%). Therapy-related
      mortality occurred in four patients (6%). We conclude that the VAD program has
      significant antileukemic efficacy and acceptable toxicity in adult salvage ALL.

PMID- 2659161
TI  - Loss of the Y chromosome associated with translocation t(6;9)(p23;q34) in a
      patient with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - A 34-year-old male with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and a
      t(6;9)(p23;q34) is described, in whom loss of the Y chromosome had occurred in
      the t(6;9) clone. The leukemic blasts were relatively undifferentiated and there
      was no increase in marrow basophils. The unusual clonal evolution and hematologic
      features in this patient are compared to 27 previously documented cases with this
      translocation.

PMID- 2659159
TI  - Regulation of IgE synthesis. Lymphocyte Fc epsilon receptor, IgE binding
      factor(s), and glycosylation-modulating factors.

PMID- 2659162
TI  - Effect in vivo of multiple injections of purified murine and recombinant human
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor to mice.
AB  - Hematopoietic efficacy in vivo of multiple injections of purified murine L-cell
      and recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factors (M-CSF; specific
      activity, greater than 2 x 10(7) units/mg) was assessed in mice. Injections i.v.
      of sterile saline or 20,000 units of M-CSF were administered once (at 0 h), twice
      (at 0 and 12 h), or three times (at 0, 12, and 24 h) to C57BL/6 x DBA/2 F1 mice.
      Numbers and cycling rates of marrow and spleen granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid,
      and multipotential progenitor cells were assessed 32-36 h after the first
      injection. Marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood cellularity was assessed at
      intervals of up to 105 h. Progenitor cell cycling rates were significantly
      increased after one and two injections of M-CSF but were reduced to a slow or
      noncycling state after three injections. For marrow cells, the third injection
      resulted in a significant suppression of hematopoietic progenitor cell cycling
      compared to the control group. No significant changes were noted for number of
      progenitors per femur or spleen, for marrow, spleen, or peripheral blood
      cellularity, or for differential cell counts in these organs after any of the M
      CSF treatment schedules. Suppression of progenitor cell proliferation noted after
      three injections of M-CSF may at least partially explain why repeated injections
      of 20,000 units of M-CSF fails to increase bone marrow, spleen, or blood
      cellularity even though one injection of M-CSF increases cycling rates of the
      hematopoietic progenitors.

PMID- 2659163
TI  - Immunoregulation and production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by human
      thymocytes.
AB  - We have provided evidence that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) enhances
      the proliferation and the state of activation of human thymocytes cultured with
      concanavalin A or interleukin 2 (IL-2), as evidenced by an increase in the
      expression of the c-myc gene and the gene of the IL-2 receptor (alpha-chain, Tac
      antigen) and by the expression of Tac antigen on the cell surface. Our
      observations suggest that TNF-alpha interacts with IL-2 and with another
      factor(s) which is induced in the course of activation by concanavalin A, since
      the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A-, which inhibits thymocyte activation,
      prevents the effect of TNF-alpha on thymocytes activated with concanavalin A,
      whereas anti-Tac, which prevents the binding of IL-2 to its receptor without
      affecting the production of IL-2 or the expression of IL-2-specific mRNA,
      inhibits proliferation only partially. By contrast, anti-Tac inhibits the
      response to TNF-alpha of thymocytes induced with IL-2 completely. These
      observations show that TNF-alpha exerts a potentially important immunoregulatory
      effect in synergy with IL-2 on thymocytes, which could contribute to tumor
      rejection. In addition, we show that activated human thymocytes express the TNF
      alpha gene and that the expression of this gene is inhibited by cyclosporin A and
      dexamethasone.

PMID- 2659164
TI  - Correlation of c-myc expression with nuclear pleomorphism in human renal cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - The expression of the c-myc gene product in renal cell carcinomas was examined by
      immunostaining with monoclonal antibody (mAb) MYC-1. The effects of preservation
      and fixation of tissues on staining were first examined. In cryostat sections
      fixed with 4% buffered formalin for 15 min, staining was observed in the nucleus.
      On the other hand, in paraffin sections after fixation with 10% formalin,
      staining was observed in the cytoplasm, but not in the nucleus. Because c-myc
      protein has been shown to be a nuclear protein, the finding that c-myc protein
      was not detectable in the nucleus appeared to be due to the preservation or
      fixation procedures used. Therefore, cryostat sections fixed with 4% formalin
      were used to investigate the correlation between the reaction of MYC-1 mAb and
      nuclear pleomorphism in primary and metastatic renal cell carcinomas. Among 41
      primary tumors, positive staining was observed in 2 of 17 tumors (12%) of grade
      1, 17 of 21 (81%) of grade 2, and all 3 (100%) of grade 3. Among 17 metastatic
      tumors, positive staining was not observed in any of the 5 (0%) of grade 1 but
      was observed in 2 of 4 (50%) of grade 2 and all 8 (100%) of grade 3. Thus, the
      frequency of the positive reaction with MYC-1 mAb was correlated with nuclear
      pleomorphism in primary and metastatic renal cell carcinomas. The reaction of Ki
      67 mAb, which recognized a nuclear antigen present in proliferating cells, was
      also correlated with nuclear pleomorphism. These findings suggest that the c-myc
      gene product plays a role in cell proliferation in renal cell carcinomas.

PMID- 2659165
TI  - Cell surface glycoprotein associated with human lung tumors that is similar to
      but distinct from the epidermal growth factor receptor.
AB  - A cell surface glycoprotein (gp160) present on the surface of non-small cell
      human lung tumors is characterized and compared with the epidermal growth factor
      receptor (EGFR). The epitope on gp160 recognized by monoclonal antibody 5E8 is
      shown to be part of the protein moiety of the molecule and is found to be
      relatively stable. The epitope is stable over a wide pH range and after treatment
      with urea as well as most ionic and non-ionic detergents. We have observed that
      gp160 is similar in several respects to the EGFR. However, despite the
      similarities, several independent lines of experimental evidence presented here
      suggest that gp160 and the EGFR are distinct molecules. The first evidence
      suggesting that these two molecules are different is that the EGFR, but not
      gp160, is constitutively detectable in the A431 cell tissue culture supernatant,
      and that a pulse of these cells with epidermal growth factor (under conditions
      which permit the internalization of the receptor-ligand complexes) significantly
      reduces the expression of the EGFR without noticeably affecting the level of
      gp160 on the cell surface. Two very different immunofluorescent patterns marking
      the position of gp160 and EGFR are observed using monoclonal antibodies specific
      for each molecule. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, it was determined
      that these same monoclonal antibodies do not cross-inhibit one another, and it
      was established that gp160, but not EGFR, was retained on an affinity column
      containing anti-gp160 antibodies immobilized to the solid matrix. An additional
      finding that supports the notion that gp160 and the EGFR are distinct molecules
      is that one human lung tumor cell line (Calu-3) has been identified which
      expresses gp160 but not the EGFR on its surface. These results indicate that
      there are characteristics which distinguish gp160 from the EFGR, and we establish
      here that these distinguishing features reflect differences at the protein moiety
      and not simply differential glycosylation. We conclude from these studies that we
      have identified and characterized a cell surface molecule that resembles in
      several respects the epidermal growth factor receptor. This cell surface molecule
      represents a potentially useful target for the immunotherapy and diagnosis of
      human non-small cell lung cancer.

PMID- 2659166
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of antiserum from rhesus monkeys immunized with
      human colon carcinoma.
AB  - In an attempt to generate antibodies which recognize novel tumor-associated
      antigens we have immunized Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with human colon
      carcinoma cells prepared from freshly excised tumors. Immunohistochemical
      characterization of polyclonal antisera from one monkey (DF6) revealed
      preferential reactivity with primary and metastatic colon carcinoma tissue, and a
      general lack of recognition of nonneoplastic mucosa. Immunoreactivity was
      localized to the luminal contents of glandular structures and to the apical
      surfaces of cells lining these glands. Immunoreactivity was not observed with any
      normal tissue examined. Examination of neoplastic tissues revealed reactivity
      with two gastric carcinoma specimens (n = 2) and one breast carcinoma (n = 7). In
      reactive colon carcinoma tissues, the pattern of staining with DF6 was similar to
      that of several other antibodies including anti-carcinoembryonic antigen, B72.3,
      anti-Le(x) and anti-Le(y). However, the panel of tissues recognized by these
      antibodies and DF6 differed significantly, suggesting that the DF6-reactive
      epitopes are unique. Human colon carcinoma cell lines maintained in vitro also
      expressed antigens recognized by DF6 in a pattern similar to that of surgically
      excised tissue. This preliminary characterization of DF6 antiserum suggests that
      immunization of Rhesus monkeys is a potentially useful protocol for identifying
      antigens preferentially expressed by human colon carcinoma.

PMID- 2659167
TI  - Mosaicism in the expression of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens in human
      colonic and gastric cancers.
AB  - Serial sequential sections from a single tumor were examined by
      immunohistological staining with several monoclonal antibodies directed,
      respectively, to different tumor-associated carbohydrate epitopes. Staining
      patterns were compared with those of conventional staining with hematoxylin-eosin
      or periodate/Schiff's reagent. Each tumor showed different areas of staining with
      different antibodies, and the combined staining map shows a clear mosaicism of
      antigen expression within the same tumor. For example, some areas of a given
      tumor were stained by FH4 (defining dimeric Le(x)), while other complementary
      areas were strongly stained, in a mutually exclusive manner, by SH1 (defining
      Le(x)), AH6 (defining Le(y)), FH6 (defining sialosyl dimeric (Le(x)), or TKH2
      (defining sialosyl-Tn). Some areas were stained by two or three of these
      antibodies. Comparisons of the mosaic-staining patterns with cytohistological
      properties of tumor cells within specific areas suggested that the pattern of
      antigen expression is correlated with degree of differentiation; e.g., poorly
      differentiated cells with severe dysplasia did not express high levels of Le(x)
      or Le(y) but did express sialyl-Le(x) or dimeric Le(x); on the other hand,
      moderately or well-differentiated tumor cells in some areas expressed high levels
      of Le(x) or Le(y) but lower levels of sialyl-Le(x). Areas showing strong
      expression of sialyl-Tn in their secretions were consistently correlated with
      presence of well-differentiated tumor cells, whereas secretions from normal
      mucosae were consistently characterized by lack of sialyl-Tn expression. It is
      postulated that the original in situ tumors (which had homogeneous glycosylation
      patterns) evolved into several spatially discrete cell populations displaying
      different degrees of glycosylation, reflecting stages of tumor cell
      differentiation and progression.

PMID- 2659169
TI  - Escherichia coli serotype-39 capsular polysaccharide: primary structure and
      depolymerisation by a bacteriophage-associated glycanase.
AB  - The acidic capsular polysaccharide isolated from Escherichia coli O9:K39:H9 was
      investigated, using n.m.r. spectroscopy, methylation analysis, uronic acid
      degradation of the native and methylated polysaccharides, and bacteriophage
      associated enzyme degradation. The structure of the repeating unit, which is
      shown below, is identical to that reported for Klebsiella serotype-61 capsular
      polysaccharide. (formula; see text)

PMID- 2659168
TI  - Non-chemotherapeutic agents that potentiate chemotherapy efficacy.

PMID- 2659170
TI  - Blocked and not blocked whole-ricin-antibody immunotoxins: intraperitoneal
      therapy of human tumour xenografted in nude mice.
AB  - A blocked immunotoxin, consisting of ricin and AR-3 monoclonal antibody joined by
      a short thioether bond, was previously synthesized. This conjugate had lost the
      ability to bind the galactosidic residues of Sepharose 6B, probably because of
      the steric restraint of the antibody molecule on the ricin B chain. In in vitro
      assays immunotoxin was active only on cells expressing the corresponding AR-3
      epitope. The in vivo activity of our blocked immunotoxin was assessed by
      injecting it directly into the peritoneal cavity of tumour-bearing nude mice. The
      animals were i.p. grafted with the HT-29 cell line, which was derived from a
      human colorectal adenocarcinoma expressing the antigen CAR-3, against which the
      AR-3 monoclonal antibody is directed. The best protocol tested, to arrive at the
      optimal regimen for the i.p. blocked immunotoxin therapy, required the
      administration of the immunotoxin (2 micrograms) on days 4 and 6 after the graft.
      The mice were killed on different subsequent days to determine the therapeutic
      effects. Histological sections of the different organs were prepared and stained
      with haematoxylin/eosin and were also examined by an immunocytochemical method
      with AR-3 monoclonal antibody to confirm the presence of the relating antigen on
      the tumour cell surface. The blocked immunotoxin substantially suppressed tumour
      growth of the grafted HT-29 cells, without showing any undesirable ricin
      toxicity. Most importantly, established transplanted HT-29 tumour cells treated
      with blocked immunotoxin almost completely regressed, while under the same
      conditions the not blocked immunotoxin, an irrelevant immunotoxin, ricin, and the
      AR-3 alone failed to inhibit tumour growth.

PMID- 2659171
TI  - Maturation and cardiac contractility.
AB  - Maturation has been shown to enhance the ability of the myocardium to contract.
      Whenever developmental changes in the systems that control or modulate myocardial
      contractility have been sought, they have indeed been found. These include an
      increase in the amount and organization of the myofilaments, an increase in SR
      amount, organization, differentiation, Ca-ATPase, phospholamban, and sensitivity
      to calcium and ryanodine, changes in the sarcolemmal pumps and channels, and
      changes in the expression of the contractile proteins. The characterization of
      the control systems that integrate these changes remains to be achieved. The
      overall gradual increase in myocardial contractility has superimposed on it an
      acute, sudden increase in ventricular contractility in the hours surrounding
      birth. In the subsequent neonatal days, the level of inotropy falls, and the
      reserves in contractility are replenished and expanded. Consequently, disease
      states that demand an increased use of or negatively affect mechanisms that bring
      about the neonatal enhancement in ventricular function will have their most
      malignant effect during the first days of neonatal life.

PMID- 2659172
TI  - Structure and function of the pulmonary vascular bed: an update.
AB  - This article discusses recent information regarding the normal and abnormal
      structural maturation of the pulmonary vascular bed, features that govern the
      functional behavior of the pulmonary circulation. Special emphasis is given to
      the cell biology of the vessel wall.

PMID- 2659173
TI  - Future directions in noninvasive Doppler evaluation of the fetal circulation.
AB  - Doppler gives important new information in the evaluation of the fetal
      circulation. Doppler can be used for uteroplacental assessment, measurement of
      blood velocities inside the heart, and diagnosis of the hemodynamic correlates of
      congenital cardiac defects in utero. Examples of how pulsed, continuous wave, and
      color Doppler can be used are illustrated. Integration of the cardiac and
      noncardiac Doppler examinations promises to provide a wealth of information
      concerning the normal and abnormal developing fetal physiology.

PMID- 2659174
TI  - Applications of color flow mapping in pediatric cardiology.
AB  - Our approach to the application of flow mapping in pediatric cardiology has been
      to attempt to define, in technical terms, the relationship between the nature of
      the imaging technology and the nature of the questions to be asked about flow.
      The late William Rashkind, to whom this issue of Cardiology Clinics is dedicated,
      set an important example to me in the early stages of my training about the
      understanding of defined clinical problems and the development of technologies to
      adapt to those specific problems. In this way, using his ingenuity, his energy,
      and his love both of good times and difficult problems, he pioneered new and
      unexplored areas of our field and set an important example for us to follow. The
      applications of color flow mapping, a new and rapidly evolving technology, are
      still in their infancy, and it behooves the pediatric cardiologist to evolve in
      his expertise along with the evolution of the instrumentation toward new and
      important impacts which these imaging methods will have in the health care of
      children with heart disease.

PMID- 2659175
TI  - The current role of Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of heart disease in
      children.
AB  - New Doppler ultrasound technology has caused a change in the approach to the
      diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Pulsed Doppler ultrasound continues to be
      of great value for measuring cardiac output ventricular performance and for
      calculating pulmonary to systemic flow ratios. Continuous wave Doppler ultrasound
      by virtue of its ability to detect high velocity accurately remains the premier
      technique for determining pressure drop across valves or across shunts. Pulsed
      Doppler ultrasound remains a valuable test for defining many lesions including
      patent ductus arteriosus.

PMID- 2659176
TI  - Cardiac arrhythmias: the role of pharmacologic intervention.
AB  - The growing menu of drugs used to treat arrhythmias in children enhances the
      importance of antiarrhythmic selection based on the application of underlying
      electrophysiologic and pharmacokinetic principles, as well as a reduction of the
      side effect to benefit ratio. No attempt has been made in this report to discuss
      the diagnosis of arrhythmias in children, nor is the list of agents we discuss
      all-encompassing. Rather, the major thrust has been to promote an understanding
      of the important relationship between anatomic considerations, basic
      electrophysiology, and developmental pharmacology in directing therapy. We wish
      to emphasize that many of the studies quoted in this report are investigational,
      and that not all of the applications listed in the text and tables are approved
      for use in pediatric patients in the United States. Nevertheless, the information
      may serve as a guideline to developing management strategies for the individual
      child with an arrhythmia. Given the number of new antiarrhythmic agents under
      development, it would be no surprise if, in a few years, a paper such as this one
      discussed several new drugs we have not mentioned. We hope that the principles we
      have outlined will serve as a framework for incorporating these new agents into
      clinical practice as they become available.

PMID- 2659177
TI  - Surgical treatment of arrhythmias in children.
AB  - Primary surgical treatment of many tachyarrhythmias in children is now possible.
      In those with life-threatening arrhythmias not responsive to any form of medical
      treatment, the choice for surgery is clear. These arrhythmias include atrial
      fibrillation with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, PJRT, or atrial ectopic
      tachycardia with severe congestive cardiomyopathy, incessant ventricular
      tachycardia in infancy, and recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia in
      postoperative congenital heart disease. In the majority of patients, however,
      surgical treatment remains an option to be weighed carefully against chronic
      medical treatment. Surgery is now possible with very low mortality for infants
      and children with Kent bundles, atrial ectopic tachycardia, and the permanent
      form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia. The mortality, morbidity, and
      likelihood of eventual resolution of the arrhythmia with each type of management
      plan should be considered. With possible direct surgical ablation of atrial
      flutter and newer forms of catheter treatment of arrhythmias, the future looks
      promising.

PMID- 2659178
TI  - Therapeutic cardiac catheterization for pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery
      stenosis.
AB  - At C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, percutaneous balloon angioplasty for pulmonary
      valve or pulmonary artery stenosis accounts for approximately 40 per cent of all
      therapeutic transcatheter procedures performed in our laboratory. Percutaneous
      balloon valvuloplasty offers a highly successful nonsurgical approach to the
      treatment of children with isolated congenital valvar pulmonary stenosis. In
      these children, balloon valvuloplasty generally reduces the peak systolic
      pressure gradient by more than 50 per cent and should be considered the treatment
      of choice. Balloon angioplasty provides substantial anatomic and hemodynamic
      benefit in approximately 50 to 60 per cent of children with peripheral pulmonary
      artery stenosis. It is most often successful in treating naturally occurring
      pulmonary artery stenoses in children with tetralogy of Fallot. Since the
      surgical alternatives are difficult and often unsuccessful, balloon angioplasty
      offers a valuable form of treatment for many children with significant pulmonary
      artery stenosis or hypoplasia.

PMID- 2659179
TI  - Interventional catheterization of left heart lesions, including aortic and mitral
      valve stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.
AB  - The current status of percutaneous balloon valvotomy for aortic, subaortic, and
      mitral stenosis and angioplasty of aortic arch obstructions are reviewed. Results
      from the authors and other laboratories are discussed in relation to technique
      and other factors such as patient age and underlying pathology. Current
      indications for these procedures are reviewed.

PMID- 2659180
TI  - Hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
AB  - Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a common lethal congenital cardiac
      malformation. The anatomy and physiology dictate therapy in the newborn period.
      Two stages of reconstructive surgical management are detailed.

PMID- 2659181
TI  - Surgical treatment of complex atrioventricular septal defects.
AB  - Complex complete atrioventricular septal defects were repaired in 29 patients
      including 12 with associated tetralogy of Fallot, 10 with double-outlet right
      ventricle, and seven with additional anomalies associated with atrial isomerism.
      Construction of an intraventricular tunnel connecting the left ventricle with the
      aorta was accomplished in 23 of 25 patients with ventriculo-arterial concordant
      or double outlet connections. There was one (4 per cent) hospital death and three
      (11 per cent) late deaths. Anatomic and technical considerations are presented
      pertinent to the care of this group.

PMID- 2659182
TI  - Cardiac transplantation in children.
AB  - Heart transplantation is becoming an accepted treatment for children with
      irreversible and profoundly disabling cardiomyopathy. The risk is much higher
      when there is underlying congenital heart disease, and even moderately elevated
      pulmonary vascular resistance is a contraindication to orthotopic heart
      transplantation. Heterotopic or heart-lung transplantation may be considered in
      patients with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. In a few centers, heart
      transplantation is being performed as an alternative to palliative surgical
      procedures in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Chronic immune
      suppression is necessary in all patients postoperatively. Cyclosporine and
      prednisone are the mainstays of therapy, and azathioprine is often added to the
      regimen. ATG is used prophylactically in the immediate postoperative period and
      acute rejection episodes are treated with pulses of prednisone, ATG, or OKT3.
      Infection continues to be a major problem, and the chronic long-term effects of
      both rejection and the drugs used to treat it, especially cyclosporine, are also
      very important. Coronary artery disease and lymphoproliferative disease are
      causes of death, and hypertension and decreased renal function are present in
      almost all survivors. The shortage of donor hearts is becoming a progressively
      more important problem and may affect selection criteria in the future. On the
      positive side, most children can return to age-appropriate activities following
      transplantation and they seem to tolerate their chronic illness and its attendant
      repeated invasive procedures surprisingly well.

PMID- 2659183
TI  - Perioperative care of the infant with congenital heart disease.
AB  - The current approach to the perioperative management of the infant and child with
      congenital heart disease has been discussed. The major focus has been on
      potential problems of oxygen transport as they relate to vital organ system
      function. Management strategies for specific defects or perioperative problems
      have also been considered as well as the newer on-line monitoring techniques,
      while stressing the importance of careful clinical evaluation. The ultimate
      surgical outcome is dependent not only on the adequacy of repair or palliation
      but on the treatment of potential life-threatening situations that may take place
      during the critical postoperative period.

PMID- 2659184
TI  - Clinical assessment of ventricular function after surgical treatment of
      congenital heart defects.
AB  - The assessment of ventricular function has contributed to the current surgical
      evaluation and surgical treatment of congenital heart defects, but many issues
      remain unresolved. The challenge of assessing ventricular function after surgical
      repair of congenital heart defects includes not only the general problem of
      distinguishing adverse loading conditions from myocardial failure but also more
      unique problems of right heart function and developmental differences in
      ventricular function. The possibility and significance of diastolic dysfunction
      are essentially unexplored and contingent upon our better understanding of the
      determinants of diastolic indices. Many of the technologies and methods are
      currently available and there is the beginning of a move toward better designed
      clinical trials and analysis of results. The assessment of ventricular function
      will become increasingly important as surgical techniques are improved and we are
      left with the more difficult choices between competing approaches.

PMID- 2659185
TI  - Kawasaki syndrome.
AB  - Kawasaki syndrome is a leading cause of pediatric acquired heart disease in the
      United States. Coronary artery aneurysms or ectasia develop in approximately 15
      to 25 per cent of affected children; treatment with intravenous gamma globulin in
      the acute phase reduces this risk three- to five-fold. Angiographic resolution
      occurs in approximately one half of aneurysmal arterial segments, but these show
      persistent histologic and functional abnormalities. The remainder may continue to
      be aneurysmal, often with development of progressive stenosis or occlusion.
      Myocarditis is a universal feature of acute Kawasaki syndrome, but the occurrence
      of late abnormalities of myocardial function among children without coronary
      artery disease is controversial. Aortic and mitral regurgitation may occur in the
      acute illness, and late-onset valvar regurgitation has been reported as a rare
      complication. Continued long-term surveillance in patients with and without
      detected coronary abnormalities is necessary to determine the nature history of
      Kawasaki syndrome with respect to coronary artery status, myocardial function,
      and valvar regurgitation.

PMID- 2659186
TI  - The management of the family at high risk for coronary heart disease.
AB  - The family at risk has at least one member who has (1) hyperlipidemia; (2) low
      HDL2-cholesterol; (3) essential hypertension; (4) a family history of premature
      CHD; or (5) actively smokes. The predictive value of CHD risk factors in adults
      is well documented and quantified. Familial aggregation, genetic studies, and
      tracking of blood pressure provide evidence that children born to families with a
      high prevalence of hypertension or who as adolescents track in the upper part of
      the blood pressure distribution are themselves at risk for hypertension.
      Similarly, familial aggregation, tracking, and autopsy studies provide evidence
      for the relationship of serum lipids to the subsequent development of coronary
      atherosclerosis. Smoking by parents adversely affects the hearts and lungs of
      children. In addition, the child with a parent who smokes is more likely to
      become an active smoker. Preventive strategies are now available to the
      pediatrician to reduce the risk of premature CHD.

PMID- 2659187
TI  - Protection by thymosin fraction 5 from streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice.
AB  - Protection by thymosin fraction 5 (TF5) from subdiabetogenic-dose streptozotocin
      (STZ)-induced type I diabetes in CD-1 mice was investigated. Mice which received
      multiple subdiabetogenic-dose (35 mg/kg) injections of STZ became hyperglycemia
      within two weeks. Hyperglycemia was also induced in those treated with low dose
      of TF5 (0.01 mg/day) in addition to STZ, though it was somewhat mild. In
      contrast, animals given STZ plus high dose of TF5 (0.1 mg/day) remained
      normoglycemic throughout the whole observation period (within 4 weeks). In the
      pancreatic islets from these animals, histologically, the well-granulated beta
      cells were observed and the infiltration of lymphoid cells was absent or mild.
      These results suggest that the administration of TF5 prevents the induction of
      insulitis and hyperglycemia in the subdiabetogenic-dose STZ-treated mice.

PMID- 2659188
TI  - Rapid methods to visualize Y-specific repeated DNA sequences in cytological
      preparations.
AB  - We described rapid methods to detect Y-specific repeated DNA sequences in
      cytological preparations using in situ hybridization. A human Y chromosome
      specific DNA probe with an insert equivalent to that in pHY2.1 was labelled with
      [alpha-32P]dCTP or photobiotin, and hybridized to chromosome preparations.
      Signals were visualized specifically on Y chromosomes after 1 day's
      autoradiography or a couple of hours treatment with streptavidin alkaline
      phosphatase/BCIP/NBT. These methods are useful for molecular confirmation of Y
      autosomal translocations.

PMID- 2659189
TI  - Effects of long-term hypergastrinaemia on the ultrastructure of enterochromaffin
      like cells in the stomach of the rat, hamster and guinea pig.
AB  - The present report describes the ultrastructure of the enterochromaffin-like
      (ECL) cells in the stomach of the rat, hamster and guinea pig, and the
      ultrastructural consequences of long-term hypergastrinaemia evoked either by
      continuous infusion of synthetic human (Leu15)-gastrin-17 for 4 weeks (rats) or
      by daily treatment with large doses of the antisecretory agent omeprazole for 2
      10 weeks (rats, hamsters and guinea pigs). As a result, the ECL cells increased
      greatly in size (maximal effect after 2 weeks of omeprazole treatment, no further
      gain in size after 4 or 10 weeks). Also the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi area
      were enlarged. The most conspicuous feature of the ECL cells is the cytoplasmic
      vesicles, which are of varying size and either devoid of a dense core or with a
      small, often eccentrically located dense core. The vesicles probably represent
      the main storage site of the secretory products of the ECL cell. In addition, the
      cytoplasm contains granules, which differ from the vesicles in that they possess
      a more or less electron-dense core, surrounded by a narrow halo. The size of the
      vesicles ranged from small to very large, while the granules were uniformly
      small. Many vesicles were seen to lie very close together, some displaying an
      irregular outline (vacuole-like vesicles), at times giving the impression that
      they were undergoing fusion. The profile size (median value) of the vesicles was
      unaffected by gastrin infusion for 4 weeks. However, there was a tendency to a
      relative increase in the number of very small vesicles. In contrast, the vesicles
      became larger during the omeprazole treatment. Also, the number of vesicles that
      seemed to be engaged in fusion increased after omeprazole treatment but not after
      gastrin infusion. The observations support the view that ECL cells are influenced
      by gastrin. The effects of gastrin infusion and of omeprazole treatment on ECL
      cell ultrastructure were not completely identical. It cannot be excluded that the
      omeprazole-evoked achlorhydria evokes effects unrelated to those of
      hypergastrinaemia on the ECL cells, or that endogenous gastrins may evoke effects
      that are in some ways distinct from those of synthetic human (Leu15)-gastrin-17.
      Alternatively, the additional effects seen after long-term omeprazole treatment
      may reflect simply the duration of the hypergastrinaemic stimulus.

PMID- 2659190
TI  - The annexin family of calcium-binding proteins. Review article.
AB  - The annexins are a family of calcium-binding proteins. Data from protein and cDNA
      sequencing have shown that at least five distinct but closely related mammalian
      annexins exist each of which possesses four or eight homologous internal repeats
      which may be calcium-and phospholipid-binding domains. The proteins are present
      within a wide range of tissues and cell types, with each cell type having all or
      a subset of the proteins. The proteins are localised on the inner surface of the
      plasma membrane associated with the cytoskeleton and in some cases also with
      intracellular structures. Some members of the family are major substrates for
      tyrosine and serine kinases. The precise functions of the proteins are unknown
      but they are likely to play important roles in cellular regulation. Previously
      suggested functions are inhibition of phospholipase A2, membrane-cytoskeletal
      linkage and control of membrane fusion events in exocytosis. It is also suggested
      that they may be involved in the regulation of cell surface receptors.

PMID- 2659191
TI  - Glucose-induced changes in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration and the
      significance for the regulation of insulin release. Measurements with fura-2 in
      suspensions and single aggregates of mouse pancreatic beta-cells.
AB  - The effects of glucose on cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i, and
      insulin release were investigated using pancreatic beta-cells isolated from obese
      hyperglycemic mice. Measurements of [Ca2+]i were performed in cell suspensions in
      a cuvette and in single cell-aggregates in a microscopic system, using fura 2 and
      quin 2. Insulin release was studied from indicator loaded cells in a column
      perifusion system. In the presence of 1.28 mM extracellular Ca2+, an increase in
      the glucose concentration from 0 to 20 mM had two major effects on [Ca2+]i.
      Initially there was a decrease, which was immediately followed by a pronounced
      increase. At reduced extracellular Ca2+, or when Ca2+ influx was blocked, glucose
      induced only a decrease in [Ca2+]i. With increasing intracellular concentrations
      of indicator, the effects of glucose on [Ca2+]i were markedly reduced. Changes in
      [Ca2+]i, similar effects being obtained in the cuvette and microfluorometric
      measurements, were paralleled by changes in insulin release. Insulin release from
      indicator loaded cells did not markedly differ from that of non-loaded controls,
      either with respect to rapidity or size in the response to the sugar. The
      addition of 20 mM glucose increased the efflux of fura 2, an effect that was not
      related to insulin release. Permeabilization of indicator loaded cells
      demonstrated a substantial amount of fura 2 bound intracellularly. Although the
      effects of glucose on [Ca2+]i seemed to be similar in fura 2 and quin 2 loaded
      cells, the demonstrated leakage and possible intracellular binding should be
      considered before using fura 2 for measurements in pancreatic beta-cells.

PMID- 2659192
TI  - [Immunologic infertility: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy].

PMID- 2659193
TI  - [Working hypothesis on the effect of stress in the development of the
      premenstrual syndrome].

PMID- 2659194
TI  - [Clinico-pathologic evaluation of one type of intraocular lens].
AB  - Four intraocular lenses of Saturn type (extrapupillar iris lens fixated in the
      posterior chamber) were surgically removed when bullous pseudophakic keratopathy
      was present, without loss of the eye-bulb, during the period of 2-6.5 years after
      the performed implantation. Cytologic examination of the surface of the implanted
      lens displayed the individual tolerance of the implant in various patients. In
      all cases on the surface of the lenses there was observed a reactive membrane,
      also in the cases of the low biological tolerance.

PMID- 2659195
TI  - [Familial hematuria and Alport's syndrome].
AB  - In their review the authors discuss the history of Alport's syndrome, its
      nomenclature, incidence, genetics, clinical diagnosis. The authors emphasize
      electron microscopic findings and criteria of the diagnosis (haematuria or renal
      failure in the family, progressive nervous deafness, typical changes of the basal
      glomerular membrane (GBM) and ophtalmological findings of lenticonus or
      perimacular spots. Familial haematuria (FH) is according to the authors defined
      as haematuria in several members of the family. Based on data in the literature
      and the authors' experience, the authors discuss the differential diagnosis of FH
      where Alport's syndrome is relatively rare. A far more frequent unit is benign
      familial haematuria characterized morphologically as isolated thinning of the
      GBM. In some cases these patients are threatened by iatrogenic damage from
      unnecessary and invasive diagnostic method. The finding of thinned GBM and normal
      renal function in the parents and grandparents suggest a favourable prognosis
      also in child patients. Cases of familial glomerulonephritis or idiopathic
      syndrome with glomerulosclerosis or familial IgA nephropathies are relatively
      rare. Familial haematuria is are relatively rare. Familial haematuria is
      relatively frequent (according to the authors 20% of all obscure haematurias) and
      their diagnosis is based on systematic examination of the urine in other members
      of the patient's family who also suffer from haematuria.

PMID- 2659196
TI  - [The significance of digital subtraction angiography in diseases of the lungs and
      mediastinum].
AB  - The authors present their first experience with lung DSA in a group of 75
      patients. The examination was most frequently performed by instilling a contrast
      medium into central, less frequently into peripheral veins. The most frequent
      indications included tumorous lung diseases and mediastinal tumours before an
      operation treatment, a suspected pulmonary embolism, lung and vascular
      malformation. Intravenous DSA proved to be also useful in the evaluation of
      pathological changes of thoracic aorta.

PMID- 2659197
TI  - Free radicals in anticancer drug pharmacology.
AB  - This review examines the formation of free radical intermediates from a number of
      clinically active antitumor agents including quinone-containing antibiotics and
      etoposide. An attempt is also made to relate the formation of these reactive
      intermediates to biochemical and pharmacological basis for tumor cell kill and
      resistance. The formation of these intermediates in some tumor cells has been
      detected by both direct ESR and spin-trapping technique. The detection of free
      radicals in biological systems, however, depends upon cellular bioenvironments,
      e.g. reducing conditions, and the presence and/or absence of activation and
      detoxification mechanisms. Evidence shows that certain antitumor drugs generate
      free radicals in vitro and in vivo and that these reactive species kill tumor
      cells by causing damage to DNA, membranes or enzymes.

PMID- 2659198
TI  - Treatment of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma following renal
      transplantation.
AB  - Renal transplantation was performed in a patient with a history of surgical
      excision for localized transitional cell carcinoma. The graft functioned well;
      however, metastatic transitional cell carcinoma developed following
      transplantation. The patient was treated sequentially with CISCA (cisplatin,
      Cytoxan [cyclophosphamide], and Adriamycin [doxorubicin hydrochloride]) and M-VAC
      (methotrexate, vinblastine, Adriamycin, and cisplatin) with no alteration in
      maintenance immunosuppression. Full-dose chemotherapy was well tolerated, with no
      impairment of renal function, and a demonstrable reduction in tumor burden was
      achieved. The patient ultimately died of metastatic disease but enjoyed an
      excellent quality of life throughout the post-transplant period.

PMID- 2659199
TI  - Control of hypertension in patients with chronic renal failure.
AB  - Hypertension related to renal parenchymal disease is the most common cause of
      secondary hypertension. Poor control of renal hypertension is associated with an
      increased risk for progressive atherosclerosis and progressive renal failure.
      This review discusses the prevalence, significance, and pathophysiology of renal
      hypertension. Treatment options, both dietary and pharmacologic are reviewed.
      Special emphasis is given to important pharmacokinetic changes in chronic renal
      failure. Treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies in this population
      is also reviewed.

PMID- 2659200
TI  - The anemia of chronic renal failure. Overview and early erythropoietin
      experience.
AB  - One of the most important deficiency states associated with chronic renal failure
      is profound anemia. While it has been possible to identify differing types of
      anemia in patients receiving dialysis support, and thus correct the secondary
      causes, most patients continue to exhibit symptoms and signs of the anemic state.
      This review of the anemias associated with renal failure explores the diagnostic
      and therapeutic possibilities that may help the physician in evaluating the
      anemic patient with chronic renal failure. Also described is the early clinical
      experience with a new genetically engineered hormone, recombinant human
      erythropoietin (r-HuEPo), which has been under investigation for nearly two years
      at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation as part of a multi-center trial. An orderly
      approach to the anemic patient with renal dysfunction is suggested, and
      conjectures about the impact of newer therapies are made.

PMID- 2659201
TI  - Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Cyclosporine is a potent and useful immunosuppressive agent used primarily in
      conjunction with solid organ transplantation. The most serious adverse reaction
      that limits its use is nephrotoxicity due to effects on the renal vasculature,
      glomeruli, and tubular function. These effects result in a variety of clinical
      syndromes. This review outlines the clinical syndromes and discusses way to
      minimize nephrotoxicity in patients receiving cyclosporine.

PMID- 2659202
TI  - C-reactive protein: the best laboratory indicator available for monitoring
      disease activity.
AB  - Recent technical advances in measurement of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) have
      made this laboratory test highly specific, sensitive, reproducible, quantitative,
      and easy and rapid to perform. Several studies have shown that serial and
      quantitative measurement of serum CRP can be very helpful in monitoring disease
      activity in a wide variety of clinical situations, and that CRP testing offers
      distinct advantages over testing for any of the other acute-phase reactants. CRP
      testing is superior to erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measurements on
      clinical, scientific, and practical grounds, and it is strongly recommended that
      serious consideration be given to replacing ESR with CRP testing for monitoring
      disease activity.

PMID- 2659203
TI  - Extensive alopecia areata. Results of treatment with 3% topical minoxidil.
AB  - A 3% topical minoxidil solution was used to treat 31 normotensive persons (13
      male, 18 female) with extensive alopecia areata. After 15 months, three patients
      (14%) had 75%-100% regrowth, 13 (59%) had some form of regrowth, and nine (41%)
      had no regrowth. In the initial three-month double-blind portion of the study,
      minoxidil was not shown to be more effective than placebo. Biopsy specimens from
      eight patients who underwent biopsy prior to treatment, after three months, and
      posttreatment showed no significant change in peribulbar or perivascular
      inflammation. Prominent, new anagen follicles were observed. The 3% topical
      minoxidil was generally well tolerated and skin irritation was minimal. Blood
      pressure monitoring revealed no significant changes in diastolic or systolic
      pressures. Minoxidil is a relatively safe treatment for extensive alopecia areata
      and may be effective in the treatment of some cases of recalcitrant disease.

PMID- 2659204
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy. A review (Part 1 of 2).
AB  - Despite the discovery of thrombolytic agents more than 50 years ago, only
      recently has major interest become evident in their use to treat myocardial
      infarction, venous thromboembolism, and peripheral arterial disease. Use of
      thrombolytic drugs may result in myocardial and limb salvage as well as improved
      survival rates and quality of life for patients affected by potentially
      devastating vascular disease. We review historical highlights, outstanding
      studies, and important aspects of thrombolytic therapy, emphasizing its use in
      peripheral vascular disease.

PMID- 2659205
TI  - Pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia revisited.
AB  - Diseases characterized by pulmonary infiltrates and peripheral eosinophilia have
      been grouped based on a common clinical presentation. Early classification
      schemes viewed these syndromes as a continuum with significant overlap between
      categories. Although understanding of certain of these syndromes has increased,
      this classification system remains a useful framework for identification and
      diagnosis. At present, we cannot predict which patients with isolated lung
      involvement will progress to involvement of other organs. Early diagnosis and
      close follow-up are critical. Corticosteroids are the primary treatment in most
      of these diseases; cytotoxic agents also have a role. The role of the eosinophil
      in the disease process and the syndromes included in the differential diagnosis
      are reviewed. Loeffler's syndrome, eosinophilic pneumonia, the hypereosinophilic
      syndrome, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and
      tropical pulmonary eosinophilia are discussed in detail.

PMID- 2659206
TI  - Pediatric epilepsy syndromes: an overview.

PMID- 2659207
TI  - Epidemiology of epilepsy in children.

PMID- 2659208
TI  - Epilepsy and pregnancy.
AB  - Given the advantages of modern medical management, most pregnant epileptic women
      should experience no significant increase in seizure frequency. With good
      prenatal medical and obstetric care, complications of pregnancy and delivery in
      epileptic women differ little from those in the general population. In any case,
      monotherapy should be employed if possible, and anticonvulsant levels should be
      monitored closely during pregnancy and immediately after delivery. Dosage
      adjustments should be made appropriately. Since such an adjustment will usually
      be made in the second or third trimester, one would not expect it to produce an
      increased number of malformations. Trimethadione should be absolutely avoided and
      valproic acid used only with caution and with monitoring of alpha fetoprotein and
      uterine ultrasound. Although it is true that there is an increased incidence of
      malformations in children of epileptic women (with or without anticonvulsants),
      the great majority of these babies are normal. Vitamin K should be given to the
      mother before delivery, and the newborn should receive 1 mg vitamin K at birth.
      Unless the infant becomes symptomatic, breast feeding should be allowed. If
      seizures occur for the first time during pregnancy, the patient should be
      appropriately evaluated. Status epilepticus in pregnant women calls for
      aggressive and careful treatment. Finally, it should be remembered that oral
      contraceptives, especially the "mini pill," have a higher failure rate in women
      taking anticonvulsants. Discussing this problem with the patient is helpful.

PMID- 2659209
TI  - Initial evaluation and management of the child with seizures.

PMID- 2659211
TI  - Psychosocial issues for children with epilepsy.

PMID- 2659210
TI  - 'Not everything that shakes is epilepsy'. The differential diagnosis of
      paroxysmal nonepileptiform disorders.
AB  - Many infants, children, and adolescents exhibit unusual mannerisms, behaviors,
      and spells. These events cause concern to parents and are frequently brought to
      the attention of physicians. If the spells are infrequent and do not interfere
      with function, no intervention may be necessary. If they are severe and
      recurrent, however, diagnostic evaluation is necessary. This article has reviewed
      the most common spells that can be misdiagnosed as epilepsy by pediatricians.
      Other spells such as head banging, head rolling, body rocking, enuresis,
      nightmares, bruxism, obsessions, compulsions, self-injurious behavior, self
      stimulating behavior, and stereotypies are reviewed elsewhere. Emphasis is placed
      on the importance of a thorough history, a complete general physical and
      neurologic examination, and the judicious use of laboratory testing. The
      diagnostic methodologies currently available, including cardiac evaluation, video
      EEG monitoring, and polysomnography, will frequently result in a specific
      diagnosis, and allow appropriate treatment. In many cases, however, even after
      the above diagnostic tests have been utilized, no diagnosis is forthcoming, but
      reassurance and follow-up can be of help to the young patient and the family.

PMID- 2659212
TI  - Aspects of epileptogenesis: maturation of neuronal circuits.

PMID- 2659213
TI  - Electroencephalography and pediatric epilepsy.

PMID- 2659214
TI  - Sleep and pediatric epilepsy.
AB  - Characteristic of the intimate relationship between sleep and epilepsy are an
      increase in IEA in nonREM sleep and a decrease in REM sleep, in both generalized
      and partial epilepsies. The morphology of epileptiform discharges may also be
      affected by sleep, with a change or breakdown of the generalized pattern in
      generalized epilepsy, but a better definition of sharp waves in partial epilepsy,
      during nonREM sleep. One notes a predilection for certain types of epilepsy to
      occur in sleep, such as benign focal epilepsy of childhood, or to occur shortly
      after awakening (juvenile myoclonic epilepsy). Epilepsy may disrupt the sleep
      architecture with an increase in light sleep and a decrease in deep sleep, and an
      increase in awake time after sleep onset. Sleep is an important activator of IEA
      and is of value both in the routine EEG evaluation of epilepsy as well as in more
      prolonged studies used in epilepsy monitoring units.

PMID- 2659215
TI  - Computer analysis of epileptiform EEG abnormalities.

PMID- 2659216
TI  - The rational use of antiepileptic drugs in children.
AB  - The general rules of antiepileptic drug therapy in children with epilepsy have
      been reviewed. The first step should always consist of making every effort to
      document the diagnosis of epilepsy and to determine the exact type of seizure.
      The choice of the appropriate antiepileptic drug is dictated entirely by the
      seizure type. Once the drug of choice has been selected, it should be given
      alone. If the first drug remains ineffective against the seizures at the highest
      tolerated dose, a second drug should be tried alone. Drug combinations may be
      justified in patients with resistant disease or in patients with multiple seizure
      types. Because of their relatively high metabolic rate, children require high
      dosages of antiepileptic drugs in relation to their body weight. Determining
      blood levels of antiepileptic drugs is particularly important in children, but it
      should be kept in mind that the therapeutic range is a relative concept and that
      it should not be applied blindly.

PMID- 2659217
TI  - Treatment of status epilepticus.

PMID- 2659218
TI  - New antiepileptic drugs.
AB  - In contrast with the situation only a decade ago, a profusion of new potential
      AEDs has been introduced for world-wide clinical testing. Which, if any, of these
      compounds will be added to the physician's armamentarium against epileptic
      seizures is unknown, but the continuing flow of testable compounds augurs well
      for the future.

PMID- 2659219
TI  - Arginine pharmacokinetics in humans assessed with an enzymatic assay adapted to a
      centrifugal analyzer.
AB  - Arginine is used in supra-physiological concentrations as an insulin
      secretagogue, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. To investigate the
      pharmacokinetics of arginine in humans, we have developed a rapid, automated
      assay of arginine in serum, based on our manual enzymatic method (Clin Chim Acta
      1988, 176; 185-94). The limit of linearity of the automated assay was an arginine
      concentration of 3 mmol/L. Within-run CVs for Ortho control sera with added
      arginine were 5.5%, 0.8%, and 0.7% at concentrations of 0.16, 1.30, and 2.50
      mmol/L, respectively. After 30 min of primed continuous infusions with arginine
      at infusion rates of 3, 9, 15, and 21 mg/kg per minute, mean (+/- SEM) arginine
      concentrations in serum from eight volunteers were 1.17 +/- 0.08, 3.44 +/- 0.21,
      6.84 +/- 0.58, and 9.25 +/- 0.39 mmol/L, respectively, well within the range of
      arginine concentrations shown (in vitro) to stimulate insulin secretion.
      Metabolic clearance of arginine was approximately 11 mL/kg body wt per minute.
      For the lowest three infusion rates, the half-life (t1/2) of arginine was
      approximately 15 min and the volume of distribution (Vd) was approximately 290
      mL/kg. At the highest infusion rate, t1/2 was significantly increased (27.3 +/-
      3.1 min), owing to an increased Vd (446 +/- 83 mL/kg).

PMID- 2659220
TI  - Simultaneous determination of serum neopterin and C-reactive protein as markers
      of infection in heart-transplant recipients.

PMID- 2659221
TI  - Multicenter evaluation of the Boehringer Mannheim/Hitachi 717 analysis system.

PMID- 2659222
TI  - Somatotropin as measured by a two-site time-resolved immunofluorometric assay.
AB  - To date, many of the current criteria for diagnosis of somatotropin (growth
      hormone, GH) deficiency have been based upon measurement of this hormone by
      competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) with use of polyclonal antibodies. In recent
      years, however, the development of hybridoma technology has led to the generation
      of various monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to GH with different affinities and
      epitope specificities. Subsequently, these reagents have been used in the
      development of noncompetitive two-site immunometric assays (e.g.,
      immunoradiometric assay; IRMA). In general, the values obtained for serum GH by
      IRMA have been lower than those obtained by RIA, because of the epitope
      specificity profile of the Mabs in the IRMA. Attempting to obtain GH values
      numerically similar to those by RIA, we used a combination of Mabs to GH in
      developing and evaluating a two-site time-resolved immunofluorometric assay
      (IFMA) based on the streptavidin-biotin interaction. Fluorescence is proportional
      to concentration of analyte and is linearly related to concentration over the
      range 0.3 to 40 micrograms/L. The assay was satisfactory with respect to
      sensitivity, accuracy, and precision (CV less than 10% over the entire working
      range). In addition, the concentration of GH was determined by the IFMA and a
      competitive RIA in serum obtained from GH deficient and acromegalic patients. The
      pairing of antibodies in the IFMA gave numerical values that agreed well with
      those by RIA (r = 0.97; n = 100).

PMID- 2659224
TI  - Recent progress in immune responses in gut.

PMID- 2659223
TI  - Development of a confirmatory enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for HIV-1
      antibodies.
AB  - We subcloned six discrete protein-coding regions representing the gag (Kp24 and
      Kp55), env (Kp41, Kp120N, and Kp120CC), and pol (Kp66/31) gene products of the
      human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and expressed them in Escherichia
      coli as fusion proteins with the first 56 residues of galactokinase. An enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay for confirming the presence of HIV-1 antibodies was
      developed by coating the six purified antigens on individual wells of a
      microtiter plate (the HIVAGEN assay). This assay yielded no false-negative
      results and fewer indeterminate results than the Western blot assay for 143
      specimens from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS
      related complex (ARC). Analysis of 1016 specimens from seronegative donors by the
      HIVAGEN assay yielded no false-positive results, and the rate of indeterminate
      results was substantially lower than for the Western blot assay. The HIVAGEN
      assay is well suited for routine confirmation of the presence of HIV-1 antibodies
      because it is objective, quantitative, rapid, precise, and readily automatable.

PMID- 2659225
TI  - Progress in Reye syndrome: epidemiology, biochemical mechanisms and animal
      models.

PMID- 2659226
TI  - Use and misuse of intragastric balloons in the management of obesity. A review.

PMID- 2659227
TI  - DNA methylation in fungi.

PMID- 2659228
TI  - Detection of left atrial myxoma with SPECT cardiac imaging.
AB  - A 69-year-old man with a left atrial myxoma underwent a gated cardiac blood pool
      radionuclide study that failed to visualize the cardiac tumor on either the
      planar images or on the composite cineangiograms from the anterior and 45 degrees
      LAO projections. A nongated cardiac SPECT examination, however, easily
      demonstrated the atrial myxoma in its characteristic location, adjacent to the
      interatrial septum. SPECT dramatically improved the image contrast; provided
      views in transaxial, coronal, and sagittal planes; and allowed direct comparison
      with computed tomography. Gated cardiac SPECT may be expected to provide a more
      accurate analysis of the complex motion and attachment site of these intracardiac
      tumors, as well as a more accurate tumor volume analysis.

PMID- 2659229
TI  - Enlarged left lobe of the liver mistaken for a mass in the splenic region.

PMID- 2659230
TI  - Pelvic hematoma diagnosed on technetium-99m methylene diphosphanate bone imaging.

PMID- 2659231
TI  - Liver-spleen visualization following aerosol lung ventilation with technetium-99m
      DTPA.

PMID- 2659232
TI  - Hepatobiliary and gallium imaging findings in gallbladder perforation: a case
      report and review of the literature.
AB  - Gallbladder perforation is an unusual condition with a high mortality rate. Early
      detection with prompt surgical intervention can increase the survival rate.
      Hepatobiliary imaging using Technetium-99m-labeled iminodiacetic acid has been
      used for the diagnosis of gallbladder perforation. However, the results vary and
      are somewhat confusing. The authors report a case of gallbladder perforation with
      hepatobiliary imaging and an unusual gallium image; review the literature; and
      propose a classification of three different imaging patterns: 1) visualization of
      the gallbladder with bile leakage, 2) nonvisualization of the gallbladder with a
      photopenic fluid collection, and 3) nonvisualization of the gallbladder with bile
      leakage. These patterns may provide pathophysiologic information for surgeon.

PMID- 2659233
TI  - Asymmetric gallbladder contraction following cholecystokinin hepatobiliary
      imaging.
AB  - Three patients are presented with abnormal hepatobiliary images. A slow infusion
      of the terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin caused asymmetric contraction in
      all three. Two of the patients displayed a bilobate appearance of the
      gallbladder. In one of the patients, there were typical changes associated with
      adenomyomatosis by other imaging modalities. The third patient showed good
      contraction of the fundus of the gallbladder but not of the proximal segment. In
      two of the patients, the global ejection fraction was considered to be normal.
      The asymmetrical contraction under the stimulus of cholecystokinin may be an
      important indicator of biliary dysfunction despite a normal ejection fraction.

PMID- 2659234
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of two xanthines and the relation to adenosine antagonism.
AB  - We hypothesize that the hemodynamic effects of xanthine derivatives depend on
      their ability to antagonize the vasodilating effects of endogenous adenosine. In
      a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study of 10 normotensive
      volunteers caffeine, a xanthine with in vitro adenosine antagonistic properties,
      increased mean arterial pressure by 5.6 +/- 0.9 mm Hg and lowered heart rate by
      5.3 +/- 1.1 beats/min. After administration of enprofylline, a xanthine without
      adenosine antagonism, forearm vascular resistance decreased by 5.6 +/- 3.4 IU,
      heart rate increased by 10.6 +/- 2.6 beats/min, and plasma adrenaline, plasma
      noradrenaline, and renin activity increased by 178 +/- 86%, 14 +/- 8%, and 36 +/-
      13%, respectively. Adenosine infusion alone induced a dose-related increase in
      pulse pressure and heart rate, and it increased plasma adrenaline and
      noradrenaline by 186 +/- 77% and 132 +/- 55%, respectively. This response to
      adenosine was reduced by pretreatment with caffeine but not enprofyline. Thus
      opposite circulatory responses to caffeine and enprofylline occurred, with signs
      of vasoconstriction and vasodilation, respectively. In addition, caffeine, but
      not enprofylline, reduced the cardiovascular response to exogenous adenosine.

PMID- 2659235
TI  - A prospective evaluation of optimal sampling theory in the determination of the
      steady-state pharmacokinetics of piperacillin in febrile neutropenic cancer
      patients.
AB  - We examined the use of optimal sampling theory in the determination of the
      pharmacokinetics of piperacillin in febrile, neutropenic cancer patients.
      Patients were studied prospectively as part of a randomized, double-blind
      clinical trial of piperacillin and amikacin versus imipenem and placebo. The
      results from the analysis of 5 optimal samples were compared with those derived
      from 15 concentration determinations (10 samples, with the 5 optimal samples
      assayed in duplicate). The use of a standard least-squares estimator as opposed
      to a bayesian estimator, with normal prior distributions placed on beta and serum
      clearance, was also examined. Finally, the use of duplicate determinations in
      improving the precision of parameter estimation was studied. Plasma
      concentrations obtained at time points determined by optimal sampling theory,
      when analyzed with a bayesian estimator, produced estimates of pharmacokinetic
      parameter values that were in good agreement with those derived from the 15
      determination set. Duplicate assay did not improve the precision of parameter
      estimation. Estimation of plasma clearance was quite robust, irrespective of the
      estimator used, probably because this evaluation was performed at steady state.
      Optimal sampling theory is a promising technique that can be employed to
      determine patient-specific estimates of pharmacokinetic parameter values in
      target populations.

PMID- 2659236
TI  - Proglumide potentiates morphine analgesia for acute postsurgical pain.
AB  - Proglumide, an antagonist of cholecystokinin, has been shown to potentiate
      morphine analgesia in animal and human experimental pain models. This study was
      undertaken to determine whether proglumide enhances morphine analgesia for
      patients experiencing postoperative pain. At onset of pain after the removal of
      impacted third molars, patients (n = 60) received intravenously either 4 mg
      morphine, 8 mg morphine, or 4 mg morphine plus proglumide (0.05, 0.5, or 5 mg).
      The administration of 8 mg morphine significantly reduced pain, in comparison
      with baseline and 4 mg morphine, for the first 30 minutes. The addition of 0.05
      mg proglumide resulted in a significant increase in the magnitude and duration of
      the analgesic activity of 4 mg morphine; 0.5 and 5.0 mg proglumide did not
      produce this effect. No difference was seen in respiratory rate or in the
      frequency of side effects among the various forms of treatment. These data
      indicate that a low dose of proglumide potentiates both the magnitude and the
      duration of morphine analgesia in a clinical model of acute pain, without any
      detectable increase in side effects.

PMID- 2659237
TI  - Informativeness of VNTR genetic markers for detecting chimerism after bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - We tested the feasibility and practicability of using VNTR-type DNA genetic
      markers to identify chimerism in the bone marrow of patients following bone
      marrow transplantation. We selected eight probes which were highly polymorphic
      when hybridized to DNA digested with MspI. In over 50 donor-recipient
      combinations, autoradiograms of Southern blots yielded patterns which allowed
      donor DNA to be distinguished from recipient DNA after an average of two or three
      serial hybridizations. The strong hybridization signal of VNTR probes also made
      it possible to detect as little as 1 per cent DNA in DNA mixing experiments.

PMID- 2659239
TI  - The 29th Base Hospital during World War I.

PMID- 2659238
TI  - The LFA-1 antigen in human B lymphocyte activation.
AB  - Human tonsil B cells include a subpopulation (30 per cent) of cells which lack
      LFA-1 antigen. Activation of tonsil B cells by culture with anti-IgM and
      interleukin-4 led to an increase in staining intensities and in the proportion of
      cells staining, until by 48 h the majority of B cells were positive. Culture of
      activated cells with low-molecular weight B cell growth factor, which induces a
      proportion of cells to proliferate, led to a minor further increase in expression
      of the LFA-1 antigen. Inclusion of a monoclonal antibody against the LFA-1 beta
      chain in culture did not affect either proliferation or immunoglobulin secretion.
      The expression of LFA-1 by B cells thus changes as B cells are activated, perhaps
      reflecting the changing requirements of B cells for interaction with other cells
      and tissue components. On the other hand, our results did not provide any support
      for the idea that the LFA-1 antigen is directly involved in the interaction of B
      cells with lymphokines which control proliferation and differentiation.

PMID- 2659240
TI  - Antimicrobic susceptibility testing. A personal perspective.
AB  - The development of antimicrobic susceptibility testing is outlined with
      particular reference to standardization of procedures and organizational
      developments that have led to substantially improved performance. Special
      problems continue to be posed by increased proportions of opportunistic pathogens
      and newly recognized mechanisms of resistance, and these require updating. The
      role of automated procedures and technical problems in MBC and serum bactericidal
      testing are considered.

PMID- 2659241
TI  - Standardization of antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
AB  - In summary, methods for measuring bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial
      agents in vitro were initially developed with little direction or coordinated
      effort. When a need appeared, most laboratory workers simply devised a method
      that would solve their own immediate problem. That resulted in a chaotic array of
      testing procedures that were being used in different laboratories and most of
      those procedures were not carefully controlled. Standardization of methods being
      used in the United States was brought about under the guidance of Dr. John C.
      Sherris and many others. As a result of the efforts that occurred in the late
      1950s and early 1960s, susceptibility testing in the United States has reached a
      fairly sophisticated level of maturity. The National Committee for Clinical
      Laboratory Standards has accepted the challenge of maintaining the level of
      standardization that we have learned to expect.

PMID- 2659242
TI  - Multicategory interpretive reporting of susceptibility testing with selected
      antimicrobial concentrations. Ten years of laboratory and clinical experience.
AB  - For the last 10 years, the NIH Microbiology Laboratory has been using a broth
      microdilution method to perform antibiotic susceptibility tests. Instead of using
      a continuous twofold dilution series as we had done for the previous 10 years, in
      1978 we introduced a susceptibility panel that utilized a minimal number of
      selected (discontinuous) antimicrobic concentrations. The concentrations selected
      were those thought to be the most clinically relevant, based on known
      pharmacologic properties of each antimicrobic agent, as well as known MIC
      population distributions that we had acquired on 50,000 organisms in the
      preceding years. In addition to using selected concentrations, we also added
      interpretive codes to aid the physician in selecting the best antimicrobic agent
      to use. We had previously only reported quantitative MIC results without
      qualitative interpretations. The present interpretive criteria inform the
      physician not only if the organism is susceptible or resistant but also if
      intramuscular or intravenous doses are needed, if the organism is susceptible to
      an antimicrobic agent but only for lower urinary tract infections, if the
      organism is resistant to penicillin by virtue of penicillinase production, and in
      the case of streptococci, if streptomycin or gentamicin can be expected to show
      synergy when combined with a penicillin. The use of clinically relevant selected
      concentrations combined with clear interpretive criteria has worked well in our
      hospital setting. Physicians are able to understand and utilize the information
      effectively and have found almost no need for exact MICs using a twofold dilution
      series.

PMID- 2659243
TI  - Susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria.
AB  - Development of resistance to antimicrobics that have been considered active
      against clinically significant anaerobes and the rapid introduction of many new
      agents dictate a need for timely susceptibility data. Although the availability
      of published results and information from periodic institutional surveys will
      suffice for most laboratories, some will want to perform day-to-day testing of
      selected current isolates. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
      Standards has published an Approved Standard and a Proposed Guideline for
      Alternative Methods for susceptibility testing of anaerobes. These methods are
      described in detail. The need for further refinement of existing techniques and
      for the establishment of standards for the more practical broth-disk elution and
      microdilution methods is examined.

PMID- 2659244
TI  - Methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci are among the most
      frequent causes of nosocomial infections, in addition to their role in community
      acquired infections. The incidence of resistance to penicillinase-resistant
      penicillins (methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, and the cloxacillins) is steadily
      increasing. These methicillin-resistant staphylococci are usually resistant to
      several classes of antimicrobial agents.

PMID- 2659245
TI  - Progress in standardizing antifungal susceptibility tests.
AB  - In vitro tests of antifungal agents are receiving increasing attention as
      important procedures for the clinical laboratory. As antifungal agents
      proliferate, it will become more and more valuable to have available antifungal
      susceptibility tests to aid in treatment selections based on the specific
      activities of different drugs against a patient's own isolate. Evidence is
      accumulating that in vitro tests can significantly correlate with treatment
      results and thus have the potential to improve patient care. Furthermore,
      concerted efforts are now underway to improve agreement in test results from
      different laboratories. As these activities continue, the availability of
      reliable testing methods for yeasts is likely to occur in the foreseeable future.

PMID- 2659246
TI  - Pathogenic protozoa: an overview of in vitro cultivation and susceptibility to
      chemotherapeutic agents.
AB  - Chemotherapeutic management of many of the important protozoal diseases relies
      upon a relatively small number of compounds, many of which are quite toxic to the
      host. The increasing appearance of organisms resistant to standard therapy
      confounds this problem. The development of new efficacious therapies depends on
      the evaluation of drug activities both in vitro and in vivo. The use of axenic
      cultivation methods and cell culture techniques has greatly aided efforts to
      study drug effects on protozoa in vitro, although standardization of
      susceptibility tests is lacking.

PMID- 2659247
TI  - DNA probes for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
AB  - As DNA probes are used more frequently in the clinical laboratory for the
      detection and identification of pathogens in clinical samples, a means of
      determining the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of those pathogens will be
      required. DNA probes directed to specific resistance determinants offer a
      solution to this problem. Methods of determining the susceptibility of viruses to
      antiviral agents can also be accomplished with DNA probes. This article explores
      the advantages and disadvantages of using hybridization methods for
      susceptibility testing of organisms contained in clinical samples.

PMID- 2659248
TI  - Infectious hazards in the clinical laboratory: a program to protect laboratory
      personnel.
AB  - The increasing risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens in the health care
      setting makes the development of effective infection control programs in the
      laboratory workplace critical. Central to such programs is the concept of
      universal precautions. The program described here relates the level of protection
      or precaution to the potential danger for infection, given the laboratory
      workstation and task which is to be performed. Four Levels of Protection are
      described. Implementation of this program requires that each workstation and
      procedure in each laboratory section be reviewed by the laboratory director and
      supervisory personnel for risk of exposure. Implementation additionally requires
      that provisions be made for both the initial and continuing education of
      laboratory employees. Laboratory directors and supervisors should also monitor
      the program to ensure compliance. There will certainly be situations unique to
      individual institutions or laboratory settings that may require precautions or
      policies over and above those described by universal precautions. Laboratory
      policies will not gain acceptance if they are developed and implemented without
      the advice and cooperation of the hospital medical staff. Employee acceptance of
      infection control policies will be greater if actual development and
      implementation actively involves the laboratory personnel who will practice them.
      The program described here is but one approach to the problem. Employers and
      laboratory directors must understand that it is their responsibility to develop a
      program that provides appropriate safeguards for workers who may be exposed to
      infectious agents in the laboratory workplace and to ensure that employees are
      properly trained and educated in the proper use and application of those
      safeguards.

PMID- 2659249
TI  - Current and potential therapeutic effects of pentoxifylline.

PMID- 2659250
TI  - New concepts in primary fibrositis syndrome.
AB  - PFS is a painful rheumatologic disorder that may be detected by the wary
      clinician attuned to the presence of seven or more tender points. This common
      disorder may be seen at any age, including childhood, and may be associated with
      secondary symptoms of depression and other affective disorders. It may also be
      associated with findings of disturbed sleep, hearing and vestibular
      abnormalities, and profound complaints of fatigue. The vagueness of this latter
      complaint means that PFS must be distinguished from the newly described CEBV
      syndrome. Although the etiology of PFS remains unknown, recent investigations
      suggest that these patients may suffer a disorder with a central nervous system
      component as well as a subtle peripheral tissue lesion. Newer PFS studies
      demonstrate tissue changes that may be consistent with altered microvascular
      permeability and blood flow, tissue hypoxia, and chronic muscle spasm. An
      immunologic abnormality, or even a previously undescribed connective tissue
      disease, may be important as a pathogenic factor in some PFS patients.

PMID- 2659251
TI  - Herpes zoster ophthalmicus.

PMID- 2659252
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging: applications in the brain.

PMID- 2659253
TI  - Pancreas transplantation.

PMID- 2659254
TI  - Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2659255
TI  - Ovarian follicular dynamics in heifers: test of two-wave hypothesis by
      ultrasonically monitoring individual follicles.
AB  - The two-wave hypothesis for follicular development during the bovine estrous
      cycle was tested by ultrasonically monitoring individual follicles in 10 heifers
      during an interovulatory interval. A dominant follicle was defined as one that
      reached a diameter of at least 11 mm. Subordinate follicles were defined as those
      that appeared to originate from the same follicular pool as a dominant follicle.
      A dominant follicle and its cohorts were defined as a wave. Two waves during an
      interovulatory interval were identified in 9 of 10 heifers. The first wave was
      first identified, retrospectively, on a mean of Day 0.2 +/- 0.1 (ovulation = Day
      0) and gave origin to a dominant anovulatory follicle and a mean of 1.4 +/- 0.3
      identified subordinates. The dominant follicle reached maximum diameter (mean,
      15.8 +/- 0.8 mm) on an average of Day 7 and then decreased (P less than .04) by
      Day 11. The subordinate follicles increased in diameter for a few days and then
      regressed. The second wave was first identified on a mean of Day 10.0 +/- 0.4 and
      gave origin to the ovulatory follicle and a mean of 0.9 +/- 0.3 subordinates. One
      of the 10 heifers had 3 waves of follicular activity characterized by an
      anovulatory wave emerging on Day 0, another anovulatory wave emerging on Day 10,
      and an ovulatory wave emerging on Day 16. Results strongly supported the two-wave
      hypothesis but also indicated that a minority of interovulatory intervals in this
      heifer population may have 3 waves of follicular activity.

PMID- 2659256
TI  - Response to metabolic challenges in early lactation dairy cows during treatment
      with bovine somatotropin.
AB  - Milk production is increased in lactating cows treated with bovine somatotropin
      (bST) because a greater portion of absorbed nutrients are partitioned for milk
      synthesis. This homeorhetic action may be caused by alterations in response of
      key tissues to homeostatic signals. To examine this theory, acute metabolic
      challenges were administered to 8 multiparous Holstein cows (61 +/- 2 days
      postpartum) receiving daily subcutaneous injections of pituitary-derived bST
      (26.3 mg) or excipient during two 14-day treatment periods (crossover
      experimental design). Treatment with bST increased milk yield 12%. Feed intake
      did not change so that net energy balance decreased (+ .5 vs. -4.3 Mcal/day).
      Plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were chronically
      elevated in bST-treated cows, consistent with energy balance differences.
      However, baseline concentrations of glucose, insulin, and glucagon in plasma did
      not differ. On the last 3 days of treatment, individual metabolic challenges were
      administered via jugular cannulas: epinephrine (700 ng/kg BW), glucose (250 mg/kg
      BW), insulin (1.0 micrograms/kg BW), and glucagon (175 ng/kg BW). Plasma glucose
      was reduced after the insulin challenge to a lesser extent during bST treatment.
      In bST-treated cows, the increase in plasma NEFA in response to epinephrine was
      greater, and NEFA concentrations were lowered to a greater extent after insulin
      and glucose challenges. Glucose, insulin, and glucagon removal rates were not
      altered, nor was plasma glucose response to epinephrine or glucagon challenges.
      Treatment of lactating cows with bST primarily altered the response of adipose
      tissue to homeostatic signals which affect lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2659257
TI  - Laboratory and clinical applications of monoclonal antibodies for leukemias and
      non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - Important insights into leukocyte differentiation and the cellular origins of
      leukemia and lymphoma have been gained through the use of monoclonal antibodies
      that define cell surface antigens and molecular probes that identify
      immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes. Results of these studies have been
      combined with markers such as surface membrane and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin on
      B lymphocytes, sheep erythrocyte receptors on T lymphocytes, and cytochemical
      stains. After using all of the aforementioned markers, it is now clear that acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is heterogeneous. Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies
      that identify B cells, such as the anti-CD20 and anti-CD19 antibodies in
      combination with studies of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement, have demonstrated
      that virtually all cases of non-T-ALL are malignancies of B-cell origin. At least
      six distinct subgroups of non-T-ALL can now be identified. T-ALL is subdivided by
      the anti-CD7, anti-CD5, and antibodies that separate T lymphocytes subsets into
      three primary subgroups. Monoclonal antibodies are also useful in the
      subclassification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and certain distinct markers can be
      correlated with morphological classification. Although monoclonal antibodies are
      useful in distinguishing acute myeloid from acute lymphoid leukemias, they have
      less certain utility in the subclassification of acute myelogenous leukemia
      (AML). Attempts to subclassify AML by differentiation-associated antigens rather
      than by the French-American-British (FAB) classification are underway in order to
      document the potential prognostic utility of surface markers. Therapeutic trials
      using monoclonal antibodies in leukemia and lymphoma have been reported.
      Intravenous infusion of unlabeled antibodies is the most widely used method;
      transient responses have been demonstrated. Antibodies conjugated to
      radionuclides have been quite successful in localizing tumors of less than 1 cm
      in some studies. Therapy trials with antibodies conjugated to isotopes, toxins,
      and drugs have shown promise. Purging of autologous bone marrow with monoclonal
      antibodies and complement in vitro has been used in ALL and non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma; preliminary data suggest that this approach may be an effective therapy
      and may circumvent many of the obstacles and toxicities associated with in vivo
      monoclonal antibody infusion.

PMID- 2659258
TI  - Catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2659259
TI  - The child with frequent infections.
AB  - In this review, the normal immune system, primary and secondary immunodeficiency
      diseases, and nonimmunologic causes of recurrent infection have been described.
      With this information, any child with frequent infections can be evaluated in a
      sound and logical fashion. The history and physical examination are usually
      sufficient to rule out a significant immunodeficiency. For those in whom that is
      not the case, screening laboratory tests, most of which are readily available in
      hospitals and commercial laboratories, can and should be performed by the primary
      caretaker. These serve conclusively to rule in or rule out an immunodeficiency
      disorder in most patients and to establish the need for referral to an
      immunologist in the rare patient. With a few notable exceptions, the prognosis
      for children with immunodeficiency diseases has improved dramatically in the past
      two decades. This progress, fortunately, is certain to continue as the
      intricacies of the immune system and its genetic basis are gradually unraveled.
      However, the success of these new technologies depends on the ability of the
      primary pediatrician to identify these patients early, before permanent
      structural damage has occurred or a life-threatening viral infection been
      acquired.

PMID- 2659260
TI  - Homograft valves and conduits: applications in cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2659261
TI  - Efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine delivered by oral administration.

PMID- 2659262
TI  - The systemic and mucosal immune response of humans to influenza A virus.

PMID- 2659263
TI  - Overview of the mucosal immune system.

PMID- 2659264
TI  - Rabies oral immunization.

PMID- 2659265
TI  - Induction of the mucosal immune response.

PMID- 2659266
TI  - Prevention of invasive bacterial diseases by immunization with polysaccharide
      protein conjugates.
AB  - Covalent binding of CPS to T cell-dependent carrier proteins to form conjugates
      can be done by clinically acceptable methods. As a component of a conjugate, two
      immunologic properties of CPS are changed: 1) their immunogenicity is increased
      and; 2) reinjection induces a booster response in the young (T cell-dependence).
      Serum antibodies induced by the CPS alone, or as a component of a conjugate, are
      qualitatively similar: the difference between antibodies elicited by the CPS or
      the conjugate is quantitative. A clinical trial with a Hib-DT conjugate showed
      that conjugates could confer immunity in an age group not protected by the CPS
      alone. (table; see text) Induction of serum CPS antibodies confers protection
      against capsulated bacteria in the bloodstream: their role in the interaction of
      these pathogens on the mucous membranes has not been characterized. Preliminary
      in vitro experiments suggest that secretory antibodies to non-capsular structures
      may also exert protective immunity.

PMID- 2659267
TI  - Oral immunization for the prevention of dental diseases.

PMID- 2659268
TI  - Oral immunization against cholera.

PMID- 2659269
TI  - Oral shigella vaccines.

PMID- 2659270
TI  - The enteric immune response to shigella antigens.
AB  - Mucosal immunity to some enteropathogens occurs naturally following infection. By
      learning how to optimize initiation of the mucosal immune response it will be
      possible to develop vaccines against a wide variety of enteropathogens and their
      toxic products. In the past few years, we have examined stimulation of the
      mucosal response to Shigella antigens. We have found that the mucosal memory
      response to Shigella LPS can be stimulated by oral immunization with live, but
      not with killed Shigella. This primes specific B lymphocytes which, following
      rechallenge, quickly migrate from the Peyer's patches to mesenteric lymph nodes,
      the spleen, and back to the Peyer's patches. We have found that the uptake of S.
      flexneri is the initial step in developing a mucosal immune response to Shigella.
      Whereas there is little difference between the initial uptake of virulent and
      avirulent bacteria by M cells, pathogenic strains of Shigella are able to
      replicate following their uptake by the specialized M cells located in the
      follicle-associated epithelium of the gut. This likely serves as the source of
      the ulcerative lesions found in dysentery. Lastly, we have detected a vigorous
      secretory IgA response to Shiga toxin. The titer of IgA activity to Shiga toxin
      from these loop secretions correlated well with the ability to prevent Shiga
      toxin cytotoxin effects in vitro. The extremely vigorous mucosal immune response
      to Shiga toxin makes this an attractive alternative to cholera toxin to
      potentiate the secretory IgA immune response.

PMID- 2659271
TI  - Immune response to oral Salmonella vaccines.

PMID- 2659272
TI  - Cholera toxin and its subunits as potential oral adjuvants.
AB  - Cholera toxin has been shown to have adjuvant effects in multiple different
      systems. The dose, timing and genetic background of the recipient all seem to be
      important variables. The role of the two subunits in both the immunogenicity and
      the adjuvanticity of this molecule remain unclear. The mechanisms of the adjuvant
      effect likely involves effects on regulatory T cells; there is evidence that the
      adjuvant effect is due at least in part to inhibition of suppressor T cells. When
      KLH is used as a model antigen, the adjuvanticity of cholera toxin appears to be
      related to its immunogenicity in that both properties occur mainly in mouse
      strains that are high responders to cholera toxin. The genetic engineering of
      chimeric neoantigens consisting of cholera toxin subunits coupled to antigens of
      interest has been shown to be technically possible and is an attractive future
      approach for the generation of effective oral vaccines.

PMID- 2659273
TI  - Oral immunization: past and present.

PMID- 2659274
TI  - Selective delivery of antigens by recombinant bacteria.
AB  - The means to attenuate Salmonella and to endow such avirulent strains with the
      ability to express colonization and virulence antigens from other pathogens has
      achieved considerable progress during the past several years. One can therefore
      begin to design and construct strains with specificity to a given animal host and
      to express in a defined way specific colonization and virulence antigens in a
      manner to stimulate long-lasting immunity to the Salmonella and to the pathogen
      supplying the genetic information for the colonization and virulence antigens.
      Since most pathogens colonize on or invade through mucosal surfaces, the use of
      recombinant bivalent Salmonella vaccine strains to stimulate a mucosal immune
      response would induce the development of a first line of defense against a
      diversity of pathogens. Mucosal immunity should therefore reduce contagious
      spread of many pathogens since the dose to overcome the mucosal immune barrier
      would be increased to result in a diminished likelihood of infection. The fact
      that the recombinant Salmonella vaccine strains also induce humoral and cellular
      immune responses justifies their use for induction of long-lasting immunity.
      Although considerable progress has been made in targeting antigens to the GALT by
      use of avirulent Salmonella, a similar strategy for delivery of antigens to the
      BALT has yet to be discovered and developed. In addition to constituting a system
      for induction of immunity against a diversity of pathogens, the recombinant
      avirulent Salmonella system should provide a means to explore parameters of the
      mucosal immune response. This would include investigation of the location and
      duration of memory, the age dependence of induction of mucosal immunity, and the
      means for the possible induction of oral tolerance with regard to either the
      mucosal or humoral response to an antigen expressed by the recombinant
      Salmonella. It is also possible to contemplate using the avirulent Salmonella to
      target expression of various modulators of the immune system such as interleukin
      2 and interferon-gamma to the GALT and thus further enhance the immune response.
      Lastly, one can introduce into avirulent Salmonella strains genes for putative
      colonization antigens in order to investigate whether induction of an immune
      response against the putative colonization antigen does or does not interfere
      with infection. This system, therefore, permits another means to analyze the
      relative importance of various bacterial surface attributes in conferring
      pathogenicity to the microbe.

PMID- 2659275
TI  - Liposomes as oral adjuvants.
AB  - In this brief review, emphasis was placed on the effectiveness of liposomes as
      carriers/vehicles of soluble antigens and as adjuvants for mucosal responses when
      used as oral vaccines. Evidence was provided that oral administration of antigen
      in liposomes resulted in an augmented mucosal response, compared to the response
      obtained when the oral vaccine consisted of antigen alone. Specific mucosal
      responses were further enhanced by the use of lipophilic MDP in the
      antigen/liposome vaccines. In order to better understand the properties of
      liposomes important for their functional activities, a rapid and reproducible
      method employing flow cytometry was described which can be conveniently used for
      the characterization of liposome preparations. Finally, evidence was presented
      which further supports the potential of recombinant DNA techniques in developing
      effective and safe oral vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases.

PMID- 2659276
TI  - Oral immunization and secretory immunity to viruses.

PMID- 2659277
TI  - Oral immunization with influenza virus: experimental and clinical studies.

PMID- 2659278
TI  - The ets family of genes: molecular biology and functional implications.

PMID- 2659279
TI  - Adhesive defects in chronic myeloid leukemia.

PMID- 2659280
TI  - Chromosomal abnormalities in myeloid hematologic malignancies.

PMID- 2659281
TI  - The pathology of murine myelogenous leukemias.
AB  - Murine myelogenous leukemias can be classified into several distinct subgroups
      based on morphology, cytochemical staining, and immunoreactivity. The leukemias
      invariably involve the spleen and the extent of infiltration into other tissues
      is variable. The myelogenous nature of the leukemia is readily apparent in well
      differentiated leukemias on the basis of morphology; with poorly differentiated
      leukemias, positive staining with chloroacetate esterase, nonspecific esterase,
      and certain monoclonal antibodies such as Mac-1, is helpful to establish
      myelogenous differentiation. Subgrouping of myelogenous leukemias depends on the
      presence or absence of monocytic differentiation, as ascertained by staining with
      Mac-2, electron microscopy or phagocytosis. Leukemias showing no monocytic
      differentiation can be classified as myeloblastic, corresponding to the FAB M1
      and M2 subtypes in humans. Leukemias exhibiting both monocytic and granulocytic
      features are myelomonocytic, corresponding to the FAB M4 subtype. Tumors with
      only monocyte differentiation arise primarily as solid tumors in mice, and a
      leukemic phase is variable.

PMID- 2659282
TI  - Radiation induced deletion of chromosome 2 in myeloid leukemogenesis.

PMID- 2659283
TI  - Alternate forms of myb: consequences of virus insertion in myeloid tumorigenesis
      and alternative splicing in normal development.

PMID- 2659284
TI  - Retrovirus-induced tumors whose development is facilitated by a chronic immune
      response: a comparison of two tumors committed to the monocytic lineage.

PMID- 2659285
TI  - Studies of secondary transforming events in murine c-myc retrovirus-induced
      monocyte tumors.

PMID- 2659286
TI  - Analysis of the leukemogenic properties of the bcr-v-abl and GM-CSF genes using a
      new retroviral vector.

PMID- 2659287
TI  - Bullous amyloidosis.
AB  - Amyloidosis may present with involvement of a variety of organ systems. Cutaneous
      involvement is a relatively common finding in patients with systemic amyloidosis.
      The occurrence of bullous skin lesions, however, is rare; only a few such cases
      have been previously reported. We describe a patient who presented with a
      subepidermal bullous skin disease initially thought to be bullous pemphigoid
      based on both clinical and histologic appearances. The patient subsequently
      developed the nephrotic syndrome. Biopsy specimens of the skin and kidney showed
      involvement of both organs with amyloid, and amyloid was later found in the
      spleen, heart, and nervous system. No subsequent evidence of myeloma was found in
      this patient. The clinical, histopathologic, immunofluorescent, and electron
      microscopic findings of systemic amyloidosis are discussed.

PMID- 2659288
TI  - A multicenter comparative trial of aztreonam in the treatment of gram-negative
      infections in compromised intensive-care patients.
AB  - A multicenter comparative trial was conducted in 4 university hospitals to
      evaluate the efficacy of aztreonam, a new monobactam antibiotic. All patients
      enrolled in the study were admitted to the intensive-care unit with severe
      underlying conditions. A total of 167 infections were documented in 157 patients
      (78 pneumonia, 26 urinary tract infection, 23 peritonitis, and 40 septicemia).
      The study was performed in 2 phases. In phase 1, 49 patients receiving aztreonam
      were compared with 26 receiving amikacin. These two drugs were administered as
      the sole coverage against gram-negative bacilli. In phase 2, 48 patients treated
      with aztreonam were compared with 34 who received a synergistic combination of
      amikacin and a broad-spectrum beta-lactam. The results suggest that aztreonam can
      be used as monotherapy in the treatment of systemic gram-negative infections with
      an efficacy comparable with that of standard antimicrobial therapy. Aztreonam is
      probably more effective than amikacin in treating respiratory tract infections
      and it is at least as effective as a beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combination. An
      adequate standard dosage of aztreonam could be established as 3-4 g/day in
      compromised patients, and it should be combined with gram-positive coverage when
      used empirically.

PMID- 2659289
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy of the combination of aztreonam with cefotaxime in the
      treatment of severe nosocomial pneumonia. Comparative study against amikacin
      combined with cefotaxime.
AB  - The combination aztreonam + cefotaxime (AZ + CE) was compared to amikacin +
      cefotaxime (AM + CE) in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia acquired at the
      intensive-care unit. This study included a total of 33 patients fulfilling
      criteria for nosocomial pneumonia. 16 of them were randomly allocated to the AZ +
      CE group and 17 to the AM + CE group. The empirical treatment was effective for
      78% of AZ + CE cases and 92% of AM + CE cases (p = NS). Clinical care was
      observed in 77% of cases (10 out of 13 evaluable) in the AZ group and in 75% of
      the group treated with AM (12 cases out of 16 evaluable; p = NS). In the
      evaluable cases, treatment failure was associated with injections due to the
      following organisms: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (1) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      (1) in the AZ group and A. calcoaceticus (1) in the AM group. Superinfections
      were observed only in the AM group P. aeruginosa. A. calcoaceticus, Streptococcus
      viridans, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Serratia marcescens. Both
      the peak and through serum concentrations of AZ and AM were maintained within
      normal ranges. Finally, an impairment of renal tubular function was observed in
      the group of patients treated with AM, as measured by urinary levels of N-acetyl
      beta-D-glucosaminidase and leucine aminopeptidase sequentially during the
      treatment. These changes in renal functions alterations mentioned were not
      observed in the AZ group. It is concluded that the AZ + CE combination is an
      effective empirical and active antibiotic treatment against severe nosocomial
      pneumonia. Aztreonam has no renal toxicity, which is an advantage to take into
      account in patients with altered renal function.

PMID- 2659290
TI  - Comparison of aztreonam plus clindamycin with tobramycin plus clindamycin in the
      treatment of intra-abdominal infections.
AB  - The activity of aztreonam (a beta-lactam antibiotic with specific activity
      against gram-negative bacteria) was evaluated and compared with that of
      tobramycin in hospitalized patients with severe intra-abdominal infections due to
      gram-negative pathogens, either alone or in association with other bacteria. Of a
      total study population of 156 patients, 76 were assigned to treatment with
      aztreonam + clindamycin, and the remaining 80 were treated with tobramycin +
      clindamycin. Patients underwent a variety of surgical procedures involving the
      peritoneal cavity. The final clinical evaluation revealed similar percentages of
      satisfactory results: 86.8% for the patients in the aztreonam-treated group and
      86.2% for the tobramycin-treated patients. Among the patients who had a poor
      therapeutic result, gram-negative bacteria, either alone or associated with gram
      positive pathogens, were considered responsible for 50% of the infections in the
      aztreonam group; the percentage increased to 82% among those treated with
      tobramycin. The incidence of side effects and laboratory alterations was not
      significant and was similar in both groups. The results of this study suggest
      that aztreonam may be an effective and safe drug for the treatment of bacterial
      infections due to gram-negative pathogens.

PMID- 2659291
TI  - Multicenter study of aztreonam in the prophylaxis of colorectal, gynecologic and
      urologic surgery.
AB  - The preliminary results of four multicenter, comparative protocols on the
      efficacy and safety of aztreonam are discussed. This monobactam antibiotic was
      used as short-term prophylaxis in patients undergoing colorectal, gynecologic or
      urologic surgery. When compared with gentamicin in a group of 295 patients
      undergoing colorectal surgery, aztreonam significantly reduced the incidence of
      abdominal wound infection (p less than 0.025); it also reduced the incidence of
      perineal wound and intra-abdominal infections, although these differences were
      not statistically significant. In patients undergoing abdominal and vaginal
      hysterectomy, aztreonam was compared with cefotaxime (both combined with
      clindamycin) in 170 and 142 patients, respectively. No difference in the
      incidence of infection was found between the two treatment regimens. In the 175
      patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate, aztreonam was
      compared with placebo. The prophylactic regimen significantly reduced the number
      of urinary tract infections (p less than or equal to 0.0001). Its efficacy was
      particularly evident during the first 10 postoperative days. Side effects
      experienced by patients taking aztreonam were minor and similar in all three
      treatment groups studied. Aztreonam (alone or combined with clindamycin) offers a
      new and efficacious alternative to the standard antibiotic regimens currently
      used prophylactically in the high-risk postoperative patient.

PMID- 2659292
TI  - Comparative in vitro antibacterial activity of aztreonam against clinical
      isolates of gram-negative bacteria.
AB  - The in vitro antibacterial activity of aztreonam was compared with that of
      cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, latamoxef, and ticarcillin
      against 140 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria. The activity of
      aztreonam against Enterobacteriaceae is similar to that of cefotaxime and
      ceftazidime but greater than that of gentamicin, latamoxef, and ticarcillin. The
      90% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of most of these isolates ranges
      between 0.8 and 1.6 micrograms/ml. The activity of aztreonam against Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa is similar to that of cefotaxime and cefoperazone, more active than
      that of latamoxef, and less active than that of ceftazidime. The minimum
      bactericidal concentration of aztreonam is equal to or twice the MIC for most
      strains tested. Time-kill studies of selected strains demonstrated rapid killing
      when they were exposed to 2-4 times the MIC of aztreonam. The selective spectrum
      of action of aztreonam makes this drug a useful agent in the therapy of a variety
      of gram-negative infections.

PMID- 2659293
TI  - Multicenter comparative study of aztreonam and gentamicin in the treatment of
      renal and urinary tract infections.
AB  - A multicenter comparative study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of
      aztreonam and gentamicin in 186 patients with symptomatic renal or urinary tract
      infections. Patients were divided randomly into two groups: 94 patients received
      aztreonam 1 g/day intramuscularly and 92 patients received gentamicin 80 mg i.m.
      twice daily. The clinical and microbiologic results found a single daily dose of
      aztreonam to be more effective than gentamicin b.i.d. Furthermore, no evidence of
      side effects was seen with aztreonam. Such results are generally thought to
      ensure better compliance in outpatients.

PMID- 2659294
TI  - Aztreonam in the treatment of urinary tract infections: a multicenter trial.
AB  - A multicenter trial involving several urologic units in Italy provided pooled
      data on 1,427 patients with urinary tract infections to evaluate the efficacy and
      safety of aztreonam, a new monobactam antibiotic. Microbiologic and clinical data
      were collected methodically in all cases. A majority of the patients (79.9%) were
      hospitalized during the study period, an associated pathology was noted in 29.1%,
      and 16.7% were receiving additional therapy. Aztreonam was administered by
      different routes and in different dosages according to the severity of the
      pathology. At the end of treatment, 93.6% of the patients showed a positive
      microbiologic response. Eradication percentages of the 6 main pathogens
      determined from cultures taken within the seventh day after the end of treatment
      were as follows: 93.9% for Escherichia coli (n = 415), 86.3% for Pseudomonas sp.
      (n = 207), 91.6% for Proteus sp. (n = 192), 89.8% for Providencia sp. (n = 59),
      96.2% for Klebsiella sp. (n = 56), and 98.1% for Serratia sp. (n = 56). Aztreonam
      was well tolerated. Of the 1,427 patients evaluated for safety, only 54 (3.8%)
      reported 55 adverse reactions, necessitating the withdrawal of therapy in 5
      (0.2%) instances.

PMID- 2659295
TI  - Comparative study of aztreonam in gram-negative pneumonia versus a therapeutic
      regimen that includes an aminoglycoside. Spanish Study Group.
AB  - Gram-negative pneumonia is a frequent complication in hospitalized patients,
      particularly in those with diminished defenses. The severity of the infections
      makes it necessary to start immediately an empirical antimicrobial therapy that
      usually combines a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic with an aminoglycoside
      (AMG), despite the potential toxicity of this regimen. We have compared the
      efficacy of a new beta-lactam antibiotic, aztreonam, which shows both a specific
      spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacteria and a very good diffusion
      into pulmonary tissue, with that of another antibiotic regimen including an AMG.
      Of a total of 69 patients, 43 were treated with aztreonam and the remaining
      patients with an AMG. Both groups were comparable with respect to the severity of
      infection and underlying pathology. Clinical efficacy was similar in the two
      regimens (81% aztreonam, 62% AMG). However, antimicrobial efficacy was superior
      in the aztreonam group (88% aztreonam, 65% AMG), although differences disappeared
      in patients treated with the combination amikacin + cefotaxime or ticarcillin in
      the AMG group. Colonization/superinfection was also similar in both groups,
      although the selection of gram-negative bacteria occurred more frequently in the
      AMG group. Our results suggest that aztreonam, in monotherapy, may be a useful
      alternative for the treatment of gram-negative pneumonia.

PMID- 2659296
TI  - A comparative analysis of aztreonam + clindamycin versus tobramycin + clindamycin
      or amikacin + mezlocillin in the treatment of gram-negative lower respiratory
      tract infections.
AB  - One hundred ten patients were randomized to receive one of the following
      antibiotic combinations: aztreonam + clindamycin, tobramycin + clindamycin, or
      amikacin + mezlocillin for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections
      (LRTI) caused by gram-negative bacilli. Of the 68 patients who received aztreonam
      + clindamycin, 60 were clinically evaluable and 50 were bacteriologically
      evaluable. Of the 60 clinically evaluable patients, 54 were cured and 5 were
      treatment failures or died during the study period. Of the 50 bacteriologically
      evaluable patients, 46 were cured and 3 failed to respond to therapy. Of the 26
      clinically evaluable patients in the tobramycin + clindamycin group, 22 were
      cured and 4 either failed to respond or died during the study period. Of 18
      bacteriologically evaluable patients in this group, 16 were cured and 2 failed to
      respond. In the amikacin + mezlocillin group, 14 of the 15 clinically and
      bacteriologically evaluable patients were cured, and 1 failed to respond. The
      most commonly isolated pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,
      and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The very few adverse drug reactions that were seen
      were transient and comparable in all three groups except for renal function
      parameters, which deteriorated in 6-8% of patients receiving the aminoglycoside
      combination. All three antibiotic combinations were similar in effectiveness and
      safety.

PMID- 2659297
TI  - [Chlorination of piped water supplies in large cities of China].
AB  - 151 tap waters in 140 Chinese larger cities were investigated. In North China,
      under-ground waters were 47 out of 69; in South China, surface waters were 74 out
      of 82. Disinfection with liquid chlorine was the main treatment process (about
      125 tap waters). In general, pollution of the raw waters in the South were higher
      than that in the North; in the surface waters were higher than that in the under
      ground waters. It was the same with the amount of chlorine demand during
      chlorination. The average amount of chlorine added into the tap waters was
      2.12mg/L, their average demand of chlorine was 1.43mg/L, and the average amount
      of residual chlorine was 0.68mg/L. The amount of chlorine demand during
      chlorination of the tap waters was markedly affected by the amount of NH+4(N),
      NO2- (N) or chemical oxygen demand in them, but not affected by the
      microorganisms in them. No sample of the tap waters contained more than 3/L
      coliform groups and 100/L bacterial total counts, when their residual chlorine
      was higher than 0.3mg/L.

PMID- 2659298
TI  - [Occupational hazards in the wood manufacturing industry].

PMID- 2659299
TI  - Total contact casting in treatment of diabetic plantar ulcers. Controlled
      clinical trial.
AB  - This study compared the treatment of total contact casting (TCC) with traditional
      dressing treatment (TDT) in the management of diabetic plantar ulcers. Forty
      patients with diabetes mellitus and a plantar ulcer but with no gross infection,
      osteomyelitis, or gangrene were randomly assigned to the TCC group (n = 21) or
      TDT group (n = 19). Age, sex, ratio of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, duration of diabetes mellitus, vascular
      status, size and duration of ulcer, and sensation were not significantly
      different between groups (P greater than .05). In the experimental group, TCC was
      applied on the initial visit, and subjects were instructed to limit ambulation to
      approximately 33% of their usual activity. Subjects in the control group were
      prescribed dressing changes and accommodative footwear and were instructed to
      avoid bearing weight on the involved extremity. Ulcers were considered healed if
      they showed complete skin closure with no drainage. Ulcers were considered not
      healed if they showed no decrease in size by 6 wk or if infection developed that
      required hospitalization. In the TCC group, 19 of 21 ulcers healed in 42 +/- 29
      days; in the TDT group, 6 of 19 ulcers healed in 65 +/- 29 days. Significantly
      more ulcers healed (chi 2 = 12.4, P less than .05) and fewer infections developed
      (chi 2 = 4.1, P less than .05) in the TCC group. We conclude TCC is a successful
      method of treating diabetic plantar ulcers but requires careful application,
      close follow-up, and patient compliance with scheduled appointments to minimize
      complications.

PMID- 2659300
TI  - Effect of age on systemic delivery of oral glucose in men.
AB  - This study examined the effect of age on the posthepatic delivery of oral glucose
      (PHDG) during steady-state conditions. We used an intravenous-oral modification
      of the euglycemic insulin-clamp technique to assess PHDG in six men aged 24-39 yr
      (young) and eight men aged 65-83 yr (old). Each subject underwent two studies in
      which insulin was infused at 120 mU.m-2.min-1 for 3 h, and either oral glucose
      (45 g) or water was given 60 min after initiating insulin. This level of insulin
      infusion is known to fully suppress hepatic glucose output. For each subject,
      PHDG was calculated as the difference between the whole-body glucose disposal
      rates in the paired studies. The time course of PHDG differed in the two groups
      (P less than .0001), with an overall delay in PHDG in the older men. During the
      1st h, younger men showed a greater PHDG (58.6 +/- 3.8% of the oral load vs. 45.1
      +/- 4.2%) than the older group (P = .04). During the 2nd h, PHDG was less in the
      younger group (20.7 +/- 4.9%) than the older group (36.6 +/- 3.9%, P = .02). Over
      the 2-h period, total PHDG was comparable in younger (79.3 +/- 7.4%) and older
      (81.7 +/- 7.9%) men. These results indicate that normal aging is associated with
      significantly delayed but overall equal PHDG in men, consistent with the greater
      effect of age on 2-h rather than earlier postprandial glucose levels. It
      reinforces the role of impaired peripheral utilization as the primary mechanism
      of the glucose intolerance of aging.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659301
TI  - Systematic approach to diagnosis and management of biphasic insulin allergy with
      local anti-inflammatory agents.
AB  - In this report, we present a patient with a rarely encountered form of biphasic
      insulin allergy refractory to a conventional desensitization procedure. We
      describe a systematic approach to this clinical problem with a set of insulin
      preparations containing antihistamine and/or corticosteroid to verify the type of
      hypersensitivity reaction and identify treatment options. The approach taken here
      may be of use for patients with similar conditions who require insulin for
      adequate diabetic management but who would otherwise be forced to discontinue
      insulin because of allergic reactions.

PMID- 2659302
TI  - Effect of sucrose-containing snacks on blood glucose control.
AB  - To determine whether ingestion of sucrose-containing snacks would affect blood
      glucose (BG) control, 16 subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      participated in a 5-day double-blind study at a diabetes camp. Eight subjects in
      the sucrose group ate sucrose-sweetened snacks twice a day, and 8 subjects in the
      control group ingested snacks that were sweetened with aspartame. The percentage
      of total daily calories derived from added sucrose was 7% for the sucrose group
      and 1% for the control group. Metabolic control was assessed by daily capillary
      BG measurements obtained before meals and the bedtime snack and by determination
      of serum fructosamine (F) concentrations on arrival at camp (day 0) and after 5
      days on the study protocol (day 5). No significant difference was seen between
      the groups on day 0 (sucrose group [mean +/- SD]: BG 9.9 +/- 3.6 mM, F 3.54 +/-
      0.38 mM; control group: BG 9.1 +/- 2.8 mM, F 3.74 +/- 0.71 mM) or day 5 (sucrose
      group: BG 8.8 +/- 2.6 mM, F 2.94 +/- 0.32 mM; control group: BG 7.4 +/- 2.8 mM, F
      2.92 +/- 0.59 mM). We conclude that ingestion of sucrose, added to snacks in an
      amount up to 7% of total energy intake, does not adversely affect short-term BG
      control.

PMID- 2659303
TI  - Effect of raising injection-site skin temperature on isophane (NPH) insulin
      crystal dissociation.
AB  - In eight healthy subjects, skin temperature at the injection site was raised from
      mean +/- SD 31.7 +/- 0.5 to 40.8 +/- 0.9 degrees C 180 min after injection of
      0.25 U/kg isophane (NPH; Human Insulatard) insulin and maintained for 180 min. On
      the control day, skin temperature was kept constant. On warming of the injection
      site, serum insulin concentration rose from mean +/- SE 14.4 +/- 2.5 to 17.7 +/-
      3.1 mU/L after 40 min (P less than .01) but did not change on the control day
      over the same period. The change in insulin concentration from the prewarming
      hour was higher on the warming day than control day in the 1st h (123 +/- 8 vs.
      93 +/- 7%, P less than .01), 2nd h (115 +/- 14 vs. 83 +/- 9%, P less than .05),
      and 3rd h (113 +/- 17 vs. 80 +/- 10%, P less than .05) of warming, providing
      evidence for both early increased absorption of the free-insulin pool surrounding
      the protamine-insulin complexes and continuing increased dissociation of the
      complexes.

PMID- 2659304
TI  - Pregnancy as environmental factor precipitating IDDM.

PMID- 2659305
TI  - [Compensating for experimental diabetes in rats by transplantation of the fetal
      pancreas into the anterior eye chamber].

PMID- 2659306
TI  - [Erythropoietin].

PMID- 2659307
TI  - [Is asymptomatic hyperuricemia in kidney-failure patients in need of therapy?].

PMID- 2659308
TI  - Hyperglucagonemia of insulin autoimmune syndrome induced by methimazole in a
      patient with Graves' disease.
AB  - A 47-year-old man with Graves' disease suffered from a feeling of hunger and
      sweating in the night, polyarthralgia and fever one month after the start of
      treatment with methimazole. The above symptoms were ascribed to the side effects
      of methimazole; insulin autoimmune syndrome and lupus-like syndrome. The change
      in the antithyroid drug to propylthiouracil caused an amelioration of the
      symptoms. In addition to an anti-insulin antibody with a high binding capacity,
      hyperglucagonemia (260 pg/ml with a plasma glucose level of 61 mg/dl) was
      observed, which returned to normal in parallel with the decrease in the insulin
      binding capacity of the plasma one month after beginning the treatment with
      propylthiouracil. A normal decrease in the plasma glucagon level due to exogenous
      insulin (2 mU/kg/min) was observed with the euglycemic clamp. However, the plasma
      glucagon level was not suppressed by the oral glucose loading and elicited a poor
      response to the arginine infusion. Taking previous reports into account, this
      basal hyperglucagonemia seems to be a characteristic finding in the insulin
      autoimmune syndrome, while a sluggish response of glucagon to oral glucose or
      arginine infusion might be ascribed to hyperthyroidism. This is the first case
      report concerning a kinetical study of the glucagon secretion in insulin
      autoimmune syndrome with Graves' disease.

PMID- 2659309
TI  - Functioning parathyroid lipoadenoma--report of four cases: clinicopathological
      and ultrasonographic features.
AB  - Functioning parathyroid lipoadenoma (hamartoma) composed of abundant adipose or
      myxomatous stroma and epithelial cell nests is an unusual cause of primary
      hyperparathyroidism. We report herein four new cases. None of them belongs in the
      category of multiple endocrine neoplasia or familial hyperparathyroidism. The
      clinical manifestations and the laboratory findings are indistinguishable from
      those of the usual forms of primary hyperparathyroidism. Ultrasonography of the
      neck demonstrated an enlarged parathyroid gland as a hyperechoic mass in the two
      patients tested. At operation in each case, a single enlarged gland was found and
      resected, the weight being 3, 0.3, 0.45 and 1 g, respectively. The patients are
      normocalcemic 1 to 10 years after surgery. Pathological examination disclosed
      that the lesions were consistent with lipoadenoma or its variants. On reviewing
      20 cases of functioning lipoadenoma which were reported in the literature,
      including the present cases, we found that the size of the tumors varied and a
      functioning lipoadenoma is hence by no means unusually large as previously
      reported. Without knowledge of this specific clinicopathologic entity, the lesion
      may be overlooked at the preoperative localization study and misdiagnosed as a
      normal or hyperplastic parathyroid.

PMID- 2659310
TI  - Plasma aldosterone level in a female case of pseudohyperaldosteronism (Liddle's
      syndrome).
AB  - A 22-yr-old female suffering from hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis and
      suppressed plasma renin activity was studied. The plasma aldosterone
      concentration (PAC) ranged between subnormal and normal levels while the other
      adrenal mineralocorticoids were normal. Examinations through computed tomography
      and ultrasonography showed no abnormal findings. For differential diagnosis,
      dexamethasone, spironolactone and triamterene were administered. Triamterene
      alone corrected the abnormalities in this case, and the therapeutic effect was
      further enhanced by sodium restriction. Therefore, the present case is strongly
      suggested to be one of Liddle's syndrome, which is characterized by a primary
      defect in renal tubular sodium handling and can be corrected with triamterene.
      However, the patient in our study is different from the first reported case in
      which aldosterone secretion was estimated to be low. Analysis of the changes in
      PAC has shown that PAC is parallel with the level of plasma progesterone in
      accordance with the rhythm of the menstrual cycle and, in the follicular phase,
      PAC is rather low. It is concluded that the patient was suffering from Liddle's
      syndrome, and it is assumed that PAC is not always subnormal and, as same as in
      normal females, PAC may change in accordance with the rhythm of the menstrual
      cycle in a female case of Liddle's syndrome.

PMID- 2659311
TI  - Characterization of the inhibition effect induced by nickel on glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase.
AB  - Kinetic characterization of the inhibition effect of nickel on glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) (G-6-PD) and glutathione reductase (GR; EC
      1.6.4.2) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was made. The effect of nickel on G-6-PD
      activity is consistent with a mixed-type inhibition pattern, with a competitive
      character, since the inequality ki,int greater than ki,slope shows an inverse
      relation between varied substrate concentrations and fractional inhibition. An
      inhibition effect of nickel on GR activity, when NADPH is the varied substrate,
      is also consistent with a mixed-type inhibition pattern. However, pure
      competitive inhibition is found on GR reaction when oxidized glutathione is the
      varied substrate. This investigation shows the highest sensibility of GR before
      the inhibitory effect of nickel, in agreement with the experimental values of
      inhibition constants found in this study, where constants related to the GR
      system are lower than the ones of the G-6-PD system.

PMID- 2659312
TI  - The Kingston project. I. Growth of malnourished children during rehabilitation in
      the community, given a high energy supplement.
AB  - Moderate and severely malnourished children referred from public health clinics
      in Kingston, Jamaica, to a metabolic ward were treated at home for 6 months using
      community health aides and standard health care similar to that offered by the
      local health service. A randomly selected subgroup of these children received in
      addition a daily high energy food supplement of 3.31 MJ for the first 3 months of
      the 6-month intervention period. Both groups received full nutritional and
      medical surveillance and care. The supplemented gained significantly more in
      weight than the unsupplemented children, but the advantage was lost once
      supplementation ceased. They also gained significantly more in length and this
      gain was maintained at the end of the intervention period. However, this increase
      in length, without continuing superior weight gain, left the supplemented
      children significantly more wasted than the unsupplemented, as measured by a body
      mass index (weight divided by height squared). These findings remained stable
      after interactions with morbidity measures had been taken into account. It is
      concluded that (1) high-energy supplementation assists rehabilitation of
      malnourished children brought to public health service clinics and treated in the
      community, and (2) supplementation should be continued until there is catch-up
      growth to within an acceptable distance from expected length for age.

PMID- 2659313
TI  - Dietary intake and other determinants of blood vitamins in an elderly population.
AB  - The relationships of diet, plasma lipids, age, gender, ponderal index, cigarette
      and alcohol consumption, drug use and infections to blood concentrations of
      retinol, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and vitamins B1, B2, B6
      status were studied among 291 men and women aged 60-82 years. Statistically
      significant correlations between dietary intake and blood indicator levels were
      found respectively for beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, vitamins
      B2 and B6, but not for retinol and thiamin, when the effects of other parameters
      were controlled. The main other determinants were cigarette consumption which had
      a negative effect on status for retinol, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol,
      ascorbic acid and vitamin B2; alcohol consumption for retinol, vitamin B6
      (positive effect on status) and beta-carotene (decrease of plasma level); plasma
      lipids and use of hypolipaemic drugs for fat-soluble vitamins; ponderal index for
      beta-carotene and vitamin B6; gender and use of antibiotics for ascorbic acid.
      The apparent relation between gender and level of retinol, beta-carotene, alpha
      tocopherol and vitamin B6 status was not any more significant after adjustment
      for alcohol or cigarette consumption. Tobacco and alcohol appear to be associated
      factors which should be controlled for in studies investigating relations between
      these vitamins and diseases influenced by smoking and drinking habits.

PMID- 2659314
TI  - Metabolic effects of acarbose in young healthy men.
AB  - To explore the long-term metabolic effects of acarbose in man, 6 healthy men (25
      +/- 2 years; BMI: 21.6 +/- 2.7) were fed a controlled diet in a metabolic ward
      for 7 consecutive weeks. After an initial 3-week period to ensure a metabolic
      steady-state, they received 300 mg/d of acarbose (100 mg before each meal) for
      the remaining 4 weeks. Stool and urine collections were made over 7 d on weeks 3
      and 7. Faecal excretion of water, nitrogen, carbohydrate, fat, zinc, magnesium,
      copper, chromium, iron, calcium and phosphorus and urinary excretion of nitrogen,
      urea and calcium were measured. In addition, fasting and postprandial blood
      glucose and insulin levels, as well as fasting triglycerides, total cholesterol,
      apolipoproteins (Apo) A-I, A-II, and B, zinc and copper, vitamins A, B1, B2, B6,
      C, and E concentrations were measured before and at the end of the acarbose
      period. Weight, food consumption, and water balance were not modified by
      acarbose. Faecal nitrogen excretion increased significantly but the nitrogen
      balance remained positive. Faecal excretion of carbohydrate, fat, iron and
      chromium were significantly increased by acarbose. Apos A-I and A-II decreased
      significantly. Plasma levels of vitamin B6 increased and vitamin A concentrations
      decreased with acarbose. This study provides new insights into the metabolic
      effects of acarbose with respect to nitrogen, mineral and vitamin metabolism.

PMID- 2659315
TI  - Twin embryos in mares. I: From ovulation to fixation.
AB  - Recent findings on the origin and development of twins from ovulation (Day 0) to
      fixation (mean: Day 16) are reviewed. Available data show that almost all twins
      originate from multiple ovulations. Results of recent ultrasound studies indicate
      that the number of days between double ovulations does not affect the conception
      rate per ovum or embryo survival during the first 16 days after each ovulation.
      Embryo reduction is the natural elimination of excess embryos so that only one
      embryo enters the foetal stage. In two studies, embryo reduction before or on the
      day of fixation was not considered an important aspect of the natural correction
      of twins. Diameters and growth rates on Days 11 to 16 were similar between
      singletons and twins and the presence of two vesicles did not have a direct
      effect on their diameter other than that attributable to their age. Twin and
      singleton embryonic vesicles were mobile within the uterine lumen from the first
      day of detection (Days 9 to 11) to the day of fixation (mean: Day 16). In one
      study, the embryonic vesicles were in the uterine body for over 50 per cent of
      the time during Days 9 to 12 and thereafter were most often in the uterine horns.
      For twins of dissimilar size, the preference for uterine body versus horns
      appeared to be an independent function of each vesicle based on its age or size.
      After Day 12, the number of entries from the uterine body into the horns
      increased and the vesicles began a maximum mobility phase which continued until
      fixation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659316
TI  - Twin embryos in mares. II: Post fixation embryo reduction.
AB  - Recent findings on the development and natural outcome of twins from Day 17
      (immediately after fixation) to Day 40 are reviewed. Incidence of embryo
      reduction was increased significantly when the vesicles became fixed
      unilaterally, rather than bilaterally, and when the vesicles were unequal in
      diameter. Of 68 mares with twins on the day of fixation, post fixation embryo
      reduction occurred in 41 (60 per cent). The incidence of reduction was 41 of 48
      (85 per cent) following unilateral fixation; reduction occurred in all of 22
      mares with vesicles of dissimilar size (4 mm or more difference in diameter) and
      in 19 (73 per cent) of 26 mares with vesicles of similar size (0 to 3 mm
      difference). Embryo reductions were complete (vesicle no longer visible
      ultrasonically) by Day 20 (59 per cent of the reductions), during Days 21 and 30
      (27 per cent), or Days 31 to 38 (14 per cent). In 80 per cent of the early
      reductions (by Day 20) the eliminated vesicle disappeared within one day.
      Reductions that occurred after Day 20 were preceded by a gradual decrease in
      size. As the number of days after Day 17 increased, the frequency of reduction
      decreased and the time required for completion of reduction increased. When the
      twins were dissimilar in diameter (4 mm or more), they were more likely to
      undergo reduction by Day 20. In summary, dissimilarity in diameter increased the
      likelihood of unilateral fixation, increased the incidence of reduction for
      unilaterally fixed vesicles, hastened the day of occurrence of reduction and
      shortened the interval from initiation to completion of reduction. The
      deprivation hypothesis proposes that embryo reduction occurs when a major portion
      of the three walled area of the yolk sac or the vascularised wall of the yolk sac
      or allantoic sac is in apposition with the wall of the adjacent vesicle rather
      than with the endometrium; the vesicle is deprived of adequate embryonal-maternal
      exchange and therefore regresses.

PMID- 2659317
TI  - Clinical, ultrasonographic and pathological findings in a horse with splenic
      lymphosarcoma and pseudohyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2659318
TI  - Chronic renal failure associated with bilateral nephroliths and ureteroliths in a
      two-year-old Thoroughbred colt.

PMID- 2659319
TI  - Genomically linked cellular protein databases derived from two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - In its most useful form a cellular protein database should be genomically based,
      because it is the genome which determines both the total number of proteins a
      cell can make and the particular ones that will be made under any given
      condition. Such a database should trace each protein back to its structural gene,
      and should account for every structural gene of a cell. Recent advances in
      molecular biology greatly facilitate the construction of such gene-protein
      databases. The mapping of genes of unidentified proteins resolved from total cell
      extracts on two-dimensional gels can now be accomplished by largely biochemical
      methods, without the necessity of isolating mutants or performing genetic
      crosses. Other techniques permit one to search gels for the product of any newly
      discovered gene (or open reading frame) suspected of encoding a protein.
      Consequently, gene-protein indices can be built independently and simultaneously
      from either direction--deducing the genetic map from the protein pattern, or
      finding the protein pattern from information encoded in the genome. A database of
      this sort is being constructed for the bacterium, Escherichia coli. Given the
      current pace of DNA nucleotide sequencing, the development of total gene-protein
      indices for a variety of cells can be anticipated in the near future.

PMID- 2659320
TI  - Systematic analysis of the total proteins of a mammalian organism: principles,
      problems and implications for sequencing the human genome.
AB  - High-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) has reached a
      technological level that allows us to resolve most of the numerous unknown
      protein species of a mammalian organism if appropriate strategies are used. We
      will discuss the problems of classification and characterization of proteins and
      propose a systematic approach to the analysis of the total protein complex. Both
      a comprehensive as well as a pragmatic approach towards systematic analysis have
      been considered. A "complex protein database" is suggested and considered with
      regard to various uses. A systematic analysis of the mouse proteins has been
      started and some of the preliminary results are summarized here. In particular,
      genetic properties of the proteins were investigated and are presented in order
      to demonstrate the significance of a systematic analysis of proteins for research
      and practical application (e.g. mutagenicity testing). A concept is presented for
      sequencing the coding DNA of mouse and man, starting with a systematic analysis
      of mouse proteins and then using two recently developed methods - microsequencing
      of proteins from spots of 2-DE protein patterns, and utilization of the
      relatively short N-terminal sequences obtained - to produce the corresponding
      cDNA's of these proteins.

PMID- 2659321
TI  - Induction of audiogenic seizures in normal and genetically epilepsy-prone rats
      following focal microinjection of an excitant amino acid into reticular formation
      and auditory nuclei.
AB  - An excitant amino acid (EAA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), induces susceptibility
      to seizures when bilaterally microinjected into subcortical auditory nuclei of
      normal rats. Thirty-five percent of animals exhibit only audiogenic seizures
      (AGS) after infusions of NMDA into inferior colliculus (IC). Infusions into
      cochlear nucleus and medial geniculate body never produce susceptibility to AGS
      without non-audiogenic seizures (N-AGS). The overall seizure incidence (AGS and N
      AGS) with IC infusions is 100%, but the incidence is less than 50% with infusions
      into cochlear nucleus or medial geniculate body. Although AGS susceptibility is
      induced by NMDA infusions in normal animals, the seizures are submaximal in
      severity and lack tonic components. Bilateral infusions of NMDA into IC or
      reticular formation of the substrain of genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs)
      that exhibits submaximal AGS (GEPR-3s) do not increase seizure severity. These
      data along with studies showing increased EAA levels and excitotoxic-like damage
      in the IC of the GEPR and blockade of AGS with an EAA receptor antagonist or
      synthesis inhibitor suggest that an EAA in the IC is involved in initiation of
      AGS in the GEPR. However, EAA action in the GEPR IC is not sufficient to induce
      the complete spectrum of seizure behaviors, and additional mechanisms may be
      required for induction of maximal severity audiogenic seizures.

PMID- 2659322
TI  - Predictive performance of pharmacokinetic methods for phenytoin dosing: a multi
      center evaluation in 282 patients with epilepsy.
AB  - A retrospective study was conducted in 282 patients with epilepsy to assess the
      predictive performance of pharmacokinetic methods for individualizing dosage of
      phenytoin. Two population-based dosing methods (population clearance method and
      bayesian feedback method) and one individual-based method (the so-called
      linearized Michaelis-Menten method) were evaluated, when applicable, for single
      point and/or 2-point dose predictions of phenytoin. In single-point predictions,
      we found a generally low percentage of dose calculations falling inside the +/-
      10% range (48.9% and 51.1% for the population clearance and the bayesian methods,
      respectively). In 2-point predictions, the bayesian method was 'accurate' (dose
      within the +/- 10% range) in approximately 54.3% or 55.0% of cases (depending on
      the particular method of implementation adopted). An even worse percentage of
      'accurate' dose predictions (38.3%) was obtained by using the linearized
      Michaelis-Menten method. Our data do not confirm results from previous studies
      indicating a generally good performance of pharmacokinetic methods for predicting
      phenytoin dosage.

PMID- 2659323
TI  - Origins of genetic toxicology and the Environmental Mutagen Society.
AB  - A brief history of events that contributed to the establishment of genetic
      toxicology as a distinct research area and influenced the formation of the
      Environmental Mutagen Society is presented.

PMID- 2659324
TI  - Malignant transformation of mammalian cells in culture, including human cells.
AB  - This overview of the malignant transformation of mammalian cells in culture,
      including human cells, describes the earliest evidence of spontaneous, virus
      induced, and carcinogen-induced transformation. It discusses several systems
      developed to assay the carcinogen-induced transformation of highly selected
      infinite life span ("established") cell lines as well as finite life span diploid
      cells. Evidence is presented to support the multistep hypothesis of the process
      of malignant transformation, and the theoretical requirement for acquisition of
      an infinite, or greatly extended, life span in culture if a cell is to become
      malignant is explained in light of the multistep nature of the process. The use
      of oncogene transfection studies to analyze the number and kinds of changes
      involved is discussed, with emphasis on studies using human cells. Finally, the
      results of earlier studies on viral- and carcinogen-induced transformation of
      mammalian cells (or chicken cells) are reinterpreted in the light of more recent
      insights into the process of carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2659325
TI  - Mechanisms of mutagenesis.
AB  - Our understanding of mechanisms of mutation, which has expanded greatly in the
      past few decades, served as the original impetus to the formation of the
      Environmental Mutagen Society. The advances in genetics and chemistry that have
      conditioned our present degree of knowledge are here catalogued and the future is
      predicted.

PMID- 2659326
TI  - Reminiscences of a mouse specific-locus test addict.
AB  - This paper describes some of the historical events surrounding the development of
      and achievements with the mouse specific-locus test in radiation and chemical
      mutagenesis. Some ongoing and future contributions of the test to research in
      molecular genetics are also mentioned.

PMID- 2659327
TI  - Reciprocal relationship between mouse germ-cell mutagenesis and basic genetics:
      from early beginnings to future opportunities.
AB  - The scientific foundations for several mammalian germ-line mutagenesis tests in
      common use today were laid in the 1930s, 1940s, and early 1950s. Subsequent
      developments in the field have had multiple objectives: detection of mutagenicity
      of environmental agents (which has led to the development of numerous
      methodologies), identification of biological and physical factors that affect
      mutation yield, analysis of the structural nature of the genetic alterations, and
      assessment of the organismic effects of various types of mutations. Mutagenesis
      studies have made numerous contributions to basic genetics by generating mutant
      types that led to elucidation of sex-determining mechanisms in mammals;
      formulation of the single-active-, or inactive-, X-chromosome hypothesis;
      correlation of genetic and cytological maps; discovery of genetic "imprinting"
      phenomena; study of developmental pathways and cell lineages, etc. Particularly
      useful are sets of complexly overlapping deletions that have been recovered in
      radiation mutagenesis studies, propagated in breeding stocks, and genetically
      analyzed; these have constituted prerequisites for molecular genetic studies
      aimed at development of the DNA structure-function relationships for important
      genomic regions. Mutagenesis experiments have also served to identify mutagens
      that are particularly effective in inducing specific types of genetic lesions
      desired for basic studies. Reciprocally, basic genetics has contributed to the
      development of mutagenesis tests and has enhanced the value of the specific-locus
      test by adding to its quantitative capabilities the capability for qualitatively
      characterizing the actions of mutagens.

PMID- 2659328
TI  - Ultraviolet mutagenesis and the SOS response in Escherichia coli: a personal
      perspective.
AB  - The study of ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis in Escherichia coli began with the
      assumption that genes were likely to be changed at the instant of photon
      absorption. Over many decades, it became clear that postirradiation cellular
      activities, including enzymatic DNA repair of UV photo products and error-prone
      modes of tolerating unrepaired DNA lesions can exert profound influences on the
      mutagenic outcome of irradiation. Current study focusses on the molecular details
      of radiation-induced translesion DNA replication as the final event in UV
      mutagenesis.

PMID- 2659329
TI  - Development of bacterial mutagenicity tests: a view from afar.
AB  - A brief (and subjective) history of the progressive development of bacterial
      mutagenicity assays with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli is
      presented, with emphasis on the need to view such assays as being capable of
      detecting genetically active substances rather than being dedicated to the
      detection of carcinogenic chemicals. The role of mutation-enhancing plasmids in
      the improvement of Salmonella tester strains and the need for batteries of tests
      to allow the detection of genetic endpoints that cannot be detected with bacteria
      (e.g., aneuploidy) are also discussed.

PMID- 2659330
TI  - Early years of the Salmonella mutagen tester strains: lessons from hycanthone.
AB  - The 1960s witnessed detailed studies on the genetic properties of a large number
      of histidine-requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. The early 1970s saw
      development of selected strains, the Ames strains, for use in rapid, cheap,
      sensitive, and manipulable tests of chemicals and chemical mixtures for genotoxic
      activities. Our contribution during this latter period was an investigation into
      the mutagenicity of hycanthone and some of its analogues. Some lessons that this
      study provided are enumerated. Hycanthone is definitely a liver carcinogen in
      rodents predisposed by hepatic hyperplasia. Between 1969 and 1975, an estimated
      total of 100 kg of hycanthone was injected into some 1,000,000 humans with liver
      hyperplasia caused by infections with parasites. It may now be possible to assess
      directly the long-term impacts of hycanthone in man.

PMID- 2659331
TI  - Evolution of social concerns and environmental policies for chemical mutagens.
AB  - The founding of the Environmental Mutagen Society 20 years ago coincided with the
      beginning of general social concern about exposure to chemical mutagens.
      Initially, this concern focused on the potential of chemicals to induce heritable
      genetic damage in humans. Within a few years, however, mutagenicity tests came to
      be regarded primarily as short-term tests for carcinogenicity. Serious doubts
      have recently been cast upon the relationship between mutagenicity and
      carcinogenicity, and, as a result the real utility of mutagenicity tests is being
      questioned. Justification for the continued use of these tests will require 1)
      more detailed mechanistic knowledge concerning the role of genetic changes in the
      development of cancer and 2) an improved ability to relate the results of
      mutagenicity tests to the potential for inducing heritable genetic effects in
      humans.

PMID- 2659332
TI  - Origins of current uncertainties in carcinogen/mutagen screening.
AB  - The origins of current uncertainties regarding how best to screen for agents
      likely to pose a mutagenic/carcinogenic hazard to humans are discussed, and a
      solution is proposed.

PMID- 2659333
TI  - Role of metabolism in short-term test development.
AB  - The inherent or added capability for metabolism of chemicals to activate or
      inactivate intermediates has been a key in development of most of the tests used
      in genetic toxicology. The addition of an exogenous source of metabolism in the
      form of cell-free enzymes and their cofactors has aided in the design of most in
      vitro methods since 1971. Although it appears that this type of metabolic system
      will continue to be widely used in the future, new and potentially very useful
      techniques for carrying out metabolism will be added to those currently in use.

PMID- 2659334
TI  - Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis: endogenous and exogenous factors.
AB  - The understanding of mutagenesis and its relation to carcinogenesis and aging is
      developing rapidly. A number of new findings are relevant to our understanding
      and are discussed: 1) The endogenous rate of oxidative DNA damage is estimated to
      be 10(4) hits/cell/day in humans and an order of magnitude higher in rodents. 2)
      The induction of cell proliferation may be a critical factor in both human cancer
      and the cancer caused by the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of chemicals in
      rodents. 3) About half of all chemicals tested, whether synthetic or natural, are
      carcinogens, including the group of nature's pesticides, the main (greater than
      99%) toxic chemicals in our diet. It is not clear how much, if any, of this high
      percentage of carcinogens is due to bias in selection of chemicals. A reasonable
      explanation for a very high percentage of all chemicals being carcinogenic at the
      MTD is that the MTD causes cell proliferation and inflammation, risk factors for
      cancer. 4) In the evolutionary war between plants and animals, animals have
      developed layers of general defenses, almost all inducible, against a world of
      natural toxic chemicals. This means we are well buffered against toxicity at low
      doses from both man-made and natural chemicals. Thus, low doses of carcinogens
      appear to be both much more common and less hazardous than is generally thought.

PMID- 2659335
TI  - Concern for environmental mutagens: some personal reminiscences.
AB  - This article is a personal, anecdotal account of the early days of concern for
      environmental mutagenesis. The history of the original National Academy of
      Sciences Committee on the Biological Effects of Atomic Radiations (BEAR) and its
      early controversies are reviewed, along with the initial establishment of
      principles for discovering potential chemical mutagens. Although it emphasizes
      the great advances in cellular and molecular understanding over the past 35
      years, the article ends with a pessimistic assessment of any possibility of
      quantitative assessment of mutational impacts on future generations.

PMID- 2659336
TI  - A view of the relation between carcinogenesis and mutagenesis.
AB  - The somatic mutation theory of cancer causation gained the status of dogma
      following the demonstration in the 1970s that the majority of carcinogens were
      mutagens. However, more than a decade of "validation" and experimentation has
      failed to explain a notable group of noncongruent mutagens and carcinogens. Other
      evidence, including cases of nonparallel metabolic activation pathways for
      mutagenesis and carcinogenesis and patterns of organ-specific effects, does not
      support the somatic mutation theory. Therefore, the mutagenic reactions of
      carcinogens might be coincidental rather than causal; alternate mechanisms of
      carcinogenesis should be considered.

PMID- 2659337
TI  - In vivo mammalian mutagenesis: in transition to DNA molecules.
AB  - Approaches are presented for the detection of mutations in the mitochondrial and
      nuclear DNA of somatic and germinal cells in vivo in mammals. The difficulties in
      evaluating mitochondrial mutagenesis are stressed, and simulation experiments
      using oogonial transfer techniques with mitochondria from two closely subspecies,
      Mus musculus and Mus molossinus, are suggested. Arguments are presented for using
      transgenic animals in the study of mutagenesis in the nuclear genome instead of
      native DNA. Presently, the selection of vectors is limited to lambda and phi
      X174. The preferred mutation detection system should be independent of expression
      of the mutant phenotype in the mammalian cells.

PMID- 2659338
TI  - Concepts and models for DNA repair: from Escherichia coli to mammalian cells.
AB  - Much of our early understanding of the mechanisms of excision-repair and its
      roles in maintaining genome integrity and cellular viability was derived from
      studies with bacteria. In fact, the discoveries of damage excision and repair
      replication were made in ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated Escherichia coli. Recent
      advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped to further our understanding
      of the manner in which mammalian cells deal with damage in their complex genomes.
      These include the discovery that expressed genes may be preferentially repaired
      and, furthermore, that the transcribed DNA strand, for some types of damage, is
      selectively repaired within an active gene. The latter finding has now been
      documented in E. coli as well, so it is likely that it is of widespread
      importance as a mechanism to ensure the expression of active genes in otherwise
      damaged cells. It is certain that studies with bacterial systems as models will
      continue to have an important impact on the development of the field of mammalian
      DNA repair.

PMID- 2659339
TI  - Chest wall movements in anaesthesia.
AB  - This review describes the movements of the parts of the chest wall (rib cage and
      abdomen) that occur during anaesthesia and operation. Methods of assessing these
      movements are reviewed and a simple model is used to illustrate the actions of
      the muscle groups involved, which are: the diaphragm, those of the rib cage, and
      of the abdomen. The control of these muscle groups, the forces that they
      generate, and the movements that can result are discussed. It is not possible to
      infer the action of these muscle groups from surface measurements alone. In
      particular, rib cage and abdominal movements do not necessarily indicate the
      separate actions of rib cage muscles and diaphragm. The changes in volume that
      occur in the chest wall on induction of anaesthesia are reviewed. The pattern of
      chest wall movement in the conscious subject, during anaesthesia with either
      spontaneous or artificial ventilation, and after operation is described, and the
      mechanisms of the changes that occur are discussed. Aspects of movements in
      respiratory failure and muscle fatigue are introduced.

PMID- 2659340
TI  - Effects of different glucose concentrations on spinal anaesthesia with
      bupivacaine and tetracaine.
AB  - The effects of 5% and 8% glucose in 0.5% tetracaine or bupivacaine on the
      anaesthetic spread were investigated in 80 urological patients requiring spinal
      anaesthesia for trans-urethral resection of the prostate. The local anaesthetic
      solutions were randomly administered, the patients being divided into four groups
      of 20, and the anaesthetic profile was then evaluated in a double-blind fashion
      by an independent observer. Maximum cephalad spread of analgesia was
      significantly greater with tetracaine in 8% glucose compared to the other three
      groups (tetracaine/5% glucose, bupivacaine/5 or 8% glucose) (P less than 0.05).
      Glucose concentration significantly influenced spreading characteristics of
      tetracaine, the 8% solution achieving a higher level in a shorter time than the
      5% solution. Sensory regression to both T10 and S1 dermatome was longer with
      bupivacaine in 8% glucose compared to 5% glucose. The concentration of glucose,
      however, did not influence the regression of sensory analgesia for tetracaine.
      Both the 5% and 8% solutions of tetracaine achieved a 3+ motor blockade
      significantly faster than either bupivacaine solution. Regression of motor
      blockade from tetracaine was not influenced by the glucose concentration, but the
      8% solution of bupivacaine had a delayed 2+ and 3+ blockade, although the
      ultimate decay for both solutions was similar. The results of our study suggest
      that 0.5% bupivacaine 4 ml in 5% glucose provides a rapid and controllable spread
      of sensory analgesia for transurethral surgery, of optimal duration associated
      with a complete motor blockade of moderate duration.

PMID- 2659341
TI  - Gastric emptying and serum insulin levels after intake of glucose-polymer
      solutions.
AB  - To examine the gastric emptying characteristics of four drinks varying in
      carbohydrate composition and concentration, five men ingested 600 ml of one of
      the different drinks on four separate occasions. All drinks contained Na+ 71
      mmol.l-1, Cl- 60 mmol.l-1, Mg+2 5 mmol.l-1 and citrate 7 mmol.l-1; the
      carbohydrate component was either 3% glucose, 3% glucose-polymer (GP), 5% GP or
      10% GP. With 99mTc-diethylene-triaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) as a marker, a
      scintillation camera and computer were used to measure the rate of gastric
      emptying. The half-emptying times (T 1/2) were inversely related to the glucose
      content of the solutions. The T 1/2 for 3% PG was 22.4 +/- 4.4 min (mean +/- SE)
      and for 10% GP 50 +/- 3.3 min (p less than 0.005). There was no significant
      difference in T 1/2 between the 3% glucose and 3% GP solutions. The increments in
      blood glucose (highest blood levels from 7.4 +/- 0.3 mmol.l-1 to 8.9 +/- 0.8
      mmol.l-1), serum insulin (from 28 +/- 6 mU.l-1 to 77 +/- 13 mU.l-1) and C-peptide
      (from 3.6 +/- 0.4 micrograms.l-1 to 5.8 +/- 0.9 micrograms.l-1) were related to
      the amount of carbohydrate ingested. In all cases the serum insulin levels were
      high enough to inhibit the liberation of free fatty acids from the adipose
      tissue. It is concluded that the amount of carbohydrate in glucosyl units in the
      solution is a major determinant of gastric emptying.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2659342
TI  - Evidence that the upstream stimulatory factor and the Sp1 transcription factor
      bind in vitro to the promoter of the human-growth-hormone gene.
AB  - Expression of the human-growth-hormone gene is restricted to pituitary
      somatotrophs. Two protein-DNA complexes that are specific to the pituitary, and
      two that are not, had been demonstrated in vitro on the promoter of this gene.
      The two pituitary-specific footprints had been ascribed to a single protein
      called growth hormone factor 1. We have now characterized the factors responsible
      for the two other footprints by means of deoxyribonuclease-I protection and gel
      retardation experiments. The first footprint, located between -257 and -290
      relative to the transcription initiation site, involves at least two factors
      present in pituitary cells. One of these factors binds between nucleotides -257
      and -267, and is indistinguishable from the upstream stimulatory factor, also
      called major late transcription factor or upstream element factor, initially
      described in HeLa cells. Earlier work by others had shown that the activator
      protein 2 purified from HeLa cells can bind to nucleotides -263 and -290. Our
      experiments suggest that a factor different from activator protein 2 is involved
      in the protection of this region against deoxyribonuclease I. The second
      footprint, located between nucleotides -116 and -140, involves only one factor.
      This factor, present in pituitary cells, recognizes a GC box and is
      indistinguishable from transcription factor Sp1, previously described in HeLa
      cells. The human-growth-hormone gene is therefore a candidate for regulation by
      these factors in vivo.

PMID- 2659343
TI  - Primary structure of nitrile hydratase deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a
      Rhodococcus species and its expression in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The nitrile hydratase (NHase) of Rhodococcus species N-774, which is composed of
      two subunits, alpha and beta, catalyzes the hydration of various nitrile
      compounds to the corresponding amides. The amino acid sequences of the NH2
      termini and the fragments obtained by digesting each of the two subunits with
      lysyl endopeptidase were determined for preparation of synthetic oligonucleotides
      as hybridization probes. A 4.4-kb SphI fragment which contained DNA sequences
      hybridizing to several of the probes was cloned in pBR322 in Escherichia coli.
      The nucleotide sequences together with the determined amino acid sequences
      indicated that the alpha and beta subunits of NHase consisted of 207 amino acids
      (Mr, 22918) and 212 amino acids (Mr, 23428), respectively. The open reading frame
      for the alpha subunit includes that for the beta subunit with a short interval of
      only 26 base pairs; the two genes are probably translated in a polycistronic
      manner. Although large amounts of the alpha- and beta-subunit proteins were
      produced as insoluble forms in E. coli when the cloned genes were placed under
      the control of the lac promoter, no enzymatic activity was detected. The activity
      of the enzyme was restored, to some extent, by solubilization of the proteins
      with 8 M urea and subsequent dialysis for refolding at pH 10 in the presence of
      Fe2+ and pyrroloquinoline quinone.

PMID- 2659344
TI  - Structure and expression of an alpha-tubulin gene of Physarum polycephalum.
AB  - Fragments of Physarum polycephalum DNA generated by partial digestion with Sau3A
      were cloned into phage-lambda EMBL4. A recombinant (phage-lambda E alpha Tu)
      containing an alpha-tubulin (E alpha-tubulin) gene was isolated. The E alpha
      tubulin gene is part of the alt B locus. The gene was sequenced and was found to
      contain seven intervening sequences. The alpha-tubulin isotype (E alpha-tubulin)
      encoded by the gene has a methionine residue at the C-terminus. The E alpha
      tubulin gene has much in common with the N alpha-tubulin gene cloned into phage
      lambda NM1149 [M. J. Monteiro & R. A. Cox (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 193, 427-438].
      However, the gene products E alpha-tubulin and N alpha-tubulin differ in amino
      acid sequence near to the C-terminus. E-peptide (corresponding to amino acids 440
      448 of E alpha-tubulin) and N-peptide (corresponding to amino acids 437-445 of N
      alpha-tubulin) were synthesised and used to raise antibodies (E-antibodies and N
      antibodies). The antibodies were used to show that on two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis N alpha-tubulin travels to the alpha 1 position and E alpha
      tubulin moves to the alpha 2 position. Gene-specific DNA probes were used to show
      that transcripts of the E alpha-tubulin gene were present in the plasmodial but
      not in the amoebal phase of the life cycle. The E- and N-antibodies detected E
      alpha- and N alpha-tubulins in plasmodia but not in amoebae, confirming that the
      expression of the E alpha- and N alpha-tubulin genes is regulated during
      development. E alpha- and N alpha-tubulin were shown to be components of spindle
      microtubules by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy.

PMID- 2659345
TI  - Purification of GDP mannose:dolichyl-phosphate O-beta-D-mannosyltransferase from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The enzyme GDP mannose:dolichyl-phosphate O-beta-D-mannosyltransferase (GDP
      Man:DolP mannosyltransferase) catalyzing the reaction: GDP-man + DolP in
      equilibrium DolP-Man + GDP has been purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to
      homogeneity. The purification was achieved using a combination of column
      chromatographic methods with preparative gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has an
      apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa on SDS/polyacrylamide gels. Enzymatic activity
      could be correlated directly with this band. Antibodies against the transferase
      were raised in rabbits. The immune serum obtained removed enzymatic activity from
      a detergent extract of yeast membranes and reacted specifically with the 30-kDa
      band on immunoblots. Experiments addressing the orientation of this enzyme in the
      endoplasmic reticulum membrane are presented by using selective trypsin and N
      ethylmaleimide treatment.

PMID- 2659346
TI  - A further insight into the binding of blood clotting factors to membranes.
AB  - The active site of factor Xa, labelled with dansylglutamylglycylarginine (DnsEGR)
      is sensitive to association with Ca2+, factor Va and phospholipids. When bound to
      factor Va, DnsEGR-factor-Xa does not change the composition of the binding site
      of factor Va, as shown by fluorescence energy-transfer experiments between the
      Trp residues of factor Va and pyrene-labelled phospholipids. Prothrombin was
      cleaved by alpha-chymotrypsin into two parts: N-terminal residues 1-41 (peptide 1
      41) containing the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues (Gla), and des-(1-41)
      prothrombin; their membrane association was investigated. Peptide 1-41 contains
      the aromatic residues Tyr and Trp in positions 24 and 41, respectively, and is
      suitable for fluorescence spectroscopy. The absence of fluorescence energy
      transfer between these residues suggests that they are more than 2.8 nm apart.
      Binding of Ca2+ and of phospholipids involves essentially the Tyr residue, while
      the C-terminal characteristics of the Trp residue remain unchanged. The
      conformational change which takes place on binding does not shorten the distance
      between Tyr and Trp beyond 2.8 nm. Our conclusion is that peptide 1-41 has an
      extended conformation. This result is compatible with the disordered character of
      the Gla region found in the crystalline structure of fragment 1 of prothrombin.
      Ca2+ induces a greater fluorescence energy transfer between prothrombin and
      membranes labelled with pyrene but has no influence on the binding of des-(1-41)
      prothrombin. Moreover, the binding curves of des(1-41)-prothrombin are similar to
      those of prothrombin in the absence of Ca2+. It is concluded that the Ca2+
      independent association of prothrombin with membranes involves essentially that
      part of the prothrombin molecule deleted in the Gla region.

PMID- 2659347
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of a cytochrome-o complex from
      chromatophores of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum FR1.
AB  - A cytochrome-o complex was isolated from chromatophores of photoheterotrophically
      grown Rhodospirillum rubrum FR1. The enzyme was extracted with the non
      denaturating detergent taurodeoxycholate and subsequently purified by sucrose
      density-gradient centrifugation and gel-permeation HPLC. The complex contains two
      types of cytochromes, one of them cytochrome o, and two copper atoms. It
      catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen, when N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p
      phenylenediamine or ubiquinol 10 are offered as electron donors. The oxidase
      activity is inhibited by cyanide, carbon monoxide and 2-heptyl-2-hydroxyquinoline
      N-oxide. The molecular mass of the protein is 136 +/- 15 kDa. The subunit
      analysis, by SDS continuous and gradient gels, revealed four subunits with
      molecular mass 66 kDa (subunit I), 36 kDa (subunit II), 20 kDa (subunit III) and
      11 kDa (subunit IV).

PMID- 2659348
TI  - Thrombospondin is synthesized and secreted by human osteoblasts and osteosarcoma
      cells. A model to study the different effects of thrombospondin in cell adhesion.
AB  - In this study we have shown by both immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation
      techniques that human osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells synthesize and secrete
      thrombospondin, a 450-kDa glycoprotein initially found in platelets.
      Immunofluorescence with a mouse monoclonal antibody to human platelet
      thrombospondin yielded specific granular staining within the cytoplasm of human
      osteoblasts. SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of
      immunoprecipitates obtained with polyclonal and monoclonal anti-thrombospondin
      antibodies allows the identification of thrombospondin in the cellular lysates
      and the culture media of biosynthetically labelled osteoblasts and osteosarcoma
      cells. Kinetic and dose/response studies of osteoblasts and of two osteosarcoma
      cell lines (MG-63, SaOs-2) were performed to assess the ability of these cells to
      adhere to thrombospondin and type-I collagen. Thrombospondin promoted the
      attachment of human osteoblasts whereas it inhibited the adhesion of MG-63 and
      SaOs-2 cells, both when it was directly adsorbed to plastic and when it was bound
      to type-I collagen. Therefore osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells may be valuable
      tools to study the role of thrombospondin in cell adhesion.

PMID- 2659349
TI  - Expression of yeast invertase in oocytes from Xenopus laevis. Secretion of active
      enzyme differing in glycosylation.
AB  - In an effort to understand factors that control glycosylation of proteins and
      processing of carbohydrate chains, invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was
      expressed in a heterologous system. Microinjection of invertase-specific in vitro
      transcripts into oocytes from Xenopus laevis resulted in synthesis, glycosylation
      and secretion of enzymatically active invertase. It was found that although the
      number of carbohydrate chains acquired is the same as in yeast, the carbohydrate
      processing is different. This is consistent with the notion that the usage of a
      glycosylation site is determined by the protein part, whereas subsequent
      processing occurs in a host-dependent manner. Both, high-mannose and complex type
      glycans, most likely tri- and tetra-antennary structures, were synthesized in
      oocytes. The data obtained suggests that in this system the core chains of yeast
      invertase remain high-mannose type, whereas the more extensively processed
      polymannose chains are modified to complex oligosaccharides. In the presence of
      the glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin, and the glucosidase processing
      inhibitor, methyldeoxynojirimycin, secretion of invertase is significantly
      decreased, whereas in the presence of the mannosidase inhibitor,
      deoxymannojirimycin, no influence of secretion is seen. This may suggest that
      glycosylation of invertase is important for early secretion events. Expression of
      invertase lacking the leader sequence results in loss of glycosylation and
      secretion in oocytes. This indicates that yeast signals for secretion are
      functional in this higher eukaryote.

PMID- 2659350
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of the genes of 2-hydoxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase from
      Acidaminococcus fermentans.
AB  - Two genomic libraries from Acidaminococcus fermentans DNA constructed with the
      lambda vectors gt11 and EMBL 3 were screened with antisera raised against 2
      hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase. Two clones giving the strongest reaction in the
      immunoassay were analyzed further, one was a lambda gt11 clone with an insert of
      2050 bp and one was a lambda EMBL-3 clone with an insert of approximately 11,000
      bp. Escherichia coli cells infected with the lambda gt11 clone expressed the
      alpha subunit of the dehydratase (Mr, 53,870), whereas with the lambda EMBL-3
      clone, the alpha and beta subunits (Mr, 41,857) were detected on Western blots.
      Restriction fragments of both clones were subcloned in pUC 8 and sequenced by the
      chain termination method. Thus the complete sequence of the genes of both
      subunits, hgdA (alpha) and hgdB (beta) were obtained. The genes have the
      following order: A-B, with an intergenic region of only 2 bp. The deduced amino
      acid sequences for the alpha and beta subunits were confirmed by four peptides
      sequenced by protein chemical methods. Both chains are extremely rich in cysteine
      (13 in alpha, including a CNC and two CC clusters, and nine in beta) but no
      similarities to other known protein sequences were found.

PMID- 2659351
TI  - Covalent cofactor binding to flavoenzymes requires specific effectors.
AB  - Modification by covalent FAD attachment to a histidine residue via an 8 alpha-(N3
      histidyl)-riboflavin linkage occurs in several flavoenzymes. Among them is 6
      hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase (6-HDNO) of Arthrobacter oxidans and the flavoprotein
      subunits of the fumarate reductase and succinate dehydrogenase complex of
      Escherichia coli and other bacterial and eukaryotic cells. We found that 6-HDNO
      holoenzyme formation from apo-6-HDNO, monitored by [14C]FAD incorporation and
      increase in enzyme activity, can be mediated not only by phosphoenolpyruvate
      [Nagursky, H., Bichler, V. and Brandsch, R. (1988) Eur. J. Biochem. 177, 319
      325], but also by one of the glycolytic intermediates glyceraldehyde-3-P,
      glycerate-3-P, or the intermediate in glycerol utilization by bacteria, glycerol
      3-P. Apoflavoprotein of fumarate reductase and succinate dehydrogenase was
      obtained in an E. coli riboflavin-requiring strain (E. coli RR28rf)
      overexpressing the frdABCD or the sdhCDAB operon from the recombinant plasmids
      pGS39 and pGS141, respectively. In extracts obtained from these cells,
      flavoprotein flavinylation, analyzed as covalent [14C]FAD incorporation into the
      apoflavoprotein polypeptide by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      fluorography, was stimulated severalfold by the citric acid cycle intermediates
      citrate, isocitrate, succinate and fumarate. Our results suggest that covalent
      modification and thus activation of these enzymes is dependent on specific
      metabolic intermediates which may act as allosteric effectors in the reaction.

PMID- 2659352
TI  - [Methionyl-tRna synthetase from wheat germ. Effect of an endogenous protease and
      correlations between structural characteristics and catalytic properties].
AB  - Methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) has been described as a free monomeric or
      oligomeric enzyme; or included in a multienzyme complex. Moreover, on limited
      tryptic digestion, it can generate shorter forms. So, when purified from wheat
      germ lysate, the possible presence of proteases able to hydrolyse this enzyme was
      investigated. When extraction was performed with sulfhydryl-blocking reagents, an
      active monomeric MetRS of Mr 105,000 was purified. This enzyme form was identical
      to the structure exhibiting methionyl-tRNA synthetase activity in multienzyme
      complexes. Without this inhibitor, MetRS was purified as an active dimeric form
      of Mr 165,000 with identical subunits of Mr 82,000. A protease inhibited by
      sulfhydryl-blocking reagents and included in a complex of Mr 2.10(6) was isolated
      from this wheat-germ lysate. This protease was able to hydrolyse different
      proteins (albumin, casein), but was without activity for a trypsin substrate,
      such as N-alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine p-nitroanilide. When added to a solution of
      Mr-105,000 MetRS, it yielded an inactive peptide of Mr 20,000, containing
      numerous charged amino acids and a protein of Mr 82,000, able to give an active
      dimeric enzyme of Mr 165,000. Amino acid analysis of this last form, indicated an
      identical structure with the active dimeric MetRS of Mr 165,000, purified in the
      absence of protease inhibitors. Moreover, the affinity for methionine was the
      same for the monomeric enzyme of Mr 105,000 and the dimeric form of Mr 165,000,
      probably because proteolysis did not affect the catalytic domain. When enzymic
      activity of the proteolyzed form (Mr 2 x 82,000) was studied versus enzyme
      concentration, a decrease in specific activity, at low concentrations, was seen.
      This phenomenon was analysed on the basis of the existence of an equilibrium
      between an active dimer and two inactive monomers. With the active monomeric form
      of Mr 105,000, no change in specific activity with decreasing enzyme
      concentration occurred.

PMID- 2659353
TI  - Isolation of the flavodehydrogenase domain of Hansenula anomala flavocytochrome
      b2 after mild proteolysis by an H. anomala proteinase.
AB  - The protomeric chain of Hansenula anomala flavocytochrome b2 was previously shown
      to be built as the covalent association of two functional domains: an L-lactate
      dehydrogenase domain and a cytochrome c reductase domain, joined together by a
      proteolytically sensitive zone. This paper concerns the specific cleavage of this
      latter zone with a H. anomala proteinase(s) preparation and the purification of
      the resulting L-lactate dehydrogenase moiety of the molecule with at least 25%
      recovery, (i.e. one order of magnitude more than for the previously published
      method). A preliminary characterization of this dehydrogenase domain indicates
      that it is a tetramer (Mr = 4 x 39000) containing FMN as expected and not heme.
      It has high L-lactate:ferricyanide oxidoreductase activity (about 70% that of the
      whole flavocytochrome b2) and the same Km for L(+)-lactate as flavocytochrome b2,
      but it has no L-lactate:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity. Its flavin
      semiquinone is stabilized in the presence of pyruvate as in flavocytochrome b2.
      The subcellular origin of the H. anomala proteinase in the preparation has not
      yet been elucidated.

PMID- 2659354
TI  - Bone grafting in total hip replacement. Preliminary results with MRI.
AB  - MRI of ten hip joints in nine patients with total hip replacement and
      reconstruction of the acetabulum with autologous bone grafts, were reviewed. The
      viability of inserted bone grafts was clearly documented by MRI. Characteristic
      differences in signal intensity between autologous and homologous bone grafts are
      discussed. Despite extended metallic artifacts in the operated region, sufficient
      diagnostic information was available in most cases. No side effects were
      reported.

PMID- 2659355
TI  - Ultrasonography of the tendons of the shoulder.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to compare ultrasonographic signs with
      macroscopic and histological findings in lesions of the rotator cuff and the
      biceps tendon. Twenty-six shoulder joints from 10 male and 3 female cadavers,
      ranging in age from 40 to 89 years (mean 65.9), were examined with a linear array
      real-time ultrasonographic scanner provided with a 7.5 MHz transducer. Arthrotomy
      and histological preparations were made after ultrasonography. Thinning and
      discontinuity of echogenic homogenicity of the tendons of the rotator cuff were
      the most reliable ultrasonographic signs of a total tear of the tendon, but focal
      hyper- and hypo-echogenic changes of the tendons of the rotator cuff were
      unreliable criteria. Partial tears of the rotator cuff were difficult to
      determine with static ultrasonograms. Ultrasonography readily revealed
      discontinuity of echogenic homogenicity of the biceps tendon as a sign of a
      rupture of the tendon, which was commonly associated with rotator cuff tears.

PMID- 2659356
TI  - Appearance of thyroid diseases using colour-coded duplex sonography.
AB  - One hundred and seventeen patients with various thyroid diseases were examined
      with colour-coded duplex ultrasonography permitting simultaneous real-time
      display of soft tissue and blood flow. Twenty-four out of 25 patients with an
      autonomous adenoma, all six patients with thyroid carcinoma and five out of 61
      patients with simple nodular goitre showed increased vascularity. Absence of
      increased vascularity would seem an important parameter for the exclusion of
      autonomous adenoma and thyroid carcinoma in patients with nodular goitre.

PMID- 2659357
TI  - Venous thrombosis in the neck. The role of real time ultrasound.
AB  - Real time ultrasound is being increasingly used in the diagnosis of venous
      thrombosis. We have studied its role in six patients with jugular and/or
      subclavian vein thrombosis and conclude that ultrasound is a useful, non-invasive
      first line imaging technique and may negate the need for venography in this small
      but important group of patients.

PMID- 2659358
TI  - Cine-MR in dissection of the thoracic aorta.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thoracic aorta, including cine-MRI, was
      performed in 25 patients suspected of having dissection of the thoracic aorta.
      MRI was correlated with echocardiography, CT and angiography. The sensitivity of
      MRI (100%) was most closely followed by CT and angiography (83% and 77%
      respectively). The specificity of MRI and angiography was equally good, at 100%
      each. MRI was able to demonstrate the intimal flap in all 9 cases of aortic
      dissection, and there were no false-positive results. Differentiation of
      thrombosis and slow flow was possible on proton density images, gradient echo
      images permitted detection of the entry and re-entry sites. The nature of the
      dissection was determinated correctly in 8 out of 9 cases. MRI is capable of
      providing all the relevant parameters necessary to decide appropriate treatment
      of dissecting aneurysms of the thoracic aorta.

PMID- 2659359
TI  - Pulsatile flow index for qualitative measurements of blood flow with duplex
      ultrasound. An experimental study.
AB  - We determined the accuracy of Doppler blood flow measurements in an experimental
      investigation using a tissue-simulating phantom, pulsatile flow pumps and
      heparinized blood. A new index for qualitative assessment of blood flow, the
      pulsed flow index (PFI) is described. The PFI takes advantage of the area under
      the flow velocity curve between the true zero line and the diastolic baseline.
      Under conditions of continuous flow, the PFI ranged from 0.82 to 0.94 (mean value
      0.90). The PFI was found to be relatively independent of the transducer/vessel
      angle (+/- 8%) and the inter/intra-operator variation was small (+/- 7.5%, or +/-
      7%, respectively).

PMID- 2659360
TI  - Diagnostic ultrasound equipment. Safety and dosimetry.
AB  - A survey of present opinions on the safety of diagnostic ultrasound applications
      is presented together with some data on output levels. Physical mechanisms
      involved in potential adverse effects are described. Labelling requirements of
      the equipment are defined and specified. These requirements are contained in a
      recent proposal of the Netherlands' Committee on the Safety of Ultrasound.

PMID- 2659361
TI  - Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. Report of two cases with unusual
      involvement of the gastric antrum and spleen.
AB  - Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) of childhood is a rare entity. The disease is
      characterized by recurrent infections with granuloma and abscess formation caused
      by an inherited defective neutrophil leukocyte function. The most common sites of
      involvement are the lungs, lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen and bones. Rarely are
      other organs affected. Two children with CGD are presented. The children were
      cousins, the older with bone, lung and splenic involvement. The younger had
      circumferential thickening of the gastric antrum. Some of the lesions were well
      delineated with ultrasonography. The unusual gastric antrum wall and focal
      splenic involvement in this disease are emphasized.

PMID- 2659362
TI  - US and CT findings in biliary obstruction due to tuberculous adenitis in the
      periportal area. 2 cases.
AB  - Ultrasound and CT findings in two patients with biliary obstruction due to
      tuberculous adenitis in the periportal space and hepatoduodenal ligament are
      reported.

PMID- 2659363
TI  - The epidemiological approach to the study of gynaecological cancers.

PMID- 2659364
TI  - New biological markers as tools for the diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up of
      the gynaecological cancers.

PMID- 2659365
TI  - Hormonal control of carcinogenesis and tumor progression.

PMID- 2659366
TI  - Usefulness of flow cytometric DNA measurements in genital and breast cancers.

PMID- 2659367
TI  - Autoantibody formation after bone marrow transplantation. Comparison between
      acetylcholine receptor antibodies and other autoantibodies and analysis of HLA
      and Gm markers.
AB  - Clinical myasthenia gravis has been reported in an increased frequency after bone
      marrow grafting. The number of bone marrow transplanted patients making IgG
      autoantibodies directed against the autoantigens cardiolipin, SS-B (La) and
      thyroglobulin was found to be significantly lower as compared to the autoantigen
      acetylcholine receptor protein. The occurrence of antibodies to single-stranded
      DNA was found in a lower frequency than acetylcholine receptor antibodies but the
      difference was not statistically significant. Antibodies to cardiolipin were
      frequently observed prior to grafting. The G1m1,2 and G3m5 phenotype frequency
      did not differ in individuals who developed receptor antibodies from that found
      in the normal population. Analysis of HLA antigens in this patient group revealed
      no association to HLA B8/DR3 or B35/DR1. This may indicate that the etiology of
      myasthenia gravis induced by bone marrow grafting differs as compared with the
      spontaneous form of myasthenia gravis and the penicillamine-induced disease.

PMID- 2659368
TI  - Recombinant human interleukin 5 is a selective eosinophil chemoattractant.
AB  - Human recombinant interleukin (IL) induced migration across polycarbonate filters
      of human peripheral blood eosinophils. The contribution of chemotaxis vs.
      chemokinesis was investigated using a checkerboard design with both polycarbonate
      and nitrocellulose filters. When different cytokine concentrations were seeded
      above and below the filter, maximal induction of migration required a positive
      concentration gradient between the lower and upper compartments of the chamber,
      though some gradient-independent augmentation of migration occurred. These
      results indicate that induction of eosinophil migration across filter involves
      actual chemotaxis. The effect of IL5 was selective for eosinophils with no effect
      on neutrophils and monocytes. Conversely, granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor elicited migration of both eosinophils and neutrophils. Thus,
      human IL5 is a potent and selective chemoattractant for human eosinophils.
      Eosinophils are selectively localized in tissues under a variety of physiological
      and pathological conditions. Locally produced IL5 may play a role in the
      selective recruitment of eosinophils from the blood compartment.

PMID- 2659369
TI  - T cell responses to fractionated Mycobacterium leprae antigens in leprosy. The
      lepromatous nonresponder defect can be overcome in vitro by stimulation with
      fractionated M. leprae components.
AB  - Protective immunity against Mycobacterium leprae is dependent on M. leprae
      reactive T lymphocytes. M. lepare-directed T cell reactivity is high in the
      localized tuberculoid form of leprosy but specifically absent in the disseminated
      lepromatous type of the disease. Two important questions that are relevant for
      the understanding of the immune response in leprosy as well as for the design of
      rational immunoprophylaxis and -therapy strategies are: (a) what are the antigens
      that trigger T cell responses in tuberculoid patients and thus protect these
      individuals from developing lepromatous leprosy and (b) is it possible to restore
      T cell responsiveness to M. leprae in lepromatous patients by rechallenging the
      immune system with selected antigens that will trigger help but not suppression?
      We have addressed these question by directly probing the peripheral T cell
      repertoire of 10 tuberculoid and 18 lepromatous patients with large numbers of
      different M. leprae and BCG antigenic components that had been separated on the
      basis of their relative molecular mass (Mr) by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroblotted onto nitrocellulose. This
      technique allows the identification of T cell-stimulating antigens independent of
      the expression of B cell epitopes by these antigens. So far T cell epitopes have
      only been mapped on M. leprae proteins that had previously been defined by
      antibodies. Our results show that: (a) tuberculoid patients' T cells responded
      preferentially to M. leprae and BCG antigens in the lower (i.e. less than 70 kDa)
      Mr range with a peak in the 10-25 kDa range; (b) 6 out of 18 lepromatous patients
      that did not respond to whole M. leprae responded strongly to isolated M. leprae
      components; antigens in the lower Mr. range were recognized by five out of these
      six patients and thus commonly seen by both tuberculoid and lepromatous patients'
      T cells; however, antigens in the higher Mr range, in particular greater than 150
      kDa, were only recognized by lepromatous patients' T lymphocytes; (c)
      furthermore, the T and B cell repertoires in leprosy patients are skewed towards
      different antigenic fractions.

PMID- 2659370
TI  - Identification of a human monocyte antigen (Mo3e) associated with cellular
      activation and lymphokine responsiveness.
AB  - A murine monoclonal IgM antibody recognizes an antigen (Mo3e) found on the
      surface of human peripheral blood monocytes stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate
      13-acetate (PMA), lipopolysaccharide and muramyl dipeptide and blocks the
      monocyte response to migration inhibitory factor (MIF). We utilized Western blot
      and immunoprecipitation analyses of whole cell lysates to investigate the
      biochemical nature of this monocyte antigen. Two distinct bands (75 kDa and 50
      kDa) were detected by anti-Mo3e after monocyte lysates were resolved by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transblotted
      onto nitrocellulose paper. Stimulation of monocytes with PMA resulted in a marked
      increase in the amount of the 50-kDa species. Immunoprecipitation of Mo3e from
      lysates of surface-iodinated cells demonstrated one broad band at 55-80 kDa which
      increased after PMA stimulation. The epitope identified by anti-Mo3e was
      resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol and heat treatment (100 degrees C/5 min) and was
      sensitive to trypsin or papain treatment. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis
      revealed that the 75-kDa species has an isoelectric point of 7.0 and the 50-kDa
      species is more acidic with an isoelectric point of 5.3. These results indicate
      that anti-Mo3e antibody defines unique monocyte proteins that may play a role as
      suggested by previous studies, in monocyte activation and responsiveness to MIF.

PMID- 2659371
TI  - The role of anti-idiotypic antibodies in the induction of experimental systemic
      lupus erythematosus in mice.
AB  - We have recently reported the induction of experimental systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) in mice by a human anti-DNA monoclonal antibody (mAb) that
      bears a common idiotype, the 16/6 Id. In the present report we investigated the
      role of the idiotypic network in the induction of experimental SLE by using a
      murine anti-idiotypic mAb specific for the 16/6 Id. This anti-idiotypic mAb
      induced experimental SLE similarly to the 16/6 Id. Thus, following immunization,
      in addition to 16/6 Id+ antibodies, the mice produced antibodies to various
      nuclear antigens: single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, poly(I), poly(G), Ro,
      La, Sm and ribonucleoproteins. Similarly to the 16/6 Id-immunized mice, the mice
      injected with the anti-16/6 Id mAb exhibited elevated erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate and leukopenia. The murine anti-16/6 Id mAb was found to be more effective
      than the 16/6 Id, in causing earlier onset of proteinuria and renal damage. These
      results suggest that the idiotypic network and particularly anti-idiotypic
      antibodies specific for anti-DNA common idiotypes found in SLE, play an important
      role in the induction of SLE in mice.

PMID- 2659372
TI  - Metacyclogenesis in Leishmania promastigotes.

PMID- 2659373
TI  - Vector saliva and its role in parasite transmission.

PMID- 2659374
TI  - Toxocara canis: proteolytic enzymes secreted by the infective larvae in vitro.
AB  - Second-stage larvae of the dog nematode Toxocara canis are infective to man and
      cause the syndromes of visceral larva migrans and ocular toxocariasis. Larvae
      cultured in vitro secrete proteases which degrade components of a model of
      extracellular matrix and basement membranes. These enzymes have been
      characterized using a variety of techniques. Multiple enzyme activities were
      demonstrated by substrate gel electrophoresis, associated with proteins of
      molecular weights of 120 and 32 kDa. The enzyme activity was inhibited both in
      substrate gels and in a radiogelatin microplate assay by phenylmethylsulfonyl
      fluoride. Optimal activity occurred at pH 9, with minor activities apparent at pH
      5 and 7; the relationship between these proteolytic activities is currently under
      investigation.

PMID- 2659375
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum: an intervening sequence in the GBP 130/96 tR gene.
AB  - The 96 tR antigen is a heat stable protein produced during the late stages of the
      intraerythrocytic development of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and
      is released into the culture supernatant or the sera of infected patients at the
      time of schizont rupture. This antigen, identified as a putative protective
      antigen, was shown to be identical to the glycophorin-binding protein GBP 130
      (Perkins 1988, Bonnefoy et al. 1988). We report here that the gene contains a
      small undescribed intervening sequence located immediately after the sequence
      coding for the signal sequence. This shows that in P. falciparum, all the genes
      described so far coding for proteins exported outside the parasitophorous vacuole
      share a common organization.

PMID- 2659376
TI  - Plasmodium vivax: in vitro development of exoerythrocytic stages in squirrel
      monkey hepatocytes and inhibition by an anti-P. cynomolgi monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2659377
TI  - Erythrocyte invasion by the malarial merozoite: recent advances.

PMID- 2659378
TI  - Promotion of urinary bladder carcinogenesis in experimental animals.

PMID- 2659379
TI  - Chemical and immunological characteristics of four different L-asparaginase
      preparations.
AB  - We studied the differences in protein composition and immunologic reactivity of
      two E. coli-derived L-asparaginase (l-Asp) preparations (I and II), Erwinia-Asp
      (III) and PEG-modified E. coli l-Asp (IV). On gel filtration, each of
      preparations I-III showed three major peaks at 100, 270 and 460 KD, all with
      enzyme activity, whereas PEG-Asp showed peaks at 35 and 220 KD. On SDS-PAGE one
      major subunit could be identified at 32 KD (I and II) or 40 KD (III), whereas PEG
      modified l-Asp could only be detected by lowering the polyacrylamide
      concentration and gave a single band above 200 KD. Using a polyclonal rabbit
      antibody generated against preparation I, only the E. coli l-Asp preparations (I
      and II) formed precipitin lines on Ouchterlony double diffusion. After freezing
      and thawing, preparation IV also reacted with this antibody. In sera from
      patients treated with preparation I, antibodies (detected by ELISA) reacted with
      preparations I and II but not with preparations III and IV. These results
      indicate that Erwinia-Asp (III) and PEG-Asp (IV) are distinct from E. coli
      preparations (I and II) by molecular weight and immunological behavior. They also
      provide an experimental rationale for the use of Erwinia-Asp as well as PEG-Asp
      in E. coli Asp-sensitized patients.

PMID- 2659380
TI  - Differential expression of CD25 and HC2 antigens on subtypes of acute myeloid
      leukemias.
AB  - The presence of CD25 and HC2 antigens in 66 different patients with acute myeloid
      leukemia (AML) was investigated. The expression of both antigens was observed in
      32% of AML cells. Dual fluorescence staining experiments performed in 5 AML
      patient cells showed that CD25 and HC2 antigens were simultaneously expressed in
      a single cell. The expression of both antigens was mainly observed in the M4 and
      M5 subtypes of AML. Although immunopurified IL-2 was able to block the binding of
      anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody to the AML cells, the IL-2 receptor did not appear
      to be functional.

PMID- 2659381
TI  - Acute myelogenous leukemia in first relapse treated with two consecutive
      autologous bone marrow transplantations: a pilot study.
AB  - The feasibility and the antileukemic activity of a double sequential autograft
      has been evaluated in 3 patients affected by AML in first hematological relapse.
      Bone marrow collection and cryopreservation was performed twice: during first
      complete remission (CR) and during second CR. At the time of relapse patients
      underwent first ABMT with BAVC preparative regimen achieving a second CR without
      any remarkable complications. After 4, 5 and 4 months respectively a second ABMT
      was performed with a different preparative regimen, consisting of
      cyclophosphamide and fractionated total body irradiation (Cy + F-TBI). A delay in
      platelet recovery was observed after the second procedure as compared to the
      first, while neutrophils recovery was comparable. 1 patient died in CR (on day
      +91 after second ABMT) of interstitial pneumonitis. 2 patients are alive and well
      without evidence of disease after 46 and 53 months of unmaintained second CR.
      This experience shows the high antileukemic potential of treatment with a double
      sequential autograft; 2 relapsed patients in fact are long-term survivors with a
      second CR longer than the first.

PMID- 2659382
TI  - Exercise-induced asthma and late phase reactions.

PMID- 2659383
TI  - N-acetylcysteine in cystic fibrosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection:
      clinical score, spirometry and ciliary motility.
AB  - The effect of peroral N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in patients with cystic fibrosis
      (CF) and chronic pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was studied in 52
      patients in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of two, 3 month
      durations. Active treatment consisted of NAC, 200 mg x 3 daily (patients weighing
      less than 30 kg) or 400 mg x 2 daily (greater than 30 kg). The effect was
      evaluated by a subjective clinical score, weight, sputum bacteriology, blood
      leucocyte count, sedimentation rate, titres of specific antimicrobial antibodies,
      lung function parameters and measurement of nasal ciliary function in vitro. 31
      patients completed the study. No significant differences in lung function or
      subjective clinical scores were seen between NAC and placebo for the study group
      as a whole. Patients with peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) below 70% of predicted
      normal values showed a satisfactory significant increase in PEFR, forced vital
      capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) during NAC
      treatment. No effect of NAC on ciliary activity was observed.

PMID- 2659384
TI  - Effect of N-acetylcysteine on gas exchange after methacholine challenge and
      isoprenaline inhalation in the dog.
AB  - N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has antioxidant and possibly mucolytic properties. To
      determine whether NAC could be of benefit in acute bronchoconstriction induced by
      methacholine, 12 of 24 anaesthetized dogs (group 1) received NAC i.v. (loading
      dose 150 mg.kg-1, then 20 mg.kg-1.hr-1). The other 12 (group 2) received diluent.
      Nebulized methacholine (1%) was then inhaled until arterial oxygen tension (PaO2)
      fell to a mean of 5.5 kPa, after which isoprenaline 0.5% was inhaled in six dogs
      of each group to reverse bronchoconstriction. Over the next 3 h we measured total
      lung resistance, functional residual capacity (FRC), haemodynamic variables, and
      pulmonary gas exchange for respiratory and inert gases. After methacholine
      challenge, lung resistance increased and then fell similarly for both groups, but
      PaO2 was higher in the NAC group (by 0.6-1.9 kPa) throughout the observation
      period. The ventilation-perfusion distribution measured by inert gas elimination
      also showed less abnormality in the NAC treated dogs over this time. Mucus was
      visible during post-mortem in the large airways in about half of the dogs in both
      groups, with no significant differences between them. These results show that NAC
      produces a measurable improvement in gas exchange following methacholine
      challenge (both with and without subsequent isoprenaline therapy) by mechanisms
      that remain to be determined.

PMID- 2659385
TI  - Bronchial hyperresponsiveness: the need for a distinction between
      hypersensitivity and excessive airway narrowing.
AB  - Bronchial hyperresponsiveness is currently defined as an increase in sensitivity
      to a wide variety of airway narrowing stimuli. Most patients with asthma and
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibit such an enhanced
      sensitivity. In asthma, in particular, this hypersensitivity is accompanied by
      excessive degrees of airway narrowing. This raises the question as to whether
      measures of sensitivity, e.g. the provocative concentration or dose producing 20%
      fall in FEV1 (PC20 or PD20), comprise all the relevant information in bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness. In adjunct to model studies, there is experimental evidence
      in man that the potential mechanisms of bronchial hyperresponsiveness can be
      divided into those causing hypersensitivity and those responsible for the
      increase in the maximal attainable degree of airway narrowing. The recognition
      and distinction of these components of hyperresponsiveness have clinical
      implications in the diagnosis and therapy of asthma and COPD. Bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness is a composite functional disorder, which requires treatment
      of each of its components.

PMID- 2659386
TI  - Action methods in systemic therapy: dramatizing ideal futures and reformed pasts
      with couples.
AB  - This article presents a method for conducting a couple session that illustrates a
      theoretically valid role for action techniques (as opposed to verbal methods) in
      post-Milan systemic interviewing. Useful in an opening meeting or in
      consultation, it pointedly activates client resources while deemphasizing current
      problems. The interview format begins with contracting for ground-rules and
      listing clients' strengths. Each partner then creates and enacts: a scene
      illustrating that partner's ideal future for the relationship; a related past
      painful scene (usually from childhood); and a "reform" of that scene "as it
      should have occurred." Both partners play multiple roles in all scenes. Last and
      least, each partner succinctly describes his or her view of the current problem.
      In the enactments, rapid shifts in time dimension and multiple novel roles played
      by both partners efficiently promote in the couple the release from constraining
      beliefs and interactional patterns that is ordinarily sought by purely verbal
      methods in Milan-derived systemic interviews.

PMID- 2659387
TI  - Mind-body patterns of symptom generation.
AB  - Effective ways for joining family therapy with other treatment modalities are
      becoming increasingly important as the efficacy of family therapy gains
      acceptance in the medical and mental health community. When one interfaces family
      therapy with medical and psychopharmacological treatments, which find the sources
      of symptoms within individuals, rather than interpersonal systems, careful
      attention must be paid to the mind and body relationships that guide interactions
      between family behavior and the somatic physiology of each family member. We
      present six mind-body patterns of symptom generation found to be particularly
      useful for designing multimodality treatments and for communicating the treatment
      rationale to medical and psychiatric clinicians or to family members. Case
      examples illustrate their clinical use.

PMID- 2659388
TI  - The 20 questions task with families of schizophrenics: divergent findings.
AB  - The study attempted to replicate and extend the results of an earlier study by
      Wild and Shapiro (16), establishing the utility of Mosher and Hornsby's (8) 20
      Questions Task as a means of differentiating families with schizophrenic patients
      from those of psychiatrically hospitalized but nonschizophrenic individuals. In
      the current study, Wild and Shapiro's original design was expanded and revised by
      (a) diagnosing patients using Research Diagnostic Criteria rather than hospital
      diagnoses and (b) including families with schizophrenic daughters and/or one
      parent families, in addition to intact families with schizophrenic sons. Families
      were comparable on age, intelligence, and socioeconomic variables. The results
      failed to replicate those reported by Wild and Shapiro, and indicated that the 20
      Questions Task was sensitive to differences in family constellation and offspring
      gender as well as offspring diagnosis. The findings suggest that forms of
      familial communication deviance detected with the 20 Questions Task may not be
      unique to families of schizophrenics, thus highlighting the need to expand
      research on family communication deviance in families with schizophrenic
      offspring to families with varied family constellations and characteristics.

PMID- 2659389
TI  - Family functioning of male alcoholics and their female partners during periods of
      drinking and abstinence.
AB  - Family functioning of 20 alcoholic male veterans and their female partners was
      assessed in relation to drinking (wet) and abstinent (dry) intervals. Repeated
      measures analyses performed on the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD)
      indicated that on all 7 scales of the FAD, alcoholics and their mates perceived
      family functioning to be better during dry than wet periods. In contrast to their
      alcoholic mates, female partners gave healthier ratings to all FAD scales except
      Roles in the dry condition and Affective Involvement in the wet condition.
      According to published cutoff scores for healthy and unhealthy family
      functioning, alcoholics as a group viewed their wet and dry family functioning as
      unhealthy, although the female group regarded the family's dry Problem Solving
      and Behavioral Control as healthy. These findings suggest that the family
      functioning of alcohol-involved couples is biphasic, oscillating between drinking
      and abstinent periods.

PMID- 2659390
TI  - Cloning of Japanese quail ovalbumin cDNA in E. coli.
AB  - Japanese quail oviduct total cDNA was synthesized from total mRNA by the
      classical method, using AMV reverse transcriptase, the Klenow fragment of DNA
      polymerase I and S1 nuclease. The results of the synthesis of total ss-cDNA
      partially differed from those published for the synthesis of chicken total ss
      cDNA. The presumed causes of the differences in the complete reverse
      transcription of mRNAcon and incomplete reverse transcription of mRNAlys and a
      large part of mRNAov in our case are discussed. An atypical strategy was used for
      cloning full-length cDNAov. The total cDNA was dC-tailed, then fractionated by
      analytical agarose electrophoresis and 4 cDNA fractions of different lengths were
      isolated from the gel using DEAE cellulose membranes. A cDNA fraction about 1500
      2500 bp long containing full-length cDNAov was annealed with dG-tailed PstI
      linearized plasmid pBR322 and cloned into competent E. coli DHl cells. Seventy
      two clones were screened for the presence of full-length cDNAov, initially by
      insert size and then by means of hybrid-arrested translation. Four clones
      containing 1900-1980 bp cDNAov were obtained. The cDNA ends in one of these
      clones were sequenced. Comparison of these sequences with those of chicken mRNAov
      indicated that almost full-length cDNAov's had been cloned. They lacked a small
      number of nucleotides at their 5' ends, which had probably been split off during
      the degradation of the hairpin loop by S1 nuclease. A sequence of 134 bases from
      the 5' end of mRNAov is presented and compared with the known sequence of chicken
      mRNAov. The advantages of the cloning strategy employed, in particular, its
      cloning efficiency and the possibility of simultaneously identifying clones of
      also other oviduct cDNA species (in this work: cDNAY and, tentatively, cDNAcon),
      are discussed.

PMID- 2659391
TI  - HLA-D/DR identity results in a positive CML reaction.
AB  - Investigating HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-DR antigens, MLR, CML, and PLT
      reactivity in two unrelated persons it was found that despite their HLA-D/DR
      identity cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) could be induced in the CML assay. The HLA
      DP antigens proved to provide the necessary proliferative impetus for the
      generation of CTL.

PMID- 2659392
TI  - [The Japan Endocrine Society. Member list].

PMID- 2659393
TI  - A bicentennial celebration--1789-1989. Dover, Delaware--May 13, 1989.

PMID- 2659394
TI  - Etiology and treatment of cerebral palsy.

PMID- 2659395
TI  - High-tech reproduction: advances in reproductive technology.

PMID- 2659396
TI  - Breast feeding: advantages and contraindications.

PMID- 2659397
TI  - Dr. Jones goes to sea--and never looks back.

PMID- 2659398
TI  - Women doctors in early Delaware.

PMID- 2659399
TI  - Integrating theory and research on the institutional determinants of fertility.
AB  - This article links recent conceptual theories regarding the determinants of
      fertility with research designs appropriate for testing those theories. The most
      important causal factors in these theories--typically social or cultural
      institutions, occasionally emergent properties of the collective behavior of
      individuals--are properly conceptualized at the macro level. Research designs
      must therefore feature variation at this level and are at a minimum comparative.
      Noncomparative micro-level research designs will be misspecified from the
      standpoint of theory. A case is also made for continuing to incorporate the
      observation of individual-level behavior into any comprehensive research design.
      A focus on macro determinants of fertility does not imply that fertility outcomes
      are determined at the institutional level. Instead, there remains some process
      whereby systemic properties are translated into individual behaviors.
      Recommendations for comparative community-level studies are discussed. The
      multilevel analysis framework is reviewed as a paradigm for the conceptual
      features of cross-contextual analysis.

PMID- 2659400
TI  - Measuring sterility from incomplete birth histories.
AB  - In this article, methods are presented for measuring the level and age pattern of
      sterility from incomplete birth histories, such as those that can be collected in
      demographic surveys of women who may not yet have reached the end of their
      reproductive span. The characteristics of the methods are examined in a
      simulation study that demonstrates that estimates based on information about
      fertility subsequent to a given age are more robust to variations in reproductive
      determinants, sample size, and sampling variation than the other measures, which
      include the frequently employed length of the open birth interval. In an
      illustrative analysis of World Fertility Survey data from sub-Saharan Africa,
      sterility was found to be high in Cameroon, intermediate in Lesotho and Sudan,
      and low in Ghana and Kenya relative to an English historical population.

PMID- 2659401
TI  - Agricultural opportunity and marriage: the United States at the turn of the
      century.
AB  - This article focuses on the marriage behavior of rural white males in the United
      States at the turn of the century. The principal goal of the analysis is to
      assess the role of agricultural opportunity in determining nuptial timing and
      prevalence. The major issue addressed is whether restricted opportunity in
      farming retarded entry into marriage. Overall, the findings suggest that rural
      young men were less likely to enter marriage when local opportunity in
      agriculture was poor. One mechanism through which the local opportunity structure
      influenced nuptiality was occupational choice. Young men who entered
      nonagricultural pursuits or who were employed as farm laborers were far less
      likely to have married than young men who became farmers.

PMID- 2659402
TI  - The income--fertility relationship: effect of the net price of a child .
AB  - This article examines the relationship between income and completed family size
      in empirical fertility models. The relationship, which is hypothesized to be
      positive, often is negative in empirical studies. This perverse result is thought
      to occur because of the many correlations between income and other factors that
      affect fertility. In this research, these other factors--such as the net price of
      a child, the opportunity cost of the wife's time, and supply factors--are
      statistically controlled, and the income effect is positive and significant. When
      the net price of a child is not controlled, however, the income effect becomes
      negative and significant.

PMID- 2659403
TI  - [The genetics and molecular genetics of X-chromosomal recessive ichthyosis].
AB  - X-linked ichthyosis has been shown to be associated with the deficiency of the
      steroid sulfatase/arylsulfatase C. The molecular biological results are reviewed
      concerning the localization of the steroid sulfatase gene to the distal short arm
      of the X chromosome and the molecular defects of this gene in patients of X
      linked ichthyosis. The conclusions are summarized for genetic counselling,
      carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2659404
TI  - Evidence for expression of a common myosin heavy chain phenotype in future fast
      and slow skeletal muscle during initial stages of avian embryogenesis.
AB  - We have utilized a key biochemical determinant of muscle fiber type, myosin
      isoform expression, to investigate the initial developmental program of future
      fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers. We examined myosin heavy chain (HC)
      phenotype from the onset of myogenesis in the limb bud muscle masses of the chick
      embryo through the differentiation of individual fast and slow muscle masses, as
      well as in newly formed myotubes generated in adult muscle by weight overload.
      Myosin HC isoform expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence localization with
      a battery of anti-myosin antibodies and by electrophoretic separation with SDS
      PAGE. Results showed that the initial myosin phenotype in all skeletal muscle
      cells formed during the embryonic period (until at least 8 days in ovo) consisted
      of expression of a myosin HC which shares antigenic and electrophoretic migratory
      properties with ventricular myosin and a distinct myosin HC which shares
      antigenic and electrophoretic migratory properties with fast skeletal isomyosin.
      Similar results were observed in newly formed myotubes in adult muscle. Future
      fast and slow muscle fibers could only be discriminated from each other in
      developing limb bud muscles by the onset of expression of slow skeletal myosin HC
      at 6 days in ovo. Slow skeletal myosin HC was expressed only in myotubes which
      became slow fibers. These findings suggest that the initial commitment of
      skeletal muscle progenitor cells is to a common skeletal muscle lineage and that
      commitment to a fiber-specific lineage may not occur until after localization of
      myogenic cells in appropriate premuscle masses. Thus, the process of
      localization, or events which occur soon thereafter, may be involved in
      determining fiber type.

PMID- 2659405
TI  - Cultured Schwann cells assemble normal-appearing basal lamina only when they
      ensheathe axons.
AB  - Previous work demonstrated that Schwann cells (SCs) must interact with nerve
      cells (NCs) in order to generate their basal lamina (BL) in culture (M. B. Bunge,
      A. K. Williams, and P. M. Wood, 1982, Dev. Biol. 92, 449-460). The present study
      was undertaken to determine if this interaction requires proximity of NCs to SCs.
      Coverslips carrying isolated SCs were placed into culture dishes containing
      normally contacting SCs + NCs, NCs alone, or SCs alone and were maintained in
      these dishes for 3-4 weeks in medium known to foster the differentiation of axon
      related SCs (BL formation, myelination). The SCs on the coverslip were not
      allowed to contact the cells in the culture dish. In other experiments, SCs
      isolated on coverslips were simply cultured in medium conditioned by contacting
      SCs + NCs, NCs alone, or SCs alone. The accumulation of BL components was
      monitored by light microscopic immunocytochemistry and the assembly of BL
      structure assessed by electron microscopy. When SCs were cocultured with but not
      contacted by neurons, immunostaining for BL constituents revealed a patchy
      deposition of material in sharp contrast to the linear deposition observed on
      axon-related SCs. Electron microscopy of these isolated SCs revealed short
      segments of BL, strands or clumps of BL-like material extending away from the
      cell surface, and accumulation of this material between cells. A greater number
      of isolated SCs were immunostained when grown with contacting SCs + NCs than with
      NCs or SCs. The conditioned medium experiments yielded similar results; only
      patchy BL was observed and more immunostaining was detected on isolated SCs when
      the medium had been conditioned by contacting SCs + NCs than by NCs alone or SCs
      alone. Immunostaining was less overall in the conditioned medium experiments than
      in the cell coculture work. In addition, standard SC + NC cultures grown in
      differentiation-supporting medium were studied by electron microscopy. SCs that
      were not contacted by axons but were positioned between fascicles of normally
      contacting SCs + NCs were identified under phase microscopy and then examined for
      the presence of BL. These SCs exhibited only occasional segments of BL or
      detached BL-like material. Lastly, within differentiated fascicles,
      nonensheathing SCs were compared with neighboring myelinating SCs that were in
      substantial contact with axons. BL-deficient nonensheathing SCs were found
      directly adjacent to axons and BL-coated myelinating SCs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2659406
TI  - In vitro growth properties of Xenopus retinal neurons undergo developmental
      modulation.
AB  - To determine whether Xenopus retinal neurons undergo intrinsic developmental
      changes in growth properties, retinal explants from embryos and tadpoles of
      different stages were grown on laminin, fibronectin, and collagen I in serum-free
      media. Growth was assayed in terms of a neurite growth index (NGI) and the
      appearance of clockwise bundles, or a clockwise growth index (CGI). The first
      neurites from stage 25 optic vesicles are pioneers and display a unique growth
      phenotype; they emerge rapidly, survive for a short time, show little substrate
      preferences for growth (they grow almost as well on BSA as they do on laminin and
      fibronectin), and form no clockwise bundles under any conditions. Neurites from
      progressively older retinas (stages 32-37) share with stage 25 neurites the rapid
      outgrowth pattern, but begin to show substrate preferences and clockwise growth.
      From stage 40 to 50, the mature growth pattern is expressed; a lag in initial
      outgrowth, long-term survival, distinct substrate preferences (they grow 10 times
      better on laminin and fibronectin than on BSA) and display robust clockwise
      growth patterns on laminin and fibronectin. The acquisition of clockwise growth
      is independent of optic fiber contact with the tectum or exposure to diffusible
      factors from mature brain tissues. The results suggest that retinal neurons
      undergo developmental modulation of surface adhesive properties and/or
      cytoskeletal organization.

PMID- 2659407
TI  - Basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates survival of nonneuronal cells
      developing from trunk neural crest.
AB  - The influence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a central nervous system
      (CNS)-derived molecule, on survival of trunk neural crest cells was investigated.
      As previously shown (C. Kalcheim and N. M. Le Douarin, 1986, Dev. Biol. 116, 451
      466), the interposition of untreated silastic membranes between neural tube and
      neural crest cells of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) anlage led to selective
      death of neural crest cells that remained distally located with respect to the
      implants. Membranes were then treated with laminin and bFGF (100 ng/ml) and
      implanted. Under these conditions, rescued cells were observed for over 30 hr
      after grafting in 15 of 19 embryos. In contrast, no surviving cells could be
      found in any of 10 control embryos implanted with laminin-treated silastic
      membranes. We have also investigated the effects of bFGF on survival of
      identified subpopulations of trunk neural crest cells cultured with somite cells
      in a serum-free, chemically defined medium. bFGF promoted a dose-dependent
      increase in the number of HNK-1-positive nonneuronal cells in 1- to 4-day-old
      cultures (1.8- to 8.2-fold over controls using FGF at concentrations of 10 pg/ml
      to 1 ng/ml, respectively). FGF had no mitogenic effect on the neural crest
      derived nonneuronal cells since the number of HNK-1-immunoreactive nonneuronal
      cells having incorporated [3H]thymidine into their nuclei remained unchanged in
      control as compared to treated cultures. However, the same concentrations of FGF
      were found to stimulate the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into acid-insoluble
      material in somite cultures devoid of neural crest. Moreover, bFGF significantly
      enhanced survival of nonneuronal cells in pure neural crest cultures established
      from neural crest clusters, thus demonstrating a direct effect of bFGF on
      survival and/or differentiation of neural crest-derived nonneuronal cells. These
      data support the hypothesis that CNS-derived molecules influence early
      development of selective subsets of neural crest cells developing into sensory
      ganglia.

PMID- 2659408
TI  - Migratory pathways of HNK-1-immunoreactive neural crest cells in the rat embryo.
AB  - In avian embryos, the precursors of the peripheral nervous system, the neural
      crest cells, migrate along precise pathways limited to the anterior half of each
      somite and the intersomitic space. This segmental migration foreshadows the
      development of segmented peripheral ganglia and thus may be critical to normal
      neuronal development. We report here that a remarkably similar pattern of
      migration of HNK-1-immunoreactive cells, which we believe to be neural crest
      cells, exists in the rat embryo, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms of
      neural crest guidance may be the same in avian and mammalian embryonic
      development.

PMID- 2659409
TI  - Developmental ocular disease in GM-CSF transgenic mice is mediated by
      autostimulated macrophages.
AB  - The eyes of transgenic mice aberrantly expressing the murine granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene contain an additional
      population of phagocytic cells which perturb ocular development.
      Immunohistochemical analysis shows that these phagocytic cells bear macrophage
      specific surface antigens, while hybridization histochemical and transcription
      analyses indicate that they also express the GM-CSF transgene. Macrophages play a
      physiological role in the developing mammalian eye, in the removal of both the
      temporary hyaloid vasculature in the vitreous and redundant neurons from the
      retina. The onset of ocular disease in transgenic mice coincides with this period
      of remodeling and the onset of transgene expression. In GM-CSF transgenic mice we
      observed an amplification of the phagocytic response, loss of its tissue-specific
      and temporal regulation, and resultant damage to normal ocular tissues. We
      propose that this disease is a consequence of autostimulation of resident
      intraocular macrophages at a crucial time in ocular development.

PMID- 2659410
TI  - Growth cone interactions with a glial cell line from embryonic Xenopus retina.
AB  - We have isolated a nonneuronal cell line from Xenopus retinal neuroepithelium
      (XR1 cell line). On the basis of immunocytochemical characterization using
      monoclonal antibodies generated in our laboratory as well as several other glial
      specific antibodies, we have established that the XR1 cells are derived from
      embryonic astroglia. A monolayer of XR1 cells serves as an excellent substrate
      upon which embryonic retinal explants attach and elaborate neurites. This neurite
      outgrowth promoting activity appears not to be secreted into the medium, as
      medium conditioned by XR1 cells is ineffective in promoting outgrowth. Cell-free
      substrates were prepared to examine whether outgrowth promoting activity is also
      associated with the XR1 extracellular matrix (ECM). Substrates derived from XR1
      cells grown on collagen are still capable of promoting outgrowth following
      osmotic shock and chemical extraction. This activity does not appear to be
      associated with laminin or fibronectin. Scanning electron microscopy was used to
      examine growth cones of retinal axons on XR1 cells and other substrates that
      supported neurite outgrowth. Growth cones and neurites growing on a monolayer of
      XR1 cells, or on collagen conditioned by XR1 cells, closely resemble the growth
      cones of retinal ganglion cells in vivo. A polyclonal antiserum (NOB1) generated
      against XR1 cells effectively and specifically inhibits neurite outgrowth on XR1
      conditioned collagen. We therefore propose that neurite outgrowth promoting
      factors produced by these cells are associated with the extracellular matrix and
      may be glial specific.

PMID- 2659411
TI  - Hyperdorsoanterior embryos from Xenopus eggs treated with D2O.
AB  - Excessively dorsalized embryos of Xenopus laevis develop from eggs treated with
      30-70% D2O for a few minutes within the first third of the cell cycle following
      fertilization. As the concentration of D2O and the duration of exposure are
      increased, the anatomy of these embryos shifts in the direction of enlarged
      dorsal and anterior structures and reduced ventral and posterior ones. Twinning
      of dorsoanterior structures is frequent. Intermediate forms include embryos with
      large heads but no trunks or tails. The limit form of the series has cylindrical
      symmetry, with circumferential bands of eye pigment and cement gland, a core of
      notochord-like tissue, and a centrally located beating heart. D2O treatment seems
      to increase the egg's sensitivity to the dorsalizing effects of cortical rotation
      and to stimulate the egg to initiate two or more directions of rotation. Such
      eggs probably establish thereafter a widened and/or duplicated Nieuwkoop center
      in the vegetal hemisphere, with the subsequent induction of a widened and/or
      duplicated Spemann organizer region in the marginal zone, which leads to
      excessive dorsal development. The existence of these anatomical forms indicates
      the potential of the egg to undertake dorsal development at all positions of its
      circumference and suggests that normal patterning depends on the limited and
      localized activation or disinhibition of this widespread potential.

PMID- 2659412
TI  - Developmental changes in phosphorylation state of neurofilament proteins in the
      chick embryonic optic nerve.
AB  - Developmental changes in the phosphorylation state of neurofilament proteins
      (NFPs) in the chick embryonic optic nerve were histochemically and biochemically
      studied using monoclonal antibody (MAb) 82E10 specific to the highly
      phosphorylated components of high (180K)- and middle (160K)-molecular-weight
      subunits of neurofilament (NF) in the chicken. Cross sections of developing
      embryonic optic nerve were studied by enzyme immunohistochemistry using this MAb.
      The staining pattern showed marked changes with the developmental stage. In 6-day
      embryos (E6) the entire cross section was stained, whereas in E10 only about a
      ventroposterior half of the cross section was stained. In E14 nearly the entire
      area of the cross section became unstained. Thereafter, the immunoreactivity
      reappeared and gradually increased, such that in E20 the entire cross section
      became immunopositive again. Electrophoretic and immunoblot analyses were made on
      optic nerves dissected out of embryos of various stages. The 82E10
      immunoreactivity at the position of NF-M underwent a transient loss in E14 in
      parallel with the time course of histochemical change. Two-dimensional gels
      stained for protein further showed that the highly phosphorylated form of NF-M is
      transiently lost from embryonic optic nerve in E14, while the less phosphorylated
      form persists throughout the embryonic developmental stages. In order to
      understand the orderly loss of the 82E10 immunoreactivity in relation to
      retinotopic and chronotopic organizations of the fibers in the embryonic optic
      nerve, retinal injection of a fluorescent dye DiI as an anterograde tracing
      marker for selected fibers was utilized. An ordered arrangement of the fibers was
      present within the embryonic optic pathway, suggesting that the orderly loss of
      the 82E10 immunoreactivity in the embryonic optic nerve reflects the
      chronological order of the optic axons. These changes in the phosphorylation
      state of NFPs in the embryonic optic nerve presumably reflect dynamic changes of
      the neuronal cytoskeleton at certain stages during development.

PMID- 2659413
TI  - Bibliography of Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology: selected books and
      articles received in 1988.

PMID- 2659414
TI  - Hormone- and dose schedule-dependent protection by HI-6 against soman and tabun
      poisoning.
AB  - The protective ratio produced by HI-6 (with atropine) against soman and tabun
      poisoning in rats and guinea pigs was determined. The amount of protection
      afforded by HI-6 decreased with time following poisoning, prompting us to examine
      the effects of repeated doses of HI-6 (four additional) given over a 5-hr period.
      In addition, it was determined that HI-6 produced much better protection in
      female rats than male rats, which led to a study of the hormone dependence of
      this activity. When in addition to the first dose of HI-6 four additional doses
      were given over a 5-hr period, the protective ratio, defined as LD50 in treated
      animals/LD50 in untreated animals, in males against soman, increased from 4.2 to
      7.8, and against tabun, from 2.5 to 6.6. A single dose of HI-6 produced a
      protective ratio in females of 10.5 against soman and 4.3 against tabun, whereas
      multiple doses increased these values to greater than 27 and 22, respectively. A
      regimen consisting of gonad removal and long-term treatment with a sex hormone of
      the opposite gender reversed the sex-related differences in response to the
      protective effects of HI-6. In addition a single injection of HI-6 (plus
      atropine), 1 min following either soman or tabun, produced good protective ratios
      in guinea pigs against both soman (between 4 and 5) and tabun (5.1); however,
      there was no apparent hormone-dependent effect similar to that obtained in rats.
      The results demonstrate unequivocal protective effects of HI-6 against tabun and
      a very dramatic hormone-dependent factor in its activity against either
      organophosphate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659415
TI  - [20th national cardiology meeting of the National Association of Hospital
      Cardiologists. Bologna, 14-17 May 1989. Abstracts].

PMID- 2659416
TI  - [Semeiology of intestinal infarction. Multicenter prospective study].
AB  - A multicenter study was conducted prospectively in 6,970 consecutive adult
      patients with acute abdominal pain lasting less than 7 days. Seventy-one (1 p.
      100) had an intestinal infarction. Sensitivity and positive predictive value, for
      a 1 p. 100 prevalence, were computed for each one of 43 clinical, biological and
      radiologic signs. According to these indexes, signs were classified as "not
      worthwhile", "passable", "adequate", "good", or "excellent". No sign was found to
      be "excellent"; this may account for the difficulty of intestinal infarction
      diagnosis in the emergency setting. Moreover, signs generally described as
      "worthwhile" for the diagnosis (accurate description of initial pain, failure to
      pass feces, abdominal tenderness, guarding, murmur) were found to be "not
      worthwhile". "Good" signs included recent arrhythmia, low blood pressure, stasis
      fluid in gastric aspirate, and diffuse opacity on X-ray films.

PMID- 2659417
TI  - [Cisapride: pharmacology, current therapeutic results and future prospects].

PMID- 2659418
TI  - [Diagnostic quality control of hepatobiliary echography by autopsy correlation].
AB  - A methodology to evaluate routine ultrasonography performed in liver pathology is
      described. The results of 62 autopsies, undoubtedly the most accurate anatomical
      reference, were compared to those of sonographic examination of the liver
      performed two months before death at the most. Discordance was found in 23 cases.
      False negative results in the detection of metastasis and thrombosis of hepatic
      veins or inferior vena cava were the major pitfalls. The reasons and the
      consequences of each error were determined for each case.

PMID- 2659419
TI  - [Pancreatic sarcoidosis].
AB  - The authors report the case of a 30 year-old man with previous history of
      sarcoidosis, who presented with a painful infiltration of the pancreas. A review
      of the literature showed that symptomatic pancreatic sarcoidosis was uncommon,
      since only 8 other cases have been reported. Pancreatic involvement is frequently
      associated with hepatic infiltration (5/6 cases). Exocrine or endocrine
      dysfunction are possible. Diagnosis is made only at exploratory laparotomy.
      Prognosis is good. Steroid therapy is indicated in this peculiar type of
      pancreatitis, because of its long-range effectiveness on the outcome of the
      disease.

PMID- 2659420
TI  - [Idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis and lymphoma of serous membranes].
AB  - We described the case of a woman with idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis who
      developed a type B lymphoma with serous effusion six years later. This
      association raised the hypothesis that sarcoidosis or lymphoma could present as
      idiopathic liver granuloma. We suggest that lymphoma developed in our patient as
      a consequence of the granulomatous hepatitis. This lymphoma was particular
      because only sera were involved.

PMID- 2659421
TI  - [Hemorrhagic portal hypertension: a role for hepatic transplantation?].

PMID- 2659422
TI  - Duodenal duplication cyst with enteroliths: computed tomography and ultrasound
      diagnosis.
AB  - A duodenal duplication cyst containing enteroliths in an adult patient is
      presented. The preoperative diagnosis was established by computed tomographic
      (CT) and ultrasound (US) examinations. To the best of our knowledge this is the
      first description of enteroliths in a duodenal duplication cyst.

PMID- 2659423
TI  - Plasmacytoma of the pancreatic head.
AB  - Plasmacytomas of the pancreas are extremely rare. This is a report of a patient
      with plasmacytoma of the head of the pancreas who also had an extramedullary
      plasmacytoma of the epipharynx 19 months earlier. Computed tomographic (CT) scans
      revealed a multilobular homogeneous mass in the pancreas. Endoscopic biopsy of
      adjacent polypoid lesions in the duodenum allowed confirmation of the diagnosis.

PMID- 2659424
TI  - Uneven lipomatosis: a pitfall in pancreatic sonography.
AB  - A marked difference in echogenicity between the anterior and posterior parts of
      the pancreatic head was demonstrated by pancreatic ultrasound in 4 patients. This
      finding could not be related to local pancreatic or peripancreatic pathology. In
      all patients the dorsal portion of the head, including the uncinate process,
      appeared less echogenic than the ventral part of the head, body, and tail. The
      level of demarcation was identical in all 4 cases, coinciding with the expected
      fusion line of the embryological dorsal and ventral pancreatic origin. Pathology
      available in 1 patient showed an uneven lipomatosis as an explanation for this
      hitherto unreported observation.

PMID- 2659425
TI  - Hepatic hemangioma in the presence of fatty infiltration: an atypical sonographic
      appearance.
AB  - The typical hepatic cavernous hemangioma presents no diagnostic difficulty at
      sonography. In contrast, an atypical hemangioma may cause great concern and
      result in costly and time-consuming investigations. The presence of diffuse fatty
      infiltration may result in an atypical echo-poor appearance of the hemangioma.
      Under such circumstances, computed tomography (CT) may not allow definitive
      diagnosis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be necessary.

PMID- 2659426
TI  - HLA and insulin-dependent diabetes: an overview.
AB  - The present knowledge of the HLA system and its biological function is summarized
      as a basis for the subsequent discussion of the associations between this system
      and insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and some mechanisms that may explain them.
      Although the serologically detectable DR determinants are still the most handy
      markers, there is now increasing evidence from studies of restriction enzyme
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in IDDM that DQ determinants may play a
      primary role in causing susceptibility and/or resistance to this disease. Thus,
      it is now evident that about 90% of DR4-positive diabetics carry the DQw8
      determinant present in only about 65% of DR4-positive controls. Most recently, it
      has been claimed that an aspartic acid in position 57 of the DQB1 (DQ-beta-1)
      chain confers resistance to IDDM. Although this may be true, it does not explain
      the disproportionate decrease of DR2 or the particularly high risk of DR3/4
      heterozygotes, which is still good evidence that several HLA genes are involved.
      Because Class II antigens show the strongest associations, the most plausible
      hypothesis about the mechanism(s) involves specific presentation of as yet
      unknown antigenic peptides to T-helper lymphocytes, which may induced the
      formation of both anti-islet cell antibodies and T-cytotoxic lymphocytes capable
      of destroying beta cells. However, T-suppressor lymphocytes also may be involved.
      If this hypothesis is correct, the most urgent task is to define the antigenic
      peptides in question, whether they are environmental (e.g., viral) or autologous.

PMID- 2659427
TI  - Genetic epidemiology of persistent islet cell antibodies among IDDM patients.
AB  - The persistence of cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies (ICA) more than a year after
      diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was investigated in 43
      families with at least two children with IDDM. The prevalence of persistent ICA
      among IDDM patients was 16%. Persistence of ICA appeared to be familial in that
      siblings with IDDM were significantly more concordant for the presence or for the
      absence of ICA than expected by chance (P = 0.04). Patients with persistent ICA
      were older on average at onset of IDDM than patients without persistent ICA after
      adjusting for duration of disease (P = 0.004). Persistence of ICA was not
      significantly associated with HLA DR type, immunoglobulin genotype, insulin
      allele class, sex, history of viral diseases, or prior vaccinations.

PMID- 2659428
TI  - Genetic analysis of the affective disorders: summary of GAW5.
AB  - Participants in the Affective Disorders component of Genetic Analysis Workshop 5
      had access to five distributed data sets: 1) 187 families from the Collaborative
      Depression Study, 2) 202 families ascertained as part of the NIMH Family Studies
      on Affective Disorders, 3) a compilation of 46 pedigrees informative for X-linked
      markers, 4) HLA typing on 116 kindreds from the Toronto-Rochester Depression
      Study, and 5) 81 members of an Old Order Amish pedigree demonstrating linkage to
      markers on chromosome 11p. These databases are each summarized after a brief
      account is given of the genetics of the affective disorders and commonly used
      diagnoses. The emphasis of the Workshop was methodologic, with contributions
      divided evenly between linkage and nonlinkage applications. Contributions are
      summarized under four substantive areas: regressive logistic models, segregation
      and other familial analyses, methodologic considerations in linkage analysis, and
      the relationship between HLA and affective disorders.

PMID- 2659429
TI  - Autoantibodies to pancreatic islet cells and insulin in IDDM families: the GAW5
      data.
AB  - Antibodies to pancreatic islet cells and insulin were studied in the Genetic
      Analysis Workshop 5 (GAW5) families, as indicators of an autoimmune component of
      pathogenesis. The rationale for these studies is summarized briefly, and
      references to the laboratory methods used are provided.

PMID- 2659430
TI  - Genetic analysis of IDDM: summary of GAW5 IDDM results.
AB  - This paper summarizes the analyses by participants in the insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (IDDM) component of Genetic Analysis Workshop 5 (GAW5). The
      data were obtained from 94 families with two or more IDDM sibs. Topics treated in
      the Workshop analysis included the following: methods for detecting associations
      and linkage, the contribution by HLA-linked and -unlinked loci to IDDM
      susceptibility, the role of subtypes of the serologically defined HLA
      specificities, the implications of associated diseases other than IDDM in the
      families, the significance of antibodies to Coxsackie viruses, and of
      autoantibodies to pancreatic islet cells and insulin, and the use of genetic
      models to analyze the inheritance of IDDM. There was agreement that an
      explanation for the data on multiplex IDDM families must include the following
      features: 1) There is a susceptibility locus (or loci) in the HLA region. 2) The
      HLA-linked factor(s) are more complex than a single locus with one disease and
      one nondisease allele. 3) There is additional familial correlation beyond that
      explained by HLA-linked susceptibility, which may be genetic and/or
      environmental. With regard to the third feature, IDDM-GAW5 included data on
      variation in Gm haplotypes and at the insulin gene, two regions unlinked to HLA.
      However, there was no direct evidence (i.e., from marker segregation) that the
      additional factor, if genetic, is linked to either Gm or the insulin gene.
      Nevertheless, a significant difference was found between "diabetic" and "control"
      insulin genes with respect to frequency of class 1 alleles for the 5' flanking
      polymorphism, strongly suggesting linkage.

PMID- 2659431
TI  - Escherichia coli mutator mutD5 is defective in the mutHLS pathway of DNA mismatch
      repair.
AB  - We have previously reported that the Escherichia coli mutator strain mutD5 was
      defective in the correction of bacteriophage M13mp2 heteroduplex DNA containing a
      T.G mismatch. Here, this defect was further investigated with regard to its
      interaction with the mutHLS pathway of mismatch repair. A set of 15 different
      M13mp2 heteroduplexes was used to measure the mismatch-repair capability of wild
      type, mutL and mutD5 cells. Throughout the series, the mutD5 strain proved as
      deficient in mismatch repair as the mutL strain, indicating that the repair
      defect is similar in the two strains in both extent and specificity. [One
      exception was noted in the case a T.G mispair that was subject to VSP (Very Short
      Patch) repair. VSP repair was abolished by mutL but not by mutD.] Variation in
      the dam-methylation state of the heteroduplex molecules clearly affected repair
      in the wild-type strain but had no effect on either the mutD or mutL strain.
      Finally, mutDmutL or mutDmutS double-mutator strains were no more deficient in
      mismatch repair as were the single mutator strains. The combined results strongly
      argue that the mismatch-repair deficiency of mutD5 cells resides in the mutH,L,S
      dependent pathway of mismatch repair and that the high mutation rate of mutD
      strains derives in part from this defect.

PMID- 2659432
TI  - Mechanisms of mutagenesis by chloroacetaldehyde.
AB  - A number of bifunctional chemical mutagens induce exocyclic DNA lesions. For
      example, 2-chloroacetaldehyde (CAA), a metabolite of vinyl chloride, readily
      reacts with single-stranded DNA to predominantly form etheno lesions. Here, we
      report on in vivo mutagenesis caused by CAA treatment of DNA in vitro. These
      experiments used partially duplex phage M13AB28 replicative form DNA in which a
      part of the lacZ gene sequence was held in single-stranded form to direct
      reaction with CAA. CAA-treated partial duplex DNA was transfected into
      Escherichia coli, and the induced base changes were defined by DNA sequencing.
      These experiments suggested that CAA treatment induced mutations at cytosines,
      much less efficiently at adenines, but not at guanines or thymines. Among
      mutations targeted to cytosine, 80% were C-to-T transitions and 20% were C-to-A
      transversions. Application of a post-labeling method detected dose-dependent
      formation of ethenoadenine and ethenocytosine in CAA treated DNA. These data
      indicate that ethenocytosine is a highly efficient mutagen with properties
      suggestive of a non-instructional DNA lesion in vivo. Paradoxically,
      ethenoadenines are efficiently bypassed by a mechanism which appears to be
      largely nonmutagenic.

PMID- 2659433
TI  - The MF alpha 1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: genetic mapping and mutational
      analysis of promoter elements.
AB  - The activity and cell-type specificity of the promoter of the MF alpha 1 gene of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined by measuring expression of an MF alpha 1
      SUC2 gene fusion in MATa, MAT alpha, and MATa/MAT alpha cells. A high level of
      invertase activity was observed only in MAT alpha cells. Weak expression occurred
      in MATa cells when the hybrid gene was carried on a multicopy plasmid or on a
      centromere-containing plasmid, but not when the hybrid gene was integrated at the
      normal MF alpha 1 locus. Analysis of a set of 5'-deletions of the promoter region
      of the MF alpha 1-SUC2 gene on the multicopy plasmid indicated that sequences
      from -354 to -274 upstream of the translational start site were required for high
      level expression in MAT alpha cells. Smaller internal deletions and insertions
      within the promoter region of the MF alpha 1-SUC2 gene were inserted into the
      genome at the normal MF alpha 1 locus. These mutations further delineated four
      promoter domains important for expression: (1) two 26 bp elements (-365 to -340
      and -312 to -287) with imperfect dyad symmetry; (2) a 40 bp segment (-264 to 
      226) that lies about 120 bp upstream of the TATA box; and (3) the TATA box itself
      (-128 to -122). The transcriptional start sites of the normal MF alpha 1 promoter
      and of a mutant lacking the TATA box were determined. The MF alpha 1 locus was
      mapped to the left arm of chromosome XVI, about 22 cM centromere-proximal to the
      PEP4 gene.

PMID- 2659434
TI  - Yeast mer1 mutants display reduced levels of meiotic recombination.
AB  - Mutations at the MER1 locus were identified in a search for meiotic mutants
      defective in chromosome segregation. mer1 strains show decreased levels of inter-
      and intrachromosomal meiotic recombination and produce inviable spores. The MER1
      gene was cloned by complementation of the spore inviability phenotype. Strains
      carrying disruptions of the MER1 gene are mitotically viable. The epistatic
      relationships between MER1 and previously characterized meiotic genes are
      described.

PMID- 2659435
TI  - Molecular characterization of the Aspergillus nidulans yA locus.
AB  - We investigated the molecular organization of the region of Aspergillus nidulans
      chromosome I containing yA, a gene encoding the developmentally regulated enzyme
      conidial laccase. DNA fragments were identified that complemented the yA2
      mutation and were shown to correspond to yA by genetic mapping and gene
      disruption experiments. The molecular map of the region was oriented to the
      genetic map by testing DNA fragments for their ability to complement a mutation
      in the tightly linked adE gene. The yA gene codes for a 2200 nucleotide mRNA that
      is present at low levels in vegetative cells and mature conidia, but accumulates
      to high levels in sporulating cultures. yA mRNA appears shortly after
      differentiation of sporogenous phialide cells. It accumulates in two
      developmentally abnormal mutant strains that produce phialides but is absent from
      two mutant strains that do not produce phialides. Thus, yA transcription is
      probably restricted to phialides. This result is discussed in relationship to the
      physiological roles played by phialides in spore differentiation.

PMID- 2659436
TI  - A system of shuttle vectors and yeast host strains designed for efficient
      manipulation of DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A series of yeast shuttle vectors and host strains has been created to allow more
      efficient manipulation of DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transplacement vectors
      were constructed and used to derive yeast strains containing nonreverting his3,
      trp1, leu2 and ura3 mutations. A set of YCp and YIp vectors (pRS series) was then
      made based on the backbone of the multipurpose plasmid pBLUESCRIPT. These pRS
      vectors are all uniform in structure and differ only in the yeast selectable
      marker gene used (HIS3, TRP1, LEU2 and URA3). They possess all of the attributes
      of pBLUESCRIPT and several yeast-specific features as well. Using a pRS vector,
      one can perform most standard DNA manipulations in the same plasmid that is
      introduced into yeast.

PMID- 2659437
TI  - The yeast RAD50 gene encodes a predicted 153-kD protein containing a purine
      nucleotide-binding domain and two large heptad-repeat regions.
AB  - The RAD50 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for chromosome synapsis
      and recombination during meiosis and for repair of DNA damage during vegetative
      growth. The precise role of the RAD50 gene product in these processes is not
      known. Most rad50 mutant phenotypes can be explained by the proposal that the
      RAD50 gene product is involved in the search for homology between interacting DNA
      molecules or chromosomes, but there is no direct evidence for this model. We
      present here the nucleotide sequence of the RAD50 locus and an analysis of the
      predicted 153-kD RAD50 protein. The amino terminal region of the predicted
      protein contains residues suggestive of a purine nucleotide binding domain, most
      likely for adenine. The remaining 1170 amino acids consist of two 250 amino acid
      segments of heptad repeat sequence separated by 320 amino acids, plus a short
      hydrophobic carboxy-terminal tail. Heptad repeats occur in proteins such as
      myosin and intermediate filaments that form alpha-helical coiled coils. One of
      the two heptad regions in RAD50 shows similarity to the S-2 domain of rabbit
      myosin beyond that expected for two random coiled coil proteins.

PMID- 2659438
TI  - [Internal promoter of Escherichia coli rplJL operon exhibits high efficiency on
      recombinant pNM481 plasmid].
AB  - Recombinant pUC9 and pNM481 plasmids containing a 0.64 kbp PstI-fragment of the
      Escherichia coli rplJL operon have been constructed. The fragment was of high
      promoter efficiency when cloned onto pNM481.

PMID- 2659439
TI  - [Cloning and study of Corynebacterium glutamicum genes complementing ilvA and
      thrA2 mutations in Escherichia coli].
AB  - Molecular cloning and expression of Corynebacterium glutamicum genes
      complementing Escherichia coli mutations thrA2 and ilvA was performed. It was
      demonstrated that the thrA2 gene of C. glutamicum is located close to thrB on
      EcoRI DNA fragment 4.1 kb long. The fragment was cloned in pUC18 vector. The
      thrA2 gene is expressed in the recombinant plasmid pOBT3 under control of the
      vector pUC18 Plac promoter. In E. coli minicells, the genes thrA2 and thrB
      determined synthesis of proteins of Mr 43kD and 25 kD, respectively. A gene
      complementing ilvA mutation of E. coli was identified in a library of EcoRI C.
      glutamicum DNA fragments. This library was constructed using plasmid vector. It
      was shown that the ilvA gene of C. glutamicum is located inside the 3.6 kb EcoRI
      fragment and is expressed using its own promoter.

PMID- 2659440
TI  - Aetiology of cancer of the oesophagus: geographical studies in the footsteps of
      Marco Polo and beyond.

PMID- 2659441
TI  - Abnormalities in the duodenal transit and motility in duodenal ulcer patients:
      studies with a new isotopic technique.
AB  - Abnormalities of duodenal motility have been described in patients with duodenal
      ulcer and in experimental ulcers in rats and it has been postulated that they
      could be pathogenic in peptic ulcer disease. We have investigated with an
      isotopic technique whether duodenal bulb clearance or duodenal transit are
      abnormal in duodenal ulcer. Six patients with inactive and six with active
      duodenal ulcers, all men, and six healthy male controls were studied. Motility of
      the duodenum was simultaneously monitored. A bolus of 99mTcDTPA was injected into
      the duodenum while water or acid were perfused on different occasions. Duodenal
      bulb clearance and transit to the ligament of Treitz were calculated. Duodenal
      transit in duodenal ulcer patients 108.8 (23) sec was faster than in controls,
      194.9 (5.1) sec (p less than 0.05) during the quiescent period of the motility
      cycle. The frequency of duodenal bulb contractions during acid perfusion was
      higher in duodenal ulcer patients 1.7 (0.4) cont/min, than in controls 0.8 (0.1)
      cont/min (p less than 0.05). No other significant differences were observed
      between ulcer patients and controls. These data suggest that patients with
      duodenal ulcers do not have major abnormalities of duodenal bulb clearance, nor
      of duodenal transit and that duodenal motility does not play a primary role in
      the pathogenesis of the ulcer.

PMID- 2659442
TI  - Amoxicillin in the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a single
      dose of 3 g amoxicillin versus a 4-day course of 3 doses 750 mg amoxicillin.
AB  - A prospective, randomized, controlled comparative clinical trial was carried out
      with the aim of investigating the efficacy and tolerance of two different dosage
      regimens of amoxicillin in the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria during
      pregnancy. Patients in group A received a single dose of 3 g amoxicillin, which
      was compared to a 4-day course of 3 X 750 mg amoxicillin tablets taken every 8 h
      (group B). Significant bacteriuria (CFU greater than or equal to 10(5)/ml clean
      catch midstream urine and CFU greater than or equal to 10(4)/ml urine obtained by
      bladder catheterization) was diagnosed using the dip-slide method (Uricult). 91
      pregnant women with a mean gestational age of 25 weeks (14-38) were randomly
      allocated to the two treatment groups. 53 patients were assigned to group A and
      38 patients to group B. The treatment groups were comparable in terms of age and
      duration of pregnancy. Urine culture tests were performed 1 and 4 weeks after
      completion of therapy. The predominant species was Escherichia coli, which was
      isolated in 60-65% of the cases. Bacteriological cure rates at 1 and 4 weeks,
      respectively, were 77 and 74% in group A, and 62 and 62% in group B. These
      differences were statistically not significant. The incidence of side effects was
      4% in group A and 13% in group B. The results obtained in the present study
      suggest that in the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy, a single
      dose of 3 g amoxicillin is as effective and acceptable as a 4-day course. In
      addition, the single-dose regimen offers the advantage of a reduction in total
      dose, lower costs and better patient compliance.

PMID- 2659443
TI  - Ultrasonographic identification and measurement of the normal ovary in
      postmenopausal Japanese women.
AB  - Real-time ultrasonic scanning examinations were performed on 31 postmenopausal
      Japanese women with no evidence of pathology. Both ovaries were visualized in 25
      patients. Only the left ovary was imaged in 5 and only the right one in 1
      patient. Ovarian sectional area (OSA) was 1.45 +/- 0.61 cm2 in the left-sided
      ovary and 1.36 +/- 0.64 cm2 in the right-sided ovary, with no statistically
      significant difference. In all 56 ovaries, the OSA was 1.41 +/- 0.63 cm2. These
      normal values in postmenopausal women provide a useful indicator for detection of
      postmenopausal palpable ovary syndrome.

PMID- 2659444
TI  - Bleeding prophylaxis in autologous bone marrow transplantation for solid tumors.
      Comparison of cryopreserved autologous and fresh allogeneic single-donor
      platelets.
AB  - Bleeding prophylaxis with cryopreserved autologous thrombocytes was evaluated in
      43 patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow
      transplantation. Platelet transfusions were given prophylactically. Nineteen
      patients received only autologous, 10 only fresh allogeneic single-donor, and 14
      both types of transfusions. The effects of 104 autologous versus 93 allogeneic
      thrombocyte transfusions were compared. The increment at 1 h was for allogeneic
      platelets twice that for autologous platelets (30.6 versus 15.2 x 10(9)/l), but
      the interval between transfusions in days (2.3) was the same. Twelve patients
      received alternating autologous platelet transfusion after washing out the
      cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide (18 transfusions) and non-washed autologous
      platelets (24 transfusions). Platelet increments, corrected increments, and
      predicted recovery were not influenced by omitting the washing procedure, and no
      side effects of dimethyl sulfoxide occurred.

PMID- 2659445
TI  - [The serotonergic hypothesis in schizophrenia].

PMID- 2659446
TI  - [Birth weights in different Israeli ethnic groups (1929-1984)].

PMID- 2659447
TI  - [Thrombolytic therapy in acute coronary syndrome--Part II].

PMID- 2659448
TI  - [Identification of low risk post-infarction patients].

PMID- 2659449
TI  - [Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2659450
TI  - [Medical management of seizures during infancy and childhood].

PMID- 2659451
TI  - [Clinical algorithms].

PMID- 2659452
TI  - [Fibromyalgia--recent advances--a critical review of the literature].

PMID- 2659453
TI  - [Methods for prevention of bleeding from esophageal varices].

PMID- 2659454
TI  - [Intra-anesthetic awareness].

PMID- 2659455
TI  - [Periphepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome)].

PMID- 2659457
TI  - Contribution of coffee aroma constituents to the mutagenicity of coffee.
AB  - About 40 coffee aroma constituents belonging to the classes of dicarbonyls,
      sulphur-containing compounds, furfuryls, N-heterocyclics and others were
      systematically evaluated in three Ames tester strains. Only aliphatic dicarbonyl
      compounds showed notable direct mutagenic activity, which mainly affected 'base
      pair substitution' in Ames tester strains TA100 and TA102. Very weak effects were
      also seen with some N-heterocyclics, mainly affecting frameshift tester strain
      TA98 upon metabolic activation. However, it was shown that these N-heterocyclics
      do not contribute substantially to the mutagenicity in coffee. The hydrogen
      peroxide and methylglyoxal contents of coffee were determined up to 26 hr after
      preparation. Their concentrations tended to decrease whereas mutagenic activity
      decreased significantly with time in tester strains TA100 and TA102. It is
      concluded that several highly labile coffee constituents contribute to the
      bacterial mutagenicity and also that the synergism between hydrogen peroxide and
      methylglyoxal is not the main factor. The absence of coffee
      mutagenicity/carcinogenicity in rodents with these highly reactive coffee aroma
      compounds can be explained in part by detoxification of microsomal enzyme
      systems.

PMID- 2659456
TI  - [Comparative effects of traditional Chinese medicines (dai-saiko-to, hatimi-zio
      gan and byakko-ka-ninzin-to) on experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia].
AB  - In order to clarify the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic actions of
      traditional Chinese medicines, experiments were carried out with experimentally
      diabetic rats induced by cyproheptadine treatment. The following results were
      obtained: 1) Dai-saiko-to decreased the blood glucose level at 30, 60 and 120 min
      after glucose loading in the tolerance test; and the drug tended to increase
      serum insulin level and increased the ratio (glucose/insulin) at 120 min after
      the glucose loading. A significant decrease in serum total cholesterol was
      observed in the high fat diet-treated rats. 2) Hatimi-zio-gan also decreased the
      blood glucose level at 30 and 120 min after glucose loading. The drug did not
      lower the serum insulin, but rather increased the glucagon level at 120 min after
      the loading. The serum lipid level was not reduced by the drug. 3) Byakko-ka
      ninzin-to also increased serum glucagon at 120 min, but no change of glucose and
      lipid in the sera under the above experimental conditions was observed. Such
      experimental results suggest that Dai-saiko-to might exert an effect that can
      improve the pathological conditions of diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2659458
TI  - Long-term follow-up of achilles tendon repair with an absorbable polymer carbon
      fiber composite.
AB  - In this cooperative multicenter study for surgical repair of Achilles tendon
      rupture using a composite implant, 48 patients underwent 52 procedures. This
      implant is composed of filamentous uniaxially aligned carbon fibers coated with
      an absorbable polymer. This highly biocompatible implant acts as a scaffold for
      regrowth of collagenous tissue. The early strength of this repair is provided by
      the composite implant and by the rapid ingrowth and attachment of new tissue,
      which allows for an earlier and more vigorous rehabilitation program. Patients
      with a minimum follow-up of 1 year form the basis of this article. The overall
      average follow-up is 2.1 years. Three cohort groups were observed on a temporal
      basis and quantitatively evaluated at 1 year (N = 29), 18 months (N = 22), and 2
      years (N = 20), respectively. These three groups demonstrated continuous
      improvement during the first postoperative year. A high level of function was
      maintained throughout the second year. Repair of chronic injuries (N = 15) was
      compared with repair of acute injuries (N = 12) at 1 year following surgery. Both
      groups greatly improved. However, the acute group had more serious preoperative
      deficits but improved to a slightly better overall level. Of the patients having
      at least 1 year follow-up, 86% had a good or excellent result. There was no
      increased morbidity associated with the use of the carbon implant.

PMID- 2659459
TI  - Dowel bone graft technique for triple arthrodesis in talocalcaneal coalition-
      report of a case with 12-year follow-up.
AB  - Symptomatic talocalcaneal coalition can be treated surgically by either excision
      of the coalition or arthrodesis. The arthrodesis may be talocalcaneal,
      talonavicular and calcaneocuboid, or include all three joints (triple
      arthrodesis). Arthrodesis is indicated in talocalcaneal coalition when there is
      persistent pain, particularly if it is associated with deformity or degenerative
      changes. Arthrodesis that maintains normal contours of the foot, including its
      length and height, can be accomplished by the dowel technique described in this
      article.

PMID- 2659460
TI  - Myxoid heart disease: a review with special emphasis on sudden cardiac death.
AB  - Myxoid heart disease (MHD), more commonly known as mitral valve prolapse, is a
      very common cardiac abnormality affecting 5-10% of the general population. This
      article reviews the history, symptoms, physical findings, pathology, associated
      conditions and complications of this entity. Special emphasis is given to sudden
      cardiac death, which occurs as a result of acute heart failure or due to a fatal
      arrhythmia. Theories regarding the origin of the arrhythmias are discussed. Once
      the origin is known, those at risk for this devastating complication can be
      identified and perhaps a preventative therapeutic regimen developed.

PMID- 2659461
TI  - [Malar bone reconstruction--onlay or osteotomy?].

PMID- 2659462
TI  - [Mustarde external ear relief-plasty].

PMID- 2659463
TI  - [Long-term results of Pitanguy external ear correction].

PMID- 2659464
TI  - [Long-term results of Reichert corrective surgery of protruding ears].

PMID- 2659465
TI  - [Hatchet-form flap as a method of esthetic reconstruction of the nose].

PMID- 2659466
TI  - [Nevi of the face].

PMID- 2659467
TI  - [Significance of the chin for the esthetics of the face].

PMID- 2659468
TI  - [Principles of reduction rhinoplasty].

PMID- 2659469
TI  - [Secondary correction following esthetic rhinoplasties].

PMID- 2659470
TI  - [Esthetic viewpoints in the use of combined skin/cartilage transplants of the
      face].

PMID- 2659471
TI  - [The pathogenic effect of human immunodeficiency virus. Molecular biological
      results].
AB  - Recent data suggest that the pathogenicity of HIV is mediated by the production
      of metabolised viral components which act as hormones. In particular the
      replication and maturation of T-lymphocytes, and the cellular interaction of
      immunocompetent cells and nerve cells are affected. The recognition of HIV by the
      immune system and consequently also the progression of the disease, is influenced
      by the HLA-type (DR-1) of the infected person. Replication of HIV may be
      accelerated by the simultaneous presence of other viruses (i.e. cytomegalovirus).
      So-called apathogenic, attenuated HIV variants have been described.

PMID- 2659472
TI  - [AIDS manifestations in the gastrointestinal tract].
AB  - More than 50% of HIV-infected patients develop gastrointestinal symptoms. The HIV
      induced damage of the mucosa-associated immune system (reduction of CD4-positive
      cells in the lamina propria) leads to an increased risk of opportunistic
      infections (Candida, Herpes simplex virus, Cytomegalovirus, Cryptosporidia,
      Isospora belli, Strongyloides stercoralis, Mycobacteria) and the development of
      malignant tumors (Kaposi's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma). 70% of patients with
      gastrointestinal Kaposi's sarcoma succumb to opportunistic infections within two
      years. Furthermore, HIV infection promotes the persistence of hepatitis B virus.
      Although the risk for health care professionals to acquire HIV infection in
      hospital is minimal, cases of hospital acquired infection are well documented.
      Therefore when performing endoscopic examinations on HIV-infected patients
      protective measures such as the wearing of a cap, eye and mouth protection,
      gloves and a gown must not be neglected. Endoscopes must be disinfected in
      accordance to standardized procedures.

PMID- 2659473
TI  - [Ultrasound diagnosis following blunt abdominal trauma. Sonography in acute and
      follow-up diagnosis].
AB  - Experience with ultrasonography as a non-invasive imaging procedure for acute and
      follow-up diagnostic evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma was analysed in a
      retrospective study. Between 1980 and 1988, more than 2,000 ultrasonographic
      investigations were performed for blunt abdominal trauma; 246 patients were
      laparotomized. Retrospectively, false results based on ultrasonography were less
      than 1% of all cases, so that the sole use of ultrasonographic diagnosis and the
      non-use of peritoneal lavage seems justified in cases of blunt abdominal trauma.
      A number of figures illustrate typical cases.

PMID- 2659474
TI  - [The pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal antirheumatic drugs. Principles of
      controlled practical use].

PMID- 2659475
TI  - [Theophylline plus salbutamol in chronic bronchial obstruction. The additive
      effects of combination therapy in comparison with salbutamol monotherapy].
AB  - In a placebo controlled double-blind study of 40 chronic obstructive patients,
      the effects of combination treatment with slow-release theophylline and
      salbutamol (aerosol) was compared with salbutamol monotherapy. The randomized
      patient groups each containing 20 patients received-for a period of 8 days in
      each case-2 x 350 mg slow-release theophylline and an individual number of
      measured doses (puffs) salbutamol aerosol per day or only the beta
      sympathicomimetic aerosol and placebo capsules. Lung function measurements and a
      subjective assessment of the clinical status of the patients were obtained at the
      beginning and the end of the study. As the most important parameter of the
      antiobstructive effect of therapy the airway resistance (Rt) was employed. On
      completion of treatment Rt in the group receiving combination therapy was
      decreased on average from 0.52 kPa/l/s to 0.28 kPa/l/s, significantly more than
      in the placebo group (0.55 kPa/l/s to 0.46 kPa/l/s). In addition, more marked
      subjective improvement in the clinical status was observed in the patients on
      salbutamol and theophylline as compared with the patients on salbutamol aerosol
      only.

PMID- 2659476
TI  - [Results of family research in child and adolescent psychiatry].

PMID- 2659477
TI  - [Psychotropic drugs in childhood and adolescence. Value and indications for
      pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders].
AB  - Treatment with psychopharmaceuticals in childhood is controversial. From time to
      time, reports are brought by the press on excessive consumption of
      psychopharmaceuticals by children. It is shown that such press reports do not
      stand critical examination. The prescribing of such drugs in childhood requires
      great care, considerable knowledge and meticulous observance of indications. The
      most important indications are outlined. Psychiatric treatment in children and
      adolescents is always "multi-pronged".

PMID- 2659478
TI  - [The significance of gynecomastia in general practice].
AB  - Gynecomastia in the male is usually due to a change of the estradiol/testosterone
      ratio in favor of the estrogens. There is usually no need for therapy of the
      gynecomastia which frequently occurs during puberty and old age. However, it is
      important not to overlook hormone-secreting tumors, often testicular
      malignancies, as the underlying cause of gynecomastia. A careful history and
      clinical investigations including thorough palpation of the testes (sonography)
      are complemented by a laboratory workup including blood chemistry (liver
      function) and hormone determinations (estradiol, beta-HCG, FSH, LH, prolactin,
      testosterone, thyroid hormones). Treatment of gynecomastia includes elimination
      of the cause of the condition. In cases with fibrous and voluminous gynecomastia
      breast tissue must be removed surgically. Antiestrogenic treatment with tamoxifen
      is indicated only in patients with recently developed, tender gynecomastia.

PMID- 2659479
TI  - [Therapy of endocrine diseases in childhood and adolescence. 6: Endocrinologic
      emergencies in pediatrics].
AB  - Endocrinological emergencies in childhood include tetany - also in the form of
      epileptiform seizures - and Addisonian crisis. Acute tetany is treated by the
      administration of calcium, with subsequent calcitriol given as an adjunct. An
      Addisonian crisis or similar salt-loss crisis in the adrenogenital syndrome
      requires the administration of salt-containing solutions, replacement of gluco-
      and mineralocorticoids and the balancing of the acid-base household.

PMID- 2659480
TI  - A consistently successful procedure for in vitro fertilization of golden hamster
      eggs.
AB  - Complete details are described for the first time of the procedures used in the
      author's laboratory for obtaining in vitro fertilization (IVF) of golden hamster
      eggs leading to the first cleavage division. These IVF procedures have been
      developed during the past 20 years and are very reproducible: IVF of at least 75%
      of eggs is routinely achieved, and on average 65% of inseminated eggs undergo the
      first cleavage division in vitro. These results can easily be obtained by
      inexperienced investigators. The ease and reproducibility of the hamster IVF
      procedures make them very suitable for studies of sperm:egg interaction and
      associated events. Studies in the author's laboratory have included analysis of
      sperm fertilizing ability under chemically defined conditions, the presence of
      sperm acrosome reaction stimulating factors in the egg investments, maturation of
      oocytes in vitro, the block to polyspermy, and the contribution of egg aging to
      fertilization anomalies. In addition, the motility of hamster sperm under
      chemically defined conditions is used in a routine screening protocol for
      detecting contaminants in the culture milieu. Golden hamster gametes offer
      several distinct advantages for IVF studies, including the large size of the
      sperm acrosome, the persistence of the very large sperm tail in the ooplasm for
      many hours following fertilization, and the translucence of the ooplasm, which
      facilitates observation of the sperm tail and pronuclei. The female golden
      hamster exhibits a regular 4 day estrous cycle, with distinctive indications of
      estrus and proestrus phases. Because of the advantages of using the golden
      hamster, the procedures described in this report may be useful to other
      investigators wishing to conduct research using IVF. Essentially the same IVF
      procedures can be used with monkey and bovine gametes.

PMID- 2659481
TI  - Preoperative TNM classification of gastric carcinoma by endosonography in
      comparison with the pathological TNM system: a prospective study of 72 cases.
AB  - Prospectively, 72 patients with a gastric carcinoma were studied
      endosonographically before surgery. The results were correlated with those
      obtained with the histology of resected specimens according to the new (1987) TNM
      classification. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was accurate in assessing the
      extent and depth of tumor infiltration. Early gastric carcinoma could readily be
      distinguished from advanced carcinoma. The overall accuracy of EUS was 84.7%.
      Occasionally, overstaging and understaging occurred. Stenosis was a factor
      limiting accurate staging. EUS was reasonably accurate in the assessment of lymph
      node metastasis. The overall accuracy was 81.0%. In non-metastatic lymph nodes,
      however, the accuracy was only 50%. Difficulties occurred in distinguishing
      granulomatous lymph nodes and small micrometastatic lymph node involvement. EUS
      was not accurate in diagnosing distant metastasis, due to the limited depth of
      penetration of ultrasound. Technical improvements such as a reduction in the
      diameter of the echoprobe, and the use of the biopsy channel for EUS-guided
      cytological puncture will further enhance the accuracy of EUS.

PMID- 2659482
TI  - History of gastric replacement.

PMID- 2659483
TI  - Surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer.
AB  - A review has been made of the results of surgical treatment of 8,000 cases of
      gastric cancer treated at the Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, between 1946 and
      1986. Resectability was 89.6%, and operative mortality 1.9%. The five-year
      survival rate was 37.4% for all cases, 59.4% for patients with curative surgery,
      and 5.0% for those with non-curative surgery. The curative rate improved more
      than twofold over 41 years among the patients with curative gastrectomy. No one
      survived more than five years who had visible tumor left after the surgery.
      Improvement was attributed to the increase in the incidence of early gastric
      cancer, and in part to surgery including systemic lymphadenectomy and combined
      resection of adjacent organs involved by cancer. Extensive intervention might be
      justifiable to eradicate the tumor when the surgery is curative, or relatively
      non-curative. Multimodality therapy is needed for the control of advanced cancer.

PMID- 2659484
TI  - Immunological contributions to the management of gastric cancer.

PMID- 2659485
TI  - Gastric emptying of liquids after highly selective vagotomy for duodenal ulcer.
AB  - In a group of clinical patients with duodenal ulcer submitted to highly selective
      vagotomy, gastric emptying studies were performed pre-operatively and 2 weeks and
      6 months after surgery. A standard liquid meal labeled with radioactive
      technetium was used for scanning. In this group of duodenal ulcer patients, no
      abnormal emptying was noted prior to surgery as compared with controls. After
      highly selective vagotomy, the gastric emptying time for liquids was
      statistically shorter as compared with preoperative values. It is concluded that
      highly selective vagotomy may be the operative treatment of choice for duodenal
      ulcer patients with respect to acid secretion, but that it alters gastric
      motility and emptying significantly.

PMID- 2659486
TI  - [Measurement of antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) in
      cerebro-spinal fluid in patients infected HTLV-1 by blood transfusion].
AB  - Although determination of the presence of antibodies to HTLV-1 in cerebro-spinal
      fluid (CSF) is very important for the diagnosis of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy
      (HAM), these antibodies in CSF have not yet been completely investigated so far
      in patients without overt HAM. We examined antibodies to HTLV-1 in CSF of
      leukemia patients who were infected with this virus via blood transfusion. All of
      5 patients showed positive antibody titer, one of 5 patients was a patient with
      overt HAM. According to Western-blotting analysis in CSF, IgG p-19, 24 and 28
      antibodies were positive in 4 patients without overt HAM, but IgM antibody was
      negative. In contrast, IgG antibodies as well as IgM p-24 antibody were positive
      in patients with overt HAM. These results suggest that further studies on
      antibodies to HTLV-1, especially on IgM antibody, in CSF of HTLV-1 infected
      patients with or without overt HAM may be helpful to better understanding of the
      mechanism on onset of HAM following blood transfusion.

PMID- 2659487
TI  - [A case of juvenile esophageal cancer with hematemesis].
AB  - We here report a case of juvenile esophageal cancer which developed with a chief
      complaint of hematemesis. The case was a 36-year-old male patient who was
      admitted to the hospital because of dysphagia and repeated hematemesis episodes.
      Through various imaging studies, the patient was diagnosed as having advanced
      esophageal carcinoma. Since it was considered to be impossible to perform a
      curable surgical treatment, we tried, using a Laser apparatus, to alleviate the
      stenosis of the esophageal lumen and to control the bleeding from the cancerous
      lesion. However, an operation was finally performed after observing that the
      Laser therapy had not been so effective. Hematemesis is an uncommon symptom among
      primary complaints of esophageal cancer. The present case developed a protuberant
      cancerous mass which considerably obstructed the esophageal lumen. It is
      speculated that the patient repeatedly vomited blood which had gradually
      originated from ruptured capillary vessels in the tumor and had accumulated in
      the esophageal lumen. The histological type of the cancer was poorly
      differentiated squamous cell carcinoma which partially contained an
      undifferentiated element. This histological nature might have accelerated the
      growth of the esophageal cancer in the present case.

PMID- 2659488
TI  - [Studies on regulation of the function of thermogenic tissue, brown adipose
      tissue (BAT) by means of tissue culture method].
AB  - In order to clarify the regulatory mechanism of BAT function, the effects of
      noradrenaline (NA) (6mM), insulin (I) (40nM), glucagon (G) (400nM) and nerve
      growth factor (NGF) (2-10nM), alone or in combination, were investigated directly
      in BAT from neonatal rats (ca. 3 days old), cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum
      medium 199 in 95% air-5% CO2 gas phase at 33 degrees C for 1 to 2 weeks. I
      stimulated lipid accumulation and enlarged outgrown cell size, but mitochondria
      in the cells of tissue block were smaller and their cristae less distinct. I + G
      enlarged nucleus and cytoplasm, and suppressed the lipid accumulation induced by
      I, but mitochondria in the cells of tissue block were larger and their cristae
      became more prominent than those of I-added cells. G induced the similar changes
      to those by I + G. I + NA also induced the similar effects to those by I + G, but
      their mitochondria size did not differ from that of I-added cells. NGF caused the
      similar effects of those by G, inducing the development of mitochondria, rough
      endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. These results suggest that multiple
      factors such as NA, I, G and NGF regulate differentiation and functional
      development of BAT.

PMID- 2659489
TI  - Medicare rules complicate sale of hospitals.

PMID- 2659491
TI  - New focus on children's health issues. Interview by Michele Robinson.

PMID- 2659490
TI  - Rural Medicare reform: too little, too late?

PMID- 2659492
TI  - The optical measurement of 1,2-propanediol for the determination of lung
      capillary permeability surface area.
AB  - A technique has been developed which allows for the optical measurement of the
      concentration-time relationship for a diffusion-limited material in indicator
      dilution studies. The material, 1-2 propanediol, is used as a probe of the
      permeability of capillaries in the lung. Comparisons between standard
      radioisotope measurements and the optical measurements are provided and show
      excellent agreement. The optical method represents an improvement over the
      standard radioisotope method in that it provides the same data at lower cost,
      lower risk, and without the delay required by the radiographic methods.

PMID- 2659493
TI  - A frameless stereotaxic operating microscope for neurosurgery.
AB  - A new system, which we call the frameless stereotaxic operating microscope, is
      discussed. Its purpose is to display CT or other image data in the operating
      microscope in the correct scale, orientation, and position without the use of a
      stereotaxic frame. A nonimaging ultrasonic rangefinder allows the position of the
      operating microscope and the position of the patient to be determined. Discrete
      fiducial points on the patient's external anatomy are located in both image space
      and operating room space, linking the image data and the operating room.
      Physician-selected image information, e.g., tumor contours or guidance to
      predetermined targets, is projected through the optics of the operating
      microscope using a miniature cathode ray tube and a beam splitter. Projected
      images superpose the surgical field, reconstructed from image data to match the
      focal plane of the operating microscope. The algorithms on which the system is
      based are described, and the sources and effects of errors are discussed. The
      system's performance is simulated, providing an estimate of accuracy. Two
      phantoms are used to measure accuracy experimentally. Clinical results and
      observations are given.

PMID- 2659494
TI  - Prediction and prevention of patient falls.
AB  - Falls are a major cause of injury in hospitalized patients. To date, the focus of
      research has been on developing risk profiles to predict fallers and developing
      interventions to prevent falls. This paper presents and critiques these efforts.
      The authors conclude that (a) no high-risk profiles have yet been developed with
      adequate sensitivity and specificity to be useful as predictive instruments; (b)
      current fall interventions are rarely research-based; and (c) the few
      intervention studies conducted to date seem to reduce falls primarily through
      consciousness raising rather than specific changes in practice.

PMID- 2659495
TI  - Feminist friendship: Isabel Hampton Robb, Lavinia Lloyd Dock and Mary Adelaide
      Nutting.
AB  - Three nurses who met at the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing were the architects
      of professional nursing education and the founders of the major professional
      organizations in nursing: Isabel Hampton Robb, Lavinia Lloyd Dock and Mary
      Adelaide Nutting. Their relationship was an important part of the context in
      which feminism, social reform and nursing came together at the turn of the
      century. This paper explores the social context that structured their
      professional interests as well as their personal relationships.

PMID- 2659496
TI  - The limits of decision analysis for rapid decision making in ICU nursing.
AB  - In a study examining rapid decisions in ICU nursing in the context of decision
      analysis, 40 nurses in 2 ICUs were asked to describe their decisions for six
      pretested vignettes, suggest alternatives and answer questions about case
      characteristics. Later, ICU charge nurses and educators were asked to rate the
      nurses' responses using a modified Q-sort. The nurses did not perceive a finite
      set of alternatives; the 40 nurses gave 36 to 40 unique sequences that did not
      cluster. The experts could not agree on which alternatives were good (no "gold
      standard"). The assumptions of decision analysis appear to be violated when (a)
      there is not a small finite set of mutually exclusive alternatives; (b) the merit
      of an intervention cannot be agreed on; or (c) the link between intervention and
      outcome is unclear. Not only nursing but other process-oriented areas of medical
      care as well may not fit the decision analysis model.

PMID- 2659497
TI  - Caregiver burden and moral development.
AB  - This paper presents an expanded understanding of both burden and moral
      development, identifying the traits of burden as being essential components of
      moral development. Steps in the interpretation of burden are shown to result in
      caregiver decisions that may be life-giving, oppressive, or a combination of
      both. This new understanding of burden is then related to Folkman and Lazarus's
      (1985) theory of stress and coping.

PMID- 2659498
TI  - The qualitative-quantitative dualism.
AB  - Similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative research
      methods are presented; various bases for the choice of a methodology are
      addressed. Practical solutions to the quandaries posed by the qualitative
      quantitative dichotomy are explicated, with supporting methodological examples
      for nursing research studies. Finally, an ontological-epistemological foundation
      for a human science approach to nursing research is proposed as a means of
      obviating the qualitative-quantitative dichotomy.

PMID- 2659499
TI  - Activation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes by immuno
      modulating cytokines: an ultrastructural study.
AB  - Activated granulocytes play an important role in the propagation of inflammatory
      reactions and are capable of mediating tissue damage by the release of reactive
      oxygen species and lysosomal contents. Cytokines produced by immunocompetent and
      other cells were recently suggested to influence granulocyte functions.
      Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of relevant immuno
      modulating cytokines on isolated human granulocytes by ultrastructural criteria:
      scanning and transmission electron microscopy, ultrastructural detection of H2O2.
      The following recombinant human cytokines were tested: tumor necrosis factor
      (TNF), lymphotoxin (LT), GM-CSF, M-CSF, G-CSF, interleukin 1 (IL 1) alpha and
      beta, IL 2, IL 3, IL 4, IL 6, interferon (IFN)-alpha and gamma. Only TNF, LT, GM
      CSF and IL 3 (at high concentrations) induced significant morphological changes
      (increased adherence to plastic layers, typical polarization, development of
      intracellular vesicles) and production of H2O2. None of the other cytokines
      tested induced any detectable effect on isolated granulocytes even at
      unphysiological concentrations. The results clearly demonstrate that only certain
      cytokines are capable of influencing granulocytes. Release of these mediators
      represents a specific signal for granulocyte activation in inflammatory disease
      states.

PMID- 2659500
TI  - Cellular responses to "brucelline INRA" during the experimental brucellosis of
      the mouse.
AB  - "Brucelline INRA" is an aqueous extract of a rough strain of Brucella melitensis
      that is used to test cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in man and animals. The
      cellular response of mice (either normal, or sensitized by a previous brucella
      infection) was investigated with local implanted "cell-traps" and by
      immunological testing in vitro. Brucelline markedly reduced the number of
      polymorphonuclear cells in the local infiltrate of sensitized animals during the
      early, nonspecific phase of the response. In vitro responses were dissociated;
      while brucelline depressed the incorporation of thymidine into lymphocytes, on
      controls as well as on sensitized animals, it induced an evident production of
      macrophage inhibitory factor. Since brucelline is a mixture of several molecular
      species, and antibodies to some of its components were present in sensitized
      animals, immunomodulation of these apparently paradoxical responses is probably
      the result of a combination of different mechanisms. These observations are
      discussed in the light of physiopathological features of the experimental
      brucellosis in mice.

PMID- 2659501
TI  - Induction of tolerance across major barriers using a two-step method with genetic
      analysis of tolerance induction.
AB  - Using a murine skin allograft tolerance induction system that consists of
      intravenous injection of 1 x 10(8) allogeneic spleen cells followed by
      intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CP) 2 days later,
      sensitivity to tolerance induction was examined across various histocompatibility
      (H) barriers. Although each group of class I, class II or multiminor H antigens
      was not by itself a prohibitively strong barrier, resistance to tolerance
      induction increased when the three types of barriers were combined in various
      ways. When the donor-recipient combinations were disparate at the entire spectrum
      of both H-2 plus non H-2 antigens (fully allogeneic), profound tolerance to skin
      allografts was not induced by this method in any of the combinations examined.
      Based on these results, induction of tolerance across fully allogeneic barriers
      was attempted in C57BL/10SnJ (B10; H-2b) mice against C3H/HeSnJ (C3H; H-2k)
      strain by addressing the 11 barriers as two separate challenges. B10 mice were
      first given B10.BR/SgSnJ (B10.BR; H-2k) spleen cells plus CP to make them
      tolerant to the H-2k component represented among C3H antigens, and then later
      were given C3H spleen cells plus CP to establish a tolerant state to the
      remainder of the disparate antigens of the C3H donors. After these two separate
      manipulations, C3H skin was accepted in the B10 mice, and normal hair growth was
      observed in the grafted C3H skin. By contrast, B10 mice given C3H spleen cells
      plus CP and then again another injection of C3H spleen cells plus CP were not
      rendered tolerant to C3H skin. In B10 mice, tolerance to C3H induced with B10.BR
      spleen cells plus CP and then C3H spleen cells plus CP was specific to C3H, and
      the tolerant B10 mice rejected third-party skin from DBA/2J (DBA; H-2d) strain in
      a normal fashion. In transfer experiments, the mechanism of tolerance was found
      to be based largely on reduction of the effector cells rather than on a mechanism
      involving active suppression. Assays for chimerism revealed that maintaining the
      tolerant state required persistence of cells of donor origin. These data indicate
      that in a primary immune response to a certain dose of allogeneic cells
      (tolerogen), the existence of a relatively large proportion of potentially
      reactive clones in the host may trigger proliferation of only a part of the
      population and some of the potentially reactive cells may differentiate rapidly
      without a prolonged period of proliferation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2659502
TI  - Human leucocyte surface glycoprotein CDw44 and lymphocyte homing receptor are
      identical molecules.

PMID- 2659504
TI  - Ernest Witebsky--a personal vignette.

PMID- 2659503
TI  - Assignment of the human lymphocyte homing receptor gene to the short arm of
      chromosome 11.

PMID- 2659505
TI  - Tissue specificity and autoimmune responses.

PMID- 2659506
TI  - Regulation of the mucosal IGA response--an overview.

PMID- 2659507
TI  - B lymphocyte derived hematopoietic growth factors.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of bacterial
      lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on B lymphocyte derived hematopoietic growth factors.
      Bone marrow-derived (BM) B cells and homogeneous B cell lines (lymphomas and
      hybridomas) were used to study the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The BM B cells required two signals for GM-CSF
      production: LPS and a tumor promoting phorbol ester (TPA). In the B cell lines,
      GM-CSF production was inducible with LPS alone. Molecular analysis of the GM-CSF
      gene expression revealed that steady state levels (as determined by Northern
      analysis) of GM-CSF mRNA could be detected only in LPS-induced cells, whereas it
      was found by nuclear transcription analysis that the GM-CSF gene is transcribed
      even in uninduced cells. However, biological activity of GM-CSF was detected only
      in supernatants from LPS-induced cells. These data suggest a post-transcriptional
      regulation of this gene.

PMID- 2659508
TI  - Nutritional modulation of intestinal mucosal immunity.
AB  - Protein-energy malnutrition results in an increased risk of gastrointestinal
      infection. This can be attributed in part to impaired immune responses. Cell
      mediated immunity is decreased as judged by reduced number and function of thymus
      dependent lymphocytes, impaired delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, and
      decreased production of lymphokines. Concentration of secretory IgA is reduced
      and there are fewer intraepithelial lymphocytes. Antibody responses following
      viral vaccine administration are reduced and there is decrease in natural killer
      cell activity. In addition, the number of bacteria binding to epithelial cells is
      increased. These changes are observed also in certain selected nutrient
      deficiencies, such as that of vitamin A. It is suggested that impaired systemic
      and mucosal immunity contributes to the increased frequency and severity of
      intestinal infections seen in undernourished individuals.

PMID- 2659509
TI  - IgA1 proteases of oral streptococci: ecological aspects.
AB  - The ecology and identity of IgA1 protease-producing streptococci in the human
      oral cavity were studied in an attempt to obtain insight into the significance of
      IgA1 proteases for host-parasite relationships. Contrary to previous
      observations, a detailed taxonomic analysis of oral streptococci revealed that
      all strains of S. sanguis and S. oralis ("S.mitior") produced IgA1 protease. In
      addition, IgA1 protease activity was observed in some isolates of S.mitis. Of the
      streptococci that initiate plaque formation on dental enamel 88% (median value)
      had IgA1 protease activity. Low proportions of the streptococci that colonize the
      tongue and oropharyngeal mucosae produced IgA1 protease, in contrast to 60% of
      streptococci isolated from buccal mucosa. The IgA1 proteases from S. sanguis I
      III, S. sanguis IV, S. oralis, and S.mitis were distinct as revealed by studies
      using enzyme-neutralizing antibodies.

PMID- 2659510
TI  - The role of antibody, complement and neutrophils in host defense against
      Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.
AB  - A. actinomycetemcomitans is a facultative Gram-negative coccobacillus which has
      been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of localized juvenile
      periodontitis and has also been recognized for its potential to cause serious
      extraoral infections, particularly endocarditis. The polymorphonuclear neutrophil
      has been suggested to play a key role in host resistance to periodontopathic
      organisms, as indicated by the association between defective production or
      function of these phagocytic cells and severe periodontal disease. This
      association has engendered interest in the study of the interaction between
      neutrophils and A. actinomycetemcomitans, as well as the role of immunoglobulin
      and complement in facilitating this interaction. The objective of this review is
      to summarize current knowledge of the nature and consequences of the interaction
      between A. actinomycetemcomitans and the host defense triad consisting of
      neutrophils, complement and immunoglobulin.

PMID- 2659511
TI  - Effect of immune cytokines on bone.
AB  - The effect of the bone resorptive cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and TNF on
      bone formation was studied in an in vitro system. All three cytokines were
      profoundly inhibitory, with the rank order of potency IL-1 beta greater than IL-1
      alpha greater than TNF. Inhibition was mediated by a depression of differentiated
      osteoblast functions, including alkaline phosphatase expression and matrix
      synthesis. Osteoblast proliferation was not affected. Bone formation inhibition
      was independent of PGE2 production, indicating a direct effect of cytokines on
      osteoblasts. High concentrations of IL-1 beta (10 U/ml) abrogated IGF-1
      stimulated bone formation, providing evidence for the hypothesis that cytokines
      act as 'uncoupling factors'. Conversely, high concentrations of IGF-1
      circumvented inhibition by IL-1 beta (0.1-1.0 U/ml). The interaction of cytokines
      and bone growth factors with osteoblasts are likely to be of critical importance
      in the regulation of bone mass at local inflammatory sites.

PMID- 2659512
TI  - The role of the liver in translocation of IgA into the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - The liver plays a key role in the translocation of IgA into the upper
      gastrointestinal tract. The amount of IgA transported and the mechanisms
      involved, however, vary widely among species. In some, best defined in the rat,
      large amounts of polymeric IgA (pIgA) are cleared from the plasma by hepatocytes,
      which synthesize the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, secretory component (SC),
      and express it on their sinusoidal plasma membranes. Circulating pIgA binds to
      SC, is internalized into endocytic vesicles and transported across the hepatocyte
      to the bile canalicular membrane, where the pIgA is released into bile in complex
      with a portion of the SC, i.e., secretory sIgA (sIgA). In some other species,
      including man, there is much less hepatic transport of circulating IgA, at least
      in part because SC is present only in biliary epithelium, and there is relatively
      more local synthesis of IgA within hepatobiliary tissues. On the other hand,
      certain IgA1 myeloma proteins appear to bind to and enter human hepatocytes via
      an asialoglycoprotein receptor. These species differences have implications for
      the biological significance of the biliary secretion of IgA, including the
      disposal of circulating IgA-antigen complexes into bile.

PMID- 2659513
TI  - Synthesis and biliary secretion of immunoglobulins by rat liver.
AB  - In this manuscript, we have attempted to first present an overview of the
      fundamentals of IgA secretion into rat bile via a receptor mediated process which
      involves the formation of vesicles and their vectorial movement to the bile
      canaliculus by a microtubule network. This transcellular pathway is used by all
      IgA secreting cells. The process is unique in that the transport vesicles do not
      pass through the Golgi-lysosomal region of the cell and therefore the ligand is
      allowed to enter the secretions intact with a portion of its receptor providing
      protection against proteases in the external environment. We also have
      demonstrated that the liver provides an early response to intestinal luminal
      antigen presentation. Stimulated B cells that are produced in the Peyer's patches
      in rodents home first to the liver. Only after boosting and the establishment of
      long term immunity are specific antibody producing cells found in other organs
      such as the intestine. Data are presented which would suggest that non-receptor
      mediated Ig transport into bile is by passive transport across tight junctional
      complexes between liver cells and by fluid phase vesicles. This observation may
      account for the small but consistent amount of IgA and IgG unattached to
      receptors that are found in the bile in humans. Exciting new evidence would
      indicate that the tight junctions can be made leaky by modifications in the
      hormonal environment. These observations may have wide range implications for
      understanding of how a variety of compounds enter the external secretions.

PMID- 2659514
TI  - The role of the liver in catabolism of mouse and human IgA.
AB  - The fate of intravascular IgA which is produced in large quantities in humans and
      many animal species was investigated in vivo and in vitro with emphasis on the
      monomeric form of IgA. The site(s) of the catabolism of intravenously injected
      mouse monomeric IgA labeled with a residualizing tracer (dilactitol - 125I
      tyramine) was studied in mice. The greatest in vivo uptake of monomeric IgA was
      observed in the liver. In contrast to identically labeled IgG, liver accounted
      for more internal catabolism of monomeric IgA than all other tissues (spleen,
      muscle, skin, and kidney) combined. Although both parenchymal and nonparenchymal
      liver cells internalized monomeric IgA, hepatocytes were far more active. The
      uptake of monomeric IgA was primarily mediated by the asialoglycoprotein
      receptor. In humans, the particulate fraction of liver homogenates and a human
      hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) bound human IgA proteins of various molecular forms.
      Inhibition of the binding by desialylated glycoproteins, requirement for the
      presence of calcium, and the molecular properties of the IgA-binding protein from
      the plasma membrane of Hep G2 cells indicated that the binding was primarily
      mediated by the asialoglycoprotein receptor. IgA proteins bound by Hep/G2 cells
      were internalized and catabolized to low molecular weight fragments.

PMID- 2659515
TI  - Intestinal endotoxins as co-factors in liver injury.
AB  - The interaction between sinusoidal cells of the liver and endotoxins absorbed
      from the gut may be critical in causing liver cell injury due to a variety of
      toxins. Both fixed liver macrophages, and those recruited during injury may be
      important to this process either by their inability to detoxify increased amounts
      of LPS presented from the intestinal track, or because of the release of potent
      effectors under its influence. Evidence that intestinal endotoxins are an
      important co-factor in both experimental and clinical liver injury is discussed.
      Mechanisms responsible for macrophage mediation of endotoxin injury are proposed,
      and preliminary evidence that tumor necrosis factor levels are elevated in human
      liver disease is presented.

PMID- 2659516
TI  - Crypt cell antigens (CCA): new carbohydrate markers for human colon cancer cells.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies produced against surface membrane components of
      the human colon tumor cell line Caco-2 was found to define oncofetal crypt cell
      antigens (CCA) expressed by fetal intestinal cells, adult small intestinal crypt
      cells, and human and rat colonic adenocarcinomas. The epitopes recognized by
      these antibodies have been identified as O-linked oligosaccharide chains
      associated with specific glycoproteins in cultured intestinal cells and in colon
      tumors in vivo. Analysis of a large group of normal and diseased human intestinal
      specimens has demonstrated a marked heterogeneity in CCA expression which
      correlated with the degree of organization of the tumor cells in the tissue,
      suggesting that the CCA represent useful histological and clinical markers for
      colon cancer.

PMID- 2659517
TI  - Development of the mucosal barrier: bacterial toxin interaction with the immature
      enterocyte.
AB  - The microvillus surface of the enterocyte has been studied extensively to
      determine if compositional differences in pre- and postweaned animals can account
      for the increased incidence of immunologic and infectious intestinal disease
      states in newborns. The interaction of cholera toxin with the developing
      enterocyte was studied with respect to receptor-effector response. In previous
      studies, we have reported that more toxin binds to the preweaned animal gut than
      to the postweaned. More recently we have shown that toxin causes an increased
      cAMP response and decreased Na+-K1+ATPase response, suggesting that the enhanced
      response to toxin by the immature enterocyte may contribute to increased
      toxigenic diarrhea in newborns.

PMID- 2659518
TI  - The colonic goblet cell and glycoprotein heterogeneity.
AB  - Mucin glycoproteins are an important 'nonspecific' host defense at the interface
      of mucosal surface and lumen. However insights into structural and functional
      features of these enormously complex and heterogeneous glycoproteins have been
      markedly limited. In recent studies, the presence of several distinct colonic
      mucin glycoproteins has been demonstrated and their oligosaccharide side chains
      extensively characterized through conventional structural analysis and
      utilization of monoclonal antibodies. Glycoprotein diversity has been found to
      arise from previously unrecognized functional heterogeneity of colonic goblet
      cells. Rates of biosynthesis and secretion of different HCM glycoproteins appear
      to vary. In addition, a selective reduction in HCM glycoprotein IV has been
      demonstrated in specific association with ulcerative colitis. Finally preliminary
      studies suggest that additional alterations in colonic glycoconjugates may be
      present in ulcerative colitis mucosa.

PMID- 2659519
TI  - Immunopathogenesis of celiac disease.
AB  - The immunopathogenesis of celiac disease requires interactions between genetic,
      environmental and immunologic factors. Genes within the class II region of the
      major histocompatibility complex (HLA-D region) represent a major component
      contributing to disease susceptibility. Structural studies of genes within the
      HLA-D region have shown that the class II HLA haplotype associated with celiac
      disease is extended, and includes not only the HLA-DR and DQ subregions, but also
      the HLA-DP subregion. The celiac disease-associated haplotype is marked in the
      HLA-DP subregion by a polymorphic 4 kilobase Rsa I genomic fragment derived from
      a DP beta chain. Other studies suggest that, in addition to dietary gliadins, a
      viral protein may play a role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease, perhaps by
      virtue of immunologic cross reactivity between antigenic determinant shared by
      the viral protein and alpha gliadins.

PMID- 2659520
TI  - Molecular biology and immunology of rotavirus infections.
AB  - Rotaviruses were first recognized about 15 years ago in association with diarrhea
      in children and animals. Since then, rotaviruses have been determined to be the
      most important viral agent that causes clinically significant diarrhea in
      children and a need for an effective vaccination program has been recognized.
      This article reviews the progress which has been made in understanding the
      molecular biology of rotaviruses and summarizes information on the immune
      responses to rotavirus infections obtained in a new animal model in rabbits. This
      model is useful to systematically evaluate active protective immunity following
      infection of seronegative animals.

PMID- 2659521
TI  - Recombinant avirulent Salmonella vaccine strains with stable maintenance and high
      level expression of cloned genes in vivo.
AB  - Salmonella typhimurium strains with deletion (delta) of the adenylate cyclase
      (cya) and cyclic AMP receptor protein (crp) genes are avirulent for mice and
      induce a high level of protective immunity to oral challenge with up to 10,000
      times what would be a lethal dose of wild-type virulent S. typhimurium cells.
      This immunity begins as early as seven days after immunization and lasts for at
      least four months. S. typhimurium delta cya delta crp mutants stably maintain
      plasmids and give high-level expression of cloned gene products; in this they
      appear superior to other avirulent S. typhimurium strains. S. typhimurium delta
      cya delta crp strains with a delta asd mutation (abolishing production of
      aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase), have an obligate requirement for
      diaminopimelic acid (DAP). This strain can be used in conjunction with plasmid
      vectors lacking antibiotic resistance markers but having the wild-type asd+ gene
      from Streptococcus mutans to complement the delta asd chromosomal mutation. The
      Asd+ plasmid vector can be used to express a diversity of colonization and
      virulence antigens from other pathogens. In the delta cya delta crp delta asd S.
      typhimurium vaccine strain, the plasmid is completely stable in the absence of
      any exogenous selective pressure either in vitro or in vivo.

PMID- 2659522
TI  - The present state of liver transplantation and the future prospects for
      intestinal transplantation.

PMID- 2659523
TI  - Neuroendocrine regulation of mucosal immunity.
AB  - In view of the extensive innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, including the
      mucosa, and the high number of immune effector cells present in this tissue, we
      have studied the effects of certain neurotransmitters on immune responses. We
      have concentrated on the effects of the neuropeptides substance P (SP),
      somatostatin (SOM) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We have found that SP
      causes an increase in the proliferation of Peyer's patch lymphocytes as well as
      immunoglobulin (especially IgA) synthesis, when compared to splenic cells; and
      that there is a greater expression of SP receptors on lymphocytes derived from
      Peyer's patches compared to the spleen, without a significant difference in the
      expression between subsets of T and B cells. Furthermore, we have shown that
      intraepithelial leukocytes (IEL) show significantly increased cytotoxic activity
      following incubation with SP; whereas splenic lymphocytes were not stimulated in
      the same system. The effects of SOM where bi-directional depending upon the
      concentration employed but in general, SOM was inhibitory, in terms of
      proliferation, as was VIP. Although many more experiments are required to prove a
      physiological significance for the results that we have obtained, and to examine
      the whole gamut of neurotransmitters, we suggest that neuroendocrine regulation
      may play an important part in mucosal immunity.

PMID- 2659524
TI  - Mucosal homeostasis: role of interleukins, isotype-specific factors and
      contrasuppression in the IgA response.
AB  - Oral ingestion of antigen elicits immune responses at mucosal sites where humoral
      immunity is largely due to antibodies of the IgA isotype. This is often
      accompanied by suppression of systemic responses to the same antigen, a state
      termed oral tolerance. This IgA response is regulated by interactions between T
      cell subsets found at IgA inductive tissues, i.e., the gut-associated
      lymphoreticular tissue (GALT) or Peyer's patches (PP). PP T helper (Th) cells
      support IgA responses, and interleukins 5 (IL-5) and IL-6 can augment secretion
      of this isotype. Subsets of Th cells may also express Fc receptors for IgA (Fc
      alpha R) and secrete Fc alpha R as an IgA-binding factor (IBF alpha). Membrane
      derived Fc alpha R is a glycoprotein of 38,000 M.W. and this molecule induces
      selective increases in IgA secreting cells (as determined by the ELISPOT assay)
      in PP B cell cultures. Fc alpha R+ T cell lines have been shown to secrete IBF
      alpha as well as IL-5 both of which promote IgA synthesis. Recombinant IL-5 (rIL
      5) and rIL-6 induce IgA synthesis mainly by PP B cell blasts, and principally act
      on surface IgA-positive (sIgA+) B cells for these responses. Another form of
      mucosal regulation is provided by T contrasuppressor (Tcs) cells, which abrogate
      oral tolerance when adoptively transferred to mice and restore systemic
      responsiveness to the antigen sheep erythrocyte (SRBC). Tcs cells from mice
      systemically primed with SRBC support IgM and IgG subclass responses, while Tcs
      cells from orally primed mice support IgM, IgG subclass and IgA anti-SRBC
      responses. These Tcs cells are CD3+, CD4-, 8- and are antigen-specific. These
      regulatory cells may use the gamma-delta (gamma-delta) form of T cell receptor
      for antigen recognition.

PMID- 2659525
TI  - Secretory immunoglobulin A response to Shiga toxin in rabbits: kinetics of the
      initial mucosal immune response and inhibition of toxicity in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Although the role of Shiga toxin in dysentery is unknown, the toxin is cytotoxic
      to HeLa cells, causes fluid secretion in rabbit intestine, and is lethal to
      rabbits and mice when injected parenterally. In the present study, rabbits
      received three weekly doses of Shiga toxin directly into chronically isolated
      ileal loops. Within a week, secretions from these loops contained immunoglobulin
      A (IgA) anti-Shiga toxin. The titer of IgA anti-Shiga toxin increased after
      weekly doses 2 and 3. Little IgG anti-Shiga toxin was present in loop secretions,
      although high titers of IgG anti-Shiga toxin were found in the sera. These loop
      secretions were able to neutralize the cytotoxic effects of Shiga toxin in the
      HeLa cell assay. The capacity to neutralize the cytotoxicity of the toxin
      correlated strongly with the IgA anti-Shiga toxin titer in these same secretions.
      Pooled immune loop secretions were also able to significantly reduce fluid
      accumulation in acutely ligated loops in rabbits, while loop secretions from
      control rabbits could not. Shiga toxin elicited a strong secretory IgA response
      upon application to the intestine. Further, the mucosal antibodies produced
      functioned to prevent the toxic effects of Shiga toxin both in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2659526
TI  - Participation of yeast cell surface hydrophobicity in adherence of Candida
      albicans to human epithelial cells.
AB  - Recent studies have revealed that hydrophobic cells of the opportunistic
      pathogenic fungus Candida albicans are more virulent than hydrophilic cells. One
      critical step in the pathogenic process is adherence to host tissues. Adherence
      of C. albicans to epithelial tissues is mediated primarily by specific adhesin
      receptor interactions, but whether cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of the yeast
      cells may also contribute has not been definitively demonstrated. Nineteen
      isolates of C. albicans were grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth at either 23 or 37
      degrees C and tested for CSH by a polystyrene microsphere assay and for the
      ability to adhere to HeLa cells, a human cervical epithelioid carcinoma cell
      line. For 13 isolates, growth at 23 degrees C resulted in significantly higher
      levels of CSH than did growth at 37 degrees C. Three isolates were hydrophobic
      and two were hydrophilic regardless of growth temperature. One isolate was more
      hydrophobic after growth at 37 degrees C. Of the isolates that were more
      hydrophobic after growth at 23 degrees C, 86.5% (11 of 13) were also more
      adherent to HeLa cells. Growth temperature did not appear to determine adherence
      ability, as all isolates that did not differ in CSH after growth at either
      temperature also did not differ in ability to adhere. No correlation (r = 0.44)
      was obtained between CSH and adherence when the isolates grown at 23 degrees C
      were evaluated as a group. Higher correlation (r = 0.65) was obtained when the
      isolates were grown at 37 degrees C. Interestingly, a significantly positive
      correlation between CSH and adherence was obtained when individual isolates were
      analyzed. To accomplish this analysis, the isolates were allowed to vary in CSH
      over time in tissue culture medium without serum, and the corresponding adherence
      values determined. Only isolates that varied in CSH by greater than 10% were
      used. Correlation statistical analysis in which the coefficient of determination
      (r2) was calculated indicated that poor correlation between CSH and adherence for
      the isolates evaluated as a group was likely due to the fact that CSH had little
      effect on adherence once a moderately high level of CSH was attained. These
      results indicate that CSH is involved in adherence but is not the predominant
      mechanism and that the effect of CSH on adherence is isolate dependent.

PMID- 2659527
TI  - Invasive potential of noncytotoxic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in an in
      vitro Henle 407 cell model.
AB  - The invasive capacity of 13 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains was
      assessed in vitro in Henle 407 cell culture. Both fluorescent microscopy of
      infected monolayers stained with acridine orange and electron microscopy revealed
      the presence of intracellular bacteria. As shown by acridine orange-stained
      infected monolayers, the number of internalized bacteria increased with time.
      Monolayers infected for 3 h were treated with antibiotics and either
      [14C]glutamine or [3H]leucine and incubated for various time intervals, after
      which the amount of radioactivity present in the washed monolayers was measured.
      A significant (P less than 0.005) increase in uptake was evident for up to 4 h
      after the addition of radiolabeled amino acid. This finding was confirmed by an
      increase in bacterial number in cultured cells and in protein concentration of
      infected cells with time. None of the South African enteropathogenic E. coli
      isolates used in these studies produced Vero cytotoxin. These findings
      demonstrate that, in addition to adherence, cell penetration and intracellular
      multiplication take place in epithelial cell-derived tissue culture cells
      infected by enteropathogenic E. coli.

PMID- 2659528
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-mediated protection and neutralization of motility in
      experimental Proteus mirabilis infection.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies with specificity for a wound isolate of Proteus
      mirabilis was established. Of nine antibodies studied in detail, three were
      broadly reactive with various Proteus isolates, while six reacted in a serotype
      specific fashion with the strain used for immunization. Five of the six serotype
      specific antibodies were reactive with lipopolysaccharide. The sixth serotype
      specific antibody, 4-F (immunoglobulin G1 [IgG1]), was potently protective in a
      burn wound sepsis model and recognized a protein antigen. Sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis were
      used to determine that 4-F was reactive with flagellar protein. Approximately 1.3
      micrograms of the antibody was sufficient to provide protection against 8 50%
      lethal doses of wound isolate, and approximately 26 micrograms provided full
      protection against challenge with 333 50% lethal doses. In vitro test results
      indicated that 4-F inhibited the motility of the wound isolate, and in vivo
      testing showed that it inhibited dissemination of the inoculum from the burn site
      to the liver and spleen. Whereas the antibody was highly effective in preventing
      the death of mice subsequent to challenge at a burn site, no protection was seen
      following an intraperitoneal challenge. These results may therefore indicate that
      the protection observed in the burn model is solely a reflection of the capacity
      of 4-F to neutralize bacterial motility.

PMID- 2659530
TI  - T-cell recognition of the 18-kilodalton antigen of Mycobacterium leprae.
AB  - The 18-kilodalton (kDa) antigen of Mycobacterium leprae was expressed as a fusion
      protein with a 2-kDa leader peptide and used in proliferation assays with
      peripheral blood cells. Fifty percent of untreated tuberculoid leprosy patients
      and 93% of long-term leprosy contacts responded to the recombinant protein in
      lymphocyte transformation tests. Comparison of the stimulation indices in the two
      groups showed that the contacts responded more strongly than the tuberculoid
      leprosy patients. Seventy percent of Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated European
      donors responded, although with low stimulation indices. The isolation of 18-kDa
      antigen-responsive T-cell lines from a BCG-vaccinated British donor confirmed
      that the 18-kDa antigen contains at least one cross-reactive epitope. These
      results indicate that the 18-kDa protein is an important antigen in the immune
      response to leprosy.

PMID- 2659529
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi expresses diverse repetitive protein antigens.
AB  - We screened a Trypanosoma cruzi cDNA expression library with human and rabbit
      anti-T. cruzi sera and identified cDNA clones that encode polypeptides containing
      tandemly arranged repeats which are 6 to 34 amino acids in length. The peptide
      repeats encoded by these cDNAs varied markedly in sequence, copy number, and
      location relative to the polyadenylation site of the mRNAs from which they were
      derived. The repeats were specific for T. cruzi, but in each case the sizes of
      the corresponding mRNAs and the total number of repeat copies encoded varied
      considerably among different isolates of the parasite. Expression of the peptide
      repeats was not stage specific. One of the peptide repeats occurred in a protein
      with an Mr of greater than 200,000 and one was in a protein of Mr 75,000 to
      105,000. The frequent occurrence and diversity of these peptide repeats suggested
      that they may play a role in the ability of the parasite to evade immune
      destruction in its invertebrate and mammalian hosts, but the primary roles of
      these macromolecules may be unrelated to the host-parasite relationship.

PMID- 2659531
TI  - Murine natural killer cell interactions with a fungal target, Cryptococcus
      neoformans.
AB  - Earlier investigations have shown that murine natural killer (NK) cells bind to
      and inhibit the growth of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro
      and in vivo. To define the stages of NK cell-mediated inhibition of C. neoformans
      growth and the requirements for the completion of these stages, the events which
      lead to cryptococcal growth inhibition were compared with those previously
      elucidated for NK cell-mediated tumor cell lysis. Our data indicate that NK cell
      cryptococci binding is a distinct event that precedes inhibition; is temperature
      independent, although it is slowed at 4 degrees C; and is Mg2+ dependent. In
      contrast to binding, NK cell-mediated cryptococcal growth inhibition is
      temperature, Mg2+, and Ca2+ dependent. The removal of Ca2+ by EDTA addition
      within 3 h after maximal NK cell-cryptococci binding significantly reduced
      cryptococcal growth inhibition, indicating that Ca2+ is required either late in
      the NK cell trigger stage or early in the inhibitory stage. These stages and
      requirements are similar to those previously demonstrated for the model of NK
      cell-mediated tumor cell lysis; however, the NK cell-cryptococci interactions are
      somewhat slower than the interactions which culminate in the lysis of the YAC-1
      tumor cell targets. These results suggest that C. neoformans cells, although
      structurally distinct from the standard tumor cell targets, are capable of
      similar cell-to-cell interactions with NK effector cells as the tumor cell
      targets.

PMID- 2659532
TI  - Characterization and vaccine potential of a novel recombinant coccidial antigen.
AB  - A cDNA clone derived from sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella and encoding the
      expression product GX3262 was identified using a monoclonal antibody raised
      against Eimeria acervulina sporozoites. The cDNA fragment containing the
      coccidial antigen gene was cloned in bacteriophage lambda gt11, transferred to a
      plasmid, and introduced into Escherichia coli for analysis of the gene products.
      The strain carrying the plasmid produced GX3262 as part of a fusion protein
      consisting of the first 1,006 amino acids of E. coli beta-galactosidase and 112
      amino acids of the E. tenella protein of approximately 12 kilodaltons. Partially
      purified antigen, heat-killed recombinant bacterin, and live E. coli containing
      the recombinant coccidial antigen were used to immunize 1-week-old or newly
      hatched broiler chicks. Several immunization protocols were utilized, including
      boosts with partially purified beta-galactosidase-GX3262, bacterin, or small
      numbers of live E. tenella oocysts. After challenge with an experimental E.
      tenella infection, the birds were evaluated by scoring cecal lesions to determine
      the level of protection. The greatest degree of protection was seen after only a
      single immunization of 2-day-old birds with a live recombinant E. coli
      preparation. The results presented here identify GX3262 as a potential candidate
      coccidial vaccine antigen and provide evidence for the first time that newly
      hatched chickens can be successfully vaccinated with a recombinant antigen.

PMID- 2659533
TI  - Effector cells involved in nonspecific and antibody-dependent mechanisms directed
      against Plasmodium falciparum blood stages in vitro.
AB  - We have evaluated in in vitro conditions the possible cooperative effect of
      antimalarial antibodies with several human blood cell types. When used alone,
      immunoglobulin G from African adults who had reached a state of premunition
      against malaria was found to have no or very limited direct effect on invasion
      and multiplication of P. falciparum asexual blood stages. In contrast, these
      antibodies induced a marked specific inhibition of parasite growth in the
      presence of normal blood monocytes, and the inhibition did not appear to be
      strain dependent. No similar antibody-dependent cellular inhibitory effect was
      found using human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, or
      adherent spleen cells. However, these cells could all exert in vitro some non
      antibody-dependent inhibitory effect when present at high effector/target cell
      ratios.

PMID- 2659534
TI  - Cloning and expression of a cohemolysin, the CAMP factor of Actinobacillus
      pleuropneumoniae.
AB  - The genetic determinant of the cohemolysin which is responsible for the CAMP
      phenomenon, a cohemolysis, of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was cloned in
      Escherichia coli. Total DNA from the A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 type strain
      4074 was used to construct a gene library in plasmid pUC18 in E. coli JM83. A
      total of 10,500 clones containing recombinant plasmids have been screened for
      hemolysis on blood plates. Fifty-five clones which showed a weak hemolytic
      response after 24 to 48 h of incubation were screened for the CAMP reaction with
      Staphylococcus aureus. This led to the identification of one clone which showed a
      positive CAMP reaction. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the recombinant strain
      expressed a protein with a molecular mass of 27,000 daltons, similar in size to
      the CAMP protein of the group B streptococci. Rabbit antibodies against the CAMP+
      clone neutralized the CAMP reaction mediated by the E. coli strain containing the
      cloned CAMP gene as well as that of A. pleuropneumoniae. Antibodies raised
      against the cloned CAMP cohemolysin cross-reacted with Streptococcus agalactiae
      protein B. We designate the 27,000-dalton molecule CAMP factor protein and name
      its corresponding gene cfp.

PMID- 2659535
TI  - Effect of streptomycin administration on association of enteric pathogens with
      cecal tissue of mice.
AB  - The effect of streptomycin on the ability of Shigella sonnei 3SR and
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 2SR to associate with cecal tissue of mice in
      vivo and in vitro was examined. After orogastric challenge, both pathogens
      associated in significantly greater numbers (P less than or equal to 0.05) with
      the cecal tissue of streptomycin-treated mice than with the tissue of untreated
      mice. The population levels of the pathogens were also significantly greater (P
      less than or equal to 0.05) in the cecal contents of streptomycin-treated mice
      than in untreated mice. When excised cecal tissues from the two groups of mice
      were exposed to the pathogens in vitro, the extent of the association of the
      pathogens was markedly greater with tissues from streptomycin-treated mice than
      with tissues from untreated mice. There was also a positive correlation between
      the numbers of the pathogens in the suspending fluid and the extent of the tissue
      associations. The population size of fusiform organisms, which are the major
      components of the mucus layer of the ceca of mice, was reduced 100-fold by
      streptomycin administration. This was determined by microscopic count. Sections
      of cecal tissue obtained from the mice and stained with hematoxylin and eosin
      demonstrated that streptomycin administration greatly decreased the number of
      fusiform bacteria present in the mucosal microbial layer. We speculate that the
      partial elimination of fusiform organisms from this layer by streptomycin
      administration provides available association sites for pathogens so that they
      can successfully colonize the mouse cecum.

PMID- 2659536
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha potentiates neutrophil antimicrobial activity:
      increased fungicidal activity against Torulopsis glabrata and Candida albicans
      and associated increases in oxygen radical production and lysosomal enzyme
      release.
AB  - The capacity of human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) to modulate the
      killing of the opportunistic pathogens Torulopsis glabrata and Candida albicans
      by human neutrophils was studied. TNF-alpha significantly enhanced neutrophil
      fungicidal activity in a concentration-dependent manner and was evident in a
      range of neutrophil-fungus ratios. Enhanced killing of T. glabrata required much
      lower TNF-alpha concentrations than were required for enhancement of killing of
      C. albicans. Maximal enhancement of killing occurred with 20 and 100 U of TNF
      alpha per 5 x 10(6) neutrophils for T. glabrata and C. albicans, respectively.
      The fungal killing kinetics demonstrated that TNF-alpha augmentation of
      fungicidal activity was evident within 1 h and persisted for an incubation period
      of at least 22 h. Preincubation of neutrophils with TNF-alpha was essential for
      the enhancement of killing. Maximal stimulation of killing was observed within 1
      h of preincubation with TNF-alpha, and poor stimulation of killing was observed
      when TNF-alpha was added at time zero. Associated with the increase in fungicidal
      activity was an increased production of superoxide and an enhanced degranulation
      of enzymes and other proteins from azurophilic and specific granules in response
      to the fungi. The results demonstrate that TNF-alpha augments the neutrophil
      oxidative respiratory burst and the degranulation induced by opsonized fungi and
      that it increases the neutrophil fungicidal activity.

PMID- 2659537
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of a Treponema pallidum gene encoding a 31.3-kilodalton
      endoflagellar subunit (FlaB2).
AB  - A library of Treponema pallidum DNA was established in the direct selection
      vector pUN121. Six clones carrying a gene coding for a 33-kilodalton T. pallidum
      flagellum subunit were identified by colony hybridization with an
      oligodeoxynucleotide probe based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of this
      subunit. An open reading frame of 286 amino acids with the expected N-terminal
      sequence and absence of cysteine residues was identified. The deduced protein had
      a calculated molecular weight of 31.3 kilodaltons. We propose to name this
      flagellar subunit FlaB2. FlaB2 shows a significant amino acid homology with
      flagellins of several remotely related bacterial species. This homology was most
      pronounced corresponding to the C-terminal and N-terminal parts of the protein,
      whereas the central region was variable.

PMID- 2659538
TI  - Selective IgG subclass antibody response to insulin in diabetic patients
      receiving animal insulin replacement therapy.
AB  - Serum IgG subclass antibodies to insulin were semiquantitatively estimated using
      a highly sensitive and specific technique of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
      The three groups of patients (categorised on the basis of duration and dose of
      exogenous insulin administered) showed a variable pattern. In spite of
      considerable variations from patient to patient in a group, IgG1 and IgG2 levels
      were higher in patients receiving a low dose of insulin for 9-18 and 30-72
      months, respectively, while in the patients on high dose of therapeutic insulin,
      IgG4 well predominated over all other subclasses. It is postulated that IgG4
      antibodies are directed against the biologically active site of insulin and
      explains the high requirement of insulin in these patients.

PMID- 2659539
TI  - High frequency of Ki-ras codon 12 mutations in pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
AB  - The frequency of Ki-ras gene mutations was studied in 100 paraffin-embedded
      sections obtained from 63 pancreatic adenocarcinomas by in vitro amplification of
      target sequences via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and selective
      oligonucleotide hybridization. Forty-seven (75%) of the tumors contained a Ki-ras
      mutation at codon 12. No predominant amino acid substitution or nucleotide
      transition at this codon was observed. Two carcinomas exhibited 2 distinct Ki-ras
      mutations. No particular correlation could be established between the incidence
      of Ki-ras mutation and clinical parameters (sex, age, survival), tumor grade or
      tumor stage.

PMID- 2659540
TI  - Marker profile of mesothelial cells versus ovarian carcinoma cells.
AB  - We investigated the marker profile of human ascitic and cultured mesothelial
      cells, and compared it to that of ovarian carcinoma cells which are related in
      terms of their histogenesis, unrelated colon carcinomas being used as reference.
      Mesothelial and ovarian carcinoma cells could not be distinguished by
      (intermediate) filament typing, using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to keratins,
      vimentins and desmins. Colon carcinomas differed from mesothelial cells and
      ovarian carcinomas by the absence of keratin-7 filaments. The epithelial marker
      BW 495/36 was completely negative on mesothelial cells and positive on all
      ovarian and colon carcinoma cells. While CEA was found on about 85% of all colon
      carcinomas, CEA expression on mesothelial cells and ovarian carcinoma cells was
      below 20%. The ovarian carcinoma markers (OV-TL 3, OV-TL 10, OC 125, MOV 18) were
      strongly positive on ovarian carcinomas and negative on colon carcinomas (or
      limited to traces of immunofluorescence on some samples). Although the
      mesothelial cells showed weak or negative reactivity with these markers, OC 125
      antigen was found by immunoelectron microscopy on the surface of cultured
      mesothelial cells, and was shed in the culture supernatant at concentrations of
      50, 28, and 25 CA 125 U/ml/10(4) positive cells. This suggests that mesothelial
      cells may be responsible for the synthesis of CA 125 in ascitic fluid. The data
      indicate that ovarian carcinomas, mesothelial cells and colon carcinomas can be
      distinguished using a combination of anti-keratin antibodies with BW 495/36 and
      anti-ovarian carcinoma markers.

PMID- 2659541
TI  - Formation of multinucleated cells in a Hodgkin's-disease-derived cell line.
AB  - The proliferative potential of multinucleated Reed-Sternberg-like cells and the
      process of multinuclear formation were studied on the Hodgkin's-disease-derived
      cell line HDLM-2. No difference in surface antigen expression was found between
      mono- and multinucleated cells as determined by immunolabelling with
      characteristic markers. After sorting and reculture of purified mononucleated
      cells, polykaryons emerged subsequently in these cultures, indicating that
      mononucleated cells give rise to multinucleated variants. The morphological
      observation of mitotic figures and immunostaining with the cell cycle indicators
      Ki-67 and BrdU provided evidence of DNA synthesis and nuclear division in
      multinucleated cells. The presence of mitotic figures demonstrated that
      multinucleated cells are able to undergo synchronous nuclear division. However,
      while polykaryons were clearly mitotically active and capable of DNA synthesis,
      the absence of telophases and the failure of active replication suggest a
      disturbed cytokinesis. Co-cultivation of BrdU-labelled and unlabelled populations
      did not lead to hybrid polykaryons with negative and positive nuclei. Therefore,
      multinucleated giant cell formation of HDLM-2 cells appears to involve nuclear
      endomitosis without cell division rather than cell fusion.

PMID- 2659542
TI  - Characterization of a novel mouse reticular cell sarcoma M5076 subline resistant
      to cisplatin.
AB  - A novel murine tumor resistant to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin, DDP)
      was obtained (M5/DDP) after 22 passages in which mice bearing the ovarian
      reticular cell sarcoma M5076 (M5) were treated with DDP. Although DDP conserved
      some inhibitory activity on growth of M5/DDP, it was much less effective than on
      M5. Treatment with DDP did not prolong the survival time of mice with M5/DDP,
      whereas it markedly prolonged survival of M5-bearing mice. M5 and M5/DDP tumors
      shared many biological and biochemical features. They were similar
      histologically, they metastasized reproducibly to the liver and were poorly
      immunogenic. Their growth rates were comparable; their DNA index, percentage of
      cells in S phase and intra-cellular glutathione content were also similar. In
      both tumors, DDP caused an accumulation of cells in S late-G2-M within 24 hr
      after drug treatment. However, this was efficiently reversed in M5/DDP, whereas
      it worsened and persisted longer in M5. Cross-resistance was observed between DDP
      and its analogues carboplatin and iproplatin, but tetraplatin retained marginal
      activity on M5/DDP tumor. Several alkylating agents tested [L-phenyalanine
      mustard (L-PAM); cyclophosphamide (CTX); chlorambucil (CLB); 1,3-bis(2
      chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and dacarbazine (DTIC)] were not totally cross
      resistant to DDP, but showed greater activity on M5 than on M5/DDP. Other non
      alkylating anti-neoplastic drugs showed a similar degree of activity on M5 and
      M5/DDP. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Aza-d-Cyd) was very effective on both tumors,
      etoposide (VP-16) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) had no activity and Adriamycin
      (ADR) was weakly effective.

PMID- 2659543
TI  - Robin Fahraeus 1888-1968.

PMID- 2659544
TI  - Laser Doppler flowmetry in experimental mesenteric vascular occlusion.
AB  - The performance of the laser Doppler-signal (measuring blood flow) and the direct
      current-signal (measuring the amount of backscattered light) were studied in
      isolated segments of feline small intestine during arterial or venous occlusion.
      Following total arterial or venous occlusion, the LD-signal rapidly fell to 16%
      and 29% of control values, respectively. The DC-signal decreased significantly
      (to 78% of control, p less than 0.001) in response to venous occlusion but did
      not change significantly following arterial occlusion. After total venous
      occlusion, the amount of backscattered light was sometimes insufficient to allow
      flow measurement, probably due to high light absorption in the congested tissue.
      After ligation of the vascular stalk, the LD-signal soon decreased to 10-15% of
      control but did not reach the baseline until 4-6 hours. It is suggested that this
      residual LD-signal is caused by activity in the muscularis layer in the early
      phase of intestinal infarction.

PMID- 2659546
TI  - [Time perspective acute myocardial infarct. Highlights from three symposia.
      1988].

PMID- 2659545
TI  - Vasomotion in human skin before and after local heating recorded with laser
      Doppler flowmetry. A method for induction of vasomotion.
AB  - Rhythmical variations in blood cell flux in human skin have been studied using
      laser Doppler flowmetry. The fluctuations in blood cell flux could be divided
      into two different categories named alpha- and beta-oscillations with a median
      frequency of 6.8 min-1 and 1.5 min-1, respectively. The amplitude of beta
      oscillations was approximately two to four times the amplitude of alpha
      oscillations. Simultaneous registration from different skin regions showed
      periods with synchronous and non-synchronous fluctuations for both alpha- and
      beta-oscillations. alpha-oscillations were unchanged during local and ganglionic
      nerve blockade and were preserved in chronically sympathectomized tissue. In
      contrast, beta-oscillations disappeared completely after the three types of
      denervation. We suggest alpha-oscillations to be local non-neurogenic vasomotion
      and beta-oscillations to be a vascular reaction of pure neurogenic origin. A
      method for induction of regular amplified alpha-oscillations was discovered and
      evaluated. When heating the skin locally to 42 degrees C the blood cell flux
      increased and the pre-heating alpha- and beta-oscillations disappeared. During
      the post-heating period, amplified regular rhythmic alpha-oscillations appeared.
      At the end of the post-heating period beta-oscillations re-appeared.

PMID- 2659547
TI  - History of the care of the seriously disabled mentally ill in Hawaii.
AB  - Hawaii has a long tradition of commitment to care of the seriously disabled
      mentally ill. Over the years, some of the more innovative programs and policies
      were initiated first by the Territory and then by the State to provide humane
      treatment of this special population in need.

PMID- 2659548
TI  - [AIDS--a challenge for dermato-venereology].

PMID- 2659549
TI  - [Keratoacanthoma and its clinical variants. Review of the literature and
      histopathologic analysis of 90 cases].
AB  - Current knowledge about the etiology and histogenesis of keratoacanthoma (KA) is
      first reviewed, after which the various clinical and histological patterns of
      this tumor are presented. The differential diagnosis, particularly against
      spinocellular carcinoma (SCC), and possible forms of therapy are discussed. A
      series of 90 KAs seen in the period 1976-1986 were investigated
      histopathologically with reference to the overall architecture, the epithelial
      differentiation, the behavior towards the adjacent tissue, and the extent and
      composition of the cellular infiltrate. In addition to routine staining with
      hematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa, several files have been subjected to
      immunohistological analysis by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method
      (PAP) (keratin, lysozyme, epithelial membrane antigen, tissue polypeptide
      antigen). In 79 cases (88%) the overall architecture found was that of an endo
      exophytic, dome-shaped structure with a central crater filled with a plug and
      with epithelial "lips" at the margins. In 3 KA (3%) a more endophytic picture was
      seen though no ulceration was observed. In 2 tumors in the very early stages
      (2%), there was no formation of horn crater and no epithelial lips. Similarly, 5
      flat, plaque-like KA (6%) also showed no horn crater. With the exception of 3
      aggregated (and/or multicentric) KA (3%), no solitary or multiple types were
      found. In 88 cases (98%), proliferation of the epidermis was observed mainly in
      the lateral and basal parts. In 86 KA (96%) there was a relatively well
      demarcated, sharp border to the basal tumor portions. In 4 cases (4%) a less
      precise definition of the outer tumor margins was observed, because of a
      considerable pseudocarcinomatous, though not truly infiltrative, growth pattern.
      In 24 KA (27%) there was a strong tendency to formation of one or more
      sequesters. In the majority of cases, maturation of the epithelial cells was
      normal. Abnormal multipolar mitoses (7 cases; 8%) and relatively pronounced
      cellular atypies (8 cases; 9%) were occasionally observed. There was a clear
      correlation between the composition and extent of the inflammatory infiltrate and
      the tumor growth stage. In 78 KA (87%) large numbers of intraepithelial
      neutrophilic microabscesses were shown. In only 13 cases (14%) were substantial
      numbers of eosinophilic leukocytes observed, and 3 of these tumors (3%) later
      developed eosinophilic microabscesses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2659550
TI  - [Treatment of chronic recurrent erysipelas with streptococcal vaccine].
AB  - One hundred patients suffering from relapsing erysipelas were treated with
      streptococcal vaccine consisting of a phenol- und heat-inactivated mixture of 12
      different types of streptococci. Simultaneously the entry point was cured and
      general disposition and local terrain factors were treated. In the majority of
      cases further relapses were avoided or their frequency reduced. The results of
      the treatment with streptococcal vaccine were compared with those of long-term
      benzathine-penicillin therapy in 47 patients. The vaccine has proved to be
      equivalent to the penicillin therapy and can be recommended as a real alternative
      to it for prevention of further infections and late sequelae, especially those of
      chronic lymphedema. The beneficial therapeutic effect of the vaccine is probably
      attributable to a non-specific immune stimulation. A partial cellular immune
      defect involving the protective M-antigen together with simultaneous partial
      abnormalities of immune reactivity is discussed as a cause of relapsing
      erysipelas.

PMID- 2659551
TI  - [Immunomapping in localized bullous pemphigoid].
AB  - A 70-year-old Caucasian patient is described, who presented with a bullous
      dermatosis on an amputation stump. The bullous lesions had developed after
      practice with a Kondylen-Bettung-Munster (KBM) prosthesis. The lesions
      disappeared completely after prednisone therapy and replacement of the prosthesis
      with a Thomas splint. The patient has remained free of symptoms ever since, even
      though prednisone was completely withdrawn after 9 months. According to skin
      immunofluorescence criteria, the patient suffered from pemphigoid, rather than
      epidermolysis bullosa acquisita as strongly suggested by the anamnesis. In
      particular, the presence of linear IgG at the level of the lamina lucida of the
      epidermal basement membrane zone and the localization of laminin antigen at the
      blister floor are highly suggestive of pemphigoid.

PMID- 2659552
TI  - [Dermatology in art and history. Jean Darier (1856-1938)].

PMID- 2659553
TI  - [Comment on the response by R. Rudlinger to a question from general practice: the
      importance of warts in kidney transplant patients].

PMID- 2659554
TI  - Synthesis of cardiovascular behavioral research for youth health promotion.
AB  - The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has funded school and
      family-based research studies for more than a decade. The scientific background
      for focusing on the major cardiovascular health behaviors with youth is reviewed,
      as well as the importance of the components in the school health program as a
      framework for the multiple considerations in school health research. A synthesis
      of 10 NHLBI funded studies is presented including the sociodemographic
      characteristics of study populations, study designs, interventions, measures, and
      results. The studies address single or multiple behaviors, elementary and high
      school age groups, and multiple ethnic/racial groups, and test various
      combinations of curriculum, parental involvement, and environmental changes
      (including school food service).

PMID- 2659555
TI  - Intervention perspectives on school health promotion research.

PMID- 2659556
TI  - The needs of dying children and their families.
AB  - The evidence suggests that families experiencing a childhood death could benefit
      from greater professional support. This paper reviews the literature highlighting
      the needs of families as they cope with a life-threatening illness in their child
      and his/her subsequent death.

PMID- 2659557
TI  - Renin and cathepsin B in human pituitary lactotroph cells. An ultrastructural
      study.
AB  - Renin, prorenin and cathepsin B were localized in human lactotrophs using
      immunoelectron microscopic techniques. Renin and prorenin were found in numerous
      cytoplasmic granules. Cathepsin B, a lysosomal enzyme known to be able to
      activate prorenin into renin, was also present in cytoplasmic granules of
      lactotrophs. The co-localization of renin and prolactin in the same secretory
      granules was demonstrated by double immunolabelling. Renin and cathepsin B were
      co-localized in some granules by the same technique. These results suggest a
      local activation of renin in the secretory granules of lactotrophs and support
      the hypothesis of a possible autocrine action of the renin-angiotensin system on
      prolactin release.

PMID- 2659558
TI  - In situ localization of transthyretin-mRNA in the adult human liver, choroid
      plexus and pancreatic islets and in endocrine tumours of the pancreas and gut.
AB  - In situ hybridization with 35S-labeled single stranded RNA probes was used on
      sections from formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens to
      provide semiquantitative data on the occurrence of transthyretin(TTR)-mRNA in
      human liver, choroid plexus and pancreatic islets as well as in 15 endocrine
      tumours of the pancreas and gut. A monoclonal antibody to TTR was used for
      immunocytochemical identification of the protein in consecutive sections. The
      amount of TTR-mRNA in hepatocytes was found to be much less than that in
      epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. Glucagon cells of the pancreatic islets
      were also specifically labeled and the level of TTR-mRNA in these cells was
      intermediate between that of hepatocytes and choroid plexus epithelial cells.
      Four glucagonomas, one malignant insulinoma and two midgut carcinoids were shown
      to contain TTR-mRNA. The 'in situ' labeled cells were also found to be TTR
      immunoreactive. These findings present the first conclusive evidence for TTR
      synthesis in pancreatic islets and in endocrine tumours. They also establish that
      the high serum concentration of TTR found in some patients with endocrine tumours
      (notably glucagonomas) is most likely due to tumour production of TTR.

PMID- 2659559
TI  - [The sensory cells of the fetal vomeronasal organ in the human. A contribution to
      the variability of their differentiation and rudimentary development].
AB  - Serial cranial sections of seven human fetuses between 11 and 18 weeks were
      studied using Palmgren's silver impregnation technique. The vomeronasal organ
      revealed receptor cells in four cases. This is the first demonstration of
      functional elements in the vomeronasal organ in man. They may also be present in
      old-world monkeys. It is evident that the human vomeronasal organ is frequently
      present in man, but differentiation of the organ and its individual constituents
      shows considerable variation.

PMID- 2659560
TI  - [The antimicrobial effect of lysozyme on nasal mucosa].
AB  - We tested the effect of lysozyme on the nasal mucosa in a controlled double-blind
      in vivo study. The administration of non-pathogenic vaccine strains of living
      measles virus and of living Vivotif bacteria (attenuated Salmonella typhi) to 14
      healthy subjects showed that lysozyme possesses a clear antimicrobial and
      antiviral effect.

PMID- 2659561
TI  - Risk factors for low birth weight to adolescent mothers.
AB  - The medical records of mothers less than age 20 years who delivered infants
      weighing 2500 g or less (n = 112) and 2500 g or more (n = 465) were reviewed to
      identify factors associated with low birth weight. Of the 26 medical and
      sociodemographic variables examined, four entered a logistic regression model to
      differentiate low from normal birth weight mothers: five or fewer prenatal
      visits, a history of a prior low birth weight infant, illness during pregnancy,
      and trauma (surgery or injury) during pregnancy. The relative risks and adjusted
      odds ratios for low birth weight associated with these variables ranged from 1.99
      to 4.31. Five or fewer visits accounted for the largest proportion of low birth
      weight, with an etiologic fraction of 0.43. The ability of the model to
      discriminate between low and normal birth weight mothers was modest; its
      sensitivity/specificity was 0.73/0.57 in the original sample and 0.62/0.49 in a
      separate validation sample (n = 329). The model clarifies the factors associated
      with adolescent low birth weight and suggests that intervention efforts should
      focus on early pregnancy identification and regular prenatal care.

PMID- 2659562
TI  - Characteristics of social networks in adolescents with end-stage renal disease
      treated with renal transplantation.
AB  - In adolescents, the establishment of same- and opposite-sex nonfamily peer
      relations facilitates the normal development of independence and separation from
      family. Adolescents with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may be particularly
      vulnerable to delayed social development and isolation from their peers because
      of the unique physical and psychosocial aspects of their illness. The
      characteristics of the social networks of 16 adolescents with ESRD treated with
      renal transplantation were studied using the Social Networks of Youth
      Questionnaire. Compared with a matched group of healthy adolescents, these
      teenagers named fewer significant others in their total social networks, as well
      as fewer unrelated and opposite-sex peers. Family members comprised a greater
      proportion of the transplant patients' networks compared to controls. Self
      esteem, measured by the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scale, was similar for transplant
      and control groups, with the exception of home self-esteem, which was higher in
      the chronically ill adolescents. Body image was somewhat lower, but not
      significantly, in adolescents with ESRD. The characteristics of the chronically
      ill adolescents' social networks suggest that these patients may experience a
      degree of social isolation. Interventions that promote increased peer contacts
      and enhance interpersonal skills should be included in the psychosocial
      management of adolescents with ESRD after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2659563
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of adolescent drug abuse.
AB  - Adolescent drug abuse has been shown to be highly prevalent. Similarly, chest
      pain is a frequent complaint among adolescents. The cardiovascular effects of
      adolescent drug abuse, however, are infrequently considered. We present a case
      report of a 17-year-old drug abuser who presented with a myocardial infarction.
      The potential cardiovascular complications of the commonly abused drugs are
      discussed. When dealing with an adolescent with potential cardiovascular
      symptoms, we stress an awareness of the potential cardiovascular effects of drug
      abuse and that such cardiovascular effects are not unique to the habitual or
      intravenous drug abuser.

PMID- 2659564
TI  - The importance of tissue antibiotic activity in the prevention of operative wound
      infection.

PMID- 2659565
TI  - Effect of Bacteroides fragilis on mortality induced by Escherichia coli in an
      experimental infection treated with cefotaxime, aztreonam or gentamicin.
AB  - The possibility that beta-lactamase-producing strains of Bacteroides fragilis can
      protect Escherichia coli from cefotaxime was studied in an in-vivo model of
      peritoneal infection in rats. The protective effect of cefotaxime, aztreonam and
      gentamicin in peritonitis induced by E. coli alone or combined with B. fragilis
      was evaluated by analysing mortality at 24 and 48 h after bacterial inoculation
      and treating the animals with two doses of each antibiotic. Comparisons, by
      drugs, at 24 and 48 h revealed that a statistically significant high mortality
      rate was obtained at 48 h when mixed infections were treated with cefotaxime, a
      drug very active in the infection caused by E. coli alone. Infections by mixed
      flora or E. coli alone treated with aztreonam or gentamicin did not show any
      significant difference in mortality rate analysed at 24 or 48 h. These in-vivo
      results confirm previous in-vitro studies and suggest that cefotaxime could be
      inactivated in mixed infections if a beta-lactamase-producing strain, such as B.
      fragilis, is involved in a clinical infection.

PMID- 2659566
TI  - A dynamic model for in-vitro evaluation of antimicrobial action by simulation of
      the pharmacokinetic profiles of antibiotics.
AB  - The general principles of in-vitro simulation of drug pharmacokinetic profiles
      for linear one-, two- and multi-compartment models are described. An in-vitro
      dynamic model constructed on the basis of these, incorporating a novel filtration
      unit to provide efficient filtration of drugs at constant inoculum size, was used
      to study the antimicrobial action of sisomicin on Escherichia coli A 20363, in
      conditions simulating the pharmacokinetic profile observed in humans after a
      single intramuscular dose of 1 mg/kg.

PMID- 2659567
TI  - Paradoxical resistance to ceftazidime and aztreonam in Proteus mirabilis.

PMID- 2659568
TI  - Activity of ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli phagocytosed by monocytes and
      macrophages.

PMID- 2659569
TI  - Synthesis and antimicrobial spectrum of FCE 22101 and its orally available ester
      FCE 22891.
AB  - The most efficient routes for the synthesis of FCE 22101, a penem antibiotic
      characterized by a carbamoyloxymethyl sidechain at C-2 identical to that of
      cefuroxime and cefotaxime, and of FCE 22891, its orally absorbed pro-drug, are
      described. On the basis of in-vitro antimicrobial profile and other
      characteristics the compounds have been considered worthy of further development.

PMID- 2659570
TI  - FCE 22101 and FCE 22891: in-vitro antibacterial activity at concentrations
      simulating human plasma levels following intravenous, intramuscular and oral
      administration.
AB  - The plasma concentrations of FCE 22101 observed following slow intravenous
      infusions (1 and 4 h), intramuscular injection and after oral administration of
      the prodrug FCE 22891 were simulated in a glass chamber containing bacterial
      cultures. The bacteria used were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13709, Staph. aureus
      2101 (methicillin-resistant), Streptococcus faecium ATCC 8043, Escherichia coli
      ATCC 12407, Enterobacter cloacae 1321E and Ent. cloacae P99 (cefazolin
      resistant). Addition of FCE 22101 was found to result in a reduction in number of
      all bacterial strains except Str. faecium, with which only bacteriostasis was
      observed.

PMID- 2659571
TI  - Evaluation of FCE 22101 in experimental meningitis caused by Escherichia coli and
      Streptococcus pneumoniae.
AB  - FCE 22101 is a new penem antibiotic with a spectrum of activity suggesting a
      possible role in the empirical treatment of meningitis. It appears to achieve a
      mean reduction in bacterial titre in CSF comparable with currently accepted
      agents for both pneumococcal and Escherichia coli meningitis. Its efficacy may,
      however, be variable. It does not achieve CSF level/MIC ratios as favourable as
      imipenem for the pathogens studied. Further studies are necessary to determine
      its role, if any, in this disease.

PMID- 2659572
TI  - Review of the in-vitro evaluation of FCE 22101.
AB  - FCE 22101 is a broad spectrum beta-lactam displaying bactericidal properties,
      stable to a wide range of clinically relevant beta-lactamases, and sharing with
      other beta-lactams a modest post-antibiotic effect and synergistic interactions
      with aminoglycosides. The ability to administer the drug by oral and parenteral
      routes suggests that it could be clinically useful.

PMID- 2659573
TI  - Lytic and bactericidal activity of FCE 22101.
AB  - We have examined the lytic and cidal activities of FCE 22101 against bacteria
      exhibiting genetic tolerance (pneumococcal mutants) and bacteria phenotypically
      tolerant to penicillin (Escherichia coli, deprived of an essential amino acid).
      The pneumococcal strains included lyt- mutants in which the autolysin gene was
      inactivated or deleted and clinical isolates with penicillin MIC greater than 1.0
      mg/l. The killing activity of FCE 22101 was superior to that of penicillin for
      all strains. FCE 22101 was also capable of inducing considerable lysis in all the
      lyt- strains in spite of the virtually complete inhibition (or actual absence) of
      the major autolysin. FCE 22101 also possessed bacteriolytic and cidal activity
      against a lysine-starved E. coli auxotroph (5 log kill in 24 h by 10 x MIC).
      Assays of the binding of FCE 22101 to the pneumococcal penicillin binding
      proteins (PBPs) suggest that the superior performance of FCE 22101 may be related
      to a uniquely high affinity for bacterial targets specifically involved with the
      bactericidal activity of beta-lactam antibiotics.

PMID- 2659574
TI  - Effect of positive nasal pressure on upper airway pressure-flow relationships.
AB  - To determine the influence of changes in nasal pressure (Pn) on airflow mechanics
      in the upper airway, we examined the effect of elevations in Pn on upper airway
      resistance and critical pressure (Pcrit) during stage I/II sleep in six patients
      with obstructive sleep apnea. When Pn was elevated above a Pcrit, periodic
      occlusions of the upper airway were eliminated and inspiratory airflow limitation
      was demonstrated by the finding that inspiratory airflow (VI) became maximal
      (VImax) and independent of fluctuations in hypopharyngeal pressure (Php) when Php
      fell below a specific Php (Php'). As Pn was elevated, VI vs. Php demonstrated 1)
      marked decreases in early and late inspiratory resistances from 75.9 +/- 34.7 and
      54.6 +/- 19.0 to 8.0 +/- 1.7 and 7.6 +/- 1.6 cmH2O.l-1.s (P less than 0.05),
      respectively, and 2) increases in early and late inspiratory Php' to levels that
      exceeded Pcrit by 3.0 +/- 0.6 and 3.1 +/- 0.7 cmH2O, respectively, at the highest
      level of Pn applied (P less than 0.01). This latter finding suggests that
      elevations in Pn result in increases in Pcrit. We suggest that elevations in Pn
      produce distinct alterations in upper airway resistance and collapsibility, which
      may influence oppositely the level of airflow through the upper airway during
      sleep.

PMID- 2659575
TI  - Gas density dependence of regional VA/V and VA/Q inequality during constant-flow
      ventilation.
AB  - Constant-flow ventilation (CFV) is achieved by delivering a constant stream of
      inspiratory gas through cannulas aimed down the main stem bronchi at flow rates
      totaling 1-3 l.kg-1.min-1 in the absence of tidal lung motion. Previous studies
      have shown that CFV can maintain a normal arterial PCO2, although significant
      ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) inequality appears. This VA/Q mismatch could be due
      to regional differences in lung inflation that occur during CFV secondary to
      momentum transfer from the inflowing stream to resident gas in the lung. We
      tested the hypothesis that substitution of a gas with lower density might
      attenuate regional differences in alveolar pressure and reduce the VA/Q
      inequality during CFV. Gas exchange was studied in seven anesthetized dogs by the
      multiple inert gas elimination technique during ventilation with intermittent
      positive-pressure ventilation, CFV with O2-enriched nitrogen (CFV-N2), or CFV
      with O2-enriched helium (CFV-He). As an index of VA/Q inequality independent of
      shunt, the log SD blood flow increased from 0.757 +/- 0.272 during intermittent
      positive-pressure ventilation to 1.54 +/- 0.36 (P less than 0.001) during CFV-N2.
      Switching from CFV-N2 to CFV-He at the same flow rate did not improve log SD
      blood flow (1.45 +/- 0.21) (P greater than 0.05) but tended to increase arterial
      PCO2. In excised lungs with alveolar capsules attached to the pleural surface,
      CFV-He significantly reduced alveolar pressure differences among lobes compared
      with CFV-N2 as predicted. Regional alveolar washout of Ar after a stap change of
      inspired concentration was slower during CFV--He than during CFV-N2.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659576
TI  - Pressure-flow behavior of a bronchopleural fistula during mechanical ventilation
      with positive pressure.
AB  - We examined the mechanical behavior of a bronchopleural fistula created by
      sectioning a small subpleural bronchus in seven anesthetized lambs. The pressure
      across the fistula was measured as the difference between the pressure recorded
      by a retrograde bronchial catheter inserted in the vicinity of the fistula and
      the outflow pressure at the fistula exit. The effective resistance of the fistula
      (Rf) was computed by dividing this pressure difference by the gas flow through
      the fistula measured at the outlet of an intrapleural tube adjacent to the
      fistula. Rf increased by 114 +/- 25% (SE) when we inflated the lungs in a
      stepwise manner from a tracheal pressure of 2-20 cmH2O. Rf also increased when
      inflation pressure varied continuously; this increase, however, was less evident
      when we decreased the inflation time from 1.0 to 0.2 s. The relationship between
      Rf and lung volume was similar during the stepwise inflations and deflations but
      showed marked hysteresis during the continuous inflation-deflation maneuvers,
      when Rf was greater during deflation than inflation. Our results suggest that the
      fistula behaves as a compliant pathway whose relevant transmural pressure is the
      transmural pressure at or near the fistula's exit. We attribute the increase in
      Rf during inflation to decreases in transmural pressure caused by convective and
      dissipative losses inside the fistula and by the stress applied by the chest wall
      on the outer surface of the fistula.

PMID- 2659577
TI  - Energy balance and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis during chronic endotoxemia
      in rats.
AB  - The effects of continuously administered endotoxin on 7-day energy balance were
      investigated in male rats. Three groups of rats were implanted with osmotic
      pumps; two groups received saline-filled pumps, whereas the third received
      endotoxin. One of the saline groups was pair fed to match the food intake of the
      endotoxemic rats. After 7 days, body energy and protein and fat contents of rats
      were determined together with the energy content of food and feces. Endotoxin
      infusion not only induced fever, but it also suppressed appetite and
      significantly decreased body weight gain. Metabolizable energy intake was reduced
      by approximately 20% in infected rats. Although protein and fat gains were lowest
      in the endotoxin group, there appeared to be a selective loss of protein when
      considered as percent of body weight. Percent body fat was unaltered between the
      groups. Energy expenditure considered in absolute (kJ) or body weight-independent
      (kJ/kg0.67) terms yielded similar patterns of results; expenditure (kJ) was 10
      and 20% (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01) lower in the endotoxemic and pair
      fed rats, respectively, compared with controls. Hence, compared with pair-fed
      rats, endotoxin-infused animals had a 10% rise in their expenditure. Brown
      adipose tissue thermogenesis was assessed by mitochondrial binding of guanosine
      5'-diphosphate, and results showed that binding was greatest in endotoxemic rats
      and lowest in the pair-fed animals. The present results suggest that in this
      endotoxemic model appetite suppression exacerbates changes in energy balance.
      However, the reduction in body weight gain is also dependent on a decrease in
      metabolic efficiency and an increase in total energy expenditure.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659578
TI  - Modulation of actin mRNAs in cultured vascular cells by matrix components and TGF
      beta 1.
AB  - Alpha-smooth muscle actin is currently considered a marker of smooth muscle cell
      differentiation. However, during various physiologic and pathologic conditions,
      it can be expressed, sometimes only transiently, in a variety of other cell
      types, such as cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, as well as in nonmuscle cells.
      In this report, the expression of actin mRNAs in cultured rat capillary
      endothelial cells (RFCs) and aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) has been studied
      by Northern hybridization in two-dimensional cultures seeded on individual
      extracellular matrix proteins and in three-dimensional type I collagen gels. In
      two-dimensional cultures, in addition to cytoplasmic actin mRNAs which are
      normally found in endothelial cell populations, RFCs expressed alpha-smooth
      muscle (SM) actin mRNA at low levels. alpha-SM actin mRNA expression is
      dramatically enhanced by TGF-beta 1. In addition, double immunofluorescence
      staining with anti-vWF and anti-alpha-SM-1 (a monoclonal antibody to alpha-SM
      actin) shows that RFCs co-express the two proteins. In three dimensional
      cultures, RFCs still expressed vWF, but lost staining for alpha-SM actin, whereas
      alpha-SM actin mRNA became barely detectable. In contrast to two-dimensional
      cultures, the addition of TGF-beta 1 to the culture media did not enhance alpha
      SM actin mRNA in three-dimensional cultures, whereas it induced rapid capillary
      tube formation. Actin mRNA expression was modulated in SMCs by extracellular
      matrix components and TGF-beta 1 with a pattern very different from that of RFCs.
      Namely, the comparison of RFCs with other cell types such as bovine aortic
      endothelial cells shows that co-expression of endothelial and smooth muscle cell
      markers is very unique to RFCs and occurs only in particular culture conditions.
      This could be related to the capacity of these microvascular endothelial cells to
      modulate their phenotype in physiologic and pathologic conditions, particularly
      during angiogenesis, and could reflect different embryologic origins for
      endothelial cell populations.

PMID- 2659579
TI  - Honor Bridgett Fell, Ph.D., D.Sc. F.R.S., D.B.E., 1900-1986. The scientist and
      her contributions.

PMID- 2659580
TI  - The use of retinoids as probes for analyzing morphogenesis of glands from
      epithelial tissues.
AB  - Thirty-five years ago Honor Fell and Edward Mellanby were studying effects of
      high doses of vitamin A on skeletal development in chick embryos when they
      noticed that a piece of epidermis, accidentally included in an organ culture, had
      undergone mucous metaplasia. Further studies by Fell and others eventually led to
      an understanding of the important role of vitamin A in modulating epithelia in
      vivo. Fifteen years later another organ culture experiment showed me that excess
      vitamin A could also initiate the morphogenesis of branching and mucus-secreting
      glands from developing vibrissa follicles in upper lip skin of embryonic mice.
      Since then our group has shown that induction of this novel structure by
      naturally occurring retinoids resembles a normal embryonic induction in that it
      is stage-dependent, time-dependent, and irreversible. Tissue separation and
      recombination studies showed that isolated upper lip epidermis can form these
      glands when combined with retinoid-treated upper lip dermis. Untreated mouse
      epidermis can form similar glands after combination with chick dermis containing
      higher retinoid levels. The hamster cheek pouch, normally devoid of glandular
      structures, can also form mucous glands when treated with a retinoid, either in
      vivo or in vitro. Recombination studies in organ culture have now shown that
      mesenchyme exposed to retinoid is essential for gland morphogenesis from pouch
      epithelium. Evidence is accumulating that retinoic acid may even be the active
      morphogen in some normally developing systems.

PMID- 2659581
TI  - Gastric leiomyoblastoma: diagnosis by CT and ultrasonography.
AB  - A case of gastric leiomyoblastoma is reported in a 57-year-old woman complaining
      of upper abdominal discomfort. Ultrasound and CT examinations discovered an
      epigastric mass, and ultrasound manoeuvers by multiple positioning allowed to
      refer it to a gastric origin. Definitive diagnosis was established by
      histological examination of the surgically removed tumor. The authors emphasize
      the interest of the radiological examinations, particularly ultrasound and CT, in
      this rare condition.

PMID- 2659582
TI  - [Acute appendicitis, echographic findings].
AB  - A case of acute appendicitis in which an appendicolith was present is described.
      The diagnosis was made by plain abdominal radiography and ultrasound, and was
      confirmed at surgery. The plain abdominal film showed a lamellated, round
      calcification, projecting over the right iliac wing. Ultrasound revealed a
      tubular, hypoechogenic structure, containing an oval hyperechogenic area with
      acoustic shadow. The recent literature was reviewed, and the "graded compression"
      technique is described. A summary is given of the ultrasound findings of acute
      appendicitis, and of its most important differential diagnoses in childhood:
      mesenterial adenitis, and--less frequently--terminal ileitis.

PMID- 2659583
TI  - Diagnostic accuracy of new imaging techniques in breast diseases.
AB  - During the last decade, the hypothetical carcinogenic effects of mammography have
      lead to new technical developments in X-ray diagnosis and to the use of other
      imaging techniques such as ultrasonography (US), transillumination, magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). Many preliminary studies were published but few clinical
      trials are really convincing. According to the definition of a diagnostic tool,
      none of these new modalities is supposed to supplant mammography in the diagnosis
      of breast cancer. Improvements are expected by digital mammography in the near
      future.

PMID- 2659584
TI  - High-level expression in Streptomyces lividans 66 of a gene encoding Streptomyces
      subtilisin inhibitor from Streptomyces albogriseolus S-3253.
AB  - A secretory expression system for Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (SSI) was
      established in a heterologous host, Streptomyces lividans 66, by introducing the
      1.8-kbp BglII/SalI fragment containing SSI gene into the Streptomyces multicopy
      vector, pIJ 702. The expression of SSI did not depend on the orientation of the
      1.8-kbp BglII/SalI fragment or on the promoter for tyrosinase gene (mel) in pIJ
      702, which suggested that this fragment also carries the SSI promoter. The
      expressed SSI in S.lividans 66 was secreted into the culture medium in a large
      amount, as observed with the original strain, S. albogriseolus S-3253. Amino acid
      sequence analysis showed that the SSI secreted from S. lividans 66 contained
      three additional amino acid residues in the NH2-terminal region. The inhibitory
      activity toward subtilisin BPN' and the antigenic activity of the SSI secreted
      from S. lividans 66 were found to be identical with those of authentic SSI.

PMID- 2659585
TI  - Sequencing and high expression of aminopeptidase P gene from Escherichia coli
      HB101.
AB  - A plasmid pAPP1 with a 4 kbp insert at the PstI site of pBR322, encoding
      aminopeptidase P gene of Escherichia coli HB101 (Yoshimoto et al. (1988) J.
      Biochem. 104, 730-734), was subcloned into pUC18 and pUC19. The transformant of
      E. coli JM83 harboring pAPP4 with a 1.9 kbp fragment showed more than 50-fold
      higher enzyme activity than that of the host, after cultivation at 37 degrees C
      for 40 h in LB-medium containing ampicillin. When the gene DNA was inserted
      reversely in pAPP4, the enzyme productivity decreased markedly. The whole
      nucleotide sequence of the inserted fragment of plasmid pAPP4 was clarified by
      the dideoxy chain-terminating method. Within this sequence, the mature enzyme
      protein-encoding sequence was found to start just after an ATG codon, as judged
      by comparison with amino-terminal protein sequencing. Eleven bases upstream from
      the proposed initiation codon was an AGGAGA sequence which seemed to be a
      ribosome binding site. Thirty-four bases upstream from the proposed start codon
      was the 6-base sequence TACAAA, the so-called -10 region or Pribnow box. Further,
      the 6-base sequence TTTACT around 77 bases upstream from the start codon was
      deduced to be a putative -35 region consensus sequence. The inverted repeat at
      1334 was tentatively assumed to be a terminator. The molecular weight of the
      enzyme was estimated to be 49,650 from the nucleotide sequence. The purified
      enzyme contained 0.2 gram atom of zinc per subunit. The enzyme activity was
      inhibited by EDTA and activated 5-fold by Mn2+.

PMID- 2659586
TI  - Expression of bovine myoglobin cDNA as a functionally active holoprotein in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - We isolated a cDNA clone for myoglobin mRNA from fetal bovine skeletal muscle
      using a DNA fragment of human myoglobin exon 2 as a probe. The complete coding
      sequence of myoglobin as well as the 3'- and part of the 5'-nontranslatable
      sequences (546 and 66 basepairs, respectively) were determined. The amino acid
      sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence was in agreement with that
      determined in the purified protein from adult bovine cardiac muscle (Han, K. K.,
      Dautrevaux, M., Chaila, X., & Biserte, G. [1970] Eur. J. Biochem. 16, 465-471),
      except for eight amino acid residues: Val-99----Ile,Ile-101----Val, Asn-122---
      Asp, Ala-124----Gly, Gly-129----Ala, Ala-142----Met, Glu-144----Ala, and Lys-145-
      --Gln. When the myoglobin cDNA was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under
      the control of the GAL7 promoter, myoglobin was synthesized as a functionally
      active holoprotein which bound molecular oxygen reversibly. The amount of
      myoglobin reached nearly 1% of the total extractable protein in the yeast. N
      terminal sequence analysis of the produced myoglobin revealed a glycine residue
      at the terminus, indicating that as in native muscle the N-terminal Met was
      removed in yeast by processing.

PMID- 2659587
TI  - Stimulation of protein synthesis in stage IV Xenopus oocytes by microinjected
      insulin.
AB  - The effects of intracellular insulin on protein synthesis were examined in intact
      cells and isolated, undiluted cellular components. [35S]Methionine incorporation
      into protein was measured in Stage IV oocytes from Xenopus laevis maintained
      under paraffin oil. Radiolabel and insulin were introduced into the cytoplasm by
      microinjection. After a short delay (approximately 15 min), injected insulin
      stimulated the rate of methionine incorporation. Stimulation was dose-dependent,
      increasing with injected doses in the 7-50-fmol range. Neither proinsulin nor
      insulin-like growth factor 1 were as effective as insulin in stimulating protein
      synthesis; microinjected epidermal growth factor and the A and B chains of
      insulin were without effect. When oocyte surface membranes were removed under
      oil, the resulting cytoplasm-nucleus samples exhibited methionine incorporation
      rates that were comparable to those found in intact cells. Microinjection of
      insulin increased rates of methionine incorporation in cytoplasm-nucleus samples;
      the effects of external (prior to transfer to oil) and internal (microinjection
      in oil) insulin exposure were additive. Cytoplasm samples (nuclei and surface
      membranes removed under oil) also synthesized protein and responded to
      microinjected insulin. However, insulin responses were reduced relative to cells
      and to cytoplasm-nucleus samples. 125I-Insulin was degraded rapidly after
      microinjection into oocytes. Degradation occurred in both the nucleus and
      cytoplasm. Degradation was delayed by injecting bacitracin into the cells and
      delaying degradation increased the effectiveness of a low dose of injected
      insulin. Together, the data show that insulin can act at external, nuclear, and
      cytoplasmic sites to stimulate protein synthesis in Xenopus oocytes. The
      signaling pathway activated by internal insulin does not involve plasma membrane
      generated second messengers and appears to be separate from that activated by
      external hormone. Finally, although microinjected insulin is degraded rapidly, it
      is the intact hormone rather than a degradation product that stimulates protein
      synthesis.

PMID- 2659588
TI  - Identification of neighboring protein pairs in the 60 S ribosomal subunits from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae by chemical cross-linking.
AB  - Protein-protein cross-linking was used to determine the spatial arrangement of
      proteins within the 60 S ribosomal subunits of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein
      cross-links were generated by treatment of intact ribosomal subunits with
      dimethyl 3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate. Proteins were extracted from the treated
      subunits and fractionated by Cm-cellulose chromatography. Cross-linked proteins
      in these fractions were analyzed by electrophoresis on two-dimensional diagonal
      polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Component members of cross
      linked pairs were radiolabeled with 125I and identified by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis and comparison with nonradioactive ribosomal protein markers.
      Seventeen pairs involving 16 of the 45 60 S subunit proteins were identified.
      Several proteins were detected in numerous cross-linked dimers and were used as
      foci for constructing a model depicting the arrangement of proteins within the 60
      S ribosomal subunit. The model also incorporated previously published data on
      structure and function of proteins from the yeast 60 S subunit.

PMID- 2659589
TI  - Monokine-induced neutrophil chemotactic factor gene expression in human
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Although fibroblasts are important in providing a structural framework for most
      tissues, they also appear to be active participants in the inflammatory process
      via the production of specific mediators. The production of inflammatory
      mediators by fibroblasts is especially important in relation to their strategic
      location within connective tissue as they may act as a cellular communication
      bridge between the interstitium and vasculature. In this paper, we demonstrate
      that fibroblasts may participate in these inflammatory reactions by the
      production of a neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) with characteristics similar
      to a recently isolated and cloned monocyte-derived NCF. Either tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha-, interleukin-1 alpha-, or interleukin-1 beta-stimulated fibroblasts
      showed both a time- and dose-dependent increase in steady-state levels of NCF
      mRNA and secretion of chemotactic activity. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide and
      interleukin-6 failed to induce fibroblast-derived NCF. The expression of
      fibroblast-derived NCF mRNA was first detectable by 30 min poststimulation,
      whereas chemotactic activity was significantly observed 3-4 h postchallenge. Heat
      inactivated monokine (100 degrees C) failed to induce NCF mRNA expression,
      suggesting that only the active proteins are capable of inducing NCF. Gel
      filtration analysis using high pressure liquid chromatography indicated peak
      chemotactic activity with an approximate molecular mass of 8000 daltons. This
      peak of NCF activity was found to be relatively stable to both heat and trypsin
      inactivation. Specificity of the fibroblast-derived neutrophil chemotactic
      activity was demonstrated with inhibition of chemotaxis by the addition of
      neutralizing antibody directed against recombinant human neutrophil chemotactic
      factor. These data provide evidence that monokine-treated fibroblasts can
      synthesize a potent chemotactic agent with molecular and physicochemical
      characteristics similar to monocyte-derived NCF and that this factor may
      contribute to neutrophil-mediated disease processes.

PMID- 2659590
TI  - Evidence that cysteine 298 is in the active site of tryptophan indole-lyase.
AB  - Escherichia coli tryptophan indole-lyase (tryptophanase) mutants, with cysteine
      residues 294 and 298 selectively replaced by serines, have been prepared by site
      directed mutagenesis. Both mutant enzymes are highly active for beta-elimination
      reactions measured with both L-tryptophan and S-(o-nitrophenyl)-L-cysteine. The
      Cys-294----Ser mutant enzyme is virtually identical to the wild type with respect
      to pyridoxal phosphate binding (KCO = 2 microM), cofactor absorption spectrum
      (lambda max = 420 and 337 nm) and pH dependence (pK alpha = 7.3), pH profile for
      catalysis, and rate of bromopyruvic acid inactivation. In contrast, the Cys-298--
      -Ser mutant enzyme exhibits a reduced affinity for pyridoxal phosphate (KCO = 6
      microM), a shift in the cofactor absorption spectrum to 414 nm and an altered pK
      alpha = 8.5, an alkaline shift in the pH profile for catalysis, and resistance to
      inactivation of the apoenzyme by bromopyruvic acid. The C298S mutant enzyme
      (wherein cysteine 298 is altered to serine) also undergoes an isomerization to an
      unreactive state upon storage at 4 degrees C. These results demonstrate that the
      sulfhydryl groups of Cys-294 and Cys-298 are catalytically nonessential. However,
      these data suggest that Cys-298 is located within or very near the active site of
      the enzyme and is the reactive cysteine residue previously observed by others.

PMID- 2659591
TI  - Multiple (alpha-NH-ubiquitin)protein endoproteases in cells.
AB  - Ubiquitin is encoded as a variable, spacerless repeat of the gene terminating
      with an additional amino acid or as a gene coding for a single ubiquitin with a
      carboxyl-terminal extension of 52 to 80 amino acids. We report the identification
      and partial purification of enzymes that specifically hydrolyze the peptide bond
      between ubiquitin-ubiquitin conjugate (Ub-Ubase) or ubiquitin fusion proteins (Ub
      Xase). The Ub-Ubase was separated from the Ub-Xase by dye-ligand-Sepharose
      chromatography. The Ub-Xase was purified further by affinity chromatography on
      ubiquitin-Sepharose. The fidelity of the endoprotease reaction was assessed by
      measuring the ability of the released ubiquitin to be activated by ubiquitin
      activating enzyme (E1) which requires intact ubiquitin and by sequence analysis
      of the released carboxyl extension protein with 52 amino acids after
      endoproteolysis of human ubiquitin with 52-amino acid carboxyl extension. The
      failure of both Ub-Ubase and Ub-Xase to cleave a mutant ubiquitin-Gly-76----Ala
      metallothionein showed that the endoproteases distinguish Gly-X from an Ala-X
      peptide bonds.

PMID- 2659592
TI  - Proteolytic enzymes of mast cell granules degrade low density lipoproteins and
      promote their granule-mediated uptake by macrophages in vitro.
AB  - Secretory granules exocytosed from rat serosal mast cells bind low density
      lipoprotein (LDL), and on being phagocytosed by macrophages, carry the bound LDL
      into these cells (Kokkonen, J. O., and Kovanen, P. T. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. U.S.A. 84, 2287-2291). The binding of LDL to the granules is mediated
      through interactions between the apolipoprotein B (apoB) component of LDL and the
      heparin proteoglycan component of the granules. Here we report how degradation of
      apoB by the neutral proteases of the granules affects the granule-mediated uptake
      of LDL by cultured mouse macrophages. During incubation of LDL with
      proteolytically inactive granules, the rate of uptake of LDL by macrophages
      increased by 10-fold; whereas during incubation with proteolytically active
      granules, it increased by 50-fold, the increase in the rate of uptake during
      proteolysis correlating with the degree of apoB degradation. The 5-fold greater
      capacity of the proteolytically active granules to enhance the uptake of LDL
      resulted from their greater capacity to bind LDL, and consequently, to carry it
      into the macrophages. Electron microscopic analysis of LDL bound to the
      proteolytically active granules disclosed large spherical particles of fused LDL.
      The diameters of the granule-bound particles ranged up to 90 nm compared with an
      average diameter of 22 nm for both native LDL and the LDL bound to
      proteolytically inactive granules. The results show that granule proteases, by
      inducing fusion of granule-bound LDL, increase the amount of LDL bound per unit
      weight of granule heparin proteoglycan. Hence, the two components of mast cell
      granules, the proteases and the heparin proteoglycan, act in concert to promote
      the uptake of LDL by macrophages in vitro.

PMID- 2659593
TI  - The detection of extremely rare DNA modifications. Methylation in dam- and hsd-
      Escherichia coli strains.
AB  - DNA methylation in Escherichia coli plays a role in many key cellular processes,
      including DNA replication, repair, restriction, and transcription. However,
      several mutant bacterial strains exist which are deficient in DNA methylase
      activities. Thus, it has been suggested that methylation produced by the dam (DNA
      adenine methylase) gene is required for the viability of E. coli and that dam-
      strains still produce low levels of methylation. Current experimental methods are
      not sensitive enough to detect a few potentially essential methylated sites per
      genome. Here we describe a method for the detection of N6-methyladenine at
      specific sites with a sensitivity of one site in more than 10 megabases. We show
      that methylation produced by both the dam and hsd (EcoK) genes is not required
      for the growth of E. coli and identify the site of EcoK modification. Minor
      adaptations of the technique should enable the identification of other rare DNA
      modifications.

PMID- 2659594
TI  - Structural organization and chromosomal assignment of the gene encoding
      endothelin.
AB  - Endothelin is a 21-amino acid vasoconstrictor synthesized and secreted by
      vascular endothelial cells. The human peptide is derived from a 212-amino acid
      precursor, preproendothelin. A nearly full length clone containing DNA
      complementary to human preproendothelin mRNA was isolated, and its nucleotide
      sequence was determined. Using this cDNA as a probe, the genomic organization of
      the human endothelin gene was determined and the promoter region delineated. The
      gene contains five exons and four intervening sequences. Nucleotide sequences
      encoding endothelin are contained within the second exon, and the third exon
      specifies a portion of preproendothelin that is homologous to endothelin. The
      second and third exons may represent descendants of a common progenitor exon. The
      3'-untranslated portion of the gene contains a 250-base pair region that is
      highly conserved between human and porcine genomes and may have an important role
      in endothelin mRNA stability. On the basis of DNA isolated from human-mouse
      somatic hybrid cell lines, the endothelin gene was assigned to human chromosome
      6.

PMID- 2659595
TI  - How DNA travels between the separate polymerase and 3'-5'-exonuclease sites of
      DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment).
AB  - The polymerase and 3'-5'-exonuclease activities of the Klenow fragment of DNA
      polymerase I are located on separate structural domains of the protein, separated
      by about 30 A. To determine whether a DNA primer terminus can move from one
      active site to the other without dissociation of the enzyme-DNA complex, we
      carried out reactions on a labeled DNA substrate in the presence of a large
      excess of unlabeled DNA, to limit observations to a single enzyme-DNA encounter.
      The results indicated that while Klenow fragment is capable of intramolecular
      shuttling of a DNA substrate between the two catalytic sites, the intermolecular
      pathway involving enzyme-DNA dissociation can also be used. Thus, there is
      nothing in the protein structure or the reaction mechanism that dictates a
      particular means of moving the DNA substrate. Instead, the use of the
      intermolecular or the intramolecular pathway is determined by the competition
      between the polymerase or exonuclease reaction and DNA dissociation. When the
      substrate has a mispaired primer terminus, DNA dissociation seems generally more
      rapid than exonucleolytic digestion. Thus, Klenow fragment edits its own
      polymerase errors by a predominantly intermolecular process, involving
      dissociation of the enzyme-DNA complex and reassociation of the DNA with the
      exonuclease site of a second molecule of Klenow fragment.

PMID- 2659596
TI  - Reconstitution of template-dependent in vitro transcriptase activity of a yeast
      double-stranded RNA virus.
AB  - Isolated mature L-A viral particles from yeast have a transcriptase activity that
      uses endogenous L-A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as template. We have previously
      demonstrated that empty particles derived from mature L-A viral particles have
      replicase activity capable of synthesizing minus strand single-stranded RNA
      (ssRNA) on an added plus strand ssRNA template to form dsRNA. We report here that
      empty particles also have transcriptase activity that uses added viral dsRNA as
      template. The newly synthesized ssRNA was the plus strand, and some of these
      transcripts were converted to the dsRNA form by the replicase activity associated
      with the empty particles. This transcriptase activity, however, required a much
      higher concentration of polyethylene glycol than that used previously for the
      replicase activity. The mode of transcription was conservative. The enzyme
      transcribed ssRNA from L-A, M1, or X (a deletion mutant of L-A) dsRNAs but not
      from other yeast dsRNAs (L-BC, T, or W), bacteriophage Phi6 dsRNAs, or animal
      rotavirus dsRNAs, indicating the same template specificity as that expected for
      the in vivo reaction. This assay system, and the replicase assay system, will
      allow us to study in vitro all the enzymatic reactions essential for the viral
      replication cycle.

PMID- 2659597
TI  - Expression and initial characterization of a recombinant human thrombospondin
      heparin binding domain.
AB  - Thrombospondin (TSP) is a trimeric glycoprotein of Mr 420,000. It was originally
      described as a major component of human platelet alpha granules and is essential
      for the secondary phase of platelet aggregation. TSP is also synthesized and
      secreted by a variety of nucleated cells where it functions in processes
      involving growth and adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix. Many of these
      processes are heparin-inhibitable and are mediated by a proteolytic fragment of
      TSP called the heparin binding domain (HBD). In order to facilitate the analysis
      of the structure and function(s) of this domain, we have expressed this molecule
      in Escherichia coli. A fragment of a TSP cDNA that encodes the heparin binding
      domain was inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pJBL6. In bacterial
      cells grown at 42 degrees C, this vector directs the synthesis of a 24,000-Da
      polypeptide. Milligram quantities of this protein were purified to homogeneity
      from E. coli lysates. The structure of the recombinant HBD was confirmed by
      protein sequencing. The protein was further characterized by analysis of its
      conformation and function. The recombinant HBD binds [3H]heparin with a Kd of 71
      nM, almost identical to that of TSP-derived HBD (80 nM). Additionally, the
      recombinant HBD is able to compete for TSP binding to 11B carcinoma cells. These
      studies indicate that the recombinant HBD is synthesized and purified in a native
      configuration and is functionally equivalent to thrombospondin-derived HBD. They
      further indicate that glycosylation of the thrombospondin HBD is not necessary
      for its interaction with heparin and that sequences essential to this interaction
      reside within the first 229 amino acids of secreted thrombospondin.

PMID- 2659598
TI  - Glucocorticoid effect on oncogene/growth gene expression in human T lymphoblastic
      leukemic cell line CCRF-CEM. Specific c-myc mRNA suppression by dexamethasone.
AB  - Glucocorticoids induce growth inhibition and eventually cause cell lysis in
      certain sensitive leukemic cells. To investigate how glucocorticoids interact
      with cell growth pathways, we studied the expression of 14 growth-related genes
      in dexamethasone-treated CEM-C7A cells, a steroid-sensitive clone of the CCRF-CEM
      cell line, and in several closely related clones. The 14 genes studied were
      chosen to represent four different levels of mitogenic signal transduction.
      Detectable mRNA levels were found for 8 of the 14 genes, but among these only c
      myc expression was obviously suppressed by dexamethasone. The c-myc mRNA levels
      declined abruptly during the first 12 h after addition of 1 microM dexamethasone,
      and maximal suppression occurred by 18 h. This change was not seen in the C7A
      controls, in the glucocorticoid-resistant, receptor-deficient clone ICR-27, or in
      the glucocorticoid-resistant, receptor-positive clone C1. H.10, a hybrid clone
      between C1 and ICR-27, showed restoration of the sensitive phenotype, and in H.10
      cells the c-myc mRNA was also suppressed by dexamethasone. Our results suggest
      that: 1) functional glucocorticoid receptor is required for inducing c-myc
      suppression. 2) In dexamethasone-resistant cells with functional receptors c-myc
      is not suppressed. 3) The growth arrest induced by glucocorticoids correlates
      with, and may be regulated via, suppression of c-myc expression.

PMID- 2659599
TI  - Resurfacing of the knee with fresh osteochondral allograft.
AB  - Fifty-nine fresh osteochondral allografts were consecutively transplanted into
      the knees of fifty-eight patients. The preoperative diagnoses were chondromalacia
      or degenerative arthritis of the patella, osteochondritis dissecans, a traumatic
      defect or osteonecrosis of the femoral condyle, a painful healed depressed
      fracture or traumatic defect of the tibial plateau, and unicompartmental
      traumatic arthritis of the knee. All of the patients had disabling pain after the
      failure of previous attempts to correct the problem surgically. Thirty-nine
      patients (forty knees) were available for follow-up at two to ten years after the
      allograft was transplanted. Nine transplants (22.5 per cent) failed and thirty
      one (77.5 per cent) were successful. The result was rated excellent after
      thirteen of the successful transplants, good after fourteen, and fair after four.
      Transplantation of a fresh osteochondral allograft proved to be a satisfactory
      intermediate procedure for the treatment of the disabling conditions, except
      unicompartmental traumatic arthritis, in the young patients in this series. For
      the patients who had unicompartmental traumatic arthritis, the rate of success
      was only 30 per cent.

PMID- 2659600
TI  - Defects of early fracture-healing in experimental diabetes.
AB  - Diabetes has been implicated as a cause of impaired fracture-healing. To test
      this hypothesis, we tested the tensile strength of femora from normal rats and
      from untreated and insulin-treated diabetic rats two weeks after the production
      of a closed fracture. One week before the fracture, diabetes was induced by
      administration of streptozotocin (sixty-five milligrams per kilogram of body
      weight). The concentration of serum glucose increased from 6.1 +/- 0.3 millimoles
      per liter (110 +/- 5 milligrams per deciliter) in the control animals to 31.1 +/-
      0.8 millimoles per liter (560 +/- 15 milligrams per deciliter) in the untreated
      diabetic animals. After two weeks of healing, fracture callus from the untreated
      diabetic animals had a 29 per cent decrease in tensile strength and a 50 per cent
      decrease in stiffness compared with the controls. Treatment of the diabetic
      animals with insulin resulted in a mean concentration of serum glucose of 14.4 +/
      0.6 millimoles per liter (260 +/- 10 milligrams per deciliter) and restored the
      tensile strength and stiffness of the callus to a value that was not
      statistically different from that of the controls. Between the fourth and
      eleventh days of healing, there was a 50 to 55 per cent decrease in the collagen
      content of the callus of the untreated diabetic animals compared with the
      controls. In addition, on the fourth day of healing, DNA content, an indicator of
      cellularity of the callus, was decreased 40 per cent in the untreated diabetic
      group. Between the fourth and eleventh days of healing, the collagen-to-DNA
      ratio, which was determined as an indicator of net collagen synthesis per cell,
      was decreased 15 to 50 per cent in callus from the untreated diabetic animals.

PMID- 2659601
TI  - Intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus.

PMID- 2659602
TI  - [Variations of division of the extrahepatic bile ducts: significance and origin,
      surgical implications].
AB  - As opposed to congenital anomalies, the anatomical variations, as well as the
      modal type, are issued from a normal morphological development. The variations of
      division of extra-hepatic biliary ducts are very frequent. They are clearly
      explained by the sequence of embryological development in man, and also by
      compared anatomy. Lots of variations occur, some of them being more frequently
      encountered than others during cholecystectomy for gallbladder lithiasis. A cysto
      hepatic duct draining a large hepatic territory is the most dangerous variation.
      As a matter of fact, it can look as if the junction between the cystic duct and
      the common biliary duct was of the modal type. In surgical practice, the
      dissection of cystic duct must never go over the right side of the common biliary
      duct in order for it never to be injured. Radiological exploration of biliary
      tree during cholecystectomy for gallbladder lithiasis has to be routine, in order
      to discover the obviously unpredictable individual variations of division of
      extra-hepatic biliary ducts.

PMID- 2659603
TI  - [Chronic postoperative rectal fistulae. Treatment by transanal colo-anal
      anastomosis. Apropos of 4 cases].
AB  - In a few cases, the postoperative rectal fistulas progress towards chronicity
      despite correct treatment and left iliac derivation. In 4 cases of such fistulas
      (3 females and 1 male, mean age 46 years), developed after rectal surgery and
      persisting for 2 to 16 months in young subjects, in good general condition and
      with a good long-term prognosis, we performed rectal resection with transanal
      colo-anal anastomosis according to the Parks technique. This procedure led to
      healing of the course of the fistulas, then closure of the derivation anus in the
      4 patients. The functional results proved to be satisfactory, following short
      term rehabilitation with biofeedback. After discussing the other surgical
      possibilities, the authors estimate that such a radical cure must be decided upon
      without delay, in case of chronic rectal fistula.

PMID- 2659604
TI  - [Aortic surgery in the presence of cholelithiasis. Should simultaneous
      cholecystectomy be performed?].
AB  - From 1984 to 1987, a cholecystectomy for biliary lithiasis was carried out at the
      same time as aortic vascular surgery in 21 patients. Seventy six percent of
      patients presented an abdominal aortic aneurysm and 24% occlusive
      atherosclerosis. Thirty eight percent had previously presented symptoms related
      to biliary lithiasis. Biliary surgery was conducted after closure of the
      retroperitoneum. The gall bladder region was drained separately. The technique
      did not increase operative morbidity or mortality. Combined cholecystectomy and
      vascular surgery depends on two arguments. Firstly, patients with stones present
      a higher risk of post-operative cholecystitis. Secondly, a significant percentage
      of non-cholecystectomized patients will present with biliary symptomatology in
      the months following vascular surgery.

PMID- 2659605
TI  - [Iatrogenic urethral stenosis. Apropos of 100 cases].
AB  - Iatrogenic causes of stenosis of urethra appear to be increasing in frequency.
      100 cases out of a total of 582 patients being of iatrogenic origin. The
      principal cause is the use of a urethral catheter. Various therapeutic methods
      are used, preference being given quite clearly to internal urethrotomy.
      Prevention is of fundamental importance and is based on the less untimely routine
      use of urethral catheters, particularly after general surgical operations and in
      intensive care.

PMID- 2659606
TI  - [Surgical treatment of sliding hiatal hernia using a modified Collis' technic].
AB  - The technique suggested in 1954 by Collis for the surgical treatment of sliding
      hiatal hernia is based upon relevant anatomical and physiological analysis. Its
      originality lies essentially in the pre-esophageal closure of the upper part of
      the hiatus. With a few changes, in particular a midline super-umbilical approach,
      the Collis operation is a technically very easy and hence rapid procedure, which
      can widen the range of surgical indications to include patients generally not
      considered to be appropriate.

PMID- 2659607
TI  - [Supra- and intercondylar fractures of the distal humerus in adults. Apropos of
      28 osteosynthesis].
AB  - The authors report their experience of the surgical fixation of supra- and
      intercondylar fractures over a 13 year period. Twenty eight cases were reviewed
      with a mean follow-up of 3 years and 85% good and very good results.
      Postoperative complications were related to defective fixation and inappropriate
      material. The 4 poor or tolerable results involved compound and comminutive
      fractures in the context of polytrauma or complicated by sepsis. Amongst the
      various plates used, A0 3.5 plates (strong and mouldable) provided satisfactory
      fixation with the possibility of early physical rehabilitation (between 3 and 21
      days).

PMID- 2659608
TI  - [Colonoscopic surveillance of patients operated on in colorectal cancer.
      Retrospective evaluation of 269 tests in 125 patients].
AB  - The ideal frequency of endoscopic surveillance of patients operated on for
      colorectal cancer is not known. We report our experience of colonoscopic follow
      up of 125 patients after excision of a colorectal cancer. The median interval
      between resection and the first check colonoscopy was 12 months. The median
      duration of follow-up was 28 months (range: 3 months to 10 years). 269
      colonoscopies allowed diagnosis of 8 anastomotic recurrences within a median
      delay of 21 months after surgery (range: 3 months to 5 years). In 6 of these
      patients, the recurrence was clinically suspected. In 2 patients, it was
      asymptomatic and was discovered on systematic colonoscopy. Potentially curative
      surgery was only possible in 1 case. Follow up colonoscopies also allowed
      excision of 113 adenomatous polyps in 39 patients and the discovery of 4 new
      invasive cancers within a median delay of 7.4 years after excision of the first
      cancer. Due to the disappointing value of colonoscopy in the detection of
      anastomotic recurrences and the propensity of the remaining colon to develop new
      polyps, in the absence of a comparative trial, we arbitrarily adopted a follow up
      rhythm based on early post-operative colonoscopy (3 months post-surgery) and then
      yearly for the first 2 years. Further follow-up was similar to that adopted for
      patients with a past history of endoscopic polypectomy.

PMID- 2659609
TI  - [Conservative surgery in pseudocysts of the spleen].
AB  - The authors report two cases of pseudocysts of the spleen treated by conservative
      surgery. Splenic cysts, often producing few or no symptoms, are increasingly
      frequently discovered on ultrasound. Surgical treatment is required because of
      the risk of complications. As in the case of trauma, it is recommended to
      preserve healthy splenic parenchyma whenever possible and especially in young
      subjects, by performing either a partial splenectomy or cystectomy. However, this
      conservative attitude should not lead to an excessive operative risk, in
      particular of hemorrhage. Partial cystectomy, a procedure which is sufficient for
      splenic pseudocysts, would seem to be the treatment of choice for these lesions,
      as it is conservative and of little danger regardless of the anatomical
      conditions.

PMID- 2659610
TI  - [Spontaneous hemoperitoneum complicating intraperitoneal paraganglioma].
AB  - A young man of 27 years was admitted to the medical ward because of increasing
      ascites over 3 months. There were no signs of portal hypertension and a
      diagnostic tap produced hemorrhagic liquid. Ultrasound confirmed ascites
      associated with an abdomino-pelvic mass. Anemia progressed and right aorto-iliac
      axis arteriography was carried out and demonstrated a poorly vascularised mass.
      Emergency surgery was carried out and demonstrated an encapsulated firm and
      cystic abdomino-pelvic mass of 23/18 cm with a rich vascular supply from the
      greater omentum and a hemoperitoneum of 7 litres secondary to rupture of this
      pseudo-lymphangiomatous mass. Besides large vessels from the and some loose
      fibrous adhesions in the pouch of Douglas there was no true implantation site
      attaching this mass to retroperitoneal structures, gastrointestinal tract or
      bladder. After ligation of the vessels the entire mass was easily resected. The
      post-operative course was uncomplicated. Pathological examination confirmed a
      paraganglioma. A full clinical pathogenic, therapeutic and evolutive study is
      described.

PMID- 2659611
TI  - [Copper].
AB  - Copper is an indispensable trace element for life. Four points are fundamental:
      copper is combined with essential enzymatic systems (oxidases, transaminases),
      copper is necessary for inclusion of iron in the molecule of hemoglobin, copper
      has a primordial role in the metabolism of molecule of hemoglobin, copper has a
      primordial role in the metabolism of collagen and elastin and some vascular
      diseases (aneurysms) are closely related to its lack, finally, there is an
      increase of plasmatic copper during cancerous diseases, which is significant even
      at an early time and usually proportional to the evolution.

PMID- 2659612
TI  - [Surgical treatment of hemorrhagic gastritis].
AB  - The authors report a review of the literature concerning an observation of
      rebleeding hemorrhagic gastritis which needed a total hemostasis gastrectomy. 479
      interventions are analysed, with all surgical procedures combined. The surgical
      mortality is 28% and rebleeding reaches 30%. These figures express the evolutive
      gravity and the difficulty in choosing a treatment for hemorrhagic gastritis.
      Numerous techniques exist with varying results: the simple gastrotomy with
      ligations gives 58% rebleeding and 50% mortality. The subtotal Gastrectomy
      presents a non perfect control of hemorrhage (48% rebleeding, 30% mortality).
      Among the conservative procedures the choice can be either truncular-vagotomy
      pyloroplasty (28% rebleeding, 24% mortality) or vagotomy-resection (18%
      rebleeding, 34% mortality). All these methods are not perfect and present a
      rebleeding risk. Only the total gastrectomy provides a definitive cure when the
      patient can resist the operation. Total gastrectomy was previously considered to
      be impossible during hemorrhage. However it represents the only way to save
      patients who continue to bleed following conservative surgery. Total gastrectomy
      represents a logical technique and should be reconsidered as a second procedure.
      As first procedure total gastrectomy is debatable. If systematic, it could lead
      to abusive intervention. If refused, there is a risk of mortal bleeding. Where
      elderly patients are involved the decision seems to be clear due to the risks of
      multiple transfusions or second interventions.

PMID- 2659613
TI  - [Sacro-rectopexy by a posterior intersphincteric approach with anteroposterior
      perineoplasty and mucosal resection. Therapeutic proposal in descending
      peritoneum syndrome. Apropos of 23 cases].
AB  - We report the results of a procedure aimed at correcting the disorders of rectal
      and perineal tone responsible for the descending perineum syndrome (DPS). The
      procedure, carried out by the perineal approach, combines a posterior
      intersphincteric sacro-rectopexy, an anterior perineoplasty via a pre-anal
      levator myorraphie, a posterior perineoplasty using a post anal repair technique
      and a mucosal resection aimed at freeing the anal canal. 22 F and 1 M, mean age
      68 years, with DPS were operated on. Digitised rectography demonstrated
      pathological perineal descent (greater than 3 cm) in all cases and posterior
      rectal angulation at rest of more than 25 degrees (normal less than 10 degrees)
      confirming an important deterioration in perineal tone. Results after a mean
      follow up of 12 months (6 to 30 months) were excellent, with objective
      improvement in rectal bleeding, pain, mucosal prolapse and anal incontinence. In
      spite of an almost constant return to normal in the number of stools and their
      facility of evacuation improvement in the dyschesic syndrome (78% of patients)
      was subjectively variable. Improvement was judged to be very good in 34%, good in
      33%, fair in 11%. Healing of mucosal lesions: solitary ulcer (n = 2), rectal
      inflammation (n = 2), ulcerated mucosal prolapse (n = 3) occurred in all cases
      within 1 month. Post operative rectography demonstrated a significant decrease in
      posterior rectal angulation and ano-coccygeal distance confirming the efficacy of
      the anatomical correction. No serious complications, in particular, infections,
      were noted under appropriate prophylactic antibiotic cover (Piperacillin)
      continued up to D5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659614
TI  - [Complete rupture of the right diaphragm: sutures combined with resorbable mesh].

PMID- 2659615
TI  - Advances in chromatography 1988. Proceedings of the twenty-fifth anniversary
      international symposium. Minneapolis, MN, August 29-September 1, 1988. Dedicated
      to Albert Zlatkis on the occasion of his 65th birthday.

PMID- 2659616
TI  - Ca2+, but not membrane lipid hydrolysis, mediates human chorionic gonadotropin
      production by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in human term placenta.
AB  - We postulated a role for lipid metabolism and Ca2+ in the LHRH-induced release of
      hCG by human placentas. Term placental cells in suspension prelabeled with
      [3H]myoinositol were stimulated without or with increasing concentrations of LHRH
      in the presence of 10 mM LiCl, and total inositol phosphate (IP) was measured by
      ion exchange chromatography; a nonsignificant 0.9 +/- 0.08-fold increase over the
      control value was observed. In contrast, placental cells stimulated with
      equimolar concentrations of angiotensin II (AII) induced a 4.6 +/- 0.9-fold
      increase in total IP (P less than 0.01), while rat pituitary cells showed 1.9 +/-
      0.2- and a 2.4 +/- 0.07-fold increases in total IP production after stimulation
      with LHRH or AII, respectively (P less than 0.05). These increases were blocked
      by coincubation with specific LHRH and AII antagonists. When 1 x 10(6) placental
      cells were incubated with 45Ca2+ without and with increasing doses of LHRH for 0
      75 s and then filtered under negative pressure, we observed significant
      incorporation of 45Ca2+. This influx was linear with incubation time,
      significantly more pronounced in cells exposed to LHRH than in control cells, and
      showed a dose-response curve to LHRH that reached maximal influx rates of 3.6 +/-
      0.3 nM/min.1 x 10(6) cells with 10(-5) M LHRH. This response was completely
      blocked by coincubation with 10(-5) M LHRH antagonists; cobalt chloride and
      verapamil reduced it by 60% and 80%, respectively. Compared to placental cells
      stimulated with LHRH alone, those coincubated with LHRH and specific LHRH or Ca2+
      antagonists released from 10-100% less hCG. We conclude that Ca2+ participates in
      the LHRH action in human placentas, but uncoupled to PI turnover.

PMID- 2659617
TI  - Spontaneous, gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced, and progesterone-inhibited
      pulsatile secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin in the first trimester
      placenta in vitro.
AB  - Using a multichannel superfusion apparatus, the secretion of human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) was measured at 1-6 minute intervals in placental explants at
      7-9 weeks of gestation. hCG was found to be secreted in distinct pulses (4-5 fold
      above baseline) every 11-23 minutes peak to peak. Addition of one minute pulses
      of GnRH analog significantly increased, whereas pulses of progesterone decreased,
      pulsatile hCG secretion.

PMID- 2659618
TI  - Tissue levels of active and total renin, angiotensinogen, human chorionic
      gonadotropin, estradiol, and progesterone in human placentas from different
      methods of delivery.
AB  - The components of the renin system are present in placental tissue, but their
      function in this tissue is not known. We investigated the relative distribution
      of the various components throughout the placenta to determine whether the
      distribution is consistent with a role for them in parturition or in stimulation
      or inhibition of placental hormone biosynthesis. Thus, active and total renin
      were measured in fetal membranes (chorion laeve and amnion) and in discoid
      placenta (chorion frondosum and chorion plate) of women who were delivered
      vaginally (n = 12) or by cesarean section with (n = 6) or without labor (n = 9).
      The interrelationships between active and total renin and angiotensinogen,
      progesterone, hCG, and estradiol concentrations were investigated. Labor had no
      significant effect on the concentration of active or total renin,
      angiotensinogen, hCG, or estradiol in any part of the placenta. Tissue
      progesterone concentrations were higher in placentas from women who underwent
      vaginal deliveries than in those who had cesarean sections with or without labor
      (P less than 0.02). The chorion laeve had 20 times more total renin per g than
      the discoid placenta and 3 times more than the amnion. In contrast the discoid
      placenta had 5 times more hCG per g and 3 times more progesterone per g than the
      fetal membranes. The concentration of estradiol was lower in amnion, while that
      of angiotensinogen was lower in the chorion frondosum than in all other regions.
      The tissue concentrations of active renin, prorenin, or total renin were not
      related to those of any of the other hormones. Altogether these data do not
      provide evidence of a role for the placental renin system in parturition or
      placental hormone biosynthesis.

PMID- 2659619
TI  - The effect of near-normoglycemic control on plasma factor VIII/von Willebrand
      factor and fibrin degradation products in insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
AB  - Diabetic patients have elevated plasma levels of factor VIII/von Willebrand
      factor (F VIII/vWF), and such elevations have been linked to vascular endothelial
      injury. In a prospective study we investigated the effect of metabolic regulation
      on the plasma levels of F VIII/vWF and cross-linked fibrin degradation products
      (XL-FDP), an indicator of intravascular coagulation, in 15 insulin-dependent
      diabetic patients who had no demonstrable vascular abnormalities. Eight patients
      had newly diagnosed diabetes, and 7 had been diabetic for an average of 12 yr.
      The patients were tested before and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the start of a
      structured diabetes education and care program, including introduction of a basal
      bolus form of insulin treatment. Treatment for 8 weeks resulted in a highly
      significant improvement of metabolic control [hemoglobin Aic, 11.1 +/- 1.3% (+/-
      SD) vs. 6.8 +/- 1.0%; plasma fructosamine, 4.8 +/- 1.0 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.7 mmol/L;
      plasma glucose, 13.5 +/- 4.2 vs. 6.3 +/- 2.2 mmol/L; P less than 0.0001,
      respectively]. Compared to age- and sex-matched normal subjects, plasma activity
      of factor VIII (F VIII:C) was significantly elevated in the diabetic patients
      initially (1.5 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.1 x 10(3) U/L; P less than 0.01). After 2
      weeks of intensified therapy it was 1.1 +/- 0.4 x 10(3) U/L. The mean plasma vWF
      value also was significantly elevated initially [vWF antigen, 1.8 +/- 0.7; normal
      group, 0.9 +/- 0.1 x 10(3) U/L (P less than 0.01); vWF ristocetin cofactor
      activity, 1.9 +/- 0.9; normal group, 1.0 +/- 0.3 x 10(3) U/L (P less than 0.001)]
      and decreased significantly after only 1 week of therapy. In the following 7-week
      period plasma vWF remained near normal. Plasma XL-FDP levels were elevated in all
      patients initially (190 +/- 150; normal group, 35 +/- 30 micrograms/L): the value
      was most abnormal in the patients with newly diagnosed disease (300 +/- 150
      micrograms/L), indicating intravascular fibrin formation. The mean XL-FDP level
      declined significantly in the patients with newly diagnosed diabetes after 1 week
      of therapy; in the other patients, however, XL-FDP levels remained slightly
      elevated. In all 15 patients the plasma F VIII:C and XL-FDP levels were
      correlated significantly at all times. The plasma vWF and XL-FDP levels were
      correlated after 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks of treatment as were the plasma vWF levels
      and glucose concentrations before and 1 and 2 weeks after the start of treatment
      program.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2659620
TI  - Glucose-induced insulin secretion from perifused isolated islets in rats.
AB  - Glucose-induced insulin secretion in rat pancreas islets was studied by means of
      the modified perifusion technique. The biphasic insulin increase after 0.3%
      glucose application consisted of a rapid response (the first phase response) and
      a delayed one (the second phase response). The former was brought about by
      shortening the 0.3% glucose application time to one and a half minutes and the
      latter by treatment with 1 microgram/ml of synthetic somatostatin. It was
      proposed that the rapid response depended mainly on D-cell activity and the
      delayed response depended on B-cell function.

PMID- 2659621
TI  - [Studies on urinary C-peptide excretion in normal children and children with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus].
AB  - In 115 normal children (3 to 14 years old) and 143 children with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (6 to 15 years old), the urinary C-peptide
      immunoreactivity) was measured for evaluation of the pancreatic B cell function.
      The urinary C-peptide excretions during O-GTT corresponded to the change of serum
      C-peptide levels in normal children (n = 27) and the mean value of the excretions
      in younger children was significantly low. Age did not significantly affect basal
      serum C-peptide levels (ng/ml) and urinary C-peptide excretions (micrograms/h)
      before O-GTT, but significant differences in serum sigma C-peptide (ng/ml) and
      urinary C-peptide (micrograms/3 h) during O-GTT were noted between the younger
      group and the older group (p less than 0.01). In 39 normal children on an
      inactive routine, mean values of the 24 h urinary C-peptide for children aged
      from 3 to 6, 7 to 10 and from 11 to 14 years old, were 28.2 +/- 12.6
      micrograms/day, 32.3 +/- 8.4 micrograms/day and 37.6 +/- 10.6 micrograms/day
      (mean +/- SD) respectively with significant differences according to age (younger
      group vs older group, p less than 0.05). The effects of daily routine on 24 h
      urinary C-peptide were studied in normal children. In children on an active
      routine, the C-peptide excretion was significantly less than in the same
      individuals on an inactive routine (26.9 +/- 9.9 micrograms/day vs 34.3 +/- 14.5
      micrograms/day, p less than 0.01). In children with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus, 24 h urinary C-peptide excretion was studied to evaluate residual
      pancreatic B cell function. Urinary C-peptide was measurable in 47 of the 143
      diabetic children, suggesting that most of the pancreatic B cells had
      deteriorated in the other 96 patients. In the 96 patients without B cell
      function, the averages of daily dose of insulin and 24 h-U.glucose/TAG ratio were
      significantly higher than those in the 47 patients who had pancreatic B cell
      function estimated by measuring urinary C-peptide (p less than 0.001). In
      additional studies on the 43 diabetic children with residual pancreatic B cell
      function, who had had the disease for five years or less, the 24 h urinary C
      peptide excretion (micrograms/day) correlated weakly but significantly with the
      duration of the disease (r = -0.28, p less than 0.05). Patients who had had the
      disease longer and who were controlled with larger doses of insulin had less of
      the 24 h urinary C-peptide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2659622
TI  - [Pancreatic B cell function and glucose intolerance in the elderly].
AB  - In an attempt to define the pancreatic B cell function in the elderly, we
      subjected 88 non-obese individuals (aged between 21 and 88) to an oral glucose
      tolerance test (OGTT), a simple glucagon test (SGT) and OGTT-glucagon test, in
      which the plasma glucose, insulin and serum C-peptide (CPR) were measured. We
      investigated heterogeneity in glucose intolerance in the elderly and its
      relationship to atherosclerosis. In the OGTT and SGT test, the insulin responses
      (SIRI/SPG ratios) for normal, borderline and DM1 (fasting plasma glucose less
      than 140 mg/dl and 2 h-PG greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl) groups of the
      elderly (60 and above) were not significantly different from those for normal
      group of young and middle-aged (below 60) and were significantly higher for
      elderly group than for the young and middle-aged group in each glucose tolerance
      group. But the insulin responses for the DM2 (fasting plasma glucose greater than
      or equal to 140 mg/dl and 2 h-PG greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl) group of the
      elderly were not significantly different from those for the DM1 and DM2 groups of
      young and middle-aged. The insulin responses of normal, borderline and DM1 groups
      of the elderly with atherosclerosis were significantly higher than those of the
      comparable groups without atherosclerosis, while the insulin responses of the
      borderline and DM1 groups of the elderly with atherosclerosis were similar to
      those of the control group of the young. In the OGTT-glucagon test, there were no
      differences in the insulin response or serum CPR response among the normal,
      borderline and DM1 groups of the elderly, and these responses were significantly
      higher for the elderly group than the for young and middle-aged group in each
      glucose tolerance group. But these responses for the DM2 group of the elderly
      were not significantly different from those for the DM1 and DM2 groups of the
      young and middle-aged. These results indicate that the pancreatic B cell function
      of the normal group in the elderly remains favorable while mildly impaired
      glucose tolerance was exhibited by the borderline and DM1 groups, who are
      comparable with the normal group of the young and middle-aged. But this function
      was clearly reduced in the DM2 group of the elderly. These findings suggest that
      there is a subgroup in the elderly, which has clinically evident atherosclerosis,
      mild glucose intolerance and high insulin response. Their pancreatic B cell
      function remains favorable.

PMID- 2659623
TI  - Congenital forearm pseudarthrosis: report of six cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Congenital forearm pseudarthrosis is a rare clinical entity; only 27 cases have
      been reported in the English literature. The radius and ulna are affected with
      nearly equal frequency. Involvement of both bones is extremely rare. Most cases
      have been associated with neurofibromatosis, which appears to affect adversely
      the ability to obtain union by conventional corticocancellous grafting. We
      present a series of six patients treated by various methods. In two of our
      patients we obtained promising results, as did Allieu et al., by utilizing free
      vascularized fibular transfer. This may provide an attractive solution to a
      condition which is historically refractory to conventional operative management.

PMID- 2659624
TI  - Central carcinoma of the jaw. A survey of 28 cases in the Japanese literature.
AB  - A survey of the Japanese literature revealed 28 well-documented cases of central
      carcinoma of the jaws. There was no sex predominance and the mandible was the
      site of involvement in 26 cases. The most common initial symptom was local
      swelling, which was followed in order of frequency by spontaneous pain,
      paraesthesia of the lower lip, discomfort, loosening of teeth and trismus. On
      clinical examination, local swelling which was often accompanied by variable
      symptoms was an almost constant finding. Radiographic appearance varied from
      unilocular to worm-eaten type radiolucencies which were often surrounded by
      indistinct margins on close examination. Radical surgery, combined with
      irradiation and/or chemotherapy was the principal treatment in most cases, but
      there were 4 cases in which the lesions were simply excised under a tentative
      diagnosis of cyst; local recurrence was noted in 5 cases. Regional lymph node
      metastasis and lung metastasis were observed in 8 and 2 cases, respectively. No
      definite conclusion was drawn with regard to the prognosis because of the short
      follow-up period. Histologically, epidermoid carcinoma was most frequently seen,
      but odontogenic cyst was confirmed to be the site of origin in 3 cases only.

PMID- 2659625
TI  - The plunging ranula. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management.
AB  - Ranulas are cysts resulting from retention, or extravasation of saliva from the
      sublingual gland. Two varieties are described: a superficial or oral ranula and a
      cervical or plunging ranula. The plunging ranula is located below the mylohyoid
      muscle and may present as a swelling in the upper part of the neck. Four cases
      are described to illustrate that this condition can be the cause of a neck
      swelling. Aetiology, differential diagnosis and surgical management are also
      discussed. Recurrences are mainly due to unfamiliarity with this phenomenon and
      ignorance of its aetiology. Successful treatment of the plunging ranula consists
      of excision of the ipsilateral sublingual salivary gland, which is the source of
      this disorder, and intra-oral evacuation of the pseudocyst of the neck swelling.
      There is no need for an extensive neck dissection of the cervical extension.

PMID- 2659626
TI  - Congenital lateral fistula of the upper lip. Report of a case.
AB  - An 11-month-old girl with a lateral congenital fistula of the upper lip is
      presented. There were no associated congenital anomalies and a negative family
      history. A vertical elliptical excision of the fistula gave a satisfactory
      result. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the fistula remains obscure.

PMID- 2659628
TI  - Early clinical pathologists: Thomas Waterhouse (1793-1830).

PMID- 2659627
TI  - Use of basement membrane markers in tumour diagnosis.

PMID- 2659629
TI  - Immunocytochemical features of obstructed saphenous vein coronary artery bypass
      grafts.
AB  - The peroxidase-immunoperoxidase immunocytochemical method was used on 27
      saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts, which had been resected because of
      recurrent angina, to identify in situ cellular and humoral elements possibly
      associated with graft occlusion. Immunostaining was performed on paraffin wax
      embedded control saphenous vein and graft sections incubated directly with
      primary antibodies against von Willebrand antigen (vWFAg), fibronectin,
      fibrinogen, leucocyte common antigen (LCA), lysozyme, vimentin, desmin, platelet
      factor 4, and thrombospondin. Antigens were visualised by a chromogen providing
      an orange-red immunoprecipitate at the site of epitope localisation. The
      intraluminal, amorphous exudate present in most grafts was not composed simply of
      fibrin or fibrinogen, as previously thought, but was a multiprotein complex
      including wWFAg, fibronectin, thrombospondin and platelet factor 4. Along with
      macrophages, these components probably enter the graft after haemodynamic,
      physical, and chemical injury to, and disruption of, the endothelial cell.
      Progressive myointimal proliferation and fibrosis of these grafts may be local
      repetitive responses to macrophages and platelets, cells previously known to
      participate in vascular disease.

PMID- 2659631
TI  - Screening for bacteriuria.

PMID- 2659630
TI  - Development of a radioimmunoassay for measuring gonadotrophin releasing hormone
      in patients receiving treatment.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
      in plasma and urine using readily available reagents was developed. The GnRH
      assay showed good precision, recovery, and parallelism over a wide range of GnRH
      concentrations with a sensitivity of 15 pg/ml. The assay was compared with a
      commercially available kit (Buhlmann Laboratories). Although the Buhlmann kit
      showed acceptable precision, recovery, sensitivity, and correlation with the
      developed GnRH assay for plasma samples, lack of parallelism of serially diluted
      plasma and urine samples was consistently observed, together with a poor
      correlation with the developed GnRH assay for urine, suggesting a matrix effect
      with the Buhlmann kit. The developed assay is suitable for measuring GnRH in
      samples obtained from patients receiving pulsatile infusions of GnRH. In
      contrast, the commercially available Buhlmann kit was unsuitable for measuring
      plasma GnRH as the kit had a top standard of only 160 pg/ml, well below the peak
      plasma concentration. It would not be possible to dilute samples for analysis
      because of the lack of parallelism of diluted samples compared with standards
      obtained with the Buhlmann assay.

PMID- 2659632
TI  - A critique of bond strength measurements.
AB  - The lack of consistent values for dentine bond strengths in shear or in tension
      from what are superficially identical experimental procedures has led to
      ambiguities in the interpretation of the data. These variations in bond strength
      are usually considered to be related to different adhesive procedures. However so
      far little attention has been paid to the detail of the test procedures used. In
      this study the sensitivity of bond strengths to changes in testing conditions has
      been calculated using finite element stress analysis. It is shown that tensile
      and shear bond strengths are highly dependent on the geometry of the test
      arrangement and the materials involved. It is concluded that the concept of
      'average stress' for the measurement of bond strength does not stand up to close
      examination. The measurement does not provide a material property as its value is
      dependent on local conditions and the actual stresses have little relationship to
      the average stress value. This demonstrates that there is a need for the
      standardization of test procedures for the measurement of bond strengths so that
      a universally valid comparison between different bonding agents can be performed.

PMID- 2659633
TI  - Metallurgical aspects of palladium-silver porcelain-bonding alloys.
AB  - Metallurgical aspects of five commercial Pd-Ag porcelain-bonding alloys have been
      investigated using X-ray diffraction, light microscopy and X-ray microanalysis.
      All alloys are mainly single-phase systems, but they appear to be inhomogeneous
      due to constitutional supercooling. Porcelain firing times are presumably
      insufficient to reach homogeneity. Two alloys show a virtually identical chemical
      composition but a differing amount of segregation which should be attributed to
      minor components controlling the solid diffusion process. Both indium-containing
      alloys show signs of a minor second phase which could not be identified due to
      its finely dispersed character.

PMID- 2659634
TI  - Survival rates and reasons for failure of posterior composite restorations in
      multicentre clinical trial.
AB  - n a multicentre clinical trial consisting of 12 centres, 232 amalgam and 932
      composite Class I and Class II restorations were placed in 447 adult patients. At
      the 4-year review 76 per cent of patients with 71 per cent of the restorations
      were retrieved. In 8 centres after 4 years and 4 centres after 5 years a total of
      12 amalgam and 92 Occlusin restorations had been replaced, having been considered
      to have failed. The reasons for failure were classified into three types: Type 1,
      related to the restoration (loss of material, recurrent caries and unacceptable
      marginal adaptation); Type 2, related to the restorative process (pulpal
      involvement, primary caries, tooth fracture and unacceptable contact) and Type 3,
      caused by external factors. A greater proportion of the restorations of Occlusin
      were replaced than the restorations of amalgam. For the restorations of Occlusin
      the reasons for failure were: Type 1, 59 per cent; Type 2, 32 per cent and Type
      3, 9 per cent. Loss of material and recurrent caries accounted for the failure of
      35 and 13 restorations of Occlusin respectively. The main Type 2 reasons for
      failure of the restorations of Occlusin were pulpal involvement (16 restorations)
      and primary caries (9 restorations). The overall 4-year survival of Occlusin
      restorations relative to Type 1 and to Type 1 + Type 2 reasons for failure was 96
      per cent and 93 per cent respectively. The centre was found to have a significant
      influence on the survival rate in both analyses.

PMID- 2659635
TI  - Posterior composites: evaluations without trials?
AB  - Clinical trials for the evaluation of restorative materials are time-consuming,
      expensive and often based on subjectively assessed criteria. By the conclusion of
      a clinical trial materials are often obsolete. A DHSS-commissioned programme at
      the Liverpool School of Dentistry is in progress where clinical and laboratory
      evaluations of materials are being carried out in parallel with a view to
      correlating the results. The structure and scope of the programme is discussed
      and the value of establishing short-term laboratory tests predictive of clinical
      performance is considered. Preliminary observations emerging from the programme
      are discussed.

PMID- 2659636
TI  - A five year study of the clinical performance of a posterior composite resin
      restorative material.
AB  - Five-year results from four centres of the multicentre clinical trial of the
      posterior composite Occlusin are reported. Data is presented in respect of 256
      restorations of Occlusin and 69 restorations of a conventional lathe cut amalgam.
      It is concluded that more than 90 per cent of the restorations under
      investigation should be rated as clinically acceptable after five years in
      clinical service, that the wear resistance of the restorations of Occlusin, as
      assessed by the clinicians, was similar in preparations of different sizes and to
      that of the amalgam controls, and that similar clinical results were obtained
      irrespective of the technique used to achieve moisture isolation.

PMID- 2659637
TI  - Evolving theories of vowel perception.
AB  - Research on the perception of vowels in the last several years has given rise to
      new conceptions of vowels as articulatory, acoustic, and perceptual events.
      Starting from a "simple" target model in which vowels were characterized
      articulatorily as static vocal tract shapes and acoustically as points in a first
      and second formant (F1/F2) vowel space, this paper briefly traces the evolution
      of vowel theory in the 1970s and 1980s in two directions. (1) Elaborated target
      models represent vowels as target zones in perceptual spaces whose dimensions are
      specified as formant ratios. These models have been developed primarily to
      account for perceivers' solution of the "speaker normalization" problem. (2)
      Dynamic specification models emphasize the importance of formant trajectory
      patterns in specifying vowel identity. These models deal primarily with the
      problem of "target undershoot" associated with the coarticulation of vowels with
      consonants in natural speech and with the issue of "vowel-inherent spectral
      change" or diphthongization of English vowels. Perceptual studies are summarized
      that motivate these theoretical developments.

PMID- 2659638
TI  - Static, dynamic, and relational properties in vowel perception.
AB  - The present work reviews theories and empirical findings, including results from
      two new experiments, that bear on the perception of English vowels, with an
      emphasis on the comparison of data analytic "machine recognition" approaches with
      results from speech perception experiments. Two major sources of variability
      (viz., speaker differences and consonantal context effects) are addressed from
      the classical perspective of overlap between vowel categories in F1 x F2 space.
      Various approaches to the reduction of this overlap are evaluated. Two types of
      speaker normalization are considered. "Intrinsic" methods based on relationships
      among the steady-state properties (F0, F1, F2, and F3) within individual vowel
      tokens are contrasted with "extrinsic" methods, involving the relationships among
      the formant frequencies of the entire vowel system of a single speaker. Evidence
      from a new experiment supports Ainsworth's (1975) conclusion [W. Ainsworth,
      Auditory Analysis and Perception of Speech (Academic, London, 1975)] that both
      types of information have a role to play in perception. The effects of
      consonantal context on formant overlap are also considered. A new experiment is
      presented that extends Lindblom and Studdert-Kennedy's finding [B. Lindblom and
      M. Studdert-Kennedy, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 43, 840-843 (1967)] of perceptual
      effects of consonantal context on vowel perception to /dVd/ and /bVb/ contexts.
      Finally, the role of vowel-inherent dynamic properties, including duration and
      diphthongization, is briefly reviewed. All of the above factors are shown to have
      reliable influences on vowel perception, although the relative weight of such
      effects and the circumstances that alter these weights remain far from clear. It
      is suggested that the design of more complex perceptual experiments, together
      with the development of quantitative pattern recognition models of human vowel
      perception, will be necessary to resolve these issues.

PMID- 2659639
TI  - Auditory-perceptual interpretation of the vowel.
AB  - The major issues in relating acoustic waveforms of spoken vowels to perceived
      vowel categories are presented and discussed in terms of the author's auditory
      perceptual theory of phonetic recognition. A brief historical review of formant
      ratio theory is presented, as well as an analysis of frequency scales that have
      been proposed for description of the vowel. It is illustrated that the
      monophthongal vowel sounds of American English can be represented as clustered in
      perceptual target zones within a three-dimensional auditory-perceptual space
      (APS), and it is shown that preliminary versions of these target zones segregate
      a corpus of vowels of American English with 93% accuracy. Furthermore, it is
      shown that the nonretroflex vowels of American English fall within a narrow slab
      within the APS, with spread vowels near the front of this slab and rounded vowels
      near the back. Retroflex vowels fall in a distinct region behind the vowel slab.
      Descriptions of the vowels within the APS are shown to be correlated with their
      descriptions in terms of dimensions of articulation and timbre. Additionally,
      issues related to talker normalization, coarticulation effects, segmentation,
      pitch, transposition, and diphthongization are discussed.

PMID- 2659640
TI  - The relationship among organizational climate variables and nurse stability in
      critical care units.
AB  - This study examined the relationship among determinants of organizational
      climate, identified from the literature as communication, staff utilization,
      interdisciplinary politics, reward and support services, and nurse stability in
      critical care units. The purposes of the study were (1) to describe the
      organizational climate reported by staff registered nurses working in eight
      critical care units located in the same tertiary care center, (2) to measure
      nurse stability in the study units, (3) to determine interunit differences in
      organizational climate and nurse stability, and (4) to examine relationships
      among organizational climate phenomena and nurse stability. The sample was
      composed of 192 critical care staff nurses. Results indicated significant
      interunit differences among organizational climate determinants and nurse
      stability. Relationships among communication, interdisciplinary politics, and
      nurse stability were also demonstrated.

PMID- 2659641
TI  - Nursing education and the nuclear age.
AB  - As reflected in the nursing literature, nurses have only recently begun
      discussing professional responsibilities for avoidance of nuclear war. The
      literature of the 1950s and 1960s focused on issues of civil defense. The 1970s
      were mostly silent, but with the onset of the 1980s a few articles identified the
      need for the nursing profession to recognize the importance of nuclear war
      prevention. The responsibility of nursing education for including content about
      nuclear issues has not been discussed in the professional literature. The author
      surveyed baccalaureate programs of nursing education to determine whether this
      lack of discussion was reflected in nursing curricula. Responses indicated that
      the literature does not adequately reflect the level of activity and interest
      occurring within nursing education about nuclear issues. Nevertheless, because
      there is so little discussion in the professional literature, an implicit message
      is sent that nuclear issues are not of importance and that nurses should not
      openly address them.

PMID- 2659642
TI  - Honorary doctorates awarded to nurses: a 51-year review.

PMID- 2659643
TI  - New concepts in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that inflammation may play an important role in the
      characteristic bronchial hyperresponsiveness and symptoms of chronic asthma. The
      mechanisms by which inflammatory cells, mediators, and nerves interact to produce
      the features of asthma are still uncertain, however. Although mast cells play an
      important role in the immediate response to allergen (and probably exercise),
      pharmacologic evidence argues against a critical role in the late response or
      bronchial hyperresponsiveness in which other cells, such as macrophages and
      eosinophils, may play a more important role. Many mediators have been implicated
      in asthma, but only PAF causes a prolonged increase in bronchial responsiveness.
      PAF attracts eosinophils into tissues and potently activates these cells, which
      may lead to epithelial damage, a key feature of asthmatic airways. PAF is also a
      potent inducer of microvascular leakage in airways, which may result in
      submucosal edema and plasma exudation into the airway lumen in the future. PAF
      antagonists will reveal whether PAF plays an important role in the eosinophilic
      inflammation of asthma. Neural mechanisms may also make an important
      contribution. Inflammatory mediators may influence neurotransmitter release from
      airway nerves, and neurotransmitters may be proinflammatory. Neural control is
      complex and cholinergic, adrenergic, and NANC mechanisms may contribute to
      bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Many neuropeptides, which may be the transmitters
      of NANC nerves, have been identified in airways. Neuropeptides in airway sensory
      nerves, such as substance P, have potent proinflammatory effects and, if these
      are released by an axon reflex, may amplify the inflammatory response in asthma.
      Since asthma may be chronic eosinophilic bronchitis, it is logical that the
      primary treatment should involve drugs that suppress this inflammatory response.
      At present, corticosteroids appear to be the most effective therapy; they have
      potent effects against eosinophils and macrophages (but not on mast cells) and
      reduce bronchial hyperresponsiveness and symptoms. By contrast, bronchodilators,
      such as beta-agonists, although they reduce symptoms, do not reduce the chronic
      inflammatory response or bronchial hyperresponsiveness and may mask the
      underlying inflammation. New therapies should be directed toward controlling
      eosinophil infiltration and activation in airways.

PMID- 2659644
TI  - Prevalence and treatment of asthma in the Michigan Medicaid patient population
      younger than 45 years, 1980-1986.
AB  - The prevalence and outpatient treatment of asthma were studied in the Michigan
      Medicaid patient population by use of computerized physician, hospital, and
      pharmacy reimbursement data to mark and track asthma-related medical
      transactions. Asthma cases were defined as patients with evidence of at least two
      diagnoses and prescription drug transactions consistent with asthma. More than
      52,000 cases were thus identified. The period prevalence of asthma was estimated
      on a year-by-year basis. The prevalence of asthma in the population increased
      from 2.0 per 100 Medicaid patients in 1980 to 2.8 per 100 Medicaid patients in
      1986. Prevalence decreased with age until the age of 20 years and increased
      thereafter, and was higher in male children than in female children. In contrast,
      asthma was more prevalent in female adults than in male adults. Prevalence was
      higher in black subjects than in other races and higher in urban residents than
      in rural residents. The total number of reimbursements for antiasthma medications
      increased from 60,000 per year to 120,000 per year, and the average number of
      antiasthma prescriptions per Michigan Medicaid asthma case increased at the rate
      of 6.6% per year during the study interval. Changes in the preferred types of
      asthma treatment consistent with changes that have occurred in the general
      population were observed. These data suggest that the relative and absolute
      occurrence of asthma and asthma treatment in the Michigan Medicaid population is
      increasing.

PMID- 2659645
TI  - Hematopoietic growth factor production by cultured cells of human nasal polyp
      epithelial scrapings: kinetics, cell source, and relationship to clinical status.
AB  - The conditions and cell sources for colony stimulating activity (CSA) production
      by nasal polyp epithelial scrapings were examined. Epithelial scrapings removed
      from patients were grown to confluence during 7 days as monolayers of epithelial
      cells in media supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) on collagen-coated
      microwell plates. Growth kinetics of nasal polyp epithelial cells (NPECs) were
      determined, and CSA in NPEC conditioned medium (CM) was assessed with density
      gradient separated, nonadherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells in standard 14
      day methylcellulose assays. Nasal polyp cultures in the presence of 5% or 15% FCS
      (vol/vol) demonstrated significantly more epithelial cell proliferation than
      cultures at 0% and 1% FCS. There were comparable metachromatic cell counts in
      polyp epithelial scrappings from allergic and nonallergic donors. Similarly, NPEC
      CM from allergic and nonallergic donors had equivalent CSA for basophil/mast cell
      (BMC) and eosinophil (EO) lineages, respectively. CSA production was enhanced
      under conditions of higher FCS concentration and NPEC proliferation. These
      studies confirm an epithelial cell origin of BMC and EO growth and
      differentiation factors derived from nasal polyps and point to the existence of a
      unique microenvironment for BMC and EO development provided by polyp epithelium
      that appears to be independent of the presence of an allergic diathesis.

PMID- 2659646
TI  - Platelet-activating factor and airway reactivity.

PMID- 2659647
TI  - Evaluation and diagnosis of incomitant ocular deviations.
AB  - Incomitant ocular deviations can indicate the presence of a significant health
      care problem and can produce distressful patient symptoms. Appropriate diagnosis
      and management of such problems are needed. This clinical review discusses the
      etiology, classification, and extraocular muscle changes associated with
      incomitant ocular deviations. The various testing procedures needed to determine
      the specific extraocular muscle involved are discussed in detail. The basic
      management of such deviations is reviewed.

PMID- 2659648
TI  - Recollections of 60 years of the history of optometry.

PMID- 2659649
TI  - A dot blot assay for sulfated glycosaminoglycans.
AB  - A dot blot assay for detection of low amounts of heparin and sulfated
      glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is described. The detection range is between 25 ng/ml
      and 1000 ng/ml of heparin. The assay is based on the interference of sulfated
      GAGs with the binding of a synthetic ligand (described in this paper) to defined
      receptors like collagen type V and histones. Ligand binding to type V collagen
      was suppressed specifically by heparin, but not by other sulfated GAGs like
      heparin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. Ligand binding to histones was
      suppressed most strongly by heparin, but also by chondroitin sulfate. Hyaluronic
      acid did not interfere.

PMID- 2659650
TI  - Functional morphology, functional mechanism, and biomechanics related to surgery
      of the hand.

PMID- 2659651
TI  - Digital subtraction angiography in preoperative examination of congenital hand
      malformations.

PMID- 2659652
TI  - Arthroplasty of the metacarpophalangeal joints: review of resection-type
      arthroplasty.

PMID- 2659653
TI  - The metacarpophalangeal volar plate arthroplasty.

PMID- 2659654
TI  - The bone-lengthening method in hand reconstruction: twenty years' experience.

PMID- 2659655
TI  - Report of the committee on tendon injuries.

PMID- 2659656
TI  - Closed treatment of hand fractures.

PMID- 2659657
TI  - The cytoskeleton of the hepatocyte. Structure and functions.

PMID- 2659658
TI  - A method for producing synaptonemal complex complements in lily and mouse.
AB  - A whole-mount procedure for producing pachytene synaptonemal complex complements
      of Lilium longiflorum was developed. The method involves swelling of the meiotic
      nuclei followed by nonionic detergent lysis of the nuclear envelope. This
      technique adequately spreads out the long lily chromosomes while producing only
      minimal distortion of the chromosomal axes. The ultrastructure of the
      synaptonemal complex is normal, and the chromatin remains closely associated with
      the synaptonemal complex. The procedure also was used successfully to produce
      pachytene synaptonemal complex preparations of mouse chromosomes. In the mouse,
      the centromeric heterochromatin remains associated with the synaptonemal complex,
      but the euchromatin is more widely dispersed.

PMID- 2659659
TI  - Double labeling with iodo- and bromodeoxyuridine for cell kinetics studies.
AB  - The rate of progression through the cell cycle was determined in five human
      glioma cell lines by a new sequential immunohistochemical staining technique. The
      cells were labeled first with iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) for 1-3 hr and then with
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for 30 min. Labeled cells were identified with Br-3, a
      monoclonal antibody that recognizes only BrdUrd, and with IU-4, an antibody that
      recognizes both IdUrd and BrdUrd. Each slide was stained sequentially, first with
      the immunoperoxidase method for Br-3 and then with the alkaline phosphatase-anti
      alkaline phosphatase method for IU-4. Cells that were positive only for IU-4
      represented the fraction of S-phase cells that passed into the G2 phase during
      the period of incubation with IdUrd. The rates of progression measured by this
      method were constant in each cell line and resulted in smaller standard errors
      than were obtained by measurements from specimens stained singly for IdUrd and
      BrdUrd in different slides. The duration of the S-phase calculated from this
      fraction in the five cell lines ranged from 8-13 hr; the estimated potential
      doubling times were 25-32 hr and were very similar to the actual doubling times.

PMID- 2659660
TI  - Ultrastructural demonstration of increased sulfated proteoglycans and calcium
      associated with chondrocyte cytoplasmic processes and matrix vesicles in rat
      growth plate cartilage.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (3-B-3) to chondroitin 6-sulfated proteoglycan was used
      with immunoperoxidase electron microscopy to study the relationship of
      chondrocyte cytoplasmic processes and matrix vesicles in rat epiphyseal growth
      plate cartilage. Immunoperoxidase staining of the chondrocyte plasmalemma was
      found at all levels in the growth plate and was most prominent in the
      hypertrophic zone. The plasmalemma and matrix of the cytoplasmic process often
      demonstrated stronger reactivity than the remainder of the cell surface. Matrix
      vesicles showed weak to strong surface or internal reactivity. The majority of
      them stained very similarly to the cytoplasmic process. X-ray microanalysis of
      specimens processed by rapid freezing and freeze substitution confirmed that both
      sulfur and calcium were localized within or in close association with both the
      cytoplasmic process and the matrix vesicle, suggesting a chemical combination of
      calcium with sulfated proteoglycans at both sites. These results indicate that
      there is a selective increase in the concentration of membrane-associated
      sulfated proteoglycan and calcium in the cell process, from which matrix vesicles
      may be released into the extracellular matrix.

PMID- 2659661
TI  - Histochemical blockade of the antigen-antibody reaction using immunoperoxidase
      demonstration of lysozyme in paneth cells and lamina propria mononucleocytes of
      human small intestine as a model system.
AB  - Nitrosation and acetylation, two histochemical blocking procedures for amino
      groups, were used to establish the extent to which these groups intervene in the
      antigen-antibody reaction in immunohistochemistry. We used the peroxidase
      antiperoxidase method (PAP) to demonstrate lysozyme in Paneth cells and in lamina
      propria mononucleocytes of human small intestine as a model system. We studied
      the relationship of these groups to fixation, concentration of the primary
      antiserum, and length of blockade, as well as the possibility of reversing
      blockade as proof of specificity. Our findings support the contention that amino
      groups are also an important factor in antigen-antibody binding, even in fixed
      tissue. Fixatives influence the binding process in many ways, with acetylation
      producing a more successful result than nitrosation in tissue fixed in Bouin
      without acetic acid, whereas the reverse is true in formaldehyde-fixed tissue.

PMID- 2659662
TI  - Presence and activity of alkaline phosphatase in two human osteosarcoma cell
      lines.
AB  - The presence and activity of alkaline phosphatase in SAOS-2 and TE-85 human
      osteosarcoma cells grown in culture were examined at the ultrastructural level. A
      monoclonal antibody raised against purified human bone osteosarcoma alkaline
      phosphatase was used to localize the enzyme in cultures of the osteosarcoma
      cells. Similar cultures were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase activity using an
      enzyme cytochemical method with cerium as the capture agent. Alkaline phosphatase
      was immunolocalized at the light microscopic level in an osteogenic sarcoma and
      ultrastructurally on the SAOS-2 cell membrane and the enclosing membrane of
      extracellular vesicular structures close to the cells. In contrast, the TE-85
      cells were characterized by the absence of all but a few traces of immunolabeling
      at the cell surface. Enzyme cytochemical studies revealed strong alkaline
      phosphatase activity on the outer surface of the SAOS-2 cell membrane. Much lower
      enzyme activity was observed in the TE-85 cells. The results support biochemical
      data from previous studies and confirm that SAOS-2 cells have a significantly
      greater concentration of alkaline phosphatase at the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2659663
TI  - Glomerular localization of platelet secretory proteins in mesangial proliferative
      lesions induced by habu snake venom.
AB  - Platelets have been implicated in mesangial cell proliferation in experimental
      and clinical glomerular disease. In this study, the temporal relationship between
      release of platelet secretory cationic proteins (PSCP) and progression of
      mesangial hyperplasia was examined in a model of mesangial proliferative
      glomerulonephritis induced by Habu snake venom (HSV). Intravenous injection of
      HSV (2 mg/kg body wt) led to capillary dilatation and ballooning into cysts
      filled with prominent platelet aggregates at 8 hr and 24 hr. At 48 hr, lesions
      were heterogeneous, some exclusively cystic, others exclusively nodular
      (comprised of confluent proliferative mesangial cells). Most lesions were mixed,
      showing features of cystic lesions containing clusters of proliferating cells. At
      72 hr, all lesions were exclusively nodular. These lesions were associated with
      persistent localization of PSCP, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence
      microscopy. At 8 hr, PSCP were restricted primarily to platelets, became more
      intensified and diffuse at later time intervals, and by 72 hr was demonstrated in
      a homogeneous pattern interspaced throughout the nodular lesions. Studies
      utilizing antiserum to a specific platelet secretory protein, platelet factor 4
      (PF4), showed an identical pattern of glomerular localization. Thus, before and
      during the proliferative phase of nodular formation, mesangial cells are exposed
      to a milieu replete with PSCP, some of which are presumably biologically active,
      suggesting a potential role for platelet-secreted proteins in mesangial
      hyperplasia in this model.

PMID- 2659665
TI  - The nucleus basalis magnocellularis Meynert (NbmM) complex--a central integrator
      of coded "limbic signals" linked to neocortical modular operation? A proposed
      (heuristic) model of function.
AB  - Since the discovery of the NbmM as an afferent cholinergic projection system
      supplying the entire cortical mantle, its morphological organization has been
      extensively investigated. Applying the principle of convergence and divergence-
      an important principle of the integrative function of the CNS discerned by
      Sherrington a long time ago--the topistic organization of this projection could
      enable the system to exert a high degree of integrative influence on cortical
      neuronal activity. Candidates for putative regulatory afferents to the NbmM in
      the main seem to originate within structures linked to the limbic system. With
      the main centres of this system--ventral tegmental area, mediodorsal thalamus,
      basolateral amygdala, limbic compartment of striatum, hippocampal formation,
      paralimbic cortex--the NbmM seems to be interconnected bidirectionally by
      feedforward and feedback connections. With this central position within the
      limbic circuitries the NbmM complex--regarded as a morpho-functional entity-
      could play a key role, in both (i) the filtering and selection of "limbic
      signals" carrying coded information from the CNS-external (objective-surrounding)
      and CNS-internal (cognitive-emotional) world, and in (ii) the processing and
      transmission of these informations together with sequential integration into
      circuitries of neocortical processing. On the basis of the modular operation of
      the neocortex a speculative model of action of the NbmM complex is proposed which
      explains its possible role as an important central integrator in cognitive brain
      function.

PMID- 2659664
TI  - Distribution, ultrastructural localization, and ontogeny of the core protein of a
      heparan sulfate proteoglycan in human skin and other basement membranes.
AB  - A variety of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) have been identified on cell
      surfaces and in basement membrane (BM). To more fully characterize HSPG in human
      skin BM, we used two monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against epitopes of the
      core protein of a high molecular weight HSPG isolated from murine EHS tumor.
      Indirect immunofluorescence revealed linear distribution of HSPG within all skin
      BM, and within BM of all other human organs investigated. In a study of the
      ontogeny of HSPG in human skin BM, HSPG was detectable as early as 54 gestational
      days, comparable with other ubiquitous BM components, such as laminin and type IV
      collagen. Immunoelectron microscopy on adult skin and neonatal foreskin showed
      staining primarily within the lamina densa (LD) and sub-lamina densa regions of
      the dermoepidermal junction (DEJ) and vascular BM. In neonatal foreskin,
      additional staining was noted of basilar cytoplasmic membranes of keratinocytes,
      endothelial cells, and pericytes. We conclude that the core protein of a high
      molecular weight HSPG is ubiquitous in human BM, appears in fetal skin on or
      before 54 days, and is present primarily in the regions of the LD and sub-LD.

PMID- 2659666
TI  - Comparative toxicity of the horse eosinophil peroxidase-H2O2-halide system and
      granule basic proteins.
AB  - Stimulated eosinophils release cytotoxic granule constituents, including
      eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and a group of granule basic proteins (GBP). EPO
      reacts with H2O2 formed by the respiratory burst and a halide to form cytotoxic
      oxidants. The relative potency of the EPO-H2O2-halide system and the GBP is
      considered here. Horse eosinophils were induced to degranulate, the degranulation
      products were separated by chromatography on Sephadex G-50 and comparable volumes
      of the column fractions were tested for toxicity to Escherichia coli and the
      schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in the presence and absence of H2O2 and
      halides. Both the EPO system and GBP were toxic. However, the peak EPO fraction
      could be diluted 1000-fold at pH 7.0 and 5000-fold at pH 5.0, and with a 10-fold
      dilution at pH 7.0 incubation time could be reduced to 5 s, with retention of
      bactericidal activity in the presence of H2O2 and halides, whereas the peak GBP
      fractions diluted 10-fold had a small bactericidal effect at 1 h which increased
      with prolongation of incubation to 24 h. A less than 1 log fall in E. coli viable
      cell count was produced by the GBP fractions under all conditions as compared to
      total destruction (greater than 5 log fall) with the EPO system. A 1000-fold
      dilution of the peak EPO fraction was schistosomulocidal in the presence of H2O2
      and halides, with toxicity observed at 2 h with a 10-fold dilution. In contrast,
      no schistosomulocidal activity was observed at 18 h with a 10-fold dilution of
      the GBP fractions. However, toxicity was observed with a 5- or 50-fold increase
      in GBP concentration with maximum toxicity observed with fractions between the
      two major protein peaks. Thus, under the conditions employed, the EPO-H2O2-halide
      system contributed to a considerably greater degree to the toxic activity of the
      granule components than did the GBP.

PMID- 2659667
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi reduces the number of high-affinity IL-2 receptors on activated
      human lymphocytes by suppressing the expression of the p55 and p70 receptor
      components.
AB  - We previously established that Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas'
      disease, has the ability to suppress expression of the p55 component of the IL-2R
      by activated human PBMC. We explored in this work whether the parasite alters the
      expression of high affinity IL-2R, responsible for the internalization of IL-2
      and signal transduction. Radiobinding measurements revealed that the trypanosome
      indeed inhibited the expression of high affinity IL-2R. Thus, a considerably
      smaller number of 125I-IL-2 molecules was necessary to saturate the IL-2R on PHA
      stimulated PBMC cocultured with T. cruzi than those of control PBMC that had not
      been exposed to the organisms. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding data
      showed that, in the presence of T. cruzi, the number of high affinity IL-2R per
      cell was reduced by approximately 80%. The Kd for IL-2 binding to the fewer IL-2R
      expressed on PBMC exposed to T. cruzi was not significantly different from that
      of IL-2R on nonsuppressed PBMC. Independent measurements made after cross-linking
      125I-IL-2 to its specific receptors with disuccinimidylsuberate showed that both
      the p55 and p70 components of the IL-2R were markedly suppressed and to
      comparable extents. These results demonstrate for the first time that T. cruzi
      suppresses the expression of high affinity IL-2R by human cells, including the
      p70 chain of the heterodimeric IL-2R. It is noteworthy that the in vitro model
      system we used in this work to study the mechanisms whereby T. cruzi may induce
      the immunosuppression that accompanies acute Chagas' disease also lends itself to
      the exploration of the regulatory mechanisms governing the expression of IL-2R by
      human PBMC.

PMID- 2659668
TI  - Heat shock cognate 70 is a prominent immunogen in Brugian filariasis.
AB  - A cDNA expression library constructed from RNA derived from adult stage Brugia
      pahangi (mixed sexes) was screened with pooled sera from chronic, amicrofilaremic
      cases of human lymphatic filariasis from the Indonesian island of Tanjungpinang,
      where Brugia malayi is endemic. Polyclonal antisera raised to purified beta
      galactosidase fusion proteins from two of the most highly reactive clones
      identified a protein of Mr 70,000 in all stages examined (microfilariae, L3 and
      adults) of both B. malayi and Brugia pahangi. Derivation of the amino acid
      sequence from these two overlapping cDNAs identified the encoded protein as a
      member of the heat shock protein 70 family, and showed the closest similarity to
      the constitutively expressed "heat shock cognate 70" (hsc70) protein.
      Hybridization of hsc70 cDNAs to RNA and DNA from B. pahangi under stringent
      conditions identified a major transcript of 2.4 kb and revealed the existence of
      a family of related genes. In vitro culture of larval stages of B. pahangi at
      elevated temperatures (43 degrees C) resulted in increased expression of hsc70,
      and a classic heat shock response in which five proteins (mr 18,500, 22,000,
      62,000, 70,000, and 85,000) were exclusively synthesized in microfilariae.
      Analysis of cross-reactivities by Western blotting implied that antibody
      generated by infection with B. malayi was directed at filarial-specific
      determinants of Brugia hsc70. However, ELISA with recombinant fusion proteins for
      both Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni hsc70 indicated that some
      individuals with Brugian or Bancroftian filariasis did produce antibodies which
      cross-reacted with plasmodial and schistosomal homologs. Thus filarial-specific
      antibody responses were not generated in all individuals, indicating that this
      molecule would not be suitable for diagnostic purposes. ELISA with a purified
      beta-galactosidase fusion protein from B. pahangi showed antibody responses to
      hsc70 across the clinical spectrum of filariasis. Alignment of the derived amino
      acid sequences from B. pahangi, P. falciparum, S. mansoni and rat hsc70 homologs,
      and comparison of the immunologic reactivity of the products of the two cDNA
      clones by Western blotting and ELISA suggested that these determinants were
      located primarily at the C terminus of the protein.

PMID- 2659669
TI  - Two specific T cell factors that initiate immune responses in murine allograft
      systems. A comparison of biologic functions.
AB  - It has been suggested that Ag-specific T cell factors play a role in the early
      phase of cellular immune responses. Two of these factors are studied in this
      paper. The first factor is specific macrophage arming factor (SMAF), that binds
      to (arms) macrophages and renders them specifically cytotoxic against tumor
      cells. The second factor is involved in the induction of an early (2 h) mast cell
      dependent hypersensitivity reaction, that precedes the delayed-type
      hypersensitivity response (mast cell arming T cell factor; MTCF). In this study
      we compare both factors in an allogeneic murine tumor system (C57BL (H-2b) mice
      sensitized against SL2 (H-2d) lymphoma cells), both factors were: 1) dependent on
      T lymphocytes for their production, 2) detectable in serum 2 to 3 days after
      immunization, and 3) MHC (H-2)-Ag specific. Immunochemical studies showed that
      both factors have a molecular mass between 45 and 90 kDa and bind to the mAb 14
      30 (directed against specific T cell factors), but not to anti-kappa/lambda L
      chain antibodies. Furthermore, it was shown that SMAF produced in vitro could
      induce a mast cell-dependent early 2-h hypersensitivity reaction against SL2
      tumor cells, and resembled in this way MTCF. We concluded that the biologic
      activities and immunochemical characteristics of SMAF and MTCF are similar. Both
      factors are produced during the early stages of the immune response and seem to
      play a role in the initiation of the cell-mediated immune response.

PMID- 2659670
TI  - Immunoassay based on surface plasmon oscillations.
AB  - An in situ immunoassay technique is described which is sensitive to specific
      binding to surface immobile antigen or antibody. The phenomena of surface plasmon
      oscillations are shown to be sensitive to antigen-antibody binding on a
      substrate. An advantage of the technique is that no molecular labeling is
      required. The technique allows the detection of the presence of approximately 6 X
      10(8) molecules on the approximately 1 mm2 area of detection (approximately 1.5 X
      10(-8) g/cm2). An elementary apparatus is described which allows the kinetics of
      the antigen-antibody binding to be accurately recorded in real time. A detailed
      example is presented. A second version of the apparatus of similar accuracy with
      improved temporal resolution is described.

PMID- 2659671
TI  - The production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to wheat gliadin
      peptides.
AB  - BALB/c mice maintained on a gluten-free diet were immunised with Frazer's
      Fraction III (FFIII, a peptic tryptic digest of wheat gluten that exacerbates
      coeliac disease) in order to overcome oral tolerance. A control group was
      maintained on normal diet. Serum antibody titres to FFIII were higher in the mice
      on a gluten-free diet (P less than 0.05). Three monoclonal antibodies to FFIII
      were produced from splenocytes obtained from mice maintained on a gluten-free
      diet. The antibodies were characterised by ELISA, immunodot assay and
      immunoblotting with prolamins from cereals toxic to coeliac patients (wheat, rye,
      barley, oats) and the non-toxic prolamins from maize and rice. The binding
      characteristics of the three antibodies to the cereal prolamins were different,
      implying that the antibodies recognise different cereal protein epitopes.
      Immunoblotting revealed FFIII to be comprised of antigenically dissimilar
      peptides.

PMID- 2659672
TI  - A simple method for increasing hapten immunogenicity by a specific structural
      modification of the carrier.
AB  - A simple procedure to bind haptens, drugs or peptides selectively through their
      amino or carboxylic group to a spacer arm modified non-immunogenic polypeptide is
      described. Gelatin, a well known non-immunogenic carrier, was modified by
      blocking its amino groups. Spacer arms with primary amino groups such as beta
      alanine or ethylenediamine were conjugated to this protein by carbodiimide
      resulting in spacer modified gelatin. These modified polypeptides were tested for
      their ability to selectively bind haptens through their amino or carboxylic
      groups. Three probes were used and the results obtained confirm the hypothesis.
      Three conjugates obtained were further used to induce an immune response in mice.
      Enhancement of the immunogenicity of these spacer-arm supported haptens was
      observed. Overall, this study provides a rational approach to the production of
      well defined antigens using a simple conjugation technique.

PMID- 2659673
TI  - [Epidermoid cyst of the testis. Apropos of 2 cases with one in a child].
AB  - Based on two cases of epidermoid cyst of the testes, one exceptional case was
      that of a four year old boy, the authors mention the absence of clinical and
      ultrasonic evidence to identify this benign tumor. The histological
      characteristics, described by Price, are quoted: intratesticular cyst, keratin
      sediment deposits, with a normal remaining parenchyma. Orchidectomy is the safest
      treatment; the tumoral enucleation or the partial orchidectomy is particularly
      appropriate when the opposite testes is missing or if it is functionally altered.

PMID- 2659674
TI  - [Anuria revealing an obstructive lesion of the superior excretory route in
      children].

PMID- 2659675
TI  - [Retroperitoneal lymphangioleiomyoma. Apropos of a new case].
AB  - A new case of particular retroperitoneal lymphangioleiomyoma in a 56 year-old man
      is reported here. All cases reported to date have occurred in females. The mass
      was removed and the diagnosis was made by histopathology. The prognosis of
      localized retroperitoneal lymphangiomyoma is good. Diverse modes of therapy have
      been applied for lymphangiomyomatosis which multiple prognosis is doubtful.

PMID- 2659676
TI  - [Liposarcoma of the spermatic cord. Review of the literature. Apropos of a case
      of myxoid liposarcoma].
AB  - Based on one case of spermatic cord liposarcoma, the authors mention the
      different histological types of this lesion. A review of the literature confirms
      this rare tumor typically occurs in the adult population; the majority of
      spermatic cord liposarcomas are of low grade malignancy. The treatment of choice
      remains radical orchidectomy with wide excision of the tumor. Because of the
      predilection of this lesion for local recurrence, the patients must be followed
      periodically.

PMID- 2659677
TI  - [Morphometry of the kidney. Applied study in urology and imaging].
AB  - A morphometric study was made on 100 human kidneys obtained by necropsies from 50
      cadavers without renal pathology and ranging in age from 16 of 60 years (32.0 +/-
      12.1 years). The results of the renal measures showed the following averages:
      length (right kidney 10.97 cm; left kidney = 11.21.cm), Width of the superior
      pole (right kidney = 6.40 cm; left kidney = 6.48 cm), width of the inferior pole
      (right kidney = 5.59 cm; left kidney = 5.39 cm), thickness (right kidney = 3.21
      cm; left kidney = 3.37 cm). Left kidney presented usually greater length, greater
      width and greater thickness than right kidney. There are positive relations
      between several measures of the renal morphometry. Allometric method was used in
      order to study the correlation renal length vs body length and to make the
      curves.

PMID- 2659678
TI  - [Natural history of tumors in carcinogenesis after ureterosigmoidostomy. I-
      Clinical approach].
AB  - It is admitted that the risk of developing an uro-colonic tumor in patients
      operated by an ureterosigmoidostomy (USS) is several hundred times higher more
      than in the normal population. However, the evolution of these tumors and the
      mechanisms of this particular type of carcinogenesis are not yet totally cleared.
      The analysis of the observations described in the literature and the recent datas
      on experimental models contribute to a better understanding of the natural
      history of these tumors. In this review, we have on one hand defined the clinical
      profile and the biological behaviour of these tumors with their practical
      approach and on the other hand discussed the different elements and hypothesis
      involved in this carcinogenesis after USS.

PMID- 2659679
TI  - Immunotherapy of localized, intermediate, and diffuse forms of American cutaneous
      leishmaniasis.
AB  - The clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for localized American cutaneous
      leishmaniasis with a combination of heat-killed Leishmania mexicana amazonensis
      promastigotes and viable BCG (bacille Calmette Guerin) has been compared with
      meglumine antimoniate chemotherapy and with BCG alone in a controlled clinical
      study in 217 patients. The results in the first two groups were comparable, with
      greater than 90% clinical cures with an average time of 16-18 w required for
      healing. The cure rate was considerably lower (42%) and more prolonged in the
      group receiving BCG alone. Secondary effects were observed in less than 5% of the
      patients receiving combined immunotherapy or BCG alone. In contrast, 49% of the
      patients receiving chemotherapy showed side effects. High therapeutic efficacy
      was also observed using combined immunotherapy in patients with intermediate and
      diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis who were previously unresponsive to chemotherapy.
      Cure or clinical improvement was seen in all 11 patients with intermediate forms
      of the disease, and marked clinical improvement was observed in 9 of 10 patients
      with diffuse disease. The results on the efficacy of the combined vaccine in
      immunotherapy for American cutaneous leishmaniasis provide a strong rationale for
      studying its effectiveness in prophylactic trials.

PMID- 2659680
TI  - Biologic factors in the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - The probability that any single episode of genital-genital or anogenital sexual
      intercourse will result in transmission of HIV may be determined by multiple
      biologic factors of the infectious person, the virus itself, and the exposed
      susceptible person. Some of these factors are known or suspected (figure 1), and
      they may explain observed differences in the sexual transmission of HIV in
      different parts of the world, notably in Africa, where genital ulcerative disease
      is probably influencing the epidemiology of HIV. Several studies have shown that
      infection in partners of HIV-infected persons is not determined solely by numbers
      of sexual encounters; on the contrary, HIV-infected partners have usually had
      fewer sexual encounters with infectious mates than have noninfected partners.
      Thus, sexually active persons should be cautioned that, to our knowledge, there
      are no nonsusceptible persons and that any single unprotected sexual encounter
      may lead to HIV transmission. Research into biologic factors that modulate HIV
      transmission continues to be hampered by difficulties in identifying HIV
      transmitters and nontransmitters, infective and noninfective variants of HIV (if
      the latter exist in vivo), and persons relatively more or less susceptible to HIV
      infection. However, as the number of partner studies and the number of those
      enrolled in them increase, a progressively clearer idea of the biologic
      determinants of sexual transmission of HIV should emerge.

PMID- 2659682
TI  - Lack of correlation between congo red binding and enteroinvasiveness in
      Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2659681
TI  - Treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with orally administered
      allopurinol riboside.
AB  - Eighteen patients received 1,250 mg of allopurinol riboside (AR) four times daily
      for 28 d. Nine of the patients concurrently received 500 mg probenecid (PB) four
      times daily. Cure was assessed clinically and parasitologically. Patients who had
      culture-positive and nonhealing lesions 3 mo after therapy received pentavalent
      antimony. Of the nine patients who received AR alone, four (44%) had clinical
      improvement at the end of therapy and two (22%) were culture-negative. A third
      patient became culture negative at 2 mo after therapy. The culture-negative
      patients were completely healed at 1 mo and remained so at 1 y after therapy. Of
      the nine patients who received AR plus PB, four had complete healing and two had
      clinical improvement at the end of therapy; however, all patients remained
      culture-positive. At 2-3 mo after therapy, six (67%) of the patients were
      completely healed, and of these, five (56%) were culture-negative. The drug was
      well-tolerated.

PMID- 2659683
TI  - The regulation of megakaryocyte and platelet production.
AB  - Thrombopoietin, a hormone that regulates blood platelet production, is now
      recognized to be an important in vivo hematopoietic stimulator. In this concise
      review, the background on thrombopoietin, development of assays, and
      identification of sources of the hormone are summarized, along with brief
      descriptions of other controlling factors, sites of thrombopoietin production,
      results of producing antibodies against the factor, sites of action of
      thrombopoietin both in vitro and in vivo, and its effect on blood platelet
      production. Suitable assays and stable sources of thrombopoietin have now been
      identified and their development will permit production of recombinant material.
      Once the gene is cloned, it is expected that recombinant thrombopoietin will be
      invaluable for treating patients with several platelet production problems.

PMID- 2659684
TI  - Androgen influence on exocrine pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Since the discovery of the first gastrointestinal hormones it has been intriguing
      to think that these defined chemical messengers may also influence the growth of
      tumors. Today, treatment with sex-hormones is well documented--and used in
      clinical practice--in prostatic (1,2), breast (3), endometrial, and ovarian
      carcinoma (4). Hormonal therapy (progesterone) has also been tried with some
      success in renal carcinoma (5,6). Nevertheless, cancers of the gastrointestinal
      tract--colorectal, liver, stomach, and pancreatic, carcinoma, which constitute 25
      percent of all malignancies in Scandinavia--are only treated by other means,
      mainly surgery, although there is substantial evidence today that these tumors
      can also be influenced by hormones.

PMID- 2659685
TI  - [Successful surgical treatment of incomplete type IB2 cor triatriatum (absent
      left innominate vein) with coronary sinus atrial septal defect].
AB  - The combination of type IB2 cor triatriatum and coronary sinus ASD is very rare
      in congenital heart condition. Up to present, only one case of IB2 cor
      triatriatum and thirteen cases of coronary sinus ASD were reported in Japan. In
      this combination, we have presented the first successful surgical treatment for
      type IB2 cor triatriatum (Lucas-Schmidt's classification), absent left innominate
      vein and coronary sinus ASD. The patient was a 52-year-old female admitted with
      chronic dyspnea. Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization revealed ASD,
      severe mitral regurgitation, cor triatriatum, left SVC connected to left atrium
      (accessory chamber) and absent coronary sinus. Under cardiopulmonary bypass she
      underwent surgical treatment which consisted of a resection of the intra-left
      atrial diaphragm, closure of ASD with patch, mitral valve replacement with
      Omnicarbon #29 valve and ligation of left SVC. Her postoperative course was
      uneventful.

PMID- 2659686
TI  - [Brachiocephalic arterial aplasia of the right aortic arch with subclavian steal
      syndrome].
AB  - A 44-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with complaint of weakness in his
      left upper extremity, vertigo, and diplopia. After aortic root injection of
      contrast medium, a right aortic arch was visualized. The left brachiocephalic
      artery was not found, however. An operation was performed through a midline
      sternotomy. The first branch of the aortic arch was the right common carotid
      artery, and the second branch was the right subclavian artery. The left
      brachiocephalic arterial aplasia was recognized. An E-PTFE graft was anastomosed
      proximally to the ascending aorta and distally to the junction of the left common
      carotid and left subclavian arteries. After the operation, some of the symptoms
      were improved and the others were removed.

PMID- 2659687
TI  - [Pure pulmonary atresia complicated by major sinusoidal-coronary artery
      communication--a case report].
AB  - The current treatment of pure pulmonary atresia consists of early initiation of
      prostaglandins followed by a combination of surgical procedures according to the
      right ventricular morphology. Major right ventricular sinusoidal-coronary artery
      communications (SCAC) occasionally present in patients with hypoplastic right
      ventricle may remain as coronary artery-right ventricular fistulae after right
      ventricular decompression, which may in turn be the cause for poor surgical
      results after pulmonary valvotomy in neonates with the SCAC. Herein, a case of
      this anomaly is reported with a review of literature. A 2-month-old infant
      underwent an aorto-pulmonary artery shunt operation using Gore-Tex graft for an
      emergency treatment of pure pulmonary atresia with major SCAC. The
      catheterization and ventriculography performed 6 months later disclosed
      suprasystemic right ventricular pressure and more extended SCAC. Then, right
      ventricular outflow tract was constructed utilizing Gore-Tex patch across the
      pulmonary valve under cardiopulmonary bypass. The aortico-pulmonary artery shunt
      was left functioning. After another 6 months, cardiac catheterization and
      ventriculography were repeated. Right ventricular pressure decreased to the
      systemic level, right ventricular ejection fraction improved, and the SCAC was
      not visualized by ventriculography. The decreased inter-ventricular pressure
      difference and improved right ventricular emptying after the second operation may
      have played a role in the disappearance of the SCAC. For the neonates with pure
      pulmonary atresia and sinusoidal-coronary artery communications, we still
      advocate systemic-pulmonary shunt procedure with concomitant or slightly delayed
      pulmonary valvotomy as the initial procedure. Unless the tricuspid valve is
      critically small or stenotic, there may still be a chance for the growth of the
      right ventricle even in this type of case.

PMID- 2659689
TI  - Tryptase and chymase, markers of distinct types of human mast cells.

PMID- 2659688
TI  - Interleukin-1 and the response to injury.
AB  - Traumatic injury is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Americans
      less than 45 years old. People surviving the initial insult undergo metabolic,
      hemodynamic and immunologic changes which contribute to both early and late
      complications. Though necessary for normal immunologic response and for wound
      healing, pathologic alterations of IL-1 synthesis, degradation, and binding to
      receptors on both a local and systemic level could lead to these changes.
      Manipulation of IL-1-mediated effects might be of therapeutic utility in the
      management of trauma in the future.

PMID- 2659690
TI  - T-cell subsets, bm mutants, and the mechanisms of allogeneic skin graft
      rejection.

PMID- 2659692
TI  - Immunohistological identification of T and B cells in normal and malignant
      tissues of the uterine endometrium.
AB  - We examined the state of T and B cells in tissues from 61 cases of endometrial
      cancer by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies. In cancer tissues, T
      cells frequently appear in clusters at the tip of the infiltrating cancer. As to
      age, both T and B cells were rare in 9 out of 11 cases involving endometrial
      cancer in patients in their 40s. In the normal endometrium, infiltration of
      numerous T cells was seen in only 2 out of 27 cases (7.4%). However, it was seen
      in cancer tissues in 28 out of 61 cases (45.9%). Thus the infiltration of
      numerous T cells into cancer tissues was confirmed. Within the same uterus, T
      cells seldom infiltrated into the area of the benign endometrium while T cells
      were seen in large numbers in the cancer foci. This indicates that T cells
      infiltrate after having recognized cancer cells. Compared to stages I and II, T
      cell infiltration tended to decrease in stages III and IV. While no fixed
      relation was found between the degree of histologic differentiation and T cell
      infiltration, fewer T cells were observed in the cases where cancer penetrated to
      the depth of cancer invasion and where it occupied a large area. Thus, it was
      assumed that in the host-immune defence mechanism in particular, T cell
      infiltration played a key role in tumor immunology of patients with endometrial
      cancer.

PMID- 2659693
TI  - [A trial of non-surgical therapy of unruptured ectopic pregnancy with fetal
      viability].

PMID- 2659691
TI  - Antigen presenting cells.
AB  - A great deal has been learned over the past few years regarding the molecular
      biology of antigen presentation. These discoveries have been possible in part
      because of acquisition of protein sequencing data regarding class I and class II
      MHC molecules and in part because of X-ray crystallographic analysis of the three
      dimensional structures of these molecules. These discoveries have merged nicely
      with detailed immunologic studies delineating the 'minimal antigenic peptides' of
      complex protein antigens. All of these studies strongly confirm the belief that
      the antigen-specific interaction of T cells with antigen in the context of
      antigen presenting cells is exquisitely specific. The process of 'trimolecular
      complex' formation involves binding interactions between antigenic peptide, class
      I or class II MHC molecules and the antigen-specific T cell receptor. One of the
      key functions of antigen presenting cells involves the 'processing' of complex
      protein antigens so as to allow for the interaction of the 'minimal antigenic
      peptide' with the appropriate class I or class II MHC molecule. A substantial
      body of evidence now indicates that the interaction of processed antigenic
      peptides and class II MHC molecules involves a binding interaction with a
      significant binding affinity and a slow dissociation constant. In addition to
      antigen-specific binding interactions which govern antigen presentation, there
      are a variety of antigen-independent and MHC-independent factors which greatly
      augment the process of antigen presentation. Along with differences in antigen
      processing, these factors probably account for the qualitative and quantitative
      differences seen between the various cell types involved in antigen presentation.
      There may be a substantial amount of antigen which associates with the antigen
      presenting cell surface in an MHC-independent fashion associated with so-called
      'non-MHC peptide binding structures'. However, if the trimolecular complex theory
      is to be satisfied, antigen bound to these structures ultimately must become
      associated with the MHC restricting element in order to effectively engage the
      antigen-specific T cell receptor. Antigen presenting cells differ in their
      sensitivity to lymphokines and inflammatory mediators which augment antigen
      presentation. In addition, antigen presenting cells differ in their capacity to
      secrete or express membrane-bound costimulatory molecules, such as interleukin 1.
      Finally, factors which promote the cellular adherence of antigen presenting cells
      with T cells greatly augment the process of antigen presentation.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2659694
TI  - HLA-DR-restricted antigen-induced proliferation and cytotoxicity mediated by CD4+
      T-cell clones from subjects vaccinated with killed M. leprae.
AB  - Thirteen CD4+ T-cell clones raised against Mycobacterium leprae from three M.
      leprae-vaccinated subjects were studied for major histocompatibility complex
      (MHC) restriction in proliferative and cytotoxicity assays. These T-cell clones
      recognized at least nine different epitopes, ranging from M. leprae-specific to
      broadly crossreactive. Restriction studies with a panel of antigen-presenting
      cells (APCs) suggest that all of the T-cell clones recognized antigens in the
      context of the DR locus. Three T-cell clones with three different reactivities
      from a DR1, 2-positive subject responded to M. leprae in proliferation and
      cytotoxicity when the antigen was presented in the context of DR1-positive APCs.
      Four T-cell clones responding to M. leprae-specific or crossreactive epitopes
      from the second donor, who was DR4,DW4; DR4,Dw14-positive, and a single M. leprae
      specific T-cell clone from the third subject, who was DR3,4:Dw4, recognized the
      antigens in the presence of Dw4 APCs. Four crossreactive T-cell clones from the
      second subject responded in the presence of Dw14-positive APCs, and one limited
      crossreactive clone recognized the antigen in the context of DR4 and DR7-positive
      cells, suggesting that its response was restricted by a common determinant. The T
      cell clones that recognize the 65-kDa, 18-kDa, and 13B3 recombinant M. leprae
      antigens in proliferative assays were cytotoxic for autologous adherent cells
      pulsed with the respective antigens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659696
TI  - Investigations into cultivation of M. leprae under low oxygen tension.

PMID- 2659695
TI  - A critique on the interpretation of the lepromin reaction using heat-killed M.
      leprae vaccine.

PMID- 2659697
TI  - Single lesion subpolar lepromatous leprosy and its possible mode of origin.
AB  - Three case reports of patients with a single, nodular, subpolar lepromatous skin
      lesion, one on the left elbow, another on the posterior aspect of the left leg,
      and the third on the extensor ulnar aspect of the right forearm, are presented.
      The lesions, clinically and histopathologically, resemble lepromas which develop
      at the site of experimental inoculation of Mycobacterium leprae in armadillos.
      These are sites on the body which are likely to be traumatized. With the distinct
      possibility of the presence of viable M. leprae in the soil of Louisiana and
      Texas from wild armadillos with the natural disease, it is suggested that these
      three patients acquired the infection from the environment and had inoculation
      lepromas.

PMID- 2659698
TI  - Appraisal of two Mycobacterium leprae-specific serological assays for monitoring
      chemotherapy in lepromatous (LL/BL) leprosy patients.
AB  - Two of the Mycobacterium leprae-specific assays--a serum antibody competition
      (for an epitope on 35-kDa protein) test (SACT) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) for the disaccharide epitope of phenolic glycolipid-I (PGDS)--were
      comparatively evaluated as tools for monitoring chemotherapy in 125 lepromatous
      leprosy (LL/BL) patients. An adaptation of the SACT from a radioimmunoassay (RIA)
      to an ELISA procedure is also described. A moderate but statistically significant
      correlation was observed between the assays, although SACT appeared to be the
      more sensitive of the two. Levels of antibodies correlated better with the
      bacterial index (BI) than with the duration of treatment. However, wide
      individual variations in antibody levels (for a specific duration of treatment or
      BI) were seen in treated as well as untreated patients. Anti-PGDS antibody
      response of the IgG type was poorer than that of the IgM type and, apparently, it
      did not have a bearing on either treatment duration or the BI. Further studies
      will be needed to clarify whether the treated patients showing a negative (or
      low) BI and high antibody levels were harboring hidden foci of active infection,
      and whether treatment could safely be terminated in patients showing low values
      for both BI and antibody.

PMID- 2659699
TI  - A pilot study of three potential vaccines for leprosy in Bombay.
AB  - Three vaccines, BCG Glaxo alone (vaccine A), BCG Glaxo plus 10(7) killed
      Mycobacterium vaccae (vaccine B), and BCG Glaxo plus 10(7) killed M. leprae
      (vaccine C), were given to groups of selected children. The effects of these
      vaccines on subsequent quadruple skin testing 1-3 years after vaccination were
      compared. All three vaccines equally and significantly (p less than 0.00001)
      increased positivity to tuberculin, but only vaccine B was found to significantly
      enhance development of skin-test positivity to leprosin A (p less than 0.002).
      The data support the evidence previously obtained in rural Iran that the
      combination of BCG with killed M. vaccae is likely to be a better vaccine for
      leprosy than is BCG alone.

PMID- 2659700
TI  - Vaccination and skin test studies on the children of leprosy patients.
AB  - In an attempt to achieve maximal skin-test positivity to leprosin A in children
      of leprosy patients living in Baba Baghi Leprosy Sanatorium in Iranian
      Azerbaijan, two new vaccines have been employed. Children without scars of
      previous BCG and without response to leprosin A were given a vaccine containing
      10(8) viable units of BCG Glaxo plus 10(7) killed Mycobacterium vaccae per dose
      (vaccine B). Children with BCG Pasteur (Teheran) scars but without response to
      leprosin A were given a vaccine containing 10(8) killed M. vaccae alone (vaccine
      D). Eight years later skin testing was repeated, and both new vaccines were found
      to have significantly increased the numbers of children responding to leprosin A
      above the level that would have been expected had they received BCG Pasteur
      alone. This increase was due in large part to increases in the proportions of
      individuals responding to group i (common mycobacterial) antigens, and known as
      category 1 responders. The use of suspensions of killed M. vaccae in conjunction
      with BCG may represent a considerable advance in inducing protection from
      multibacillary leprosy in close contacts of leprosy patients if leprosin A
      positivity is truly a correlate of protective immunity. A comparison, using the
      same criteria, with the other proposed vaccines for leprosy would be very
      interesting.

PMID- 2659701
TI  - Vaccination and skin test studies on children living in villages with differing
      endemicity for leprosy and tuberculosis.
AB  - The purpose of this study carried out in Iranian Azerbaijan was to determine the
      pattern of skin-test positivity to mycobacterial antigens in children living in
      the valley, and to assess the effect on this of a series of vaccines against
      mycobacterial disease. Set up in 1978, 1707 tuberculin-negative children without
      scars of previous BCG vaccination were vaccinated with BCG Glaxo alone (vaccine
      A) or with the addition of a suspension of killed Mycobacterium vaccae (vaccine
      B). One hundred children were vaccinated with BCG Glaxo plus a suspension of M.
      leprae (vaccine C). Eight to 10 years later about half of the children were found
      for follow up. At this time further children were skin tested, and the results
      obtained were related to whether or not they had scars of vaccination with BCG
      Pasteur (Teheran) given by the local health authorities. Between setting up the
      study and the first follow up, cases of leprosy or tuberculosis had occurred in
      some of the villages, although not among those we had vaccinated. Differences
      between the effects of the vaccines were only found in villages with cases of
      leprosy. In these villages positivity to leprosin A was significantly greater
      after vaccine B (49%) than after vaccine A (36%; p less than 0.04). The results
      for scrofulin and vaccine were the same after both vaccines, and significantly
      lower than in the villages without cases of leprosy. The general reduction in
      skin-test positivity in the villages with leprosy cases was mainly due to a loss
      of category 1 responders to group i, common mycobacterial, antigens. It was
      concluded that where casual contact with cases of leprosy occurs the combination
      of BCG with killed M. vaccae is likely to be a better vaccine for leprosy than is
      BCG alone. Although few children received the combination with M. leprae, the
      results obtained were not particularly promising.

PMID- 2659702
TI  - Light- and electron-microscopic study of M. leprae-infected armadillo nerves.
AB  - Lesions in peripheral nerves of armadillos experimentally infected with
      Mycobacterium leprae were studied by light- and electron-microscopy. Bacilli
      could be found clearly inside axons of unmyelinated nerve fibers. Heavily
      bacillated Schwann cells were seen embracing unmyelinated axons with interrupted
      cytoplasmic membranes. This indicated the initiation of rupture of those cells
      which were responsible for the liberation of bacilli into the axons. The nerve
      lesions were divided into three grades according to their severity: grade I
      showed lesions focalized in the perineurium; grade II lesions were scattered
      inside nerve tissue; and in grade III lesions the nerve tissues were diffusely
      affected. No regressive changes, such as fibrosis or scar formation, were seen in
      the nerve lesions. Bacillated macrophages were not as foamy as those of human
      lesions, indicating that these bacillated cells were younger or more easily
      disrupted with a higher turnover than the cells in human lesions. This would
      promote the spread of lesions in armadillos, and would explain the less foamy
      appearance of the cells. We found bacilli inside lymphatics surrounding the
      nerves, substantiating the opinion that lesions spread to peripheral nerves not
      only by a hematogenous route but also by the lymphatics.

PMID- 2659703
TI  - [Sibling cases of serologically diagnosed visceral larva migrans].

PMID- 2659704
TI  - [A case of ulcerative colitis complicated with acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 2659705
TI  - [A family of congenital factor XI (PTA) deficiency].

PMID- 2659706
TI  - [Quantitative estimation of the liver parenchymal echo pattern using acoustic
      intensive histogram (echo-histogram) analysis in diffuse liver diseases].

PMID- 2659707
TI  - [Studies on urinary excretion of amino acids in diabetic patients].

PMID- 2659708
TI  - The classification of antiarrhythmic drugs.
AB  - The Vaughan Williams system of classification of antiarrhythmic drugs provides
      valuable information concerning their electrophysiologic effects and mechanism of
      action. Despite its limitations in predicting the clinical effectiveness for
      treatment of specific arrhythmias, this classification is helpful in allowing
      many correlations between different drugs and their expected actions and adverse
      effects.

PMID- 2659709
TI  - Amiodarone.
AB  - Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent with unique electrophysiological and
      pharmacokinetic properties and a wide spectrum of antiarrhythmic activity. Its
      clinical efficacy is not confined to ventricular arrhythmias but extends to
      supraventricular arrhythmias including those associated with Wolff-Parkinson
      White Syndrome. Though a highly effective drug, amiodarone causes significant
      side effects. In this article, the electrophysiologic and pharmacokinetic
      properties, the clinical efficacy, and the adverse effects of amiodarone are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2659710
TI  - Clinical approach to antiarrhythmic therapy in patients with ventricular
      arrhythmia.
AB  - Ventricular arrhythmias can be categorized into three broad groups, namely,
      benign, malignant, and potentially malignant based on the presence or absence and
      the severity of underlying heart disease. The benign group does not require
      treatment, the benefits of treatment in the potentially malignant group are
      unproven, and the malignant group benefits the most from antiarrhythmic therapy.
      Because there is no ideal antiarrhythmic drug and all drugs have limitations,
      selection of an antiarrhythmic drug should be based on the therapeutic goal and
      the relative efficacies and toxicity profiles of various agents. In the absence
      of demonstrated beneficial effect from suppression of ventricular arrhythmia in
      many cardiac patients, antiarrhythmic drug therapy should be confined to patients
      with serious symptoms, patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia,
      and those resuscitated from cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2659711
TI  - Basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
AB  - Basal cell carcinoma is the most commonly occurring skin cancer in the United
      States with 85% of the lesions occurring in the head and neck region. Several
      risk factors have been identified but the most critical is cumulative light
      exposure in the ultraviolet B spectrum. Treatment of these lesions is variable
      and must be individualized as to the type and location of the tumor, the status
      of the individual patient, and the skill and experience of the operator.

PMID- 2659712
TI  - Internalization of antithrombin III by cultured human endothelial cells and its
      subcellular localization.
AB  - The presence of antithrombin III was demonstrated in cultured human endothelial
      cells derived from the umbilical cord by using immunofluorescence, immunoelectron
      microscopy studies, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for
      antithrombin III. Immunofluorescence studies indicated the presence of
      antithrombin III in granule-like structures in the endothelial cell.
      Immunoelectron microscopy studies performed with ultrathin cryosections of
      endothelial cells showed a colocalization of antithrombin III and a lysosomal
      marker protein in low electron dense organelles, indicating a lysosomal
      localization of antithrombin III. By using the ELISA, 77 +/- 40 ng (n = 8)
      antithrombin III was quantitated in 10(6) endothelial cells. Immunoprecipitation
      studies performed with metabolically labeled cultured human endothelial cells
      indicated that antithrombin III was not synthesized by the cells. Endothelial
      cells cultured in antithrombin III-depleted human serum did not contain
      antithrombin III, as was measured by ELISA. Internalization studies performed
      with radiolabeled purified antithrombin III and antithrombin III-thrombin
      complexes indicated that endothelial cells internalize antithrombin III when it
      is complexed to thrombin. Antithrombin III alone was not internalized by the
      endothelial cells.

PMID- 2659713
TI  - Joseph H. Sheldon and hereditary hemochromatosis: historical highlights.

PMID- 2659714
TI  - Natural killer cell function in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      and related diseases.
AB  - This review describes current knowledge of changes in natural killer (NK) cell
      function in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related disorders, vis-a
      vis associated abnormalities in NK cytolytic function, NK cell subset
      distribution, NK cytopathology, and lymphokine regulation. NK cells, which are
      closely associated with large granular lymphocytes, are spontaneously cytotoxic
      to tumor and virally infected targets. As such, they may play a role in natural
      resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated disorders
      and other opportunistic infections. Yet, peripheral blood NK activity is
      frequently reduced in patients with HIV-1-induced disease. NK cells are
      heterogeneous both with respect to their expression of serologically defined
      membrane antigens and functional activity. In AIDS-related syndromes, there
      appears to be a diminution of the NK pool (CD16+ cells) involved in cytolytic
      function, while there is an elevation of the NK pool that coexpresses NK (Leu 7+)
      and T (CD8+) cell markers, which show little or no involvement in cytolytic
      function. The impairment of in vitro NK function is not associated with a reduced
      frequency of lytic conjugates of effectors and target cells nor with the
      recycling capacity of these effector cells but rather is associated with defects
      in the NK cell lytic machinery following formation of such conjugates. NK cells
      in AIDS patients show an impairment in effector cell microtubule rearrangement
      following target cell interaction. The causes of NK cell dysfunction in AIDS
      related disorders remain unknown. NK cells do not appear to express the CD4
      epitope of the HIV receptor, nor have they been demonstrated to be susceptible to
      infection by HIV-1. There appears to be a preponderance of immature NK cells and
      a lymphokine imbalance in patients with HIV-1 associated disease. Interleukin-2
      can partially restore diminished in vitro NK function. Elucidation of the
      involvement of the NK compartment in natural resistance to HIV-1 merits further
      investigation.

PMID- 2659715
TI  - Childhood accidents.
AB  - Injuries and poisoning are increasingly common causes of mortality, mobidity, and
      disability in children all over the world; not to speak of the socio-economic
      cost and human suffering involved. By trying to change the perception of
      unavoidable or unpreventable accidents to injury syndromes which have an 'agent
      host-environment' model as any disease, we can understand better the epidemiology
      of injuries. All kinds of energy can injure children who by nature are at risk.
      Their curiosity, limited knowledge, developmental ability at a certain age, in
      addition to some anatomical disadvantages increase childhood injury-rates. Boys
      have a higher rate than girls in every age group which may be due to higher
      exposure to risk, as well as their more aggressive and overactive behaviour.
      Under inappropriate adult supervision and unsafe environment, tragedies will
      always happen. Maternal factors, including age, education, physical and mental
      health, directly effect childhood injury rates. Other environmental factors are
      home and neighbouring safety, parent's type of work, and socio-economic status.
      Without knowledge of how important injuries are, how they occur, and which
      population is at risk, one will never find how to prevent injuries at all.

PMID- 2659716
TI  - Aluminium hydroxide and cholestyramine in the treatment of acute diarrhea.
AB  - A randomized, double blind control study of the treatment of acute diarrhea with
      aluminium hydroxide and cholestyramine in comparison with a control group
      demonstrated the effectiveness of cholestyramine in shortening the hospital stay,
      and the diarrhea course was better than that of aluminium hydroxide. However,
      aluminium hydroxide was superior to intravenous fluid plus early feeding.

PMID- 2659717
TI  - Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in Thailand: report of a case and review
      literatures.
AB  - Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) which is caused by free-living amoeba,
      Naegleria fowleri, is a rare disease. We report the fifth case in Thailand in
      order to add more information. The patient was a previously healthy 4 1/2-year
      old girl from Nakhon Pathom province. For several weeks before this illness she
      had swum in a water supply canal. She developed high fever with change in
      consciousness. Her cerebrospinal fluid contained numerous Naegleria fowleri which
      grew in culture media and mice inoculation. She did not respond to treatment with
      intravenous and intraventricular amphotericin B, and oral rifampicin. She died on
      the fifth day of illness. Water sample from the canal also grew N. fowleri. All
      five reported cases in Thailand were reviewed. It was found that none of them had
      been exposed to a common source. Four of the five cases were male, and four cases
      occurred during the summer months, March to May. These findings agree with
      worldwide information.

PMID- 2659718
TI  - Clinical trial of special premature formula for low-birth-weight infants.
AB  - Feeding 25 low birth weight infants during a one month period either with special
      premature formula or with standard formula resulted in better weight gain,
      nutritional efficacy, fat absorption, and lower frequency of metabolic acidosis
      in the special premature formula group. Various biochemical indices demonstrated
      excellent protein and mineral metabolization of this formula, which seem
      appropriate for the infants studied (1,000-1,750 g birth weight). Both formulae
      were well tolerated without any untoward effects.

PMID- 2659719
TI  - Long-term prognosis of surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension.
AB  - During the period 1974-1986, 71 patients were operated on for renovascular
      hypertension. Forty-eight patients had atherosclerotic disease and 23 patients
      had fibromuscular dysplasia. There was no operative mortality. Fourteen patients
      died during the follow-up, 12 of them from cardiovascular causes. The 57
      surviving patients were reexamined with a mean follow-up of 7 years. The relative
      cumulative 5- and 10-year survival rates in all patients were 79% and 55%,
      respectively. At follow-up, seven (19%) of the atherosclerotic patients were
      classified as cured, 22 (59%) as improved and eight (22%) as failures. In the
      patients with fibromuscular dysplasia, 12 (60%) were normotensive without
      medication, and six (30%) were improved. The relative 5-year survival rates in
      these aetiological groups were 73% and 90%, respectively. Only complete cure of
      hypertension by surgery predicted a good outcome, whereas very similar survival
      curves were found in the improved and failed groups. This could be due to a
      higher incidence of target organ changes before surgery in the latter groups. A
      positive blood pressure response to long-term converting-enzyme inhibition
      correlated well with the response to surgery. Renal venous renin studies
      correctly predicted long-term outcome of surgery in 78% of the patients studied,
      but require careful preparation of the patients and interpretation of results.

PMID- 2659720
TI  - Elemental diet: a therapeutic approach in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - The therapeutic effect of an elemental diet (Pepti 2000) and blended normal diet
      (placebo) was investigated in 43 out-patients with chronic inflammatory bowel
      disease (IBD); 24 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 19 with Crohn's disease (CD),
      in a mild to moderate state of disease activity. A pilot study on healthy
      volunteers was executed to investigate palatability of the two diets. The
      patients were randomized in a double-blind study to the two diet regimes for 14
      d. A simultaneous determination of laboratory data including plasma C3c split
      product and urinary excretion of 51Cr-EDTA was carried out together with a
      careful registration of the clinical symptoms and signs. No significant effect on
      the stage of clinical activity was seen in CD. A significant effect on clinical
      activity was obtained in both UC groups. The clinical improvement was primarily
      due to a decrease in number of bowel movements both in the elemental diet group
      and in the group of patients on the blended normal diet. The gross appearance of
      rectal mucosa did not improve during the study period in the Pepti 2000 or in the
      placebo group. The concentration of complement split products in plasma remained
      unchanged. 51Cr-EDTA excretion, as an expression of a leaky bowel mucosa, also
      remained unchanged. It was concluded that an effect on inflammation could not be
      demonstrated even if both diets seem to have a beneficial effect on the stage of
      clinical activity, especially diarrhoea, in patients with UC.

PMID- 2659721
TI  - Liver abscesses due to Yersinia enterocolitica in patients with haemochromatosis.
AB  - Liver abscesses due to Yersinia enterocolitica usually occur in patients with a
      pathological iron overload. A case of multiple liver abscesses in a patient with
      haemochromatosis is reported and the literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2659722
TI  - Purification and partial primary sequence of a chemotactic protein for
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes derived from human lung giant cell carcinoma LU65C
      cells.
AB  - A chemotactic protein for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (lung carcinoma-derived
      chemotaxin [LUCT]) was purified from culture fluid of the human lung giant cell
      carcinoma LU65C cells to electrophoretically homogeneous form through five
      sequential purification steps: DEAE-Sepharose, CM-Sepharose, HPLC on carboxyl
      methylated-polyvinylalcohol resin, hydrophobic, and reversed-phase. The molecular
      mass was determined as approximately 10 kD by SDS-PAGE and isoelectric point was
      10.7. The chemotactic activity (ED50 0.75 x 10(-9) M) was sevenfold more potent
      than that of FMLP (5 X 10(-9) M) and comparable with that of C5a (10(-9) M). NH2
      terminal amino acid sequence and amino acid composition of LUCT strongly suggest
      that it may be closely related to the putative protein encoded by the cDNA clone
      (3-10C) and almost identical with a part of sequence of the chemotactic factor
      derived from stimulated human leukocytes in the 6th to 32nd, but not the NH2
      terminal 5 amino acids. These results indicate that the carcinoma cells produce
      LUCT without any added stimulant and suggest that the previously isolated
      chemotactic monokines may correspond to des(1-5) of LUCT in the NH2-terminal
      region.

PMID- 2659724
TI  - Pretreatment with recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor alpha/cachectin and
      murine interleukin 1 alpha protects mice from lethal bacterial infection.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin (TNF/C) is the principal mediator of bacterial
      endotoxin-induced shock and death. We found that the C3H/HeJ mouse, which is less
      able to produce TNF/C in response to endotoxin, has a 1,000-fold greater
      susceptibility to lethal infection with Escherichia coli than the TNF-responsive
      congenic mouse, C3H/HeN. This surprising finding suggested that this lethal
      peptide may also be involved in host protection. To test this hypothesis we
      pretreated the C3H/HeJ mouse with a combination of recombinant murine TNF/C-alpha
      and IL-1 alpha. This combination protected these mice against an intraperitoneal
      bacterial challenge of greater than 20 LD50S (nearly 2 x 10(2) CFU) that grew to
      a level of greater than 10(7) CFU/ml of blood and per gram of liver in untreated
      mice. This suggests a significant role for these cytokines in host defenses
      against invasive infections that require bacterial replication within the host.
      These protective mechanisms may not be important for less virulent organisms.
      These findings may have important implications for the proposed use of anti-TNF/C
      agents in the treatment of septic shock.

PMID- 2659723
TI  - Cellular requirements for renal allograft rejection in the athymic nude rat.
AB  - This study has examined the ability of adoptively transferred CD4+ and CD8+ T
      cells to mediate rejection of a fully allogeneic DA renal graft in the PVG nude
      rat. Transfer, at the time of transplantation, of naive CD4+ T cells caused rapid
      graft rejection and primed CD4+ cells were several times more potent. In
      contrast, naive or specifically sensitized CD8+ cells were entirely ineffective
      at mediating renal allograft rejection. Whereas nonrejecting grafts showed only a
      mild cellular infiltrate, rejecting grafts in CD4+ reconstituted animals showed a
      substantial infiltrate and many of the infiltrating cells had a phenotype (MRC
      OX8+, MRC OX19-), consistent with NK cells. Experiments using a mAb (HIS 41)
      against an allotypic determinant of the leukocyte common antigen confirmed that
      the majority (greater than 80%) of the cellular infiltrate in rejecting grafts
      derived from the host rather than from the CD4+ inoculum. Infiltrating
      mononuclear cells, obtained from rejecting allografts 7 d after transplantation
      in CD4+-injected PVG nude hosts, showed high levels of in vitro cytotoxicity
      against not only kidney donor strain Con A blasts but also third-party allogeneic
      Con A blasts, as well as against both NK and LAK susceptible targets. When
      splenocytes from nontransplanted nude PVG rats were tested in vitro they also
      demonstrated high levels of lytic activity against both NK and LAK susceptible
      targets as well as allogeneic Con A blasts, which were not susceptible to lysis
      by spleen cells from euthymic rats. These findings suggest that injected CD4+
      cells may cause renal allograft rejection by the recruitment of extrathymically
      derived, widely alloreactive cells into the kidney in this model of graft
      rejection.

PMID- 2659725
TI  - Inflammatory properties of recombinant tumor necrosis factor in rabbit skin in
      vivo.
AB  - We have investigated the ability of recombinant TNF (mouse and human) to produce
      acute inflammatory lesions in an established experimental model of inflammation.
      Upon intradermal injection in rabbit skin, TNF, in amounts as low as 3 x 10(-14)
      mol/site, was found to be very potent at inducing local neutrophil accumulation
      and neutrophil-dependent oedema formation, thereby fulfilling two important
      criteria to be considered as an inflammatory mediator. Our findings further
      indicate that the pro-inflammatory properties of TNF are probably more related to
      its immediate stimulatory effects on neutrophils rather than to its slow (protein
      biosynthesis-dependent effects on endothelial cells. Our data thus show that very
      low amounts of mouse and human recombinant TNF can initiate an acute inflammatory
      reaction in vivo in rabbit skin and that TNF is able to evoke two of the four
      cardinal signs of inflammation.

PMID- 2659726
TI  - A cytopathological investigation of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis
      virus p10 gene function using insertion/deletion mutants.
AB  - The role of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus p10 gene in
      viral cytopathology and morphogenesis was examined using classes of p10 deletion
      mutants with and without lacZ (beta-galactosidase) gene fusion. Mutant-infected
      cells did not form the fibrillar cytoplasmic and nuclear structures normally
      observed late in infection with wild-type (wt) virus, and the cells failed to
      lyse even at 2 weeks post-infection. Based on wt and mutant cytopathology, we
      suggest lysis may be facilitated by stepwise exhaustion of the host nuclear
      membrane, and may require a function resident in the carboxy region of p10; this
      portion of the molecule is also essential for formation of the p10-rich fibrillar
      bodies. Additional changes in cytopathology were correlated with the level of
      p10/LacZ fusion protein expression. The insertional mutant designated Ac229,
      which encodes 51 N-terminal amino acids of p10 fused to LacZ, caused intranuclear
      accumulation of granular structures at sites corresponding to the fibrillar
      bodies of wt viral infections. Occlusion body membranes, which associate with the
      fibrillar bodies in wt infections, were also formed in mutant virus-infected
      cells. However, membranes did not associate with occlusion bodies in Ac229
      infections, and were aberrantly attached to occlusion bodies in cells infected
      with mutants having simple p10 deletions (represented by Ac231). Loss of the
      outer membrane increased sensitivity of the occlusion bodies to disruption by
      physical stress; a partially attached membrane afforded some protection from
      disruption.

PMID- 2659727
TI  - Analysis of the promoter of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus
      p10 gene.
AB  - Functional analyses of the p10 gene promoter from the Autographa californica
      nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) were performed by progressively deleting the
      230 nucleotides upstream from the p10 coding sequences towards the ATG codon.
      Truncated promoter sequences retaining the full 5' non-coding leader of p10 were
      inserted in front of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, and
      promoter activity in transfected AcNPV-infected cells was measured using the
      transient CAT expression assay. The removal of sequences to a position 101
      nucleotides upstream from the p10 ATG did not affect the level of CAT expression.
      Deletion of a further 13 nucleotides reduced CAT expression by three- to
      fourfold, but the removal of three more nucleotides, which deleted most of the
      baculovirus very late gene transcription consensus sequence, almost completely
      abolished activity. The removal of the TATA motif had no effect on the level of
      transient expression. We conclude that a sequence of about 101 nucleotides
      upstream from the ATG codon of p10 is sufficient for high level promoter activity
      in this transient system.

PMID- 2659728
TI  - Differential expression of interferon alpha and beta induced with Newcastle
      disease virus in mouse macrophage cultures.
AB  - Stimulation of mouse macrophages with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) leads to a
      rapid and high interferon (IFN) response. The magnitude of this response is
      influenced by the mouse genotype. We have analysed NDV-induced IFN production at
      the protein and mRNA levels in two different populations of macrophages derived
      from 'high producer' C57BL/6 and 'low producer' BALB/c mice in vitro. The data
      indicate that bone marrow and peritoneal macrophages from both strains grown in
      the presence of L cell conditioned medium (CM) as a source of macrophage colony
      stimulating factor 1 (M-CSF) or purified murine M-CSF produce 10- to 50-fold more
      IFN on a per cell basis than cultures of resident peritoneal macrophages. These
      differences were also found when steady state levels of IFN mRNA were analysed.
      Differential analysis for the ratios of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta showed that CM- or
      M-CSF-cultured macrophages produced equal amounts of both IFN species as
      determined by specific monoclonal antibodies and hybridization experiments using
      IFN-alpha and IFN-beta DNA probes, whereas resident peritoneal macrophages
      induced under identical conditions produced almost exclusively IFN-beta. This
      suggests a stimulating effect of M-CSF on IFN synthesis in NDV-induced cultures
      of mouse macrophages, which is in part due to additional activation of IFN-alpha
      gene expression.

PMID- 2659729
TI  - Analysis of transcription initiation in the Panolis flammea nuclear polyhedrosis
      virus polyhedrin gene.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the polyhedrin gene of Panolis flammea multiple
      nucleocapsid polyhedrosis virus (PfMNPV) has been determined. The coding
      sequences of this gene shared 82% similarity at the DNA level and 88% similarity
      at the protein level with the polyhedrin gene from Autographa californica (Ac)
      MNPV. A single nucleotide deviation from the consensus transcription initiation
      sequence for baculovirus very late genes was identified in the PfMNPV polyhedrin
      gene. RNA was prepared from Mamestra brassicae larvae infected with PfMNPV and
      compared with RNA harvested at 24 h post-infection from AcMNPV-infected
      Spodoptera frugiperda cells using Northern blotting with an AcMNPV polyhedrin
      gene-specific probe. The PfMNPV mRNA was estimated to be 1.0 kb compared with a
      larger size of 1.15 kb for the AcMNPV polyhedrin mRNA. A cDNA copy of the 5' end
      of the PfMNPV polyhedrin mRNA was made using the technique of primer extension
      and sequenced to demonstrate that the point of transcription initiation was
      similar to that of AcMNPV polyhedrin mRNA.

PMID- 2659730
TI  - Engineering of an Oryctes baculovirus recombinant: insertion of the polyhedrin
      gene from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
AB  - A cotransfection method has been developed for the generation of recombinant
      Oryctes baculoviruses. The permissive coleopteran cell-line DSIR-HA-1179 was
      transfected with a mixture of Oryctes baculovirus DNA (strain PV505) and a
      transfer vector. The transfer vector, a pUC8-based plasmid, contained the
      polyhedrin gene from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus,
      flanked by Oryctes baculovirus DNA from the HindIII fragment N. Oryctes
      baculovirus does not form plaques with DSIR-HA-1179 cells. Therefore an endpoint
      dilution method was used to screen for, recover and purify recombinants. There
      was no phenotypic character that could be used for detecting recombinants, so a
      dot blot assay was used to screen infected cultures for the presence of
      recombinants. A recombinant generated by this method contained the entire
      polyhedrin gene inserted at 98.03 map units from the designated start of the
      Oryctes baculovirus physical map. No evidence of transcription or translation of
      the polyhedrin gene was obtained.

PMID- 2659731
TI  - Studies on the control region of the p10 gene of the Autographa californica
      nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
AB  - 5' deletion mutants of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus very
      late p10 gene promoter have been prepared and subjected to a transient expression
      assay in infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells. The control plasmid contained the
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene under the control of the
      p10 promoter, which was included in a 230 bp sequence upstream from the p10
      translation initiation codon. The control plasmid also contained a segment of the
      hr5 enhancer downstream from the CAT gene. Promoter activity was unaffected by 5'
      deletion to position -77, which lies about 11 bp upstream from the p10 cap site.
      However, deletion of 12 more bp completely eliminated p10 promoter activity.
      Thus, the 5' border of the p10 promoter lies downstream from position -77, and
      the region between positions -77 and -65 contains an element that is important to
      promoter activity. This is the region that is conserved near the cap sites of
      late baculovirus genes. Our studies also show that transient expression of CAT
      under the control of the p10 promoter and hr5 enhancer is higher when
      transfection occurs prior to infection by virus.

PMID- 2659732
TI  - The transcription termination region of the adenovirus 2 major late transcript
      contains multiple functional elements.
AB  - In order to understand the process of transcription termination by eukaryotic RNA
      polymerase II, the transcription termination region of the advenovirus 2 major
      late transcription unit was analysed in a transient transfection system.
      Previously, it had been demonstrated that the entire sequence from map units
      (m.u.) 97.1 to 100 of the adenovirus 2 genome terminates transcription when
      inserted into the 5' or 3' untranslated sequences of the chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase gene. Using subclones and Bal 31 deletion mutants of the
      termination region, we have shown that the termination region consists of
      multiple elements each capable of inhibiting gene expression independently. A DNA
      sequence analysis reveals the presence of a highly repetitive A-rich sequence
      motif throughout the entire termination region. The data suggest that the A-rich
      motif may mediate the transcription termination process.

PMID- 2659733
TI  - Host genetic control of incubation periods of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in mice.
AB  - Host genetic control of the incubation period of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
      was studied using various inbred strains of mice, including B10 congenic strains.
      Various incubation periods were found in mice injected either intracerebrally or
      intraperitoneally with the Fukuoka 1 strain of the CJD agent; NZW/Sea and A/JJms
      had the shortest, and B10.AKM/Ola and C57BL/6J the longest, incubation periods.
      Length of the CJD incubation period did not correlate with the genetic markers
      tested, i.e. the murine major histocompatibility (H-2) complex (which has
      previously been reported to be linked to a gene influencing CJD incubation period
      in mice), coat colour or sex genes. In NZW/Sea x C57BL/6J F1 hybrid mice the CJD
      incubation periods were similar to that of the parent with the longest incubation
      period. Incubation periods of the backcross progeny from F1 and NZW/Sea were
      intermediate between those of the parental mice and had a unimodal distribution
      pattern. A similar observation was made on the progeny of the A/JJms x C57BL/6J
      mating. On the other hand, the length of incubation period for the NZW/Sea x
      B10.AKM/Ola F1 hybrid fell between those for the two parents and the NZW/Sea x
      A/JJms F1 hybrid had a significantly longer incubation period than those of the
      two parents. These results suggest that polygenes probably control the length of
      the CJD incubation period in mice.

PMID- 2659734
TI  - Detection of dengue 4 virus core protein in the nucleus. II. Antibody against
      dengue 4 core protein produced by a recombinant baculovirus reacts with the
      antigen in the nucleus.
AB  - The dengue 4 virus (DEN-4) core gene and part of the PreM genes were inserted
      into the baculovirus polyhedrin gene region. The recombinant baculovirus directed
      the synthesis of the DEN-4 core protein fused to a part of the polyhedrin protein
      (Mr 25K), as determined by Western blot analysis using DEN-4 core monoclonal
      antibody. A mouse polyclonal antibody prepared against the DEN-4 core fusion
      protein showed antigenic reactivity with the authentic DEN-4 core protein (Mr
      15.5K) present in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm of DEN-4-infected Vero
      cells as demonstrated by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining method. This
      antibody did not react with cells infected with DEN-1, -2, -3 or Japanese
      encephalitis virus, or mock-infected cells.

PMID- 2659735
TI  - Results of stereotactic radiosurgery of arteriovenous malformations: an analysis
      of 52 cases.
AB  - The stereotactic radiosurgery unit in Sheffield became operational in September
      1985 and over 180 patients harbouring AVMs have been treated. The first 52
      patients underwent one year follow up angiography and comprise the material for
      this study. At one year 26 patients (50%) already had a favourable outcome (16
      complete and 10 almost complete obliteration). The results were the same in the
      two sexes. There was a better response in younger patients: under 20 years 75%
      favourable, between 20 and 40 years 45% favourable and above 40 years about 25%
      favourable. Malformations in a lateral position appeared to respond better than
      those in the midline. Lesions fed by vessels from more than one large vessel
      territory had less chance of complete obliteration at one year than those gaining
      blood from only one main supply. There was no difference in outcome between small
      malformations (less than 2 cm3) medium (2-3 cm3) or large (greater than 3 cm3).
      No immediate morbidity or late side effects were encountered in these patients.
      Stereotactic radiosurgery is a safe and effective method in the treatment of
      arteriovenous malformations but there is a relatively long latency. The number of
      malformations obliterated is expected to be much higher when two years have
      elapsed after treatment.

PMID- 2659736
TI  - Randomised double blind controlled trial of cyclosporin in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - In a 2 year double blind controlled trial of cyclosporin against placebo in
      multiple sclerosis conducted at two centres there was a beneficial effect of the
      therapy upon the progression of the disease, relapse rate and relapse severity at
      one of the centres where the patients received a mean dose of 7.2 mg/kg/day. This
      beneficial effect was not seen in the other centre where a lower dose (mean 5
      mg/kg/day) was given. Reduction in clinical progression was accompanied by
      decreased IgG synthesis in the central nervous system. Side effects included
      hypertension, renal insufficiency and anaemia and were of such severity to
      preclude the use of cyclosporin in a high enough dose to alter the course of the
      disease.

PMID- 2659737
TI  - Interferon-alpha and transfer factor in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a
      double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. AUSTIMS Research Group.
AB  - The role of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and transfer factor (TF) in the
      treatment of multiple sclerosis was investigated in a prospective, multi-centric,
      three year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. One hundred and eighty two
      patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis were randomised into three
      treatment groups whose compositions were found to be similar for demographic and
      prognostic variables including HLA status. Subcutaneous injections of IFN-alpha
      (3 x 10(6) units), TF (0.5 units) manufactured from leucocytes of cohabiting
      donors, or placebo were given twice weekly for two months, once weekly for 10
      months then fortnightly for 24 months. One hundred and fifty three patients
      completed the injection regimen. There was no significant difference in the
      progression of disability for multiple sclerosis patients in either the IFN-alpha
      or TF-treated groups compared with the placebo group. Similarly, change in visual
      evoked responses (VER), and in number of oligoclonal bands (OCB) and the level of
      myelin basic protein (MBP) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) over the trial period
      did not differ significantly between the three groups. However, the IFN-alpha
      treated group had significantly more reported adverse drug reactions and patient
      withdrawals than either of the other two groups.

PMID- 2659738
TI  - The association of hemifacial spasm and facial pain.
AB  - The recognition of an association between trigeminal neuralgia and ipsilateral
      hemifacial spasm has been delayed by confusion over the nomenclature of the two
      conditions. Three patients are presented who had facial pain associated with
      hemifacial spasm. The findings on investigation of these patients, and an
      analysis of the literature, suggests that the combination is almost inevitably
      associated with pathological processes in the posterior fossa, particularly
      anomalous, ectatic or aneurysmal blood vessels.

PMID- 2659739
TI  - Reversible Creutzfeldt-Jakob like syndrome induced by lithium plus levodopa
      treatment.

PMID- 2659740
TI  - Combined alpha-2C-interferon/VMCP polychemotherapy versus VMCP polychemotherapy
      as induction therapy in multiple myeloma: a prospective randomized trial.
AB  - Thirty-three previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma were randomized
      to either a combination of recombinant interferon-alpha-2C (rIFN-alpha-2C) plus
      vincristine/melphalan/cyclophosphamide and prednisone (VMCP) or VMCP chemotherapy
      alone. The combined regimen effected 67% responses and 26% minor responses, while
      35 and 47% of VMCP-treated patients had a pathologically documented remission,
      respectively. Despite the somewhat earlier achievement and duration (12.0 vs. 8.0
      months) of objective response, and the marginal survival benefit observed in the
      rIFN-alpha-2C + VMCP treatment arm, a significant improvement in therapeutic gain
      by adding a biologic response modifier to conventional first-line
      polychemotherapeutic drug treatment in myeloma patients has not yet been
      achieved. The combined regimen was well tolerated without unusual or unexpected
      toxic effects.

PMID- 2659741
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of the effect of interleukin-1 administration on bone
      marrow populations in mice.
AB  - We have examined the effect of administration of human interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta
      on bone marrow populations in mice. The bone marrow population was characterized
      by flow cytometric analysis of cell volume, right angle light scatter, and cell
      surface markers. The bone marrow population demonstrated significant alterations
      following the injection of a single dose of IL-1. The earliest response was a
      loss of granulocytes, which was followed by an expansion of cells in this
      population. There was also an accumulation of kappa chain positive B cells 24 h
      following administration. These cells were lost from the marrow over the next 48
      h, accompanied by an expansion of precursor cells. The changes in cell
      populations were not due to contaminating lipopolysaccharide (LPS), although the
      effects could be mimicked by injection of high doses of LPS. Significant effects
      could be detected with single dose administration of 10 micrograms to 10 ng of IL
      1 per animal. The effects of a single high dose (10 micrograms) were mimicked
      with multiple injections of low doses (5 x 10 ng), suggesting that the intensity
      of the response is related to the pharmacokinetics of IL-1. These results
      indicate a potent effect of IL-1 administration on murine bone marrow granulocyte
      and B lymphocyte populations. The studies described offer a means for the
      analysis of the effects of IL-1 in vivo.

PMID- 2659742
TI  - Effect of various adjuvants on the antibody response of mice to pneumococcal
      polysaccharides.
AB  - Adjuvant effects on the serum antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide
      (pps) types 3 and 14 were studied in BALB/c mice. First, dose responses were
      established for the two pps types and were found to be entirely different. High
      (5 micrograms) and low (0.005 microgram) doses of pps 3 induced antigen-specific
      unresponsiveness and suppression, while 0.1 microgram induced an optimal
      response. The secondary response to a single dose of killed pneumococci or 0.1
      microgram of pps 3 injected 2 weeks later was not higher than the primary
      response. Nu/Nu, athymic BALB/c mice showed high but not low dose tolerance to
      pps 3. In contrast, no convincing evidence for high dose tolerance to pps 14 was
      obtained: 25 micrograms of pps 14 induced an optimal response, whereas 0.2-0.5
      microgram induced antigen-specific suppression. Secondary anti-pps 14 IgM and IgG
      responses, even after optimal primary doses, were only slightly higher than
      primary responses to a single dose of killed bacteria. Athymic BALB/c mice showed
      lower IgG antibody responses than euthymic mice to pps 14. Injection of
      detoxified endotoxin (D-LPS) 2-4 days after antigen enhanced both primary and
      secondary responses and reversed high dose tolerance induction. Injection of D
      LPS also at least partially prevented the induction of low dose tolerance as did
      injection of interleukin-1, but normuramyl dipeptide (nor-MDP) failed to affect
      the responses to pps 3 and 14. Coupling of muramyl tripeptide to pps 3 rendered
      the pps more immunogenic. Administration of emulsified pps in squalene arlacel,
      particularly with nor-MDP incorporated in the mixture, appeared to induce a
      better 7S antibody response than did pps in saline, but these serum antibody
      levels were not sustained at a high level. Pretreatment with IgD or simultaneous
      injection of IgD with pps 14 enhanced both primary and secondary responses. The
      response to pps 3 was only slightly enhanced and low dose tolerance was not
      prevented by pretreatment with IgD.

PMID- 2659743
TI  - In memoriam J. Douglas Balentine, M.D. (1937-1988).

PMID- 2659744
TI  - Health effects of ozone. A critical review.
AB  - Health and pollution control professionals and the general public need to develop
      a more complete understanding of the health effects of ozone (O3) because: 1) we
      have been unable to significantly reduce ambient O3 levels using current
      strategies and controls; 2) in areas occupied by more than half of the U.S.
      population, current peak ambient O3 concentrations are sufficient to elicit
      measurable transient changes in lung function, respiratory symptoms, and airway
      inflammation in healthy people engaged in normal outdoor exercise and
      recreational activities; 3) the effects of O3 on transient functional changes are
      sometimes greatly potentiated by the presence of other environmental variables;
      and 4) cumulative structural damage occurs in rats and monkeys exposed
      repetitively to O3 at levels within currently occurring ambient peaks, and
      initial evidence from dosimetry models and interspecies comparisons indicate that
      humans are likely to be more sensitive to O3 than rats. The extent and
      significance of these effects, and the multibillion dollar costs of ambient O3
      controls need to be considered in any future revisions of ambient standards and
      the Clean Air Act. The transient effects of O3 are more closely related to
      cumulative daily exposure than to one hour peak concentrations, and future
      revisions of the ambient standard for O3 should take this into account. The
      effects of long-term chronic exposure to O3 remain poorly defined, but recent
      epidemiologic and animal inhalation studies suggest that current ambient levels
      are sufficient to cause premature aging of the lungs. More research is needed to
      determine the need for a standard with a seasonal or annual average concentration
      limit.

PMID- 2659745
TI  - Responsiveness and validity in health status measurement: a clarification.
AB  - We present data from two studies which clarify the relationship between the
      responsiveness and validity of instruments designed to measure health status in
      clinical trials. In a controlled trial of long vs short duration adjuvant
      chemotherapy for women with Stage II breast cancer, the Breast Cancer
      Chemotherapy Questionnaire (BCQ) proved valid as a measure of subjective health
      status and was able to distinguish long vs short arms. Well validated measures of
      physical and emotional function developed by the Rand Corporation were unable to
      distinguish between the two groups. The Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group
      Criteria (ECOG) distinguished the two groups, but failed criteria of clinical
      sensibility as a measure of subjective health status. In a study of patients with
      Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the Inflammatory Bowel Disease
      Questionnaire (IBDQ) showed small intrasubject variability over time. Gobal
      ratings of change showed moderate to high correlations with changes in IBDQ
      score, and patients who reported overall improvement or deterioration showed
      large changes in IBDQ score. Each of these findings support, in different ways,
      the reproducibility, validity, and responsiveness of the questionnaire. While the
      same data can at times bear on both validity and responsiveness, when assessing
      evaluative instruments it is useful to make a conceptual distinction between the
      two.

PMID- 2659746
TI  - The use of augmentin in hospitalized and ambulatory children.
AB  - Twenty-six hospitalized and 14 ambulatory children with the most common bacterial
      infections were treated with augmentin, intravenously and orally. In 90% of the
      cases in this study a clinical and microbiological cure was obtained. The number
      of side-effects was no higher than those caused by other drugs. Augmentin
      provides safe and effective therapy for infections commonly seen in the pediatric
      population.

PMID- 2659747
TI  - A phase III study on intermittent versus weekly cisplatin and etoposide in the
      treatment of advanced non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma.
AB  - A group of 55 patients with advanced non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma
      entered a random study on combined cisplatin (CDDP) and etoposide (VP16), either
      intermittently (I = CDDP 60 mg/m2 day 1 and VP16 120 mg/m2 day 1-3 every 3-4
      weeks) or weekly (W = CDDP 20 mg/m2 and VP16 120 mg/m2). Five out of 31 (16%)
      evaluable patients in group I and 6/27 (22%) in group W obtained partial
      remission (no statistical difference). Toxicity was mild and survival was similar
      for both groups. The authors conclude that the weekly combination of CDDP plus
      VP16 is neither less toxic nor more effective than the intermittent one.

PMID- 2659748
TI  - Studies on the castability of Co-Cr alloy for cast plates. Part 1: The effects of
      sprue attachment direction to wax plates and the investment direction of
      refractory models.
AB  - Co-Cr alloy is used more frequently than Ni-Cr alloy as a non-precious alloy for
      cast plates in Japan. However, since the melting point of Co-Cr alloy is very
      high, about 1300 degrees C, and since it oxidizes easily, a vacuum-pressure
      casting machine capable of melting this alloy in a reduced atmosphere has
      recently been developed. Using this vacuum-pressure casting machine, the authors
      studied the effects on the Co-Cr alloy of the attachment direction of sprues and
      the investment direction of refractory models. The results clarified that in the
      vacuum-pressure casting method, sprue attachment direction and the investment
      direction of refractory models have a significant effect (p less than 0.01) on
      the castability of Co-Cr alloy.

PMID- 2659749
TI  - Lesbian mothers. Health care experiences.
AB  - A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 35 women who had delivered
      within the last five years and were self-identified lesbians when they conceived.
      The majority of women conceived through donor insemination and used the medical
      care system to achieve pregnancy. All sought prenatal care within the first 16
      weeks, 89% participated in childbirth classes, and 80% breastfed for six months
      or more. Over half of the women (51%) sought obstetrical care from physicians,
      while 49% selected midwives. The majority (91%) disclosed their sexual
      orientation to their provider. Overall the women described their experience with
      obstetrical care providers as positive. However, a greater percentage of women
      who selected midwives reported higher levels of support from and satisfaction
      with their provider compared to those who selected physicians.

PMID- 2659750
TI  - The Brooklyn VNA.

PMID- 2659751
TI  - Retirement of fighter pilots with incidentally detected illnesses: a decision
      analytic model.
AB  - Decisions regarding professional fitness after an incidental detection of a
      clinical disorder are often problematic. The added risk of an occupational error
      related to the detected disorder may be smaller than the risk of an error due to
      lack of experience if a veteran is replaced by a novice. In this paper, we
      examine the choice between grounding or granting a waiver to an experienced
      fighter pilot with an incidental finding of premature ventricular contractions.
      The decision considers the probability of sudden incapacitation during flight and
      of pilot error-related air accidents in novices and veterans. Although
      deliberately biased in favor of grounding the veteran, the analysis indicates
      that the risk of sudden death or incapacitation in an experienced fighter pilot
      with an incidentally detected illness should be increased ten-fold to 46-fold to
      justify his or her replacement by a novice. In the specific case considered, the
      analysis suggests that the risk of an air accident due to sudden death or
      incapacitation of a veteran with incidentally detected premature ventricular
      contractions is similar to the estimated added risk of an error-related air
      accident if she or he is grounded and replaced by a novice. When reliable data on
      the frequency of human error by age and experience become available, the proposed
      model may be applied to other situations in which trained professionals develop a
      potentially disabling disease.

PMID- 2659752
TI  - Light and electron microscopic evaluation of Proplast II TMJ disc implants.
AB  - Proplast II disc implants (Vitek Inc, Houston) were used in nine patients (14
      joints) who underwent discectomy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). These
      patients subsequently underwent removal of the implants from 10 to 28 months
      postplacement due to pain and occlusal changes or radiographic changes in the
      joints. Light and electron microscopic evaluations were performed on the
      retrieved implants and surrounding tissue. Evidence of gross deterioration
      manifested by fracture of the implant was present in 10 of the 14 implants, and
      microscopic evidence of deterioration was present in all implants. Foreign-body
      giant cell reaction in surrounding tissues and microfragmentation of the implant
      were evident in all joints.

PMID- 2659753
TI  - Angiosarcoma of the maxilla and maxillary sinus: report of a case and review of
      the literature.

PMID- 2659754
TI  - Primary malignant melanoma of the maxillary sinus: case report and literature
      review.

PMID- 2659755
TI  - Detection of anionic sites and immunoglobulin A deposits in the glomerular
      capillary walls from patients with IgA nephropathy.
AB  - A study of anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) from patients
      with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is described. The relationship between
      the deposition of IgA and the detection of glomerular extracellular components,
      i.e., noncollagenous (NC-1) domain of Type IV collagen, in the glomerular
      capillary walls was examined by double immunofluorescence. Renal biopsy specimens
      from patients with IgA nephropathy were immersed in polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a
      cationic probe and then examined by electron microscopy. Renal specimens were
      also incubated with mouse monoclonal anti-NC-1 domain of Type IV collagen and
      then stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled goat antimouse Ig
      antiserum. After these reactions, sections were stained with rhodamine-labelled
      rabbit antihuman IgA antiserum. GBM subepithelial anionic sites marked by PEI
      were altered by the deposition of electron-dense deposits (EDD) in patients with
      IgA nephropathy and there was a significant correlation between the levels of
      proteinuria and the incidence of EDD in the GBM in such patients. Marked
      proteinuria was observed in patients who showed loss of anionic sites in the GBM
      by electron microscopy. By double immunofluorescence, IgA was shown to be focally
      deposited outside the NC-1 domain of Type IV collagen-detected regions in the
      same patients. The authors concluded that high levels of proteinuria might be due
      to alterations of the size barrier and/or anionic sites of GBM in the moderate
      stage of IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 2659756
TI  - Detection of the ras p21 gene product in human leukemias by flow cytometry.
AB  - To date, the detection of oncogene products in human neoplasms has relied
      primarily upon immunoblot analysis of specimen homogenates. Herein are reported
      the results of a study using flow cytometry to evaluate the expression of the ras
      p21 gene product in both fresh and cryopreserved specimens of human acute
      leukemias. Cell lines known to express ras p21 were used as positive controls and
      normal peripheral blood was used as a negative control. Intensity of staining for
      ras p21 (Ip21) was expressed as the ratio of the peak channel numbers of the peak
      generated by staining with anti-ras p21 to the peak obtained by staining with an
      isotype control. Using this method, 21 out of 32 clinical specimens of acute
      leukemia were found to express ras p21 in elevated amounts compared to normal
      peripheral blood. Flow cytometry appears to be a practical method for routine
      screening of clinical specimens for the expression of oncogene products on
      individual cells rather than cell homogenates.

PMID- 2659757
TI  - Murine monoclonal antibodies binding to the specific antigens of Aspergillus
      fumigatus associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
AB  - Four murine monoclonal antibodies, which were produced against Aspergillus
      fumigatus antigens using hybridoma technology, reacted with different antigenic
      components of A. fumigatus, and in turn these antigens showed reactivity with the
      sera from allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). All four antibodies
      were of IgM isotype. These antibodies reacted against eight antigen preparations
      from three different strains of A. fumigatus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA). Only two of four antibodies reacted with the antigens in crossed
      immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), rocket immunoelectrophoresis, and agar gel double
      diffusion. In western blot analysis it was found that the antigenic components
      reacting with the monoclonal antibodies were mostly of the low molecular weight
      components of A. fumigatus antigens. These components also showed binding to both
      IgG and IgE antibodies in the sera of ABPA patients, but failed to show any
      reactivity with sera from aspergilloma patients. Hence these antigenic components
      may be of diagnostic significance and can be isolated using immunoaffinity
      chromatography.

PMID- 2659758
TI  - Evaluation of enhanced luminescence immunoenzymometric assays (LIA) for ferritin
      and free T4.
AB  - The Amerlite enhanced luminescence immunoenzymometric assays (LIA) for ferritin
      and free T4 (FT4) have been evaluated. The LIA assay system employs a two-site
      binding approach in which one antibody is coated on the interior of plastic
      microtiter wells and another antibody, or antigen, is tagged with horseradish
      peroxidase (HRPO). Signal, proportional to the amount of patient analyte, is
      produced when the HRPO catalyzes the oxidation of luminol resulting in light
      production. The light signal is increased in magnitude by the incorporation of an
      enhancing agent which also greatly prolongs the lifetime of the signal. Light
      production is monitored by an automated luminometer which uses a stored
      calibration curve to calculate patient results. FT4 within-run coefficients of
      variation (CVs) ranged from 2.7% to 6.6%; day-to-day CVs from 6% to 15.5% for
      three levels of control. Sensitivity is 0.03 ng/dl. T3 concentrations up to 8
      ng/ml produced no cross-reactivity. Dilutional linearity was exhibited. Lipemia
      and icterus produced positive interferences. Linear regression analysis of
      Amerlite and radioimmunoassay (RIA) FT4 values yielded the following values:
      Amerlite = 0.63 RIA - 0.2, r = .87, n = 79. Ferritin within-run CVs ranged from
      4.9% to 10.5%; day-to-day CVs from 5.8-12.5% for three levels of control.
      Sensitivity is less than 1 ng/ml. Recoveries ranged from 93% to 106% (av. =
      99.4%). Dilutional linearity was exhibited. Lipemia caused a positive
      interference; hemoglobin caused a negative interference. Linear regression
      analysis of Amerlite and RIA ferritin values yielded the following values:
      Amerlite = 1.0 RIA + 11.1, r = .96, n = 55.

PMID- 2659759
TI  - Analysis of peroxidase negative acute leukemias by monoclonal antibodies: III.
      Acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Peripheral-blood leukemic cells from 45 patients with peroxidase negative acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which did not express either myeloid or
      megakaryocyte-platelet-related cell surface antigens, were analyzed by using
      monoclonal antibodies capable of recognizing T- or B-cell-associated and/or T- or
      B-cell-restricted antigens. Numerous subclasses of ALL, including B-cell lineage
      leukemias and T-cell lineage leukemias, were identified phenotypically and
      immunophenotypically in an effort to more accurately characterize the
      heterogeneous ALLs, their states of differentiation, and their relationships to
      normal B- and T-lymphoid cells. Among the cases studied, only seven (15.6%) were
      found to have stem cell (undifferentiated) leukemia (Ia+, CD24+, CD9+, CD34+). It
      is concluded that the use of monoclonal antibodies for the characterization of
      heterogeneous ALLs improves the specificity of leukemia classification, which may
      contribute to the selection of more effective forms of therapy for the types of
      leukemia identified.

PMID- 2659760
TI  - Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and the PiMS phenotype: case report and literature
      review.
AB  - We describe a premature infant with cholestatic liver disease and protease
      inhibitor MS phenotype. This infant demonstrated an abnormally low serum alpha 1
      antitrypsin concentration. Liver histologic studies revealed diastase-resistant,
      periodic acid-Schiff-positive globules inside hepatocytes. Immunoperoxidase
      staining for alpha 1-antitrypsin was positive. Electron microscopy showed
      amorphous material in the dilated lumina of the endoplasmic reticulum. These
      findings are characteristic of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. We suggest that
      this usually nonpathologic phenotype resulted in cholestatic liver disease
      because of the cumulative effect of several cholestatic conditions.

PMID- 2659761
TI  - A new urinary mass screening system for neuroblastoma in infancy by use of
      monoclonal antibodies against VMA and HVA.
AB  - As an assay system for mass screening of infants with neuroblastoma, a new method
      of determining urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and hemovanillic acid (HVA)
      levels--an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method--was developed. By using two different
      monoclonal antibodies, one against VMA and the other against HVA, this system can
      assay 400 urine samples for both catecholamine metabolites in five hours. By
      measuring both VMA and HVA levels in 275 urine samples (62 from patients with
      neuroblastoma, 13 from patients with control tumors, 200 from healthy infants as
      controls) by the EIA method, as well as by high performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC), we examined whether the EIA system is as accurate as the HPLC. There were
      significant correlations between values obtained by the two systems, both for VMA
      and for HVA, suggesting that the EIA method would be a more reliable and
      convenient system for mass screening of infantile neuroblastoma as compared with
      conventional qualitative tests with inevitable high false-positive rate.

PMID- 2659762
TI  - Gait abnormalities and inhibitive casts in cerebral palsy. Literature review.
AB  - Although cerebral palsy is primarily a central nervous system disorder, its major
      manifestations are musculoskeletal. The authors focus on normal tonic reflexes of
      the foot and the developmental consequences of failure to inhibit these reflexes.
      Various gait abnormalities seen in cerebral palsy are reviewed. Finally, the use
      of inhibitive casts as a conservative modality for treating hyperactive reflexes
      in the spastic cerebral palsy child is discussed. The reduction of abnormal tone
      facilitates the development of a normal gait pattern in these children.

PMID- 2659763
TI  - T-Screw. A new bone fixation device.
AB  - The T-Screw was patented in 1984. A 5-year study was begun in 1980, and FDA
      approval was granted in 1985. Detailed results of this clinical study will be
      reported in a later paper. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the device.
      The authors have found that early return to normal function and wearing shoes has
      been possible when using T-Screws for fixation of podiatric osteotomies. The
      screw appears to accelerate bone healing and has numerous applications throughout
      the foot. The authors believe that its ease of application and removal as well as
      its ability to generate rigid, compressive fixation makes it an excellent
      alternative to current fixation devices.

PMID- 2659764
TI  - Human cadaveric bone implants.

PMID- 2659765
TI  - Cutaneous larvae migrans. A literature review and case report.

PMID- 2659766
TI  - Homologous and heterogenous bone grafting in podiatric surgery.
AB  - Homologous and heterogenous bone grafting as it might be used in podiatric
      surgery is reviewed with emphasis on histologic events observed. New bone
      proliferation, resorption, revascularization, and remodeling are contrasted with
      autogenous bone grafts, which are generally thought to be the preferred surgical
      option.

PMID- 2659767
TI  - Congenital talonavicular synostosis. A review of the literature and a case
      report.
AB  - The diagnosis of a congenital talonavicular coalition is one that often may be
      little more than an incidental radiographic finding. However, the acute onset of
      vague midfoot symptomatology secondary to a minor traumatic event may reveal this
      rarely reported condition on further clinical examination. The authors present a
      description of the characteristic historical and clinical features of
      talonavicular coalitions, current diagnostic and treatment modalities available,
      and a case presentation of an acute painful talonavicular synostosis in an
      adolescent male athlete.

PMID- 2659768
TI  - Crepitant cellulitis. Polymicrobic infection of the diabetic lower extremity.

PMID- 2659769
TI  - Evaluation of the first 60 cases of poly HEMA posterior chamber lenses implanted
      in the sulcus.
AB  - Flexible lenses allow folding and inserting through a small incision. Using
      Faulkner's forceps, 60 hydrogel lenses were implanted in the sulcus through a 3.5
      mm pocket incision following phacoemulsification. Mean follow-up was six months.
      The lens was suitable for the procedure when it was properly handled. When it was
      not, untimely unfolding or tears occurred, necessitating prolonged maneuvering in
      the eye or sometimes replacement of the lens which caused increased trauma.
      Though functional results were comparable to those achieved with
      polymethylmethacrylate lenses, all eyes achieving a visual acuity of 20/40 or
      better, morphological results were less satisfactory. Because of hydrogel's lack
      of adhesiveness and the inability to estimate the individual sulcus diameter,
      pseudophakodonesis was a common observation. The lens touching the posterior iris
      surface caused pigment dispersion (37%), sometimes leading to secondary pigment
      glaucoma. For this reason, we now favor capsular bag fixation.

PMID- 2659770
TI  - Mature cataracts in eyes with unilateral axial myopia.
AB  - Seven patients with unsuspected unilateral axial myopia developed a cataract in
      the longer eye. Vision deteriorated in all cases between the ages of 40 and 55
      years. Bilateral axial length measurements were necessary for the diagnosis and
      revealed a difference of 4.5 mm to 6.7 mm between the two eyes. Five cases had a
      mature cataract and had extracapsular cataract extraction; surgery restored
      isometropia, improved the visual acuity to 20/200 or better, and enlarged the
      field of vision. All patients were amblyopic in the cataractous eye.

PMID- 2659771
TI  - Initial experience with the AMO PC-28LB (Phacofit) small-incision implant: a
      preliminary report.
AB  - The methods and initial clinical results obtained using the AMO PC-28LB
      (Phacofit) small-incision implant are presented.

PMID- 2659772
TI  - Endocapsular triple procedure--a new triple procedure technique.
AB  - The triple procedure (penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction, and
      intraocular lens implantation) performed using endocapsular cataract extraction
      and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation offers advantages over the
      extracapsular technique. The most significant advantage is easier, assured
      placement of the posterior chamber intraocular lens entirely in the bag. Another
      advantage is less chance of injury to the endothelial cells. This paper describes
      a technique using endocapsular cataract extraction in the triple procedure.

PMID- 2659773
TI  - Twin gestation: antepartum management.
AB  - Early diagnosis of twin gestation is a critical factor in the reduction of
      perinatal morbidity and mortality. Measures to prevent preterm labor and preterm
      delivery and frequent fetal surveillance to identify IUGR are the cornerstones of
      antepartal management. Patient compliance is facilitated through health education
      and active involvement in the antepartal care.

PMID- 2659774
TI  - Delivery of the second twin.
AB  - The course of twin pregnancy is most amenable to positive intervention during the
      antepartal period. However, once a laboring woman arrives on the labor floor,
      there is still opportunity to influence outcome. The management of multiple
      gestation is best accomplished through use of a multidisciplinary team.
      Intrapartal events are handled with greater confidence when each member of the
      team is aware not only of his or her specific role, but also of all the tasks
      that need to be accomplished. Rehearsal prior to the delivery and communication
      during the delivery are essential. Each team member can positively affect the
      outcome in twin delivery through the use of unique skills. The preceding review
      of the literature regarding multiple gestation during labor portrays the dilemmas
      and controversies surrounding management. It is incumbent on all maternity staff
      to become acquainted with the issues and acquire the skills necessary to render
      safe care. Every complication of labor and delivery, including preterm labor,
      uterine dysfunction, abnormal presentation, prolapse of the umbilical cord,
      premature separation of the placenta, and immediate postpartum hemorrhage, occurs
      with greater frequency with multiple gestation. Therefore, the conduct of labor
      and delivery with twins is an excellent challenge to the skills of the team that
      provides care for the patient and her fetuses.

PMID- 2659775
TI  - Anticonvulsant activities of 1-phenylcyclohexylamine and its conformationally
      restricted analog 1,1-pentamethylenetetrahydroisoquinoline.
AB  - 1-Phenylcyclohexylamine (PCA), an analog of phenyclidine (PCP) in which the
      piperidine ring is replaced by a primary amino group, and its conformationally
      restricted analog 1,1-pentamethylenetetrahydroisoquinoline (PM-THIQ) were potent
      anticonvulsants in the mouse maximal electroshock (MES) seizure test (ED50
      values, 7.0 and 14.3 mg/kg, respectively). At higher doses, the drugs caused
      motor impairment (TD50 values, 16.3 and 43.0 mg/kg) and blocked the behavioral
      effects and lethality of i.p. injected N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) (ED50 values,
      36.3 and 127 mg/kg). The separation in potencies in the MES seizure and motor
      toxicity tests of PCA and PM-THIQ contrasts with PCP which was equally potent in
      both tests. Several compounds that were structurally related to PM-THIQ (N-ethyl
      PCA, 2-methyl-PCA, N-methyl-PM-THIQ, tetrahydroisoquinoline and benzylamine) also
      blocked MES seizures and caused motor impairment, but failed to show as great a
      separation between MES anticonvulsant activity and motor toxicity. None of the
      compounds protected against seizures induced by the chemoconvulsant
      pentylenetetrazol at doses that lacked motor toxicity. The drugs were also
      evaluated for their ability to displace [3H]-1-[1-(2-thienyl)
      cyclohexyl]piperidine from binding to high affinity acceptor sites (presumably on
      NMDA receptor-coupled channels) in rat brain homogenates. The rank order of
      potencies in the binding assay was similar to that in the behavioral tests,
      except for 2-methyl-PCA which was behaviorally more potent than
      expected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659776
TI  - S-nitrosocaptopril. I. Molecular characterization and effects on the vasculature
      and on platelets.
AB  - We have synthesized an S-nitrosylated derivative of captopril, S
      nitrosocaptopril, that manifests nitrosovasodilatory activity, inhibits
      angiotensin converting enzyme activity and inhibits platelet aggregation. The
      direct vasodilatory effects of S-nitrosocaptopril reflect the effects of the
      thionitrite bond, the presence of which does not in any way influence S
      nitrosocaptopril's ability to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme. Thionitrite
      stimulation of both vascular and platelet soluble guanylate cyclase activity
      leads to increases in intracellular cyclic GMP that are accompanied by
      vasodilatation and platelet inhibition, respectively. S-nitrosocaptopril is a
      novel hybrid molecule that has potential use in the treatment of hypertension
      regardless of renin status, angina pectoris and congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2659777
TI  - S-nitrosocaptopril. II. Effects on vascular reactivity.
AB  - Experiments were designed to elucidate the effects of S-nitrosocaptopril (SnoCap)
      on vascular reactivity. Rings of bovine femoral and coronary arteries were
      mounted for isometric tension recording in physiological saline solution. SnoCap
      induced dose-dependent relaxations in both the coronary and femoral arteries, but
      inhibited contractions in the coronary artery to a significantly greater degree.
      Relaxations to SnoCap were inhibited by methylene blue. Angiotensin I and
      angiotensin II induced dose-dependent contractions in the bovine femoral artery.
      The angiotensin II antagonist saralasin induced comparable inhibition of the
      response to angiotensin I and angiotensin II. Captopril (10(-6) M) and SnoCap
      (10(-6) M) equally inhibited contraction to angiotensin I, inducing a 50-fold
      shift in the dose-response curve. SnoCap inhibited contraction to angiotensin II,
      inducing a 5-fold shift in the dose-response curve and depressing the maximum
      response. In summary, the S-nitrosylated derivative of captopril is a unique
      compound that inhibits vascular reactivity through activation of soluble
      guanylate cyclase and inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme. This combined
      nitrovasodilator and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor may have clinical
      utility in hypertension, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2659778
TI  - [A study of the infrared sensory system].

PMID- 2659779
TI  - Rest cramps in the elderly.

PMID- 2659780
TI  - The changing face of end stage renal disease in a UK renal unit.

PMID- 2659781
TI  - The history of Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2659782
TI  - Herman Boerhaave and the British. Part 1: Boerhaave and the science of healing.

PMID- 2659783
TI  - Hay fever. A report of the Royal College of Physicians.

PMID- 2659784
TI  - Endothelium--the axis of vascular health and disease.

PMID- 2659785
TI  - [Imaging technics in extra-cardiac thoracic amyloidosis].
AB  - This report deals with five observations of tracheobronchial, pleuropulmonary and
      mediastinal amyloidosis. Exploration was performed with plain radiographs,
      computed tomography in three cases, and magnetic resonance imaging in one case of
      tracheobronchial and interstitial amyloidosis. After their review of literature,
      the authors describe the main features of extracardiac thoracic amyloidosis
      observed with imaging and establish the contribution of the various techniques to
      the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease.

PMID- 2659786
TI  - [High-resolution x-ray computed tomography in lymphoid interstitial pneumonia].
AB  - Three patients with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (two HIV 1+ patients with
      chronic lymphadenopathic syndromes and one with a not-characterized autoimmune
      disease) have been studied with high-resolution computed tomography (HR-CT). This
      technique reveals septal lines, small reticulonodular opacities, polyhedral
      micronodular opacities, "ground-glass" opacities and a dense, subpleural, curved
      broken line in one patient. The lesions dominate in the bases of the lungs. They
      are not characteristic for lymphoid interstitial pneumonia. If a patient present
      with a chronic lymphadenopathic syndrome, the diagnosis of an opportunistic
      infection should not be automatically made, since the syndrome can be caused by
      lymphoid interstitial pneumonia.

PMID- 2659787
TI  - [Neoplastic invasion of the pulmonary arteries. Evaluation by MRI. Preliminary
      experience].
AB  - Bronchial tumors invading the mediastinum are no longer systematically regarded
      as inoperable. Curative surgery has produced a significant survival rate and led
      to the adaptation of the TNM classification. The degree of invasion of the
      pulmonary artery is a criterion of operability. The authors are trying to assess
      the role of MRI with regard to CT and DSA for the measurement of invasion. Their
      study deals with the prospective assessment of ten patients. The MRI examinations
      have been carried out with a 0.5 and 1.5 T supraconductive magnet (Philips
      Gyroscan). Cardiac gating has been used for acquisition. The planes of section
      are axial, transverse or oblique along the greater axis of the pulmonary
      arteries. CT examinations in 9-mm thick sections with and IV contrast injection
      demonstrate the contact of the tumor with the mediastinum. The digital angiograms
      have been taken with an intravenous injection into a vein of the bend of the
      elbow or into a femoral vein. Six cases have been verified at surgery. In all
      cases, the invasion predicted with MRI proved to be correctly assessed. In three
      cases, MRI provides additional information to the combined findings of CT and
      DSA. MRI is a good complement for the preoperative assessment of patients with
      large tumors invading the mediastinum but for which curative surgery is
      indicated.

PMID- 2659788
TI  - [Lymphography and x-ray computed tomography in the evaluation of lymph node
      invasiveness in cancer of the bladder. Comparison of their diagnostic value].
AB  - The diagnostic value of lymphography and computed tomography (CT) in the
      assessment of lymph node invasion by bladder cancers has been compared on the
      basis of 30 observations. Although computed tomography apparently yields better
      results (reliability: 93%) than lymphography (reliability: 87%), these findings
      have no statistical significance. The study of literature shows that the
      statistical exploitation of the results was seldom carried out. The combination
      of both exploration techniques seems to improve predictive values, but this
      improvement was not statistically significant in our study.

PMID- 2659789
TI  - [Pelvic cystic lymphangioma. Apropos of a case in an adult].
AB  - The authors report about the observation of a subperitoneal pelvic cystic
      lymphangioma in an adult patient: ultrasound and CT dat had yet never been
      described for the rare pelvic form, and are the same as with the other locations
      of cystic lymphangioma in adults.

PMID- 2659790
TI  - Modern management of ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - The modern management of ectopic pregnancy has been influenced greatly by recent
      advances in human chorionic gonadotropin determination and ultrasound. Serum
      progesterone determination holds promise as a means of identifying abnormal
      gestations. Early diagnosis of tubal pregnancies has prompted conservative
      surgical treatment and the use of medical therapy in selected cases. Because of
      the improvement in diagnostic aids and conservative treatment, we are documenting
      a change in epidemiologic profiles. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy has
      increased, with a concomitant decrease in mortality. Fertility after conservative
      surgical procedures appears improved over that with radical treatment. However,
      women with ectopic pregnancies continue to have reduced fertility potential.

PMID- 2659791
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis of cephalothoracopagus twins in a triplet pregnancy. A case
      report.
AB  - The occurrence of conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy is rare.
      Cephalothoracopagus twins were diagnosed on ultrasonography at 17 weeks'
      gestation. This is the first case of conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy
      diagnosed early enough antenatally to allow vaginal pregnancy termination.

PMID- 2659792
TI  - Y chromosome specific probes identify breakpoint in a 45,X/46,X,del(Y)(pter---
      q11.1:) karyotype of an infertile male.
AB  - An infertile male patient with a 45,X peripheral blood karyotype and a
      45,X/46,X,del(Y)(pter----q11.1:) mosaic skin fibroblast karyotype is described.
      Steroid sulphatase (STS) activity was normal. Recombinant DNA studies using Y
      chromosome specific probes suggest that almost the entire long arm of the Y
      chromosome is deleted.

PMID- 2659793
TI  - The use of a mobile sleep laboratory in diagnosing sleep-related breathing
      disorders.

PMID- 2659794
TI  - Modelling the rehabilitation of brachial plexus injuries: the plexus expert
      system.

PMID- 2659795
TI  - Silver resistance in Escherichia coli R1.
AB  - Escherichia coli strain R1, originally isolated from a patient whose burns were
      treated with silver sulphadiazine, contained two large plasmids of 83 kb (pJT1)
      and 77 kb (pJT2), and was resistant to 1 mM AgNO3. A silver-sensitive derivative,
      E. coli S1, cured of the 83-kb plasmid pJT1, was obtained by growth at 46 degrees
      C. Studies with an Ag+-specific ion electrode showed no significant differences
      in Ag+ binding by washed resting cell suspensions of strains R1 and S1, with and
      without glucose. However, transmission electronmicroscopy and energy dispersive X
      ray analysis of whole cell mounts from actively growing cultures showed that the
      Ag+-resistant strain did not accumulate Ag+, whereas the sensitive strain
      contained dense silver particles. Both strains produced H2S, detected by
      blackening of lead acetate paper above inoculated broth, and reducing substances
      (possibly H2S) were detected only around E. coli R1 colonies when methylene blue
      was used as a indicator in LB agar, which may be a less sensitive assay. The
      mechanism of silver resistance is not known, but actively growing cells of E.
      coli R1 did not accumulate silver.

PMID- 2659796
TI  - 4-quinolones and the SOS response.
AB  - The SOS DNA repair system is induced in bacteria treated with 4-quinolones.
      However, whether the response exacerbates or repairs the damage caused by these
      drugs is still unclear. The recA13 and the recB21 mutations impair recombination
      repair and render bacteria unable to induce the SOS response when treated with
      nalidixic acid or other agents that affect DNA synthesis. However, UV treatment
      induces the SOS response in recB21 mutants but not in recA13 mutants. Both these
      mutants are hypersensitive to nalidixic acid and, therefore, either recombination
      repair or SOS repair would appear to repair DNA damage caused by the drug.
      However, since the lexA3 mutation (which also renders bacteria incapable of
      inducing the SOS response without affecting recombination repair) had no effect
      on the susceptibility of bacteria to nalidixic acid, the SOS response neither
      contributes to nor repairs DNA damage caused by the drug. Consequently, it would
      seem that the hypersensitivity of the recA13 and recB21 mutants to nalidixic acid
      is due to their deficiency in recombination repair. This view was confirmed by
      testing a recA430 mutant that is recombination-repair proficient but SOS repair
      deficient and finding it to be no more sensitive to nalidixic acid than its
      parent. Thus it would appear that, although induced by nalidixic acid treatment,
      the SOS DNA repair system does not play any role in bacterial responses to the
      damage caused by the drug. In contrast, the recombination repair system does
      repair damage caused by nalidixic acid.

PMID- 2659798
TI  - The usefulness of biotyping in studying the epidemiology and phylogeny of
      salmonellae.

PMID- 2659797
TI  - A novel replicating agent isolated from the human intestinal tract having
      characteristics shared with Creutzfeldt-Jakob and related agents.
AB  - A novel replicating agent (IFDO) was isolated from ileal fluid. Growth occurred
      in vitro under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and was faster at 37 degrees C
      than at room temperature. The doubling time was 15.8 min. Colonies were dark
      brown in colour and occurred beneath the surface of agar after conventional
      surface inoculation. Provisional data indicate that the agent may be a normal
      intestinal commensal. The agent was remarkably resistant to inactivation by steam
      at 134 degrees C, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde; it was relatively resistant to
      ionising radiation, and it was filterable through membranes with a nominal pore
      diameter of 10 nm. Such properties, with the exception of growth in cell-free
      medium, are shared by "unconventional agents" such as those of Creutzfeldt-Jakob
      disease and scrapie. Further comparison of the properties of the intestinal agent
      and of slow viruses revealed additional shared characteristics, including
      resistance to proteinase K and trypsin, and inactivation by guanidine
      thiocyanate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, phenol and sodium hydroxide. The agent
      differs from that of scrapie in being inactivated by ethidium bromide, zinc
      nitrate, EDTA, hydroxylamine in the presence Sarkosyl, and, under certain
      circumstances, by ribonuclease. Broth cultures of the agent contained particles
      possessing considerable size heterogeneity. The smaller filterable particles were
      generally more susceptible to inactivation, did not survive autoclaving, and were
      inactivated by papaya protease and lipase. It is possible that the replicating
      agent may be formed by crystallisation from constituents of the medium, and not
      by a biological process. This does not exclude the postulated relationship to
      slow viruses.

PMID- 2659799
TI  - Discovery of new morganocin types of Morganella morganii in strains of diverse
      serotype and the apparent independence of bacteriocin type from serotype of
      strains.
AB  - A collection of 45 serologically distinct strains of Morganella morganii from
      several European countries was typed by morganocin production (p) and sensitivity
      (s). This permitted their differentiation into 33 morganocin p/s types; 15 new
      types of morganocin and one new morganocin sensitivity type were found and are
      defined. Morganocin production and sensitivity characteristics appeared to be
      unrelated to the O and H antigens of the strain. The finest strain recognition in
      M. morganii might be achieved by a combination of bacteriocin and serotyping
      methods.

PMID- 2659800
TI  - Growth factors, act II: movement into and through clinical trials.

PMID- 2659801
TI  - GM awards: five scientists cited for cancer research.

PMID- 2659802
TI  - Considerations in the development of lung cancer screening tools.

PMID- 2659803
TI  - Multichain interleukin-2 receptor: a target for immunotherapy in lymphoma.
AB  - Activation of resting T cells induces synthesis of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and
      expression of its specific high-affinity receptor. We proposed a multichain model
      for the high-affinity IL-2 receptor in which both a 55-kilodalton IL-2-binding
      peptide identified by the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody and a 70/75-kilodalton IL
      2-binding peptide are associated in a receptor complex. The IL-2 receptor is
      proving to be an extraordinarily versatile therapeutic target, since it is
      expressed by the abnormal T cells in patients with certain lymphoid malignancies
      or autoimmune disorders and in individuals rejecting allografts, whereas it is
      not expressed by normal resting cells. Monoclonal antibodies and toxin-lymphokine
      conjugates directed toward IL-2 receptors represent novel therapeutic agents for
      these clinical conditions.

PMID- 2659804
TI  - Site-selective 8-chloro-cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate as a biologic
      modulator of cancer: restoration of normal control mechanisms.

PMID- 2659805
TI  - Therapeutic index: a vital component in selection of anticancer agents for
      clinical trial.
AB  - In an attempt to identify anticancer agents more active in the major groups of
      solid cancers, the National Cancer Institute has replaced the primary murine
      tumor systems with an in vitro system using human cancer cell lines. A broader
      approach is being followed in Europe, where considerable reliance will still be
      placed on data from animal tumor systems. We argue the case for broader
      preclinical evaluation using animal model systems that are resistant to standard
      anticancer agents and thus reflect the clinical disease. Selection of compounds
      for clinical trials should be based on a therapeutic index that will give a more
      realistic representation of the margin between antitumor activity and toxicity to
      normal cells. Furthermore, preclinical evaluation can establish understanding of
      the factors responsible for treatment efficacy, including pharmacokinetics,
      metabolism, and drug bioavailability.

PMID- 2659806
TI  - Vaginal douching as a possible risk factor for pelvic inflammatory disease.
AB  - To prevent pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and its consequences, risk factors
      must be identified. A review of the literature supports the possibility that
      vaginal douching may affect the risk factor of PID, and new data are presented on
      douching practices of women hospitalized with PID. Individual case reports and
      controlled studies support associations between vaginal douching and both PID and
      ectopic pregnancy. The prevalence and distribution of douching are also
      compatible with a possible association. The temporal pattern of PID symptoms may
      be linked to douching and menses. The nature of the douche solution and the
      douching technique may be important variables with regard to douching as a PID
      risk factor. A case-control epidemiologic study is recommended to clarify the
      relationships between PID and douching.

PMID- 2659807
TI  - A systems view of health care for the poor.
AB  - A systems view is a synthesis of health policy, medical sociology, public health,
      and common clinical problems to describe the current crisis in health care for
      the poor. Medical sociology and public health are particularly relevant to
      understand the complexity of clinical issues. Although preventive medicine is in
      desuetude, it is crucial if we are to reduce the future liability of postponed
      medical care among the poor. Medicaid metamorphosed to Medicare, as half of its
      outlays are spent on care of the elderly in nursing homes. Health care for the
      poor will remain a moral challenge to the architects of health policy and the
      medical profession.

PMID- 2659808
TI  - Neurologic complications of cardiovascular diseases.
AB  - Neurocardiology considers the interrelationships between the circulatory and
      nervous systems. An appreciation of the anatomic relationship preceded the
      concept of the clinical relationship of the two systems. Epidemiologic studies
      link risk factors of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Neurologic signs and
      symptoms are often the presenting indication of cardiovascular disease.
      Neurologic complications occur during the natural history of cardiovascular
      disease, during diagnostic evaluation, and in the treatment process. A knowledge
      of potential complications as well as their frequency will help the physician
      make ethical and valid recommendations to patients concerning their management.
      This article highlights some of the potential complications that may be
      encountered in the management of patients with cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2659809
TI  - Chemical composition and genotoxic activity of petroleum derivatives collected in
      two working environments.
AB  - Pitch and bitumen, two complex petroleum derivative mixtures, were studied for
      both their chemical composition and their mutagenic/DNA damaging activity. While
      bitumen revealed no genotoxic effect and low polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
      (PAHs) concentration, petroleum pitch showed a high concentration of
      mutagenic/carcinogenic PAHs, and also an elevated mutagenic activity when assayed
      by the Ames test, in the presence of postmitochondrial rat liver fractions. The
      in vitro mutagenic activity was detectable as frameshift mutation by assaying the
      pitch both as an in toto mixture and after HPLC fractionation, the most polar
      fractions being the most active. In contrast, both derivatives showed no in vivo
      DNA damage in rat liver, using the DNA alkaline elution technique and the
      fluorometric assay of DNA unwinding.

PMID- 2659810
TI  - [Epidemiology of dengue fever in Taiwan].
AB  - Dengue fever, a tropical communicable disease, is caused by an infectious viral
      disease. It is also known as break bone fever. There have been a number of
      epidemics over the last century in Taiwan. Following an islandwide epidemic in
      1942, dengue fever had not been presented on the island for about forty years. In
      1981, an outbreak of dengue occurred in Liuchiu Hsiang, a small off-shore island
      of Pingtung county. The estimated attack rate was 80%. DEN-2 was isolated during
      that outbreak. Another occurrence occurred in the fall of 1987 in the southern
      part of Taiwan. The accumulated reported cases reached 1,387 at the end of that
      year. A majority of cases were reported in the Sanmin district of Kaohsiung city.
      The reported cumulative incidence was 0.2% in Sanmin. However, according to one
      survey, the attack rate in that area was 2.9%. DEN-1 was most commonly isolated
      but DEN-2 was also found in five cases. The latest outbreak took place in 1988.
      The estimation of reported cases exceeded 10,000 at the end of November, 1988.
      Two cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever were confirmed. More than fifty percent of
      the report case came from Kaohsiung city. The reported cumulative incidence rate
      was 0.5% in that area. Another survey reported that the adult attack rate
      exceeded 5% in the same area. It is estimated that the number of patients with
      mild symptoms and those without any symptoms would be a few times more than the
      number of those actually reported. However, a large space of herd immunity for
      susceptible hosts has remained. DEN-1 was isolated from all of the reported cases
      except two in which DEN-4 were isolated. Among the various variables which would
      effect the proliferation of disease, such as Aedes aegypti density,
      precipitation, and temperature, only a prior month of precipitation can explain
      the outbreak of dengue by stepwise multiple regression. Besides this, there was
      also a higher relative risk due to a higher population density with a trend
      correlation. Because of the ineffectiveness of the present control program, it is
      predicted that there may be yet another outbreak in the following year effecting
      those susceptible when the rainfall season comes.

PMID- 2659811
TI  - [Serological and virological diagnosis for dengue infection].
AB  - For many years dengue fever has been one of the most serious diseases in
      southeast Asia. A dengue type 2 epidemic occurred in Liuchiu, Pingtung in 1981. A
      recent epidemic, primarily of dengue type 1 has been in progress in southern
      Taiwan since 1987. In clinical aspects, dengue infection may be confused with
      measles, rubella, influenza, acute mumps, enteric viral infection and food
      allergies. Only definite confirmation is possible through serological and
      virological methods. All four serotypes of the dengue virus, however, are
      antigenically similar, and their antibodies are also cross-reactive with other
      flaviviruses. This phenomenom renders the specificity of many serological tests
      to be less accurate than they should be. Thus, improved virus isolation and
      identification becomes a necessary tool in proving the dengue infection. This
      article offers a brief review of some serological tests including the
      hemagglutination inhibition test, IgG- and MAC-ELISA, the plaque reduction
      neutralization test, and virological tests including antigen capture ELISA and
      indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay, with emphasis on their application to
      the diagnosis of dengue infection.

PMID- 2659812
TI  - [Changes in microstructure of ceramic alloys after heat and electrochemical acid
      treatment].
AB  - The technique of electrochemical etching was developed by Dr. Tegart for
      application in both research and industry in 1959. There is considerable evidence
      showing that in conjunction with chemical bonding, surface roughness of etched
      casting restorations can apparently improve the mechanical adherence between the
      porcelain and the metal. It is obvious that surface roughness produced by
      sandblasting or electrochemical etching of the metal substrate not only provides
      mechanical interlocking but also increases the surface area for porcelain
      attachment. It was observed in this study that a properly heat-treated surface
      was significantly rougher than a surface without appropriate treatment after
      electrochemical acid etching. The roughness of base metals also treated with 0.5N
      nitric acid appeared greater obvious than those treated with 10% sulfuric acid.
      The etching pattern can be evaluated by selective removal of the alloy phases
      present between the dendritic arms in the base metal alloy. The technique of
      electrochemical acid etching is limited to alloys that solidify with a
      multiphasic structure- that is, a base metal alloy. And there are no known noble
      alloys suitable for this technique in this experiment. Electrolytic etching is
      most conveniently evaluated under a light microscope at about 30-80
      magnifications to inspect surface relief and etching patterns. It remains to be
      determined by further research what is the exact cause of the increased roughness
      and how it improves the metal for ceramic mechanical bonding.

PMID- 2659813
TI  - Clinical observations of the effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on human
      periodontal disease. II. Ultrasonic scaling and root planing for 6 months.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine and evaluate the short-term (six months)
      effects of clinical trials of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. The subjects
      studied included consisted of 34 patients, 24-52 years of age (836 teeth), with
      various degrees of advanced periodontitis. Following a baseline examination which
      included assessments of the gingival index (GI), plaque index (PlI), calculus
      index (CI), probing depth, and attachment level, the patients were subjected to
      nonsurgical therapy. Differences between various treatment intervals for the
      pockets initially measuring 1-3 mm, 4-6 mm, and 7 mm or more were analyzed by
      using the paired Students t-test. Following meticulous debridement of periodontal
      pockets with ultrasonic instrumentation, routine pocket irrigation with hydrogen
      peroxide (2.5-3.0%) and chlorhexidine gluconate solutions (0.12%) was performed
      by the authors as well as by the patients at sites with moderate to deep pockets
      and furcation involvement. Furthermore, the patients were supervised under a
      maintenance care program which provided patient motivation, the teaching of oral
      hygiene procedures, and offered regular recall for six months. The results
      demonstrated that non-surgical therapy resulted in a prominent reduction of
      gingival inflammation, dental plaque and calculus formation, and finally
      increased gingival recession. Also, for sites with an initial probing depth of 1
      3 mm, there was a slight loss (0.1 mm) of the attachment level, 3 and 6 months
      after therapy. For sites with an initial probing depth of 4-6 mm, there was some
      attachment gain (0.31 mm and 0.69 mm) at 3 and 6 month post-treatment intervals.
      For pockets 7 mm or more in depth, a pronounced gain (0.49 mm and 1.00 mm) of
      attachment was noted following 3 and 6 month intervals. Generally, an obvious
      reduction of probing depth was constantly observed after nonsurgical treatment in
      each of the three initial pocket groups mentioned above. The changes of probing
      depths between baseline and at 3 or 6 months after treatment were 0.17 and 0.23,
      1.23 and 1.75, and 1.83 and 2.63 mm, respectively. With the exception of
      attachment loss for the pockets initially measuring 1-3 mm, the difference of GI,
      PlI, CI, probing depth, and attachment level between baseline and 3 or 6 months
      after treatment were found statistically significant in each of the three initial
      pocket groups when analyzed individually by ANOVA.

PMID- 2659814
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in the frontal cortex of mice after irradiation: a study
      of dose-rate and field size effect.
AB  - The dd-strain male mice were exposed to a dosage of 50 Gy high energy x-ray from
      a 6-MeV linear accelerator to elucidate the ultrastructural changes in the
      frontal cortex. After a single dose of whole body or head solely irradiation with
      a fixed rate of either 13.0 Gy/min. or 2.0 Gy/min., the frontal cortex was
      removed at different intervals and observed under electron microscope. The
      swelling of the astrocytic process and the damage of vasculoastrocytic units were
      observed with increasing degree following prolonged intervals of irradiation.
      Vacuolization, swelling of mitochondria, and the presence of electron dense
      particles in the cytoplasm of neuroglial cells were observed with these
      alterations being more prominent in the high dose-rate group. In addition,
      persistent degeneration was found in vasculoastrocytic units as well as
      neuroglial cells in this acute stage. Destruction of the presynaptic membrane or
      postsynaptic region, or an increase in number of the synaptic vesicles was not
      seen as time lapsed. Neurons were less vulnerable to radiation. Nerve fibers,
      moreover, seemed to be the most radioresistant at this dosage and high dose-rate
      irradiation.

PMID- 2659815
TI  - [Microbial populations and periodontal condition--evaluation by differential
      phase contrast microscopy].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine correlations between various clinical
      assessments of inflammatory periodontal disease and the proportion of bacterial
      morphotypes in the subgingival flora of sites representing widely varying states
      of periodontal disease. Phase-contrast microscopy was used to determine the
      proportion of varying bacterial morphotypes at 154 sites. For each site the
      following clinical assessments were recorded: gingival index, probing depth,
      plaque index and calculus index. Statistically significant (p less than 0.01)
      positive correlations were found between gingival index and spirochetes or motile
      rods, and between probing depth and spirochetes. Significant negative
      correlations were found between gingival index and coccoid cells, and between
      probing depth and coccoid cells or rods. The significant increase in the
      proportion of spirochetes or motile bacteria occurred when bleeding upon probing
      was observed. The ratio of motile to non-motile cells at advanced disease sites
      was in the vicinity of 1:1. The data obtain in this study may be useful in
      monitoring the effects of various treatment modalities on the periodontal flora
      and may be helpful in determining the presence or absence of active disease.

PMID- 2659816
TI  - Incidence of massive rebleeding from nonbleeding visible vessels in benign
      gastroduodenal lesions and prospective study in assessing the efficacy of
      endoscopic hemostasis with local ethanol injection for prevention of rebleeding.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients presenting with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding in
      whom endoscopy revealed nonbleeding visible vessels in benign gastroduodenal
      lesions were prospectively and nonrandomly allocated to receive endoscopic
      injection therapy with pure ethanol or conservative treatment. Those who received
      conservative therapy were used as a control group. The purpose of this study is
      to evaluate the incidence of massive rebleeding from the nonbleeding visible
      vessel which was defined by a more rigid criteria and to evaluate the efficacy of
      endoscopic pure ethanol local injection to prevent rebleeding. Nine out of the 10
      (90%) controls had recurrent major bleeding, in contrast to the 2/17 (12%) of
      those who received hemostatic endoscopy (p less than 0.0002). Pure ethanol local
      injections also minimized further transfusion requirements (p less than 0.03).
      The complications of hemostatic endoscopy in this study are negligible. It is
      concluded that 1) by restrictive definition nonbleeding visible vessels in benign
      gastroduodenal lesions carry a high potential of recurrent massive bleeding; 2)
      rebleeding can be safely and effectively prevented by pure ethanol local
      injection.

PMID- 2659817
TI  - Stress and cognitive functioning in sport.
AB  - This paper considers the relationship between stress and cognitive functioning
      and discusses some of the concepts and methods that may be adopted to examine the
      relationship between stress and sports performance. It considers only that
      literature that may be relevant to, or furthers, the understanding of sports
      performance under competitive stress. One of the most popular approaches has been
      to explain the relationship in terms of the unidimensional inverted-U hypothesis.
      The validity of this approach to explaining sports performances in specific
      situations is discussed and it is generally concluded that the inverted-U
      hypothesis is too vague and simplistic. The discussion considers multidimensional
      approaches and discusses the suitability and implications of some more recent and
      more complex models of stress and performance which are now available in the
      psychological literature. It is concluded that the relationship between stress
      and sports performance is an extremely complex one and involves the interaction
      between the nature of the stressor, the cognitive demands of the task being
      performed and the psychological characteristics of the individuals performing it.

PMID- 2659818
TI  - Multiple primary malignant neoplasms in the genitourinary tract: occurrence and
      etiology.

PMID- 2659819
TI  - Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and amyloidosis: a rare association.
AB  - The coincidence of systemic amyloidosis and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
      has been reported previously only once. Clinical findings, such as the nephrotic
      syndrome, cardiac and autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and adrenal
      insufficiency, are suggestive and a thorough investigation to rule out other
      causes of secondary amyloidosis is warranted. We report a case of
      xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis associated with secondary systemic amyloidosis
      and the nephrotic syndrome. Treatment consisted of nephrectomy and intensive
      supportive care. The unique clinical, radiographic and pathological aspects of
      this case are discussed.

PMID- 2659820
TI  - Leukemia of the penis.
AB  - Leukemia of the penis is an extremely rare entity. A case involving the distal
      penis is described, and the relevant evaluation and treatment are discussed. Only
      2 other documented cases of penile leukemia are found in the literature.
      Identification and treatment of the underlying etiology are important aspects of
      this unusual disease entity.

PMID- 2659821
TI  - Re: Ureteroneocystostomy in Renal Transplantation: A Simple Transvesical
      Technique.

PMID- 2659822
TI  - Re: The Diagnosis of Neoplasia in Patients with Asymptomatic Microscopic
      Hematuria: A Decision Analysis.

PMID- 2659823
TI  - Plasminogen activators in human prostate cancer cell lines and tumors:
      correlation with the aggressive phenotype.
AB  - The levels of several tumor associated proteases, including plasminogen
      activators (PA), are elevated in many malignant tumors compared to their benign
      tumor counterparts. Extracellular matrix degradation mediated by PA may
      facilitate tumor cell invasion and metastasis. To assess whether PA content
      correlates with the aggressive phenotype in prostate cancer, we studied these
      activators in the PC-3 human prostate cell line and PC-3CALN, an aggressive in
      vivo derived variant cell line. Enzymatic assays using H-D-val-leu-lys-pNA (S
      2251) as substrate and peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical techniques
      were used. In an in vitro chemoinvasion assay, the PC-3CALN variant cell line
      demonstrated significantly greater invasive behavior than the unselected,
      parental PC-3 line. The activity of PA secreted by PC-3CALN cells was 3.5 times
      greater than that of PC-3 cells (p less than 0.01). PC-3 metastases obtained
      following intrasplenic injection of PC-3 cells had greater PA activities than the
      corresponding primary tumors. Immunohistochemical studies of PC-3 tumors
      demonstrated preferential localization of urokinase-type PA to areas of apparent
      tumor cell invasion. These data suggest a correlation between PA and the
      aggressive phenotype in this model of human prostate cancer. PA, in particular u
      PA, may play a role in the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells and
      provide a marker of the aggressive phenotype.

PMID- 2659824
TI  - Microvascular reconstructive "bench" surgery for donor kidneys before
      transplantation: techniques and results.
AB  - Forty kidneys (10 from live donors) with either multiple renal arteries or
      damaged vasculature were reconstructed accurately ex vivo with microsurgical
      techniques before transplantation. The end product in all cases was a kidney
      requiring a single arterial and venous in situ anastomosis. The warm ischemia
      time was minimized by this adjunctive "bench" microsurgery. There was no surgical
      complication relating to the vascular reconstruction. The potential technical and
      hemodynamic benefits of this surgical approach to kidneys with multiple vessels
      are discussed. In addition, some kidneys with damaged vasculature can be salvaged
      for transplantation with microvascular reconstruction.

PMID- 2659825
TI  - Cyclosporine versus azathioprine: a review of 200 consecutive cadaver renal
      transplant recipients.
AB  - Most renal transplant centers report an increase in graft survival when
      cyclosporine is used as a primary immunosuppressant. We report the outcome of 200
      consecutive cadaver renal transplant recipients among whom initial
      immunosuppression and risk factors were similar except for the substitution of
      cyclosporine for azathioprine in the second 100 recipients. Azathioprine-treated
      recipients had significantly increased (p less than 0.05) mean hospital stays
      (31.9 versus 18.3 days), incidence of first rejection episodes (85 versus 31) and
      methylprednisolone dose (3.38 versus 0.06 gm. per patient). Cyclosporine-treated
      recipients had a significantly higher 1-year mean serum creatinine level (1.85
      versus 1.56 mg. per dl.) and 1-year actual graft survival (83 versus 58 per
      cent). Despite mild nephrotoxicity, cyclosporine is superior to azathioprine as a
      primary immunosuppressant in cadaver kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2659826
TI  - Ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the palpably abnormal prostate.
AB  - Ultrasound imaging and ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies were performed
      in 251 consecutive men with abnormal prostates on digital rectal examination. A
      hypoechoic defect on ultrasound was identified in 227 of 251 patients (90 per
      cent) corresponding to the area of palpable nodularity or abnormal firmness. A
      mean of 6.25 biopsies were obtained per patient using a commercially available
      spring-loaded gun. Biopsies were positive for cancer in 165 of the 251 prostates
      (66 per cent). Palpable nodules more often were hypoechoic and more often
      contained cancer than less distinct areas of abnormal firmness on digital
      examination. Among the clinical stages B1, B2 and B3 nodules 70, 76 and 88 per
      cent, respectively, were positive for cancer, as were 100 per cent of the
      clinical stage C prostates. Of 77 abnormally firm, nonnodular prostates 36 per
      cent were positive for cancer. Random biopsy of the contralateral normal lobe in
      56 men with clinical stage B1 or B2 nodules showed cancer present contralaterally
      in 42 and 60 per cent, respectively; 20 per cent had positive biopsies despite a
      contralateral isoechoic ultrasound. In 78 patients with prior digitally guided
      biopsies, ultrasound guided biopsies confirmed previously diagnosed cancers in 94
      per cent. However, in 23 of 43 patients (53 per cent) with previous negative
      digitally guided biopsies, ultrasound guided biopsies made the new diagnosis of
      cancer. Complications, including post-biopsy fever and bleeding, occurred in 6 of
      251 patients (2.4 per cent). The combination of the new spring-loaded biopsy guns
      and transrectal ultrasound guidance of biopsies provides the urologist with a
      tool that allows multiple prostate cores to be obtained safely and painlessly,
      reducing the sampling error and increasing the accuracy in diagnosing prostate
      cancer in the man with a palpable abnormality of the prostate.

PMID- 2659827
TI  - Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of
      the prostate.
AB  - Random systematic ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate
      were compared to directed biopsies of specific hypoechoic defects in 136 men with
      abnormal prostates on digital rectal examination. Prostate cancer was diagnosed
      in 83 of 136 patients (62 per cent). In 80 of 83 individuals (94 per cent) the
      cancer was detected by random systematic biopsies alone. Of 57 men in whom random
      systematic and directed biopsies were obtained the results of biopsy agreed in 86
      per cent, while in 9 per cent random systematic biopsies found cancers missed by
      directed biopsies and in 5 per cent directed biopsies diagnosed cancers missed by
      random systematic prostate biopsies. Ultrasound guided random systematic biopsy
      is simple and easily learned. When combined with additional directed biopsies of
      the rare hypoechoic areas not included in the pattern of systematic sampling, it
      provides a highly accurate means to diagnose prostate cancer, minimizing observer
      and sampling errors. This technique of prostate mapping with 6, 1.5 cm. cores
      provides valuable additional information on cancer volume, Gleason grade and the
      potential location of surgically positive margins, all without compromising the
      operation or the chance for a surgical cure.

PMID- 2659828
TI  - The appearance of prostate cancer on transrectal ultrasonography: correlation of
      imaging and pathological examinations.
AB  - Preoperative transrectal ultrasonograms in 70 patients who underwent radical
      prostatectomy were compared retrospectively to the histological features of whole
      mount sections of the surgical specimens. In 42 cases (60 per cent) the tumor
      could be appreciated as a hypoechoic area on the sonogram. In only 1 case did the
      tumor appear as a hyperechoic area. In the other 27 cases (39 per cent) the tumor
      was isoechoic and could not be distinguished clearly from the surrounding tissue.
      The smallest tumor visualized sonographically measured 4.4 mm. in diameter in the
      surgical specimen. There was a statistically significant correlation among tumor
      echogenicity, the actual tumor size and the Gleason grade. Although there was a
      linear correlation between the size (maximum diameter) of the tumor measured by
      ultrasound and that determined from the histological sections, ultrasonography
      generally underestimated the size of the tumor, with the maximum diameter
      measured sonographically being approximately 4.8 mm. smaller than the diameter
      measured in the whole mount sections. Of 25 nonpalpable (stage A) tumors 9 (36
      per cent) were visualized on ultrasound, while of 45 palpable (stage B) tumors 11
      (21 per cent) were not. Although most clinically recognized tumors can be
      appreciated sonographically, the tumors that are visualized tend to be larger,
      less well differentiated and palpable. These features favor the use of sonography
      to stage and monitor established prostate cancers, and suggest that tumors
      detected by sonography in an early detection program are likely to be clinically
      important cancers.

PMID- 2659829
TI  - High dose ketoconazole for the treatment of hormone refractory metastatic
      prostate carcinoma: 16 cases and review of the literature.
AB  - We treated 16 patients who had hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer with
      400 mg. ketoconazole orally every 8 hours. None of the patients had an objective
      response, although 6 (37.5 per cent) had stable disease (2 of whom had a
      subjective decrease in bone pain). The median duration of stable disease was 6.8
      months (range 2 to 12 months) and side effects were seen in 14 patients. Nausea,
      vomiting or anorexia was noted in 10 patients, rash and pruritus in 2, transient
      abnormal liver function tests in 1 and transient pulmonary infiltrates in 1. Nine
      prior studies investigating the use of ketoconazole in hormone refractory
      metastatic prostate cancer were reviewed. Only 1 complete response was reported.
      A partial response was noted in 14 per cent of the patients. Most of the patients
      had stable or progressive disease. High dose ketoconazole as a single agent
      appears to have limited use in patients who have failed prior systemic therapy.

PMID- 2659831
TI  - Two new approaches to liver transplantation: one organ, two patients...two
      organs, one patient.

PMID- 2659830
TI  - Newly approved organ preservation solution puts longer life in liver grafts.

PMID- 2659832
TI  - Gene therapy 'prelude' under way.

PMID- 2659833
TI  - Cough related to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition.

PMID- 2659834
TI  - VA--medical school affiliations: an unfair partnership.

PMID- 2659835
TI  - Is alcoholism a disease?

PMID- 2659836
TI  - Patient satisfaction among elderly enrollees and disenrollees in Medicare health
      maintenance organizations. Results from the National Medicare Competition
      Evaluation.
AB  - More than 1 million Medicare beneficiaries have enrolled in health maintenance
      organizations (HMOs) and competitive medical plans under a new program in which
      beneficiaries can freely enroll in a risk-based HMO in their area or remain in
      the fee-for-service sector under Medicare. Based on a randomly selected
      nationwide sample of beneficiaries, we analyzed differences in patient
      satisfaction between 2091 beneficiaries who were continuously enrolled in an HMO
      plan for 1 year and 1000 beneficiaries in the fee-for-service sector. We also
      studied the reasons for disenrollment. No significant difference in overall
      satisfaction was found between HMO enrollees and fee-for-service beneficiaries.
      However, HMO enrollees expressed less satisfaction compared with fee-for-service
      beneficiaries regarding the professional competence of their health care
      providers and the willingness of the HMO staff to discuss problems. On the other
      hand, HMO enrollees were more satisfied than fee-for-service beneficiaries with
      waiting times and claims processing. Approximately half of the disenrollment from
      an HMO within 1 year was attributed to misunderstanding the terms of enrollment.

PMID- 2659837
TI  - Adolescent pregnancy and its consequences.
AB  - The consequences of childbearing for adolescent parents, their children, and
      society are severe. We have focused exclusively on one consequence of adolescent
      sexual activity, namely, pregnancy. In so doing we are not denying the presence
      of other serious consequences of sexual activity, including sexually transmitted
      diseases, particularly the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. For almost all
      young people, pregnancy should be prevented or at least delayed. Prevention is
      difficult, however, because it involves understanding the complexities of
      adolescence as a stage in the development of the individual. It also requires
      increased understanding of the behavioral and cultural origins of adolescent
      sexual activity and pregnancy. Physicians are among those with a reasonable
      understanding of the individual and societal factors that influence the sexual
      activity of adolescents. Because of their contacts with patients and families,
      including adolescents, they are in a pivotal position to recognize early sexual
      activity, to counsel young people about ways to prevent pregnancy, and to
      prescribe contraceptives when appropriate. Physicians should consider taking
      leadership positions in the community in both educational efforts and preventive
      services. In some communities, physicians work closely with educators in
      developing and teaching family life programs in the schools. They also are in
      influential positions to improve the availability of preventive contraceptive
      services through development of community-based services. The Robert Wood Johnson
      High-Risk Youth Programs are an excellent example of the types of community-based
      services that should be provided for adolescents. Physicians can serve as an
      educational resource about a wide spectrum of health issues for young persons and
      their families and communities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659838
TI  - The prevention of adolescent pregnancy.
AB  - Adolescent pregnancy is best prevented. Prevention, however, is problematic,
      because adolescents become biologically mature at an earlier age today than in
      past generations. Most adolescents are still psychologically immature when they
      initiate sexual activity. Delayed initiation of sexual activity during
      adolescence, therefore, is the ideal solution. Physicians are an important
      resource in encouraging responsible sexual behavior and preventing adolescent
      pregnancy and in guiding the patient and her family when adolescent pregnancy
      does occur. Physicians can provide age-appropriate contraceptive services and
      adolescent prenatal and postpartum services. They can also participate actively
      in community-based sex and family life educational programs as knowledgeable and
      respected sources of information and guidance.

PMID- 2659839
TI  - [A case report of hypoxia in a child after renal transplantation].
AB  - A 4 year-old boy underwent renal transplantation and the kidney was given by his
      mother. Anesthesia was induced slowly with halothane and nitrous oxide in oxygen.
      The trachea was intubated with pancuronium and the anesthesia was switched to
      neurolept anesthesia. Blood, plasmanate and crystalloid were infused in order to
      increase the circulatory blood volume measuring the CVP before the kidney was
      transplanted because it was so large for the child that it could not be perfused
      adequately. The spontaneous breathing and soon the recovery followed immediately
      after the end of operation. However, the patient became hypoxic on the next day
      probably due to the aspiration of gastric juice. He recovered from hypoxia after
      3 days since the aspiration pneumonia was not severe. When the adult kidney is
      transplanted into a very small child, gastric juice can easily be regurgitated
      because of the high intraabdominal pressure. Therefore, we must be careful when a
      child undergoes renal transplantation.

PMID- 2659840
TI  - [Outline of proliferative disorders in the mononuclear phagocytic system--true
      histiocytic lymphoma].

PMID- 2659841
TI  - [Pathogenesis of Behcet's disease].

PMID- 2659842
TI  - [Unification of the TNM system].

PMID- 2659843
TI  - [Lysosomal disorders: present and future].

PMID- 2659844
TI  - [Delta infection in Japan].

PMID- 2659845
TI  - Preoperative ultrasonography screening for liver metastases of patients with
      colorectal cancer.
AB  - The clinical value of preoperative ultrasonography in screening for synchronous
      liver metastases was prospectively evaluated in 338 patients with colorectal
      cancer. Synchronous liver metastases were observed at laparotomy in 11.5%
      (39/338) of the patients. The liver metastases had been found by preoperative
      ultrasonography in 30 patients and missed in nine. The overall accuracy rate,
      sensitivity and specificity, and the positive and negative predictive values of
      this modality were 0.970, 0.769, 0.997, 0.968 and 0.971, respectively. In
      detecting liver metastases, the results were superior to those of biochemical
      blood tests and measurements of carcinoembryonic antigen serum levels. The
      accuracy of the ultrasonography was also superior to that of these other tests
      combined. The results indicate ultrasonography to be an indispensable
      preoperative examination for patients with colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2659846
TI  - The natural history of early gastric cancer.

PMID- 2659847
TI  - [Chromosomal abnormality in leukemia].

PMID- 2659848
TI  - [Beta 2-microglobulin of peripheral blood mononuclear cells measured by enzyme
      immunoassay using microplate].

PMID- 2659850
TI  - [A case of primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with ulcerative colitis and
      polyarthritis].

PMID- 2659849
TI  - [Effect of spirometric maneuver on methacholine provocation test in asthmatic
      patients and normal subjects].

PMID- 2659851
TI  - [A case with recurrent hyperlipidemia and acute pancreatitis in times of
      pregnancies].

PMID- 2659852
TI  - [Familial occurrence of ulcerative colitis--a case report with a review of the
      Japanese literature].

PMID- 2659853
TI  - [Metabolic products of technetium human serum albumin D (99mTc) in the human
      blood and urine].

PMID- 2659854
TI  - Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura in patients with Sjogren's syndrome: a report of
      nine cases and a review of the Japanese literature.
AB  - Nine patients with hypergammaglobulinemic purpura associated with primary
      Sjogren's syndrome were presented. All patients were female (mean age 45.6) and
      showed recurrent purpura on the lower extremities and typical findings of
      Sjogren's syndrome with high gammaglobulin and IgG levels, rheumatoid factors,
      anti-SSA/SSB antibodies (5/5) and anti-nuclear antibodies (6/9). Vasculitis was
      seen in 6 patients, 4 were of the mononuclear cell type and 2 of the neutrophilic
      cell type. Six patients had intermediate complexes between 7S and 19S shown by
      serum ultracentrifugation. Immunofluorescent staining showed immunoglobulin
      deposition along the blood vessel walls of the skin in these patients. These data
      suggest that hypergammaglobulinemic purpura in Sjogren's syndrome is vasculitis
      caused by immunologic processes.

PMID- 2659855
TI  - Electrophoretic studies of muscle proteins in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and
      other neuromuscular disorders--with special reference to the change of
      dystrophin.
AB  - We studied total SDS-solubilized muscle proteins (TMP) of Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy (DMD) and other neuromuscular disorders, with special attention to the
      change of dystrophin suspected of being the product of DMD locus. SDS gel
      electrophoresis of DMD patients showed an absence of band 5 and an extreme
      faintness of band 2 with a decrease of band 4', 5', and 5''. Immunoblot analysis,
      using anti-dystrophin antibodies (anti-30 kd and anti-60 kd polyclonals), showed
      an absence of dystrophin in all 6 DMD cases. In other neuromuscular disorders,
      there was no change of TMP, and dystrophin was clearly detectable. To elucidate
      the degenerative mechanism of DMD muscle, further studies, including the problem
      of clarifying the physiological role of dystrophin, are necessary.

PMID- 2659856
TI  - Acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis associated with echovirus 9 infection:
      a case report and review of literature.
AB  - The occurrence of rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure associated with viral
      infections is uncommon. We report a case of a 17-year-old female suffering from
      rhabdomyolysis caused by echovirus 9 in which the patient recovered after being
      treated for acute renal failure with hemodialysis. Among 42 cases of virus
      induced rhabdomyolysis review in Japanese and English literatures, influenza
      virus is the most common cause of rhabdomyolysis, coxsackie virus tends to be
      next most common cause. Renal failure was recognized in 31 of the cases.

PMID- 2659857
TI  - Choice of antihypertensive agents in hemodynamic aspects to match pathophysiology
      and pharmacology in essential hypertension.

PMID- 2659858
TI  - The effects of antihypertensive drugs on serum lipids and lipoproteins in
      patients with mild to moderate hypertension.

PMID- 2659859
TI  - Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in rats: isolation of S-antigen, EAU
      susceptibility of rat strains, genetic control of EAU induction, and effects of
      cyclophosphamide and irradiation on EAU.
AB  - Highly purified S-antigen was isolated from bovine retinas by high performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC), and was used to induce experimental autoimmune
      uveoretinitis (EAU) in various rat strains. Studies were then made of the genetic
      control of EAU, the effects of cyclophosphamide or irradiation on EAU, and the
      correlation between the EAU incidence and the serum levels of antibody to S
      antigen. Lewis rats were the most susceptible to EAU followed by Wistar rats.
      F344 rats and BN rats were resistant to EAU. (Lewis X BN)F1 rats and (LBNF1 X
      Lewis) rats were susceptible to EAU, while (LBNF1 X BN) rats were resistant.
      These results indicate that susceptibility to EAU was inherited as an autosomal
      dominant trait. Treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide or irradiation (200
      rad/rat) on the day before immunization markedly suppressed EAU development. On
      the other hand, the same dose of irradiation 7 days after the immunization did
      not affect the disease induction, yet the antibody levels to S-antigen were very
      high in the rats. In addition, BN rats resistant to EAU exhibited very high
      levels of antibody to S-antigen. Therefore, the antibody to S-antigen seems to
      play a minor role, if any, in the immunopathogenic mechanisms of EAU.

PMID- 2659860
TI  - Immunofluorescence studies of the cytoskeletal and contractile elements in
      cultured human trabecular cells.
AB  - Characteristics of the distribution of cytoskeletal and contractile elements in
      cultured human trabecular cells were studied using the immunofluorescence method.
      Actin microfilaments exhibited stress fiber images which were observed throughout
      the cell body in a parallel pattern and were concentrated in the cell periphery.
      Myosin also revealed stress fibers with a distribution corresponding to actin
      distribution. Vimentin intermediate filaments and microtubules were stained in a
      filamentous pattern radiating from near the nucleus to the cell periphery. These
      intermediate filaments and microtubules were more densely and more abundantly
      observed throughout the cytoplasm in the cultured human trabecular cells than in
      the cultured human skin fibroblasts. These results suggest that the trabecular
      cell cytoskeleton plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity
      and normal function of the trabecular meshwork.

PMID- 2659861
TI  - Effect of buflomedil (4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-(2,4,6-trimethoxy phenyl)-1-butanone
      hydrochloride) on the function of striatal dopaminergic neurons.
AB  - Effect of buflomedil (4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-(2,4,6-trimethoxy phenyl)-1-butanone
      hydrochloride) on the release and uptake of dopamine (DA) and the function of DA
      receptors in the striatum was investigated using male Wistar rats. In vitro
      addition of buflomedil (10(-5)-10(-8) M) had no effect on the uptake of [3H]-DA
      in striatal slices. On the other hand, buflomedil (10(-5)-10(-7) M) increased the
      spontaneous as well as high K+ (30 mM)-evoked releases of [3H]DA from striatal
      slices. Buflomedil inhibited the bindings of [3H]SCH23390, [3H]spiperone and
      [3H]apomorphine to striatal D1, D2 and D3 receptors only at a high concentration.
      On the other hand, buflomedil inhibited [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding
      to striatal muscarinic cholinergic receptors, which was similar to the action of
      carbachol. Pretreatment with scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) in vivo inhibited the
      facilitation of striatal DA turnover induced by oral administration of buflomedil
      (300 mg/kg). In contrast, continuous oral administration of buflomedil (30 mg/kg
      x 7 days) to rats had no significant effect on the specific bindings of
      [3H]SCH23390, [3H]spiperone, [3H]apomorphine and [3H]QNB to synaptic membrane
      preparations obtained from the striatum. These results suggest that buflomedil
      may enhance striatal DA release by stimulating muscarinic cholinergic receptor
      and that DA receptors may not be involved in the enhancing effect of buflomedil
      on DA release.

PMID- 2659862
TI  - Esophageal cancer from the German point of view.
AB  - Although there are no differences worth mentioning between esophageal cancer in
      Japan and in Europe regarding epidemiology, tumor stages at the beginning of
      therapy and surgical selection. In Japan, early esophageal squamous cell
      carcinoma is more often diagnosed than in Europe where esophageal adenocarcinoma,
      especially that of the endobrachyesophagus, is becoming more and more relevant.
      For a long time, the limiting factor for the prognosis of esophageal cancer was
      the postoperative lethality. However, by carefully analysing the factors
      influencing this operative lethality over the last few years, the lethality
      following esophagectomy has been decreased to approximately 15 per cent. In fact,
      in some specialized centers, the lethality is now less than 10 per cent and in
      selected patient groups even 3 per cent has been reached. It is only through this
      achievement that the prognosis for esophageal cancer has been able to be markedly
      improved. The results of this analysis can be detailed as follows: 1) The
      preoperative definition of tumor stage by CT or MRI is not reliable, the validity
      being between 45 per cent and 73 per cent. Therefore, no therapeutical decision
      can be made on the basis of these diagnostic procedures. Hopefully the
      intraluminal ultrasound will improve this situation in the future. 2) The
      analysis of preoperative nutritional status did not allow a definition of risk
      groups. 3) Decisive improvements were able to be achieved by the standardising of
      surgical procedures and indications. Enbloc resection is indicated for all
      intrathoracic squamous cell carcinomas and accounts for a high percentage of RO
      resections. The blunt dissection is especially appropriate for distal
      adenocarcinomas. 4) Endobronchial one-sided ventilation during the operation and
      prophylatic assisted ventilation have both decreased the pulmonary risk
      considerably. A further improvement in the prognosis of esophageal carcinoma can
      possibly be achieved by the preoperative identification of advanced tumors
      (T3/T4) and preoperatively treating these tumor types accordingly. From our own
      experience, we believe combined radio-chemotherapy could be successful.

PMID- 2659863
TI  - Gas-containing pyogenic liver abscess--a case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - The incidence of gas-containing pyogenic liver abscess is exceedingly rare. We
      report herein, a case of a 36-year-old Japanese woman with a gas-containing
      pyogenic liver abscess associated with diabetes mellitus and cholelithiasis. An
      abdominal plain X-ray film, which showed a fine air-fluid level in the liver at
      an up-right position, enabled us to easily diagnosed a gas-containing liver
      abscess. Echo-guide percutaneous drainage revealed the organism to be Escherichia
      coli, however, although this treatment has recently been employed often in the
      treatment of pyogenic liver abscesses, especially single abscesses, it did not
      prove effective in this case. We finally cured the gas-containing pyogenic liver
      abscess by operative drainage.

PMID- 2659864
TI  - Quadricuspid aortic valve--report of a case associated with severe aortic
      regurgitation and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of a 59-year-old woman who had a quadricuspid aortic valve associated with
      severe aortic regurgitation is reported herein. The anomaly was revealed by
      aortography, after which the incompetent valve was excised and replaced by a St.
      Jude Medical prosthesis. A quadricuspid aortic valve must be considered as a
      malformation which leads to severe valve failure in later life.

PMID- 2659865
TI  - The general rules for the clinical and pathological study of primary liver
      cancer. Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan.

PMID- 2659866
TI  - [A case of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava].
AB  - Primary leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava is rare and fatal. A 15-year-old
      female was admitted with the diagnosis of the right atrial myxoma associated with
      the Budd-Chiari syndrome. The tumor of the IVC was unresectable, although the
      right atrial tumor extended from the IVC was extirpated. Pathological examination
      of the tumor revealed a leiomyosarcoma. She was hemodynamically improved
      immediately after the operation. But she was expired due to the hepatic failure 9
      days postoperatively. No autopsy was obtained. The literature regarding with
      leiomyosarcoma of the IVC was briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2659867
TI  - [Aneurysm of non fistulous ductus arteriosus in the adult: a case report].
AB  - A 64-year-old woman was admitted because of abnormal shadow in the chest X-ray
      film. A cystic aneurysm at the proximal portion of the descending aorta was
      clearly confirmed by CT and aortography. At the time of operation, an aneurysm of
      ductus arteriosus, of which lumen was filled by thrombus was recognized. The
      aneurysm was successfully resected and defect of the aortic wall was covered with
      Dacron patch. Postoperative course was uneventful. This is so rare disease that
      this patient is the second operated case in Japan.

PMID- 2659868
TI  - [Urinary calculous disease--a saga of urological field in Japan].
AB  - The management of urinary calculous disease has been a treasured place also in
      urological history of Japan. Recently, innovatory procedures for stone removal
      have been introduced and the excellent advances of Endourology and ESWL
      (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy) revolutionized the surgical treatment of
      renal calculous disease. However, some thoughtful members of urologists have been
      afraid that the majority of the urological surgeons might believe if they have
      already completed the treatment of urolithiasis and succeeded the resolution on
      the patients with renal calculous disease. Now, I will write a saga of the
      investigations of this interesting and still important subject in the urological
      field of Japan, looking back my own way who have been interested in urolithiasis
      treatment and also its prophylaxis. The goal of the treatment for urinary
      calculous patients should be the prevention of recurrent stone formation because
      the surgical treatment is only the removal of existing stones, even recent
      advance of innovatory procedures could confer the less invasive benefits on
      urinary calculous patients. Some selective medical treatment programs have been
      introduced and emerged therapeutic importance to the prevention of renal stone
      formation and more will have elaborated in the future. Several investigations on
      the difficult mechanisms of stone formation have been also vigorously
      accomplishing by some urologists in Japan. I hope that I would anticipate what is
      to come on the entire solution of the precise mechanism of stone formation and
      ultimate control of urolithiasis by successional young urologic investigators in
      near future.

PMID- 2659869
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of M-VAC chemotherapy (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin
      and cisplatin) for advanced urothelial cancer].
AB  - Combination chemotherapy with methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin and cisplatin
      (M-VAC regimen) was administered to 12 patients with advanced epithelial cancer
      of the urinary tract in a clinical trial undertaken to assess clinical efficacy
      of this multiagent therapy. This series comprised 11 males and 1 female ranging
      in age from 46 to 76 years (mean age: 63), with performance status (PS) being
      rated 0 in 2, 1 in 5, 2 in 2, 3 in 2 and 4 in 1 of these 12 patients. The site of
      primary lesion was bladder in 8, renal pelvis in 3 and ureter in 1.
      Histologically, these tumors were all identified as transitional cell carcinoma
      (grade 3) with the exception of 1 mixed type (transitional cell carcinoma plus
      squamous carcinoma). Nine of the patients had already their primary tumor
      resected surgically while the remaining 3 had undergone only biopsy. The site of
      metastasis was lung in 7, bone in 4 and lymph nodes in 3. In consideration of the
      patients' general condition, the dosages of the chemotherapeutic agents were set
      at 80% of those recommended by Sternberg. Of the 9 patients with primary tumor
      resected, 1 died of chemotherapy; of the remaining 9 patients, the M-VAC regimen
      brought about CR in 1 and PR in 4, hence with a response rate of 62.5%. The 4
      patients showing PR underwent surgical resection of residual tumor and 2 of them
      achieved CR and have been free of a recurrence during a 33- or 29-month period of
      the chemotherapeutic regimen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659870
TI  - [Renal autotransplantation and extra-corporeal surgery].
AB  - Renal autotransplantation with/without extra-corporeal surgery was performed in
      53 patients between September, 1975 and december, 1987. Original disease was
      obstructive disease of the upper urinary tract in 25 patients, renovascular
      hypertension and renal vascular disease in 13, renal calculous disease in 12 and
      renal cell carcinoma in 3. Ten of the 53 patients had solitary kidneys. Three
      patients died on 14, 21 and 49 postoperative days of massive bleeding with
      disseminated intravascular coagulopathy caused by the rupture of transplant
      arterial anastomosis (1 patient with urinary obstructive disease) and sepsis
      caused by wound infection (2 patients with renal calculous disease). Two kidneys
      were removed on operative day and 8 postoperative days due to arterial thrombosis
      in 2 patients with aneurysm of intrarenal artery. The deterioration of renal
      function was observed in previously damaged kidneys of two patients with
      extensively damaged ureter. No other severe complications were observed. In 23 of
      24 patients with the obstructive disease of the upper urinary tract,
      disappearance or improvement of the obstructive change was observed after
      surgery. All 5 patients with renovascular hypertension showed normo-tension
      without administration of antihypertensive drugs after surgery. In 3 of 5
      patients with an aneurysm of the intrarenal artery, the aneurysm was removed and
      reconstruction of the artery was performed successfully. Two patients with
      arterio-venous fistula and one patient with nut cracker syndrome had no severe
      hematuria with bladder tamponade after surgery. Ten of 12 patients with renal
      calculous disease were treated successfully without residual calculi by this
      procedure. Three patients who had solitary kidney with renal cell carcinoma were
      treated successfully by this procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659871
TI  - [Usefulness of ultrasonography in follow-up of postoperative pelviureteric
      dilatation in children].
AB  - To determine the availability of ultrasonography in follow-up of postoperative
      pelviureteric dilatation, 35 children, who had previously been operated on in
      some part of the urinary tract, were examined by both excretory urography and
      ultrasonography. Of 59 kidneys shown to be with a dilated collecting system on
      excretory urography, 58 were correctly detected by ultrasonography, with a
      sensitivity of 98.3%. The grade of dilatation of the collecting system diagnosed
      by ultrasonography was corresponded to that by excretory urography in 99 of 123
      kidneys [80.5%). At the level of the lower calyx, 40 of 43 ureters which measured
      5 mm or greater in diameter on excretory urogram, were detected by
      ultrasonography. Thirty of 36 ureters posterior to the bladder with a diameter of
      over 5 mm were also detected by ultrasonography. The diameters of the ureters
      measured by ultrasonography were well correlated with those on excretory urogram.
      These results suggest that the availability of ultrasonography is so high that it
      could substitute for excretory urography in follow-up of postoperative
      hydronephroureter in children.

PMID- 2659872
TI  - [Histochemical study on glutathione S-transferase in patients with testicular
      tumor].
AB  - Tumor tissue and nontumorous tissue of 31 patients with testicular tumor were
      examined by the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) procedure using the primary
      antibody against glutathione S-transferase (GST). Histology of primary tumor was
      classified as seminoma in 10 cases, non-seminoma in 18 (including 2 cases of yolk
      sac tumor), and malignant lymphoma in 3. Tumorous tissues except one with yolk
      sac tumor failed to be stained with GST. The seminiferous tubules of the
      nontumorous testicular tissue had a positive reaction in the infant cases, but
      not in the adult cases. The degenerated seminiferous tubules involved in the
      testicular tumors also had a positive reaction in all the cases. Leydig cells had
      a positive reaction in all the cases. In particular, diffuse Leydig cell's
      hyperplasia was observed in a case with high serum beta hCG and urinary hCG
      levels. These data may be relevant in explaining the inherent hypofertility of
      these patients.

PMID- 2659873
TI  - [Development and treatment of respiratory failure due to tuberculosis].
AB  - Though the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of tuberculosis have decreased so
      quickly in last thirty years in Japan, we still have many persons suffering from
      so called tuberculosis sequelae who complain pulmonary symptoms, particularly
      respiratory failure. As I have been studying this problems for last many years as
      a part of tuberculosis treatment, I would like to summarize the present status of
      the problem. 1) Acute respiratory failure is observed in DIC followed by miliary
      tuberculosis and in far advanced cases. 2) Chronic respiratory failure is common
      in pulmonary tuberculosis sequelae. Sexual ratio, male to female is three to two
      and average age is 60.5. It is quite reasonable that advanced restrictive
      failure, %VC less than 40%, occurs in 70% of all cases, but obstructive
      disturbance, FEV1.0% less than 55%, was also observed in 40% of cases. It is
      still not so clear why tuberculosis sequelae shows obstructive ventilatory
      failure, but the response to obstruction with the administration of beta
      stimulant is observed. Advanced hypoxemia, PaO2 less than 50 Torr, is observed in
      30% and hypercapnea is observed in 70% of total cases. Clinical right heart
      disturbance is observed in 80% of cases. 3) Based on to calculation from the
      number of interval organ failure and questionnaire to hospitals, the number of
      persons suffering from respiratory failure is estimated at 20 per 100,000, and it
      is presumed that the prevalence of respiratory failure will begin to decrease in
      two to five years later. 4) Pulmonary hypertension, mPA 28.8 mmHg, and higher
      PVR, 402, are observed in 90 catheterized cases. alpha-NA Peptide in serum and
      ACT, RVET by echocardiogram are well related to the value of mPA. 5) Average
      accumulated survival rate is 50% after three years, and it related closely with
      PaO2. 6) Long term oxygen therapy is the most reasonable and practical treatment
      for not only to increase the life span but also to improve QOL of the patient.
      Exercise training is also effective. Almitrine (clinical trial base in Japan),
      Doxopram and other drugs are effective to recover hypoxemia and to improve
      pulmonary hypertension. Home mechanical ventilation just started in Japan, and
      two cases for tuberculosis sequelae are reported. In persons suffering from
      respiratory failure, special consideration should be made on the treatment of
      complications, for example abdominal surgery. 7) Social measures, for example,
      residence with sheltered workshop and vocational training center are quite
      important to care the respiratory failure due to tuberculosis sequelae. Profile
      and follow up study of the residence and the training center are
      reported.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2659874
TI  - [Anti-arrhythmia effectiveness of phosphobion and finoptin in the treatment of
      atrioventricular retrograde paroxysmal tachycardia].
AB  - Forty-four cases of induced atrioventricular retrograde paroxysmal tachycardia
      (AVRPT) were studied. AVRPT was provoked by means of frequent esophageal
      stimulation of the left atrium. During the study, records from the external and
      esophageal ECG leads were taken. Administration of 10 mg finoptin controlled the
      AVRPT attack in 86.7% of cases, and the administration of 10 mg fosfobion, in
      76.2%. Antegrade block of echo impulse conduction through the atrioventricular
      node was the electrophysiologic mechanism of AVRPT control in all cases. The time
      needed to control the attack by the above-mentioned drugs ranged from a few
      seconds to 5 minutes. Changes of atrioventricular conductivity and patients'
      subjective sensations were more marked where fosfobion was used.

PMID- 2659875
TI  - [Effect of nifedipine (corinfar) on cerebrovascular circulation in patients with
      exertion-induced stenocardia].
AB  - Headache as a side effect of corinfar treatment courses for angina of effort was
      more commonly seen in patients with pretreatment dystonic rheoencephalographic
      changes. A single corinfar dose produced a drop of venous tone. Corinfar
      associated headache was less common in patients after long-term treatment with
      high-dose nitroglycerin.

PMID- 2659876
TI  - [Comparative anti-angina effectiveness of metoprolol and propranolol].
AB  - A study of comparative antianginal efficiency of metoprolol (betaloc) and
      propranolol (anaprilin) in 30 patients with angina of effort, receiving single
      doses and courses of the treatment, demonstrated similar efficiency of the two
      drugs in 63.3% of the patients. In 30%, antianginal effect of metoprolol was
      superior to that of propranolol. Prognosis of treatment efficiency on the basis
      of an acute pharmacologic test was possible in 93.3% of cases with metoprolol,
      and in 83.3% with propranolol. The results of the acute pharmacological test help
      to substantiate its dose and schedule of administration.

PMID- 2659877
TI  - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of corinfar in patients with ischemic heart
      disease using a method of repeated transesophageal electric stimulation of the
      left atrium].
AB  - The efficiency of 20 mg corinfar, administered sublingually, was assessed by
      means of esophageal left-atrial electrostimulation (EES) in 49 coronary patients
      with angina of functional classes 1 through 4. The antiischemic effect of
      corinfar was evaluated within 30 min after the administration in 27 patients and
      within 1 hour after the administration in 22 patients. To assess the
      reproducibility of the results, repeated EES was performed in 11 patients,
      treated with placebo this time. Corinfar was shown to have a good antiischemic
      effect 1 hour after sublingual administration, with the maximum induced heart
      rate rising from 130 to 147 beats per minute and the total duration of the
      stimulation increasing from 232 to 308 seconds. It is demonstrated that paired
      EES may be used for the assessment of corinfar efficiency in coronary patients.

PMID- 2659878
TI  - [Clinical course, diagnosis and results of surgical treatment of pathology of the
      brachiocephalic branches].
AB  - The results of surgical treatment are analyzed in 214 patients with
      brachiocephalic vascular pathology. Cerebral circulation disorders were detected
      in 163 patients. The more common causes of brachiocephalic affection were
      atherosclerosis (30.4%), the kinking syndrome (26.6%), nonspecific aortoarteritis
      (18.7%) and neurovascular syndromes (18.7%). Positive results were obtained in
      86.5%. There was no effect in 9.8%. Eight (3.7%) patients died postoperatively,
      while complications developed in 21 (9.6%). Comparative data on surgical and
      conservative treatment for cerebral circulation disorders are presented.

PMID- 2659879
TI  - [Use of the method of immunoenzyme analysis of digoxin in clinical practice].

PMID- 2659880
TI  - [Possibilities of Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of aorto-iliac
      occlusive diseases].

PMID- 2659881
TI  - Energy deficiency, calcium overload or oxidative stress: possible causes of
      irreversible ischemic myocardial injury.
AB  - After prolonged ischemia or hypoxia myocardial injury is not reversed but
      exacerbated by a resupply of the tissue with oxygen and substrates. The mechanism
      by which reversible ischemic or hypoxic myocardial injury becomes irreversible is
      not yet understood. It has been debated whether "reperfusion injury" merely
      uncovers pre-existing irreversible injury, or is indeed caused by the
      reperfusion/reoxygenation process. In recent years, three theories have been
      discussed that relate the onset of irreversibility either to: a critical energy
      loss; a critical accumulation of cellular calcium; or to the deleterious effects
      of free radical formation. In certain experimental models for each of these
      theories favourable results have been obtained. Current research suggests that
      absolute reversibility thresholds in energy depletion or calcium accumulation in
      the ischemic or hypoxic cell do not exist. A key role of free radical injury for
      reperfusion injury must also be questioned. There is, however, evidence that in
      tissue reversibility of ischemic cardiomyocyte injury is limited by conditions
      that make calcium-induced hypercontracture upon reoxygenation unavoidable. This
      occurs when, by hypercontracture, mutual mechanical disruption of the cells
      destroys the tissue. From isolated cardiomyocytes that are able to metabolically
      survive hypercontracture it has been observed that these metabolic conditions do
      not represent the last biological possibility to reverse injury.

PMID- 2659882
TI  - Urinary LDH-release for evaluation of postischemic renal function.
AB  - Following renal ischemia under protection, the perfusion of the tubular system
      increases concomitant to the rise of GFR. The transport into urine of enzymes
      entering the tubular lumen due to ischemic injury is dependent on tubular flow.
      Thus, we examined if in the early postischemic phase urinary enzyme
      determinations can contribute to the evaluation of the ischemic injury despite
      the interference of a changing tubular washout. Canine kidneys were perfused with
      different protective solutions and subsequently rendered ischemic. From the
      beginning of reperfusion the endogenous creatinine clearance, the urine minute
      volume and the urinary LDH-concentration were determined. The urinary LDH
      concentration allowed only a rough assessment of renal ischemic damage. The
      adjustment of the urinary LDH amounts to the GFR resulted in a better graduation
      according to the ischemic stress. With such a standardized LDH parameter the
      urinary LDH release was somewhat lower on the average when L-aspartate was added
      to the HTK solution in place of chloride. In conclusion, during the early
      postischemic recovery after renal protection the examination of the urinary
      enzyme release may be a useful diagnostic means for the assessment of the extent
      of the ischemic injury if an appropriate frame of reference is applied.

PMID- 2659883
TI  - Intraabdominal abscesses--percutaneous catheter drainage versus operative
      treatment.
AB  - From 65 patients with 73 abscesses 38 were treated by operation and 27 by PCD.
      The mean duration of drainage was 6.8 days (OP) and 7.4 days (PCD) respectively.
      In the surgical group 2 patients needed reintervention and 1 died due to sepsis.
      In the PCD group 1 patient had to be operated on because of insufficient drainage
      and 1 died after perforation of the colon. With modern techniques of imaging
      (Ultrasound, CT) PCD is a useful tool in the therapeutic regimen of
      intraabdominal abscesses. PCD has to be considered as definitive treatment or
      preparation for surgical eradication. Above all indication to PCD depends on
      localization and cause of the abscess.

PMID- 2659885
TI  - Dietary atherosclerosis and arterial wall injury.

PMID- 2659884
TI  - [Sweet syndrome in chronic myeloid leukemia].
AB  - A 31-year-old woman with chronic myeloid leukemia developed bullous skin changes
      not responding to antibiotic therapy. A biopsy showed a sterile predominantly
      neutrophilic infiltrate consistent with Sweet's syndrome. These skin changes
      responded well to methylprednisolon. Seven months later the patient died in a
      blast crisis.

PMID- 2659886
TI  - Role of folate binding proteins in folate metabolism.
AB  - The essential role of folates in cellular biochemistry is well established, but
      the nature of the participation by folate-binding proteins has been disputed.
      This review will define folate-binding proteins and distinguish them from low
      affinity, nonspecific folate binders and folate-dependent intracellular enzymes.
      We outline changes in plasma folate-binding proteins in various clinical states,
      review their postulated functions, detail the biochemistry of mammalian soluble
      folate-binding proteins and their membrane-bound immunologically cross-reactive
      possible precursors, and present evidence that the latter proteins may function
      as the physiologic folate receptors and intracellular regulators of folate
      coenzyme availability.

PMID- 2659887
TI  - Prelesional complement activation in experimental atherosclerosis. Terminal C5b-9
      complement deposition coincides with cholesterol accumulation in the aortic
      intima of hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
AB  - Cholesterol accumulation in the tunica intima of large and medium sized arteries
      is a characteristic of atherosclerotic lesion development. Cholesterol activates
      the complement system in vitro generating C5b-9 complexes, and C5b-9 antigens
      have been observed in atherosclerotic lesions. We therefore investigated whether
      complement activation correlates temporally with accumulation of intimal
      cholesterol in vivo. Frozen sections of aortic tissue from rabbits fed a 0.3%
      cholesterol diet for 0, 2, 6, and 10 weeks were stained with antibodies directed
      against neoantigens of the C5b-9 complex. Lipids were detected with oil red O,
      filipin, and antibodies against apoprotein B. C5b-9 complexes were observed to
      colocalize with extracellular lipid in the subendothelial space beginning at 2
      weeks on the diet and extending past 10 weeks. Quantitation of aorta extracted
      C5b-9 complexes by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed a progressive
      increase in aortic C5b-9 content as a function of time on the cholesterol diet.
      An approximately 30-fold increase in aortic C5b-9 occurred between 0 and 10 weeks
      on the diet, whereas plasma C5b-9 remained at normal levels throughout this time.
      Aortic cholesterol and triglyceride levels approximately doubled between 0 and 10
      weeks on the diet and plasma cholesterol increased nearly 50-fold. Intimal C5b-9
      deposition preceded monocyte infiltration and foam cell development. The data
      indicates that early cholesterol accumulation in the aortic intima results in
      complement activation. Since complement activation products are chemotactic for
      monocytes and promote their adhesion to the endothelium, complement may provide a
      mechanism by which monocytes are attracted to arterial regions of lipid
      accumulation.

PMID- 2659889
TI  - Extracellular matrix biosynthesis by cultured fetal rat lung epithelial cells. I.
      Characterization of the clone and the major genetic types of collagen produced.
AB  - A new cell line of fetal rat lung origin has been established using the outgrowth
      procedure. One clone (2G3) isolated by this procedure exhibited during early
      passages some of the transmission electron microscopic features (e.g., lamellar
      bodies) indicative of type II pneumocytes and was selected for further study.
      This cell line has a stable modal chromosome number of 44 and has not been found
      to develop tumors in athymic rodents. The clone exhibits a biphasic growth curve
      with an initial generation time of approximately 22 hours at 37 degrees C. The
      cultures are not contact inhibited but rather develop an organized secondary
      growth pattern. Initially after subculture, a monolayer is formed consisting of
      cells which exhibit a cobblestone appearance. After development of this
      monolayer, a secondary growth pattern emerges. This latter phase of growth is
      characterized by spindle-shaped cells displaying a pattern of organization that
      delimits lumina on top of the initial monolayer. At the ultrastructural level,
      desmosomes are observed, and concurrent with the development of the secondary
      growth pattern, there is the appearance of dense cytoplasmic structures which
      resemble lamellar bodies. Based upon the origin, growth properties, and
      morphologic features of the cells, this clone has been designated fetal rat lung
      epithelial (FRLE) cells. The collagens secreted into the culture medium and
      present in the cell layers of FRLE cell cultures, which have developed the
      secondary growth pattern, were isolated using limited pepsin digestion and
      differential salt fractionation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under
      denaturing conditions indicated that FRLE cells synthesized components
      corresponding to the chains present in types I, III, IV, and V collagen molecules
      with no major differences occurring between the profiles of cell-associated and
      secreted molecules. Carboxymethyl-trisacryl chromatographic analysis revealed
      that approximately 80% of the collagen synthesized was type I and that
      approximately 20% of this genetic type of collagen was recovered as the type I
      homotrimer. Types III, IV, and V molecules accounted for 16, 2, and 3%,
      respectively, of the total collagen synthesized. Additionally, the type V
      collagen synthesized by FRLE cells was found to have the molecular compositions
      alpha 1(V) alpha 2(V) alpha 3(V) and [alpha 1(V)]3. These observations suggest
      that the collagen biosynthetic profile of the fetal or immature type II cell may
      differ from that of the fully differentiated type II pneumocyte. Furthermore, it
      is proposed that cultured FRLE cells may be a useful in vitro model system for
      investigating the regulation of macromolecular synthesis in and the
      differentiation and maturation of the fetal alveolar epithelial cell.

PMID- 2659888
TI  - Endothelial cell behavior after denudation injury is modulated by transforming
      growth factor-beta1 and fibronectin.
AB  - Endothelial denudation injury after endarterectomy, autologous and synthetic
      grafting and balloon angioplasty leads to exposure of thrombogenic vessel wall
      material and may elicit an atherogenic response in the media of the affected
      vessels in which complete reendothelialization may not occur. While the role(s)
      of extracellular matrix composition and organization in this process are only
      incompletely understood, it is widely accepted that endothelial cells respond to
      matrix components in specific, complex fashions. In this report we demonstrate
      that large vessel endothelial cell migration is affected by the surrounding
      matrix and the soluble factor, transforming growth factor-beta1, which may
      mediate its effects, in part, by modulating endothelial cell matrix synthesis.
      Specifically, large vessel endothelial cell migration is decreased on a
      fibronectin substratum and in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta1,
      which increases fibronectin mRNA and protein accumulation in culture. Inhibition
      of sheet migration is also elicited by the addition of soluble fibronectin to the
      cultures. These in vitro findings are consistent with our in vivo findings of
      increased staining of fibronectin luminally and in the intima in the chronically
      deendothelialized region of a balloon catheter denuded carotid artery. Thus,
      reendothelialization after iatrogenic and natural injury appears to be a complex
      process which can be modulated by the underlying matrix and soluble factors,
      which may themselves modulate the matrix synthesis of local vascular cells.

PMID- 2659890
TI  - Immunohistochemical characterization of fibrin(ogen)-related antigens in human
      tissues using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A new approach to study the distribution of fibrin(ogen)-related antigens was
      investigated using three different monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and the avidin
      biotin complex immunoperoxidase technique. MAb I8C6 recognizes B beta 1-42
      peptide and can react with either fibrinogen or fibrin I; MAb T2G1 recognizes B
      beta 15-42 peptide and detects fibrin II but does not cross-react with
      fibrinogen; MAb GC4 reacts with Fragments D/DD derived from plasmin degradation
      of fibrinogen or fibrin but not with intact fibrinogen. The method can be applied
      to frozen or Bouin's fixed paraffin-embedded tissues obtained at biopsy, surgery,
      and autopsy. The distribution of the three antigens observed with the three MAbs
      was compared with that obtained with a polyclonal antiserum to fibrinogen and
      with the more conventional histochemical stains used in pathology to demonstrate
      fibrin deposits in tissues (Lendrum and PTAH). The staining observed with the
      three monoclonals clearly detected three different populations of fibrin(ogen)
      related antigen in the tissues examined. The staining with MAb T2G1 specifically
      detected fibrin II with greater sensitivity than did conventional stains. The
      results of this study suggest that this method allows the molecular form of
      fibrin(ogen)-related deposits in tissues to be determined and this information
      may help to elucidate the role of fibrin in various disease states, such as
      atherosclerosis and renal disease, and in tumor growth and metastasis.

PMID- 2659891
TI  - Comparative ability of human monocytes and neutrophils to degrade glomerular
      basement membrane in vitro.
AB  - We have compared the ability of human peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils
      to degrade glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in vitro. When isolated cells were
      incubated with GBM containing anti-GBM immune complexes, both neutrophils and
      monocytes adhered and spread on the surface of the GBM, underwent a respiratory
      burst and released lysosomal enzymes into the medium. With neutrophils, this
      resulted in rapid degradation of the GBM, measured both as solubilization of
      collagenous and noncollagenous protein. In contrast, monocytes degraded GBM very
      slowly, with a slight increase in the rate of hydroxyproline solubilization after
      approximately 24 hours incubation. Degradation of GBM by neutrophils was
      predominantly due to the action of serine proteinases, whereas inhibition of
      monocyte-mediated hydroxyproline release required both phenylmethylsulfonyl
      fluoride and o-phenanthroline, suggesting some synergy between serine and
      metalloproteinases. The results indicate that neutrophils are more able to
      degrade GBM components than are monocytes, and suggest that they may be capable
      of greater damage to the GBM in vivo, mostly due to their higher proteolytic
      capacity.

PMID- 2659892
TI  - Further observations: false negative EMIT cannabinoids.

PMID- 2659893
TI  - A theoretical description of blood flow through the mitral orifice.
AB  - A nonlinear differential equation describing the Doppler velocity profile for
      blood flow through the mitral valve has been derived. This equation is based on
      fluid dynamics and a simple, but comprehensive model of atrial and ventricular
      mechanics. A numerical solution to the equation is described and provides
      excellent agreement with Doppler velocity curves obtained clinically. One
      important result of the theory is that in patients with mitral stenosis, the
      slope of the clinically observed straight-line descent of the velocity profile is
      proportional to the mitral orifice area and inversely proportional to the
      atrioventricular compliance.

PMID- 2659894
TI  - Effect of estradiol on low density lipoprotein uptake by bovine aortic
      endothelial cells.
AB  - The means by which estrogen retards atherosclerosis cannot be explained solely by
      changes in circulating lipoprotein levels. We studied the effects of 17 beta
      estradiol on the binding, incorporation, and degradation of low density
      lipoprotein (LDL) by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). Estrogen
      receptors in the cytoplasm and nucleus of BAEC could be demonstrated by
      immunofluorescent staining. Estradiol was found not to affect surface binding of
      LDL to BAEC. However, at physiologic concentrations (50 pg/ml), estradiol did
      enhance LDL uptake by the BAEC (P less than 0.005). This enhancement was present
      but somewhat reduced at higher concentrations of estrogen (P less than 0.05).
      Only approximately 10% of incorporated LDL was trichloroacetic acid soluble,
      indicating a low rate of LDL degradation. The relative rate of LDL breakdown
      within the BAEC was not altered by estrogen. These results, showing estrogen
      stimulation of LDL uptake by the BAEC, do not clarify the protective effect of
      this hormone. It is speculated that estrogen may augment the cellular clearance
      of LDL.

PMID- 2659895
TI  - Sulfinpyrazone prolongs survival and decreases platelet uptake of heart
      allografts.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of the platelet
      active drug sulfinpyrazone (SPZ) on uptake of indium-III-oxine (111In)-labeled
      platelets and survival of rat heart allografts. Lewis rats bearing ACI
      heterotopic heart transplants were treated with SPZ in high, intermediate, or low
      doses. In 111-labeled platelet uptake was measured 5 days postoperatively and
      calculated as a ratio between the transplanted and native hearts. Left and right
      ventricles were measured separately. SPZ given in doses of 400 and 200 mg/kg
      daily significantly decreased platelet uptake in the graft and reduced the ratio
      of uptake between transplanted and native hearts (P less than 0.05). In animals
      treated with SPZ 100 mg/kg/day platelet uptake was not significantly less than
      that of the nontreated control animals. Survival of allografts was determined by
      daily palpation and compared to vehicle-treated controls. Mean graft survival was
      prolonged for animals treated with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg daily, i.e., 19.0 +/-
      3.02 and 11.42 +/- 1.97 days, respectively. Animals administered 400 mg/kg did
      not have longer graft survival than controls (6.63 +/- 0.66 versus 6.31 +/- 0.18
      days). Most animals in the 400 mg/kg group died as a result of adverse side
      effects of the drug. We conclude that SPZ in low to intermediate doses prolongs
      allografted heart survival. The enhanced survival in the lower dose group may in
      part be due to mechanisms other than platelet adhesiveness.

PMID- 2659896
TI  - Hyperglycemia exacerbates and insulin fails to protect in acute renal ischemia in
      the rat.
AB  - Hyperglycemia worsens ischemic injury in several ischemic models. To determine
      whether renal lactate accumulation was associated with hyperglycemia-exacerbated
      postischemic renal dysfunction and mortality, halothane-anesthetized rats
      underwent right nephrectomy and 45 min of left renal artery and vein occlusion.
      Prior to ischemia, rats received saline (n = 22), glucose (2 g/kg, n = 22), or
      insulin (4 U/kg, n = 18). Sham-operated glucose-treated rats (2 g/kg, n = 4)
      underwent right nephrectomy and no vascular occlusion. As anticipated, glucose
      pretreatment elevated plasma glucose, while insulin pretreatment lowered plasma
      glucose; both were significantly different from values in saline controls.
      Creatinine was unchanged in sham-operated rats but was significantly higher in
      glucose-treated rats at 24 and 48 hr postischemia compared to saline controls. No
      statistical differences in creatinine were found when comparing saline controls
      to insulin-treated rats. Eighteen percent of glucose-treated rats survived to 72
      hr postocclusion, while 45% of insulin-treated rats, 73% of saline control rats,
      and 100% of sham-operated rats survived this period. In a separate but identical
      treatment protocol, renal tissue was serially sampled and lactate content was
      determined in rats pretreated with saline (n = 7), glucose (n = 6) or insulin (n
      = 6) or sham-operated (n = 2) and receiving identical operation. Tissue lactate
      concentration did not change during serial sampling in the sham group. During
      ischemia, lactate was significantly higher in glucose-treated rats and
      significantly lower in insulin-treated rats as compared to saline controls. The
      adverse effects of exogenous glucose and attendant hyperglycemia on renal
      function during normothermic renal ischemia are demonstrated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659897
TI  - Cryopreservation does not alter antigenic expression of aortic allografts.
AB  - Cryopreserved aortic homografts are reportedly viable, but no cross-matching or
      immunosuppression is utilized. Alterations of the antigenic expression by cryo
      preservation must be assumed. We designed a protocol to test this premise. Fisher
      344 rats served as recipients in all cases. Lewis rats, a mildly disparate
      strain, were utilized as donors. Four cohorts of animals were utilized. Group I
      (N = 11) served as a "first set" control. All animals received a syngeneic skin
      graft. After 28 days an allogeneic skin graft was placed; rejection was seen at
      10.3 +/- 0.5 days. Group II (N = 16) first received allogeneic skin grafts with a
      similar "first set" rejection pattern of 10.4 +/- 0.47 days. A second skin graft
      was placed and demonstrated an accelerated rejection response of 6.06 days +/-
      0.25 days. Group III (N = 17) received two leaflets from a "fresh" Lewis heart
      valve inserted into a subcutaneous pouch. Allogeneic skin grafts in this group
      demonstrated a similar second set rejection at 7.05 +/- 0.82 days. Group IV (N =
      22) also underwent implantation of heart valve leaflets, except "cryopreserved"
      Lewis leaflets were implanted into the subcutaneous pouch. An allogeneic skin
      graft was placed and demonstrated a second set rejection at 7.18 +/- 0.39 days. A
      one-way analysis of variance shows no significant difference in Groups III and
      IV, but a significant difference with respect to Group I (P less than 0.00001).
      Cryopreservation does not alter the antigenic expression in this model, and at
      present we strongly recommend that at least ABO compatibility be utilized in all
      patients undergoing aortic homograft implantation.

PMID- 2659898
TI  - Effects of thromboxane synthetase inhibition on patency and anastomotic
      hyperplasia of vascular grafts.
AB  - The efficacy of a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (U-63,557A, Upjohn) in
      promoting early patency and inhibiting anastomotic intimal hyperplasia in ePTFE
      grafts was compared to that of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in a canine model.
      Animals were started on ASA 5 gr po qd (Group I, n = 12) or U-63,557A 10 mg/kg po
      bid (Group II, n = 12) 1 day before placement of bilateral 5-mm-i.d., 13- to 16.5
      cm-long ePTFE aortoiliac grafts and continued on the medication for the 16-week
      study. Six dogs in each group received autologous endothelial cell-seeded grafts,
      while the other six received unseeded grafts. Patency was determined weekly by
      assessment of femoral pulses. At the conclusion of the study anastomotic intimal
      hyperplasia was measured on serial sections through the distal anastomosis using
      a computer-linked digitizer. In Group I the patencies of seeded and unseeded
      grafts were not significantly different, being 100 and 83%, respectively.
      Furthermore, luminal narrowing due to intimal hyperplasia was not significantly
      different being 9.1 +/- 7.6% (chi +/- SD) in seeded grafts and 8.8 +/- 8.1% in
      unseeded grafts. On the other hand, in Group II the seeded grafts had
      significantly improved patency when compared to the unseeded grafts (83% vs 33%,
      P less than 0.05) and less luminal narrowing (11.4 +/- 11.1% vs 21.9 +/- 19.5%, P
      less than 0.01). Although U-63,557A administration promoted patency of unseeded
      grafts compared to no antiplatelet medication (0% patency), it was significantly
      less effective than ASA in improving patency (P less than 0.05) and inhibiting
      luminal narrowing (P less than 0.01).

PMID- 2659899
TI  - The effect of glutathione content on renal function following warm ischemia.
AB  - Reperfusion after ischemia produces tissue injury due to free radicals generated
      during the reflow period. Glutathione (GSH) mediates against this oxidant damage
      by scavenging free radicals and protecting cells against injury. In an attempt to
      reduce the injury caused by free radicals, rat kidneys were pretreated with GSH
      monoethyl ester to elevate renal GSH fivefold. Previous studies in a renal artery
      occlusion model showed that pretreated kidneys in comparison to untreated
      controls were functionally impaired as measured by glomerular filtration rate,
      urine flow rate, and histology. To eliminate systemic effects of the
      pretreatment, kidneys were subjected to a fixed period of warm ischemia but
      flushed of blood and transplanted into nonpretreated syngeneic recipients. As
      before, pretreated kidneys exhibited marked functional impairment. We conclude
      that (i) elevation of renal GSH with GSH monoethyl ester enhances rather than
      prevents renal dysfunction and (ii) the enhancement of renal ischemic injury
      following pretreatment is not due to nonspecific systemic effects of GSH
      monoethyl ester pretreatment.

PMID- 2659900
TI  - Production of human tumor necrosis factor from whole blood ex vivo.
AB  - Since monocytes are the major source of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) in
      whole blood, we have developed a new method for stimulating TNF production using
      heparinized human whole blood instead of isolated monocytes. Test agents were
      dissolved in endotoxin-free buffer and 25 microliters aliquots were added
      directly to 225 microliters of whole blood. Following incubation at 37 degrees C,
      TNF levels were measured directly from diluted plasma (10%) by enzyme-linked
      immunoassay or L929 bioassay. Unstimulated whole blood released no detectable TNF
      (less than 150 pg/ml; less than 40 U/ml) over a 24 hour incubation period, but
      significant TNF release could be detected following a 6 hour incubation with 10
      ng/ml of LPS (2163 pg/ml; 390 +/- 240 U/ml). In contrast to methods using
      isolated monocytes, the measurement of TNF production in whole blood ex vivo
      avoids monocyte activation by an adherence step, reduces the risk of
      contamination by endotoxin during isolation, and eliminates potentially
      confounding exogenous serum factors. More importantly, this method examines
      monocyte TNF release in response to stimuli in the relevant physiologic milieu.

PMID- 2659901
TI  - Regulation of hemopoietic cell growth and development: experimental and clinical
      studies.

PMID- 2659902
TI  - c-myc amplification coexistent with activating N-ras point mutation in the
      biphenotypic leukemic cell line RED-3.
AB  - While activation of the protooncogene c-N-ras is observed regularly in acute
      myelogenous leukemia, amplification of c-myc in AML cells or derived lines is
      uncommon. In particular, concurrent ras/myc activation, which has been shown to
      be critical in several elegant models of malignancy, has been demonstrated in a
      very small number of human tumors or derivative cell lines. A cell line, RED-3,
      is described which was derived from cells of a patient with aggressive acute
      leukemia which exhibits many markers of lineage infidelity. DNA from this cell
      line contains an activating point mutation of c-N-ras as well as 20-30-fold
      amplification of c-myc. After HL-60, this is the second example of ras/myc
      activation in AML derived cells and demonstrates that this lesion is not unique
      to HL-60. Rather, it may be important in leukemogenesis in a small proportion of
      AML patients.

PMID- 2659903
TI  - The contribution of residual leukemic cells in the graft to leukemia relapse
      after autologous bone marrow transplantation: mathematical considerations.
AB  - A hypothetical model for estimating the probability of leukemia development,
      supported by experimental evidence, provides a basis on which the conclusion can
      be drawn that residual leukemic cells in the graft will not contribute
      significantly to the occurrence of a leukemia relapse after autologous bone
      marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2659904
TI  - Cryopreservation of autologous marrow grafts in acute leukemia: survival of in
      vivo clonogenic leukemic cells and normal hemopoietic stem cells.
AB  - The survival of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells and in vivo clonogenic
      leukemic cells after cryopreservation was determined in a rat model for human
      acute myelocytic leukemia (BNML). These stem cell populations can be selectively
      quantified with modified spleen colony assays (day 8 and day 12 CFU-S; LCFU-S).
      It appeared that the most primitive rat hemopoietic stem cell (day 12 CFU-S) was
      significantly less vulnerable to the freezing and thawing procedure as compared
      with the clonogenic leukemic cell (30% and 1.4% survival, respectively; p =
      0.0026). Survival of the day 8 CFU-S population fell between those percentages
      (8.6%). In view of autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT), an attempt was
      made to extrapolate these and previously reported BNML rat data to man. Taking
      into account that a) only 1% of the clonogenic leukemic cells survive
      cryopreservation; b) the fraction of clonogenic leukemic cells in man is
      approximately 0.001; c) leukemic cells reinfused with the autologous marrow graft
      may lodge at sites unfavourable for growth; and d) supralethal high-dose
      chemoradiotherapy significantly hampers the regrowth of leukemia, it becomes
      rather unlikely that leukemic cells in the autologous marrow graft significantly
      contribute to a leukemia relapse after ABMT. Therefore, residual leukemia in the
      host surviving high-dose chemoradiotherapy is the most crucial factor as regards
      the final outcome of ABMT in acute leukemia.

PMID- 2659905
TI  - A reply to D. Pinkel. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in childhood
      leukemia: another form of intensive treatment.

PMID- 2659906
TI  - [Vaccines today and tomorrow. New influenza vaccines].

PMID- 2659907
TI  - [10 years after compulsory sterilization: women are the key figures in Indian
      family planning].

PMID- 2659908
TI  - [Laennec's stethoscope--a jewel among the collections in Uppsala].

PMID- 2659909
TI  - [Neurotrophic factors and nerve regeneration--an overview].

PMID- 2659910
TI  - Picosecond optical breakdown: tissue effects and reduction of collateral damage.
AB  - The effects of picosecond laser-induced optical breakdown on tissue were
      investigated using high-intensity 40 ps Nd:YAG laser pulses at 1.06 microns.
      Tissue damage was evaluated using the corneal endothelium in vitro as a model
      system. Systematic studies were performed to determine the scaling of the tissue
      damage and damage range with pulse energy. For suprathreshold lesions, the radius
      of the damage zone varies as the cube root of the pulse energy, in agreement with
      simple physical scaling laws. A minimum damage range of less than 100 microns was
      observed for pulse energies of 8 muJ. Damage morphology was investigated by
      scanning electron microscopy. Three different damage patterns were observed; cell
      damage, cell removal, and rupture of Descemet's membrane. Different irradiation
      geometries were used to study damage mediated by either the shock wave or the
      cavitation bubble. Comparative studies using 10 ns pulses demonstrated that
      picosecond pulses yielded a significant reduction in collateral tissue damage.

PMID- 2659911
TI  - N-methyl-d, l-aspartate stimulates growth hormone but not luteinizing hormone
      secretion in the sheep.
AB  - The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of N-methyl-d, l
      aspartate (NMA) on luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) secretion in
      castrated male sheep. Blood was sampled from Hampshire wethers every 15 min for 8
      hr on day 1. At 4 and 6 hr after the initiation of the experiment, wethers were
      treated i.v. with NMA at a dose of 12 mg/kg body weight (n = 5) or .9% saline (n
      = 5). The dosage of NMA was within the range of doses that was previously
      demonstrated to stimulate LH secretion in monkeys. Blood samples were also
      collected every 15 min for 1 hr on day 2, beginning 24 hr after the first
      injection of NMA or saline. Treatment with NMA had no effect on mean LH
      concentrations, LH pulse frequency or LH pulse amplitude during the 4 hr period
      following the first injection on day 1. On day 2, however, mean LH concentrations
      were lower (p less than .01) in NMA versus saline-treated wethers. Conversely,
      administration of NMA evoked a dramatic increase (p less than .02) in mean GH
      concentrations on day 1. The mechanisms responsible for the effects of NMA
      described herein and whether or not these effects are relevant to the
      physiological control of LH and GH release in the sheep warrants further
      scrutiny.

PMID- 2659912
TI  - Increased autophosphorylation of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin
      receptors in placentas of diabetic women.
AB  - Autophosphorylation of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptors
      were measured in lectin purified receptor preparations from placentas of normal
      and diabetic patients. The basal and insulin or IGF-I stimulated phosphorylation
      of the approximately 94 kD protein, corresponding to beta-subunit of the insulin
      and IGF-I receptors, were approximately 2 times greater (p less than 0.05) in
      placentas from diabetic patients with poor glycemic control (as judged by their
      serum HbA1c level) compared to the normals. The magnitude of IGF-I or insulin
      stimulation of the phosphorylation of the 94 kD protein was comparable in
      placentas from both diabetic and normal patients. Immunoprecipitation and
      immunodepletion of IGF-I receptor by alpha-IR3, a monoclonal antibody to IGF-I
      receptor, revealed the increased basal phosphorylation of the approximately 94 kD
      protein in placentas of diabetic patients to be associated with IGF-I and insulin
      receptors. The magnitude of IGF-I and insulin stimulated phosphorylation of the
      immunoprecipitated and immunodepleted IGF-I receptor, respectively, was the same
      in both normal and diabetic patients. These results suggested that the increased
      basal phosphorylation of the 94 kD protein in placentas from diabetic patients
      may be intrinsic to IGF-I and insulin receptor, however, the regulatory
      mechanisms effecting the increase may not be dependent on IGF-I or insulin.

PMID- 2659913
TI  - Expert systems, medicine, and the Macintosh.

PMID- 2659914
TI  - Risks versus benefits of tests and treatments.

PMID- 2659916
TI  - Diagnosis of acute chest pain.

PMID- 2659915
TI  - A quarter-century of computer-based medical records.
AB  - Early developments and subsequent progress in the area of computer-based medical
      records are reviewed. The current state of the art and the level of penetration
      through the healthcare system are much less than the first decade's advances
      pointed towards. Possible explanations are explored.

PMID- 2659917
TI  - [The computer helps the nurse].

PMID- 2659918
TI  - Exercise and self-esteem: rationale and model.
AB  - Positive emotional and psychological benefits are commonly believed to result
      from chronic physical exercise. While reviews of research have failed to
      substantiate this general proposition, they have identified enhanced self-esteem
      as an empirically supported exercise outcome. Unfortunately, research in this
      area has tended to be simplistic in self-esteem theory and measurement and has
      remained incapable of addressing how or why change may occur. This paper
      summarizes pertinent self-esteem theory and presents an empirically based
      rationale for self-esteem enhancement through exercise participation. It
      constructs a model for examining exercise and self-esteem interactions in which
      components of self-structure are hierarchically organized on a basis of
      generality. The self-esteem model contains dimensions of competence and self
      acceptance, and it is operationally defined.

PMID- 2659919
TI  - Some aspects of protozoan parasite-host cell interactions with special reference
      to RGD-mediated recognition process.

PMID- 2659920
TI  - Protective immunity in mouse salmonellosis: comparison of smooth and rough live
      and killed vaccines.
AB  - Protective immunity against Salmonella infection was studied in a mouse model. To
      study specificity of protection we used smooth (O-4,5,12) and rough vaccines;
      live and killed vaccines of both types were compared. The protection was assessed
      by enumerating the number of bacteria in the livers, and by following survival of
      the mice after intravenous challenge with smooth O-4,5,12 bacteria. Passively
      transferred antibodies induced by the smooth vaccines had a small protective
      effect and those induced by the rough vaccines no protective effect in this
      model. Both live vaccines induced long-lasting protective immunity which was much
      stronger than that mediated by antibodies. Since the live rough vaccine induced
      protective immunity and contained no O antigen we conclude that the protective
      immunity induced by it was mainly cell-mediated and directed to other antigens
      than the O antigen, the target of protective antibodies. Both killed vaccines
      also induced protective immunity, but this was weaker than that induced by the
      corresponding live vaccine.

PMID- 2659921
TI  - Mutagenic and antimutagenic factor(s) extracted from a desert mushroom using
      different solvents.
AB  - A desert mushroom called Al-faga (Tirmania pinoyi) was sequentially extracted
      with boiling water, chloroform and ethanol under reflux conditions. The water
      extract was freeze-dried while the organic solvents were fully evaporated to
      obtain residues, which were redissolved in dimethylsulphoxide and then tested for
      mutagenicity in the Ames assay using the Salmonella tester strains TA98 and
      TA100. The aqueous extract failed to show any mutagenic activity while the
      chloroform extract proved to be mutagenic with and without metabolic activation.
      The ethanol extract was not mutagenic in the same tests. However, ethanol extract
      combined with known carcinogens like benzo[a]pyrene or 7,12-dimethyl
      benz[a]anthracene (with metabolic activation) inhibited the carcinogen-induced
      mutagenicity in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that both mutagens
      and antimutagens may be extracted from a single food item by using different
      solvents.

PMID- 2659922
TI  - Evaluation of the mutagenicity of azo dyes in Salmonella typhimurium: a study of
      structure-activity relationships.
AB  - In order to explore structure-activity relationships, 4,4'-diaminoazobenzene and
      four structurally related azo dyes were tested for their ability to induce gene
      mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538, and
      TA98. Only 4,4'-diaminoazobenzene and 4,4'-N(beta-hydroxyethylamino)azobenzene
      were found to be active in the two frameshift strains TA1538 and TA98. Further
      tests were performed in strain TA98, both in the presence and in the absence of
      Aroclor 1254-induced rat or hamster liver S9 preparations. The amount of S9 used
      per plate was 50, 100, 150 or 300 microliters, which corresponds to 10, 20, 30 or
      60% of S9 in S9 mix. 4,4'-Diaminoazobenzene was found to be mutagenic, and its
      mutagenicity depended on the percentage of S9 in S9 mix and the type of S9
      fraction used. 4,4'-N-(beta-Hydroxyethylamino)azobenzene was less mutagenic than
      4,4'-diaminoazobenzene, indicating a reduction in mutagenicity associated with
      the beta-hydroxyalkyl substituents. The other three azo dyes [4'-methyl-4-N,N
      di(beta-hydroxyethylamino) azobenzene; 4'-amino-6-methyl-4-N,N-di(beta
      hydroxyethylamino)azobenzene; and 4'-N(beta-hydroxyethyl-amino)4-N,N-di(beta
      hydroxyethylamino)azobe nzene] were inactive, both in the presence and in the
      absence of the metabolic activation system. The use of the preincubation test did
      not alter the observed positive or negative response of these compounds. The
      importance of this finding is that the non-mutagenicity or decreased mutagenicity
      of these four compounds is predictable on the basis of their chemical structures.
      These azo dyes, like the non-mutagenic members of series of monocyclic aromatic
      amines, contain large substituents on one or both of the amino groups of the
      parent compound, in this case 4,4'-diaminoazobenzene. From our earlier data and
      the experiments discussed in this paper, we conclude that the study of structure-
      activity relationships can provide useful information for the prediction and
      interpretation of mutagenic responses.

PMID- 2659923
TI  - A study of the heterogeneity of bacterial fluctuation-test data and the effects
      of auxotrophic-growth enhancement.
AB  - Microtitre fluctuation tests using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 and
      Escherichia coli WP2uvrApKM101 were performed to determine the heterogeneity of
      spontaneous mutagenicity data and how this affects interpretation of results.
      Assays were performed in the absence and presence of additional amino acids to
      simulate the effects of the auxotrophic growth enhancement characteristic of
      tests of complex biological mixtures. The results indicate that the heterogeneity
      of the data did not depart significantly from that expected from binomial theory
      and that two criteria must be satisfied in order to define a positive result: (i)
      a net increase which significantly exceeds the background mutation and which
      takes account of its heterogeneity; and (ii) a statistically significant dose
      response.

PMID- 2659924
TI  - Specificity of melphalan-induced rearrangements and their transmission through
      cell divisions.
AB  - The clastogenic effect of melphalan, an alkylating agent frequently used in
      chemotherapy, was investigated using chromosomes from human lymphocytes, two and
      three cell cycles after treatment in vitro. chromosome aberrations were much more
      frequent than chromatid type anomalies. Unbalanced rearrangements, i.e.
      deletions, dicentrics and complex rearrangements (in decreasing order of
      occurrence), were quite frequent and balanced rearrangements, such as reciprocal
      translocations and inversions, were quite rare. Deletions principally affected
      chromosomes 9, 5, 7 and 11. By comparison to the results obtained at first
      division after treatment, the relative frequencies of del(5) and del(20)
      increased with the number of cell divisions. Thus, these deletions were poorly
      eliminated by selection. This finding may be related to the fact that del(5) and
      del(20) are frequently observed in premalignant haemopathies.

PMID- 2659925
TI  - CHO mutant UV61 removes (6-4) photoproducts but not cyclobutane dimers.
AB  - The CHO mutant UV61 was previously assigned to complementation group 6 of UV
      sensitive rodent cell mutants. UV61 is less sensitive to killing by UV radiation
      than mutants such as UV5, which is highly defective in the incision process that
      acts on UV-induced lesions. The D37 for cell survival is approximately 4 J/m2 for
      UV61, compared with 10 J/m2 for the parental AA8 line and approximately 2 J/m2
      for UV5. Similarly, mutation induction at the hprt and aprt loci shows an
      intermediate response to UV61. In a post-replication recovery assay, the kinetics
      of maturation of pulse-labelled nascent DNA were normal after UV irradiation in
      UV61. Data from alkaline elution and alkaline unwinding assays showed that the
      rates of break accumulation and resealing, measured 0-120 min after irradiation,
      were also normal in the mutant. This repair incision correlated with the rapid,
      normal removal of pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproducts in UV61 measured using
      a radioimmunoassay that is specific for this class of damage. In contrast, after
      exposure to 10 or 15 J/m2, no detectable removal of cyclobutane dimers from DNA
      was found in UV61 while AA8 cells removed 32% by 24 h. We suggest that the
      mutation in UV61 specifically lowers the affinity of a repair protein for
      cyclobutane dimers, which are also inefficiently removed from the bulk DNA of
      normal CHO cells. The resistance of UV61 to killing by the direct acting chemical
      7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene was only slightly greater than that of UV5,
      indicating defective repair of bulky chemical adducts in addition to cyclobutane
      dimers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659926
TI  - Utilization of rat lymphocytes for the in vitro chromosomal aberration assay.
AB  - In vitro cytogenetic assays are widely conducted to assess the mutagenic
      potential of chemicals. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or human lymphocytes
      are often used for these assays; however, these cell types have certain
      limitations. In order to evaluate an alternate cell system, cultured rat
      lymphocytes were treated for 4 h at 48 h of incubation with a variety of direct-
      and indirect-acting clastogens in the presence or absence of an exogenous
      mammalian activation system. Cytogenetic effects of in vitro physiological
      alterations such as medium hypertonicity or pH changes were also evaluated. The
      background aberration rate of rat lymphocytes is approximately 2%, and they
      respond positively to both direct- and indirect-acting clastogens. In contrast to
      CHO cells, however, neither the hyperosmolality nor pH changes in the treatment
      media have significant effect on background aberrations. Unlike samples of human
      blood, rat blood can be collected under well-controlled environmental conditions.
      Because of the easy access to rat blood samples, the simplicity of culture, the
      reproducible nature of its in vitro growth, the positive response to known
      clastogens and negative response to media pH changes or hyperosmolalities, the
      rat lymphocyte in vitro chromosomal assay presented is an optimal system to
      assess the mutagenic potential of chemicals.

PMID- 2659927
TI  - Antimutagenic effects of betel leaf extract against the mutagenicity of two
      tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines.
AB  - Epidemiological studies have implicated chewing tobacco alone to be more
      hazardous than chewing tobacco with betel quid. Experimental studies have shown
      that betel leaf is antimutagenic against standard mutagens like benzo[a]pyrene
      and dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Since the tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA)
      are the only carcinogens present in unburnt forms of tobacco, including chewing
      tobacco, we tested the effect of an extract of betel leaf against the
      mutagenicity of the two important TSNA, viz., N'-nitrosonornicotine and 4
      (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, using the Ames Salmonella/microsome
      assay with TA100 +S9 and the in vivo micronucleus test. In both the test systems
      it was observed that betel leaf extract suppressed the mutagenic effects of both
      the nitrosamines to a significant extent.

PMID- 2659928
TI  - Uptake and DNA photodamage induced in plant cells in vivo by two cationic
      porphyrins.
AB  - The in vivo uptake of two cationic porphyrins: mesotetra (4-N-methylpyridyl)
      porphine (T4MPyP) and its zinc complex (ZnT4MPyP) was determined in Allium cepa
      meristematic cells. Both photosensitizers (10(-7) M for 4 h) penetrated into the
      nucleus producing a red fluorescence of chromatin under blue-violet (436 nm)
      exciting light. The ability of T4MPyP and ZnT4MPyP to induce DNA photodamage was
      measured by the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine
      substituted chromosomes treated with both the porphyrins (10(-8)M for 4 h) showed
      increased frequencies of SCE when they were postirradiated with 436 nm light. A
      higher genotoxic effect was observed for ZnT4MPyP than the other compound.

PMID- 2659929
TI  - The evaluation of volatile chemicals for mutagenicity.

PMID- 2659930
TI  - DNA repair and replication in lymphocytes from smokers exposed in vitro to UV
      light.
AB  - In a sample of healthy subjects (23-59 years old), comprising 49 non-smokers and
      23 smokers, we studied the effects of smoking on DNA repair synthesis (UDS) in
      peripheral lymphocytes. DNA repair after UV-irradiation was measured by [3H]TdR
      incorporation into DNA (semi-conservative synthesis was inhibited by
      hydroxyurea). Compared to lymphocytes from non-smokers, lymphocytes from smokers
      showed significantly higher levels of UDS and higher incorporation of [3H]TdR in
      non-irradiated cells. We also determined the rate of DNA replication after 60 h
      in the presence of phytohaemoagglutinin (PHA) by measuring the incorporation of
      [3H]TdR during the last 20 h of culture. By irradiating the lymphocytes with UV
      light before setting up the cultures, we measured the inhibition of DNA
      replication due to damage induced by UV light. This inhibition, determined by the
      ratio of DNA replication in irradiated over non-irradiated lymphocytes, was less
      marked in smokers than in non-smokers. In lymphocytes from a portion of the
      donors (18 non-smokers and 19 smokers) we also determined the rate of the [3H]TdR
      incorporation in the absence of PHA and compared the distribution of the
      radioactivity between the two groups. In unstimulated lymphocytes, more
      radioactivity was incorporated by smokers compared to non-smokers in both
      conditions (UV-irradiated or mock-irradiated), while in stimulated lymphocytes
      the distribution of radioactivity was significantly different only after UV
      irradiation.

PMID- 2659931
TI  - Adaptive response after X-irradiation of human lymphocytes?
AB  - The induction of an adaptive response of human lymphocytes from three donors
      exposed to 0.01 or 0.05 Gy of X-rays at 32 h of culture and to 1.5 Gy at 48 h was
      studied. There was no evidence for a significant reduction of the incidences of
      chromosomal aberrations in cultures pre-treated with low doses and subsequently
      exposed to the higher dose compared with cultures exposed to the high dose alone.

PMID- 2659932
TI  - Chromosome analysis in operating room personnel.
AB  - Cytogenetic tests were performed on operating room personnel working in a Turin
      hospital. The aim of our study was to determine if any chromosome damage was
      caused by the use of anaesthetic gases. Blood samples were collected from 45
      hospital workers: 15 exposed to anaesthetic gases, 15 exposed to both anaesthetic
      gases and ionizing radiations and 15 controls. An examination of sister-chromatid
      exchanges did not highlight significant differences when exposed subjects were
      compared to controls. Chromosomal aberrations were significantly higher (P =
      0.029) in all the exposed personnel, while no statistically significant increase
      was observed in staff exclusively in contact with anaesthetic gases. Moreover
      there was a positive correlation for chromosome aberrations with the years of
      employment, when the entire exposed population was considered and when personnel
      from the different operating rooms were considered separately. Both sister
      chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberrations were higher among smokers though
      differences were not statistically significant.

PMID- 2659933
TI  - Kinetochore detection in micronuclei: an alternative method for measuring
      chromosome loss.
AB  - Whole chromosomes within micronuclei (MN) in cytokinesis-blocked human
      lymphocytes were detected by using anti-kinetochore antibodies obtained from the
      serum of scleroderma patients. The primary antibody was localized using a
      peroxidase-labelled second antibody followed by a nickel chloride modification of
      the diamino-benzidine reaction to give a permanent slide preparation. Between 82
      and 92% of colchicine-induced MN were shown to be kinetochore-positive. Results
      for spontaneously occurring micronuclei in young (20-35 years) and elderly
      (greater than 65 years) subjects indicated that 42 (+/- 6) and 50 (+/- 6)%,
      respectively, contained kinetochores. Perhaps the more novel observation was that
      approximately 12% of X-ray-induced micronuclei were kinetochore-positive and thus
      could have been the result of whole chromosome loss events. Kinetochore-detection
      in micronuclei provides a new approach to measure chromosome loss and therefore
      may be important in identifying aneuploidy-inducing agents.

PMID- 2659934
TI  - Aneuploidy assays on interphase nuclei by means of in situ hybridization with DNA
      probes.
AB  - A method has been developed to detect chemically induced aneuploidy in interphase
      nuclei by means of in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific DNA probes.
      Lymphocyte cultures were treated with two known aneuploidy inducers, Benomyl and
      Griseofulvin. Two DNA fragments, QP23 and Y97, homologous to repetitive
      sequences, localized in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 9 and in the
      centromeric region of Y chromosome respectively, were used as probes. Following
      autoradiography, grain clusters, revealing the presence of the target
      chromosomes, were scored in resting nuclei. A marked increase in the frequency of
      cells with supernumerary autoradiographic signals was observed with both probes
      at all concentrations of the test compounds. The assay procedure appeared to be
      reproducible, sensitive and efficient in scoring large cell samples. It may
      therefore provide a useful tool for preliminary screening of potential aneuploidy
      inducers.

PMID- 2659935
TI  - Evaluation of the clastogenicity of water treated with sodium hypochlorite or
      monochloramine using a micronucleus test in newt larvae (Pleurodeles waltl).
AB  - We have previously described a micronucleus test using erythrocytes from larvae
      of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl (pleurodele). The test is based on a
      comparison of the levels of micronucleated erythrocytes in blood smears from
      larvae reared in water containing a clastogen, with the levels from larvae reared
      in purified water. We have employed this test to evaluate mutagenic activity of
      chlorinated or monochloraminated water devoid of all organic matter. (i) The
      level of micronuclei in erythrocytes was compared between a group of larvae
      reared for 12 days in chlorinated reconstituted ultrapure water treated with
      sodium hypochlorite, and a control group reared in just the reconstituted water.
      Sodium hypochlorite was added when both the food and medium were changed each
      day. Chlorine levels of 0.125 and 0.25 p.p.m. led to significant elevations of
      micronuclei. (ii) The possibility of indirect effects of chlorine through
      chemical interactions with the food were also investigated, using the following
      scheme: larvae were left for 3 h in chlorinated reconstituted ultrapure water and
      then placed in non-chlorinated water. Food was only introduced when they were
      transferred to the non-chlorinated water. This procedure was repeated for 12
      consecutive days. Control larvae were reared in non-chlorinated water throughout
      this period. In this case results were also positive when the larvae were exposed
      for only 3 h to the chlorine (0.2 p.p.m. for 12 days) in the absence of food.
      (iii) This was the same as experiment 1 except that the water was chlorinated
      with monochloramine instead of sodium hypochlorite.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2659936
TI  - Induction of kinetochore positive and negative micronuclei in V79 cells by the
      alkylating agent diethylsulphate.
AB  - The induction by diethylsulphate of micronuclei derived from acentric fragments
      or from whole chromosomes was studied in Chinese hamster V79 cells using
      autoantibodies from the serum of a scleroderma patient (CREST-syndrome) to detect
      centromere--kinetochore structures. Centromere-containing micronuclei appeared
      early after treatment and plateaued both earlier and at lower level than
      centromere-lacking micronuclei. The frequency of centromere-containing
      micronuclei was in good agreement with that of mitotic chromosome displacement,
      suggesting that a high proportion of displaced chromosomes were transmitted to
      the cytoplasm of one of the two daughter cells, where they gave rise to
      micronuclei. On the contrary, centromere-lacking micronuclei were more frequent
      than what could be expected from chromosome fragments observed in mitotic stages.

PMID- 2659937
TI  - Hydroxychavicol: a new anti-nitrosating phenolic compound from betel leaf.
AB  - Hydroxychavicol and eugenol are the phenolic compounds isolated from betel leaf
      (piper betel). The modulation of nitrosation of methylurea by sodium nitrite at
      pH 3.6 and 30 degrees C was studied. The formation of mutagenic N
      nitrosomethylurea was monitored by checking the mutagenicity of reaction mixture
      in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 and TA1535 without S9 mix. Hydroxychavicol
      and eugenol exhibit dose-dependent suppression of nitrosation in vitro without
      affecting the survival of the bacteria. Pre- or post-treatment of bacterial cells
      from S. typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535 with phenolics did not modify the
      mutagenicity of nitrosomethylurea. The blocking of hydroxy group(s) in the
      benzene ring by acetylation abolishes the anti-nitrosating activity of the
      molecule(s). The nitrosation inhibition by hydroxychavicol is through scavenging
      of nitrite ions in the media, thus making them non-available for the nitrosation
      of methylurea.

PMID- 2659938
TI  - The food pyrolysis product IQ enhances its own activation.
AB  - The metabolic activation of the food pyrolysis product 2-amino-3-methylimidazo
      (4,5-f) quinoline (IQ) to mutagenic intermediates in the Ames test was studied
      using hepatic activation systems from control and IQ-treated rats. Hepatic S9
      preparations from IQ-treated rats were more efficient than control in converting
      IQ to mutagens. An increase was also seen when isolated microsomes were employed
      as activation systems but this was less pronounced. The microsome-mediated
      mutagenicity of IQ was potentiated by addition of the cytosolic fraction from
      control and IQ-treated rats, the latter being more effective. It is concluded
      that IQ, at the doses employed in the present study, enhances its own
      bioactivation to genotoxic metabolites by stimulating both its microsomal and
      cytosolic metabolism.

PMID- 2659939
TI  - Suspect spindle poisons: analysis of c-mitotic effects in mouse bone marrow
      cells.
AB  - In the coordinated programme to study aneuploidy induction, sponsored by the
      Commission of the European Communities, 10 known or suspect spindle poisons
      (colchicine, econazole, chloralhydrate, hydroquinone, diazepam, thiabendazole,
      cadmium chloride, pyrimethamine, vincristine and thimerosal) were tested in mouse
      bone marrow cells for the induction of c-mitotic effects. Three criteria were
      chosen: changes of the mitotic index, induction of chromatid contraction and
      spreading and decrease of anaphase frequencies. Among the chemicals tested
      colchicine, econazole, chloralhydrate, hydroquinone and vincristine were found
      positive. Diazepam, thiabendazole, cadmium chloride, pyrimethamine and thimerosal
      revealed no induction of c-mitotic effects under the conditions tested. Mitotic
      block and subsequent chromosome malsegregation (non-disjunction) are related
      phenomena. The three criteria chosen are considered as an indicative pre
      screening test for the aneuploidy inducing potency of a chemical in mitotic, but
      not in meiotic cells. The present experiments were also regarded as a dose
      finding exercise for further in vivo studies.

PMID- 2659940
TI  - Temperature and time effects on mutagen production in cooked lamb meat.
AB  - Basic extracts isolated from lamb meat treated at various temperatures were
      tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence of
      S9 mix. Samples of ground lamb patties were cooked for 10 min per side at 100,
      150, 200, 250 and 300 degrees C. Low cooking temperatures resulted in products
      with low levels of mutagenicity. At temperatures greater than 150 degrees C the
      mutagenic activity of the cooked meat increased to reach a maximum at 300 degrees
      C. In another series of experiments, lamb patties were cooked at 250 degrees C
      for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 min. Short cooking times (rare products) caused no
      mutagenic activity and uncooked ground meat showed no activity. Prolonged cooking
      appeared to increase the mutagenicity of the products with a maximum value at 10
      min. The results indicate that the formation of mutagens depends on both cooking
      temperature and cooking time. The level of mutagenicity tends to increase with
      the degree of charring.

PMID- 2659941
TI  - The dissimilar mutational consequences of SN1 and SN2 DNA alkylation pathways:
      clues from the mutational specificity of dimethylsulphate in the lacI gene of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The mutational specificity of the monofunctional alkylating agent
      dimethylsulphate has been determined through the DNA sequence characterization of
      121 lacI-d mutations of Escherichia coli. The predominant mutation induced was
      the G:C----A:T transition (75%). Transversions constituted 20% of all mutation
      with the greatest contribution being that of G:C----T:A events (12%). Runs of G:C
      base pairs were the preferred sites of frameshift mutation. One 6-bp sequence (5'
      CCCGCG-3') appeared to be highly susceptible to all classes of mutation and
      events within this sequence accounted for 33% of all mutations characterized.
      Although the distribution of G:C----A:T mutations appeared non-random, the site
      specificity observed was quite different from that reported for SN1 alkylating
      agents. The results of this study highlight the differences between the
      consequences of SN1 and SN2 alkylation pathways.

PMID- 2659943
TI  - Bayes' Theorem for predicting human carcinogenicity.

PMID- 2659942
TI  - Mutagenicity, metabolism and DNA adduct formation of 6-nitrochrysene in
      Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The mutagenic activities of 6-nitrochrysene (6-NC) and its previously identified
      metabolites were evaluated in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 in the
      presence and absence of metabolic activation by 9000 g supernatant from the
      livers of rats treated with Aroclor. 6-Aminochrysene (6-AC) and trans-1,2-dihydro
      1,2-dihydroxy-6-aminochrysene (1,2-DHD-6-AC) were the most active mutagens in
      TA100 upon metabolic activation. 6-NC and 6-AC were the most active mutagens in
      TA100 in the absence of metabolic activation. Upon metabolic activation, 6-AC was
      the most active in TA98; the other compounds were weak or inactive depending on
      the conditions of the assay. In the absence of metabolic activation, the
      mutagenic activities of 6-NC and its metabolites in TA98 were comparable to those
      observed in TA100. The major metabolite formed upon incubation of [3H]6-NC with
      S.typhimurium TA100 and 9000 g supernatant from the livers of Aroclor-induced
      rats was identified as trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-6-nitrochrysene (1,2-DHD-6
      NC); trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-6-nitrochrysene and 1,2-dihydroxy-6
      nitrochrysene were also identified. The major DNA adduct formed in TA100 under
      these conditions was chromatographically identical to that previously detected in
      vivo in the liver and lungs of newborn mice treated with 6-NC, as well as to that
      obtained upon incubation of 1,2-DHD-6-AC with calf thymus DNA in the presence of
      rat liver microsomes. The DNA adducts derived from 6-NC in S.typhimurium TA100
      without activation were identical to those adducts previously identified after
      incubation of 6-hydroxylaminochrysene with calf thymus DNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659944
TI  - The Benjamin W. Zweifach Award lecture. Functional and structural
      "autoregulation"--some personal considerations concerning the century-old
      development of these microvascular concepts.

PMID- 2659945
TI  - Subcellular distribution of the transmissible agent in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
      mouse brain.
AB  - To determine the intracellular localization of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
      (CJD) agent in mouse brain, cerebrum tissue of the mouse brain affected with the
      Fukuoka-1 strain was separated into six subcellular fractions (microsome, nerve
      ending, myelin, mitochondria, nucleus, and soluble fractions) by differential
      sucrose density gradient, and then the CJD infectivity of these fractions was
      examined. Serially diluted samples of each subfraction were inoculated
      intracerebrally into groups of BALB/c mice, and the infectivity was determined as
      to end point titration value, incubation period, and number of affected mice. On
      the basis of the protein content, the highest CJD infectivity was observed in the
      microsomal fraction. The nerve ending (synaptic plasma membrane) and myelin
      fractions were also infective. The mitochondria and nucleus fractions showed the
      lower infectivity. The infectivity of the soluble fraction was the lowest among
      the six subcellular fractions. From the findings obtained in this study two
      possibilities as to the intracellular localization of CJD agent were suggested:
      1) the transmissible agent of CJD is closely associated with surface membranes of
      neuronal and/or glial cells, including their processes; 2) the CJD agent is
      diffusely present intracellularly, including in the surface membranes, but for
      manifestation of infectivity the agent needs membrane components as prerequisite
      factors.

PMID- 2659946
TI  - A simple method for observation of phagocytosis on bacterial thin-layer.
AB  - A simple method was developed to visually present the phagocytic activity of
      leukocytes by using adherent Staphylococcus aureus cells and blood applied on a
      plastic dish. When heparinized blood was applied on thin-layer of heat-killed S.
      aureus cells on the plastic dish, plaques due to the phagocytic activity of
      leukocytes were observed with a microscope under a low magnification. Fewer and
      smaller plaques were observed when plasma-deprived rather than whole blood was
      used. Some analyses were made in respect to the fundamental conditions required
      for optimal results. This method was considered to be useful for conveniently
      evaluating the serum opsonin activities and phagocytic function of leukocytes in
      various kinds of diseases.

PMID- 2659947
TI  - Iodine-deficiency disorders.

PMID- 2659948
TI  - Acute toxicity of inhaled gases and particulates.

PMID- 2659949
TI  - [Sunburn. Irradiation, pathogenesis, therapy, prevention].

PMID- 2659950
TI  - Effects of Fusobacterium necrophorum on the mesenteric microcirculation of guinea
      pigs.
AB  - Thrombi formation was demonstrated in mesenteric microcirculation of guinea pigs
      inoculated with Fusobacterium necrophorum and the bacterial hemagglutinin (HA).
      The thrombi were initially observed in venules and later, in arterioles.
      Immunofluorescence study revealed that the HA bound to the thrombi in the
      microcirculation. These results indicate that thrombosis is an early step in the
      pathogenesis of necrosis.

PMID- 2659951
TI  - [Neonatal hyperthyroidism with early onset and protracted course].
AB  - Neonatal hyperthyroidism has often been described as a rare, transient disorder
      in which the mother has hyperthyroidism during her pregnancy. We have found 99
      cases mentioned in recent literature, but not in all reports the clinical
      characteristics were described. This survey has shown that the prolonged clinical
      course, though less common than the transient one, is to be taken into account. A
      case of a female child who had signs of hyperthyroidism soon after the birth is
      presented. Now, at the age of 7.8 years, she continues to have hyperthyroidism
      with several problems in treatment.

PMID- 2659952
TI  - [The empty sella syndrome. Clinical, radiological and endocrinologic analysis in
      20 cases].
AB  - Empty sella syndrome is an anatomical entity in which the pituitary fossa is
      enlarged and partially filled with cerebrospinal fluid owing to the arachnoid
      herniation, while the pituitary gland is compressed against the posterior rim of
      the fossa. This condition can be due to an inherent weakness of the diaphragm
      sella and/or to an increase in intracranial pressure which promote the herniation
      of the arachnoid membrane into the pituitary fossa (primary empty sella) or it
      can results following surgery, radiation or vascular and tumorous pituitary
      diseases (secondary empty sella). Empty sella can be associated with
      neuroradiological and endocrine symptoms. This study reports the clinical,
      endocrine, and roentgenographic features in 20 patients with primary empty sella
      syndrome. Disturbances of hypothalamic-pituitary function were detected in 6
      patients (hyperprolactinemia, hypopituitarism, central diabetes insipidus,
      hypothalamic hypothyroidism). Three patients exhibited hypergonadotropic
      hypogonadism. This report supports the following conclusions: a) there is no
      correlation between size of pituitary fossa, type an extension of arachnoid
      herniation and the degree of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction; b) endocrine
      alterations are frequent in the empty sella syndrome; c) the association of empty
      sella and primary diabetes insipidus is not a very rare event.

PMID- 2659953
TI  - [Sequential calcitriol-calcitonin in the therapy of osteoporosis].
AB  - Different therapeutic regimens have been proposed by Authors in the treatment of
      involutional (and particularly postmenopausal) osteoporosis. Following the up to
      date concepts on bone remodelling, an ADFR (Activate, Depress, Free, Repeat)
      trial was performed in 20 females affected by involutional osteoporosis. They
      were treated with Calcitriol 2 mcg/d for 7 days, followed by a 21 days period of
      100 U/d Salmon Calcitonin + 1 g/d Calcitonin, followed by a 2-month period of
      Calcium alone. The cycles were repeated for 1 year and the results of
      densitometric examinations (radial mineral content evaluated by single photon
      absorptiometer, and vertebral mineral content evaluated by dual photon
      absorptiometer) and of biochemical markers (Ca++, P, osteocalcin, alkaline
      phosphatase, hydroxyproline) controlled every 3 months, were compared with those
      obtained in a group of patients treated only with Salmon Calcitonin and in a
      group treated with Calcium for 1 year. After two therapeutical cycles radial bone
      mineral density significantly increased; vertebral bone density also increased
      but not significantly. The effects were more evident in comparison to calcitonin
      alone treatment. A significant reduction in serum osteocalcin was documented. At
      the end of the therapy no further improvement was registered. This suggests that
      some variations and adaptation of therapeutic strategy are needed to achieve a
      more important and substantial improvement of bone conditions.

PMID- 2659954
TI  - New steroid for the climacteric syndrome.
AB  - Org OD 14 is a new steroid drug taken orally that appears to act weekly but
      simultaneously on the estrogens, androgens and progestins. The drug eliminates
      blood FSH and LH in menopausal women without affecting PRL levels. It also proved
      more effective than a placebo in controlling hot flushes and related
      disturbances. The patients treated reveal no reduction in bone mineral content.
      The incidence of side effects was very low and comparable to the findings in the
      placebo-treated control group: in particular, there were no changes in body
      weight, hair distribution of blood pressure. Biochemical studies revealed no
      alteration in live enzymes, bilirubin, CBG, or cortisol. There was a slight
      reduction in glucose tolerance but long-term studies revealed no change in the
      glucoproteins. There was a certain drop in HDL-cholesterol with a tendency to
      normalise even the long-term and a simultaneous decrease in VLDL and
      triglycerides which should minimise the risk of cardiovascular pathology. No
      damaging interference with blood clotting was noted. It may be concluded that
      oral Org OD 14 is effective and safe for the treatment of menopausal patients.

PMID- 2659956
TI  - Wanted: drug utilization reviewers.

PMID- 2659955
TI  - [Effects on the bones of nandrolone decanoate therapy in postmenopausal
      osteoporosis].
AB  - In many patients with involutional osteoporosis, anabolic steroids may produce a
      rapid subjective improvement and pronounced reduction of complaints. In animal
      experiments it has been demonstrated that anabolic steroids can also have
      objective effect on bone tissue. Twenty postmenopausal osteoporotic patients have
      been randomly assigned to two different treatments: 10 patients were treated with
      50 mg i.m. of nandrolone decanoate every 3 weeks for 12 months; 10 patients were
      treated with placebo. Both groups received an oral calcium supplement (1 g/day).
      Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by dual photon absorptiometry before and
      after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Plasma alkaline phosphatase (A.Ph.) and urinary
      hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (HOP) were measured at the same times. Intestinal
      calcium absorption was measured by the 47Ca oral test before and after treatment.
      In 4 patients of both groups a transiliac bone biopsy was performed before and
      after treatment. After 1 year there was a significant increase in the BMC of the
      lumbar spine in the group receiving calcium plus nandrolone decanoate. A
      progressive but not significant increase of A.Ph. was observed in the group
      treated with nandrolone decanoate. Radiocalcium absorption significantly
      increased in nandrolone treated patients. The histomorphometric study of bone
      demonstrated a significant increases in trabecular bone volume and in active
      osteoid surfaces in patients treated with nandrolone decanoate. Because the
      plasma A.Ph. tendes to increase with no change in bone resorption (as measured by
      urinary HOP) and the active osteoid surfaces significantly augment, we conclude
      that nandrolone therapy increases the bone formation rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2659957
TI  - Working with the PRO. Foundation for Health Care Evaluation.

PMID- 2659958
TI  - [Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz's syndrome). Review of the literature and
      clinical contribution].
AB  - A clinical case of focal dermal hypoplasia or Goltz syndrome is described with
      details of the odontostomatological features both generally encountered and
      observed in the present case. The main aetiopathogenic hypotheses are also
      discussed and a dominant X-linked transmission is postulated.

PMID- 2659959
TI  - [Fluoridation of water in Europe. Review of the literature].
AB  - The numerous studies proving that fluoride administration, mainly via fluoridated
      water, is undoubtedly the most reliable, efficient and economic technique for the
      prevention of dental decay are considered. However we should not underestimate
      the existence of a certain degree of distrust among the public or certain
      technical and bureaucratic problems which can interfere with the diffusion of
      this method. The experiments conducted in some countries where water fluoridation
      has been introduced are also reviewed.

PMID- 2659960
TI  - [Optimization of the surgical technic for extraction of the lower third molars].
AB  - The high incidence of third molar extraction is related to their frequent
      pathology. The use of an uncomplicated and reliable diagnostic and therapeutic
      protocol therefore became extremely important. The protocol has to include
      careful selection and preparation as well as the appropriate choice of
      instruments and surgical techniques. This is even more important, considering the
      elective nature of the procedure and the local and more rarely, systemic
      complications that could develop.

PMID- 2659961
TI  - [Keratotic lesions of the oral cavity. Notes on histopathologic differential
      diagnosis in leukoplakia, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus. Cases
      investigation].
AB  - A series of 24 white mouth lesions variously diagnosed as leukoplakia, lichen
      planus and discord lupus erythematosus is examined. A number of histological
      parameters were investigated using samples stained with haematoxylin-eosin and
      orcein and by Wohlgemulh's test. The 24 cases were also assessed by direct
      immunofluorescence (DIF) using the standard techniques. The aim of the study was
      to discover which of the histological and DIF findings were most helpful for
      diagnosis. The results confirm the view that histological diagnosis is only
      possible in some cases and that DIF helps to clarify histologically uncertain
      ones. Even so, clinical examination of the patient remains essential in order to
      eliminate the uncertainty created by the histological findings. It therefore
      follows that close collaboration between clinician and pathologist is essential.

PMID- 2659962
TI  - The invisible village.

PMID- 2659963
TI  - Israel Zwerling: lessons from a career.

PMID- 2659964
TI  - The Maryland plan: a decade of university-state collaboration.

PMID- 2659966
TI  - The future of the public system.

PMID- 2659965
TI  - Balancing legal realities: the courts, the legislature, and public psychiatry.

PMID- 2659967
TI  - Public psychiatry in an era of deinstitutionalization.

PMID- 2659968
TI  - Major complications of central lines in neonates.

PMID- 2659969
TI  - Control of formation of active soluble or inactive insoluble baker's yeast alpha
      glucosidase PI in Escherichia coli by induction and growth conditions.
AB  - Using standard growth conditions (LB medium, 37 degrees C, induction with 5 mM
      IPTG) yeast alpha-glucosidase PI expressed under the control of the regulated tac
      hybrid promoter results in the synthesis of insoluble aggregated alpha
      glucosidase granules in Escherichia coli. Under these conditions active soluble
      alpha-glucosidase amounts to less than 1% of the heterologously produced protein.
      However, the amount of soluble active alpha-glucosidase was dramatically
      increased when the strong tac-hybrid promoter was to a limited extent induced.
      This was achieved at concentrations of 0.01 mM IPTG or of 1% lactose or lower in
      a lactose-permease deficient host strain containing the lacIq repressor gene on
      an R-plasmid. The formation of active soluble alpha-glucosidase was almost 100%
      when E. coli cells induced in this manner were cultivated under conditions that
      reduced growth rate, i.e. at decreased temperature, extreme pH values or in
      minimal and complete media supplemented with different carbon sources.

PMID- 2659971
TI  - Transformation of various species of gram-negative bacteria belonging to 11
      different genera by electroporation.
AB  - We have undertaken a systematic study to test the transformation of various
      species of gram-negative bacteria using the electroporation method. The data
      obtained show very clearly that a great variety of gram-negative bacteria--15
      different species belonging to 11 different genera--including freshly isolated
      wild-type strains can be transformed efficiently by use of the electric-field
      mediated transformation technique. These include species of the families
      Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, photosynthetic bacteria and
      strains for which transformation could not be achieved, up to now, by other
      methods.

PMID- 2659970
TI  - DNA sequence of the metC gene and its flanking regions from Salmonella
      typhimurium LT2 and homology with the corresponding sequence of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The DNA sequence of the Salmonella typhimurium metC gene and its flanking regions
      was determined. The metC gene contains an open reading frame of 1185 nucleotides
      encoding a polypeptide of 395 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of
      42,874 daltons. S1 nuclease mapping experiments located the transcription start
      site of the metC gene. The nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid
      sequence for the metC genes of S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli were compared.
      Although there are 279 nucleotide replacements, most do not change the amino acid
      sequence. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the flanking regions of the S.
      typhimurium metC gene shows that there is an open reading frame upstream and an
      open reading frame downstream of the gene. The existence of the divergently
      transcribed upstream open reading frame (designated ORF1) was confirmed by the
      construction of an ORF1-lacZ fusion. The transcription start site of ORF1 was
      determined by S1 nuclease mapping.

PMID- 2659972
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli hag operator mutants whose
      hag48 expression has become repressible by a Salmonella H1 repressor.
AB  - The expression of an Escherichia coli K12 flagellin gene, hagA48, is insensitive
      to the Salmonella H1 repressor (rh1+). By selecting merodiploid cells H2-rh1on
      off/F'hag48 for motility in the presence of anti-H48 serum, mutants which had
      escaped from inhibition by the serum because of repression of their hag48
      expression by rh1+ were isolated. Their nucleotide sequences were examined in the
      region containing the promoter, the position of which was confirmed by S1
      nuclease analysis of the transcriptional initiation site. The two independently
      isolated mutants had the same heptamer insertion AGACGAT at a site overlapping
      with the promoter sequence, creating a putative operator sequence homologous to
      Salmonella H1, but not to H2. Other candidates for operator mutants had reduced
      flagellar synthesis because of mutations between the transcriptional and
      translational initiation sites or in the structural gene. The sequence analysis
      also revealed a repetitive extragenic palindrome (REP) consensus sequence and a
      transcriptional terminator of hag48 in a small, functionally unknown open reading
      frame (ORF).

PMID- 2659973
TI  - Preparation and characterization of anti-human chromogranin A and chromogranin B
      (secretogranin I) monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Chromogranin A, chromogranin B/secretogranin I and chromogranin C/secretogranin
      II are acidic sulphated and phosphorylated secretory proteins present in a large
      number of endocrine and neuronal tissues. It has been suggested that these
      proteins may be useful immunohistochemical markers for human tumours of endocrine
      origin and their measurement in plasma has been proposed as a diagnostic tool in
      patients with these tumours. In order to obtain anti-human
      chromogranins/secretogranins antibodies for clinical applications, we immunized
      mice with whole chromaffin granules isolated from human pheochromocytoma. The
      immune sera analysed by two-dimensional immunoblotting were found to recognize
      chromogranins/secretogranins and other unidentified proteins and to react in
      immunocytochemistry with pheochromocytoma as well as with a number of endocrine
      cells of different types. Hybridoma supernatants obtained from the splenocytes of
      a hyperimmune mouse, screened with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were
      analysed by both immunocytochemistry and two-dimensional immunoblotting. By using
      this experimental approach we were able to identify several monoclonal antibodies
      against human chromaffin granule components. In particular, we have characterized
      one anti-human chromogranin A and one anti-human chromogranin B/secretogranin I
      monoclonal antibody which showed a very specific pattern both in
      immunocytochemistry and in two-dimensional immunoblotting.

PMID- 2659974
TI  - [Introduction to molecular genetic diagnosis].
AB  - A short review is given of the scientific basis and practical application of
      molecular approaches to the direct and indirect diagnosis of heritable disease
      and the forsensic identification of individuals.

PMID- 2659975
TI  - [DNA diagnosis of monogene hereditary diseases exemplified by phenylketonuria and
      mucoviscidosis].
AB  - In 170 inherited diseases there exists the possibility for diagnosis at the DNA
      level. Using phenylketonuria (PKU) and cystic fibrosis (CF) as examples we
      demonstrate the capability of direct and indirect DNA-diagnosis through the use
      of DNA markers and allelespecific oligonucleotide hybridization respectively. In
      88% of our PKU-patients and in 98% of the CF-patients DNA linkage analysis and
      therefore prenatal diagnosis on the DNA level can be carried out in affected
      families. The reliability of DNA-diagnosis is 99.0% for PKU and between 96.0
      99.99% for CF depending on where the DNA-markers are localized. In contrast to
      CF, the PKU gene has been isolated and distinct mutations within the
      phenylalanine hydroxylase gene have been characterized. There is evidence for a
      correlation between genotype and clinical and biochemical phenotype. Also in CF
      it is indicated that certain DNA haplotypes correlate with the severity of the
      disease: less frequent haplotypes seem to be more often associated with a milder
      course than haplotype "B/B" which represents 85% of the CF chromosomes. Therefore
      DNA diagnostic methods not only make a major contribution to improved genetic
      counseling but also offer the possibility for a better future understanding of
      the heterogeneity of genetic diseases.

PMID- 2659976
TI  - [Determination of protein nitrogen utilization with (15N) yeast protein in short
      bowel syndrome].
AB  - The digestive and absorptive capacity for food protein was studied in 8 infants
      with short bowel syndrome by means of [15N] yeast protein as a tracer substance.
      The extent of resection ranged from total removal of the small bowel to partial
      closures of the large bowel by colostomies. The tracer substance was administered
      as single oral pulse labeling in a dosage of 5 mg 15N/kg. The fecal losses of 15N
      were extremely high in cases of total and subtotal resection of the small bowel
      as well as after operative removal of the Bauhins valve. In the entirety they
      ranged between 3 and 95% of the intake. The corresponding 15N-retention in the
      protein pool was in the range between 0.1 and 91.6%. Operative findings,
      nutritional state and passage time were of limited value for the prediction of
      food protein assimilation. Even residual lengths of 25 cm of the small bowel
      turned out to be compensated, which was shown in one of the infants by an
      absorption of 97% and a retention rate of 84%. The oral [15N] yeast protein
      loading can be considered a reliable test for the evaluation of protein nitrogen
      absorption and utilization in short bowel syndromes.

PMID- 2659977
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis as an initial manifestation of hypercalcemia in primary
      hyperparathyroidism in childhood].
AB  - A 12-year-old girl was admitted to our hospital with signs of an acute abdomen
      with paralytic ileus. The previous and family history were without abnormalities.
      Abdominal pain and vomiting had started two days earlier. On palpation the
      swollen abdomen was painful and there was an increased tension in the left upper
      part. The clinical diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was confirmed by an increased
      serum level of lipase (4480 U/l). Clinical chemical investigations further
      revealed a permanent hypercalcemia in the range of 6.4 to 8.3 mval/l. This,
      together with concomitantly reduced levels of serum phosphate and a threefold
      increased level of parathyroid hormone (343 pg/ml, upper limit of reference = 100
      pg/ml) were consistent with a hyperparathyroidism. In fact, sonography of the
      cervical organs revealed a solitary adenoma of the parathyroid glands. After
      surgery serum levels of calcium returned to normal. Hypercalcemia as a
      consequence of primary hyperparathyroidism has to be included in the differential
      diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in childhood.

PMID- 2659979
TI  - [DNA complexes with synthetic oligopeptides: a model for studying the regularity
      of DNA compactization in vivo].
AB  - The electron microscopic data on compactization of DNA at interaction with the
      synthetic oligopeptides having the trend of beta-structures formation in
      solutions are summarized. The new types of intramolecular and intermolecular
      compact structures are described in brief. Sequence of compactization process
      steps is discussed, the models of DNA packaging in the structures are presented.
      On the basis of the data presented the general principles of arrangement of the
      described compact structures are formulated, the mechanisms are proposed for
      formation of different types of compact particles on the final stage of the
      process of DNA condensation. Some processes of the genetic material
      compactization in vivo are discussed in which the proposed mechanisms for compact
      structures formation may have realization.

PMID- 2659978
TI  - [The effectiveness of ambulatory psychiatric management. A model for the
      evaluation of extramural services].

PMID- 2659980
TI  - [recA-genes of Erwinia chrysanthemi ENA49].
AB  - The recA gene of Erwinia chrysanthemi ENA49 has been cloned in vivo in
      Escherichia coli K12, recA13 cells using the plasmid pULB113. On the basis or DNA
      repair and recombination deficiencies complementation, of restoration of the
      inducible "SOS"-response functions the functional identity of the cloned gene
      with the recA gene was concluded. The recA gene was localized in the 18th min
      region of the chromosomal genetical map of Erwinia chrysanthemi ENA49 between the
      genes proA and pheA.

PMID- 2659981
TI  - Chromosomal aberrations and DNA repair ability of in vitro irradiated white blood
      cells of monkeys previously exposed to total body irradiation.
AB  - Six monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were total-body-irradiated with 60Co
      (fractionated irradiation of 8 or 10 Gy). Blood samples were collected at
      different times post total-body irradiation, then in vitro irradiated in order to
      test whether a prior in vivo irradiation could affect the radiosensitivity of
      their leukocytes. We suggested in a preliminary report that the enhanced
      chromosomal radiosensitivity of in vivo irradiated monkeys could be correlated
      with a DNA repair deficiency (Guedeney et al., 1986). Chromosomal aberrations,
      the rate of initial strand breaks and their rejoining estimated using a
      fluorescent assay for DNA unwinding were chosen as the endpoints in this more
      extensive study. We observed that the yield of dicentrics induced by a subsequent
      in vitro irradiation was lower than that scored in unirradiated monkeys in few
      cases (6/22) whereas the number of acentrics was found to be modified in 16 of
      the 22 samples. An altered DNA repair ability was observed in most but not all
      blood samples tested. Thus, in view of such intra-individual variability, the
      results of this more extensive study lead us to conclude that a previous total
      body irradiation does not alter the gamma-induced chromosome aberrations and DNA
      repair ability in a reproducible manner.

PMID- 2659982
TI  - Modifying action of gamma-radiation in mutagenesis of E. coli WU36-10 induced by
      ethylene oxide, ethyl methanesulfonate and methyl methanesulfonate.
AB  - The influence of gamma-radiation pre-exposure on ethylene oxide, ethyl
      methanesulfonate and methyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis in Escherichia coli WU36
      10 was studied. Pretreatment with gamma-radiation resulted, in the case of
      subsequent treatment with ethylene oxide and ethyl methanesulfonate, in a
      decrease of the frequency of leu+ revertants, and in the case of subsequent
      treatment with methyl methanesulfonate, in an increase of this mutation
      frequency.

PMID- 2659983
TI  - Preferential activation of 6-aminochrysene and 2-aminoanthracene to mutagenic
      moieties by different forms of cytochrome P450 in hepatic 9000 X g supernatants
      from the rat.
AB  - 6-Aminochrysene and 2-aminoanthracene were activated to metabolites which were
      mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA98 by hepatocytes or hepatic 9000 X g
      supernatants (S9s) from control or xenobiotic-treated rats. Hepatocytes from
      Aroclor-1254-treated rats were more efficient than hepatocytes from untreated
      rats at activating these aromatic amines. When plate-incorporation and liquid
      incubation bacterial mutagenesis assays were performed in the presence of
      limiting amounts of rat hepatic S9, 2-aminoanthracene was activated to a greater
      extent in both cases, as judged by his+ revertant formation, by 3
      methylcholanthrene-induced hepatic S9 than by phenobarbital-induced or control
      S9s. In contrast, 6-aminochrysene was activated more efficiently by phenobarbital
      induced S9 than by 3-methylcholanthrene-induced or control S9s. This unexpected
      finding was confirmed employing polyclonal antibodies directed against specific
      forms of rat cytochrome P450. Thus, when employing Aroclor-1254-induced S9 as a
      source of metabolic activation, antibody directed against cytochrome P450IA1
      inhibited the activation of 2-aminoanthracene but not of 6-aminochrysene. In
      contrast, antibody directed against cytochrome P450IIB1 inhibited the activation
      of 6-aminochrysene but not of 2-aminoanthracene. These results suggest that under
      conditions in which the amounts of S9 added are rate-limiting, the two aromatic
      amines are preferentially activated by different induced forms of cytochrome P
      450.

PMID- 2659984
TI  - Infection of human fetal membranes in vitro with Candida albicans.
AB  - The present study was designed to examine whether C. albicans could infect and
      penetrate through intact human fetal membranes in vitro. Fragments of fresh fetal
      membranes were obtained from pregnant women undergoing a cesarean section. C.
      albicans was inoculated onto the surface of the maternal side of the membranes,
      after which the inoculated tissue were incubated at 31 degrees C. C. albicans was
      able to infect and penetrate through the membranes into the fetal side within 24
      h of incubation.

PMID- 2659985
TI  - Study of Leishmania mexicana electrokaryotype by clamped homogeneous electric
      field electrophoresis.
AB  - In spite of the wide use of electrokaryotypes for Leishmania identification, the
      number, ploidy and associated functions of the chromosomal bands still remain
      controversial topics. In the present work, we studied these problems in the
      pathogenic organism Leishmania mexicana using the clamped homogeneous electric
      field electrophoresis (CHEF) technique, which allows the separation of uniform
      chromosomal bands in one run. We arrived at the following general conclusions:
      (i) a comparative densitometric study using haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      cells as standard reveals that although L. mexicana is an aneuploid organism, its
      larger bands are diploid; (ii) a total of 18 chromosomal bands ranging from 3.2
      to 0.245 Mbp were resolved. These molecules summed to 1.34 X 10(8) bp, a value
      within the range of the Leishmania genome; (iii) in hybridisation experiments
      using different housekeeping gene probes, the majority hybridised with
      chromosomal band 17 or 18 of L. mexicana, with additional locations for some
      genes; (iv) the presence of the ubiquitous leishmanial (CA/GT)n sequence in the
      DNA probes could lead to erroneous gene localisation.

PMID- 2659986
TI  - Efficacy of liver transplantation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - No controlled trials have been performed to assess the efficacy of liver
      transplantation. Because of the marked improvement in survival after liver
      transplantation since 1981, random assignment of patients to a control group not
      undergoing transplantation is considered clinically inappropriate. To assess the
      efficacy of liver transplantation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, we
      compared survival in 161 patients with this diagnosis who had undergone a liver
      transplantation with survival in patients with the same diagnosis who had been
      treated conservatively. The comparison was performed with use of a recently
      developed statistical technique, the Mayo model. All patients had undergone liver
      transplantation between March 1980 and June 1987 and were followed for a median
      of 25 months. Three months after liver transplantation, the Kaplan-Meier survival
      probabilities in the recipients were substantially higher than the Mayo-model
      "simulated-control" survival probabilities (P less than 0.001). At two years, the
      Kaplan-Meier survival probability was 0.74, whereas the mean Mayo-model survival
      probability was 0.31. The patients who were at low risk according to the Mayo
      model had the best probability of survival after liver transplantation; however,
      patients at all risk levels who had undergone liver transplantation had higher
      probabilities of survival that those who had not. We conclude that liver
      transplantation is an efficacious treatment in patients with advanced primary
      biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2659987
TI  - Asbestos-related diseases.

PMID- 2659988
TI  - HIV transmission through kidney transplantation from a living related donor.

PMID- 2659989
TI  - Lack of effect of lung denervation on the measurement of potential difference
      after single-lung transplantation.

PMID- 2659990
TI  - Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like
      syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A.
AB  - There is concern that group A streptococci, which have caused less serious
      infections in developed countries in recent decades, may be acquiring greater
      virulence. We describe 20 patients from the Rocky Mountain region who had group A
      streptococcal infections from 1986 to 1988 that were remarkable for the severity
      of local tissue destruction and life-threatening systemic toxicity. Among the 20
      patients (median age, 36), necrotizing fasciitis with or without myositis was the
      most common soft-tissue infection (55 percent). Nineteen patients (95 percent)
      had shock, 16 (80 percent) had renal impairment, and 11 (55 percent) had acute
      respiratory distress syndrome. The mortality rate was 30 percent. All patients
      but 1 had positive tissue cultures for Streptococcus pyogenes; 12 had positive
      blood cultures. Most of the patients had no underlying disease; 2 used
      intravenous drugs. Strains of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from
      10 patients were not of a single M or T type; however, 8 of the 10 strains
      produced pyrogenic exotoxin A (scarlet fever toxin A, a classic erythrogenic
      toxin), which has rarely been observed in recent years. From our study of this
      cluster of severe streptococcal infections with a toxic shock-like syndrome, we
      conclude that in our region, more virulent group A streptococci have reappeared
      that produce the pyrogenic toxin A associated with scarlet fever.

PMID- 2659991
TI  - Yersinia enterocolitica.

PMID- 2659992
TI  - Is pancreas transplantation for insulin-dependent diabetics worthwhile?

PMID- 2659993
TI  - Unsuspected Fanconi's anemia and bone marrow transplantation in cases of acute
      myelomonocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2659994
TI  - Treatment of severe malaria in the United States with a continuous infusion of
      quinidine gluconate and exchange transfusion.
AB  - During the past decade the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the
      United States has increased 10-fold. Treatment may be delayed because the therapy
      recommended for severe or complicated disease, intravenous quinine
      dihydrochloride, is available only from the Centers for Disease Control. We
      studied 17 patients who were treated for severe or complicated P. falciparum
      malaria in the United States between 1985 and 1987. Five patients were treated
      with a continuous infusion of quinidine gluconate, 10 with an exchange
      transfusion in addition to the continuous infusion of quinidine gluconate, and 2
      with intermittently administered intravenous quinine dihydrochloride and an
      exchange transfusion. All 16 patients with P. falciparum malaria (1 patient had
      P. vivax malaria) had hyperparasitemia at the time of diagnosis (6 to 54 percent
      of the erythrocytes infected; median, 13 percent). Three patients with marked
      hyperparasitemia (54, 38, and 30 percent) and multiple other indicators of a poor
      prognosis, including advanced age, died. The 13 patients who completed their
      courses of quinidine with or without exchange transfusion had a parasitemia level
      of 1.1 percent or less 28 to 72 hours (mean, 44.4 hours) after the start of
      therapy. Side effects of quinidine treatment were observed in only two patients,
      one of whom had a serum quinidine concentration above the toxic level. We
      conclude that the continuous infusion of quinidine gluconate is well tolerated
      alone and with exchange transfusion and is effective in the treatment of severe
      and complicated malaria.

PMID- 2659995
TI  - Enhancement of wound healing by topical treatment with epidermal growth factor.
AB  - Experimental studies in animals have demonstrated that the topical application of
      epidermal growth factor accelerates the rate of epidermal regeneration of partial
      thickness wounds and second-degree burns. We conducted a prospective, randomized,
      double-blind clinical trial using skin-graft-donor sites to determine whether
      epidermal growth factor would accelerate the rate of epidermal regeneration in
      humans. Paired donor sites were created in 12 patients who required skin grafting
      for either burns or reconstructive surgery. One donor site from each patient was
      treated topically with silver sulfadiazine cream, and one was treated with silver
      sulfadiazine cream containing epidermal growth factor (10 micrograms per
      milliliter). The donor sites were photographed daily, and healing was measured
      with the use of planimetric analysis. The donor sites treated with silver
      sulfadiazine containing epidermal growth factor had an accelerated rate of
      epidermal regeneration in all 12 patients as compared with that in the paired
      donor sites treated with silver sulfadiazine alone. Treatment with epidermal
      growth factor significantly decreased the average length of time to 25 percent
      and 50 percent healing by approximately one day and that to 75 percent and 100
      percent healing by approximately 1.5 days (P less than 0.02). Histologic
      evaluation of punch-biopsy specimens taken from the centers of donor sites three
      days after the onset of healing supported these results. We conclude that
      epidermal growth factor accelerates the rate of healing of partial-thickness skin
      wounds. Further studies are required to determine the clinical importance of this
      finding.

PMID- 2659996
TI  - The effects of pancreas transplantation on the glomerular structure of renal
      allografts in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - The microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus may be caused, in part, by
      poor glycemic control. Diabetic patients who have received renal allografts may
      have new glomerular lesions that are manifested structurally by increases in
      mesangial and glomerular volume. Successful pancreas transplantation produces
      long-term normoglycemia and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the impact
      of the normalization of the blood glucose level on the development of the renal
      lesions typical of diabetes mellitus in transplanted kidneys. We obtained biopsy
      specimens from the functioning renal allografts of 12 patients with insulin
      dependent (Type I) diabetes before successful pancreas transplantation (performed
      one to seven years after renal transplantation) and repeated the biopsy at least
      1.9 years later. In renal biopsy specimens obtained before pancreas
      transplantation, the mesangial volume was normal or modestly increased and the
      glomerular basement membrane was moderately thickened. At follow-up, no
      progression could be detected in any structural measure in the glomerulus.
      Furthermore, the recipients of pancreas transplants had smaller glomerular
      volumes than 13 matched diabetic patients who were recipients of renal allografts
      but who did not undergo pancreas transplantation (mean +/- SD, 1.80 +/- 0.55 vs.
      2.47 +/- 0.73 x 10(6) microns 3; P = 0.02) and showed markedly less mesangial
      expansion (mesangial-volume fraction, 0.19 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.31 +/- 0.10 microns 3
      per cubic micrometer; P = 0.004). We conclude that successful pancreas
      transplantation is associated with significantly less severe diabetic
      glomerulopathy in kidneys previously transplanted into diabetic patients. These
      data support the hypothesis that normoglycemia can prevent the progression of
      diabetic glomerulopathy in humans.

PMID- 2659997
TI  - Care of the nursing home patient.

PMID- 2659999
TI  - Isaac's blindness.

PMID- 2659998
TI  - Acquired cyclic amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia associated with an
      immunoglobulin blocking the action of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor.

PMID- 2660000
TI  - [Handling of stress in daily life. II. Prevention and amelioration of stress].

PMID- 2660001
TI  - Brain sections to be buried?

PMID- 2660002
TI  - RNA chemistry. Ribozyme self-replication?

PMID- 2660003
TI  - RNA-catalysed synthesis of complementary-strand RNA.
AB  - The Tetrahymena ribozyme can splice together multiple oligonucleotides aligned on
      a template strand to yield a fully complementary product strand. This reaction
      demonstrates the feasibility of RNA-catalysed RNA replications.

PMID- 2660004
TI  - Dystrophin. The gene and its product.

PMID- 2660005
TI  - So-called tethered cervical spinal cord.
AB  - A case is reported of the so-called Tethered Cervical Spinal Cord Syndrome
      presenting as multiradicular pain on an upper limb in a 45-year old woman, in
      whom spina bifida occulta (C6) was associated with an intramedullary lipoma,
      intradural fibrous adhesions and the fusion of the sixth and seventh cervical
      vertebrae. Surgical release of the tether was ineffective, and the patient
      underwent a posterior rhizotomy for pain relief. The clinical and
      maldevelopmental aspects of this most uncommon form of spinal cord tethering are
      discussed briefly.

PMID- 2660006
TI  - [The problem of selective vulnerability in neuropathology: the historical
      discussion between C. and O. Vogt and W. Spielmeyer as seen today (review)].
AB  - This review is focused upon the historical discussion on the topic of selective
      vulnerability. The extended controversy between C. and O. Vogt on the one side,
      and W. Spielmeyer on the other is reviewed. The major interest centers around the
      hippocampus where the phenomenon of selective vulnerability is most obvious. The
      theory of pathoclisis as proposed by the Vogts is reported which postulates
      physico-chemical peculiarities for different anatomical areas. Spielmeyer took an
      opposite position and stressed the vascular supply which was examined by
      Uchimura. The common issues of both theories are discussed, and the synthesis
      attempted by Scholz is explained. In the sense of an interim statement, present
      results from experimental research on cerebral ischemia and on selective
      vulnerability are discussed.

PMID- 2660007
TI  - [Therapeutic irradiation of brain tumor and cerebrovasculopathy].
AB  - The first case was a 5-year-old girl treated with a total of 6000 rads after
      total removal of a left temporoparietal tumor extending into the basal ganglia.
      About 4 years after completion of the radiation therapy, she showed left
      hemiplegia and deterioration in her level of consciousness. A plain CT scan
      showed calcification in the region of the bilateral basal ganglia and low density
      area in the right fronto-parietal region. An enhanced CT revealed gyral
      enhancements in the pre- and postcentral gyrus of the right hemisphere. Left
      carotid angiograms showed a narrowing of the horizontal portion and an occlusion
      of the distal portion of the left anterior cerebral artery. The distal portion of
      the right anterior cerebral artery was filled through the anterior communicating
      artery. Right carotid angiograms revealed an occlusion of the terminal portion of
      the internal carotid artery, retrograde filling of the anterior and middle
      cerebral arteries by leptomeningeal anastomosis via the posterior cerebral
      artery, and partial filling of the anterior cerebral artery via the anterior falx
      artery. Preoperative arteriography did not show occlusion and stenosis of the
      cerebral arteries. Superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis
      in the right hemisphere was performed. Regional cerebral blood flow measured
      during operation increased from 34 to 72 ml/100 gr/min due to the surgery. About
      two weeks after surgery, left hemiplegia disappeared completely. The second case
      was a 67-year-old man who had received radiotherapy, following surgery of a
      chromophobe pituitary adenoma. About one year after irradiation he began to
      complain of gait disturbance and dysarthria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660008
TI  - [Splenectomy in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura].
AB  - Personal experience of 21 patients treated with splenectomy for idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is reported. After a brief review of the
      pathogenesis and prognostic factors of the disease, the paper stresses the
      therapeutic role of surgery and the careful exploration of the abdomen required
      to prevent any recurrence of the disease.

PMID- 2660009
TI  - [Human sparganosis. A clinical case].
AB  - After reviewing the international literature, the Authors report an uncommon case
      of sparganosis localized in a submandibular gland.

PMID- 2660010
TI  - [Primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland].
AB  - On the basis of a case of thyroid primary lymphoma observed and in the light of
      the literature. The distinctive features of this rare pathology are discussed.

PMID- 2660011
TI  - [Embryologic and anatomo-surgical presuppositions in intraoperative injuries of
      the spleen. A clinical study].
AB  - Records related to 2559 patients submitted to main abdominal surgery have been
      reviewed. Accidental splenic injury and subsequent splenectomy occurred in 4.5%
      of cases. A study of the embryological development and anatomical patterns of the
      splenic peritoneum has been carried out as well as an analysis of the site and
      the shape of the capsular damage in order to assess the mechanism of injury.
      Avulsion of splenic capsule occurring from traction on the peritoneal attachment
      of the spleen appears to be the most common mechanism of injury. Previous surgery
      and geriatric age seem to be factors predisposing to splenic injury.

PMID- 2660012
TI  - Selective embolization in the treatment of severe blunt renal injury.
AB  - About 10-15 percent of all blunt abdominal trauma is associated with blunt renal
      injury; 85 percent of these renal injuries are minor contusions and can
      successfully be treated conservatively. Injuries of the pedicle account for 5
      percent and require surgical intervention. Serious lacerations and disruptions of
      renal parenchyma associated with bleeding, account for the remaining 10 percent.
      The treatment of these major injuries is more difficult and controversial.
      Surgical treatment is associated with few complications, but nephrectomies are
      indicated in 15 to 60 percent of cases. A conservative approach is associated
      with many early and late complications (up to 60 percent) and in 13 to 68 percent
      surgery is still necessary. Selective embolization of one or more bleeding
      segmental renal arteries is an attractive alternative. The advantages are
      evident. The chance that the bleeding can be successfully stopped is high (more
      than 90 percent). The treatment is relatively easy and can be repeated, as much
      as possible renal parenchyma can be saved and arteriovenous fistula can also be
      treated. Early complications are minor and rare and late complications e.g.
      hypertension, are also very rare. Two patients are presented who were
      successfully treated with selective embolization for severe renal bleeding after
      blunt trauma.

PMID- 2660014
TI  - Sacrococcygeal myxopapillary ependymoma.
AB  - Case report of a 30-year-old woman with a subcutaneous sacrococcygeal ependymoma.
      Treatment consisted of excision. Three local recurrences were treated in the same
      way.

PMID- 2660013
TI  - Ileal obstruction due to tumorous heterotopic gastric mucosa.
AB  - A patient is reported with intermittent ileal obstruction due to tumorous
      heterotopic gastric mucosa not associated with an anatomic anomaly.

PMID- 2660015
TI  - A bilateral axillopectoral muscle.

PMID- 2660016
TI  - Pause due in home health expansions as Congress reassesses?

PMID- 2660017
TI  - Baccalaureate and master's degree programs in nursing accredited by the NLN 1989
      90.

PMID- 2660018
TI  - The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Volume 233, 1958: Factor 3 activity of
      selenium compounds.

PMID- 2660019
TI  - Postoperative hypophosphatemia: a multifactorial problem.
AB  - This case study from the Boston Veterans Administration Medical Center emphasizes
      the signs, pathogenesis, and importance of hypophosphatemia in the setting of
      postoperative intensive nutritional support. Multiple contributing factors,
      including preoperative nutritional depletion, alcoholism, antacid therapy, and
      intracellular shifts induced by intravenous administration of glucose solutions
      were all involved in the pathogenesis of hypophosphatemia. Other risk factors are
      identified; familiarity with these should alert physicians to look for this
      potentially fatal but easily treatable, iatrogenic nutritional disorder.

PMID- 2660020
TI  - Vitamin A and iron deficiency.

PMID- 2660021
TI  - Cyclosporin A improves the glucose tolerance of young diabetics.

PMID- 2660022
TI  - Caloric value of polydextrose.

PMID- 2660023
TI  - Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by monounsaturated fatty acids.

PMID- 2660024
TI  - Selenium in human nutrition in New Zealand.
AB  - New Zealand's soil has a low concentration of selenium (Se), and its residents
      have a lower Se status than do most other peoples. However, New Zealanders do not
      suffer from the Se-responsive ills that afflict their farm animals and some
      people in China. New Zealanders, particularly those in the South Island, may have
      adapted to their low Se environment by thriftiness in urinary excretion of Se.
      Low glutathione peroxidase activities in their tissues have not resulted in
      noticeable damage or changes. The enzyme activity can be raised to a plateau by
      Se supplements, but there is no evidence that supplementation leads to better
      health. Since patterns of coronary heart disease, hypertension, and cancer in New
      Zealand resemble those in other Western countries, no direct link between these
      diseases and Se level is likely.

PMID- 2660025
TI  - Mandatory Medicare assignment.

PMID- 2660026
TI  - A further contribution to the subject of blood transfusion: direct method.

PMID- 2660027
TI  - Trends in American gynecology, 1800-1910: a short history.

PMID- 2660028
TI  - The New York Medical Journal and cigarette smoking.

PMID- 2660029
TI  - Modes of hepatitis B virus transmission in New Zealand.
AB  - We review some of the current literature on modes of transmission of hepatitis B
      virus (HBV) and report a descriptive study of lifestyle practices of children in
      the eastern Bay of Plenty and east coast of New Zealand. We also report a small
      case-control study of possible HBV infection risk factors in a group of central
      North Island school children, with a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
      seroprevalence of 1.5%, and an HBV immune seroprevalence of 16%. Toothbrush,
      bathtowel and bed sharing were found to be risk factors for HBV infection in this
      group. The primary mode of HBV transmission in New Zealand is currently unknown,
      although it appears that direct contact by parenteral means (through blood and
      sores) may be the most likely route of spread. Direct contact by non parenteral
      means, including sharing food contaminated with blood, may also be important.
      Environment-mediated spread may play a role, particularly as a means of spread
      between cuts and sores. Avenues for further research are also suggested.

PMID- 2660030
TI  - Antidepressant mythology.

PMID- 2660031
TI  - Axel Munthe.

PMID- 2660032
TI  - Roots of racism.

PMID- 2660033
TI  - Comparison of two interpolative background subtraction methods using phantom and
      clinical data.
AB  - Two interpolative background subtraction methods used in scintigraphy are tested
      using both phantom and clinical data. Cauchy integral subtraction was found to be
      relatively free of artefacts but required more computing time than bilinear
      interpolation. Both methods may be used with reasonable confidence for the
      quantification of relative measurements such as left ventricular ejection
      fraction and myocardial perfusion index but should be avoided if at all possible
      in the quantification of absolute measurements such as glomerular filtration
      rate.

PMID- 2660034
TI  - Hepatic rupture in pregnancy.
AB  - Hepatic rupture is a rare and serious complication of pregnancy. A case of
      hepatic rupture is presented along with a review of the recent literature.

PMID- 2660035
TI  - Intracervical tents: usage and mode of action.

PMID- 2660036
TI  - Menorrhagia: a review.

PMID- 2660037
TI  - Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: an update review.

PMID- 2660038
TI  - Antenatal detection of cystic hygroma.
AB  - Ultrasonographic evaluation, as a routine component of prenatal care, has
      significantly contributed to in utero assessment of pregnancy status. The
      detection of fetal abnormalities by ultrasound, however, has raised clinical
      questions and created parental dilemmas concerning the outcomes of such
      pregnancies. A relatively frequent anomaly observed on routine ultrasonographic
      examination is the posterior nuchal cystic hygroma. We report the prenatal
      detection of 16 cases of cystic hygromata and an analysis of a survey of the
      world's literature including an additional 155 cases. The information available
      from these 171 cases allows a clearer picture of the prognosis for fetuses in
      whom posterior cystic hygroma is detected in utero. Regarding outcome, 73.2 per
      cent of cases were terminated at the parents' request; 37 cases (22.6 per cent)
      resulted in fetal death in utero prior to any intervention. Only 7 per cent of
      continuing pregnancies resulted in live-born infants. Of the 142 cases with
      available cytogenetic findings, 22 per cent had normal karyotypes; 58 per cent
      had a karyotype associated with Turner syndrome phenotype; while autosomal
      trisomies and various structural abnormalities made up the remaining 20 per cent.
      Even among those fetuses with normal chromosomes, various physical anomalies were
      detected. Fetal hydrops was present in 66 per cent of the 102 cases with
      pertinent information. For those fetuses demonstrating cystic hygroma and normal
      karyotypes, Mendelian syndromes must be considered in the differential diagnosis.
      Alpha-fetoprotein evaluation of both maternal serum and amniotic fluid was not
      helpful in determining prognosis of these fetuses. The ultrasonographic finding
      of a posterior nuchal cystic hygroma, with or without accompanying fetal hydrops,
      is a valid indicator for a poor outcome of such pregnancies.

PMID- 2660039
TI  - Cervical score and onset of spontaneous labor in prolonged pregnancy dated by
      second-trimester ultrasonic scan.
AB  - The interval from expected day of delivery to spontaneous onset of labor was
      correlated with parity and cervical score in 103 women with uncomplicated
      prolonged pregnancy (greater than 294 days). All women had a routine ultrasonic
      scan in weeks 16-18 for the purpose of dating. The mean (+/- SD) modified Bishop
      score on entry to the study was 4.15 +/- 2.0 for nulliparas and 4.90 +/- 2.1 for
      multiparas. The duration beyond 294 days to spontaneous onset of labor varied
      little (mean 3.5-4.5 days) for nulliparas with scores greater than 2 and for
      multiparas regardless of score. Nulliparous women with a poor score (less than 3)
      had spontaneous onset of labor and delivery within a mean of 9.8 days. Half of
      the multiparas (50.0%) and 43.9% of the nulliparas gave birth within 3 days.
      About 90% of all women gave birth within 7 days. All but three had a vaginal
      delivery; the instrumental vaginal delivery rate was 16.3%. The results suggest
      that in postterm women dated with a second-trimester ultrasonic scan, the
      cervical scores are in general more favorable than previously reported in series
      not dated with early scans. The postterm group is also much smaller, and the time
      interval from entry into the postterm period to spontaneous onset of labor is
      shorter.

PMID- 2660040
TI  - Sonographic evaluation of hydrops fetalis.
AB  - Sonographic criteria were developed to aid in determining the cause of hydrops
      fetalis in 26 consecutive cases diagnosed antenatally. This enabled us to predict
      whether the hydrops was due to anemia-related causes (isoimmunization,
      fetomaternal hemorrhage, alpha-thalassemia) or non-anemia-related causes. Fetuses
      without anemia as the cause of hydrops most often exhibited pleural effusions
      (87%) or marked edema (62.5%). A combination of pleural effusions and marked
      edema was evident in fetuses without anemia 56.3% of the time. Those with anemia
      as the cause of hydrops were significantly less likely to exhibit pleural
      effusions (20%), marked edema (10%), or pleural effusions and marked edema (10%).
      A thickened placenta occurred significantly more frequently (80 versus 37%) in
      anemia-associated hydrops. With the use of cordocentesis and intravascular in
      utero transfusion, the early recognition and treatment of hydrops fetalis due to
      anemia should lead to improved outcome in fetuses so affected.

PMID- 2660041
TI  - Obstetrics and Ernest Hemingway.
AB  - Ernest Hemingway is one of the most popular and important American writers of the
      20th century. His fiction, ranging from the short story to the novel, is well
      known, but his medical knowledge, and in particular his knowledge of obstetrics,
      often is not recognized. To achieve the realistic depiction of the childbirth
      scenes in A Farewell to Arms required that Hemingway acquire special knowledge of
      obstetrics practice.

PMID- 2660042
TI  - Twice a cesarean, always a cesarean?

PMID- 2660043
TI  - An evaluation of the time of discovery of fetal malformations by an indication
      based system for ordering obstetric ultrasound.
AB  - Circumstances of detection of 570 structural abnormalities in 364 fetuses were
      reviewed to determine whether referral for obstetric ultrasound according to
      specific indications resulted in late detection of abnormal fetuses and whether
      earlier detection might have changed pregnancy outcomes. A system of indication
      based obstetric ultrasound discovered 124 abnormal fetuses (34%) at 22 weeks or
      less and 240 (66%) at 23 weeks or more. Most fetal abnormalities found at 23
      weeks or more were probably detectable earlier, because the pattern of
      abnormalities discovered was reasonably similar in the two groups. Discovery of
      abnormal fetuses at 22 weeks or less was associated with a 67% termination rate
      and an 11% postnatal survival rate, whereas discovery at 23 weeks or more was
      associated with a 14% termination rate and a 51% postnatal survival rate. For
      fetal abnormalities not detected until 23 weeks or more, the indications that led
      to detection were present earlier in only 28%, and any indications were present
      earlier in only 44%. This study raises serious concern about the ability of the
      indication-based obstetric ultrasound system commonly used in the United States
      to detect fetal abnormalities before therapeutic options become limited.
      Evaluation of alternative systems for timing of obstetric ultrasound appears to
      be warranted.

PMID- 2660044
TI  - Antiviral trial conducted.

PMID- 2660045
TI  - Historic merger of medical groups may affect board certification exams.

PMID- 2660046
TI  - [Morphology, physiology and reparative regeneration of the posterior epithelium
      of the cornea].

PMID- 2660047
TI  - Mitoxantrone therapy of advanced adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. A phase II
      trial.

PMID- 2660048
TI  - [Extreme hyperphosphatemia with hypocalcemia within the scope of cell lysis
      syndrome in a child with T-ALL].
AB  - In a 10 3/4-year-old girl suffering from a T-ALL with an extremely high leukocyte
      blood cell count (400,000/microliters) we observed a tumor-lysis syndrome with
      hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia accompanied by clinical signs of tetany. The
      therapeutic application of calcium gluconate resulted in vascular calcification
      by exceeding by far the calcium-phosphate solubility product. The fast lysis of T
      lymphoblasts with their high phosphate concentration is etiologically involved in
      the hyperphosphatemia. Our patient died of multiorganic failure. Regular
      monitoring of phosphate in urine might be helpful in instituting early
      therapeutic procedures.

PMID- 2660049
TI  - [Anemia in malignant tumor diseases. V. The relation of tumor-induced
      hypotransferrinemia and the degree of anemia].
AB  - Transferrin is a growth factor in malignancy. In this function, transferrin is
      taken up into the proliferating malignant cell. The tumor-induced loss of
      circulating transferrin results in a hypotransferrinemia which correlates with
      tumor mass and proliferation rate. The cellular uptake of iron into the
      erythropoietic precursors depends on the presence of iron-saturated transferrin.
      Thus, iron utilization for the hemoglobin synthesis correlates with the
      transferrin concentration in blood. In 256 patients with malignancies of
      different histological types and different tumor extension a strong correlation
      was found between the degree of tumor-induced hypotransferrinemia and anemia.
      This correlation between transferrin concentration and hemoglobin concentration
      could be demonstrated in the different histological tumor entities. Tumor
      progression was accompanied by a progressive fall in transferrin concentration
      and hemoglobin concentration. By contrast, tumor remission achieved by an
      effective antineoplastic therapy resulted in an improvement of
      hypotransferrinemia and anemia. These variations in the two parameters were found
      to be strongly correlated. We conclude from our data that tumor-induced loss of
      transferrin is one of the most important factors responsible for the development
      of anemia in malignancy.

PMID- 2660051
TI  - Excimer laser keratoplasty. Part 1: Basic concepts.
AB  - A commercially available ophthalmic excimer laser was used with a new "open mask
      system" to perform noncontact and nonthermal excimer laser keratoplasty in 20
      human and 40 pig cadaver eyes. Circular penetrating corneal trephinations and
      corneal grafts were performed with the excimer laser set at 193 nm. Light
      microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the human and pig
      eyes demonstrated the high quality of excimer laser trephination (smooth wound
      margins that were approximately parallel to the optical axis of the eye), and the
      superior wound configuration and geometry.

PMID- 2660050
TI  - [Results of treatment in primary disseminated osteosarcoma. Analysis of the
      follow-up of patients in the cooperative osteosarcoma studies COSS-80 and COSS
      82].
AB  - Since the long-term disease-free survival rate in adjuvantly treated osteosarcoma
      has nowadays reached a level of about 70%, increasing interest is also being
      directed towards primarily disseminated forms of the disease. Primary metastases,
      which were confined to the lungs in 42 cases, were detected in 59 out of 421
      patients from the prospective therapy trials COSS-80 and COSS-82. The primary
      tumors were more frequently localized in the proximal femur and flat bones as
      compared to patients without detectable metastases at diagnosis. Following
      chemotherapy and surgery of the primary tumor, 15/31 (48%) patients whose
      metastases were excised have survived for 4-8 years, in contrast to only 1/22
      (5%) of those patients whose metastases could not be removed for a variety of
      reasons. Clinical or histological evidence of tumor response after primary
      chemotherapy significantly influenced the outcome of the metastasectomized
      patients.

PMID- 2660052
TI  - The Gass hook as an aid in inferior oblique recession.
AB  - We describe how use of the Gass hook allows safer placement of the lateral rectus
      stay suture for inferior rectus recession through an inferotemporal cul-de-sac
      incision.

PMID- 2660053
TI  - Purification of bovine and human retinal S-antigen using immunoabsorbent polymer
      particles.
AB  - Bovine retinal S-antigen was prepared using gel filtration chromatography
      followed by DEAE A-50 or QAE A-50 anion-exchange chromatography. The final
      purification was performed using immunoadsorbents made from polymerized
      polyvalent antiserum (rabbit) to bovine serum components. The purity of the
      antigen was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, double diffusion
      according to Ouchterlony, immunoblotting and by producing monospecific antiserum
      to the retinal S-antigen. Both S-antigen preparations (DEAE and QAE) proved to be
      highly uveitogenic, causing experimental allergic uveitis in guinea pigs within
      14 days of immunization. DEAE separated the antigen into three protein peaks but
      QAE only into one distinct protein peak. All these protein peaks were S-antigen
      active and the yield was about the same using both separation systems. After
      optimizing the purification for bovine retinas, human retinal S-antigen was also
      prepared.

PMID- 2660054
TI  - Natural allergen exposure does not influence the density of goblet cells in the
      nasal mucosa of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.
AB  - This double-blind, placebo-controlled group-comparative study in patients with
      seasonal allergic rhinitis was performed to investigate the possible influence of
      natural allergen exposure on the differentiation of goblet cells in the nasal
      mucosa. Furthermore, the effect of topical steroid treatment on such a putative
      influence was evaluated. Twenty adult patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis
      due to birch pollen were studied. Mucosal samples were obtained by scrapings
      before and during the pollen season and processed to evaluate the number of
      goblet cells/mm of intact epithelial lining. No statistically significant
      differences were found neither when comparing the number of goblet cells before
      and during the season nor when comparing the 2 treatment groups. In conclusion,
      the allergic inflammation could not be shown to accelerate the differentiation of
      goblet cells, and the beneficial effect of topical steroid treatment could not be
      explained by a prevention of increased goblet cell density.

PMID- 2660055
TI  - Chondroma of the tongue.
AB  - Lingual chondromas are rare neoplasms. They are usually seen on the lateral
      border and dorsum of the tongue. A case of chondroma on the ventral surface of
      the tongue of a 79-year-old woman is described and the literature reviewed. The
      possible causes of this unusual neoplasm are discussed.

PMID- 2660056
TI  - Vascular leiomyoma of the parotid gland.
AB  - Leiomyoma occurrence in the head and neck is rare. Vascular leiomyoma usually
      occurs in the skin of the limbs. Survey of the literature also revealed that
      there was no case of vascular leiomyoma in the parotid gland reported in Japan. A
      50-year-old man with vascular leiomyoma which developed from the parotid gland
      was reported. The chief complaint of this patient was a painless preauricular
      mass on the right side. The tumor was a solitary mass of quail-egg size with
      round and smooth surface, elastic soft consistency and not tender. The tumor was
      completely removed under general anesthesia. This patient has been well without
      recurrence 5 years after operation.

PMID- 2660057
TI  - [Technology of fitness testing].
AB  - The aim of the fitness testing is to measure the aerobic working capacity of the
      subject, to reveal the health-threatening risk factors, and to detect the
      positive and negative features of his/her life-style, with the purpose of
      advising an individually tailored exercise program, diet and behavioral pattern
      to promote the subjects health. Technology of the resting and exercise tests are
      summarized. The recommended calculations and the "normal values" are also
      reported.

PMID- 2660058
TI  - [Hypotension in insulin hypoglycemia in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy].
AB  - Hypotension was observed in 11 cases of hypoglycemic condition of 7 diabetic
      patients suffering from autonomic neuropathy. Following the iv. administration of
      glucose the hypotension became stronger. Upon glucagon the blood pressure kept
      decreasing. Neuropathy of the symphathetic nervous system, the osmotic effect of
      glucose and the vasodilating effect of glucagon were the causes of the
      hypotension. Hypotension in hypoglycemia is a symptom referring to autonomic
      neuropathy. Hypotension aggravates the neuroglycopenic disturbance. Slow
      injection of glucose solution moderates the decrease of the blood pressure. The
      use of glucagon in the hypoglycemia of diabetic patients with autonomic
      neuropathy must be subjected to consideration.

PMID- 2660059
TI  - [Successful surgical management of rupture of the papillary muscle diagnosed by
      ultrasound].
AB  - The rupture of the papillary muscle is an infrequent complication of myocardial
      infarction. Survival of the acute phase depends on the severity of the rupture
      and the remaining function of the left ventricle. Permanent survival may be
      ensured however only by surgical intervention. The authors present the case
      record of a patients whose disease in connection with a myocardial infarction was
      revealed by echocardiography and was operated on successfully. No such data were
      found in the Hungarian literature.

PMID- 2660060
TI  - [Genealogic methods].

PMID- 2660061
TI  - [Incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica at a department of internal medicine].
AB  - Polymyalgia rheumatica can be characterised by pain and stiffness in the shoulder
      and pelvic girdles, with a raised ESR and a dramatic response to corticosteroid
      therapy. Case reports and clinical symptoms of six patients with polymyalgia
      rheumatica are reported by the authors. All of the patients were female with mean
      age 54.3 years. 11.8 months were registered between the initial symptoms of the
      disease and the establishment of the diagnosis. This relatively long period of
      time can be caused by the poor recognition of the disease, besides the
      difficulties of the diagnosis.

PMID- 2660062
TI  - [Echocardiography (2-dimensional and Doppler) of the fetal heart].
AB  - The author describes the possibilities of the anatomical and functional
      examination of the fetal heart and presents her results with 73 examinations. It
      is stressed that the exact anatomical diagnosis requires the examination of every
      segment which can be performed only by using manifold planes. The author is the
      first in Hungary to report on examination with Doppler echocardiography of
      fetuses and on the quantitative results of flow conditions. It is worth and
      necessary to complete the echocardiography of endangered fetuses with Doppler
      echocardiography for making the diagnosis and to treat the arrhythmias.

PMID- 2660063
TI  - [Anti-arrhythmia therapy with Ca++-antagonists].
AB  - A minireview is given of the theoretical and clinical knowledge relating to
      antiarrhythmic therapy with Ca++-antagonists. Following a brief recall of the
      basic cardiac electrophysiological elements, some primarily Ca++- and 'slow
      response'-dependent electropathological phenomena (ischaemia-induced local
      conduction delay, ST-T-alternans, early and delayed after depolarizations) are
      presented, to which roles are attributed in the development of re-entry,
      triggered automaticity and human cardiac arrhythmias. Next, those types of heart
      rhythm disturbances are discussed which can be treated in the hope of success
      with Ca++ entry blocking (class IV) antiarrhythmic agents.

PMID- 2660064
TI  - [Vaginal ultrasonography: a new testing method in obstetrics and gynecology].
AB  - Transvaginal sonography represents a new tool for the gynecological diagnosis and
      decision making. The authors present theoretical and practical aspects of
      transvaginal sonography with special emphasis on the 6.5 MHz vaginal probe. Based
      on one thousand one hundred and eight examinations it is obvious that this
      procedure is valuable in diagnostic algorithm of ectopic pregnancy and to follow
      follicular growth, as well as ultrasound guided oocyte retrieval.

PMID- 2660065
TI  - [Diagnostic and therapeutic changes in renal developmental anomalies detected in
      childhood].
AB  - The authors diagnosed 40 renal malformations during 2 years investigated and 2
      years control period. On the basis of analysing their patients they came to the
      conclusion that after the introduction of intrauterine routine ultrasound
      examinations and screening of childhood risk group the number of recognised renal
      malformations increased significantly (32 in the investigated and only 8 in the
      control period). Furthermore the age of patients at the time of diagnosing
      shifted to the early postnatal period, and the number of patients diagnosed on
      the basis of the positive urinary investigations decreased significantly. But the
      intrauterine routine ultrasound investigation at presently applied examination
      system can consider only one-third of fetal renal malformations. And also an
      important fact that the increased number of considered patients came from the
      increasing of patients who have needed operation and did not increase the number
      of infants who have needed only conservative therapy. According to the small
      surgical complications they concluded that the risk of the early surgical
      intervention does not seem to be higher than in case of postponed ones. On the
      basis of clinical observation with childhood risk group arising the necessarity
      of the non invasive postnatal routine screening.

PMID- 2660066
TI  - [The surgical treatment of kyphosis with special reference to ventral bone span
      support].
AB  - Eighty-three patients with kyphosis of different etiology underwent operative
      correction. The results obtained in 65 of these patients after an average follow
      up of 5.2 years are reported. The operative treatment produced regression of
      neurologic deficit in 63%, and most patients were relieved of their disabling
      preoperative pain. There were 3 cases of pseudoarthrosis and instrumentation
      failure. The four stages of operative treatment of kyphosis consist of:
      mobilizing osteotomy, correction, anterior and/or posterior fusion, stabilization
      without fusion (tumor). The indications for surgery and the choice of surgical
      technique are discussed. The importance of anterior fusion is emphasized.

PMID- 2660067
TI  - [Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescence. Incidence and progression of untreated
      scoliosis].
AB  - Decision making in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) requires a thorough
      knowledge of the natural history. Treatment decisions must be individualized
      based on the probabilities of progression. Any treatment for AIS must influence
      the "natural history" in a positive way. The natural history of AIS with
      reference to back pain, effects on pulmonary function, psychosocial effects,
      mortality, effect on pregnancy and risks of progression in the immature and
      mature patient are presented.

PMID- 2660068
TI  - [Congenital scoliosis].
AB  - The congenital scoliosis is a deformity of the spine in the frontal plane caused
      by abnormal development of the vertebral bodies during the first 6 weeks of fetal
      life. More than 75 percent of all congenital scolioses are progressive. Degree
      and speed of progression can usually be predetermined by the type and location of
      the anomaly. Corset treatment is inefficient in the treatment of congenital
      deformities. Operation is the treatment of choice. Operative techniques are
      posterior fusions in situ with or without instrumentation and combined anterior
      and posterior arthrodeses. Since the best results can be expected in an early
      stage when only few segments have to be fused, operation should be performed as
      soon as possible. Manifestations of dysrhaphia or tethered cord must be
      identified prior to surgery. Spur removal or release operation should be
      performed during the first session.

PMID- 2660069
TI  - Activation of the GM-CSF promoter by HTLV-I and -II tax proteins.
AB  - Production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by normal
      T lymphocytes requires activation by antigen, mitogen or lectin, whereas T-cell
      lines transformed by human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) or type II (HTLV
      II) constitutively produce high levels of GM-CSF. Using transient cotransfection
      assays, we demonstrate that introduction of the tax gene of either HTLV-I or HTLV
      II is sufficient to activate GM-CSF promoter constructs in an unstimulated T-cell
      line. The GM-CSF 5' flanking sequences previously shown to be sufficient for GM
      CSF induction following T-cell activation are also sufficient for activation by
      the HTLV tax proteins. The sequences required for trans-activation of GM-CSF are
      distinct from those required for the activation of other T-cell-inducible genes
      (IL-2R alpha, IL-2) by tax, suggesting that tax can have pleiotropic effects on
      gene expression in T cells. Constitutive GM-CSF production by HTLV-infected T
      cells may therefore be due to trans-activation of its promoter by tax. Expression
      of GM-CSF by HTLV-I infected lymphocytes may be important in the granulocytosis
      and eosinophilia frequently seen in patients with HTLV-I-induced adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma.

PMID- 2660070
TI  - P150c-abl is detected in mouse male germ cells by an in vitro kinase assay and is
      associated with stage-specific phosphoproteins in haploid cells.
AB  - We have utilized c-abl antibodies and an in vitro kinase assay to identify the
      protein products of the c-abl gene in mouse testis. Although the testis contains
      high levels of a unique c-abl mRNA, along with lower amounts of two c-abl mRNAs
      common to somatic cells, we detected only a single polypeptide of approximately
      150 kd, indistinguishable by our methods from P150c-abl observed in murine
      tissues and cell lines. P150c-abl was also detected in enriched populations of
      germ cells, including late stage spermatids which contain the highest levels of
      the novel c-abl transcript. In mature testis, and specifically in late
      spermatids, P150c-abl co-precipitated with phosphoproteins of approximately 74 kd
      which were labeled during the in vitro kinase assay. These proteins were
      phosphorylated predominantly on serine and their phosphopeptide maps differed
      from that of P150c-abl. The P74 phosphoproteins were not found in association
      with P150c-abl in germ cells at earlier developmental stages, nor in other
      tissues or cell lines examined.

PMID- 2660071
TI  - The c-ets-1 protein is chromatin associated and binds to DNA in vitro.
AB  - The c-ets-1 proto-oncogene is expressed at high levels in proliferating lymphoid
      cells. We show here that the chicken and murine c-ets-1 proteins are
      predominantly localized in the cell nucleus. Over 90% of the c-ets-1 protein can
      be released from isolated thymocyte nuclei by treatment with low salt buffer.
      Release from nuclei is also observed after treatment with micrococcal nuclease,
      but not with RNaseA, in conditions where digestion of only a minor fraction of
      chromatin occurs. c-ets-1 proteins exhibit DNA binding activity, suggesting that
      the association to chromatin is mediated at least in part by their association to
      DNA. We previously showed that mitogenic stimulation of thymocytes is accompanied
      by the rapid calcium-dependent phosphorylation of c-ets-1 proteins. We
      demonstrate here that these phosphorylation events abolish the ability of c-ets-1
      proteins to bind to DNA in vitro and reduce their affinity for chromatin, lending
      further support to the importance of these modifications in the regulation of c
      ets-1 protein function.

PMID- 2660072
TI  - Transformation of growth factor-dependent myeloid stem cells with retroviral
      vectors carrying c-myc.
AB  - Myeloid progenitor cells and macrophages derived from bone marrow and spleen were
      efficiently transformed in vitro by infection with Moloney-based retroviral
      vectors carrying a human c-myc gene. Infected cells were plated in agar in the
      presence of combinations of the murine lymphokines CSF-1, IL-3, GM-CSF and IL-1.
      Between 20% and 100% of the colony-forming cells in the initial bone marrow or
      spleen population could be infected and gave rise to drug-resistant colonies. A
      large fraction of the infected cells showed continued proliferation after
      transfer to liquid media and we have derived over 200 growth factor-dependent
      cell lines. These include adherent and non-adherent CSF-1 or GM-CSF dependent
      macrophages and macrophage precursors and cell lines which require complex
      combinations of growth factors for optimal growth. Each of the cell lines
      displays a unique pattern of expression of surface markers specific for the
      myeloid lineage including the Mac-1, Mac-2, Mac-3, Ser-4 and F4/80 antigens.
      Surface markers not specifically associated with the myeloid lineage such as the
      MHC class II antigens and the Fc-receptor; and surface markers normally
      associated with the B-cell and T-cell lineages such as B220, L3T4 and Thy1.2 are
      also found on these cell lines.

PMID- 2660073
TI  - Regulation of cell cycle duration by c-myc levels.
AB  - Early passage murine fibroblasts infected with retroviral vectors carrying human
      c-myc 'minigenes' express high levels of c-myc and have a dramatically shortened
      G1-phase of the cell cycle. Cells infected with viruses where c-myc is expressed
      from the viral LTR (MSN-4 virus) express more c-myc protein than cells infected
      with viruses where c-myc is expressed from the SV40 early promoter (NSM-7 virus).
      Populations of cells were infected with high titre viruses, selected for drug
      resistance, pulse labelled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and chased in BrdUrd
      free media. This allows accurate, simultaneous, measurement of the rate of exit
      of unlabelled cells from G1 and progression of BrdUrd-labelled cells through S
      phase. The length of the G1-phase in cell populations infected with the MSN-4
      virus is 4.65 h, a reduction of nearly 30% compared to the G1-phase length of
      6.50 h seen in cells infected with the VSN-2 control virus. Cells infected with
      NSM-7 virus show an intermediate phenotype and have a G1-phase of 5.25 h. The
      lengths of the S-phase (4.50 to 4.75 h) and G2 + M phases (2.75 h) were not
      significantly altered by exogenous c-myc expression. When chases are performed in
      growth-factor free media, the G1-phase of infected and non-infected cells is
      extended by approximately 2 h. Cells infected with the c-myc viruses continue to
      cycle more rapidly than uninfected cells. Growth factor-deprived cells,
      restimulated with serum, show similar alterations of the cell cycle kinetics. MSN
      4 and NSM-7 infected cells, expressing high levels of c-myc, enter S-phase 2 to 4
      h earlier, but less synchronously, than control cells, and sustain subsequent
      rounds of DNA synthesis, while control cells do not. However, cells carrying
      activated c-myc genes have nearly-normal morphologies and are not tumourgenic in
      syngenic mice. These results demonstrate that c-myc levels are rate limiting for
      events in G1, and the length of G1 varies proportionally with the level of
      exogenous c-myc expression.

PMID- 2660074
TI  - Isolation of ret proto-oncogene cDNA with an amino-terminal signal sequence.
AB  - Our recent studies suggested that the ret proto-oncogene protein is a cell
      surface receptor with a tyrosine kinase domain. However, the sequence of its cDNA
      lacked an amino-terminal signal sequence characteristic of membrane proteins. In
      the present study we have isolated and sequenced an additional cDNA clone. The
      nucleotide sequence of the cDNA obtained indicated that the 5' terminal 330
      nucleotides differs from the published sequence of the ret proto-oncogene. In
      addition, the sequence contains an open reading frame with an amino-terminal
      signal sequence.

PMID- 2660075
TI  - [Rectal ulcer infected by Mycobacterium fortuitum. Apropos of 4 cases].
AB  - From October 1986 to November 1988, 4 cases of rectal ulcers from which M.
      fortuitum was isolated were observed. The patients, all women, were respectively
      24, 83, 85 and 86 years old. The complaints were: anorectal pain, rectal bleeding
      and stools mixed with glairy material. The ulcers were situated in the anterior,
      posterior or lateral wall of the rectum; one of these perforated in the
      perirectal space with development of a local abscess. The presence of M.
      fortuitum in the lesions was established by detection of mycobacteria in the
      smear (2 cases) or in the histological section (1 case), and by positive cultures
      (all cases). All strains were susceptible to aminoglycosides, quinolones (except
      2), macrolides and to imipenem. They were resistant to current antituberculous
      drugs, to tetracycline and to beta-lactamines. Two patients healed, one
      spontaneously and the other one with antibiotics (amikacin and norfloxacin for 3
      months); two patients died, one because of cardiac failure and intercurrent
      infection and the other one after rectal bleeding. The histopathological pattern
      of the lesions was pleomorphic: chronic aspecific inflammatory reaction,
      granulomatous tissue with Langhans cells (1 cas), necrotic abscesses without
      caseation, intratissular acid-fast bacilli (1 case). The isolation of M.
      fortuitum in the rectal ulcers has been discussed.

PMID- 2660076
TI  - [Immunologic diagnosis of the cerebrospinal fluid and serum in developing brain
      cysticercosis].
AB  - ELISA detection of specific antibodies in the serum (IgG) and cerebrospinal fluid
      (IgG, IgM and IgA) was evaluated in 28 patients. Diagnosis of cerebral
      cysticercosis and evaluation of disease activity was based on CT scan findings.
      Specific IgG antibodies were found in the serum in 83.3% of patients with active
      disease and 10% of those with inactive disease. Cerebrospinal fluid tests
      evidenced specific antibodies in all patients with active disease and none of the
      patients with inactive disease. The specific CSF antibodies were IgG (94.4%), IgM
      (66.6%) or IgA (66.6%). Antibody titers were significantly higher in patients
      with an intraventricular vesicle or cyst.

PMID- 2660077
TI  - [T lymphoma of the nasopharynx, a rare entity. Apropos of a case].
AB  - We report one case of nasal T-cell lymphoma (NTL) that we studied histologically
      and with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. It is a rare etiology of the so-called
      lethal midline granuloma. The diagnosis of NTL if often difficult because of
      spreading necrosis, cellular polymorphism and necessity of getting frozen snap
      sections for immunohistochemical techniques. We describe histological,
      immunohistochemical features of NTL and its usual follow up. Then we compare them
      with those of malignant lymphomas of the Waldeyer's ring which are very different
      although they are located very near to NTL. These differences raise the
      hypothesis of a possible role of the local environment.

PMID- 2660078
TI  - [Subpopulations of lymphocytes in onchocercal nodules].
AB  - Fourty onchocercal nodules were taken from patients living in forest areas where
      onchocerciasis is highly endemic, in order to identify the various types of
      lymphocytes present in these nodules. For this purpose, each nodule was submitted
      to two histological procedures: one after fixation in formalin of part of the
      nodule and hematoxylin-eosin stain; the other after freezing part of the nodule
      in liquid nitrogen, cryostat cutting and staining by immuno-peroxidase method
      using avidin-biotin and the following monoclonal antibodies: Pan B, OK T3, OK T4
      and OK T8. Fifty-five of the 40 nodules show lymphocytes. All the 25 nodules with
      lymphocytes present T-lymphocytes. Only 20 of these 25 nodules have B lymphocytes
      and therefore only 20 nodules with lymphocytes have both T and B lymphocytes. Of
      the 25 nodules with T lymphocytes: 19 present T4 lymphocytes, 25 show T8
      lymphocytes and therefore 19 have both T4 and T8 lymphocytes. These results are
      analysed and discussed in this study which notices that there is an intense
      cellular and humoral immune reaction in onchocercal nodules, an insufficient
      reaction as parasitic antigens persist and are not destroyed.

PMID- 2660079
TI  - [Treatment of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with a
      combination of fosfomycin and pefloxacin].
AB  - Twenty-one peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
      were treated by pefloxacin and intraperitoneal fosfomycin. Recovery occurred in
      19 cases, there were two relapses. No major side effects was observed. This
      treatment seems to be easy to perform and effective.

PMID- 2660080
TI  - [Metabolism of non-conjugated pteridines in man].
AB  - In the review, we have attempted to show the growing momentum in the area of
      unconjugated pteridine research. The de novo biosynthetic pathway of
      tetrahydrobiopterin has been recently clarified. The development of specific
      assays to measure pteridines in biological fluids has facilitated the acquisition
      of data on changes in the levels of pteridines during the course of various
      diseases. Several human inborn errors of its metabolism have been discovered and
      have become an important resource to elucidate the consequences of
      tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency. Changes in pteridine metabolism have also been
      investigated in diseases involving stimulation of cellular mediated immunological
      processes.

PMID- 2660081
TI  - [Filaggrin].
AB  - Cells in the granular layer of mammalian epidermis contain densely staining
      bodies called keratohyalin granules. Two types of granules are identified. Larger
      ones contain phosphorus and consist largely of an unusually histidine rich
      protein. This protein has a high molecular weight and contains a large fraction
      of basic aminoacids. However it has a neutral isoelectric point due to extensive
      phosphorylations. This histidine rich protein undergoes modifications during
      terminal differentiation, especially when the keratohyalin granules disperse as
      the granular cells differentiate into the overlying cornified cells. At this
      point it is dephosphorylated and partially proteolyzed to form lower molecular
      weight highly basic histidine rich proteins. These cationic molecules aggregate
      in vitro with keratin intermediate filaments, forming well ordered macrofibrils
      whose structure resembles the keratin pattern seen in the lower cornified layers.
      For this reason the name filaggrin is used for these proteins. The high molecular
      weight precursor is called profilaggrin. Filaggrins are species-distinct products
      and consist of a number of isoelectric variants. It is established that the
      filaggrin precursor is composed of tandemly linked multiple copies of filaggrin
      domains interspersed with short linker peptides. Two functions are proposed for
      the filaggrin. The first one, based on its interaction with keratin fibres in
      vitro, is to form the interfilamentous matrix seen in the lower stratum corneum.
      The second one is to generate a concentrated pool of free aminoacids and
      derivatives, allowing the stratum corneum to remain hydrated at low environmental
      humidities. These functions represent sequential rather alternative roles.
      Epidermal diseases and in vitro cultures illustrate the clear-cut relations
      between epidermal keratinization and differentiation and the histidine rich
      proteins pathway.

PMID- 2660082
TI  - [Adaptation of a method for determining serum iron after deproteinization on a
      parallel analyzer].
AB  - The study of the determination of iron in sera by a bathophenanthroline method
      after deproteinization, has been realized according to the protocol Valtec
      conceived by SFBC, after adaptation on a FP9 parallel analyzer. The critical
      study of this adaptation included trials of within run precision (CV of 1.25%),
      total precision (CV 2.29 to 4.66%) as also evaluation of analytical range: the
      limit of linearity is 140 mumol/l. The evaluation of inaccuracy performed with
      patient specimens leads to establishment of follow up norms and interpretation
      norms of allometry line. Our whole results are in agreement with the performance
      standards of the protocol for the validation of methods published by the Societe
      Francaise de Biologie Clinique. Finally the described method is quick acting,
      reliable and very inexpensive.

PMID- 2660083
TI  - Why adolescent gynecology? Pediatricians and pelvic examinations.
AB  - Gynecologic issues are an important part of the medical care of adolescent
      females. All diagnostic possibilities must be considered in assessing such
      patients. It is vital that pediatricians feel comfortable approaching these
      issues and provide reassurance and expertise to their adolescent patients.

PMID- 2660084
TI  - Vulvovaginitis and cervicitis.
AB  - Measures designed to reduce the incidence of cervicitis are those that make
      transmission of any STD less likely. Consistent and proper use of contraception,
      especially condoms, should be encouraged. Patients with a history of cervicitis
      or other STDs should be targeted for being at high risk and should have periodic
      screening tests to search for pathogens such as N. gonorrhoeae and C.
      trachomatis, even at times when they are asymptomatic. Other groups, including
      patients with multiple sexual partners, those with genitourinary symptoms,
      pregnant adolescents, and some adolescent clinic populations, also should be
      considered at increased risk and be monitored similarly. To be effective,
      encounters with adolescents around matters related to sexuality and STD must be
      done privately and with confidentiality assured. Special attention should be paid
      to the adolescent's family and cultural milieu, as well as to their level of
      psychosocial development, so that specific needs, fears, and misconceptions can
      be addressed. Cervicitis and other STDs are so common and have such important
      personal and public health implications that identification and effective
      treatment are of critical importance. The general tendency to be parsimonious
      when fitting together signs and symptoms into a medical diagnosis must be
      modified when dealing with STDs as multiple concomitant infections do occur
      routinely.

PMID- 2660085
TI  - Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescent females. Epidemiology, pathogenesis,
      diagnosis, treatment, and sequelae.
AB  - The estimated risk of pelvic inflammatory disease in 15- to 19-year-old females
      is 1:8. If current trends continue, 50 percent of young women aged 15 years old
      in 1970 will have experienced at least one episode of PID by the year 2000. This
      article reviews the current state-of-the-art understanding and management of this
      disease in the adolescent female.

PMID- 2660086
TI  - Anorexia nervosa, athletics, and amenorrhea.
AB  - Menstrual dysfunction is common in adolescents who are involved in intensive
      athletic activity or who are limiting their nutritional intake excessively. The
      mechanism for hypothalamic amenorrhea in athletes and dieters is not yet fully
      understood. Other causes of menstrual dysfunction due to pregnancy, central
      lesions, hormone imbalance, or ovarian failure should be excluded in the athlete
      with amenorrhea. Amenorrheic patients who have sufficient estrogen effect on
      their endometrium to have withdrawal bleeding following exposure to progestins
      should be cycled with progestins on a regular basis to prevent endometrial
      hyperplasia. Estrogen replacement with cyclic progestin should be considered in
      the hypoestrogenic adolescent with prolonged amenorrhea. The long-term
      consequences of hypothalamic amenorrhea in adolescents remain to be determined.

PMID- 2660087
TI  - Common menstrual disorders.
AB  - Clinically significant PMS is experienced infrequently by young girls and
      adolescents. It becomes more prevalent as women get older and is reported in up
      to 40 per cent of older women. To date, the etiology and underlying
      pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to symptoms of PMS have not been identified.
      Although multiple treatments are utilized, randomized double-blind crossover
      studies have failed to confirm the benefit of any one regimen. Most adolescents
      should be managed with reassurance and dietary and exercise modifications rather
      than with medication.

PMID- 2660088
TI  - Hirsutism in the adolescent female.
AB  - Prompt evaluation should be carried out for any adolescent complaining of
      excessive hair growth. The workup should be directed toward the exclusion of
      androgen secreting neoplasms and correctable adrenal pathology. A minimal workup
      must include total serum testosterone, DHEA-S, and prolactin. The clinician must
      then determine if further testing will alter management substantially. Treatment
      includes removal or neutralization of any discrete source of serum androgens,
      normalization of altered steroid physiology, and cosmetic correction
      (electrolysis) of existing hair growth. Successful management will allow normal
      socialization of the young woman afflicted with this distressing condition.

PMID- 2660089
TI  - An illustrated guide to adolescent gynecology.
AB  - The gynecologic examination should be considered an essential part of a complete
      physical examination in the adolescent girl. Many symptoms and signs which at
      first may seem to be unrelated to the reproductive tract are found to be due to
      gynecologic pathology after a careful gynecologic examination has been completed.
      Most of the diagnostic tests which are needed as part of the gynecologic
      examination can be easily performed in a pediatrician's office including wet
      preps, KOH preps, and Gram's stains of vaginal discharge. Other ancillary tests,
      including Pap smears and cultures for sexually transmitted diseases, can be
      obtained by the examining pediatrician and sent to local clinical laboratories.
      The pelvic ultrasound can be a helpful adjunct to the gynecologic examination
      when congenital anomalies, or adnexal masses, are suspected.

PMID- 2660090
TI  - Pregnancy in adolescents.
AB  - The United States must improve its efforts to reduce teen pregnancy. We occupy an
      alarming position in the developed world from the standpoint of the magnitude of
      the pregnancy issue. While our society promotes sexuality to sell all sorts of
      consumer goods, it still refuses for the most part to make contraceptives
      familiar and available to sexually active teens. The youngest adolescents, 10 to
      14 years, are having sex and babies at an increasing rate. Their children will
      have limited futures. Only by stepping up our efforts to prevent early pregnancy
      will we make possible a life of opportunity and choice for the young people of
      our country. Consequences will be costly and tragic if we do not.

PMID- 2660092
TI  - Hormonal contraception.
AB  - Increased sexual activity among adolescents demands that the health care provider
      have a thorough understanding of contraceptive methods and application. In this
      article, the principles of hormonal contraception are discussed, providing
      relevant information for use in advising and managing the sexually active
      adolescent.

PMID- 2660093
TI  - Adolescent contraception: nonhormonal methods.
AB  - A comparison of the advantages, disadvantages, and costs of each method is
      presented in Table 1. Barrier methods of contraception offer adolescents
      protection against both pregnancy and STDs, but innovative approaches are needed
      to enhance availability and acceptability. Condom use in conjunction with a
      vaginal spermicide would provide optimal protection. The "female condom" may
      prove to be an effective alternative. Diaphragms and cervical caps can be
      prescribed for well-educated, highly motivated adolescents comfortable with
      insertion and removal. The vaginal contraceptive sponge provides many of the
      advantages of the diaphragm and cap without the need for an examination and
      fitting and also may be used as a backup method with the condom. Vaginal
      spermicides used alone are significantly less effective than in combination with
      a mechanical barrier. The IUD is not considered appropriate for most adolescents
      due to its association with an increased risk of pelvic infection. Periodic
      abstinence requires accurate identification of the fertile period, extensive
      education, and partner cooperation. Sterilization is rarely considered an option
      in adolescents. Alternate forms of sexual expression are available to adolescents
      who choose to abstain from intercourse.

PMID- 2660091
TI  - Pregnancy testing and counseling.
AB  - Pregnancy testing and counseling are increasingly accepted as necessary services
      for adolescents within the primary care setting. For teenagers in need of a
      pregnancy test, the easy-to-perform, highly sensitive and specific enzyme
      immunoassay analysis for measuring beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG)
      is ideal. However, no single beta-HCG analysis should be taken as absolute
      evidence for the presence or absence of pregnancy. Instead, an integrated
      approach using all of the health care professional's skills in adolescent health
      care should be taken. In some cases a careful history and physical examination
      will confirm the pregnancy. At other times serial quantitative serum HCG titers,
      pelvic ultrasonography, and culdocentesis may be necessary to rule out the
      possibility of ectopic pregnancy or threatened abortion. For more than three
      quarters of pregnant adolescents the pregnancy is unplanned and may represent a
      major conflict for themselves, their partner, and their families. When such an
      event occurs the health care professional will frequently be sought as a
      resource. Successful pregnancy counseling has many components. The adolescent
      will need to visualize the counselor as an available, sensitive, nonjudgmental
      individual who believes in the right of the pregnant teenager ultimately to
      progress to her own decision. The counseling process should be firmly based on an
      understanding of adolescent psychosocial and biologic development, crises
      intervention techniques, and family dynamics. The counselor needs to be a
      reliable information source. If the adolescent decides to go to term, programs
      offering comprehensive prenatal services to teenagers should be identified.
      Information concerning high-quality, low-cost abortion services also will need to
      be available for those who wish to terminate. It is important to monitor the
      quality of care given in prenatal and abortion service referrals. Few adolescents
      currently choose to place their babies for adoption. Counseling in this area is
      especially needed. Several types of adoption procedures are available and at
      appropriate times during a teenager's neonatal care adoption should be presented
      as a reasonable alternative to parenthood. Throughout this process, the health
      care professional will have opportunities to discuss a wide variety of health
      related topics with the adolescent and often her partner and their respective
      families. Ideally, whatever her final decision, it is the goal of the counselor
      to make the experience a positive and maturing influence on her life and the
      lives of other persons involved.

PMID- 2660094
TI  - Female adolescents' compliance with contraceptive regimens.
AB  - Although today's adolescents have access to a variety of contraceptive options,
      they remain inconsistent and suboptimal users of these methods. A particularly
      frustrating problem for those caring for adolescents is the issue of
      noncompliance with contraceptives, which is an important antecedent of adolescent
      pregnancy. In the future, new fertility-related developments such as subdermal
      hormonal implants may reduce the likelihood of noncompliance. For the present,
      however, systematic monitoring rather than only when noncompliance is suspected
      is essential in enhancing adolescents' contraceptive compliance.

PMID- 2660095
TI  - Adolescent sexuality and the media.
AB  - Teenagers spend more time with the media than they do in any other activity
      except sleeping. Is it mere coincidence that the rises in rates of adolescent
      sexual intercourse during the past 30 years have coincided with the new era of
      electronic media? Do the media merely reflect society's changes, or do they have
      the capacity to influence human behavior as well? Although currently part of the
      problem of teenage pregnancy, the media could become part of the solution, if
      they were to portray human sexuality responsibly and allow the advertising of
      contraception.

PMID- 2660097
TI  - [Digital radiography: fundamentals and future potentials].
AB  - Digital radiography consists of four major steps which include X-ray detection,
      digitization, image processing and display. Important parameters in digitization
      process is the pixel size and the number of grey levels which affect the quality
      of digitized images. A number of digital radiographic systems have been or are
      being developed which include the point-beam, line-beam, slot-beam and multiple
      slit-beam systems as well as conventional wide-beam systems such as image
      intensifier-TV system, storage phosphor system and film-based system. Important
      physical properties of digital radiographic systems are the sensitivity,
      resolution, noise, system response, scatter rejection, contrast sensitivity and
      image acquisition time. The resolution property is affected by the pixel size,
      sampling distance, display pixel size, image processing, detector response and X
      ray beam characteristics. From ROC studies on chest images, the pixel size of
      approximately 0.2 mm and the corresponding image matrix of about 2,000 x 2,000 is
      considered optimal choice of these parameters. Future potentials of digital
      radiography are likely to be in the areas of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and
      PACS. Preliminary results obtained from recent studies on quantitative analysis
      of digital radiographic images are promising. The rms variation and the first
      moment of the texture of abnormal lungs with various interstitial diseases were
      clearly different from those of normal lungs. Automated detection scheme of
      nodules in chest images indicated approximately 70% true positive rates and a few
      false positives in each lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660096
TI  - [Use of vitamin D and its metabolites in pediatric practice].

PMID- 2660098
TI  - [Rheumatoid arthritis in theory and practice. What do we expect from
      immunology?].
AB  - A short review is provided on the present state of knowledge concerning
      immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the implications of this
      knowledge for eventual future development of therapy. It is concluded that
      potential points for interference have been identified on the molecular level
      with increasing knowledge mainly on molecular aspects on T-cell activation, and
      that methods for interference can be schematically divided in "specific" and
      "unspecific". The greatest challenge for the future resides in development of
      "specific" therapies, and the prospects for the success of such an approach is
      discussed on the basis of our current knowledge on the structure of
      transplantation antigens which provide increased.

PMID- 2660099
TI  - In vitro transcription analysis of the role of flanking sequence on the DNA
      sequence specificity of adriamycin.
AB  - An in vitro transcription assay has been used to define twelve high occupancy
      transcriptional blockage sites in 260 bp of heterogenous DNA on three promoter
      containing DNA fragments. Transcription proceeded to immediately upstream of CpA
      sequences in nine of these sites, and this defines the most preferred
      intercalation site as CpA. In almost all cases, this sequence was flanked by T on
      the 5' end. The consensus sequence for the highest affinity Adriamycin site is
      therefore 5'-TCA, with some evidence for preference of AT base pairs flanking
      both ends of this trinucleotide [i.e., (t)TCA(a.t)(a.t)]. In contrast, lower
      occupancy CpA sites were flanked on the 5' end by a GC base pair, with a
      preference for up to three GC base pairs on the 3' end. The low affinity
      consensus sequence is therefore (G.C)CA(g.c)(g.c)(g.c).

PMID- 2660100
TI  - Ribosomal protein L7/L12 has a helix-turn-helix motif similar to that found in
      DNA-binding regulatory proteins.
AB  - Inspection of the structure of the C-terminal domain of ribosomal protein L7/L12
      (1) reveals a helix-turn-helix motif similar to the one found in many DNA-binding
      regulatory proteins (2-5). The 19 alpha-carbon atoms of the L7/L12 alpha-helices
      superimpose on the DNA binding helices of CAP and cro with root-mean-square
      distances between corresponding alpha carbons of 1.45 and 1.55 A, respectively.
      These helices in L7/L12 are within a patch of highly conserved residues on the
      surface of L7/L12 whose role is as yet uncertain. We raise the possibility that
      they may constitute a binding site for nucleic acids, most probably RNA.
      Consistent with this hypothesis are calculations of the electrostatic charge
      potential surrounding the protein, which show a region of positive potential
      centered on the first of these helices.

PMID- 2660101
TI  - Comparison of the separation of Candida albicans chromosome-sized DNA by pulsed
      field gel electrophoresis techniques.
AB  - Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques were used to study chromosome-sized
      DNA molecules of C. albicans. Chromosome-sized DNA of two strains of Candida
      albicans has been resolved into 8 bands by orthogonal-field-alternation gel
      electrophoresis (OFAGE). Six bands were observed in chromosomal preparations of
      C. albicans using field-inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE). Differences in the
      electrophoretic mobilities of bands of the strains of C. albicans examined
      suggests that chromosome-length polymorphisms exist and make it difficult to
      correlate the banding patterns among strains. These correlations were
      facilitated, however, by assignment of C. albicans chromosomes by hybridization
      using a collection of cloned DNA probes specific for each of the 8 observed
      bands. Southern blotting showed that the 6 FIGE bands consisted of 4 singlets and
      2 comigrating doublets, accounting for the 8 bands observed by OFAGE analysis.
      The agreement between OFAGE and FIGE analysis suggests that the C. albicans
      haploid genome contains a minimum of 8 chromosomes.

PMID- 2660102
TI  - Direct evidence for the presence of left-handed conformation in a supramolecular
      assembly of polynucleotides.
AB  - Hexammine cobalt(III) chloride (Co(NH3)6(3+) provokes a B-DNA----Z-DNA----psi-DNA
      conformational transition in poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) and poly(dG-m5dC).poly(dG
      m5dC). The circular dichroism spectrum of psi-DNA is characterized by a manyfold
      increase of positive ellipticity in the range of 300-225 nm and the complete
      absence of a negative peak. In order to ascertain the helical handedness of psi
      DNA, we used a recently developed enzyme immunoassay technique. This method
      consisted of treating the polynucleotides with Co(NH3)6(3+) to convert them to
      the Z- or psi-DNA forms and immobilizing these conformations on a microtiter
      plate. The plates were subsequently treated with a monoclonal anti-Z-DNA antibody
      Z22, alkaline phosphatase conjugated, affinity purified immunoglobulins, and the
      phosphatase substrate. The enzyme-substrate reaction was monitored by reading the
      absorbance at 405 nm with a microplate autoreader. The monoclonal anti-Z-DNA
      antibody had no reactivity to the B-DNA form, but bound strongly to both the Z-
      and psi-DNA forms, showing that Co(NH3)6(3+)-induced psi-DNA form of the
      polynucleotides exists in the left-handed Z-DNA conformation.

PMID- 2660103
TI  - Effect of the sequence-dependent structure of the 17 bp AT spacer on the strength
      of consensuslike E.coli promoters in vivo.
AB  - Three E.coli promoters with the consensus sequences in the -35 and -10 regions
      and the 17 bp spacer made of random, heteronomous, and of both these classes of
      AT DNA simultaneously were constructed and cloned into plasmid pDS3.
      Electrophoretic gel mobilities of restriction fragments containing these
      promoters indicated that bending of the latter was proportional to the number of
      heteronomous AT DNA tracts. The strength of these promoters in vivo measured in
      relation to an internal transcriptional standard was shown to correlate well with
      gel mobilities of the respective restriction fragments and to decrease with the
      number of potential DNA bending sites encoded in the promoter structure.

PMID- 2660104
TI  - Two group I introns with long internal open reading frames in the chloroplast
      psbA gene of Chlamydomonas moewusii.
AB  - We report the nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast psbA gene encoding the 32
      kilodalton protein of photosystem II from Chlamydomonas moewusii. Like its land
      plant homologues, this green algal protein consists of 353 amino acids. The C.
      moewusii psbA gene is composed of three exons containing 252, 11 and 90 codons
      and of two group I introns containing 2363 and 1807 nucleotides. Each of the
      introns features an internal open reading frame (ORF) that potentially encodes a
      basic protein of more than 300 residues. The primary sequences of the putative
      intron-encoded proteins are unrelated and none of them shares conserved elements
      with any of the proteins predicted from the group I intron sequences published so
      far. The first C. moewusii intron is inserted at the same position as the fourth
      intron of the psbA gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; the second intron lies at
      a novel site downstream of this position. On the basis of their RNA secondary
      structures, the C. moewusii introns 1 and 2 can be assigned to subgroups IA and
      IB, respectively. However, intron 1 is not typical of subgroup IA introns, its
      most unusual feature being the location of the ORF in the "loop L5" region. To
      our knowledge, this is the first time that an ORF is located in this region of
      the group I intron structure.

PMID- 2660105
TI  - Mutational analysis of the lac regulatory region: second-site changes that
      activate mutant promoters.
AB  - Second-site mutations that restored activity to severe lacP1 down-promoter
      mutants were isolated. This was accomplished by using a bacteriophage f1 vector
      containing a fusion of the mutant E. coli lac promoters with the structural gene
      for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), so that a system was provided for
      selecting phage revertants (or pseudorevertants) that conferred resistance of
      phage-infected cells to chloramphenicol. Among the second-site changes that
      relieved defects in mutant lac promoters, the only one that restored lacP1
      activity was a T----G substitution at position -14, a weakly conserved site in E.
      coli promoters. Three other sequence changes, G----A at -2, A----T at +1, and C--
      -A at +10, activated nascent promoters in the lac regulatory region. The nascent
      promoters conformed to the consensus rule, that activity is gained by sequence
      changes toward homology with consensus sequences at the -35 and -10 regions of
      the promoter. However, the relative activities of some promoters cannot be
      explained solely by consideration of their conserved sequence elements.

PMID- 2660106
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the fabE gene and flanking regions containing a bent DNA
      sequence of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2660107
TI  - The complete nucleotide sequence of the tdc region of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2660108
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the barley chloroplast psbC gene.

PMID- 2660109
TI  - Expression and secretion of the human placental growth hormone in Escherichia
      coli.

PMID- 2660110
TI  - A plasmid facilitating in vitro construction of phoA gene fusions in Escherichia
      coli.

PMID- 2660111
TI  - Century of service.

PMID- 2660112
TI  - Dopson's choice.

PMID- 2660113
TI  - How many are mentally ill?

PMID- 2660114
TI  - Pain-free labour?

PMID- 2660115
TI  - History--a peep into the past.

PMID- 2660116
TI  - Alternative therapies--flower power.

PMID- 2660117
TI  - Health promotion and risk prevention: applications for cancer survivors.
AB  - More than five million Americans with a history of cancer are alive today,
      creating a large population with specific healthcare needs. The nurse's role in
      cancer prevention and education should be extended to meet the needs of cancer
      survivors. The care and rehabilitation of patients with cancer should include
      strategies to promote new behaviors for enhancing the early detection of
      recurrent disease and reducing risk factors for second malignancies, as well as
      for other preventable diseases related to diet, exercise, and smoking. As cancer
      survivors incorporate new health-oriented behaviors into their lives, they may
      achieve a better sense of control over their health.

PMID- 2660118
TI  - Cutaneous malignant melanoma: nursing's role in prevention and early detection.
AB  - The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is increasing at an alarming
      rate. Risk factors that may contribute to the increase include ultraviolet (UV)
      radiation, lack of skin pigmentation, and genetic, hormonal, and immunologic
      factors. Although the exact nature of the relationship between melanoma and UV
      radiation is unclear, evidence suggests a correlation between sun exposure and
      CMM incidence. Caucasians with fair skin who sunburn and freckle easily and
      individuals with numerous nevi or moles and/or atypical nevi or moles are also at
      increased risk of CMM. Melanoma almost always is curable by surgery if it is
      detected early. Nursing can make a major contribution to reducing the morbidity
      and mortality of CMM both through educating the public in prevention and early
      detection measures and by screening individuals for suspicious lesions.

PMID- 2660119
TI  - Perceived well-being in malignant melanoma survivors.
AB  - This study examined well-being in survivors of malignant melanoma. A conceptual
      framework was developed based on a review of the literature that identified locus
      of control, social support, and self-esteem as having a significant effect on
      perceived well-being. Data from 31 subjects were analyzed revealing that internal
      locus of control and self-esteem had a direct positive effect on well-being. This
      study provided new information for understanding the variables that influence
      cancer survivors' perceptions of well-being.

PMID- 2660120
TI  - Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone: assessment and nursing
      implications.
AB  - Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a condition
      characterized by serum hypoosmolality and hyponatremia, resulting from the
      aberrant or sustained secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Its most frequent
      cause is malignancy, of which small cell or oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma is
      most common. Because it mimics the clinical manifestations of various disorders,
      SIADH often is difficult to diagnose. However, with early detection and prompt
      management, it can be reversed. The oncology nurse frequently is in a position to
      assist in the early recognition of this condition. The ability to maintain a high
      index of suspicion for patients at risk is critical to prompt recognition.
      Familiarity with the conditions that lead to this crisis and its early signs are
      essential to establishing a diagnosis and administering prompt treatment.

PMID- 2660121
TI  - Cancer survivorship: a topic for nursing research.

PMID- 2660122
TI  - Solar-ultraviolet-induced damage to DNA.
AB  - Literature on the biological (mutagenesis) and molecular (DNA lesions and their
      cellular processing) events resulting from exposure of cells to solar ultraviolet
      and visible radiations is discussed. The problems encountered with research in
      this area are presented. Our sparse understanding of the complex mixture of
      events caused in cells by solar radiation and the mechanisms subserving these
      events is outlined.

PMID- 2660123
TI  - Transrectal ultrasonography as a method to monitor canine prostatic size in situ:
      measurements following endocrine manipulation and ejaculation.
AB  - Transrectal ultrasonography was utilized to estimate canine prostatic size in
      situ following various experimental manipulations. By the use of dogs (n = 24) of
      various endocrine states, whose true prostatic weight varied from 2.28 to 73.25
      g, a highly significant correlation (r = 0.99; P less than 0.0001) was obtained
      between actual prostate weight determined gravimetrically and that estimated by
      ultrasound. The relationship between these two parameters was described by the
      regression equation: estimated prostatic weight (g) = 1.11 x gravimetric weight
      (g) - 0.12. In addition, prostatic weight as estimated by ultrasound was
      comparable (P less than 0.10) to that estimated by direct caliper measurement.
      The coefficient of variation associated with repeated ultrasound measurements
      averaged 8.88 +/- 2.31% (mean +/- SD; n = 5). Ejaculation induced by either
      digital massage or pilocarpine administration (0.7 mg/kg, i.v.) had no effect on
      prostatic weight as estimated by ultrasound. These results demonstrate that
      transrectal ultrasonography can accurately estimate and detect differences in
      prostate size owing to various experimental manipulations without the need for
      surgical intervention.

PMID- 2660124
TI  - Ultrastructural changes and immunocytochemical analysis of human placental
      trophoblast during short-term culture.
AB  - Trophoblastic cells, of at least 95 per cent purity by immunofluorescence and
      morphological criteria, were obtained from human term placenta by a simple
      trypsinisation method without the additional purification steps or complex
      culture conditions used by others. The differentiation of these cells was
      followed over four days in culture by fluorescence immunocytochemistry, by
      scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by light microscopy. The
      results support the idea that the isolated cells are cytotrophoblast and that
      these differentiate during this time into cells with characteristics of villous
      syncytiotrophoblast. This process involved first the formation of a multicellular
      layer of mononucleated cells, then the development of a syncytium of
      multinucleated cells and, not necessarily concurrently, functional
      differentiation. This may be a useful model for the study of syncytiotrophoblast
      function.

PMID- 2660125
TI  - [A method of biochemical identification of mutations in red adenine-dependent
      yeast strains].
AB  - A simple biochemical technique is proposed for quantitative estimation of
      expression of the ADE2 and ADE1 genes, coding for the structure of AIR
      carboxylase and SAICAR-synthetase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The
      technique is based on determining the enzyme specific activities in the yeast
      crude extracts. The technique was applied to estimate quantitatively the
      expression of the ADE2 and ADE1 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The method is
      available for identification of mutation in the analogous genes of non
      saccharomyces yeasts.

PMID- 2660126
TI  - [Primary pulmonary hypertension].

PMID- 2660127
TI  - [In vitro study as a screening test for inhalation allergy (Phadiatop)].
AB  - To investigate the question as to a possible allergic cause of disease of the
      airways, a new laboratory method has now become available (Phadiatop, Pharmacia
      Freiburg im Breisgau), which enables the physician who is not a specialist in
      allergology, to obtain initial orientation on the presence of an IgE-mediated
      allergic condition affecting the airways. The procedure is capable of identifying
      allergen-specific antibodies against ten different inhalation allergens,
      simultaneously and undifferentiated. It is available either as a radioimmunoassay
      or an enzyme immunoassay.

PMID- 2660128
TI  - [Pneumonia in childhood: peculiarities in diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - Pneumonia in childhood is associated with a number of peculiar features with
      respect to the pathogens, the course of the disease, and its radiological
      appearance. The maturation of the immune system also plays a major role. Special
      diagnostic features involve the - sometimes discrete - clinical signs, problems
      with the collection of sputum, the technique employed for obtaining x-ray films
      of the chest, and the procedure for broncho-alveolar lavage. Only rarely is it
      possible to clarify the aetiology in good time. For this reason, an initial
      course of antibiotic treatment targeted to the probable pathogens involved, makes
      good sense. In accordance with the subsequent identification of the organisms
      responsible (successful in about 50 per cent of the cases), and the antibiogram
      established, the form of treatment is subsequently modified.

PMID- 2660129
TI  - [Echinococcus cysticus costalis: report of 2 cases and review of the literature].
AB  - Since 1976, 14 patients with hydatic disease of the lung and chest wall underwent
      surgery at the Ruhrlandklinik Essen-Heidhausen. In two of them primary intra- and
      extra-osseous echinococcosis of the rib was seen. The patients came from
      Mediterranean countries, and the clinical symptoms were not very marked. The
      diagnosis is usually based on a routine chest film, chest tomography, and
      computerized axial tomography. The specific parasitological laboratory tests are
      seldom positive. The "gold standard" for therapy is radical removal of the ribs
      or chest wall involved.

PMID- 2660130
TI  - [Pathogenetic agents in the complex treatment of patients with tuberculous
      pleurisy].
AB  - Data on therapy of 257 patients with tuberculous pleurisy and the
      clinicoroentgenological outcomes at the hospitalization stage were studied. 180
      of them were treated pathogenetically in addition to the use of etiotropic drugs.
      The pathogenetic treatment included the use of prednisolone, tuberculin,
      pyrogenal, phonophoresis or electrophoresis with heparin. For estimating the
      therapy efficiency x-ray criteria of the size of residual pleural lesions after
      exudate resolution were developed. It was shown that inclusion of the
      pathogenetic treatment into combined therapy of the patients with tuberculous
      pleurisy markedly increased its efficiency and led to more favourable
      clinicoroentgenological outcomes. The results were especially favourable with
      tuberculin and successive application of the pathogenetic treatment corresponding
      to the process phase.

PMID- 2660131
TI  - Peptide YY: intrapancreatic localization and effects on insulin and glucagon
      secretion in the mouse.
AB  - We studied the intrapancreatic localization of peptide YY (PYY) and the effects
      of PYY on insulin and glucagon secretion in the mouse. Immunofluorescence
      staining of mouse pancreatic tissue showed that PYY occurred within islet cells.
      These cells were located preferentially at the periphery of the islets.
      Sequential and simultaneous double immunostaining revealed that most PYY cells
      also displayed glucagon immunoreactivity; some PYY cells contained immunoreactive
      pancreatic polypeptide (PP). At the electromicroscopic level, PYY
      immunoreactivity was demonstrated within the secretory granules of both glucagon
      cells and of a small granular cell type, which showed structural similarities to
      PP cells. In in vivo experiments, PYY at dose levels between 0.53 and 8.5 nmol/kg
      had no influence on basal plasma levels of insulin, glucagon, or glucose. In
      contrast, insulin secretion stimulated by glucose or the cholinergic agonist
      carbachol was inhibited by PYY (by 33 and 26%, respectively, at 4.25 nmol/kg).
      Similarly, carbachol-induced glucagon secretion was inhibited by PYY (by 47% at
      4.25 nmol/kg). We conclude that PYY occurs in islet cells of the mouse pancreas,
      most of which are glucagon cells, and that PYY inhibits stimulated insulin and
      glucagon secretion in vivo in the mouse.

PMID- 2660132
TI  - Prostaglandin F2 alpha and prostacyclin tissue levels in early phases of trypsin
      induced acute pancreatitis in rats.
AB  - Local variations of prostaglandin (PG) I2 and F2 alpha were studied in the
      pancreatic tissue during the first hour of an acute experimental necrohemorrhagic
      pancreatitis. The local pancreatitis was induced by trypsin injection into the
      interstitium of the splenic part of rat pancreas, and a saline injection was
      given into the interstitium in the duodenal part of the same pancreas as control.
      PGF2 alpha level was measured by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA), and the stable
      degradation product of PGI2, the 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, was determined also by RIA as
      an index of PGI2 level. The results were compared between the two regions and
      with control intact pancreata. The PGI2 level transiently decreased, whereas the
      PGF2 alpha increased in the region of localized hemorrhagic pancreatitis when
      compared with the intact pancreata. By contrast, the quickly disappearing
      edematous reaction induced by saline injection was accompanied by opposite
      changes in the two PGs studied: PGI2 was transiently elevated and PGF2 alpha
      diminished. In consequence, the ratio of the two PGs was shifted in favor of PGI2
      in a transient edematous reaction and in favor of PGF2 alpha in hemorrhagic
      pancreatitis. It was concluded that PGI2 plays some protective role while PGF2
      alpha might be one of the aggressive mediators in the inflammatory process. Their
      biological importance must be limited since PGF2 alpha alone did not induce
      pancreatitis nor did PGI2 protect against the trypsin-induced local pancreatitis.

PMID- 2660133
TI  - Role of amino acids in stimulation of postprandial insulin, glucagon, and
      pancreatic polypeptide in humans.
AB  - Protein-rich meals stimulate secretion of insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic
      polypeptide (PP) from the endocrine pancreas. On the one hand, this is due to
      increased levels of circulating amino acids, and, on the other, neural and/or
      endocrine factors can contribute to activation of islet cell function. The
      present study was designed to determine, first, pancreatic endocrine function and
      postprandial amino acid levels after a protein and a protein-carbohydrate meal
      and second, insulin, glucagon, and PP levels during infusion of amino acid
      mixtures that imitate the postprandial amino acid pattern. In healthy volunteers
      the ingestion of a protein-rich meal (300 g tenderloin steak) elicited within 1 h
      an increase of virtually all amino acids by 20-400 mumol/L above basal values.
      The infusion of two different amino acid solutions available for use in humans
      showed that Aminosteril-N-Hepa (AS) was better for the imitation of the so-called
      "insulinogenic" amino acids while Aminoplasmal L-10 (AP) gave more comparable
      plasma levels of the "glucagonogenic" amino acids. Both solutions were not able
      to imitate the postprandial amino acid pattern completely. With regard to insulin
      levels, both solutions gave a comparable increase, while AP but not AS stimulated
      glucagon and PP levels. This suggests that circulating amino acids may be
      responsible for 60% of the postprandial insulin response after a protein meal,
      while their contribution to glucagon release can only be roughly estimated at 30
      60%. The contribution of circulating nutrients to the greater insulin response
      after the protein-carbohydrate meal was comparable (60%), while the attenuated
      glucagon response can be ascribed almost completely to the effect of circulating
      nutrients. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that the composition of
      amino acid mixtures is as yet not ideal for a complete imitation of the
      postprandial amino acid pattern. The insulin, glucagon, and PP response depends
      on the amino acid mixtures and accordingly the respective plasma amino acid
      concentrations obtained during infusion studies. The adequate imitation of plasma
      amino acid levels is of critical importance for the evaluation of absorbed and
      circulating amino acid effects in the postprandial state.

PMID- 2660134
TI  - Pancreatic duct dilatation after secretin stimulation in patients with pancreas
      divisum.
AB  - Pancreas divisum is the most common anatomical variant of pancreatic ductal
      anatomy. It has been suggested that obstruction at the accessory papilla in
      subjects with pancreas divisum can be assessed by measurement of ductal diameter
      by ultrasonic examination after a maximal secretory stimulus with i.v. secretin.
      We have prospectively assessed this test in 44 individuals; nine healthy
      controls, nine patients with abdominal pain and normal pancreatic anatomy, 17
      patients with pancreas divisum and abdominal pain but no other evidence of
      pancreatitis, and nine patients with pancreas divisum and either chronic or
      recurrent acute pancreatitis. We have found no correlation between ductal anatomy
      and response to i.v. secretin. Secretin provocation tests do not indicate which
      patients have accessory papillary stenosis and do not add support to the
      hypothesis of obstruction leading to pancreatitis in patients with pancreas
      divisum.

PMID- 2660135
TI  - A clinical trial of PUVA treatment in oral lichen planus.
AB  - Seventeen patients with histologically confirmed oral lichen planus (LP)
      unresponsive to previous treatments were enrolled in a study on the feasibility
      of photochemotherapy in the treatment of oral LP. An Espe Uviolite apparatus
      originally designed for irradiation of light-cured dental composite fillings was
      used as the source of radiation. The wavelength range of the apparatus was 320
      400 (UVA) nm. Two hours before irradiation, 8-methoxy-psoralen (0.6 mg/kg) was
      administered orally, treatments being given at intervals of 2-3 days. Subjective
      symptoms disappeared totally in 13 of 17 patients at a mean cumulative dose of
      6.1 J/cm2. Two months after treatment with a mean total dose of 11.6 J/cm2, 12 of
      the 17 lesions had markedly improved. After 12-24 months of follow-up, complete
      clinical remission was found in 5 of the 17 patients, 7 patients were in partial
      remission and 5 remained only slightly improved. We conclude that PUVA treatment
      may be useful for treating recalcitrant oral LP but, until more extensive studies
      are performed, it must be considered as experimental.

PMID- 2660136
TI  - Treatment of xerostomia through use of dentures containing reservoirs of saliva
      substitute.
AB  - A 53-year-old woman was referred to the University Dental Clinic because of
      ocular and oral dryness during the previous year. She also had urticaria and was
      receiving medication for postmenopausal hormonal problems. The patient was
      wearing full dentures. Resting saliva flow rate (RSFR) and stimulated saliva flow
      rate (SSFR) were 0 ml/5 minutes and 0.5 ml/10 minutes, respectively. The patient
      was given Sulfarlem (trithioparamethoxyphenylpropene), tablets (25 mg) for six
      months. There was no significant improvement in flow rate. Medication was
      terminated as ineffective. Seven months later, full dentures with reservoirs of
      saliva substitute were constructed according to Vissink. The reservoir of the
      upper denture functioned satisfactorily for two weeks, after which the latex
      membrane valve became detached. The valve system was replaced with a Gerber
      matrix housing, which functions even without a latex membrane. The dentures were
      further improved by making a stainless steel plug constructed from a burr fitting
      into the matrix housing. This was found to effective in reducing the discharge of
      saliva substitute from the reservoir. Symptomatic treatment may be the treatment
      of choice in cases of xerostomia where no functional salivary gland tissue is
      present.

PMID- 2660137
TI  - Mutations in the maize mitochondrial T-urf13 gene eliminate sensitivity to a
      fungal pathotoxin.
AB  - URF13, the product of the mitochondrial T-urf13 gene, confers on Texas
      cytoplasmic male-steril maize (Zea mays L.) a unique susceptibility to a fungal
      pathogen (Bipolaris maydis race T) and sensitivity to its pathotoxin. Expression
      of URF13 in Escherichia coli imparts pathotoxin sensitivity to the bacterium. We
      show by ion uptake studies in E. coli that a pathotoxin-URF13 interaction causes
      membrane permeability. Similarly, mitochondrial dysfunction caused by membrane
      permeabilization probably accounts for increased colonization of maize carrying
      the Texas cytoplasm by toxin-producing pathogens. Site-directed mutagenesis
      studies show that approximately one-quarter of the amino acids at the carboxyl
      end of URF13 can be eliminated without affecting toxin sensitivity. We have
      identified two dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) binding sites in the URF13 protein
      and show that one of the sites is involved in conferring DCCD protection against
      the pathotoxin. Substitutional mutations at this DCCD binding site also eliminate
      toxin sensitivity.

PMID- 2660138
TI  - T5 DNA polymerase: structural--functional relationships to other DNA polymerases.
AB  - T5 DNA polymerase, a highly processive single-polypeptide enzyme, has been
      analyzed for its primary structural features. The amino acid sequence of T5 DNA
      polymerase has a high degree of homology with that of DNA polymerase I from
      Escherichia coli and retains many of the amino acid residues that have been
      implicated in the 3'----5' exonuclease and DNA polymerase activities of that
      enzyme. Alignment with sequences of polymerase I and T7 DNA polymerase was used
      to identify regions possibly involved in the high processivity of this enzyme.
      Further, amino acid sequence comparisons of T5 DNA polymerase with a large group
      of DNA polymerases previously shown to exhibit little similarity to polymerase I
      indicate certain sequence segments are shared among distantly related DNA
      polymerases. These shared regions have been implicated in the 3'----5'
      exonuclease function of polymerase I, which suggests that the proofreading
      domains of all these enzymes may be evolutionarily related.

PMID- 2660139
TI  - Induction of exocytosis in permeabilized pituitary cells by alpha- and beta-type
      protein kinase C.
AB  - Protein kinase C is now recognized to comprise a family of closely related
      subspecies (PKCs). When cultured rat pituitary cells were permeabilized by
      digitonin for 5 min in the absence of Ca2+, endogenous PKC activity was decreased
      by 72%. PKC depletion was also achieved by prior treatment (24 hr) with high
      concentrations of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). When purified activated
      brain PKCs were added for 30 min to PMA-pretreated, digitonin-permeabilized
      cells, only alpha- and beta- but not gamma-type PKC stimulated luteinizing
      hormone release. Since PKC was implicated as a mediator of gonadotropin
      secretion, gonadotropin-releasing hormone might utilize alpha- and beta-type PKCs
      for stimulation of gonadotropin secretion; alpha- and beta-type PKCs might
      participate also in other exocytotic responses in diverse biological systems in
      which PKC was implicated.

PMID- 2660140
TI  - Colchicine analogues that bind reversibly to tubulin define microtubular
      requirements for newly synthesized protein secretion in rat lacrimal gland.
AB  - The role of microtubules in 3H-labeled protein secretion in rat lacrimal glands
      was probed by the use of colchicine and two of its analogues that reversibly bind
      to tubulin. These analogues were 2-methoxy-5-(2,3,4,4'-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4,6
      cycloheptatriene-1-o ne and 2,3,4,4'-tetramethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl, the latter
      having been synthesized for these studies. Immunofluorescence revealed that
      untreated exocrine acinar cells contained an intact microtubule network, which
      was totally abolished by drug addition. Subsequent drug removal restored the
      network for the two reversibly binding drugs--more rapidly so for the biphenyl,
      but this was not the case with colchicine. The protein-secretory process was
      examined by adding the three drugs at various stages--prepulse incubation, pulse,
      maturation, apical storage of granules, and discharge under cholinergic
      stimulation. Comparison with the kinetics of microtubular network restoration,
      which differed for the two reversibly binding drugs, led to the conclusion that
      the microtubular system is critical to the maturation phase of secretion.

PMID- 2660141
TI  - Juxtaposition of domains homologous to protein kinases and histidyl-tRNA
      synthetases in GCN2 protein suggests a mechanism for coupling GCN4 expression to
      amino acid availability.
AB  - The GCN2 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae stimulates the expression of amino
      acid biosynthetic genes under conditions of amino acid starvation by derepressing
      GCN4, a transcriptional activator of these genes. GCN2 contains sequences
      homologous to the catalytic domain of protein kinases. We show here that
      substitution of a highly conserved lysine in the presumed ATP-binding site of
      this domain impairs the derepression of histidine biosynthetic genes under GCN4
      control. This result supports the idea that protein kinase activity is required
      for GCN2 positive regulatory function. Determination of the nucleotide sequence
      of the entire GCN2 complementation unit, and measurement of the molecular weight
      of GCN2 protein expressed in vivo, indicate that GCN2 is a Mr approximately
      180,000 protein and contains a Mr approximately 60,000 segment homologous to
      histidyl-tRNA synthetases (HisRSs) juxtaposed to the protein kinase domain.
      Several two-codon insertion mutations in the HisRS-related coding sequences
      inactivate GCN2 regulatory function. Based on these results, we propose that the
      GCN2 HisRS domain responds to the presence of uncharged tRNA by activating the
      adjacent protein kinase moiety, thus providing a means of coupling GCN2-mediated
      derepression of GCN4 expression to the availability of amino acids.

PMID- 2660142
TI  - Mouse hematopoietic stem-cell antigen Sca-1 is a member of the Ly-6 antigen
      family.
AB  - Recently, hematopoietic stem cells were purified to homogeneity from mouse bone
      marrow. The protein structure of Sca-1, the cell surface antigen used in the
      isolation of hematopoietic stem cells, is described here. It is shown that the
      Sca-1 antigen is a member of the Ly-6 antigen family. The anti-Sca-1 antibody was
      used in immunohistochemistry experiments to define the structures in several
      tissues that had previously been shown to contain Ly-6 antigens. In thymus,
      spleen, and kidney, specific staining of parenchymal cells can be demonstrated,
      whereas only vasculature reacts with anti-Sca-1 in brain, heart, and liver and
      possibly in lung.

PMID- 2660143
TI  - A monoclonal anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibody binds to a 94-kDa cell-surface
      protein on various cell types via nucleosomes or a DNA-histone complex.
AB  - A crude supernatant of hybridoma secreting a monoclonal anti-double-stranded
      (ds)DNA antibody (PME77 mAb), used to stain fibroblasts (CVI cells) in
      immunofluorescence, gives a punctuated staining of variable intensity. We had
      suggested that anti-DNA antibodies bind to cell-surface protein(s) of several
      cells. When the mAb of this crude supernatant was purified on a dsDNA-cellulose
      column and a histone-Trisacryl column, the mAb no longer bound to the cell
      surface. Only when dsDNA plus purified histones was added to the purified
      antibody did the immune complex strongly and uniformly stain again the cell
      surface of CVI cells. No significant staining was observed if either DNA or
      histones were omitted. A signal 94-kDa protein from membrane fractions of CVI,
      Raji, and RINm cell lines was visualized in immunoblots when mAb-DNA-histone
      complexes were applied to the nitrocellulose strips. No polypeptide was seen if
      one component was omitted. This 94-kDa protein behaved like a plasma membrane
      protein since it required the use of detergent to be solubilized and was
      quantitatively recovered in the Triton X-114 detergent-rich phase. Moreover, a
      brief treatment of living cells with trypsin cleared off this protein. Purified
      nucleosomes could be substituted to DNA-histone complexes, giving rise to
      identical results. Finally, purified polyclonal anti-DNA antibodies from sera of
      systemic lupus erythematosus patients labeled a 94-kDa protein provided that DNA
      histone complexes were added. Anti-DNA autoantibodies could be pathogenic when
      they are bound to nucleosomes.

PMID- 2660144
TI  - Altered growth of a human neuroendocrine carcinoma line after transfection of a
      major histocompatibility complex class I gene.
AB  - The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are known to serve
      as recognition elements for cytotoxic T cells in mediating the rejection of
      transplanted tumors. We demonstrate that MHC molecules may have nonimmune
      functions in modulating tumor cell growth in addition to their classical role in
      antitumor immunity. A human neuroendocrine carcinoma cell line, COLO 320, with
      low levels of endogenous class I expression was transfected with the murine H-2Ld
      gene. Eleven independent stable clones were established, four containing only
      pRSV-neo and seven also containing varying copy numbers of the transfected Ld
      gene. The ability of the different clones to grow as colonies in soft agar
      correlated strongly with the relative amounts of Ld antigen expression (r = 0.89;
      P less than 0.001). There was a weaker correlation between increased clonogenic
      ability and higher levels of Ld mRNA (r = 0.67; P less than 0.05). There was no
      correlation between clonogenic ability and relative expression of amplified c-myc
      gene or of integrated pRSV-neo. Furthermore, in nude mice, Ld antigen expression
      was associated with increased formation of metastatic lung colonies 6 weeks after
      intravenous injection of 10(5) cells. These observations are consistent with the
      concept that MHC class I antigens may have a role in modulating the growth
      potential of certain tumor cells independent of their involvement in immune
      responses.

PMID- 2660145
TI  - Sphingosine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, suppresses the insulin-like
      effects of growth hormone in rat adipocytes.
AB  - Insulin, human growth hormone (hGH), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate all
      stimulate lipogenesis in rat adipocytes preincubated without hGH for 4 hr. As
      previous data suggested that protein kinase C plays an important role in the
      action of insulin and in the insulin-like effects of hGH in rat adipocytes, we
      tested the effects of sphingosine, a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C, on the
      lipogenic activity of both hormones. At 50 microM, sphingosine had no effect on
      basal lipogenesis but completely abolished the action of phorbol 12-myristate 13
      acetate and decreased by 65% and 89%, respectively, the effects of hGH and
      insulin. At higher concentrations (100 microM), sphingosine abolished both basal
      and hormone-stimulated lipogenesis; this effect was partially reversible after
      washing the cells. Similar effects of sphingosine on basal and stimulated glucose
      uptake were seen in parallel, suggesting that sphingosine inhibits lipogenesis at
      the glucose-uptake step in rat adipocytes. N-Acetylsphingosine and sphingomyelin,
      two analogs of sphingosine that are inactive on protein kinase C, did not inhibit
      lipogenesis induced by hGH, insulin, or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.
      Sphingosine did not inhibit insulin binding to rat adipocytes at concentrations
      up to 200 microM but decreased hGH binding to its receptors by 44% at 50 microM.
      These data suggest a direct link between the inhibition of protein kinase C and
      that of lipogenesis and provide new evidence for the involvement of protein
      kinase C in the mechanism of action of growth hormone and insulin in rat
      adipocytes.

PMID- 2660146
TI  - Identification of a high-virulence clone of type III Streptococcus agalactiae
      (group B Streptococcus) causing invasive neonatal disease.
AB  - Chromosomal genotypes of 128 isolates of six serotypes (Ia, Ib, Ic, II, Ic/II,
      and III) of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) recovered
      predominantly from human infants in the United States were characterized by an
      analysis of electrophoretically demonstrable allelic profiles at 11 metabolic
      enzyme loci. Nineteen distinctive electrophoretic types (ETs), representing
      multilocus clonal genotypes, were identified. Mean genetic diversity per locus
      among ETs of isolates of the same serotype was, on average, nearly equal to that
      in all 19 ETs. Cluster analysis of the ETs revealed two primary phylogenetic
      divisions at a genetic distance of 0.65. A single clone (ET 1) represented by 40
      isolates expressing type III antigen formed division I. Division II was composed
      of 18 ETs in three major lineages diverging from one another at distances greater
      than 0.35 and included strains of all six antigenic classes. The type III
      organisms in division I produce more extracellular neuraminidase and apparently
      are more virulent than the type III strains in division II, which are related to
      strains of other serotypes that cause disease much less frequently. The existence
      of this unusually virulent clone accounts, in major part, for the high morbidity
      and mortality associated with infection by type III organisms.

PMID- 2660148
TI  - Questions of validity in mammary physiology: methodology and ethics.

PMID- 2660149
TI  - Nutrition of domestic geese.

PMID- 2660147
TI  - Fc-receptor and M-protein genes of group A streptococci are products of gene
      duplication.
AB  - The partial nucleotide sequence for an Fc-receptor gene from an M-type 76 group A
      streptococcus was determined. DNA sequence analysis revealed considerable
      sequence similarity between the Fc-receptor and M-protein genes in their proposed
      promoter regions, signal sequences, and 3' termini. Additional analysis indicated
      that the deduced Fc-receptor protein contains a proline-rich region and membrane
      anchor region highly similar to that of M protein. In view of these results, we
      postulated that Fc-receptor and M-protein genes of group A streptococci are the
      products of gene duplication from a common ancestral gene. It is proposed that
      DNA sequence similarity between these two genes may allow for extragenic
      homologous recombination as a means of generating antigenic diversity in these
      two surface proteins.

PMID- 2660150
TI  - The importance of invertebrate food to chicks of gallinaceous species.

PMID- 2660151
TI  - The use of conventional and unconventional supplements in the Thoroughbred horse.

PMID- 2660152
TI  - Nutrition and the growth and racing performance of Thoroughbred horses.

PMID- 2660153
TI  - Mammary development.

PMID- 2660154
TI  - Endocrine control of metabolic adaptation during lactation.

PMID- 2660155
TI  - Sources of variability in lactational performance.

PMID- 2660156
TI  - Constraints on frequent or continuous lactation.

PMID- 2660157
TI  - Evolutionary strategies in lactation: nutritional implications.

PMID- 2660158
TI  - Adaptations of digestive systems in non-ruminant herbivores.

PMID- 2660159
TI  - Nutrition of marsupial herbivores.

PMID- 2660160
TI  - Nutritional ecology of the wild rabbit--an input to the timing of reproduction.

PMID- 2660161
TI  - Synthetic and secretory processes of lactation.

PMID- 2660162
TI  - Nutrition of farmed rabbits.

PMID- 2660163
TI  - Persistent augmented dopamine release after acute cocaine requires dopamine
      receptor activation.
AB  - Pretreatment of rats with a single injection of cocaine produces a persistent
      augmentation of amphetamine-induced [3H]dopamine [( 3H]DA) release measured using
      the in vitro striatal slice preparation. Cocaine has several actions in the
      nigrostriatal DA system: it blocks DA uptake and thereby indirectly stimulates DA
      receptors and it also acts as a local anesthetic. We investigated which of these
      actions is responsible for the augmented amphetamine-stimulated [3H]DA release by
      determining whether pretreatment with drugs sharing one or more of these actions
      also augmented release. Release was increased in striatal slices one week after a
      single injection of either mazindol, a DA uptake blocker and indirect DA receptor
      agonist, or apomorphine, a direct-acting receptor agonist, whereas the local
      anesthetic lidocaine had no effect. The prerequisite of DA receptor stimulation
      was confirmed by pretreatment prior to the cocaine injection with either a
      nonselective, a D-1 selective or a D-2 selective DA receptor antagonist. Each of
      these blocked the long-lasting augmentation of release. From these experiments,
      we conclude that cocaine indirectly activates both D-1 and D-2 DA receptors to
      produce the persistent augmentation of striatal amphetamine-stimulated [3H]DA
      release.

PMID- 2660164
TI  - Health belief system and war's madness: A clinical look at Ernest Becker's
      psychology of war.

PMID- 2660165
TI  - Moliere's medical satire: motives and methods.

PMID- 2660166
TI  - Discussing dying: changing attitudes among patients, physicians, and medical
      students.

PMID- 2660167
TI  - "Smoke" and vitamins: notes on an internship fifty-five years ago.

PMID- 2660168
TI  - Galen and the greatest medical book.

PMID- 2660169
TI  - [The origin and purposes of the Polish Association of Professional Nurses].

PMID- 2660170
TI  - [The Medical School Collective in Chelm Lubelski has been given the name of
      Wladyslawa Szoc].

PMID- 2660171
TI  - Cultured epithelial autografts for giant congenital nevi.
AB  - Eight pediatric patients with giant congenital nevi confluent over 21 to 51
      percent body surface area were treated by excision and grafting. The nevus was
      excised to the muscle fascia, and the open wound was grafted with cultured
      epithelial autografts and split-thickness skin grafts. The patients have been
      followed from 17 to 56 months. Seventeen operations were performed in the eight
      patients, excising a mean of 6.9 percent body surface area at each procedure. The
      mean duration of anesthesia was 3.7 hours, and the mean operative blood loss was
      12.3 percent estimated blood volume. The mean "take" for the cultured epithelial
      autografts was 68 percent, and for the split-thickness skin grafts, 84 percent.
      Epithelialization of open wound areas adjacent to the grafts was somewhat slower
      for the cultured epithelial autografts than for the split-thickness skin grafts,
      but it led to a healed wound in all patients except one. Ten of the 17 areas
      grafted with cultured epithelial autografts resulted in small open wounds that
      required regrafting. Wound contraction under the cultured epithelial autografts
      and under split-thickness skin grafts was similar and depended more on the
      anatomic site grafted than on the type of graft employed. in 16 of 17 operations,
      the cultured epithelium remained as a permanent, durable skin coverage. The use
      of cultured epithelial autografts allowed a larger area of excision than would
      have been possible with split-thickness skin grafts alone and, therefore, a more
      rapid removal of nevus. Cultured epithelial autograft are an important new
      technique in the care of patients with giant congenital nevi.

PMID- 2660172
TI  - Groin flap design and versatility.
AB  - The groin flap is a reliable and well-established reconstructive option for
      pedicled or free-tissue transfer. Concern regarding its variable vascular origin
      and caliber has limited its use. To overcome this, a simplified guideline based
      on the transverse diameter of the patient's index and long fingers at the distal
      interphalangeal level has been developed. Thus "rule of two finger widths"
      positions the origin of the vascular pedicle from the femoral vessels two finger
      widths below the inguinal ligament, the upper flap border two finger widths above
      the inguinal ligament, the lower flap border two finger widths below the vascular
      origin, and both parallel to the flap axis, which lies along a line from the
      vascular origin to the anterosuperior iliac spine. This new groin flap design
      provides the necessary guidelines for vascular identification, accommodates
      pediatric and adult stature, and ensures primary donor-site closure if flap
      dimensions are within the prescribed boundaries. In addition, a new sartorius
      cutaneous groin flap is presented. This combines the cutaneous groin flap with
      the proximal sartorius muscle (up to 15 cm), which is supplied by the deep
      vessels of the superficial circumflex iliac system. The sartorius-cutaneous groin
      flap further emphasizes the concept of single-pedicle compound or combined flaps
      and additionally enhances the extensive reconstructive versatility of previously
      described groin flaps. Over 200 pedicled and free groin flaps have been performed
      according to the "rule of two finger widths" over the past 5 years. There have
      been no complications related to flap design, such as difficulty with flap
      elevation, marginal necrosis, or donor-site closure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2660173
TI  - Arms by design: from antiquity to the Renaissance.

PMID- 2660174
TI  - [A survey of prescribing psychotropic drugs in 7 psychiatric hospitals in Tohoku
      district--comparison with 1979].

PMID- 2660175
TI  - [Therapy refractory depression--causes and treatment possibilities].
AB  - Despite the advances in the treatment of depression, 10 to 30% of all depressions
      remain--depending on the definition of the term--refractory to treatment. Having
      clarified possible causes such as wrong diagnosis, poor compliance, inadequate
      treatment, drug interactions and psychological factors, various treatment methods
      can be applied. However it is necessary to know not only the efficacy but also
      the side effects and contraindications of these methods.

PMID- 2660176
TI  - Intergenerational transmission of maltreatment: insights from attachment theory
      and research.
AB  - The maltreated-maltreating cycle is the most striking example of the
      psychodynamic notion that early relationship experiences are carried forward and
      reenacted in subsequent relationships. Bowlby's attachment theory proposes that
      transmission of patterns of relating across generations, including maltreatment,
      is mediated by an individual's internal working models. Recent research that
      operationalizes working models in infants and in adults provides preliminary
      support for the congruence of working models across generations. Results from
      these investigations suggest that the maltreated-maltreating cycle should be
      redefined. Instead of specific types of maltreatment, an organizing theme of the
      parent-child relationship and an associated internal working model that provides
      a way of experiencing that theme are transmitted and later reenacted. In this
      paper, preliminary data implicating rejection, role-reversal and fear as themes
      organizing maltreating relationships are reviewed and directions for further
      research are discussed.

PMID- 2660177
TI  - Cognition and olfaction: a review.
AB  - Examines research in cognitive psychology, which has in the past paid little
      attention to the olfactory modality. But there is now a significant body of
      literature on the role of the olfactory system in memory and cognition. Human
      beings possess an excellent ability to detect and discriminate odors, but they
      typically have great difficulty in identifying particular odorants. This results
      partly from the use of an improverished and idiosyncratic language to describe
      olfactory experiences, which are normally encoded either in a rudimentary sensory
      form or as part of a complex but highly specific biographical episode.
      Consequently, linguistic processes play only a very limited role in olfactory
      processing, whereas hedonic factors seem to be of considerable importance.

PMID- 2660178
TI  - In search of the Seven Dwarves: issues of measurement and meaning in alcohol
      expectancy research.
AB  - Discusses substantive issues in predicting drinking patterns from expectancies,
      as well as issues of content and measurement of the scales developed to measure
      these expectancies. In recent years, much research has suggested that alcohol
      expectancies--or the beliefs that individuals hold about the effects of alcohol
      on their behavior, moods, and emotions--are an important factor in motivating
      drinking behavior. Although measures of these expectancies have consistently been
      shown to be correlated with measures of alcohol use, conceptual and
      methodological problems remain to be addressed. In order to progress in
      understanding this potentially important psychosocial factor in abusive and
      nonabusive drinking, alcohol expectancy research, which has been atheoretical in
      nature, should attend to potential contributions from other areas of research in
      psychology.

PMID- 2660179
TI  - Alcohol and human sexuality: review and integration.
AB  - Summarizes physiological findings and reviews the psychological experimental
      literature investigating the relationship between alcohol and human sexuality.
      Specifically, the authors attempt to reconcile the apparent contradictions found
      in the effects of alcohol on male and female sexual responding. The review
      concludes (a) that alcohol disinhibits psychological sexual arousal and
      suppresses physiological responding, the former effect being stronger at lower
      doses of alcohol and the latter effect at higher doses; (b) that although
      suppression is strictly pharmacological in nature, disinhibition appears to be
      both pharmacological (the result of cognitive impairment) and psychological (the
      result of socially learned expectancies); and (c) that expectancies and cognitive
      impairment can disinhibit separately or jointly.

PMID- 2660180
TI  - Clinical judgment, clinical training, and professional experience.
AB  - Reviews studies on training, experience, and clinical judgment. The results on
      the validity of judgments generally fail to support the value of on-the-job
      experience in mental health fields. The validity results do provide limited
      support for the value of training. Other results suggest that experienced
      clinicians are better than less experienced judges at knowing which of their
      judgments are likely to be correct and which are likely to be wrong. Reasons why
      clinicians have trouble learning from experience are given. Recommendations are
      made for improving training and clinical practice.

PMID- 2660181
TI  - Relationship between birth order, birth stress, and lateral preferences: a
      critical review.
AB  - Reviews the literature examining the relationship between birth order, birth
      stress, and lateral preferences in nonclinical samples, with special emphasis on
      reports since 1971. The review found no evidence to relate birth order position
      to deviations from right-sidedness for either sex. More direct measures of birth
      stress indicated that deviations from right-handedness (particularly for male
      subjects), and also right-eyedness, were statistically related to specific birth
      stressors. It should be stressed, however, that all the relationships, including
      the significant ones, were very weak, accounting for less than 1% of the
      variance. When statistical significance was achieved, it was largely due to the
      huge sample sizes used in the meta-analyses. Methological and theoretical
      problems exist in the current literature, and we offer some suggestions to
      resolve them.

PMID- 2660182
TI  - Neuroendocrine actions of nicotine and of exposure to cigarette smoke: medical
      implications.
AB  - Over many years a large number of studies have demonstrated that nicotine and
      exposure to cigarette smoke produce marked neuroendocrine changes in animals and
      in man. The initial effects of nicotine are characterized by a marked
      hypersecretion of ACTH, vasopressin, beta-endorphin, prolactin and LH. Many of
      these very acute stimulatory effects of nicotine rapidly disappear, probably due
      to a desensitization of the central nicotinic cholinergic receptors involved.
      Instead, upon acute intermittent treatment with nicotine or exposure to cigarette
      smoke, an inhibition of prolactin, LH and TSH secretion occurs, which is
      associated with maintained hypersecretion of corticosterone. These effects are
      probably mediated via activation of central cholinergic receptors of the
      ganglionic type. Evidence indicates that the inhibitory effects of nicotine on LH
      and prolactin secretion are produced via an activation by these nicotinic
      receptors of the tubero-infundibular dopamine neurons, releasing dopamine as a
      prolactin inhibitory factor. Dopamine inhibits LHRH release via an axonic
      interaction involving D1-like dopamine receptors in the median eminence. It
      therefore seems possible that the reduced fertility found in heavy smokers may be
      counteracted by D1 receptor antagonists. The symptoms associated with
      glucocorticoid hypersecretion induced by nicotine is discussed considering not
      only the peripheral side effects but also permanent deficits in hippocampal
      glucocorticoid receptors and loss of hippocampal neurons. In view of the
      important influence of hormones on immune functions, it seems likely that smoking
      will cause disturbances in immune responsiveness. Finally, the nicotine-induced
      alterations of neuroendocrine function, especially in the pituitary-adrenal axis
      and in vasopressin release, may also lead to behavioural consequences in smokers,
      especially in the withdrawal phase.

PMID- 2660183
TI  - Methodological issues in the evaluation of drug-behavioral interactions in the
      treatment of hypertension.

PMID- 2660184
TI  - Prediction of response to biofeedback-assisted relaxation in hypertensives:
      development of a Hypertensive Predictor Profile (HYPP).
AB  - A group of hypertensive patients who participated in a biofeedback-assisted
      relaxation program were divided into treatment successes and treatment failures
      based on the change in their blood pressure. Multiple regression analysis was
      used to characterize the successes and failures and to develop a hypertensive
      predictor profile. Hypertensives most likely to lower their blood pressure with
      biofeedback-assisted relaxation are those in whom there is evidence of autonomic
      overactivity, for example, cool hands, high heart rates, and evidence of a
      chronic response to stress, such as high anxiety scores and high normal cortisol
      levels.

PMID- 2660185
TI  - First hand recollections about nursing.

PMID- 2660186
TI  - Dr. Leidy's soap lady: imaging the past.
AB  - Conventional radiography with a 35-year-old, portable radiographic unit, a
      Polaroid processing system, and various speed intensity screens was used to
      survey an adipocere cadaver. Since the specimen could not be moved, positional
      strategies that might be used for an immobile emergency room trauma victim were
      employed to assess skeletal components, and organ and artifact locations.

PMID- 2660187
TI  - Area postrema: chemoreceptor circumventricular organ of the medulla oblongata.

PMID- 2660188
TI  - Insect acetylcholinesterase: catalytic properties, tissue distribution and
      molecular forms.

PMID- 2660189
TI  - A methylation mosaic model for mammalian genome imprinting.

PMID- 2660190
TI  - Molecular genetics of lymphoid tumorigenesis.
AB  - The body of this work illustrates the utility of the combined cytogenetic and
      molecular approach to lymphoid tumorigenesis. A number of tumor-specific
      translocations have proven amenable to dissection by molecular techniques. We
      have a firm grasp of the general principles that underlie lymphoid neoplasia; in
      particular, the activation of cellular oncogenes by translocation into genes of
      the immunoglobulin superfamily is a widespread phenomenon. However, numerous
      lymphopoietic malignancies are only poorly understood. These remain a challenge
      for the continued application of these methodologies.

PMID- 2660191
TI  - Molecular analysis of chromosome breakpoints.

PMID- 2660192
TI  - Homologous recombination in mammalian somatic cells.

PMID- 2660193
TI  - Gene transfer into primates and prospects for gene therapy in humans.
AB  - Retroviral vectors infect primate bone marrow cells and express in vivo the
      transferred genes (the human ADA gene and the bacterial gene for neomycin
      resistance). The SAX vector appears to express human ADA at normal levels, but
      the infection efficiency is low (less than 1%) so that the gene product is only
      detectable in the peripheral blood at low levels. Vector expression disappears
      after 5 months (except for occasional T cells), presumably due to a failure to
      infect a renewal stem cell. While the level of ADA expression obtained in
      primates would not appear to be sufficient to correct outright the disease caused
      by ADA deficiency, it is possible that T-cell progenitors in the marrow will have
      a selective advantage. T cells expressing an ADA vector would then able to expand
      and potentially restore immune function. Unfortunately, this hypothesis will go
      untested until an animal model for ADA deficiency is found or a human clinical
      trial is performed. At present, consideration of gene therapy as a treatment for
      ADA deficiency would only be appropriate if all conventional forms of treatment
      were unsuccessful. If such a scenario should present itself, the critical
      question becomes one of safety, to both the patient and those in contact with the
      patient. We have begun to address the safety issues associated with gene therapy.
      Five animals exposed to replication-competent retrovirus during bone marrow
      transplantation show no evidence of helper virus, with a mean follow-up of 18.3
      months. Four animals injected with replication-competent helper virus cleared the
      virus rapidly and, after the initial clearance, have shown no evidence of
      retroviremia, with a mean follow-up of 5.2 months. Our preliminary findings
      suggest that murine retorviruses do not cause a productive infection in vivo.
      These results, combined with the availability of better producer cell lines free
      of helper virus, are encouraging, and suggest that the risk of clinical disease
      from murine retrovirus introduced by a gene therapy protocol should be small.
      Unfortunately, high infection efficiency and long-term vector expression still
      must be obtained before retroviral-mediated gene transfer can be considered as
      first-line therapy for ADA deficiency.

PMID- 2660194
TI  - [Use of enzyme reaction under high pressure].

PMID- 2660195
TI  - [Use of high pressure in food and biological science and technology--philosophy
      and development].

PMID- 2660196
TI  - [Differentiation of microtubules in the squid giant axon and its cell biological
      significance].

PMID- 2660197
TI  - [Analysis of subtilisin by means of protein engineering].

PMID- 2660198
TI  - [Partial or total enucleation of the talus. Value of conservative treatment.
      Apropos of 8 cases].
AB  - Eight cases of talus enucleations are reported. The patients ranged in age from
      18 to 62 years. The follow-up period in this study extended from one year to 12
      years. The talus was reduced in six cases and usually fixed with a trans-plantar
      pin. The main problem in the conservative treatment was represented by early
      infection which required a calcaneo-tibial arthrodesis. On the other hand,
      necrosis of the talus, although unavoidable, is usually well tolerated. That may
      be explained by the fact that the necrosis is dense and congruous and does not
      lead to severe arthritic changes. Among 5 cases of necrosis of the talus, fusion
      of the ankle and of the sub-talar joint was indicated in only one patient. The
      authors conclude that the conservative treatment should be systematically tempted
      and that arthrodesis should be indicated only for the infections, that usually
      appear early or the osteoarthritic changes which appear later.

PMID- 2660199
TI  - [Post-radiation osteosarcoma following Hodgkin's disease. Apropos of a case and
      review of the literature].
AB  - The authors describe a case of post radiation osteogenic osteosarcoma secondary
      to Hodgkin's disease. 14 similar cases were found in literature. They discuss the
      predisposition to the carcinogenesis due to the association of the chemotherapy
      and the radiotherapy for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2660200
TI  - [Spontaneous bilateral rupture of the extensor system of the knee in a patient
      with renal transplantation. Apropos of a case].
AB  - A case of bilateral spontaneous rupture of the extensor apparatus of the knee in
      a renal transplant recipient is reported. According to the literature the
      incidence of spontaneous ruptures is increasing, especially in uremic patients.
      The occurrence of such lesions should be borne in mind.

PMID- 2660201
TI  - [Recurrent posterior traumatic luxation of the hip and anteversion defect of the
      femoral neck in adults. Apropos of a case, general review of the literature].
AB  - The recurrent traumatic posterior dislocation of the hip is exceptional. On the
      reported observation, an anteversion fault of the femoral neck was demonstrated.
      This deformity had already been pointed out in cases of simple traumatic
      dislocation. It had never been noted in case of recurrent dislocation. It appears
      logical in case of important fault, not to be satisfied with a posterior
      capsulorrhaphy, but to combine it with a femoral rotation osteotomy.

PMID- 2660202
TI  - [Palmar luxation of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Report of a case and review of
      the literature].
AB  - A palmar dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of a little finger
      occurred in a 25-year-old man and was successfully treated by an open reduction.
      Only seven other cases were reported in the literature. The mechanism of the
      palmar MCP joint dislocation was assumed to occur by hyperflexion injury. The
      dorsal capsule of the MCP joint was thought the essential pathologic feature that
      prevented successful closed reduction. The mechanism and pathologic anatomy of
      the palmar dislocation of the MCP joint is discussed.

PMID- 2660203
TI  - [Hemorrhagic recurrence after operations of azygoportal disconnection].
AB  - One of the main drawbacks attributed to azygoportal disconnection operations in
      the surgical treatment of bleeding esophageal varices is recurrence of
      hemorrhage. The present paper reviews the results obtained as regards hemorrhage
      recurrence in 4,975 patients who underwent azygoportal disconnection in 41 series
      published in the western literature in recent years. An analysis is also made of
      the factors that, according to different authors, could be related to the failure
      of these procedures to prevent eventual variceal hemorrhage.

PMID- 2660204
TI  - [Papillomas of the esophagus: presentation of 5 cases and review of the
      literature].
AB  - Papilloma of the esophagus is an uncommon benign tumor. We report five cases,
      four diagnosed by gastroscopy and one on autopsy. Three were women and two men.
      All the tumors were located in the distal third, except one in the middle third.
      The average size was 0.5 cm. In four cases there was gastroesophageal reflux and
      in two there was also hiatal hernia. In one case there was koilocytosis.

PMID- 2660205
TI  - [Complications of acute gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella no typhi].
AB  - A review was made of the histories of 125 adult patients admitted for acute
      gastroenteritis (GEA) due to Salmonella no typhi. The complications that appeared
      in the series are analyzed. A total of 16 patients (12.8%) presented
      complications: the most common was bacteremia, 3 had renal tubular necrosis, 2
      alithiasic cholecystitis that required surgery, 2 toxic megacolon, 2 rectal
      hemorrhage, 1 erythema nodosum and 1 intestinal perforation. The authors review
      the features of each complication.

PMID- 2660206
TI  - [Biliary peritonitis after hepatic biopsy: favorable course with conservative
      medical treatment].
AB  - In a 53-year-old woman a percutaneous liver biopsy was performed with tru-cut to
      study persistent hypertransaminasemia. The patient did not present extrahepatic
      cholestasis. Immediately after biopsy the patient had a picture of biliary
      peritonitis that evolved favorably with conservative medical treatment, including
      hemodynamic resuscitation, antibiotic therapy, analgesic treatment and monitoring
      by the resuscitation service. A review is made of the literature on this
      complication of liver biopsy and treatment is discussed.

PMID- 2660207
TI  - [Lymphoma of the cecum].
AB  - A description is offered of a toxic and febrile young patient with diarrheic
      syndrome of twenty days evolution secondary to extranodal lymphoma of cecal
      location. A concomitant immunity deficit--selective IgA deficit--appeared in the
      form of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and discoid lupus, and in the absence
      of familial antecedents. As a result of this case study, an association of
      gastrointestinal lymphoma of unusual location with an underlying immune disorder,
      the literature was reviewed.

PMID- 2660208
TI  - [Prognostic variables of colorectal cancer].
AB  - An extensive review is made of the prognostic variables that can affect the
      survival of patients with cancer of the colon and rectum. The prognosis is
      considered in the light of findings of the clinical history, physical
      examination, radiology, endoscopy and anatomopathologic results. The prognosis of
      different types of colonorectal cancer is also examined.

PMID- 2660209
TI  - [Assessment of plasma inactive renin by trypsin and thermolysin treatment during
      open heart surgery].
AB  - Plasma inactive renin (IRA) were assayed through open heart surgery by trypsin
      treatment in twenty-two patients. Postoperatively plasma renin activities and IRA
      increased, remarkably in IRA, however total renin activities were lesser than
      plasma renin activities during extracorporeal circulation. From the results of
      addition of 125I-angiotensin I before trypsin treatment, the presence of unknown
      enzyme was assumed, which was activated by trypsin and catalyzed angiotensin I in
      extracorporeal circulation. Bacterial enzyme, thermolysin, also activated plasma
      inactive renin, more stably until 60 min at 0-37 degrees C than trypsin. By
      trypsin, activities were in peaks at 1 min and gradually decreased thereafter.
      Conclusively we could assess the superiority of thermolysin treatment over
      trypsin treatment.

PMID- 2660210
TI  - Exercise and natural killer cells. What is the relationship?

PMID- 2660212
TI  - The prevention and treatment of injuries to the shoulder in swimming.
AB  - The biomechanics of swimming cause considerable stress on the shoulder joint
      which may be accentuated by improper stretching or training techniques. The
      rotator cuff, and particularly the supraspinatus tendon, is at risk in repetitive
      overhead stroke activity. Arthritis in the shoulder is primarily centered at the
      acromioclavicular joint; degeneration may occur as a result of overuse or
      leverage of the scapuloclavicular mechanism, or from motion related to upward
      pressure at the undersurface of the acromion due to subluxation or instability of
      the glenohumeral joint. Instability of the glenohumeral joint is a major problem
      which may occur in itself or in combination with rotator cuff tendinitis. The
      glenohumeral joint is stabilised superiorly by a posterior superior sling
      consisting of the long biceps tendon, the superior joint capsule, and the
      coracoacromial and coracohumeral ligaments. An anterior inferior sling mechanism
      consisting of the inferior glenohumeral ligament and subscapularis
      musculotendinous unit provides significant stability if uninjured. Fragments of
      labral tissue may mechanically wedge into the joint also leading to symptoms of
      subluxation. If the humeral head is wedged or allowed to slip out of joint due to
      capsular incompetency, secondary rotator cuff 'impingement' may occur; this is
      particularly difficult to manage. Prevention of injury is best accomplished
      through a programme of flexibility and strengthening avoiding overuse.

PMID- 2660213
TI  - [The brain and music. From Theophile Alajouanine to Norman Geschwind].

PMID- 2660211
TI  - Eye injury in sport.
AB  - Eye injury sustained during sport is increasing in incidence worldwide,
      reflecting the rise in popularity of sport as recreation. It can account for up
      to 25% of severe eye injuries. This paper considers the historical context and
      demography of sports injuries, and the physical mechanisms and results of various
      types of ocular trauma in relation to sport. It reviews the specific problems
      associated with the sports considered to be most important in the epidemiology of
      eye injuries today. Certain sports, such as boxing, have an intrinsic risk of
      injury so high that some consider the sport should be banned. The risk of injury
      in many sports can be mitigated by changes in rules, such as the prevention of
      high sticking in ice hockey. Other sports with high risk of trauma could be made
      far safer with the widespread introduction of eye protection, and this applies
      especially to squash and badminton. The various types of eye protection are
      discussed. There is an urgent need to increase awareness of the risk of eye
      injury, to teach safe techniques, and to encourage the use of appropriate ocular
      protective wear in those at high risk of injury, especially the one-eyed.

PMID- 2660214
TI  - [Ambulatory care and the polyclinic in Lausanne: 100 years of medicine and
      society].

PMID- 2660215
TI  - [Treatment and prevention of cerebral infarction: today and in the future].

PMID- 2660217
TI  - [AIDS, youth, values].

PMID- 2660216
TI  - [Efficacy of intracavernous injection of papaverine and prostaglandin in the
      diagnosis and treatment of erectile impotence].

PMID- 2660218
TI  - [Paraplegia associated with HTLV-1 virus].
AB  - Human T-Cell Leukaemia Virus (HTLV) has been found to be endemic in the Caribbean
      Islands. So-called spastic paraplegia of unknown origin, described in Martinique
      (named tropical spastic paraplegia in other countries) was found to be associated
      with signs of HTLV-l infection in 1984-1985. This association has since been
      found in non-tropical countries, particularly in Japan where HTLV-l is endemic.
      Numerous questions about the physiopathology of the neurological involvement and
      the systemic symptoms and signs remain unanswered. The identification of the
      retrovirus and of the diseases is only beginning.

PMID- 2660219
TI  - [Cerebellar infarction in the area of the posterior cerebellar artery.
      Clinicopathology of 28 cases].
AB  - We report a neuropathological study of cerebellar infarctions involving the
      territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in 28 cases. Fifteen
      cases involved the PICA territory only. In 13 cases infarctions in the anterior
      inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) territory and/or in the superior cerebellar
      artery (SCA) territory were also present. A thorough post-mortem study of the
      arterial supply of the brain from the heart up to the cerebellar arteries,
      including the cervical spine segment of the vertebral arteries was performed in
      27 cases. The territory of the cerebellar infarcts has been ascertained. In 15/28
      cases (54 percent), infarction involved the PICA territory only (17 infarcts).
      All of these cases had a benign outcome and death was due to another cause. Six
      of these were recent infarctions. None had evidence of swelling and tonsillar
      herniation. Infarcts were generally of small size and involved the entire PICA
      territory in only 2 cases. Most of these cases were unexpected discovered at
      autopsy. Cerebellar infarction in the territory of the medial branch of the PICA
      (9/17 infarcts) drew grossly a set square with a dorsal base and a ventral top
      headed for the IVth ventricle. Five out of these cases were associated with
      infarction in the dorsal and lateral medullary territories. Retrospective
      clinical study showed that they had been unnoticed or overshadowed by other
      neurological disorders (4 cases), or presented as Wallenberg's syndromes (4
      cases), or as a pure vestibular syndrome (due to an infarction involving only the
      cerebellum) mimicking an acute labyrinthine disorder (1 case). Infarctions in the
      territory of the lateral branch of the PICA (5/17 infarcts) always occurred
      without medullary involvement. All of them were unexpectedly discovered at
      autopsy, and were unnoticed during the life (3 infarcts) or were overshadowed by
      other neurological disorders (2 infarcts). That was also the case in 2 cases of
      infarction in the whole PICA territory (3/17 infarcts). Thus infarctions strictly
      localized to the entire PICA territory only were rare. Thirteen/28 cases (46 p.
      100) of infarction in the whole PICA territory were associated with infarction in
      the AICA and/or the SCA territories. This resulted from an association with other
      infarctions and not from an abnormally large territory of the PICA. Cerebellar
      swelling with brain stem compression and tonsillar herniation occurred 8/13 cases
      (62 p. 100). There were other massive median and paramedian brain stem
      infarctions involving midbrain, pons or medulla in 55 p. 100 of 13
      cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2660220
TI  - [Lexical agraphia caused by left temporoparietal hematoma].
AB  - A patient presented with dysorthographia associated with amnestic aphasia due to
      a left temporo-parietal hematoma. Reading, copying, graphism of letters were
      normal. Dictation showed better results for logatomes and regular words, without
      orthographical difficulty, than for those with orthographical problems (ambiguous
      and irregular words). The overall features suggested a disorder of the lexical
      system in which orthography of words known to patients is present. The
      phonological pathway of phoneme-grapheme conversion was preserved since errors
      were usually phonologically correct. Initially it was possible to conclude to a
      disorder of the semantic value of words in their visual form. Oral spelling,
      auditory reading and written denomination also showed more errors for words of
      difficult orthography. This patient presented a disorder of visual representation
      of words. Comparison of this case with the few reported ones showed that the
      latter often had amnestic aphasia and differed from our case in the associated
      lexical or phonologic alexia. A common feature of the lesions is involvement of
      the left angular gyrus is right-handed patients.

PMID- 2660221
TI  - [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and respiratory assistance].
AB  - Respiratory insufficiency of restrictive origin, often aggravated by obstructive
      disorders, is constant in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and is usually
      progressive. Respiratory distress may be life-threatening while the neurologic
      disease is still limited. Furthermore, the diagnosis of ALS is not always obvious
      when urgent therapeutic decisions have to be made. Results are reported in 16
      patients with ALS treated by assisted ventilation: 14 by endotracheal and 2 by
      nasobuccal routes. Transient improvement in respiratory function in 9 patients
      allowed partial return of spontaneous respiration. Known mean duration of course
      (n = 14) from first sign to death (12 cases) or last control (2 cases) was 3
      years 3 months (1 to 9 years). Survival from tracheotomy to death or last control
      (July 1988 in 12 cases) was 12 months (3 to 48 months). These patients can now
      return home under the care of associations providing respirators.

PMID- 2660222
TI  - [Infantile spinal muscular atrophy].
AB  - The authors report 100 cases with prolonged spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and
      survival beyond 4 years old. There were 46 boys and 54 girls. 23 of them had
      histories with an autosomal recessive form of inheritance. One case had a
      dominant form. The unity of cases described as Werdnig Hoffman disease [SMA I,
      SMA II (Childhood), ans SMA III (Kugelberg Welander)] is supported and our cases
      fell in three groups according to their ambulatory capabilities: never acquired,
      lost, or retained. 71 cases have never walked: the onset of symptoms was noted at
      an average age of 6.4 months +/- 3; the average age at the last examination was
      16 years (4-39). Death occurred in 6 cases. Loss of walking occurred in 24 cases:
      the onset of symptoms was noted at an average age of 17.4 months +/- 14.2. 5
      cases were still ambulatory: the onset of symptoms was noted at an average age of
      2.4 years +/- 2.8. For these last 29 cases the average age at the last
      examination was 20 years (4-38); death occurred in two cases. The weakness was
      symmetrical and proximal. The period of worsening varied but, frequently,
      patients with a later onset of symptoms had a longer period of deterioration.
      Tongue fasciculations were present in all cases who never walked. Facial and
      masseter weakness occurred in 3 cases. Oesophagus dyskinesia and distension of
      the stomach due to brain stem lesions occurred in many cases. This brain stem
      damage was responsible of 2 sudden deaths (8-30 years). Premature puberty
      occurred in 14 cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660224
TI  - [Treatment of Parkinson tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate
      nucleus of the thalamus].
AB  - Stereotactic ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim) thalamotomy may improve drug
      resistant severe parkinsonian tremor. However, tremor may recur and bilateral
      thalamotomy is known to induce unacceptable side effects in a proportion of
      patients. A high frequency (130 Hz) chronic Vim stimulation was performed in 4
      parkinsonian patients, 2 of them having previously undergone a thalamotomy on the
      other side. Tremor was suppressed in all patients at the price of slight
      paresthesias. This improvement has been lasting from 2 to 14 months. Beneficial
      and adverse effects were suppressed at once each time the stimulation was
      stopped. These preliminary results are encouraging but a longer delay and more
      patients are obviously needed.

PMID- 2660223
TI  - [Serum demyelinating activity and Guillain-Barre syndrome: favorable effect of
      plasma exchange].
AB  - The present study was designed to determine whether plasma exchange has a
      beneficial effect on the activity of the demyelinating factor present in the
      serum of patients with the Guillain-Barre syndrome. The demyelinating activity
      was assessed electrophysiologically after subperineurial injection of 20 to 30
      microliters of serum into the rat sciatic nerves Serum was obtained from 26
      patients from the French Cooperative Trial, among whom 12 had plasma exchange.
      Sera were drawn at hospital admission (DO) and at D15, D30 and D60. They
      consistently produced conduction block in a large proportion of motor axons,
      measured by the ratio of amplitudes of the motor action potential elicited by
      stimulation at both proximal and distal sites of injection. The serum activity
      diminished during the time course of the illness earlier in patients receiving
      plasma exchange and even more in patients with the less severe clinical score at
      the plateau phase. Serum from patients without motor sequelae after one year
      evolution did not produce conduction block prior to D30, as compared to sera from
      patients with sequelae which were still very active. This work add biological
      data to the positive results of plasma exchange in Guillain-Barre syndrome
      obtained by the North American and French Cooperative Trials.

PMID- 2660225
TI  - [Epidural extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma: the tenth case].
AB  - The 10th case of a primary epidural extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma is presented.
      The treatment and the relevant literature are reviewed.

PMID- 2660226
TI  - [Pre-decision algorithms for the induction of ovulation in fertilization in
      vitro].
AB  - The success of medically assisted procreation techniques depends on the influence
      of numerous parameters and, especially the quality of ovarian hyperstimulation.
      The need of a homogeneous treatment within the medical team has led us to
      elaborate a system of assistance in decision making in terms of stimulation of
      ovulation. A first system was developed for a classical stimulation protocol,
      type clomiphene-gonadotropin. The limited number of decision making parameters
      (six) as well as the limited number of therapeutic decisions (six) has enabled us
      to developed a particularly performing algorithm system.

PMID- 2660227
TI  - [Decision problems in medicine. Elementary strategies and procedures in support
      of decisions].

PMID- 2660228
TI  - [Systems in support of medical decisions using algorithmic methods].

PMID- 2660229
TI  - [Is an expert system indispensable in obstetrical decisions?].

PMID- 2660230
TI  - Your guide to the newest drugs.

PMID- 2660232
TI  - [Diet and cancer].

PMID- 2660231
TI  - [What is Paget's disease?].
AB  - Paget's disease of bone is characterized by the progressive and extensive
      replacement, in one or several bones, of normal bone tissue by a bone tissue of
      rough and irregular structure, the excessive and disorderly renewal of which
      gradually produces hyperdensity and hypertrophy of the bones involved. The
      condition results from the action of abnormal and overactive osteoclasts
      containing virus-like intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions. The disease
      profoundly alters the physiology of bones in the region affected. The viral
      looking inclusions that enter the osteoclasts seem to induce a loss of control of
      bone renewal and remodelling, as shown by histology and radiology. The resorption
      formation mechanism persists but it is unbalanced, facilitating bone resorption
      during two to five years, then bone formation. In that way, subjects with Paget's
      disease, who have reached the age of physiological osteopenia, show an often
      important increase in bone density and mass. Paget's disease of bone is a disease
      grafted on the skeleton: it is partly dependent on the skeletal status of the
      host. The activity of Paget's disease is evaluated by measuring the ratio of
      plasma alkaline phosphatase levels to the volumes of normal and pagetic bones;
      the author suggests a mathematical formula for calculating this ratio.

PMID- 2660233
TI  - [The diaphragm: recent data].

PMID- 2660234
TI  - [Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].

PMID- 2660235
TI  - [The new imaging technics: theoretical principles, limitations and some ideas on
      costs].
AB  - The new imaging techniques modify the diagnostic, or even sometimes therapeutic,
      decision lines. Their efficiency is much greater than that of the old techniques,
      while pretium doloris and side-effects are considerably reduced. Such advances
      are not without a major disadvantage: the ever increasing cost of imaging
      explorations. Radiological guidance (with conventional radiology, ultrasounds and
      computerized tomography) facilitates percutaneous procedures for diagnostic
      (biopsy) or therapeutic purposes (emptying of abscesses, chemonucleolysis of
      herniated lumbar disc, etc.).

PMID- 2660236
TI  - [Diagnosis of intracranial diseases].
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) is the fundamental examination in the diagnosis and
      assessment of intracranial lesions. After it, other exploratory techniques, such
      as cervical doppler-ultrasonography, digital angiography by the arterial route,
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and straight X-ray films of the skull may be
      considered. The choice between these different techniques depends on the
      neurological pathology being investigated.

PMID- 2660237
TI  - [Diagnosis of diseases of the spinal cord and the vertebral column].
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nowadays plays a predominant role in the
      diagnosis and evaluation of spinal canal pathologies and has reduced the other
      exploratory methods, including computerized tomography (CT) and myelography, to
      an ancillary role. These pathologies are divided into three groups: those where
      MRI is the only imaging method (syringomyelia, tumours in the spinal canal,
      phakomatoses, external pachymeningitis, spinal cord injuries, myelitis); those
      where MRI is the initial method and is completed by other examinations (vascular
      malformations, dysraphism, myelopathies due to cervical osteoarthritis) and those
      where MRI still play a lesser role than CT (degenerative lesions of the lumbar
      column).

PMID- 2660238
TI  - [Diagnosis of diseases of the lung, the mediastinum and the pleura].
AB  - Computed tomography of the thorax seems to have proceeded in a straight line from
      standard radiography of the chest. With its transverse axial sections, it
      provides a better understanding of spatial displacements and a better
      localization of thoracic lesions. In most cases, the lesional diagnosis can be
      approached more directly, so that tomography is no longer used while the number
      of bronchographies and pulmonary angiographies has been drastically reduced.
      Finally, computed tomography offers an excellent guidance to the percutaneous or
      endoscopic collection of samples for cytological and histological examinations.
      Ultrasounds are particularly used in the diagnosis and drainage of pleural
      effusions. Magnetic resonance imaging has not yet replaced all other techniques,
      but it is one of the most helpful examinations for the diagnosis and assessment
      of mediastinal vascular diseases.

PMID- 2660239
TI  - [Diagnosis of diseases of the urinary tract].
AB  - Radiological exploration of the urinary tract has become highly sophisticated.
      The information provided by the new imaging techniques is extremely accurate and
      useful in the diagnosis and pretherapeutic assessment of most urinary tract
      diseases. Interventional radiology has given radiologists an important role in
      the treatment of some types of pathology. The authors describe the value of
      modern imaging and its different aspects in each of the principal branches of
      urinary tract pathology, viz.: tumours, obstructions, infections, vascular and
      prostatic diseases.

PMID- 2660240
TI  - [Diagnosis of gynecologic diseases].
AB  - Transabdominal ultrasonography has long been a fist-line examination to explore
      most of the pelvic diseases. Transvaginal sonography is a simple procedure giving
      an accurate and reliable diagnosis. These two techniques complement each other
      and can usefully be performed concomitantly. Computed tomography should be
      reserved to the extension assessment and follow-up uterine and ovarian tumours.
      Magnetic resonance imaging is a non invasive technique providing for a three
      dimensional, very high quality study of the female pelvis. Its main value resides
      in the exploration of gynaecological tumours, where it gives a reliable
      assessment of local and regional extension. These various imaging techniques,
      therefore, have a definite, non competitive role to play in the exploration of
      gynaecological diseases. They are the necessary complements of physical
      examination and endoscopic methods.

PMID- 2660241
TI  - [Manifestations evocative of hypoglycemia. Diagnostic orientation and procedures
      to follow].

PMID- 2660242
TI  - [Aortic insufficiency. Etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, evolution and
      prognosis].

PMID- 2660243
TI  - [Pleural technics. Pleural puncture, pleural biopsy, pleural drainage,
      pleuroscopy].

PMID- 2660244
TI  - [Primary bronchopulmonary cancer. Epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, evolution
      and prognosis, principles of medical and surgical treatment].

PMID- 2660245
TI  - [Dilatation of the bronchi].

PMID- 2660246
TI  - Biologic response modifiers in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies.

PMID- 2660247
TI  - Correlation between gallstones and abdominal symptoms in a random population.
      Results from a screening study.
AB  - A population sample of 2464 persons between 20 and 70 years of age was included
      in a screening study designed for establishing gallstone prevalence rates and the
      frequency distribution of abdominal symptoms in groups with and without
      gallstone(s). The response rate was 55.6%. Two hundred and eighty-five persons
      had unoperated gallstone disease, as diagnosed by ultrasound. They were compared
      with 1044 individuals without ultrasonographically detected gallstones. The
      frequency distribution of epigastric and/or substernal burning, upper or lower
      abdominal pain, intolerance to fatty food, nausea and/or vomiting, and jaundice
      was similar for the two groups. Of the screened population 35% have had to see a
      physician for abdominal symptoms, with no difference between the two groups. In
      conclusion, abdominal symptoms are common in individuals with and without
      gallstone(s), but no differences were found in frequency distribution of symptoms
      between the groups. Consequently, gallstone disease is asymptomatic in the vast
      majority of individuals. The high proportion of abdominal symptoms in the
      population with gallstone(s) combined with increasing ultrasonographic activities
      may lead to unjustifiable cholecystectomies.

PMID- 2660248
TI  - Intravascular coagulation in the development of massive hepatic necrosis induced
      by Corynebacterium parvum and endotoxin in rats.
AB  - When Escherichia coli endotoxin was intravenously injected into rats given killed
      Corynebacterium parvum 6 days previously, fibrin deposition and endothelial cell
      injury occurred in hepatic sinusoids at 1.5 h and were intensified thereafter.
      Serum alanine aminotransferase values were increased along with prothrombin time
      and decreased plasma levels of antithrombin III and coagulation factor VIII:C at
      5 h. Antithrombin III concentrate (plus heparin) or superoxide dismutase infused
      concurrently with injection of endotoxin significantly attenuated the
      derangements of these variables and the histologic extent of liver injury at 5 h.
      Intravascular coagulation, probably developing through the action of superoxide
      anion, may contribute to the development of massive hepatic necrosis induced by
      C. parvum and endotoxin in rats.

PMID- 2660249
TI  - Consistency in manual scoring analysis of gastrointestinal pressure recordings.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the consistency in visual scoring
      and whether this could be the basis for computer analysis using pattern
      recognition techniques. We studied the consistency of visual scoring of pressure
      tracings from the upper gastrointestinal tract with regard to pressure wave
      identification. The aim was to make such an identification the golden standard
      for computerized analysis of pressure waves. Pressure recordings containing
      different phases of contraction activity were evaluated by five trained
      observers. The inter- and intra-observer agreement was highest in periods with
      high contraction activity (phase III), both of which were better than 90%. In
      periods with low contraction activity (phases I and II) this agreement was as low
      as 49%. The results indicate that forming a learning set for pattern recognition
      should only be based on visual scoring during phase-III activity.

PMID- 2660250
TI  - Propranolol in prevention of rebleeding from oesophageal varices during the
      course of endoscopic sclerotherapy.
AB  - Thirty-one patients admitted with the first bleeding episode from oesophageal
      varices were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive oral propranolol, 160
      mg daily, for 6 months (n = 15) or matching placebo (n = 16) for the same period.
      Endoscopy was performed each month during the 6 months and additionally after a
      further 3 months. The oesophageal varices were injected paravariceally with 2%
      aethoxysclerol until obliteration. If rebleeding occurred, additional
      sclerotherapy was performed. In the group treated with sclerotherapy and
      propranolol 3 patients rebled (20%; 95% confidence limits, 4%-48%), whereas 12
      patients treated with sclerotherapy and placebo rebled (75%; 95% confidence
      limits, 48%-93%; p less than 0.05). There were no side effects to treatment in
      either of the groups, and it is concluded that administration of propranolol
      reduces the frequency of variceal rebleeding before variceal obliteration during
      a course of endoscopic sclerotherapy.

PMID- 2660251
TI  - Incidence of gastropathy in destructive arthropathies.
AB  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in relieving the
      symptoms of arthritis, but may have serious side-effects such as gastrointestinal
      lesions. This paper reviews the current status of knowledge concerning NSAID
      induced gastropathy. In general, patients who present with bleeding peptic ulcers
      are more likely to be using a NSAID than are matched controls. The incidence of
      gastric lesions is increased in patients receiving more than one NSAID,
      suggesting a cumulative risk for these drugs. Endoscopic studies, which have
      attempted to relate the presence of a lesion to dyspeptic symptoms have shown a
      poor correlation, indicating a high risk of perforation and bleeding without
      prior symptomatic warning. Peptic ulcer disease is equally prevalent in patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis or with osteoarthritis, so the underlying condition
      does not appear to influence the onset of NSAID-induced gastropathy. Care is
      required when prescribing NSAIDs; they should not be used in trivial or self
      limiting conditions or in existing cases of active peptic ulceration. In
      addition, caution should be exercised in patients with a history of peptic
      ulceration, and in the elderly.

PMID- 2660252
TI  - New understandings of NSAID gastropathy.
AB  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastropathy is a serious
      public health problem. The United States Food and Drug Administration has
      recently proposed strong class labelling for NSAIDS, warning of the risk of
      ulceration, bleeding and perforation associated with their use. The adaptation of
      the gastric mucosa in response to NSAID intake in volunteers does not seem to
      occur to the same extent in rheumatic patients. In an ongoing study of patients
      with osteo- or rheumatoid arthritis, currently in its fourth year, nabumetone has
      been shown to be relatively gastric sparing when compared with naproxen.
      Nabumetone is at least as effective as naproxen. Long-term studies are important
      as treatment of arthritis may involve prolonged use of NSAIDs.

PMID- 2660253
TI  - Mechanisms of gastric damage by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
AB  - All non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used in the treatment of
      rheumatic diseases may cause gastrointestinal mucosal injury. The mechanisms by
      which these agents damage mucosa are not fully understood, although, reduction of
      mucosal defence by the depletion of endogenous, protective prostaglandins has
      been deemed important. NSAIDs have been shown to decrease the magnitude of the
      mucus-bicarbonate barrier, disrupt the epithelial cell layer, reduce the surface
      hydrophobicity of epithelial cells and to diminish mucosal blood flow. Such
      effects render the mucosa more susceptible to damage by acid, pepsin, bile salts
      and alcohol. In addition, direct mucosal injury may be caused by the
      physiochemical properties of NSAIDs, being weak acids. There is now increasing
      evidence that gastroduodenal mucosa adapts to acute damage by these drugs with
      mucosal injury recovering during continued administration. The mechanisms
      governing such adaptation remain unknown and require further investigation.

PMID- 2660254
TI  - Ultrasonography of the adult hip joint.
AB  - The ultrasonographic distance between the hip joint capsule and femur was
      measured in 75 healthy adults. The mean distance was 5.1 (SD 0.7) mm. The
      shortest distance was 3.0 mm, the longest 7.0 mm. The difference between the
      right and left hip was 0.3 (SD 0.3, range 0-1.2) mm. No correlation was found
      between the ultrasonographic distance and the subjects' height, body weight, age
      or sex. The reproducibility of the measurement was good, and the interobserver
      correlation was 0.94. It is concluded that an ultrasonographic distance between
      the hip joint capsule and the femur of 7 mm or more, and a difference between the
      hips of 1 mm or more suggest an intracapsular effusion in the joint in adults.

PMID- 2660255
TI  - [Duplex sonography of the internal jugular vein].
AB  - Based on defined diagnostic criteria high-resolution Duplex sonography allows the
      accurate evaluation of normal and pathological jugular vein. Compared to
      examinations with only the B-mode the diagnostic accuracy is higher with the
      duplex system with additional display of venous flow signals. Normal findings and
      results of duplex sonography in patients with venous inflow congestion,
      thrombosis and aneurysm of the jugular vein are presented, and their clinical
      relevance of the method discussed.

PMID- 2660256
TI  - [A probe holder for improving duplex sonography].
AB  - To enable mechanical probe fixation for carotid duplex sonography, a hollow
      cylinder was mounted to the free end of a snake-neck type surgical instrument
      holder. A second hollow cylinder fitting over the handpiece of the probe is
      adapted to its bore. This allow turning of the probe from the longitudinal to the
      axial plane through the examined vessel, the level of the contact surface and its
      pressure against the tissue remaining unchanged. The use of this device allows
      better correlation of vessel cross sections to the respective segments of the
      vessel as imaged in the longitudinal plane. A further advantage of the probe
      holder is that once the position of the probe is selected, it leaves both hands
      of the examiner free for operating the Doppler system. With duplex equipments
      programmed for volume flow calculation from cross sectional area and time
      averaged mean spatial velocity the feasibility of such measurements is
      considerably improved.

PMID- 2660257
TI  - [Vaginosonography in gynecology].
AB  - Vaginosonography is a new method for gynaecological diagnosis. Its special
      advantage is to reach the uterus and the ovaries at close range. A structural
      refinement of the surrounding tissue allows to better coordinate individual
      structures to the different organs. A further advantage is, that a filled bladder
      is not required. At the first time diagnostic ultrasound can be used in corpulent
      patients as well. Vaginosonography is of special importance in the diagnosis of
      the endometrium according to the event of cycle identifying different types of
      amenorrhea, and also informative during the climacteric period. Besides the
      demonstration of the endometrium the time of ovulation can be determined by
      folliculometry, and an exceeding follicular growth can be stopped at the right
      time. Transvaginal puncture of follicles is a quicker and easier technique than
      the usual laparoscopic approach. Early diagnosis of pregnancy is of great
      importance as well. Using vaginosonography, a missed abortion and an extrauterine
      pregnancy can be varified in a simple way. A cervical insufficiency can be
      evaluated in a better way by the determination of the opening of the internal
      orificium of the cervix. There is further use of the method in other fields of
      gynaecology.

PMID- 2660258
TI  - Future environments for Europe: some implications of alternative development
      paths.

PMID- 2660259
TI  - Progress toward human gene therapy.
AB  - Current therapies for most human genetic diseases are inadequate. In response to
      the need for effective treatments, modern molecular genetics is providing tools
      for an unprecedented new approach to disease treatment through an attack directly
      on mutant genes. Recent results with several target organs and gene transfer
      techniques have led to broad medical and scientific acceptance of the feasibility
      of this "gene therapy" concept for disorders of the bone marrow, liver, and
      central nervous system; some kinds of cancer; and deficiencies of circulating
      enzymes, hormones, and coagulation factors. The most well-developed models
      involve alteration of mutant target genes by gene transfer with recombinant
      pathogenic viruses in order to express new genetic information and to correct
      disease phenotypes--the conversion of the swords of pathology into the plowshares
      of therapy.

PMID- 2660260
TI  - Altering the genome by homologous recombination.
AB  - Homologous recombination between DNA sequences residing in the chromosome and
      newly introduced, cloned DNA sequences (gene targeting) allows the transfer of
      any modification of the cloned gene into the genome of a living cell. This
      article discusses the current status of gene targeting with particular emphasis
      on germ line modification of the mouse genome, and describes the different
      methods so far employed to identify those rare embryonic stem cells in which the
      desired targeting event has occurred.

PMID- 2660261
TI  - Genetic engineering of bacteria from managed and natural habitats.
AB  - The genetic modification of bacteria from natural and managed habitats will
      impact on the management of agricultural and environmental settings. Potential
      applications include crop production and protection, degradation or sequestration
      of environmental pollutants, extraction of metals from ores, industrial
      fermentations, and productions of enzymes, diagnostics, and chemicals.
      Applications of this technology will ultimately include the release of beneficial
      agents in the environment. If safely deployed, genetically modified bacteria
      should be able to provide significant benefits in the management of environmental
      systems and in the development of new environmental control processes.

PMID- 2660262
TI  - Construction of large DNA segments in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Recombinant DNA clones containing large pieces of DNA are useful in the study of
      large genetic units, but these are difficult to make in most bacterial cloning
      vectors. A strategy is described that uses general and site-specific
      recombination to construct large pieces of eukaryotic DNA from smaller cloned
      segments. The large clones are propagated on F factor-based plasmids in
      Escherichia coli. They can be easily modified to introduce mutations or
      rearrangements. These techniques were applied to the construction of large DNA
      segments from the bithorax complex of Drosophila.

PMID- 2660263
TI  - Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and
      related drugs.
AB  - Phencyclidine (PCP), a dissociative anesthetic and widely abused psychotomimetic
      drug, and MK-801, a potent PCP receptor ligand, have neuroprotective properties
      stemming from their ability to antagonize the excitotoxic actions of endogenous
      excitatory amino acids such as glutamate and aspartate. There is growing interest
      in the potential application of these compounds in the treatment of neurological
      disorders. However, there is an apparent neurotoxic effect of PCP and related
      agents (MK-801, tiletamine, and ketamine), which has heretofore been overlooked:
      these drugs induce acute pathomorphological changes in specific populations of
      brain neurons when administered subcutaneously to adult rats in relatively low
      doses. These findings raise new questions regarding the safety of these agents in
      the clinical management of neurodegenerative diseases and reinforce concerns
      about the potential risks associated with illicit use of PCP.

PMID- 2660264
TI  - Fighting cancer with designer cells.

PMID- 2660265
TI  - NIH: the good old days.

PMID- 2660266
TI  - Protection against streptococcal pharyngeal colonization with a vaccinia: M
      protein recombinant.
AB  - Phagocytosis of group A streptococci requires type-specific antibodies directed
      against the variable determinants of the bacterial surface M protein molecule. As
      a step toward developing a broadly protective anti-streptococcal vaccine, a
      vaccinia virus (VV) recombinant was constructed that expresses the conserved
      region of the structural gene encoding the M6 molecule (VV:M6'). Mice immunized
      intranasally with the VV:M6' virus showed markedly reduced pharyngeal
      colonization by streptococci after intranasal and oral challenge with these
      bacteria. M protein-specific serum immunoglobulin G was significantly elevated in
      vaccinated animals and absent in controls. A similar approach may prove useful
      for the identification of protective determinants present on other bacterial and
      viral pathogens.

PMID- 2660267
TI  - Therapeutic modulation of cartilage catabolism by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
      drugs in arthritis.

PMID- 2660268
TI  - The American dominative medical system as a reflection of social relations in the
      larger society.
AB  - Expanding upon Navarro's analysis of the American biomedical sector, I argue that
      the phenomenon of medical pluralism has historically and continues to reflect
      class, racial/ethnic, and gender relations in American society. The evolution of
      the American medical system is traced from a relatively pluralistic one in the
      nineteenth century to a dominative one in the twentieth century. While
      legitimation and even professionalization of various alternative medical systems
      supports the assertion that the dominance of biomedicine is delegated rather than
      absolute, these processes reflect the growing accommodation on the part of
      alternative practitioners to the reductionist disease theory which is compatible
      with capitalist ideology.

PMID- 2660269
TI  - [Epidemiology and heterogeny].
AB  - The innovation of epidemiology plays a crucial role in the development of the
      health sciences. The authors emphasize the importance of epistemological analysis
      related to scientific and technical production. They focus on the theoretical and
      methodological contributions of the principal Latin American groups in the field
      of epidemiology, stating their main accomplishments, issues and potentials. When
      reviewing those conceptual and practical innovations, the authors analyse the
      effects of broader historical conditions on scientific work. To them, Latin
      American contemporary innovative epidemiological research and production have
      developed clearly differentiated principles, methods and technical projections
      which have led to a movement of critical or 'social' epidemiology. The
      functionalist approach of conventional epidemiology, characterized by an
      empiricist viewpoint, is being overcome by a more rigorous and analytical
      approach. This new epidemiological approach, in which the authors as members of
      CEAS (Health Research and Advisory Center) are working, has selectively
      incorporated some of the technical instruments of conventional epidemiology,
      subordinating them to a different theoretical and logical paradigm. The new
      framework of this group explains the need to consider the people's objective
      situation and necessities, when constructing scientific interpretations and
      planning technical action. In order to accomplish this goal, epidemiological
      reasoning has to reflect the unity of external epidemiological facts and
      associations, the so-called phenomenological aspect of health, with the
      underlying determinants and conditioning processes or internal relations, which
      are the essence of the health-disease production and distribution process.
      Epidemiological analysis is considered not only as a problem of empirical
      observation but as a process of theoretical construction, in which there is a
      dynamic fusion of deductive and inductive reasoning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2660270
TI  - The commodification of American health care.
AB  - Since 1980, cost containment efforts have radically transformed the delivery of
      medical services in the United States. The number and diversity of private, for
      profit delivery systems have significantly increased and so has the competition
      among them. Some Marxists have conceptualized these changes as a transition from
      a non-commodity to a commodity form of medical care. They have labeled this the
      process of 'commodification' of medical services. However, this paper
      demonstrates that this process took place over 50 years ago. In light of this
      historical finding, an alternative Marxian analysis of the current medical
      conjuncture is briefly presented. Several of the key attractions of this approach
      are discussed.

PMID- 2660271
TI  - Technological innovation and the labour process in health care.
AB  - The process of technological innovation in health care is explored in this paper
      using labour process theory. Taking the specific case study of diagnostic imaging
      technology it argues for the utility of labour process theory for analysing the
      professional labour process as a means of delineating the social contexts in
      which technological innovation provides a means of empowering workers.

PMID- 2660272
TI  - State and health.
AB  - This paper examines the health functions of the state in the F.R.G. in their
      historical, political and socio-economic inter-relationships. The main focus is
      on the antagonistic interests of the social classes. Special emphasis is placed
      on an analysis of the health political state intervention of 1974 which marked
      the beginning of the far-reaching economic crisis. There were serious
      restrictions placed on utilization such as co-payments and other interventions:
      commercialization; privatization; individualization; and the rationalization of
      public services. Moreover, as the data show, there have been massive
      transferences within the public service system at the expense of the socially
      insured.

PMID- 2660273
TI  - The reluctant imperialism of the medical profession.
AB  - Medical authority is invoked ever more frequently, also in situations that are
      outside the scope of scientific medicine. The main but latent function of this
      medicalization is the resolution of social conflict. This occurs more often than
      not in tacit collusion between a work organization (or the wider community) on
      the one hand, the individualized 'patient' on the other hand and the doctor as
      the arbiter who defines socially contested issues in terms of medical problems.
      As scientific medicine provides insufficient justification of these medical
      interventions, they threaten to become the subject of open controversy within the
      organized medical profession and thus to undermine professional unanimity, and
      with it the authority of the profession as a whole. This explains the reluctance
      of organized medicine to claim these new fields as its legitimate province.

PMID- 2660274
TI  - The political economy of workers' health and safety.
AB  - The paucity of social science research on workers' health and safety (WHS) is
      noted and a framework based on class struggle within the capitalist political
      economic world-system is suggested. It is hypothesized that the historical and
      current strengths of workers' movements within nation states will largely
      determine the adequacy of provisions for WHS. This hypothesis was generally
      confirmed through field studies in Sweden, Finland, the German Democratic
      Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the U.K. and the U.S.A. However, one
      key aspect, the linkages between the general health services, especially at
      points of first entry (sometimes inappropriately referred to as primary health
      care, PHC) and WHS are highly problematic in all systems. Workers and their
      representatives, as well as concerned WHS and public health workers should
      develop greater awareness, concern and understanding of this PHC-WHS problem as
      well as other aspects of WHS.

PMID- 2660275
TI  - Social analysis of collective health in Latin America.
AB  - During the last 15 years there has been an increasing interest in Latin America
      to study the collective health conditions as part of and determined by the
      social, economic and political processes. The present article analyzes the
      origins of this current of thought, known as Latin American social medicine, and
      its main theoretical and methodological approach. Since the two basic analytical
      concepts proposed by this current are 'social class' and 'work process', some
      examples of concrete studies that employ these are given to highlight the type of
      study designs used and the knowledge produced

PMID- 2660276
TI  - The coming of age of critical medical anthropology.
AB  - This paper reviews the development over the last 15 years of a broadening
      critical trend in the field of medical anthropology by: (1) examining
      shortcomings of conventional medical anthropology that led to interest in
      critical alternatives; (2) examining historical and occupational factors that
      tend to conservatize the subdiscipline; (3) reviewing the body of literature
      produced thus far by its adherents; and (4) suggesting directions for future
      work.

PMID- 2660277
TI  - Ideology in medical science: class in the clinic.
AB  - The class character of medicine is most easily discerned in the inequitable
      organization of health services. Capital's shaping of the patterns of disease and
      our medical/scientific responses is less apparent but equally strong. We
      illustrate this point by reviewing some recent history of cardiovascular diseases
      and therapies. Hitherto unknown afflictions have become commonplace. Our
      diagnostic and therapeutic concepts are the crystallization of a long history of
      scientific effort--an effort dominated and directed by capitalist imperatives.
      The work of the clinician rests on this scientific substrate, and recognition or
      rejection of its class nature provides a potential basis for a new medical
      science but not the needed results. The socialist transformation of medicine will
      require a recognition of the capitalist specificity of current science, and the
      painstaking construction of alternative modes of thought.

PMID- 2660278
TI  - Population differences in susceptibility to AIDS: an evolutionary analysis.
AB  - Previously we have reported population differences in sexual restraint such that,
      higher socio-economic status greater than lower socio-economic status, and
      Mongoloids greater than Caucasoids greater than Negroids. This ordering was
      predicted from a gene-based evolutionary theory of r/K reproductive strategies in
      which a trade-off occurs between gamete production and social behaviors such as
      intelligence, law-abidingness, and parental care. Here we consider the
      implications of these analyses for sexual dysfunction, including susceptibility
      to AIDS. We conclude that relative to Caucasians, populations of Asian ancestry
      are inclined to a greater frequency of inhibitory disorders such as low sexual
      excitement and premature ejaculation and to a lower frequency of sexually
      transmitted diseases including AIDS, while populations of African ancestry are
      inclined to a greater frequency of uninhibited disorders such as rape and
      unintended pregnancy and to more sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS.

PMID- 2660280
TI  - Emotional expression in cancer onset and progression.
AB  - Despite the intensive biomedical research in oncology since World War II, recent
      studies show a steady increase in age-adjusted mortality for all kinds of cancer.
      This findings gives impetus to the efforts of researchers who have adopted the
      biopsychosocial model. Systematic research using such a model has shown several
      psychosocial factors to be associated with cancer onset and progression, and
      Temoshok has recently suggested a theoretical model which unifies these findings.
      In this paper, I consider the evidence that one of these psychosocial factors,
      emotional expression, may be directly involved in cancer onset and progression. I
      review 18 relevant studies, discuss how one might operationalize the term
      'emotional expression', and make 12 suggestions for future research.

PMID- 2660279
TI  - Mind, body, and culture: somatization among Hispanics.
AB  - In this analysis we employ the recently released Hispanic Health and Nutrition
      Examination Survey (Hispanic HANES) to investigate the issue of somatization
      among Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans. In order to do so, we use the
      physician's assessment as a control, and examine the association between
      depressive affect and self-perceptions of health for individuals with similar
      evaluated health levels. The data reveal rather dramatic discrepancies between
      individuals' assessments of their own health and physicians' evaluations. In
      addition, the data reveal that, net of the physician's evaluation, individuals'
      assessments of their overall health status are significantly influenced by their
      affective states. The data also reveal a strong effect of language of interview
      on self-assessments of health and depressive affect.

PMID- 2660281
TI  - Health lifestyles and self-direction in employment among American men: a test of
      the spillover effect.
AB  - This paper examines whether American males with a high degree of control over
      their work situation pursue healthy lifestyles and rate their physical health
      more positively than those who score low on occupational self-direction. That is,
      are persons who control their work more likely to also try to control their
      health through living in a particularly healthy manner? We found that there was
      no support for a spillover effect from high occupational self-direction to
      enhanced participation in health lifestyles or more positive self-rated health.
      The findings suggest health lifestyles have spread throughout occupational work
      groups in the U.S. and support research that maintains such lifestyles have
      spread across social strata in America.

PMID- 2660282
TI  - Social support: diverse theoretical perspectives.
AB  - The useful predictions and interpretations about social support which can be
      derived from attribution, coping, equity, loneliness and social comparison
      theories have typically not been recognized. Attribution theory can enable
      explanation of motives of donors, the phenomena of help-seeking and helping, and
      negative effects of support efforts. Coping theory demonstrates how social
      support and coping interface in the stress process; adds a cognitive dimension to
      support; and considers costs of support. Equity theory explains reactions to
      support from donor and recipient viewpoints and the reciprocal nature of social
      support. Loneliness theory attests to the significance of social relationships
      and emphasizes the affective dimension of support. Social comparison theory is
      helpful in interpreting positive and debilitating effects of support when the
      donor is a peer. Further, these five theories enhance theoretical interpretation
      of social support through their distinctive explanations of the concepts of
      'appraisal' and 'helping'. Relevance to health professional assessment and
      practice can be delineated.

PMID- 2660283
TI  - Three bodies of practice in a traditional South Indian martial art.
AB  - This paper describes three interconnected conceptions of the body in
      kalarippayattu, the martial tradition of Kerala, South India. It traces
      continuities and discontinuities among concepts and practices recorded in classic
      source texts and contemporary martial practice for each of the three 'bodies of
      practice'. The first is the fluid body of humors and saps. The second is the body
      as superstructure composed of bones, muscles, and vital spots (marma-s), which
      supports the fluid body. The concepts and practices of the first two bodies are
      based on the regional tradition of Ayurveda. They constitute the external
      physical body (sthula-sarira). The third, subtle or interior body (suksma-sarira)
      is thought to be encased within the physical body. It provides an experiential
      map of practice and is the basis for higher stages of meditation. The long-term
      practice of the martial art (1) makes the body fluid so that healthful congruence
      of the humors occurs, (2) establishes an intuitive and practical knowledge of
      vital points (marma) useful in fighting (prayogam) and in treating injuries, and
      (3) purifies the subtle body and awakens the internal vital energy (prana-vayu)
      that is manifest as the power (sakti) of the master in combat or medical
      practice. The paper concludes with a discussion of the interrelationship between
      these three concepts of the body in the accomplished practice of the martial
      practitioner.

PMID- 2660284
TI  - The relevance of the health belief model to Australian smokers.
AB  - The Health Belief Model is one of the few models predicting health behavior which
      explicitly evaluates the role of cues to action from the doctor or others. Rarely
      have such cues to action been examined formally by the comparison of groups
      receiving different interventions. Initial and follow-up data covering a wide
      range of sociopsychological variables were gathered from typical smokers among
      family-practice patients participating in an Australian quit-smoking program.
      Patients were randomly assigned either to a control or experimental group, the
      latter receiving the Give-Up Smoking (GUS) kit, and quit-smoking advice from
      their doctor. Factor analysis of the initial data largely confirmed the clusters
      of the Health Belief Model. At follow-up, after the experimental and control
      group treatment, a totally different factor structure emerged, comprising some
      very specific sociopsychological variables and cues to action. Implications are
      discussed for the Health Belief Model relative to other health behavior models.

PMID- 2660285
TI  - Perceived stress in medical school: resistors, persistors, adaptors and
      maladaptors.
AB  - A longitudinal study of perceived medical student stress (PMSS) was conducted on
      305 first year medical students. Data were collected at orientation in September
      and again in May, 2 weeks before exams. Four types of students were identified
      using a standardized and reliable measure of PMSS. These included students whose
      PMSS scores began and ended low (resistors), whose PMSS scores began and remained
      high (persistors), whose PMSS scores decreased from high to low (adaptors) and
      whose PMSS scores increased from low to high (maladaptors). The four groups
      differed predictably on indices of distress and were also distinguishable by a
      variety of psychosocial variables including type A personality, anger expression
      and coping. In contrast, life events played a minor role in distinguishing the
      groups. The results are discussed in relation to previous research on medical
      student stress.

PMID- 2660286
TI  - Medical anthropology in Mexico.

PMID- 2660287
TI  - Normotension with decreased plasma renin activity and low serum ionic calcium
      levels: a prehypertensive state?
AB  - We studied the relationships between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and
      calcium and magnesium levels in both serum and urine in 51 volunteer normotensive
      subjects, divided into two groups. Group 1 was made up of the 25 subjects whose
      levels of plasma renin activity were the lowest (1.93 +/- 0.70 ng/ml/hr). Group 2
      comprised the 26 subjects with the highest plasma renin activity levels (4.80 +/-
      0.84 ng/ml/hr). The following parameters were measured on all subjects: plasma
      renin activity and plasma and urinary aldosterone levels (by radioimmunoassay),
      serum ionic calcium levels (by Nova-2), total serum calcium, and serum and
      urinary magnesium values (by atomic absorption), serum and urinary sodium and
      potassium levels (by flame photometry), and creatinine clearance. In the group
      with low plasma renin activity (group 1), our findings included low serum ionic
      calcium levels (P less than .001); high coefficients of plasma aldosterone/plasma
      renin activity and urinary aldosterone/plasma renin activity (P less than .001);
      a significant correlation between the serum ionic calcium level and plasma renin
      activity (P less than .001); and an inverse correlation between systolic arterial
      tension and the serum ionic calcium level (P less than .05). These changes were
      more similar to change described in hypertensive patients with low plasma renin
      activity than to the findings in group 2 subjects. We speculate that normotensive
      subjects with low plasma renin activity present significant changes in the
      relationship between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sodium and
      calcium levels, and that this group is at risk for hypertension. A diet low in
      sodium and high in calcium could be an effective preventive measure.

PMID- 2660288
TI  - Are all neonatal seizures true epileptic seizures?
AB  - The study of neonatal seizures, using time-synchronized video and
      electroencephalographic/polygraphic monitoring, has challenged the concept that
      all abnormal stereotypic behavior and motor activities in neonates should be
      considered epileptic. The use of anticonvulsants for the treatment of
      nonepileptic phenomena is inappropriate. In recent years, the etiologic
      distribution has changed: cerebrovascular accidents are recognized more often,
      whereas the percentage of seizures of unknown origin has significantly decreased.

PMID- 2660289
TI  - High-dose corticosteroid therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients
      with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Overwhelming Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) carries a poor prognosis. Patients who require
      mechanical ventilation have up to a 90% mortality rate despite vigorous
      treatment. Although there are theoretic contraindications to steroid use in
      severely immunocompromised individuals, case reports of AIDS patients with PCP
      either inadvertently or intentionally given steroids have shown benefit. We
      report a series of seven patients whose AIDS and PCP worsened with conventional
      therapy and who subsequently received high-dose intravenous steroid therapy. All
      patients required intubation or a high inspired oxygen concentration. Four
      patients with uncomplicated PCP had a rapid and sustained response to steroids.
      Three patients with mixed infections (cytomegalovirus, Legionella pneumophila,
      and Pneumococcus) had transient improvement in gas exchange, though two of these
      patients subsequently died. Our experience is similar to that of others and
      suggests that corticosteroids may be of benefit in patients with AIDS and
      overwhelming PCP. We postulate that pulmonary inflammation is a major determinant
      of the severity of PCP in AIDS, and that this inflammation may be diminished by
      high-dose corticosteroid therapy.

PMID- 2660290
TI  - Proximal gastric vagotomy for duodenal ulcer disease.
AB  - Proximal gastric vagotomy is a useful operation for duodenal ulcer disease that
      is intractable to medical management. It is also useful in selected patients with
      acute duodenal ulcer perforation. We present an overview of the indications for
      proximal gastric vagotomy, along with its results. The major benefits of proximal
      gastric vagotomy are low operative mortality and a low incidence of late
      complications.

PMID- 2660291
TI  - Surgical management of epilepsy.
AB  - About 300,000 people in the United States suffer from medically uncontrolled
      focal epilepsy. It is estimated that about 40,000 of these patients are
      candidates for surgery. Underuse of surgical treatment of epilepsy is reflected
      by the fact that only about 1% of these candidates are operated on. Candidates
      for ablative surgery (ie, removal of seizure focus) must have a focus
      demonstrated by either extracranial or intracranial electrode recordings. Nearly
      half of the patients who have ablative surgery become seizure-free, and nearly
      two thirds have no seizures or only rare ones. Candidates for corpus callosotomy
      are those patients with multiple seizure types and nonfocal EEG abnormalities.
      Almost half of these patients have at least a 50% reduction in seizure frequency.
      Patients with infantile hemiplegia and seizures may have marked improvement in
      seizure control after physiologic hemispherectomy.

PMID- 2660292
TI  - Charles Aloysius Luzenberg, MD (1805-1848).

PMID- 2660293
TI  - Renal tubular acidosis after prolonged remission of nephrotic syndrome in
      amyloidosis associated with astrocytoma.
AB  - We have described a patient with cerebral astrocytoma in whom generalized AA
      amyloidosis developed during the 19-year course of his disease. The accompanying
      nephrotic syndrome was remarkable for an 11 1/2-year remission, and the
      appearance of type 4 renal tubular acidosis upon its recurrence.

PMID- 2660294
TI  - Sickled cells in synovial fluid: clue to unsuspected hemoglobinopathy.
AB  - In this report, we have described three patients who had hemarthroses, with
      sickled red blood cells discovered by analysis of synovial fluid. On the basis of
      this observation, each patient was evaluated for the presence of abnormal
      hemoglobins, and each was found to have a hemoglobinopathy that was previously
      unsuspected. These patients differ from those in other reports in that two of the
      three had no associated arthritic condition that could readily explain synovitis
      or a condition that predisposed them to bleeding into a joint. Although the
      accumulated evidence suggests that heterozygous hemoglobinopathies do not produce
      arthritic syndromes, these reports again raise that question. We cannot conclude,
      however, that the hemarthroses were definitively caused by the underlying
      hematologic abnormality. Important when synovial fluid is mixed with blood, since
      other medical conditions can be diagnosed if abnormal findings are detected.

PMID- 2660295
TI  - Mesenteric panniculitis.
AB  - We have reviewed the case of a young man with an omental mass diagnosed as
      mesenteric panniculitis. The clinical history, physical findings, and laboratory
      and radiologic studies were typical of this disorder. The diagnosis was suggested
      by CT scan, and confirmed on surgical biopsy. Our patient has had the typically
      benign course seen with mesenteric panniculitis.

PMID- 2660296
TI  - Pelvic abscess: examination and transvaginal drainage guided by real-time
      ultrasonography.
AB  - We have reported a case involving a multiloculated pelvic abscess that was
      examined, incised, and drained under the guidance of real-time ultrasonography.
      This method is safe and has certain distinct advantages over more traditional
      surgical techniques.

PMID- 2660297
TI  - Benign solitary schwannoma of the retroperitoneum: CT features.
AB  - We have presented a case of benign recurrent retroperitoneal schwannoma, though
      the inhomogeneity shown by CT suggested malignancy.

PMID- 2660298
TI  - Tortuosity of common carotid artery.

PMID- 2660299
TI  - [The role of public health authorities of Bashkiria in the development of
      physical culture during the first few decades of Soviet rule].

PMID- 2660300
TI  - [The history of the population census in Russia].

PMID- 2660301
TI  - [Index of the functional state of the liver].
AB  - A combination of laboratory tests, providing the most valuable quantitative
      assessment of hepatic function at large was selected with the aid of an EC-1020
      computer on the basis of the investigation of 124 hepatic patients and 15 normal
      subjects. This combination was termed the hepatic functional index (HFI); it was
      determined by the PTI (prothrombin index) to RETk (blood Bengal rose retention)
      ratio, expressed as a percentage. Quantitative criteria of normal and abnormal
      hepatic activity, with subdivisions by severity, have been proposed on the basis
      of HFI estimations in patients with varying degrees of hepatic failure and in
      normal subjects.

PMID- 2660302
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of tumors].
AB  - In clinical oncology, outpatient ultrasonic investigation helps to assess the
      nature of the tumor and the spread of malignancy with a high degree of accuracy,
      so that an adequate treatment could be chosen and initiated as early as possible,
      and monitored echographically, which is expected to improve its long-term
      results.

PMID- 2660303
TI  - [Diagnosis of lesions of the brachiocephalic artery by ultrasound dopplerography
      before and after roentgeno-endovascular dilatation].
AB  - The technique and methodology of diagnosis of brachicephalic arterial lesions by
      means of ultrasonic dopplerography before and after roentgeno-endovascular
      dilatation are described. Angiographic and ultrasonic studies were conducted in
      21 patients who were eventually subjected to roentgeno-endovascular dilatation
      (RED) of stenosed and occluded segments of aortic arch branches (atherosclerosis
      in 19 cases, and nonspecific aorto-arteritis in 2). The stenosis was located in
      the brachiocephalic trunk in 1 case, in the right internal carotid artery in
      another one and in the subclavian arteries in the rest: stenosis of the right
      subclavian artery in 4 patients and first-portion left-subclavian artery in 11,
      and occlusion of first-segment left subclavian artery in 4. The diagnostic
      capacity of ultrasonic dopplerography was 94% in detecting brachiocephalic
      arterial stenosis of 50% and more, while angiographic investigation was more
      reliable in detecting subclavian occlusions (4 cases). A few clinical examples of
      the diagnoses of lesions in aortic arch branches and treatment thereof by
      transcutaneous roentgeno-endovascular dilatation are quoted.

PMID- 2660304
TI  - [Fungal infection in surgical patients].

PMID- 2660305
TI  - [Orthotopic transplantation of the liver].

PMID- 2660306
TI  - [Inhibition of intestinal absorption as a principle of the treatment of metabolic
      diseases].

PMID- 2660307
TI  - [Evolution of the principles of the treatment in melanoma of the skin (based on
      the records of the P. A. Hertzen Oncologic Research Institute in Moscow)].

PMID- 2660308
TI  - Management of cerebral aneurysms: further facts and additional myths.
AB  - In 1985 we reviewed 17 misconceptions or myths surrounding the treatment of
      aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage that may contribute to the dismal outcome from
      these lesions. Since that time, significant new data, or facts, have become
      available regarding the influence of early aneurysm surgery on rebleeding, the
      efficacy of treatments for symptomatic arterial narrowing, improvements in
      surgical techniques such as temporary arterial clipping, and measures to protect
      the brain from ischemic injury. However, additional myths have become apparent
      which continue to limit our ability to improve the outcome of these patients. We
      review these facts and myths and discuss management of the patient with
      aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

PMID- 2660309
TI  - The acute onset of nausea and vomiting following stereotactic radiosurgery:
      correlation with total dose to area postrema.
AB  - From 1986 to 1988, 44 patients have been treated for tumors or vascular lesions
      with stereotactic radiosurgery using a modified standard linear accelerator. In
      seven patients, nausea and vomiting occurred within 6 hours after the completion
      of radiosurgery. One of these patients with nausea and occasional vomiting
      pretreatment had exacerbation several hours after treatment, in spite of
      droperidol and prochlorperazine prophylaxis. Nausea and vomiting in the other six
      patients was self-limited and was completely resolved by 12 hours from onset.
      None of these six patients suffered from nausea and vomiting before treatment.
      This was directly correlated with the total dose to the vomiting center in the
      floor of the fourth ventricle (area postrema). The median dose to the vomiting
      center in the seven patients was 618 cGy (range 275-1257). The final patient in
      the series received 1088 cGy to the area postrema after droperidol and
      dexamethasone prophylaxis without developing nausea or vomiting. In the remaining
      36 patients who received from less than 5 to 184 cGy to area postrema, nausea and
      vomiting did not occur. We recommend that patients treated with large fractions
      of radiation by radiosurgery in this area be premedicated appropriately.

PMID- 2660310
TI  - 1989 physician survey examines attitudes, professional needs.
AB  - While down slightly since 1987, physician concerns about professional liability
      are still dominant as the biggest challenge facing Texas medicine. Medicare
      reimbursement is seen as a growing problem as are cost and reimbursement issues
      generally. The intense concern over professional liability voiced by
      obstetricians and radiologists in 1987 has abated significantly. Clearly,
      attitudes toward the professional liability situation facing these two
      specialties have improved in the two-year interim. This trend may be due more to
      changes in medical practice patterns than in the liability environment itself.
      Obstetricians and radiologists may be shifting their practices away from high
      risk cases, thereby improving their premium profile. If this is the case,
      lessened concern has occurred at the expense of service availability. Only 8% of
      Texas physicians indicate that they know "a great deal" about the resource-based
      relative value scale. On average, 15% of Texas physicians' patients are indigent.
      The typical Texas physician treats 95 of these patients without charge each year.
      Thirty-one percent of Texas doctors report that they remain willing to accept
      Medicare patients despite recent changes in the Medicare program. The
      implications of this finding for the elderly's access to medical care are clearly
      negative. Thirty one percent of respondents also indicate that they encountered
      difficulty in hospitalizing Medicare patients when it is medically necessary. The
      majority of Texas physicians who treat Medicare patients are "not at all"
      satisfied with Medicare reimbursement levels. The two most frequent patient
      complaints about Medicare involve inadequate coverage or confusion/uncertainty
      about various aspects of the program.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660311
TI  - Adverse reactions to blood transfusion.
AB  - The transfusion of whole blood and blood components is usually a temporarily
      effective means of correcting red cell, white cell, platelet, and coagulation
      factor deficits. Unfortunately, blood and blood components are occasionally
      unavoidably unsafe, which results in a spectrum of adverse reactions following
      transfusion. These reactions may be immunologically or nonimmunologically
      mediated, and may vary in severity from mild to fatal. Physicians should weigh
      the potential risks versus the potential benefits of each blood transfusion. Only
      when the benefits clearly outweigh the risks should a blood transfusion be
      administered. Transfusionists must carefully monitor each blood transfusion for
      signs and symptoms of transfusion reactions in order to minimize their adverse
      effects.

PMID- 2660312
TI  - Asbestos-associated disease: a review.
AB  - Asbestos and its potential for adversely affecting health remain a source of
      concern to several sectors of society. Since it rarely occurs in the absence of
      occupational exposure to asbestos, and because it is potentially preventable,
      asbestosis was recently defined as a reportable occupational disease in Texas. An
      overview of the cardinal characteristics of the asbestos minerals and their
      associated health effects is presented. The role of the primary physician in
      diagnosis and counseling of individuals with asbestos-associated diseases is
      addressed.

PMID- 2660313
TI  - Reader cites further programs in transplantation.

PMID- 2660314
TI  - Civil Monetary Penalties Law: mistakes could be (very) costly.
AB  - The Civil Money Penalties Law (CMPL) authorizes the Secretary of Health and Human
      Services to impose civil money penalties, an assessment, and program exclusion
      for various forms of fraud and abuse involving the Medicare and Medicaid
      programs. Penalties range from $2,000 to $100,000 for each violation, depending
      on the specific misconduct involved. The monetary sanctions imposed generally far
      exceed the damages actually sustained by the government. The Inspector General
      must only prove liability by a "preponderance of the evidence" rather than the
      more demanding "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard required in criminal actions.
      A health care provider can be held liable based on its own negligence and the
      negligence of its employees. There is no requirement that intent to defraud must
      be proved.

PMID- 2660315
TI  - "Medically unnecessary" letters create frustrating puzzles.
AB  - Medicare's "medically unnecessary" letters are frustrating puzzles to the many
      Texas physicians who receive them. While the letters question the medical
      necessity of care, they provide physicians with no basis for understanding and
      responding to that allegation. Medicare uses computerized screens to review
      claims, and it is those screens that are primarily responsible for the generation
      of "medically unnecessary" letters. The accompanying list of Medicare review
      screens provides a general clarification of what Medicare is looking for in the
      review process. The word "general" is an important qualification: there is no
      guarantee that a physician will be able to identify from the list the particular
      screen that has caused Medicare to request more information about a particular
      claim. But the list will help the practitioner in understanding what Medicare
      sees as the boundaries of customary medical practice and, in some instances, will
      help the physician respond to Medicare's request for additional information. With
      that broad introduction Texas Medicine presents the following guide to Medicare's
      claims screening criteria. It was prepared by the Texas Medical Association's
      Division of Medical Economics based on materials published by Medicare.

PMID- 2660316
TI  - The politics of choice: roles of the medical profession under Nazi rule.
AB  - In 1933, when Adolf Hitler took power, the German medical community was faced
      with intense crisis and change. Because social processes become more clearly
      defined in times of crisis, the days of Nazi rule offer an excellent opportunity
      to examine health care and moral issues. This article describes historical events
      that illustrate physicians' and medical students' role in the political process.
      In addition, we detail four types of responses made by physicians and students:
      flight, conformism, individual resistance, and group resistance. We conclude that
      if the role of physicians is to aid and protect patients against disease or
      experimentation on humans, then he or she must maintain heightened political
      awareness in order to deal with social crises before they overwhelm any response.

PMID- 2660317
TI  - Civil monetary penalties--weapon against fraud or instrument of health policy?
AB  - Most physicians are aware of the highly publicized aspects of government health
      care regulation, including attempts at mandatory physician assignment and
      recoupment of services deemed medically unnecessary. There is less awareness of
      the potential pitfalls of civil monetary penalties, as many physicians believe
      they are primarily applicable to false claim allegations. However, the use of
      civil monetary penalties is increasing as Congress creates new bases of
      liability. This development leads to the question: Are civil monetary penalties a
      weapon against fraud or an instrument of federal policy?

PMID- 2660318
TI  - Putting "peer" into PRO.
AB  - Tracing Medicare peer review from its inception to the present day, this article
      focuses on the Texas problems with the state's peer review organization and the
      solutions brought about by the Texas Medical Association Physician-Patient
      Advocacy Committee. The author traces his personal involvement in the process to
      illustrate what impact can be made by any physician in the state through
      involvement in organized medicine. Lessons learned and messages for the future
      cap off this overview of peer review in Texas.

PMID- 2660319
TI  - Influence of highly concentrated n-3 fatty acids on serum lipids and hemostatic
      variables in survivors of myocardial infarction receiving either oral
      anticoagulants or matching placebo.
AB  - Forty patients with previous myocardial infarction were given 4 capsules with 1 g
      concentrated fish oil preparation daily for 4 weeks. No special diet was applied.
      The supplementation was equivalent to 3.4 grams of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
      and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) daily. Twenty-two of the 40 subjects received
      concomitant treatment with long-term oral anticoagulants (OAC). The fatty acid
      composition of serum after the supplementation period showed a significant
      increase in the proportion of EPA and DHA, while arachidonic acid (AA) remained
      essentially constant. This resulted in a rise of the EPA/AA ratio from 0.59 to
      1.49 (p less than 0.001), confirming satisfying absorption of the concentrate.
      Blood lipids showed an overall decrease of triglycerides (TG) by 25% (p = 0.02),
      while total cholesterol rose by 5% (p = 0.03) and HDL-cholesterol was unaffected.
      Blood glucose and the TG associated factors plasminogen activator inhibitor and
      factor VII-phospholipid complex revealed trends towards reduction. Ivy bleeding
      time showed a significant prolongation, the median increasing from 240 to 270
      seconds. A significant increase of fibrinogen was seen, as was a decrease of
      clotting time in the combined prothrombin test in patients receiving concomitant
      OAC. Thus, given for 4 weeks, the investigated concentrate of n-3 fatty acids
      exerts not merely beneficial effects as far as the risk profile for
      atherosclerotic disease is concerned. The results also point towards interactions
      with OAC that may be of clinical relevance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660320
TI  - Homozygous protein C deficiency with delayed onset of symptoms at 7 to 10 months.
AB  - We report an inbred family with two cases of homozygous protein C deficiency and
      review 11 other such cases. Both patients presented in the second half of their
      first year of life with recurrent rapidly disappearing ecchymotic skin lesions,
      disseminated intravascular coagulation, and venous thrombosis. Successful
      treatment has been achieved by frequent infusions of plasma or prothrombin
      complex then maintained with Warfarin. Homozygous recessive protein C deficiency
      usually presents in the neonatal period with purpura fulminans. Two cases have
      been described elsewhere which presented in the second decade of life with milder
      symptoms. The present cases appear to be intermediate in time of presentation and
      severity of symptoms. We also review the distinction that is now evident between
      recessive and dominant protein C deficiency.

PMID- 2660321
TI  - Studies on leukemic cell tissue factor.
AB  - Apoprotein part of tissue factor of human placenta was purified 871 fold from the
      starting material with 4.2% yield by concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity
      chromatography and SDS-PAGE. The molecular weight of purified apoprotein was
      45,000 in non-reduced condition and 49,000 in reduced condition. Tissue factor of
      human leukemia cells (FAB classification:M2 and M3) and cultured leukemia cell
      lines (HL-60 and Molt-4) was analyzed using specific rabbit anti-tissue factor
      IgG raised against purified material. Endotoxin stimulated HL-60 and Molt-4 also
      expressed procoagulant activity which was inhibited by tissue factor immune IgG.
      By immunostaining of the purified material, the lysate of leukemia cells (M2 and
      M3) and cultured leukemia cells (HL-60 and MOLT-4) revealed a major band of the
      same apparent molecular weight. Immuno-electron microscopic study on tissue
      factor of HL-60 cells produced the following findings: stimulation by endotoxin
      resulted in the formation of pseudopods of the cell membrane, and immunogold
      particles accumulated mainly on these pseudopods and cisternal spaces of rough
      endoplasmic reticulum, indicating exposure of the tissue factor to the surface of
      perturbed cell membrane with concurrent increase in tissue factor synthesis.

PMID- 2660322
TI  - [Skin closure. A prospective randomized study].
AB  - This prospective randomized study included 100 patients with inguinal hernia and
      66 patients operated on for acute appendicitis. In half of each group the skin
      was closed with a continuous subcuticular resorbable suture, and in the other
      half with a monofilament nylon matress suture. The patients were followed up
      after three weeks and again after three months. There was no obvious difference
      in cosmetic result between the two methods of skin closure. In the patients with
      inguinal hernia or non-perforated appendicitis there was no increase in
      postoperative infection of the wound after subcuticular suture. In the case of
      perforated appendicitis there may have been an increase in infection of the wound
      after subcuticular suture. Continuous, subcuticular resorbable suture used on the
      right indications can give a good cosmetic result and few complications of the
      wound. Further more, a separate outpatient visit for removal of skin sutures or
      staples can be avoided.

PMID- 2660323
TI  - Market overview.

PMID- 2660324
TI  - Keys to formulating a successful business combination.

PMID- 2660325
TI  - Structuring the transaction.

PMID- 2660326
TI  - Negotiating a health care transaction.

PMID- 2660327
TI  - Guidelines to capital investment.

PMID- 2660328
TI  - 1989 Toxicology Education Award.

PMID- 2660329
TI  - 1989 Achievement Award.

PMID- 2660330
TI  - 1989 Arnold J. Lehman Award.

PMID- 2660331
TI  - 1989 Merit Award.

PMID- 2660332
TI  - 1989 Burroughs Wellcome Toxicology Scholar Award.

PMID- 2660333
TI  - ABO compatibility can influence the results of platelet transfusion. Results of a
      randomized trial.
AB  - Sixty consecutive patients with untreated acute leukemia alternately received
      either ABO-matched or ABO-mismatched random-donor platelet transfusions prepared
      from pooled platelet concentrate stored for 1 to 3 days. Patients were assigned
      randomly to receive matched or mismatched platelets as their first transfusion,
      and the first four transfusions were analyzed. In 40 evaluable patients, there
      was no significant difference (paired t test) between the 10-minute
      posttransfusion corrected count increments (CCI) of the initial transfusions of
      matched and mismatched platelets. In contrast, the second matched transfusion was
      significantly better than the second mismatched transfusion. This effect of ABO
      compatibility was particularly pronounced in a subset of patients. Six patients
      in whom mismatched transfusions were consistently inferior to matched
      transfusions had either a significant increase in anti-A or -B isoagglutinin
      titers following the first transfusion or elevated titers before or at the
      conclusion of the study. Conversely, in five patients in whom there was no
      apparent effect of ABO mismatching, only one had an increase in isoagglutinin
      titer. Platelet survival was not altered as the ratio of 18-hour to 10-minute
      posttransfusion CCl was 0.6 for both matched and mismatched platelet
      transfusions. These data demonstrate that ABO compatibility can affect the
      results of random-donor platelet transfusions and that patients who experience
      poor increments from ABO-mismatched platelets may benefit from a trial of ABO
      compatible platelets before the initiation of HLA-matched platelet transfusion.

PMID- 2660334
TI  - Red cell antibody problems in 1000 liver transplants.
AB  - Liver transplant patients frequently require large amounts of blood. The
      frequency and nature of their red cell (RBC) antibody problems were examined.
      Records were reviewed in 496 adults and 286 children undergoing 1000 consecutive
      transplants. Twenty-two percent of adults and 14 percent of children had RBC
      alloantibodies. Antibodies of potential clinical significance were found before
      transplant in 6.3 percent of adults and 1.0 percent of children; despite
      immunosuppression, they appeared 1 to 5 weeks after transplant in an additional
      7.5 and 5.2 percent respectively. These antibodies probably represented secondary
      immune responses. Of 58 transplant patients with prior potentially significant
      antibodies, 8 required 7 to 110 units of antigen-untyped blood after 8 to 28
      units of antigen-negative blood; of these patients, one had subsequent hemolysis.
      Positive direct antiglobulin tests in 24 percent of adults and 10 percent of
      children were most often thought to be due to nonspecific adsorption of IgG. Anti
      recipient ABO antibodies developed in 22 of 60 (37%) evaluable ABO-unmatched
      grafts; 13 cases had associated hemolysis. In all, 36 percent of adults and 20
      percent of children had diverse RBC antibody problems. Resolution of these
      problems is an important part of the laboratory support necessary for a liver
      transplantation program.

PMID- 2660335
TI  - Suitability of liquid-stored donor platelets in platelet compatibility testing.
AB  - Current platelet crossmatch procedures to select compatible donors for
      alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients are hampered by the lack of a convenient
      platelet storage method. This study examined the feasibility of using washed
      apheresis donor platelets stored for up to 1 year in a modified Hank's buffer
      solution at 4 degrees C as crossmatch reagents in an indirect IgG-enzyme
      immunoassay. Pooled and monospecific HLA and PlA1 antisera were used to determine
      the antigenic reactivity of donor platelets in relation to duration of storage.
      There were no significant differences between mean HLA and PlA1 antigen
      expression in fresh and stored platelets. HLA reactivity was detected on 12 of 13
      donor platelet samples stored for 3 to 9 months and on 14 of 17 platelets stored
      for 12 to 14 months. PlA1 reactivity was maintained at 12 to 14 months for all 12
      donor platelet samples tested. In addition, incompatibility remained in 23 of 24
      paired fresh and stored platelet crossmatches using individual alloimmunized
      patient plasmas. These data indicate that both HLA and platelet-specific PlA1
      antigen reactivity can be maintained adequately in liquid storage at 4 degrees C
      for up to 1 year. The availability of a convenient platelet storage method should
      facilitate the general application of platelet crossmatching procedures for
      alloimmunized patients.

PMID- 2660337
TI  - Transfusions with a tan. Prevention of allosensitization by ultraviolet
      irradiation.

PMID- 2660336
TI  - A double buffy coat method for red cell removal from ABO-incompatible marrow.
AB  - Hemolytic reactions caused by transfusion of ABO-incompatible marrow can be
      ameliorated by either reduction of isohemagglutinins in the recipient or
      depletion of incompatible red cells from the harvested marrow. This article
      describes a rapid and reliable method for removal of incompatible marrow red
      cells on a blood cell processor using a double buffy coat technique. In five
      allogeneic bone marrow transplants, the maximum value of transfused incompatible
      red cells was 8.8 ml. There was no evidence of a hemolytic transfusion reaction
      in any patient. The median cell recovery for nucleated marrow cells and
      progenitor cells was 77 and 104 percent, respectively. Engraftment occurred at a
      median of 13 days (range, 11-21 days) after transplantation. The double buffy
      coat method of red cell depletion is an acceptable method for processing ABO
      incompatible marrow.

PMID- 2660338
TI  - Blood transfusion and postoperative infections.

PMID- 2660339
TI  - Prolonged minor allograft survival in intravenously primed mice. Effect of
      recipient's age and of prior immunity to minor H antigens on the priming cells.
AB  - The effect of a pretransplant i.v. infusion of donor-strain spleen cells into
      recipient mice that were already immune to minor H antigens on the infused cells
      was studied. The central finding is that a preexisting state of immunity against
      target minor H antigens on a skin graft is sufficient to overcome the survival
      prolonging effect of a pretransplant i.v. infusion of donor-strain spleen cells.
      Moreover, immunity directed against an irrelevant antigen on the infused cells,
      rather than against a target antigen on the indicator skin graft, is sufficient
      to cause the beneficial effect of the infusion to be greatly reduced. A further
      significant finding is that the ability of a pretransplant infusion of donor
      strain spleen cells to prolong the survival of a minor allograft of skin declines
      as the recipient matures from a 6-9-week-old juvenile to a 12-16-week-old adult.

PMID- 2660340
TI  - The nature of tolerance in adult recipient mice made tolerant of alloantigens
      with supralethal irradiation followed by syngeneic bone marrow cell
      transplantation plus injection of F1 spleen cells.
AB  - The length of time after syngeneic bone marrow reconstitution when tolerance to
      alloantigens can be induced in adult mice during T cell differentiation from bone
      marrow cells was studied by exposing those T cells to (recipient x donor)F1
      spleen cells. Supralethally irradiated C3H/He Slc(C3H; H-2k) mice were
      reconstituted with 1 x 10(7) syngeneic T cell-depleted bone marrow cells and then
      injected intravenously with 5 x 10(7) (C3H x C57BL/6[B6])F1 (B6C3F1; H-2bxk) or
      (C3H x AKR/J[AKR])F1 (AKC3F1; H-2kxk) spleen cells at various intervals. In the
      fully allogeneic combination of B6C3F1----C3H, EL-4 tumor originating from B6 was
      accepted, and survival of grafted B6 skin was significantly prolonged in the
      tolerant C3H mice treated with irradiation on day -1 followed by injection of
      syngeneic bone marrow cells on day 0 plus B6C3F1 spleen cells on days 0, 5, or
      10, in a tolerogen-specific manner. In the multiminor histocompatibility antigen
      disparate combination of AKC3F1----C3H, AKR skin grafts were permanently accepted
      in the tolerant C3H mice treated with AKC3F1 spleen cells on days 0, 5, 10, or
      15. Immunological parameters, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and
      delayed foot-pad reaction (DFR), were almost completely suppressed in C3H mice
      made tolerant of B6 or AKR antigens. A chimeric assay using a direct
      immunofluorescence method revealed that the tolerant C3H mice given B6C3F1 spleen
      cells on day 0 were mixed-chimeric for at least 8 weeks after syngeneic bone
      marrow reconstitution, but not definitely chimeric thereafter. The C3H mice given
      AKC3F1 spleen cells on day 0 were chimeric even 43 weeks after syngeneic bone
      marrow reconstitution, but the C3H mice given AKC3F1 spleen cells on day 15
      showed temporal chimerism that disappeared within 43 weeks. The untolerant mice
      were never detectably chimeric. These data suggest that the earlier the timing of
      the injection of F1 spleen cells after syngeneic bone marrow reconstitution was,
      the more profound tolerance was induced. Moreover, the stronger the antigenic
      disparity between donor and recipient, the earlier the injection of F1 spleen
      cells was required to induce tolerance.

PMID- 2660341
TI  - Specific unresponsiveness in rats with prolonged cardiac allograft survival after
      treatment with cyclosporine. II. Sequential changes in alloreactivity of T cell
      subsets.
AB  - A 10-day course of cyclosporine treatment inhibits the capacity of DA rats to
      reject PVG heart grafts and leads to the development of specific unresponsiveness
      and indefinite graft survival, which is mediated by a W3/25+ (CD4+) suppressor
      cell. In this study the sequential changes in the alloreactivity of the CD4+ and
      CD8+ subsets of CsA-treated DA rats were examined. During the induction phase, 8
      and 20 days posttransplant, W3/25+ cells retained normal alloreactivity in that
      they adoptively restored PVG heart graft rejection in irradiated DA rats. By day
      50 they had lost their capacity to restore rejection of PVG grafts but still
      retained their capacity to effect third party W/F graft rejection. W3/25+ cells
      from control grafted rats adoptively restored PVG graft rejection even at 75 days
      posttransplant, suggesting that the loss of alloreactivity of W3/25+ cells in CsA
      treated rats was due to the prevention of rejection by CsA, and not a consequence
      of sensitization to alloantigen. MRCOX8+ cells from CsA-treated rats showed some
      evidence of sensitization at days 8 and 20 but lost this by day 50. These studies
      showed that during the induction phase, normal alloreactivity of W3/25+ cells is
      retained and sensitization of MRCOX8+ cells occurs. Specific loss of reactivity
      and suppressor potential of W3/25+ cells developed later, when specific
      unresponsiveness to second donor strain grafts developed in these hosts.

PMID- 2660342
TI  - Immunological unresponsiveness to hepatic allografts in rats. Immunological
      reactivities of the recipient to donor antigens.
AB  - Wistar (RT1bv1) rats transplanted orthotopically with ACI (RT1a) livers survive
      indefinitely without any immunosuppression, while heterotopic heart grafts or
      skin grafts are rejected acutely in this combination. Levels of alkaline
      phosphatase after liver allografting remain significantly higher than those found
      in controls receiving syngeneic grafts. We studied changes in immune
      responsiveness in rats receiving liver grafts. Local graft-versus-host reactivity
      was present at all times assayed. Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions were
      already positive 2 weeks after liver transplantation and increased in strength.
      Liver graft-bearing rats were subsequently grafted with donor or third-party
      skin. Third-party skin grafts survived significantly longer on liver-grafted rats
      than on untreated controls when grafted within the first week after grafting.
      Donor-type skin grafts survived longer than controls when grafted within the
      first 4 weeks after liver grafting, although the skin grafts were eventually
      rejected. Donor-type skin grafted more than 8 weeks after liver grafting was
      rejected acutely. In an adoptive transfer assay, ACI hearts survived
      significantly longer in Wistar rats given serum from Wistar donors 2-4 weeks
      after ACI liver grafts than in untreated controls. On the other hand, spleen
      cells obtained at any period after liver grafting were not capable of prolonging
      cardiac allograft survival after transfer to syngeneic recipients. Thus cellular
      responses to ACI antigen are not changed during the life-span of liver-grafted
      animals. Evidence suggests that a serum "enhancing" factor protects the donor
      liver from rejection in the initial period after liver transplantation. The long
      term acceptance of liver grafts is discussed.

PMID- 2660343
TI  - Evidence that cytotoxic lymphocytes alter and traverse allogeneic endothelial
      cell monolayers.
AB  - In an attempt to study the effects of allogeneic lymphocytes on endothelial cells
      (EC) and analyze the mechanism whereby such lymphocytes traverse an EC barrier,
      we have established human microvascular EC monolayers, in vitro, and analyzed the
      effects of lymphocyte subpopulations on such monolayers. Previous studies have
      shown that CD16+ (natural killer) and CD8+ (cytotoxic) lymphocytes but not CD4+
      (helper) cells bind and induce the appearance of class II major
      histocompatibility complex antigens on allogeneic EC. The current findings
      indicate that these same lymphocyte subsets induce marked swirling and elongation
      of allogeneic EC, and traverse intact EC monolayers. In contrast, none of the
      functional consequences of the initial lymphocyte-EC adhesion were observed using
      autologous combinations, despite the presence of significant intercellular
      binding. Scanning and electron micrographs demonstrate extensive areas of
      lymphocyte-EC surface contact and EC-coated pit formation, whereas a panel of
      recombinant cytokines known to alter the surface phenotype of EC fail to induce
      the same morphologic changes whether used singly or in combination. We postulate
      that the cellular interactions observed here, in vitro, may represent the initial
      steps in the rejection of vascularized allografts in vivo.

PMID- 2660344
TI  - Occlusion of biliary stents in hepatic transplantation caused by cyclosporine
      deposition.

PMID- 2660345
TI  - Liver transplantation--the rejected patients.

PMID- 2660346
TI  - A controlled trial of dipyridamole as an immunomodulator in renal allograft
      recipients.

PMID- 2660347
TI  - Effects of cyclosporine on human renal allograft renin and prostaglandin
      production.

PMID- 2660348
TI  - Function of simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplants from pediatric donors.

PMID- 2660349
TI  - Serial monitoring of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in cardiac allograft
      rejection in the rat.

PMID- 2660351
TI  - An acute overdose of cyclosporine.

PMID- 2660350
TI  - Glomerulonephritis in parental kidney grafts during chronic graft-versus-host
      reaction in F1 mice.

PMID- 2660352
TI  - Sex-associated differences in the survival of skin grafts in rats. Enhancement of
      cyclosporine immunosuppression in male compared with female recipients.
AB  - Focusing on sex-difference in prolongation of allograft survival time, we have
      performed skin grafts between fully allogeneic rat strains, AO (RT1u) and DA
      (RT1a) with an immunosuppressant, cyclosporine. Isografted skins survived
      indefinitely, whereas allografts were severely rejected at days 7-9 without
      immunosuppressive treatment. When adult male DA rats received CsA (15 mg/kg/day,
      i.m., for 14 days postoperatively), allogeneic skin was accepted from either male
      or female AO rats for 38.8 +/- 20.5 days (mean survival time [MST] +/- SD) and
      for 44.7 +/- 43.3 days (MST +/- SD), respectively, with normal hair growth at
      around day 17. Additional CsA administration every 5 days after the initial short
      course treatment was also effective in preventing chronic rejection. Male AO rat
      skin grafted onto adult male DA rats survived for over 50 days as long as the
      treatment was carried out. In contrast, when adult female DA rats were used as
      recipients, only a few days' prolongation was observed in comparison with a non
      treated group. The rejection always occurred, even during the initial course of
      treatment (MST +/- SD): 10.9 +/- 1.6 days). Younger male DA recipients, 5 and 10
      weeks old, rejected AO skin within a shorter time, depending on the age. The
      maximal graft survival was observed when male adult rats more than 14 weeks old
      were used as recipients. On the other hand, the CsA serum level of female
      recipients at day 14 was considerably lower than that of males. However, even
      when the level of females was adjusted to that of males by the administration of
      a double dosage (30 mg/kg/day), the female recipients consistently rejected the
      skins (MST +/- SD: 14.5 +/- 1.9 days). Therefore, these results clearly indicate
      that this male-associated immunosuppressive effect depends upon the sex and age
      of the recipient animals.

PMID- 2660353
TI  - Augmentation of donor-specific transfusion and cyclosporine effects with dietary
      linoleic acid.
AB  - Increased prostaglandin production is a possible mechanism for the
      immunosuppressive effects of both cyclosporine and blood transfusions. Therefore,
      dietary supplementation with linoleic acid, a prostaglandin precursor, combined
      with either modality could act synergistically. Intraabdominal cardiac allografts
      were performed from Buffalo rat donors to Lewis recipients. Transplant recipients
      received a single donor-specific transfusion, low-dose cyclosporine (CsA, 1
      mg/kd/d x 7 days), dietary supplementation with linoleic acid (LA, 16% of total
      calories) or a combination of the three modalities. CsA, DST or LA alone
      significantly prolonged allograft survival. Both CsA and LA acted synergistically
      with DST in further prolongation of survival--however, animals receiving all
      three modalities achieved 100% long-term survival. Augmentation of transfusion-
      and cyclosporine-induced immunosuppression with dietary prostaglandin precursor
      is possible.

PMID- 2660354
TI  - Preservation of dog liver, kidney, and pancreas using the Belzer-UW solution with
      a high-sodium and low-potassium content.
AB  - The UW solution developed for cold storage of the liver, pancreas, and kidney was
      used in a modified form in this study and tested in the orthotopic
      transplantation of dog livers, kidneys, and pancreases preserved for 48 hr. The
      modification was the alteration of the concentrations of potassium and sodium.
      The original UW solution contained 120 mM K+ and 30 mM Na+. In this study the Na+
      was 140 mM and the K+ only 9 mM, all other agents were identical to the original
      UW solution. Six of 11 dogs survived with livers preserved for 48 hr. The five
      deaths were due to technical complications and unrelated to preservation failure.
      Postoperative AST and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) values were lower
      (statistically significant on days 1, 3, and 4) in livers preserved in the high
      Na+ UW solution than as previously shown in the high-k+ UW solution. Other
      measures of liver function (bilirubin and fibrinogen) were similar between the
      high-Na+ and high-K+ groups. Six dogs survived with kidneys preserved for 48 hr
      in the high-Na+ UW solution. The results were comparable to those obtained with
      the high K+ solution. Four of six dogs survived for up to 28 days with pancreases
      preserved for 48 hr. The two deaths were due to technical complications unrelated
      to preservation failure. Three of the four dogs had normal blood glucose values
      for one month, and intravenous glucose tolerances test on day 7 and 28 were
      identical to those obtained in pancreases preserved with the high-K+ UW solution.
      The high-Na+ version of the UW solution appears equally or slightly more
      effective for 48-hr organ preservation than the original high-K+ UW solution. The
      use of a high-Na+ UW solution reduces the problems of hyperkalemic cardiac arrest
      in in situ flushing of the donor for multiple organ harvesting and in
      transplantation of the liver. Thus, with this solution livers do not need to be
      flushed with a low K+-containing solution prior to transplantation.

PMID- 2660355
TI  - A poorly differentiated lymphoma of donor origin in a renal allograft recipient.
AB  - Malignant lymphoma is a frequent complication of organ transplantation. It has
      been suggested that such tumors arise as a result of uncontrolled proliferation
      of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B lymphocytes in an immunosuppressed host.
      Although a few cases of posttransplant lymphomas in bone marrow transplantation
      have been shown to be of donor cell origin, no recipients of solid-organ
      transplants are known to have developed lymphomas arising from donor cells. In
      this report, a case of diffuse high-grade lymphoma that apparently arose in the
      allograft of a renal transplant recipient is described. DNA fingerprinting
      demonstrated the tumor to be of donor origin; Epstein-Barr sequences were absent.
      A therapeutic trial consisting of withdrawal of immunosuppressive agents and
      administration of acyclovir was unsuccessful. These data support the notion that
      donor cells can undergo malignant transformation in solid-organ transplant
      recipients, and such tumors need not carry EBV genetic material.

PMID- 2660356
TI  - Renal transplant calculi. A reevaluation of risks and management.
AB  - Between January 1977 and March 1988, 10 of 892 renal transplant recipients formed
      urinary tract calculi posttransplantation. The presenting symptoms were
      predominantly those of azotemia due to obstruction and/or hematuria. Factors
      predisposing to stone formation included a reconstructive urologic procedure at
      the time of transplantation (n = 4) or a surgical complication (n = 4),
      necessitating the placement of a ureteral stent and/or nephrostomy tube,
      secondary hyperparathyroidism (n = 5), hyperuricosuria (n = 4), and
      hypercalciuria (n = 1). Four patients passed their stones spontaneously; 1
      patient underwent ureterolithotomy, 3 patients underwent endourologic stone
      extraction, 1 patient was treated with a combination of surgical and endourologic
      procedures, and 1 patient underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy as
      monotherapy. While the management of these patients can be challenging, awareness
      of predisposing factors, proper application of all currently available urologic
      techniques, and attention to certain guidelines of management can aid in
      minimizing morbidity from this rare urologic complication of renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2660357
TI  - Immunoglobulin abnormalities in renal transplant recipients.
AB  - Five renal transplant recipients were observed to have recurrent infections in
      association with low serum immunoglobulin levels. They have benefited from
      parenteral gamma globulin therapy. Following this observation, 110 renal
      transplant recipients were assessed; 46% had abnormal serum immunoglobulins with
      4 patients identified as having monoclonal gammopathies, 8 polyclonal
      gammopathies, and 39 low levels of 1 or more immunoglobulins. Those with abnormal
      serum immunoglobulins had been immunosuppressed longer, but maintenance
      immunosuppression dosage was not different from those with normal
      immunoglobulins. Respiratory tract infection and skin cancer were more frequent
      in those with low immunoglobulin levels.

PMID- 2660358
TI  - Contributions and clinical significance of IgM and autoantibodies in highly
      sensitized renal allograft recipients.
AB  - The contributions of auto and IgM antibodies in the levels of serologic
      reactivities of 30 highly sensitized patients were assessed by autologous T cell
      crossmatches at 4 degrees C and 22 degrees C and dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction
      of IgM antibodies. The range of panel reactivities of sera from these patients
      was 30-100%, median 55%. A monthly screen of these sera against a 30-member T
      cell panel was performed with and without addition of DTT (final concentration =
      0.005 M). The results were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 consisted of 17 sera
      whose PRA values did not change following the DTT treatment. Also none of these
      sera had autoantibodies, suggesting that these sera contained DTT-resistant (IgG)
      antibodies, most likely directed against allogeneic targets. Group 2 consisted of
      10 sera whose PRA values declined substantially (20-42%) following the DTT
      treatment, but only 1 serum derived from a patient with systemic lupus
      erythematosus had autoantibodies. These results suggested that although these
      sera contained IgM and IgG antibodies, these antibodies were most likely directed
      at allogeneic target structures with only one exception. Group 3 consisted of 3
      sera that became completely unreactive to panel lymphocytes following the DTT
      treatment. All 3 sera had autoantibodies that were also removed with DTT,
      suggesting that these sera contained predominantly IgM antibodies directed at
      autologous target cells. All 3 patients from whom these sera were derived
      received successful kidney transplants across donor-specific positive T cell
      crossmatches that became negative following the DTT treatment. We conclude that
      although 13 out of 30 patients have IgM antibodies, only a small subset of these
      patients have autoantibodies. Renal transplantation in the presence of auto/IgM
      antibodies may be safe.

PMID- 2660359
TI  - Eosinophil granule major basic protein in acute renal allograft rejection.
AB  - Conventional staining techniques to determine the presence of tissue eosinophils
      underestimate their number and do not usually detect eosinophil degranulation. We
      have studied the involvement of eosinophils in acute renal allograft rejection by
      immunofluorescence localization of eosinophil granule major basic protein (MBP)
      in the kidney and by measurement of MBP in the plasma and urine by
      radioimmunoassay. Tissue eosinophilia and extracellular deposition of MBP
      indicative of eosinophil degranulation were observed in 94% and 87%,
      respectively, of patients with acute rejection as compared with 17% and 17%,
      respectively, of patients with cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. The urine levels of
      MBP were significantly elevated in acute rejection but not in cyclosporine
      nephrotoxicity. Plasma MBP concentrations were within the normal range in both
      acute rejection and cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. The presence of marked tissue
      eosinophilia and eosinophil degranulation did not always indicate irreversible
      rejection. Interleukin-2 and IL-2 receptors were also elevated in the urine
      during acute rejection. These results support a role for the eosinophil as an
      effector of tissue damage during rejection and suggest the potential usefulness
      of urine MBP determinations for the immunologic monitoring of transplanted
      patients.

PMID- 2660360
TI  - T cell depletion of human bone marrow. Comparison of Campath-1 plus complement,
      anti-T cell ricin A chain immunotoxin, and soybean agglutinin alone or in
      combination with sheep erythrocytes or immunomagnetic beads.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the extent of in vitro T cell depletion and
      recovery of hematopoietic progenitor cells achieved with five methods of T cell
      depletion. Bone marrow samples from the same source were treated with monoclonal
      antibody Campath-1 (CP1) and human complement, XomaZyme-H65 (anti-T cell ricin A
      chain immunotoxin), or soybean agglutinin (SBA) alone or in combination with
      sheep erythrocytes (EAET) or a cocktail of immunomagnetic beads (B) directly
      coated with anti-CD2, anti-CD3, or anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies. Residual T
      cells were enumerated by limiting dilution analysis, EAET rosetting, and
      proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin. The results of this study
      demonstrated the following reductions in BM T cells as detected by limiting
      dilution analysis (mean % control): SBA+B (99.9%), SBA+EAET (99.8%), CP1+C'
      (99.4%), anti-T cell ricin A chain immunotoxin (99.0%), and SBA alone (94.2%).
      Neither PHA response nor enumeration of residual EAET rosettes provided
      discriminating differences in the degree of T cell depletion by treatment method
      when T cell reductions exceeded 99.0% by LDA. These results demonstrate the
      ability of CP1+C', XomaZyme-H65, and SBA plus sheep erythrocyte or magnetic bead
      depletion to achieve a greater than 99% reduction of BM T cells and the
      importance of limiting dilution analysis in defining differences in T cell
      numbers when depletion exceeded 99%.

PMID- 2660361
TI  - Pulmonary venoocclusive disease following bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - We report two cases of pulmonary venoocclusive disease (PVOD) in children with
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated by marrow allograft transplantation
      following conditioning with high-dose 1-3 bis chloroethyl-1 nitrosourea (BCNU),
      etoposide (VP-16), and cyclophosphamide (Cy). Both patients developed symptomatic
      pulmonary hypertension documented by right heart catheterization. Open-lung
      biopsy of one patient demonstrated PVOD evident even on frozen sections stained
      with hematoxylin and eosin. High-dose methylprednisolone was associated with
      significant clinical improvement in both patients. Pulmonary symptoms resolved in
      one patient who subsequently died in leukemic relapse. PVOD resolved in the other
      patient, only to recur when steroids were discontinued and then again respond to
      reinstitution of therapy. More aggressive therapy for malignant diseases may
      increase the incidence of PVOD. Prompt recognition of its subtle clinical and
      histological manifestations allows early institution of steroid therapy, which
      may be beneficial.

PMID- 2660362
TI  - Hyperacute rejection of the transplanted mouse heart.
AB  - Mouse hearts transplanted heterotopically to MHC-disparate recipients can be
      hyperacutely rejected (HAR) after a single or 3 sequential donor type skin
      grafts, or a single intradermal injection of lymphoid cells. In the combinations
      tested, not all hearts are HAR; most of them are rejected in accelerated fashion.
      Our results with transplanted rat hearts are similar, even in a genetic
      combination for which HAR of all hearts has been reported. However, in rats, HAR
      tends to occur more rapidly and to be associated with more-intense vascular
      changes. Transfer of serum from mice or rats sensitized by 3 sequential skin
      grafts likewise resulted in occasional hyperacute but never accelerated
      rejection. Transfer of lymph node cells from mice sensitized with a single skin
      graft always resulted in accelerated but never in hyperacute rejection; transfer
      of cells after 3 sequential skin grafts caused neither accelerated nor hyperacute
      rejection.

PMID- 2660363
TI  - The new mouse genetics: altering the genome by gene targeting.
AB  - Gene targeting (homologous recombination between DNA sequences residing in the
      chromosome and newly introduced DNA sequences) in pluripotent, mouse embryo
      derived stem (ES) cells promises to provide the means to generate mice of any
      desired genotype. This review describes some of the background and current
      advances of gene targeting in mouse ES cells.

PMID- 2660364
TI  - Geminivirus genes and vectors.
AB  - The geminiviruses are very small plant viruses with circular single-stranded DNA
      genomes. Recent advances have identified genes involved in replication, spread of
      virus or DNA in the plant, and insect transmission. Gene replacement experiments
      suggest that useful plant gene expression vectors can be constructed from these
      viruses.

PMID- 2660365
TI  - Maps of linkage and synteny homologies between mouse and man.
AB  - The recent introduction of biochemical and molecular methods for characterizing
      and mapping genes has dramatically increased the number of homologous genes that
      have been mapped in more than one species. This review assesses the status of the
      map of genes whose chromosomal locations have been determined in both mouse and
      man, evaluates progress towards saturated maps, and illustrates the manner in
      which this information is now being used in fields as diverse as medical and
      evolutionary genetics.

PMID- 2660366
TI  - Genetic dissection of the early stages of protein secretion in yeast.
AB  - The earliest events in the export of secretory proteins from eukaryotic cells are
      their insertion into and transport across the membrane of the endoplasmic
      reticulum, followed by signal peptide cleavage and transfer of core
      oligosaccharides to specific asparagine residues. Much has been learned through
      reconstitution of these processes in vitro using cell-free extracts prepared from
      mammalian and yeast cells. Now, a combination of genetic, molecular and
      biochemical approaches are being employed to study the early stages of protein
      secretion in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 2660368
TI  - Cytoskeletal proteins including myofilaments in human tumors.

PMID- 2660367
TI  - [Intracellular localization and tissue specificity of human uracil-DNA
      glycosylase].
AB  - Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) purified by various procedures from the human
      placenta was used to obtain immune antisera with specific antibodies, the
      antibodies being affinity-purified on UDG-sepharose. Two immunoreactive
      polypeptides were found in crude extracts of the human placenta with the help of
      the antibodies. Their apparent molecular masses were about 37,000 and 34,000
      dalton. Only the former polypeptide was found in crude extracts of the human
      embryonal heart, liver and in HeLa cells. The indirect immunofluorescent staining
      shows both slight and intensive fluorescence of HeLa cell nuclei. The similarity
      of antigenic properties of the human and rat UDG was confirmed.

PMID- 2660369
TI  - Unusual non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and true histiocytic lymphomas.

PMID- 2660370
TI  - [Prognosis in synchronous liver metastasis from colorectal cancer. A multicenter
      study of patients with cancer of the rectum and cancer of the rectosigmoid
      colon].
AB  - A prospective investigation of 188 patients with cancer of the rectum and
      rectosigmoid colon with synchronous liver metastases is described. The mean
      survival time for 183 patients who did not receive any treatment for the liver
      metastases was six months and only one survived for longer than 37 months. After
      extirpation of the primary tumour, the most significant prognostic factors were
      etrahepatic metastases, enlarged liver on account of metastases and more than
      three liver metastases. Serum basic phosphatases had the greatest significance
      among a series of laboratory tests. In the sub-groups with the best possible
      prognoses, the mean survival time was 12 months. 25% five-year survival has been
      described in the literature following resection of the liver in patients with a
      maximum of three metastases, no other metastases and age under 70 years. Provided
      this holds true, liver surgery will be a therapeutic possibility in at least 100
      patients per annum in Denmark with synchronous liver metastases and 25 of these
      will be cured. This figure requires an improved programme for the diagnosis of
      synchronous liver metastases than at present and the same high frequency of
      extirpation of the primary colorectal cancer on a national basis which was
      achieved in the present material.

PMID- 2660371
TI  - [Diagnosis of femoropopliteal venous thrombosis. Comparison of dynamic ultrasonic
      scanning and phlebography].
AB  - Forty patients with a clinical suspicion of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the
      lower limb were submitted to real-time ultrasound examination prior to
      venography. The ultrasound diagnosis DVT was made at the presence of at least one
      of two criteria: intraluminal thrombus and absence of vein compressibility. One
      ultrasound study was inconclusive. In 14 patients the ultrasound diagnosis was
      DVT, and in 12 of these this was confirmed at phlebography. There were thus two
      false positive ultrasonic diagnoses, PV pos = 0.86. In 25 patients, the diagnosis
      was no DVT on both ultrasound study and venography, PV neg = 1.00. Ultrasound
      examination is recommended as the first choice of diagnostic imaging in patients
      with suspected DVT.

PMID- 2660372
TI  - [Ultrasonic scanning, is it an alternative to phlebography in deep
      thrombophlebitis of the leg?].
AB  - A material of 27 patients with clinically suspected deep thrombophlebitis in the
      lower limbs were examined both by ultrasonic scanning and by phlebography. We
      found a true negative diagnostic frequency of 100% and true positive diagnostic
      frequency of 85% by ultrasonic scanning. On the basis of this finding, ultrasonic
      scanning is proposed as the primary investigation in cases of suspected deep
      thrombophlebitis in the lower limbs.

PMID- 2660373
TI  - [The effect of systemic N-acetylcysteine on postoperative expectoration. A
      prospective, randomized double-blind study].
AB  - A material of 110 consecutive patients submitted to elective upper abdominal
      laparotomy participated in a randomized double-blind investigation of the effect
      of N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) administered systemically in the recommended
      dosage on postoperative expectoration. As an effect variable the quantity of
      expectorate and the viscosity as assessed subjectively by the physiotherapists in
      the department on a visual analog scale was employed. N-acetyl-cysteine was not
      found to have any effect on the postoperative expectoration as assessed by the
      quantity and the viscosity.

PMID- 2660374
TI  - [Absorption of norethisterone acetate from tablets with normal and coarse
      particle size].
AB  - A clinical randomized double-blind trial with cross-over is presented. The object
      was to assess the absorption of 1 mg norethisterone acetate from tablets with
      particles of normal and coarse size. The hypothesis was that the coarse particles
      would result in retarded absorption. In this trial, eight healthy postmenopausal
      women with an average age of 72 years participated. The participants received the
      tablets in the morning with intervals of a week and the plasma concentration (C)
      was measured throughout 24 hours. The two absorption profiles showed significant
      differences after 30 minutes (p less than 0.05) with the following values:
      Tablets with normal particles resulted in C = 31.1 nmol/l while the analogous
      result with the coarse particles was C = 17.0 nmol/l. It is concluded that the
      coarse particles resulted in lower plasma concentrations initially.

PMID- 2660375
TI  - [Subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema related to facial injuries].
AB  - Mediastinal emphysema following facial trauma in the absence of neck, chest or
      abdominal injury is a rare entity. Mediastinal emphysema associated with
      fractures of the facial bones or odontological surgery has only been reviewed
      previously in case reports. This article reviews the etiological and pathogenetic
      mechanisms of subcutaneous facial/cervical emphysema and mediastinal emphysema
      associated with fractures of the facial bones. Complications and risk factors in
      treating fractures of the facial bones when mediastinal emphysema is present are
      discussed with emphasis on anaesthesiological complications.

PMID- 2660376
TI  - [Transdermal scopolamine to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting after
      uterine curettage and termination of pregnancy. A double-blind clinically
      controlled study with placebo].
AB  - A randomized double-blind clinically controlled investigation with a placebo was
      undertaken to investigate the prophylactic effect of transdermal scopolamine on
      postoperative nausea and vomiting after dilatation and curettage and termination
      of pregnancy. No significant difference was found between the placebo and
      transdermal scopolamine. On the other hand, the patients in the scopolamine group
      had significantly more postoperative discomforts which were attributable to the
      anticholinergic effect of scopolamine. Transdermal scopolamine cannot be
      recommended for the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting following
      uterine curettage and termination of pregnancy.

PMID- 2660377
TI  - [Small bowel transplantation. Animal experimental and clinical status].
AB  - Small bowel transplantation is a logical treatment in patients with the short
      bowel syndrome. The intestinal function can be permanently reestablished in
      animals with small bowel autografts. However, small bowel allotransplantation
      involves a considerable risk of immunological problems because of the large
      quantity of lymphoid tissue present in the graft. In non-immunosupprimized
      experimental animals, it triggers a vigorous rejection response and/or graft
      versus host disease (GVHD). The use of azathioprine and prednisone as
      immunosuppression has improved the graft survival minimally. The advent of
      cyclosporine has increased the survival of small bowel allografts in animal
      experiments considerably. Preoperative graft irradiation reduces the risk of
      GVHD. Monitoring of graft function is difficult. Histological evaluation of
      intestinal biopsy specimens is very useful and it can be combined with the
      determination of the absorptive function by 14C labelled carbohydrates (glucose,
      maltose). Twelve patients have undergone small bowel transplantation during the
      period 1964-1987. Eleven patients died a few weeks after the small bowel
      transplantation, the longest survivor died after 76 days (information is not
      available about the last small bowel transplanted patient). Four patients were
      treated with cyclosporine. Although the results so far have been depressing, a
      fundament has been created for further investigation in the field. Today, small
      bowel transplantation is an experimental treatment. It should only be considered
      for patients with serious and immediately life-threatening complications of the
      short bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2660378
TI  - [Enzyme diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - During the past decade, determinations of enzyme concentrations in the blood in
      patients admitted with suspected acute myocardial infarction has been of
      increasing significance not only for early elucidation but also for establishing
      the correct diagnosis. This is partly the result of methods which can demonstrate
      the presence of myocardium-related isoenzymes and also because of the
      physiological basis for the release of enzymes and their metabolism bas been
      elucidated. In the present report, guidelines for clinical employment of enzyme
      investigations in acute myocardial infarction are presented. By means of blood
      sampling twice or thrice within a time interval af approximately 8-24 hours after
      the presumed time of infarction and determination of a limited number of enzymes
      in these samples, it is possible to exclude or confirm the presence of an infarct
      with high probability.

PMID- 2660379
TI  - [Comparison of 2 non-ionic radiographic contrast agents in intravenous
      subtraction angiography].
AB  - A prospective randomised comparison was undertaken of iopromide and iopamidol in
      intravenous digital subtraction angiography. This revealed that the two contrast
      agents produced pictures of similar quality. A slightly increased number of side
      effects in patients with cardio-pulmonary disease was demonstrated in the
      investigation and a slightly increased number of side effects after injection of
      iopamidol.

PMID- 2660380
TI  - [Choice of antibiotics in purulent meningitis without bacterial diagnosis].

PMID- 2660381
TI  - Migratory lobar nephronia.
AB  - Lobar nephronia or focal bacterial nephritis is a pre-abscess stage of localized
      cellulitis and has been shown to represent a focal imaging manifestation of what
      is frequently a diffuse renal process. To the best of our knowledge, although
      multi-focal bacterial nephritis has been described, a migratory pattern has not
      been observed. This report describes a previously healthy 32-year-old woman with
      pathologically proven lobar nephronia that exhibited a migratory pattern on
      serial computed tomography (CT) and a prolonged course on antibiotic therapy.
      Possible etiologies for this unusual course, along with the CT, sonographic and
      needle biopsy features of this disease are discussed.

PMID- 2660382
TI  - Renal vein leiomyosarcoma: a case report and literature review.
AB  - A case of leiomyosarcoma of the renal vein occurring in a 48-year-old woman is
      reported, and the literature is reviewed. Ultrasonography (US) revealed a rounded
      uniform echogenic mass in the renal hilus. Computed tomography (CT) showed a well
      demarcated, uniform, soft tissue density mass. Both US and CT were useful to
      detect the renal mass in the present case, and may be useful for staging of renal
      vein leiomyosarcoma. However, these imaging procedures did not reveal diagnostic
      features of leiomyosarcoma.

PMID- 2660383
TI  - Bilateral duplex ectopic ureters terminating in the seminal vesicles: sonographic
      and CT diagnosis.
AB  - A 15-year-old boy presented with a short history of right-sided flank pain was
      found to have bilateral duplex renal systems with obstructed upper poles.
      Sonographic examination and contrast-enhanced delayed computed tomography (CT)
      performed at the conclusion of the excretory urography (EU) demonstrated
      termination of both obstructed ureters in the seminal vesicles. These noninvasive
      studies allowed accurate preoperative diagnosis of this abnormality.

PMID- 2660384
TI  - Endovesical ultrasonography of urachal carcinoma.
AB  - We describe a case of adenocarcinoma of the urachus in which endovesical
      ultrasonography was used preoperatively to assess accurately the nature and
      extent of the neoplasm. Endovesical ultrasonography is a simple and safe
      technique that may be of value in the routine evaluation of invasive bladder
      neoplasms.

PMID- 2660385
TI  - Sonography of testicular microlithiasis.
AB  - The sonographic appearance of testicular microlithiasis detected in a patient
      presenting with torsion is described. A "speckled" pattern of multiple, tiny
      bright echoes is produced by calcific concretions in the seminiferous tubules and
      seems to be characteristic of microlithiasis. Although this condition is not
      treatable, it should be recognized because it is often associated with
      extratesticular abnormalities and can obscure superimposed testicular disease.

PMID- 2660386
TI  - Flank mass in a newborn.

PMID- 2660387
TI  - Evolving concepts in the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.
AB  - Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare inflammatory process of the
      kidney that results in focal or diffuse renal enlargement and nonexcretion. In
      the past, XGP often has been misdiagnosed as renal carcinoma. Newer investigative
      modalities and an increased awareness of XGP should make preoperative diagnosis
      possible. Thirty-two cases of XGP are presented, with emphasis on recent advances
      in radiographic approach to diagnosis.

PMID- 2660388
TI  - High-resolution, reflection mode tomographic imaging. Part I: Principles and
      methods.
AB  - A general method for improving image resolution is derived and applied to
      ultrasound signals; it combines the principles of both reflection mode tomography
      and deconvolution. The different possibilities of applying these principles allow
      two types of approaches to be defined, depending upon whether image
      reconstruction is achieved on radiofrequency or detected signals. A thorough
      description of three methods that are of particular interest due to their lower
      computation costs is presented, and their results quantified. They permit a gain
      in resolution of the order of ten with respect to two-dimensional deconvolution
      of images, as well as an improvement of the S/N ratio, which is related to the
      square root of the number of projections used in the reconstruction process, and
      a decrease of about four in computation time.

PMID- 2660389
TI  - High-resolution, reflection mode tomographic imaging. Part II: Application to
      echography.
AB  - Principles of high-resolution, ultrasonic imaging using data acquisition by a
      compound scanning with a sector echograph are presented. The signal processing is
      based on both deconvolution and reflection mode tomography. Three of the methods
      that can be derived from these principles are selected due to their lower
      computation costs. Applications of these methods to synthetic data and test
      targets demonstrate that, with respect to 2D deconvolution, they offer: a gain in
      computation time of more than 8, an improvement in resolution of the order of 10
      and an increase of S/N ratio of the order of 4. Finally, both the effects of
      limited acquisition angular window and of a variable propagation speed are
      illustrated.

PMID- 2660390
TI  - Numerical study of higher-order diffraction tomography via the sinc basis moment
      method.
AB  - Behavior and limitations of the sinc basis method have been discovered during
      simulation studies. An iterative row-action method (ART) is compared with a full
      matrix, least-squares solution (QR decomposition) and the problem of multiple
      solutions is discussed. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of scattered field
      energy can be used to speed up convergence. The first iteration is shown to be
      equivalent to the first Born solution. A fundamental limitation of present
      diffraction tomography algorithms, concerning phase shift through the scatterer,
      is found and related to clinical values. Effects of improvements on the initial
      guesses for the object function and internal field are studied. Lossy cylinder
      and contrived multicomponent reconstructions yield additional understanding of
      the phase shift problem. A sequence of simulations investigates estimated
      solution movement in hyperspace.

PMID- 2660391
TI  - A ray tracing method for calculating the speed of sound in a nonparallel layered
      model using pulse echo ultrasound.
AB  - A method of calculating the speed of sound in a nonparallel layered model is
      presented. A focussed ultrasound source and receiver are used to locate the angle
      and position of an incident pulse and the reflected pulses at the surface of the
      model. Triangulation is used to calculate the speed of sound in the first layer
      and points on the first interface for a number of source positions and angles.
      For subsequent layers, ray tracing is used to eliminate the effect of the
      overlying layers. A computer simulation in which images of the speed of sound are
      reconstructed from data generated by ray tracing through two models is presented.
      Ways in which this method could be implemented are proposed.

PMID- 2660392
TI  - A 100 MHz B-scan ultrasound backscatter microscope.
AB  - The construction and operation of a 100 MHz B-mode ultrasound backscatter
      microscope are described. The powerful B-mode technique is extended into the
      domain of microscopy allowing the imaging of internal structure in living
      specimens on a microscopic scale. A frame rate of 5 frames per second is achieved
      which gives rapid feedback to the operator. Specially designed components of the
      scanner are described in detail, including the transducer, motion system and scan
      converter. An f/2 transducer is employed, leading to a scanner resolution of
      approximately 36 micron in both the lateral and axial directions. The benefits of
      such high resolution are demonstrated in preliminary images of multicellular
      spheroids and intact human ocular tissue.

PMID- 2660393
TI  - Quinolones in urology.
AB  - The new quinolones have broad antimicrobial spectra covering all aerobic gram
      negative and gram-positive bacteria encountered in urinary tract infections. All
      are administered orally, some also parenterally, low degree of resistance, few
      side effects and bacteriological and clinical cure rates similar to or higher
      than traditional antimicrobials make them especially suitable for treatment of
      complicated urinary tract infections including bacterial prostatitis. Non
      critical use of quinolones in simple infections where standard drugs may be
      equally effective and safe should be discouraged.

PMID- 2660394
TI  - Effects of photochemical donor pretreatment on the pattern of dog renal allograft
      infiltrating cells.
AB  - Kidneys were removed ten minutes after treating the donor with 1 mg of 8
      methoxypsoralen per 1 kg b.w., during hypothermic preservation UVA-irradiated
      (intensity: 1.34 mJ/s) for 4 h and thereafter transplanted into ASDI dogs (n =
      10). Fine needle aspiration biopsies were performed to analyze the inflammatory
      response. In comparison with untreated ASDI dogs (n = 9) PUVA pretreated renal
      grafts showed three important differences: 1. At the peak of the rejection
      process in the control group (day 8) the cellular infiltrate in the PUVA
      pretreated kidneys was significantly diminished. 2. This reduction was caused by
      a significantly lower influx of monocytes/macrophages. 3. The peak of the
      cellular response in the PUVA group was delayed. These findings support the
      concept of reduced graft immunogenicity by pretransplant PUVA treatment.

PMID- 2660395
TI  - The human prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP and its derivatives. An overview.
AB  - The FGC (fast growing colony) line, a derivative of the LNCaP cell line shares
      all the main characteristics, including its androgen dependence, described for
      the original LNCaP cultures. A number of sublines originated from the FGC line
      which were characterized with respect to their response to steroid-depleted serum
      and to the synthetic androgen, R1881. After subcloning the FGC line a series of
      clones was isolated with distinct patterns of androgen-responsiveness. Among the
      sublines and clones studied, the FGC, FGC-JB and FGC clone-9 were androgen
      dependent, whereas subline LNO, R and presumably also FGC clone-22 were androgen
      independent. Distinct morphological differences were observed between the cells
      of the various sublines and between clone-9 and 22. The LNCaP cell line, its
      descending sublines and clonal derivatives provide a suitable in vitro model for
      studying different aspects of androgen-responsiveness of human prostate cancer.

PMID- 2660396
TI  - [Cost reduction in drug therapy of diabetes].
AB  - The costs of control an therapy of diabetes mellitus are very expensive. A cost
      reduction is to be expected after successful therapy. For 1024 insulin dependent
      type I-diabetics with stable insulin requirements the mean costs remained
      unchanged. 456 insulin dependent type II-diabetics who reduced weight showed a
      slight reduction of mean costs. The cost of drug therapy were significantly
      reduced for 535 overweight type II-diabetics under different therapeutic
      modalities, who reached a weight reduction. The inpatient treatment of diabetes
      influences the costs of drug therapy. A cost reduction is to be expected for
      overweight type II-diabetics, who can reach a weight reduction.

PMID- 2660397
TI  - [A critical overview of thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial
      infarct].
AB  - The authors present an analysis of results of thrombolytic treatment in patients
      with acute myocardial infarction. The lower mortality of thrombolytically treated
      patients, as compared with conventional therapy, is an advantage of this therapy,
      in particular in the acute stage of myocardial infarction. Based on the above
      analysis it is apparent that at present the intravenous administration of
      thrombolytics is justified.

PMID- 2660398
TI  - [Bone metabolism in patients after kidney transplantation].
AB  - The bone metabolism was evaluated in 20 patients after successful transplantation
      of the kidneys. In case of a functional graft within 22 months after
      transplantation of the kidneys complete regression of histological signs of
      secondary hyperparathyroidism was found, i.e. of fibrous osteodystrophy with a
      decline of the osteoclastic absorption and in 50% of the patients bone histology
      revealed osteomalacia. On the X-ray of the skeleton in 65% signs of osteoporosis
      were found, incl. 10% where the results were in discrepancy with the histological
      finding. The normal plasma calcium level before and after transplantation of the
      kidney was not affected. Other basic indicators of bone metabolism--phosphates,
      alkaline phosphatase, the bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase and parathormone
      attained normal levels within 22 months after transplantation. Bone fluorides
      remain elevated also after 22 months following successful transplantation of the
      kidneys, although significantly less than before.

PMID- 2660399
TI  - [Cystic changes in the liver in our 5-year ultrasonographic study].
AB  - The authors examined during 1983-1987 by ultrasonography the liver in a group of
      13,672 patients with an average age of 54.8 +/- 4.1 years. The group comprised
      7830 women (57.27%) and 5842 men (42.73%). Cystic changes were detected in 39
      patients (0.28%). During subsequent examinations they revealed that in four
      patients metastases of tumours were involved. The correctness of the
      ultrasonographic diagnosis was confirmed in 35 patients (89.7%). Non-inflammatory
      and non-parasitic cysts were present in 31 patients (0.23%), incl. 20 women
      (0.26%) and 11 men (0.19%) with a sex ratio of 1.4:1. Concurrent cystic changes
      on the kidneys were found in 22.6% and on the pancreas in 12.9%. The spleen was
      not affected by cystic changes in any of the patients. The diagnosis of cysts was
      supplemented by laboratory, laparoscopic, scintigraphic, computed tomographic
      peroperative and aimed bioptic examinations, depending on the character of
      changes. An inflammatory cyst (tuberculous cavity) as well as three cases of
      echinococcal cysts were treated by operation. In the conclusion the authors
      discuss contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic methods in cystic liver diseases.

PMID- 2660400
TI  - [Non-cystic diseases of the liver in a 5-year ultrasonographic study].
AB  - The authors evaluate five-year ultrasonographic material (13,672 examinations)
      focused on non-cystic liver disease. 8212 examinations (60.1%) were made as part
      of examinations of the gallbladder, 4919 (36%) as part of examination of the
      right sub-costal area or other organs and only 541 examinations (3.96%) were
      focused in the first place on the liver. The total number of examined patients
      included 7830 women (57.3%) and 5842 men (42.7%). Most frequently the
      ultrasonographic picture of steatosis was found--in 747 patients (5.46%),
      cirrhosis of the liver in 45 patients (0.33%), primary carcinoma of the liver was
      present in 7 patients (0.05%) and tumour metastases in 63 patients (0.46%). The
      group of women with steatosis comprised 42 diabetic women (32.06%), 78 overweight
      women (59.5%) and 18 with excessive alcohol intake for several years (13.7%). In
      the group of men with steatosis there were 48 diabetics (7.79%), 92 overweight
      (14.9%) and 479 with excessive alcohol intake extending over several years
      (77.7%). In the group of 34 men with cirrhosis excessive alcohol intake for years
      was found in 31 (91.2%), in the group of eight women with cirrhosis in five
      instances (62.5%). In abdominal ultrasonography liver disease must be actively
      searched for, in particular in patients with long-term alcohol intake,
      overweight, diabetes and long-term use of various hepatotropic drugs.

PMID- 2660401
TI  - [Initial experience with thin-needle biopsy under ultrasonic control in diffuse
      liver diseases].
AB  - The authors used thin-needle biopsy (Westcott needle) under ultrasonographic
      control for the morphological determination of ultrasonographic pictures of
      steatosis in 37 patients. In the case history they reported alcohol consumption
      of more than 5 years above 60 g of absolute alcohol per day; mostly abuse of beer
      was involved (32.4%) and beer with liquor (43.3%). A sufficient amount of
      material for histological examination was taken in all 37 patients, incl. 8
      during the second insertion. Histological examination revealed mainly large
      droplet steatosis of the mild and medium grade (40.5%) and severe grade (21.6%).
      Of 37 ultrasonographic pictures of steatosis the latter was confirmed by
      histological examination in 34 patients (91.2%). The biopsies were made without
      algic reactions of the patients and no complications were observed. With regard
      to the non-pretentious, simple and safe character and the high yield of the
      procedure the authors consider thin-needle biopsy under ultrasonographic control
      a foremost operation which makes morphological assessment even of diffuse liver
      diseases possible.

PMID- 2660402
TI  - [Immunologic consequences of the entry of food protein antigens into the body].

PMID- 2660403
TI  - [Biotoxins of hydrobionts and prevention of food poisoning].

PMID- 2660404
TI  - [Detection of toxigenic Fusarium strains, producing T-2 toxin, in wheat grain
      mycoflora by microbiologic assay].
AB  - Twenty-three Fusarium strains were isolated from wheat grain harvested in the
      Moscow region. The ability of the fungi cultures isolated for producing T-2 toxin
      was studied by the microbiological assay with the use of Saccharomyces lactis
      culture (BKMU-459) susceptible to T-2 toxin. The toxigenic properties were shown
      by 9 cultures. Six strains with unestablished species appurtenance grown on A.
      Capek's agar in Perti dishes were found to produce T-2 toxin in an amount of 2 to
      50 micrograms/ml agar. Three strains grown on sterilized wheat grain and
      attributed to Fusarium sporotrichiella v. poae according to the morphological
      characteristics were discovered to produce T-2 toxin in an amount from 50-100 to
      400-600 micrograms/g. Production of T-2 toxin by the strains isolated was
      confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. Experiments made on young rats have
      demonstrated that extracts from F. sporotrichiella v. poae strains producing T-2
      toxin appeared highly toxic for the animals.

PMID- 2660405
TI  - [Microbiologic study of low quality raw material obtained from Pacific salmon].
AB  - The authors examined the microflora in the regions occupied with food fish and
      food manufacture from Pacific salmon in order to establish its interrelations
      with other characteristics of the quality. With this purpose in view sea and
      river water in the places of catching, freshly catched salmon and salted food
      were studied for the presence of putrefactive bacteria, potentially pathogenic
      for hydrobionts and man. The data obtained have demonstrated that the main causes
      of the deterioration of the quality of raw material and food manufactured from
      Pacific salmon are of bacterial nature. Salmon with micropunctate or large skin
      ulcerations induced by the causative agent Aeromonas hydrophila was discovered to
      contain substances with pronounced toxic properties. It is concluded that salmon
      affected with this microorganism cannot be used for nutrition of the population
      without thermal treatment.

PMID- 2660406
TI  - Needle biopsy of the liver. A critique of four currently available methods.
AB  - There are currently four needle biopsy methods for obtaining tissue from patients
      with possible diffuse liver disease or cancer. These include percutaneous blind
      needle biopsy, a visually guided needle biopsy at laparoscopy, guided fine-needle
      biopsies with ultrasonography or computed tomography, and the transvenous liver
      biopsy. We and others have found the guided fine-needle biopsy technique to be
      safe, relatively cheap, and highly accurate in the diagnosis of liver cancer.
      Blind percutaneous biopsy should be reserved for patients with possible diffuse,
      noncancerous, liver disease. Guided biopsies at laparoscopy can be done if the
      other two methods fail to give a tissue diagnosis. The transvenous approach is
      useful in patients with a coagulation disorder.

PMID- 2660407
TI  - Laboratory evaluation of a bleeding patient.
AB  - Most causes of abnormal bleeding can be determined from a complete blood count
      including platelet count and bleeding, prothrombin, activated partial
      thromboplastin, and thrombin times. Occasionally, further evaluation is
      necessary, such as tests of factor XIII function, fibrinolysis, and vascular
      integrity. Possible diagnoses include disseminated intravascular coagulation,
      thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, vitamin K deficiency, von Willebrand's
      disease, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, acquired inhibitors of factor VIII,
      lupus anticoagulants, and coagulation disorders related to the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2660408
TI  - Modern vestibular function testing.
AB  - Current tests of vestibular function concentrate on the horizontal semicircular
      canal-ocular reflex because it is the easiest reflex to stimulate (calorically
      and rotationally) and record (using electro-oculography). Tests of the other
      vestibulo-ocular reflexes (vertical semicircular canal and otolith) and of the
      vestibulospinal reflexes have yet to be shown useful in the clinical setting.
      Digital video recording of eye movements and vestibular-evoked responses are
      promising new technologies that may affect clinical testing in the near future.

PMID- 2660409
TI  - Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in male identical twins.

PMID- 2660410
TI  - Pasteurella multocida infection from a cougar bite. A review of cougar attacks.

PMID- 2660411
TI  - Strategies in managing asthma.
AB  - The management of adult asthma involves a concerted effort to identify and remove
      or mollify inciting or triggering stimuli such as respiratory tract infections,
      gastric reflux, aspirin, beta-antagonists, and environmental agents; educate
      patients, using written treatment plans and pulmonary function monitoring; and
      properly use the antiasthmatic medications including beta-agonists, theophylline,
      anticholinergics, and corticosteroids, with an emphasis on aerosol delivery and
      the use of corticosteroids during exacerbations. This strategy is summarized with
      suggestions on therapy in emergency departments, during the transition from
      hospital to ambulatory care, before exercise, and during pregnancy.

PMID- 2660412
TI  - Current status of pancreas transplantation.
AB  - Pancreas transplantation for the treatment of diabetes mellitus is being done
      with increasing frequency. Refined operative techniques, an improved
      immunosuppression regimen, and an earlier recognition of rejection have led to
      dramatic increases in both graft and patient survival rates. Preliminary data
      suggest that a functioning pancreatic allograft may arrest or reverse most of the
      complications of diabetes, although the effects on retinopathy remain
      controversial. Patients also acquire a strong sense of well-being after
      successful pancreas transplantation.

PMID- 2660413
TI  - Coming of age for pancreas transplantation.

PMID- 2660414
TI  - The past, present, and future of pertussis. The role of adults in epidemiology
      and future control.
AB  - Pertussis is a severe epidemic disease that causes significant morbidity and
      mortality in unimmunized children. It is now clear, however, that adults with
      atypical disease account for many of the cases and are often responsible for
      transmission to susceptible infants. Because of the extent of unrecognized
      pertussis in the adult population, mass pediatric immunization has been
      successful in controlling the disease in children but not in reducing the
      presence of the organism in the United States. Pertussis immunization of children
      is associated with a high rate of side reactions and is temporally related to
      severe neurologic disease and death in infants. These events are often considered
      to be reactions, but available scientific evidence indicates that few, if any,
      are actually caused by pertussis immunization. Pertussis vaccine reactogenicity
      in adults is anecdotally considered to be worse than in children, but direct
      studies do not support that. In the context of current programs emphasizing adult
      immunization, consideration should be given to booster doses of diphtheria
      tetanus-pertussis in adults, using component pertussis vaccines when they become
      available.

PMID- 2660415
TI  - Diagnosing and treating active myocarditis.
AB  - The treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy is palliative and, hence, has little
      effect on the natural history. Therapy directed toward the cause rather than the
      effect will be necessary before mortality can be affected. Active myocarditis is
      postulated to be the cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in a subset of patients. A
      model of murine coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis has immunopathogenic parallels to
      the disease in humans and suggests that persistent autoimmune reactivity
      following viral clearance leads to progressive myocyte damage and dilated
      cardiomyopathy. In preliminary uncontrolled studies, patients with myocarditis
      have shown clinical and histologic improvement with the addition of
      immunosuppressive therapy, but there may also be a significant rate of
      spontaneous improvement. A multicenter study currently acquiring patients is
      designed to determine the efficacy of immunosuppression and the natural history
      of active myocarditis.

PMID- 2660416
TI  - The pulmonary complications of bone marrow transplantation in adults.
AB  - These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the
      Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from
      transcriptions, they are prepared by Homer A. Boushey, MD, Professor of Medicine,
      and John G. Fitz, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, under the direction of
      Lloyd H. Smith, Jr, MD, Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean in the School of
      Medicine. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Department of Medicine,
      University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
      94143.

PMID- 2660417
TI  - Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration due to Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2660418
TI  - A brief history of graduate medical education in Washington, Alaska, Montana, and
      Idaho.
AB  - Internships and hospital-based medical education preceded by more than 40 years
      the beginnings of a medical school in Washington State. Just after the turn of
      the 20th century, a few internships were begun by hospitals in Seattle and
      Spokane to help with the care of their sicker patients in the tradition of
      Eastern teaching hospitals. In the 1920s and 1930s, the number of hospitals with
      internship programs grew steadily as part of a nationwide effort at hospital
      standardization. Experiences in developing these programs and problems with
      intern recruitment contributed to the beginning of the University of Washington
      School of Medicine after World War II. Since the 1960s, intern and resident
      training has progressively become a cooperative effort of the school with many
      hospitals and clinics in Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho contributing to
      the development of graduate medical education in this region.

PMID- 2660419
TI  - [The value of prenatal ultrasound screening exemplified by abnormalities of the
      urogenital system. Data from the Styrian malformation register 1985 to 1987].
AB  - Over a three-year period (1985 to 1987), the number of fetal malformations was
      entered into Styrian Malformation Register (SMR). The data were compared with
      those of the Austrian Ministry of Health. The SMR collected 137 cases of urinary
      tract malformations, but only six appeared in the Health Ministry statistics.
      This discrepancy resulted from the different data collection methods. Presently
      only a small percentage of fetal abnormalities is officially registered. Using
      the example of urinary tract malformations this paper shows the value of prenatal
      ultrasound screening. Such infants must be treated soon after delivery to avoid
      progression of parenchymal damage. Ultrasound examinations should not be
      restricted to pregnant women at defined risk. Registration of all prenatally
      diagnosed--or missed--malformations is a quality-control measurement and improves
      prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2660420
TI  - [Paracelsus (1493-1541) and us. Thoughts on this great wanderer on the eve of his
      500th birthday].

PMID- 2660421
TI  - [Considerations of the placebo problem in acupuncture. Reflections on usefulness,
      ethical justification, standardization and differentiated use of placebos in
      acupuncture].
AB  - 28 different acupuncture placebos were found in 28 controlled studies, making a
      comparison of the results impossible. The following differentiation of
      acupuncture placebos is proposed: 1.a) Real placebos without intrinsic effect,
      1.b) Pseudoplacebos with intrinsic effect, 2.a) Placebos without damage of
      physical integrity (not incisive), 2.b) Placebos with damage of physical
      integrity (incisive), for example the usual method of placebo-acupuncture
      needling outside the known acupuncture points with or without additional
      stimulation. Painful pseudoplacebos with damage of the physical integrity should
      only be used in short-term trials on experimentally induced pain in healthy
      volunteers. For therapeutic studies with really sick persons, only real placebos,
      painless and without damage of the physical integrity, should be used, e.g. mock
      TENS or laser. In order to prevent the patient from knowing the group
      determination, a third group with another correct treatment is essential, e.g.
      correct acupuncture, mock-TENS and real TENS or laser. A genuine acupuncture
      placebo is as unthinkable as placebo-surgery. Since single- or double-blind
      trials cannot be correctly carried out in acupuncture therapy it appears
      desirable to replace them by follow-up studies.

PMID- 2660422
TI  - [Dose, radiation effect and initial symptoms following unexpected whole body
      irradiation: an analysis of 19 accidents].
AB  - The radiation induced effects on the haemopoietic system and the human body after
      acute unexpected whole body irradiation are manifold. Therefore it is meaningful
      to incorporate the scientific foundations of radiation effects in the available
      knowledge about the consequences of radiation exposure. From this aspect the
      present paper evaluates 19 acute radiation accidents which were published between
      1945 and 1986 in the scientific literature involving about 597 individuals. Even
      in the case of an uncomplicated radiation effect the physician must not rely on
      the estimated physical dose because it does not or does not necessarily correlate
      with the different course of events taken by the individual categories of the
      acute radiation syndrome. In fact, the dose is of minor importance to the
      physician because as a rule it can only be determined too late due to the complex
      parameters. The classification, therapy and prognosis of the accident victims is
      largely governed by the pathophysiology which results from the random probability
      of the cell killing mechanisms by radiation, inhomogeneous dose distribution and
      the scattered distribution of the haemopoietic system in the human body. The fact
      that in the case of accidentally induced total body irradiation there is only
      inhomogeneous distribution of radiation dose is a life-saving factor in most
      cases. Furthermore, it is pointed out that by means of simple diagnostic methods,
      e.g. the initial symptoms, the first classification of accident victims is also
      largely possible without referring to the dose.

PMID- 2660423
TI  - [Reversible and irreversible damage to hematopoiesis following unexpected whole
      body irradiation: markers in peripheral blood].
AB  - During the past decade worldwide experience concerning radiation accidents
      demonstrated that the medical diagnosis and therapy of radiation victims has to
      be reconsidered. This paper describes and analyzes the clinical relevance of one
      of the most simple diagnostic methods, namely daily monitoring of the
      characteristic blood cell changes. On the basis of these methods the physician is
      in the position to decide at an early stage-independently of the physical dose
      whether reversible or irreversible damage of the hemopoiesis is present. This is
      of great importance because the expected clinical development and, thus, the
      therapy and prognosis are different. The different behaviour of the blood cells
      depends on their life span, cell kinetics, radiation sensitivity and
      pathophysiology. Reversible damage (category I-IV) can be recognized at the
      latest on the 5th-6th day after radiation exposure and, according to the degree,
      may require supportive therapy. Irreversible damage which can probably be
      repaired by stem cell transfusion (category V) can also be determined on the 5th
      to the 6th day after radiation exposure. Irreversible damage without any chance
      of survival (category VI) can already be diagnosed 24 hours after the radiation
      event. Reversible and irreversible damage to hemopoiesis with the typical blood
      cell changes is presented with reference to some patients exposed to ionizing
      radiation in the Marshall Islands 1954, in Oak Ridge 1958, in Chernobyl 1986, in
      Los Alamos II 1946 just as III 1958, and in Wood River Junction 1964.

PMID- 2660424
TI  - Influence of tidal volume on the compliance of the respiratory system in
      mechanically ventilated newborn infants.
AB  - We measured the compliance of the respiratory system (Crs) at 4 different tidal
      volumes (VT = 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 ml/kg) in 29 mechanically ventilated newborn
      infants and determined the VT associated with the highest Crs ("optimal" VT) and
      with the lowest Crs ("worst" VT). Crs depended on the VT in all newborn infants
      investigated. The "optimal" VT most frequently observed was 2.5 and 5.0 ml/kg and
      the "worst" VT most frequently observed was 2.5 and 10.0 ml/kg. Mean Crs at the
      "optimal" VT was 62.3% higher than at the "worst" VT. The "optimal" VT was lower
      (2.5 ml/kg) in newborn infants with controlled ventilation than in newborn
      infants with intermittent mandatory ventilation (5.0 ml/kg). We conclude that it
      may be useful to determine the VT associated with the highest Crs in order to
      avoid unnecessarily high inflation pressures for the mechanical ventilation of
      newborn infants. Further studies are needed to assess long-term effects of such a
      Crs guided respirator therapy.

PMID- 2660425
TI  - [Therapy of sexually transmitted diseases].

PMID- 2660426
TI  - [Clinical occupational medicine--a determination of its status].

PMID- 2660427
TI  - [Shift work and ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2660428
TI  - [The ileostomy--its peculiarities and problems].

PMID- 2660429
TI  - [Paul Leopold Friedrich--the founder of primary wound management].

PMID- 2660430
TI  - [The treatment of children with acute respiratory diseases in ambulatory care].

PMID- 2660431
TI  - [Calculated antimicrobial chemotherapy from the viewpoint of the clinical
      microbiologist].

PMID- 2660432
TI  - [Treatment of pneumonia in childhood].

PMID- 2660433
TI  - [Whooping cough--not eradicated, but forgotten].

PMID- 2660434
TI  - [Current status of antitubercular chemotherapy of extrapulmonary tuberculoses in
      East Germany and current surgical indications].

PMID- 2660435
TI  - [Quality assessment of medical services].

PMID- 2660436
TI  - [Use of the materialistic-dialectic method in original work exemplified by the
      relation of primary medical care and specialized management].

PMID- 2660437
TI  - [Stress, adjustment, support].

PMID- 2660438
TI  - [Can research into the needs and motives improve the management of elderly
      citizens?].

PMID- 2660439
TI  - [Measuring the age dependent psychophysical functional status of elderly humans].

PMID- 2660440
TI  - [The ophthalmogeriatric management of the aging human].

PMID- 2660441
TI  - [Alzheimer's disease].

PMID- 2660442
TI  - [Some aspects of mental health protection from the psychotherapy viewpoint].

PMID- 2660443
TI  - [The German Insulin Committee in its historical development].

PMID- 2660444
TI  - [New knowledge regarding herpes zoster].
AB  - Zoster is the clinical manifestation of the endogenous reactivation of the
      varicella-zoster virus. Current observations of viral reactivation emphasize the
      role of cellular immunity and show an inverse correlation between the specific
      cellular immune response of the host and the incidence of zoster. Thus,
      immunocompromised persons like patients with immune deficiency syndrome,
      lymphoproliferative cancer, or immunosuppressive therapy are at a high risk for
      the development of disseminated zoster, which may either involve the skin only,
      or affect more than one organ. During the last few years zoster has been proved a
      prognostic marker for HIV-positive persons. The incidence of zoster and post
      zoster neuralgia increases with advancing age. In young children,
      immunosuppressive therapy and varicella in utero or during the first year of life
      are the only risk factors for zoster infection. Prevention of dissemination has
      been one of the major goals in antiviral chemotherapy of zoster in
      immunocompromised patients. Among the antiviral drugs available at present,
      aciclovir has proved especially useful, acting as an inhibitor of viral DNA
      polymerase. It is well-tolerated and can be applied together with corticoids,
      analgetics, and retrovir. It is most effective in reducing complications of
      zoster.

PMID- 2660445
TI  - [Cardiospermum--a new phytogenic drug in dermatology?].
AB  - In a double blind study on persons with healthy skin, we tested the efficacy of
      cardiospermum ointment against the ointment base only. There were no significant
      differences between placebo and active substance regarding clinical evaluation,
      light reflection photometry, and transepidermal water loss. By means of doppler
      laser flowmetry, we found a decrease in corial blood supply after 16 hours'
      application of cardiospermum, which suggests a possible antiphlogistic effect.

PMID- 2660446
TI  - [New diagnostic procedures in assessing male fertility].
AB  - In 160 patients with normal and pathological semen samples, we studied the
      penetration of human spermatozoa in standardized bovine cervical mucus (assay
      Penetrak). Our results indicate that Penetrak can detect those dysfunctions of
      sperm motility which cannot be diagnosed by conventional semen analysis - The
      toluidine blue-pyronine staining is an easy way to differentiate between
      spermatozoa within an hour. The reliability of this technique is comparable to
      that of conventional methods and therefore appropriate for routine diagnostics. -
      As case studies on 140 patients proved, the level of carnitine in the seminal
      plasm can be regarded as a parameter of epididymal function. In combination with
      the examination of FSH serum levels, this method may be helpful in the
      differential diagnosis of azoospermia due to obstruction, Sertoli-cell-only
      syndrome, or spermatogenic arrest. - In severe oligozoospermia, testicular biopsy
      using semithin sections may be of high diagnostic and prognostic value. In
      contrast to paraffin sections, this technique is particularly appropriate for the
      detection of cytological characteristics of germ cells. The type and number of
      pathological germ cells are decisive regarding the prognosis. Furthermore, a
      carcinoma in situ (CIS) can be definitely identified by means of semithin
      sections. - In a study on 2047 patients, we found seminoma cells in 15 cases
      (0.73%); 5 of these patients already had a solid seminoma in the testicular rete.
      Risk-patients are those showing oligozoospermia of less than 10 million
      spermatozoa per ml or azoospermia associated with unilaterally or bilaterally
      subnormal testicular volume. In these cases, the testicles are inconspicuous,
      both palpatorically and sonographifically.

PMID- 2660447
TI  - [Heart transplantation in childhood].
AB  - In nine patients between the ages of 3 months and 18 years with endstage heart
      failure, orthotopic heart transplantation was performed. Seven of these patients
      suffered from dilative cardiomyopathy. Additional diagnoses were tricuspid
      atresia in one case, and hypoplastic left-heart syndrome in another case. Seven
      of these children (77.7%) were catecholamine-dependent before the operation. The
      postoperative immunosuppressive treatment consisted of a combination therapy of
      cyclosporine A, azathioprine, and prednisolone, similar to the treatment in
      adults. Diagnosis of rejection was based on both invasive (endomyocardial biopsy)
      as well as noninvasive methods (intramyocardial electrogram, echocardiography,
      cytoimmunological monitoring). Out of nine transplanted children and adolescents,
      seven are presently alive and well after a mean follow-up period of 29 months.
      Two patients died of graft failure. One case with irreversible renal failure,
      secondary to chronic cyclosporine A toxicity required kidney transplantation 2
      1/2 years following heart transplantation, this being the only significant late
      complication up to now. Our results indicate that heart transplantation allows
      for survival of seriously ill children and adolescents at a similar rate as that
      of older patient groups. Physical and social rehabilitation has been quite
      favorable and has been encouraging for further pursuit of this concept.

PMID- 2660448
TI  - [The significance of heart rate for stress hemodynamics following heart
      transplantation].
AB  - Since 1985, orthotopic heart transplantation had been carried out in 20 patients.
      Seventeen patients are still alive. 341 +/- 156 days after cardiac
      transplantation hemodynamics at rest were normalized. Left ventricular ejection
      fraction at rest and during exercise was within normal ranges for all patients
      except one. During symptom-limited bicycle exercise (121 +/- 35 Watt), pulmonary
      capillary wedge pressure (PCP) and right atrial pressure (RAP) increased to
      unphysiological high levels (PCP: 8.2 +/- 2.7 mmHg at rest, 19.1 +/- 4.9 mmHg at
      exercise; RAP: 4.1 +/- 2.3 mmHg at rest, 12.1 +/- 3.9 mmHg at exercise), whereas
      cardiac index was elevated to a normal level (3.6 l/min.m2 at rest; 6.9 l/min.m2
      at exercise). Increase in heart rate, however, was subnormal (from 90 +/- 13/min
      at rest to 122 +/- 15/min at exercise). To examine the influence of heart rate on
      hemodynamics, in 8 patients with normal tricuspid valve function, heart rate was
      gradually increased by atrial stimulation during continuous exercise; PCP
      maximally could be reduced from 19.1 +/- 4 mmHg to 10.8 +/- 2.7 mmHg (p less than
      0.01) at an optimum heart rate of 139 +/- 9/min. Reduction of RAP was by far less
      pronounced and normalization could not be achieved (from 12.2 +/- 3.7 mmHg to 9.5
      +/- 3.4 mmHg, p less than 0.01), suggesting an impaired right ventricular
      function. By atrial stimulation stroke volume was reduced from 109.8 +/- 17.7 ml
      to 91.8 +/- 14.2 ml (p less than 0.01). These results indicate that, at exercise,
      the denervated transplanted heart, to a large extent, increases cardiac output by
      means of the Frank-Starling mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660449
TI  - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of acute graft rejection in heart transplant
      patients under cyclosporin therapy].
AB  - Though endomyocardial biopsy has remained the gold standard for diagnosing acute
      cardiac rejection (AR), this invasive method does not provide adequate means for
      close monitoring of the rejection process. In order to assess the usefulness of M
      Mode- and two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography for the noninvasive diagnosis of
      AR in heart transplant recipients on cyclosporin, 45 patients (mean age 40.6 +/-
      8.8 years, 19.9 +/- 14.4 months postoperatively) were evaluated prospectively.
      Mean observation time was 9.1 +/- 4.8 months. Echocardiographic examination
      techniques were strictly standardized; besides measurements of left (LV) and
      right ventricular (RV) diastolic wall thickness and of the isovolumic relaxation
      time, computerized frame-by-frame-analysis was applied to LV short axis cross
      sections for the determination of diastolic cavity cross-sectional area and
      extent and mean velocity of systolic and diastolic area change. To account for
      technical and biological variability, 95%-confidence limits were calculated for
      each parameter from two rejection-free examinations, allowing identification of
      significant changes during AR. In this study, 36 biopsy-proven AR occurred in 19
      patients. Compared to control values, mean heart rate increased from 86.2 +/-
      10.2 to 94.6 +/- 15.1 b/min (p less than 0.05), diastolic septal + posterior wall
      thickness from 21.2 +/- 4.1 to 24.9 +/- 6.2 mm (p less than 0.001) and RV free
      wall thickness from 6.3 +/- 1.1 to 8.9 +/- 1.8 mm (p less than 0.001). Isovolumic
      relaxation time decreased from 73.2 +/- 14.4 to 54.8 +/- 16.6 ms (p less than
      0.001), diastolic cross-sectional area from 12.8 +/- 2.0 to 11.1 +/- 2.2 cm2 (p
      less than 0.05), relative area change from 65.8 +/- 9.8 to 49.1 +/- 14.4% (p less
      than 0.001) and systolic and diastolic area change velocities from 28.1 +/- 7.8
      and 41.8 +/- 8.5 cm2/s to 18.9 +/- 5.6 and 28.6 +/- 9.2 cm2/s, respectively (p
      less than 0.001). Though significant changes occurred during AR, most
      measurements remained within the normal range. Thus, in individual patients, AR
      could only be suspected in comparison to the control measurements. None of the
      examined parameters allowed to establish the diagnosis of AR in all instances.
      However, when the measurements of all parameters were considered together, 35 of
      the 36 AR diagnosed by biopsy could also be identified by echocardiography,
      including all requiring intensified immunosuppressive therapy. Mild AR was not
      always detected, and the differential diagnosis between LV hypertrophy and AR
      required an endomyocardial biopsy in some instances.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2660450
TI  - [The reliability of angiographic volume determination of the left ventricle using
      digital image subtraction--significance in stress tests].
AB  - Using the technique of digital subtraction angiography (DSA), left ventricular
      volumes can be determined after intravenous injection of contrast medium at rest
      and during exercise. The significance of the well known errors of angiographic
      determination of left ventricular volumes was investigated in 22 patients before
      and during a bicycle exercise test. Before and after exercise 40 ml of contrast
      medium were injected (18 ml/s) intravenously to calculate left ventricular
      volumes. Enddiastolic and endsystolic contours of the left ventricle were traced
      by two investigators (A and B) on five different days. Using these contours,
      volumes were calculated by a computer system. The first calculation of both
      investigators (single measurement) and the mean value of all five calculations
      (repetitive measurements) were compared. In the same procedure left ventricular
      contours of six patients were calculated after conventional contrast
      ventriculography (40 ml of contrast medium). No systematic deviations were found
      in comparing the results of both investigators using the single or repetitive
      method by means of DSA: (VolB = 0.86 VolA + 12.2, r = 0.97 versus VolB = 0.96
      VolA + 9.1, r = 0.99). Compared to single method the residuals (Syx) of the
      repetitive method were significantly smaller: Syx = +/- 16.3 ml vs +/- 8.9 ml (p
      less than 0.01). Similar results were found in conventional ventriculography:
      single method Syx = +/- 18.7 ml and repetitive method Syx = +/- 8.8 ml (p less
      than 0.01). Comparing the volumes determined by DSA and by conventional
      ventriculography, respectively, no significant differences were found.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660451
TI  - [Acute and chronic effects of UDCG 115 BS (pimobendan) in patients with advanced
      myocardial failure].
AB  - In a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study acute hemodynamic effects
      of oral UDCG 115 BS (5 and 10 mg) were investigated in myocardial heart failure
      before (n = 16) and after (n = 13) chronic treatment (4 weeks). Before chronic
      treatment, UDCG 115 BS induced a similar increase in cardiac index with both
      doses (5 mg: from 2.4 +/- 0.7 to 3.5 +/- 0.7 l/min/m2, p less than 0.001; 10 mg:
      from 2.5 +/- 0.6 to 3.6 +/- 0.9 l/min/m2, p less than 0.001). Both right atrial
      pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were clearly reduced (p less than
      0.001). Heart rate increased slightly only after 5 mg (p less than 0.05).
      Systemic vascular resistance was reduced (p less than 0.001), whereas mean blood
      pressure did not change. After chronic treatment (2 x 5 or 2 x 10 mg/d) and
      cessation of medication for 24 h there was no difference for control hemodynamic
      values as compared to placebo. Acute hemodynamic effects were considerably
      attenuated in comparison with the results obtained before chronic treatment. NYHA
      classification, however, clearly (p less than 0.05) improved during
      administration of UDCG 115 BS as compared to placebo. Two patients died on
      placebo, whereas no patient expired on verum. This might indicate a therapeutic
      longterm effect of UDCG 115 BS, despite the observed development of partial
      tolerance.

PMID- 2660452
TI  - [Changes in time perspectives in advanced age].
AB  - Three hypotheses on changes in the time perspective of elderly people and their
      behavioral consequences are discussed: firstly, Kuhlen's hypothesis of an
      increasing sensitivity for the passing of time with increasing age, secondly that
      of a de-differentiation of future time perspective in old age, and finally the
      thesis that only normative-prescriptive approaches are appropriate in the study
      of coping with finitude. The three hypotheses are either rejected or modified on
      the basis of research data. Time perspective in old age is the outcome of
      continuous life-long changes and adaptations in the temporal and social
      orientation of man.

PMID- 2660453
TI  - [Time and temporality in gerontology and the ontologic privation theory of
      biological aging].
AB  - We have seen how our conception of time has changed in the course of the years.
      Up to the beginning of this century people believed in absolute time. According
      to today's views, time and temporality do not consist of a continuous flow of
      time successions, as generally assumed, the essence lies in the inner character
      of events. Therefore, in order to comprehend the true nature of time and
      temporality in gerontology, we must pay particular attention to the
      constitutional structures of events or happenings. Here we must comprehend the
      implication of an ontological change and the constitutions of time as
      metaphysical structure. Time and temporality are measured in happenings and
      processes, and not vice versa. Whitehead, showed that we are concerned with an
      ontological interpretation of time and temporality. The biodynamics of an
      individual reveal the largely autonomous structure and bionomy of the processes
      of life, as well as the continuous interaction and shifts of the biological
      cycles of formation, change, and decline. The ontological privation of biological
      aging and death are just as much a part of life as conception and birth. Only
      what lives can mature, age, and die. The imminent "purpose" of the biological
      aging of the individual is dying and death, i.e., the return home into "absolute
      being".

PMID- 2660454
TI  - [The chronobiology of aging: changes in the temporal-periodic order].
AB  - Within an organism the sequence of events and processes during development,
      maturation, and aging is determined by endogenous and exogenous factors. The
      endogenous factors consist of oscillatory as well as of unidirectional
      mechanisms. An individual temporal order ("Eigenzeit") is the result of coupling
      between various oscillators, interactions between oscillators, and unidirectional
      processes and of stochastic events. Age-dependent changes of the diurnal rhythms
      in man and mammals serve as an example for age-dependent changes of the
      individual temporal order. The parameter of the endogenous (= circadian) diurnal
      rhythms are changed during embryogenesis, postnatal development, adolescence and
      aging: amplitude and phase delay increase during development and decrease with
      age. A higher frequency (ultradian) component predominates in childhood and old
      age. From experiments with model oscillators, lesioned central clocks in the
      hypothalamus of mammals and with an arrhythmic mutant of Drosophila, it is
      concluded that the changes of the temporal order are due to changes in the
      coupling properties of circadian and higher frequency oscillators. This may be
      true for the coupling between exogenous periodicities ("Zeitgeber") and
      endogenous clocks, their mutual interaction and their coordinative function. At
      present, it is not known whether these changes have consequences for human well
      being and health. This may be the case, however, as concluded from indirect
      evidence.

PMID- 2660455
TI  - [4-year results following Insall anterior cruciate ligament-plasty].
AB  - From May 1984 until December 1987 56 anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions
      were done in cases with single plane anteromedial instability, using the bone
      block iliotibial band transfer. The anterior distal part of the iliotibial tract
      with its osseous insertion from Gerdy's tubercule was used. The immediate
      fixation of the bone block by a screw or by threads to the tibia allows early
      motion of the knee, because no immobilization is necessary. There were 56
      patients: 14 women, 42 men; 34 right, 22 left. About the same number (65) with
      more severe multiplane laxity had been treated by other methods for
      reconstruction or augmentation of the anterior cruciate ligament. The average
      follow-up is 25.06 (6-52) months for these patients (12.88). All patients had
      full extension of the involved knee. None had an effusion and only eight
      complained of occasional pain. At follow-up some laxity was detected by the
      anterior drawer test and Lachman test (20 degrees). The LYSHOLM Score was very
      high at the time of follow-up = 98.67 points.

PMID- 2660456
TI  - [Memory spondylodesis of the lumbar spine--results following 76 operations].
AB  - It is reported on the results of the memory-spondylodesises that have been
      performed in Lubeck between 1982 and 1988 (= ventral intercorporeal lumbar
      spondylodesis with a nickeltitanium implant). Operative technique is
      characterized by primary stabilisation of the moving segment by means of a memory
      implant that is inserted intercorporeally following ventral removal of the
      intervertebral disc, after heating up to 45 degrees C the implant is getting
      higher and thus stably anchored between the vertebral bodies. Spongious bone
      chips are put inside and around the implant. Mobilisation of the patients takes
      place within the first week. Out of 76 segments operated on bony fusion so far
      occurred in 51 cases (within an average postoperative period of 9 months),
      pseudarthrosis developed in 1 case. In 11 cases delayed bony fusion can be
      expected, 13 operations have been performed within the past 5 months and thus
      cannot be interpreted now. In consideration of the easier operative technique,
      earlier mobilisation of the patients and a fusion rate of more than 90% memory
      spondylodesis seems to show important advantages over transplantation of bone
      chips only.

PMID- 2660458
TI  - [Comment on the contribution: "Hip screening in newborn infants" by M. Pauer et
      al. Z. Orthop. 126 (1988) 260-265].

PMID- 2660457
TI  - [The later years of Johann Georg Heine in The Netherlands (1828-1838)].
AB  - Recent reviews of the archives with respect to the last years of life of J. G.
      Heine necessitate a revision of his respective image. His late bizarre personal
      and professional opinions can no longer be considered merely as misdevelopments
      due to advanced age and without scientific value. Modern research rather
      considers the personal development of J. G. Heine as the expression of an
      increasingly manifesting psychosis, dominating his life and work decisively
      during the concluding years of his life. His seemingly "confused work at old age"
      can however not be explained solely by these circumstances, but can be understood
      within the historic concept only, as a curing system of the romantic period
      characteristic for that time. In spite of all errors and mistakes resulting from
      this standpoint, the system contains numerous valuable approaches and advanced
      ideas. J. G. Heine has not yet received much credit for them, but several of them
      are now common concepts of modern medicine.

PMID- 2660459
TI  - [Development of the theory of systemogenesis at the present stage].

PMID- 2660460
TI  - Induction of cytochrome P-450 and catalase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      by UV and X-ray irradiation. Possible role for cytochrome P-450 in cell
      protection against oxidative damage.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450 was induced both in the diploid wild-type D7 strain and in two
      isogenic DNA-repair-deficient strains (rad3 and rad56) of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae following UV- and X-irradiation. The induction occurred only in
      logarithmic growth phase cells and it was transient showing a peak 3 h after
      irradiation. The maximal amount of cytochrome P-450 was directly proportional to
      the radiation dose applied. Under the same experimental conditions an increase of
      the catalase activity was also observed, suggesting that activated oxygen species
      produced by irradiation might be implicated in the induction of both enzymes. The
      sensitivity to H2O2 of cells containing high cytochrome P-450 levels was enhanced
      when this enzyme was specifically inhibited by tetrahydrofuran and metyrapone.
      This supports the hypothesis that cytochrome P-450, as well as catalase, might be
      involved in cell protection against oxidative damage.

PMID- 2660461
TI  - Structure and nuclear localization signal of the SKI3 antiviral protein of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The yeast chromosomal genes SKI2, SKI3, SKI4, SKI6, SKI7 and SKI8 repress the
      replication of double-stranded RNA viruses, protecting the host from the
      otherwise lethal effects of the virus. We cloned and sequenced the SKI3 gene and
      found that it encodes a 163 kDa protein including a typical nuclear localization
      signal. Cell fractionation experiments show that the SKI3 gene product is indeed
      tightly associated with nuclei and that the putative nuclear localization
      sequence directs beta-galactosidase into the nucleus. However, fusion of a part
      of the SKI3 protein lacking this signal with beta-galactosidase also directs beta
      galactosidase into the nucleus, suggesting the presence of a second nuclear
      localization signal. The SKI3 gene is only essential in the presence of an M
      double-stranded RNA virus.

PMID- 2660462
TI  - Kinetics of growth and glucose transport in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066.
AB  - The glucose transport capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 was studied
      in aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures. Two different transport systems
      were encountered with affinity constants of 1 and 20 mM, respectively. The
      capacity of these carriers (Vmax) was dependent on the dilution rate and the
      residual glucose concentration in the culture. From the residual glucose
      concentration in the fermenter and the kinetic constants of glucose transport,
      their in situ contribution to glucose consumption was determined. The sum of
      these calculated in situ transport rates correlated well with the observed rate
      of glucose consumption of the culture. The growth kinetics of S. cerevisiae CBS
      8066 in glucose-limited cultures were rather peculiar. At low dilution rates, at
      which glucose was completely respired, the glucose concentration in the fermenter
      was constant at 110 microM, independent of the glucose concentration in the
      reservoir. At higher dilution rates, characterized by the occurrence of both
      respiration and alcoholic fermentation, the residual substrate concentration
      followed Monod kinetics. In this case, however, the overall affinity constant was
      dependent on the reservoir glucose concentration.

PMID- 2660463
TI  - Structural comparison of the Pichia pastoris alcohol oxidase genes.
AB  - In methylotrophic yeasts, alcohol oxidase is the first enzyme in the methanol
      utilization pathway. The genome of one such yeast, Pichia pastoris, contains two
      alcohol oxidase genes, AOX1 and AOX2. Sequence analysis indicated that each gene
      encodes a similar protein of 663 amino acids. The protein-coding regions of the
      genes were 92% and 97% homologous at the nucleotide and predicted amino acid
      sequence levels, respectively. In contrast to homology observed within the
      protein-coding portions of the AOX genes, no homology was found in either the 5'
      or 3' non-coding regions. Although alcohol oxidase is found in peroxisomes of P.
      pastoris, the AOX amino acid sequences did not contain a peptide sequence similar
      to the peroxisomal transport sequence found at the C-terminus of some
      peroxisomally located proteins in higher eukaryotes.

PMID- 2660464
TI  - 5'-secondary structure formation, in contrast to a short string of non-preferred
      codons, inhibits the translation of the pyruvate kinase mRNA in yeast.
AB  - The effects of poor codon bias and secondary structure formation upon the
      translation of the pyruvate kinase (PYK1) mRNA have been investigated in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Following insertion mutagenesis at the 5'-end of the
      PYK1 coding region, the gene was transformed into yeast, and translation assessed
      directly in vivo by determining the distribution of the modified PYK1 mRNAs
      across polysomes fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The
      chromosomally-encoded (wild-type) PYK1 mRNA, and the actin, ribosomal protein L3
      and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNAs were used to control for minor
      differences between polysome preparations. An insertion containing 13 non
      preferred codons at the 5'-end of the coding region was found to have no
      significant effect upon PYK1 mRNA translation. In contrast, translation was
      inhibited by an insertion which increased the formation of secondary structures
      at the 5'-end of the mRNA (overall delta G = -36.6 kcal/mol). Control insertions
      were also analysed to exclude the possibility that alterations to the amino acid
      sequence of pyruvate kinase affect the translation of its mRNA. These insertions,
      which introduced preferred codons or restored wild-type levels of secondary
      structure formation, did not significantly influence PYK1 mRNA translation.

PMID- 2660465
TI  - [Non-trauma-induced hemothorax--a certain leading symptom of a malignant tumor?].
AB  - The haematothorax not induced by a trauma is very uncommon in childhood. Its
      presence may be the leading symptom of a malignant tumour that needs further
      investigation, but a correct diagnosis cannot always be made before thoracotomy.
      We report on 3 cases which had been operated on for suspected malignant disease,
      but in 1 case we found a diaphragmatic hernia, in another one an extralobal
      sequestration of the lung and only in the third patient a malignant teratoma. The
      diagnostic and therapeutic procedure of a spontaneous haemothorax is discussed.

PMID- 2660466
TI  - [Long-term results following hepatico-jejunostomy with antireflux valve
      construction in congenital bile duct dilatation caused by abnormal junction of
      the choledochus].
AB  - Cystic-cylindrical dilatation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts
      occurs rarely in childhood. Aetiologically, congenital pancreaticobiliary
      junction anomalies play a decisive part. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is by no
      means an easy matter. The best possible diagnostic approach to clarify the
      pathologico-anatomic conditions consists in sonography coupled with on-target
      partial intraoperative cholangiography presenting the preduodenal section of
      choledochus and pancreatic duct. Between 1979 and 1987 surgery was performed at
      the Paediatric Surgical Department of the Municipal Paediatric Hospital of
      Cologne on 18 patients suffering from intrahepatic and extrahepatic
      cysticocylindrical dilatation of the bile ducts due to confirmed ectopic
      pancreaticobiliary junction anomaly. This study does not include all other types
      of choledochus cysts or biliary duct dilatations without proven
      pancreaticobiliary junction anomaly. The treatment of choice is the resection of
      the dilated extrahepatic biliary ducts followed by hepatico-jejunostomy using the
      Roux-en-Y technique. To avoid cholangitis due to reflux of intestinal contents
      via the shunted jejunum loop, we are constructing a two-stage anti-refluxive
      muscular mucosa valve in the shunted loop; this practice has been followed by us
      since 1983. Permanent postoperative freedom from cholangitis in 10 children after
      construction of the valve prompts us to recommend this procedure also in other
      types of bile duct surgery, especially in the treatment of atresias.

PMID- 2660467
TI  - [Surgical treatment of chronic upper ankle joint instability in childhood].
AB  - The Department of Traumatology of the Hanover Medical School treated 347 patients
      having chronic instability or second stage rupture of the fibular ligament
      system, by surgery, during 1971 through 1986. Children were represented by one
      seventh of the total number of patients only (13%; n = 44); however, in children
      the preoperative and intraoperative findings are different from normal findings
      and must be treated surgically in a special way. Whereas in adults old
      osseous/osteochondral ligament tears are apt to be rare (16% of the cases), they
      can be seen in children in almost every second case (18 of 44). Surgical approach
      requires a step-by-step procedure to achieve maximum stability and minimum
      functional loss. First Choice: Direct reconstruction of the ligament in case of
      ligaments which are present but have not healed correctly from a biomechanical
      point of view (e.g. pseudoarthroticosseous ligament tear) or in case of second
      stage rupture (n = 20). Second Choice: Double periosteal flap plasty in case of
      necessary replacement of only one ligament (n = 13). Third Choice: Tenodesis of
      m. peroneus brevis using only half of the tendon chip while sparing the epiphysis
      if the condition persists for many years, or if ligaments cannot be reconstructed
      or replaced intraoperatively or if there is a combined instability of the ankle
      joint and the talo-calcaneonavicular joint (n = 11). In almost 90% of the cases
      very good to good results were obtained after five years, assessed according to a
      100-point schema.

PMID- 2660469
TI  - [Professor Dr. med. Fritz Schilling on the occasion of his 70th birthday 6 April
      1989].

PMID- 2660468
TI  - [Immunochemical and chromatographic determination of ABH antigens in compact bone
      tissue].
AB  - The identification of ABH antigens from compact bone tissue is known from many
      sources. The purpose of this study was to make a contribution to the localization
      of blood-group-active substances in compact bone tissue. A variety of preparation
      and identification methods were successfully used and compared. Samples were
      extracted from compact bone tissue, separated by HPTLC, and examined using the
      absorption-elution and PAP techniques. Additionally, the PAP technique was
      carried out on cryostat sections. Serologically active blood-group substances
      were consistently demonstrated in the organic components of the haversian canals.

PMID- 2660470
TI  - [Neonatal lupus erythematosus].
AB  - The neonatal lupus erythematosus syndrome, first described by McCuistion and
      Schoch in 1954, is associated with characteristic skin lesions and congenital
      heart block in the new-born, and the presence of Ro-(SSA), La-(SSB), or RNP
      antibodies in mothers and infants. A transplacental transference of maternal
      autoantibodies is discussed as possible pathophysiologic mechanism in neonatal
      lupus. The symptoms, the onset, and recently published pathogenetic concepts are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2660471
TI  - [The diagnosis of infections in pregnancy].
AB  - The frequent questions in which symptoms which infections should be excluded
      cannot be answered in a simple manner. In daily practise only such infections are
      possible to be excluded meaning a certain risk for the fetus. Of course other
      infections may be taken into consideration for differential diagnosis
      additionally. Especially Coxsackie-echoviruses, mycoplasmas and mononucleosis
      have been discussed as fetal damaging factors. Coxsackie-echovirus infections in
      late pregnancy may be responsible for severe neonatal diseases. Occasionally each
      banal infectious disease of a pregnant woman the gynaecologist is confronted with
      the question for the fetal risk. According to the symptoms the most important
      infections listed in tabl. XIV should be excluded. The remaining ones belong to
      the complex of the so called normal risk of 3.5 per cent in each pregnancy. This
      fact should be mentioned towards the pregnant women because of legal reasons.

PMID- 2660472
TI  - [Vaginal sonography in the diagnosis of early pregnancy].
AB  - In this study is reported on 401 transvaginal sonographic examinations in first
      trimenon of pregnancy. There were interpreted biometrical and functional
      findings. With 5 weeks p.m., chorion cavity can be identified by a transvaginal
      scan probe reaching a diameter of 3-8 mm. The vital embryo is recognized by its
      cardiac action with a embryonic length of 3 mm at the end of 6 weeks post
      menstruation. Thus with transvaginal sonography, details of embryonic development
      in the first trimester are visible 1-2 weeks earlier than with abdominal
      ultrasound examination. It is possible to estimate embryonic and trophoblastic
      structures of early gestation and to recognize non-viable early pregnancies.

PMID- 2660473
TI  - [Follow-up and wound healing following cesarean section with prophylactic use of
      Vagimid in comparison with the puerperal course without the use of Vagimid].
AB  - The effect of postoperative metronidazole prophylaxis was investigated on
      infection morbidity in childbed. 376 women who have been delivered by caesarean
      section in the time of three years were divided into the metronidazole group
      (172) and the control (204) by random selection. In the metronidazole group (n =
      36; 21.0%) significantly less cases of febrile course of puerperium were observed
      than in the control (n = 85; 41.7%). Patients with secondary sections revealed a
      significant reduction of infection morbidity. The consequences of the risk
      factors "increased duration (greater than 8 h) of the rupture of the membranes"
      and "a more than 8 h duration of labor" could be diminished. A metronidazole
      prophylaxis is recommended in all cases of secondary sections beginning
      immediately after cutting the umbilical cord.

PMID- 2660474
TI  - [Various mechanisms of formation of chronic tularemia in highly-sensitive animal
      species (Microtus rossiae-meridionalis)].
AB  - Experiments on voles belonging to the tularemia-sensitive species Microtus
      rossiae-Meridionalis, infected with Francisella tularensis highly virulent strain
      503, have been carried out with the aim of studying the pathogenesis of chronic
      tularemia. The experiments have been made with the use of live and killed
      microbial cells. The significance of the multiple oral administration of killed
      bacteria to voles for the development of the atypical form of infection has been
      shown. The possibility of the early (on day 2) formation of antibodies in the
      blood of some of the animals has been established. Repeated feeding has been
      found to lead to almost 100% seroconversion in the animals. This fact can be
      attributed to the rapid spread of the antigen (1-5 hours) in the organs of
      individual animals. Besides, the causative agent is present in large amounts in
      lymphoid formations of the intestinal tract and in the lumen of the intestine,
      which creates conditions for the early contact of the massive dose of the antigen
      with immunocompetent cells and for the rapid development of systemic and local
      immune response. Morphological study indicates the presence of the rapid (24
      hours) proliferative reaction of the cells making up the lymphoid apparatus of
      the intestine, their plasmocytic and macrophagal transformation. Thus, after the
      infection of voles with a mixture of live and killed bacteria the development of
      the early phases of the infectious process occurs simultaneously with the
      systemic and local transformation of the macroorganism, which contributes to the
      benevolent course of the infectious process in some of the animals.

PMID- 2660475
TI  - [Use of a system of biotechnological parameters of culturing processes in the
      comparative characteristics of various strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae].
AB  - The use of the complex system of the biotechnological parameters of cultivation
      processes permitted the subdivision of the strains belonging to 16 pneumococcal
      serotypes under study into two groups. The strains characterized by direct
      relationship between the constructive and energetic parameters of the cultivation
      process, the faintly pronounced capsule and low virulence are classified with
      group 1. The characteristic features classified with group 2 were the inverse
      relationship between the constructive and energetic parameters, intensive capsule
      formation and higher virulence. The comparative analysis of the strain of
      serotype 3 and its noncapsular form revealed that the strain showed the loss of
      virulence and an increase in the energy parameters of the cultivation process.

PMID- 2660476
TI  - [Ecologic and epidemiologic features of the circulation of streptococcus group B
      at a maternity clinic].
AB  - In a maternity clinic the circulation of group B streptococci among the newborns,
      their mothers and the personnel was established during the period of 1982-1985.
      Group B streptococci were detected at different biotypes of newborns (the
      pharynx, the imbilical stump, external suditory meatus, nasal and oral mucosa,
      eyes and feces), their mothers (the vagina, the perianal area, breast milk, the
      pharynx, urine, the umbilical cord, amniotic fluid) and in the pharynx of the
      personnel. In this maternity clinic 15 combinations of type antigens were
      detected, two combinations (1a/c and 1 b/c) prevailing among them. These results
      confirmed earlier data concerning two possible ways of transferring infection to
      newborn infants: vertical, i.e. from the mother to the child during parturition,
      and nosocomial, i.e. from contaminated newborns or members of the personnel.

PMID- 2660477
TI  - [Detection of tularemia pathogens in patients with the use of an
      immunofluorescence reaction].
AB  - For the first time three cases of the detection of Francisella tularensis, made
      by means of the direct immunofluorescence test in the fluid obtained from
      punctured buboes or in purulent matter taken from patients with the ulcerous
      bubonic form of tularemia, are presented. The simplicity of the test and its
      capacity of yielding rapid results make it possible to recommend this test,
      together with other diagnostic methods, for the clinical diagnosis of tularemia.

PMID- 2660478
TI  - [The effect of blood serum components on the growth, biochemical and biological
      properties of streptococcus].
AB  - The components of cattle blood serum, added to the medium for the cultivation of
      group A streptococci, considerably decrease the period of adaptation and increase
      the balanced growth rate of streptococci, which is manifested by changes in the
      surface structures of the cell wall: the absence or modification of protein M.
      Streptococci grown under these conditions lose their capacity for phagocytosis,
      and from the cell walls obtained from these streptococci no surface protein M can
      be isolated by pepsin treatment. Nevertheless, the ratio of the main cell-wall
      components (proteins, polysaccharide and peptidoglycan), the amino acid
      composition, as well as the resistance of the cell walls to the action of trypsin
      and endo-N-acetylmuramidase are the same in M+ and Mx variants, that makes it
      possible to infer that the modification of protein M or the inhibition of its
      synthesis occurs during the growth of streptococci in the presence of blood serum
      components.

PMID- 2660479
TI  - [Pathogenesis of intestinal infections as a sign of interaction of pathogens with
      the host's body].

PMID- 2660480
TI  - [Genetics of the abdominal typhoid pathogen].

PMID- 2660481
TI  - [Campylobacter-induced gastritis].

PMID- 2660482
TI  - Pathophysiologic and anesthetic correlations of the prune-belly syndrome.
AB  - "Prune-Belly" is the name given to the disease which is characterized by a
      congenital wrinkled appearance of the abdomen. Usually, a triad of congenital
      anomalies highlights the components of the prune-belly syndrome. This triad
      consists of undescended testicles, abdominal musculature deficiency and urinary
      tract abnormalities. The previously described triad of the syndrome is by no
      means the total spectrum of the disease. Prune-belly syndrome is also associated
      with diseases of the respiratory, cardiovascular, skeletal, gastrointestinal and
      central nervous systems. Associated diseases of major body systems which are
      caused by renal and cardiopulmonary anomalies, as well as the surgical procedure
      to be performed, influence the plan for the administration of anesthesia. The
      nature of the genitourinary diseases in the prune-belly baby may obviate the need
      for surgical intervention as early as the neonatal period of life. Although this
      congenital disease occurs with some rarity, the gravity of the syndrome demands
      an in-depth knowledge of its pathophysiology in order to assure uncomplicated
      anesthetic care. Astute surveillance during preanesthetic, anesthetic, and
      postanesthetic management is germane to the prevention of mishaps.

PMID- 2660483
TI  - AANA Journal course: new technologies in anesthesia: update for nurse
      anesthetists--monitoring depth of anesthesia using a reliable esophageal method.
      (continuing education credit)
AB  - Until recently, there had been no simple, accurate, and reliable technique for
      monitoring depth of anesthesia, but now a monitoring system that measures lower
      esophageal contractility (LEC) is available. The system consists of a monitor and
      a disposable esophageal stethoscope equipped with provoking and measuring
      balloons. Since the brain stem directly controls the motor function of the
      esophagus, LEC was postulated to reflect the anesthetic state of the patient.
      Multiple-center clinical studies have shown that LEC correlates significantly
      with administered levels of intravenous and inhalation anesthetic agents and
      patient responses to surgical stimulation. Monitoring LEC permits the clinician
      to administer the dose of drug needed without the complications associated with
      "too deep" or "too light" anesthesia.

PMID- 2660484
TI  - Tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - This paper reviews the available literature on normal fetal and transitional
      circulation and its importance in understanding the abnormal circulation related
      to tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). The anatomical defects of TOF are described along
      with the clinical manifestations related to each defect. Surgical management and
      risk factors, which play a major role in the anesthetic management of these
      patients, and the surgical corrections and associated risk factors are related to
      anesthetic management currently in use. Anesthetic techniques of choice,
      emphasizing the impact of drug interactions and complications, are reviewed.
      Current postoperative results are presented with long-term survival rates.

PMID- 2660485
TI  - Trends in higher education: preparing nurse anesthesia education for the future.

PMID- 2660486
TI  - The history of nursing program articulation in Alberta. Part one.

PMID- 2660487
TI  - Habent sua fata libelli: the adventurous story of Albert Szent-Gyorgyi's book
      entitled Studies on Muscle (1945).

PMID- 2660488
TI  - In-vitro stimulation on the rat epitrochlearis muscle. II. Effects of
      catecholamines and nutrients on protein degradation and amino acid metabolism.
AB  - The influence of catecholamines and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) plus
      insulin on protein degradation and amino acid metabolism was investigated in
      isolated and electrically stimulated rat epitrochlearis muscles. 10(-7) M
      adrenaline significantly increased the total amount of muscle tyrosine during 40
      min of stimulation with 50 Hz (I s min 1) pulse trains. On the other hand, BCAA +
      insulin at normal and five times normal plasma concentrations had no effect on
      muscle tyrosine. Muscle 3- methylhistidine was not influenced by any of the
      treatments. Muscle release and content of aspartate, alanine, glutamate and
      glutamine showed individual response characteristics to catecholamines and BCAA +
      insulin. The data indicate that adrenaline can induce an increased total protein
      degradation in rat fast muscle during acute contractions in vitro and,
      furthermore, that BCAA + insulin does not retard protein breakdown during acute
      muscle contraction.

PMID- 2660489
TI  - Interaction between gastrin-17 and oxytocin on plasma levels of insulin, glucagon
      and glucose in conscious dogs.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate how infusion of gastrin-17 and
      oxytocin affects plasma levels of insulin, glucagon and glucose in order to
      elucidate how the two hormones contribute to metabolic changes seen in situations
      where they are released, e.g. feeding and suckling during lactation. Thus,
      gastrin-17 (0.5 and 2.0 nmol kg-1 h-1) and oxytocin (0.11 and 1.1 nmol kg-1 h-1)
      were infused separately or simultaneously into conscious dogs. Both gastrin-17
      and oxytocin induced significant, dose-dependent increases in insulin levels. An
      additive effect on insulin levels was obtained when gastrin-17 and oxytocin were
      infused simultaneously. Glucagon levels were not affected by gastrin-17 whereas
      infusion of 1.1 nmol kg-1 h-1 of oxytocin was followed by a significant increase.
      In contrast to a slight transient increase in the glucose level induced by
      oxytocin, infusion of gastrin-17 caused a sustained period of hypoglycaemia.
      Thus, infusion of gastrin-17 and oxytocin, respectively, gave rise to different
      ratios between circulating concentrations of insulin and glucagon reflected in
      different effects on the glucose level. The gastrin-induced hypoglycaemia could
      reflect that gastrin, via a release of insulin, promotes storing of glucose, e.g.
      in connection with feeding. That infusion of oxytocin caused a parallel increase
      in insulin and glucagon levels together with a slight increase in the glucose
      level could imply that oxytocin favours mobilization of glucose, e.g. during
      lactation.

PMID- 2660490
TI  - Collaboration with families for the rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients and
      the concept of expressed emotion.
AB  - Recent interest in community care of schizophrenic patients has led to
      publication of a number of studies that deal with patients' rehabilitation in
      their families. Joint efforts of psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers
      have produced a number of techniques for collaboration with families of
      schizophrenic patients, including techniques based on the concept of expressed
      emotion. This concept is presented with reference to its spectrum consistency in
      time, generalizability to nonfamily setups, relationship to relapse, prevalence
      in disorders other than schizophrenia and usefulness in comparison to other
      concepts in family therapy of schizophrenia. Caution is urged in not
      incriminating the family in causing relapse, after the quiet abandonment of older
      theories that blamed families for initiating the illness of schizophrenic
      members.

PMID- 2660491
TI  - [Epidemiology of dementias: methodologic considerations].
AB  - In this article epidemiological studies of dementia states are review to document
      the current approaches. Objectives, instruments, risk factors and sampling
      definition are valuable aspects which have been reviewed. A two-phase study and a
      standardised interview and examination schedule CAMDEX (The Cambridge Examination
      for Mental Disorders of the Elderly) are suggested by the authors as promising
      strategies for the future research.

PMID- 2660492
TI  - [Suicide risk after attempted suicide (its incidence and predictive evaluation].
AB  - The authors have revised the bibliography about predictive evaluation of suicide
      in attempted subject. It seems that the prediction is only possible determining
      the presence of a symptom: the hopelessness.

PMID- 2660493
TI  - [Problems of sampling and fieldwork in community health studies].
AB  - We analyse in this paper, from the experience acquired in different community
      surveys, some methodological aspects which we consider essential for the
      development of these projects. The aspects reviewed are integrated in the
      following three fundamental areas: --Costs and financing. --Sampling strategy. -
      Field work: preparation and execution. The advantages and disadvantages of the
      different possible alternatives, in each of the three areas, are discussed on the
      light of the data obtained in the project which on "Alcohol related problems" we
      are conducting in Cantabria.

PMID- 2660494
TI  - Biology and molecular biology of furoviruses.

PMID- 2660495
TI  - Toward understanding the molecular basis for attenuation of picornaviruses.

PMID- 2660496
TI  - Industrial production of viral pesticides.

PMID- 2660497
TI  - Pharmacological evaluation of rat paw oedema induced by Bothrops jararaca venom.
AB  - The mechanism involved in the genesis of the rat paw oedema caused by
      intraplantar (IPL) injection of Bothrops jararaca venom (BJV) has been
      investigated. IPL injection of BJV (1 to 30 micrograms/paw) caused a dose- and
      time-related oedematogenic effect. Oedema was maximal within 1 h after BJV
      injection, was partially reduced at 6 h and disappeared completely within 24 h.
      No systemic effect was observed. Previous heating of BJV at 100 degrees C for 3
      to 30 min caused a significant inhibition (25%) of its oedematogenic activity.
      Daily IPL injections of BJV (10 micrograms/paw) for 4 days attenuated BJV-induced
      oedema (26%), but did not influence oedema-induced by PAF-acether, serotonin (5
      HT) and histamine (His), indicating the absence of cross desensitization. In the
      paw desensitized by daily IPL injections of PAF-acether, BJV induced a full
      oedematogenic response also indicating absence of cross desensitization.
      Different groups of drugs including alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists
      (prazosin and yohimbine), inhibitors of both cyclo- and lipo-oxygenase
      (indomethacin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid), inhibitors of phospholipase A2
      (dexamethasone and mepacrine) caused marked inhibition of BJV-induced rat paw
      oedema, whereas antagonists of 5-HT, PAF-acether and H1-histamine receptors were
      less effective. Pre-treatment with a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, a Ca2+ channel
      blocker and a H2-histamine antagonist failed to affect BJV-induced oedema. Pre
      treatment of the animals with captopril did not interfere with BJV-induce oedema,
      suggesting that kinins are not insolved in the genesis of oedema. Association of
      BJV with 5-HT and PAF did not potentiate the BJV-induced oedema.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660499
TI  - [Two cases of ureteral endometriosis].
AB  - We report two successfully treated cases of ureteral endometriosis. Case 1 is in
      a 47-year-old female who had a past history of simple hysterectomy and right
      oophorectomy. Pathological diagnosis was myoma uteri and pelvic endometriosis.
      Two months later, she visited our clinic for right flank pain. Excretory urogram
      and retrograde pyelogram revealed right hydroureteronephrosis and stricture of
      the right lower ureter. The diagnosis of ureteral endometriosis was made from the
      past history and clinical features. Danazol therapy started with a daily dose of
      400 mg. Sixteen days later, excretory urogram demonstrated complete resolution of
      the right hydronephrosis. An intravenous pyelography about 1 year after the
      danazol therapy has indicated no recurrence. Case 2 is in a 35-year-old female
      who visited our clinic for right lumbar pain. Excretory urogram and retrograde
      pyelogram revealed right hydroureteronephrosis and stricture of the right lower
      ureter. Right ureterocystoneostomy was performed unsuccessfully resulting in
      endoscopic dilation. Right lower ureter was buried in the dense fibrous tissue
      approximately 5 cm below the crossing with iliac vessels. The area of obstruction
      was removed. Histologically, endometriosis was diagnosed. Twenty nine cases of
      ureteral endometriosis including our two cases were collected from the Japanese
      literatures and reviewed with respect to the clinical features and treatment.

PMID- 2660500
TI  - [Report of two cases of long ureteral polyps and review of literature].
AB  - Two cases of long ureteral polyps are presented. The patients were a 46-and a 40
      year-old women, complaining of gross hematuria and miction pain respectively.
      Excretory urographies showed filling defects of right ureter and lower part of
      left ureter respectively. Right and left total nephroureterectomy with bladder
      cuff were respectively performed because of malignant possibility. The tumors
      removed were benign polyps, measuring 19 and 5 cm in length, respectively. The 19
      cm polyp is the longest in Japan. The former case was suspected as hamartoma from
      mullerian duct and the latter as simple fibro-epithelial polyp.

PMID- 2660498
TI  - Eicosanoid regulation of acute intestinal vascular permeability induced by
      intravenous peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers.
AB  - A model of rapidly developing, self-limited acute vascular permeability changes
      localized to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the rat was used to
      study the role of prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (Txs), and leukotrienes
      (LTs) in the in vivo regulation of early intestinal inflammatory events. Sprague
      Dawley rats were pretreated with metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, or receptor
      antagonists of the arachidonic acid pathway before intravenous injection of
      sonicated peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers derived from group A streptococci
      (PG-APS, 5 micrograms rhamnose/g body weight). Rats were killed five minutes
      after PG-APS injection and were evaluated grossly for petechiae of the intestinal
      parenchyma and lymphoid aggregates. Indomethacin or dexamethasone increased
      intestinal injury by PG-APS by inducing mid-small bowel and cecal parenchymal
      hemorrhage. Indomethacin significantly diminished colonic lymphoid aggregate
      hemorrhage. PGE1, PGE2, and prostacyclin dramatically inhibited GALT hemorrhage;
      prostacyclin was the most potent with an effective dose of 0.1 microgram/kg.
      Dazmegrel, a specific Tx synthetase antagonist, significantly inhibited PG-APS
      induced vascular permeability. Dazmegrel continued to diminish colonic lymphoid
      aggregated hemorrhage during concurrent treatment with indomethacin, which
      removed potential endogenous prostaglandin protection. Diethylcarbamazine, a
      lipoxygenase inhibitor, and FPL-55712, a LT receptor antagonist, inhibited the PG
      APS-induced lesions, with FPL-55712 being more potent. LT blockade had a
      predominant effect on the intestinal parenchymal hemorrhage. We postulate that
      the normal homeostatic suppression of inflammation induced by phlogistic
      bacterial cell wall polymers is PG mediated, and that pathological responses are
      Tx and LT dependent.

PMID- 2660501
TI  - [Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in adolescence: report of a
      case].
AB  - The patient is a 17 year-old girl who was admitted with the chief complaint of
      asymptomatic gross hematuria. Excretory urography showed a filling defect of the
      urinary bladder. Abdominal echography showed a papillary tumor of the urinary
      bladder. Cystoscopy showed a papillary bladder tumor on the posterior area of
      left ureteral orifice. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was performed
      for diagnosis and treatment. Pathological diagnosis was papillary transitional
      cell carcinoma (grade 1, pTa). Thirty cases of transitional cell tumor of the
      urinary bladder in childhood and adolescence have been reported in Japan
      including this case.

PMID- 2660502
TI  - [Localized amyloidosis of urinary bladder: a case report].
AB  - A case of localized amyloidosis of the urinary bladder is reported. A 82-year-old
      woman visited our hospital with the chief complaint of miction pain and residual
      urine sensation. Cystoscopic examination revealed a broad-based and nonpapillary
      tumor without bleeding on the right lateral wall. A transurethral biopsy of this
      tumor was performed. A histopathological examination with H.E. and Congo red
      stains demonstrated amyloid deposition in the submucosal layers of the vesical
      wall. Rectal biopsy and other findings suggested no deposition of amyloid in
      other organs. On the basis of these findings, we made a diagnosis of localized
      amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. To the best of our knowledge, the present
      case is the 23rd of localized amyloidosis of urinary bladder in Japan. The
      patient was asymptomatic after biopsy. We discuss the clinical features and
      management of this disease.

PMID- 2660503
TI  - [A case of herniation of the bladder].
AB  - A 34-year-old man was admitted with pain on urination, pollakisuria and left
      inguinal hernia. He had undergone a surgery for the left inguinal hernia 3 times,
      about 30 years, 28 years and 14 years earlier. Physical examination revealed that
      there was an elastic soft mass in the left inguinal region. Cystoscopy and
      cystography showed the bladder herniation and left vesicoureteral reflux (Grade
      1). Radical surgery for the hernia of bladder was not performed. The literature
      on the hernia of the bladder in Japan were collected and discussed.

PMID- 2660504
TI  - [Intrascrotal sclerosing lipogranuloma: a case report].
AB  - We report a case of genital sclerosing lipogranuloma, which lacks any causative
      agents or episode of genital trauma. The patient was a single male of 27 years
      old. Open biopsy revealed it lipogranuloma with no evidence of malignancy. Cut
      surface of the removed mass was solid and greyish white. The histopathological
      diagnosis was sclerosing lipogranuloma. The remnant of the mass disappeared after
      the treatment with an anti-inflammatory agent. No recurrence has occurred for 1
      year and 10 months.

PMID- 2660505
TI  - [Primary hyperparathyroidism in a child with parathyroid crisis--review of 24
      cases reported in Japan].
AB  - A 9-year-old boy, who had been admitted to the Pediatric Department for the
      examination of IgA nephropathy, was transferred to our urological clinic on Aug.
      6, 1985, because of parathyroid crisis. Before urological consultation, he had
      been complaining of bilateral knee and calcaneal pain, anorexia and abdominal
      pain, which had persisted for several days. Laboratory data indicated serum Ca of
      17.6 mg/dl, iP of 2.3 mg/dl and iPTH of 0.77 ng/ml. Roentgenographic examination
      such as chest, extremities and neck computed tomography showed no abnormal
      findings. The final diagnosis was parathyroid crisis caused by primary
      hyperparathyroidism and neck exploration was carried out on August. 10. Left
      upper parathyroid gland, which was 1 cm in diameter, was surgically removed. The
      other three glands were normal in size. Histological examination of the resected
      parathyroid gland revealed chief cell adenoma. In the post-operative course,
      serum Ca level was soon reduced to the normal range and bone pain disappeared
      rapidly. During the follow up period of 2.5 years, the patient was clinically
      free of recurrence. Only 23 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism in children have
      been reported in the Japanese literature. The clinical characteristics of these
      specific cases are that primary hyperparathyroidism in children shows a low
      incidence of renal lesion, but the complicated bone disease is of higher
      incidence compared with the adult cases. Histopathologically, parathyroid adenoma
      was frequently observed (14/19), and the other 5 cases were parathyroid
      hyperplasia.

PMID- 2660506
TI  - [4 cases of paraquat poisoning].
AB  - A clinical study was performed on 4 patients with paraquat poisoning treated
      between 1985 and 1987. The survival rate was 0% in our hospital.

PMID- 2660507
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of serum gamma-seminoprotein in patients with prostatic
      cancer].
AB  - The level of serum gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) was measured by enzyme
      immunoassay in 62 patients with untreated prostatic cancer and 89 patients with
      benign prostatic hypertrophy histologically diagnosed to assess the clinical
      usefulness as a tumor marker. The level of serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)
      was also measured by radioimmunoassay in these patients simultaneously. Serum
      gamma-Sm levels in prostatic cancer were significantly higher than in benign
      prostatic hypertrophy. There was a tendency for serum gamma-Sm levels in
      prostatic cancer to increase with statistically significant difference as the
      stage progressed. A gamma-Sm level of over 5.0 ng/ml was considered to be
      positive. The positive rate of gamma-Sm was 56.5% in prostatic cancer (stage A.B:
      32.3%, stage C: 75.0%, stage D: 90.9%) and 19.1% in benign prostatic hypertrophy.
      In stage A.B cases, the positive rate of gamma-Sm was higher than that of PAP.
      Therefore, the measurement of gamma-Sm is considered to be useful in the
      diagnosis of early prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2660508
TI  - [The role of serum IgG antibody of Chlamydia trachomatis in urogenital tract
      diseases].
AB  - In the present study, the frequency of antigen and the titer of serum IgG
      antibody for Chlamydia trachomatis in non-gonococcal urethritis and prostatitis
      and the variation in the titer of serum IgG antibody were investigated. The
      frequency of antigen for C. trachomatis was 44.4% in men with non-gonococcal
      urethritis and 9.1% in those with prostatitis. The serum IgG antibody was found
      in 59.3% of the men with non-gonococcal urethritis and in 54.5% of the men with
      prostatitis. There was a high change to show positive serum IgG antibody in
      patients with non-gonococcal urethritis of positive antigen for C. trachomatis.
      The variation makes the titer of serum IgG antibody a poor index of the therapy
      of C. trachomatis.

PMID- 2660509
TI  - [A case of renal tumor with erythrocytosis].
AB  - A case of renal tumor with secondary erythrocytosis and acute occlusion of the
      left common iliac artery is reported. The patient was a 73-year-old male who
      complained of right upper abdominal pain. Laboratory investigation at admission
      revealed erythrocytosis. Radiological examinations including excretory urography,
      angiography and computed tomographic (CT) scan showed that the hypervascular
      tumor was related to the right kidney with pulmonary metastases. Transabdominal
      echography revealed a tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava. The tumor was not
      surgically removed, and IFN-alpha (HLBI) at a dose of 3 x 10(6) units was
      administered intramuscularly for 6 consecutive days every week and UFT at a dose
      of 3 capsules was given by oral route daily. About two months later, acute
      occlusion of the left common iliac artery with necrosis of the left toes
      occurred, and the left lower extremity was amputated. The high haematocrit
      resulted in an increase of blood viscosity which caused acute arterial occlusive
      disease. The association between renal tumor and erythrocytosis is discussed.

PMID- 2660510
TI  - [Two cases of metastatic renal tumor].
AB  - Two cases of metastatic renal tumor are reported, one in a 78-year-old male who
      had undergone total gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma, and the other in a 45-year
      old female who had undergone hysterectomy for cervical carcinoma of the uterus.
      The chief complaint was flank pain and nephrectomy was performed in both cases.
      Histopathological examination of the removed specimen revealed metastatic renal
      tumor the primary site of which was probably the stomach in the first case and
      cervix uteri in the second case. The literature on metastatic renal tumors in
      Japan is reviewed.

PMID- 2660511
TI  - [Milk of calcium renal stone: a case report].
AB  - A case of milk of calcium renal stone is presented. A 29-year-old woman
      complained of fever up and left lateral abdominal pain was diagnosis of milk of
      calcium renal stone. Ultrasonography showed hemispheric hypoechoic area and
      horizontal high echoic line with acoustic shadow. So-called "milk of calcium
      renal stone" is relatively uncommon and reports of ultrasonographic features are
      rare.

PMID- 2660512
TI  - [The foreign body granuloma after pyeloplasty: report of a case].
AB  - We report a rare case of foreign body granuloma on plain catgut which developed
      after Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty for obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction in
      a 3-year-old boy. We use plain catgut as the suture material on pyeloplasty and
      seldom experience such a complication. Regarding suture material on pyeloplasty,
      excessive sutures intended to make anastomosis water-tight to prevent urinary
      leakage should be avoided in children because they are apt to form foreign body
      granuloma.

PMID- 2660513
TI  - [Inverted papilloma of the bladder with mild atypia].
AB  - A case of inverted papilloma of the bladder with mild atypia in a 31-year-old
      male is reported. The patient was admitted complaining of macroscopic hematuria.
      An excretory urogram revealed a small filling defect in the center of the
      bladder. A 15 x 11 mm. exophytic lesion was noted at the center of the trigone by
      cystoscopy and ultrasonography. The patient underwent transurethral resection of
      the bladder tumor and selected-site mucosal biopsies. The result of a
      histopathological examination of the tumor was an inverted configuration with
      nuclear atypia, corresponding to transitional cell carcinoma, grade 1. No
      histopathological abnormalities in the normal-appearing bladder mucosa were
      observed. The patient has been subsequently followed up for 43 months and there
      was no evidence of recurrence.

PMID- 2660514
TI  - [A case of cystitis cystica and glandularis suspected of submucosal tumor of
      urinary bladder].
AB  - A case of cystitis cystica and glandularis is reported. The patient visited our
      hospital with the complaint of terminal miction pain. Cystoscopic examination
      showed a walnut-sized, well-defined mass in the retrotrigone. The surface of the
      mass was nodular and partially cystic. Computer tomography showed a mass
      protruding inside and outside of the bladder. Transurethral biopsies of the mass
      revealed cystitis cystica and glandularis.

PMID- 2660515
TI  - [Psychogenic urinary retention: report of two cases].
AB  - Case 1 was a 24-year-old woman, with a broken heart who complained of urinary
      retention. Cystometry revealed a hypoactive bladder without detrusor contraction.
      Case 2 was a 30-year-old man, who thought that he had renal failure. Urodynamic
      study showed hypoactive bladder without detrusor contraction. External sphincter
      electromyograph revealed no evidense of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. These 2
      cases were treated by psychotherapy, administration of diazepam and bethanechole,
      and intermittent self catheterization. The Japanese literature on the psychogenic
      urinary retention is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2660516
TI  - [A case of traumatic rupture of the testicle].
AB  - Traumatic rupture of the testicle is rare because of the protection afforded by
      surrounding structures. Many clinicians now speculate that this entity is
      underreported due to misdiagnosis. However, the condition should not be
      overlooked because of the importance of early treatment for the preservation of
      testicular function. A more aggressive approach to scrotal hematoma has been
      advocated. A case of traumatic rupture of testicle in a 21-year-old patient is
      reported. The testicle was surgically explored 6 days after trauma to the
      scrotum. The tunica albuginea was repaired and the testicle was preserved.
      Discussion is made especially on the injury to scrotum.

PMID- 2660517
TI  - [A case of bowenoid papulosis of the penis].
AB  - A 44-year-old man, who was seen for further examination of macroscopic hematuria,
      was found to have black eruptions on the penis and the scrotum. These eruptions
      appeared benign clinically, but on histological examination they showed the
      features of Bowen's disease. These eruptions were diagnosed as Bowenoid papulosis
      and were successfully treated with 5-FU cream. Twenty five cases of Bowenoid
      papulosis observed in men have been reported in Japan. Although Bowenoid
      papulosis is characterized by the histopathologic conditions of Bowen's disease,
      the lesions of Bowenoid papulosis differ clinically from those of Bowen's disease
      in several respects: onset at earlier average age, multiplicity of lesion, lack
      of associated symptoms, smaller size of the lesion, clinical morphologic features
      and possible spontaneous regression.

PMID- 2660518
TI  - [A case of lymphangioma of penis].
AB  - A 9-year-old boy was seen with chief complaint of a penile mass with pain. The
      movable mass was palpable in the subcutaneous tissue of the penis apart from the
      median raphe. The mass was excised enbloc. Histological examination revealed that
      the mass was a lymphangioma of penis consisting of several endothelial-lined
      cysts. Convalescense was uneventful. Eighteen cases of lymphangioma or
      lymphangiectasia of penis including the present case in the Japanese literature
      are reviewed.

PMID- 2660520
TI  - [Adrenal tumors discovered incidentally on ultrasonography: three case reports].
AB  - A series of three adrenal tumors is reported. They were discovered incidentally
      on ultrasonography for screening. One case was a benign pheochromocytoma and the
      others were non-functioning adrenocortical adenomas. They were hypoechoic on
      ultrasonography and were 4.5 x 3.5 x 4.0, 3.0 x 2.5 x 2.5 and 3.5 x 2.5 x 2.0 cm.
      Non-functioning adrenal tumors of a diameter smaller than 3.0 cm generally tended
      not to require surgery. Ultrasonography is useful for screening and evaluating
      patients with an adrenal mass without surgery as well as is computed tomographic
      scan.

PMID- 2660519
TI  - [Restorative effect of muroctasin; MDP-Lys (L18) [DJ-7041] on leukopenia in
      urogenital cancer patients treated with chemotherapy].
AB  - Muroctasin, a derivative of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), increases WBC count through
      induction of the colony stimulating factor (CSF). This action of muroctasin is
      useful to treat cancer patients with leukopenia on chemotherapy. Urogenital
      cancer patients were randomized to either a 50 micrograms or 100 micrograms dose
      group of muroctasin when the WBC count dropped below 3,000/cmm in the first cycle
      of chemotherapy. The patients were then subcutaneously treated with muroctasin
      once daily for 6 consecutive days, and restoration of their WBC count determined.
      Out of the 32 patients who were enrolled in the study, 25, 24 and 23 patients
      were assessed for safety, usefulness and efficacy, respectively. The 100
      micrograms dose was more effective in restoring the WBC count than the 50
      micrograms dose based on the evaluation by the physicians. This result was also
      confirmed when we used the criteria for evaluation of adverse reactions as
      recommended by the Japanese guidelines for evaluation of efficacy of chemotherapy
      on solid tumors. Mild fever and reaction at the injection site were noted in 16%
      (4/25). In conclusion, muroctasin is useful for leukopenia after chemotherapy.

PMID- 2660521
TI  - [Angiomyolipoma: diagnosed preoperatively as renal cell carcinoma by CT scan].
AB  - We report a case of angiomyolipoma diagnosed preoperatively as renal cell
      carcinoma by computer tomographic scan, ultrasonography and angiography. The
      method of diagnosis is discussed and the literature reviewed.

PMID- 2660522
TI  - [2 cases of intermittent hydronephrosis--usefulness of ultrasonography].
AB  - Case 1: An 8-year-old boy consulted our clinic complaining of left flank colicky
      pain. He had a past history of the same episode. Ultrasonographic study was
      promptly performed. Left hydronephrosis was detected. At operation, left aberrant
      renal vessel was resected, and he has been free of pain. Case 2: A 65-year-old
      woman consulted our clinic because of abdominal pain and fever, who occasionally
      had the same episode. The existence and disappearance of the right hydronephrosis
      could be observed by emergency ultrasonography and following ultrasonic study,
      and the stenosis of the right lower ureter caused of cystitis cystica and
      glandularis was pointed out by retrograde ureterography. Diuresis ultrasonography
      by furosemide was performed to evaluate urinary tract stricture. In case 1, an
      incomplete obstruction pattern was obtained after operation, and in case 2, a
      complete obstruction pattern was shown. The emergency ultrasonography and
      diuresis ultrasonography were useful for the diagnosis and observation of
      intermittent hydronephrosis.

PMID- 2660523
TI  - [Nontraumatic subcapsular renal hematoma: report of a case].
AB  - A case of nontraumatic subcapsular renal hematoma was reported. The patient was a
      41-year-old woman. She complained of right flank colic pain. Her excretory
      pyelography showed right hydronephrosis and ureteral stone, and demonstrated a
      large mass involving the right kidney and medial displacement of its collecting
      system. Ultrasonic examination and computed tomography revealed right subcapsular
      renal hematoma. Since we found no malignancy, we made a puncture and drained the
      lesion. A bloody aliquot was gained and its cytological examination was negative.
      Her clinical course was uneventful. After 6 months the hematoma was absorbed
      clearly. A review was made of 38 cases of nontraumatic subcapsular renal
      hematoma, including our own case. Of these, the cause was unidentified in 17
      cases. Hydronephrosis, mostly associated with calculi, renal infarcts, nephritis
      and renal cell carcinoma followed. Of 38 cases, 2 (5.3%) were of malignant tumor.

PMID- 2660524
TI  - [Foreign body in the kidney: a case report and a review of the Japanese
      literature].
AB  - A 50-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of
      right lumbago. She had undergone acupuncture for right lumbago several years
      earlier. Radiography revealed a linear metallic shadow in the right kidney.
      Computed tomographic scan revealed it to be located in the right renal
      parenchyma. The foreign body was extracted operatively. Including our case, 43
      cases of foreign bodies in the upper urinary tract found in the Japanese
      literature so far are reviewed.

PMID- 2660525
TI  - [Primary cancer of the vesical diverticulum in a patient with spinal cord injury:
      report of a case].
AB  - A case of primary cancer of the vesical diverticulum in a patient with spinal
      cord injury is reported. A 78-year-old man with L1 incomplete paraplegia, who
      complained of asymptomatic gross hematuria, was referred to our hospital on
      September 2, 1986. Urethrocystoscopy showed papillary tumor in the diverticulum
      and three small stones. Histopathological findings of the biopsied specimen of
      the tumor revealed transitional cell carcinoma grade 3. Partial resection of the
      bladder involving diverticulum with right ureterovesiconeostomy and right pelvic
      lymphadenectomy was performed on October 17, 1986. Histopathological findings
      revealed transitional cell carcinoma grade 3 with submucosal invasion into the
      muscular layer (pT3bINF beta, ly2, V (+]. Two courses of combination chemotherapy
      with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and cisplatin were given as a postoperative
      adjuvant chemotherapy, however he died of pneumonia on January 2, 1987. There
      have been reported 11 cases of a vesical neoplasm in patients with spinal cord
      injury in Japan.

PMID- 2660526
TI  - [A case of testicular tumor in an elderly man].
AB  - Testicular tumor is seen exclusively in men from 30 to 50 years old. In elderly
      men, the incidence of testicular tumors is rarer than that of other malignant
      tumors. Herein we report a case of an elderly patient with a testicular tumor
      comprised solely of seminoma. A 60-year-old man was seen at the urologic clinic
      of Osaka Kita Municipal Citizen's Hospital because of painless swelling of the
      left scrotal contents. At the time of clinical visit, physical examinations and
      scrotal sonography showed a fist-sized mass with solid echo pattern in the left
      scrotum. He was hospitalized for the exploration of the suspected testicular
      tumor. The testicular mass was removed surgically through the left inguinal
      incision. Histopathological examinations of the resected tumor revealed pure
      seminoma. Chest film, computerized axial tomography, retroperitoneal ultrasound
      study and specific tumor markers were all negative which indicated stage 1
      testicular tumor confined to the scrotal region according to Dixon and Moore's
      staging. He received adjuvant irradiation at the level of mediastinal lymph node
      after the operation. Postoperatively, he recovered well without any evidence of
      recurrence. In this report, the prognosis of non-bulky pure seminoma in elderly
      men are briefly reviewed in association with a conventional therapy to this
      disease in elderly patients described in the literature.

PMID- 2660527
TI  - [Clinical reevaluation of aztreonam (AZT) on urinary tract infections].
AB  - The clinical effectiveness and safety of Aztreonam (AZT) were studied in 55
      patients with complicated urinary tract infections. AZT was administered at a
      dose of 4 g/day for 5 days. The results as evaluated by the UTI criteria were
      excellent in 8 cases, moderate in 26 and poor in 21. The overall effectiveness
      rate was 61.8%. Out of 64 strains of bacteria isolated before treatment, 50
      strains (78.0%) were eradicated by the treatment. Bacteriological eradication
      rates for gram negative rods and gram positive cocci were 79.6% and 66.7%,
      respectively. There were no obvious side effects, except for a temporary
      elevation of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase
      alkalinephosphatase, and total bilirubin in some patients. The results indicate
      that AZT tablets are useful and safe for the treatment of complicated urinary
      tract infections.

PMID- 2660528
TI  - Congenital cardiac anomalies: prenatal sonographic diagnosis.

PMID- 2660529
TI  - Nuclear cystography and renal sonography: findings in girls with urinary tract
      infection.
AB  - This retrospective study documents the findings on nuclear cystography and renal
      sonography of 455 girls who had urologic imaging for a proved urinary tract
      infection (UTI). Nuclear cystograms were normal in 313 (69%) of 455 patients.
      Vesicoureteral reflux was seen in 142 patients (31%): six with grade I, 90 with
      grade II, 43 with grade III, and three with grade IV. Twelve percent of patients
      with vesicoureteral reflux had renal parenchymal scars. Increasing grades of
      reflux were associated with an increase in the severity and number of parenchymal
      scars. Normal renal sonograms were seen in 83% of patients. Abnormalities noted
      on sonograms included parenchymal scarring in 31 (7%) of the 455 patients,
      anomalies in 19 patients (4%), mild to moderate dilatation of the renal pelvis
      and or ureters in 45 patients (10%), and bladder wall thickening in 45 patients
      (10%).

PMID- 2660530
TI  - CT of cerebrovascular injury after neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:
      implications for neurodevelopmental outcome.
AB  - One hundred forty-six neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
      (ECMO) were evaluated with cranial sonography and CT at different times in the
      course of their disease. Cranial sonography was performed during treatment with
      ECMO, and CT was done 3-14 days after cessation of ECMO bypass. In 66 (45%),
      intracranial abnormalities were detected with either sonography or CT. Thirty
      neonates had hemorrhages only, 24 had nonhemorrhagic abnormalities, and 12 had
      combined lesions. CT provided additional information in 44 (67%) of the 66
      neonates. Sonography was normal in 37 neonates, showed fewer lesions in 10
      neonates, and was concordant with CT findings in 14 neonates. It cannot be
      established whether these lesions went undetected with sonography during ECMO, or
      occurred after cessation of ECMO bypass. Neurodevelopmental evaluation was
      performed in 71 of 90 survivors 1 year of age or older. Forty-three infants (61%)
      were normal; developmental delay was suspected in 12 (17%) and present in 16
      (23%). The severity of intracranial abnormality as determined by a neuroimaging
      score correlated well with short-term developmental outcome. Mean neuroimaging
      scores were significantly higher, with increasing degree of neurodevelopmental
      delay (p less than .001 by Kruskal-Wallis rank order test). Although cranial
      sonography remains the primary technique for the detection of life-threatening
      hemorrhage during ECMO, cranial CT after ECMO is important in defining the total
      degree of intracranial injury present in these high-risk neonates.

PMID- 2660531
TI  - Pathophysiology of acute intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage: applications
      to MR imaging.
AB  - In this review of the pathophysiology of acute intracerebral and subarachnoid
      hemorrhage, information from several disciplines is assembled to describe the
      bleeding process, hemostasis and coagulation, fibrinolysis, erythrocyte lysis,
      phagocytosis, and changes in the state of hemoglobin. The impact of these
      pathophysiologic processes upon MR imaging, CT, and angiography is noted.

PMID- 2660532
TI  - Biliary lithotripsy: 1989.

PMID- 2660533
TI  - Sonography of the salivary glands.
AB  - In a blinded retrospective study of the efficacy of sonography of the salivary
      glands, we obtained sonograms on 849 patients. The patients were referred over
      the last 5 years from the ear, nose, and throat department of our university
      hospital. Eight-eight percent of the patients had symptoms related to the
      salivary glands. One hundred fifty-six of the patients (18%) were subsequently
      proved to be normal. The remaining 693 patients had diseases confirmed by
      histologic examination (332 patients), sialography (274 patients), or clinical
      follow-up (87 patients). Of these, 289 had salivary gland tumors (231 benign, 58
      malignant), 185 had calculi, 154 had inflammation, 48 had autoimmune disease, 14
      had cysts, and three had trauma. Two hundred eighty-seven (95%) of the 302 space
      occupying lesions could be completely delineated by sonography, and the benign or
      malignant nature of the lesions was correctly assessed in 272 (90%). Of the 185
      patients with calculi, the calculi were visualized and localized (intraductal vs
      intraglandular) on the sonograms in 174 (94%) patients. Abscesses were shown on
      the sonograms in 13 patients, and acute inflammation was shown on the sonograms
      in 84 patients. These results indicate that sonography is a useful procedure for
      diagnosis of diseases of the salivary glands.

PMID- 2660534
TI  - Doppler demonstration of in situ vein bypass tributary fistula and its
      spontaneous closure.

PMID- 2660535
TI  - Anne G. Osborn, fifth Distinguished Scientist, Armed Forces Institute of
      Pathology.

PMID- 2660536
TI  - Radiation detector probes for tumor localization using tumor-seeking radioactive
      tracers.

PMID- 2660537
TI  - Imaging advances in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension.

PMID- 2660538
TI  - Small renal neoplasms: clinical, pathologic, and imaging features.
AB  - Small renal neoplasms are being found more often because of the widespread use of
      abdominal CT and sonography. Little is known about their natural history. We
      therefore retrospectively reviewed clinical, pathologic, and imaging findings in
      22 patients with surgically confirmed solitary renal neoplasms that were 3 cm or
      less in diameter. Eighteen lesions were first found by CT, three by sonography,
      and one by IV urography. Three lesions were discovered because the patients had
      hematuria. Nineteen were incidental radiologic diagnoses in patients without
      renal symptoms. Of 22 neoplasms, 15 (68%) were renal cell carcinomas, six (27%)
      were oncocytomas, and one (5%) was a lymphoma. Fourteen (93%) of the 15
      carcinomas were confined to the kidney, and one showed microscopic capsular
      invasion. Metastases did not develop in any patient with carcinoma, indicating
      that small carcinomas usually have good prognoses. Patients with carcinomas had a
      mean follow-up of 42 months. All neoplasms were visible on CT. However,
      characterization of these lesions sometimes required a combination of CT and
      sonography and occasionally angiography. The carcinomas, oncocytomas, and
      solitary renal lymphoma could not be distinguished radiologically. Small renal
      neoplasms are most often found incidentally by CT performed in patients without
      renal complaints. Most are low-stage carcinomas, and some are oncocytomas.

PMID- 2660539
TI  - Transvaginal sonography in the evaluation of normal early pregnancy: correlation
      with HCG level.
AB  - Transvaginal sonography (TVS) is the procedure of choice in evaluating the
      viability of embryos early in pregnancy. However, viability based on TVS can be
      assessed more accurately when the exact gestational age from the last menstrual
      period is known or when the findings are correlated with beta human chorionic
      gonadotropin (HCG) levels. No large series has been reported with correlative
      data between early pregnancy findings, HCG, and gestational age. We performed 75
      transvaginal examinations in 53 patients with proved normal pregnancy in the
      fifth through seventh weeks of gestation. The presence and size of the
      gestational sac, presence of a yolk sac, and identification of embryonic heart
      activity were correlated with the level of HCG. Sac size was correlated with yolk
      sac and heart activity and the three parameters correlated with gestational age
      in days. When the level of HCG reached 1000 mIU/ml by using the first
      International Reference Preparation, a gestational sac was seen sonographically
      in each patient. When the HCG level reached 7200 mIU/ml, a yolk sac was seen in
      every patient. Ten of 22 patients with HCG between 1000 and 7200 mIU/ml had a
      visible yolk sac. Every patient with an HCG level greater than 10,800 mIU/ml had
      a visible embryo with a heartbeat. A discriminatory level of 32 days was found
      for the presence of a gestational sac. A yolk sac was first seen in every patient
      between 36 and 40 days. Every patient with accurate dates greater than 40 days
      had an embryo with a heartbeat identified. When correlating sac size with
      structures within the sac, a yolk sac was first seen in a gestational sac between
      6 and 9 mm and a heartbeat seen in every patient with a 9-mm or greater
      gestational sac diameter. These data allow identification of normal intrauterine
      pregnancy and distinction of normal from ectopic gestation at least 1 week
      earlier than is possible with transabdominal techniques.

PMID- 2660540
TI  - Burkitt lymphoma involving the epididymis and spermatic cord: sonographic and CT
      findings.

PMID- 2660541
TI  - Rotator cuff tears: prospective comparison of MR imaging with arthrography,
      sonography, and surgery.
AB  - Thirty-eight patients with suspected rotator cuff tears were examined at 1.5 T by
      using a loop-gap resonator surface coil. The MR findings were compared
      prospectively in a blinded fashion with the results from double-contrast
      arthrography in all 38 patients, high-resolution sonography in 23 patients, and
      surgery in 16 patients. In the total group of 38 patients, MR imaging detected 22
      of 22 tears and 14 of 16 intact cuffs as determined by arthrography. In the 16
      surgically proved cases, MR and arthrography showed identical results, with 92%
      sensitivity in the diagnosis of 12 tears and 100% specificity in the diagnosis of
      four intact cuffs. In a subgroup of 23 patients, sonography detected nine of 15
      tears and seven of eight intact cuffs as determined by comparison with
      arthrography. In 10 surgically proved cases, sonography was 63% sensitive in the
      diagnosis of eight rotator cuff tears and 50% specific in the diagnosis of two
      intact cuffs. For the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears, MR imaging is comparable
      to arthrography in both sensitivity and specificity. In this study, sonography
      was not as accurate in the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears as were the other two
      techniques. These results suggest that MR imaging should be considered the
      noninvasive test of choice for patients with suspected rotator cuff disease.

PMID- 2660542
TI  - Isolated sign vocabulary acquisition by hearing adults: CAI vs. videotaped
      presentation.
AB  - The present study was designed to examine receptive learning of 30 ASL signs
      using two teaching modes. Subjects were 28 college students with normal hearing,
      naive to sign language, who were trained under computer-assisted instruction
      (CAI) or through videotaped presentation (VT). The results indicated
      significantly (p less than .01) higher scores under the VT condition when sign
      learning and retention were probed three and 10 days after training.

PMID- 2660543
TI  - Congenital erythroleukemia: a case report with morphological, immunophenotypic,
      and cytogenetic findings.
AB  - We report a lethal case of congenital erythroleukemia presenting on the first day
      of life with peripheral blast cells and a leukemic infiltrate in the placenta.
      Although initial bone marrow examination did not fulfill the French-American
      British (FAB) cooperative group criteria for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML),
      including M6, a malignant clone was confirmed by cytogenetic analysis: 49,XX, +8,
      +19, +21. Evolution to erythroleukemia (M6) occurred over a two-month period. The
      diagnosis of erythroleukemia was supported by immunophenotyping employing an
      antibody to glycophorin A. The clinical course was complicated by liver failure
      of unknown etiology. Comparison to previously reported cases of early childhood
      erythroleukemia is made.

PMID- 2660544
TI  - Modified osmotic fragility test for the laboratory diagnosis of hereditary
      spherocytosis.
AB  - A modified osmotic fragility test, based on measurement of hemolysis in four
      hypotonic NaCl solutions and logarithmic linearization of osmotic fragility curve
      is, like the "Pink test," a specific and sensitive test for the laboratory
      diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis.

PMID- 2660545
TI  - Spontaneous regression in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: clinical and pathogenetic
      considerations.
AB  - The spontaneous regression (SR) of tumor has been noted in a variety of
      neoplastic conditions. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, this phenomenon has been
      reported in indolent histologic subtypes, with a frequency of 10-20% in selected
      series. Investigators evaluating new therapies for lymphomas with a favorable
      histology need to be cognizant of SR's impact. Mechanisms which have been
      proposed to explain SR have included the role of contemporaneous bacterial or
      viral infection, as well as an augmented host immune response which is able to
      mediate tumor regression via humoral and cellular effector mechanisms. The
      ability to recapture immunoregulatory control is aptly illustrated by lymphomas
      developing after organ transplantation where reduction of immunosuppression has,
      on occasion, resulted in tumor regression. The importance of immune regulation of
      B-cell lymphoma is also suggested by the tumor's responses to immunotherapy and
      interferons in vivo and by the biologic and pathologic characteristic of indolent
      lymphomas being analogous, in may respects, to benign neoplasms. Indolent
      lymphomas which differ from aggressive lymphomas in their clinical and biological
      behavior may be more responsive to these host immunoregulatory influences. Review
      of clinical experience as well as proposed mechanisms of spontaneous regression
      in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma will be explored in this report.

PMID- 2660546
TI  - Summary of NIH Consensus Development Conference on Perioperative Red Cell
      Transfusion.

PMID- 2660547
TI  - Frequency of congenital anomalies in patients with histiocytosis X.
AB  - The frequency of congenital anomalies in 39 cases of histiocytosis X collected
      over a 30 year period was 23%. Through a retrospective chart review of these
      cases and two control populations (children with bone tumors and children with
      suspected child abuse) we sought to assess the significance of this finding as
      well as any special characteristics of those histiocytic patients who had
      congenital anomalies. The frequency of congenital anomalies in the histiocytosis
      X group (23%) was greater than the frequency found in our control groups, the
      bone tumor group (13%), and the child advocacy control group (15%). Considering
      only major congenital anomalies, the histiocytic population had an increased
      frequency (18%) relative to both control groups (3% and 8%, respectively). Only
      one patient with unifocal eosinophilic granuloma had congenital anomalies.
      Patients with histiocytosis X and congenital anomalies were more likely to have
      histiocytosis X involving organ dysfunction (lung, liver, hematopoietic). Through
      this retrospective study we observe an increased frequency of congenital
      anomalies in patients with histiocytosis X. This observation does not seem to
      apply to patients with unifocal eosinophilic granuloma. The presence of
      congenital anomalies, especially multiple congenital anomalies, seemed to be a
      prognostic indicator of organ dysfunction in our histiocytic population.

PMID- 2660548
TI  - Management of low-renin hypertension.

PMID- 2660549
TI  - Hypertension after renal transplantation: cyclosporine increases the diagnostic
      and therapeutic considerations.

PMID- 2660550
TI  - Sucralfate suspension 1 g four times per day in the short-term treatment of
      active duodenal ulcer.
AB  - Sucralfate suspension 1 g/10 ml four times per day was found to be significantly
      better than placebo for the healing of active duodenal ulcer. An eight-week,
      double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group multicenter study
      was conducted. A total of 292 patients were evaluated. Ulcer healing was
      evaluated by endoscopy and symptom assessment occurred at baseline and at two,
      four, and eight weeks, or upon symptom worsening as determined by the
      investigator. Healing was defined as complete re-epithelialization of the crater,
      without residual erosion. Patients completed eight weeks of treatment regardless
      of whether or not they were healed at two or four weeks. Treatment groups were
      comparable with regard to age, sex, ulcer history, cigarette smoking, alcohol and
      caffeine consumption, ulcer size, and ulcer symptoms. Analysis of procedurally
      correct cases demonstrated that sucralfate suspension was significantly more
      effective in healing duodenal ulcers than placebo at two, four, and eight weeks.
      Ulcer-healing rates efficacy analysis are as follows. At two weeks, the healing
      rate of sucralfate suspension was 22 of 125 patients (18 percent) and the healing
      rate of placebo suspension was eight of 130 patients (6 percent; p = 0.006). At
      four weeks, 58 of 114 patients (51 percent) for sucralfate and 38 of 112 patients
      (34 percent) for placebo (p = 0.011) were healed. At eight weeks, 80 of 105 (76
      percent) for sucralfate and 53 of 100 (53 percent) for placebo (p = 0.001) were
      healed. Sucralfate-treated patients experienced significantly greater reductions
      in both daytime and nighttime pain scores at two weeks. A significant difference
      between treatment groups was also found for daytime symptoms at four weeks. At
      four and eight weeks, patients who smoked cigarettes had significantly lower
      healing rates than those who did not, regardless of treatment group. Sucralfate
      suspension was found to be effective for the treatment of active duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2660551
TI  - Twice-daily sucralfate dosing to heal acute duodenal ulcer. Multicenter Study
      Group.
AB  - Twice-daily dosing with sucralfate was evaluated by two multicenter trials, trial
      1 (eight weeks) and trial 2 (four weeks). Both trials demonstrated significantly
      better ulcer healing at study completion for the 2-g twice daily (B.I.D.) regimen
      compared with placebo. Both trials were double-blind, randomized, and placebo
      controlled, with parallel groups. Patients received two doses daily consisting of
      sucralfate 2 g B.I.D., placebo/sucralfate 2 g at bedtime (H.S.), or
      placebo/placebo. Ulcer healing was assessed by scheduled endoscopy and symptom
      assessment. Healing was defined as complete absence of erosion or ulceration.
      Trial 1 evaluations were conducted at four and eight weeks, trial 2 evaluations
      at two and four weeks. Interim examinations were performed at investigator
      discretion. Treatment groups were comparable with regard to number of patients,
      age, sex, smoking status, ulcer size, and presence/absence of baseline symptoms.
      Sucralfate 2 g B.I.D. was significantly better than H.S. or placebo dosing at the
      completion of each trial. H.S. dosing was better than placebo only at the four
      week analysis of trial 1. At Week 4 of trial 1, 14 of 54 patients (26 percent)
      were healed with the B.I.D. sucralfate regimen, whereas at Week 8, 41 of 54 (76
      percent) were healed (p less than 0.001). For the placebo/sucralfate H.S. group,
      17 of 57 patients (30 percent) were healed at Week 4 (p less than 0.05), and 32
      of 56 patients (57 percent) were healed at Week 8. For the placebo group, six of
      52 (12 percent) and 20 of 51 patients (39 percent) were healed at Weeks 4 and 8,
      respectively. In trial 2, the B.I.D. group had a 21 percent healing rate at Week
      2 (13 of 61 patients) and 62 percent were healed at Week 4 (38 of 61 patients; p
      less than 0.05). The H.S. group had an 8 percent healing rate (five of 66
      patients) at Week 2 and 50 percent (33 of 66 patients) at Week 4. For the placebo
      group, 10 of 62 patients (16 percent) and 26 of 62 patients (42 percent) were
      healed at Weeks 2 and 4, respectively. Trial 1 demonstrated significant symptom
      improvement for active treatment groups at both four and eight weeks, whereas no
      differences were found in trial 2. Sucralfate 2 g B.I.D. was found to be safe and
      effective for the treatment of acute duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2660552
TI  - Two daily doses of sucralfate or cimetidine in the healing of gastric ulcer. A
      comparative randomized study.
AB  - A double-blind, randomized study compared the healing of gastric ulcer during a
      twice-daily regimen of 2 g sucralfate or 400 mg cimetidine. The patients received
      the tablets one-half hour before breakfast and one-half hour before bedtime. The
      study included 76 patients with endoscopically proven gastric ulcer. Patients
      with ulcers less than 3 cm from the pyloric ring and patients with ulcers less
      than 3 mm in diameter were excluded from the study. Sixty-four patients completed
      the study. Healing was endoscopically assessed at four-week intervals for 12
      weeks. After four, eight, and 12 weeks, the healing rates for cimetidine were 55,
      81, and 94 percent, respectively; the healing rates for sucralfate were 52, 79,
      and 91 percent, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found
      between the two regimens. At 12 weeks, the risk of overlooking a difference in
      favor of one of the two dosage regimens was less than 20 percent. The results
      suggest that 2 g sucralfate twice daily is as effective in the healing of gastric
      ulcer as 400 mg cimetidine twice daily.

PMID- 2660553
TI  - Comparative study of sucralfate versus cimetidine in the treatment of acute
      gastroduodenal ulcer. Randomized trial with 667 patients.
AB  - Six-hundred sixty-seven patients with endoscopically proven peptic ulcer were
      included in a randomized, multicenter trial to assess the comparative efficacy of
      sucralfate and cimetidine. One hundred eighty-seven patients with gastric ulcer
      and 480 patients with duodenal ulcer completed the study. Ulcer healing was
      evaluated endoscopically at six weeks for duodenal ulcer and at eight weeks for
      gastric ulcer. Patients with unhealed ulcer at this time were assigned to the
      other therapy for a second period of six or eight weeks of treatment (crossover).
      In patients with duodenal gastric ulcer, pain relief and healing were not
      significantly different in the two groups. Eighty-eight percent of duodenal
      ulcers and 73 percent of gastric ulcers healed with six weeks of sucralfate
      treatment. Reported side effects and symptoms, pooled together for duodenal and
      gastric ulcer, were more significant in the sucralfate group (7.5 percent) than
      in the cimetidine group (3.7 percent). Constipation was the most frequent symptom
      recorded. In conclusion, sucralfate and cimetidine are both excellent healing
      agents for short-term treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcer. Both give rapid
      relief of symptoms without severe side effects.

PMID- 2660554
TI  - Implications of sucralfate-induced ulcer healing and relapse.
AB  - A review of the literature indicates that sucralfate attains a healing rate of 79
      percent for duodenal ulcer and 75 percent for gastric ulcer in four and eight
      weeks, respectively, rates not different from those reported for cimetidine and
      ranitidine. Meta-analyses show that, whereas cigarette smoking significantly
      affects duodenal ulcer healing by acid-reducing agents, the healing rates of
      smokers and non-smokers treated with sucralfate are indistinguishable, suggesting
      an inherent advantage through the underlying mechanisms of the drug. Pooling
      reports in the literature indicates that the 12-month relapse curves of duodenal
      ulcers initially healed with sucralfate and colloidal bismuth subcitrate closely
      overlap each other and are significantly lower than the curves of the histamine
      (H2)-receptor antagonists under comparison. A review of the ulcer relapse rates
      following initial healing in the literature shows that patients receiving acid
      reducing agents such as antacids, H2-receptor antagonists, and omeprazole have
      relapses at similar rates. Use of anticholinergics or non-antisecretory agents
      including carbenoxolone sodium is associated with a longer remission. Preliminary
      evidence is available to support the concept that the use of acid-reducing agents
      results in up-regulation, whereas the use of anticholinergics and non
      antisecretory agents is associated with down-regulation of the parietal cells.
      These changes at the molecular level may help to explain the differences in
      relapse rates following initial healing with various anti-ulcer agents.

PMID- 2660555
TI  - Sucralfate tablets 1 g twice a day for the prevention of duodenal ulcer
      recurrence.
AB  - Sucralfate 1 g twice daily was found to be significantly better than placebo for
      the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. This was a double-blind, randomized,
      placebo-controlled, parallel groups study. A total of 254 patients with a history
      of two or more duodenal ulcers, the most recent event diagnosed within three
      months of study entry, were entered into the trial after healing was documented.
      Patients received sucralfate 1 g twice daily or placebo for four months, or until
      recurrence. Endoscopies and symptom assessments were scheduled monthly and at
      investigator discretion upon symptom development. Treatment groups were
      comparable with regard to number of patients, age, sex, smoking status, and ulcer
      history. Traditional ulcer prevalence and point prevalence analyses were
      performed. Traditional ulcer prevalence included all ulcers found at scheduled
      visits and interim recurrences. Point prevalence included only ulcers found at
      scheduled visits. In the traditional analysis, sucralfate was significantly
      better than placebo in reducing ulcer recurrence for all months of the study. The
      life table estimate of the cumulative percent with ulcer at four months was 42
      percent for the sucralfate group and 63 percent for the placebo group (p =
      0.002). At four months, there were 49 recurrences among 122 patients in the
      sucralfate group and 71 among 117 patients for the placebo group. In the point
      prevalence analysis, sucralfate was significantly better than placebo in reducing
      ulcer recurrence at Months 2 through 4. The life table estimate of the cumulative
      percent with ulcer at four months was 36 percent for the sucralfate group and 55
      percent for the placebo group (p = 0.005). At four months, there were 38
      recurrences among 114 patients in the sucralfate group and 54 among 104 patients
      for the placebo group. Both analyses demonstrated that sucralfate 1 g twice daily
      was significantly better than placebo for the prevention of duodenal ulcer
      recurrence. Symptom development was associated with recurrence in both treatment
      groups. Smoking was associated with a greater tendency to recur in placebo
      treated patients only.

PMID- 2660556
TI  - Sucralfate as maintenance treatment for the prevention of duodenal ulcer
      recurrence.
AB  - Eighty-eight patients with endoscopically proven and healed duodenal or pyloric
      ulcer were randomly allocated into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-month
      maintenance trial to determine whether sucralfate, 1 g twice daily, can be used
      to prevent a recurrence of ulceration. The patients were assessed endoscopically
      at three, six, and 12 months, or earlier if a symptomatic relapse occurred. Serum
      aluminum levels were also monitored. Sixteen patients were excluded from the
      study during the follow-up: nine of 41 in the sucralfate group, and seven of 47
      in the placebo group. The groups did not differ with respect to age, sex, or
      smoking. The cumulative relapse rates in the sucralfate group were 28 percent
      after three months, 33 percent after six months, and 45 percent after 12 months,
      as compared with 49 percent (p less than 0.05), 64 percent (p less than 0.01),
      and 68 percent (p less than 0.05), respectively, in the placebo group. It is
      concluded that 1 g sucralfate twice daily is more effective than a placebo and is
      safe for the maintenance treatment of duodenal and pyloric ulcer disease.

PMID- 2660557
TI  - Comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine in the treatment of chronic nonerosive
      gastritis. A randomized, multicenter trial.
AB  - In a randomized trial involving 20 Italian centers, the effectiveness of 1 g
      sucralfate three times a day and 150 mg ranitidine twice a day in the treatment
      of chronic gastritis was assessed and compared. Five hundred outpatients with
      dyspeptic symptoms and endoscopic evidence of chronic nonerosive gastritis were
      randomly assigned to either treatment for a period of eight weeks. Endoscopic
      scores were determined at the beginning and at the end of the study. The severity
      of dyspeptic symptoms was assessed at Weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Four hundred
      seventy-three patients completed the study. In 331 cases, biopsies were taken
      during endoscopy, and a histologic evaluation was also performed, according to
      Whitehead's criteria. Sucralfate was significantly more effective than ranitidine
      in inducing healing or improvement of both endoscopic (p less than 0.02) and
      histologic (p less than 0.001) features. At the end of the study, 77.6 percent of
      the patients in the sucralfate group and 79.4 percent in the ranitidine group
      were symptom free. Ranitidine was significantly more efficacious at releiving
      pain during the first four weeks of therapy. Mild side effects were reported by
      4.9 percent of patients treated with sucralfate and by 3.6 percent of patients
      treated with ranitidine. Treatment was withdrawn in one patient treated with
      sucralfate because of nausea. In conclusion, sucralfate appears significantly
      superior to ranitidine in improving endoscopic and histologic aspects of chronic
      nonerosive gastritis. The symptomatic activity of the two drugs is similar,
      although more rapid relief is obtained with ranitidine.

PMID- 2660558
TI  - Effect of sucralfate and cimetidine on duodenal ulcer-associated antral gastritis
      and Campylobacter pylori.
AB  - The course of gastritis and Campylobacter pylori was studied in a single-blind
      randomized trial comparing cimetidine 200 mg three times a day and 400 mg at
      night and sucralfate 1 g four times a day orally for four weeks in 140 patients
      with proved duodenal ulcer. At least two antral biopsies were performed during
      endoscopy before entry and at the end of four weeks. The activity and the degree
      of chronic inflammation, as assessed histologically by the degree of infiltration
      of, respectively, polymorphs and chronic inflammatory cells, were graded blindly
      by two pathologists as nil, mild, moderate, or severe. The density of C. pylori,
      as assessed after Warthin-Starry stain, was similarly graded. Ulcer-healing rates
      were comparable in the cimetidine (73.2 percent) and sucralfate (79.7 percent)
      groups. Improvement of the activity of gastritis occurred significantly (p less
      than 0.05) more frequently in the sucralfate (33.3 percent) than in the
      cimetidine group (18.3 percent), and remained so (p less than 0.05) when only
      patients with healed ulcer were compared. The density of C. pylori decreased
      significantly in the sucralfate group after treatment (p less than 0.01) but not
      in the cimetidine group. The 12-month ulcer relapse rates were significantly (p
      less than 0.05) lower by life-table analysis in patients healed with sucralfate
      than in those healed with cimetidine and were unaffected by either the density of
      Campylobacter in either group or the improvement of the gastritis. It is
      concluded that sucralfate improves duodenal ulcer-associated antral gastritis and
      decreases the density of C. pylori, and that factors other than bacterial density
      and antral gastritis may be responsible for the advantage of sucralfate over
      cimetidine in ulcer relapse.

PMID- 2660559
TI  - Lack of gastric mucosal protection by sucralfate during long-term aspirin
      ingestion in humans.
AB  - The ability of sucralfate to prevent gastric mucosal erosions caused by long-term
      aspirin ingestion was studied in 19 normal human subjects. A placebo-controlled,
      double-blind, crossover design was used to study the capacity of 4 g sucralfate
      daily to lessen the noxious effect on gastric mucosa of 3.6 g aspirin daily for
      14 days. Gastric mucosal injury was assessed by endoscopic scoring of erosions.
      There was no significant difference in mean erosion scores or the degree of
      partial mucosal protection between the two groups. It was concluded that
      sucralfate lacks a mucosal protection capacity at the dosage studied in human
      subjects ingesting large doses of aspirin over a two-week period.

PMID- 2660560
TI  - Sucralfate in the treatment of gastritis. A review.

PMID- 2660561
TI  - Combination therapy of sucralfate and cimetidine, compared with sucralfate
      monotherapy, in patients with peptic reflux esophagitis.
AB  - A double-blind multicenter, randomized study was performed in 70 patients with
      endoscopically documented reflex esophagitis. Patients were randomly given 1 g
      sucralfate four times a day or the combination of sucralfate 1 g three times a
      day and 400 mg cimetidine at night. After healing of the esophagitis, patients
      were randomly given either sucralfate maintenance 2 g daily or placebo for a
      period of six months. Endoscopy was performed at the beginning of the study,
      after eight weeks, and, in cases with no healing, after 16 weeks of therapy.
      Sixty-three of the 70 patients who initially entered the study could be evaluated
      after eight weeks. Both groups showed good symptomatic improvement, and no side
      effects necessitated withdrawal of subjects. Endoscopy showed complete healing in
      19.4 percent of the sucralfate group and in 21.9 percent of the combination
      sucralfate and cimetidine group. Endoscopic improvement was found in 50 percent
      of the sucralfate group and in 50 percent of the combination group. After 16
      weeks, 56 patients could be evaluated. In the sucralfate group, improvement was
      seen in 78.6 percent, and healing in 31 percent. For the combination group these
      values were 59.3 percent and 37 percent (not significant). Twenty-six patients
      entered the maintenance phase of the study; 15 received sucralfate and 11
      received placebo. Evaluation of 20 patients after six months showed endoscopic
      and/or symptomatic relapse of esophagitis in three of 12 patients receiving
      sucralfate and in two of the eight patients receiving placebo. It is concluded
      that sucralfate monotherapy in patients with reflux-esophagitis is effective and
      comparable with a combination of sucralfate during the day and cimetidine at
      night. No difference was found between sucralfate and placebo in terms of the
      relapse rate of esophagitis during long-term treatment.

PMID- 2660562
TI  - Sucralfate versus ranitidine in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Randomized
      clinical results in short-term and maintenance therapy.
AB  - This clinical study compared the healing capacities of sucralfate and ranitidine
      in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Sixty patients were assigned at random to
      treatment with either sucralfate (1 g four times per day) or ranitidine (150 mg
      twice per day). The patients underwent endoscopy before inclusion in the study,
      after four weeks, and after eight weeks if the ulcers had not completely healed
      after the fourth week (phase I). Patients whose ulcers had healed were invited to
      participate in phase II, consisting of maintenance treatment for one year. The
      dosage was 1 g sucralfate twice per day or 150 mg ranitidine before going to bed.
      The patients underwent a clinical examination every three months and endoscopy
      every six months, and whenever symptoms suggested a relapse. After four weeks,
      the ulcers in 53 percent of the sucralfate-treated patients (16 of 30) had
      healed, compared with 56 percent of the ranitidine-treated patients (17 of 30).
      After eight weeks, the cumulative healing rates were 83 percent (25 of 30) and 86
      percent (26 of 30), respectively. At the six-month follow-up visit, the relapse
      rates were seven of 21 (33.3 percent) in the sucralfate group and nine of 18 (50
      percent) in the ranitidine group. After 12 months, the accumulative relapse rates
      were eight of 18 (44.4 percent) and nine of 18 (50.0 percent). The only side
      effects worth noting were mild constipation in four patients treated with
      sucralfate. One patient in the ranitidine group had myalgia and one reported
      headache in phase I. In conclusion, sucralfate appears to be as effective as
      ranitidine in the short-term treatment of gastric ulcers and in relapse
      prophylaxis.

PMID- 2660563
TI  - Sucralfate and ranitidine in the treatment of acute duodenal ulcer. Healing and
      relapse. Ulcer Study Group.
AB  - Healing and relapse of acute duodenal ulcer were investigated in an
      endoscopically controlled multicenter study using a double-blind design. Patients
      with acute uncomplicated duodenal ulcer were randomly assigned to treatment with
      sucralfate (1 g four times per day) or ranitidine (150 mg twice per day) for four
      to eight weeks. After healing, all anti-ulcer treatment was discontinued except
      for low-dose antacids needed for occasional upper abdominal pain, and the
      patients were observed for up to one year. Endoscopy was repeated after one year
      or at any time earlier if symptoms suggested ulcer relapse. Of the 83 patients
      who entered the study, 75 (sucralfate 40, ranitidine 35) underwent endoscopy
      after four weeks and could be fully evaluated. Healing rates after four and eight
      weeks were similar in the two groups (four- and eight-week healing rates after
      sucralfate and ranitidine: 78 and 74 percent, and 95 and 94 percent,
      respectively). Fifty-three patients with healed ulcers (sucralfate 29, ranitidine
      24) were observed for up to one year. Duodenal ulcers occurred somewhat later
      after sucralfate than after ranitidine treatment, but life table analysis showed
      no significant difference. Thus, this study confirms a similar efficacy of
      sucralfate and ranitidine in healing of duodenal ulcer. A tendency to delayed
      relapse early after discontinuation of sucralfate failed to reach statistical
      significance.

PMID- 2660564
TI  - Alveolar hemorrhage in Wegener's granulomatosis.
AB  - The authors describe massive, fatal alveolar hemorrhage in an 82-year-old woman
      in whom a diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis was made at postmortem
      examination. A literature review revealed a total of 18 case reports of this
      entity that were described in sufficient detail to permit abstraction of clinical
      characteristics. When compared with a large series of patients with more
      "typical" Wegener's granulomatosis, patients with alveolar hemorrhage had more
      evidence of systemic vasculitis and glomerulitis and less evidence of upper
      airway disease. Alveolar hemorrhage was associated with greater than 50%
      mortality, reflecting in part, the fulminant nature of this complication of
      Wegener's granulomatosis. All survivors had been treated with cytotoxic agents;
      those who died had either no specific therapy or were treated either with
      corticosteroids alone or died before cytotoxic therapy could be expected to be
      effective. Wegener's granulomatosis should be in the differential diagnosis for
      patients who present with alveolar hemorrhage with or without renal failure. An
      aggressive diagnostic approach and the earliest possible administration of
      cytotoxic drugs in combination with corticosteroids offer the best chance of
      survival in this fulminant condition.

PMID- 2660565
TI  - Managing diabetes on "sick days".

PMID- 2660566
TI  - The accuracy of urinary luteinizing hormone testing in predicting ovulation.
AB  - Transvaginal ultrasonography and daily urinary luteinizing hormone testing were
      used to evaluate the accuracy of urinary luteinizing hormone testing in
      predicting ovulation in 33 spontaneously ovulating women beginning on cycle day
      10. Ovulation was confirmed in all patients with luteal phase progesterone levels
      and endometrial biopsy specimens. The results demonstrated that transvaginal
      ultrasonography and urinary luteinizing hormone testing detected ovulation in all
      cycles. However, the onset of urinary luteinizing hormone occurred after follicle
      rupture was documented by ultrasonography in 9% of the women studied. Thus the
      question of accuracy of urinary luteinizing hormone testing in prediction
      contrasted to detection of ovulation is raised. This observation is of importance
      in patients in whom prediction of ovulation is critical to treatment management.
      Therefore, an ultrasonographic examination to confirm the presence of an
      unruptured follicle on the day of onset of urinary luteinizing hormone surge is
      recommended, particularly in patients failing to conceive after three to six
      cycles of artificial insemination when the inseminations are timed with the onset
      of urinary luteinizing hormone surge.

PMID- 2660567
TI  - Components of variability of umbilical arterial Doppler velocimetry--a
      prospective analysis.
AB  - This study prospectively analyzed the components of variance and error
      contributions of umbilical arterial Doppler indices in a normal pregnant
      population (308 women) with gestational ages ranging from 27 to 40 weeks. A
      continuous-wave Doppler instrument with a 4 MHz transducer was used. The Doppler
      indices measured were systolic/diastolic ratio, diastolic/average ratio,
      pulsatility index, and resistance index. The contributions of gestational age,
      fetal heart rate, location of measurement, interobserver variability, and
      intraobserver variability on the variance were studied. The investigation
      demonstrated that the gestational age and fetal heart rate contributed to 33% to
      46% and 15% to 18% of the variance, respectively. The location of the Doppler
      measurement contributed to 29% to 46% of the error variance. Additionally, the
      interobserver and intraobserver error variance amounted to 10% to 14% and 5% to
      9%, respectively. Of these various factors, the interobserver and intraobserver
      variance were related to the nonhemodynamic phenomena and therefore represented
      error components. It is obvious that these factors that affect the variance of
      the Doppler indices should be considered before the diagnostic reliability of
      this technique can be critically evaluated.

PMID- 2660568
TI  - Ethical issues in reproductive endocrinology and infertility.

PMID- 2660569
TI  - Preventing ruptured ectopic pregnancy with a single serum progesterone.
AB  - Retrospective data on patients with documented ectopic pregnancies have
      demonstrated the potential usefulness of serum progesterone in decreasing the
      time to diagnosis. We report a prospective trial utilizing serum progesterone in
      the emergency department of a large city-county hospital. Sixty-seven ectopic
      pregnancies were document in the 582 patients screened; 54 (80.6%) had a
      progesterone level less than 15 ng/ml. Only one (1.5%) ruptured ectopic pregnancy
      was associated with a progesterone level greater than 25 ng/ml. There were 387
      documented or presumed normal intrauterine pregnancies, 41 (10.6%) had
      progesterone concentrations of less than 15 ng/ml and 236 (61%) had a
      progesterone level greater than 25 ng/ml. We decreased minimum time of diagnosis
      from 48 to 72 hours to less than 24 hours by use of a progesterone screening
      protocol. During this time the percentage of ruptured ectopic pregnancies
      decreased from 79.2% to 38.8% (p less than 0.05). Because of its simple
      interpretation and 24-hour maximum delay, we conclude that the determination of
      serum progesterone should be used for ectopic pregnancy screening in all patients
      at risk for ectopic pregnancy, or at any time when the diagnosis is in question.

PMID- 2660570
TI  - A six-year experience with paravaginal defect repair for stress urinary
      incontinence.
AB  - One hundred forty-nine consecutive patients who had surgery from May 1890 through
      December 1986 were evaluated to assess the functional and anatomic results of the
      paravaginal defect repair for stress urinary incontinence. All patients had their
      preoperative assessment, operative procedure, and postoperative follow-up managed
      by the authors. Twelve percent of the patients had one or more previous surgical
      procedures for urinary incontinence. Sixteen percent of the patients had the
      preoperative diagnosis of urinary incontinence with mixed components of true
      stress incontinence and detrusor instability. Postoperatively, 6% of all patients
      developed evidence of cuff prolapse; 5% had an enterocele. In none of those
      patients did the defect prolapse to the hymen. Five percent of the patients had
      postoperative evidence of a persistent cystocele, all of which were smaller than
      they had been preoperatively. An assessment of the anatomic results of the repair
      demonstrates that meticulous attention must be paid to the proper repair of the
      paravesical defect, to support of the vaginal cuff, and to management of the cul
      de-sac of Douglas to minimize postoperative anatomic defects. Ninety-seven
      percent of patients had excellent functional results with no postoperative
      complaints of stress urinary incontinence.

PMID- 2660571
TI  - Only an attitude away: the potential of reproductive surrogacy.

PMID- 2660572
TI  - The mean interval to conception: a measure of utility for the analysis of
      decisions involving fertility.
AB  - This article describes a method of assigning a utility, or relative worth, to
      outcomes based on the mean interval to conception (MIC). In the formula MIC =
      1/fC, the subscript C is the proportion of a given cohort of women who would
      conceive if given an infinitely long trial and fC is the fecundability or monthly
      probability of conception among this subgroup. MIC and MIO (interval of
      observation for those who do not conceive) are used as the utilities in decision
      analyses of fertility treatment. This method provides a semiquantitative estimate
      that reflects uncertainty of cure of infertility and variation in amount of time
      spent in the nonpregnant state after infertility treatment.

PMID- 2660573
TI  - Recording maternal vaginal apex pulse.
AB  - A photoelectric plethysmographic probe, which emits and receives a low-voltage
      infrared light was placed in the vaginal apex of 122 high-risk pregnant women.
      The normal pulse form of the upper vagina does not have a diastolic notch. A
      study was undertaken to determine whether the vaginal apex pulse recording equals
      the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the uterine artery Doppler
      velocimetry, and whether abnormal uterine artery wave forms are fixed. The
      vaginal apex recordings had greater sensitivity to abnormal outcome than did the
      uterine artery Doppler technique. The vaginal apex pulse height decreased
      significantly in a majority of the women undergoing elective cesarean section and
      during uterine contractions. In patients with abnormal wave forms (diastolic
      notches) and treated with either terbutaline sulfate or magnesium sulfate, the
      diastolic notch disappeared in eight out of 14 cases.

PMID- 2660574
TI  - Fetal pericardial effusion.
AB  - Forty-four fetuses with pericardial effusions have been identified by
      ultrasonographic examinations. The clinical histories and courses of these
      patients were reviewed. At least eight different clinical features accompanied
      and were probably responsible for the pericardial effusions. The most common
      cause of a fetal pericardial effusion was heart failure (13 fetuses). Fetal renal
      cystic dysplasia with oligohydramnios and other anomalies was present in six
      fetuses. Four of this group had microscopic evidence of pericarditis on
      postmortem examination. Fetal pericardial effusions are always a manifestation of
      another disease process often presenting as fetal hydrops. Some pericardial
      effusions are transient. The etiologic origin of fetal pericardial effusions
      differs from that in the child or adult.

PMID- 2660575
TI  - Myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus is presented as a rare variant of
      uterine sarcoma. Only 10 previous cases have been described in the literature.
      These tumors have a striking myxoid appearance and exhibit highly malignant
      behavior despite their low mitotic index.

PMID- 2660576
TI  - The association between decreased amniotic fluid volume and treatment with
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents for preterm labor.
AB  - From a cohort of women treated for preterm labor at the Swedish Hospital Medical
      Center for a 1-year period, 58 patients were identified as receiving one or more
      tocolytic agents. Twenty-seven of the 58 patients met study criteria for the
      determination of the effects of tocolytic therapy on amniotic fluid volume both
      before and during treatment by means of ultrasound examination. Fourteen of 17
      patients (82.3%) treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs demonstrated a
      decrease in amniotic fluid, whereas none of the 10 patients treated with other
      tocolytic agents experienced a decrease in fluid volume. Decreased amniotic fluid
      associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment was reversible in
      seven of eight patients when treatment was discontinued and ultrasound
      examinations were performed after treatment.

PMID- 2660577
TI  - Sonographic determination of fetal weights in diabetic pregnancies.

PMID- 2660578
TI  - Eclamptic deaths and Baptists.

PMID- 2660579
TI  - Teaching stress management techniques to a schizophrenic patient.
AB  - This paper describes a stress management training program used with a 26-year-old
      schizophrenic man attending an outpatient day care program. In a seven-session
      program the patient was taught to use various techniques in muscle relaxation and
      biofeedback to decrease anxiety and to cope with stress. The patient's
      improvement on 7 of the 20 items of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
      demonstrated the effectiveness of even a short-term stress management program.

PMID- 2660580
TI  - My current cholesteatoma techniques.
AB  - Correct treatment of cholesteatoma should always be based on a good knowledge of
      its pathogenesis. The basic process consists of the ectopic presence of a basal
      malpighian-like epithelium in the middle ear. Different types of cholesteatoma
      exist, ranging from the cystic to the invasive form. The most appropriate
      surgical techniques for each type will be discussed by the author.

PMID- 2660581
TI  - State of the art of cochlear implants. The UCSF experience.
AB  - Clinical trials with the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)/Storz
      multichannel cochlear implant began in February 1985. A total of 16 patients were
      implanted with this four channel unit, a vocoder-based, compressed-analog system.
      Twelve of the 16 patients have had their 1-year postoperative evaluations, which
      permitted observations of their performance over time. Of these 12 patients, 10
      (83%) are able to obtain a considerable degree of speech recognition. This
      represents the achievement of some level of auditory-only understanding in a very
      high proportion of the implant population. Results are measured with a battery of
      speech reception tests, including monosyllabic word recognition (the standard
      clinical "speech discrimination" list), the recognition of key words in
      sentences, and connected discourse tracking. Conventional audiologic test
      procedures are used. The objective of the clinical trial was to evaluate the
      strategies developed by the UCSF implant team through neurophysiologic,
      histopathologic, and psychophysical investigations over the past 18 years. The
      UCSF/Storz trials have helped to clarify and to define the specifications for our
      next generation implant, an electrically transparent eight (bipolar) or 16
      (monopolar) channel system.

PMID- 2660582
TI  - Etiology of otospongiotic sensorineural losses.
AB  - The etiology of otospongiotic-otosclerotic disease is enzymatic; the proteolytic
      enzymes released by the otospongiotic-otosclerotic foci damage the inner ear and
      are also the basis of the bony rebuilding of the OW niche leading to stapedial
      fixation. The trigger may be an autoimmune process due to the reaction of the
      enchondral otic capsule against the embryonic cartilaginous remnants, genetically
      determined to be located in the otic capsule and mainly in the fissula
      antefenestram.

PMID- 2660583
TI  - Fetal glucose utilization in response to maternal starvation and acute
      hyperketonemia.
AB  - The effects of maternal hypoglycemia and/or hyperketonemia on glucose utilization
      by individual fetal rat tissues have been studied in vivo. To decrease blood
      glucose and to raise fetal blood ketone body concentrations, 19-day pregnant rats
      were submitted to 48 or 96 h of starvation. To differentiate between the effects
      of decreased blood glucose and increased ketone body concentrations, fed pregnant
      rats were infused for 2 h with DL-beta-hydroxybutyrate. After 96 h of maternal
      starvation, fetal 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) uptake decreased from 13.6 +/- 0.5 to
      8.6 +/- 1.15 micrograms.min-1.g-1. This was mainly due to a decrease in 2DG
      uptake by fetal hindlimb muscles and heart. By contrast, 2DG uptake in fetal
      liver and brain was not affected by maternal starvation. Acute hyperketonemia in
      fed pregnant rats induced a 23% decrease in 2DG uptake by the whole fetus mainly
      as the result of a lowered 2DG uptake in fetal hindlimb muscles. These data
      suggest that fetal 2DG uptake does not simply depend on lowered blood glucose
      level during maternal starvation but that other hormonal, cardiovascular, or
      metabolic adaptations are implicated. In the rat, most of the fetal tissues
      including brain are protected against maternal hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2660585
TI  - Changes of sympathetic nerve activity induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose infusion in
      humans.
AB  - Microelectrode recording of sympathetic signals in the peroneal nerve was
      performed in 14 healthy volunteers following infusion of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (50
      ml/kg body wt). Heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, hematocrit, and
      blood levels of glucose, insulin, and catecholamines were monitored. Muscle nerve
      sympathetic activity (MSA), which is involved in cardiovascular homeostasis,
      increased significantly from a base-line level of 19.9 +/- 4.5 (mean +/- SE)
      bursts/min to a peak 30 min after the start of the infusion of 33.1 +/- 5.1
      bursts/min. Skin nerve sympathetic activity (SSA), which is a mixture of
      sudomotor and vasoconstrictor signals, also increased to a peak at 30 min. The
      impulse pattern of SSA suggested that the increase involved mainly sudomotor
      activity, with simultaneous inhibition of vasoconstrictor signals. The time
      courses of MSA and the circulatory responses suggested that the increase in MSA
      was not a baroreceptor-induced counteraction of the cardiovascular changes during
      glucopenia. The responses of MSA and SSA were remarkably similar to those
      observed previously during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. The relationship between
      changes of sympathetic outflow, glucose levels, and insulin levels in the present
      study indicates that the effects observed are consequences of central nervous
      system glucopenia, with insulin playing a minor role. It is concluded that the
      sympathoadrenal system responds in a markedly differentiated way to glucopenia.

PMID- 2660584
TI  - Effects of glucose and insulin on fetal glucose oxidation and oxygen consumption.
AB  - Glucose and insulin clamp experiments were performed in late-gestation fetal
      lambs to quantify the separate and combined effects of physiological
      concentrations of fetal glucose (G; 7.3-62.6 mg/dl) and insulin (I; 2-119 uU/ml)
      on fetal glucose metabolism and O2 consumption. Fetal glucose utilization rate
      (GUR) varied from 2.82 to 15.12 mg.min-1.kg-1. Fetal CO2 production from fetal
      glucose carbon oxidation (CO2Pr) varied from 32 to 234 mumol.min-1.kg-1 and was
      directly related to G and I [CO2Pr = -0.00868 + 0.00578 (G) + 0.000901 (I) -
      0.0000619 (G)2, r = 0.88] and to GUR (CO2Pr = 0.0159 GUR - 0.0130, r = 0.89).
      CO2Pr accounted for 54.7% of the mean GUR and for 35.9% of the mean umbilical O2
      uptake (UO2U), ranging from 26.0% in the control studies to 36.5% in
      hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic studies and to 45.1% in hyperinsulinemic
      hyperglycemic studies. UO2U varied from 0.200 to I [UO2U = 0.303 + [0.000813 (G)]
      + [0.0000461 (I)], r = 0.89] and to GUR (UO2U = 0.0098 GUR + 0.275, r = 0.91).
      These results define independent (additive) effects of G and I on glucose
      oxidation in the late gestation fetal lamb and demonstrate the necessity for
      considering the levels of both G and I when studying these aspects of fetal
      metabolism.

PMID- 2660586
TI  - Reversal of the toxic effects of cachectin by concurrent insulin administration.
AB  - Rats treated with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-cachectin, 100
      micrograms/kg ip twice daily for 5 consecutive days, had a 56% decrease in food
      intake, a 54% decrease in nitrogen balance, and a 23-g decrease in body weight
      gain vs. saline-treated controls. Concurrent neutral protamine hagedorn insulin
      administration of 2 U/100 g sc twice daily reversed all of these changes to
      control levels without causing any treatment deaths. The improvement seen with
      insulin was dose independent. Five days of cachectin treatment caused a severe
      interstitial pneumonitis, periportal inflammation in the liver, and an increase
      in wet organ weight in the heart, lungs, kidney, and spleen. Concurrent insulin
      treatment led to near total reversal of these histopathologic changes. Cachectin
      treatment did not significantly change blood glucose levels from control values
      of 130-140 mg/dl, but insulin plus cachectin caused a significant decrease in
      blood glucose from 1 through 12 h after injection. Administration of high-dose
      insulin can near totally reverse the nutritional and histopathologic toxicity of
      sublethal doses of cachectin in rats.

PMID- 2660587
TI  - Insulin inhibition of overnight glucose production and gluconeogenesis from
      lactate in NIDDM.
AB  - Increased gluconeogenesis contributes to fasting hyperglycemia in non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). We examined whether insulin inhibits
      gluconeogenesis from lactate by altering the fate of lactate and/or by reducing
      lactate flux. Seven patients with NIDDM (age 51 +/- 4 yr, body mass index 28 +/-
      2 kg/m2) were studied before and 3 wk after achieving normoglycemia with evening
      insulin therapy. Basal glucose production (Ra) and utilization were measured
      overnight [( 3-3H]glucose infusion from 9 P.M. to 8 A.M.) and lactate turnover
      and conversion to glucose between 4 and 8 A.M. [( U-14C]lactate infusion) before
      and after insulin therapy. During insulin therapy, fasting plasma glucose
      decreased from 188 +/- 13 to 99 +/- 7 mg/dl (P less than 0.001) due to inhibition
      of glucose Ra from 3.0 +/- 0.1 to 2.2 +/- 0.1 mumol.kg-1.min-1 (P less than
      0.005). Plasma free insulin increased from 6 +/- 1 to 11 +/- 1 microU/ml (P less
      than 0.005). Plasma lactate concentrations (1.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.1 mmol/l
      before vs. after insulin therapy) and the lactate turnover rate (15.6 +/- 0.9 vs.
      14.2 +/- 0.8 mumol.kg.min) remained unchanged, whereas the amount of glucose
      formed from lactate decreased from 2.0 +/- 0.1 to 1.4 +/- 0.2 mumol.kg-1.min-1 (P
      less than 0.02) and the percent of lactate turnover converted to glucose
      decreased from 26 +/- 1 to 20 +/- 2% (P less than 0.05). We conclude that insulin
      inhibits overnight glucose Ra from lactate by decreasing the proportion of
      lactate diverted towards gluconeogenesis rather than by altering lactate
      availability or total flux.

PMID- 2660588
TI  - HDL subfractions and adipose tissue metabolism in the reduced-obese state.
AB  - The effect of weight reduction on fasting serum lipids and lipoproteins and
      adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase responsiveness to insulin was assessed
      immediately after and 3 mo subsequent to a mean 11.7% weight reduction in 14
      women. Whereas reduction in fasting serum triglycerides persisted after 3 mo,
      reductions in serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were not found at 3 mo. In fact, at 3 mo,
      levels of HDL cholesterol were higher than before weight reduction. Maintenance
      of the reduced-obese state also increased the HDL2-to-HDL3 cholesterol ratio (P
      less than 0.01), an effect strongly associated with the change in the
      responsiveness of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase to insulin (r = 0.821, P less
      than 0.001). Moreover, after maintenance of the reduced-obese state, the HDL2-to
      HDL3 cholesterol ratio also increased after the ingestion of corn oil and a 6-h
      insulin-glucose infusion, a response not present before weight reduction. Thus
      the effect of weight reduction on serum lipids and lipoproteins was not only time
      dependent, but for HDL, was strongly associated with changes in adipose tissue
      metabolism.

PMID- 2660589
TI  - Pubescence-related changes in hepatocyte insulin dynamics in female rats.
AB  - Insulin binding and receptor-mediated insulin processing were investigated in
      isolated hepatocytes from sexually maturing female rats and from age-matched
      animals that had undergone prepubertal ovariectomy or whose sexual dimorphism had
      been disrupted by neonatal androgen treatment. Equilibrium insulin binding was
      determined after 18 h of incubation with 125I-TyrA14-monoiodoinsulin at 4 degrees
      C. Receptor-mediated insulin processing was studied after overnight binding with
      100 pM insulin at 4 degrees C and subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C. Insulin
      binding at tracer concentrations increased 50% from sexual immaturity at 3-4 wk
      through pubescence at 6-8 wk and was further increased into young adulthood at 10
      12 wk. Scatchard analysis indicated that the altered binding was due primarily to
      an increase in receptor number. Increased binding with sexual maturation resulted
      in correspondingly higher levels of insulin in each of the four compartments of
      processing studied (cell surface bound, internalized, degraded, and released). A
      corresponding increase in receptor-mediated insulin degradation after 10 min at
      37 degrees C was observed, as changes in insulin degradation were proportional to
      the increase in insulin receptor binding. The age-related increase in insulin
      binding and subsequent increase in degradation were abolished by prepubertal
      ovariectomy. Furthermore, disrupting sexual dimorphism by perinatal androgen
      treatment resulted in a reduction of the age-related increase in insulin binding,
      but the percentage of insulin degraded was significantly greater than that
      accounted for by the increase in receptor number. As a result, insulin
      degradation per unit of receptor-bound hormone was increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660590
TI  - Modification of glycosylation of renin in sodium-depleted and captopril-treated
      rats.
AB  - Concanavalin A (con A) chromatography of rat plasma revealed the presence of
      three differently glycosylated forms of renin, including the con A unbound form
      (renin C), the loosely bound form (renin A), and the tightly bound form (renin
      B). Rat renal cortical slices in vitro secreted all these forms. They had a
      different half-life in the plasma after ligation of both renal artery and vein
      (half-life of 21 +/- 1, 14 +/- 3, and 35 +/- 4 min for renin A, B, and C,
      respectively). Thus differently glycosylated forms of renin are released from the
      kidney into the blood circulation and disappear, with a different half-life. Rats
      were sodium-depleted and captopril-treated (40-60 mg.kg-1.day-1) for 2 wk, and
      the effects of these treatments on relative proportions of renin A, B, and C were
      investigated. These treatments elevated plasma renin concentration approximately
      60-fold (from 24 +/- 3 to 1,406 +/- 128 ng angiotensin I.h-1.ml-1; P less than
      0.01), in association with an increase in the relative percent of renin C in the
      plasma from 22 +/- 2 to 39 +/- 3% (P less than 0.01). Moreover, the relative
      proportion of renin C released from the renal cortical slices was significantly
      higher in the treated than in the control rats (42 +/- 9 vs. 16 +/- 3% of
      secreted renin, respectively; P less than 0.02). These results show that the
      predominant release of renin C, with the longest half-life (35 min) in the
      plasma, contributes to the increased plasma renin concentration in sodium
      depleted and captopril-treated rats.

PMID- 2660591
TI  - Contributions of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis during glucose
      counterregulation in normal humans.
AB  - To estimate the relative contributions of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to
      the increase in hepatic glucose output (HGO) during glucose counterregulation
      under conditions simulating clinical insulin hypoglycemia, we induced moderate
      hypoglycemia (approximately 55 mg/dl) with a continuous infusion of insulin that
      resulted in physiological hyperinsulinemia (approximately 20 microU/ml) in eight
      normal volunteers and estimated gluconeogenesis by two methods: an isotopic
      approach in which appearance of plasma glucose derived from lactate was
      determined and another approach in which we infused alcohol along with insulin to
      block gluconeogenesis and used the exogenous glucose required to prevent greater
      hypoglycemia as an index of gluconeogenesis. Both methods gave similar results.
      Initially glycogenolysis accounted for approximately 85% of HGO; however, once
      hypoglycemia became established, the contribution of gluconeogenesis increased
      progressively to 77 +/- 10 (isotopic method) and 94 +/- 10% (alcohol method) of
      overall HGO. We conclude that in normal humans during moderate protracted
      hypoglycemia induced by physiological hyperinsulinemia, gluconeogenesis is the
      predominant factor responsible for the counterregulatory increase in HGO and that
      increased gluconeogenesis rather than increased glycogenolysis is the primary
      mechanism preventing development of greater hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2660592
TI  - Glomerular actions of ANG II during reduction of renal artery pressure: a
      morphometric analysis.
AB  - The glomeruli of kidneys subjected to reduced perfusion pressure were examined
      morphometrically. The left renal artery was narrowed for 30 min in anesthetized
      dogs with (n = 6) or without (n = 7) converting-enzyme inhibition (captopril).
      The kidneys were then rapidly fixed by glutaraldehyde perfusion at high flow
      rate. In a comparison of glomeruli of kidneys subjected to pressure reduction in
      captopril-treated and untreated dogs, there was significantly greater mesangial
      contraction in the latter, but morphometric analysis revealed no significant
      differences in the glomerular surface area available for filtration as evidenced
      by glomerular capillary volume fractions, surface areas of the filtering basement
      membrane between epithelial and endothelial cells, or the length densities of the
      glomerular epithelial slits. In a comparison of the left (pressure reduction) and
      right (no pressure reduction) kidneys in the captopril-treated dogs, there was no
      significant effect of reduction of renal perfusion pressure per se on mesangial
      contraction or glomerular filtration surface area when angiotensin (ANG) II
      formation was blocked. Thus ANG II caused mesangial cell contraction after renal
      artery stenosis, but this did not significantly change glomerular ultrafiltration
      surface area.

PMID- 2660593
TI  - Endothelin: a potent renal and systemic vasoconstrictor peptide.
AB  - Endothelin is an endothelial cell-derived peptide recently shown to possess
      potent vasoconstrictor properties. Bolus intravenous injections of endothelin (5
      450 pmol) into anesthetized Munich-Wistar rats induced a marked pressor effect,
      the magnitude and duration of which were dose dependent. Maximal systemic and
      renal responses occurred within 20 min and persisted for greater than 90 min in
      the higher dose range. In response to bolus dosages of 25 pmol or greater, renal
      plasma flow fell proportionately more than glomerular filtration rate, resulting
      in an increase in filtration fraction. In micropuncture studies of rats given
      continuous intravenous infusions of endothelin (0.63 pmol/min), the peptide
      caused a proportionately greater elevation of efferent than afferent arteriolar
      resistance, with a marked elevation of glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure
      and a lower glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient. Endothelin was
      modestly natriuretic when systemic pressure rose and renal function was not
      severely impaired. This potent renal and systemic vasoconstrictor may play an
      important role in glomerular injury and in the pathophysiology of a variety of
      clinical microvasculopathies.

PMID- 2660594
TI  - Peptide hormone effects on urinary acidification and acid-base balance: PTH, ADH,
      and glucagon.
AB  - That the adaptation of the kidney to the acid-base status may be controlled by
      peptide hormones is considered. In the proximal tubule parathyroid hormone (PTH)
      inhibits reabsorption of both bicarbonate and phosphate. The former effect is
      compensated for by an increase in bicarbonate absorption in Henle's loop, and the
      latter effect serves to augment phosphate concentration in the distal tubular
      fluid, which stimulates proton secretion in collecting ducts, the net effect of
      PTH administration being an enhancement of urinary acidification. In the thick
      ascending limb, both antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and glucagon inhibit bicarbonate
      absorption. In distal and cortical collecting tubules ADH stimulates net
      bicarbonate absorption and glucagon net bicarbonate secretion, which results in
      stimulation and inhibition of final urine acidification, respectively. Acute acid
      loading stimulates endogenous PTH secretion, which, by enhancing urinary
      acidification, constitutes a homeostatic response of the parathyroid glands. The
      major effects of ADH on urinary acidification serve at least to counterbalance
      disturbing consequences on urinary ammonia excretion of physiological variations
      in the urinary flow rate. The physiological significance of the effects of
      glucagon is unclear at present. Thus other peptide hormones may add to PTH and
      corticosteroid hormones to modulate urinary acidification, which leads to the
      concept of a pluri-hormonal control of acid-base balance.

PMID- 2660595
TI  - Increased lymphatic elimination of interstitial hyaluronan during E. coli sepsis
      in sheep.
AB  - The effect of septicemia on the elimination of hyaluronan (HA) from the lung
      interstitium was investigated in awake sheep with chronic lung lymph and thoracic
      duct fistulas. The result was compared with that after elevation of left atrial
      pressure (LAP). Lymph was sampled before and after a 20-min infusion of
      Escherichia coli (10(9) bacteria/kg body wt.), after elevation of LAP, or both.
      Infusion of E. coli caused an increased flux of HA in lung lymph and thoracic
      duct lymph. After an elevation of LAP, the HA flux in lung lymph was increased to
      a comparable extent. In animals subjected to an increase in LAP and subsequently
      to infusion of E. coli, no additive effect on HA flux was seen. The weight
      average molecular weight of HA in lung lymph was increased both after sepsis and
      after elevation of LAP. The findings show that sepsis and elevated transvascular
      hydrostatic pressure result in increased mobilization of HA from the
      interstitium. This might partly explain the increased HA concentrations in plasma
      in clinical sepsis and may also lead to a change in the characteristics of the
      interstitial matrix in this condition.

PMID- 2660596
TI  - Hypoxia stimulates release of endothelium-derived relaxant factor.
AB  - It was tested whether hypoxia stimulates the release of endothelium-derived
      relaxant factor (EDRF). In paired segments (with and without endothelium) of
      either femoral artery (n = 49) or aorta (n = 42) from rabbits, selective luminal
      hypoxia (Po2 = 24 +/- 8 mmHg) was induced, whereas the Po2 at the adventitial
      side was kept above 300 mmHg. Hypoxia induced a dilation of 11 +/- 2% in aortic
      segments with endothelium, whereas the paired segments without endothelium
      dilated by only 1.2 +/- 0.2% (P less than 0.001). Similar results were obtained
      in femoral segments (11.8 +/- 1.5% dilation in segments with endothelium vs. 1.4
      +/- 0.2% in segments without; P less than 0.001). Likewise in 19 out of 36
      bioassay experiments, perfusate from endothelium-intact rabbit aortas or cultured
      bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia elicited dilation (10.7 +/-
      3.2%) in the detector. The EDRF-inhibitors, hemoglobin (5 microM) and
      dithiothreitol (200 microM), significantly inhibited the hypoxia-induced dilation
      of intact segments as well as of assay segments perfused with effluent from
      hypoxic donors. These results suggest that hypoxia stimulates the release of EDRF
      from native and cultured endothelium. Low partial pressures of oxygen, such as
      those that exist in small arteries and arterioles, might therefore be a
      physiological stimulus for continuous release of EDRF.

PMID- 2660597
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of endothelin in conscious rats.
AB  - The hemodynamic responses to endothelin, a recently isolated vasoconstrictor
      peptide, were determined in conscious rats with and without the three major known
      neurohumoral control systems. Rats (n = 6) were instrumented with arterial and
      venous catheters and an electromagnetic flow probe around the ascending aorta.
      Neurohumoral blockade was achieved with 10 mg/kg chlorisondamine, 0.5 mg/kg
      methscopolamine, 1 mg/kg captopril, and 10 micrograms/kg d(CH2)Tyr5(Me)AVP.
      Resting mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral
      resistance (TPR) in areflexic rats were restored to normal levels with a constant
      norepinephrine infusion. Endothelin was infused intravenously for 25 min in doses
      ranging from 0.01 to 1,000 ng.kg-1.min-1. Rats with intact reflexes did not
      respond significantly until a dose of 100 ng.kg-1.min-1 that increased MAP 20%,
      decreased CO 22% and increased TPR 58%. At a dose of 1,000 ng.kg-1.min-1 of
      endothelin (infused for 10 min), MAP increased 35%, CO decreased 66%, and TPR
      increased 303%. In areflexic rats, 1 ng.kg-1.min-1 of endothelin caused
      significant increases in MAP (14%), small decreases in CO (-5%), and a 20%
      increase in TPR. At a dose of 10 ng.kg-1.min-1, MAP increased 17%, CO decreased
      3%, and TPR increased 21%; at 100 ng.kg-1.min-1, MAP increased 40%, CO decreased
      13%, and TPR increased 67%; at 1,000 ng.kg-1.min-1, MAP increased 48%, CO
      decreased 61%, and TPR increased 319%. The pressor effects of endothelin were
      therefore significantly buffered by neurohumoral systems; however, the decreases
      in CO caused by high doses of endothelin were independent of neurohumoral
      control.

PMID- 2660598
TI  - Central effect of endothelin on blood pressure in conscious rats.
AB  - This study was conducted to investigate the effect of intracerebroventricular
      administration of endothelin (EDT), a novel potent vasoconstricting peptide, on
      blood pressure in conscious rats. The lateral cerebral ventricle of male Wistar
      rats was cannulated, and the femoral artery was also cannulated to measure the
      mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR). EDT dissolved in 10
      microliters of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) (8.25-66 pmol icv) provoked
      a dose-dependent increase in MABP. EDT also increased HR, although the effect of
      66 pmol was variable. Intracerebroventricular ACSF did not provoke any effects on
      MABP and HR. Intracerebroventricular EDT also provoked contralateral rotational
      behavior. Pretreatment with 2 mg/kg iv phenoxybenzamine significantly suppressed
      the 16.5 pmol icv EDT-induced increase in MABP. Moreover, 16.5 pmol icv EDT
      markedly increased plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentration. These
      results indicate that EDT has a central pressor action, and the action might be
      mediated, at least in part, by catecholamine release to the periphery. EDT might
      play a role in the central control of blood pressure, although the physiological
      implications have not yet been determined.

PMID- 2660599
TI  - Curt Richter and Johns Hopkins: a union of assets.

PMID- 2660600
TI  - Reflex inhibition of plasma renin activity by increased left ventricular pressure
      in conscious dogs.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of left ventricular
      (LV) outflow obstruction on plasma renin activity (PRA) and the contribution from
      afferent receptors located in the LV myocardium. In chronically instrumented,
      conscious dogs (n = 12), changes in PRA during a 15- to 20-mmHg decrease in
      arterial blood pressure were assessed during 1) intravenous infusions of
      nitroprusside (NP) alone and 2) infusions of NP while peak systolic LV pressure
      was elevated by acute ascending aortic occlusion (AAO + NP). Infusions of NP
      alone elicited significant increases in heart rate (24.9 +/- 5.1 beats/min; P
      less than 0.01) and in PRA [3.31 +/- 0.53 ng angiotensin I (ANG I).ml-1.h-1; P
      less than 0.01]. These were accompanied by decreases in both LV pressure (-13.8
      +/- 3.6 mmHg; P less than 0.05) and left atrial pressure (-3.0 +/- 0.7 mmHg; P
      less than 0.05). During AAO + NP, LV pressure was elevated to an absolute level
      of 169.2 +/- 4.6 mmHg (+53.3 +/- 4.2 mmHg; P less than 0.001), whereas left
      atrial pressure was not changed. Both the hypotension-induced rise in PRA and
      tachycardia were significantly inhibited during AAO + NP (+0.59 +/- 0.29 ng ANG
      I.ml-1.h-1 and +6.3 +/- 4.6 beats/min, respectively; NS). The topical application
      of a local anesthetic in the region of the main coronary artery, sufficient to
      block the heart rate and arterial blood pressure responses to selective LV
      receptor stimulation by intracoronary veratridine (0.1-0.4 microgram/kg),
      resulted in significant increases in PRA and heart rate during AAO + NP.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660601
TI  - Computer software for physiology education.

PMID- 2660602
TI  - The deadliest plague.

PMID- 2660603
TI  - Emergency room use and primary care case management: evidence from four Medicaid
      demonstration programs.
AB  - Claims-based utilization data collected in four Medicaid demonstration programs
      are used to examine the impact of primary care case management on patterns of
      reliance on the emergency room as a source of services. The experience of
      stratified random samples of AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children)
      adults and children in the demonstration programs is compared with that of
      equivalent samples from comparison groups in traditional Medicaid programs. Data
      were analyzed in multivariate models controlling for person characteristics in a
      pre/post, demonstration/comparison design. Results indicated large reductions in
      the proportion of persons with at least one emergency room visit ranging from 27
      to 37 per cent for children and 30 to 45 per cent for adults. Use levels for
      persons with at least one ER visit are less substantially affected. The findings
      suggest that gatekeeping designs can alter patterns of enrollee use with respect
      to the emergency room and some discussion of these implications is presented.

PMID- 2660604
TI  - Accidental ingestions of oral prescription drugs: a multicenter survey.
AB  - Accidental ingestion of oral prescription drugs by children under age five
      continues to be a public health problem. A telephone survey of 1,866 ingestion
      incidents reported to nine poison control centers was conducted in the spring of
      1986. Accidental ingestion occurred most often with a two-year-old child (42 per
      cent) in their own home (82 per cent). Thirty-five per cent of the toxic drugs
      ingested at home belonged to someone other than the immediate family, most often
      a grandparent. Toxic drugs were more often out of their usual storage location
      and in non-child-resistant prescription packaging, a nonprescription container,
      or in no container. Twenty-two per cent of all child-resistant packages were non
      functional. Overall, at least 61 per cent of all medications had no child
      resistant barrier at the time of ingestion. Accessible storage locations such as
      the kitchen counter, table top, or top of a dresser or bedside table greatly
      increased the risk of accidental ingestion. These results suggest the need for
      effective child-resistant packaging that is easier for all adults to use.

PMID- 2660605
TI  - What do we really know about AIDS control?
AB  - For the near term, control of the AIDS epidemic depends entirely upon altering
      the human behavior which results in HIV transmission. How best to achieve the
      required changes has been controversial with approaches ranging from
      education/information only, to a vast array of largely unproven voluntary
      behavior modification techniques, to mandatory testing and restrictive measures.
      Given the complexity of human behavior and the reality of a still uncontrolled
      epidemic, at least among poor urban drug using minorities, there is a legitimate
      role for most approaches and any promising behavior modification strategy
      deserves evaluation. However, because voluntarism will not work for some
      individuals, society still must choose between effective public health law-
      including restrictive measures--now, and a much larger reservoir of HIV infection
      and more deaths from AIDS for many generations to come.

PMID- 2660606
TI  - Screening adolescent male detainees.

PMID- 2660607
TI  - Superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. A report of 76 cases and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Superficial squamous carcinoma of the esophagus, defined as carcinoma limited to
      mucosa or submucosa regardless of lymph node status, is being increasingly
      recognized in the Western hemisphere. Seventy-six cases of this entity are herein
      presented. Five macroscopic types were recognized: normal flat (eight cases),
      coarse (21 cases), verrucous (25 cases), polypoid (17 cases), and ulcerating
      infiltrating (five cases). Histological typing included 65 conventional squamous
      cell carcinomas, six squamous carcinomas with spindle cell features, and five
      adenoid cystic carcinomas. Four cases were strictly intraepithelial, 10 cases
      were confined to the mucosa, nine cases encroached onto the muscularis mucosae,
      and 53 extended into the submucosa. Cases with intraepithelial and infiltrating
      carcinomas confined to the mucosa showed no lymph node involvement. Thirty
      percent of cases extending into the submucosa developed lymph node metastases.
      Thirty-eight patients survived surgical resection from 1 to 96 months; 34 of
      these 38 were free of neoplastic disease. Fourteen patients had an associated
      bronchial or oropharyngolaryngeal carcinoma either simultaneously or
      asynchronously. We conclude that patients with superficial squamous carcinoma of
      the esophagus can benefit from early diagnosis and prompt surgery.

PMID- 2660608
TI  - Segmental mediolytic arteritis. A clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study of
      two cases.
AB  - We describe the histopathologic and ultrastructural changes in two cases of
      segmental mediolytic arteritis (SMA) and summarize the clinical and pathologic
      findings in previous reports. SMA is initiated by the transformation of the
      arterial smooth-muscle cytoplasmic contents into a maze of dilated vacuoles
      containing edema-like fluid. With vacuolar rupture, the smooth-muscle cells are
      disrupted and the mediolytic process completed. Mediolysis is accompanied by
      fibrin deposition and hemorrhages at the adventitio-medial junction and within
      the media. Inflammation is inconstant and limited to the periadventitial tissues.
      Transmural mediolysis leads to the formation of arterial wall gaps--defects in
      the vascular wall bridged by a serofibrinous layer. The serosal and intramural
      arteries and arterioles of the jejunum and the epicardial coronary arteries were
      the targets of SMA in this report. SMA occurs in two clinical settings: (a) in
      abdominal muscular arteries and arterioles of predominantly elderly patients
      presenting either with ischemic bowel disease or shock, and (b) in the coronary
      arteries of neonates in conditions associated with severe hypoxemia. We conclude
      that SMA is the result of an inappropriate vasospastic response expressed in a
      splanchnic vascular bed undergoing vasoconstriction as a response to shock or
      severe hypoxemia.

PMID- 2660609
TI  - Solitary circumscribed neuroma of the skin (so-called palisaded, encapsulated
      neuroma). A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Solitary, circumscribed neuroma is a distinctive benign cutaneous tumor that was
      first described under the name "palisaded, encapsulated neuroma" over 15 years
      ago. Despite the fact that it is not uncommon, it has received minimal attention
      and is very poorly known among pathologists. We have studied the
      clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of 39 cases. These lesions
      almost always present on the face or close to a mucocutaneous junction in middle
      aged adults. Most examples measure less than or equal to 0.5 cm and are composed
      of a partially encapsulated mass of bland Schwann cells and innumerable tiny
      axons arranged in interlacing fascicles. The capsule is composed of perineural
      cells that show epithelial membrane antigen positivity. Solitary, circumscribed
      neuroma is not associated with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis, nor is
      there evidence to support its possible relationship to the type IIb multiple
      endocrine neoplasia syndrome. This entity warrants wider recognition.

PMID- 2660610
TI  - Giant-cell interstitial pneumonia and hard-metal pneumoconiosis. A
      clinicopathologic study of four cases and review of the literature.
AB  - We report four cases of giant-cell interstitial pneumonia that occurred in
      association with exposure to hard metals. All patients presented with chronic
      interstitial lung disease and had open-lung biopsies that revealed marked
      interstitial fibrosis, cellular interstitial infiltrates, and prominent
      intraalveolar macrophages as well as giant cells displaying cellular cannibalism.
      We also review the literature to determine the sensitivity and specificity of
      giant-cell interstitial pneumonia for hard-metal pneumoconiosis. Although hard
      metal pneumoconiosis may take the form of usual interstitial pneumonia,
      desquamative interstitial pneumonia, and giant-cell interstitial pneumonia, the
      finding of giant-cell interstitial pneumonia is almost pathognomonic of hard
      metal disease and should provoke an investigation of occupational exposure.

PMID- 2660611
TI  - Fat-containing lesions of the thyroid gland.
AB  - Thyroid lesions containing adipose tissue are rare; only scattered case reports
      are recorded. This study of 17 lipomatous thyroid lesions on file at the Armed
      Forces Institute of Pathology was undertaken to better document the full range of
      these abnormalities. Patient ages ranged from 11 to 75 years; nine patients were
      female and eight were male. Fat-containing thyroid neoplasms included seven
      papillary carcinomas, four adenomatoid nodules, one follicular adenoma, and one
      minimally invasive follicular carcinoma. Nonneoplastic conditions associated with
      adipose tissue included four cases of amyloid goiter, two cases of lymphocytic
      thyroiditis, one case of dyshormonogenetic goiter, and one case of thyroid
      atrophy. This study documents the presence of adipose tissue in a wider range of
      benign and malignant thyroid lesions than has previously been reported.

PMID- 2660612
TI  - Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) showing perineurial cell
      differentiation.
AB  - We report a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) showing the unusual
      immunohistochemical feature of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) immunoreactivity
      in a 52-year-old man. The tumor, located in the left paravertebral muscles, was
      composed of both cellular and myxoid areas. Spindle-shaped tumor cells were
      arranged in longitudinal cell cords, in a storiform pattern, and in whorled
      structures. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells had many interdigitating cell
      processes, primitive cell junctions, and discontinuous external laminae. These
      histological and ultrastructural features were most consistent with those of an
      MPNST; but on immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells reacted for epithelial
      membrane antigen rather than for S-100 protein or Leu-7. Because EMA
      immunoreactivity was recently demonstrated in perineurial cells, we concluded
      that the tumor was an MPNST mainly composed of tumor cells showing perineurial
      cell differentiation.

PMID- 2660613
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of intravenous anesthetics in aged patients].
AB  - This paper reviews the pharmacokinetic modifications of anaesthetic intravenous
      drugs in elderly reported in the literature. With benzodiazepines, the
      elimination half-life is prolonged and can increase the duration of the sedative
      effect. With hypnotics, the increase of pharmacological effect (intensity and
      duration) is due to a decrease of initial volume of distribution and total body
      clearance. Except morphine, the pharmacokinetic of opioids is slightly changed
      and can't explain the increase of the pharmacodynamic sensibility.

PMID- 2660614
TI  - [Paraclinical tests in the diagnosis of right ventricle infarction].
AB  - Right ventricular infarction is often associated with an inferior myocardial
      infarction. ECG demonstrates a ST segment elevation in the leads V3R and V4R when
      taken early. Two dimensional and M mode echocardiography are useful in the
      differential diagnosis of cardiac tamponade. However they can demonstrate right
      ventricular functional derangements. Hemodynamic abnormalities are variables:
      adiastole, features of tricuspid regurgitation.

PMID- 2660615
TI  - [Right-left auricular shunt caused by patent foramen ovale at a multi-purpose
      intensive care unit. Apropos of 3 cases].
AB  - Three cases of symptomatic right-to-left interatrial shunt through a patent
      foramen ovale were detected in the course of a case of paradoxical embolism
      related to a massive pulmonary embolism, a case of refractory hypoxemia after
      cardiopulmonary bypass and a case of refractory hypoxemia in a patient with
      tricuspid endocarditis. According to anatomic studies, the incidence of patent
      foramen ovale is 25-30% in healthy people. In that case any pathological event
      generating an increase in the right atrial pressure higher than the left atrial
      pressure may induce a right-to-left shunt with systemic arterial desaturation and
      possible paradoxical embolization. The reported cases emphasize the advantage of
      ultrasonic examinations (contrast sonocardiography, pulsated or coloured Doppler)
      to show the right-to-left atrial shunt. The demonstration of this acquired shunt
      requires appropriate measures in order to reverse the atrial gradient. Sometimes
      a specific therapy is required such as caval filter insertion in case of
      pulmonary embolization or surgical closure of foramen ovale in some patients.

PMID- 2660616
TI  - Captopril in treatment of hypertensive diabetic patients. Preliminary study.
AB  - This investigation was performed in 15 adult patients: 6 with type I and 9 with
      type II diabetes mellitus, all with arterial hypertension. Captopril (12.5 to 100
      mg daily, mean 34 mg) was administered for a month and was effective as
      monotherapy in all patients. The supine arterial pressure changed from: 177 +/-
      19 mm Hg to 141.7 +/- 7.7 mm Hg systolic and 106 +/- 7.6 mm Hg to 87.3 +/- 5.3 mm
      Hg diastolic; and upright: from 162.7 +/- 16 mm Hg to 139 +/- 11.4 mm Hg systolic
      and from 101.7 +/- 11.6 mm Hg to 87.3 +/- 6.5 mm Hg diastolic. The differences
      were statistically significant (p less than 0.001). The mean blood glucose was
      changed significantly at the end of the study (from 11.1 +/- 3.4 mmol.l-1 to 8.1
      +/- 1.0 mumol.l-1, p less than 0.001), while the daily insulin dose (respectively
      glybenclamide) remained unchanged. No alterations in serum creatinine, HbA1
      (glycohemoglobin), urinary excretion rate of albumin, beta 2-microglobulin,
      glomerular filtration rate were observed during follow-up. No important change in
      plasma aldosterone was found, while plasma renin activity was significantly
      increased (p less than 0.05) as expected. No side effects were reported during
      the therapy. Captopril appears to be an effective and safe drug for lowering
      blood pressure in diabetic patients without affecting renal function.

PMID- 2660617
TI  - [Evolution of surgical delivery during the past 35 years according to the data of
      the All-Union Research Center for Maternal and Child Health of the Ministry of
      Public Health of the USSR].
AB  - A distinct evolution of surgical delivery has been demonstrated over the past 35
      years. In the past decade, the proportion of surgical deliveries has grown
      considerably owing to the increasing rate of cesarean sections. In most cases,
      the operation is performed for combined indications and, quite frequently, for
      the sake of the fetus. Perinatal parameters have improved while there has been no
      clear-cut correlation between the increasing rate of cesarean section and
      declining perinatal mortality. Further development of rational labor management
      principles is necessary.

PMID- 2660618
TI  - [Value of utero-placental and feto-placental Doppler flowmetry in selecting
      rational tactics in the management of pregnancy and the method of delivery].
AB  - A classification of hemodynamic disorders in the mother-placenta-fetus system has
      been developed, and approaches to the management of pregnancy and the choice of
      the method and time of delivery have been evolved on the basis of a study of 134
      normal pregnancies and 47 complicated pregnancies between 16 and 41 weeks. It is
      demonstrated that abdominal delivery is preferable for the sake of the fetus
      where uteroplacental and fetoplacental circulatory disturbances are considerable.

PMID- 2660619
TI  - [Determining factors in the increased frequency of utilization of abdominal
      delivery and its prospects in present-day obstetrics].

PMID- 2660620
TI  - [Preventing incompetence of uterine sutures after cesarean section].
AB  - Antimicrobial polymer films were used at cesarean section in 81 patients. The
      method is described, and the results are reported. Pharmacokinetic and
      microbiologic studies, and the immediate assessment of postoperative uterine
      contractility as well as late assessment of the uterine scar have demonstrated
      that polymer materials, used in patients at high risk for postoperative
      complications do not interfere with postpartum uterine contraction and are an
      effective means of preventing uterinescar incompetence.

PMID- 2660621
TI  - [Experimental evaluation of the possibility of fixing uterine sutures after
      cesarean section using polymer materials].
AB  - An experimental study in 20 pregnant female rabbits was carried out in order to
      evaluate possible use of biocompatible connective elements and cyanacrylate glue
      MK-7M for fixing and sealing the uterine scar at cesarean section. Morphologic
      changes in the surgical area within three postoperative months have been
      demonstrated. Combined use of biocompatible connective elements and cyanacrylate
      glue by an original technique is shown to be conducive to the fixation and
      sealing of the uterine scar as well as its adequate healing. Connective elements
      have no adverse systemic effects and undergo biodestruction after 3 postoperative
      months.

PMID- 2660622
TI  - [Insulin therapy of patients with diabetes mellitus after abdominal delivery].
AB  - A strategy of insulin treatment of mothers with diabetes mellitus at abdominal
      delivery has been developed. For the first 3 days after cesarean section,
      maternal glycemia was measured every 5 hrs and followed by simple short-acting
      insulin correction where necessary. On day 4-5 after resuming a normal diet
      (table No. 9), the puerperants were switched to long-acting insulin preparations.
      It was only by day 8-9 that the majority of the patients (87%) needed the same
      insulin dose as they used prior to the conception. This insulin regimen was used
      in 62 cases of abdominal delivery and prevented a decompensation of diabetes
      mellitus in all of those.

PMID- 2660623
TI  - [Possibilities of neurosonography in the diagnosis of intracranial injuries in
      newborn infants].

PMID- 2660624
TI  - [Clinical value of echography in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy].

PMID- 2660625
TI  - Improvement of specific immunotherapy by human IgG and modified allergens.

PMID- 2660627
TI  - Intrathecal morphine--an underused combination for postoperative pain management.

PMID- 2660626
TI  - [Dosage adjustment of drugs during continuous hemofiltration. Results and
      practical consequences of a prospective clinical study].
AB  - In 43 ICU patients undergoing continuous volume constant hemofiltration (CVHF),
      the pharmacokinetics of 12 drugs were investigated to ensure correct dosage
      adjustments. Under conditions of CVHF, maximum doses were defined for cefotaxime,
      ceftazidime, digoxin, digitoxin, imipenem, metronidazole++, netilmicin,
      phenobarbital, phenytoin, theophylline, tobramycin, and vancomycin. For the
      estimation of sufficient doses without blood level measurements, sieving
      coefficients (S) were calculated by a new method. In addition, S was integrated
      as a CVHF-specific factor into a common equation for drug dose adjustment in
      patients with renal insufficiency. The regression of dosage received from
      kinetics on blood-level-independent equation adjustment was r = 0.9923. Since the
      volumes of distribution in ICU patients are variable, it is suggested that
      further drug monitoring is necessary for toxic drugs.

PMID- 2660628
TI  - Fifty-seven years ago in Anesthesia & Analgesia. Nitrous oxide anesthesia: a
      consideration of some associated factors. Anesthesia and Analgesia: 1932; 11:54
      9.

PMID- 2660629
TI  - Right heart dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, and paradoxical embolization during
      liver transplantation. A transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiographic study.
AB  - In 16 adult patients, we performed continuous intraoperative two-dimensional
      transesophageal echocardiography (2DTEE) to help elucidate the mechanism of
      myocardial dysfunction that accompanies liver transplantation. In 4 of the 16
      patients "paradoxical" motion of the interventricular septum consistent with
      right ventricular failure was seen. An additional three of the 16 patients showed
      right atrial enlargement and right-to-left deviation of the interatrial septum.
      Two patients showed evidence of paradoxical embolization (one of whom had right
      ventricular and right atrial enlargement), and a third patient (who had right
      atrial enlargement) embolized a large right atrial thrombus into the pulmonary
      circulation. Two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated that
      isolated right ventricular failure might account for some of the hemodynamic
      instability seen during liver transplantation. Venous, pulmonary, and paradoxical
      embolization of air and thrombi documented by transesophageal echocardiography
      likely contribute to right heart failure.

PMID- 2660630
TI  - Fifty-eight years ago in Anesthesia & Analgesia. The contribution of anesthetists
      to inhalation therapy; current researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia; 1931;10:56
      8.

PMID- 2660631
TI  - Assessment of a self-contained solid phase enzyme linked immunoassay (ImmunoComb)
      for the determination of serum total IgE.
AB  - A semiquantitative method (ImmunoComb) for measuring total serum IgE is described
      and compared with a standard radioimmunoassay (PRIST). ImmunoComb, based on a
      solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay, is self-sufficient and does not require
      any expensive laboratory equipment. Comparison of these two assays revealed an
      almost absolute agreement between them (correlation coefficient = 0.95).
      Furthermore, the ImmunoComb assay also demonstrated its rapidity and temperature
      independence while maintaining a recovery of 90% to 102%.

PMID- 2660632
TI  - Clinical evaluation of ketotifen syrup on atopic dermatitis: a comparative
      multicenter double-blind study of ketotifen and clemastine.
AB  - A double-blind comparative study was performed to investigate the usefulness of
      ketotifen syrup as compared with clemastine syrup in 284 patients with atopic
      dermatitis. The clinical efficacy of ketotifen was significantly superior to that
      of clemastine. Ketotifen alleviated not only pruritus but also other dermatologic
      symptoms.

PMID- 2660633
TI  - Asthma in the pregnant patient: a review.
AB  - The occurrence of asthma during pregnancy is not an uncommon event and dictates
      specific treatment consideration. Proper management requires an understanding of
      the normal physiologic respiratory alterations during pregnancy, factors
      affecting maternal-fetal gas exchange, and use of drug therapy considered safe
      for both the mother and fetus. With optimum modern day therapy, a favorable
      outcome for both mother and fetus can be expected.

PMID- 2660634
TI  - [Current aspects of medical mycology].
AB  - The authors tried in this article to review the principal aspects of deep
      mycoses. A special attention was paid to the clinical aspects of candidiasis,
      aspergillosis and cryptococcosis. The incidence of these diseases is now growing
      owing to the increasing use of immunosuppressives drugs and to AIDS. The
      difficulty of the biological diagnosis of these mycoses is discussed. Drugs
      currently used are amphotericin B, 5-fluoro-cytosine, ketoconazole and
      fluconazole. Prophylactic measures and the indications of the main drugs are
      considered.

PMID- 2660635
TI  - Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in diarrhoeic stools of hospitalized
      patients. Toxigenic potential of the isolates.
AB  - Cytotoxin assay and culture for Clostridium difficile were performed on 303
      diarrhoeic stools from 261 hospitalized patients. Specimens from 42 patients were
      positive by at least one of the methods, and 40 of them had an antibiotic
      associated diarrhoea. The cytotoxin assay was positive in 5 of 7 patients with
      pseudomembranous colitis. Thirteen had an appropriate response to specific
      therapy and the remainder have resolved of diarrhoea without C. difficile
      directed chemotherapy. These findings show the lack of reliability of the
      cytotoxin assay for the diagnosis of C. difficile antibiotic-associated
      diarrhoea. The 6 strains isolated from patients with pseudomembranous colitis
      were examined for enterotoxin by the rabbit ileal loop test: 4 produced both
      toxins, 2 only enterotoxin. Both toxins could therefore not be essential for the
      clinical expression of the disease.

PMID- 2660636
TI  - [Drug nephrotoxicity: mechanisms of action].
AB  - Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is very frequent. The kidney is particularly prone to
      the actions of nephrotoxins. Indeed, high levels of toxin can be delivered to the
      kidney secondary to the large blood supply in this organ. There is also an
      enormous surface area of the renal tubular epithelium providing sites for toxin
      interaction and uptake. There is specific transport mechanisms occurring in the
      kidney as concentrating mechanisms leading to a possible urinary and interstitial
      concentrations of agents. We have also to consider the presence of metabolic
      processes within renal tubular cells which release toxic components of drugs or
      produce toxic by products of metabolism. It is also to be noted that tubular
      cells have a high metabolite rate and this can be subject to perturbations
      induced by toxins. All parts of the kidney may be involved in toxic
      nephropathies: glomerular, tubular, interstitial or vascular lesions could occur.
      The mechanisms of these lesions may be toxic or immunologic. Tubular cells may be
      altered in multiple sites. Besides contributing to the structural framework for
      membranes, membrane phospholipids have been shown to play important roles in
      regulating membrane permeability properties. Toxins may alter membrane
      phospholipid metabolism as lysophospholipids and free fatty acids have toxic
      detergent properties. The deleterious interactions of calcium with mitochondria
      are particularly important for understanding the role of calcium in cell injury.
      Calcium may induce mitochondrial membrane permeability alterations, activation of
      membrane phospholipases, activation of specific ion channels, decrease or
      increase enzymatic actions, increase cellular contractile components, or induce
      modifications or cytoskeletal. Nephrotoxins could be accumulated in lysosomes and
      thus have the potential to alter lysosomal functions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2660637
TI  - [Current aspects of bacterial resistance to antibiotics].
AB  - New aspects of the evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance are discussed.
      Dissemination of antibiotic resistance appears to be unlimited since resistance
      genes from Gram-positive cocci have been detected in Gram negative bacteria. This
      suggests the occurrence of heterogramic genetic transfers between these
      phylogenetically distinct organisms. New characters of resistance to beta-lactam
      antibiotics in enterobacteria result from the apparition of mutant of the TEM-1
      and TEM-2 penicillinases. Mutations that confer the capacity to hydrolyze the
      third generation cephalosporins are located in the active site of the enzymes.

PMID- 2660638
TI  - [Anesthesia and hepatic porphyria].
AB  - Three of the acute hepatic porphyrias, acute intermittent porphyria, variegata
      porphyria and hereditary coproporphyria, are characterized by an idiosyncratic
      reaction to many common drugs; the resulting excessive excretion of porphyrin
      precursors is responsible for episodes of acute neurological dysfunction. This
      review aimed to focus the attention of the anaesthesiologist on the
      porphyrinogenic properties of all the drugs used in anaesthesia and intensive
      care. An outline of the chemistry of porphyrins and the enzymatic pathways were
      recalled, so as to place the acute porphyrias in their proper perspective. There
      follows a reminder of the clinical aspect of acute porphyric crises. The part
      played by drugs is then assessed from clinical and laboratory data concerning
      their porphyrinogenicity. Those drugs for which there is conflicting evidence
      regarding their safe use in porphyric patients are discussed: propofol, ketamine,
      benzodiazepines, etomidate, local anaesthetics. Recommendations supported by
      clinical and experimental data are given, especially the results obtained with
      the chick embryo liver model. Treatment of the acute crisis is provided, with
      particular emphasis on the use of haematin. The anaesthetic management of hepatic
      porphyric patients is described. Those drugs which are well-known porphyrinogenic
      compounds in the chick embryo liver must be excluded from use for anaesthesia in
      the porphyric patients, even if they have been observed to be innocuous in rare
      cases of asymptomatic patients. Finally, recommendations for anaesthesia in
      symptomatic cutanea porphyria are given.

PMID- 2660639
TI  - [Consensus development conference in resuscitation and emergency medicine:
      treatment of acute chloroquine poisoning].

PMID- 2660640
TI  - [Comparison of nalbuphine and pentazocine in the treatment of postoperative pain
      by self-administration].
AB  - The side-effects of two opioid agonist-antagonists, nalbuphine and pentazocine,
      were assessed when used for patient-controlled postoperative analgesia. Forty ASA
      I or II patients scheduled for upper abdominal surgery were randomly allocated to
      two equal groups. The anaesthetic technique was the same for all the patients:
      premedication with atropine and diazepam, induction with thiopentone and
      suxamethonium and maintenance with fentanyl, pancuronium, nitrous oxide and
      halothane. Patient-controlled computer assisted analgesia (On-Demand Analgesia
      Computer) was started in the recovery room at least 2 h after the last
      administration of fentanyl. The parameters used were: a routine hourly dose (the
      half of that received during the previous hour), with on demand delivery of
      nalbuphine (15 micrograms.kg-1) or pentazocine (45 micrograms.kg-1) aliquots
      respectively, with a refractory period between two demands of 4 min and a total
      hourly maximum dose of 16 mg and 48 mg respectively. The following parameters
      were measured before the start of self-administration, and every hour afterwards
      for 24 h: systolic (Pasys) and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, pressure
      rate product (PRP), respiratory rate, end-tidal CO2 and pain (by way of a three
      point scale). Analgesia was assessed on a four-point scale every 6 h. The total
      doses of nalbuphine and pentazocine administered were 94 +/- 43 mg and 251 +/-
      150 mg respectively. The only parameters significantly different between the two
      groups were Pasys and PRP, being higher in the pentazocine group. There were no
      significant differences in the side-effects (drowsiness, nausea, vomiting,
      headache, amnesia, logorrhoea and urine retention). All patients in both groups
      were satisfied with this technique.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660642
TI  - Informed consent for clinical research in the emergency department.
AB  - Informed consent serves as the basis for a partnership between patients and
      physicians as they attempt to find better methods of diagnosis and treatment.
      Despite the importance of informed consent, this is an area of research that is
      frequently overlooked. In fact, an improperly designed consent form is the most
      common reason research protocols are rejected or approval is delayed. The
      essential elements of informed consent and problems obtaining informed consent
      from patients is an emergency department are reviewed.

PMID- 2660641
TI  - [Anesthesia and bone marrow harvesting in children].
AB  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is increasingly used to treat a great
      variety of disorders which range from genetic conditions to leukaemia. Most
      often, the donor is a healthy sibling of the patient. Bone marrow harvesting in
      young children is a very painful procedure requiring anaesthesia; this presents
      yet more risk for the donor. In order to analyse the specific problems related to
      this procedure, a retrospective study was carried out on 30 anaesthetic records
      of marrow-harvesting procedures performed between January 1980 and December 1987.
      The 30 harvests were carried out in 28 patients (15 boys, 13 girls). Mean age of
      donors was 6 +/- 0.8 yr (range: 13 months to 17 yr). Twenty-seven patients were
      classed ASA I and one ASA II. The harvests were all carried out in prone and
      intubated patients. The volume of removed marrow was 350 +/- 80 ml (range 170 to
      600 ml). This was equivalent to a mean 21% estimated blood volume (6-37%). Blood
      transfusion with phenotyped irradiated blood was carried out in 18 patients, and
      with autologous blood in one. Mean duration of the procedure was 88 +/- 6 min and
      the mean stay in hospital was three days. The potential risks for the children
      are discussed, as well as the related legal problems.

PMID- 2660643
TI  - Subgaleal abscess: an unusual presentation.
AB  - We report a case of subgaleal abscess formation in a 16-year-old boy with
      varicella and minor head trauma. He presented four weeks after injury with left
      sided scalp swelling and periorbital edema. There was no break in the skin over
      the involved area. Diagnosis was made on the basis of prolonged swelling, an
      elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and computed tomography that showed a
      subgaleal fluid collection. Aspirated material grew Group A beta-hemolytic
      Streptococcus. Subgaleal abscess formation without an overlying wound is
      previously unreported. Management of subgaleal abscess usually requires operative
      debridement and IV antibiotics. However, in our patient, needle aspiration and
      oral antibiotics sufficed.

PMID- 2660644
TI  - Systemic adjuvant therapy for node-negative breast cancer: proven or premature?

PMID- 2660646
TI  - Human T-lymphotrophic viruses and diseases of long latency.

PMID- 2660645
TI  - Anticytoplasmic autoantibodies: their immunodiagnostic value in Wegener
      granulomatosis.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine disease specificity and sensitivity of
      anticytoplasmic autoantibodies (ACPA) for Wegener granulomatosis, as well as
      their value as a marker of disease activity. DESIGN: Blind analysis of serum
      samples, retrospective analysis of clinical data on patients, and prospective
      follow-up of a subgroup of patients with Wegener granulomatosis. PATIENTS: The
      study included 277 patients with Wegener granulomatosis (222 with biopsy-proven
      disease) and 1657 control patients. SETTING: University hospital and academic
      medical center. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS: Analysis of 2653 serum samples from
      1934 patients for ACPA. Antibody detection was by indirect immunofluorescence and
      a new type of enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). Prospective follow-up
      was on 172 patients with Wegener granulomatosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Specificity of ACPA for Wegener granulomatosis measured by indirect
      immunofluorescence was 99% (CI, 98.9% to 99.7%) and 98% (CI, 97.4% to 99.2%) by
      ELISA. Sensitivity of ACPA depended on disease activity and extent: It was 67%
      (CI, 38% to 89%) by immunofluorescence and 60% (CI, 32% to 84%) by ELISA for
      patients with active locoregional symptomatology (n = 15); and 32% (CI, 14% to
      54%) by immunofluorescence and 40% (CI, 21% to 61%) by ELISA for patients in full
      remission after initial locoregional symptoms (n = 25). The sensitivity was 96%
      (CI, 89% to 99%) by immunofluorescence and 93% (CI, 86% to 98%) by ELISA for
      patients with active generalized disease (n = 92). Serial testing was done; every
      patient with active generalized disease eventually had at least one positive
      serum sample. Sensitivity decreased to 41% (CI, 22% to 62%) by both
      immunofluorescence and ELISA for patients in full remission after active
      generalized disease (n = 27). Levels of ACPA expressed both as immunofluorescence
      titers and ELISA values (U/mL) correlated well with disease activity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Testing for ACPA in serum of patients with Wegener granulomatosis is
      valuable for differential diagnosis; furthermore, APCA can be used as a marker to
      follow disease activity. A new type of ELISA yielded the same results as indirect
      immunofluorescence for the specificity, sensitivity, and correlation with disease
      activity of ACPA.

PMID- 2660647
TI  - Recognizing and adjusting to barriers in doctor-patient communication.
AB  - Barriers frequently develop in physician-patient encounters. If they go
      unrecognized, they can severely limit the therapeutic potential of the doctor
      patient relationship. Because barriers are not always explicit, a strategy is
      presented for recognizing implicit signs such as verbal-nonverbal mismatch,
      cognitive dissonance, unexpected resistance, and physician discomfort. Once a
      potential barrier is identified, its source can be defined and explored using
      standard clinical reasoning techniques such as hypothesis generation and testing.
      Patients can often share in the process of generating hypotheses about the nature
      and sources of barriers. Once defined and understood, most barriers can be
      lessened and sometimes resolved using the basic communication skills of
      acknowledgment, exploration, empathy, and legitimation. When conflict exists,
      common interests and differences must be clarified. Conflict might involve
      disagreement about the presence of a barrier, its nature or source, its relevance
      to the physician-patient relationship, or about strategies for approaching it.
      Negotiation need not be limited to the initial positions, but can include
      creative solutions whereby both parties gain. The decision to confront a barrier
      depends on both doctor and patient readiness, as well as how critical the barrier
      is to the therapeutic process, and how amenable it is to change. By effectively
      uncovering and addressing barriers, the physician can often turn roadblocks to
      effective communication into means for enhancing the therapeutic relationship.

PMID- 2660648
TI  - Vibrio carchariae infection after a shark bite.

PMID- 2660649
TI  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and vasculitis.

PMID- 2660650
TI  - [2 cases of vascular syndrome of the cranial nerves of ischemic origin].
AB  - The authors report the cases of two patients who had sudden unilateral
      alternating and regressive attacks of the cranial nerves. The first patient, a 63
      year old diabetic woman, suffered regressive paralysis of the right third nerve,
      followed two months later by paresthesia of the same side of the face,
      accompanied by difficulty in swallowing and dysarthria. Six months later, she
      developed a right facial paralysis while pharyngeal and lingual involvement
      entirely disappeared. Right carotid angiography revealed stenosis of the middle
      meningeal artery. Nine months later she developed left-sided ophthalmoplegia
      followed by a homolateral facial paralysis. The second patient, a 24 year old
      woman, developed homolateral regressive attacks of the II, V, VII and VIIb, and
      VIII nerves during recovery from herpes zoster of the right geniculate ganglion.
      Doppler studies showed inversion of the flow in the right ophthalmic artery. The
      pathogenesis of these multiple paralyses of the cranial nerves is discussed, a
      possible cause being ischaemic attacks of the vascular territories of the cranial
      nerves.

PMID- 2660651
TI  - [Assays of apolipoproteins A and B as atherogenicity factors in aged patients at
      hospitals].
AB  - A systematic study of 100 elderly patients in a hospital geriatric unit was
      undertaken to analyse the relationship between clinical cardiovascular events
      (angina, myocardial infarction, hypertension, cerebrovascular accidents, temporo
      spatial disorientation, invalidity, incontinence) and plasma lipids (total
      cholesterol, HDL and LDL fractions, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A and B and
      total cholesterol/HDL and apolipoprotein B/A ratios). The average triglyceride
      and apolipoprotein A concentrations were related to the patient's validity: The
      triglycerides were significantly higher in the group of invalid patients (+22%),
      p = 0.05. The apolipoprotein A levels were significantly lower in the invalid
      group (-12%), p = 0.05.

PMID- 2660652
TI  - [AL amyloidosis and primary fibrinolysis. Study of the mechanism of
      fibrinolysis].
AB  - A 45 years old woman with AL amyloidosis presented with a hypofibrinogenemia
      (fibrinogen 100 mg/dl) without severe bleeding. There was laboratory evidence of
      fibrinolysis with shortened euglobulin lysis time, decreased alpha-2 plasmin
      inhibitor and decreased plasminogen. The mechanism of this primary fibrinolysis
      remains unclear, since there is no enhancement of the tissue-type plasminogen
      activator. Analysis of the 8 cases related in the literature of excessive
      fibrinolysis associated with amyloidosis demonstrated improvement of bleeding
      manifestations and abnormal fibrinolysis following the administration of
      antifibrinolytic agents.

PMID- 2660653
TI  - [10-year outcome of aortocoronary bypass. Apropos of a consecutive series of 114
      patients].
AB  - The cases of 114 consecutive patients undergoing saphenous vein coronary bypass
      surgery over 10 years ago were reviewed. The perioperative mortality was 2.6% and
      the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction in the same period was 6.1%. The
      10 year survival rate was 80%; the most important prognostic factor for survival
      was left ventricular function (89% vs 51%; p less than 0.001). Other significant
      prognostic factors were the degree of revascularization (p less than 0.05) and
      the severity of the coronary artery disease (p less than 0.05). The incidence of
      recurrent ischaemia during follow-up depended mainly on the quality of myocardial
      revascularisation (p = 0.003). Taking into account the high proportion of
      patients with single vessel disease in this series (38.6%), our results were
      comparable with other reported studies of the same subject and the same period
      (1970-1976).

PMID- 2660654
TI  - [Pneumothorax following radiotherapy of Hodgkin's disease].

PMID- 2660655
TI  - [Excavated pulmonary image disclosing Hodgkin's disease].

PMID- 2660656
TI  - [Familial lupus and Adie's tonic pupil].

PMID- 2660657
TI  - [Spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery disclosed by
      migraine attack].

PMID- 2660658
TI  - [Gastric carcinoid tumor and parathyroid adenoma. Apropos of a case. Discussion
      and review of the literature].

PMID- 2660659
TI  - [Chronic atrophic polychondritis and exophthalmos].

PMID- 2660660
TI  - [Breast localization of an ischemic appearance disclosing Weber-Christian
      disease].

PMID- 2660661
TI  - [Haemophilus aphrophilus epidural abscess studied by nuclear magnetic resonance].

PMID- 2660662
TI  - [Pilomotor seizures: a new case].

PMID- 2660663
TI  - [Malignant intestinal leiomyoblastoma with double localization. Apropos of a case
      and review of the literature].

PMID- 2660664
TI  - [Aneurysm of the interauricular septum: a potential cause of emboligenic
      cardiopathy].

PMID- 2660665
TI  - [Cardiotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil: coronary spasm? Apropos of 2 cases with normal
      coronarography].
AB  - Five fluoro-uracil (5-FU) is a cytotoxic drug which has been extensively used for
      chemotherapy since 1957. Ischaemic heart disease resulting from its
      administration is rare. Spontaneous angina during infusions of 5-FU was observed
      in two patients with electrocardiographic changes suggesting coronary spasm.
      After treatment, clinical examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, stress
      test, coronary angiography with left ventriculography were all normal. An
      Ergonovine test was performed in one patient but failed to elicit coronary spasm.
      In the other patient, intravenous trinitrin and diltiazem were ineffective in
      preventing the ischaemic changes. A review of the literature is presented (51
      cases). The pathophysiology of 5-FU-induced ischaemic heart disease is not fully
      understood. In 9 cases, coronary angiography was normal and coronary spasm was
      suggested as a possible cause. However, antispastic drugs are usually
      ineffective. It has been shown experimentally that 5-FU has a direct toxic effect
      on the myocardium.

PMID- 2660666
TI  - [Stress, depression, immunity: current trends in research in the field of
      psychoimmunology].
AB  - For more than two decades, a number of experimental findings are raising an
      increasing interest and evidence of S.N.C. regulatory function in immune response
      modulation. By this paper, we provide a large review of major recent studies
      aimed to investigate immune response, depression and stress conditions
      relationships. Assessment methods and study design issues are also discussed by
      special reference to the major psychiatric and psychosomatic interest of the
      demonstrated psychoneuroendocrine pathways of T-Lymphocytes response modulation.

PMID- 2660667
TI  - [A pioneer in legal medicine, psychiatry and epidemiology: Francois-Emmanuel
      Fodere].

PMID- 2660668
TI  - Factors that affect the rate of erythropoietin production by extrarenal sites.

PMID- 2660669
TI  - Evidences that fibroblasts and epithelial cells produce a specific type of
      macrophage and granulocyte inducer, also known as colony-stimulating factor, and
      that monocyte-macrophages can produce another factor with proliferative inducing
      activity on myeloid cells and differentiative activity on macrophages.
AB  - Molecules with the property to induce proliferation of bone marrow cells in
      liquid cultures, and with colony-stimulating activity, were found on media
      conditioned (MC) by lung fibroblasts and kidney epithelial cells. These factors
      presented an apparent mol wt of 70,000 and 22,000 d respectively. Also when MC by
      epithelial cells from lungs was tested for the induction of proliferation of bone
      marrow cells a molecule with 22,000 d was detected. These molecules are thought
      to be CSF because they induce colony formation, and they are also similar in mol
      wt to two of the already known CSF. In fact the GM-CSF obtained from endotoxic
      lungs with a large epithelial cell content has a mot wt of 22,000 d, and the CSF
      1 produced by a fibroblast cell line had 70,000. When the MC by fibroblast was
      used to induce bone marrow cells to proliferate, three new molecules with colony
      stimulating activity were secreted. These molecules with apparent mol wts of
      45,000, 30,000 and 17,000 d were also found in the MC by bone marrow cells when
      induced to proliferate with MC by epithelial cells. When the 45,000-d molecules
      was used in induced bone marrow cells to proliferate, once again the 30,000- and
      the 17,000-d molecules were secreted. Evidence is also provided that the 45,000-d
      molecule is produced by the monocyte-macrophage cells, and that it can induce Fc
      receptors or resident and elicited peritoneal macrophages. The possibility that
      the production of CSF is cell specific is discussed together with two models to
      explain the way in which these molecules can participate as proliferative (MGI-1)
      and differentiative (MGI-2) function in normal myeloid cell differentiation.
      Finally, a new terminology is proposed to classify this family of molecules.

PMID- 2660670
TI  - Development of a radioimmunoassay for human macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      (CSF-1).
AB  - Purified human urinary CSF-1 was used for production of polyclonal CSF antibodies
      in rabbits. The purified CSF was iodinated by a modified chloramine-T technique
      with retention of biologic activity. Dilutions of anti-CSF were reacted with
      15,000 cpm of 125I-CSF in EDTA-phosphate buffer for 48 hr. Sheep antirabbit serum
      was added for 3 hr to precipitate the tracer-anti-CSF complex. A 1:1000 dilution
      of anti-CSF caused 60-90% precipitation of tracer; optimal conditions were
      observed with a 1:30,000 dilution. Linear displacement curves were obtained with
      2-50 U of pure CSF-1. Related hormones did not cross-react in the assay; no
      displacement was seen with human GM-CSF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, EP, LH or FSH.
      Reactivity was also not observed with murine GM-CSF or IL-3. Ten normal human
      sera yielded CSF values of 91-138 U/ml in 5 assays. Urine values were 72-105
      U/ml. When 32 U of pure CSF-1 was added to normal serum and urine samples,
      quantitative recovery was observed. Serial assays revealed a rise in serum and
      urinary CSF during marrow aplasia in a patient undergoing autologous BMT; CSF
      values returned to normal during the recovery phase. This sensitive and specific
      radioimmunoassay should prove useful in the further study of CSF-1 responses in
      vivo.

PMID- 2660671
TI  - Regulation of human megakaryocytopoiesis.

PMID- 2660672
TI  - Erythropoietin-dependent and erythropoietin-producing cell lines. Implications
      for research and for leukemia therapy.

PMID- 2660673
TI  - Cell membrane and volume changes during red cell development and aging.
AB  - This paper provides a summary of our understanding of cell membrane and volume
      changes during red cell development and aging. Cytoskeletal structures which
      include microtubules and microfilaments appear to play key roles in the genesis
      of the anucleate reticulocyte from its nucleated precursor cell, as well as in
      the early stages of reticulocyte development. The maturation of reticulocyte into
      red cell is accompanied by marked changes in cell shape and extensive remodeling
      of the membrane skeleton, resulting in the mature red cell acquiring a highly
      deformable yet remarkably stable membrane. The volume and cell density
      heterogeneity seen for circulating red cells also appears to be the result of the
      membrane changes that occur during reticulocyte maturation. Following its genesis
      from reticulocyte, the mature red cell undergoes further membrane and volume
      changes during its life span of 120 days. While it is clear that surface area
      loss, decrease in cell volume and cell surface modifications leading to binding
      of immunoglobulins accompany red cell aging, the cardinal cellular modification
      responsible for the removal of senescent red cells from the circulation is yet to
      be defined.

PMID- 2660674
TI  - The use of recombinant erythropoietin in the treatment of the anemia of chronic
      renal failure.

PMID- 2660675
TI  - In vivo biologic activities of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor.
AB  - We evaluated the biologic effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in 25 patients with malignancy and/or bone
      marrow failure of diverse etiologies. The continuous infusion of GM-CSF (15 to
      500 micrograms/m2/day) elicited marked leukocytosis (2- to 70-fold increase),
      consisting primarily of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Six patients
      with cytopenias experienced a multilineage response characterized by significant
      increases in platelet counts and improvement in erythropoiesis. Response in blood
      counts was accompanied by significant increases in bone marrow cellularity,
      myeloid:erythroid cell ratios, and frequency of cycling progenitors, indicating
      an effect at the stem cell level. By premature chromosome condensation analysis,
      neutrophils from patients with myeloid diseases were found to be derived from
      normal as well as abnormal clones. Side effects were generally mild and commonly
      included constitutional symptoms and bone pain. These results indicate that GM
      CSF is a significant stimulus for hematopoiesis in vivo and might play an
      important role in several clinical arenas.

PMID- 2660676
TI  - Granulomonopoiesis and production of granulomonopoietic regulating factors in
      Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - Quantitative and functional abnormalities of T and B lymphocytes and monocytes
      have been described in Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL),
      thus making both diseases suitable models to study the interactions between
      lymphoid and myeloid systems. We evaluated the growth of colony-forming units of
      granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages (CFU-GM), as well as the colony
      stimulating activity (GM-CSA) produced by monocytes and the colony-inhibiting
      activity (GM-CIA) released by autologous rosette-forming T-cells (Tar cells), a
      postthymic precursor subpopulation, in peripheral blood samples from 7 patients
      with HD and 5 with NHL. CFU-GM growth in HD and NHL patients was similar to that
      observed in controls. However, GM-CSA and GM-CIA were significantly decreased in
      both HD (p = 0.002 and p = 0.012, respectively) and NHL (p = 0.003 and p = 0.017,
      respectively) patients as compared to controls. These data suggest that cytokine
      dependent mechanisms regulating normal CFU-GM proliferation are impaired in HD
      and NHL.

PMID- 2660677
TI  - The role of interleukin-3 and heme in the induction of erythropoiesis.

PMID- 2660678
TI  - Nutrition requirements for mammalian cells and hematopoietic growth factor
      production.

PMID- 2660679
TI  - Genetic relatedness of the human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 (HIV-1,
      HIV-2) and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).

PMID- 2660680
TI  - Structure of heparin and heparin fragments.

PMID- 2660681
TI  - Physicochemical aspects of heparin cofactor II.

PMID- 2660682
TI  - Heparin cofactor II activation by dermatan sulfate.

PMID- 2660683
TI  - Anticoagulant activities of heparin and fragments.

PMID- 2660684
TI  - Thrombin anion-binding exosite interactions with heparin and various polyanions.

PMID- 2660685
TI  - Interaction of heparin with histidine-rich glycoprotein.

PMID- 2660686
TI  - Influence of the fibroblast environment on the structure of mast cell
      proteoglycans.
AB  - The structure of the proteoglycan synthesized by rodent mast cells has been a
      useful biochemical marker of mast cell subpopulations, since mucosal mast cells
      synthesize predominantly oversulfated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and
      connective tissue mast cells synthesize heparin proteoglycan. Mast cells are
      intimately associated with fibroblasts in tissues and fibroblasts maintain the
      connective tissue type mast cell ex vivo. Whereas mouse IL-3-dependent, immature
      mast cells synthesize predominantly chondroitin sulfate E proteoglycan, after
      coculture with fibroblasts, the proliferating mast cells (cloned or uncloned)
      synthesize heparin proteoglycans, as well as change their phenotype to resemble
      connective tissue mast cells. Although there is a single peptide core for both
      heparin and chondroitin sulfate secretory granule proteoglycans, the relative
      predominance of a specific glycosaminoglycan is determined by the
      microenvironment in which the cell resides. This microenvironment can regulate
      the phenotypic properties of mast cells including the expression of their
      cationic constituents such as neutral proteases and the structure of their
      anionic proteoglycans.

PMID- 2660687
TI  - Heparin therapy in venous thromboembolism.

PMID- 2660688
TI  - Heparin in the treatment of thromboembolic stroke.

PMID- 2660689
TI  - Chemically synthesized heparin-derived oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2660690
TI  - Role of endothelial cell surface heparin-like polysaccharides.

PMID- 2660691
TI  - The role of interleukin-6 as the hepatocyte stimulating factor in the network of
      inflammatory cytokines.

PMID- 2660692
TI  - Multiple forms of human interleukin-6. Phosphoglycoproteins secreted by many
      different tissues.

PMID- 2660693
TI  - Expression of IL-6/IFN-beta 2 in a baculovirus system and its biological
      function.

PMID- 2660694
TI  - Biological activities of recombinant human IFN-beta 2/IL-6 (E. coli).

PMID- 2660695
TI  - The structure and function of the mouse hepatocyte stimulating factor.

PMID- 2660696
TI  - Expression of IL-6 in normal individuals and in patients with autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2660697
TI  - Human endothelial cells produce IL-6. Lack of responses to exogenous IL-6.
AB  - The interaction between human endothelial cells and leukocytes during
      immunological and inflammatory responses is in part mediated through the release
      of soluble mediators. We report that cultured human umbilical vein endothelial
      cells secrete IL-6 when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. The monokines, IL-1
      and TNF-alpha, were potent inducers of IL-6, whereas lymphotoxin was only
      effective at much higher concentrations. IFN gamma also was a strong stimulus of
      IL-6 production, but TGF-beta did not have an effect at doses modulating other
      endothelial cell functions. Endothelial cell IL-6 was active as hybridoma
      plasmacytoma growth factor and as B-cell and hepatocyte stimulating factor.
      Endothelial IL-6 activity was neutralized by a specific antibody to IL-6 and it
      was shown by immunoprecipitation to be identical in size to human fibroblast
      derived IL-6. IL-6 did not have a detectable effect on several endothelial cell
      functions, including proliferation, adherence of leukocytes, and synthesis of
      PGE2, TPA, and PAI-1. As IL-6 is probably an important regulator of host defense
      responses, production of this cytokine by endothelial cells may contribute to the
      pathogenesis of various inflammatory and immunologic diseases.

PMID- 2660698
TI  - Development of cytolytic T lymphocytes in thymus culture requires a cytokine
      sharing homology with IL-6 alpha.

PMID- 2660699
TI  - The molecular regulators of macrophage and granulocyte development. Role of MGI
      2/IL-6.
AB  - The development of a cell culture system for the in vitro cloning and clonal
      differentiation of normal hematopoietic cells made it possible to identify the
      proteins that regulate growth and differentiation of different hematopoietic cell
      lineages and the change in normal controls that produce leukemia. A model system
      with myeloid cells has identified different myeloid cell colony-inducing
      proteins, which we called MGI-1 (= CSF, including IL-3). There is another protein
      that we first described in 1976 and called MGI-2 in 1980 that induces
      differentiation of myeloid cells to macrophages or granulocytes without inducing
      the clonal growth of myeloid cells. The four CSF proteins and IL-1 induce the
      production of MGI-2 in myeloid cells and MGI-2 induces the production of GM-CSF.
      This shows the participation of MGI-2 in the network of interactions with
      different myeloid regulatory proteins. Using a monoclonal antibody to MGI-2,
      amino acid sequencing, and recombinant protein, we have shown in collaboration
      with the Genetics Institute that the major form of MGI-2 (MGI-2A) is IL-6. This
      shows that IL-6 is a myeloid cell differentiation inducing protein. The results
      also suggest new clinical potentials for MGI-2/IL-6.

PMID- 2660700
TI  - Interleukin-6. Multiple activities in regulation of the hematopoietic and immune
      systems.

PMID- 2660701
TI  - IL-6. Current research and new questions.

PMID- 2660702
TI  - C-reactive protein. A historical overview.

PMID- 2660703
TI  - Annals index 1986/1987.

PMID- 2660704
TI  - [Eruptive collagenoma. Apropos of a case with ultrastructural study].
AB  - A 29-year-old male patient was examined for numerous asymptomatic dermal nodules
      symmetrically distributed over the back and the shoulders. The nodules were firm,
      round to oval and varied in size from a few millimeters to 2 centimeters. They
      had appeared in normal skin without any known previous inflammation or injury,
      and they has been present without modification for nine years. At histological
      examination a dermal accumulation of abundant and large collagen bundles was
      observed. Elastic fibers seemed to be less numerous than normally. Alcian blue
      showed no increase in acid mucopolysaccharides. An ultrastructural study
      displayed normal, mature collagen fibers arranged in large bundles. Cutaneous
      collagenoma, initially described by Colomb as "eruptive collagenoma" is a rare
      disorder of unknown etiology occurring in young adults as symptomless dermal
      nodules without previous history of illness or injury and mostly localized to the
      back. No change is usually observed in these nodules for several years.
      Histologically, the nodules are characterized by a proliferation of collagen in
      the dermis; elastic fibers are generally reduced in number. Our ultrastructural
      study showed that proliferation of normal collagen fibers is the main
      morphological finding.

PMID- 2660705
TI  - [Methotrexate in dermatology: current aspects].
AB  - The prescription of methotrexate (MTX) in dermatology is nowadays restricted for
      two main reasons: the toxicity of the drug and the availability of less toxic
      treatments (phototherapy and etretinate) in its main indication: psoriasis.
      However, MTX remains very useful in severe psoriasis, to some extent, in various
      dermatological diseases, such as dermatomyositis. A perfect knowledge of its
      adverse effects (slight on the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow, much more
      serious on the liver and lung) allows a reasonable use of the drug but cannot
      avoid the unpredictable hypersensitivity pneumopathy.

PMID- 2660706
TI  - [Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis].
AB  - The authors report the case of a child who, at the age of 18 months showed signs
      of hypoparathyroidism together with gastrointestinal, then buccal, then ungual
      candidiasis. Acute adrenal failure occurred when he was 5 1/2 years' old. At the
      age of 10, the patient developed alopecia areata and interstitial keratitis.
      Immunological investigations yielded normal results, except that serum was weakly
      positive for anti-adrenal antibodies at 1/10th. The mucosal and ungual
      candidiasis infection was cured by ketoconazole, and the various endocrine
      abnormalities were corrected with the appropriate replacement therapies. This
      case prompted the authors to review the candidiasis/"polyglandular autoimmune
      disease" association. Whitaker's triad consists of candidiasis,
      hypoparathyroidism and chronic renal failure, 2 or these 3 elements being
      sufficient to make the diagnosis. Numerous other associations have been
      described; they are presented here in table form in descending order of
      frequency, with candidiasis/hypoparathyroidism coming on top of the list (70 p.
      100). The fairly constant chronological order in which these different
      pathologies appear is one of the peculiarities of the syndrome: candidiasis often
      precedes hypoparathyroidism and adrenal insufficiency. Alopecia areata does not
      seem to be frequent, but its true incidence is difficult to quantify since
      lesions of the scalp and/or skin appendages are poorly documented in the
      literature. Alopecia and keratopathy seem to be of autoimmune origin.
      Mucocutaneous candidiasis too is specific, the mucosae and nails being constantly
      involved. This type of candidiasis does not exist in other forms of
      hypoparathyroidism. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is found in many different
      diseases and is due to immunodeficiency against Candida spp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660707
TI  - [Ossification of the antibrachial interosseous membrane caused by etretinate].

PMID- 2660708
TI  - [Cataracts and dermatology].

PMID- 2660709
TI  - [Which patients with seasonal photodermatitis should be tested?].

PMID- 2660710
TI  - [Pharmacology of the corticoids. Classical and new concepts].

PMID- 2660712
TI  - Aesthetic refinements in reconstructive microsurgery.
AB  - The vast array of free tissue options available to reconstructive surgeons plus
      our knowledge of vascular systems now provide us with the wherewithal to not only
      fill a defect but to do so aesthetically and with minimal donor site morbidity.
      The authors discuss setting reconstructive goals that include refined and
      aesthetic results for deficit and donor site alike and demonstrate how, in many
      situations, these goals can be achieved.

PMID- 2660711
TI  - [Rheumatologic effects of etretinate].
AB  - The effects of chronic hypervitaminosis A and long-term isotretinoin treatment on
      bone include cortical hyperostosis, ligament calcification and premature
      epiphyseal closure. Similar effects have now been reported in patients under
      maintenance treatment with etretinate in high doses. Etretinate, an oral,
      aromatic, synthetic vitamin A derivative, is widely used in Europe for disorders
      of keratinization. We report the cases of two patients--one with lamellar
      ichthyosis, the other with pachyonychia congenita--who developed such bone
      diseases during treatment with etretinate over 2 and 6 years respectively. The
      doses ranged from 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day. Two years after starting treatment (total
      dose 25 g), the patient with lamellar ichthyosis complained of mechanical pain in
      the lumbar region and hips. Radiography showed calcification of the extraspinal
      tendons and ligaments and hyperostosis of the calcaneus bone at the insertion of
      the plantar ligament. After six years of etretinate treatment (total dose 50 g),
      the patient with pachyonychia congenita presented with scoliosis and limb length
      discrepancy. The musculoskeletal abnormalities resembled chronic hypervitaminosis
      A, with such osseous changes as demineralization, thinning and increased
      curvature of long bones with osteopenia, and premature closure of the epiphyses.
      Acroosteolysis was also present. Etretinate has been implicated in the formation
      of spinal hyperostoses and calcification of extraspinal ligaments in patients who
      had taken the drug for many years. The occurrence of premature epiphyseal closure
      in children certainly is a consequence of therapy with relatively high doses of
      etretinate for six years. But premature epiphyseal closure may also result from
      trauma to a fragile bone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660713
TI  - A quick stapler tie-over fixation for skin grafts.
AB  - A simple method to ensure split-thickness skin graft immobilization is presented.
      The method uses foam rubber and a staple gun. The method is safe and reliable and
      saves operating room time.

PMID- 2660714
TI  - History of the University of Toronto plastic surgery training program.

PMID- 2660715
TI  - Complex orbital fractures: a critical analysis of immediate bone graft
      reconstruction.
AB  - The present study reviews the long-term results of immediate reconstruction and
      primary grafting in 49 complex orbital fractures. The clinical features of these
      injuries are defined, and methods of investigation and surgical correction are
      outlined. The residual postoperative abnormalities, including enophthalmos,
      strabismus, and telecanthus, are critically analyzed. Recent modifications in
      fracture fixation, in orbital cavity reconstruction, and in the use of various
      types of autogenous grafts are discussed in detail.

PMID- 2660716
TI  - New directions in peripheral nerve surgery.
AB  - The current philosophy of the microneurosurgical management of nerve injury is
      reviewed. Controversial techniques such as internal neurolysis are discussed as
      is the surgical dilemma of the neuroma incontinuity. Nerve regeneration is under
      the mechanical influence of contract guidance and the neurobiological influence
      of neurotropism and neurotrophism, or, as we have coined it, neurotrop(h)ism. The
      concepts of neurotrop(h)ism and contact guidance are discussed, emphasizing the
      potential importance of neurobiology in determining functional outcome following
      nerve repair. Finally, the interaction of the immune system and nerve
      regeneration is discussed.

PMID- 2660717
TI  - [Local recurrence of cancer of the rectum. Factors influencing its incidence and
      treatment].

PMID- 2660718
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of digestive endometriosis].
AB  - Excision of intestinal implants in association with ovarian conservative surgery
      appears to be a safe procedure in most cases of intestinal endometriosis. Newer
      surgical techniques (selective laser vaporisation of abnormal tissue), advances
      in medical therapy (danazol, LH-RH agonists) and earlier diagnosis before
      obstructive phenomena, might allow conservative medical or surgical management
      before the development of major complications.

PMID- 2660719
TI  - [Adjuvant radiochemotherapy in operable cancers of the thoracic esophagus.
      Preliminary results of a multicenter study. A study of 119 cases].
AB  - 119 operable patients with an oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma were treated
      preoperatively by a combination of radiotherapy (37 Gy in two courses) and
      chemotherapy by cisplatin (delivered before each course of radiation). The
      response was evaluated on the resected specimen. 111 patients underwent operation
      and 101 tumours were resected. The toxicity was acceptable by reducing the
      Cisplatin dosage from 100 mg/m2 to 80 mg/m2 for the last 67 patients. A complete
      response was observed in 24 patients and a partial response in 46. The
      preliminary results show a 57% eighteen-month survival in the group of resected
      patients. A controlled study is needed to compare this combined regimen versus
      surgery alone in curatively resectable patients.

PMID- 2660720
TI  - [Subcardial ulcer and the Nissen technic. Apropos of a case of recovery by
      partial release of the fundoplication].
AB  - Gastric ulcer, an uncommon complication of Nissen technique, is nevertheless
      reported in all series (between 1 and 5% of cases). The authors report a case
      occurring after a complete fundoplication associated with a longitudinal stapling
      of the cardia (Rignault's procedure) which resolved after reoperation and
      transformation into a posterior hemi-valve. The pathogenesis of post-Nissen
      gastric ulcer is discussed; the mechanical factor appears to be decisive in the
      subcardial site. Surgical revision according to various modalities is generally
      unavoidable.

PMID- 2660721
TI  - [Textile foreign bodies retained in the abdomen].
AB  - The authors relate eleven cases of forgotten foreign bodies (5 swabs and 6
      laparotomy pads) in the abdomen after laparotomies for biliary and digestive (5
      cases), gynaecologic (3 cases), or abdominal-wall (3 cases) diseases. Ten
      patients recovered after surgical extraction of foreign bodies (morbidity: 2
      cases) and one patient died before reoperation. This study emphasizes the
      severity of this complication which can and should be prevented.

PMID- 2660722
TI  - [Desmoid fibroma of soft tissues of extra-abdominal sites: review of the
      literature apropos of a case located at the posterior face of the thigh].
AB  - The authors report a case of desmoid fibroma on the posterior surface of the
      thigh in a woman during the post-partum period. This is a rare site for this
      tumour. CT scan combined with MRI appears to be useful for diagnosis. Treatment
      is strictly surgical, but depends on the histological benign nature and the local
      malignancy. Surgery is generally conservative with risks of recurrence and
      occasionally amputation is necessary.

PMID- 2660723
TI  - [Jejunogastric intussusception. Apropos of a case].
AB  - Jejunogastric intussusception is a rare complication after gastric surgery. The
      authors report a case of acute jejunogastric intussusception diagnosed in a 57
      year-old woman, 22 years after vagotomy and gastroenterostomy for duodenal ulcer.
      There are three types of jejunogastric intussusception: 1) the acute type,
      presenting as a surgical emergency, and characterized by a sudden onset of cramp
      like epigastric pain, followed by nausea and vomiting, with a palpable epigastric
      mass. 2) the chronic recurrent type, which may progress to the acute type of may
      result in severe disability, and may require corrective surgery depending on the
      severity of the symptoms. 3) the acute post-operative type, presenting on the 4th
      or 5th post-operative day, and usually improving with conservative treatment.

PMID- 2660724
TI  - [Non-functional or silent endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Apropos of a case of
      cystic form].
AB  - The authors report a new case of silent cystic pancreatic endocrine tumour
      discovered by chance on abdominal ultrasonography. This tumour was treated
      surgically by simple enucleation-resection. On the basis of the histological
      appearance and the absence of metastases, this tumour was considered to be
      benign, but only the long-term course will confirm the diagnosis.

PMID- 2660725
TI  - [Double cystic duct. Apropos of a case].
AB  - In relation to a case of duplicated cystic duct encountered in surgical practice
      and based on a review of the literature, the authors stress the rarity of this
      condition. After reviewing the classification of the accessory hepatic ducts,
      they emphasise the surgical consequences of failure to recognise this type of
      anomaly during cholecystectomy.

PMID- 2660726
TI  - [Colonic vascularization does not change by circular stapling: an angiographic
      study in dogs].
AB  - Anastomotic devascularization has been incriminated in the development of post
      operative complications (fistula, stenosis) of circular stapling. The effect of
      circular stapling on left colonic blood supply in dogs has been evaluated. Twelve
      transanal colonic transsections (ILS 29 or 33), were performed at the level of
      the inferior mesenteric artery in 12 dogs, then examined at different post
      operative times, after injection by barium sulfate and radiography. In group I
      (D1, D3, D7) the entire mesocolon was injected, in group II (D7, D12, D15), only
      the supra-anastomotic part was injected. In group I, there was no alteration in
      blood flow at the anastomotic margins. The vascular pattern at the site of
      anastomosis was similar to that observed in the normal colon. In group II, good
      blood supply was confirmed and no capillary cross-bridging was found at this
      early healing time. This study limits the role of anastomotic devascularization
      by staplers in the development of secondary complications of circular stapling.
      If such a devascularization has to be accused, it is more likely the consequence
      of the surgical technique than of the stapler "per se".

PMID- 2660727
TI  - [Infarction with angiographically normal coronary vessels. (20 cases)].
AB  - Over 8 years, 20 cases of infarction with normal coronary angiography have been
      reported, representing 0.9% of the patients who underwent a coronary angiography
      after a myocardial infarction. The main characteristics of these patients are
      compared with those taken from the literature. The occurrence of this disease
      mainly depends on the age: especially higher when the patients are younger,
      ranging between 1 and 4% in major series, but it may reach 25% in case of
      infarction occurring before the age of 30. Therefore, this entity mainly affects
      young patients (mean age in the literature: 34.3 years), with a large proportion
      of women (27%). The main risk factor is smoking, found in 3 out of 4 men an more
      than half of the women; on the contrary, hypercholesterolemia and arterial
      hypertension are only seldom found. In women, administration of estro
      progestative medications in mentioned in almost every other case. Coronary
      heredity is mentioned in one out of 3 cases. In 68% of the cases, the infarction
      is the original manifestation and frequently occurs during stress: 60 p. cent of
      the cases. The site of the necrosis is insignificant. Mortality is low: 2 p. cent
      but in 5 p. cent of the cases, the course may be complicated by recurrence or
      heart failure. According to recent findings on coronary angiography during the
      acute phase, the pathogenesis could involve an arterial coronary thrombosis,
      perhaps developing on minimal coronary lesions, caused by a spasm and/or a
      platelets hyperaggregation; then this coronary thrombosis is revascularized.

PMID- 2660728
TI  - [Sick sinus syndrome in children with a "healthy heart". Apropos of 2 cases with
      direct endocavitory tracing of the sino-atrial block].
AB  - The sinus disease in children with "healthy hearts" is exceptional, and has never
      been documented by tracing of the sinus node. We are reporting two cases of two
      children, aged 4 and 14 years. An electrophysiological exploration with
      measurement of the direct activity of the sinus node, illustrates in one case the
      mechanism of sinus dysfunction. A review from the literature and our cases
      specifies some of the characteristics of this disease: 1) there are two forms:
      sporadic (case n. 1) 59 published cases, and familial (case n. 2) 28 published
      cases in 13 families; 2) the familial forms have a dominant autosomic
      transmission with variable penetration; 3) the disease may occur during the first
      days of life, suggesting a congenital origin (from the pathology findings, this
      disease may be one of the causes of the unexplained sudden death syndrome in
      infants; 4) association to atrio-ventricular conduction disorders and atrial and
      ventricular rhythm disorders; 5) frequent indication of stimulators, emphasizing
      the severity of this disease with a more severe course in sporadic forms (7
      deaths in 59 cases).

PMID- 2660729
TI  - [Congenital ventricular septal defect with late detection. Apropos of a case in
      an adult].
AB  - The authors report the case of a congenital interventricular communication
      discovered in a 75 year-old female patient. The shunt was identified on the
      cardiac Doppler and confirmed by catheterization. It was a type IIa
      interventricular communication which decompensated in the course of a pulmonary
      embolism. This case points out how rare is the diagnosis of congenital
      interventricular communication made during adulthood, and emphasizes the
      advantage of the Doppler in the diagnosis of ventricular shunts.

PMID- 2660730
TI  - [Spondylodiscitis disclosing bacterial endocarditis. Apropos of a case. Review of
      the literature].
AB  - The authors report a case of infectious spondylodiscitis revealing a
      staphylococcal endocarditis in a patient with a Carpentier aortic heterograft.
      This case, along with 60 descriptions from the literature, has enabled them to
      specify the characteristics of occurrence of endocarditis during a
      spondylodiscitis. The clinical factors in favor of this association are: a pre
      existing cardiopathy, an oral port of entry, occurrence of other rheumatoid
      manifestations, even more the presence of complications of endocarditis. The
      laboratory factors in favor of an association are: discovery of an inflammatory
      anemia, of circulating immune complexes, of a cryoglobulinemia, of a rheumatoid
      factor, of hematuria. But it is mostly the demonstration of streptococcus in
      blood cultures and other samples that should be an indication to search for an
      endocarditis, the course of which dominates the prognosis.

PMID- 2660731
TI  - [Rhythm complications of radiotherapy. Apropos of a case].
AB  - We are reporting a case of complete atrio-ventricular block following
      radiotherapy; this diagnosis was made after ruling out other etiologies. In
      relation with this case, we are discussing the different rhythm complications of
      radiotherapy. Therefore, we are presenting tissue involvements, revealed either
      by minimal electrocardiographic alterations, or by rhythm or conduction
      disorders, insisting on atrio-ventricular blocks. Finally, we are insisting on a
      recent disease, cardiac pacemaker dysfunctions, induced by radiotherapy, from in
      vitro studies and clinical cases.

PMID- 2660732
TI  - [Mycotic aneurysms].
AB  - Mycotic aneurysms are aneurysms infected by bacteria or fungi. These may be
      secondary to an endocarditis, or they may be primary, and then are developed from
      a septicemia or bacteremia. The diagnosis, often difficult, is sometime only made
      during complications, the most severe of which is rupture. This diagnosis must be
      aided by new imaging techniques such as ultrasonography, tomodensitometry,
      magnetic resonance imaging. The treatment is medical (antibiotics) and surgical.

PMID- 2660733
TI  - [Diet therapy of hypercholesterolemia. From theory to practice].
AB  - Hypercholesterolemia, quite frequent in industrialized countries is a major risk
      factor of atherosclerosis, especially in the coronary arteries. Consensus
      conferences, in the United States as well as Europe, have established a practical
      approach to this field. The dietetic treatment, from a population standpoint,
      remains the corner-stone of the treatment of primary dyslipoproteinemias. The
      quality and quantity of lipids in the food, play a definite role. In order to
      lower cholesterolemia, the intake of total lipids and cholesterol must be lowered
      and the consumption of polyunsaturated or mono-unsaturated fatty acids must be
      increased. The advantage of fish (omega 3 fatty acid), soy-bean and food fibers,
      are discussed.

PMID- 2660734
TI  - [Auricular flutter preceding by several years the discovery of Steinert's
      disease. 3 cases].
AB  - The large frequency of arrhythmias and conduction disorders in the course of
      Steinert's myotonic dystrophy is well known; most of the time, the muscle disease
      is already known when the heart disease is discovered. The authors report three
      cases of young subjects (2, 31 and 35 years) in whom an atrial flutter without
      obvious etiology preceded by several years (14, 2.5 and 2 years) the diagnosis of
      muscular disease. On this occasion, the characteristics of the heart involvement
      in Steinert's disease are reminded: large frequency of atrial and also
      ventricular rhythm disorders, distalic conduction disorders. Our cases emphasize
      the importance of diagnosing Steinert's disease by clinical examination,
      electromyography and neuro-muscular biopsy in front of a rhythm disorder-
      especially atrial flutter--or an interventricular conduction disorders occurring,
      without obvious etiology, in a young subject.

PMID- 2660735
TI  - [The brain and arterial hypertension. 1. Physiologic and physiopathologic
      aspects].
AB  - The cerebral blood flow is maintained at a constant level in spite of blood
      pressure variations, because of a very performing auto-regulation phenomenon:
      vasoconstriction in case of elevated blood pressure, vasodilatation in case of
      blood pressure drop. The upper limit of the mean blood pressure beyond which
      nothing can prevent the cerebral blood flow from increasing, ranges between 150
      and 170 mmHg. The lower limit, from which the dilatation of the cerebral blood
      vessels is not able to prevent the decreased cerebral blood flow, has been set
      between 50 and 70 mmHg. The auto-regulation of the cerebral blood flow is
      influenced by numerous factors: hypercapnia, hypoxia and ischemia complete
      inhibit it, making the cerebral blood flow directly related to the blood
      pressure; the sympathetic stimulation shifts the entire curve toward the right,
      because of the constriction of the pia-mater arteries, followed with a reactional
      vasodilatation of the small cerebral vessels. In the course of chronic arterial
      hypertension, the same shift of the auto-regulation curve toward high pressures
      is observed, related to structural alterations of the vascular wall; this make
      them more prone to constriction than dilatation: when these alterations are
      reversible, antihypertensive treatment may sometimes bring the auto-regulation
      curve in its initial position.

PMID- 2660736
TI  - [The brain and arterial hypertension. 2. Effects of antihypertensive treatment on
      cerebral circulation].
AB  - Antihypertensive treatment may, for the same effect on hypertension, have a very
      different influence on the cerebral blood flow and the autoregulation curve. For
      instance, sodium nitroprusside, a potent vasodilator, risks to be poorly
      tolerated from the cerebral standpoint, when the sympathetic system is not
      inhibited. Diazoxide has no direct vasodilating effect on the cerebral vessels
      but, because of its marked hypotensive action must be used in divided doses.
      Hydralazine, a strong vasodilator, must be avoided in case of cerebral edema and
      hypertensive encephalopathy. Diuretics and beta-blockers, on a long-term basis,
      do not significantly modify the cerebral blood flow while alpha-methyl-dopa would
      increase it and facilitate a return to normal of the autoregulation curve.
      Captopril has demonstrated experimentally, interesting properties: in
      anaesthetized rats, it shifts the autoregulation curve to the left, i.e. toward
      lower pressures and it reduces the autoregulation curve to the left, i.e. toward
      lower pressures and it reduces the autoregulation limits; in awaken subjects, the
      decreased lower limit is also observed, explaining the good central tolerance of
      marked blood pressure reductions; on the contrary, its effects on the upper limit
      of the plateau are, unquestionably, counterbalanced by the effects of sympathetic
      stimulation concomitant with sudden blood pressure rises. As for calcium
      inhibitor, they do not seem to influence the long-term autoregulation of the
      cerebral flow.

PMID- 2660737
TI  - [Low blood pressure].
AB  - When facing a chronic hypotension, underlying chronic diseases must be ruled out.
      In most cases, it concerns a "constitutional" benign, low blood pressure, however
      ill-tolerated and associated with neurovegetative dystonia. In so far as it is
      not a disease, there is no specific treatment. The long-term prognosis is
      excellent since symptoms usually improve with years and a low blood pressure is a
      sign of longevity.

PMID- 2660738
TI  - Analytical goals for quantities used to assess thyrometabolic status.
AB  - Analytical goals for imprecision derived from data on intra-individual variation
      for total T4, free T4, total T3, free T3 and thyrotropin (TSH) are coefficients
      of variation (CV) less than or equal to 2.5, 4.7, 5.2, 3.9 and 8.1%,
      respectively. If total T4 is used to monitor replacement therapy with thyroxine,
      a more stringent goal of CV less than or equal to 1.4% is appropriate. For those
      analytes for which biological variation data are not available, analytical goals
      may be derived either from reference intervals or from the 'state of the art' as
      judged from the performance of a stated proportion of laboratories participating
      in an interlaboratory quality assessment scheme. Analytical goals for imprecision
      for reverse T3 and thyroxine-binding globulin derived from reference values are
      CV less than or equal to 10.7 and 7.2%, respectively. The goal for inaccuracy is
      that there should be none. Statements regarding the detection limit of an assay
      should be replaced with information about the range of concentrations over which
      specified goals for imprecision are met. If goals are not achieved at
      concentrations which are used for clinical decision making the 95% confidence
      limits of the extreme values of the 'working range' should be calculated using
      the relevant imprecision. Improved analytical performance will result in better
      between-laboratory comparability and eventually allow the use of universally
      applicable reference values.

PMID- 2660740
TI  - Social implications of mortality patterns of juveniles from Poundbury Camp,
      Romano-British Cemetery.
AB  - Attempts have been made to reconstruct the Romano-British population that was
      buried at Poundbury Camp, Dorchester, England. Over 1400 graves were excavated
      and about 1200 skeletons of adults and juveniles were recovered, dating from the
      1st to the 5th Centuries AD. The burial patterns indicate that the family was the
      important unit in the community that was served by Poundbury Camp. The newborn
      but perhaps not the stillborn were buried in the cemetery. Infanticide was not
      practised. Infant mortality was high and weaning may have been at a very early
      age. There were relatively few children and family sizes must have been small.
      Among the adolescents there were three times as many girls as boys. This is
      interpreted as a consequence of the materialism of a society with an agrarian
      economy.

PMID- 2660739
TI  - [Causes of pediatric mortality in a medieval skeletal series].
AB  - Critical episodes in the life of prehistoric children can be traced by
      comprehensive palaeopathological investigations of frequently occurring symptoms
      like criba orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis and Harris' lines, combined with the
      evaluation of growth curves. Among the children of a skeletal sample excavated in
      Schleswig (northern Germany, 11th/12th century AD), two periods of growth
      retardation were observed. The first one, starting between 1 and 2 years of age,
      is due to malnutrition already set on in the second part of the first year of
      life and a high morbidity at weaning age. After a catch-up growth between 6 and 7
      years of age, living conditions became even worse for the 8 to 10 year old
      children. It is presumed that an inadequate nourishment did not fit the
      requirements of the prepuberal organism, especially regarding the considerable
      high working-burden of children in medieval times after completing their 7th year
      of life. The combined effect of malnutrition and diseases is responsible for the
      high mortality of the children in medieval Schleswig.

PMID- 2660741
TI  - [Results of osteologic studies of medieval pediatric skeletons with special
      reference to the population of Anatolia].
AB  - Causes and frequency of diseases during childhood in populations of the Middle
      Ages were studied. The infant skeletons of ten populations from Central Europe
      and Anatolia were examined by macroscopical, radiological, endoscopical,
      histological, and scanning-electron microscopical techniques. Because only little
      is known about Anatolian populations, more attention was paid to the Byzantine
      populations. The infant skeletons are very well preserved. Therefore, the
      morbidity and the mortality could be studied in detail. The following disorders
      were diagnosed: anemia, C-avitaminosis, D-avitaminosis, osteomyelitis, meningitis
      meningoencephalitis, otitis media and mastoiditis, perisinusitis, inflammation of
      the cavum nasi, inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, stomatitis, periodontal
      diseases, caries, pleuritis, trauma, and malformations. The frequency of diseases
      and the mortality depended on the type and the intensity of particular external
      life conditions. These may have been quite different in several social groups of
      the same population. In summary, these studies provide new information on the
      etiology and the epidemiology of diseases during childhood in the Middle Ages.

PMID- 2660742
TI  - [Observations on child mortality in the Middle Ages. Difficulties and
      possibilities of historical research].
AB  - The paper touches the problem which of the results of historical anthropology
      having aroused much attention over the past years require more scepticism than
      has usually been assumed, i.e. the function of the nurses during the Middle Ages
      and the different way of life of children and adolescents between birth and the
      age of fifteen. Subsequently, some examples are adduced to show during which
      centuries of the Middle Ages a fear of future diseases of the children was wide
      spread and during which centuries contacts among men and children in the course
      of their early years were especially close.

PMID- 2660743
TI  - Synthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
      Man2GlcNAc2 and Man1GlcNAc2 are transferred from dolichol to protein in vivo.
AB  - Transfer of truncated oligosaccharides to protein in vivo and the structure of
      Man2GlcNAc2 synthesized by intact yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were
      investigated in the alg2 mutant. At the nonpermissive temperature the alg2 mutant
      accumulates lipid-linked oligosaccharides that migrate on Bio-Gel P4 in the range
      expected for Man2GlcNAc2 and Man1GlcNAc2 (T.C. Huffaker and P.W. Robbins (1983)
      Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 7466-7470). We characterized the oligosaccharides,
      derived from protein and lipid, by comigration with standards on HPLC and by
      Smith degradation followed by HPLC. Man2GlcNAc2 and Man1GlcNAc2 are found on
      protein in alg2, since their release from a protein-containing precipitate of
      alg2 cells is N-glycanase (peptide-N4[N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl]asparagine
      amidase) dependent. Transfer also occurred in alg2/pAC3 cells, which carry ALG2
      on a multicopy plasmid that confers partial correction of the oligosaccharide
      phenotype. The alg2/pAC3 cells are viable at 36 degrees C. Two isomers of
      Man2GlcNAc2, Man1----3ManGlcNAc2 and Man1----6ManGlcNAc2, were present on lipid
      and protein. The transfer of Man2GlcNAc2 and Man1GlcNAc2 to protein by intact
      cells supports topological models that postulate access by early intermediates to
      the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2660744
TI  - [Present status of radiation sensitizers--hypoxic cell radiosensitizer].
AB  - There is a world-wide demand for a clinically usable sensitizer for radio
      resistant hypoxic cells. Since the unsuccessful clinical trials of misonidazole
      (MISO), is due to its neurotoxicity, many efforts have been made to develop new
      hypoxic cell sensitizers which is more effective and/or less toxic than MISO. In
      the U.S.A., SR-2508 (etanidazole) is currently under going phase III clinical
      evaluation in advanced head and neck cancers, and in England, Ro 03-8799
      (pimonidazole) is also under going phase III evaluation in advanced cervical
      cancer. Also in Japan, many compounds were synthesized and tested with the
      screening systems using EMT6 and SCCVII tumors. KU-2285 is fluorinated
      nitroimidazole and it has a higher sensitizing effect than MISO or etanidazole.
      Its sensitizing effect is 1.65 at 200 mg/kg, and the LD50 value is 2.3 g/kg.
      Hoping for less neurotoxicity, RK-28, RP-170 and KIH-802 were synthesized. RP-170
      showed the same advantages over MISO as etanidazole in terms of sensitization or
      toxicity and KIH-802 demonstrated an unexpectedly high sensitizing effect
      especially in vivo experiments. Although RK-28 has a low LD50 value, it shows
      rapid clearance rate from serum and is supposed to have less cumulative
      neurotoxicity. RK-28 has already entered to phase I clinical trial and KU-2285,
      RP-170 and KIH-802 are also waiting further clinical trials.

PMID- 2660745
TI  - [Prevention of stomach cancer].
AB  - In Japan the mortality rate from stomach cancer is higher than in any other
      countries of the world. But this rate has recently been decreasing in almost all
      countries including Japan. We can accelerate the speed of this decreasing
      tendency by promoting systematically such preventive measures like avoidance of
      salty foods intake, high consumption of vegetables and fruits, smoking cessation
      and stomach cancer screening programs.

PMID- 2660746
TI  - [The significance of hormone receptors in hormone therapy of gastric cancers].
AB  - The influence of sex hormones on carcinogenesis of the stomach was investigated
      clinically and experimentally. Thereafter, hormone therapy for Borrmann type 4
      gastric cancers was started and achieved good results according to some reports.
      The presence of hormone receptors (ER and PGR), which are detected in 10-20% of
      gastric cancers, was one of the bases of that therapy. However, the role of
      hormone receptors in hormone therapy is not clear because the stomach is not the
      target organ of sex hormones. The mechanisms of hormone effects on cancer therapy
      have been described as follows: (a) Hormone receptors play an important role in
      stimulating the proliferation of cells via hormone-receptor complexes. (b)
      Hormones play a direct role in stimulating the proliferation of cells without any
      involvement of receptors. We found evidence that sex hormones might suppress the
      growth of some stomach cancers. On that basis, we started a trial of a hormone
      therapy using tamoxifen in females and estriol in males after radical surgery for
      Borrmann type 4 gastric cancer. We hope to obtain good results in this new trial.

PMID- 2660747
TI  - [A current overview of chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer].
AB  - Four drugs including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), adriamycin (ADM), mitomycin C (MMC)
      and cisplatin (CDDP) can produce response rates ranging from 15% to 20% when used
      as single agents for advanced gastric cancer. Various combinations employing
      these agents have been tested and FAM (5-FU, ADM, MMC) has been the most
      extensively studied, obtaining response rates ranging from 21% to 45% by the
      original regimen. More recently FAP (5-FU, ADM, CDDP) has been studied and
      response rates reported were ranged from 29% to 50%, and therefore it was judged
      that the efficacy is comparable to FAM. However, overall survival gain has been
      limited when used these combinations. Consequently a serious question has been
      raised whether past combinations are superior over single agent 5-FU. Prospective
      randomized trials compared 5-FU alone vs various combination failed to show
      advantage of combinations over 5-FU alone.

PMID- 2660748
TI  - [Basic and clinical evaluation of an immunoradiometric competitive inhibition
      assay for 2----6 sialyl Lewis a antigen--1. Evaluation of assay conditions and
      normal values].
AB  - We describe an immunoradiometric competitive inhibition assay of the serum levels
      of the 2----6 sialyl Lewisa antigen, using "SLA 2-6 Otsuka" kits. The assay
      required only duplicate 50-microliters samples, and the concentration of 2----6
      sialyl Lewisa antigen in serum was determined by reference to a standard curve
      ranging from 0 to 160 arbitrary U/ml. The intra- and inter-assays
      reproducibilities were good and analytical recovery of antigen were excellent.
      The serum levels of the antigen were highly dependent on the Lewis blood types of
      the tested individuals; i.e., the levels of the antigen in the sera of the Lewisa
      b- individuals were significantly lower than those of the antigen obtained with
      the Lewisa+b- and Lewisa-b+ individuals. The cut-off value (42 U/ml) was obtained
      as mean + 2SD, which was carefully calculated from the antigen levels in sera of
      the non-Lewisa-b- individuals.

PMID- 2660749
TI  - [Basic and clinical evaluation of an immunoradiometric competitive inhibition
      assay for 2----6 sialyl Lewis a antigen--2. Evaluation of clinical significance].
AB  - The clinical significance of serum 2----6 sialyl Lewisa antigen was evaluated
      using "SLA 2----6 Otsuka" kits. Results indicated that the antigen was frequently
      elevated in sera obtained from patients with various cancers, including pancreas
      (73%), liver (67%), bilialy tract (66%), uterus (35%), and stomach (33%). Among
      other tumor markers examined, CA 19-9 (2----3 sialyl Lewisa) had a very similar
      cancer spectrum as 2----6 sialyl Lewisa. In the sera of patients with malignant
      disorders of digestive and respiratory organs, including stomach, intestine,
      pancreas, biliary tract and lung, the serum levels of CA19-9 tended to be higher
      than those of 2----6 sialyl Lewisa, usually exceeded those of CA19-9. This
      suggests that the 2----6 sialylation of Lewisa antigen is equally observed in
      malignant and non-malignant diseases, while the 2----3 sialylation is relatively
      specific to cancers. As a result, the ratio of the two antigens, CA 19-9: 2----6
      sialyl Lewisa antigen ratio, exceeded 2.0 in most of the sera obtained from
      patients with malignancy, whereas the ratio was below 2.0 in most of patients
      with corresponding non-malignant diseases of those organs. The determination of
      the ratio may be clinically useful in the differential diagnosis of the malignant
      and non-malignant diseases in those organs.

PMID- 2660750
TI  - [Phase II clinical study of LC9018 on carcinomatous peritonitis of gastric
      cancer. Subgroup for Carcinomatous Peritonitis, Cooperative, Study Group of
      LC9018].
AB  - Using patients with carcinomatous peritonitis caused by gastric cancer, we
      conducted a Phase II clinical study of LC 9018 by administering the agent alone
      or in combination with mitomycin C (MMC). Out of 29 patients enrolled, 12 were
      treated with LC 9018 alone and 17 others with LC 9018 + MMC. Of these, 15 cases
      were found completely evaluable. The response rate for 15 complete cases against
      carcinomatous peritonitis was 60.0% (3/5) for the group treated with LC9018 alone
      and 70.0% (7/10) with LC9018 + MMC. Of the 27 eligible patients, the ascites
      could be controlled in 58.3% (7/12) for those treated with LC9018 alone and 60.0%
      (9/15) for those with LC9018 + MMC, with tumor cells being eliminated in 50.0%
      (6/12) and 60.0% (9/15), respectively. Major adverse reactions included fever,
      nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain and increases in GOT and GPT. These findings
      suggest that LC9018 might be a useful therapeutic agent against carcinomatous
      peritonitis of gastric cancer whether used alone or in combination with MMC.

PMID- 2660751
TI  - [Non vascular interventional radiology--general].
AB  - Since last about 20 years, invasive diagnostic procedures have gradually changed
      the conception to interventional radiology (IVR). Non vascular IVR has been
      developing steadily by suitable instruments and excellent techniques as well as
      vascular IVR. The fields of non-vascular IVR is becoming wider and wider in
      various regions in the body. Non-vascular IVR contains many kinds of drainage and
      forming inner fistula in the biliary and urinary tracts, for example, occlusive
      jaundice or hydronephrosis. Drainage for abscess in the thoracic or abdominal
      cavity is a good indication except peri-pancreatic abscess. In addition, IVR
      means time saving and cost saving in the aspiration biopsy for malignant
      neoplasms this is fast decision for reasonable therapies. In the earlier period,
      aspiration biopsy was considered as dangerous method because of bleeding and
      dissemination of malignant seeds along the route of aspiration needles. By using
      fluoroscopic image amplifier and ultrasonic unit, non-vascular IVR has many
      indications that radiologist's specialty demonstrated. Therefore, radiologist
      should have heavy responsibility based on understanding of right knowledge and
      good management for non-vascular IVR.

PMID- 2660752
TI  - The use of a vaginal probe in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - 75 patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy, referred to the department of
      Gynaecology and Obstetrics of the RWTH-Aachen between July 1987 and May 1988,
      were examined by means of transvaginal sonography. The sonographic findings were
      subsequently vaudated by clinical and/or surgical means. An ultrasound diagnosis
      of an ectopic pregnancy could not be confirmed in only 3 out of 25 such cases.

PMID- 2660753
TI  - [Presacral kidney].
AB  - The ectopic kidney in the presacral position can occur in 1 of 800 subjects. This
      condition results from metanephrogenic anomalies during the embryological
      development. When urographic images of the kidney are absent, one should always
      suspect this condition. In most of the cases, this condition does not cause a
      disorder and are incidentally detected while performing other studies for other
      disorders. A normally functioning presacral kidney requires no treatment.

PMID- 2660754
TI  - [Aztreonam versus tobramycin in acute pyelonephritis. A comparative study].
AB  - We performed a comparative study between the monobactam antibiotic aztreonam and
      the aminoglycoside tobramycin in patients diagnosed as having acute
      pyelonephritis. The respective doses were 1 gr. IM daily for 7 days, and 100 mgr.
      IM q 12 h for the same period of time. Clinically, 100% of uncomplicated acute
      pyelonephritis and 87.5% of complicated infections cured with aztreonam.
      Tobramycin achieved an 80% cure rate for both types of infections.
      Microbiologically aztreonam was effective in all uncomplicated acute
      pyelonephritis, and in 69.56% of the complicated cases (overall microbiological
      cure rate = 78.7%). The therapeutic failures were ascribable to infections from
      S. faecalis, an organism naturally resistant to aztreonam. Thus, the
      microbiological cure rate was 84.2% in complicated pyelonephritis from organisms
      sensitive to this antimicrobial. The microbiological cure rate for tobramycin was
      70% in acute uncomplicated, and 80% in complicated infections. We observed a good
      clinical and biological tolerance to both antimicrobials. No side effects were
      observed. Serum and blood biochemical analyses, and coagulation tests revealed no
      changes.

PMID- 2660755
TI  - [Spontaneous subcapsular hematoma of the kidney associated with tubulopapillary
      neoplasm in a patient undergoing hemodialysis].
AB  - We report on a patient with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis who
      presented with spontaneous renal subcapsular hematoma associated with a tubulo
      papillary tumor. The literature relative to this condition is reviewed. Its
      incidence, predisposing factors, diagnostic methods and treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2660756
TI  - [Modification of the echographic pattern of carcinoma of the prostate treated
      with Lh-rh agonists].
AB  - We present the results of a study undertaken to assess the echo patterns and
      prostate size in 13 patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with Lh-rh
      agonists. The study revealed a gradual reduction of the anteroposterior and
      transverse diameters. After 12 months, these were 28% and 22% of their respective
      initial values. Furthermore, the prostatic echo patterns changed significantly in
      66% of the patients, and infiltration of the seminal vesicle improved or became
      stable in 50%. These findings suggest that transrectal ultrasonography may be
      useful in the follow up of prostatic carcinoma patients receiving hormone
      therapy.

PMID- 2660757
TI  - [Keratinizing desquamative squamous metaplasia. Massive involvement of vesical
      mucosa].
AB  - We report on a case of squamous metaplasia involving the entire bladder mucosa.
      Diagnosis was established from multiple biopsies and urinary cytology. We discuss
      the term used to define lesions whose potential to become malignant is the
      subject of controversy, and the currently available treatment modalities used to
      achieve cure.

PMID- 2660758
TI  - [Leiomyosarcoma of the albuginea: presentation of a case and review of the
      literature].
AB  - We report on a patient with leiomyosarcoma of the tunica albuginea, a very
      uncommon disease entity. The clinical work up and the complementary analyses are
      presented. We describe the surgical procedure and the results yielded by
      pathological analyses of the surgical specimen. The literature is reviewed
      highlighting the most important features of this disease entity.

PMID- 2660759
TI  - [Supernumerary testis. Communication of a case and review of the literature].
AB  - Polyorchidism is a rare anomaly. Only 72 cases have been reported in the
      literature. Our case, demonstrated histologically, comprises the 73rd. The
      results yielded by deferentography and ex situ simultaneous arteriography are
      presented. The embryological, clinical, pathological and therapeutic aspects
      reported elsewhere are discussed.

PMID- 2660760
TI  - [Partial surgery and adenocarcinoma of the kidney].

PMID- 2660761
TI  - Prostate cancer: a model of cancer in the elderly.
AB  - Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men over 70. Chronic course of
      the disease and multiple therapeutic options allow a customized management of the
      patient's individual problems. Prognostic factors are stage, size of primary
      tumors, serum acid phosphatase levels, number of metastases, ureteral obstruction
      and patient's age. In localized disease, surgery and radiation therapy are
      equally effective for patients with a life expectancy less than or equal to 10
      years. Surgery may be superior to radiation if longer survival is expected. In
      locally advanced disease radiation therapy is preferred to surgery, due to a
      lower rate of complications. Management of metastatic disease requires offsetting
      androgen effects by castration or by antiandrogens. Orchiectomy, the safest way
      to produce castration, is unacceptable to 50% of patients. LHRH analogs are safer
      than estrogens, but more expensive; the risk of tumor flare up controindicates
      these compounds in life-threatening situations. The use of ketoconazole is
      limited by long-term toxicity, but may be life-saving in life-threatening
      situations, due to a rapid onset of action. Antiandrogens are as effective as
      castration, but are not commercially available in the USA. Alternative treatments
      include Estracyt, intermittent estrogentherapy, progesterone derivative and
      aminogluthetimide. Radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy to the prostate
      cause erectile impotence with persistence of orgasmic sensations. These patients
      are ideal candidates for erection-restoring interventions, such as intrapenile
      injections or penile implants.

PMID- 2660762
TI  - [Role of ultrasound in studying the first urinary infection in children].
AB  - A retrospective study comparing the findings of ultrasonography (5 MHz
      transducer) versus intravenous pyelography and voiding cystourethrography was
      conducted in 92 patients during the course of an initial urinary tract infection
      (greater than or equal to 10(5) bacteriae/ml, WBC greater than 25/mm3) gathered
      over a period of 5 years. The average interval of time between ultrasonography
      and intravenous pyelography was 8 days (range 1-70). False positive results for
      ultrasonography were noted in 11% (5 of 45 cases), while false negatives were
      observed in 36% (17 of 47). Of the 47 cases of obstructive uropathy diagnosed by
      conventional means, ultrasonography missed the diagnosis in 1 case of ureteral
      duplication as well as in 16 children with vesicoureteral reflux. In comparison,
      intravenous pyelography missed 8 of these 21 cases of vesicoureteral reflux.
      Overall sensitivity of ultrasonography was mediocre at 64% but excellent at 96%
      after excluding cases with vesicoureteral reflux. Specificity was poor for the
      group of patients with vesicoureteral reflux (33%) and did not improve when they
      were excluded (40%). Sensitivity and specificity were comparable whatever the age
      group. In conclusion, we would recommend that when both ultrasonography and
      voiding cystourethrography are normal in children with a urinary tract infection,
      intravenous pyelography could safely be deferred.

PMID- 2660763
TI  - [Improvement in the interpretation of the LH-LH perfusion test].

PMID- 2660764
TI  - [Exogenous surfactants].

PMID- 2660765
TI  - [Technologic and therapeutic advances. The experience of the insulin pump in
      diabetic children].

PMID- 2660766
TI  - [Value of rapid diagnostic methods in rotavirus infection in the neonatal
      period].
AB  - One hundred and forty eight faecal specimens were collected from 40 newborn
      infants during an outbreak of rotavirus infections in a neonatal unit. Rotavirus
      was sought every 3 days by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and was found in 12
      newborn babies. Rotavirus excretion persisted for up to 6 days after healing of
      the diarrhoea. No significant difference was found between infected (n = 12) and
      uninfected (n = 28) infants with regard to gestational age (35.2 +/- 3.7 vs 36.9
      +/- 2.6 weeks), birth weight (2,064 +/- 693 vs 2,197 +/- 529 g), and postnatal
      ages at the time of the outbreak. The 148 stool specimens were analysed by IEM
      considered the reference technique and compared with two ELISA methods, and three
      Latex methods. Rotavirus was identified by IEM in 20 stools. Equivocal results
      were observed with Slidex Rotakit Polyclonal (16.9%), Slidex Rotakit Monoclonal
      (2.7%) and Rotalex (13.8%). The positive and negative predictive values were
      respectively 87.5% and 96.9% for the Slidex Rotakit Monoclonal test, 86.7% and
      94.7% for the Rotazyme II test, 100% and 95.5% for the ELISA monoclonal test.

PMID- 2660767
TI  - [Post-transfusion cerebrovascular hemorrhagic complications disclosing homozygote
      sickle cell anemia].
AB  - A case of bipolar and relapsing cerebrovascular hemorrhages with hypertension is
      reported in a 7 year-old Gabonese girl. These strokes were the first sign of a
      sickle cell disease. Mechanisms of cerebral hemorrhages in sickle cell disease
      are reviewed and similarities with the "hypertension, convulsion and cerebral
      hemorrhage after transfusions "syndrome reported by Wasi et al. in thalassemic
      patients are underlined.

PMID- 2660768
TI  - [Nephronophtisis in a child whose father has isolated ocular involvement].
AB  - The Senior and Loken's syndrome is a condition associating nephronophtisis and
      tapetoretinal degeneration. The case reported had a quite unusual transmission:
      isolated ophthalmologic impairment in the father, isolated renal impairment in
      the son. Thus, the genetic transmission of this syndrome is probably not
      univocal.

PMID- 2660769
TI  - [Autism and fragile X syndrome. Pedopsychiatric aspects].

PMID- 2660770
TI  - [Use of the labelling of drugs with stable isotopes in clinical pharmacology in
      children].
AB  - There are only few studies available in the literature, using drugs labelled with
      stable isotopes in pediatric clinical pharmacology. However, the stable isotope
      methods are of great potential interest. These sensitive methods allow to
      quantitate drugs in small volumes of biological fluid with great specificity.
      They are innocuous and allow in vivo drug metabolic studies. Using 1-3 15N, 2 13C
      labelled theophylline, it has been possible to demonstrate N7-theophylline
      methylation into caffeine in premature neonates while this metabolic pathway is
      virtually not existent in adults. Stable isotope techniques allow to study
      intraindividual changes in kinetic parameters of drugs during maintenance therapy
      without discontinuing the drug. For instance, auto-induction of carbamazepine
      metabolism was demonstrated in children using stable isotope-labelled
      carbamazepine in serial pharmacokinetic studies during maintenance therapy. They
      also make bioavailability studies possible in children. These methods make
      possible new non invasive studies like CO2 breath test. Using 1-3-7 13C-caffeine
      we demonstrated the feasibility of the CO2 breath test in young infants and
      described the maturation of the N-demethylation pathway for caffeine. The
      correlation between the rate of 13C-CO2 elimination and caffeine plasma clearance
      indicates that the CO2 breath test is a non invasive method useful for measuring
      caffeine N-demethylation and that this test might theoretically be used for
      monitoring caffeine treatment.

PMID- 2660771
TI  - Maximizing diagnostic information from the dexamethasone suppression test. An
      approach to criterion selection using receiver operating characteristic analysis.
AB  - Receiver operating characteristic analysis yields indices of diagnostic
      performance that permit innovative mathematical descriptions and comparisons of
      diagnostic tests whose results are distributed over a range of possible outcomes.
      We employed data from seven published studies to demonstrate how ROC analysis may
      be used to characterize the discriminative properties of the dexamethasone
      suppression test (DST). We also used an intrinsic property of test results--their
      ability to reduce diagnostic uncertainty--to select cortisol cutoff levels with
      the highest information content for each of the DST studies. These cutoffs often
      differ from original authors' definitions of nonsuppression. The information
      maximizing cortisol levels vary depending on pretest estimates of the prevalence
      of depression or melancholia and vary among studies. Receiver operating
      characteristic analytic techniques provide important tools for a full description
      of the DST. Future studies should use receiver operating characteristic methods
      to select cortisol cutoffs and to assess the test's overall performance.

PMID- 2660772
TI  - The 'efficacy' of alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: a critique of
      recent reports.

PMID- 2660773
TI  - Clinical presentation, hormonal profiles and ultrasonic ovarian morphology in
      women with suspected polycystic ovarian disease.
AB  - The aim of this study is to determine the clinical presentation, hormonal
      profiles and ultrasonic ovarian morphology in a group of Thai women with
      polycystic ovarian disease. The patients consisted of 54 women who had abnormal
      menstruation, androgenic symptoms, LH to FSH ratio of at least 3 and normal serum
      prolactin. The clinical and hormonal profiles of the patients were similar to the
      previous reports from developed countries. The typical ultrasonic cystic
      appearance of the ovaries was observed in about two-thirds of the patients. The
      patients with cystic ovaries had lower mean body weight but higher mean serum LH
      and FSH than the control group.

PMID- 2660774
TI  - Postirradiation hearing loss.
AB  - Hearing loss due to irradiation of the head-and-neck region is a rarely reported
      complication of such a treatment. Although experimental work had been performed
      in laboratory animals as early as at the turn of the century, substantiated
      clinical data in large series are lacking. The few reports published are somewhat
      contradictory as to the incidence, time of onset, type and severity of the
      hearing loss. Although infrequently encountered, the possibility of radiation
      induced hearing loss should be kept in mind. The pertinent literature is
      reviewed.

PMID- 2660775
TI  - Magnetic fields from the auditory cortex of a deaf human individual occurring
      spontaneously or evoked by stimulation through a cochlear prosthesis.
AB  - In a postlingually deaf individual, the magnetic field evoked by stimulation
      through a cochlear prosthesis (extracochlear electrodes) as well as of the
      spontaneous magnetoencephalogram was measured over the hemisphere contralateral
      to the prosthesis (CP), and the results were compared with those obtained from
      normal-hearing subjects. The latency of the 2 best developed waves M100 and M200
      turned out to be prolonged in the CP patient by approximately 40 ms. The
      amplitude of wave M100 was significantly diminished, while wave M200 was only
      poorly developed. Location and direction of the equivalent current dipole (ECD)
      calculated for wave M100 was in good agreement with normal data, whereas the
      dipole moment was only about one third of the average dipole moment found in
      normals. Furthermore, evidence was obtained for another magnetic field wave,
      preceding the delayed auditory wave M100, which exhibits the same latency, ECD
      location and direction as reported in the literature for the somatosensory evoked
      magnetic field. This wave probably results from stimulation, through the
      intratympanic electrodes, of somatosensory nerves innervating the tympanic
      cavity. A potential clinical application of neuromagnetic measurements is
      discussed: The calculation of the ECD moment from the auditory cortical magnetic
      field evoked by electrical stimulation at the promontory would allow to estimate,
      prior to CP implantation, the number of persisting, excitable nerve fibres.

PMID- 2660776
TI  - Sexual difficulties. A general practice speciality.
AB  - Sexual problems afflict many patients, and most general practitioners will have
      to deal with these diagnostic challenges. Between 25 and 50 per cent of
      difficulties have an organic cause, the remainder are emotional or psychogenic in
      origin. The PLISSIT counselling model is looked at, and the areas covered by the
      psychosexual history are discussed. A brief description of sexual physiology in
      men and women explains the impact of psychological factors. The effect of disease
      on sexuality, and its role in dysfunction, is explored and some principles of the
      methods of treatment are looked at. Sexual therapy and counselling provide an
      opportunity for the general practitioner to practise holistic medicine, and to
      deal with issues of great concern to patients.

PMID- 2660777
TI  - The general practitioner as an effective sex counsellor.
AB  - Sexual concerns are common and opportunities for general practitioners to deal
      with them are numerous. This paper discusses the range of opportunities for
      providing sex education, anticipatory counselling and appropriate therapy in the
      context of the usual activities of general practitioners. Some of the
      requirements to fulfil this role effectively are identified.

PMID- 2660778
TI  - Urinary tract infection.
AB  - Between three per cent and five per cent of all girls and one per cent to two per
      cent of all boys will experience a urinary tract infection (UTI) before reaching
      puberty. While most of these children do not suffer permanent renal damage, a
      systematic approach to the management of UTI allows the detection of the minority
      who are at risk.

PMID- 2660779
TI  - Evaluation of sphincter of Oddi function.
AB  - Disorders of sphincter of Oddi motility are being recognized as a cause for post
      cholecystectomy pain. Objective diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is
      difficult because of the relative inaccessibility of the sphincter. In recent
      years, a number of investigations have been used in order to diagnose motility
      disorders of the sphincter of Oddi. The most useful of these investigations is
      endoscopic manometry. However, in addition, the morphine neostigmine provocation
      test, radioscintigraphy to assess bile flow, and assessment of pancreatic duct
      diameter following secretin infusion have been used. Specificity and sensitivity
      for all of these investigations of sphincter of Oddi function have been difficult
      to obtain due to the small number of patients and the heterogeneity of sphincter
      of Oddi abnormalities. Based on the manometry measurements, two major subgroups
      of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction have been defined. One group of patients
      exhibits a high basal pressure consistent with stenosis and the second
      demonstrates a number of dyskinetic patterns. Prospective studies currently
      underway will best define the most appropriate therapy for these disorders.

PMID- 2660780
TI  - Development of the Bjork-Shiley heart valve.

PMID- 2660781
TI  - 'Hypafix': new technique of skin graft fixation.
AB  - A new technique for split skin graft fixation using 'Hypafix' adhesive dressing
      is described. Ninety-three patients with burns involving less than 20% body
      surface area grafted at the Adelaide Children's Hospital during February 1985-May
      1987 were reviewed. Comparisons were made between the results of standard
      fixation and Hypafix methods. The Hypafix technique showed itself to be simple
      and reliable, affording considerable versatility and allowing early mobilization
      without splintage or sedation. The adhesive is readily loosened with Ungvita
      ointment allowing the dressing to be removed painlessly. In this study its use
      has shortened both the length of inpatient stay and outpatient follow-up in the
      Scar Management Programme.

PMID- 2660782
TI  - Persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn.

PMID- 2660783
TI  - Ketotifen in asthma.
AB  - Sixty children aged 5-13 years with moderately severe asthma took part in a
      double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ketotifen. The design incorporated a 22
      week study period, the addition of ketotifen or placebo to the current
      medication, and a controlled withdrawal of the regular therapy. Children
      receiving ketotifen showed significantly lower mean numbers of asthma attacks and
      less absence from school. The addition of ketotifen to existing treatment was
      associated with marginally significant changes in rates of day and night
      wheezing. In the second phase of study, additional therapy was withdrawn from
      both the ketotifen and placebo groups which resulted in a high (percentage)
      withdrawal. Children receiving ketotifen did not have a significantly lower
      failure rate than those given placebo.

PMID- 2660784
TI  - Immunoglobulin containing cells in normal and inflamed accessory sex glands of
      bulls.
AB  - The peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique was used to identify cytoplasmic
      immunoglobulins in the accessory sex glands of 15 normal bulls and 13 bulls with
      inflammation of the ASG. Immunoglobulin containing cells (ICC) of the types IgA,
      IgM, total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 were measured and their percentages expressed. In
      accessory sex glands from normal bulls, IgA containing cells were the most
      frequent in prostate and bulbourethral glands (86.7% and 86.1%, respectively of
      all ICC present) whereas in the ampulla, IgG containing cells comprised 78.6% of
      the ICC. IgG1 and IgG2 containing cells were present in all the accessory sex
      glands in approximately equal numbers. Frequencies of IgM containing cells in the
      ampulla, prostate and bulbourethral glands were 6.3%, 4.0% and 3.7%,
      respectively. Although all isotypes of ICC were present in the seminal vesicle,
      the very low number precluded accurate quantification. In inflamed ampulla,
      seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland and colliculus seminalis, IgG containing
      cells were the most frequent ICC with values of 66.2%, 83.0%, 69.0% and 53.5%,
      respectively; IgA containing cells were the second in prevalence with values of
      21.5%, 10.3% 19.3% and 40.5%, respectively. The contribution of ICC to the
      locally protective immunoglobulins in accessory sex gland secretions is
      discussed.

PMID- 2660785
TI  - The carboxyl terminal segment of the c-Ki-ras 2 gene product mediates insulin
      stimulated phosphorylation of calmodulin and stimulates insulin-independent
      autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor.
AB  - Cationic cofactors (e.g., polylysine or histone H2B) are necessary to observe
      phosphorylation of calmodulin in cell-free systems containing partially purified
      insulin receptors from a variety of tissues. The highly basic carboxyl terminus
      of the human c-Ki-ras 2 gene product stimulated both the in vitro phosphorylation
      of calmodulin and autophosphorylation of the beta-subunit of the insulin
      receptor, independently of insulin. Addition of insulin increased phosphate
      incorporation into calmodulin 2.5 fold. The K0.5 for insulin was approximately 5
      x 10(-8) M. Maximal phosphorylation occurred at 120 microM c-Ki-ras 2 in the
      absence of Ca2+ and was inhibited by free Ca2+ concentrations above 0.1 microM.
      These data suggest the c-Ki-ras 2 gene product, an endogenous membrane protein,
      may play an important role in the cellular mechanism of insulin action.

PMID- 2660786
TI  - In vitro and in vivo activity of chymotrypsin-activated big endothelin (porcine 1
      40).
AB  - We investigated whether big endothelin (porcine 1-40) had contractile activity in
      isolated rat aorta or pressor activity when injected intravenously into the
      anesthetized rat. When isolated rat aorta was exposed to a 100 nM concentration
      of big endothelin, 4.8% of a maximal KCl contraction was observed, compared to
      131% of KClmax when paired aortic rings were exposed to an equivalent
      concentration of synthetic endothelin. Likewise, big endothelin had very weak
      pressor activity when injected intravenously into anesthetized, ganglion-blocked
      rats at 10 nmol/kg. When big endothelin was incubated with chymotrypsin, native
      endothelin and other peptide fragments were formed. Chymotrypsin-treated big
      endothelin produced an endothelin-like contraction when applied to isolated rat
      aortic rings, and a characteristic endothelin-like effect on blood pressure in
      vivo. Our results indicate that the biological activity of endothelin could be
      effectively blocked by inhibiting the enzyme which converts big endothelin to
      endothelin.

PMID- 2660787
TI  - Modulation of epidermal growth factor-induced cell proliferation and receptor
      binding by insulin in cultured intestinal epithelial cells.
AB  - The effect of insulin on EGF-induced cell proliferation and on modulation of EGF
      receptors was examined in IEC-6 cells in culture. Insulin-induced cell
      proliferation was not seen until concentration of the hormone reached the
      microgram (10 micrograms/ml) level, producing an increase in EGF receptor binding
      affinity (Ka 8.2 +/- .05 x 10(9)M-1 to 1.25 +/- .05 10(10) M-1). In the presence
      of supraphysiologic concentrations of insulin (10 micrograms/ml), EGF-induced
      cell proliferation could only be detected at a concentration of 50 ng/ml as
      opposed to a concentration of 2.0 ng/ml in the absence of insulin. This study
      suggests that insulin stimulates intestinal crypt cell proliferation only in
      supraphysiologic concentrations in a manner more characteristic of IGF-I than
      insulin, while producing enhanced binding of EGF to its receptor as well as an
      elevated threshold to EGF induced cell proliferation.

PMID- 2660788
TI  - Induction of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity by acid-limited
      proteolysis of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
AB  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were excised from glyceraldehyde 3
      phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) preparations of tuna and porcine muscles by
      heating at 120 degrees C for 5 min in 1 M AcOH-20 mM HCl. The inhibitors were
      then purified by successive chromatographies. The final product from tuna was
      identified as Pro-Thr-His-Ile-Lys-Trp-Gly-Asp, which was the ACE inhibitor
      obtained from tuna muscle [Kohama et al. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
      155, 332-337]. The porcine ACE inhibitor was found to be Pro-Ala-Asn-Ile-Lys-Trp
      Gly-Asp, which was identical to the porcine muscle GAPDH peptide 79-86. These
      results strongly suggested that the ACE inhibitory octapeptides derived from
      GAPDH proteins by acid-limited proteolysis at Asp-Pro and Asp-Ala peptide bonds.

PMID- 2660789
TI  - Immunoreactive endothelin in human plasma: marked elevations in patients in
      cardiogenic shock.
AB  - Endothelin (ET) is a recently discovered, endothelium-derived peptide that may be
      the most potent vasoconstrictor yet identified. Although there is much interest
      in the possible systemic actions of circulating ET in vivo, there is no data on
      ET levels under physiological conditions, or in cardiovascular disease. We used a
      radioimmunoassay that was sufficiently sensitive to detect ET immunoreactivity
      (irET) in the SepPak-extracted plasma from 14 healthy volunteers in a range from
      0.03 to 0.69 pg/ml (mean 0.26 +/- 0.236 pg/ml). ET levels were not significantly
      different from normal in 5 patients with stable congestive heart failure (0.46 +/
      0.36 pg/ml). However, irET was increased markedly in 6 patients in cardiogenic
      shock (3.65 +/- 1.14 pg/ml), and (less so) in 6 patients on chronic dialysis
      (1.05 +/- 0.41) and in 4 with pulmonary hypertension (1.52 +/- 0.45) (p less than
      0.001). The present results suggest that circulating irET concentration is
      responsive to altered cardiovascular conditions, and therefore support a
      potential role for ET as a vasoactive hormone.

PMID- 2660790
TI  - Tissue specific distribution, clearance and vascular effects of endothelin in the
      pig.
AB  - Endothelin-like immunoreactivity (-LI) was detected in the kidney, spleen,
      skeletal muscle, lung and in plasma of the pig. The highest tissue levels were
      found in the lung (1.5 +/- 0.07 pmol/g) and the lowest in the muscle (0.08 +/-
      0.02 pmol/g). I.v. infusion of endothelin (20 pmol/kg/min for 20 min) increased
      plasma endothelin-LI from 18 +/- 3 to 628 +/- 109 pM and renal, splenic and
      femoral vascular resistance by 570, 430 and 50%, respectively. There was a close
      correlation between the increase in plasma endothelin-LI and the vasoconstrictor
      effects. During the infusion 92, 82 and 76% of arterial endothelin-LI was removed
      by the kidney, spleen and hindlimb, respectively, whereas there was no clearance
      over the lung or degradation in plasma. After the infusion, arterial endothelin
      LI decreased with a half life of 77 s, while the renal and splenic
      vasoconstriction persisted for 60 min. Characterization by reversed phase HPLC
      revealed that endothelin-LI in plasma and tissue co-eluted with synthetic
      endothelin. It is concluded that endothelin has tissue specific distribution,
      clearance and vascular effects in the pig.

PMID- 2660791
TI  - Detection of dystrophin on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
AB  - A protein with MW approximately 350 k daltons and pI approximately 5.5, which was
      deleted in the dystrophic mouse (C57BL/10ScSn-mdx), was detected on two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis with silver staining. Deletion of this protein
      was uniformly observed in the dystrophic mouse extensor digitus longus, soleus
      and cardiac muscle. This protein specifically reacted with the monoclonal
      antibody against the chemically synthesized N-terminal fragment of human
      dystrophin. The protein reacting with this monoclonal antibody was also detected
      in rabbit back-muscle, rat extensor digitus longus and human skeletal muscle at
      the same position as the mouse muscle protein, on the two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis. Our results show that dystrophin is solubilized in 8M guanidine
      HCl and that the modified two-dimensional gel electrophoresis can be applied to
      separate dystrophin.

PMID- 2660792
TI  - The molecular basis of retinoic acid induced night blindness.
AB  - Drugs which affect the processing of vitamin A in the retina or pigment
      epithelium can cause ocular toxicity. It is shown here that the retinoic acids,
      which are used in the treatment of skin disorders and which cause night
      blindness, inhibit the ocular retinol dehydrogenases in an in vitro system. This
      is shown to lead to a decrease in the formation of the visual chromophore 11-cis
      retinal, thus explaining why night blindness might occur.

PMID- 2660793
TI  - Hemodynamic shear stress stimulates endothelin production by cultured endothelial
      cells.
AB  - We have examined the effect of shear stress on the production of endothelin by
      cultured porcine endothelial cells. Low shear stress stimulated the expression of
      endothelin mRNA in polygonal endothelial cells with a peak time of 2 to 4 hours
      and also increased the release of immunoreactive endothelin into the culture
      medium. The expression of endothelin mRNA in the ellipsoidal endothelial cells
      under higher shear stress was not different from that of the control level. Our
      results suggest a possible role for hemodynamic shear stress in the regulation of
      endothelin production in vascular endothelial cells.

PMID- 2660794
TI  - Amino-terminal region of human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is
      sufficient for its in vitro biological activity: molecular cloning and expression
      of carboxyl-terminal deletion mutants of human M-CSF.
AB  - Human T lymphoblastoid cell line CEM-ON belongs to a helper/inducer subclass and
      secretes M-CSF into medium constitutively. We have isolated a full-length cDNA
      clone for this factor from a cDNA library of this cell line. The cDNA was 2.5 kb
      and coded for a 554 amino acid polypeptide precursor including signal sequence.
      The Northern blot analysis showed that the major transcript of M-CSF is about 4.2
      kb. We have studied the expression of not only the wild type plasmid, but also
      the five C-terminal deletion mutants encoding N-terminal 154, 163, 170, 177, and
      185 amino acid residues in monkey COS-1 cells. The results showed that at least C
      terminal 377 amino acid residues of human M-CSF are not essential to manifest the
      in vitro biological activity on murine bone marrow cells.

PMID- 2660795
TI  - Abortive infection of the virulent phage 9NA in a fatty acid auxotroph of
      Salmonella typhimurium: effect of fatty acid supplementation.
AB  - A conditional (temperature sensitive) fatty acid biosynthetic mutant (fabB2) of
      Salmonella typhimurium does not support the development of the virulent
      bacteriophage 9NA even at permissive temperature (30 degrees C). A limited amount
      of phage DNA synthesis takes place at this temperature. When the fatty acid
      composition of the host membrane is altered by growing the cells at 37 degrees C
      in the presence of exogenous unsaturated fatty acid, differential expression of
      phage genes was observed. Phage specific lysozyme is induced when the cultures
      are supplemented with elaidic, palmitelaidic, linoleic and linolelaidic acids but
      not with oleic and plamitoleic acids. However, in no case were infective
      particles produced. Under conditions where no lysozyme is synthesized the
      infected cells increase in length and become filamentous.

PMID- 2660796
TI  - Paf-acether production by Escherichia coli.
AB  - Paf is a potent mediator of inflammatory diseases and septic shock. In previous
      studies we showed that paf can be released by prokaryotic cells such as E. coli.
      In this report we define the production and release of paf by E. coli cultured
      under different experimental conditions. When cultures were supplemented with
      lyso paf, a dramatic increase in paf production was observed. Most of the paf
      synthesized by bacteria was released in the supernatant. Of interest C16 lyso paf
      was 4-fold more efficient than its C18 counterpart. Using normal and reverse
      phase HPLC bacterial paf exhibited physico-chemical characteristics identical to
      those of synthetic paf. These results may indicate that the putative E. coli
      acetyltransferase recognizes differently C16 and C18 lyso paf. They also could be
      of importance considering the pathogenetic role of enterobacteria.

PMID- 2660797
TI  - Temozolomide induced differentiation of K562 leukemia cells is not mediated by
      gene hypomethylation.
AB  - Temozolomide (8-carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo[5,1d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4-(3H)-one), an
      experimental antitumor agent which spontaneously decomposes to 5-(3,3-methyl-1
      triazeno) imidazole-4-carboxamide, the active metabolite of the antineoplastic
      drug DTIC, causes erythroid differentiation of K562 leukemia cells. The increase
      in epsilon and gamma globin gene expression after temozolomide treatment does not
      appear to be due to drug-induced hypomethylation of the genes. In other genes
      containing many methylated sequences such as the proto-oncogenes c-myc and C-Ha
      ras, temozolomide caused no detectable change in methylation. In contrast, in the
      same genes 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine induced hypomethylation. Temozolomide caused
      DNA alkali-labile sites and an arrest of the cell cycle in G2 phase.
      Ethazolastone (its 3-ethylimidazo analogue) which does not cause differentiation
      of K562 produced no significant DNA damage and G2 phase blockade. DNA damage
      rather than hypomethylation may be responsible for induction of differentiation.

PMID- 2660798
TI  - Rheumatic syndromes and beta 2-microglobulin amyloidosis in patients receiving
      long-term peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - We studied 56 patients who had been receiving peritoneal dialysis for greater
      than 3 years, to investigate the prevalence of rheumatic diseases suggestive of
      beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) amyloid deposition. Eight patients were found to
      have carpal tunnel syndrome, 16 had chronic shoulder pain, 8 had subchondral bone
      cysts, and 13 had destructive arthropathies. Amyloid reacting with anti-beta 2m
      was demonstrated in the hip synovium of 1 patient. Serum beta 2m levels were
      elevated in all patients. These data suggest that peritoneal dialysis, like
      hemodialysis, may lead to the development of an arthropathy associated with beta
      2m accumulation and beta 2m amyloid deposition.

PMID- 2660799
TI  - Description of psoriatic arthropathy in the 17th century.

PMID- 2660800
TI  - The hidden challenge in counseling.

PMID- 2660801
TI  - AIDS/HIV: implications for speech-language pathologists and audiologists.
AB  - Although research is underway to answer the many unknown questions about
      AIDS/HIV, there are many myths that continue to plague the public as well as
      health care and education workers. In this report, the ASHA Committee on Quality
      Assurance provides factual information about what is known about AIDS/HIV and
      delineates a list of suggested precautions which speech-language pathologists and
      audiologists can utilize when providing speech-language-hearing service. Practice
      and legal issues will continue to be addressed as our knowledge about the
      provision of services to AIDS/HIV patients/clients expands. Consequently,
      practitioners will need to update their knowledge through continuing education
      programs and/or products. Similarly, graduate training programs will have to
      continually update their curriculum and clinical practicum training to meet these
      changing needs.

PMID- 2660802
TI  - Accreditation of educational programs.

PMID- 2660803
TI  - Historic treatments for stuttering: from pebbles to psychoanalysis.

PMID- 2660804
TI  - Recollections from a pioneer.

PMID- 2660805
TI  - Professional education and communication disorders.

PMID- 2660806
TI  - Private practice: no apology needed.

PMID- 2660807
TI  - ASHA: status and identity.

PMID- 2660808
TI  - Service requires ethics, excellence.

PMID- 2660809
TI  - Speech-language pathology in a psychiatric setting. Interview by L. Hummel.

PMID- 2660810
TI  - [Immunocytochemical study of the inflammatory forms of facioscapulohumeral
      myopathies and correlation with other types of myositis].
AB  - The inflammatory forms of facioscapulohumeral myopathies are rare. In a series of
      52 cases, six patients had these types. Only four cases could be investigated
      with immunochemical staining (immunoperoxidase). Monoclonal antibodies reactive
      for B cells, T4 cells, T8 cells, natural killer cells were used for cell typing.
      Macrophages were identified by the acid phosphatase reaction. Nine muscles have
      been used as controls: 3 normal muscles, 3 polymyositis and 3 dermatomyositis. In
      all these inflammatory myopathies T cells were the most abundant cells. NK cells
      were rare. In inflammatory FSH-D and in polymyositis the infiltrates were
      principally endomysial, whereas T8 lymphocytes were more abundant than T4
      lymphocytes; it was the contrary in the perivascular and perimysial sites of
      accumulation. In dermatomyositis the infiltrates were especially perivascular. In
      this site of accumulation T4 was twice abundant than T8, B cells and macrophages
      were also very abundant. In the endomysium the T8 cells were more numerous than
      T4 cells. It seems that the inflammatory forms of FSH-D should be considered as
      an inflammatory myopathy. In these forms a polymyositis should be associated with
      the dystrophy. These forms could be considered as an association of a
      polymyositis and a muscular dystrophy, but the circumstances of their appearance
      and their non-response to corticosteroid administration remain to be determined.

PMID- 2660811
TI  - [A case of aggressive juvenile fibromatosis of the mandible. Review of the
      literature].
AB  - We report a new case of aggressive juvenile fibromatosis (A.J.F.) in a 20-month
      old girl. The lesion affected the inferior border of the left mandible and the
      adjacent soft tissues. The child presented with a painless mass, which had grown
      over a period of 2 months. Radiographs and computed tomographic scan showed a
      multilacunar bone defect with subcutaneous and gingival involvement. A biopsy was
      performed, followed by a partial hemimandibulectomy and a costal graft. The
      surgical specimen measured 4 X 3 X 3 cm. The patient did well 1 year after
      surgery. 16 cases of A.J.F. have been reported; with ours, 14 are mandibular.
      A.J.F. is a locally aggressive lesion, which doesn't metastasize. It occurs
      chiefly in childhood and adolescence from 1 1/2 to 18 years (median 6.5 year
      old). Duration of symptoms prior to presentation varies from a few weeks to
      months. Clinically, it is a firm nodule. Radiographs are non-specific, but 9
      cases have poorly defined destruction of the mandibular inferior border.
      Following a block resection of the tumor (13 cases), there is no recurrence. In
      this review, we discuss the clinico-pathologic diagnosis of this impressive tumor
      which is compared with other mandibular fibrous tumors in children.

PMID- 2660812
TI  - [Accelerated decalcification using microwaves].
AB  - The authors report a protocol for microwave-accelerated decalcification. In
      comparison to decalcification at ambient temperature, decalcification using the
      microwave oven is reduced by a factor of 9 for trephine biopsies and by a factor
      of 11 for bone samples.

PMID- 2660813
TI  - [Hodgkin's disease. One or many diseases?].

PMID- 2660814
TI  - [Granular cells of the endometrium].

PMID- 2660815
TI  - Stressed at work. Identification of physiological responses to occupational
      stressors.
AB  - Past research has clearly outlined the negative physiological and psychological
      consequences of dysfunctional occupational stress. This investigation uses
      qualitative, self report techniques to determine professionals' physiological
      responses to occupational stress. The results indicate that physiological
      responses in the musculoskeletal system are the most prevalent and deserve
      further attention in future research.

PMID- 2660816
TI  - Occupational health hazards of hospital staff nurses. Part II: Physical,
      chemical, and biological stressors.
AB  - Physical and environmental hazards commonly found in hospitals include slippery
      floors, electrical hazards, noise, poor lighting, and inadequate ventilation.
      Describing the extent of musculoskeletal injury in nurses, one survey showed that
      nurses lost 750,000 working days a year as a result of back pain, which is twice
      the national average. Most workplace exposures do not result in disease, because
      either the biohazard is not transmitted by the airborne route or because the
      agent is present in too low of a dose. The more nurses know about potential
      occupational health and safety hazards, the more successful they will be in
      reducing risks, avoiding accidents, and minimizing occupational stressor
      outcomes.

PMID- 2660817
TI  - Strategic planning.

PMID- 2660818
TI  - High-altitude pulmonary edema: a collective review.
AB  - In summary, HAPE is a potentially fatal form of noncardiogenic PE seen in a small
      number of individuals visiting above 9,000 ft in elevation. The pathophysiology
      is uncertain but is probably due, at least in part, to hydrostatic and capillary
      permeability abnormalities of the pulmonary vascular bed in response to hypobaric
      hypoxia. A subclinical form above 14,000 ft is common (15% to 23% incidence), but
      the incidence of HAPE itself is unclear. Possible risk factors include rapid
      ascent, strenuous activity on arrival, reascent to altitude by highlanders after
      a short stay lower, previous HAPE, cold, respiratory tract infections, sedation,
      youth, and the peripheral edema of AMS. Clinical presentation is similar to that
      of pneumonia: tachypnea, tachycardia, cyanosis, cough, fever, and chest
      discomfort. Symptoms often worsen with sleep. WBC count is usually elevated, and
      arterial blood gases reveal a respiratory alkalosis and an alarmingly low
      hemoglobin saturation. Chest radiographs reveal bilateral patchy infiltrates.
      Radiographic findings are dissimilar to those from cardiogenic PE. Differential
      diagnosis includes pneumonia, PE and HAB. Treatment modalities include early
      descent, bed rest, oxygen therapy, and EPAP. Mortalities range from 4% to 27%
      depending on the rapidity of descent and evacuation.

PMID- 2660819
TI  - Trauma: an annotated bibliography of the recent literature, Part 1.

PMID- 2660820
TI  - Expanding roles of computers and robotics in biological macromolecular research.

PMID- 2660821
TI  - The electrostatic properties of membranes.

PMID- 2660822
TI  - The study of lipid phase transition kinetics by time-resolved X-ray diffraction.

PMID- 2660823
TI  - Protein-mediated membrane fusion.

PMID- 2660824
TI  - Physical studies of protein-DNA complexes by footprinting.

PMID- 2660825
TI  - Properties and uses of photoreactive caged compounds.

PMID- 2660826
TI  - Mechanism of photosynthetic water oxidation.

PMID- 2660827
TI  - Luminescence digital imaging microscopy.

PMID- 2660828
TI  - Time-resolved macromolecular crystallography.

PMID- 2660829
TI  - Biochemistry and biophysics of excitation-contraction coupling.

PMID- 2660830
TI  - Toward a unified model of chromatin folding.

PMID- 2660831
TI  - Structure and function of the red blood cell anion transport protein.

PMID- 2660832
TI  - Free energy via molecular simulation: applications to chemical and biomolecular
      systems.

PMID- 2660833
TI  - Thermodynamic problems of protein structure.

PMID- 2660834
TI  - Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase: structure, energetics, and
      catalytic and regulatory mechanisms.

PMID- 2660835
TI  - The beta-sheet to coil transition.

PMID- 2660836
TI  - Unraveling the mysteries of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Through a process that has come to be known as reverse genetics, the gene and
      gene product involved in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular
      dystrophy (BMD) have been identified. The DMD/BMD gene is over 2 million base
      pairs in size and over 50% of DMD/BMD patients harbor submicroscopic deletions
      for portions of the gene. The gene product, named dystrophin, is 400 Kd in size.
      Dystrophin is present in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, as well as brain.
      The protein is absent or altered in DMD/BMD patient muscle. The normal function
      of dystrophin and the reasons why its alteration results in the DMD/BMD
      phenotypes are presently unknown. The discoveries to date, however, provide a
      starting point for investigating the fundamental pathogenetic mechanisms involved
      in DMD/BMD.

PMID- 2660837
TI  - Difficulties in gene localization for Tourette's syndrome. Clinical aspects.

PMID- 2660839
TI  - Acute appendicitis.
AB  - Acute appendicitis is discussed from the etiologic standpoint, symptoms and
      signs. The origin and the shift of the pain is explained. The importance of
      shifting pain, anorexia and point tenderness, is stressed. The altered picture
      seen in retrocecal, retroilececal and low lying pelvic appendicitis is described
      and diagnostic measures pointed out. The limited, but very helpful radiologic
      findings in some cases are mentioned.

PMID- 2660838
TI  - Growth factor genes as oncogenes.
AB  - The oncogenic retroviruses can be divided into two main categories: those that
      induce neoplasia after a long latent period (chronic leukemia viruses) and those
      that induce neoplasia relatively rapidly (acute transforming viruses). Chronic
      leukemia viruses do not transform cells in tissue culture and contain only the
      virally encoded genes. By nucleotide sequence comparison, it was possible to show
      that all retroviruses have a common evolutionary origin. In contrast, acute
      transforming viruses have substituted viral genes with genetic information
      specifically implicated in the oncogenic process. These genetic elements
      (oncogenes) were derived from uninfected host genomes. It was shown that one of
      the oncogenes, c-sis proto-oncogene, is the structural gene for the B-chain
      polypeptide of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Furthermore, high level
      expression of human c-sis resulted in transformation of recipient cells. Similar
      results have been subsequently obtained for other growth factors, including
      granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, transforming growth factor
      alpha, epidermal growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. It is
      possible that growth factor gene activation represents one of the steps leading
      toward malignancy in vivo.

PMID- 2660840
TI  - [Uremia and hypertensive encephalopathy in nephritis and essential hypertension.
      1939].

PMID- 2660841
TI  - Recent advances in the management of lactose intolerance.
AB  - Lactose intolerance is a concern for the majority of the world's population.
      Persons who experience symptoms following the consumption of milk should consult
      with their physician. Symptoms may be eliminated or reduced with good dietary
      management that includes: 1. limiting milk consumption to one glass at a time; 2.
      drinking milk with other foods rather than alone; 3. eating yogurts instead of
      fluid milk; 4. using enzyme tablets to predigest the lactose in milk or to
      supplement the body's own lactase; 5. possibly eating small amounts of dairy
      foods each day to adapt the colonic bacteria. For an additional review of the
      research findings on lactose intolerance and milk drinking, the reader is
      directed to reference 4, a very recent and complete review by Scrimshaw and
      Murray. For information on dietary management of lactose intolerance suitable for
      the consumer, contact your local affiliate of the National Dairy Council.

PMID- 2660842
TI  - Comparative effects of driver improvement programs on crashes and violations.
AB  - Recent reviewers of well-controlled driver improvement program evaluations have
      suggested that some programs result in measurable reductions in violations but
      not crashes. A comprehensive review of 65 studies evaluating driver improvement
      activities was conducted to determine the generality of these findings and to
      explore possible explanations of the lack of correspondence between violation and
      crash effects. Nineteen studies evaluating 59 driver improvement activities were
      found to be methodologically adequate. The major findings of the review are: (1)
      that driver improvement activities generally do result in reductions in
      violations; (2) there is an unpredictable and sometimes undesirable effect on
      crashes even in the presence of desirable violation effects; and (3) the lack of
      correspondence between violation and crash effects is not explained by lack of
      statistical power or by the types of violations affected. Further examination of
      driver improvement interventions revealed no strong evidence for different
      effects related to characteristics such as direct vs. indirect participant
      contact and group vs. individual contact.

PMID- 2660843
TI  - Caring for the patient with TB (continuing education credit).

PMID- 2660845
TI  - Progressive strategies in Alzheimer's research. Abstracts of a conference
      organized to honor Aloys Alzheimer on the 125th anniversary of his birth.

PMID- 2660844
TI  - [Bronchial hyperreactivity in the asthmatic and its prevention].
AB  - The author reports successively: A summary of our present knowledge concerning
      bronchial hyperreactivity etiology. Secondly, three kinds of actions which
      prevent the onset and progression of BHR. These are: prophylaxis, preventive
      measures against etiological factors, therapeutic decisions after critical
      analysis of the activity of BHR of antiasthmatic drugs.

PMID- 2660846
TI  - The effect of in vivo administration of endotoxin on plasma levels of C3,
      transferrin, and haemolytic activity.

PMID- 2660847
TI  - Cytogenetic investigations of the allodermis after intermingled skin grafting.
AB  - In most instances intermingled skin transplants done according to the method
      developed in the PR China are not subject to a generalized rejection. During the
      healing process there is an integration of the allodermis instead, which
      eventually becomes covered by outgrowing auto-epidermal cells. To investigate the
      fate of allogenic cells experiments were done with intermingled skin grafts,
      using male Wistar rats as recipients and female DA-rats as donors. By studying
      karyotype analysis of cells growing out from intermingled skin biopsies the
      presence of viable allogenic cells was demonstrated on days 53 and 111 post
      transplantation. It was concluded that the intermingled skin forms a cellular
      mosaic with different portions of autogenic and allogenic cells.

PMID- 2660848
TI  - Medial preoptic area oxytocin and female sexual receptivity.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of the nonapeptide oxytocin (OXT)
      increases sexual receptivity in female rats. The medial preoptic area (MPOA)
      appeared to be the most sensitive brain area to the facilitative effects of OXT.
      Bilateral infusions of 100 ng of OXT into the MPOA significantly elevated
      lordosis quotients in ovariectomized (OVX), estrogen-treated rats. This dose of
      OXT was ineffective when infused icv or into the ventromedial hypothalamus,
      mesencephalic central gray, or ventral tegmental area. A 500-ng dose of OXT
      significantly elevated lordosis responding when infused icv, corresponding with
      our previous findings. Mounting by males significantly increased immunoreactive
      levels of OXT and decreased the number of OXT immunostaining cells in the MPOA of
      sexually receptive rats pretreated with estrogen and progesterone. The MPOA is a
      primary site of the OXT facilitation of sexual receptivity where OXT may be
      released during mating.

PMID- 2660849
TI  - Acute effect of ethanol on renal electrolyte excretion in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the renal handling of sodium and
      potassium in rats during an acute ethanol (ETOH) administration and to relate any
      observed changes to alterations in renin-aldosterone secretion. Eight male Wistar
      rats, 7 to 8 weeks of age, were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with 1.0 g/kg
      body wt. ETOH (15% v/v, 95% ETOH in saline, pH 6.98, osmolality 284 mOsm/kg).
      Blood ETOH levels were 159 +/- 16 (Mean +/- SEM) and 120 +/- 12 mg/dl, 10 and 30
      min after the ETOH injection respectively (p less than 0.05). Control animals
      were given either an equal volume (1.77 ml/100 g body wt.) of 0.9% saline (n = 6)
      or 5% dextrose solution (n = 4) with similar pH and osmolality. Following ETOH
      administration blood pH, urine pH, plasma bicarbonate (HCO3) concentration
      declined significantly (p less than 0.01) while glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
      and hematocrit (Hct) remained unchanged (p = 0.1). Mean fractional sodium
      excretion (FENa), fractional potassium excretion (FEK), and osmolar clearance
      (Cosm) fell significantly despite an increase in plasma sodium (p less than
      0.01), potassium (p less than 0.05) and osmolality concentrations (p less than
      0.05). There was no significant change in plasma aldosterone concentration (PA)
      or plasma renin activity (PRA) following the ETOH administration. No difference
      in GFR, FENa, FEK, Cosm, blood pH, urine pH, plasma electrolytes, PA, or PRA was
      observed following the saline or dextrose injections. In conclusion, acute ETOH
      administration in rats alters renal sodium and potassium excretion independent of
      changes in GFR, PA, PRA or plasma volume as reflected by Hct.

PMID- 2660850
TI  - [Hypoglycemia as a cause of traffic accidents].
AB  - Hypoglycemia is the most important subsidiary effect of insulin therapy, where
      traffic medicine is concerned. A study has been made of 8 motor car drivers each
      dependent on insulin and involved in road accidents. The evidence was issued
      during the trial. The questions set out to prove if there was a state of
      hypoglycemia and if the afflicted could have foreseen this condition. In 5 cases
      the driving conduct before the accidents was evident in cordinatory disturbances,
      which resulted in sinuous driving. The accidents all happened in every-day
      traffic conditions, namely counter traffic (3), front-end collision (3) and
      through disregard of right-of-way at cross-roads (1). A further accident was
      conditioned by an alcoholic state while parking in a car-park. The disturbances
      in consciousness conditioned by hypoglycemia occurred without warning. In 3 cases
      the predictability (in legal terms Actio libera in causa) had to be conceded,
      because the drivers had set out on their routes despite warning signals or
      insufficient intake of nourishment beforehand.

PMID- 2660851
TI  - Submalar augmentation. An alternative to face-lift surgery.
AB  - Submalar augmentation is a new approach that effectively deals with many of the
      problems encountered in midfacial rejuvenation. This study reports the results of
      78 patients who were successfully treated over 6 years by submalar augmentation.
      This procedure consists of inserting newly designed Silastic (silicone rubber)
      implants over the midface to create the appearance of restoring the vibrant and
      youthful fullness of the middle third of the face while avoiding distortion of
      normal facial anatomy. When used alone, it provides an alternative to
      rhytidectomy in the 38- to 50-year age group. The benefits of submalar
      augmentation are such that it should be considered a standard part of the
      surgical approach to facial rejuvenation.

PMID- 2660852
TI  - A critical analysis of immediate and delayed mandibular reconstruction using A-O
      plates.
AB  - Eleven patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction with A-O plates were
      followed up for as long as 40 months. The patients underwent either immediate or
      delayed mandibular reconstruction. Nine patients had free cortical bone grafts
      included in the reconstruction. Complications in patients who underwent immediate
      reconstruction included loss of the bone graft due to infection, external and
      intraoral exposure of the reconstruction plate, pain, and infection. In the
      patients with immediate reconstruction, more than 50% of the bone grafts
      resorbed. There were less complications and minimal bone graft resorption in
      patients who underwent delayed reconstruction. The cosmetic results were
      initially good in both immediate and delayed reconstruction but deteriorated as
      more surgery was required for management of complications. At 40 months, 7 of 11
      patients (5 of 9 with immediate reconstruction) had died of local recurrence,
      distant metastasis, or another primary tumor. No patients were rehabilitated
      prosthetically. We conclude that while A-O plating is technically easy and has a
      low perioperative morbidity rate, the long-term morbidity rate is high. This must
      be weighed against the benefits of the procedure and the probability that the
      patients will have a poor functional outcome.

PMID- 2660853
TI  - Nasopharyngeal cysts. Report of seven cases with review of the literature.
AB  - A series of seven patients with nasopharyngeal cysts is presented. A review of
      the pertinent literature and a description of the clinical, radiologic, and
      pathologic features of these lesions are also included. The role of computed
      tomography in differentiating nasopharyngeal cysts from other pathologic
      entities, as well as the importance of surgery as an elective method of
      treatment, is specifically emphasized.

PMID- 2660854
TI  - Aneurysmal bone cyst of the mandible.
AB  - Aneurysmal bone cyst is an uncommon benign lesion that rarely presents in the
      craniofacial region. No prior reports of this entity involving the mandible could
      be found in the otolaryngologic literature, and it has been reported only
      infrequently in the maxilla. Two previously unreported cases originating in the
      mandible are presented with a review of the literature, pathology, and diagnosis
      of this lesion. Treatment of this lesion consists of complete surgical removal
      and immediate bone grafting for reconstruction.

PMID- 2660855
TI  - Tuberculosis of the middle ear in an infant.
AB  - Tuberculosis of the middle ear is currently a rare disease. As most physicians
      are unfamiliar with the typical presenting features, the diagnosis is made too
      late, with resulting complications, such as irreversible hearing loss and facial
      nerve paralysis. A case report and review of the literature are presented,
      emphasizing that tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis
      of chronic ear infection.

PMID- 2660856
TI  - Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the isolation of the
      nephritogenic proteins of passive Heymann nephritis.
AB  - To study kidney antigens involved in the formation of glomerular subepithelial
      immune deposits in passive Heymann nephritis polypeptides of 500, 130 and 105 kDa
      were isolated from rat kidney brush border (BB) membrane fraction using
      preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyclonal antibodies raised
      against these proteins were specific for their respective antigens in
      immunoblotting. All three antisera bound to proximal tubular BB of kidney and to
      apical surfaces of several other epithelia as shown by indirect
      immunofluorescence on frozen sections of normal rat tissues. The anti-500 kDa and
      anti-105 kDa, but not the anti-130 kDa, antibodies also stained glomeruli and the
      anti-105 kDa antibodies also endothelial cells. After injection into rats the
      anti-500 kDa IgG bound to kidney glomeruli forming diffuse, granular deposits of
      rabbit IgG along the glomerular capillary walls, as shown by direct
      immunofluorescence. In electron microscopy the immune deposits were subepithelial
      and electron dense. The deposits remained in glomeruli for at least 60 days and
      increased with time. Deposits of C3 were not detected and proteinuria did not
      develop. The anti-130 kDa and the anti-105 kDa IgGs did not form glomerular
      deposits after in vivo injections. The results suggest that the 500 kDa and the
      105 kDa proteins or related antigens are present in glomeruli and the 500 kDa
      protein is located on the epithelial side of the glomerular basement membrane.
      Circulating antibodies can bind to the 500 kDa protein forming immune complexes
      which rearrange and form electron dense deposits. The results further demonstrate
      that preparative gel electrophoresis is a useful technique for the isolation of
      kidney proteins of immunopathologic interest.

PMID- 2660857
TI  - Desmin antibodies in acute infectious myopericarditis.
AB  - The role of autoantibodies against cardiac tissue in the pathogenesis of acute
      myopericarditis is poorly understood--partly because the specificity of the
      antibodies is unknown. We assayed antibodies against desmin, a cytoskeletal
      muscle protein, in 18 patients with acute infectious myopericarditis (AIM), in 24
      patients with acute uncomplicated infections, in ten patients with acute
      myocardial infarction, and in 68 blood donors by an immunoenzymatic assay using
      purified desmin from Purkinje fibers of cow heart. In addition, anti-heart
      antibodies were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence. Anti-heart antibodies
      were detected in all groups by indirect immunofluorescence. On the other hand,
      anti-desmin antibody levels exceeding the mean + 2 SD of the blood donors could
      demonstrated in seven (39%) AIM patients but in only one patient in the other
      groups. The analysis of serial samples indicated that the antibody level was
      highest in the acute phase of AIM and declined during the recovery.

PMID- 2660858
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against three different enterobacterial outer membrane
      proteins. Characterization, cross-reactivity, and binding to bacteria.
AB  - BALB/c mice were immunized with whole-cells of Escherichia coli 055:B5 or Proteus
      mirabilis NCTC 60 to produce broadly cross-reacting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)
      against outer membrane (OM) proteins. A total of 10 anti-OM MAbs of the IgG class
      were selected. These included 5 MAbs against the heat-modifiable (Hm) protein, 3
      against the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PALp), and 2 against Braun's
      lipoprotein (BLp). Based on competition ELISA, the MAbs defined 2 Hm protein
      binding sites (Hm I and Hm II), 2 PALp sites (PALp I and PALp II), and one BLp
      site (BLp I). The MAbs showed broad cross-reactivity against 74 strains of 10
      different genera of the Enterobacteriaceae. Non-cross-reacting enteric bacilli
      occurred only among bacteria of the genera Salmonella, Proteus, and Providentia.
      The results revealed that Proteus and Providentia strains differed from other
      enteric bacilli with regard to BLp synthesis or specificity. A panel of 30 non
      enteric Gram-negative bacteria did not cross-react. Testing of MAb binding to
      bacteria showed that a part of the BLp I, PALp I, and PALp II sites was
      immunoaccessible in intact homologous bacteria, and that the Hm I and Hm II
      epitopes were inaccessible. The MAbs should facilitate studies of structure and
      immunobiological function of enterobacterial OM proteins and should have a
      potential as immunodiagnostic reagents.

PMID- 2660859
TI  - Ultrasonography in oncology. A review.
AB  - The applications of ultrasonography (US) in oncology have rapidly increased
      during the past few years. Technical improvements, development of new
      technologies, easy availability, and non-invasiveness are some of the reasons for
      the rapid diffusion of US. Nowadays a large number of malignancies, both
      superficial and deep-seated, can be examined by US. In order to give an overview
      of the present role of US in oncology it is necessary to discuss many different
      topics including tissue characterization, diagnostic role, staging, follow-up and
      future developments.

PMID- 2660860
TI  - Staging and treatment of ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - The staging and treatment of ovarian cancer is reviewed with special attention to
      developments during the last decade. Pathways of spread, presurgical and surgical
      staging are described and discussed, as are the biologic characters of the
      different histologic subtypes. Principles of surgery, endoperitoneal and external
      radiotherapy, single-drug and multiple-drug systemic chemotherapy (therapeutic
      and adjuvant), intraperitoneal chemotherapy, second-line chemotherapy, hormone
      therapy and the use of biologic response modifiers are reported and discussed
      with background of recent clinical trials. It is concluded that considerable
      progress has been made concerning diagnosis, staging and treatment of ovarian
      cancer. The proportion of cases in advanced stages has thus decreased and the
      survival rate increased. However, it is also obvious that the long-term prognosis
      for patients with advanced disease has not significantly improved over the last
      10 years, despite introduction of multiple-drug regimens with high initial
      response rates. Ovarian cancer remains the most important gynecologic cause of
      death in the Western countries.

PMID- 2660861
TI  - Estrogen receptor enzyme immunoassay in fine-needle aspirates from human breast
      cancer.
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay was compared with a radioligand assay (isoelectric
      focusing) for estrogen receptor (ER) determination in 100 preoperative fine
      needle aspirates from human breast cancer. A strong correlation (rs = 0.85)
      between the two estimates was found. However, ER estimates by enzyme immunoassay
      were 6 times higher than with isoelectric focusing, mainly due to an
      underestimation of ER content with the latter method in highly blood-contaminated
      or diluted samples. Enzyme immunoassay provided adequate ER measurement even at
      very high (50%) blood admixture. To study the reliability of ER measurement with
      enzyme immunoassay in fine-needle aspirates, a comparison was made with estimates
      in the corresponding surgical biopsies (65 cases). With DNA as reference
      parameter a significant correlation (rs = 0.68) was obtained. Excluding aspirates
      with low cellularity (less than 50,000 cells/ml), only one ER negative fine
      needle aspirate was found among 47 ER positive surgical biopsies. A few ER
      positive aspirates corresponded to ER negative surgical biopsies possibly due to
      tumour heterogeneity or the fact that fine-needle aspiration sometimes may
      represent a better sampling technique than surgical biopsy.

PMID- 2660862
TI  - Post-remission therapy in acute myeloblastic leukemia. A randomized trial
      comparing early consolidation plus maintenance versus maintenance therapy alone.
AB  - During a 5-year period 203 previously untreated patients with acute myeloblastic
      leukemia entered an intensive induction chemotherapy regimen with daunorubicin,
      cytosine arabinoside, 6-thioguanine, vincristine and prednisone (DATOP). The
      complete remission rate was 64%. Patients in complete remission were randomly
      assigned to 3 courses of early consolidation with DATOP at lower dosage followed
      by maintenance chemotherapy, or to the same maintenance regimen in the absence of
      any consolidation courses. No significant differences were found between these
      options concerning disease-free survival (median 7.0 vs. 9.8 months; p greater
      than 0.10) or survival (median 15.8 vs. 19.4 months; p greater than 0.10). This
      study, in addition to the few previously reported randomized trials, suggests
      that early low-dose consolidation adds no benefit to maintenance chemotherapy in
      acute myeloblastic leukemia once complete remission has been achieved.

PMID- 2660863
TI  - Immune competence in 90Sr-exposed, adult thymectomized and antilymphocyteglobulin
      treated CBA mice. I. Allogenic skin graft reaction.
AB  - CBA mice subjected to either adult thymectomy, internal exposure to 90Sr or
      antilymphocyteglobulin treatment separately, or to combinations of the three were
      tested for cellular immune competence using their reaction to allogenic skin
      grafts. Peripheral blood white cell counts did not reveal any obvious correlation
      between the degree of mononuclear cell depletion and the ability to accept
      grafts, suggesting that the particular treatments depleted specific fractions of
      mononuclear cells, differing in their extent of involvement in the rejection
      process. No single treatment alone induced a significant prolongation in the time
      elapsed before graft rejection. Adult thymectomy followed by appropriate
      antilymphocyteglobulin treatment induced severe lymphocytopenia and a profound
      suppression of the cell-mediated immune system, as evidenced by the acceptance of
      allogenic skin grafts. When applied to 90Sr-preexposed mice the same treatment
      induced lifelong acceptance of grafts, indicating a similar, though weaker
      immunosuppressive impact of 90Sr. Hence it was possible to significantly enhance
      immunosuppression in 90Sr-exposed mice. This in vivo model should be useful when
      investigating the role of immunological responsiveness in radiation
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2660864
TI  - Tissue air ratio in total body irradiation. An in vivo evaluation.
AB  - On the basis of dose readings in 102 patients treated with total body irradiation
      (TBI), a 'tissue air ratio (TAR) curve' has been produced. It could be useful to
      precalculate treatment time in TBI, for dose prescription to a specific point,
      provided the same source (60Co) and treatment setting (lateral irradiation; 3 m
      source-axis distance; reference point at thighs bifurcation, near the perineum)
      is used. The TAR curve produced, and the formula relating tissue depth to TAR
      value, are presented, and compared to preexisting data for 'magna fields'
      treatments. This curve is exponential, and in semilog representation becomes
      straight, as every classic TAR curve; it is lower than others, reflecting non
      full-scatter situation in patient irradiation.

PMID- 2660865
TI  - [Ultrasound imaging of the muscle in muscular dystrophy].
AB  - Ultrasound imaging of muscle was performed on 40 patients of Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy on lower and upper extremities. In the control subjects, there was good
      visualization of bone and fascia with echo-free muscle tissue. With progression
      of the disease, the muscle echo was increased with corresponding loss of fascia
      echo in muscular dystrophy. A few advanced cases showed relatively echo-free
      muscle because of diffuse adipose tissue infiltration. Ultrasound imaging can
      reveal the muscular lesion and its distribution, and is valuable for monitoring
      the progression of the disease.

PMID- 2660866
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of sultamicillin.
AB  - Sultamicillin is a mutual prodrug of ampicillin and sulbactam, a beta-lactamase
      inhibitor. When administered orally, sultamicillin is readily absorbed and
      rapidly hydrolyzed to provide high levels of its two constituents in the
      peripheral circulation. Peak serum concentrations of ampicillin are achieved that
      are approximately three and one-half times those obtained with an equivalent
      amount of oral ampicillin. Equimolar concentrations of sulbactam are also
      provided, with both ampicillin and sulbactam being widely distributed among
      various body fluids and tissues. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two
      components are similar, both being eliminated primarily by renal excretion.
      Although the elimination half-lives of ampicillin and sulbactam are each
      approximately 1 hour, the high serum concentrations achieved coupled with their
      synergistic bactericidal activity permit twice-daily dosing.

PMID- 2660867
TI  - The incidence of beta-lactamase-producing pathogens.
AB  - In addition to the bacteria which naturally are able to enzymatically inactive
      penicillins and/or cephalosporins, a large number of species may develop this
      ability through mutation, acquisition of plasmids, or insertion of transposons.
      Characterization of the beta-lactamase activity of various pathogens has shown
      that a wide variety of enzymes exists and that new ones continue to evolve. The
      distribution of the genes for the numerous beta-lactamases vary according to
      geographic location and pathogen. Recently beta-lactamase inhibitors (sulbactam
      and clavulanic acid) have become available which, in combination with different
      beta-lactam antibiotics, expand the activity of those hydrolyzable antibiotics to
      pathogens producing beta-lactamases. The epidemiology of resistant pathogens and
      of the beta-lactamase genes that make them resistant are important factors in
      evaluating the role of these beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations.

PMID- 2660868
TI  - Worldwide clinical experience with sultamicillin.
AB  - Sultamicillin at an adult dose of 375-750 mg twice daily or a pediatric dose of
      50 mg/kg/d provides effective outpatient/office therapy for community-acquired
      infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin/soft
      tissue structures. Given the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella
      catarrhalis in otitis media and the frequent occurrence of beta-lactamase
      producing strains, it is particularly appropriate for the therapy of otitis media
      in infants and children. The increasing prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing
      pathogens in these infections, coupled with the fact that diagnostic bacteriology
      is often not available or practical in office practice, suggests that the broad
      use of sultamicillin might be desirable. Several factors support such usage: 1)
      the superiority of sultamicillin compared with the ampicillin commercial dosage
      form as a delivery system for ampicillin; 2) the possible occurrence at the
      infection site of beta-lactamase-producing organisms, not themselves pathogens,
      which nevertheless impair the activity of the beta-lactam antibiotic against
      sensitive pathogens; 3) the complementary binding of penicillin-binding proteins
      by ampicillin and sulbactam in ampicillin-sensitive organisms; 4) the lack of
      resistance development following repeated exposure of strains sensitive to
      sulbactam/ampicillin suggested by in vitro studies; and 5) the inability of
      sulbactam to induce beta-lactamase production. In addition to broad use in
      community-acquired infections, oral therapy with sultamicillin should also
      provide convenient outpatient follow-up for initial parenteral
      sulbactam/ampicillin therapy. Extensive testing of various laboratory parameters
      has revealed no evidence of systemic toxicity with sultamicillin. The only
      significant side effect of sultamicillin is diarrhea/loose stools, which,
      although a frequent complaint in some studies, is of mild to moderate severity
      and results in a low discontinuation rate.

PMID- 2660869
TI  - Role of sulbactam/ampicillin and sultamicillin in the treatment of bacterial
      infections of the upper respiratory tract of children.
AB  - The combination of sulbactam and ampicillin is a safe and effective therapy for
      acute otitis media and acute epiglottitis in infants and children. Despite the
      lack of similar studies proving efficacy for other infections of the upper airway
      and certain adjacent structures, such as sinusitis, tonsillitis and
      cellulitis/abscess of the head and neck, this drug combination should also have a
      therapeutic role in the future for these conditions.

PMID- 2660870
TI  - Clinical evaluation of sulbactam plus ampicillin in the treatment of general
      pediatric infections.
AB  - Sixty pediatric patients (27 males and 33 females) between the ages of 7 months
      and 11.7 years (mean age = 4.3 yr) were treated with parenteral sulbactam plus
      ampicillin (1:2 ratio) for lower respiratory tract infections (29 cases), upper
      respiratory tract infections (4 cases), urinary tract infections (25 cases) or
      skin/soft tissue infections (2 cases). The infection was mild in 6 cases,
      moderate in 44 and severe in 10. The infection was acute in 57 patients,
      recurrent in 1 (cystitis) and was a flare-up of a chronic infection in 2
      (pyelonephritis and cystitis). The children received an average dose of 48
      mg/kg/d of sulbactam plus 96 mg/kg/d of ampicillin by the i.m. route (43 cases)
      or by i.v. drip (17 cases) in 3-4 divided doses. The length of treatment ranged
      between 3 and 10 d (mean duration = 6 d). At the end of therapy, clinical cure
      was achieved in 53 patients (88.3%), while 6 (10%) had a marked improvement. Only
      1 patient, with a lower respiratory tract infection, did not respond to therapy.
      All 25 patients with urinary tract infection experienced bacteriological cure at
      the end of treatment. No side effects were reported. Mild and transient changes
      in laboratory parameters from baseline values were observed in 10 patients
      (eosinophilia, elevation of SGOT or SGPT) without clinical consequence. Sulbactam
      plus ampicillin was effective and safe in the treatment of bacterial infections
      in children and appears to be useful in the treatment of those infections in
      which beta-lactamase-producing organisms are involved.

PMID- 2660871
TI  - Sultamicillin versus amoxicillin in the treatment of tonsillitis and pharyngitis:
      a European multicenter study.
AB  - In this multicenter open, comparative study, 135 patients were treated with
      sultamicillin (67 subjects; 500 mg every 12 h) or amoxicillin (68 subjects; 500
      mg every 8 h) for 10 d. Of the pathogens isolated pre-treatment, 24 of 29
      (including 4 of 6 resistant strains) in the sultamicillin group were eradicated
      at the end of treatment, as were 17 of 22 in the amoxicillin group. At follow-up,
      the figures were 17 of 25 and 16 of 19, respectively. Clinical success was
      achieved in 55 of 55 sultamicillin and 40 of 43 amoxicillin patients at the end
      of treatment, and in 40 of 42 and 29 of 31, respectively, at follow-up. Overall
      success was recorded in 20 of 25 and 15 of 23 sultamicillin, and 14 of 19 and 13
      of 17 amoxicillin patients at the two assessments. Side effects were reported for
      21 sultamicillin patients, 1 of whom withdrew because of diarrhea, and 15
      amoxicillin patients, 4 of whom withdrew because of rash. One sultamicillin and 4
      amoxicillin patients developed minor abnormalities in laboratory safety
      parameters.

PMID- 2660872
TI  - Sultamicillin experiences in the field of internal medicine.
AB  - Sultamicillin is a substance in which sulbactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, is
      covalently linked through an ester group to ampicillin. This paper describes the
      results of a clinical trial with sultamicillin in the infectious diseases
      encountered in internal medicine. In an open segment of the trial, 426 adult
      patients were treated orally with sultamicillin. The efficacy rates achieved were
      86.1% (136/158) in acute respiratory infections, 67.5% (137/203) in chronic
      respiratory infections, 92.9% (39/42) in acute urinary tract infections, 76.9%
      (10/13) in chronic urinary tract infections, and 70.0% (7/10) in other types of
      infections. The bacteriological efficacy of sultamicillin was 83.8% (62/74) for
      Gram-positive and 74.0% (159/215) for Gram-negative bacteria. Efficacy was
      similar, 81% (17/21), for those strains that were high producers of beta
      lactamase. Adverse reactions were observed in 10.1% of the patients in the open
      phase of the trial. In the double-blind segment, sultamicillin was compared with
      bacampicillin in respiratory infections, including pneumonia, lung abscesses, and
      chronic respiratory tract infections. One tablet of either drug was given orally
      three times a day for 14 d. Evaluation of clinical effectiveness by the trial
      committee revealed efficacy rates of 82.8% (96/116) for sultamicillin and 69.8%
      (81/116) for bacampicillin, indicating a significant superiority for
      sultamicillin. All of this difference resulted from the superior efficacy of
      sultamicillin (89.2%) over that of bacampicillin (63.2%) in patients with chronic
      respiratory infections. Efficacy in pneumonia was the same for both agents.
      Adverse reactions to sultamicillin and bacampicillin were observed in 16.3%
      (21/129) and 6.3% (8/127) of the cases, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2660873
TI  - Sultamicillin versus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of urinary
      tract infections.
AB  - Sultamicillin, a novel compound in which ampicillin and the beta-lactamase
      inhibitor sulbactam are linked as a double ester, was compared with
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole with regard to in vitro activity, therapeutic
      efficacy and safety in the treatment of UTIs. The MICs of ampicillin and
      ampicillin in combination with sulbactam (10 micrograms), trimethoprim and
      trimethoprim in combination with sulfamethoxazole (1:19) were determined for 400
      isolates causing UTI using an agar dilution technique (multipointer, cfu = 10(4].
      The organisms isolated consisted of about one-third E. coli, one-third other Gram
      negative strains and one-third Gram-positive strains. About half of the Gram
      positive strains were enterococci and the other half staphylococci. A
      concentration of 8 micrograms/ml ampicillin inhibited 76% of the isolates while
      ampicillin in combination with sulbactam inhibited 86%. A concentration of 4
      micrograms/ml trimethoprim inhibited 77% of the isolates, while trimethoprim in
      combination with sulfamethoxazole inhibited 83%. In a prospectively randomized
      clinical trial, 38 patients with UTI were treated orally with either
      sultamicillin (375 mg) or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (160 mg/800 mg) twice
      daily for 7 d. Sultamicillin eradicated bacteriuria during therapy and up to 1 to
      2 weeks after therapy in 63% and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in 50% of
      evaluable patients. Side effects were reported for 2 sultamicillin (gastric pain,
      diarrhea) and 2 trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole patients (gastric pain, exanthema),
      with the latter 2 being withdrawn after 6 days of therapy. Sultamicillin appeared
      as effective and safe as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of UTI.

PMID- 2660874
TI  - Sultamicillin in the treatment of urinary tract infections.
AB  - An open multicenter study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of
      sultamicillin in patients with urinary tract infections or gonococcal urethritis.
      1) Sultamicillin (750-2250 mg/day) was administered for 3 d to 196 patients with
      acute uncomplicated cystitis. The most common dosage regimen was 375 mg three
      times daily. The results of treatment based on the combination of changes in
      symptoms, pyuria and bacteriuria were excellent in 66.8%, moderate in 30.6% and
      poor in 2.6% of cases. Of 203 strains isolated before treatment, 185 (91.1%) were
      eradicated. The eradication rate for E. coli, the most common pathogen (167
      strains), was 92.2%. 2) In total, 368 patients with complicated urinary tract
      infections were treated with 750-2250 mg/d of sultamicillin for 5 d. The most
      common dosage regimens were 375 mg three times daily and 750 mg twice daily. The
      clinical results based on the combination of changes in pyuria and bacteriuria
      were excellent in 30.4%, moderate in 35.6% and poor in 34.0% of cases. Of 470
      strains isolated before treatment, 352 (74.9%) were eradicated. The eradication
      rate achieved with high beta-lactamase-producing organisms (64.1%) was not
      significantly different from that achieved with low or non-producers (75.6%). 3)
      Sultamicillin (750-3000 mg/d) was administered to 367 male patients with
      gonococcal urethritis for 3 to 7 d. The eradication rate ranged from 92.3% with
      750 mg/d to 100% with greater than or equal to 1500 mg/d. The effect of dose was
      particularly evident with the 27 strains of gonococci that had penicillinase
      activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660875
TI  - Delineation of a standard procedure for indirect immunofluorescence detection of
      ANCA.

PMID- 2660876
TI  - Indirect immunofluorescence examination for IgG-ANCA in sera submitted for the
      1st international workshop on ANCA, 1988.

PMID- 2660877
TI  - Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA): a historic review.

PMID- 2660878
TI  - Small-sized oral spirochetes and periodontal disease.

PMID- 2660879
TI  - Follicular dendritic cells in HIV-induced lymphadenopathy and AIDS.

PMID- 2660880
TI  - The role of opportunistic viruses in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) evolution.
AB  - Etiopathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma and
      the possible role of viruses, such as CMV, BKV, HBV, HHV-6 and retroviruses are
      reviewed. An etiopathogenetic model is also presented.

PMID- 2660881
TI  - [Cerebral sparganosis mansoni--report of two cases].
AB  - Cerebral Sparganosis Mansoni is a very rare disease caused by a larva of
      Diphyllobothrium and so far, only two cases have been reported. Another two cases
      are presented in this paper. Case 1: A 64-year-old man was admitted presenting
      with hypovolition. He has eaten thunder fishes several years before. CT scan
      revealed an extensive low density area with an enhanced nodular mass around the
      right basal ganglia. An operation was carried out on the preoperative diagnosis
      of brain tumor and a granuloma was completely removed. His postoperative course
      was excellent. The histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of cerebral
      sparganosis. Case 2: The patients was 60-year-old male showing hypesthesia in the
      left half of his face. He has often been to South Korea where patients of
      Sparganosis Mansoni are often reported. Enhanced CT scan demonstrated a small
      nodular region in the tip of the left temporal lobe. Sparganum Mansoni was
      identified during surgery and a granuloma was also extirpated. His postoperative
      course was also excellent. In cases with cerebral parasitism by Sparganum
      Mansoni, CT scan shows an extensive low density area with a nodular enhancement,
      but no calcification nor cyst formation. It is quite difficult to differentiate
      sparganosis from cerebral tumors on CT and laboratory data preoperatively. The
      diagnosis is usually confirmed by postoperative histological examination. As for
      the treatment of this disease, no effective chemotherapy is now available and
      surgical excision is recommended. Actually, four cases with cerebral sparganosis
      including two of our own demonstrated a satisfactory prognosis by surgical
      treatments.

PMID- 2660882
TI  - Postmenopausal osteoporosis: response of immunoextracted calcitonin to a calcium
      clamp.
AB  - Fourteen postmenopausal females with osteoporosis (PMO) and 14 healthy
      postmenopausal females (PMF) were studied by means of the calcium clamp
      technique. Plasma was collected before start and during the 1 hour calcium clamp.
      Calcitonin (CT) was immunoextracted from plasma with antiserum No. 1 directed
      against the mid- and carboxyterminal portion of CT. Thereafter radioimmunoassay
      was performed on the extracts with antiserum No. 2 directed against the
      carboxyterminal of CT. The detection limit of the assay was 0.8 pg/tube. There
      was no difference between patients and controls in the basal CT values and CT was
      detectable in all samples after immunoextraction. Plasma CT increased
      significantly during the calcium clamp in osteoporotic patients as well as in
      controls and the CT response did not differ between the groups. The results do
      not support the hypothesis of a diminished CT secretion as a contributing factor
      to the development of osteoporosis.

PMID- 2660883
TI  - Structural and histomorphometric studies of iliac crest trabecular and cortical
      bone in autosomal dominant osteopetrosis: a study of two radiological types.
AB  - Cylindrical iliac crest biopsies were obtained from 16 patients with autosomal
      dominant osteopetrosis after intravital double labeling with tetracycline, and
      compared with normal age- and sex-matched controls. Ten patients had the
      radiological type I (5 women, 5 men, aged 17-62 years, mean 42) characterized by
      diffuse, symmetrical osteosclerosis and enlarged thickness of the cranial vault.
      Six patients had type II (2 women, 4 men, aged 22-44 years, mean 36), where
      "Rugger Jersey Spine" and endobone are characteristic findings. Structural
      studies of cortical and trabecular bone were performed, and trabecular bone
      resorption and formation rates were studied using dynamic histomorphometry. The
      total biopsy length (C. Wi) were increased in type I (p less than 0.05), and
      unchanged in type II. Both types showed increased cortical width (Ct. Wi) (p less
      than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively), and decreased fractional width of
      cancellous bone (Cn.Wi/C.Wi) (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05). The
      fractional trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb. Th) were
      both significantly increased in type I (p less than 0.05), while resorptive and
      formative indices of trabecular bone remodeling were normal. No difference was
      found in trabecular bone balance, which was slightly positive in both patients
      and controls. In type II osteopetrosis the eroded surfaces (OS/BS) were
      significantly increased (p less than 0.01), as was the total resorptive period
      RP) (p less than 0.05). The resorption depth (R.D.) was normal, while the
      resorption rate (MRR) was insignificantly decreased. Many big multinucleated
      osteoclasts were seen in this type suggesting defective resorptive
      function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660884
TI  - Flurbiprofen enhances growth and cancellous and cortical bone accumulation in
      rapidly growing long bones.
AB  - The effects of flurbiprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on bone
      growth was studied by static and dynamic histomorphometry in immature (28 days
      old) male Sprague-Dawley rats. Flurbiprofen at 0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg/d
      doses was given subcutaneously daily for 21 days. The 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg/d doses
      were most effective in stimulating longitudinal and radial bone growth and
      enhancing the accumulation of cancellous and cortical bone. Proximal tibial
      longitudinal bone growth rate, growth plate thickness, and periosteal bone
      formation rate were increased 30-40%, while cortical bone (tibial shaft) and
      cancellous bone (proximal tibial metaphysis) accumulated 12% and 90% more bone
      than controls, respectively. Enhanced accumulation of cortical bone was
      attributed to stimulated periosteal bone formation without accompanying marrow
      cavity enlargement. Enhanced accumulation of cancellous hard tissue was
      postulated to be due to reduced trabecular bone resorption and no effect on bone
      formation. The cell counts support these conclusions. There was a decrease in
      osteoclast numbers (-62 to -70%), an insignificant decrease in osteoblast numbers
      (-5 to -30%) per mm of bone surface and a decrease in osteoclast to osteoblast
      ratio (-35 to -56%). The findings presented are compatible with the conclusion
      that flurbiprofen, induced changes in rapidly growing long bones by reducing
      osteoclast activity and recruitment, stimulating longitudinal and radial growth,
      increasing the cortical bone mass by stimulated periosteal bone growth and
      depressed endosteal resorption, and increasing cancellous bone mass by depressed
      trabecular bone resorption without affecting bone formation.

PMID- 2660885
TI  - Star volume of marrow space and trabeculae of the first lumbar vertebra: sampling
      efficiency and biological variation.
AB  - The decrease in the amount of trabecular bone which is seen with age cannot
      solely be explained by thinning of trabeculae but must also be due to a loss of
      structural trabecular bone leading to a discontinuity in the trabecular network.
      Due to the complex architecture and the anisotropy of bone it is difficult to
      demonstrate this structural change by conventional histomorphometry. Unbiased
      stereological estimators can however be obtained from anisotropic structures when
      using vertical sections and a specially designed anisotropic test system. This
      combined with a new and unbiased stereological parameter for bone structure the
      star volume can be of major importance in clarifying histological changes of bone
      structure. The star volume is defined as the mean volume of all the parts of an
      object which can be seen unobscured in all directions from a particular point
      with the mean value taken over all points inside the object. It is defined for
      any type of objects including cavities like marrow space and networks like the
      trabecular system. Measurements are performed using a frame and a grid with
      points and lines. The material investigated was the first lumbar vertebra
      obtained from two females and six males with ages 26 to 75 years without
      malignant or metabolic bone diseases. The sampling procedure was as required for
      vertical sections. Results did show a highly significant, five-fold increase in
      the star volume of the marrow space with age; no such age correlation was found
      for the star volume of the trabeculae. The only explanation for such an increase
      in the size of the marrow space is by removing or perforating trabecular
      bone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660886
TI  - Positron emission tomography compared with magnetic resonance imaging and
      computed tomography in supratentorial gliomas using multiple stereotactic
      biopsies as reference.
AB  - Ten patients with findings at computed tomography (CT) suggesting intracranial
      supratentorial glioma were investigated to compare the diagnostic efficacy of
      this technique with that of positron emission tomography (PET) using 11C
      methionine and examinations with magnetic resonance (MR). The findings were
      related to histopathologic examination of serial stereotactic biopsies, which
      were guided by the appearance of the lesions on PET examination. To obtain
      corresponding slice orientation with the different examination techniques, an
      individually shaped helmet fixation was used. However, in 3 cases this fixation
      device could not be used for MR. Histopathologic diagnosis, obtained in all cases
      from multiple target stereotactic biopsies, included glioma in 9 patients and
      reactive gliosis in one case. A detailed comparison of the three imaging
      techniques and the findings at stereotactic biopsies was possible in 7 patients,
      while in 3 patients comparison with MR was less exact due to the patient's
      refusal to wear the helmet during this examination. MR was the most accurate
      method for outlining the total extent of a lesion, i.e. the tumor and the edema
      surrounding it. Four lesions had homogeneous signal characteristics and in 6
      lesions two (or more) compartments could be distinguished with MR. In 5 cases the
      MR findings were in complete agreement with the histopathologic findings.
      However, a thorough correlation between signal characteristics and histology was
      not possible. Using PET the occurrence and the extent of tumor tissue was
      correctly predicted in 7 patients. The PET was normal in one case. Findings at CT
      were in agreement with the histopathologic diagnosis in 5 patients. MR was the
      most sensitive method for the detection of lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2660887
TI  - Ultrasonography in lesions of the rotator cuff and biceps tendon.
AB  - Ultrasonography (US) of the shoulder joint was performed in 88 patients, 15 of
      whom were referred for surgery. US was made with a real-time linear-array
      scanner, provided with a transducer of 7.5 MHz. Subsequently, all patients
      underwent single-contrast arthrography of the shoulder. When compared with the
      arthrographic findings, diagnosis by US showed 21 true positive, 3 false
      positive, 57 true negative and 7 false negative cases of a full-thickness tear of
      the rotator cuff. Small tears (2 cm or less in diameter) may be the most
      difficult to assess. US readily revealed biceps tendinitis and rupture of the
      biceps tendon, as well as fluid collection in the bursae above the rotator cuff
      tendons.

PMID- 2660888
TI  - Chest sonography. Differentiation of pulmonary consolidation from pleural
      disease.
AB  - Ultrasonography was used to evaluate 53 patients with equivocal juxta
      diaphragmatic and/or lateral densities in chest radiographs. An air bronchogram,
      fluid bronchogram, and scattered echogenic foci due to residual air in the
      consolidated lung parenchyma were used as US criteria of pulmonary parenchymal
      consolidation. One or more of these signs were observed in 39 patients with a
      clinical or bacteriologic diagnosis of pneumonia. The US air bronchogram was seen
      in 32 of the 39 patients (82%), the fluid bronchogram in 37 patients (94%) and
      the scattered echogenic foci in 30 (77%). In 14 patients, pleural effusion was
      diagnosed sonographically and verified by aspiration of fluid. The final
      diagnoses in these cases were pulmonary tuberculosis in 11 patients,
      staphylococcal empyema in 2, and tuberculous empyema in one patient. It is
      concluded that US criteria provide a useful differentiation of pulmonary
      parenchymal consolidation from pleural effusion.

PMID- 2660889
TI  - Relative attenuation measurements of ultrasound in the liver using the
      zerocrossing method.
AB  - The zerocrossing method for measurement of the frequency dependence of ultrasound
      attenuation was used to study the livers of 10 healthy subjects and 9 patients.
      Increased attenuation in vivo was observed in 5 patients who were seen to have a
      'bright liver' during B-scanning. Normal attenuation was seen in 3 patients who
      had pathologic liver biopsies, but normal B-scan images. Increased attenuation
      was seen in one patient who had a nodular appearance of the liver during B
      scanning; biopsy showed steatosis. These results indicate that the zerocrossing
      method makes it possible to quantify some of the changes seen in the B-scan
      image. A detailed description, including block diagrams, is given of a
      zerocrossing detector which can be connected to a commercially available scanner
      (Bruel & Kjaer Ultrasound Scanner Type 1846).

PMID- 2660890
TI  - Emphysematous pyelonephritis. Radiologic and clinical findings in six cases.
AB  - Six patients (all women, mean age 59.8 years) with emphysematous pyelonephritis,
      a rare, severe inflammation causing renal parenchymal destruction and affecting
      diabetics more commonly than non-diabetics, are described. Four of the patients
      were diabetics. All underwent ultrasound examination (US), and five computed
      tomography (CT) of the kidneys. CT was the most reliable diagnostic method.
      Differentiation between gas and calcification was difficult at US in three
      patients. Conventional tomography was performed in two patients and showed intra
      renal gas. All six patients recovered; three patients had nephrectomy, one as an
      emergency procedure and two as an elective procedure after two weeks of
      antibiotic treatment. Infection was eradicated in the other three patients by
      percutaneous drainage, electrolyte correction and antibiotics. It was concluded
      that while conventional abdominal radiography may permit the diagnosis of
      emphysematous pyelonephritis by demonstrating intra-renal gas, CT is the most
      reliable diagnostic examination. Emergency nephrectomy may not be necessary in
      all cases.

PMID- 2660891
TI  - Effects of contrast media on renal graft function and survival after cerebral
      angiography of cadaveric donors.
AB  - The effects of intravascularly administered ionic contrast media on renal graft
      function and survival were retrospectively evaluated in 211 recipients of
      cadaveric renal transplants. The renal grafts were explanted from the donors
      within 24 hours (mean 16 hours) after cerebral angiography. There were no
      differences in renal function or graft survival between those exposed and those
      not exposed to contrast media before nephrectomy.

PMID- 2660892
TI  - Successful and unsuccessful coronary thrombolysis.

PMID- 2660893
TI  - Favourable long term prognosis in patients with non-Q wave acute myocardial
      infarction not associated with specific electrocardiographic changes. Diltiazem
      Reinfarction Study Research Group.
AB  - Electrocardiograms obtained serially from 544 patients with non-Q wave infarction
      in the Diltiazem Reinfarction Study were analysed to compare the short term (less
      than or equal to 14 days) and long term (one year) follow up of 105 patients
      (19%) whose admission electrocardiogram showed no localisable repolarisation
      abnormalities (group 1) with the outcome in 439 patients (81%) who had ST-T wave
      abnormalities (group 2) localised to two or more contiguous leads within an
      anterior, inferior, or lateral lead group. There were no major between group
      differences in baseline clinical variables, concomitant medications, or treatment
      allocation (diltiazem v placebo). Group 2 patients, in the first year, had a
      higher incidence of early recurrent ischaemia (angina greater than or equal to 24
      hours after myocardial infarction associated with ischaemic repolarisation
      changes), reinfarction, and readmission for chest pain than group 1 patients,
      despite comparable creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB activities in both
      groups. About 20% of patients with acute non-Q wave myocardial infarction did not
      have definable ST-T wave abnormalities. These patients had a similar clinical and
      enzymatic profile as patients with non-Q wave infarction with definable ST-T wave
      abnormalities and they were more likely to have a favourable short term and long
      term outcome.

PMID- 2660895
TI  - The expression of c-myc related to the proliferation and transformation of rat
      liver-derived epithelial cells.
AB  - The expression of c-myc protein was studied in primary cultures of rat
      hepatocytes and rat liver-derived epithelial cell lines. The levels of the
      protein were determined by flow cytometry using a monoclonal antibody to the c
      myc protein. Freshly isolated hepatocytes from normal adult male Fischer F344
      rats had low but detectable levels of the protein which were similar in the
      different ploidies. Higher levels were detected in immortalised but untransformed
      rat liver cell lines, and increased expression was observed during passage
      through the cell cycle. Following in vitro transformation of one of the
      immortalised epithelial cell lines by ras genes, similar levels of c-myc
      expression to those present in the untransformed cells was maintained.
      Transformation by activated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) resulted in lower levels of
      expression. The cell cycle related level of expression was also seen in the
      transformed cells. Similar results to those observed in the in vitro ras
      transfected liver-derived cell lines were obtained from in vivo AFB1-induced rat
      hepatoma cell lines. These results demonstrate that continuously dividing rat
      liver-derived cell lines have higher levels of expression of c-myc protein than
      non-dividing, freshly isolated hepatocytes, and that there is no further
      elevation in the levels observed when these cell lines are transformed. In some
      cases decreased levels can result from malignant transformation.

PMID- 2660894
TI  - The ninth Gordon Hamilton-Fairley memorial lecture. Hereditary cancers: clues to
      mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
AB  - The study of hereditary cancer in humans, notably retinoblastoma, has identified
      a category of cancer genes that is different from that of the oncogenes. Whereas
      the latter group of genes exerts its effect through expression, the former does
      so as a result of failure of normal expression. Primary oncogene abnormality
      seems to play a crucial initiating role in certain neoplasms, particularly
      leukaemias, lymphomas and some sarcomas. In contrast, anti-oncogenes (tumour
      suppressor genes) appear to be important in the initiation of several solid
      tumours of children, as well as some common carcinomas of adults. Both classes
      are apparently involved in tumour progression and metastasis. Virtually every
      kind of cancer can occur in hereditary form, so the role of anti-oncogenes in the
      origin of human cancers may be considerable. The prototypic anti-oncogene has
      been that for retinoblastoma. For this tumour the recessive mechanism has been
      demonstrated by molecular means, and the gene has been cloned. The possibility
      has been suggested that gene (or gene product) replacement therapy could be
      accomplished.

PMID- 2660896
TI  - Immunological detection of neuroblastoma cells in bone marrow harvested for
      autologous transplantation.
AB  - In about 50% of patients with stage IV neuroblastoma, micrometastases are present
      in the bone marrow when it is harvested for an autograft to follow induction
      therapy, and the risk of graft contamination by neuroblastoma cells has been the
      rationale for the use of a purging procedure. However, bone marrow metastases are
      detected with trephine biopsies which only explore the sites biopsied and do not
      reflect potential contamination of the pooled marrow harvested for autograft. A
      two-colour fluorochrome labelling method is described which permits as few as 1
      neuroblastoma cell in 100,000 normal bone marrow cells from the autograft to be
      detected. Three monoclonal antibodies (UJ13A, H11 and 11.14) which react with
      neuroblastoma cells are used as single reagent in combination with a fourth anti
      panleucocyte antibody. This method requires only 2 h for the analysis of three
      million marrow cells from the autograft, and is more effective than alkaline
      phosphatase staining with the same monoclonal antibodies. Results were compared
      with conventional techniques (four biopsies and four aspirates) carried out at
      the same time in 34 consecutive patients. Of 18 cases with negative aspirates and
      biopsies, neuroblastoma cells were detected in two autografts by the
      immunological method. Of 16 cases with positive aspirates and/or biopsies, 10
      autografts were positive by the immunological method and six were negative. Thus,
      marrow micrometastases were detected in 16 of the 34 patients, but the autograft
      contained malignant cells in only 12 of these patients and the immunological
      analysis demonstrated that the use of a purging procedure allowed the elimination
      of neuroblastoma cells from the autograft before its reinjection to the patients.

PMID- 2660897
TI  - The effect of reduced osmolarity on platinum drug toxicity.

PMID- 2660898
TI  - Cytokines regulate the ability of human LAK-cells to kill human tumour cells in
      vitro.

PMID- 2660899
TI  - Chemotherapy versus transplantation in acute leukaemia.

PMID- 2660900
TI  - N-RAS mutations in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukaemia: analysis by direct
      sequencing detects a novel mutation.
AB  - A novel mutation of the N-RAS gene of T-ALL blast cells was detected by a direct
      sequencing of in vitro amplified exon-1 of the N-RAS gene. Threonine (ACA) was
      substituted for alanine (GCA) at codon 11. This mutation would have been
      overlooked by conventional probe hybridization techniques. A search for other
      mutations in N-RAS exon-1 in T-ALL revealed a codon 13 mutation substituting
      aspartic acid (GAT) for glycine (GGT) in one of 18 patients. No mutations at
      codon 12 were detected.

PMID- 2660901
TI  - Human lymphoblastoid interferon as initial therapy in hairy cell leukaemia: a
      multicentre study in non-splenectomized patients. Italian Cooperative Group for
      Hairy Cell Leukemia.
AB  - The Italian Cooperative Group for Hairy Cell Leukaemia (ICGHCL), between April
      1985 and June 1987, conducted a multicentre study using human lymphoblastoid
      alpha-interferon as primary therapy as an alternative to splenectomy. Forty-eight
      evaluable patients with HCL entered the study, 38 of them had splenomegaly, in
      five patients the spleen was not palpable and five were unfit for surgery because
      of age and general condition. Daily dose of 3 MU s.c. alpha-IFN was given for 12
      weeks, or until a satisfactory and stable response was obtained. Among these 48
      patients the response rate after 3 months of therapy was 63%, with seven patients
      (15%) achieving complete remission and 23 (48%) partial remission; 13 (27%)
      patients had a minor response. In five patients no response was observed and they
      died within 2 months of treatment. Five other patients, after an initial
      response, presented a re-expansion of the disease. Actuarial survival at 30
      months was 88.8% for the entire group of 48 patients and 92% for the 38 patients
      who would normally be treated by splenectomy. Thus, alpha-IFN as primary
      treatment in HCL offered a reasonable therapy for splenomegalic patients. The
      timing and validity of splenectomy still remains an open question.

PMID- 2660902
TI  - Comparison of allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation and
      chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission: a
      prospective controlled trial.
AB  - Eighty-five adult patients under the age of 50 years with acute myeloid leukaemia
      (AML) were entered into a prospective controlled study conducted to compare the
      effectiveness of allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation and
      intensive chemotherapy for patients in first complete remission. Sixty-one
      patients (72%) achieved complete remission then received a consolidation
      treatment. After consolidation, 58 patients who were still in remission were
      assigned to three different therapeutic modalities. Fifty-two patients were
      evaluable: 20 patients who had an HLA-identical sibling donor underwent
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation within 3 months after achievement of
      complete remission; the other 32 patients were randomized to receive autologous
      bone marrow transplantation or intensive sequential chemotherapy. The actuarial
      risk of relapse at 3 years was 18% for the allogeneic patients, 50% for the
      autologous patients and 83% in the chemotherapy group. The difference was highly
      significant (P less than 0.0002). The disease-free survival was respectively 66%
      (95% confidence interval 41-85%), 41% (95% confidence interval 16-66%) and 16%
      (95% confidence interval 0-31%) (P less than 0.004). We conclude that allogeneic
      bone marrow transplantation is presently the best therapeutic approach for
      patients with AML in first complete remission.

PMID- 2660903
TI  - Dyserythropoiesis and ineffective erythropoiesis in Plasmodium vivax malaria.
AB  - Nine Thai adults with P. vivax malaria were investigated. Light and electron
      microscope studies of marrow aspirates revealed morphological evidence of
      dyserythropoiesis in six of them. Dyserythropoiesis was most marked in the four
      most anaemic patients. In these four patients the electron microscope also
      revealed the presence of erythroblasts at various stages of degradation within
      the cytoplasm of macrophages. Neither the dyserythropoiesis nor the ineffective
      erythropoiesis could be attributed to a deficiency of vitamin B12, folate or
      iron. The abnormalities of erythropoiesis seemed to result from the P. vivax
      infection itself. Other bone marrow reactions seen in this infection included
      macrophage hyperplasia, plasmacytosis and increased eosinophil
      granulocytopoiesis. Unlike in severe P. falciparum malaria, the microvasculature
      of the marrow was not obstructed by parasitized red cells.

PMID- 2660904
TI  - Helical RecA nucleoprotein filaments mediate homologous pairing and strand
      exchange.

PMID- 2660905
TI  - Structural arrangement of tRNA binding sites on Escherichia coli ribosomes, as
      revealed from data on affinity labelling with photoactivatable tRNA derivatives.
AB  - A systematic study of protein environment of tRNA in ribosomes in model complexes
      representing different translation steps was carried out using the affinity
      labelling of the ribosomes with tRNA derivatives bearing aryl azide groups
      scattered statistically over tRNA guanine residues. Analysis of the proteins
      crosslinked to tRNA derivatives showed that the location of the derivatives in
      the aminoacyl (A) site led to the labelling of the proteins S5 and S7 in all
      complexes studied, whereas the labelling of the proteins S2, S8, S9, S11, S14,
      S16, S17, S18, S19, S21 as well as L9, L11, L14, L15, L21, L23, L24, L29 depended
      on the state of tRNA in A site. Similarly, the location of tRNA derivatives in
      the peptidyl (P) site resulted in the labelling of the proteins L27, S11, S13 and
      S19 in all states, whereas the labelling of the proteins S5, S7, S9, S12, S14,
      S20, S21 as well as L2, L13, L14, L17, L24, L27, L31, L32, L33 depended on the
      type of complex. The derivatives of tRNA(fMet) were found to crosslink to S1, S3,
      S5, S7, S9, S14 and L1, L2, L7/L12, L27. Based on the data obtained, a general
      principle of the dynamic functioning of ribosomes has been proposed: (i) the
      formation of each type of ribosomal complex is accompanied by changes in mutual
      arrangement of proteins - 'conformational adjustment' of the ribosome - and (ii)
      a ribosome can dynamically change its internal structure at each step of
      initiation and elongation; on the 70 S ribosome there are no rigidly fixed
      structures forming tRNA-binding sites (primarily A and P sites).

PMID- 2660906
TI  - The two forms of the beta-subunit of initiation factor-2 from reticulocyte
      lysates arise from proteolytic degradation.
AB  - Dholakia and Wahba (J. Biol. Chem. (1987) 262, 10164-10170) have reported that
      preparations of purified initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) from rabbit reticulocytes
      contain two forms of the beta-subunit. These forms differ in their apparent
      molecular weights as judged by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and are accordingly termed beta H (heavy, the slower
      migrating species, apparent Mr = 54,300) and beta L (light, the faster-migrating
      species, apparent Mr = 53,100). We confirm that two forms of eIF-2 beta are
      present in such preparations, but present evidence that the beta L is generated
      from beta H during the isolation procedure. Crude reticulocyte lysates contain
      only the beta H species as judged from immunoblotting of reticulocyte proteins
      resolved by SDS-PAGE using an antiserum against eIF-2 beta. The beta L species
      appears after the ammonium sulphate fractionation step used early in the
      purification procedure, but is not apparent if a cocktail of proteinase
      inhibitors is included in the buffers used during the purification, indicating
      that it is a proteolytic degradation product generated during the isolation
      procedure. Cleveland mapping failed to reveal any differences between the two
      species. Both the beta H and the beta L forms are phosphorylated by casein kinase
      2, and, as judged by one- and two-dimensional peptide mapping, at identical sites
      in each species. Since casein kinase-2 phosphorylates serine-2 in eIF-2 beta, the
      beta L form must still contain the N-terminal region and is presumably produced
      by limited proteolysis at the carboxyl terminus of the beta-subunit.

PMID- 2660907
TI  - Cloning, sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of cDNA for ovine pregrowth
      hormone.
AB  - cDNA prepared from mRNA from ovine anterior pituitary glands was cloned in
      Escherichia coli and the sequence of a clone encoding the full coding sequence of
      ovine pregrowth hormone (preGH) determined. The predicted sequence for ovine GH
      agrees with that determined previously on the protein, except that residue 99 is
      asparagine rather than aspartic acid. The cDNA sequence also accords with one of
      the two genomic sequences for the ovine GH gene that have been reported.
      Expression plasmids using trp and lac promoters were constructed which allowed
      expression at low levels of ovine preGH in E. coli, as detected by immunoblotting
      and immunoassay.

PMID- 2660908
TI  - The primary structure of rat ribosomal protein S4.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of the rat 40 S ribosomal subunit protein S4 was deduced
      from the sequence of nucleotides in a recombinant cDNA and confirmed from the NH2
      terminal amino-acid sequence of the protein. Ribosomal protein S4 has 282 amino
      acids (the NH2-terminal methionine is removed after translation of the mRNA) and
      has a molecular weight of 31,841. Hybridization of the cDNA to digests of nuclear
      DNA suggests that there are 7-11 copies of the S4 gene. The mRNA for the protein
      is about 1 kb in length. Rat S4 is homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae YS6.
      The protein contains a possible internal duplication of 11 residues.

PMID- 2660909
TI  - Structure, function and distribution of soluble bacterial redox proteins.

PMID- 2660910
TI  - Activity and kinetic characteristics of glutathione reductase in vitro in reverse
      micellar waterpool.
AB  - The enzyme activity of glutathione reductase (NAD(P)H:oxidized-glutathione
      oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.2) incorporated in CTAB/H2O/CHCl3-isooctane (1:1, v/v)
      reverse micelles has been investigated. Enzyme follows the Michaelis-Menten
      kinetics within a specified concentration range. Effects of pH, waterpool (W0),
      and surfactant concentration on the activity of glutathione reductase have been
      studied in detail. Optimum pH for the maximum enzyme activity was found to be
      dependent on the size of the waterpool. Further, a substrate inhibition was
      observed when concentration of one of the substrates was present in large excess
      over the other substrate. Km values for the substrate, oxidized glutathione
      (GSSG) and NADPH in CTAB/H2O/CHCl3-isooctane (1:1, v/v) were determined at W0
      values of 14.4, 20.0, 25.5 and 29.7, at pH 8.0. These values are close to those
      obtained in aqueous solution, whereas the kcat values vary with W0 values of 8.8
      to 32.3. Studies on the storage stability in the reverse micelle at W0 29.7 and
      pH 8.0 showed that glutathione reductase retained about 80% of its activity even
      after a month. The enzyme showed a higher stability at high waterpool. Oxidized
      glutathione (GSSG) provides protection to glutathione reductase against
      denaturation on storage in reverse micellar solution. Apparently, the enzyme is
      able to acquire a suitable native conformation at waterpool 29.7 and pH 8.0 and
      thereby exhibits an activity and stability inside the micellar cavity that are
      almost equivalent to that in aqueous solution.

PMID- 2660911
TI  - The peptide sequences near the bound pyridoxal phosphate are conserved in serine
      dehydratase from rat liver, and threonine dehydratases from yeast and Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - The blocked amino-terminal residue of rat liver serine dehydratase was shown to
      be acetylalanine by analysis of an isolated amino-terminal peptide after
      digestion with acylamino acid-releasing enzyme. Digestion of the borohydride
      reduced, carboxymethylated enzyme with lysyl endopeptidase yielded a single
      epsilon-N-pyridoxyllysine-containing peptide, whose sequence is Met-Asp-Ser-Ser
      Gln-Pro-Ser-Gly-Ser-Phe-Lys(Pxy)-Ile-Arg-Gly- His-Leu-Cys(Cm)-Lys. This peptide
      comprises residues 30-49 of the cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence. The sequence of
      seven amino acids around the bound pyridoxal phosphate is highly conserved in
      serine dehydratase from rat liver, and threonine dehydratases from yeast and
      Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2660912
TI  - Potent and selective inactivation of proteinases with N-peptidyl-O
      acylhydroxylamines.
AB  - The reaction of seven N-peptidyl-O-acyl hydroxylamines with serine proteinases
      exhibiting different substrate specificity has been investigated. Depending on
      the structure of the peptidyl residue of the inhibitors, rapid and complete
      irreversible inactivation of the enzymes may be achieved. Enzyme-catalyzed
      turnover of inhibitor to products was detected during reaction of proline
      specific endopeptidase with N-Boc-Ala-Pro-O-(4-nitrobenzoyl)hydroxylamine.

PMID- 2660913
TI  - Conformational changes in human prothrombin as detected by antibody populations.
AB  - The amino-terminal peptides of human prothrombin corresponding to residues 1-51
      and 52-156 have been isolated from a thrombin digest of prothrombin fragment 1.
      The products of digestion were purified by means of barium citrate and ammonium
      sulfate precipitations, followed by gel filtration and hydroxyapatite
      chromatographies. They were identified by their molecular sizes as well as their
      amino acid compositions. Peptides 1-51 (F1A) and 52-156 (F1B) were used as
      affinity ligands for the isolation of antibody populations from antisera that
      were elicited against human prothrombin or prothrombin fragment 1. These antibody
      populations displayed restricted specificity for the respective ligands as shown
      by competitive radioimmunoassays. They were used to study the conformational
      changes in prothrombin and fragment 1. The F1A-specific antibody populations
      detected a conformational change which is stabilized by calcium ions and which
      has a transition midpoint at approximately 0.2 mM calcium ion concentration. The
      F1B-specific antibody populations identified a different conformational change
      which is destabilized by calcium ions and which has a transition midpoint at
      approximately 0.5 mM calcium.

PMID- 2660914
TI  - Animal models of compulsive behavior.
AB  - A convergence of clinical and pathological evidence points to the basal ganglia
      as the site of disturbance in compulsive disorders. However, the limbic system
      may be implicated as well. This article draws upon various lines of animal
      research in an attempt to explain how disturbances in one or another of these
      systems may produce compulsive behavior. Possible models include stimulation of
      the reinforcement mechanism, manipulation of the striatal "comparator" function,
      production and blockade of displacement behavior, and interference with the
      hippocampus' modulation of the stereotypy-inducing effect of reward. The common
      denominator of these models is a relative excess of dopaminergic activity in the
      basal ganglia. However, this does not necessarily implicate a primary
      dopaminergic disturbance in all human compulsive behavior.

PMID- 2660915
TI  - [A new method of bone sterilization].
AB  - Bone transplantation is associated with two major problems: the sterility in
      particular with respect to HIV, and the osteoinductivity of the transplant. We
      describe a procedure which sterilizes the graft while keeping the osteoinductive
      potential of the bone. After harvesting the material the bone is immediately deep
      frozen (-80 degrees C), and then freeze dried. To sterilize the bone it is
      treated with gamma-radiation at a dose of 2.5 Mrad in an argon atmosphere. All
      grafts are subsequently stored in argon at -80 degrees C.

PMID- 2660916
TI  - The interplay between platelet and vessel-wall mediators in coronary artery
      occlusion.
AB  - Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with platelet aggregation and coronary
      vasospasm. Endogenous mediators produced by platelets and the vessel wall alter
      platelet function and smooth muscle tone and may be involved in the infarctive
      process. The synthesis and actions of these mediators is largely determined by
      interactions between platelets and the vessel-wall. MI occurs at sites of
      endothelial cell damage where the balance of mediators is shifted in favour of
      aggregation and vasospasm. Therapeutic intervention should aim at restoring the
      balance of mediators, and this will involve manipulation of endothelium-derived
      nitric oxide or its intracellular second messengers.

PMID- 2660917
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the
      cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is of clinical interest as it may be related to some of
      their properties and side-effects. Two types of NSAIDs can be described with
      respect to their concentration and time course in CSF: in the first type, the
      transfer across the blood-brain barrier seems to be controlled by simple physico
      chemical factors. These drugs (oxyphenbutazone, indomethacin, ketoprofen) are
      characterized by a high lipophilicity. At steady state, their free plasma
      concentrations correspond to their CSF concentrations. The second group consists
      of more hydrophilic compounds (salicylates); there is no correlation between
      plasma concentrations and CSF concentration. Further investigation needs to be
      carried out on CNS side-effects and the antialgesic activity of salicylates in
      relation on their CSF distribution.

PMID- 2660918
TI  - Aspirin and prevention of myocardial infarction.
AB  - Determining the cardioprotective effects of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
      remains a focus for both basic science and clinical investigation. Although other
      contributors are probably present, the favorable prostacyclin-to-thromboxane
      ratio induced by low-dose aspirin appears beneficial for reducing cardiovascular
      mortality associated with unstable angina and myocardial infarction. The precise
      dosage, frequency and timing of aspirin's administration to reduce the incidence
      of vaso-occlusive events remains to be determined. This article reviews aspirin's
      mechanism of action and use for the prevention of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2660919
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy and acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Coronary thrombosis and subsequent time-dependent wavefront cardiac muscle
      necrosis are the pathophysiological hallmarks of an acute myocardial infarction.
      Early treatment of the thrombus by intravenous thrombolytic therapy results in a
      major reduction of mortality by salvage of myocardial muscle and preservation of
      left ventricular function. Although the benefit of streptokinase has been best
      documented, second generation thrombolytics (APSAC and rt-PA) are probably
      superior thrombolytic agents. The data on the additive effect of inhibition of
      platelet aggregation with low dose acetylsalicylic acid on degree of thrombolysis
      and mortality after a myocardial infarction are convincing. The reduction in
      mortality brought about by intravenous thrombolytic therapy is highly time
      dependent, so that its application in a patient presenting with an acute
      myocardial infarction must be considered as a race against time.

PMID- 2660920
TI  - Current problems in cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Since our initial orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) in 1968, the first in Europe,
      1130 patients with ages ranging from 1 month to 66 years have been referred to
      us. The cause of irreversible myocardial damage was idiopathic cardiomyopathy in
      74%, ischemic heart disease in 19% and left ventricular failure after valvular
      replacement in 7%. A total of 540 transplantations, 463 orthotopic, 40
      heterotopic and 37 heart-lungs were carried out. Features of the early post
      operative course include temporary (first week) cardiac instability treated by
      isoproterenol. Later complications included rejection (95%) and side-effects of
      immunosuppressive therapy; infection (83%), osteoporosis, malignancy, graft
      atherosclerosis (2%). Cyclosporine (Cy) was responsible for diastolic
      hypertension, renal dysfunction, hirsutism, hyperplasia of the gingiva, hepatic
      dysfunction, and seizures. The survival rate of the Cy-treated patients was 68%
      at 7 years. All survivors have virtually normal social and professional lives,
      included the longest survivor 14 years after the operation. Recently in 34
      patients in acute irreversible cardiac failure and who cannot have a transplant
      in time, we implant a total artificial heart (TAH) type JARVIK 7 during a period
      from 1-150 days. There has been no mechanical failure, hemolysis or thrombo
      embolism and only one right ventricular device malposition; 20 patients died
      before transplantation, 13 were successfully transplanted, 1 is still on the
      artificial heart. Heart transplantation, and TAH used as a bridge to
      transplantation are now an accepted therapeutic means for irreversibly cardiac
      failure in selected patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660921
TI  - Noninvasive assessment of myocardial dysfunction in patients with chronic aortic
      regurgitation.
AB  - Chronic aortic regurgitation may have minimal symptoms until severe myocardial
      dysfunction is apparent. Multiple preoperative indicators of postoperative
      prognosis have been sought. It appears that an elevated left ventricular end
      systolic dimension on echocardiography or elevated end systolic volume on
      radionuclide ventriculography in combination with depressed LV function and
      substantially increased calculated systolic wall stress may present an indicator
      for aortic valve replacement. Response of ejection fraction to stress may not be
      as reproducible, but when combined with a depressed resting ejection fraction may
      also be an indicator for aortic valve replacement. Even patients with severely
      depressed left ventricular ejection fraction may improve with surgery; however,
      the risks of a poor postoperative outcome is substantial increased. Appropriate
      management of a patient with chronic aortic regurgitation requires monitoring of
      multiple parameters during the patient's clinical course for optimal timing of
      valve replacement surgery.

PMID- 2660923
TI  - [The epidermis as a graft].
AB  - Laboratory epidermal autotransplantation was performed on the surface of a full
      thickness skin defect using mongrel female rats. Epidermal graft represented
      suction blister roofs, formed as the result of the donor skin site treatment with
      lowered up to -0.6 kg/cm2 pressure. It contained all epidermal cell layers.
      Following 1, 7 and 28 days after the transplantation recipient bed sites
      containing grafted epidermis were excised and histological study war performed.
      It was demonstrated that epidermal graft received by the method described was
      able to grow as well as to differentiate on the surface of a full-thickness skin
      defect.

PMID- 2660922
TI  - [Effect of bacterial toxins on the mitogen-induced increase of the Ca2+
      concentration in the cytoplasm of rat thymocytes. The role of N proteins].
AB  - The effect of bacterial toxins, modifying the activity of regulatory N proteins
      of adenylate cyclase and probably other systems, on the mitogen-induced changes
      of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) has been studied using Ca2+
      fluorescent probe quin-2. It is shown that treatment of thymocytes with cholera
      toxin, E. coli heat-labile (HL) toxin or pertussis toxin abolishes the
      concanavalin A (con A)-induced rise of [Ca2+]i. The inhibitory effect of cholera
      and HL toxins can be explained by the toxin-induced rise of intracellular cAMP.
      The effect of pertussis toxin indicates the involvement of N proteins in the
      action of con A receptor and in generation of Ca2+-signal during the mitogenic
      activation of thymocytes.

PMID- 2660924
TI  - [Mobility of the structures of live myelinated nerve fibers under the action of
      proteolytic enzymes].

PMID- 2660925
TI  - Translocation of c-abl oncogene and PDGFB (c-sis) gene in a case of CML with
      46,XY, t(22;22).
AB  - In a case of CML with a variant Philadelphia translocation (Ph1 or Ph) t(22;22)
      (q11;q13) in bone marrow cells and unstimulated peripheral blood cells, no
      cytogenetically detectable involvement of chromosome 9 was observed. Southern
      blot experiments using probes specific for bcr and c-sis however revealed
      rearrangement of the bcr, but not of PDGFB (c-sis) gene. Northern blot analysis
      of bone marrow RNA showed a very weak signal with the c-sis probe, while in a
      lymph-node biopsy PDGFB m-RNA could not be detected. Chromosomal in situ
      hybridization gave evidence for translocation of c-abl from chromosome 9 to Ph
      and of PDGFB from chromosome 22 to chromosome 9, as the result of a threefold
      translocation t(9;22;22).

PMID- 2660926
TI  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome in neutropenic leukemia patients.
AB  - Seven episodes of adult respiratory distress syndrome, occurring in leukemic
      patients with longstanding (average 11 days) and severe neutropenia (less than
      0.1 x 10(9)/1) are described. Pathological and clinical data give further support
      to the view that the complement-neutrophil pathway is not the only mechanism in
      generating clinical ARDS in leukemia patients.

PMID- 2660928
TI  - Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals.

PMID- 2660927
TI  - Daunomycin, cytosin-arabinoside and VP-16 (DAV) for myeloid blast crisis of CML.
AB  - Nine patients with myeloid blast crisis of Philadelphia chromosome-positive
      chronic myelocytic leukemia received 1-3 courses of intensive induction
      chemotherapy with DAT (daunomycin, cytosin-arabinoside and 6-thioguanin) or DAV
      (daunomycin, cytosin-arabinoside and VP-16). Eight patients responded with
      clearing of blasts from peripheral blood giving a response rate of 89%. However,
      bone marrow aplasia with less than 5% blasts was seen in only 2 patients. These 2
      patients subsequently received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant and achieved
      complete remissions of 3 and 6 month duration. All patients died due to
      progression of blast crisis. Median survival of the group was 164 days. These
      results were compared to a historical control group of 31 patients with myeloid
      blast crisis treated with vincristine and prednisone. Despite a significantly
      better response rate with DAV or DAT (8 of 9 versus 9 of 31, p = 0.01) survival
      was not significantly different than that of the control group.

PMID- 2660929
TI  - The development of iron chelating drugs.
AB  - Studies over the past few years have shown that it is possible to develop iron
      chelating agents that are active when given by mouth. Such compounds need to have
      a high binding constant for Fe(III) and an intermediate water and lipid
      solubility of both the unliganded compound and the iron complex with a Kpart of
      0.2-1 for the free ligand. Hexadentate ligands would be preferable to bidentate
      compounds but no suitable compounds are available. In order to evaluate such
      compounds, simple cellular and animal screening models have been set up in a
      number of laboratories, and the potential of a new compound can be determined in
      a few weeks. Several groups have produced candidate compounds which are in
      various stages of development. DF is the established iron chelating drug, and the
      production of an orally active pro-drug must be high on the list of further
      developments, although this approach has so far not produced any useful
      compounds. It would appear that, at present, none of the other available
      hydroxamates will be sufficiently orally active or non-toxic to replace DF.
      Similarly, none of the available catecholates is promising enough to warrant
      further development at present. Among the amino carboxylates, although
      specificity may be a problem, the ester derivatives of HBED appear promising but
      have not yet been fully evaluated; this needs to be done before this group is
      discarded. Among the aryl hydrazones, PIH has reached the stage where it has been
      given to humans, but it may not be sufficiently active to be clinically useful.
      In this group there are several further compounds under development. PIB and a
      number of other derivatives need careful investigation before they are discarded,
      while pyridoxal-2-pyrimidyl-ethoxycarbonyl methbromide (PPEM) is in the early
      stages of animal testing and appears quite promising. Too little is known about
      the more recently synthesized hexadentate compounds based on the pyridoxal
      moieties, such as PLED, to judge whether this is a promising approach.
      Unfortunately, the naturally occurring siderophore, desferrithiocin, has proved
      too toxic for further development. Finally, a number of hydroxypyridin-4-ones
      have been synthesized and there are several that appear to be promising. CP20
      (L1), the methyl derivative, has been given to humans, while at least two
      compounds with greater activity and relatively lower animal toxicity are close to
      being introduced. This group of compounds lends itself to the synthesis of a
      large number of derivatives with defined properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2660930
TI  - Biological models for studying iron chelating drugs.
AB  - Experimental models for studying the biological effects of iron chelators range
      from in vitro cell cultures to in vivo models in a variety of animals. Apart from
      screening for chelating efficacy, such models have been useful in providing
      information on the pharmacology of desferrioxamine and a number of other, orally
      effective iron chelators; in the identification of the biological source of iron
      mobilized by such chelators; in defining optimal methods of drug delivery; in
      providing evidence for the ability of iron chelators to prevent or reverse iron
      toxicity; and in exploring the potential usefulness of iron chelating therapy in
      conditions unrelated to iron overload, where iron may fulfil a central role in
      the pathogenesis of disease. Although cell cultures are inexpensive and permit
      the rapid screening of large numbers of new chelating compounds, they may
      overlook alternative sources of chelatable iron, pro-drugs, and orally effective
      compounds. In vivo models provide information on drug toxicity, allow comparison
      of oral versus parenteral efficacy, routes of excretion of chelated iron,
      monitoring of selective interaction with various iron pools, and promotion of the
      excretion of various trace metals. Although iron metabolism in large animals such
      as dogs and monkeys closely resembles that of humans, small animals such as mice
      and rats are usually preferred because of their low cost and ease of handling.
      Thorough knowledge of the pharmacology of iron chelators is a prerequisite for
      their successful therapeutic application. Interaction with a rapidly exchanging,
      intracellular, low molecular weight chelatable iron pool requires a steady supply
      of a drug capable of penetrating the relevant effector cells. The high
      effectiveness of continuous desferrioxamine infusion illustrates this point and
      underlines the need for developing new orally effective iron chelators which, by
      virtue of their slower absorption, would be more suitable for providing a
      continuous supply of circulating drug.

PMID- 2660931
TI  - Desferrioxamine-induced iron excretion in humans.
AB  - Iron excretion in response to DF in humans is dependent upon the degree of iron
      overload, particularly of parenchymal liver cells. However, a number of
      variables, including ascorbate status, erythroid activity and liver disease,
      affect both the amount of iron mobilized and the route by which it is excreted.
      Faecal iron, derived from the bile, appears to arise from intracellular chelation
      of a transit iron pool related to hepatocyte iron stores, whereas urine iron may
      be derived from iron capable of exchanging with plasma transferrin at cell
      membranes of both hepatocytes and macrophages. Faecal iron predominates as iron
      stores return towards normal on regular chelation therapy. An understanding of
      the variables which influence iron excretion allows rational planning of long
      term therapy with DF in patients with iron-loading anaemias. In young children a
      dose of 40-50 mg/kg given on five or six nights a week from the age of about 3
      years is appropriate for prevention of serious iron loading. In older children
      the dose must be carefully tailored (by means of an individual urinary iron
      excretion dose-response curve) to achieve maximum safe chelation of pre-existing
      iron stores. In patients with slower rates of iron loading from excessive
      gastrointestinal iron absorption, intermittent use of DF infusions may be
      sufficient to maintain normal iron stores.

PMID- 2660932
TI  - Results of long-term subcutaneous desferrioxamine therapy.
AB  - Regular subcutaneous desferrioxamine therapy has prolonged the life and reduced
      the incidence of cardiac, endocrine and liver complications of iron overload in
      patients with thalassaemia major and other refractory transfusion-dependent
      anaemias. Its full impact will be apparent only when patients who began this
      treatment as children 10 years ago reach adult life. The major problems with s.c.
      DF therapy are its cost and the difficulty of patient compliance with a painful
      and cumbersome method of administration. Attempts to maintain normal iron stores
      in these patients has resulted in significant toxicity caused by the excessive
      use of DF. Although recent studies have shown that long-term subcutaneous calcium
      diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (Ca-DTPA) can be used as an effective
      alternative to s.c. DF (Wonke et al, 1988), this treatment presents additional
      potential problems of zinc depletion which can be prevented only by careful
      management. The prospects of an inexpensive, orally active iron chelator are now
      real (Kontoghiorghes and Hoffbrand, 1988) and it is to be hoped that long-term
      results at least as good as those with s.c. DF will be achievable. Such oral
      chelators may be available to a far wider group of patients, than s.c. DF, and
      the problems of cost and compliance may be diminished.

PMID- 2660933
TI  - Diagnosis and clinical evaluation of iron overload.
AB  - Diagnostic evaluation of the various forms of iron overload requires information
      about the total amount and distribution of iron stores. Direct information on the
      quantity of storage iron can be obtained only by its mobilization in response to
      repeated phlebotomy or after dilution of a labelled iron test dose in the total
      body iron pool. Both approaches are cumbersome and time-consuming and are
      suitable only for research purposes. Detailed information on the amount and
      distribution of tissue iron in iron overload can be obtained from biopsy
      specimens of the major iron storage organs such as the liver and bone marrow.
      However, the invasive nature of these procedures limits their clinical
      usefulness. Indirect measures, such as serum iron concentration, TIBC saturation,
      serum ferritin, chelate-induced urinary iron excretion or intestinal iron
      absorption, and ferrokinetic measurements may provide useful information on the
      amount of total body iron reserve. However, they all have important limitations
      in their diagnostic use for evaluating iron overload. The most suitable indirect
      storage iron index among these methods is the ferritin assay, which has a well
      established place in the diagnosis of iron overload and monitoring of the effect
      of therapy. Recent developments in physical methods such as CT, SQUID and NMR
      have significantly improved the applicability of these techniques for non
      invasive measurement of liver iron. It is expected that quantitative measurement
      of hepatic iron stores will soon be integrated into the diagnostic procedures
      available by imaging techniques such as CT and NMR. In combination with screening
      parameters such as serum ferritin and TIBC saturation these new but expensive
      diagnostic tools may simplify and shorten the diagnostic process and may also be
      useful for monitoring the treatment of iron overload by phlebotomy or chelating
      drugs.

PMID- 2660934
TI  - Modification of disease by preventing free radical formation: a new concept in
      pharmacological intervention.
AB  - There is considerable clinical and both in vivo and in vitro experimental
      evidence that toxic oxygen radicals contribute to the development of tissue
      injury associated with the inflammatory response. There is also strong evidence
      that cell injury caused by activation of phagocytic cells is iron dependent.
      Several of the clinical studies and in vivo and in vitro experimental models
      supporting these conclusions and suggesting mechanisms through which iron may
      participate in inflammation are discussed.

PMID- 2660935
TI  - The clinical manifestations of chronic iron overload.
AB  - Primary or genetic haemochromatosis is an inherited disease characterized by an
      inappropriate degree of iron absorption with accumulation of excessive amounts of
      tissue iron. Parenchymal iron accumulation results in the typical clinical
      features of the disease including hepatic cirrhosis, diabetes, testicular atrophy
      and skin pigmentation. The disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
      The gene for the disease has not been identified but is tightly linked to the A
      locus of the histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6. The approximate
      homozygote frequency in Caucasians is 0.3% with an equal sex ratio. Excessive
      body iron stores have been described in a number of other conditions,
      particularly alcoholic liver disease. There is increasing evidence that many of
      these individuals are in fact also suffering from genetic haemochromatosis.
      Diagnostic tests including serum iron, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin and
      liver iron concentration make it possible to detect sufferers of the disease.
      Screening relatives of affected individuals with these tests allows a diagnosis
      to be made before permanent tissue damage has occurred. Removal of excess iron
      stores by repeated phlebotomy is the primary treatment. If iron is removed before
      significant tissue damage has occurred, the complications and natural course of
      the disease will be prevented provided reaccumulation of iron does not occur.
      Excessive iron accumulation with resultant organ damage also occurs in anaemias
      associated with ineffective erythropoiesis and after excessive parenteral iron
      administration or repeated blood transfusions. Similar clinical features may be
      seen. Chelation therapy is the mainstay of treatment in these cases where long
      term venesection is not possible.

PMID- 2660936
TI  - Iron and infection.

PMID- 2660937
TI  - The toxic effects of desferrioxamine.
AB  - DF has a low general toxicity, perhaps because of its low lipid solubility, Kpart
      0.01 (Porter et al, 1988b). This feature of the molecule may prevent it from
      penetrating most cells of the body. It appears that there may be a specific
      mechanism of uptake of the drug by hepatocytes (Porter et al, 1987), making the
      iron in these cells available for excretion via the bile, while the iron excreted
      in the urine may all come from extracellular chelation, particularly when iron
      leaves the reticuloendothelial cells (Hershko et al, 1978). On this hypothesis,
      cellular toxicity occurs only when DF penetrates sensitive cells in sufficient
      amounts so that some free DF remains after all the available iron in such cells
      has been chelated. Such a hypothesis accounts for the protection of cells by iron
      overload and therefore the greater sensitivity of unloaded patients. The retina
      and central nervous system are further protected by the blood-retinal or blood
      brain barrier, and increased penetration of this barrier, mediated by high peak
      levels of DF, by drugs or other diseases would lead to the retinal or neurotoxic
      effects seen. In the ear, high levels of unliganded DF for a period of time may
      be necessary to cause deafness. Thus the very property that prevents its oral
      activity may be part of the reason for the low toxicity of DF. The severe toxic
      effects on vision, hearing and growth are all more likely at higher doses of DF
      and there appears to be partial protection against them by iron overload. These
      two conclusions have to be taken into account when deciding on the appropriate
      dosage for each patient. With care, the dosage can be adjusted to remove enough
      iron to prevent iron accumulation and therefore its toxic effects, whilst keeping
      doses low enough to prevent DF from being toxic itself. It appears that even in
      very iron-overloaded patients dosages higher than 125 mg kg-1 day-1 may cause
      visual disturbances and should be avoided. In patients on renal dialysis with
      aluminium toxicity great care is needed to avoid retinal toxicity even with
      dosages as low as 50 mg kg-1 day-1, although the drug should not be withheld if
      clinically indicated. The administration of DF to renal dialysis patients is
      described by Pogglitsch et al (1981, 1983), Pacitti et al (1983), Ihle et al
      (1986) and Molitoris et al (1987). DF should not be given to patients unless
      there is a clearly established clinical indication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2660938
TI  - Ultrastructural pathology of iron overload.
AB  - The study of the ultrastructural changes in the iron-laden organism has indicated
      the presence of a number of 'defensive' features, best understood if examined
      according to a concept of biological levels. At the molecular level, the main
      features are: the increased capacity of cells to bind toxic, inorganic iron to a
      specific storage protein, apoferritin, which becomes visible due to its iron
      containing, electron-opaque core; since iron itself is involved in the de
      repression of apoferritin synthesis, the number of assembled ferritin molecules
      depends on the amount of unbound iron present in the cell; there is a maximal,
      cell line-specific concentration of cytosolic ferritin; ferritin particles have a
      variable iron content, with richer molecules having a tendency to form clusters.
      At the cellular level, the transport of ferritin into the lysosomal compartment
      with formation of ferritin and haemosiderin-containing siderosomes enables
      further segregation of iron and permits cell survival even in the new steady
      state of cytosiderosis. When siderosomes increase beyond a cell line-specific
      concentration, signs of organelle alteration followed by cellular death are
      noted. At the tissue level, the contributory ultrastructural observations include
      finding of early intercellular fibrosis, atypical (amorphous) iron deposition, as
      well as the accessibility of a detailed assessment of iron distribution in
      various cell types, i.e. endothelium, parenchymal cells, RE cells. The
      ultrastructural study of material obtained from human subjects with various
      stages of iron overload and of experimental animals facilitates the understanding
      of the process of iron overload itself and of the ensuing cellular damage. The
      recent emphasis on iron as a putative contributory factor in infections, as well
      as its role in neoplasia, has provided new directions for research, both clinical
      and experimental. Ultrastructural observations, combined with biochemical,
      immunological and biophysical investigations, are mandatory for providing answers
      to the numerous pending questions related to iron metabolism. Sequential electron
      microscopic studies of iron-laden cells enable the evaluation of chelating agents
      in either clinical or experimental conditions.

PMID- 2660939
TI  - [Research on the molecular basis of neoplasms: malignant melanoma as an example].
AB  - Knowledge about genetic alterations occurring in human tumors has dramatically
      increased following the development of cytogenetic and molecular techniques.
      Various alterations have been characterized: chromosomal damages, oncogene
      activations, loss of genetic material. Some of those alterations, such as c-abl
      rearrangements in certain leukemias, are characteristic of a certain type of
      malignancy. However, in most tumors, no such correlation has been demonstrated.
      We review here the genetic alterations discovered in human malignant melanomas.

PMID- 2660940
TI  - [Primary cerebral tumors in children. II: Topography and treatment].
AB  - In part I of this article, we reviewed the general aspects of childhood brain
      tumors. In part II, we present the most common neoplasms and their treatment. The
      quality of the surgical resection appears to be of first importance in the
      prognosis. Progress in radiotherapy and chemotherapy have contributed to the
      improvement of long-term results. However, they are responsible of late
      deleterious effects. Further progress in therapy must be assessed with in view a
      critical evaluation of the quality of life.

PMID- 2660941
TI  - [Intracranial localization of Hodgkin's disease. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - Intracranial localizations of Hodgkin's disease (HD) are uncommon. We report on 2
      patients with HD who presented with an intracranial relapse. We discuss 1) the
      pathogenesis of those rare recurrences; 2) the therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 2660942
TI  - [Enzymo-immunoassay of progesterone receptors in human breast lesions and tumors.
      Comparison with a biochemical method].
AB  - The determination of progesterone receptors (RP) was performed on 80 benign and
      malignant human breast tumors with a single saturating dose method (10 nM) using
      dextran-coated charcoal (PR-Bio) and an enzymo-immunoassay (PgR-EIA). There was a
      significant correlation between the 2 methods qualitatively (P less than 0.001)
      and quantitatively (r = 0.79). However the results were significantly higher
      using the PgR-EIA method than the PR-Bio method (P = 0.04) with a regression line
      Y = 0.81 x +0.58.

PMID- 2660943
TI  - Rheumatic fever in the 1980s.

PMID- 2660944
TI  - The production of chromosome structural changes by radiation: an update of Lea
      (1946), Chapter VI.

PMID- 2660945
TI  - Comparison of techniques for thallium-201-technetium-99m parathyroid imaging.
AB  - It is impracticable to compare the variety of techniques advocated for thallium
      technetium (Tl-Tc) subtraction parathyroid imaging by repeated studies in
      patients. We therefore carried out studies using a phantom assembly to simulate
      thyroid and parathyroid in the neck, containing activities of 99Tcm and 201Tl
      similar to those likely to be present in patient imaging. An initial study of
      imaging protocol confirmed that correction for scatter from 99Tcm in the 201Tl
      window usefully improved the image. After making a preliminary selection of gamma
      cameras and collimators it was found that the GE Maxicamera 400T just visualized
      the 0.3 g "parathyroid" in a 5 min image with the pinhole collimator and 6 mm
      insert (A). It performed slightly less well with the HR converging collimator (B)
      and only marginally better with the 4 mm insert (C), but this is unduly slow
      unless it is placed close enough to limit the field of view unacceptably. The
      Siemens Orbiter 75 ZLC with special thyroid collimator (D) gave results similar
      to (A), is convenient for positioning the patient and is very suitable for
      parathyroid imaging.

PMID- 2660946
TI  - Current indications for elective peptic ulcer surgery.

PMID- 2660947
TI  - Adjuvant multimodality treatment of rectal cancer.
AB  - It has long been recognized that curative surgery as the sole treatment for
      rectal cancer yields disappointing results. There is now a growing body of
      evidence from prospective randomized clinical trials to support the role of
      adjuvant therapy for patients whose primary tumour has spread through the rectal
      wall or has associated lymph node involvement. Carefully planned radiation
      therapy with adequate doses and fields can reduce the risk of locoregional
      failure. Chemotherapeutic agents delivered either systemically or regionally may
      also contribute to better disease control and survival. A number of diagnostic
      and therapeutic issues still need to be addressed in order to use the available
      adjuvant treatment methods most appropriately. Efforts to refine patient
      selection, to enhance therapeutic effect and to minimize toxicity are likely to
      improve the outlook for patients with resectable rectal cancer.

PMID- 2660948
TI  - General practice-based population screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: a
      pilot study.
AB  - All 1195 male patients aged between 65 and 74 years on the Family Practitioner
      Committee register for the four group practices in Stroud, UK were invited for a
      health screening check. The examinations included abdominal ultrasonography to
      measure maximum aortic diameter, measurement of blood pressure and recording of
      smoking habits. An attendance rate of 76 per cent was achieved (906 patients).
      Seventy-one patients (7.8 per cent) were found to have aortic diameters greater
      than 2.5 cm and 14 (1.5 per cent) had aortic diameters greater than 4.0 cm.
      Aneurysms were more common in smokers and in hypertensive patients. However,
      restriction of screening to patients with these risk factors would have led to a
      number of aneurysms remaining undiscovered. We recommend therefore that
      ultrasound screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms should be offered to all men
      between the ages of 65 and 74 years.

PMID- 2660949
TI  - Intra-abdominal lymphangioma.
AB  - The historical background, aetiology, clinical features, radiographic findings
      and treatment of abdominal lymphangiomas are reviewed. The condition may give
      rise to the acute surgical abdomen.

PMID- 2660950
TI  - Yersinia infections in surgical practice.
AB  - This article reviews the clinical manifestations of Yersinia bacteria emphasizing
      their recent rise in incidence and describing how Yersinia infection presents to
      the general surgeon. Geographical variations, patterns of disease, pathogenicity
      and the problems in diagnosis and management are discussed. This common but often
      unrecognized infection is usually self-limiting but the very young, the very old
      and the immunocompromised are at greater risk and prompt treatment is required to
      save lives.

PMID- 2660951
TI  - Loss of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat
      brain following in vitro polytron homogenization.
AB  - The receptor specific binding of [3H]SCH23390 and [3H]spiperone to rat striatal
      membranes and [3H]QNB to rat cortical membranes was significantly reduced if the
      membrane suspensions were subjected to polytron homogenization. The degree of
      loss of the binding sites was a function of the polytron speed (setting) and the
      length of time of homogenization. Although the loss of binding sites could be
      reduced by maintaining a cold temperature of the tissue suspension during
      polytron homogenization, significant loss of binding sites could not be
      prevented. As many as 75% of the binding sites could be lost following polytron
      homogenization under the conditions employed in the present experiments. However,
      no significant change in the affinity of the remaining binding sites was
      observed. The loss of binding sites is not likely due to small tissue fragments
      passing through the filters. Care should be taken during tissue homogenization
      using a polytron or similar equipment to ensure that loss of receptor binding
      sites is minimized or remains constant between individual samples.

PMID- 2660952
TI  - Profile of NE, DA and 5-HT activity shifts in medial hypothalamus perfused by 2
      DG and insulin in the sated or fasted rat.
AB  - This study was carried out in the unrestrained rat to determine the nature of the
      in vivo profile of monoamine neurotransmitters within the medial hypothalamus in
      response to the presence of a glucoprivic or metabolic challenge to neurons
      within this region. In these experiments, insulin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) was
      applied locally to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), dorsomedial nucleus (DMN)
      and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). In each of 11 Sprague-Dawley rats, a guide
      cannula was implanted stereotaxically to rest just above these structures. Upon
      recovery, a concentric push-pull cannula system was used to perfuse an artificial
      CSF within a medial hypothalamic site. The CSF was perfused at a rate of 20
      microliters/min with a 5.0 min interval intervening between the collection of
      each 100 microliters sample. After the rat was fasted for 20-22 hr, either 10
      micrograms/microliters 2-DG or 4.0 mU/microliters of insulin was incorporated
      into the control CSF medium and perfused at the same locus. The aliquots of
      hypothalamic perfusate were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography
      with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) for the respective concentration in
      pg/microliter of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and each of
      their major metabolic products. When the rat was sated, 2-DG enhanced
      significantly the mean efflux of NE from the medial hypothalamus in comparison to
      control CSF values. However, under the fasted condition, 2-DG augmented the
      turnover of both the catecholamine and 5-HT as reflected by elevated levels of
      MHPG and 5-HIAA, respectively. On the other hand, insulin perfused within the
      same medial hypothalamic sites evoked a significant increase in the synthesis and
      release of DA from the sated rat, but did not alter its turnover. Following the
      interval of fast, insulin produced no immediate alteration in transmitter
      activity; however, in the interval following insulin's perfusion, DA and 5-HT
      turnover were enhanced while the efflux of 5-HT was suppressed. An analysis of
      the proportional values of the levels of the amines to each other revealed marked
      shifts in the relationships between the catechol- and indoleamine transmitters
      following local perfusion with both 2-DG and insulin. Overall, NE synthesis and
      turnover exceeded that of 5-HT following 2-DG, whereas DA predominated over NE
      and 5-HT during insulin's perfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2660953
TI  - Carboplatin.

PMID- 2660954
TI  - Chemotherapy of gastric cancer.
AB  - Overall, gastric cancer appears to be the most chemotherapy-responsive
      gastrointestinal neoplasm. A number of single agents have been demonstrated to
      produce partial responses and combination chemotherapy produces response rates of
      30-50% with some complete responses. Completed and ongoing adjuvant studies,
      employing multiple drug regimens have not demonstrated convincing evidence of
      survival advantage. Combined modality treatment appears to offer an advantage for
      patients with small amounts of local or regional disease. Intraoperative
      radiation therapy may also be useful, although initial uncontrolled studies
      require confirmation. Clearly, there is a need for new agents with higher
      response rates to be used in combination and/or with other therapeutic
      modalities. The timing of chemotherapy needs to be addressed with earlier
      postoperative initiation of therapy or preoperative chemotherapy. Lastly, the
      areas of pharmacologic modulation of chemotherapy and biological response
      modification need to be explored in the treatment of this disease.

PMID- 2660955
TI  - Antibodies to human milk fat globule molecules.

PMID- 2660956
TI  - Chromosome changes in soft tissue tumors: benign and malignant.

PMID- 2660957
TI  - Pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis: a review.
AB  - Vasculitis is a clinical-pathological process characterized by inflammation and
      necrosis of blood vessels. It has been effectively classified by Fauci.
      Granulomatosis in the lung may be angiocentric or bronchocentric in distribution.
      The angiocentric forms of granulomatosis and vasculitis include Wegener's
      granulomatosis, allergic angiitis and granulomatosis of Churg and Strauss,
      lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis. Wegener's
      granulomatosis is a well-defined syndrome characterized by necrotizing
      granulomatous vasculitis of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, segmental
      necrotizing glomerulonephritis, and systemic small vessel vasculitis. Allergic
      angiitis and granulomatosis is a less common multisystem vasculitis with many
      features similar to polyarteritis nodosa. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is an
      angiocentric and angiodestructive lymphoreticular proliferative and granulomatous
      disease involving predominantly the lungs and resembling lymphoma. Necrotizing
      sarcoid granulomatosis is probably a variant of sarcoidosis in which an angiitis
      is a prominent feature. Because the radiology of these diseases can be similar,
      their important differences are highlighted. The appearance of multiple nodules,
      often with cavities, and pleural-based consolidations resembling pulmonary
      infarcts should suggest pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis, especially if
      improvement occurs in one area while disease is progressing elsewhere.
      Bronchocentric granulomatosis is not a primary vasculitis but is discussed
      because of its similarity to the other diseases.

PMID- 2660959
TI  - Duplex ultrasonography of the fetal aorta, umbilical artery, and placental
      arcuate artery throughout normal human pregnancy.
AB  - A cross-sectional duplex study of blood flow in the fetal aorta, umbilical
      artery, and arcuate arteries of 111 normal subjects was performed once at between
      20 and 42 weeks gestation. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, mean
      velocity, and volume flow were measured in the fetal aorta, and systolic to
      diastolic (S/D) ratios were measured in all three vessels. Velocities show an
      inverse exponential (Y = Exp [1/X x B + C]) increase with gestational age,
      reaching a plateau just before term, while S/D ratios in the aorta and umbilical
      arteries show a linear decrease. Such findings are at variance with some
      published data. Our results suggest a reduction in fetal placental resistance at
      term and provide useful data concerning normal fetal and placental circulations.

PMID- 2660958
TI  - Ascending lower limb phlebography: comparison of ioversol and iothalamate
      meglumine.
AB  - Fifty patients undergoing ascending phlebography of a lower limb were evaluated,
      in a randomized double-blind fashion, to compare the efficacy, patient tolerance,
      and safety of two different contrast agents. Ioversol-240 (MP-238), a new
      nonionic agent, and iothalamate-202 (Conray 43), an established ionic agent, were
      the contrast agents used. Twenty-five patients were injected with iothalamate and
      25 with ioversol. The phlebograms were evaluated for diagnostic quality and the
      patients for symptoms, with special reference to complaints of heat and pain. No
      significant difference was demonstrated between the two agents in either
      examination quality or patient tolerance. No major contrast-related reactions
      were recorded. We conclude that ioversol-240 appears to be a safe and acceptable
      alternative to iothalamate-202.

PMID- 2660960
TI  - Oblique projections in aortography following blunt thoracic trauma.
AB  - We report a patient with innominate artery false-aneurysm formation following
      blunt trauma to the thorax. Aortography in the standard anteroposterior and left
      anterior oblique (LAO) projections failed to delineate the injury. Its true
      extent was only demonstrable in the right anterior oblique (RAO) projection. When
      the clinical history and a chest radiograph suggest a high likelihood of injury
      to the aorta or great vessels, routine aortography may need to be performed in
      both the LAO and RAO projections.

PMID- 2660961
TI  - Leiomyoma of the testis: sonographic and pathologic findings.
AB  - This is the first report of an intratesticular leiomyoma. On ultrasonography the
      lesion was hypoechoic, indistinguishable from a malignant testicular neoplasm,
      but similar in appearance to other leiomyomas occurring elsewhere in the body.

PMID- 2660962
TI  - [Characteristics of anesthesia in children with cardiomyopathies subjected to a
      non-cardiac intervention].

PMID- 2660963
TI  - [Isoflurane-induced hypotension during spinal arthrodesis in the adolescent].

PMID- 2660964
TI  - [Post-transfusional AIDS: which solution should be chosen?].

PMID- 2660965
TI  - [Anesthesia and resuscitation in surgery of pheochromocytoma].

PMID- 2660966
TI  - Basophil mast cell and eosinophil growth and differentiation factors in human
      allergic disease.

PMID- 2660967
TI  - Defence against allergic sensitization in the healthy lung: the role of
      inhalation tolerance.
AB  - Experimental animal studies indicate that under normal steady-state conditions,
      initial encounters with non-pathogenic antigens (i.e. inert proteins, such as
      pollens) do not trigger immune responses, but instead activate antigen-specific
      suppressor T cells which protect against subsequent allergic sensitization by
      inducing a state of immunological tolerance towards the inhaled antigen. This
      inhalation tolerance phenomenon appears analogous to the more familiar process of
      oral tolerance in the gastrointestinal tract, and is proposed to serve as the
      'last line of defence' against sensitization to aero-allergens which have evaded
      other levels of containment in the respiratory tract. It is postulated that this
      tolerance process plays a similar protective role in man, as the final component
      of a multi-layer defence system centering upon the respiratory epithelium. Recent
      findings which indicate that both oral and inhalation tolerance mechanisms are
      relatively slow to develop postnatally, provides a possible basis for the
      increased risk of allergic sensitization recognized in infancy.

PMID- 2660968
TI  - Genetics of atopy.

PMID- 2660969
TI  - The incidence of IgE and IgG antibodies to chlorhexidine.
AB  - IgE antibodies to the antiseptic agent chlorhexidine have recently been detected
      in the majority of sera from a small group of predominantly Japanese individuals
      showing anaphylactic-type adverse reactions towards chlorhexidine. In this study
      the prevalence of IgE and IgG antibodies with specificity for chlorhexidine was
      investigated in groups of Japanese and British individuals. The RAST data, using
      a better defined semi-chlorhexidine-HSA antigen than previously employed,
      revealed that chlorhexidine-specific IgE was only detected in Japanese
      individuals who had experienced anaphylactic-type reactions and was not detected
      in groups of Japanese nurses and patients, or in groups of British nurses and
      hospital staff, all in regular contact with chlorhexidine. A group of British
      blood donors was also negative. In contrast, IgG antibodies were detected not
      only in sera from chlorhexidine-sensitive Japanese patients, but also in several
      sera from Japanese nurses, non-sensitive Japanese patients and several British
      individuals. The possible reasons for these observations are discussed.

PMID- 2660970
TI  - Reduction of increased serum neutrophil chemotactic activity following effective
      hyposensitization in house dust mite allergy.
AB  - Changes in the level of serum neutrophil chemotactic activity (S-NCA) were
      investigated in 20 subjects with allergic rhinitis, with or without asthma,
      undergoing clinically effective hyposensitization to house dust mite with
      Pharmalgen Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Two control groups were studied: 28
      subjects with allergic rhinitis, with or without asthma, receiving placebo
      injections for 1 yr in a double-blind controlled trial with Pharmalgen D.
      pteronyssinus (from whom the actively treated group in this study were
      recruited), and eight non-atopic asymptomatic controls. S-NCA and serum IgE
      specific to D. pteronyssinus were measured in the subjects before, during (3-6
      months) and 12 months after treatment, and once in the non-atopic controls. The
      mean S-NCA was significantly higher (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.001) in
      subjects before treatment (mean +/- s.e. = 63.8 +/- 3.6 arbitrary units of
      migration (AUM] compared with the non-atopic controls (48.5 +/- 3.7 AUM), but had
      fallen to normal levels after 6 months (46.8 +/- 4.0 AUM) and 12 months treatment
      (45.2 +/- 3.8 AUM). The levels of S-NCA in the placebo treated group were
      significantly higher than normal at the start of treatment (69.2 +/- 4.1) and
      remained raised throughout the 12 months treatment. In the actively treated
      group, the level of S-NCA had fallen in 18 out of 19 subjects after 12 months
      immunotherapy, and was unaltered in one. Mean levels of D. pteronyssinus IgE rose
      during the first 6 months and declined to initial levels by the end of the
      treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660971
TI  - Exercise in the tertiary prevention of ischemic heart disease: experimental
      proof.
AB  - Factors hampering experimental demonstration of the value of physical activity in
      decreasing the cardiac mortality rate after myocardial infarction are shown to
      include (1) inter-individual differences in disease severity, (2) secular changes
      in 'standard' therapy, (3) variations in the prescribed exercise with respect to
      time of initiation, frequency, intensity and duration of effort, level and
      duration of supervised programming, (4) incidental influences of group therapy,
      (5) poor compliance of test subjects and a contamination of control subjects, (6)
      selective referral of a low-risk sample of patients, and (7) an insufficient
      sample size. Because of practical difficulties in organizing a controlled trial,
      many early reports were based on non-randomized comparisons between programs.
      While such studies appeared to suggest a substantial advantage to those who were
      exercised, factors of patient selection cannot be ruled out. Randomized
      controlled trials using samples of up to 750 patients have generally shown a
      small (around 20%) and statistically insignificant decrease of mortality in
      exercised populations relative to controls. When available information from the
      10-12 major trials has been combined, using various techniques of meta-analysis,
      the benefit from exercise has become statistically significant. The implication
      seems that if a patient begins and continues a program of endurance exercise, the
      lifespan may be increased by an average of some two years, at the cost of a
      considerable involvement in exercise classes. While this is a useful gain of
      longevity, an improved quality of life seem more important reason for advocating
      exercise to the post-coronary patient.

PMID- 2660972
TI  - Spontaneous abortion.
AB  - As a result of improved investigation and treatment techniques, understanding of
      all aspects of spontaneous abortion has improved. The term "threatened abortion"
      is often a misnomer, for the fate of the pregnancy is decided when bleeding
      occurs. A dilated cervix indicates that abortion is inevitable. If the cervix is
      not dilated, pelvic ultrasonography will usually show the following: a live
      fetus, an anembryonic pregnancy, incomplete abortion or missed abortion. If fetal
      heart movement is seen, no further treatment is needed and the prognosis is
      excellent (98% fetal survival). In other cases, the uterus must be evacuated,
      with a Karman catheter if the uterus is small, with a suction curette if the
      uterus is large. Forceful dilation of the cervix is avoided through the use of
      Laminaria.

PMID- 2660973
TI  - Is neomycin necessary for bowel preparation in surgery of the colon? Oral
      neomycin plus erythromycin versus erythromycin-metronidazole.
AB  - In 132 patients who underwent elective surgery of the colon, the value of bowel
      preparation with a conventional oral antibiotic preparation of neomycin
      erythromycin (N-E) was compared with erythromycin-metronidazole (E-M). Of 125
      patients who were available for assessment, 61 received N-E and 64 E-M. The two
      groups were evenly matched. Two wound infections occurred in patients receiving E
      M, neither due to anaerobic bacteria, but seven wound infections developed in
      patients given N-E (p = 0.057), five of them caused by anaerobic bacteria.
      Anaerobic bacteria of the colon are the dominant cause of postoperative wound
      infection in elective surgery of the colon. Adequate antibiotic preparation
      directed against these bacteria makes the use of neomycin unnecessary.

PMID- 2660974
TI  - Transrectal fine-needle aspiration and truecut needle biopsy of the prostate: a
      blinded comparison of accuracy.
AB  - Transrectal needle aspiration biopsy and core biopsy of the prostate were
      performed simultaneously on 88 men with prostatic nodules. Cytologic and
      histologic assessments were made in a blinded, independent fashion, and the
      results were compared. All patients with positive findings on aspiration also had
      positive findings on core biopsy, for a positive predictive value for aspiration
      of 100%. However, five negative and six "insufficient" results obtained by
      aspiration were positive on core biopsy, for a negative predictive value for
      aspiration of 88%. This experience support the use of needle aspiration as an
      initial diagnostic maneuver in the assessment of prostatic nodules.

PMID- 2660975
TI  - Hepatic portal venous gas in adults: importance of ultrasonography in early
      diagnosis and survival.
AB  - Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) is an ominous radiologic sign and indicates the
      need for urgent surgical intervention. The causes are varied, but the commonest
      and most serious is infarcted bowel. Because HPVG is difficult to detect on plain
      abdominal x-ray films, more reliable methods have been sought. The authors
      describe the case of a 31-year-old man to illustrate the need for and benefit of
      early detection of HPVG using ultrasonography, which was instrumental in the
      survival of the patient.

PMID- 2660976
TI  - An appraisal of the DSM-III system.
AB  - DSM-III is a major document in the history of psychiatry. The DSM-III system is
      here seen as an instrument that promotes the scientific development of psychiatry
      and the clarity of communication among psychiatrists. However a major theme of
      this review is that reliability does not ensure validity. While making this point
      it is recognized that the major defects in the DSM-III system result from
      scientific inadequacies inherent in present day psychiatry. This review also may
      be taken as an amplification of the statement in DSM-III-R that it is not a
      textbook. In particular the data required to arrive at diagnoses in the DSM-III
      system do not provide sufficient information to arrive at a comprehensive
      biopsychosocial case formulation, a shortcoming that has relevance for teaching
      and clinical practice.

PMID- 2660977
TI  - Family therapy: critique from a feminist perspective.
AB  - Family therapy is a powerful modality which, all too often, is used without
      awareness of its possible constricting, or even crippling, effects. Textbooks and
      articles about family therapy focus soley or mainly on the family system alone,
      thus obscuring the influence of school, workplace, neighborhood, peer group,
      class, race and sex. Theorists, who are predominantly male, have developed rigid
      and mechanical concepts which encourage formulations encompassing the family
      system alone. Power inequalities between men and women are ignored and socially
      programmed sex roles are reflected and reinforced by theory and practice. Thus
      family therapy may function to locate and contain, within the family,
      difficulties and distress derived from stresses outside the family. The negative
      effects of traditional sex roles on emotional growth, sexuality and the
      development of mutually gratifying male-female relationships are never dealt
      with. As a result, family therapy may contribute to men's straitjacketing and
      women's oppression. To fulfill its promise, family therapy research and teaching
      must move beyond shortsighted and narrowly conceptualized theories which could
      damage, rather than heal, families who are suffering.

PMID- 2660978
TI  - Psychiatry and chronic pain.
AB  - Pain and chronic pain have been defined by the International Association for the
      Study of Pain. Psychological mechanisms are recognized in the production of pain,
      but their importance has probably been overstated. Selection factors have not
      been attended to sufficiently, and traditional methods which have been relied
      upon for the diagnosis of hysterical pain have been misleading. Much emotional
      change seen with pain is a consequence of the physical disorder. Types of
      illness, seen by psychiatrists working with patients in pain, are described, and
      brief comments offered on their management.

PMID- 2660979
TI  - Immunocytochemical analysis of O6-alkylguanine shows tissue specific formation in
      and removal from esophageal and liver DNA in rats treated with
      methylbenzylnitrosamine, dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine and
      ethylnitrosourea.
AB  - The formation and repair of carcinogen-DNA adducts in esophagus and liver of rats
      treated with a single i.p. dose of methylbenzylnitrosamine (MBN),
      dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or ethylnitrosourea (ENU) has
      been studied using peroxidase immunocytochemistry to visualize O6-alkylguanine in
      DNA of individual cells. After MBN O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) specific nuclear
      staining was only present in the target tissue for tumor induction, the
      esophageal epithelium. Part of the adducts persisted for at least 72 h. No O6-MeG
      could be detected in liver. DEN, a carcinogen in liver and esophagus, led to DNA
      modification of esophageal epithelial cells, and liver parenchymal and non
      parenchymal (Kupffer and sinusoidal) cells of the centrilobular area. O6-EtG was
      removed within 72 h from both liver cell populations. A similar distribution of
      adduct (O6-MeG) formation was observed in liver after the hepatocarcinogen DMN,
      but this nitrosamine did not detectably modify esophageal cells. O6-MeG persisted
      in Kupffer and especially sinusoidal lining cells of liver, consistent with the
      induction of sarcomas by DMN. The relatively unspecific, directly alkylating
      carcinogen ENU modified DNA of all cell types to a similar extent. A qualitative
      correlation was obtained between the tissue specific ability to induce tumors and
      the formation of O6-alkylguanine (O6-alkylG). Our experiments support the
      hypothesis that DNA modification is necessary for the initiation of
      carcinogenesis by chemical carcinogens, and that a low capacity to repair
      promutagenic lesions, like O6-alkylG, potentiates this process.

PMID- 2660980
TI  - Oncogenes, antioncogenes, and the molecular bases of multistep carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2660981
TI  - Altered expression of retrovirus-like sequences and cellular oncogenes in mice
      fed methyl-deficient diets.
AB  - Methyl-deficient (lipotrope-deficient) diets enhance liver carcinogenesis in
      rodents. Although the mechanisms responsible for the cancer-promoting activity of
      such diets have not been identified, they have been observed to cause impaired
      immune response, alterations in methylation of liver RNA and DNA, and enhanced
      susceptibility to oxidative damage. Since alterations in gene expression may also
      play a critical role, the present studies examined the expression of the c-myc, c
      H-ras, epidermal growth factor receptor, and ornithine decarboxylase genes, as
      well as endogenous retrovirus-like sequences, in C57BL/6J x C3H/HeJ F1 mouse
      liver during the first 2 weeks of feeding of a methyl-deficient diet. The
      kinetics of liver cell proliferation was investigated in parallel. Increased
      [3H]thymidine incorporation into liver DNA was found at day 4 and reached a
      maximum at days 7-11 after commencement of the methyl-deficient diet, when
      compared to age-matched mice fed a complete diet. Northern blot analysis of
      polyadenylated liver RNA samples indicated an increase in the levels of RNA
      homologous to Moloney murine leukemia virus and intracisternal A particle
      sequences but no significant change in the level of VL30 retrovirus-related RNA
      in the samples from mice fed methyl-deficient diets. A marked increase in the
      levels of c-myc and a slight increase in the levels of ornithine decarboxylase
      and c-H-ras transcripts were seen in the liver RNA samples from the treated mice.
      Of particular interest was a decrease in the abundance of epidermal growth factor
      receptor transcripts in the liver RNA samples from the treated mice. These
      changes in cellular levels of specific RNA resemble, in several respects, those
      we have previously described in rodent liver during regeneration and tumor
      promotion and also those seen in rodent hepatomas. They may reflect, therefore, a
      common profile of gene expression relevant to cell proliferation.

PMID- 2660982
TI  - Reversible suppression of c-myc expression in a human colon carcinoma line by the
      anticancer agent N-methylformamide.
AB  - The anticancer agent N-methylformamide (NMF), which at high concentrations (170
      mM) induces cultured DLD-1 Clone A human colon carcinoma cells to increase their
      doubling times and lose their tumorigenicity in nude mice (Cordeiro, R.F., and
      Savarese, T.M. Cancer Res., 46: 1297-1305, 1986), suppresses the expression of
      the c-myc protooncogene in these cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This
      suppression involves an inhibition of c-myc transcription rather than an
      increased degradation of c-myc mRNA, and is reversed if NMF is removed from the
      culture medium. Expression of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene,
      which is thought to be constitutive, is phosphate dehydrogenase gene, which is
      thought to be constitutive, is relatively unaffected by NMF treatment. The NMF
      mediated decrease in c-myc expression may be associated with the ability of this
      agent to increase the doubling time of these cells, but there is no direct
      temporal link between the loss of c-myc expression and the NMF-induced loss of
      tumorigenicity.

PMID- 2660983
TI  - Simultaneous measurement of progesterone receptors and DNA indices by flow
      cytometry: analysis of breast cancer cell mixtures and genetic instability of the
      T47D line.
AB  - A flow cytometry assay that can simultaneously measure progesterone receptors
      (PR) and DNA indices in breast cancers would be a valuable clinical tool. We have
      developed a prototype assay that has proven useful in studies of the cell biology
      of breast cancer cell lines. The assay uses PR-specific monoclonal primary
      antibodies and fluorescein-conjugated secondary antibodies to measure PR, and
      propidium iodide to measure DNA. We find that the specific PR fluorescence
      generated by labeling PR-rich T47D human breast cancer cells is located
      predominantly in nuclei. The flow cytometry assay can quantitatively measure
      large fluctuations in intracellular PR levels: an apparent increase in PR
      following acute progestin treatment that cannot be documented by ligand binding
      assays; and the receptor down-regulation that follows chronic progestin
      treatment. The assay can identify fewer than 10% PR-positive cells in a
      population of PR-negative cells having the same DNA content, and it can sort PR
      positive and PR-negative cells from cell mixtures having different DNA indices.
      Gating allows quantitative analysis of these mixed cell populations by ploidy,
      cell-cycle phase, and PR content. Finally, the assay has allowed us to monitor
      the gradual emergence of a stable hypertetraploid cell population, designated
      T47Dv, from the wild-type hyperdiploid T47Dco stocks. The new cells have
      unchanged estrogen receptors but even higher PR levels than the parental cells.
      They have five to ten copies of chromosome 11, site of the PR gene and other
      genes of interest in breast cancer.

PMID- 2660984
TI  - Targeting of methotrexate-containing liposomes with a monoclonal antibody against
      human renal cancer.
AB  - The potential of monoclonal antibody-linked small unilamellar vesicles containing
      methotrexate [(MTX)SUVs] in cancer chemotherapy was investigated. (MTX)SUVs
      prepared by probe sonication [50 +/- 20 (SD) nm in diameter] were linked
      covalently to Dal K29 (an IgG1 monoclonal antibody against human renal cancer),
      normal mouse IgG, or a nonspecific mouse myeloma IgG1. After incubation with a
      human kidney cancer cell line, CaKi-1, for 2 h, Dal K29-linked (MTX)SUVs showed 6
      and 8 times more binding to CaKi-1 cells than nonspecific mouse myeloma IgG1
      linked (MTX)SUV or (MTX)SUVs unlinked. After incubation with Dal K29-linked
      ([3H]MTX)SUVs, a higher amount of radioactivity was associated with CaKi-1 cells
      at 37 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. Membrane immunofluorescence revealed
      aggregation and capping of Dal K29-linked SUVs around CaKi-1 cells after
      incubation at 37 degrees C for 2 h and endocytosis at 4 and 6 h. Electron
      microscopic examination confirmed the aggregation of Dal K29-linked SUVs on the
      surface of CaKi-1 cells and their presence in endocytic vesicles at 4 and 6 h.
      After incubation with Dal K29-linked gold containing SUVs at 37 degrees C, gold
      containing SUVs were seen on the surface as well as inside endocytic vesicle of
      CaKi-1 cells at 2 and 4 h. A colony inhibition assay showed that Dal K29-linked
      (MTX)SUVs were 5 and 40 times more potent than Dal K29-MTX and equimolar amounts
      of free untrapped MTX in inhibiting the growth of the target CaKi-1 cells but
      were not toxic to a human melanoma line (that did not react with Dal K29).

PMID- 2660985
TI  - Infectious and noninfectious exposures in the etiology of light chain myeloma: a
      case-control study.
AB  - Sixty-nine subjects with light chain myeloma were interviewed in a multicenter
      case-control study, and their responses were compared to those of 1683 controls
      selected from the general population of the same geographic areas. The interview
      was directed at the subject's history of exposure to a variety of chemical and
      infectious agents. Persons with a history of a medical implant had 2.2 times the
      risk of other persons (95% confidence interval = 0.9-5.8), a relative risk that
      increased with increasing time that the implant had been present. Alkali exposure
      that was deemed by the subject to be unusually heavy was associated with a
      relative risk of light chain myeloma of 7.8 (95% confidence interval = 1.7-35.3),
      while similarly defined exposure to carbon monoxide increased the risk by 6.1
      times (95% confidence interval = 2.0-18.2). These findings differ from those
      obtained in our study of the more common forms of multiple myeloma and, while the
      differences are plausibly due only to chance given the large number of exposures
      investigated, they could be an indication that light chain myeloma is an
      etiologically distinct entity.

PMID- 2660986
TI  - Biological aspects of brain tumors in infancy and childhood.
AB  - Notwithstanding the definitive systematization of the clinical features of
      childhood brain tumors, many biological laws governing this vast area of
      pathology still escape us. There are no sure explanations for the fickleness of
      supratentorial/subtentorial distribution in fetal life and in the first 15 years
      of life--something not found in later years. Another focus of discussion is the
      tendency of brain tumors in infancy to concentrate along the midline due to the
      fact that most infantile neuroectodermal tumors arise from the phylogenetically
      older structures of the CNS (periventricular regions, brainstem, cerebellum), in
      contrast to tumors of adulthood. Neuroepithelial tumors, much more frequent in
      childhood than in later years, exhibit substantial histological differences in
      infancy: mixed gliomas and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (not otherwise
      specified, or with astrocytic, ependymal, oligodendrocytic...cells) are the best
      examples. As to the question of whether a given oncotype exhibits different
      biological behavior according to patient age, there is no single answer: some
      malignant tumors (medulloblastomas, ependymomas, neuroblastomas) are more
      aggressive in infancy, in line with Collins' law, while others (optic gliomas)
      offer a better prognosis in younger patients. The most peculiar and disquieting
      aspect of brain tumors in infancy/childhood, however, is what emerged from a
      recent epidemiological survey. The survey was conducted on the close relatives of
      a boy with a brain tumor from point of view of a possible "second malignancy" in
      this boy. Since a brain tumor is a rare occurrence in the very young, it may
      signal heightened susceptibility to malignancy in the individual, extending to
      other tumors in the patient himself and even to other members of his family.

PMID- 2660987
TI  - Immunology of gliomas.
AB  - The treatment of cerebral gliomas continues to challenge neurosurgeons and
      research scientists. The lack of major success with chemotherapy and radiation
      therapy has given rise to further investigation into the biology of these tumors
      and host reactions to them. Much of this research has centered upon the
      evaluation of tumor cell antigenicity and on both the humoral and cellular immune
      responses to gliomas. Contrary to previous considerations, evidence suggests that
      astrocytes, glioma cells, and tumor endothelial cells may all have pivotal roles
      in the initiation and prolongation of both local and systemic immune responses to
      the tumor. In this review we will discuss the immunobiology of the glioma with
      specific reference to the interactions between the tumor and the host immune
      system. In addition, ideas for potential therapeutic manipulation of the host
      glioma immune interactions will be reviewed, stressing potential pitfalls and
      risks.

PMID- 2660988
TI  - Structural studies of an acidic galactoglucomannan from the O15 reference strain
      (C.D.C. 4523-60) of Serratia marcescens.
AB  - Both neutral and acidic polymers have been isolated from the lipopolysaccharide
      extract of the reference strain (C.D.C. 4523-60) for Serratia marcescens
      serogroup O15. By means of n.m.r. spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and studies
      of degradation products, the acidic polysaccharide was shown to have a branched
      pentasaccharide repeating-unit with the following structure. (Formula: see text)

PMID- 2660989
TI  - Calcium channel blockade in heart failure.

PMID- 2660990
TI  - [Description of a system for automatic analysis of ambulatory electrocardiography
      using a microcomputer].
AB  - An automatic ambulatory electrocardiogram analyzer was developed using a self
      powered fast reader of FM recorded cassettes and a "general purpose"
      microcomputer with 640 Kbytes of RAM and 20 Mbytes of mass memory on hard-disk.
      Original algorithms were developed for analog to digital conversion, data storage
      on hard-disk, QRS detection and classification and rhythm analysis. Reliability
      of the system was evaluated, when appropriate, using standard databases. The
      relevant features of our analyzer include a favourable cost/benefit ratio,
      powerful interactive facilities and the typical flexibility of the non dedicated
      hardware.

PMID- 2660991
TI  - Comparative study of heparin and antiplatelets in treatment of preinfarction
      angina.
AB  - Heparin, aspirin with dipyridamole or placebo were given to 266 patients with pre
      infarction angina treated with isosorbide dinitrate, beta blockers and
      nifedipidine. The number of patients who developed acute myocardial infarction
      (MI) in the next 72 hours was comparable in all 3 groups. However, patients on
      heparin developed only 3.2% (2 out of 61) Q MI compared with 20% (20 out of 100,
      p = 0.005) taking dipyridamole with aspirin and 19% (20 out of 105 on placebo, p
      = 0.006). Infarctions of patients treated with heparin as assessed by peak of
      serum creatine kinase (CK) were also smaller (810 +/- 538 IU/1) than in groups
      taking antiplatelets (1229 +/- 829 IU/1, p = 10.048) or placebo (1417 +/- 919
      IU/1, p = 0.009). We defined a subgroup at high risk patients who had prolonged
      chest pain longer than 45 min and ECG changes with ST segment depression more
      than 1 mm within 6 hours of admission: 55% of these patients developed acute
      infarction in the following 72 hours. Aggressive management including coronary
      angiography and fibrinolysis should be considered in well equipped centers for
      patients with evolving coronary thrombus in a general hospital, heparin infusion
      should be part of routine treatment as patients on heparin developed smaller
      infarctions.

PMID- 2660992
TI  - [Efficacy and length of action of a slow-release formulation of isosorbide-5
      mononitrate in stable effort angina].
AB  - This double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study was designed to evaluate
      the acute effects of orally administered slow-release isosorbide-5-mononitrate
      (SR IS-5-MN) in 12 patients with chronic stable angina. After a prestudy
      screening to assess the reproducibility of exercise response, the patients
      entered the study lasting 5 days. On the first and fourth day of the trial, each
      patient underwent a bicycle exercise test 4, 8 and 24 hours after acute
      administration of SR IS-5-MN 50 mg or placebo. Statistic analysis of the results
      was performed using a 2-way analysis of variance for cross-over design. Compared
      to placebo, 4 hours after administration, SR IS-5-MN prolonged the exercise time
      from 525 +/- 162 s to 685 +/- 207 s (p less than 0.05; 30%) and - 1mm time from
      437 +/- 147 s to 562 +/- 219 (p less than 0.05; 29%). After 8 hours SR IS-5-MN
      prolonged the exercise time from 510 +/- 145 s to 615 +/- 189 s (p:ns; 21%), and 
      1mm time from 415 +/- 128 s to 522 +/- 205 s (p less than 0.05; 26%). No
      significant changes were observed 24 hours after SR IS-5-MN administration. The
      maximal rate-pressure product was significantly increased by SR IS-5-MN 4 hours
      after administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2660993
TI  - [Antihypertensive effect and tolerability of slow-release nicardipine].
AB  - In order to evaluate the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of a new
      nicardipine formulation, 26 mild-to-moderate essential hypertensive patients were
      given slow-release nicardipine, 40 mg, twice daily for 6 weeks. Systolic (SBP)
      and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were measured after a 1 week single-blind
      placebo run-in period and after 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of active treatment, just
      before the morning administration. After 1 week, nicardipine induced a
      significant blood pressure reduction (p less than 0.01), with a decrease in mean
      SBP/DBP values of -15/-11 mmHg (from baseline values of 165/104 to 150/93 mmHg)
      in supine and of -16/-12 mmHg (from 158/110 to 142/98 mmHg) in standing position.
      After 6 weeks the decrease was of -15/-12 mmHg in supine and of -15/-14 mmHg in
      standing position. The responder rate (DBP decrease of at least 10 mmHg) was 62%
      (16/26). Normalization rate (DBP less than 95 mmHg with a concomitant decrease of
      at least 10 mmHg) was 54% (14/26). Eleven patients reported adverse events
      (headache, peripheral oedema, palpitations, nausea, constipation, flush,
      dizziness and asthenia). Due to an improved pharmacokinetic profile, the slow
      release formulation prolongs to 12 hours the antihypertensive effect of
      nicardipine, thus facilitating patient's compliance.

PMID- 2660994
TI  - [Usefulness of sublingual captopril in hypertensive emergencies. Preliminary
      results].
AB  - The aim of this study, whose preliminary findings are reported, is to evaluate
      the efficacy of captopril, administered by a sublingual route, in the treatment
      of hypertensive emergencies. Captopril has been given by this route to 20
      hypertensive patients while these had an ongoing hypertensive crisis (defined as
      a systolic arterial pressure above 200 mmHg associated with a diastolic arterial
      pressure above 115 mmHg). Arterial pressure has been measured after 5, 20, 10,
      15, 30, 45, 60 and 120 min. For 8 patients it has been measured until the eighth
      hour. Results were the following: a satisfactory control of hypertensive crisis
      in 85% of patients, as stated by a slight but significant drop of arterial
      pressure after 10 min (15/10 mmHg; p less than 0.05) and by a maximum
      antihypertensive effect after 30 min (57/39 mmHg; p less than 0.001); an
      antihypertensive effect was evident until 6 hours after the administration of the
      drug; a positive correlation between the antihypertensive effect and pretreatment
      levels of arterial pressure and plasma renin activity; drug was free from
      relevant side effects; sublingual captopril can be considered an efficacious,
      easy to use and valuable tool in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies.

PMID- 2660995
TI  - Ceftazidime and cefotaxime--the clinician's choice.
AB  - A review of two third-generation cephalosporins, ceftazidime and cefotaxime, is
      presented. Ceftazidime, often used as a single agent, has shown greater activity
      than cefotaxime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas species,
      Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter sp, and Enterobacter sp. It has been effective
      as monotherapy in the treatment of peritonitis, gynecologic infections, chronic
      bronchitis, and infections in patients with leukemia and granulocytopenia, as has
      cefotaxime when in combination with an aminoglycoside. Cefotaxime has shown good
      activity against most aerobic gram-negative bacilli and against Staphylococcus.
      It has been used in respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and
      septicemia. In contrast to first-generation and most second-generation
      cephalosporins, third-generation cephalosporins have proven useful in some types
      of meningitis. Ceftazidime and cefotaxime successfully penetrate into the
      cerebrospinal fluid and cures of bacterial meningitis have been reported with
      both drugs. Both ceftazidime and cefotaxime have been successfully used in
      children, infants, and neonates, as well as adults. Safety profiles of
      ceftazidime compare favorably with those of other third-generation
      cephalosporins.

PMID- 2660996
TI  - Analgesic effect of intranasal salmon calcitonin in the treatment of osteoporotic
      vertebral fractures.
AB  - Spinal collapse is a painful complication of osteoporosis. In this study, the
      analgesic effect of salmon calcitonin, administered intranasally (200 IU per
      day), was assessed in 18 patients with acute collapse of one to four vertebrae.
      Pain was evaluated by a descriptive pain scale (ie, Keele's) as well as by the
      daily consumption of analgesic drugs. When compared with placebo, intranasal
      salmon calcitonin significantly relieved pain and occasioned a decrease in the
      consumption of analgesic drugs. No major side effects were reported by the
      patients under study.

PMID- 2660997
TI  - Zinc chloride spray--magnesium hydroxide ointment dual topical regimen in the
      treatment of obstetric and gynecologic incisional wounds.
AB  - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to determine
      the safety and efficacy of dual topical therapy with zinc chloride spray and
      magnesium hydroxide ointment in healing incisional wounds. The participants were
      100 obstetric and gynecologic patients with abdominal and perineal incisional
      wounds; 85 completed the treatment regimen, 15 were lost to follow-up. Spray and
      ointment were applied twice daily and dressings were changed at each application
      for seven consecutive days. The condition of the wound (the length of the
      incision, the presence and extent of dehiscence, and signs of infection, such as
      inflammatory changes and purulent discharge) as well as the degree of pain
      experienced by the patient were evaluated and recorded on the first, fourth, and
      seventh days. A more marked decrease in the size of the wound, a shorter healing
      time, a better control of infection, less dehiscence, and more effective pain
      control were observed in patients in the treatment group as compared with those
      in the placebo group. No side effects were noted in patients in either group. The
      dual topical therapy with zinc chloride spray and magnesium hydroxide ointment
      proved to be safe and effective in accelerating wound healing in obstetric and
      gynecologic patients.

PMID- 2660998
TI  - Insulin antibodies in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effect of
      treatment with semisynthetic human insulin.
AB  - This multicenter study of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (NIDDM) was undertaken (1) to determine the incidence of insulin antibody
      formation in such patients before exposure to exogenous insulin; (2) to assess
      the long-term immunologic response to semisynthetic human insulin (ssHI) in new
      insulin users and in patients transferred from animal insulin; and (3) to
      document the efficacy and safety of ssHI in both new and transfer patients. In
      addition, a substudy at one participating center was designed to compare the
      effects of a twice-daily versus a once-daily regimen in initiating ssHI therapy
      in new patients with uncontrolled NIDDM. Among the 37 new patients, only one had
      detectable insulin antibody levels before administration of insulin. After ssHI
      therapy was begun, this patient's antibody levels rapidly fell below the assay's
      limit of detection. Detectable levels of antibodies to human insulin were found
      in only 36% of 28 new patients after 12 months of therapy. As expected, the
      prevalence of insulin antibodies among animal-insulin users was high: 82% of the
      17 transfer patients had detectable insulin antibody levels (mean, 2.27 mU/ml) at
      baseline. After six months of treatment with ssHI, antibody levels decreased
      significantly (mean, 0.75 mU/ml; P less than 0.05). Control of glycemia was
      assessed by measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin. Values decreased
      significantly (P less than 0.01) in the new patients after the introduction of
      ssHI and remained stable in the transfer group after initiation of ssHI therapy.
      Hypoglycemic episodes were infrequent in both groups. In initiating ssHI therapy
      in new patients hospitalized with uncontrolled NIDDM, a twice-daily regimen
      resulted in a more rapid normalization of glycemia and earlier discharge than did
      the standard once-daily regimen. In conclusion, the results of this study provide
      further evidence that NIDDM and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are
      immunologically different disorders, with the immune system probably not involved
      in the pathogenesis of NIDDM. The data also indicate that ssHI is less
      immunogenic than animal insulin and that it is effective and safe in the
      management of NIDDM both in first-time insulin users and in patients transferred
      from animal-species insulin. Thus ssHI would appear to be useful in treating
      NIDDM, especially in patients who require intermittent insulin therapy.

PMID- 2660999
TI  - Streptococcus mutans infection level and caries in a group of 5-year-old
      children.
AB  - The level of Streptococcus mutans in stimulated saliva and its association with
      caries experience was evaluated in 149 5-year-old children. In general, salivary
      S. mutans levels were low, and it was detected only in 46% of saliva samples.
      There was, however, a clear association between salivary levels of S. mutans and
      caries experience (chi 2 = 53.65, p less than 0.001). Salivary examination was
      supplemented with plaque samples in 47 children. The number of S. mutans positive
      surfaces increased with increasing salivary levels. S. mutans was most often
      isolated and comprised the highest proportion in the approximal samples. The
      number of children with high salivary S. mutans levels was very low (6%) when
      taken into account that 13% of the children were fairly caries active (dmfs
      greater than or equal to 5). This most probably means that in evaluation of
      caries risk, the salivary S. mutans screening level is different in preschool
      children and in older children. The level should be determined in longitudinal
      studies before applying to preschool children.

PMID- 2661000
TI  - Dental caries. Principal cause of tooth extraction in a sample of US male adults.
AB  - Comprehensive oral examinations carried out over a period of about 10 years on
      participants in the Veterans Administration Dental Longitudinal Study were
      evaluated to identify teeth extracted during this time and to ascertain the
      apparent reason for these extractions. The study population included 736
      dentulous adult males, 49% of whom experienced 1,142 extractions. Caries was
      judged to be the primary cause of tooth loss, responsible for 33.3% of the teeth
      extracted. Extractions in preparation for a prosthesis (31.3%) and periodontal
      disease (18.7%) were the other major causes of tooth loss. Thus, dental caries
      was the prime cause of tooth extraction in this sample of US male adults, while a
      second major cause was preparation for a prosthesis which included the extraction
      of sound teeth and teeth with carious lesions which could have been restored.
      Periodontal disease was clearly not the major cause of tooth loss and was
      responsible for only 18.7% of the extractions in this population. The results of
      this study demonstrate that dental caries is a major problem in adults, leading
      to greater tooth loss than periodontal disease. A large percentage of the tooth
      loss in these individuals was clearly preventable. The same emphasis placed upon
      caries prevention in children should be applied to the adult population.

PMID- 2661001
TI  - [Literary monumenta medica].

PMID- 2661002
TI  - [Recent findings on the effect and role of oncogenes in carcinogenesis].
AB  - The tumourous phenotype of cells may be induced by physical, chemical and
      biological factors. All have the same target, the cell genoma where they can
      produce minor (e.g. point mutations) or major changes (e.g. reconstruction-
      chromosomal aberrations, or gene insertion--oncoretroviruses). At present it may
      be assumed that these factors participate in the activation of proto-oncogenes
      (cellular oncogenes, c-onc) or in the inactivation of yet not well recognized
      "tumour suppressor" genes, so-called "anti-oncogenes". So far it was found that
      deletion of both alleles of "suppressor" genes causes the development of several
      recessive hereditary tumours (retinoblastoma, Wilms tumours etc.). Activation of
      proto-oncogenes (by point mutation, amplification, translocation) was found in a
      number of advanced primary tumours and in metastases. Probably activation of
      proto-oncogenes will play a more important part in the development of "acquired"
      tumours and in their progression. The problem of the mutual relationship of proto
      oncogenes and "anti-oncogenes" remains so far obscure and controversial.

PMID- 2661003
TI  - Renin-positive granulated Goormaghtigh cells. Immunohistochemical and electron
      microscopic studies on biopsies from patients with pseudo-Bartter syndrome.
AB  - It is difficult to distinguish between Goormaghtigh cells (G-cells) and media
      cells of the glomerular arterioles at the border of the Goormaghtigh cell field.
      Consequently, it has been unclear whether renin-positive G-cells are normally
      present and also whether renin-producing cells are recruited from the pool of
      renin-negative G-cells upon stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In
      the present study, immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic experiments have
      been carried out on serially sectioned kidney biopsies from four patients with
      pseudo-Bartter syndrome. The results strongly suggest that with long-lasting
      stimulation of the RAS all renin-negative ("secretory resting") G-cells are
      ultimately converted into renin-producing granular cells.

PMID- 2661004
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated
      peptide portion of the LHRH precursor in the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic
      regions of the rat central nervous system.
AB  - The gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide (GAP) of the LHRH precursor
      and the decapeptide LHRH were localized in the rat brain by immunocytochemistry
      in 12- to 18-day-old animals, by use of thick Vibratome sections and nickel
      intensification of the diaminobenzidine-reaction product. Our results indicate
      that the GAP portion of the LHRH precursor is present in the same population of
      neurons that contain LHRH in the rat brain. An important difference observed was
      that the GAP antiserum, in contrast to LHRH antisera, stained several perikarya
      in the medial basal hypothalamus. GAP-immunoreactive perikarya were observed in
      the following regions: the olfactory bulb and tubercle, diagonal band of Broca,
      medial septum, medial preoptic and suprachiasmatic areas, anterior and lateral
      hypothalamus, and several regions of the hippocampus. In addition to the
      preoptico-terminal and the septo-preoptico-infundibular pathways, we also
      observed GAP-immunopositive processes in several major tracts and areas of the
      brain, including the amygdala, stria terminals, stria medullaris thalami,
      fasciculus retroflexus, stria longitudinalis medialis, periventricular plexus,
      periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon and extra-cerebral regions, such as the
      nervus terminalis and its associated ganglion. These results confirm the
      specificity of previous immunocytochemical results obtained with antisera to
      LHRH. The presence of GAP immunoreactivity in nerve terminals of the rat brain
      indicates that GAP or a GAP-like peptide is located in the proper site to serve
      as a hypophysiotropic substance and/or as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.

PMID- 2661005
TI  - Different tartrate sensitivity and pH optimum for two isoenzymes of acid
      phosphatase in osteoclasts. An electron-microscopic enzyme-cytochemical study.
AB  - By differentiation of substrate specificity, pH optimum range, and sensitivity to
      various inhibitors, 2 isoenzymes of acid phosphatase in bone cells have been
      studied at the electron-microscopic level. When p-nitrophenyl phosphate was used
      for the substrate, the demonstrable enzyme activity was affected by neither
      tartrate nor sodium fluoride. The reaction product, when incubated at pH 5-6, was
      detected in all sites along the pathway for the biosynthesis of acid phosphatase
      in the osteoclast, including the perinuclear space, cisternae of the endoplasmic
      reticulum, Golgi complex, various vesicles, and vacuoles. In the osteoclasts
      attached to bone, the enzymatic activity was demonstrated at the extracellular
      ruffled border and on the eroded bone surface. Reaction products became confined
      to lysosomes and extracellular ruffled border when incubated at pH 6-7.
      Unattached osteoclasts showed a similar intracytoplasmic localization of enzyme
      as the attached ones, except for the absence of the extracellular enzyme
      activity. The mononuclear, immature type of osteoclast also resembled the mature
      osteoclast in terms of enzymatic localization. Except for the osteoclasts, the
      acid p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity was restricted to lysosomal vesicles in
      various bone cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Such activity was inhibited by
      adding 50 mM tartrate to the p-nitrophenyl phosphate medium. When beta
      glycerophosphate or p-nitrocatechol sulfate was the substrate, most of the
      reaction product was localized intracellularly. Unlike the acid p-nitrophenyl
      phosphatase, the acid beta-glycerophosphatase or arylsulfatase activity in
      osteoclasts and other bone cells was inhibited completely by 10 mM tartrate or 10
      mM sodium fluoride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661006
TI  - [Study on hepatitis delta virus infection in China].
AB  - Antibody to the delta antigen (anti-delta) was detected by using ELISA and RIA in
      1027 HBsAg-positive persons distributed over 11 provinces, municipalities and
      autonomous regions in China. No positive of anti-delta was found in 634 cases in
      Beijing, Shanghai, Guangxi, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Fujian, Liaonin, and Henan, of
      393 cases in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, 17 (4.3%) were positive. In
      these regions, the positive rate of anti-delta in CAH and CPH was much higher
      than that in chronic HBsAg carriers. It was suggested that HDV infection was
      characterized by endemic and sporadic features in China and it was important in
      the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B.

PMID- 2661007
TI  - [Investigation of B. canis infection in China].
AB  - Twelve thousand nine hundreds and forty-nine dogs, 1,676 peoples and 2,255
      animals of 15 species were detected for B. canis infection in 23 provinces and
      cities in China. Positive rates of dogs in various provinces were different (0.3
      42.7%). The positive rates of dogs in south China were more higher than north. A
      positive rate of female was higher than male (2:1). Positive rate of young dogs
      (below 1 year old) was lower than older. There was no different of the positive
      rates among the age groups (more than 2 years old). 166 B. canis strains were
      isolated from spleen, lymph nodes and liver in 644 dogs. On the basis of two dyes
      sensitivity of B. canis isolated from China could divide into two types: one was
      resistant to both dyes, the other was resistant to thionine, but sensitive to
      basic fuchsin. Eight serological methods were used in the investigation. R-SAT
      and R-RBPT were more sensitive than the others. The positive rate of culture B.
      canis was 50%, when the dogs were selected for isolation at 1:80 titer. The
      positive rate of B. canis was 80%, when the dogs were selected for isolation at
      1:320 titer.

PMID- 2661008
TI  - [Large food poisoning of Salmonella typhi-murium caused by ice drinks].
AB  - A large number of patients with fever, diarrhea and abdominal pain outbreaks in
      Yongan, Fujian in late Aug. 1987. 1113 patients fell ill in 5 days. S. typhi
      murium were isolated from patients feces. Related HA-antibodies were detected in
      sera. All patients complained that they had eaten ice drink. Through
      investigating one of ice-bar, S. typhi-murium were detected from ice-cream and
      frozen cream, eggs and containers. A lot of contaminated bacteria were detected
      in ice cream containing 2.2 10(5)-1.5 10(8) and 2.9 10(5) in ice-brick per piece
      respectively. It was demonstrated that food poisoning outbreak was due to S.
      typhi-murium. Mean of patient's incubation period were 24.15 hrs., 78% diarrhea
      were less than 10 episodes. The incubation period, symptom were possessed of
      closed relation with the number of bacteria which patients taken in. After 4
      months, a part of patients, poultry, eggs and polluted water were investigated,
      it was showed that S. typhi-murium were detected from 5% polluted water. Due to
      the potential danger has been existing. We should pay attention to surveillance
      and to prevent epidemic outbreak again.

PMID- 2661009
TI  - [Worldwide use of hepatitis B vaccine in the prevention and control of hepatitis
      B].

PMID- 2661010
TI  - [Investigation on serious diarrhea].
AB  - We made an etiologic and epidemiologic investigation on 92 cases of serious
      diarrhea patients treated at hospitals of different level in Longhai county in
      1986. From 63 patients, pathogenic organisms were isolated with the case positive
      rate of 64.48%; There are totally 75 isolates with the strain positive rate of
      81.52%, among which 50 strains were ETEC (66.67%). High incidence was in August
      and September, during which there were 77 cases accounting for 83.69% of total
      cases and pathogen isolation rate was the highest. The main pathogen was ETEC,
      most of them were ST-producing strains, whose toxigenic ability is stronger there
      was only 19.70% whose ratio of intestinal weight to body weight was less than
      0.1000 and the rest 80.30% more than 0.1000 in baby mice test.

PMID- 2661011
TI  - [Current epidemiologic aspects of amebiasis].

PMID- 2661012
TI  - Characterization of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the cranial vasculature.
AB  - The availability of selective compounds has made it possible to subdivide 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors into three distinct types, called 5-HT1-like,
      5-HT2 and 5-HT3. The selective agonists at the three receptor types are,
      respectively, 5-carboxamidotryptamine, alpha-methyl-5-HT and 2-methyl-5-HT. While
      no selective antagonists are yet available for the 5-HT1-like receptors, some
      compounds, including ketanserin and MDL 72222, selectively antagonize 5-HT2 and 5
      HT3 receptors respectively. Depending upon experimental conditions, 5-HT causes a
      constriction or dilatation of cerebral and extracerebral cranial vessels.
      Vascular contraction by 5-HT seems to be mediated primarily via 5-HT2 receptors
      (located mainly on large conducting vessels), though in several instances (for
      example, dog and human basilar arteries and porcine arteriovenous anastomoses;
      AVAs) 5-HT1-like receptors are involved in addition to or in place of 5-HT2
      receptors. In the rabbit ear and external carotid arteries 5-HT may act directly
      on alpha-adrenoceptors. Arteriolar dilatation, leading to increased capillary
      ("nutrient") blood flow, occurs via 5-HT1-like receptors. However, the 5-HT1-like
      receptors on the arterioles and AVAs appear to be similar but not identical.
      Since a reduction of plasma 5-HT and opening of AVAs have been implicated in the
      pathophysiology of migraine, compounds acting on 5-HT1-like receptors to close
      the shunt vessels can be expected to have therapeutic activity in migraine.

PMID- 2661013
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine and its putative aetiological involvement in migraine.
AB  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) is thought to play a part in the
      pathophysiology of migraine because platelet content of 5-HT in cubital and
      external jugular veins is reduced during migraine headache. Moreover migraine
      headache is precipitated by intramuscular injection of reserpine, which releases
      5-HT from body stores, is relieved by the intravenous infusion of serotonin, and
      is prevented by the regular administration of medications that act on 5-HT
      receptors. Whether the peripheral action of 5-HT on cerebral and extracranial
      vessels or its central action as a neurotransmitter involved in bulbocortical and
      pain control pathways is of greater importance in the mechanism of migraine
      remains an open question. Increasing knowledge of the varieties of 5-HT receptor
      and the development of pharmacological agents that act specifically on certain
      receptors should give greater insight into the cause of migraine and increase the
      efficacy of treatment.

PMID- 2661014
TI  - Recent progress in understanding mechanisms of mammalian DNA amplification.

PMID- 2661015
TI  - Coupling of GCN4 mRNA translational activation with decreased rates of
      polypeptide chain initiation.
AB  - The steady-state translational activation of the GCN4 mRNA is based upon an
      increase in the rate of ribosome initiation at the protein coding AUG following
      translation of the 5' most proximal open reading frame located in its
      untranslated region. Such an increase is effected when the cellular amount of the
      GCN2 protein kinase is increased or when the function of the GCD1 gene product is
      defective. Here, we report conditions that result in a dramatic transient
      increase in the rate of GCN4 protein synthesis, which also requires the prior
      translation of the 5' most proximal open reading frame but is independent of the
      GCN2 protein. This activation of GCN4 mRNA translation coincides with a decrease
      in the rate of total cellular protein synthesis. We also observed low rates of
      protein synthesis in the gcd1 strain and in strains that overexpress the GCN2
      protein kinase. The process in protein synthesis that is affected is formation of
      43S preinitiation complexes. These results reveal the existence of a coupling
      between this process in translational initiation and the mechanism that activates
      translation of GCN4 mRNA.

PMID- 2661016
TI  - DNA binding specificity of steroid receptors.

PMID- 2661017
TI  - All ras proteins are polyisoprenylated but only some are palmitoylated.
AB  - The C-terminal CAAX motif of the yeast mating factors is modified by proteolysis
      to remove the three terminal amino acids (-AAX) leaving a C-terminal cysteine
      residue that is polyisoprenylated and carboxyl-methylated. Here we show that all
      ras proteins are polyisoprenylated on their C-terminal cysteine (Cys186).
      Mutational analysis shows palmitoylation does not take place on Cys186 as
      previously thought but on cysteine residues contained in the hypervariable domain
      of some ras proteins. The major expressed form of c-K-ras (exon 4B) does not have
      a cysteine residue immediately upstream of Cys186 and is not palmitoylated.
      Polyisoprenylated but nonpalmitoylated H-ras proteins are biologically active and
      associate weakly with cell membranes. Palmitoylation increases the avidity of
      this binding and enhances their transforming activity. Polyisoprenylation is
      essential for biological activity as inhibiting the biosynthesis of
      polyisoprenoids abolishes membrane association of p21ras.

PMID- 2661018
TI  - KAR2, a karyogamy gene, is the yeast homolog of the mammalian BiP/GRP78 gene.
AB  - The yeast KAR2 gene was isolated by complementation of a mutation that blocks
      nuclear fusion. The predicted KAR2 protein sequence is most homologous to
      mammalian BiP/GRP78 and has several structural features in common with it: a
      functional secretory signal sequence, a yeast endoplasmic reticulum retention
      signal (HDEL) at the carboxyl terminus, and the absence of potential N-linked
      glycosylation sites. Moreover KAR2 is regulated like BiP/GRP78: the level of mRNA
      is increased by drug treatments and mutations that cause accumulation of
      secretory precursors in the endoplasmic reticulum. However, unlike BiP/GRP78,
      KAR2 is also regulated by heat shock. Deletion of the KAR2 gene generated a
      recessive lethal mutation, showing that BiP/GRP78 function is required for cell
      viability.

PMID- 2661019
TI  - S. cerevisiae encodes an essential protein homologous in sequence and function to
      mammalian BiP.
AB  - The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mammalian cells contains a 78 kd protein (BiP)
      that is believed to assist in the folding of secretory and transmembrane
      proteins. We have used a cDNA encoding mouse BiP to isolate the homologous gene
      from S. cerevisiae, which encodes a sequence of 682 amino acids, 431 of which are
      identical to mouse BiP. Like its mammalian counterpart, yeast BiP is encoded by
      an HSP70-like gene whose transcription is stimulated by the presence of unfolded
      polypeptides in the ER. The gene encoding yeast BiP is essential for cell growth
      and, unexpectedly, is identical to the recently cloned KAR2 gene. Expression of
      mammalian BiP in S. cerevisiae can complement a mutant allele of KAR2 that is
      temperature sensitive for growth and nonconditionally defective for karyogamy.
      These results suggest that deficiencies in BiP may cause generalized failure of
      protein folding in the ER, leading to pleiotropic effects on cellular metabolism.

PMID- 2661020
TI  - Cytotoxic effectors in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by a
      mannoprotein complex of Candida albicans: a comparison with interleukin 2
      activated killer cells.
AB  - In this study, the major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted cytotoxic
      effectors elicited in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by a
      mannoprotein (MP) component from the cell wall of the human indigenous
      microorganism Candida albicans have been compared with those obtained by
      stimulation with interleukin 2. (Interleukin 2-activated killer cells: LAK). It
      has been found that MP-induced lytic effectors were substantially similar to LAK
      in potency, target specificity, and type of precursor/effector cells. In both
      cases, natural killer (NK)-susceptible and NK-resistant targets as well as fresh
      tumor (glioma) cells were efficiently killed by a population of effectors showing
      a predominant CD3-, CD16+ phenotype. However, the precursors of MP-induced
      killers were highly sensitive to the lysosomotropic toxic drug L-leucine methyl
      ester (Leu-OME) whereas the generation of LAK cells was unaffected by this drug.
      The Leu-OME sensitivity of MP-induced cytotoxicity generation was not due to a
      nonspecific effect on antigen-presenting cells or inhibition of cell
      proliferation. In addition, the generation of MP-induced killer cells was totally
      abrogated by treatment with CD16 antibodies and complement, whereas a minor but
      significant fraction of LAK precursors was not susceptible to the above
      treatment. These results indicate that a defined component(s) of the cell wall of
      C. albicans has some properties of biological response modifiers in cultures of
      human PBMC in vitro.

PMID- 2661021
TI  - The birth of immunology. II. Metchnikoff and his critics.
AB  - The presentation of the phagocytic theory of immunity, proposed by Metchnikoff in
      1883, was immediately attacked by German pathologists and microbiologists. Led by
      Baumgarten and Ziegler, criticism was levied against the hypothesis in three
      general respects: 1) Can an analogy truly be established between leukocyte
      phagocytosis and feeding of monocellular organisms? 2) What is compelling about
      the phagocytic process as a universal defensive activity? 3) General philosophic
      objections were raised, centered upon the accusation of a teleologic formulation.
      Underlying the argument was the rejection of the notion that the response of
      phagocytic leukocytes was truly causal in the successful response to infection.
      We note that the humoral school of immunity was not established until 1888-1890,
      and the early debate between Metchnikoff and his detractors was not over an
      alternative theory of an active immune response. There was none. With the
      development of the humoralist position, in direct response to Metchnikoff's
      formulation, a true dialogue about immunity, in the modern context of active host
      response, was initiated. The debate at this point changed to issues of mechanism
      (cellular versus humoral effectors), and the relative importance of defining
      innate versus acquired immune processes. Our study traces the scientific and
      logical basis of the initial rejection of the phagocytosis theory. More broadly,
      the analysis of this debate elucidates the emergence of a new concept of immunity
      that rested upon the notion of an active host response. The humoralists erected
      their theory on Metchnikoff's original scaffold, and the ensuing debate of the
      nascent science relied on the successful establishment of his basic concept. With
      the studies of Bordet, Metchnikoff's protege, the essential resolution of the
      acrimonious debate was offered. Metchnikoff continued his research by attempting
      to apply the phagocytosis theory to mechanisms of senility, while immunology
      oriented itself toward the biochemical definition of immune recognition.

PMID- 2661022
TI  - Dysbaric disorders: aseptic bone necrosis in tunnel workers and divers.
AB  - Dysbaric osteonecrosis is a serious complication for those exposed to a
      hyperbaric environment, with prevalence of 17% amongst compressed air workers and
      4.2% amongst divers. Bone lesions are characteristically multiple and bilateral,
      occurring frequently in the shafts of the femora or tibiae and the heads of the
      humeri or femora. A proportion of the lesions will lie next to the joint surface,
      the so called juxta-articular lesion, and these may progress to a structural
      failure and secondary osteoarthritis. These lesions can be severely disabling,
      especially in a young adult male. When related to the occupational history the
      prevalence of bone lesions, both in compressed air workers and divers, increases
      with age, experience and with greater pressures of air or at greater depths.
      Moreover, acute attacks of decompression sickness, the bends, are more liable to
      be associated with subsequent bone lesions. Current decompression schedules
      certainly reduce the bends rate but, no matter how strictly adhered to, will not
      prevent the development of dysbaric osteonecrosis. It is possible that bone
      necrosis could result solely from exposure to a high pressure of air, either from
      work in compressed air or diving. Those men with positive bone lesions should be
      advised to seek expert medical opinion and probably advised to discontinue work
      in compressed air or diving if a juxta-articular lesion is present. Detection of
      bone necrosis depends on good quality radiographs with reliable interpretation,
      preferably by double observation, especially in the early stages. Lesions,
      especially when early or doubtful, can be confirmed by CT or bone scintigraphy.
      MRI promises to detect osteonecrosis in the very early stages but is not yet
      readily available. To detect dysbaric osteonecrosis at an early stage it is
      important to monitor both compressed air workers and divers with regular
      radiological skeletal surveys or bone scintigraphy. In 1987, the Bone Necrosis
      Working Group of the Decompression Sickness Panel recommended that all divers
      should have a radiological survey on completion of their initial diving training
      and that bone scintigraphy should be used for subsequent surveillance for certain
      groups, including those diving deeper than 30 metres, where the time at depth
      exceeds 4 hours, when experimental decompression is used and in other situations.

PMID- 2661023
TI  - Locomotor problems of supersonic aviation and astronautics.
AB  - Modern high-speed aviation and space flight are fraught with many problems and
      require a high standard of health and fitness. Those responsible for the health
      of pilots must appreciate the importance of early diagnosis even before symptoms
      appear. This is particularly true in terms of preventing spinal injuries where
      even a single Schmorl's node may make a pilot unfit for high-speed flying. Spinal
      fractures are frequent during emergency ejection and landing. Helicopter crews
      are particularly prone to spinal disc degeneration due to vibration. By effective
      lowering of vibration by changes in the seats, a reduction in such lesions is
      possible. The osteoporosis and muscle atrophy occurring among astronauts
      subjected to prolonged weightlessness can be prevented by regular physical
      exercises.

PMID- 2661025
TI  - Occupation-related infectious arthritis.

PMID- 2661024
TI  - The roles of work and of working in disorders of the upper extremity.

PMID- 2661026
TI  - Occupation and osteoarthritis.
AB  - From the aspect of industry, OA is one of the most important diseases as it
      frequently affects the active age group of the population and is the source of
      considerable loss of working hours and of disability. In addition, it has a
      detrimental effect on the quality of life. Epidemiological investigations fail to
      provide sufficient proof as to whether mechanical overloading of occupational
      origin, or due to sports, will lead to a higher incidence of OA. Mechanical and
      occupational stress is more likely to play a role in the articular localization
      of the disease. It is difficult to prove the occupational origin of OA and, in
      consequence, there is a considerable difference in the adoption of preventative
      measures in various countries. The clarification of the relationship between
      occupation and OA requires further, carefully planned, prospective
      epidemiological studies, including the investigation of both radiological and
      clinical symptoms and signs. Compressive, torsional, pulling and angular
      movements common in certain occupations or sports may result in injuries of soft
      tissue, thus increasing the development of OA. Consequently, the main task is
      prevention at the place of work or in sporting activities.

PMID- 2661027
TI  - Caplan's syndrome.
AB  - Caplan's syndrome is characterized by the presence of seropositive rheumatoid
      arthritis associated with a specific form of pneumoconiosis, consisting of
      multiple, well-defined homogeneous rounded opacities on chest X-ray. It develops
      especially in miners working in anthracite coal-mines and in persons exposed to
      silica and asbestos. In the development of the disease, genetic factors are
      considered to play an important role by influencing immunological reactivity of
      the organism exposed to various heteroantigens.

PMID- 2661028
TI  - Occupational aspects of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2661029
TI  - Vibration disease.
AB  - Today, in this age of technology, vibration caused by machinery is an almost
      universal hazard. Vibration transferred from a machine to the human body may
      cause discomfort, a reduction of performance, and even injury. Vibratory manual
      tools may cause damage to the circulatory system of the upper extremities
      (Raynaud's syndrome), to the peripheral nerves (peripheral neuropathy), and to
      the bones and joints (aseptic necrosis, fatigue fractures, degenerative joint
      disease). Vehicles and machines causing floor vibration cause degenerative disc
      disease of the lumbar spine. The pathogenesis of vibration injuries is still not
      completely clear and there is no effective treatment. Some of the abnormalities
      are irreversible and may cause permanent decrease of working ability, and even
      unemployment. This is why prevention is so important. Prevention is complex,
      including technical and organizational measures, use of individual protective
      clothing and footwear, and medical supervision both before and during employment.
      Workers who are exposed to vibration should be protected against other
      aggravating factors such as cold and noise, etc. Vibration-induced injuries are
      recognized in law in many countries as grounds for financial compensation. Their
      cost to industry is rising and, unless a means of prevention or cure is found,
      will continue to do so in the foreseeable future.

PMID- 2661030
TI  - Saturnine gout.
AB  - The history of saturnine gout is almost as old as civilization itself. Studies
      carried out in recent decades explain the development of hyperuricaemia and gout,
      with the inhibiting effect of lead on the tubular urate transport causing
      decreased urate excretion. In the case of lead intoxication these effects are
      often associated with renal failure but may occur without clinical features of
      lead toxicity and renal damage. The clinical features of saturnine gout are
      essentially similar to those of primary gout; however, acute attacks tend to
      occur in the knee more frequently than the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Acute
      attacks in saturnine gout are frequently polyarticular and tophi rarely develop.
      The diagnosis of saturnine gout rests on the history of exposure to lead,
      clinical features of lead toxicity, biochemical confirmation of high serum lead
      levels and other biochemical abnormalities, and the exclusion of other forms of
      gout. Treatment consists of excluding the patient from further exposure to lead,
      the use of chelating agents to remove lead, and control of acute gouty arthritis
      and hyperuricaemia.

PMID- 2661031
TI  - Environmentally-induced systemic sclerosis-like illness.
AB  - Interaction of the host immune system with certain substances found in the
      environment will, in the presence of other unknown factors such as genetic
      susceptibility, lead to aberrant immune responses manifested as disease. In most
      of the conditions discussed above, simple removal from exposure to the offending
      agent does not lead to resolution. This suggests that an ongoing response has
      been triggered which cannot immediately be turned off, perhaps due to continued
      presence of the substance such as in human adjuvant disease where paraffin or
      silicone has been found in lymphoid tissue. Scleroderma remains a disease of
      uncertain cause for which our present treatment is inadequate. Illnesses
      presented in this chapter resemble the natural form of the disease in many ways
      and may provide useful insight into its pathogenesis. In the short term,
      recognition of exposure to environmental hazards which appear to pose risk will
      prevent additional cases of disabling illness. Study of chemically induced forms
      of scleroderma may, in the future, allow us to predict potential toxicity of
      chemically similar compounds. If we could learn how they trigger disease,
      researchers might be able to apply the information to understanding the
      pathogenesis of naturally-occurring scleroderma.

PMID- 2661032
TI  - Occupational skeletal fluorosis.
AB  - A 20-30 years' occupational and/or environmental exposure to fluorine may cause
      osteosclerosis, especially of the spine and pelvic bones, and calcification of
      spinal ligaments. The radiological picture may mimic many other diseases,
      especially ankylosing spondylitis, diffuse idiopathic hyperostosis, and rare bone
      diseases, such as Albers-Schonberg disease. As clinical findings are often not
      characteristic, early diagnosis is based on the history of occupational exposure,
      examination of urinary fluoride excretion (over 8 mg F-/litre in 24 hours) and
      radiological signs. It is also useful to monitor the concentration of atmospheric
      fluoride.

PMID- 2661033
TI  - Occupational spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis.
AB  - Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are not uncommon causes of low back pain and
      sciatica among the general population. Symptoms from these complaints also appear
      to be increasing in frequency among those who participate in competitive sports,
      especially those resulting in heavy pressures on the lumbar spine. Neural arch
      dysplasia is often a predisposing factor and there is evidence that genetic
      factors may play a role. Isthmic spondylolysis and mild spondylolisthesis not
      exceeding 10 mm can be satisfactorily cured by a simple operation involving
      screwing of the defect. Younger patients have better results and the operation
      permits the patient to withstand double loading on the lumbar spine so that most
      can return to work, including heavy manual labour, and to their previous sporting
      activities.

PMID- 2661034
TI  - Locomotor consequences of electrical and radiation injuries, burns and freezings.
AB  - Damage to bones and/or joints caused by occupational exposure to electrical
      current, heat, cold, and ionizing radiations remains a relatively little known
      entity among rheumatologists. Radiologically only a few typical changes may be
      seen. Bone demineralization, reflex dystrophy, periostitis, osteomyelitis,
      osteonecrosis, pathological fractures, degenerative joint disease and, in
      radiation-induced damage, malignancies, do not differ from those occurring from
      other causes or arising spontaneously. Correct interpretation of the radiological
      changes often rests on a history of past exposure. Because of the time lapse
      between exposure and evidence of damage, patients frequently omit to inform their
      doctors. Only by taking a careful history and elucidating such exposure can a
      proper diagnosis be made.

PMID- 2661035
TI  - [Analysis of phenotype resistance of clinical strains of Escherichia coli].
AB  - The multiplasmid clinical E. coli KL4 strain isolated from urine of a patient was
      examined for resistance to antibacterial substances and the number of plasmids.
      The distribution of resistance genes to antibiotics in different plasmids was
      assessed. All assessed resistances were transmitted by the mechanism of bacterial
      conjugation. By means of conjugation of the clinical E. coli strain KL4 and E.
      coli DH1, transformation of the DH1 strain by plasmid DNA and electrophoretic
      analysis two R plasmids were identified. The largest plasmid carries the gene for
      resistance against tetracycline and it is conjugative. Another three plasmids
      were mobilized by this plasmid during conjugation. The largest among them codes
      resistance against ampicillin, azlocillin and ticarcillin. From the total of five
      plasmids of the KL4 strain three were cryptic with regard to the resistance
      phenotype.

PMID- 2661036
TI  - [Jan Evangelista Purkinje--the founder of vestibular physiology].

PMID- 2661038
TI  - Careful consideration of the effects induced by glutathione depletion in rat
      liver and heart. The involvement of cytosolic and mitochondrial glutathione
      pools.
AB  - One of the most widely used mechanisms by which the role of glutathione (GSH) in
      cellular functions has been withdrawn, is to deplete GSH intracellularly. The
      importance of the procedure and xenobiotic chosen to get it is discussed.
      Mitochondrial GSH plays certainly an important role in maintaining cellular
      homeostasis. This contribution varies depending on the tissue and the conclusions
      obtained about the functions of this GSH pool in one organ may not be applied to
      others. Original data on the subcellular distribution of GSH in myocardial tissue
      of the rat are presented, and the effect of phorone on both cardiac GSH pools is
      compared with the effect in liver. The mechanical failure of myocardium after
      ischemic or reperfusion damage might involve mitochondrial GSH, in view of the
      literature data referring to the role of thiol groups in energy transfer from
      mitochondria to cytosol.

PMID- 2661037
TI  - [Escherichia coli in diarrheal disease in young children].
AB  - The authors describe a lower incidence of enteropathogenetic serogroups of
      Escherichia coli (EPEC) in 1981-1987. Of 85 EPEC strains tested for the presence
      of factors of virulence (fimbrim, enterotoxins, haemolysins, colicins) and
      factors of virulence against six antimicrobial substances (tetracycline,
      streptomycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, ampicillin, sulfamethoxidine) only
      three strains did not possess any of the mentioned factors. The authors draw
      attention to other pathogenetically important groups of E. coli in the aetiology
      of diarrhoea in young children.

PMID- 2661039
TI  - [Progress of research on the nutritional pharmacology of pollen].

PMID- 2661040
TI  - [Study on "massage to activate the meridian" apparatus in the treatment of
      cholecystolithiasis].
AB  - This apparatus is designed in accordance with the doctrine and principles of
      traditional Chinese medicine and based on the theory of meridian and specific
      massage procedure in conjunction with the "Information Theory" and electron
      utilizing technique. It utilizes a programmed induction "Special Wave" to
      stimulate a series of acupuncture points, combined with administration of western
      drugs from a regime of "General Attack" treatment on the gallbladder stones, to
      enhance their evacuation. By stimulating the specific acupuncture points with
      this apparatus through the action of "Special Wave" strong contraction of the
      gallbladder can be elicitated. Experiments on dogs showed that under such
      stimulation the intra-gallbladder pressure can be increased 26 times, producing a
      jet of bile flow which facilitates the expulsion and evacuation of stones in the
      gallbladder. Method of use: first place a conductive rubber pad on the
      acupuncture point to be stimulated, then use a hand-held electrode to massage
      stimulate the meridian. It is carried out forward and backward along the
      direction of meridian. The whole procedure is carried out under direct
      visualization with the help of ultrasonic B-scan. When dilatation of the common
      bile duct is observed, the hand-help electrode is used to perform push-compress
      massage on the meridian, and acupuncture points making the stones enter the
      common bile duct B-scan give proper orientation for the manipulation. This method
      has been tested clinically on 410 patients with good results. The evacuation rate
      of the gallbladder stones was 92.7% with complete evacuation achieved in
      17.3%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661041
TI  - [Clinical observation on the treatment of acute cholangitis of a severe type with
      endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage and qingjieling].
AB  - In order to find out an effective approach for the improvement of therapeutic
      results of acute cholangitis of severe type (ACST) and its therapeutic and
      pathophysiologic problems, clinical observation has been made. In clinical
      practice, 38 patients with ACST were treated with ERBD and herbs (n = 20) or
      operative drainage (n = 18). The results suggested that the pressure of bile duct
      in the patients was very high (20-35 cmH2O). There were high levels of endotoxin
      in bile and blood, and level of fibronectin in serum was just 25% compared to
      that of normal level. The value of C3 in serum was only a half of normal level of
      C3. However, a high level of C-reactive protein in serum was determined. Positive
      rate of E. coli in bile was 84%. From the significant differences in the series
      of parameters between the ERBD-herb group and the operative drainage group, it
      was suggested that the ERBD-herb therapy was more effective than the operative
      method in promoting immunologic ability, relieving symptoms of ACST, minimizing
      complications and decreasing mortality. Some new pathophysiologic and therapeutic
      concepts of ACST have been proposed.

PMID- 2661042
TI  - [Clinical application of lipid-lowering drugs].

PMID- 2661043
TI  - An efficient and convenient method for the purification of mutagenic heterocyclic
      amines in heated meat products.
AB  - A simple and efficient method for the purification of mutagenic heterocyclic
      amines from heated meat products has been developed. In only two steps, namely
      extraction of raw material on Kieselgur followed by medium pressure liquid
      chromatography on Sephasorb HP, very clean fractions with high recovery rates of
      mutagenic compounds were obtained, thus allowing isolation and quantitation by
      high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. The method was
      validated on both food grade and bacterial beef extracts as well as fried beef.
      In 1-5 g samples of beef extracts, levels up to 70 p.p.b. (ng/g) of 2-amino-3
      methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 8-90 p.p.b. of 2-amino-3,8
      dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and up to 8 p.p.b. of 2-amino-3,4,8
      trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx) were determined. In fried beef,
      1 p.p.b. of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 1 p.p.b.
      of MeIQx were measured. The quantitative results of beef samples were in
      agreement with results from determinations using immunoaffinity
      chromatography/HPLC or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.
      MeIQx could be quantified in fried beef down to 1 ng/g of fresh beef material.
      According to assays performed with reference standards of tryptophan and glutamic
      acid pyrolysis products, the method could also be extended to quantitate other
      heterocyclic amines.

PMID- 2661044
TI  - Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in human renal carcinoma demonstrated by
      immunohistochemistry.
AB  - Glutathione S-transferase (GST) in man comprise at least four gene families.
      Three of these families give rise to cytosolic isoenzymes (alpha, mu and pi
      classes), whilst the remainder is membrane bound and has been called microsomal
      GST. These enzymes are implicated in tumourogenesis and both pi class GST and
      alpha class GST have been described in four cases of human renal cell carcinoma.
      Using specific polyclonal rabbit antisera we have demonstrated by
      immunohistochemistry that all 12 renal carcinomas studied contained GST pi. Most
      tumours also contained GST alpha, GST mu and microsomal GST isoenzymes but their
      distribution was heterogeneous and sometimes very focal. This heterogeneity of
      GST isoenzyme distribution within tumours has not been well documented
      previously, but is relevant to our understanding of the functions of GST, and to
      the interpretation of biochemical quantification experiments using tissue
      extracts.

PMID- 2661045
TI  - Disposition and metabolism of the food mutagen 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5
      f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) in rats.
AB  - The disposition and metabolism of a common food mutagen, 2-amino-3,8
      dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), was studied in rats. Five rats of both
      sexes were given a single oral dose of 14C-labeled MeIQx (3-4 mg/kg body wt). The
      male rats excreted 36% of the radioactivity and 15% of the mutagenic activity of
      the dose given in the urine collected during the first 24 h. In the females the
      corresponding urine contained 41% of the radioactivity and 12% of the
      mutagenicity. During the next 48 h only 1-3% of the radioactive dose was excreted
      in urine. The remaining dose was excreted in the feces except of less than 1%
      that was retained by the tissues after 72 h. The liver and kidney retained more
      radioactivity than other organs. In a separate study the metabolites of bile,
      urine and feces of both sexes were investigated. After a single oral dose of 20
      mg 14C-labeled MeIQx/kg body wt, three major non-mutagenic metabolites were
      identified. These were 2-amino-4(or 5)-(beta-D-glucuronopyranosyloxy)-3,8
      dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalin
      4(or 5)-yl sulfate and N-(3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalin-2-yl) sulfamate.
      Another two metabolites present in bile, urine and feces were 2-(beta-D
      glucuronopyranosylamino)-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ] quinoxaline and 2-amino-8
      hydroxymethyl-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalin-4 (or 5)yl sulfate. All
      metabolites were essentially non-mutagenic. Most of the mutagenicity still
      present in bile, urine and feces could be explained by unchanged MeIQx. Unchanged
      MeIQx was the most abundant form excreted in urine.

PMID- 2661046
TI  - DNA adduct formation in primary rabbit tracheal epithelial cells following
      treatment with 1,8-dinitropyrene and its partially reduced derivative, 1-nitro-8
      nitrosopyrene.
AB  - Formation of DNA adducts, following treatment of primary rabbit tracheal
      epithelial cells (RTEC) with 1,8-dinitropyrene (1,8-DNP) and its partially
      reduced derivative, 1-nitro-8-nitrosopyrene (1,8-NONO2), was examined using the
      32P-post-labelling technique. Treatment of aerobic cells with 1,8-DNP or 1,8
      NONO2 produced qualitatively similar results. Cochromatography showed that the
      major adduct observed corresponded to the major adduct seen following treatment
      of poly(dG.dC) with N-hydroxyl-1-amino-8-nitropyrene, generated from 1,8-NONO2. A
      minor adduct migrated to the same area on the TLC plate as the major compound
      observed following a similar treatment with poly(dA.dT). Relative adduct
      labelling (RAL) values were consistently an order of magnitude higher with 1,8
      NONO2 than with 1,8-DNP, suggesting that reduction of a nitro group of 1,8-DNP to
      a nitroso group may be a rate-limiting step in the cells. In studies on the
      formation and persistence of the 1,8-NONO2 adduct in RTEC maximum binding was
      observed at 1 h. Fifteen hours later the RAL value was less than 15% of this
      maximum level.

PMID- 2661047
TI  - Hyperinsulinemia elicited by interleukin-1 and nonlethal endotoxemia in rats.
AB  - Nonlethal endotoxemia was produced in conscious fasted rats by the intravenous
      (i.v.) administration of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a
      dose of 30 micrograms/100 g together with the typical acute-phase response of
      fever at 4 hr post-LPS. Also at 4 hr post-LPS both hyperinsulinemia and
      hyperglucagonemia were manifested, the (insulin:glucagon) (I:G) molar ratio was
      not different from saline control animals, and normoglycemia was maintained. The
      monokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), which is synthesized de novo and then released by
      macrophages and monocytes following LPS phagocytosis, has been implicated in the
      typical responses to endotoxemia. Therefore, human natural IL-1 was injected i.v.
      at a dose of 50 U into conscious fasted rats. IL-1-induced fever occurred at 30
      min postinjection. Hyperinsulinemia equal to two times the saline control value
      was also present at 30 min after monokine injection, with plasma insulin levels
      declining to below control values by 60 min and remaining depressed for up to 12
      hr. In contrast, plasma glucagon concentrations were not significantly altered at
      any time between 15 min and 12 hr post-IL-1. Despite IL-1-elicited
      hyperinsulinemia with unchanged glucagon, which elevated the I:G molar ratio,
      normoglycemia was maintained after monokine administration. The coincident onset
      of fever and hyperinsulinemia at 30 min after i.v. administration of IL-1
      suggests a common mediator for both responses.

PMID- 2661048
TI  - In vivo insulin resistance during nonlethal hypermetabolic sepsis.
AB  - The present study was performed to determine whether hypermetabolic sepsis alters
      peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity and/or responsiveness. Nonlethal
      sepsis was produced in chronically catheterized conscious rats by repeated
      subcutaneous injections of live Escherichia coli. Basal glucose metabolism was
      determined using a primed-constant infusion of [3-3H]glucose initiated 20 hr
      after the first injection of bacteria. Thereafter, in vivo insulin action was
      assessed using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. Insulin was
      infused at various rates in separate groups of animals for 3 hr to produce steady
      state insulin levels of approximately 60, 120, 400, 2,500, and 25,000 microU/ml,
      and euglycemia was maintained by varying the glucose infusion rate. The sepsis
      induced hyperglucagonemia was not significantly altered by the infusion of
      insulin and glucose. In septic rats, the dose-response curve for the insulin
      induced increment in glucose utilization was shifted downward and to the right.
      As a result, septic rats showed a twofold increase in the ED50 value (380 vs. 190
      microU/ml) and a 50% reduction in the maximal responsiveness compared with
      control animals, indicating peripheral insulin resistance. Septic and nonseptic
      animals, however, had a similar reduction in the endogenous glucose production
      rate as the plasma insulin concentration was increased, suggesting that there was
      no hepatic insulin resistance. The plasma lactate concentration increased in a
      dose-dependent manner in both septic and nonseptic rats as the plasma insulin
      concentration was raised. However, the increment in steady-state lactate
      concentration was consistently higher (75-220%) in septic animals at each insulin
      infusion rate. These results indicate that nonlethal hypermetabolic sepsis in the
      rat is associated with peripheral insulin resistance.

PMID- 2661049
TI  - Plasma proteolysis and circulating cells in relation to varying endotoxin
      concentrations in porcine endotoxemia.
AB  - Ten juvenile pigs receiving a continuous infusion of 0.01 mg/kg of endotoxin over
      3 hr and seven animals infused with sterile saline (serving as controls) were
      studied for 5 hr. Endotoxin concentrations in plasma as determined with a
      chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test reached a steady state of about
      1,000 ng/liter after 1 hr and declined rapidly as the infusion was discontinued.
      Preinfusion values were reached at the end of the observation period. Endotoxin
      concentrations found during the infusion period were comparable with those seen
      in humans with septicemia. The endotoxin infusion was followed by
      hemoconcentration, leukocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Using chromogenic
      peptide substrate assays, activation of the plasma kallikrein-kinin,
      fibrinolytic, and coagulation systems was detected. Although the endotoxin
      concentrations reached preinfusion values within the last 2 hr of the observation
      period, changes found in circulating cells and components of the plasma cascade
      systems did not normalize, and the hemodynamic situation did not change.

PMID- 2661050
TI  - Pressure releases a transferable endothelial contractile factor in cat cerebral
      arteries.
AB  - When exposed to an increasing transmural pressure, middle cerebral arteries of
      the cat exhibit reduction of internal diameter which is mediated by vascular
      muscle cell depolarization. This laboratory has recently demonstrated that this
      "pressure-induced" activation is dependent upon the presence of an intact
      endothelium. The present studies were undertaken to determine if this phenomenon
      is due to inhibition of tonically released endothelium-derived relaxing factors
      (EDRF) or release of a contractile substance. When cerebral arterial segments
      were pressurized to between 40 and 160 mm Hg there was 13.2% reduction in
      internal diameter accompanied by significant muscle cell depolarization from -53
      +/- 2.7 to -22 +/- 1.4 mV. There was a significant positive correlation between
      the delta Em and step increases in transmural pressure. These excitatory
      responses were lost and vessels dilated to pressure when the endothelium was
      removed. Upon exposing the denuded vessel to a pressurized intact donor, the
      denuded vessel recovered its ability to contract and depolarize suggesting that a
      contractile substance might be released from the vascular endothelium upon
      pressurization. The EDRF antagonist oxyhemoglobin did not alter the excitatory
      response to pressure in these isolated cerebral arteries further suggesting that
      the reduction in diameter and muscle cell depolarization results from the release
      of a contractile substance from the vascular endothelium and not inhibition of
      EDRF.

PMID- 2661051
TI  - Endothelium-derived relaxing factor and coronary vasospasm.
AB  - The endothelium releases the powerful vasodilator and antiaggregatory substance,
      EDRF, both under basal conditions and upon stimulation by a wide variety of
      agents. Endothelial injury or dysfunction may play an important role in the
      spasmogenicity of the coronary artery, although other possible alterations
      related to atherosclerosis should also be considered. Among the possible stimuli,
      aggregating platelets are important as a source of vasoconstrictor substances.
      The endothelium may also produce the vasoactive substances EDHF and EDCF(s).
      Their pathophysiologic significance remains to be determined.

PMID- 2661052
TI  - Carotid arteriosclerosis in identical twins discordant for cigarette smoking.
AB  - From a nationwide twin panel, identical twin pairs with highest discordance in
      cigarette smoking were selected for a study of arteriosclerosis (49 pairs with a
      mean age of 52 years). Smoking history was obtained in 1975, 1981, and 1986. The
      mean life-long smoking dose of the smoking cotwins was 20 package-years. The
      smoking and nonsmoking cotwins had similar systolic and diastolic blood
      pressures, total plasma cholesterol level, body mass index, and some psychosocial
      factors; the only difference was found in use of alcohol, which was greater among
      smoking cotwins. Duplex sonography of carotid arteries was performed. Carotid
      artery stenoses (narrowing of area of the lumen with 15-60%) were found in nine
      pairs: in nine smoking twins and in two of their nonsmoking cotwins (p = 0.036).
      The total area of carotid plaques was 3.2 times larger in smoking cotwins (p less
      than 0.001). The thickness of the inner layer of carotid arteries was more marked
      in smoking cotwins (p less than 0.001). The size of plaques and the degree of
      inner layer thickening correlated with the dose of smoking (NS). The association
      of smoking with carotid arteriosclerosis was highly significant even after the
      adjustment for age, total plasma cholesterol level, diastolic blood pressure, and
      body mass index in multiple logistic regression analyses.

PMID- 2661053
TI  - Specific platelet mediators and unstable coronary artery lesions. Experimental
      evidence and potential clinical implications.
AB  - We have speculated previously that the abrupt conversion from chronic stable to
      unstable angina and the continuum to acute myocardial infarction may result from
      myocardial ischemia caused by progressive platelet aggregation and dynamic
      vasoconstriction themselves caused by local increases in thromboxane and
      serotonin at sites of coronary artery stenosis and endothelial injury. Platelet
      aggregation and dynamic coronary artery vasoconstriction probably result from the
      local accumulation of thromboxane and serotonin and also relative decreases in
      the local concentrations of endothelially derived vasodilators and inhibitors of
      platelet aggregation, such as endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and
      prostacyclin. With severe reductions in coronary blood flow caused by these
      mechanisms, platelet aggregates may increase, and an occlusive thrombus composed
      of platelets and white and red blood cells in a fibrin mesh may develop. When
      coronary arteries are occluded or narrowed for a sufficient period of time by
      these mechanisms, myocardial necrosis, electrical instability, or sudden death
      may occur. We believe that unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction are a
      continuum in relation to the process of coronary artery thrombosis and
      vasoconstriction. When the period of platelet aggregation or dynamic
      vasoconstriction at sites of endothelial injury and coronary artery stenosis is
      brief, unstable angina or non-Q wave infarction may occur. However, when the
      coronary artery obstruction by these mechanisms is prolonged for several hours, Q
      wave myocardial infarction results. Chronic endothelial injury and coronary
      artery stenosis are probably associated with the accumulation of platelets, white
      and red blood cells, and a fibrin mesh at the site of stenosis and endothelial
      injury.

PMID- 2661054
TI  - Background of the prevention of cardiovascular disease. II. Arteriosclerosis,
      hypertension, and selected risk factors.
AB  - The prevention of cardiovascular disease antedates our current preoccupation with
      risk factors for coronary heart disease and hypertension. Indeed, earlier
      preventive efforts have in part been so successful that many people have
      forgotten that they existed. The almost forgotten entity, beriberi heart disease,
      was first prevented in 1883 by Takaki of Japan. With diphtheria, it was the
      identification of the causative bacillus by Klebs in 1883, leading finally to the
      development of diphtheria toxoid by Ramon in 1923, which resulted in the
      disappearance of diphtheritic heart disease. Success in the attack on syphilitic
      heart and vascular disease began with Bordet and Gengou in 1901 with the
      discovery of the phenomenon of complement fixation, and with the formulation of
      Salvarsan by Ehrlich in 1907. The story of the prevention of rheumatic fever has
      a large cast of characters, but special recognition must be given to Coburn for
      his observations confirming the role of the hemolytic streptococcus published in
      1931 and showing the prophylactic value of sulfanilamide published in 1939. The
      important association of maternal rubella with congenital heart malformations was
      revealed by Gregg in 1941. Alcoholic heart disease was identified particularly by
      Brigden and Evans in 1957 and 1959, respectively. In relation to coronary and
      hypertensive heart disease, the names of Anitschkow (1933), Leary (1935), and
      Keys (1948) in relation to diet, of Freis (1967) in the field of hypertension
      treatment, of White (1927) in relation to physical exercise, and of English,
      Willius, and Berkson (1940) and Hammond and Horn (1954) in the role of cigarette
      smoking, deserve special recognition.

PMID- 2661055
TI  - Arterial baroreflex abnormalities in heart failure: reversal after orthotopic
      cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2661056
TI  - Exercise-induced ST depression in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. A
      meta-analysis.
AB  - To evaluate the variability in the reported diagnostic accuracy of the exercise
      electrocardiogram, we applied meta-analysis to 147 consecutively published
      reports comparing exercise-induced ST depression with coronary angiography. These
      reports involved 24,074 patients who underwent both tests. Population
      characteristics and technical and methodologic factors, including publication
      year, number of electrocardiographic leads, exercise protocol, use of
      hyperventilation, definition of an abnormal ST response, exclusion of certain
      subgroups, and blinding of test interpretation were analyzed. Wide variability in
      sensitivity and specificity was found (mean sensitivity, 68%; range, 23-100%; SD,
      16%; and mean specificity, 77%; range, 17-100%; SD, 17%). The four study
      characteristics found to be significantly and independently related to
      sensitivity were the treatment of equivocal test results, comparison with a
      "better" test such as thallium scintigraphy, exclusion of patients on digitalis,
      and publication year. The four variables found to be significantly and
      independently related to specificity were the treatment of upsloping ST
      depressions, the exclusion of subjects with prior infarction or left bundle
      branch block, and the use of preexercise hyperventilation. Stepwise linear
      regression explained less than 35% of the variance in sensitivities and
      specificities reported in the 147 publications. There is wide variability in the
      reported accuracy of the exercise electrocardiogram. This variability is not
      explained by information reported in the medical literature.

PMID- 2661057
TI  - Therapy of the acute porphyrias.
AB  - In the management of acute porphyria it is essential to be aware of the potential
      for many drugs to induce porphyrin synthesis and thus precipitate the acute
      porphyric crisis. In this review, lists of drugs unsafe and safe for use in the
      porphyrias are presented. In addition, therapeutic regimens are described which
      are appropriate to the porphyric subject. These include the use of high
      carbohydrate intake and the intravenous infusion of haem arginate.

PMID- 2661058
TI  - Two new serum immunoassays (RIA and EIA) for the determination of M2
      antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2661059
TI  - X-linked olivopontocerebellar atrophy.
AB  - We present a kindred with a relatively pure cerebellar degeneration that
      demonstrates X-linked recessive inheritance. The unique clinical picture of
      affected patients in our kindred is characterized by an infantile onset of
      ataxia; very slow rate of progression; normal strength, reflexes, and sensation;
      and cerebellar degeneration with involvement of the olive and pons demonstrated
      by neuroimaging techniques. The distinction between this and other reported
      olivopontocerebellar degenerations is made on the basis of the clinical features
      and mode of inheritance. It is not clear if the distinct clinical pattern in this
      kindred represents variable expression of a previously reported condition,
      allelic variance of previously reported kindreds, or a separate clinical entity.
      Molecular analysis, currently underway, may help settle the issue.

PMID- 2661060
TI  - Unresponsiveness to Con A in spleen cell cultures of M. lepraemurium-infected
      mice is dependent on a defective expression of high-affinity IL-2 receptors
      rather than on a lack of IL-2 production.
AB  - The production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) by Con A-activated spleen cells (SC)
      progressively declined and reached negligible values during the course of
      infection of C57BL/6 mice with Mycobacterium lepraemurium. In addition, the
      capacity of cultured SC to utilize IL-2 was highly reduced, as demonstrated by
      the accumulation of IL-2 activity in culture supernatants at 48 and 72 h after
      Con A activation. The depressed IL-2 utilization started to be observed about 1
      to 2 weeks prior to the onset of the depressed IL-2 production and was not
      reversed by the addition of exogenous IL-2; thus implying that a lack of IL-2
      utilization rather than a lack of IL-2 production could be directly responsible
      for the inhibition of T-cell proliferative responses to Con A in SC cultures of
      infected mice. The utilization of IL-2 was found to be down-regulated, at least
      in part, by splenic suppressor cells since, in mixed-culture experiments, SC from
      infected mice actively depressed the capacity of normal splenocytes to consume IL
      2. Finally, the depressed IL-2 utilization would result from a 2- to 3-fold
      reduction of either or both the density of high-affinity IL-2 receptors and their
      affinity for IL-2.

PMID- 2661061
TI  - Uptake and translocation of fluorescent latex particles by rabbit Peyer's patch
      follicle epithelium: a quantitative model for M cell uptake.
AB  - A quantitative, light microscopic morphometric model for uptake of particulates
      by Peyer's patch M cells was developed. Rabbit intestinal loops containing
      Peyer's patches were inoculated with fluorescent, non-degradable polystyrene
      microparticles (600-750 nm), and their localization in Peyer's patches was traced
      after varying time periods. The particles were localized sequentially at the FAE
      cell surface, spanning the entire width of FAE cells, and within the
      subepithelial dome as a function of time. The particles were associated with 5D9+
      or 1D9+ M cells, but were not taken up or transported by villus epithelia. The
      kinetics suggested a synchronous wave of uptake and transepithelial transport.
      Quantitative analysis revealed a considerably greater uptake efficiency of
      polystyrene microspheres in comparison to other biological particles.

PMID- 2661062
TI  - The expression of the microsomal/peroxidase autoantigen in human thyroid cells is
      thyrotrophin-dependent.
AB  - In the present report the mechanisms responsible for the expression of the
      thyroid microsomal autoantigen (M-Ag) were studied in primary cultures of human
      thyroid cells prepared from Graves' or non-toxic goitres. The indirect
      immunofluorescence (IFL) technique using human sera positive for anti-microsomal
      antibody (anti-MAb) was employed to detect M-Ag. Studies were performed to
      ascertain whether M-Ag recognized by anti-MAb could be identified with thyroid
      peroxidase (TPO). Preabsorption experiments showed that, similarly to solubilized
      thyroid microsomes, purified human TPO abolished the binding of anti-MAb to
      thyrocytes, while no inhibition was obtained with control human tissues. The
      identity of M-Ag and TPO was also demonstrated using a double layer IFL technique
      which allowed a simultaneous staining of the antigen(s) recognized by anti-MAb
      and by a monoclonal anti-TPO antibody. After 5-15 days of TSH withdrawal from the
      culture medium the M/TPO-Ag disappeared from the surface and the cytoplasm of
      human thyroid cells. Readdition of TSH (0.1-100 mU/ml) to cells lacking M/TPO-Ag
      elicited its reappearance within 48-72 h. This effect of TSH was prevented by 10
      microM cycloheximide but not by methimazole (0.1-2 mM). Two stimulators of the
      adenylate cyclase-cAMP system, cholera toxin and forskolin, and 8-bromo-cAMP
      mimicked TSH in inducing M/TPO-Ag. Thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) of Graves'
      disease also reproduced the effect of TSH on M/TPO-Ag reexpression in human
      thyroid cells. By contrast, epidermal growth factor, oestradiol or NaI were
      ineffective in inducing M/TPO-Ag. The present data indicate that: (i) the
      expression of M/TPO-AG in human thyroid cells is dependent on TSH stimulation,
      through pathways which involve cAMP production and protein synthesis, (ii) TSAb
      reproduces this effect of TSH; (iii) oestradiol and NaI have no direct influence
      on the expression of M/TPO-Ag.

PMID- 2661063
TI  - Rheumatoid factor and Fc signaling: a tale of two Cinderellas.
AB  - Signaling to lymphocytes depends not only upon the interaction of receptors with
      specific antigen, but also upon antigen nonspecific receptors which receive input
      from two classes of molecules, immunologically specific end products and
      lymphokines. These represent the central elements in the physiologic stimulation
      of immune responses to both self and foreign antigens. This review is dedicated
      primarily to describing the function of physiologically active receptors for end
      product which are central to end product feedback in normal immune responses. The
      emergence of autoimmunity as a pathologic process resultant from a defective end
      product signaling mechanism is described.

PMID- 2661064
TI  - Autoantibodies to isolated human hepatocyte plasma membranes in liver disease. I.
      Specificity for chronic active hepatitis.
AB  - Circulating autoantibodies reacting with human hepatocyte plasma membranes (HHPM)
      were quantitated in acute and chronic liver disease using an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-HHPM were found most frequently in patients
      with chronic active hepatitis (CAH), a disease postulated to result from
      autoimmune processes directed at organ-specific antigens on the surface of
      hepatocytes. The high incidence of anti-HHPM in CAH (75%) contrasted
      significantly with all other groups assayed, including primary biliary cirrhosis
      (44%), alcoholic liver disease (21%), acute viral hepatitis (17%), and chronic
      persistent hepatitis (8%). The titers of anti-HHPM in CAH were significantly
      greater than in other liver disease and control groups. Anti-HHPM quantitated by
      ELISA correlated with hepatocellular membrane staining by indirect
      immunofluorescence. Autoantibodies to HHPM were found with an equivalent
      frequency in three etiological subgroups of CAH: autoimmune CAH, hepatitis B
      virus (HBV)-related CAH, and CAH associated with excess alcohol consumption. Anti
      HHPM of the IgG and IgA isotypes were found in the highest frequency. There was a
      trend for patients with a histologically more severe disease to have higher
      titers of anti-HHPM. Immunoblots of SDS-PAGE-separated HHPM showed antibodies to
      react with a number of polypeptides, some of which appeared human specific. These
      data suggest that isolated HHPM are a source of relevant hepatocellular membrane
      antigens. Further studies of the different antigenic specificities of anti-HHPM
      are required to define which of these may be of pathogenetic importance in
      chronic active hepatitis.

PMID- 2661065
TI  - Renal side effects of high and low cyclosporin A doses in patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) entered
      a randomized double-blind placebo controlled study with low dose cyclosporin A
      (CyA) (mean whole blood CyA level after 26 weeks 282 +/- 33 micrograms/l) or
      placebo treatment for 48 weeks. The placebo treatment had to be withdrawn before
      48 weeks in 9 out of 19 patients because of a deterioration of their arthritis
      symptoms. All 20 patients in the CyA group completed 26 weeks of treatment.
      Fourteen of them were followed up for 48 weeks of treatment on CyA and then 12
      weeks after CyA treatment was withdrawn. The side effects in the CyA group were
      compared with the results from another study with high CyA doses (mean whole
      blood CyA level 419 +/- 71 micrograms/l) for 26 weeks in 11 other patients with
      RA. Serum creatinine increased 19.7% (p less than 0.01) in the low CyA dose group
      after 26 weeks as compared with 59.5% in the high CyA dose group. Creatinine
      clearance was reduced by 17.9% (low dose) (p less than 0.01) and 26.2% (high
      dose), respectively. Twelve weeks after withdrawal of the low dose CyA treatment,
      serum creatinine values were still higher than before treatment (p less than
      0.05), but creatinine clearance had normalized. Eight of the 20 patients treated
      with low CyA doses also started with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
      (NSAIDs) after 20-36 weeks of CyA treatment. Serum creatinine was 16.6% above
      baseline 4 weeks before NSAIDs compared with an increase of 40.4% (p less than
      0.05) 4 weeks after start of NSAID treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661066
TI  - Controlled trial of dipyridamole and low-dose warfarin in patients with IgA
      nephritis with renal impairment.

PMID- 2661067
TI  - "De novo" membranous glomerulonephritis in renal allografts in children.

PMID- 2661068
TI  - Signal-averaged electrocardiography and the significance of late potentials in
      patients with "idiopathic" ventricular tachycardia: a review.
AB  - High-frequency, low-amplitude electrical activity during and in continuation with
      the ventricular electrogram in sinus rhythm is now accepted as an indirect marker
      for reentrant pathways in ventricular muscle. Because the amplitude of these
      signals is low, much effort has recently been directed toward finding methods of
      recording these noninvasively. This essentially involves averaging the
      electrocardiogram, amplifying it, and filtering out the low frequency and
      nonrepetitive signals. This review discusses the methods presently available for
      signal-averaged electrocardiography and their background. The clinical
      application of signal-averaged electrocardiograms in patients with or suspected
      to have ventricular tachycardia is summarized. Data regarding the incidence of
      abnormal signal-averaged electrocardiography in patients with "idiopathic"
      ventricular tachycardia compared with normal subjects and patients with
      ventricular tachycardia related to ischemic heart disease are presented.

PMID- 2661069
TI  - Cardiac manifestations of noncardiac tumors. Part II: Direct effects.
AB  - Cardiac manifestations of secondary tumors of the heart exert their effects
      directly by endocardial, myocardial, epicardial or cavitary deposits (metastatic
      lesions); indirectly via tumor products such as carcinoma; or mediated by therapy
      (chemotherapy, radiation) to treat the primary neoplasm. Part II of this review
      summarizes certain direct effects of noncardiac tumors on the heart including
      superior and inferior vena cava syndromes, pulmonary artery and vein obstruction
      or compression, myocardial implants, and intracavitary metastases. Many of these
      direct effects may be noninvasively diagnosed by computed tomography, magnetic
      resonance imaging and/or two-dimensional echocardiography.

PMID- 2661070
TI  - Profiles in cardiology. James Hope.

PMID- 2661071
TI  - Oral parameters in the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - Xerostomia is the main oral symptom and clinical sign in Sjogren's syndrome (SS)
      but there are many other causes of a dry mouth. Salivary gland enlargement is a
      further feature but may be episodic. Xerostomia is a subjective symptom which can
      be non-invasively assessed by sialometry but this is too variable, insensitive
      and non-specific to be diagnostic of SS. Sialochemistry, though conceptually
      appealing is nondiscriminatory and of little diagnostic value. Sialographic
      changes in SS are not specific and generally regarded as insensitive, though this
      has recently been questioned. Salivary scintigraphy may be of some value because
      it is relatively non-invasive and examines all glands simultaneously and over a
      period of time; but it is non-specific. Lower labial salivary gland biopsy gives
      more specific diagnostic information than most other investigations but must be
      carried out and interpreted using strict criteria.

PMID- 2661072
TI  - Criteria for the salivary component of Sjogren's syndrome. A review.
AB  - Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by the presence of least 2 components of
      the following three: keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), xerostomia and another
      well-defined chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease (CTD). There is
      generally agreement that primary SS comprises the presence of KCS and xerostomia
      without the presence of a CTD, and that secondary SS occurs when a CTD is present
      together with KCS and/or xerostomia. However, there is disagreement as to the
      diagnostic criteria for the salivary component of SS (xerostomia). Assessment of
      this component by the presence of focal sialadenitis with a focus score on labial
      salivary gland biopsy is considered the most important single test. However,
      focal sialadenitis may occur in conditions other than SS. Therefore it is
      preferable to assess the salivary component with other tests as well, e.g.
      sialometry and salivary scintigraphy. It is demonstrated that the border between
      a normal and an abnormal test result may vary among investigators. Because the
      cause of SS is unknown, it is particularly important that international agreement
      on the diagnostic criteria is achieved. Investigators should state clearly in
      their publications how they have diagnosed SS. Patients suspected of having SS
      should be evaluated by a team of specialists in rheumatology, ophthalmology and
      odontology (oral medicine).

PMID- 2661073
TI  - Registration procedures and exchange of data in the Sjogren's syndrome research
      team with special reference to the oral component.
AB  - The management of patients with Sjogren's syndrome and research on diagnostic
      procedures and treatment modalities is to a great extent a co-operation procedure
      between specialties such as rheumatology, ophthalmology and oral medicine.
      Efficient registration and handling of data between those disciplines is of the
      utmost importance for the evaluation of diagnostic criteria and therapeutic
      measures. Routines for the handling of pertinent data between an EDB center and
      different clinics are suggested in this article. For the efficient registration a
      package of forms is also demonstrated. This package contains one main chart and
      separate charts for registration of detailed information from each discipline
      involved.

PMID- 2661074
TI  - Eye parameters for the diagnosis of xerophthalmos.
AB  - The anatomic aspects of the lacrimal apparatus are reviewed in relation to tear
      production, discussing the concept of xerophthalmos, its etiology and tests for
      its diagnosis. The authors use two diagnostic tests which quantify the serous
      secretion (Schirmer's or Jones's tests) and demonstrate epithelium damage
      (fluorescein or rose Bengal dye test). In cases of presumed xerophthalmos, other
      tests such as determination of lactoferrin, muramidase, IgA, TISC/BUT, etc. may
      also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

PMID- 2661075
TI  - Cardiovascular drugs during pregnancy.
AB  - There are little available information regarding the fetal risk for the majority
      of cardiac medications. Fortunately, however, clinical experience with many of
      these drugs as a necessity would indicate that most are probably safe for use
      during pregnancy. Since most of these medications are clearly indicated, they
      should not be withheld simply because the patient is pregnant. For most cardiac
      conditions, the disease process itself generally carries more of a risk to the
      mother and fetus than any risk that could be postulated from the medications used
      to treat the condition.

PMID- 2661076
TI  - Cardiovascular physiology and invasive cardiac monitoring.

PMID- 2661077
TI  - Rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy.

PMID- 2661078
TI  - Congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2661079
TI  - Pregnancy complicated by bacterial endocarditis.
AB  - In conclusion, bacterial endocarditis is a rare but very serious pregnancy
      complication that may lead to maternal death. The predisposing factors for the
      development of endocarditis appeared to have changed during the past two decades.
      Intravenous drug abuse, rather than rheumatic and congenital heart defects, is
      emerging as a major cause of endocarditis. Importantly, diagnostic evaluation and
      therapy during pregnancy are essentially identical to those for nonpregnant
      patients.

PMID- 2661080
TI  - Peripartum cardiomyopathy: current concepts and clinical management.

PMID- 2661081
TI  - Myocardial infarction in pregnancy.

PMID- 2661082
TI  - Pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves.
AB  - Pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves present the same myriad of problems
      and challenges inherent in other patients with severe cardiac disease. Care for
      these patients should involve counseling to determine the advisability of
      attempting or continuing pregnancy. Combined team care with several specialists
      is necessary for the optimal management of these patients. Family planning is
      very important for these patients.

PMID- 2661083
TI  - Cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy.
AB  - Arrhythmias of the pregnant patient are rare. In most cases, the therapeutic
      agent chosen should be much the same as that in the nonpregnant patient, and an
      understanding of the pharmacology of the antiarrhythmic agents is necessary for
      rational use in the pregnant patient with an arrhythmia. Substantial experience
      has been accumulated using some of the older agents for treatment of arrhythmias
      in pregnancy. As newer agents become available, there may be indications for
      their use in pregnancy; however, we recommend initially using well-known drugs
      until more experience is gained with the newer ones. The choice of an agent
      should be made only after thorough evaluation of the patient's symptoms, accurate
      diagnosis and an analysis of potential benefit versus potential risk to the
      mother or fetus.

PMID- 2661084
TI  - Prognostic implications of residual tumour volume in stage III ovarian cancer
      patients undergoing adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy.
AB  - Despite recent improvements, the survival of patients with advanced ovarian
      cancer remains unsatisfactory. In our patients who underwent radical debulking
      surgery, including systematic pelvic (and, additionally, in about one-third, para
      aortic lymphadenectomy), the size of residual tumour volume prior to cytotoxic
      chemotherapy was the most critical single prognostic determinant. The value of
      complete tumour removal was reflected in the survival curves. Patients with no
      residual disease following debulking surgery who underwent complete adjuvant
      chemotherapy showed a significantly better survival than did women with residual
      tumour burdens (P less than 0.05). The actuarial 1-year survival rate in patients
      with no RD, RD less than 2 cm, and RD greater than 2 cm was 96%, 88%, and 83%,
      the 3-year survival rate was 78%, 56%, and 37%, and the 5-year survival rate was
      78%, 40%, and 21%, respectively. Our results agree with previous studies. The
      data underline the need for aggressive debulking, including systematic
      lymphadenectomy and subsequent chemotherapy. The smaller the initial cell
      population the smaller the probability of drug-induced resistance. The greater
      the diameter of a tumour the greater the number of cells which remain in the G0
      phase--and which are thus not susceptible to chemotherapeutic compounds.

PMID- 2661085
TI  - Tumour reduction and chemotherapy in ovarian cancer.
AB  - The strategy of treatment for ovarian cancer has changed within recent years.
      Today, our aim is to resect as much tumour tissue as possible, and to treat the
      rapidly growing tumour residual by efficient chemotherapy. The real effect of
      this therapy has been assessed from a group of patients at the university
      hospital of Freiburg. We analysed all patients with Stage III disease who had
      been admitted to our hospital during a 15-year period. In the period 1984-1986,
      tumour tissue was reduced to a so-called optimal tumour size in 51% of all cases-
      in contrast to the results obtained in the period 1972-1974, when this was done
      in only 14% of cases. In 75% of cases, compared with 28% formerly, a partial
      resection of tumour was performed. It is remarkable that, at present, 37% of our
      patients with Stage III disease are older than 70 years. The size of the tumour
      residual is directly correlated with patients' survival. There is an apparent
      improvement in the fact that cases which are only histological cases III are more
      frequent today. Women subjected to more extensive surgery have less frequent
      postoperative mortality when compared with those who do not have extensive tumour
      resection. As is well known, the response of residual tumour to chemotherapy is
      of great importance for survival. At present, chemotherapy is started in almost
      90% of cases, but it is subsequently carried through in only 77%. The differences
      between histologically complete remissions and primary progression are more
      marked than are the differences between macroscopically negative tumour residual
      and no tumour resection. The success of a more active form of operation must be
      seen in the fact that in cases where there is a small residual tumour the rate of
      complete remission is higher. A stronger reduction of tumour, with subsequent
      chemotherapy, leads to a slight improvement in the rate of cure.

PMID- 2661086
TI  - Intraoperative staging in ovarian cancer.
AB  - In patients with early Stage I or II ovarian cancer a meticulous staging
      laparotomy is required; this should include omentectomy, pelvic and paraaortic
      lymphadenectomy, multiple peritoneal biopsies and diaphragmatic biopsies.
      Adjunctive therapy is based on these surgical-pathological findings. In patients
      with advanced disease (Stages III and IV) it has been demonstrated that optimal
      tumour reduction enhances the length of survival. A complete resection of all
      gross disease in the abdominal cavity is the goal. If this goal can be achieved,
      a pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection should be included. Postoperative
      adjunctive therapy should be based on the surgical pathologic findings. The
      planning of adjunctive therapy starts in the operating room, appropriate tissue
      specimens should be submitted for special studies, such as for receptor status.
      Intravenous and intraperitoneal access catheters should be placed during surgery
      for appropriate postoperative treatment. In spite of all the advances in the
      surgical management and adjunctive treatment for ovarian cancer, improvement in
      long-term survival is still missing. Each patient poses a different set of
      circumstances. Each patient needs individualized care, and surgical staging is
      the first and may be the most important step towards the development of an
      optimal comprehensive treatment plan.

PMID- 2661087
TI  - Pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy in cancer of the ovary.
AB  - The role of the lymphadenectomy in ovarian carcinoma is widely discussed. The
      natural history of disease, its tendency to spread to peritoneal cavity and the
      lack of any reported series of careful node dissections undertaken during
      surgical exploration has made it difficult to establish the real significance of
      nodal metastatization and the optimal therapeutic approach for patients with
      positive nodes. At the Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, 341 patients with
      ovarian carcinoma have been subjected to lymph node dissection. In 253 cases in
      which lymphadenectomy has been carried out during first surgery, the lymphonodal
      diffusion has been evaluated by stage, grading and histology. The incidence of
      lymphonodal metastases increased with the diffusion of the primitive tumour and
      this is particularly evident for the serous adenocarcinoma. From our data (as
      shown in our series of 173 cases Stage III with peritoneal and retroperitoneal
      diffusion) the lymphonodal involvement has to be considered as a negative
      prognostic factor, influencing survival in a statistically significant way. In
      the 88 patients subjected to radical lymphadenectomy during second-look surgery,
      after chemotherapy, a smaller percentage of positive nodes was observed as
      compared to untreated cases but, on the other hand, we documented a portion of
      positive nodes not sterilized by sistemic therapy. All this data confirm the
      necessity to perform radical lymphadenectomy not only as a staging procedure
      (because of low sensitivity of lymphangiography) but also as a therapeutic one
      for some patients.

PMID- 2661088
TI  - Lymph node metastasis and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in ovarian cancer.
AB  - While clinicians are devoting themselves to the study of the behaviour of ovarian
      cancer as well as to the search for more effective therapeutic modalities, little
      attention has been paid to an important route of metastasis in this group of
      diseases: retroperitoneal spread through the lymphatic pathway. The purpose of
      this report is to present a 5-year experience of a prospective study on lymph
      node metastasis in patients with ovarian cancer through retroperitoneal
      lymphadenectomy at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. From June 1982
      through May 1987, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was performed in 105
      cases of ovarian cancer. Seventy-seven (73.3%) were histologically diagnosed as
      cancer of epithelial origin, and 28 (26.7%) as germ-cell tumours. The overall
      incidence of retroperitoneal positive nodes was 54.3% (57/105). The incidence of
      positive pelvic nodes was 46.7% (49/105), and that of positive para-aortic nodes
      was 37.5% (30/80). In 69 patients who underwent systemic lymphadenectomy, 39 were
      found to have glandular involvement; in these 39 patients both aortic and pelvic
      nodes were positive in 19 cases (48.7%), aortic nodes were positive and pelvic
      nodes negative in 7 cases (18.0%), and pelvic nodes were positive and aortic
      nodes negative in 13 cases (33.3%). Preoperative lymphography was performed in 30
      cases. The positive and negative correspondence rates with the pathological
      findings were both 83.3%. In 38 cases in which the primary cancer originated in
      the left ovary, 17 (44.7%) were found to have positive pelvic nodes, whereas in
      25 cases with primary cancer arising in the right ovary only 2 (8%) had
      metastasis of the ipsilateral pelvic nodes. The lymph nodes obtained from 22
      patients with positive nodes and sufficient preoperative chemotherapy were
      carefully examined under the microscope for the effects of the drugs. Some
      cellular degeneration of the lymph node metastasis was observed in only one of
      the 15 cases of epithelial cancer, and no response at all was noted in three
      cases of immature teratoma. Cellular degeneration accompanied by extensive
      necrosis was demonstrated in the metastatic tumours of the lymph nodes in all
      four cases of endodermal sinus tumour. Seventy-two patients were followed-up for
      at least 2 1/2 years. The rate of complete remission was 46.7% (14/30) in
      patients with negative nodes, but only 33.3% (14/42) in those with positive
      nodes. However, the difference was not statistically significant.

PMID- 2661089
TI  - The significance of pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy in the operative
      treatment of ovarian cancer.
AB  - Since 1980, 95 of 320 patients with ovarian cancer of Stages I to IV have
      undergone pelvic lymphadenectomy. A further 57 patients underwent pelvic and para
      aortic lymphadenectomy. In the last three years, 83% of patients with Stage III
      disease had a lymphadenectomy, and 34% had no gross residual tumour after
      surgery. This entailed bowel resection in 33% of cases. After cytoreduction and
      chemotherapy, actuarial 5-year survival in Stages I and II was 90%, and was just
      over 40% in Stage III. Patients with positive nodes had markedly poorer survival
      than did those with negative nodes. Three years after only pelvic
      lymphadenectomy, 36.7% of patients with Stage III disease had no clinical,
      radiological or biochemical evidence of disease. If the abdomen had been cleared
      of gross disease at surgery, 70% of the patients had no evidence of disease at 3
      years. The therapeutic effect of lymphadenectomy is also reflected in the marked
      improvement in survival of all patients with Stage III ovarian cancer after the
      introduction of lymphadenectomy.

PMID- 2661090
TI  - The effect of chemotherapy on lymph node metastases in ovarian cancer.
AB  - Twenty-six patients with ovarian cancer underwent pelvic and para-aortic
      lymphadenectomy at second-look or third-look surgery after complete chemotherapy.
      The frequency of positive nodes (65.3%) was the same as that found at primary
      lymphadenectomy. Patients who had received cisplatin had the same frequency of
      positive nodes as those who had received a schedule which lacked cisplatin. Node
      involvement was not associated with tumour residual after primary surgery.
      Survival was strongly associated with nodal status. A difference in survival
      among patients who underwent primary lymphadenectomy could not be demonstrated.
      Of all gynaecological malignancies, ovarian cancer has the highest rate of
      positive retroperitoneal nodes. Chemotherapy, even with cisplatin, seems to have
      no effect on tumour deposits in the nodes. It cannot be assumed that a cure is
      possible if disease persists in the lymph nodes after chemotherapy, even if the
      abdomen has been cleared by radical primary surgery. Thus, cytoreduction should
      encompass the retroperitoneal space, and lymphadenectomy should be an integral
      component of the operative treatment of ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2661091
TI  - The second-look operation for ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2661092
TI  - Prognostic factors in relation to second-look laparotomy in ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2661093
TI  - Diagnostic versus therapeutic second-look surgery in patients with ovarian
      cancer.
AB  - Between August 1982 and January 1988, 82 patient with epithelial ovarian cancer
      underwent second-look laparotomy. Before second-look surgery, 37 patients (45%)
      were in clinical complete remission. Eleven of these women who had previously
      received complete surgery received a diagnostic second-look operation. Whereas
      the clinical diagnosis of a complete response was confirmed by second-look
      procedure in eight of these patients, positive tumour findings were still evident
      in four women. The other 26 women who did not have clinical evidence of disease
      underwent staging second-look laparatomy to complete primary surgery. However, 11
      patients revealed macroscopic evidence of tumour. In addition, the second-look
      operation was classified as a staging procedure in two women despite progressive
      disease classified preoperatively, but with negative intra-abdominal tumour
      findings. A therapeutic second-look laparotomy was performed in 37 patients with
      clinical evidence of disease to remove as much tumour as possible. Second-look
      laparatomy as a palliative procedure was necessary in six patients. Considering
      the type of second-look procedure, the 39 patients (48%) who underwent a
      diagnostic or staging procedure revealed a significantly longer median survival
      time of 62 months compared with the 43 women (52%) who underwent therapeutic or
      palliative second-look surgery and had a median survival of 19 months (P less
      than 0.0003, Log Rank Test). In patients with positive tumour findings at the
      time of second-look surgery, therapeutic cytoreduction was not associated with an
      improved survival time. We conclude that second-look surgery should be performed
      only in patients who are clinically free of disease to evaluate their
      intraperitoneal tumour status.

PMID- 2661094
TI  - A tumour-marker combination versus second-look surgery in ovarian cancer. I.
      Clinical experience.
AB  - Tumour markers are substances that occur at elevated blood levels in patients
      with certain tumours. When their specificity and sensitivity are known, markers
      can be used to monitor cancer patients. No single marker is specific and
      sensitive for a certain tumour, so that a combination of tumour markers is used.
      The efficacy of CA125, ferritin, TPA and CEA was demonstrated in 162 patients
      with ovarian cancer. With the same combination, we found a statistically
      significant correlation (91.7%) between the clinical course of the disease and
      the marker profile in 60 further patients. Tumour markers can also help make a
      prognosis. In 34 patients the marker profile accurately predicted the findings at
      second-look surgery. Thus, biochemical monitoring may supplant the second-look
      procedure. Sixty-eight patients were followed for a mean of 2.7 years after
      completion of chemotherapy. In 95.6% of these cases the tumour-marker analysis
      correlated with the clinical and radiological course. This means that the end of
      chemotherapy depends on biochemical monitoring, and second-line therapy can be
      initiated sooner.

PMID- 2661095
TI  - Spread and treatment of advanced ovarian cancer.
AB  - Most of the common epithelial ovarian cancers present in Stages III and IV.
      Although the common epithelial ovarian cancer is not truly a cancer that lends
      itself to surgery, it has been repeatedly reported that prognosis depends upon
      the amount of disease remaining at the end of the procedure. Nodules of 2 cm or
      greater usually mean that the patient will not be cured but may get palliation
      for long periods of time with adjunctive therapy. Therefore, the current
      philosophy is to be as aggressive as possible, surgically, without creating an
      inordinate morbidity and mortality. Following combination chemotherapy, if there
      is no evidence of disease on clinical examination--or by any laboratory or
      screening method--patients should be offered a second-look operation. Despite
      aggressive chemotherapy, approximately 50% of these patients will have residual
      disease at the time of the second-look procedure. In addition, 30% of the
      patients who have negative second-look operations will present at a later date
      with a recurrence of their tumour. The stage of disease at the time of the
      original procedure greatly influences the results, and, as would be anticipated,
      the results are infinitely better in those patients who have a second-look
      operation after Stage I cancer has been diagnosed than in patients who have a
      second-look procedure after an initial staging of Stage III. The best results
      will be achieved in those patients who have had very aggressive surgery at the
      initial procedure--followed by combination chemotherapy for approximately six to
      nine months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661096
TI  - The spread of ovarian cancer.
AB  - Spreading intra-abdominally, ovarian cancer reaches the upper abdomen relatively
      quickly. Metastases result from the implantation of cells from the primary tumour
      or, perhaps, may arise de novo from the peritoneal epithelium. The tumour also
      spreads via the lymphatics directly to the pelvic nodes, directly to the para
      aortic nodes, or directly to both. Pelvic nodes were positive in 57.9% of
      patients of all stages. The highest incidence, 70.4%, was found in Stage III. The
      percentage of positive para-aortic nodes was lower, namely 50.9% overall
      incidence and 67.6% in Stage III. Concerning the concomitant involvement of
      pelvic and para-aortic nodes, 40.4% of patients with positive pelvic nodes also
      had positive para-aortic nodes. Of patients with negative pelvic nodes, 36.8%
      also had negative para-aortic nodes. Of all patients, 12.3% had positive pelvic
      nodes and negative para-aortic nodes. Conversely, 10.5% of all patients had
      positive para-aortic nodes and negative pelvic nodes. There is a significant
      association between the involvement of the diaphragm and that of the pelvic and
      para-aortic nodes. Of those patients with tumour deposits on the diaphragm, 84.4%
      also had positive retroperitoneal nodes. Conversely, 55.9% of patients with
      positive nodes also had tumour deposits on the diaphragm. This means that ovarian
      cancer spreads almost simultaneously in two ways: intra-abdominally and
      retroperitoneally. Surgical treatment must address both modes.

PMID- 2661097
TI  - Surgical techniques used in achieving optimal resection of stage III cancer of
      the ovaries.
AB  - There are three major prognostic parameters which can be ascertained
      postoperatively; they are tumour residuum, lymph node status and degree of
      differentiation. It is difficult to be certain of the value of this knowledge to
      either the clinician or the patient.

PMID- 2661098
TI  - Individualization of surgical treatment for ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2661099
TI  - Intravenous digital subtraction angiography and lung imaging: compared value in
      the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
AB  - In a prospective study, 42 consecutive patients with clinically suspected
      pulmonary embolism underwent ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) lung imaging and digital
      subtraction angiography (DSA) concurrently with selective conventional pulmonary
      angiography (CPA). Thirty-eight studies achieved within 24 hours were reviewed
      independently by two pairs of observers. The findings were compared using CPA as
      the gold standard. V-Q lung imaging had a high percentage of indeterminate
      results, but none were false negative nor false positive. DSA had a lower
      percentage of indeterminate results but missed four of the 25 positive cases and
      erroneously affirmed the presence of pulmonary embolism in three cases.
      Therefore, the authors think that V-Q lung imaging should remain the screening
      examination of choice for evaluating patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 2661100
TI  - Renal transplant evaluation--another potential pitfall.

PMID- 2661101
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of anticancer drugs.

PMID- 2661103
TI  - Cholelithiasis. Clinical characteristics in children. Case analysis and
      literature review.
AB  - Thirty-five cases of cholelithiasis diagnosed at a children's hospital over a 7.5
      year period are reviewed and compared to 693 cases of pediatric gallstones
      reported in the literature. Symptomatology and associated medical history are
      more important in diagnosing cholelithiasis than are laboratory tests. Hemolytic
      disease is the most common associated condition in our series (46%) as well as in
      the literature (30%), but the frequency of the various associated conditions
      varies with age. Isolated gallstone disease does occur, particularly in the young
      infant. Jaundice is the most common symptom in children less than 1 year of age,
      being present in greater than 90 percent of symptomatic patients previously
      reported. Overall, the most common symptom in our series is vomiting (60%). Right
      upper quadrant pain in the absence of vomiting does not appear to be significant,
      as this occurred in only one patient (3%) in our series.

PMID- 2661104
TI  - Spinal epidural abscess. An infectious emergency. Case report and review.
AB  - Spinal epidural abscess is an unusual disease in the pediatric age group,
      requires early diagnosis and prompt surgical drainage to insure a good clinical
      outcome. Back pain and fever are usually the only presenting symptoms occurring
      before precipitous neurologic deterioration. The causative organism is most often
      Staphylococcus aureus, which presumably is spread to the epidural space
      hematogenously. Diagnosis is facilitated by computed tomography (CT) scan, but
      the entire spine must be imaged by either myelography or magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) to assess for skip lesions.

PMID- 2661105
TI  - Anatomy and physiology of adipose tissue.
AB  - In summary, the increasing frequency with which we perform lipectomy prompts us
      to investigate the risks and benefits to which we may be subjecting our patients.
      It is hoped that this article has shed some light on the biology and anatomy of
      adipose tissue so that we can make educated guesses as to the effects of its
      removal.

PMID- 2661102
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of patients with
      leprosy.
AB  - On the basis of the efficacy of the available agents, the World Health
      Organization has recommended only 4 drugs for combined chemotherapy of leprosy:
      rifampicin, dapsone, clofazimine and ethionamide/prothionamide. Thiacetazone and
      isoniazid are also used to a lesser extent by some physicians. Pyrazinamide may
      find a place in treating 'persister' bacilli. Dapsone is absorbed slowly after
      oral administration. Peak plasma drug concentration is reached at about 4 hours;
      absorption half-life is 1.1 hours; elimination half-life is about 30 hours. Oral
      availability is around 90%. Dapsone is approximately 70% protein-bound, while its
      monoacetylated metabolite is almost entirely bound. Dapsone crosses the placenta
      and is excreted into breast milk. It is metabolised via acetylation and N
      hydroxylation, but acetylation polymorphism has no effect on dapsone handling by
      leprosy patients. Dapsone penetrates into sciatic nerves of experimental animals
      but its presence has not been demonstrated in Schwann cells. Oral doses of
      rifampicin are rapidly and completely absorbed. The bioavailability is greater
      when the drug is given before meals; peak concentrations occur at 1 to 2 hours.
      80 to 90% of rifampicin is bound to plasma proteins, and the drug is found in
      saliva, cerebrospinal fluid and breast milk. Its main metabolite, desacetyl
      rifampicin, also exhibits antimycobacterial activity in tuberculosis. Rifampicin
      induces its own metabolism, as well as that of dapsone and steroids. Absorption
      of dapsone and rifampicin is reported to be reduced in leprosy patients.
      Clofazimine has been in use in leprosy treatment since 1960. In higher doses it
      exerts an anti-inflammatory action which is useful in treating leprosy patients
      in reaction. Oral absorption of the drug is slow and dose-dependent; faecal
      excretion also increases with dose. Single- and multiple-dose studies have shown
      a plasma half-life of around 10 days. Bioavailability of the drug is higher when
      given with food than when fasting; the peak plasma concentration occurs at 4 to 8
      hours when the drug is administered with breakfast. After absorption, the drug is
      thought to circulate in protein-bound form, accounting for the fact that it is
      deposited in various tissues. Uneven distribution and prolonged retention in the
      tissues are special features of clofazimine metabolism. One unconjugated and 2
      conjugated metabolites have been detected in urine, and the urinary excretion of
      both the parent compound and its metabolites is around 1% of the dose.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2661106
TI  - Body contour surgery.

PMID- 2661107
TI  - Abdominal lipoplasty technique.
AB  - The technique of suction-assisted lipoplasty has opened up a whole new world of
      treatment possibilities for our patients. If patients are properly evaluated and
      properly informed, good results can be achieved on a routine basis. Preoperative
      evaluation and assessment are of utmost importance. A factual representation of
      the technique and its possibilities is essential preoperatively as with any other
      surgical technique. If the surgical principals and techniques are carefully
      followed, the morbidity of this procedure is very low.

PMID- 2661108
TI  - Abdominolipoplasty.

PMID- 2661109
TI  - Improved results with closed facial suction.
AB  - Closed suction lipoplasty is a recent treatment mode within facial aesthetic
      surgery. Younger patients with certain specific identifiable fatty accumulations
      are the primary beneficiaries of the procedure. However, coexisting bony,
      muscular, and skin conditions may be a contraindication, and if they go
      unrecognized, may lead to aesthetic failure. If optimal results are to be
      achieved, the number of good to ideal candidates for the procedure is fewer than
      originally projected. When indications are strict, the very highest level of
      aesthetic refinement and excellence can be achieved.

PMID- 2661110
TI  - Current treatment of embolic disease.

PMID- 2661111
TI  - Complications associated with suction lipectomy.

PMID- 2661112
TI  - Influence of age on glomerular binding of angiotensin II in normotensive and
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - 1. Glomerular angiotensin II (ANG II) binding has been studied in normotensive
      (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats at 5, 10, 15 and 20 weeks of age.
      2. Binding of 125I-labelled ANG II by glomeruli from NTR and SHR was similar at 5
      and 10 weeks of age, with 5 week values of 426.4 (range 384-469) and 400.2 +/-
      245 fmol/mg of protein; however, at 15 and 20 weeks ANG II binding by SHR
      glomeruli was significantly greater than by NTR, with 20 week values of 614.7 +/-
      245 and 308.3 +/- 31.8 fmol/mg of protein, respectively (P less than 0.01). 3.
      The ANG II binding affinity constant (Ka) of glomeruli from NTR and SHR was
      comparable at 5, 10 and 15 weeks of age, with values of 1.5 (range 1.1-1.9) and
      1.08 +/- 0.35 nmol/l, respectively, at 5 weeks; whereas at 20 weeks the Ka for
      SHR glomeruli was significantly greater than for NTR, with values of 1.85 +/-
      0.45 and 0.66 +/- 0.22 nmol/l, respectively (P less than 0.001). 4. Age-related
      changes in glomerular binding of ANG II in SHR were not found to be related to
      changes in either plasma renin activity or systolic blood pressure.

PMID- 2661113
TI  - The pulmonary function laboratory.
AB  - The pulmonary function laboratory is essential for evaluating patients with
      respiratory complaints and disorders. Lung function tests are widely used to
      detect evidence of disease, quantitate severity of dysfunction, elucidate
      pathophysiologic mechanisms, and assess response to therapy. For these reasons,
      standards for personnel, infection control and safety, equipment, and quality
      control are important considerations for the generation of physiologic data.

PMID- 2661114
TI  - Prediction of normal values in pulmonary function testing.
AB  - Appropriate use of reference equations for predicting normal values is important
      for maximizing the clinical and research usefulness of pulmonary function
      testing. Because of the diversity of clinical and research uses of pulmonary
      function testing, predictive equations derived from different populations may be
      needed for specific applications. Similarly, different limits of normalcy other
      than the traditional 95 per cent confidence limits may be more appropriate for
      some applications. Unanswered questions remain about the effects of race and
      altitude on predicted values for many pulmonary function parameters. In order to
      establish confidence that the predictive equations, lower limits of normalcy, and
      testing methodology are appropriate for specific patient populations, it is
      suggested that each clinical laboratory obtain PFT measurements on 10 to 20
      individuals considered free of disease and representative of their patient
      population and compare these results with the prediction equations selected for
      use. Although the testing of such a small sample of normal subjects will not
      assist in the selection of optimal equations if the differences between equations
      are minor, it will detect grossly inappropriate predictive values and limits of
      normalcy as well as identify problems with testing methodology.

PMID- 2661115
TI  - Spirometry and flow-volume curves.
AB  - Spirometry is the best and most widely used pulmonary function test. Equipment
      recommendations are made and performance information about different types of
      spirometers is given. Methods for obtaining clinically applicable spirometric
      results for use in making diagnostic and treatment decisions are presented.
      Selection and use of reference or "normal" values and interpretive strategies are
      discussed.

PMID- 2661116
TI  - Bronchoprovocation testing.
AB  - Bronchial hyperresponsiveness is a constant feature of asthma even when airflow
      obstruction is absent. Detecting nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness is
      useful when the diagnosis of asthma has not been confirmed or when a patient
      describes symptoms of cough, chest tightness, and dyspnea that cannot be ascribed
      to other causes. Also, because wheezing is a symptom of other disorders,
      inhalation challenge tests can be useful in defining its cause when reversible
      airflow obstruction has not been documented. A number of easy and safe techniques
      are available to detect nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The histamine
      and methacholine challenge have had the most widespread use in the clinical
      pulmonary function laboratory. The exercise and cold air challenges are limited
      by expense. The osmotic challenge may gain more acceptance as experience with
      this technique grows. These different agents have the advantage of simplicity,
      reproducibility, a low number of adverse effects, and a high degree of
      specificity and sensitivity. A limited number of asthmatics show bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness to specific agents such as chemical sensitizers in the
      workplace, aeroallergens, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and
      sulfiting agents. Bronchoprovocation testing with these agents is usually
      reserved for the hospital laboratory because severe or delayed reactions may
      occur. These tests, however, can be extremely useful in defining a population of
      sensitive asthmatics.

PMID- 2661117
TI  - Measurement of lung volumes.
AB  - Measurements of lung volume play an integral role in the laboratory evaluation of
      patients with known or suspected lung disease. Several techniques are available
      to measure absolute lung volumes (containing residual volume). It should be noted
      that these techniques measure different theoretical volumes and may produce
      different results in patients with lung disease. Lung volume measurements are
      typically elevated in obstructive diseases and reduced in restrictive diseases,
      making them useful tests in diagnosing and distinguishing these two general
      classes of disease.

PMID- 2661118
TI  - Clinical and physiologic evaluation of respiratory muscle function.
AB  - The ventilatory muscles are of primary importance in the maintenance of
      ventilation. This rather complex system of muscles centers around the diaphragm.
      As diaphragmatic function becomes compromised with the progression of different
      lung diseases, the participation of other muscles becomes necessary. This is
      clinically manifested by the recruitment of many of these muscles even during
      quiet breathing. The use of simple questions during a medical history,
      determination of the respiratory rate, assessment of the pattern of breathing,
      and observation of thoracoabdominal movements are helpful in the initial
      evaluation. Measurement of the FVC, lung volumes, and tidal breathing help direct
      attention to more specific investigation of the ventilatory muscles. Decreased
      respiratory muscle strength can be confirmed by measurement of PImax and PEmax.
      Decreased respiratory muscle endurance can be readily ascertained by measuring
      the MVV. Use of these simple techniques, available in most laboratories, is
      appropriate for initial evaluation and establishing a diagnosis. The additional
      measurements of esophageal and gastric pressures have added a new dimension to
      the study of the diaphragm; these techniques, however, remain a research tool.

PMID- 2661119
TI  - Measurements of ventilatory regulation.
AB  - The ventilatory control system, although not yet fully understood, is a complex
      interaction of volitional and reflex mechanisms extending from the cerebral
      cortex to receptors in the lungs and chest wall. Measurements of ventilatory
      control mechanisms can be made at rest, during exercise, during sleep, and during
      hypercapnic or hypoxic stimuli. Measurements of ventilation, ventilatory pattern,
      and mouth occlusion pressure at rest provide valuable information on ventilatory
      control mechanisms; these measurements can be extended by measurements of
      diaphragmatic EMG (indicating central neural output) and measurements of
      ventilation and mouth occlusion pressure during CO2 or hypoxic stimulation.
      Clinical assessment of ventilatory control abnormalities requires an
      understanding of the basic features of the control system and a logical
      application of the available tests.

PMID- 2661120
TI  - Arterial blood gases.
AB  - Blood gas analyses are an essential part of modern patient care. Although all
      blood gas instruments have pH, PCO2, and PO2 electrodes based on the same
      principles, instruments in current use vary greatly in design, operator
      dependence, and accuracy. For the clinician to obtain accurate and timely results
      there must be not only good instrumentation and laboratory techniques, but also
      reliable specimen collection and transport and data transmission. Dedicated
      personnel, duplicate instrumentation, frequent duplicate analyses of blood, blood
      tonometry, a good quality control system, and proficiency testing are
      advantageous. "Temperature correction" of the blood gas values by the laboratory
      to the patient's actual temperature is disadvantageous.

PMID- 2661121
TI  - Noninvasive monitoring of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
AB  - New technologies for the noninvasive assessment of oxygen and carbon dioxide are
      transforming clinical practice. Transcutaneous monitoring of PO2 (PtcO2) and PCO2
      (PtCO2) provides an approximation of PaO2 and PaCO2 values in hemodynamically
      normal individuals, but both PtcO2 and PtcCO2 diverge from the corresponding
      arterial values when cardiac output is reduced, even in the absence of
      hypotension. Transcutaneous monitors also have relatively slow equilibration and
      response times. Pulse oximeters rapidly assess arterial O2 saturation, but give
      spurious results when dyshemoglobins (for example, carboxyhemoglobin,
      methemoglobin) are present in significant quantity. End-tidal CO2 (PetCO2)
      monitoring tracks breath-by-breath changes in ventilation, and PetCO2
      approximates PaCO2 when significant physiologic dead-space is not present.
      Respiratory inductive plethysmography provides a semiquantitative assessment of
      tidal volume and the relative contribution of the thorax and abdomen to
      ventilation; among other uses, this technology may allow for the early detection
      of respiratory muscle fatigue prior to the onset of respiratory failure.

PMID- 2661122
TI  - Evaluation of respiratory disorders during sleep.
AB  - A respiratory sleep study should be performed in subjects suspected of having
      sleep apnea or in subjects suspected of hypoventilating during sleep who have
      unexplained hypersomnolence, erythrocytosis, pulmonary hypertension, or cor
      pulmonale. Sleep studies should include sleep staging, measurement of airflow,
      respiratory effort, oxyhemoglobin saturation, and electrocardiogram. Screening
      and at-home studies may be valuable, but further studies are necessary before
      they can be generally recommended. Analysis should include the number of apneas
      and hypopneas and an index of respiratory effort to determine whether the subject
      has obstructive, central, or mixed apnea. Oxyhemoglobin saturation should be
      analyzed quantitatively to note the degree of hypoxemia during sleep and to
      determine whether the subject could benefit from treatment to correct the
      hypoxia.

PMID- 2661123
TI  - Cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
AB  - Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is an objective method of assessing the
      functional capacity of a patient. In contrast to clinical assessment and resting
      investigations, exercise testing is useful in detecting early changes in patients
      with cardiac or respiratory disease. Although a number of different types of
      ergometers can be used for testing, the ones used commonly are the cycle and
      treadmill. Comparison of these two modes of exercise shows no significant
      clinical difference between them; therefore, either can be used for routine
      cardiopulmonary exercise testing. There are various types of exercise protocols,
      but generally the protocol should involve large muscle groups and should be
      tolerated by the population being tested. The main goal when selecting an
      exercise protocol is to strike a balance between workload increments that do not
      prematurely fatigue the subject and at the same time allow the subject to reach a
      maximum power output within 8 to 15 minutes. Whatever the exercise test protocol
      used, the intensity should be increased to a symptom-limited maximum. This
      procedure is safe as long as contraindications for starting a test and
      indications for terminating a test are adhered to strictly. The assessment of
      cardiorespiratory responses during exercise ranges from simple and noninvasive
      techniques to those that are invasive and complex. In the majority of cases all
      the information needed for proper assessment of the patient can be acquired with
      simple noninvasive techniques.

PMID- 2661124
TI  - Update: diuretic therapy in the elderly.

PMID- 2661125
TI  - Approaches to nutritional care in the elderly.

PMID- 2661126
TI  - Syncope in the elderly.

PMID- 2661127
TI  - Thyroid disorders and the elderly.
AB  - In the elderly population the recognition of thyroid disorders in their early
      stages is crucial because of the morbidity and mortality the elderly incur and
      also because of the gratifying responses observed with prompt treatment. However,
      this recognition is possible only if the physician involved is aware that thyroid
      disorders are more common in the elderly than in younger people, and remains
      alert to their subtle manifestations. The appropriate interpretation of thyroid
      function tests is also important because associated nonthyroidal disorders and
      the drugs used for their management in the elderly often alter test results, even
      in a euthyroid subject. Finally, therapy must be prompt but cautious, with closer
      and more frequent monitoring than is necessary for younger patients.

PMID- 2661128
TI  - Alcohol effects in the elderly.
AB  - Alcohol is a potent drug and must be included in the medication history of the
      patient. The physician must be alert to the possibility of alcohol abuse by the
      elderly, in whom typical clues may not be present. Alcohol has a greater dose
      related effect in elderly persons because of their decreased total body water,
      which leads to persistently higher blood alcohol levels. Alcohol causes unique
      kinds of brain damage, a fact that may aggravate the clinical symptoms of
      dementia such as Alzheimer's disease, but there is no convincing proof of
      premature aging because of alcohol abuse. Alcohol potentiates the sedating
      effects of many drugs acting on the CNS. This is especially serious in elderly
      patients, and they should be cautioned concerning the use of alcohol and drugs.

PMID- 2661129
TI  - "Spontaneous" oral hygiene: a predictor for future preventive behavior?
AB  - The aim of this study was to establish whether a patient's "spontaneous" hygiene
      could be a reliable predictor of his or her tendency to maintain a certain
      permanent level of hygiene. The sample comprised 147 private periodontal patients
      whose plaque indices were recorded before (index 1) and after (index 2) a
      standardized hygiene program was carried out. According to their initial indices
      the patients were distributed in 10 classes (Class 0: from 0 to 10% using
      O'Leary's plaque index, class 1: from 11% to 20%, etc.). The two biggest classes
      were greater than 50% (48.3% of the subjects of the whole sample belonged to
      classes 5 and 6). A coefficient (IC) = Index 1 - Index 2/Index 1 + Index 2 was
      conceived to appreciate the different degrees of improvement. There was a marked
      difference in behavior between patients whose initial plaque index was less than
      50% and those whose initial index was greater than 50%. The former improved
      noticeably, whereas the latter did not. Within the limits of the investigated
      population the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) initial plaque index and
      possibilities of improvement are correlated; 2) initial plaque index, recorded
      prior to any periodontal treatment, may be a reliable predictor of a patient's
      future compliance.

PMID- 2661130
TI  - Frequency and density of yeasts in the mouths of malnourished children.
AB  - The prevalence and density of yeasts and Candida albicans on the buccal mucosa
      and dorsum of the tongue have been assessed in 106 children in Crossroads
      squatter camp, South Africa. They were divided into a malnourished and a control
      group on the basis of an age/weight chart. No differences were found in yeast
      prevalence and density in the two groups. However, malnourished children more
      frequently had a mucosal density of yeasts, and particularly C. albicans,
      exceeding the upper limit normally found in health, in the absence of clinical
      infection. Some evidence was found to suggest that yeast density might be
      influenced by sex as well as nutritional status.

PMID- 2661131
TI  - Coronary heart disease: interplay between changing concepts of aetiology, risk
      distribution, and social strategies for prevention.
AB  - Epidemic diseases move in grand cycles, accompanying changes in culture, social
      organization, and environment. Coronary heart disease (CHD), a mass disease of
      twentieth century industrialized society, has a predominantly environmental
      aetiology. Although the major biomedical risk factors appear to have been
      identified over the past 40 years of epidemiological research, we are not certain
      why CHD is now on the wane in most Western nations. In Australia, CHD death rates
      have, since 1968, declined much more in professional and white-collar men than in
      blue-collar men. Any substantial reduction in CHD rates will require a
      generalized population shift towards a lower CHD risk profile. Numerically, the
      greatest gains should come from reducing the CHD risk of the bulk of the
      population, who are currently at medium risk of CHD. Notions of risk need, in the
      first instance, to be based on up-to-date knowledge of biomedical risk factors
      and mechanisms in order to develop optimal intervention strategies. A population
      based strategy can be achieved via community education and structural
      modification of the social environment. The latter approach will require public
      health research into broader questions of the social-environmental influences on
      population cardiovascular health: for example, research into the social,
      political, and economic determinants of national food and nutrition policies; and
      into the various environmental (including workplace) changes that will facilitate
      risk-lowering behaviour. Hopefully, intervention strategies in such areas, set
      within a community development context, will be developed within the incipient
      National Program for Better Health.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661132
TI  - The limits and potential of community development for personal and social change.
AB  - Some health and welfare workers are making claims for community development which
      are both unrealistic and misleading. By tracing the history and public policy use
      of community development and by defining its characteristics, much of the
      mystique which surrounds this intervention is eliminated. Community development
      is revealed in this paper to have potential in the areas of personal and planned
      social change. However, community development's contribution to fundamental
      social change is circumscribed by the nature of government sponsorship and by its
      very process which emphasizes parochialism and the generation of self reliance.

PMID- 2661133
TI  - The community development in health project.
AB  - This paper describes the purpose and process of a 15 month project established to
      develop resources to assist people who are seeking to use a community development
      approach in addressing health issues.

PMID- 2661134
TI  - Evaluation of dialysis adequacy.

PMID- 2661135
TI  - High efficiency hemodialysis.

PMID- 2661136
TI  - Hemodiafiltration.

PMID- 2661137
TI  - Hemodiafiltration with separate convection and diffusion: paired filtration
      dialysis.

PMID- 2661138
TI  - Diagnostic value of immunological investigations on sera of patients with
      glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2661139
TI  - Role of eicosanoids as mediators of glomerular injury in immune-mediated
      nephropathies.

PMID- 2661140
TI  - Ciclosporin in autoimmune renal diseases.

PMID- 2661141
TI  - Pathogenesis of uremic anemia and new therapeutic prospectives.

PMID- 2661142
TI  - Uremic acidosis.

PMID- 2661143
TI  - Renal prostaglandins: biochemistry and functional significance in man.

PMID- 2661144
TI  - Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy.

PMID- 2661145
TI  - Renal fine-needle biopsy.

PMID- 2661146
TI  - Anti-idiotypic immunity: considerations on the immunology of kidney diseases.

PMID- 2661147
TI  - Ultrasonically guided fine-needle interventional procedures on parathyroid
      glands.

PMID- 2661148
TI  - Proximal mean airway pressure: a good estimator of mean alveolar pressure during
      continuous positive-pressure breathing.
AB  - Although airway and alveolar pressures are not instantly equal during positive
      pressure ventilation, proximal mean airway pressure (Paw) is the simplest
      available indirect gauge of mean alveolar pressure (Palv). To ascertain the
      relation of Paw to Palv and the limits of agreement between the two measures,
      real-time curves of proximal airway pressure (at the hub of the endotracheal
      tube) and alveolar pressure were generated by repeated airway occlusion at
      numerous PEEP levels in four groups of ventilated lambs or piglets: normal
      controls, oleic acid-injured and serotonin stimulated lambs, and preparations
      with mechanically induced air trapping. From these curves, Paw and Palv were
      determined. In all groups, Paw proved to be a precise estimator of Palv during
      volume-regulated, time-cycled, continuous positive-pressure breathing.

PMID- 2661149
TI  - Unique features of albumin: a brief review.

PMID- 2661150
TI  - Regionalized intensive care units and Medicare: ethics, public policy, and
      outcome research.

PMID- 2661151
TI  - Psychosocial approaches to substance abuse prevention: theoretical foundations
      and empirical findings.
AB  - Substance abuse continues to be a major public health problem and a central
      policy issue throughout the United States. Interventions developed to reduce or
      prevent substance use have taken many forms including school-based education
      programs, mass media campaigns, and community-based movements. The extant
      research literature indicates that these interventions have frequently increased
      knowledge and awareness, and they have occasionally had an impact on attitudes
      and other substance use-related variables. However, rarely have any of these
      interventions had a measurable impact on actual substance use. A major exception
      is a class of school-based primary-prevention approaches that focus on the key
      psychosocial factors promoting adolescent substance use. These approaches include
      either resistance skills training alone or in combination with broader competence
      enhancement interventions. The development of these intervention approaches and
      the evidence supporting their efficacy is an encouraging advance in a field
      replete with failures. Still, it is important to recognize the limitations of
      these approaches in their current form and the need to develop more comprehensive
      approaches combining school-based interventions with those impacting on the
      family, social institutions, and the larger community.

PMID- 2661152
TI  - Preventive intervention programmes in adolescence: education in safe sexual
      behaviour for life?

PMID- 2661153
TI  - Effects of blood transfusion and cyclosporin on rabbit corneal graft survival.
AB  - Blood transfusion prolongs renal, cardiac, and skin allograft survival, but
      promotes rejection of bone marrow allografts. At present, it is unclear whether
      transfusion induces allograft tolerance or sensitization in corneal transplants.
      We performed eccentric penetrating keratoplasty on New Zealand albino rabbits,
      using Dutch rabbits as donors. Twenty-four recipient rabbits were randomly
      allocated into four groups. The control group received no pretreatment. The other
      three groups received a donor-specific whole-blood transfusion and/or cyclosporin
      seven days before the corneal transplants. A single blood transfusion accelerated
      allograft rejection by an average of 8.8 days (p = 0.0005). In contrast, a single
      cyclosporin pretreatment prolonged graft survival by an average of 5.3 days (p =
      0.02). There was no evidence of interaction effects between transfusion and
      cyclosporin (p = NS). Therefore, unlike renal, cardiac, and skin allografts and
      similar to bone marrow allografts, prior blood transfusion accelerates corneal
      allograft rejection in our rabbit model. Although our data can not be
      extrapolated to human corneal transplants, our results raise the question whether
      blood transfusion can sensitize humans to corneal allografts.

PMID- 2661154
TI  - Early continuous passive movement in hand surgery.
AB  - For many conditions CPM can provide better results than good surgical technique
      alone. CPM was first used for flexor tendon repairs. More recently, its use has
      been extended to operations on extensor tendons, tenolysis, joint reconstruction,
      and the treatment of intraarticular fractures, burned hands, reflex sympathetic
      dystrophy, and crush injuries of the hand. New portable CPM machines have
      permitted an increase in the effective therapy time patients may receive. This
      article compared three different CPM machines and described two treatment
      protocols for early passive movement of the hand after operations on the tendons.

PMID- 2661155
TI  - Randomized double-blind, multicenter study of prostaglandin E1 in patients with
      the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Prostaglandin E1 Study Group.
AB  - Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was compared to placebo in a 100-patient (50 PGE1, 50
      placebo) randomized, double-blind, clinical trial to determine whether PGE1
      therapy enhances survival of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome
      (ARDS) when infused through a central line at 30 ng/kg/min continuously for seven
      days. At 30 days postinfusion, 30 PGE1 and 24 placebo patients had died. Total
      deaths judged to be related to the syndrome were 32 and 28 in the PGE1 and
      placebo groups respectively at six months. We conclude that PGE1 did not enhance
      survival in patients with established ARDS. PGE1 augmented the hyperdynamic
      circulation of these patients by reducing systemic and pulmonary vascular
      resistance, which resulted in a reduction of blood pressures and increased stroke
      volume, cardiac output, and heart rate. An improvement in oxygen availability and
      oxygen consumption was observed with PGE1 therapy. PGE1 was associated with an
      increased incidence of diarrhea (six patients in the PGE1 group vs one in the
      placebo group, p less than 0.05). Other adverse effects included hypotension (ten
      patients in the PGE1 group vs seven in the placebo group), fever (six patients in
      the PGE1 group vs three in the placebo group), and non-fatal dysrhythmias (ten in
      the PGE1 group vs five in the placebo group).

PMID- 2661156
TI  - Influence of the extracellular matrix on type 2 cell differentiation.
AB  - Growth and division of type II pulmonary epithelial cells are important
      components of the pathway by which the alveolar surface is repaired following
      several forms of lung injury. These processes, which result in
      reepithelialization of the denuded alveolar basement membrane, involve loss of
      type II cell differentiation and transition to a type I epithelium. As in other
      cells, the extracellular matrix appears to be an important determinant of type II
      cell differentiation. This effect on the type II cell is exerted by both simple
      and complex matrices and may be modulated by active synthesis and remodeling of
      the matrix components by the pneumocytes themselves. In general, laminin or
      laminin-rich complex surfaces favor cellular differentiation; fibronectin or
      fibronectin-rich complex matrices accelerate loss of differentiated form and
      function. In both cases, matrix-initiated changes in the type II cell involve
      regulation of cell shape and morphology, hormone responsiveness, secretory
      activity, phospholipid synthesis, protein turnover, and gene expression. These
      influences of the extracellular matrix, along with the effects of locally acting
      soluble factors, likely direct the cellular transitions required for restoration
      of a physiologically competent alveolar surface during the repair of lung injury.

PMID- 2661157
TI  - Physiologic implications of artificial airways.

PMID- 2661158
TI  - Mechanisms of laryngotracheal injury following prolonged tracheal intubation.

PMID- 2661159
TI  - Medical indications for tracheotomy.

PMID- 2661160
TI  - New serum indicator of interstitial pneumonitis activity. Sialylated carbohydrate
      antigen KL-6.
AB  - Serum levels of a high molecular weight circulating antigen KL-6, detected by
      means of a sandwich assay using a monoclonal antibody KL-6 against a sialylated
      carbohydrate antigen, were evaluated for usefulness in monitoring the activity of
      interstitial pneumonitis. Abnormally high levels of KL-6 antigen were observed in
      the sera of 34 (58 percent) of 59 patients with interstitial pneumonitis. There
      was no significant correlation between serum values of KL-6 antigen and LDH
      activity. There was a positive correlation between KL-6 antigen levels and the
      degree of clinical disease activity as measured by 67Ga-citrate scintigram and
      the clinical course. Though this is a preliminary study, these observations
      suggest that the serum level of KL-6 antigen may be a useful indicator of disease
      activity in patients with interstitial pneumonitis. It does not appear to be
      useful, however, in the differential diagnosis of interstitial pneumonitis from
      malignant and nonmalignant diseases.

PMID- 2661161
TI  - Periodic leg movements in sleep following treatment of obstructive sleep apnea
      with nasal continuous positive airway pressure.
AB  - Periodic leg movements in sleep are shown to be a common finding in patients with
      OSA and may become evident or increase in severity after treatment of the OSA
      with NCPAP. Periodic leg movements in sleep were measured during baseline
      polysomnography, a NCPAP treatment trial, and a repeat NCPAP recording in 33
      patients treated with NCPAP for OSA. During baseline PSG, nine patients had five
      or more PLMS per hour of sleep (index), while 14 patients had a PLMSI of 5 or
      more during the NCPAP trial and the repeat NCPAP recording. Among those patients
      with a PLMSI of 5 or more during repeat NCPAP studies, the PLMSI showed a
      significant increase from baseline to initial NCPAP (16.9 +/- 25.3 vs 39.3 +/-
      29.4; p less than 0.001) and from baseline to repeat NCPAP (16.9 +/- 25.3 vs 42.9
      +/- 39.8; p less than 0.05). The number of PLMS associated with
      electroencephalographic arousal also increased significantly from baseline to
      initial NCPAP (4.3 +/- 7.4 vs 9.7 +/- 8.9; p less than 0.05) and from baseline to
      repeat NCPAP (4.3 +/- 7.4 vs 16.5 +/- 18.6; p less than 0.05). The 14 patients
      with a PLMSI of 5 or more on the repeat NCPAP had significantly more stage 1
      sleep and less REM sleep than 19 patients with a PLMSI of less than 5. Bilateral
      anterior tibialis EMG must be measured during NCPAP recordings in order to
      recognize sleep disruption caused by PLMS.

PMID- 2661162
TI  - Bronchocentric mycosis occurring in transplant recipients.
AB  - Although a variety of long-term, probably immunologically induced pulmonary
      changes have been described in recipients of both combined heart-lung and bone
      marrow transplantation, pulmonary infections continue to remain causes of
      significant morbidity and mortality as well. Herein we describe three patients
      (two heart-lung and one bone marrow transplant recipient) who had bronchocentric
      granulomatous mycosis, a tissue manifestation of fungal infection not previously
      described in the setting of a transplant host. Although one patient was being
      treated successfully with antifungal agents for his mucormycosis, two other
      patients eventually died of invasive aspergillosis. This emphasizes that although
      this process is histologically somewhat similar to bronchocentric granulomatosis,
      a high index of suspicion for infection needs to be maintained when this
      pathologic process is identified in a transplant host.

PMID- 2661163
TI  - Lung cancer--a worldwide health problem.

PMID- 2661164
TI  - Problems in assessing quality of life (QL) of lung cancer patients in clinical
      trials.

PMID- 2661165
TI  - Chemoprevention of lung cancer. Problems and progress.

PMID- 2661166
TI  - Genetic events in the pathogenesis of lung cancer.

PMID- 2661167
TI  - Molecular mechanisms in chemically induced cancer.

PMID- 2661168
TI  - Autocrine growth factors as therapeutic targets in lung cancer.

PMID- 2661169
TI  - Preoperative assessment of lung cancer.

PMID- 2661170
TI  - Bronchoplastic and bronchovascular procedures of the tracheobronchial tree in the
      management of primary lung cancer.

PMID- 2661171
TI  - Diet and lung cancer.

PMID- 2661172
TI  - Therapeutic approach to malignant mesothelioma.

PMID- 2661173
TI  - [Sonography and endoscopy].

PMID- 2661174
TI  - [Chronic arterial occlusive disease of the aorta and iliac artery].

PMID- 2661175
TI  - [Chronic arterial occlusive disease of the femoral-popliteal artery].

PMID- 2661176
TI  - [Chronic arterial occlusive disease of the supra-aortic branches].

PMID- 2661177
TI  - [Intraluminal leiomyoma of the trachea].

PMID- 2661178
TI  - [Effect of calcium channel blocking agents on methacholine-induced airway
      hyperreactivity in subjects with asthmatic bronchitis, asthma and cor pulmonale].
AB  - Methacholine-induced airway reactivity was studied in patients with asthmatic
      bronchitis, asthma or cor pulmonale during remission and the parameters
      (especially of cor pulmonale) were significantly higher than those of control
      subjects. The change was negatively relevant to FEV1 V25 V50 and MMF. The
      subjects were given two tablets of placebo, verapamil (80mg), nifedipine (20mg)
      or diltiazem (60mg) orally and double-blindly. In every subject, PC20 and lung
      functions were tested 2 or 3 hours after administration. These agents did not
      dilate bronchi. However, airway reactivity to methacholine was attenuated by
      nifedipine in asthmatic bronchitis and by diltiazem in asthma (P less than 0.05).
      However all the three agents did not reduce airway reactivity of cor pulmonale.

PMID- 2661179
TI  - [The detection of phagocyte function].

PMID- 2661180
TI  - Technique of insertion of pelvic Vicryl mesh sling to avoid postradiation
      enteritis.
AB  - The increasing use of pelvic radiotherapy has necessitated the study of ways to
      avoid radiation enteropathy. The authors have been using a pelvic sling to keep
      the small intestine out of the pelvis and because of the difficulties
      encountered, believe the method that has evolved is worthy of description.

PMID- 2661181
TI  - [Interaction between Eco dam methylase and double-stranded
      oligodeoxyribonucleotide].

PMID- 2661182
TI  - In vivo activity of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin and pipemidic acid
      against Escherichia coli infections in mice.
AB  - The therapeutic efficacy of four quinolones, i.e. ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin,
      norfloxacin and pipemidic acid, was investigated in experimental infections in
      mice caused by pipemidic acid-susceptible and -resistant E. coli. For
      intraperitoneal infections caused by E. coli strain 444 and 23, the efficacy of
      ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin was superior to that of pipemidic acid.
      Furthermore, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin had higher activity than norfloxacin and
      pipemidic acid in urinary tract and uterine infections. Serum and uterus levels
      of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in normal mice were higher and more durable than
      those of norfloxacin.

PMID- 2661183
TI  - Zinc compounds, a new treatment in peptic ulcer.
AB  - Effects of zinc in gastric ulcer have been reviewed through investigations
      carried out on zinc acexamate (ZAC). ZAC is an organic compound that has been
      shown to possess an experimental antiulcer effect and a wide therapeutic index,
      making it a useful drug in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. ZAC protects
      from ulceration in several experimental models such as pylorus occlusion,
      reserpine-induced ulcer, necrotizing agents, PAF-induced ulcer and cold-restraint
      stress. ZAC first reduces the gastric acid output by inhibiting the mast cell
      degranulation, an action likely to be mediated through a membrane stabilizing
      action. Secondly, it enhances the mucosal protection factors by increasing mucus
      secretion, inhibiting the H+ retrodiffusion and improving microcirculation. ZAC
      is also effective in acetic acid-induced chronic ulcer, restoring the continuity
      of the damaged mucosa. Several clinical trials have shown the usefulness of ZAC
      in acute and maintenance treatment of both gastric and duodenal ulcers.
      Endoscopic studies showed that ZAC reduced the inflammatory processes (gastritis
      and duodenitis) associated with ulcer healing. This reduction was statistically
      significant and not observed with other comparative treatments (H2-antagonists).
      The observed side-effects were minimal and affected less than 2% of treated
      patients. The pharmacological profile, clinical effectiveness and good tolerance
      of ZAC suggest this compound as an interesting option in the treatment of peptic
      disease.

PMID- 2661184
TI  - Metabolic and clinical effects of ipriflavone in established post-menopausal
      osteoporosis.
AB  - Twenty patients with post-menopausal osteoporosis were randomly divided into two
      groups of ten patients and treated under double-blind conditions with ipriflavone
      (Osteofix) or placebo. The dosage was 600 mg/day given in three doses and
      treatment lasted 6 months. All the patients received an oral calcium supply (1 g
      per day). At baseline and then after 3 and 6 months, the following parameters
      were controlled: bone mineral content at the lumbar spine, distal radius and
      femoral shaft; parameters of bone metabolism (alkaline phosphatase, PTH,
      osteocalcin, calcitonin, calciuria and hydroxyprolinuria); clinical conditions
      (pain at rest and on movement, motility). Ipriflavone facilitated the
      conservation of bone mass, that increased in one of the tested areas (distal
      radius). On the contrary, a bone mineral loss was found in the group treated with
      placebo, which was significant in the spine. Pain and motility significantly
      improved in the group treated with ipriflavone; there was an initial improvement
      in the control group, followed by a sharp worsening. The parameters investigated
      showed a significant reduction of osteocalcin in the ipriflavone group that
      indicates a modulation on bone turnover. The drug was well tolerated and
      compliance to oral treatment was excellent.

PMID- 2661185
TI  - [Transplantation of bone marrow from unrelated donors in chronic myeloid
      leukemia].
AB  - Bone marrow transplantations in four patients (aged 8-28 years, median 27 years)
      with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) were performed from unrelated donors who
      were HLA-identical and MLC-negative. One patient was in the stage of refractory
      blast crisis, one in a chronic phase, and two in the second chronic phase.
      Conditioning treatment consisted of fractionated radiation and administration of
      cyclophosphamide; in the patients with their second chronic phase additionally
      etoposide. Cyclosporin A and methotrexate were administered to prevent graft
      versus host reaction. The patient in the blast crisis died on day 12 after
      transplantation of Candida pneumonia. The other three patients are still alive
      128, 306 and 530 days, respectively, after transplantation, only a mild form of
      graft versus host disease having occurred. It is suggested that for patients
      younger then 50 years with CML in the chronic phase an unrelated donor should be
      searched for in the absence of a familial donor.

PMID- 2661186
TI  - [Therapy of cardiomyopathies].

PMID- 2661187
TI  - [Organ donation from a brain-dead patient. Donor criteria, organ-preserving
      therapy and discussion with the relatives].

PMID- 2661188
TI  - [Myelolipoma of the adrenals].
AB  - A 47-year-old man reported increasing feeling of fullness in the upper abdomen
      and pain in both flanks, radiating to both groins. Physical examination did not
      reveal any abnormalities. Biochemical tests demonstrated hypertriglyceridaemia
      and hypercholesteremia. Urography, abdominal ultrasound, computed and magnetic
      resonance tomography revealed a large, fat-containing tumour of the right
      adrenal. At operation a soft, somewhat elastic adrenal tumour, about 10 cm in
      diameter, was removed. Histologically it proved to be a myelolipoma. The correct
      preoperative diagnosis of such a tumour is possible in about 90% of cases.

PMID- 2661189
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects of class-I and class-III anti-arrhythmia agents].

PMID- 2661190
TI  - [Erythropoietin, blood viscosity and hypertension in chronic kidney failure].

PMID- 2661191
TI  - [Diagnosis of inflammatory aneurysms of the abdominal aorta].

PMID- 2661192
TI  - [Therapy of heart failure with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Effects
      on renal function].

PMID- 2661193
TI  - Class I beta-lactamases. Induction and derepression.

PMID- 2661194
TI  - Zidovudine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and
      therapeutic efficacy.
AB  - Zidovudine (azidothymidine) is a thymidine analogue antiretroviral drug active
      against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC) patients, orally and intravenously
      administered zidovudine is effective in reducing the incidence of opportunistic
      infections and neoplasms, increasing helper T lymphocyte numbers, and improving
      survival rates and quality of life. Adverse effects include serious
      haematological abnormalities and severe headache, abdominal discomfort, nausea,
      myalgia and insomnia. In addition, neutropenia and other anaemias frequently
      limit zidovudine therapy and may result in a need for multiple blood
      transfusions, dose reductions or withdrawal of the drug. However, despite these
      problems and the lack of information about some aspects of zidovudine use,
      zidovudine provides a major hope for HIV-infected patients, and it has rapidly
      become the standard therapy for improving the quality and duration of the lives
      of AIDS and ARC patients.

PMID- 2661196
TI  - Sultamicillin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties
      and therapeutic use.
AB  - Sultamicillin is the tosylate salt of the double ester of sulbactam plus
      ampicillin. Sulbactam is a semisynthetic beta-lactamase inhibitor which, in
      combination with ampicillin, extends the antibacterial activity of the latter to
      include some beta-lactamase-producing strains of bacteria that would otherwise be
      resistant. The combination of sulbactam plus ampicillin for parenteral use has
      previously been shown to be clinically and bacteriologically effective in a
      variety of infections. The chemical linkage of sulbactam and ampicillin has now
      produced an orally effective compound, sultamicillin, with antibacterial activity
      and clinical efficacy which are similar to those of the parenteral formulation.
      Sultamicillin has been shown to be clinically effective in non-comparative trials
      in patients with infections of the respiratory tract, ears, nose and throat,
      urinary tract, skin and soft tissues, as well as in obstetric and gynaecological
      infections, and in the treatment of gonorrhoea. In a small number of controlled
      trials, sultamicillin has shown comparable clinical efficacy to phenoxymethyl
      penicillin (penicillin V) and to amoxycillin (alone and in combination with
      clavulanic acid) in the treatment of paediatric streptococcal pharyngitis and
      acute otitis media, respectively; to cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis
      media in adults; and to bacampicillin, cloxacillin and flucloxacillin plus
      ampicillin in skin and soft tissue infections in adults, children and adult
      diabetic patients, respectively. Sultamicillin was superior in efficacy to
      bacampicillin in the treatment of chronic respiratory infections, to cefaclor in
      the treatment of acute otitis media in adults, and to cefadroxil in the treatment
      of patients with complicated urinary tract infections. However, in single-dose
      treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea, sultamicillin (1500mg plus probenecid 1g)
      was inferior to a 2g intramuscular dose of spectinomycin. While in several
      studies the incidence of diarrhoea associated with sultamicillin was greater than
      that with comparative antibacterials, sultamicillin-associated diarrhoea was
      generally mild and transitory, although occasionally severe enough to necessitate
      discontinuation of treatment. Further studies in larger groups of patients are
      needed to clarify the therapeutic efficacy and safety of sultamicillin in
      comparison with other antibacterial regimens, and to determine the optimum single
      dosage for the treatment of gonorrhoea. Nonetheless, sultamicillin appears to
      provide a similar pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile to that of
      parenteral sulbactam plus ampicillin and, as such, will extend the therapeutic
      efficacy of ampicillin, with the further advantage of allowing treatment of
      patients with an oral formulation, thus avoiding the potentially adverse clinical
      and financial effects of prolonged parenteral therapy.

PMID- 2661195
TI  - Tamoxifen. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties,
      and therapeutic use.
AB  - Tamoxifen, a non-steroidal antioestrogen, represents a significant advance in
      treatment of female breast cancer. In trials of tamoxifen as postsurgical
      adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer, disease-free survival is consistently
      prolonged, representing an enhanced quality of life in association with
      tamoxifen's favourable adverse effect profile. Moreover, overview analysis
      indicates a survival benefit of approximately 20% at 5 years for all women, most
      clearly evident in women over 50 years, while a survival benefit independent of
      menopausal, nodal or oestrogen receptor status has been demonstrated in some
      individual trials. Thus, for postmenopausal women, tamoxifen is clearly optimal
      adjuvant treatment, although the relative benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in
      node-negative patients requires clarification. A survival benefit for women under
      50 has not been clearly demonstrated in overview analysis, but is not precluded
      by these rather limited data, and adjuvant treatment of premenopausal women with
      tamoxifen may also warrant serious consideration. Response rates to tamoxifen in
      advanced breast cancer are around 30 to 35%, increasing with patient selection
      for oestrogen receptor positivity. Tamoxifen must be regarded as first-line
      endocrine treatment in postmenopausal women, and may represent an alternative to
      first-line ovarian ablation in premenopausal women. An emergent role in primary
      therapy of elderly and frail patients with operable disease is apparent.
      Tamoxifen is also of benefit following surgery in male breast cancer, and may
      have a role as first-line endocrine treatment. Tamoxifen also has a potential
      role in other hormone-sensitive malignancies such as pancreatic carcinoma, and in
      treatment of benign breast disease. Finally, tamoxifen has a place in treatment
      of male and female infertility. because of adverse effects is rarely necessary.
      The most frequent adverse effects are related to the drug's anti-oestrogenic
      activity, and include hot flushes, nausea and/or vomiting, vaginal bleeding or
      discharge, and menstrual disturbances in premenopausal patients. Thus, tamoxifen
      continues to play a major role in management of female breast cancer in both
      early and advanced stages of disease, with a place also in treatment of male
      breast cancer and of infertility.

PMID- 2661198
TI  - Problems in the use of anticancer drugs in the elderly.
AB  - The elderly represent a special challenge to the physician in providing effective
      cancer chemotherapy. Though they represent the majority of the patients who
      eventually will need such therapy, until recently little information was
      available on its use in this population. There are variable age changes in
      pharmacokinetics, particularly in renal elimination of drug and metabolites,
      which may necessitate dosage amendment. Concomitant renal impairment or hepatic
      disease may further alter drug disposition. Other common pre-existing conditions
      in the elderly also may increase susceptibility to adverse drug effects. For
      example, the risk of toxicity from doxorubicin and vincristine can be increased
      in the presence of pre-existing cardiac disease or peripheral neuropathy,
      respectively. Because of the variability of the ageing process and the effects of
      concomitant disease, each patient must be assessed on an individual basis.
      Furthermore, in treatment planning, not only age and health status but also the
      patient's attitude and the tumour type are important considerations. Chemotherapy
      for most malignancies appears beneficial and well tolerated in the elderly, and
      there is little evidence that age per se is a determinant of chemotherapy regimen
      selection and dosing. The exceptions may be the curable haematological
      malignancies for which chemotherapy seems less efficacious and more toxic in
      geriatric than younger patients. The complications of chemotherapy such as
      vomiting, mucositis and bone marrow depression must be anticipated, diagnosed
      early and managed aggressively in aged patients. Guidelines are provided to help
      manage these problems. Chemotherapy in the elderly is still at a relatively early
      stage of development. Further research is required to establish optimal regimens
      for use in this population, in particular for curable haematological neoplasms.

PMID- 2661199
TI  - Crystal-associated rheumatic disease. Current management considerations.
AB  - Safe, effective treatment is available for acute crystal-associated arthropathy.
      It is time for some older remedies, phenylbutazone and perhaps colchicine, to
      give way to more modern regimens of combined NSAID therapy and intra-articular
      steroid injection. Hypouricaemic agents have revolutionised the management of
      gout but are not without their dangers, and there is a need for re-emphasis on
      the value of dietary measures and control of alcohol and diuretic use. At present
      only symptomatic management is available for chronic pyrophosphate- and
      hydroxyapatite-associated disease.

PMID- 2661197
TI  - Nitrate tolerance. A review of the evidence.
AB  - Organic nitrates are well established in the treatment of a wide variety of
      cardiovascular disorders, most notably angina pectoris and congestive heart
      failure. However, attenuation of, or tolerance to, haemodynamic and anti
      ischaemic effects may occur with all long-acting nitrate formulations. In the
      majority of patients continuous administration of long acting nitrates tends to
      promote the development of attenuation, while intermittent administration avoids
      it. Likewise, higher-doses appear to induce attenuation to a greater degree than
      lower doses. Attenuation of haemodynamic effects and exercise tolerance in heart
      failure patients, and of clinical end-points in angina patients, appears to be
      less than attenuation of exercise testing end-points in angina patients. While
      the use of intermittent therapy avoids the development of attenuation, it may
      expose the patient to an as yet undefined risk of silent and/or symptomatic
      anginal episodes occurring during the nitrate-free interval. Likewise, the role
      of concomitant therapy in avoiding this potential risk remains to be defined.
      Means of avoiding attenuation may include the coadministration of sulfhydryl
      donors such as N-acetylcysteine. Alternatively, angiotension-converting enzyme
      (ACE) inhibitors such as captopril may block renin-angiotensin system-induced
      reflex sympathetic stimulation. Attenuation may occur to a greater or lesser
      degree in individual patients. The proportion of attenuators vs non-attenuators
      remains to be defined, as does a means of identifying such patients prospectively
      by clinical and/or laboratory parameters. Conflicting results among smaller
      studies may reflect variable proportions of attenuators vs non-attenuators.
      However, conflicting results among larger studies may reflect differences in
      patient selection criteria, such as selecting patients with positive and
      reproducible stress tests and little in the way of spontaneously occurring angina
      versus selecting patients with positive but variable stress tests and frequent
      episodes of spontaneously induced angina. The former group may reflect pure fixed
      coronary artery disease with little in the way of vasospasm, or change in
      vasomotor tone, while the latter group may reflect greater variability in
      vasomotor tone and/or more in the way of plaque instability. The clinical
      efficacy of long acting nitrates might therefore be expected to be greatest in
      those patients with larger numbers of spontaneously occurring angina episodes.
      Recent data suggest that nitrates may have important direct effects on coronary
      vessels including dilating eccentric coronary stenoses, dilating intercoronary
      collateral channels and having greater dilating effects on more diseased segments
      as opposed to less diseased coronary segments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2661200
TI  - Chemosensory neuroanatomy and physiology.
AB  - Three nasal/oral sensory systems, which are anatomically and physiologically
      distinct, mediate smell, taste, and irritation. However, all three systems may be
      stimulated by food chemicals (which have "flavors" for the individual), and their
      receptors are located in adjacent oral and nasal cavities. The three sensory
      systems each have tiny cerebral cortical representations in humans, and interact
      with ventral forebrain areas attributed roles in affect and incentive. The
      complexity of these interactions makes it difficult for affected patients to
      identify readily which chemosensory system is malfunctioning.

PMID- 2661201
TI  - Clinical characteristics of taste and smell disorders.
AB  - Chemosensory problems can have major consequences for those patients who develop
      them. Although more than 200 conditions and 40 medications have been linked to
      taste and smell disorders, for most patients the cause will fall into one of the
      following categories: nasal/sinus disease, idiopathic, postviral URI, and head
      trauma. Careful attention to clinical characteristics will aid immensely in the
      diagnosis. Parosmias, dysgeusias and the burning mouth syndrome are symptoms that
      deserve special consideration.

PMID- 2661202
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the sense of taste.
AB  - Our strategy in taste testing is based on an analysis of the ways in which the
      loss of taste is known to occur. Patients are tested with preparations that
      represent the four basic tastes because each taste has a separate mechanism that
      permits independent losses to occur. A range of concentrations are used in each
      test battery, since taste abnormalities can occur in only part of the
      concentration group. Various loci for taste are also tested because taste
      abnormalities can be limited to specific loci.

PMID- 2661203
TI  - [Distribution, formation, carcinogenic and mutagenic activities of nitro
      derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons].
AB  - Nitro-PAHs (nitro-substituted derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
      are a class of chemical compounds with high biologic activity. They have been
      detected in samples of air pollutants, diesel and gasoline engine exhausts, in
      airplane exhaust emissions, cigarette smoke condensate, emissions of coke ovens,
      wood-burning fireplaces, coal-fired plants, in food and tea. Concentrations of
      nitro-PAHs have been compared with those of PAHs present in air pollutant samples
      and emissions from different sources. Information on the environmental
      occurrence, formation, and decomposition of nitro-PAHs in the atmosphere is
      given. Biologic effects (carcinogenic and mutagenic) of pure nitro-PAHs and nitro
      PAHs-containing complex mixtures are discussed.

PMID- 2661204
TI  - [Distribution of one of the ascitic fluid antigens of ovarian cancer patients in
      malignant tumors of the stomach and intestines].
AB  - The indirect immunofluorescent technique was used to study the distribution of
      the ascitic fluid antigen (AgD) on histological sections from surgical specimens
      of gastric and colon tumours from proximal to distal lines of resection. AgD was
      found in gastric tumours exceptionally in the tumour area and in colon cancer-
      both in the tumour stroma and in surrounding histologically normal mucosa.

PMID- 2661205
TI  - Neuropeptide-Y suppresses pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in
      ovariectomized rats: possible site of action.
AB  - The hypothesis that neuropeptide-Y (NPY) suppresses pulsatile LH secretion in
      ovariectomized (OVX) rats was examined. Rats were bilaterally OVX and 6 weeks
      (Exp 1) or 2 weeks (Exp 2) later a stainless steel cannula was implanted in the
      third cerebral ventricle (3V). Seven to 10 days later, an intraatrial cannula was
      inserted. The next day, a blood sample was withdrawn, and each conscious
      unrestrained animal received a 3V injection of synthetic porcine NPY (5 or 0.5
      micrograms/2 microliters saline) or vehicle in Exp 1. Blood samples were taken
      every 10 min for 2 h and centrifuged, and the plasma was analyzed for LH by RIA.
      In Exp 2, OVX rats received a 3V injection of NPY (5 micrograms/2 microliters) or
      vehicle. Blood samples were taken before and 60 min after injection. At 60 min,
      LHRH (10 ng/100 g BW) was injected iv, and blood was withdrawn 10, 20, 60, and
      120 min later. NPY caused a dramatic dose-related reduction in the pulsatile
      release of LH compared to that in vehicle-treated rats. The 5.0-micrograms dose
      of NPY significantly reduced LH pulse frequency (P less than 0.05), pulse
      amplitude (P less than 0.01), and trough levels (P less than 0.01) compared to
      those in saline-injected controls. The lower dose of NPY (0.5 micrograms)
      significantly decreased the mean LH levels throughout the 2-h sampling period and
      slightly, though not significantly, the pulse frequency. Administration of LHRH
      increased plasma LH levels by 124% in control animals and by 1239% in NPY
      injected rats. The results of these studies indicate that the suppressive effects
      of NPY on pulsatile LH release appear to be exerted through inhibition of
      pulsatile LHRH secretion from the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2661206
TI  - Corticosteroid 11 beta-dehydrogenase in rat testis.
AB  - Corticosteroid 11 beta-dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of
      the biologically active steroid cortisol to its inactive metabolite cortisone, is
      present in testis. Since excess cortisol in men and other mammals and excess
      corticosterone in rodents cause physiological abnormalities including abnormal
      testicular function, it was pertinent to study the cellular distribution of 11
      beta-dehydrogenase in the testis. Purified antiserum directed against homogeneous
      rat 11 beta-dehydrogenase was used to localize the enzyme in the developing rat
      testis. With immunofluorescence, the enzyme was not detectable in fetal testis or
      in the testis of young male rats until the 26th day of development. A few
      interstitial cells were stained in the testis of 26-day-old animals. In the
      testis of 31-day-old rats many cells in the interstitium were positive. In adult
      animals the entire interstitial region displayed bright fluorescence. Depleting
      animals of germ cells did not abolish the fluorescence. The appearance of this
      enzyme correlates temporally with the postnatal increase in Leydig cell number
      and the developmental rise in serum testosterone. We suggest that 11 beta
      dehydrogenase of Leydig cells protects the testis from the deleterious effects of
      cortisol.

PMID- 2661207
TI  - Multiple cytokines stimulate hepatic lipid synthesis in vivo.
AB  - We have previously shown that administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF
      alpha) to intact rats results in an acute (within 60-120 min) stimulation of
      hepatic fatty acid synthesis, which persists for an extended period. Hepatic
      cholesterol synthesis is also stimulated by 16-17 h after TNF alpha treatment. We
      now demonstrate, using intact mice, that stimulation of hepatic lipid synthesis
      is not solely the property of the cytokine TNF alpha. Incorporation of 3H2O into
      fatty acids in the liver was increased 60-120 min and 16-17 h after the
      administration of TNF beta, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interferon-alpha (IFN
      alpha). TNF alpha, IL-1, and IFN alpha all rapidly stimulate hepatic fatty acid
      synthesis (within 0-30 min), with the peak occurring at 60-120 min. The half
      maximal doses of TNF alpha (200 ng) and IL-1 (20 ng) that stimulate hepatic fatty
      acid synthesis are similar to those that induce fever, a well recognized
      biological effect of these cytokines. Additionally, hepatic cholesterol synthesis
      was increased 16-17 h after TNF beta, IL-1, and IFN gamma treatment. The present
      study demonstrates that multiple cytokines from different cell types which act
      through different receptors can stimulate hepatic fatty acid and cholesterol
      synthesis. Previous studies have shown that multiple cytokines can inhibit the
      synthesis and storage of fat in cultured adipose cells. Taken together, these
      data indicate that multiple signals to perturb lipid metabolism may be produced
      as a consequence of an immunological or inflammatory response.

PMID- 2661208
TI  - Regulation of rat brain/HepG2 glucose transporter gene expression by insulin and
      insulin-like growth factor-I in primary cultures of neuronal and glial cells.
AB  - We have demonstrated the expression of the rat brain/HepG2 glucose transporter
      gene in primary cultures of rat neuronal and glial cells by Northern blot
      analysis with a rat brain glucose transporter cDNA probe. Incubation of both
      neuronal and glial cells with insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I induced a
      time- and dose-dependent increase in the steady state levels of glucose
      transporter mRNA. The maximal response was achieved between 2-4 h and
      subsequently decreased. Both insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I at a dose
      of 1 ng/ml elicited an approximately 57% increase in glucose transporter mRNA
      levels in neuronal cultures after 90 min, suggesting that each peptide was acting
      through its own receptor. On the other hand, insulin stimulated [3H]2
      deoxyglucose uptake in glial, but not neuronal, cells. These results suggest that
      insulin-like peptides regulate the expression of the rat brain/Hep G2 glucose
      transporter gene at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and that
      these regulatory mechanisms may be dissociated from each other. Insulin-like
      peptides may, therefore, participate in the control of brain energy metabolism.

PMID- 2661209
TI  - Down-regulation of estrogen receptors by androgens in the ZR-75-1 human breast
      cancer cell line.
AB  - Much clinical evidence indicates that androgens have beneficial effects in the
      treatment of breast cancer in women. Physiological concentrations of androgens
      strongly inhibit both basal and estrogen-induced cell proliferation in the human
      breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1 through their interaction with the androgen
      receptor. The present study shows that androgens strongly suppress estrogen
      receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor contents in this model, as measured by
      radioligand binding and anti-ER monoclonal antibodies. Similar inhibitory effects
      are observed on the levels of ER messenger RNA (mRNA) measured by ribonuclease
      protection assay. The androgenic effect is observed at subnanomolar
      concentrations of the nonaromatizable androgen 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone,
      regardless of the presence of estrogens, and is competitively reversed by the
      antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide. Such data on ER expression provide an explanation
      for at least part of the antiestrogenic effects of androgens on breast cancer
      cell growth and moreover suggest that the specific inhibitory effects of androgen
      therapy could be additive to the standard treatment limited to blockade of
      estrogens by antiestrogens.

PMID- 2661210
TI  - Beta 2-microglobulin is not a bone cell mitogen.
AB  - During the purification of skeletal growth factor/insulin-like growth factor-II
      and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) from EDTA extracts of bovine bone
      matrix significant mitogenic activity for cultured osteoblast (Ob)-like cells
      eluted in fractions that contained a nearly homogeneous peptide with a mol wt of
      about 14,000. This peptide has been purified to apparent homogeneity and
      identified as bovine beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) by amino-terminal amino acid
      sequencing. During the final purification of beta 2M by CN reverse phase HPLC the
      mitogenic activity for bone cells separated from the beta 2M protein peak. In
      spite of this the apparently homogeneous beta 2M preparation retained some
      mitogenic activity. The ED50 of the bone-derived beta 2M (4,890 +/- 462 ng/ml)
      was several orders of magnitude (2 x 10(3) to 1.4 x 10(5) times) greater than the
      ED50 of simultaneously assayed purified growth factors and was no different from
      the ED50 of the crude EDTA matrix extract (3,350 +/- 890 ng/ml). The beta 2M
      accounted for less than 0.002% of the total mitogenic activity for Ob-like cells
      present in the extracted matrix proteins. The following lines of evidence suggest
      that the mitogenic activity of bone matrix-derived beta 2M (BMD-beta 2M) is due
      to contamination of the BMD-beta 2M with TGF beta rather than an intrinsic
      property of beta 2M: 1) the coelution of TGF beta through four successive
      purification procedures and purification of TGF beta from adjoining fractions
      from C4 reverse phase HPLC; 2) the abolition of biological activity of BMD-beta
      2M and TGF beta with reducing agents; 3) the lack of additive stimulation of [3H]
      methylthymidine incorporation into bone cells when beta 2M was added to maximally
      active concentrations of purified TGF beta; 4) the reduction of mitogenic
      activity when the BMD-beta 2M was incubated with anti-TGF beta; and 5) the
      inhibition of mink lung epithelial proliferation by the beta 2M preparation.
      Based on these findings we conclude that although beta 2M is present in bovine
      bone matrix extracts, it is not a mitogen for Ob-like cells.

PMID- 2661211
TI  - Isolation and characterization of two different insulins from an amphibian,
      Xenopus laevis.
AB  - The South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, is a versatile laboratory model of
      vertebrate development. To study the role of insulin during embryogenesis, we
      have recently cloned preproinsulin cDNAs from this species. Unexpectedly, we
      identified two preproinsulin cDNAs corresponding to two different nonallelic
      genes that code for similar but distinctly different insulins. We now report the
      isolation, amino acid sequence, and characterization of both of these insulins
      from pancreatic extracts of adult toads, confirming that both Xenopus
      preproinsulin genes are expressed. Xenopus insulins represent the first amphibian
      insulins to be characterized. Xenopus insulin I and Xenopus insulin II are more
      similar to each other than they are to insulins of other species. In addition,
      Xenopus insulins are more similar to mammalian and bird insulins, than they are
      to fish insulins, implying a closer evolutionary link to terrestrial vertebrates
      than to most aquatic vertebrates. A homogeneous preparation of Xenopus insulin I
      showed high reactivity in a pork insulin RIA. Xenopus insulin I was approximately
      2-fold more potent than pork insulin in binding to insulin receptors on human IM
      9 lymphocytes and 1.5-fold more potent than pork insulin in stimulating glucose
      oxidation in rat adipocytes. We were unable to purify Xenopus insulin II
      sufficiently for immunological and biological characterization.

PMID- 2661212
TI  - Testosterone selectively influences protein kinase-C-coupled secretion of
      proluteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-derived peptides.
AB  - LHRH and GnRH-associated peptide (GAP) are two major pro-LHRH-derived peptides
      which are secreted from median eminence (ME) nerve terminals in vitro. The
      purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether manipulation of
      gonadal steroid levels in vivo influenced selectively the in vitro secretion of
      LHRH and GAP under basal or K+ and phorbol ester (PDBu) stimulation. Secretion of
      both peptides under each of these three conditions was reduced at least 2-fold in
      2-week orchidectomized (ORDX) rats relative to the level in intact controls.
      Tissue stores of LHRH and GAP were also depressed in the ME of ORDX relative to
      control rats. When the data were expressed in terms of the percentage of peptide
      secreted per ME, both groups secreted similar percentages of the peptides into
      the medium under basal and K+-stimulated conditions. Interestingly, PDBu
      activated secretion of LHRH and GAP remained depressed in ORDX animals. The nerve
      terminals from ORDX animals were not susceptible to a more rapid depletion of
      releasable peptides, since both groups secreted similar percentages of the
      peptides during repeated K+ depolarization. By comparison, protein kinase C (PKC)
      coupled secretion from ORDX rats was selectively affected, since secretion of pro
      LHRH-derived peptides became even more depressed with successive activation with
      PDBu. Immediate replacement with testosterone after ORDX fully restored the
      peptide levels in tissue and the LHRH and GAP secretory response to PKC
      activation. Since testosterone influenced both tissue stores and PDBu-stimulated
      secretion of LHRH and GAP, this steroid may selectively regulate biosynthesis and
      secretion of pro-LHRH-derived peptides through activation of the metabolic
      cascade involving the PKC system.

PMID- 2661213
TI  - In vivo release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone increases with puberty
      in the female rhesus monkey.
AB  - To determine the regulatory mechanism of the LHRH release associated with
      puberty, episodic release of LHRH from the stalk-median eminence was measured
      using a push-pull perfusion technique in conscious prepubertal and peripubertal
      female monkeys. After insertion of a push-pull cannula into the stalk-median
      eminence, a modified Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer solution was infused through
      the push-cannula, and perfusates were collected through the pull-cannula at 200
      microliters/10 min. LHRH in perfusates was determined by RIA. Two 6-h sampling
      sessions, in the morning (0600-1200 h; lights on 0600 h) and in the evening (1800
      2400 h; lights off 1800 h) were performed in each animal. LHRH release patterns
      were analyzed in prepubertal (15.7 +/- 0.7 months of age; mean +/- SEM, n = 6)
      early pubertal (premenarcheal; 26.1 +/- 1.0 months, n = 7), and midpubertal (40.0
      +/- 1.4 months, n = 6) monkeys. Results were as follows: 1) LHRH release was
      pulsatile in all age groups. While LHRH release in five of six prepubertal
      animals consisted of small (amplitude less than 2.5 pg/ml) pulses, in all
      peripubertal animals LHRH release was a mixture of small and large (amplitude
      greater than 2.5 pg/ml) pulses. 2) There was a significant developmental increase
      in mean LHRH release (P less than 0.02), and this was particularly apparent in
      the evening. Mean LHRH release in the early and midpubertal groups was higher
      than that in the prepubertal group (P less than 0.05 for morning and P less than
      0.01 for evening). The mean release in the evening of the midpubertal group
      further increased over that of the early pubertal group (P less than 0.05). 3)
      Similarly, LHRH pulse amplitude increased developmentally (P less than 0.01).
      Pulse amplitudes in early and midpubertal groups were higher than those in the
      prepubertal group (P less than 0.05 for morning and P less than 0.02 for
      evening). Again the amplitude in the evening further increased from the early
      pubertal to the midpubertal period (P less than 0.05). 4) There was also a
      developmental increase in basal LHRH release (P less than 0.01). The evening
      values in the early pubertal and midpubertal groups were higher than those in the
      prepubertal group (P less than 0.05). 5) The interpulse interval decreased
      developmentally (P less than 0.001). Interpulse intervals in early and
      midpubertal groups were shorter than those in the prepubertal group (P less than
      0.01 for morning and P less than 0.025 for evening).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2661214
TI  - Cytokines: their relevance to nutrition.

PMID- 2661215
TI  - Body mass index as a measure of body fatness in the elderly.
AB  - Body composition was assessed in a group of 35 apparently health elderly males
      and 37 elderly females, aged 60-83 years, by means of anthropometry and
      densitometry. Mean body mass index (BMI) of the males was 25.0 +/- 2.2 kg/m2 and
      of the females 25.9 +/- 3.2 kg/m2, which indicates normal weight to only minor
      overweight. Body fat as assessed by densitometry was 31 per cent in men and 44
      per cent in women, a rather high value, especially when compared to the rather
      low BMI. Body fat percentage as calculated from the sum of four skinfolds
      (bicipitalis, tricipitalis, subscapularis and supra-iliacalis) using regression
      equations from the literature was 27.9 +/- 2.5 per cent and 38.7 +/- 3.2 per cent
      for men and women respectively. These values are probably an underestimation of
      the body fat, due to a higher proportion of internal fat in elderly subjects,
      which is not measured by skinfolds. Body fat percentage as determined by the BMI
      has an estimation error of about 4 per cent when derived from sex- and age
      specific regression equations. The body fat percentage as predicted from skinfold
      thicknesses had a comparable error of estimate. These prediction errors in the
      body fat percentage in the elderly are comparable with the prediction errors
      found in young and middle-aged subjects as reported in the literature.

PMID- 2661216
TI  - Haemoglobin-fortified cereal: an alternative weaning food with high iron
      bioavailability.
AB  - Extruded rice flour was fortified with 5 per cent bovine haemoglobin concentrate
      (BHC). The amino acid score of the product was 59 per cent. The protein
      efficiency ratio (PER) for the fortified cereal alone was 1.4; however, when
      given as a mixed diet of cereal and humanized milk (providing 41 and 59 per cent
      of the protein, respectively) PER was 2.6 (casein standard = 2.5). Iron
      absorption studies were performed with a double isotope technique, on 10 infants
      8-10 months of age. Geometric mean absorption of the rice-BHC iron was 14.2 per
      cent, as measured with a tag of 55Fe-haemoglobin. The 59Fe-ferrous ascorbate
      reference dose had a mean absorption of 38.5 per cent. The use of a haem-iron
      fortified cereal as a weaning food seems feasible and advantageous, supplying an
      appropriate amount of absorbed iron, an adequate energy density, and a protein
      which could complement milk protein.

PMID- 2661217
TI  - Dietary intake of men in Wembley, London, by weighed inventory: comparison with
      national recommendations, with particular emphasis on fat intake.
AB  - To assess the extent to which current dietary habits conform with the national
      nutritional guidelines aimed at reducing the high national mortality from
      coronary heart disease (CHD), 203 of 275 men (74 per cent) aged 40-59 years in a
      London community provided a weighed record of all food and drink consumed over 5
      d. Satisfactory records were returned by 170 men weighing at least 75 per cent of
      their intakes, including 43 on medical or self-imposed diets. Mean (s.d.) energy
      intake was 2476 (590) kcal (10.38 MJ), comprising 37 per cent fat, 42 per cent
      carbohydrate, 14.7 per cent protein and 6.3 per cent alcohol. Butter or butter
      spreads were used by 53 per cent, sunflower margarine by 29 per cent and low fat
      spreads by 13 per cent; lard or dripping was used by 23 per cent of households as
      the main cooking fat. Intakes of vitamins and trace elements were generally above
      recommended amounts. These results are closely comparable with the only similar
      studies for the UK undertaken in Wales and Scotland. Compared with national
      guidelines, only 32 per cent of men met the short-term goals for fat intake, and
      even fewer the long-term goals. Carbohydrate and fibre intake remained too low.
      Alcohol intake exceeded the short-term goal (5 per cent of energy of less) in 36
      per cent of men. Greater public health effort will be needed to reduce fat intake
      further for primary prevention of CHD, particularly as habitual intake is
      probably underestimated by the weighed dietary record.

PMID- 2661218
TI  - Iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12 nutritional status and milk composition of low
      income Brazilian mothers.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of low-income
      Brazilian mothers, who were supplemented with iron and vitamin B12 during
      pregnancy, in terms of iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12, in different stages of
      lactation and to determine the influence of the maternal nutritional status on
      milk composition. The effect of folate supplementation during pregnancy on folate
      status of the nursing mothers and milk composition was investigated. The effect
      of partial weaning on maternal status and milk composition was also studied. In
      general, the nutritional status of iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12 of the
      mothers appears adequate. However, some of the mothers had indices of status
      lower than normal limits for non-pregnant women. These values, particularly after
      30 d post-partum, indicate that these mothers might be at nutritional risk and
      that the nutrient supplementation received during pregnancy was insufficient to
      meet demands. There was an increase with the stage of lactation for haematocrit,
      serum vitamin B12, serum zinc, serum albumin, milk folate and saturation of its
      binding protein, but there was a decrease for milk protein, total and whey-bound
      iron and zinc, and lactoferrin. Mothers who took folate supplements during
      pregnancy had higher serum folate levels immediately after birth than those not
      taking the supplements but no differences were found at later stages of
      lactation. Milk composition was not affected. Partial weaning did not affect the
      maternal nutritional status or the milk composition except for iron which was
      higher in milk from mothers who were partially breastfeeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661219
TI  - Fat and fatty acid contents of cereals and pulses and their relevance to Indian
      diets.
AB  - Invisible fat and fatty acid content of cereals and pulses were analysed by newer
      and more accurate methods. In all cereals (except ragi) and in all pulses (except
      black gram) linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) was the major fatty acid. On an average
      pulses contained more alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) than cereals. From data on
      dietary intakes of the rural population in India, the average per caput
      consumption of total invisible fat, 18:2 n-6 and 18:3 n-3 from cereals, pulses
      and milk was calculated. From the figures arrived at for 18:2 n-6 in cereals,
      pulses and milk and the FAO/WHO 1977 recommendations for 18:2 n-6 (3 per cent of
      energy), the vegetable oil requirement for different physiological groups has
      been computed. These calculations showed that the ratio of 18:2 n-6/18:3 n-3 with
      sources of oils other than rapseed was higher than the desirable ratio of 10. The
      current view of upper limits of energy from total fat is 30 per cent. Diets of
      high income groups provide 12 per cent of energy from invisible fat. To keep the
      calories from total fat below 30 per cent, visible fat intake in Indian diets
      should not exceed 18 per cent or 50 g/person/d.

PMID- 2661220
TI  - Vitamin B6 requirements and recommendations.
AB  - The principal metabolic function of vitamin B6 is in amino acid metabolism,
      although the greater part of the body's vitamin B6 is in muscle, associated with
      glycogen phosphorylase, and the vitamin also has an important role in the actions
      of steroid hormones. It is usual to calculate vitamin B6 requirements relative to
      protein intake. An adequate intake to meet the requirements of virtually the
      whole population is generally considered to be 15 micrograms/g dietary protein.
      This is the basis of RDAs in most countries, although differences of
      interpretation and application of the experimental data result in widely
      differing recommendations from different authorities. Current RDAs range between
      1.5 and 2.2 mg/d. A minimum safe intake, below which an individual would have a
      high probability of deficiency, is 11 micrograms/g dietary protein. Higher
      intakes are required in pregnancy and lactation (although there are problems in
      determining the requirement of the infant), and possibly also in the elderly.
      Average intakes of vitamin B6 in developed countries meet the target of 15
      micrograms/g dietary protein, although there is biochemical evidence of
      inadequate vitamin B6 nutritional status in 10-25 per cent of the population. It
      is not know whether this has any clinical significance; it is unlikely that
      normal patterns of food intake would permit a significantly greater average
      intake of the vitamins without fortification or the use of supplements. There is
      little evidence that pharmacological doses of vitamin B6 have any beneficial
      effect. Neurological damage has been reported at extremely high intakes (in
      excess of 500 mg/d), and even more modest doses (50-100 mg/d) cannot be regarded
      as being without hazard.

PMID- 2661221
TI  - Motility in the fetus and young infant: implications for neurological
      development.

PMID- 2661222
TI  - Effects of beta blockade with metoprolol on simple and complex task performance.
AB  - The effect of treatment with the beta-blocker metoprolol on several indicants of
      task performance was investigated. Twenty-five male hypertensives were treated
      for 2 weeks each with drug and placebo in a double-blind crossover design.
      Comparisons to 25 matched untreated normotensives were made. Participants
      responded twice to a Mood Adjective Check List (MACL) and the Stroop Color-Word
      Test. In addition, they participated in two parallel decision-making simulations.
      Normotensives and hypertensives on drug or placebo did not differ on MACL and
      Stroop scores. Comparisons on 12 validated simulation measures showed that drug
      treatment with metoprolol aided complex task performance. Drug treatment improved
      strategic capacity and the ability to deal effectively with emergencies.
      Preliminary evidence that treatment with metoprolol might help restore
      performance capacity that may have been lost due to hypertensive disease was also
      obtained.

PMID- 2661223
TI  - In vitro genotoxicity of dyes present in colored smoke munitions.
AB  - Genetic toxicology studies were conducted on organic dyes and mixtures used in
      colored smoke munitions. The dyes studied included Solvent Red 1; two different
      batches (Lot 1 and Lot 2) of Disperse Red 11; terephthalic acid; and a mixture of
      25 parts Solvent Red 1, 5 parts Disperse Red 11, and 16 parts terephthalic acid.
      The dyes were evaluated for their ability to produce mutations in Salmonella
      bacterial strains and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The dyes were also
      tested in CHO cells to determine cytotoxicity and the induction of sister
      chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberration. None of the dyes were genotoxic in
      the standard Ames assay using bacterial strain TA1535 or TA100 with or without
      the addition of S-9 or in TA98 and TA1538 without S-9. With S-9, Disperse Red 11
      (Lot 2) showed significant mutagenic activity in TA98 and TA1538 which increased
      as a function of S-9 concentration. However, the maximum level of mutagenic
      activity detected was low (3.8 revertants/micrograms). The azo dye Solvent Red 1
      was also negative in a pre-incubation assay designed to reduce azo compounds to
      free amines. Solvent Red 1 was cytotoxic to mammalian cells, caused a significant
      increase in SCE, but was not mutagenic or clastogenic. Disperse Red 11 (Lot 1 and
      Lot 2) were not cytotoxic or clastogenic but produced an increase in cell cycle
      time and SCE frequency. Only Disperse Red 11 (Lot 2) increased mutations in the
      CHO/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) assay. The mutagenic
      activity of the dye mixture was not significant, suggesting no synergistic
      interaction between the dyes. These studies demonstrated that none of the dyes
      was clastogenic and that a contaminant in Disperse Red 11 (Lot 2) may be
      responsible for the weak mutagenic activity in both mammalian and bacterial cell
      systems.

PMID- 2661224
TI  - Studies on the antimutagenic activities of garlic extract.
AB  - Experiments with Salmonella tester strains indicated that aqueous garlic extract
      possesses antimutagenic properties toward ionizing radiation, peroxides,
      adriamycin, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine. The assumption that radical
      scavenging garlic constituents, i.e., molecules with sulfur moieties, might be
      responsible for the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract toward mutagenesis
      induced by radiation and radiomimetic compounds was confirmed by the results of
      subsequent experiments; 1) garlic extract attenuated the lethal effects of gamma
      rays on repair-deficient E. coli strains; 2) the garlic constituent allicin (thio
      2-propene-1-sulfinic acid S-allyl ester) is partly responsible for the reduced
      radiation-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102. No such
      inhibitory effects were detected with alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide) or
      cysteine; 3) aqueous garlic extract inhibited hydrogen-peroxide-induced lipid
      peroxidation. Results obtained in preliminary experiments with Chinese hamster
      ovary cells suggest that the antimutagenic properties of garlic extract are not
      restricted to procaryotic cells.

PMID- 2661225
TI  - Circadian variations in plasma renin activity, catecholamines and aldosterone
      during exercise in women.
AB  - Four women were studied at 0400 h and 1600 h to determine if their hormonal and
      hemodynamic responses to exercise varied with the circadian cycle. Esophageal
      temperature was measured during rest and exercise (60% peak VO2; 30 min) in a
      warm room (Ta = 35 degrees C; PH2O = 1.7 kPa). Venous blood samples were drawn
      during rest and exercise and hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct),
      plasma osmolality (Posm), plasma protein concentration (Pp), colloid osmotic
      pressure (COP), plasma renin activity (PRA), cortisol, aldosterone,
      norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were determined. Changes in plasma volume
      (PV) were estimated from changes in Hb and Hct. The relative hemoconcentration (
      11.2%) was similar at 0400 h and 1600 h, but the absolute PV was smaller at 1600
      h than at 0400 h (p = 0.03). The responses of Posm, Pp and COP to exercise were
      unaffected by time of day. Although PRA was not different at the two times of
      day, PRA was 244% greater during exercise at 1600 h, but only 103% greater during
      exercise at 0400 h. The normal circadian rhythms in plasma aldosterone (p =
      0.043) and plasma cortisol (p = 0.004) were observed. Plasma aldosterone was 57%
      greater during exercise, while plasma cortisol did not change. The change in E
      and NE was greater at 0400 h, but this was due to the lower resting values of the
      catecholamines at 0400 h. These data indicate that time of day generally did not
      affect the hormonal or hemodynamic responses to exercise, with the exception that
      PRA was markedly higher during exercise at 1600 h compared to 0400 h.

PMID- 2661226
TI  - Structure-function relationships of elongation factor Tu. Isolation and activity
      of the guanine-nucleotide-binding domain.
AB  - The guanine-nucleotide-binding domain (G domain) of elongation factor Tu(EF-Tu)
      consisting of 203 amino acid residues, corresponding to the N-terminal half of
      the molecule, has been recently engineered by deleting part of the tufA gene and
      partially characterized [Parmeggiani, A., Swart, G. W. M., Mortensen, K. K.,
      Jensen, M., Clark, B. F. C., Dente, L. and Cortese, R. (1987) Proc. Natl Acad.
      Sci. USA 84, 3141-3145]. In an extension of this project we describe here the
      purification steps leading to the isolation of highly purified G domain in
      preparative amounts and a number of functional properties. The G domain is a
      relatively stable protein, though less stable than EF-Tu towards thermal
      denaturation (t50% = 41.3 degrees C vs. 46 degrees C, respectively). Unlike EF
      Tu, its affinity for GDP and GTP, as well as the association and dissociation
      rates of the relative complexes are similar, as determined under a number of
      different experimental conditions. Like EF-Tu, the GTPase of the G domain is
      strongly enhanced by increasing concentrations of Li+, K+, Na+ or NH+4, up to the
      molar range. The effects of the specific cations shows similarities and
      diversities when compared to the effects on EF-Tu. K+ and Na+ are the most active
      followed by NH+4 and Li+ whilst Cs+ is inactive. In the presence of divalent
      cations, optimum stimulation occurs in the range 3-5 mM, Mg2+ being more
      effective than Mn2+ and Ca2+. Monovalent and divalent cations are both necessary
      components for expressing the intrinsic GTPase activity of the G domain. The pH
      curve of the G domain GTPase displays an optimum at pH 7-8, similar to that of EF
      Tu. The 70-S ribosome is the only EF-Tu ligand affecting the G domain in the same
      manner as that observed with the intact molecule, although the extent of the
      stimulatory effect is lower. The rate of dissociation of the G domain complexes
      with GTP and GDP as well as the GTPase activity are also influenced by EF-Ts and
      kirromycin, but the effects evoked are small and in most cases different from
      those exerted on EF-Tu. The inability of the G domain to sustain poly(Phe)
      synthesis is in agreement with the apparent lack of formation of a ternary
      complex between the G domain.GTP complex and aa-tRNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2661227
TI  - Effect of spermine on the efficiency and fidelity of the codon-specific binding
      of tRNA to the ribosomes.
AB  - Binding of the yeast Tyr-tRNA and Phe-tRNA to the A site, and the binding of
      their acetyl derivatives to the P site of poly(U11,A)-programmed Escherichia coli
      ribosomes was studied. Spermine stimulated the rate of binding of both tRNAs at
      least threefold, enabling more than 90% final saturation of both ribosomal
      binding sites. The effect is observed when the tRNAs, but not ribosomes or
      poly(U11,A), are preincubated with polyamine. Regardless of the binding site,
      optimal saturation was reached at spermine/tRNA molar ratios of 3 for tRNA(Phe)
      and 5 for tRNA(Tyr). The same low spermine/tRNA ratios were previously reported
      to stabilize the conformation of these tRNAs in solution. On the other hand, the
      messenger-free, EF-Tu- and EF-G-dependent polymerization of lysine from E. coli
      Lys-tRNA is drastically reduced, while the poly(A)-directed polymerization is
      stimulated by spermine through a wide range of Mg2+ concentrations. Misreading of
      UUU codons as isoleucine, assayed by the A-site binding of E. coli Ile-tRNA, is
      also inhibited by spermine. All these results demonstrate that spermine increases
      the efficiency and accuracy of a series of macromolecular interactions leading to
      the correct incorporation of an amino acid into protein, at the same time
      preventing some unspecific or erroneous interactions. From the analogy with its
      known structural effects, it can be inferred that spermine does so by conferring
      on the tRNA a specific biologically functional conformation.

PMID- 2661228
TI  - Glutamic acid 71 and aspartic acid 66 control the binding of the second calcium
      ion in porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2.
AB  - In addition to the Ca2+ ion at the active site, porcine pancreatic phospholipase
      A2 (PLA) is known to bind a second calcium ion with a lower affinity at alkaline
      pH. The second calcium-binding site has been held responsible for effective
      interaction of phospholipase with organized lipid/water interfaces [van Dam
      Mieras, M. C. E., Slotboom, A. J., Pieterson, W. A. and de Haas, G. H. (1975)
      Biochemistry 14, 5387-5394]. To study the identity of the acidic amino acid
      residues involved in liganding the second calcium ion in detail, we used site
      directed mutagenesis to specifically alter the cDNA encoding porcine pancreatic
      phospholipase. Three mutant phospholipase species were constructed, each of which
      lacked one of the potentially important carboxylates: Asp66----Asn, Glu71----Asn
      and Glu92----Gln. The Gln92 mutant PLA displayed the same properties as native
      phospholipase indicating that Glu92 is not important for binding the second metal
      ion. However, Glu71 and, to a lesser extent, Asp66 are both directly involved in
      the low-affinity calcium binding.

PMID- 2661229
TI  - Insulin-induced dephosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase. Correlation with
      lipolysis and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.
AB  - The effect of insulin on the state of phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive
      lipase, cellular cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity and lipolysis was
      investigated in isolated adipocytes. Increased phosphorylation of hormone
      sensitive lipase in response to isoproterenol stimulation was closely paralleled
      by increased lipolysis. Maximal phosphorylation and lipolysis was obtained when
      the cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratio was greater than or equal to
      0.1, and this corresponded to a 50% increase in the state of phosphorylation of
      hormone-sensitive lipase. Insulin (1 nM) reduced cAMP-dependent protein kinase
      activity and also reduced lipolysis with both cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent
      antilipolytic effects up to an activity ratio of approximately 0.4, above which
      the antilipolytic effect was lost. Insulin caused a decrease in the state of
      phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase at all levels of cAMP-dependent
      protein kinase activity. Under basal conditions, with cAMP-dependent protein
      kinase activity at a minimum, this reflected a dephosphorylation of the basal
      phosphorylation site of hormone-sensitive lipase in a manner not mediated by
      cAMP. When the cAMP-dependent protein kinase was stimulated to phosphorylate the
      regulatory phosphorylation site of hormone-sensitive lipase, the insulin-induced
      dephosphorylation occurred both at the basal and regulatory sites. At low levels
      of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratios (0.05-0.1), dephosphorylation of
      the regulatory site correlated with reduced cAMP-dependent protein kinase
      activity, but not at higher activity ratios (greater than 0.1). Stimulation of
      cells with isoproterenol produced a transient (1-5 min) peak of cAMP-dependent
      protein kinase activity and of phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase. The
      state of phosphorylation also showed a transient peak when the protein kinase was
      maximally and constantly activated. In the presence of raised levels of cellular
      cAMP, insulin (1 nM) caused a rapid (t1/2 approximately 1 min) dephosphorylation
      of hormone-sensitive lipase. In unstimulated cells the reduction in
      phosphorylation caused by insulin was distinctly slower (t1/2 approximately 5
      min). These findings are interpreted to suggest that insulin affects the state of
      phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and lipolysis through a cAMP
      dependent pathway, involving reduction of cAMP, and through a cAMP-independent
      pathway, involving activation of a protein phosphatase activity that
      dephosphorylates both the regulatory and basal phosphorylation sites of hormone
      sensitive lipase.

PMID- 2661230
TI  - Probing the environment of lanthanide binding sites in yeast tRNA(Phe) by
      specific metal-ion-promoted cleavages.
AB  - Specific yeast tRNA(Phe) hydrolysis brought about by europium ions has been
      studied in detail using the 32P-end-labeled tRNA and polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The dependence of the induced cleavages on pH, temperature and
      concentration of the europium ions has been determined. Europium hydrolyzes yeast
      tRNA(Phe) in the D-loop at phosphates 16 and 18, and the anticodon loop of
      phosphates 34 and 36. The two D-loop cuts are thought to take place from two
      distinct europium binding sites, while the two anticodon loop cleavages from a
      single site. Eight other members of the lanthanide series and ytrium give
      basically the same pattern of cleavages as europium. The specific cleavages
      taking place in the anticodon loop occur in an intramolecular mode from the
      lanthanide binding site that has not been found in yeast tRNA(Phe) crystal
      structure. It appears from the comparison of the europium-promoted cuts with
      those generated by magnesium and lead that the former two ions give more similar
      but not identical cleavage patterns. The usefulness of the specific cleavages
      induced by lanthanides for probing their own and magnesium binding sites in tRNA
      is discussed.

PMID- 2661231
TI  - Ceftriaxone single dose versus ceftazidime multiple doses in the prophylaxis of
      infection in colorectal surgery.
AB  - Sixty patients admitted to the hospital for colorectal surgery were randomly
      assigned to prophylaxis either with a single dose of ceftriaxone (Rocephin) i.v.
      plus metronidazole given 30 min prior to induction of anesthesia or with multiple
      doses of ceftazidime plus metronidazole given repeatedly every 8 h up to 24 h
      after surgery. The overall number of infections observed with the long-acting
      cephalosporin ceftriaxone was 4 (2 local and 2 remote), with the short-acting
      ceftazidime the number was 9 (5 local and 4 remote). Neither regimen was
      associated with adverse reactions.

PMID- 2661232
TI  - Ceftriaxone as short-term antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis in orthopedic surgery: a
      1-year multicenter follow-up. Preliminary results of a controlled multicentre
      study.
AB  - In this multicentre study, 883 evaluable patients undergoing orthopedic surgery
      were randomly assigned to receive antiinfective prophylaxis with either
      ceftriaxone (Rocephin) or cefamandole. 25 patients in the ceftriaxone group and
      29 patients in the cefamandole group (5.6 vs 6.5%) presented with infectious
      complications within the first 60 days after surgery. Delayed deep wound
      infections developed in only 1 of 435 patients in the ceftriaxone group compared
      with 4 of 413 patients in the cefamandole group. Both drugs were well tolerated.
      The infection rate was twice as high after surgery in conventional operating
      theatres than after treatment in hypersterile operating theatres (3.3 vs 6.5%);
      this difference is not statistically significant.

PMID- 2661233
TI  - Ceftriaxone in chemoprophylaxis and therapy of urinary tract infections.
AB  - We analysed eight prospective randomized trials describing the use of ceftriaxone
      (Rocephin) in short-term prophylaxis in patients undergoing urologic surgery. The
      results of these trials show that chemoprophylaxis with ceftriaxone is effective.
      In the therapy of postoperative infections in urologic surgery the single daily
      dose of ceftriaxone represents a considerable advantage both regarding patients'
      compliance and clinical convenience. From March 1987 to January 1988, 25 patients
      with postoperative infections after urologic surgery were treated with
      ceftriaxone 1 g i.m. once daily. Quick resolution of signs and symptoms of
      infection occurred in all cases.

PMID- 2661234
TI  - Treatment of postoperative infections with a single daily dose of ceftriaxone:
      analysis of international issues.
AB  - The results of 13 clinical trials were analysed in order to define the efficacy
      of ceftriaxone (Rocephin) when given alone and in a single daily dose in the
      treatment of postoperative infections. In a total of 306 evaluable patients, many
      of whom were suffering from severe infections, the global clinical success rate
      was about 90%. The drug was very well tolerated. Minor transient effects occurred
      only in a few patients. In 8 out of the 13 trials, ceftriaxone was compared with
      other standard antibiotics. In these comparative studies, the global clinical
      success rate with ceftriaxone (93.8%) was higher than with other drugs (81%). The
      microbiological response to ceftriaxone was extremely satisfactory for almost all
      pathogenes.

PMID- 2661235
TI  - Use of a long-acting cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) for antimicrobial prophylaxis in
      abdominal and biliary surgery.
AB  - Present data available on ceftriaxone (Rocephin) dealing with microbiology,
      pharmacokinetics (long half-life, tissue penetration ability, tissue
      concentration present during vulnerable period, etc.), results of clinical
      trials, and world-wide experience seem to be in favor of ceftriaxone as the
      antimicrobial of choice for single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in abdominal and
      biliary surgery. Single-dose surgical prophylaxis is cost-effective, has a low
      rate of adverse drug events, and so far does not increase danger of resistance.

PMID- 2661236
TI  - Improving the therapeutic index of intra-arterial cisplatin chemotherapy.

PMID- 2661237
TI  - Phenotyping of 76 human bladder tumors with a panel of monoclonal antibodies:
      correlation between pathology, surface immunofluorescence and DNA content.
AB  - Phenotyping of 76 bladder tumors (11 grade I, 33 grade II and 32 grade III) has
      been carried out by flow cytometry on cell suspensions with simultaneous
      determination of DNA content and surface immunofluorescence using G4 and 5 new
      monoclonal antibodies (10D1, 7C12, 6D1, 3C6 and 12F6) directed against bladder
      tumor cells. Ten normal bladder samples were used as control. Antibodies 6D1 and
      12F6 were specific for tumor cells whereas the others also labelled umbrella
      cells. Cells from grade I tumors were labelled with 10D1, 6D1, 7C12 and 12F6
      antibodies, and cells of grade II tumors with 7C12 and to a lesser degree with
      12F6 but not with 10D1 and 6D1. Grade III tumor cells were specifically labelled
      with antibodies 3C6 and G4. Reactivity of antibodies with tissue sections was
      well correlated with cytometry results, except for the antibody 3C6. Finally,
      most of the cells stained by 3C6 and G4 were shown to have a DNA index greater
      than 1.0. In conclusion cells of low grade tumors can be identified with 10D1 and
      6D1 antibodies, and antigens recognized by 3C6 and G4 antibodies are mostly
      expressed by aneuploid cells.

PMID- 2661238
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay of estrogen and progesterone receptors in drill biopsy
      specimens from breast cancer.
AB  - We have applied enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to the detection of estrogen and
      progesterone receptors (ER and PR, respectively) in small samples obtained by
      drill biopsy of primary breast cancers. Thirty patients with breast cancer
      underwent drill biopsy of the tumors just before mastectomy. Both the drill
      biopsy and surgical specimens were assayed for ER and PR in the cytosol and
      nuclear fractions by EIA. ER and PR in the cytosol fraction (ERc and PRc,
      respectively) of the drill biopsy specimens (DBS) correlated very well with those
      of the surgical specimens (SS): ERc (DBS) = 1.02 X ERc (SS) + 3.85 fmol/mg
      protein (r = 0.958) and PRc (DBS) = 1.05 X PRc (SS) + 3.87 fmol/mg protein (r =
      0.958). ER and PR in the nuclear fraction (ERn and PRn, respectively) of the
      drill biopsy specimens also correlated very well with those of the surgical
      specimens: ERn (DBS) = 1.02 X ERn (SS) + 59.18 fmol/mg DNA (r = 0.932) and PRn
      (DBS) = 0.98 X PRn (SS) + 54.28 fmol/mg DNA (r = 0.898). These results
      demonstrate that EIA for ER and PR of the drill biopsy specimens is a very useful
      method for the estimation of the receptor status of breast cancers.

PMID- 2661239
TI  - Measurements of response to chemotherapy using ultrasound in metastatic liver
      involvement.
AB  - The liver is a frequent site of metastases and in several cases the only
      available target for assessing the activity of chemotherapeutic agents. A
      standard procedure for liver measurements by ultrasound was investigated. One
      hundred and twenty-three chemotherapy cycles were evaluated. This study shows
      that metastatic involvement of the liver can be measured by several ultrasound
      parameters which represent different features of the same process: the number and
      the surface of the nodules, the volume of the organ. Ultrasound parameters were
      correlated with liver function tests, CEA, hepatomegaly and measurements of other
      metastatic sites. The surface of metastases still appeared to be the most
      reliable criterion of response. Our results suggest that several liver ultrasound
      parameters may help to definitely assess the type of response to chemotherapy.

PMID- 2661240
TI  - Doxorubicin: effect of different schedules on toxicity and anti-tumor efficacy.
AB  - The risk of congestive heart failure restricts the clinical use of doxorubicin to
      cumulative doses of 450-550 mg/m2, when it is given using high-dose rapid
      intravenous application. As the high peak serum levels which follow rapid
      administration seem to be correlated with cardiotoxicity, application schedules
      leading to lower peak serum concentrations have been developed. This paper
      reviews the influence of those schedules on cardiotoxicity, non-cardiac
      toxicities, pharmacokinetic data and antineoplastic efficacy. While the reduction
      of cardiotoxicity by long-term application schedules is well documented, much
      less can be said about the antitumor effect of those schedules. Controlled
      studies dealing with this problem are needed. This review provides a base for
      that purpose.

PMID- 2661241
TI  - After Goldie-Coldman--where now?

PMID- 2661242
TI  - Pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy of once-daily sustained-release
      naproxen.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of a once-daily sustained-release
      formulation of naproxen (sodium salt) have been compared with those of
      conventional-release agents. In a single dose pharmacokinetic study, the rate of
      absorption of the sustained-release preparation was less than that of a
      conventional-release preparation but the extent of absorption was the same. As is
      the case with conventional-release naproxen, food decreased the rate but not the
      extent of absorption of the sustained-release formulation. On multiple dose
      administration for 7 days, the AUC and average concentrations of the sustained
      release preparation (1 g daily) were the same as those for conventional release
      preparations of naproxen sodium (250 mg four times daily) and naproxen free acid
      (500 mg daily). The conventional-release sodium salt was absorbed more quickly
      with no differences in bioavailability. A double-blind clinical comparison in
      patients with osteoarthritis showed the sustained-release preparation (1 g daily)
      to be equivalent in efficacy to conventional naproxen capsules (500 mg twice
      daily) but to have a significantly lower incidence of gastrointestinal side
      effects. The results suggest that sustained-release naproxen sodium has potential
      for use as a once-daily treatment for inflammatory disease.

PMID- 2661243
TI  - Resistance of fetal PVG rats to induction of allograft tolerance.
AB  - Artificially induced immunological tolerance is often envisaged as experimental
      mimicry of events which occur naturally during the acquisition of self tolerance.
      Thus, it has been inferred that similar circumstances will facilitate the
      induction of both types of unresponsiveness. Since tolerance to most self
      determinants appears to have been established by the time of birth and allograft
      tolerance can be experimentally induced more readily, if not exclusively, in very
      young animals, it is commonly assumed that susceptibility to induction of
      tolerance to foreign antigens will continue to increase as progressively younger
      animals are tested. The experiments reported in this study extend the range of
      circumstances under which younger animals may be found to be less susceptible, or
      even completely resistant, to tolerance induction. While neonatal PVG rats were
      highly susceptible to the induction of tolerance to (PVG x DA)F1 hybrid
      determinants, fetal PVG rats were only partially susceptible at 19 days and were
      completely resistant at 17 and 18 days of gestation. Furthermore, only 39% of
      neonatal PVG rats that had been inoculated with F1 hybrid bone marrow cells at 18
      days of gestation could be rendered tolerant by procedures which were effective
      in 100% of previously untreated neonates. These observations were interpreted to
      indicate that a certain stage of maturity must be attained before fetal rats
      become susceptible to tolerance induction. Asymmetry in susceptibility to
      tolerance induction in response to the inoculation of F1 hybrid bone marrow cells
      was observed when PVG and DA fetuses, but not neonates, were compared. This
      difference in the response of the two strains recalls the divergence in immune
      reactivity of offspring, previously reported when PVG and DA embryos were
      transferred to surrogate mothers of the other strain. It is also in agreement
      with earlier reports of substantial differences in the ease of tolerance
      induction between different strain combinations. The asymmetry between PVG and DA
      rats in the present experiments is speculatively attributed to differences in
      rates of immunological maturation of the two strains.

PMID- 2661244
TI  - Acceleration of the onset of diabetes in NOD mice by thymectomy at weaning.
AB  - The effect of thymectomy performed at weaning (3 weeks) and at 6-7 weeks of age
      on the incidence of diabetes was examined in the non-Obese diabetic (NOD) mouse,
      a spontaneous model of immunologically mediated insulin-dependent diabetes
      similar to human type I diabetes. When performed at weaning, thymectomy led to a
      dramatic increase in the incidence of diabetes in NOD females in comparison to
      sham-thymectomized animals. Conversely, no change in the incidence of the disease
      or the expression of insulitis was noted when thymectomy was performed in NOD
      males. When delayed beyond 6-7 weeks of age, thymectomy had no effect on NOD
      males and females. Flow cytometry analysis of spleen cells from intact mice and
      mice thymectomized at weaning or at 6-7 weeks of age demonstrated a significant
      depletion of the T cell subsets in both groups of thymectomized animals. These
      results indicate that the onset of diabetes in NOD mice is submitted to thymic
      regulation and that the T cell depletion induced by thymectomy at weaning
      accelerates the disease, an effect possibly due to the loss of some T cell
      dependent suppressor mechanisms.

PMID- 2661245
TI  - Involvement of prostaglandins in the action of captopril in type II diabetic
      patients.
AB  - Twelve well-controlled, type II diabetic patients without hypertension and
      advanced diabetic complications and 12 age-matched healthy control subjects were
      treated for 4 days with captopril 25 mg three times daily. The pretreatment
      values of plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, urinary 6-keto prostaglandin
      F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 were similar in both groups. Urinary prostaglandin E2
      was significantly reduced in diabetics. After captopril plasma renin activity
      increased significantly in the diabetics and control subjects. Plasma aldosterone
      was not significantly decreased in both groups. Urinary prostaglandin E2
      increased significantly in both diabetic and control groups. Other measured
      prostaglandins remained unchanged. After captopril systolic blood pressure
      decreased significantly in diabetics and not significantly in the control group.
      The results indicate that captopril was an effective drug for lowering blood
      pressure in diabetic patients, too. It is possible that the antihypertensive
      effect of captopril in diabetics could be due at least partly to prostaglandin
      E2.

PMID- 2661246
TI  - Membrane-cytoskeleton associations during myogenesis deviate from traditional
      definitions.
AB  - Plasma membrane-cytoskeleton associations involving four membrane proteins (A5,
      H58, H36, and I20) were studied in developing L8E63 rat skeletal muscle cells
      using immunofluorescence microscopy and photometry on the basis of three
      criteria: Triton-insolubility, colocalization with cytoskeletal components, and
      sensitivity to cytoskeleton-directed drugs. The results presented demonstrate
      that there are developmental stage-specific associations between membrane
      proteins and the cytoskeleton during skeletal myogenesis. Several inconsistencies
      were found with traditional expectations of membrane-cytoskeleton associations.
      For example, although A5 is Triton-insoluble and sensitive to cytochalasin, its
      distribution generally does not correspond with any known cytoskeletal structure.
      Furthermore, the topography of A5 is dependent on the integrity of the plasma
      membrane. H36 and I20 are completely soluble in Triton and therefore by accepted
      definitions would not be expected to be associated with any cytoskeletal
      component. Yet H36 and actin codisrupt in the presence of cytochalasin, while
      I20, whose distribution does not correspond with microtubules, is uniquely
      sensitive to their disruption. These results demonstrate that (i) neither Triton
      solubility nor colocalization alone predicts all membrane-cytoskeleton
      associations; some associations between the membrane and cytoskeleton are
      unstable in nonionic detergent; (ii) the native distribution of proteins in the
      membrane may not reflect their cytoskeletal associations; and (iii) the
      topography of some membrane proteins with no apparent association with the
      cytoskeleton may be greatly influenced by the cell cytoskeleton.

PMID- 2661247
TI  - Evidence for a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein involved in the control of
      meiotic reinitiation of Xenopus laevis oocytes.
AB  - Meiotic reinitiation of Xenopus laevis oocytes is induced in vitro by
      progesterone or insulin. The hormonal effect is inhibited in a dose-dependent
      manner by the injection of the A protomer of pertussis toxin (islet-activating
      protein, IAP) into the oocytes. This inhibition occurs only before the appearance
      of a maturation-promoting activity in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, injection of
      the toxin A protomer into recipient oocytes does not inhibit the induction of
      maturation obtained through injection of cytoplasm containing the maturation
      promoting factor. The inhibition effect of the toxin A protomer is reversible
      with time. These results suggest that a pertussis-sensitive G protein is involved
      in intracellular signaling systems leading to the induction of MPF activity.

PMID- 2661248
TI  - Growth and differentiation of stage 24 limb mesenchyme cells in a serum-free
      chemically defined medium.
AB  - A serum-free defined medium which supports the differentiation of chick limb
      mesenchymal cells has been developed. In this medium, stage 24 embryonic limb
      mesenchymal cells which are plated at high density (5 x 10(6) cells/35-mm culture
      dish) differentiate into chondrocytes. Morphologically, these cultures appear
      only slightly different from those in which the cells are maintained in serum
      containing medium. DNA levels and proline incorporation in cultures grown in
      defined medium are indistinguishable from control cultures. The rate of
      radiolabeled sulfate incorporation, a monitor of the rate of proteoglycan
      synthesis, in Day 8 high-density cultures maintained in defined medium is
      approximately 70-80% of control values. Additionally, growth and differentiation
      of intermediate-density (2 x 10(6) cells/35-mm culture dish) and low-density (1 x
      10(6) cells/35-mm dish) cultures are also supported by this defined medium. The
      availability of this medium allows exploration of bioactive factors which affect
      or modulate mesenchymal cell differentiation and subsequent development.

PMID- 2661249
TI  - Cryptococcosis in the AIDS era.

PMID- 2661250
TI  - Beta-haemolytic streptococci from the female genital tract: clinical correlates
      and outcome of treatment.
AB  - Clinical features, treatment and outcome were assessed retrospectively by means
      of a questionnaire in 174 patients in general practice whose vaginal swabs
      yielded beta-haemolytic streptococci. These were compared with 96 patients whose
      swabs yielded no recognized microbial pathogens. Patients with group B
      streptococci did not differ in any of these parameters from the control group,
      but those with group A streptococci were more likely to have vaginal soreness, a
      purulent discharge, and to respond to anti-streptococcal antibiotics.
      Implications for laboratory reporting are discussed.

PMID- 2661251
TI  - Electropherotyping of plasmid DNA of different serotypes of Shigella flexneri
      isolated in Bangladesh.
AB  - One hundred and twenty-five Shigella flexneri strains, isolated during January
      December 1984, at the Dhaka treatment centre of the International Centre for
      Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, were serotyped using absorbed rabbit
      antisera specific for all type- and group-factor antigens, as well as a group of
      ten mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies. Electropherotypes of the plasmid
      deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were also determined. S. flexneri 2a was the
      predominant serotype followed by 3b, 1a, and 2b. The recently described E1037
      antigen was also found in three strains of S. flexneri serotype 6.
      Electropherotyping of the plasmid DNA showed that three plasmids of approximately
      140, 2.7, and 2 megadalton (MDa) were present, respectively, in 97, 97 and 94% of
      the 125 strains. Additional plasmids of various other sizes were also present in
      different serotypes except in serotype 2a. The additional plasmids again appeared
      to be specific for that particular serotype. For example, all 12 strains of S.
      flexneri 2b harboured an additional plasmid of approximately 1 MDa. Thus,
      electropherotyping of plasmid DNA of different serotypes of S. flexneri might be
      useful to differentiate S. flexneri from other species of Shigella and in
      identifying different serotypes of S. flexneri. Therefore, the common plasmids,
      plus the additional plasmids, could be used to identify epidemic, as well as
      sporadic, subclones of S. flexneri strains.

PMID- 2661252
TI  - Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in Sheffield: cattle as a
      possible source.
AB  - During 1986 and 1987, faecal samples from patients with haemorrhagic colitis (HC)
      or haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) were examined for evidence of infection by
      verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC). During the 2-year period VTEC
      infections were found in 31 (78%) of 40 patients initially presenting with HC,
      and in 5 (63%) of 8 patients initially presenting with HUS. VTEC were found in
      only 2 (0.9%) of 229 age and sex matched control patients with acute non-bloody
      diarrhoea. All but one VTEC belonged to E. coli serogroup O 157. During 1987 this
      serogroup was isolated from 2 (1%) of 207 samples of faeces taken from cattle
      arriving at a Sheffield abattoir, indicating a possible source of these
      infections for man. We are unaware of previous reports of isolation of this
      organism from cattle in England.

PMID- 2661253
TI  - Enhancement of the infectivity of Fusobacterium necrophorum by other bacteria.
AB  - Necrobacillosis is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum (FN), but other organisms
      are often present in the lesions. Their possible role was studied in experiments
      made with a virulent FN strain which, by itself, produced fatal necrobacillosis
      in mice provided that large doses (greater than 10(6) organisms, subcutaneously)
      were given. Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with FN suspended in sub-lethal
      doses (0.1 ml) of undiluted or diluted broth cultures of other bacteria.
      Undiluted culture of a strain of Escherichia coli reduced the infective dose of
      FN to less than 10 organisms; in the necrobacillosis lesions that developed,
      fusobacteria greatly outnumbered E. coli. A heat-killed preparation or sterile
      filtrate of E. coli culture had little if any effect on FN. Citrobacter freundii
      and comparatively small numbers of Corynebacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes
      produced effects similar to that of E. coli. An alpha-haemolytic streptococcus,
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium nucleatum also
      enhanced the infectivity of FN, though less strikingly than E. coli. FN increased
      the persistence in vivo of the alpha-haemolytic streptococcus and B. fragilis,
      and enabled the latter to multiply profusely.

PMID- 2661254
TI  - Subdivision of Salmonella enteritidis phage types by plasmid profile typing.
AB  - Differentiation of Salmonella enteritidis by plasmid profile typing has been
      compared to differentiation by phage typing. Examination of the type strains of
      the 27 S. enteritidis phage types showed that only 11 profile patterns could be
      identified. Moreover, two profile patterns were found in 15 of the type strains,
      including those of the two most common phage types in Britain, types 4 and 8. On
      this basis, plasmid profile typing is not as sensitive as phage typing for the
      primary subdivision of S. enteritidis. When differentiation of 534 strains of the
      27 phage types was attempted using plasmid profiles, variation in pattern
      suitable for epidemiological subdivision was found in 13 phage types and there
      were 9 profile patterns in strains of phage type 4. Plasmid profile typing can,
      therefore, be regarded as an effective adjunct to phage typing for the
      subdivision of S. enteritidis.

PMID- 2661255
TI  - The production of Clostridium botulinum toxin in mammalian, avian and piscine
      carrion.
AB  - Mice, birds (chicks, quail) and fish (rudd, goldfish) killed shortly after
      receiving 1300-2000 spores of Clostridium botulinum per os were incubated,
      usually at 23 degrees C for 7 days. A 10% (w/v) homogenate of each rotting
      carcass was then prepared, sterilized by membrane filtration, and assayed for
      toxin. In mouse carcasses a type C strain of C. botulinum usually produced
      greater than 2 X 10(5) mouse intraperitoneal LD/g; in fish carcasses it usually
      produced less--often much less--than 2 X 10(4) LD/g. Avian carcasses appeared to
      be intermediate between those of mice and fish in their ability to support
      toxigenesis. A type E strain of C. botulinum, unlike type C, produced toxin
      equally well in fish and mouse carrion, usually at a concentration of between 2 X
      10(4) and 2 X 10(5) LD/g.

PMID- 2661257
TI  - Effects of hyperinflation on the respiratory muscles.

PMID- 2661256
TI  - Host defense against infections and inflammations: role of the multifunctional IL
      6/IFN-beta 2 cytokine.
AB  - IL-6/IFN-beta 2 appears to be one of the important mediators of the response to
      viral and bacterial infections and to shock. The biological effects now
      associated with IL-6/IFN-beta 2 include: stimulation of immunoglobulin secretion
      by mature B lymphocytes (BSF-2 activity), growth stimulation of plasmacytomas and
      hybridomas (HGF activity), activation of T cells, stimulation of hepatic acute
      phase protein synthesis (HSF activity), stimulation of hematopoiesis, cell
      differentiation (DIF activity), inhibition of tumor cell growth (AP activity) and
      other IFN-like effects. As a typical cytokine, IL-6/IFN-beta 2 is secreted by
      many cell types and acts in various combinations with other interleukins and
      interferons.

PMID- 2661258
TI  - Reversibility of induced bronchoconstriction by deep inspiration in asthmatic and
      normal subjects.
AB  - Five normal and five asthmatic subjects underwent a progressive methacholine
      provocation study. At each concentration inspiratory pulmonary resistance (RL)
      was measured, as well as isovolumic maximal flow and residual volume from both
      partial and complete forced expirations. Results were compared over the RL range
      of 6-11 cmH2O.1-1.S-1. The reversibility of bronchoconstriction by deep
      inspiration was quantified as the ratio of the flow increase to potential maximal
      increase; the reversibility of gas trapping was the ratio of decrease in residual
      volume to potential maximal decrease. The reversibility of bronchoconstriction
      did not differ between the groups. In contrast, the reversibility of gas trapping
      was smaller in asthmatic subjects (21 +/- 17%) than in normals (84 +/- 6%). As
      gas trapping reflects airway closure, our findings suggest that during induced
      bronchoconstriction airway closure is more resistant to the effects of deep
      inspiration in asthmatic than in normal subjects but the reversibility of
      bronchoconstriction by deep inspiration is not different.

PMID- 2661259
TI  - Lung function in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation recipients.
AB  - In order to investigate the incidence of pulmonary function complications
      following bone marrow transplantation (BMT), 17 patients with leukaemia and 8
      with aplastic anaemia were sequentially assessed over a one year period. Before
      BMT, all the patients were free of respiratory symptoms and had both normal chest
      X-ray and routine lung function tests. However, 5 patients disclosed airway
      hyperreactivity. Aplastic anaemia patients had significantly lower haemoglobin
      adjusted diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) than those with leukaemia,
      a finding significantly related to the lower haemoglobin values shown in the
      former individuals. Following BMT there were transient mild to moderate
      reductions in DLCO and static lung volumes; moreover, patients with leukaemia had
      lower DLCO than those with aplastic anaemia. Fourteen of the 25 patients had
      ventilatory defects, including 10 individuals with bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
      Post-BMT lung function changes were transiently accompanied by mild to moderate
      symptoms of respiratory disease in most of the patients.

PMID- 2661260
TI  - Sympathomimetics in acute severe asthma: inhaled or parenteral, nebulizer or
      spacer?
AB  - It is accepted today that all patients with acute asthma should be treated with a
      sympathomimetic, irrespective of previous therapy. This short review addresses
      the question of the optimal mode of administration of these drugs in acute severe
      asthma. Inhaled sympathomimetics are as effective as subcutaneous adrenaline, or
      intravenous salbutamol or terbutaline, and, as they produce fewer side-effects,
      are recommended as the best mode of administration. However, self-medication with
      a ready to use subcutaneous preparation may be indicated in those patients prone
      to very abrupt attacks. The conventional mode of inhalation therapy in acute
      asthma is nebulization, but equally effective bronchodilatation may be obtained
      with metered-dose inhalers combined with valved spacers. Tachypnoeic patients
      unable to perform a conventional inhalation manoeuvre can use one-way valve
      inhalation devices with repeated tidal breaths. Finally, sequential or even
      continuous inhalation techniques have recently been advocated, particularly in
      patients with impending respiratory failure.

PMID- 2661261
TI  - Occupational asthma caused by exposure to ash wood dust (Fraxinus americana).
AB  - A 63 year old man reported rhinitis and asthma, which occurred only at work where
      he was exposed to ash wood dust. Monitoring of peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR)
      and bronchial responsiveness to histamine when off work and at work showed
      increased variation of PEFR at work but no significant changes in nonspecific
      bronchial responsiveness assessed by the provocation concentration producing a
      20% fall in FEV1 (PC20). Specific inhalation challenges were carried out in a
      special challenge room with ash wood dust. During the exposure for only 3
      minutes, the mean concentration of particles was 3 mg-m3 and about 50% of
      particles had a diameter less than 10 mu. An immediate bronchospastic reaction
      was documented. Antibodies to a human serum albumin (HSA) ash wood conjugate were
      not significantly increased.

PMID- 2661262
TI  - Location of phosphorylation site and DNA-binding site of a positive regulator,
      OmpR, involved in activation of the osmoregulatory genes of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The OmpR protein of Escherichia coli is a positive regulator involved in
      activation of the ompF and ompC genes which encode the major outer membrane
      proteins OmpF and OmpC, respectively. By employing recombinant DNA techniques, we
      isolated the N- and C-terminal halves of the OmpR molecule. From the results of
      biochemical analyses of these fragments, it was concluded that the N-terminal
      portion contains a site involved in phosphorylation by an OmpR-specific protein
      kinase EnvZ, whereas the C-terminal part possesses a DNA-binding site for the
      ompC and ompF promoters.

PMID- 2661263
TI  - Conformational changes of a mitochondrial precursor protein on binding to
      phospholipid vesicles and SDS micelles. A circular dichroism and fluorescence
      spectroscopy study.
AB  - Conformations of an artificial mitochondrial precursor protein pCox IV-DHFR have
      been analyzed by CD and fluorescence spectroscopy in the presence of (cardiolipin
      rich) phospholipid vesicles or SDS micelles. Binding of pCox IV-DHFR to
      phospholipid vesicles involves a conformational change, which is presequence
      dependent, accompanies alteration in the secondary structure of the DHFR moiety,
      but is different from total unfolding of the polypeptide chain. On the other
      hand, a conformational change of the fusion protein on binding to the micelles of
      a positively charged detergent, SDS, is not presequence-dependent.

PMID- 2661264
TI  - Detection of immunoreactive endothelin in plasma of hemodialysis patients.
AB  - Two types of radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods for measuring endothelin (ET) in
      human plasma were developed. One was an extraction procedure using a Sep-Pak C18
      cartridge, the other being a direct method. By the extraction method, plasma ET
      levels were lower than the detectable limit (7 pg/ml) in normal subjects and
      elevated in hemodialysis patients. The absolute values obtained via the direct
      method were 20-times higher than those from extraction. Gel-filtration
      experiments revealed that this discrepancy was mainly due to immunoreactive (IR-)
      endothelin-like substances of high molecular mass near 11.6 kDa (large IR-ET).
      Extraction of the peptide by the C18 cartridge could eliminate interference by
      large IR-ET and is important in the accurate measurement of ET concentrations in
      plasma.

PMID- 2661265
TI  - Expression of human 5-lipoxygenase cDNA in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A cDNA for human 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) was inserted into the vector pKC
      (constructed from pKK223-3 by replacing its replication origin with that of
      pUC18) and expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme expressed was purified to
      homogeneity from the cellular soluble fraction. The purified enzyme showed both
      5LO and leukotriene A4 synthase activities, which were stimulated by Ca2+ and
      ATP. Its molecular mass (78 kDa) and NH2-terminal sequence were identical with
      those of 5LO purified from human leukocytes. The availability of the expression
      system will facilitate further studies on its regulation and the reaction
      mechanism of the enzyme.

PMID- 2661266
TI  - Amino acid substitutions in mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae leading to venturicidin or ossamycin resistance.
AB  - A series of mitochondrially inherited mutants of yeast has been analysed, which
      were previously identified as showing resistance to the antibiotics venturicidin
      or ossamycin and whose mutations showed tight linkage to oligomycin-resistance
      alleles affecting subunit 9 of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. DNA sequence
      analysis of the oli1 gene of these mutants has been used to define the nature of
      amino acid substitution in the subunit 9 protein. In the case of the two
      venturicidin-resistant mutants, mutations affect amino acids on the N-terminal
      stem of the protein, namely Gly25----Ser (venR ossS oliR) and Ala 27----Gly (venR
      ossS oliS). The mutations found in the two ossamycin-resistant mutants affect
      amino acids on the C-terminal stem of the protein; namely Leu53----Phe (vanS ossR
      oliR) and Leu57----Phe (venS ossR oliS). These results allow us to further
      develop a fine structure map of domains within the subunit 9 protein involved in
      antibiotic interaction.

PMID- 2661268
TI  - FEBS--25th anniversary.

PMID- 2661267
TI  - Homology between surface protein antigen genes of Streptococcus sobrinus and
      Streptococcus mutans.
AB  - The structural gene (pag gene) for a 210 kDa protein antigen of Streptococcus
      sobrinus serotype g was cloned and compared with that (pac gene) of a 190 kDa
      protein antigen of Streptococcus mutans serotype c. Immunodiffusion analysis
      revealed that the product of the pag gene immunologically cross-reacted with that
      of the pac gene. Southern blot and nucleotide sequence analyses revealed that a
      significant homology existed between the middle regions of the two structural
      genes.

PMID- 2661269
TI  - N-terminal region of Proteus mirabilis glutathione transferase is not homologous
      to mammalian and plant glutathione transferases.
AB  - The N-terminal amino acid sequence of glutathione transferase, Pm-GST-6.0,
      purified from Proteus mirabilis [(1988) Biochem. J. 255, 971-975] up to residue
      38 and a comparative peptide fingerprint are reported. No obvious homology with
      the sequences of alpha, pi and mu classes of mammalian glutathione transferases
      as well as with those of plant glutathione transferases has been noted. These
      results suggest that the classification so far adopted for glutathione
      transferases cannot be extended to the bacterial enzyme.

PMID- 2661270
TI  - Structures and functions associated with the group of mammalian lectins
      containing collagen-like sequences.
AB  - The number of proteins found in body fluids and at cell surfaces, which are known
      to display carbohydrate-binding properties, continues to increase rapidly. In
      these proteins, in addition to a domain associated with lectin properties, one or
      more, non-lectin domains are present. It is possible that binding of sugar
      residues by the lectin domain may be important in triggering a variety of
      recognition and clearance mechanisms via the non-lectin domains. The group of
      lectins containing collagen-like sequences may provide some insight into
      structure/function relationships of the different domains in view of the well
      defined structures already available for several of these molecules.

PMID- 2661271
TI  - Radiation carcinogenesis in the male breast.
AB  - A 53-year-old man developed cystic papillary carcinoma of the breast 30 years
      after radiotherapy to his chest. This rare type of carcinoma has not been
      previously reported following irradiation. In contrast to the comprehensive
      literature on irradiation as an etiological factor in carcinogenesis of the
      female breast, only 10 cases have been reported in males. The subject is reviewed
      together with the experience gained on human females and with animals. The
      carcinogenic characteristics of irradiation are analyzed.

PMID- 2661272
TI  - [Disorders of cardio- and hemodynamics in endotoxic shock].
AB  - Relative significance of cardiac and vessel components as well as the role of
      arachidonic acid metabolites in the development of endotoxic shock have been
      investigated in two series of experiments on the mongrel dogs. It is determined
      that endotoxin exerts no direct negative inotropic influence on the myocardium:
      blood pool in peripheral capacitance vessels plays a main role in the development
      of the first phase of the endotoxic shock (the first 30 min), that is a result of
      prostacyclin influence on these vessels, while in the subsequent phase it is a
      result of the bloodflow disturbance in the myocardium or arachidonic acid
      metabolites influence on the myocardium. Administration of endotoxin to the
      bloodflow significantly increased concentration of prostanoids; thromboxane A2
      and prostacyclin in it. Indomethacin, inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis,
      prevents development of the endotoxic shock.

PMID- 2661273
TI  - [System principles in the organization of neurons carrying out cortical
      inhibition].
AB  - Some new data on neuronal and synaptic organization of sensorimotor cortical area
      in cat are obtained by a complex of morphological and electrophysiological
      methods. These data permit considering that direct afferent inhibition is ensured
      by thalamo-cortical neurons and neurons forming the callosal and association
      links. The recurrent and lateral inhibition are structurally realized through the
      ascending recurrent axon collaterals of pyramidal neurons forming links either
      with short-axon or with long-axon interneurons. Cortico-thalamic (cortico-fugal)
      inhibition may be performed either via descending cortico-thalamic neurons or via
      cortico-cortical ipsi- and contralateral neurons. The above mentioned neuronal
      chains may be considered as structural elements of more complex neuronal sets
      which ensure the inhibition at the cortical inputs, outputs and intracortically.

PMID- 2661274
TI  - [Thyroid hormones and lipid metabolism].
AB  - Some major pathways of lipid metabolism are under control of thyroid hormones.
      Thyroxine changes the lipid composition of different cell membranes. Modification
      of thyroid hormone metabolism during ontogenesis is one of the reasons of changes
      in lipid composition and function of cell nuclei and its other structures.
      Atherosclerosis and obesity may be a result of the thyroid dysfunction and
      modulation of the cellular lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2661275
TI  - [The 50th anniversary of the Department of Dental Surgery of the Rokus Hospital].
AB  - The Dental and the Oral Surgical Department of the Budapest Semmelweis (formerly
      Rokus) Hospital was opened in 1938. The leading physicians in chief of the
      department were Lajos Szecsey, Gyorgy Istvan Fodor and Ferenc Kovari in the past.
      Since 1984 Imre Bogi C. Sc. in the leader of the department. In addition to the
      daily oral surgical tasks also patients with facial and jaw bone injuries and
      tumors are attended to. Also the surgical treatment of development anomalies, jaw
      bone illnesses and of patients with cleft palate and lips is carried out.

PMID- 2661276
TI  - [Closure of cleft palate by a bone graft].
AB  - Of 18 operations 16 bone implantations were successful. The mean age of the
      patients was 13 years. Also the operational technique employed by the authors is
      described. For bone implantation autotransplantatum taken from the crista iliaca
      was employed.

PMID- 2661277
TI  - Nursing implications in sternal and mediastinal infections after open heart
      surgery.

PMID- 2661278
TI  - Amphotericin B: the nurse's role in controlling adverse reactions.
AB  - Amphotericin B is a potent antifungal agent essential to the treatment of
      systemic mycoses. Adverse reactions associated with this drug can be both
      unpleasant and harmful to patients. Careful nursing assessment and timely
      interventions can often prevent or delay the onset of these undesirable effects.

PMID- 2661279
TI  - Blood groups antigens distribution in pancreatic cancer. An immunohistochemical
      study.
AB  - Distribution and immunolocalization of blood groups antigens ABO were
      investigated in pancreatic cancer with the use of immunoperoxidase method. In
      contrast to earlier investigations no correlation was found between histological
      differentiation of pancreatic cancers and maintenance of the blood groups
      antigens in tumor cells.

PMID- 2661280
TI  - Contamination of tritiated glucose tracers.
AB  - In vivo studies of glucose turnover have been complicated by the occurrence of
      theoretically impossible negative numbers for endogenous glucose production and
      it has only very recently been proposed that this could be due to radiochemical
      contamination of the tracers employed. We have analyzed tritiated glucose
      infusates purchased over the past 2 years and have found a surprisingly high and
      variable degree of radiochemical contamination, which could explain the above
      paradox.

PMID- 2661281
TI  - Secondary failure to oral hypoglycaemic agents in non-obese patients with non
      insulin-dependent diabetes is related to reduced insulin release.
AB  - The frequency of secondary failure to oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) in patients
      with non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) is still unknown, despite more than
      30 years of use of OHA. The term secondary failure should be limited to patients
      who, despite maximal dosages of OHA and despite full compliance with diet and
      therapy, are no longer controlled and require insulin to obtain an acceptable
      glucose metabolism. We evaluated 248 out-patients, either on OHA, or on insulin
      because of poor metabolic control with OHA, in order to assess duration of
      treatment with OHA since diagnosis, by means of actuarial curves (Mantel-Cox
      test). Patients with low relative body weight (RBW less than or equal to 100)
      experienced secondary failure earlier and more often than obese patients (RBW
      greater than 120) or overweight (RBW 101-120) patients. In 66 of the above out
      patients, 33 OHA-treated and 33 insulin-treated, matched for age at onset and
      duration of disease, islet-cell-antibodies (ICA) and C-peptide release at
      fasting, 6 min after i.v. glucagon and post prandially were evaluated. Only among
      lean and overweight patients, was C-peptide release significantly lower in
      insulin-treated than in OHA-treated patients; differences disappeared in obese
      patients. ICA were found in only 7 patients (10.6%). HLA phenotype was different
      from that of healthy blood donors for the loci HLA B5, B13, CW4, with no
      differences between OHA-treated and insulin-treated patients. These data indicate
      that secondary failure is more frequent in lean patients with NIDDM, and is
      related to reduced insulin release.

PMID- 2661282
TI  - Effects of dietary inorganic trivalent chromium (Cr3+) on the development of
      glucose homeostasis in rats.
AB  - Inorganic chromium (Cr3+) is classified as an essential trace element on the
      basis of a small dietary requirement for the maintenance of efficient glucose
      homeostasis. The present study has carefully scrutinised this claim by examining
      food intake, body weight gain, glycosylated haemoglobins, plasma glucose and
      insulin concentrations, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in two groups
      of Wistar rats fed either a Cr3+-deficient (0.03 mg/kg) or Cr3+-containing (1
      mg/kg) diet for 32 days from weaning at 3 weeks. At 53 days of age, control rats
      weighed 183 +/- 7 g (body weight gain 155 +/- 6 g, mean +/- SEM) and consumed 17
      +/- 1 g diet/rat/day. Glycosylated haemoglobins, plasma glucose and plasma
      insulin were 2.5 +/- 1%, 6.4 +/- 0.3 mmol/l and 1.2 +/- 0.3 ng/ml, respectively.
      Compared with control rats, the rats fed the Cr3+-deficient diet consumed the
      same total amount of diet and exhibited up to a maximum 40% decrease in the
      chromium content of selected tissues at 53 days of age. At no time during the
      study did food intake, body weight, glycosylated haemoglobins or plasma
      concentrations of glucose and insulin differ between the two groups of rats.
      Furthermore, body weight gain and both glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity
      were identical at 50-53 days of age. These results cast doubt on the significance
      of dietary trivalent chromium for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in
      healthy animals.

PMID- 2661283
TI  - MHC molecules and beta-cell destruction. Immune and nonimmune mechanisms.
AB  - Hyperexpression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by islet
      cells is a prominent, early feature of islet pathology in insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus and concomitant with beta-cell failure after exposure of islets
      to specific cytokines or viruses. The transgenic expression of a class I MHC gene
      (H-2Kb) in the beta-cells of either syngeneic or allogeneic mice leads to beta
      cell failure by a nonimmune mechanism. Several class II MHC transgenes, with one
      exception, have the same effect, but the expression of other transgenes that have
      products that are membrane proteins is not necessarily detrimental. Class I MHC
      molecules have been shown to interact directly with other membrane proteins. The
      inappropriate expression of MHC molecules could therefore interfere with key
      cellular functions. We postulate that the hyperexpression of MHC molecules in the
      beta-cell, e.g. in response to viruses, is a primary, nonimmune mechanism of beta
      cell failure that precedes a secondary autoimmune response.

PMID- 2661284
TI  - Capillary basement membrane thickness and capillary density in sedentary and
      trained obese Zucker rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the obese Zucker rat (OZR)
      develops diabeteslike peripheral vascular disease and evaluate the effects of
      exercise training (treadmill running, 15 m/min, 17% grade, 60 min/day, 5 days/wk,
      for 6 or 12 wk) on skeletal muscle vascular disease. Capillary density (CD) and
      capillary basement membrane (CBM) thickness were measured in the plantar muscle
      of sedentary and trained OZR and sedentary lean Zucker rats (LZRs). At 11 wk old,
      when profoundly obese, hyperinsulinemic, and insulin resistant, OZRs had lower CD
      and thicker CBM than LZRs. These characteristics are consistent with the
      expression of human diabetic microangiopathy and imply altered diffusion capacity
      due to increased diffusion distance and changes in the capillary wall. Between 11
      and 18 wk of age, OZRs became hyperglycemic. No age-related changes in CD were
      observed in lean or obese animals, and OZRs had lower CDs than LZRs at 18 wk of
      age. CBM thickness decreased from 11 to 18 wk of age in both lean and obese
      animals, but the decline was proportionally greater in OZRs, and the CBM of obese
      animals was only slightly thicker than in lean 18-wk-old animals. Exercise
      training did not alter CD or CBM thickness in 11-wk-old animals. In contrast,
      training for 6 or 12 wk increased both CD and CBM thickness in 18-wk-old animals,
      normalizing CD but further increasing CBM thickness relative to LZRs.
      Correlational analysis revealed that CBM thickness is related to basal insulin
      concentration (r = .29, P less than .05) but not to basal glucose (r = .12, P
      greater than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661285
TI  - Insulin and glucagon secretion after pancreatectomies. Correlation of secretion
      and hormonal contents of remaining pancreas.
AB  - We studied whether insulin and glucagon secretory capacities change in relation
      to the corresponding hormonal contents in the pancreas remnant after pancreas
      resection. The following groups of dogs were used: sham operated (S-O), left
      pancreatectomized (L-Px), right pancreatectomized (R-Px), subtotal
      pancreatectomized (St-Px), and total pancreatectomized (T-Px). Endocrine
      functions were assessed by intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and insulin
      tolerance test (ITT) in each dog under anesthesia before surgery and 1 wk after.
      In these five groups, the insulin secretory capacities, assessed as the
      integrated incremental secretion of immunoreactive insulin (sigma delta IRI) from
      the IVGTT, decreased to 95 +/- 11, 78 +/- 9, 48 +/- 8, 12 +/- 8, and -4 +/- 4% of
      the respective preoperative values, and these values were proportional to the
      percentage residual weight (100, 64 +/- 2, 35 +/- 2, 13 +/- 2, 0%) and IRI
      content (100, 59 +/- 4, 45 +/- 3, 10 +/- 2, 0%) of the pancreas remnant. After
      surgery, glucagon secretory capacity, the integrated incremental secretion of
      immunoreactive glucagon (sigma delta IRG) during the ITT, decreased significantly
      in the L-Px, St-Px, and T-Px groups but not in the R-Px group. The sigma delta
      IRG values as percentages of the preoperative values were 109 +/- 25, 46 +/- 11,
      89 +/- 13, 19 +/- 11, and 3 +/- 3%, respectively, for the five groups. These
      values were proportional to the percentage residual IRG contents of the pancreas
      remnants (100, 48 +/- 6, 65 +/- 8, 12 +/- 2, 0%) rather than to the percentage
      residual pancreatic weights.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661286
TI  - Reciprocal allogeneic bone marrow transplantation between NOD mice and diabetes
      nonsusceptible mice associated with transfer and prevention of autoimmune
      diabetes.
AB  - Reciprocal allogeneic bone marrow transplantations were carried out between
      diabetes-susceptible nonobese diabetic (NOD) and diabetes-nonsusceptible C57BL/6
      or B10.BR/cd mice to examine the role of the immune system and host environment
      in the development of autoimmune diabetes. Serotyping of lethally irradiated
      hosts reconstituted with allogeneic bone marrow showed the hematopoietically
      derived cells to be of donor origin. Our results showed that lethally irradiated
      NOD mice reconstituted with a B10.BR/cd hematopoietic cell system remained
      totally free of insulitis, failed to develop diabetes, and thrived to old age. In
      contrast, lethally irradiated C57BL/6 or B10.BR/cd mice reconstituted with an NOD
      hematopoietic cell system all developed insulitis, but only approximately 10%
      progressed to overt diabetes. Direct adoptive transfer of insulitis and diabetes
      by mature T-lymphocytes apparently was not required; analogous results were
      obtained when diabetes-nonsusceptible hosts were reconstituted with NOD
      hematopoietic cells containing T-lymphocytes or devoid of Thy-1+ cells. The
      difference in frequency for the development of insulitis versus insulitis plus
      overt diabetes in C57BL/6 and B10.BR/cd mice suggests that the hematopoietically
      derived immune cells from NOD mice were sufficient to induce anti-islet
      reactivity but may require the diabetogenic host environment to develop the
      frequency and severity of diabetes observed in NOD mice.

PMID- 2661287
TI  - Glucagonostatic and insulinotropic action of glucagonlike peptide I-(7-36)-amide.
AB  - We examined the effect of glucagonlike peptides (GLPs), which are cleaved from
      preproglucagon in the enteroglucagon cells, on rat endocrine pancreas with the
      isolated perfused system. GLP-I-(7-36)-amide, a truncated form of full-sequence
      GLP-I-(1-37), showed a potent inhibitory effect on glucagon secretion. This
      inhibitory effect of GLP-I-(7-36)-amide was demonstrated at concentrations of
      0.25, 2.5, and 25 nM in 11.2 and 2.8 mM glucose. In contrast, insulin release was
      significantly stimulated by GLP-I-(7-36)-amide at its concentration from 0.025 to
      25 nM in a high glucose concentration, whereas in a low glucose concentration,
      the stimulation was seen only at the highest concentration (25 nM). Neither GLP-I
      (1-37) nor GLP-II showed any effect on glucagon and insulin release. Although
      several gastrointestinal hormones have been nominated as incretins, none of them
      may suppress the glucagon secretion. A truncated form of GLP-I, GLP-I-(7-36)
      amide thus seems to be a unique incretin that exerts glucagonostatic action.

PMID- 2661288
TI  - Metabolic effects of three ketogenic diets in the treatment of severe epilepsy.
AB  - Pre- and post-prandial circulating concentrations of metabolic fuels and plasma
      insulin are documented in 59 patients with severe epilepsy while receiving either
      a normal diet, the classical high-fat ketogenic diet, a medium-chain triglyceride
      (MCT) diet, or a modified MCT diet. All three therapeutic diets improved the
      control of epilepsy and induced a significant increase in the concentrations of
      blood aceto-acetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate, the greatest elevation being seen in
      patients on the classical diet. The classical diet also caused a significant
      decrease in blood alanine values, which was not observed with the other
      therapeutic diets. The only consistent change to occur in all patients on
      therapeutic diets was an increase in plasma uric-acid. The mechanism by which
      ketogenic diets improve seizure control remains to be elicited.

PMID- 2661289
TI  - Cocaine and its effects on the newborn.

PMID- 2661290
TI  - Sexual dimorphism in the human brain: dispelling the myths.

PMID- 2661291
TI  - Management and philosophy statements help set goals and objectives.

PMID- 2661292
TI  - [Value of a score using clinical and biological variables for determining the
      benignity or malignancy of a hepatic mass].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to show that clinical and biological data can help
      in the diagnosis of benignity and malignancy in liver tumors seen on ultrasound.
      Three hundred and ninety-four patients with liver masses detected by ultrasound
      (270 malignant, 124 benign) were prospectively studied. Clinical and biological
      data were tested by univariate and multivariate analysis. The most important
      variables were gamma-glutamyl-transferase, sedimentation rate, known primary
      cancer, proven cirrhosis, abnormal abdominal palpation, ascites and weight loss.
      A regression model was used and a score was defined with these variables. Using
      this score, 94.8 p. 100 of the liver masses were accurately classified as benign
      and malignant tumors.

PMID- 2661293
TI  - [Immunochemical diagnosis of hepatic localizations in malignant lymphoid
      hematologic diseases. Study of 80 cases].
AB  - The diagnostic value of immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies was
      assessed in 100 liver biopsy specimens. The majority of these cases were hepatic
      localizations of lymphoid malignancies. Ten normal and reactive inflammatory
      liver biopsies were used as controls. Some monoclonal antibodies directed against
      leukocyte antigens revealed unexpected reactivities with normal liver structures:
      biliary tract (anti-CD10, anti-B MB2) and hepatocytes (anti-B LN1). In 12/17
      cases of hepatic involvement by large cell malignancy, immunohistochemistry
      allowed the diagnosis of non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL); the remaining 5 cases were
      metastatic undifferentiated carcinoma. It was difficult to differentiate small
      cell liver NHL from reactive inflammatory infiltration. New anti-B (MB1, MB2,
      4KB5, LN1 and LN2) and anti-T (MT1 and UCHL1) monoclonal antibodies suitable for
      use on paraffin sections were of value to phenotype NHL when only fixed material
      was available. But, information was too limited to distinguish malignant from
      reactive infiltrates. Immunohistochemistry on frozen sections was often necessary
      to diagnose inflammatory infiltrates and to phenotype NHL. Most NHL were of B
      cell origin (11/13 cases) and showed monotypic surface immunoglobulins as well as
      B cell-associated antigens (CD22+). The expression of the T CD5 antigen by B-cell
      NHL may have some diagnostic value. When monotypic surface immunoglobulins could
      not be demonstrated (due to background staining) the expression of this antigen
      by B lymphocytes was considered to be highly indicative of their neoplastic
      nature. Hairy cell leukemia exhibited a pathognomonic phenotype on frozen
      sections (CD11c+, CD22+, CD25+). T NHL were rare (2 cases) and difficult to
      diagnose due to the lack of clonal markers. The diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease in
      liver (15/20 cases) was facilitated by using paraffin sections of both monoclonal
      antibodies anti-CD15 (Leu M1) and anti-CD30 (Ber-H2) which detect fixation
      resistant antigens expressed by Sternberg cells.

PMID- 2661294
TI  - [Biopsies of the endoscopically normal rectum and colon: a necessity. Incidence
      of collagen colitis and microscopic colitis].
AB  - Collagenous colitis and microscopic colitis are histologic entities which do not
      have corresponding endoscopic features. Their precise incidence and role in the
      development of intestinal symptoms are poorly known. The aim of this study was to
      determine the frequency of these histologic abnormalities in patients with
      endoscopically normal colon and to correlate these findings with abdominal
      symptoms. Total colonoscopy was performed in 132 consecutive patients, 81 females
      and 51 males, aged 19 to 83 years (mean: 47.8 years). Patients complained of
      abdominal pain and/or diarrhea (66 cases), normal bowel transit or constipation
      (66 cases). Subjects were prepared for colonoscopy with polyethylene glycol
      4,000. Three to 8 biopsies were taken from the rectum and the different parts of
      the colon. Histologic abnormalities were found in 36 patients (27.2 p. 100):
      collagenous colitis (7 cases), microscopic colitis (21 cases), and melanosis coli
      (8 cases). The frequency of diarrhea was significantly higher in patients with
      collagenous colitis and microscopic colitis than in those with melanosis coli or
      normal colonic mucosa. These results clearly demonstrate that routine biopsies of
      the rectum and colon are useful in patients with abdominal symptoms, particularly
      diarrhea, and normal endoscopy.

PMID- 2661295
TI  - [Intraoperative radiotherapy in digestive oncology].

PMID- 2661296
TI  - [The urease test for detecting Campylobacter pylori: which reactive milieu to
      choose? At what temperature?].

PMID- 2661297
TI  - Progress in the histomorphometry of the microcirculatory system.
AB  - Following a short review of the limits set to the procedures applied so far to
      measure quantitative changes in wall tissue of microvessels, a new measuring
      method is presented. It detect morphological reactions of the microcirculatory
      system on the grounds of changes in the numerical density of selectively
      visualized microvessels and their classification according to the external
      diameter by means of the automatic microscopic image analysing system QUANTIMET.
      Influences of structurally based and/or postmortal changes of the lumen wideness
      on the measurement are excluded by the automatic subtraction of the lumen area.

PMID- 2661298
TI  - [Random sample planning in morphometry].
AB  - This report tries to explain principles and presuppositions of planning sample
      sizes. The aim is estimation of the optimal, that means minimally necessary
      sample size, justifying an investigation ethically and economically. The problems
      are complicated because of the necessity of nested sampling or samples within
      samples. We describe the most important presuppositions using an example of mean
      value estimation. These are: establishing of demands for exactness, of error
      probability, and knowledge of variance of the parameters. It is explained in
      detail by means of binomially distributed variables as we find them in the point
      counting method.

PMID- 2661299
TI  - [Morphometry of the heterogenic distribution of tissue components].
AB  - If the structure elements are distributed unhomogeneously, it is possible that
      morphometric measurements of single sections lead to data which are in less
      agreement with the true relations in an organ. In such cases, systematic sampling
      should be better than random sampling and often a very few sections with
      approximately equal distances are sufficient for measurements with an acceptable
      accuracy. This was demonstrated in examples of thyroid and mammary glands,
      cirrhotic livers and heart biopsies.

PMID- 2661300
TI  - Comparison of conventional morphometry and image analysis for the solution of
      histomorphometric problems.
AB  - The main differences between conventional morphometry and image analysis for
      their application in histopathology are pointed out. Conventional morphometry
      allows the use of contextural informations and a priori knowledge in a convenient
      manner. This is the most complicated thing in image analysis. The solution of
      this problem lies on the field of artificial intelligence. On the other hand,
      image analysis is able to measure densitometrical and textural features, to
      determine arbitrary quantiles and moments of feature distributions, to match
      scenes. Therefore the descriptive power of image analysis is much higher than the
      power of conventional morphometry.

PMID- 2661301
TI  - [The interactive image processing system AMBA/R].
AB  - Automated microscopic picture processing is a method of universal applicability
      useful in research and practice of medicine and biology but also in all areas of
      science and technology in which pictures are generated. The experience shows that
      good results can be achieved only through an effective picture processing system,
      effective in hardware and software. A description of such an effective system,
      the AMBA/R system, will be given in this paper.

PMID- 2661302
TI  - [Methods of characterizing histological sections based on the AMBA/R system].
AB  - There exist 2 characterization levels: karyometry and histometry. The state of
      the art in karyometry is relatively wide advanced. A wide spectrum of methods
      exists and there is often a good correlation between measured parameters and
      diagnosis as well as prognosis. The development of histometry is just in the
      first phase. This paper gives an introduction to the histometrical methods based
      on the AMBA/R-software-system.

PMID- 2661303
TI  - [PARTICLE--an expert system for microscopic image analysis].
AB  - The pathologist is usually not an expert in engineering or image analysis.
      Therefore an expert system was developed, entitled PARTICLE, to help pathologists
      producing image analysis programs in histological pathology. The PARTICLE expert
      system is based on karyometric data using the AMBA/R dialogue and programming
      system.

PMID- 2661304
TI  - [The AIDS epidemic and its importance in obstetrics and gynecology].
AB  - There is hardly any other disease where differences of opinion are so dramatic as
      they are in AIDS. Safely established epidemiologic data are interpreted most
      controversially and heatedly discussed. Gynaecology and obstetrics are no
      exception; here, too, scientific discussion is marred by emotional overtones. The
      article attempts to survey update information and to sum up epidemiologic
      knowledge while trying to strike a balance. Since even the nomenclature is not
      always clear or uniform, the most important definitions and abbreviations are
      listed. Special attention is focussed on the problems of the incubation time (3
      months to more than 19 years), where in contrast to other diseases it is not the
      time of manifestation but the final stage of the disease that counts. That an
      infection may even be transmitted via intact mucosa is a newly established fact.
      Routes of infection can also be--besides those already known--saliva,
      gynaecological (vaginal and rectal) specula and possibly a direct iatrogenic
      infection. At the time of writing (1 January 1989) 82,500 manifest AIDS patients
      have been recorded in the U.S.A., 46,000 of whom died. There are about 500,000
      patients with prestage signs and about 1 to 1.5 million carriers of the virus.
      Statistics for the Federal Republic of Germany on 31 January 1989 are: 2885 AIDS
      patients; about 30,000 serum-positive cases; estimated number of virus carriers:
      ca. 100,000 including about 10,000 women who are capable of bearing children.
      Switzerland: 702 AIDS patients, about 30,000 virus carriers. Austria: 243 AIDS
      cases. Figures for other European countries are also stated. The sequence of risk
      groups is graded. The article also describes the paths of transmittance in their
      correlation to the individual risk groups. No effective antiviral treatment is at
      present in sight. Medium-term prognosis for the FRG leads us to expect about
      10,000 AIDS cases by the beginning of 1992 (cumulative figure; about half of
      these patients will have died by that time). The problem of the incidence of
      mother-to-child transmittance during pregnancy has not yet been clarified.
      According to latest results the probable quota of infected children is about 40%.
      Pregnancy care must include the offer of HIV testing; this is in fact mandatory,
      especially in women with enhanced risk of infection. If the doctor omits this
      information, he is liable to be sued for damages. Even in late pregnancy stages,
      testing is still meaningful (vaccination recommendations, newborn and infant
      care). Special precautionary measures are recommended for parturition. There is
      as yet no proof of the effectiveness of primary Caesarean section.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2661305
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis and prognosis of oligo-anhydramnia].
AB  - From 1986 to 1987, a total of 56 cases with oligoanhydramnia as indicative
      symptom were examined and treated in the Prenatal Unit of the Gynaecological
      Department of the University of Erlangen. In cases of difficult fetal imaging,
      new antenatal diagnostic methods, like artificial instillation of amniotic fluid,
      transabdominal chorionic villus sampling and blood flow measurement by Doppler
      sonography were used. With the exception of three cases of primary placental
      disturbances, an accurate prenatal diagnosis was established in 95%. As expected,
      development disorders of the fetal urinary tract were in 45% of all cases most
      frequent. In 39% a malformation could be ruled out. Chromosomal aberrations
      appeared in 7%. Doppler sonography was helpful in differentiating the cases of
      fetal growth retardation caused by a disturbed placental circulation, from those
      cases emanating from congenital fetal anomalies. Compared to polyhydramnia, in
      which 70% of the cases are idiopathic, oligoanhydramnia as primary symptom is, in
      our opinion, of greater clinical significance. This is proved by a high rate of
      both malformations (60%) and mortality (68%). Considering the frequently delayed
      admission of such patients and, in most cases the poor outcome, increased
      attention to the symptom of oligoanhydramnia, during sonographic screening
      examinations, is necessary. Early admission to a prenatal diagnostic unit for
      clarification by differentiated methods permits the establishment of the presence
      or absence of a disease picture incompatible with a healthy life status.

PMID- 2661307
TI  - [Intrauterine cerebral hemorrhage as a cause of hydrocephalus].
AB  - Intracranial haemorrhages in before-term children and risk newborn are a well
      known problem, hydrocephalus being one of the possible posthaemorrhagic
      complications. In most cases intrapartal and postpartal complications will be
      responsible for the occurrence of haemorrhages. However, in this regard it is
      difficult to assess the ranking of individual factors such as acidosis, birth
      trauma, postpartal care and infusion therapy or postpartal complications. The
      following case report concerns a rare case of prepartal intraventricular bleeding
      resulting in hydrocephalus in an otherwise uneventful pregnancy course. Whereas
      in the 32nd pregnancy week both the cerebral ventricular system and the
      dimensions of the head had been normal, development of hydrocephalus was
      discovered at random in the 36th week during a screening procedure.

PMID- 2661306
TI  - [Status of skeletal scintigraphy, lung roentgen image and liver sonography in the
      follow-up of breast cancer].
AB  - 555 female patients were examined at the Bad Trissl Clinic in a prospective study
      in 1987 as follow-up of mammary carcinoma. The initial criterion was a
      postoperative carcinoma of the breast, without proof to date of metastases in the
      skeletal structure. A detailed pain anamnesis was recorded by means of prepared
      questions and a thorough clinical examination was performed for locating any
      skeletal pain. This was followed by a total body skeletal scintigram,
      supplemental x-ray films, tumour markers CA-15-3 and CEA as well as additional
      examinations, whenever necessary. It was found, that clinical disease patterns
      and imaging methods agreed in 489 patients. Clinical findings pointing to the
      possibility of metastases, or doubtful findings, were disproved by scintigraphy
      and x-ray. Osseous metastases would have been overlooked without skeletal
      scintigraphy in 13 cases only (2.34%). 11 of the 13 patients were classified as
      high risks (receptor negative, axillary lymph node metastases). Hence, it is
      enough to employ skeletal scintigraphy in carcinoma of the breast aftercare only
      in risk-adapted form, provided it is preceded by detailed pain analysis and
      clinical examination. Metastasising in the skeletal structure can be overlooked
      in only 2 out of 555 patients (0.36%). On the other hand, early recognition of
      metastases of the lungs or of the liver by anamnesis and clinical examination
      only, is impossible, as a review of recent literature has shown. If there are
      clinical indications for a metastasizing process in the lungs or in the liver,
      these are usually late signs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661308
TI  - [The 10th anniversary of obstetric Doppler sonography--development and
      perspectives].
AB  - Using a review of the literature and own data, the paper describes the methods of
      obstetrical Doppler sonography, its technical development and its clinical
      application. The safety standards, physiological changes in vascular resistance
      and the clinical use of this new method were discussed and compared with the
      conventional methods. The technical perspective of the method seems to lie with
      the color flow duplex scanner and the possibility of computerized on-line
      evaluation. Clinically the method seems to be useful in the early detection of
      the hypoxic fetus. The Doppler sonography is assessed as an additive but valuable
      method.

PMID- 2661309
TI  - [Differential indications for surgical technics in reproductive medicine-
      microsurgery, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, gamete intrafallopian
      transfer and tubal embryo transfer].
AB  - The birth of the first baby following in-vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer
      (IVF/ET) in 1978 and the introduction of gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) in
      1984 have increased the treatment modalities in operative reproductive medicine.
      In tubal pathology, there are besides micro-surgery now so-called additive
      methods available for treating infertility. With regard to the indications, there
      has been severe confusion, and it is therefore imperative to define special
      indications for IVF/ET, microsurgery and GIFT. We do not consider these treatment
      modalities as alternative methods. Reproductive centres should offer all these
      treatments to guarantee an appropriate individual programme for each couple.
      Therefore, knowledge of pregnancy rates is a prerequisite for the doctor. The aim
      of this paper is, to define the optimal therapy while taking into account the
      individual problems of each couple.

PMID- 2661310
TI  - [4 decades of surgery of cervix cancer].
AB  - An impressive breakthrough of Wertheim's original intentions became evident on
      analysing the observations, experiences and results obtained from the early
      'forties right up to the 'eighties of this century in various hospitals such as
      the Pathological Institute of the famous Berlin "Charite" Hospital and the
      Department of Gynaecology of the Universities of Marburg, Cologne and Erlangen.
      If a large number of patients was analysed in this manner, the operability rose
      from 40 to 80 percent. Operation mortality during the first 30 days dropped from
      15 to 0.5 and fistulas receded from 10 to less than 0.5 percent. The increase in
      the proportion of cured patients (leaving aside the operation mortality) was
      about 20 percent, basing on the evaluation method already employed by Wertheim
      himself. The reasons for this development are discussed and an outlook to the
      future is outlined.

PMID- 2661311
TI  - [The prospective value of Doppler blood flow measurement in uteroplacental and
      fetal blood vessels--a comparative study of multiple parameters].
AB  - Doppler blood flow parameters of uteroplacental and fetal vessels (umbilical
      artery, fetal aorta, fetal common carotid artery) were tested to determine their
      clinical value in predicting IUGR or fetal hypoxia, considering the time interval
      from the examination to the delivery. More than 2 weeks before the delivery, only
      Doppler parameters of uteroplacental vessels revealed a sensitivity of detecting
      IUGR of above 50%, using the resistance index. In the last two weeks before the
      delivery, there was a significant increase of the clinical value of fetal blood
      flow parameters. The sensitivity of the ratio of the mean blood flow velocity of
      the fetal common carotid artery to the fetal aorta with a view to detecting a
      pathological CTG was 94% with a specificity of 60%. In summary, we conclude that
      blood flow parameters of uteroplacental vessels can be used for screening
      examinations. Blood flow parameters of fetal vessels are indicated for the
      supervision of risk pregnancies. The redistribution of the fetal circulation is
      reflected in the ratio of blood flow parameters of the common carotid artery to
      the umbilical artery or to the fetal aorta. These parameters seem to be helpful
      for the early detection of imminent fetal hypoxia in cases with risk pregnancy.
      Even when a suspicious or pathological CTG does not allow an exact diagnosis of
      fetal hypoxia, this does not change the basic meaning of this study.

PMID- 2661312
TI  - [The value of fetal blood flow measurements in intrauterine growth retardation in
      comparison with E3 and human placental lactogen determinations].
AB  - In 110 pregnancies, repeated examinations of unconjugated E3 and HPL levels in
      maternal serum were carried out as well as repeated duplex pulsed doppler flow
      measurements in the umbilical artery and the fetal aorta. In 30 cases the fetuses
      were suspected to be growth retarded (group A), 5 small for date babies were not
      detected by routine ultrasound (group B) and 75 were normal control cases (group
      C). 17 fetuses of group A proved to be really SGA-babies (birthweight less than
      10. percentile). The evaluation of the results indicates a higher sensitivity of
      the flow measurements in the diagnosis of growth retardation compared with the
      hormonal parameters (flow: 65%, E3: 12%, HPL: 29%). Above all, Doppler sonography
      is very reliable in distinguishing between growth retarded fetuses, at risk or
      not at risk.

PMID- 2661313
TI  - [Doppler sonography of the umbilical artery: differential diagnosis in
      intrauterine growth retardation].
AB  - 50 fetuses with IUGR were differenciated by pulsed Doppler-wave velocimetry of an
      umbilical artery. All cases with a normal A/B-ratio according to Stuart had
      spontaneous vaginal delivery and normal fetal outcome. Pathological flow velocity
      waveforms led to early delivery and a significantly high rate of cesarean section
      for fetal asphyxia and to a poor fetal outcome. The umbilical artery flow
      velocity waveform showed a high sensitivity and specificity with regard to fetal
      risk and indicated the latter earlier than the oxytocin challenge test. A
      positive correlation between elevated umbilical placental resistance and
      histomorphological disorders of the fetal placenta was found. Screening for fetal
      perinatal risk by means of pulsed Doppler ultrasound of the umbilical arteries is
      discussed in cases of IUGR.

PMID- 2661314
TI  - [Perineal sonographic procedures in gynecologic diagnosis of incontinence].
AB  - In this study, we compared perineal-sonographical findings with the results
      obtained by urethrocystography in 30 patients with genuine stress incontinence.
      The posterior urethrovesical angle and the angle of inclination were measured by
      both procedures. The radiological and sonographical findings correlated well. An
      increase of both angles during stress was found irrespective of the type of
      technique (p less than 0.001). Perineal scan is a simple and reliable non
      invasive method, which also allows long-term dynamic echography with concomitant
      urodynamic investigations.

PMID- 2661315
TI  - [Primary malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the uterus].
AB  - Primary extranodal malignant lymphomas of the uterus are rare. Of this type
      lymphoma of the cervix are the most frequent. This is a case report on a patient
      with a primary malignant lymphoma of the corpus uteri, who became symptomatic by
      a meningiosis blastomatosa. By preoperative screening, a large tumor of the
      uterus was found. Final diagnosis was based on the histology of the curettage
      material, as well as on laparoscopy and on cytology of the peritoneal fluid. In
      the initially preterminal patient, chemotherapy led to a complete remission.

PMID- 2661316
TI  - Cloning and expression of a Clostridium acetobutylicum alpha-amylase gene in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A gene library of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824 was constructed in the
      plasmid vector pEcoR251. The library was tested for the presence of starch
      hydrolyzing clones. One clone in which the recombinant plasmid, pVP101, conferred
      alpha-amylase activity to the Escherichia coli host cell, was detected. The gene
      is carried on a 3.45-kbp BglII restriction fragment. A detailed physical map of
      pVP101 is presented.

PMID- 2661317
TI  - Molecular cloning of mycobacterial promoters in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Mycobacterium bovis BCG chromosomal DNA, digested with EcoR1 and HindIII, was
      used to construct a promoter library in Escherichia coli using the promoter probe
      plasmid pKO-1. DNA inserts of various sizes showed promoter activity judged by
      the level of galactokinase (galK) whose synthesis they activate (between 50 and
      850 galactokinase units). No correlation between the length of the DNA insert and
      the level of the galactokinase was found suggesting that the multicopy pool of
      the promoters does not influence the level of the transcription of the galK gene.

PMID- 2661318
TI  - Vero cytotoxin production and HeLa cell adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia
      coli of infantile diarrhoea in Iran.
AB  - A total of 70 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains belonging to 11
      serogroups, isolated from infantile diarrhoea in Tehran, Iran, were tested for
      the production of verocytotoxin (VT), enterotoxin, and also for their adherence
      to HeLa cells. In total 55 (78.5%) strains were either VT (32 strains) or
      enterotoxin (23 strains) producers, and of these 8 strains produced both VT and
      enterotoxins. 57 (81.4%) strains showed either Localized (LA) or Diffuse
      adherence (DA) or both types of adhesion (LA/DA) on HeLa cells, with strains
      showing LA/DA in the same preparations being dominant (32 strains), followed by
      those showing LA (14 strains) and DA (11 strains). Among adherent EPEC, 26
      (37.1%) strains belonging to the serogroups 020, 086, 0119, 0125, 0126, 0127 and
      0128 also produced VT. These findings suggest that production of VT and
      enterotoxin is an important factor in the pathogenesis of EPEC diarrhoea in Iran
      and that the combination of adherence and production of toxins is a common
      feature of EPEC strains which cause diarrhoea in this country.

PMID- 2661319
TI  - Specific binding of collagen type IV to Streptococcus pyogenes.
AB  - Many strains of Streptococcus pyogenes are capable of binding type IV collagen.
      In the present study, all 50 S. pyogenes strains isolated from patients with
      acute glomerulonephritis showed high or moderate affinity for radiolabelled type
      IV collagen. A majority of strains of other sources, such as reference strains of
      various M-types and strains isolated from patients with pharyngeal infections
      also bound type IV collagen; however, a number of weak binders or non-binders
      were found among those. The collagen type IV binding component(s) on S. pyogenes
      were susceptible to proteinase K digestion, partially sensitive to trypsin but
      insensitive to pepsin treatment at pH 5.5. According to tests with three M
      positive strains and their M-negative derivatives, the binding was not dependent
      on M-protein. The binding was saturable with time and inhibited by unlabelled
      type IV collagen. Partially inhibition was found with type II collagen, gelatin
      and fibrinogen but not with a number of other serum proteins.

PMID- 2661320
TI  - Changes in fatty acid composition associated with differentiation of Trypanosoma
      cruzi.
AB  - The fatty acid composition during the transformation of Trypanosoma cruzi
      epimastigotes into metacyclic trypomastigotes (metacyclogenesis) was analysed by
      gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Significant qualitative and
      quantitative changes in the fatty acid composition occurred during incubation of
      epimastigotes derived from LIT medium in the triatomine artificial urine (TAU).
      Metacyclogenesis was also followed by alterations in the fatty acid pattern but
      these were considerably less pronounced when compared to the pattern obtained for
      TAU-incubated epimastigotes. These results suggest that changes in the lipid
      composition precede the morphological transformation of epimastigotes into
      metacyclic trypomastigotes.

PMID- 2661321
TI  - A rapid method for purification of homogeneous Legionella pneumophila cytotoxic
      protease using fast protein liquid chromatography.
AB  - A purification method was developed to isolate Legionella pneumophila cytotoxic
      protease in a form suitable for biological assays. Culture supernatant of a
      clinical isolate of L. pneumophila, Knoxville 1 strain, was used as the starting
      material. The protease was purified by FPLC on a Mono Q column followed by
      ultrafiltration. The isolated proteolytic enzyme has a specific activity of 90
      azocasein units/mg protein and is a 42 kDa monomeric protein as determined by SDS
      PAGE and gel filtration chromatography. It is heat-labile and toxic to a variety
      of cells e.g. McCoy, SIRC, HeLa, and rhabdomyosarcoma cells, baby hamster and
      green monkey kidney cells, and human embryonic lung fibroblasts.

PMID- 2661322
TI  - Heterologous signal peptide processing in fusion interferon synthesis by
      engineered L-forms of Proteus mirabilis.
AB  - A recombinant DNA Proteus mirabilis L-form expression system, LVI (pJS127), was
      used to synthesize human fusion interferon alpha 1 (f-IFN-alpha 1). In the
      expression plasmid used, the complete coding sequence of IFN-alpha 1 was linked
      to the streptococcal speA promoter and the 5' end of the speA structural gene
      including its signal sequence coding region. LVI (pJS127) was capable of complete
      secretion into the culture medium of biologically active f-IFN-alpha 1 whose
      identity was confirmed by immunological and chemical evidence. In particular,
      bacterial L-forms were for the first time shown to be capable of correct signal
      peptide processing, as determined by N-terminal sequencing of the secreted f-IFN.

PMID- 2661323
TI  - Sewage dilution and loss of antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants in
      E. coli.
AB  - The possession of potential virulence factors (serum resistance, aerobactin
      production, colicin production) and antibiotic resistance was evaluated in 418 E.
      coli strains isolated from river water. The strains were isolated from 11 points
      showing different levels of contamination. From the data obtained, it can be
      concluded that bacteria from less contaminated water present less antibiotic
      resistance and virulence factors than those isolated from highly contaminated
      water. This situation suggests that E. coli strains producing plasmid encoded
      antibiotic resistance and/or virulence factors, survive less well in aquatic
      environments without selective pressure) than the sensitive non-virulent ones.

PMID- 2661324
TI  - TEM-E1: a novel beta-lactamase conferring resistance to ceftazidime.
AB  - A novel beta-lactamase, conferring resistance to ceftazidime, has been identified
      to be encoded by a 31 kb plasmid (pUK720) in a clinical E. coli strain isolated
      in Belgium. The beta-lactamase, new designated TEM-E1, has a pI of approximately
      5.4 and lies in between the iso-electric focused bands of the beta-lactamases TEM
      1 and TEM-7. The TEM-E1 beta-lactamase has a similar molecular weight of 22,000
      to the TEM-1 and it is also inhibited by clavulanic acid. However, the TEM-E1
      enzyme differs from TEM-1 by its low rates and efficiency of hydrolysis for
      ceftazidime and cefotaxime, TEM-E1 has similar efficiency of hydrolysis values
      for ceftazidime and cefotaxime, but only confers resistance to ceftazidime.

PMID- 2661325
TI  - [Structure and function of the genes controlling DNA repair in yeast].
AB  - Recent data on cloning and sequencing of RAD genes controlling DNA repair in
      yeast are reviewed. The structure of regulatory regions and molecular features of
      the RAD genes' protein products have been considered. Special attention was paid
      to the regulation of expression of RAD genes and their functions, differing from
      those for DNA repair. Examples of homology between yeast RAD genes and their
      counterparts in bacteria and higher eukaryotes are discussed.

PMID- 2661326
TI  - [Cloning of Pseudomonas putida genes responsible for the primary stages of
      oxidation of naphthalene in Escherichia coli cells].
AB  - Data on cloning Pseudomonas putida D-plasmid pBS286 (IncP-9) genes which are
      responsible for primary stages of naphthalene oxidation as well as data on the
      expression of these genes in Escherichia coli cells are presented. Recombinant
      plasmid pBS959 containing the whole constitutive nahA locus encoding naphthalene
      dioxygenase, a key enzyme of the naphthalene oxidation pathway, has been
      constructed on the basis of the pUC19 vector. An evidence has been obtained that
      at least a portion of the sequence of structural nahB gene is cloned in the
      recombinant pBS959 plasmid. Constitutive expression of the nahA gene is
      controlled by its own promoter and leads to conversion of indole to indigo in E.
      coli cells, strain HB101. Plasmid pBS959 is characterized by high structural
      stability; some instability observed is due to segregation.

PMID- 2661327
TI  - Epidemiology of allergy to insect venoms and stings.
AB  - Stings by bees, yellow jackets, hornets or wasps may cause allergic reactions in
      sensitized individuals, including systemic or anaphylactic reactions. The
      epidemiology and natural history of insect venom allergy is emerging in the past
      decade and has clarified the reasons for the false perceptions that whole body
      extracts of the insects were considered effective for therapy. Up to 3% of adults
      have had a systemic sting reaction but 25% show venom sensitivity on skin test or
      RAST. Sensitization is common after a sting but is transient in 50% of cases. The
      risk (and pattern) of systemic reaction differs in children, but is 50% for those
      with positive history and skin test. Lower risk of reaction is expected in those
      with positive skin tests and large local reactions (5-10%), no previous reaction
      (10-20%), children with strictly cutaneous generalized reaction (1-10%), or for
      those with no stings for over ten years (15-25%). These observations have
      profound impact on the evaluation of patients for initiation or discontinuation
      of venom immunotherapy.

PMID- 2661328
TI  - The pharaoh and the wasp.

PMID- 2661329
TI  - In conversation with Mary Hewitt Loveless, M.D.. Interview by Sheldon G. Cohen.

PMID- 2661331
TI  - Studies of the natural history of insect sting allergy.
AB  - The natural history of insect sting allergy was studied by observations of the
      results of re-sting on two groups of individuals who had prior sting anaphylaxis,
      had demonstrable venom-specific IgE, and did not receive venom immunotherapy. In
      the first study group, the mean duration between the initial sting reaction and
      re-sting exposure was 4.5 years; the re-sting reaction rate was 35%/sting and
      50%/patient. In the second long-term study, the mean duration between the sting
      reaction and re-sting was 7.3 years; the re-sting reaction rate was 12%/sting and
      12%/patient. Factors influencing the likelihood of re-sting reaction included
      older age, and the occurrence of cardiovascular/respiratory anaphylactic
      symptoms. In a prospective and retrospective study of 133 patients with large
      local reactions, re-sting observations indicated an extremely high recurrence of
      similar large local reactions, with little risk of subsequent anaphylaxis. These
      data suggest that: (1) insect sting anaphylaxis is a self-limiting process for
      the majority of individuals, and (2) re-stings in individuals who have had large
      local reactions have a relatively benign prognosis.

PMID- 2661330
TI  - Wasp venom allergy and immunity. 1956.

PMID- 2661332
TI  - Reviewing the safe use of antibiotics in the elderly.
AB  - As the elderly segment of our population expands, physicians will be prescribing
      medications more frequently for this age group. Physiologic changes, drug-drug
      interactions, and untoward adverse reactions are more common in the elderly. In
      addition, therapeutic decisions regarding antimicrobial agents for infectious
      disease in the aged are also complicated by the burgeoning number of compounds
      available to clinicians. A thorough knowledge of various antibiotic interactions,
      potential toxicities, and pharmacokinetics is necessary to safely and effectively
      prescribe these agents for elderly patients.

PMID- 2661333
TI  - Home care goes 'high-tech'.
AB  - Though physicians may appreciate home health care and its burgeoning technology
      in principle, they have their doubts, too.

PMID- 2661334
TI  - UV-absorbing intraocular lenses: safety, efficacy, and consequences for the
      cataract patient.
AB  - The crystalline lens absorbs most of the incident UV radiation between 300 and
      400 nm and thereby protects the retina from a significant, potential source of
      photochemical damage. This protection is lost when the lens is removed by
      cataract surgery, but can be restored by the implantation of an intraocular lens
      (IOL) that has UV-absorbing chromophores incorporated into a
      polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) substrate. Spectrophotometric data show that the
      various, commercially available, UV-absorbing IOLs are not equally effective in
      absorbing UV radiation; thus, a standard, quantitative metric for comparing their
      performance is proposed. Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility studies have failed to
      demonstrate that UV-absorbing IOLs are unsafe, even when damaged by Nd:YAG lasers
      used for photodiscission posterior capsulotomy. There are positive consequences
      for the pseudophakic patient with a UV-absorbing IOL, in that it may restore
      normal spectral sensitivity, reduce erythropsia and cystoid macular edema, and
      stabilize the blood-vitreous barrier.

PMID- 2661336
TI  - The sympathetic system and pain.
AB  - The term "sympathetically maintained pain" does not imply that the pains are due
      to the sympathetic system. It is not a matter of excessive or decreased
      sympathetic activity. The extreme sensitivity and hyperpathia are removed by
      blocking the sympathetic supply, also when the lesion is central to the blocked
      region. Therefore the hyperpathic state may be considered as an abnormal state
      passed from neurone to neurone trans-synaptically, both from periphery to central
      nervous system and vice versa. This fact suggests that we are not concerned
      primarily with abnormal states induced by the sympathetic system, but with a
      general kind of abnormality of the total nervous system. This phenomenon may be
      relieved by removal of the sympathetic nerves to the relevant neurons of the
      periphery.

PMID- 2661335
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies in detection of choroidal melanoma.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) prepared against cutaneous melanomas were
      tested against one group of 12 choroidal melanomas with indirect
      immunofluorescence in frozen sections. A fourth MoAb was tested in paraffin
      sections of a second group of 47 choroidal melanomas. One MoAb (NKI-M7) did not
      react with choroidal melanoma, even though it had a high sensitivity for
      cutaneous melanoma. A second MoAb (NKI-M6) showed a positive reaction with only
      2/12 choroidal melanomas. The third MoAb (NKI/beteb) reacted with all choroidal
      melanomas, regardless of the cell type. MoAb NKI/C-3 was positive with 38/47
      (81%) choroidal melanomas. We conclude that NKI/C-3 and NKI/beteb have a high
      sensitivity for both cutaneous and choroidal melanomas in frozen sections. Of
      these two antibodies NKI/beteb was the most specific for cutaneous naevi and
      melanomas.

PMID- 2661337
TI  - Relationships between cardiac pain and objective markers of transient myocardial
      ischemia.
AB  - Cardiac pain is a key symptom for diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in man, even
      if a minority of transient myocardial ischemic episodes are painful. A
      multiparametric monitoring approach - associating non-invasive and invasive
      monitoring techniques during transient myocardial ischemia with and without pain 
      allows to achieve a clinical diagnosis and obtain information about the
      pathophysiology of the anginal syndrome.

PMID- 2661338
TI  - The descending inhibitory pathways. Their role in analgesia, after consideration
      of specific spinal adrenergic involvement.
AB  - The four main descending pathways - from the cortex, the diencephalon, the
      mesencephalon and the pontobulbar structures - are briefly examined with regard
      to their role as regulatory systems with an overall inhibitory action processing
      the afferents to the spinal cord. Sketches are given of the possible analgesic
      properties in the selective gating of C and Ad nociceptive afferences. The
      involvement of neuronal subpopulations in the spinal cord presenting alpha-2 and
      alpha-1 receptors, their hypothetic role in certain reactive analgesic processes,
      and their coactivation are mentioned briefly.

PMID- 2661340
TI  - Clinical characteristics of anginal pain in man.
AB  - The clinical recognition of the cardiac origin of chest pain or discomfort on the
      basis of the description made by the patient, is often difficult. Nevertheless,
      considering the importance of the correct diagnosis of such syndrome, much work
      has been done in this field. In this report we will comment data from the
      literature and from our own, on the quality, duration, irradiation and on the
      precipitating or relieving factors that are more frequently associated with
      anginal pain.

PMID- 2661339
TI  - The semeiology of autonomic pain: terminology and methods.
AB  - The morphological and functional structures underlying visceral sensations are
      discussed in order to identify the grounds for a semeiography of visceral pain.
      Special emphasis is given to the recent knowledge on fine afferent nerve fibres,
      central regulation of painful afferent paths and neurocybernetic mechanisms
      controlling pain threshold.

PMID- 2661341
TI  - Clinical features of algodystrophy: is the sympathetic nervous system involved?
AB  - There is a spectrum of conditions which have in common burning pain, often with
      hyperpathia, hyperalgesia, vasomotor and sudomotor changes. When due to major
      nerve damage, the condition is known as causalgia; when due to minor nerve damage
      or other factors, various terms such as algodystrophy or reflex sympathetic
      dystrophy are employed. Radiography and isotopic bone scanning may be helpful
      investigations, and procedures which interrupt the local sympathetic nervous
      system are those most likely to help the pain. The classical view that the
      peripheral sympathetic nervous system is involved in generation of pain is
      questioned, and the possible roles of the central nervous system and of non
      adrenergic mechanisms are summarised. That pain could be due to dysfunction of
      the polymodal nociceptor neurone is considered.

PMID- 2661342
TI  - Sensitized nociceptors in reflex sympathetic dystrophies.
AB  - Painful neurogenic syndromes commonly diagnosed as reflex sympathetic dystrophy
      (RSD) may not be the consequence of sympathetic dysfunction. Recent experimental
      data on the mechanism of hyperalgesia indicate that the primary
      pathophysiological mechanism of RSD may be sensitization of either peripheral
      nociceptors, or central neurons, or both. The sympathetic system might be
      involved in maintaining this condition, but this is not always the case. This
      presentation is an attempt to interpret clinical neuropathic syndromes on the
      basis of new scientific knowledge.

PMID- 2661343
TI  - Algodystrophy: pathophysiological considerations.
AB  - Algodystrophy can follow a wide variety of painful disorders and the
      Sympathetically Maintained Pain (SMP) syndromes form a chapter of medicine which
      is far more important than generally considered. The abnormal central
      sensitization of internucial pools of spinal neurones must be considered as the
      crucial element of these painful states. Treatment must be carried out in the
      first phase in order to minimize the state of spinal hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2661345
TI  - [Gestational diabetes: therapy and quality control of prenatal care].

PMID- 2661344
TI  - Algodystrophy: treatment.
AB  - Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophies involves early reduction of the
      nociceptive input, transient interruption of the sympathetic activity, modulation
      of central mechanisms of pain control, prevention of neurotrophic changes and
      treatment of associated behavioural problems. The fundamental steps are early
      control of pain by means of local anesthetic blocks and antiinflammatory agents
      followed by sympathetic blocks, physical therapy, transcutaneous electrical
      stimulation and supportive psychotherapy. The results obtained are not always
      satisfactory and about 40% of the patients is not susceptible to cure. The best
      results are obtained when treatment is started early.

PMID- 2661346
TI  - [Gestational diabetes: screening and therapy at the University Gynecologic
      Clinic, Innsbruck].

PMID- 2661347
TI  - [Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: minimizing the perinatal risk by subsequent
      euglycemia].

PMID- 2661348
TI  - [Medicamentous labor facilitation].

PMID- 2661349
TI  - [Transvaginal conduction and infiltration anesthesias].

PMID- 2661350
TI  - [What changes in pregnancy? Physiologic principles of anesthesia in labor].

PMID- 2661351
TI  - [The effect of lumbar catheter peridural anesthesia on the course of labor].

PMID- 2661352
TI  - [Anesthesia in high risk pregnancies from the viewpoint of obstetrics].

PMID- 2661353
TI  - [Effect of analgesia and anesthesia in obstetrics on the fetus and newborn
      infant].

PMID- 2661354
TI  - [Psychosomatic aspects of urination disorders].

PMID- 2661355
TI  - [Theory and practice of preparation for labor].

PMID- 2661356
TI  - [Acupuncture in labor preparation].

PMID- 2661357
TI  - [Emotional and interpersonal aspects of labor].

PMID- 2661358
TI  - Outcome of fetuses with abnormal biophysical profile.
AB  - Sonographic observation of fetal behavior as a possible indicator for the state
      of fetal health was quantified with a modified biophysical profile (BPP). The
      observation time was extended to 40 min, as the fetal rest-activity cycle implies
      that inactivity may last that long. Gestational age ranged 27-43 weeks.
      Cardiotocography (CTG) was performed subsequent to an abnormal BPP (ultrasound
      score 0-4). Reactivity, indicating favorable fetal outcome, was more common in
      near-term fetuses, suggesting that BPP should be interpreted in relation to
      gestational age. Therefore, fetuses with an abnormal BPP (n = 29) were each
      matched and compared with 2 fetuses of same gestational age but normal BPP
      (ultrasound score 6-8; n = 58). The perinatal mortality and morbidity were
      significantly higher in infants with abnormal score than in infants with normal
      score (p less than 0.01). BPP by third trimester sonography helps to diagnose
      acutely endangered fetuses, and an abnormal fetal movement pattern should lead to
      further evaluation, i.e. CTG. While BPP scoring, as compared to CTG, is less
      favorable as a primary surveillance technique and not superior for identifying
      the hypoxic fetus, additional information is obtained with BPP by diagnosing the
      growth-retarded and/or malformed fetus.

PMID- 2661359
TI  - Lymphocyte subpopulations in mother and newborn: correlation with sex of the
      newborn and number of pregnancies.
AB  - T cell subsets were defined with monoclonal antibodies of the OKT series, OKT3,
      OKT4 and OKT8, in 23 male and 22 female newborns and in their mothers 4-10 h
      after delivery. The data were compared and statistically evaluated between mother
      and newborn, between male and female newborns as well as between parity groups.
      The results indicate that the distribution of OKT4 and OKT8+ cells is different
      in mother and newborn and a significantly increased percentage of OKT4+ cells and
      a significantly decreased percentage of OKT3+ cells was observed in newborns as
      compared to their mothers after the first and second delivery. For maternal cells
      from male as compared to female newborns the percentage of OKT4+ was
      significantly decreased after the second delivery. OKT8+ cells in the mother were
      significantly decreased after the second as well as after three or more
      deliveries of male as compared to female newborns. With increasing parity the
      percentage of OKT3+, OKT4+ and OKT8+ cells decreased slowly for both sexes and
      the difference was significant between primi- and multiparae. The present
      findings suggest a possible role of the newborn sex and of parity in the
      distribution of specific T cell subsets in mother and newborn shortly after
      delivery.

PMID- 2661360
TI  - Endometrial cyst, dermoid cyst and mucinous cystadenoma sonographically evidenced
      in the same ovary.
AB  - We treated a patient with an ovarian tumor histologically consisting of an
      endometrial cyst, dermoid cyst and mucinous cystadenoma, in the same ovary. A
      comparative study between ultrasonic and histological findings was done. The
      usefulness, drawbacks and limitations in the ultrasonic evaluation of ovarian
      tumors are discussed.

PMID- 2661361
TI  - Serum cancer antigen 125 in ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - Serum cancer antigen 125 was measured in subjects with intrauterine pregnancy (n
      = 44), ectopic pregnancy (n = 76) and in nonpregnant controls (n = 17). Values
      were appreciably elevated only in ruptured tubal gestations.

PMID- 2661362
TI  - Serum C-reactive protein levels in patients with cervical neoplasia.
AB  - Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay in 56
      patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix, 34 patients with cervical
      dysplasia and 24 women with no evidence of cervical pathology. The logarithmic
      CRP values were significantly higher in patients with invasive carcinoma when
      compared with the controls (p less than 0.05). Measurement of serum CRP in cancer
      patients grouped according to their clinical stages failed to reveal any
      relationship with the extent of the disease.

PMID- 2661363
TI  - [Surgical possibilities in managing large giant cell tumors of the wrist joint
      and carpal bones].
AB  - Two cases with extensive giant cell tumors of the wrist and their one-step
      functional preserving operative treatment are presented. Special regard is put on
      the reconstruction of hand function with and without the use of microsurgical
      techniques.

PMID- 2661364
TI  - [Fish oil and atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2661365
TI  - [Age differences in sexual response cycle of males and females].

PMID- 2661366
TI  - [Renal transplantation in children].

PMID- 2661367
TI  - [Change in the susceptibility of the pneumococcus--is still penicillin the drug
      of choice?].

PMID- 2661368
TI  - [Sports anemia and iron metabolism in athletes].

PMID- 2661369
TI  - [Drug treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy].
AB  - The steps in the formal pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy
      (inflammation, proliferation, the synthesis of extracellular matrix, and
      contraction) provide the target points for medical treatment. A survey of the
      relevant drugs is given. Anti-inflammatory agents (steroids, heparin) and
      antiproliferative agents (colchicine, daunomycin, and fluoropyrimidines) are
      discussed, as are anticollagen agents (penicillamin and cis-hydroxyprolin).
      Clinical studies were performed with colchicine, daunomycin, fluorouracil, and
      steroids. Our experimental and clinical data indicate that the therapeutical
      results might be improved by the combination of two drugs. A two-factorial,
      controlled clinical study is proposed, using an antiproliferative and an anti
      inflammatory drug.

PMID- 2661370
TI  - [Immunohistochemical findings in proliferative retinal diseases--on the
      significance of fibronectin, macrophages and transferrin].
AB  - Surgically excised vitreoretinal membranes of different etiology were analyzed
      immunochemically using the APAAP stain. We investigated the presence of
      macrophages, lymphocytes, proliferating cell antigen, fibronectin, vimentin,
      cytokeratin, transferrin (TF), and the TF receptor. Fibronectin and vimentin were
      observed both in idiopathic and traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR);
      however, abundant macrophages were a typical feature only of traumatic PVR. A
      Coats' disease specimen contained fibronectin, vimentin, TF, and macrophages.
      Staining for proliferating cell antigen, lymphocytes, and cytokeratin was
      negative in all specimens. TF was detected in all membranes, and it was possible
      to label the receptor in 11 of 14 patients. TF quantities in native human
      vitreous were measured to be 65.7 mg/l by ELISA. TF is an essential growth factor
      for cultured cells, and current evidence suggests that TF may be involved in the
      pathogenesis of proliferative intraocular disease.

PMID- 2661371
TI  - [Morphology of exudate membranes on intraocular lenses].
AB  - The morphological demonstration of exudative depositions on the surface of lens
      implants can be used as foundation for the understanding of the reactive
      processes that take place in human eyes in the years following cataract surgery
      with lens implantation. Clinical cases are used to demonstrate the practically
      unknown pathology of the different forms of reactive protein membranes together
      with the typical cellular reactions and the important differences in its fixation
      to the plastic surfaces. The reactive membrane on silicone lens implants is
      irregular. Deposition of fibrin, the reactive growth of fibroblasts on lens
      implants as an early stage of scarring, and the formation of hyaline bodies of
      different origin on lens implants are also demonstrated.

PMID- 2661372
TI  - [Clinical electroretinography].
AB  - In the course of the light-evoked ERG a-, b-, and c-waves represent a functional
      equivalent of the receptor layer, the postreceptor elements, and the pigment
      epithelium. More sophisticated recording techniques reveal additional components:
      an early receptor potential (ERP, which is a signal from the receptor outer
      segments), photopic and scotopic responses (or components expressing cone and rod
      function), and the oscillatory potentials (OP, originating in the inner retinal
      layers and depending strongly on the vascular status). With pattern-reversal
      stimuli a signal can be evoked (P-ERG), which is mainly determined by ganglion
      cell function. The electro-oculogram (EOG) is a special signal from the pigment
      epithelium that is independent of the ERG. Analysis of these different components
      solves important practical problems in establishing a clinical differential
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2661373
TI  - [Automatic biometry and keratometry in comparison with the manual technic].
AB  - In order to determine the power of intraocular lenses more easily prior to
      cataract surgery, we compared the results obtained by automatic measurement of
      the corneal refractive power by the Humphrey Autokeratometer with manually
      obtained measurements using the Zeiss ophthalmometer. Similarly, the axial length
      was determined by automatic measurements using the Digital B System IV (Cooper
      Vision) and manual measurements using the Ophthascan S (Biophysic Medical).
      Statistical evaluation showed that there were no significant differences in the
      corneal refractive power determined by the two methods or in the IOL power
      calculated using the SRK formula. Therefore, automatic measurement of both
      corneal refractive power and axial length following the above method can be a
      useful alternative to the preoperative determination of the IOL power.

PMID- 2661374
TI  - [The oculist Joseph Hillmer in Berlin 1748-1768].
AB  - We know quite a lot about the life of the oculist Joseph Hillmer of Vienna
      between 1746-1775, especially from newspapers of that time. In 1748, Frederic II
      of Prussia appointed him to a professorship at the Berlin Collegium Medico
      Chirurgicum, where his duties were to lecture on ophthalmiatrics twice a week. In
      1751 he travelled via Livonia and Estonia to St. Petersburg. After 4 months he
      was denounced as a charlatan. The First Physician at the court of the Tsarina
      Elisabeth, Herman Kaau Boerhaave, acting in his capacity as director of the
      Medical Chancelry at Petersburg (the Russian medical supervising board), had
      Hillmer expelled from the Russian empire. He also collected all the documents
      relating to the affair and published them as a book at his expense. The Tsarina
      suppressed the book, which contained case reports on 125 of Hillmer's patients.
      There is much to indicate that she was motivated by tactical diplomacy, since the
      oculist had been involved in such matters by the Prussian king during the
      preliminaries to the Third Silestan War (1756-1763). Hillmer never held a single
      lecture during his period of tenure as a professor in Berlin, and there is very
      little evidence of his ever having practised there. Nonetheless, he had owned a
      large house near the Berlin castle which he also extended to allow its use for
      public concerts and festivities. During the summer he let the house while
      traveling extensively throughout Europe and attending patients in many different
      places, so that he lived in the house only in winter. After his return from
      Russia he sold his horses and, later, also his coach.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2661375
TI  - [Dynamic study of the optic papilla].
AB  - There are several methods of accurately measuring the contours of the papilla and
      rim. Of these methods, photogrammetry and its refinements are known to provide
      reproducible results. Unfortunately, there is a discrepancy between the accuracy
      of these methods and the biological "background noise". This noise does not allow
      the precision of these methods to be improved beyond a certain level. This also
      applies for determination of the color of the papilla. An alternative to this
      problem is to use the "provocation" test. In this article, we try to show the
      importance of the dynamic test of the papilla (dynamic provoked circulatory
      response): measuring the change in pallor of the rim during an artificial
      increase in the intraocular pressure.

PMID- 2661376
TI  - [Phlebologic indications for duplex sonography].
AB  - Duplex ultrasonography has all the features required considerably to enrich the
      angiological-phlebological diagnostic work-up in the doctor's office. It is a
      harmless, noninvasive, functional and morphological examination technique that is
      available at any time. Major application possibilities are to be seen in the
      diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis, in the differentiated evaluation of
      insufficiency of the major vein, in the direct representation of insufficient
      perforating veins, and, in particular, for providing highly informative
      monitoring of the success of therapeutic measures. At the present time, however,
      points that militate against its use in the doctor's office are the high price of
      the equipment, and the requirements for further training, which are difficult to
      meet in the case of practising physicians.

PMID- 2661377
TI  - [Duplex sonography of the portal vein. Procedure in healthy probands and patients
      with portal hypertension].
AB  - Duplex ultrasonography is a useful non-invasive means of investigating portal
      vein blood flow in cases of liver disease. A group of 50 selected consecutive
      patients with portal hypertension revealed a significant increase in portal vein
      diameter of 3.5 mm on average, and a significant decrease in mean flow rate of,
      on average, 3.1 cm/s, in comparison with a group of 50 healthy control subjects.
      In contrast, alcohol-induced portal hypertension appeared always to be associated
      with an elevated flow rate. On average, the flow volume increased by 200 ml/min.
      With the exception of vessel diameter, which remains virtually unchanged, both
      patients and controls revealed, postprandially, a comparable increase in the
      parameters measured.

PMID- 2661378
TI  - [Treatment of the hypertensive crisis in general practice and the clinic].
AB  - Patients with a hypertensive crisis should, if possible be treated in hospital.
      Although such drugs as sodium nitroprusside, diazoxide, dihydralazine, and
      clonidine have been very useful and effective in the past in the treatment of
      severe arterial hypertension, they are now being replaced by drugs as nifedipine,
      urapidil, captopril, and co-dergocrine mesylate, which maintain cerebral and
      coronary blood flow while effective by lowering blood pressure. Practical
      recommendations are given for the emergency out-of-hospital treatment of
      hypertensive crises.

PMID- 2661379
TI  - [A heart rate adaptable "physiologic" pacemaker. Is the effort worthwhile?].
AB  - The dual-chamber pacemaker provides an approximately physiologic cardiac action
      in patient with 3rd degree AV-block and preserved sinoatrial function. Newly
      developed so-called rate-responsive systems are now available. Initial clinical
      experience has been reported with pacemakers controlled via respiration rate,
      activity, central venous blood temperature, or intracardially measured QT
      interval. The sensitivity and specificity of rate regulation like the effort of
      implantation and setting is not completely satisfactory and adequate until now.
      At the present time, such systems are being implanted mainly according to
      individual indications. Before a general use can be recommended, several problems
      still remain to be solved, in particular the question as to what therapeutic
      advantage is to be expected with respect to the underlying disease, arrhythmia
      and patient group.

PMID- 2661380
TI  - [Motility of the large intestine].
AB  - Colonic motility has a number of tasks to fulfill: mixing, storage and slow
      transportation of intestinal contents, and rapid evacuation of feces. All this
      requires complex motor patterns. Phases of contraction alternate with phases of
      motor inactivity. Contractile activity is controlled by the myoelectric activity.
      Spikes and oscillations are superimposed on the electrical control activity.
      Short spike bursts are associated with contractions of short duration and serve
      for mixing; long spike bursts and oscillations are accompanied by tonic
      contractions of long duration, and are mainly propulsive. Giant migrating
      contractions occur sporadically and result in the emptying of large sections of
      the colon. Disturbances of colonic motility are of pathogenetic significance in a
      number of diseases. This has diagnostic and therapeutic consequences.

PMID- 2661381
TI  - [Pathogenesis and therapy of dilated cardiomyopathy. Possible indications for
      calcium antagonists].

PMID- 2661383
TI  - Frontier School of Midwifery and Family Nursing celebrates 50th anniversary, 1939
      1989.

PMID- 2661382
TI  - [Psychological sequelae of persecution. The survivor syndrome].
AB  - In the present decennium, the fifth after the end of the Nazi holocaust, the
      psychological sequelae in the survivors are far from being overcome, and this
      chapter of psychiatry is not yet closed. The clinical symptomatology of the
      survivor's syndrome had only gradually been described during a period of about 20
      postwar years. Among the particularities of what survivors experienced were their
      being outlawed, discrimination, defamation, total absence of rights, loss of
      individuality, life threatening over a long period, being uprooted, the fact of
      little number of survivors in one's family and elsewhere, lack of grave for the
      victims, loss of language, culture and home and many others. Characteristics of
      the survivor's syndrome are continuing anxiety of being persecuted, struggle
      against memory, tension feeling, rumination over past, low self esteem,
      irritability, feeling of survivor's guilt, lack of initiative, retreat in apathy,
      unability of gaiety and to enjoy the pleasures of life, and return of the
      persecution in dreams among others. Discussions on care and treatment for the
      aging survivors now is still vivid in many countries. As a consequence of the
      holocaust experience remains our knowledge that even a fully built up and
      equilibrated personality can completely be altered, if circumstances are forcing.
      Further on it has become more clear that there is a transmission if in altered
      form of the personality changes to at least the second and third generations. In
      spite of its many difficulties and setbacks psychiatric help is possible, so that
      there has developed psychiatry of the persecuted as a new branch of psychiatry.

PMID- 2661384
TI  - [Enzyme immunoassay for arginine vasopressin (AVP). 2. Serum interference and the
      measurement of plasma samples].
AB  - The effect of serum interference on enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) was studied. Before measurement, plasma was applied on an
      affinity chromatography to remove AVP and then treated with the acetone-ether
      method which is usually used for AVP extraction of plasma samples. The AVP-free
      plasma extract was used to obtain a plasma AVP standard which was compared with
      various buffer standards of AVP. As a result, the enzyme activities of plasma AVP
      standard were always lower than those of buffer standards even though the
      concentration of buffer was increased or added by gelatin. Therefore, EIA for AVP
      was clinically applicable by using the AVP-free plasma for the standard. Plasma
      samples were drawn in various clinical conditions and measured for AVP by plasma
      AVP standard to examine reproducibility and correlation with radioimmunoassay
      (RIA). The values measured repetitively for the same samples were reproducible.
      The values measured by EIA correlated well with those measured by RIA (y = 0.67 +
      1.13x, r = 0.96). These indicates that EIA for AVP could be applied clinically to
      measure physiological levels of plasma AVP.

PMID- 2661385
TI  - Prevention of venous thromboembolism.
AB  - The aim of prophylaxis in venous thromboembolism is firstly to prevent fatal
      pulmonary embolism and secondly to reduce the morbidity associated with deep vein
      thrombosis and the post-phlebitic limb. Particularly high-risk groups are
      identifiable and include those over 60 years of age undergoing major surgery,
      patients with malignancy and those undergoing hip operations. Low-dose
      subcutaneous heparin (5000 U s.c. commenced two hours preoperatively and
      continued eight to twelve hourly until the patient is fully mobile) is
      unequivocally effective in preventing deep vein thrombosis in medical and
      surgical patients and, most importantly, significantly reduces the incidence of
      fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism and total mortality. Furthermore, in
      established deep vein thrombosis, low-dose heparin limits proximal clot
      propagation, which is the prelude to pulmonary embolism. Despite this, surveys
      have demonstrated an alarming deficiency amongst clinicians in the application of
      measures to prevent venous thromboembolism. Heparin prophylaxis carries a small
      risk of increased bleeding complications, mostly evidenced by the frequency of
      wound haematoma rather than major haemorrhage. Low molecular heparin fragments
      (e.g. Fragmin, Choay, Enoxaprin) are now emerging as useful alternative agents,
      having the advantage of once daily administration and yet providing similar
      efficacy in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis. However, protection against
      fatal pulmonary embolism has yet to be demonstrated. Mechanical methods of
      prophylaxis designed to counteract venous stasis, such as graduated elastic
      compression stockings, are also beneficial in protection against deep vein
      thrombosis but by themselves do not achieve such consistently good prophylaxis as
      low-dose heparin. However, clinical trials with combinations of mechanical
      methods and low-dose heparin indicate that this may be the optimum approach to
      very high-risk patients. In the presence of established acute deep vein
      thrombosis, anticoagulant therapy is the mainstay in preventing pulmonary
      embolism. Vena caval interruption procedures should be reserved for patients in
      whom anticoagulation is contraindicated or for those who develop recurrent
      pulmonary embolism despite adequate anticoagulation.

PMID- 2661386
TI  - Problems in the management of pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Pulmonary angiography remains the definitive technique for the diagnosis of
      pulmonary embolism but in practice is not universally available. Many patients
      can be managed quite safely without it but it should be employed without
      hesitation in certain problem patients. Thrombolytic treatment probably improves
      survival in patients who suffer an acute massive pulmonary embolus but it should
      not be used unless the embolus causes considerable haemodynamic disturbance. The
      best thrombolytic agent and the best administration regime remain uncertain. At
      present the simplest and cheapest effective regime for most patients is provided
      by a twelve to 24 hour infusion of streptokinase although in the future the new
      "clot-specific" agents such as rTPA and APSAC may be shown to be safer and/or
      more effective. In nearly all situations other than acute massive pulmonary
      embolism thrombolytic treatment is more expensive, slightly more dangerous but no
      more effective than heparin. When heparin is given there seems little to choose
      between intermittent injection and continuous infusion. Although there is no
      scientific proof it is logical to continue heparin for seven days since this is
      the time taken for any residual clot in the venous system to become firmly
      adherent to the vessel wall. The value of coagulation tests as a guide to
      adjustment of heparin dosage is not proved and seems to need reassessment in the
      light of the recent discovery of large diurnal variations in heparin
      activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661387
TI  - Interruption of the inferior vena cava for prevention of pulmonary embolism:
      transvenous filter devices.
AB  - The availability of a safe, effective, and easily introducible percutaneous vena
      cava filter is crucial in the management of certain patients with pulmonary
      embolism. If thrombolytic or anticoagulant therapy for pulmonary embolism is
      contraindicated or fails, interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC) blood flow
      is the logical alternative. Indications for filter insertion include a
      contraindication to anticoagulation, or recurrent pulmonary embolism despite
      adequate anticoagulation therapy. Common routes of filter insertion are from the
      right internal jugular vein, or the right or left femoral veins. The Mobin-Uddin
      umbrella filter (no longer available in the USA) and the Kimray-Greenfield
      filters have been the most widely used. Complications of vena cava filters
      include malpositioning, migration, venous thrombosis proximal or distal to the
      filter, hemorrhage at the percutaneous site of insertion, or sepsis. Despite
      these problems, IVC filters have been extremely useful in the management of
      pulmonary embolism among certain subsets of patients. Percutaneously inserted
      filters have now superseded surgical vena caval interruption in most US centers.
      Newer filters are currently under development in the US and Europe, and feature
      improved filtering function, anti-tilt abilities, retrievability, memory wire
      properties, and improved ease of insertion.

PMID- 2661388
TI  - Surgical treatment for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism.
AB  - Thrombo-endarterectomy for chronic thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery can be
      recommended in patients with NYHA classification III or IV symptoms, mean
      pulmonary artery pressure greater than 30 mmHg and proximal, greater than 50%
      obstruction of the pulmonary arterial bed. Pulmonary angiography for localization
      of thrombi is prerequisite. Surgical techniques encompass lateral thoracotomy
      with or without extracorporeal circulation and median sternotomy with
      extracorporeal circulation. As an adjunctive measure, an interruptive procedure
      for the vena cava is performed. Currently we prefer to operate with the beating
      heart and normothermia. The most frequent complications are congestive heart
      failure and hemorrhagic pulmonary edema. In 33 patients total mortality was 20%.
      On use of a median sternotomy, with normothermia and beating heart there were no
      deaths. In the presence of distally-localized obstruction, thrombectomy cannot be
      performed.

PMID- 2661389
TI  - Does hormone analysis predict the antihypertensive response of basic medical
      treatment?
AB  - The antihypertensive effect of 200 mg metoprolol per day was compared to 25 mg
      hydrochlorothiazide over a period of four weeks. Metoprolol reduced mean arterial
      blood pressure from 120 +/- 13 mm Hg after placebo to 109 +/- 8 at the end of the
      study (n = 18; 38 +/- 12 years) (p less than 0.01). The corresponding values in
      the hydrochlorothiazide group were 119 +/- 13 mm Hg and 107 +/- 13 (n = 20; 33 +/
      12 years) (p less than 0.01). No significant difference between the groups was
      found for blood pressure at the end of the study. When blood pressure responders
      or non-responders of the metoprolol group were compared with the respective
      subgroup of the hydrochlorothiazide treated patients, no difference could be
      found for plasma renin activity as well as for aldosterone and PGE2- and PGF2a
      excretion rates. However, when blood pressure responders were compared with non
      responders within the same treatment group, plasma renin activity and PGE2
      excretion rates were higher in the responder group corresponding with younger age
      in both treatments. Therefore high PGE2-excretion rate and high plasma renin
      activity might reflect a favorable vascular response to antihypertensive therapy.
      However, the hormonal analyses do not seem to help in the selection between a
      beta-blocker or a diuretic as a drug of first choice.

PMID- 2661390
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation in cirrhosis.

PMID- 2661391
TI  - Prognostication in primary biliary cirrhosis: relevance to the individual
      patient.

PMID- 2661392
TI  - Assessment of portal vein patency: pitfalls and problems in diagnostic
      comparative studies.

PMID- 2661393
TI  - Binding and uptake of native and modified low-density lipoproteins by human
      hepatocytes in primary culture.
AB  - The binding and uptake of native low-density lipoproteins and malondialdehyde
      treated low density lipoproteins by human hepatocytes in primary culture has been
      analyzed. Experiments with 125I-labeled malondialdehyde-treated low-density
      lipoproteins showed that cultured liver cells took up and degraded
      malondialdehyde-treated low-density lipoproteins, but the cell type(s)
      responsible for this action remain unclear. Immunofluorescent visualization of
      receptor-bound low-density lipoproteins revealed that low-density lipoprotein
      binding sites were distributed on the surface of nearly all cells of the culture.
      Binding sites for malondialdehyde-treated low-density lipoproteins were found in
      only 5% of the cultured cells, and these cells differed from hepatocytes in shape
      and size. Cultured hepatocytes internalized and native low-density lipoproteins,
      but not malondialdehyde-treated low-density lipoproteins, labeled with the
      fluorescent dye 3',3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine. About 15% of the cells that
      take up 3',3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine-labeled malondialdehyde-treated low
      density lipoproteins could be identified as liver endothelial cells and
      macrophages, since they internalized formaldehyde-treated human albumin and
      fluorescent carboxylated microspheres. Our results indicate that human
      hepatocytes in primary culture express surface receptors for native low-density
      lipoproteins but not for modified low-density lipoproteins.

PMID- 2661394
TI  - Hairy cell leukemia--mediastinal involvement. A report of two cases and review of
      the literature.
AB  - The clinical features of two patients with hairy cell leukemia involving the
      mediastinum are described. Both patients presented with acute chest pain 2-3
      months prior to diagnosis being made. In one patient mediastinal disease was
      recorded only by computerized tomography of the thorax. There was good response
      of mediastinal disease to alpha-interferon in both patients, in spite of
      persisting bone marrow involvement with hairy cell leukemia.

PMID- 2661395
TI  - Lymphoma phenotyping in formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded tissues. I.
      Range of antibodies and staining patterns.
AB  - Recently, monoclonal antibodies capable of phenotyping malignant lymphomas in
      routinely fixed and processed tissue have become available. Some of these
      reagents identify lineage-restricted variants of the leucocyte common molecule,
      whereas others identify unique fixation-resistant epitopes on lymphoid cells,
      some of which are shared by non-lymphoid tissues. A new generation of antibodies
      recognizing 'classical' leucocyte antigens such as CD3 are also emerging.
      Refinements in antigen detection systems, especially for immunoglobulin
      recognition, combined with these new reagents promise to improve the accuracy of
      lymphoma diagnosis in routine histopathology. These new antibodies are reviewed,
      and their limitations, cross reactivities and profiles of staining in
      lymphoreticular disease are discussed. A strategy for their optimal use is
      proposed.

PMID- 2661396
TI  - The thymus--what's new?

PMID- 2661397
TI  - Psychotropic drug use in pregnancy.

PMID- 2661398
TI  - NIMH report. Treating nonaffective disorders with lithium.

PMID- 2661399
TI  - Update on dementia of the Alzheimer type.
AB  - An estimated three-quarters to one million Americans are in advanced stages of
      dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), numbers that are certain to grow as the
      population of the United States ages. An explosion in research interest in DAT in
      the last ten years promises greater understanding of the pathophysiology of the
      disease and eventual development of effective treatment of characteristic
      intellectual deficits and behavioral symptoms. The search continues for the
      underlying cause or causes of the condition and a cure. This article reviews
      current information about the epidemiology, neuropathologic findings, diagnosis,
      and treatment of DAT and some of the most promising areas of research.

PMID- 2661400
TI  - The assertive community treatment worker: an emerging role and its implications
      for professional training.
AB  - Assertive community treatment programs are designed to prevent the
      rehospitalization or homelessness of long-term mental health consumers and to
      improve their quality of life through the provision of intensive, "in vivo" help
      with everyday activities. The role of the assertive community treatment worker
      begins with the identification and engagement of appropriate consumers; proceeds
      to the development and implementation of practical intervention plans; includes
      home visiting, in-the-field skill development, and resource brokering, with an
      emphasis on concrete problem solving; includes close collaboration with inpatient
      workers and families; and entails the assumption of ultimate professional
      responsibility for the consumers' well-being. To prepare students for this role,
      training programs should strengthen their curricula in the areas of professional
      attitudes, values, and beliefs; biological, psychological, sociological, and
      historical foundations; and intervention methods appropriate for long-term
      consumers.

PMID- 2661401
TI  - Prevention of psychiatric disorders in children.
AB  - Mental health professionals have the capability to identify children who are at
      risk of developing psychiatric disorders. Early intervention with these children
      can help prevent significant maladjustment and reduce their future need for
      mental health services. The authors review studies of environmental and
      temperamental factors associated with children's vulnerability and resilience to
      psychiatric disorders. The goals and effects of selected prevention approaches
      designed for preschool children, elementary-school-age children, and parents are
      discussed. Families in need of prevention services may be more likely to use
      these interventions if they are integrated into existing school programs and
      social welfare systems.

PMID- 2661402
TI  - Hospitals faced with declining Part B payments.

PMID- 2661403
TI  - Part B reform: is it the answer for hospitals?

PMID- 2661404
TI  - Greater budget battles ahead. Interview by Michele Robinson.

PMID- 2661405
TI  - Catastrophic Act threatens long-stay hospitals.

PMID- 2661406
TI  - Tubuloreticular structures and cylindrical confronting cisternae: a review.
AB  - Tubuloreticular structures (TRS) and cylindrical confronting cisternae (CCC) are
      unique subcellular structures that arise from the membranes of the rough
      endoplasmic reticulum of a variety of cell types. In vivo, they occur most
      frequently in endothelial cells and lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune
      diseases and viral infections; they are seen in these cells in almost all
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The inducer(s) of TRS and CCC
      in vivo is (are) not firmly established. However, clinical and experimental
      studies indicate that the occurrence of these structures in these diseases is
      directly related to the endogenous elevation of alpha- and beta-interferon but
      not to gamma-interferon. Although CCC have been seen and reported to occur in
      human and primate cells since the late 1970s, their presence did not arouse much
      clinical and scientific interest until 1983 when they were observed in lymph node
      tissues of AIDS patients. The nature and pathogenesis of TRS and CCC are obscure.
      Through the years, many hypotheses have been proposed. They range from
      suggestions of these structures being incomplete viral particles to being nothing
      more than accumulated proteins; and from reference to these structures as
      specific markers for diseases to a generalized cell reaction to certain
      biological stimuli. In vitro investigations with lymphoblastoid cell lines have
      contributed a great deal in illuminating the potential clinical significance and
      the in vivo inducer(s) of TRS and CCC. Both the TRS and CCC are now known to be
      induced in vitro by alpha- and beta-interferon in some lymphoblastoid cell lines.
      However, only TRS and not CCC are induced in healthy donor lymphocytes and
      endothelial cells. Isolation of TRS and CCC using the lymphoblastoid cell system
      will help clarify the nature, the pathogenesis, and the importance of TRS and CCC
      in human diseases.

PMID- 2661407
TI  - Immunophenotypic analysis of sinonasal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - A panel of paraffin effective antibodies recognizing B cells and T cells (LN-2,
      MB1, L26, MT1, UCHL1, kappa, lambda) was used to characterize the
      immunophenotypes of 26 sinonasal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Seventeen tumors were
      stage I, five were stage II, one was stage III, and three were stage IV. Nine
      lymphomas were classified morphologically as large cell, six were large cell
      immunoblastic, six were small cleaved cell, two were mixed small and large cell,
      two were small noncleaved cell, and one was lymphoblastic. None were follicular.
      Twenty-two lymphomas had a B cell immunophenotype, three were T cell neoplasms,
      and one was immunoreactive only for MT1. This predominance of sinonasal lymphomas
      with a B cell immunophenotype in patients residing in the United States contrasts
      with the almost exclusive occurrence of T cell sinonasal lymphomas in Chinese
      patients living in Hong Kong and Japanese patients residing in regions of Japan
      that are nonendemic for human T cell leukemia virus-1.

PMID- 2661408
TI  - The pathology of large granular lymphocyte leukemia.
AB  - The authors conducted a histopathologic study on tissues from 11 patients with
      the recently described syndrome of large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia.
      Distinctive pathologic findings were found most often in the bone marrow, liver,
      and spleen. The bone marrow biopsies contained nonparatrabecular lymphoid
      infiltrates that were nodular or diffuse and interstitial. Plasmacytosis was
      found and in two cases there was myeloid maturation arrest. The liver biopsies
      contained sinusoidal and portal infiltrates and the spleen had red pulp cord and
      sinus infiltrates, plasmacytosis, and follicular hyperplasia. Lymph node
      involvement was nondiagnostic, consistent with the usual absence of
      lymphadenopathy. The morphologic findings were sometimes indistinguishable from
      other reactive or low-grade lymphoproliferative disorders, especially chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia/well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/WDLL) and
      hairy cell leukemia. These results suggest the need to correlate peripheral blood
      cell counts and morphology as well as immunophenotypic studies with tissue
      histology to distinguish LGL leukemia from other disorders. Establishing a
      correct diagnosis of LGL leukemia may help clarify the etiology of unexplained
      peripheral blood cytopenias, arthritis, and other autoimmune manifestations in
      individual patients.

PMID- 2661409
TI  - Morphogenesis of abnormal elastic fibers in lungs of patients with panacinar and
      centriacinar emphysema.
AB  - Pulmonary elastic fibers in a patient with panacinar emphysema due to alpha-1
      antitrypsin deficiency and three patients with centriacinar emphysema related to
      anthracosis were studied by electron microscopy and by light and electron
      microscopic immunohistochemistry for elastin. Four types of abnormal elastic
      fibers were found: (1) finely disrupted fibers, (2) fibers with vacuolar changes
      and deposits of electron-dense granular material, (3) accumulations of small,
      rounded amorphous components of elastic fibers near bundles of microfibrils, and
      (4) large, confluent masses consisting mainly of aggregates of irregularly and
      compactly arranged, small-sized amorphous components. The amorphous components in
      these four types of abnormal elastic fibers tended to stain evenly with
      antielastin antibody. This is attributed to greater penetration of antielastin
      antibody into fibers that were incompletely polymerized because of immaturity or
      hydrolytic damage. Finely disrupted fibers were frequently found in the patient
      with panacinar emphysema and were presumed to have been damaged by elastase. The
      other three types of elastic fibers were frequently found in the patients with
      centriacinar emphysema. The vacuoles and electron-dense deposits in elastic
      fibers probably represented the consequence of damage to elastic fibers. The
      small round amorphous components in elastic fibers might be formed from abnormal
      elastogenesis. The large, confluent elastic masses were thought to be formed by
      the aggregation of elastic fibers in areas of coalescence of alveolar walls
      undergoing structural remodeling.

PMID- 2661410
TI  - Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver: an ultrastructural study.
AB  - Epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas are uncommon vascular tumors, mainly observed
      in lung and soft tissues. Liver involvement is infrequent and, in contrast to the
      extrahepatic localizations of the tumor, has not been subjected to detailed
      ultrastructural analysis. This prompted us to report the results of the
      ultrastructural study of three cases of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the
      liver. Neoplastic proliferation was heterogeneous. Most of neoplastic cells
      presented features suggestive of endothelial differentiation, including presence
      of Weibel-Palade bodies and evidence of vasoformative properties demonstrated by
      formation of both intra- and extracellular vascular channels resembling the
      normal structures successively observed during embryogenesis and tissue
      regeneration. A minor cell population, unreported so far, exhibited
      ultrastructural characters resembling those of pericytes and presented organoid
      relationship to neoplastic endothelial cells. Tumor spreading along sinusoids
      induced pseudopeliotic dilatations and led to a progressive disruption of normal
      liver architecture. In conclusion, the three cases of hepatic epithelioid
      hemangioendothelioma examined in this work assume many organoid features
      mimicking the successive steps of normal angioformation and indicative of a high
      degree of morphological differentiation.

PMID- 2661411
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of cell kinetic parameters in colonic
      adenocarcinomas, adenomas, and normal mucosa.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody Ki-67 identifies a nuclear antigen that is expressed in
      proliferating cells in G1, G2, S, and M phases of the cell cycle. An
      immunoperoxidase method and this antibody were used to identify proliferating
      cells in sections of colorectal tissues--normal colon (n = 10), colorectal polyps
      (n = 20), and adenocarcinoma (n = 28). Colorectal adenomas showed a uniform
      distribution of positive nuclear staining throughout the sections, including the
      cells of the adenoma surface, while staining in the normal mucosa was confined to
      the middle third and lower third of the crypts. Areas of polyps with numerous Ki
      67-positive epithelial cells invariably showed immature or dysplastic histology
      and, conversely, glands that lacked such histologic features had low Ki-67
      staining frequency or were negative. In adenomas, nuclei located toward the
      luminal surface of glands were more likely to be Ki-67-positive than those
      located basally in the cells. The mean Ki-67 score (a measure of positive
      staining nuclei) for adenomas was 45.5 compared to a mean score of 66.3 for
      adenocarcinomas in the carcinomas studied (P less than .001). Ki-67 score did not
      correlate with histologic grade or Duke's stage. Ki-67 staining can be used to
      characterize the proliferative characteristics of normal colonic mucosa,
      adenomas, and carcinomas.

PMID- 2661412
TI  - Hepatoportal arteriovenous fistula: morphologic features studied after orthotopic
      liver transplantation.
AB  - A 51-year-old woman underwent orthotopic liver transplantation because of a small
      duct primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with chronic ulcerative colitis
      and a hepatoportal arteriovenous fistula. Arteriograms before liver
      transplantation and specimen arteriograms revealed a convolution of arteries in
      the right hepatic lobe which communicated with a massively dilated and partly
      thrombosed portal vein branch. The lesion was probably the result of a previous
      liver biopsy. Microscopic examination of the fistula and of specimens taken at a
      distance from the fistula showed prominent intimal fibroplasia of portal vein
      branches. The vascular changes were so severe that hepatic artery and portal vein
      branches closely resembled each other on routine sections. We are unaware of such
      a finding in other conditions and therefore believe that recognition of the
      described vascular abnormalities in liver biopsy specimens should lead
      pathologists to comment that an arterioportal fistula might be present.

PMID- 2661413
TI  - Laser in cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2661414
TI  - Activation of normal murine B cells by Echinococcus granulosus.
AB  - Echinococcus granulosus protoscolex (PSC) infection of BALB/c mice led, after 4
      days, to raised numbers of cells forming plaques with trinitrophenyl-treated
      sheep red cells and bromelain-treated mouse red cells. The findings were similar
      in athymic and euthymic CBA mice. Activation of B cells was accompanied by
      secretion of immunoglobulin, as indicated by the reverse plaque technique. In
      addition, co-culture of PSC with the 7OZ/3 pre-B-cell led to the induction of
      differentiation, resulting in the expression of surface immunoglobulin (Ig). It
      is concluded that E. granulosus is a polyclonal activator of B cells inducing
      both transformation and differentiation, and that the effect is thymus
      independent.

PMID- 2661415
TI  - Proteinase-like activity in the cytotoxic factor produced by T cells during
      dengue virus infection.
AB  - Dengue type 2 virus (DV)-induced cytotoxic factor (CF) or the virus-primed spleen
      cell capable of secreting CF were treated with various proteinase inhibitors and
      their activity was assayed. It was observed that the cytotoxic activity of CF was
      inhibited significantly, in a dose-dependent manner, by pretreatment with bovine
      pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), to
      a lesser extent by soya-bean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) and leupeptin and not at
      all by 1,10-phenanthroline (OP). Similar effects were observed by pretreatment of
      DV-primed spleen cells. Amidolytic activity of CF or its purified fractions was
      assayed using twelve chromogenic peptide substrates and all the substrates were
      hydrolysed to the varying extent. The amidolytic activity of CF was also
      inhibited by pretreatment with proteinase inhibitors. Thus, CF could be a
      proteinase with the distinction of having a broad spectrum of activity.

PMID- 2661417
TI  - Renal allograft rejection: possible involvement of lymphokine-activated killer
      cells.
AB  - Human renal allograft tissue was recovered at transplant nephrectomy from three
      patients with irreversible loss of graft function. This tissue was disaggregated
      and separated into two fractions on the basis of particle size. Fraction 1
      contained glomeruli and developed a mixed outgrowth containing adherent
      epithelial and mesangial cells after a limited period of culture. Fraction 2
      contained fragments of renal tubules and produced monolayers of tubular
      epithelial cells during culture. A population of lymphoid cells was observed to
      grow from the primary disaggregate into medium supplemented with recombinant
      human interleukin-2 (IL-2). After culture for 5 days these lymphoid cells were
      predominantly CD3-positive and carried both class II major histocompatibility
      antigens (MHC) and the CD25 IL-2 receptor. Culture of peripheral blood-derived
      mononuclear cells with IL-2 caused the generation of lymphokine-activated killer
      (LAK) cells; these cells were able to lyse both glomerular and tubular cells
      grown from nephrectomy tissue without showing MHC antigen restriction. The
      lymphoid cells grown from renal allograft tissue showed a similar lytic potential
      for both renal cells prepared from the same nephrectomy specimen and from third
      party renal tissue. It is possible that any LAK cells formed within a renal
      allograft by the action of IL-2 may contribute to the tissue destruction observed
      during graft rejection.

PMID- 2661416
TI  - The expression of functional IL-2 receptor on activated macrophages depends on
      the stimulus applied.
AB  - Human peripheral blood monocytes (Mo) synthesize prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) when
      activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This production is strongly enhanced by
      the addition of supernatant from phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated T cells. To
      evaluate the factor(s) responsible for this enhancement we studied the effect of
      several cytokines on the PGE2 metabolism. Recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1) or
      recombinant IL-2 strongly enhanced PGE2 synthesis in LPS-stimulated Mo cultures,
      whereas recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) partially inhibited its
      production. To see whether the effect of IL-2 on Mo was due to the presence of IL
      2 receptor (IL-2R) on the cell surface, flow cytometric analysis and electron
      microscopy were used to investigate IL-2R expression in unstimulated and
      stimulated Mo. Stimulated, but not resting, Mo displayed the p55 IL-2R chain on
      their cellular surface and associated with the polyribosomes of the rough
      endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm. This finding strongly suggested that the
      p55 chain of the IL-2R was synthesized by activated Mo. To confirm this result,
      125I-labelled IL-2 was bound under high- and low-affinity conditions and cross
      linked to Mo cultured in the presence of LPS, IFN-gamma or IL-1. The cross-linked
      125I-IL-2/IL-2R complexes were analysed by SDS-PAGE. Mo cultured with LPS, IFN
      gamma and IL-1 expressed the p55 protein detected by low-affinity cross-linking,
      whereas only LPS-stimulated Mo displayed a barely detectable band with an
      apparent MW of 70,000 under high-affinity binding conditions. In addition,
      stimulated Mo were found capable of producing the soluble form of IL-2R. Finally,
      LPS-activated Mo only responded to the addition of IL-2 by an increase in PGE2
      production, suggesting that the function of IL-2R on activated Mo is linked to
      the stimulus applied.

PMID- 2661418
TI  - The use of antigen-bearing nitrocellulose particles derived from Western blots to
      study proliferative responses to 27 antigenic fractions from Mycobacterium leprae
      in patients and controls.
AB  - Antigens present in sonicates of Mycobacterium leprae were separated by SDS-PAGE,
      blotted electrophoretically on to nitrocellulose, and visualized with a colloidal
      gold stain. Six bands identified by existing monoclonal antibodies, and a further
      21 bands not previously studied, were converted into antigen-bearing
      nitrocellulose particles for use in vitro lympho-proliferation studies. Controls
      (putative non-contacts) responded poorly to the antigenic fractions presented in
      this way. Contacts responded variably to a wide range of the antigens, and most
      frequently (23%) to the 18,000 MW fraction. Responses to this, and to several
      other low molecular weight antigens, were not seen in non contacts, and were very
      rare in all patient groups, which tended to respond to high molecular weight
      components. The most interesting individual band was at 36,000 MW. This caused
      significant stimulation of cells from 25% of tuberculoid donors, but never
      stimulated the cells from lepromatous cases. Indeed this fraction significantly
      suppressed the background proliferation of the cells from 30% of the lepromatous
      cases, though the significance of this observation is unclear. Responses to the
      65,000 MW heat-shock protein did not differ significantly between the donor
      groups. Overall the results suggest that the spectrum of clinical leprosy may not
      be determined by the response to any one antigen. However, this study can not
      rule out the possibility that the response to one or a few antigens determines
      the outcome during the first few days after infection.

PMID- 2661419
TI  - Measurement of serum interleukin-2 activity.
AB  - The accurate measurement of serum interleukin-2 activity is crucial for assessing
      the efficacy and toxicity of systemic immunotherapy with recombinant interleukin
      2. Incubation of serum at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes facilitates the bioassay
      for interleukin-2 activity by destroying the interleukin-2 inhibitory activity
      native to human serum. As this report will demonstrate, however, 30% to 50% of
      interleukin-2 activity in serum taken from patients or normal volunteers was
      destroyed by heating at 56 degrees C. No loss of recombinant interleukin-2
      activity occurred during heating in serum-free media. The percentage of
      interleukin-2 activity lost at 56 degrees C varied from patient to patient and
      also varied with the time of exposure. Native serum interleukin-2 inhibitory
      activity can be removed, and interleukin-2 activity can be assessed accurately in
      serial dilutions of the serum beyond 1:64.

PMID- 2661420
TI  - Epidemic shigellosis due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in south Asia.

PMID- 2661421
TI  - Spot CAMP test for the prompt presumptive identification of group B streptococci.
AB  - Spot and conventional CAMP tests done on 200 strains (120 human and 80 bovine) of
      group B streptococci showed 96 per cent of human and 90 per cent of bovine
      strains positive by both tests, indicating 100 per cent agreement. None of the 20
      non-group B streptococci strains was positive for CAMP test for group B
      streptococci. The advantage of spot CAMP test is that it can be performed on a
      single isolated colony, easy to perform, inexpensive and can presumptively
      identify group-B streptococci within 30 min on primary sheep blood agar plate.

PMID- 2661422
TI  - Chlamydiazyme test for rapid detection of Chlamydia trachomatis.
AB  - Endocervical (120) and endourethral (104) swabs collected from patients attending
      the Gynaecological OPD and STD Clinic of a Hospital, in north India were
      subjected to the chlamydiazyme test to detect C. trachomatis antigen. This
      antigen was detected in 25 per cent (30 of 120) of cervical and 20.19 per cent
      (21 of 104) of urethral specimens. Of the 51 antigen positive cases, 30 (58.8%)
      presented with the clinical picture of cervicitis, 11 (21.5%) with urethritis, 6
      (11.7%) were cases of primary infertility and 4 (7.8%) were healthy controls. The
      association of C. trachomatis and other sexually manifested microorganisms
      (Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Gardnerella vaginalis) was found
      more commonly in patients of cervicitis, especially those who were C. trachomatis
      antigen positive.

PMID- 2661423
TI  - Resistotyping as a new epidemiological marker for Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - Resistogram typing was established with the help of 30 randomly chosen clinical
      isolates of K. pneumoniae using sodium arsenate, malachite green, boric acid,
      potassium tellurite, mercuric chloride, antimony potassium tartarate and sodium
      arsenite. The resistance to these chemicals was designated as A, B, C, D, E, F
      and G respectively. The technique was then applied to 152 clinical isolates of K.
      pneumoniae. A total of 35 patterns were obtained. Common patterns were ABEFG and
      ABFG. There was no clustering of the strains in any of the resistogram patterns
      as even the commonest pattern had only 10.5 per cent of the strains. When
      combined with klebocin typing, it provided better discrimination of strains as
      strains belonging to seven klebocin types could be subdivided into 68 resistogram
      patterns. The reverse was also possible, i.e., the strains belonging to seven
      resistogram patterns could be subdivided into 38 klebocin types. The former
      procedure thus offered better discrimination of the strains.

PMID- 2661424
TI  - Neural control of renal function: cardiovascular implications.
AB  - The innervation of the kidney serves to function of its component parts, for
      example, the blood vessels, the nephron (glomerulus, tubule), and the
      juxtaglomerular apparatus. Alterations in efferent renal sympathetic nerve
      activity produce significant changes in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration
      rate, the reabsorption of water, sodium, and other ions, and the release of
      renin, prostaglandins, and other vasoactive substances. These functional effects
      contribute significantly to the renal regulation of total body sodium and fluid
      volumes with important implications for the control of arterial pressure. The
      renal nerves, both efferent and afferent, are known to be important contributors
      to the pathogenesis of hypertension. In addition, the efferent renal nerves
      participate in the mediation of the excessive renal sodium retention, which
      characterizes edema-forming states such as congestive heart failure. Thus, the
      renal nerves play an important role in overall cardiovascular homeostasis in both
      normal and pathological conditions.

PMID- 2661425
TI  - Endothelium and control of vascular function. State of the Art lecture.
AB  - The response of isolated blood vessels to a variety of vasoactive agonists is
      modulated by the presence of endothelial cells. Indeed, these cells can release
      both dilator and constrictor substances. The major endothelium-derived relaxing
      factor may be nitric oxide, which activates soluble guanylate cyclase in the
      smooth muscle, although the endothelial cells also secrete an unidentified
      hyperpolarizing factor. Among the natural stimuli for the release of endothelium
      derived relaxing factors are circulating hormones, platelet products, thrombin,
      shear stress, and certain autacoids. Endothelium-derived relaxing factors may
      contribute to the regulation of the release of atrial natriuretic factor and
      renin. The endothelial cells can also release constricting factors; among the
      likely candidates are superoxide anions or the peptide endothelin. In
      hypertensive blood vessels, the ability to release endothelium-derived relaxing
      factors but not endothelium-derived contracting factors is blunted.

PMID- 2661426
TI  - Corcoran lecture: the case for or against salt in hypertension. Arthur Curtis
      Corcoran, MD (1909-1965). Tribute and prelude to Corcoran Lecture of 1988.
AB  - Salt intake in excess of body needs has long been considered a factor in the
      genesis and maintenance of human hypertension; the mechanism is salt retention
      due to faulty renal excretory efficiency. This discussion reviews clinical
      studies that make a case either for or against the salt hypothesis. Included is a
      summary of recent experiences with 4 days of salt depletion and 3 days of salt
      loading in 96 normotensive control subjects and 40 hypertensive patients. These
      studies were done to test the hypothesis that salt-sensitive blood pressure
      changes are quantitatively related to sodium balance. However, we found no
      statistically significant relation between arterial pressure changes and sodium
      lost during salt depletion or retained during salt loading. The failure of that
      hypothesis prompted a study of the known factors that control arterial pressure
      by using multidimensional response surface modeling for changes produced by salt
      loading. The analysis indicated that in these experiments salt-sensitive blood
      pressure changes of hypertensive patients were controlled differently than those
      of normotensive subjects. In the hypertensive group, the changes were highly
      predictable by combinations of variables, which featured plasma aldosterone,
      norepinephrine, and epinephrine. In the normotensive group, the changes were less
      predictable; fewer of the factors were involved, and plasma renin activity was
      the featured variable. These findings and results of studies done over the past
      50 years indicate that salt-dependent hypertension is controlled by many factors
      and is not a strict correlate of salt intake.

PMID- 2661427
TI  - Erythrocyte sodium transport and blood pressure in white subjects.
AB  - The mechanisms that define the relation between blood pressure and sodium
      handling are not yet well understood. Although several abnormalities in sodium
      transport have been associated with hypertension, a link between the blood
      pressure of normotensive subjects and the erythrocyte sodium-potassium adenosine
      triphosphatase pump, the principal sodium transporter of sodium, has not been
      previously demonstrated. Data from independent measurements of erythrocyte
      intracellular sodium, ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux, and the number of sodium
      pump sites per red blood cell were used to calculate a second-order rate constant
      for ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux. Among 20 normotensive white subjects, this
      rate constant correlated significantly (p less than 0.005) with mean arterial
      blood pressure. A significant correlation was not observed between the rate
      constant and the blood pressure of 22 hypertensive subjects. A hypothesis is
      proposed, which suggests that the sodium efflux rate constant of erythrocytes is
      related to the control of sodium reabsorption via the sodium pump of the renal
      tubules and that an elevated erythrocyte rate constant may be associated with
      chronic increased sodium reabsorption, which leads to volume expansion and the
      development of hypertension.

PMID- 2661428
TI  - Role of molecular biology in hypertension research. State of the Art lecture.
AB  - In this article we will examine the potential impact of molecular biology on
      hypertension research. We will review the available molecular techniques, which
      include gene cloning, transient and stable expressions, as well as the use of
      transgenic animals. To facilitate our discussion, we will focus primarily on
      research of the renin gene. Renin provides a useful model that illustrates the
      power of biotechnology in providing detailed structural and biochemical
      information on a complex protein that exists in low quantities in vivo. Studies
      of its messenger RNA and gene expression have resulted in an improved
      understanding of the biology of the renin system and in generating new
      hypotheses. These approaches can be generalized to studies of other vasoactive
      hormones, contractile protein, and other gene products related to cardiovascular
      regulation. To elucidate the role of a specific gene in genetic hypertension, we
      will discuss the use of genetic markers in cosegregation or linkage analysis.
      Finally, we will examine the potential of transgenic animals in the study of
      regulation of gene expression in the whole animal and the contribution of
      selective genes to hypertension. We believe that molecular biology complements
      the biochemical and physiological approaches and provides new opportunities for
      furthering our concept of hypertension mechanisms.

PMID- 2661429
TI  - Combined renin and converting enzyme inhibition in rats.
AB  - The effects of combined renin inhibition and converting enzyme inhibition on mean
      arterial pressure and the plasma renin-angiotensin system were studied in
      conscious rats. In sodium-replete rats the infusion of the renin inhibitor
      CP71362 (100 micrograms/kg/min) decreased blood pressure by 13 +/- 1 mm Hg (p
      less than 0.0001), reduced plasma renin activity to undetectable levels, but did
      not lower plasma angiotensin II. In rats treated chronically with enalapril (30
      mg/kg/day), CP71362 decreased blood pressure by an additional 5 +/- 2 mm Hg (p
      less than 0.025) and reduced plasma renin activity and angiotensin II
      concentrations to undetectable levels. The effects of renin inhibition were also
      tested under conditions where the renin-angiotensin system was stimulated. In
      rats on a low sodium diet, CP71362 decreased blood pressure by 15 +/- 2 mm Hg (p
      less than 0.0001), a decrease similar to that in rats on a normal diet. Plasma
      renin activity was decreased below detectable limits, but plasma angiotensin II
      concentrations were not reduced. In rats on a low sodium diet treated chronically
      with enalapril, CP71362 did not further decrease blood pressure although
      angiotensin II levels were significantly reduced. An additive effect of combined
      converting enzyme and renin inhibition on blood pressure lowering and inhibition
      of plasma angiotensin II was found in rats anesthetized with Inactin.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661430
TI  - Renin inhibitor and converting enzyme inhibitors suppress vascular angiotensin
      II.
AB  - The direct effects of a renin inhibitor, N-acetyl-pepstatin and five angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors, captopril and the active diacid forms of enalapril,
      ramipril, cilazapril, and CS-622, on the vascular renin-angiotensin system were
      examined in isolated perfused rat mesenteric arteries. Vascular renin activity
      and angiotensin II (Ang II) released into the perfusate were determined. Infusion
      of N-acetyl-pepstatin (5 X 10(-8)-5 X 10(-6) M) suppressed vascular renin
      activity and Ang II release dose dependently. Isoproterenol (10(-6) M) induced a
      135 +/- 30% increase in Ang II release from the basal value. N-Acetyl-pepstatin
      (5 X 10(-6) M) suppressed isoproterenol-induced Ang II release. Infusions of 5 X
      10(-6) M captopril and the diacid forms of enalapril, ramipril, cilazapril, and
      CS-622 by themselves had little effect on Ang II release, but concomitant
      infusion of isoproterenol with these angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
      significantly decreased Ang II release (71 +/- 21%, 51 +/- 40%, 8 +/- 21%, 69 +/-
      24%, and 44 +/- 29% increase, respectively, from the basal values). These results
      indicate that N-acetyl-pepstatin suppresses the vascular renin-angiotensin
      system. This effect may in part contribute to the hypotensive actions of renin
      inhibitors. Although angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors also suppress
      locally generated Ang II, the mechanism and physiological significance still
      remain to be clarified.

PMID- 2661431
TI  - Plasma renin activity and albumin excretion in teenage type I diabetic subjects.
      A prospective study.
AB  - Plasma renin activity (PRA) may be high among teenage and young adult insulin
      dependent diabetic subjects. Supine PRA and stimulated PRA were therefore
      measured in 50 female and 50 male diabetic subjects, 13-20 years old, diagnosed
      before the age of 16. Fifty percent have been restudied after 4.6 +/- 0.2 (mean
      +/- SEM) years. Initially, 43% had high PRA (supine 4.0 +/- 0.37, stimulated
      12.02 +/- 0.8 ng/ml/hr angiotensin I), 45% had normal activity (supine 2.89 +/-
      0.26, stimulated 6.47 +/- 0.34 ng/ml/hr/angiotensin I), and 12% had low activity
      (supine 1.57 +/- 0.05, stimulated 3.09 +/- 0.08 ng/ml/hr/angiotensin I). Levels
      were directly associated with prepubertal duration of diabetes and were inversely
      associated with duration of diabetes after onset of puberty but not with total
      duration or patient age. Within 4.6 +/- 0.2 years the percentage of subjects with
      high PRA fell to 13%, and the percentage of those with low PRA rose to 35%.
      Initially 51% of the cohort had normal albumin excretion rates (AER) at rest and
      during exercise equal to or less than 10 micrograms/min/m2; 32% had elevated
      rates only during exercise of 39 +/- 5 micrograms/min/m2; 13% had elevated rates
      at rest of 41 +/- 8 micrograms/min/m2 and during exercise of 116 +/- 21
      micrograms/min/m2; and 4% had clinical proteinuria at rest and during each
      exercise period equal to or greater than 150 micrograms/min/m2. After 5 years,
      58% continued to have normal AER, or their AER improved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661432
TI  - Role of kidney dopamine in the natriuretic response to volume expansion in rats.
AB  - It has been postulated that endogenously produced dopamine (DA) may play a role
      in the regulation of renal sodium excretion. In the present study, experiments
      were designed to test the hypothesis that acute volume expansion with isotonic
      sodium chloride stimulates the production of DA within the kidney, which in turn
      acts on specific DA1 receptors to promote sodium excretion. In pentobarbital
      anesthetized rats, acute volume expansion over a period of 1 hour evoked a
      pronounced increase in urine output and urinary sodium excretion. These diuretic
      and natriuretic effects were not accompanied by any significant changes in blood
      pressure or heart rate. However, there was a significant elevation in central
      venous pressure and a transient rise in glomerular filtration rate. The
      natriuretic and diuretic response was accompanied by a significant increase in
      urinary DA excretion, and this effect was clearly dissociated from the rise in
      glomerular filtration rate. In a separate group of rats, the effects of acute
      volume expansion were studied in the presence of selective DA1 receptor
      antagonist SCH-23390 (50 micrograms/kg i.v. bolus; 10 micrograms/kg/min). During
      DA1 receptor blockade, there was a marked attenuation in the diuretic and
      natriuretic response throughout the period of volume expansion, when compared
      with that in the control group. The changes in central venous pressure and
      glomerular filtration rate were identical in the two groups. In another group of
      rats, the renal effects of exogenously administered DA were studied. DA (0.5
      micrograms/kg/min) produced significant increases in urine output and urinary
      sodium excretion, without causing any alterations in blood pressure or glomerular
      filtration rate, suggesting a tubular site of action.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2661433
TI  - Pathogenesis of weight-related changes in blood pressure in dogs.
AB  - We have previously shown that weight gain in the dog results in an increase in
      blood pressure. To study the pathogenesis of the rise in blood pressure
      associated with weight gain, we compared the serial changes in blood pressure,
      body weight, sodium balance, plasma volume, and three hormones known to affect
      sodium balance (norepinephrine, insulin, and aldosterone) in seven dogs fed a
      high fat diet for 6 weeks and seven dogs fed a control diet. The sodium content
      of both diets was equal. During a 2-week control period, no differences were
      noted between the two groups. Weight gain was associated with a progressive
      increase in blood pressure (mean pressure increased by 18.5 +/- 2.1 mm Hg in the
      high fat group) and plasma volume (plasma volume increased from 1,426 +/- 202 to
      2,053 +/- 250 ml in the high fat group). Sodium retention occurred after 1 week
      of the high fat diet and persisted. Over the 6-week period, the dogs on the high
      fat diet increased their cumulative sodium balance by 2,024 +/- 462 meq versus an
      increase of only 289 +/- 97 meq for the dogs on the control diet. In the high fat
      diet group of dogs, there was a significant relation between change in cumulative
      sodium balance and the change in blood pressure and plasma volume. After 1 week
      of the high fat diet, norepinephrine was the only hormone that significantly
      increased from baseline. Over the next 5 weeks norepinephrine increased no
      further, whereas fasting insulin and aldosterone progressively
      increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661434
TI  - Hemodynamic and humoral effects of the new renin inhibitor enalkiren in normal
      humans.
AB  - The effect of the renin inhibitor enalkiren (Abbott-64662) was evaluated in eight
      normal volunteer subjects on a standardized sodium diet (100 mmol/day) by
      measurement of various components of the renin-angiotensin system and drug levels
      in plasma. On day 1, vehicle and doses of 0.001, 0.003, and 0.01 mg/kg i.v. were
      administered within 2 minutes at 90-minute intervals. On day 2, vehicle and doses
      of 0.01, 0.03, and 0.1 mg/kg i.v. were given. With the higher doses, blood
      pressure tended to decrease slightly with no change in heart rate. Plasma renin
      activity and plasma angiotensin-(1-8)octapeptide (angiotensin II) fell markedly
      in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of plasma renin activity was maximal 5
      minutes after administration of the drug and persisted 90 minutes after the doses
      of 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg. Not surprisingly, there was a close correlation between
      plasma renin activity and plasma angiotensin II levels (r = 0.81, n = 28, p less
      than 0.001). In contrast, active and total renin measured directly by monoclonal
      antibodies rose in dose-related fashion in response to renin inhibition.
      Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the plasma drug concentrations
      obtained up to 6 hours after the 0.1 mg/kg dose. By means of a two-compartment
      model, plasma mean half-life of the drug was estimated at 1.60 +/- 0.43 hours.

PMID- 2661435
TI  - Hemodynamic and biochemical consequences of renin inhibition by infusion of CGP
      38560A in normal volunteers.
AB  - Hemodynamic and biochemical effects of the new renin inhibitor CGP 38560A
      (molecular weight 826) were tested in 15 healthy volunteers after a single-blind,
      randomized, placebo-controlled protocol. At a 2-week interval, groups of five
      subjects received a 30-minute infusion of either 5% dextrose or CGP 38560A 50,
      125, or 250 micrograms/kg. Blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity,
      active and total renin, angiotensin-(1-8)octapeptide (angiotensin II), and
      aldosterone were sequentially measured up to 3 hours from the onset of the
      infusion. There was no consistent change in blood pressure or heart rate. Plasma
      renin activity and angiotensin II decreased dose dependently, and peak
      suppression was observed at the end of the infusion of CGP 38560A and after the
      250-micrograms/kg dose. Plasma renin activity fell from 1.0 +/- 0.19 (mean +/-
      SEM) to less than 0.05 ng/ml/hr in all five subjects (p less than 0.001), and
      angiotensin II fell from 7.7 +/- 1.2 to 2.6 +/- 0.9 femtomole/ml (p less than
      0.01). Active renin rose fourfold from 24 +/- 1.9 to 98 +/- 14 pg/ml (p less than
      0.001) at the end of the infusion of the high dose. Plasma angiotensin II
      returned toward its initial values much faster than plasma renin activity and
      active renin. In conclusion, CGP 38560A was well tolerated. It induced a dose
      dependent decrease in angiotensin II and plasma renin activity and a long-lasting
      and dose-dependent rise in active renin. The doses used did not reduce plasma
      angiotensin II maximally despite reduction of plasma renin activity to
      unmeasurable levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661436
TI  - Immunopharmacological studies on Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Part VI:
      Effect on anaphylactic activation events in rat peritoneal mast cells.
AB  - Mechanism of inhibition of mast cell anaphylaxis by P. kurroa-extract (PK)
      treatment in rats was investigated. Mast cell-IgE binding, assessed from
      induction of passive sensitization, was not affected. Calcium-independent early
      activation events in mast cell anaphylaxis indicated on inhibitory influence of
      PK-treatment. Inhibition of membrane-protease release by PK-treatment was
      suggested by study of gastric secretion and exhibition of saturable synergism
      with Di-isopropyl fluoro phosphate on inhibition of anaphylactic degranulation.
      pH-independence of mast cell stabilizing effect negates any PK-influence on
      phospholipid transmethylation. The results complement findings of earlier studies
      on indirect effects of PK through alteration of membrane structure/function.

PMID- 2661437
TI  - Infectious complications after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with and
      without T-cell depletion of donor marrow.
AB  - The infectious complications during different time intervals after allogeneic
      bone marrow transplantation (BMT) (day 0 to day 30, 31 to 100, 101 to 365, 366 to
      730) were reviewed in 67 adult patients, 27 of whom received transplants without
      T-cell depletion (TCD) using methotrexate or cyclosporin A for prophylaxis of
      graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and 40 of whom received donor marrow with TCD
      using the monoclonal anti-lymphocyte antibody campath-1 and human complement. The
      use of TCD reduced the incidence and severity of GvHD significantly (p less than
      0.01), but was associated with an increased rate of graft rejections. During all
      time intervals patients with TCD had a similar, lower or statistically
      significantly lower number of bacterial, fungal or viral infections and a
      statistically significantly lower number of lethal infections (p = 0.05) as
      compared with patients without TCD. This finding might be explained by the fact
      that with TCD immunological reconstitution can take place unimpaired by GvHD or
      its prophylaxis or treatment, resulting in a decreased incidence of infections.

PMID- 2661438
TI  - Three-step empiric treatment for severely neutropenic patients with fever:
      ceftazidime--vancomycin--amphotericin B.
AB  - In a prospective study 50 febrile episodes in severely neutropenic patients
      (neutrophils less than 500/mm3) were empirically treated with ceftazidime
      monotherapy. If no response was seen after 48 h, vancomycin was added. After
      another 72 h period, patients with persisting fever additionally received
      amphotericin B. In 29 episodes (58%) patients became afebrile with ceftazidime
      monotherapy. Another seven patients (14%) responded to the addition of vancomycin
      and five patients (10%) needed amphotericin B to become afebrile. A success of
      the study drugs without modification was seen in 40 episodes (80%), success with
      modification in three episodes (6%) and failure in six episodes (12%). One
      patient died of myocardial infarction. No other death occurred during the two
      week observation period after entering the study. Though there were two gram
      negative isolates resistant to ceftazidime, these patients were successfully
      treated with modification. It is concluded that the response-adapted additive
      sequence of ceftazidime, vancomycin and amphotericin B is an effective approach
      towards febrile episodes in severely neutropenic patients.

PMID- 2661439
TI  - Adjuvant fosfomycin medication in chronic osteomyelitis.
AB  - The therapeutic effectiveness of adjuvant therapy with fosfomycin was studied in
      a prospective clinical trial of 60 patients suffering from chronic post-traumatic
      osteomyelitis. The patients were aged between 17 and 78 years (mean 37.4 years).
      The chronic osteomyelitis was predominantly located in the tibia (43 patients)
      and in the femur (13 patients). Most of the pathogens isolated were
      Staphylococcus aureus (42%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (19%), Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa (12%), streptococci (7%) and enterococci (5%). The pathogens isolated
      from the osteomyelitic foci were sensitive to fosfomycin. Fosfomycin
      concentrations in bone samples were determined in 19 patients. In the group of
      patients receiving initially 5 g fosfomycin, bone concentrations ranged between
      119.4 and 451.2 mg/l of interstitial fluid. In the group of patients receiving
      initially 10 g fosfomycin, bone concentrations ranged between 117.1 and 3684.2
      mg/l of interstitial fluid. The mean MIC90 values of the isolated pathogens
      ranged between 2 and 64 mg/l (S. aureus and Escherichia coli 2 mg/l, Proteus
      vulgaris 8 mg/l, streptococci groups A and B 32 mg/l and coagulase-negative
      staphylococci, enterococci and P. aeruginosa 64 mg/l). The outcome of treatment
      was assessed after a minimum of seven and a maximum of 53 months (mean 37
      months). The results were: very good 54.7%, good 3.8%, satisfactory 15.1% and
      unsatisfactory 26.4%.

PMID- 2661440
TI  - Newly delineated periodontal pathogens with special reference to selenomonas
      species.
AB  - Many new species have been isolated from subgingival periodontal pockets, for
      example Wolinella recta and Bacteroides forsythus, reflecting better basic
      microbiological techniques. Other species were created from existing species as a
      result of better characterization methods, i.e. Bacteroides buccae and
      Bacteroides oris. We can recognize different types of periodontal disease and can
      find differences relating to the progressive compared to inactive lesions. Data
      illustrated in this presentation suggest that potential pathogens within new
      species include B. forsythus, W. recta and quite probably Selenomonas noxia.
      Methods that are rapid and sensitive for these new species include the use of
      protein profiles determined using SDS-PAGE, and DNA probes.

PMID- 2661441
TI  - Newly recovered and delineated microbial species of the human genital tract.
AB  - Several new genitourinary Bacteroides species and the new Mobiluncus/Falcivibrio
      have been described since 1977. The normal vaginal flora consists mainly of
      lactobacilli and other "non-pathogenic" aerobes and anaerobes. Under unknown
      circumstances, organisms may increase in number, displacing the normal
      lactobacillus flora and raising the vaginal pH. This renders a more favourable
      biotope for organisms with a pH optimum in the neutral or alkaline range.
      Overgrowth of Gardnerella, Bacteroides, B-streptococci and Mobiluncus/Falcivibrio
      is indicative of vaginosis, which is not a typical sexual disease, but may be
      sexually transmitted. Proper treatment includes the male partner. No overall
      valid therapy exists, but metronidazole is the drug of choice if Bacteroides or
      Gardnerella form the disturbed flora, and beta-lactams are the drugs of choice
      when Mobiluncus or aerobes are involved.

PMID- 2661442
TI  - Evolution in antibiotic susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group strains in
      France based on periodic surveys.
AB  - Anaerobic antibiotic susceptibility testing with standardized methods enabled the
      authors to speculate on the evolution of antibiotic resistance within the
      Bacteroides fragilis group strains. Cefoxitin resistance was stable (0-5%) until
      1985 and gradually increased later. Clindamycin resistance emerged in 1980 with a
      stable 10% resistance rate until 1986. An increase in clindamycin resistance
      developed in three institutions in 1987. No change was detected for imipenem and
      metronidazole, while piperacillin resistance increased since 1986. A comparison
      of antibiotic resistance rates is discussed for anaerobes in different countries.

PMID- 2661443
TI  - [L-tryptophan in pre-delirium and delirium conditions].
AB  - The effect of the serotonin precursor l-tryptophan on delirium and pre-delirium
      states was studied in a prospective study on 32 patients. Patients were given 3
      infusions each containing 2.5 g l-tryptophan, a day for at least 7 days. The
      status of the patients was examined with the Mini Mental State Examination, the
      SCAG (Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric Scale) and a sleep/awake observation
      sheet. These showed that the patients experienced significant trends toward
      improvement. Relevant side effects and interactions were not observed. The
      application of supplemental tranquilizers could be reduced and in 5 cases it was
      not necessary at all. It was only necessary to apply l-tryptophan for longer than
      7 days in 4 of 32 patients. Furthermore, under this medication no patient in a
      state of predelirium at delivery into the hospital developed full delirium
      tremens.

PMID- 2661444
TI  - Clinical experience with a new pulsatile pump for infant and pediatric
      cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - A pulsatile pump of new concept has been developed for infant and pediatric
      cardiopulmonary bypass (cpb) (Parenzan-Fumero pump). A segment of elastic tubing
      is compressed by a pneumatically driven pushing plate under control of a
      microprocessor. Flow parameters such as pulse rate and stroke volume can be set.
      The pump can be synchronized with the patient's ECG for counterpulsation heart
      assist. A total of 87 open-heart procedures were performed using randomly either
      a conventional roller pump or the Parenzan-Fumero pump (respectively 39 and 48
      patients). A previously published cpb protocol and anesthetic regimen were
      adopted in all cases. The results show increased cooling and rewarming rate (p
      less than 0.05) and urinary output, decreased vascular resistance, intensive care
      unit time and need for blood transfusion in the pulsatile group compared to the
      continuous perfusion group. In the pulsatile group, mortality was significantly
      lower (10.4% vs 25.6%) and low cardiac output syndrome was less frequent in the
      post-operative course.

PMID- 2661445
TI  - Efficacy of a new needleless insulin delivery system monitoring of blood glucose
      fluctuations and free insulin levels.
AB  - A new insulin delivery system Vitajet has been invented which involves a high
      pressure spring and obviates the use of needle injections. To study its efficacy
      we compared blood glucose fluctuations, integrated glycemia, free insulin and
      total free insulin concentrations in six insulin-dependent diabetics. After
      obtaining a steady state of carbohydrate metabolism overnight by feedback control
      through the artificial endocrine pancreas (AEP) Biostator, the patients received
      their usual morning and evening doses of insulin by either conventional injection
      or Vitajet in random order. Blood glucose levels were significantly lower after
      Vitajet than conventional injections (p less than 0.04) between 10 a.m. and 4
      p.m., but the difference disappeared from 4 p.m. onwards. The areas under the
      curve (AUCs) of glucose fluctuations were lower after Vitajet (28036 +/- 4655 vs
      31086 +/- 2310 mg. min% mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.01). AUCs for free insulin
      concentrations (microU.min/ml) were close: 39286 +/- 4510 (Vitajet) vs 30597 +/-
      3575 (conventional). It is concluded that Vitajet constitutes an efficient
      needleless route for administering insulin pulses.

PMID- 2661446
TI  - The changing role of echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of
      infective endocarditis.

PMID- 2661447
TI  - A comparison of the relative safety of phenylpropanolamine, acetaminophen,
      ibuprofen and aspirin as measured by three compendia.
AB  - A comparison was made among phenylpropanolamine, aspirin, acetaminophen and
      ibuprofen in terms of their relative safety, as measured by adverse reaction
      reports published since 1980, the five semiannual reports published by the Drug
      Abuse Warning Network during 1984-1986 and annual reports from Poison Control
      Centers from 1983-1986. On each of the three measures, phenylpropanolamine had
      the fewest reported adverse reactions.

PMID- 2661448
TI  - Caretakers of the skin and their therapies, 1700-1870. A time of transition in
      Northern Germany.

PMID- 2661449
TI  - Lyme disease.

PMID- 2661450
TI  - Genital warts. Current status.

PMID- 2661451
TI  - John Wesley's primitive physic. An easy and natural method of curing most
      diseases.

PMID- 2661453
TI  - Statistics in dental journals and dental education. Some comments and a selected
      bibliography.

PMID- 2661452
TI  - Cutaneous pathology in toxic shock syndrome.
AB  - The pathologic findings in the skin in a new case of toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
      are detailed and are discussed in view of previously reported data on TSS in the
      literature. Necrolysis of keratinocytes at different levels of the epidermis in
      combination with a predominantly perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate were
      characteristic features in lesional skin biopsy specimens obtained 5 days after
      the onset of acute illness and during the development of erythroderma with
      purpura and diffuse intravasal coagulation. Prominent vascular changes in the
      skin, which have not been reported before in TSS, were excited endothelial cells
      in combination with the presence of thrombi in the superficial capillaries.
      Histopathologic investigations of the dermatitis in TSS can be helpful in
      differentiating this syndrome from other acute toxic skin eruptions.

PMID- 2661454
TI  - The philosophy of extraction in orthodontics. 1966.

PMID- 2661455
TI  - Law, professional ethics and the problem of conflict with personal values.
AB  - There are, on occasions, instances in which a nurse may not agree with a given
      medical order of prescribed treatment. This is particularly likely in cases
      involving the use of extraordinary means of lifesaving treatments on chronically
      or terminally ill patients. In such instances, the nurse may either (1) refuse to
      carry out the given medical order(s) or (2) refuse/decline to care for the
      patient in question (e.g. the nurse may instead request to be assigned a
      different patient in an attempt to avoid a personal dilemma). In cases where
      medical orders stand to violate the law, a nurse's refusal to carry out the
      medical order(s) in question might be seen to be fully justified; where medical
      orders violate nothing more than a philosophical or personal sense of right and
      wrong, however, justification for refusing to carry out such orders may not seem
      so defensible. Below, the author critically examines the above questions in
      relation to a real-life scenario. It should be noted that while brief reference
      will be made to one or two legal considerations, the author's primary intention
      is to argue a philosophical-moral position, not a legal one; therefore no apology
      will be made for omitting certain other legal considerations or points which
      critics might contend ought to be included in the ensuing discussion.

PMID- 2661456
TI  - Fertilization in Paramecium: processes of the nuclear reorganization.

PMID- 2661457
TI  - Characteristics of microtubules at the different stages of neuronal
      differentiation and maturation.
AB  - The developing nervous system has proved to be a very powerful tool to analyze
      how MT are involved in basic biological processes such as cell proliferation,
      cell migration, cell shaping, and transport. A better knowledge of the basic
      events occurring during neurogenesis also affords us the possibility of
      establishing the basis of experiments and trying to solve unanswered and
      important questions. Despite the considerable value of cell culture, we need to
      use more discrete regions of the developing brain in situ in order to analyze the
      MT and their modifications into cells developing their "natural" environment. One
      major problem remains the question of the mode of assembly and disassembly, that
      is, the behavior of MT in living cells. Dynamic instability and/or treadmilling
      are accurate interpretations of the dynamics of MT at least in vitro or in cell
      culture, but we do need more information on what happens in situ and in vitro.
      One of the main tasks of cell biologists is to devise satisfactory tests to
      approach this fundamental question. In this view, pharmacological manipulation of
      embryos treated in whole-embryo culture systems might be a possible way.
      Microtubules are ubiquitous cell components. However, the extensive heterogeneity
      of MAP and tubulin in the CNS confers on the neurons a wide range of capabilities
      of assembly of these proteins and suggests that the neuron has a unique potential
      of a relation between MT composition and cell function. We have seen that each
      major event during neurogenesis is related to a specific series of modifications
      of the MT components. It remains to be determined if there is a causal or just a
      correlative relationship between the appearance of specific isotypes and the
      occurrence of specific events and/or functions. We have also to determine the
      exact spatial and temporal relations among the different isotypes of MT proteins,
      tubulin, and MAP. Is there a close correspondence between a tubulin and a MAP
      isotype? Can the appearance of one isotype of tubulin influence the appearance
      and the assembly of a specific MAP, or vice versa? Recent results obtained with
      the Tyr- and Glu-MT shed light on these questions and suggest a whole series of
      possibilities for cells to modulate the structure, behavior, and function of MT
      in specific domains of the neuron or in specific regions of the brain, by only a
      minute modification of the molecule of tubulin. Microtubule protein heterogeneity
      raises also a number of questions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2661458
TI  - Epithelium-capillary interactions in the eye: the retinal pigment epithelium and
      the choriocapillaris.

PMID- 2661460
TI  - [General aspects of diagnostic errors].

PMID- 2661459
TI  - Generation of cell diversity during early embryogenesis in the nematode
      Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Caenorhabditis elegans zygotes undergo a series of four differentiative divisions
      to generate 5 somatic founder cells and a germ-line progenitor cell by the 16- to
      24-cell stage of embryogenesis. The pattern of divisions, cell positions, and
      development of the embryonic cells are invariant from embryo to embryo. Through a
      combination of embryo manipulation, treatment of embryos with pharmacologic
      agents, and genetic analysis of maternal-effect embryonic-lethal mutants,
      researchers in several laboratories have investigated when and how cell
      differences are generated and cell fates are specified during embryogenesis: 1.
      Most blastomeres develop in a cell-autonomous manner. They do not need to undergo
      cell division and they do not require their normal neighbors to express
      differentiation products characteristic of their lineage. In embryos in which
      specific cells have been ablated, the fates of neighboring cells do not change to
      compensate for the missing cells. These observations suggest that most embryonic
      cells are determined by lineally transmitted internally segregated information.
      2. There is at least one clear-cut example of inductive interactions during early
      development. The anterior daughter of AB gives rise to hypodermis, neurons,
      pharyngeal muscles, and body wall muscles. Interactions between ABa cells and P1
      derived blastomeres are required between the 4- and 28-cell stage for ABa to
      generate pharyngeal and body wall muscles. ABa appears to be directed to generate
      hypodermis by internally segregated cues and directed to generate muscle by
      external cues. 3. Certain of the early internal segregation events require the
      participation of microfilaments. Disruption of the microfilament array leads to
      the missegregation of germ granules and of the potential of cells to undergo
      unequal germ-line-like divisions. Microfilaments may be involved in many other
      segregation events as well. 4. Several maternal-effect lethal mutants also
      perturb zygotic segregation events. These par mutants, which divide symmetrically
      and fail to segregate germ granules, may identify genes whose products interact
      with microfilaments or otherwise participate in cytoplasmic localization during
      the early divisions.

PMID- 2661461
TI  - [Erroneous assessment of cardiac diseases].

PMID- 2661462
TI  - [Diagnostic errors in pneumology].

PMID- 2661463
TI  - [Rheumatologic diagnostic errors].

PMID- 2661464
TI  - [Frequent diagnostic errors in findings of the kidneys and urinary tract].

PMID- 2661465
TI  - [Anemia requiring transfusion and amenorrhea in a 23-year-old patient desiring
      children].

PMID- 2661466
TI  - [Acute interstitial nephritis caused by 5-aminosalicylic acid?].

PMID- 2661467
TI  - [Chronic increased cholestasis parameters and sonographic echogenic round liver
      lesions in a clinically healthy male].

PMID- 2661468
TI  - [Atherosclerosis--prevention and drug therapy].

PMID- 2661469
TI  - [Risk factors and prevention of cardiovascular diseases].

PMID- 2661470
TI  - [Epidemiologic and biochemical studies of n-3 fatty acids in the prevention of
      atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2661471
TI  - [Antihypertensive therapy in secondary prevention of atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2661472
TI  - [Atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2661473
TI  - [Kidney diseases and increased occurrence of atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2661474
TI  - [Lipid-lowering drugs in preventing atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2661475
TI  - [Prevention with thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors in cardiovascular
      indications].

PMID- 2661476
TI  - [Prevention of ischemic cerebral infarct].

PMID- 2661477
TI  - [Continuous subcutaneous desferrioxamine injection in primary idiopathic
      hemochromatosis with macrocytic anemia].

PMID- 2661478
TI  - [A 21-year-old male with progressive body position-dependent cyanosis following 3
      corrective operations in tricuspid valve atresia].

PMID- 2661479
TI  - 5-Fluorouracil radiation sensitization--a brief review.
AB  - 5-Fluorouracil (FUra) has emerged as the most promising clinical radiosensitizer
      now available. FUra's capacity to render human cells more sensitive to x-rays was
      established soon after its synthesis. However, the recognition that the drug's
      unusual pharmacology dictated explicit scheduling requirements in man was not
      realized until recently when work in the author's laboratory identified the extra
      cellular drug concentration X time factors necessary to create the intra-cellular
      radiosensitive state. Subsequent clinico-pharmacologic investigations led to the
      realization that only prolonged continuous infusions combined with appropriately
      fractionated, cyclical radiation therapy would maximize the clinical utility of
      this approach. Infused FUra radiation-sensitization therapy reaches its maximum
      efficacy against the squamous-transitional cancers. This group of human
      malignancies comprises about 15% of all human cancers. Preliminary data also
      suggests substantial promise in the local/regional control of rectal and breast
      cancers. Infused FUra used as a radiosensitizer has the potential to eliminate
      the need for about 90% of all radical cancer surgery.

PMID- 2661480
TI  - Cellular pharmacology of fluorinated pyrimidines in vivo in man.
AB  - Fluorinated pyrimidines, particularly 5-fluorouracil (FUra), have been the
      subject of intense and almost continuous basic and clinical study since
      development in the late 1950's by Dr. Charles Heidelberger. Despite this
      intensive effort, the most important mechanisms by which FUra influences tumor
      growth in individual cancer patients and the therapeutically optimum method of
      administration of the drug alone and in combination with other drugs or ionizing
      radiation continue to be questions of interest. This article reviews aspects of
      the study of FUra pertinent to the thesis that for this drug as for other agents
      used to treat human cancers, data on intracellular concentrations of drug and
      metabolites as a function of dose, schedule of administration and time are needed
      for correlation with effects on tumor proliferation if a rational basis for
      individualization of therapy is to be achieved. A preliminary description of
      ongoing studies of the tissue concentrations of FUra and metabolites in human
      colorectal carcinoma and in adjacent normal bowel after rapid injection and after
      24-hour infusion of radiolabelled pharmacologically active doses of FUra is
      included as one approach to learning more about the cellular pharmacology of
      fluorinated pyrimidines.

PMID- 2661481
TI  - 5-Fluorouracil containing combinations in murine tumor systems.
AB  - 5-FUra is a familiar member of a variety of clinically useful regimens. Examples
      include: Cytoxan-Adriamycin-5-FUra (CAF); Methotrexate-Prednisone-Vincristine
      Cytoxan-5-FUra (the Cooper regimen); and CisDDPt-5-FUra. In addition to its
      clinical utility, over 20 different 5-FUra-combinations have been reported to be
      therapeutically synergistic in experimental systems. In this report, we will
      attempt to evaluate the reasons behind the widespread utility of this agent in
      combination therapy and suggest future directions for research efforts.

PMID- 2661482
TI  - In vivo 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a potential monitor of 5
      fluorouracil pharmacokinetics and metabolism.
AB  - In vivo 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has the potential to
      non-invasively measure the concentration of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) and some of its
      metabolites in humans. Such a measure could be useful in predicting and
      optimizing the response of individual patients treated with FUra. The ability of
      19F NMR to monitor FUra metabolism in situ in rodent tumors and liver and in
      human liver has been demonstrated. However, the potential impact of this
      technique as a predictor of FUra response in individual patients is limited by
      both the sensitivity (i.e., limit of detection) and the resolution (i.e., ability
      to distinguish among magnetically similar metabolites) of NMR. To date, the
      ability of in vivo 19F NMR spectroscopy to provide information that can
      distinguish FUra-sensitive from FUra-insensitive tumors has not been established.
      This crucial point should be addressed in the immediate future in studies using
      the best of experimental conditions (i.e., optimum sensitivity and resolution in
      well-defined rodent tumor models with NMR methodology appropriate for measurement
      of absolute metabolite concentrations). The information gained from such studies
      and any new technical developments to enhance in vivo NMR sensitivity should be
      directly applicable to any future application of 19F NMR spectroscopy in clinical
      FUra therapy.

PMID- 2661483
TI  - Design of some nucleic acid antimetabolites: expectations and reality.
AB  - 3'-Azido-2'3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), a thymidine analogue with potent
      antiretroviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro, has
      been shown to confer a clinical benefit in patients with advanced acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Other 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides, e.g., 2',3'-dideoxy
      cytidine and 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, block the infectivity of HIV against
      helper/inducer T cells in vitro and protect the cell against the cytopathic
      effect of the virus. The majority of these antiretroviral agents were synthesized
      more than twenty years ago as analogues of physiologically important
      deoxynucleosides in the quest of a more effective cancer chemotherapy. None of
      the synthetic analogues manifested significant activity when screened against
      L1210 leukemia in BDF mice despite the fact that the phosphorylation reactions,
      crucial to the activation of the 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides, are catalyzed by
      kinases of appropriate target cells. However, the 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside
      triphosphates, relative to corresponding deoxynucleotides, have a reduced
      affinity for DNA polymerase alpha, an enzyme that has key DNA synthetic and
      repair functions in the life of a cell. In contrast, HIV reverse transcriptase,
      like host cellular DNA polymerase beta (a repair enzyme) and gamma (a
      mitochondrial enzyme), is much more susceptible to the inhibitory effects of the
      dideoxynucleotides. This would explain the activity of the fradulent nucleotides
      at low concentrations against pathogenic retroviruses vis a vis the low cytoxic
      activity observed with these agents as anti-leukemia drugs.

PMID- 2661484
TI  - Biochemical mechanisms in colon xenografts: thymidylate synthase as a target for
      therapy.
AB  - Growth of human adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum in immunoincompetent mice
      has allowed for a greater understanding of the interaction of 5-fluorouracil, its
      metabolism, and mechanism(s) of cytotoxicity under conditions of tumor growth in
      situ. Conversely, this agent has proven to be a useful tool in defining metabolic
      characteristics in human colon adenocarcinomas. Analysis of tumor sensitivity to
      5-fluorouracil (FUra),5-fluorouridine (FUrd) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd)
      suggests that growth inhibition in vivo is related to a DNA-directed event.
      Resistance, de novo appears to be a consequence of relatively transient
      inhibition of the target enzyme thymidylate synthase (dTMP-synthase), which may
      be a consequence of low concentrations of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (CH2
      H4PteGlu) or its polyglutamate forms within tumor cells in situ. In order to
      study the relationship between inhibition of dTMP-synthase and growth inhibition,
      mutant cells deficient in their ability to salvage dThd have been selected, and
      grown as xenografts. Data suggest that transient inhibition of dTMP-synthase and
      not dThd salvage is responsible for resistance de novo, and that prolonged
      inhibition of dTMP-synthase would be a lethal event in vivo. This would predict
      that a cell lacking dTMP-synthase activity would not be tumorigenic. This has
      been tested directly by selecting clones of GC3 colon adenocarcinoma cells
      deficient in dTMP-synthase (TS-) activity. Preliminary data indicate that each of
      3 TS- clones is tumorigenic in athymic nude mice. The importance of dTMP-synthase
      as a target for drug development is discussed with respect to these findings.

PMID- 2661485
TI  - Clinical trials with fluorinated pyrimidines in patients with head and neck
      cancer.
AB  - While it is estimated to be one of the most prevalent cancers in the world,
      cancer of the head and neck is an uncommon malignant tumor in the United States
      and accounts for only 5% of all malignancies. Head and neck cancer is a term that
      encompasses heterogeneous groups of patients. The most common histologic type is
      the squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer of the oral cavity is the most common site
      among the head and neck tumors. The majority of patients (70-80%) present with
      locally advanced (Stage III and IV) cancer. The standard treatments of surgery
      and/or radiotherapy have a high cure rate for patients with early disease (Stages
      I or II), but not for patients with locally advanced tumors. Local recurrence and
      persistent disease occur in more than 60% of patients present with advanced
      cancer, and approximately 10%-20% of all patients develop distant metastases.
      Chemotherapy is usually used for palliation in patients with recurrent and
      metastatic head and neck cancer at which time these patients have failed the
      definitive therapy of surgery and/or radiotherapy and the chances for salvage is
      almost nil. With the identification of more active cytotoxic agent(s) and
      combinations, chemotherapy is being investigated as part of multi-modality
      treatment in patients with previously untreated and locally advanced head and
      neck cancer.

PMID- 2661487
TI  - RBRVS: four perspectives.

PMID- 2661486
TI  - Cancer of the esophagus: the Wayne State University experience.
AB  - The rationale for the preoperative therapy for cancer of the esophagus is
      described. The first trial with infusion FUra mitomycin-c and radiation performed
      at Wayne State University (WSU) is described. The dramatic responses were
      duplicated when cisplatin was substituted for mitomycin. Moreover, survival was
      improved over the mitomycin-c trial. These neoadjuvant trials led to a third WSU
      clinical trial in which the neoadjuvant therapy became the definitive therapy.

PMID- 2661488
TI  - RBRVS debate continues.

PMID- 2661489
TI  - Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 as an enteric pathogen in
      Irish children.
AB  - In this study sorbitol MacConkey agar was used to screen E. coli isolated from
      894 children with diarrhoea. Thirty-four non-sorbitol fermenters were detected.
      On serotyping, three organisms belonged to the O157 serogroup. Only one of these
      possessed the H7 antigen. This organism was a verotoxin producer. These findings
      suggest that E. coli O157:H7 is an uncommon enteric pathogen in Irish children.

PMID- 2661490
TI  - Intra abdominal rupture of first trimester cervical pregnancy.
AB  - A case of cervical pregnancy resulting in intra abdominal rupture in the first
      trimester is reported. The clinical features of this rare cause of uterine
      rupture are outlined. Pathological examination of the uterus showed placenta
      percreta.

PMID- 2661491
TI  - Allopathy--the therapeutic legacy.

PMID- 2661492
TI  - Hadamar, Hippocrates, and the future of medicine: reflections on euthanasia and
      the history of German medicine.

PMID- 2661493
TI  - Electromyographic assessment of spasticity.
AB  - We define the concept of muscle tone and describe the signs and symptoms of its
      alteration in spasticity. In assessing muscle tone it is important to consider
      all the inputs and outputs affecting it, using biomechanical-EMG techniques for
      measuring active tone. We list the various features of the myotatic and defence
      reflexes that are altered in spastics and analyze the altered parameters in
      relation to the tonic reflexes. The degree of displacement, the position from
      which it is initiated and the velocity of displacement constitute a specific,
      sensitive and reliable criterion. We report the results of a personal study of
      these reflexes and of the shortening reflexes.

PMID- 2661494
TI  - Two familial cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Italy.
AB  - Two familial Italian cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are reported. Clinical
      picture and life history are presented and compared: 1) with the findings in
      familial cases reported in other countries, 2) with the findings (age at onset,
      disease duration) in sporadic Italian cases.

PMID- 2661495
TI  - Nocardial infections in Israel: a survey.
AB  - Six cases of pulmonary nocardiosis and 11 cases of cutaneous and soft tissue
      nocardiosis have been reported in Israel since 1965. All three pathogenic
      species, Nocardia asteroides, N. brasiliensis and N. caviae, were implicated.
      About one-half of the patients were immunosuppressed at the time of diagnosis.
      Three patients died. The importance of a high level of awareness is emphasized as
      well as the need to observe cultures for a few weeks to allow for the slow growth
      of Nocardia species.

PMID- 2661496
TI  - Corticosteroids in sepsis and septic shock: has the jury reached a verdict?
AB  - Mortality from septic shock remains high, despite early diagnosis, comprehensive
      care and monitoring, and intensive therapy. The use of high-dose corticosteroids
      as adjunctive therapy in septic states has been extensively debated in the
      literature, but no clear consensus has been reached. Main sites of action where
      corticosteroids can theoretically interfere with the pathophysiologic processes
      activated by sepsis have been identified. Early clinical studies and extensive
      animal research generated much enthusiasm for the use of steroids in sepsis and
      septic shock. Recently, however, well-designed clinical studies have consistently
      failed to show a beneficial effect of corticosteroid use in septic states. After
      re-examining the theoretical basis for the use of steroids, possible side
      effects, experimental results and clinical trials, it is concluded that, based
      upon current knowledge, high-dose corticosteroids should not be used as
      adjunctive therapy in human sepsis and septic shock.

PMID- 2661498
TI  - Cauliflower growths in ulcers of leprosy--a question of malignancy.

PMID- 2661497
TI  - The Cathcart elliptical orthocentric endoprosthesis. A long-term clinical and
      radiographic study.
AB  - In 1971 Cathcart proposed the use of an elliptical head for the femoral
      endoprosthesis, based on his anatomical studies which had proved that the normal
      femoral head is elliptical and not spherical. Important biomechanical studies
      have also shown that the periacetabular trajectory system also assumes an
      elliptical gothic arch shape during stress loading (Fischer and Olivier, 1979).
      The authors therefore decided to use an elliptical head because it improves
      lubrication and therefore nourishment of the acetabular cartilage, and because it
      better distributes the load. Between 1977 and 1987 121 endoprostheses were
      implanted, of which 92 were followed up after an average of 5 years. The follow
      up showed that good results may be obtained with this type of prosthetic head,
      and in particular that there was almost no acetabular erosion and only a moderate
      decrease in the joint space. These results show that the elliptical head is
      better adapted to the acetabulum during load as compared to the spherical head,
      and is therefore better at safeguarding the osteoarticular structures with which
      it articulates. The authors therefore regard it as superior not only to the
      spherical head, but also to the so-called bipolar double-hinge prostheses.

PMID- 2661499
TI  - Presentation of Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
AB  - Since the first reports of unusual opportunistic infections and Kaposi's Sarcoma
      (KS) in homosexual men in New York and California, attention has been focused on
      a new epidemic: The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). One manifestation
      of this disease is Kaposi's Sarcoma. Usually a rare tumor, it occurs with a high
      incidence in patients with AIDS. In this paper Kaposi's Sarcoma as it appears in
      AIDS will be examined.

PMID- 2661500
TI  - [A comparison of immunohistologic technics in dermatopathology].
AB  - With the increasing use of immunohistological techniques in the diagnosis of skin
      diseases, the question of appropriate techniques becomes more and more important.
      In this study the ABC (avidin-biotin-peroxidase-complex)-technique, the IGSS
      (immunogold-silver-staining)-technique and the APAAP (alkaline phosphatase anti
      alkaline phosphatase)-technique are described. Antigenic determinants are
      demonstrated in frozen and paraffin-embedded sections with monoclonal and
      polyclonal antibodies, lectins and protein A. Sensitivity, reliability,
      application and handling of these techniques and their suitability for double
      labelling are compared. The ABC-technique is easy to handle, as sensitive as the
      other techniques, and gives good results with mono- and polyclonal antibodies,
      lectins and protein A in paraffin-embedded sections. The APAAP-technique yields
      good results when monoclonal antibodies are used in frozen sections. Similar
      results are obtained with the IGSS-technique, which also gives good results with
      polyclonal antibodies, lectins and protein A.

PMID- 2661501
TI  - [Demonstration of S 100 protein in malignant melanoma of the skin. Pattern of
      distribution and significance for determination of tumor thickness].
AB  - Paraffin sections of 110 histologically proven malignant melanomas were incubated
      with a polyclonal antibody against S-100-protein. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase
      technique was used. A positive reaction was found in 109 cases. The staining
      pattern was inhomogeneous, suggesting heterogeneity within the tumor. The tumor
      thickness was measured in HE sections and corresponding sections that had been
      incubated with an antibody against S-100 protein. The results were as follows:
      48.5% of the melanomas incubated with anti-S-100 protein showed a greater tumor
      thickness than the HE sections. The deviation between the two criteria was 15%.
      Four cases with the histological diagnosis of "melanoma in situ" showed S-100
      positive cells within the subepidermal inflammatory infiltrate. Incubating
      sections of malignant melanoma with anti-S-100-protein facilitates the
      recognition of neoplastic cells within the inflammatory infiltrate.

PMID- 2661502
TI  - [Femorogluteal manifestation of lymphogranuloma venereum].
AB  - We report on a case of lymphogranuloma venereum in a 40-year-old man who acquired
      the disease while on vacation in Tunisia. After 4 years, a fibrosing, fistulating
      inflammation developed in an atypical distribution that involved the scrotum,
      perineum, and left gluteal and upper femoral regions; the disease progressed
      because of insufficient therapy. The diagnosis was established on serological
      examination, and treatment with doxycycline (2 x 100 mg for 4 weeks) improved the
      chronic inflammatory process.

PMID- 2661503
TI  - [Lentigo maligna and naevus pigmentosus et pilosus in oil paintings at the
      National Gallery in London].
AB  - Two paintings from the National Gallery's collection in London were used in an
      attempt to diagnose dermatologic disease.

PMID- 2661504
TI  - Subperoxisomal localization of glycolate oxidase.
AB  - The subperoxisomal distribution of glycolate oxidase (GO) in leaves and
      cotyledons of several plants was investigated using post-embedding immunogold
      labelling. In peroxisomes with amorphous nucleoids, all of the immunolabelling is
      associated with the matrix of the peroxisome, even in tissue embedded in
      Lowicryl, a resin that preserves antigenicity best. This same staining pattern
      was found after cytochemical staining for GO activity with cerium. In peroxisomes
      with crystalline inclusions, the inclusions are only lightly labelled, compared
      with the densely-labelled matrix. Cytochemical reactions are noted between the
      units of the crystal in these peroxisome types. Because cytochemical reactions
      for catalase are concentrated in the amorphous nucleoid and crystalline
      peroxisomal inclusions, the general lack of immunogold staining of GO and other
      peroxisomal proteins indicate that catalase may be the major (or in some cases
      the exclusive) constituent of these peroxisomal inclusions.

PMID- 2661505
TI  - Discrimination of antibodies against antigens of different MHC loci in human sera
      by monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of leukocyte antigens.
AB  - To detect human antibodies against antigens of different major histocompatibility
      complex loci, particularly of class II specificity, a newly developed enzyme
      immunoassay for platelet antibodies was adapted for the use of lymphocytes as
      target cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T
      cells, or Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells were simultaneously incubated
      with a monomorphic class- or locus-specific monoclonal antibody and the human
      antibody to be investigated. After solubilization, cell lysates were transferred
      to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tray coated with a goat anti-mouse Ig
      antibody. Following immobilization of the monoclonal antibody/antigen complexes,
      human major histocompatibility complex antibodies were detected by addition of
      enzyme-labeled goat anti-human Ig. By means of this technique human antibodies
      against different major histocompatibility complex molecules present in the same
      sample could be clearly distinguished. Application of the monoclonal antibody
      specific immobilization of lymphocyte antigens assay is presented by several
      examples. Of these, identification of DP-specific antibodies as well as
      serological DP typing are of particular interest.

PMID- 2661506
TI  - Current indications for magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance is a well-established imaging modality for CNS, but it's
      utility for visualizing the rest of the body has not been appreciated fully or
      exploited yet. The authors believe that MRI will become one of the primary
      imaging modalities for the body during the next several years. Current and future
      indications for magnetic resonance imaging of the body are discussed.

PMID- 2661507
TI  - Malingering.
AB  - Malingering adds to the cost of medicine. Unnecessary tests, exhaustive
      evaluations, and repeated referrals are part of the cost. In noneconomic terms,
      malingering erodes trust and confidence in the physician-patient relationship.
      This article explores means whereby the physician can detect the malingerer. Once
      the physician is convinced of the disingenuous nature of the symptoms,
      intervention is indicated. Suggestions for confronting the malingerer are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2661508
TI  - Somatization disorder.
AB  - Somatization disorder (SD) is a syndromatic classification that allows a
      physician to identify more easily patients with a lifelong history of chronic
      subjective physical complaints that are unverified by objective examinations
      either at the time of initial presentation or during the subsequent five years.
      The somaticizing process is believed to be an expression of emotional distress.
      The most common complaints of SD patients include recurrent pain (site and
      quality vary), conversion (pseudoneurologic) symptoms, nervousness or depression
      (or both), sexual and marital discord, and, often, menstrual difficulties. Such
      patients will generally have a history of repeated hospitalization or surgery.
      These symptoms are not perceived as mild or unimportant but lead to physician
      consultation, prescription drug use, and modification of life-style. Such
      patients are prone to "doctor-shopping" and self-medication and are at risk for
      many iatrogenic illnesses. Because they generally are resistant to psychologic
      explanations for their condition, management aimed at protecting them from the
      consequences of their behavior is important. A heightened threshold for
      instituting aggressive diagnostic and treatment procedures is necessary.

PMID- 2661509
TI  - Crohn's disease (regional enteritis) in association with Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - It has long been known that Crohn's disease may occur in association with certain
      forms of malignancy, specifically adenocarcinoma and lymphoma of the bowel and
      carcinoma of the vulva and perianal area. Here, the authors report the rare
      occurrence of extraintestinal Hodgkin's disease in a patient with documented
      regional enteritis of five years' duration. They propose explanations for this
      unusual combination of disease, reported in the literature only once previously,
      and review the pathophysiology of lymphoma and regional enteritis.

PMID- 2661510
TI  - LL-E19085 alpha, a novel antibiotic from Micromonospora citrea: taxonomy,
      fermentation and biological activity.
AB  - A new antibacterial antibiotic, designated LL-E19085 alpha, was isolated from the
      fermentation broth of an actinomycete strain. Based on cultural, physiological,
      morphological and chemical characteristics, culture LL-E19085 was identified as a
      new subspecies of Micromonospora citrea. Antibiotic LL-E19085 alpha demonstrated
      potent activity against a spectrum of Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic
      bacteria.

PMID- 2661511
TI  - Karnamicin, a complex of new antifungal antibiotics. I. Taxonomy, fermentation,
      isolation and physico-chemical and biological properties.
AB  - A complex of new antifungal antibiotics designated karnamicin was isolated from
      the cultured broth of Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes No. N806-4. Fifteen
      components have so far been isolated from the complex; the major component
      karnamicin B2 was identified by X-ray crystallography to be a novel molecule
      unrelated to known antibiotics. All components of karnamicin exhibited a rather
      broad spectrum of activity against fungi and yeasts with MICs ranging from 3.1 to
      50 micrograms/ml.

PMID- 2661512
TI  - Studies on penem antibiotics. II. In vitro activity of SUN5555, a new oral penem.
AB  - The new oral penem antibiotic SUN5555 shows broad antibacterial activity against
      both aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. SUN5555 is
      highly stable against various beta-lactamases. It binds preferentially to the
      penicillin-binding proteins 2 and 1A of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2661513
TI  - A model proposing synaptic and extra-synaptic influences on the responses of
      cochlear nerve fibres.
AB  - A unique property of sensory coding in the vertebrate auditory system is the
      existence of the classical form of excitatory centre-inhibitory surround in
      relative spike rate along the stimulus frequency dimension, in addition to a
      representation of temporal fine structure of high frequency periodic stimuli in
      the discharge pattern of primary afferent spike trains. We present a model which
      designates three factors that influence rate and temporal synchrony in spike
      responses; an excitatory factor, a suppressive factor and a synchronizing factor.
      The model proposes that an essential integration of bioelectric signals occurs in
      the primary afferent fibre. It is presumed that mean spike rate depends on mean
      level of membrane depolarization and synchronization depends on periodic
      modulation of membrane potential at the spike initiating zone. In the model, the
      excitatory factor is synaptically-mediated, excitatory post-synaptic potential
      (e.p.s.p.); the suppressive factor is negative DC polarization of the fibre
      membrane and the synchronizing factor is AC modulation of the fibre membrane
      potential. It is proposed that both the negatively-polarizing and high-frequency
      modulating signals are derived from extracellular current flow in the cochlea.

PMID- 2661514
TI  - Failure of photoperiod to alter body growth and carcass composition in beef
      steers.
AB  - In each of two experiments, 70 crossbred steers were blocked by BW and assigned
      to initial slaughter groups or to treatments in a 2 x 2 design. In Exp. 1,
      treatments were 168 d of photoperiod (8 h of light [L]:16 h of dark [D] or
      16L:8D) and plane of nutrition (high energy [HPN] or low energy [LPN]). On d -22,
      67 and 155, blood was sampled every 20 min for 8 h. Relative to LPN, HPN
      increased (P less than .01) ADG by 28%, carcass weight by 26% and accretion of
      carcass fat by 109% and carcass protein by 20%. On d 155, compared with LPN, HPN
      increased (P less than .01) serum insulin (INS; 1.09 vs .64 ng/ml) and lowered (P
      less than .05) growth hormone (GH; 2.14 vs 3.70 ng/ml), but prolactin was not
      affected. Photoperiod did not affect BW gains, carcass composition or serum
      hormones. In Exp. 2, treatments were 113 d of photoperiod (8L:16D or 16L:8D) and
      Synovex-S implant (presence [IMP] or absence [NONIMP]). On d 93, blood was
      sampled every 30 min for 10 h. Relative to NONIMP, IMP increased (P less than
      .01) ADG by 12% and accretion of carcass protein by 16%. Implants did not affect
      carcass weight or accretion of fat. Compared with NONIMP, IMP increased (P less
      than .05) GH (3.16 vs 2.39 ng/ml) and INS (.68 vs .46 ng/ml) but did not affect
      PRL. Photoperiod did not affect BW gain, carcass composition or serum hormones.
      We conclude that photoperiod fails to influence growth and carcass composition of
      steers.

PMID- 2661515
TI  - Using ultrasound technology to predict pork carcass composition.
AB  - Twenty market hogs were evaluated with real-time ultrasound both before and after
      slaughter. Fat measures (n = 9) were taken at various body locations along with
      the longissimus muscle area measurement at the 10th rib. After live ultrasound,
      the hogs were slaughtered and the unsplit carcasses were measured with ultrasound
      at the same live ultrasound locations. After chilling, carcass measures were
      taken at the same locations using a backfat probe for fat measures and a loin eye
      dot grid for measuring the longissimus muscle area. One side of each carcass was
      fabricated into the four lean cuts, which then were expressed as a percentage of
      the side weight. The most appropriate prediction equation found was a two
      variable equation (fat thickness at the anterior tip of gluteus medius and
      longissimus muscle area) with a R2 of .83 and a RSD value of 1.67. This
      prediction equation was verified on a different sample of 20 market hogs; actual
      vs predicted four lean cuts revealed that the prediction equation had a R2 of .63
      and a RSD value of 2.04. Although some accuracy and precision was lost when this
      live animal prediction equation was incorporated in market hog evaluation, this
      equation offers producers an objective mechanism for identifying carcass merit in
      live hogs.

PMID- 2661516
TI  - Effects of the oviduct and wheat germ agglutinin on enzymatic digestion of
      porcine zona pellucidae.
AB  - Seventy-two crossbred gilts were utilized to examine whether the oviduct rendered
      zona pellucidae resistant to protease digestion, whether the uterus reversed this
      resistance and whether such a uterine reversal was necessary for hatching.
      Oocytes were aspirated from follicles 22 to 28 h after onset of estrus (d 0);
      oviductal and uterine oocytes or embryos were collected on d 1 to 6. These
      oocytes and embryos were subjected to a solution containing .1% trypsin and .1%
      pronase (37 degrees C) for observation of zona pellucidae digestion. Zonae of
      oviductal oocytes were more (P less than .001) resistant to digestion than were
      follicular oocytes. Placement of follicular oocytes in oviducts for 30 min
      rendered zona pellucidae more (P less than .001) resistant to protease digestion
      than oocytes not exposed to oviductal secretions. Resistance of zona pellucidae
      to proteases, however, decreased (P less than .001) after entry into the uterus.
      Zonae of morulae retained in oviducts took longer (P less than .001) to digest
      than those recovered from the uterus. Blastocysts also were treated with wheat
      germ agglutinin (WGA; 50 micrograms/ml) for 40 min to determine whether
      artificial induction of zona resistance to enzymatic digestion affected the
      ability of embryos to hatch. Though WGA treatment delayed (P less than .001)
      enzymatic digestion of zona pellucidae, time from collection to hatching was not
      affected. This experiment indicated that the oviduct delayed enzymatic digestion
      of the zona pellucidae, whereas the uterus reversed this delay. The re
      establishment of enzyme susceptibility after uterine entry, however, appeared to
      be unrelated to the subsequent ability of blastocysts to hatch.

PMID- 2661517
TI  - Control of luteinizing hormone in postpubertal boars with large testes.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to investigate endocrine control of LH in
      postpubertal boars with large testes. Eight boars with the highest estimated
      paired testis weights from a line selected for large testes and nine boars from a
      line selected at random were used. Blood samples were collected over a 13-h
      period at weekly intervals for 4 wk. Samples were collected at 12-min intervals
      for 12 h before and 1 h after exogenous LHRH. Boars were bled when they were
      intact during the initial week. The second and third blood collections were 7 and
      14 d after castration. The fourth bleeding occurred 7 d after exogenous 17 beta
      estradiol (E2) replacement. In intact boars, mean LH was similar between boars
      from the two groups, but amplitude of pulses of LH was lower in intact boars with
      large testes than in boars from the control line. Maximum concentration of LH
      after administration of LHRH was less in boars with large testes than in boars
      from the control group. Seven days after castration, characteristics of LH
      measured did not differ between males from the two groups. However, 14 d after
      castration, amplitude of pulses of LH and maximum concentrations of LH after LHRH
      were less in males from the group with large testes than in males from the
      control group. After E2 administration, amplitude of pulses of LH tended to be
      lower in males from the group with large testes than in males from the control
      group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661518
TI  - Human arterial smooth muscle cells in culture: inverse relationship between
      proliferation and expression of contractile proteins.
AB  - Human arterial smooth muscle cells (hASMC) from explants of the inner media of
      uterine arteries were studied in secondary culture. We had previously found that
      these cells depend on exogenous platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) for
      proliferation in vitro. Deprivation of the serum mitogen(s) by culture in plasma
      derived serum or bovine serum albumin (BSA) caused a true growth arrest that was
      reversible upon reexposure to the mitogen(s). When added to serum-containing
      medium, heparin caused a reversible growth arrest which could be competed for by
      increasing concentrations of serum. In the current study we used a set of smooth
      muscle-specific actin and myosin antibodies to study the expression of
      contractile proteins in stress fibers under indirect immunofluorescence on hASMC
      in culture. Even in sparse culture, growth-arrested hASMC expressed stress fibers
      containing these actin and myosin epitopes. This was true irrespective of whether
      growth arrest was achieved by culture in media containing only BSA or a
      combination of heparin and whole blood serum. hASMC proliferating in whole blood
      serum in sparse culture did not express such stress fibers, as judged by
      immunofluorescent staining. This was true also for cells that were restimulated
      to proliferate in serum after a growth arrest. Utilizing a monoclonal antibody
      against a nuclear antigen expressed in proliferating human cells, we were able to
      demonstrate an inverse relationship between the expression of this antigen and
      the SMC-specific contractile proteins, respectively. Under these culture
      conditions, the reversible transition between dedifferentiated and differentiated
      hASMC was almost complete and terminated about 1 wk after the change in culture
      condition. We conclude that hASMC in vitro respond to exogenous PDGF by
      proliferation and dedifferentiation as a single population of cells. We also
      conclude that this modulation is reversible, because the cells become uniformly
      quiescent and differentiated when the mitogenic stimulus is blocked or removed.

PMID- 2661519
TI  - Serum glucocorticoids have persistent and controlling effects on insulinlike
      growth factor I action under serum-free assay conditions in cultured human
      fibroblasts.
AB  - The biological actions of insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) measured under
      serum-free assay conditions were found to be significantly influenced by prior
      subculture conditions for adult human fibroblasts. Glucocorticoids seemed to be
      the major medium variable affecting IGF-I action. IGF-I added to serum-free
      cultures had little or no effect on [14C]aminoisobutyric acid uptake or
      [3H]thymidine incorporation in human fibroblasts previously maintained in media
      containing serum with low glucocorticoid levels or in serum stripped of
      endogenous steroids. However, a 48-h preincubation with dexamethasone resulted in
      a marked synergistic increase in IGF-I stimulation of [14C]aminoisobutyric acid
      uptake and [3H]thymidine incorporation in these cultures. In contrast, IGF-I in
      serum-free medium seemed to be a potent mitogenic and metabolic stimulus for
      human fibroblasts which had been subcultured in media with a high glucocorticoid
      content, either endogenous or supplemented. After these culture conditions, a 48
      h preexposure to dexamethasone had no further enhancing effect on IGF-I action.
      Dexamethasone also potentiated IGF-I, insulin, and epidermal growth factor
      stimulation of fibroblast replication depending on the earlier subcultivation
      conditions. Thus, glucocorticoids are important modulators of IGF-I bioactivity
      in cultured human fibroblasts. Serum glucocorticoids can exert a profound
      influence on the biological phenomena measured in cell culture, even when the
      serum has been removed before the actual experiment, and must be carefully taken
      into account for accurate evaluation of the biological function of IGF-I and
      other growth factors.

PMID- 2661521
TI  - Learning disabilities.

PMID- 2661520
TI  - Autocrine-paracrine inhibition of growth hormone and prolactin production by GH3
      cell-conditioned medium.
AB  - In previous work we have shown that perifused GH3 cells exhibit spontaneously
      accelerating growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretory rates. This
      behavior contrasts with GH and PRL secretion rates that are decreasing or stable
      over the same 3-d period in static cell culture. We now report that GH3 cells
      maintained in serum-supplemented medium produce an autocrine-paracrine factor(s)
      which inhibits GH secretion in plate culture; PRL release is frequently reduced
      as well. The inhibitory effect of conditioned medium on GH secretion was
      concentration dependent, whereas PRL release was stimulated at low and inhibited
      at high concentrations over the same range. Extensive dialysis of conditioned
      medium using membranes with a molecular weight cut-off of 12,000-14,000 did not
      remove GH inhibition but produced a retentate that stimulated PRL secretion. Heat
      inactivation of conditioned medium did not abolish inhibition of GH release but
      did remove the PRL-stimulatory effect. IGF-I added to fresh culture medium did
      not reproduce the GH-inhibitory effects of conditioned medium. We conclude that
      GH3 cell secretory behavior in perifusion and plate culture systems may be
      partially explained by the production of an autocrine-paracrine factor: its
      accumulation in plate culture inhibits GH and PRL secretion whereas its removal,
      by perifusing medium, allows GH and PRL secretion to accelerate.

PMID- 2661522
TI  - Neurobiological correlates of learning disorders.
AB  - An anatomic pattern of (1) temporal lobe symmetry and (2) left more than right
      frontosylvian cortical anomalies has been documented in a small number of
      children with developmental disorders of reading. These alterations occur during
      embryogenesis and are the direct result of neither genetic factors nor perinatal
      stress. Underperformance in reading, writing, and other linguistic skills as well
      as visuo-spatial excellence may result from these changes. Related brain
      mechanisms may influence disorders affecting attention, arithmetic, and nonverbal
      learning. The suspected association between depressed mood and certain learning
      disorders raises the possibility of joint cause. Future work in learning
      disorders must define affective state precisely, specifically characterize
      learning disorder, and wisely apply technology to reveal anatomic, physiological,
      and metabolic correlates.

PMID- 2661523
TI  - Psychological and family problems associated with learning disabilities:
      assessment and intervention.
AB  - Learning disabilities not only interfere with academic tasks; they interfere also
      with all stages of psychosocial development as well as with peer and family
      interactions. It is not uncommon, therefore, for children and adolescents with
      learning disabilities to have psychological, peer, and family problems. These
      secondary difficulties must be recognized, correctly diagnosed, and treated.

PMID- 2661524
TI  - Educational interventions in learning disabilities.
AB  - Child psychiatrists and other mental health professionals play a key role in
      recognizing, diagnosing, and planning treatment for children and adolescents with
      learning disabilities. A review of educational issues related to diagnosis and
      educational interventions for the preschooler, elementary school child, and
      adolescent is presented.

PMID- 2661525
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of desipramine in children.
AB  - The effect of desipramine hydrochloride was studied in children who were treated
      for eating disorders (5), attention deficit disorder (13), or affective
      disturbance (3). Serial heart rate, blood pressure, ECG, and 24-hour ambulatory
      monitoring were recorded before treatment and at 4 and 8 weeks during treatment.
      Maximum dose of desipramine was 5 mg/kg/day, average 4.25. A 21% increase in
      heart rate and 2.5% increase in QTc at 4 weeks were sustained at 8 weeks. No
      dysrhythmias or clinically significant changes in blood pressure occurred.
      Desipramine is safe in children who have normal cardiovascular examinations and
      ECGs when used within the limits of the study design. The cardiovascular effects
      of desipramine should be kept in mind and monitored when patients are starting
      tricyclic antidepressant therapy such as desipramine.

PMID- 2661526
TI  - Inhibition of protein synthesis transiently stimulates initiation of
      minichromosome replication in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Replication of oriC-dependent minichromosomes was found to be transiently
      stimulated when protein synthesis was inhibited by the addition of
      chloramphenicol. Initiation of replication was also induced by amino acid
      starvation of relA mutant strains and a nutritional upshift. The results are
      explained on the basis that these treatments rendered RNA polymerase more
      available for participation in the initiation process. As a consequence, the oriC
      duplex may be transcriptionally activated to an open form, a necessary
      prerequisite for DNA polymerization.

PMID- 2661527
TI  - Accumulation of 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate by osmotically stressed
      Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - We found that exogenous morpholinopropanesulfonate (MOPS) is concentrated
      approximately fivefold in the free volume of the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli K
      12 (strain MG1665) when grown at high osmolarity (1.1 OsM) in two different media
      containing 40 mM MOPS. MOPS was not accumulated by E. coli grown in low
      osmolarity MOPS-buffered medium or in 1.1 OsM MOPS-buffered medium containing the
      osmoprotectant glycine betaine. Salmonella typhimurium LT2 did not accumulate
      MOPS under any condition examined. We infer that accumulation of MOPS by E. coli
      K-12 is not due to passive equilibration but rather to transport, possibly
      involving an as yet uncharacterized porter not present in S. typhimurium.
      Glutamate and MOPS were the only anionic osmolytes we observed by 13C nuclear
      magnetic resonance in E. coli K-12 grown in MOPS-buffered medium. The increase in
      positive charge accompanying the increase in the steady-state amount of K+ in
      cells shifted from low to high external osmolarity appeared to be compensated for
      by changes in the amounts of putrescine, glutamate, and MOPS. MOPS is not an
      osmoprotectant, because its accumulation did not increase cell growth rate.

PMID- 2661528
TI  - Control of transducer methylation levels in Escherichia coli: investigation of
      components essential for modulation of methylation and demethylation reactions.
AB  - During bacterial chemotaxis in Escherichia coli, adaptation is accomplished by
      reversible methylation of the transmembrane signal transducers. Methyl groups are
      added by the CheR protein in a slow response to attractants and removed by the
      CheB protein in response to repellents. The methylesterase activity of the CheB
      protein is modulated by a factor that is controlled in a global fashion
      throughout the cell. By controlling the level of expression of the cheR, cheB,
      and transducer genes with exogenous promoters on multicopy plasmids, we
      demonstrate that the modulating factor exists in stoichiometric concentrations
      relative to CheB protein and that the generation or efficacy of this factor
      requires the cheA and/or cheW gene products, suggesting that phosphorylation of
      the methylesterase by CheA may be involved in its global activation. We show that
      in the absence of any modulation of the CheB activity, the CheR methyltransferase
      activity is modulated in a local fashion at the transducers, most likely as a
      result of a conformational change in the transducer protein brought about by the
      binding of ligand, and does not require CheA or CheW.

PMID- 2661529
TI  - Isolation and characterization of isoprene mutants of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Isoprenoid compounds are found in all organisms. In Escherichia coli the isoprene
      pathway has three distinct branches: the modification of tRNA; the respiratory
      quinones ubiquinone and menaquinone; and the dolichols, which are long-chain
      alcohols involved in cell wall biosynthesis. Very little is known about
      procaryotic isoprene biosynthesis compared with what is known about eucaryote
      isoprene biosynthesis. This study approached some of the questions about
      isoprenoid biosynthesis and regulation in procaryotes by isolating and
      characterizing mutants in E. coli. Mutants were selected by determining their
      resistance to low levels of aminoglycoside antibiotics, which require an electron
      transport chain for uptake into bacterial cells. The mutants were characterized
      with regard to their phenotypes, map positions, enzymatic activities, and total
      ubiquinone content. In particular, the enzymes studied were
      isopentenyldiphosphate delta-isomerase (EC 5.3.3.2), farnesyldiphosphate
      synthetase (EC 2.5.1.1), and higher prenyl transferases.

PMID- 2661530
TI  - Purification and N-terminal sequence of the alpha subunit of antigen 43, a unique
      protein complex associated with the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Antigen 43 has been identified as a unique protein complex in the outer membrane
      of Escherichia coli. The complex contains two different polypeptides, alpha (Mr,
      60,000) and beta (Mr, 53,000), in equal stoichiometry (P. Owen, P. Caffrey, and
      L.-G. Josefsson, J. Bacteriol. 169:3770-3777, 1987). The alpha subunit was
      released in a water-soluble form upon heating of outer membranes to 60 degrees C
      and was purified to apparent homogeneity by gel filtration and ion-exchange
      chromatography. The purified protein was acidic (pI 4.6) and had a polarity of
      49.2%. The N-terminal sequence showed homology with the N termini of certain
      enterobacterial fimbrial subunits. In addition, antigen 43 underwent a reversible
      phase variation similar to that of type 1 fimbriae. By use of subunit-specific
      antisera, it was shown that the purified alpha subunit was capable of
      reassociating with the beta polypeptide. However, electron microscopic
      examination indicated that antigen 43 does not form a recognizable surface
      structure. The available evidence supports the view that antigen 43 is a complex
      consisting of a peripheral membrane protein (alpha) anchored to a subunit (beta)
      that is integral to the outer membrane.

PMID- 2661531
TI  - Escherichia coli derivatives lacking both alcohol dehydrogenase and
      phosphotransacetylase grow anaerobically by lactate fermentation.
AB  - Escherichia coli mutants lacking alcohol dehydrogenase (adh mutants) cannot
      synthesize the fermentation product ethanol and are unable to grow anaerobically
      on glucose and other hexoses. Similarly, phosphotransacetylase-negative mutants
      (pta mutants) neither excrete acetate nor grow anaerobically. However, when a
      strain carrying an adh deletion was selected for anaerobic growth on glucose,
      spontaneous pta mutants were isolated. Strains carrying both adh and pta
      mutations were observed by in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance and shown to
      produce lactic acid as the major fermentation product. Various combinations of
      adh pta double mutants regained the ability to grow anaerobically on hexoses, by
      what amounts to a homolactic fermentation. Unlike wild-type strains, such adh pta
      double mutants were unable to grow anaerobically on sorbitol or on glucuronic
      acid. The growth properties of strains carrying various mutations affecting the
      enzymes of fermentation are discussed in terms of redox balance.

PMID- 2661532
TI  - Klebsiella pneumoniae pulS gene encodes an outer membrane lipoprotein required
      for pullulanase secretion.
AB  - The product of the Klebsiella pneumoniae gene pulS, which is located downstream
      from the pullulanase structural gene (pulA), is essential for the cell surface
      localization and extracellular release of pullulanase in Escherichia coli K-12.
      pulS is transcribed in the opposite direction to pulA, from which it is separated
      by a region of 624 nucleotides. Although this latter region contains a new
      component of the maltose regulon, pulB, which is transcribed from the pulA
      promoter, it is not required for pullulanase synthesis or secretion. Unlike pulA
      and all other pullulanase secretion genes characterized so far, the expression of
      pulS is not induced by growth in the presence of maltose and is unaffected by
      mutations in the maltose regulator gene malT. The pulS gene product was
      identified as a ca. 12-kilodalton outer membrane lipoprotein. The
      characterization of PulS brings to three the number of identified proteins which
      are known to be required for pullulanase secretion in addition to the components
      of the signal sequence-dependent general protein export pathway.

PMID- 2661533
TI  - Localization of the ribosome-releasing factor gene in the Escherichia coli
      chromosome.
AB  - The ribosome-releasing factor (RRF) gene was localized at a position between 2
      and 6 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome by measuring the gene-dosage
      dependent production of RRF in various E. coli F' merozygotes. This position was
      confirmed and refined by using a nucleotide probe corresponding to a 16-amino
      acid sequence in RRF. It was found that the RRF gene was contained in pLC 6-32 of
      the Clark-Carbon Gene Bank. Restriction enzyme mapping of E. coli genomic DNA
      with the above probe led us to conclude that the RRF gene is situated in the 4
      min region, somewhere downstream (clockwise) of the elongation factor Ts gene,
      tsf. A pLC 6-32-derived DNA fragment which carries the RRF gene was found to
      contain a partial sequence of tsf. The exact location of the translational
      initiation site of the RRF gene was determined to be 1.1 kilobases downstream
      from the translational termination site of tsf. The RRF gene is designated frr.

PMID- 2661534
TI  - Thermoregulation-dependent expression of Yersinia enterocolitica protein 1
      imparts serum resistance to Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - Resistance to the bactericidal action of normal human serum is one of the
      characteristics of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica. This property is
      attributable to the virulence plasmid harbored by pathogenic strains of the
      species. Serum resistance in Y. enterocolitica is thermoregulated, and its
      expression correlates well with the presence of virulence plasmid-encoded outer
      membrane proteins. To further examine the biochemical basis underlying
      resistance, we cloned a large segment (ca. 30 kilobases) of virulence plasmid DNA
      and studied the expression of plasmid-encoded outer membrane proteins in a serum
      sensitive strain of Escherichia coli. The presence of the 160-kilodalton Y.
      enterocolitica-derived outer membrane protein 1 on E. coli transformants
      conferred a high degree of hydrophobicity, autoagglutinability, and resistance to
      serum killing. All of these properties were thermoregulated in E. coli with
      fidelity, suggesting that a functional thermoregulatory element was present in
      the cloned DNA. Elimination of protein 1 from the outer membrane of E. coli
      transformants by insertional inactivation of the structural gene with a Kanr gene
      cassette abrogated all of these properties and returned the serum-sensitive
      phenotype.

PMID- 2661535
TI  - Similarity of Escherichia coli propanediol oxidoreductase (fucO product) and an
      unusual alcohol dehydrogenase from Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - The gene that encodes 1,2-propanediol oxidoreductase (fucO) from Escherichia coli
      was sequenced. The reading frame specified a protein of 383 amino acids
      (including the N-terminal methionine), with an aggregate molecular weight of
      40,642. The induction of fucO transcription, which occurred in the presence of
      fucose, was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. In E. coli, the primary fucO
      transcript was approximately 2.1 kilobases in length. The 5' end of the
      transcript began more than 0.7 kilobase upstream of the fucO start codon within
      or beyond the fucA gene. Propanediol oxidoreductase exhibited 41.7% identity with
      the iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase II from Zymomonas mobilis and 39.5%
      identity with ADH4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These three proteins did not
      share homology with either short-chain or long-chain zinc-containing alcohol
      dehydrogenase enzymes. We propose that these three unusual alcohol dehydrogenases
      define a new family of enzymes.

PMID- 2661536
TI  - Reconstitution and properties of a coenzyme F420-mediated formate hydrogenlyase
      system in Methanobacterium formicicum.
AB  - Formate hydrogenlyase activity in a cell extract of Methanobacterium formicicum
      was abolished by removal of coenzyme F420; addition of purified coenzyme F420
      restored activity. Formate hydrogenlyase activity was reconstituted with three
      purified components from M. formicicum: coenzyme F420-reducing hydrogenase,
      coenzyme F420-reducing formate dehydrogenase, and coenzyme F420. The
      reconstituted system required added flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) for maximal
      activity. Without FAD, the formate dehydrogenase and hydrogenase rapidly lost
      coenzyme F420-dependent activity relative to methyl viologen-dependent activity.
      Immunoadsorption of formate dehydrogenase or coenzyme F420-reducing hydrogenase
      from the cell extract greatly reduced formate hydrogenlyase activity; addition of
      the purified enzymes restored activity. The formate hydrogenlyase activity was
      reversible, since both the cell extract and the reconstituted system produced
      formate from H2 plus CO2 and HCO3-.

PMID- 2661537
TI  - Identification of a umuDC locus in Salmonella typhimurium LT2.
AB  - The umuDC operon of Escherichia coli is required for efficient mutagenesis by UV
      light and many other DNA-damaging agents. The existence of a umuDC analog in
      Salmonella typhimurium has been questioned. With DNA probes to the E. coli umuD
      and umuC genes, we detected, by Southern blot hybridization, sequences similar to
      both of these genes in S. typhimurium LT2. We also confirmed that the presence of
      cloned E. coli umuD enhances the UV mutability and resistance of S. typhimurium.
      Our data strongly suggest that S. typhimurium contains a functional umuDC operon.

PMID- 2661538
TI  - Organization of the genes encoding [Fe] hydrogenase in Desulfovibrio vulgaris
      subsp. oxamicus Monticello.
AB  - The genes encoding the periplasmic [Fe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris
      subsp. oxamicus Monticello were cloned by exploiting their homology with the
      hydAB genes from D. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Hildenborough, in which this enzyme
      is present as a heterologous dimer of alpha and beta subunits. Nucleotide
      sequencing showed that the enzyme is encoded by an operon in which the gene for
      the 46-kilodalton (kDa) alpha subunit precedes that of the 13.5-kDa beta subunit,
      exactly as in the Hildenborough strain. The pairs of hydA and hydB genes are
      highly homologous; both alpha subunits (420 amino acid residues) share 79%
      sequence identity, while the unprocessed beta subunits (124 and 123 amino acid
      residues, respectively) share 71% sequence identity. In contrast, there appears
      to be no sequence homology outside these coding regions, with the exception of a
      possible promoter element, which was found approximately 90 base pairs upstream
      from the translational start of the hydA gene. The recently discovered hydC gene,
      which may code for a 65.8-kDa fusion protein (gamma) of the alpha and beta
      subunits and is present immediately downstream from the hydAB genes in the
      Hildenborough strain, was found to be absent from the Monticello strain. The
      implication of this result for the possible function of the hydC gene product in
      Desulfovibrio species is discussed.

PMID- 2661539
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of the gltX gene, encoding the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase of
      Rhizobium meliloti A2.
AB  - The gltX gene, coding for the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase of Rhizobium meliloti A2,
      was cloned by using as probe a synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to the
      amino acid sequence of a segment of the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. The codons
      chosen for this 42-mer were those most frequently used in a set of R. meliloti
      genes. DNA sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 484 codons,
      encoding a polypeptide of Mr 54,166 containing the amino acid sequences of an NH2
      terminal and various internal fragments of the enzyme. Compared with the amino
      acid sequence of the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli, the N-terminal
      third of the R. meliloti enzyme was strongly conserved (52% identity); the second
      third was moderately conserved (38% identity) and included a few highly conserved
      segments, whereas no significant similarity was found in the C-terminal third.
      These results suggest that the C-terminal part of the protein is probably not
      involved in the recognition of substrates, a feature shared with other aminoacyl
      tRNA synthetases.

PMID- 2661540
TI  - Cloning, sequencing, and mapping of the bacterioferritin gene (bfr) of
      Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - The bacterioferritin (BFR) of Escherichia coli K-12 is an iron-storage
      hemoprotein, previously identified as cytochrome b1. The bacterioferritin gene
      (bfr) has been cloned, sequenced, and located in the E. coli linkage map.
      Initially a gene fusion encoding a BFR-lambda hybrid protein (Mr 21,000) was
      detected by immunoscreening a lambda gene bank containing Sau3A restriction
      fragments of E. coli DNA. The bfr gene was mapped to 73 min (the str-spc region)
      in the physical map of the E. coli chromosome by probing Southern blots of
      restriction digests of E. coli DNA with a fragment of the bfr gene. The intact
      bfr gene was then subcloned from the corresponding lambda phage from the gene
      library of Kohara et al. (Y. Kohara, K. Akiyama, and K. Isono, Cell 50:495-508,
      1987). The bfr gene comprises 474 base pairs and 158 amino acid codons (including
      the start codon), and it encodes a polypeptide having essentially the same size
      (Mr 18,495) and N-terminal sequence as the purified protein. A potential promoter
      sequence was detected in the 5' noncoding region, but it was not associated with
      an "iron box" sequence (i.e., a binding site for the iron-dependent Fur repressor
      protein). BFR was amplified to 14% of the total protein in a bfr plasmid
      containing strain. An additional unidentified gene (gen-64), encoding a
      relatively basic 64-residue polypeptide and having the same polarity as bfr, was
      detected upstream of the bfr gene.

PMID- 2661541
TI  - Isolation of a sexual sporulation hormone from Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - Psi factor is a substance produced by Aspergillus nidulans that induces premature
      sexual sporulation. Chromatographic analysis of psi-active extracts showed that
      psi activity resides in several different forms. Two of the forms, psiA1 and
      psiB1, have been isolated and have been shown to have closely similar
      compositions. The most abundant form, psiA1, reacts with alcohols in acidic
      solution by the addition of one entire molecule of the alcohol. This reaction,
      which is reversible, suggests that psiA1 may be a lactone whose ring is opened by
      alcohol addition. At high concentration, psiA1 is antagonistic to the response
      exhibited by the other forms of psi, but this antagonism is lost by the alcoholic
      derivatives. At least one unpurified psi species can be converted to psiA1 by
      acid catalysis. We suggest that psiA1 may be the metabolic precursor of at least
      some of the other more active psi components and that this conversion during
      Aspergillus development may be part of the process that triggers sexual
      sporulation.

PMID- 2661542
TI  - Genetic analysis of transcriptional activation and repression in the Tn21 mer
      operon.
AB  - Transcription of the Tn21 mercury resistance operon (mer) is controlled by the
      toxic metal cation Hg(II). This control is mediated by the product of the merR
      gene, a 144-amino-acid protein which represses transcription of the structural
      genes (merTPCAD) in the absence of Hg(II) and activates transcription in the
      presence of Hg(II). We have used a mer-lac transcriptional fusion to obtain
      regulatory mutants in this metal-responsive system. Some mutants were defective
      in Hg(II)-induced activation while retaining repression function (a- r+), others
      were defective in repression but not activation (a+ r-), and some had lost both
      functions (a- r-). Mutations in three of the four cysteine residues of merR
      resulted in complete loss of Hg(II)-inducible activation but retention of the
      repressor function, suggesting that these residues serve as ligands for Hg(II) in
      the activation process. Other lesions adjacent to or very near these cysteines
      exhibited severely reduced activation and also retained repressor function. There
      were two putative helix-turn-helix (HTH) domains in merR, and mutants in each had
      very different phenotypes. A partially dominant mutation in the more amino
      terminal region of the two putative HTH regions resulted in loss of both
      activation and repression (a- r-), consistent with a role for this region in DNA
      binding. Mutations in the more centrally located HTH region resulted only in loss
      of Hg(II)-induced activation (a- r+). Lesions in the central and in the carboxy
      terminal regions of merR exhibited both Hg(II)-independent and Hg(II)-dependent
      transcriptional activation, suggesting that elements important in the activation
      mechanism may be widely distributed in this relatively small protein. The sole
      cis-acting mutant obtained with this operon fusion strategy, a down-promoter
      mutation, lies in a highly conserved base in the -35 region of the merTPCAD
      promoter.

PMID- 2661543
TI  - Isolation of a coaggregation-inhibiting cell wall polysaccharide from
      Streptococcus sanguis H1.
AB  - Coaggregation between Streptococcus sanguis H1 and Capnocytophaga ochracea ATCC
      33596 cells is mediated by a carbohydrate receptor on the former and an adhesin
      on the latter. Two methods were used to release the carbohydrate receptor from
      the gram-positive streptococcus, autoclaving and mutanolysin treatment. The
      polysaccharide released from the streptococcal cell wall by either treatment was
      purified by ion-exchange chromatography; this polysaccharide inhibited
      coaggregation when preincubated with the gram-negative capnocytophaga partner.
      After hydrolysis of the polysaccharide by hydrofluoric acid (HF), the major
      oligosaccharide of the polysaccharide was purified by high-performance liquid
      chromatography. By analysis of the HF hydrolysis of the polysaccharide and the
      purified oligosaccharide, this major oligosaccharide appeared to be the repeating
      unit of the polysaccharide, with minor components resulting from internal
      hydrolysis of the major oligosaccharide. Gas chromatography results showed that
      the oligomer was a hexasaccharide, consisting of rhamnose, galactose, and
      glucose, in the ratio of 2:3:1, respectively. By weight, the purified
      hexasaccharide was a fourfold-more-potent inhibitor of coaggregation than the
      native polysaccharide. Resistance to hydrolysis by sulfuric acid alone and
      susceptibility to hydrolysis by HF suggested that oligosaccharide chains of the
      polysaccharide are linked by phosphodiester bonds. Studies with a coaggregation
      defective mutant of S. sanguis H1 revealed that the cell walls of the mutant
      contained neither the polysaccharide nor the hexasaccharide repeating unit. The
      purification of both a polysaccharide and its constituent hexasaccharide
      repeating unit, which both inhibited coaggregation, and the absence of this
      polysaccharide or hexasaccharide on a coaggregation-defective mutant strongly
      suggest that the hexasaccharide derived from the polysaccharide functions as the
      receptor for the adhesin from C. ochracea ATCC 33596.

PMID- 2661544
TI  - Cloning of a carbofuran hydrolase gene from Achromobacter sp. strain WM111 and
      its expression in gram-negative bacteria.
AB  - A 14-kilobase-pair (kbp) EcoRI DNA fragment that encodes an enzyme capable of
      rapid hydrolysis of N-methylcarbamate insecticides (carbofuran hydrolase) was
      cloned from carbofuran-degrading Achromobacter sp. strain WM111. When used to
      probe Southern blots containing plasmid and total DNAs from WM111, this 14-kbp
      fragment hybridized strongly to a 14-kbp EcoRI fragment from the greater than 100
      kbp plasmid harbored by this strain but weakly to EcoRI-digested total DNA from
      Achromobacter sp. strain WM111, indicating that the gene for N-methylcarbamate
      degradation (mcd) is plasmid encoded. Further subcloning localized the mcd gene
      on a 3-kbp ScaI-ClaI fragment. There was little or no expression of this gene in
      the alternative gram-negative hosts Pseudomonas putida, Alcaligenes eutrophus,
      Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Achromobacter pestifer. Western blotting
      (immunoblotting) of the protein products produced by low-level expression in P.
      putida confirmed that this 3-kbp fragment encodes the two 70+-kilodalton protein
      products seen in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of
      purified carbofuran hydrolase.

PMID- 2661545
TI  - Use of the isocitrate dehydrogenase structural gene for attachment of e14 in
      Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - The e14 element appears to be integrated into the Escherichia coli K-12
      isocitrate dehydrogenase structural gene (icd). In being integrated, it replaced
      the last 52 codons of the gene with a closely related sequence. The two versions
      of the icd gene produce proteins of the same length but differ by 12 base
      substitutions that would cause two conservative amino acid replacements.

PMID- 2661546
TI  - Adequate treatment with imipramine in continuation treatment.
AB  - Maintenance treatment studies done with tricyclic antidepressants have used the
      equivalent of 150 mg or less of imipramine in prophylactic clinical trials. In an
      ongoing 3-year maintenance trial, the authors are using imipramine in dosages
      greater than 150 mg/day for both acute and continuation treatment (4 to 6 months)
      of recurrent depression in order to test the efficacy of this dosage level. Fifty
      seven depressed patients who received tricyclic drug treatment and interpersonal
      psychotherapy during the acute and continuation phases of the study tolerated
      this dosage level well (mean dose, 217 mg/day of imipramine), reported few
      adverse effects on a somatic symptom checklist, and demonstrated a high level of
      compliance as shown by plasma concentration/dosage (L/D) ratios. The authors
      found that the time course of the L/D ratio is associated with higher steady
      state plasma concentrations than those observed with similar dosages in shorter
      term tricyclic antidepressant treatment.

PMID- 2661547
TI  - Depression, heart disease, and tricyclic antidepressants.
AB  - Concern over the cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants has been
      long standing. Recently there have been a number of studies of the use of
      tricyclics in depressed patients with preexisting cardiac disease, specifically
      ventricular arrhythmias, impairment of left ventricular function, and conduction
      disease. The results have demonstrated that tricyclics are effective Class 1A
      antiarrhythmic drugs and that contrary to earlier expectations tricyclics do not
      have a deleterious effect on left ventricular function even in patients with
      severe preexisting left ventricular impairment, but that patients with bundle
      branch block are at increased risk to develop significant conduction
      complications when treated with a tricyclic. Further, patients with affective
      disorder may have a higher rate of mortality from cardiac disease compared with
      normal controls; recent data on heart rate variability abnormalities in depressed
      patients may be a first clue to the mechanism underlying that increased risk.

PMID- 2661548
TI  - Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of poststroke depression.
AB  - Depression is a serious complication of stroke. Although tricyclic
      antidepressants have well-established efficacy in the treatment of functional
      depression, they are not often used to treat depression following stroke. Studies
      have identified two types of depression in patients following stroke: major
      depression and minor depression. Longitudinal studies indicate that untreated
      major depression may last about 1 year, whereas untreated minor depression may
      last more than 2 years. Patients with depression who are not treated with
      antidepressant medication have been found to do more poorly on several measures
      of physical and cognitive rehabilitation than depressed patients who are treated.
      Two double-blind drug treatment studies of depression following stroke have been
      done. Although adverse side effects were reported in both studies, serious side
      effects were no more common in the active drug group than in the placebo group.
      Both studies, however, reported significantly better outcome, measured by
      depression scores or activities of daily living, in patients treated with
      nortriptyline or trazodone than in placebo-treated controls. Thus, although the
      use of antidepressant medication requires caution, the recognition and treatment
      of depression in patients who have had a stroke may result in a significant
      enhancement of both physical and cognitive recovery as well as emotional state.

PMID- 2661549
TI  - Tricyclic antidepressants for medically ill geriatric patients.
AB  - The author reviews available data on tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) use in
      medically ill geriatric patients and data from controlled trials performed with
      physically healthy but depressed geriatric patients. Although these data point to
      the conclusion that medical illness appears to limit the use of TCAs in elderly
      patients, such agents as nortriptyline, desipramine, and doxepin can be used
      effectively. Guidelines are suggested to assist the clinician when confronted
      with this often complex and challenging patient population.

PMID- 2661550
TI  - Tricyclic antidepressants: the whys and hows of therapeutic drug monitoring.
AB  - Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) is a cost
      effective tool that can improve both the safety and efficacy of TCA
      pharmacotherapy. By understanding the principles behind TDM, the physician can
      rationally interpret plasma TCA levels and avoid spurious results. The following
      features of TDM of TCAs are reviewed: (1) the relationships between TCA
      concentration in plasma and the multiple pharmacologic actions and clinical
      effects of TCAs, (2) the use of TDM to improve antidepressant efficacy while
      avoiding both cardiac and brain toxicity, (3) the protocol to follow when using
      TDM of TCAs and the rationale behind it, and (4) common laboratory errors that
      can be readily avoided but that could otherwise lead to spurious results.

PMID- 2661551
TI  - Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of alcoholism and drug abuse.
AB  - Although the frequent coexistence of substance abuse and depression is widely
      recognized, studies assessing the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants in
      patients who abuse alcohol and/or drugs have been problematic because of
      controversies about how to diagnose depression in this population, failure to
      measure plasma antidepressant levels, and inconsistent treatment outcome
      measures. Some studies have, however, demonstrated the effective use of specific
      tricyclic antidepressants in selected subgroups of substance abusers; for
      example, desipramine may facilitate initiation of cocaine abstinence, and doxepin
      may benefit certain opioid addicts. Although imipramine has shown only equivocal
      success in the treatment of alcoholics, preliminary studies of serotonin uptake
      inhibitors show some promise in this population. As research design in this field
      becomes more consistent, future studies may more clearly identify subgroups of
      chemically dependent patients who respond to specific antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 2661552
TI  - Studies on chemical synthesis of human cystatin A gene and its expression in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A synthetic gene containing the coding sequence for the human cysteine proteinase
      inhibitor, cystatin A, was obtained by enzymatic assembly of 20
      oligodeoxyribonucleotides which had been chemically synthesized by the solid
      phase phosphoramidite method. It was cloned into an Escherichia coli plasmid. The
      expression plasmid for cystatin A was constructed by introducing the synthetic
      gene downstream of the tac promoter of an E. coli plasmid which is a derivative
      of pKK223-3 with high copy number. The gene was expressed in E. coli JM109
      without IPTG-induction. The expression of cystatin A was detected by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the E. coli JM109 lysate, followed by
      immunoblotting using rabbit antiserum raised with human epidermal cystatin A and
      alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. The result showed that the
      molecular weight of the expression product is identical with that of the
      authentic protein and the antigenic properties are also the same. Furthermore,
      the expression product purified with a CM-papain Sepharose affinity column and
      FPLC system with a Mono-Q column showed the same inhibitory activity for various
      cysteine proteinases. Also, purified recombinant cystatin A was found to have
      identical amino acid composition, NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, and peptide
      map on reverse phase HPLC with those of the authentic inhibitor.

PMID- 2661553
TI  - Stoichiometry of the interaction of human plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor
      with subtilisin BPN'.
AB  - Interaction of human plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1PI) with
      subtilisin BPN' was assessed by spectrophotometric determination of the
      inhibitory capacity and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). During the course of incubation of the enzyme and the
      inhibitor (E : I = 1 : 7.5) at pH 8.0 about 17% of the enzyme activity which had
      been inhibited initially was regenerated, indicating a temporary type of
      inhibition. The results of the titration experiments indicate that 9.8 mol of the
      inhibitor is required to inhibit 1 mol of the enzyme completely. However,
      patterns of 5% disc SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions revealed only an
      equimolar complex (Mr80K) of alpha 1PI with the enzyme and no other higher Mr
      component than the native inhibitor (Mr 56K). On the other hand, complete
      dissociation of the complex occurred under reducing conditions, producing an
      enzymatically modified inhibitor. When 5 21% gradient slab SDS-PAGE was employed,
      no complex formation was observed under either reducing or non-reducing
      conditions. With the gradient gel system, dissociation of the equimolar complex
      produced different forms of the inhibitor, that is, regeneration of an intact
      alpha 1PI under non-reducing conditions and an enzymatically modified form under
      reducing conditions. All these results indicate that the complex formed between
      subtilisin BPN' and human alpha 1PI is not so stable as that of the inhibitor
      with bovine chymotrypsin and that no covalent bond may be involved in the complex
      formation. The results also indicate that human alpha 1PI is not an effective
      inhibitor of subtilisin BPN' and behaves like a substrate for the enzyme.

PMID- 2661554
TI  - A gonadotropin-releasing hormone-binding inhibitor from bovine ovaries.
      Purification and identification as histone H2A.
AB  - Bovine, ovine, rat, and human ovaries contain a protein defined as gonadotropin
      releasing hormone (GnRH)-like because it reversibly inhibits the high affinity
      binding of GnRH to rat ovarian membranes, but these same tissues contain little,
      if any, detectable GnRH. In the present study this GnRH-binding inhibitor (GnRH
      BI) was purified from bovine ovaries by a combination of reversed-phase high
      pressure liquid chromatography, cation-exchange, and gel filtration
      chromatography. Purification was monitored by analysis of GnRH-like activity in
      the highly specific rat ovarian membrane receptor assay. Amino acid composition
      and partial sequence analysis indicated that the purified ovarian GnRH-BI is
      histone H2A. Calf thymus histone H2A and the purified ovarian protein showed
      identical dose-dependent (ID50 = 2 microM), competitive, and reversible
      inhibitory effects on GnRH binding to rat ovarian membranes. The inhibitory
      effects could not be explained by charge interactions alone since spermine and
      spermidine at 10-fold higher concentrations did not inhibit GnRH binding.
      Furthermore, the effects showed specificity since EGF binding to rat ovarian
      membranes was not inhibited. It is possible that the inhibition of GnRH binding
      by the purified ovarian fraction was due to low level contamination by a highly
      active binding inhibitor. However, based on the variety of different purification
      procedures, the identical effects seen with histone H2A, and the absence of other
      proteins on gel electrophoresis, we conclude that the ovarian GnRH-BI is probably
      histone H2A.

PMID- 2661555
TI  - Metabolic studies on citrate synthase mutants of yeast. A change in phenotype
      following transformation with an inactive enzyme.
AB  - We have studied the growth on acetate, the metabolism of acetate enzymes, and
      respiration of a series of citrate synthase mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
      The results confirmed and extended our previous observation that cytosolic
      citrate synthase is not necessary for growth on acetate. Deletion of
      mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS1) protein resulted in changes in metabolites,
      decrease in the amounts of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
      complexes, reduced mitochondrial respiration of citrate and isocitrate, and an
      inability to grow on acetate. Using site-directed mutagensis, we constructed two
      separate CS1 proteins with mutations in the enzyme's active site. The
      mitochondria of cells carrying either site-directed mutagenized CS1 contained the
      inactive citrate synthase protein. With one mutant in which His313 was replaced
      with a glycine (CS1/H313G), growth on acetate was restored, and mitochondrial
      respiration of citrate and isocitrate increased toward parental levels as did the
      levels of several enzymes. With the other mutant CS1 in which Asp414 was replaced
      with a glycine (CS1/D414G), no growth on acetate or changes in other parameters
      was observed. We propose that the characteristics of the strain carrying the CS1
      with a H313G mutation result from the formation of an intact Krebs cycle complex
      by the inactive but structurally unchanged H313G protein.

PMID- 2661556
TI  - The beta subunit modulates bypass and termination at UV lesions during in vitro
      replication with DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The cycling time of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme during replication of UV
      irradiated single-stranded (ss) DNA was longer than with unirradiated DNA (8
      versus 3 min, respectively), most likely due to slow dissociation from lesion
      terminated nascent DNA strands. Initiation of elongation on primed ssDNA was not
      significantly inhibited by the presence of UV lesions as indicated by the
      identical distribution of replication products synthesized at early and late
      reaction times and by the identical duration of the initial synthesis bursts on
      both unirradiated and UV-irradiated DNA templates. When replication was performed
      with DNA polymerase III* supplemented with increasing quantities of purified beta
      2 subunit, the cycling time on UV-irradiated DNA decreased from 14.8 min at 1.7
      nM beta 2 down to 6 min at 170 nM beta 2, a concentration in which beta 2 was in
      large excess over the polymerase. In parallel to the reduction in cycling time,
      also the bypass frequency of cyclobutane-photodimers decreased with increasing
      beta 2 concentration, and at 170 nM beta 2, bypass of photodimers was essentially
      eliminated. It has been shown that polymerase complexes with more than one beta 2
      per polymerase molecule were formed at high beta 2 concentrations (Lasken, R. S.,
      and Kornberg, A. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 1720-1724). It is plausible that
      polymerase complexes obtained under high beta 2 concentration dissociate from
      lesion-terminated primers faster than polymerase complexes formed at a low beta 2
      concentration. This is expected to favor termination over bypass at pyrimidine
      photodimers and thus decrease their bypass frequency. These results suggest that
      the beta 2 subunit might act as a sensor for obstacles to replication caused by
      DNA damage, and that it terminates elongation at these sites by promoting
      dissociation. The intracellular concentration of beta 2 was estimated to be 250
      nM (Kwon-Shin, O., Bodner, J. B., McHenry, C. S., and Bambara, R. A. (1987) J.
      Biol. Chem. 262, 2121-2130) and is 15-fold higher than the estimated
      intracellular concentration of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (15 nM). This high
      concentration of beta 2 may be responsible for the observation that very little
      (if any) bypass of pyrimidine photodimers occurred in vivo when the SOS system
      was not induced. Moreover, it predicts that bypass synthesis under SOS conditions
      might be associated with an altered form of the beta subunit.

PMID- 2661557
TI  - Activation of the purified protein tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth
      factor receptor.
AB  - Biological responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF) depend on the ligand
      stimulated protein tyrosine kinase activity of its receptor. To further
      characterize the enzymatic activity of the EGF receptor, the baculovirus
      expression system was used to express the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase
      domain of the EGF receptor. Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells infected with
      recombinant baculovirus correctly expressed an active tyrosine kinase domain of
      the EGF receptor as demonstrated by 35S metabolic labeling, immunoblotting with
      anti-EGF receptor and anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies, and autophosphorylation
      analysis. The kinase domain (Mr 66,000) was purified to near homogeneity using a
      monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine antibody column, providing 0.5 mg of kinase
      domain/liter of Sf9 cells (23% yield). The purified kinase domain exhibited a
      strong preference for Mn2+ compared to Mg2+. The specific activity of the kinase
      domain was low compared to purified, EGF-activated EGF receptor. However, the
      addition of sphingosine or ammonium sulfate greatly increased the activity of the
      kinase domain to equal or exceed the activity of ligand-activated holo EGF
      receptor. These results indicate that the addition of sphingosine or ammonium
      sulfate to the purified kinase domain can mimic the effect of EGF to induce a
      conformation of the holo EGF receptor which is optimal for tyrosine kinase
      activity. Deletion of the ligand binding domain, analogous to that which occurs
      in erb B, is not sufficient to fully activate the kinase, implying that EGF
      causes conformational changes additional to removal of an inhibitory constraint.

PMID- 2661558
TI  - Kinetic analysis of base substitution mutagenesis by transient misalignment of
      DNA and by miscoding.
AB  - We measured the insertion fidelity of DNA polymerases alpha and beta and yeast
      DNA polymerase I at a template site that was previously observed to yield a high
      frequency of T----G transversions when copied by DNA polymerase beta but not by
      the other two polymerases. The results provide direct biochemical evidence that
      base substitution errors by DNA polymerase beta can result from a dislocation
      mechanism governed by DNA template-primer misalignment. In contrast to DNA
      polymerase beta, neither Drosophila DNA polymerase alpha nor yeast DNA polymerase
      I appear to misinsert nucleotides by a dislocation mechanism in either the
      genetic or kinetic fidelity assays. Dislocation errors by DNA polymerase beta are
      characterized primarily by a substantial reduction in the apparent Km for
      inserting a "correct," but ultimately errant, nucleotide compared to the apparent
      Km governing direct misinsertion. For synthesis by DNA polymerase beta,
      dislocation results in a 35-fold increase in dCMP incorporation opposite template
      T (T----G transversion) and a 20-35-fold increase in dTMP incorporation opposite
      T (T----A transversion); these results are consistent with parallel genetic
      fidelity measurements. DNA polymerase beta also produces base substitution errors
      by direct misinsertion. Here nucleotide insertion fidelity results from
      substantial differences in both Km and Vmax for correct versus incorrect
      substrates and is influenced strongly by local base sequence.

PMID- 2661559
TI  - Tissue reaction to intraperitoneal polymer implants: species difference and
      effects of corticoid and doxorubicin.
AB  - The peritoneal cavity is a convenient site for implantation of encapsulated
      hormone-secreting tissue. However, host tissue organization around such implants
      may affect solute exchange and viability of the encapsulated tissue. The reaction
      to polyvinyl chloride acrylic copolymer capsules implanted in the peritoneal
      cavity of rats and mice was therefore studied. Some animals received a slow
      release dexamethasone pellet, others were pretreated with doxorubicin, in an
      attempt to minimize the tissue reaction. The tissue reaction was significantly
      thicker in rats than in mice at both 2 and 6 weeks after implantation. In rats,
      corticoids decreased significantly the thickness of the reactive layer as
      compared to control at all time points studied, but doxorubicin had no effect.
      The tissue reaction in mice was not significantly affected by corticoid
      treatment. In both species the thickness of the tissue reaction did not increase
      significantly between 2 and 6 weeks. At 3 days the tissue reaction consisted of
      an interrupted single layer of macrophages in mice, whereas in rats the reaction
      consisted of two or three layers of macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells. At
      both 2 and 6 weeks, several cell layers surrounded the implants: a single layer
      of macrophages lying along the polymer, a variable number of layers of
      fibroblasts interspersed with collagen fibrils (fewer in mice than in rats, and
      fewer in corticoid treated rats than control rats) and an outer monolayer of
      mesothelial cells. We conclude that the intensity of tissue reaction to polymer
      implants in the peritoneal cavity is species dependent and can be decreased by
      the administration of corticoids but not doxorubicin.

PMID- 2661560
TI  - Yeast nuclear envelope proteins cross react with an antibody against mammalian
      pore complex proteins.
AB  - We have used a monoclonal antibody raised against rat liver nuclear proteins to
      study two cross-reactive proteins in the yeast nucleus. In rat liver, this
      monoclonal antibody, mAb 414, binds to nuclear pore complex proteins, including
      one of molecular weight 62,000 (Davis, L. I., and G. Blobel. 1987. Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. USA. 84:7552-7556). In yeast, mAb 414 cross reacts by immunoblotting
      with two proteins that have apparent molecular weights of 110,000 and 95,000, and
      are termed p110 and p95, respectively. Examination of subcellular fractions by
      immunoblotting shows that both p110 and p95 are located exclusively in the
      nuclear fraction. The mAb 414 immunoprecipitates several proteins from a crude
      yeast cell extract, including p110, p95, and a approximately 55-kD protein.
      Immunoprecipitation from subcellular fractions yields only p110 and p95 from
      purified nuclei, whereas the approximately 55-kD protein is immunoprecipitated
      from the soluble fraction. Digestion of purified nuclei with DNase to produce
      nuclear envelopes releases some of p110, but the majority of p110 is solubilized
      only after treatment of envelopes with 1 M NaCl. Immunofluorescence localization
      using yeast cells and isolated nuclei shows a punctate and patchy staining
      pattern of the nucleus. Confocal laser scanning immunofluorescence microscopy
      resolves the punctate and patchy staining pattern better and shows regions of
      fluorescence at the nuclear envelope. Postembedding immunogold electron
      microscopy using purified nuclei and mAb 414 shows colloidal gold decoration of
      the yeast nuclear envelope, but resolves pore complexes too poorly to achieve
      further ultrastructural localization. Immunogold labeling of nuclei followed by
      embedding suggests decoration of pore complexes. Thus, p110 and/or p95 are
      localized to the nuclear envelope in yeast, and may be components of the nuclear
      pore complex.

PMID- 2661561
TI  - Transport of fluorescent phospholipid analogues from the erythrocyte membrane to
      the parasite in Plasmodium falciparum-infected cells.
AB  - The asexual development of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is
      largely intraerythrocytic. When 1-palmitoyl-2-[6-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazole-4
      yl)amino]caproyl] phosphatidylcholine (NBD-PC) was incorporated into infected and
      uninfected erythrocyte membranes at 0 degrees C, it remained at the cell surface.
      At 10 degrees C, the lipid was rapidly internalized in infected erythrocytes at
      all stages of parasite growth. Our results indicate that the internalization of
      NDB-PC was not because of endocytosis but rapid transbilayer lipid flip-flop at
      the infected erythrocyte membrane, followed by monomer diffusion to the parasite.
      Internalization of the lipid was inhibited by (a) depleting cellular ATP levels;
      (b) pretreating the cells with N-ethyl maleimide or diethylpyrocarbonate; and (c)
      10 mM L-alpha-glycerophosphorylcholine. The evidence suggests protein-mediated
      and energy dependent transmembrane movement of the PC analogue. The conditions
      for the internalization of another phospholipid analogue N-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3
      diazoledipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (N-NBD-PE) were distinct from that of
      NBD-PC and suggest the presence of additional mechanism(s) of parasite-mediated
      lipid transport in the infected host membrane. In spite of the lack of bulk,
      constitutive endocytosis at the red cell membrane, the uptake of Lucifer yellow
      by mature infected cells suggests that microdomains of pinocytotic activity are
      induced by the intracellular parasite. The results indicate the presence of
      parasite-induced mechanisms of lipid transport in infected erythrocyte membranes
      that modify host membrane properties and may have important implications on
      phospholipid asymmetry in these membranes.

PMID- 2661562
TI  - Modulation of vimentin containing intermediate filament distribution and
      phosphorylation in living fibroblasts by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - Microinjection of the purified catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein
      kinase (A-kinase) into living rat embryo fibroblasts leads to dramatic changes in
      vimentin intermediate filament (IF) organization, involving the collapse of the
      filaments into tight bundles. In some cell types, this rearrangement of the IF
      proceeds further, leading to an apparent loss of filament integrity, resulting in
      a punctate staining pattern throughout the cytoplasm. Both these types of IF
      rearrangement are fully reversible, and similar to structural changes previously
      described for IF during mitosis. As shown by electron microscopy, in rat embryo
      fibroblasts these changes in IF structure do not involve the loss of the 10-nM
      filament structure but instead correspond to the bundling together of 25 or more
      individual filaments. Metabolic pulse labeling of injected cells reveals that
      accompanying these changes in IF organization is a dramatic increase in vimentin
      phosphorylation which appears maximal when the IF are fully rearranged. However,
      this increase in IF phosphorylation is not accompanied by any significant
      increase in soluble vimentin. Analysis of the sites of phosphorylation on
      vimentin from injected cells by either V8 protease cleavage, or two-dimensional
      tryptic peptide mapping, revealed increased de novo phosphorylation of two
      vimentin phosphopeptides after microinjection of A-kinase. These data strongly
      suggest that the site-specific phosphorylation of vimentin by A-kinase is
      responsible for the dynamic changes in IF organization observed after injection
      of the kinase into living cells, and may be involved in similar rearrangement of
      the IF previously described during mitosis or after heat shock.

PMID- 2661565
TI  - E.B. Wilson Medalist, 1988.

PMID- 2661564
TI  - Inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis alters extracellular matrix deposition,
      proliferation, and cytoskeletal organization of rat aortic smooth muscle cells in
      culture.
AB  - Arterial proteoglycans have been implicated in several important physiological
      processes ranging from lipid metabolism to regulation of smooth muscle cell
      growth. Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells are the major producers of
      proteoglycans in the medial layer of blood vessels. To study functional
      consequences of alterations in VSM proteoglycan metabolism we used 4
      methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xyloside to inhibit proteoglycan synthesis in primary
      and early passage cultures of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochemical
      analysis of cultures labeled with 35SO4 showed the drug inhibited synthesis of
      different classes of proteoglycans by 50 to 62%. Inhibition of proteoglycan
      synthesis resulted in reduced accumulation of extracellular matrix, as shown by
      immunofluorescent staining with antibodies to chondroitin sulfate, fibronectin,
      thrombospondin, and laminin. There was also an inhibition of postconfluent
      (multilayered) growth of the smooth muscle cells, and a change in the morphology
      of the cells, with no apparent effect on subconfluent growth. In addition, in
      drug-treated cells there was a reduction in the number of cytoskeletal filaments
      that contained alpha-actin, the actin subtype synthesized by differentiated VSM
      cells. This occurred even though the total content of alpha-actin in the cells
      was not reduced. The effects of the inhibitor on growth and morphology could be
      reversed by switching the cultures to normal medium and could be prevented by
      growing the cells on preformed VSM extracellular matrix. These observations
      suggest the vascular extracellular matrix may play a role in regulating the
      growth and differentiation of smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 2661563
TI  - Dissecting tumor cell invasion: epithelial cells acquire invasive properties
      after the loss of uvomorulin-mediated cell-cell adhesion.
AB  - The generation of invasiveness in transformed cells represents an essential step
      of tumor progression. We show here, first, that nontransformed Madin-Darby canine
      kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells acquire invasive properties when intercellular
      adhesion is specifically inhibited by the addition of antibodies against the cell
      adhesion molecule uvomorulin; the separated cells then invade collagen gels and
      embryonal heart tissue. Second, MDCK cells transformed with Harvey and Moloney
      sarcoma viruses are constitutively invasive, and they were found not to express
      uvomorulin at their cell surface. These data suggest that the loss of adhesive
      function of uvomorulin (which is identical to E-cadherin and homologous to L-CAM)
      is a critical step in the promotion of epithelial cells to a more malignant,
      i.e., invasive, phenotype. Similar modulation of intercellular adhesion might
      also occur during invasion of carcinoma cells in vivo.

PMID- 2661566
TI  - Interaction of serum and colony-stimulating factor for survival of a factor
      dependent hemopoietic progenitor cell line.
AB  - The growth in vitro of the murine myeloid cell line FDC-P1 depends on the
      presence of serum and a murine hemopoietic growth factor (either
      granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or multipotential
      colony-stimulating factor (multi-CSF, IL3]. To determine the differential roles
      of serum and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) during the growth of FDC-P1
      cultures, we investigated the kinetics of proliferation and death after
      withdrawal of serum or CSF, using flow cytometry to quantitate the numbers of
      vital and dead cells. After withdrawal of CSF, the cells died without entering a
      quiescent state. The life span of cultures lacking CSF increased with increasing
      concentrations of serum (greater than 50 h at 30% serum), and the cells kept
      dividing until they died. During the period of population death caused by the
      absence of CSF, the re-addition of CSF immediately prevented further cells from
      dying. After the withdrawal of serum in the presence of CSF, the cells continued
      to live and proliferate for weeks, but required high cell densities (much greater
      than 10(5)/ml), which suggests that the cells produced an active substance that
      can substitute for serum. Serum as well as serum-free conditioned medium from
      dense cultures made the survival and growth of FDC-P1 cultures independent of
      cell density. Without sufficient quantities of this activity, all cells of the
      population died within an interval that was much shorter than one cell cycle,
      which indicates that the factor acts throughout most of the cell cycle. The
      results suggest that both the CSF and the serum factor act together to permit
      cell survival, rather than to drive proliferation.

PMID- 2661567
TI  - Historical perspectives on surgery of the rheumatoid hand.
AB  - A history of rheumatoid hand surgery is presented, emphasizing the gains made
      through a team approach. This is not a complete literature review, but the
      history as the author has personally seen it develop over 40 years and as it
      affects today's surgical procedures.

PMID- 2661568
TI  - Medical considerations and perioperative care for rheumatoid surgery.
AB  - Surgery on patients with RA should be undertaken after careful consideration of a
      number of issues. These include an overall assessment of the status of the
      patient's arthritis, general health and preparedness for the procedure and the
      rehabilitation which follows. Special attention must be given to organs that may
      be affected by the systemic involvement which occurs with rheumatoid disease.
      Sites requiring specific review include the cervical spine, lungs, airway, bone,
      and bone marrow. Intraoperatively and postoperatively rheumatoid patients may
      require supplementary corticosteroids and an adjustment of the dose of their
      antirheumatic medications. Various systemic rheumatic diseases can have
      predominantly hand signs and symptoms at their onset. It is valuable to be
      familiar with the clinical features of gout with tophaceous inflammation,
      psoriatic arthritis, Raynaud's disease, and amyloidosis.

PMID- 2661569
TI  - The subcutaneous rheumatoid nodule.
AB  - The subcutaneous rheumatoid nodule is a common and diagnostically significant
      finding in rheumatoid arthritis. The presence of these extra-articular lesions
      correlates with the extent of joint involvement and they are an index of disease
      severity. The nodules themselves may give rise to clinical problems and the
      indications for surgical treatment include erosion and infection, peripheral
      neuropathy or pain from pressure, and limitation of motion because of the
      location of the lesion. Less frequently, rheumatoid nodules present in patients
      with rheumatoid nodulosis, a variant of rheumatoid disease where the nodules
      themselves are the primary manifestation of the disease and surgical treatment is
      highly useful. While subcutaneous nodules are very characteristic of rheumatoid
      arthritis and its variants, they are not quite pathognomonic. Rarely, they are
      found in the absence of rheumatoid disease, especially in lupus erythematosus and
      in healthy children.

PMID- 2661570
TI  - Psoriatic arthritis in the hand.
AB  - Psoriatic arthritis is a polyarthropathy distinct from rheumatoid arthritis and
      associated with onychodystrophy and skin lesions. Patients present with
      stiffness, flexion and extension contractures, digital swelling, or painful
      joints. Psoriatic arthritis mutilans is a rapidly progressive osteolysis
      resulting in severe deformity. Radiographs reveal widened joint spaces with
      interphalangeal joint destruction, resorption of the distal tufts, and frequently
      spontaneous fusion. Surgery involves mainly salvage procedures to relieve pain or
      improve position, as the increase in motion obtained usually is limited.

PMID- 2661571
TI  - The hand in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - This article provides a brief overview of systemic lupus erythematosus and a more
      detailed outline of its manifestations in the hand. The indications for surgical
      treatment of these manifestations are discussed.

PMID- 2661572
TI  - Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis affects approximately 60,000 to 250,000 children in
      the United States and is the most common connective tissue disease occurring
      during childhood. This article discusses the signs, symptoms, and general
      management of the disease, including surgical techniques.

PMID- 2661573
TI  - Treatment of tenosynovitis in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Tenosynovitis in the hand of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis will occur in
      common sites. If the tenosynovitis cannot be controlled by nonsurgical means,
      there are surgical approaches to the disease. Tenosynovectomy can give
      successful, long-term relief from the synovitis, and can also prevent tendon
      ruptures.

PMID- 2661574
TI  - Flexor tendon ruptures in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Flexor tendon ruptures in rheumatoid arthritis are caused by either attrition on
      bone spurs or by direct invasion of the tendon by hypertrophic tenosynovium. All
      attrition ruptures occur within the carpal canal and represent the most common
      cause of tendon rupture. Removal of the causative bone spur is imperative in the
      treatment of this condition. Ruptures due to invasive tenosynovitis also are
      frequently found within the carpal canal. These ruptures may be unanticipated,
      and may be discovered as an incidental finding during flexor tenosynovectomy.
      Ruptures due to invasive tenosynovitis within the digit carry an unfavorable
      prognosis. The prognosis for restoring flexion in the event of a flexor tendon
      rupture is determined by the location of the rupture, the etiology, the degree of
      articular involvement from the rheumatoid disease, and to a lesser extent, by the
      number of ruptured tendons. In general, isolated or double ruptures within the
      carpal canal due to attrition have a better prognosis than those caused by
      invasive tenosynovitis since the condition of the tendons is more favorable for
      reconstruction; however, as the number of ruptures increases, the prognosis in
      both conditions worsens. Rupture of both tendons within the digital sheath is
      quite difficult to treat, with ruptures in zone 2 carrying the worst prognosis
      for the restoration of flexion. The severity of the patient's rheumatoid
      arthritis and articular disease has a great effect on the outcome of the
      reconstructive surgery. Prevention of tendon ruptures by early tenosynovectomy
      and the removal of bone spurs should be the goal of the surgeon.

PMID- 2661575
TI  - Rheumatoid extensor tendon ruptures.
AB  - Rheumatoid tendon ruptures occur primarily by the effect of the tenosynovium on
      the tendon or secondarily by the effect of the tenosynovium on the bone. An
      understanding of these complications combined with a knowledge of the anatomy
      helps to explain the pathology and suggest possible treatments.

PMID- 2661576
TI  - The rheumatoid swan-neck deformity.
AB  - It is important to evaluate each swan-neck deformity to determine the mobility
      and radiographic condition of the PIP joint. This information forms a basis for
      logical treatment. In those fingers with little or no loss of motion, the
      treatment alternatives include DIP joint fusions, dermadesis, or flexor
      tenodesis. With significant loss of PIP joint motion, an attempt is made to first
      restore passive motion by manipulation and lateral band or skin releases. It then
      becomes essential to restore flexor tendon excursion. In those patients with
      destroyed joint surfaces the salvage procedures of fusion and arthroplasty are
      the treatments of choice.

PMID- 2661577
TI  - Boutonniere deformities in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The emphasis in rheumatoid hand surgery has been on the MP joints, but the PIP
      joints are often involved with the boutonniere deformity being one common
      pattern. The pathology of the boutonniere begins with a synovitis of the joint,
      followed by elongation al the central slip, subluxation of the later bands, and
      contracture of the retinacular ligaments. Treatment in the early stages can
      include synovectomy and tendon reconstruction. In the later stages, when the
      joint is fixed or there is articular surface damage, a joint replacement or
      arthrodesis is necessary.

PMID- 2661578
TI  - The rheumatoid metacarpophalangeal joint.
AB  - Reconstruction of the MP joint affected by rheumatoid disease can pose a
      challenge to the surgeon and therapist. The multiple initiating and aggravating
      factors must be taken into consideration during the planning phase before they
      can be addressed surgically. The results following surgery at the MP joint are
      dependent on a number of factors. The most important of these is the general
      activity of the rheumatoid disease and the patient's response to medical
      treatment. The individual who requires steroids and antimetabolites may observe a
      general worsening of his disease state, which will be uninfluenced by surgery at
      the MP joints. Patients demonstrating vasculitis may have problems with wound
      healing and remobilization following MP joint surgery. The surgeon's ability to
      rebalance the MP joint is directly related to the quality of the periarticular
      soft tissues needed for the reconstructive procedure. The ability of an
      individual to cooperate in a postoperative program and to apply the principles of
      joint protection is absolutely necessary. The eventual joint motion is related to
      tendon function in the hand.

PMID- 2661579
TI  - Surgical treatment of the boutonniere rheumatoid thumb deformity.
AB  - The boutonniere deformity is the most common rheumatoid thumb deformity. Its
      treatment is based on the type or stage of the deformity. We have reviewed our
      recent cases which are the basis for our current recommendations. MP joint
      synovectomy and EPL rerouting have a high recurrence rate of 64 per cent. MP
      joint fusion is the procedure of choice for the moderate type with isolated MP
      joint involvement. There is a low incidence of later IP joint collapse. MP joint
      arthroplasty is best suited for the low-demand, older patient with borderline
      proximal and distal joints. IP joint releases have a high degree of recurrence
      and are not recommended. In a low-demand patient with an advanced thumb, MP joint
      arthroplasty and IP joint fusion are the procedures of choice.

PMID- 2661580
TI  - The distal radioulnar joint in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis commonly affects the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). This
      can result in pain, instability, or tendon rupture. The goals of surgical
      reconstruction of the DRUJ are to relieve pain, stabilize the joint, and prevent
      tendon rupture. We review many of the previously described procedures and report
      our experience with distal ulna excision and soft tissue reconstruction with a
      distally based slip of extensor carpi ulnaris tendon.

PMID- 2661581
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis of the wrist.
AB  - Rheumatoid deformity alone is not an indication for surgery; pain and loss of
      function are. For the wrist, the selection of the procedure depends on thorough
      clinical and radiographic evaluations for tendon and joint synovitis, tendon
      ruptures, nerve compressions, and deformity. Operative treatment varies with the
      patient's age, handedness, occupation, needs, and expectations. One or more of
      the following modalities may need to be used: joint and tendon synovectomy,
      tendon transfer, repair and relocation, ligament repair, ligamentodesis and
      capsulodesis, limited and total arthrodesis, arthroplasty with and without
      arthrodesis, and with and without endoprosthesis, and different techniques for
      the management of the painful distal radioulnar joint.

PMID- 2661582
TI  - Treatment considerations in the complicated rheumatoid hand.
AB  - The rheumatoid patient with complex involvement or multiple deformities of the
      hand and wrist can be a challenge to the hand surgeon. A systematic and orderly
      approach is used to formulate and execute a treatment plan that is realistic and
      that can result in modest, but significant improvement in overall hand function.
      The evaluation and treatment philosophy which is described can help turn a
      complicated and seemingly overwhelming situation into smaller components which
      can be treated in one or more surgical stages.

PMID- 2661583
TI  - Management of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis. The role of the hand
      therapist.
AB  - The treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis requires a team approach,
      with the patient as the key player. These patients have a chronic disease that
      necessitates monitoring by physicians, nurses, social workers, therapists, and
      vocational counselors. The hand therapist provides individual exercise and
      activities programs, hand splinting, and instruction in joint protection and
      energy conservation techniques. When a patient requires surgery, the hand
      therapist works in conjunction with the surgeon in both the preoperative phase of
      patient evaluation and education, and in the postoperative management. The team
      working together helps the patient receive maximum benefits from treatment and to
      live more comfortably with his disease.

PMID- 2661584
TI  - The effect of nimodipine on the evolution of human cerebral infarction studied by
      PET.
AB  - Fourteen patients were studied by positron emission tomography (PET) within 48 h
      of onset of a hemispheric ischemic stroke and again 7 days later. After the first
      set of PET scans, the patients were randomized to receive either nimodipine (n =
      7) or a carrier solution (n = 7) by intravenous infusion. The infusions were
      maintained until the end of the second PET studies. CBF, cerebral blood volume
      (CBV), oxygen extraction ratio (OER), CMRO2, and CMRglc were measured each time.
      These metabolic and perfusion measurements were performed by standard methods. A
      surface map of each metabolic and perfusion measurement in the cortical mantle
      was generated by interpolating between the available slices. The various surface
      maps representing the physiological characteristics determined in the same or
      subsequent studies were aligned so that all data sets could be analyzed
      identically using an array of square regions of interest (ROIs). The functional
      status of each ROI was recorded at the two intervals following the
      cerebrovascular accident to characterize the evolution of the infarct, penumbra,
      and normal brain regions. We presumed the ischemic penumbra to be cortical
      regions in the proximity of the infarct and perfused at CBF values between 12 and
      18 ml/100 g/min on the first PET scan, while densely ischemic regions had CBF of
      less than 12 nl/100 g/min and normally perfused brain greater than 18 ml/100
      g/min. In the densely ischemic zone, CBF increased more in the nimodipine-treated
      group than in the carrier group. As well, in this region nimodipine reversed the
      decline in CMRO2 noted in the carrier group, the difference in the changes being
      significant. In the penumbra zone, comparable trends were noted in OER and CMRO2
      but the difference in the changes between the two groups did not reach
      statistical significance. Changes in CMRglc and CBV were comparable between the
      two groups in both cortical regions.

PMID- 2661585
TI  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analyses of insulin
      biosynthesis in isolated rat and mouse islets.
AB  - Two RP-HPLC systems were developed for the separation of the products of the
      conversion of proinsulin into insulin in rat and mouse islets, including
      proinsulin I and II. Peaks were identified by microsequencing and
      radiosequencing. It was confirmed that mouse C-peptide I has a two amino acid
      deletion compared to rat C-peptide I. A marked species difference in the ratio
      between insulin I and II was observed, i.e., 2:1 in the rat and 1:2 in the mouse.
      Pulse-chase experiments in rat islets have demonstrated that the ratio between
      insulin I and II in newly synthesized insulin is higher than that of the stored
      insulin, indicating a slower conversion rate of proinsulin II compared to
      proinsulin I.

PMID- 2661586
TI  - Isotachophoretic analysis of peptides. Selection of electrolyte systems and
      determination of purity.
AB  - Capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) was applied to the qualitative and quantitative
      analysis of both natural and synthetic oligo- and polypeptides. Based on the
      mathematical model of acid-base equilibria for a general ampholyte, a procedure
      and a computer program for the calculation of the pH dependence of the effective
      and specific charge and effective mobility of peptides with known amino acid
      sequence were developed which allow the selection of electrolyte systems for
      peptide isotachophoretic analysis to be rationalized. Basic peptides (bovine
      pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, bull seminal isoinhibitors of trypsin, arginine
      vasopressin and adamantylamide-alanylisoglutamine) were analysed with a cationic
      ITP system at acidic pH. Neutral and acidic peptides (insulin, proinsulin, bull
      seminal isoinhibitors of trypsin, cow colostrum isoinhibitors of trypsin) were
      analysed with an anionic ITP system, mostly at alkaline pH. Peptide purity
      (electrophoretic homogeneity) was determined from the ITP degree of purity
      defined by a peptide itself and the zone length ratio of its admixtures.
      Enrichment of peptide in the sample during the purification procedure was
      measured by its zone length relative to unit mass of the amount of sample
      analysed.

PMID- 2661587
TI  - Anti-KJ: a new antibody associated with the syndrome of polymyositis and
      interstitial lung disease.
AB  - Antibodies to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (anti-Jo-1, anti-PL-7, anti-PL-12) have
      been found in the serum of some patients with polymyositis (PM). Patients with
      these antibodies have an unusually high rate of interstitial lung disease (ILD)
      in association with their PM. Two patients (K.J. and B.T.) with severe ILD and PM
      were found to have antibodies to a cytoplasmic antigen, but tests to determine
      whether the antigen was an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase were negative, including
      tests of KJ serum for inhibitory effects on the 20 synthetases. KJ
      immunoprecipitates did not contain tRNA, in contrast to antisynthetase sera. When
      IgG samples were added to a reticulocyte in vitro translation system at a
      concentration of 0.3 mg/ml, KJ IgG inhibited globin mRNA translation by 98%,
      while anti-Jo-1 IgG inhibited 62% and normal IgG had little effect. Thus, both
      anti-KJ and the antisynthetases are directed at antigens that are involved in
      translation and protein synthesis, and both are associated with the syndrome of
      lung disease and PM. This syndrome may be associated with antibodies to
      translation-related proteins in general, which may have implications for the link
      of PM and enteroviruses, which are mRNA viruses.

PMID- 2661588
TI  - Thrombin is an important mediator of platelet aggregation in stenosed canine
      coronary arteries with endothelial injury.
AB  - Cyclic variations in coronary blood flow (CFVs) in dogs with experimental
      coronary artery stenosis and endothelial injury appear to result primarily from
      the aggregation of platelets at the site of stenosis followed by dislodgement and
      distal embolization. Using this canine model, we tested the hypotheses: (a) that
      thrombin is an important mediator of CFVs in dogs with coronary stenoses and
      endothelial injury; (b) that inhibition of thrombin with heparin, or MCI-9038, a
      selective thrombin inhibitor, abolishes CFVs in this model; and (c) that
      abolition of CFVs by thrombin inhibition is time dependent. CFVs, produced in
      open-chest dogs by placing a flow-reducing plastic constrictor around the left
      anterior coronary artery, were monitored for either 30 min (group I) or 3 h
      (group II) before treatment with either heparin or 4-methyl-1-(N2-[(3-methyl
      1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-quinolinyl (MCI-9038). In group I, cyclic flow variations
      were abolished by heparin in 12 of 18 dogs and by MCI-9038 in 5 of 7 dogs. In
      group II, cyclic flow variations were not abolished by heparin in any of seven
      dogs and were abolished by MCI-9038 in only one of seven dogs. Thus, (a) thrombin
      appears to be an important mediator of cyclic flow variations in dogs with
      coronary artery stenosis and endothelial injury and (b) inhibition of thrombin
      abolishes CFVs after short but not prolonged periods of CFVs.

PMID- 2661590
TI  - Inhibition of endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation in mice.
AB  - The primary functions of the gut are to absorb nutrients and exclude bacteria and
      their products. However, under certain circumstances the gut may lose its barrier
      function and serve as a reservoir for systemic microbial infections. These
      experiments were performed to determine the mechanisms whereby endotoxin causes
      bacteria to escape (translocate) from the gut. Bacteria translocated from the gut
      to the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice challenged with nonlethal doses of
      Escherichia coli 026:B6 or E. coli 0111:B4 endotoxin. Physical disruption of the
      gut mucosal barrier appears to be the primary mechanism whereby endotoxin
      promotes bacterial translocation. Mucosal injury and endotoxin-induced bacterial
      translocation were reduced by inhibition (allopurinol) or inactivation (tung-sten
      diet) of xanthine oxidase activity (P less than 0.01), but were not affected by
      the platelet-activation factor antagonists, SRI 63-441 or BN 52021. Because the
      inhibition or inactivation of xanthine oxidase activity reduced both the extent
      of mucosal injury and endotoxin-induced bacterial translocation, the effect of
      endotoxin on the gut appears to be mediated, at least to some degree, by xanthine
      oxidase-generated, oxygen-free radicals.

PMID- 2661589
TI  - Glucose and free fatty acid metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus. Evidence for multiple sites of insulin resistance.
AB  - The effect of graded, physiologic hyperinsulinemia (+5, +15, +30, +70, +200
      microU/ml) on oxidative and nonoxidative pathways of glucose and FFA metabolism
      was examined in nine lean non-insulin dependent diabetic patients (NIDDM) and in
      eight age- and weight-matched control subjects. Glucose and FFA metabolism were
      assessed using stepwise insulin clamp in combination with indirect calorimetry
      and infusion of [3H]3-glucose/[14C]palmitate. The basal rate of hepatic glucose
      production (HGP) was higher in NIDDM than in control subjects, and suppression of
      HGP by insulin was impaired at all but the highest insulin concentration. Glucose
      disposal was reduced in the NIDD patients at the three highest plasma insulin
      concentrations, and this was accounted for by defects in both glucose oxidation
      and nonoxidative glucose metabolism. In NIDDs, suppression of plasma FFA by
      insulin was impaired at all five insulin steps. This was associated with impaired
      suppression by insulin of plasma FFA turnover, FFA oxidation (measured by
      [14C]palmitate) and nonoxidative FFA disposal (an estimate of reesterification of
      FFA). FFA oxidation and net lipid oxidation (measured by indirect calorimetry)
      correlated positively with the rate of HGP in the basal state and during the
      insulin clamp. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that insulin resistance is
      a general characteristic of glucose and FFA metabolism in NIDDM, and involves
      both oxidative and nonoxidative pathways. The data also demonstrate that
      FFA/lipid and glucose metabolism are interrelated in NIDDM, and suggest that an
      increased rate of FFA/lipid oxidation may contribute to the impaired suppression
      of HGP and diminished stimulation of glucose oxidation by insulin in these
      patients.

PMID- 2661592
TI  - Evaluation of the Anoxomat: a new technique for anaerobic and microaerophilic
      clinical bacteriology.
AB  - A system of automatic jar evacuation-replacement (Anoxomat) for the culture of
      anaerobes, capnophiles, and microaerophiles was compared with existing methods of
      anaerobic cabinets, carbon dioxide incubators, and manual evacuation-replacement.
      Of the 50 species of anaerobes, 29 strains of capnophiles, and 11 strains of
      microaerophiles tested, equivalent growth was obtained in all but two instances.
      The Anoxomat system yielded slightly larger colonies in 26 (52%) of anaerobes
      tested with superior growth in the anerobic cabinets in three (6%) of cases and
      equal in both in 21 (42%). Of the microaerophiles and capnophiles tested, there
      was no significant difference between the Anoxomat and the conventional system.
      The Anoxomat system seems to be a suitable alternative to anaerobic and carbon
      dioxide incubators.

PMID- 2661591
TI  - Coordinate regulation of glucose transporter function, number, and gene
      expression by insulin and sulfonylureas in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells.
AB  - The extrapancreatic actions of sulfonylureas on the glucose transport system were
      studied in the L6 line of cultured rat skeletal muscle cells. Insulin (10(-7) M)
      increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake in differentiated L6 myotubes by 30-40% after 8 h
      of incubation. The sulfonylurea tolazamide (0.6 mg/ml, 22 h) had no effect on
      glucose uptake in the absence of insulin, but increased insulin-stimulated 2
      deoxyglucose uptake twofold. The total cellular content of glucose transporters
      was assessed with a monoclonal anti-transporter antibody by a solid-phase ELISA
      method. Insulin (8 h) increased the quantity of glucose transporters, with a
      maximal twofold increase at 10(-7) M and a dose-response curve similar to that
      for insulin stimulation of glucose uptake. In spite of its lack of effect on
      glucose uptake, tolazamide alone (0.6 mg/ml) increased the cellular content of
      transporters by 70%. The effects of insulin and tolazamide on transporter gene
      expression were studied with probes derived from Hep G2 glucose transporter cDNA.
      Insulin increased the transporter mRNA level 1.7-fold, tolazamide increased it
      1.5-fold, and the combination of insulin and tolazamide increased transporter
      mRNA 3-fold. It is concluded that sulfonylureas, together with insulin, enhance
      glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells by increasing the number of
      functioning glucose transport molecules. The long-term regulation of the glucose
      transport system in skeletal muscle by insulin and sulfonylureas in vivo may
      involve similar changes in transporter function, number, and gene expression.

PMID- 2661593
TI  - Comparison of identification of Enterobacteriaceae by API 20E and Sensititre
      Autoidentification System.
AB  - Of 251 isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae identified to species level by API 20E,
      208 (83%) were similarily identified by the Sensititre Autoidentification System.
      Both systems shared a common problem in that discrimination between species of
      the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia was poor. The eight digit
      biocode generated by the Sensititre system for individual isolates is not
      reproducible and therefore not of epidemiological value.

PMID- 2661594
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay compared with cell culture and immunofluorescence for
      detecting genital chlamydia.
AB  - A novel enzyme immunoassay test (Pharmacia EIA) was evaluated against cell
      culture for the detection of chlamydial genital infection. Specimens were
      obtained from 525 patients (257 men and 268 women). Sensitivity, specificity,
      predictive value of positive (PVP) and predictive value of negative (PVN) for the
      new test were, respectively, 83.6, 98.5, 94.4 and 95.1% for men and 86, 97.2,
      87.8 and 96.8% for women. Discrepancies were further evaluated by repeating the
      EIA, and by direct immunofluorescence on the EIA transport buffer. The
      sensitivity, specificity, PVP and PVN of the EIA against the combination of cell
      culture and direct immunofluorescence were, respectively 85.9, 100, 100, and
      95.5% for men, and 90.5, 98.1, 92.3 and 97.7% for women. Overall agreement
      between the EIA and the combination of cell culture and direct immunofluorescence
      was 97%. The Pharmacia EIA is rapid and simple to perform and does not require
      elaborate equipment.

PMID- 2661595
TI  - Gamma irradiated blood samples: unsuitability for haemostatic evaluation of high
      risk patients.

PMID- 2661596
TI  - How specific is the rapid urease test for diagnosing Campylobacter pylori?

PMID- 2661597
TI  - Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs.
AB  - Although many classification schemes for antiarrhythmic drugs have been proposed,
      the system introduced by Vaughan Williams and later modified by Harrison has been
      widely accepted. This classification system is comprised of four categories.
      Class I agents block sodium channels. Class II agents are Beta blockers. Class
      III agents prolong the cardiac action potential. Class IV agents are calcium
      channel blockers. This classification scheme, based largely on clinical
      observation continues to be useful almost two decades after its introduction. The
      electrophysiologic bases, strengths and weaknesses of this system are discussed.

PMID- 2661598
TI  - Cardiac excitability and antiarrhythmic drugs: a different perspective.
AB  - A matrix of active and passive cellular properties determines net cardiac
      excitability. The hypothesis of altered excitability suggests that for cardiac
      arrhythmias to arise, the normal matrix must be perturbed by arrhythmogenic
      influences to produce a proarrhythmic matrical configuration to permit rhythm
      disturbances caused by abnormalities of propagation, abnormal automaticity, or
      altered excitability. Antiarrhythmic drugs may act with one or more components of
      the normal or proarrhythmic matrix to normalize or to create new antiarrhythmic
      or, perhaps, proarrhythmic matrices. Traditionally, antiarrhythmic drug
      classifications have been based on predominant drug actions. These
      classifications have clinical and some experimental utility but fail to consider
      the complicated effects that pathophysiologic influences and pharmacologic
      actions may have on active and passive cellular properties. Cluster analysis may
      allow the development of new classifications of arrhythmogenesis and
      antiarrhythmic drugs. The matrical concept has important clinical implications
      and suggest strategies for treating patients with cardiac rhythm disturbances.

PMID- 2661599
TI  - Mechanisms and prevention of sudden death in coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2661600
TI  - Long-term efficacy and toxicity of high- and low-dose amiodarone regimens.
AB  - Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug for the control of potentially
      lethal and lethal ventricular arrhythmias (VA). In the United States, a high-dose
      regimen has been used at the expense of a high toxicity profile for the control
      of lethal VAs. Significant antiarrhythmic efficacy has also been established with
      low-dose regimens, which carry a low rate of intolerable side effects (5.4%) when
      compared with the high-dose regimen (16.7%). The high incidence of tolerable and
      intolerable adverse side effects is probably related to high amiodarone loading
      (31.92 g) and maintenance doses (520 mg/d). In contrast, the low-dose regimen
      uses much lower loading (7.2 g) and maintenance (280 mg/d) doses.

PMID- 2661601
TI  - Potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias: from mundane to esoteric.
AB  - Patients with potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) represent a
      heterogenous group with frequent and high grade ventricular arrhythmias
      (including couplets and runs of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia), structural
      heart disease and decreased left ventricular function. This is a group at
      intermediate risk of sudden death, with risks varying from 10% to 38%. The
      electrical and mechanical risks of patients with potentially lethal VA is
      discussed in relation to their ability of promoting sudden death. The studies
      reviewing the impact of antiarrhythmic treatment on survival of patients with
      potentially lethal VA is discussed.

PMID- 2661602
TI  - The role of electrophysiologic testing in the selection of amiodarone therapy.

PMID- 2661603
TI  - Low-dose amiodarone for the treatment of arrhythmias in hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2661604
TI  - Monoexponential analysis of plasma disappearance of 99mTc-DTPA and 131I
      iodohippurate: a reliable method for measuring changes of renal function.
AB  - Glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow were measured in 170
      subjects using monoexponential analysis of plasma disappearance curves for 99mTc
      DTPA and 131I-iodohippurate after single injection. In the current study
      population, glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow decreased
      with increasing age, were less in females than in males, and were less in
      hypertensives than in normotensives. Differences in glomerular filtration rate
      according to age and sex in the current study were similar to those reported
      using traditional creatinine clearance methodology. Monoexponential treatment of
      plasma isotope disappearance gave reproducible values for both glomerular
      filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow when measured either during the
      day or on a daily basis. Intraindividual coefficient of variation was less than
      10% for both 99mTc-DTPA and 131I-iodohippurate clearances derived from
      monoexponential analysis. These results demonstrate that monoexponential analysis
      of plasma disappearance curves for 99mTc-DTPA and 131I-iodohippurate after a
      single injection is a useful method for evaluating changes in renal hemodynamics
      either during chronic drug therapy or acutely after single dose administration.

PMID- 2661605
TI  - Cholinergic hypothesis of depression: a reappraisal.
AB  - Evidence for the cholinergic hypothesis of depression is reviewed, arguments
      directed against this hypothesis are set forth, and the strengths and weaknesses
      of these criticisms are discussed. The authors conclude that the cholinergic
      hypothesis is tenable but suggest new areas of study.

PMID- 2661606
TI  - Anticholinergic effects on memory: benztropine versus amantadine.
AB  - To evaluate anticholinergic effects on cognition and other functions, we studied
      60 healthy volunteers in a double-blind crossover trial of two antiparkinsonian
      agents, benztropine and amantadine. Benztropine 4 mg/day, but not amantadine 200
      mg/day, impaired free recall and perception of time, and subjects' perception of
      their own memory impairment was significantly greater with benztropine. Side
      effects in general were worse with benztropine, particularly such anticholinergic
      effects as dry mouth and blurred vision, and benztropine decreased measured
      salivary flow to a significantly greater degree than amantadine. Our findings
      support the hypothesis that drugs that decrease cholinergic transmission impair
      storage of new information into long-term memory, but have little effect on
      retrieval from memory or on tasks involving only immediate memory. Clinically,
      anticholinergic agents can levy a considerable burden on memory and time
      perception.

PMID- 2661607
TI  - Haloperidol and reduced haloperidol concentrations in plasma and red blood cells
      from chronic schizophrenic patients.
AB  - In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 15 drug-free chronic schizophrenic
      inpatients were treated with a fixed dose of haloperidol for 6 weeks. Haloperidol
      and its metabolite, reduced haloperidol, were measured in plasma and red blood
      cells after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of treatment. Behavioral change was rated using the
      Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Not only the raw concentrations, but also
      blood compartment sums and ratios of these four drug measurements were tested for
      their strength of association with behavioral improvement. Positive associations
      with some BPRS subscales at some time points emerged; however, no significant
      correlations were found to extend across all time points measured. There was a
      trend in this cohort for negative symptom improvement to be associated with the
      ratio of haloperidol to reduced haloperidol in red blood cells. The ratio of
      haloperidol to reduced haloperidol in plasma was always greater than that in the
      red blood cells for all patients, reflecting an accumulation of the metabolite in
      red blood cells.

PMID- 2661608
TI  - View from the Nation's Capital. Prescription drug benefits under Medicare:
      potential effects on physician prescribing practices.

PMID- 2661609
TI  - The myths of coping with loss.
AB  - Drawing from theory and clinical lore, we consider how individuals are assumed to
      cope following irrevocable loss. Several assumptions are reviewed reflecting
      beliefs concerning the grieving process. Specifically, we examine the expectation
      that depression is inevitable following loss; that distress is necessary, and
      failure to experience it is indicative of pathology; that it is necessary to
      "work through" or process a loss; and that recovery and resolution are to be
      expected following loss. Although limited research has examined these assumptions
      systematically, available empirical work fails to support and in some cases
      contradicts them. Implications of our analysis for theoretical development and
      research are explored. Finally, we maintain that mistaken assumptions held about
      the process of coping with loss fail to acknowledge the variability that exists
      in response to loss, and may lead others to respond to those who have endured
      loss in ways that are unhelpful.

PMID- 2661610
TI  - Coping by children undergoing stressful medical procedures: some conceptual,
      methodological, and therapeutic issues.
AB  - Because coping is postulated to change across persons, time, and stressors, the
      study of coping is inherently complex. These complexities are magnified in
      children's coping because a child's ability to effectively appraise a stressor
      and the coping resources that are available is dependent on the child's rapidly
      shifting developmental level. A small set of recent pediatric psychology studies
      describes children's active, informative-seeking coping versus avoidant or
      information-denying coping as an example of current trends in research on
      children's coping. Review of these studies highlights the need for tighter, more
      complete conceptualizations and improved methodologies. There are many
      therapeutic implications of this research, not the least of which is the problem
      of how (or even if) avoidant children should be prepared for medical procedures.

PMID- 2661611
TI  - Stress management and coping research in the health care setting: an overview and
      methodological commentary.
AB  - I argue that stress management and coping studies in the health care setting have
      not been sufficiently theoretically grounded. In particular, in formulating and
      evaluating intervention strategies, researchers have not adequately taken into
      account the nature of the stressor under study in terms of the degree to which it
      poses emotion-focused versus problem-focused coping demands for the individual.
      This theme is explored in examination of research in five essential areas: (a)
      effectiveness of problem- versus emotion-focused coping strategies, (b)
      effectiveness of interventions, (c) the role of individual difference variables,
      (d) timing of interventions, and (e) evaluation of treatment impact.

PMID- 2661612
TI  - The effects of methylphenidate on learning in children with ADDH: the stimulus
      equivalence paradigm.
AB  - Investigated the effect of methylphenidate (MPH) on the ability of children with
      Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADDH) to learn both trained and
      untrained complex visual relationships and compared these findings to their
      school performance under identical dosage parameters. 26 children between the
      ages of 6 and 12 years with ADDH participated in a double-blind, placebo control,
      within-subjects design in which each child received four doses of MPH (5, 10, 15,
      20 mg) and a placebo in a counterbalanced sequence. MPH enhanced children's
      learning of both taught and untaught visual relationships, and most changes were
      similar to, albeit less dramatic than, those obtained for the children's
      attention and academic performance in school. Results of group and single-subject
      analyses are presented and discussed with relevance to psychopharmacological
      research and understanding the complex relationship between learning and
      psychostimulants used in treating children with ADDH.

PMID- 2661613
TI  - Mathematical model for addiction: application to multiple risk factor
      intervention trial data for smoking.
AB  - Describes habituation and addiction, both psychological and physiological, using
      the simple equations of the mathematical model of ideodynamics. The parameters in
      these equations were optimized to smoking data from the Multiple Risk Factor
      Intervention Trial (MRFIT) program. With only 4 constant parameters, it was
      possible to calculate accurate time trends for recidivism to smoking among
      quitters, time trends for secondary cessation among recidivists, and final
      percentage of smokers in a population with both recidivism and secondary
      cessation occurring simultaneously. These same parameters further permit
      predictions for the long-range success of intervention programs to decrease
      substance dependency. Ideodynamics can also predict time trends of public opinion
      based on stories in the mass media.

PMID- 2661614
TI  - Influence of architectural design on nosocomial infections in intensive care
      units--a prospective 2-year analysis.
AB  - Nosocomial infection rates in an old intensive care ward constructed in 1924 were
      compared with those in a new one constructed in 1986. The nosocomial infection
      rate in the old unit was 34.2% and that in the new unit 31.9%, with an average of
      33%. The most frequent infections were: pneumonia, urinary tract infection,
      septicaemia and wound infection. After transfer of the intensive care unit (ICU)
      the incidence and profile of nosocomial infections remained the same. These
      findings suggest that the influence of architectural design has little impact on
      the incidence of nosocomial infections.

PMID- 2661615
TI  - Emphysematous pyelonephritis.
AB  - A case of emphysematous pyelonephritis with gas formation extending into the
      renal vein is presented. Diagnostic procedures and aggressive surgical management
      are discussed.

PMID- 2661616
TI  - Differential ventilation with low-flow CPAP and CPPV in the treatment of
      unilateral chest trauma.
AB  - A case of severe unilateral chest trauma with bronchopleural fistula is
      presented. Ventilatory therapy consisted of asynchronous independent lung
      ventilation (AILV). The injured lung was ventilated with intermittent positive
      pressure ventilation (IPPV) [tidal volume (TV) = 200 ml, f = 25/min, I:E = 0.5,
      minute volume (MV) = 5.0 l/min, FiO2 = 0.4], and the unaffected lung was
      ventilated with continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) (TV = 600 ml, f =
      12/min, I:E = 0.5, MV = 7.2 l/min, PEEP = 0.5 kPa, FiO2 = 0.4). Adequate gas
      exchange was obtained (PaO2 = 14.5 +/- 2.3 kPa, PaCO2 = 5.5 +/- 0.7 kPa), but
      high air leakage volumes persisted. Thus, differential low-flow CPAP (V = 5.0-7.5
      l/min, PEEP = 0.5 kPa, FiO2 = 0.4) of the injured lung and CPPV (TV = 600 ml, f =
      12/min, MV = 7.2 l/min, I:E = 0.5, PEEP = 0.5 kPa, FiO2 = 0.4) of the unaffected
      lung was applied for 36 hours. Further deterioration of pulmonary function was
      prevented, and the bronchopleural fistula closed after several hours. After
      another period of AILV the patient was treated with conventional mechanical
      ventilation, and finally weaned with high-flow CPAP.

PMID- 2661618
TI  - References to contemporary papers on acoustics.

PMID- 2661619
TI  - Community psychiatric nursing--a research-based profession?
AB  - This paper examines the relationship between research and professionalism, and
      considers the question of why research is necessary for the development of
      nursing. Suggestions which have been made for areas suitable for community
      psychiatric nursing research are looked at, and comments from various authors
      regarding the lack of evaluative (as opposed to descriptive or prescriptive)
      studies are noted. The paper goes on to look at recent CPN research, and finds
      mainly small-scale and locally-oriented studies. Three studies which look at the
      work of community psychiatric nurses (CPNs) in detail are examined; two of these
      found CPN practice to be lacking in any research or theory base, and in effect
      suggested therapeutic incompetence in dealing with neurotic clients. The third
      concluded the opposite, but suggested a need for more specialized training. The
      paper, which includes an appendix an overview of 36 recent (1983-1988) research
      studies of interest to CPNs, concludes that, if research is necessary precursor
      to autonomous professional development, such research into CPN practice has yet
      to be done.

PMID- 2661617
TI  - The complete apallic syndrome--a case report.
AB  - In six patients with apallic syndrome the EEG was isoelectric, although the
      patients were breathing spontaneously and vegetative functions remained stable
      for a long period of time. No cortical somatosensory evoked potentials could be
      recorded in four of the patients examined. Cranial CT performed in three patients
      revealed extensive hypodensity of the cortex, whereas the brain stem showed no
      major damage. This syndrome is labelled a "complete apallic syndrome". None of
      our patients, and none of the 23 patients described in the literature, recovered.

PMID- 2661620
TI  - Comprehensive health seeking and coping paradigm.
AB  - While scholars in nursing are charged with the responsibility of advancing and
      structuring a body of knowledge for application in nursing practice, many of the
      currently utilized theories have been borrowed from other disciplines. Until such
      knowledge is redefined and synthesized according to the perspective of nursing,
      borrowed knowledge cannot be adequately understood. The purpose of this paper is
      to present a comprehensive client-orientated health seeking and coping paradigm.
      This paradigm is theorized to be a function of 12 factors which include: clients'
      situational and personal factors, resources, sociodemographic characteristics,
      cognitive appraisal, health goals, health seeking and coping behaviours, nursing
      goals and strategies, clients' perceived compliance, clients' perceived coping
      effectiveness, and immediate and long-term health outcome. The Lazarus Schema of
      Coping and Adaptation and the Schlotfeldt Health Seeking and Coping Paradigm were
      the parent conceptualizations from which the Comprehensive Health Seeking and
      Coping Paradigm (CHSCP) was derived. As a nursing-orientated multidimensional
      framework, the CHSCP will provide a useful framework for nurses interested in
      altering, enhancing or promoting the health seeking and coping of clients. By
      providing an intellectual focus for the initial and ongoing assessment of a
      multitude of variables which influence health seeking and coping, the
      specification of appropriate strategies can be developed and enhanced.

PMID- 2661621
TI  - Stressor frequency, tension, tiredness and coping: some measurement issues and a
      comparison across nursing groups.
AB  - In nursing research a number of approaches have been adopted when measuring the
      relationship between stressor and stress. However, despite thorough questionnaire
      development, excess demand, that is the extent to which the situation actually
      taxes the resources of the nurse, is measured more by implications than by
      presence. By combining different facets of demand and by measuring them in
      conjunction with one another this research revealed the extent to which the
      demands of frequently occurring situations actually taxed the resources of the
      nurse; provided a procedure for more specifically investigating the relationship
      between stressor frequency and response and considered these findings in terms of
      different types of nurses (enrolled, staff, charge) and the coping strategies
      used. The results were discussed in terms of measurement, training, available
      resources, coping and interventions.

PMID- 2661622
TI  - Concepts, analysis and the development of nursing knowledge: the evolutionary
      cycle.
AB  - Nursing currently evidences concern with the development and clarification of its
      knowledge base. As a part of this focus, attention has often been directed
      towards concepts and methods of clarification. Although the method of concept
      analysis has been employed often to provide conceptual clarity, the foundations
      and implications of conducting an analysis of a concept have not been well
      explored in nursing. In this article, the philosophical foundations of the
      approach to concept analysis popularized by Walker & Avant (1983) are examined.
      Modifications of this method are offered, along with a framework for interpreting
      the findings of an analysis. The result is a view of concepts and an approach to
      analysis that may be of use in the clarification of a variety of concepts of
      interest in nursing.

PMID- 2661623
TI  - The presidents. John Bomba 1984-1985.

PMID- 2661624
TI  - Perspective on valvular heart disease: an update.

PMID- 2661625
TI  - Subnormal heart period variability in heart failure: effect of cardiac
      transplantation.
AB  - Heart period variability and arterial baroreceptor-cardiac reflex function were
      studied in cardiac transplant patients to determine if correction of heart
      failure restores parasympathetic control mechanisms toward normal. Heart period
      variability (standard deviation [SD] of 120 consecutive RR or PP intervals) was
      measured at supine rest in 34 patients with congestive heart failure (23 patients
      receiving diuretics, digoxin or vasodilators and 11 patients weaned from all
      medications), 30 cardiac transplant patients (both innervated recipient and
      denervated donor atrial rates) and 16 age-matched healthy control subjects.
      Arterial baroreflex gain was evaluated with intravenous bolus injections of
      phenylephrine in 22 transplant patients. Mean heart period variability (+/- SEM)
      was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in the heart failure groups (22 +/- 3
      ms for medicated and 17 +/- 3 ms for nonmedicated) than in the transplant
      patients (41 +/- 5 ms) or control subjects (58 +/- 5 ms). Heart period
      variability of the transplant patients was less than that of the control patients
      (p less than 0.05). A stepwise regression model revealed that heart period
      variability was inversely related to systolic arterial pressure and directly
      related to time after transplantation (R2 = 0.39; p = 0.03) in the transplant
      patients. Baroreflex gain of normotensive transplant patients was normal (11.7 +/
      1.0 ms/mm Hg) and correlated directly with heart period variability (r = 0.62; p
      less than 0.001). These data suggest that subnormal levels of cardiac
      parasympathetic activity at rest associated with congestive heart failure can be
      restored progressively toward normal by correction of congestive heart failure
      after cardiac transplantation. Post-transplant hypertension opposes this
      correction of baseline parasympathetic activity.

PMID- 2661626
TI  - Electrophysiologic substrate of torsade de pointes: dispersion of repolarization
      or early afterdepolarizations?
AB  - Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that torsade de pointes may be
      precipitated by early afterdepolarizations in the Purkinje or ventricular muscle
      fibers. This hypothesis offers an alternative to the earlier one that attributes
      torsade to the underlying dispersion of repolarization. This review lists the
      clinical conditions associated with torsade de pointes and examines the
      experimental background of the two proposed electrophysiologic substrates of
      torsade, namely, the dispersion of repolarization and the early
      afterdepolarizations. The strengths and weaknesses of the two hypotheses are
      compared in relation to the following characteristics of torsade de pointes:
      facilitation by slow heart rate, suppression by pacing, R on T phenomenon,
      difficulty of induction by programmed stimulation, aggravation by hypokalemia,
      manifestation of an idiosyncratic reaction to class IA antiarrhythmic drugs,
      spontaneous termination, suppression by magnesium salts and isoproterenol and
      induction by such drugs as sotalol, bepridil and prenylamine. It appears that
      most clinical observations can be explained by either mechanism, but in some
      cases difficulties are encountered for the afterdepolarization hypothesis.

PMID- 2661627
TI  - Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and death: a clinical perspective.
AB  - Coronary artery disease has been demonstrated to conform to the principles of an
      epidemic disease. Therefore, the incidence of the occurrence of the disease is
      dependent in large part on "disturbances of human culture." These primarily
      include a cholesterol-rich diet, obesity, cigarette smoking, elevated blood
      pressure and sedentary life-style. It is gratifying that during the last quarter
      of a century, large segments of society in the United States have modified many
      of their adverse patterns of living. As a result, there has been a striking
      decline in both the incidence of the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and the
      frequency of premature death due to the disease process. Sudden cardiac death is
      frequently an unexpected first clinical manifestation of coronary artery disease
      and, despite heroic efforts, treatment of sudden death victims is frequently
      unsuccessful. Furthermore, progression of coronary artery disease, even in
      patients who present with angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction, is
      unpredictable. Coronary arteriography, the "gold standard" used for evaluation,
      gives insight primarily into anatomy and ventricular function (under experimental
      conditions) existing at a given instant in time. Which lesions are serious and
      likely to progress are usually unknown, even to the most experienced
      angiographer. Therefore, surgical and catheter-directed therapeutic approaches
      are at best only "shotgun" or partial techniques. For these reasons, the
      principal and continuing therapeutic efforts to reduce the occurrence and control
      the ravages of coronary artery disease should be directed toward prevention. Such
      efforts should begin in early childhood and become a lifelong practice, one that
      all physicians, including the most procedure-dominated specialists, should
      personally adopt and teach.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661628
TI  - Coronary artery to right ventricle fistula in heart transplant recipients: a
      complication of endomyocardial biopsy.
AB  - In a series of 74 heart transplant recipients undergoing annual coronary
      angiography, a coronary artery to right ventricle fistula was observed in 4
      patients, an incidence rate of 5.4%, which is much higher than the expected
      incidence of congenital coronary artery fistula (0.1% to 0.2%). A traumatic
      origin of the fistulas is unlikely because none of the heart donors had evidence
      of chest trauma. An endomyocardial biopsy-related etiology of the fistulas is
      postulated. All fistulas were located in the biopsy sampling area. Patients with
      a fistula underwent more biopsies before the diagnosis compared with patients
      without a fistula (20 +/- 11 versus 14 +/- 6, p = 0.05). At least one large
      arteriole (diameter greater than 0.16 mm) was found on pathologic examination of
      the biopsy specimens from each of the patients with a fistula (100%) but in only
      2 (16.7%) (p less than 0.01) of 12 randomly selected patients without a fistula.
      The size of the fistula appears to be hemodynamically insignificant in all four
      patients, judging from angiographic size, normal intracardiac pressures and
      normal cardiac output values at rest. The diagnosis of a coronary artery to right
      ventricle fistula is possible and should be entertained at the time of coronary
      angiography of heart transplant recipients. The clinical significance of the
      finding is unclear. As long as endomyocardial biopsy remains the diagnostic
      method of identifying tissue rejection, prevention of the described complication
      is unlikely.

PMID- 2661629
TI  - Risk stratification in patients with first non-Q wave infarction: limited value
      of the early low level exercise test after uncomplicated infarcts. The
      Multicenter Post-Infarction Research Group.
AB  - Risk stratification using clinical and historical variables plus early low level
      exercise testing was performed in 141 patients with a first non-Q wave myocardial
      infarction. The 111 patients who performed the exercise test had a 3.6% cardiac
      mortality rate in the first year compared with 13.3% in the 30 patients who could
      not exercise (p = 0.063), and a 1 year incidence rate of recurrent cardiac events
      (cardiac death or recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction) of 10.8% compared
      with 23.3% (p = 0.127). Patients who developed ischemia (ST depression or angina)
      during the test had an increased incidence of cardiac events in the year after
      the infarction (odds ratio greater than 3, p less than 0.05). When patients were
      subgrouped by the presence or absence of pulmonary congestion, the discriminatory
      value of the exercise test was seen to reside primarily in the cohort with
      pulmonary congestion. For example, ST depression during exercise in this group
      identified patients with a 71% incidence of cardiac events in the year after the
      infarction compared with 5.3% for those without ST depression (odds ratio 45, p =
      0.002). In the patients without pulmonary congestion, the exercise test had no
      discriminatory value. It is concluded that early low level exercise testing has a
      limited role after an uncomplicated non-Q wave infarction, but is useful in
      patients with clinical markers of higher risk.

PMID- 2661631
TI  - Paget's disease of bone in older patients: UCLA grand rounds.

PMID- 2661630
TI  - The effect of diabetes mellitus on prognosis and serial left ventricular function
      after acute myocardial infarction: contribution of both coronary disease and
      diastolic left ventricular dysfunction to the adverse prognosis. The MILIS Study
      Group.
AB  - Patients with diabetes mellitus experience a more adverse outcome after acute
      myocardial infarction compared with nondiabetic patients, although the mechanisms
      responsible for these findings are not clear. From the Multicenter Investigation
      of the Limitation of Infarct Size (MILIS) study, the course of acute infarction
      in 85 diabetic patients was compared with that in 415 nondiabetic patients, all
      of whom had serial assessments of left ventricular function. The diabetic
      patients experienced a more complicated in-hospital and postdischarge course than
      did the nondiabetic patients, including a higher incidence of postinfarction
      angina, infarct extension, heart failure and death, despite the development of a
      smaller infarct size and similar levels of left ventricular ejection fraction.
      Although diabetic patients had a worse profile of cardiovascular risk factors at
      the time of the index infarction, the increased incidence of adverse outcomes
      among them persisted despite adjustment for these baseline imbalances. Diabetic
      women had a poor baseline risk profile compared with the other groups categorized
      by gender and diabetic status, and experienced an almost twofold increase in
      cardiac mortality despite development of the smallest infarct size during the
      index event. The duration of diabetes and the use of insulin at the time of the
      index infarction were associated with a better in-hospital mortality rate, but
      the duration of diabetes did not exert a major influence on the outcome of the
      diabetic patients. The factors responsible for the increased incidence of adverse
      outcomes among diabetic patients may be related to an acceleration of the
      atherosclerotic process, diastolic left ventricular dysfunction associated with
      diabetic cardiomyopathy or other unidentified unfavorable processes.

PMID- 2661632
TI  - Clinical funding for geriatric fellowship programs.
AB  - The Medicare program provides the largest single source of funding for the
      clinical portion of housestaff training programs. Despite the fact that the
      clinical training in geriatric fellowship programs focuses heavily on the care of
      Medicare recipients, the proportion of funds supporting geriatric fellowships
      that is derived from Medicare is actually smaller than that of most other
      fellowship programs. Legislation passed by Congress in 1986, and just recently
      implemented, creates an opportunity to increase Medicare funding for geriatrics.
      Those concerned with geriatric fellowship training must have a clear
      understanding of how Medicare funding for graduate medical education will occur
      under the new legislation if the opportunity is to be used effectively. Finally,
      other barriers created by general pressures on housestaff budgets that may
      interfere with capitalizing on the opportunity are discussed.

PMID- 2661633
TI  - Coronary care unit visitation and summary of the literature.

PMID- 2661634
TI  - A place in the sun does not guarantee adequate vitamin D.

PMID- 2661635
TI  - Ciprofloxacin for the treatment of osteomyelitis: a review.
AB  - The authors review the use of ciprofloxacin, a new oral quinolone antibiotic, for
      the treatment of bone infections. The article discusses the spectrum of activity,
      pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of the quinolone agents. The authors also provide
      a detailed discussion of the efficacy of ciprofloxacin for osteomyelitis in
      animal studies and human trials.

PMID- 2661636
TI  - Necrotizing fasciitis.
AB  - Necrotizing fasciitis can be a devastating infectious process when diagnosis and
      early aggressive therapy is delayed. The etiologic factors that may play a role
      in or affect this necrotizing infectious process are reviewed. An interesting
      case is presented of bilateral, lower extremity, necrotizing fasciitis in a
      patient with diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease and profound sensory
      neuropathy.

PMID- 2661637
TI  - Exploration into the pathologic sinus tarsi.
AB  - Abnormalities involving the sinus tarsi are periodically discussed in the medical
      literature. Conservative treatment modalities are not always successful in
      completely remitting clinical symptoms. The present authors clinically review
      this anatomic region, as an aid for those doctors who find surgical intervention
      inevitable.

PMID- 2661638
TI  - Tibialis posterior dysfunction: an overview with a surgical case report using a
      flexor tendon transfer.
AB  - Tibialis posterior dysfunction, a syndrome that leads to a progressive,
      unilateral, acquired flat foot, can be missed easily by the podiatric specialist.
      This paper discusses various etiologies, its clinical presentation, and varying
      treatment regimes. A case report using the flexor digitorum longus tendon
      transfer for its repair is presented.

PMID- 2661639
TI  - Osteochondromatosis (diaphyseal aclasis): a case report and literature review.
AB  - An unusual case of osteochondromatosis is presented with a review of the
      literature. Osteochondromatosis, also known as hereditary multiple exostoses or
      diaphyseal aclasis, are inherited, benign, cartilaginous neoplasms that consist
      of a pedicle of normal bone covered with proliferating cartilage cells.
      Pathologic, clinical, and radiographic findings will be discussed.

PMID- 2661640
TI  - Diagnostic imaging of trauma to the ankle and foot: I. Fractures about the ankle.
AB  - Drs. Mitchell et al. provide a valuable radiologic perspective of trauma to the
      ankle. The review is divided into six parts. The initial presentation deals with
      ankle fractures. Subsequent dialogues will consist of ligamentous injuries,
      trauma to the talus, calcaneal fractures, midfoot, and forefoot injuries. Plain x
      ray film, as well as sophisticated studies, will assist in recognizing these
      conditions.

PMID- 2661641
TI  - Amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Progressive deposition of amyloid fibrils in senile plaques and in blood vessels
      is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. The AD amyloid protein, called
      beta amyloid protein, or A4 protein, is derived from a much larger precursor
      protein, the gene for which has now been cloned, sequenced, and localized to
      chromosome 21. This chromosomal location is of great interest because it has long
      been known that all Down's patients over the age of 40 develop the classical
      neuropathological lesions of AD. An anonymous DNA marker, which segregates with
      cases of dominantly inherited AD, has also been found to be located on chromosome
      21. It is now known, however, that this marker and the gene encoding the beta
      amyloid precursor protein are not tightly linked. The beta amyloid precursor
      protein gene appears to code for a normal cellular product whose function is not
      yet known. The gene is expressed not only in brain but also in many non-neural
      tissues. It is highly conserved in evolution. Two closely related alternative
      transcripts have recently been identified; these contain an insert showing
      homology to certain members of the Kunitz family of proteinase inhibitors. All
      evidence accumulated thus far suggests that the beta amyloid precursor protein
      gene is not abnormal in AD; therefore, recent research has focused on
      transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational events that may be
      implicated in the progressive deposition of beta amyloid protein in AD.

PMID- 2661642
TI  - Effects of aging and exercise on insulin action in rat adipocytes are correlated
      with changes in fat cell volume.
AB  - The effects of exercise on insulin action were evaluated in epididymal adipocytes
      from 9-mo and 26-mo-old rats. Exercised animals were given voluntary access to
      running wheels at 6 mo of age. Comparisons were made among these animals, freely
      eating sedentary rats, and sedentary animals maintained at body weights
      comparable to those of the runners. When expressed as percentage changes, the
      responses to insulin, in terms of stimulation of both [U-14C]glucose oxidation
      and 14C-labeled lipid accumulation, were largest in fat cells from the runners,
      followed by the paired-weight adipocytes, and the cells from the freely eating
      sedentary animals. However, the absolute changes in the rates of glucose
      oxidation and 14C-labeled lipid synthesis produced by insulin were comparable
      among the different groups. Basal rates of oxidation and 14C-labeled lipid
      accumulation were directly correlated with average cell size, independent of the
      treatment group, whereas the percentage increases in these processes produced by
      insulin were inversely correlated with cell size. Little, if any, effect of age
      or exercise was observed that could not be attributed to the average fat cell
      volume.

PMID- 2661643
TI  - [Clinical value of inhibin in women].
AB  - Inhibin is a peptide secreted in women by the granulosa cells, the corpus luteum
      and the placenta. This hormone specifically inhibits pituitary FSH secretion.
      Recent studies have shown that the serum concentration of bioactive and
      immunoactive inhibin may represent a valuable marker of follicular and luteal
      functions. Inhibin may also contribute with estrogen and progesterone to FSH
      suppression during the luteal phase and in pregnancy. Evidence was found that a
      defect in inhibin secretion is involved in premature ovarian failure and the
      menopause but not in the polycystic ovary syndrome.

PMID- 2661644
TI  - [Peripheral effects of prolactin in reproductive function. II. Female
      reproductive function].
AB  - Prolactin (PRL) has an important peripheral role to play in female reproductive
      function. This hormone, in physiological concentrations, is necessary so that the
      follicle can mature properly. It also helps the maturation of oocytes and is
      essential for the physiological action of the corpus luteum so that progesterone
      production can be stimulated. It inhibits its catabolism and is responsible for
      keeping up the numbers of LH and oestradiol receptors. It works through the
      intermediary of prolactin receptors which are localised on the granulosa cells.
      The mechanism is through immuno-cytochemistry and it can be distinguished
      biochemically (Ka = 0.5 10(10) M). Probably, when levels are high it upsets
      follicular maturation by inhibiting the biosynthesis of the oestrogens and also
      by stimulating the secretion in the granulosa cells of a substance that inhibits
      oocyte maturation: and prolactin exercises a luteolytic action by stimulating the
      catabolism of the hormone and lessening the numbers of LH receptors. On the other
      and, there are high concentrations of PRL in amniotic fluid. As endometrial cells
      undergo the phenomenon of decidualization they produce PRL which is identical
      biochemically with the pituitary hormone. Certain steroids seem to regulate this
      synthesis of PRL. This hormone must play a role in fetal osmoregulation through
      the intermediary of prolactin receptors.

PMID- 2661645
TI  - [Tetraplegia and pregnancy].
AB  - A report is given of pregnancy in a tetraplegic patient. The main complications
      that patients who are suffering from tetraplegia have in pregnancy are urinary
      tract infection, anaemia, and complications of bed rest, as well as premature
      delivery and autonomic hyperreflexia. Autonomic hyperreflexia is provoked by
      stimuli such as distension of the bladder or of the rectum or stimulation of the
      cervix. In this syndrome bradycardia, arterial hypertension and headaches are
      associated. The major risk is of intra-ventricular haemorrhage in labour. The
      care of the pregnant tetraplegic patient requires the cooperation of the
      obstetrician, the anaesthetist and the nursing staff, as well as of the patient.

PMID- 2661646
TI  - [Herpes gestationis: a case].
AB  - Herpes gestationis is a rare autoimmune disorder of pregnancy. Diagnosis may be
      suspected by the nature and localisation of the eruption and its recurrence. Only
      histologic examination of a skin biopsy with immunofluorescence revealing a
      linear deposit of C3 along the basement membrane confirms the diagnosis.
      Corticotherapy is the treatment of choice, local or general, depending on the
      severity of the symptoms. We report the observation of two pregnancies occurring
      in the same patient. The clinical and paraclinical manifestations of the first
      pregnancy did not recur in the second pregnancy. This constitutes an unusual case
      among the observations reported in the literature. Furthermore, we touch upon the
      immunological mechanisms of herpes gestationis.

PMID- 2661647
TI  - [Ultrasonic study of the single umbilical artery syndrome. A series of 80 cases].
AB  - The authors report on 80 cases of the syndrome of a single umbilical artery (SUA)
      and compare the anatomo-clinical features with the abnormalities found on
      ultrasound. The clinical results confirm the information given in the literature
      which is that there is a higher incidence of poor intra-uterine fetal growth
      (36.4%), of prematurity (16.3%), of associated congenital abnormalities (42%) and
      of perinatal mortality (21.3%). Ultrasound examination makes it possible to
      screen for associated major fetal malformations (26.6%) and of most cases of
      intra-uterine growth retardation (28.3%). The ultrasound detection of the absence
      of one of the umbilical arteries and of the associated fetal abnormalities
      together with the techniques for sampling fetal cells now causes change in the
      approach to these high risk pregnancies on the cytogenetic level as on the
      perinatal handling of this syndrome.

PMID- 2661648
TI  - [Neonatal Steinert's disease. Comments on a case and determination of the
      pregnancy aspects which are predictive of neonatal death].
AB  - The authors report a case of antenatal diagnosis which is original in that a
      maternal illness was discovered that had not been thought of until then.
      Steinert's myotonic dystrophy can show up in two types after birth, a congenital
      type and a lethal type. The antenatal diagnosis at present consists in a
      combination of hydramnios and lack of fetal movements on ultrasound. The
      obstetrical complications are the threat of premature labour and, often, breech
      presentation. The method of delivery will depend on how severely the fetus is
      affected; which is worked out by looking for features of poor prognosis. In the
      future it will be possible to make an antenatal diagnosis by villus biopsy with
      the discovery of the responsible gene.

PMID- 2661649
TI  - [Thoracopagus fetus. Ultrasonic diagnosis at 16 weeks].
AB  - This paper reports the ultrasound diagnosis at 16 weeks' gestation of
      thoracopagus conjoined twins. Ultrasound examination showed the two fetuses
      conjoined at the sternum, with a single heart and a single liver. After informing
      the couple of the extremely poor prognosis, medical termination of pregnancy was
      requested. Pathologic examination of the conjoined female fetuses revealed a
      single, non-duplicated heart, two livers connected at the right lobe, completely
      separate bile ducts and digestive tract, and a single placenta and umbilical cord
      containing two arteries and six veins. The karyotype was normal. Diagnostic
      ultrasound criteria for thoracopagus conjoined twins include: the relative
      position of the two fetuses facing each other, hyperextension of the cervical
      spine, continuity of the skin and mirror image body parts with limbs close
      together. The presence of a single heart, liver and umbilical cord, all of
      increased size, confirms the diagnosis. Various degrees of fetal fusion result
      from incomplete division of the inner cell mass 13 to 15 days after
      fertilization. Although the precise causes are unknown, many workers believe that
      the factors responsible for monozygosity may also play a role in conjoined twins.
      In Switzerland, 1% of all live births are twins with approximately 1/4 of these
      monozygotic. If incomplete division of the inner cell mass occurs in 1% of these
      cases, the estimated incidence of conjoined twins is 1/40000 births. Although
      thoracopagus twins are more frequent, omphalopagus twins are more commonly
      encountered at birth, due to lower fetal mortality. The overall prognosis depends
      on the degree of organ sharing between fetuses. Very few surgically separated
      thoracopagus conjoined twins have lived and those who did survive had separate
      hearts. Also, conjoined twins can cause dystocia with the risk of rupture of the
      uterus, and often require cesarean section which may have negative consequences
      for the obstetrical future of the mother. However, an early ultrasound diagnostic
      can modify prognosis and allow medical termination of pregnancy in the case of
      seriously malformed thoracopagus conjoined twins. The risk that the condition
      recurs in a subsequent pregnancy may be considered negligible.

PMID- 2661650
TI  - Traumatic axial dislocations of the carpus.
AB  - Among 1140 patients treated in the last 16 years for any type of carpal fracture,
      dislocation, or subluxation, 16 (1.4%) patients seen with a traumatic axial
      disruption of both the carpus and metacarpus were identified. Most of these were
      crush or blast injuries. According to the direction of instability, the cases
      were classified into three groups: axial-ulnar disruptions (4 patients), axial
      radial disruptions (11 patients), and combined axial-radial-ulnar disruption (1
      patient). Treatment consisted of open reduction and percutaneous Kirschner-wire
      fixation in most cases. The results were less optimistic than suggested in the
      literature. An average follow-up of 61 months showed that prognosis was
      determined more by the associated soft tissue injuries than by the carpal
      derangement itself. Early management of both the skeletal and soft tissue
      components of the injury seems most effective.

PMID- 2661651
TI  - Wrist pain: correlation of clinical and plain film findings with arthrographic
      results.
AB  - A technique adding digital subtraction to otherwise standard wrist arthrography
      allows more precise determination of the site of radiocarpal-midcarpal
      communications. Since arthrographic results often do not correlate with clinical
      findings, we became interested in correlating these various modalities. The
      precision of our arthrographic interpretation makes these correlations
      meaningful. In 72 consecutive patients who had digital subtraction wrist
      arthrograms, both clinical sites of pain and plain film abnormalities were
      correlated with arthrographic findings. The results indicate that those patients
      with ulnar-sided pain more commonly have perforations in that region (88%).
      Radial-sided pain is a poor indicator of a radial site of perforation.
      Scapholunate dissociation does not correlate highly with scapholunate perforation
      (26%).

PMID- 2661652
TI  - Nonunion of the hook of the hamate: an argument for bone grafting the nonunion.
AB  - A technique of bone grafting the ununited hook of the hamate is presented as an
      alternative to simple excision of the nonunion fragment. The procedure was
      successful in four patients. The advantages of preserving the hook of the hamate
      for the pulley effect on the flexor profundi are discussed.

PMID- 2661653
TI  - Late treatment of scaphoid fractures by bone grafting and compression staple
      osteosynthesis.
AB  - Scaphoid nonunions and delayed unions still offer a difficult challenge. In 15 of
      16 cases it was possible to achieve a secure and lasting union by using a
      compression staple and a bone graft. The subjective and objective clinical
      evaluation also showed similar favorable results. This modification of the Russe
      operation is recommended as a relatively simple procedure with good results and
      minimal need for immobilization.

PMID- 2661654
TI  - The Florida Health Care Access Act: a blended regulatory/competitive approach to
      the indigent health care problem.
AB  - The problem of indigent health care has received much attention from governmental
      officials, health care providers, health policy analysts, and others. A majority
      of states have generated legislative proposals to deal with the problem, although
      their strategies differ in terms of method and scope. This article discusses
      Florida's approach to the problem as contained in the Health Care Access Act of
      1984 and subsequent legislation. The article will provide background on the
      reasons a hospital assessment strategy was chosen as the funding mechanism and
      will examine the problems that occurred during the implementation phase of the
      legislation.

PMID- 2661655
TI  - Public sector primary care and Medicaid: trading accessibility for mainstreaming.
AB  - Facilities operated by public and nonprofit agencies have become increasingly
      important sources of primary care for Medicaid patients. These facilities are
      particularly important sources of care in segregated, competitive urban areas,
      where they are more geographically accessible than many private physicians and
      expand the availability of care to Medicaid patients rather than substituting for
      care provided by private physicians. In rural areas, in contrast, the
      availability of care from public facilities appears to reduce the level of care
      Medicaid patients receive from private physicians in the counties where these
      facilities are located. These findings suggest that policymakers can expand urban
      Medicaid patients' access to care by spending on public care, but at the cost of
      increasing the segregation of Medicaid patients into a two-tier system of care.

PMID- 2661656
TI  - The narcotic bowel syndrome.
AB  - In this editorial, we review the narcotic bowel syndrome, its etiology,
      presentation, and treatment. We suggest this is an often overlooked diagnosis in
      many clinical settings.

PMID- 2661657
TI  - Hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter: what does it mean?
AB  - The hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (mean LES pressure greater than
      45 mm Hg; LES relaxation greater than 75%; normal peristalsis) is a poorly
      characterized motility disorder associated with chest pain and dysphagia.
      Therefore, we carried out a multidisciplinary study to assess esophageal
      pressures and function in 15 symptomatic hypertensive LES patients (3 men, 12
      women; mean age, 53 years). On-line computer analysis showed a significant (p
      less than 0.05) increase in LES pressure (55.5 versus 14.9 mm Hg) and residual
      pressure (6.8 versus 1.1 mm Hg) as well as a decrease in percentage of LES
      relaxation (87 versus 93%) in patients compared with age-matched controls. All
      patients had normal peristalsis but 7 of 15 had nutcracker esophagus (mean distal
      amplitude, 216 mm Hg). No patient had evidence of impaired liquid transport on
      barium esophagram. The emptying of solids as assessed by radionuclide scans was
      normal in 14 of 15 patients. Of the 12 patients who completed both psychological
      inventories, nine had elevated scores on scales assessing anxiety and
      somatization. The heterogenous nature of this disorder is illustrated by a
      patient with a changeable narrowing in the distal esophagus associated with the
      transient impaction of a marshmallow. Dysphagia but not chest pain improved after
      pneumatic dilatation. We conclude that the hypertensive LES is a heterogenous
      disorder. Despite abnormal LES parameters, most patients have normal esophageal
      function, and frequent psychological abnormalities may contribute to their report
      of symptoms. A minority have abnormal esophageal transit.

PMID- 2661658
TI  - Healing of gastric ulcer in the elderly: a double-blind study of cetraxate versus
      ranitidine.
AB  - Forty-nine Chinese patients, ages 65 years or over, with endoscopically and
      pathologically diagnosed benign gastric ulcer, completed a randomized double
      blind double dummy trial in treatment with either cetraxate 200 mg four times
      daily or ranitidine 150 mg two times daily for 12 weeks or less if the gastric
      ulcer had completely healed. All patients tolerated the procedure well. At the
      end of the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks ulcer healing was complete in 2 (8%), 11
      (42%), and 17 (65%), respectively, of the cetraxate group (26 patients); and in 8
      (35%), 18 (78%), and 22 (96%), respectively, of the ranitidine group (23
      patients). All the differences in the healing rates were statistically
      significant. Pain relief was significantly earlier with ranitidine. Incidences of
      side effects were similar and not serious in the two groups. The results suggest
      that at the doses prescribed to the elderly, ranitidine is significantly more
      effective than cetraxate in gastric ulcer healing and pain relief.

PMID- 2661659
TI  - Where was Crohn's colitis in 1932?
AB  - Crohn's disease first received widespread recognition in the United States as a
      syndrome involving the terminal ileum in 1932. Within a few years it was
      recognized that the primary process could involve any part of the ileum and
      jejunum. It was not until 1965, however, that Crohn's colitis was recognized in
      the United States. There were many reasons for the delay of nearly 35 years:
      accounts documenting this affliction from the early part of this century were
      ignored and Crohn's colitis was confused with other diseases of the large
      intestine. More important, authorities in the field were skeptical that Crohn's
      disease involved the colon and failed to investigate fully that possibility. The
      belief that Crohn's disease stopped at the ileocecal valve was so entrenched in
      American medicine that after the British first documented Crohn's colitis in
      1959, it took doctors in the United States another 6 years to believe it.

PMID- 2661660
TI  - Spontaneous umbilical fistula in Crohn's disease.
AB  - Spontaneous umbilical fistula developed in two young women with Crohn's disease.
      This peculiar complication of Crohn's disease has been rarely reported. In view
      of the complete closure of the fistulas with medical treatment, we recommended
      conservative medical management, at least initially, in such patients.

PMID- 2661661
TI  - New-onset diabetes mellitus as a harbinger of pancreatic carcinoma. A case report
      and literature review.
AB  - We report the case of a middle-aged man with a 6-month history of diabetes
      treated with insulin. He was referred for diabetes control and education. Six
      weeks after we saw him, he was euglycemic (hemoglobin, Hgb A1C 5.9%), but
      returned because of weight loss, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Pancreatic
      adenocarcinoma was diagnosed. We review the literature on the relationship
      between diabetes mellitus and pancreatic carcinoma with particular emphasis on
      situations in which recent-onset diabetes may be a harbinger of pancreatic
      carcinoma. Several reports are cited in which the onset of diabetes mellitus in
      middle-aged patients antedated by a short time the onset of clinically
      recognizable pancreatic carcinoma. An otherwise silent pancreatic carcinoma may
      present as new-onset diabetes. Although rare, pancreatic carcinoma should be
      considered in a recently diagnosed middle-aged diabetic person with unusual
      manifestations, e.g., abdominal symptoms and continuous weight loss despite
      euglycemia.

PMID- 2661662
TI  - A novel enteropathy with partial villous atrophy, microscopic colitis, and
      pemphigoid change.
AB  - Microscopic colitis associated with gluten-resistant partial villous atrophy was
      documented in a 21-year-old woman with chronic nonbloody diarrhea. Electron
      microscopic examination of the colonic and duodenal biopsies showed focal
      separations of basal lamina from cryptal epithelial cells forming subepithelial
      blebs in which were mast cells and fibroblasts. These morphologic features have
      not been previously described in any inflammatory bowel disease and are
      reminiscent of bullous pemphigoid of the skin. The findings suggest that not all
      cases of microscopic colitis lie within the spectrum of collagenous colitis.

PMID- 2661663
TI  - The ultrasonographic "common channel" sign: a characteristic feature of malignant
      obstruction of the lower end of common bile duct.
AB  - We describe an ultrasonographic "common channel" sign as the characteristic
      sonographic feature of malignant distal common bile duct (CBD) obstruction. Of 24
      patients with obstructive jaundice due to distal CBD obstruction (pancreatic
      carcinoma 8, periampullary cancer 5, choledocholethiasis 10, CBD stricture due to
      pancreatitis 1) in whom the final diagnosis was proven at laparotomy,
      ultrasonography revealed 11 patients to have a thin-walled distended gallbladder
      continuous with a dilated CBD, which was termed the "common channel" sign. In all
      11 patients, the cause of obstruction of the lower end of CBD proved to be
      malignant (pancreatic carcinoma 6, periampullary 5). In contrast, only 2 of the
      other 13 patients with obstructive jaundice with distal CBD obstruction, but
      without the "common channel" sign, had a malignant lesion at the lower end of
      CBD. The positive and the negative predictive values of the common channel sign
      were 100% and 85%, respectively. Thus, the ultrasonographic common channel sign
      is a reliable and characteristic feature of distal CBD obstruction due to
      malignant pathology.

PMID- 2661664
TI  - Medical sociology: some tensions among theory, method, and substance.
AB  - Why is it that quantitative and qualitative researchers on health issues often
      have divergent findings and conclusions? Exploration of such differences can be a
      useful way of bringing separate intellectual enclaves in medical sociology
      together and also can stimulate future inquiries. Some differences can be
      resolved by more precise definitions, by comparable frequency and timing of
      measurement, and by careful evaluation of meaning contexts. The triangulation of
      methods, using diaries as a bridge between surveys and qualitative measurement,
      offers particular promise. Improved theory on the relationships of method to
      data, and more attention to behavioral sequences and the social context of
      measurement, can serve as a stimulant to innovative solutions.

PMID- 2661665
TI  - Fitness and the postmodern self.
AB  - This essay suggests that contemporary fitness practices share aesthetic and
      ideological commitments with other activities that have been classified as
      postmodern. The aesthetic similarities are evident in the use of pastiche and
      simulation by manufacturers of exercise machines and videotapes. In terms of
      ideology, the pursuit of fitness is promoted as an opportunity for individuals to
      avert several of the risks to selfhood thought to be present in modern social
      organization. Implications for G.H. Mead's theory of the self are discussed.

PMID- 2661666
TI  - Cricothyrotomy in the emergency department revisited.
AB  - Thirty-nine emergency cricothyrotomies were reviewed from the emergency
      department of Hennepin County Medical Center during the 4-year period ending
      December 1985. Due to technical changes in airway management and a desire to
      assess their impact, this experience was compared with a previously reported
      series of 38 emergency cricothyrotomies from the same department. Technical
      changes include the use of paralyzing agents, transtracheal needle ventilation,
      and the use of only vertical skin incisions and #4 Shiley tubes when
      cricothyrotomy is performed. The presenting problem, indications for
      cricothyrotomy and complications of the procedure were compared between the two
      series. Fewer cricothyrotomies were done as a fraction of total surgical and
      nonsurgical tracheal intubations in the present series (1.7%) compared to the
      previous series (2.7%). The complication rate decreased from 40% in the previous
      series to 23% in the present series. Incorrect site of tube placement (10%) and
      hemorrhage (8%) remain the two leading complications. However, the tube was in
      the trachea in all cases, and acceptable ventilation was achieved. No patient
      developed a clinically significant hematoma or hemorrhage from cricothyrotomy. It
      is concluded that our technical changes in airway management have helped to
      decrease both the relative frequency of cricothyrotomy and the complication rate.

PMID- 2661667
TI  - Respiratory rates in emergency department patients.
AB  - The respiratory rate is a sensitive and nonspecific indicator of respiratory
      dysfunction. Establishing a "normal" respiratory rate has mainly been arbitrary.
      This study evaluated "normal" respiratory rates in 110 emergency department
      patients. The mean respiratory rate was 20.1 (+/- 4.0). Women had a more rapid
      respiratory rate 20.9 (+/- 3.9) than men 19.4 (+/- 4.0) (p less than .04).
      Smokers had a higher respiratory rate 20.5 (+/- 4.0) than nonsmokers 19.3 (+/-
      4.0), but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.124). It was also noted
      that the respiratory rate measured by the nurse was almost always different from
      that measured by the medical student (P less than 0.0001). Based on a review of
      the literature concerning what constitutes a "normal" respiratory rate, we
      conclude that the "normal" respiratory rate may be higher than that suggested in
      the medical literature.

PMID- 2661668
TI  - The pediatric cervical spine: developmental anatomy and clinical aspects.
AB  - The radiographic interpretation of the pediatric cervical spine can be a
      perplexing problem for the emergency physician. Given the wide range of variances
      in the ossification centers, the unfused synchondroses, and the relative
      hypermobility of the pediatric cervical spine, radiographs may be easily misread
      if one is not thoroughly familiar with the developmental anatomy and variants.
      This paper discusses those developmental aspects of the pediatric cervical spine
      that impact on emergency radiographic interpretation. Frequently encountered
      pediatric cervical spine fracture/dislocations are reviewed with an analysis of
      age-related distributions. Finally, the syndrome of Spinal Cord Injury Without
      Radiographic Abnormality (SCIWORA) is discussed.

PMID- 2661669
TI  - Gummi bear bezoar: a case report.
AB  - Bezoars in children are rare. Bezoars causing intestinal obstruction are even
      more unusual. We would like to report the first Gummi Bear Bezoar causing a large
      bowel obstruction in a child.

PMID- 2661670
TI  - Freebased cocaine smoking and reactive airway disease.
AB  - The case of a 19-year-old white female who presented with marked respiratory
      distress and pleuritic chest pain following freebased cocaine smoking is
      presented. A ventilation-perfusion scan revealed radioactive aerosol trapping in
      the large airways with multiple ventilation defects of the small airways, a
      finding compatible with reactive airway disease of the large airways and
      concomitant mucous plugging of the small airways. Freebased cocaine, impurities
      of the freebasing process, or admixtures to the freebased cocaine provided prior
      to smoking, are proposed as possible etiologies in what appears to be a condition
      of environmentally induced reactive airway disease, a previously unreported
      effect of cocaine use.

PMID- 2661671
TI  - Umbilical cord prolapse: a true obstetrical emergency.
AB  - The case of a 23-year-old woman with umbilical cord prolapse and fetal distress
      is described. This serious obstetrical complication is unfamiliar to many
      emergency physicians although it represents an acute emergency with high
      mortality. Appropriate prehospital, emergency department, and obstetrical suite
      care is discussed including a bladder-filling technique and tocolysis that can
      buy valuable time by temporarily relieving pressure on the cord.

PMID- 2661672
TI  - Anterograde amnesia following triazolam use in two emergency physicians.
AB  - Anterograde amnesia following triazolam ingestion lasting beyond the sedative
      hypnotic effect of the drug has recently been reported. Two additional cases are
      presented involving emergency physicians.

PMID- 2661673
TI  - Amphetamine toxicity: experience with 127 cases.
AB  - We present a retrospective study of 127 cases of amphetamine toxicity in an
      emergency department (ED). The most common presenting symptoms seen were
      agitation, hallucinations, suicidal behavior, and chest pain. Toxicologic
      analysis showed amphetamines are generally not mixed with other stimulants. The
      vast majority of patients did not require pharmacologic treatment in the ED.
      Thirteen patients (10%) required admission to the hospital. Toxic medical effects
      of amphetamine-related compounds seen in our patients are discussed.

PMID- 2661674
TI  - Time to defibrillation: a controlled laboratory study comparing three automated
      and semi-automated defibrillators.
AB  - Currently there are three vendors marketing first-responder defibrillation units.
      Each vendor's unit has its own distinct features, advantages, and disadvantages,
      making the selection of one vendor's unit a complex decision. However, two
      critical performance criteria upon which a decision to choose one vendor's unit
      over another could be 1) differences in dysrhythmia recognition sensitivity and
      specificity and 2) time to delivery of a defibrillation shock. While there
      appears to be evidence suggesting no significant differences between the three
      units in terms of dysrhythmia recognition, there do not appear to be any
      controlled 'time-to-defibrillation' studies. The purpose of this study was to
      determine if, under controlled conditions, any performance differences existed
      between these three units in time to delivery of a defibrillation shock. The
      results of this study suggest that there are no pragmatic differences between the
      three defibrillation units. In the absence of time-to-defibrillation differences,
      EMS systems managers can place more emphasis on other features so as to better
      address the needs, concerns, and resources of their system.

PMID- 2661675
TI  - Acute plastic bowing deformity: a review of the literature.
AB  - An acute plastic bowing deformity (APBD) represents a subtle form of an acute
      fracture. This entity was not formally recognized until recently when Borden
      demonstrated the almost imperceptible deformity radiographically. While found in
      both the adult and pediatric populations, the biomechanical properties of
      children's bones make them more prone to this injury. In either population, the
      lack of an obvious cortical defect lends this injury to misdiagnosis,
      mismanagement, and subsequent complications.

PMID- 2661676
TI  - Dysgonic fermenter-2: a clinico-epidemiologic review.
AB  - In the literature to date, there have been 44 confirmed cases of infection with
      the Dysgonic Fermenter-2 (DF-2) bacterium. DF-2 infections appear to demonstrate
      a strong association with dog bites (or recent exposure to dogs) and have a
      predilection for patients with defective host defenses although immunocompetent
      individuals are also susceptible. Recently, the first two cases of documented DF
      2 infection following cat bite have been reported. Of the cases reported, 42 of
      the 44 blood cultures grew DF-2. In one of the two cases where blood culture
      failed to grow DF-2, the bacterium was isolated at the time of operation from an
      infected myxoma of the tricuspid valve. In the other case, the organism was
      isolated from the eyelid margin of a case of angular blepharitis. Peripheral
      blood smears also afford an effective and practical clinical tool for early
      diagnosis; 9 of 10 patients for whom smears were done tested positive. This paper
      reviews the epidemiologic, microbiological, and clinical features of this
      relatively new illness and also offers general guidelines to physicians for
      clinical management. Health professionals, especially those providing care for
      high risk groups, should be alerted to this potentially fatal infection.

PMID- 2661677
TI  - Association of malnutrition with nosocomial infection.
AB  - To study the association of malnutrition with nosocomial infection in a general
      medical and surgical inpatient population, we retrospectively compared 45
      patients with nosocomial infection to 45 uninfected control patients, matched
      using several nonnutritional variables known to predispose to nosocomial
      infection. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done. Poor nutritional score
      (derived from serum albumin, total lymphocyte count, and unintentional body
      weight loss), unintentional body weight loss, low serum albumin level at both
      time of admission and the first nosocomial infection, and worsening in the
      nutritional score and serum albumin from admission to the first nosocomial
      infection were associated with the development of nosocomial infection.
      Nutritional factors were more abnormal in subgroups of patients with nosocomial
      pneumonia, urinary tract infection, wound infection, and bacteremia than in
      controls. The findings suggest that further study of correlations between
      nutritional factors and nosocomial infections is needed.

PMID- 2661678
TI  - Game theory: for adults only.

PMID- 2661679
TI  - AIDS: serologic testing for the human immunodeficiency virus--to screen or not to
      screen.

PMID- 2661680
TI  - AIDS: understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection.

PMID- 2661681
TI  - Expanding roles of hospital epidemiology: pharmacoepidemiology.

PMID- 2661682
TI  - Infection control: opportunistic fungal infections--the increasing importance of
      Candida species.
AB  - Candida spp are clearly among the most important of the opportunistic fungal
      pathogens that cause nosocomial infections. Given the increasing incidence, high
      attributable mortality and excess length of stay associated with nosocomial
      candidemia, it is imperative that more effective preventive, diagnostic and
      therapeutic measures be developed to deal with this emerging group of pathogens.
      Implicit in these issues is the need for an increased understanding of the
      epidemiology of nosocomial candidiasis. The development of new epidemiologic
      typing methods provides useful tools that can assist in clinical and
      epidemiologic investigation. These studies are essential to the rational
      development of effective measures to prevent and to control nosocomial infections
      caused by Candida spp.

PMID- 2661683
TI  - Infection control: the immunocompromised host.

PMID- 2661685
TI  - Medical museum notes.

PMID- 2661684
TI  - Candida tropicalis.
AB  - C tropicalis is a frequent and virulent pathogen in neutropenic patients.
      Infection control personnel should be familiar with this microorganism and the
      significance of a positive culture for C tropicalis in a setting of poor host
      resistance.

PMID- 2661686
TI  - The myth of stone. Lithotomy history and the Hippocratic Oath.

PMID- 2661687
TI  - Antitumor, nerve blocks and neuroablative therapies for cancer pain.

PMID- 2661688
TI  - Enhancement of human monocyte function against Candida albicans by the colony
      stimulating factors (CSF): IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, and macrophage-CSF.
AB  - The effect of IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF and macrophage (M)-CSF on
      Candida albicans growth inhibition by human peripheral blood monocytes was
      investigated. By using a radiolabel microassay developed in our laboratory that
      makes use of the incorporation of [3H]glucose into residual C. albicans, we
      demonstrated that rGM-CSF and rIL-3 effectively enhanced human monocyte-mediated
      anticandidal activity. Incubation for 24 h with either GM-CSF or IL-3
      significantly enhanced monocyte antifungal responses down to 0.01 U/ml. M-CSF, at
      higher concentrations of 10 U/ml, could also enhance monocyte function but to a
      smaller degree. None of the CSF interfered directly with fungal growth, even up
      to 1000 U/ml. Because IFN-gamma is also a known monocyte activator, its effect on
      monocytes was also assessed. Monocytes were first cultured in medium for several
      days and then further incubated with each of the cytokines. Monocytes aged in
      medium were found to lose their spontaneous anticandidal activity. Such aged
      monocytes did not develop anticandidal activity in response to IFN-gamma but did
      in response to GM-CSF or IL-3. To further elucidate this difference, fresh
      monocytes were continuously cultured with or without cytokines for 1 to 5 days
      before assessing their anticandidal activity. Monocytes cultured in IFN-gamma
      progressively lost their activity by 2 days but monocytes in GM-CSF or IL-3
      maintained their high level of anticandidal activity throughout the whole length
      of culture. Therefore, GM-CSF and IL-3 not only enhanced fresh monocyte
      anticandidal activity, but maintained monocyte function for a longer period.
      These results suggest that GM-CSF and IL-3 may act on monocytes via a different
      pathway than does IFN-gamma.

PMID- 2661689
TI  - Ig V region gene expression in small lymphocytic lymphoma with little or no
      somatic hypermutation.
AB  - Using the polymerase chain reaction we examined for specific Ig kappa-L chain V
      region gene (V kappa gene) rearrangement in small lymphocytic non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas that express Ig bearing a major kappa-L chain associated cross-reactive
      Id, designated 17.109. Previously, we identified the 17.109-cross-reactive Id in
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia as a serologic marker for expression of a highly
      conserved V kappa gene, designated Humkv325. Using sense-strand oligonucleotides
      specific for the 5'-end of this V kappa gene and antisense oligonucleotide
      specific for a J kappa region consensus sequence, we could amplify specifically
      Humkv325 when juxtaposed with J kappa through Ig gene rearrangement. This allowed
      us to amplify rearranged V kappa genes from DNA isolated from minute amounts of
      lymphoma biopsy material for molecular analyses. Our studies demonstrate that
      17.109-reactive SL NHL, with or without associated CLL, rearrange, and presumably
      express, Humkv325 without substantial somatic diversification. Our data suggest
      that malignant B cells in SL NHL, in contrast to NHL of follicular center cell
      origin, may express immunoglobulin variable region genes with little or no
      somatic hypermutation.

PMID- 2661690
TI  - Induction of endogenous cytokine-mRNA in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells by IL-2 administration to cancer patients.
AB  - The lymphokine IL-2 plays a central role in immune regulation. Recent clinical
      trials have shown that when administered systemically either alone, or in
      combination with lymphokine-activated killer cells, IL-2 can cause regression of
      metastatic tumors in some patients with a variety of otherwise refractory
      cancers. To evaluate the mechanism of in vivo action of IL-2, as well as the
      toxicity associated with its administration, we have studied the in vivo cytokine
      mRNA expression of circulating PBMC in cancer patients undergoing treatment with
      high dose IL-2. Before IL-2 administration, we found low level or no evidence of
      cytokine-mRNA expression in PBMC. After IL-2 infusion, circulating PBMC showed
      enhanced proliferative activity and contained significant levels of mRNA for TNF
      alpha and IL-6 as well as mRNA for the p55 IL-2R, Tac, but no mRNA coding for
      granulocyte-monocyte-CSF and TNF-beta (lymphotoxin). IL-1 beta mRNA was expressed
      at very low levels in circulating PBMC after IL-2 infusion. Each of these
      cytokine -mRNA was, however, inducible in vitro by stimulation of PBMC with IL-2
      alone. The results of these in vivo studies suggest that IL-2 may be a
      physiologic inducer of TNF and IL-6 which, because of their pleiotropic effects,
      may be important endogenous signals in the body's immune response and account for
      some of the physiologic changes seen in patients receiving high dose IL-2.

PMID- 2661691
TI  - The production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in mice using novel
      immunization methods.
AB  - Two novel immunization methods (intrasplenic and intra-inguinal lymph node) have
      been developed for the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in
      mice. Freund's complete adjuvant and antigen were mixed in the ratio of 1:2
      (v/v). Various concentrations of human serum albumin (HSA) were used as antigen.
      No primary immune response was induced with 0.1 microgram of HSA in either of the
      methods studied. Intrasplenic immunization resulted in the strongest primary
      immune responses using all other doses of HSA. The primary immune response
      induced by intrasplenic immunization with 0.5 microgram of HSA was higher than
      any response induced by subcutaneous immunization with various doses of HSA.
      Inguinal lymph node immunization was less effective than intrasplenic
      immunization but better than subcutaneous immunization with 1-50 micrograms of
      HSA. Comparisons were also made of the efficacy of different adjuvants when
      inducing primary immune responses with 1 microgram of HSA. Freund's complete
      adjuvant resulted in a much stronger response than Freund's incomplete adjuvant
      and alum. Both intrasplenic and inguinal lymph node immunization using 1-5
      micrograms of HSA were able to induce strong primary immune responses. Secondary
      immunization with either method or intravenous injection 3 days before fusion
      resulted in a higher frequency of specific monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2661692
TI  - In vitro priming of human lymphocytes to heterologous insulins.
AB  - We have developed an in vitro priming assay in which peripheral blood lymphocytes
      from normal subjects are primed with insulin for 14 days prior to challenge with
      insulin in conjunction with autologous antigen-presenting cells for a further 5
      days. Sheep, beef and pork insulins possess, respectively, four, three and one
      amino acid differences from the human molecule (out of a total of 51 residues)
      and the magnitude of the response to priming correlates with the degree of
      sequence variation. Although human insulin produces little response, priming with
      heterologous insulins readily induces auto-immunization on secondary challenge.
      The response to porcine priming was enhanced if the secondary cultures were
      challenged with bovine or ovine insulin, i.e., a heteroclitic response was
      observed. Individual donors differ in their response to priming and high
      responders possess the HLA-DR7 glycoprotein more frequently than low responders.
      This is in keeping with previous studies on antibody production in vivo and
      probably relates to the ease with which individual class II glycoproteins complex
      with processed antigen and stimulate T cells. This method has considerable
      potential for screening novel insulin molecules and formulations and should
      facilitate the mapping of helper and suppressor epitopes as well as the
      identification of agretopes involved in the presentation of insulin to T cells.

PMID- 2661693
TI  - An inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique for the detection of
      endotoxins in proteins extracted from Escherichia coli K12 recombinant DNA.
AB  - An inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the
      specific quantitation of rough (R) mutant E. coli K12 lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
      Since R-LPS binds poorly to polystyrene microplates, an LPS-BSA covalent complex
      was prepared following glutaraldehyde activation and used as a coating surface
      antigen. A 100-fold higher signal was observed using the LPS-BSA complex as solid
      phase antigen instead of free LPS. The LPS detection limit obtained was 0.5
      ng/ml. This test was applied to hGH extracts produced genetically engineered E.
      coli K12 and a good correlation was found with the LAL test. This new LPS
      titration technique will be useful for detecting LPS in complex mixtures and the
      antigen-antibody reaction will ensure the specificity of the detection.

PMID- 2661694
TI  - The detection by immunofluorescence of distinct cell populations producing
      interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta in activated human peripheral blood.
AB  - An immunofluorescent staining method using specific monoclonal antibodies was
      used to detect IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in individual cells in stimulated human
      peripheral blood. No staining was seen in unstimulated cells but intense, maximal
      staining of approximately 5% of the cells was seen 20-24 h after activation with
      PHA/PMA. The large irregularly shaped stained cells were surrounded by smaller
      unstained cells with lymphocyte-like morphology. By 44 h post activation a few
      cells only showed weak staining. The staining pattern was different for the two
      molecules studied, with a granular pattern for IL-1 alpha staining and diffuse
      cytoplasmic staining for IL-1 beta. Staining post-activation could be abolished
      by preincubation of the monoclonal antibody with the appropriate recombinant IL
      1, but not by pre-incubation with the other IL-1 type. When both anti-IL-1 alpha
      and anti-IL-1 beta were used together two populations of cells were identified;
      one had the granular staining as seen with anti-IL-1 alpha alone and the other
      had the diffuse staining pattern as seen with anti-IL-1 beta. The percentage of
      cells showing bright staining with anti-IL-1 alpha and anti-IL-1 beta together
      was approximately equal to the sum of the percentage of cells staining for IL-1
      alpha or IL-1 beta alone. This study demonstrates a method for the detection of
      individual IL-1 alpha- and IL-1 beta- producing cells and suggests that in
      activated human peripheral blood IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta are produced by
      separate populations of cells.

PMID- 2661695
TI  - Simple modification of a commercial flow cytometer to triple laser excitation.
      Simultaneous five-color fluorescence detection.
AB  - We describe a simple and inexpensive modification to the Coulter 753 flow
      cytometer which enables simultaneous triple laser excitation for advanced multi
      color analysis and sorting applications. The salient feature of the modification
      was to split the rear laser operating in the all lines mode for use in pumping
      the rhodamine 6G dye laser in addition to its use as an independent 488 nm
      excitation beam. With the appropriate filters for fluorescence detection, and the
      measurement of two signals on one photomultiplier, this configuration allows for
      the simultaneous excitation and detection on single cells of fluorescein,
      phycoerythrin, Texas Red and allophycocyanin-conjugated antibodies together with
      certain UV-excited dyes.

PMID- 2661696
TI  - Location of a synergistic factor in the capsule of a granulosis virus of the
      armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta.
AB  - A synergistic factor (SyF), which enhanced the infection of nuclear polyhedrosis
      viruses, was purified from capsules of a Pseudaletia unipuncta granulosis virus
      (Hawaiian strain) by immune affinity chromatography. The isolated SyF consisted
      primarily of a protein with molecular mass 98 kDa. The recovery rate depended on
      the alkali used to dissolve the capsules: the highest rate occurred with 0.05 M
      Na2CO3-0.05 M NaCl, followed in turn with 0.02-0.05 M NaOH and 0.04 M NaOH-0.05 M
      glycine. The solubilized components from untreated capsules contained 98- and 100
      kDa proteins in addition to the matrix protein (29 kDa) and its decomposed
      products, while those from heat-treated capsules contained only the 100-kDa
      protein. Virons liberated from the capsules with the glycine buffer contained
      three proteins (33, 98, and 100 kDa) serologically related to the SyF.
      Immunoelectron microscopy of infected tissue and purified virions revealed the
      localization of the SyF antigens on the viral envelope.

PMID- 2661697
TI  - An experimental study on free autogenous bone transplantation including a growth
      zone--effects of age factor on growth capacity.
AB  - An experimental study was conducted to determine how age affects growth capacity
      and development of a growth zone in cases of free autogenous bone
      transplantation. Using immature Japanese white rabbits, the second metatarsus was
      removed together with the epiphyseal cartilage and a small portion of the
      surrounding soft tissues, and was implanted under the skin of the foreleg.
      Animals were divided into a 1-week-old group, a 2-week-old group and a 4-week-old
      group, and these groups were studied comparatively by periodic radiography,
      histopathology, and microangiography. In terms of bone length, a notable growth
      capacity was observed in the 1-week-old group, but was reduced in the 2-week-old
      group, with no growth being seen in the 4-week-old group. The width of the bone
      was reduced in all groups. In clinical applications of this technique, it is
      preferable to operate as soon as possible after birth. Moreover, transplantation
      should be carried out before the appearance of the epiphyseal nucleus of the
      donor for best bone growth.

PMID- 2661698
TI  - [Hematopoietic recovery after autologous bone marrow transplantation in high-dose
      chemotherapy of cancer patients].
AB  - In order to evaluate the possible utility of autologous bone marrow
      transplantation (ABMT), eighteen cancer patients were treated with high-dose
      combination chemotherapy supported by ABMT. We investigated CFU-GM/kg infused as
      well as bone marrow nucleated cells/kg to predict for hematopoietic recovery.
      Although hematopoietic recovery was not related to the nucleated cell number of
      the transfused bone marrow, CFU-GM infused related significantly to neutrophil
      recovery to 500/mm3 (correlation coefficient, r = -0.73, p less than 0.001) and
      platelet recovery to 50,000/mm3 (r = -0.69, p less than 0.001). Furthermore, a
      significant relationship of CFU-GM infused to the period of neutropenia below
      500/mm3 was observed (r = -0.67, p less than 0.001). Taken together, CFU-GM dose
      can predict for neutrophil and platelet recovery, suggesting that ABMT can
      shorten the period of bone marrow suppression following high-dose chemotherapy.

PMID- 2661699
TI  - Induction of endocrine cell differentiation: a new approach to management of
      diabetes.
AB  - Cellophane wrapping of the hamster pancreas induces a trophic stimulus that leads
      to ductular proliferation in association with nesidioblastosis. Our previous
      studies have demonstrated that cellophane wrapping of the pancreas leads to the
      development of a new population of beta-cells that is capable of reversing
      streptozocin-induced diabetes. The predominant type of islet regenerated is
      initially small but progressively enlarges to the size of control islets.
      Electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry revealed areas of nesidioblastosis
      that contained a predominance of beta-cells, but also alpha- and delta-cells.
      Metabolic studies were conducted to define the functional aspects of this model.
      After cellophane wrapping of the normal hamster pancreas, normal serum levels of
      glucose and insulin were maintained despite a 2.5-fold increase in the number of
      pancreatic islets per square millimeter compared with a control group that
      underwent a sham operation and was not wrapped. Islets were harvested from
      control and cellophane-wrapped pancreata and demonstrated a similar biphasic
      insulin response to high-dose glucose perfusion in vitro. Insulin secretion
      ceased with low-dose glucose perfusion. Insulin derived from unwrapped pancreata
      was found to comprise two peaks on high-pressure liquid chromatography and that
      from wrapped pancreata a single peak. The biologically active insulin
      corresponded on high-pressure liquid chromatography with the standard insulin
      preparation. Thus, the experimental induction of nesidioblastosis is associated
      with development of normal beta-cell sensitivity to glucose and release of a
      single form of a biologically active insulin. It thus represents a possible
      therapeutic approach to diabetes.

PMID- 2661700
TI  - Ticlopidine in the treatment of intermittent claudication: a 21-month double
      blind trial.
AB  - After a 3-month, single-blind, run-in period, 151 patients with intermittent
      claudication were randomly allocated to receive the antiplatelet agent
      ticlopidine (250 mg twice per day) or an identical placebo. One hundred and
      twenty patients completed the double-blind phase of the trial, which lasted 21
      months. The primary analysis was performed according to the "intention-to-treat
      principle" in all 151 enrolled patients. There was, continuing on from the third
      month after randomization, a progressive and sustained improvement of the pain
      free and maximum walking distances in the two treatment groups that was
      significantly greater in the ticlopidine group. The ankle-arm systolic blood
      pressure ratio at rest and after exercise increased in a significant manner in
      the ticlopidine group only. In a secondary analysis, with exclusion of 25
      patients because of protocol violations at selection, consistently significant
      differences in favor of the ticlopidine group were still observed for maximum
      walking distance and systolic ankle-arm blood pressure ratio, both at rest and
      after exercise. No major side effects were reported in the treated group. It is
      concluded that long-term treatment with ticlopidine improves walking ability and
      ankle systolic blood pressure in patients with claudication.

PMID- 2661701
TI  - Charles Spencer (1813-1881), microscope maker.

PMID- 2661702
TI  - Paranoid disorders in the elderly.
AB  - Paranoid disorders in the elderly are relatively common and represent a variety
      of diagnostic categories. Appropriate treatment depends on careful diagnostic
      assessment. Therapy of concomitant medical disorders, psychiatric medications,
      and psychotherapy all play a role in the management of these patients.

PMID- 2661703
TI  - Dyslexia and neurodevelopmental pathology: relationships to cognition,
      intelligence, and reading skill acquisition.
AB  - This article addresses the neuroimaging (CT/MRI), electrophysiological (ERP/EEG),
      and postmortem evidence as to the neurological basis of dyslexia and discusses
      why these sources of evidence yield what appear to be inconsistent findings. It
      is concluded that what appear to be inconsistencies may relate in part to
      limitations of these investigative technologies. Then, important correlates of
      reading ability and disability are discussed in a developmental
      neuropsychological context, and recommendations are made for research serving to
      further integrate cognitive and neurological paradigms. Of particular importance,
      inconsistencies between the results revealed through neuroimaging,
      electrophysiological, and postmortem studies, on the one hand, and
      neurolinguistic theory, on the other, must be addressed. Articulating the
      neurometabolic role-and particularly the nature of the behavioral correlates of
      the thalamus, supplementary motor area, and frontal cortex-in regard to
      bihemispheric mechanisms related to reading in developmental dyslexia should be a
      priority in future research.

PMID- 2661705
TI  - MAG responds to Medicare morass in Georgia.

PMID- 2661704
TI  - Various varying views on variation.

PMID- 2661706
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease using fetal echocardiography.

PMID- 2661707
TI  - Pre-operative diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma.
AB  - Preoperative diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma was reviewed with emphasis on
      ultrasound and CT findings. Two cases were reported. Combined use of ultrasound
      and CT or conventional radiographs (with demonstration of fat radiolucency) are
      accurate preoperative diagnostic methods. Nephrectomy or unnecessary operation
      can be prevented. A small asymptomatic renal mass may be incidentally detected
      during ultrasound examination of the liver and gall-bladder. If CT or
      conventional radiographs confirm the presence of fatty tissue in the tumor,
      diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma can be made. Then ultrasound follow-up is
      justified.

PMID- 2661708
TI  - Clinical efficacy of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate for the treatment of
      osteoarthritis of the knee joint: a double blind controlled study.
AB  - The investigator could not show that administration of glycosaminoglycan
      polysulfate twice a week, one intra-articular and one intra-muscular injections,
      was useful for osteoarthritis (stage II) of the knee joint.

PMID- 2661709
TI  - Increased ovalocytic red cells and their low parasitemia in malaria infected
      subjects.
AB  - Ovalocytic red blood cells were significantly increased in the peripheral blood
      films of patients infected with P. falciparum (mean +/- S.D. = 6.3 +/- 8.4%) and
      P. vivax (8.3 +/- 14.0%), whereas, there was only 0.6 +/- 0.4 per cent ovalocytes
      in normal individuals. Per cent parasitemia of ovalocytes counted at least 100
      ovalocytes of the blood films of malaria infected individuals was significantly
      reduced when compared with that of discocytes which revealed at least 100
      discocytes in the same blood smears. Relative increase in ovalocyte and their low
      parasitemia might be the response of malaria infected individuals to cope with
      malaria multiplication in their circulation.

PMID- 2661710
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with the monoclonal
      antibody to follicular center lymphocytes reactive in paraffin sections.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody designated LN-1 was used in an attempt to identify the
      antigen in follicular center cell lymphomas using tissue sections fixed in
      formalin. The LN-1 antibody has been shown in previous studies to identify
      follicular center cells and give reproducible results in tissue fixed in B5. We
      used the ABC peroxidase technique to examined formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded
      sections representing 52 cases of various histologic subgroups of non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas based upon the Lukes-Collins classification. Following immunostaining
      with LN-1 using overnight incubation of the antibody and papain treated sections,
      37 cases, and all of the 38 cases previously diagnosed as follicular center cell
      lymphomas, gave a positive reaction to the LN-1 monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2661711
TI  - Measurements of enzyme activity and immunoreactivity of plasma renin. Limitations
      of the conventional method for assay of plasma renin catalytic activity.
AB  - The values for "plasma renin activity", "plasma renin concentration" (both
      determined by the rate of angiotensin I generation) and the plasma active renin
      protein mass concentration (active enzyme protein measured by a direct
      radioimmunoassay) were compared. The values for "plasma renin activity"
      (angiotensin I generation from endogeneous renin substrate) and "plasma renin
      concentration" (angiotensin I generation from exogeneous excess of renin
      substrate) showed a significant correlation. However, the correlation was lost in
      samples with high (plasma renin activity greater than or equal to 10
      micrograms/l.h) and low (plasma renin activity less than or equal to 1
      microgram/l.h) renin contents. In another study, values for "plasma renin
      activity" were correlated with those for plasma active renin protein mass
      concentration, and values for "plasma renin concentration" were also correlated
      to those for plasma active renin protein mass concentration. However, in samples
      with low renin contents (plasma active renin protein mass concentration less than
      or equal to 20 ng/l), there was no correlation between values for "plasma renin
      activity" and plasma active renin protein mass concentration, although those for
      "plasma renin concentration" and plasma active renin protein mass concentration
      showed a significant correlation. These results suggest that the current method
      for the assay of plasma renin activity gives erroneous values for low and high
      plasma renin concentrations. The new radiometric method for the determination of
      the plasma active renin protein mass concentration seems to be applicable to
      plasma samples with a wide range of renin concentrations.

PMID- 2661712
TI  - [A farewell to the Thormahlen test for melanoma. New facts on the lif of the
      prematurely deceased Johannes Thormahlen, M.D., (1860-1892)].
AB  - For the first time since the introduction of Thormahlen's test in 1887, a
      biography of its creator has been written and it is presented here. It reveals
      the tragic fate of a young doctor ill with tuberculosis towards the end of the
      last century. At the same time, an historic evaluation of the Thormahlen's test
      and its place in the history of clinical chemistry is attempted. A urine test is
      taken as an example of the wide range of possible diagnostic methods; starting
      with the very basic observation of dark urine, followed by rudimentary chemical
      analyses, leading up to the most modern laboratory procedures. Nowadays, the
      urine test for melanoma must be considered as obsolete.

PMID- 2661714
TI  - Assessment of obstetric risk.

PMID- 2661713
TI  - Measurement of proteins with the Behring Nephelometer. A multicentre evaluation.
AB  - The selective multi-protein analyser Behring Nephelometer was examined according
      to the ECCLS guidelines in a multicentre evaluation involving five laboratories.
      IgG, IgA, IgM, C-reactive protein, C3c, C4, apolipoprotein A-I and B were
      measured in serum, and albumin and IgG were measured in cerebrospinal fluid. All
      values obtained were included in the evaluation without correcting for outliers.
      The trial, which lasted three months and involved over 20,000 analyses, basically
      yielded the following results: 1. The precision was generally better than that of
      comparative procedures. For the majority of methods, the between-day coefficients
      of variation were below 4.5%. The highest coefficient of variation was 7.2% (for
      C-reactive protein) and the lowest 1.35% (for C3c). 2. The fraction of assigned
      values of control materials varied between 0.95 and 1.08. 3. Good agreement was
      found with results from the comparison procedures: Beckman ICS, Behring Laser
      Nephelometer, Hyland Laser Nephelometer. 4. No carry-over effects were observed.
      5. No interferences were observed for IgG, IgA and IgM determinations using
      hyperbilirubinaemic or haemolytic samples. In contrast lipaemic samples and some
      with monoclonal immunoglobulin M showed an influence on the immunoephelometric
      reaction. 6. Because of the large measuring range, it is necessary to repeat
      analyses only in extremely rare cases. 7. During the entire evaluation period no
      instrument malfunctions or interruptions occurred. As a result of its
      reliability, the Behring Nephelometer is well suited for routine operation and
      emergency analyses in medium and large-sized laboratories.

PMID- 2661715
TI  - Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. Use and accuracy of capillary blood
      glucose measured with a reflectance meter.
AB  - Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus by a 1-hour glucose challenge test is
      recommended for all pregnant women between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy.
      Measurement of capillary blood glucose with a reflectance meter is well known and
      considered to be accurate, reliable, less costly, and more convenient than the
      laboratory test of plasma glucose. One hundred eighty-one pregnant women were
      tested with both a 1-hour glucose challenge test by capillary blood glucose and a
      3-hour glucose tolerance test by venous plasma glucose. The diagnosis of
      gestational diabetes mellitus was made by the standard criteria on the 3-hour
      glucose tolerance test. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to
      determine the optimum threshold value. There were seven cases of gestational
      diabetes mellitus detected during this study period, producing an incidence of
      3.9%. The threshold value for the 1-hour glucose challenge test by capillary
      blood glucose was 9.0 mmol/L (163 mg/dL); the test has a sensitivity,
      specificity, predictive value, and likelihood ratio of 0.857, 0.868, 0.207, and
      6.48, respectively. This test was at least as accurate as a 1-hour glucose
      challenge test by venous plasma glucose. Given its advantages, such as lower
      cost, simplicity, better patient acceptance, and immediate availability of the
      result, capillary blood glucose testing should be considered for screening of
      gestational diabetes mellitus in the office setting.

PMID- 2661716
TI  - Congenital hypothyroidism.
AB  - This paper presents a case report of congenital hypothyroidism that illustrates
      some of the issues in screening for this disorder. Congenital hypothyroidism has
      several causes, the most common of which is thyroid dysgenesis. Most affected
      infants have no historical clues or physical findings to suggest diagnosis.
      Neonatal screening combining thyroxine and thyrotropin screening have resulted in
      increased detection, although false-negatives do occur, and the physician must
      carefully observe all newborns for the findings of congenital hypothyroidism.
      Early treatment improves the prognosis considerably. This paper reviews the
      pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2661717
TI  - Family physicians and general internists: do they treat hypertensive patients
      differently?
AB  - This study compared 51 San Francisco Bay Area family physicians and 47 general
      internists in their treatment of hypertensive patients. Charts from 2254 patients
      of these physicians were reviewed. The average age and percentage of board
      certification of both groups of physicians are similar. Patients of general
      internists were slightly older than the family practice patients (average age 61
      vs 59 years). The general internists saw significantly fewer patients per hour
      (3.0) than the family physicians (3.6). Family physicians were more likely to
      employ a registered nurse (33%) than were general internists (17%), and family
      physicians were twice as likely to delegate patient education to office staff
      than were the general internists. The mean number and kinds of antihypertensive
      medications prescribed were similar. Internists did more laboratory testing, but
      the difference was not statistically significant. General internists were more
      likely to change medication when their patients' blood pressure was uncontrolled
      than were family physicians (in 60% vs 40% of patients, P = .02), and they were
      also more likely to recall uncontrolled patients within 3 months than were family
      physicians (50% vs 35% of patients, P = .05). There was no significant difference
      in mean diastolic blood pressure or in hypertension-related behaviors, such as
      medication adherence, aerobic exercise, alcohol consumption, or amount of dietary
      salt, between the two patient groups; however, over 35% of patients of both
      groups had elevated blood pressure readings despite taking medications. Overall,
      there were more similarities than differences in the care physicians provided.
      Efforts to change physician performance in the treatment of hypertensive patients
      are still warranted and equally applicable to both groups.

PMID- 2661718
TI  - Bacterial action of fertilization envelope extract from eggs of the fish Cyprinus
      carpio and Plecoglossus altivelis.
AB  - The vitelline envelope (VE) and fertilization envelope (FE) in eggs of the fish
      Cyprinus carpio and Plecoglossus altivelis were purified by homogenization of
      eggs or embryos in 5 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.0, containing 2 mM ethylenediamine
      tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA), except for processing of VEs in
      Plecoglossus eggs, and by repeated washing wih the same buffer. To extract the
      outermost layer material, the purified VEs and FEs were processed overnight at 4
      degrees C in 5 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.0, containing 8 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 2
      mM EDTA, 0.3 M alpha-lactose, 0.3 M glucose, and 0.9% NaCl. Since extraction of
      the outermost layer of the VEs of Cyprinus eggs in this solution was found to be
      ultrastructurally incomplete, further sonication in the same buffer was
      necessary. The solution extracted from purified VEs or FEs was dialyzed against 5
      mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.0, followed by lyophilization. The extracts from the FEs
      from both fish species contained two kinds of lectins, one agglutinated human B
      type erythrocytes and the other nonspecifically agglutinated fish spermatozoa,
      and both extracts had a strong bactericidal effect on Vibrio anguillarum that was
      isolated from diseased cultured fish, but not on Aeromonas hydrophila and
      Escherichia coli. The extracts of purified VEs from eggs of both fish had no
      bactericidal effect on the bacteria examined, nor any agglutination effect on
      human erythrocytes and fish spermatozoa.

PMID- 2661719
TI  - Use of aquatic insects in determining submersion interval.
AB  - Although its potential is great, the use of aquatic insects in determining
      submersion intervals at death-scene investigations has not been exploited in the
      past. Aquatic environments have no known true specific indicator species, as do
      terrestrial habitats. However, aquatic environmental studies show that organisms
      may colonize a substrate dependent on factors such as size, position, exposure to
      current, water temperature, current speed, water depth, the presence of algal
      communities, or detritus. Certain aquatic insects such as the chironomid midges
      (Diptera, Chironomidae), and the caddisflies (Trichoptera), are capable of
      colonizing immersed bodies; and with the known biology of a specific species of
      insect for a certain geographic area, time intervals of submersion can be
      established.

PMID- 2661720
TI  - 500 psychological autopsies.
AB  - Five hundred psychological autopsies on equivocal (suicide versus accident)
      deaths were reviewed to ascertain which factors are significant in making the
      determination between suicidal and accidental deaths. Factors varied in relative
      importance according to the method used to cause death. Significant factors
      included life-style, recent stress, suicidal communications, previous self
      destructive behaviors, history of depression, and obvious factors from the
      physical evidence such as large amounts of drugs in the blood. Although the court
      provided decision guideline is "a preponderance of the evidence", in practice,
      the assembled evidence is often used to construct a "most credible" scenario to
      explain the death.

PMID- 2661721
TI  - Variations in cross-bridge attachment rate and tension with phosphorylation of
      myosin in mammalian skinned skeletal muscle fibers. Implications for twitch
      potentiation in intact muscle.
AB  - The Ca2+ sensitivities of the rate constant of tension redevelopment (ktr;
      Brenner, B., and E. Eisenberg. 1986. Proceedings of the National Academy of
      Sciences. 83:3542-3546) and isometric force during steady-state activation were
      examined as functions of myosin light chain 2 (LC2) phosphorylation in skinned
      single fibers from rabbit and rat fast-twitch skeletal muscles. To measure ktr
      the fiber was activated with Ca2+ and steady isometric tension was allowed to
      develop; subsequently, the fiber was rapidly (less than 1 ms) released to a
      shorter length and then reextended by approximately 200 nm per half sarcomere.
      This maneuver resulted in the complete dissociation of cross-bridges from actin,
      so that the subsequent redevelopment of tension was related to the rate of cross
      bridge reattachment. The time course of tension redevelopment, which was recorded
      under sarcomere length control, was best fit by a first-order exponential
      equation (i.e., tension = C(1 - e-kt) to obtain the value of ktr. In control
      fibers, ktr increased sigmoidally with increases in [Ca2+]; maximum values of ktr
      were obtained at pCa 4.5 and were significantly greater in rat superficial vastus
      lateralis fibers (26.1 +/- 1.2 s-1 at 15 degrees C) than in rabbit psoas fibers
      (18.7 +/- 1.0 s-1). Phosphorylation of LC2 was accomplished by repeated Ca2+
      activations (pCa 4.5) of the fibers in solutions containing 6 microM calmodulin
      and 0.5 microM myosin light chain kinase, a protocol that resulted in an increase
      in LC2 phosphorylation from approximately 10% in the control fibers to greater
      than 80% after treatment. After phosphorylation, ktr was unchanged at maximum or
      very low levels of Ca2+ activation. However, at intermediate levels of Ca2+
      activation, between pCa 5.5 and 6.2, there was a significant increase in ktr such
      that this portion of the ktr-pCa relationship was shifted to the left. The steady
      state isometric tension-pCa relationship, which in control fibers was left
      shifted with respect to the ktr-pCa relationship, was further left-shifted after
      LC2 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of LC2 had no effect upon steady-state
      tension during maximum Ca2+ activation. In fibers from which troponin C was
      partially extracted to disrupt molecular cooperativity within the thin filament
      (Moss et al. 1985. Journal of General Physiology. 86:585-600), the effect of LC2
      phosphorylation to increase the Ca2+ sensitivity of steady-state isometric force
      was no longer evident, although the effect of phosphorylation to increase ktr was
      unaffected by this maneuver.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2661722
TI  - Characterization of the genetic organization of the HindIII M region of the
      multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Orgyia pseudotsugata reveals major
      differences among baculoviruses.
AB  - A region including the 4 kb HindIII M fragment of the multicapsid nuclear
      polyhedrosis virus (MNPV) of Orgyia pseudotsugata (OpMNPV) genome was sequenced,
      transcriptionally mapped, and compared to the homologous region in the MNPV of
      Autographa californica (AcMNPV). Five open reading frames (ORFs) oriented in the
      same direction were identified and were found to be expressed at late times post
      infection. The mRNAs from the five ORFs were found to coterminate at a single
      site downstream of ORF 5. The conserved late gene promoter/mRNA start site
      sequence (AGTAAG) was present upstream of all the ORFs, but did not appear to be
      the major site of mRNA initiation for two of the ORFs as determined by primer
      extension analysis. These data indicated that use of this signal for
      transcriptional initiation may vary between different ORFs. The predicted amino
      acid sequences for the five ORFs of AcMNPV and OpMNPV were compared and amino
      acid homologies of 26 to 72% were observed. The comparison revealed a number of
      major differences in the genomes of the two viruses. A putative transposable
      element of 634 nucleotides was found to be inserted into the previously reported
      AcMNPV ORF 1 sequence. In addition, it was found that a region corresponding to
      the 4 kb HindIII K/EcoRI S/hr5 region of AcMNPV was not present in the OpMNPV
      genome.

PMID- 2661723
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of a soybean mosaic virus coat protein-coding region and
      its expression in Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and tobacco callus.
AB  - A DNA complementary to the 3'-terminal 1168 nucleotides of the genome of the N
      strain of soybean mosaic virus (SMV) has been cloned and sequenced. cDNA sequence
      and coat protein analyses indicate that the SMV coat protein-coding region is at
      the 3' end of the genome, and that the coat protein is processed from a larger
      protein. The coat protein-coding sequence is predicted to be 795 nucleotides in
      length, encoding a protein of 265 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 29,857. The
      3' untranslated region is 259 nucleotides in length and is followed by a
      polyadenylate tract. The SMV coat protein-coding region, along with a small
      amount of upstream sequence, has been expressed in Escherichia coli as a beta
      galactosidase fusion protein. The size of the protein was less than predicted for
      the fusion protein, suggesting processing in E. coli. The coat protein-coding
      region has also been expressed in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and transgenic
      tobacco callus as an unfused protein under the control of the cauliflower mosaic
      virus 35S promoter. The coat protein produced in transgenic tobacco callus had an
      electrophoretic mobility identical to that of SMV coat protein and constituted
      approximately 0.05% (w/w) of the total extracted protein.

PMID- 2661724
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the polyhedrin gene of Bombyx mori cytoplasmic
      polyhedrosis virus A strain with nuclear localization of polyhedra.
AB  - Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) strain H produces many
      hexahedral polyhedra (inclusion bodies) in the cytoplasm of insect midgut
      epithelial cells. The mutant A strain, however, produces polyhedra in the
      nucleus. We determined cDNA sequences of the polyhedrin genes, the smallest of
      the 10 genome segments, of these two strains. The polyhedrin genes of the H and A
      strains were 944 bp long, and encoded polypeptides of 248 amino acids (Mr 28,500)
      and 252 amino acids (Mr 29,000), respectively. The extra four amino acid residues
      at the carboxy terminus of the strain A polyhedrin (Arg-Leu-Leu-Val) were the
      result of a single nucleotide substitution at an opal stop codon (TGA----CGA). A
      further amino acid substitution of the histidine residue at position 101 (His---
      Tyr) was seen. The carboxy-terminal extension revealed a considerable similarity
      to the consensus amino acid sequence of the DNA-binding domain of many DNA
      binding proteins. We discuss the relationship between the intracellular
      localization of polyhedrins and mutations in their amino acid sequences.

PMID- 2661725
TI  - Vigabatrin in the treatment of epilepsy: a long-term follow-up study.
AB  - Twenty-five adult epileptic patients who had shown a satisfactory clinical
      response to add-on vigabatrin under placebo-controlled conditions continued on
      long-term treatment for up to 47 months (median 22 months). The initially
      favourable therapeutic response was generally maintained throughout the
      observation period with an overall good clinical tolerance. No evidence of
      neurotoxicity was detected by multimodal evoked potentials monitoring.

PMID- 2661726
TI  - A giant spinal aneurysm with cord and root compression.
AB  - A patient suffering from a giant spinal aneurysm is reported. The diagnosis was
      made by angiography and dynamic computed tomography. The patient was treated
      successfully by clipping of the feeding artery.

PMID- 2661727
TI  - Epidemiologic analyses of causation: the unlearned scientific lessons of
      randomized trials.

PMID- 2661728
TI  - The clinical trial as a paradigm for epidemiologic research.
AB  - The extent to which the clinical trial serves, and fails, as a paradigm for
      epidemiologic research in general is examined. It is argued, first, that the
      traditional paradigms--investigating epidemic and endemic occurrence of illness
      in the context of public-health activities, inclusive of the deployment of
      census, vital and morbidity statistics and sample surveys--are misleading for
      scientific research. Major examples of the consequences of these paradigms are
      the preoccupations with time and place, and with "the general population" or some
      other "target population"--both alien from the vantage of clinical trials and,
      indeed, of science in general. Then it is shown, by the use of the clinical trial
      paradigm, that traditional epidemiologic thought and practice in cause-effect
      research are misguided in the context of such common contexts as the use of
      empirical contrasts between exposure and unspecified nonexposure, the employment
      of "representative" distributions of determinants, and, even, as to the belief
      that cohort and "case-control" studies constitute alternatives to each other. On
      the other hand, it is argued that for etiologic research the ordinary (parallel)
      clinical trial is misleading as a paradigm, especially as for learning about the
      essential temporal aspects of the cause-effect relation.

PMID- 2661729
TI  - Issues in planning and interpreting active control equivalence studies.
AB  - Active control equivalence studies, with the goal of demonstrating therapeutic
      equivalence between a new and an active control treatment, are becoming more
      widespread due to current therapies that reflect previous successes in the
      development of new treatments. Because ethical requirements preclude the use of a
      placebo or no-treatment control for internal study validation, certain
      methodologic issues arise in active control equivalence trials that require
      special attention. We emphasize a special feature of this alternative study
      design, namely, its reliance on an implicit "historical control assumption". To
      conclude that a new drug is efficacious on the basis of an active control
      equivalence study (ACES) requires a fundamental assumption that the active
      control drug would have performed better than a placebo, had a placebo been used
      in the trial. In designing an ACES, one needs some assurance that historical
      estimates of the active control drug's efficacy relative to placebo are
      applicable to the new experimental setting. Steps that can be taken to compile
      such evidence and to justify the use of an active control equivalence design are
      described. These issues are illustrated in the context of a planned study to
      evaluate the efficacy of a new drug for the prevention of stroke, using aspirin
      as an active control.

PMID- 2661730
TI  - Risk factors for site specific extracranial carotid artery plaque distribution as
      measured by B-mode ultrasound.
AB  - The effect of age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, pulse rate and cigarette smoking
      on extracranial carotid artery plaque thickness evaluated by B-mode
      ultrasonography was investigated in a cross-sectional study of 698 white men, 730
      white women, 77 black men and 76 black women as part of a clinical ultrasound
      registry. Subjects were between 24 and 98 years of age, with a mean age of 63
      years. Arterial locations evaluated were: proximal, mid and distal common
      carotid; the bifurcation; and the proximal and mid internal and external
      carotids. In a general linear multivariate analysis with plaque thickness at each
      site as the outcome variable, cigarette smoking and age were the two most
      consistent risk factors, and affected plaque thickness at all the investigated
      sites. Hypertension affected more sites than diabetes, men had more plaques than
      women, and except for the common carotid, whites had more plaques than blacks.
      Thus, risk factors were not uniformly associated with atherosclerosis at all
      sites of the extracranial carotid arteries.

PMID- 2661731
TI  - Methodology for measuring health-state preferences--III: Population and context
      effects.
AB  - In addition to the scaling method, there are many other aspects of the
      measurement process that may affect rater judgments of the relative desirability
      of health states. Although we find little compelling evidence of population
      differences in preferences due to demographic characteristics, there is some
      evidence suggesting that medical knowledge and/or experience with illness may
      influence raters' valuations of health states. Other aspects of the rating
      process that affect rater judgments can be classified as one of two types:
      inconsistencies due to limitations in human judgment, and inconsistencies due to
      situation-specific variables. When inconsistencies are due to limitations in
      human judgment, such as framing effects, a reasonable solution is to help the
      rater to see and correct the inconsistency. When inconsistencies are due to
      situation-specific variables, such as the way the health state is defined and
      presented, investigators should attempt to standardize conditions across studies.

PMID- 2661732
TI  - Neoadjuvant and adjuvant methotrexate, cisplatin, and fluorouracil in multimodal
      therapy of head and neck cancer.
AB  - To increase the complete response (CR) rate of patients with locally advanced
      head and neck cancer after three cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we added
      sequential methotrexate to the combination of cisplatin and continuous infusion
      fluorouracil (5-FU). We also evaluated the feasibility of administering three
      additional cycles of the same regimen as adjuvant chemotherapy. Thirty-eight
      patients were treated; the median age was 53 years and 36 patients had stage IV
      disease. Chemotherapy consisted of methotrexate 120 mg/m2 followed 24 hours later
      by cisplatin 100 mg/m2 and a five-day continuous infusion of 5-FU at 1,000
      mg/m2/d. Of 34 patients evaluable for response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, nine
      had a CR, 21 a partial response (PR), two a minimal response (MR), and one
      patient each stable disease (SD) and no response (NR). Of 31 patients who
      received local therapy, 15 were treated with surgery and radiotherapy and 16 with
      radiotherapy alone. Of 25 patients eligible to receive adjuvant chemotherapy only
      ten received all three intended cycles, while 15 received less or no adjuvant
      chemotherapy because of patient refusal, cumulative toxicity, or early disease
      progression. With a median follow-up time of 39 months, the median survival is
      estimated to be 20 months. Of eight patients with nasopharyngeal or paranasal
      sinus cancer, none has had disease recurrence. Patients with good initial
      performance status and low N-stage also had a significant survival advantage.
      Chemotherapy-related toxicities consisted mainly of mucositis, requiring 5-FU
      dose reduction in the majority of patients; similar toxicities were exacerbated
      in the adjuvant setting. The addition of methotrexate did not increase the CR
      rate over what has been reported for the combination of cisplatin and 5-FU alone.
      Certain subsets of patients appear to have a good prognosis when treated in this
      fashion. The administration of adequate adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with
      head and neck cancer remains difficult due to toxicity and poor patient
      compliance.

PMID- 2661733
TI  - Recombinant interleukin-2 by continuous infusion and adoptive transfer of
      recombinant interleukin-2-activated cells in patients with advanced cancer.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with disseminated cancer (nine with renal cell carcinoma,
      five with melanoma, three with Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic myelocytic leukemia
      [CML], two with soft tissue sarcoma, one each with large-cell lymphoma, breast
      cancer, and colon cancer), 13 males and 12 females, aged 25 to 68, were treated
      with recombinant human interleukin-2 (rIL2) by continuous infusion and adoptive
      transfer of autologous lymphocytes activated in vitro with IL2. Patients
      underwent leukapheresis on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 of the treatment. Cells, bulk
      activated for 20 hours in serum-free culture medium with 1,000 U IL2/mL in
      transfusion transfer packs as culture vessels, were transfused the following day.
      The infusion of IL2 by continuous infusion for six days started immediately after
      each adoptive transfer for 4 weekly courses. The dose of IL2 was escalated weekly
      in each patient; starting doses of IL2 were also escalated in subsequent cohorts
      of patients until maximally tolerated doses were reached. Nine patients had
      objective tumor regressions (three with renal cell cancer, two with Hodgkin's
      lymphoma, and one each with melanoma, sarcoma, breast, and colon cancer). Six
      responses were partial, two were minor, and one was mixed. Responding patients
      were maintained with IL2 by continuous infusion for six days every 6 to 8 weeks,
      without adoptive cell transfer. The median duration of responses was 16 weeks (3
      to 60 + weeks). Tumor regression was related to the dose of IL2 (greater than or
      equal to 3.4 x 10(6) U/m2/d for six days) and to the in vivo lymphoproliferative
      effects of the lymphokine, but not to the total number of cells adoptively
      transferred. Side effects of treatment were transient and quickly reversible.
      Renal, hepatic dysfunction, and dyspnea were directly related to the dose of IL2
      and to lymphocytosis. Other toxicities were mild hypotension with mild fluid
      retention, oral mucositis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, fever, and fatigue.

PMID- 2661734
TI  - Six-year results of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial of observation
      versus CMFP versus CMFPT in postmenopausal patients with node-positive breast
      cancer.
AB  - The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) trial of adjuvant cyclophosphamide,
      methotrexate, fluorouracil, and prednisone (CMFP) or CMFP plus tamoxifen (CMFPT)
      for 1 year compared with observation alone in 265 postmenopausal patients with
      node-positive breast cancer is reported with 74 months median follow-up. Overall
      relapse-free survival tended to favor CMFPT (P = .08), but no survival
      differences existed between any treatment group. The addition of tamoxifen to
      CMFP led to slightly (but not significantly) better relapse-free status in all
      subgroups analyzed. Subgroup analysis based on stratification variables showed
      significant benefit from CMFP (+/- T) only in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative
      patients with respect to disease-free status (P = .0003), but not survival (P =
      .54). Relapse-free status was actually worse for CMFP-treated patients with ER
      positive tumors, but not significantly so (P = .15). By multivariate analysis
      other significant risk factors for relapse-free status were primary tumor size,
      number of nodes pathologically involved, and the number of nodes examined. ER
      status was prognostic only for the observation group with the benefit from
      chemotherapy on ER-negative patients obliterating this difference in treated
      patients. Survival was affected by the number of involved nodes, tumor size,
      presence of tumor necrosis, and patient obesity. Analysis of toxicity showed
      elevation of liver enzymes during the first year to be more common in the
      observation group compared with those patients receiving adjuvant treatment and
      to be associated with early recurrence. Toxicity from adjuvant treatment
      persisted beyond termination of therapy in 53% of patients, but was usually mild
      and self-limited. We conclude CMFPT offers relapse-free survival benefit in ER
      negative patients, but the value of chemotherapy in ER-positive postmenopausal,
      node-positive patients must be questioned.

PMID- 2661735
TI  - Fluorouracil and high-dose leucovorin in previously treated patients with
      metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - The efficacy and toxicity of leucovorin 500 mg/m2 administered intravenously (IV)
      over 30 minutes daily for five days followed in one hour by fluorouracil (5-FU)
      375 mg/m2 administered IV daily for five days, each given every 3 weeks, was
      assessed in 54 previously treated patients with metastatic breast cancer. An
      overall objective response rate of 24% was achieved (95% confidence interval, 13%
      to 38%), with an additional 56% of patients maintaining stable disease. Eleven of
      12 patients who responded had received previous 5-FU therapy. Toxicity of this
      regimen included grade 3 diarrhea in 13%, grade 3 or 4 mucositis in 33%, grade 3
      or 4 granulocytopenia in 65%, and grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia in 19%. Delay of
      treatment was required for hematologic toxicity in 44 patients. Thirty-eight
      patients required dose reductions due to toxicity. Biochemical evaluation of
      tumor biopsy specimens obtained from 17 patients used as their own controls with
      and without leucovorin was performed. These studies reveal an increased
      stabilization of the 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate (FdUMP)-thymidylate synthase (TS)
      folate ternary complex with the addition of leucovorin. There was a 71% +/- 14%
      occupancy or inhibition of the enzyme with the use of both 5-FU and leucovorin, v
      30% +/- 13% for 5-FU alone (P2 less than .037). The percent TS bound in
      responding patients was substantially higher than in those patients with
      progressive disease. Finally, the mean total tumor TS pre-therapy in seven
      patients was 31 fmol/mg compared with a mean of 81 fmol/mg in these same seven
      patients 24 hours after therapy. This 2.6-fold increase suggests that there is an
      induction of the enzyme, TS, with 5-FU treatment.

PMID- 2661736
TI  - Measuring quality of life in cancer patients.
AB  - The diagnosis and management of cancer can have a major impact on every aspect of
      a patient's quality of life. Despite its importance, quality of life is rarely a
      reported outcome in randomized clinical trials in cancer patients. Failure to
      collect quality-of-life information may reflect a lack of information among
      researchers and clinicians about the adequacy and relative merits of measures
      available for assessing quality of life. We reviewed the adequacy of the 17
      existing scales for assessing quality of life in cancer patients against
      characteristics needed for an adequate measure. None of the existing measures met
      all of the criteria. Recommendations about the relative adequacy of existing
      scales were made.

PMID- 2661737
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation versus chemotherapy in first-remission
      acute myeloid leukemia.

PMID- 2661739
TI  - Venous rupture during transvenous approach to a carotid-cavernous fistula. Case
      report.
AB  - An attempt at transfemoral transarterial balloon occlusion of a high-flow
      spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula was unsuccessful because the carotid artery
      rent was too small for this approach. During a subsequent transvenous approach to
      the cavernous sinus through the jugular vein, the inferior petrosal sinus was
      perforated. A minor subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred before the tear could be
      sealed by the deposition of three Gianturco coils in the vein. The patient was
      taken to the operating room for emergency obliteration of the fistula and
      petrosal sinus in order to remove the risk of further hemorrhage. Under the
      guidance of intraoperative digital subtraction angiography, isobutyl-2
      cyanoacrylate was injected directly into the surgically exposed cavernous sinus.
      Successful obliteration of the fistula was achieved with preservation of the
      carotid artery, and the angiography catheter was removed safely from the petrosal
      sinus. Although initially after surgery the patient had nearly complete
      ophthalmoplegia, at her 1-year follow-up examination she had normal ocular
      motility and visual acuity. The transvenous approach to the cavernous sinus and
      alternative methods of treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas are discussed.

PMID- 2661740
TI  - Pituitary gland metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Case report.
AB  - A case of prostatic carcinoma metastasis to the pituitary gland is reported. The
      presentation and rarity of such a lesion is addressed. The literature review
      yielded only isolated case reports of symptomatic brain metastases unassociated
      with bone disease from adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The management options of
      such a lesion are discussed.

PMID- 2661738
TI  - Randomized trial of three chemotherapy regimens and two radiotherapy regimens and
      two radiotherapy regimens in postoperative treatment of malignant glioma. Brain
      Tumor Cooperative Group Trial 8001.
AB  - Within 3 weeks of definitive surgery, 571 adult patients with histologically
      confirmed, supratentorial malignant gliomas were randomly assigned to receive one
      of three chemotherapy regimens: BCNU (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea)
      alone, alternating courses (every 8 weeks) of BCNU and procarbazine, or BCNU plus
      hydroxyurea alternating with procarbazine plus VM-26 (epipodophyllotoxin).
      Patients accrued in 1980 and 1981 were to receive 6020 rads of whole-brain
      radiotherapy concurrent with the first course of chemotherapy. Patients accrued
      in 1982 and 1983 were randomly assigned to receive either whole-brain irradiation
      as above, or 4300 rads of whole-brain radiotherapy plus 1720 rads coned down to
      to the tumor volume. The data were analyzed for the total randomized population
      and separately for the 510 patients, termed the "Valid Study Group (VSG)," who
      met protocol eligibility specifications (including central pathology review), 80%
      of whom had glioblastoma multiforme. The median survival times from time of
      randomization for the three chemotherapy groups of the VSG ranged from 11.3 to
      13.8 months, and 29% to 37% of the patients survived for 18 months (life-table
      estimate); the differences between these groups were not statistically
      significant. Survival differences between the radiotherapy groups were small and
      not statistically significant. It is concluded that, for malignant glioma, giving
      part of the radiotherapy by coned-down boost is as effective as full whole-brain
      irradiation, and that multiple-drug chemotherapy as outlined in this protocol
      conferred no significant survival advantage over BCNU alone.

PMID- 2661741
TI  - Stereotactic drainage of brain abscesses.

PMID- 2661742
TI  - Use of computerized electroencephalographic monitoring during aneurysm surgery.
AB  - The clinical usefulness of intraoperative electroencephalographic (EEG)
      monitoring of cerebral perfusion during aneurysm surgery has received little
      attention, primarily due to problems with electrode placement over the operative
      site, which is the area of maximal risk. In this report, 27 patients undergoing
      surgery for anterior circulation aneurysms were monitored intraoperatively with a
      two-channel computerized EEG complex using a bilateral frontal-occipital montage.
      In 16 patients, a normal EEG pattern was observed throughout surgery; all 16
      awoke neurologically intact and their postoperative angiograms did not reveal
      cerebral vasospasm. In the other 11 patients, one of two patterns of persistent
      EEG abnormalities was identified. 1) In six of these patients a marked
      attenuation of EEG activity was observed ipsilaterally which coincided with
      various intraoperative events including brain retraction, hypotension, and
      aneurysm dissection/clipping. Five of these six patients awoke with new
      neurological deficits which persisted beyond 12 hours in two, both of whom had
      angiographically proven vasospasm 24 hours after surgery. 2) In the remaining
      five patients, a distinct abnormal EEG pattern consisting of marked hyperactivity
      in the delta, theta, and alpha frequency ranges was observed ipsilaterally. Four
      of these five patients had a poor neurological outcome and vasospasm on their
      angiogram 24 hours after surgery. Thus, EEG monitoring which spans the operative
      area during aneurysm surgery is practicable and appears to be of value in the
      detection of compromised cerebral perfusion during aneurysm surgery. The possible
      significance of the two abnormal EEG patterns identified in this report is
      discussed.

PMID- 2661743
TI  - Radiation-induced intracranial malignant gliomas.
AB  - The authors present seven cases of malignant gliomas that occurred after
      radiation therapy administered for diseases different from the subsequent glial
      tumor. Included among these seven are three patients who were treated with
      interstitial brachytherapy. Previously reported cases of radiation-induced glioma
      are reviewed and analyzed for common characteristics. Children receiving central
      nervous system irradiation appear particularly susceptible to induction of
      malignant gliomas by radiation. Interstitial brachytherapy may be used
      successfully instead of external beam radiotherapy in previously irradiated,
      tumor-free brain, and thus may reduce the risk of radiation necrosis.

PMID- 2661744
TI  - Effect of the 21-aminosteroid U-74006F on cerebral vasospasm following
      subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to use a new 21-aminosteroid (U-74006F) with in
      vitro antioxidant and antilipolytic properties as a pharmacological probe to
      assess the role of lipid hydrolysis and peroxidation in a rabbit model of
      subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced vasospasm. Cerebral angiograms were
      performed on 15 rabbits. Eighteen hours later, 1 cc/kg of autologous blood was
      infused into the cisterna magna of all 15 animals. Six rabbits received no
      treatment, six received U-74006F starting 30 minutes after SAH, and three rabbits
      received the vehicle for U-74006F starting 30 minutes after SAH. At 72 hours post
      SAH, a second angiogram was obtained. Digital subtraction angiographic techniques
      were used to measure the diameter of and contrast material flow through the
      basilar artery. At 72 hours post-SAH, vasospasm was evident in all untreated and
      vehicle-treated rabbits. The diameter of and the flow through the basilar artery
      were significantly reduced 42.3% +/- 6.6% and 46.8% +/- 5.8%, respectively, below
      pre-SAH levels (means +/- standard error of the means). Treatment with U-74006F
      eliminated the SAH-induced vasospasm; in treated animals, both the flow through
      and the diameter of the basilar arteries were at pre-SAH levels. These findings
      indicate that: 1) membrane lipid changes (that is, hydrolysis with eicosanoid
      production and/or peroxidation) contribute to the chronic vasospasm resulting
      from SAH, and 2) U-74006F prevents the SAH-induced chronic vasospasm in this
      model by limiting these pathological membrane events.

PMID- 2661745
TI  - Bone mineral densitometry: SNM/ACNP opposes HCFA's intention to deny Medicare
      coverage.

PMID- 2661746
TI  - Medical care reimbursement: ACR RVS(American College of Radiology Relative Value
      Scale) close to implementation; Harvard study in the midst of its second phase.

PMID- 2661747
TI  - PIOPED(Prospective Investigation in Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis) study compares
      lung scans and pulmonary arteriography.

PMID- 2661748
TI  - Dipyridamole-thallium imaging: the lazy man's stress test.
AB  - Dipyridamole-thallium imaging is a relatively safe and accurate method to
      evaluate myocardial perfusion and "stress." It is independent of patient
      motivation, exercise capacity and antianginal medications. Overall it detects
      coronary artery disease as well as exercise thallium and has already shown
      utility in prognostic determinations. The continued use of this test on a wide
      scale appears warranted and additional large scale experience needs to be
      critically evaluated.

PMID- 2661749
TI  - Optimal specificity of thallium-201 SPECT through recognition of imaging
      artifacts.
AB  - Artifacts are produced in 201TI cardiac single photon emission computed
      tomography (SPECT) imaging because of a variety of causes including soft-tissue
      attenuation, overlying abdominal viscera, variable myocardial thickness, left
      bundle branch block, cardiac rotation, patient motion, and technical errors.
      Careful attention to quality control, utilization of motion detectors, and
      familiarization with potential artifacts will improve the specificity and
      diagnostic accuracy of 201TI SPECT for coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2661750
TI  - Prone versus supine thallium myocardial SPECT: a method to decrease artifactual
      inferior wall defects.
AB  - Artifactual inferior wall defects as a result of diaphragmatic attenuation of
      activity are a frequent source of error in thallium myocardial single photon
      emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies. Thirty-four patients and 11
      clinically normal volunteers were studied prospectively to see if specificity of
      inferior wall defects for right coronary artery disease could be improved by
      scanning patients prone versus supine. All individuals were scanned both prone
      and supine, in random order, following symptom limited treadmill exercise. Images
      were acquired at 3 degrees steps, 25 sec per frame, in a 180 degrees elliptical
      orbit always beginning in the 45 degrees right anterior oblique position relative
      to the patient. Polar maps generated from the short axis slices were used to
      calculate the average regional activity. The prone studies showed consistently
      higher inferior wall activity compared to the supine studies on both the exercise
      (182 +/- 22 vs. 160 +/- 23, p less than or equal to 0.001) and 4-hr delay studies
      (183 +/- 20 vs. 175 +/- 21, p less than or equal to 0.001). Prone imaging
      resulted in a significantly higher specificity for RCA disease compared to supine
      imaging (90% vs. 66%, p less than 0.05) with an improvement in accuracy from 71%
      to 82%. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for left anterior descending and
      left circumflex artery disease were not significantly affected by patient
      position during imaging. All patients having SPECT thallium myocardial perfusion
      studies should be imaged prone to minimize artifactual inferior wall defects and
      improve accuracy.

PMID- 2661751
TI  - Biodistribution, dosimetry, and clinical evaluation of technetium-99m ethyl
      cysteinate dimer in normal subjects and in patients with chronic cerebral
      infarction.
AB  - Technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) has high initial cerebral uptake with
      slow clearance in nonhuman primates suggesting ideal characteristics for single
      photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) imaging. We evaluated the
      biodistribution, dosimetry and scintigraphic pattern of [99mTc]ECD in normal
      subjects and the accuracy of SPECT imaging in patients with chronic cerebral
      infarction. Sixteen normal subjects were injected with approximately 10 mCi of
      [99mTc]ECD. Anterior and posterior single-pass whole-body images were obtained at
      multiple times after injection. Blood clearance of the radiotracer was rapid,
      falling to 10.0 +/- 6.6% and 4.9 +/- 1.1% of the injected dose at 2 and 60 min,
      respectively. Brain uptake was 6.4 +/- 2.1% of the injected dose 5 min after
      injection. The critical organ was the urinary bladder. Technetium-99m ECD SPECT
      was performed with a rotating gamma camera in ten of the 16 normal subjects and
      34 patients with clinical and CT evidence of chronic stroke. Thirty-three of the
      thirty-four patients had focal [99mTc]ECD abnormalities on SPECT (97.1%) based on
      visual inspection of the SPECT images. In summary, we obtained high quality SPECT
      images as a result of the optimal physical and biologic characteristics of the
      tracer. Technetium-99m ECD SPECT shows promise for the evaluation of patients
      with stroke.

PMID- 2661752
TI  - Cardiovascular nuclear medicine: the next step.

PMID- 2661753
TI  - Robert C. Stadalnik, MD, to receive the Berson-Yalow Award for Excellence in
      Radioassay.

PMID- 2661754
TI  - Education and research foundation honors Mark A. Mintun, MD, with 9th annual
      Tetalman Memorial Award.

PMID- 2661755
TI  - Radiology relative value scale. The effect on a practice.

PMID- 2661756
TI  - Evaluation of ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease.
AB  - The recent expansion of interventional cardiovascular technologies has stimulated
      a concomitant expansion of noninvasive cardiac studies, both to assist in
      diagnosis and to evaluate treatment outcomes. Radionuclide ventricular function
      studies provide a reliable, reproducible means to quantify global left
      ventricular systolic performance, a critical determinant of prognosis in patients
      with cardiovascular disease. In addition, the ability to evaluate regional left
      ventricular wall motion and to assess ventricular performance during exercise
      have secured a fundamental role for such studies in the screening and treatment
      of patients with coronary artery disease. Radionuclide techniques have been
      extended to the evaluation of left ventricular relaxation/filling events, left
      ventricular systolic/diastolic function in the ambulatory setting, and with
      appropriate technical modifications, to the assessment of right ventricular
      performance at rest and with exercise. As a complement to radionuclide perfusion
      studies, cardiac blood-pool imaging allows for thorough noninvasive description
      of cardiac physiology and function in both normal subjects and in patients with a
      broad range of cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2661757
TI  - Effect of thallium-201 blood levels on reversible myocardial defects.
AB  - To determine if 201Tl plasma blood levels correlate with the presence of
      reversible myocardial defects during exercise testing, 14 patients with stable
      coronary artery disease underwent two separate exercise 201Tl stress tests.
      Between initial and delayed imaging, on one test the patients drank an instant
      breakfast drink (eating) and on the other they drank an equivalent volume of
      water as a control (H2O). Thallium-201 imaging was performed immediately
      postexercise, immediately after eating/H2O and 210 min after eating/H2O. Between
      initial and immediate post eating/H2O images 201Tl reversible defects occurred in
      27/38 regions in the H2O test versus 15/38 regions in the eating test (p = 0.02).
      Over this early time period, plasma 201Tl activity was significantly higher in
      the H2O test than eating test (p less than 0.05). In conclusion, early reversal
      of 201Tl defects may, in part, be the result of higher plasma 201Tl activity
      early after initial postexercise 201Tl imaging.

PMID- 2661758
TI  - Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging of the heart in idiopathic congestive
      cardiomyopathy and cardiac transplants.
AB  - Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine ([123I]MIBG) is a norepinephrine analog which
      can be used to image the sympathetic innervation of the heart. In this study,
      cardiac imaging with [123I]MIBG was performed in patients with idiopathic
      congestive cardiomyopathy and compared to normal controls. Initial uptake, half
      time of tracer within the heart, and heart to lung ratios were all significantly
      reduced in patients compared to normals. Uptake in lungs, liver, salivary glands,
      and spleen was similar in controls and patients with cardiomyopathy indicating
      that decreased MIBG uptake was not a generalized abnormality in these patients.
      Iodine-123 MIBG imaging was also performed in cardiac transplant patients to
      determine cardiac nonneuronal uptake. Uptake in transplants was less than 10% of
      normals in the first 2 hr and nearly undetectable after 16 hr. The decreased
      uptake of MIBG suggests cardiac sympathetic nerve dysfunction while the rapid
      washout of MIBG from the heart suggests increased cardiac sympathetic nerve
      activity in idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2661759
TI  - Ventilation/perfusion mismatch caused by positive pressure ventilatory support.
AB  - In a patient with lobar atelectasis who was on positive pressure ventilatory
      support, ventilation and perfusion images showed absent ventilation and normal
      perfusion (reverse mismatch) in the region of the atelectasis and normal
      ventilation and decreased perfusion (true mismatch) not caused by pulmonary
      embolism in another lung zone. We report this case to emphasize that the lung
      scan findings in patients on positive pressure ventilatory support be carefully
      interpreted for the diagnosis of pulmonary emboli.

PMID- 2661760
TI  - Disease versus etiology: the distinction should not be lost in the analysis.

PMID- 2661761
TI  - Congenital candida pneumonia and sepsis: a case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - A term newborn with Candida albicans infection of the lungs and blood is
      described. Although no maternal risk factors were identified, this patient's
      rapid clinical deterioration and postmortem findings suggest congenital
      infection. Related cases in the literature are reviewed. This case suggests that
      a diagnosis of fungal pneumonia should be considered in any infant presenting
      with severe respiratory distress.

PMID- 2661762
TI  - Impaired arousal from sleep: relationship to sudden infant death syndrome.
AB  - There is a relationship between deficient sleep arousal response to asphyxia, the
      presence of symptomatic apnea, and the risk for recurrent episodes of life
      threatening sleep apnea. This documented abnormality in arousal responsiveness,
      which could result in the inability to respond to apnea-induced asphyxia, is the
      only respiratory control deficit that could result in sudden death. Inability to
      arouse from sleep in response to asphyxia may also be the underlying abnormality
      explaining numerous other behavioral deficits reported in infant groups with
      symptomatic apnea or otherwise thought to be at increased risk for sudden infant
      death syndrome (SIDS), including awake behavioral differences in temperament. An
      arousal response deficit to asphyxia may thus be a critically important and
      fundamental pathophysiological component of the essential defect necessary for
      the occurrence of sudden death during sleep. As with any other observed
      abnormality, however, it has not yet been possible to design an asphyxic arousal
      response test with sufficient accuracy and sensitivity to identify prospectively
      those infants otherwise destined to die of SIDS. Although an impairment in
      arousal responsiveness may be necessary for SIDS to occur such a deficit may not
      be sufficient to cause SIDS unless or until another factor(s) occurs that can
      cause sleep-related asphyxia. Although impaired respiratory control appears to be
      the likely precipitating cause of sleep-related asphyxia, it is also possible
      that factors unrelated to respiratory control are important in causing asphyxia;
      superimposed on an underlying arousal deficit, these could result in
      SIDS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661763
TI  - Control of heart rate in infancy.

PMID- 2661764
TI  - Nursing interventions: the infant treated with pancuronium bromide.
AB  - Nursing care of the newborn in respiratory distress has become highly
      sophisticated and technical, requiring skill in principles of neonatal assessment
      and therapeutic interventions. It is important to be knowledgeable about the
      technical aspects of the equipment and monitors. However, focus should always
      remain on the infant as an individual within a family unit.

PMID- 2661765
TI  - Ethical principles: application to an obstetric case.
AB  - This article focuses on the application of the ethical principles of double
      effect versus consequentialism, autonomy, beneficence, utility, and justice. An
      obstetrical case study is presented and discussion of each ethical principle is
      used to resolve the conflict. The intents of the article are to promote ethical
      awareness; provide topic areas to facilitate ethical discussion; enhance nurses'
      knowledge of the discipline of ethics; and support the necessity of
      interdisciplinary ethics committees.

PMID- 2661766
TI  - Fundamentals of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing research: Part I.
AB  - The basics of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing research are discussed
      in a three-part article series. In Part I, the first six steps of the research
      process, including the research problem, literature review, theoretical
      framework, variables, hypotheses, and sampling, are explained. Parts II and III
      will appear in the July/August and September/October 1989 issues respectively.
      Highlighting each step of the research process are examples from published
      nursing research in the areas of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing.

PMID- 2661767
TI  - Early rejection prophylaxis in heart transplantation: is cytolytic therapy
      necessary?

PMID- 2661768
TI  - Cyclosporine and azathioprine immunosuppression without maintenance steroids: a
      prospective randomized trial.
AB  - Since the commencement of the St. Vincent's Transplant Programme, 41 patients
      have undergone orthotopic heart transplantation, with low-dose cyclosporine and
      prednisolone as maintenance immunosuppression. An actuarial survival rate of 75%
      at 1 year resulted. To reduce early rejection-related death, azathioprine was
      chosen as an augmenting immunosuppressive agent to be administered as a
      prospective randomized trial. Sixty patients were randomized; 29 received low
      dose cyclosporine plus azathioprine plus prednisolone (group A). Thirty-one
      patients received cyclosporine and azathioprine alone (group B). Both groups
      received a 7-day course of antithymocyte gamma globulin. One group B patient who
      underwent retransplantation was not analyzed. Actuarial survival for group A was
      92% and group B 93%. The overall incidence of rejection for group A was 1.1 per
      patient and group B, overall, 2.3 episodes per patient. Group B patients who had
      persistent rejections were converted to group A protocol. Nine group B patients
      (30%) required conversion to maintenance steroids (group C). The overall
      incidence of infection was 1.6 episodes per patient and 1.3 episodes per patient
      for group A and group B, respectively. Two early deaths in group B and one in
      group A were unrelated to immunosuppressive protocol. One group A patient died at
      day 280 of multiorgan failure. There were no rejection- or infection-related
      deaths in the series. Hypertension occurred with equal frequency in both study
      groups. The cyclosporine and azathioprine protocol produces actuarial survival
      and morbidity rates comparable to those of a matched triple-therapy group. Thirty
      percent of patients in this protocol, however, will require maintenance steroids.

PMID- 2661769
TI  - Optimalization of immunosuppression after xenogeneic heart transplantation in
      primates.
AB  - Xenogeneic heart transplantation is becoming increasingly attractive because of
      the shortage of suitable donor organs. In small infants and neonates, for whom
      suitable human grafts are difficult to obtain, this may play a particularly
      important role. To evaluate the optimal immunosuppressive regimen after
      xenogeneic transplantation, cervical heterotopic heart transplantation was
      performed with vervet monkeys as donors and chacma baboons as recipients. The
      following groups were investigated: group 1 (n = 9): control, no
      immunosuppressive medication; group 2 (n = 5): cyclosporine in combination with
      azathioprine and methylprednisolone; group 3 (n = 6): cyclosporine, azathioprine,
      and methylprednisolone in combination with antithymocyte globulin for
      postoperative days 0 to 9; group 4 (n = 7): cyclosporine, azathioprine, and
      methylprednisolone in combination with 15-deoxyspergualin for postoperative days
      0 to 9. Because of severe treatment-related side effects that were observed in
      group 4, further immunosuppression was modified as follows: group 5 (n = 5): 15
      deoxyspergualin was combined with cyclosporine and methylprednisolone only. Acute
      rejection episodes were diagnosed by cytoimmunologic monitoring on alternate days
      and weekly myocardial biopsies and were treated with 500 mg methylprednisolone
      intravenously for 3 to 5 consecutive days. The graft survival after xenogeneic
      heart transplantation was best in group 3 with 43.3 days compared with 10.3 days
      in the control group. Still 2.3 acute rejections occurred, which in most cases
      led to graft failure in these animals. In group 4 the graft survival was
      prolonged to 20.1 days on average. Only 0.5 acute rejections per animal occurred,
      but severe gastrointestinal complications and infections were observed that made
      further experiments necessary to minimize these treatment-related
      complications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661770
TI  - Hyperlipidemia after clinical heart transplantation.
AB  - Accelerated coronary atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and death in
      the cardiac transplant recipient. Hypercholesterolemia has been implicated as a
      contributing risk factor. Because of this we reviewed lipoprotein profiles from
      transplant recipients from 1968 to 1986 in an attempt to identify the risk
      factors for the development of lipid disorders after transplantation. Patients
      were divided into three groups based on their immunosuppressive protocols. Group
      1 consisted of 10 patients receiving azathioprine and prednisone. Group 2
      consisted of 24 patients receiving cyclosporine and prednisone with or without
      azathioprine. Group 3 consisted of 18 patients receiving cyclosporine and
      azathioprine without prednisone. Total cholesterol levels at 1 year were highest
      in group 2 (266 mg/dl versus 236 mg/dl for group 1 [p = 0.16] and 223 mg/dl for
      group 3 [p = 0.005]). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lowest in
      group 3 (38 mg/dl versus 51 mg/dl for group 1 [p = 0.025] and 54 mg/dl for group
      2 [p = 0.0001]). Subgroup analysis with multivariate and univariate analysis
      found that prednisone and preoperative coronary artery disease are the major
      contributors to the posttransplant lipid abnormalities.

PMID- 2661771
TI  - Hypercholesterolemia after heart transplantation: amelioration by corticosteroid
      free maintenance immunosuppression.
AB  - Most heart transplant recipients develop hypercholesterolemia, the cause of which
      is poorly understood. To test the hypothesis that corticosteroids contribute to
      the hypercholesterolemia, we reviewed 117 consecutive heart transplant recipients
      who survived more than 4 months, of whom 51 (44%) required and 66 (56%) did not
      require maintenance corticosteroids, chronic immunosuppression maintained with
      cyclosporine and azathioprine only. Fasting serum cholesterol levels were
      measured every 3 months and were found to be 21% to 26% lower during the first 18
      months after heart transplantation in the group that did not require chronic
      corticosteroid administration (p less than 0.001). Beginning 3 months after
      transplantation, average serum cholesterol levels ranged from 199 +/- 8 mg/dl to
      211 +/- 9 mg/dl in the corticosteroid-free group compared with 262 +/- 8 mg/dl to
      272 +/- 8 mg/dl in patients requiring corticosteroid maintenance
      immunosuppression. Because serum cyclosporine levels did not differ between the
      groups, a contribution by cyclosporine to posttransplant hypercholesterolemia
      could not be substantiated. Although the hypercholesterolemia that occurs after
      heart transplantation is undoubtedly multifactorial, corticosteroid
      administration contributes importantly to its development.

PMID- 2661772
TI  - Does central nervous system toxicity occur in transplant patients with
      hypocholesterolemia receiving cyclosporine?
AB  - A syndrome of severe central nervous system toxicity (confusion, cortical
      blindness, quadriplegia, seizures, and coma) associated with cyclosporine therapy
      and a low serum cholesterol level in patients with liver transplants has been
      described. We present a case history of a patient who demonstrated several
      similar features after heart-lung transplantation. Possible cyclosporine
      neurotoxicity should be considered in any patients with hypocholesterolemia
      receiving this drug.

PMID- 2661773
TI  - Lymphocyte growth from cardiac allograft biopsy specimens with no or minimal
      cellular infiltrates: association with subsequent rejection episode.
AB  - Histologic features of endomyocardial biopsy specimens are essential in the
      monitoring of heart transplant patients. Significant cellular infiltrates
      accompanied by myocyte damage are diagnostic of transplant rejection, whereas no
      or minimal infiltrates (grades 0 and 1) suggest absence of rejection. Biopsy
      specimens were cultured on the basis of the principle that the allograft is
      infiltrated by activated lymphocytes, which can be expanded in the presence of
      interleukin-2, a lymphokine that induces proliferation of activated T cells.
      Although frequency of cell cultures was proportional to histologic rejection
      grade, 39% of biopsy specimens with grades 0 and 1 cultured during the first
      month posttransplantation yielded lymphocyte growth. Cell growth was observed in
      28% of biopsy specimens with grades 0 and 1 obtained during the first 10 days
      posttransplantation. In this group (growers) 73% showed clinical rejection after
      9.8 +/- 5.0 days. In contrast, 55% of nongrowers were treated for rejection after
      19.1 +/- 13.8 days. For biopsy specimens obtained 11 to 20 days
      posttransplantation, subsequent rejection episodes were observed in 61% of
      growers, but in only 33% of nongrowers. For biopsy specimens obtained 21 to 30
      days posttransplantation the incidence of clinical rejection was 60% versus 14%,
      respectively. A sequential analysis of biopsy specimens obtained during the first
      month posttransplantation enabled us to identify 16 persistent nongrowers; only 6
      (37%) experienced clinical rejection during the first 3 months
      posttransplantation. Most of the persistent nongrowers were found among patients
      on the immunoprophylactic rabbit antithymocyte globulin protocol. These data
      suggest that in vitro cultures of biopsy specimens with no detectable or minimal
      cellular infiltration may be useful in identifying patients at risk of developing
      rejection.

PMID- 2661774
TI  - Relation between recipient: donor body size match and hemodynamics three months
      after heart transplantation.
AB  - Cardiac allograft hemodynamics were compared with respect to donor and recipient
      body weights to determine whether recipient: donor body size match played a
      significant role in subsequent recipient hemodynamics. Thirty-four stable
      outpatients underwent resting right-sided cardiac catheterizations 3 months after
      heart transplantation. As expected, resting cardiac output correlated positively
      with recipient body weight (r = 0.50, p = 0.002), and mean cardiac index (2.7 +/-
      0.6 L/min/m2) was normal. There was, however, only a weak and statistically
      insignificant correlation between recipient body weight and stroke volume (r =
      0.31, p = 0.072). There was a statistically significant negative correlation
      between donor: recipient body weight ratio and right arterial pressure (r = 0.41,
      p = 0.017), pulmonary wedge pressure (r = 0.38, p = 0.027), and heart rate (r =
      0.39, p = 0.024). These data demonstrate that although cardiac output is
      maintained at levels appropriate for recipient size after heart transplantation,
      patients who receive small hearts rely on an increased heart rate and elevated
      filling pressures to achieve this end. These data suggest that the cardiac
      allograft may not adapt to recipient body size by 3 months after transplantation.

PMID- 2661775
TI  - Cost analysis of heart transplantation from the day of operation to the day of
      discharge.
AB  - Hospital costs from the day of transplantation to the day of discharge were
      examined in a consecutive series of 53 patients who underwent orthotopic heart
      transplantation between October 1982 and February 1987. An accounting cost
      methodology was used to convert billable charges, to costs for 29 separate
      hospital cost centers. Total cost per case has shown a statistically significant
      decrease of over $30,000 with no indication of a change in patient selection or a
      decrease in 3-month survival. Most of the cost reductions occurred in five cost
      centers: operating room, blood and intravenous therapy, medical supplies, heart
      station, and routine services, as evidenced by decreases in wages and supplies.
      The results support the premise that new technologies can become more cost
      efficient over time and suggest that as the medical team becomes more proficient
      and experienced, cost reductions can become a reality.

PMID- 2661776
TI  - Impacts of low-dose steroids and prophylactic monoclonal versus polyclonal
      antibodies on acute rejection in cyclosporine- and azathioprine-immunosuppressed
      cardiac allografts.
AB  - The ideal combination of immunosuppressants after heart transplantation that
      safely prevents graft rejection and maintains a low rate of infections and toxic
      side effects is still a topic of discussion. Between March 1984 and March 1988,
      76 patients underwent orthotopic heart transplantation. Sixty-five patients
      received either double-drug (cyclosporine + azathioprine) or triple-drug
      (cyclosporine + azathioprine + steroids) maintenance therapy. In addition all
      patients with double-drug protocol (group 1, n = 13) and the majority with triple
      drug protocol (group 2, n = 39) received prophylactic antithymocyte globulin
      (ATG); 13 patients with triple-drug protocol (group 3) received prophylactic
      monoclonal antibody (murine antihuman mature T cell [OKT3]). Recipients with
      perioperative or intraoperative deaths, maintenance protocol without
      cyclosporine, or previous total artificial heart bridge were excluded from the
      study. Cyclosporine was given in low doses according to a trough whole blood high
      performance liquid chromatography target level of 200 to 400 ng/ml in the first
      month, 150 to 250 ng/ml from the second to sixth month, and 100 to 150 ng/ml
      after the sixth month. Azathioprine dose was adjusted to a leukocyte count of
      approximately 4,000 cells/mm3. In patients with triple-drug protocol,
      prednisolone (0.2 mg/kg/day) was added. The mean follow-up (group 1, 12.75
      months; group 2, 12.84 months) was comparable between the groups who received ATG
      perioperatively. The mean follow-up for group 3 was 3.46 months.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661777
TI  - Salmonellal empyema in a heart transplant recipient.
AB  - We report Salmonellal empyema in a heart transplant recipient. The patient
      required decortication and prolonged antibiotic therapy for cure.

PMID- 2661778
TI  - Are serum zinc and copper levels useful as acute rejection markers in heart
      transplantation?
AB  - We assessed the usefulness of zinc and copper serum level changes as acute
      rejection markers in orthotopic heart transplantation. Mean serum zinc levels
      occurring without rejection were 74 +/- 1.9 micrograms/dl, whereas with rejection
      they were 67 +/- 3.2 micrograms/dl (p = 0.056). Mean serum copper levels
      occurring without rejection were 109 +/- 3.9 micrograms/dl, whereas with
      rejection they were 116 +/- 6.4 micrograms/dl (p = 0.32). Results of our study
      show that changes in serum zinc and copper levels are not useful as rejection
      markers in heart transplantation. Levels of these trace elements can be affected
      by clinical situation and therapy in heart transplant patients regardless of
      rejection.

PMID- 2661779
TI  - Myocardial calcification.

PMID- 2661780
TI  - Mortality after pelvic fractures in the elderly.
AB  - Theoretically, fissures and minor fractures of the pelvis sustained by the
      elderly after low-energy trauma may lead to thromboembolic complications. Few
      studies exist, but clinically, these injuries had been considered to have an
      excellent prognosis until a recent study reported a 10% fatality rate from
      pulmonary emboli in this group of patients(9). We retrospectively studied the
      outcome among 62 patients over the age of 60 years with minor pelvic fractures
      who were treated during a 4-year period. Pulmonary embolus was verified in only
      one patient, who survived. There was no clinical indication that thromboembolic
      complications were the cause of death among the 5% who died during the first
      month after admission. Prophylactic anticoagulation seems to be unwarranted among
      elderly patients with minor pelvic fractures.

PMID- 2661781
TI  - Closed flexible intramedullary nailing of adolescent femoral shaft fractures.
AB  - Twenty-five femoral shaft fractures in twenty-three patients aged 10-16 years
      with open epiphyses and treated with flexible intramedullary nailing were studied
      retrospectively. Clinical and roentgenographic follow-up averaged 28 months.
      Hospitalization, which included patients with multiple injuries, averaged 11.7
      days. Patients ambulated without assist devices as early as 2 weeks
      postoperatively (average of 7.7 weeks). All fractures healed with no leg length
      inequality--21 with anatomic alignment and full range of motion of the hip and
      knee. Three patients sustained intraoperative extension of the fracture resulting
      in healing with angular or rotatory malalignment. One patient with associated
      knee ligamentous injury had less than full knee flexion at follow-up. All
      patients had normal gait (except one patient with residual hemiplegia) and were
      able to participate in full activities including athletics. Early ambulation and
      functional recovery with low morbidity and cost suggest that this procedure
      should be considered for the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in this age
      group.

PMID- 2661782
TI  - Update-1988. Current status of internal fixation of thoracolumbar fractures.
AB  - Rigid internal fixation has become the preferred method of treatment for unstable
      thoracolumbar fractures in most American spine centers. In most cases, posterior
      instrumentation alone is adequate, but occasionally an anterior procedure is
      necessary. A number of internal fixation devices are now available to the
      orthopaedic surgeon. Controversy exists regarding the number of levels that need
      to instrumented and the optimal form of internal fixation.

PMID- 2661783
TI  - A review of reduction and internal fixation of adult femoral neck fractures in a
      county hospital.
AB  - Treatment of femoral neck fractures at a county hospital, Parkland Memorial
      Hospital, Dallas, Texas, from 1978 to 1983 was reviewed. A study of the use of
      the quadratus femoris muscle-pedicle graft (MPG) as adjunctive treatment to open
      reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was in effect during that time. Patients
      who had primary prosthetic replacement of their femoral head were not included in
      the study. Two groups of patients were identified, one group that had ORIF
      without a muscle-pedicle graft (no-MPG) and another group that had ORIF with a
      muscle-pedicle graft (MPG). There were a similar number of patients in each group
      (MPG = 25 patients, no-MPG = 24 patients). Although the groups were not exactly
      similar, the overall outcome was unexpected. The no-MPG group had 76% good-to
      excellent results whereas the MPG group had only 24%. A poor result or outright
      failure of the technique occurred in 68% of the MPG group and in only 16% of the
      no-MPG group. No accurate assessment of the incidence of avascular necrosis of
      the femoral head could be made.

PMID- 2661784
TI  - Transcondylar fractures of the distal humerus.
AB  - We classify transcondylar fractures of the distal humerus into four groups:
      undisplaced; simple displaced; T-type; and fracture dislocations (Posada's
      fracture). Our treatment of these fractures is based upon this classification.
      Undisplaced fractures are treated with immobilization. Displaced fractures are
      reduced and stabilized with internal fixation. Stabilization of these fractures
      is difficult because the distal fragments are small and a large portion of their
      surface is covered with articular cartilage. Transposition of the ulnar nerve
      allows us to use the cubital tunnel as a point for fixation. We found in our
      series of 11 patients that undisplaced fractures have the best prognosis.
      However, all of our patients lost elbow motion, particularly extension.
      Radiographic signs of post-traumatic arthritis were more pronounced in displaced
      fractures.

PMID- 2661785
TI  - The evaluation of bone remodeling about orthopaedic implants with ultrasound.
AB  - Total hip arthroplasty causes biomechanical changes in the normal femur,
      including a redistribution and concentration of stress. These mechanical
      alterations in the femur cause local remodeling and resorption that affect the
      geometry and mechanical properties of the bone. Two complementary ultrasonic
      techniques were used to study the local adaptive remodeling of bone due to
      prosthesis implantation. An ultrasonic wave propagation technique was used to
      determine elastic properties and a new scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) mapped
      the acoustic impedance profile of each section. The effects of the implantation
      of two types of hip prostheses, an uncemented bipolar prosthesis with an Austin
      Moore type stem and a cemented Charnley prosthesis, were investigated. Both
      prostheses had a detrimental effect on local elastic properties as determined by
      acoustic velocity measurements. The SAM system provided information about local
      inhomogeneities in bone properties not obtainable by any other means. The
      acoustic impedance maps highlighted bone resorption and bone remodeling on a
      microstructural level.

PMID- 2661786
TI  - A recessive tumor gene function in Drosophila is involved in cell adhesion.
AB  - The phenotypic effects of lethal (2) giant larvae mutations are due to
      unstructured growth of brain and imaginal disc cells in homozygous mutant larvae.
      Molecular properties of the wildtype l (2) gl protein and its tissue specificity
      of expression suggest that the protein is required for the adhesion of cells
      which are about the stop cell division and undergo terminal differentiation.

PMID- 2661787
TI  - Six-year results of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist
      treatment in children with LHRH-dependent precocious puberty.

PMID- 2661788
TI  - Randomized, prospective double-blind trial of metoclopramide and placebo for
      gastroesophageal reflux in infants.
AB  - The effect of metoclopramide on gastroesophageal reflux was studied in 30 infants
      less than 1 year of age. Gastroesophageal reflux was documented in all infants by
      extended pH monitoring before enrollment in the study. Patients were randomly
      assigned to receive metoclopramide 0.1 mg/kg or placebo four times a day, 1/2
      hour before feeding for 1 week, followed by the alternate regimen for 1 week. The
      infants were reevaluated with extended pH monitoring and scintigraphy after 4 to
      7 days of each treatment. A symptom score was derived by determining the average
      number of occurrences of all symptoms recorded daily by parents on a symptom
      checklist during pretreatment, placebo, and metoclopramide treatment periods.
      There was a difference between pretreatment evaluation and placebo periods with
      respect to daily symptom scores (p less than 0.005), reflecting a significant
      placebo response. However, no difference in scintigraphic study was found between
      placebo and metoclopramide periods. A significant difference between placebo and
      metoclopramide periods was noted in the percentage of time esophageal pH was less
      than 4.0 (p less than 0.001). However, although metoclopramide decreased the
      proportion of time esophageal pH was less than 4.0, pH remained less than 4.0 for
      more than 5% of the time in most patients. Substratification of the total group
      into infants younger and older than 3 months revealed that older infants had
      greater average daily weight gain during the metoclopramide treatment period
      (34.3 gm/day) than in the placebo treatment period (6.6 gm/day, p = 0.05). We
      conclude that metoclopramide in the dosage 0.1 mg/kg four times daily reduces
      reflux in infants and may be useful for infants with poor weight gain and other
      serious complications of gastroesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2661790
TI  - Special virulence of the Escherichia coli O1:K1:H7 clone in acute pyelonephritis.
AB  - The relationship between acute-phase responses and bacterial properties was
      studied in a population of 88 children with their first known episode of acute
      pyelonephritis. One strain from each patient was included in the study. Eighty
      four of the patients were infected with Escherichia coli, which was assigned a
      clonotype according to the O:K:H stereotype; 55 patients carried one of the 12
      multiply occurring clones. Globotetraosylceramide-specific (globo+) adhesion was
      present in 90% of these 12 clones, compared with 62% in the remaining 29 singly
      occurring clones. The patients infected with globo+ strains had significantly
      increased inflammatory reactions compared with patients with globo- strains. The
      O1:K1:H7 strain was the single most frequent clone (n = 14) that always expressed
      globo+ adhesins. Patients infected with O1:K1:H7 had an inflammatory response
      similar to that of other globo+ infections, but had a shorter duration of
      symptoms before diagnosis, higher fever, and higher peripheral leukocyte count.
      These results demonstrate special virulence of the O1:K1:H7 clone, reflected by
      the acuteness of onset of infection.

PMID- 2661789
TI  - Antiemetic therapy for chemotherapy-induced vomiting: metoclopramide,
      benztropine, dexamethasone, and lorazepam regimen compared with chlorpromazine
      alone.
AB  - Twenty-six children aged 4 to 15 years who were to receive cancer chemotherapy
      were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial that compared the
      antiemetic efficacy of a four-drug regimen (the MBDL regimen: metoclopramide, 8
      mg/kg; benztropine, 0.04 mg/kg; dexamethasone, 0.7 mg/kg; lorazepam, 0.1 mg/kg),
      given over 24 hours, with the efficacy of chlorpromazine, 3.3 mg/kg, given in
      four doses over 24 hours. The MBDL regimen was more effective than chlorpromazine
      in both objective and subjective measures of antiemetic control. Of 26 children,
      23 (89%) had less vomiting on the MBDL regimen, and 20 (77%) of 26 patients or
      parents preferred this regimen (p less than 0.01). The MBDL regimen reduced the
      number of vomiting episodes by a mean of 4.0 (p less than 0.01) and reduced the
      duration of vomiting by a mean of 3.7 hours (p less than 0.01). A moderate level
      of sedation was documented at some stage in the 24-hour period of observation in
      27% on the MBDL regimen and in 35% receiving chlorpromazine. Dystonia was seen in
      1 (4%) of 26 children. We conclude that the MBDL regimen is safe in children and
      more effective than chlorpromazine.

PMID- 2661791
TI  - Intravenous digital subtraction angiography: its use in evaluating vascular
      injuries in children.
AB  - Angiography is often essential in the evaluation of patients with suspected
      vascular injuries. However, arterial cannulation has a significant inherent
      complication rate, especially in small patients. Therefore, a less invasive
      method of evaluating children with such injuries is desirable. We report nine
      children (age range, 9 months to 16 years; median, 7 years) in whom intravenous
      digital subtraction angiography (IV-DSA) was used to evaluate suspected vascular
      injuries. IV-DSA showed a false aneurysm in two children, one managed by ligation
      alone and the other by resection with primary anastomosis. One child was found to
      have an arteriovenous fistula, which was treated by ligation. An iliac occlusion,
      following an arteriogram to evaluate a liver tumor, was documented by IV-DSA and
      successfully managed with aggressive anticoagulant therapy. Demonstration of a
      normal vascular tree avoided exploration in four children. A planned skin flap
      was abandoned in a child who suffered an electrical injury when IV-DSA showed
      lack of adequate vascular supply. In all nine cases, the IV-DSA obviated the need
      for intraarterial angiography. In addition to avoiding arterial cannulation, IV
      DSA required significantly less radiation and less time to perform than
      conventional arteriography. Motion artifact, vessel overlap, and some loss of
      minute detail are some of its potential shortcomings. IV-DSA is an effective
      method of screening children with suspected vascular injuries. In addition, our
      experience has shown that IV-DSA can be the definitive diagnostic procedure,
      although intraarterial angiography may be necessary in selected cases.

PMID- 2661792
TI  - Pediatric wandering spleen--the case for splenopexy: review of 35 reported cases
      in the literature.
AB  - Wandering spleen is an uncommon diagnosis and has been rarely described in
      children. A review of the English literature yielded 35 reported cases in
      children less than 10 years of age. Eighteen (51%) presented as acute surgical
      emergencies, only eight of which had the correct diagnosis of pedicle torsion
      with splenic infarction established preoperatively. Thirteen patients underwent
      an elective laparotomy, either for chronic symptoms related to their wandering
      spleen or for an abdominal mass. Of the 13 patients electively managed, nine
      underwent a splenectomy while five were treated successfully with splenopexy. The
      remaining four patients were managed conservatively without surgical
      intervention. In only one third of the patients presenting as acute surgical
      emergencies was there any history of intermittent abdominal pain or of a previous
      abdominal mass. No deaths were reported. Males represented 63% of the patients.
      The occurrence was most common in patients less than 1 year of age, with a 6:1
      male predominance in this age category. All acute cases of wandering spleen in
      which splenic infarction has occurred require splenectomy. However, in patients
      with chronic symptoms or in whom the diagnosis is made prior to splenic
      infarction, splenopexy should be the treatment of choice. Past recommendations of
      splenectomy or conservative nonsurgical management are not indicated. Literature
      on pediatric wandering spleen is reviewed herein, and a technique for splenopexy
      using Dexon mesh is described.

PMID- 2661793
TI  - Distribution and localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein in colons
      affected by Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - The distribution and localization of glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein were
      examined by means of immunohistochemistry in normoganglionic, oligoganglionic,
      and aganglionic segments of colons from 25 patients with Hirschsprung's disease,
      including four cases of long segment aganglionosis. In normoganglionic segments,
      GFA protein-positive glial cells were densely distributed within the myenteric
      plexus, but sparse in the submucous plexus. Aganglionic segments were completely
      devoid of glial cells with GFA protein immunoreactivity, coinciding with the lack
      of enteric ganglia. Instead, GFA protein was found specifically in association
      with the hypertrophic nerve fasciculi and their branches, which were mainly
      located in the intermuscular zone and submucosal connective tissue in the distal
      aganglionic segment of diseased bowels. However, two types of short and long
      segment aganglionosis differed in the distribution pattern of GFA protein; the
      extrinsic nerve fasciculi in short segment disease extended toward the
      normoganglionic segment, but in long segment disease they did not reach this
      area. A moderate number of GFA protein-positive fasciculi were observed within
      the circular muscle layer of proximal aganglionic and oligoganglionic parts in
      short segment aganglionosis, while no immunoreactive fasciculi were encountered
      within the circular muscle layer of the corresponding parts in long segment
      aganglionosis. Immunohistochemistry for GFA protein can be of excellent
      diagnostic value for the aganglionic colon with Hirschsprung's disease, since GFA
      protein immunohistochemistry discloses exclusively extrinsic, hypertrophic nerve
      fasciculi, characteristic of the bowel in cases of Hirschsprung's disease.

PMID- 2661794
TI  - Impaired gastrointestinal mucosal defense in Hirschsprung's disease: a clue to
      the pathogenesis of enterocolitis?
AB  - Twelve patients with Hirschsprung's disease were studied to investigate why some
      children develop enterocolitis. Previous studies have failed to explain this
      adequately; they have also failed to explain why enterocolitis can occur many
      years after definitive surgery. Six of the 12 patients had enterocolitis. By
      assessing immunological mucosal defense, it was shown that these patients had a
      marked deficiency in transfer of secretory IgA across the gastrointestinal
      mucosal cell, and thus were prone to mucosal invasion of both pathogenic and
      commensal organisms. The abnormalities were detected upon initial investigation
      (at presentation) prior to the onset of enterocolitis, and persisted into later
      life. The significance of these findings with reference to predicting which
      children are prone to develop enterocolitis and their long-term susceptibility to
      recurrence are discussed.

PMID- 2661795
TI  - Ultrasound of the distal pouch in infants with imperforate anus.
AB  - Optimal surgical management of the newborn with imperforate anus depends on
      accurate determination of the level of the rectal pouch. Eighteen children with
      imperforate anus were evaluated with ultrasound. The distance from the end of the
      pouch to the perineum was measured. Ultrasound correctly predicted the level of
      the distal pouch in all 12 children who had confirmation of the pouch level by
      surgery or by distal contrast stomagrams. Six children have not yet had
      definitive surgery. Five children with a pouch to perineum (P-P) distance of less
      than or equal to 10 mm and three of six children with a P-P distance of 10 to 15
      mm had successful correction by a simple perineal anoplasty. Three of six
      children with a P-P distance of 10 to 15 mm and all of those (seven) with a P-P
      distance greater than 15 mm were diverted with colostomies.

PMID- 2661796
TI  - Three years' experience with large ovarian cysts diagnosed in utero.
AB  - Thirteen fetuses with abdominal cystic tumors were diagnosed by routine prenatal
      ultrasonography between the 28th and 36th week of gestation. Postnatal
      ultrasonography of the full-term newborns confirmed the findings. Laparotomies
      were performed in all cases except one. Patients who were operated on had large
      ovarian pseudocysts with volumes between 24 and 120 cc. In seven patients (54%),
      the cysts arose from the left ovary; this included four cases in which the
      postnatal ultrasound was interpreted as showing the cysts in the right abdomen.
      Very thin cystic walls threatening perforation were found in 91%. In 33%, we
      found salpingotorsion on the affected side. Small contralateral ovarian cysts
      were found in 66% of the patients. One infant required resection of 30 cm of
      necrotic jejunum because adhesions to the cyst had caused bowel volvulus.
      Histology of the cysts showed hemorrhage and calcifications, but ovarian stroma
      was absent in all but one patient. Serum estradiol-17 beta, progesterone follicle
      stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were normal in all cases, and
      similar levels were found in the cyst fluid. These results show that large
      abdominal cystic masses in full-term infant girls with normal gonadotrophin
      levels and normal serum estradiol-17 beta and progesterone levels are very likely
      to require surgery; this is in contrast to preterm neonates with elevated
      gonadotrophins who can be treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate in the absence
      of clinical signs necessitating surgery.

PMID- 2661797
TI  - Milk curd syndrome in neonates.
AB  - Intestinal obstruction caused by the inspissation of formula feedings should be
      considered in any infant presenting with distal small bowel obstruction. There
      are typical radiographic changes that suggest the diagnosis. Relief of the
      obstruction is often possible without surgery.

PMID- 2661798
TI  - Could the stomach site help predict outcome in babies with left sided congenital
      diaphragmatic hernia diagnosed antenatally?
AB  - The site of the stomach in 36 babies presenting postnatally with left sided
      congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) was assessed as a predictor of outcome.
      Babies with a thoracic stomach had a higher mortality (P less than .0005), and
      more frequently developed significant persistent foetal circulation (PFC) (P less
      than .001), than babies in whom the stomach was normally sited. Normal stomach
      site was associated with 100% survival and only a 20% incidence of significant
      PFC. It is possible that stomach site may be the most accurate predictor of
      outcome in left-sided CDH diagnosed antenatally, and may thus help in planning
      perinatal and postnatal management. It may also open the door for prenatal
      surgical correction of CDH by predicting a poor prognostic group or, perhaps more
      importantly, by predicting those babies with a good prognosis in whom antenatal
      surgery should not be attempted.

PMID- 2661799
TI  - Reversed free periosteal grafting of extensive tracheal defects in dogs.

PMID- 2661800
TI  - Primary fetal hydrothorax: natural history and management.
AB  - Primary fetal hydrothorax presents a wide spectrum of severity ranging from
      small, harmless effusions, to life-threatening thoracic compression. To define
      natural history and management, we reviewed 32 cases seen at two large perinatal
      centers from 1980 to 1987. Spontaneous resolution of the effusions was seen in
      three fetuses, all of whom survived. Three fetuses were electively terminated.
      The overall mortality was 53%. In the 24 untreated fetuses, sex and the presence
      of polyhydramnios did not influence mortality, but hydrops, gestational age less
      than 35 weeks at delivery, and bilateral effusions were associated with a poor
      prognosis. Five fetuses underwent in utero decompression. In four, thoracentesis
      was performed, with rapid reaccumulation of the effusion. All four died from
      pulmonary insufficiency. In the fifth fetus, a thoracoamniotic shunt permanently
      decompressed the effusion, with resolution of the hydrops, and delivery of a
      normal viable infant. We conclude that (1) primary fetal hydrothorax may resolve
      or progress to hydrops, necessitating close follow-up with ultrasound; (2)
      pulmonary hypoplasia as a result of undrained large pleural effusions may result
      in neonatal mortality; (3) the gestational age at both diagnosis and delivery,
      the development of hydrops, and bilaterality of effusions are important
      prognostic predictors; and (4) the fetus with large effusions and hydrops has a
      poor prognosis, and thoracic decompression with a thoracoamniotic shunt may prove
      life saving.

PMID- 2661801
TI  - Current management of bladder exstrophy: a BAPS collective review from eight
      centres of 81 patients born between 1975 and 1985.
AB  - The British Association of Paediatric Surgeons (BAPS) agreed to collect
      information on bladder exstrophy from its members. Data were obtained on 81
      patients from eight centres. Twenty-one patients had other congenital
      abnormalities. Three died within the first year of life, and one was lost to
      follow-up in the early neonatal period--leaving 77 for further analysis. Forty
      patients had bladder closure without permanent urinary diversion. Ten were able
      to stay dry for two hours or longer, and 16 were constantly wet. Of the remaining
      14, some were too young to assess, while others were dry for from 30 minutes to
      two hours. Thirty-seven had undergone diversions; fourteen had
      ureterosigmoidostomy, nine underwent ileal loop conduit, nine had colon loop
      conduit, and five had cutaneous ureterostomy. Seventeen of these diversions had
      been carried out before the patients were 2 years of age.

PMID- 2661802
TI  - The surgical management of persistent cloaca: results in 54 patients treated with
      a posterior sagittal approach.
AB  - This report describes the author's personal experience in the surgical treatment
      of 54 patients. The approach is called posterior sagittal ano recto vagino
      urethroplasty (PSARVUP). Forty patients underwent a primary procedure, and 14 a
      secondary operation. The anatomic variations found were multiple, integrating a
      wide spectrum of defects. The posterior sagittal approach proved to be a good
      initial approach, and permitted complete repair of the defect in 47 patients.
      Seven patients required a laparotomy in addition. The length of the common
      channel varied from 0.5 to 7 cm. Common channels longer than 3 cm usually
      required some technical alternative to replace the vagina. In at least 34 cases,
      the vagina was reconstructed primarily without any additional technical
      manoeuvres. Different degrees of vaginal and uterine septation were found in 25
      of 50 cases. Hydrocolpos was an associated defect in 14 of 49 patients. Sixty
      eight percent of the patients had an important associated urological defect.
      Twenty-six patients were clinically evaluated without medical management, twenty
      one of whom had voluntary bowel movements by the age of 3 years, but most of them
      had minor episodes of soiling. Nineteen patients had a normal sacrum, and five
      had urinary incontinence that was successfully managed by intermittent
      catheterization. Seven patients had a very abnormal sacrum, and five of them had
      urinary incontinence. Twenty patients underwent a late postoperative vaginoscopy,
      14 of whom showed an adequate introitus and vagina, whereas five had different
      degrees of narrowing of the introitus. Six patients had a urethrovaginal fistula.
      One ureter was accidentally divided and one vagina had complete ischaemic
      necrosis.

PMID- 2661803
TI  - Plasma renin levels in patients with thoracic neuroblastoma.
AB  - Plasma renin levels are elevated in neuroblastoma as in nephroblastoma patients.
      Unlike nephroblastoma, the active component appears to predominate. Patients with
      thoracic neuroblastoma produce high levels of renin by the tumour, which thus
      excludes an ischaemic aetiology as the source.

PMID- 2661805
TI  - Work related stresses of pediatric bone marrow transplant nurses.

PMID- 2661804
TI  - Suppression of fibroblast growth by Bacteroides gingivalis endotoxin is not
      reduced by serum lipoproteins.
AB  - Previous studies indicated that Bacteroides and E. coli endotoxins caused a dose
      dependent inhibition of human fibroblast growth. However, these endotoxins were
      relatively weak inhibitors of growth. Since cells were grown with serum, we
      questioned whether serum lipoproteins, which lessen endotoxin cytotoxicity in
      vivo, reduced the growth inhibitory effects of endotoxins in vitro. To determine
      whether serum lipoproteins reduced the growth inhibitory effects of endotoxins,
      logarithmically growing human periodontal cells were incubated with endotoxin and
      high density (HDL) or low density lipoprotein (LDL). Neither HDL nor LDL
      significantly reduced the initial growth inhibitory effects of B. gingivalis or
      E. coli endotoxins, as judged by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Even with prolonged
      exposure of up to 10 days in culture, HDL did not ameliorate growth inhibition by
      endotoxin, as determined by direct cell counts. We conclude that serum
      lipoproteins do not provide any significant protective effects against fibroblast
      growth inhibition by endotoxins in vitro.

PMID- 2661806
TI  - Lymphoma: history, therapy and management of effects.

PMID- 2661807
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation for children with cancer.

PMID- 2661808
TI  - Limb preservation: from research to practice.

PMID- 2661810
TI  - Self care: undercover exercise, an adaptive yoga program.

PMID- 2661809
TI  - Overview of antiemetic use in children receiving chemotherapy.

PMID- 2661811
TI  - Interferons.

PMID- 2661812
TI  - Surgical management of uterine prolapse in young women.
AB  - A new procedure was developed for the management of uterine prolapse in young
      women. Transvaginal sacrospinous uterine fixation was employed successfully in
      five patients. The advantages of the procedure are that it avoids surgical trauma
      to the cervix, can be accomplished entirely vaginally, maintains the normal
      vaginal axis and obliterates the space for potential enterocele.

PMID- 2661813
TI  - Recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from the endometria of women with unexplained
      infertility.
AB  - Fifty-two women with unexplained infertility and 55 controls with recently proved
      fertility were screened for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection in the blood and
      genital tract. Serum antibody titration was performed with indirect fluorescence.
      Cell cultures were performed to screen for CT in urethral and endocervical swabs,
      in endometrial samples taken without endocervical contamination and in salpingeal
      and/or peritoneal fluid samples. Anti-CT serum antibodies were detected in 36.5%
      of the patients; CT was isolated in urethral cultures in 26.9%, endocervical
      cultures in 23.1%, endometrial cultures in 25% and endosalpingeal and/or
      peritoneal fluid cultures in 1.9%. Comparison of the results in the patients and
      controls showed a significant difference in the incidence of CT infection in
      endometrial, urethral and endocervical cultures. Chlamydial endometritis could
      have been the direct cause of infertility in the patients studied or merely might
      have indicated endosalpingitis that was not detectable at laparoscopy.

PMID- 2661814
TI  - Neoplasia in vaginal cuff epithelial inclusion cysts after hysterectomy.
AB  - Between Jan 1, 1985, and Dec 31, 1987, 26 women were treated for vaginal
      intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). Twenty-two of them had undergone hysterectomy,
      15 for a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer. Five patients were
      identified whose management was complicated by the presence of the neoplastic
      process within vaginal cuff inclusion cysts (or sinuses). All five patients
      ultimately underwent upper vaginectomy as part of their treatment, and two of
      them were found to have an invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina. Women
      who are found to have an abnormal Papanicolaou smear or VAIN in the upper vagina
      following hysterectomy should be examined carefully for vaginal cuff
      abnormalities. Those with nodularity or distortion of the cuff are best managed
      with surgical excision for both treatment of VAIN and discovery of an occult
      invasive cancer.

PMID- 2661815
TI  - Placenta previa in twin gestations.
AB  - The incidence of placenta previa in twin gestations was compared to that found in
      singleton pregnancies over a ten-year period. During this period, eight placenta
      previas occurred in 1,464 twin pregnancies, for an incidence of 0.55%, which was
      significantly higher (P less than .05) than the incidence of 0.31% in singleton
      pregnancies (458 placenta previas in 148,197 singleton pregnancies). We conclude
      that a twin gestation confers an added risk of placenta previa.

PMID- 2661816
TI  - How rare is congenital herpes simplex? A literature review.
AB  - Using three criteria--(1) herpetic infection and altered organogenesis of
      inflammatory etiology that antedates dissolution of the fetal membranes, (2)
      documented herpetic infection present at birth and within 24 hours of rupture of
      the fetal membranes, and (3) evidence of viral herpetic placentitis the induction
      of which antedates rupture of the membranes--15 cases of congenital
      transplacental herpes simplex were identified in the literature. Disease
      occurring early in gestation produces a cluster of congenital malformations that
      is clinically indistinguishable from that produced by the cytomegalovirus.
      Disease manifesting after the shortest recognized incubation period for the
      induction of the disease in experimental animals does not necessarily preclude
      transplacental acquisition. Various factors mask the perception of congenital
      transplacental herpes simplex as a valid disease entity.

PMID- 2661817
TI  - Vaginal evisceration with pneumoperitoneum. A case report.
AB  - Vaginal evisceration with pneumoperitoneum occurred in a premenopausal woman.

PMID- 2661818
TI  - Pulmonary edema after photocoagulation of the endometrium with the Nd:YAG laser.
      A case report.
AB  - A woman developed pulmonary edema as a result of fluid overload during Nd:YAG
      ablation of endometrial tissue. As a result of a miscalculation of fluid
      administration and collection, she was overhydrated with irrigation fluid. The
      clinical picture of pulmonary edema was noted in the immediate postoperative
      period and responded to positive pressure ventilation and diuretic therapy. The
      mechanism of pulmonary edema is postulated to have been the result of the
      absorption of irrigating fluid through open venous channels resulting from the
      laser ablation.

PMID- 2661819
TI  - Synthesis of the novel pi-(benzyloxymethyl)-protected histidine analogue of
      statine. Inhibition of penicillopepsin by pepstatin-derived peptides containing
      different statine side-chain derivatives.
AB  - The synthesis of aspartic proteinase inhibitors derived from a new histidine side
      chain analogue of statine (Sta), (3S,4S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-5-(imidazol-4
      yl)pentanoic acid (HiSta, 20), is reported. Boc-HiSta(BOM)-OMe (7) was prepared
      in 16% overall yield from Boc-His(pi-BOM)-OH via formation of the tetramic acid
      derivative 11 and stereoselective cis reduction with NaBH4 to the 4-hydroxy
      lactam 12. Removal of the Boc group from ester 7 (enantiomeric purity ee = 88
      90%) and coupling to the tripeptide segment Iva-Val-Val-OH (13) by the DCC/HOBt
      preactivation method followed by hydrogenolytic removal of the pi-BOM group over
      Pd(OH)2 on carbon gave Iva-Val-Val-HiSta-OMe (16). This new peptide 16 is a very
      potent inhibitor of the fungal aspartic proteinase penicillopepsin (Ki = 4.5 x
      10(-9) M) that is 10 times more active than the comparable Sta-containing
      inhibitor 3 and 2-3 times more potent than the new (3S,4S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-5
      phenylpentanoic acid (AHPPA) analogue 17 (Ki = 1.5 x 10(-8) M). However, compound
      16, which has an imidazole residue at the P1 position, is a significantly weaker
      inhibitor of the enzyme than the corresponding analogues with the lysine (5) and
      ornithine (6) side chains at P1. Considerations that led to the synthesis of 16
      and the results of the enzyme kinetics are discussed in detail.

PMID- 2661820
TI  - Renin inhibitors. Synthesis of transition-state analogue inhibitors containing
      phosphorus acid derivatives at the scissile bond.
AB  - The synthesis of five amino phosphorus derivatives, 1a-e, is described. The
      derivatives were incorporated into a series (18) of analogues of the 5-14 portion
      of angiotensinogen, in most cases at the scissile Leu-Val bond. The resultant
      compounds were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit human plasma renin.
      Replacement of the scissile bond with the phosphinic analogue of Leu10-Val11 (1b)
      gave the most potent inhibitors, having IC50 = 7.5 x 10(-8) M for H-Pro-His-Pro
      Phe-His-(1b)-Ile-His-Lys-OH and IC50 = 1.0 x 10(-7) M for Z-Arg-Arg-Pro-Phe-His
      (1b)-Ile-His-NH2. The shorter phosphonic acid sequence Z-Pro-Phe-His-(1d)
      retained biological activity with an IC50 = 6.4 x 10(-6) M.

PMID- 2661821
TI  - Ultrasound in the perinatal necropsy.
AB  - Although plain and contrast radiology have become a well established part of the
      perinatal and fetal necropsy, the role of ultrasound has been less
      comprehensively explored. We have found a variety of ultrasonographic approaches
      to be of value in diagnosis, quality control, and teaching. Ultrasound is of
      particular help where consent for formal necropsy has been declined.

PMID- 2661822
TI  - Cranioectodermal dysplasia (Sensenbrenner's syndrome).

PMID- 2661823
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of the megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis
      syndrome.
AB  - The ultrasonographic and necropsy findings in a male fetus with the megacystis
      microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome are reported. The presence of
      vacuolation and degeneration in smooth muscle of bowel and bladder wall supports
      a previous suggestion that the macroscopic findings in this syndrome are the
      consequence of an underlying visceral myopathy. The unusual degree of severity of
      the findings in this fetus may explain the marked skewing of the sex ratio
      observed in affected liveborn infants.

PMID- 2661824
TI  - Current trends in the prevalence at birth of neural tube defects in Singapore.

PMID- 2661825
TI  - Carbohydrates as recognition molecules in macrophage activities.
AB  - Mononuclear phagocyte functions are critically dependent on cell surface
      recognition events. This review describes a number of receptors that appear to
      recognize simple sugars and function in the clearance of foreign or effete
      material or in the stimulation of other cellular processes.

PMID- 2661826
TI  - Interleukin-1 inducing activity of a streptococcal preparation OK-432 and its
      fractions by human monocytes.
AB  - Interleukin-1 (IL-1) inducing activity of a streptococcal preparation OK-432 and
      its fractions by monocytes were investigated in patients with lung cancer and
      healthy subjects. The results showed that cell free extracts and cell wall
      fractions of OK-432 were the strong IL-1 inducing fractions. IL-1 activity
      released by OK-432-stimulated monocytes of patients with lung cancer fell within
      normal range. OK-432 stimulated intracellular IL-1 synthesis as well as
      extracellular release by monocytes. These results, therefore, suggested that OK
      432 immunotherapy in patients with malignant diseases might be effective by
      increasing IL-1 production of monocytes.

PMID- 2661827
TI  - A mutant Escherichia coli sigma 70 subunit of RNA polymerase with altered
      promoter specificity.
AB  - A mutation is described that alters the promoter specificity of sigma 70, the
      primary sigma factor of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. In strains carrying both
      the mutant and wild-type sigma gene (rpoD), the mutant sigma causes a large
      increase in the activity of mutant P22 ant promoters with A.T or C.G instead of
      the wild-type, consensus G.C base-pair at position -33, the third position of the
      consensus -35 hexamer 5'-TTGACA-3'. There is little or no effect on the
      activities of the wild-type and 23 other mutant ant promoters, including one with
      T.A at -33. The mutant sigma also activates E. coli lac promoters with A.T or
      C.G, but not T.A, at the corresponding position. The rpoD mutation (rpoD-RH588)
      changes a CGT codon to CAT. The corresponding change in sigma 70 is Arg588---
      His. This residue is in a region that is conserved among most sigma factors, a
      region that is also homologous with the helix-turn-helix motif of DNA-binding
      proteins. These results suggest that this region of sigma 70 is directly involved
      in recognition of the -35 hexamer.

PMID- 2661828
TI  - Altered promoter recognition by mutant forms of the sigma 70 subunit of
      Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.
AB  - We have systematically assayed the in vivo promoter recognition properties of 13
      mutations in rpoD, the gene that encodes the sigma 70 subunit of Escherichia coli
      RNA polymerase holoenzyme, using transcriptional fusions to 37 mutant and wild
      type promoters. We found three classes of rpoD mutations: (1) mutations that
      suggest contacts between amino acid side-chains of sigma 70 and specific bases in
      the promoter; (2) mutations that appear to affect either sequence independent
      contacts to promoter DNA or isomerization of the polymerase; and (3) mutations
      that have little or no effect on promoter recognition. Our results lead us to
      suggest that a sequence near the C terminus of sigma 70, which is similar to the
      helix-turn-helix DNA binding motif of phage and bacterial DNA binding proteins,
      is responsible for recognition of the -35 region, and that a sequence internal to
      sigma 70, in a region which is highly conserved among sigma factors, recognizes
      the -10 region of the promoter. rpoD mutations that lie in the recognition helix
      of the proposed helix-turn-helix motif affect interactions with specific bases in
      the -35 region, while mutations in the upstream helix, which is thought to
      contact the phosphate backbone, have sequence-independent effect on promoter
      recognition.

PMID- 2661829
TI  - Solution structure of a tRNA with a large variable region: yeast tRNASer.
AB  - Different chemical reagents were used to study the tertiary structure of yeast
      tRNASer, a tRNA with a large variable region: ethylnitrosourea, which alkylates
      the phosphate groups; dimethylsulphate, which methylates N-7 of guanosine and N-3
      of cytosine; and diethylpyrocarbonate, which modifies N-7 of adenine. The non
      reactivity of N-3 of cytidine 47:1, 47:6, 47:7 and 47:8 and the reactivity of
      cytidine 47:3 confirms the existence of a variable stem of four base-pairs and a
      short variable loop of three residues. For the N-7 positions in purines,
      accessible residues are G1, G10, Gm18, G19, G30, I34, G35, A36, i6A37, G45, G47,
      G47:5, G47:9 and G73. The protection of N-7 atoms of residues G9, G15, A21, A22
      and G47:9 reflects the tertiary folding. Strong phosphate protection was observed
      for P8 to P11, P20:1 to P22, P48 to P50 and for P59 and P60. A model was built on
      a PS300 graphic system on the basis of these data and its stereochemistry
      refined. While trying to keep most tertiary interactions, we adapted the tertiary
      folding of the known structures of tRNAAsp and tRNAPhe to the present sequence
      and solution data. The resulting model has the variable arm not far from the
      plane of the common L-shaped structure. A generalization of this model to other
      tRNAs with large variable regions is discussed.

PMID- 2661830
TI  - Genetic analysis of the lytic replicon of bacteriophage P1. II. Organization of
      replicon elements.
AB  - The region of bacteriophage P1 DNA containing a lytic (vegetative) replicon has
      been identified by cloning P1 fragments into a phage lambda vector. We present
      the sequence of that replicon. Using a novel fusion vector containing two P1 loxP
      recombination sites, we have developed a transformation assay for replicon
      function and have used that assay to identify some of the components of the P1
      lytic replicon. Among those components is a transcription promoter, P53, whose
      activity is essential for replicon function. When that promoter is inactivated by
      the binding of P1 repressor to an operator site, Op53, whose sequence overlaps
      the promoter, replicon function is blocked. The P53 promoter can be replaced for
      replicon function by other promoters and, when the lacZ promoter was used, the
      extent of replication was shown to be proportional to promoter activity. Two open
      reading frames are located downstream from P53. The promoter-proximal reading
      frame is 266 amino acid residues long and is not essential for replicon function.
      In fact, expression of that open reading frame either interferes with plasmid
      establishment after transformation or is lethal to cells. The promoter-distal
      reading frame, designated the repL open reading frame, is either 269 or 281 amino
      acid residues long and is essential for replicon function. Insertion of a Tn5
      transposon into the 266 amino acid residue open reading frame inactivates the
      cloned lytic replicon probably by interfering with the transcription of the repL
      open reading frame from P53. In P1, this Tn5 insertion mutation completely blocks
      lytic replication, indicating that the replicon identified here is either the
      only P1 lytic replicon or, if not, is at least necessary for the function of any
      other lytic replicon. A four base insertion in the repL open reading frame has
      largely the same inhibitory effect on phage lytic replication as the Tn5
      insertion.

PMID- 2661831
TI  - Structure and regulation of the lytic replicon of phage P1.
AB  - Three replicons, R, L and P1dR, have been previously identified in bacteriophage
      P1, but only the R (or plasmid) replicon has been functionally and structurally
      characterized. Evidence is provided here that the L-replicon is the principal
      replicon used for DNA replication during the lytic cycle. The L-replicon
      (exclusive of its promoter) is shown to be contained within a 1093-base-pair DNA
      segment that includes a 281-codon open reading frame, designated repL. L-replicon
      function requires transcription in the direction that should generate
      translatable repL message. This transcription is normally under the control of
      the phage c1 repressor, but a deletion that places the functional L-replicon
      under alternative control can be constructed. The DNA sequence of the replicon
      and surrounding regions was established. The sequenced region contains the c4 and
      ant genes and a hitherto unidentified gene, kilA, which is immediately upstream
      of repL and is controlled by the c1-regulated promoter. The kilA gene was shown
      to be non-essential for both replication and lytic development whereas the repL
      gene probably encodes an essential replication protein.

PMID- 2661832
TI  - Negative co-operativity in Escherichia coli single strand binding protein
      oligonucleotide interactions. I. Evidence and a quantitative model.
AB  - The interaction of the Escherichia coli single strand binding (SSB) protein with
      single-stranded DNA is complex, since a number of different binding modes have
      been observed, with different DNA site sizes and binding properties and the
      transitions among these binding modes are strongly influenced by solution
      conditions in vitro. Recent experiments have suggested the existence of negative
      co-operativity among the multiple DNA binding sites within individual SSB
      tetramers. In order to probe this negative co-operativity, we have examined the
      binding of a series of oligonucleotides of varying length, using the quenching of
      the intrinsic SSB protein fluorescence to monitor binding. The stoichiometries
      for saturation of the SSB tetramer are 4, 2, 2, 1 and 1, for the
      oligonucleotides, dT(pT)N-1, with N = 16, 28, 35, 56 and 70, respectively,
      indicating that one molecule of either dT(pT)27 or dT(pT)34 interacts with two
      SSB subunits, whereas one molecule of dT(pT)15 interacts with only a single
      subunit. Saturation of the SSB tetramer with dT(pT)15, dT(pT)34, dT(pT)69 or
      poly(dT) results in 85 to 90% quenching of the SSB fluorescence, whereas
      saturation with dT(pT)27 or dT(pT)55 results in only 80% and 72% quenching,
      respectively. Therefore, a single-stranded DNA of at least 64 nucleotides is
      required to wrap around an SSB tetramer fully and interact with all four
      subunits. A quenching of 50(+/- 2)% is observed upon filling only half of the
      subunits with either one molecule of dT(pT)34 or two molecules of dT(pT)15, which
      agrees with the quenching and site size observed in the (SSB)35 polynucleotide
      binding mode. Direct binding measurements indicate that the binding of dT(pT)27
      to its second site is influenced by the oligonucleotide that occupies the first
      binding site (either dT(pT)27 or dT(pT)34), providing proof for the existence of
      a true negative co-operativity. This negative co-operativity is observed also for
      the binding of the shorter oligonucleotide, dT(pT)15. A statistical thermodynamic
      ("square") model gives an excellent description of the binding of all
      oligonucleotides possessing multiple sites on the SSB tetramer, based on only two
      interaction constants, the intrinsic binding constant, KN, and the negative co
      operativity parameter, sigma N. These data indicate that the binding sites
      (subunits) on the unliganded SSB tetramer are all equivalent, but that a non
      equivalence between dimers of subunits within the tetramer is induced upon
      binding ssDNA.

PMID- 2661833
TI  - Negative co-operativity in Escherichia coli single strand binding protein
      oligonucleotide interactions. II. Salt, temperature and oligonucleotide length
      effects.
AB  - We have examined the salt and temperature dependences of the equilibrium binding
      of the Escherichia coli single strand binding (SSB) tetramer to a series of
      oligodeoxythymidylates, dT(pT)N-1, with N = 16, 28, 35, 56 and 70. Absolute
      binding isotherms were obtained, based on the quenching of the intrinsic protein
      fluorescence upon formation of the complexes. The shorter oligonucleotides, with
      N = 16, 28 and 35, bind to multiple sites on the SSB tetramer and negative co
      operativity is observed among these binding sites. We have quantitatively
      analyzed these isotherms, using a statistical thermodynamic ("square") model to
      obtain the intrinsic binding constant KN, and the negative co-operativity
      constant, sigma N. For all oligonucleotides, we find that KN decreases
      significantly with increasing concentration of monovalent salt, indicating a
      large electrostatic component to the free energy of the interaction (e.g. delta
      log KN/delta log [NaBr] = -2.7, -4.6 and -7.1 for N = 16, 35 and 70,
      respectively), with contributions from both cations and anions. For
      oligonucleotides that span two or more subunits, there is a significant
      unfavorable contribution to the binding free energy for each intersubunit
      crossing, with an accompanying uptake of anions. Therefore, the extent of anion
      uptake increases as the number of intersubunit crossings increase. There is a
      strong temperature dependence for the intrinsic binding of dT(pT)15, such that
      delta Ho = -26(+/- 3) kcal/mol dT(pT)15. Negative co-operativity exists under all
      solution conditions tested, i.e. sigma N less than 1, and this is independent of
      anion concentration and type. However, the negative co-operativity constant does
      decrease with decreasing concentration of cation. The dependence of sigma 16 on
      Na+ concentration indicates that an average of one sodium ion is taken up as a
      result of the negative co-operativity between two dT(pT)15 binding sites. These
      data and the lack of a temperature dependence for sigma 16 suggest that the
      molecular basis for the negative co-operativity is predominantly electrostatic
      and may be due to the repulsion of regions of single-stranded DNA that are
      required to bind in close proximity on an individual SSB tetramer.

PMID- 2661834
TI  - SOS processing of unique oxidative DNA damages in Escherichia coli.
AB  - phi X174 replicative form (RF) I transfecting DNA containing thymine glycols (5,6
      dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine), urea glycosides or apurinic (AP) sites was used to
      study SOS processing of unique DNA damages in Escherichia coli. All three lesions
      can be found in DNA damaged by chemical oxidants or radiation and are
      representative of several common structural modifications of DNA bases. When phi
      X DNA containing thymine glycols was transfected into host cells that were
      ultraviolet-irradiated to induce the SOS response, a substantial increase in
      survival was observed compared to transfection into uninduced hosts. Studies with
      mutants demonstrated that both the activated form of RecA and UmuDC proteins were
      required for this reactivation. In contrast, no increase in survival was observed
      when DNA containing urea glycosides or AP sites was transfected into ultraviolet
      induced hosts. These data suggest that SOS-induced reactivation does not reflect
      a generalized repair system for all replication-blocking, lethal lesions but
      rather that the efficiency of reactivation is damage dependent. Further, we found
      that a significant fraction of potentially lethal thymine glycols could be
      ultraviolet-reactivated in an umuC lexA recA-independent manner, suggesting the
      existence of an as yet uncharacterized damage-inducible SOS-independent mode of
      thymine glycol repair.

PMID- 2661835
TI  - A critical review of the physics and statistics of condoms and their role in
      individual versus societal survival of the AIDS epidemic.
AB  - Condom failure rates for HIV are substantially greater than for pregnancy, even
      for highly motivated people who may reach the limit set by allowed manufacturing
      imperfections. This makes condoms ineffective for lifelong protection from HIV
      infected sexual partners; therefore, in general, condoms provide inadequate risk
      reduction for the individual. Nevertheless, they are sufficiently effective that
      if everyone used condoms, the AIDS epidemic would stop. Quantitative public
      health goals to reduce the "reproductive rate" of HIV from an estimated 4-12
      people infected per infected person to below 1 are needed. Government and
      scientific testing of condoms could be improved statistically and by utilizing
      relevant physics.

PMID- 2661836
TI  - Sonography in acute appendicitis.
AB  - In two patients with an equivocal clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis, high
      resolution sonography demonstrated an inflamed appendix. The appendix of each
      appeared grossly abnormal and was removed at laparotomy. Pathologic examination
      confirmed the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Coupled with a review of the
      literature, the authors suggest high-resolution sonography as the examination of
      choice in patients with equivocal clinical findings of acute appendicitis.

PMID- 2661837
TI  - Chronic myelocytic leukemia and gastric cancer in the same patient.
AB  - The association of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) and gastric cancer is very
      rare. We report a case of CML associated with gastric cancer and review the
      pertinent literature of 15 previously reported cases.

PMID- 2661838
TI  - Racial differences in the management of hypertension.

PMID- 2661839
TI  - Epidemiologic factors in the management of hypertension.

PMID- 2661841
TI  - Vascular organ procurement in the trauma population.

PMID- 2661840
TI  - Hyperglycemia after trauma increases with age.
AB  - The metabolic responses to trauma and surgery have been well described and are
      observed most typically in otherwise healthy young and middle-aged individuals.
      To investigate the effect of age on blood glucose, insulin, and cortisol
      responses after mild to moderate trauma, we studied 33 patients (Injury Severity
      Scores, 5-38, and ages 16 to 81 years) before resuscitation and 24-96 hours
      postinjury. Age was associated with an increase in serum glucose during both
      "ebb" and "flow" phases of the injury response, but not with serum insulin. Serum
      glucose also increased with the degree of injury as reflected in Glasgow Coma
      Scale on admission and Injury Severity Score subsequently. Serum cortisol
      responses were increased in older patients and tended to decrease with time
      following injury. A more detailed knowledge of how age may alter the ability of
      elderly patients to respond to trauma and critical illness is essential to allow
      the continued development of rational therapies for such patients.

PMID- 2661842
TI  - Percutaneous peritoneal lavage in blunt trauma patients: a safe and accurate
      diagnostic method.
AB  - We reviewed the records of 395 patients seen from January 1983 through May 1988,
      who after sustaining blunt thoracoabdominal trauma had diagnostic peritoneal
      lavage (DPL) performed percutaneously by the Seldinger wire technique of Lazarus
      and Nelson. The test was considered grossly positive if 10 cc of blood were
      aspirated from the catheter immediately after its insertion into the peritoneal
      cavity. Microscopic criteria for positivity included more than 100,000 RBC or 500
      WBC/cc of lavage return, elevated amylase or bilirubin, or the presence of
      vegetable fibers or bacteria. Seventy-two (18%) of the patients were true
      positives and 315 (80%) were true negatives. There were four false positives
      (1.3%) and one false negative (0.2%), giving the test a sensitivity of 99% and a
      specificity of 98%. Complications occurred in three patients, for a rate of 0.8%,
      and included catheter insertion into a large ovarian dermoid cyst, needle
      perforation of the ileum, and needle perforation of the sigmoid colon. This
      technique of DPL can consistently be performed much more rapidly than the open
      method. Therefore we conclude that percutaneous DPL is as accurate as, as safe
      as, and quicker than open DPL for determining intra-abdominal injury in blunt
      trauma patients.

PMID- 2661843
TI  - Hypertonic saline fluid therapy following surgery: a prospective study.
AB  - Successful resuscitation of the injured may be achieved more rapidly and with
      less fluid using hypertonic crystalloid solutions than with isotonic solutions.
      This randomized, double-blind study compared 0.9% normal saline (NS) to 1.8%
      hypertonic saline (HS) in 20 postoperative coronary artery bypass patients
      suffering uniform injury. Study solutions were administered to maintain
      physiologic endpoints: heart rate, blood pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure. The groups were similar with respect to age, body surface area,
      operative procedure, intraoperative fluid status, and intraoperative and
      postoperative red cell transfusion requirements. HS patients required 30% less
      fluid than NS patients and were in negative fluid balance during the study (
      1,715 +/- 732 ml/24 hr, HS, vs. +266 +/- 825 ml/24 hr, NS; p less than 0.01). In
      contrast, NS patients were in positive fluid balance after 8 hours. Moreover, HS
      patients experienced less chest tube drainage than NS patients (981 +/- 88 ml,
      HS, vs. 1,700 +/- 285 ml, NS; p less than 0.01). Systemic and pulmonary
      hemodynamic measurements, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, and shunt fraction
      did not differ between the two groups. Serum sodium and osmolality increased in
      the HS group and peaked at 12 hours (145.4 +/- 1.4 mEq/L and 308.7 +/- 2.0
      mOsm/kg, respectively) and correlated with the volume of HS infused (correlation
      coefficient = 0.81). No deaths occurred and no complication was attributed the
      hypertonicity of the solution. We conclude that 1.8% hypertonic saline is a safe
      alternative to isotonic crystalloid therapy in the fluid management of
      postoperative patients. Decreased third-space losses may occur with HS as
      suggested by the lower thoracic losses in the HS group; 1.8% NaCl may be the
      preferred solution in situations where excess free water administration is not
      desired, and where interstitial edema is detrimental to function and/or survival.

PMID- 2661844
TI  - Altered polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocyte functions in patients with
      large burns.
AB  - Multiparameter flow cytometric analyses of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic
      granulocyte (PMNL) functions have been performed longitudinally in ten patients
      with large burns. The percentage of phagocytosing PMNLs was increased at
      admission (within 24 hours after injury) and through the first 10 days of
      hospitalization. The surface binding capacity and the ingestion of Staphylococcus
      aureus by each PMNL was increased during the same time period, and at day 2 the
      number of S. aureus ingested per patient PMNL was 35% higher than in the
      controls. The intracellular killing of Candida albicans was reduced by about 25%
      at admission. The microbicidal capacity was further compromised during the first
      2 weeks after injury, with a reduction of intracellular killing of about 35% 5-10
      days after admission. The kinetics of patient PMNL phagolysosomal acidification
      was altered during the first 20 days, as the initial alkalinization of the
      phagolysosomes documented in control PMNLs could not be demonstrated in PMNLs
      from patients with burns. In addition, measurements of maximal phagolysosomal
      acidification showed a lower pH in patient phagolysosomes than in the controls
      during the first 5 days. The patient PMNL H2O2 production was reduced at
      admission and through the first 10 days, with an oxidative burst that was 46%
      lower than the controls at day 5. The intracellular degradation of S. aureus
      proteins and DNA was slightly but significantly reduced at day 5 and day 10 after
      admission. The impairment of PMNL microbicidal capacity correlated with total
      body surface area burn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661845
TI  - The role of intra-aortic balloon occlusion in penetrating abdominal trauma.
AB  - Intra-aortic balloon occlusion (IABO) of the thoracic aorta was attempted in 21
      consecutive hemodynamically unstable patients with missile injuries of the
      abdomen. Retrospectively, the patients fell into three groups. Group One
      consisted of five patients with a cardiac rhythm but no recordable blood pressure
      (BP). Group Two were six patients with refractory hypotension, that is, BP of 80
      torr systolic or less. Group Three comprised ten patients who had hemodynamic
      deterioration to a BP of 80 torr systolic or less during preparation for or in
      the course of celiotomy. IABO was successful in occluding the thoracic aorta in
      20 patients with a resultant rise of BP; one patient required thoracotomy for
      aortic clamping. Operative control of hemorrhage was accomplished in 11 patients;
      seven patients survived and were discharged in a functional status. There were no
      survivors in Group One, three in Group Two, and four in Group Three.

PMID- 2661846
TI  - An overlapping pubic dislocation treated by closed reduction: case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - An overlapping dislocation of the symphysis pubis is a rare injury caused by
      either side-to-side compression or hyperextension. We hereby describe a case of
      such injury sustained during parachuting and reduced by closed means. This case
      appears to be the first described in the literature where no damage to the
      urogenital tract was observed. The patient is asymptomatic 1 year later.

PMID- 2661847
TI  - Floating dislocated elbow: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A 59-year-old shrimper sustained ipsilateral fractures of the midshafts of the
      humerus, ulna, and radius, as well as an ipsilateral posterior dislocation of the
      elbow. The mechanism of this unusual injury involved the winch system of a
      shrimpboat. Closed reduction of the dislocation along with open reduction and
      internal fixation of the fractures allowed early elbow motion. The resulting
      final range of motion and function were good.

PMID- 2661848
TI  - Blunt chest trauma with transection of the azygos vein: case report.
AB  - A review of the world literature revealed only five reported cases of azygos vein
      disruption from blunt chest trauma. Four of these were isolated injuries. We
      report a case of isolated complete azygos vein transection as a result of blunt
      motor vehicular trauma. Emergency thoracotomy and venous ligation resulted in
      successful resuscitation. Shearing forces as a result of deceleration were felt
      to be a possible etiology.

PMID- 2661849
TI  - Identifying health problems and health research priorities in developing
      countries.
AB  - When we were invited to prepare this background paper on the health problems of
      the developing countries for the Commission on Health Research for Development,
      our first thought was to compile and organize available data on the causes of
      morbidity and mortality affecting different age groups in various populations. It
      soon became clear that this would not be especially useful. There are major gaps
      in the available data, particularly from the poorer countries and for people
      above 5 years of age. The data that are available are often of poor or uncertain
      quality, collected from unrepresentative or undefined subpopulations, and not
      strictly comparable due to different definitions and data-collection methods.
      Additionally, in the absence of agreed definitions and analytical frameworks, it
      is not clear what could or should be done with the data on health problems so
      amassed. More fundamentally, we have come to doubt whether the current array of
      epidemiological concepts and tools is sufficient for the task. We therefore
      decided that, while giving an overview of current knowledge on levels and trends
      of morbidity and mortality, the emphasis of this paper should be more towards
      concepts, methods, and data deficiencies. In Section 1, we set out definitions
      and frameworks for considering health problems and health research; we review
      recent conceptual models for the analysis of the determinants of child survival;
      and we outline a framework, focusing on modifiable determinants of health and
      life-cycle health effects, which is used in subsequent sections. In Section 2,
      relationships between national and societal level determinants and health are
      reviewed and then set aside. In Section 3, we review available data on world
      patterns and trends of morbidity and mortality, highlighting the data
      deficiencies and lacunae. In Section 4, we follow the life of a woman in a
      developing country and examine the health problems, and their determinants, which
      she and her children face. In Section 5, we draw these strands together and,
      having reviewed current approaches to prioritizing health problems and suggested
      some ways in which they could be improved, in Section 6 identify several research
      priorities, emphasizing the need for methodological research. This paper was
      commissioned in March 1987; prepared in draft and presented to a meeting at
      Chateau de Bossey, Geneva, Switzerland during 15-17 July; and revised and
      completed in September 1987. It is in no sense definitive or final.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2661850
TI  - Surgical management of nasal airway obstruction in children.
AB  - Common causes of nasal airway obstruction in children include adenoid
      hypertrophy, septal deviation, inferior turbinate hypertrophy, nasal polypi and
      choanal atresia. A management philosophy for each of these is presented.

PMID- 2661851
TI  - Allergic rhinitis: a medical insight.
AB  - This review describes the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and various modes of
      medical therapy, with special emphasis on allergic investigation and treatment.

PMID- 2661852
TI  - Desensitization to aspirin in aspirin-sensitive patients with rhino-sinusitis and
      asthma: a review.
AB  - Patients with asthma and nasal polyps have been warned to avoid aspirin because
      of a tendency to develop hypersensitivity reactions. It is now possible to
      carefully build up a tolerance to aspirin in these patients. This often leads to
      symptomatic improvement. It also has important implications for those patients
      who may require aspirin for reasons of cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2661854
TI  - The sagittal sign. An early second trimester sonographic indicator of fetal
      gender.
AB  - The sagittal sign for sonographic prediction of fetal gender in the early second
      trimester is described and its sensitivity and accuracy evaluated. One hundred
      eighty-four ultrasound examinations with gestational ages between 10 weeks and
      20.5 weeks were performed in 165 patients over a three month period. Of the 165
      patients included in this prospective study, the gender of the fetus in 105
      patients was known as a result of amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.
      These 105 patients with known results were used to compare gender prediction
      based on conventional views with prediction based on the sagittal sign. The
      results of this study reveal the superiority of the sagittal view for predicting
      gender in the gestational age group of 14 weeks to 20.5 weeks.

PMID- 2661853
TI  - Antro-choanal polyp: a 10-year retrospective study in the pediatric population
      with a review of the literature.
AB  - Antro-choanal polyp is generally recognized to represent approximately 4-6% of
      all nasal polyps; however, it is much more prevalent in the pediatric population.
      It warrants special consideration in children because its clinical manifestations
      may be mimicked by other less benign conditions, such as juvenile angiofibroma,
      meningoencephalocele, and nasopharyngeal malignancies. Fifty patients with
      surgically treated nasal polyps were reviewed at the Montreal Children's
      Hospital, between 1976 and 1986. Fourteen (28%) were antro-choanal polyps. Our
      results are compared with the literature, and special emphasis was given to
      radiographic manifestations and the differential diagnoses.

PMID- 2661855
TI  - Chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with omphalocele. Significance of
      omphalocele contents.
AB  - Twenty-six consecutive fetuses with a sonographically detectable omphalocele and
      known karyotype were reviewed to identify risk factors that might be associated
      with chromosomal abnormalities. Risk factors that were analyzed included contents
      of the omphalocele sac, maternal age, fetal sex, sonographically detectable
      concurrent anomalies, and any major concurrent anomaly. Chromosomal abnormalities
      were found in 10 cases (38%) from trisomy 18 (n = 4), trisomy 13 (n = 4), trisomy
      21 (n = 1), or 45, X (n = 1). The absence of liver from the omphalocele sac
      (intracorporeal liver) was strongly associated with an abnormal karyotype;
      chromosomal abnormalities were present in all 8 fetuses with an intracorporeal
      liver compared to 2 of 18 fetuses with an extracorporeal liver (p less than
      .0001, two-tailed Fisher exact test). Other risk factors that were statistically
      associated with chromosomal abnormalities included advanced maternal age (greater
      than or equal to 33 years, p = .03) and sonographically detectable concurrent
      malformations (p = .05). We conclude that sonographic findings can help determine
      the relative risk of chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with omphalocele;
      abnormal karyotypes were significantly associated with the absence of liver from
      the omphalocele sac and sonographically detectable concurrent malformations in
      this series. Sonographers should also be aware that omphaloceles that contain
      bowel alone tend to be small and can be missed or mistaken for other abdominal
      wall defects (gastroschisis or umbilical hernia).

PMID- 2661856
TI  - Doppler ultrasound assessment of tumor vascularity in gynecologic disorders.
AB  - Real-time two-dimensional and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonic examinations were
      performed on 8 normal volunteers and 97 patients with various gynecologic
      disorders; the objective was to assess uterine and tumor vascularities. Each
      arterial blood flow velocity wave-form was classified into two types. The
      resistance indices of normal and abnormal flows were greater than .7 and less
      than .7, respectively. In normal volunteers, abnormal flows were nil. In 8 of 44
      patients with benign tumors (18.2%), abnormal flows were evident and all proved
      to be cases of leiomyoma or adenomyosis. Doppler signals were not detected in 18
      of 36 patients with cervical carcinoma (50%) and abnormal flows were noted in
      only 6 (16.7%). In all cases of endometrial carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, and
      trophoblastic disease, typically abnormal flows were noted. Moreover, in most
      subjects a decrease in blood flows was observed after chemotherapy by anticancer
      drugs or irradiation. Therefore, Doppler ultrasound is a pertinent and
      noninvasive tool that can be used repeatedly for assessing the tumor vascularity
      in gynecologic disorders.

PMID- 2661857
TI  - Pulsed Doppler on a vaginal probe. Necessity, convenience, or luxury?
AB  - One hundred twenty-seven pregnancies were studied between 5 and 12 weeks of
      amenorrhea with Doppler ultrasound coupled with a vaginal probe. These
      biologically proven pregnancies had no clinical sign of abnormality; however, 29
      were detected not to be evolving. Doppler signals were obtained from the
      embryonic heart, umbilical cord, trophoblastic crown, peritrophoblastic area, and
      from the uterine and ovarian arteries. In normally evolving pregnancies, no
      intratrophoblastic flow was detected, whereas it was present in all missed
      abortions. The peritrophoblastic area always generates a Doppler signal with an
      important diastolic component. The resistance index (RI) of uterine arteries was
      constant during the first trimester of pregnancy (RI = .77 +/- .15) and a
      protodiastolic notch was found in 58% of the cases. The combined use of these two
      modalities of examination was demonstrated. Although the clinical efficacy of the
      method has not yet been demonstrated, this combination of techniques opens new
      perspectives to echography and adds a dynamic dimension to morphologic studies.

PMID- 2661858
TI  - Ultrasonographic diagnosis and assisted surgical management of hematotrachelos
      and hematometra due to uterine cervical atresia with associated vaginal agenesis.

PMID- 2661859
TI  - Transvaginal sonographic imaging of the low fetal head in the second trimester.

PMID- 2661860
TI  - Computed tomographic, ultrasound, and plain film appearance of phleboliths in
      varicoceles.

PMID- 2661861
TI  - Intrahepatic arterial calcification mimicking pneumobilia. A potential pitfall in
      the ultrasound evaluation of biliary tract disease.

PMID- 2661862
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of the ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, cleft palate (EEC)
      syndrome.

PMID- 2661863
TI  - The "washing machine" sign.

PMID- 2661864
TI  - Oregon pioneers "more ethical" Medicaid coverage with priority-setting project.

PMID- 2661865
TI  - From the Food and Drug Administration.

PMID- 2661866
TI  - The spread of chloroquine-resistant malaria in Africa. Implications for
      travelers.
AB  - Spreading from 2 countries in 1978 to at least 29 in 1988, chloroquine-resistant
      Plasmodium falciparum malaria has become a significant concern for travelers to
      Africa. The spread of chloroquine resistance has been documented by sporadic case
      reports and by isolated population surveys, which do not always completely
      reflect the risk of infection for travelers using chloroquine prophylaxis.
      Surveillance of Peace Corps volunteers in West Africa indicates that as of
      January 1, 1989, P falciparum malaria resistant to chloroquine prophylaxis had
      spread as far west as Liberia, with only limited risk in Sierra Leone and to the
      north and west of Sierra Leone. Monitoring the incidence of malaria in highly
      exposed expatriates provides early warning of the emergence of drug-resistant P
      falciparum malaria and can provide data to guide recommendations for travelers.

PMID- 2661867
TI  - Surgery, in the days of controversy.

PMID- 2661868
TI  - From the Health Care Financing Administration.

PMID- 2661869
TI  - Renal transplantation for children.

PMID- 2661870
TI  - Infections with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Washington State. The first year of
      statewide disease surveillance.
AB  - In 1987, Washington became the first state to require that infection with
      Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 be reported. In the first year of surveillance,
      93 cases were reported, yielding an annual incidence of 2.1 cases per 100,000
      population. The median age of case patients was 14 years (range, 11 months to 78
      years), with the highest attack rate among children younger than 5 years (6.1
      cases per 100,000 population per year). Bloody diarrhea was present in 95% of
      reported cases, 12% of patients developed either hemolytic-uremic syndrome or
      thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and one patient died. Suspected secondary
      cases were seen in 5% of households. Fifty-six (60%) cases occurred during June
      through September, as did 73% of the cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome or
      thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Cases reported during the summer months were
      more likely than cases reported at other times of the year to be in children
      younger than 10 years. Medications, including antimicrobial medications, did not
      influence the duration of symptoms, nor did they appear to alter the risk of
      developing hemolytic-uremic syndrome or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. This
      newly established surveillance system in Washington demonstrates that E coli
      O157:H7 is an important and common cause of bloody diarrhea in the United States.

PMID- 2661871
TI  - Maternal mortality in developing countries. An ongoing but neglected 'epidemic'.
AB  - Maternal mortality is one of the great neglected problems of health care in
      developing countries. The World Health Organization estimates that approximately
      500,000 women die each year from pregnancy-related causes, more than 98% of these
      deaths occurring in the developing world. Maternal mortality rates in developing
      countries are as much as 100 times higher than those seen in industrialized
      countries. The most common causes include obstructed labor and ruptured uterus,
      postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, postpartum infection, and complications of
      illegal abortion. It is suggested that no new or costly technologies are needed;
      rather that appropriate priority-setting and allocation of needed resources are
      essential to the solution of the problem. There are few interventions that hold
      much hope of success at the village level, although antibiotics, ergonovine
      maleate, and sedatives might be usefully utilized, after appropriate training.
      Overall, however, networks of maternity care facilities, trained personnel, and
      means of transport are necessary to provide needed emergency maternity care
      services.

PMID- 2661872
TI  - Harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Council on Scientific Affairs.
AB  - Tanning for cosmetic purposes by sunbathing or by using artificial tanning
      devices is widespread. The hazards associated with exposure to ultraviolet
      radiation are of concern to the medical profession. Depending on the amount and
      form of the radiation, as well as on the skin type of the individual exposed,
      ultraviolet radiation causes erythema, sunburn, photodamage (photoaging),
      photocarcinogenesis, damage to the eyes, alteration of the immune system of the
      skin, and chemical hypersensitivity. Skin cancers most commonly produced by
      ultraviolet radiation are basal and squamous cell carcinomas. There also is much
      circumstantial evidence that the increase in the incidence of cutaneous malignant
      melanoma during the past half century is related to increased sun exposure, but
      this has not been proved. Effective and cosmetically acceptable sunscreen
      preparations have been developed that can do much to prevent or reduce most
      harmful effects to ultraviolet radiation if they are applied properly and
      consistently. Other safety measures include (1) minimizing exposure to
      ultraviolet radiation, (2) being aware of reflective surfaces while in the sun,
      (3) wearing protective clothing, (4) avoiding use of artificial tanning devices,
      and (5) protecting infants and children.

PMID- 2661873
TI  - Tuberculosis in the United States.

PMID- 2661874
TI  - Conflicts of interest. Profits and problems in physician referrals.

PMID- 2661875
TI  - Physician referral--the AMA view.

PMID- 2661876
TI  - AIDS drug development, availability intensify.

PMID- 2661877
TI  - From the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment.

PMID- 2661878
TI  - Facts and artifacts about anemia and preterm delivery.
AB  - The effect of anemia (hematocrit less than or equal to 0.34) on subsequent
      preterm birth was prospectively studied in 35,423 pregnancies. The incidence of
      preterm birth among women with and without anemia at each week during the third
      trimester was compared. Early in the third trimester, there was a weak
      association between anemia and preterm delivery. However, anemia early in the
      third trimester did not account for the substantial increase in preterm birth
      seen among black women. Anemia after 30 weeks' gestation was not associated with
      preterm birth. Among women delivering term infants weighing 2500 g or more, the
      mean hematocrit rose 0.029 among black women and 0.021 among white women from 25
      weeks to term. Compared with hematocrits at 40 weeks' gestation, the odds ratios
      for anemia reached a maximum at 28 weeks and fell sharply as term approached.
      When the hematocrits of women in term labor were compared with those of women in
      preterm labor, a spurious dose-response effect for anemia was created. We
      conclude that anemia is not a strong factor in the pathogenesis of preterm birth
      and that comparison of hematocrits from women who are in preterm and term labor
      produces biased results.

PMID- 2661879
TI  - The lead-exposed worker.
AB  - The lead standard established by the federal Occupational Safety and Health
      Administration in 1978 requires physicians and employers to follow very specific
      guidelines when treating lead-exposed workers. For example, if a worker's blood
      lead level is 2.90 mumol/L of whole blood or greater, the worker must be removed
      from work, with full pay and retention of seniority, until the blood level falls
      below 1.95 mumol/L. Physicians play a key role in the implementation of the lead
      standard; the standard specifies frequency of blood lead measurements, frequency
      and extent of medical monitoring, and medical removal from work. This article
      reviews the lead standard as it applies to physicians and makes recommendations
      about managing the worker with lead poisoning.

PMID- 2661880
TI  - [The effect of acetate Ringer dextrose (5%) and lactate Ringer dextrose (5%) in
      surgical patients].
AB  - The clinical evaluation of acetate ringer dextrose (AR-D) for hemodynamic status,
      metabolism of glucose, electrolytes in serum and urine, liver and renal function
      and acid-base balance were performed in surgical patients compared with lactate
      ringer solution (LR-D). The 20 patients scheduled for gynecological operations
      were randomized into 2 groups. After the administration of AR-D or LR-D, we
      examined their clinical effects. The results suggest that there were no
      significant differences between AR-D group and LR-D group. We cannot confirm that
      AR-D is a better solution for surgical patients than LR-D regarding metabolism of
      lactate, pyruvate and glucose during operations.

PMID- 2661881
TI  - [A case of primary erythromelalgia (erythermalgia) treated with neural blockade].
AB  - A case of primary erythromelalgia which was treated successfully with lumbar
      sympathetic block and total spinal block (TSB) is reported. The patient was a 21
      year-old woman with 18-year history of pain, burning, swelling, redness and warm
      sensation in both feet and lower part of the legs that caused the patient to soak
      her feet and legs frequently in ice cold water in order to obtain pain relief.
      The patient had been treated with a variety of medications including aspirin,
      indomethacin, methysergide maleate, and carbamazepine with no relief. Recently,
      the excessive exposure to cold water had caused extensive immersion foot (trench
      foot) with secondary infection (fusarium infection). Treatment with bilateral
      lumbar sympathetic block had markedly improved the symptom. Furthermore,
      treatment with TSB against causalgic state was performed 8 times for 4 months.
      During this period, the patient experienced the symptom which was much milder
      than those before treatment with TSB. Lumbar sympathetic block and TSB are useful
      methods for treatment of primary erythromelalgia.

PMID- 2661882
TI  - [A case of lung metastasis of thyroid cancer with endobronchial polypoid growth].
AB  - A case of a 73-year-old woman, complaining of exertional dyspnea and hemoptysis,
      is reported. About twenty years earlier, she had been diagnosed as having a
      thyroid carcinoma and had undergone a partial thyroidectomy. Bronchoscopic
      findings showed an endobronchial polypoid tumor which obstructed the intermediate
      bronchus almost completely. The polyp was about 3cm in length and protruded from
      the entrance of the middle lobe bronchus. The histologic findings revealed it to
      be a metastasis of the papillary thyroid carcinoma. After a polypectomy, the
      hypoxemia and dyspnea showed remarkable improvement.

PMID- 2661883
TI  - [Clinical cerebral perfusion scintigraphy with 123I-IMP].
AB  - At the first place, some experimental knowledges on the biodistribution of IMP
      were described for the understand of this agent. And on the basis of our clinical
      experience, the usefulness of cerebral perfusion imaging using SPECT and IMP was
      reviewed. The patients with possible ischemic cerebral diseases such as
      infarction, TIA and RIND are main candidates for this examination. Clinical
      significance of the so-called "redistribution" of IMP was discussed in detail.
      Dementia and epilepsy are considered to be the other indication. With improvement
      of the method, cerebral perfusion imaging may be accepted as essential test in
      the hospital dealing with the patient with neuropsychiatric deficits.

PMID- 2661884
TI  - [Diagnosis of aortic arch aneurysm--a case report of the utility of MR imaging].
AB  - We reported a case of syphilitic aortic arch aneurysm, which was examined by
      IADSA, X-ray CT and MR Imaging. A large aneurysm with the thick mural thrombus
      and central narrow lumen was clearly shown by MR Imaging. MR Imaging is an useful
      modality for the diagnosis of the aortic arch aneurysm with a very narrow lumen,
      which cannot be easily pointed out by IADSA.

PMID- 2661885
TI  - [A case of renal capillary hemangioma].
AB  - This is a case of a 18 year-old female with capillary hemangioma of the left
      kidney. This tumor forms a well-demarcated solid mass showing a low grade
      contrast enhancement on CT, an echogenic pattern on sonogram, and hypovascularity
      on angiography. The radiologic findings on this tumor have wide variations in the
      previously reported cases.

PMID- 2661886
TI  - [A case report of cervical agenesis combined with vaginal agenesis diagnosed by
      MRI].
AB  - This disease was reported 46-cases in the world literature. We stressed that the
      diagnosis of a cervicovaginal atresia by MRI offer this advantage of diagnosis in
      a noninvasive manner prior to surgical intervention.

PMID- 2661887
TI  - Pre-operative anxiety of recipients and donors in renal transplantation from
      living relatives.
AB  - The pre-operative anxiety of recipients and donors was investigated through
      psychiatric interviews in the case of 27 renal transplants from living relatives.
      The pairs of recipients and donors were divided into 3 classes, as follows: Group
      A (n = 8), both stable; Group B (n = 6), recipient anxiety-donor stability; and
      Group C (n = 13), donor anxiety-recipient stability. The recipients in Group B
      showed many psychiatric problems in relation to therapists and nursing staff, so
      that psychiatric consultations were required. For donors in Group C, such
      consultation was also required.

PMID- 2661888
TI  - Lack of effect of indomethacin and captopril on protein-induced glomerular
      hyperfiltration in normal subjects.
AB  - We examined the possible roles of renal prostaglandins, renin-angiotensin and the
      kallikrein-kinin system in protein-induced glomerular hyperfiltration in normal
      subjects. The normal subjects were divided into three groups, i.e., control,
      indomethacin-treated and captopril-treated groups. Protein loading (0.6 g/kg BW
      as protein) resulted in a significant increase in glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR) from a baseline of 98 +/- 8 ml/min/1.73 M2 to 135 +/- 13 (P less than 0.01)
      in the control group. In both the indomethacin and captopril groups, significant
      elevations of GFR were observed after the test meal. The urinary kallikrein
      excretions after the meal were not significantly different from those for
      preloading in all groups. These results suggest that renal prostaglandins, renin
      angiotensin and the kallikrein-kinin system may be less involved in protein
      induced glomerular hyperfiltration in normal subjects.

PMID- 2661889
TI  - Human T-lymphotropic virus type I(HTLV-I) associated myelopathy in Nagasaki:
      clinical features and treatment of 21 cases.
AB  - The clinical features of 21 patients (7 men and 14 women, aged 24-65) with human
      T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) associated myelopathy (HAM) in Nagasaki were
      reviewed. Gait disturbance with spastic paraplegia and bladder dysfunction were
      the main clinical symptoms. Gait disturbance was observed in all patients and
      bladder dysfunction was found in 20/21 (95.2%). Mild sensory disturbance was
      observed in 11/21 (52.3%) patients. Only 4 patients had received blood
      transfusions before the onset of illness. On the other hand, 6 patients who had
      family histories of HAM or spastic paraplegia were included as familial clusters
      of HAM. The study on the T-cell subpopulations revealed a significant increase in
      the percentage of OKT11+ cells, OKT3+ cells, OKT4+ cells, OKT8+ cells, OKIa1+
      cells and IL-2R+ cells. We treated these 21 patients with plasma exchange (PE)
      and/or prednisolone in an uncontrolled manner. Both treatments were effective
      (PE: 11/18, prednisolone: 14/20), though the effects were not sufficient. In 5
      patients, PE produced rapid and dramatic improvement. Anti-HTLV-I antibodies in
      serum and cerebrospinal fluid were not correlated with the efficacy of both
      treatments.

PMID- 2661890
TI  - Study on lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with vasospastic angina.
AB  - The primary purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of lipid and
      glucose metabolism in vasospastic angina. A group of 93 patients in whom the
      presence of ischemic heart disease was suggested, were classified into the
      control (C) group, consisting of 30 patients; the coronary artery disease (CAD)
      group, consisting of 47 patients; and the vasospastic angina (VSA) group,
      consisting of 16 patients. Among these three groups, age, total cholesterol (TC),
      triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), atherogenic index (AI),
      apolipoproteins and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus were compared. No age
      difference was seen among the three groups. The TC was the highest in the CAD
      group, followed by the VSA and C groups. A significant difference in TC was noted
      between the C and CAD groups and the C and VSA groups. TG levels were higher in
      the CAD group than in the C and VSA groups, without a significant difference
      among the three groups. The AI was significantly higher in the CAD group than in
      the C and VSA groups. No significant difference was noted in the prevalence of
      diabetes mellitus among the three groups. Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) levels
      were higher in the VSA group than in the C and CAD groups, and the difference
      between the VSA and CAD groups was significant. Apolipoprotein A-II (apo A-II)
      levels were significantly higher in the VSA group than in the C and CAD
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661891
TI  - Pseudohypoparathyroidism with striopallidodentate calcification--a case report
      and review of the literature.
AB  - One case of calcification in the striopallidodentate system associated with
      pseudohypoparathyroidism type I is described. Striopallidodentate calcification
      accompanying a disturbance in calcium metabolism is, to our knowledge, extremely
      rare with only thirteen previously documented cases reported, of which only two
      cases accompany pseudohypoparathyroidism. Moreover, our case showed an elevated
      titer of antiparietal-cell antibody.

PMID- 2661892
TI  - A case of infectious pseudoaneurysm of the abdominal aorta associated with
      infectious spondylitis due to Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - A 67-year-old woman with pneumonia and diabetes mellitus was admitted with the
      complaints of abdominal and back pain. Sputum culture was positive for Klebsiella
      pneumoniae. Computed tomographic scanning (CT) of the abdomen and spinal
      radiograph of the lumber column revealed a paraventebral space-occupying lesion,
      abdominal aortic aneurysm and destructive change of L3 and L4. Pseudoaneurysm of
      the abdominal aorta associated with infectious spondylitis with paravertebral
      abscess was suspected and confirmed by aortography. Klebsiella pneumoniae was
      cultured from the abscess. The patient's condition improved rapidly after
      drainage of the abscess and administration of LMOX and gentamicin. Infectious
      pseudoaneurysm of the abdominal aorta associated with infectious spondylitis has
      rarely been reported. These two in combination due to Klebsiella pneumoniae has
      not been reported to our knowledge. The pathologic changes were found easily by
      CT scan. When infectious aneurysm or infectious spondylitis is diagnosed alone,
      possible combination of these diseases should be kept in mind.

PMID- 2661893
TI  - [The closing of the nursing school established by Miss M. T. True and affiliated
      with Sakurai High School for Girls. 2. Conflict with the Presbyterian Mission
      Committee at the budget request for the nursing school].

PMID- 2661894
TI  - [Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) diagnosed by two-dimensional Doppler
      echography].
AB  - We report a case of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) with efficiency of the
      two-dimensional doppler echography for clinical evaluation. A 23-year-old female
      admitted to our hospital for lips cyanosis, exertional dyspnea and abnormal round
      shadow by chest X-ray. The two-dimensional echography demonstrated an efferent
      artery and a drainage vein of the PAVF. Pulmonary arteriography confirmed the
      diagnosis of a solitary PAVF located in the S10 of the left lung. The fistula was
      enucleated successfully with the recovery of cyanosis and dyspnea.

PMID- 2661895
TI  - [A case of bronchogenic cyst of the esophagus].
AB  - A case of bronchogenic cyst in the lower end of the mediastinal esophagus was
      reported. A 46 years old man had an abnormal mass shadow at the right
      cardiophrenic angle revealed by the annual X-ray examination. A 5.5 X 4.5 X 5 cm
      sized intramurally located tumor was successfully removed. As it was a
      monolocular cyst that microscopically lined with ciliated columnar epithelium and
      contained cartilage in the wall, but that was not covered by two muscle layers,
      the cyst was diagnosed as bronchogenic. The post-operative course was uneventful.
      The authors discussed the differential diagnosis of this lesion, especially about
      cysts which were situated in the esophagus. To avoid confusion, a certain
      diagnostic criteria based on the histological findings was suggested.

PMID- 2661896
TI  - [New knowledge of Zahorsky exanthema subitum (critical 3-day fever-exanthema,
      roseola infantum].
AB  - A survey is given on the history, characteristic symptoms and recent data of the
      etiology of exanthem subitum (Zahorsky's disease, sixth disease, roseola
      infantum). Some cases are presented and modern diagnostic techniques for atypical
      cases are discussed. The disease is caused by an infection with the human
      herpesvirus-6 (HHV 6; syn.:, "human B-lymphotropic virus", HBLV). Most babies and
      small children have an asymptomatic infection usually leading to lifelong
      immunity. The typical "exanthem subitum" develops only in a minority of the
      infected and susceptible persons. We suggest that the novel human herpesvirus-6
      also has the potential of lifelong persistence in humans and can then be shedd at
      any age in case of acquired immunodeficiencies. World-wide research in this field
      is carried out by several working groups and new data will be available in a few
      years.

PMID- 2661897
TI  - [Use and efficacy of extracorporeal detoxication procedures in poisoning in
      children].
AB  - We could demonstrate the possibilities and limitations of the extracorporal
      detoxications by accidental poisonings in children. The effective use of
      hemodialysis, hemoperfusion, and plasmapheresis in poisonings during childhood
      under special consideration of the parameters such as molecular weights, half
      time rate, proteinbinding, distribution volume, pattern of solubility, and
      metabolism is shown and critically discussed.

PMID- 2661898
TI  - [The significance of erythrocyte morphology for the differential diagnosis of
      hematuria].
AB  - Since 1984 we have investigated urine specimens of 129 patients by means of phase
      contrast microscopy. 51% of the children have an isomorphic, 43% a dysmorphic and
      6% a mixed erythrocyturia. We have found a good correlation between dysmorphic
      erythrocyturia and glomerular diseases and between isomorphic erythrocyturia and
      nonglomerular changes. In 4.6% there were a discrepancy between the urinary
      findings and the diagnoses. Phase contrast microscopy is an advantage for
      diagnostics of hematuria provided that it will be done repeatedly.

PMID- 2661899
TI  - [Topographic and anatomical substantiation of variants of the "saphenous" flap
      formation].
AB  - Of 28 extremities of the cadavers, the angioarchitectonics of a donor zone of the
      "saphenous" flap was studied. Three variants of blood supply of the region were
      revealed, and according to them, the different directions of the flap axis were
      defined. The neglect of the data of angioarchitectonics can lead to the loss of a
      considerable party of the vascular bed and affect the results of transplantation.

PMID- 2661900
TI  - [Basic principles of the treatment of inflammatory processes in surgical
      patients].

PMID- 2661901
TI  - [Use of glue and biocompatible sutures in surgery].

PMID- 2661902
TI  - [Main stages of development and prospects of electroanesthesia (review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2661903
TI  - [Airtightness of intestinal anastomoses when laser resection technics are used].
AB  - Experiments were conducted on 168 dogs to appraise the biological and physical
      air-tightness of single- and double-row anastomoses formed on the small and large
      intestine after resection with a routine and laser scalpel. Microbiological,
      histological, histobacteriological, and statistic methods of examination were
      employed. A direct connection was revealed between the degree of infection of the
      abdominal cavity via the sutures of the anastomoses and the size of the
      destructive-inflammatory processes in the zone of the communication which
      depended on the type of the sutures and the method of resection of the intestine.
      The results allowed the expediency of using laser resection techniques and
      Pirogov's single-row suture to be substantiated from new standpoints (standpoints
      of higher biological air-tightness of the anastomoses).

PMID- 2661905
TI  - [Surgical drainage in the treatment of suppurative postoperative wounds and
      cavities (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2661904
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of splenic pseudocysts].
AB  - Seven patients with pseudocysts of the spleen were treated in the clinic of the
      2nd chair of surgical diseases of the Riga Medical Institute. The cysts in all of
      them lacked characteristic signs and were recognized late, when they had grown to
      a large size. Ultrasonic examination and computerized tomography played the main
      role in establishing the diagnosis. The pseudocysts of the spleen were treated by
      surgery. In large cysts splenectomy was the operation of choice, though organ
      preserving operations (enucleation of the cyst, resection of the spleen) were
      suggested.

PMID- 2661906
TI  - [Nonorganic retroperitoneal tumors].
AB  - The possibilities of various methods of examination in 22 patients with
      nonorganic retroperitoneal tumors were evaluated on the basis of complex
      diagnosis. The importance of ultrasonic examination for determining the tactics
      of the management of patients is shown. The method improves the results of
      examination of patients with nonorganic retroperitoneal tumors and allows the
      volume of radio-endoscopic studies to be reduced.

PMID- 2661907
TI  - [Nonorganic retroperitoneal neoplasms of the pelvis].
AB  - The results of observations over 116 patients with nonorganic retroperitoneal
      tumors of the pelvis in the diagnosis of which computerized and ultrasonic
      tomography were used among other methods showed these methods to expand the
      possibilities of early diagnosis significantly. Analysis of 83 operations
      conducted on patients with nonorganic tumors of the pelvis revealed the main
      reasons why a radical operative intervention failed to be performed. Hemorrhage
      and pyo-inflammatory processes in the pelvic fat were the most common and serious
      complications in the postoperative period.

PMID- 2661908
TI  - [Chronic osteomyelitis of the clavicle].
AB  - From 1978 to 1987, 139 children were treated for osteomyelitis at our
      institution, among them 6 with osteomyelitis of the clavicle. All six patients
      presented with a primary chronic osteomyelitis. Three children sustained a trauma
      anamnestically. Pathohistological examinations revealed a chronic, unspecific
      inflammation in all cases. Immobilisation was achieved by means of a DESAULT-cast
      or an abduction splint for 7 to 36 weeks, antibiotics (clindamycin) were given
      for 6 to 55 weeks, starting with intravenous administration for 1 weeks
      maximally. All patients were primarily operated on, mostly undergoing curettage
      of affected regions or partial resection. After 4 to 10 years, 4 children are
      well and without evidence of recurrence, 2 children are still under treatment for
      recurrences.

PMID- 2661909
TI  - [Sonography of the larynx in childhood: new perspectives due to the use of
      computerized sonography. 1: Anatomy and method].
AB  - We report on new perspectives in diagnostic ultrasound of the larynx, which has
      become possible by applications of computer sonography. To our knowledge no such
      comprehensive ultrasonic diagnostics in children are reported as yet in the area
      of larynx. All examinations were performed with a computed sonography system
      (Acuson 128). We used a linear transducer with a penetration corresponding to 5
      MHz an a resolution corresponding to 10 MHz. The frame rate was around 25 Hz and
      thus enabled a good reproduction of dynamic processes. As we could show, it is
      possible to visualize all significant structures of the larynx including the
      thyroid cartilage, the vocal ligament, the vocalis muscle, the arytenoid
      cartilage and the piriform fossa. Of course the vestibular fold and the cervical
      musculature are also demonstrable. The high frame rate of the instrument anaibled
      a good reproduction of dynamic processes. The sonographic demonstration of
      anatomical structures is possible as well as a functional diagnosis.

PMID- 2661911
TI  - Is there a hierarchy of methods in clinical research?

PMID- 2661910
TI  - [Sonography of the larynx in children. New perspectives due to the use of
      computerized sonography: 2: Sonographic findings in a case of laryngeal
      papillomatosis].
AB  - On our opinion one important indication for sonographic diagnosis in future are
      masses in the larynx area: in infancy or childhood mainly laryngeal
      papillomatosis. In one of our boy patients with massive laryngeal papillomatosis
      laser surgery was first performed at 15 months of age. After a second and third
      procedure interferon-therapy was begun. Sonographically it was easily possible to
      follow the course in control examinations. Sonographic findings correlated well
      with laryngoscopic findings. Laryngoscopy could therefore be limited to a
      minimum.

PMID- 2661912
TI  - [Microanalysis, a simple method of fast and reliable diagnosis].
AB  - Microanalytical methods are not widely used although they are easy to perform and
      reproducible results are obtained. For one analysis, for example
      microelectrophoresis of proteins, less than a microgram of a protein mixture is
      sufficient since the detection limit for a well separated protein band is in the
      lower nanogram range. Further, a great advantage of micromethods is their saving
      in time required for the analyses which is approximately only one tenth of the
      time necessary for the corresponding macromethod.

PMID- 2661913
TI  - [Fractional clearance of beta-2-microglobulin in the diagnostic and prognostic
      assessment of kidney diseases].
AB  - The micromolecular proteinuria (67-11 Kd), originating from tubulo-interstitial
      disorders, might be determined by SDS- or gradient-PAGE or by individual marker
      proteins. The latter procedure in addition to PAGE is necessary in case of heavy
      proteinurias. The tubular resorptive capacity for microproteins, analysed by
      fractional beta-2-M-clearances, decreases with deteriorating GFR. Values for FrCl
      beta 2M above the expected level were associated with tubulo-interstitial, but
      also with diabetic and rapidly progressing glomerular nephropathies. In the
      latter group these findings might be of prognostic importance. In contrast, the U
      beta-2-M-determination in long term observation of kidney transplants had no
      diagnostic nor prognostic value.

PMID- 2661915
TI  - Sunscreens: a review of the skin cancer protection value and educational
      opportunities.
AB  - The scope and magnitude of increases in skin cancer incidence in the U.S. are
      described, as well as the associative factor of ultraviolet radiation exposure.
      The protection offered by routine application of sunscreen preparations is
      discussed as an essential part of a preventive regimen. Recommendations are
      presented for educational strategies that can be implemented in community and
      school settings. Presently-available educational resources, as well as those in
      the developmental stages, also are identified.

PMID- 2661914
TI  - Changing the course: a school nutrition and cancer education curriculum developed
      by the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute.
AB  - Increasing evidence exists linking eating patterns and risk of several major
      chronic diseases, including cancer. The focus of the "Changing the Course"
      curriculum is to provide students with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to
      enable them to adopt cancer risk reducing eating behaviors. A behavioral approach
      is used, involving acquisition of pertinent background information, evaluation of
      personal intake patterns, decision-making skills, goal-setting, and evaluation of
      success in achieving goals. The curriculum involves about 20 hours of action
      oriented core instruction, five hours of optional activities, and 10-15 hours of
      home assignments. Educational strategies involve independent activities such as
      individual food records, cooperative or team activities and quizzes, and out-of
      classroom assignments such as inventorying fruits and vegetables at home. Pilot
      tested in four states, the curriculum will be revised based on pilot evaluation
      data and disseminated nationwide through American Cancer Society divisions and
      volunteers.

PMID- 2661916
TI  - A review of 132 consecutive patients referred for assessment of vibration white
      finger.
AB  - One hundred and thirty-two subjects were referred to the Institute of
      Occupational Health in Birmingham over a 2 year period for assessment as to
      whether they met the criteria for Prescribed Disease A11 (vibration white
      finger). A standardized questionnaire and checklist was used, and each patient
      with vibration white finger was staged according to the Taylor and Pelmear (1975)
      classification. One hundred and sixteen subjects (88 per cent) had a clinical
      picture consistent with a diagnosis of vibration white finger, of which 10 did
      not meet the DHSS criteria for prescription. For these 116 subjects, the mean age
      at initial occupational exposure to vibration was 27 years. The mean age when
      symptoms began was 40 years. Numbness was the most common symptom accompanying
      the periodic blanching. More claimants reported symptoms affecting their hobbies
      and social life than affecting their work. The main job activities that exposed
      these claimants to vibration were pedestal grinding, pneumatic chipping/grinding,
      and hand grinding. Different systems available for staging vibration white finger
      have inherent limitations, but a scheme that uses standardized objective tests
      will make the diagnosis and assessment less reliant on subjective symptoms alone.

PMID- 2661917
TI  - The Indiana Speech Training Aid (ISTRA). I: Comparisons between human and
      computer-based evaluation of speech quality.
AB  - Experimental comparisons are reported between computer-based and human judgments
      of speech quality for the same sets of utterances. Speech stimuli were recorded
      from two normal talkers, who intentionally varied the quality of their speech,
      and from a hearing-impaired child who was receiving speech therapy on the Indiana
      Speech Training Aid (ISTRA). The tape recordings were submitted for evaluation to
      a naive jury, an expert jury, and the ISTRA System, a microcomputer equipped with
      a speaker-dependent speech recognition board that generated scores representing
      how well utterance matched a stored template. Correlational analyses of these
      data indicated that humans were slightly better at judging speech quality than
      was the computer, but that the computer was much more reliable. These results
      demonstrate that computer-based speech evaluation may be a reasonable substitute
      for human judgments for certain types of speech drill.

PMID- 2661918
TI  - The selection of "fluent" samples in research on stuttering: conceptual and
      methodological considerations.
AB  - The characteristics of stutterers' fluency has been the object of much research
      in recent years, but it is not always clear what the term "fluency" refers to in
      this research. This paper reviews the concept of fluency and considers the ways
      in which it has been employed in research on stuttering. The methods that have
      been used to identify fluent intervals in stutterers' speech are reviewed along
      with their reliability and validity. It is concluded that there is an urgent need
      to clarify the reference for fluency in such studies, and to develop procedures
      for measuring and quantifying fluency. Additional avenues for research are also
      discussed.

PMID- 2661919
TI  - Tissue oxygen tension in random pattern skin flaps during normovolemic
      hemodilution.
AB  - We investigated the effect of progressive normovolemic hemodilution with Dextran
      70 on subcutaneous tissue oxygen tension (PscO2) in canine random pattern flaps
      and in adjacent intact skin. PscO2 was measured polarographically in implanted
      oxygen-permeable Silastic catheters. The mean PscO2 of 5.7 kPa in intact subcutis
      at hematocrit (HCT) 40 was maintained or insignificantly improved during
      hemodilution to a HCT of 14. The mean flap PscO2 of 3.1 kPa at HCT 40 was
      maintained down to HCT 20. Most flap measuring sites exhibited a PscO2
      improvement in an individual HCT range at some point during hemodilution. The
      increment in PscO2 tended to be relatively greater and to occur at lower Hct
      values in locations with more severe ischemia initially. Central hemodynamics
      were characterized by a lowered total peripheral resistance and an increased
      cardiac output, whereas systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressures and
      central venous pressure remained essentially unchanged.

PMID- 2661920
TI  - Immunologic consequences of combined pancreas-spleen transplantation in the rat.
AB  - A rat model of combined pancreas-spleen transplantation (PST) was used in order
      to characterize the immunologic consequences of PST when compared to pancreas
      transplantation (PT) alone. Weakly MHC disparate Fischer (F344) PST grafts
      survived significantly longer in LEW recipients than did F344 PT grafts (17.6 +/-
      3.4 vs 12.1 +/- 1.0 days, respectively, P less than 0.001). However, graft versus
      host disease (GVHD) occurred regularly in the PST recipients. Similarly, in
      haploidentical LBN to LEW donor-recipient pairs, PST graft survival was also
      modestly but significantly increased over that of the PT controls (10.6 +/- 1.0
      vs 8.5 +/- 0.8 days, respectively, P less than 0.001). Conversely, in the ACI to
      LEW combination where MCH differences are very strong, PST graft survival was not
      longer than PT controls (7.5 +/- 0.8 vs 7.0 +/- 0.6 days, respectively, P greater
      than 0.2). GVHD was not observed in either of the latter two experiments. Short
      term immunosuppression with cyclosporine further improved the outcome in LEW
      recipients of F344 grafts by inducing long-term graft survivals in approximately
      one-fourth of the PST recipients. Host splenectomy did not improve graft survival
      in PST recipients but did increase the risk of GVHD in LEW recipients of F344 PST
      grafts. Graft irradiation prior to transplantation with 500 rad not only
      abrogated the GVHD potential of the F344 PST graft but also eliminated the graft
      survival prolonging effect of the donor spleen. Donor spleen cells injected at
      the time of PT in F344 to LEW transplants resulted in graft prolongation not
      different from spleen intact PST recipients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2661921
TI  - DNA regulatory elements for steroid hormones.
AB  - Gene regulation by steroid hormones is mediated through an interaction of the
      hormone receptors with DNA regulatory sequences called hormone regulatory or
      responsive elements (HRE). An analysis of the HRE's in the DNA of mouse mammary
      tumour provirus, human metallothionein IIA gene, chicken lysozyme gene, chicken
      and Xenopus vitellogenin genes, growth hormones genes, Moloney murine sarcoma
      provirus, rabbit uteroglobin gene, rat tyrosine aminotransferase gene, rat
      tryptophan oxygenase gene and rat acidic glycoprotein gene, yields the following
      consensus for positively modulated glucocorticoid responsive elements (GRE): 5'
      GGTACAnnnTGTTCT-3'. This element can also mediate induction by progesterone and
      probably by androgens, but not by estrogens. Detailed analysis of the DNA
      protection pattern suggests that a dimer of the hormone receptor interacts with
      this palindromic 15-mer. In genes that are negatively regulated by
      glucocorticoids an imperfect copy of the GRE is found, and repression is probably
      due to competition between hormone receptor and other transcription factors or
      enhancer binding proteins for binding to overlapping DNA sequences. The receptors
      without bound hormone are able to interact specifically with DNA in vitro, but
      binding of hormone is needed for transcriptional activation in vivo. This could
      be due, at least in part, to changes in the rate parameters of the receptor-DNA
      interaction induced by binding of the hormone to the receptor. The possible role
      of precise chromatin organization in glucocorticoid induction is discussed on the
      basis of the nucleosome phasing found in the LTR region of mouse mammary tumour
      virus.

PMID- 2661922
TI  - Myths of the esophagus.

PMID- 2661923
TI  - Neonatal model of heterotopic heart transplantation in pigs.
AB  - To investigate the long-term success of heart transplantation in newborn infants
      who have complex congenital heart disease, we have developed a model of
      heterotopic heart transplantation in immature pigs. We chose the heterotopic
      technique because it is simple, does not require cardiopulmonary bypass or
      heparin, allows for significant size disparity between the recipient and donor
      hearts, and allows for experimental comparisons between the two hearts. Small
      newborn piglet hearts are harvested, prepared, and then transplanted into the
      left chest of larger weanling pigs to augment or substitute for the native left
      ventricle. Preliminary data from transplants into 49 pigs suggest that the
      technique is technically possible, the pigs can be immunosuppressed over the long
      term, and the donor heart can contribute hemodynamically. Experimentally, the
      model is well designed for the investigation of issues critical for the long-term
      success of heart transplantation in infants and children, including growth and
      development, optimal long-term immunosuppression, differences in immunotolerance,
      and the study of coronary obliterative disease. Clinically, the model has
      potential applicability in congenital heart anomalies if one native functioning
      atrium and ventricle are present.

PMID- 2661925
TI  - [Nursing seminars. Educational methods to nurture nursing philosophy--with
      special reference to the study of nursing literature].

PMID- 2661924
TI  - [Doppler measurement of fetal blood flow. I. Normal values in the umbilical
      artery].
AB  - From October 1986 to October 1987 flow velocity waveforms (FVW) from the
      umbilical artery were measured in 260 healthy pregnant women. Measurements were
      performed by means of a Doppler ultrasound unit Kranzbuehler ADR 8130. A/B
      indices, RI (resistance index) and PI (pulsatility index), were used for the FVW
      analysis. The patients were divided into 6 groups according to the gestational
      age (20-23, 24-27, 28-31, 32-35, 36-37, 38-41 weeks of gestation). The value,
      standard deviation and coefficient of variability were calculated in each group
      for all three indices. The values obtained for groups 20-23 and 38-41 gestation
      week were compared and a significant decrease of the index values toward the end
      of pregnancy was observed (t A/B = 9.08, P less than 0.01; t RI = 9.33, P less
      than 0.01; t PI = 8.65, P less than 0.01). The finding suggests a decrease of
      peripheral resistance in the fetal circulation at the end of pregnancy. The
      nomograms obtained for the FVW umbilical artery suggest the clinical application
      of blood flow measurements possible in centres with adequate equipment but no
      capability to produce their own nomograms.

PMID- 2661926
TI  - [Evaluation of the hygienic management of insulin vials used by patients who self
      administer insulin].

PMID- 2661927
TI  - Effects of the intake of selected vitamins and minerals on cancer prevention.
AB  - This paper provides an overview of our knowledge on the involvement in cancer of
      vitamins A, C and E and of calcium, selenium and zinc. This work is a background
      for studies on dietary magnesium's effects on cancer. Consumption of vitamin A
      and its dietary precursors has been associated with reduced cancer at several
      sites in human and animal studies. Carcinogenesis studies using several models of
      cancer have been conducted on the influence of vitamin A deficiency, vitamin A
      excess and supplementation of vitamin A analogues. Vitamins C and E are effective
      in the prevention of N-nitroso compound (nitrosamine) formation. Vitamin C is
      effective in aqueous and vitamin E is effective in non-aqueous media. Both of
      these vitamins also have inhibited carcinogenesis by preformed carcinogens at
      several sites, but enhancement has been observed at some sites when excess
      vitamin treatment was studied. The potential role of calcium in the prevention of
      colon cancer is being pursed. Few experimental studies have been conducted but
      data support an effect of calcium on colonic epithelial proliferation.
      Epidemiological and especially experimental results suggest an inhibition of
      cancer by dietary selenium. In animal studies, selenium supplementation has been
      particularly effective in inhibiting colon and mammary carcinogenesis, but
      enhanced carcinogenesis was observed in some studies on skin, liver and pancreas
      cancer. Data suggest that zinc deficiency may be a factor in esophageal cancer;
      however, studies on tumor growth have demonstrated retarded tumor growth in zinc
      deficient animals.

PMID- 2661928
TI  - Cellular concentration of magnesium and other ions in relation to protein
      synthesis, cell proliferation and cancer.
AB  - This report concerns the possible regulatory roles of intracellular Mg, Na, K,
      Cl, H and Ca ions in protein synthesis, mitogenesis and oncogenesis. Our main
      approach was to measure the intracellular concentration of various ions in
      different mammalian tissue cell populations for correlation with the rate of
      protein synthesis, the rate of cell proliferation and the tumorigenic cell state.
      Mg concentration alone showed a significant positive correlation to protein
      synthetic rate, suggesting a key role for Mg in regulation of protein synthesis.
      All ions measured (Mg, Na, K, Cl) showed a significant positive correlation to
      the rate of cell proliferation in normal populations of tissue cells. Likewise
      rapidly dividing tumor cells showed markedly elevated concentrations of Na and Cl
      but not Mg and K. The tumor cells are therefore unique in terms of their ionic
      composition. The injection of tumorous mice with amiloride (a drug which blocks
      the passive influx of Na into cells and blocks the Na-H antiport process) lowered
      intracellular Na concentration without significantly changing the concentration
      of Mg or K in the rapidly dividing tumor cells. The cell proliferation rates of
      both normal and of tumor cell populations were decreased by this amiloride
      treatment. These data strongly suggest a regulatory role for Na and H
      concentration on the rate of cell proliferation in both normal and tumor cells.
      Recent reports have shown that a brief surge in free Ca occurs after mitogenic
      stimulation and at several other key points in the cell cycle. These findings
      suggest a signaling role for free Ca in cells. A model of the temporal sequence
      of ionic events in the cell cycle is presented. The report ends with a brief
      discussion of the role of ions in tumorigenic cell transformation.

PMID- 2661929
TI  - Economic correction; quantity and age-related rate of change.
AB  - Correlation between the relative magnitude of activity or concentration in youth
      and the relative magnitude of age-related decrease occurs in several systems. We
      have observed this correlation in density of D2-dopamine receptors of the
      striatal membrane, activity of lymphocyte activated killer cells, relative
      density of CD8 on thymocytes, augmenting activity of T splenocytes and mRNA,
      coding for IL-1 in Langerhans cells. We have suggested that this correlation
      should be considered in the context of balanced investment in lifespan and
      reproductive efficiency, that it may be the result of feedback regulation and
      have designated it as "economic correction".

PMID- 2661930
TI  - Effect of chronic caloric restriction on physiological variables related to
      energy metabolism in the male Fischer 344 rat.
AB  - In the present study, a number of physiological and behavioral measures that are
      related to metabolism were continuously monitored in 19-month-old male Fischer
      344 rats that were fed ad libitum or fed a caloric restricted diet. Caloric
      restricted rats ate fewer meals but consumed more food during each meal and spent
      more time eating per meal than did rats fed ad libitum. Therefore, the timing and
      duration of meals as well as the total number of calories consumed may be
      associated with life extension. Average body temperature per day was
      significantly lower in restricted rats but body temperature range per day and
      motor activity were higher in restricted rats. Dramatic changes in respiratory
      quotient, indicating rapid changes in metabolic pathway and lower temperature,
      occurred in caloric restricted rats when carbohydrate reserves were depleted.
      Lower body temperature and metabolism during this time interval may result in
      less DNA damage, thereby increasing the survival potential of restricted rats.
      Nighttime feeding was found to synchronize physiological performance between ad
      libitum and caloric restricted rats better than daytime feeding, thereby allowing
      investigators to distinguish the effects of caloric restriction from those
      related solely to the time-of-day of feeding.

PMID- 2661931
TI  - The influence of dietary restriction on DNA repair in rodents: a preliminary
      study.
AB  - A range study was undertaken to determine if dietary restriction (DR) affects DNA
      repair in rodents. Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was examined in two strains of
      rat (Brown Norway, BN and Brown Norway X Fischer 344 F1 hybrid, BNF) at 18 months
      of age. O(6)-Methylguanine-acceptor protein activity (MGAP) was measured across
      species using rat (Brown Norway X Fischer F-344 F1 hybrid, 18 months) and mouse
      (B6CB F1 hybrid, 30 months). The rodents were maintained on either an ad libitum
      (AL) or a restricted diet (60% of the caloric intake of AL rodents). UDS
      increased approximately 48-65% in freshly isolated skin cells from DR animals
      opposed to their AL controls after challenge with ultraviolet light (254 nm, 20
      J/m2 UV). After treatment with methylmethane sulfonate (0.5 mM MMS), a
      significant increase in UDS was observed (P less than 0.01, approx, 55% for BN
      and 52% for BNF rats). Results of measurements for MGAP activity found levels to
      increase 73% in DR rats and approximately 28% in DR mice when compared to their
      AL counterparts. In addition MGAP levels in phase shifted mice were examined at
      three time points during a 24-h period where significant changes were found to
      occur in the metabolism of DR rodents. The activity of MGAP changed in a
      circadian fashion with significant increases in MGAP activity in DR mice
      occurring during the period of highest metabolic activity.

PMID- 2661932
TI  - Effects of aging and caloric restriction on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in
      the Fischer 344 rat. I: The cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase system.
AB  - The effects of long-term caloric restriction on the hepatic cytochrome P-450
      dependent monooxygenase system were investigated in the 22-month-old Fischer 344
      rat. Caloric restriction decreased the age-related changes in hepatic
      testosterone metabolism, which are associated with demasculinization of the
      liver. Caloric restriction also increased hepatic microsomal testosterone 6 beta
      hydroxylase, lauric acid 12-hydroxylase and 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase activities
      over corresponding values in both ad libitum fed 22-month and 60-day-old control
      male rats. This suggests that cytochrome P-450 isozymes, P-450 pcn1&2, P-452 and
      P450j may be induced by caloric restriction. Such changes in cytochrome P-450
      isozyme profiles could result in altered carcinogen activation, radical formation
      or drug detoxication in the calorically restricted rat.

PMID- 2661933
TI  - Effect of chronic caloric restriction on hepatic enzymes of intermediary
      metabolism in the male Fischer 344 rat.
AB  - It is well established that caloric restriction extends life span and
      significantly retards the rate of occurrence of most age-associated degenerative
      disease processes. A paucity of data exists relative to the mechanisms by which
      caloric restriction accomplishes these events. We have examined the effect of
      caloric restriction in rats on several hepatic enzymes of intermediary
      metabolism. The activities of glycolytic and supporting enzymes including lactate
      dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase
      were all decreased in response to caloric restriction. Fructose 1-phosphate
      aldolase and creatine phosphokinase were not altered. Likewise, enzymes
      associated with lipid metabolism (malic enzyme and glycerokinase) were reduced
      (fatty acid synthetase was reduced, but not to a statistically significant
      degree). Activities of enzymes supporting gluconeogenesis (glutamate oxaloacetate
      transaminase, tyrosine aminotransferase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase,
      glutamate dehydrogenase, amino acid oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, and glucose 6
      phosphatase) were either unchanged or increased significantly by caloric
      restriction. Glucagon levels were decreased. Comparisons between young ad libitum
      fed and older calorically restricted rats revealed similar but not identical
      metabolic activity. These results suggest that caloric restriction produces an
      effect on intermediary metabolism, favoring the role of glucagon and glucose
      synthesis; but limiting the role of insulin and glucose catabolism in the liver.
      The former observation provides for the efficient support of peripheral tissues
      and the latter a level of energy production necessary only for self maintenance.
      Limited lipid metabolism suggests decreased potential for fatty acid epoxide
      formation and free radical damage to cellular macromolecules. Additionally,
      caloric restriction may delay the progressive age associated changes in the
      activities of some of the enzymes investigated.

PMID- 2661934
TI  - [Thyroid disorders after radiation of lymphoma].

PMID- 2661935
TI  - [Current neurologic indications of magnetic resonance (II)].

PMID- 2661936
TI  - [Measurement of the socioeconomic level].

PMID- 2661937
TI  - [Lung injuries].
AB  - Even though lungs can be injured solitarily, most of pulmonary lesions occur
      within the scope of multiple trauma. Because of various patho-physiological
      processes resulting from the multiple trauma, the valuation of extent, course and
      prognosis of pulmonary injuries is difficult. Depending on examined cases,
      mortality of thoracic injuries as stated in various references amounts to between
      6 and 55%. Concerning thoracic injuries we dealt with severe traumas of the
      thorax. This explains the relatively high rate of thoracotomy of 17% as well as
      the high mortality of 34% we confirmed. Because of described variety of injuries,
      it is necessary for better comparison of clinical investigations to specify the
      lesions in accordance with general and specific thoracic severity of injury--as
      described in the multiple trauma score of the Medical University of Hannover--.
      Especially pulmonary contusions with associated conspicuous injuries are often
      primarily underestimated concerning their dimensions and consequences. Therefore
      the importance of subtle inquiry of pulmonary findings must be strictly
      underlined.

PMID- 2661938
TI  - [The value of sonography in assessing bone transplants--an experimental study].
AB  - The ultrasound control after spongiosa substance plasty is, as described, a
      supportive method to x-ray measurement. The clinical experience and results are
      most encouraging. Therefore an experimental proof of this method is necessary.
      The model is the complete lower leg after amputation. The tibia is prepared with
      autologous and homologous spongiosa substance with and without gradual
      decalcification. For fresh spongiosa there is an ultrasound examination from
      three to five mm and to a higher rate for decalcified spongiosa substance. The
      experimental results are the verification of clinical assessment.

PMID- 2661939
TI  - [Preoperative staging of rectal cancer: endosonography versus computerized
      tomography].
AB  - In a prospective study in 49 patients with rectal carcinoma the correlation of
      pre- and post-operative staging by CT and endorectal ultrasound (EU) was compared
      according to TNM-classification. With CT the pre/postoperative results correlated
      in T1 in 9/10, in T2 in 10/16, in T3 in 13/15 and in T4 in 6/8 patients. By EU
      identical results were found in all T1, in 10/12 T2, in 17/20 T3 and in 6/7 T4
      stages. Overall, pre- and postoperative identical results were found by CT in 38
      and by EU in 43/49 patients. Overestimation of the tumor stage was similar with
      both methods: 5 by CT and 4 by EU. Underestimation of the stage was more often by
      CT in 5 than by EU in 2 cases. (CT: accuracy 77.5%, sensitivity 88.3%,
      specificity 94.4%; ES: accuracy 87.7% sensitivity 91.5%, specificity 97.8%).
      Criteria for interpretation are discussed. In early tumor stages the depth of
      tumor invasion can be better evaluated by EU. In late stages both methods give
      important information for surgical strategy.

PMID- 2661941
TI  - [Severe cholestasis in congenital choledochus cyst].
AB  - A nineteen year old female was admitted to the hospital presenting with sudden
      onset of severe jaundice and the biochemical constellation of cholestasis. The
      sonographically and radiologically diagnosis of choledochal cyst was confirmed
      intraoperatively. The choledochal cyst of type IVa reached from the papilla until
      the hepatocholedochal junction. A lateroterminal choledochojejunostomy with a Y
      Roux-anastomosis was constructed. The patient became symptom-free after the
      operation.

PMID- 2661940
TI  - [Primary mediastinal seminoma].
AB  - Primary mediastinal seminoma is an uncommon lesion and should be included in the
      differential diagnosis of mediastinal tumors. Symptoms and signs may not be clear
      and in most cases the diagnosis is made by sternotomy or thoracotomy. Our
      recommendation is that patients with primary mediastinal seminoma should undergo
      curative resection or reductive surgery. Curative resection should be followed by
      radiation therapy. Chemotherapy with cisplatin-containing combinations should be
      reserved for patients who have metastases at the time of diagnosis.

PMID- 2661942
TI  - [The role of intravenous digital subtraction angiography in the detection of the
      cause of cerebral ischemia].
AB  - A comparative analysis of two angiography methods applied in two unrelated groups
      of patients with brain ischemia symptoms is described. The first group of 452
      patients suffering from extracranial cerebral artery disease was analyzed by an
      intravenous digital subtraction angiography (DSA); the second group of 500
      patients was subjected to a conventional aortic arch angiography. Research was
      based on comparative analysis of angiograms as per type and location of morbid
      changes. In the area of common carotid artery and internal carotid artery the
      stenosis was considerably more frequently detected by the conventional
      angiography than by the intravenous DSA, i.e. in 105 (20.0%) as compared to 40
      (8.8%) patients, respectively. Similar difference is indicated in a total number
      of morbid changes in these arteries detected in 248 patients (49.6%) by aortic
      arch angiography and in 154 (34.1%) patients by intravenous DSA. The
      dissimilarity is noticed with minor atherosclerotic changes, while medium and
      major stenoses are detected with equal frequency by both methods. The intravenous
      DSA more often indicated flexion of carotid artery, and considerably more often
      the vertebral artery flexion as found in 53 (11.7%) patients analyzed by
      intravenous DSA compared to 33 (6.6%) patients analyzed by conventional
      angiography. Advantage of intravenous DSA is less complications and ambulatory
      performance. The conventional angiography better indicates morbid changes in
      common carotid artery bifurcation and vertebral artery origin.

PMID- 2661943
TI  - [Immunology of epilepsy].
AB  - An idea of the experimental and the clinical immunology of epilepsy has been
      presented in this paper. Experimental investigations suggest that the causality
      of epilepsy to molecular-immunological level has not been identified. Clinical
      observations testify the disordered immunologic homeostasis by primary effect of
      cerebral damage or, more frequently, by secondary expression of long-term
      anticonvulsant therapy. The behaviour of humoral immunology in chronic epileptic
      patients indicates the hiperimmune condition of organism; more evident effect of
      monotherapy by anticonvulsants on the level (rather lowered) of some
      immunoglobulins; the presence of anti-tissue antibodies in the absence of known
      autoimmune diseases. Cell immunity shows the tendency of suppression regardless
      of the form of epilepsy and its treatment.

PMID- 2661944
TI  - Chronic inhibition of fatty acid oxidation: new model of diastolic dysfunction.
AB  - The proportion of cardiac energy derived from fatty acid oxidation decreases and
      that derived from glucose increases during ischemia. This biochemical profile of
      cardiac energy production is achieved in rats and mice without ischemia by
      pharmacological agents such as tetradecylglycidic acid. Chronically this leads to
      increased cardiac stiffness, and hypertrophy in the rodent models. Elements of
      human cardiac dysfunction are hypothesized to develop from and/or cause similar
      changes in substrate utilization for energy production. For some individuals
      treatment that would prevent or reverse these changes may be appropriate.

PMID- 2661945
TI  - Endothelin: a potent vasoconstrictor associated with coronary vasospasm.
AB  - Endothelin, administered into the coronary arteries of anesthetized dogs,
      produced a profound and long-lasting reduction in coronary blood flow with
      electrocardiographical evidence of myocardial ischemia. Coronary angiography
      revealed delayed filling of the distal branches and, in some cases, cessation of
      the blood flow distal to the epicardial portions of coronary arteries. The
      coronary vasoconstriction induced by endothelin subsided after intracoronary
      administration of nitroglycerin. Pretreatment with the Ca2+-channel antagonist,
      nitrendipine, suppressed endothelin-induced vasoconstriction. These findings
      suggest that endothelin, produced by vascular endothelial cells, may contribute
      to the pathogenesis of coronary vasospasm.

PMID- 2661946
TI  - Insulin reverses the growth retardation effect of phorbol ester in chicken
      embryos during organogenesis.
AB  - The tumor promoting phorbol esters can affect early embryonic development by
      causing interference with the normal pathways of cellular growth and
      differentiation. The present study was designed to: a) define a time in
      organogenesis when a vertebrate embryo model, the chicken, was sensitive to the
      phorbol ester 12-0-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA), and b) attempt a rescue of the
      embryos disturbed by TPA with simultaneous addition of insulin. In embryos
      treated at days 2 and 3 of development, TPA caused dose-dependent mortality.
      Survivors were biochemically retarded as indicated by their decreased weight,
      protein, DNA, RNA, total creatine kinase, triglycerides, phospholipids and
      cholesterol contents. When intermediate doses of TPA (50 ng/embryo) were applied
      together with insulin (100 ng/embryo), the embryonic growth disturbance was
      largely antagonized. These data, generated with an in vivo whole embryo, These
      data, generated with an in vivo whole embryo, support the strong link between the
      mode of action of insulin and signal transduction mechanisms typical of phorbol
      esters.

PMID- 2661947
TI  - Fetal cord blood's potential for bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Approximately 18 years ago, the authors were able to produce an apparently
      successful bone marrow transplant by using umbilical cord blood. In view of the
      Chernobyl disaster and the subsequent problems of treatment with marrow
      transplantation, this study undertook to explore further the potential use of
      umbilical cord blood as a source of marrow cells. Specimens of umbilical cord
      blood were collected from 13 routine obstetrical deliveries. All specimens grew
      erythroid and granulocytic-monocytic colonies. The formation of these various
      hematopoietic colonies from umbilical cord blood was at least equivalent to bone
      marrow, and in some instances over 5 times more effective. There appeared to be a
      statistically significant correlation between the numbers of colony-forming units
      (CFU-E) and the male infants. The weight of the infants also showed a
      statistically significant correlation with the burst forming units, erythroid
      (BFU-E) and the granulocytic-monocytic colony (CFU-GM). The BFU-E also appeared
      to be greater in number when the time between collection and plating was shorter.

PMID- 2661948
TI  - Nathan Smith and the Johns Hopkins connection.
AB  - The lives of Nathan Smith and his descendants touched eight American medical
      schools: Dartmouth, Yale, Bowdoin, Vermont, Jefferson, Maryland, Transylvania,
      and Johns Hopkins.

PMID- 2661949
TI  - Background of the PRO program.

PMID- 2661950
TI  - [Ultrasonic scanning in the diagnosis of hepatic alveococcosis].
AB  - The echotomographic picture of liver alveococcosis was described on the basis of
      investigation of 132 patients (the diagnosis in 22 was verified by biopsy). Some
      features of alterations were determined over time. Radionuclide scanning was
      shown to be less effective in the diagnosis of liver alveococcosis than
      echotomography.

PMID- 2661951
TI  - [Ultrasonic evaluation of the state of the abdominal vessels in cholelithiasis
      and chronic acalculous cholecystitis].
AB  - Ultrasound investigation of the abdominal vessels (the celiac artery and its
      branches, the hepatic veins and the portal veins) was performed in 30 patients
      with cholelithiasis, 20 patients with chronic acalculous cholecystitis and 100
      healthy controls. Statistically significant increases in the calibers of the
      hepatic arteries and portal veins were detected in the patients with
      cholelithiasis. The diameters of these vessels in the patients with chronic
      acalculous cholecystitis did not differ considerably from those of the controls.
      Ascites, splenomegaly, vascular collaterals, varicosis of the esophageal or
      gastric veins were unobserved in the patients with cholelithiasis, neither was
      observed an increase in the calibers of the portal veins during the Valsalva test
      in this group as compared to the control group. It was assumed that an increase
      in the calibers of the hepatic vessels in cholelithiasis was caused by change in
      the hepatic blood flow rather than by the development of portal hypertension.

PMID- 2661952
TI  - [Ultrasonic scanning in chronic renal insufficiency].
AB  - A total of 315 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) were investigated
      in order to study the potentialities of ultrasound scanning in early diagnosis of
      obstructive nephropathy. The susceptibility of the test was 96%, specificity-
      94%. Due to its simplicity and noninvasiveness it can be recommended as a method
      of screening in renal obstruction irrespective of renal function. It provides an
      opportunity to rapidly identify groups of patients who need urgent surgical aid
      to restore urine passage or conservative therapy. In the absence of ultrasound
      signs of obstructive diseases further x-ray examination is inappropriate. The use
      of ultrasound scanning as the first diagnostic procedure simplifies and
      facilitates the examination of CRI patients, preventing undesirable
      complications, associated with radiocontrast methods of kidney visualization.

PMID- 2661953
TI  - [Ultrasonic scanning in the diagnosis of rheumatoid lesions of the knee joints].
AB  - A total of 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were examined. On the basis of
      ultrasound scanning of the knee joints 2 groups of patients were identified: with
      the prevalence of exudative-proliferative processes and with proliferative
      sclerotic changes. Color coding of images was performed using a UAR-1 unit. A
      high informative value of ultrasound investigation was shown.

PMID- 2661954
TI  - [Ultrasonic scanning in planning radiation therapy of cancer of the uterine
      cervix stump].

PMID- 2661955
TI  - [Diagnostic possibilities of scintigraphy of the myocardium using 201Tl
      chloride].

PMID- 2661956
TI  - [Antibiotic prevention of surgical infections].
AB  - Postoperative infections are the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality
      in surgical patients, considerably increasing the duration and cost of
      hospitalization. During the past decade the criteria for the administration of
      prophylactic antibiotics have been established and their proper use has caused a
      significant reduction of postoperative infections. The Authors review the
      indications to the use of local and systemic antibiotic prophylaxis; moreover,
      the general principles of antibiotic prophylaxis are presented and discussed,
      including problems related to the choice of antibiotic, dosage, timing and
      duration of administration, under different clinical circumstances and in various
      types of surgical operations.

PMID- 2661957
TI  - [Therapy and prevention of malaria].
AB  - Malaria is still, in spite of intensive efforts to reduce its transmission, the
      most serious and widespread protozoal infection in man. More than 100 million
      people suffer of malaria each year and one million, mostly children, die for it.
      Widespread resistance of P. falciparum to drugs, especially 4-aminoquinoline, has
      been progressing to such a speed in many endemic malarious areas that therapy and
      prophylaxis procedures have been changing and new drugs or associations of them
      have been introduced. Quinine and chloroquine are still the main therapeutic
      agents against the blood forms of plasmodia, and quinine is the first choice drug
      in severe and complicated malaria. Mefloquine is highly effective against
      multiresistant P. falciparum, but it is not yet available in Italy. Association
      of sulfadoxine or sulfamethoxypyrazine to pyrimethamine can be used for therapy
      of resistant P. falciparum malaria, but resistance to it is quickly spreading and
      side effects can be very dangerous. Chemoprophylaxis must be weighed against the
      risk of toxic effects. Chloroquine is still the drug of choice; tetracyclines can
      be added, for short periods, in areas of chloroquine resistant malaria and
      mefloquine could be used in selected group of people, at high risk of infection.
      For long time protection against malaria infection it is most important to rely
      on protective measures against mosquito bites: screens, mosquito nets,
      pyrethroids insecticides, skin repellents and wearing protective clothes. The
      role of malaria vaccines can be very important in the prevention, but many
      practical problems have to be solved in order to achieve a wide use of the
      various preparations actually under trials.

PMID- 2661958
TI  - ["Natural drugs": old myths and new markets].
AB  - In spite of its ambiguity, the use of the locution natural drug is spreading in
      the lay media and efforts are made to introduce it in more scientific contexts.
      Although it should only have the neutral meaning of indicating drugs obtained
      from plants, animals or minerals, attempts have been made to attribute to these
      drugs, particularly those of animal origin, mechanisms of action and
      pharmacological effects not shared by synthetic drugs. For instance, natural
      drugs are supposed to escape the hepatic microsomal metabolism, thus avoiding the
      production of toxic metabolites and minimizing chances of causing side effects.
      Unfortunately, these speculations are largely unproved and, although they may
      look as a progress in pharmacology, probably are nothing but relics of early
      stages of medical knowledge, when living matter was considered to give peculiar
      and metaphysical properties to its chemical components. A brief account of the
      history of these beliefs is given.

PMID- 2661960
TI  - [Campylobacter pylori and pathology of the gastro-duodenal mucosa. Critical
      review of clinico-experimental and therapeutic contributions].
AB  - Over the past five years, a series of important contributions have appeared in
      the medical literature on the role of infective agents in the pathogenesis of
      gastric and duodenal inflammation. The analysis of the available data confirms
      the possible role of campylobacter pylori in causing acute inflammation of the
      type B antral gastritis, although its role in the pathogenesis of gastric and
      duodenal ulcer and of the socalled non ulcer dyspepsia is still doubtful. Not
      even the results of therapeutic contributions obtained with colloidal bismuth
      subcitrate and antibiotics allow a definitive orientation. It has not yet been
      possible to establish a sure correlation between the sterilization of the gastric
      or duodenal mucosa and the evolution of ulcer disease.

PMID- 2661959
TI  - [Fever and changes in renal function after kidney and pancreas transplant in a 22
      year-old diabetic woman].

PMID- 2661961
TI  - Purification and characterization of the expression product of the sr gene of
      Streptococcus mutans OMZ 175.
AB  - The subcloning in pBR322 of the gene of the S. mutans OMZ 175 74K SR protein, was
      performed after in vitro reconstitution, from two recombinant EMBL3 phages,
      lambda SmAD9 and lambda SmAD10. The gene is expressed in E. coli HB101 under the
      control of its own promoter and produces a protein with a molecular weight of 195
      kDa. A strong immunological relationship between the expressed protein and the
      74K SR protein was observed in ELISA, Western blotting and immunoprecipitation.
      The 195 kDa protein was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography to homogeneity
      as judged by SDS-PAGE and native PAGE. Its reactivity with monoclonal anti 74K SR
      antibodies indicates that it is probably a precursor form of the 74K SR protein
      produced in S. mutans. The adhesion properties of the two proteins, tested in
      solid phase adherence assays, are quite similar. This indicates that the
      additional peptide present in the precursor protein has little or no role in the
      adherence properties of protein 74K SR.

PMID- 2661962
TI  - Infections due to Lancefield group C streptococci.
AB  - Our experience with group C streptococcal infection over the past 15 years
      demonstrates an important and emerging role for this hemolytic organism as an
      opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen. Significant risk factors in this
      predominantly male population included chronic cardiopulmonary disease, diabetes,
      malignancy, and alcoholism. Bacteremia occurred in 74% of cases seen in our
      series. Nosocomial acquisition of infection was observed in 26%, and infection
      was frequently polymicrobial in nature with gram-negative enteric bacilli
      isolated most commonly along with group C streptococci. We observed a broad
      spectrum of infections including puerperal sepsis, pleuropulmonary infections,
      skin and soft-tissue infection, central nervous system infection, endocarditis,
      urinary tract infection, and pharyngeal infections. Several cases of bacteremia
      of unknown source were observed in neutropenic patients with underlying leukemia.
      New syndromes of infection due to group C streptococci observed in our series
      included intra-abdominal abscess, epidural abscess, and dialysis-associated
      infection. Response to therapy and outcome was related to the underlying disease.
      While the literature suggests that patients with group C endocarditis respond
      better to synergistic penicillin-aminoglycoside regimens, patient numbers are too
      small to draw definite conclusions. The clinical significance of antibiotic
      tolerant group C streptococci remains uncertain. In patients with serious group C
      infections including endocarditis, meningitis, septic arthritis, or bacteremia in
      neutropenic hosts, we advocate the initial use of cell-wall-acting agents in
      combination with an aminoglycoside.

PMID- 2661963
TI  - Lymphocytic hypophysitis. Report of 3 new cases and review of the literature.
AB  - Lymphocytic hypophysitis is an uncommon but increasingly recognized disorder
      characterized by chronic inflammation and destruction of the anterior pituitary.
      Three new cases are presented here with a review of the 27 previously reported
      cases. The disease affects primarily young women in late pregnancy or in the
      postpartum period but also has been described in postmenopausal women and in one
      man. It presents as an expanding intrasellar mass or as partial or
      panhypopituitarism. The etiology may be autoimmune. The natural history of this
      entity begins with enlargement of the pituitary secondary to inflammatory
      infiltration and progresses to atrophy of the gland with destruction of pituitary
      tissue and replacement with fibrosis. At least 1 patient had documented recovery
      of pituitary function, and the overall potential incidence of recoverable
      function is unknown. Our improved understanding of this disease has led us to
      conclude that surgical intervention is not always necessary.

PMID- 2661964
TI  - Errors in the isotopic estimations of hepatic glycogen synthesis and glucose
      output.
AB  - Ignoring the reality of glucose in equilibrium glucose-6P cycling in the liver in
      vivo produces large potential errors in the isotopic quantitation of percentage
      contributions of direct and indirect pathways of glycogen synthesis and of
      hepatic glucose output.

PMID- 2661965
TI  - Total and myofibrillar protein breakdown in different types of rat skeletal
      muscle: effects of sepsis and regulation by insulin.
AB  - Proteolysis is increased in sepsis, but it is not known whether myofibrillar and
      non-myofibrillar proteins are broken down in the same fashion, or respond to the
      same regulatory forces as in non-septic muscle. In this study, therefore, the
      effect of sepsis on total and myofibrillar protein breakdown in incubated rat
      extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles was determined, and the
      response in vitro to different concentrations of insulin (10 to 10(5) microU/mL)
      of protein degradation was studied in incubated EDL muscles from control and
      septic rats. Sepsis was induced in rats weighing 40 to 60 g by cecal ligation and
      puncture (CLP). Control animals were sham operated. Sixteen hours after CLP or
      sham operation, intact EDL and SOL muscles were incubated for two hours in
      oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing glucose (10 mmol/L) and
      cycloheximide (0.5 mmol/L), and total and myofibrillar protein breakdown was
      assessed from release into incubation medium of tyrosine and 3-methylhistidine (3
      MH), respectively. Tyrosine and 3-MH were determined fluorometrically by high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Tissue levels of tyrosine and 3-MH
      remained stable both in control and septic muscles during incubation for two
      hours. The rate of tyrosine release was increased during sepsis by 58% (P less
      than .001) and 15% (NS) in EDL and SOL muscle, respectively. The corresponding
      figures for 3-MH were 103% (P less than .001) and 21% (NS). Tyrosine release was
      reduced by insulin at a concentration of 10(3) microU/mL in control muscle and at
      a concentration of 10(4) microU/mL in septic muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2661966
TI  - Estrogen/gestagen therapy changes soft tissue body composition in postmenopausal
      women.
AB  - The long-term effect of percutaneous and oral estrogen replacement therapy on
      soft tissue body composition was examined in a two-year, placebo-controlled study
      with 110 early postmenopausal women. The women were allocated to four treatment
      groups: (1) oral cyclical combination of estradiol valerate and cyproterone
      acetate, (2) oral placebo, (3) percutaneous 17 beta-estradiol, supplemented by
      oral progesterone during the second year, or (4) percutaneous placebo cream.
      Total-body lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by dual photon
      (153Gd) absorptiometry once a year, and the fat layer in the distal forearm
      (FATarm) was measured every 3 months by single photon (125I) absorptiometry. Both
      hormone therapies prevented an increase in FATarm, as observed in the placebo
      groups. A similar pattern was seen for FM, body weight, and skin-fold thickness
      (measured once a year by mechanical calipers), whereas LBM was unaffected by the
      therapy. Hormonal replacement therapy prevents the age-related increase in body
      fat observed after the menopause.

PMID- 2661967
TI  - Pancreastatin inhibits insulin secretion as induced by glucagon, vasoactive
      intestinal peptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, and 8-cholecystokinin in the
      perfused rat pancreas.
AB  - Pancreastatin is a 49-amino acid straight chain molecule isolated from porcine
      pancreatic extracts. In the perfused rat pancreas, this peptide has been shown to
      inhibit unstimulated insulin release and the insulin responses to glucose,
      arginine, and tolbutamide. To further explore the influence of pancreastatin on
      islet cell secretion, the effect of synthetic porcine pancreastatin (a 2
      micrograms priming dose, followed by constant infusion at a concentration of 15.7
      nmol/L) was studied on the insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin responses to 1
      nmol/L vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 1 nmol/L gastric inhibitory peptide
      (GIP), and 1 nmol/L 26 to 33 octapeptide form of cholecystokinin (8-CCK). The
      effect of pancreastatin on the insulin and somatostatin secretion elicited by
      glucagon (20 nmol/L) was also examined. Pancreastatin infusion consistently
      reduced the insulin responses to VIP, GIP, and 8-CCK without modifying glucagon
      or somatostatin release. It also inhibited the insulin release but not the
      somatostatin output induced by glucagon. These observations broaden the spectrum
      of pancreastatin as an inhibitor of insulin release. The finding that
      pancreastatin does not alter glucagon or somatostatin secretion supports the
      concept that it influences the B cell directly, and not through an A cell or D
      cell paracrine effect.

PMID- 2661968
TI  - Responses of the pancreatic A cell during hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are
      dependent on the B cell.
AB  - It is controversial whether stimulation of glucagon secretion by hypoglycemia or
      suppression by hyperglycemia is a direct effect of glucose on the A cell or
      whether it is mediated indirectly through the B cell. To determine the role of
      the B cell in the mediation of glucagon secretion adolescent male baboons were
      studied before and after successive injections of streptozocin designed to cause
      B-cell destruction in a series of stages. Following one dose of streptozocin, B
      cell function was impaired but fasting blood glucose remained normal. B-cell
      function declined further with additional doses of streptozocin. As B-cell
      function declined, there was a corresponding reduction in the glucagon response
      to hypoglycemia (Ghyp). There were significant correlations between the
      percentage reduction in Ghyp and the percentage reduction in B-cell function
      (acute insulin response to arginine, r = .47; acute insulin response to glucose,
      r = .69; Kg, r = .79). In a second study the ability of hyperglycemia to suppress
      the acute glucagon response to arginine (AGRarg) was studied. Before streptozocin
      AGRarg was 128 +/- 26 pg/mL at a glucose level of 80 +/- 4 mg/dL and was
      suppressed to 74 +/- 20 pg/mL when glucose was raised and clamped at 209 +/- 14
      mg/dL. After the initial dose of streptozocin, with mild B cell damage and
      fasting normoglycemia, AGRarg was not suppressed by hyperglycemia. With severe B
      cell dysfunction and fasting hyperglycemia, there was paradoxical enhancement of
      AGRarg by additional hyperglycemia. In conclusion, the ability of the A cell to
      respond appropriately to hypoglycemia and to arginine during hyperglycemia is
      dependent on normal B-cell function.

PMID- 2661969
TI  - The choice of adjuvants in Mycoplasma vaccines.
AB  - The use of adjuvants in vaccine production is an important aspect of potent
      vaccines. This investigation was concerned with finding the most efficient
      adjuvants for use in Mycoplasma vaccines produced in Nigeria. Four different
      vaccines were produced from the Gladysdale strain of Mycoplasma mycoides
      subspecies mycoides. They differed depending on the type of adjuvants used. Each
      vaccine was used to vaccinate eight cattle using a dose of 1 ml. Two other groups
      of eight cattle were used as controls. One of the two groups received 1 ml dose
      of inactivated Gladysdale vaccine without adjuvant while the second group
      received 1 ml dose of saline. The number of cattle that had the peak complement
      fixing (CF) antibody titres of 1/80 in each group of cattle was four for vaccine
      containing aluminium hydroxide gel, eight for vaccine containing liquid paraffin,
      one for vaccine containing sodium alginate and one for vaccine without adjuvant.
      Seven cattle from the group vaccinated with vaccine containing Freund's
      incomplete adjuvant had peak CF antibody titres of 1/80 or higher. The two groups
      vaccinated with vaccine containing liquid paraffin and Freund's incomplete
      adjuvant survived challenge at 6 months post vaccination. Freund's incomplete
      adjuvant and liquid paraffin containing 10% Arlacel A are the most efficient
      adjuvants.

PMID- 2661970
TI  - Identification of envelope proteins of Candida albicans by vectorial iodination.
AB  - Intact Candida albicans yeast cells were radiolabelled with 125I, and cell wall,
      mixed membrane and soluble fractions prepared. The majority (67%) of the 125I was
      detected in the protein of the cell wall fraction at a specific activity 70-fold
      higher than that in the membrane or soluble fractions. SDS treatment of the cell
      wall fraction released 52% of the total protein but only 3% of the wall-bound
      125I, and the extract was shown to be severely contaminated with cytosolic and
      membrane proteins. Zymolyase digestion of SDS treated walls liberated material
      which contained 93% of the 125I and on electrophoresis migrated as a single
      diffuse zone (average Mr 260 kD) typical of heterogenous mannoproteins. Protein
      (1.5%), GlcN (0.08%) and hexose (98.4%) content was measured and amino acid
      analysis showed enrichment in Ser (15.9%) and Thr (20.2%). These results indicate
      that the major iodinated protein(s) in the cell envelope is a 260 kD mannoprotein
      fraction containing both O-linked and Asn-linked oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2661971
TI  - Inhibition of direct haemolytic plaques by antistaphylococcal sera.
AB  - An in vitro study was carried out to determine the IgM response to staphylococcal
      antigens (Staphylococcus aureus, serotype 3, ATCC 12600), at different stages of
      the growth curve. This was in order to observe the number of inhibited haemolytic
      plaques when immunosera obtained from blood-letting in rabbits previously
      immunized with antigenic components were used.

PMID- 2661972
TI  - Fatty acids of Mycobacterium bovis BCG.
AB  - Three substrains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG which appeared to differ in
      biological activity could not be differentiated on the basis of fatty acids less
      than C20, but could be differentiated from six nonpathogenic mycobacterial
      species.

PMID- 2661973
TI  - Yeast-suspension as soiling matter in disinfectant testing.
AB  - Using the Kelsey-Sykes capacity-test, it was found that a sterile yeast
      suspension used to simulate 'dirty' conditions, gave an increased effect of
      Chloramine T against the fungi Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus,
      Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium sp. compared with the effect under 'clean'
      conditions. This effect was not found with the fungus Rhodotorula rubra nor on
      the various bacteria tested. The enhanced effect was found with respect to both
      Chloramine T and Chloramine B, but not with the sodium hypochlorite solution when
      tested on C. albicans. This effect was due to a diffusible factor from the yeast
      cells. The factor was evident in the solution after heating of the yeast-cell
      suspension and in unsterilized yeast-cell suspension left at room temperature for
      2 h or more. The effect of Chloramine T on the fungi C. albicans and A. fumigatus
      was reduced as expected when the yeast suspension was replaced by 20% normal
      horse serum. The results indicate that using sterile yeast suspensions in this
      type of test, may erroneously give high fungicidal effects of Chloramine, and
      thus lead to an incorrect use-dilution concentration, especially if the
      determination is made on the basis of the effect observed only under dirty
      conditions.

PMID- 2661974
TI  - Microcalorimetric studies of the effects of platinum group metal complexes on
      bacterial growth.
AB  - A range of platinum group metal complexes (PGMC) were screened for antibacterial
      activity against Klebsiella aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The effects of
      the complexes were monitored by changes in the thermal and growth properties of
      the organisms. Active complexes caused an immediate cessation of power and
      biomass production which did not recover whilst the complex was present in the
      medium. Removal of the complex by washing the cells allowed the growth of the
      small viable proportion of the cells; the majority of the cells had been killed.
      Changes which occurred in aqueous solutions of active complexes rendered them
      less bactericidal; this was a possible cause of regrowth observed at sub
      bactericidal levels of some complexes. Resistance to active complexes could not
      be achieved by serial subculture. Three palladium complexes active against K.
      aerogenes all had similar square planar structures, but in general it was not
      possible to correlate activity with structure. The unique effects of the PGMCs at
      low concentrations, combined with the apparent inability of the bacteria to
      develop resistance to them, makes the complexes a valuable addition to the
      antibacterial arsenal.

PMID- 2661975
TI  - A comparison of the antioxidant requirements of proteins with those of synthetic
      polymers suggests an antioxidant function for clusters of aromatic and bivalent
      sulphur-containing amino acid residues.
AB  - Many proteins which function in extracellular environments potentially rich in
      oxygen-derived free radicals contain clustered tyrosine and cysteine residues
      which, by analogy with the chemistry of antioxidants used with synthetic
      polymers, may provide an appreciable antioxidant and redox stabilization
      activity. Such proteins may function as antioxidants, and as ligand binding sites
      for free radicals and other active molecules employed in normal biochemical
      processes.

PMID- 2661976
TI  - Familial Mediterranean fever in six Australian children.
AB  - Six Australian children fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for familial
      Mediterranean fever. None had a family history of the disease, but five children
      came from ethnic groups that typically were associated with the disease. The
      symptoms commenced before five years of age in all the children, and three
      children underwent unnecessary operations because of the symptoms of recurrent
      fever and abdominal pain. All six children benefited from colchicine prophylaxis
      by mouth. More cases can be expected to be recognized in Australia because of the
      large number of Australian children with a Mediterranean heritage.

PMID- 2661977
TI  - Captopril overdose.

PMID- 2661978
TI  - What is the clinical significance of reduced manganese and zinc levels in treated
      epileptic patients?

PMID- 2661979
TI  - History of tuberculosis among Aborigines.

PMID- 2661980
TI  - Therapy for metastatic neuroblastoma: future directions?

PMID- 2661981
TI  - [Nail changes in hormonal disorders].

PMID- 2661982
TI  - [What vaccinations do children at risk of infection need?].

PMID- 2661983
TI  - Characterization of transmitted motion in fetal lung: quantitative analysis.
AB  - A simple two-dimensional analytic model is evaluated for transmitted cardiac
      motion in fetal lung. The model treats the latter as being an incompressible
      viscoelastic medium. The mean radial deformation in an elastic medium is
      demonstrated to depend on a length parameter l approximately square root of
      mu/rho omega 2, where mu, rho, and omega correspond to elastic shear modulus,
      mass density, and frequency of cardiac motion, respectively. Digitized M-mode
      images are demonstrated as a feasible method to measure such deformations in
      vivo. Data for two patients are presented to illustrate the technique.

PMID- 2661984
TI  - [Clinical results with sulbactam/ampicillin in a multicenter study of 425
      patients].
AB  - In an open, non-comparative multicenter study, efficacy and toleration of
      sulbactam/ampicillin for therapy of various infections were investigated. 42
      centers in the Federal Republic of Germany and West-Berlin participated in this
      study. In total, 425 patients were included, 112 of whom suffered from
      renal/urinary tract infections, 103 from respiratory tract infections, 84 from
      intraabdominal infections, and 73 from skin/soft tissue infections. Moreover, 43
      female patients had gynecological infections. More than 95% of the patients
      received three daily dosages of 3 g sulbactam/ampicillin via intravenous short
      infusion. Mean duration of therapy was 7.3 days. In 280 patients, in total,
      pathogens were initially identified, among them were 87 patients with mixed
      infections. At study onset, 393 pathogens were identified, after completion of
      the trial 63 germs could still be made evident. In 234 cases (= 83.6%) pathogens
      were eradicated by therapy, in 19 patients superinfection occurred, and in 27
      patients pathogenic organisms persisted. 419 patients were included into
      evaluation of clinical efficacy of sulbactam/ampicillin therapy. In 391 cases (=
      93.3%) therapy was successful with 293 patients cured and 98 improved. Therapy
      failed in 28 patients (= 6.7%) which, in 23 cases, led to discontinuation of
      treatment. Sulbactam/ampicillin was well tolerated. In total, 55 adverse drug
      reactions were observed, 22 of which were exanthemas (= 5.2% of all patients). In
      seven patients (= 1.6%) therapy had to be discontinued due to adverse events. The
      combination of sulbactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, with the reliable
      antibiotic agent ampicillin has proved to be successful in therapy of infections
      of different localizations with excellent toleration.

PMID- 2661985
TI  - [Parkinson syndrome. I: New aspects in research and diagnosis].

PMID- 2661986
TI  - [Percutaneous transfemoral valvuloplasty in aortic and mitral valve stenoses].

PMID- 2661987
TI  - [To what extent is medicine a science?].

PMID- 2661988
TI  - [A case of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis treated with thymopentin].
AB  - The case of a ten year old girl with JRA presenting a systemic onset and
      resistant to non-steroid therapy is described. After one course of thymopentin
      the patient responded satisfactorily. After ten months from the beginning of
      treatment and a third course she is still doing well. The authors comment the
      modalities of therapy.

PMID- 2661989
TI  - [A controlled study on the action of a new formulation of ambroxol in
      asthmatiform bronchitis in children].
AB  - A comparison between the action of Ambroxol and Acetylcysteine was carried out in
      28 children aged 2 to 13 (mean 7 years 3 months) affected with spastic
      bronchitis. 14 patients were treated daily for 10 days by the oral route with 30
      mg of Ambroxol (2 sachets) and 14 with 200-300 mg of Acetylcysteine (2-3
      sachets). Quantity and quality of sputum, difficulty in expectorating, cough,
      dyspnea, bronchial bruits, were assessed before the treatment, 5 days into it and
      at the end. Both drugs were effective and well tolerated, but Ambroxol proved to
      be more rapid in achieving a satisfactory improvement than Acetylcysteine.

PMID- 2661990
TI  - The comprehensive management of patients with angina pectoris.
AB  - The comprehensive approach to the patient with angina pectoris begins with a
      thorough history, physical examination, and noninvasive studies such as the
      exercise electrocardiogram. Classification of individual patients with coronary
      artery disease into clinical subsets is critical in allowing the physician to
      make rational choices of therapy. The medical, surgical, and angioplasty
      approaches to the disease are effective therapeutic modalities.

PMID- 2661991
TI  - [Statistical evidence for the correlation of DNA deletions in prokaryotic genomes
      with direct repeats].
AB  - In the present work a computer analysis of deletion localization in the sequence
      of the E. coli lacI gene has been carried out by the statistical weight method.
      Reliable statistical correlation of the deletions location sites with the
      arrangement of the most perfect direct repeats revealing the shortest distance
      between repeated fragments has been shown. At the same time statistical analysis
      did not reveal reliable connection of deletions localization regions with the
      expected sites of gyrase recognition, sites and other recombination sites. A
      conclusion has been drawn, that the mechanism of deletions emergence on the basis
      of repeats appears to be predominant.

PMID- 2661992
TI  - [Theoretical analysis of mechanisms of occurrence of DNA deletions in prokaryotic
      genomes based on direct repeats].
AB  - In the present work a mechanism of deletions emergence on the basis of
      complementary DNA regions mispairing of direct repeats has been investigated
      theoretically. A quantitative dependence of the rates of deletions emergence on
      such parameters of the flanking repeats as the nucleotide composition of repeats,
      the number of homology damages and the distance between repeated regions has been
      constructed. It has been proved, that using this relationship one can reliably
      evaluate the total rates of deletions emergence in the lacI gene sequence of E.
      coli according to the repeats arrangement in this gene.

PMID- 2661993
TI  - [Molecular bases of evolution].
AB  - The general notions of the theory of evolution are listed. The unity of the
      "engineering principles" of the living nature is emphasized. The generalists and
      specialists species are discussed. The estimation of their evolution rates must
      be different if it is expressed by the number of species or by the morphological
      changes. The principles of "protein engineering" of the organisms and the role of
      metals in protein evolution are discussed. It is suggested that in the presence
      of ions of transition metals and zinc the Fox's proteinoids can possess more
      specific forms of enzymatic activity. In the evolution of language the horizontal
      transfer plays a much more important role than in the biological evolution.
      However in this case also the initial basis of the language remains. The random
      drift is considered and it is shown that in concordance with the neutralist
      theory there are no grounds to replace the calculation of the rates of mutational
      changes per time unity by the calculation per generation. The molecular drive is
      the main source of the evolutionary novelties. The drive is connected with drift.
      The synonymic mutations and the mutations in non-functional DNA are evolutionary
      important. The future mathematical theory of evolution must be based on the
      theory of Markov's chains with the stochastic matrix changing along the chain and
      containing the set of the non-diagonal members equal to zero. The results
      obtained in the theory of ontogeny are presented. The evolution of species is the
      evolution of ontogenies, the formation of the molecular theory of evolution can
      be possible only on the basis of the molecular theory of ontogeny. The internal
      causes of extinction of species reduce the accumulation of neutral and pseudo
      neutral mutations.

PMID- 2661994
TI  - [Autoantibody genes].
AB  - The review is devoted to the mechanisms of generation and coding of human and
      murine autoantibodies.

PMID- 2661995
TI  - Strategies for evaluating the child with suspected neurodegenerative disease.

PMID- 2661996
TI  - [Gene therapy].
AB  - DNA technology opens up new approaches to the treatment of some hereditary
      diseases. By means of such techniques as retrovirus-mediated gene transfer,
      cloned human genes may be introduced into the cell genome to correct the defect
      present in these inherited disorders. Several ethical issues have been raised in
      the discussion of human gene therapy. There is general consensus that germline
      gene therapy should not be applied in humans, as the gene manipulation could be
      passed on to subsequent generations. As reviewed here, laboratories are focusing
      on concepts relating to somatic gene therapy. This approach involves the
      insertion of genetic material into somatic cells and is comparable with organ
      transplantation.

PMID- 2661997
TI  - [Three-dimensional reconstruction of bacterial viruses from electron microscopy
      data. Bacteriophage structure].
AB  - The structure of bacteriophages from different groups is presented based on the
      data obtained by the three-dimensional reconstruction, optical diffraction and
      filtration and electron microscopy techniques. The study made possible to suggest
      the scheme for the mechanism of sheath molecules rearrangement at contraction of
      bacteriophage tail sheath, the model of bacteriophage FI-1 connector. The
      structural elements for difference and relation of various bacteriophages are
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2661998
TI  - [Three-dimensional reconstruction of bacterial viruses from electron microscopy
      data. Subjects and methods of study].
AB  - The review summarizes the results of the study of the spatial structure of
      bacterial viruses (phages) whose tails seem to be the most primitive contracting
      biological mechanism. Data on the spatial molecular rearrangement are important
      for understanding the processes of biological mobility. The computer and laser
      techniques used in order to obtain information on the three-dimensional structure
      of the object under study by its two-dimensional electron-microphotography are
      presented in the first part of the review. The second deals with application of
      the above mentioned techniques for the study of various bacterial viruses.

PMID- 2661999
TI  - [Creation and analysis of a bank of chromosomal genes of Streptococcus group A].
AB  - The representative genomic library of chromosomal genes has been constructed for
      streptococcus group A serotype M48 strain 1/64 on the vector lambda L 47.1.
      Screening of the obtained genomic library by hybridization and immunological
      techniques revealed about 50 clones producing the streptococcal antigens
      (extracellular nonidentified products and non-type specific structural
      streptococcal proteins). Among the recombinant clones three were found to harbour
      the genetic determinants for M-protein. One the clones contains a determinant
      coding for epitopes crossreacting with antisera to M-proteins of other serotypes
      and a protective epitope. The presence of the latter was tested in an indirect
      bactericidal test.

PMID- 2662000
TI  - Evaluation of drug candidates in a battery of short-term genetic toxicology
      assays: overview.

PMID- 2662001
TI  - The Salmonella mutagenicity test: evaluation of 29 drug candidates.
AB  - The Salmonella mutagenicity test (Ames assay) is part of the routine screening
      battery applied to all new drugs at The Upjohn Company. The purpose of this paper
      is to report results for 29 compounds. These compounds are very diverse in
      chemical structure and represent classes of compounds selected because of known
      biological activity and other reasons. None of the compounds reported here
      produced an increase in revertant colonies in the Salmonella strains employed
      (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538) and therefore the Salmonella
      mutagenicity results with these materials do not suggest potential for
      mutagenesis or carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2662003
TI  - Mutagenicity of expectorate from workers in a coke plant.
AB  - Methanol extracts of hydrolyzed expectorate samples from workers in a coke plant
      were tested with the Salmonella reversion assay. The expectorates from exposed
      smokers (but also to a certain extent from exposed non-smokers) were mutagenic;
      however, the control samples from both smokers and non-smokers were not. The
      positive results produced by the expectorate samples from exposed smokers suggest
      a synergistic relationship between exposure to air pollution in the working
      atmosphere and smoking.

PMID- 2662002
TI  - The distribution of mutagenic activity in red, rose and white wines.
AB  - Using a modified Salmonella typhimurium TA98 Ames-test system, more than 150 red,
      white and rose wines were analyzed for direct-acting and microsomal enzyme
      enhanced mutagenic activity. The following conclusions were reached from analysis
      of this wine mutagenicity data base. White and rose wines, as well as grape
      juices, exhibited little or no detectable direct-acting or microsomal enzyme
      enhanced mutagenic activity. However, red wine samples contained highly variable
      amounts of mutagens, ranging from undetectable to levels 30-fold above the
      sensitivity limit of the assay system. The variations in red wine mutagenicity
      were unrelated to grape variety, vintage, aging methods or production region.
      Hence, individual winery production practices must represent the most significant
      contribution to the variations observed.

PMID- 2662004
TI  - Classification according to chemical structure, mutagenicity to Salmonella and
      level of carcinogenicity of a further 42 chemicals tested for carcinogenicity by
      the U.S. National Toxicology Program.
AB  - This paper is an extension and update of an earlier review published in this
      journal (Ashby and Tennant, 1988). A summary of the rodent carcinogenicity
      bioassay data on a further 42 chemicals tested by the U.S. National Toxicology
      Program (NTP) is presented. An evaluation of each chemical for structural alerts
      to DNA-reactivity is also provided, together with a summary of its mutagenicity
      to Salmonella. The 42 chemicals were numbered and evaluated as an extension of
      the earlier analysis of 222 NTP chemicals. The activity patterns and conclusions
      derived from the earlier study remain unchanged for the larger group of 264
      chemicals. Based on the extended database of 264 NTP chemicals, the sensitivity
      of the Salmonella assay for rodent carcinogens is 58% and the specificity for the
      non-carcinogens is 73%. A total of 32 chemicals were defined as equivocal for
      carcinogenicity and, of these, 11 (34%) are mutagenic to Salmonella. An
      evaluation is made of instances where predictions of carcinogenicity, based on
      structural alerts, disagree with the Salmonella mutagenicity result (12% of the
      database). The majority of the disagreements are for structural alerts on non
      mutagens, and that places these alerts as a sensitive primary screen with a
      specificity lower than that of the Salmonella assay. That analysis indicates some
      need for assays complementary to the Salmonella test when screening for potential
      genotoxic carcinogens. It also reveals that the correlation between structural
      alerts and mutagenicity to Salmonella is probably greater than 90%. Chemicals
      predicted to show Michael-type alkylating activity (i.e., CH2 = CHX; where X = an
      electron-withdrawing group, e.g. acrylamide) have been confirmed as a structural
      alert, and the halomethanes (624 are possible) have been classified as
      structurally-alerting. To this end an extended carcinogen-alert model structure
      is presented. Among the 138 NTP carcinogens now reviewed, 45 (33%) are non
      mutagenic to Salmonella and possess a chemical structure that does not alert to
      DNA-reactivity. These carcinogens therefore either illustrate the need for
      complementary genetic screening tests to the Salmonella assay, or they represent
      the group of non-genotoxic carcinogens referred to most specifically by
      Weisburger and Williams (1981); the latter concept is favoured.

PMID- 2662005
TI  - Genotoxicity of zinc in 4 short-term mutagenicity assays.
AB  - The genotoxicity of zinc was examined in 4 short-term mutagenicity assays. Zinc
      acetate produced dose-related positive responses in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma
      assay and an in vitro cytogenetic assay with Chinese hamster ovary cells, but was
      negative in the Salmonella mutation assay and did not induce unscheduled DNA
      synthesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Zinc-2,4-pentanedione produced
      frameshift mutations in Salmonella tester strains TA1538 and TA98, but did not
      induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. The
      effect of ligand binding of zinc in the in vitro test systems is discussed.

PMID- 2662006
TI  - The effect of gamma-radiation on smoked fish using short-term mutagenicity
      assays.
AB  - The effect of gamma-radiation on the mutagenicity potential of wood-smoked fish
      (Rastrelliger sp.) was investigated. Smoked fish were irradiated with radiation
      doses of 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kGy. The DMSO extracts of non-radiated and
      irradiated smoked fish were tested for mutagenicity using the Ames plate
      incorporation assay, host-mediated assay, and the micronucleus test. It was
      observed that gamma-irradiation did not induce any significant increase in the
      number of revertants of TA98, TA100 and TA104 as compared with the non-radiated
      smoked fish. Results of the host-mediated assay and the micronucleus test showed
      no difference in the mutagenic response of non-radiated and irradiated smoked
      fish. The results indicate that gamma-radiation does not introduce mutagens in
      smoked fish.

PMID- 2662007
TI  - Sterigmatocystin production on complex and defined substrates.

PMID- 2662008
TI  - Anaerobically induced production of hybrid monokaryons by heterokaryons of
      Candida albicans.
AB  - During aerobic replication, balanced heterokaryons (hets) of Candida albicans
      produced by fusing protoplasts of complementing auxotrophic strains
      characteristically segregate low frequencies of prototrophic monokaryons bearing
      hybrid nuclei formed either through karyogamy or unidirectional internuclear
      genetic transfers within het cells. Anaerobic growth causes exponential
      inactivation of hets and induces their production of hybrid monokaryons. Both
      responses are functions of heterokaryosis as such and not the genetic backgrounds
      of hets. Evidence is presented that (i) the nuclei of anaerobically generated
      hybrids arise through induction in hets of karyogamy not internuclear genetic
      transfers and that (ii) the events underlying that induction are different from
      those responsible for inactivation of the cells.

PMID- 2662009
TI  - Fungal ribosomal vaccines. I. Histoplasma and Candida vaccines.

PMID- 2662010
TI  - Blast injuries.

PMID- 2662011
TI  - Medical philately.

PMID- 2662012
TI  - The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics.
AB  - The NSAID's are exciting and interesting new analgesics; diclofenac and ketorolac
      seem to be especially promising for post-operative use. Perhaps the real
      potential of the NSAID's is that they are an additional way of interrupting the
      pain pathway to produce analgesia.

PMID- 2662013
TI  - Phosphorylation of RNA polymerase by the murine homologue of the cell-cycle
      control protein cdc2.
AB  - Actively transcribing eukaryotic RNA polymerase II is highly phosphorylated on
      its repetitive carboxyl-terminal domain. We have isolated a protein kinase that
      phosphorylates serine residues in this repetitive domain. A component of this
      kinase is cdc2, the product of a cell-cycle control gene previously shown to be a
      component of M-phase-promoting factor and M-phase-specific histone H1 kinase.
      This observation suggests a role for the cdc2 protein kinase in transcriptional
      regulation.

PMID- 2662014
TI  - A transcriptional repressor of c-myc.
AB  - In murine plasmacytomas there is deregulated transcription of a translocated c
      myc allele and undetectable transcription of the normal, unrearranged c-myc
      allele. Deregulated c-myc transcription probably contributes to the transformed
      phenotype of the tumour cells, whereas repression of the normal allele probably
      reflects the normal turn-off of c-myc in non-dividing plasma cells. We previously
      identified a plasmacytoma-specific protein which binds to the c-myc promoter
      region 290 base pairs 5' of the P1 transcription start site. This plasmacytoma
      repressor factor (myc-PRF; formerly myc-PCF) is not found in cell lines
      representing earlier B-cell stages during which c-myc is transcribed, so it could
      be a negative regulator of c-myc transcription in terminally differentiated B
      cells. Here we report that site-directed deletion of the binding site for this
      protein leads to a 30-fold increase in transcription of a stably transfected c
      myc fusion construct in plasmacytoma cells but has no effect in L cells or 18-81
      pre-B cells, which lack the protein. Myc-PRF interacts with another widely
      distributed protein, myc-CF1 (common factor 1), which binds nearby, and this
      association may be important in myc-PRF repression.

PMID- 2662015
TI  - Chimaeras of myc oncoprotein and steroid receptors cause hormone-dependent
      transformation of cells.
AB  - The human proto-oncogene myc encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein whose primary
      biochemical function is still unknown. To facilitate further study of that
      function, we have created conditional alleles of myc by fusing the hormone
      binding domain of the human oestrogen receptor gene to the 5' or the 3' end of
      human myc. The two chimaeric genes, designated mycer and ermyc, encode proteins
      that bind oestrogen with high affinity. Expression of one of the genes, mycer,
      transforms a rat fibroblast cell line in a tightly oestrogen-dependent manner.
      Transformation is dependent on the presence of a functional myc gene in the
      chimaera and is reversible upon removal of the hormone. The chimaeric genes will
      be useful tools to study the mechanisms by which Myc affects cellular phenotype.
      Recently, chimaeras between the adenovirus E1A protein and the hormone binding
      domain of the rat glucocorticoid receptor were shown to activate transcription in
      a manner characteristic for E1A, but in a hormone regulated manner. We therefore
      asked whether the same strategy could be applied to the product of myc.

PMID- 2662016
TI  - Regulation of glucose transporter messenger RNA in insulin-deficient states.
AB  - Recent studies have indicated that a family of structurally related proteins with
      distinct but overlapping tissue distributions are responsible for facilitative
      glucose transport in mammalian tissues. Insulin primarily stimulates glucose
      transport by inducing the redistribution of a unique glucose transporter protein
      from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane. This 509-amino-acid integral
      membrane protein, termed GLUT-4, is the main insulin-responsive glucose
      transporter in adipose and muscle tissues. We have observed a dramatic decrease
      (tenfold) in the steady-state levels of GLUT-4 messenger RNA in adipose tissue
      from fasted rats or rats made insulin deficient with streptozotocin. Insulin
      treatment of the streptozotocin-diabetic rats or refeeding the fasted animals
      causes a rapid recovery of the GLUT-4 mRNA to levels significantly above those
      observed in untreated control animals. By contrast, the levels of the
      erythrocyte/HepG2/rat brain-type glucose transporter mRNA remain essentially
      unchanged under these conditions. These data suggest that the in vivo expression
      of GLUT-4 mRNA in rat adipose tissue is regulated by insulin.

PMID- 2662017
TI  - Stable cell membrane labelling.
AB  - Binding fluorescent or radioactive reporter molecules to the lipid bilayer of
      cell membranes allows cell growth and trafficking to be monitored in vivo.

PMID- 2662018
TI  - Rapid tests of adrenocortical function. Intravenous versus intramuscular
      administration of synthetic ACTH.

PMID- 2662019
TI  - Blastomycosis. New treatment for an old friend of the Carolinas.

PMID- 2662020
TI  - [Erythromelalgia and thrombotic thrombocythemia].

PMID- 2662021
TI  - [Consensus diagnosis in dementia syndrome].
AB  - A consensus development conference held to reach agreement on definition,
      diagnostic criteria and clinical and ancillary investigations concerning the
      diagnosis of the dementia syndrome was convened in Utrecht by the National
      Organization for Quality Assurance in Hospitals in the Netherlands on November 4,
      1988. Dementia was defined as a clinical syndrome diagnosable by clinical methods
      only. Its manifestation is primarily behavioural. It is characterized by a
      decline of two or more cognitive capacities, including memory, without alteration
      of consciousness, and by a significant disturbance of the usual daily activities
      of the patient. It was agreed that at present the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria
      for dementia are the most acceptable, with the exception of one viz. evidence or
      presumption of an etiologic organic factor, because this criterion is not
      compatible with the syndromal character of the dementia syndrome. Consensus was
      also reached about the following statements. The diagnosis of dementia syndrome
      is not valid in the presence of delirium. For clinical reasons it is considered
      important to distinguish between the conditions of cortical and subcortical
      dementia. Pseudodementia is an out-of-date concept. Epidemiological data on
      dementia are important for the diagnosis and prognosis in individual cases. In
      all patients with signs of the dementia syndrome, physical, neurological,
      psychiatric, and neuropsychological examinations should be performed, preferably
      according to a standardized protocol. The etiologic role of drugs in the dementia
      syndrome and delirium in the aged cannot be overemphasized. For the differential
      diagnosis of the disease states that produce the dementia syndrome, standardized
      laboratory tests should always be performed, but with individual modifications.
      EEG and CT (or NMR) are appropriate in certain cases.

PMID- 2662022
TI  - [Continuous positive pressure respiration via a nasal mask in obstructive apnea
      syndrome].

PMID- 2662023
TI  - [Nitrate: effects and standards for man].

PMID- 2662024
TI  - [A disorder in the coagulation mechanism as a possible cause for the development
      of an antenatal intracranial hemorrhage].
AB  - Four neonates who developed an intracranial haemorrhage antenatally are
      described. In two, there was a congenital deficiency of one of the clotting
      factors (factor V and factor X respectively) and two had neonatal isoimmune
      thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2662025
TI  - [beta 2 microglobulin and the proximal kidney tubules].

PMID- 2662026
TI  - [Screening for aneurysm of the abdominal aorta].

PMID- 2662027
TI  - [The diagnosis of arrhythmia in the fetus].

PMID- 2662028
TI  - [The pathogenesis of the humoral hypercalcemia syndrome in patients with solid
      tumors].

PMID- 2662029
TI  - [Psychoneuroimmunology: cross-links between 'autonomic' systems].

PMID- 2662030
TI  - [Treatment of diabetes mellitus in older patients: pill or pen?].

PMID- 2662031
TI  - [Does the atrioventricular node indeed conduct?].

PMID- 2662032
TI  - [Complicated purulent meningitis in the adult: persisting high mortality caused
      by vasculitis and intracranial pressure].

PMID- 2662033
TI  - X-linked hypophosphatemia: progress in characterization of genetic and metabolic
      defects.

PMID- 2662034
TI  - Triamterene and the kidney.
AB  - Triamterene (TA) is a mild 'potassium-sparing' diuretic usually employed in
      combination with other more potent diuretics in the treatment of hypertension. TA
      pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in normal volunteers, elderly subjects and
      in patients with renal and hepatic dysfunction are reviewed. A variety of adverse
      renal effects, such as abnormalities in urinary sediment, nephrolithiasis,
      interstitial nephritis and acute renal failure, has been reported to occur and is
      also reviewed. Of particular concern with the increased availability of 'over-the
      counter' nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAID) is the adverse
      interaction between TA and NSAID which may culminate in acute renal failure.
      Although a rare occurrence, the clinician should be aware of potential adverse
      reactions associated with the use of TA.

PMID- 2662035
TI  - Serum ferritin levels after renal transplantation: a prospective study.
AB  - A prospective study was made of the evolution of serum ferritin levels in 112
      renal transplant recipients with good graft function. The rise in hemoglobin
      value is accompanied by a decrease in basal serum ferritin levels which are
      lowest at the sixth month: 54.9 (2-1,516) vs. 109.6 (21-4,420) micrograms/l, p
      less than 0.001 (Xg and range). After this time, ferritin values increase,
      although they do not reach basal levels. Evolution after transplantation is
      mainly determined by the previous state of iron stores at the time of
      transplantation. While in the patients with high basal serum ferritin values
      these gradually decreased during the follow-up period, patients with low basal
      serum ferritin levels tend to replenish their iron stores after renal
      transplantation. These differences disappear at the third year when serum
      ferritin values are similar in all groups. An association between persistence of
      posttransplant anemia and low serum ferritin levels is observed. This event is
      not clinically relevant as anemia disappears in almost all cases and dietary iron
      is enough to normalize serum ferritin levels.

PMID- 2662036
TI  - Veno-occlusive hepatic disease of the liver in renal transplantation: is
      azathioprine the cause?
AB  - Five male patients with veno-occlusive disease of the liver (VOD) were observed
      in 200 consecutive renal transplants (RT) treated with azathioprine and
      prednisone. Mild liver enzymatic increases not justified by other reasons were
      detected between 2 and 9 months after RT. All 5 patients developed portal
      hypertension and died between 18 and 79 months following RT. Diagnosis of VOD was
      histological; in 3 cases diagnosis was made while the patients were still alive.
      In our patients, 9 previous viral hepatotropic infections (5 during hemodialysis
      and 4 after TR) were demonstrated. Due to the reported low incidence of VOD in RT
      patients, when many of them have been treated with azathioprine, the etiological
      role of this drug must be questioned. However, the possible association of a
      previous hepatotropic viral infection and the use of an immunosuppressive agent
      should be considered as a probable cause of VOD in kidney grafts.

PMID- 2662037
TI  - Increased natriuretic ability and hypotensive effect during short-term high
      calcium intake in essential hypertension.
AB  - The present study has investigated whether an increased natriuresis could account
      for the hypotensive effect of a high calcium diet which has been reported by
      others. A calcium supplement (equivalent to 1 g of elemental calcium) was given
      for 5 days to 18 patients with essential hypertension in a randomized single
      blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. In 15 of the patients, 2 liters of
      isotonic saline were infused intravenously over 4 h during the last day of each
      test period and hourly urine collections were taken. Calcium supplementation
      produced a mild but significant hypercalcemia as well as increased urinary
      calcium excretion. Body weight and systolic blood pressure decreased
      significantly. The blood pressure decrease was indirectly related to the
      pretreatment plasma renin activity (r = -0.61, p less than 0.01). Urinary sodium
      excretion increased during calcium diet (80 mmol/day negative balance, p less
      than 0.01). During saline infusion under calcium supplementation the urine
      volume, osmolality and sodium excretion were significantly higher compared with
      placebo. The changes in urinary sodium excretion correlated positively with the
      changes in urinary calcium excretion (r = 0.68, p less than 0.01) in patients
      given the high calcium diet, when infused with saline. We conclude that calcium
      supplementation induces a considerable sodium loss in the urine which is very
      likely to result in the hypotensive effect.

PMID- 2662038
TI  - Membranous nephropathy after bone marrow transplantation in ciclosporin
      treatment.

PMID- 2662039
TI  - Does effective renal plasma flow increment predict response to captopril
      monotherapy in essential hypertension?

PMID- 2662040
TI  - Urinary morbidity of vesicoureteral reflux patients without surgical correction
      prior to renal transplantation.

PMID- 2662041
TI  - Dialysis membrane biocompatibility.

PMID- 2662042
TI  - Assessment of the symptomatic benefit of cool dialysate.
AB  - Symptoms were evaluated in 13 haemodialysis patients at dialysate temperatures
      between 37 and 35 degrees C. After a control period at 37 degrees C (stage 1)
      dialysate flow rate was increased from 300 ml/min in half the patients but no
      change in temperature was made (stage 2). In stage 3 dialysate temperature was
      reduced to 36.5 degrees C and in stage 4 to 35 degrees C. Blood pressure and
      temperature were measured pre- and post dialysis and patient completed a
      questionnaire indicating if they experienced any of nine specified symptoms:
      itch, restless legs, nausea, vomiting, headache, cramp, lethargy, hypotension and
      change in temperature. Trial stages were compared with chi 2 analysis using Yates
      correction. Symptoms per dialysis fell from 1.11 to 0.71 between stage 1 and 2 (p
      less than 0.0005). This was considered to be a trial effect. There was no further
      significant improvement in symptoms overall as the temperature was reduced to 35
      degrees C. However, if complaints of coldness are excluded, there was a
      progressive reduction in symptoms from stage 1 to stage 4. Dialysate flow rate
      did not affect symptom reporting. There was no effect on body core temperature or
      blood pressure due to cool dialysate. Our results suggest there may be some
      benefit in lowering the dialysate temperature but this is small in relation to
      the placebo effect. Caution must be used in assessing similar studies using small
      numbers of dialyses.

PMID- 2662043
TI  - Localisation of haematuria by red cell analysers and phase contrast microscopy.
AB  - The urinary erythrocyte morphology of 120 patients with haematuria of diagnosed
      cause (41 glomerular, 79 non-glomerular) was examined by red cell analyser (RCA)
      and by phase contrast microscopy (PCM). By RCA three distinct ranges of modal
      erythrocyte cell volume (ECV) were observed. The modal ECVs in glomerular
      haematuria (35-50 fl) were significantly lower than in non-glomerular haematuria
      (65-148 fl) and both were clearly distinct from 'debris patterns' (12-33 fl). In
      duplicate specimens very similar ECVs were observed before and after
      centrifugation and after storage for up to 15 h. There was no correlation between
      the modal urinary ECV and the urinary specific gravity or the peripheral venous
      ECV. The source of the haematuria (glomerular or non-glomerular) was identified
      correctly by RCA (PCM) in 100% (60%), 68% (71%) and 22% (39%), respectively, of
      patients with macroscopic, 3+ microscopic and 1-2+ microscopic haematuria. In no
      patient was the haematuria localised incorrectly by RCA as compared with 10%
      incorrect localisation by PCM. RCA and PCM are complementary non-invase tests and
      both should be performed whenever possible in the investigation of haematuria.

PMID- 2662044
TI  - Results of antithrombin III treatment in patients after kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2662045
TI  - Correction of anaemia with recombinant human erythropoietin.

PMID- 2662046
TI  - Hyperparathyroidism is responsible for the increased levels of osteocalcin in
      patients with normally functioning kidney grafts.
AB  - Osteocalcin or bone Gla protein (BGP) is the most abundant noncollagenous protein
      of the skeleton. Serum BGP levels are thought to provide a valuable index of bone
      formation. We measured serum BGP and other parameters of mineral metabolism in 68
      patients with functioning kidney grafts. The duration of the graft ranged from 1
      to 131 months (mean 23). Serum BGP was positively correlated with parathyroid
      hormone (r = 0.56, p less than 0.001). BGP was inversely correlated with
      glomerular filtration rate (r = -0.44, p less than 0.001) and with the total
      cumulative dose of corticosteroids received after transplantation (r = -0.26, p
      less than 0.05). No correlation was observed between BGP and 1,25(OH)2D, nor
      between BGP and serum aluminum. All patients with increased BGP in the presence
      of normal renal function had persistent hyperparathyroidism. The activity of the
      parathyroid glands and corticosteroid treatment seem to be the main
      pathophysiological factors influencing BGP levels after successful kidney
      grafting.

PMID- 2662047
TI  - Effects of nitrendipine on blood pressure and blood ciclosporin A level in
      patients with posttransplant hypertension.
AB  - In order to evaluate the antihypertensive effectiveness and interaction with
      ciclosporin A (CS-A) nitrendipine, a dihydropyridine derivative calcium entry
      blocking agent, was used in 16 (13 men, 3 women) hypertensive renal
      posttransplant patients followed by the Nephrology Department of Hacettepe
      University Hospital. The patients did not receive any antihypertensive drug for a
      7-day period. They were then given 20 mg/day nitrendipine for 3 weeks. At the end
      of this period, mean (+/- SE) supine blood pressure fell from 163/108 +/-
      3.6/1.87 to 141/87 +/- 3.8/2.2 mm Hg (p less than 0.01), while the heart rate was
      unchanged. 14 of 16 patients achieved full control of blood pressure levels with
      20 mg/day nitrendipine, and only 2 patients needed a higher dosage of 30 mg/day
      (20 + 10 mg). After 3 weeks of treatment no significant variations in blood
      chemistry or renal functional parameters were noticed. There was also no
      difference between blood CS-A levels before and after treatment with nitrendipine
      (218.06 +/- 33 vs. 222.68 +/- 26 ng/ml, p greater than 0.05). We conclude that
      short-term therapy with nitrendipine in renal post-transplant patients does not
      appear to be harmful and longer term studies are needed to fully evaluate safety
      and efficacy of this drug. Because it influences neither blood chemistry nor
      renal functional parameters and blood CS-A level, it may be preferable to other
      calcium channel blocking agents in this group of patients.

PMID- 2662048
TI  - Hypocomplementemic proliferative glomerulonephritis with C3 nephritic-factor-like
      activity in multiple myeloma.
AB  - Advanced renal failure, nephrotic-range proteinuria due to proliferative
      glomerulonephritis and multiple myeloma with circulating IgG2 lambda and free
      lambda light-chain paraproteins occurred in a 31-year-old male. Commonly
      established causes of renal failure in multiple myeloma were excluded.
      Immunofluorescence revealed heavy granular glomerular deposition of C3. Serum C3
      was decreased, and C3c was increased. C3 nephritic-factor (C3 NeF)-like activity
      was demonstrated in the serum. Plasmapheresis and chemotherapy resulted in a
      decrease in paraprotein concentration up to 90%, a decrease in C3 NeF-like
      activity to negligible, normal serum complement levels and a marked improvement
      in both renal function and proteinuria. With reference to the literature, the
      possibility of a syndrome of paraproteinemia, C3 NeF-like activity and
      glomerulonephritis is forwarded.

PMID- 2662049
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic localization of fibrin-related antigen in human
      glomerular diseases.
AB  - The distribution of fibrin-related antigen (FRA) in glomeruli was examined by
      immunoelectron microscopy in 9 patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy
      (MN), 8 patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, and 10 patients with IgA
      nephropathy (IgA-N), using antisera against human gamma--chain, alpha-chain, mu
      chain, and fibrinogen. Electron-dense reaction products of FRA were observed in
      the endothelium, subendothelium, and/or in electron-dense deposits (EDD). Among
      the three glomerular diseases, the amount of electron-dense reaction products of
      FRA in the endothelium was highest in MN. This suggests that coagulation occurs
      on the endothelium in MN. Although the mesangial EDD of IgA-N were intensely
      stained with reaction products of FRA, the staining was weak in the subepithelial
      EDD of MN. This suggests that FRA hardly penetrates into the subepithelial EDD in
      MN.

PMID- 2662050
TI  - Urinary excretion rate of guanidinoacetic acid as a new marker in hypertensive
      renal damage.
AB  - This study was undertaken to evaluate the relation between the urinary excretion
      of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and other substances in hypertensive patients (6
      with borderline hypertension and 29 with hypertension) and 12 normal controls. In
      10 of the hypertensive patients, GAA was measured before and after 4 weeks of
      treatment with calcium entry blocker. In hypertensive patients the rate of GAA
      urinary excretion was 43.5 +/- 17-4 micrograms/min, which was much lower than in
      the controls (77.2 +/- 35.9 micrograms/min) (p less than 0.01). There was no
      significant difference among these groups in creatinine clearance (CCr), serum
      creatinine (Cr), beta 2-microglobulin (BMG) or in the urinary excretion of BMG, N
      acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) or radiosensitive microalbumin (mAlb). The urinary
      excretion rate of GAA was positively correlated with CCr (r = 0.62; p less than
      0.01), and negatively correlated with mean blood pressure (r = -0.49; p less than
      0.01). Finally, the GAA excretion was significantly correlated with urinary NAG
      (r = 0.24; p less than 0.05) and serum BMG (r = -0.31; p less than 0.05), but not
      with urinary mAlb (r = 0.12; p less than 0.05). Ten hypertensive patients
      followed for 4 weeks attained their ultimate mean blood pressure reduction after
      treatment (from 119.3 +/- 8.0 to 101.7 +/- 13.5 mm Hg; p less than 0.001), but
      the GAA/Cr ratio in the urinary excretion was significantly elevated (from 0.054
      +/- 0.016 to 0.070 +/- 0.02; p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662051
TI  - Aortic thrombosis complicating the nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2662052
TI  - Intracerebroventricular administration of insulin attenuates retrieval of a
      passive avoidance response in rats.
AB  - The effect of intracerebroventricularly applied insulin on one-trial learning
      passive avoidance behaviour has been studied in rats. Treatment with 10.3 pmole
      insulin 1 hr before the 24 hr retention test attenuated passive avoidance
      behaviour at both the 24 hr and 48 hr retention trials. The data suggest that
      insulin may play a role in processes relating to the retrieval of information
      stored in the brain.

PMID- 2662053
TI  - Role of a serine endopeptidase in the hydrolysis of exogenous cholecystokinin by
      brain slices.
AB  - The participation of a serine endopeptidase, previously shown to be involved in
      endogenous cholecystokinin inactivation [Rose, Camus and Schwartz (1989)
      Neuroscience 29, 583-594], in the hydrolysis of various exogenous cholecystokinin
      peptides was studied with slices from rat cerebral cortex. In order to protect
      intermediate fragments from further degradation and mimick experimental
      conditions in this previous study, most experiments were performed in the
      presence of Thiorphan, an enkephalinase inhibitor, and bestatin, an
      aminopeptidase inhibitor, which did not significantly affect the rate of
      cholecystokinin-8 hydrolysis. All peptide fragments formed after incubation of
      cholecystokinin-8, non-sulphated cholecystokinin-8, cholecystokinin-6,
      cholecystokinin-5, cholecystokinin-4 or Asp-Tyr-Met-Gly-Trp were identified by
      isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography in several systems, fluorescence
      spectra and/or amino acid analysis. When identified, the appearing fragments were
      quantified by u.v. spectrophotometry and found to fully account for the substrate
      disappearance. The hydrolysis rate was higher for short cholecystokinin peptides
      than for the octapeptide and was, in all cases, diminished by 30-50% in the
      presence of diisopropyl fluorophosphate, a serine peptidase inhibitor. One of the
      main hydrolysis products of cholecystokinin-8, or its non-sulphated analogue, was
      cholecystokinin-5, whose formation was impaired in the presence of diisopropyl
      fluorophosphate. Cholecystokinin-5 itself was apparently a substrate for a serine
      peptidase leading to the formation of the tripeptide Gly-Trp-Met, later cleaved
      into Trp-Met and Trp. Hence a serine endopeptidase(s) appears to be responsible
      for cleavage of the two peptides bonds of the cholecystokinin-8 molecule where
      the carboxyl group is donated by a methionine residue.2+n addition,

PMID- 2662054
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic trials in multiple sclerosis: a new look. Summary of
      Jekyll Island workshop.

PMID- 2662055
TI  - [Current trends in the therapy of bladder instability in women].
AB  - The authors review the different procedures used today to resolve female bladder
      instability and analyse the most modern trends regarding therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 2662056
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal ovarian cysts].
AB  - A clinical case of fetal ovarian cyst diagnosed at the 22nd week of pregnancy and
      disappearing at the 34th week is reported. The echographic and clinical criteria
      underlying diagnosis and obstetrical conduct in cases of fetal abdominal
      tumescence of probable ovarian origin are discussed.

PMID- 2662057
TI  - Xeroderma pigmentosum.
AB  - Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare, recessively inherited, sun-sensitive disorder
      with a defective DNA repair mechanism that is the best model currently available
      linking human cancer to exposure to a specific carcinogen. Laboratory and
      epidemiological studies of this disease are providing extensive insight into the
      etiology of cancer in the general population.

PMID- 2662058
TI  - Cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
AB  - Cutaneous T cell lymphoma, previously known as mycosis fungoides, presents as
      either an aggressive disease (tumeur d'emblee type and the Sezary syndrome type)
      or a prolonged disease which evolves through patch, plaque, and tumor stages.
      Erythroderma is present either from the start or develops later in the disease
      process. Its incidence in the United States more than doubled from 1973 to 1984
      (from 0.19 to 0.42 cases per 100,000 population). Staging classifications are
      being refined to reflect increasing knowledge of important prognostic indicators,
      e.g., absence or presence of lymph node involvement, pattern of lymph node
      involvement, and absence or presence of visceral disease. A number of newer
      treatment modalities is being investigated including the retinoids and
      ultraviolet A photopheresis.

PMID- 2662059
TI  - The treatment of urinary incontinence in adults.
AB  - The inability to control urination is a condition that causes a loss of dignity
      in persons of all ages. It is a distressing condition that affects a large number
      of young women and becomes a most distressing problem for the older adult. This
      article deals with the general treatment approaches for the urinary incontinent
      patient, including drug therapy, surgical intervention and mechanical devices.
      Special emphasis is placed on nursing measures, including behavioral intervention
      approaches for this disturbing problem. Many non-invasive treatments can benefit
      patients searching for relief from urinary incontinence.

PMID- 2662060
TI  - Diagnosing urinary incontinence in adults.
AB  - Urinary incontinence is a health problem for people of all ages and especially
      for the elderly. Urinary incontinence accounts for 3 to 8 percent of the total
      costs of nursing home care. This article focuses on the clinical picture in
      urinary incontinence and includes guidelines for the incontinence history, the
      physical examination, the psychological assessment and diagnostic studies. It
      serves as a useful guide for health care providers involved in diagnosing urinary
      incontinence.

PMID- 2662061
TI  - Selected tickborne infections. A review of Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted
      fever, and babesiosis.

PMID- 2662062
TI  - Acute renal failure in children: etiology, diagnosis, and management.

PMID- 2662063
TI  - The history of Kashin-Beck disease.

PMID- 2662064
TI  - Symptoms of asthma, methacholine airway responsiveness and atopy in migrant
      Tokelauan children.
AB  - 503 migrant Tokelauan children between five and 15 years resident predominantly
      in Porirua and the Hutt Valley were surveyed as part of a study of asthma
      prevalence in a recently migrant population. The survey consisted of domiciliary
      interview with parents, physical examination, assessment of bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness and atopy, by allergen skin prick testing. Forty-three
      children (8%) had a history of wheezy breathing or asthma. 160 children (32%) had
      evidence of increased airway responsiveness defined as a PD20 (provocative dose
      of methacholine causing a less than or equal to 20% fall in FEV1, of less than or
      equal to 12.2 mumoL methacholine). Of the 43 children with a history of asthma,
      40 (93%) had evidence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, 36 (84%) were atopic and
      35 (81%) had both bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy. Forty-five children
      (9%) were found to be wheezing on the day of examination only 16 of these had a
      history of wheezing. Twenty seven of the wheezing children demonstrated bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness and 22 of these were atopic. Of the 18 children wheezing but
      with no evidence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness only six were atopic. These
      contrasting findings suggest differences in the cause of symptoms among the
      children. Regional differences were observed for the prevalence of symptoms and
      signs of asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy. Hutt Valley Tokelauan
      children exhibited a higher prevalence than the Porirua children. Migrants to the
      Hutt Valley and Porirua are from different atolls, and these differences raise
      the possibility of a genetic influence on the development of asthma.

PMID- 2662065
TI  - A safety profile of controlled release naproxen tablets.
AB  - This randomised single blind controlled study examines adverse reactions to
      standard Naprosyn (naproxen) 750 mg daily with controlled release naproxen,
      Naprosyn CR, 750 mg daily, in a total of 520 patients. Overall there were no
      major differences between the two preparations. The reporting rate of any adverse
      clinical event was greater in the group taking the controlled release preparation
      but withdrawals from medication were similar in the two groups, for whatever
      reason. The main finding of the study was that patients in each decile age group,
      mainly between 40 and 80 years, were more likely to continue on this preparation
      for the full 10 weeks of the trial: 57% of patients on controlled release and 46%
      on plain Naprosyn completed the study. Patients over 60 years, particularly
      females, tended to complete the study, indicating that the simpler treatment
      regimen without any increase in major adverse effects is useful in the elderly
      who are thought to be at special risk of adverse reactions from NSAIDs. In
      addition, a review of spontaneous reports of adverse reactions to naproxen
      reported nationally to the Medicines Adverse Reactions Committee shows that the
      pattern has not changed over the last two years during which the controlled
      release formulation has been available. This experience supports the
      acceptability of controlled release naproxen.

PMID- 2662066
TI  - Caring for ventilator-dependent patients.

PMID- 2662067
TI  - A project management approach to nursing documentation.

PMID- 2662068
TI  - Mandatory assignment: yes or no?

PMID- 2662069
TI  - Computerizing nursing diagnosis.

PMID- 2662070
TI  - Software guide. Software products for nursing applications.

PMID- 2662071
TI  - An assessment of the role of 123I-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine with single
      photon emission computed tomography in the diagnosis of stroke and Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - The role of 123I-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP), a new agent used in
      brain imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), has been
      assessed in the early diagnosis of acute infarctive stroke and Alzheimer's
      disease (AD). The diagnosis of these conditions in their early stages has
      remained problematic, principally due to limitations of existing technologies. To
      more formally assess this new technology, we estimated the sensitivity and
      specificity of 123I-IMP SPECT scanning in the diagnosis of stroke and AD. We
      based our assessment on a review of all published studies that reported on 123I
      IMP SPECT scans and which included three or more patients. The results from three
      major studies indicate that 123I-IMP SPECT scanning has a higher sensitivity (92%
      to 100%) than computerized tomography (55% to 86%) in the early diagnosis of
      acute cerebral infarction. Preliminary findings from studies using 123I-IMP SPECT
      in the diagnosis of early AD are promising and show a sensitivity of at least
      69%. Furthermore, 123I-IMP SPECT scanning clearly discriminates patients with
      advanced AD from normals: sensitivity has ranged from 50% to 100%, while
      specificity has ranged from 97% to 100%. Studies also suggest that it can
      discriminate AD patients from those with multi-infarct dementia. Our review
      indicates that 123I-IMP SPECT may have an important future role in the early
      diagnosis and management of patients with acute infarctive stroke and AD.

PMID- 2662072
TI  - The clinical role of myocardial perfusion imaging.

PMID- 2662073
TI  - A multiple regression analysis for accurate background subtraction in 99Tcm-DTPA
      renography.
AB  - A technique for accurate background subtraction in 99Tcm-DTPA renography is
      described. The technique is based on a multiple regression analysis of the renal
      curves and separate heart and soft tissue curves which together represent
      background activity. It is compared, in over 100 renograms, with a previously
      described linear regression technique. Results show that the method provides
      accurate background subtraction, even in very poorly functioning kidneys, thus
      enabling relative renal filtration and excretion to be accurately estimated.

PMID- 2662074
TI  - 99Tcm-labelled anti-CEA monoclonal antibody for tumour immunoscintigraphy: first
      clinical results.
AB  - Twenty patients with malignant carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-producing tumour
      recurrences (colorectal n = 14; breast, lung, medullary thyroid carcinoma n = 2,
      each) were studied by immunoscintigraphy using an intact monoclonal anti-CEA
      antibody (BW 431/26) labelled with 99Tcm by a new labelling technique (Schwarz
      Method). This novel approach allows an almost quantitative labelling of the
      antibody, which is first reduced using a thiol, lyophilized in purified form, and
      then reacted with a stannous salt component before 99Tcm-pertechnetate binding.
      The labelling efficiency (as controlled by TLC) was greater than 95%, the in
      vitro stability at least 6 h. The imaging results (planar and SPECT) yielded a
      sensitivity of 91%, a specificity of 87% and a diagnostic accuracy of 90%. These
      first promising clinical results trigger the hope that the successful labelling
      of monoclonal antibodies with 99Tcm is a decisive step towards the more
      practically orientated use of tumour immunoscintigraphy.

PMID- 2662075
TI  - Endocrinological basis of hot flushes.
AB  - Hot flushes are frequent among women during natural, surgical, or pharmacological
      menopause. The available data suggest the involvement of estrogens, progestins,
      catecholestrogens, catecholamines, dopamine, endorphins, prostaglandins,
      luteinizing hormone (LH) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in the
      pathogenesis of flushes. At present the estrogen withdrawal and pulsatile
      luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion theories are most commonly accepted for
      explaining the development of this symptom. The use of LH-RH agonists offers an
      opportunity to focus on the probable origin and region that regulate the events
      of this phenomena, since the administration of this drug is associated with hot
      flushes, in spite of low gonadotropins and normal estrogen levels. Current data
      may suggest that the origin of this neurovegetative symptom lies in the
      hypothalamus.

PMID- 2662076
TI  - Pseudocyesis: a modern perspective on an old disorder.

PMID- 2662077
TI  - Dilemmas in the pharmacological management of preterm labor.
AB  - It is the thesis of the author that the use of Ritodrine in the treatment of
      premature labor is potentially dangerous and possibly even lethal. Ritodrine is
      being overused in the attempt to control and delay premature labor. Only 25 to 50
      per cent of patients complaining of premature labor pains actually proceed to
      true preterm labor. Because there is no definitive screening test to firmly
      establish the diagnosis of preterm labor, many women are treated unnecessarily
      with a drug that many obstetricians question as to its efficacy, safety, and
      cost. If it is used, it must be in a hospital with adequate facilities both in
      manpower and the ability to identify and treat the medical and obstetrical
      complications. Ritodrine is too potentially dangerous to be used as an attempt to
      "do something" it there are questionable indications.

PMID- 2662078
TI  - Transabdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage: a review.
AB  - A successful case of transabdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage is presented. The
      indications and surgical technique for this rarely reported treatment of
      incompetent cervix are described, and the pathophysiology of the condition is
      reviewed. The currently accepted treatment alternatives for incompetent cervix
      are presented and compared with the transabdominal approach. The existing reports
      on transabdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage are reviewed, and the morbidity of all
      reported cases is discussed. A scheme to assist in patient selection is
      suggested.

PMID- 2662079
TI  - Lower urinary tract complications of the treatment of cervical carcinoma.

PMID- 2662080
TI  - Scleroderma in pregnancy.
AB  - We conducted a detailed literature search for the rare combination of scleroderma
      and pregnancy. Ninety-four patients were reported, 14 of whom died during the
      course of the pregnancy, mainly due to secondary renal and cardiopulmonary
      involvement. Out of the 95 fetuses, 19 were lost. Thus, when complications arise,
      the option of prompt termination of the pregnancy should be considered.

PMID- 2662081
TI  - Hydrops fetalis and premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a review.
AB  - The purpose of this report is to describe a case of nonimmune hydrops fetalis
      that resulted from an unusual congenital heart defect, premature closure of the
      ductus arteriosus. In this fetus, the ductal closure was not associated with
      other heart defects such as tetralogy of Fallot or truncus arteriosus, nor was it
      related to maternal use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. Despite adequate
      digitalization of the mother, the fetus died of congestive heart failure at 29
      weeks of gestation. Autopsy confirmed stricture of the ductus in association with
      enlargement of the foramen ovale and marked dilation of the right atrium and main
      pulmonary artery.

PMID- 2662082
TI  - Dating through pregnancy: a measure of growing up.
AB  - The accurate estimation of gestational age is an essential part of pregnancy
      management, since the consequences of erroneous dating carry increased risks of
      perinatal morbidity and mortality. Ultrasonography offers a unique opportunity to
      objectively measure quantitative changes in growth increments of various fetal
      structures, as well as qualitative changes occurring near term which are
      indicative of fetal maturity. Therefore, dating through pregnancy is possible by
      the use of various parameters such as the crown-rump length, the trunk
      circumference, and the biparietal diameter in the first trimester; the biparietal
      diameter, the cerebellum, orbital distance, clavicular length, lengths of the
      long bones of the upper and lower extremities, and the foot length in the second
      and third trimesters; and the indices of maturity in the late third trimester
      such as colonic grading and epiphyseal ossification centers of the long bones of
      the upper and lower extremities. Using a combination of fetal biometry and
      maturity indices permit dating through pregnancy as a measure of growing up.

PMID- 2662084
TI  - ICD-9-CM: Medicare's new coding requirements.

PMID- 2662083
TI  - Surgical reconstruction of the congenitally atretic cervix: two cases.
AB  - Two patients diagnosed at the University of Missouri Hospital underwent
      reconstructive surgery utilizing the atretic cervix as a conduit for the
      formation of an endometrial-vaginal fistula. A total of three surgeries was
      performed with both patients experiencing the onset of cyclic menses. One
      patient, followed for 22 years, never attempted to conceive and eventually
      succumbed to hysterectomy for pelvic pain and endometriosis. The other has been
      followed for 44 months and continues to have regular menses with mild
      dysmenorrhea. Less than 50 cases of congenital cervical atresia have been
      reported in the literature. The operative procedures and literature experience
      are provided.

PMID- 2662085
TI  - Rembrandt.

PMID- 2662086
TI  - Prednimustine treatment in malignant lymphomas.
AB  - Prednimustine (Stereocyt, Leo 1031) is a chlorambucil ester of prednisolone.
      Results from clinical trials confirm that prednimustine is active in malignant
      lymphomas. The efficacy of Stereocyt was evaluated in 25 patients, who were
      divided into three subgroups: 10 patients with refractory Hodgkin's disease and 7
      with refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), while 8 patients received
      prednimustine as primary therapy for low-grade NHL. Totally 17 partial remissions
      were observed in all three groups of patients. Leukopenia and thrombopenia were
      induced in 3 patients, but were mild and reversible after withdrawal of the drug.

PMID- 2662087
TI  - Efficacy of adjuvant carboplatin-epirubicin chemotherapy in advanced ovarian
      cancer after radical surgery.
AB  - Postoperatively, 13 patients with stage III ovarian cancer received a combination
      of carboplatin and epirubicin (PE) at 300 and 60 mg/m2 respectively. The results
      of the 13 patients receiving the PE regimen were retrospectively compared to
      those of 24 patients who received the conventional PAC schedule (cisplatin,
      Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide at a dosage of 50, 50 and 750 mg/m2,
      respectively). All 37 patients had undergone radical debulking surgery including
      pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy. At 8 months, relapse-free rates of 42.2
      and 79.2% were observed in the PE and PAC groups, respectively. This difference
      was highly significant (p = 0.011). The data suggest that the PE combination has
      less antineoplastic activity than the PAC schedule and thus cannot be recommended
      in the adjuvant treatment of advanced ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2662088
TI  - 5-Fluorouracil by protracted venous infusion. A review of current progress.
AB  - 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) administered by prolonged intravenous infusion may more
      effectively treat advanced, slow-growing tumors with low growth fractions and
      long doubling times. Protracted infusion provides continual cancer cell exposure
      to 5FU; limitations due to cell cycle specificity and a short plasma half-life
      are theoretically circumvented. Advances in catheter composition and pump
      technology now make ambulatory infusion therapy widely available. Clinical trials
      suggest that prolonged infusion may improve the response rate in colorectal
      cancer. In addition, preliminary results suggest clinical activity against
      gastric, pancreatic and refractory breast cancers with minimal toxicity. Despite
      the potential logistic problems of infusion chemotherapy, many patients report
      improved quality of life. Increased costs incurred from infusion therapy are
      probably justifiable if survival is prolonged and quality of life maintained.

PMID- 2662089
TI  - Ki-67 immunoreactivity in breast carcinomas in relation to transferrin receptor
      expression, estrogen receptor status and morphological criteria. An
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The number of proliferating cells was determined by Ki-67 antibody in 107 primary
      breast carcinomas. These results were compared with transferrin receptor (TrfR)
      expression, estrogen receptor (ER) status, histologic type, tumor grade, size and
      axillary lymph node status. The percentage of Ki-67-positive cells ranged from
      0.9 to 26.4%. The proportion of Ki-67-positive cells was highest in medullary
      carcinomas. Immunoreactivity of Ki-67 in relation to TrfR expression showed
      significant correlation (p = 0.0001). An inverse relationship between ER status
      and Ki-67 positivity existed (p = 0.0001). 88 cases were subjected to histologic
      grading. There was a significant relationship showing an increase of Ki-67
      immunoreactivity with decrease of tumor differentiation (p = 0.0001). The
      distribution of Ki-67 reactivity in relation to tumor size and nodal status of
      the axilla revealed positive correlations (p = 0.02; p less than 0.05). In
      conclusion, the use of Ki-67 monoclonal antibody as a marker for cell
      proliferation represents a method to get kinetic data inhering prognostic value.

PMID- 2662090
TI  - Immunohistochemical study of ras p21 expression in human gastric cancers and
      benign lesions.
AB  - Expression of ras p21 in human gastric cancers, benign lesions and normal tissues
      was immunohistochemically evaluated by the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC)
      method with anti-ras p21 monoclonal antibody rp-28. Positive p21 immunoreactivity
      was shown in 23 (77%) of 30 gastric cancers, in 13 (48%) of 27 benign lesions and
      in 10 (22%) of 46 normal mucosa cases. Among them, strong staining was
      demonstrated only in 11 (37%) of 30 gastric cancers, but not in benign lesions
      and normal tissues. Cases showing more than 20% positive cell ratio were observed
      in 22 (73%) gastric cancers, in 11 (41%) benign lesions and 6 (13%) normal mucosa
      cases. Further, intracellular distribution of ras p21 is heterogeneous in gastric
      cancers, while it is homogeneous in benign lesions or normal tissues. The ABC
      method with rp-28 could be helpful for clinical differential diagnosis between
      gastric cancers and benign lesions by investigating three factors: staining
      intensity, positive cell ratio and intracellular distribution of ras p21.

PMID- 2662091
TI  - Chemiluminescence and hematoporphyrin derivative: a novel therapy for mammary
      adenocarcinomas in mice.
AB  - A Chemiluminescent System (CLS), using a Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescent solution
      (PCs), together with Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) Photofrin II., were
      utilized in the treatment of transplanted mammary adenocarcinomas in C3H/HeJ
      female mice. Tumor bearing animals aged 2-4 months were divided into five groups;
      Group I was the control. Groups 2 and 4 compared the effectiveness of both
      reagents HpD and PCs which were administered by intratumor injections
      fractionated over a 96 hour period. Groups 3 and 5 compared the effectiveness of
      PCs alone. Tests of the PCs were conducted with and without the presence of
      luminescence. Fifty-three percent of the animals in Group 4 and 47% of the
      animals in Group 2 remained tumor free 120 days after the completion of
      treatment. Thirty percent of the animals in Groups 2 and 4 survived one year
      without tumor recurrence. The results of this study suggest that a chemical light
      system can be a viable alternative in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) to laser light
      for the activation of HpD and treatment of cancer.

PMID- 2662092
TI  - [The principle of the energy minimum in ontogeny and the channeling of
      developmental processes].
AB  - The principle of minimum of energy in ontogenesis has been formulated on the
      basis of data concerning age changes in energetic metabolism, as well as the
      influence of ecological factors on this process. According to this principle the
      smallest expenditures of energy are observed in the zone of the most favorable
      developmental conditions. The minimal level of energetic metabolism at every
      developmental stage that corresponds to the most stable state of organism is
      treated as homeostasis and the developmental stability is treated as
      homeorrhesis. Regulation mechanisms of energetic metabolism during ontogenesis
      and under the influence of environmental factors are analyzed.

PMID- 2662093
TI  - [Immunofluorescence study of the extracellular matrix of the human placenta].
AB  - Distribution of collagen types I, III, IV, V and fibronectin in human placental
      villi has been studied by indirect immunofluorescence. During 9-12 weeks of
      pregnancy the extracellular matrix of villi represents a network of filaments
      organized in bundles and aggregates that contain collagen types I and III and
      finer filaments of collagen types IV and V. Collagen type IV is regularly
      detected in basal membrane of capillaries and particularly in villous epithelium,
      collagen type V and fibronectin are occasionally detected there. Marked
      immunofluorescent reaction on collagen types IV and V and fibronectin, and weak
      reaction on collagen type III is observed in cellular islets around
      cytotrophoblasts. In the fetus born in term placental villi have uniform
      immunofluorescence in thick basal membranes of fetal capillaries and of chorionic
      epithelium. The immunofluorescent reaction specific for all collagen types is
      uniform in villous stroma. Distribution of different collagen types and
      fibronectin, including the unusual localization of membrane collagen type IV, in
      villous stroma and cellular islets of early and mature placenta is discussed.

PMID- 2662094
TI  - Immunohistochemistry of retinoblastoma. A review.
AB  - Various studies which relate to the immunohistochemical identification of
      neuronal, glial, carbohydrate and nucleic acid associated antigens in
      retinoblastoma will be reviewed. The majority of these studies appear to support
      the concept that retinoblastomas arise, in situ, from neuron committed cells and
      in some cases specifically into photoreceptor-like cells. In selected cases,
      however, glial cell differentiation may be a feature of the tumor. In addition,
      the molecular biology of the retinoblastoma gene and the immunohistochemical
      characterization of its gene product will be discussed.

PMID- 2662095
TI  - Experimental models of anterior segment dysgenesis.
AB  - Normal anterior segment embryogenesis is summarized followed by a review of
      syndromes of spontaneous and inherited conditions of abnormal development in
      humans and animals. The study of teratogen-induced malformations in animal models
      has provided valuable information about critical periods during gestation for the
      initiation of anterior segment dysgenesis. Although the major developmental
      events leading to iridocorneal angle formation occur during the third trimester,
      it appears that embryonic insult much earlier in human gestation (during the
      first three to five weeks post fertilization) can induce an abnormal sequence of
      events leading to anterior segment dysgenesis.

PMID- 2662096
TI  - Microcomputer based differential diagnosis of dysmorphic syndromes.
AB  - Dysmorphic syndromes are characterized by associations of physical abnormalities
      depending in its diagnosis on the recognition of a particular pattern. Because of
      their multiplicity, the rarity of some of them, and the frequency of new reports,
      computerized data bases have proved useful as powerful tools assisting in the
      differential diagnosis. The role of artificial intelligence methods, in
      particular Expert Systems, as promising tools in helping physicians to perform a
      clinical diagnosis is underlined. Using a high level computer language presently
      used in the artificial intelligence field (Prolog), a microcomputer based system
      for the differential diagnosis of dysmorphic syndromes is described. Its
      capabilities and simplicity of use, derived from an efficient and attractive
      computer interface, are underlined. The need of performance assessment by
      evaluating its accuracy and usefulness before its introduction into genetic
      clinical practice is stressed. Finally, for the completeness of the knowledge
      base, the need of cooperation between international centers is emphasized.

PMID- 2662097
TI  - Differential diagnosis of ophthalmic syndromes using a computer program.
AB  - A Fortran computer program has been written for the differential diagnosis of
      ophthalmic syndromes. Input for the program are the observed symptoms and the
      result is a list of syndromes relevant to one or more of the symptoms. The
      program was written for the Control Data Cyber 840 at the Computer Center of the
      University of Innsbruck, which is connected permanently by terminals to
      institutes. A second version of the program has been adapted for IBM-compatible
      personal computers. At present, the program includes 219 syndromes with their
      individual symptoms. However, it is possible to supplement or alter the list of
      syndromes and symptoms. The use of this computer program is expected to make the
      differential diagnosis easier and to simplify and improve the scientific
      clarification of syndromes.

PMID- 2662098
TI  - Leber's congenital amaurosis associated with high hyperopia in four sisters.
AB  - The authors describe a family with five daughters, of whom four are affected with
      Leber's congenital amaurosis and high hyperopia ranging between +5.5 and +9
      diopters. In addition, the second daughter is a little short for her age, and
      shows a slight dyscrania with prominent frontal and occipital bones, hypoplasia
      of the nasal bone, and deep and narrow orbits leading to marked enophthalmos. The
      symptoms are typical of Leber's amaurosis. All children have nystagmus, night
      blindness, weak or absent pupillary reflexes. Visual fields are constricted or
      not measurable. The electroretinogram is extinguished, and hyperopia of the axial
      type was confirmed by ultrasound. Fundus findings are variable with small, pale
      and somewhat protruding papillae (pseudo-papillitis), narrow retinal vessels,
      diffuse fundus pigmentation of pepper-and-salt type and unusual yellow coloration
      of the macular region (diffuse atrophy). The inheritance of Leber's congenital
      amaurosis is autosomal recessive. The combined occurrence of amaurosis and
      hyperopia in four children in one family, while the fifth is unaffected and has
      no refractive error, furnishes a further evidence for the existence of a
      particular amaurosis-hyperopia subtype of Leber's disease.

PMID- 2662099
TI  - Classification of proliferative vitreoretinopathy used in the silicone study. The
      Silicone Study Group.
AB  - The Silicone Study is a multicenter randomized clinical trial that compares a
      long-acting gas with silicone oil for the surgical treatment of proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy (PVR). As part of the study, a topographic classification of
      PVR has been developed that is based on the characteristic patterns of retinal
      distortion produced by the contraction of proliferative membranes on the retina
      or within the vitreous base. This classification is used to document the extent
      and anatomic distribution of PVR present preoperatively and to help standardize
      the surgical treatment. Experience has shown that this classification facilitates
      the identification of these membranes and their systematic dissection, and the
      authors therefore suggest that it be used to augment the Retina Society
      classification of PVR.

PMID- 2662100
TI  - Pneumatic retinopexy. A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial
      comparing pneumatic retinopexy with scleral buckling. The Retinal Detachment
      Study Group.
AB  - Pneumatic retinopexy was compared with scleral buckling in a multicenter (7
      centers), randomized, controlled, clinical trial with 198 patients. Admission
      criteria included detachments with retinal break(s) no greater than 1 clock hour
      in size, within the superior two thirds of the fundus, without significant
      proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). All patients were followed for at least 6
      months. Scleral buckling was compared with pneumatic retinopexy with regard to
      single-operation reattachment (82 versus 73%), reattachment with one operation
      and postoperative laser/cryotherapy (84 versus 81%), overall reattachment with
      reoperations (98 versus 99%), final visual acuity of 20/50 or better in eye with
      preoperative detachment of the macula for 2 weeks or less (56 versus 80%), PVR (5
      versus 3%), and new retinal breaks (13 versus 23%). Complications, including
      reoperations, as measured by the "score" system, were similar. The anatomic
      results of the two operations were not significantly different (P greater than
      0.05), but pneumatic retinopexy had less morbidity and better postoperative
      visual acuity (P = 0.01). Pneumatic retinopexy is recommended for cases meeting
      the admission criteria.

PMID- 2662101
TI  - A new modified vitreoretinal surgical approach in the management of massive
      suprachoroidal hemorrhage.
AB  - The authors describe a new surgical approach used in six consecutive patients
      referred to us between August 1986 and August 1988 with massive suprachoroidal
      hemorrhage (MSCH) during or after cataract extraction (4 patients), glaucoma
      filtering surgery (1 patient), or scleral buckling (1 patient). All patients had
      large hemorrhagic choroidal detachments with five eyes showing "kissing"
      detachments. Secondary surgery was delayed 7 to 25 days (mean, 14 days) to allow
      liquefaction of the blood clot and reduce intraocular inflammation. All eyes
      underwent posterior drainage sclerotomies under constantly maintained limbal
      fluid infusion line pressure, followed by pars plana anterior and posterior
      vitrectomy in five of six eyes. Additionally, two eyes underwent secondary lens
      implantation during surgery and 6 months later, respectively. Mean follow-up was
      10 months. Visual acuity improved in all eyes from a preoperative range of light
      perception-hand motions to hand motions-20/40. Advantages and disadvantages of
      this aggressive surgical approach in the management of MSCH are discussed.

PMID- 2662102
TI  - Proliferative vitreoretinopathy membranes. An immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the leading cause of failure after
      retinal detachment surgery. Therefore, both the extracellular matrix and cellular
      components of preretinal membranes from 23 eyes with PVR were characterized
      immunohistochemically. The membrane stroma was composed primarily of types I, II,
      and III collagen. Laminin and both heparan sulfate proteoglycans and collagens
      types IV and V were co-distributed in discrete regions within the stroma. Glial
      and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell populations were identified in these
      membranes using specific immunohistochemical markers as was a small but
      significant macrophage population. Double-labeling experiments indicated that RPE
      cells in these membranes expressed the class II histocompatibility antigen HLA
      DR, although neither the RPE monolayer in situ nor cultured RPE cells was HLA-DR
      positive unless induced by gamma interferon. Only rare isolated vascular
      endothelial cells were detected in 5 of the 23 membranes.

PMID- 2662103
TI  - Immunostaining of preretinal membranes for actin, fibronectin, and glial
      fibrillary acidic protein.
AB  - The frequency and extent of immunostaining for actin, fibronectin (FN), and glial
      fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were determined in 37 preretinal membranes
      (PRMs) obtained at vitrectomy from 35 patients with proliferative diabetic
      retinopathy (PDR) (n = 16), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) (n = 18), or
      idiopathic macular pucker (MP) (n = 3). All three proteins were detected in the
      vast majority of specimens (actin, 86%; FN, 95%; GFAP, 96%), although the extent
      of staining varied for each. Actin-FN co-localization was observed in all
      diagnostic groups on comparison of adjacent sections and in double-labeled
      sections. The extent of actin staining did not correlate with clinical grading of
      PRM contraction. In PDR membranes, FN staining was low overall, but proportional
      to the vascular content of the PRM. Fibronectin staining of PVR membranes was
      greater, and extensive even in avascular specimens. In MP membranes, most cells
      were GFAP-positive, whereas in PDR and PVR specimens, GFAP staining was variable.
      The lack of correlation of clinical contractility and membrane composition, as
      studied in this article by immunostaining, indicates that other factors must play
      significant roles in determining membrane behavior.

PMID- 2662104
TI  - The effects of continuous passive motion on the temporomandibular joint after
      surgery. Part II. Appliance improvement, normal subject evaluation, pilot
      clinical trial.
AB  - An earlier publication (Part I) described the development of an appliance for
      delivering continuous passive motion (CPM) to the temporomandibular joints after
      surgery. In this article, we describe further design changes in the CPM appliance
      and evaluate its acceptability and safety in normal subjects. The therapeutic
      effectiveness is described in a pilot study of patients' responses to CPM after
      temporomandibular joint surgery. The study will be continued in a formal
      prospective clinical trial comparing the efficacy of postsurgical CPM with that
      obtained from ultrasonic and other forms of physiotherapy.

PMID- 2662105
TI  - Temporomandibular joint noises in infants review of the literature and report of
      cases.
AB  - Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function and dysfunction in infants and children
      are poorly understood. Some reports of dysfunction in children and adolescents
      have appeared in the literature; however, no contemporary reports of TMJ
      dysfunction in infants have been published. Here we describe three cases of TMJ
      noises that may represent an anatomic abnormality. Patients' ages at onset were 3
      days, 5 months, and 6 months. All noises occurred in the apparent absence of
      trauma and without other clinical findings. Two cases resolved spontaneously over
      a 2- to 5-month period. One case is still occurring, but the frequency is
      decreasing with age. In all cases there was no history of distress on the part of
      the child during mandibular movements or when the noises occurred. Included is a
      review of the literature and hypotheses of the etiology of TMJ noises in infants.

PMID- 2662106
TI  - Primary intraosseous carcinoma of the mandible with probable origin in an
      odontogenic cyst.
AB  - Primary intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws (PIOC) is an uncommon lesion, but may
      not be as rare as commonly believed. Since the putative source of the epithelium
      giving rise to an intraosseous carcinoma is the epithelium involved in
      odontogenesis, these lesions are often designated as odontogenic carcinomas.
      These tumors may theoretically arise (1) from the lining of odontogenic cysts,
      (2) from other epithelial odontogenic tumors, or (3) de novo from presumed
      odontogenic rests. While not included in most classifications of PIOC, it appears
      logical to also include intraosseous mucoepidermoid carcinomas as a fourth type
      of PIOC. A case of primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma of the mandible,
      with evidence of origin in an odontogenic cyst, is presented. The recent
      literature on carcinomas arising in jaw cysts is reviewed.

PMID- 2662107
TI  - Central odontogenic fibroma, granular cell variant. A case report with S-100
      immunohistochemistry and a review of the literature.
AB  - We have identified 14 cases that over the last 40 years have been reported under
      a series of names, most commonly granular cell ameloblastic fibroma. An
      additional case in the mandibular premolar region of a 45-year-old woman is
      described. The tumor was conservatively removed and 4 years later shows no
      evidence of recurrence. On the basis of our examination of the clinical and
      histologic features of this lesion and a comparison with the previous cases, we
      agree with the recent suggestion that the tumor should be designated as a central
      odontogenic fibroma, granular cell variant. By means of S-100 protein
      immunostaining techniques, the granular cells in this lesion were compared with
      the granular cell population in a granular cell tumor (myoblastoma) and the
      mesenchymal component of an ameloblastic fibroma. The results reveal a lack of S
      100 protein reactivity in the granular cells of the central odontogenic fibroma
      and suggest an origin of those cells different from the origin of cells in a
      granular cell tumor.

PMID- 2662108
TI  - Staging techniques and biopsy of bone tumors.
AB  - Optimal conditions for diagnosis and, hence, rational treatment planning require
      the integration of a comprehensive history, physical examination, and screening
      radiographic studies to formulate a working differential diagnosis. From this the
      appropriate laboratory and radiographic staging studies can be selected to narrow
      the differential diagnosis, obtain precise, surgically oriented anatomic
      localization of the lesion, and identify any distant disease. Only after this
      information is obtained can a biopsy be performed with the least risk of
      compromising subsequent treatment and the greatest accuracy in surgical staging.
      This is done most easily when the radiographic staging studies and biopsy are
      under the direction of the surgeon responsible for the definitive surgical
      procedure.

PMID- 2662109
TI  - Radiology of bone tumors.
AB  - The most common and significant neoplasms of bone (benign and malignant) are
      presented. The radiologic appearance is discussed including the use of CT, MRI,
      and radioisotope scans.

PMID- 2662110
TI  - Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma.
AB  - In conclusion, while similar histologically, osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma
      have the potential of being significantly different clinically. Osteoid osteoma
      tends to be a problem of pain and not of great oncologic significance.
      Osteoblastoma, on the other hand, has the potential for local bone destruction
      and aggressiveness as well as the rare occurrence of metastases. For this reason,
      the latter tumor needs to be respected from an oncologic standpoint and
      appropriate surgical excision performed.

PMID- 2662111
TI  - Osteosarcoma. Clinical and pathological considerations.
AB  - The current local recurrence rate following limb sparing surgery for osteosarcoma
      is on the order of 5 per cent. Major advances in both reconstructive surgery and
      adjuvant chemotherapy have dramatically improved the disease-free survival rate
      and the quality of life in patients with osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2662112
TI  - Tumors of cartilage origin.
AB  - Currently, determining whether a cartilage tumor is benign or malignant is a
      challenge. This article explains the available diagnostic tools and the tumor
      characteristics used to make such judgements. Treatment of chondrosarcoma is also
      discussed.

PMID- 2662113
TI  - Giant cell tumors.
AB  - This article presents an overview of the giant cell tumor, its treatment and
      results of treatment. Some topics included are biopsy, pathology, histology,
      technical considerations, and recurrence.

PMID- 2662114
TI  - Chordoma: a critical review of diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Chordomas have typical clinical, radiographic, and histologic presentations that
      must be understood by all orthopedists treating spinal or neoplastic disease.
      Improvements in imaging have enhanced early, accurate diagnosis and anatomic
      localization of tumors. Multimodality therapy with aggressive surgery and spinal
      cord-sparing radiation therapy can achieve good tumor control.

PMID- 2662115
TI  - Microvascular applications in limb sparing tumor surgery.
AB  - New techniques in microvascular tissue transfer make it possible to "add" bone,
      muscle, and skin to deficient areas and to maintain and restore function.
      Clearly, a price is paid, but careful evaluation and judicious weighing of the
      costs and benefits can vastly expand our reconstructive capabilities.
      Furthermore, as our knowledge of microvascular anatomy expands, new donor sites
      with particular attributes and less donor site morbidity are constantly being
      described. The profusion of new procedures and techniques over the last decade
      is, perhaps, unparalleled in any surgical specialty. Such techniques not only
      extend our definitions of what is "salvageable," but also refine our conception
      of what is functionally or cosmetically acceptable. This enables us not only to
      extend the indications for limb sparing surgery, but also to move beyond merely
      "salvaging" extremities to reconstructing functional, cosmetically appealing
      limbs. These are, to be sure, arduous, complicated cases requiring considerable
      planning and commitment on the part of the surgeon and the patient, but a
      successful outcome is extremely gratifying to both parties.

PMID- 2662116
TI  - Massive allografts in surgery of bone tumors.
AB  - Large osseous and osteoarticular allografts have provided the orthopedic
      oncologist with a useful biological reconstructive alternative following wide en
      bloc resection of bone tumors. Although the surgical procedures are complex,
      meticulous surgical techniques in terms of graft selection, allograft fixation,
      reconstruction of joint ligaments and tendons, and adequate skin coverage would
      produce satisfactory results in about three quarters of the patients. The
      potential causes of failure include allograft fracture, infection, nonunion and
      joint instability.

PMID- 2662117
TI  - Metastatic disease of bone and treatment of pathological fractures.
AB  - The importance of early, secure, internal fixation in the management of
      pathologic fractures, especially if bone stock has been severely compromised, is
      clearly recognized by the orthopedic surgeon. There is virtually no place for
      denying surgical treatment to the majority of these cases, because it would most
      probably leave them in a painful, bedridden state. The risks of operative
      intervention and the use of methylmethacrylate along with fixation devices are
      justified when analyzing the end results of relief of pain, ambulatory activity,
      and restoration of function, as well as psychologic benefits. The use of
      radiotherapy and chemotherapy along with surgery has greatly enhanced the
      management of this disabled patient population. Fracture healing can take place
      in the presence of extensive destructive lesions. Survival rates are improving
      and earlier recognition of skeletal metastasis by newer technology, including
      bone scanning and computerized axial tomography, is helpful in the overall
      management of these patients. The goals of treatment can be achieved by proper
      planning and a multidisciplinary approach to the patient with metastatic skeletal
      disease.

PMID- 2662118
TI  - Chemotherapy for malignant bone tumors.
AB  - Chemotherapy has had a major impact in malignant bone tumors. In osteosarcoma,
      metastasis-free survival has been achieved in approximately 50 to 75 per cent of
      patients. Additional improvement based on the altered pattern of pulmonary
      metastases has also been reported. Preoperative chemotherapy has facilitated
      surgical resection of the primary tumor. The effects on the primary tumor may be
      utilized as a predictive factor and to design postoperative adjuvant therapy.
      Similar results have been achieved in Ewing's sarcoma with survival rates in the
      vicinity of 50 to 80 per cent. The interaction of chemotherapy with radiation has
      augmented the ability to achieve local control of the primary tumor. The
      tumoricidal properties of chemotherapy in destroying micrometastases may possibly
      also contribute to local control. Finally, initial treatment with chemotherapy
      may yield a complete response and facilitate definitive surgical treatment of the
      primary tumor. This may eliminate the need for radiation therapy and its delayed
      consequences.

PMID- 2662119
TI  - Radiation therapy in the treatment of bone and soft tissue sarcomas.
AB  - How radiation therapy works, determination of an individual's sensitivity to it,
      delivery systems, and side effects are summarized briefly. More specific
      discussions include treatments for osteogenic sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's
      sarcoma, and soft tissue sarcomas.

PMID- 2662120
TI  - [Errors and complications of plastic surgery of defects and false joints of the
      humerus using free vascularized bone autografts].
AB  - The authors analyse the errors and the complications in the plasty of defects and
      false joints of the humerus with free vascularized bone autografts in 20 patients
      aged 8-50 with the period of duration of the disease from 6 months to 9 years.
      The size of the defect was 3-20 cm (15 patients). In 17 cases a fibular bone
      graft on a vascular pedicle was used. In 8 patients 14 various kinds of
      complications occurred in different combinations. Non-union of one of the ends of
      the graft was observed most frequently (4) due to faults of osteosynthesis. In
      all patients consolidation was achieved. In this type of complications the
      authors advise to make an early repeated intervention with the aim of shortening
      the duration of treatment and subsequent rehabilitation. They stress the
      perspective character and the validity of this method of plasty, especially in
      extensive defects in association with poor vascularization of the injured segment
      of the extremity. Accurate performance of all stages of the intervention and the
      surgeon's personal experience play an important role in prevention of errors and
      complications in employing microsurgical technique in the treatment of this
      category of patients.

PMID- 2662121
TI  - [Osteoplastic arthrodesis of the hip joint].

PMID- 2662122
TI  - [Reconstruction of the proximal end of the femur in congenital coxa vara in
      adults].

PMID- 2662123
TI  - [Reconstructive plastic surgery in false joints of the femur neck].

PMID- 2662124
TI  - [Causes of failures and ways of their elimination in the treatment of non-union
      of bones].

PMID- 2662125
TI  - [Pathogenesis and early conservative combined treatment in the initial stages of
      osteochondropathy of the femur head in children].
AB  - The investigations carried out by the author have revealed that the basis of
      osteochondropathy of the femoral head in children are neurodystrophic changes
      caused by disadaptation of vegetotrophic provision of the hip joint area and of
      the lower extremities on the ground of dysembryogenesis. The predisposing factor
      for the development of the pathological process may be anatomical and functional
      immaturity of the vascular net of the joint connected with age. It is advisable
      to carry on the treatment at the initial stages of Perthes' disease taking into
      consideration the pathogenetic mechanisms. Improvement in the blood supply of the
      hip joints is achieved by drug action on the vegetative ganglia of the
      lumbosacral section of the spine, by an increase in the level of microcirculation
      in the joint tissues and by local influence on the vascular net of the area by
      means of physical factors. Early pathogenetic conservative complex treatment of
      Perthes' disease allows to obtain positive results in most cases (87.4%). In
      cases of unsuccessful conservative treatment at the initial stages of the disease
      surgical treatment is advisable for prevention of possible complications, such as
      deformation of the femoral head and disturbances in the spatial location of the
      femoral neck. The operation of choice in this case may be plasty of the femoral
      neck by an osseous autograft on the feeding muscular pedicle.

PMID- 2662126
TI  - [Diagnosis and prevention of osteoporosis (review of the foreign literature)].

PMID- 2662127
TI  - [Comprehensive epidemiologic and clinico-pathologic study of Hodgkin's disease].
AB  - To determine the epidemiologic pattern and some clinicopathologic features of
      Hodgkin's disease (HD) in Hungary, the data of 233 consecutive patients with HD,
      diagnosed between January 1983 and July 1987 from seven county were analysed on
      the basis of data from 4 cancer centers. Large variations have shown in incidence
      rates within different regions of Hungary. The epidemiologic pattern seems to
      vary from those reported in developed and developing countries. A sharp rise in
      HD incidence occurs already at the end of second decade. More Hodgkin's patients
      have advanced clinical stages, systemic symptoms, mixed cellularity histologic
      type at the time of diagnosis than in Western hemisphere. On the average, there
      is a six months period between the appearance of the first sign or symptom and
      the diagnosis. There is a lack of data outlining the epidemiologic difference in
      the pattern of Central Europe. The aim of this study was to supply data for the
      etiopathogenetic research of HD. There is an important task to improve the
      unfavourable home situation, to strive to earlier diagnosis in HD.

PMID- 2662128
TI  - Growth and endocrine disorders secondary to cranial irradiation.
AB  - External cranial radiation for the treatment of malignant diseases has become a
      frequent cause of growth hormone deficiency (GHD). The timing of occurrence and
      the frequency of GHD were related to the hypothalamic-pituitary radiation dose.
      Frequency varied from 50% in leukemia (2400 cGy) to 75% in face and neck tumors
      or medulloblastoma (2500-4500 cGy) and up to 100% in optic glioma (greater than
      4500 cGy). The significantly more severe growth deficit in patients with GHD
      given higher radiation doses suggests different levels of residual GH secretion
      according to radiation dosage. The minimum harmful radiation dose is probably
      close to 1800-2000 cGy. Our data show that stimulation tests remain a useful
      means of defining GHD and predicting growth. A fair agreement between GH
      secretion and growth was found in most cases, regardless of the radiation dose.
      The only exception was a group of leukemic children (2400 cGy) who achieved
      normal prepubertal growth despite a low GH response. The 24-h spontaneous plasma
      GH profiles and IGF-I measurements may add information if growth is retarded
      despite a normal GH response. We showed that growth retardation occurring after
      some schedules of total body irradiation was not due to GH deficiency but rather
      to radiation-induced skeletal lesions. Early or true precocious puberty,
      generally associated with GHD, was another cause of height loss. As the role of
      GH deficiency in the final height reduction was demonstrated in all groups of
      patients after cranial radiation, we suggest that hGH therapy should be
      considered in any child with proven GH deficiency and significant growth
      retardation after such radiation.

PMID- 2662129
TI  - Effect of immune globulin intravenous on opsonization of bacteria by classic and
      alternative complement pathways in premature serum.
AB  - The mechanisms involved in the effect of immune globulin intravenous (IGIV) on
      bacterial opsonization by both complement pathways in premature serum were
      elucidated in this study. Of the bacteria used, Staphylococcus aureus and
      Salmonella enteritidis were nonencapsulated while Streptococcus pyogenes and
      Escherichia coli 07 K1 were encapsulated. As demonstrated by indirect
      immunofluorescence, IGIV showed specific antibody titers of 1:32 for S. aureus
      and S. enteritidis and of 1:8 for S. pyogenes and E. coli 07 K1. IGIV alone had
      no direct opsonic activity against these organisms. Addition of IGIV did not
      alter the opsonic activity of normal adult serum against these organisms. In
      contrast, addition of IGIV promoted the opsonic activity of premature serum
      against the nonencapsulated bacteria to levels matching that in normal adult
      serum. The IGIV preparation significantly improved the opsonization of bacteria
      by the classic (from 39 to 68% of that in adult serum) and alternative (from 22
      to 97% of that in adult serum) complement pathways in premature serum. IGIV also
      markedly augmented C3 deposition on the bacteria by both complement pathways.
      These studies suggest that IGIV containing high titers of specific antibodies
      promote opsonization of bacteria by the enhancement of complement pathway
      activation, especially the alternative pathway, in premature serum.

PMID- 2662130
TI  - Slow-release terbutaline and theophylline for the long-term therapy of children
      with asthma: a Latin square and factorial study of drug effects and interactions.
AB  - To evaluate the long-term effects of slow-release formulations of theophylline
      and terbutaline on pulmonary function, clinical symptoms, and side effects, 24
      children with stable and moderately severe perennial asthma participated in a
      prospective double-blind cross-over study. The patients and the treatments were
      randomized according to the Latin square design to eliminate all possible
      period/climate biases throughout the protracted study period. The treatments
      consisted of terbutaline, 5 mg, theophylline, 200 mg, the combination, and
      placebo, given twice daily orally and crossing over every 28 days. The two drugs,
      administered alone or in combination, improved lung function and symptoms when
      compared with placebo. The interaction of theophylline and terbutaline was
      quantitatively shown by 2 x 2 factorial statistical design to be essentially
      additive rather than synergistic in the control of asthma. No increase in side
      effects was noted when the combined therapy was used. These findings suggest
      therapeutic advantages to combining submaximal oral doses of sustained-release
      theophylline and terbutaline for the long-term treatment of children with asthma.

PMID- 2662131
TI  - Cefuroxime treatment failure and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis: case report
      and review of literature.

PMID- 2662132
TI  - Optimum needle length for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis inoculation of infants.

PMID- 2662133
TI  - Bone marrow transplants: neither ethical nor imperative?

PMID- 2662134
TI  - General pediatric clinic practice management: results of a survey of academic
      departments.
AB  - The purpose of this survey is to provide an overview of hospital-based general
      pediatric clinics (GPCs) from the perspective of the practice manager. Academic
      pediatric departments located in the United States were surveyed to gather
      information regarding a number of issues relevant to the operation of their GPCs.
      These issues include educational efforts related to practice management,
      personnel allocation, financial performance, organizational formats,
      administrative arrangements, and access to primary care services for children of
      poor families. Of 131 surveys, 94 were returned (72% response rate). There were
      an average of 15,486 visits per year to GPCs, and the number of visits overall
      has increased by 11.9% during the past 5 years. Educational efforts related to
      practice management vary greatly within GPCs; less than half report any. The
      overall staff ratios per faculty physician are similar to those in nonteaching
      practices but differ in composition because of training activities inherent to
      GPCs. There is an average loss of $250,000 per clinic at GPCs. Organizational
      formats vary considerably; the majority of physician directors have no line
      management authority for nursing and clerical staff. Survey results confirm that
      GPCs serve a large number of poor children with 41.3% funded by Medicaid and
      16.0% unable to pay out-of-pocket expenses. GPCs are generally not used to teach
      practice management, tend to lose money, and have little faculty involvement in
      their management.

PMID- 2662135
TI  - [Hypothalamic dysfunction. 2 cases: the contribution of nuclear magnetic
      resonance, therapeutic trial of naltrexone].
AB  - Two cases of idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction (one boy and one girl) are
      reported. Symptoms of hypothalamic dysfunction were noted by the age of 2 years:
      initial polyphagia and obesity with subsequent anorexia and emaciation were
      observed in one patient. Thermoregulation and thirst disorders, recurrent
      accesses of hypernatremia, acrocyanosis and profuse sweating were present.
      Impaired growth and delayed puberty in one case, and in the other hypogonadism,
      absence of growth hormone and gonadotrophins release in response to provocative
      stimuli were observed as well as abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone response to
      thyrotropin releasing hormone with hyperprolactinemia. Magnetic resonance imaging
      showed structural lesion in the lateral part of the lentiform nucleus in one
      case. Treatment with naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, had little if any effect.

PMID- 2662136
TI  - [Evaluation of soluble bacterial antigens detected by electrosyneresis in
      infectious diseases in children].
AB  - The diagnostic interest of the search for soluble bacterial antigens, using
      counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) has been evaluated in 109 children
      hospitalized with acute infection. In meningitis, CIE was well correlated with
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture and allowed a rapid diagnostic orientation in
      82% of meningitis which were confirmed by classical bacteriology (CIE has to be
      performed using CSF and concentrated urine). False positive results were observed
      with type B meningococcus, especially on urine samples. In respiratory
      infections, the search for soluble antigens was of no interest except for focal
      pneumonitis; in that case, CIE was more frequently positive (35%) than blood
      culture (28%) and led to a 31% increase of correct diagnosis (CIE must be
      performed using concentrated urine). Serum and pleural fluid investigations were
      less sensitive. CIE was not useful in case of upper respiratory or nonfocal
      broncho-pulmonary infection, due to its very low efficiency.

PMID- 2662137
TI  - A method for introducing random single point deletions in specific DNA target
      sequences using oligonucleotides.
AB  - We describe a method for the generation of random point deletions in any target
      DNA sequence using synthetic mixed oligonucleotides. A mixed pool of
      oligonucleotides, which contain single nucleotide deletions randomly distributed
      throughout the full length, was generated by a modification of the synthesis
      cycle of an automated DNA synthesiser that allowed the inefficient incorporation
      of nucleotide monomers during each cycle of synthesis. A family of
      oligonucleotides was used to prime in vitro synthesis of the complementary strand
      of a cloned DNA fragment in an M13 vector which had previously been passaged
      through a dut-, ung- Escherichia coli host. Strong selection for progeny from the
      newly synthesised strand is provided by transforming the heteroduplex into a
      dut+, ung+ host. This procedure introduced point deletions at 10-25% efficiency.
      It has been used to introduce point deletions into operator sequences which bind
      the yeast regulatory proteins encoded by MATa1 and MAT alpha 2.

PMID- 2662139
TI  - Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of circular DNA.
AB  - Mobility of supercoiled (form I) and nicked circular (form II) plasmid DNAs was
      determined on two major forms of pulsed-field electrophoresis, CHEF and OFAGE.
      Plasmids with molecular lengths ranging from 2.30 to 17.8 kilobase pairs (kb)
      were used with Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes as standards. Agarose gel
      concentrations were varied from 0.3 to 2.0 percent, with higher percentage gels
      resolving forms I and II of smaller plasmids. The pulsing range of 3.7 to 240
      seconds resulted in quite variable Saccharomyces chromosomal mobilities on both
      0.5 and 1.0 percent gels, while both form I and II of all plasmid DNAs showed
      relatively constant mobilities with some increase at the shortest pulse times.
      Using a 30 second pulse time and gel concentrations of at least 1.0 percent, the
      usual order of migration of plasmid forms for a 17.8 kb plasmid could be changed.
      We interpret this result as an increase in the relative mobility of form II in
      our pulsed-field gel conditions.

PMID- 2662138
TI  - Sequence, internal homology and high-level expression of the gene for a DNA
      (cytosine N4)-methyltransferase, M.Pvu II.
AB  - The base sequence of the pvuIIM gene has been determined. This gene codes for a
      DNA-(cytosine N4)-methyltransferase, M.Pvu II. The base sequence contains a
      single large open reading frame that predicts a 38.3kDa polypeptide, consistent
      with experimental data. The pvuIIM gene contains some sequences common to DNA
      methyltransferases in general, but includes none of the sequences specifically
      conserved among DNA-(cytosine 5)-methyltransferases. The pvuIIM sequence also
      reveals an internal homology at the amino acid level, each half of which spans
      over 100 amino acids and is itself homologous to the sequences of some DNA
      (adenine N6)-methyltransferases. A derivative of the pvuIIM plasmid was
      constructed to allow high-level production of M.Pvu II. Specifically, the
      composite Ptac promoter was inserted 5' to pvuIIM, intervening DNA was deleted,
      and the resulting construct was used to transform an mcrB laclq strain of
      Escherichia coli. When this transformant was induced with isopropyl-B-D
      galactopyranoside (IPTG), growth rapidly ceased and M.Pvu II accumulated to the
      point of comprising over 10% of the total soluble protein.

PMID- 2662140
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the sulfonamide resistance gene from plasmid R46.

PMID- 2662141
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the Aspergillus nidulans mitochondrial gene for subunit 5
      of NADH dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2662142
TI  - Coding sequences of human ralA and ralB cDNAs.

PMID- 2662144
TI  - [The value of combined computer-aided perfusion scintigraphy and renography in
      renal transplant patients with oliguria/anuria].
AB  - Combined computer-aided perfusion scintigraphy and renography (computer
      renography) is used for the differential diagnosis of the etiology of transplant
      malfunctions in kidney-transplant patients. This article describes
      semiquantitative computer renography evaluation methods which have been used in
      99 examinations of 58 oligo/anuric graft recipients. The accuracy of these
      methods was confirmed by patho-anatomical and roentgenological diagnosis. From
      the constellation of qualitative and semiquantitative scintigraphic perfusion,
      function and excretion parameters it was possible, by means of a flow chart, to
      draw conclusions regarding the location of the malfunctions (prerenal, renal or
      postrenal). Using the new methods, all patients could be correctly classified.
      With respect to more detailed differential diagnosis of renal malfunctions the
      accuracy was 82%. The comparison between perfusion measurements based on a
      perfusion index defined with the help of a planimeter on the one hand and an
      angiography graduation on the other hand, resulted in a correlation coefficient
      of 0.90 (p less than 0.001). As a non-invasive examination which can also be
      carried out in emergency cases, combined computer-aided perfusion scintigraphy
      and renography should become part of standard diagnostic procedures for
      oligo/anuric graft recipients.

PMID- 2662143
TI  - Non-radioactive method to visualize specific DNA-protein interactions in the band
      shift assay.

PMID- 2662145
TI  - [Tomographic functional diagnosis in nuclear medicine: determination of regional
      reserves and balances].

PMID- 2662146
TI  - [The significance of testicular scintigraphy for the differential diagnosis of
      the acute scrotum].
AB  - Scrotal scans were performed in 100 juvenile or grown-up patients suffering from
      acute scrotal pain. Employing the standard equipment of a nuclear medicine
      department this examination which takes only a few minutes, had a very high
      accuracy (93%). Especially each torsion was diagnosed correctly. Quantitative
      analysis of the scans did not yield additional information compared to visual
      evaluation, and was therefore abandoned. In three patients presenting with
      traumatic scrotal hematoma the testicular perfusion was judged correctly
      posttraumatically and in follow-up scans.

PMID- 2662147
TI  - American nursing's first textbooks.

PMID- 2662148
TI  - Frozen shoulder. Part I: Chronology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, and
      treatment.

PMID- 2662149
TI  - Surgical approach to spine tumors.
AB  - The goals of treatment of spine tumors should focus on: obtaining a definitive
      diagnoses through an appropriate biopsy or primary excision, institution of
      appropriate surgical or nonsurgical treatment as indicated by tumor type at the
      time of the initial procedure, preservation or restoration of normal neurologic
      function, and maintenance of spinal stability.

PMID- 2662150
TI  - The worst headache ever. 2. Innocuous causes.
AB  - In most cases, patients presenting with "the worst headache ever" are found to
      have a benign condition, notably migraine, toxic vascular headache, or exertion
      induced headache. However, ominous causes first must be excluded by appropriate
      investigation, such as computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging scans
      and lumbar puncture. When an ominous cause has been ruled out, appropriate
      therapy can be started.

PMID- 2662151
TI  - Can progression of renal disease be prevented?
AB  - Renal disease from a variety of causes often progresses to end-stage renal
      failure. The progression may be caused by factors accompanying, but not
      initiating, renal injury. These factors include glomerular hyperfiltration,
      glomerular hypertension, systemic hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Studies,
      primarily in animals, indicate that causative factors may be altered by control
      of systemic hypertension, dietary protein restriction, administration of
      angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or calcium channel blockers, and plasma
      lipid control. Whether such interventions will significantly alter progressive
      renal disease in humans is, as yet, uncertain.

PMID- 2662152
TI  - Aging and the skin.
AB  - Several pathologic processes of the skin are seen more commonly in the elderly,
      so these patients need special attention. The skin undergoes physiologic and
      structural changes as it ages, and knowledge of these changes is essential to
      accurately interpret the physical signs and symptoms that may be present in the
      elderly patient. Since cutaneous inflammatory responses and subjective sensations
      may be diminished in aged skin, a higher degree of vigilance in physical
      examination is needed to reach a proper diagnosis. Prevention of many of the
      cutaneous signs of aging and of most skin cancers is dependent upon sun
      avoidance. Thus, the best advice physicians can offer patients of any age is to
      limit sun exposure by using a sunscreen with a high sun-protection factor, to
      avoid being in the sun during the peak tanning hours (between 10:00 AM and 2:00
      PM), and to wear protective clothing when exposed to the sun.

PMID- 2662153
TI  - Ankylosing spondylitis. An optimistic outlook.
AB  - Although a rare disorder, ankylosing spondylitis is often considered in the
      differential diagnosis of low back pain. The disease primarily affects young
      white men and is characterized by early morning stiffness in the lower back that
      typically improves with activity. Patients often have tenderness over one or both
      sacroiliac joints and limited spinal mobility. With large doses of nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs and prompt physical therapy, disability may be kept to a
      minimum and survival is near normal.

PMID- 2662154
TI  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder. How primary care physicians can help.
AB  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder is common but not always recognized and treated.
      Obsessions are recurrent undesirable thoughts or images; compulsions are
      recurrent undesirable actions. Behavior psychotherapy can be very helpful in
      controlling compulsions, whereas clomipramine (Anafranil) or fluoxetine (Prozac)
      therapy can relieve both obsessions and compulsions. Given an understanding of
      the disorder and its treatment, primary care physicians can, in most cases,
      effectively diagnose and manage this debilitating condition. Those who do not
      wish to initiate treatment should refer patients to a mental health professional,
      as should those who attempt treatment but meet with an unresponsive case.

PMID- 2662155
TI  - Zidovudine for treating AIDS. What physicians need to know.
AB  - Zidovudine (Retrovir) is the only drug found to be useful for managing human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. The drug is virostatic, ie, it prevents
      replication of HIV by inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Zidovudine is
      well tolerated and provides short-term benefits by improving the quality of life
      and extending survival time. It is expensive and can be toxic, however, so its
      use requires close supervision. Zidovudine at present is approved only for
      patients with documented Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or with a CD4 count below
      200/mm3. Other probable indications include HIV wasting syndrome, HIV dementia
      complex, oral candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, the presence of early markers of HIV
      infection, and HIV-related symptomatic thrombocytopenia. A stepwise approach to
      initiating zidovudine therapy should include detailed counseling and close
      surveillance.

PMID- 2662156
TI  - AIDS dementia complex. Characteristics of a unique aspect of HIV infection.
AB  - A common complication of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is being
      increasingly recognized. Known as AIDS dementia complex, the disorder is
      characterized by global impairment of intellectual and cognitive functions,
      personality and behavioral disturbances, and motor dysfunction manifested by
      impaired speech, gait, and coordination. AIDS dementia complex progresses rapidly
      and inexorably from psychomotor slowing to dementia, then to an akinetic mute
      state in which the patient becomes immobile and incapable of speaking, and
      finally to coma. Differentiation of AIDS dementia complex from a potentially
      treatable condition, such as reactive depression, is important. Zidovudine
      (Retrovir), the drug currently used to treat AIDS, has shown promise in the
      treatment of AIDS dementia complex. Clinical trials are now under way to
      determine its efficacy in this application.

PMID- 2662157
TI  - Libido, menopause, and estrogen replacement therapy.
AB  - Patients may be embarrassed to communicate their concerns regarding a decrease in
      sexual desire to their physician, let alone request treatment. Drs Beard and
      Curtis recommend that patients be asked specific questions to elicit symptoms of
      sexual dysfunction. They outline a program of hormone replacement therapy for
      women who have sexual dysfunction secondary to genitourinary atrophy and for
      those whose loss of libido is secondary to declining levels of estrogen.

PMID- 2662158
TI  - Life-threatening allergic reactions. Anticipating and preparing are the best
      defenses.
AB  - The sudden development of anaphylaxis or an anaphylactoid reaction is a medical
      emergency. It can cause death from upper airway edema and asphyxia, especially if
      the patient is at high risk (eg, has cardiac disease or bronchial asthma) and
      does not seek prompt attention or know how to administer self-treatment. Among
      the most common causes are administration of certain drugs and biologic agents,
      exposure to radiographic contrast media, ingestion of particular foods (eg,
      shellfish, nuts), and insect stings. Dr Stafford describes clinical
      manifestations of severe allergic reactions that aid in its diagnosis, the many
      possible causes, a treatment protocol, and preventive measures.

PMID- 2662159
TI  - Tic disorders in childhood (and beyond).
AB  - Tic disorders are classified into three main categories: transient (duration more
      than 1 month but less than 1 year), chronic (duration more than 1 year), and
      Tourette's syndrome (multiple motor and vocal tics lasting more than 1 year to
      life). Typically, symptoms increase with emotional stress, diminish with
      distraction or concentration, and disappear during sleep. Because of the risks
      involved and the lack of any truly curative value, drug therapy should be used
      only when tics are seriously disabling. Haloperidol (Haldol), the most widely
      prescribed medication, is efficacious in about 80% of patients with Tourette's
      syndrome. Psychotherapy is not effective as a primary therapeutic strategy; it
      may, however, be indicated in selected cases to relieve the grief and frustration
      of parents and to help affected children deal with the disorder.

PMID- 2662160
TI  - Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma.
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux provokes asthma in many patients. Conversely, asthma
      predisposes to gastroesophageal reflux. In many patients, reflux therapy will
      ameliorate asthma. Recognition of this relationship is facilitated by physician
      awareness, clinical history, selected laboratory tests, and ultimately, a careful
      monitoring of the response to antireflux therapy. With the introduction of
      effective medical antireflux therapy, the opportunity to benefit these patients
      has increased. Surgical management of reflux-provoked asthma remains an effective
      and useful alternative in selected patients.

PMID- 2662161
TI  - Using erythromycin. Some helpful observations.
AB  - Erythromycin is a very safe antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety
      of common and uncommon bacterial infections. Several formulations are available,
      each with a different absorption rate and dosing profile. The most common side
      effect of erythromycin is gastrointestinal intolerance, which appears to be
      related to disruption of intestinal motility. Gastrointestinal tolerance may be
      improved by limiting daily doses to less than 4 g; temporarily decreasing the
      total daily dose; using small doses of liquid suspension every 2, 3, or 4 hours;
      taking the medication with milk or food; and drinking water every 15 minutes two
      or three times after each dose. These measures may, in turn, improve compliance
      and efficacy in affected patients.

PMID- 2662162
TI  - Hypothyroidism. Don't treat patients who don't have it.
AB  - An erroneous diagnosis of hypothyroidism causes unnecessary expense and
      inconvenience for patients, may result in needless and possibly unsafe treatment,
      and could delay the correct diagnosis. The erroneous diagnosis is often reversed
      by a second opinion, thereby causing loss of patient confidence and damage to
      pride and self-esteem in the initial physician. To avoid these problems, the
      physician should look for the cause of the hypothyroidism, which is easily and
      reliably established in about 95% of patients. In the rare instance that one is
      not evident, it may be prudent for the primary care physician to seek
      consultation before prescribing lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

PMID- 2662163
TI  - The worst headache ever. 1. Ominous causes.
AB  - Headache is always a challenging diagnostic exercise but is especially so in
      patients who have "the worst headache ever." Such a headache should never be
      automatically dismissed as merely a severe but benign one. A thorough history and
      careful physical examination are necessary to find evidence of serious disease.
      If such evidence is present, immediate, aggressive, and thorough evaluation are
      essential to avoid severe consequences.

PMID- 2662164
TI  - Mechanisms of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity.
AB  - CCI4 has long served as a model compound for study of hepatotoxicity. While its
      simple chemical structure held the allure of a simple mechanism of action,
      decades of study have disclosed a complex series of responses. Significant early
      damage following CCI4 administration includes: (1) A number of alterations
      affecting Ca2+ homeostasis, which conspire to redistribute cellular Ca2+ from
      endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria to cytosol, and (2) hypomethylation of
      ribosomal RNA, which disrupts protein synthesis. The genesis of the injury in
      vivo appears to encompass early 'metabolism-dependent' effects (which appear to
      be largely independent of CCI4 concentration at the levels studied) and later
      'metabolism-independent' effects, which parallel CCI4 concentration. The
      inability of injured hepatocytes to respond anabolically to early damage may be a
      critical feature in CCI4 hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 2662165
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of cytochromes P450 with polyclonal and
      monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2662166
TI  - Advances in formal pathogenesis: allometry and allied comparative methods of
      stereology for recognizing relative growth in proliferative lesions.

PMID- 2662167
TI  - [The hormone receptor content of breast cancers. Comparison of morphologic and
      biochemical methods of determination].

PMID- 2662168
TI  - [Radiation-induced sialadenitis. Stage classification and immunohistology].

PMID- 2662169
TI  - [The value of DNA analysis of solid tumors. A review for the clinically active
      pathologist].

PMID- 2662170
TI  - [Tertiary bone syphilis from the Middle Ages. A paleopathology study].

PMID- 2662171
TI  - [Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. A case report and review].

PMID- 2662172
TI  - Use of ZetaPrep cartridge for the purification of human recombinant interleukin 1
      beta.
AB  - Zetaprep mass ion-exchange media represent a rapid and efficient chromatographic
      tool in the separation of proteins, in place of the conventional agarose or
      cellulose-based gels. We adopted this method, combined with classical steps, to
      purify to homogeneity human recombinant interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) produced
      from E. coli and from S. cerevisiae. An anion exchanger QAE-ZetaPrep was used to
      achieve a rapid partial purification of both proteins. The IL-1 beta purification
      was completed by gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-50. When the protein
      was produced from yeast, an intermediate chromatographic step on a
      hydroxylapatite column was also necessary. The isolated proteins proved to be
      homogeneous by electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. The biological activity
      of IL-1 beta produced by E. coli is comparable to that of the natural protein,
      while the protein produced by yeast showed very low specific activity.

PMID- 2662173
TI  - Purification of carboxypeptidase B by zinc chelate chromatography.
AB  - A method is described to purify pancreatic carboxypeptidases B (CPB), removing
      contaminating endoproteinases that interfere with use of CPB for carboxy-terminal
      analysis or modification of proteins. The separation uses zinc chelate
      chromatography and is based on the property that CPB has higher affinity for
      immobilized zinc ions than do serine proteinases such as trypsin and
      chymotrypsin, which are abundant endoproteolytic activities in pancreas. CPB
      preparations are loaded onto a column of iminodiacetic acid-Sepharose that has
      been saturated with ZnCl2. A step gradient with buffers of decreasing pH is used
      to elute bound proteins. CPB elutes at a lower pH than do the serine proteinases.

PMID- 2662174
TI  - Strengths and limitations of methodologic approaches to the study of diet and
      cancer: summary and future perspectives with emphasis on dietary fat and breast
      cancer.
AB  - For many years, scientists have been studying the relationship between diet and
      certain cancers in animal and human population studies. With the exception of
      leukemia, nine of the leading cancers in humans may be associated positively or
      negatively with diet. Extensive literature reviewed by an expert group convened
      by the National Academy of Sciences concluded that the strongest evidence of an
      association between the incidence of certain cancers and dietary components is
      that for dietary fat, particularly for breast cancer (Committee on Diet,
      Nutrition and Cancer, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences;
      Diet, Nutrition and Cancer; Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982). The
      conclusions reached by this group and the consensus of other advisory experts
      provided the rationale for the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to sponsor a multi
      institutional breast cancer prevention trial. This trial was designed to test
      whether a diet containing 20% of calories from fat compared with the usual diet
      containing twice that amount would reduce breast cancer incidence in 45- to 69
      year-old women. Ensuing controversies about the nature of the research evidence
      and methodologic issues related to the conduct of this trial led NCI, on advice
      of its counselors, to discontinue the full-scale implementation. It is clear from
      these debates that experts have looked at the same data and differed both in
      their interpretation and in their conception of what constitutes convincing
      evidence.

PMID- 2662175
TI  - Dietary fat and breast cancer: case-control and cohort studies.
AB  - An increased risk of breast cancer in relation to a high-fat diet has been
      reported in several case-control studies and one cohort study conducted in
      different parts of the world. Most of these studies provide data on the
      consumption of food groups high in animal fats, e.g., meats and dairy products.
      Studies reporting on the amount of fat constituents consumed, adjusted or
      unadjusted for total caloric intake, more frequently have shown no positive
      association. The latter studies are not all limited to countries such as the
      United States with an overall high dietary fat intake; one was reported from
      Japan where the traditional low-fat diet is giving way to more Western-style
      foods, resulting in greater dietary heterogeneity for the population. The
      hypothesis that dietary fat causes breast cancer has been seriously weakened by
      the recent negative reports from two U.S. cohort studies, employing well
      recognized dietary assessment strategies and multivariable analytic methods.
      Still, the possibility exists that specific fat constituents either naturally
      present or produced during the food preparation process, or fats in the presence
      (or absence) of other foodstuffs could alter breast cancer risk. Different kinds
      of studies providing information on the biochemistry and biology of fats consumed
      by humans would help to give focus to future epidemiological studies.

PMID- 2662176
TI  - Clinical metabolic studies in cancer research.
AB  - Clinical metabolic studies are being used increasingly to study the role of
      nutrition in cancer etiology and prevention. These studies have important
      applications in at least five areas. The kinetics and toxicity of potential
      chemoprevention agents can be investigated in preparation for intervention
      studies. Nutrient levels proposed as compliance markers in intervention studies
      can be assessed under rigorous control. Potential mechanisms of action of
      nutrients can be evaluated. And intermediate endpoints, markers of biologic
      damage, can be measured before and after controlled dietary manipulations. As a
      result of these contributions, clinical metabolic studies are taking on a new and
      important role in the interdisciplinary approach to cancer research.

PMID- 2662177
TI  - Smoking education: comparison of practice and state-of-the-art.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to compare the content of samples of curricula in
      current use in the nation's schools and curricula recently developed by
      researchers. We describe briefly the nature of these curricula. We then provide
      an analysis of their content.

PMID- 2662178
TI  - An American Health Foundation monograph. Coronary artery disease prevention:
      cholesterol, a pediatric perspective.

PMID- 2662179
TI  - [Mycobacteria and mycobacterioses (except for tuberculosis and leprosy)].

PMID- 2662180
TI  - [Assessment of the effectiveness of conservative therapy of autoimmune
      thyroiditis using echographic study of the thyroid].
AB  - A thyroid enlargement was noted during ultrasound investigation of 41 patients
      with autoimmune thyroiditis. The structure of glandular tissue was inhomogeneous
      with zones of rarity and density. Repeated echography of the thyroid in 20
      patients with autoimmune thyroiditis after prolonged thyrotherapy (thyroiodine at
      a daily dose of 0.1-0.2 g and 1.2 tablets of Thyreocomb daily) revealed
      diminished sizes of the thyroid in 9 patients, unchanged sizes of the thyroid in
      11, unchanged echostructure of the thyroid in 17, in 3 patients thyroid tissue
      echogeneity was increased, its structure became more homogeneous, sizes became
      less. This method provides additional information on the topography, sizes and
      echostructure of the thyroid, assessing the effectiveness of conservative
      therapy.

PMID- 2662181
TI  - [The role of lag in mathematical models of the processes of self-regulation of
      the endocrine system].

PMID- 2662182
TI  - [Current concept of the immunocomplex nature of diabetic microangiopathies].

PMID- 2662183
TI  - Rat glucokinase gene: structure and regulation by insulin.
AB  - The glucokinase gene is 15.5-kilobases long, appears to be present as a single
      copy, and contains 10 exons that range in size from 96 to 977 base pairs. The
      transcription start site was located 127 nucleotides upstream from the
      translation initiation codon. The 5' flanking DNA contains several regions
      similar to defined promoter elements. These include a probable "TATA box," an Sp1
      binding site, and several elements related to liver-specific gene expression. In
      addition, we determined that transcription of the glucokinase gene increased at
      least 20-fold when diabetic rats were treated with insulin for 2 hr.

PMID- 2662184
TI  - Purification of a yeast TATA box-binding protein that exhibits human
      transcription factor IID activity.
AB  - By a series of conventional chromatographic procedures we have purified from
      whole-cell extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast transcription factor IID
      (TFIID), which functionally substitutes for human TFIID in a complementation
      assay comprised of the adenovirus type 2 major late promoter and HeLa cell
      derived RNA polymerase II, transcription factors IIA, IIB, and IIE. Similar to
      its human counterpart, yeast TFIID also exhibited specific binding to the
      adenovirus type 2 major late promoter TATA element, as shown by both DNase I
      footprinting and gel mobility shift assays. NaDodSO4/PAGE analyses showed that a
      27-kDa polypeptide coeluted with TFIID complementing activity through each
      chromatographic step. In agreement with this result and also suggesting that the
      native protein is a monomer, gel-filtration experiments indicated a molecular
      mass of 28 kDa for TFIID under nondenaturing conditions. That the 27-kDa
      polypeptide represented TFIID was further demonstrated by the ability of an HPLC
      purified protein to bind specifically after renaturation to the adenovirus type 2
      major late promoter TATA sequence.

PMID- 2662185
TI  - Serine proteases from nematode and protozoan parasites: isolation of sequence
      homologs using generic molecular probes.
AB  - Serine proteases are one of the biologically most important and widely
      distributed families of enzymes. Isolation of serine protease genes from
      organisms of widely diverged phylogenetic groups would provide a basis for
      studying their biological function, the relationship between structure and
      function, and the molecular evolution of these enzymes. Serine proteases for
      which little structural information is known are those that are important in the
      pathogenesis of parasitic nematode and protozoan diseases. Identification and
      isolation of protease genes from these organisms is a critical first step in
      understanding their function for the parasite and possibly suggesting innovative
      approaches to arresting parasitic diseases. Serine protease gene fragments were
      isolated from genomic DNA of the parasitic nematode Anisakis simplex by using
      degenerate oligonucleotide primers and the polymerase chain reaction. Primers
      were designed based upon the consensus sequence of amino acids flanking the
      active site serine and histidine residues of eukaryotic serine proteases. Four
      serine protease gene fragments from this parasite were sequenced and one is 67%
      identical to the rat trypsin II gene. Alignment of these two genes revealed that
      the intron-exon junctions are conserved between nematode and rat suggesting that
      this Anisakis serine protease is structurally and functionally similar to rat
      trypsin. The generality of this approach to identify serine protease genes from
      genomic DNA of two very divergent species, a parasitic protozoan and a mammal,
      was also confirmed. Genes for other enzymes or any protein with conserved
      structural motifs can be identified and isolated using this technology. Using a
      similar strategy, a cathepsin B-like cysteine (thiol) protease gene fragment was
      isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans DNA.

PMID- 2662186
TI  - Identification of critical regions in mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor by scanning-deletion analysis.
AB  - Structure-function relationships for mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor were examined by generating a series of small deletions
      scanning the entire length of the molecule. Deletions of three amino acids were
      introduced at intervals of five amino acids by site-directed mutagenesis of the
      mature mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene. The mutant
      proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and assayed for biological activity.
      This procedure identified four regions critical to activity. These critical
      regions were further delineated by additional three-amino acid deletion mutants.
      Larger deletions at each terminus were also made, as well as changes of specific
      amino acid residues. The four critical regions span amino acid residues 18-22, 34
      41, 52-61, and 94-115. The disulfide bridge between Cys-51 and Cys-93 was also
      shown to be essential for activity, whereas that between Cys-85 and Cys-118 could
      be removed without loss of activity. The possible structural and/or functional
      roles of the critical regions are discussed.

PMID- 2662187
TI  - Expression of the chicken vimentin gene in transgenic mice: efficient assembly of
      the avian protein into the cytoskeleton.
AB  - To study expression and function of the vimentin gene, transgenic mice were
      generated by microinjecting the entire chicken gene plus 2.4 kilobases of 5' and
      2.6 kilobases of 3' flanking sequences. All the transgenic mice obtained had
      incorporated multiple copies of the gene. RNA analyses demonstrated that the
      chicken vimentin gene was efficiently expressed in an appropriate tissue-specific
      pattern and that the transcripts were properly processed, as in chicken, giving
      rise to two RNAs. The vimentin transgene was predominantly expressed in lens at
      levels of up to 10-fold the endogenous level in every transgenic line studied.
      The chicken vimentin transcripts were efficiently translated into polypeptides
      that were modified posttranslationally and could assemble into the mouse
      cytoskeleton. Overexpression of the chicken vimentin gene did not obviously
      affect the expression of the endogenous gene at the RNA or the protein level.
      Immunofluorescence microscopy further demonstrated that the chicken protein was
      properly expressed spatially in lens. However, the levels were much higher in the
      transgenic animals.

PMID- 2662188
TI  - In vitro methylation of Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA and 30S ribosomes.
AB  - Treatment of synthetic 30S particles lacking all of the normally methylated
      nucleotides with S-adenosyl-[3H]methionine and either an S100 or ribosomal high
      salt wash extract resulted in ribosome-dependent incorporation of [3H]methyl
      groups into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. No incorporation was
      observed when naturally methylated isolated 30S particles were used, showing that
      methylation at unnatural sites did not occur. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the labeled
      RNA to nucleosides followed by HPLC analysis identified the [3H]methylated
      residues. Activities for the formation of N6-methyladenosine, N6
      dimethyladenosine, 5-methylcytidine (m5C), 3-methyluridine, and N2
      methylguanosine were found. Fractionation by ammonium sulfate partially resolved
      the different activities. All of the fractions with m5C activity were 6-8 times
      more active on synthetic unmethylated 16S RNA than on synthetic 30S ribosomes,
      whereas the N2-methylguanosine activity preferred 30S ribosomes to 16S RNA by a
      factor of more than 10. The N6-methyladenosine and N6-dimethyladenosine
      activities were 30S ribosome-specific. The m5C activity present in the 55-85%
      ammonium sulfate fraction of the high salt wash yielded a maximum of 1.0 mol of
      m5C per mol of 16S RNA, although two m5C residues, positions 967 and 1407, are
      found in vivo. RNase protection by hybridization with the appropriate
      oligodeoxynucleotide identified the methylated residue as C-967. Methylation of
      m5C-967 did not require prior methylation of G-966, and methylation of A-1518 and
      A-1519 was not dependent on prior methylation of G-1516.

PMID- 2662189
TI  - Mutation at position 791 in Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA affects processes
      involved in the initiation of protein synthesis.
AB  - A single base was mutated from guanine to adenine at position 791 in 16S rRNA in
      the Escherichia coli rrnB operon on the multicopy plasmid pKK3535. The plasmid
      coded rRNA was processed and assembled into 30S ribosomal subunits in E. coli and
      caused a retardation of cell growth. The mutation affected crucial functional
      roles of the 30S subunit in the initiation of protein synthesis. The affinity of
      the mutant 30S subunits for 50S subunits was reduced and the association
      equilibrium constant for initiation factor 3 was decreased by a factor of 10
      compared to wild-type 30S subunits. The interrelationship among the region of
      residue 790 in 16S rRNA, subunit association, and initiation factor 3 binding
      during initiation complex formation, as revealed by this study, offers insights
      into the functional role of rRNA in protein synthesis.

PMID- 2662190
TI  - Export of an N-terminal fragment of Escherichia coli flagellin by a flagellum
      specific pathway.
AB  - Flagellin and several other external components of the bacterial flagellum are
      thought to be exported, not by the general N-terminal signal peptide-dependent
      pathway, but by a flagellum-specific pathway involving a central channel in the
      flagellum itself. We have constructed a variety of mutant alleles of the
      Escherichia coli flagellin gene. Mutant flagellins with large internal deletions
      or truncations of their C-terminal region could still be exported, even though
      they could not assemble into filament. The most extreme example was a fragment
      containing only the N-terminal 183 residues of the 497-residue wild-type
      flagellin. This result suggests that the N-terminal region of flagellin contains
      a signal that enables the protein to be recognized and exported by the flagellum
      specific pathway.

PMID- 2662191
TI  - "Bundle blot" purification and initial protein characterization of hair cell
      stereocilia.
AB  - Stereocilia were isolated from bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) saccular hair cells by
      nitrocellulose adhesion. The high purity and high yield of the preparation were
      demonstrated by microscopy. SDS/PAGE of stereociliary proteins resolved 12-15
      major bands. Actin, previously identified as a component of the stereociliary
      core, was identified in purified stereocilia as a band comigrating with authentic
      actin and by phalloidin labeling of intact isolated stereocilia. Fimbrin was
      identified in immunoblots of purified stereocilia. The most abundant other
      proteins migrated at 11, 14, 16-19, 27, and 36 kDa. Demembranated stereociliary
      cores consisted primarily of protein bands corresponding to actin and fimbrin and
      several proteins ranging from 43 to 63 kDa. Because the adaptation mechanism in
      hair cells is calcium-sensitive and seems localized to stereocilia, we sought
      evidence for calcium-binding proteins in stereocilia. Calmodulin and calbindin
      antibodies labeled stereocilia in intact cells. A protein band in purified
      stereocilia exhibited a Ca2+-dependent shift in electrophoretic mobility
      identical to that of authentic calmodulin, and the 27-kDa band may represent
      calbindin. These biochemical data demonstrate that stereocilia consist of a
      relatively small set of proteins. Most of these, including those involved in
      transduction and adaptation, are as yet uncharacterized. The availability of
      purified stereocilia should prove useful in further studies of structure-function
      relationships in these mechanically sensitive organelles.

PMID- 2662192
TI  - Mitosis-specific monoclonal antibody MPM-2 inhibits Xenopus oocyte maturation and
      depletes maturation-promoting activity.
AB  - MPM-2, a monoclonal antibody specific for cells in mitosis, recognizes a family
      of proteins that share a common phosphorylated epitope. In this study we have
      shown that during the maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes induced by
      progesterone, phosphorylation of MPM-2 antigens coincided with the appearance of
      MPF activity. When MPM-2 (0.7-1.4 micrograms per oocyte) was injected into
      oocytes prior to progesterone stimulation, MPF activity failed to appear and
      induction of maturation was inhibited as judged by both germinal-vesicle
      breakdown and white-spot formation. Further, MPM-2 was able to neutralize as well
      as immunodeplete MPF activity from mitotic HeLa cell and mature oocyte extracts.
      These results suggest that MPM-2 recognizes either MPF itself or a protein(s)
      that regulates MPF activity and that the kinase that phosphorylates MPM-2
      antigens may be a key component in the regulation of M-phase induction.

PMID- 2662193
TI  - Regulation of tumor necrosis factor gene expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma:
      in vivo analysis by in situ hybridization.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) produced by macrophages is thought to contribute to
      the host defense against development of cancer. However, since tumor cells
      themselves are able to produce TNF, it is conceivable that TNF may also play an
      adverse pathological role in carcinogenesis. To better understand the functional
      significance of TNF in neoplastic disease, we have determined the cellular source
      of TNF activity produced in 10 patients with colorectal cancer. Northern blot
      analysis of RNAs extracted from fresh biopsy specimens revealed detectable TNF
      mRNA levels in all instances. By using in situ hybridization of frozen sections,
      scattered cells expressing TNF mRNA could be discerned. Based on morphological
      criteria, these TNF-positive cells most likely belong to the macrophage lineage.
      Macrophages in normal tissue surrounding the tumor did not express TNF mRNA,
      suggesting that macrophage activation occurs locally at the site of neoplastic
      transformation. Immunohistochemistry using anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies
      revealed that less than 1% of tumor-infiltrating macrophages synthesize TNF
      protein. Thus we present evidence that in colorectal cancer only a small
      proportion of tumor-infiltrating macrophages produces TNF, indicating that the
      microenvironment of the tumor provides adequate, yet suboptimal, conditions for
      macrophage activation.

PMID- 2662194
TI  - Inhibin and activin modulate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human
      chorionic gonadotropin, and progesterone from cultured human placental cells.
AB  - Although it is clear that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone
      play fundamental roles in pregnancy, the regulation of placental production of
      these hormones remains to be defined. Recent evidence suggests that the human
      placenta expresses proteins related to inhibin (alpha beta subunits) or activin
      (beta beta subunits). Inhibin and activin (follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing
      protein) possess opposing activities in several biological systems including
      pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (follitropin) secretion, erythroid
      differentiation, and gonadal sex-steroid production. The actions of purified
      inhibin and activin on hormonogenesis by primary cultures of human placental
      cells were studied. The addition of activin increased gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone (GnRH) and progesterone production and potentiated the GnRH-induced
      release of hCG. Inhibin by itself did not modify placental immunoreactive GnRH,
      hCG, and progesterone secretion but reversed the activin-induced changes. Neither
      inhibin nor activin influenced the release of human placental lactogen.
      Furthermore, transforming growth factor beta, structurally related to
      inhibin/activin, did not significantly influence hormone release from cultured
      placental cells. These results support the hypothesis that inhibin and activin
      may play a role in regulating the release of GnRH, hCG, and progesterone from
      placenta and implicate inhibin-related proteins in the endocrine physiology of
      human pregnancy.

PMID- 2662195
TI  - Extra-renal transcription of the renin genes in multiple tissues of mice and
      rats.
AB  - Expression of the mouse renin genes (Ren-1 and Ren-2) and of the unique rat renin
      gene was determined in several extra-renal tissues of mice and rats by primer
      directed enzymatic amplification of cDNAs. In addition to the adrenal glands,
      testis, and ovaries, renin transcripts are detected in the liver, whole brain,
      and hypothalamus and, at lower levels, in spleen, thymus, lung, and prostate.
      Expression of the rat renin gene correlates with that of the mouse Ren-1 gene
      with the notable exception of the submaxillary gland where renin transcripts are
      found only in mice. The levels of renin transcripts in the liver of females from
      both species are higher than in males. In mice, the relative levels of Ren-1 and
      Ren-2 transcripts vary widely in different tissues. These results support the
      hypothesis of a local renin-angiotensin system in multiple extra-renal sites and
      imply the existence of complex mechanisms of regulation of the renin gene,
      previously thought to be expressed in a tissue-specific manner.

PMID- 2662196
TI  - Penetration of human intestinal epithelial cells by Salmonella: molecular cloning
      and expression of Salmonella typhi invasion determinants in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, must invade the human
      gastrointestinal tract and multiply within the host to cause disease. We have
      cloned from S. typhi Ty2 a chromosomal region that confers upon Escherichia coli
      HB101 the ability to invade cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. Three
      invasion-positive recombinant cosmids were isolated and restriction endonuclease
      analyses of the inserts showed a 33-kilobase region of identity. Transmission
      electron microscopy of epithelial cells invaded by S. typhi Ty2 or E. coli HB101
      carrying an invasion cosmid showed intracellular bacteria contained within
      endocytic vacuoles. One of the invasion cosmids was mutagenized with transposon
      Tn5 to identify the cloned sequences that are required for the invasive
      phenotype. Seven of 92 independent Tn5 insertions within the common 33-kilobase
      region eliminated invasive ability and revealed at least four separate loci that
      are required for invasion. Penetration of epithelial cells by Ty2 and HB101
      carrying the cloned invasion determinants was inhibited by cytochalasin B and D,
      indicating that epithelial cell endocytosis of S. typhi is a microfilament
      dependent event. The invasion cosmids were found to carry the recA and srlC genes
      indicating that the cloned invasion determinants are located at about 58 minutes
      on the S. typhi chromosome. With a segment of the cloned S. typhi invasion region
      used as a probe, homologous sequences were isolated from Salmonella typhimurium.
      Two independent S. typhimurium recombinant cosmids containing the entire 33
      kilobase common region identified in S. typhi were isolated, but these cosmids
      did not confer upon HB101 the ability to invade epithelial cells.

PMID- 2662197
TI  - The role of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the myeloid cell differentiation.

PMID- 2662198
TI  - Is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D required for reproduction?
AB  - The role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D) in avian and mammalian
      reproduction is examined. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D is required, in both the avian
      and mammalian species, for maintenance of normocalcemia, adequate intestinal
      calcium absorption, bone turnover, and mineral homeostasis throughout the
      reproductive cycle--just as it is required in the nonlaying bird or nonpregnant,
      nonlactating mammal. In the avian species, 1,25-(OH)2D is required for ovulation
      and shell formation, transfer of calcium from the egg shell across the
      chorioallantoic membrane to the fetal circulation, and maintenance of fetal serum
      calcium, bone metabolism, and mineral homeostasis. In the mammalian species, 1,25
      (OH)2D is required for normal ovulation, normal fetal and neonatal bone
      metabolism, milk production, and maintenance of normocalcemia and mineral
      homeostasis in the neonate. In the absence of 1,25-(OH)2D, however, embryogenesis
      (rat and chick) and neonatal development (rat) can proceed in such a way as to
      produce viable, normal appearing offspring. The classical effects of 1,25-(OH)2D
      deficiency (hypocacemia, inadequate intestinal calcium absorption, and bone
      mineralization) become increasingly apparent with advancing age but there are no
      other apparent major developmental abnormalities.

PMID- 2662199
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the skin: a unique application for the treatment of
      psoriasis.

PMID- 2662200
TI  - Bone densitometry for diagnosis and monitoring osteoporosis.

PMID- 2662201
TI  - Fluoride and osteoporosis.

PMID- 2662202
TI  - Developments in ultrastructure of reproduction. A celebrative symposium: The
      "Opera Omnia" of Marcello Malpighi. Proceedings of the VIIIth International
      Symposium on Morphological Sciences. Rome, Italy, July 10-15, 1988.

PMID- 2662203
TI  - Structure-function relationships in the differentiating granulosa cell.

PMID- 2662204
TI  - The primordial germ cells in amniotes: their migration in vivo and behaviors in
      vitro.

PMID- 2662205
TI  - Aspects of the dynamics and ultrastructure of mammalian spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2662206
TI  - Marcello Malpighi: a pioneer in embryology and reproduction.

PMID- 2662207
TI  - The Hofbauer cells of the human placenta: morphological and immunological
      aspects.

PMID- 2662208
TI  - Early embryos and the fundamentals of embryology.

PMID- 2662209
TI  - Maternal inheritance in a family with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.

PMID- 2662210
TI  - Clinical and molecular studies in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - X-linked DMD is a serious condition characterized by progressive muscle wasting
      and weakness and death ensues in the late teens or early twenties. There is
      considerable clinical variability even within families and some suggestions of
      genetic heterogeneity. Though skeletal muscle is primarily involved, other
      tissues are also affected including cardiac and smooth muscle. Other
      abnormalities include mental retardation, thymus hyperplasia and possibly certain
      endocrinological changes. The responsible locus is at Xp21 and the gene product
      is a very large protein (dystrophin) which is normally localised to muscle cell
      membranes. It is hypothesised that its absence in DMD may result in instability
      of the muscle cell membrane with resultant ingress of calcium, an increase in
      intracellular calcium, and cell death. An understanding of this pathway is
      important in devising an effective treatment.

PMID- 2662211
TI  - Disorders characterized by spontaneous attacks of weakness connected with changes
      of serum potassium.

PMID- 2662212
TI  - Ethical issues in clinical genetics.

PMID- 2662213
TI  - Carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy
      (D/BMD) by DNA-analysis.

PMID- 2662214
TI  - The genetics of the spinal muscular atrophies.

PMID- 2662215
TI  - Classification and genetics of proximal spinal muscular atrophies.

PMID- 2662216
TI  - The genetics of motor neurone disease.

PMID- 2662217
TI  - Uniqueness of dietary olive oil in stimulating aortic prostacyclin production in
      post-weanling rats.
AB  - Groups of weanling Sprague-Dawley rats developed from conception through
      gestation, and weanling periods on a formulated diet fed to the dams were
      continued on the same diet until sacrificed at 30 days of age. The diet groups
      consisted of control (5% corn oil, w/w) and experimental (15%, w/w) olive,
      safflower (hi-oleic and hi-linoleic), soy oil, and lard. The object of the study
      was to identify the effect of high and low fat content and differing proportions
      of polyunsaturated:saturated (P:S) and mono:polyunsaturated (M:P) fatty acids on
      arachidonate stimulated aortic prostacyclin (PGI2) production (measured as 6-keto
      PGF1 alpha). Neither the amounts of dietary fat or wide ranging P:S or M:P fatty
      acid ratio levels (P:S or M:P) affected PGI2 production. PGI2 production was,
      however, markedly enhanced (2x) in aortic segments from rats raised on diets
      containing olive oil. The unique stimulation of aortic PGI2 production by the
      olive oil diet suggests an effect of the extraordinarily high M:P fatty acid
      ratio or, alternatively, of a still-to-be identified substance(s) in this ancient
      food.

PMID- 2662218
TI  - The antihypertensive properties of a synthetic prostanoid: RS-93427.
AB  - The antihypertensive activity of RS-93427, a synthetic prostanoid, was evaluated
      in conscious restrained spontaneously hypertensive rats. RS-93427 possesses
      potent antihypertensive activity when administered orally, intraduodenally,
      intravenously, or subcutaneously but not topically. The blood pressure reducing
      activity of RS-93427 in normotensive rats was comparable to that in hypertensive
      animals. No signs of tolerance to the antihypertensive effects were observed
      following fourteen days of oral administration of RS-93427. The synthetic
      prostanoid minimally enhanced the orthostatic hypotensive responsiveness to
      vertical, head up, repositioning of the restrained rats. The relative usefulness
      of the platelet antiaggregatory and antihypertensive properties of RS-93427 will
      have to be determined by clinical studies.

PMID- 2662219
TI  - Serotonin receptor blocking effect of SCH 23390.
AB  - The effect of SCH 23390 administration on the serotonin system-dependent head
      twitch behavior was studied in the rat. A small dose of SCH 23390 (1.25
      micrograms/kg), injected 20 min before the test, decreased the number of
      quipazine-induced head twitches. Repeated treatment with SCH 23390 (0.5 mg/kg,
      SC), once a day for 18 days, increased the number of spontaneously occurring and
      quipazine-induced head twitches. The enhancing effect of repeated administration
      of SCH 23390 was blocked by cyproheptadine (0.4 mg/kg). The results indicate that
      acute injection of SCH 23390 blocks central serotonin receptors, whereas repeated
      treatment induces their functional supersensitivity.

PMID- 2662220
TI  - Independent effects of morphine and apomorphine on stereotyped gnawing in the
      hamster.
AB  - Eight experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of apomorphine, a
      dopaminergic agonist, and of morphine, an opiate, on stereotyped behavior in the
      hamster. Animals were observed at two minute intervals for one hour and incidents
      of stereotyped gnawing, licking and sniffing were recorded using a time-sampling
      method. Both morphine and apomorphine produced dose-related increases in
      stereotyped gnawing. A low dose of the opiate antagonist, naloxone (0.4 mg/kg),
      blocked morphine-induced gnawing but neither that dose nor higher doses of
      naloxone (1, 4 and 10 mg/kg) blocked apomorphine-induced gnawing. A low dose of
      the dopaminergic antagonist, haloperidol (0.05 mg/kg), blocked apomorphine
      induced gnawing but did not block morphine-induced gnawing. Further experiments
      indicated that morphine administration did not sensitize, or influence in any
      way, subsequent apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior.

PMID- 2662221
TI  - Anticonvulsant activity of MK-801 and nimodipine alone and in combination against
      pentylenetetrazole and strychnine.
AB  - The effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 and the
      dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist nimodipine were assessed for their
      anticonvulsant activity alone and in combination against clonic convulsions to
      pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and strychnine (STR) in mice. Nimodipine (2-20 mg/kg)
      and MK-801 (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) did not affect the number of mice displaying
      clonic convulsions to PTZ. However, nimodipine in a dose-dependent manner
      increased (100%) the latency to clonic convulsions and lethality (mortality from
      tonic extension convulsions and respiratory failure) following PTZ. In contrast,
      MK-801 did not increase the latency to PTZ convulsions, but prevented the lethal
      effects of PTZ. When combined, MK-801 and nimodipine produced a significant
      reduction in the number of animals (40-60%) displaying PTZ convulsions and a
      greater increase in the latency to PTZ convulsions than did nimodipine alone. In
      contrast, MK-801 decreased the onset time, and increased the severity of STR
      convulsions. A combination of MK-801 and nimodipine which afforded significant
      protection against PTZ convulsions did not affect STR convulsions. These findings
      suggest that MK-801 and nimodipine, while possessing significant anticonvulsant
      activity on their own, produce a potent anticonvulsant synergism against PTZ but
      not STR.

PMID- 2662222
TI  - Inhibition of drinking by naltrexone in the rat: interaction with the dopamine D
      1 antagonist SCH 23390 and the D-2 antagonist sulpiride.
AB  - The involvement of dopamine receptors in water intake was investigated in the rat
      deprived of water for 24 hr. A 0.03 mg/kg dose of SCH 23390 markedly enhanced
      naltrexone (0.1 and 10.0 mg/kg)-induced hypodipsia, whilst the drug alone
      significantly decreased water intake at doses of 0.01 to 3.0 mg/kg, accompanied
      by marked motor dysfunction. Sulpiride (20.0 and 40.0 mg/kg) did not markedly
      affect water intake and naltrexone-induced hypodipsia. Consistent with previous
      results, apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg) alone was without marked effects, while it
      produced a marked potentiation of naltrexone (1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg)-induced
      hypodipsia. SCH 23390 (0.003 mg/kg) and sulpiride (40.0 mg/kg) completely
      antagonized the enhancing effects of apomorphine on naltrexone-induced
      hypodipsia. Similar effects were also seen in the latency to begin drinking. In
      contrast to the effects on naltrexone-induced hypodipsia, it appears that both
      dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors play a key role in the effects of apomorphine on
      naltrexone-induced hypodipsia in the rat.

PMID- 2662223
TI  - The effects of a D1 and a D2 dopamine antagonist on behavior maintained by
      cocaine or food.
AB  - The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether a D1 or a D2
      dopamine antagonist could alter responding maintained by cocaine at doses that
      did not affect responding maintained by food. Rhesus monkeys were trained to
      press a lever in daily experimental sessions under a 3 component multiple
      schedule of reinforcement. In the first and third components, food was available
      under a fixed-ratio 30/time-out 2 min (FR30/TO 2) schedule. In the second
      component, cocaine was available under identical schedule conditions. Each
      component lasted 15 minutes and there was a 15-minute TO between components. When
      behavior was stable, rates of responding for injections of saline or several
      doses of cocaine were determined by making each of these solutions available in
      the second component for at least 4 sessions. After dose-response determinations
      for cocaine had been determined, a dose of cocaine that maintained maximal rates
      of responding was available in daily sessions. When behavior was again stable in
      all 3 components, monkeys were injected daily before the session with each of
      several doses of the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 or the D2 antagonist pimozide for
      the same number of sessions that had been required for responding to decline to
      low levels when the monkeys were allowed to self-administer saline. Both
      antagonists caused a dose-related decrease in responding for both cocaine and
      food. Each antagonist decreased responding for food at the same doses that
      decreased responding for cocaine. Thus both a D1 and a D2 dopamine antagonist
      decreased behavior maintained by cocaine but only at doses that also decreased
      behavior maintained by another reinforcer, food.

PMID- 2662224
TI  - Dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptor antagonists potentiate analgesic and motor effects
      of morphine.
AB  - To examine the role of dopamine receptor subtypes mediating analgesic and motor
      responses to opioids, rats were pretreated with either saline or a selective D-1
      or D-2 dopamine receptor antagonist 10 min prior to morphine (12 mg/kg IP).
      Analgesic response latency was determined using the hot plate test (52.5 degrees
      C and 55 degrees C), and catalepsy was assessed using the abnormal posture test.
      Morphine increased analgesic response latency to 44.5 +/- 7.9% of the maximum
      possible response, but had no cataleptic effect in the abnormal posture test.
      Pretreatment with either the D-1 antagonist, SCH 23390 (50-100 micrograms/kg), or
      the D-2 antagonist, eticlopride (20-150 micrograms/kg), potently enhanced
      morphine analgesia as measured on the 52.5 degrees C hot plate. Peak analgesic
      responses to morphine increased to 100 +/- 0% and 91.9 +/- 7.5% of maximum with
      the highest doses of SCH 23390 and eticlopride, respectively. These treatments
      also produced catalepsy. Increasing the hot plate temperature to 55 degrees C
      reduced response latency in groups treated with either dopamine receptor
      antagonist plus morphine. This indicates that the animals were capable of
      responding at a shorter latency and demonstrates that motor impairment cannot
      account for potentiation of morphine analgesia by D-1 and D-2 antagonists at 52.5
      degrees C. These results show that the relationship between dopamine and opioids
      with respect to analgesic and motor systems involves both dopamine receptor
      subtypes.

PMID- 2662225
TI  - Measurement of absolute flow rate in vessels using a stereoscopic DSA system.
AB  - We used a stereoscopic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) system to measure
      absolute blood flow rates in vessels. The magnification factor and the three
      dimensional orientation of a selected vessel are obtained from automated analysis
      of stereoscopic DSA images. The cross-sectional area of the vessel is determined
      from the vessel diameter, which is measured with an iterative deconvolution
      technique. The time required for fluid to flow through a selected segment of a
      vessel is determined from the automated analysis of contrast medium 'time
      density' curves. The effectiveness of these combined techniques was demonstrated
      in measurement of rates of both continuous and pulsatile flow in a vessel
      phantom, with the actual flow rate calibrated volumetrically or by an
      electromagnetic flowmeter. We have obtained accuracies in measured flow rates of
      approximately 5% and 18% for continuous and pulsatile flow respectively.

PMID- 2662226
TI  - A model of orthopaedic dysfunction for clinical decision making in physical
      therapy practice.
AB  - This model serves as a framework for the critical analysis of current practice
      concepts. The analysis obtained from using this model should be integrated with
      other physiological systems of the body during examination and treatment
      processes. Currently used as a basis for graduate study in orthopaedic physical
      therapy, the model helps students identify fundamental research questions,
      compare various examination and treatment philosophies, and comprehend generic
      treatment goals and strategies.

PMID- 2662227
TI  - The problem-oriented system, problem-knowledge coupling, and clinical decision
      making.
AB  - The information tool to aid us in making the clinical decisions discussed in this
      presentation is called the PKC. Our goal with patients should be to couple the
      knowledge of the unique patient to the knowledge in the literature and get the
      best possible match. This approach requires combinatorial versus probabilistic
      thinking. In the real world, ideal matches are not found. Therefore, it is
      critical to exhaust the patient's uniqueness first and only then use
      probabilities to settle further uncertainties. It is an error to teach people how
      to deal with uncertainty instead of teaching them to clean up a great deal of the
      uncertainty first. Patients must be involved in this endeavor. In essence, they
      have a PhD in their own uniqueness, and it is this uniqueness that is very
      powerful in solving complex problems. This method of patient evaluation and
      management cannot be used with the unaided mind. It requires new and powerful
      information tools like the PKC. All information that is relevant to a problem
      should be included in the coupler. It should encompass differing points of view,
      and the rationale should be made explicit to clinician and patient alike. When
      complete, the coupler should represent an interdisciplinary compilation of
      questions and tests that are expected to be collected every time in the clinic
      for the type of problem the coupler represents. This method will provide a basis
      for quality control because the contents of the coupler now have defined what we
      expect to occur in every patient encounter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662229
TI  - Single-subject experimental paradigm as a clinical decision tool.

PMID- 2662228
TI  - Making decisions based on group designs and meta-analysis.

PMID- 2662230
TI  - A kinetic model for plasmid curing.
AB  - A simple mathematical model of drug-induced plasmid elimination (curing)
      considering density-dependent growth rates and plasmid transfers is presented. It
      describes nonlinear population dynamics of conjugative plasmids during in vitro
      curing experiments in batch culture. The model was tested on kinetics of acridine
      orange curing of F'lac plasmid. Effects of density dependence, plasmid
      elimination, selection for plasmidless segregants, conjugation, initial and
      maximal population density, and postsegregational killing on curing kinetics are
      simulated and discussed.

PMID- 2662231
TI  - Search for new plant constituents with potential antiphlogistic and antiallergic
      activity.
AB  - Structure-activity relationships obtained from in vitro screening results
      obviously indicate that the highest inhibition effects on cyclooxygenase and 5
      lipoxygenase are found amongst the class of phenolic compounds (flavonoids,
      polyphenols, coumestans, phenol carboxylic acids) and arachidonic acid analogous
      (alkylamides, retinoids, arylheptanoids, thiosulfinates, sulfinyl disulfides).
      The antiinflammatory activities of some triterpenenic acids, sesquiterpene
      lactones, and polysaccharides may be due to their immunomodulating activities on
      the complement and/or T-lymphocyte populations, respectively. In the search for
      potential antiallergic and antiasthmatic compounds, the thiosulfinates of onion
      were found to be active principles of the drug. The mechanism of action of some
      other antiallergic plant drugs (i.e. Tylophora asthmatica, Adhatoda vasica, etc.)
      has not yet been clarified.

PMID- 2662232
TI  - [Pathophysiologic aspects of schizophrenic psychoses--a review].
AB  - The aim of research in the field of "Biological Psychiatry" is the
      phenomenological description of several aspects of psychiatric diseases and the
      exploration of their pathological mechanisms. The most used methods are
      biochemical, morphological, genetical, social psychiatric, neuro- and
      psychophysiological ones. From the pathophysiological view the most discussed
      hypothesis is that of a disturbed central information processing. In this paper a
      short introduction should be given on psychosocial influence on the development
      of psychotic symptomatology and on the periphere vegetative and
      electroencephalographic parameters in psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2662233
TI  - [The rhythm of melatonin synthesis in the epiphysis and its control by light].
AB  - The paper deals with the central regulation of the circadian rhythm of the
      melatonin in the pineal gland by light according to the literature. Examples of
      the effects of melatonin and their inclusion in the total endocrine complexity
      are pointed out. Possibilities for a therapy of chronobiological diseases with
      bright light resulting from animal experiments are discussed in connection with
      requirements for a future application to the therapy of human beings.

PMID- 2662234
TI  - Factors affecting the delay of antidepressant effect in responders to
      nortriptyline and phenelzine.
AB  - Seventy-six elderly depressed patients who had responded to either nortriptyline
      or phenelzine after a trial of up to 3 months were examined. The mean week of
      response was nearly 6 weeks. Patients who were more severely depressed took
      longer to respond. Patients with endogenous depression responded sooner on
      nortriptyline than did patients with nonendogenous depression. For patients on
      nortriptyline, lower plasma levels in the early weeks of treatment may delay
      response while differences in platelet monoamine oxidase inhibition in the early
      weeks of treatment do not appear to affect week of response for patients on
      phenelzine.

PMID- 2662235
TI  - Health services in Papua New Guinea.
AB  - The government of Papua New Guinea has been committed since independence to
      providing primary health care to its entire population through a government
      operated national health system. In spite of geographic, cultural, and linguistic
      barriers, most people have access to primary health services and major indicators
      of the health of the population have improved. However, deficiencies in the
      provision of preventive services exist and common infectious diseases,
      particularly malaria, are still the main causes of morbidity and mortality.
      Economic realities dictate that improvements in health status in the immediate
      future will have to come through improved productivity and quality of services
      rather than expansion of the health care system.

PMID- 2662236
TI  - Accidents in children--an Asian perspective.

PMID- 2662237
TI  - Medical services in Hong Kong: the present and the future.
AB  - Hong Kong has been under British administration for 146 years and it has
      developed a two-tier social system where East meets West. It will be returned to
      Chinese sovereignty in less than ten years from now. Changes towards the transfer
      of government seem unavoidable. The medical services are no exception to the
      current scene. A new statutory Hospital Authority is due to be set up in 1990 to
      run hospital services, while a new Department of Health is to organise non
      hospital health matters.

PMID- 2662238
TI  - [Functional pictures in superselective angiography of the femur head vessels].
AB  - The arterial supply of the femoral head was studied by Hipp. Superselective
      angiographies in different positions of the hip joint contribute informations
      especially about the smaller vessels e.g. rami nutritii capitis. Angiographies in
      different positions of the hip joint were performed in twenty cases. Furthermore
      the results of functional stress angiographies of five patients, who underwent
      the transplantation of pedicle bone graft, are reported. These patients had
      femoral head necrosis. Especially these postoperative examination demonstrates in
      one case impressive deterioration of the perfusion of the pedicle bone graft in
      some positions of the joint.

PMID- 2662239
TI  - Vasospasm after head injury studied by transcranial Doppler sonography.
AB  - During the past 2 years cerebral blood flow velocity was measured serially first
      of all in the middle cerebral arteries and in the bifurcation of the carotid
      arteries, less frequently in the other basal arteries by transcranial Doppler
      sonography in 36 head injured patients selected from 87 cerebral contusions and
      intracranial haematomas. Raised flow velocity referring to cerebral vasospasm was
      observed in 14 (40%) of 36 cases. Vasospasm developed between the 2nd and 8th
      days in the basal arteries, never on the first day. It was classified as slight
      (over 120 cm/sec) and sever (over 160 cm/sec) in the case of vasospasm lasting
      for several days. Development of vasospasm could be justified in 6 from 14
      control angiographies. Authors' observations are compared with some literary data
      of traumatic vasospasm. The theoretical significance and practical usefulness of
      transcranial Doppler sonography in the study and follow up of the blood flow of
      the injured brain, especially in traumatic vasospasm, are emphasized.

PMID- 2662240
TI  - Percutaneous thin needle biopsy of malignant and nonmalignant thoracic lesions.
AB  - An analysis of 1,454 percutaneous thin needle biopsies (PTNB) performed in 1,061
      patients in the years 1976-1987 disclosed the sensitivity for the detection of
      malignancy 93.7%, specificity 95.8%, and accuracy 93.9%. The most commonly
      encountered indication for PTNB was a solitary lung lesion (56% of 1,061
      patients), with a rate of true positive cytologic findings 93.4% of patients with
      proved malignant tumours. Indications for PTNB included pulmonary opacities of or
      without recognizable segmental distribution, enlargement of mediastinum or hilus,
      lesions of the pleura or chest wall, and cavitary lesions, with results not
      significantly worse than in circumscribed peripheral lesions. Pneumothorax
      occurred in 18%, hemoptysis in 1.9%, other minor complications very rarely. PTNB
      appears to be a safe, reliable, and accurate technique for diagnosing chest
      lesions with various types of roentgenographic image.

PMID- 2662241
TI  - [Pulmonary hypertension. Clinical picture and therapy].
AB  - Pulmonary hypertension occurs frequently in patients with chronic lung disease
      and contributes to morbidity and mortality. The most common symptoms are dyspnea,
      fatigue, chest pain, and syncope; sudden death can occur. Signs of pulmonary
      hypertension include prominent a-waves in the jugular venous pulse, a prominent
      P2 and murmur of tricuspid regurgitation. Introduced in 1964, cardiac
      catheterization is still required for the clinical assessment. Many patients
      reveal a vasoconstrictive component in their lung vessels that is potentially
      reversible therapeutically. Accurate noninvasive diagnostic methods and an
      understanding of the mechanisms causing pulmonary hypertension are necessary, as
      is appropriate therapy based upon the results.

PMID- 2662242
TI  - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of pathologic processes of the central pulmonary
      vessels].
AB  - Diseases of the central pulmonary arteries are difficult to diagnose. Echographic
      imaging of the pulmonary arteries can best be done using the suprasternal and
      transesophageal approach. In pulmonary arterial hypertension, the central
      pulmonary arteries increase in size, a fact that is used echographically to
      diagnose pulmonary hypertension. Even when there is volume overload (e.g. in
      congenital heart disease with a left-to-right shunt), characteristic changes of
      the pulmonary vessels are observed. Thromboemboli within the pulmonary arteries
      or thrombotic occlusion and a malignant process, which can lead to an obstruction
      or compression of the central pulmonary arteries, could be seen with echographic
      imaging techniques.

PMID- 2662243
TI  - [Radiologic evaluation of the pharynx].
AB  - A variety of radiological methods are available for examination of the pharynx
      and they are reviewed in this presentation. The method should be chosen based on
      the specific clinical situation. To screen patients with swallowing complaints, a
      functional analysis is necessary with video or cinetechniques. For delineation of
      tumour growth, double-contrast radiograms, CT, ultrasound and MR should be
      considered the methods of choice. Angiography can occasionally be used for intra
      arterial infusion in tumour treatment.

PMID- 2662244
TI  - [Intracranial hemorrhage in MRT].
AB  - About 10% of all intracranial findings in cranial MRI were hemorrhages, or
      findings associated with bleeding. There was great variation in the hemorrhages
      as a result of their location and their age, and this could disguise the
      underlying lesions. Therefore a knowledge of the typical appearance of
      spontaneous bleeding and tumor bleeding is necessary for interpretation of the
      MRI findings. During its course, cerebral bleeding shows all of the known
      interactions between biochemical and histological factors and MRI signal. Thus,
      an understanding of the variations during the clinical course of bleeding is
      helpful for a better understanding of contrast mechanisms in MRI.

PMID- 2662245
TI  - [Prerequisites for the clinical application of 3-dimensional ultrasonic imaging].
AB  - After satisfactory experimental results with three-dimensional data acquisition
      and presentation of the kidney in vitro, we wanted to show how our technique
      could be used for medical application in vivo, such as ultrasonic 3D
      reconstruction of organs. The sector scans were taken by rotating the scan head
      10 degrees in any direction around the length of the axis. The organ was scanned
      with 18 images and reconstructed. The digital images, using the organ contours,
      allowed 3D reconstruction of the original organ, relying on the computer memory.
      The first results in reconstructing uteri show how this scan head can be used in
      combination with the computer programs for medical application. For the first
      time, it has become possible to present computer-generated views of an organ
      cross-section that has been impossible to obtain by means of traditional
      ultrasound techniques. Recent experiments using this method show new ways of
      diagnosing tumors.

PMID- 2662246
TI  - Lethal fetal anomalies: sonographic demonstration.
AB  - Sonographic demonstration of a lethal fetal anomaly may dramatically alter
      obstetrical management. For example, cesarean section for fetal distress may not
      be performed if it is known that the fetus will not survive outside the uterus.
      The author describes the common fetal anomalies that are predictably fatal.

PMID- 2662247
TI  - Experience with the Amplatz retrievable vena cava filter.
AB  - The Amplatz retrievable inferior vena cava filter was designed to be used as
      either a permanent indwelling filter or a short-term, percutaneously removable
      filter. The authors placed 52 filters in 52 patients. No deaths occurred as a
      result of filter placement or usage. Follow-up in 42 (81%) patients included
      inferior vena cavography (n = 31), computed tomography (n = 4), duplex ultrasound
      (n = 4), and autopsy (n = 3). Inferior vena cava thrombosis was found in seven
      (17.5%) of the 40 previously nonobstructed venae cavae studied. Two patients with
      caval thrombosis required a second filter to prevent embolization of thrombus
      that had extended to the lung side of the first filter. No clinically evident
      pulmonary emboli after filter placement have been noted. Six filters were
      successfully retrieved or repositioned percutaneously. The relatively high rate
      of caval thrombosis with extension above the filter may be due to a higher
      trapping efficiency or to filter geometry. The role of this filter in the
      treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli is unclear.

PMID- 2662248
TI  - Incidental fibromuscular dysplasia in potential renal donors: long-term clinical
      follow-up.
AB  - The clinical natural history of renal arterial fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) in
      patients with normal blood pressure is unknown, to the authors' knowledge. The
      authors reviewed the results of 1,862 renal angiograms obtained in potential
      renal donors. FMD was present in 71 patients (3.8%). The average age at which FMD
      was discovered was 50.8 years. Seventy-five percent of the patients with FMD were
      female. Of 30 patients who did not undergo nephrectomy, eight (26.6%) developed
      hypertension over a mean followup interval of 7.5 years. Of 19 patients who
      underwent nephrectomy, despite the presence of FMD, five (26.3%) developed
      hypertension over a mean follow-up interval of 4.4 years. In comparison, three
      subjects (6.1%) (from a randomized control group of 49 age- and sex-matched
      healthy individuals) developed hypertension over a mean follow-up period of 7.1
      years. The authors conclude that asymptomatic middle-aged individuals with renal
      FMD develop hypertension at a rate greater than that of age-matched control
      subjects with normal blood pressure.

PMID- 2662249
TI  - Disparity of amniotic fluid volume and fetal size: problem of the stuck twin--US
      studies.
AB  - The "stuck twin" phenomenon in monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) pregnancies is
      characterized by marked disparity in both fluid volume and fetal size between the
      twin gestations. To determine the prevalence, sonographic characteristics, and
      clinical outcome of this phenomenon, discharge summaries, placental pathologic
      reports, and prenatal sonograms from 307 twin pregnancies were reviewed. Of 52
      cases of MCDA pregnancies, 18 (35%) demonstrated marked disparity in amniotic
      fluid volume. In 16 of these 18 cases there was discordant twin growth, further
      suggesting the diagnosis of twin transfusion syndrome. All 16 cases and an
      additional nine cases supplied by another center demonstrated a small,
      morphologically normal fetus in an oligohydramniotic sac suspended anteriorly
      (72%) or laterally (28%) in the uterus. The amniotic membrane separating this
      twin from the larger twin in the polyhydramniotic sac was thin, closely applied
      to the smaller fetus, and difficult to detect. Perinatal morbidity was 100% for
      all twin pairs, and premature labor occurred in all cases. Perinatal mortality
      ranged from 88% for the larger/poly twin to 96% for the small/oligo twin.

PMID- 2662250
TI  - Thyroid gland: US in patients with Hodgkin disease treated with radiation therapy
      in childhood.
AB  - The authors retrospectively assessed with sonography the prevalence of thyroid
      gland abnormalities in 30 patients who underwent radiation therapy for Hodgkin
      disease between 1962 and 1984. Doses ranged from 3,000 to 4,500 rad (3,000-4,500
      cGy). Abnormalities were found in the sonograms of 24 patients and included
      unilateral (n = 6) or bilateral (n = 2) atrophy; multiple hypoechoic lesions
      smaller than 0.75 cm (n = 18); and dominant cystic (n = 2), solid (n = 3), or
      complex lesions (n = 4) larger than 0.75 cm. The risk of development of an
      abnormality increased as the time from irradiation increased and was comparable
      between patients who did and did not receive chemotherapy as part of the
      treatment regimen. Although the pathologic correlates of the various
      abnormalities seen on sonograms may differ, the findings indicate a need for long
      term follow-up of patients who underwent cervical irradiation for Hodgkin
      disease.

PMID- 2662251
TI  - Circle of Willis in newborns: color Doppler imaging of 53 healthy full-term
      infants.
AB  - To establish the usual pattern of flow in the circle of Willis in newborns, the
      authors scanned 53 healthy full-term infants within 3 days of birth with color
      Doppler imaging. All examinations were performed and images interpreted by the
      same experienced individuals. The basilar, internal carotid (ICA), and anterior
      and middle cerebral arteries were seen in all infants. Vertebral, posterior
      cerebral, superior cerebellar, and posterior communicating (PCoA) arteries were
      seen in most infants. PCoA flow was from the ICA toward the posterior cerebral
      artery in 73 (98.6%) of the 74 vessels that were seen. Flow in the anterior
      communicating artery was seen in six infants, indicating dependence of an
      anterior cerebral artery on contralateral ICA perfusion. Two pitfalls involving
      the distal portion of the ICA were noted: This vessel could be confused with the
      proximal portion of the anterior cerebral artery or cavernous sinus if real-time
      images were not interpreted carefully. Variant patterns of flow included tortuous
      basilar arteries (n = 2), reversed PCoA flow (n = 1), and inferior angulation of
      the proximal portions of the anterior cerebral arteries (n = 2). Color Doppler
      imaging allows a detailed analysis of the circle of Willis in newborns and
      detection of some anatomic variations.

PMID- 2662252
TI  - Pancreatic transplants: CT with clinical and pathologic correlation.
AB  - A retrospective evaluation of 68 CT scans in 17 patients with pancreatic
      allografts was performed with clinical and pathologic correlation to better
      define the nature of abnormalities detected with CT and the role of CT in patient
      treatment. Patients with clinical complications demonstrated variable degrees of
      pancreatic inhomogeneity and peripancreatic inflammation on CT scans. These
      findings were similar in appearance to pancreatitis in the native gland. Most
      patients proved to be undergoing acute rejection. However, these findings were
      not specific and were also seen with peripancreatic infection, hemorrhage, and
      exocrine anastomotic leaks. No CT changes were detected in two of three patients
      with late rejection. Thus, CT was not helpful in the diagnosis of pancreatic
      rejection. The most beneficial role of CT was in the detection of intraabdominal
      fluid collections, including abscesses, hematomas, and pseudocysts. Percutaneous
      aspiration was invaluable in the distinction between infected and sterile fluid
      collections; however, percutaneous drainage was of limited use in treatment.

PMID- 2662253
TI  - Craniosynostosis in the Talmud.

PMID- 2662254
TI  - Hepatic tumors: comparison of CT during arterial portography, delayed CT, and MR
      imaging for preoperative evaluation.
AB  - Forty-three patients with known primary or secondary neoplastic involvement of
      the liver underwent evaluation to determine the number, size, and location of
      focal lesions before possible tumor resection. Imaging studies included computed
      tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP), delayed CT, and magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging at various pulse sequences. Results of radiologic studies
      were compared with surgical and pathologic findings. In the combined group of
      surgical and nonsurgical patients, CTAP was significantly more sensitive (85%)
      than all other techniques except 1.5-T T2-weighted spin-echo imaging (64%).
      Combining the information from all MR pulse sequences yielded a cumulative
      sensitivity of 68%. Combining the information from two modalities yielded
      sensitivity of 96% for CTAP plus MR imaging, 85% for CTAP plus delayed CT, and
      77% for delayed CT plus MR imaging. The authors conclude that when it is vital to
      know the precise number, size, and location of focal hepatic lesions before tumor
      resection, CTAP has the highest sensitivity, but MR imaging is an important
      adjuvant.

PMID- 2662255
TI  - Exophytic spread of hepatobiliary disease via perihepatic ligaments:
      demonstration with CT and US.
AB  - Eight cases of hepatobiliary disease located adjacent to or within the
      perihepatic ligaments (peritoneal reflections surrounding the liver) with
      exophytic spread along these ligaments (three abscesses from cholecystitis, two
      bilomas, two hepatic abscesses, and one hematoma from a ruptured hepatocellular
      carcinoma, with 16 ligamentous lesions: five in the hepatoduodenal ligament, four
      in the ligamentum teres, three in the falciform ligament, two in the
      gastrohepatic ligament, one in the transverse mesocolon, and one in the
      duodenocolic ligament) were studied with sonography and computed tomography. The
      locations of underlying diseases were the inferior aspect of the left lobe of the
      liver (three patients), the gallbladder (three patients), and the right hepatic
      duct (two patients). An understanding of the anatomic detail of the ligamentous
      attachments of the liver and the continuity of peritoneal ligaments is important
      in recognizing the ligamentous spread of hepatobiliary disease. This mode of
      spread of disease should be kept in mind in diagnostic imaging of the abdomen.

PMID- 2662256
TI  - Biliary tract dilatation in chronic pancreatitis: CT and sonographic findings.
AB  - The authors retrospectively evaluated 44 patients with chronic pancreatitis to
      determine (a) what features on computed tomographic and sonographic scans were
      associated with biliary tract dilatation, (b) how these findings and biliary
      tract dilatation changed at follow-up, and (c) the correlation between the degree
      of biliary tract dilatation and the laboratory and histologic findings when
      available. Twenty-four patients had biliary tract dilatation; of this group 88%
      had pancreatic calcifications and 75% had a focal mass in the pancreatic head.
      Sixteen of the 24 patients underwent follow-up studies; in 12 there was no change
      in the degree of biliary tract dilatation or appearance of the pancreas. The
      levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin were elevated in most of the
      24 patients; at follow-up, however, there was no consistent relationship between
      these values and radiologic findings. Biopsy is recommended for those patients in
      whom the serum alkaline phosphatase level remains persistently elevated. Four of
      seven such patients in this study underwent biliary-enteric bypass procedures due
      to pathologic evidence of cholestasis.

PMID- 2662257
TI  - Gallbladder lithotripsy.

PMID- 2662258
TI  - US location of the adductor canal hiatus: morphologic study.
AB  - In the lower extremities, the adductor canal hiatus is a site of predilection for
      arterial stenoses and occlusions. The high incidence of vascular disease in this
      region is thought to be due to a local factor. To gain more insight into the
      mechanisms leading to such disease, the authors used ultrasound to locate the
      adductor canal hiatus in dissecting room preparations and in healthy volunteers.

PMID- 2662259
TI  - Simon nitinol inferior vena cava filter: initial clinical experience. Work in
      progress.
AB  - The Simon nitinol filter for percutaneous interruption of the vena cava to
      prevent pulmonary embolism is currently undergoing a multicenter clinical trial.
      Preliminary clinical results are reported as work in progress. The results in 44
      patients at two centers are analyzed in detail, and major events are reported
      from 103 patients in 17 centers in the United States during a 10-month period.
      The filter was successfully inserted via the femoral or jugular route in all
      patients through a 9-F catheter. The placement procedure was easy and without
      significant complications. Follow-up studies included plain radiography,
      ultrasonography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and clinical evaluation. No
      filter migration or perforation occurred among the 103 patients. Symptomatic
      occlusions occurred in 7%-9%, comparable to other series, and some asymptomatic
      occlusions were detected with MR imaging only. The implications of occlusion of
      the filter are discussed.

PMID- 2662260
TI  - Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours. Histogenetic, histochemical,
      immunohistochemical, clinical and therapeutic aspects.
AB  - The increased knowledge of the pathobiology of gastrointestinal carcinoid
      (neuroendocrine) tumours and the improved therapeutic possibilities have brought
      a demand for more precise diagnosis. Although the carcinoid tumours can often be
      tentatively recognized in routinely processed microscopic slides, their more
      accurate identification requires additional diagnostic procedures. General
      neuroendocrine markers such as the argyrophil reaction of Grimelius and
      immunohistochemistry with application of antibodies against chromogranin A and of
      neuron-specific enolase are discriminatory staining methods which are used to
      reveal the neuroendocrine origin of almost all highly differentiated carcinoid
      tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Mid-gut carcinoids, which predominate
      among these tumours almost unexceptionally contain serotonin. This biogenic amine
      can be demonstrated by the argentaffin reaction of Masson, serotonin
      immunoreactively or by formalin-induced fluorescence. The characteristic staining
      pattern of mid-gut carcinoids is almost invariably preserved in the metastatic
      deposits and consequently the staining methods for identifying serotonin can also
      be used on metastases to reveal a primary mid-gut carcinoid. The enterochromaffin
      like (ECL) cell carcinoids of the body and fundic area of the stomach often seen
      in association with pernicious anaemia are argyrophil with the Sevier-Munger
      silver stain. Other neuroendocrine tumours, viz. antral, duodenal and rectal
      carcinoids should be studied by a battery of relevant peptide hormone antisera
      for adequate diagnosis. During the last decade new peptide hormones have been
      found in circulation in patients with carcinoid tumours, but serotonin and
      urinary 5-HIAA are still the most important markers for carcinoids of the mid-gut
      origin. Other clinically useful tumour markers are chromogranin A + B, pancreatic
      polypeptide, human chorionic gonadotropin alpha and beta subunits. For localizing
      procedures, angiography is the most reliable investigative method for primary
      tumours in the gut, whereas CT-scan and ultrasound investigations are good for
      detection of liver metastases. During the last five years, the therapy for
      malignant carcinoid tumours has been considerably improved. Chemotherapy has only
      revealed objective response rates in about 10-30% of the patients giving median
      survivals from start of therapy of about 10 months. Recently treatment with alpha
      interferons and the new somatostatin analogue octreotide have given objective
      responses in 50-75% of patients with malignant mid-gut carcinoid tumours. These
      patients have now a median survival from start of therapy of 70 months when
      treated with alpha interferons. In the future new therapies will come into use
      such as monoclonal antibodies and perhaps also agents blocking different growth
      factors.

PMID- 2662261
TI  - Cytological basis of immune functions of the spleen. Immunocytochemical
      characterization of lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells involved in the 'in situ'
      immune response.

PMID- 2662262
TI  - An increase in the ratio of thromboxane A2 to prostacyclin in association with
      increased blood pressure in patients on cyclosporine A.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two years of treatment with
      cyclosporine A on blood pressure and the rates of secretion into the circulation
      of the vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2 and the vasodilator prostacyclin. Seven
      patient suffering from multiple sclerosis took part. Their blood pressures and
      urinary concentrations of 2,3-dinor-thromboxane A2 (a major urinary metabolite of
      thromboxane A2) and of 2,3-dinor-6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (the major urinary
      metabolite of prostacyclin) were determined at the end of two years of treatment
      with cyclosporine A, and once again three months after cessation of this
      treatment. No other drugs were given during or after cyclosporine A. Mean
      arterial blood pressure was 113 +/- 5 mmHg (mean +/- SEM) during the cyclosporine
      A treatment, but fell to 94 +/- 4 mmHg after the three-month's wash-out period.
      Urinary excretion of the thromboxane metabolite decreased slightly from 674 +/-
      150 pg.mg-1 creatinine during cyclosporine A therapy to 503 +/- 90 pg.mg-1
      creatinine after the end of therapy. At the same time the prostacyclin metabolite
      increased significantly from 82 +/- 17 pg.mg-1 creatinine to 113 +/- 23 pg.mg-1
      creatinine (P less than 0.05). The ratio of 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2 to 2,3-dinor
      6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (taken as a measure of vasoconstrictor prostanoid
      activity) fell significantly from 8.4 +/- 0.8 4.7 +/- 0.6 (P less than 0.005).
      The shift in prostanoid production observed during cyclosporine A treatment could
      be one causal factor for the hypertensive and thromboembolic events associated
      with the use of this drug.

PMID- 2662263
TI  - Effect of secretin and caerulein on pancreatic polypeptide and on insulin
      secretion from the isolated perfused ventral area of the rat pancreas.
AB  - The secretion of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and insulin (IRI), stimulated by
      secretin or caerulein was investigated in the isolated perfused ventral area of
      the rat pancreas. The effect of atropine on these secretory responses was
      examined. Secretin (100-1000 pM) stimulated transient PP secretion and this
      response was completely inhibited by 10 microM of atropine. However, 10 pM
      secretin and 10-1000 pM caerulein did not stimulate the secretion of PP.
      Caerulein transiently stimulated IRI secretion and this response was not
      inhibited by atropine, but 10-1000 pM secretin did not stimulate IRI secretion.
      Therefore, the supraphysiological dose of secretin stimulates PP secretion
      probably via an intrapancreatic release of acetylcholine, while caerulein
      stimulates IRI secretion by a direct action.

PMID- 2662264
TI  - [Introduction to experiments in genetic engineering. XVIII. Regulatory mechanisms
      of gene expression in higher plants].

PMID- 2662265
TI  - [Post-traumatic dislocation of the upper tibiofibular joint. Review of the
      literature apropos of 6 cases].
AB  - This study reviewed 6 cases of post-traumatic dislocation of the superior tibia
      fibular joint. It was associated 5 times over six to a tibial fracture or major
      ligament lesion of the knee. The authors have made a review of the literature on
      this rare injury. The purpose of this paper is to insist on the necessity of an
      early diagnosis allowing a simple treatment and good results.

PMID- 2662266
TI  - [2-stage reconstruction in large loss of substance of the thigh using a
      fasciocutaneous flap and later on massive bone allograft].
AB  - The authors are reporting an observation in a 60 years old patient, of a serious
      gaping after a traumatism of the thigh with a massive loss of skin and muscles on
      the lateral aspect and a comminuted fracture the femoral diaphysis over 14 cm.
      There was no major vascular nervous lesion and after some time of paring and
      monitoring a fascio-cutaneous fore-inner flap of the thigh was realized. In the
      second stage, after the closing-up, a frozen-kept femoral allo-transplant was
      fitted and kept in by means of a bolted nailing. 36 months after the traumatism
      the transplant was assimilated and the patient was able to walk without any
      stick. The lack of any serious nervous vascular lesion in this particular case
      led to realize a rarely employed flap which enabled to solve the problem of the
      loss of the skin and muscles quickly and to realize the reconstruction by means
      of a massive bone allo-transplant, the only alternative to obtain a functional
      member.

PMID- 2662267
TI  - [Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of the patella. Apropos of 3 cases].
AB  - Three cases of acute haemotagenous osteomyelitis of the patella in children less
      than or equal to 9 years of age were reviewed. The purpose of this paper is to
      report these cases because of the extreme rarity of the location and the direct
      relationship of blood supply to this sesamoid bone with the involved areas. The
      treatment followed was surgical and the clinical and radiological results appear
      to be excellent after 4.8 and 12 years respectively.

PMID- 2662268
TI  - [Evaluation of therapeutic trials published apropos of antibiotic prophylaxis in
      orthopedic surgery].
AB  - The authors review all the randomized clinical trials published since 1970 which
      evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery.
      Evaluation of the quality of these trials was based on two clinical and four
      methodological criteria. They also take into account reports which aim to define
      the best antibiotic prophylactic protocol, particularly with regard to the
      duration of treatment. In conclusion, although the majority of trials do not
      escape criticism, the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery
      can be considered as demonstrated. The duration of treatment is still an open
      problem. At the present time, the duration of drainage defines the length of
      antibiotherapy.

PMID- 2662269
TI  - [Old post-traumatic dislocation of the radial head in children].
AB  - 27 cases of neglected post-traumatic dislocations of the radius head were
      followed up for 30 years. 23 of the cases were neglected Monteggia fractures. The
      treatment varied over the years from no therapy to the presently used technique
      of cubital osteotomy associated with surgical repositioning to the radius
      dislocation. The follow-up results were analysed to determine: 1) whether
      surgical intervention was justified, as the function of the upper limb of these
      children was often perfectly good, 2) the type of surgery to use, 3) when such
      surgery should be done. The results form this study, and the review of 66
      previously published cases indicate that surgery may be done on patients of any
      age, but preferably as early as possible, using precise surgical procedure, as
      these alone seem to guarantee a first class functional outcome, likely to improve
      on the pre-operative status of the patients.

PMID- 2662270
TI  - [Continuous ambulatory monitoring of the therapeutic effect of captopril, 50
      mg/day, in mild and moderate essential arterial hypertension].
AB  - The therapeutic effect of captopril in treating mild to moderate arterial
      hypertension has been evaluated in 20 patients. During 15 days patients underwent
      a washout period. Patients then received a single dose of 50 mg of captopril by
      mouth per day during 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, blood pressure (BP) was
      continuously monitored during 24 hours by a Pressure Holter (Spacelabs Monitor
      5300). Mean baseline 24 hour record BP was 152 +/- 24/94 +/- 17 mmHg and after
      one month treatment both diastolic and systolic pressures significantly decreased
      to 145 +/- 16/87 +/- 13 mmHg (p less than 0.001). No adverse effects were
      reported during treatment.

PMID- 2662271
TI  - [Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (cachectin)].
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is liberated by macrophages in response to infection.
      It has different biological effects, namely cytotoxicity on some tumor cell
      lines, anorexia, hyperlipidemia, and decreases in protein synthesis. It favors
      immunological responses and produces necrosis of certain tumors. The mechanisms
      of action of TNF are not well understood. Because the gene is found in all
      vertebrates, it seems that TNF plays an essential role, possibly a defensive one,
      even though large doses have severe effects, such as shock, fever and death.
      Endotoxic shock is mediated by this endotoxin with the help of IL-1. Other
      effects of TNF seem to be mediated by the metabolites of arachidonic acid.

PMID- 2662272
TI  - [Haemonchosis in camels].
AB  - Over the last thirty years, several surveys referring to the gastrointestinal
      parasites in the dromedary have shown high infestation rates by Haemonchus
      longistipes. Certain other studies have pointed out the economic and clinical
      importance of the camel haemonchosis. The author presents an overview of
      established knowledge on this major disease for the dromedary, which has hitherto
      been underestimated. The known features belonging either to this species or
      inferred from sheep haemonchosis, as a much better studied illness, are then
      presented. They refer to the parasite and to its cycle, to epidemiology,
      pathogeny, symptoms, lesions, diagnosis and treatment not forgetting feasible
      prophylactic measures as a conclusion. The author insists upon the season
      characteristic of the disease, the factors favouring infestations, and the more
      or less severe anaemia/cachexy syndrome, according to the observed forms of the
      affection. Differential diagnosis is often difficult to ascertain and several
      effective drugs available for treatment are reviewed. Finally, the control of
      this illness needs to take into account the specific features of the dromedary
      rearing together with a necessary involvement of the camel owners.

PMID- 2662273
TI  - [Hepatic cystadenoma: report of a case].
AB  - A case is presented of bilobar hepatic cystadenoma. This is a rare benign tumor
      in which an adequate preoperative diagnosis is important for correct treatment. A
      review is made of the literature and controversial aspects of this infrequent
      lesion are discussed.

PMID- 2662274
TI  - [Epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus secondary to achalasia].
AB  - We present the case of a 78-year-old patient who developed epidermoid carcinoma
      of the esophagus 5 years after Haller myotomy for achalasia, which produced an
      improvement in the clinical symptoms, as well as in the radiological, endoscopic
      and manometric manifestations. The appearance of carcinoma after a moderate
      period of time underlines the need for continued periodic follow-up of these
      patients.

PMID- 2662275
TI  - [Aerosol therapy in asthma].
AB  - Today there is a general use of aerosols in the treatment of asthma. To
      understand their importance it is necessary to know the make-up of an aerosol,
      physical and chemical factors as well as anatomical factors that influence its
      deposition and clearance in the tracheo-bronchial tree. In the therapy of asthma,
      small, easy-to-handle and reliable inhalers are prescribed. Other methods of
      administering these drugs by inhalation are available: these include nebulisation
      of the active substance in a liquid form and inhalation of the drug in a powder
      form. Their efficacy and the rareness of side effects (owing to the fact of
      minimal systemic absorption) makes them the preferred form of treatment of crises
      as well as for basic treatment. Nevertheless, to obtain the best therapeutic
      results the inhalation technique of the aerosol should be correct and some
      practical improvements are envisaged to alleviate any disadvantages: mixing
      chambers, mouth pieces, etc. Several drugs are commercially available in aerosol
      form (beta-agonists, atropine-like drugs, corticosteroids and chromones) which
      have a place both in the treatment of crises and in the basic treatment of
      asthma.

PMID- 2662276
TI  - [Pulmonary pathology due to cobalt and hard metals].
AB  - For forty years, cases of interstitial pneumonia and bronchial asthma have been
      described in hard metal workers (i.e., alloys of tungsten carbide and cobalt).
      Recently we have reported comparable pulmonary lesions in workers in the diamond
      industry who were exposed to cobalt unassociated with tungsten carbide. The
      exposure came from the diamond cobalt discs used for polishing diamonds, which
      had as the hard element microdiamonds, cemented in an alloy of pure cobalt. The
      hard metals on the other hand consisted of cobalt and tungsten carbide. Forty
      seven diamond cutters (i.e., nearly 1% of those exposed) presented with broncho
      pulmonary pathology due to cobalt. Nineteen had a fibrosing alveolitis, sometimes
      documented by a pulmonary biopsy and more often by a broncho-alveolar lavage
      which revealed characteristic multinucleated giant cells. Thirteen had
      occupational asthma, often proved by specific inhalation provocation tests to
      cobalt or by lung function measurements at the place of work. Two patients had
      mixed forms and in thirteen a probable diagnosis was suggested. The pathogenesis
      of cobalt might be explained by cytotoxic action such as has been demonstrated in
      animal experiments. Either results suggest a sensitising or allergic action.
      Tungsten carbide does not produce pulmonary lesions but its association with
      cobalt intensifies the effects of the latter.

PMID- 2662277
TI  - [Glomerulonephritis with mesangial deposition of IgA].
AB  - Presently, IgA nephropathy represents a disease of unknown etiology. On the basis
      of the most recent data available in the literature, the authors describe the
      possible immunological mechanisms of this immuno-mediated renal disease.
      Moreover, the clinical findings and diagnostic and therapeutic tools are
      discussed.

PMID- 2662278
TI  - [Routine abdominal ultrasonography in hospitalized patients?].

PMID- 2662279
TI  - [Sleep disorders in dialysis patients].
AB  - By means of standardized interviews and a self-rating scale, information was
      obtained from 51 dialysis patients concerning their duration of sleep, fitness,
      working capacity, interests, quality of life, etc. 34 of the subjects reported
      sleep disorders: 2 had difficulties falling asleep, 21 in sleeping through, and
      11 experienced both. Severity of the sleeping problems increases with prolonged
      hemodialysis therapy; the same seems to apply to lack of an active lifestyle. 9
      patients, apart from repeated nocturnal urination, no longer complained about
      sleeping problems following kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2662280
TI  - Immunological activities of RU-41740, a glycoprotein extract from Klebsiella
      pneumoniae. III. Role of LPS-like and LPS-non-related molecules.
AB  - RU-41740, a glycoprotein complex extracted from Klebsiella pneumoniae, is an
      immunomodulating agent which acts on B cells and macrophages. It has been shown
      that RU-41740 is composed mainly of two macromolecular fractions, F1, having an
      LPS-related structure, and P1, with a proteoglycan structure. In the present
      paper, the effects of these molecules on B cells and on IL-1 and tumour necrosis
      factor (TNF), production by macrophages were compared. Data reveal that both
      fractions were mitogenic for murine B cells and induced IL-1 and TNF production
      by macrophages. The LPS-like fraction (F1) was sensitive to polymyxin B and was
      unable to activate macrophages and spleen cells from LPS non-responder mice. The
      P1 fraction was mitogenic for B cells and induced the production of IL-1 and TNF
      activities by macrophages from LPS non-responder C3H/HeJ mice. The cytotoxic
      activity was due to TNF alpha, since treatment with anti-TNF alpha antiserum
      abrogated the lytic activity of supernatants from stimulated macrophages. The
      differences observed between P1 and F1 fractions in terms of sensitivity to
      polymyxin B and activity towards C3H/HeJ spleen cells and macrophages suggest
      that the two structurally distinct molecules isolated from RU-41740 could act at
      different sites on immunocompetent cells.

PMID- 2662281
TI  - Multiple sclerosis as a viral disease.

PMID- 2662282
TI  - MS as autoimmune disease: myelin antigens.

PMID- 2662283
TI  - Multiple sclerosis as autoimmune disease: vascular antigens.

PMID- 2662284
TI  - Sites of antigen presentation in T-cell mediated demyelinating diseases.

PMID- 2662285
TI  - B cells and antibodies in MS.
AB  - When the B-cell response was examined by enumeration of immunoglobulin (Ig)
      secreting cells, normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)--in contrast to previous
      beliefs--contained IgG-secreting cells, indeed at an 8-fold higher proportion per
      10(4) mononuclear cells (MNC) than blood. As expected, the proportion of IgG
      producing cells was greatly increased in MS CSF. Evaluation of antibody (Ab)
      responses at the cellular level, thereby bypassing draw-backs inherent in
      determinations of circulating Ab levels, such as Ab binding to target, revealed
      that in one MS patient group, 57% had, in CSF, cells secreting IgG Ab against
      myelin basic protein (MBP) and, in another MS group, 55% had, in CSF, cells
      producing IgG Ab against myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG); both MBP and MAG
      are possible targets for immune attack in MS. Anti-MBP and anti-MAG IgG antibody
      secreting cells could occur in parallel or independently. They were rarely
      detected in blood, reflecting strong sequestration in CNS CSF. Their possible
      role in MS pathogenesis is envisaged in light of recently suggested coupling
      between polyclonal B-cell hyperresponsiveness and antigen-driven specific
      responses in autoimmune-prone individuals.

PMID- 2662286
TI  - Non-specific mechanisms of inflammation and tissue damage in MS.

PMID- 2662287
TI  - Metabolic processes in isolated rat small intestine villus cells: effects of cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum (II).
AB  - Intestinal cells were isolated from male Fischer 344 rats by the collagenase
      portal vein perfusion procedure and evaluated for direct effects of cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) and ethylacrylate (EtAc) on metabolic activities.
      Specific activities of marker enzymes of intestinal crypt and villus cells
      indicated that the preparations contained predominantly villus cells. Cell
      viability was generally greater than 90%, and was maintained longest when the
      cells were suspended in M-199 medium supplemented with 1% BSA. EtAc, an
      industrial intermediate which is toxic to tissues which are directly exposed to
      this chemical, had no apparent effect on rates of glucose metabolism or protein
      synthesis in suspensions of the isolated intestinal cells. These metabolic
      processes, however, were inhibited by the anticancer agent, CDDP; the mechanism
      of cytotoxicity of CDDP may therefore be due to interference with intermediary
      metabolism. The present studies indicate that isolated intestinal cell
      suspensions may be useful in examining direct and immediate effects of chemicals
      which are toxic to the intestinal epithelium, and in evaluating potential
      cytotoxic effects of CDDP analogs which have been developed.

PMID- 2662288
TI  - Isolation of bovine herpesvirus-3 from African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer).
AB  - Eleven virus isolations were made from the blood of 45 free living healthy
      African buffaloes by long term cocultivation of their leucocytes with bovine
      thymus or spleen cells. The isolates were indistinguishable from each other or
      from herpesviruses isolated from a severely ill buffalo calf and from a dead
      buffalo. These viruses possessed the characteristics of the bovine herpesvirus-3
      (BHV-3) group and were indistinguishable by serology and restriction endonuclease
      analysis from the BHV-3 type strains Movar 33/63 and DN599. There was a 93.6 per
      cent prevalence of indirect immunofluorescent antibody to BHV-3 in the sera of 94
      buffaloes in the sample population. No clinical signs or viraemia were detected
      in five cattle inoculated with 10(8.7) log10 TCID50 of the isolate from the sick
      buffalo calf. Two of three cattle hyperimmunised with this virus resisted
      challenge with malignant catarrhal fever herpesvirus, which proved fatal for the
      other immunised animal and for three control cattle.

PMID- 2662289
TI  - Changes in plasma renin activity and renal immunohistochemically demonstrated
      renin in carbadox treated pigs.
AB  - Carbadox is known to induce toxic effects on the adrenal cortex, resulting in
      hypoaldosteronism. To study the involvement of carbadox on the renin-angiotensin
      system, weaned piglets of five weeks old received feed supplemented with 0
      (control group), 50, 100, 150 or 200 ppm carbadox. After four weeks the 100 and
      150 ppm groups had significantly higher plasma renin activity levels than the
      control group and after nine weeks plasma renin activity levels of all treated
      groups were significantly higher than the control group. Five and 10 weeks after
      carbadox administration, three and two pigs, respectively, of all groups were
      necropsied and the kidneys were screened for immunohistochemically demonstrated
      renin. All dosed pigs demonstrated an increase of immunoreactive renin, which was
      dose- and time-related. From these results it is concluded that carbadox induces
      activation of the renin-angiotensin system, secondary to the suppressing effect
      on mineralocorticoid secretion and that these changes may be responsible for part
      of the clinical picture.

PMID- 2662290
TI  - Effect of short esophageal acidification on airway hyperreactivity.
AB  - The influence of short esophageal acidification on the bronchial reaction to
      methacholine was assessed by quantitative methacholine challenge tests after
      ingestion of orange-juice (pH 2.7). We studied 15 stable asthmatics and 10
      hyperreactive nonasthmatics. After the acidic drink, airway hyperreactivity
      increased in 6 of the 15 asthmatics and 4 of the 10 hyperreactive nonasthmatics.
      For the groups as a whole, this response did not reach statistical significance
      in either group. Nevertheless, the finding that 40% of the patients responded to
      short esophageal acidification by an increase in airway hyperreactivity points
      out the importance of low esophageal pH values as a possible triggering factor of
      asthmatic attacks.

PMID- 2662291
TI  - Effect of four-week treatment with oxitropium bromide on lung mucociliary
      clearance in patients with chronic bronchitis or asthma.
AB  - The effect of oxitropium bromide on lung mucociliary clearance, pulmonary
      function and viscoelastic properties of sputum was investigated in 10 asthmatics
      and 10 chronic bronchitics. A controlled, double-blind, crossover study was
      performed. Following a baseline (B) measurement the patients were, in a random
      order, allocated placebo (P) or oxitropium bromide (O; 0.1 mg/puff), administered
      from metered dose inhalers, which they used for 4 weeks at a dose of 2 puffs
      t.d.s. This test medication was used in conjunction with their normal medication.
      At the end of the treatment period the patients were assessed, the treatments
      were then crossed over and a final assessment made 4 weeks later. The
      administration of oxitropium bromide resulted in (1) small but statistically
      significant increases in pulmonary function (less than 10% vs. placebo); (2)
      increased penetrance of radioaerosol into the lungs (mean +/- SEM alveolar
      deposition: 35 +/- 3, 26 +/- 3 and 24 +/- 3% for the O, P and B runs
      respectively; p less than 0.025); (3) no significant change in particle clearance
      rate from the lungs despite their deeper penetration (mean +/- SEM area under the
      tracheobronchial clearance curves between 0 and 6 h: 317 +/- 26, 324 +/- 25 and
      287 +/- 25%.h for the O, P and B runs respectively; p greater than 0.1); (4) no
      alteration in sputum production, and (5) no significant changes in apparent
      viscosity (mean +/- SEM: 640 +/- 162, 446 +/- 79 and 557 +/- 115 mPa.s for the O,
      P and B runs, respectively; p greater than 0.1) and elasticity (mean +/- SEM:
      3,682 +/- 1,383, 1,779 +/- 353 and 2,061 +/- 366 mPa for the O, P and B runs,
      respectively; p greater than 0.1) of sputum. When the two groups, i.e. the
      chronic bronchitics and asthmatics, were studied separately, no significant
      differences in any parameter measured (other than radioaerosol penetrance which
      was significantly enhanced on oxitropium bromide in chronic bronchitics) were
      noted between the three assessments.

PMID- 2662292
TI  - [A case of left atrial ball thrombus observed in a patient with combined valvular
      heart disease, accompanying anomalous coronary venous run].
AB  - A 53-year woman, who had been under observation for combined valvular heart
      disease, was admitted to our hospital for further examination of embolic episodes
      to brain and kidney. Echocardiographic examination showed the evidence of free
      moving ball thrombus in the left atrium, and emergent cardiac catheterization
      following the echocardiography confirmed the diagnosis of it as well as mitral
      stenosis, aortic regurgitation with stenosis, and tricuspid regurgitation. In
      addition, coronary angiography disclosed the anomalous coronary venous run. With
      these findings, the cause of embolic episodes was found to be due to the thrombus
      in the left atrium. In the surgery performed a ball thrombus of 40 x 35 x 36 mm
      and a mural thrombus of 15 x 35 x 20 mm in size in the left atrium were detected
      and removed, and both mitral and aortic valves were replaced to artificial ones.
      She had a good hospital course after the surgery and discharged without any
      complication. In this report, we discussed a case of left atrial thrombus
      observed in a combined valvular heart disease, with 29 literatures reported in
      our country.

PMID- 2662293
TI  - Pathophysiology of glomerular hemodynamic adaptations to nephron loss.

PMID- 2662294
TI  - Molecular studies of the fourth component of complement (C4) in
      glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2662295
TI  - The soluble immune response suppressor pathway in nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2662296
TI  - IgA nephropathy in children.

PMID- 2662297
TI  - The molecular basis of renal transplant rejection.

PMID- 2662298
TI  - Dietary manipulation and progression of renal disease: strategies for the growing
      animal.

PMID- 2662299
TI  - Protein metabolism in chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2662300
TI  - The use of human recombinant growth hormone for treatment of growth failure in
      uremia.

PMID- 2662301
TI  - Development of renal amino acid transport systems.

PMID- 2662302
TI  - Obstructive nephropathy in early development.

PMID- 2662303
TI  - X-linked hypophosphatemia.
AB  - X-linked hypophosphatemia is a common cause of metabolic rickets in children in
      this country. The gene defect is localized to the Xp22 region in man. Research
      into this disorder has been enhanced by the discovery of a mutant gene named Hyp
      on the X chromosome of mice that produces a syndrome similar to the human
      disease. These mutant genes in humans and mice alike result in low renal tubular
      reabsorption of phosphate, rickets, and osteomalacia. The renal synthesis of 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D is unresponsive to low phosphate stimuli in both. A second
      mutant gene on the X chromosome of mice, Gy, also causes low renal tubular
      reabsorption of phosphate. The underlying defects in both the human disease and
      the mouse models are unknown. The availability of these murine models should
      advance our understanding of this clinical disorder and provide an environment
      for the testing of novel therapies.

PMID- 2662304
TI  - Cystinosis.

PMID- 2662305
TI  - Calcitriol metabolism during chronic metabolic acidosis.
AB  - Chronic metabolic acidosis causes a profound disturbance in renal proximal tubule
      1OHase activity through perturbation of the normal ionic and hormonal controls of
      the enzyme activity. A lack of enzyme stimulation in response to hypophosphatemia
      and a paradoxical response of increased 1OHase activity to increased
      extracellular phosphorus are the important extracellular markers of deranged P
      control of 1OHase activity during chronic metabolic acidosis. 1OHase activity is
      down-regulated during chronic metabolic acidosis by an increase in renal cortical
      tubule mitochondrial calcium content and a functional abnormality in calcium
      handling, a reduction in extramitochondrial buffering capacity. There is a defect
      in PTH regulation of 1OHase during chronic metabolic acidosis, despite PTH levels
      which are inappropriately normal in relation to ionized hypercalcemia. PTH
      directed cAMP accumulation is likely normal as well. Metabolic clearance of
      calcitriol is increased during chronic metabolic acidosis. Thus, the hormonal
      stimulus to maintain calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, calcitriol, is so
      altered by chronic metabolic acidosis that it is easy to understand the profound
      clinical effects of the acidosis on the skeleton of growing children. Chronic
      metabolic acidosis has allowed a greater understanding of the complex regulatory
      physiology that underlies renal proximal tubular 1OHase activity and calcitriol
      metabolism.

PMID- 2662306
TI  - Growth failure in children with renal tubular acidosis.

PMID- 2662307
TI  - Role of endogenous dopamine on renal sodium excretion.

PMID- 2662308
TI  - Central nervous system grafting in the treatment of parkinsonism.
AB  - Central nervous system transplantation currently is being investigated in
      numerous centers throughout the world. The concept of restoring lost neurological
      function by grafting neuronal or neuronal-like tissue into the CNS has the
      potential for revolutionizing the treatment of numerous neurological disorders.
      Parkinson's disease is the subject of the majority of CNS transplantation studies
      although the first human studies were disappointing. However, further refinements
      of technique and patient selection, and animal research using a newly developed
      primate model of parkinsonism, led to promising results reported from several
      centers. Despite this, numerous fundamental issues have yet to be resolved: (1)
      age of patient? (2) degree of disability of patient? (3) use of fetal or adrenal
      tissue? (4) caudate or putamen placement? and (5) open or stereotactic surgery?
      This report reviews the clinically significant results of nonhuman primate
      research and clinical studies, and addresses these unresolved issues.

PMID- 2662309
TI  - Immunocytochemical techniques in stereotactic biopsy.
AB  - Conventional neuropathological stains, immunocytochemistry and cell culture can
      be performed on small tissue fragments obtained by stereotactic biopsy. A simple
      processing technique is described with particular attention to
      immunocytochemistry. The results of this technique are described for 34 specimens
      obtained from patients with low- and high-grade gliomas, lymphomas, pineal tumour
      and benign processes. The application of immunocytochemical techniques is of
      value in achieving a definitive diagnosis in the small tissue fragments obtained
      by stereotactic biopsy.

PMID- 2662310
TI  - Rapid method for determination of isocenter of radiation gantry and alignment of
      laser beams for stereotactic radiosurgery.
AB  - A simple technique has been designed which identifies the gantry isocenter and
      aligns the laser beams to the isocenter of the gantry within 3-5 min with an
      error of less than 0.75 mm, depending upon the accuracy of gantry rotation.

PMID- 2662311
TI  - [Cutaneous signs of disseminated gonococcal infections. An update apropos of 2
      cases].

PMID- 2662312
TI  - [Non-drug induced connective tissue diseases].

PMID- 2662313
TI  - [Coronary trunk involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Possible role of
      corticotherapy. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 2662314
TI  - [Mediastinal teratoma disclosed by pericarditis].

PMID- 2662315
TI  - [Respiratory manifestations of hemorrhagic rectocolitis].
AB  - The spectrum of respiratory diseases associated with ulcerative colitis. The
      respiratory diseases associated with ulcerative colitis have recently been
      recognized, and principally affect the bronchi. Both chronic bronchitis and
      bronchiectasis may develop after many years, some of the patients having already
      undergone colectomy. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by cough and chronic
      mucopurulent sputum, and these symptoms may be exacerbated during acute flare-ups
      of ulcerative colitis. The bronchial lesions are inflammatory and can be reversed
      by corticosteroid therapy. Bronchiectasis produces similar symptoms, but has
      distinctive radiological features. Corticosteroids may sometimes reduce the
      symptoms, but they have no effect on the bronchial lesions.
      Salicylazosulfapyridine might be responsible for hypersensitivity lung diseases
      with eosinophilia, but the drug does not seem to be involved in the genesis of
      these bronchial manifestations. There have been occasional reports of other
      respiratory diseases associated with ulcerative colitis, including obliterative
      bronchiolitis, isolated and asymptomatic airflow obstruction, inflammatory
      tracheal stenosis, pulmonary vasculitis, pleurisy and pleuropericarditis, chronic
      pneumonia and interstitial fibrosis which may be diffuse or localized to the
      apices.

PMID- 2662316
TI  - [Condylomata acuminata].
AB  - A review of the recent literature concerning the C.A. has been made. Two major
      facts appear to be confirmed: the rising incidence of the disease for adults as
      in other S.T.D. and the oncogenicity of some of the HPV's (Human Papillomavirus)
      isolated from the C.A.: HPV 16, 18, 31, 33 and 35. A peculiar attention has been
      paid to the para-clinical evaluation of the patient and his partner. The
      different therapeutic modalities are reviewed: their choice should be based on
      duration, spreading and localization of the lesions, age and immunological status
      of the patient. The problem of treating condylomata acuminata during pregnancy is
      also discussed.

PMID- 2662317
TI  - [The medical treatment of renal cancer in adults].
AB  - Cure of adult renal cell cancer can only be obtained by surgery. However,
      nephrectomy has no effect upon distant metastases. Hormonotherapy is ineffective.
      Vinblastine is the only chemotherapeutic agent with a certain antitumoral
      activity. New immunotherapeutic agents such as interferon alpha or interleukin 2
      are more promising but their side-effects are not negligible. Medical management
      of renal cell cancer remains investigational.

PMID- 2662318
TI  - [Boerhaave syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment].

PMID- 2662319
TI  - Iron loss in runners during exercise. Implications and recommendations.

PMID- 2662320
TI  - Factors affecting running economy.
AB  - Running economy, defined as the steady-state VO2 for a given running velocity,
      has been shown to account for a large and significant proportion of variation in
      distance-running performance among runners roughly comparable in VO2 max. Despite
      this recognition, relatively little is known regarding the potpourri of
      physiological, environmental, structural and mechanical factors potentially
      associated with a lower aerobic demand of running. Early attempts at quantifying
      the energy expenditure of exhaustive runs incorporated measurements of oxygen
      consumption before, during, and after exercise. The validity of this approach has
      been questioned, however, since recent evidence has demonstrated that only a
      moderate relationship exists between postexercise VO2 and anaerobic metabolism.
      The energy demands for submaximal running (i.e. running economy) can be
      quantified by calculating the steady-state VO2, expressed with respect to body
      mass and time, for a standardised, submaximal running speed. Since this variable
      represents the aerobic demand of running, the generation of energy must derive
      wholly from cell respiration and not from substantial protein catabolism.
      Research has indicated that at low to moderate work rates, the steady-state
      energy condition is attained in about 3 minutes. Trained individuals reach steady
      state sooner than unfit subjects. While limited by methodological constraints,
      the existence of a steady-state has also been verified by the lack of blood
      lactate accumulation and the presence of a respiratory exchange ratio of less
      than 1.00. The ability of economy, either singly or in combination with VO2 max,
      to account for a substantial portion of performance variation among trained
      distance runners and untrained subjects of comparable ability and fitness level
      has been demonstrated in recent cross-sectional studies. Limited data from short
      and long term longitudinal research also suggests that endurance running success
      is linked to training and growth-related improvements in economy. Intraindividual
      variation in economy has been shown to vary between 2% and 11% for a given speed.
      Most of this variation can probably be attributed to biological error. While the
      majority of evidence does not support a gender difference in running economy,
      data from some studies suggest that males may be more economical than women.
      Prepubescent children are less economical than older children and adults, whereas
      older adults exhibit the same trend when compared to younger counterparts.
      Because of air and wind resistance, the aerobic demands of indoor treadmill
      running significantly underestimate the cost of overground running, especially at
      higher speeds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2662321
TI  - Chronic exercise-induced pain in the anterior aspect of the lower leg. An
      overview of diagnosis.
AB  - Clinical examination following an exercise test that elicits the symptoms of
      lower leg pain is most helpful in diagnosing the causes. Location of swelling,
      pain, impaired muscle function and impaired nerve function should all be
      analysed. History and clinical signs alone are insufficient to establish the
      diagnosis of chronic anterior compartment syndrome, and for this reason
      intramuscular pressure recordings have an important role in diagnosis. Different
      techniques for pressure recording and different pressure parameters are reviewed.
      Muscle relaxation pressure during exercise and intramuscular pressure at rest
      after exercise are the best parameters to study. Fasciotomy relieves pain in
      between 60% and 100% of patients. Closure of a fascial defect is never indicated,
      because it decreases the compartment size and may precipitate an acute
      compartment syndrome. Recording of nerve conduction velocity is a helpful
      complement in the diagnosis and evaluation of superficial peroneal nerve
      compression. Decompression by local fasciectomy and fasciotomy of the lateral
      compartment gives good results in more than 50% of patients. The value of
      periostitis as a clinical sign and the possibility of chronic pain following
      eccentric exercise are discussed.

PMID- 2662322
TI  - Aerobic exercise and resistance weight-training during weight reduction.
      Implications for obese persons and athletes.
AB  - Weight reduction is a goal common to obese persons and some athletic groups. An
      optimal weight loss programme for both populations should selectively deplete
      body fat while maintaining lean tissue. Another concern, particularly for
      athletes but also for obese persons participating in an exercise programme, is
      maintenance of physical performance. Treatments relying only on energy
      restriction commonly cause substantial loss of lean tissue, but the addition of
      aerobic exercise has frequently been shown to reduce this loss. Although less
      commonly used, resistance exercise appears to prevent loss of or even increase
      muscle mass during energy restriction. This type of exercise is less likely than
      aerobic exercise to acutely increase energy and lipid utilisation but may
      increase lean tissue, metabolic rate and thus indirectly aid weight reduction.
      Impairment of aerobic capacity, aerobic endurance, and muscle dysfunction has
      been demonstrated during energy restriction in athletes and obese persons.
      Incorporation of exercise into the weight loss programme may alleviate some of
      these negative consequences on performance. The addition of aerobic exercise of
      adequate intensity and duration has been shown to improve aerobic performance,
      even during severe energy restriction in obese individuals. Although resistance
      exercise will not cause an improvement of aerobic performance, increase in muscle
      size and strength have been noted concurrent with substantial weight loss. In
      summary, the value of aerobic exercise during weight loss is clear but the place
      of resistance exercise is intriguing but unresolved. To make development of ideal
      treatments for weight loss even more complex, the quantity of protein and
      carbohydrate in the energy-restricted diets may interact with the exercise
      prescription to determine the influence of the programme on body composition and
      physical performance in athletes and obese individuals.

PMID- 2662323
TI  - Aerobic exercise during pregnancy. Special considerations.
AB  - Alterations in maternal physiology during pregnancy affect the physiological
      respect to aerobic exercise. Maternal resting oxygen consumption (VO2) and
      cardiac output increase during pregnancy. Heart rate (HR) becomes progressively
      elevated through gestation, whereas stroke volume (SV) increases until the third
      trimester and then declines until term, probably because of diminished venous
      return. Plasma volume increases earlier and to a greater magnitude than red cell
      volume, resulting in the 'haemodilutional anaemia' of pregnancy and a decline in
      the oxygen-carrying capacity. Ventilation is greater during pregnancy because of
      elevated tidal volume and unchanged rate of breathing. The acute and chronic
      (training) responses to aerobic exercise during pregnancy have not been
      thoroughly investigated. Specifically, the effect of gestational age, maternal
      activity status, and type, duration and intensity of exercise on maternal
      cardiovascular response have only recently begun to be explored. During pregnancy
      cardiac output during submaximal exertion increases above values in non-pregnant
      women, except perhaps late in gestation. Both heart rate and stroke volume
      contribute to the elevated cardiac output. Changes in submaximal exercise VO2
      during pregnancy are dependent on the mode of exercise. At the same workload, VO2
      increases during weight-bearing exercise, but usually does not differ from
      postpartum values during weight-supported exercise. One study found no change in
      VO2max during pregnancy compared to postpartum values. Some recent evidence
      indicates that the cardiac output vs VO2 relationship for pregnant women is
      within the range of average values reported for non-pregnant individuals.
      Exercise arterial-venous oxygen difference is lower during pregnancy, suggesting
      that the higher cardiac output is distributed to non-exercising vascular beds.
      The data are limited but suggest that the perfusion of exercising muscle is
      unchanged during pregnancy and that the major haemodynamic change is an augmented
      cardiac output so that blood flow to the uterus and fetus is not compromised.
      Only one study has measured blood flow during exercise in pregnant women. The
      reported 25% decrease in uterine blood flow during supine cycle exercise in women
      late in gestation must be interpreted cautiously because the uterus may obstruct
      the vena cava in the supine position. Studies of exercising pregnant animals
      usually indicate a decreased uterine blood flow but an enhanced oxygen
      extraction; the lower blood flow may be limited to non-placental areas. The
      applicability of these results to humans is unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2662325
TI  - Spine fractures in winter sports.
AB  - In a 7-year review of 1,447 spine fractures, 202 (14%) were due to sporting or
      recreational causes, of which 84 (42%) were associated with paralysis. This high
      incidence catastrophic injury is second only to motor vehicle accidents.
      Snowmobiling (10%), skiing (5%), tobogganing (5%) and ice hockey (3%) accounted
      for approximately one-quarter of these injuries. Snowmobile injuries rose
      steadily over this period, and the main contributing factors were alcohol, poor
      lighting, young age and inappropriate terrain. The skiing injuries occurred to
      novices and top class skiers alike, with one-third of those sustaining a fracture
      having associated paralysis. In view of the terrain and the speeds involved, the
      figure is unlikely to change. An alarming trend was the subtle increase in
      cervical fracture due to ice hockey, most of which were compression injuries with
      the neck in the neutral or slightly flexible position, and secondary to a
      collision with the boards. Being decked from behind contributed to the impact.
      The introduction of measures to reduce these injuries is mandatory, since
      cervical fractures secondary to ice hockey were associated with permanent
      paralysis in 67% of the cases. There are several points of initial management
      which require emphasis.

PMID- 2662324
TI  - Physiological bases for the treatment of the physically active individual with
      diabetes.
AB  - Substrate utilisation and glucose homoeostasis during exercise is controlled by
      the effects of precise changes in insulin, glucagon and the catecholamines. The
      important role these hormones play is clearly seen in people with diabetes, as
      the normal endocrine response is often lost. In individuals with insulin
      dependent diabetes (IDDM), there can be an increased risk of hypoglycaemia during
      or after exercise or, conversely, there can be a worsening of the diabetic state
      if insulin deficiency is present. In contrast, it appears that people with non
      insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) can generally exercise without fear of a
      deleterious metabolic response. The exercise response both in healthy subjects
      and in those with diabetes is dependent on many factors such as age, nutritional
      status and the duration and intensity of exercise. Since there are so many
      variables which govern individual response to exercise, an exact exercise
      prescription for all people with diabetes cannot be made. There are many
      adjustments to the therapeutic regimen which an individual with IDDM can make in
      order to avoid hypoglycaemia during or after exercise. In general, a reduction in
      insulin dosage and the added ingestion and continual availability of
      carbohydrates are wise precautions. On the other hand, exercise should be
      postponed if blood glucose is greater than 2500 mg/L and ketones are present in
      the urine. As more is understood about the regulation of substrate metabolism
      during exercise, more refined therapeutic strategies can be defined. An
      understanding of the metabolic response to exercise is critical for generating an
      effective and safe training programme for all diabetic individuals who wish to be
      physically active.

PMID- 2662326
TI  - [Hodgkin disease, stage I through III A: treatment results at the Zurich
      University Hospital from 1974 to 1985 and current procedures].
AB  - 1974 to 1985, 148 patients with M. Hodgkin I to III A have been treated at the
      University Hospital Zurich with radiotherapy or radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
      Ten year survival rates (recurrence free) are: all patients 88% (67%); all with
      primary radiotherapy 88% (58%); PS I A/II A and radiotherapy 94% (63%); PS III A
      and primary radiotherapy 78% (56%); patients with recurrence after primary
      radiotherapy 69% (73%). COMPLICATIONS: four cases of acute leukaemia, one case of
      pancytopenia and sepsis and one case with a myeloproliferative syndrome.
      Cumulative frequency of leukaemia after ten years is about 7%. Three patients
      suffered from secondary solid neoplasia. 94% of all living patients are free of
      symptoms and are working 100%. Based on Ann-Arbor stage, number and volume of
      involved regions, age, histology, general symptoms and the sedimentation rate,
      patients with M. Hodgkin CS I to III A can be subdivided in three groups with the
      following risks of recurrence after primary irradiation without staging
      laparotomy and splenectomy: a favourable group with a recurrence risk of about
      20%. For these patients, primary radiotherapy after clinical staging is an
      acceptable therapy. In a second group with a high recurrence risk of greater than
      50% after irradiation, primary chemotherapy is indicated, usually with additional
      irradiation of the main tumour manifestations. In a third group with a medium
      recurrence risk, laparotomy may be further indicated.

PMID- 2662327
TI  - [Inflammatory diseases of the digestive system and pregnancy: clinical case and
      review of the literature].
AB  - This paper reports the fertility with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), effects
      of IBD on pregnancy and conversely, effects of treatment on the mother and the
      child. Fertility is minimally, if at all, compromised. The foetus is likely to
      survive in spite of active disease. There is no good evidence for an effect of
      pregnancy on Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn disease. Sulfasalazine and steroids
      should be used in IBD during pregnancy much as they are in the non pregnant
      azathioprine and metronidazole are contraindicated. IBD is not a reason for a
      young woman to avoid pregnancy and does not constitute an indication for
      abortion.

PMID- 2662328
TI  - [Still's disease in adults: apropos of 6 cases].
AB  - We describe six cases of adult onset Still's disease diagnosed between 1981 and
      1987. These cases are well representative of the different clinical and evolutive
      features of this disease. Two patients had visceral involvement, two suffered
      from destructive arthritis. The evolution was very variable and depended on the
      severity of articular and visceral involvement. More than 228 cases of adult
      Still's disease have been reported since Bywater's first description in 1971. We
      recall the clinical and biological signs of this disease and the diagnostical
      criteria recently proposed by Reginato.

PMID- 2662329
TI  - [Rheumatologic complications in patients treated with intermittent hemodialysis].
AB  - Long-term hemodialysis is complicated by rheumatological problems. They can vary
      from pain syndromes without clinical signs to severe destructive arthritis. The
      latter is often associated with severe disability. Its origin can be related to
      deposition of amyloid or synovial overloading with aluminium or iron. Different
      factors influence its occurrence, such as the type of dialysis membrane used or
      the quantity of aluminium consumed by these hemodialysed patients. The authors
      evaluated the frequency and the type of rheumatic disorders in the hemodialysis
      center of the HCU in Geneva. A comparison of these findings with previous reports
      is presented and the etiopathogenesis is discussed.

PMID- 2662330
TI  - [Osteoid osteoma of the lower end of the femur--a diagnostic problem].
AB  - Joint symptoms may be the first manifestations of juxta-articular osteoid
      osteoma; therefore, diagnosis may be difficult. We report the case of a young
      athlete who presented an osteoid osteoma of the distal part of the femur. Correct
      diagnosis was delayed by the presence of a pathological mid-patellar plica
      synovialis and the absence of modifications on standard X-rays.

PMID- 2662331
TI  - [Gallbladder agenesis: a diagnostic problem?].
AB  - A rare case of an agenesis of the gallbladder in combination with cardiac
      malformation (anomalous pulmonary venous return with associated atrial septal
      defect) is reported. Despite modern diagnostic methods this agenesis which is
      often combined with a variety of malformations is first realized during operation
      or postmortem. Combinations of atypical clinical signs and sonografical or
      radiological absence of the gallbladder ("vesicule exclue") should point at
      agenesia of the gallbladder and to look for further malformations.

PMID- 2662332
TI  - Skin cancer--early detection.
AB  - Skin cancer, the most frequently occurring of all cancers, shows an encouragingly
      high rate of cure if detected early and treated properly. Etiologies of
      nonpigmented and pigmented premalignant lesions and malignant lesions are
      discussed, where known, with solar exposure frequently cited. Criteria for
      diagnosis are discussed; however, the clinical similarity of some malignant
      lesions to premalignant or nonmalignant conditions makes excision necessary in
      order to establish a definitive diagnosis--when in doubt, take it out. Treatment
      ranges from close observation of certain nevi to complete lesional destruction at
      the initial treatment. Prevention is also stressed, with "suntan parlors" coming
      under some indictment. Overall, the paper emphasizes early detection and points
      out that even some melanomas undergo a biologic period when metastasis is
      unlikely and the melanoma is curable if detected and adequately treated during
      this period.

PMID- 2662333
TI  - Head and neck cancer: early detection.
AB  - Head and neck cancers are discussed in four categories: oral cavity, pharynx,
      larynx, and salivary glands. The incidence of head and neck cancers varies with
      the site of the lesion and ranges from the most common area of involvement, the
      lip, to those of the nasopharynx, which are extremely rare. The exact etiology of
      most of these malignancies has not been determined, but an association has been
      made with many factors, such as immune impairment, environmental (tobacco,
      chemical, radiation), and genetic. With few exceptions, the cure rate is
      excellent when these lesions are diagnosed early and initially eradicated
      completely. Early signs and symptoms are discussed, and guidelines are given for
      performing examinations to detect early cancers.

PMID- 2662334
TI  - Early detection of gynecologic malignancies.
AB  - Gynecological malignancies constitute 14% of cancers in women. Failure to control
      disease is most frequently related to delays in diagnosis, which may be corrected
      through renewed efforts at patient and physician education as well as the use of
      diagnostic techniques currently available.

PMID- 2662335
TI  - Screening for lung cancer.
AB  - Lung cancer incidence is increasing. Survivability has increased over the last
      few years particularly in certain subsets and has also been shown to increase
      with early detection. Chest X-ray and sputum cytology have been the mainstays of
      screening programs. Although survival is increased, overall mortality rates seem
      unchanged except in certain subsets. Whether the addition of serum markers or use
      of monoclonal antibodies, automated cytological, and computer-aided techniques
      will show decrease in mortality remains to be documented. We recommend yearly
      chest X-rays, sputum cytology in high-risk patients, i.e., age greater than 65,
      greater than 20 year history smoking, other significant carcinogenic exposure.
      Serum markers, monoclonal antibodies, and advanced, automated cytology methods
      are yet to be tested and therefore should be considered in clinical trials only.

PMID- 2662336
TI  - Screening for colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - Colorectal carcinoma will occur in some 147,000 Americans this year. This disease
      accounts for 15% of all cancers and 12% of all cancer deaths. Screening for
      colorectal carcinoma may allow the disease process to be found earlier and, in
      some situations such as when polyps are found and removed, may even prevent the
      disease. The two main modalities of screening are fecal occult blood tests and
      sigmoidoscopy. By general screening of asymptomatic patients as well as by
      selective screening of those at high risk, there is hope that the incidence and
      mortality of this cancer will diminish. Absolute confirmation of this benefit is
      still lacking, making the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of this screening
      somewhat questionable. Current educational efforts are designed to increase
      compliance and to help solve some of these unanswered questions.

PMID- 2662337
TI  - Early detection of prostate cancer.
AB  - Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in American males and the
      third leading cause of cancer deaths in this population. There are no symptoms
      that are unique to early prostate cancer, and nearly one-half of patients will
      have metastatic disease at diagnosis. Because of its tremendous impact upon the
      health and well-being of the American male population, and the importance of
      early diagnosis in curability, there is keen interest in the development of
      effective screening procedures that are highly sensitive, specific, and cost
      effective. Rectal examination serves as the historical control. The serum tumor
      markers of prostate cancer, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and prostate
      specific antigen (PSA), are sensitive but relatively nonspecific in the diagnosis
      of prostate cancer. The use of transrectal ultrasound as a screening tool is
      highly controversial but suffers from a similar lack of specificity. As yet, no
      diagnostic tests, alone or in combination, have proven to be of practical value
      in screening for prostate cancer. Fundamental but unanswered questions about the
      natural history and the high incidence of "latent" disease also obscure the issue
      of early diagnosis of prostate cancer and its impact on survival.

PMID- 2662338
TI  - [Giant axonal neuropathy: intermediate filament disease with involvement of the
      peripheral and central nervous system].
AB  - We report a case of giant axonal neuropathy in a 14 year-old turkish boy with
      progressive chronic neuropathy and central involvement with mental retardation.
      CT showed a low density and MRI imaging multiple cavities and hypersignals of the
      white matter. Nerve and skin biopsies revealed an accumulation of neurofilaments
      in axonal swellings and an accumulation of intermediate filaments in fibroblasts,
      Schwann cells, endothelial cells. These findings are in accordance with the
      reported cases. Giant axonal neuropathy results from a generalized disorder of
      the intermediate filaments, but the precise biochemical defect is unknown. We
      would agree with Maia (1988) to name this affection "Giant Axonal Disease".

PMID- 2662339
TI  - [Neurologic forms of Lyme disease. 12 cases].
AB  - Twelve cases of Lyme's disease with neurological complications are reported.
      Seven patients had meningoradiculitis of the Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth type, with
      facial palsy in 2 cases. In 1 case the radiculitis involved only the cauda
      equina. Two more patients had meningomyelitis. Of the remaining 3, 1 had subacute
      inflammatory polyneuritis with albumino-cytologic dissociation, 1 had probable
      dorsal epiduritis, and the last one developed parkinsonism and communicating
      hydrocephalus after an otherwise classical meningoradiculitis. Three patients
      recalled a tick bite but only one a cutaneous eruption. No arthritis or cardiac
      involvement were observed. In 2 cases the CSF contained pseudo-neoplastic cells.
      Severe pain was a prominent feature in most cases. Pain consistently and rapidly
      improved on high-dose intravenous penicillin, while other signs or symptoms (e.g.
      paresthesias or fatigue) often lasted several months. Parkinsonism and
      hydrocephalus were not influenced by penicillin, and both required specific
      therapy. Isolated neurological (both central and peripheral) involvement is not
      unusual in Lyme's disease and may give rise to a wide range of signs and
      symptoms. This diagnosis is to be considered even when other features of Borrelia
      burgdorferi infection are lacking.

PMID- 2662340
TI  - [Intensive immunosuppression in progressive multiple sclerosis. An open study
      comparing 3 groups: cyclophosphamide, cyclophosphamide-plasmapheresis and control
      subjects. Results after 3 years].
AB  - Three groups of 10 patients each with multiple sclerosis (MS) in a progressive
      phase were openly matched on the basis of age and invalidity (DSS Kurtzke).
      Variance analysis showed no significant difference between them for the main MS
      features. Group 1 received cyclophosphamide for 3 weeks (mean total dose: 152
      mg/kg) with methylprednisolone (mean total dose: 2.77 g). Group 2 had a mean
      number of 9 plasma exchanges prior to a cyclophosphamide-methylprednisolone
      regimen similar to Group 1 (mean total dose of cyclophosphamide: 160 mg/kg and of
      methylprednisolone: 3.16 g). Group 3 was made up of controls. At three years, the
      proportion of stabilized and improved cases was 6/10 in group 1, 9/10 in Group 2
      (statistically significant when compared with Group 1), and 0/10 in Group 3. The
      study of the variations of invalidity (DSS gains) showed a clear significant
      benefit in the treated groups when compared to controls, but no difference
      between the treated groups. Longitudinal studies showed that the mean therapeutic
      benefit was about 2.5 years. The role of cyclophosphamide and of plasma exchanges
      in these results is discussed.

PMID- 2662341
TI  - [Retrochiasmatic lesions in multiple sclerosis. Demonstration by visual evoked
      potentials. Correlation with magnetic resonance imaging].
AB  - Monocular stimulation of each visual hemifield can show an interhemispheric
      asymmetry of VEP. Validity of this test needs a reproducibility of responses and
      exclusion of stimulation induced by eye movements. In a prospective study of 22
      MS cases, it appeared that interhemispheric asymmetry was a criterion of
      dissemination is space and had a good diagnostic value: MS became clinically
      definite in 10/12 cases; in 10 other cases in which a correlative MRI-VEP study
      was possible, there were disseminated high signal areas in T2 weighted sequences
      on hemispheric MRI. In 7/10 cases, these areas were located on retrochiasmatic
      visual pathways. With MRI, VEP are the most performant tests for early diagnosis
      in MS. Technical progress will improve its fiability. Prospective correlative
      clinical, electrophysiological and MRI studies are necessary on a larger number
      of MS patients.

PMID- 2662342
TI  - [Epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Limousin area].
AB  - Several epidemiologic studies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have shown a
      uniform repartition over the world. We report the results of a retrospective
      study and the preliminary results of a prospective study carried out in the
      Limousin area. The mean incidence per/year is 0.97/100,000 in the retrospective
      study and 1.3/100,000 in the prospective study. Such data are similar to those
      previously reported. The two major findings are the high frequency of bulbar
      palsy and the high mean age of the patients. This can be associated with the high
      mean age of the population in the Limousin area as compared to other regions.

PMID- 2662343
TI  - Cure of sleep apnea syndrome after long-term nasal continuous positive airway
      pressure therapy and weight loss.
AB  - Two male patients [aged 53 and 54 years; body mass index (BMI) of 36.8 and 34.4
      kg/m2] presented with severely symptomatic sleep apnea syndrome. Polysomnographic
      recording showed sleep fragmentation, diminution of stages III and IV and
      continuous sleep-related disordered breathing with mixed and obstructive apneas
      and hypopneas, and snoring. Apnea index (number of apneas per sleep-hour) was 73
      and 30, respectively. These abnormalities were reversed by nasal continuous
      positive airway pressure (nCPAP). Home treatment with nCPAP associated with
      hypocaloric diet was started. Six months later, all symptoms had disappeared and
      BMI was 29 and 29.2 kg/m2, respectively. Polygraphic recordings without nCPAP
      showed regular breathing in all sleep stages, which were stable and normally
      abundant. Therapy has been discontinued and clinical and polygraphic data have
      remained normal for up to 6 and 11 months, respectively.

PMID- 2662344
TI  - [Fluoroquinolones: pharmacology, antibacterial spectrum and indications in
      pneumology].
AB  - Fluoroquinolones are antibiotics that act principally on DNA gyrase. At the
      moment, resistance to these antibiotics is purely chromosome-mediated. As regards
      pharmacokinetics, these compounds have a high bioavailability and penetrate
      extremely well into tissues and cells. Therapeutic concentrations are obtained in
      bronchial mucosa and lung tissue. In severe lower respiratory tract infections
      fluoroquinolones must be given in combination with other antibiotics to prevent
      the emergence of resistant mutants. The indications of fluoroquinolones in lower
      respiratory tract infections depend on their antibacterial spectrum. They are
      particularly useful in the treatment of infections caused by methicillin
      sensitive or resistant staphylococci, Pseudomonas spp. (notably in cystic
      fibrosis) and intracellular organisms. They are not indicated for streptococcal
      infections, notably those due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, and for anaerobic
      infections. Fluoroquinolones are currently used mainly in hospital-acquired lower
      respiratory tract infections, in infected cystic fibrosis and in some acute
      episodes of chronic bronchitis since they are active against Haemophilus
      influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis.

PMID- 2662345
TI  - [Thoracic splenosis].
AB  - Thoracic splenosis is the autotransplantation of splenic tissue in the thorax
      after an injury of the spleen with a tear of the hemi-diaphragm. Usually, there
      is no symptom and it is unfrequent. A scintigraphy with 99 m. Tc. sulfur colloid
      and a scan with 99 m. Tc. tagged-heated red cells give the diagnosis. For now, it
      is no necessary to operate these patients to remove these thoracic nodules.

PMID- 2662346
TI  - [Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections].
AB  - Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pathogenic micro-organism frequently held responsible
      for acute respiratory infection. The disease is ubiquitous and often proceeds in
      epidemics among small communities of young people (families, army barracks,
      universities). Its usual clinical manifestations consist of a stubborn cough
      symptomatic of tracheo-bronchitis with or without fever, and inflammation of the
      upper respiratory tract. Cases where chest X-rays show a pulmonary infiltrate are
      less frequent, but they differ from other lung diseases in that the respiratory
      signs at physical examination are discreet. The presence of cold agglutinins is
      not specific, but it contributes to the diagnosis. Cutaneous, neuromeningeal,
      cardiovascular and osteo-articular manifestations are rare, usually delayed and
      of lesser importance. Diagnosis rests on positive cultures of tracheo-bronchial
      or pharyngeal samples and/or on a significant increase in the titers of serum
      antibodies directed against M. pneumoniae. The disease is usually benign.
      Antibiotic therapy with macrolides or tetracyclines shortens its duration and
      reduces the incidence of complications. The latter chiefly concern elderly
      subjects and patients with COLD for whom M. pneumoniae infection constitutes a
      major risk of respiratory failure.

PMID- 2662347
TI  - [The role of ultrasonics in the diagnosis of extrauterine pregnancy].
AB  - Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is not easy. To show echography's value in extra
      uterine pregnancy, the author studied 87 cases where the diagnosis was confirmed.
      The real diagnosis has been found in only 8 cases by echography. A great
      probability existed in 32 cases. 36 times, the diagnosis was suggested by
      echography, but it was refuted 11 times. Echography must be unassuming in the
      diagnosis of extra-uterine pregnancy.

PMID- 2662348
TI  - [Milk fever].
AB  - Infectious complications following delivery were, in the past, attributed to
      "milk fever": these were milk congestion, milk deposits, rancid milk, etc., that
      were held responsible. The milk was reabsorbed into the blood of the patient and
      settled in the peritoneum ("milk peritonitis"), in the broad ligaments (pelvic
      abscess), in the thighs (phlebitis) and also in the breasts (breast abscess).
      This belief, originated by Aristotle, was accepted by excellent authors like
      Andre Levret (1703-1780), one of the most famous French obstetricians and Nicolas
      Puzos, at the same time. More recently, authors alluded to it and blamed "milk
      fever" for being at the origin of dramatic pictures which they described in their
      novels, like Victor Hugo and Guy de Maupassant, for instance.

PMID- 2662349
TI  - [The liar].

PMID- 2662350
TI  - Reconstruction of the nasal septum and dorsum by cartilage transplants-
      autogeneic or allogeneic?

PMID- 2662351
TI  - Low response of Colombian strains of Plasmodium vivax to classical antimalarial
      therapy.
AB  - This report describes 11 cases of Plasmodium vivax infection of Colombian origin
      that relapsed 49-166 days following treatment with chloroquine or amodiquine (1.5
      g in 3 days) plus primaquine (15 mg daily for 14 days) a regimen widely used to
      effect radical cure of infections with this parasite. Relapses occurred under
      conditions that precluded reinfection. The fact that most of the relapses
      occurred within the last two years suggest that P. vivax drug resistance may be
      developing in Colombia and possibly other regions of South America.

PMID- 2662352
TI  - Cardiomyopathy in Cebus apella monkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma
      cruzi.
AB  - Twenty four Cebus apella monkeys were studied as a biological model for the
      cardiac chronic form of Chagas' disease. Twelve were inoculated with Trypanosoma
      cruzi trypomastigotes, seven with the Brazilian Y strain and five with the
      Argentinian RA strain. Twelve monkeys were uninfected controls. The following
      parameters were studied: body weight, body temperature, direct parasitemia,
      xenodiagnosis, specific antibodies by IFA, clinical chemistry, hematology, ECG
      and chest X-ray. Three monkeys infected with Y strain were sacrificed at 4 months
      and 4 monkeys at 12 months after inoculation. Monkeys inoculated with RA strain
      were sacrificed at 48 months. Direct parasitemia was positive within a week after
      inoculation in all monkeys. Xenodiagnosis was positive until 49.0 +/- 3.0 and
      79.0 +/- 6.0 weeks p.i. for Y and RA strains, respectively. In all inoculated
      monkeys an increase in antibody titers was detected within 3 weeks after
      inoculation. In all monkeys inoculated with the Y strain and 3/5 with the RA
      strain abnormal ECGs were observed within 1 or 2 weeks p.i., becoming more severe
      in the chronic phase. Y strain inoculated monkeys sacrificed at 4 months
      presented only a slight concentric hypertrophy of the heart left ventricle. Those
      sacrificed at 12 months had concentric left ventricle hypertrophy and 3/4 had an
      aneurism of the apex. Four out of 5 RA strain inoculated monkeys had an enlarged,
      flaccid heart; 3/5 aneurism of the apex and 2/5 concentric hypertrophy of the
      left ventricle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662353
TI  - Identification of a potential protective microfilarial antigen from Litomosoides
      carinii (Nematoda, Filarioidea).
AB  - The proteins of the filarial parasite Litomosoides carinii that are presented to
      the host in the course of a natural infection were assessed by surface and
      intrinsic labelling, microfilarial agglutination assays and ELISA. Surface
      labelling revealed several proteins present on all parasite stages which were
      recognised by infected animals. Only one major surface protein of 55 KD was found
      on microfilariae, while in all other stages (adult males, adult females and
      infective larvae isolated from pool animals) a range of proteins could be
      labelled. Immunisation with live microfilariae obtained from blood provoked sera
      which agglutinated microfilariae in vitro and co-precipitated the 55 KD surface
      protein. A proportion of animals quantitatively infected with 30 infective larvae
      (L3) developed antibodies during prepatency that were capable of agglutinating
      microfilariae, suggesting a common epitope between L3/L4 and microfilariae.
      Intrinsic labelling of microfilarial proteins was used to identify three
      additional proteins of 16, 29 and 43 KD which may also be important during
      infection. The anti-microfilarial antibody titre was quantified by ELISA using
      microfilarial antigen and sera from various time points during the course of a
      natural infection.

PMID- 2662354
TI  - Clinical field trials of praziquantel in pulmonary paragonimiasis due to
      Paragonimus uterobilateralis in endemic populations of the Igwun Basin, Nigeria.
AB  - A clinical field trial of praziquantel was carried out on patients infected with
      Paragonimus uterobilateralis in the Igwun Basin, Nigeria. 332 patients were
      subjected to the praziquantel therapy. 290 (87.3%) reverted to negative status.
      The pattern of reduction in sputum and faecal egg counts was related to the
      quantity of praziquantel administered. With 45 mg daily dose reduction in sputum
      egg counts ranged from 83.2% to 87.3% with reversion rate of 71.1%; with 60 mg
      daily dose, 84.8-88.3% reduction was recorded with 85.4% cure rate. With 75 mg
      daily dose reduction rate ranged between 90.8-96.8%, with cure rate of 97.6%. A
      cure rate of 100% was recorded in 15-29 year old patients treated with 75 mg
      daily dose. The recommended effective dose treatment of Paragonimus
      uterobilateralis infection with praziquantel is therefore 75 mg/kg body
      weight/day for two days.

PMID- 2662355
TI  - Diabetes now: the risks and rewards of pancreatic transplant.

PMID- 2662356
TI  - [Possibilities and limitations of conventional arteriography and DSA in femoro
      crural vascular occlusive diseases].
AB  - Now as before angiography is the method of choice when surgical vascular
      interventions are planned. Compared with conventional angiography the value of
      DSA is controversial. The aim of this study is to test both angiographic methods
      and its variants in femoro-crural occlusive disease including examination
      technique, costs, possibilities and limits. Due to the multiple advantages
      intraarterial DSA is recommended, employing in particular thin-needle guided
      puncture. An optimal image quality is available if equipment and examination
      technique are used in accordance with given recommendations.

PMID- 2662357
TI  - [Arterial digital subtraction angiography of the lower extremities using a high
      resolution 1024 image matrix].
AB  - The quality of radiographs representing corkscrew vessels and collateral vessels
      that developed after occlusion of the superior femoral artery, using digital
      angiography technique with a 1024 matrix, is compared with that of a 512 matrix.
      The images obtained with the 1024 matrix were superior to those obtained with a
      512 matrix. Using a small cannula for the application of the contrast agent, the
      quality of the images representing the collateral vessels was very good in 83% of
      the images produced with the 1024 matrix and in 70% of the 512 matrix images.

PMID- 2662358
TI  - [Diagnosis of disorders of the aorta and great vessels].
AB  - The great vessels (aorta, pulmonary arteries, carotid arteries, renal arteries,
      vena cava) can now be visualized by several methods, such as digital subtraction
      angiography, computed tomography, Doppler sonography and magnetic resonance
      imaging. The indications for these methods depend on the vessel studied and on
      the pathology investigated. The authors review the indications for each of the
      great vessels.

PMID- 2662360
TI  - [Diagnosis of disorders affecting hollow intra-abdominal organs].
AB  - Modern imaging methods, including ultrasonography, computerized tomography and
      magnetic resonance imaging, add considerably to the information provided by the
      classical exploratory methods for hollow intra-abdominal viscera. They evaluate
      the size of these viscera and especially their wall and they are particularly
      useful when the lesion is transparietal, submucosal or even sub-adventitial. They
      also detect abscesses originating in the gastrointestinal tract, measure the
      extent of tumoral expansion beyond the mucosa and reveal intra-abdominal
      abnormalities associated with the lesions. The new methods, therefore, are very
      useful and often indispensable as a complement to other methods used to explore
      the digestive tract.

PMID- 2662359
TI  - [Diagnosis of disorders affecting the solid organs of the supra-mesocolic
      compartment].
AB  - Sonographic and computed tomographic (CT) examinations have modified the
      investigation of hepatic, splenic and pancreatic tumors. Because of advances in
      non-invasive diagnostic procedures, these different benign or malignant tumors
      are now more frequently detected and surgically treated. However, for these
      different lesions sonography is the gold standard imaging technique. The
      different indications for CT and magnetic resonance imaging are discussed for
      each tumor. For the diagnostic imaging of an acutely injured patient, sonography
      remains the useful examination in emergencies. The indications for CT scans are
      limited to the difficulties of sonographic diagnosis in stable trauma patients.

PMID- 2662361
TI  - [The link between cholesterol and coronary atherosclerosis: epidemiological
      evidence].
AB  - Epidemiology has shown close associations between the consumption of saturated
      fats, the level of serum cholesterol and the development of coronary
      atherosclerosis and coronary disease. Such associations are observed among
      populations as well as among individuals. The individual risk increases steadily
      from the lowest to the highest serum cholesterol values. In fact, this risk
      results from two conflicting effects: a positive association between the disease
      and LDL-cholesterol and a negative association with HLD-cholesterol. The risk is
      also influenced by other biological and environmental factors, and it is
      multifactorial. Primary prevention trials have provided evidence of a causal
      relationship between serum cholesterol (or its two components) and coronary
      disease. This set of epidemiological data is in good agreement with other
      available scientific knowledge, and its has important consequences on the
      organization of prevention and on medical practice.

PMID- 2662362
TI  - [The link between cholesterol and atherosclerosis: intervention trials].
AB  - Intervention trials aimed at influencing the course of atherosclerosis by
      reducing blood cholesterol levels of two types: some of them evaluate the
      clinical consequences of atherosclerosis, while the others study the disease
      itself by means of arteriography. Several trials of the first type have
      convincingly shown that the incidence of coronary disease decreases after at
      least 5 years of medicinal treatment. As for direct visualization trials, they
      seem to indicate that the development of atheromatous lesions can really be
      delayed, which would confirm the principal mechanism of the benefits observed in
      the former trials. Other studies, and notably those on secondary prevention, have
      not yielded positive results, probably because of belated intervention on the
      course of atherosclerosis and insufficient reduction of blood cholesterol levels.
      In clinical practice, the implementation of the corresponding measures remains
      controversial since in these trials the overall mortality rate did not decrease
      owing to overmortality from non-cardiovascular causes. Nevertheless, the
      experimental results strongly support the pathogenic role of atherosclerosis,
      already well documented by numerous studies of other type.

PMID- 2662363
TI  - [Corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of
      acute respiratory distress syndrome and bacterial pneumonia].

PMID- 2662364
TI  - [Lyme disease: biological diagnosis and treatment].
AB  - In daily practice the diagnosis of Lyme disease is confirmed in the laboratory by
      serological tests the specificity and sensitivity of which are not fully
      satisfactory. There are false-positive results due to antibodies directed against
      antigens others than Borrelia burgdorferi, but the main problem is that most
      people living in endemic areas have specific antibodies while being, and
      remaining, asymptomatic. In addition, the sensitivity of the current tests is
      mediocre at the onset of the disease. A negative serology therefore should not
      exclude definitively a diagnosis of Lyme disease, just as a positive serology
      should not compulsorily lead to this diagnosis in patients with atypical clinical
      signs. The treatment of Lyme disease aims at eradicating the organisms, including
      those wHich infest the central nervous system. Beta-lactam antibiotics seem to be
      particularly suitable for this purpose: amoxycillin is used in ambulatory
      patients, and ceftriaxone is probably the most effective treatment of severe
      neurological manifestations of the disease.

PMID- 2662365
TI  - [Nosocomial infections caused by intravascular catheters].
AB  - In intensive care units nosocomial infections associated with intravascular
      catheters are an important cause of morbidity. Infection is essentially due to
      the implantation of cutaneous pathogens and to the contamination of infusion line
      components by manipulations. The risk of infection therefore mainly depends on
      the way the catheter is handled and on the duration of catheterization. The
      diagnosis of infection rests on clinical observation of the patient and on a semi
      quantitative study of the catheter. Preventing such infections requires strict
      asepsis of the skin when the catheters is introduced and while it is maintained
      in situ and changes of infusions lines and of the catheter itself. These changes
      must be particularly frequent when the catheter is manipulated and when the
      patient is already infected prior to catheterization.

PMID- 2662366
TI  - [Nosocomial infections in surgery].
AB  - Nosocomial infections affect about 5 p. 100 of surgical patients, and
      postoperative infections of the operative wounds or sites account for the major
      part of these infections. A knowledge of the potential organisms causing such
      infections and which vary according to the site and type of the surgical
      procedure is the most important guide to prophylaxis. Perioperative antimicrobial
      prophylaxis has made it possible to achieve a substantial reduction of surgical
      wound infection rates, and the basis for its use in each of the major surgical
      settings is reviewed.

PMID- 2662367
TI  - Cellular edema in nervous tissue.
AB  - The paper presents some mechanisms which determine or accompany cellular brain
      edema: intracellular and extracellular osmolality alteration, neuronal
      excitation, increased extracellular K+ concentration, anoxia, ischemia and
      hepatic encephalopathy.

PMID- 2662368
TI  - [Interleukin 1, prostaglandin E2 and articular inflammation].
AB  - IL1 can be considered as a factor able to act both on the catabolism of the
      cartilagenous matrix and on its biosynthesis. A major objective of research into
      articular inflammation is therefore an understanding of the mechanisms which not
      only regulate the production of IL1 but also its effects on cells. In fact,
      prostaglandin E2 is involved in most of the mechanisms and its secretion is
      itself stimulated by IL1. This mediator therefore has a very important regulatory
      role in the network of interactions affecting the cells of the immune system and
      the connective cells. The aim of this work is to review present knowledge in this
      field and to demonstrate the influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
      (NSAIAs) on certain interactions regulated by PGE2. Thus, in vitro experiments
      have shown that naproxen reduces the PGE2-dependent inhibitory effect exerted by
      IL1 on the biosynthesis of collagen and proteoglycans and suggest that this NSAIA
      may be of use in degenerative osteoarticular disease.

PMID- 2662369
TI  - [Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Prospects].
AB  - The presence of very large numbers of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
      (NSAIAs) on the market is warranted by the wide variation in efficacy from one
      patient to another and by individual sensitivity in terms of adverse effects. The
      inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase constituted the only explanation for the mechanism
      of action of anti-inflammatory agents for many years. The search for products
      with new pharmacological properties is essentially aimed at improving tolerance.
      Methods for evaluating the tolerance of NSAIAs, particularly before they are put
      on the market, must be improved since all NSAIAs pose serious problems due to
      adverse effects. The risk depends on the nature of the molecule, toxicological
      data, particularly the effects on the reproductive process, length of treatment,
      underlying predisposition, and the disease being treated.

PMID- 2662370
TI  - [The HLA system in rheumatic practice: from structure to typing].
AB  - The HLA system regulates specific immune responses by presenting a processed
      foreign antigen (likely a peptide) to T lymphocytes. The peptide is associated
      with an HLA class I molecule (HLA A, B, C) when CD8 + T lymphocytes are activated
      to become cytotoxic. Alternatively when a peptide is associated with an HLA class
      II (HLA DR, DQ, DP) molecule CD4 + T cells are activated (helper T cells) which
      in turn stimulate B cells to produce specific antibodies. Recent studies have
      unravelled the three-dimensional structure of one HLA class I molecule and
      provided a framework for the 3D structure of class II molecules. This allow an
      understanding of the complex structure-function relationship of the HLA molecule
      with the antigen and the T cell receptors. Apart from transplantation the
      importance of the HLA system in medicine is due to its central role in auto
      immunity. The HLA system is involved both at the genetic level (various disease
      susceptibilities are associated with particular alleles of HLA class I or class
      II) and at the phenotypic level (hyperexpression of HLA class I molecules and
      aberrant expression of class II molecules are observed on diseased tissues).
      Recently several molecular techniques have been developed for HLA typing
      including isoelectrofocalisation (IEF), two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D
      PAGE) RFLP or oligonucleotide probing (ASO). They provide an accurate and precise
      way of typing and thus are very valuable in studying HLA and disease associations
      by defining the molecules and epitopes responsible for high genetic
      susceptibility or resistance to the relevant disease.

PMID- 2662371
TI  - [Inflammation and cartilage].
AB  - The integrity of the collagen network and the proteoglycans is essential for the
      maintenance of the mechanical properties of cartilage. In spite of a slow
      turnover, cartilage is able to modify the synthesis of its matrix and has
      reparative powers. Chondrocytes also possess the enzymes necessary for degrading
      the matrix. Most substances which are mediators in the inflammatory process act
      on cartilage, either by inhibiting synthesis, or by stimulating the enzymes
      involved in degradation. The multiplicity of the mediators (kinin, histamine,
      serotonin, complement, free oxygen radicals, pharmacologically active lipids,
      cytokinin) and the interactions among the various systems that are called into
      play account for the difficulties encountered in treatment.

PMID- 2662372
TI  - [The immunology of rheumatoid arthritis. Influence of basic treatment].
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease determined and influenced by many factors
      genetic, environmental, endocrine, psychological and immunological. Immunological
      mechanisms (hyperexpression of class II HLA antigens, cytokinin anomalies,
      functional deficiencies of certain lymphocyte categories, polyclonal activation
      of B lymphocytes with production of antibodies) suffice to maintain between them
      the immune response, synovial inflammation, and lesions of bone and cartilage.
      Progress in understanding these diverse pathogenic factors in RA will eventually
      lead more selectively targeted treatments to supercede the present empirical use
      of basic treatments.

PMID- 2662373
TI  - [Inflammation in spondylarthropathies].
AB  - The inflammation seen in spondyloarthropathy has very distinctive features; it is
      preferentially located at the sites of attachment of muscle or ligament to bone,
      where ectopic ossification occurs; it particularly affects men, and usually
      starts after growth has ended; phagocytes clearly predominate over lymphocytes at
      sites of inflammation; microorganisms come into play when there is a favorable
      genetic predisposition; and, lastly, the inflammation of spondyloarthropathy is
      highly sensitive to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. A better
      comprehension of the mechanisms of inflammation would help in understanding the
      pathogenesis of spondyloarthropathy.

PMID- 2662374
TI  - [Value of x-ray computed tomography in muscular pathology. Personal cases and
      review of the literature].
AB  - The authors have studied the advantage of CT scans in muscular pathology. The
      scan, in addition to the diagnosis of tumors and muscular abscesses, permits to
      differentiate primary myopathies from neurogenic atrophies: in the course of
      myopathies, the muscle volume is preserved and they appear as a hypodensity; in
      neurogenic atrophies, the muscle volume is reduced with preserved density. The CT
      scan permits to determine the extension of these lesions. In the course of
      polymyositis, certain forms of rheumatoid arthritis, the scan discloses a
      trabecular and "worm-eaten" aspect of the muscles. This is also observed after
      long-term steroid therapy and other endocrine diseases (hyperthyroidism,
      osteomalacia) indicating an infra-clinical myopathy. In vertebral osteoporosis
      with fractures and patients with chronic lumbalgia, very often, an atrophy of the
      spinal muscle is observed. Finally, in the course of acquired kyphosis of the
      adult patient (camptocormia), the CT scan suggest an isolated myopathy, with late
      manifestations, of the paravertebral muscles.

PMID- 2662375
TI  - [Serum beta 2-microglobulin and ankylosing spondylitis].
AB  - The serum beta-2-microglobulin (B2-m) was evaluated by radio-immunoassay in 28
      patients with ankylosing spondylarthritis. The mean B2-m level is within normal
      limits. There is no overall correlation with other biological or immunological
      parameters (Sed Rate, IgA, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, Leu 7, NK activity). There is no
      difference between treated and untreated patients, between patients with recent
      or old disease. On the contrary, the mean the mean B2-m level is significantly
      lower in patients B27 positive, as compared with B27 negative. The possible role
      of anti-B2-m antibodies interfering with the serum B2-m assay discussed.

PMID- 2662376
TI  - [Destructive arthropathies and osteonecroses during chronic hemodialysis. Study
      of 87 patients].

PMID- 2662377
TI  - [Physiopathology of arthrosis].

PMID- 2662378
TI  - [What to expect from the measurement of bone mass?].
AB  - The development of non-invasive methods to measure the mineral content of bones,
      represent a major advance for the diagnosis and the follow-up of these
      demineralizing diseases. The use of these techniques, including biphotonic
      absorptiometry, is based on a close relationship between mineral content and bone
      resistance. However we are lacking prospective data permitting to evaluate the
      value of bone density in terms of subsequent risk of fracture. The presence of
      interpopulation and inter apparatus variations, the various ways of expressing
      the results, make it necessary, prior to any study, to specify reference value
      that are appropriate to each center. Also, the knowledge of short and long-term
      coefficients of variation, in normal and osteoporotic patients, is absolutely
      necessary to an accurate evaluation of the variations with time. Measurement of
      the mineral content in bones enables to consider the early diagnosis of
      osteoporosis before the fracture stage, and screening of risk patients. Because
      of their therapeutic implications, it would be desirable that a consensus be
      established on a precise definition of these densitometric notions.

PMID- 2662379
TI  - [Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome and B
      lymphoma].

PMID- 2662380
TI  - [A new model for testing substances affecting the synthesis of heme].
AB  - A new model for experimental studies of substances influencing porphyrin
      metabolism has been created. The model is formed by yeast Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae (RIBM-75) grown semiaerobically. The main advantages of this model
      include simple evocation of porphyria (intracellular accumulation of porphyrins
      in semiaerobic conditions) and direct measurement of experimental values
      (intracellular and extracellular concentrations of porphyrins). The
      porphyrinostatic effects of drugs can be assessed on the basis of sum of
      experimental values. The ratio of experimental criteria enables us to compare the
      influence of drugs on porphyrin permeation across the cellular membrane.
      Antimalarials, chloroquine and pyrimethamine, used or tested for therapy of
      chronic liver porphyria, have been tested on the model. The experiments showed
      that both chloroquine and pyrimethamine inhibited porphyrin synthesis. This
      effect can represent the proper therapeutical action of both drugs, which has not
      been known so far. Chloroquine releases the intracellular porphyrins in yeast
      similarly as it does in hepatocytes. However, pyrimethamine causes intracellular
      accumulation of porphyrins booth in yeast and hepatocytes.

PMID- 2662381
TI  - Effect of complement binding on a solid-phase immunometric TSH assay.
AB  - The binding of serum thyrotropin (TSH) to plastic beads coated with a monoclonal
      antibody to human TSH was inhibited unless EDTA was present during the
      incubation. The inhibitory factor in serum was heat labile, and its effect could
      be abrogated by the addition of human albumin-anti-albumin immune complexes.
      Subsequently it was shown that the antibody-coated beads were able to bind the
      first component of complement, C1q, and that this binding was inhibited by
      addition of albumin-anti-albumin complexes. The results show that a surface
      coated with a monoclonal murine antibody is able to bind complement, and that
      binding of complement may interfere in solid-phase immunometric assays.

PMID- 2662382
TI  - Comparison of serum total calcium, albumin-corrected total calcium, and ionized
      calcium in 1213 patients with suspected calcium disorders.
AB  - The correlations between serum ionized calcium, serum total calcium, total
      calcium corrected for albumin and calculated ionized calcium were investigated in
      a prospective multicentre investigation of 1213 patients suspected of having
      calcium metabolic disease. Diagnostic discordance between serum total calcium and
      measured ionized calcium was found in 31% of the patients. With the calculation
      of albumin-corrected total calcium or calculated ionized calcium the discordance
      decreased to 17.9%. The diagnostic discordance which could be ascribed to the
      analytical imprecision (CV = 1.5%) amounted to only 6.7%. Although we found
      highly significant correlations between the parameters, a considerable scatter
      around the regression line made prediction of ionized calcium from albumin
      corrected total calcium unreliable in many patients.

PMID- 2662383
TI  - Metabolic effect of islet B-cell function in insulin-treated diabetes.
AB  - We studied the relationship between endogenous insulin secretion and fasting
      levels of plasma free fatty acids (FFA), plasma acetoacetate plus plasma 3
      hydroxybutyrate (total ketone bodies), blood glucose, and HbA1 in 132 diabetic
      outpatients treated with conventional insulin regimens. Patients were divided
      into four groups according to plasma C-peptide concentration after intravenous
      stimulation with glucagon: one group with C-peptide stimulation less than 0.06
      nmol/l, one group with C-peptide stimulation 0.06- less than 0.32 nmol/l, one
      group with C-peptide stimulation 0.32- less than 0.60 nmol/l, and one group with
      C-peptide stimulation greater than 0.60 nmol/l. According to clinical criteria
      the prevalence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was approximately 90% in
      patients with C-peptide stimulation less than 0.32 nmol/l, approximately 25% in
      patients with C-peptide stimulation from 0.32- less than 0.60 nmol/l, and
      approximately 10% in patients with C-peptide stimulation greater than 0.60
      nmol/l. All metabolic variables were significantly higher in patients without
      detectable C-peptide in plasma when compared to values found in patients with C
      peptide stimulation from 0.06- less than 0.32 nmol/l. These two patient groups
      also had similar peripheral plasma free insulin levels and were comparable
      according to age, sex, and body mass index.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662384
TI  - The influence of body weight, age and glucose tolerance on the relationship
      between GIP secretion and beta-cell function in man.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to examine the association between insulin and
      gastric inhibitory polypetide (GIP) secretion in conditions characterized by
      insulin resistance, i.e. obesity, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and aging. Obesity, IGT and aging were
      associated with an increased insulin/C-peptide response to a test meal. The GIP
      response to the test meal was 'blunted' in the obese subjects but normal in older
      subjects and patients with IGT, thereby refuting the hypothesis that GIP is
      involved in the hyperinsulinaemia of these conditions. In contrast, lean NIDDM
      subjects showed both a reduced insulin/C-peptide repsonse and a decreased GIP
      response to the test meal indicating that dysfunction of GIP secretion could be
      involved in the impaired beta-cell function in NIDDM. The data, therefore,
      suggest that hypersecretion of GIP does not contribute to hyperinsulinaemia and
      hyper-C-peptidaemia in insulin-resistant states. In contrast, hyposecretion of
      GIP may be involved in hypoinsulinaemia/hypo-C-peptidaemia observed in NIDDM.

PMID- 2662385
TI  - Rapid determination of C-reactive protein by enzyme immunoassay using two
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Several monoclonal antibodies for human C-reactive protein (CRP) were
      characterized, and two antibodies binding to separate domains were used to
      construct a rapid and simple immunoenzymometric assay for CRP. The assay consists
      of a single 15 min immunological reaction during which CRP forms a complex with a
      peroxidase-labelled antibody and with another antibody attached to the test-tube
      wall. The immobilized complex is detected by a 3 min colour reaction using
      peroxidase substrate. The quantitative measuring range of the assay is 0.04-5
      mg/l, and no hook occurs at five-fold higher values. The sensitivity of the
      method allows reliable determination of low CRP levels, eg. in paediatric
      samples. The values obtained with the present assay correlated well with
      turbidimetric results.

PMID- 2662386
TI  - Oral mucous membrane lesions in children treated with bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - Oral mucous membrane lesions were studied in 54 children below 12 yr of age
      treated with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation mainly because of
      hematological malignancies. Sixty-two percent of the children exhibited a wide
      range of oral side effects during therapy. Lesions observed during the first 2 wk
      prior to engraftment of the donor marrow were related to the chemo- and
      radiotherapy given. Oral ulcerations were seen in 34% of the children. Children
      given methotrexate as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis exhibited oral
      ulcerations significantly (P less than 0.05) more often than those given
      cyclosporin. Oral lesions related to acute GVHD were only observed in two
      patients. Reactivating herpes simplex virus infection was seen in 35% of the
      children who were seropositive prior to BMT. An extensive oral candidiasis was
      observed in 15% of the patients. All six children with a chronic GVHD exhibited
      changes in the oral mucosa 2-4 yr after transplantation such as erythma of the
      mucous membranes, tongue atrophy and also lichenoid changes in the buccal mucosa.

PMID- 2662387
TI  - Pathophysiology of reflux esophagitis.
AB  - Prolonged (24 h) intra-esophageal pH measurements have shown that short-lasting
      reflux episodes regularly occur in normal subjects, especially in the
      postprandial period. This phenomenon has been called physiological reflux. When
      the reflux episodes become more frequent and last longer, symptoms and
      esophagitis ensue. The mechanism of symptom production (pyrosis and/or chest
      pain) is incompletely understood. Chemoreceptors are involved but manometric
      disturbances and irritability of the esophagus may play an important role. The
      pathogenesis of pathological reflux is multifactorial: 1. An ineffective anti
      reflux barrier at the level of the gastroesophageal junction is the most
      important factor in the pathogenesis of reflux. 2. Once reflux has occurred, an
      appropriate clearing of the refluxed material is necessary to minimize the
      contact time of the noxious agent with the esophageal mucosa. This clearing
      function is a two-step operation. In the refluxed material the concentration of
      H+ is the most irritant factor although pepsine increases its noxious character.
      Bile acid reflux decreases the epithelial resistance. The mucosal resistance to
      noxious agents is determined by the mucous layer, the cytoprotective properties
      of the epithelium, the regeneration capacity of the cells and by a number of post
      epithelial factors.

PMID- 2662388
TI  - Diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
AB  - The diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is based primarily on the
      patient's symptoms and their evaluation. The most common symptoms, heartburn and
      acid regurgitation, when occurring daily, have a 60% predictive value for the
      diagnosis. The presence of esophagitis is established best by endoscopy, whereas
      the radiological examination is relatively insensitive and normal radiological
      findings never rule out esophagitis. Tests to evaluate the sensitivity of the
      esophageal mucosa to an acidic pH or to evaluate the strength of the lower
      esophageal sphincter as an antireflux barrier are valuable indicators of GERD,
      but only long-term, preferably 24-h, ambulatory pH measurements can provide
      information on incidence and duration of reflux and its relationships to the
      patient's symptoms and activities under physiological conditions. However, for
      practical and economical reasons, 24-h pH measurement should be applied only when
      symptoms are atypical and endoscopy was unrevealing.

PMID- 2662389
TI  - Sucralfate in the treatment of reflux esophagitis in adults: an update.
AB  - Sucralfate was evaluated in several clinical studies on reflux esophagitis, a
      total of over 400 patients were studied worldwide. In this study 49 patients with
      reflux esophagitis of stage I-III acc. to Savary and Miller were included. The
      evaluation was based on 41 patients, 22 received sucralfate suspension 1 g in 5
      ml qid, 19 ranitidine 150 mg bid. The patients were treated for 8 weeks,
      endoscopic controls were performed before treatment and after 8 weeks. The
      healing rates were 64% in the sucralfate group and 68% in the ranitidine group
      and exhibited no significant difference (p greater than 0.05). Antacid
      consumption and symptomatic improvement were comparable in both groups.
      Sucralfate seems to be a valid alternative to H2-blockers in the treatment of
      reflux esophagitis.

PMID- 2662390
TI  - Epidemiology of reflux disease and reflux esophagitis.
AB  - Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux is a common medical problem. But only few
      data exist on the epidemiology of reflux disease (without inflammation) and
      reflux esophagitis. The literature is critically reviewed and ecological causes
      of gastroesophageal reflux are discussed. The prevalence of reflux esophagitis in
      Western countries is estimated to be 2% and that of reflux disease 5%. Sparse
      reports exist on the natural history of both diseases. They appear to have little
      if any effect on life expectancy. The main complications of reflux esophagitis
      are Barrett's esophagus, peptic stricture, ulceration and bleeding.

PMID- 2662391
TI  - Skin flap circulation. Simultaneous monitoring with laser Doppler and
      electromagnetic flowmeters in the pig island buttock flap.
AB  - Twenty-two island skin flaps based on the deep circumflex iliac vessels were
      elevated in pigs. A comparative study of Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and
      electromagnetic flowmetry (EMF) was undertaken. Flow values were compared during
      selective arterial and venous occlusion, nerve stimulation and intra-arterial
      noradrenaline or papaverine injection. The effectiveness of flap temperatures and
      blood gas data in monitoring vascular occlusions was also investigated. Similar
      and simultaneous responses in LDF and EMF values were noted during the different
      experimental manipulations, but for single simultaneous LDF/EMF observations from
      different animals the correlation coefficients were poor. The accuracy of EMF
      measurements in monitoring total flap inflow was confirmed by a high correlation
      with total venous outflow values. Major vascular occlusions also resulted in
      significant changes in the flap temperatures, and in the flap blood gases.

PMID- 2662392
TI  - Microvascular anastomosis of interpositional vein grafts with the UNILINK system.
      A comparative experimental study.
AB  - Vein segments from the posterior facial vein of the rabbit were surgically
      isolated and re-anastomosed, either by manual suture technique or by the use of a
      new mechanical anastomotic device, the UNILINK apparatus. The purpose of the
      study was to compare anastomotic patency and time required for an orthotopic vein
      grafting procedure, when the two techniques were used. In the grafts anastomosed
      with the UNILINK technique, both clinical and histological evaluation showed 100%
      patency, while 20% of the sutured grafts showed impaired flow as a result of
      occlusive thrombosis. When the mechanical device was used, the full procedure was
      completed within one third of the time, as compared to suture anastomoses.

PMID- 2662393
TI  - Environmental health decision making. The politics of disease prevention.

PMID- 2662394
TI  - The Holte Sleeping Technique: an experimental study.
AB  - The Holte Sleeping Technique is an alternative to medication to facilitate sleep
      onset in situations of normal stress. The technique is based on a combination of
      conditioning within the theory of learning, simulation of natural bodily
      processes, and manipulation of naturally available sleep-releasing stimuli. The
      author describes the technique and reports on experimental testing of its
      efficacy. Fifty-six female subjects were selected according to criteria based on
      questionnaires and sleep logs. The subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment
      group, a placebo group, and a no-treatment group. A pre-test-post-test design was
      used. The author questions the generalizability of findings from modern
      electronic sleep laboratories to the bedrooms of everyday life. In order to
      optimize the combination of normal stress, objective criteria and
      generalizability, sleep onset was measured by behavioural criteria based on the
      "fog-horn procedure" developed by the author. At post-test 67% of the treatment
      group fell asleep, while only 17% of the placebo group and 25% of the no
      treatment group fell asleep. The differences were significant. It is concluded
      that the Holte Sleeping Technique is highly effective. In a discussion of placebo
      trials the author argues that traditional medical trials do not take into
      consideration the differentiating psychological attribution effects occurring by
      giving the same experimental instruction under different experimental conditions.
      As a consequence the active treatment is given better conditions than the placebo
      in traditional clinical trials.

PMID- 2662395
TI  - Dentin: a dynamic substrate--a review.
AB  - The structure of dentin is unusual in that the number and size of its tubules
      changes as one moves from the periphery toward the pulp chamber. Near the pulp,
      the tubules are very close together and the water content of this deep dentin is
      high. Near the enamel, the tubules are far apart, occupying less than 1% of the
      surface area. When enamel or dentin is cut, the surface becomes covered by an
      adherent layer of cutting debris called the smear layer. Its composition
      presumably reflects the composition of the underlying dentin. It is only about 1
      micron thick but its presence modifies the function of the dentin a great deal.
      It lowers dentin permeability and therefore can be regarded as protective.
      However, it masks the underlying dentin and hence interferes with attempts to
      bond dental materials directly to dentin. If it is removed, the dentin becomes
      much more permeable and fluid shifts across the open tubules can cause
      sensitivity in vivo. As smear layers are very acid-labile, they often dissolve in
      oral fluids. Several attempts have been made to replace smear layers with acid
      resistant structures that accomplish the same function. Smear layer structure is
      being studied by using both scanning electron microscopy as well as electronic
      particle sizing equipment. The close adaptation of dental materials to smear
      layers and to underlying dentin is currently an area of very active research.
      Removal of smear layers increases adaptation and bonding strength but may
      increase the incidence of pulpal inflammation if the bonding is not uniform or
      permanent. The dynamics of dentin are just beginning to be understood.

PMID- 2662396
TI  - X-ray microanalysis of calcium containing organelles in resin embedded tissue.
AB  - The localization of calcium in cell organelles at the electron microscope level
      is often achieved through cytochemical techniques, and verified by X-ray
      microanalysis. Various methods have been used to cytochemically detect calcium or
      calcium-binding sites: calcium loading, calcium substitution by strontium,
      barium, or even lead, and calcium precipitation by oxalate, phosphate, fluoride,
      or pyroantimonate. Their results may have heuristic value, particularly in
      preliminary studies of poorly known cell types. A complementary and more
      physiological approach is offered by quantitative measurement of the total
      calcium content of organelles after cryofixation. Resin embedding is less
      demanding than cryomicrotomy and gives better images: it can be used after
      cryosubstitution in the presence of oxalic acid. This technique was tested, and
      applied to several cell types.

PMID- 2662397
TI  - X-ray microanalysis of mammalian salivary glands.
AB  - X-ray microanalysis was used to study the elemental composition of major salivary
      glands in rat and man. The elemental composition of the acinar cells is
      influenced by a variety of factors. Stimulation of fluid secretion by
      cholinergic, alpha-adrenergic or peptidergic agonists leads to a sustained
      increase of the Na/K ratio. The elemental composition and ultrastructure of the
      acinar cells of rat submandibular gland, as well as flow rate and composition of
      pilocarpinestimulated submandibular saliva are significantly affected by
      thyroxine, but less by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Hypercalcemia
      (induced by chronic vitamin D treatment) as well as hypocalcemia (induced by
      calcitonin) cause accumulation of intracellular mucus in the submandibular acinar
      cells, with concurrent increase in the cellular calcium concentration, and a
      significantly decreased flow rate after pilocarpine stimulation. Several animal
      models have been proposed for the generalized exocrinopathy cystic fibrosis (CF),
      which may be caused by a defective regulation of chloride transport in epithelial
      cells. A potential new model is proposed: the chronically furosemide-treated rat,
      which shows several abnormalities in salivary gland structure and function that
      parallel the abnormalities found in the human disease. Another experimental model
      of potential interest in the study of CF is short-term treatment of experimental
      animals with the adenylate-cyclase inhibitor alloxan.

PMID- 2662398
TI  - Microbiological immunocytochemistry: a review of current trends and applications.
AB  - It has been considered worthwhile to update previous reviews of microbiological
      immunocytochemistry in order to identify areas of current importance in this
      continually expanding area of research. Publications in virology, bacteriology
      and protozoology indicate a continued interest in immunocytochemistry. Deployment
      of colloidal gold techniques is almost universal in these applications. The post
      embedding technique was the most widely applied technique although a few studies
      employed the immunonegative stain, pre-embedding and immunoreplica techniques,
      thereby reflecting the use of colloidal gold in all other areas of the biological
      sciences.

PMID- 2662399
TI  - [Pulmonary complications and acid-base disorders in liver diseases].
AB  - Liver diseases are frequently associated with pulmonary complications and acid
      base disorders, alterations which are frequently overlooked and thus undiagnosed
      in these patients. Among the respiratory abnormalities, mention should be made of
      the numerous functional and anatomic alterations responsible for arterial
      desaturation, the frequent chronic hyperventilation and the rare plexiform
      pulmonary hypertension. Acid-base disorders, especially respiratory alkalosis and
      metabolic alkalosis, are common. These conditions have a number of therapeutic
      implications since some of them play an important role in the pathophysiology of
      hepatic encephalopathy. The complications and their specific diagnostic features
      are reviewed and some therapeutic proposals are made.

PMID- 2662400
TI  - [Diagnosis, therapy and prevention of cerebrovascular diseases. 1. Clinical
      aspects and diagnosis].
AB  - The anatomy, type, etiology, and functional classification of stroke are
      reviewed. Diagnostic techniques are outlined and a diagnostic plan is suggested
      which the authors consider reasonable.

PMID- 2662401
TI  - [Diagnosis, therapy and prevention of cerebrovascular diseases. 2. Therapy and
      prevention].
AB  - Elimination of vascular risk factors is of paramount importance in preventing
      stroke. Once a vascular pathology is present, various surgical and medical
      measures must be considered in order to lower the risk of cerebrovascular
      accident. When infarction has occurred, the therapeutic possibilities are limited
      and aim at reducing the size of a stroke. The authors review current issues in
      stroke prevention and treatment.

PMID- 2662402
TI  - Dugald Christie. Scottish medical pioneer in Manchuria (1883-1923).

PMID- 2662403
TI  - Cetaceans.
AB  - Cetaceans display numerous anatomic and physiologic adaptations to life in a
      dense, three-dimensional medium. Their bodies have changed radically from those
      of their terrestrial ancestors, yet their behaviors and types of social
      organization are broadly similar to those of animals on land. An exploration of
      cetacean ways helps in understanding how habitat influences habits. For example,
      it is now recognized that in some important ways, cetacean residents of the open
      ocean resemble some of their mammalian relatives on the savanna. As air breathers
      that are inseparably tied to the surface, cetaceans are highly trackable; they
      may thus help in the monitoring of habitat degradation and other long-term
      ecologic change.

PMID- 2662404
TI  - The molecular basis of muscular dystrophy in the mdx mouse: a point mutation.
AB  - The mdx mouse is an X-linked myopathic mutant, an animal model for human Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy. In both mouse and man the mutations lie within the dystrophin
      gene, but the phenotypic differences of the disease in the two species confer
      much interest on the molecular basis of the mdx mutation. The complementary DNA
      for mouse dystrophin has been cloned, and the sequence has been used in the
      polymerase chain reaction to amplify normal and mdx dystrophin transcripts in the
      area of the mdx mutation. Sequence analysis of the amplification products showed
      that the mdx mouse has a single base substitution within an exon, which causes
      premature termination of the polypeptide chain.

PMID- 2662405
TI  - Production of mammastatin, a tissue-specific growth inhibitor, by normal human
      mammary cells.
AB  - The growth of human mammary cells may be regulated by a balance between growth
      stimulatory and growth inhibitory pathways. Polypeptides of 47 and 65 kilodaltons
      (mammastatin) were isolated from conditioned medium of normal human mammary
      cells. Monoclonal antibodies against mammastatin were generated that blocked its
      activity and were used for purification and further characterization of the
      protein. Mammastatin inhibited the growth of 5 transformed human mammary cell
      lines, but had no effect on the growth of 11 transformed human cell lines derived
      from nonmammary tissues. Mammastatin appeared to be a heat-labile protein
      distinct from transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). By immunoperoxidase
      staining it was detected in cultured normal human mammary cells, but was
      decreased in transformed mammary cells.

PMID- 2662406
TI  - Molecular defects in insulin action.

PMID- 2662407
TI  - Educational computing.
AB  - In the report "Honeyguides and honey gatherers: Interspecific communication in a
      symbiotic relationship" by H. A. Isack and H.-U. Reyer (10 Mar., p. 1343), the
      third and fourth sentences of the first full paragraph of column 2 on page 1344
      should have read "This whistle, known in Boran language as "Fuulido," is produced
      by blowing air into clasped fists, modified snail shells, or hollowed-out doum
      palm nuts(Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn.) Shouting and knocking on dry wood are also
      used to draw the birds' attention."

PMID- 2662409
TI  - Retrieval of scientific and technical data.

PMID- 2662408
TI  - Pretranslational suppression of an insulin-responsive glucose transporter in rats
      with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - A prominent feature of diabetes mellitus is the inability of insulin to
      appropriately increase the transport of glucose into target tissues. The
      contributions of different glucose transport proteins to insulin resistance in
      rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes was evaluated. A glucose transporter
      messenger RNA and its cognate protein that are exclusively expressed in muscle
      and adipose tissue were specifically depleted in diabetic animals, and these
      effects were reversed after insulin therapy; a different glucose transporter and
      its messenger RNA that exhibit a less restricted tissue distribution were not
      specifically modulated in this way. Depletion of the muscle- and adipose-specific
      glucose transporter species correlates with and may account for the major portion
      of cellular insulin resistance in diabetes in these animals.

PMID- 2662410
TI  - Theory into practice: the incorporation of new knowledge into infant formula.

PMID- 2662411
TI  - What lies ahead in infant nutrition.
AB  - Factors in human milk serve as stimuli for present and future investigation as
      supplements for infants. These substances involve macronutrients and
      micronutrients. Some substances such as minerals may serve as guidelines for
      minima and maxima for infant nutrition. While nutritional studies are needed for
      the prevention of disease, simultaneous nutritional studies for low birth weight
      and ill infants will bring major alterations in understanding of nutritional
      needs and types of feedings to become available.

PMID- 2662412
TI  - Essential fatty acid metabolism and requirements during development.

PMID- 2662413
TI  - Amino acid and protein needs of the neonate: effects of excess and deficiency.

PMID- 2662414
TI  - Mineral needs of the very-low-birthweight infant.

PMID- 2662415
TI  - Human milk for preterm infants: nutritional and immune factors.
AB  - These investigations suggest potential host protection for the VLBW infant who is
      fed fortified human milk. Specific functional benefits, either in host
      protection, gastrointestinal maturation, or nutrient availability, warrant
      further investigation. The special properties of human milk have a dual role: to
      provide nutrients and to provide factors whose concentrations are tailored to the
      infant's developing capabilities. Not only does human casein, for example, have
      nutritional importance, but it also modulates calcium and phosphorus
      concentrations and aids in host defense. Not only do the whey-proteins provide
      nutritional benefits, but they also are major participants in host defense.

PMID- 2662417
TI  - The role of the nutritional support team in neonatal intensive care.

PMID- 2662416
TI  - Digestion, absorption, and fermentation of carbohydrates.
AB  - Newborn infants born after a term gestation appear to have an adequate capacity
      for small intestinal digestion and absorption of carbohydrate. Premature infants
      do not have a mature level of intestinal lactase activity. Apparently, in the
      premature infant, colonic fermentation serves an important, if not the only major
      route, for lactose carbon absorption, and it also appears that signs of
      fermentation activity such as increased BH2 are not indicative of disease.
      Important questions remaining in the premature infant relate to developmental
      aspects of colonic fermentative activity, effects of systemic antibiotic
      treatment on colonic salvage, the effects of various fermentation pathways on
      energy balance, the capacity for absorption of sugars, SCFA, and electrolytes by
      colonic epithelia, and the effects of fermentation products on metabolism and on
      the mucosal cells of the intestine or colon. Research addressing these questions
      may have relevance in the following areas: further development of formula diets
      for healthy premature infants and for patients of all ages with intestinal or
      colon dysfunction; the effects of colonic disease or surgical resection; the
      nutritional or clinical effects of dietary fiber; and the effects of antibiotic
      therapy on intestinal and colon function.

PMID- 2662418
TI  - Dietary antioxidants in the prevention of oxygen-induced injury.

PMID- 2662419
TI  - The social control of human biomedical research: an overview and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Social control mechanisms have become an important element of human medical
      research in the United States. At first largely intraprofessional, controls over
      human experimentation have moved increasingly in the direction of externally
      developed, bureaucratically administered, and formally sanctioned rules. This
      paper examines intra- and extraprofessional methods of control over biomedical
      science and reviews available research assessing their effectiveness in promoting
      researcher adherence to high ethical standards concerning the use of human
      subjects. Research suggests that intraprofessional controls (including medical
      training, peer influence, ethical codes, and disciplinary boards), are, on their
      own, inadequate to ensure investigator ethicality. However, studies examining
      external controls over biomedical research (government regulations, institutional
      review boards, judicial and state law), also suggest that extraprofessional
      regulations are often ineffective. Further study of both forms of scientific
      social control is needed, as well as research examining their interactive effects
      on investigators' ethical attitudes and practices.

PMID- 2662420
TI  - Sociology of hospitals and of patient-physician interaction in West Germany.

PMID- 2662421
TI  - A French research programme: Sante-Maladie-Societe (1984-1988).

PMID- 2662422
TI  - Social factors and trachoma: a review of the literature.
AB  - Although great advances have been made in the clinical understanding of trachoma,
      the disease remains endemic in many parts of the world. Economic, environmental,
      cultural and behavioral factors continue to play an important role in trachoma
      transmission and progression. The trachoma literature however, contains
      relatively few studies which rigorously assess the importance of social factors.
      A critical review of the trachoma literature implicates individual and community
      hygiene as important risk factors for disease. Specific risk behaviors remain to
      be identified and validated as independent predictors of infection in different
      settings. Collaboration between biomedical and social science professionals is
      needed to design and carry out further research.

PMID- 2662423
TI  - Is religion therapeutically significant for hypertension?
AB  - Epidemiologic studies of the effects of religion on blood pressure suggest that
      religious commitment is inversely associated with blood pressure and that several
      religious denominations or groups have relatively low rates of hypertension
      related morbidity and mortality. In this review, we examine the implication that
      certain characteristics and functions of religion account for this association,
      and we posit 12 possible explanations for this finding. We propose that a
      salutary effect of religion on blood pressure can be explained by some
      combination of the following correlates or sequelae of religion: the promotion of
      health-related behavior; hereditary predispositions in particular groups; the
      healthful psychosocial effects of religious practice; and, the beneficial
      psychodynamics of belief systems, religious rites, and faith. Since past
      epidemiologic studies may have been methodologically limited or flawed, possible
      explanations for the findings of these studies also include epistemological
      confusion, measurement problems, and analytical errors. Finally, for the sake of
      completeness, two more speculative hypotheses are identified: superempirical and
      supernatural influences or pathways.

PMID- 2662424
TI  - [Medico-social programs of national societies of the Red Cross in industrialized
      countries].

PMID- 2662425
TI  - [Public health in Bashkiria during World War II].

PMID- 2662426
TI  - [The role of museums and exhibits in teaching the history of medicine].

PMID- 2662427
TI  - [Control of drug abuse and toxicomania among children and adolescents during the
      1920's and 1930's].

PMID- 2662428
TI  - [New data on the life and work of S.F. Khotovitskii].

PMID- 2662429
TI  - [Debt, regulations and economic growth in Mexico].
AB  - In the Mexican economy four policies forced the State to redefine its strategy of
      development. They were: 1) the considerable purchase by the government of firms
      that were not strategic or of national priority; 2) the preservation of a
      structure of high industrial protection; 3) an excessive reliance of the economy
      on oil, and 4) the perception of the increase in the price of oil as a permanent
      and not a temporary phenomenon. By the seventies the first two phenomena
      restricted the possibilities of economic growth which translated into inflation.
      In the eighties the high dependency on oil and the weakness of its monetary value
      deepened those trends. The external debt became the single most significant
      constraint of development. The government was forced to reduce drastically
      substantive public expenditure. Health was one of the areas more severely
      affected.

PMID- 2662430
TI  - [The demographic situation and perspectives in Mexico. November 30, 1973
      (historical article)].

PMID- 2662431
TI  - [A double blind trial of alfacalcidol on patients with rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA)].
AB  - A double blind comparative trial was performed in order to study the efficacy and
      safety of alfacalcidol (1 alpha-OH-D3) in a total of 140 patients with RA
      admitted to 31 institutes, using a placebo as the control. The treatment period
      was 16 weeks. The doses of 1 alpha-OH-D3 were 1.0 microgram/day and 2.0
      micrograms/day. It was permissible to use non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs for
      basic treatment and oral steroidal preparations for maintenance treatment without
      changing the doses of these drugs during the study period in patients who had
      been treated with them before participating in the study (for oral steroidal
      preparations, the dose was limited to 5 mg/day or less as prednisolone). The
      percentage of patients with slight improvement was about 10% higher in 1 alpha-OH
      D3 groups than in placebo group, but the difference between them was not
      significant. The results tended to be better in the treated groups than in the
      placebo group, but there was no significant difference between them with regard
      to duration of morning stiffness, number of joints with pain, number of joints
      with swelling and Lansbury's index. The effects of 1 alpha-OH-D3 on various
      immunological parameters including lymphocyte subsets were not clearly
      demonstrated. However, interestingly, the ratio of OKT-4/OKT-8 was found not to
      change in patients whose initial value was normal, while it tended to decrease
      after 1 alpha-OH-D3 treatment in patients whose initial value was abnormally
      high. The improvement of bone atrophy was judged by microdensitometry (MD) method
      using X-ray picture of hands. The indexes of bone density (GS max, GS min and
      sigma GS/D) demonstrated that 1 alpha-OH-D3 prevents reduction in bone density. 1
      alpha-OH-D3 did not trigger hypercalcemia in any case. However there was a slight
      but significant increase of serum Ca value in the group with higher dose (2.0
      micrograms/day). Taking the efficacy into consideration, the dose of 1.0
      microgram/day was judged to be suitable for long-term treatment.

PMID- 2662433
TI  - Blastomyces dermatitidis infections in the RSA.
AB  - Twenty cases of blastomycosis have been confirmed in the RSA, 9 of which are
      presented for the first time. Patients came from all four provinces and the mean
      age was 40 years. Six cases were diagnosed between 1985 and 1987. Differences
      between strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis isolated in the RSA and in North
      America include morphological and cultural characteristics, mycelial-yeast
      conversion, antigenic structure, and compatibility in cross-mating experiments.
      The diagnosis of this disease can be made by direct examination of unstained
      specimens, by histological examination or by culture of the organism. Culture
      should be attempted in all cases for confirmation of microscopic findings.

PMID- 2662432
TI  - [A case of rheumatoid arthritis associated with polyneuritis].
AB  - A 57-year-old woman suffered from polyarthralgia for 7 years, and was treated by
      using NSAID with the diagnosis of RA. From Jan. 20th 1987, she complained of back
      pain and numbness of both hands, and from May 7th 1987, she also complained of
      dysphagia and dysarthria, and she was not able to button up. Soon afterwards she
      could eat only one custard pudding a day, so she admitted to our hospital on
      March 17th 1987. The neurological examination showed hyporeflexia and muscle
      weakness of the four extremities; and hypesthesia of the 7th to 11th intercostal
      nerve area and both lateral sides of the dorsum pedis. The laboratory examination
      showed ESR 17 mm/h, gamma-glob 1.66 g/dl, CRP(+), RAHA 80 x, CH50 24.0 U/dl, HLA
      antigen; DR 4(+). Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed cell 5/mm3, protein 63
      mg/dl, IgG 13 mg/dl, IgG% 20.6%. X-ray examination indicated destruction of both
      wrists, left elbow, right 2-5th MTP, and left 5th MTP joints. A light microscopic
      examination of the left sural nerve showed perivascular infiltration with
      lymphocyte, occasional macrophages and giant cells at the epineurium, and no
      demyelination or Wallerian degeneration at the nerve fiber. These histological
      findings were the same as type-I arteritis in nerves in RA proposed by D.L. Conn.
      Clinical improvement was obtained after administration of prednisolone 30-60
      mg/day.

PMID- 2662434
TI  - The Jewish contribution to medicine. Part I. Biblical and Talmudic times to the
      end of the 18th century.
AB  - Jewish interest in medicine has a religious motivation with the preservation of
      health and life as religious commandments in the Holy Scriptures. Despite a basic
      belief that God caused disease and effected cures with physicians as agents, Jews
      accepted the rational medicine of ancient Greece. They assisted in the spread of
      these teachings in the Roman and Arab empires but carried them to the rest of
      Europe in their migrations. Jews were able to bridge the educational gap of a 500
      year period of exclusion from universities and medical schools in the Middle Ages
      through the Talmud, which started as a commentary on the scriptures in the 5th
      century BC, but developed over the centuries into a comprehensive body of
      learning incorporating law, art and the sciences.

PMID- 2662435
TI  - Cardiac transplantation in South Africa.

PMID- 2662436
TI  - Research on the health implications of the use of recycled water in South Africa.
AB  - South Africa has an inadequate and unreliable supply of water. It is expected
      that water resources will be a limiting factor to development by the year 2020.
      Reclamation and reuse of sewage effluent is one possible method of supplementing
      existing supplies. Windhoek has had direct supplementation of its water supply
      for over a decade. Guidelines for using recycled sewage as a source of potable
      water are given and South African studies on chemical, microbiological and
      virological aspects of reclaimed water are reviewed. Epidemiological studies,
      retrospective in Windhoek and prospective for Cape Town, are discussed.

PMID- 2662438
TI  - Occupational HIV infection: risks and risk reduction.

PMID- 2662437
TI  - Comparison of Sheffield media with standard media for the isolation of
      Haemophilus ducreyi.
AB  - Isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi is the only method for the definitive diagnosis
      of chancroid. Culture on supplemented gonococcal base (GCHgs) or on supplemented
      Muller-Hinton agar (MHHb) has yielded the best isolation rates. Sheffield media
      is an alternative to standard media. We compared the isolation rate of H. ducreyi
      on GCHgs and MHHb to that on the Sheffield media with and without 5% horse blood.
      Vancomycin (3 mg/L) was added to all media. Of the 87 specimens cultured from
      patients with genital ulcer disease, 57 (66%) were positive on either GCHgs or
      MHHb or on both. Twenty six (30%) were positive on GCHgs only, 15 (17%) on MHHb
      only, and 15 (17%) on both. One culture was positive on Sheffield medium with 5%
      horse blood; none were positive on Sheffield medium without horse blood. Stock
      strains showed good growth at 48 hr on GCHgs and MHHb, but no growth at 48 hr and
      only minimally detectable growth at 72 hr on Sheffield media with horse blood. No
      growth was detected on Sheffield media without horseblood. Thus optimal culture
      of H. ducreyi in Kenya requires two media, supplemented gonococcal base and
      Muller-Hinton agar. Sheffield media is not useful for the primary isolation of H.
      ducreyi.

PMID- 2662439
TI  - Establishing an HIV counseling and testing program for health-care workers.
      Issues and controversies in policy development.

PMID- 2662440
TI  - Federal regulations for implementing infection control policies to reduce health
      care workers' risks.

PMID- 2662441
TI  - Occupational HIV transmission: risk reduction.

PMID- 2662442
TI  - Responses of health care advisory groups to HIV infection risks.

PMID- 2662443
TI  - How an occupational medicine physician views current blood-borne disease risks in
      health-care workers.
AB  - Estimating the risks of blood-borne diseases to health care workers is an
      important area of concern for occupational health physicians. It is best now to
      view this risk as an occupational injury that can be prevented. The specific
      numbers estimating risks are rarely as important to the worker as are methods
      that are available to reduce or eliminate this risk. By placing the risk of blood
      borne diseases in perspective with other injuries, it can be appreciated from
      this information that the estimates of occupational risks of blood-borne diseases
      to health care workers is extremely variable, but will never be zero. The single
      most important variable that is preventable is exposure. Major research and
      educational methods are needed to continue to explore all avenues leading to
      exposure reduction in the health care setting.

PMID- 2662444
TI  - The duty to treat patients with AIDS.

PMID- 2662446
TI  - HIV infection control issues concerning first responders and emergency
      physicians.

PMID- 2662445
TI  - Disinfection, sterilization and decontamination procedures.

PMID- 2662447
TI  - HIV transmission to surgeons. Assessment of risk, infection control precautions,
      and standards of conduct.

PMID- 2662448
TI  - Perspectives on the risks for occupational transmission of HIV-1 in the health
      care workplace.

PMID- 2662449
TI  - Infection control issues for the dental professional.

PMID- 2662450
TI  - Infection control issues for laboratory personnel.

PMID- 2662451
TI  - Managing occupational stress associated with HIV infection. Self-care and self
      management skills.
AB  - There is a crisis in health care that has to do with the ability of health-care
      workers to provide the long-term care and help for AIDS patients. Although more
      severe, it is just an extreme form of the denial among health care professionals
      of their own needs, and lack of ability to manage stress. The situation also
      reflects absence of explicit concern in health settings for creating environments
      that are healthy for staff. This paper has suggested some of the forms that a
      comprehensive response to this problem can take.

PMID- 2662452
TI  - A multicenter study to compare cefotetan alone with cefotetan and metronidazole
      as prophylaxis against infection in elective colorectal operations.
AB  - The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in operations upon the colon and rectum is now
      well recognized. In this study, the efficacy of cefotetan, a broad spectrum
      cephamycin antibiotic, given alone (n = 315), is compared with that of the
      combination of cefotetan and metronidazole (n = 300). The groups were well
      matched for age, sex, pathologic features and operations performed. There was no
      statistical difference in the incidence of operation-related infection between
      the two groups. We conclude that cefotetan given alone is as effective as the
      combination of cefotetan and metronidazole for prophylaxis against operation
      related infection in elective colorectal operations.

PMID- 2662453
TI  - A method of stapled skin closure by one surgeon.

PMID- 2662454
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the breast.
AB  - In relative terms, biologic research with Mab has reached early middle age.
      Information on the behavior of Mab in disease of the breast is interesting-
      indeed, tantalizing--in many areas, but practical applications for diagnosis and
      treatment are not yet available. The evidence implies that it will be
      forthcoming.

PMID- 2662455
TI  - [The value of radiotherapy in treating paranasal sinus tumors].
AB  - A multidisciplinary treatment conception is necessary for carcinomas of the
      paranasal sinuses because of the generally very advanced stage (90% bone
      destruction). Surgery is the most important therapy part. However, it is
      difficult to obtain complete recovery by surgery alone, because in most cases the
      tumor has infiltrated into adjacent tissues (nasopharynx, pterygoid muscles,
      ethmoidal plate, sphenoidal sinus, base of the crane), where a radical operation
      is not possible. Therefore radiotherapy plays an important role: it shall destroy
      malignant cells which could not be eliminated by surgery. The optimum succession
      of operation and irradiation is still a subject of controversial discussion,
      although preoperative irradiation is preferred by the majority. Preoperative
      irradiation is said to destroy peripheral tumorous structures (microfoci), to
      reduce the tumor volume, thus facilitating the surgical removal of the tumor core
      and, last but not least, to decrease the risk of implantation and dissemination
      of malignant cells by devitalizing the tumor cells. Intraarterial chemotherapy
      has also been combined with surgery and radiotherapy, but no unanimous opinion
      has yet been built with respect to the efficiency of this method. Astonishing
      results have been achieved with recently developed conceptions of a "trimodal
      combined therapy" consisting of reduction surgery, radiotherapy, limited
      intraarterial and mostly topic application of 5-fluorouracil, and special care to
      the operation cavity during several weeks. These conceptions should be
      investigated by means of prospective multicentric studies. Primary lymph node
      metastases are treated by functional or radical neck dissection with subsequent
      postoperative irradiation in case of severe invasion, especially if a capsular
      perforation with infiltration of perinodular tissue is histologically
      demonstrated. Opinions are divided about prophylactic irradiation of the
      clinically negative neck aiming at a destruction of subclinical metastases. Many
      authors recommend to take a wait-and-see attitude. In case of certain risk
      factors an irradiation could possibly be discussed.

PMID- 2662456
TI  - [Tumors of the inner nose and paranasal sinuses due to asbestos exposure?].
AB  - Regarding the high carcinogenic potential of asbestos fibres and the mostly
      inhalative exposition, the question is investigated whether tumors of the inner
      nose and the paranasal sinuses can be induced by asbestos. Literature contains no
      communications on this subject. Three cases of tumors of the inner nose and the
      paranasal sinuses are presented which are connected with an exposition to
      asbestos. These cases cannot be recognized according to jurisdiction and the
      valid Ordinance on Occupational Diseases, because the correlations are not
      scientifically proved in a sufficient manner. Attention shall be drawn on this
      problem in order to realize possible further cases.

PMID- 2662457
TI  - [Ultrasonics in the diagnosis and follow-up of tumors of the inner nose and
      paranasal sinuses].
AB  - Ultrasound diagnosis is not applicable in diagnostics and monitoring of tumors of
      the inner nose; the B-mode can be used only if the lumen of the nose is
      completely filled out by the tumor. In case of the paranasal sinuses the A-mode
      imaging furnishes a pattern containing back wall echoes and intermediate echoes
      which necessitates further diagnostic measures. Thanks to the B-mode imaging it
      is possible to determine the tumor extent and an eventual infiltration into the
      surrounding tissues. The pre- and posttherapeutic diagnosis of tumors of the
      inner nose and the paranasal sinuses contains also an investigation of the neck
      in order to detect possible metastases.

PMID- 2662459
TI  - Atraumatic hemobilia arising from a cirrhotic liver.
AB  - Biliary hemorrhage may occur in a variety of clinical settings, but spontaneous
      hemobilia has not been reported from a cirrhotic liver. We describe a case of
      major hepatic hemobilia in a patient with cirrhosis and no history of trauma. A
      50-year-old woman had abdominal pain, melena, and profound anemia. An extensive
      workup did not show the site of bleeding but did show a mass in the gallbladder.
      Cholecystectomy was performed, and at operation the patient was found to have
      cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The gallbladder "mass" was simply an organized
      clot, and hemorrhage recurred postoperatively. On reoperation, bleeding from the
      ampulla of Vater was observed, confirming the diagnosis of hemobilia. She was
      treated with angiographic interruption of hepatic arterial flow, at which time
      bleeding ceased. Her total transfusion requirements included 46 units of blood.
      Through 16 months of follow-up the patient has had no recurrent bleeding and no
      evidence of encephalopathy. This case demonstrates that spontaneous hemobilia may
      indeed arise from a cirrhotic liver. Proximal interruption of arterial flow is
      usually not recommended for hemobilia, especially in the presence of portal
      hypertension and cirrhosis, but may be life-saving in selected patients.

PMID- 2662458
TI  - Small-bowel obstruction by an inflatable penile prosthesis reservoir.
AB  - Early experience with the inflatable penile prosthesis has been plagued with high
      failure rates. With improvements in design and surgical technique, the relative
      incidence of mechanical failures has decreased from 69.9% of all complications to
      38.2%, increasing the relative importance of pathologic failures (from 27.3% to
      56.4%). The overall complication rate has decreased from an initial 32.5% to 9.0%
      in recent series. A unique case of small-bowel obstruction caused by intraluminal
      migration of the reservoir of an inflatable penile prosthesis is described. It
      was successfully managed by resection of the affected bowel loop and
      extraperitoneal reimplantation of the reservoir. Although general surgeons are
      not involved in the placement of these devices, it is important for us to be
      aware of the possibility of erosion and migration of the component parts, which
      may result in potentially lethal gastrointestinal and other complications that we
      may be called on to assess.

PMID- 2662460
TI  - Abdominal aortic reconstruction without renal bypass in renal transplant
      patients.
AB  - Abdominal aortic reconstruction was successfully performed in three kidney
      transplant patients without the use of any specific measures to protect the
      kidney transplant during aortic cross-clamping. The cases are discussed in
      relation to previously published case reports describing various surgical
      techniques to protect kidney transplants during abdominal aortic reconstruction.

PMID- 2662461
TI  - A new method?

PMID- 2662462
TI  - Intermittent claudication and limb-threatening ischemia in systemic lupus
      erythematosus and in SLE-like disease: a report of two cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Intermittent claudication and limb-threatening ischemia caused by occlusion of
      large and medium-sized arteries are rare manifestations of systemic lupus
      erythematosus. So far only eight documented cases have been reported,
      predominantly in young women. In this report two more patients are described.
      There is no common opinion concerning pathophysiologic mechanism, but immunologic
      endothelial damage and circulating antibodies to phospholipid probably play a
      role. The results of medical and surgical treatment are disappointing, and
      amputation becomes necessary in more than half of the patients.

PMID- 2662463
TI  - Insulin-dependent and insulin-independent effects after surgical alterations of
      the pancreas.
AB  - Anatomic alterations of the pancreas result in physiologic alterations that have
      not been completely analyzed. Insulin plays a major role in carbohydrate
      metabolism; nevertheless, as much as 50% of a hyperglycemic load may be
      metabolized independent of insulin. We analyzed the effects of surgical
      alterations of the pancreas on postoperative glucose metabolism, including
      insulin-independent effects. Mongrel female dogs underwent one of three
      procedures: proximal partial pancreatectomy (PPx), PPx plus diversion of
      pancreatic venous effluent to the systemic circulation (SC), or PPx plus
      segmental pancreatic autotransplantation (PAT). Intravenous glucose tolerance
      tests, with or without a background infusion of somatostatin (SST; 400 ng/kg/min)
      were performed on all animals preoperatively and postoperatively. SST completely
      suppressed secretion of assayable peripheral insulin. The rate of glucose
      disposal during SST suppression approximates the rate of insulin-independent
      glucose disposal (IIGD). Although there was a significant decrease in the rate of
      glucose disposal during SST infusion when compared with the rate without SST, no
      differences in IIGD were found between postoperative groups. IIGD was calculated
      at 50% to 55% for control, PPx, and SC groups and at 67% for PAT. Peripheral
      sensitivity to an exogenous insulin infusion (euglycemic clamp) was unchanged by
      any of the procedures. We conclude that surgical alteration of the pancreas,
      including pancreas transplantation, results in altered glucose handling in the
      face of "normal" peripheral levels of insulin. Changes in IIGD and analysis of
      peripheral sensitivity to insulin do not explain these alterations completely.

PMID- 2662464
TI  - [Antioxidants in clinical practice].

PMID- 2662465
TI  - [Bronchial hyperreactivity].

PMID- 2662466
TI  - [Regulation of calcium metabolism and hypercalciuria].

PMID- 2662467
TI  - [The development of the concepts of the mucociliary transport system].
AB  - A review is made of the main stages in the formation of the concept of the
      mucociliary transport system. The diagnostic and informative value of the
      different research methods for the mucociliary system and possible prospects of
      the design of the novel methods for its investigation are discussed.

PMID- 2662468
TI  - [The contribution of epidemiology to the definition of obesity and its risk
      factors].
AB  - Whereas up to the end of the last century overweight reflected the privilege of
      the high society and her relative good health, the recent epidemiological studies
      have assessed the relations between body weight and general or cause specific
      morbidity and mortality. The major diseases associated with obesity are
      hypertension, atherosclerosis and diabetes, as well as certain types of cancer.
      Less well known complications include hepatic steatosis, gallbladder diseases,
      pulmonary function impairment, endocrine abnormalities, obstetric complications,
      trauma to the weight bearing joints, gout, cutaneous diseases, proteinuria,
      increased hemoglobin concentration and possibly immunologic impairments. From
      these wide epidemiological studies arise the definition of obesity: with an
      excess of 20% beyond the desirable weight, the complications bound to the
      overweight become statistically more frequent. Over there a U or J shaped curve
      illustrates the relation between the overweight and the degree of these various
      complications. An excess of 45 kg or more represents the critical level which
      defined "morbid obesity" with its own complications, the most important are
      sudden unexplained death, ventilatory disorders, circulatory congestion and
      functional limitations in activities of daily living and of course psychological
      consequences. When for certain complications, such as diabetes, the relationship
      with the overweight is evident, discrepancies between certain studies, especially
      for the cardiovascular diseases, had focused the attention on the regional
      patterns of fat distribution. Cross-sectional studies have shown abdominal
      obesity to be strongly associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease,
      stroke and death independent of the total degree of obesity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662469
TI  - [The role of physical inactivity in the etiology of obesity].
AB  - The activity-related energy expenditure mainly depends upon body weight, the
      type, intensity and duration of the exercise as well as the mechanical efficiency
      with which the subjects perform the work. Controversy still exist about the role
      of hypoactivity in the aetiology of obesity both in adolescence and adulthood. A
      number of experimental studies based on indirect assessment of physical activity
      (such as pedometers, accelerometers, cinematography and heart rate) have
      demonstrated a significant reduction in spontaneous physical activity in certain
      obese groups as compared to lean matched controls. On the other hand, direct
      measurements of energy expenditure (by indirect calorimetry) have shown a linear
      relationship between body weight and 24-hour (or activity-related) energy
      expenditure. It therefore appears that despite the greater placidity
      characterising some grossly obese subjects, the absolute rate of energy
      expenditure - particularly in weight bearing activities - is not lower than in
      lean subjects, since the hypoactivity does not fully compensate for the greater
      gross energy cost of a given activity.

PMID- 2662470
TI  - [Drug treatment of obesity].
AB  - Anorectic agents constitute the most widely used supportive drug treatment in
      obesity as well as that most often prescribed. A large number of substances have
      been proposed for this purpose, and some have been found to be reasonably
      effective, while others exhibiting side effects which forbid their use, as
      thyroid hormones and diuretic agents. There are other substances with properties
      that might justify their use, such as ballast preparations, some antidepressive
      agents, and a few compounds acting principally on the gastrointestinal tract. Of
      current interest are substances furthering thermogenesis, but for the time being
      these remain in the realm of pure research. The anorectic agents usually
      available bring about a weight loss of about 0.5 lb (0.230 kg) per week more than
      prescription of a placebo, though only over a limited period of time. Once the
      drug is discontinued, weight regain is the rule and it appears even that
      association of an anorectic agent to behavioural therapy might have an
      unfavourable effect on maintenance of the weight loss. Their use is therefore
      difficult to justify except in the rare cases where a short-term reduction in
      weight is desired or in patients suffering from an illness linked to their
      overweight. Differences in eating habits observed with amphetamines compared with
      fenfluramine and its dextrorotatory isomer dexfenfluramine suggest that these
      compounds could play a supportive role in the management of obese patients along
      with the dietetic training and changes in eating habits which are still
      fundamental to the medical treatment of obesity.

PMID- 2662471
TI  - [Mortality in cattle due to infected poultry manure].
AB  - The cause of botulism in cattle grazing in the environs of poultry farms is
      related to broiler droppings contaminated by carcase material containing toxins.

PMID- 2662472
TI  - [A patient with an immunodeficiency and consecutively 3 primary malignancies].
AB  - Patients with a primary immunodeficiency syndrome have an increased risk of the
      development of a malignancy. Lymphoreticular malignancies are the most common
      malignancies in these patients. Patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) also
      appear to be at a high risk for the development of non-lymphoid tumors, in
      particular carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system
      tumors. We describe a child with an immunodeficiency and slight neurologic
      manifestations. During childhood she developed consecutive three primary
      malignancies.

PMID- 2662473
TI  - HLA-antigens in renal transplanted patients with varicella-zoster infection.
AB  - The frequency of the HLA B 40 antigen was significantly higher among renal
      transplanted patients with herpes zoster infection than in controls. The presence
      of HLA B 40 may be related to impaired immune response in transplanted and
      immunosuppressed carriers.

PMID- 2662474
TI  - Partial characterization of leucocyte alpha-glucosidase in late onset
      glycogenosis type II.
AB  - We describe partial characterization and properties of leucocyte alpha
      glucosidase from a patient with clinical features intermediate of juvenile and
      adult onset forms of glycogenosis type II. Acid and neutral alpha-glucosidase
      activities toward 4-methylumbelliferyl glucopyranoside as substrate were studied
      in total leucocytes, and separately in lymphocytes and granulocytes. Lymphocytes,
      which showed markedly reduced activities of acid alpha-glucosidase in the
      patient, are the most reliable peripheral blood cells for the diagnosis of
      glycogenosis type II. Moreover, the ratio of acid/neutral alpha-glucosidase
      activities, especially in lymphocytes, is a useful parameter for the diagnosis.
      In lymphocytes, the Km values of both acid and neutral alpha-glucosidases were
      essentially the same between the patient and normal controls; the Vmax value of
      acid alpha-glucosidase from the patient was markedly reduced, and the Vmax value
      of neutral alpha-glucosidase from the patient was reduced by 36% as compared with
      that from normal controls. Heat-inactivation experiments revealed that acid alpha
      glucosidase activities of lymphocytes were relatively heat-stable, while both
      acid and neutral alpha-glucosidases of granulocytes were heat-labile. No
      differences in these properties, however, could be detected between the patient
      and normal controls.

PMID- 2662475
TI  - Fixative evaluation and histologic appearance of embryonic rodent tissue.
AB  - Histopathologic study of early hamster embryos was carried out after fixation in
      Zenker's solution, alcoholic formalin, Bouin's fluid, 10% neutral buffered
      formalin, or 3% glutaraldehyde and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Fixation
      in Zenker's fluid followed by postfixation in neutral buffered formalin provided
      superior preservation of normal embryonic subcellular detail as compared to the
      other candidate processing techniques.

PMID- 2662476
TI  - Histological preparation of implanted biomaterials for light microscopic
      evaluation of the implant-tissue interaction.
AB  - A technique is presented for processing implanted biomaterials with surrounding
      soft tissue for histological assessment of the implant-tissue interaction.
      Specimens are removed with the implant-tissue interface intact, fixed in
      formalin, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol followed by a graded series of
      acetone in ethanol, and embedded in Spurr's low viscosity epoxy resin. Sections
      0.5-1.0 mm thick are cut from the cured blocks using a metallurigical saw with a
      diamond wafer blade. After being glued to glass microscope slides, they are
      ground and polished to approximately 75 microns in thickness. The polished
      sections are treated with 95% ethanol saturated with sodium hydroxide, stained
      with Gill's hematoxylin and counterstained in eosin Y-phloxine B. The sodium
      hydroxide solution degrades the resin, allowing the stain to penetrate the
      tissue. By limiting the time in sodium hydroxide, the depth of staining is
      controlled and one is able to simulate a thin paraffin section with high
      resolution of the implant-soft tissue interface.

PMID- 2662477
TI  - A simple procedure to obtain one-micrometer sections of routinely embedded
      paraffin material.
AB  - By freezing blocks of paraffin-embedded tissues to a convenient temperature it is
      possible to obtain routinely 1 micron sections that can be further processed as
      normal thicker sections. Normal and disposable steel knives can be used and the
      staining time should be increased in most procedures. Gradual freezing of blocks
      to the temperature of dry ice is the simplest and safest way to obtain an
      adequate temperature. The best results were obtained using as fixative 4%
      paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline solution.

PMID- 2662478
TI  - Recent developments in the understanding of the pharmacokinetics and mechanism of
      action of chloroquine.
AB  - Because of the binding of chloroquine to various tissue components and the
      lysosomotropism of chloroquine, its pharmacokinetics exhibit large apparent
      volumes of distribution, partial recoveries in urine, and persistence of low
      blood levels. These complexities have been reinvestigated with modern, highly
      sensitive methods for the determination of the drug and its major metabolite,
      desethylchloroquine, which reaches blood levels of about one-third those of the
      parent drug and constitutes about one-fifth of the 56% of drug accounted for by
      urinary recovery. Bioavailability is essentially complete, apparent volumes of
      distribution range up to 800 L/kg, and the pharmacokinetic data are generally
      accomodated by three compartment models. Half-lives for the terminal component
      are 1 to 2 months, but the terminal phases may be of minor importance in
      effectiveness. Dose dependence, i.e. nonlinearity in the relationship of dose and
      area under the plasma curve, apparently is not a factor. Some of the most recent
      studies, designed to provide a rationale for safer parenteral administration,
      have made possible computer-generated optimal infusion regimens. Revised
      schedules of loading and maintenance oral doses for antimalarial therapy have
      resulted from other pharmacokinetic studies. The in vitro antimalarial potencies
      of the two optical enantiomers of chloroquine are identical, but recent data
      suggest stereospecific differences in metabolic rates and renal secretion
      mechanisms. The marked uptake of chloroquine into the acidic food vacuoles of
      parasites resident in erythrocytes is assumed to underlie its antimalarial
      action, but mechanisms other than the previously assumed alkalization of the
      vacuole, possibly inhibition of phospholipid metabolism, now seem more likely to
      inhibit parasite function. Mild immunosuppression with inhibition of the
      elaboration of rheumatoid factor and acute phase reactants is a likely mechanism
      for the beneficial effects of chloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis. Blockade of
      interleukin-1 release could lead to these effects and is one of the few instances
      in which the low chloroquine levels attainable in human serum can be shown to
      affect immunological reactions.

PMID- 2662479
TI  - Neonatal therapeutic drug monitoring--its clinical relevance.
AB  - The potential clinical usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in
      neonates is discussed. The personnel performing neonatal TDM must be
      knowledgeable in the many clinical, analytical, and pharmacokinetic variables
      used for measuring drug concentrations to formulate rational, individualized
      dosing regimens. Examples of variables and their effects on TDM interpretations
      are given and some gaps in our knowledge are presented. The theoretical promise
      of neonatal TDM is contrasted with the practical realities.

PMID- 2662480
TI  - Evaluation of an enzyme immunochromatography method for carbamazepine: a
      comparison with enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique, fluorescence
      polarization immunoassay, and high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A noninstrumented enzyme immunochromatography (EIC) method for monitoring
      carbamazepine using whole blood was compared to the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay
      technique (EMIT), fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), and high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Samples from 74 patients were evaluated
      in the comparison study, yielding correlation coefficients of 0.961 (EMIT), 0.974
      (FPIA), and 0.867 (HPLC). The EIC method produced within-run coefficients of
      variation of 4.3%, 4.9%, and 5.8% for three carbamazepine concentrations. The
      between-run coefficient of variation over 107 days was 4.9%. The spiked serum
      sample analysis yielded recovery rates ranging from 98 to 102%. Enzyme
      immunochromatography was found to be a useful noninstrumented method for on-site
      testing. The test gives quantitative patient sample results comparable to the
      results obtained using established laboratory methods.

PMID- 2662481
TI  - An evaluation of the cyclosporine and metabolites whole blood TDx assay.
AB  - The new Abbott TDx cyclosporine and metabolites fluorescent polarization
      immunoassay procedure provides a 20-min sample turn-around time, using 50
      microliters of sample for the analysis of cyclosporine in whole blood. A
      precipitation agent and a lysing agent are utilized as a pretreatment step. The
      range of the whole blood assay is from 0 to 2,000 ng/ml, with a sensitivity of 50
      ng/ml. Precision studies at 3 control levels provided coefficients of variation
      of 2.1-4.8% for both assays. In order to compare this assay with the currently
      used Sandoz polyclonal radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. 200 whole blood samples
      were obtained from 20 renal, cardiac, and hepatic transplant recipients. The mean
      whole blood cyclosporine concentrations for samples above the sensitivity level
      were as follows: TDx 754 ng/ml (+/- 31) and RIA 619 ng/ml (+/- 22). Blood TDx
      levels correlated strongly with RIA levels, with a regression coefficient of r =
      0.915. This new assay provides reliable blood cyclosporine concentrations that
      correlate well with RIA measurements. This assay offers rapid sample turn-around
      times, making same-day results for outpatient drug monitoring possible.

PMID- 2662482
TI  - Waiting in line: should selected patients ever be moved up?
AB  - Assuring equitable access of patients to needed organ transplants is a
      responsibility that must be shared by transplantation teams, the patients, their
      families, referring physicians, and society as a whole. Barriers of major
      proportion still exist that strongly bias the initial selection of patients for
      placement on waiting lists and adversely affect the rates of transplantation
      among the older age groups, nonwhites, and the poor. The very issue of making up
      the waiting list is fundamental to the development of fair and equitable
      distribution of the national resource of organs for transplantation. Actual organ
      allocation must involve medical judgment and must strive to achieve the maximal
      benefit to patients. Despite dangers of paternalism and bias masquerading as
      medical criteria, to overlook outcome predictions in selecting the recipient of a
      scarce resource is to be irresponsible toward the donor and society as well as to
      the patients on the list. Insofar as benefit and need can both be served, as in
      the case of liver transplantation for fulminant liver failure or kidney
      transplantation in a well-matched recipient, these considerations should far
      outweigh the poor criterion of length of time on the waiting list. In many
      instances, it will be the most appropriate choice to give the organ to a patient
      waiting on the list at home rather than to a desperately ill patient who will
      doubtlessly die without the operation but whose risks of failure are
      significantly higher. As difficult as these decisions are, especially in life and
      death situations, a system of organ allocation based on medical judgment, with
      appropriate safeguards and thorough monitoring, eventually will prove to be the
      fairest method.

PMID- 2662483
TI  - The results of transplantation in blacks: just the tip of the iceberg.

PMID- 2662484
TI  - Issues related to race in transplantation.
AB  - It would be possible to refute any comment or finding that suggests a
      transplantation problem intrinsic to race with any data available today. Reliable
      studies that consider education, income, access to competent care, and ability to
      understand and interpret instructions are badly needed. Those of us who have
      cared for large numbers of the poor commonly acquire a great respect for the
      almost noble way many face severe or chronic illnesses. Many times, these people
      approach self-sacrifice in order to protect or provide for their families or
      dependents. We need to place less effort in considering if a person is black,
      Scot, Mexican, Arabic, and so on and more effort providing good education and
      access to economic independence to the underprivileged in our society. Thus, I
      end as I started. There are no transplantation issues related to race. There are
      only transplantation issues related to human beings.

PMID- 2662485
TI  - Money matters: should ability to pay ever be a consideration in gaining access to
      transplantation?

PMID- 2662487
TI  - The exocrine secretions of the grafted pancreas.

PMID- 2662486
TI  - The point system for organ distribution.

PMID- 2662488
TI  - Analysis of renal transplant using fine needle aspiration biopsies with
      monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2662489
TI  - The inhibitory effect of cyclosporine on prostacyclin production by cultured
      endothelial cells from porcine aorta.

PMID- 2662491
TI  - Third International Symposium on Perioperative Care in Liver Transplantation.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2662490
TI  - A new immunosuppressive agent, 15-deoxyspergualin, in dog renal allografting.

PMID- 2662492
TI  - Extrahepatic disease in liver transplant recipients.

PMID- 2662493
TI  - Selection criteria for liver transplantation donors.

PMID- 2662494
TI  - Exclusion criteria for liver transplant recipients.

PMID- 2662495
TI  - Results of extended preservation of the liver for clinical transplantation.

PMID- 2662496
TI  - Hemodynamic instability during liver transplantation.

PMID- 2662497
TI  - Is there a post-reperfusion syndrome?

PMID- 2662498
TI  - Hemodynamic changes on clamping and unclamping of major vessels during liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2662499
TI  - Is there hyperacute rejection of the liver?

PMID- 2662500
TI  - Postoperative evolution of extrahepatic organ function.

PMID- 2662501
TI  - Is hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation really a surgical
      complication?

PMID- 2662502
TI  - Quality of life following liver transplantation.

PMID- 2662503
TI  - Core cooling technique is superior to flush techniques for liver procurement.

PMID- 2662504
TI  - Transplantation of livers from non-heart-beating donors is possible by core
      cooling technique.

PMID- 2662505
TI  - Allotransplantation of hepatocytes into spleen prolongs survival and improves
      albumin levels in cirrhotic dogs.

PMID- 2662506
TI  - Simultaneous procurement of pancreas and liver from a single cadaveric donor.

PMID- 2662507
TI  - Combined retrieval of liver and pancreas grafts: alternatives for organ
      procurement.

PMID- 2662508
TI  - Baseline cardiac index does not predict hemodynamic instability during orthotopic
      liver transplantation.

PMID- 2662509
TI  - Comparative hemodynamics of venovenous and venoarterial bypass during liver
      transplantation in the pig.

PMID- 2662510
TI  - Observations on abdominal venous pressures during orthotopic liver
      transplantation in man.

PMID- 2662511
TI  - Intracranial pressure monitoring during orthotopic liver transplantation for
      acute liver failure.

PMID- 2662512
TI  - Hormonal control of glucose metabolism during liver transplantation.

PMID- 2662513
TI  - Fluoride plasma concentration after isoflurane anesthesia during and after liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2662514
TI  - Hemolysis in ABO-compatible liver transplantation--only after O grafts?

PMID- 2662515
TI  - Preoperative coagulation screen does not predict intraoperative blood product
      requirements in orthotopic liver transplantation.

PMID- 2662516
TI  - Perioperative management of fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure with
      therapeutic plasmapheresis.

PMID- 2662517
TI  - Autotransfusion in liver transplantation.

PMID- 2662518
TI  - Bacteriologic study of autotransfusion during liver transplantation.

PMID- 2662519
TI  - Comparison of Thromboelastograph and Sonoclot coagulation analyzer for assessing
      coagulation status during orthotopic liver transplantation.

PMID- 2662520
TI  - Antithrombin III during liver transplantation.

PMID- 2662521
TI  - Postoperative thrombocytopenia in liver transplant recipients: prognostic
      implications and treatment with high dose of gamma-globulin.

PMID- 2662522
TI  - Systemic arterial hypertension in the immediate postoperative period of liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2662523
TI  - Potential protective effects of furosemide against early cyclosporine-induced
      renal injury in hepatic transplant recipients.

PMID- 2662524
TI  - Preservation of renal function using OKT3 in liver transplant patients.

PMID- 2662525
TI  - Postoperative transfascial vascular monitoring, liver biopsy biliary evaluation,
      and drainage of hepatic allografts.

PMID- 2662526
TI  - Regulation of biliary secretion following liver transplantation.

PMID- 2662527
TI  - The effect of pretreatment with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
      antigens on hepatic or cardiac allograft survival in the rat.

PMID- 2662528
TI  - A synergistic effect of total lymphoid irradiation, cyclosporine, and splenectomy
      in a hamster-to-rat hepatic xenograft model.

PMID- 2662529
TI  - The role of class I antigens in hyperacute rejection of hepatic allografts in
      rats.

PMID- 2662530
TI  - Bacterial infections in liver transplant patients under selective decontamination
      with norfloxacin.

PMID- 2662531
TI  - Perioperative infection in liver transplant recipients under a quadruple
      immunosuppressive protocol.

PMID- 2662532
TI  - Information needs of primary caregivers in pediatric liver transplantation.

PMID- 2662533
TI  - Cognitive function and quality of life in adult liver transplant recipients.

PMID- 2662534
TI  - Clinical problems in cyclosporine dosing with reference to clinical pharmacology:
      case histories and discussion.

PMID- 2662535
TI  - Current status of bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2662536
TI  - Chronic graft-versus-host disease, obliterative bronchiolitis, and graft-versus
      leukemia effect: case histories.

PMID- 2662537
TI  - Case presentations in renal transplantation.

PMID- 2662538
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cyclosporine.

PMID- 2662539
TI  - Long-term survival and prognostic factors for 2170 breast cancer patients treated
      at two cancer centers (Milan and Houston).
AB  - Data on 2170 consecutive patients with breast cancer submitted to curative
      surgery with or without combined radiotherapy in the period 1968-1972 at the
      National Cancer Institute of Milan (Italy) and at the University of Texas M.D.
      Anderson Cancer Center of Houston (Texas, USA) were analyzed to evaluate the
      prognosis of breast cancer patients after loco-regional treatment only and to
      verify if different prognostic factors have the same relevance. Forty-four
      percent of patients were alive without evidence of disease at the end of the
      follow-up in both centers: 14% of patients treated in Milan died without evidence
      of breast cancer with an intercurrent disease, whereas the death rate for
      intercurrent disease was 27% in Houston. Thirty-seven percent of the patients in
      Milan and 26% of the patients in Houston died from breast cancer. A considerable
      percentage of patients (23.4% in Milano, 38.2% in Houston) had one or more of the
      required items not specified in the clinical chart. Since the lack of information
      was considered a possible source of bias, the series were divided into two
      groups: the first collecting patients with all information available, the second
      gathering patients with at least one of the required items missing. The latter
      group was defined "unknown". Multivariate analysis of survival, carried out by
      means of Cox's regression model, showed that mortality of these patients for all
      causes was significantly affected by the following criteria: status of regional
      nodes (P = 2 X 10(-13)), unknown (P = 10(-9)), maximum diameter of primary tumor
      (P = 7 X 10(-10)), age of the patients (P = 10(-4)), site of primary (P = 0.01),
      and Center (P = 0.04). A significant interaction was found between center and a)
      age of the patients, b) menopausal status and c) unknown. The relative P values
      were 6 X 10(-7) for age and center, 8 X 10(-3) for menopausal and center, 3 X 10(
      2) for unknown and center. Multivariate analysis of breast cancer mortality was
      significantly affected by: status of regional nodes (P = 10(-18)), diameter of
      primary (P = 5 X 10(-14)), unknown (P = 2 X 10(-13)), center (P = 2 X 10(-6)),
      site of primary (P = 0.002), and age of the patients (P = 0.03). The same
      significant interaction as for mortality from all causes was found. It is
      concluded that comparability of results obtained in different institutions may be
      dependent on the standardization and availability of patients data.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2662540
TI  - [Behavioral conceptualization of chronic pain].

PMID- 2662541
TI  - [Infectious endocarditis: contribution of echography to diagnosis and therapeutic
      indications. Apropos of 75 cases].

PMID- 2662542
TI  - [Tumor markers].

PMID- 2662543
TI  - [Capacity for autoxidation of myoglobin in man and various semi-aquatic animals].
AB  - Resistance to spontaneous oxidation of oxymyoglobin of man and semi-aquatic
      animals (beaver, otter, musk-rat) was studied as well as the effect of 2.3
      diphosphoglycerate (2.3-DPG) and carnosine on this process. The revealed
      differences in the autooxidation rate of the studied myoglobins are explained by
      differences in the conformational state of a protein globule, which more actively
      protects a heme (in semi-aquatic animals) from spontaneous oxidation under
      conditions of muscular saturation of cells with oxygen, which is confirmed by the
      results obtained from the analysis of the universal links of pair amino acid
      residues which stabilize the protein molecule, 2,3-DPG and carnosine decrease the
      resistance of myoglobin to autooxidation.

PMID- 2662544
TI  - [Insulin-degrading neutral proteinases of the plasma membrane of loach liver and
      embryo cells].
AB  - Insulin-degrading, Ca2+-activated, neutral proteinases of molecular weight about
      150 kDa and 70 kDa were purified from plasma membranes of the loach liver and
      embryo cells. It was shown that dithiothreitol and cysteine enhanced the enzyme
      activity, whereas p-chloromercuribenzoate and iodoacetic acid inhibited its
      level. Incubation of isolated plasma membranes with 5'[gamma 32P]ATP resulted in
      phosphorylation of these proteinases. The intensity of the process increased
      under the influence of insulin (100 microU/ml), that correlated with a decrease
      in the activity of proteinase with molecular weight of 150 kDa and an increase in
      70 kDa enzyme activity. The data suggest the existence of common regulatory
      pathways of insulin degradation in plasma membranes of the loach liver and embryo
      cells.

PMID- 2662545
TI  - [Phosphorylation of lactate dehydrogenase by purified plasma membranes of loach
      liver cells: stimulation with insulin].
AB  - It is established that insulin enhances the ability of the loach liver plasma
      membranes to phosphorylate lactate dehydrogenase. In the case of insulin-treated
      plasma membranes the amount of incorporated 32P is more than 4 times higher than
      that of the basal level. It is concluded that insulin-stimulated plasma membrane
      dependent phosphorylation of the enzyme is one of the possible molecular
      mechanisms of hormone action on intracellular metabolism.

PMID- 2662546
TI  - [Fluorescent cholesterol derivatives in studies of membranes and lipoproteins].
AB  - The pathways of fluorescent chromophores introduction into the cholesterol
      molecule are reviewed and physicochemical, optical properties and biological
      identity of fluorescent cholesterol derivatives (FCD) to the natural analogues
      are briefly characterized. Methods of the FCD incorporation into biological
      objects are discussed. The main part of the review is devoted to the use of FCD
      to investigate the model and biological membranes, blood plasma lipoproteins and
      their interactions with cells. The first attempts of the FCD application in the
      study of sterol-carrier proteins are discussed.

PMID- 2662547
TI  - [Ugeskrift for laeger--1839-1989. Tradition, quality and renewal].

PMID- 2662548
TI  - Measurement-based ophthalmic ultrasonography.

PMID- 2662549
TI  - Derivation of haemodynamic information from ultrasonic recordings of aortic
      diameter changes.
AB  - An ultrasound phase-locked echo-tracking system was used for noninvasive
      measurements of diameter changes in the upper abdominal aorta of the
      anaesthetised cat. Comparisons were made between the noninvasively recorded
      diameter changes and central haemodynamic variables measured with inserted
      catheters and transducers. It was found that noninvasive observations of aortic
      diameter changes give reliable information on the direction and relative
      magnitude of the blood pressure change both in systole and in diastole.
      Indications of the direction of change of stroke volume, cardiac output, and
      aortic flow acceleration (a measure of cardiac inotropy) could also be gained.
      The information, taken together, comprises a pattern of response reflecting
      cardiovascular adjustments likely to have occurred. It is suggested that the
      technique is suitable for interpretation of (patho-) physiological changes in the
      foetus, as well as for determinations of great vessel compliance in man, i.e., in
      atherosclerosis research.

PMID- 2662550
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of innominate artery occlusive disease. Evaluation by Doppler
      ultrasound.
AB  - Between 1976 and 1987 we saw 20 patients presenting with stenosis or occlusion of
      the innominate artery with a measurable hemodynamic effect. This corresponds to
      less than 0.1% of our patients subjected to noninvasive vascular testing. The
      hemodynamic sequelae involved the vertebral as well as the carotid arteries. The
      majority of the cases (n = 17) showed a vertebral steal and only minor
      concomitant alterations of carotid artery flow. Only three patients had a carotid
      steal in addition to the vertebral steal. In general, the vertebral steal is
      predominant over the carotid steal and precedes the latter. We propose a
      phenomenological classification of innominate artery disease following the
      severity of hemodynamic changes. Type I shows systolic deceleration or
      alternating flow in the right vertebral artery and only minor changes in the
      carotid arteries. Type II is characterized by reversed flow in the ipsilateral
      vertebral artery and systolic deceleration in the carotid arteries and type III
      by alternating flow or even complete steal in the carotid arteries in addition to
      vertebral artery steal. Continuous wave Doppler ultrasound is a valuable
      noninvasive method for examinating innominate artery occlusive disease and its
      hemodynamic sequelae. In special cases the additional use of duplex- and
      transcranial sonography is useful.

PMID- 2662551
TI  - Should results of ultrasound Doppler studies be reported in units of frequency or
      velocity?
AB  - There is a current tendency to report the results of ultrasound Doppler studies
      in units of velocity instead of Doppler frequency. This is probably motivated by
      the intuitive feeling that blood flow studies should naturally be reported in
      cm/s and the notion that "velocity" is a normalizing factor for Doppler
      ultrasound studies. In order to determine velocity, the Doppler angle theta or
      angle formed by the ultrasound beam and flow velocity vector, must be known. It
      is not possible, using currently available systems, to obtain an accurate
      estimate of this angle. The physics related to the Doppler equation are reviewed
      in this paper along with examples to illustrate the origin and magnitude of
      errors that could arise when reporting in units of velocity. Guidelines are
      provided for thinking about and reporting results of Doppler studies in units of
      velocity. An understanding of the Doppler equation and its use in clinical
      studies are promoted in this paper to enhance the diagnostic usefulness of
      Doppler ultrasound studies and to reduce serious errors which could lead to
      faulty information dictating patient management.

PMID- 2662552
TI  - Ultrasonic characterization of selected renal tissues.
AB  - Velocity, attenuation, and backscatter of ultrasound were measured in human renal
      tissues over a frequency range relevant to clinical imaging (3.5-7 MHz). Normal
      renal tissues, as well as three types of mass (angiomyolipoma, renal cell
      carcinoma, and oncocytoma) were studied, and comparisons made of the appearance
      of the tissues in clinical images to their ultrasonic and pathological
      properties. The results showed angiomyolipoma had high attenuation and
      backscatter coefficients due to acoustic impedance differences between fat and
      smooth muscle components of the tumour. The renal cell carcinomas were
      indistinguishable from normal kidney tissue, except in one case where
      infiltration by fatlike macrophages led to high attenuation and backscatter
      coefficients. This finding also supports the conclusion that fat/nonfat
      interfaces are a dominant scatter mechanism in renal tissues.

PMID- 2662553
TI  - A real-time autoregressive spectrum analyzer for Doppler ultrasound signals.
AB  - A system based on a digital signal processor and a microcomputer has been
      programmed to estimate the maximum entropy autoregressive (AR) power spectrum of
      ultrasonic Doppler shift signals and display the results in the form of a
      sonogram in real-time on a computer screen. The system, which is based on a TMS
      320C25 digital signal processor chip, calculates spectra with 128 frequency
      components from 64 samples of the Doppler signal. The samples are collected at a
      programmable rate of up to 40.96 kHz, and the computation of each spectrum takes
      typically 3.2 ms. The feasibility of on-line AR spectral estimation makes this
      type of analysis an attractive alternative to the more conventional fast Fourier
      transform approach to the analysis of Doppler ultrasound signals.

PMID- 2662554
TI  - A 20-MHz ultrasound system for imaging the intestinal wall.
AB  - An ultrasound system has been developed which uses high-frequency (20 MHz)
      ultrasound to provide high-resolution images of tissue. The system provides 0.21
      mm range and 0.65-mm lateral resolution. The transducer aperture size is 1.8 mm
      maximum. Miniature probes have been developed which can image via the biopsy
      channels of standard fiberoptic endoscopes as well as probes for imaging in
      vitro. A commercially available video "frame grabber" is used in conjunction with
      a standard microcomputer for image acquisition. This allows images to be
      displayed and recorded on standard television equipment and be stored and
      manipulated digitally. The features of the system allow in vivo imaging, in vitro
      imaging after resection, and histological images of the same tissue region to be
      acquired and compared. This method is particularly useful in learning how to
      correctly interpret ultrasonic images of the intestinal wall. The use of 20 MHz
      is advantageous in achieving excellent resolution and small size probes. The
      system provides a unique approach to imaging the intestinal wall.

PMID- 2662555
TI  - Bibliography of biomedical ultrasound. No.81.

PMID- 2662557
TI  - [An automatic histologic-cytologic image analysis procedure of organs of the
      urogenital tract. Technics and value in urology].
AB  - The techniques and possible applications of automated image analyser systems with
      regard to the organs of the urogenital tract are shown and critically assessed.
      In contrast to fully automated image analysis, semi-automated systems have
      already become established as standard investigation procedures for scientific
      questions. It is hoped they will make a contribution towards objectivizing
      typical therapeutic or specific pathological changes in the target tissue. Fully
      automated systems are used mainly for the derivation of diagnostic-prognostic
      tumor criteria in cytological urine analyses. However, routine utilization is
      still unsatisfactory on account of inadequate diagnostic reliability, so that
      further development of hardware, software and preparative techniques is
      necessary. Nevertheless, there is already a striking level of agreement between
      the automated diagnoses and those made on assessment by an experienced
      investigator. Special aspects of measuring techniques as they relate to
      morphometry of the organs in the urogenital tract are discussed.

PMID- 2662556
TI  - [Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: the evolution of a revolution].
AB  - Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy has now been in clinical use for 8 years,
      and it has replaced other treatment techniques for the majority of surgical
      calculi in the upper urinary tract. For the first time it provides a completely
      noninvasive method for the treatment of renal and ureteral calculi. The current
      range of indications means that approximately 70% of nonselected urinary stone
      patients can be treated by this method, while 25% of the patients with more
      complex stones in the upper urinary tract can receive treatment with the
      lithotripter combined with endourological procedures. The clinical role of this
      method is determined by a high success rate and minimal complications. This has
      led to a rapid worldwide acceptance in the urological community, and up to now
      more than 1.5 million patients with urinary stone disease have been treated.

PMID- 2662559
TI  - Neuromuscular diseases.

PMID- 2662558
TI  - Morbidity and mortality of rheumatic and diffuse connective tissue diseases.

PMID- 2662560
TI  - On the natural tendency for renal disease to progress: can interventions slow
      this progression?

PMID- 2662561
TI  - Breast cancer.

PMID- 2662562
TI  - Hormone secreting pituitary tumors.

PMID- 2662563
TI  - What do we know about preventing coronary heart disease?

PMID- 2662564
TI  - Silent myocardial ischemia: its relationship to myocardial infarction and sudden
      cardiac death.

PMID- 2662565
TI  - The anticipated and the unexpected from clinical trials in stroke prevention.

PMID- 2662566
TI  - [History of hearing aids in our country].

PMID- 2662567
TI  - [History of the oldest Russian otorhinolaryngologic department at the Staro
      Ekaterinskaia Hospital in Moscow (pre-revolutionary period)].

PMID- 2662568
TI  - Treatment of problem behaviour in dogs and cats by castration and progestagen
      administration: a review.
AB  - Treatment of problem behaviour in companion animals by castration and progestagen
      administration is reviewed. In male dogs castration is effective in eliminating
      roaming and, to a lesser extent, mounting, urine marking and intermale
      aggression. Spraying, roaming and fighting behaviour in cats disappear almost
      completely after castration. In the latter species prepubertal castration does
      not seem to be more effective in preventing this problem behaviour than
      postpubertal castration is in eliminating it. In dogs, intermale aggression,
      urine marking, mounting and roaming have been treated successfully with
      progestagens; in cats the same treatment has been successful in decreasing
      fighting and roaming. There are no reports on the ethical aspects or on adverse
      side effects of castration. For progestagens a wide range of undesirable side
      effects have been described. The results of both castration and progestagen
      therapy differ in the various studies. The underlying mechanism(s) of progestagen
      influence on behaviour are not understood. Therefore, future research on this
      topic is necessary.

PMID- 2662569
TI  - The interaction between plant lectins and the small intestinal epithelium: a
      primary cause of intestinal disturbance.
AB  - The literature concerning the effects of plant lectins on the small intestinal
      epithelium is reviewed. It appears that after oral intake, intact plant lectins
      can reach the small intestinal lumen. Their binding to the mucosal surface evokes
      an increased synthesis of glycoproteins and a degeneration of the intestinal
      epithelium. The epithelial alterations may result in hyperregenerative villus
      atrophy and endogenous nitrogen loss. These changes ultimately can lead to less
      efficient feed conversion, diminished growth, scouring, wasting and death. The
      possible significance of plant lectins in digestive disturbances in farm animals
      is suggested.

PMID- 2662570
TI  - Androgens, progestagens and agonistic behaviour: a review.
AB  - The relationship between androgens, progestagens and agonistic behaviour is
      reviewed. Most literature concerned the effects of hormones on aggression; little
      information was available on hormonal influences on fear. Difference in
      aggression levels between males and females may be explained by assuming the
      existence of a gender difference in motivation, which, among other factors, is
      controlled by androgen and progestagen levels in peripheral blood. Androgens and
      progestagens are metabolised mainly by 5 alpha-reductase in the target organs. In
      the brain, aromatisation of testosterone also plays a role. The metabolites of
      testosterone may exert the same organising and activating influence as
      testosterone on juvenile and adult brain tissue, respectively. In some animal
      species testosterone secretion appears to be influenced by social and
      environmental variables. Conversely, alterations in plasma androgen levels have
      been found to affect behaviour. Dominant and/or aggressive individuals tend to
      show higher plasma testosterone levels than submissive and/or less aggressive
      animals. Among other mechanisms, competitive inhibition of androgen action at a
      central level, by progestagens acting as antagonists of androgens, may be
      important.

PMID- 2662571
TI  - Development and preliminary assessment of a polyclonal antibody-based enzyme
      immunoassay for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus antigen in breeding
      cattle.
AB  - More sensitive tests are required for the diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus
      infection in cattle and an antigen-detecting enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been
      applied to this purpose. An affinity purified immunoglobulin fraction obtained
      from rabbits immunised with cultured T. foetus served as both capture antibody
      and as biotinylated indicator antibody. While highly sensitive in the detection
      of antigen derived from cultured organisms, the assay showed poor sensitivity in
      the detection of antigen in the cervico-vaginal mucus of artificially infected
      heifers, with only 75% of culture-positive samples being considered positive for
      antigen. In a direct comparison, 23/122 samples from a naturally infected dairy
      herd gave positive cultures, while only 10/122 samples were considered antigen
      positive by EIA.

PMID- 2662572
TI  - A review of interstitial pneumonia in cattle.
AB  - Interstitial pneumonias comprise a significant proportion of cattle respiratory
      diseases. Known by different names, such as acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and
      edema (ABPE), fog fever, atypical interstitial pneumonia (AIP) and cow asthma,
      the condition seems to occur predominantly in late summer or fall. However,
      depending on the etiology, cases have occurred throughout the year. Interstitial
      pneumonia often begins with acute respiratory distress in animals that were
      clinically normal 12 hr earlier. Animals are observed breathing very rapid and
      shallow with their mouths open. If disturbed, death may occur rapidly from
      hypoxia. Causes of interstitial pneumonia are quite varied ranging from
      parasitic, viral and bacterial to toxic. Toxic agents constitute the most
      economically important cause of this condition in cattle. The primary toxin is
      the amino acid L-tryptophan in lush pasture grasses, a compound which is
      converted to 3-methylindole by rumen microorganisms. Other leading toxic causes
      of interstitial pneumonia are perilla mint and moldy sweet potatoes. Although
      treatments are mainly symptomatic and ineffective, preventive measures will
      reduce the occurrence of interstitial pneumonia. Prevention consists of denying
      animals exposure to know pneumotoxic agents, eliminating certain rumen microflora
      that break down the toxic compounds to reactive metabolites, and supplying ample
      good forage so that cattle will not as likely consume toxic plants.

PMID- 2662573
TI  - [Radiodiagnosis of liver hemangiomas].
AB  - A combined use of radiation methods in the diagnosis of liver hemangiomas is
      considered. Twenty-two hemangiomas were detected in 18 patients using ultrasound
      investigation (USI), computerized tomography (CT) and angiography. The most
      characteristic signs of hemangiomas were identified. USI and CT were shown quite
      reliable in the detection of hemangiomas. They can be used for solving diagnostic
      problems depending on a situation. A diagnostic algorithm envisaging the most
      optimum use of USI, CT and angiography in liver hemangiomas, was developed.

PMID- 2662574
TI  - [Differential x-ray and ultrasonic diagnosis of filling defects of the calyceal
      pelvic systems of the kidneys].
AB  - The order of radio- and ultrasound diagnosis in the filling defects of the renal
      calyceal-pelvic systems, resulting from radionegative concrements, "vascular
      imprints", papillary tumors, and renal tumors affecting the calyceal-pelvic
      system, should be as follows: excretory urography, ultrasound scanning of the
      kidneys, retrograde pyelography with a double contrast study (a patient in a
      vertical posture), and angiography. Reliable diagnostic information obtained at
      the 1st or 2nd stages of investigation, permits the use of less invasive methods
      like excretory urography and ultrasound scanning. Retrograde pyelography with a
      double contrast study is recommended in a suspected pelvic papillary tumor.
      Angiography is indicated for suspected pathological vascular changes and for a
      planned operation.

PMID- 2662575
TI  - [Diagnosis and conservative treatment of intestinal invagination in children].

PMID- 2662576
TI  - [A case of a true splenic cyst].

PMID- 2662577
TI  - Enzyme processing of La Crosse virus glycoprotein G1: a bunyavirus-vector
      infection model.
AB  - Efficient transmission, amplification, and dissemination of arboviruses require
      viral replication in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. As a result, virions are
      exposed to two significantly different environments. Exposure of LaCrosse virus
      (LACV) to proteolytic enzymes, such as those that may be found in the mosquito
      midgut, increases virus affinity for mosquito cells. These enzymes remove the
      major envelope glycoprotein (G1) while leaving the second glycoprotein (G2)
      intact. Processing of LACV glycoproteins in the mosquito midgut may be necessary
      to expose attachment proteins on the virion surface before attachment to, and
      infection of, midgut cells can occur. This model may suggest answers to questions
      regarding the molecular basis for midgut infection barriers and species
      susceptibility to arbovirus infection in nature.

PMID- 2662578
TI  - The SV40 small t antigen is essential for the morphological transformation of
      human fibroblasts.
AB  - The morphological transformation of human fibroblasts as measured in an assay for
      dense focus formation required, besides the SV40 large T antigen, an intact SV40
      small t antigen. Using a G418-resistant colony formation assay it also was found
      that expression of the SV40 large T antigen only is not sufficient for the
      morphological transformation of human fibroblasts. Therefore it is concluded that
      the SV40 small t antigen is essential for the morphological transformation of
      human fibroblasts.

PMID- 2662579
TI  - [Central and peripheral circulation in patients after orthotopic transplantation
      of the heart].
AB  - Heart transplantation in human medicine is a unique model which makes it possible
      to study circulatory changes in complete denervation of the heart. The authors
      examined repeatedly the central and peripheral haemodynamics after orthotopic
      heart transplantation (OTS) in 11 patients (11 males, 1 female; mean age 44 +/- 4
      years) following an interval of three months to four years after the operation.
      The values of central haemodynamics at rest varied in the majority within the
      normal range. After a load, in patients after OTS the heart rate rises only
      slowly. There is an abnormal rise of the filling pressure in both ventricles
      which leads also to an abnormal rise of pressure in the pulmonary artery with
      regard to flow. The cardiac output and stroke volume increase adequately. The
      peripheral circulation is characterized by persisting vasoconstriction in the
      area of resistant vessels and the venous circulation. The above changes reflect
      the different regulation of cardiac output after complete denervation of the
      heart by transplantation when the magnitude of the cardiac output is controlled
      mostly by the Frank-Starling mechanism. Changes of the tonus of the peripheral
      circulation contribute under these conditions to the maintenance of an adequate
      output.

PMID- 2662580
TI  - [Duplex ultrasonic examination of arteries of the lower extremities--comparison
      with angiography].
AB  - The authors compared the results of duplex ultrasonic examination of 86 sections
      of the ileo-femoro-popliteal portion of the arterial circulation with
      angiographic findings. The correlation between angiographically and
      ultrasonically assessed degrees of stenosis was close and highly significant (r =
      0.895, p = 0.001, y = 0.782x + 17.382). The sensitivity of duplex sonography when
      assessing significant stenoses (60% of the arterial lumen or more) was 100%, the
      specificity 76.5%, the probable positive value 75%, the probable negative value
      100%, the probable positive ratio 3, the reliability of the test 86%. With regard
      to these results the authors recommend to make a non-invasive duplex ultrasonic
      examination of the arteries of the lower extremities in all echocardiographic
      laboratories and to include it in the algorithm of angiological examinations
      before angiography.

PMID- 2662581
TI  - [Early acute tubulointerstitial nephropathy in transplanted kidneys].
AB  - The authors investigated in a group of 124 patients the effect of acute tubular
      nephropathy and rejection on the period of functional persistence of transplanted
      kidneys. Transplants which developed tubulointerstitial nephropathy during the
      first two weeks after transplantation of the kidney had significantly lower
      cumulative indexes of survival for as long as the second year after
      transplantation. Grafts which were rejected during the first two weeks after
      transplantation had a significantly lower cumulative survival index only during
      the first and second year. The statistical significance was always tested in
      comparison with grafts where the postoperative course was uneventful. It is
      better to evaluate the functional prognosis of transplanted kidneys from the
      maximal achieved glomerular filtration after a load; it did not matter whether
      tubulointerstitial nephropathy or rejection was involved.

PMID- 2662582
TI  - [A unit-cast metal obturator for a penetrating defect in total maxillary
      anodontia].

PMID- 2662583
TI  - [The contribution of V. A. Oppel' to military field surgery].

PMID- 2662584
TI  - [The outstanding Soviet pathophysiologist (Ioakim Romanovich Petrov)].

PMID- 2662585
TI  - [The development of resources in informatics, computer technology and management
      automation in the medical service of the armed forces of the main NATO-block
      countries].

PMID- 2662586
TI  - [The training of medical personnel for the naval forces of the USA].

PMID- 2662587
TI  - [Return to the homeland].

PMID- 2662588
TI  - [Anti-aggregation therapy. Mechanism of its effect and evaluation of its
      preventive value].

PMID- 2662589
TI  - [Complications of chronic therapy with levodopa and possibilities of their
      prevention and therapy].

PMID- 2662590
TI  - [A case report of an adrenal gland cyst].

PMID- 2662591
TI  - [Isolation of Shigella boydii serotype 14 with altered biochemical
      characteristics in a water-borne epidemic of dysentery].
AB  - Two water-borne epidemics of bacillary dysentery have been described in a
      garrison in which the leading causative agent has been shigella boydii, serotype
      of 14 altered biochemical characteristics isolated for the first time in
      Yugoslavia. All the isolated strains of this shigella were mannitol negative and
      they degradated gylocose to acidity and gas already after 24 hours, and arabinose
      and sorbitol to acidity and gas after 48 hours. The clinical picture of the
      diseased was characteristic of bacillary dysentery and did not differ from
      clinical picture of patients in whom other serotypes of shigella were isolated.

PMID- 2662592
TI  - [Amine oxidases of the human placenta].
AB  - Some current advances in studies of human placenta amine oxidases monoamine
      oxidase (MAO), diamine oxidase (DAO) and benzyl amine oxidase are reviewed.
      Localization of these enzymes in placental tissue as well as distribution in
      subcellular fractions (mitochondria, microsomes and cytosol) are considered.
      Presence of multiple forms of MAO in placenta is discussed: three types of MAO A,
      B and B' were found in human placenta, while MAO of the B' type was not detected
      in other mammalian tissues. Main physicochemical and catalytic properties of
      human placenta amine oxidases are considered as well as some cases of alterations
      in properties of the amine oxidases during anomalous pregnancy are exhibited.
      Physiological role of MAO and DAO in human placenta as well as use of the amine
      oxidase test in estimation of the state of pregnancy are discussed.

PMID- 2662593
TI  - [Changes in lipid metabolism and renewal of sialic acids in the composition of
      glycoproteins of adipose tissue during carbohydrate loading].
AB  - With an increase in content of sugar in a diet from 10% to 50% of the caloric
      value the rate of synthesis and accumulation of lipids were increased in
      perinephric adipose tissue of rats exhibiting the maximal values at 30% content
      of sugar in rations. Under these conditions content of insulin was decreased in
      blood and half-life of sialic acids was decreased in glycoproteins of adipose
      tissue. Interrelationship between sensitivity of the adipose tissue receptors to
      insulin and the half-life of sialic acids was considered. Metabolism of sialic
      acids was considered. Metabolism of sialic acids appears to be of importance for
      accumulation of lipids in adipose tissue under conditions of sugar loading.

PMID- 2662594
TI  - [The use of various fluorogenic substrates for determining peptide hydrolase
      activity of the blood serum].
AB  - 4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide and 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin, derivatives of Z-Ala
      Arg-Arg, Leu- and Gly-Phe-beta-naphthylamides were used as substrates in
      estimation of peptide hydrolases activity in blood serum of patients with
      malignant tumors and glomerulonephritis in order to ascertain their efficiency
      for diagnostic purposes in clinic. Each of the fluorogenic substrates studied was
      hydrolyzed by various peptide hydrolases from blood serum both under normal and
      pathological conditions: metallopeptidases, cysteine- and serine-dependent
      peptide hydrolases. The rate of Z-Ala-Arg-Arg-MNA hydrolysis was decreased in
      lung, kidney and ileum cancer as well as in glomerulonephritis as compared with
      normal state. The "alkaline-resistant" cysteine-dependent cathepsin B-like
      proteinase, hydrolyzing this peptide, was not detected in blood serum neither in
      normal state nor in these diseases studied. Leu-NA and Gly-Phe-NA were hydrolyzed
      most effectively in blood serum of patients with lung cancer and
      glomerulonephritis as compared with normal state; cysteine-dependent peptide
      hydrolases were most markedly activated. Alterations in the enzymatic activity,
      detected in blood serum, did not exhibit any specificity for definite diseases,
      they were observed both in malignant and inflammatory impairments. The data
      obtained suggest that the fluorogenic substrates studied could not be suitable
      for clinico-diagnostic purposes.

PMID- 2662595
TI  - [Clinical significance of studies of platelet activating factor (review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2662596
TI  - [Computer diagnosis of various infectious diseases based on gas chromatographic
      profile of serum lipids].
AB  - Potentialities of computer based diagnosis of some diseases were studied, where
      mathematical recognition programs involved gas chromatographic profiles of blood
      serum lipids. Evaluation of lipids was carried out under conditions of viral
      hepatitis, purulent meningites and some intestinal infections. Validity and
      reliability of the computer based diagnosis of these nosologic forms of diseases
      was analyzed depending on parameters of similarity, amount of the profiles in the
      information bank etc. Profiles of the metabolizing lipids were shown to be of
      importance in diagnosis of some diseases.

PMID- 2662597
TI  - [Activity of lysosomal proteinases in the liver, spleen, thymus and peritoneal
      macrophages after immunization of mice with thymus-dependent and thymus
      independent antigens].
AB  - Mice of the CBAxC97B/6 strain were immunized with sheep erythrocytes at a dose of
      0.5 ml containing 5% and 25% of the cell suspension and with Vi-antigen at doses
      of 2 micrograms/ml and 10 micrograms/ml, respectively. Sheep erythrocytes caused
      dose-dependent stimulation of cathepsin B, C and H in spleen, whereas cathepsin B
      was activated 3.1-3.6-fold after administration of Vi-antigen. Functional state
      of the lysosomal proteolytic system did not alter in thymus in response to sheep
      erythrocytes, while Vi-antigen activated distinctly thiol-dependent proteinases.
      In peritoneal macrophages administration of sheep erythrocytes led to 2-5-fold
      decrease in activity of all the lysosomal proteinases studied (cathepsins A, B,
      C, D, H and L), however Vi-antigen exhibited direct dose-dependent effect on
      activity of cathepsins A, B, D and L. The data obtained suggest that T
      independent reactions of the immune system were realized via thiol-dependent
      lysosomal proteinases.

PMID- 2662598
TI  - [Polymorphism of human genes, methods of its detection and relation with
      cardiovascular diseases (review of the literature)].
AB  - The data on human gene polymorphism in connection to cardiovascular diseases are
      reviewed. Special attention is paid to the genes encoding apolipoproteins, the
      components of lipoprotein particles that play an important role in lipid
      transport and metabolism. Besides, the data on polymorphic forms of genes,
      encoding LDL-receptor, enzymes, participating in lipid metabolism and other genes
      relevant to the development of certain pathologies of cardiovascular system are
      presented. Possibilities of use of the information on the gene polymorphism for
      diagnostic purposes and for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the disease
      are discussed.

PMID- 2662599
TI  - [The role of changes in catalytic properties of brain monoamine oxidase in the
      response to extreme conditions (review of the literature)].
AB  - Alterations of brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) properties related to various
      functional states of a body are discussed. Similar reactions of the enzyme to
      extremal effects of different etiology were shown as well as role of alterations
      in metabolic response to impairment of environment and internal medium was
      demonstrated. Possible mechanisms responsible for specific properties of MAO
      under pathological conditions are discussed.

PMID- 2662600
TI  - [The effect of factors stimulating proliferation of hepatocytes on cholesterol
      esterification in the serum during liver regeneration].
AB  - Two-step regeneration of rat liver tissue was observed after partial hepatectomy.
      The first step involved mitosis of hepatocytes and the second step--division of
      the cells containing two nuclei and hypertrophy of hepatocytes. Both these steps
      of liver tissue regeneration were accompanied by hypercholesterolemia and a
      decrease in the cholesterol esterification activity in blood serum. The factors,
      stimulating hepatocyte proliferation, accelerated the reparative liver tissue
      regeneration due to activation of mitosis and the early division of the cells
      containing two nuclei. At the same time, the highest regeneration of the
      cholesterol esterification system was detected in circulation.

PMID- 2662601
TI  - [Kinetics of insulin disappearance from rat plasma].
AB  - Kinetics of insulin elimination from blood plasma was studied using intact rats
      administered intravenously with 125I-insulin. Kinetic parameters of the hormone
      removal from blood plasma corresponded to two-phase pharmacokinetic model, where
      insulin disappeared from central and peripheric compartments. The kinetic
      parameters studied might be used in evaluation of true volumes of blood plasma in
      circulation and in intracellular space as well as in studies of vessels
      permeability for insulin and the state of the pool of physiologically active
      receptors of insulin in vivo.

PMID- 2662602
TI  - [The prevention of breast cancer].

PMID- 2662603
TI  - [Combined treatment of malignant ovarian tumors].

PMID- 2662604
TI  - [Cancer risk factors and cancer in workers in the rubber industry].

PMID- 2662605
TI  - [Treatment results in localized forms of reticulosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma in
      children].
AB  - The results of treatment of 53 cases of pediatric localized Ewing's sarcoma and
      bone reticulosarcoma were analysed. Chemoradiotherapy is a procedure of choice in
      bone marrow sarcoma treatment: while overall five-year survival was 28.4 +/-
      6.2%, it was as high as 64.9% in cases of combined treatment (total focal dose of
      at least 50 Gy + polychemotherapy). Two cases of osteo- and chondrosarcoma
      development in exposed bone are described.

PMID- 2662606
TI  - [Ultraimmunocytochemical diagnosis of squamous cell cancer of the digestive
      tract].
AB  - Procedure using fluorescent and peroxidase labeling and monoclonal antibodies to
      basal-cell antigen of multilayer epithelium showed the antigen to occur in
      squamous cell cancer irrespective of site and degree of cell differentiation;
      this, however, was not the case with tumors of other origins.
      Ultraimmunocytochemical method was used to identify localization of the antigen
      at cellular and subcellular levels, namely, in tonofilaments and desmosomes. Said
      situation is considered to suggest squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2662607
TI  - [Glucocorticoid secretion in normal and pathologic states].

PMID- 2662608
TI  - [Echo-apex-ECG-phonocardiographic control of left ventricular diastolic function
      in patients with unstable angina pectoris and other forms of ischemic heart
      disease].

PMID- 2662609
TI  - [The use of human insulin in 3 patients with diabetes mellitus and insulin
      resistance].
AB  - Human insulin was applied to three insulin resistant diabetic patients with
      moderate insulin needs of 1.9 U/kg body mass/24 hours. The mean level of the
      insulin antibodies was 61%. In all three patients biostator control was carried
      out before beginning the treatment with human insulin. After an 8 month treatment
      a satisfactory compensation of diabetes was achieved with an average insulin dose
      of 1.02 U/kg body mass, a considerable lowering of the mean blood sugar level and
      a reduction of the glycosilated hemoglobin examined in two of the patients. At
      the end of the 8 month period the level of the insulin antibodies was
      considerably lowered in all three patients. The advantage of human insulin as an
      alternative for the treatment of immunologic insulin resistance is pointed out.

PMID- 2662610
TI  - [An improvement in insulin efficacy in patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus
      following treatment using an insulin infusion pump].
AB  - In 8 patients with diabetes mellitus type I two methods for intensified insulin
      treatment were compared: method of numerous insulin applications and treatment
      with a subcutaneous insulin pump (Microjet model of "Miles" company). The
      following were taken into consideration: daily insulin dose, residuary beta-cell
      secretion (determined by a venous Tolbutamide test and dynamic follow up of C
      peptide), peripherial insulin efficiency (M) determined in vivo by an euglycemic
      hyperinsulinemic clamp-technique (Biostator). The infusion pump treatment
      imitates the beta-cell function better than the numerous insulin applications.
      This method of treatment helps in overcoming the insulin deficiency and the
      jatrogenic hyperinsulinemia and as a result the metabolic compensation and
      insulin efficiency are improved.

PMID- 2662611
TI  - [The place of echography in the clinical diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma].
AB  - On the basis of 104 hemangiomas diagnosed in 81 patients an ultrasound
      classification of the disease is made which includes four basic variants.
      Echotomography detects the tumor most successfully in group I (well outlined
      homogenous hyperechogenisity) while in the other groups it shows a low percentage
      of correct diagnoses. The average sensitivity of the method is 60.6%. The
      possibilities of the other basic diagnostic methods are discussed and a scheme
      for clinical investigation is proposed. Scintigraphy is of no substantial help,
      computed tomography increases the percentage of the correct diagnoses,
      angiography and correctly indicated laparoscopy most often end the clinical
      investigation. The patients with hemangioma are subjected to a prolonged clinical
      follow up and ultrasound tomography is the best suitable method for this.

PMID- 2662612
TI  - [The liver and blood coagulation--the current status of the problem].

PMID- 2662613
TI  - Review of acute severe asthma.
AB  - Status asthmaticus in the 1980s is still occasionally a fatal disorder.
      Preventable causes appear to be common: failing to appreciate the severity of the
      illness and undertreatment, particularly with steroids. Thus, an objective data
      base, early treatment, and frequent reassessment are of paramount importance.
      Despite intensive therapeutic intervention, mechanical ventilation may be
      required. In managing the ventilator in these patients, efforts should be
      directed at minimizing peak airway pressures while vigorous conventional
      modalities are continued. The need to use mechanical ventilation does not imply
      that the course of the disease will worsen, and the long-term outlook generally
      is good. Thus, even a low mortality rate is troubling. Once the acute process has
      resolved, educating the patient and close follow-up are essential.

PMID- 2662614
TI  - Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma.
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma, an aggressive T-cell leukemia, is characterized
      by the presence in the peripheral blood of malignant T cells that have highly
      indented or lobulated nuclei. Phenotypically the cells are usually helper T
      cells, but functionally they behave as suppressor cells. Patients have skin and
      lung involvement, hepatosplenomegaly, moderate lymphadenopathy sparing the
      mediastinum, and various metabolic abnormalities such as hypercalcemia. The
      clinical course may be chronic or acute, usually followed by a rapidly
      progressive terminal course. Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma is now known to be
      caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I, which has been identified in
      the cells of patients with the disease.

PMID- 2662615
TI  - [Experiences with surgical treatment of the complete form of atrioventricular
      septum defect].
AB  - 13 children whose ages ranged from 3 to 30 months, with complete atrioventricular
      septal defect underwent surgical correction. 1 patch was used in Rastelli Type A
      cases and 2 patches in Rastelli Type C patients, without incision of the AV valve
      tissue. In all cases the left superior and inferior valve leaves were
      approximated with 2 or 3 stitches. One child died postoperatively. A good result
      was attained in 7 children. 5 children still need digitalis and diuretics.
      Complete AV-block was not seen.

PMID- 2662616
TI  - [Diarrhea induced by antibiotics].
AB  - The most frequent cause of antibiotic-associated colitis is Clostridium
      difficile. This gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacillus releases toxins,
      which produce diarrhea and damage the colonic mucosa. Endoscopy shows a wide
      range of alterations, "unspecific colitis" with reddening or edema, ulcerations
      or at the worst pseudomembranous colitis. Nearly all antibiotics are able to
      trigger Clostridium difficile colitis. An enhanced risk is exerted by broad
      spectrum substances, which act also on the anaerobic flora protecting the
      gastrointestinal tract from unphysiological colonization. Clusters of cases were
      observed in hospitalized patients. The patients risk factors coincide with the
      administration of antibiotics. Furthermore Clostridium difficile is likely to be
      spread as a nosocomial infection in many instances. Less often colitis is
      observed in connection with oral antibiotics outside the hospital. However,
      substantial underreporting of cases has to be considered. Clinical symptoms
      usually start 4 to 10 days after first administration of the antibiotic. Leading
      symptoms are frequent profuse watery stools. Abdominal cramps and tenderness as
      well as fever and leukocytosis are common. Intense symptoms can simulate serious
      conditions like perforation. Upon clinical suspicion the diagnosis is made by
      endoscopy, stool culture and possibly demonstration of toxin. The predictive
      value of the stool culture equals that of toxin detection. In adult patients
      there is a good correlation between positive stool culture and clinical
      presentation. Infants can carry Clostridium difficile as part of their normal
      flora, therefore positive stool culture or toxin detection in an infant cannot
      necessarily be linked to clinical symptoms. In some cases Clostridium difficile
      has to be regarded as etiologic organism also in infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662617
TI  - [Travel medicine: status of current recommendations for preventive measures in
      international travel].
AB  - More than 140,000 Austrians per year travel to warm climate countries of the
      Third World. They have to face the risk to acquire communicable diseases during
      their stay. Therefore, precise recommendations concerning prophylactic measures
      are important and necessary. This review deals with the range of actual health
      advice for Austrian travellers and tries to give a rationale. In detail, active
      and passive immunizations are discussed and, in addition, the actual situation on
      malaria chemoprophylaxis is described as relevant for international travel.

PMID- 2662618
TI  - [Infectious diarrhea diseases].
AB  - Gastroenteritis may be due to many agents, infectious or non infections. Most
      cases of infections diarrhea are selflimited--e.g. food born intoxications with 1
      to 2 days duration or infections with enteropathogenic E. coli, Salmonella spp.,
      Vibrio parahaemolyticus or rota virus. Even the majority of shigellosis,
      salmonella-gastroenteritis and infections with Campylobacter fetus cease without
      treatment within 4 days. Fever and diarrhea persisting for more than 4 days
      justify the use of antibiotics, favourably trimethoprim and quinolones. Fluid and
      electrolyte replacement is the mainstay of treatment. Antimotility agents worsen
      some forms of diarrhea (especially these due to enteroinvasic bacteria) by
      retarding the natural purgative effect of diarrhea.

PMID- 2662619
TI  - [Parasitic intestinal infestations and infections].
AB  - An overview is given dealing with global significance, clinical course and
      chemotherapie of some important helminthic and protozoal infections of human
      intestine.

PMID- 2662620
TI  - [Therapy of severe malaria].
AB  - Early diagnosis and differentiation of a probably mild course are the first steps
      in treatment of severe malaria tropica. After confirming the diagnosis by
      identification of Plasmodium falciparum in blood smears, causal therapy with
      quinine should be started immediately, followed by a 2. schizontozidal drug
      (chloroquine or mefloquine depending on the country of origin). To prevent the
      typical organ failures adjuvant therapies are as important as the causal therapy
      with quinine: besides continuous monitoring of vital functions and treatment
      according to the guidelines of intensive care, packed red cells should be given
      generously as well as fresh-frozen plasma in complex coagulation disturbances.
      Prophylactic administration of heparine is of questionable value, corticosteroids
      should not be given any more in cerebral malaria. Early start with renal
      replacement therapy (hemodialysis, hemofiltration or peritoneal-dialysis) in
      oligo-anuric renal failure improves the prognosis in severe malaria. In comatose
      patients and at signs of multi-organ failure plasma exchange by plasmapheresis
      and/or whole blood exchange should be performed.

PMID- 2662621
TI  - Progress symposium--Surgical decision making.

PMID- 2662622
TI  - Methods of decision analysis: protocols, decision trees, and algorithms in
      medicine.
AB  - Algorithms, decision trees, and protocols are defined and explained since they
      constitute an accepted part of clinical decision analysis and application to
      clinical care. Algorithms are particularly useful for common clinical problems
      where uncertainties are unlikely. Decision trees are helpful when--as usually
      occurs in difficult clinical decisions--there are problems in probability.
      Clinical protocols, which, at best, are based on algorithms and decision trees,
      provide instruction of how to best treat a patient given the strict definitions
      of the clinical problem. These techniques are, in essence, merely graphic
      representations of a logical scientific approach to clinical problems. Criticisms
      of these techniques center on their rigidity and the automatic unthinking
      cookbook medicine they might sponsor. It is concluded that if these techniques
      are wisely designed and, even more importantly, wisely administered with an
      understanding flexibility, they can lead to both economy and patient benefit.

PMID- 2662623
TI  - Decision making in surgical practice.
AB  - Judgment has been defined as the ability to make correct decisions with
      uncertain, incomplete, or inconsistent information. Decision analysis is a
      scientific method of choosing between trade-offs. This review provides evidence
      that the model of decision analysis adequately represents clinical problems and
      that the use of decision analysis can improve clinical judgment. The technique of
      analyzing decisions using a decision tree model is reviewed. Using the decision
      tree model, a decision consists of specifying the options, specifying the
      outcomes associated with each option, assigning probabilities to those outcomes
      when they are not known with certainty, and assigning values or utilities to
      those outcomes. Surgical decisions can be described by a limited number of
      decision trees despite a much larger number of clinical problems. A model of the
      surgical decision making process, consistent with the analytical decision tree
      model, details steps useful in clinical decision making. The surgeon determines
      whether the characteristics of the patient match those of the typical patient
      with the condition. If so, the standard solution is recommended. If not, the
      surgeon concentrates on assessing or revising the specific probabilities or
      utilities that are different. If the best option is suboptimal, consideration is
      given to more aggressive diagnosis or to a therapy that offers the potential for
      a better outcome, but at a risk. The recommendations of surgeons for 6 patient
      management problems was compared to the analytical solutions using their own
      subjective estimates of probabilities and utilities. Decision analysis provided a
      net gain in accuracy in all 6 problems. Decision analysis was also significantly
      more accurate than the conventional second opinion program.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662624
TI  - A new scoring system for disease intensity in a surgical intensive care unit.
AB  - This study of 215 patients in a surgical intensive care unit (ICU) compares the
      predictive value of a new disease intensity scoring system called the Hanover
      Intensive System (HIS) with two previously described systems: APACHE (Acute
      Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation), and TISS (Therapeutic Intervention
      Scoring System). HIS was superior in predicting a lethal outcome at an earlier
      time than the other methods of scoring. Practical use of this system in clinical
      decision making was made in timing of reoperation, planning nursing time, and
      caring for patients following liver transplantation. It is concluded that an
      accurate disease intensity scoring system such as HIS is of practical benefit in
      decision making in a surgical ICU.

PMID- 2662625
TI  - Score-aided decision making in patients with severe liver damage after hepatic
      transplantation.
AB  - This article describes how a system of scoring risk factors contributes to
      deciding whether a patient showing signs of liver failure soon after hepatic
      transplantation should be treated expectedly or should undergo immediate
      retransplantation. Of 78 adult patients receiving a first liver graft, 25 had
      evidence of severe damage of the graft and were further investigated. Nine had
      failure due to irreversible initial nonfunction, and 2 of the 9 died before a
      second graft was available. Seven were retransplanted with 3 long-term survivors.
      The other 16 patients showed reversible severe damage and survived without
      retransplantation. Since retransplantation for irreversible initial nonfunction
      is successful only in the first postoperative days, there is an urgent need to
      identify the degree of the observed damage. We devised a scoring system which
      identified and weighted factors that were predictable in determining
      irreversibility. Measurements of highest relevance are transaminases, bile
      volume, the slope of the enzyme GLDH, and the amount of fresh blood and fresh
      frozen plasma required for support on the day of operation and the following day.
      Logistic regressional analysis produced a numerical score which was applied to a
      decision tree and produced probabilities and utilities to indicate whether
      reoperation is advisable. We use this scoring system and believe it assists our
      decisions in the early posttransplant period.

PMID- 2662626
TI  - Prospective scenarios: a method of evaluating new decision tools.
AB  - Prospective randomized controlled trials are rarely suitable for the evaluation
      of new decision making techniques. An approach is described in which a cohort of
      patients is taken down the usual study pathway to the point at which the new
      technique would be used. Conventional decision rules are then applied and the
      results recorded. The new technique is then deployed and the cohort reclassified.
      The logical and statistical justification for this approach is outlined. More
      rapid (although possibly less pure) analysis of the effect of the new technique
      is achieved.

PMID- 2662627
TI  - Subjectivity in decision making: common problems and limitations.
AB  - Subjectivity is an inescapable part of the diagnostic and decision making
      process. Limitations on memory are compensated for by invoking "diagnoses" as
      devices for managing information during diagnosis. Thus, large amounts of
      information can be stored as confirmations and departures from the diagnostic
      hypotheses. Well-documented limitations in probabilistic reasoning interfere with
      diagnosis and patient management. Uncommon diagnoses may be invoked
      inappropriately. Misconceptions of chance may lead to erroneous conclusions about
      health care. Most perplexing is that physicians attempting to incorporate patient
      preference in decision making are confronted with problems of subjective
      inconsistencies in patient valuation of outcomes of health care. The major
      problems of quantification and analysis are amenable to management through
      education, computing, and better patient data management. Problems of utility
      elicitation will require further research.

PMID- 2662628
TI  - Decision analysis in surgical education.
AB  - Surgical education can no longer be considered adequate if limited to description
      of surgical diseases and methods of management. Due to the growth in numbers of
      surgical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, the surgeon of the future will
      find it increasingly necessary to understand the principles by which algorithms
      are constructed and by which individualized decisions should be made. Several
      systematic approaches for assisting clinical decision makers have been developed.
      Decision analysis is particularly appealing because it is flexible and readily
      adapted to a wide range of clinical situations. It explicitly guides the decision
      maker in determining the crucial variables in a clinical decision, and permits
      both objective data and personal preferences to play a part in decision making.
      Because it provides for personal estimates and preferences, decision analysis is
      not dehumanizing, even though it is quantitative, explicit, and mathematically
      rigorous. Topics for a series of seminars or case conferences are suggested.
      Decision analysis should be part of the intellectual preparation of every
      clinician.

PMID- 2662629
TI  - Theoretical surgery: a new specialty in operative medicine.
AB  - Theoretical surgery is defined as a nonoperative decision analysis and clinical
      and basic research supporting system for surgery. It developed to meet the needs
      of academic surgeons to coordinate communication with basic science disciplines.
      This article summarizes the development of this idea at the University of Marburg
      where theoretical surgery has reached departmental and institutional proportions.
      Its objectives and methods are described. Central to its operation are permanent
      working teams of 2 clinical surgeons, 1 basic scientist (theoretical surgeon), 1
      2 technicians, and 1-2 students focusing on one problem in a joint
      interdisciplinary manner. Decision analysis with classification methods and the
      creation of decision trees and algorithms are central to the operation of this
      experiment. Lessons learned from this academic experiment and the accomplishments
      during the past 20 years are summarized on 3 levels of efficacy: performance,
      changing strategies, and outcome.

PMID- 2662630
TI  - Long-term results of hemostatic gastric suture in the treatment of
      esophagogastric varices.
AB  - Portal azygos disconnection, using vein ligatures and a circumferential
      hemostatic suture of the gastric wall at the level of the upper pole, is a simple
      and a rapid technique that effectively controls bleeding from esophagogastric
      varices. Its low mortality rate in emergency cases or poor-risk patients can be
      of great benefit to patients who have not responded to conservative therapy,
      including tamponade and vein sclerosis. In this article, we conclude that the
      long-term results of this operation demonstrate that it can also be used in
      elective cases, especially in patients with Child's "C" classification. These
      patients with advanced cirrhosis have a very low survival rate (no more than 5
      years) yet they can benefit from this portal disconnection since this procedure
      does not alter the portal hemodynamics and, consequently, does not induce chronic
      encephalopathy.

PMID- 2662631
TI  - Colorectal carcinomas: diagnostic implications of their changing frequency and
      anatomic distribution.
AB  - This retrospective review included 1,694 consecutive cases of colorectal
      carcinoma diagnosed at the University of Chicago Medical Center during a 25-year
      period (1960 through 1984). The number and percentage of tumors occurring within
      7 anatomic segments of the large bowel were determined. The statistical data for
      a recent 5-year interval were then compared with those of the 2 preceding
      decades. There was a 10.2% increase in the frequency of cancers originating in
      the cecum or ascending colon, while rectal and rectosigmoid carcinomas declined
      by 15.8% during the same study period. These data provide further evidence for a
      progressive left-to-right shift in cancer distribution within the colon during
      the past quarter century. Currently, the most proximal and distal 20-25 cm
      segments of the large bowel (cecum or ascending colon versus rectum and
      rectosigmoid) each harbor approximately 25% of the tumors. Therefore, the classic
      medical teaching that over 50% of colorectal cancers would be detectable by
      digital examination and/or proctosigmoidoscopy is no longer accurate. This
      documented increase in proximal colon cancers and redistribution of lesions
      within various large bowel segments indicate the growing importance of barium
      enema and colonoscopy as the optimal techniques for detection of colorectal
      neoplasms.

PMID- 2662632
TI  - Detection of physiological events by impedance.
AB  - The current emphasis on the acquisition of physiological data by noninvasive
      means for mass medical screening and patient monitoring has increased interest in
      the use of electrical impedance for the measurement of physiological events. The
      technique has gained some degree of acceptance for monitoring respiration (Baker
      & Geddes, 1970), and much interest has been displayed recently in use of the
      technique to measure cardiac output including studies by Kubicek et al. (1966)
      Judy et al. (1969), and Mohapatra (1981). Other applications using the impedance
      technique include thoracic fluid accumulation, peripheral blood flow, cerebral
      blood flow, muscle contraction, eye movement, and uterine contraction, etc. The
      purpose of this article is to introduce the various impedance techniques for the
      measurement of physiological variables.

PMID- 2662633
TI  - Development of a computerized EEG imaging system with a personal computer.
AB  - The authors developed a computerized electroencephalography imaging system with
      an IBM PC AT. The EEG signals amplified with a 16 channel EEG machine were
      digitized at 51.2 Hz (512 samples per epoch). The shifted DC potential and 60Hz
      artificats were removed by a high pass filter and 60Hz notch filter. A window
      function consisting of a 10% cosine taper was obtained by weighting the points at
      either end of the epoch by a cosine bell. A fast Fourier transform was applied to
      every epoch and the power spectrum estimates were computed in 0.39 Hz steps. The
      activity estimates for the delta, theta, alpha and beta bands were computed by
      summimg adjacent values. The outline of the top-down maps was formed from a
      series of sagittal cuts, then 32 electrodes were placed on the map. A file was
      created which contained a table of weighting parameters for calculating the
      interpolated values for every point within the outline. Each weight was in
      inverse linear proportion to the distance of the pixel to the nearest four
      electrodes. The map was finally generated with computation of the spectral EEG in
      each pixel according to the weighting parameter. The functioning of this system
      was tested with a functional generator and a human subject.

PMID- 2662634
TI  - Diagnostic usefulness of Vi-indirect fluorescent antibody test(Vi-IFAT) for
      typhoid fever--a prospective study.
AB  - Although the confirmative diagnosis of typhoid fever is by culture of the
      causative organism, usually from blood, a serological test is still necessary to
      provide a more rapid method of diagnosis. The indirect fluorescent antibody test,
      using a Salmonella typhi Vi antigen and a FITC-conjugated rabbit anti-human
      polyvalent immunoglobulin, was evaluated for the diagnosis of typhoid fever.
      Serum specimens were collected from patients with febrile diseases on admission.
      Of the 32 patients with titers of 1:64 or more, 22 were confirmed to have typhoid
      fever by blood culture and 7 had fever of undetermined origin that was considered
      to be typhoid fever clinically. Three patients were diagnosed to have
      salmonellosis other than typhoid fever. Of the 121 patients with titers of 1:32
      or less, 105 patients had non-typhoidal febrile disease, 15 patients had fever of
      undetermined origin, and one patient was confirmed to have typhoid fever by blood
      culture. When a Vi antibody titer of 1:64 or more was taken as serological
      evidence for the diagnosis of typhoid fever, the sensitivity and specificity were
      95.7% and 97.2%, respectively. The incidence of positive test results following
      fever onset was 70.0% within 1 week of fever onset, 88.9% from 1 to 2 weeks, and
      100% after 2 weeks. In conclusion, the Vi-indirect fluorescent antibody test(Vi
      IFAT) can be employed as a useful serologic test in the diagnosis of typhoid
      fever.

PMID- 2662635
TI  - Nimodipine in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - Nimodipine, a calcium-channel antagonist with a relatively selective vasodilatory
      effect on cerebral blood vessels, has recently been approved for improvement of
      neurologic deficits due to spasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Nimodipine
      has low oral bioavailability (2.7-27.9 percent), a short half-life (2 h), is
      highly protein bound (98-99 percent), and is hepatically metabolized. Clinical
      studies have evaluated topical, intravenous, and oral administration of
      nimodipine for the treatment of cerebral artery spasm associated with
      subarachnoid hemorrhage. These studies document some benefit of the drug in
      reducing the occurrence of severe neurologic deficit, although this effect is not
      universal. Few adverse effects have been noted. Further studies are necessary to
      evaluate the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic characteristics, the appropriate
      dose and route of administration, adverse effects, drug interactions, and the
      therapeutic efficacy of nimodipine before routine use can be recommended.

PMID- 2662636
TI  - [Medical education in Germany and Poland 1933 to 1945].

PMID- 2662637
TI  - [Results and problems of medical history research on the effects of the fascist
      dictatorship in Germany on medicine and public health].

PMID- 2662638
TI  - [Results and problems of research on the development of medicine in Poland 1939
      to 1945].

PMID- 2662639
TI  - [Racial health in medical education in fascist Germany (1933 to 1945)].

PMID- 2662640
TI  - [Fascist ideology and health care in Germany 1933 to 1945].

PMID- 2662641
TI  - [Secret medical and pharmacy education in Poland 1939 to 1945].

PMID- 2662642
TI  - [Organizational problems in medical education--Warsaw 1945].

PMID- 2662643
TI  - [The effects of fascist occupation on Poland's public health and the health
      status of Polish citizens].

PMID- 2662644
TI  - [1933 medical education in Germany--the position of anti-fascists].

PMID- 2662645
TI  - [The general practitioner in relation to capitalism of free competition].

PMID- 2662646
TI  - [Philosophy and medicine].

PMID- 2662647
TI  - [100th anniversary of the Institute of Public Health at the Greifswald
      University].
AB  - The presented study reports on the history and development of the Institute of
      Hygiene at the University of Greifswald, which was founded in 1888. The first
      decades of this Institute were shaped by the assistant of Robert Koch, Friedrich
      Loeffler (1852-1915), an important microbiologist and one of the founders of
      virology. After 1945 under new social and political conditions specially the
      Social Hygiene and Occupational Medicine have been expanded and taken up into the
      lectures. In 1959 the Chair of Microbiology became the status as an own
      institute. In further development separate chairs of General and Communal
      Hygiene, Social Hygiene, Occupational Medicine were founded and till 1964 as a
      particularity of Greifswald a chair of Rural Medicine too. In 1985 these chairs
      also received status of institutes.

PMID- 2662648
TI  - [Virologic research at the Institute of Medical Microbiology at the Greifswald
      Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University].
AB  - A short review of the virological research at the former Institute of Hygiene and
      of one of its followers, the Institute of medical microbiology of the Ernst
      Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald is given.

PMID- 2662649
TI  - [Research in hospital health at the Institute of General and Community Health of
      the Greifswald Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University].
AB  - With a retrospect of the historical development of hygiene in Greifswald the
      essential tasks of research in hospital hygiene especially during the last two
      decades are shown. The problems of hospital hygiene have been treated already
      before the establishment of the Institute of Hygiene of the University. Friedrich
      Loeffler, who as a young researcher had already treated the problems of
      disinfection and antisepsis, has founded the systematic hygienic-microbiological
      virological working direction in Greifswald. Out of this in the following years
      with different essential tasks and devotion the hospital hygiene has developed in
      Greifswald. During the process of differentiation and forming of the department
      and later the Institute of General and Communal Hygiene was the hospital hygiene
      an essential task of research work. As peculiarity to this a close research co
      operation has been developed with the territorial Institute of Hygiene of
      District Hygiene Inspection Rostock.

PMID- 2662650
TI  - [Primary medical care in social health research].
AB  - Primary health care as subject of recent and present research work carried out in
      the Institute of Social Hygiene is being described in the context of a historic
      review. The Institute's interest has been and is concentrated on morbidity and
      the state of health of rural populations as well as on health services provided
      for them. Emphasis is being layed on the growing independence of General Medicine
      as medical discipline because of it's key role in out-patient medical care. The
      Institute's contribution to one of the University's profile which is primary
      health care is being explained.

PMID- 2662651
TI  - [Results of health research on the drinking water supply in relation to extreme
      conditions].
AB  - Proceeding from historical informations on refinering of drinking water under
      extreme conditions the results of the development of hygiene research for minimal
      need of drinking water by man, for water filtration in mobile constructions and
      for disinfection of drinking water at situations of damages and catastrophes are
      given in a survey.

PMID- 2662652
TI  - [Social politics and health--Germany and Austria at the time of the Weimar
      Republic].
AB  - The article contributes to the development of health-welfare in Austria in the
      first third of the 20th century. The various relations to such activities of
      health protection in Germany and the efforts and merits of the Vienna physician,
      anatomist and social politician Julius Tandler (1869-1936) are accentuated.

PMID- 2662653
TI  - [Modification of lipoprotein metabolism by antihypertensive therapy].
AB  - Of various antihypertensive drugs, particularly the unselective as well as the
      selective beta-receptor blockers but also diuretic drugs unfavourable effects on
      the lipid metabolism are reported, which above all consist of increases of
      triglycerides and decreases of HDL-cholesterol. The more modern antihypertensive
      drugs such as calcium antagonists, alpha 1-receptor blockers or angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors according to the hitherto existing studies have no
      significant influence on the serum lipids. The final classification of the
      antihypertensive drugs regarding their influence on the atherogenic risk by
      negative changes in the lipoprotein metabolism is, however, at present not yet
      possible on account of insufficient long-term studies. For the reduction of
      adequate endangerings dietetic measures, reduction of overweight, physical
      training and when occasion arises change of the medication are recommended.

PMID- 2662654
TI  - [Serial infrared and ultraviolet whole body irradiation and placebo and
      ultraviolet irradiation of autologous venous blood in peripheral arterial
      occlusive disease. 1. Treadmill ergometry, metabolic, rheologic and hemodynamic
      parameters].
AB  - In 21 patients suffering from obstructive peripheral arterial disease stage II
      according to Fontaine, therapeutic efficacy of serial whole body irradiations
      (infrared or ultraviolet radiation) and pretended or real ultraviolet light blood
      irradiations was evaluated. Before, during and after treatment the following
      parameters were monitored: walking distance, oxygen partial pressure (quasi
      arterial/venous), flow properties of blood (appearant blood viscosity,
      hemodynamics (peak flow, ultrasonics). There were no significant changes
      following both modalities of whole body irradiations either by sunshine-like
      ultraviolet light nor by infrared radiation, nor by pretended blood irradiation.
      In the same patients mean walking distance was prolonged threefold after
      ultraviolet irradiation of the patient's own venous blood and subsequent
      retransfusion. Simultaneously, oxygen utilisation was improved (enlarged
      arterial/venous difference), lactate concentration was decreased and apparent
      blood viscosity was diminished, whereas blood flow remained unchanged or only
      slightly improved. In this way the circulus vitiosus of obstructive peripheral
      arterial disease can be overcome. As a consequence of blood irradiation walking
      distance enlarges, providing better chances for physical training, which helps to
      extend walking distance furthermore.

PMID- 2662655
TI  - [Neils Stensen (1638-1686) in the medicine of his era].
AB  - The 350th anniversary of the birth of Niels Stensen (1638 to 1686) gave rise for
      the memory of a personality representative for the palmy days of the anatomy of
      the 17th century. Stensen's merits concerning the basic research which are
      undisputable up to now comprised the total complex of anatomy and embryology.
      Quite apart from the discussion about priority not only the contributions
      elaborated but also the ideas of the Danish anatomist pointing out into future
      were of immense importance at long sight.

PMID- 2662656
TI  - [The metabolism of free fatty acids in the liver].
AB  - The liver participates in the turnover rate of free fatty acids (FFA) with a
      third. A severe disruption of liver function that occurs in cirrhosis leads
      therefore to a pathogenetic relevant hyperlipacidaemia respectively increases
      that. With regard to its clinical relevance a survey is given of the FFA
      metabolism of the liver. The factors are described which influence the FFA uptake
      by this organ. In this connection the metabolic fate of the FFA in dependence on
      the hormonal nutritive state is depicted. The author deals with the relation of
      the hepatic FFA metabolism to that of triglycerides, cholesterol, ketone bodies,
      carbohydrates, amino acids and insulin. The importance of these relatons for the
      caloric homeostasis and for the pathogenesis of various acute and chronic
      functional disturbances (ketoacidosis, negative nitrogen-balance,
      hyperlipoproteinaemia, hyperinsulinism, atherosclerosis) is described.

PMID- 2662657
TI  - [Laboratory controls of heparin therapy with thrombin time, partial
      thromboplastin time and activated recalcification time].
AB  - For the laboratory control of a heparin therapy thrombin time, partial
      thromboplastin time and activated recalcification time are used. On account of
      distinct differences in the heparin sensitivity of these reactions an indication
      related application is necessary. The ability of evidence and the possibility of
      establishing test-specific therapeutic regions are restricted by differences
      caused by reagents, individual variability and influence by accompanying
      haemostasiological changes. The own approach, taking into consideration the so
      called heparin resistance, it presented.

PMID- 2662658
TI  - [History of the Halle Ars medica Judaica. IV. Development from the middle of the
      19th century to the end of the Weimar Republic].
AB  - The possibilities of an academic career of Jewish physicians were alleviated by
      the legalities of the second half of the 19th century, however, up to 1918 in
      many places restrictive statutes in higher education considerably confined a
      career as professor in ordinary of specialists of Jewish belief. The conditions
      at Halle university reflect this situation. A complete equalization beginning
      after 1918 only at some points of scientific concentration led to a recognizable
      increase of the Jewish-German members in the teaching staff. But already in this
      phase on the basis of a quickly spreading racial ideology an increasingly
      appreciable vulgar antisemitism developed.

PMID- 2662659
TI  - [Combination treatment with insulin and sulfonylurea. Results of a 5-year study].
AB  - For establishing the mode of treatment 55 non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients
      with later sulfonylurea resistance were examined with respect to insulin and
      insulin-sulfonylurea sensitivity. The test is helpful in reducing the time of
      clinical evaluation, in the easy and rapid selection of the suitable medication.
      37 patients with sulfonylurea resistance were also resistant to insulin. In 21 of
      them the combined insulin and sulfonylurea test showed a significant fall of
      blood sugar. The latter received combined insulin and sulfonylurea therapy for 5
      years. During this observation period treatment proved to be effective, the
      fasting, postprandial and daily values of blood sugar, glycosuria and HbA1
      concentrations showed constant decrease. With the combined insulin and
      sulfonylurea therapy and low insulin doses carbohydrate metabolism may be
      normalized. In 2/3 of patients repeated daily injection of insulin was not
      required. Severe hypoglycemia did not occur in the course of treatment.

PMID- 2662660
TI  - [History of the Halle Ars medica Judaica. V. Scientific achievements and medical
      publications of 2 centuries].
AB  - A medico-scientific journalism of Jewish origin which became increasedly
      recognizable on the German territory in the second half of the 17th century was
      at first based on the activities of Spanish-Portuguese exiles. Beginning with the
      18th century at first the inaugural papers, but then also the publications of
      renowned Jewish physicians determined the profile of this literary group. The
      access to academic teaching professions becoming possible in the 19th century
      developed concentration points of research engagement, which in this place shall
      be indicated at the instance of the Medical Faculty of Halle University.

PMID- 2662661
TI  - [Incidence and significance of renal cell carcinoma as an incidental sonographic
      finding].
AB  - In 19,700 sonographies of the epigastrium of adult patients independently of the
      questioning of the referring physician the kidneys were involved in the
      examination. Thereby we found malignant space-occupations in the kidneys in 80
      cases. Among these 80 patients with renal tumours 30 patients previously did not
      show any references to a renal tumour and did not show general signs and
      symptoms, which had given rise to a search for a tumour. The better prognosis of
      incidentally detected renal carcinomas in comparison to the symptomatic ones and
      the number of the sonographically detected incidental findings justify a
      simultaneous examination of the kidneys in each abdominal sonography, independent
      of the actual indication.

PMID- 2662662
TI  - [Circulating anticellular antibodies in male patients: coincidence of antibodies
      to intermediate filaments and HLA-B27 in Reiter syndrome].
AB  - Evaluating 57 male patients with anticellular antibodies (detected on HEp-2
      cells) we could find an association of Reiter's syndrome (17/57), IgG antibodies
      to intermediate filaments (vimentin type) of the cytoskeleton (17/17) and HLA-B27
      (13/17). We conclude, that both, genetic and hormonal factors may influence the
      humoral immune response in males with Reiter's syndrome. IgG antibodies to
      intermediate filaments might be precious additional markers for diagnosis of
      Reiter's syndrome in males.

PMID- 2662663
TI  - [Examination of the reduction of umbilical circulation in fetuses with variable
      decelerations of heart rate using Doppler sonography of the umbilical artery].
AB  - 4 patients with ruptured membranes and spontaneous labour showed variable
      decelerations of the fetal heart rate. Blood flow velocities of the umbilical
      arteries were measured by means of pulsed Doppler ultrasound. The flow velocity
      waveforms, being normal between the contractions, showed a rapid change to absent
      and reverse diastolic flow during uterine contraction. By means of quantitative
      estimation the forward flow as as high as the measured reverse flow in the
      umbilical artery, resulting in a stop of placental perfusion. Computer-added
      reconstruction of the curve of fetal heart frequency revealed the exact temporal
      relation between reduction of umbilical artery perfusion and deceleration of
      fetal heart rate as well as the relation between recovery of the fetal heart rate
      and normalisation of blood flow in the umbilical artery. Using this noninvasive
      method, we could analyze for the first time the acute changes of umbilical artery
      perfusion in relation to changes of the fetal heart rate in human fetus. A stop
      in placental perfusion does not always mean an absence of any movement of the
      fetal blood column. We could demonstrate that this is due to a systolic forward
      and diastolic reverse flow in the same extent. The described acute flow
      alterations are discussed as a model for flow alterations described in high risk
      pregnancies with abnormal fetoplacental perfusion.

PMID- 2662664
TI  - [Vaginal sonographic assessment of a cross section of the amniotic sac in early
      pregnancy].
AB  - The present study describes the results of gestation sac measurement in 237 cases
      in early pregnant women by the technique of transvaginal sonography. Mean
      distance between uterine cavity and vaginal scanner probe is the reason for early
      detection of the gestation ring. Comparing with the transabdominal method the
      gestation sac can be ascertained one week earlier when performing transvaginal
      sonography, so that a detection of an intrauterine ring-shaped structure is
      possible to a time when in case of an unknown pregnancy regular menstrual
      bleeding is expected. Up the 10th week of gestation the amnion sac diameters are
      constantly smaller than the diameter obtained by transabdominal sonography, from
      the 11th week on results in both techniques are approximately equal. The early
      measurement of gestation sac diameter is usefull to determine correct gestation
      age in case of unknown conception date. From our point of view the gestation ring
      diameters, obtained by transabdominal technique should not be used father more
      for pregnancy determination when choosing the transvaginal method.

PMID- 2662665
TI  - [Movement and acceleration behavior of eutrophic and hypotrophic fetuses sub
      partu].
AB  - Cardiogram synchronous registration of fetal body and respiratory movements (real
      time ultrasonic examination) was employed to compare the movement and
      acceleration behaviour of 130 normotrophic fetuses to that of 13 fetuses with
      body weights between the 6th and the 10th weight percentiles according to Kyank
      and of 13 fetuses with body weights less than or equal to the 5th percentile. The
      mean duration of examination was 80 minutes. The normotrophic fetuses exhibited
      the highest movement activity and reactivity of the cardiovascular system. In
      88.6%, accelerations of fetal heart rate were associated with fetal body
      movements and were independent of fetal weight. Comparison with a previous
      communication of the authors revealed that intranatal fetal movement activity and
      reactivity of the cardiovascular system were only slightly below that with a
      uterus without labour. The only exception were fetal respiratory movements with
      significantly fewer intranasal observations.

PMID- 2662666
TI  - [Dermatologic aspects of HIV infection].
AB  - We report on the clinical course, the staging, and the theories regarding the
      etiopathogenesis and possible prognostic factors of Kaposi's sarcoma. In
      addition, we refer to the significance of viral, mycotic, and bacterial
      infections in HIV infection.

PMID- 2662667
TI  - [Therapeutic possibilities in HIV infection and AIDS].
AB  - Improvement regarding the diagnostics and therapy of secondary manifestations in
      HIV infection has had a positive influence on the quality of life as well as life
      expectancy of AIDS patients. Early treatment with high doses, critical
      evaluation, and prophylactic therapy are of outstanding importance. Since
      recently, effective modes of antiretroviral therapy have been available. A number
      of cutaneous manifestations are valuable markers of incipient
      immunodeterioration, and thus can serve as indicative criteria regarding
      antiretroviral therapy. Whereas current possibilities of immunorestoration have
      been unsatisfactory as far, we expect more of the development of defined
      lymphokines and growth factors with defined and controllable effects.

PMID- 2662668
TI  - [Chlamydia infections in dermatology].
AB  - The serovares D-K of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) are associated with inclusion
      conjunctivits, non-gonoccoccal urethritis (NGU), post-gonoccoccal urethritis
      (PGU), epididymitis, and ensuing male infertility. CT can be isolated from
      testicular tissue, in sexually acquired reactive arthritis (SARA) and in
      proctitis. Female partner infection primarily involves the cervix with ascending
      infection and ensuing infertility. Asymptomatic CT infection of the urogenital
      tract does not only present epidemiological problems, but also calls for smear
      examination in the asympotomatic partner. Double infection with CT and Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae is not necessarily followed by PGU. Incomplete detection of CT must
      be taken into account especially after application of penicillin and in the
      isolation procedures from sperm. The serovares L1-L3 are the infectious agents in
      venereal lymphogranuloma. Tetracyclines and erythromycin are usually recommended
      as the therapy of choice in CT infection. Sulfonamides should be applied with
      caution, since resistent CT isolates have been made known. There is still further
      clinical study required regarding the efficacy of quinolines in urogenital
      infections with chlamydiae.

PMID- 2662669
TI  - [Selected aspects of syphilis serology].
AB  - The relative incidence of latent syphilis, which can only be detected by
      serological techniques, has continued to increase. As a matter of routine, we use
      the TPHA test for screening, the FTA-Abs test for confirmation, and the IgM tests
      to control the therapeutic outcome. Nowadays, neurosyphilis can definitely be
      detected by serologic procedures, such as the TPHA index.

PMID- 2662671
TI  - Directory of Virginia physicians 1989.

PMID- 2662670
TI  - [Problem infections of the external genital area in the female].
AB  - On account of difficult diagnostic procedures and often atypical clinical
      pictures, the following diseases must be regarded as problematic infections:
      infections with chlamydia, mycoplasma, urea-plasma, and herpes virus, as well as
      unspecific infections with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Since vulvitis and
      vaginitis are frequently associated with vaginal discharge, they may present a
      problem to dermatologists and gynecologists.

PMID- 2662672
TI  - Platelet aggregation and platelet sensitivity-behaviour during normal and
      abnormal glucose tolerance testing.
AB  - Platelet aggregation response to ADP and platelet sensitivity to the
      antiaggregatory prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) were measured in 15 patients and 8
      healthy volunteers undergoing intravenous glucose tolerance testing (GTT). Eight
      patients (5 female, 3 male, 44-57a) showed pathological GTT, in 7 patients (6
      female, 1 male, 39-55a) and the healthy volunteers (6 female, 2 male, 24-39a) a
      normal response was monitored. After GTT in patients with pathological GTT the
      slope of the ADP-induced aggregation curve was diminished showing high
      variations, whereas the height of the aggregation curve remained unaltered. The
      platelet sensitivity to PGI2 was significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased
      during the performance of GTT and returned to prevalues until the end of GTT. In
      the patients as well as in the healthy volunteers with normal GTT no change could
      be monitored during the test. However, healthy volunteers showed significant (p
      less than 0.05) lower prevalues. The findings indicate, that an abnormal glucose
      tolerance is associated with a decreased platelet sensitivity to PGI2.

PMID- 2662673
TI  - Skin flow and swelling in post-phlebitic limbs.
AB  - It has been demonstrated that skin blood flow of postphlebitic limbs is
      increased. Also the venoarteriolar response (VAR), i.e. precapillary
      vasoconstriction present in normal limbs on standing up, is reduced in limbs with
      venous insufficiency, resulting in capillary hypertension. The supine skin
      resting flow (SF) and the skin flow on standing (SF) have been measured with
      laser-Doppler in 30 normal lower limbs and 70 postphlebitic limbs with ambulatory
      venous pressure greater than 65 mmHg; also, the rate of ankle swelling (RAS) has
      been measured with strain-gauge plethysmography. The VAR was derived from VAR =
      100* (RF-SF)/RF. The reduction of VAR and the increase in SF, which has been
      demonstrated in the postphlebitic limbs, correlated well with the rate of ankle
      swelling (RAS). The measurements of SF, VAR and RAS evaluate objectively the
      degree of impairment of the microcirculation because of severe venous disease.
      They offer the possibility to study the natural history and the effect of
      treatment of venous hypertensive microangiopathy.

PMID- 2662674
TI  - Evaluation of the microcirculatory effects of Venoruton in patients with chronic
      venous hypertension by laserdoppler flowmetry, transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2
      measurements, leg volumetry and ambulatory venous pressure measurements.
AB  - The evaluation of the effects of venoactive drugs and particularly of Venoruton
      may be performed using microcirculatory parameters. Laserdoppler flowmetry may be
      used in association with PO2/PCO2 measurements. In this study we combined the
      microcirculatory evaluation with foot and leg volumetry to evaluate the effects
      of Venoruton in 15 patients with deep (popliteal vein) incompetence and venous
      hypertension, treated for 6 weeks. A control group of 20 patients was also
      evaluated. All these subjects were studied and selected according to ambulatory
      venous pressure measurements (AVP) and duplex scanning. Measurements were made at
      the internal perimalleolar region in constant temperature condition (23 degrees
      C). No variations of AVP or duplex scanning findings were observed after 6 weeks
      in both treated and untreated patients. Laserdoppler flowmetry showed a
      significant decrease of the resting flow (which was increased in all patients at
      the beginning of the study). An increased efficacy of the venoarteriolar response
      was also recorded together with an increased response of skin flow after increase
      of temperature in the perimalleolar region in patients treated with Venoruton.
      This was also associated with an increase of skin PO2 and with a decreased PCO2.
      In the control group no significant variations of these parameters were observed.
      Leg volume was also significantly decreased in the patients treated with
      Venoruton while no changes were observed in controls. In conclusion this study
      showed the efficacy of Venoruton in improving parameters altered in venous
      hypertension and the possibility of application of this microcirculatory model to
      study venoactive drugs used for treating venous hypertension.

PMID- 2662675
TI  - Delayed arterial thrombosis following an apparently trivial low-voltage electric
      injury.
AB  - Vascular damage is a frequent and serious complication following high voltage
      injuries (greater than 1000 V), but does not seem to have been described with low
      voltage current. We report an unusual case with delayed thromboses in the hand
      arteries of a young, healthy 24 yo man, after a 220 V electric shock. Two weeks
      after the accident he developed a successively increasing hand ischemia with
      Raynaud phenomenon, and finally fingertip necroses. Angiography revealed multiple
      small vessel occlusion. Although systemic fibrinolysis with streptokinase was not
      initiated until eight weeks after the accident, a partial restitution of the
      markedly reduced macro- and microcirculation in the fingers was possible. The
      blood pressure of the ischemic fingers increased from 0 to 40 mmHg, with total
      relief of symptoms. Concomitantly, a marked improvement of the skin
      microcirculation could be objectively demonstrated by laser Doppler fluxmetry and
      dynamic capillaroscopy. Three conclusions can be made 1) low-voltage electric
      shock can initiate late vascular thromboses, 2) thrombolysis can be effective
      also weeks after the thromboses have been established, and 3) the improvement of
      the nutritional circulation in the ischemic areas can be nicely and objectively
      documented by the two methods described.

PMID- 2662676
TI  - [The effect of micro-fields of magnetically ordered media on Treponema pallidum].
AB  - A new phenomenon has been revealed: deactivation of pathogenic T. pallidum under
      the effect of intensified static magnetic field of film domain structures. The
      mechanism of action of an artificial magneto-regulated environment on T.
      pallidum, rabbit spermatozoa and red cells has been discovered; T. pallidum
      organelles magnetotropism scale has been defined, as well as the magnetic
      sensitivity of rabbit spermatozoa heads and red cells.

PMID- 2662677
TI  - [The state of the hepatobiliary system and the pancreas in patients with eczema
      and neurodermatitis].
AB  - Ultrasonic scanning of the digestion organs, carried out in 35 patients with
      eczema and 20 ones with diffuse neurodermatitis have revealed abnormalities of
      the liver echostructure in 60% of patients with eczema and in 50% of
      neurodermatitis patients; abnormal gallbladder echostructure in 65.7% of eczema
      patients and in 25% of neurodermatitis patients; disturbed echostructure of the
      pancreas in 34.3% of eczema patients and in 5% of neurodermatitis patients. These
      abnormalities have not been associated with clinical shifts as a rule. Liver
      dysfunction and leukocytosis in the B bile have been detectable only in the
      patients with abnormal echostructure of the organs; these shifts showed a
      tendency to normalization over the course of treatment irrespective of the skin
      status. During rehabilitation after discharge from hospital such patients should
      be kept on diets and administered drug therapy, aimed at the prevention of the
      digestive organs diseases.

PMID- 2662678
TI  - [The clinical picture and therapy of nodular mastocytosis].
AB  - The authors review the literature data on and describe 6 cases of nodular
      mastocytosis presenting as multiple blending nodes. The patients (2 girls and 4
      boys aged under 4) have developed a disseminated process with multiple nodes up
      to 3.0-3.5 cm in diameter colored brownish or yellowish, mostly with a smooth
      surface, localized on the hairy part of the head, trunk, and limbs. Some nodes
      blended to form larger foci of lesions, particularly on the back and in large
      skin folds. In 5 patients the diagnosis has been confirmed histologically. No
      visceral or systemic abnormalities have been revealed. Enlarged (pea-size)
      inguinal and cubital lymph nodes have been detected in one child. Zaditen therapy
      has been fairly effective.

PMID- 2662679
TI  - [Diagnosis of kidney pelvis cancer].
AB  - The new imaging procedures should improve the preoperative assessment of patients
      with renal pelvis carcinoma. At the Department of Urology, University of Freiburg
      from 1976-1986 48 patients with renal pelvis carcinoma were treated. 92% of
      tumors (69% looked like renal pelvis carcinoma preoperatively, 23% like kidney
      tumors without histological determination) were detected preoperatively. Advanced
      tumor stages (T4N+M1) (21%) were diagnosed correctly in 7/10 cases preoperatively
      and have a poor prognosis.

PMID- 2662680
TI  - [Ligation of the vena dorsalis penis profunda in treating vascular-induced
      impotence].
AB  - It is reported on the diagnosis and treatment of vasculogeneic impotence. With
      the use of dynamic cavernosography in 6 patients changes in the venous system
      were detected and therefore the profound dorsal penile vein was ligated. In 4
      patients the sexual function could be improved. The results are encouraging in
      the case of safe diagnosis and adequate operative treatment.

PMID- 2662681
TI  - [Differential therapy of lumbar intervertebral disk protrusion].
AB  - Surgical treatment for protrusion of intervertebral disks in the lumbar region
      has been considerably optimised. Progress in imaging techniques has enabled
      representation and recording of intervertebral disk disorders at various
      pathogenetic stages. Backache has become endemic in industrial countries, in the
      course of time, and is often accompanied by pseudoradicular ischialgia. It is
      quite often uncritically attributed to intervertebral disk damage on the basis of
      findings recorded from computed tomography. With patients increasingly suffering
      pain, this has in many cases led to rash surgical decisions. -Principles of
      differential diagnosis by which the complexity of morphological findings
      underlying clinical symptoms is taken into due consideration are absolutely
      necessary to counter the above developments. Indications for neurosurgical
      differential therapy for protrusion of intervertebral disks at lumbar level
      should be individually established with due consideration of therapeutic
      procedures available and of the severity of complaints. The percutaneous and
      microsurgical techniques described in this paper are likely to suggest that
      procedures, such as hemilaminectomy and laminectomy are no longer justified
      unless exceptional cases are to be handled.

PMID- 2662682
TI  - [The effectiveness of sonography in preoperative thyroid diagnosis].
AB  - Real time sonography is the main method used to distinguish between diffuse and
      focal pathological variations in the thyroid gland. It always detects the
      presence of the cysts, thus obviating the need for scintigraphy. The sensitivity
      of sonography for the thyroid nodules is nearly 100%, whereas its specificity is
      only 60%. The value of sonography in thyroid gland disease is discussed and a
      diagnostic scheme for thyroid nodules is given.

PMID- 2662683
TI  - [Sex steroids and the immune system].
AB  - Endocrine and immune system are strongly correlated. Hormonal contraceptive drugs
      influence humoral, cellular and mucosal immunity in different kind and in
      dependency of the relationships between estrogens and gestagens. At present most
      authors support the opinion that estrogens are responsible for immunosuppressive
      features. This review summarizes experimental and clinical reports.

PMID- 2662684
TI  - [The epidemiology and etiology of breast cancer].
AB  - Continuous increase of incidence of breast cancer in the last decades lead to a
      maximum position concerning morbidity and mortality in malignant diseases of
      women. Fatality of the disease couldn't be decreased, despite improved methods of
      health education, diagnostics and therapy so that further on early detection is
      of particular importance. By extensive clinical and epidemiological studies
      multifactorial genesis of breast cancer and the influence of different risk
      symptoms could be secured. The etiologically significant endo- and exogenic
      components have such a differentiated and complex effect that formation of risk
      groups is still in discussion. Considering special endocrine, genetic and
      environmental factors it is possible to define groups of patients whose morbidity
      risk is much increased. Registration and prophylactic care of such risk groups
      seems to be of advantage and could enable an improvement of early detection rate.

PMID- 2662685
TI  - [Reliability and efficacy in differentiating microorganisms].
AB  - Knowledge of the reliability and effectiveness of differentiation may ensure the
      objective evaluation of investigation results, the choice of optimal tests. With
      the diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus carriage used as an example, the method
      for the calculation of mistakes in differentiation, characterizing its
      reliability and effectiveness is proposed. Calculations are carried out by simple
      computations with the use of formulae and nomograms.

PMID- 2662686
TI  - [Biological properties of bacteria of the species Shigella flexneri].
AB  - Some biological properties of S. flexneri have been studied. The strains of this
      bacterial species have been shown to produce DNAase in 98.8 +/- 0.77% of cases
      and RNAase in 97.4 +/- 1.5% of cases. The capacity for the positive reaction with
      Congo red as early as after 24-hour incubation in the thermostat has proved to be
      characteristic of S. flexneri (91.1 +/- 3.6%). If stored at 4 degrees C in
      semiliquid agar, S. flexneri cultures have been found to retain their capacity
      for producing the above-mentioned enzymes as long as 10-13 years. All S. flexneri
      serovars under study, with the exception of serovar 6, have shown high activity
      in the manifestation of their properties.

PMID- 2662687
TI  - [Antigen-antibody complex dissociation in affinity chromatography].
AB  - Different methods of the elution of antibodies from an immunosorbent column have
      been studied, the serological activity and affinity of eluted antibodies have
      been evaluated in the enzyme immunoassay. The activity of conjugates (peroxidase
      labeled antibodies) has been shown to depend not only on the serological activity
      and affinity of antibodies, but also on the method of binding antibodies with the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2662688
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Combined doxycycline-tinidazole vs.
      doxycycline alone.
AB  - Single-dose doxycycline was compared with single-dose doxycycline + tinidazole in
      regard to prevention of septic complications after colorectal surgery, taking
      into account the type and level of surgery--right or left hemicolectomy, rectal
      operations and others. The study was performed as a prospective double-blind
      trial, with randomization in blocks. In colorectal surgery as a whole the
      combination was found to be more effective than doxycycline alone. When the four
      surgical blocks were separately considered, however, the difference between the
      two regimens was found to be mainly due to rectal operations, following which the
      incidence of abdominal and of perineal wound infections was significantly lower
      with the combined regimen than with doxycycline alone. The subgroups composed of
      right-sided or left-sided hemicolectomy or other operations were too small to
      permit definite conclusions.

PMID- 2662689
TI  - Infected renal cyst simulating acute abdomen. Case report.
AB  - Renal cysts are rarely infected. The diagnosis should not represent a problem
      with the current techniques: however the condition can simulate acute abdomen in
      which case resection of the cyst roof and drainage is recommended.

PMID- 2662690
TI  - Isolation of Eikenella corrodens from a liver abscess. Case report.
AB  - Eikenella corrodens was isolated from a posttraumatic liver abscess in a man with
      previous hemicolectomy for sigmoid adenocarcinoma. Escherichia coli was the
      initial isolate, but sepsis persisted after its eradication by cefuroxime and
      metronidazole. A second specimen yielded E. corrodens which responded promptly to
      combined ampicillin and netilmicin. The patient died of disseminated cancer 6
      months later.

PMID- 2662691
TI  - Depression of plasma endotoxin levels during gram-negative septicemia subsequent
      to moderate trauma.
AB  - The influence of a moderate, standardized trauma on bacterial and endotoxin
      kinetics in post-traumatic Escherichia coli septicemia was studied in a porcine
      model. Septicemia was induced by intravenous infusion of live E. coli (2.5 x
      10(9) cfu/kg, rough:K5:H6) into 14 piglets. Seven of these animals had been
      exposed to moderate trauma 48 hours previously. Following the E. coli infusion,
      cardiovascular signs of severe septicemia appeared in all the piglets, associated
      with gradual increase in the blood bacterial count and the plasma levels of
      endotoxin. This increase was significantly less pronounced in the animals with
      prior moderate trauma than in the nontraumatized animals. Thus no depression of
      the host defense system was demonstrable 2 days after moderate trauma.

PMID- 2662692
TI  - Ultrasonography and parameters of inflammation in acute appendicitis. A
      comparison with clinical findings.
AB  - A prospective study of 110 unselected patients with suspected acute appendicitis
      comprised ultrasonography and parameters of inflammation--c-reactive protein,
      white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Yersinia antibody
      titer. The results were compared with the initial clinical diagnosis. Acute
      appendicitis was confirmed in 28 cases (prevalence 25.4%). The negative
      laparotomy rate was 11.4% and the appendiceal perforation rate 10.7% Clinical
      judgment and ultrasonography were statistically highly significant as predictors
      of acute appendicitis, whereas the indications given by c-reactive protein and
      white blood cell count did not reach statistical significance.

PMID- 2662693
TI  - Ultrasonography related to clinical and laboratory findings in lymphocytic
      thyroiditis.
AB  - The value of ultrasonography compared with established diagnostic procedures was
      investigated by reviewing medical records of 92 patients (88 women and 4 men, age
      11-81 years, mean age 47) with lymphocytic thyroiditis. Clinical manifestations
      of the disease and serum antimicrosomal antibodies and TSH were determined in all
      patients. The thyroid was examined by ultrasound. Both lobes were aspirated by a
      fine needle under sonographic control and smears examined cytologically. A total
      of 27 (29.3%) patients had no clinical symptoms. Antimicrosomal antibodies were
      undetable in 12 (13%) patients, 16 (17.4%) had low titres 1:32-) 1:100, and 64
      (69.6%) greater than or equal to 1:320. TSH (reference values 0.3-3.9 mU/1) was
      les than 0.3 in 4 (4.3%) 0.3-3.9 in 4) (44.6%) , 4-20 in 26 (28.3%), and greater
      than 20 in 21 (22.8%) patients. Ultrasound revealed a scattered sonolucent echo
      in 87 (94.6%) patients, and in 45 (48.9%) a normal thyroid volume (women less
      than 18, men less than 25 ml). Cytology alone was diagnostic in 84 (91.3%)
      patients, In conclusion, ultrasound can suggest lymphocytic thyroiditis. If
      antimicrosomal antibodies are undetectable or titres are not significant and/or
      clinical symptoms are uncertain, fine-needle aspiration can confirm the
      sonographic finding. Epidemiological studies including ultrasonography are
      necessary to obtain reliable data on the prevalence of lymphocytic thyroiditis.

PMID- 2662694
TI  - Interleukin 1 induces new protein formation in isolated rat islets of Langerhans.
AB  - It is hypothesized that interleukin 1 induces toxic free radical formation in
      pancreatic beta-cells leading to beta-cell degeneration and destruction.
      Therefore, isolated rat pancreatic islets were examined for interleukin 1 and
      heat shock induced proteins. Afer exposure to human interleukin 1 beta (0.015 to
      10 micrograms/1) or heat (40 degrees C) for up to 24 h, islets were labelled with
      35S-methionine and solubilized. Islets proteins were analysed by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By autoradiography it was shown that both
      interleukin 1 and heat exposure induced the formation of a 70 kD protein.
      Further, interleukin 1 induced the formation of two proteins of 32 and 80 kD,
      respectively, which was not seen after heat exposure. Possibly, the 70 kD protein
      is a member of the heat shock protein 76 family, participating in unspecific
      cellular defence and maybe free radical scavenging. Other candidates are the
      superoxide radical scavenging enzyme manganous superoxidedismutase, MHC class II
      molecules, and heme oxygenase.

PMID- 2662695
TI  - Dietary magnesium supplements improve B-cell response to glucose and arginine in
      elderly non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects.
AB  - Hypomagnesemia and low erythrocyte magnesium content are both common findings in
      non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Moreover, intracellular magnesium may
      play a crucial role in modulating B-cell response to glucose by interfering with
      potassium permeability. Eight elderly, moderately obese, non-insulin-dependent
      diabetic subjects were treated with either magnesium supplementation (3 g/day) to
      the diet or placebo. Both treatment schemes lasted 4-weeks and were separated by
      a 'wash-out' of 3 weeks. At the end of each treatment period, in glucose test
      (0.33 g/kg for 3 min) and an iv arginine (5 g) test were performed to determine
      the B-and A-cell responses. Dietary magnesium supplementation vs placebo produced
      a slight but significant decrease in basal plasma glucose (8.6 +/- 0.3 vs 8.0 +/-
      0.1 mmol/l, p less than 0.05) and an increase in acute insulin response after iv
      glucose (3.7 +/- 2.3 vs - 14.7 +/- 0.9 pmol.l 1. (10 min)-1, p less than 0.01)
      and after iv arginine (151 +/- vs 81 +/- 15 pmol.l-1. (10 min)-1, p less than
      0.01), respectively. Plasma glucagon levels were unaffected by chronic dietary
      magnesium supplementation as well under basal conditions as in response to
      arginine. Net increase in acute insulin response after iv glucose and after iv
      arginine was significantly correlated to the net increase in erythrocyte
      magnesium content after dietary magnesium supplementation. We conclude that
      magnesium administration may be a useful adjuvant to the classic hypoglycemic
      agents in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects.

PMID- 2662696
TI  - Long-term observation of immunologic reconstitution after allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation: differences in recovery among functional T cell subsets.
AB  - A 27-year-old male with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the first relapse
      received allogeneic marrow graft from an HLA-identical sister on April 28, 1978.
      We studied in vitro immunologic parameters such as T cell surface phenotypes,
      proliferative response to PHA and Con A; T cell suppressor and helper function
      for in vitro immunoglobulin production stimulated with pokeweed mitogen serially
      after the transplantation. Despite a low OKT4/OKT8 ratio for more than 5 yrs
      after marrow grafting, proliferative response to PHA recovered to normal 4 yrs
      and 9 months post-transplant. In contrast, proliferative response to Con A did
      not recover. T cell suppressor function induced by Con A had recovered at 3 yrs 6
      months; however helper T cell function took longer to recover. These findings
      suggest differences in functional recovery of T cell subsets following allogeneic
      marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2662697
TI  - Anatomical terminology, then and now.
AB  - Anatomical terminology, which had become chaotic by the nineteenth century, was
      codified in the BNA of 1895, when some 5,000 terms were carefully selected from
      among approximately 50,000 names. The BNA and its three major revisions (BR, INA,
      PNA) are here reviewed and placed in historical perspective. It is emphasized
      that many anatomical terms are very ancient and that the various nomenclatures
      are not 'new terminologies' but rather, for the most part, selections of already
      existing names. This can be seen clearly in the naming of the cranial nerves.
      Another example, the carpal and tarsal bones, is analysed in detail. Of the 8
      carpal bones, for instance, the current names for 7 of them are those proposed by
      Henle in 1855. All the nomenclatures are, as they should be, in Latin, but it is
      understood that translations of many terms into other languages are necessary.
      Although views pro and con have been expressed, current usage favours the erect
      posture and the anatomical position as a basis, as well as the elimination of
      eponyms. In both teaching and research, the Nomina has been of great benefit in
      reducing drastically the number of unnecessary synonyms and in providing a
      coherent, internationally accepted system that is now the standard in anatomical
      textbooks. Hence, further use of the Nomina should be encouraged.

PMID- 2662698
TI  - Quantitation of the stretch reflex. Technical procedures and clinical
      applications.
AB  - The stretch reflex should ideally be quantitated for better clinical use by
      standardizing the muscle stretch and measuring the resulting muscle contraction.
      Quantitation of muscle contraction can be done by force measurements or
      electromyographic recordings. The electromyographic response to stretch consists
      of one component (short latency response) for short stretches (less than 15 ms)
      and of 2 or 3 components (short and long latency responses) for longer stretches
      (greater than 40-50 ms). The magnitude of the phasic stretch reflex is reflected
      by the short latency response, whereas the magnitude of the tonic stretch reflex
      is reflected by both the short and the long latency responses. In clinical
      studies of upper motor neuron syndromes, the knee jerk and the muscle tone
      correlated with the magnitude of the short latency response. In patients with
      paralysis agitans an increased long latency response, which correlated to the
      rigidity, was found.

PMID- 2662699
TI  - Peripheral nerve function during hyperglycemic clamping in insulin-dependent
      diabetic patients.
AB  - The influence of hyperglycemia on peripheral nerve function was studied in 9
      patients with long-term insulin-dependent diabetes. Blood glucose concentration
      was raised 13.5 +/- 0.5 mmol/l (mean +/- SEM) within 15 min and kept
      approximately 15 mmol/l over basal level for 120 min by intravenous glucose
      infusion. Hyperglycemia was accompanied by increased plasma osmolality. Sensory
      and motor nerve conduction and distal motor latency in the ulnar nerve were
      determined before, immediately after induction of hyperglycemia, and again after
      120 min hyperglycemia. Distal (5th finger - wrist) and proximal (wrist - elbow)
      sensory nerve conduction showed an insignificant increase as hyperglycemia was
      induced. During hyperglycemia mean distal sensory conduction decreased from 53.1
      m/s to 50.4 m/s (P less than 0.05) and mean proximal sensory conduction decreased
      from 56.0 m/s to 54.2 m/s (P less than 0.01). A mean of distal and proximal
      sensory conduction increased (53.5 m/s vs 54.6 m/s) (P less than 0.05) as
      hyperglycemia was induced and decreased (54.6 m/s vs 52.3 m/s) (P less than 0.01)
      during clamping. Motor nerve conduction decreased insignificantly throughout the
      study. Mean distal motor latency decreased from 3.1 ms to 2.8 ms (P less than
      0.005) immediately after induction of hyperglycemia. During hyperglycemia it
      increased from 2.8 ms to 3.1 ms (P less than 0.001). We conclude that acute
      induction of hyperglycemia in long-term diabetics seems to increase sensory
      conduction and decrease distal motor latency, while 120 min hyperglycemia seems
      to decrease sensory conduction and increase distal motor latency.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662700
TI  - A controlled trial of methionyl growth hormone therapy in prepubertal children
      with short stature, subnormal growth rate and normal growth hormone response to
      secretagogues. Dutch Growth Hormone Working Group.
AB  - Thirty short and slowly growing children with normal plasma growth hormone (GH)
      responses to standard provocation tests were randomly assigned to either a group
      (n = 20) undergoing treatment with methionyl GH (somatrem), 2 IU per m2 body
      surface s.c. daily, or a control group (n = 10). Twelve out of 18 children who
      completed the first year of treatment showed a height velocity increment of more
      than 2 cm/year. The mean (SD) growth velocity of the treatment group increased by
      3.0 (1.9) cm/year over the first year, compared with -0.2 (0.7) cm/year in the
      control group. Neither parameters of endogenous GH secretion nor plasma IGF-I
      levels showed a significant correlation with the growth response. Of the
      auxological variables studied, pre-treatment growth velocity (r = -0.8) and the
      short-term height velocity increment (r = 0.7-0.9) showed significant
      correlations with the growth response in the first year of treatment. Somatrem
      therapy was without side effects, except in one child who developed anti-GH
      antibodies in combination with a poor growth response.

PMID- 2662701
TI  - Relationship of body fat distribution to metabolic complications in obese
      prepubertal boys: gender related differences.
AB  - Our purpose was to assess the relationship of obesity and body fat distribution
      to serum glucose values, insulin concentration and insulin resistance in obese
      prepubertal boys. Thirteen obese and 15 control prepubertal boys were studied.
      Biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skin fold thicknesses were measured.
      Percentage of body fat and total body fat were calculated. Body fat distribution
      was assessed by analyzing the central (supra-iliac, subscapular)/peripheral
      (biceps, triceps) ratios. During an oral glucose tolerance test, serum glucose
      and insulin were measured and insulin/glucose was calculated. Body fat data and
      body fat distribution indices were significantly higher in the obese group. The
      obese population presented significantly elevated values of insulin and
      insulin/glucose. In the obese group insulin showed significant correlations with
      percentage of body fat, total body fat and subscapular skin fold thickness,
      whereas insulin/glucose had significant positive correlations with percentage of
      body fat, total body fat and supra-iliac skin fold thickness. In obese boys
      significant positive correlations were also shown by subscapular/supra-iliac with
      insulin and insulin/glucose, and by subscapular/triceps with insulin. In
      prepubertal boys obesity is centripetal and an upper central body fat
      distribution seems to be first associated with an abnormal glucose-insulin
      homeostasis.

PMID- 2662702
TI  - Primordial birdheaded nanism associated with progressive ataxia, early onset
      insulin resistant diabetes, goiter and primary gonadal insufficiency. A new
      syndrome.
AB  - A new syndrome in two siblings with primordial birdheaded nanism, progressive
      ataxia, goiter, primary gonadal insufficiency and insulin resistant diabetes
      mellitus is presented. Plasma concentrations of TSH, PTH, LH, FSH, ACTH, glucagon
      and insulin all working through cell membrane receptors were elevated. A
      generalized cell membrane defect was suggested to be the pathophysiological
      abnormality in these patients.

PMID- 2662703
TI  - The rise and fall and resurgence of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's
      disease).
AB  - Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO; or Buerger's disease) is a nonarteriosclerotic,
      segmental, occlusive inflammatory disease of medium-sized and small arteries and
      veins of unknown cause, occurring predominantly in young male habitual tobacco
      users. Less than 2% of the patients with TAO are women or elderly persons. TAO is
      a treatable disease when diagnosed early and if strict abstinence from tobacco is
      observed. Otherwise progression and exacerbation of limb ischemia may lead to
      multiple and repeated amputations, and rarely visceral or cerebral ischemia. Over
      a 40-year period, 1947 to 1986, the prevalence rate of the diagnosis of TAO has
      declined steadily from 104/100,000 in 1947 to 13/100,000 in 1986 (an 8-fold
      decrease) where clinical and pathologic criteria for the diagnosis of TAO have
      remained unchanged. A similar pattern of decline was observed in two other major
      medical centers. Twelve women and 97 men with TAO were identified in the 5-year
      period 1981-1985. The 11% (12 of 109) incidence of female TAO was 10-fold that
      was previously reported. All 12 women were heavy smokers; 8 (67%) had
      thrombophlebitis and 6 (50%) had upper limb ischemia. Nine (75%) of 12 women
      required amputations; delay in diagnosis contributed to additional amputations in
      2 patients. The increased prevalence of TAO in women may be attributed to the
      smoking habit in young women overall, which has increased significantly rather
      than decreased (as in males) since 1965.

PMID- 2662704
TI  - Pancreatic islets after repeated injection of Fe3+-NTA. An ultrastructural study
      of diabetic rats.
AB  - Pancreatic islet cells were examined ultrastructurally in rats after repeated
      intraperitoneal injections of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe3+-NTA) to produce a
      model of bronze diabetes. Despite diabetic signs such as glycosuria and ketouria,
      no ultrastructural alterations were found in islet cells up to 90 days after the
      beginning of the Fe3+-NTA injections. After 120 days, however, degenerative
      changes appeared, with most B cells of the islets of Langerhans showing clumped
      nuclear chromatin, a dilated nuclear envelope, vacuolated and dilated endoplasmic
      reticulum, and a loss of cell polarization toward the capillary lumen. The cells
      contained a number of light secretory granules with an electron-lucent core and a
      narrow halo. Numerous electron-dense ferritin-like particles were also found in
      the cytoplasmic matrix, and A and D cells were almost intact. Repeated
      venesection therapy of rats injected with Fe3+-NTA for 120 days resulted in an
      increase of morphologically normal B cells with a smaller number of necrotizing
      cells. This process was accompanied by recovery from diabetic symptoms. The toxic
      effect of injected iron on B cells was thus clarified.

PMID- 2662705
TI  - Cardiomyopathy characterized by abnormal accumulation of desmin-type intermediate
      filaments in cardiac muscle fibers. A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A 42-year-old Japanese male, who had been suffering from congestive heart failure
      and electrocardiographic abnormalities (A-V block, intraventricular conduction
      disturbance, ventricular tachycardia), died after a clinical course of 2 years
      and 1 month. Macroscopic investigation revealed dilation of the left ventricle
      and thickening of the right ventricular wall. The unique finding in this case was
      a circumferential fibrous scar in the median circular layer and outer oblique
      layer of the left ventricular wall. Biopsy and autopsy materials revealed diffuse
      loss of myofibrils in the central zone of cardiac muscle fibers, and replacement
      with aniline blue-positive homogeneous material (17-35% of the area of one muscle
      fiber). Electron microscopy revealed abnormal accumulation of fine filamentous
      material (7.5-25 nm in diameter), which was immunohistochemically proved to be
      desmin-type intermediate filament. Moreover, sarcoplasmic reticulum-like material
      was detected in the degenerated area. At autopsy, degeneration was detected all
      over the heart. The ventricular muscle fibers were more severely affected than
      the atrial muscle fibers. The conduction system was also affected, in some parts
      more severely than the surrounding ordinary muscle fibers. The pathogenesis of
      this disorder remains to be clarified.

PMID- 2662706
TI  - Case report of antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity reaction: pseudolymphoma
      syndrome.
AB  - Antiepileptic medication is widely prescribed for many neurological conditions,
      especially seizures. Although adverse reactions are noted, they generally fall
      into a category of mild effects which necessitate a therapeutic change--and
      little evaluation. We present a case of a severe reaction to two antiseizure
      medications. Characteristic findings of lymphadenopathy, fever, exfoliative
      dermatitis, eosinophilia and hepatic damage are well described as a
      hypersensitive reaction to phenytoin, often called "pseudolymphoma."
      Phenobarbital also produces a clinically indistinguishable syndrome of
      pseudolymphoma, which is not widely recognized. A case report and review of the
      literature are presented. We conclude that phenytoin and phenobarbital
      hypersensitivity reactions are probably mediated by a similar mechanism. This
      appears to be an extreme extension of the more common and less severe reactions
      to these medications. Clinical studies in primary care can better elucidate this
      potentially fatal reaction.

PMID- 2662707
TI  - Surgical treatment of subependymomas of the central nervous system. Report of 8
      cases and review of the literature.
AB  - The authors present a series of 8 pure subependymomas of the central nervous
      system surgically treated between 1965 and 1987. The clinico-pathological
      features and the results of surgical treatment of these benign tumours are
      discussed in the light of the most important literature on this topic.

PMID- 2662708
TI  - Intraoperative ultrasound imaging in lumbar disc herniation surgery.
AB  - The diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation has improved with metrizamide rhizography
      and CT. Also, visualization of the operative site has been enhanced with use of
      the operating microscope. However, evaluation of the completeness of herniated
      disc removal can be difficult, especially in the case of medially located
      lesions. Also, intradural extension of the herniation can be impossible to rule
      out in some cases without intradural exploration. Intraoperative ultrasound
      imaging is safe, rapid and readily available in most hospitals. Its application
      to real-time imaging control of 10 selected cases of herniated lumbar disc showed
      that the herniated material could be visualized in relation to the interspace and
      dural sac in all cases. The effect of removal of the herniation on nerve root
      compression could also be evaluated. Especially in cases involving extension of
      the herniation to the medial region under the dura, or into the intradural space,
      the removal of herniated material could be adequately confirmed without the need
      for further manipulation with surgical instruments. With appropriate transducer
      design and frequency, the method can be applied to microsurgical technique to
      rule out sequestration outside of the surgical exposure.

PMID- 2662709
TI  - Rerupture of intracranial aneurysms during angiography.
AB  - We analyzed 70 patients (64 from the literature and 6 of our own cases) who had
      suffered from rerupture of their aneurysms during angiography. When these cases
      are compared with those who had suffered rupture of their aneurysms only once and
      a rerupture, which did not coincide with angiography, they were clinically
      distinguished by a higher Hunt-Hess grade, a higher rate of IC aneurysms, less
      operability, far miserable outcome and concentration of aneurysmal rerupture
      within three hours after the initial subarachnoid haemorrhage. It is suggested
      waiting at least 3 hours after SAH before performing angiography and to use
      digital subtraction angiography in order to prevent aneurysmal rerupture during
      angiography.

PMID- 2662710
TI  - Primary chromosome abnormalities in human neoplasia.
AB  - At the cellular level, cancer is a genetic disease; genetic changes in somatic
      cells are essential events in neoplasia. In a majority of cases these changes
      involve large enough blocks of genetic material to be visible in the microscope.
      The chromosome aberrations in neoplastic disorders are probably of three kinds:
      (1) primary abnormalities, which are essential steps in establishing the tumor;
      (2) secondary abnormalities, which develop only after the tumor has developed,
      but which nevertheless may be important in tumor progression; and (3) cytogenetic
      noise, which is the background level of nonconsequential aberrations. These
      latter changes are, in contrast to the primary and secondary changes, randomly
      distributed throughout the genome. The primary abnormalities, of which several
      dozens have now been identified, are mostly strictly correlated with particular
      diseases and even with histopathological subtypes within a given disease. This
      has been evident in the leukemias for some years already, and information now
      accumulating on solid tumor karyology indicates a similar situation. Clonal
      chromosome abnormalities are a feature of both benign and malignant neoplasms,
      although the changes are often less massive in the former. Apart from being
      clinically useful as a diagnostic technique and an aid in prognostication, tumor
      cytogenetics also plays a role in identifying those genomic sites which harbor
      genes essential in the pathogenesis of neoplastic lesions. So far, two
      functionally different classes of directly cancer-relevant genes have been
      detected, the oncogenes and antioncogenes. There is every reason to believe that
      future investigations with cytogenetic and recombinant DNA methods will add to
      our knowledge of the biology of human neoplasia, in those tumor types where the
      characteristic genetic change is already partially known, and by identifying
      hitherto unknown karyotypic abnormalities.

PMID- 2662711
TI  - Adenovirus proteins and MHC expression.
AB  - Adenoviruses are able to specifically down-regulate the cell surface expression
      of MHC class I antigens. Most viral serotypes achieve these ends by synthesizing
      a protein that binds to class I antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and
      impedes the transport of these molecules to the cell surface. However, viruses
      belonging to the highly oncogenic subgenus A do not affect the class I antigen
      expression during acute infection. Instead, they are distinct from other
      adenoviruses in that they specifically down-regulate the level of mRNAs, encoding
      MHC class I antigens, in virally transformed cells. The virus-induced reduction
      of class I antigen expression drastically diminishes the ability of CTLs to
      recognize cells infected or transformed by adenovirus. A number of issues
      concerning these viral mechanisms for class I antigen modulation need to be
      addressed. The molecular mechanism by which the E1A gene product of subgenus A
      viruses diminishes class I mRNA levels has not been elucidated. Also, the details
      of the interaction between the E19 protein and class I molecules should be
      studied, preferably by X-ray crystallography of the complexes. This would clarify
      the role of the antigen-binding site as well as other portions of the class I
      molecule in the binding to the E19 protein. Of general importance for our
      understanding of the sorting and intracellular transport of proteins is the exact
      delimitation of the signal for ER localization, which is present in the COOH
      terminus of the E19 protein. The putative interaction of this peptide sequence
      with components of the ER membrane should also be studied. Finally, the study of
      the pathophysiological role of the MHC class I down-regulation will undoubtedly
      yield new insights into how the immune system combats virally infected and
      transformed cells.

PMID- 2662712
TI  - Multidrug resistance.

PMID- 2662713
TI  - Glutathione transferases as markers of preneoplasia and neoplasia.

PMID- 2662714
TI  - Aberrant glycosylation in tumors and tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens.

PMID- 2662715
TI  - T cell receptor and immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in lymphoproliferative
      disorders.

PMID- 2662716
TI  - Structure, function, and genetics of human B cell-associated surface molecules.

PMID- 2662717
TI  - The changing face of beauty.
AB  - Beautiful faces, like clothing and body conformation, go in and out of fashion.
      Yet, certain women in every era are considered truly beautiful. Who, then, sets
      standards of facial beauty and how are women chosen as representative of an
      ideal? Identifying great beauties is easier than explaining why they are chosen,
      but answers to these elusive questions are suggested in art, literature, and a
      review of past events.

PMID- 2662718
TI  - Behavioral medicine in the family medicine residency.
AB  - This article reviews the paradigm shift that has characterized the growth of
      behavioral medicine and the impact of this field in family medicine education.
      Research studies summarizing the integration of these two disciplines are
      presented. It is concluded that of all medical specialties, family medicine is
      best suited to facilitate this continued rapprochement. Practical examples are
      presented in the form of two case studies.

PMID- 2662719
TI  - Odontogenic sinus tracts.
AB  - Odontogenic sinus tracts are the most common cause of a chronically draining,
      fixed, nodulocystic papule of the face and neck. Injury or disease of a tooth may
      result in a periapical abscess that subsequently dissects along the path of least
      resistance and erupts through the skin. If recognized early, the sinus tract
      usually resolves after appropriate endodontic therapy or extraction.

PMID- 2662720
TI  - Recurrent parathyroid cystic disease.
AB  - Cystic masses of the neck may represent thyroid, parathyroid, thyroglossal duct
      or branchial cleft cysts. Analysis of the cyst fluid may establish the etiology.
      Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone can be found in parathyroid cysts without
      concomitant hyperparathyroidism. A high concentration of cholesterol without the
      finding of thyroglobulin or parathyroid hormone in the fluid aspirated from a
      lateral neck mass suggests a branchial cleft cyst.

PMID- 2662721
TI  - Hypernatremia in the elderly.
AB  - Hypernatremia is common in elderly persons, who may present with signs that are
      easily overlooked. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy can sometimes lead to
      a remarkable recovery. To avoid cerebral edema, rehydration must be accomplished
      gradually over 48 to 72 hours. The recommended replacement for the first 24 hours
      is approximately 30 percent of the estimated water loss.

PMID- 2662722
TI  - Screening for alcohol and other drug abuse. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

PMID- 2662723
TI  - Wilson's disease.
AB  - Wilson's disease, an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism, most
      often becomes apparent in adolescence and may present with a multitude of signs
      and symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent irreversible damage to
      the liver and the central nervous system. The diagnosis is confirmed by hepatic
      biopsy and quantitation of copper in the tissues. Treatment is chelation of
      excess copper. If untreated, Wilson's disease is fatal.

PMID- 2662724
TI  - Abnormal vaginal bleeding in perimenopausal women.
AB  - The incidence of abnormal vaginal bleeding increases as women approach the end of
      their reproductive years. In the perimenopausal age group, the most common cause
      of abnormal vaginal bleeding is anovulation. In most patients, diagnosis and
      management can be accomplished in a family physician's office.

PMID- 2662725
TI  - Pentamidine for the prevention and treatment of P. carinii pneumonia.
AB  - Pentamidine is effective in both the treatment and the prevention of Pneumocystis
      carinii pneumonia. The agent may be administered by slow intravenous infusion or
      aerosol, although intravenous therapy is associated with a wide range of adverse
      reactions, including nephrotoxicity, hypoglycemia and neutropenia. Toxic effects
      may occur in up to 25 percent of patients.

PMID- 2662726
TI  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - Primary subarachnoid hemorrhage represents 10 percent of strokes. Aneurysm is the
      most common cause, accounting for 28,000 cases of hemorrhage annually in North
      America. Headache is the most prominent feature and heralds the moment of
      rupture.

PMID- 2662727
TI  - Electrocardiographic manifestations of right ventricular infarction.
AB  - RVI is a frequent occurrence in the setting of an acute inferoposterior
      myocardial infarction and its early recognition has important therapeutic and
      prognostic implications. Because of this, diverse invasive and noninvasive
      diagnostic techniques have been investigated to identify patients with RVI.
      Electrocardiography is the most available, simple, and objective of these
      techniques. Numerous ECG signs of RVI have been described and some of them,
      especially ST segment elevation and patterns of necrosis (QS, QR) in the right
      precordial leads (V3R to V5R), have a very high sensitivity, specificity, and
      positive predictive value for the detection of RVI. ST segment elevation in lead
      V4R is also helpful in identifying the occluded coronary artery in patients with
      acute myocardial infarction, which could have great importance in their
      management. Hence, a 12-lead ECG with the right precordial leads (V3R to V6R)
      should be a routine part of the initial evaluation of patients with clinical
      suspicion of acute inferior myocardial infarction. This article reviews the
      value, limitations, and pathogenesis of the ECG manifestations of RVI.

PMID- 2662728
TI  - Effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on cardiovascular drugs.
AB  - A compilation of drug interactions between H2 antagonists and cardiovascular
      drugs is found in Table I. Cimetidine's potency, lipophilicity, and affinity for
      binding to the P-450 cytochrome system can probably be attributed to the drug
      interactions that have been identified with the H2 antagonists. The mechanism for
      most cimetidine drug interactions is inhibition of hepatic metabolism. There is
      conflicting evidence regarding significance of altered liver blood flow for both
      cimetidine and ranitidine and their influence on other agents. Cimetidine may
      increase propranolol's blood concentrations and potentiate beta blocking effects
      through inhibition of hepatic microsomal enzymes and possibly through reduction
      of hepatic blood flow. Ranitidine has no effect on propranolol. Cimetidine, when
      administered concurrently with metoprolol, could possibly cause an increase in
      plasma metoprolol concentrations or bioavailability through inhibition of hepatic
      P-450 metabolizing enzymes. No effect of cimetidine on metoprolol
      pharmacodynamics was evident. Ranitidine has no effect on metoprolol
      pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Neither H2 antagonist altered the kinetics
      or physiologic effects of atenolol. Atenolol is the drug of choice in patients
      receiving H2 antagonists, since no interaction has been observed. Metoprolol
      could probably be used safely in most patients, as no change in pharmacodynamics
      has been evident. Concurrent administration of cimetidine and nifedipine may
      result in alterations in heart rate and blood pressure. The mechanism is
      inhibition of oxidative liver metabolism. Ranitidine has no effect on nifedipine.
      Studies are needed to investigate the interaction between the H2 antagonists and
      diltiazem or verapamil. Cimetidine, given concomitantly with lidocaine, may
      increase lidocaine concentrations and clinical symptoms of lidocaine toxicity.
      The mechanism involved is probably a reduction in oxidative drug metabolism or
      liver blood flow. Ranitidine has no significant effects on lidocaine
      pharmacokinetics. Cimetidine may increase quinidine levels and symptoms of
      quinidine toxicity. Additionally, enhanced arrhythmic effects may be observed.
      The interaction probably caused by an inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism of
      quinidine by cimetidine would be most significant in patients with liver disease
      and in the elderly. Ranitidine may enhance quinidine's arrhythmic effect.
      Cimetidine can possibly increase procainamide and NAPA serum concentrations,
      especially in the elderly and in patients with renal dysfunction, predisposing
      them to adverse side effects. The interaction is mediated by a reduction of
      tubular secretion of procainamide and NAPA.

PMID- 2662729
TI  - Antianginal and cardiac metabolic effects of low-dose glucose infusion during
      pacing in patients with and without coronary artery disease.
AB  - Anginal threshold and cardiac metabolism during infusion of glucose, 350 mg/min,
      were compared with control values before, during, and after pacing in nine
      patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and nine patients without coronary
      artery disease (non-CAD). Pacing induced no ischemia in non-CAD patients; in CAD
      patients, intolerable angina developed in less than 5 minutes. However, glucose
      infusion in the latter group increased the time to onset of angina (110 +/- 24
      seconds before infusion versus 140 +/- 24 seconds following infusion) and
      decreased the extent of ST segment depression (1.8 +/- 0.3 mm before infusion
      versus 0.9 +/- 0.2 mm following infusion, p less than 0.01) following pacing. In
      all subjects, arterial levels and cardiac uptake of glucose rose by 100% (p less
      than 0.001) and those of free fatty acids fell by 50% (p less than 0.01).
      Arterial lactate and uptake of lactate by nonischemic myocardium increased by 30%
      (p less than 0.05). During pacing in CAD patients, this elevated uptake was
      outweighed by similar increases of lactate release from ischemic areas, leaving
      mean negative global exchanges unaltered. In CAD patients solely, rebuilding of
      cardiac glycogen after pacing was suggested from augmented citrate efflux in the
      control period but not during glucose infusion, suggesting a glycogen-sparing
      effect. Arterial concentrations and net cardiac fluxes of oxygen, glutamate, and
      alanine remained unaltered. In conclusion, beneficial effects of glucose during
      ischemia are associated with increased aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, saving
      of glycogen, and decreased lipolysis.

PMID- 2662730
TI  - Neurohumoral and hemodynamic effects of lower body negative pressure in patients
      with congestive heart failure.
AB  - Baroreflex modulation of forearm vascular resistance (FVR) has been reported to
      be abnormal in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the
      neurohumoral mechanisms for this impairment are not defined. We assessed the
      responses of arterial pressure, FVR, plasma norepinephrine, and plasma renin
      activity to lower body negative pressure in 29 patients with compensated CHF (New
      York Heart Association class III and IV) and in 11 normal age-matched control
      subjects. Baseline mean arterial pressure (83 +/- 2 vs 84 +/- 2 mm Hg) and mean
      arterial pressure during LBNP (-10, -20, and -40 mm Hg) were not significantly
      different in the two groups. Basal FVR (43.7 +/- 4 vs 27 +/- 2 units), plasma
      norepinephrine (605 +/- 81 vs 155 +/- 8 pg/ml), and plasma renin activity (8.3 +/
      1.7 vs 1.2 +/- 0.2 ng/ml/hr) were significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in
      patients with CHF. The relative increases in FVR responses during LBNP of -10, 
      20, and -40 mm Hg (10 +/- 4% vs 70 +/- 12%, 17 +/- 6% vs 106 +/- 21%, and 24 +/-
      9% vs 152 +/- 28%) were markedly attenuated in patients with CHF compared to
      control subjects. Plasma norepinephrine and plasma renin activity responses
      during LBNP were also attenuated in patients with heart failure. Our results
      suggest that baroreflex control of FVR and plasma norepinephrine and plasma renin
      activity is impaired in CHF because of the inability of the cardiopulmonary
      baroreceptors to alter sympathetic outflow.

PMID- 2662731
TI  - The effect of dobutamine on myocardial performance and high-energy phosphate
      metabolism at different stages of heart failure in cardiomyopathic hamsters: a
      31P MRS study.
AB  - Dobutamine has been shown to exert disparate clinical effects in patients with
      cardiomyopathy and heart failure. This study evaluated the effects of dobutamine
      on hemodynamics and energetics in isolated, perfused myopathic hamster hearts at
      a moderate and advanced stage of heart failure. Biochemical changes were
      correlated with left ventricular developed pressure, coronary flow, and
      myocardial oxygen consumption. During dobutamine treatment left ventricular
      developed pressure increased in the control and moderate heart failure group 28.0
      +/- 1.0% and 114.2 +/- 11.6%, respectively. Myocardial oxygen consumption
      increased 50.1 +/- 9.1% and 45.5 +/- 16.0%, respectively. There were no
      significant changes of left ventricular developed pressure and myocardial oxygen
      consumption in the advanced heart failure group. Inorganic phosphate (Pi)
      increased in the control group from 6.8 +/- 0.5 to 11.4 +/- 1.2 mmol (p less than
      0.005) and in the advanced heart failure group from 10.4 +/- 1.1 to 15.3 +/- 1.2
      mmol (p less than 0.01). Phosphocreatine (PCr) and beta-ATP (adenosine
      triphosphate) decreased in the control group from 12.2 +/- 0.4 to 8.7 +/- 0.7
      mmol (p less than 0.001) and 10.4 +/- 0.8 to 7.7 +/- 0.7 mmol (p less than 0.02),
      respectively. PCr/Pi ratio, reflecting mitochondrial function, fell in the
      control and advanced heart failure group from 1.84 +/- 0.14 to 0.84 +/- 0.14 (p
      less than 0.02) and 0.81 +/- 0.16 to 0.37 +/- 0.08 (p less than 0.03),
      respectively. Thus in cardiomyopathic hamsters dobutamine improved mechanical
      performance and thermodynamic efficiency in moderate stages of heart failure by
      improving mitochondrial activity, but did not improve mechanical performance in
      an advanced stage of heart failure. These experiments provide into the disparate
      clinical effects of dobutamine at various stages of heart failure.

PMID- 2662732
TI  - An echocardiographic and anatomic description of the donor-recipient atrial
      anastomosis after orthotopic cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2662733
TI  - Disparate hemodynamic and sympathoadrenergic responses to isometric and mental
      stress in essential hypertension.
AB  - The hemodynamic and sympathoadrenergic responses during isometric handgrip and
      mental arithmetic tests were compared in 18 patients with mild essential
      hypertension. Mean blood pressure increased significantly after both maneuvers
      (27% during isometric stress and 10.7% during mental stress), but the increase
      was significantly higher during isometric stress (p less than 0.001). Both
      stressors increased the heart rate (p less than 0.001) and cardiac output (p less
      than 0.001). However, the total peripheral resistance behaved differently, for it
      increased during isometric stress (p less than 0.05) and remained unchanged
      during mental stress. Both stressors increased the epinephrine levels (p less
      than 0.005), but only isometric stress increased the norepinephrine levels (p
      less than 0.001). It is concluded that both stressors increase cardiac output by
      way of an increase in heart rate, but isometric stress also increases total
      peripheral resistance and thus causes a greater increase in arterial pressure.
      Isometric stress activates both the adrenergic and noradrenergic systems, thereby
      accounting for the exaggerated response in arterial pressure, whereas mental
      stress stimulates the adrenergic system only.

PMID- 2662734
TI  - Myocardial carnitine in end-stage congestive heart failure.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that carnitine is decreased in the myocardial tissue of
      patients with end-stage congestive heart failure (CHF), left ventricular
      myocardial carnitine was measured in 51 patients undergoing orthotopic cardiac
      transplantation. The study group included patients with idiopathic dilated
      cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, myocarditis and rheumatic heart disease.
      Myocardial carnitine varied in different cardiac chambers. In normal control
      hearts, the left and right ventricular total carnitine was similar, but the
      ventricles had higher levels than the atria (p less than 0.005); in 30 hearts in
      CHF, the left ventricular total carnitine was higher than in the right ventricle
      (p less than 0.001) and both ventricles had higher total carnitine than the atria
      (p less than 0.005). Only 7 of 51 patients with CHF had low myocardial carnitine,
      whereas plasma carnitine was elevated in all diagnostic groups of end-stage CHF
      studied.

PMID- 2662735
TI  - Percutaneous double balloon mitral valvuloplasty in pregnant women.

PMID- 2662736
TI  - A symposium: Early intervention in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction-
      clinical profile of Eminase (APSAC). November 12, 1988, Washington, D.C.

PMID- 2662737
TI  - Reperfusion, patency and reocclusion with anistreplase (APSAC) in acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Because the reestablishment of coronary blood flow is believed to be central to
      the benefit of thrombolytic therapy, measurements of reperfusion (i.e.,
      angiography before and after therapy), patency (i.e., angiography after therapy)
      and reocclusion rates are important to the evaluation of new thrombolytic
      therapies. For anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC,
      anistreplase), comparisons have been made with control or placebo therapies to
      assess absolute efficacy, and with streptokinase to assess relative efficacy. In
      pooled experience from reperfusion studies, APSAC (30 U over 2 to 5 minutes) led
      to angiographic reperfusion in 55% of patients (98 of 177) who had symptoms of
      acute myocardial infarction (MI) for less than 6 hours. Among 107 patients
      treated with APSAC in angiographic patency studies, 69% (74) showed an open
      infarct-related artery 1 to 4 hours after therapy. (Patency rates are generally
      10 to 20% greater than reperfusion rates, because some patients with acute MI may
      have a patent [subtotally occluded or spontaneously reperfused] infarct-related
      artery when entered into patency studies.) Using early peaking (less than or
      equal to 15 hours) of the creatine kinase curve as an indicator, a patency rate
      of 63% was observed among 387 patients treated with APSAC. The initial success
      rate with thrombolytic therapies is diminished by the rates of reocclusion and
      reinfarction, which must be accounted for in determining the net success of
      therapy. In 6 studies, a total of 87 patients with initially patent arteries
      after APSAC returned for reevaluation in 1 to 3 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2662738
TI  - Limitation of myocardial infarct size and preservation of left ventricular
      function by early administration of APSAC in myocardial infarction.
AB  - In cases of acute myocardial infarction (MI), it has been shown that preserving
      left ventricular function and limiting infarct size with early reperfusion of the
      occluded artery by means of a thrombolytic agent could eventually result in a
      reduced mortality rate. The aim of the APSIM study (anisoylated plasminogen
      streptokinase activator complex [APSAC] dans l'infarctus du Myocarde) was to
      demonstrate that early administration of APSAC in patients with recent acute MI
      could limit the infarct size and preserve left ventricular systolic function. In
      all, 231 patients with a first acute MI were randomly allocated to either APSAC
      (30 U over 5 minutes) or to conventional heparin therapy (5,000 IU in bolus
      injection) within 5 hours of the onset of symptoms. Of these patients, 112
      received APSAC and 119 received heparin within a mean period of 188 +/- 62
      minutes after the onset of symptoms. The patency rate of the infarct-related
      artery was 77% in the APSAC group and 36% in the heparin group (p less than
      0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction determined from contrast angiography
      was significantly higher in the APSAC than in the heparin group. This was true
      for the entire population (0.53 +/- 0.13 vs 0.47 +/- 0.13, p = 0.002) as well as
      for the subgroups of anterior and inferior wall infarctions (0.47 +/- 0.13 vs 0.4
      +/- 0.16, p = 0.004 and 0.56 +/- 0.11 vs 0.51 +/- 0.09, p = 0.02). At 3 weeks,
      the difference remained significant for patients with anterior MI.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662739
TI  - Comparison of thrombolytic agents: selected hematologic, vascular and clinical
      events.
AB  - Plasminogen activators of distinct structure and biochemical action seem to be
      more equivalent than unique regarding induced blood changes and clinical
      complications. All of the activators ultimately degrade substrate through
      plasmin, resulting in a striking hypocoagulable state characterized primarily by
      a decrease in fibrinogen concentration. Infusion regimens are inversely
      proportional to the half-life of the activator, which is relatively long with
      anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC), intermediate for
      streptokinase (SK) and urokinase (UK), and very short for recombinant tissue
      plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and recombinant single-chain urokinase plasminogen
      activator (scu-PA). After therapy is discontinued, hypofibrinogenemia persists
      until activator is cleared from the blood, then is slowly corrected over 48
      hours, regardless of which thrombolytic agent has been used. Coagulation and
      platelet activity may be transiently accentuated soon after administration of the
      agent. Hypercoagulability contributes to vascular reocclusion, especially when
      acting in concert with the thrombogenic influences of residual thrombus and the
      original ruptured atherosclerotic plaque. In the first 3 to 4 hours after symptom
      onset, coronary artery reperfusion can be achieved with all of the thrombolytic
      agents in 50 to 60% of patients, with a greater thrombolytic potential of rt-PA
      over SK in thrombi of greater than 4 hours' duration. After coronary artery
      reperfusion, reocclusion occurs in 10 to 20% of patients, more often after rt-PA
      than SK treatment. Antiplatelet agents such as aspirin decrease the incidence of
      reocclusion and when added to either SK or rt-PA, decrease mortality after acute
      myocardial infarction by half. APSAC appears to have a maximal beneficial effect
      in reducing mortality even without aspirin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662740
TI  - Increased survival after APSAC: 30-day and 12-month mortality data from the APSAC
      Intervention Mortality Study.
AB  - Preliminary analysis of mortality data from the anisoylated plasminogen
      streptokinase activator complex (APSAC) Intervention Mortality Study (AIMS)
      showed a 47% reduction in 30-day mortality (with a 95% confidence interval of 21
      to 65%) for patients treated with APSAC within 6 hours of onset of acute
      myocardial infarction. After follow-up of 1,004 patients for 30 days after
      randomization in the double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial,
      researchers found that 61 patients (12.2%) in the placebo group had died compared
      with 32 patients (6.4%) in the APSAC group (p = 0.0016). Incomplete follow-up of
      these patients for 1 year provided an estimated mortality of 19.4% in the placebo
      group and 10.8% in the APSAC group (log-rank test for survival to year p =
      0.0006). Benefit was seen irrespective of age, site of infarction and time from
      onset of symptoms up to 6 hours.

PMID- 2662741
TI  - Prehospital use of APSAC: results of a placebo-controlled study.
AB  - Thrombolytic treatment efficacy is greater when the delay between onset of pain
      and treatment is short. To give treatment before admission to a coronary care
      unit, responsibility needs to be transferred from cardiologists to other
      physicians working in mobile care units. We conducted a 2-part feasibility study
      to investigate this strategy. Part 1 evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of mobile
      care unit physicians. Results from this study indicate that with regard to the
      diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, the risk of a wrong diagnosis is low.
      Part 2 was a placebo-controlled trial involving 100 patients in which 57 received
      anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC) (30 U) at home
      and 43 received placebo at home. Patients receiving placebo at home were
      reevaluated on arrival in a coronary care unit and received APSAC (30 U) if
      indicated. The main results were that (1) diagnostic accuracy was good--all
      patients had an acute coronary syndrome and 97 of 100 patients had myocardial
      infarction; (2) time gain was approximately 60 minutes; (3) coronary patency rate
      was 72%; (4) ejection fraction was higher in the prehospital group (56.7%) than
      in the control group (53.4%), but the difference was not significant; (5) there
      was no rhythmic or bleeding complication related to the prehospital treatment;
      (6) 5 patients died from cardiogenic shock--2 between home and hospital and 3 in
      the hospital (3 received thrombolytic treatment at home and 2 received placebo at
      home and APSAC in the hospital); and (7) prehospital administration of APSAC did
      not induce a delay in arrival to the coronary care unit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662742
TI  - Unanswered questions in thrombolysis.
AB  - Data available experimentally and from major trials suggest that the beneficial
      effects of thrombolysis depend on more than simple reperfusion. New knowledge
      regarding the dynamic nature of clot formation and clot lysis enables us to
      understand more of the processes involved in thrombolysis. The breakdown of
      systemic fibrinogen may be important because of the anticoagulant effect this can
      produce. Other beneficial effects of thrombolysis remain unproved or obscure. It
      is unlikely that any thrombolytic agent can be completely free of risk because no
      distinction is possible between a hemostatic plug and a pathologic thrombus.
      There may, however, be differences between agents in the likelihood of
      reocclusion. The value of active intervention with angioplasty or bypass grafting
      after thrombolysis remains undefined. Three major trials suggest that little
      erosion of initial benefit occurs over the first 12 months even when management
      is largely conservative. If thrombolysis leads to smaller infarct size, however,
      prognosis should be influenced favorably over a prolonged period. Parallel
      mortality curves between treated and placebo groups therefore suggest that some
      attrition is occurring to counteract what might otherwise be continuing
      prognostic benefit. The ideal thrombolytic agent should be inexpensive to
      manufacture, have a low risk of hemorrhagic complications, be nonallergenic,
      provide rapid and complete thrombolysis, have some anticoagulant properties, be
      easy to administer and suitable for readministration. However, a low risk of
      hemorrhage is probably incompatible with effective thrombolysis. A comparison of
      mortality results with the 3 existing agents are awaited with interest.

PMID- 2662743
TI  - Comparison of atenolol and nifedipine in chronic stable angina pectoris.
AB  - The antiangina effects of atenolol, 50 to 200 mg once daily, or nifedipine, 10 to
      30 mg 3 times daily, were evaluated in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind,
      parallel study of 39 patients with known symptomatic coronary artery disease.
      Treatment was titrated to produce at least a 30% increase in treadmill exercise
      duration over placebo baseline and then maintained at that dosage for an
      additional 3 weeks. Both treatments produced significant (p less than 0.001)
      increases in duration of exercise, total work and exercise capacity when compared
      with placebo baseline. These improvements in exercise performance were obtained
      with significant (p less than 0.001) reductions in both ST-segment depression and
      rate-pressure product for atenolol compared with nifedipine. Furthermore, the
      total angina attack rate and rate at rest were significantly (p less than 0.01)
      less frequent with atenolol than with nifedipine. Hence, the antiischemic effects
      of atenolol exceeded those of nifedipine, based on ST-segment depression and rate
      pressure product at comparable workloads.

PMID- 2662744
TI  - Multicenter long-term results of antitachycardia pacing for supraventricular
      tachycardias.
AB  - This report describes the multicenter experience of the Tachylog antitachycardia
      pacemaker (Siemens-Elema) in the treatment of drug-refractory, recurrent
      supraventricular arrhythmias. The device has been implanted in 63 patients (mean
      age 47 years). The arrhythmias were atrial tachycardia in 4 patients (6%),
      atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia in 23 patients (37%), circus movement
      tachycardia via an overt bypass tract in 17 patients (27%) and via a concealed
      bypass tract in 19 patients (30%). The mean follow-up period was 30 months. In 28
      patients (44%) arrhythmia control was achieved with the pacemaker therapy alone.
      In 31 patients (49%) drug therapy had to be reintroduced to obtain control of
      recurrent arrhythmias. Four patients (6%) were definite nonresponders. In 4
      patients (6%) the pulse generator was explanted either because it was not
      tolerated or because of tachycardia-sensing failure. No syncope or death was
      observed during follow-up. Thus, antitachycardia pacing gives satisfactory
      results in selected patients with drug-refractory supraventricular tachycardias.

PMID- 2662745
TI  - Prevalence of multivalvular regurgitation in athletes.
AB  - To assess the effects of exercise training on the prevalence of valvular
      regurgitation, 2-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler flow mapping were
      performed in 45 athletes and 26 sedentary control subjects of similar age and
      sex. Mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonic regurgitations were sought in all
      possible views and mitral and tricuspid flow velocities were recorded. Mitral and
      tricuspid anulus diameters and the maximal areas of regurgitant flow were
      planimetered. Regurgitation of at least one of the cardiac valves was found in
      91% of athletes but in only 38% of control subjects (p less than 0.001). Mitral
      and tricuspid regurgitation occurred more commonly in athletes than in control
      subjects (mitral 69 vs 27%; tricuspid 76 vs 15%). The prevalence of aortic and
      pulmonic regurgitation was similar. Although athletes and sedentary normal
      subjects differed with respect to heart rate, right and left ventricular filling
      patterns and tricuspid and mitral anulus diameters, none of these variables was
      related to the presence or severity of regurgitation. Thus, exercise training is
      associated with an increased prevalence of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation and
      altered ventricular inflow patterns. The mechanism of these findings is unclear.
      Multivalvular regurgitation is common in athletes and does not imply structural
      valvular abnormalities.

PMID- 2662746
TI  - Percutaneous catheter closure of the ductus arteriosus in children and young
      adults.
AB  - The double-disk occluding device suitable for use in infants and children with
      patent ductus arteriosus, developed by Rashkind and Mullins, has been available
      to this institution since December 1987 on an investigational basis. Results of
      43 nonsurgical ductal closure attempts using this device in children and young
      adults between December 1987 and October 1988 are presented. Successful
      implantation was achieved in 42 patients (98%). In 25 patients a residual shunt
      was seen on angiography immediately after implantation. In 12 patients a residual
      ductal shunt was detected by Doppler 24 hours after implantation; 6-week follow
      up studies showed a small residual shunt in only 3 patients. After a second
      occluder device was implanted in 2 of these patients, complete closure of the
      patient ductus arteriosus was achieved. In 1 patient, early in the series, the
      occluder device embolized to the left pulmonary artery, necessitating surgical
      removal at the time of ductus division. This event was the only serious
      complication; there were no deaths.

PMID- 2662747
TI  - Noninvasive assessment of peripheral vascular disease by color flow Doppler/two
      dimensional ultrasound.

PMID- 2662748
TI  - The diagnosis of group A, beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in the office
      setting.

PMID- 2662749
TI  - Assessment of neurodevelopmental outcome in surfactant-replacement therapy.

PMID- 2662750
TI  - Results, perspectives, and forensic medical aspects of myocardial biopsy.
AB  - The biopsy of the heart's myocardium is a very important advance for study of the
      heart in the living patient. Its complications and forensic medical aspects are
      extremely important. Both are discussed in this article.

PMID- 2662751
TI  - Evaluation and treatment of patients with human bite marks.
AB  - Physicians and other health care workers who care for patients who have sustained
      human bite marks need a working protocol to ensure that these patients receive
      proper care. This protocol involves taking a thorough history and performing a
      physical examination, approximately determining the bite mark age, and
      administering proper therapy. The history will help to determine whether a
      criminal act has been committed and which agencies need to be notified. The
      American Board of Forensic Odontology published criteria for bite mark analysis
      in 1984 that included a description of the bite mark including its size, shape,
      and color, along with techniques for collection of evidence from both the victim
      and suspect. To determine bite mark age, tissue response to injury (inflammation,
      granulation tissue formation, and matrix formation and remodeling) is reviewed.
      Finally, the bacteria that are found in these wounds and the proper use of
      antimicrobial agents are expanded upon.

PMID- 2662752
TI  - The Ripper Project. Modern science solving mysteries of history.
AB  - Modern scientific techniques may be applied to solve historical--even ancient-
      mysteries. Many such mysteries have been studied by forensic scientists,
      including anthropologists. One example is the recent examination of the artifacts
      and grave sites at the Little Bighorn in Montana, the scene of the battle between
      General George A. Custer's troops and the Northern Plains Indian tribes.
      Similarly, skeleton remains of the Indian tribes of the Pre-Columbian and
      Columbian periods have been studied to answer many questions regarding life and
      death in those early civilizations. The Ripper Project began as a research
      activity of the Milton Helpern International Center for the Forensic Sciences at
      Wichita State University Wichita, Kansas, in 1981, after the concept had been
      discussed in a night session during the annual meeting of the American Academy of
      Forensic Sciences in Los Angeles. These century-old serial murders of five
      prostitutes--The Whitechapel Murders--in London in 1888 were discussed in great
      detail from the standpoints of the forensic pathologist, the forensic
      psychiatrist, the criminalist, the forensic historian, and the forensic dentist.
      The information gained during this phase of the project plus the advances made
      possible by the development of criminal personality profiling by the FBI led to
      the present status of this project, which was recently discussed in a live
      telecast, and which is the subject of this article.

PMID- 2662753
TI  - Forensic medicine in Yugoslavia.

PMID- 2662754
TI  - Signs of death as considered by Dr. B.M. Vance in a lecture fifty years ago.
AB  - This work is based on the lecture given by Dr. Bernard M. Vance, then Assistant
      Chief Medical Examiner of New York, to the Homicide Squad Detectives of New York
      City on November 2, 1933, at the New York Police Academy. He entitled his
      presentation "Death, simulation of death and suspicion of death." Dr. Vance was
      an outstanding member of the New York Office's Forensic Pathology Group and was
      known for his colorful renditions of the scene and autopsy findings in
      medicolegal cases.

PMID- 2662755
TI  - Massive hepatic necrosis in a child after administration of phenobarbital.
AB  - A 2-yr-old child developed massive hepatic necrosis caused by an unusual
      hypersensitivity response to phenobarbital that was prescribed for presumed
      febrile seizures. Despite discontinuation of the barbiturate, this child
      experienced fulminant hepatic failure and died. Review of the literature
      indicates that phenobarbital-induced hepatic injury is uncommon and usually mild.
      Prompt and permanent cessation of the drug results in resolution of symptoms in
      most patients.

PMID- 2662756
TI  - Accredited fellowship training programs in gastroenterology.

PMID- 2662757
TI  - Oncogenes and their applications in epidemiologic studies.

PMID- 2662758
TI  - Neutrophil maturation and hypersegmentation promoted in normal bone marrow by a
      carcinoma-elaborated protein factor.
AB  - In rats with subcutaneously transplanted mammary carcinoma 5A (MC) and 2 to 10
      fold elevations in the blood content of mature neutrophils, 30-50% of the
      neutrophils showed pronounced hypersegmentation. This phenomenon could be
      reproduced in liquid culture of bone marrow cells from normal (tumor-free)
      animals by 48 hr incubation with the MC host's serum, or with MC-conditioned
      medium whose activity was attributable to an over 50,000 MW protein. The effects
      in vitro, occurring without change in total cell number and accompanied by
      increases in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP)
      activity, included decreases in the percents of progenitors (myeloblasts,
      promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes and bands) and an increase in mature
      neutrophils 50% of which exhibited obvious hypersegmentation. Much less if any
      neutrophil hypersegmentation, and no statistically significant decrease in
      immature cells, occurred in response to the several colony stimulating factors
      (CSFs) tested, although (in addition to inducing GGT and AP) some CSFs did cause
      an increase in mature neutrophils. These investigations demonstrate the efficacy
      of a MC-elaborated blood-borne protein to promote myeloid cell maturation, and
      describe a system for the first time in which neutrophil hypersegmentation can be
      studied in vitro.

PMID- 2662759
TI  - Renal transplantation from a blood group A1B donor to an A2B recipient: a case
      report.
AB  - This case report describes the transplantation of a kidney from an A1B donor to a
      recipient who was blood group A2B. The donor/recipient pair were ABO mismatched
      but compatible. In the majority of cases, A1 antibodies fail to react at 37
      degrees C and are of no clinical significance. However, hemolytic transfusion
      reactions due to A1 antibodies active at 37 degrees C have been reported but are
      extremely rare. When the opportunity for transplantation arose for this patient,
      who had received multiple blood transfusions because of dialysis, the question of
      safety concerning the subject of transplanting across ABO sub-grouping mismatches
      was presented. Inquiries regarding this matter proved fruitless and the
      transplant was performed mainly due to the lack of preformed anti-A, antibodies
      in the recipient at the time of transplant. It was hoped that the A2B recipient
      would fail to make an anti-A1 antibody due to antigen exposure or if it did,
      would not pose a hazard to the allograft. Therefore we present our experience
      with a patient who was successfully transplanted across an ABO incompatible sub
      grouping, A1B allograft to an A2B recipient.

PMID- 2662760
TI  - History and implications of the neutrophil glycoprotein deficiencies.
AB  - This review focuses on the initial clinical descriptions and subsequent
      investigation of the syndrome of recurrent infections associated with neutrophil
      membrane glycoprotein deficiencies. Characterization of the missing group of
      three glycoprotein heterodimers and their role in adhesion-related neutrophil
      function is summarized. Study of the clinical consequences of these genetically
      determined membrane glycoprotein defects has also contributed to the
      understanding of the role of normal neutrophils in both host defense and host
      tissue damage.

PMID- 2662761
TI  - Percutaneous needle biopsy of the transplanted kidney: technique and
      complications.
AB  - Over 11 1/2 years, 420 percutaneous needle biopsies were obtained from the
      transplanted kidneys of 205 patients at one institution. The procedure was
      performed by one nephrologist and 55 nephrology trainees. No limit was placed on
      the number of biopsies performed on one kidney, and the highest number was seven.
      The complications were macroscopic hematuria in 28 biopsies, prolonged hematuria
      (greater than 24 hours) in eight, transient anuria in five, and prolonged anuria
      requiring surgical intervention in one. Perinephric hematoma occurred in three
      patients; retroperitoneal hematoma led to compression of the iliac vein in one.
      None of these complications led to loss of the transplant. It is suggested that
      the freedom from serious complication is related to the safety of the technique
      and the precautions applied to preparation of the patient. These are described in
      detail.

PMID- 2662762
TI  - Severity of acquired renal cysts in native kidneys and renal allograft with long
      standing poor function.
AB  - To identify factors related to the development of uremic acquired cystic disease
      of the kidney, native and grafted kidneys were examined in four men and three
      women after kidney transplantation. The incidence and severity of cystic
      transformation of native kidneys and grafts were compared by plain computed
      tomographic scans. In a uremic environment (serum creatinine level of greater
      than or equal to 265 mumol/L [3 mg/dL] for an average of 5.0 years; range, 2.8 to
      8.2 years), acquired renal cysts were formed in both the native kidneys and the
      graft in three of the male and one of the female patients. Cysts were extensive
      in the native kidneys but relatively infrequent in the grafts in three of the
      men. One male subject was found to have acquired cysts only in the native kidney.
      Acquired renal cysts developed even in grafts undergoing chronic rejection, and
      increased numbers were found in native kidneys that were in uremic conditions for
      long periods, both before and after renal transplantation. These results suggest
      that the duration of uremia is the most important factor in the development of
      acquired renal cysts.

PMID- 2662763
TI  - Recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy.

PMID- 2662764
TI  - Physiology and cell biology update: polypeptide growth factors and their relation
      to renal disease.
AB  - A number of polypeptide growth factors have been shown to act on different types
      of renal cells, and many are produced by the kidney itself. It is unclear whether
      the compensatory hypertrophy that follows the destruction of nephrons is under
      the control of growth factors, but they undoubtedly participate in various forms
      of progressive renal injury, including chronic glomerular and tubulointerstitial
      diseases via autocrine, paracrine, and possibly even endocrine routes. As new
      developments occur in this rapidly changing field, it is hoped that this
      knowledge can be used to ameliorate the damage, halt the progression, or enhance
      the recovery from a disease process in the kidney and in other tissues.

PMID- 2662766
TI  - Innovations in human genetics education. The design and development of computer
      assisted instruction for integration into the medical genetics curriculum.

PMID- 2662765
TI  - Molecular heterogeneity in chondrodysplasias.

PMID- 2662767
TI  - Apoplexy of a pituitary adenoma after dynamic testing with gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone.

PMID- 2662768
TI  - Aseptic meningitis complicating adult Kawasaki disease: case report and review of
      the literature.

PMID- 2662769
TI  - Effect of bicarbonate administration on cardiac function.

PMID- 2662770
TI  - Dialysis for chronic renal failure: comorbidity and treatment differences by
      disease etiology.
AB  - A national sample of dialysis physicians was used to obtain data for a comparison
      of patient characteristics, comorbid conditions and treatment patterns associated
      with the five leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The data are used
      to assess trends in physician care for ESRD patients and likely changes in
      program costs. The analysis shows that patients with glomerulonephritis are the
      youngest. Those with hypertensive nephropathy are the oldest, and include the
      highest proportion of blacks, while those with polycystic kidney disease include
      the lowest proportion of blacks. Patients with diabetic nephropathy have the most
      problems noted at the time of physician contact, the most emergent and severe
      problems, the highest number of diagnostic tests utilized, the most complex
      treatments required and the longest physician time spent per encounter. Patients
      with 'other interstitial nephritis' are significantly more likely to have
      infections, musculoskeletal disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and
      neoplasms noted as comorbid conditions. They also have the highest number of
      therapeutic procedures and the greatest percentage of referrals for
      consultations. Survey data highlight the evolving nature of Medicare's ESRD
      program. With increasing numbers of elderly and diabetic patients, more physician
      time will be required for the overall care of the dialysis patient, and
      increasing costs associated with necessary diagnostic tests and referrals can be
      expected.

PMID- 2662771
TI  - Acute non-dilating obstructive renal failure in a patient with AIDS.
AB  - A 30-year-old male who presented with acute renal failure was found to have
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although sonography and computerized
      tomography did not show urinary tract dilatation, obstructive renal failure was
      demonstrated by retrograde pyelography. Relief of obstruction(s) due to
      encasement of the renal pelves and ureters with histiocytic lymphoma led to
      immediate return of normal renal function. Although the etiology of renal failure
      in this patient is highly unusual, the high incidence of lymphoma in patients
      with AIDS should make tumor-related renal disease a consideration in all such
      patients with renal dysfunction.

PMID- 2662772
TI  - Tuberculous peritonitis complicating long-term peritoneal dialysis. Report of 5
      cases and review of the literature.
AB  - The characteristics of 5 patients who developed tuberculous peritonitis while
      receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) are presented. There were 2 males
      and 3 females. 3 patients were on intermittent and 2 were on continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis when tuberculous peritonitis was first diagnosed.
      None of the patients had recently received immunosuppression therapy or were
      diabetics. The clinical presentations were similar to other forms of peritonitis
      complicating PD except for a more insidious onset. As extraperitoneal involvement
      and peritoneal lymphocytosis were rarely present, the diagnosis was mainly
      dependent on the direct demonstration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with smear (1
      patient) and culture (4 patients). In 1 patient with a pleuroperitoneal
      communication, the diagnosis was made by pleural biopsy and a positive response
      to antituberculous therapy. All patients responded to treatment with a
      combination of three antituberculous drugs which included streptomycin,
      isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. Two patients were transferred to
      hemodialysis. In 3 patients, peritoneal dialysis was continued. Peritoneal
      clearance and ultrafiltration capacity were unchanged for up to 16 months after
      treatment in 2 patients who continued peritoneal dialysis but was reduced by 30
      and 50%, respectively, in the remaining patient. Only 1 patient died, but her
      death was not directly related to tuberculous peritonitis. It was concluded that
      with a high index of suspicion and early institution of treatment, tuberculous
      peritonitis complicating PD can be successfully treated with low mortality and
      without compromising the dialysis capacity of the peritoneal membrane.

PMID- 2662773
TI  - Improvement of immune-complex nephritis associated with hepatitis B surface
      antigen excess.
AB  - A case of hypocomplementemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was studied
      during remission of nephrosis induced by high doses of corticosteroids. Hepatitis
      B surface antigen (HBsAg) and immune complexes were detected in serum and
      glomeruli. Anti-hepatitis-B surface antibody, undetectable in serum by
      conventional radioimmunoassays was identified in circulating immune complexes
      (CIC). On two occasions, improvement in renal function coincided paradoxically
      with an extreme increase in serum HBsAg levels as well as with marked elevation
      of CIC. We suggest that, as previously observed in animal models of
      glomerulonephritis, extreme antigen excess may inhibit glomerular deposition of
      immune complexes.

PMID- 2662774
TI  - French and German nephrologists in the mid-19th century. The impact of Richard
      Bright on the continent.

PMID- 2662775
TI  - Persistence of dialysis amyloid after renal transplantation. A case report.

PMID- 2662776
TI  - Treating the whole child: rhetoric or reality?

PMID- 2662777
TI  - Alcohol abuse and perceptual-motor dysfunction: the occupational therapist's
      role.
AB  - A review of the literature on perceptual-motor deficits in alcoholic patients is
      presented. Studies show that there is a relationship between perceptual-motor
      dysfunction and alcoholism. Because occupational therapists treat perceptual
      motor deficits in other kinds of patients, they may have a role in treating these
      deficits in alcoholic patients as well. To assume such a role, however,
      occupational therapists must document a relationship between dysfunction in
      activities of daily living and perceptual-motor dysfunction in the alcoholic
      patient. Unless such a relationship is established, treatment of perceptual-motor
      dysfunction in alcoholic patients would not fall within the scope of occupational
      therapy.

PMID- 2662778
TI  - Letter writers missed the point.

PMID- 2662779
TI  - Possible case of rheumatoid arthritis from Sudanese Nubia.
AB  - Due to its apparent absence in archaeologically derived skeletons, rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) has generally been believed to be of fairly recent origin. A
      growing body of evidence now demonstrates that erosive lesions typical of RA are
      present in archaeological populations and that the antiquity of RA may be greater
      than previously expected. In support of this argument, a case of erosive
      arthritis is reported in a skeleton from Kulubnarti, Republic of the Sudan (c.
      700-1450 A.D.). Lytic, erosive lesions and subchondral cysts are present
      bilaterally in the carpal and metacarpal joints of a female skeleton with an
      estimated age at death of 50+ years. These lesions are typical of those seen in
      clinically diagnosed rheumatoid patients. While their expression and distribution
      are highly suggestive of RA, interpretation must be made with due consideration
      for problems of differential diagnosis of this disease in archaeological
      material.

PMID- 2662780
TI  - Tooth wear in Australian aboriginal populations from the River Murray Valley.
AB  - The study of tooth wear among prehistoric and recent populations has frequently
      been concerned with the rate and pattern of wear over the dental arches. In this
      report we considered the question of tooth wear variation among collections of
      Australian Aboriginal crania recovered from several sites along the Murray River
      in Southeastern Australia. These crania represent the remains of relatively
      recent populations from about 2,000 years ago until the early 19th century. The
      degree of tooth wear for each dental arch was recorded by an established method
      of determining the ratio of exposed dentin. The pattern or distribution of wear
      over each arch was summarized by principal component analysis. The mean wear
      degree and pattern were compared among four geographical grouping of crania
      separated by up to 700 miles of river frontage. Our results showed, as expected,
      a significant difference between the well-defined population at the Lower Murray
      site (Swanport) and the three upriver groups. However, there were significant
      differences among these three collections as well. Sexual dimorphism was noted
      but was only significant in the Lower Murray group; the mean wear was greater and
      also more variable among the males. At the second of the Middle Murray sites the
      pattern of wear was different and the degree of wear was significantly less than
      in the other groups. A possible explanation for this diversity may be
      environmental and subsistence base differences. The evidence from the Lower
      Murray supports this possibility, but the differences among the other three
      groups are not as clearly established. However, our results do suggest that the
      Murray Black collection, from which these crania were obtained, may not be as
      homogeneous a group as previously believed.

PMID- 2662781
TI  - Population variation in tooth, jaw, and root size: a radiographic study of two
      populations in a high-attrition environment.
AB  - Radiographs were taken of the jaws of skeletal remains of two populations of
      different-phenotype Prehistoric Australians from Roonka and Early New Zealanders
      (Maoris). On these radiographs crown, root, and corpus size were measured. Corpus
      height was subdivided into alveolar bone height, defined as the bone superior to
      the mandibular canal, and basal bone height, defined as that inferior to the
      mandibular canal. Both between and within the two populations there was a
      significant and negative correlation between crown size and corpus height. The
      differences between the two populations in corpus height were associated with
      differences in alveolar bone height rather than basal bone height and support
      hypotheses associating continued eruption of adult teeth with growth of the
      alveolar bone. The findings also support previous studies that have shown only a
      low correlation between crown size, root size, and corpus height.

PMID- 2662782
TI  - Third molar agenesis in human prehistoric populations of the Canary Islands.
AB  - The occurrence of third molar agenesis was recorded in a sample of 1,492
      maxillary and 1,718 mandibular arches belonging to the prehistoric settlers of
      the Gan Canaria, Tenerife, and La Gomera Islands (Canary Islands). There were
      significant sex differences only in the Tenerife sample for the maxilla, the
      incidence in females being higher than in males. In the Gran Canaria sample, the
      total frequency (male and female combined) of third molar agenesis (individual
      count method) was 8.7% for the maxilla and 9.3% for the mandible. In the Tenerife
      and La Gomera samples, the frequencies were 11.1% and 10.7% for the maxilla and
      14.6% and 13.3% for the mandible. In the Tenerife sample, the differences between
      both jaws were statistically significant. The incidence of missing third molars
      in the mandible was significantly higher in Tenerife than in Gran Canaria, but
      the other sample differences were statistically nonsignificant. Bilateral absence
      of third molars was observed in about two-thirds of the specimens examined. Some
      correlation between both jaws for the occurrence of third molar agenesis was
      found. The hypotheses that have been proposed in order to explain third molar
      agenesis in man are discussed. It is suggested that the loss of the third molar
      in Homo sapiens could be produced by a heterochronic phenomenon of
      postdisplacement, as a consequence of the phylogenetic tendency toward the delay
      of the onset of the third molar formation, and that the genetic factors
      responsible for the absence of these teeth could be related to the general
      process of delay in tooth formation.

PMID- 2662783
TI  - Intentional cranial vault deformation and induced changes of the cranial base and
      face.
AB  - Three morphologically distinct populations of Peruvian crania (n = 130) were
      metrically analysed to quantify changes resulting from intentional artificial
      vault deformation. Two of these samples are artificially deformed
      (anteroposterior [AP] and circumferential [C] types). Measurements taken from
      lateral radiographs demonstrated that alternative forms of the cranial base angle
      (N-S-Ba, planum angle, planum sphenoidale to plane of the clivus and PANG angle,
      planum sphenoidale to basion-sella plane) and the orbital and OANG angles
      (orbital roof to plane of the clivus and basion-sella plane, respectively) of
      both deformed groups increased while the angle S-Ba-O decreased significantly
      with respect to the undeformed (N) sample. Changes in the AP group are largely
      due to anteroinferior displacement of the basion-sella plane. Similar changes in
      group C are amplified by this group's posterosuperior frontal migration. This
      migration results in a relatively shallow orbit at the orbital plate/frontal
      squama interface. Unlike the deformation experienced by the external vault
      plates, the basion-sella plane orientation remains stable with respect to the
      Frankfort Horizontal. Additionally, nasal region measurements such as maximum
      nasal aperture breadth and nasal height were largely stable between each deformed
      group and the undeformed group. However, facial (bimaxillary and bizygomatic),
      basicranial, cranial, and frontal breadths decreased significantly from group AP
      to group N to group C. Thus, gross morphological facial changes between each
      undeformed group and the control group are largely accounted for by dimensional
      changes in peripheral structures. These results stress the importance of the
      dynamic interrelationship between the cranial vault and base in the development
      of the craniofacial complex.

PMID- 2662784
TI  - Seasonality and affective illness.
AB  - The authors review what has been learned about the causes, symptoms, and
      treatments of seasonal affective disorder and discuss its relevance to affective
      illness in general. They point out that seasonal and environmental influences on
      depression have been themes in writings on affective illness for more than 2,000
      years and that there has been a resurgence of interest during the past decade.
      There appear to be two primary, opposite seasonal patterns of annual depression-
      winter depression and summer depression--with opposite vegetative symptoms.
      Seasonal affective disorder is not uncommon. It is important to identify patients
      with winter depression because they respond to a specific treatment,
      phototherapy.

PMID- 2662785
TI  - Immunity to larval Brugia malayi in BALB/c mice: protective immunity and
      inhibition of larval development.
AB  - The objective of this study was to analyze the immune response of mice to the
      larval stages of Brugia malayi. Male BALB/c mice were inoculated with 3 doses of
      irradiated third-stage larvae (L-3) of B. malayi and were subsequently challenged
      with L-3 implanted ip within diffusion chambers. After 3 weeks, larvae were
      recovered to determine their viability, length, and stage of development. A
      significant reduction in parasite survival was observed in immunized mice.
      Furthermore, larvae recovered from immunized mice were significantly shorter than
      larvae recovered from control mice. All larvae recovered from immunized mice were
      L-3, whereas 96% of larvae recovered from controls were fourth-stage larvae (L
      4). Sera collected from control and immunized mice were tested for the presence
      of antibodies reactive with L-3 and L-4 antigens using an indirect fluorescent
      antibody assay employing frozen larval cross-sections as antigen. Sera recovered
      after challenge of control mice reacted with internal, but not surface, antigens
      of L-3 and L-4. Alternatively, sera from immunized mice reacted with both
      internal and external antigens of both L-3 and L-4.

PMID- 2662786
TI  - Zoonotic Brugia infections in North and South America.
AB  - Nine new zoonotic Brugia infections, 8 acquired in the United States and 1 in
      Brazil, are described. In each, a single worm was found in histological sections
      of lymph nodes or lymphoid tissues. In those from North America, 5 of the 8 worms
      were females, all were infertile, and only 3 were alive at the time the tissues
      were excised; all of the patients were male. A dead female worm was collected
      from a Brazilian male patient. In addition, 3 cases of filarial infections in the
      U.S., previously identified as Dirofilaria-, Dipetalonema-, or Brugia-like, are
      reviewed and reclassified as Brugia species on the basis of microscopic
      morphological features. Morphological features of male and female zoonotic Brugia
      species as they appear in the host tissues are described. The possible reservoirs
      of human infections are discussed.

PMID- 2662787
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of adult intussusception.
AB  - Twenty adults were treated for intussusception in two large hospitals from 1969
      to 1988. Fourteen intussusceptions originated in the small intestine and 6 in the
      large intestine. Diagnosis was reached preoperatively in only 10 patients,
      probably due to the atypical clinical picture. In addition to a high degree of
      suspicion, careful examination of plain abdominal radiograph and ultrasonography
      are helpful in diagnosing adult intussusception. In 18 of 20 patients, an organic
      lesion causing intussusception was found. In six patients the cause was a
      malignancy. In such cases surgical treatment is necessary. In jejunojejunal and
      ileoileal intussusceptions, an attempt at primary reduction followed by resection
      or enterotomy is justified. In most cases of ileocolic, ileocecocolic, and
      colocolic intussusception, primary resection is the treatment of choice,
      especially in patients over 60 years old because of the high incidence of
      malignancy.

PMID- 2662788
TI  - Prediction of below-knee amputation wound healing using noninvasive laser Doppler
      velocimetry.
AB  - Preoperative laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements of calf and brachial
      skin perfusion were performed in 29 patients prior to undergoing below-knee
      amputation; dual calf measurements on the anterior and posterior skin flaps were
      routinely obtained. Patients' ages ranged from 24 to 83 years; 16 had diabetes,
      13 were smokers, 6 had hypertension, and 2 had known coronary artery disease.
      Anterior and posterior calf LDV values greater than or equal to 20 mV were
      associated with successful below-knee amputation wound healing in 25 of 26
      patients; all 3 patients with either anterior or posterior calf LDV values less
      than 20 mV had below-knee amputations that failed to heal. Calculation of calf
      brachial LDV indexes did not increase predictive accuracy compared to calf LDV
      measurements alone, although patients with wounds that failed to heal tended to
      have lower calf-brachial indexes. Preoperative noninvasive LDV may be used to aid
      in predicting the likelihood of successful healing after below-knee amputation.

PMID- 2662789
TI  - Primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with liver atrophy.
AB  - Of 27 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, 4 were found on investigation
      and subsequently at operation to have gross lobar atrophy. The disease was
      particularly severe in the hilar region. Three of the four patients were
      asymptomatic prior to the onset of jaundice. The presence of atrophy precipitated
      laparotomy to exclude cancer in two cases. Marked disparity in size between liver
      lobes precluded a hilar approach to relieve extrahepatic obstruction in two
      patients. Prolonged follow-up excluded coincident malignant disease. Selective
      liver atrophy should be considered part of the disease spectrum in primary
      sclerosing cholangitis.

PMID- 2662790
TI  - A comparative evaluation of percutaneous catheter drainage for resistant amebic
      liver abscesses.
AB  - Resistance to drug treatment is a well-known problem in the management of
      patients with amebic liver abscesses. We undertook a comparison of the various
      modalities of treatment currently used for such cases on a prospective,
      randomized basis. Fifty patients with 56 amebic liver abscesses found to be
      resistant to drug therapy were included in the study. Repeat trial of
      conservative therapy, therapeutic needle aspirations, percutaneous catheter
      drainage, and open surgical drainage were the modalities of treatment employed.
      The responses to the various modalities were compared for clinical relief,
      morbidity, failure of response, period of hospital stay, and resolution of
      abscess cavity. The most impressive results were seen with percutaneous catheter
      drainage. This new modality of treatment is recommended for all resistant cases
      of amebic liver abscess.

PMID- 2662791
TI  - Biliary tract complications in orthotopic adult liver transplantation.
AB  - In a series of orthotopic liver transplantations performed between April and
      August 1987 at the University of Pittsburgh, the monofilament absorbable suture
      polyglyconate was compared with a braided absorbable suture, polyglactin 910, for
      its biliary complication rate over a 6-month postoperative period. Complications
      that were suture-related (obstruction or leak from the anastomotic site) occurred
      in 1 of 21 transplantations in the polyglyconate group compared with 8 of 26 in
      the polyglactin 910 group (p = 0.02). Even though the patient sample was
      relatively small, it appears that the type of suture used for the biliary
      anastomosis directly correlates with the outcome. A larger patient trial could
      confirm these initial results.

PMID- 2662792
TI  - Management of extremity soft-tissue sarcoma.
AB  - Soft-tissue sarcomas remain relatively uncommon neoplasms, but they present major
      problems for both the patient and clinician. The identification of prognostic
      variables based on both clinical and histologic factors has allowed comparisons
      to be made between various therapeutic regimens. In extremity sarcoma, a more
      conservative operation utilizing adjuvant radiotherapy has decreased the need for
      radical surgery and maximized function without loss of survival benefit. The
      identification of high-risk groups, that is, patients with high-grade, large
      lesions, has highlighted the inadequacies of treatment in some areas. Similarly,
      this has led to more aggressive and innovative developmental programs. The
      progress, understanding, and therapeutic management of extremity lesions have not
      been matched in visceral and retroperitoneal tumors. Current efforts are directed
      at more appropriate use of radical surgery, maximizing conservative function
      sparing operations with the use of adjuvant local therapy, and development of new
      regimens directed at prevention and treatment of metastatic disease.

PMID- 2662793
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of late pregnancy toxemia (data based on material from
      defended dissertations)].

PMID- 2662794
TI  - [Vomiting in pregnancy].

PMID- 2662795
TI  - [Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy--the current status. II. Diabetes types 1 and 2,
      diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy. The effect of diabetes on
      pregnancy and of pregnancy on diabetes. Diagnostic monitoring].

PMID- 2662796
TI  - [Congenital malformations and perinatal mortality at the Saint Antoine University
      Obstetric-Gynecologic Clinic, Paris].
AB  - The author analyzed the frequency of congenital malformation, studied by him at
      the obstetric clinic "Saint Antoine" in Paris. Perinatal infant mortality was
      determined--11.310/00 of 2105 deliveries with 2121 alive born children. Twenty
      four newborns died perinatally, of whom 10 had grave malformations. The relative
      part of pregnancy with malformations in forming perinatal infant mortality was
      41.66% in the examined group of deliveries. The relative frequency of congenital
      anomalies was 1.99%, which was close to the mean frequency for France during the
      last decade. The frequency of grave anomalies was analysed as a factor, which was
      presented as determining the dynamics of perinatal infant mortality.

PMID- 2662797
TI  - [Effect of the glucose concentration in the maternal blood on the level of
      specific beta 1-glycoprotein].
AB  - The authors carried out studies on 20 women with normal pregnancy between 38 and
      40 weeks gestation. Hypoglycemia, induced by insulin, was provoked in 10 of them,
      but hyperglycemia--in the other 10 women. Maternal blood samples for glucose and
      SP1 were taken on 15,30 and 60 min as well as on 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after the
      onset of the trial. It was established that hypoglycemia, induced by insulin, the
      mean values of SP1 in the maternal serum on 24th hour were considerably higher,
      but in the induced hyperglycemia the values of SP1 were higher on the 24th h than
      on 60 respectively 120 min after the beginning of glucose infusion. The authors
      found that between serum concentration of SP1 and carbohydrate metabolism of the
      mother existed interrelationship.

PMID- 2662798
TI  - [Ovarian morphology and function during the climacteric].

PMID- 2662799
TI  - [The action of pesticides on the genitalia and reproductive function].

PMID- 2662800
TI  - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - This case represents a classical presentation of severe TTP. At the time of
      diagnosis, the patient had a markedly depressed platelet count and evidence of
      severe hemolytic enemia. Her neurologic symptoms were not ominous at the time of
      initial presentation but may have worsened rapidly without treatment. She also
      demonstrates the success of current treatment modalities. A combination of plasma
      infusion followed by plasmapheresis, anti-platelet agents, corticosteroids, and
      vincristine was employed. As in most cases of TTP reviewed in the medical
      literature, it is difficult to sort out which treatment modality was most
      responsible for the improvement. Since this is such a deadly disease, there is a
      tendency to treat with a combination of agents in addition to plasmapheresis.
      Nonetheless, an impression remains that plasmapheresis was most closely
      associated with her recovery. As an additional comment, the use of plasmapheresis
      in this patient represented the first use of a pheresis machine that had been
      obtained in Anchorage, Alaska at the urging of the medical community. Our
      location, remote from academic centers, has made the use of technology such as
      plasmapheresis less accessible. The presence of plasmapheresis capabilities in a
      community setting such as ours raises many questions pertaining to the
      appropriateness of use of the technology, management of complications, etc.. We
      plan to carefully monitor these parameters.

PMID- 2662801
TI  - History of medicine in Alaska. Harriet Crocker Jackson Schirmer, M.D.

PMID- 2662802
TI  - Bed rest and postlumbar puncture headache. The effectiveness of 24 hours'
      recumbency in reducing the incidence of postlumbar puncture headache.
AB  - A prospective, blind, randomised trial was undertaken to determine if the
      incidence of postlumbar puncture headache is significantly altered by 24 hours'
      recumbency. One hundred and two patients were allocated randomly to rest supine
      in bed for either 4 or 24 hours after spinal anaesthesia for urological or
      gynaecological surgery. A standardised spinal anaesthetic technique was applied
      that incorporated the use of a 22-gauge needle. All patients were followed-up
      prospectively to determine if there was a difference in the incidence of
      postlumbar puncture headache between the two groups. Five patients (11.6%) who
      were recumbent for 4 hours developed postlumbar puncture headache, a result which
      was not statistically significantly different from the seven patients (11.9%) in
      the other group who complained of postlumbar puncture headache.

PMID- 2662803
TI  - Epidural diamorphine and bupivacaine in labour.
AB  - A double-blind randomised study was performed to assess the analgesic effect of
      epidural diamorphine, administered with bupivacaine, on primigravid women in
      labour. Fifty patients received 0.25% bupivacaine 10 ml via the epidural catheter
      as their initial dose; patients in Group 1 received diamorphine 5 mg with the
      bupivacaine. A 0.1% bupivacaine infusion was started at 10 minutes and bolus
      doses of bupivacaine were given if required. There was a significant reduction in
      rate of bupivacaine administration, pain scores at 20 and 30 minutes, number of
      supplements required, and degree of motor blockade in the diamorphine group.

PMID- 2662804
TI  - The pneuPAC ventilator with new patient valve and air compressors.
AB  - The pneuPAC Model 2-R pneumatic logic ventilator with a new air entrainment valve
      that offers the option of an FIO2 of 1.0 or 0.45 is described. Its robustness,
      portability, variable FIO2, choice of positive end expiratory pressure and
      pressure relief valves make it versatile and suitable for transporting critically
      ill patients, as well as for resuscitation use when adverse conditions may be
      encountered. Two new medical air compressors, one mains driven and the other
      battery powered, designed for use with the ventilator, are also described. The
      function of the ventilator with the new valve was assessed using a piped gas
      supply and then reassessed when powered by the compressors.

PMID- 2662805
TI  - Genomic sequencing and in vivo footprinting.

PMID- 2662806
TI  - Analytical centrifugation with preparative ultracentrifuges.

PMID- 2662807
TI  - Self-quenched fluorogenic protein substrates for the detection of cathepsin D and
      other protease activities.
AB  - Self-quenched fluorogenic substrates for proteolytic enzymes have been prepared
      by alkylation of thiol groups in reduced bovine serum albumin with
      iodoacetamidofluorescein or iodoacetamidoeosin. Substrates immobilized by
      adsorption onto nitrocellulose membranes or by incorporation into agarose gel
      slabs are suitable for fluorescence zymography after electrophoretic separation
      of catalytically active proteases, including cathepsin D.

PMID- 2662808
TI  - Identification of phenylthiocarbamyl amino acids for compositional analysis by
      thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - The chromatographic separation of amino acids for compositional analysis of
      peptides and proteins is commonly performed by reverse-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography of amino acid residues that have been derivatized with
      phenylisothiocyanate. The present report describes an extension of this method,
      which employs thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to confirm the
      identification of the resulting phenylthiocarbamyl (PTC) amino acids. A standard
      HPLC separation method has been adapted for use with the thermospray technique,
      and on-column mass spectra of standard synthetic PTC-amino acids have been
      acquired. These spectra show characteristic fragmentation patterns not seen in
      the corresponding cyclic phenylthiohydantoin amino acid derivatives. The LC/MS
      method has been tested on hydrolysates of bovine serum albumin, porcine insulin,
      and human placental collagen. In each case, the mass spectra of components
      eluting with the same retention times as the standard PTC-amino acids are similar
      to those observed in the standard amino acid mixture. Other components display
      mass spectra that can be interpreted in terms of known in vivo or in vitro
      modifications to amino acid side chains in these proteins. The LC/MS method has
      assisted in the identification of by-products of the derivatization reaction. It
      has also been applied to a study in which an enzyme, citrate synthase, isolated
      from porcine heart, was compared to the protein expressed by a recombinant
      porcine citrate synthase gene in Escherichia coli. The data showed that the
      recombinant protein lacks a modified residue, trimethyllysine, which is present
      in the enzyme expressed in mammalian tissues.

PMID- 2662809
TI  - Recovery of active ribosomal complexes from cellulose nitrate membranes.
AB  - The ternary Ac-[3H]Phe-tRNA-poly(U)-ribosome complex (complex C) [D. L. Kalpaxis,
      D.A. Theocharis, and C. Coutsogeorgopoulos (1986) Eur. J. Biochem. 154, 267-271]
      was used in model experiments aiming at the purification of this complex via
      adsorption on cellulose nitrate membranes and then desorbing the complex back
      into solution. The desorption was carried out at pH 7.2 in the presence of the
      nonionic detergent Zwittergent (ZW). The activity status of complex C was
      assessed with the aid of the puromycin reaction which characterizes ribosomal
      peptidyltransferase as part of complex C. The optimal conditions for desorbing
      complex C were 5 degrees C and a buffered solution containing 0.1% ZW. The
      kinetic constants of peptidyltransferase in the adsorbed state were kcat = 2.0
      min-1, Ks = 0.4 mM. In the desorbed state, in solution, kcat = 3.4 min-1 and Ks =
      0.3 mM. The method promises to be suitable for the rapid purification of
      ribosomal complexes containing mRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA.

PMID- 2662810
TI  - Preparation of RNA from unspheroplasted yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
AB  - High-quality RNA can be prepared from up to 100-ml culture volumes of
      unspheroplasted yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) via homogenization in high
      temperature phenol:chloroform mixtures. The yield of RNA from this preparative
      method is equivalent to those of other methods requiring preliminary
      spheroplasting of cells. Quality and quantity of recovered RNA are independent of
      yeast strain and cell growth medium used, and the method works equally well on
      cells in either log phase growth or in stationary phase. Mitochondrial RNAs
      recovered as part of whole cell RNA mixtures may be slightly degraded. Analyses
      of individual transcripts in the recovered RNA mixtures suggest that there is no
      selection for or against any specific single transcript or any group of
      transcripts when RNA is prepared by this method.

PMID- 2662811
TI  - Limitation of DNA-4',6-diamidine-2-phenylindole assay in the presence of an
      excess of tRNA.
AB  - 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI, forms fluorescent complexes with DNA. This
      property has been used to quantify DNA on the basis of fluorometric test.
      However, the fluorescence quantum yield of DAPI increases also with tRNA. DNA
      estimation needs particular care in the presence of tRNA. For DNA containing 50%
      adenine-thymine (AT), DAPI can be used if DNA represents at least 3.4% of the
      total nucleotide material. This percentage varies with the AT/guanosine-cytosine
      content. When the fraction of DNA decreases further, the DAPI assay can no longer
      be used.

PMID- 2662812
TI  - Determination of trehalose in biological samples by a simple and stable trehalase
      preparation.
AB  - A three step purification procedure for trehalase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      with a recovery of 76% of the original activity is presented. The enzyme was
      activated by a heat shock treatment prior to homogenization of the cells. A
      mutant strain deleted in SUC genes was used to avoid contamination by invertase.
      The lyophylized enzyme was stable for, at least, 5 months and could be used to
      determine trehalose in the range 25 to 500 nmol. The preparation was free of
      inspecific phosphatases allowing for trehalose determinations in yeast cell free
      extracts and in insect hemolymph.

PMID- 2662813
TI  - Oligodeoxynucleotide-directed cleavage and repair of a single-stranded vector: a
      method of site-specific mutagenesis.
AB  - A simple and efficient site-specific mutagenesis method is described. First, a
      single-stranded (ss) circular vector is linearized at the site where the desired
      mutation will be introduced. To do this, an oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to
      the target region of the ss vector and containing a restriction enzyme
      recognition sequence is annealed to the circular ss vector, and the partial
      double-strand formed is subsequently cleaved with that enzyme. Then, another
      oligodeoxynucleotide spanning the nick and carrying the mutation is annealed to
      the linearized ss DNA template and the annealed mixture is used directly to
      transform Escherichia coli without prior enzymatic DNA synthesis in vitro. The
      procedure has been applied successfully to constructing insertion, deletion, and
      point mutations in both M13 phage vectors and plasmid vectors containing the f1
      origin of replication.

PMID- 2662814
TI  - Cyanogen bromide cleavage at methionine residues of polypeptides containing
      disulfide bonds.
AB  - A method for cleaving polypeptides at their methionine residues without affecting
      intramolecular disulfide bonds is described. This method may be applied for
      cleaving recombinant heterologous hybrid polypeptides with release of the
      interesting peptide. The method may also be applied to assign the correct
      positions of disulfide bonds in protein molecules.

PMID- 2662815
TI  - Iodometric method for detection of beta-lactamase activity in yeast cells
      carrying ampicillin resistance gene in chimeric plasmids.
AB  - In order to determine whether an ampicillin resistance gene in a chimeric plasmid
      is active in transformed yeast cells, it is necessary to have a simple and quick
      assay procedure. We describe here a procedure for achieving this goal using an
      iodometric color reaction. This method is based on the fact that the ampicillin
      resistance gene product, beta-lactamase, can hydrolyze penicillin G and release a
      reducing product, which can be visualized by the discoloration of a dark blue
      iodine-starch complex. We have improved this method so that the assay can be
      carried out on agar plate and in liquid culture. It permits the detection of the
      beta-lactamase enzyme activity in yeast liquid culture at a concentration as low
      as 1 X 10(5) cells/ml within 12 h. This method is especially useful for certain
      yeast transformation systems, such as industrial yeast cultures, where the
      transformants can be selected only by drug resistance.

PMID- 2662816
TI  - Preparation of Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu-guanosine 5'-triphosphate
      analogs.
AB  - A simple procedure for the bulk preparation of 20 mg of Escherichia coli
      elongation factor (EF)-Tu-GTP analogs is described. The protocol is based upon
      the preparation and stabilization of nucleotide-free EF-Tu using an EF-Ts
      affinity chromatographic resin. The procedure is a general one for the
      preparation of any GTP analog of EF-Tu.

PMID- 2662817
TI  - Capillary zone electrophoresis of insulin and growth hormone.
AB  - The separation power of capillary zone electrophoresis was examined using highly
      purified and well-characterized biosynthetic human insulin, growth hormone, their
      derivatives, and related proteins. Mixtures of proteins were chosen to illustrate
      practical applications of this technique. Proteins differing slightly in
      structure, but equivalent in net charge, were not completely separated.
      Degradation of insulin by dilute acid treatment was followed by capillary zone
      electrophoresis, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and reversed-phase
      liquid chromatography. Excellent correlation was observed between these
      techniques. Simple equipment requirements and analysis times on the order of 10
      min make capillary zone electrophoresis attractive for analytical protein
      separations.

PMID- 2662818
TI  - Sodium dodecyl sulfate enhancement of quantitative immunoenzyme dot-blot assays
      on nitrocellulose.
AB  - Treating proteins with low concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and
      boiling for 2-3 min increased the linear range and total amount of protein that
      could be bound to nitrocellulose. Human serum albumin (HSA) and cathepsin G (Cat
      G) were both optimally bound at an SDS concentration of 10 micrograms/ml, while
      bronchial leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (BLPI) required 50 micrograms/ml SDS for
      optimum binding, corresponding to SDS-to-protein weight ratios of 0.5 and 2.5,
      respectively. Ionic strength and pH of the blotting buffers had a greater effect
      on the binding of SDS-treated proteins than on native proteins, with the linear
      binding range and total capacity for SDS-treated proteins being increased.
      Boiling SDS-treated human leukocyte extracts inactivated endogenous peroxidases,
      eliminating their interference with peroxidase-linked secondary antibodies in
      immunoassays. The nonionic detergents, Tween 20 and Nonidet P-40, were shown to
      rapidly wash both native and SDS-treated HSA off the filters, but these HSA
      samples were stable to washing with SDS. Although SDS-treated Cat G was more
      stable with nonionic detergents than was native Cat G, it was less resistant to
      washing with SDS. The substitution of SDS for nonionic detergents improved the
      response of immunoassays with native and SDS-treated proteins. Affinity-purified
      antibodies to human mast cell tryptase cross-reacted with native Cat G, but not
      with SDS-treated Cat G, indicating that SDS treatment can improve the specificity
      of immunoassays employing polyclonal antisera. These effects appear to be the
      result of partial denaturation and increases in the hydrophobicity of SDS-treated
      relative to native proteins.

PMID- 2662819
TI  - Rapid identification of microorganisms by nucleic acid hybridization after
      labeling the test sample.
AB  - A novel method for rapidly identifying microorganisms has been developed. This
      method employs a monoadduct-forming furocoumarin derivative, which can
      photochemically label nucleic acids. The labeled nucleic acid can, in turn, be
      hybridized simultaneously to a panel of immobilized probe DNAs arrayed as dots on
      a solid support such as nitrocellulose. This procedure offers several advantages
      over more conventional hybridization techniques in that sample nucleic acids can
      be photolabeled without substantial sample preparation and that identification
      can be achieved by a single, rapid hybridization reaction.

PMID- 2662820
TI  - Fifty-seven years ago in Anesthesia & Analgesia. D. A. Wood: Survey of anesthesia
      given in 550 brain operations in the years 1921 to 1930 inclusive. Current
      Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia: 1932;11:201-5.

PMID- 2662821
TI  - Calcium, calmodulin, and anesthesiology.

PMID- 2662822
TI  - Fifty-two years ago in Anesthesia & Analgesia. E. A. Rovenstine: Anesthesia:
      organization for teaching. Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia:
      1937;16:318-22.

PMID- 2662823
TI  - [The role of the GABA system in the mechanisms of pharmaco-metabolic protection
      of the brain against hypoxia].

PMID- 2662824
TI  - [Present status of the problem of combined electroanesthesia].

PMID- 2662825
TI  - Investigation of a food-borne outbreak of salmonellosis among hospital employees.
AB  - An explosive outbreak of Salmonella enterocolitis developed in 27 hospital
      employees in an acute-care community hospital in Rhode Island in 1987. Salmonella
      typhimurium was isolated from the stools of 19 employees during the outbreak. In
      each patient the implicated organism had an identical antibiotic susceptibility
      pattern, biotype, plasmid profile, and restriction endonuclease digestion
      pattern. The outbreak was limited to health care workers and other hospital
      employees; there were no cases in hospitalized patients. Of the afflicted
      employees 96% ate in the hospital cafeteria on July 11 or 12, 1987. Food-specific
      attack rates, based on the dietary histories of ill employees and 50 healthy
      employees who ate in the cafeteria that weekend, indicated an association between
      the ingestion of salads and illness (p less than 0.01). One food service
      employee, in whom symptoms of abdominal cramping and diarrhea had developed 6
      days earlier, had prepared the implicated foods. S. typhimurium with the
      identical characteristics of the outbreak strain was isolated from the stools of
      this food service employee. Environmental cultures and cultures of meat, poultry,
      and dairy sources for the cafeteria all showed negative results. Food service
      employees need to be counseled against working during any symptomatic enteric
      illness and require thorough instruction on hygienic food handling.

PMID- 2662826
TI  - Hepatitis B: historical aspects.

PMID- 2662827
TI  - Clinical experience with hepatitis B vaccines.

PMID- 2662828
TI  - Plasma-derived and yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccines.

PMID- 2662829
TI  - Comparative efficacy of ketanserin and pentoxiphylline in treatment of Raynaud's
      phenomenon.
AB  - In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 15 ambulatory patients with
      Raynaud's phenomenon, treated for three weeks with ketanserin 80 mg/day and
      pentoxiphylline 1,200 mg/day, were evaluated by subjective symptom scores, daily
      frequency and duration of attacks, and photoplethysmography, at room temperature
      and after cold test. Reduced subjective symptoms and duration of attacks,
      together with improved cold test plethysmography, were significant only after
      ketanserin. All subjective symptom scores also improved after ketanserin but only
      for cyanosis and paresthesia after pentoxiphylline. Excellent results were
      obtained in 4 cases after ketanserin and in 1 case with pentoxiphylline. The
      authors discuss the greater importance of antivasospastic action over
      antiaggregating and hemorheologic effects in Raynaud's phenomenon therapy, as
      well as the pathogenetic role of serotonin.

PMID- 2662830
TI  - Intravenous treatment of chronic peripheral occlusive arterial disease: a double
      blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter trial of pentoxifylline.
AB  - A multicenter, prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted
      to investigate the efficacy of intravenous infusion therapy with pentoxifylline
      over fourteen days in patients suffering from angiographically confirmed chronic
      peripheral occlusive arterial disease, Fontaine stage II, with at least a six
      month history. After a washout phase of one week, the patients received in
      accordance with a randomization scheme either an i.v. infusion of 300 mg of
      pentoxifylline (15 mL ampoules) or 15 mL of a 0.9% NaCl solution in 250 mL of 5%
      laevulose, administered over three hours twice daily. The main efficacy
      parameters were treadmill-assessed initial claudication distance (ICD) and
      absolute claudication distance (ACD). Baseline testing revealed a mean ICD of 131
      m in the pentoxifylline group and 126 m in the placebo cohort; mean ACD values
      were 239 m and 225 m respectively. The group of patients treated with
      pentoxifylline (n = 75) displayed a significantly greater improvement (p less
      than 0.0001) in ICD (+70%) and ACD (+60%) than the placebo group did (+33%) and
      32%, respectively) (n = 79). The infusions were well tolerated in both groups.

PMID- 2662831
TI  - Stress testing in patients one year after orthotopic cardiac transplantation.
AB  - To evaluate the circulatory response of the denervated heart to exercise, the
      authors studied 15 patients with an orthotopic transplanted heart (TH). Mean age
      was 48 +/- 10 (range twenty-five to sixty-two) years. All patients underwent a
      symptom-limited bicycle stress testing following a continuous protocol increasing
      the work load by 30 watts every three minutes. Exercise test was performed 16 +/-
      9 months after operation. Fifteen healthy subjects matched for age were used as
      the control group. There were significant differences (p less than 0.01) in heart
      rate, at rest, peak exercise, and at five minutes of the recovery period, in
      maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and in duration of exercise between TH
      patients and controls. Synchronization between recipient and donor sinoatrial
      nodes was observed in 10 of 15 patients. A case of silent myocardial ischemia was
      also observed in a patient with vasculitis and acute rejection. In conclusion,
      the lack of neural control in TH patients allows them to maintain a normal
      resting cardiac output but precludes attaining a normal maximum oxygen uptake,
      despite a normal contractile state. The high resting heart rate due to
      parasympathetic denervation constitutes an important limiting factor for an
      adequate chronotropic reserve. Functional capacity of transplanted patients is
      slightly impaired, but it does not preclude a good quality of life.

PMID- 2662833
TI  - The value of theophylline for asthma.

PMID- 2662832
TI  - Immunoscintigraphic detection of venous thrombosis of the lower extremities by
      means of human antifibrin monoclonal antibodies labeled with 111In.
AB  - A new monoclonal antibody specific for the beta-chain of human fibrin (C22A) and
      labeled with 111In has been obtained and successfully used in rabbits and dogs
      for the in vivo detection of venous thrombosis. Studies in humans are currently
      ongoing. In order to assess the diagnostic value of 111In-antifibrin for the
      detection of venous thrombosis of the lower extremities, the authors investigated
      25 consecutive patients. Ten patients had clinical and instrumental (contrast
      phlebography and duplex scanning) evidence of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT),
      3 had a long-standing DVT with relapsing episodes of swelling and pain, 5 had
      superficial venous thrombosis, and the remaining 7 had no signs of thrombosis at
      all. Twenty patients were being treated with heparin. All patients received 111In
      antifibrin at the dose of 74 MBq IV and were scanned with a large field of view
      gamma camera coupled with a high-energy, parallel-hole collimator at 30 minutes
      and three, six, and twenty-four hours postinjection. Only the persistence of an
      abnormal uptake at twenty-four hours confirmed by two observers at visual
      inspection was considered as positive. A positive result was obtained in 9 of 10
      DVT patients (90% sensitivity) and in all SVT patients. The single DVT patient
      with a negative 111In-antifibrin test had the longest interval between
      scintigraphy and onset of symptoms (fifty-five days). Thus, the age of thrombi
      represented a substantial limitation for the test. A false-positive result was
      obtained in a single SVT patient, in whom also a deep involvement, unconfirmed by
      phlebography, was suspected (91.6% specificity).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662834
TI  - Cold-induced cholinergic urticaria--case report.
AB  - A 9-year-old child with cold-induced cholinergic urticaria was studied. When
      exposed to cold water or ambient cold air, the patient developed generalized
      urticaria. The lesions consisted of punctate wheals and surrounding erythema
      similar to that seen in cholinergic urticaria. The patient did not react to
      cutaneous challenge with an ice cube and a cold water immersion test was
      negative. Urticaria was not provoked by vigorous exercise sufficient to cause
      profuse sweating. The methacholine skin test was reactive. The patient was well
      controlled by combination therapy with hydroxyzine plus cyproheptadine.

PMID- 2662835
TI  - A retrospective review of the effects of one year of triamcinolone acetonide
      aerosol treatment on the growth patterns of asthmatic children.
AB  - Retrospective growth data were evaluated for 82 asthmatic children (59% dependent
      on oral corticosteroids) receiving triamcinolone acetonide aerosol for 1 year.
      Two-thirds of the steroid-dependent patients discontinued oral steroids.
      Triamcinolone acetonide did not adversely affect height or weight gain, although
      steroid-dependent asthmatics gained less weight than predicted, probably due to
      diminished fluid retention and appetite associated with decreased oral steroid
      doses and resolution of cushingoid features.

PMID- 2662836
TI  - Total IgE influences the relationship between skin test and RAST.
AB  - Positive correlations were found between total IgE, skin prick test (SPT) and
      RAST results with tree pollen allergens. The relationship between SPT and RAST
      was influenced by the level of total IgE. At each level of atopy, defined
      according to the strength of SPT, patients with high total IgE had higher RAST
      values than patients with low total IgE.

PMID- 2662837
TI  - Controlled trial of oral fenoterol in the treatment of childhood asthma.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of oral fenoterol at a daily dosage of 0.25 mg/kg in 17
      children with mild bronchial asthma following a double-blind, crossover design.
      Treatment with fenoterol syrup and matched placebo was given for 4 weeks each and
      doses administered every six hours. Daily variability of peak expiratory flow
      rate during fenoterol treatment was not different from that measured during
      placebo. Fenoterol syrup was associated with a statistically significant
      improvement in daytime symptom scores, whereas nighttime symptoms were not
      significantly reduced. Fenoterol significantly reduced the need for supplemental
      therapy. Adverse effects remained trivial and minimal for all children. This
      study indicates that fenoterol syrup alone or in combination with inhaled
      fenoterol may have a role in the maintenance therapy of mild to moderate
      childhood asthma.

PMID- 2662838
TI  - Monitoring of heart allograft rejection by simultaneous measurement of serum beta
      2-microglobulin and urinary neopterin.
AB  - In patients with heart transplant, the combined determination of serum beta 2
      microglobulin and urinary neopterin, as rejection marker, prevented the
      interference by renal function and cyclosporin therapy. Unfortunately, the
      simultaneous measurement of these two parameters cannot distinguish between a
      rejection episode and the early stage of viral infection.

PMID- 2662839
TI  - Analysis of blood CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subsets with monoclonal antibodies.
      Comparison of the Genetic Systems CD4/CD antigen typing kit with conventional
      indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and the automated Technicon-H1 Enzyme
      Immunoassay (EIA).
AB  - The Genetic Systems Technique (GS: direct immunofluorescence microscopy with
      ethidium bromide counterstaining of nuclei) was tested for quantitative analysis
      of T-lymphocyte subsets in human peripheral blood. The monoclonal antibodies anti
      CD4 and anti-CD8 were used for detection of T-helper and T-suppressor cells
      respectively and the results compared to those obtained by conventional indirect
      immunofluorescence microscopy and the Technicon Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) with
      automated reading. The GS technique provided results correlating well with both
      indirect immunofluorescence and EIA techniques. Moreover, this method has two
      advantages: it is less time-consuming than the indirect immunofluorescence
      microscopy and necessitates less expensive and more commonly available equipment
      than the automated EIA technique.

PMID- 2662840
TI  - Lymphangiolipoma of the mesentery.
AB  - An exceedingly rare tumor was found coincidentally in a young woman who had
      salpingectomy. The benign tumor was complex in nature and consisted of a
      lymphangioma and a well-encapsulated lipoma located in the mesentery of the small
      intestine. This tumor is compared with the similar ones mentioned so far in the
      literature.

PMID- 2662841
TI  - Brunner's gland hyperplasia.
AB  - Brunner's gland adenomas are uncommon benign duodenal tumors. They are an
      infrequent cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and duodenal obstruction
      but can occasionally mimic duodenal malignancy in their presentation.
      Conservative endoscopic or surgical resection followed by a regimen of antacids
      and H2 antagonists is the treatment of choice.

PMID- 2662842
TI  - [Maternal-fetal transmission of HIV in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands].
AB  - Two hundred and ninety three cases of children born of HIV positive mothers have
      been observed between January 1984 and June 1988 in Catalonia and Balearic
      Islands, with a ration of 9.5/10,000 newborns. Sex was not significant in the
      infected group. Most of the cases (68%) have been detected since 1987 and
      represent a significant increase in HIV positive children and thus of those who
      will present with clinical manifestations of this infection.

PMID- 2662843
TI  - [Acute monocytic leukemia as secondary neoplasia in a girl with acute lymphocytic
      leukemia].
AB  - The presence of second malignancies in children suffering from acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is becoming increasingly frequent. Nevertheless, the
      appearance of M5 type acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients being treated for
      ALL is very rare. We report the presence of AML-M5 as a second malignancy in a
      girl diagnosed of ALL-L1 56 months before. The clinical course of this rare
      association is discussed.

PMID- 2662844
TI  - [Controversies in the the management of breast feeding].

PMID- 2662845
TI  - [Immuno-secreting nasal lymphoma in childhood].

PMID- 2662846
TI  - Antiarrhythmic agents and the danger of proarrhythmic events.

PMID- 2662847
TI  - Clinical ecology: environmental medicine or unsubstantiated theory?

PMID- 2662848
TI  - Current concepts in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: polymyositis,
      dermatomyositis, and related disorders.
AB  - Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, a category encompassing polymyositis,
      dermatomyositis, and a number of other disorders, is very uncommon, but has been
      the focus of intense study in the Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch of the National
      Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases for the past several
      years. We describe the clinical picture, stressing the need for biopsy to ensure
      correct diagnosis. It is especially important to recognize the treatment
      resistant variant, inclusion body myositis. The extraskeletal manifestations,
      particularly the cardiopulmonary, oropharyngeal, gastrointestinal, and endocrine
      involvement, are described. The cardiopulmonary involvement, especially
      interstitial lung disease, arrhythmias, and cardiac failure, may dominate the
      clinical picture. The known causes are varied, and include drugs, toxins, and
      some infectious agents, however, in most cases a cause cannot yet be identified.
      Circumstantial evidence suggests that picornaviruses may initiate some cases in
      humans, and a very similar disease in mice caused by a picornavirus is actively
      under study. Studies of autoantibodies and cellular immune function support a
      central role for disordered immunity in the pathogenesis. The myositis-specific
      autoantibodies, especially those directed at certain enzymes important in protein
      synthesis (the aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases), are found in a clinically
      distinct subset of patients. Although most patients respond initially to
      corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs are sometimes added when steroid toxicity or
      refractoriness develops. We describe several newer therapies under study for such
      cases and outline future directions in research.

PMID- 2662849
TI  - Rheumatologic manifestations of infection with human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV).
AB  - PURPOSE: To review the various rheumatologic manifestations of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to discuss their potential pathogenic
      mechanisms. DATA IDENTIFICATION: A literature search using MEDLINE (1981 to 88)
      and Index Medicus (1981 to 88) and review of references from all identified
      articles. STUDY SELECTION: All studies and case reports addressing arthritis,
      myopathies, vasculitis, the sicca syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and
      autoimmune phenomena in HIV-infected patients are cited. RESULTS OF DATA
      SYNTHESIS: The Reiter syndrome and other reactive arthritides are the commonest
      arthritides seen in HIV-infected patients. Psoriatic arthritis and septic
      arthritis with opportunistic agents, as well as an articular pain that is severe,
      acute, and intermittent, may also occur with HIV infection. An arthritis that may
      be specific for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been described.
      Myopathies, especially of a polymyositic type, vasculitis, and the sicca syndrome
      are also part of the spectrum of rheumatologic presentation of HIV infection.
      Several autoimmune phenomena, such as antinuclear and anticardiolipin antibodies,
      as well as lupus anticoagulant, have been reported in HIV-infected patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: The Reiter syndrome, reactive arthritis, polymyositis, and the sicca
      syndrome may herald the onset of clinically evident HIV infection. These diseases
      and others may also occur in patients with full-blown AIDS. Furthermore, HIV
      infection may mimic systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2662850
TI  - Clinical ecology. American College of Physicians.
AB  - Clinical ecologists propose the existence of a unique illness in which multiple
      environmental chemicals, foods, drugs, and endogenous C. albicans have a toxic
      effect on the immune system, thereby adversely affecting other bodily functions.
      The proposal uses some concepts that superficially resemble those that apply to
      clinical allergy and toxicology and others that are novel. Review of the clinical
      ecology literature provides inadequate support for the beliefs and practices of
      clinical ecology. The existence of an environmental illness as presented in
      clinical ecology theory must be questioned because of the lack of a clinical
      definition. Diagnoses and treatments involve procedures of no proven efficacy.
      Case reports by clinical ecologists and evaluation of these patients by other
      physicians indicate that this diagnosis is applied most frequently to persons
      with symptoms of physiologic (somatic) or psychologic dysfunction, or both. Proof
      of cause-effect relations between environmental factors and symptoms of
      "environmental illness" is particularly difficult because clinical ecologists
      implicate such a broad range of agents, including chemicals, foods, hormones, and
      microorganisms. Most patients are believed to react to multiple environmental
      substances by any route of exposure, and some are said to be intolerant to the
      entire environment, the so-called "total allergy syndrome." The principal method
      of proof cited by clinical ecologists for the existence of "environmental
      illness" is the symptom-provocation test used in diagnosis of individual cases
      after the condition is suspected because of a history of symptoms and suspected
      causes. Published studies on the provocation test employed widely different
      subject-selection methods and outcome-measurement criteria. All were seriously
      flawed by the absence of matched patient-control groups, absence or inadequacy of
      the placebo, and failure to achieve or document randomness of trials. Not
      surprisingly, therefore, the conclusions from these studies are conflicting.
      Those studies reporting results of immunologic tests are insufficient to address
      theories of environmental illness; the number of cases is small and selection
      criteria are not clear. Enumeration of lymphocyte subsets and quantitation of
      serum immunoglobulin and complement levels in patients with "environmental
      illness" have not yielded clear-cut evidence of immunologic abnormality. Clinical
      ecologists use a treatment program that includes avoidance of environmental
      chemicals, rotation of foods in the diet, and neutralization of symptoms with
      injected or sublingual extracts. Except for small-dose oral nystatin, which is
      used for treatment of patients with the candida hypersensitivity syndrome, drug
      therapy is intentionally avoided, although some clinical ecologists recommend
      mineral salts, oxygen, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants for relief of
      symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2662851
TI  - Captopril and aplastic anemia.

PMID- 2662852
TI  - [Complications of the subclavian vascular approach for hemodialysis].
AB  - The authors report their experience of subclavian vein catheterisation and
      compare their results with those of previously reported series. One hundred and
      sixty-four subclavian catheters were inserted in 111 patients, 66 with acute
      renal failure and 49 with chronic renal failure. The total number of hemodialysis
      sessions was 984. The catheters were left in situ for an average of 14.5 +/- 2
      days or 19 +/- 2 patient days. The main immediate complications were pneumothorax
      (1 case) and subclavian artery puncture (2 cases). Seventeen catheters were
      complicated by septicemia with one fatal outcome. In addition, 5 cases of
      subclavian vein thrombosis, diagnosed clinically and confirmed by venography,
      were observed. Percutaneous subclavian vein catheterisation is a useful technique
      for emergency renal dialysis. However, septic and thrombotic complications are
      fairly frequent and potentially serious. Although measures can be taken to reduce
      the risk of infection, the prevention of thrombosis seems to be more difficult.

PMID- 2662853
TI  - [Cerebral mycotic aneurysms. Epidemiology, symptomatic aspects and prognosis].

PMID- 2662854
TI  - [Horton's disease].

PMID- 2662855
TI  - [Beta-2 microglobulin and amyloid osteoarthropathy in patients undergoing chronic
      hemodialysis].
AB  - The incidence of beta-2 microglobulin amyloidosis was assessed in two populations
      of chronic hemodialysis patients. Out of 34 patients who underwent biopsy during
      orthopedic surgery (33 cases) or autopsy (1 case), 26 had amyloid deposits which
      fixed anti-beta microglobulin serum. Out of 55 unselected patients treated for
      over months at the dialysis centre, 14 (25%) had clinical symptoms suggesting
      amyloidosis and out of 43 patients who had a systematic radiological skeletal
      survey, 23 (53%) had bone deposits. The plasma beta microglobulin concentrations
      (about 20 times the normal value) we not significantly different whether or not
      the patients had histological proven amyloidosis, clinically or radiologically
      probable amyloidosis, no detectable amyloidosis. However, the duration of
      hemodialysis was longer in those with proven or highly probable amyloidosis. The
      finding illustrate the indirect role of elevation of beta-2 microglobulin in the
      genesis of this pathology and also the necessity of lowering its concentration in
      order to avoid the long term complications of osteoarticular deposits, the
      functional consequences of which may be very serious.

PMID- 2662856
TI  - [Septicemia in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis].
AB  - Between March 1982 and March 1986, 11 out of 72 patients (15%) undergoing chronic
      hemodialysis in a Tunisian hemodialysis unit developed septicaemia. The causative
      organism was a staphylococcus aureus in 8 patients, and the main portal of entry
      was the dialysis catheter (6/8). Septic pulmonary metastasis were observed in 3
      cases. REmoval of the dialysis catheter and antibiotic therapy led to recovery in
      7 cases. The 4 fatalities were attributed to respiratory failure in 3 cases and
      septic shock in one case. These results indicate that the prognosis of
      septicaemia in hemodialysis patients is poor.

PMID- 2662857
TI  - Role of the ryanodine receptor of skeletal muscle in excitation-contraction
      coupling.

PMID- 2662858
TI  - Developmental neurotoxicity of nicotine, carbon monoxide, and other tobacco smoke
      constituents.

PMID- 2662859
TI  - Neuroendocrine consequences of alcohol abuse in women.
AB  - Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are associated with a broad spectrum of reproductive
      system disorders. Amenorrhea, anovulation, luteal phase dysfunction, and ovarian
      pathology may occur in alcohol-dependent women and alcohol abusers. Luteal phase
      dysfunction, anovulation and persistent hyperprolactinemia have also been
      observed in social drinkers studied under clinical research ward conditions. The
      mechanisms underlying alcohol-related disruptions of the hypothalamic-pituitary
      ovarian-adrenal axis are unknown. The reproductive consequences of alcohol abuse
      and alcoholism range from infertility and increased risk for spontaneous abortion
      to impaired fetal growth and development. Recent studies of alcohol's effects on
      pituitary gonadotropins and on gonadal, steroid and adrenal hormones in women are
      reviewed. Research on the acute effects of alcohol on opioid antagonist and
      synthetic LHRH-stimulated pituitary gonadotropins is summarized. The implications
      of alcohol's effects on reproductive hormones for impairment of fetal growth and
      development are discussed.

PMID- 2662860
TI  - Evolution of American attitudes toward substance abuse.

PMID- 2662861
TI  - Prenatal amphetamine effects on behavior: possible mediation by brain monoamines.
AB  - The present analysis indicates that the literature is currently too limited to
      draw anything but very tentative conclusions about whether amphetamine during
      pregnancy is detrimental to the offspring. However, exposure to very high doses
      of the drug appears to be teratogenic; and studies in which animals were exposed
      to lower doses of either amphetamine or methamphetamine throughout pregnancy
      indicate that this class of drugs can have long-term neurochemical and behavioral
      consequences for rodent offspring. The commonly reported behavioral effects
      include abnormal responding on aversively motivated tasks, and heightened motor
      activity which might be associated with slower habituation. Neurochemical studies
      have focused on various aspects of the monoamine neurotransmitter systems and
      suggest that prenatal amphetamine exposure can increase the synthesis and
      turnover of DA and NE and reduce the number of adrenergic receptors in adult
      offspring. In addition, concentrations of NE appear to be reduced at birth
      suggesting prenatal depletion and are sometimes found to be altered at later
      times. Although these studies are provocative, the absence of pair-fed controls
      and cross-fostering prevent ruling out the possible confounding effects of
      undernutrition and altered maternal care. In addition to the above limited
      empirical support, the effects of amphetamines on adult brain provide a logical
      rationale for anticipating that prenatal exposure to the drug could be
      detrimental. This rationale is essentially that amphetamine can have long-term
      effects of monoaminergic systems in the brains of adults, including neural
      degeneration; and, since the drug can cross the placenta, it should also have
      long-lasting consequences for the developing fetus. It is proposed that the later
      stages of gestation might be particularly sensitive to the long-term behavioral
      effects of amphetamine. Although there are no systematic studies on critical
      periods for the effects of prenatal amphetamine exposure, several reports
      indicate that exposure restricted to GD 12-15 has little effect. Since
      amphetamine predominantly affects the neuron terminals and terminals develop
      later than GD 15, it is proposed that amphetamine exposure later in gestation,
      after the monoaminergic systems are more mature, will have a greater effect. The
      rationale for the long-term behavioral effects of prenatal amphetamine is based
      on studies indicating that 1) rapidly developing systems are very sensitive to
      insult from external agents; 2) the monoaminergic systems and pituitary-adrenal
      organization are developing rapidly during the later gestation and early neonatal
      periods; 3) amphetamine influences each of these systems in adults and the
      monoamine systems in fetuses; and, 4) alterations in the systems cause
      predictable behavioral changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2662862
TI  - Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal caffeine.

PMID- 2662863
TI  - Maternal-fetal pharmacokinetics and fetal dose-response relationships.

PMID- 2662864
TI  - Pharmacogenetics of drugs of abuse.

PMID- 2662865
TI  - Exposure to passive cigarette smoking and child development. A critical review.
AB  - Past studies relating smoking during pregnancy (and afterwards) and later child
      development are critically reviewed. There are consistent deficits among
      offspring of smokers in stature, cognitive development and educational
      achievement, as well as more frequent problems of temperament, adjustment, and
      behavior, particularly abnormally high levels of activity and inattention. The
      meaning of these relationships remains obscure, since it cannot be assumed that
      these abnormalities of child development are caused by parental cigarette
      smoking. In most studies there has been relatively little attention paid to the
      potential confounding by social, demographic, and psychological differences
      between smokers and nonsmokers. It is thus essential to carefully balance the
      comparative impact of social and environmental influences that may be different
      between families of smokers and nonsmokers, versus the toxic effects of tobacco.

PMID- 2662866
TI  - A case of conjunctival Spitz nevus: review of literature and comparison with
      cutaneous locations.
AB  - We report a case of Spitz nevus of the bulbar conjunctiva in a 15-year-old boy.
      Clinically, the lesion was juxtalimbic, nodular, red, and 6mm in diameter. Only
      histologic examination provided the diagnosis. Perusal of the literature revealed
      seven cases of Spitz nevus of the conjunctiva, but for some of them the histology
      was incompletely described. We compare the clinical and histologic features in
      cutaneous and conjunctival nevi and stress the similarity between the two. The
      histologic criteria which permit differentiation of melanomas and Spitz nevi in
      conjunctival locations are identified.

PMID- 2662867
TI  - [Cholesterol granuloma of the middle ear. Apropos of 3 cases].
AB  - Cholesterol granulomas arise scarcely within the middle ear cavities revealed by
      a conductive deafness. They appear on the CT scan as a non specific mass
      developed in the middle ear cavities with bone defects. MRI allow the diagnosis
      as cholesterol granulomas is defined by hyperintensity on all sequences.

PMID- 2662868
TI  - [Suppuration of old open cavities. Radical treatment].
AB  - The use of small, Davis-type, cutaneous grafts, enabled drying up of draining
      cavities where suppuration persisted despite all treatment. At the same time,
      hearing was improved by a cartilage arch from the septum which had vibratory and
      anti-retractile effects.

PMID- 2662869
TI  - [Primary carcinoma of the external auditory canal and the middle ear. Apropos of
      14 cases].
AB  - Fourteen carcinomas of the external auditory canal and middle ear are presented
      regrouping eleven squamous cell carcinomas, two adenocarcinomas and one adenoid
      cystic carcinoma. Results are analyzed according to the treatment employed:
      surgery and/or radiotherapy. Four local recurrences occurred, two after radiation
      as initial treatment and two after surgery completed by radiation. Tumors
      strictly limited to the skin of the auditory canal and treated surgically are
      free of disease. A new classification is proposed in order to simplify and
      clarify the therapeutic indications and prognosis.

PMID- 2662870
TI  - [Subglottic stenosis and gastroesophageal reflux].
AB  - The authors report the cases of ten children treated for sub-glottic laryngeal
      stenosis, in the Department of Pr. Narcy in Hospital Robert-Debre. Medical
      treatment of the laryngeal stenosis had failed in these cases. Treatment, most
      often surgical, of the gastro-oesophageal reflux present in these ten cases
      enabled these children to be cured. A review of the literature stresses the role
      and responsibility of gastro-oesophageal reflux in laryngeal pathology. Based on
      their experience, the authors suggest: systematic investigation for gastro
      oesophageal reflux during management of laryngeal stenosis, especially when
      laryngeal inflammation is encountered; the adoption of an interventionist
      attitude vis-a-vis gastro-oesophageal reflux which would seem to have an
      important pathogenic role in certain laryngeal stenoses.

PMID- 2662871
TI  - [Malformation of the facial canal, meningitis and cerebrospinal otorrhea].
AB  - CSF fistulas into the middle ear due to labyrinthine or tegmental anomalies are
      well known. They predispose to recurrent meningitis if they do not receive
      appropriate surgical treatment. CSF fistulas due to facial canal anomalies are
      extremely rare and predispose to the same risk of meningitis. The case reported
      enables a comparison to be made with the three other cases of the same form of
      anomaly found in the literature, and the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties
      are also discussed.

PMID- 2662872
TI  - [Giant cell tumor of the temporal bone. Clinical study of a case. Histologic and
      therapeutic remarks].
AB  - A case of giant cell tumor of the temporal bone is reported. The surgical
      difficulties encountered in this case are presented and therapeutic modalities
      for this tumor, consisting of radical surgery and post operatoire radiotherapy,
      one defined and discussed. Comments are made concerning this rare tumor location,
      its occurrence in young adults, and difficulties in establishing a histologic
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2662873
TI  - [The bicervico-transhyoidal approach. A new combined approach in lesions of the
      posterior wall of the pharynx].

PMID- 2662874
TI  - [Total cutaneous electron beam therapy of mycosis fungoides].
AB  - Electron beam irradiation of the entire skin surface was used to treat 25
      patients with mycosis fungoides from 1977 to January 1988. A plexiglas screen was
      used to reduce the energy of the 8 MeV beam of a Sagittaire linear accelerator to
      4 MeV. A total dose of 30 Gy was delivered in 12 fractions over days. This series
      includes 17 men and 8 women with a mean age of 44 years (range 13-78 years) and a
      mean follow-up of 34 months (range 6-92 months). The following-up staging system
      was used: stage A: superficial lesions covering less than 50 p. 100 of the body
      surface; stage B: superficial lesions covering more than 50 p. 100 of the body
      surface; stage C: tumors of the skin, lymph nodes and/or visceral organs,
      Sezary's syndrome. All stage A patients achieved complete remission. One
      developed recurrent disease in a very limited area 17 months after radiation
      therapy. No stage A patient died of mycosis fungoides. 6/9 stage B patients
      achieved complete remission; 4 of these developed recurrent disease localized to
      the skin 6 to 13 months after electron therapy. These recurrences were controlled
      by topical nitrogen mustard, puva therapy or localized irradiation. 1 patient
      showed no response and died of cutaneous mycosis fungoides. 5/10 stage C patients
      obtained complete remission but all relapsed within a mean period of 7 months.
      4/5 of the patients not responding to electron therapy died of their disease and
      one is alive 16 months after completion of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2662875
TI  - [Chronic respiratory insufficiency in the child].
AB  - Chronic respiratory failure in childhood is a common occurrence, defined as
      permanent hypoxemia below two standard deviations under the mean for the child's
      age. In infants, this definition is less clear than in adolescents and adults.
      Etiologies are numerous, with the most prevalent being chronic obstructive lung
      disease. Chronic respiratory failure requires etiologic investigations,
      assessment of lesions and respiratory function, and treatment that can usually be
      carried out at home. Long-term oxygen therapy is indicated in severe respiratory
      failure. Oxygen is supplied by an extractor for at least 15 hours per day, and
      flows are adjusted and monitored using non-invasive measurements of oxygen
      saturation throughout the 24-hour cycle. The outcome of chronic respiratory
      failure depends on the cause, the quality of care, and the initial lesions.
      Chronic respiratory failure should not be considered as necessarily a permanent
      condition, particularly in infants.

PMID- 2662876
TI  - [Osteocalcin or bone GLA-protein].
AB  - Osteocalcin or GLA bone protein, the most abundant of non-collagen proteins in
      bone, is produced only by osteoblasts. Synthesis is enhanced by the active form
      of vitamin D. Most of the osteocalcin produced combines with hydroxyapatite
      crystals, but a small proportion is circulated in the bloodstream and eliminated
      by the kidneys. Because bone resorption and bone formation are closely linked,
      serum osteocalcin is a specific and reliable marker of bone tissue activity.

PMID- 2662877
TI  - [Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Apropos of 3 cases in siblings].
AB  - Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy is a recently individualized disease manifested by
      very early onset of neurologic deterioration. Progression of the disease is rapid
      and there is no effective therapy. Differences with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
      include genetic inheritance, which is autosomal recessive, a more severe
      prognosis, and presence of multiple peroxisome enzyme deficiencies that justify
      classification alongside the Zellweger syndrome among the peroxisome disorders.
      We report three cases in siblings and describe the main clinical and biochemical
      features.

PMID- 2662878
TI  - [An unusual echographic evolution of an adrenal hematoma in a newborn infant].
AB  - We report a case of adrenal hematoma whose ultrasound features ran an unusual
      course suggestive of a neuroblastoma. Surgical removal was finally performed at
      two months of age. We describe the unusual ultrasound features in this case and
      emphasize the value of ultrasonographic monitoring that is the only means for
      eliminating other diagnoses, particularly a neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2662879
TI  - [An association of Addison's disease, achalasia of the cardia and alacrimation.
      Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - We report two cases of a syndrome combining Addison disease, cardial achalasia,
      and alacrimation in two girls aged 4 and 5 1/2 years. Moreover, these patients
      exhibited some unusual features: both also had mineralocorticoid deficiency, and
      one had loss of tongue papillae and absence of the pupillary reflex. This
      syndrome is infrequent. Etiology is unknown. Pathophysiology is under debate;
      autonomic nervous system dysfunction seems likely. We have analyzed the features
      of this syndrome on the basis of our two observations and the 15 previously
      reported cases.

PMID- 2662880
TI  - [Yersinia enterocolitica infections and thalassemia major in children].
AB  - We report two cases of severe Yersinia enterocolitica infection in children with
      homozygous thalassemia. One patient had septicemia and the other had mesenteric
      adenitis. Two factors can enhance the infectivity of Yersinia enterocolitica in
      children with thalassemia: iron overload and deferoxamine therapy. Laparotomy and
      cefotaxime-netilmicin therapy were successful in the patient with mesenteric
      adenitis. In the patient with septicemia, cefotaxime-netilmicin, then doxycycline
      netilmicin failed, and recovery was finally achieved under rifampicin-netilmicin.
      Because of the possibility of septicemic dissemination secondary to digestive
      Yersinia enterocolitica infection in children with thalassemia, we advocate
      immediate discontinuation of deferoxamine and prescription of oral antimicrobial
      therapy (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for instance) in every thalassemic patient
      with febrile diarrhea.

PMID- 2662881
TI  - [Neonatal venous thrombosis and familial protein C deficiency. A difficult
      diagnosis].

PMID- 2662882
TI  - Exploration of cervico-encephalic vessels using trans-brachial approach on
      outpatients.
AB  - Among the several methods used for the exploration of supra-aortic vessels, none
      is perfect. The intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography is a secure
      method. The transbrachial approach for this purpose is a safe and efficient
      technique. The possible risks at the level of humeral artery can be reduced by
      applying the method described in the text. We present our experience among 200
      patients, using mostly the right brachial artery. The quality of image was good
      in 3/4 of cases. Humeral artery thrombosis occurred only once. Failure was almost
      nil. We also suggest preliminary heparinization to reduce the rate of hematoma
      formation.

PMID- 2662883
TI  - Hemodynamics of varicoceles: venous shunting in grade II and III varicoceles.
AB  - In 42 consecutive patients with moderate (grade II) or large (grade III) left
      sided idiopathic varicoceles, which were referred for percutaneous sclerotherapy,
      not only the reflux in the testicular vein but the venous drainage as well was
      studied by venography. As suggested by bidirectional Doppler sonography the
      reflux in the testicular vein is always associated with an upward (in physiologic
      direction) flow in these varicoceles. The draining veins are shown to be the
      deferential, cremasteric, external pudendal, or any combination of these. Thus,
      the grade II and III varicoceles are termed shunt-type varicoceles.

PMID- 2662884
TI  - Comparison of sodium-meglumine ioxaglate and iopromide in coronary angiography.
AB  - A clinical study was carried out in 20 patients in coronary angiography to
      compare two low-osmolar contrast media, sodium-meglumine ioxaglate and iopromide.
      Ten patients presented a stage III coronary disease and the other ten had a stage
      IV coronary disease. In the latter group, 70% of the patients received sodium
      meglumine ioxaglate and 30% were given iopromide. None of the patients given
      iopromide had a previous history of allergic-like reactions to contrast media as
      opposed to the sodium-meglumine ioxaglate group where two patients had a previous
      hypersensitivity reaction to contrast agents. In spite of these adverse
      conditions in the sodium-meglumine ioxaglate group, no significant difference was
      found between both preparations as to overall tolerability. The following side
      effects were observed: slight nausea and wheezing in a patient given sodium
      meglumine ioxaglate; medium intense nausea, vomiting and headache in a patient
      administered iopromide; one case of angina pectoris occurring 8 minutes post
      injection of iopromide. Similarly, no significant difference in overall cardiac
      tolerability could be found between the two contrast media, although sodium
      meglumine ioxaglate would tend to be better tolerated in terms of heart rate and
      contractility. Radiographic efficacy was considered to be equivalent for both
      contrast agents though the test solutions had different iodine concentrations. In
      summary, the two low osmolar contrast media proved well tolerated and showed
      satisfactory diagnostic efficacy in this population at high cardiovascular risk.

PMID- 2662885
TI  - Glucose turnover rate and peripheral insulin sensitivity in alcoholic patients
      without liver damage.
AB  - Glucose intolerance is frequently found in alcoholic patients and an impaired
      insulin response has been documented in them. To look for alternative mechanisms
      that could explain this intolerance, a glucose turnover using tritiated glucose
      and an euglycemic glucose clamp were performed to measure the glucose production
      rate and peripheral insulin sensitivity, respectively. Two groups of recently
      abstinent chronic male alcoholic patients without evidence of liver damage were
      studied. The glucose turnover technique showed a higher basal glucose production
      rate in alcoholics, compared with normal volunteers (2.83 +/- 0.29 vs. 1.84 +/-
      0.22 mg/kg/min); an intravenous ethanol load significantly increased this rate.
      The euglycemic glucose clamp did not show peripheral insulin resistance in
      alcoholics, compared with controls.

PMID- 2662886
TI  - [Lymphocele and kidney transplantation].
AB  - The authors report fourteen cases of lymphocele in a series of one thousand
      consecutive renal transplantations (1.4%). The prevention of these lymphoceles
      depends on rigorous lymphostasis. The diagnosis is based on ultrasonography. The
      treatment indicated in cases of voluminous lymphoceles consisted in
      marsupialization and omentoplasty.

PMID- 2662887
TI  - [Vesico-uterine fistula. Apropos of 5 cases].
AB  - Five cases of VUF have been observed by the authors over a period of 15 years,
      reflecting the rarity of this condition. Based on a review of the literature, the
      authors present an exhaustive study of the various aspects of VUF: 1)
      aetiopathogenic features: they emphasise the rarity of the disease and its
      aetiology which is currently dominated by caesarean section; 2) clinical features
      with little variability in the symptoms (urine leak from the vagina with or
      without associated menouria) and the usually simple diagnosis based on a thorough
      clinical examination and routine complementary investigations (IVP,
      cystography...); 3) lastly the therapeutic aspects, based on surgical cure, which
      is almost always satisfactory. On the basis of their experience and their
      results, VUF constitutes a benign lesion, but a source of discomfort, which
      should be prevented.

PMID- 2662888
TI  - [Prostatic abscess. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - Prostatic abscess in an acute inflammatory condition in which clinical diagnosis
      is not always easy. Ultrasound is of considerable help in diagnosis of this
      prostatic pathology. We report two cases. The first patient was treated by trans
      rectal drainage. The second was treated with success by percutaneous drainage.
      The clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this rare pathology are
      discussed.

PMID- 2662889
TI  - [Penile metastasis disclosing cancer of the rectum. Apropos of a case].
AB  - A case report of penile metastasis from a rectal cancer in a 58 year old man is
      described. The authors insist on the rarity of this penile metastatic
      localization. Many primary tumors can be involved in this penile localization,
      mainly urinary tract tumors such as bladder or prostate, but rectal cancer is
      very rare and only 47 cases have been reported to date. The modalities of
      extension are analysed: direct invasion or venous extension. The prognosis of
      such metastases is very poor, but some long-term survivals (from 21 months to 9
      years) have been seen after aggressive surgical treatment when the primary tumor
      was rectal cancer. Radiotherapy and are not effective.

PMID- 2662890
TI  - [Principles of organ preservation].
AB  - Hypothermia remains the basic principle of all organ preservation. This review
      shows some main cellular mechanisms involved with normo and hypothermia,
      particularly during ischemia. Different pathways and target sites concerned in
      preservation are explained. Commonly used preservation techniques and cold
      storage solutions are also discussed. Cryopreservation especially vitrification
      seems to be promising perhaps in the near future; it allows a state of almost a
      cellular metabolic arrest and consequently a theoretically unlimited preservation
      time.

PMID- 2662891
TI  - [Genitourinary malacoplakia. Apropos of 5 cases. A review of the literature].
AB  - The authors report 5 new cases of malakoplakia: 2 with kidney, 1 with prostatic
      and 2 with testicular involvement. The symptoms are not clinically specific, but
      pseudo-tumor forms are predominant. Four cases were treated by removal of the
      organ. Owing to a better understanding of its etiopathogenic mechanism, this
      disease can be treated by long-term antibiotic, cholinergic agonists and vitamin
      C therapy.

PMID- 2662892
TI  - [Uro-colonic tumors. Etiopathogenic data and practical implications].
AB  - The authors report a case of uro-colonic tumour developing four years after
      ureterosigmoidostomy in a male patient treated for invasive bladder tumour. After
      a current follow-up of five years for this colonic tumour, they studied their
      case in comparison with the data from the literature and the experimental model
      in order to better understand the natural history of these tumours. The following
      principal points are discussed: time to onset, histological nature and course of
      these tumours; essential elements in this type of carcinogenesis, practical
      clinical implications and follow-up of patients after ureterosigmoidostomy.

PMID- 2662893
TI  - [Renal autotransplantation. An exceptional solution for salvage of the kidney
      following failure of surgery of bilateral megaureter].
AB  - The authors report the case of a patient with primary bilateral mega-ureter
      presenting with recurrent pyelonephritis due to reflux occurring after 3
      successive reimplantations. Transposition of the right kidney into the
      homolateral iliac fossa allowed correct anti-reflux with a good clinical,
      radiological and bacteriological result with a follow-up of 3 years. Renal auto
      transplantation represents a last resort solution in certain extreme situations
      when other simpler procedures are impossible and when preservation of the kidney
      is essential (solitary kidney or bilateral lesions).

PMID- 2662894
TI  - [Cystine lithiasis and extracorporeal lithotripsy].
AB  - ESWL using the HM3 Dornier lithotriptor is a new therapeutic method for cystine
      stone disease, particularly in patients who have undergone several surgical
      procedures with or without adjuvant dissolving drugs. We report 3 cases,
      demonstrating satisfactory fragmentation results. However the rate of stone-free
      patients was much lower. This situation might be improved by the adjuvant use of
      dissolving drugs. The preliminary results (Feb 1988) of the European multicenter
      study (61 cases in 10 centers), confirm our own experience with a 90%
      fragmentation rate and only 30% stone-free rate for kidney stones and 77% for
      ureteral stones.

PMID- 2662895
TI  - Neurological autoimmune disease and the trimolecular complex of T-lymphocytes.
AB  - T-lymphocytes recognize antigen in a trimolecular complex: The T-cell receptor
      binds to a processed fragment of antigen that itself is bound to a major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule on the surface of an antigen-presenting
      cell. The trimolecular complex controls antigen-specific T-cell activation in
      normal and abnormal immune reactions. Recent progress in myasthenia gravis (MG)
      and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) exemplifies this, leading to
      the following conclusions: (1) Autoimmune T cells may act by interfering with
      immunoregulation (as in MG) or by directly mediating autoimmune damage (as in
      EAE), or both. (2) In both diseases, the autoimmune T cells are clonally
      heterogeneous but recognize only a limited number of epitopes on the autoantigen
      (acetylcholine receptor in MG; myelin basic protein in EAE). Many of these
      epitopes can be defined as short peptide fragments of antigen, bound to a
      particular type of MHC molecule. (3) The MHC determines which peptides are
      recognized by autoimmune T cells in a given patient or inbred animal strain. (4)
      The discovery of the limited repertoire of autoimmune T cells has allowed
      considerable progress in the immunotherapy of EAE, using either monoclonal
      antibodies or cytotoxic T cells directed against clonotypic determinants on the
      autoaggressive T cells. (5) One obstacle to this approach in human disease is the
      polymorphism of the MHC in the species and the commensurate heterogeneity of
      autoimmune T cells.

PMID- 2662896
TI  - Parkinsonism and neurofibrillary tangle pathology in pigmented nuclei.
AB  - Four parkinsonian patients had neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, and
      gliosis restricted to the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. No Lewy body
      inclusions or other neuropathological changes accounting for parkinsonism were
      found in any of these patients. Their clinical features were characterized by an
      early age of onset, absence of dementia, absence of other neurological
      abnormalities, good response to drug therapy, and a long, slowly progressive
      course of illness. None of the patients had any history of encephalitis. These
      patients either represent a forme fruste of postencephalitic parkinsonism or a
      new entity thus far not described.

PMID- 2662897
TI  - beta 2-Microglobulin and antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis type B.
AB  - During a randomized controlled trial of interferon and descyclovir therapy, the
      beta 2-microglobulin and SGOT serum levels in 36 patients with chronic HBe
      positive hepatitis B were studied in order to determine whether beta 2
      microglobulin has prognostic value for HBe seroconversion. Pretreatment levels of
      beta 2-microglobulin were elevated in 39% of patients. Significant differences in
      mean beta 2-microglobulin activity and mean SGOT between treated patients and
      untreated controls were observed after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment (P less than
      0.05). Levels in control patients remained stable. Prior to and during therapy,
      the mean elevation of beta 2-microglobulin and SGOT levels was similar in
      responders (N =7) and non-responders (N = 11). The outcome of antiviral therapy
      in our patients was not dependent on beta 2-microglobulin levels measured before
      or during interferon therapy.

PMID- 2662898
TI  - Genetic exchange in the environment.
AB  - Reports made over the past few years leave little doubt that horizontal gene
      transfer among bacteria can and does occur in the environment. The significance
      of these events in the dissemination of recombinant molecules is not clear and
      more research is required to fully appreciate the impact of genetic exchange on
      their stability and survival. Based on the available data it is fair to say that
      horizontal gene transfer may play as important a role in transmission of
      recombinant sequences as does the survival and persistence of genetically
      engineered microorganisms.

PMID- 2662899
TI  - Clonal dynamics of Escherichia coli in its natural habitat.

PMID- 2662900
TI  - Molecular and biochemical approaches to determining what bacteria are doing in
      vivo.

PMID- 2662901
TI  - Effects of changes in the mitochondrial genome on the performance of baking
      yeasts.
AB  - Modifications to the mitochondria in baking yeasts affect their performance in
      dough-raising tests significantly. Conversion of a respiratory-competent baking
      strain, sensitive to glucose repression, to the petite mutant, yielded a strain
      which was released from this effect, as shown by the increased development of the
      cytochrome c peak in the cytochrome spectrum, and which showed a comparably
      improved dough-raising performance, approaching the levels found for a
      respiratory-competent strain which was fully derepressed. Replacement of the
      mitochondria of one strain by those from another, in some cases, improved the
      performance of the recipient strain, especially if the latter was sensitive to
      glucose repression. In addition, reduction of glucose repression in single-spore
      clones derived from the composite strains, as determined by the increased size of
      the cytochrome c peak, usually segregated 2:2 both for this character and for
      improved dough-raising capability as well.

PMID- 2662902
TI  - Comparison of different assays for the aggregation of oral bacteria by human
      whole saliva.
AB  - For comparison, human whole saliva-induced aggregation was studied by phase
      contrast microscopy, spectrophotometry combined with macroscopic observations,
      and in microtiterplate assay under identical experimental conditions for
      Actinomyces viscosus HG 85 (T14-V) and HG 380 (T14-AV), Bacteroides gingivalis HG
      66 (W 83), Streptococcus rattus HG 59 (BHT), and Streptococcus sanguis I HG 169.
      The entire process of formation, extension, and sedimentation of aggregates could
      merely be observed by the combination of these assays. The very first stages of
      aggregation could only be detected and quantitated by phase-contrast microscopy.
      Within 2 1/2 min, 50% of the A. viscosus, S. rattus, and S. sanguis cells were
      aggregated, denoted as T50. In microtiterplates, however, aggregates were
      observed in general only after sedimentation at 30-45 min of incubation,
      expressed as TA. For interpretation of the spectrophotometric curves, additional
      microscopic and macroscopic data were a prerequisite. The small decline in
      absorbance during the first 30-45 min (phase 1) corresponded to the formation and
      extension of nonsedimenting aggregates, whereas the subsequent pronounced fall in
      absorbance (phase 2) was caused by the massive sedimentation of aggregates. The
      moment of inflexion between both phases, TI, marked the onset of sedimentation of
      aggregates and corresponded very well with TA, at which time already 92-98% of
      the cells were aggregated as quantitated by microscopy. In conclusion, only by
      microscopy the formation and extension of aggregates could be observed within a
      few minutes and quantitated in terms of aggregation rate. From 30-45 min, merely
      the sedimentation of aggregates was visualized in microtiterplates, whereas the
      time course of the overall process was recorded indirectly by spectrophotometry.

PMID- 2662903
TI  - Thiolutin inhibits utilization of glucose and other carbon sources in cells of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Thiolutin was found to inhibit the utilization of glucose and other growth
      substrates in Escherichia coli. The inhibition was detected by a sharp drop of
      the respiration rate after addition of the antibiotic. The actual function
      affected was allocated to the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterial cells by the
      following evidence: --spheroplasts were affected like intact cells, --individual
      reactions of either the electron transport chain or the glycolytic pathway were
      not inhibited, --glucose consumption in the culture stopped and the cells
      accumulated guanosine tetraphosphate as under starvation conditions, --activation
      of the cell's apo-glucose dehydrogenase restored respiration via bypassing the
      glucose phosphotransferase system. It was concluded that the transport of certain
      substrates across the membrane was inhibited.

PMID- 2662904
TI  - The effects of vanadate on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on non-fermentable medium was more sensitive
      to inhibition by vanadate than growth on fermentable medium. The frequency of
      petite mutants increased in cultures grown for 18 hours in fermentable medium
      containing vanadate. However, oxygen uptake markedly increased in yeast cultures
      grown in the presence of vanadate, a similar effect being produced by phosphate.
      It was also found that oligomycin toxicity was relieved by vanadate. These
      results suggest that vanadate may interact with the mitochondria of S.
      cerevisiae.

PMID- 2662905
TI  - Home Study Program. Congenital dysplasia of the hip.

PMID- 2662906
TI  - Perioperative nursing research. Part V: Intraoperative recommended practices.

PMID- 2662907
TI  - Cetylpyridinium chloride as a fixative for glycosaminoglycans in histologic
      sections.

PMID- 2662908
TI  - Mediators of inflammation in blister fluids from patients with pemphigus vulgaris
      and bullous pemphigoid.
AB  - Blister fluids from 39 previously untreated patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV)
      and 28 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) were tested for the presence of
      inflammatory mediators. Blister fluids from patients with PV and BP showed
      interleukin 1 (IL-1)- and interleukin 2 (IL-2)-like activity and contained
      prostaglandin (PG) E2, F1 alpha, and F2 alpha, thromboxane B2 (TB2), leukotriene
      (LT) B4 and C4, serine esterases, and proteolysis inhibitors. Pemphigus blister
      fluid was distinguished by high IL-1-like activity, proteolytic activity, and
      high concentrations of TB2 and LTB4, while pemphigoid blister fluid was
      characterized by higher IL-2-like activity, antiprotease activity, and high PGE2
      concentration. We also determined that the content of mediators of inflammation
      varied depending on the duration of blister development. In both PV and BP, the
      initially high IL-1-like activity, amount of serine proteases, and concentrations
      of PGF2 alpha, TB2, LTB4, and LTC4 decreased by the fifth day of blister
      existence, whereas antiprotease activity as well as PGE2 and PGF1 alpha
      concentrations gradually increased as blisters developed. These findings suggest
      certain differences in the character of the bullous inflammatory process in
      pemphigus and pemphigoid.

PMID- 2662909
TI  - Autosomal recessive epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Generalized phenotypic
      features suggestive of junctional or dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, and
      association with neuromuscular diseases.
AB  - With few exceptions, epidermolysis bullosa (EB) simplex is an autosomal dominant
      disorder characterized by rather localized and recurrent nonscarring blister
      formation; mucous membranes and other organs are usually uninvolved. Recently,
      two patients were described with an autosomal recessive form of EB simplex
      associated with muscular dystrophy. We now describe four additional patients with
      autosomal recessive EB simplex, three of whom had associated muscular dystrophy
      or congenital myasthenia gravis. These patients had generalized cutaneous
      findings, including milia, atrophic scarring, nail dystrophy, and scalp alopecia,
      which have been classically attributed to either junctional or dystrophic EB.
      Each patient had significant oral cavity involvement, and in two, marked growth
      retardation and anemia were also present. Our findings suggest that autosomal
      recessive EB simplex may be characterized by rather severe cutaneous and
      extracutaneous disease activity, and may be associated with at least two distinct
      neuromuscular diseases.

PMID- 2662910
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in childhood. Differentiation from hereditary
      epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), rarely reported in childhood, is described
      in a 10-year-old black girl. The age of onset during infancy and the clinical
      appearance mimicked hereditary dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Epidermolysis
      bullosa acquisita was diagnosed by direct immunofluorescence of perilesional
      skin, indirect immunofluorescence on normal epithelium and saline-split skin,
      direct immunoelectron microscopy, and immunoblotting of the patient's serum
      sample against partially purified EBA antigen/carboxyl domain of type VII
      collagen. Differentiation of mechanobullous disease in children is critical in
      that significant clinical benefit may be achieved in EBA with prednisone and/or
      dapsone therapy. A search for associated immunologic abnormalities and HLA-DR
      typing may help our understanding of EBA.

PMID- 2662911
TI  - Cutaneous Rhizopus and Aspergillus infections in five patients with cancer.
AB  - Primary cutaneous infection with Aspergillus species and Rhizopus species was
      observed in five patients between October 1986 and January 1988. All patients had
      an underlying hematological malignancy and were neutropenic. Four patients
      developed skin lesions with eschars at and around the site of intravenous
      catheter insertion. One patient had two lesions along the course of the
      intravenous line. The fifth patient developed the lesion on the left side of the
      lower part of the back subsequent to the appearance of a rash due to excessive
      perspiration. A diagnosis was made in each case by histopathological studies and
      cultures of skin biopsy specimens. The fungal organisms cultured were Aspergillus
      species in three patients and Rhizopus species in two patients. All patients were
      treated with amphotericin B. Three patients responded to antifungal therapy and
      local care without surgical debridgement. Two patients died of disseminated
      fungal infection. The development of cutaneous lesions due to opportunistic
      fungal pathogens seemed to have been related to the moist and humid conditions
      created by occlusive dressings or excessive perspiration.

PMID- 2662912
TI  - Special techniques in dermatology.
AB  - Beyond routine hematoxylin-eosin histologic examinations, specialized diagnostic
      techniques allow examination of biopsy material for subtle morphological and
      functional alterations. Morphological analytic techniques (1-micron section
      analysis, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray probe microanalysis, and
      digital image analysis) and functional analytic techniques (immunofluorescence,
      immunohistochemistry, and molecular biologic techniques) are valuable diagnostic
      tools. These techniques have applications in evaluating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
      and atypical lymphocytic infiltrates, vesiculobullous disorders, lupus
      erythematosus and collagen vascular diseases, vasculitis, poorly differentiated
      tumors, storage diseases, and infections.

PMID- 2662913
TI  - Cancer risk associated with therapeutic irradiation of skin.

PMID- 2662914
TI  - HIV testing in dialysis units: preventing the plague?
AB  - A literature search was done on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) to determine the scope of the epidemic
      and whether routine testing in dialysis units might prevent the spread of the HIV
      infection. It was discovered that numbers of deaths from AIDS are far fewer than
      deaths from other diseases and from past plagues and that knowing which patients
      test positive will not prevent the spread of the infection.

PMID- 2662915
TI  - Heparin-free dialysis.
AB  - Heparin-free dialysis (HFD) with and without saline flushes, although not a new
      concept, is a strategy that can be easily employed for managing patients at high
      risk for bleeding. The purpose of this article is to review the concept of HFD as
      described in reference literature and to report on the protocol and success of
      using this technique at Stanford University Hospital.

PMID- 2662916
TI  - Outcome and survival in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2662917
TI  - Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid factor cross reactive idiotype
      expression, and hidden rheumatoid factors.
AB  - The major rheumatoid factor cross reactive idiotype (RCRI), defined by prototypic
      monoclonal rheumatoid factors (RFs), is expressed as a dominant idiotype by
      pokeweed mitogen induced plasma cells obtained from seropositive (RF+) patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Some patients who meet clinical diagnostic
      criteria for RA set by the American Rheumatism Association fail to express RFs at
      any time during their clinical course. To determine if seronegative (RF-)
      patients with RA, so designated by the latex fixation, Rose-Waaler classic
      binding assays, or a RF enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), express the
      RCRI in the absence of detectable RFs we examined pokeweed mitogen plasma cells
      from these patients by indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, we used an
      inhibition ELISA to detect RCRI bearing molecules in the sera of RF- patients
      with RA. Five of 10 RF- patients with RA had a high prevalence of RCRI+ plasma
      cells (16-49% of total pokeweed mitogen plasma cells in culture). Six of 20 RF-
      patients with RA had high serum concentrations of molecules marked by the RCRI,
      equivalent to 21-110 micrograms/ml of RCRI+ reference monoclonal IgM RF. Four of
      five patients who expressed the RCRI in high prevalence in pokeweed mitogen
      plasma cells, also demonstrated high concentrations of RCRI in their sera
      detected by inhibition ELISA. There was significant concordance of RCRI
      expression determined by the two different assays. Four RF- patients with RA who
      expressed RCRI in their whole sera had hidden RFs detected in their 19S and, in
      one case, 7S serum fraction. Detection of RF related molecules in whole sera by
      the expression of RCRI in RF- patients with RA identifies a subgroup of RF-
      patients with RA who possess hidden RFs. Some RF- patients with RA can express
      the major RCRI in pokeweed mitogen plasma cells and in their sera and therefore
      are related to patients with prototypic Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia, who
      produce RCRI+ 19S IgM monoclonal RFs.

PMID- 2662919
TI  - Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and arthritis.
AB  - In 1986 and 1987 nine patients with a raised antibody titre to Yersinia
      pseudotuberculosis were found. Two of these results were almost certainly due to
      the cross reactivity between some Y pseudotuberculosis serogroups and some
      salmonella serotypes. Of the other seven patients with otherwise unexplained Y
      pseudotuberculosis serology, three suffered from severe arthritis and two had
      symptoms suggestive of sacroiliitis. Our data and published reports suggest that
      reactive arthritis might follow both Y enterocolitica and Y pseudotuberculosis
      infections.

PMID- 2662918
TI  - Acute transverse myelopathy complicating systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - A sixteen year old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus developed acute
      transverse myelopathy. She was treated with high dose steroids, cyclophosphamide,
      and plasma exchange and regained partial neurological function. Previous
      descriptions of transverse myelopathy complicating systemic lupus erythematosus
      are reviewed, with particular reference to the efficacy of high dose steroid
      treatment.

PMID- 2662920
TI  - Generalised osteoarthritis: a hormonally mediated disease.

PMID- 2662921
TI  - Preferred imaging techniques for the diagnosis of cholecystitis and
      cholelithiasis.

PMID- 2662922
TI  - Intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography in the evaluation of peripheral
      vascular trauma.
AB  - The role of intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (IADSA) in the
      evaluation of extremity trauma has not been clearly established. Several
      potential advantages would make IADSA a preferable study to conventional
      angiography (CA). This retrospective study analyzed 104 major peripheral arteries
      with suspected injury. Multiplane IADSA studies were compared with conventional
      angiography of the same vessel in 97 patients. The arteriograms were evaluated by
      a physician and a radiologist in a double-blinded fashion. IADSA correlated well
      with CA. Similar findings comparing both studies were noted in 101 of 104
      angiograms (97%) (p less than 0.001) in review by the radiologist and in 100 of
      104 (96%) (p less than 0.001) by the surgeon. Only one injury confirmed at
      surgery was not seen on IADSA; this study was read as equivocal by both
      examiners. These data confirm that IADSA is a reliable and reasonable study for
      the evaluation of patients with suspected peripheral arterial injury.

PMID- 2662923
TI  - Segmental liver resection using ultrasound-guided selective portal venous
      occlusion.
AB  - Anatomical segmental resection of small hepatic lesions using operative
      ultrasonography is improved by selective intrahepatic portal venous occlusion.
      The technique was successfully performed in 15 of the 18 patients in whom it was
      attempted. The lesions resected included 7 hepatocellular carcinomas in cirrhotic
      patients, 5 hepatic metastases, 2 benign tumors and 1 gallbladder carcinoma. The
      mean duration of local vascular exclusion was 47 minutes (range, 22 to 80
      minutes) and mean blood transfusion requirement was 1.3 units (range, 0 to 7
      units). Five patients sustained postoperative complications and these included
      chest infection (2 patients), ascites (2 patients), pleural effusion (1 patient)
      and hemorrhage (1 patient) from the site of hepatic resection. There were no
      postoperative deaths. One patient required further resection of a recurrent
      colonic metastasis and two patients have died of disseminated disease. This
      technique has allowed limited anatomical resection of lesions that would have
      otherwise required extensive classical hepatic resections or would have not been
      amenable to resection.

PMID- 2662924
TI  - Acute acalculous cholecystitis in critically injured patients. Preoperative
      diagnostic imaging.
AB  - The potential lethality and predisposing factors of acute acalculous
      cholecystitis (AAC) are well established; however, preoperative diagnosis remains
      a challenge. This update of a previous report of 30 cases of AAC at a Level I
      trauma center describes 14 multiply injured patients who developed AAC and
      underwent cholecystectomy. All 14 patients had acutely inflamed gallbladders; 6
      (42.8%) had areas of necrosis or gangrene. The mortality rate was 7% (1 patient).
      While the percentage of patients receiving prolonged intensive care (100%),
      narcotic analgesics (100%), and TPN (93%) correlates with the experience cited
      previously, the percentage undergoing preoperative diagnostic imaging is
      unusually high, reflecting a heightened suspicion for AAC. Computed tomographic
      or sonographic evidence of gallbladder wall thickness greater than or equal to 4
      mm, pericholecystic fluid or subserosal edema without ascites, intramural gas, or
      a sloughed mucosal membrane was considered diagnostic criteria for AAC. We
      conclude that preoperative computed tomogram or ultrasound imaging leads to
      earlier recognition of this life-threatening problem.

PMID- 2662925
TI  - [Evolution of the concept of the mechanisms of antibiotic interaction with
      microbial cells].

PMID- 2662926
TI  - [Ways of developing the first and second generation biocatalysts for antibiotic
      production].
AB  - Methods for development of bioengineering systems of different types useful in
      synthesis and transformation of antibiotics are discussed. It was shown that in
      development of monoenzymatic biocatalysts on the basis of immobilized cells and
      in preparation of immobilized cultures producing secondary metabolites with
      enzymological engineering directed action on the cells could be provided which
      made it possible to establish highly efficient bioengineering systems. Various
      means for providing the directed action and method for estimation of the carrier
      culture interation are proposed. The prospects of using the second generation
      biocatalysts in improvement of the processes for production of antibiotics are
      described.

PMID- 2662927
TI  - [Competitive binding of various beta-lactam compounds to penicillin-binding
      proteins of Escherichia coli].
AB  - Competing interaction of two novel N-acyl derivatives of ampicillin i.e. N'
      benzylchlorbenzimidazole (No. 48) and N-pyrazolytiazole (No. 72) derivatives and
      14C-benzylpenicillin with penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) of E. coli was
      studied. It was shown that ampicillin and its derivative No. 48 markedly differed
      in their affinity to various PBPs. Derivative No. 72 did not prevent binding of
      the labeled benzylpenicillin to any PBP which corresponded to its low
      antimicrobial activity. Analogous experiments with new cephalosporin structures
      i.e. active and inactive N-acyl derivatives of cephalosporin showed that the
      active derivative No. 94 i.e. N-methyltiobenzimidazole derivative had the highest
      affinity to PBP-2 and PBP-5. The inactive derivative No. 68 i.e. N
      chlorbenzimidazole derivative also had high affinity to PBP-1b, PBP-2 and PBP-3
      essential for the cell. No activity of the latter compound against intact cells
      of E. coli was probably due to its low penetration through the outer membrane of
      the bacterial cell. Estimation of affinity of the beta-lactam structures to
      various PBPs not only provided data on the mechanism of their action but also
      made it possible to explain in some cases the peculiarities of their
      antimicrobial spectrum.

PMID- 2662928
TI  - [Correlation of dose-antimicrobial effect in modeling in vitro pharmacokinetic
      profiles of normal and impaired elimination of antibiotics].
AB  - Relationships between concentration and antimicrobial effect (AME) of sisomicin
      (SMN) and cefotaxime (CTX) were established by simulating their pharmacokinetic
      profiles in an in vitro dynamic model. The AME duration (TE, time shift between
      the curves of bacteria heat output in the presence and absence of the
      antibiotics) or intensity (IE, area between the above curves) for both the
      antibiotics depended in the same way on the area under the concentration/time
      curve (AUC, mimicing of intravenous administration of the antibiotics in various
      doses). At low and moderate values of the AUC the dependences of IE or TE vs the
      AUC (the bacteriostatic phase of the AME development) were of the sigmoid shape
      while at high values of the AUC there was a marked increase in IE or TE (the
      bactericidal phase). The patterns of the IE or TE vs AUC curves in impaired
      antibiotic elimination were analogous. At the same time the IE or TE vs AUC
      curves for both the antibiotics under simulation of normal elimination (T 1/2,
      SMN-2.1 h, T 1/2, CTX-1.2 h) and impaired one (T 1/2, SMN-8.3 h, T 1/2, CTX-4.6
      h) did not match. In the first case the AMESMN was on the whole higher and the
      AMECTX was lower than in the second case. Therefore, in patients with renal
      failure the efficient concentration of the aminoglycoside in blood can be higher
      and that of the cephalosporin on the contrary can be lower than the normal.

PMID- 2662929
TI  - [Combined chemotherapy of experimental infection in neutropenia].
AB  - A significant decrease in resistance to infections caused by gramnegative
      pathogens was observed in mice with neutropenia induced by cytostatics. Efficacy
      of schemes for combined chemotherapy with beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and a
      novel peptide antibiotic was studied on model infections in mice with
      neutropenia. In the neutropenic mice with sepsis caused by Pseudomonas the
      peptide antibiotic administered parenterally in a single dose of 50 micrograms/kg
      provided high therapeutic activity. In combination with azlocillin, cefotaxime
      and amikacin the peptide antibiotic has a synergistic therapeutic action.

PMID- 2662930
TI  - [Chemotherapy of bacteroides infection under clinical and experimental
      conditions].
AB  - Bacteroides were detected in pus and bioptates of the majority of 125 patients
      with purulent and purulent septic infections of various localization. In 90 per
      cent of the subjects the bacteroides were detected in association with aerobes,
      facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria. The species of the bacteroides and
      concomitant microflora isolated from the cases with different diseases were
      defined by endogenic sources of the microbial contamination. Sensitivity of 112
      bacteroide strains to antimicrobial agents was tested. Chloramphenicol,
      clindamycin, metronidazole, cefotaxime and heliomycin proved to be the most
      efficient. Efficacy of heliomycin was detected in hamsters with experimental
      bacteroide infection in the buccal sac. Thorough bacteriological examination is
      required for rational chemotherapy of bacteroide infections.

PMID- 2662931
TI  - [The search for new antibacterial antibiotics produced by rare genera of
      Actinomyces].

PMID- 2662932
TI  - The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance,
      hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension.
AB  - The contribution of obesity to cardiovascular risk has not been adequately
      appreciated because of a failure to recognize the involvement of upper-body
      predominance of body weight with hypertension, diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia
      even in the absence of significant overall obesity. This article examines the
      evidence that upper-body obesity, as usually induced by caloric excess in the
      presence of androgens, mediates these problems by way of hyperinsulinemia.
      Because of these interrelationships, there is a need to identify and prevent
      upper-body obesity or, failing that, to provide therapies that will control the
      associated problems without aggravating hyperinsulinemia.

PMID- 2662933
TI  - Calcium channel blockers in myocardial infarction.
AB  - Calcium channel blockers are currently approved for use in patients with
      arrhythmias, stable and unstable angina pectoris, and systemic hypertension. The
      hemodynamic and electrophysiologic properties of these agents suggest that their
      use would be appropriate in both the immediate and the long-term management of
      patients who suffered a myocardial infarction. Some experimental evidence
      accumulated from animal models supports the ability of these drugs to reduce both
      myocardial infarct size and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. The
      clinical trials with these drugs, however, have yielded disappointing results.
      Some data suggest a role of diltiazem therapy in reducing the incidence of
      transmural wall infarction and angina in those patients sustaining non-Q-wave
      myocardial infarctions. In the setting of Q-wave infarction, calcium channel
      blockers seem to be less effective than beta-blockade both for acute and long
      term management. Finally, calcium channel blockers appear to be contraindicated
      in patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction and who have concomitant
      left ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 2662934
TI  - Regulation of lysine decarboxylase activity in Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - The biodegradative lysine decarboxylase of E. coli has been reported to attain a
      higher specific activity when grown to saturation in the presence of excess
      lysine under conditions of low pH and absence of aeration. In order to examine
      possible sources of the pH and anaerobic regulation, a series of isogenic strains
      of E. coli K-12 were constructed. The effects of cadR-, fnr-, cya-, crp- and pgi-
      mutations on lysine decarboxylase expression were examined. Cultures were grown
      in a lysine supplemented rich medium at pH 5.5, pH 6.8, and pH 8.0 with and
      without aeration and the enzyme was assayed from log phase cultures. The results
      suggested that the pH and air responses were independent and that these known
      regulatory processes are not responsible for this regulation of the
      biodegradative lysine decarboxylase.

PMID- 2662935
TI  - Dot diagrams as source documents for evaluations of test performance.
AB  - Complete evaluations of test performance require data on many test results over
      many clinical states, not restricted to the traditional 2 X 2 table of two
      possible test results and two possible clinical states. Published reports on test
      performance often include dot diagrams, depicting many test results over many
      clinical states. From such dot diagrams, several methods may be used to obtain
      numerical data for quantitative evaluations of test performance. Dot diagrams,
      long used to depict multiple test results over multiple clinical states, can
      serve as source documents for quantitative evaluations of test performance.

PMID- 2662936
TI  - Lymph node hemangioma.
AB  - Lymph node hemangiomas are rare lesions. There have been two previous articles on
      the subject in the literature. We describe another case in which a lymph node was
      surgically removed from the inguinal region of a 4 1/2-year-old boy, with a five
      month history of a right-sided groin mass. The literature was reviewed, regarding
      some vasoformative benign lymph node lesions, and a general working
      classification of these lesions is listed, as we attempted to recognize possible
      patterns in reactive-proliferative processes and separate them from true
      neoplasms with hamartomatous features.

PMID- 2662937
TI  - Ultrasound imaging of residual limbs: new use for an old technique.
AB  - The use of ultrasound for diagnosing problems in the residual limb of an
      individual with an amputation has not been documented in the literature. We
      present a case where this modality was particularly useful in the diagnosis of an
      extensive abscess in the distal stump. Ultrasound imaging of compromised residual
      limbs is useful in the diagnosis of stump infections with infected muscle tissue
      and deep fluid collection. This technique can help shorten the course of
      intravenous antibiotics by clarifying the need for surgical intervention.

PMID- 2662938
TI  - Less is better. The diagnostic workup of the patient with obstructive jaundice.
AB  - The typical patient with suspected obstructive jaundice is often subjected to an
      extensive preoperative workup on the premise of providing surgeons with
      information that will aid them at exploration. A 15-year review of 83 patients
      with obstructive jaundice from the common periampullary carcinomas was carried
      out and indicated that obtaining such information was unnecessary, unsafe,
      costly, and time-consuming. It is recommended that the patient with a medical
      history and liver function test results suggestive of obstructive jaundice should
      undergo an abdominal ultrasound study. If this discloses distal bile duct
      obstruction, no further tests are necessary in most patients and the operation
      should be carried out promptly.

PMID- 2662939
TI  - Function of pancreas allografts more than 1 year following transplantation.
AB  - At the University of Iowa, Iowa City, 75 pancreas transplant procedures were
      performed for type I diabetes mellitus from March 1984 to September 1988. Forty
      seven of these transplants were performed simultaneously with kidney transplants
      from the same donor; 23 followed previous kidney transplants, and 5 were
      preuremic pancreas-only transplants. The 1-year patient survival rate is 85% and
      pancreas graft survival rate is 54%. The simultaneous kidney and pancrease group
      had a 1-year patient survival rate of 82%, a pancreas graft survival rate of 59%,
      and a renal graft survival rate of 73%. Thirty-one of 70 kidney and pancreas
      recipients had a functioning pancreas 1 year post transplantation and 26 of 31
      currently have a functioning pancreas and are insulin free. Patient symptoms of
      neuropathy and gastroenteropathy are improved with long-term graft function. Some
      patients may develop type II diabetes post transplantation with impaired glucose
      tolerance despite high insulin production by the graft. Pancreas transplantation
      is the only therapy that achieves a euglycemic state as indicated by glycosylated
      hemoglobin and glucose tolerance testing. Centers must continue to follow up
      patients on a long-term basis to determine the final effects on the secondary
      complications of diabetes.

PMID- 2662940
TI  - Changes in tibial venous blood flow in the evolving compartment syndrome.
AB  - A sustained increase in muscle compartment pressures can cause tissue necrosis.
      When compartment pressures exceed recumbent tibial vein pressures, blood flow in
      tibial veins may be impaired. These changes can be detected by Doppler venous
      flow evaluation. In 26 patients at risk for compartment syndrome, serial
      examinations, Doppler venous flow, and measurements of compartment pressures were
      performed. All patients with abnormal Doppler venous flow results had or
      developed neuromuscular deficits. Patients with normal Doppler venous flow either
      initially or after fasciotomy did not develop the compartment syndrome. This
      syndrome can be evaluated and followed up sequentially by measuring Doppler
      venous flow in tibial veins.

PMID- 2662941
TI  - Recurrent stenosis by duplex scan following carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - Between June 1984 and January 1986, 155 carotid endarterectomies were performed
      with routine shunting. Serial duplex scanning was performed during an 18-month
      period on 124 vessels. The results of this duplex scan review revealed the
      following data: A normal scan was obtained in 87/124 (70.1%). Recurrent stenosis
      was identified in 35/124 (28.1%), and an occluded vessel was identified in 2/124
      (1.6%). Of the total recurrent stenosis group, recurrent stenosis was graded mild
      in 22/124 (17.7%), moderate in 7/124 (5.6%), and severe in 6/124 (4.8%). Of the
      35 vessels with recurrent stenosis by duplex scanning, 22/35 (62.8%) were in
      female patients, and 13/35 (37.2%) were in male patients. Of the vessels with
      severe recurrent stenosis, 5/6 (83%) were in female patients. Recurrent stenosis
      following carotid endarterectomy is more common than appreciated clinically, and
      female patients in particular may be more prone to recurrent stenosis.

PMID- 2662942
TI  - Critique of available studies on the toxicology of kretek smoke and its
      constituents by routes of entry involving the respiratory tract.
AB  - Kreteks are tobacco cigarettes containing clove, imported into North America from
      Indonesia. Health effects, including severe pulmonary toxicity, are suspected to
      be associated with kretek use among adolescents and young adults. The most likely
      candidate for a specific toxic effect among the chemical constituents of kreteks
      is eugenol. Eugenol is a natural compound found in high concentrations in clove
      buds and is the active ingredient that distinguishes kreteks from conventional
      cigarettes. It is a potent and valuable topical anesthetic, as well as a pungent
      spice constituent. Until kretek use became a fad in North America in the early
      1980s, the toxicity of eugenol by routes of exposure involving the respiratory
      tract had not been considered because human exposure had been predominantly oral
      and topical. Concern over the possible pulmonary toxicity of kretek smoke has
      stimulated studies on the smoke, eugenol itself, and other chemical constituents
      of kreteks. Two sets of studies are now available for review, one series
      conducted by La Voie et al. of the American Health Foundation and another
      conducted by Clark et al. of the Huntingdon Research Centre in the United
      Kingdom. Their methods and findings are very different. Common problems include
      low statistical power, methods of exposure that do not duplicate human exposure,
      and failure of the models to replicate the circumstances of the extant clinical
      reports, which suggest that aspiration, idiosyncratic or allergic reactions, or
      impaired host defense mechanisms may be involved. The available toxicologic
      studies must be considered preliminary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2662943
TI  - [Relationship between chemotaxis and surface antigen of neutrophils].
AB  - Neutrophils migrate from the peripheral vessels into the local tissues and cause
      acute inflammation. It was speculated that there was heterogeneity among
      neutrophils in terms of migration. Neutrophils were classified into two groups
      according to their migratory speed. The relationship between the amount of
      chemotaxis-associated antigen of cell surface and neutrophilic functions were
      examined. The classification of neutrophils into fast cells and slow ones was
      performed using Boyden chambers and nucleopore filters (10 microns). In the
      chemotactic examinations, neutrophils which migrated toward the lower
      compartments were named fast locomotive group, and cell stayed in the upper part
      of Boyden chambers were named slow locomotive group. Both groups were reacted
      with anti-human granulocyte monoclonal antibody termed TM316 and treated with
      FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgM(kappa) antibodies. The results revealed that fast
      locomotive cells expressed greater amount of TM316 associated antigens and
      generated stronger chemiluminescence than slow locomotive cells. These results
      indicate that neutrophils are not homogeneous in terms of functions and surface
      antigens.

PMID- 2662944
TI  - [Effect of lobenzarit disodium (CCA) on B cell differentiation to antibody
      secreting cells].
AB  - We investigated the effect of the immunomodulator CCA on B cells, using the
      system of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1-stimulated B cells developing into
      antibody secreting cells in the presence of T cell factors. Results were
      expressed as the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC), as measured by reverse
      hemolytic plaque assay. Serially diluted CCA was added to the culture system to
      evaluate its effect (500-0.005 micrograms/ml). Different results were obtained by
      adding CCA at a high dose or a low dose. High-dose CCA showed an inhibitory
      effect on PFC (p less than 0.01). On the other hand, low-dose CCA showed an
      inhibitory effect on high PFC responses of B cells and a stimulatory effect on
      low responses. Our data suggest that CCA has a direct effect on B cells and that
      low-dose CCA has immunomodulatory action on normal variations in immune
      responses.

PMID- 2662945
TI  - [Serum interleukin-2 receptor in patients with Kawasaki disease].
AB  - Serum levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) were determined by a
      sandwich enzyme immunoassay in 42 patients during the acute phase and in 30 at
      the convalescent phase of Kawasaki disease, 5 with streptococcal infection, 13
      with anaphylactoid purpura, 7 with various vasculitis and also in 16 healthy
      children. In addition, we analysed the population of peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells in 18 of 42 patients with KD using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter.
      Serum IL-2R levels in patients with KD were increased in the acute phase and
      return to the normal range in the convalescent phase. The increased serum IL-2R
      levels during the acute phase correlated with the percentage of peripheral blood
      helper/inducer T cells among the mononuclear cells. Serum IL-2R levels were
      increased in patients with measles who were examined as the infectious disease
      (viral) controls. However, serum IL-2R levels were increased neither in patients
      with anaphylactoid purpura nor in other diseases with vasculitis. These results
      suggest that immunological activation accompanied by the release of IL-2R from
      helper T cells in KD is similar measles virus infection and differs from
      vasculitis.

PMID- 2662946
TI  - Reproducibility of non-invasive vascular diagnosis in patients with diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - Reproducibility of noninvasive ultrasound methods for vascular diagnosis was
      studied in 36 patients with Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. The vascular
      examination included a) the measurement of ankle systolic arterial pressure and
      ankle/arm pressure index (c.w. Doppler), b) Echo-Doppler examination of iliac
      arteries with measurement of maximum systolic frequency, systolic spectrum width
      and diastolic reverse flow component. A grading of iliac artery stenosis was also
      performed. The examination was repeated after one month according to a blind
      protocol. The coefficients of variation were as follows: 8% for ankle pressure;
      8% for ankle/arm pressure index; 9% for the maximum systolic frequency; 18% for
      the spectrum width and 15% for the reverse flow component. The reproducibility of
      the grading of iliac artery stenosis based on the combined use of the three Echo
      Doppler parametres was measured by the Kendall coefficient (W = 0.865). These
      results confirm that non invasive methods are suitable and reliable for
      investigating vascular disease in diabetic patients. Accurate estimates of
      reproducibility are essential pre-requisites for the planning of studies on the
      natural history of vascular disease and on progression-regression of arterial
      lesions.

PMID- 2662947
TI  - [Pulmonary fibrosis].
AB  - Pneumosclerosis (P) is abundant lung synthesis of connective fibers and basic
      substance by fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, leiomyocytes. The synthesis is
      increased in lymphoplethora or infiltration by macrophages. T lymphocytes that
      control fibrillogenesis. One should single out Type I P in the areas of
      inflammation, which frequently reflects the specificity of the process, and Type
      II P outside the inflammatory areas, which is non-specific and may develop in
      cardiac abnormalities. Type Ia P may develop without suppuration in the areas of
      macrophage or lymphocyte infiltration in the reticular stroma of the lung which
      is rich in capillaries (the image of alveoli is distinguishable). Type Ib P
      characterizes the processes accompanied by suppuration when the granulation
      tissue completely eliminates the image of the lung due to its budding
      capillaries. Type IIa P develops in the fibrotic stroma deprived of capillaries
      and, therefore, not subjected to inflammatory infiltration. The function of
      fibroblasts is increased by lymphoplethora, in atelectases in particular, when
      pneumocirrhosis develops. Type IIb occurs in the hypertrophic leiomyocytes of the
      vessels and bronchi. While comparing the topography of P, cellular composition
      and change pattern of the elastica, one may gain an insight into the etiology of
      P to some extent.

PMID- 2662948
TI  - [Modern theoretico-cognitive problems of medical science].
AB  - The paper presents the opinion that the medical science supported by theoretical
      generalizations is directed to mastering its scientific cognition, which will
      enable medicine to reach theoretical levels. In theoretical pathology, it is
      essential, as the first step, to define the concept of a disease in terms of
      dialectical materialism, to develop the concept of human disease, to apply the
      principles of dialectical determinism in a step-by-step fashion, to be critical
      in using reductionism and related scientific substantiation of strategies to
      solve health problems.

PMID- 2662949
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of human tumors].
AB  - The literature reviews present the evidence that it is feasible to diagnose human
      tumors by applying the latest immunohistochemical techniques mainly to tissue
      sections. There is also evidence that monoclonal antibodies to various
      extracellular matrix components, cytoskeleton antigens and some specific and non
      specific neoplastic antigens are employed for this purpose.

PMID- 2662950
TI  - Cardiogenic brain embolism. The second report of the Cerebral Embolism Task
      Force.
AB  - Cardiogenic embolism has accounted for one in six ischemic strokes in recent
      clinical studies. We review the recent clinical literature about the natural
      history, diagnosis, and management of cardioembolic stroke. Long-term
      anticoagulation may be indicated for primary stroke prevention in high-risk
      patient subgroups with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. The prevalence of left
      ventricular thrombi, and probably also emboli, following an acute anterior
      myocardial infarction has been reduced by heparin, but the value of subsequent
      oral anticoagulation for persistent left ventricular thrombi has been disputed.
      Two clinical subgroups of mitral valve prolapse have been emerging: one benign
      and the other prone to complications, including embolism. Paradoxical embolism
      has increasingly been reported as contrast echocardiography has permitted a
      reliable diagnosis of patent foramen ovale. The embolic risk of infective
      endocarditis is low (less than 5%) when infection is controlled; early embolism
      during uncontrolled infection does not strongly predict later stroke. Low
      intensity anticoagulation (international normalized ratio, 2.0 to 3.0) may be
      sufficient prophylaxis for many embolism-prone cardiac disorders.

PMID- 2662951
TI  - Dementia. A review emphasizing clinicopathologic correlation and brain-behavior
      relationships.
AB  - Numerous pathogenetic mechanisms may lead to the progressive loss of memory and
      intellectual function known as dementia. Currently, the dementias are classified
      according to clinicopathologic entities, although for clinical diagnosis, this
      introduces a degree of uncertainty. Characteristic patterns of behavior and
      anatomic pathology have been associated with specific clinicopathologic entities.
      Although somewhat simplistic, classification of the dementias as cortical vs
      subcortical embodies the precept that brain substrate is intimately tied to
      behavior. Lessons in brain-behavior relationships are reviewed for four
      clinicopathologic entities: Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, vascular
      dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Dementing illnesses have contributed
      significantly to our understanding of brain-behavior relationships. Major
      progress can be anticipated as diagnostic issues are resolved and biological and
      state-specific markers emerge.

PMID- 2662952
TI  - Drug treatment of hypertension.
AB  - Hypertension continues to be a major public health issue, affecting some 10 to 15
      per cent of the adult community. The author offers a practical approach to the
      management of mild hypertension, emphasising the importance of accurate
      diagnosis, and an adequate trial of non pharmacological measures.

PMID- 2662953
TI  - Isolated systolic hypertension. How significant?
AB  - Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) has been defined as an elevation in systolic
      blood pressure of 160 mmHg or above associated with a diastolic blood pressure of
      less than 90 mmHg. The significance of ISH arises because of a number of factors
      including its prevalence, its likely role as a major predictor of cardiovascular
      morbidity and mortality, and the uncertainty about its cause.

PMID- 2662954
TI  - Hypertension as a risk factor.
AB  - In absolute terms, coronary artery disease is the most important consequence of
      hypertension. The second most common complication is stroke. The benefit of
      treating hypertension in the elderly is at least as great as in the young. The
      reason for the apparent inability of antihypertensive therapy to reduce coronary
      risk is not clear.

PMID- 2662955
TI  - Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
AB  - A new approach to a more realistic measurement of blood pressure taken over a 24
      hour period involves ambulatory monitoring of the patient. The information from
      the recorder is then fed into a computer. Although expensive now, developments of
      technology and know-how should foreshadow routine usage.

PMID- 2662956
TI  - [Traumatic splenic rupture--personal treatment principles].
AB  - The following proceedings presents the results and principles of treatment in
      infants with a traumatic rupture of the spleen treated in our division. The
      principle to save the injured organ in any case, enabled us to save the spleen in
      all of the 9 children.

PMID- 2662957
TI  - [The economic value of a protective vaccination against enzootic bronchopneumonia
      of cattle].
AB  - The bovine enzootic bronchopneumonia is a multi-causal determined and by several
      factors triggered general factor-disease. Since therapy is mostly disappointing,
      prophylaxis is the most advantageous way to curb the disease. Vaccination with
      combined vaccines has been very promising. A cost-benefit-analysis shows that the
      decrease in morbidity from 72% to 7.3% and in mortality from 5.1 to 0.9% results
      in a benefit-cost-relation between 5 to 1 and 7 to 1. That means preventive
      vaccination against crowding associated enzootic bronchopneumonia saves
      approximately 180,- DM per animal and 250,- DM per animal in case of seasonal
      enzootic bronchopneumonia.

PMID- 2662958
TI  - [The occurrence and significance of Chlamydia psittaci and Coxiella burnetii in
      dogs and cats. A study of the literature].
AB  - With this review of the literature it is demonstrated that not only infections
      with Chl. psittaci and C. burnetii do occur in dogs and cats in the Federal
      Republic of Germany but also clinical diseases caused by these agents may occur.
      Especially in diseases with uncharacteristic symptoms both bacteria have to be
      taken into consideration as causative agents. Since both agents cause zoonotic
      infections a correct diagnosis is of special importance, especially if the owner
      of a diseased dog or cat or members of his family show signs of disease also. In
      cases of unidentified disease or of a rickettsial zoonosis identification of the
      causative agent must be tackled by cultural or serological investigation. Direct
      or cultural identification is often not possible so that serological techniques
      have to be applied. Besides established serological techniques sensitive enzyme
      immunoassays are useful tools for securing a diagnosis.

PMID- 2662959
TI  - [Lyme disease, erythema migrans disease, borreliosis (review)].
AB  - An increasing rate of infections with Borrelia burgdorferi seems to endanger
      humans and domestic animals. This may be due to increase of the main vectors
      Ixodids, of their infection with borrelia, of exposure of humans in nature, of
      climate influences, changes of the virulence or resistance et cet. Enforcement of
      research in this spirochaete and information of the public are recommended for
      diminishing the risk of this disease.

PMID- 2662960
TI  - Immunogenicity: role of dendritic cells.
AB  - In the development of the immune response, the dendritic cell subset of
      leukocytes plays a key role in enhnacing immunogenicity. Dendritic cells can pick
      up antigens in the tissues and move to lymphoid organs, through which T cells
      continually recirculate. It is proposed that dendritic cells at these sites
      express functions which have been identified in tissue culture models. These
      involve efficient binding to antigen-specific T lymphocytes, as well as the
      induction of the lymphokines and growth factor receptors required for immunity.
      The dendritic cell system, apparently under the control of cytokines, is a
      sentinel designed to signal T cells that a significant antigen burden is present,
      and to generate the activated T lymphoblasts that interact with many other cell
      types to bring about an immune response.

PMID- 2662961
TI  - Evolutionary aspects of urea cycle enzyme genes.
AB  - The functions and expression pattern of urea cycle enzymes have undergone
      considerable changes during the course of evolution. Sequence analyses shows that
      urea cycle enzymes from mammals are homologous to microbial enzymes of the
      arginine-metabolic pathway. Recently, an unexpected relationship was found
      between argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1), the fourth enzyme of the cycle, and
      delta-crystallin, a lens structural protein of birds and reptiles.

PMID- 2662962
TI  - The saga of IMAC and MIT.
AB  - Immobilized Metal-ion Affinity Chromatography, IMAC, has been gaining in
      popularity as the purification technique of choice for proteins and peptides.
      IMAC of proteins on transition metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) can be rationalized in
      terms of the coordination of histidine residues. Brief accounts of the principles
      of IMAC, its anticipated development and plausible applications are presented.
      Metal Ion Transfer, MIT, may offer an efficient means to deplete a metal ion from
      a metalloprotein or, conversely, to charge its apo form with a metal.

PMID- 2662963
TI  - Plant viruses: a tool-box for genetic engineering and crop protection.
AB  - Traditionally, plant viruses are viewed as harmful, undesirable pathogens.
      However, their genomes can provide several useful 'designer functions' or
      'sequence modules' with which to tailor future gene vectors for plant or general
      biotechnology. The majority (77%) of known plant viruses have single-stranded RNA
      of the messenger (protein coding) sense as their genetic material. Over the past
      4 years, improved in vitro transcription systems and the construction of partial
      or full-length DNA copies of several plant RNA viruses have enhanced our ability
      to manipulate and study their genomes, particularly in the context of their
      pathogenic interactions with host plants. Recently, two forms of genetically
      engineered protection against plant virus infections have been reported. In both,
      a virus-related 'interfering' molecule was stably introduced into plants via the
      DNA-transfer mechanism of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. To date, the choice of
      'interfering' molecule has been guided by empirical field-observations and each
      is effective against only a narrow range of closely-related viruses. As yet, we
      do not fully understand the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the observed
      protection. The ability to manipulate the plant-pathogen relationship is a
      powerful tool to increase our knowledge and improve future strategies for
      unconventional cropprotection by genetic engineering techniques.

PMID- 2662964
TI  - Regulation of mast cell differentiation.
AB  - Mast cells are a unique class of blood cell. Unlike most blood cells,
      undifferentiated precursors of mast cells migrate in the bloodstream, invade
      tissues, proliferate there and then differentiate. Even after differentiation,
      some mast cells may proliferate extensively. Differentiation of mast cells is
      regulated by both diffusible growth factors and direct contact with fibroblasts.

PMID- 2662966
TI  - Unusual features of cereal seed protein structure and evolution.
AB  - The alcohol-soluble (prolamin) storage proteins of barley, wheat and rye vary in
      their structures, but all have two features in common: the presence of distinct
      structural domains differing in amino acid compositions, and of repeats within
      one of these domains. Detailed comparisons of amino acid sequences show that all
      appear to have evolved from a single ancestral gene consisting of three short
      related regions (called A, B and C). Regions related to A, B and C are also
      present in the minor prolamins of maize and in three other groups of seed
      proteins: inhibitors of alpha-amylase and/or trypsin from cereals. 25 storage
      globulins from several dicotyledonous species and a 2S albumin from sunflower. It
      is suggested that these proteins together constitute a protein superfamily with
      limited sequence homology.

PMID- 2662965
TI  - The genetic analysis of mitosis in Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - We describe here recent work on the molecular genetics of mitosis in the
      filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Aspergillus is one of three simple
      eukaryotes with powerful genetic systems that have been used to analyze mitosis.
      The modern molecular biological techniques available with this organism have made
      it possible to use mutations to identify genes and proteins that play an
      important role in mitosis. Three Aspergillus genes that affect mitosis are
      described. One gene, nimA, is specifically expressed late in the cell cycle and
      codes for a putative protein kinase that induces mitosis, even in cells blocked
      in S-phase. The second gene, bimG, codes for a putative phosphatase that
      interacts functionally with the nimA kinase. The third gene, bimE, codes for a
      protein that suppresses mitosis during interphase, apparently by keeping nimA
      turned off. None of these genes appear to be similar to any of the genes
      affecting mitosis that have been characterized in other eukaryotes, but rather
      appear to be elements of a system that prevents mitosis from occurring during
      interphase.

PMID- 2662967
TI  - Bacterial cell walls and membranes. Discovery of the teichoic acids.
AB  - Teichoic acids are major wall components of most Gram-positive bacteria. Their
      discovery followed that of their nucleotide precursors. Lipoteichoic acids
      associated with the cell membrane were discovered at the same time. Events
      leading to these discoveries and the probable function of teichoic acids in
      cation control are described.

PMID- 2662968
TI  - Estrogens, antiestrogens and cell proliferation.
AB  - The classical estrogen receptor model does not sufficiently account for the tumor
      promoting activity of estrogens or for the antiproliferative effect of anti
      estrogens in estrogen-dependent tumors. Particular difficulties not readily
      accommodated within the model are that hormonal autonomy can supervene without
      loss of the estrogen receptor and that antiestrogen effects are highly context
      dependent, without apparent differences in the estrogen receptor itself or in
      metabolic transformation of antiestrogens. Recent studies suggest that estrogens
      may promote cell proliferation, in part, through the mediation of growth factors
      and that antiestrogens may exert some of their effects by mechanisms unrelated to
      the estrogen receptor.

PMID- 2662969
TI  - Identification of A1 protein as the fourth member of 13 kDa-type acidic ribosomal
      protein family in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The identity of protein A1 predicted by a cDNA clone from yeast Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae which has common carboxyl-terminus to 13 kDa-type acidic ribosomal
      proteins has been examined. The unique gene for A1 was isolated using the cDNA
      clone and found to possess two boxes similar to upstream activation sequences for
      ribosomal protein genes (UASrpg) in the 5'-flanking region. The in vitro
      translation product directed by hybrid-selected mRNA with A1 cDNA comigrated with
      a minor component of split proteins from ribosome by electrofocusing. In
      addition, the mRNA level for A1 was found to be lower than other two major acidic
      ribosomal proteins suggesting that A1 is the fourth member of the protein family
      so far identified which is expressed at relatively low level.

PMID- 2662970
TI  - Precocious induction of malic enzyme by nutritional and hormonal factors in rat
      foetal hepatocyte primary cultures.
AB  - Rat foetal hepatocytes in primary cultures were used as a model for the study of
      malic enzyme gene expression. Carbohydrates and glycolytic metabolites produced
      the precocious induction of the malic enzyme in foetal hepatocytes cultured in
      the absence of serum and hormones. Palmitate prevented this induction. Insulin
      and triiodothyronine produced a significant increase in the malic enzyme specific
      activity in all the conditions studied. A synergistic effect between the two
      hormones is observed only when high concentrations of glucose are present.
      Glucagon prevents partially the induction produced by insulin plus
      triiodothyronine. Both carbohydrate and hormonal inductions of malic enzyme
      activity are related to parallel increases in its expression, and are prevented
      by protein synthesis inhibitors.

PMID- 2662971
TI  - High-level expression of self-processed HIV-1 protease in Escherichia coli using
      a synthetic gene.
AB  - A synthetic gene coding for HIV-1 protease (PR) has been constructed and a system
      for its efficient expression in E. coli has been established: PR is synthesized
      as a fusion protein with E. coli dihydrofolate reductase under the control of a
      bacteriophage T7 promoter. The synthetic gene was constructed to enable rapid
      construction of defined mutants by restriction fragment replacement. A set of
      mutants has been constructed which may facilitate elucidation of the mechanism of
      PR self-cleavage from polyprotein precursors. We have demonstrated that the C
      terminal residue (Phe99 in the native sequence) of the processing intermediate is
      absolutely required for subsequent cleavage at the N-terminal cleavage site. The
      potential structural role of this residue is discussed with reference to the
      recently published HIV-1 PR structure.

PMID- 2662972
TI  - Purification and characterization of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant
      produced by epithelioid cell line of normal rat kidney (NRK-52E cell).
AB  - Interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide stimulated
      normal rat kidney cell line (NRK-52E) to produce a chemotactic factor for rat
      neutrophils. This cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) was purified
      to obtain a single band with a M.W. of 63,000 on SDS-PAGE. The purified CINC
      induced detectable migration and strong chemotaxis of neutrophils at
      concentrations of 10(-9)M and 10(-7) - 10(-8)M, respectively. Checkerboard
      analysis indicated that CINC was a real chemotactic factor. Amino acid
      composition of CINC showed that CINC has a resemblance to human monocyte-derived
      neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF) rather than human complement fragment, C5a.

PMID- 2662973
TI  - Recognition and use of the unusual X-DNA as a primer-template by Klenow DNA
      polymerase enzyme.
AB  - Based on CD spectra, 2-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine-containing synthetic alternating
      DNA, poly(amino2dA-dt) undergoes a conformational transition from a B-form to a
      non-Z zig-zag form of DNA, called X, even under conditions where enzymes can
      work. Kinetic parameters of the E. coli Klenow DNA polymerase enzyme-catalyzed
      copying of both the B- and X-forms of poly(amino2dA-dT) have been determined.
      Binding affinity of X-DNA to the enzyme proved to be even higher than that of the
      B-DNA; primer-chain extension of X-poly(amino2dA-dT) was however hindered as
      compared to its B-form. This differential utilization of X-DNA versus B-DNA by a
      DNA polymerase is an in vitro enzymatic evidence of an unusual DNA conformation.

PMID- 2662974
TI  - Endotoxin stimulates endothelin-release in vivo and in vitro as determined by
      radioimmunoassay.
AB  - A marked increase in immunoreactive endothelin was observed in rat serum
      collected within 10-15 min after infusion of endotoxin. Endothelin level was 117
      +/- 11.5 pg/ml (mean +/- S.E., N = 4) in rats exposed to endotoxin as compared
      with undetectable levels (less than 2 pg/ml, N = 4) in controls. We have also
      observed a significant stimulation of endothelin-release by endotoxin from
      cultured bovine transformed thoractic aortic endothelial cells at concentrations
      of endotoxin ranging between 0.1 and 10.0 micrograms/ml. Serum was indispensable
      for the stimulating effect of endotoxin, although serum itself did not show any
      effect at the concentration used (1%). These results suggest that endothelin
      plays an important role in mediation of pathophysiological responses caused by
      endotoxin. The levels of endothelin were measured by radioimmunoassay with high
      sensitivity.

PMID- 2662975
TI  - Solubilization and activity of yeast cells in water-in-oil microemulsion.
AB  - Baker yeast cells are solubilized in organic solvents by the use of surfactants
      and small amounts of water. Data are reported for three different systems,
      Tween/Isopropylpalmitat, Asolectin/IPP, Asolectin/Hexadecane. The viability (life
      capability) can remain as high as 80% for 10 Days, the asolectin systems being
      more efficient. The viability is significantly higher for yeast cells derived
      from cultures which had been previously solubilized in the microemulsion system.
      The implications of the finding for microbiology in organic solvents, and some
      general mechanistic aspects, are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2662977
TI  - [Klenow fragment of DNA-polymerase I from E. coli. III. The role of
      internucleotide phosphate groups of the matrix in its binding with the enzyme].
AB  - The modification of Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I E. coli was investigated
      by the affinity reagents d(Tp)2C[Pt2+(NH3)2OH](pT)7 and
      d(pT)2pC[Pt2+(NH3)2OH](pT)7. The template binding site of the enzyme was modified
      by these reagents in the presence of NaF (5 mM), which inhibits selectively the
      3'----5'-exonuclease activity of the enzyme and therefore prevents the reagent
      from degradation. NaCN destroyed covalent bonds between reagents and enzyme,
      restoring activity of the Klenow fragment. The affinity of different ligands
      (inorganic phosphate, nucleoside monophosphates, oligonucleotides) to the
      template binding site of Klenow fragment was estimated. Minimal ligands capable
      to bind with the template site were shown to be triethylphosphate (Kd 290 microM)
      and phosphate (Kd 26 microM). Ligand affinity increases by the factor 1.76 per an
      added (monomer unit from phosphate to d(pT) and then for oligonucleotides d(Tp)nT
      (n 1 to 19-20). At n greater than 19-20, the ligand affinity remained constant.
      The complete ethylation of phosphodiester groups lowers affinity of the
      oligothymidylates to the enzyme by approximately 10 times, and comparable
      decrease of Pt2+-oligonucleotide affinity to polymerase is caused by the absence
      of Mn2+-ions. The data obtained led to suggestion that one Me2+-dependent
      electrostatic contact of the template phosphodiester group with the enzyme takes
      place (delta G = -1.45...-1.75 kcal/mole). Formation of a hydrogen bond with the
      oxygen atom of P = O group of the same template phosphate is also assumed (delta
      G = -4.8...-4.9 kcal/mole). Other template internucleotide phosphates do not
      interact with the enzyme but the bases of oligonucleotides take part in
      hydrophobic interactions with the template binding site. Gibbs energy changes by 
      0.34 kcal/mole when the template is lengthened by one unit.

PMID- 2662976
TI  - [Catalytic component of calmodulin-independent adenylate cyclase from bovine
      brain. Isolation and determination of partial amino acid sequence].
AB  - The catalytic component of calmodulin-independent adenylate cyclase of cattle
      cerebral cortex was solubilized and purified to the homogeneous state. The
      conditions for preparative obtaining of the enzyme on the column with immobilized
      antibodies to adenylate cyclase were found. These antibodies were proved to
      interact with the calmodulin-independent rather than the calmodulin-dependent
      form of the enzyme. Molecular mass of the calmodulin-independent adenylate
      cyclase determined electrophoretically is 140 +/- 10 kDa. Amino acid composition
      of the enzyme and sequences of its fragments (in total 300 amino acid residues)
      obtained upon treatment with lysyl-specific proteinase from Achromobacter liticus
      were determined. Clone containing a cDNA 605 bp insertion coding for the 183
      amino acid residue fragment of adenylate cyclase was isolated from the bovine
      brain cDNA library. Homology of this fragment to the known sequences of
      Escherichia coli and Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclases was revealed.

PMID- 2662978
TI  - Fetal heart rate patterns, perinatal asphyxia, and brain injury.
AB  - Hypoxic-ischemic injury, occurring during the intrapartum period, remains the
      most controversial perinatal cause of central nervous system injury. Current
      evidence suggests that injury during the intrapartum period is uncommon. The most
      widely used technique for antenatal surveillance is fetal heart rate monitoring.
      Fetal heart rate abnormalities, however, are infrequently associated with long
      term adverse outcomes. Fetuses may manifest many minutes of "ominous" fetal heart
      rate patterns without evidence of irreversible central nervous system injury.
      Neurologically abnormal fetuses also may manifest abnormal fetal heart rate
      patterns because of neural mechanisms controlling heart rate, rather than because
      of intrapartum hypoxic events. Fetal acidosis also correlates poorly with
      outcome. The conclusion that a child's neurologic abnormalities are due to brain
      injury occurring during the intrapartum period cannot be based on fetal
      surveillance findings in isolation, but must be based on the consideration of
      many parameters.

PMID- 2662979
TI  - Granulocytic sarcoma in childhood acute myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - A 12-year-old boy with acute myelogenous leukemia developed acute weakness and
      paresthesias of the lower extremities after lumbar puncture. Computed tomography
      and magnetic resonance imaging revealed 2 large paraspinal masses (granulocytic
      sarcoma) causing spinal cord compression. Treatment with corticosteroids,
      radiation therapy, and chemotherapy caused complete resolution of symptoms; there
      was no evidence of tumor on subsequent magnetic resonance imaging or at autopsy.
      Granulocytic sarcomas (chloromas) rarely involve the nervous system in patients
      with acute myelogenous leukemia, although with increased survival it is apparent
      that the incidence may be greater than previously believed. Central nervous
      system prophylaxis was not administered to our patient but may be recommended for
      future patients if systemic disease can be controlled. General features of
      central nervous system complications of acute myelogenous leukemia,
      characteristics of granulocytic sarcoma, and review of current radiographic
      techniques used in the evaluation of these tumors are discussed.

PMID- 2662980
TI  - Dandy-Walker cyst associated with occipital meningocele.
AB  - Dandy-Walker cyst associated with occipital meningocele is very rare. Only 12
      patients have been reported. We report a female infant with Dandy-Walker cyst and
      occipital meningocele whose diagnosis was suspected antenatally by in utero
      ultrasonography. At birth, head circumference was normal for 37 weeks gestation.
      She underwent surgical repair of the occipital meningocele immediately after
      birth. The post-operative course was uneventful until the sixth day of life when
      progressive enlargement of the head with progressive ventricular dilatation was
      recognized. Communication between the posterior fossa cyst and the occipital
      meningocele was confirmed neuroradiologically; the occipital meningocele may have
      compensated for the increased intracranial pressure in fetal life.

PMID- 2662981
TI  - Views of mothers and midwives participating in the Bristol randomized, controlled
      trial of active management of the third stage of labor.
AB  - Mothers and midwives who had participated in the Bristol randomized controlled
      trial of active versus physiologic management of the Third Stage of Labor were
      asked for their views. One hundred ninety-one mothers (11% of the total
      randomized) and 49 midwives completed self-administered questionnaires. Both
      mothers and midwives commented adversely about the length of the third stage
      under physiologic management. In general, their views were in accord with the
      conclusions of the main trial (based on clinical data, including maternal blood
      loss, length of third stage, need for therapeutic oxytocic agents, and specified
      neonatal morbidity) in favor of continuing with the current practice of active
      management.

PMID- 2662982
TI  - A randomized trial of electronic fetal monitoring in preterm labor: mothers'
      views.
AB  - To determine if perceptions of preterm labor and birth differed between women who
      were monitored by electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) or by periodic auscultation,
      135 subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups on admission
      to a tertiary perinatal care setting. The first group received external
      monitoring by continuous Doppler and tocodynamometer when membranes were intact,
      and with an internal fetal scalp electrode and pressure catheter once membranes
      were ruptured. The second group received periodic monitoring with a DeLee
      fetoscope or amplified Doppler. All women were cared for on a one-to-one basis by
      expert study nurses. Subjects completed a questionnaire about their labor
      experience during their postpartum hospital stay. There was no statistically
      significant difference between the two groups on the study measures [T2(7,81) =
      13.65; F = 1.82; P greater than 0.05]. Forty-four percent of the variance in
      women's global evaluation of labor was explained by their perceptions of nursing
      support. These findings suggest that mothers' perceptions of their preterm labor
      are less influenced by the technologic interventions used than by the supportive
      care received from nurses.

PMID- 2662983
TI  - The role of free radicals and eicosanoids in the pathogenetic mechanism
      underlying ischemic brain edema.
AB  - Results of our consecutive study on the pathogenic mechanism underlying ischemic
      brain edema are summarized in this paper. Pertinent findings are as follows: (1)
      there is a close correlation between the influxes of water and sodium following
      ischemia; (2) the edema fluid can be regarded as the ultrafiltrate of serum; (3)
      there is a significant increase in the brain content of HETEs following ischemia;
      (4) the lipoxygenase activity of brain microvessels is increased following
      ischemia; (5) the lipoxygenase activity as well as the Na+, K+-ATPase activity of
      brain microvessels are enhanced by a hydroperoxide, 15-HPETE; (6) inhibition of
      Na+, K+-ATPase of brain microvessels by intraarterial infusion of ouabain
      resulted in a significant decrease in edema formation; and (7) not the
      cyclooxygenase, but the lipoxygenase pathway seems to be involved in the
      enhancement of microvessel Na+, K+-ATPase. Lipoxygenase(s) and Na+-K+-ATPase of
      brain microvessels, the activities of which are enhanced by an increased level of
      free radicals and/or hydroperoxides, may play a significant role in the
      occurrence of ischemic brain edema.

PMID- 2662984
TI  - [Surgery of chronic suppurative otitis media in childhood].
AB  - In this review the indications for surgery are discussed, based on the literature
      and own publications. In 185 ears of children up to 14 years, 9.1% recurrent
      perforations were found. Otitis of the ossicles is rarer than in adults and in
      cholesteatoma in children. Tubal function seems to influence the results. These
      factors are discussed. Surgery is indicated to improve and to prevent ossicular
      destruction; furthermore, the children are able to participate in swimming and
      sports without ear protection. Delay of tympanoplasty is recommended if bad
      cooperation makes pre- and postoperative treatment difficult, and in cases where
      a secretory otitis media on the contralateral ear indicates poor tubal function.
      A persisting perforation after extrusion of a grommet should not be closed
      immediately.

PMID- 2662985
TI  - [Anatomical markers of Reinke's space and the etiopathogenesis of Reinke edema].
AB  - On the basis of histological examination of normal human larynges, the authors
      have defined the anatomical and histological features of Reinke's space. It is
      sharply demarcated by dense fibrous tissue in the anterior commissure, along the
      vocal process of the arytenoid and beneath the free margin of the vocal cord. The
      upper limit is not always sharply demarcated, and on the upper surface Reinke's
      space varies considerably in size. It may include a half of the upper surface of
      the vocal cord, reaching usually to the bottom of the laryngeal ventricle and
      occasionally extending to include also the inferior surface of the ventricular
      fold. The authors suggest that the upper boundary of Reinke's space is
      functional. On the basis of the morphologic structure of Reinke's space a
      hypothesis of aetiopathogenesis of Reinke's oedema was set up. The patient's
      attempt to compensate the hoarseness by the use of the false vocal cords forces
      the fluid within Reinke's space towards the free edge of the vocal cord.

PMID- 2662986
TI  - [Ultrasound diagnosis of the larynx with the aid of computerized sonography].
AB  - We report on new perspectives in diagnostic ultrasound of the larynx, a method
      that has become possible by the application of computed sonography. The
      examinations were performed by means of a computer sonography system (Acuson
      128). For all investigations we used a 5 MHz linear transducer with a resolution
      corresponding to 10 MHz. The frame rate was between 20 Hz and 50 Hz and thus
      enabled good reproduction of dynamic processes. We could show that it is possible
      to visualize all significant structures of the larynx including the thyroid
      cartilage, the vocal ligament, the vocalis muscle, the arytenoid cartilage and
      the piriform fossa. With sufficient practice, good demonstration and hence
      assessment of the larynx can be already possible in infancy. We examined children
      and adults between 6 days and 35 years of age. - Masses in the laryngeal area are
      among the important indications for sonographic diagnosis: in infancy and
      childhood, these are mainly represented by laryngeal papillomatosis. In one of
      our patients suffering from massive laryngeal papillomatosis, laser surgery was
      first performed when he was 15 months of age. After a third removal procedure,
      interferon therapy was initiated. Sonographically it was easily possible to
      follow the course. Sonographic findings correlated well with laryngoscopic
      findings. Laryngoscopy could therefore be restricted to a minimum.

PMID- 2662987
TI  - [The temporalis muscle fascia flap for covering defects in the oropharynx. Report
      of 4 years experiences with 26 cases].
AB  - The temporalis muscle flap has proved its usefulness in the reconstruction of
      extensive oropharyngeal defects in the last 4 years in 26 patients. Although the
      functional qualities of the reconstructed area are not as superb as jejunal
      mucosa, due to a certain fibrosis of the muscle-fascia flap, much less surgical
      effort is required with this flap, since it is situated in the vicinity of the
      defect. Moreover, its short vascular pedicle guarantees the safe taking of the
      flap. The cosmetic alteration caused by the flattening of the temporal fossa is
      considerably attenuated with the replantation of the zygomatic arch. Especially
      in the multimorbide oropharyngeal cancer patient, the temporalis muscle flap with
      its reasonable surgical effort and its reliability represents a valuable
      alternative in the reconstruction of extensive defects.

PMID- 2662988
TI  - [Nasal high pressure ventilation in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Theoretical
      and practical otorhinolaryngologic aspects].
AB  - Nasal CPAP therapy has been found to be the most effective treatment of OSAS
      apart from tracheotomy. Its long-term application, however, can cause several ENT
      complications like dryness of the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa, rhinitis and an
      increased frequency of sinusitis and infections of the lower airways. CPAP
      therapy is not applicable if nasal resistance is elevated, so that septal
      correction may become necessary. Unsuccessful UPPP can cause pressure loss
      through the mouth during CPAP therapy and in this case tracheotomy remains the
      only alternative. In order to evaluate the clinical significance of flexible
      nasopharyngoscopy with Mueller's manoeuvre (FNMM), we compared the endoscopic
      findings of 71 patients with their individual CPAP pressure required to keep
      their pharynx patent during sleep, 22 patients showed poor pharyngeal wall
      movement, 23 patients had moderate obstruction (about 50 percent closure) and 26
      patients had nearly complete or complete pharyngeal obstruction. We found that
      patients with poor pharyngeal mobility needed a significantly lower CPAP pressure
      (mean 9 mbar) than those with nearly complete pharyngeal obstruction during FNMM
      (mean 11 mbar). Mean CPAP pressure of patients with moderate obstruction was 10
      mbar, but this group could not be separated statistically from the other groups,
      indicating a not exactly defined category. Rhinomanometry showed no differences
      in nasal resistance between all groups. There was neither a correlation between
      CPAP pressure and rhinomanometry, nor between CPAP pressure and BROCA Index or
      distance of palatal arcs.

PMID- 2662989
TI  - [Iatrogenic foreign body of the nose].
AB  - The present case involves an intranasal foreign body that was discovered five
      months after conservative therapy of a myocardial infarction. In such cases,
      oxygen tubes are fixed by plastic blocks which can accidentally become lodged in
      the nose. In this case, an elderly patient was suspected of having a carcinoma of
      the inner nose.

PMID- 2662990
TI  - [Tissue expanders in plastic surgery of the head and neck. Indications and use].
AB  - Tissue expansion allows a functional as well as an aesthetic reconstruction of
      local defects and thus corresponds to the actual state of the art in plastic
      surgery.-Tissue expansion provides tissue of the same quality for the repair of
      defects without leaving deformities on the donor site. It creates local flaps
      with skin of the same texture, colour and preserved sensitivity.-The use of
      tissue expanders has grown enormously during the last few years.-A higher rate of
      complications on the cheek and on the neck must be taken into account.

PMID- 2662991
TI  - [Detection and assessment of cervical lymph node metastases in head-neck tumors.
      A comparison of methods].
AB  - From 1984 to 1987, seventy-two patients with squamous cell carcinomas involving
      oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx and cervical lymph nodes, who underwent surgery,
      were examined to determine the value of computed tomography (CT), magnetic
      resonance (MR), high-resolution real-time sonography (US) and palpation in
      preoperative staging of cervical nodal metastases. The clinical staging was
      compared with the microscopic findings in the neck specimens and with operative
      reports. For the identification and description of cervical lymph node
      metastases, US and CT are more valuable than MR and palpation. In comparison to
      CT, however, US has advantages in most cervical areas as a dynamic method with
      variable representation of interesting regions. False positive errors are related
      to confusion with inflammatory nodes in all examinations. Metastatic infiltration
      of surrounding tissue especially of neck vessels, are best recognised by means of
      US and MR. However, the high rates of sensitivity and low rates of specificity of
      all methods point to the possibility of a great number of false positive errors
      in demonstrating tissue infiltration.

PMID- 2662992
TI  - Conjunctival oxygen monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AB  - The conjunctival oxygen tension (CjO2) sensor is a non-invasive, continuous index
      of oxygen delivery in the haemodynamically unstable patient. Human and animal
      studies have indicated that CjO2 reflects cerebral blood flow and oxygenation.
      Simple insertion, rapid stabilization and reaction time less than 60 s allow use
      in the initial stages of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) where invasive
      monitoring is often impracticable. CjO2 was monitored to assess cerebral
      oxygenation during CPR of 15 patients in cardiac arrest in the accident and
      emergency department (A&E). Patients who arrested out of hospital with delay to
      advanced cardiac life support and died had CjO2 less than 20 mmHg (normal CjO2 50
      60 mmHg) on arrival in A&E. CPR with closed chest cardiac massage (closed CPR)
      produced no improvement in CjO2. Patients who arrested in ventricular
      fibrillation (VF) in A&E, and survived with no neurological deficit had CjO2
      greater than 20 mmHg during CPR. However, further episodes of VF produced an
      immediate fall in CjO2 which continued, despite closed CPR, until restoration of
      spontaneous cardiac output (RSCO) determined by a palpable carotid pulse. In
      survivors with delay from arrest to CPR the rise in CjO2 with RSCO did not occur
      for up to 10 min. This study suggests that closed CPR has no value in maintaining
      or improving cerebral oxygenation during cardiac arrest. Further studies are
      required to determine the precise relationship of CjO2 to cerebral blood flow and
      oxygenation during CPR using open and closed techniques of cardiac massage. Open
      chest cardiac massage (open CPR) has been shown to produce near normal cerebral
      perfusion and if patients are to survive prolonged resuscitation neurologically
      intact guidelines for open CPR must be reviewed.

PMID- 2662993
TI  - Composition and function of pulmonary surfactant in adult respiratory distress
      syndrome.
AB  - There is a severe defect in the surfactant system in adult respiratory distress
      syndrome (ARDS). According to animal studies oxidant injury acutely alters the
      synthesis and secretion of surfactant. Plasma-derived surfactant inhibitors cause
      an early decrease in surface activity in high permeability lung oedema. Alveolar
      inflammation severely disturbs the surfactant system as a result of enzymatic
      breakdown of its components and inhibition of surfactant function. Analysis of
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained following unilateral irradiation of the
      lung revealed a striking increase in inhibitory serum proteins and a decrease in
      surfactant components (SP 35 apoprotein, phosphatidylglycerol, saturated
      phosphatidylcholine), before appearance of irradiation pneumonitis. In lysinuric
      protein intolerance (LPI), an autosomal recessive disorder in renal-intestinal
      hepatic diamino acid transport, there is an increased risk of ARDS. In
      asymptomatic LPI the concentration of diamino acids in alveolar epithelial lining
      was strikingly increased, suggesting that the basolateral epithelial transport
      defect additionally involves alveolar epithelium and predisposes to ARDS.

PMID- 2662994
TI  - Neonatal diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - After a brief historical recall, this review states the needs for an accurate
      diagnosis of the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The clinical
      features consist of disturbances of respiratory rate, grunting, intercostal
      retractions, and cyanosis, but early mechanical ventilation tends to suppress
      most of them. Laboratory findings include hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and mixed
      acidosis. Positive radiological diagnosis remains an important criterion but
      early ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure has made grading
      obsolete. The biochemical diagnosis addresses the basic lung surfactant
      deficiency, by determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and
      phosphatidylglycerol ("modified lung profile") in lung effluents at birth. If
      clinical and radiological diagnosis remains adequate for daily practice and
      epidemiological studies, biochemical diagnosis should be mandatory for
      therapeutic trials. However, the problem of atypical RDS in very low birth weight
      infants has not been totally solved. RDS has now been known for more than 80
      years; yet its diagnosis is still a matter of controversy.

PMID- 2662995
TI  - Assessment of foetal lung maturity.
AB  - An important prerequisite for the management of high risk pregnancies is the
      accurate prediction of foetal lung maturity. A number of indices of foetal lung
      maturity based on the determination of surfactant constituents in the amniotic
      fluid have been proposed. Amniotic fluid contains phospholipids, including
      phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol and
      phosphatidylglyerol (PG), some enzymes of the pathways of phospholipid synthesis,
      lamellar bodies, and lung specific apoproteins. The amount of these substances in
      amniotic fluid changes towards the end of gestation in a manner related to foetal
      lung maturity. Determination of the lecithin to sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio is by
      far the most widely used and accepted method. However, there is still controversy
      regarding the high incidence of false immature values, and the increased
      incidence of false mature values (from 1 to 15%) especially in pregnancies
      complicated by diabetes mellitus; an immature L/S ratio may predict respiratory
      distress syndrome (RDS) only in about 50% of cases. The incidence of false
      immature L/S ratio as well as other amniotic fluid tests depends upon patient
      variability, method employed, threshold taken for differentiating a normal from
      an abnormal condition, and on the fact that only few authors report their results
      in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Where laboratory facilities are minimal,
      it is advisable to perform the shake test or to measure the optical density of
      amniotic fluid. However, when these tests indicate immaturity, additional tests,
      such as determination of the L/S ratio or the lung profile (including PG), must
      be performed. The utilization of these tests is recommended for: 1) timing of
      delivery prior to elective caesarean section; 2) management of complicated
      pregnancies; and 3) recognizing indications for pharmacologic prevention of RDS
      in utero or at delivery.

PMID- 2662996
TI  - Antenatal prevention of respiratory distress syndrome; a multicentre survey.
AB  - Obstetric and neonatal data were collected on 934 preterm deliveries in 11
      Italian centres in 1980, 1985 and 1986. Therapeutic regimens for prevention of
      respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were applied in 42% of the cases in 1980, 32%
      in 1985 and 42% in 1986. Prevention was made in most cases with corticosteroids,
      although their use fell progressively from 94% in 1980 to 74% in 1986. A
      combination of two substances was used in a percentage of cases varying from 5 to
      10% in all three years. In 903 non-malformed infants, the overall incidence of
      RDS was not significantly different in cases in which pharmacological prevention
      was attempted compared with cases without prevention. The only factors
      significantly affecting the incidence of RDS were gestational age, birth weight
      and Apgar score.

PMID- 2662997
TI  - Ambroxol for prevention and treatment of hyaline membrane disease.
AB  - To estimate the efficacy of ambroxol for clinical use in prenatal prevention and
      postnatal therapy of hyaline membrane disease (HMD) all available experimental
      and clinical data were reviewed. The administration of ambroxol in animals has a
      certain promoting influence on lung maturation, a high specificity to lung tissue
      and a favourable relationship between intended action and negative adverse
      effects. In clinical studies concerning the prevention of HMD, ambroxol increases
      the values of amniotic fluid parameters used for estimation of lung maturity and
      reduces the incidence of HMD at least as effectively as corticosteroids. The
      number of infants at less than 33 gestational weeks in these reports is small,
      and further studies will have to confirm the results. Ambroxol applied
      postnatally has beneficial effects on the course of severe HMD by increasing
      survival rate, by decreasing duration of oxygen need and artificial ventilation
      and by improving compliance. Pharmacological studies in preterm HMD-infants
      showed no influence of ambroxol on blood pressure and heart rate. In 3 of 8
      newborns a transient increase of transcutaneous oxygen tension was seen during
      infusion of ambroxol. Ambroxol is quickly bound to tissue receptors which release
      it continuously indicating that repeated applications are as effective as
      continuous infusion.

PMID- 2662998
TI  - Requirements of perinatal prevention and treatment of respiratory distress
      syndrome.
AB  - In the last decade the strategy for the prevention of the neonatal respiratory
      distress syndrome (RDS) has been directed towards the acceleration of foetal lung
      maturation in utero by means of drugs administered to the mother, the most
      thoroughly investigated being glucocorticoids. Harmful potential side effects of
      glucocorticoids have led to testing of other drugs capable of accelerating foetal
      lung maturation, including ambroxol and aminophylline. More recently
      supplementary surfactant instilled into the trachea has been shown to improve
      oxygenation of premature babies and to reduce the severity of RDS. To minimise
      the incidence of neonatal RDS it is important to identify pregnant women at risk
      for preterm labour and to establish specific guidelines for the use of any
      prenatal drug to be administered for prevention of RDS. It is also mandatory to
      assess foetal lung maturity in case of preterm delivery, to monitor the foetus
      intensively intrapartum, to prevent birth asphyxia and to control, and promptly
      correct derangements of neonatal homeostasis.

PMID- 2662999
TI  - Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and surfactant therapy; a brief review.
AB  - Several randomized clinical trials have now documented a beneficial effect of
      surfactant replacement in established neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
      (RDS). These results have been obtained with surfactant isolated from animal
      lungs or human amniotic fluid. Treatment with exogenous natural surfactant
      usually reverses the clinical course of severe RDS, reduces the incidence of
      serious complications including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and improves survival
      rate. Prophylactic surfactant treatment at birth reduces the incidence of severe
      RDS in very premature babies; this effect has been documented with natural as
      well as synthetic surfactant preparations. Increased incidence of patent ductus
      arteriosus was reported in one series of RDS patients treated with modified
      bovine surfactant, but otherwise no adverse effects have been observed.

PMID- 2663000
TI  - Human surfactant in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. A spectrum of
      clinical responses.
AB  - Surfactant substitution is an incompletely studied, promising approach to treat
      respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). In this report we describe a spectrum of
      clinical responses following administration of human surfactant from amniotic
      fluid to 64 newborn infants. There was apparently no harm when surfactant was
      given to three infants with "mature" surfactant profile. Altogether 40% of the 42
      "immature" small preterm infants (gestational age 26-29 weeks) required only a
      single dose, and 50% of them required two or three doses for successful
      treatment. In infants with persistent foetal circulation (6 cases) or hydrops (2
      cases), there was only a transient or a small improvement of respiratory
      function. Most notably, the very small preterm infants (24-26 weeks, 15 cases)
      may require substantial increase in blood volume to prevent cardiac failure
      during the first neonatal day. We propose that the clinical response to exogenous
      surfactant can be improved by modifying the current management of very small
      preterm infants.

PMID- 2663001
TI  - The use of artificial surfactant (ALEC) in the prophylaxis of neonatal
      respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - Artificial surfactant (ALEC), when used in a crystalline state, has physical
      properties similar to natural surfactant. It is composed of two phospholipids
      with no protein. When placed in the trachea of ventilated premature rabbits it
      significantly increased the lung compliance. In three prophylactic clinical
      trials with babies under 30 weeks gestation this surfactant has been shown to
      reduce the neonatal mortality by about half and to significantly decrease the
      incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia without
      any increase in the incidence of subsequent handicap.

PMID- 2663002
TI  - Animal models and clinical pilot studies of surfactant replacement in adult
      respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - This brief review describes the pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress
      syndrome (ARDS) and the rationale for surfactant replacement therapy. In four
      animal models in which respiratory failure was induced by: 1) lung lavage leading
      to surfactant depletion; 2) free oxygen radicals; 3) anti-lung serum; or 4)
      influenza virus, surfactant instillation consistently led to an improvement in
      gas exchange and lung mechanics. Data from a first clinical trial show that
      surfactant instillation also improved lung function in a 4 year old patient with
      severe respiratory failure. It is speculated that surfactant replacement therapy
      may soon become accepted as a therapeutic measure in ARDS.

PMID- 2663003
TI  - Isolation, chemical characterization, and immunohistochemical localization of a
      protein from the basolateral plasma membrane of the rat intestinal absorptive
      cell.
AB  - The protein pattern of the basolateral membrane (BLM) of the rat small intestinal
      absorptive cell shows about 20 major and a multitude of minor bands. A simple and
      efficient method is described for isolation and purification of a major protein
      in the 17 kDa molecular weight (MW)-range called Prot 17. The isolated BLM of
      intestinal epithelial cells was dissolved in buffer 1 (Tris/HCl, 2% SDS, 10%
      glycerol, 5% beta-mercaptoethanol, pH 6.8) and subsequently dialyzed for 4 h
      against buffer 2 (Tris/glycine, pH 8.3) and then for 12 h against buffer 2
      containing 25% methanol. The resulting precipitate contained Prot 17 and
      phospholipids in the form of liposomes. All other BLM proteins remained dissolved
      in the supernatant. Chemical characterization of Prot 17 suggested that it is an
      integral membrane protein amounting to about 5% of the total BLM protein. Amino
      acid analysis revealed a MW of 17.6 kDa. The Prot 17 molecule did not contain any
      PAS-positive carbohydrates. In its isolated form, and apparently also in the BLM,
      Prot 17 occurred as a polymerized structure with a MW of about 90 kDa. By
      dissolution in buffer 1 and heating to 100 degrees C for 1 min the complex was
      split into its 17 kDa subunits. By oxidation with performic acid it was also
      broken down into its subunits. A specific antiserum against Prot 17 was obtained
      from immunized Balb/c mice. Immunofluorescence labelling of rat small intestinal
      sections with this serum showed that Prot 17 was not a BLM-specific protein. It
      occurred in both plasma membrane domains of the intestinal absorptive cell.

PMID- 2663004
TI  - Chagas' disease and its insect vector. Effect of azadirachtin A on the
      interaction of a triatomine host (Rhodnius prolixus) and its parasite
      (Trypanosoma cruzi).
AB  - The ED50 for moulting inhibition by injected azadirachtin A is for fourth instar
      larvae of all the triatomines, Triatoma vitticepes, T. pseudomaculata, T.
      maculata, T. brasiliensis, T. lecticularis, T. matogrossensis, T. infestans,
      Rhodnius prolixus. R. neglectus, R. robustus, Panstrongylus megistus, and P.
      herrera in the range of 10-25 ng/larva. In Rhodnius prolixus, the survival of T.
      cruzi was studied after treatment with the drug. If the trypomastigotes were fed
      in presence of 1.0 microgram azadirachtin A/ml blood, the number of parasites
      decreased near to the limit of detection within 30 days. If the drug was applied
      20 days after T. cruzi infection, it still completely abolished the parasite in
      the host's gut within the subsequent 20 days. The same holds true if the insect
      larvae were pretreated with azadirachtin A 20 days before the subsequent
      infection with T. cruzi. Azadirachtin A. if applied at the dose of 1
      microgram/ml, did not affect the hemolytic activity of the crop contents or the
      proteinase content of the intestine. A parallel between azadirachtin effects on
      the hormone balance of the host and growth inhibition of the parasite is
      discussed on the basis of the present results.

PMID- 2663006
TI  - Expert systems in histopathology. II. Knowledge representation and rule-based
      systems.
AB  - Two aspects of expert systems for use in diagnostic histopathology and
      cytopathology are examined: knowledge representation and the structure and
      operation of rule-based systems. Knowledge may be represented, e.g., in semantic
      networks, frames, multiple contexts and model-based structures; the choice of
      structure should be matched to the type of information to create an efficient and
      logically adequate expert system. In a rule-based system, knowledge is
      represented as "rules," often in the form of "IF (condition)-THEN (conclusion)"
      rules. The anatomy of such rules and their operation is explored via the use of
      examples. Uncertainty in rules is briefly addressed, and their processing by the
      symbolic reasoning of the "inference engine" of the expert system is described,
      including both "forward-chaining" ("data-driven") operations and "backward
      chaining" ("goal-driven") operations.

PMID- 2663005
TI  - Fluorescence reaction of chromatin by curcumin.
AB  - Treatment of cell smears, paraffin, and Epon tissue sections with aqueous
      solutions of curcumin results in a green fluorescence reaction in chromatin under
      violet-blue excitation which is abolished after extraction procedures with DNase
      and TCA. The selective fluorescence characteristics of curcumin support the
      possibility of employing this dye as a new fluorochrome.

PMID- 2663007
TI  - An analysis of pathology knowledge and decision making for the development of
      artificial intelligence-based consulting systems.
AB  - This paper partly addresses the question "What artificial intelligence (AI) tools
      are appropriate for which parts of pathology?" by analyzing the structure and
      components of knowledge in pathology (e.g., observations plus archival and
      reference data) and which aspects of that knowledge should be expressible in an
      AI consulting system. The different aspects of uncertainty (observational,
      prevalence and validity) play an important role in both human and computer-based
      decision-making processes, as do relationships between the components of
      knowledge. The design of an AI consultant system is discussed in terms of the way
      uncertainty is expressed and in how many parameters, the way uncertainty is
      propagated (Bayes, certainty factors, Dempster-Schafer, logic or Pathfinder
      heuristic methods), whether the system reasons from data to a conclusion or vice
      versa and what the aim of the system is. The suitability of an AI tool is
      determined by the knowable facts of the pathology subfield, by the match with its
      knowledge structure and by its requirements. While the success of an AI tool will
      partly depend on an appropriate definition of its scope, the appropriate
      combinatoric also depends on the expertise of the user.

PMID- 2663008
TI  - Diagnostic and prognostic value of DNA cytometry in gynecologic cytology.
AB  - A survey of the diagnostic and prognostic value of DNA cytometric measurements in
      gynecologic tumors is given. In slight-to-moderate epithelial dysplasias of the
      uterine cervix, morphologic studies alone cannot make a definite distinction
      between benignity and malignancy, nor can they identify all precancerous lesions.
      DNA cytometry may help in these cases to detect prospective malignancy. Cytologic
      and histologic grading of malignancy often does not provide correct information
      about the prospective behavior of an individual tumor; its reliability is
      hampered by low interobserver reproducibilities. DNA cytometry may supplement
      subjective morphologic grading by providing objective and reproducible prognostic
      indices. The advantages and disadvantages of TV-based image cytometry and flow
      cytometry for application in routine gynecologic pathology and the different
      attempts at diagnostic DNA interpretation are discussed.

PMID- 2663009
TI  - [Anesthesia methods in kidney transplantation].
AB  - Secondary organ changes as preoperative risk factors and changed pharmacokinetics
      of anaesthetics due to renal insufficiency complicate the course of narcosis for
      kidney transplantation. Intensive pathophysiological and pharmacological
      knowledge of this field is absolutely necessary for avoiding negative effects in
      the patient as well as in the transplant's function.

PMID- 2663010
TI  - [Anxiety in the perioperative phase--a double-blind study using oxazepam].
AB  - Sixty women were asked to fill in questionnaires about their subjective feelings
      of anxiety when undergoing mammary operations. Every operation puts the patient
      under emotional stress, whereas anxiety is mainly caused by anaesthesia,
      operation and rehabilitation. It was possible to show that oxazepam has a
      significant effect in view of the reduction of the anxiety factor. The largest
      emotional stress is very obvious 2 hours before introducing anaesthesia when no
      placebo was administered in the premedication. Our patients showed the lowest
      degree of anxiety on the third postoperative day. In spite of pharmacological
      premedication it will always remain the task of the anaesthetist during his
      preoperative round to pay attention to the psychological situation of the patient
      especially with regard to anxiety.

PMID- 2663011
TI  - [Anesthesiology experiences in 199 heart transplants].
AB  - From June 1983 to October 1987 199 orthotopic heart transplantations were
      performed at the Medical School of Hannover. Eighty percent of the organs were
      explanted in foreign hospitals. Since the cold ischemic time lasts less than 4
      hours, a sophisticated transport system is essential. The selection of donors
      (dissociated brain death, age less than 35 years, systolic blood pressure greater
      than 70 mm Hg, intensive care for less than 7 days) and recipients (age between
      10 and 55 years, final stage of irreversible myocardial insufficiency) is
      governed by strict criteria. A fixed pulmonary hypertension of more than 8 Wood
      is an absolute contraindication. The pulmonary wedge pressure and the right
      atrial pressure are preoperatively raised more than three times from normal. The
      ejection fraction is reduced to 10%. Seventy percent of the patients suffer from
      dilated cardiomyopathy. The premedication with flunitrazepam is given orally.
      Anaesthesia is induced with fentanyl and etomidate followed by pancuronium for
      intubation. During the time of induction all lines have to be inserted under
      sterile conditions. For weaning from the heart lung machine always catecholamines
      (isoproterenol, adrenaline) are applied in combination with vasodilators
      (nitroglycerin, DHB). Postoperatively patients will be extubated after 17.8 +/-
      2.2 hours. Rejection episodes belong to the most threatening sort of
      complications. For this reason endomyocardial biopsies are done routinely.

PMID- 2663012
TI  - [Liver transplantation--anesthesiology aspects].
AB  - Based on our experience in 82 liver transplant procedures performed without using
      a bypass-technique, we report on our current perioperative anaesthetic
      management. Preoperative plasma exchange with fresh frozen plasma proved very
      effective in 16 patients with severe coagulation defects, leading to a
      significant increase in prothrombin time from 27 to 55%. Intra- and postoperative
      haemodynamic profiles of 48 patients are presented. Baseline measurements
      revealed a hyperdynamic circulatory state with elevated cardiac index (CI) and
      heart rate in all patients. During the anhepatic phase CI and mean arterial
      pressure (MAP) were persistently lowered. Immediately after reperfusion of the
      graft, reflux of the stagnant venous content induced a significant increase in CI
      and led to a moderate elevation of pulmonary artery pressure. MAP showed a rather
      slow recovery, but was within the normal range at the end of surgery. Oxygen
      consumption index, which was significantly lowered during the anhepatic period,
      excessively increased after reperfusion of the graft.

PMID- 2663013
TI  - Glycopyrrolate versus atropine in post-ECT amnesia in the elderly.
AB  - The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is important in memory function, and low brain
      concentrations may be associated with cognitive impairment. Our hypothesis was
      that atropine, a centrally acting anticholinergic drug known to cause amnesia,
      confusion, and delirium, may further exacerbate the amnesia and/or confusion
      resulting from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) when used as a preanesthetic, and
      that the peripherally acting glycopyrrolate would by comparison decrease these
      side effects. We randomly administered glycopyrrolate versus atropine in
      equivalent doses as the preanesthetic agent to 20 consecutively admitted
      geriatric patients with major depression, for whom ECT was the clinical treatment
      of choice. Patients were matched for age, Hamilton Scale for Depression, and
      baseline performance on the Buschke Selective Reminding Task (BSRT). We found no
      significant difference in outcome between patients treated prior to ECT with
      atropine versus glycopyrrolate, as assessed by the above measures. We conclude
      from this study that atropine is no more deleterious to memory than is
      glycopyrrolate when given before ECT.

PMID- 2663014
TI  - Selected topics in statistical analysis of clinical research.
AB  - Statistical analysis usually is employed in the evaluation of clinical research
      studies. This paper reviews and makes recommendations in three areas frequently
      overlooked in the conduct of clinical research: power analysis, specification of
      a priori research hypotheses, and Bayesian analysis. Power analysis determines
      the number of subjects required to conduct a meaningful study and should be
      performed during the planning phase. Research and null hypotheses are essential
      elements of research design and should be specified prior to statistical
      analysis. Bayesian analysis can be used both to evaluate diagnostic tests and as
      an alternative to traditional statistical approaches for testing multiple
      hypotheses. Application of these methods is described and clinical examples are
      provided. The discussion is nontechnical and is directed toward the clinical
      researcher.

PMID- 2663015
TI  - Novel neutrophil-stimulating peptides.

PMID- 2663016
TI  - Response to commentary by Pujol-Borrell and Bottazzo.

PMID- 2663017
TI  - The V-region disease hypothesis: evidence from autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
AB  - Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis has been shown to have an immunological
      basis. In fact, the disease can be induced by T cells specific for myelin basic
      protein, a molecule found in abundance in the central nervous system. In this
      article, Ellen Heber-Katz and Hans Acha-Orbea discuss the T-cell receptor (TCR)
      repertoire of the encephalitogenic T-cell response, and show that a limited V
      gene pool, in fact a single V beta and two V alpha families, are being used by
      the PL/J and B10.PL mice and by every rat strain examined, even though the
      antigenic determinants and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
      are different in all cases. This extraordinary finding suggests that the TCR is
      involved in encephalitogenicity in a way that not only involves the recognition
      of antigen in association with MHC, but also as an effector molecule that results
      in encephalitis. If this is true, it implies that TCRs, in general, play more
      than one role in mammalian physiology.

PMID- 2663018
TI  - Interleukin 7: effects on early events in lymphopoiesis.
AB  - Recently, rapid progress has been made in defining and characterizing those
      growth factors associated with the major hemopoietic lineages. In contrast, the
      regulatory factors associated with the commitment and differentiation of
      precursor cells in the early events of lymphogenesis are much less clearly
      understood. In this review, Christopher Henney describes the isolation and
      characterization of one such factor-IL-7-and its effect on early B- and T-cell
      development.

PMID- 2663019
TI  - Expression of biologically active recombinant-derived chicken prolactin in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The putative chicken prolactin (chPRL) cDNA clone PRL101 was manipulated in vitro
      and cloned into the Escherichia coli expression vector pKK2332 to produce a
      plasmid coding for recombinant-derived mature chPRL (R-chPRL). Expression of this
      manipulated cDNA sequence in E. coli resulted in the production of a 23 kDa
      protein which cross-reacted with specific chPRL antisera in Western blots. The
      partially purified protein stimulated ring dove crop sac mucosa to proliferate in
      a PRL bioassay, demonstrating that the R-chPRL was biologically active. R-chPRL
      was expressed at a level of approximately 1.5% of total cell protein.

PMID- 2663020
TI  - Early regulation of c-myc mRNA by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human
      myelomonocytic U937 cells.
AB  - The effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3; 10 nmol/l) on the human
      monomyelocytic cell line U937 were investigated. Addition of 1,25-(OH)2D3 led to
      a decrease in cell proliferation which fell at 72 h to 67.8 +/- 4.3% (mean +/-
      S.E.M.) of control values. The presence of CD14, a surface marker found on mature
      monocytes/macrophages but not on U937 cells, was detectable as early as 18 h and
      peaked at 48 h, when 63.6 +/- 4.2% of the cells were positive. However, changes
      in c-myc mRNA levels were detected earlier, starting within 4 h of exposure to
      the hormone and being reduced to 38 +/- 8.2% of control values of 24 h. These
      effects were reversible after removal of the hormone, with the same sequence of
      events seen following addition of the hormone. There was first an increase in c
      myc mRNA levels, starting within 2 h and reaching control values by 24 h. These
      changes were followed by loss of CD14 which became undetectable after 72 h.
      Proliferation recovered slowly and incompletely, since it was 81.7 +/- 0.7% of
      control after 72 h. A constant reciprocal relationship between c-myc mRNA and
      CD14 levels was found both in the presence and after removal of 1,25-(OH)2D3.
      Regulation of U937 cell proliferation and maturation by 1,25-(OH)2D3 is thus
      preceded by early modulation of c-myc mRNA.

PMID- 2663021
TI  - Structural requirements of lipid A for endotoxicity and other biological
      activities.
AB  - For the past ten years, several groups were engaged in synthetic studies of lipid
      A, namely the lipid portion of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that has been
      assumed to be the bioactive center of LPS, but has not been unanimously approved.
      Among them, Shiba, Kusumoto, and colleagues, Osaka, Japan have synthesized most
      energetically and successfully a variety of counterparts of lipid As,
      biosynthetic lipid A precursors, and their analogs. The endotoxic and related
      bioactivities of these synthetic compounds were studied by Japanese and German
      groups, including ours. In 1985, one of the compounds, having an acylation and
      phosphorylation pattern in beta(1-6)-D-glucosamine disaccharide which was
      proposed for Escherichia coli F515 lipid A was found to be exhibit full endotoxic
      and related bioactivities identical to those of the bacterial product. The study
      was extended by synthesis and examination of bioactivities of variously acylated
      D-glucosamine di- and monosaccharide phosphates, which correspond to structural
      components of lipid As, and their analogs or derivatives. Thus, structural
      requirements have been fairly well elucidated. In this article, first we will
      review the progress of synthetic and biological studies, with particular emphasis
      on chemical structure--bioactivities relationships of lipid As, and then we will
      discuss possible usefulness of some less or nontoxic lipid A-related synthetic
      compounds in clinical and preventive medicine.

PMID- 2663022
TI  - Toxicity and carcinogenicity of nickel compounds.
AB  - The toxicity and carcinogenicity of nickel compounds are considered in three
      broad categories: (1) systemic toxicology, (2) molecular toxicology, and (3)
      carcinogenicity. The systemic toxicity of nickel compounds is examined based upon
      human and animal studies. The major organs affected are discussed in three
      categories: (1) kidney, (2) immune system, and (3) other organs. The second area
      of concentration is molecular toxicology, which will include a discussion of the
      chemistry of nickel, its binding to small and large molecular weight ligands,
      and, finally, its cellular effects. The third major area involves a discussion of
      the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of nickel compounds. This section focuses on
      mechanisms, using studies conducted in vivo and in vitro. It also includes a
      discussion of the assessment of the carcinogenicity of nickel compounds.

PMID- 2663023
TI  - Rapid bioassay methods for carcinogens and modifiers of hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - It is very important to detect environmental carcinogens in a short period. For
      this purpose, a rapid bioassay system based on two-step hepatocarcinogenesis has
      been developed in our laboratory. Rats were initially given a single dose (200
      mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) i.p. and, starting 2 weeks later, were treated
      with test compounds for 6 weeks and then sacrificed, all rats being subjected to
      a two thirds partial hepatectomy at week 3. Carcinogenic potential was scored by
      comparing the glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci in the liver
      with those of the corresponding control. More than 90% of hepatocarcinogens
      showed positivity, and none of the compounds reported as noncarcinogenic
      demonstrated positivity. Furthermore, this system also detected inhibitory
      effects. In order to detect nonhepatocarcinogens, other appropriate systems also
      have been developed, for example, using methylnitrosourea or other multispectrum
      carcinogens. These rapid bioassay systems are particularly useful for the
      screening of environmental carcinogens.

PMID- 2663024
TI  - Structure and function of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).
AB  - This article deals with the ontogeny, morphology, and function of bronchus
      associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). The surface epithelium of the respiratory
      tract, including the lymphoepithelium of BALT, is described, with emphasis on
      infiltrated nonepithelial cells (lymphocytes, macrophages). Special attention is
      given to antigen handling by the lymphoepithelium and the interaction with BALT
      and lung macrophages. The structure and function of the diverse types of BALT
      nonlymphoid cells are discussed. The local immune responses (cellular and humoral
      reactions), the relationships between local and systemic immune reactions, and
      the role of BALT in the common mucosal immune system are reviewed. The BALT is
      compared with Peyer's patches in terms of antigen processing, local immune
      responses, cell populations, and migration of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells.

PMID- 2663025
TI  - Immunopathology of liver transplantation.
AB  - Liver transplantation has become an accepted therapeutic modality for many
      patients with end-stage liver diseases. Compared to other solid organ allografts,
      the immunopathological mechanisms involved in the original disease, rejection
      reactions, and potentially recurrent original diseases are seemingly more
      complex. The spontaneous acceptance of animal liver grafts without
      immunosuppression, the induction of donor-specific tolerance after liver
      grafting, its seeming resistance to hyperacute or primary humoral rejection, the
      dualistic effect of major histocompatibility matching on graft survival,
      functional and immunohistopathologic aspects of rejection reactions, infections,
      and the complexities involved in analysis for the potential of recurrent disease
      are discussed. Although many issues remain unresolved, liver transplantation
      offers a unique opportunity for studying the role of the immune system in both
      transplantation biology and primary liver disease.

PMID- 2663026
TI  - Mechanisms that regulate the production and effects of tumor necrosis factor
      alpha.
AB  - Macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is increasingly being recognized
      as an important monokine possessing multifunctional activities. Current evidence
      has demonstrated that TNF can induce a number of pleomorphic effects in both
      physiological and immunological systems. Historically, the biological effects and
      nomenclature of TNF centered around the induction of hemorrhagic necrosis of
      specific solid murine tumors. This effected function has been greatly expanded
      upon, and TNF is now recognized as an important peptide mediator involved in
      various facets of cell activation. This is exemplified by the central role that
      TNF plays in endotoxemia, shock and multiple organ failure syndromes. Although
      TNF has been incriminated as the molecular signal mediating number of
      pathophysiological derangements, the regulatory mechanisms that control TNF
      expression at the cellular and molecular levels, as well as the modulation of the
      in vivo activity of preformed TNF, has not been full addressed. In this review, a
      detailed description of the mechanisms that regulate the production and effects
      of TNF is presented.

PMID- 2663027
TI  - Interaction of tropomyosin with F-actin-heavy meromyosin complex.
AB  - The effect of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated heavy meromyosins (HMMs)
      saturated with Ca2+ or Mg2+ on the binding of tropomyosin to F-actin and on the
      conformational changes of tropomyosin on actin was investigated. The experimental
      data were analysed on the basis of th emodel of cooperative binding of
      tropomyosin to F-actin with overlapping binding sites. In general, attachment of
      both HMMs to F-actin increased around 100-fold the tropomyosin-binding affinity
      but concomittantly reduced the cooperatively of binding. In the presence of Ca2+
      and in the absence of ATP the binding of tropomyosin to F-actin in a "doubly
      contiguous" manner was three-fold stronger for F-actin saturated with
      dephosphorylated HMM as compared to phosphorylated HMM. Under the same rigor
      conditions but in the absence of Ca2+ the reverse was true but the difference was
      about 1.5-fold. The binding stoichiometry of tropomyosin to actin was 7:1 in the
      presence of dephosphorylated HMM saturated with Ca2+ or phosphorylated-saturated
      with Mg2+ and tended to be about 6:1 for both after the exchange of the cation
      bound to myosin heads. Bound HMM was also found to influence the fluorescence
      polarization of 1,5-IAEDANS-labelled tropomyosin complexed with F-actin in muscle
      ghost fibres. In the presence of Ca2+, the amount of randomly arranged
      tropomyosin fluorophores decreased when dephosphorylated HMM was bound to ghost
      fibres, in contrast to an observed increase in the case of bound phosphorylated
      HMM. Thus HMM induced conformational changes of tropomyosin in the actin
      tropomyosin complex that was reflected in an alteration of the geometrical
      arrangement between tropomyosin and actin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663029
TI  - [Hypotensive and hemodynamic effects of guanfacine in arterial hypertension].
AB  - The therapeutic efficacy of guanfacine was investigated in a group of 32
      hypertensive patients. Guanfacine caused a marked decrease in total peripheral
      vascular resistance (by 19.8%, p less than 0.001) and, hence, in blood pressure
      (by 19.4%), p less than 0.001). A slight reduction in the heart rate (by 9.8%, p
      less than 0.01) was compensated by an increase in stroke volume (by 11.8%, p less
      than 0.05) so that cardiac output remained constant or was even slightly raised.
      After 4 weeks of treatment there was a regression of the left ventricular wall
      thickness and mass (by 7.43 +/- 2.44 g, p less than 0.05). Guanfacine monotherapy
      was effective in 75% of patients with moderate hypertension (using low doses 1-3
      mg/day). In severe hypertensive disease a satisfactory therapeutic response was
      mostly achieved by a combination of Guanfacine (3-5 mg/day) with a beta-blocker,
      diuretic or vasodilator. Guanfacine is a promising agent in the long-term
      treatment of stable hypertension, particularly in patients, whom diuretics or
      beta-blockers are contraindicated.

PMID- 2663028
TI  - [Allapinin pharmacokinetics after its single intravenous administration].
AB  - Allapinin after i.v. bolus infusion in a dose of 30 mg is relatively quickly
      eliminated from blood (in patients without congestive heart failure half
      elimination period is 2.4 +/- 0.5 h and clearance is 79.0 +/- 8.9 l/h) which
      makes a good reason for its intravenous infusion according to the scheme "load
      dose + drop infusion". Marked heart failure in patients with acute myocardial
      infarction compared to patients without heart failure results in reduced
      elimination rate, decreased clearance, significantly increased plasma allapinin
      concentration which should be taken in account when choosing the regime of drug
      infusion. The elimination of allapinin is mainly metabolic and not renal (only
      about 17% of the drug is excreted with urine).

PMID- 2663030
TI  - [Intra-abdominal transplantation of the heart in rats].
AB  - 3 variants of microsurgical intraabdominal heart transplantation technique in
      rats are described. In the first variant heart transplantation was performed with
      anastomosis of the transplant aorta and pulmonary artery with the abdominal aorta
      and v. cava caudalis of the recipient. In the second variant heart was
      transplanted in complex with the lungs, performing anastomosis of the transplant
      aorta with the abdominal aorta of the recipient. The lungs acted as a shunt for
      venous coronary blood flow from the transplanted right heart into the left heart
      and further into the aorta of the recipient. The third variant included
      transplantation of the heart with a right lung lobe. A total of 68 intraabdominal
      heart transplantations was performed with 57 (84%) successful cases. Maximal term
      of follow up was 9 months.

PMID- 2663031
TI  - Alternative osmotic agents.
AB  - After a decade of experience with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,
      several long-term complications are emerging which relate either directly
      (ultrafiltration of short duration, metabolic derangements) or indirectly
      (hyperosmolality, low pH) to the use of glucose as an osmotic agent. These
      considerations have motivated the search for an alternative to glucose. Some of
      the substances which have been proposed to replace it have been reviewed.

PMID- 2663032
TI  - Antimicrobial therapy for CAPD-associated peritonitis.
AB  - Infectious peritonitis continues to be the leading cause of morbidity in patients
      on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Optimum management of CAPD
      associated peritonitis requires a concerted effort toward the establishment of
      the specific agent causing the episode. We have reviewed the current literature
      relating to the diagnosis and institution of antimicrobial therapy. Controlled
      comparative trials are needed to determine the efficacy of potentially less toxic
      therapeutic regimens for peritonitis, for definition of and treatment of exit
      site infections, and timing of catheter replacement.

PMID- 2663033
TI  - Immunological defenses in CAPD.
AB  - The high peritonitis rate of a subgroup of patients on continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) may be due to alterations of peritoneal defense
      mechanisms, i.e. opsonization, phagocytosis and bacterial killing. It has been
      demonstrated that peritonitis incidence and in vitro opsonization of bacteria are
      related to the concentration of IgG in the dialysate and to the ability of
      macrophages to produce fibronectin. In addition, a decreased macrophage
      bactericidal activity is found in those with a high incidence of peritonitis;
      intracellular survival of microorganisms may, therefore, occur despite intact
      phagocytosis. A disturbance in the release of lymphokines and monokines in some
      CAPD patients may also reduce the ability of peritoneal macrophages to kill
      bacteria. On the basis of these defects, which involve both humoral and cellular
      defense mechanisms, it may be possible to treat these patients using IgG and
      interferon-alpha intraperitoneally.

PMID- 2663034
TI  - Significance of biofilm-adherent bacterial microcolonies on Tenckhoff catheters
      of CAPD patients.
AB  - The phenomenon of biofilm bacterial adherence to bioprosthetic devices and their
      relationship to various human infections are now well established. We have
      recently demonstrated that biofilm bacterial colonization of Tenckhoff catheters
      (TC) is very common in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis (CAPD) treatment. Based on our current work related to isolation of
      biofilm bacteria from peritoneal effluents of CAPD patients, we describe a novel
      way of diagnosis of this form of infection by using a modified Robbins device.
      Additionally, we describe the possible interaction of host defense factors with
      biofilm bacteria and ways to eliminate their colonization of TC for developing an
      overall strategy to prevent CAPD-associated peritonitis.

PMID- 2663035
TI  - CAPD disconnect systems.
AB  - Increasingly complex devices to carry out exchanges in continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) have failed to improve on the peritonitis rates of the
      Italian 'Y' system which uses simple flushing along with antiseptic to sterilise
      the connectors. Other systems based on similar principles have produced
      satisfactory peritonitis rates while offering patients the ability to dispense
      with most of the tubing and the bag between exchanges. The enthusiasm of patients
      for the principle of disconnection has led to a rapid increase in the use of
      these systems. CAPD disconnect systems offer nephrologists reasonable peritonitis
      rates and patients further freedom combined with convenience and safety.

PMID- 2663036
TI  - Control of mineral metabolism in CAPD patients.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to review the basic pathophysiological events
      leading to renal osteodystrophy and how continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
      may alter these processes. This form of therapy has significant effects on
      mineral homeostasis and may, under some circumstances, alter vitamin D and
      parathyroid hormone metabolism. Some short-term studies suggest that there may be
      an improvement in bone histology during treatment. Although much remains to be
      learned about renal osteodystrophy and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,
      enough information is currently available to allow implementation of a rational
      plan of therapy that should optimize mineral metabolism.

PMID- 2663037
TI  - CAPD: after the first ten years.

PMID- 2663038
TI  - Morphology of the peritoneum in CAPD.
AB  - Stimulated by the development of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
      (CAPD), it was only in the last decade that normal and dialysate-exposed
      peritoneum were examined by electron microscopy. Biopsies of parietal peritoneum
      from patients on CAPD show ultrastructural alterations in the mesothelium
      consisting of an increased development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum but a
      decrease in surface microvilli and micropinocytotic vesicles as compared to
      tissue from normal controls or uremic individuals. Alterations in amount and
      consistency of submesothelial ground substance, and number and disposition of
      collagen fibers combined with mesothelial changes together constitute the
      'reactive' peritoneum of peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2663039
TI  - Composition of peritoneal dialysis solutions: potential hazards.
AB  - The ideal components of peritoneal dialysate and their ideal concentrations have
      yet to be defined. This article reviews the hazards inherent in present solutions
      and emphasises the dual needs for uniformity of approach to composition and for
      agreement on minimal international standards for solution quality control.

PMID- 2663040
TI  - Clinical value of standardized equilibration tests in CAPD patients.
AB  - Peritoneal transport rates, a critical determinant of peritoneal dialysis
      efficiency, vary widely among patients and may be easily categorized by
      standardized peritoneal equilibration test. Measurements of creatinine and
      glucose transfer are particularly useful in selecting optimal dialysis
      prescription. Patients with high-average peritoneal solute transport do well on
      standard CAPD even after losing residual renal function. Patients with high
      peritoneal solute transfer rates are likely to have inadequate ultrafiltration on
      standard CAPD. These patients do much better on dialysis regimens with short
      dwell exchanges, such as nightly peritoneal dialysis or daytime ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis. Patients with low-average and particularly with low
      peritoneal transport rates are likely to develop symptoms and signs of inadequate
      dialysis on standard CAPD as residual renal function becomes negligible, and may
      require high-dose peritoneal dialysis prescriptions.

PMID- 2663041
TI  - Concerning a disorder of the central nervous system clinically resembling
      multiple sclerosis with remarkable anatomic findings (spastic pseudosclerosis).
      Report of a fourth case.

PMID- 2663042
TI  - On a particular focal disease of the central nervous system (preliminary
      communication), 1920.

PMID- 2663043
TI  - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: its origins.

PMID- 2663044
TI  - The neuroendocrine system of the gut.
AB  - The digestive tract is the richest source of regulatory peptides outside the
      brain. Such peptides occur all along the gut in the neuroendocrine system which
      is composed of endocrine/paracrine cells disseminated in the epithelium and of
      intrinsic neurons that form continuous ganglionic chains in the submucosa and in
      the muscle layer. Some endocrine/paracrine cells, particularly in the stomach,
      still have not been associated with an identified regulatory peptide implying
      that our present knowledge is far from complete. The intracellular processing of
      regulatory peptide precursors involves multi-step proteolytic cleavage generating
      several fragments. In many instances more than one biologically active peptide is
      generated from one and the same precursor. In addition, certain
      endocrine/paracrine cells and neurons have been found to produce more than one
      peptide precursor and some are known to harbour 'classical' neurotransmitters,
      such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine and GABA as well as regulatory peptides.
      Key questions for the future are the functional significance of the coexistence
      of multiple messengers within the same cells and the details of how the
      endocrine/paracrine cells and the neurons in the gut interact.

PMID- 2663045
TI  - Peptide hormone expression and precursor processing.
AB  - Insight in the mechanisms of peptide hormone expression has grown explosively by
      elucidation of gene, mRNA and preprohormone structures for most hormone systems
      during the 1980s. The preprohormones vary considerably in size and organization
      from poly- to mono-protein structures. According to the structural organization
      and sequence homology the hormones are grouped in families. The prohormones are
      processed to bioactive peptides by multiple enzymatic modifications during the
      intracellular transport from the rough endoplasmatic reticulum to the mature
      secretory granules. The modifications comprise different proteolytic cleavages
      and amino acid derivatizations. The same prohormone may be expressed in several
      different cell-types that process the precursor in entirely different ways.
      Awareness of such cell-specific processing patterns is important for the
      understanding of ectopic synthesis in neuroendocrine tumours.

PMID- 2663046
TI  - Regulatory peptides as tumour markers.
AB  - Assay of regulatory peptides has an established role in the diagnosis and
      management of several peptide-producing tumours, including endocrine pancreatic
      tumours, carcinoid tumours, medullary thyroidea carcinomas, pheochromocytomas,
      and neuroblastomas. Proper sample handling (rapid cooling and freezing) is
      important since most regulatory peptides (except gastrin and pancreatic
      polypeptide) are labile in plasma. The immunoassay should preferably have broad
      specificity for the peptide family to be analysed since endocrine tumours may
      result in elevated concentrations of different spectra of the peptides in
      individual patients. From the analytical point of view, this is in contrast with
      the preferences of the physiologist who is usually interested in measuring the
      concentration of a single member of the peptide family with as high specificity
      as possible.

PMID- 2663047
TI  - Serotonin-producing carcinoid tumour cells in long-term culture. Studies on
      serotonin release and morphological features.
AB  - Tumour cells from a hepatic metastasis of a midgut carcinoid tumour were studied
      during 240 days of culture. A cell line could not be established, but the cells
      regularly formed large clusters and islets. The spontaneous release of serotonin
      (5-HT) and neuropeptide K-like immunoreactivity from cultures were followed. The
      amine and the peptide levels were unstable without evident covariation. The
      response to stimulation with noradrenaline and isoprenaline was studied during
      the culture period. The tumour cells released 5-HT selectively at stimulation
      with isoprenaline. This responsiveness also showed considerable variation with
      long periods of quiescence. Ultrastructurally the tumour cells showed a certain
      degree of polarization with apical microvilli and a supranuclear Golgi apparatus.
      When studied by confocal laser scanning the tumour cells were demonstrated to be
      cylindrical in shape with a cytoplasmic attachment to the matrix.

PMID- 2663048
TI  - Radiologic diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors.
AB  - The radiologic work-up of a patient with a pancreatic endocrine tumor should
      follow a strict course. Ultrasonography as the first procedure should be followed
      by angiography, if possible. Negative ultrasonography should be followed by
      computed tomography (CT), which, whether positive or negative, is supplemented by
      angiography. Negative CT and angiography is followed by transhepatic venous
      sampling. In patients with suspected liver metastases from intestinal and
      pancreatic endocrine tumors, angiography may reveal more metastases than CT and
      ultrasonography.

PMID- 2663049
TI  - Clinical features of carcinoid syndrome and the use of somatostatin analogue in
      its management.
AB  - A review is given on the clinical features of carcinoid syndrome including
      symptomatology, diagnostics, biochemistry and treatment. We have reviewed the
      literature on current therapy of carcinoid patients with special emphasis on the
      use of the somatostatin analogue SMS 20-1995. In addition, we present data on the
      effects of SMS 201-995 on indices of a clinical, biochemical and tumor growth.
      Diarrhea is abolished or significantly reduced in 75% of patients, flushing
      improves in 100%, wheezing in 100% with a decrease in airways resistance, and in
      one patient myopathy has improved. Blood serotonin is notoriously resistant to
      intervention and urinary 5-HIAA will decrease in 75% of causes but subsequently
      rebounds in 38%. Tumors, in general, continue to grow, but this may be slowed or
      in rare cases tumor growth is arrested. In individual instances the tumor may
      even infarct, leading to spontaneous cure. Tumors secreting PP, ACTH and
      calcitonin may be particularly resistant to treatment, whereas VIP secreting
      tumors appear to be sensitive.

PMID- 2663050
TI  - Therapeutic considerations for the malignant carcinoid syndrome.
AB  - Symptomatology and pathophysiology of carcinoid syndrome are summarized and the
      therapeutic possibilities reviewed. It is underlined that severity of symptoms
      and effect of the disease on vital organ function should be considered in order
      to tailor treatment appropriately. In some patients with a mild syndrome,
      symptomatic treatment of diarrhea may be sufficient while more aggressive
      treatment with cytotoxic drugs, interferon, somatostatin analogue or hepatic
      artery occlusion may be indicated in patients with severe symptoms. Carcinoid
      crisis is a serious, life-threatening complication of carcinoid syndrome and in
      this condition somatostatin analogue seems to be an especially useful addition to
      the therapeutic arsenal.

PMID- 2663051
TI  - Risk status and pregnancy outcome among medicaid recipients.
AB  - Although Medicaid has increased access to medical care for low-income pregnant
      women, the Medicaid population remains at high risk for poor pregnancy outcomes.
      In 1983 the Michigan Department of Public Health conducted 1 week of in-hospital,
      postpartum interviews addressing risk factors for poor pregnancy outcome among
      1,945 women. These births represented over 90% of the births during the study
      period and constituted a sample of approximately 1.5% of the yearly births in
      Michigan. Of these women, 24.6% reported receiving Medicaid during pregnancy. The
      demographic characteristics of the Medicaid women placed them at greater risk for
      poor pregnancy outcomes than either insured or uninsured women. In terms of
      medical services, Medicaid recipients began prenatal care later and had fewer
      visits. In terms of behavioral risks, more Medicaid recipients reported tobacco
      and alcohol use than did the other mothers. Finally, the infants of Medicaid
      recipients were 200 g lighter than the other infants. We suggest that the
      Medicaid program--the major source of prenatal health care for these women--is
      not adequate to address their risks for poor pregnancy outcomes.

PMID- 2663052
TI  - Acinic cell carcinoma--Plymouth's experience with postoperative radical
      radiotherapy.
AB  - Acinic cell carcinoma represents 2.5% of all parotid neoplasms. Experience in its
      management is limited and its initial clinical diagnosis may be incorrect. This
      paper examines six patients who received less than ideal primary surgical care.
      Duration of follow up ranges from 1.25 years to 10.5 years, mean 6.7 years.
      Prophylactic postoperative radiotherapy appears to be of marked benefit in
      preventing recurrence and cervical node metastases.

PMID- 2663053
TI  - Bilateral acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid.
AB  - A case of bilateral acinic cell carcinoma occurring synchronously in the parotid
      glands is reported, treatment discussed and the literature reviewed.

PMID- 2663054
TI  - Synchronous tumours of the parotid gland with different histology.
AB  - A case is reported where a cystic basal cell adenoma was found synchronously with
      two foci of adenolymphoma within the superficial lobe of a parotid gland. A
      review of this rare occurrence, as quoted in the literature, has been undertaken.

PMID- 2663055
TI  - Angiomyoma of the upper lip: report of a case with electron microscopic and
      immunohistochemical observation.
AB  - Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic observations of a vascular leiomyoma
      of the upper lip are presented. Tumour cells were positive for desmin, vimentin
      and neuron specific enolase but not for S-100 protein. Factor VIII was detected
      in the endothelium of blood vessels. Ultramicroscopically, the spindle-shaped
      tumour cells had elongated nuclei and cytoplasm containing abundant myofilaments
      and pinocytotic vesicles. Emphasis is placed on the fact that an
      immunohistochemical approach using appropriate antibodies can be used in
      identifying this tumour.

PMID- 2663056
TI  - Actinomycosis of the tongue. A diagnostic dilemma.
AB  - Actinomycosis of the tongue is an uncommon form of this well known but little
      seen bacterial disease. A review of the literature is presented and a report of a
      case which is believed to be the first from the British Isles in recent years.
      The clinical appearance mimicked a deep seated malignant tumour with induration,
      limitation of tongue movement and pain. A Tru-Cut biopsy was obtained which
      revealed a diagnosis of actinomycosis. Treatment was with oral
      phenoxymethylpenicillin for 3 months.

PMID- 2663057
TI  - Parameters for the molecular recognition of transfer RNAs.

PMID- 2663058
TI  - T7 RNA polymerase does not interact with the 5'-phosphate of the initiating
      nucleotide.
AB  - The study of transcription kinetics by T7 RNA polymerase is facilitated by the
      small size of its promoter, allowing the use of synthetic oligonucleotide
      templates with carefully defined sequences. We have previously used this approach
      to measure Michaelis-Menten steady-state kinetics for production of the five-base
      runoff transcript GGACU. In particular, Km for the interaction between enzyme and
      template under saturating levels of all four nucleotide triphosphates was shown
      to be approximately 0.02 microM. We now show that the corresponding Km and Vmax
      for initiation on a similar template coding for the runoff transcript GACU are
      the same as for the earlier study (Km = 0.02 microM; kcat = 40-50 min-1). This
      new template allows the measurement Km for association of the initial nucleotide
      GTP with enzyme or with the enzyme-DNA complex. The results show that KGTPm (0.60
      mM) is somewhat higher than earlier approximations of Km for addition of
      elongating GTP during the later phase of processive elongation. As expected, the
      (initiating) Km for the GTP analogue ITP (KITPm) is increased (by about 2-fold),
      presumably as a result of weakened Watson-Crick base pairing. However, comparison
      of Km values for the GTP analogues GMP and guanosine shows little effect on
      substitution of the 5'-triphosphate by monophosphate or by a hydroxyl,
      respectively. This result suggests that a single active site has been
      evolutionarily adapted to accept from the 5' end of a waiting nucleotide both a
      5'-triphosphate at initiation and a 5'-monophosphate ester (RNA) during
      elongation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663059
TI  - Homocitrate is a component of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase.
AB  - When apodinitrogenase (lacking FeMo-co) was activated with FeMo-co synthesized in
      vitro in the presence of 3H-labeled homocitrate, label was incorporated into
      dinitrogenase. The physical association of the label with FeMo-co was
      demonstrated by reisolation and purification of the cofactor from dinitrogenase.
      The presence of homocitrate in FeMo-co was established by NMR analysis of the
      organic acid extracted from dinitrogenase. Quantitation of homocitrate in
      dinitrogenase showed it to be present at a 1:1 ratio with molybdenum.

PMID- 2663060
TI  - Mutation induced in vitro on a C-8 guanine aminofluorene containing template by a
      modified T7 DNA polymerase.
AB  - We reacted uracil-containing M13mp2 DNA with N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene to produce
      a template with N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene adducts. This template was
      hybridized to a non-uracil-containing linear fragment from which the lac z
      complementing insert had been removed to produce a gapped substrate. DNA
      synthesis using this substrate with the modified T7 DNA polymerase Sequenase led
      to an increase in the number and frequency of lac- mutations observed.
      Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (Kf) did not yield a comparable increase in
      mutation frequency or number even though both Sequenase and the E. coli
      polymerase had similar, low, 3'----5' exonuclease activities as compared to T4
      DNA polymerase. We did not observe an increase in mutations when synthesis was
      attempted on a template reacted with N-acetoxy-2-(acetylamino)fluorene to give N
      (deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-(acetylamino)fluorene adducts. Both E. coli and T7 enzymes
      terminate synthesis before all (acetylamino)fluorene lesions. Only some of the
      putative aminofluorene adducts produced strong termination bands, and there was a
      difference in the pattern generated by Sequenase and E. coli pol I (Kf) using the
      same substrate. Analysis of the mutations obtained from Sequenase synthesis on
      the aminofluorene-containing templates indicated a preponderance of -1 deletions
      at G's and of G----T transversions.

PMID- 2663061
TI  - Binding of captan to DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli and the concomitant
      effect on 5'----3' exonuclease activity.
AB  - Captan (N-[(trichloromethyl)thio]-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide) was shown to
      bind to DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli. The ratio of [14C] captan bound
      to DNA pol I was 1:1 as measured by filter binding studies and sucrose gradient
      analysis. Preincubation of enzyme with polynucleotide prevented the binding of
      captan, but preincubation of enzyme with dGTP did not. Conversely, when the
      enzyme was preincubated with captan, neither polynucleotide nor dGTP binding was
      blocked. The modification of the enzyme by captan was described by an
      irreversible second-order rate process with a rate of 68 +/- 0.7 M-1 s-1. The
      interaction of captan with DNA pol I altered each of the three catalytic
      functions. The 3'----5' exonuclease and polymerase activities were inhibited, and
      the 5'----3' exonuclease activity was enhanced. In order to study the 5'----3'
      exonuclease activity more closely, [3H]hpBR322 (DNA-[3H]RNA hybrid) was prepared
      from pBR322 plasmid DNA and used as a specific substrate for 5'----3' exonuclease
      activity. When either DNA pol I or polynucleotide was preincubated with 100
      microM captan, 5'----3' exonuclease activity exhibited a doubling of reaction
      rate as compared to the untreated sample. When 100 microM captan was added to the
      reaction in progress, 5'----3' exonuclease activity was enhanced to 150% of the
      control value. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that captan acts
      on DNA pol I by irreversibly binding in the template-primer binding site
      associated with polymerase and 3'----5' exonuclease activities. It is also shown
      that the chemical reaction between DNA pol I and a single captan molecule
      proceeds through a Michaelis complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663062
TI  - Determination of RNA-protein contacts using thiophosphate substitutions.
AB  - The binding of the bacteriophage R17 coat protein to its RNA binding site is an
      example of a specific RNA-protein interaction. Extensive analysis has revealed
      that the binding is dependent upon a unique hairpin structure that contains four
      essential single-stranded nucleotides. Additional specificity is thought to be
      due to four or five ionic contacts between the protein and phosphates on the RNA.
      Transcription of synthetic DNA with T7 RNA polymerase, using one of the
      nucleoside 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphates) [NTP(alpha S)s], allows the synthesis of
      RNAs specifically substituted with thiophosphates. Eleven sequence variants of
      the R17 coat protein binding site were synthesized with different NTP(alpha S)s
      and tested for coat protein binding to deduce positions of thiophosphates that
      alter the binding affinity. Of the twenty-one phosphate positions in the
      molecule, two were found to decrease the Ka 3-fold when substituted with a
      thiophosphate, one position decreased the Ka 10-fold, and one position increased
      the Ka 10-fold. Substitution of any of the other 17 positions with thiophosphates
      does not alter the Ka. The four positions that alter the Ka are located in a
      uniquely structured region of the RNA, and it is postulated that these
      thiophosphates affect binding because they contact coat protein directly.

PMID- 2663063
TI  - Purification and characterization of a protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that
      binds tightly to single-stranded DNA and stimulates a cognate strand exchange
      protein.
AB  - A single-stranded DNA binding protein (yeast SSB protein) was purified to near
      homogeneity from mitotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The Mr 34,000 protein
      specifically eluted at high salt (approximately 1200 mM NaCl) during
      chromatography on a single-stranded DNA-cellulose column. The protein formed
      stable complexes with single-stranded DNA in an apparent cooperative fashion. As
      judged from titration and competition experiments, the affinity of the protein
      was much higher for single-stranded DNA than for double-stranded DNA or single
      stranded RNA. The SSB protein also was found to stimulate the strand exchange
      reaction between linear M13mp19 RF DNA and circular M13mp19 viral DNA as
      catalyzed by a yeast strand exchange protein previously purified in this
      laboratory [Kolodner, R., Evans, D. H., & Morrison, P. T. (1987) Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 5660-5664]. Titration experiments showed maximum
      stimulation of joint molecule formation at a stoichiometry of about 1 Mr 34,000
      monomer yeast SSB per 18 nucleotides of single-stranded DNA. Kinetic experiments
      demonstrated at least an 18-fold increase in the rate of strand exchange due to
      the presence of the SSB in reactions where the amount of strand exchange protein
      was limiting. The yeast SSB protein stimulated the Escherichia coli RecA protein
      in the strand exchange reaction involving linear M13mp19 RF DNA and circular
      M13mp19 viral DNA as efficiently as E. coli SSB. However, the E. coli SSB protein
      did not substitute for the yeast SSB protein in reactions with the yeast strand
      exchange protein. This suggests that the stimulation of the yeast strand exchange
      protein by the yeast SSB may involve specific protein/protein interactions.

PMID- 2663064
TI  - Purification and biochemical characterization of recombinant hirudin produced by
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Recombinant hirudin was produced by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the
      alpha-pheromone prepro sequence to direct its secretion into the culture medium.
      The secreted hirudin was isolated to greater than or equal to 95% purity as
      measured by 205-nm absorbance integration from a reverse-phase chromatogram. One
      major activity peak corresponding to the complete, correctly processed molecule
      and two minor activity peaks corresponding to C-terminally truncated forms were
      identified. The primary structure of the major peak, determined by N-terminal
      sequencing of tryptic peptides, was that predicted from the cDNA sequence, and
      the molecular mass analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS)
      was 6892.6 (calculated 6892.5). UV spectral analysis suggested that, in contrast
      to the natural molecule, recombinant hirudin produced by S. cerevisiae is not
      sulfated.

PMID- 2663065
TI  - Preparation of biologically active platelet-derived growth factor type BB from a
      fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Preparations of the mitogen platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) from human
      platelets contain two related polypeptides termed A chain and B chain. PDGF-B is
      highly homologous to a portion of p28v-sis, the transforming protein of simian
      sarcoma virus. We have studied the mitogenic potential of a PDGF-BB-like
      homodimer by expressing the sequence coding for the mature part of PDGF-B in
      Escherichia coli. Expression was achieved as cro-beta-gal-PDGF-B fusion protein
      which was exclusively found in the "inclusion bodies". A monomeric PDGF-B
      fragment shortened by 12 amino acid residues from the NH2 terminus was excised
      from the fusion protein by CNBr cleavage. After protection of thiols by S
      sulfonation, this fragment was purified by gel permeation chromatography and
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. This monomeric protein was
      dimerized in the presence of a mixture of reduced and oxidized glutathione to
      yield biologically active rPDGF-BB with an overall yield of approximately 0.7 mg
      of rPDGF-BB/L of culture. Escherichia coli rPDGF-BB stimulated [3H]thymidine
      incorporation into AKR2B fibroblast at concentrations of about 1 ng/mL.

PMID- 2663066
TI  - Hydrophobic interactions via mutants of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase:
      separation of binding and catalysis.
AB  - The strictly conserved residue leucine-54 of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate
      reductase forms part of the hydrophobic wall which binds the p-aminobenzoyl side
      chain of dihydrofolate. In addition to the previously reported glycine-54 mutant,
      isoleucine-54 and asparagine-54 substitutions have been constructed and
      characterized with regard to their effects on binding and catalysis. NADP+ and
      NADPH binding is virtually unaffected with the exception of a 15-fold decrease in
      NADPH dissociation from the Gly-54 mutant. The synergistic effect of NADPH on
      tetrahydrofolate dissociation seen in the wild-type enzyme is lost in the
      isoleucine-54 mutant: little acceleration is seen in tetrahydrofolate
      dissociation when cofactor is bound, and there is no discrimination between
      reduced and oxidized cofactor. The dissociation constants for dihydrofolate and
      methotrexate increase in the order Leu less than Ile less than Asn less than Gly,
      varying by a maximum factor of 1700 for dihydrofolate and 6300 for methotrexate.
      Despite these large changes in binding affinity, the hydride transfer rate of 950
      s-1 in the wild-type enzyme is decreased by a constant factor of ca. 30 (2
      kcal/mol) regardless of the mutant. Thus, the contributions of residue 54 to
      binding and catalysis appear to have been separated.

PMID- 2663067
TI  - Escherichia coli thioredoxin folds into two compact forms of different stability
      to urea denaturation.
AB  - The urea-induced denaturation of Escherichia coli thioredoxin and thioredoxin
      variants has been examined by electrophoresis on urea gradient slab gels by the
      method of Creighton [Creighton, T. (1986) Methods Enzymol. 131, 156-172].
      Thioredoxin has only two cysteine residues, and these form a redox-active
      disulfide at the active site. Oxidized thioredoxin-S2 and reduced thioredoxin
      (SH)2 each show two folded isomers with a large difference in stability to urea
      denaturation. The difference in stability is greater for the isomers of oxidized
      than for the isomers of reduced thioredoxin. At 2 degrees C, the urea
      concentrations at the denaturation midpoint are approximately 8 and 4.3 M for the
      oxidized isomers and 4.8 and 3.7 M for the reduced isomers. The difference
      between the gel patterns of samples applied in native versus denaturing buffer,
      and at 2 and 25 degrees C, is characteristic for the involvement of a cis-proline
      trans-proline isomerization. The data very strongly suggest that the two folded
      forms of different stabilities correspond to the cis and trans isomers of the
      highly conserved Pro 76 peptide bond, which is cis in the crystal structure of
      oxidized thioredoxin. Urea gel experiments with the mutant thioredoxin P76A, with
      alanine substituted for proline at position 76, corroborate this interpretation.
      The electrophoretic banding pattern diagnostic for an involvement of proline
      isomerization in urea denaturation is not observed for oxidized P76A. In broad
      estimates of delta G degree for the native-denatured transition, the difference
      in delta G degree (no urea) between the putative cis and trans isomers of the Ile
      75-Pro 76 peptide bond is approximately 3 kcal/mol for oxidized thioredoxin and
      approximately 1.5 kcal/mol for reduced thioredoxin. Since cis oxidized
      thioredoxin is much more stable than trans, folded oxidized thioredoxin is
      essentially all cis. In folded reduced thioredoxin, cis and trans interconvert
      slowly, on the minute time scale at 2 and 25 degrees C. In the absence of urea,
      the folded reduced thioredoxin is less than a few percent trans. Three additional
      mutants with additions or substitutions at the active site also show
      electrophoresis banding patterns consistent with a difference in stability
      between cis and trans isomers.

PMID- 2663068
TI  - Mechanism of action of Escherichia coli exonuclease III.
AB  - Exonuclease III is the major apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease of
      Escherichia coli, accounting for more than 80% of the total cellular AP
      endonuclease activity. We have shown earlier that the endonucleolytic activity of
      exonuclease III is able to hydrolyze the phosphodiester bond 5' to the urea N
      glycoside in a duplex DNA [Kow, Y. W., & Wallace, S. S. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. U.S.A. 82, 8354-8358]. Therefore, we were interested in studying the
      mechanism of action of the endonucleolytic activity of exonuclease III by
      preparing DNA containing different base lesions as well as chemically modified AP
      sites. When AP sites were converted to O-alkylhydroxylamine residues, exonuclease
      III was able to hydrolyze the phosphodiester bond 5' to O-alkylhydroxylamine
      residues. The apparent Km for different O-alkylhydroxylamine residues was not
      affected by the particular O-alkylhydroxylamine residue substituted; however, the
      apparent Vmax decreased as the size of the residue increased. On the basis of a
      study of the substrate specificity of exonuclease III, a modification of the
      Weiss model for the mechanism of action of exonuclease III is presented.
      Furthermore, a temperature study of exonucleolytic activity of exonuclease III in
      the presence of Mg2+ showed discontinuity in the Arrhenius plot. However, no
      discontinuity was observed when the reaction was performed in the presence of
      Ca2+. Similarly, no discontinuity was observed for the endonucleolytic activity
      of exonuclease III, in the presence of either Ca2+ or Mg2+. These data suggest
      that, in the presence of Mg2+, exonuclease III, in the presence of either Ca2+ or
      Mg2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663069
TI  - The location of DNA in complexes of recA protein with double-stranded DNA. A
      neutron scattering study.
AB  - Purified recA protein is found as rodlike homopolymers, and it forms filamentous
      complexes with double-stranded DNA that are stable in the presence of ATP gamma
      S, a nonhydrolyzable analogue of ATP. The structure of these filaments has been
      described in some detail by electron microscopy. Here we confirm the mass per
      length of 6.5 recA/100 A in solution by small-angle neutron scattering and extend
      the analysis to homopolymers of recA protein, finding a mass per length of about
      7 recA/100 A and a radial mass distribution (cross-sectional radius of gyration)
      significantly different for the two filaments. The models proposed so far for the
      structure of the complex have placed the DNA in the center of the filament. Here
      we verify this assumption using small-angle neutron scattering to locate the DNA
      in the complexes, exploiting the contrast variation method in D2O/H2O mixtures.
      Model calculations show that the natural contrast difference between DNA and
      protein is not sufficient to locate the DNA (which accounts for only 4.7% of the
      mass in the complex). When deuterated DNA is used, the contrast difference is
      enhanced, and model calculations and experiment then converge, indicating that
      the DNA is indeed near the axis of the complex.

PMID- 2663070
TI  - Picosecond tryptophan fluorescence of thioredoxin: evidence for discrete species
      in slow exchange.
AB  - The steady-state tryptophan fluorescence and time-resolved tryptophan
      fluorescence of Escherichia coli thioredoxin, calf thymus thioredoxin, and yeast
      thioredoxin have been studied. In all proteins, the tryptophan residues undergo
      strong static and dynamic quenching, probably due to charge-transfer interactions
      with the nearby sulfur atoms of the active cysteines. The use of a high
      resolution photon counting instrument, with a time response of 60 ps full width
      at half-maximum, allowed the detection of fluorescence lifetimes ranging from a
      few tens of picoseconds to 10 ns. The data were analyzed both by classical
      nonlinear least squares and by a new method of entropy maximization (MEM) for the
      recovery of lifetime distributions. Simulations representative of the
      experimental data were used to test the MEM analysis. Strong support was obtained
      in this way for a small number of averaged discrete species in the fluorescence
      decays. Wavelength studies show that each of these components spreads over
      closely spaced excited states, while the temperature studies indicate that they
      do not exchange significantly on the nanosecond time scale. The oxidized form of
      thioredoxin is characterized by a high content of a very short lifetime below 70
      ps, the amplitude of which is sharply decreased upon reduction. On the other
      hand, the fluorescence anisotropy decays indicate that reduction causes an
      increase of the very fast tryptophan rotations in an otherwise relatively rigid
      structure. While the calf thymus and E. coli proteins have mostly similar
      dynamical fluorescence properties, the yeast thioredoxin differs in many
      respects.

PMID- 2663071
TI  - Thermal unfolding of myosin rod and light meromyosin: circular dichroism and
      tryptophan fluorescence studies.
AB  - Rabbit skeletal myosin rod, which is the coiled-coil alpha-helical portion of
      myosin, contains two tryptophan residues located in the light meromyosin (LMM)
      portion whose fluorescence contributes 27% to the fluorescence of the entire
      myosin molecule. The temperature dependence of several fluorescence parameters
      (quantum yield, spectral position, polarization) of the rod and its LMM portion
      was compared to the thermal unfolding of the helix measured with circular
      dichroism. Rod unfolds with three major helix unfolding transitions: at 43, 47,
      and 53 degrees C, with the 43 and 53 degrees C transitions mainly located in the
      LMM region and the 47 degrees C transition mainly located in the subfragment 2
      region. The fluorescence study showed that the 43 degrees C transition does not
      involve the tryptophan-containing region and that the 47 degrees C transition
      produces an intermediate with different fluorescence properties from both the
      completely helical and fully unfolded states. That is, although the fluorescence
      of the 47 degrees C intermediate is markedly quenched, the tryptophyl residues do
      not become appreciably exposed to solvent until the 53 degrees C transition. It
      is suggested that although the intermediate that is formed in the 47 degrees C
      transition contains an extensive region which is devoid of alpha-helix, the
      unfolded region is not appreciably solvated or flexible. It appears to have the
      properties of a collapsed nonhelical state rather than a classical random coil.

PMID- 2663072
TI  - (1-Aminoethyl)boronic acid: a novel inhibitor for Bacillus stearothermophilus
      alanine racemase and Salmonella typhimurium D-alanine:D-alanine ligase (ADP
      forming).
AB  - (1-Aminoethyl)boronic acid (Ala-B), an analogue of alanine in which a boronic
      acid group replaces the carboxyl group, has been synthesized and found to inhibit
      the first two enzymes, alanine racemase (from Bacillus stearothermophilus, EC
      5.1.1.1) and D-alanine:D-alanine ligase (ADP-forming) (from Salmonella
      typhimurium, EC 6.3.2.4), of the D-alanine branch of bacterial peptidoglycan
      biosynthesis. In both cases, time-dependent, slow binding inhibition is observed
      due to the generation of long-lived, slowly dissociating complexes. Ala-B
      inhibits alanine racemase with a Ki of 20 mM and a kappa inact of 0.15-0.35 min
      1. Time-dependent loss of activity is paralleled by conversion of the 420-nm
      chromophore of initial bound PLP aldimine to a 324-nm absorbing species. On
      dilution of Ala-B, racemase activity is regained with a t1/2 of ca. 1 h. The D
      Ala-D-Ala ligase also shows progressive inhibition by Ala-B provided ATP (but not
      AMP-PNP or AMP-PCP) is present. The presence of D-alanine along with ATP also
      leads to Ala-B-induced inactivation. Kinetic analysis suggests Ala-B can compete
      with D-alanine at either of the two D-alanine binding sites, and on inactivation
      with Ala-B, labeled D-alanine, and labeled ATP, the inactive enzyme has
      stoichiometric amounts of D-alanine, ADP, Pi, and Ala-B bound. The half-life of
      inactive enzyme complexes varied from approximately 2 h (without D-alanine) to
      4.5 days (with D-alanine). No D-Ala-D-Ala-B dipeptide was detected.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663073
TI  - Inactivation-reactivation of two-electron reduced Escherichia coli glutathione
      reductase involving a dimer-monomer equilibrium.
AB  - Glutathione reductase from Escherichia coli is inactivated when incubated with
      either NADPH or NADH. The process is inversely dependent on the enzyme
      concentration. Inactivation is rapid and monophasic with 1 microM NADPH and 1 nM
      enzyme FAD giving a t1/2 of 1 min. Complex formation between NADPH and the two
      electron reduced enzyme (EH2) at higher levels of NADPH protects against rapid
      inactivation. NADP+, produced in a side reaction with oxygen, also protects by
      forming a complex with EH2. These complexes make analysis of the concentration
      dependence of the inactivation process difficult. Inactivation with NADH, where
      complexes do not interfere, is slower but can be analyzed more readily. With 152
      microM NADH and 5.4 nM enzyme FAD, the time required for 50% inactivation is 17
      min. The process is markedly biphasic, reaching the final inactivation level
      after 5-7 h. Analysis of the relationship between the final level of inactivation
      with NADH and the enzyme concentration indicates that inactivation is due to
      dissociation of the normally dimeric enzyme. Thus, the position of the dimer
      monomer equilibrium between an active dimeric two-electron reduced species and an
      inactive monomeric two-electron reduced form determines the enzyme activity. An
      apparent equilibrium constant (Kd) for dissociation of dimer obtained from the
      anaerobic concentration dependent inactivation curves is 220 nM. Enzyme
      inactivated with NADH can be reactivated with glutathione, and the reactivation
      kinetics are second order, monomer-monomer over 75% of the reaction with an
      average apparent association rate constant (ka) of 13.1 (+/- 5.5) X 10(6) M-1 min
      1.

PMID- 2663074
TI  - Inactivation of bakers' yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by aluminum.
AB  - Preincubation of yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) with Al(III)
      produced an inactive enzyme containing 1 mol of Al(III)/mol of enzyme subunit.
      None of the enzyme-bound Al(III) was dissociated by dialysis against 10 mM Tris
      HCl, pH 7.0, containing 0.2 mM EDTA at 4 degrees C for 24 h. Citrate, NADP+,
      EDTA, or NaF protected the enzyme against the Al(III) inactivation. The Al-(III)
      inactivated enzyme, however, was completely reactivated only by citrate and NaF.
      The dissociation constant for the enzyme-aluminum complex was calculated to be 4
      x 10(-6)M with NaF, a known reversible chelator for aluminum. Modification of
      histidine and lysine residues of the enzyme with diethyl pyrocarbonate and
      acetylsalicylic acid, respectively, inactivated the enzyme. However, the modified
      enzyme still bound 1 mol of Al(III)/mol of enzyme subunit. Circular dichroism
      studies showed that the binding of Al(III) to the enzyme induced a decrease in
      alpha-helix and beta-sheet and an increase in random coil. Therefore, it is
      suggested that inactivation of G6PD by Al(III) is due to the conformational
      change induced by Al(III) binding.

PMID- 2663075
TI  - Purification and characterization of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride
      lipase from human postheparin plasma: production of monospecific antibody to the
      individual lipase.
AB  - Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) were purified to
      homogeneity from human postheparin plasma. Molecular, catalytic and immunological
      properties of the purified enzymes were investigated. The native molecular
      weights of LPL and HTGL were 67,200 and 65,500, respectively, by gel
      chromatography. The subunit molecular weights of LPL and HTGL were 60,600 and
      64,600, respectively, suggesting that these enzymes are catalytically active in a
      monomeric form. In addition, the purified LPL and HTGL each gave a single protein
      band when they were detected as glycoproteins with a probe of concanavalin A. The
      purified enzyme preparations were free of detectable antithrombin III by Western
      blot analysis. Catalytic properties of the purified enzymes were examined using
      triolein-gum arabic emulsion and triolein particles stabilized with phospholipid
      monolayer as substrates. LPL catalyzed the complete hydrolysis of triolein to
      free oleate and monooleate in the presence of apolipoprotein C-II. Apparent Km
      values for triolein and apolipoprotein C-II were 1.0 mM and 0.6 microM, and Vmax
      was 40.7 mmol/h per mg. HTGL hydrolyzed triolein substrate at a rate much slower
      than LPL, and produced mainly free oleate with little monooleate. Apparent Km and
      Vmax values were 2.5 mM and 16.1 mmol/h per mg, respectively. Polyclonal
      antibodies were developed against the purified LPL and HTGL. The purity and
      specificity of these antisera were ascertained by immunotitration, Ouchterlony
      double diffusion and Western blot analyses. The anti-human LPL and anti-human
      HTGL antiserum specifically reacted with the corresponding either native or
      denaturated enzyme, indicating that two enzymes were immunologically distinct. We
      developed an assay system for LPL and HTGL in human PHP by selective
      immunoprecipitation of each enzyme with the corresponding antiserum.

PMID- 2663076
TI  - Purification and properties of carnitine dehydratase from Escherichia coli--a new
      enzyme of carnitine metabolization.
AB  - Carnitine dehydratase from Escherichia coli 044 K74 is an inducible enzyme
      detectable in cells grown anaerobically in the presence of L(-)-carnitine or
      crotonobetaine. It has been purified 500-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity by
      chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose, hydroxyapatite, DEAE-Sepharose, second phenyl
      Sepharose and finally gel filtration on a Sephadex G-100 column. During the
      purification procedure a low-molecular-weight effector essential for enzyme
      activity was separated from the enzyme. The addition of this still unknown
      effector caused reactivation of the apoenzyme. The relative molecular mass of the
      apoenzyme has been estimated to be 85,000. It seems to be composed of two
      identical subunits with a relative molecular mass of 45,000. The purified and
      reactivated enzyme has been further characterized with respect to pH and
      temperature optimum (7.8 and 37-42 degrees C), equilibrium constant (Keq = 1.5 +/
      0.2) and substrate specifity. The enzyme is inhibited by thiol reagents. The Km
      value for crotonobetaine is 1.2.10(-2) M. gamma-Butyrobetaine, D(+)-carnitine and
      choline are competitive inhibitors of crotonobetaine hydration.

PMID- 2663077
TI  - Regulation of the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine in the liver.

PMID- 2663078
TI  - Effects of insulin and fructose on transcriptional and post-transcriptional
      regulation of malic enzyme synthesis in diabetic rat liver.
AB  - Insulin action on regulation of hepatic malic enzyme has been investigated in
      comparison with fructose, using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Insulin
      treatment caused a 2.8-fold increase in the transcriptional rate of malic enzyme
      (EC 1.1.1.40) after 8 h, and a 5-fold increase in the mRNA concentration of the
      liver. In Northern blot analysis, we demonstrated that after insulin treatment,
      the nuclear mRNA of malic enzyme tended to increase more rapidly than the total
      cellular mRNA. Therefore, it is suggested that the nuclear mRNA was primarily
      increased by insulin. The insulin-dependent increase of malic enzyme mRNA was
      blocked by cycloheximide, suggesting that synthesis of a peptide is required. On
      the other hand, by feeding a high-fructose diet to diabetic rats, the malic
      enzyme mRNA concentration was considerably increased, though with a delayed
      peaking in comparison with the insulin-treated animals, whereas the
      transcriptional rate was not significantly increased. Dietary fructose may
      stabilize the transcripts. Fructose increased the enzyme level far less than the
      mRNA level. These results suggest that insulin is required in both the
      translational and transcriptional regulation of malic enzyme.

PMID- 2663079
TI  - Sulfur oxidation by phototrophic bacteria.

PMID- 2663080
TI  - The high-affinity calcium binding protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Tissue
      distribution, and homology with calregulin.
AB  - The 55-kDa high-affinity calcium binding protein (HACBP) was first identified and
      isolated from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Using polyclonal
      antibodies raised against the HACBP isolated from skeletal muscle we have
      identified this protein in cardiac and smooth muscle as well as in non-muscle
      cells. Although the 55-kDa protein has a size, properties and localization
      similar to that of calsequestrin, the two proteins are immunologically distinct.
      The NH2-terminal sequence of uterine HACBP is also completely different from that
      of calsequestrin but it is identical to that of rabbit liver calregulin, a
      recently identified calcium binding protein. Indirect immunofluorescence staining
      of frozen sections and culture cells from a variety of tissues shows that the 55
      kDa protein localizes predominantly to junctional SR and T-tubule areas in
      skeletal muscle, to SR in smooth and cardiac muscle cells, and to ER in a variety
      of non-muscle cells. These data show that the protein is present in a wide
      variety of tissues and suggest that it is a protein common for both sarcoplasmic
      and endoplasmic reticulum membranes.

PMID- 2663081
TI  - Ca2+-activated K+ channel in rat pancreatic islet B cells: permeation, gating and
      blockade by cations.
AB  - Activation of Ca2+-dependent K+ conductance has long been postulated to
      contribute to the cyclical pauses in glucose-induced electrical activity of
      pancreatic islet B cells. Here we have examined the gating, permeation and
      blockade by cations of a large-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channel in these
      cells. This channel shares many features with BK (or maxi-K+) Ca2+-activated K+
      channels in other cells. (1) Its 'permeability' selectivity sequence is PT1+:
      PK+: PRb+: PNH4+: PNa+, Li+, Cs+ = 1.3:1.0:0.5:0.17: less than 0.05. Permeant, as
      well as impermeant, cations reduce channel conductance. (2) Its conductance
      saturates at 325-350 pS with bath KCl greater than 400 mM (144 mM KCl pipette).
      (3) It shows asymmetric blockade by tetraethylammonium ion (TEA) and Na+. (4) It
      is sensitive to Ca2+i over the range 5 nM-100 microM; over the range 50-200 nM,
      channel activity varies as [Ca2+ free]1-2. (5) It is sensitive to internal pH
      over the range 6.85-7.35, but the decrease in channel activity seen with reduced
      pHi may be partially compensated by the increase in free Ca2+ concentration which
      occurs on acidification of buffered Ca2+/EGTA solutions.

PMID- 2663082
TI  - [Study of the binding of RNA polymerase by a recombinant plasmid using electron
      microscopy].
AB  - RNA-polymerase of E. coli was bound in vitro under physiological conditions to a
      recombinant plasmid pBR322 carrying two identical segments of bacteriophage T4
      DNA, each containing a complete gene coding for T4 DNA ligase. After fixation of
      the complex with formaldehyde it was analysed by electron microscopy. A map of
      binding sites of the enzyme to DNA was obtained after a statistical assessment of
      micrographs. The inserted repeat revealed itself in the map as two regions of
      identical binding patterns, thus proving the adequacy of the preparation
      procedure. In pBR322 the strong binding sites correlate with the position of
      promoters. Also, apart from this, there are other strong binding sites within the
      T4 sequences which correlate strongly with the regions of abnormally high AT
      content. That means that under physiological conditions the RNA polymerase forms
      strong binding complexes with any AT rich DNA regions, as well as with real
      promoters.

PMID- 2663083
TI  - [Modification of proteins by active oxygen and their degradation].
AB  - A detailed analysis of literary data concerning the oxidative modification of
      proteins by active oxygen species was carried out. It was shown that intermediate
      products of molecular oxygen reduction, e.g., superoxide anion radical, hydrogen
      peroxide and hydroxyl radical, can induce the inactivation of enzymes in vitro as
      a result of oxidative modification of certain amino acid residues necessary for
      the maintenance of native properties of the enzyme. In some cases modification of
      enzymes results in their degradation by proteolytic enzymes. Besides, some
      enzymes catalyzing the interconversions of active oxygen species (catalase
      superoxide dismutase, cytochrome P-450) are also inactivated in the course of
      catalysis under the oxidative action of active oxygen species. It was assumed
      that the oxidative modification of proteins appears to be one of the mechanisms
      which control their degradation in the cell. The hydroxyl radical oxidizing the
      amino acid residues located in the vicinity of the site of its synthesis is a
      direct modifying species. The superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide are
      hydroxyl radical precursors and are responsible for the transport of oxidizing
      equivalents in the cell.

PMID- 2663084
TI  - [The components of the microbial preparation of lysoamidase from the
      Pseudomonodaceae family responsible for its bacteriolytic activity].
AB  - The contribution of enzymes isolated from the microbial enzymic preparation to
      its total bacteriolytic activity was studied. The combined action of the lytic
      proteinase L2 and the lytic fraction L1 used in the same ratio as in the
      lysoamidase preparation resulted in a complete recovery of the bacteriolytic
      activity. During a 4-fold increase of the proportion of the lytic enzyme L1 as
      compared with lytic proteinase L2, the activity of the reconstituted preparation
      increased by 64%. Neutral phosphomonohydrolase, metal proteinase and the
      polysaccharide isolated from the lysoamidase preparation had no effect on the
      bacteriolytic activity of the reconstituted preparation. The polysaccharide
      isolated from lysoamidase increased the thermal stability of the preparation
      obtained up to that of lysoamidase.

PMID- 2663085
TI  - [Associative brain systems as the behavioral control apparatus based on the
      dominant and conditioned reflex].
AB  - The main statements of author's conception concerning the associative brain
      systems (thalamoparietal and thalamofrontal) as the behaviour control systems are
      presented. The participation of associative systems in performance of the high
      brain functions ensures due to the entrance of the whole information spectrum of
      biological and signal significance into them and to the presence of neuronal
      plastic mechanisms, the mechanisms for retrieval the whole behaviour programs
      from the long-term memory and the ability of short-term storing of behaviour
      programs and estimation of their adequacy on the ground of dominant and
      conditioning mechanisms.

PMID- 2663086
TI  - The chicken blastoderm: in vitro methods of investigation of developmental
      processes.
AB  - A brief description of the structure and a critical survey of the methods of
      explantation, cultivation, and experimental manipulation of chicken blastoderms
      are presented. Special attention has been paid to those methods that have enabled
      major developments in cell and developmental biology of gastrulation. The data
      suggest that the chicken blastoderm is an appropriate system for the study of
      developmental processes that are often analogous to medical problems.

PMID- 2663087
TI  - Developmental physiology: a tribute to the influence of Alfred Jost.

PMID- 2663088
TI  - Sexual differentiation of the gonads and of the reproductive tract.
AB  - Between 1947 and 1952 Alfred Jost deduced that sexual differentiation is an
      ordered process in which chromosomal sex determines gonadal sex and gonadal sex
      in turn directs the development of phenotypic sex. This powerful formulation has
      been substantiated by both genetic and endocrine evidence and has had a profound
      impact on clinical medicine as well as on biology. The means are now at hand for
      dissecting the molecular mechanisms by which genetic determinants and regulatory
      factors interact in this cascade to produce the male and female phenotypes.

PMID- 2663089
TI  - Endocrine control of fetal growth.
AB  - Fetal growth is regulated by fetal hormones in all species that have been
      studied. However, it is clear that strict definition of fetal growth must be
      applied in order that different studies and different species may be meaningfully
      compared. The experimental manipulation of fetal growth in vivo has been the main
      tool by which information in this area has been gained. Organ ablation
      experiments, with or without appropriate hormone replacement treatments, have
      been used now for nearly 50 years as a means of studying fetal growth. As the
      years have gone by, many of the original techniques have been refined beyond
      recognition, so that precise surgical or immunological approaches have now
      replaced the rather simpler earlier methods. However, the nature of the questions
      which are posed are still remarkably similar to those first formulated nearly 50
      years ago. What regulates fetal growth? This article attempts to document the
      progress that has been made in the endocrine control of fetal growth.

PMID- 2663090
TI  - An update of fetal and placental metabolism: carbohydrate and amino acids.
AB  - This paper presents a review of fetal and placental metabolism, particularly as
      it relates to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. The strengths of
      simultaneous application of the Fick principle methodology for the determination
      of net substrate fluxes with tracer methodology for estimating rates of fetal and
      placental utilization of compounds is discussed and illustrated. The
      interconversion of nutrients, both within the fetus and in the placenta, is
      reviewed with particular emphasis on potential cycling of nutrients between the
      placenta and fetal liver. Recent work defining the changes in fetal and placental
      metabolism at mid gestation is also discussed. This work is used as an example
      illustrating the importance of defining a wide gestational age window for study
      of ontogenetic changes in fetal metabolism. Finally, recent clinical studies
      utilizing cordocentesis or periumbilical blood sampling for evaluating the
      biochemical environment of the human fetus at mid gestation are reviewed and
      compared to data obtained under chronic steady-state conditions in fetal sheep.

PMID- 2663091
TI  - Solute and water transport across the pulmonary epithelium: a new chapter in lung
      physiology inaugurated by Alfred Jost.
AB  - Early experiments by Jost and Policard demonstrated the presence of secretory
      activity in the lungs of the fetal rabbit. Subsequent work has demonstrated a
      system of active ion transport across the pulmonary epithelium of the sheep
      fetus, in which uphill movement of chloride ions to the pulmonary lumen provides
      the main force for lung liquid secretion. In the last 10-20% of gestation a
      reabsorptive mechanism in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation is developed
      which is brought into play in the perinatal period, clearing the lungs of liquid.
      The development of this response has been shown to require thyroid hormones. The
      action of adrenaline (or of a directly induced rise in intracellular cAMP)
      depends on the initiation of active sodium transport from the luminal side of the
      epithelium. Active glucose-sodium cotransport, maintaining a low glucose
      concentration in fetal pulmonary liquid, has also been demonstrated in this
      epithelium. In the postnatal period, sodium absorption continues to be a feature
      of the lung periphery and the epithelium of the conducting airways is known to be
      a site of an active ion transport system which features both chloride secretion
      and sodium absorption. However, this epithelium responds quite differently from
      the fetal peripheral epithelium to beta-adrenergic stimulation by increasing
      chloride secretion with little or no change in sodium absorption.

PMID- 2663092
TI  - Thyroid hormones and nervous system development.
AB  - Regulation by hormones of nervous system development is well recognized in
      humans, laboratory animals and cultured nerve cells. Thyroxine (T4) and
      triiodothyronine (T3), the major thyroid hormones, act on brain development and
      maturation by binding to T3 nuclear receptors. T3 responsive genes have been
      identified with the T3 receptor as a superfamily of genes including cortisol and
      estrogens, necessary for adaptation and survival. Less defined are T3 and T4
      actions on the peripheral nervous system. In chromaffin cells explanted from the
      adrenal of immature rats, T3 induces the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, involved in
      catecholamine synthesis. This action is similar but, so far, apparently
      independent from Nerve Growth Factor promotion of sympathetic and chromaffin cell
      growth. Mechanisms based on nuclear binding depend on multiple receptors
      functionally diversified; their selectivity of action over a wide range of early
      and late developmental patterns is an attractive hypothesis to be further
      explored.

PMID- 2663093
TI  - Bone resorption in vitro: macrophages and giant cells from failed total hip
      replacement versus osteoclasts.
AB  - Macrophages and giant cells which ingested material particles in loosening of
      total hip prostheses were tested for their ability to resorb bone in vitro, using
      osteoclasts as the control. Macrophages and giant cells did not form pits or
      resorption lacunae on the bone substrates as osteoclasts did. The results support
      the view that around implants also bone resorption is mediated by osteoclasts. A
      role of macrophages in the attachment phase of bone resorption is suggested.

PMID- 2663094
TI  - Digital signal processing of ultrasonic signals for blood flow measurement.
AB  - This paper describes the application of advanced digital signal processing
      techniques in a noninvasive ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter used to measure
      extracorporeal blood flow during open heart surgery. The use of ultrasound to
      determine blood flow rates started in the 1950's with much of this work focused
      on measurement of blood flow in a patient by a variety of means, both invasive
      and noninvasive. Although the use of ultrasonics to measure blood flow is not in
      itself a new concept, the application of advanced digital signal processing
      techniques in the system being described has resulted in a unique product for
      accurate and reliable blood flow measurements. The flowmeter system is intended
      for use with a centrifugal blood pump and will measure blood flow in the flexible
      tubing used during surgery to an accuracy of better than +/- 10%. This paper
      describes the development and implementation of the digital flowmeter and its
      application to flow measurement.

PMID- 2663095
TI  - A miniaturized ultrasonic flowmeter and telemetry transmitter for chronic animal
      blood flow measurements.
AB  - An ultrasonic blood flowmeter telemetry system, using only two integrated
      circuits and one transistor, has been designed for chronic unanesthetized animal
      studies. Standard components and construction techniques are utilized. The CW
      Doppler system employs LZT piezoelectric 10 MHZ transmitting and receiving
      crystals held in a lightweight polystyrene arterial transducer. The audio
      frequency, FM Doppler signal modulates an FM oscillator-transmitter to produce an
      FM/FM radio frequency carrier which is transmitted to an FM receiver at a remote
      location. The transmitted Doppler audio flow signal is demodulated at the
      receiver by a zero crossing detector. Power consumption is 48 mw. The 12.4 cc
      package volume can be further reduced for animal implantation.

PMID- 2663096
TI  - Microcomputer-based analyzer for the assessment of Doppler ultrasound blood
      velocity waveforms.
AB  - A device has been developed which can quickly and conveniently analyze blood
      velocity waveforms and evaluate waveform indices. The device can be modified to
      determine various waveform indices by changing the software. The waveform
      analyzer digitizes and stores the data, performs a pattern recognition algorithm
      to recognize individual pulses, and calculates the waveform index. Details of the
      design and operation of the analyzer are given in this communication.

PMID- 2663097
TI  - Regulation of blood glucose by sustained delivery of insulin via ALCAP ceramics
      in rats.
AB  - Years of research at the University of Dayton has resulted in the development of
      a porous, resorbable, alumino-calcium-phosphorous oxide ceramic (ALCAP) which is
      capable of delivering substances of different molecular weights and chemical
      structures. In vitro delivery of insulin has been accomplished by means of ALCAP
      ceramics and ALCAP ceramic reservoir systems. Insulin delivered by implanted
      ALCAP ceramic systems was capable of lowering blood glucose levels in
      streptozotocin induced diabetic rats up to 21 days. Ceramics containing a solid
      composite of insulin, ALCAP powder (particle size to 38 um), and cysteine (ACI
      delivery system) were implanted in diabetic rats. Insulin delivered from the ACI
      systems reduced the hyperglycemia of diabetic rats for 14 days. ALCAP ceramics
      with 1.0 ml glass reservoirs (GRCS) were filled with a solution of insulin in
      vegetable oil to slow the delivery of hormone in vivo. The hormone delivered in
      oil by the GRCS device effectively regulated blood sugar in diabetic rats for 21
      days.

PMID- 2663098
TI  - The silicon synapse or, neural net computing.
AB  - Recent developments have rekindled interest in the electronic neural network, a
      form of parallel computer architecture loosely based on the nervous system of
      living creatures. This paper describes the elements of neural net computers,
      reviews the historical milestones in their development, and lists the advantages
      and disadvantages of their use. Methods for software simulation of neural network
      systems on existing computers, as well as creation of hardware analogues, are
      given. The most successful applications of these techniques, involving emulation
      of biological system responses, are presented. The author's experiences with
      neural net systems are discussed.

PMID- 2663099
TI  - Comparison of ultrasound baseband signal processors for use with an implantable
      controller.
AB  - The measurement of blood flow is an essential feature of a chronic implantable
      controller for the maintenance of metabolic parameters. Since ultrasound is a
      reliable measure of blood flow, its feasibility for chronic use is being studied.
      The device would require a low power, compact and simple signal processor. A
      comparison of eight baseband signal processors (frequency to voltage converters)
      was made in conjunction with four automatic gain control (AGC) modes. Since each
      processor was fundamentally different, they provided unique results to complex
      signals. In addition, the influence of amplitude modulation provided an
      additional component via the AGC.

PMID- 2663100
TI  - Secretory IgA as a measure of resistance to infectious disease: comments on
      Stone, Cox, Valdimarsdottir, and Neale.
AB  - We examined recent assertions of Stone, Cox, Valdimarsdottir, and Neale regarding
      the use of S-IgA concentrations in whole saliva as a measure of mucosal immune
      competence. Our conclusions are markedly different from theirs. In this article,
      we report the results of a meta-analysis that reveals a significant relation
      between psychosocial variables and salivary S-IgA concentrations. Second, we note
      that an inverse relation between salivary flow and S-IgA would not preclude
      studying salivary S-IgA concentration. Third, we present a different perspective
      on the assertion of Stone et al that IgA proteases in whole saliva potentially
      lead to erroneous results from the radial immunodiffusion assay. Fourth, we
      report a meta-analysis suggesting a statistically significant relation between S
      IgA salivary concentrations and the incidence of acute upper respiratory
      illnesses. We conclude that there is no empirical or logical reason to prefer the
      measurement of another aspect of immunity to total S-IgA concentration in whole
      saliva.

PMID- 2663101
TI  - Induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity in wild cotton rats (Sigmodon
      hispidus) by phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene.

PMID- 2663102
TI  - Tuberculosis and AIDS. Statement on AIDS and tuberculosis. Geneva, March 1989.
      Global Programme on AIDS and Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization,
      in collaboration with the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung
      Disease.
AB  - In a number of developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa,
      infection with both M. tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is
      highly prevalent. HIV infection results in an impairment of the immune system and
      entails a substantial risk of TB in those individuals who are or become infected
      with the tubercle bacillus. Because persons with both infections have an
      increased risk of developing clinical TB and further transmitting M. tuberculosis
      infection, some of these countries are facing, or will have to face, a rapid
      upsurge of the TB problem. The interaction between HIV and M. tuberculosis
      infection poses a serious health problem which will result in a major increase in
      disease, death and health care service needs in many countries. Immediate action
      at the global, national and local levels is needed to address this problem. In
      their national plans of action, national AIDS and TB control programmes should
      include coordinated activities to reduce the impact of the problem and
      international organizations and donor countries should be encouraged to support
      them technically and financially. Control of this TB epidemic linked with HIV
      infection will depend largely on the availability of prompt diagnosis and
      adequate treatment for TB, and possibly of effective chemoprophylaxis, not just
      for HIV-infected persons but for other groups as well. To deal with this problem,
      a number of issues need to be studied urgently. In addition, a number of
      immediate steps can be taken by control programmes.

PMID- 2663103
TI  - Temporary mechanical ventricular support: Part 1.
AB  - Temporary mechanical circulatory support is currently indicated in postcardiotomy
      cardiogenic shock and if necessary as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. This
      support is presently required in 1% of adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
      Cardiac function and quality of life in long-term survivors following hospital
      discharge has been excellent.

PMID- 2663104
TI  - Inborn errors of organic acid metabolism.
AB  - Organic acid disorders are an important group of inborn errors which present in
      the neonatal period or early infancy and are associated with high morbidity and
      mortality. Some of these disorders respond well to treatment, and others can be
      diagnosed in utero.

PMID- 2663105
TI  - Adverse drug reactions in the elderly.
AB  - There is limited evidence to suggest that the incidence of adverse drug reactions
      increases with patient age. Factors which may predispose the elderly to adverse
      drug reactions include multiple drug therapy and changes in pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacodynamics associated with ageing. Digoxin, diuretics and psychotropic
      drugs may be particularly hazardous in this age group.

PMID- 2663106
TI  - The psychological treatment of eating disorders.
AB  - There has been a considerable increase in the incidence of eating disorders. This
      has stimulated research into a variety of therapeutic options. This article
      examines the psychological treatments currently available, the theories
      underpinning them and the evidence supporting their use. Where possible the
      treatments are evaluated separately for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

PMID- 2663107
TI  - Investigation of haematuria in adults.
AB  - Haematuria, whether overt or microscopic has a wide range of causes and patients
      may present to a variety of clinicians. This article describes the modern
      approach to the investigation of haematuria and emphasizes the importance of
      cooperation between physicians and surgeons.

PMID- 2663108
TI  - Intracranial aneurysms: perioperative management.

PMID- 2663109
TI  - Potent contractile activity of endothelin on the human isolated urinary bladder.
AB  - Endothelin (1 nM-0.3 microM) produced a concentration-related contraction of
      mucosa-free muscle strips excised from the dome of the human urinary bladder. The
      response to endothelin was unaffected by either atropine (1 microM) or nifedipine
      (1 microM) at concentrations that abolished the response to carbachol and KCl,
      respectively. These findings indicate that mechanisms other than activation of
      dihydropyridine- and voltage-sensitive calcium channels may be involved in the
      action of endothelin on smooth muscles.

PMID- 2663111
TI  - Evidence of inherited susceptibility of increased streptococcal adherence to
      pharyngeal cells of children with rheumatic fever.
AB  - The study included the members of 15 families, each having more than one sibling
      affected by rheumatic fever (RF). All the rheumatic individuals showed the
      sequelae of rheumatic carditis, but on clinical and laboratory evidence, the
      disease was inactive. Thirty normal unrelated individuals, having no rheumatic
      first-degree relatives, were studied as controls. The following investigations
      were carried out for all members: (1) history and clinical examination, (2)
      routine investigations of diagnosis, (3) HLA typing using 9-A, 15-B, 6-DR
      antigens, (4) adherence of group A streptococci to pharyngeal cells, an in vitro
      adherence assay. There were two types of strains; five RF-associated strains and
      two RF-unassociated strains. Statistical and genetic analysis revealed: (1) no
      significant difference between adherence of RF-associated and unassociated
      strains amongst controls; (2) significant increased avidity for adherence of RF
      associated strains amongst rheumatic siblings compared to normal siblings and
      controls. There was no significant difference between the three groups using RF
      unassociated strains; (3) HLA-haplotype concordance and 'N' measure showed that
      the avidity for adherence is probably inherited; (4) lod scores for linkage
      suggest a dominant susceptibility gene(s) closely linked to HLA and segregating
      in multiplex families.

PMID- 2663110
TI  - Interactions of drugs acting on central dopamine receptors and cholinoceptors on
      yawning responses in the rat induced by apomorphine, bromocriptine or
      physostigmine.
AB  - 1. Yawning was induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of low doses of
      apomorphine to rats. This effect decreased with increasing doses of the drug. 2.
      Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment of animals with sulpiride (D2-receptor
      blocker) reduced the frequency of the yawns induced by apomorphine, while SCH
      23390 (D1-receptor blocker, s.c.) pretreatment increased the small number of
      yawns which was induced by higher doses of apomorphine. Administration of SCH
      23390 alone to rats also produced a low degree of yawning. 3. Apomorphine-induced
      yawning was decreased in animals treated with SK&F 38393 (D1-agonist, i.p.),
      atropine (i.p.) or theophylline (i.p.). 4. Intraperitoneal injection of
      bromocriptine (D2-agonist) in rats also induced dose-dependent yawning. The
      effect was decreased in animals pretreated with sulpiride, while SCH 23390
      pretreatment did not change bromocriptine-induced yawning significantly.
      Pretreatment of animals with SK&F 38393, atropine or theophylline reduced the
      number of yawns induced by bromocriptine. 5. Physostigmine (i.p.) but not
      neostigmine (i.p.) also induced yawning. The effect was antagonized by atropine
      or theophylline but not by sulpiride. Administration of SK&F 38393 decreased
      yawning induced by physostigmine. This inhibitory influence of SK&F 38393 was
      reduced by SCH 23390 in pretreated animals. Treatment of animals with SCH 23390
      or bromocriptine increased the frequency of yawns induced by physostigmine. 6. It
      is concluded that D2-receptor activation elicits yawning through influence on
      cholinergic mechanisms, whereas D1-receptor stimulation decreases yawning
      behaviour by a negative influence on the cholinergic system.

PMID- 2663112
TI  - Studies in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. 2: Antigen/antibody
      reactions with avascular joint tissues.

PMID- 2663113
TI  - Retroviruses and oncogenes.

PMID- 2663114
TI  - Regional distribution of [3H]MK-801 binding sites in the human brain.
AB  - Specific [3H]MK-801 binding was measured under equilibrium conditions in 8 brain
      regions (frontal cortex, area entorhinalis, hippocampus, amygdala, putamen,
      thalamus, substantia nigra and nucleus dentatus) in the right hemisphere of the
      human brain (n = 4). In addition, binding was assessed in 3 of these regions
      (frontal cortex, area entorhinalis and putamen) in the left hemisphere. High
      [3H]MK-801 binding levels occurred in the area entorhinalis, frontal cortex,
      hippocampus and amygdala, medium levels were observed in the putamen and thalamus
      and low levels were found in the substantia nigra and nucleus dentatus. No
      evidence for laterality of [3H]MK-801 binding sites was observed in the 3 regions
      which were investigated on both sides of the brain.

PMID- 2663115
TI  - Gordon Memorial Lecture. The genetic-behavior interface and well-being of
      poultry.
AB  - Marked changes have occurred in poultry production practices and in stocks bred
      for the production of meat and eggs. Of behavior pattern that originally favoured
      domestication, positive responses to humans and adaptability to environments are
      now most important. Development of specific strains for production of meat or
      eggs resulted in correlated responses in behavioural traits. Compared with egg
      strains, meat strains are docile and have excessive appetites, poor
      immunoresponsiveness and reduced motor ability. Genotype by environment
      interactions for behaviour limit inferences concerning responses of stocks across
      environments. Innate behaviour patterns and habituation processes can prevent
      some stimuli from causing physiological manifestations observed in general
      responses to stressors. Husbandry procedures should optimise phenotypic
      expressions of genetic potential to enhance well-being.

PMID- 2663116
TI  - The peak of electromechanical experimentation in physiology: a unique view
      through Walter Miles' "Report of a Visit to Foreign Laboratories" in 1920.

PMID- 2663117
TI  - The U.S. Army Medical Museum.

PMID- 2663118
TI  - Predictive accuracy and the diagnosis of sexual abuse: a big issue about a little
      tissue.

PMID- 2663119
TI  - Nonorganic failure to thrive: an outpatient approach.
AB  - This article reviews our experience, as well as the medical literature, regarding
      the treatment of failure to thrive (FTT) on an outpatient basis. Nonorganic FTT
      can be accidental, neglectful, or deliberate. Accidental FTT occurs with errors
      in formula preparation, diet selection, or feeding technique. These errors can
      usually be corrected by education and demonstration. Deliberate underfeeding is
      rare, and these children usually require placement in foster care. Neglectful FTT
      usually occurs because the mother is overwhelmed or psychologically disturbed.
      Children with neglectful FTT do not automatically require hospitalization. If the
      degree of FTT is mild to moderate, the mother-child interaction is positive, the
      mother is not severely disturbed, and the baby has no inflicted injuries or
      deprivational behavior, the baby can be safely and more economically managed as
      an outpatient. Management includes new feeding instructions, a stimulation
      program, social work intervention, home visits by a public health nurse, and
      weekly weight checks. Most infants respond to this one-month therapeutic trial
      with an appropriate weight gain. Even after normal weight is attained, many of
      these families require long-term follow-up to help them deal with multiple
      psychosocial issues.

PMID- 2663120
TI  - Tracheomegaly in children.
AB  - Three children with tracheomegaly were studied by CT scan at The Children's
      Hospital of Philadelphia. Normal age-related tracheal dimensions were obtained
      from a study by Griscom (1). Tracheomegaly was defined as tracheal dimensions
      greater than 2 SD above normal. In two of our patients, tracheomegaly was
      associated with intubation and ventilatory support, and in the third, it was
      associated with recurrent pneumonia and chronic bronchitis. In this article, we
      discuss the etiologies of tracheomegaly in our patients and review the literature
      on the subject.

PMID- 2663121
TI  - Extramedullary plasmacytoma (amyloid tumour) of the caruncle.
AB  - An 81-year-old man presented with a globoid caruncular mass of recent onset
      involving the left medial canthus. Pathological examination of the mass after its
      complete excision showed a roughly spherical subepithelial tissue deposit of
      amyloid, surrounded and sparsely infiltrated by plasma cells. The amyloid showed
      permanganate-resistant congophilia consistent with immunamyloid, and since most
      of the plasma cells stained positive for lambda light chains on
      immunohistochemical cytoplasmic staining, with no demonstrable heavy chains, the
      lesion was regarded as an extramedullary amyloid-producing plasmacytoma. Its
      solitary appearance in our patient, who has remained disease free, probably
      predicts the favourable prognosis generally associated with such lesions.

PMID- 2663122
TI  - The 1988 Stevenson Memorial lecture. Physiological responses to severe hypoxia in
      man.
AB  - Recent measurements at extreme altitude and in low pressure chamber simulations
      have clarified the human responses to extreme hypoxia. Man can only tolerate the
      severe oxygen deprivation of great altitudes by an enormous increase in
      ventilation which has the advantage of defending the alveolar PO2 against the
      reduced inspired PO2. Nevertheless the arterial PO2 on the Everest summit is less
      than 30 Torr (1 Torr = 133.3 Pa). An interesting consequence of the
      hyperventilation is that the respiratory alkalosis greatly increases the oxygen
      affinity of the hemoglobin and assists in oxygen loading by the pulmonary
      capillary. The severe hypoxemia impairs the function of many organ systems
      including the central nervous system, and there is evidence of residual
      impairment of memory and manipulative skill in climbers returning from great
      altitudes. At the altitude of Mt. Everest, maximal oxygen uptake is reduced to 20
      25% of its sea level value, and it is exquisitely sensitive to barometric
      pressure. It is likely that the seasonal variation of barometric pressure affects
      the ability of man to reach the summit without supplementary oxygen.

PMID- 2663123
TI  - Intestinal aspects of lipid absorption: in review.
AB  - The rapidly evolving field of lipid absorption is reviewed with the thrust of new
      knowledge focused on the interpendency of the luminal and cellular phases of
      absorption. To date little attention has been paid to factors that regulate the
      phospholipid biosynthesis in the enterocyte. The availability of 20:4 omega 6 may
      be the rate-limiting factor for phospholipid synthesis. The source of 20:4 omega
      6 is unknown, whether it be synthesized de novo the enterocyte or entirely
      originating from degradation of bile phospholipid. It has been established that
      dietary fat can modulate the enterocyte membrane lipid composition and transport
      properties. Specified fats such as as fish oils rich in 20:5 omega 3 and 22:6
      omega 3 have been implicated as protective against hypercholesterolemia. However,
      the effects of these dietary fats on the transport of nutrients across the
      enterocyte are not yet known, nor are the mechanisms responsible for the adaptive
      responses of the brush border identified.

PMID- 2663124
TI  - Influence of a cysteine prodrug, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, on the
      urinary elimination of mercapturic acids of ethylene oxide, dibromoethane, and
      acrylonitrile: a dose-effect study.
AB  - Metabolic disposition of ethylene oxide, dibromoethane, and acrylonitrile in rats
      after acute exposure was studied by examining the relationship between dose and
      urinary metabolites, and by establishing the influence of a glutathione
      precursor, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTCA), on the above
      relationship. Respective urinary metabolites, hydroxyethylmercapturic acid,
      cyanoethylmercapturic acid, thiocyanate, and ethylene glycol, were quantified to
      estimate the extent to which each compound was metabolized. The animals were
      given either ethylene oxide (0.34, 0.68, or 1.36 mmol/kg), dibromoethane (0.2,
      0.4, or 0.6 mmol/kg), or acrylonitrile (0.10, 0.38, or 0.76 mmol/kg). Urine
      samples were collected at 24 h. The metabolic biotransformation of all three
      chemicals to their respective mercapturic acids was strongly indicative of
      saturable metabolism. Administration of OCTA (4-5 mmol/kg) enhanced gluthathione
      availability and increased excretion of urinary mercapturic acids at the higher
      doses of the chemicals. This study indicates that OTCA increases the capacity for
      detoxification via the glutathione pathway thereby partially correcting the
      nonlinearity between the administered dose of ethylene oxide, dibromoethane, and
      acrylonitrile and the amount of certain urinary metabolites.

PMID- 2663125
TI  - The effects of amphotericin B on the interaction of Candida albicans with
      fibroblast cultures.
AB  - Sublethal amounts of amphotericin B inhibited the interaction of Candida albicans
      with cultured fibroblasts. Different C. albicans clinical isolates exhibited
      varying degrees of sensitivity to the drug, but those isolates that were the most
      infective in control cultures appeared to be the most resistant to amphotericin B
      mediated infection inhibition. Although amphotericin B inhibited germ tube
      formation at the sublethal concentration of 0.3 microgram/mL, lower
      concentrations inhibited infection without preventing germination. The extent of
      this latter activity varied with the isolate and amphotericin B concentration and
      appeared to be related to sublethal effects on germinated yeasts. While
      amphotericin B effectively prevented new fibroblast infection, it did not
      dissociate those yeasts which had established an infection before its addition.

PMID- 2663126
TI  - Conditions affecting the amphotericin B mediated inhibition of Candida albicans
      attachment to cell cultures.
AB  - Sublethal amounts of amphotericin B inhibited the attachment of Candida albicans
      to cultured mammalian cells. The extent of inhibition was influenced by the
      concentration of serum and the growth phase of the yeasts used to inoculate the
      cell cultures. Yeasts which were in their exponential phase of growth or had
      formed germ tubes were the most sensitive to amphotericin B. Equivalent amounts
      of amphotericin B inhibited yeast-mammalian cell interactions to different
      degrees depending upon the culture's tissue origin.

PMID- 2663127
TI  - Purification and properties of three endopeptidases from baker's yeast.
AB  - Three endopeptidases, proteinases A, B, and Y, were purified from baker's yeast,
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two molecular forms of proteinase A (PRA), Mr 45,000
      and 54,000, (estimated on SDS-PAGE) were obtained. Both forms were inhibited by
      pepstatin and other acid proteinase inhibitors. The enzyme digested hemoglobin
      most rapidly at pH 2.7-3.2 and casein at pH 2.4-2.8 and 5.5-6.0. The optimum pH
      for hydrolysis of protein substrates could be shifted to about 5 with 4-6 M urea.
      Urea also stimulated the enzyme activity by 30-50%. As other acid proteinases,
      the enzyme preferentially cleaved peptide bonds of X-Tyr and X-Phe type. A
      proteinase B (PRB) preparation of approximately Mr 33,000 possessed milk clotting
      activity and showed an inhibition pattern typical for seryl-sulfhydryl proteases.
      The purified enzyme could be stabilized with 40% glycerol and stored at -20
      degrees C without significant loss of activity for several months. The third
      endopeptidase, designated PRY, of Mr 72,000 when estimated by Sephadex G-100 gel
      filtration, had properties resembling PRA and PRB. Similar to PRB, it could be
      inhibited by up to 90% with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and para
      chloromercuribenzoate and preferentially hydrolyzed the Leu15-Tyr16 peptide bond
      of the oxidized beta-chain of insulin. On the other hand, contrary to PRB, it had
      neither milk clotting activity nor esterolytic activity toward N-acetyl-L
      tyrosine ethyl ester and N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and was stable during
      storage at -20 degrees C without glycerol. The enzyme also showed a lower pH
      optimum for hydrolysis of casein yellow than PRB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2663128
TI  - Bactericidal action of peptide antibiotic AS-48 against Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - Peptide antibiotic AS-48 exerts a bactericidal mode of action on exponential
      cultures of Escherichia coli K-12 through a multi-hit kinetics interaction. AS-48
      causes a parallel and gradual cessation of all biosynthetic pathways monitored
      (protein, RNA, DNA, and cell wall synthesis), the rate of incorporation of
      labeled precursors, the rate of O2 consumption, and cell growth. These effects
      have been attributed to alterations of cytoplasmic membrane functions.

PMID- 2663129
TI  - 2-Oxoaldehyde metabolism in microorganisms.
AB  - The properties of methylglyoxal-metabolizing enzymes in prokaryotic and
      eukaryotic microorganisms were studied systematically and compared with those of
      mammalian enzymes. The enzymes constitute a glycolytic bypass and convert
      methylglyoxal into pyruvate via lactate. The first step in this conversion is
      catalyzed by glyoxalase I, methylglyoxal reductase, or methylglyoxal
      dehydrogenase. The regulation of the yeast glyoxalase system was analyzed. The
      system was closely related to the proliferative states of yeast cells, the
      activity of the system being high in dividing cells and low in nondividing ones.
      The gene for the glyoxalase I of Pseudomonas putida and the genes responsible for
      the activity of glyoxalase I and methylglyoxal reductase in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae were cloned and their structural and phenotypic characters studied.

PMID- 2663130
TI  - Mixed falciparum and vivax malaria in Canadian travellers.

PMID- 2663131
TI  - Intratubular germ cell neoplasia in testicular teratomas and epidermoid cysts.
      Correlation with prognosis and possible biologic significance.
AB  - The clinicopathologic features of 4 testicular teratomas in infants, 13
      testicular epidermoid cysts in adults, and 8 pure teratomas in adults were
      compared. Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN, carcinoma in situ) was
      observed in 88% of the teratomas in adults; 63% of the patients in this group had
      metastases and 37% died. No ITGCN was observed in infant testes with teratomas or
      adult testes with epidermoid cysts; all of the neoplasms in the latter two groups
      behaved as benign tumors. ITGCN is associated with malignant potential (P =
      0.0004; Fisher's exact test). These tumors comprise a spectrum of
      clinicopathologic entities that probably reflect differences in pathogenesis.

PMID- 2663132
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis with a spindle cell component. A possible
      metaplastic carcinoma.
AB  - A case of adenocarcinoma of the rete testis was encountered in a 36-year-old
      white man. The tumor fulfilled established criteria for determining origin in the
      rete and showed an unusual biphasic morphology with papillary adenocarcinoma
      mixed with a prominent component of cytologically malignant spindle cells.
      Immunohistochemical study demonstrated a positive reaction in the epithelium for
      cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen, and the cytoplasm of a few of the
      spindle cells also reacted with these antibodies. Electron microscopic study
      confirmed the biphasic pattern, showing epithelial gland formation and
      mesenchymal cells. The results indicate that this tumor is a metaplastic
      carcinoma of the rete testis. Recognition of this pattern of rete carcinoma may
      further enhance our knowledge of primary tumors at this unusual site.

PMID- 2663133
TI  - Metastasizing ameloblastoma.
AB  - A case of malignant ameloblastoma with widespread, indolent metastases is
      reported and 42 previously published cases of metastasizing ameloblastoma are
      reviewed. The disease-free interval (DFI) between diagnosis of tumor and
      appearance of metastasis in 43 patients is 9 years. The median survival time
      after metastasis is 2 years. Most metastases were in the lung. Although the
      biologic behavior of ameloblastomas cannot be predicted on the basis of
      morphology, metastasis appears to follow multiple recurrences. Early adequate
      resection of the primary to avoid repeated surgical procedures is advocated to
      prevent tumor spread. Surgical removal is preferred for treating metastasis.
      Although the response to radiation cannot be predicted, radiation should be used
      to treat lesions not amenable to surgical removal. Disseminated ameloblastoma
      does not appear to respond to chemotherapy.

PMID- 2663135
TI  - Infantile hepatic hemangiomas. Clinical features, radiologic investigations, and
      treatment of 20 patients.
AB  - The clinical features, radiologic investigation, and treatment of 20 infants with
      hepatic hemangiomas are presented. Palpable abdominal mass (n = 18) and cardiac
      failure (n = 11) were the common presenting features. Nine patients had
      hyperconsumptive coagulopathy. Seven patients had other hemangiomas. Ultrasound
      (n = 15) showed the number and distribution of the hemangiomas within the liver.
      Hypoechoic and hyperechoic elements were present in addition to prominent
      vascular channels and diminished caliber of the distal aorta. Radionuclide sulfur
      colloid (n = 12) and labeled red blood cell (n = 7) studies showed the
      distribution and vascularity of the hemangiomas. Computed tomography (n = 8)
      revealed central hypointensity with marked peripheral enhancement after contrast.
      Arteriography now performed only as a prelude to therapeutic embolization
      demonstrated hypervascularity in each patient, contrast pooling in six and early
      draining veins in five. Magnetic resonance scanning (n = 3) showed decreased
      signal intensity on T1 images and high intensity signal on T2. In two patients,
      there was resolution or improvement of the hemangiomas without therapy. Four
      patients had surgery (lobectomy [2], trisegmentectomy [1], and surgical
      evacuation of a central hematoma [1]). Steroids and radiation were given to seven
      patients, and one patient also required therapeutic embolization. Steroids were
      the initial therapy in five patients, one of whom later required therapeutic
      embolization and another cyclophosphamide. Two patients were treated initially
      with radiation therapy, one of whom also needed emergency hepatic artery
      ligation. Seventeen of the 20 patients are alive and well from 6 months to 14
      years after diagnosis.

PMID- 2663134
TI  - Are pancarcinoma T and Tn differentiation antigens?
AB  - Human fetal tissues were studied for presence of immunoreactive Thomsen
      Friedenreich (T) and Tn epitopes (EPs) using well-defined anti-T and anti-Tn
      rodent monoclonal antibodies. T and Tn are universal (pan) carcinoma (CA) markers
      that are occluded in normal postfetal tissues except in some immunoprivileged
      enclaves. Immunohistochemical methods using avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase for
      staining were employed. Tissues between 45 and 117 days after ovulation were
      studied. In most instances, anti-T and anti-Tn antibodies showed similar
      immunoreactivity as demonstrated by positive immunohistochemical staining. The
      most intense staining was in epithelial and mesothelial components; the
      mesenchyme stained more faintly. All human sera have anti-T and anti-Tn
      antibodies, stimulated largely by intestinal flora. The presence of
      immunoreactive T and Tn during an early phase of fetal development, as shown
      here, and their known absence in noncarcinomatous postfetal tissues suggests that
      T and Tn, in addition to their association with CA, are stage-specific oncofetal
      antigens in pretolerogenic differentiation phases.

PMID- 2663136
TI  - Digital tomosynthesis: phantom and patient studies with a prototype unit.
AB  - A prototype digital linear tomographic system has been developed and used in
      patient and phantom studies. Phantom work demonstrated 0.6 line pairs/mm of
      spatial resolution, a slice thickness of 5 mm to 6 mm, range of reconstruction of
      1 cm to 20 cm above tabletop, reconstruction time of 2 to 45 seconds per slice
      depending on matrix size, and a 280 mm field of view at the tabletop. Patient
      studies were conducted in three categories: renal imaging in 8 patients during
      intravenous urography (IVU); central airways imaging in 4 patients undergoing
      laser resection of endobronchial tumor; the knee of one volunteer. The digital
      tomograms from IVU studies were similar to the conventional film tomograms, and
      the only parenchymal abnormality, a renal cyst, was identified by both
      modalities. Digital tomograms of the mediastinum were superior to the chest
      radiographs in determining the patency of the central airways. With further
      development, digital tomosynthesis could offer greater spatial resolution, faster
      reconstructions, and less radiation than computed tomography (CT) or conventional
      tomography.

PMID- 2663137
TI  - Isodense splenic mass: hamartoma, a case report.
AB  - Hamartoma of the spleen is a very rare, benign tumor. A case report of an
      isodense mass on computed tomography, both before and after intravenous contrast
      administration is illustrated. The mass was well demonstrated on sonography and
      nuclear medicine scans. This benign mass may be missed on routine computed
      tomography.

PMID- 2663138
TI  - The use of busulfan therapy in bone marrow transplantation. A nursing overview.
AB  - One of the newest modalities for the treatment of cancer is the bone marrow
      transplant. This is an extensive treatment that includes conditioning or
      preparing the body with high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. On completion
      of the conditioning phase, the body is ready to accept the bone marrow
      transplant. The type of transplant is dependent on the disease, stage of
      metastasis, and donor availability. An autologous transplant consists of the
      patient as the donor, a syngeneic transplant has an identical twin as the donor,
      and an allogeneic transplant has a separate, matched donor, usually a sibling.
      The recovery phase after a bone marrow transplant entails supporting the patient
      holistically. Many chemotherapeutic agents, including the agent busulfan, are
      used for the conditioning regimen to help prepare the patient for the transplant.
      This article will examine clinical trials performed that use busulfan in this
      manner: to document the drug's usefulness as an option for the conditioning
      regimen for bone marrow transplantation and to present the potential toxicities
      of the drug. The nursing assessments and interventions for busulfan therapy are
      also discussed.

PMID- 2663139
TI  - Lineage-specific gene rearrangement/deletion: a nonconservative model.
AB  - For the lymphocytic descendants of the hematopoietic differentiation pathway,
      characteristic gene rearrangements result in deletions of significant portions of
      chromosome regions specifying lymphocyte-specific gene products on either or both
      chromosomes of each involved pair. Molecular mechanisms facilitating the
      rearrangement/deletion events have been elegantly and fruitfully elaborated in
      the years since the first documentation of their occurrence by Hozumi and
      Tonegawa (N. Hozumi and S. Tonegawa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 73:3628-3632,
      1976). Numerous genetic phenomena observed in experiments or the literature
      suggest to us that specific genome rearrangement/deletion may be characteristic
      of and necessary for many, perhaps all, differentiating lineages. Thus we propose
      that on the way to terminal differentiation, cells within a particular lineage
      must rearrange specific chromosome regions characteristic for that lineage in
      order to switch off or on, perhaps concomitantly, requisite genes for that
      differentiation program. Such rearrangements and their ensuing deletions may have
      been undetected cytogenetically because of small size and/or because normal
      terminally differentiated cells do not enter mitosis. However, footprints of
      these rearrangements, most likely in aberrant form, may be preserved in
      preneoplastic cells and cancer cells of various lineages which exhibit
      characteristic deletions. An understanding of the cellular recombinational
      machinery involved in normal physiological genome rearrangements such as we
      propose may clarify some puzzling aspects of current theories concerning
      retinoblastoma, Wilms' tumor, and other "deletion syndromes" and the role of
      parental genome imprinting [B. M. Cattanach and M. Kirk, Nature (Lond.), 315: 496
      498, 1985; C. Sapienza et al., Nature (Lond.), 328: 251-254, 1987; D. Solter,
      Annu. Rev. Genet., 22: 127-146, 1988]. The recombinatorial activity, when
      inappropriately expressed in dividing cells (i.e., cells which should be
      terminally differentiated but are still cycling for various reasons) could be
      responsible for such diverse phenomena as large deletions; chromosomal
      translocations into commonly deleted regions; amplicons; apparent nonrandom
      chromosome integration of viral genomes such as hepatitis B, human papilloma
      virus, papovaviruses, and retroviruses; and the observation of fragile sites. It
      could explain why these various phenomena often involve the same restricted
      regions of the genome. Some clues and consequences integral to the proposal are
      discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2663140
TI  - Response of solid tumors to chemotherapy monitored by in vivo 31P nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a review.
AB  - In vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy has shown great promise
      as a tool for cancer research and the clinical management of solid tumors. It is
      now possible in some cases to integrate MR spectroscopy with routine MR imaging
      of the cancer patient, so that tissue identified as tumor on an MR image can be
      examined biochemically and monitored following treatment. Alterations have been
      observed in the phosphorus MR spectra of patient tumors after treatment, but the
      causes and consequences of these alterations are poorly understood. Here we
      review data obtained from experimental animal tumor models treated with
      chemotherapy in order to gain insight into the biological events reflected in MR
      spectroscopic changes, and to determine what information the spectra provide
      about the success or failure of therapeutic interventions. An attempt is made to
      relate these experimental findings to the cancer clinic and to analyze the
      contributions of MR spectroscopy to the understanding of tumor biology.

PMID- 2663141
TI  - Metastatic potential of cloned murine melanoma cells transfected with activated c
      Ha-ras.
AB  - We sought to determine whether the transfection of tumorigenic but not metastatic
      cells with the activated c-Ha-ras oncogene was invariably associated with
      acquisition of the metastatic phenotype. Three clonally derived lines of the K
      1735 murine melanoma, characterized as nonmetastatic or poorly metastatic, were
      transfected with plasmids containing the 6.6-kilobase BamHI fragment of the
      mutant human c-Ha-ras gene and the neo gene, that confers resistance to neomycin
      (pSV2neoEJ). Cells transfected with pSV2neo, a plasmid containing the neo gene,
      served as controls for the procedure of Polybrene-mediated transfection. All cell
      lines were injected into syngeneic C3H/HeN and into athymic mice, and the results
      were compared with those produced by highly metastatic K-1735 M-2 cells. Although
      the pSV2neoEJ-transfected cells produced more rapidly growing s.c. tumors than
      the control cell lines did, the incidence of spontaneous metastasis was not
      increased. Following i.v. inoculation, the c-Ha-ras transfectants were retained
      in lung vasculature in greater proportions than pSV2neo counterpart transfectants
      were. The c-Ha-ras transfectants also produced significantly more lung tumor
      colonies, which grew faster than the few lung tumor colonies in mice given
      injections of control melanoma cells. We concluded that transfection of the
      activated c-Ha-ras oncogene into nonmetastatic K-1735 melanoma cells leads to
      accelerated tumor growth in vivo and can confer the ability to form lung colonies
      after i.v. injection but not the ability to metastasize from a primary s.c.
      tumor.

PMID- 2663142
TI  - Purification and further characterization of a non-tumor necrosis factor alpha or
      beta differentiation-inducing cytokine, P48.
AB  - In this report, we present the further characterization and purification of a
      cytokine differentiation factor, termed P48, which unlike previously described
      differentiation factors is antigenically unrelated to tumor necrosis factor alpha
      (TNF-alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-beta), and gamma interferon. HL-60
      cells and phorbol diester-resistant HL-60-1E3 cells exposed to conditioned medium
      from Reh cells mature along the monocyte/macrophage pathway, as assessed by
      several assays (express nonspecific esterase, produce superoxide anion,
      morphologically resemble monocytes, mediate phorbol diester-triggered
      extracellular cytolytic activity). Reh cell conditioned medium is
      antiproliferative toward a panel of cell lines, is not nonspecifically cytotoxic,
      has no antiviral or colony-stimulating factor activities, and is not affected by
      exposure to insolubilized anti-gamma interferon. A 48-kDa glycoprotein (P48)
      which mediates this differentiation factor activity has been purified to
      homogeneity from Reh cell conditioned medium, and a polyclonal neutralizing
      antiserum has been produced. P48 activity is not blocked by either anti-TNF-alpha
      and anti-TNF-beta and on Western blot analysis is antigenically distinct from TNF
      alpha and TNF-beta. In addition, polyclonal anti-P48 does not block either TNF
      alpha or TNF-beta activities or recognize either on Western blots. Unlike gamma
      interferon, colony-stimulating factor, TNF-alpha, or TNF-beta, P48 reverses
      phorbol diester resistance of HL-60-1E3 cells. These studies present strong
      evidence for the existence of a previously unrecognized cytokine which, unlike
      other reported differentiation factors, is antigenically unrelated to TNF-alpha
      or TNF-beta. P48 may play an important role in growth and development of normal
      and abnormal (leukemic) hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells.

PMID- 2663143
TI  - Two new monoclonal antibodies, EPB-1 and EPB-2, reactive with human lymphoma.
AB  - Using the Raji cell line as the immunogen source, we established stable murine
      hybridomas that secrete B-lymphocyte-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Two
      clones, designated EPB-1 and EPB-2, were selected for further study. Both EPB-1
      and EPB-2 were typed by reaction with subclass-specific rabbit anti-mouse
      antibodies and were found to be IgG1 and IgG2a, with kappa-light chains,
      respectively. In radioimmunobinding and flow cytometric assays, EPB-1 and EPB-2
      did not react with T-cell lines, nor with normal diploid cells. EPB-2, in
      contrast to EPB-1, did not react by flow cytometry with normal peripheral or bone
      marrow leukocytes. In normal lymphoid tissues, both antibodies were positive with
      germinal center and mantle zone B-lymphocytes. Additionally, EPB-1 also labeled
      interdigitating histiocytes in the T-cell zones. Both MAbs discriminated very
      well between lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues; neither MAb cross-reacted with
      tested normal and solid tumor tissue specimens, or with cell lines of non-B-cell
      origin. Immunohistology also revealed that both MAbs stained malignant lymphoma
      tissue sections and cloned B-cell lymphomas, both in tissue culture and as human
      xenografts in nude mice. Due to the radiosensitivity of human lymphomas and the
      relative specificity of these two new MAbs, they appear to be potential
      radioimmunotherapeutic agents for human lymphoma.

PMID- 2663144
TI  - Elimination of malignant clonogenic breast cancer cells from human bone marrow.
AB  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation is a promising approach to the treatment
      of breast cancer but is at present limited to patients without bone marrow
      metastases. To eliminate malignant clonogenic breast cancer cells from normal
      human bone marrow, immunomagnetic separation has been combined with
      chemoseparation using 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. Breast cancer cell lines
      have been mixed with a 10-fold excess of irradiated human bone marrow from normal
      donors. Mixtures have been incubated with a combination of five different
      monoclonal antibodies which bind to epithelial cell surface antigens of Mr
      42,000, 55,000, 72,000, 200,000, and greater than 200,000. Antiglobulin coated
      microspheres which contained magnetite were added, and tumor cells were trapped
      in a magnetic field. Elimination of tumor cells from the decanted marrow was
      measured in a limiting dilution assay. Two treatments with antibody and
      microspheres permitted elimination of 2-4 logs of clonogenic breast cancer cells,
      depending upon the cell line studied. Similar treatment of nonirradiated normal
      marrow failed to affect levels of colony forming units-granulocyte-macrophage
      significantly. Use of immunomagnetic purging in combination with 4
      hydroperoxycyclophosphamide eliminated up to 5 logs of tumor cells but reduced
      the recovery of colony forming units-granulocyte-macrophage. If prompt
      engraftment is observed following reinfusion of similarly treated marrow in phase
      I trials, these techniques should permit extension of autologous bone marrow
      transplantation to a larger population of breast cancer patients.

PMID- 2663145
TI  - The promise and limitations of controlled-release oral levodopa administration.

PMID- 2663146
TI  - The pharmacology of trigeminal neuralgia.

PMID- 2663147
TI  - Biological predictors of antidepressant treatment outcome.

PMID- 2663148
TI  - Euglycemic insulin-induced hypotension in autonomic failure.

PMID- 2663149
TI  - New treatment for anxious depression syndrome.

PMID- 2663150
TI  - United States experience and perspectives with trazodone.
AB  - In the United States, trazodone has shown efficacy comparable with tricyclic
      antidepressants. Trazodone's side-effect profile, however, is vastly superior to
      the older drugs. In cases of overdose, trazodone alone has not caused a single
      death. For depressed patients, starting with 150 mg/day of trazodone, preferably
      at night, produces best results. Preliminary data suggest good safety and
      efficacy for patients with chronic depression when used up to 5 1/2 years. New
      uses for trazodone include treatment of insomnia, chronic pain, obsessive
      compulsive disorder (OCD), bulimia nervosa, and psychogeriatrics.

PMID- 2663151
TI  - Clinical activity and tolerability of trazodone, mianserin, and amitriptyline in
      elderly subjects with major depression: a controlled multicenter trial.
AB  - The aim of this multicenter study was to compare trazodone (TRA) with two
      reference drugs, amitriptyline (AMI) and mianserin (MIA), under double-blind
      conditions, in an elderly population, to ascertain age-related patterns for
      efficacy and tolerability. One hundred six elderly depressed inpatients, ranging
      in age from 60 to 83 years, diagnosed as having major depression according to DSM
      III, were treated with 75 mg AMI (37 patients), 60 mg MIA (33 patients) or 150 mg
      TRA (36 patients) p.o.t.i.d. for 5 weeks. There were no differences in the
      clinical outcome among the three groups of patients at the end of the trial, with
      a significant amelioration (p less than 0.01) for the Hamilton Rating Scale for
      Depression (HRS-D) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). TRA showed a lower
      overall prevalence of side effects than AMI or MIA, particularly for
      anticholinergic (p = 0.03 vs. AMI) and cardiovascular (p = 0.05 vs. MIA) effects.
      For these data GDS seems to be most reliable in detecting changes in elderly
      depressive symptomatology; moreover a comparable therapeutic response (among the
      three drugs) but a better tolerance for atypical antidepressants, particularly
      TRA, make advisable the use of the latter drug in the elderly population.

PMID- 2663152
TI  - Treatment of bulimia nervosa with trazodone: short-term response and long-term
      follow-up.
AB  - In a 6-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of trazodone in 42 women with
      bulimia nervosa, trazodone was well tolerated and proved significantly superior
      to placebo in reducing the frequency of episodes of binge eating and vomiting.
      Nine- to 19-month follow-up of 36 study subjects revealed that 26 (72%) continued
      improved, with 18 (36%) in remission. Most remained on trazodone or another
      antidepressant at follow-up.

PMID- 2663153
TI  - A comparative study of conventional and controlled-release formulations of
      trazodone in elderly depressed patients.
AB  - One hundred sixty-six elderly depressed patients were recruited from six hospital
      centers and entered in a double-blind, randomized, parallel group comparative
      study of conventional and controlled-release formulations of trazodone. Patients
      received a single nighttime dose of 100 mg for 1 week, followed by 3 weeks of 200
      mg or less, depending upon tolerance. Efficacy was measured using the modified
      Hamilton depression rating scale and global assessments of the severity of
      depression and improvement relative to baseline. Both treatments were equally
      effective with 39 (68%) patients completing 4 weeks of treatment with the
      conventional formulation and 41 (77%) patients completing 4 weeks treatment with
      the controlled-release formulation rated as very much improved. Sleep improved
      shortly after initiation of treatment in most patients and there were no
      significant differences between groups. There was a tendency for fewer side
      effects to be recorded during the first week of treatment in patients receiving
      the controlled-release formulation but no difference reached statistical
      significance.

PMID- 2663154
TI  - Structural analysis of phospho-D-mannan-protein complexes isolated from yeast and
      mold form cells of Candida albicans NIH A-207 serotype A strain.
AB  - The immunochemical properties between phospho-D-mannan-protein complexes of yeast
      (Y) and mycelial (M) forms of Candida albicans NIH A-207 (serotype A) strain were
      compared. Hydrolysis of the Y-form complex gave a mixture of beta-(1----2)-linked
      D-mannooligosaccharides consisting mainly of tri- and tetra-ose, whereas the M
      form complex gave preponderantly D-mannose. The antiserum against Y-form cells
      exhibited a lower reactivity with the M-form than with the Y-form complex,
      whereas the antiserum to M-form cells could not distinguish significantly between
      both complexes. Moreover, these acid-modified complexes showed lower antibody
      precipitating effect than each corresponding intact complex against antisera of Y
      and M-form cells. Digestion of the acid-modified Y- and M-form complexes with
      the Arthrobacter GJM-1 strain alpha-D-mannosidase yielded 35- and 40-%
      degradation products, respectively. Acetolysis of each modified complex under
      mild conditions gave the same D-mannohexaose, beta-D-Manp-(1----2)-beta-D-Manp-(1
      ---2)-alpha-D-Manp -(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp- (1----2)-alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-D-Man.
      Because the complexes of Y- and M-form cells of C. albicans NIH B-792 (serotype
      B) strain did not give any hexaose fraction containing beta-(1----2) linkages,
      the presence of this hexaose can be regarded as one of the dominant
      characteristics of the serotype-A specificity of C. albicans spp.

PMID- 2663155
TI  - Clinical aspects of multiple primary neoplasms.
AB  - We review the medical literature for the clinical characteristics of patients
      developing multiple primary neoplasms (MPN). Also, preliminary results of our
      study at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center are reported. Although there have
      been very few specific reports on this topic, it was possible to find some data,
      suggesting a worse prognosis for patients with MPN. Several factors may be
      responsible for this, and further studies are in progress. Meanwhile, it is of
      great importance to decrease the incidence of cancer by prevention, such as
      reducing smoking and alcohol consumption. This may reduce the incidence of first
      primary neoplasms and MPN. Optimal treatment for the first primary neoplasm
      should be given, but the possible risk of MPN should be taken into consideration,
      and, if there are two alternatives for the treatment of the first tumor, the one
      that is less carcinogenic and that will allow appropriate therapy for a second
      primary neoplasm (MPN2) should be chosen. On follow-up of cancer patients, a low
      threshold of suspicion for a second primary neoplasm is recommended to detect
      them early for possible curative treatment. Because of the poor prognosis, more
      aggressive treatment regimens for MPN are warranted.

PMID- 2663156
TI  - [Common risk factors in the prognosis of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2663157
TI  - The pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Recent work has now clearly established that coronary arterial thrombosis is the
      direct cause of acute myocardial infarction. This thrombotic event occurs when a
      pre-existing atherosclerotic plaque ruptures or fissures, thereby exposing
      underlying thrombogenic material to the circulation. Platelets are thus activated
      and the clotting cascade is initiated. It is as yet unclear why a previously
      stable atherosclerotic plaque should fissure or rupture. However, suggested
      mechanisms include release of vasoactive substances from activated platelets,
      coronary arterial vasomotion, mechanical stress fatigue of the atherosclerotic
      plaque, and rupture of vasa vasorum within the atherosclerotic plaque. The
      resultant cessation of myocardial blood flow produces specific biochemical and
      physiological alterations secondary to myocardial ischemia. Intracellular
      acidosis, loss of high-energy phosphates, reduced sensitivity of contractile
      proteins to calcium, and accumulation of inorganic phosphate and lipid, all occur
      within the ischemic myocyte. Diastolic compliance is markedly reduced by ischemia
      followed by cessation of systolic contractile activity. Most of these alterations
      are reversible if ischemia is relieved promptly. Prolonged ischemia leads to
      delayed biochemical and physiological recovery and/or cell necrosis.

PMID- 2663158
TI  - Society and medicine: their union and its impact on medical education in the
      1990s and beyond.

PMID- 2663159
TI  - Ciclopirox olamine lotion 1%: bioequivalence to ciclopirox olamine cream 1% and
      clinical efficacy in tinea pedis.
AB  - Studies were conducted to assess the bioequivalence of a new antimycotic
      formulation, ciclopirox olamine lotion 1%, to an established compound, ciclopirox
      olamine cream 1%. Results of in vitro studies, using skin samples from human
      cadavers and domestic pigs, demonstrated that the two formulations equally
      penetrate all layers of the stratum corneum and inhibit the growth of
      Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans. In vivo studies in guinea pigs
      and in human volunteers demonstrated the comparable therapeutic efficacy of the
      lotion and the cream in experimental trichophytosis. In addition, a multicenter,
      double-blind clinical trial was undertaken to compare ciclopirox olamine lotion
      1% with the vehicle alone in the treatment of patients with tinea pedis. Patients
      with plantar, interdigital, or vesicular tinea pedis were enrolled in the
      studies. Patients were treated for 28 days. Clinical and mycological responses
      were determined during treatment and two weeks posttreatment. Ciclopirox olamine
      lotion 1% was found to be significantly more effective than its vehicle in the
      treatment of patients with common tinea pedis. Minor localized side effects
      (pruritus, burning sensation) were reported in 2% of 89 patients treated with
      ciclopirox olamine lotion 1%. The results demonstrate the bioequivalence of
      ciclopirox olamine lotion 1% and ciclopirox olamine cream 1% and confirm the
      clinical effectiveness and safety of the lotion in the treatment of tinea pedis,
      a generally recalcitrant fungal infection. It is concluded that ciclopirox
      olamine lotion 1% can be used as an alternative to ciclopirox olamine cream 1%
      for treatment of tinea pedis, tinea versicolor, tinea cruris, tinea corporis, and
      cutaneous candidiasis when the convenience and/or cosmetic elegance of a lotion
      is desired.

PMID- 2663160
TI  - Comparison of once-daily cephalosporin regimens for community-acquired lower
      respiratory tract infections in patients with chronic lung disease.
AB  - The efficacy of cefonicid and of ceftriaxone, administered once daily for the
      treatment of lower respiratory tract bacterial infections (pneumonia or
      bronchitis), was evaluated and compared in 118 patients with chronic lung
      disease. The patients were randomly assigned to receive 1 gm of either drug,
      intravenously or intramuscularly, daily for three to 11 days (mean, seven days).
      Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from sputum in 59% of patients; Haemophilus
      influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae predominated. Clinical cure or
      improvement was noted in 95% and 93% of patients treated with cefonicid and
      ceftriaxone, respectively, and bacteriologic cure or improvement in 69% and 81%
      (the differences were not significant). Side effects were infrequent and similar
      in the two treatment groups, except that diarrhea was more common in the
      ceftriaxone group (11%, versus 4.4% in the cefonicid group). It is concluded that
      patients with chronic lung disease who experience acute exacerbations associated
      with infection caused by H influenzae or S pneumoniae, or other susceptible
      organisms, can be effectively treated with once-daily administration of either
      cefonicid or ceftriaxone.

PMID- 2663161
TI  - Comparative activity of cefoxitin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and imipenem against
      clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - The in vitro activities of cefoxitin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and imipenem were
      determined by the standard twofold agar dilution method against 62 strains of
      Escherichia coli and 40 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients
      in intensive care units. Judging from the concentrations required to inhibit at
      least 90% of the test isolates, imipenem (MIC90 less than or equal to 0.125
      micrograms/ml) was markedly more active than cefoxitin (MIC90 = 4 micrograms/ml)
      and ampicillin/sulbactam (MIC90 = 32 micrograms/ml) against both bacterial
      genera. Cefoxitin, therefore, was more active than ampicillin/sulbactam against
      these organisms. Breakpoints specified in the prescribing information are less
      than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml for imipenem, less than or equal to 16
      micrograms/ml for cefoxitin, and less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml for
      ampicillin/sulbactam. At these breakpoints all organisms were susceptible to
      imipenem and cefoxitin, while 73% of E coli and 78% of K pneumoniae were
      susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam. At recommended susceptible MIC breakpoints
      of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (less than or equal
      to 4 micrograms/ml for imipenem, less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml for
      cefoxitin, and less than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml for ampicillin/sulbactam)
      all the isolates tested were susceptible to imipenem, while 98% and 73% of the E
      coli isolates were susceptible to cefoxitin and ampicillin/sulbactam,
      respectively, and 100% and 78% of the K pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to
      cefoxitin and ampicillin/sulbactam, respectively. Approximately 14% of E coli and
      17% of K pneumoniae isolates were resistant to ampicillin/sulbactam (MIC greater
      than or equal to 32/16 micrograms/ml).

PMID- 2663162
TI  - Transferring patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus from animal-source
      insulins to recombinant DNA human insulin: clinical experience.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of transferring diabetic patients being treated with
      animal insulin to recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid human insulin (biosynthetic
      human insulin) was evaluated in 481 patients. Paired initial and follow-up random
      plasma glucose and hemoglobin Alc levels were available for 330 individuals. One
      year or longer after transfer to human insulin, the patients' morning and evening
      insulin doses remained virtually unchanged. After transfer, there were
      significant decreases in the mean levels of random plasma glucose, in
      glycosylated hemoglobin Alc, and in serum insulin antibody titers. These results
      indicate that patients who are being treated with animal-source insulins (ie,
      beef and/or pork) can be safely and effectively transferred to treatment with
      biosynthetic human insulin.

PMID- 2663163
TI  - Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of guaimesal in outpatients.
AB  - One hundred and forty outpatients, males and females aged 14 to 70 years, with
      acute febrile bronchitis, afebrile chronic bronchitis, or flares of chronic
      bronchitis were treated for seven days with one soft gelatin capsule (500 mg) of
      guaimesal thrice daily or matching placebo. No other potentially interfering
      treatment (antibiotic, antipyretic, or anti-inflammatory) was administered
      concomitantly. Before and after treatment, vital capacity, residual volume, and
      maximum expiratory volume per second were measured and recorded. Both before
      treatment and after 2, 4, and 7 days of treatment, body temperature was measured
      and cough frequency and intensity as well as expectorate amount and fluidity were
      scored and recorded along with the total symptom score. At the end of treatment,
      the overall clinical efficacy was rated and recorded. Potential side effects were
      monitored by questioning the patients; general safety (laboratory tests) was not
      monitored. All data were analyzed according to multivariate, parametric, and
      nonparametric statistical methods and stratified by treatment, sex, age, and
      diagnosis. For each monitored symptom and sign, guaimesal exhibited a favorable
      effect which was significantly greater in extent and significantly faster in
      recovery rate than that associated with spontaneous recovery. Within two days
      from the start of therapy, fever, cough frequency and intensity, and expectorate
      fluidity had significantly improved. By the fourth day the expectorate amount had
      significantly decreased. Further improvement was noted at subsequent times of
      observation. After a week, according to the spirometric parameters, the
      respiratory function was restored to a considerable extent. Overall, 75.7% of the
      patients receiving guaimesal experienced complete or almost complete recovery
      within the period of observation. With placebo, occasional improvement was seen
      for cough intensity and for expectorate amount, and this improvement was
      significantly less in extent and significantly slower than that recorded with
      guaimesal. Overall, 8.6% of placebo-treated patients experienced a clinically
      detectable degree of recovery. The subjective tolerance of guaimesal was
      comparable to that of placebo in terms of both the frequency and the nature of
      the side effects. Mild, transient gastric effects were reported by 11.4% of
      patients receiving guaimesal and by 8.6% of patients receiving placebo. These
      effects did not require a variation of dose or specific treatment.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2663164
TI  - Ketanserin in mild to moderate hypertension in the elderly: a double-blind study
      versus methyldopa.
AB  - In a double-blind study of 30 elderly patients with mild to moderate essential
      hypertension, the antihypertensive effects of ketanserin and methyldopa were
      compared. The patients were randomly assigned to receive 20 mg of ketanserin or
      250 mg of methyldopa twice daily for two weeks; the dose was then doubled for the
      rest of the three-month period. Two of the ketanserin group dropped out of
      treatment, one because of psychic depression, the other because of epigastric
      pain. After three months of therapy with ketanserin, systolic blood pressure
      decreased in a dose-dependent manner from 190 +/- 20 to 175 +/- 20 mmHg (P less
      than 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure from 106 +/- 8 to 91 +/- 9 mmHg (P less
      than 0.001). Blood pressure was reduced to 160/90 mmHg or less in eight of the 13
      ketanserin patients and in five of the 15 methyldopa patients. In both groups
      heart rate and body weight remained constant. No orthostatic hypotension or
      hypertensive rebound after ketanserin withdrawal was recorded. It is concluded
      that 40 mg of ketanserin twice daily can control hypertension in the elderly.

PMID- 2663165
TI  - A clinical evaluation of piroxicam gel: an open comparative trial with diclofenac
      gel in the treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders.
AB  - An open, parallel trial was conducted to compare the efficacy and toleration of
      piroxicam 0.5% gel and diclofenac 1.16% topical gel preparations in the treatment
      of 173 patients with well-defined, acute sprains and tendinitis of the ankle,
      shoulder, or elbow. Therapy was begun within three to five days of the injury and
      continued for up to 14 days. Piroxicam gel was applied to the injured area four
      times daily by 84 patients and diclofenac gel was similarly applied by 89
      patients. Pain, tenderness, and restriction of joint movement were markedly
      improved with both drugs after three days of treatment. Further improvement was
      noted after 14 days of treatment and patients generally resumed normal activities
      in nine days. There was no difference in the response to treatment or in the
      global impressions of efficacy between piroxicam and diclofenac. Toleration was
      regarded as good or excellent by 98% of patients receiving piroxicam and 94% of
      patients receiving diclofenac. There were few adverse effects reported by either
      group. The type and incidence of these effects were similar for both drugs, with
      the majority consisting of mild or moderate local skin reactions at the site of
      application. The results of this study show that piroxicam 0.5% gel and
      diclofenac 1.16% gel are equally effective and well tolerated in the treatment of
      selected acute sprains and tendinitis.

PMID- 2663166
TI  - Milestones in clinical pharmacology. Remember 1937--sulfanilamide.

PMID- 2663168
TI  - Adrenocorticoid action in the spinal cord: some unique molecular properties of
      glucocorticoid receptors.
AB  - 1. Glucocorticoid hormones affect several functions of the spinal cord, such as
      synaptic transmission, biogenic amine content, lipid metabolism, and the activity
      of some enzymes (ornithine decarboxylase, glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase),
      indicating that this tissue is a target of adrenal hormones. 2. Corticosterone,
      the main glucocorticoid of the rat, is detected at all regional levels of the
      spinal cord, and cold stress increases this steroid, predominantly in the
      cervical regions. 3. Intracellular glucocorticoid receptors have been found in
      the spinal cord, with higher concentrations in the cervical and lumbar
      enlargements. Prima facie, these receptors presented biochemical,
      stereospecifical, and physicochemical properties similar to those of receptors
      found in other regions of the nervous system. The prevalent form in the spinal
      cord is the type II receptor, although type I is also present in small amounts.
      4. The type II glucocorticoid receptor of the spinal cord shows an affinity lower
      (Kd 3.5 nM) than that of the hippocampal type II site (Kd 0.7 nM) when incubated
      with [3H]dexamethasone. This condition may impair the nuclear translocation of
      the spinal cord receptor. 5. Another peculiar property of spinal cord type II
      site is a greater affinity for DNA-cellulose binding than the hippocampal
      receptor during heat-induced transformation. Also, the spinal cord receptor shows
      resistance to the action of RNAse A, an enzyme which increases DNA-cellulose
      binding of the hippocampal receptor, indicating that both receptors may be
      structurally different. 6. Therefore, it is possible that a different subclass of
      type II, or "classical glucocorticoid receptor," is present in the spinal cord.
      This possibility makes the cord a useful system for studying diversity of
      glucocorticoid receptors of the nervous system, especially the relationship
      between receptor structure and function.

PMID- 2663170
TI  - [General problems of selection and interpretation of diagnostic methods].
AB  - The author draws attention to general principles which must be respected in the
      selection and interpretation of diagnostic methods. He discusses the importance
      of basic characteristics of the diagnostic test (reliability, accuracy,
      sensitivity, specificity, predictive value) and their application in the
      examination process. He explains the importance of ROC analysis in the selection
      of the optimal diagnostic method. He refers to the criteria which must be taken
      into account when introducing and evaluating a new examination method.

PMID- 2663169
TI  - Specific insulin binding sites in snail (Helix aspersa) ganglia.
AB  - 1. Insulin binding sites were characterized and quantified in snail (Helix
      aspersa) ganglia by incubation of tissue sections with 125I-porcine insulin,
      autoradiography with [3H]Ultrofilm, image analysis coupled to computer-assisted
      microdensitometry, and comparison with 125I-standards. Cellular localization was
      performed in the same sections by emulsion autoradiography. 2. Specific insulin
      binding sites were demonstrated in discretely localized groups of neurons of the
      cerebral, pleural, parietal, visceral, and pedal ganglia and in nerves. Scatchard
      analysis performed with consecutive sections from single animals revealed a
      single class of high-affinity insulin binding sites (Kd, 0.13 +/- 0.01 nM; Bmax,
      157 +/- 10 fmol/mg protein). 3. Our results suggest that insulin may play a role
      as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in snail ganglia.

PMID- 2663171
TI  - [Urolithiasis. Review of present knowledge of epidemiology, pathogenesis,
      metaphylaxis and treatment].
AB  - The incidence and prevalence of urolithiasis in the Czechoslovak Socialist
      Republic is as high as in other countries of Central and Western Europe, and
      lower than in the Scandinavian countries. Apart from its high incidence,
      urolithiasis is characterized by its high tendency to recurrence. New knowledge
      of its pathogenesis helps to diagnose metabolic disorders responsible for
      increased excretion of concretion-producing substances and/or for deficiency in
      protective factors. In case of calcium oxalate lithiasis, with the highest
      incidence, attention is to be paid to its various forms of hypercalciuria, and,
      more recently, to moderate hyperoxaluria, and as regards protective factors, to
      magnesium, citrates, pyrophosphates and mucopolysaccharides. The determination of
      the type of metabolical disorder in patients with lithiasis enables to modify the
      diet and/or medication leading to causal prophylaxis against recurrence, i.e.
      metaphylaxis. At our Prague urological clinic, a consultation centre for
      lithiatic patients has been in operation since 1977. Long-term experience has
      shown that it has been successful especially in preventing recurrence or a in a
      substantial reduction in recurrence in 94% of the followed-up patients. Although
      the centre's activity is demanding both on the personnel and laboratory, even
      first sufferers from ilthiatic attacks should take advantage of it. At this early
      stage, such patients were found to have a metabolic disorders in 60%. In the past
      7 years of treating nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis, new methods have been
      introduced which substantially improve the results and are less invasive than a
      classical operation. Among others, they comprise percutaneous endoscopic methods
      of disintegration and concrement extraction from the kidney and ureter,
      uteroscopy and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. It is to be expected that
      these methods will replace classical operations at a rate of 90%.

PMID- 2663172
TI  - [Hrdlicka's trip to Alaska].

PMID- 2663173
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization and immunochemical characterization of an insulin
      related peptide in the pancreas of the urodele amphibian, Ambystoma mexicanum.
AB  - The pancreas of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, was investigated by
      immunocytochemical methods for the presence of immunoreactivity to a number of
      antisera raised against mammalian insulins. All anti-insulin antisera tested
      revealed substantial amounts of reaction products confined solely to the aldehyde
      fuchsinophilic B cells of the endocrine pancreas. The reactive cell population
      was detected by use of one polyclonal antiserum against bovine insulin and eight
      different monoclonal antibodies against insulins from various mammalian species.
      Six of these antibody clones have known specificity to sub-regions of the insulin
      molecule. Additionally, fractions of an ethanol-HCl extract of pancreatic tissue
      from Ambystoma was studied in both conventional dot-blot tests by means of the
      same panel of antibodies and a two-site sandwich time-resolved immunofluorometric
      assay for human insulin involving two of the monoclonal antibodies. These
      experiments support the immunocytochemical observations by demonstrating the
      existence of an insulin-related peptide with a great deal of structural
      resemblance to mammalian insulins and displaying antigenic determinants in common
      at least with the amino acid residues A8-10 and B26-30. In conclusion, we
      interpret the findings as indicating that the immunocytochemically revealed
      tissue bound antigen in the Ambystoma pancreatic B-cells may be a peptide related
      to human insulin.

PMID- 2663167
TI  - Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: molecular mechanisms and
      effect of modulators.
AB  - 1. Loss of response after prolonged or repeated application of stimulus is
      generally termed desensitization. A wide variety of phenomena occurring in living
      organisms falls under this general definition of desensitization. There are two
      main types of desensitization processes: specific and non-specific. 2.
      Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is triggered by prolonged
      or repeated exposure to agonists and results in inactivation of its ion channel.
      It is a case of specific desensitization and is an intrinsic molecular property
      of the receptor. 3. Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at
      the neuromuscular junction was first reported by Katz and Thesleff in 1957.
      Desensitization of the receptor has been demonstrated by rapid kinetic techniques
      and also by the characteristic "burst kinetics" obtained from single-channel
      recordings of receptor activity in native as well as in reconstituted membranes.
      In spite of a number of studies, the detailed molecular mechanism of the
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptor desensitization is not known with certainty. The
      progress of desensitization is accompanied by an increase in affinity of the
      receptor for its agonist. This change in affinity is attributed to a
      conformational change of the receptor, as detected by spectroscopic and kinetic
      studies. A four-state general model is consistent with the major experimental
      observations. 4. Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor can be
      potentially modulated by exogenous and endogenous substances and by covalent
      modifications of the receptor structure. Modulators include the noncompetitive
      blockers, calcium, the thymic hormone peptides (thymopoietin and thymopentin),
      substance P, the calcitonin gene-related peptide, and receptor phosphorylation.
      Phosphorylation is an important posttranslational covalent modification that is
      correlated with the regulation and desensitization of the receptor through
      various protein kinases. 5. Although the physiological significance of
      desensitization of the nicotinic receptor is not yet fully understood,
      desensitization of receptors probably plays a significant role in the operation
      of the neuronal networks associated in memory and learning processes.
      Desensitization of the nicotinic receptor could also possibly be related to the
      neuromuscular disease, myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2663174
TI  - Cluster headache in the male: sex steroid pattern and gonadotropic response to
      luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.
AB  - Serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, delta 4-androstendione and 17 beta
      estradiol, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and gonadotropic response to
      luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) were studied in 34 male subjects
      with episodic or chronic cluster headache (CH). The sex steroid free fractions
      and those bound to SHBG and albumin were determined by a simulatory computerized
      method based on the mass action law. Individual steroid values were dispersed
      over a wide range in CH patients. Total, free and carrier protein-bound
      testosterone levels were significantly diminished only in chronic CH, where
      luteinizing hormone (LH) peak values after intravenous administration of LHRH
      were also decreased. Basal and peak follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels
      were significantly increased in episodic and in chronic CH groups, in comparison
      to healthy controls.

PMID- 2663175
TI  - Head injuries in athletes.
AB  - Head injury is a common consequence of athletic participation. Athletes, parents,
      coaches, trainers, and tem physicians must remain aware that there are
      potentially significant immediate and long-term effects from both serious and
      minor head injuries. The recognition of severe and minor head injuries, their
      immediate management, and guidelines for allowing athletes to return to
      competition provide the focus for this article.

PMID- 2663176
TI  - Management of maxillofacial and neck soft-tissue injuries.
AB  - Maxillofacial injuries sustained during sporting events may involve any variety
      of soft-tissue or bony injuries. As in any traumatized patient, more extensive
      injuries must be excluded and the basic principles of maintaining an airway and
      restoration of circulation maintained. The face and neck take on a particular
      significance when one considers the complexity of function and significant
      aesthetic value of the structures of the face and neck. Careful inspection,
      palpation, and examination of function assure the accurate diagnosis of injuries.
      Specific injuries to the specialized areas of the face and neck are discussed
      with particular attention to the potential underlying injuries to the facial
      nerves, parotid duct, and lacrimal systems. The importance of recognizing septal
      nasal hematomas and external ear hematomas are discussed.

PMID- 2663177
TI  - Drug-related emergencies in athletes.
AB  - Drug use among athletes, both amateur and professional, is a problem that will
      remain with us. Athletes will use the drugs that are considered recreational by
      the general population as well as some that may help them in their individual
      sport. Team physicians, coaches, and trainers must be aware of the most
      frequently used and abused drugs, their side effects, interactions, and emergency
      management. In addition, they must be aware of their athletes who have a drug
      related problem in order to advise them and get appropriate medical help.
      Remember that an athlete may have a significant drug problem yet continue to
      function well on the team. Early recognition and intervention may save one or
      many lives. The following are the responsibilities for coach, trainer, and team
      physician: (1) know what drugs athletes use and their pharmacology; (2) know
      one's limitations and how to access community resources; (3) know the laws
      related to drug/ETOH abuse and treatment; (4) understand the management of acute
      drug ingestion; and (5) know how to be supportive to the athletes.

PMID- 2663178
TI  - Management of cervical spine injuries in athletes.
AB  - Trauma to the spinal column may cause a variety of clinical syndromes depending
      on the type and severity of the impact and bony displacement as well as secondary
      insults such as hemorrhage, ischemia, and edema. Complete spinal cord injury
      results in a transverse myelopathy, with total loss of spinal function below the
      level of the lesion. This insult is caused by either anatomic disruption of the
      spinal cord or hemorrhagic or ischemic injury at the site of injury. Complete
      injury patterns are rarely reversible, although, with long-term follow-up,
      improvement of one spinal level may be seen as a result of resolution of initial
      segmental traumatic cord swelling.

PMID- 2663179
TI  - Acute respiratory emergencies in emergency treatment of the injured athlete.
AB  - Exercise and physical fitness are becoming increasingly popular in our society.
      As a result there are more individuals who are at risk for the development of
      acute respiratory emergencies associated with sports and athletics. EIB is a
      common feature of asthma and is characterized by a postexercise fall in FEV1 of
      more than 10 per cent. Although a variety of medications have been used for the
      prevention of EIB, cromolyn sodium and inhaled adrenergic agonists have been
      shown to be the most effective. EIA and cholinergic urticaria are two physical
      allergies in which hypotension can be brought on by exercise. In some
      individuals, EIA develops only in association with the ingestion of a particular
      food. Associated with sports and recreational activities in alpine areas is the
      risk of developing acute high-altitude medical problems. One of the most dramatic
      and potentially life threatening is high-altitude pulmonary edema. The management
      of this condition can be problematic, particularly if rapid descent to lower
      elevations is not possible. Although rare, spontaneous pneumothorax and pulmonary
      emboli do develop in the otherwise well-conditioned athlete. These entities must
      be considered when the physician evaluates any athlete in whom acute cough and
      dyspnea develop.

PMID- 2663180
TI  - Acute cardiac emergencies in the injured athlete.
AB  - In the previous discussion, emphasis has been placed on the detection of cardiac
      disorders that might lead to sudden death. Cardiac crises result from congenital
      structural defects in athletes aged 35 years or younger, and from acquired
      diseases in older individuals. Detection implies preparticipation screening,
      which, in order to be effective, requires considerable financial resources
      impractical for community-wide athletic programs. In young asymptomatic
      individuals, the prevalence of congenital heart disease is estimated at 0.5 per
      cent. Perhaps 1 per cent of these athletes has congenital lesions that could
      potentially result in sudden death and of these, only 10 per cent will, indeed,
      die suddenly. Identification of a group of 1000 athletes who have congenital
      cardiovascular disease of whom perhaps only one will die suddenly requires
      screening of 200,000 competitors. It is rather unlikely that any community would
      consider this type of undertaking economically feasible, especially considering
      that the most useful test for the younger age group, the echocardiogram, is also
      one of the most expensive. Noninvasive screening on an individual basis, in most
      instances, will identify those athletes at risk for sudden death if appropriate
      financial resources can be applied. History and physical examination, chest
      roentgenogram, 12-lead electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and exercise stress
      testing are useful tools in the recognition of those conditions associated with
      acute cardiac emergencies.

PMID- 2663181
TI  - Sports-related abdominal trauma.
AB  - Athletes who sustain a direct blow to the abdomen that results in injury to
      spleen, liver, or kidney may have immediate severe pain and may become "shocky"
      quickly. Trainers, EMTs, paramedics, and team physicians should be aware of this
      possibility. In addition, athletes who have sustained direct blow and have had
      slower bleeding may collapse later either on the field, on the side-lines, or at
      home. They will be pale, sweaty, may complain of thirst, and the pulse will be
      rapid and thready. If a blow has been sustained that results in abdominal pain,
      the athlete should not be given liquids to drink. If he has collapsed or has
      diffuse abdominal pain he should be kept in a recumbent position, and the legs
      should be elevated in order to assist blood in returning to the heart
      (Trendelenberg position). If hypotensive shock is present, the PASG antishock
      garment should be applied. In cases in which there is serious concern about an
      intra-abdominal injury or the patient has collapsed in shock, transport to a
      hospital, preferably to a trauma center, should be effected as rapidly as
      possible. There should not be excessive delays in starting intravenous fluids or
      administering time-consuming procedures in the field. Truly serious intra
      abdominal injuries as a result of nonvehicular sports-related incidents are not
      common. It is precisely for this reason that they are dangerous. Teammates,
      parents, trainers, coaches, EMTs, and paramedics are not accustomed to seeing
      them with any frequency. Because of this, the early signs of injury are often
      unrecognized, even in cases that progress to shock or collapse.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663182
TI  - A method for the efficient transfer of isolated mitochondria into yeast
      protoplasts.
AB  - When protoplasts isolated from non-respiring rho0 strains of S. cerevisiae are
      incubated with mitochondria from respiring rho+ strains in the presence of
      polyethylene glycol, a small fraction of the acceptor protoplasts acquires
      respiratory capacity. Pretreatment of the isolated mitochondria and protoplasts
      with Ca2+ ions enhanced the frequency of ensuing respiration-competent colonies
      by almost three orders of magnitude. When mitochondria were isolated from a
      strain exhibiting killer capacity as a cytoplasmic marker, in addition to the
      appropriate nuclear and mitochondrial markers, about one-third of the ensuing
      rho+ colonies were not killers. Possible mechanisms for the transfer of
      mitochondria into acceptor protoplasts were studied.

PMID- 2663183
TI  - A direct selection procedure for isolating yeast mutants with an impaired
      segregation of artificial minichromosomes.
AB  - The nondisjunction of artificial yeast minichromosomes (2:0 segregation events)
      during mitosis is accompanied by the appearance of cells containing more than one
      copy of the minichromosome. A mathematical simulation of this process has
      demonstrated that under certain conditions, a nondisjunction of the
      minichromosomes may result in their accumulation in a considerable portion of the
      cell population. An increase in the copy number of artificial minichromosomes as
      a result of impaired segregation has been used to develop a new experimental
      procedure for directly selecting yeast mutants showing an impaired segregation of
      artificial minichromosomes during mitosis. Four new genes, AMC1, AMC2, AMC3, and
      AMC4, which control the segregation of artificial minichromosomes in mitosis,
      have been identified (AMC3 and AMC4 are mapped to chromosome IV and VII,
      respectively). Mutations in the genes AMC1-AMC4 also affect the mitotic
      transmission of natural chromosomes. We suggest that the genes AMC1, AMC2, AMC3,
      and AMC4 control the segregation of natural chromosomes in yeast.

PMID- 2663184
TI  - The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD2 gene complements a Schizosaccharomyces pombe
      repair mutation.
AB  - Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes necessary for excision repair of UV damage in
      DNA, RAD1 and RAD2, were introduced individually, on a yeast shuttle vector, into
      seven Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants - rads 1, 2, 5, 13, 15, 16 and 17. The
      presence of the cloned RAD1 gene did not affect survival of any of the S. pombe
      mutants. The RAD2 gene increased survival of S. pombe rad13 to near the wild-type
      level after UV irradiation and had no effect on any of the other mutants tested.
      S. pombe rad13 mutants are somewhat defective in removal of pyrimidine dimers so
      complementation by the S. cerevisiae RAD2 gene suggests that the genes may code
      for equivalent proteins in the two yeasts.

PMID- 2663185
TI  - Two nuclearly inherited loci conferring increased diuron resistance to NADH
      oxidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, diuron blocks the respiration pathway at the level
      of the bc1 complex. Nuclear diuron-resistant mutations which confer in vitro
      resistance to mitochondrial NADH oxidase have been identified. Five mutations
      were found to be clustered at two distinct nuclear loci DIU3 and DIU4. The
      distance between the two loci was estimated to be about 36.7 cM. These loci do
      not appear to be centromere-linked and did not show a linkage to any of the genes
      coding for bc1 complex subunits. DIU3 and DIU4 loci might, therefore code for
      other components of the respiratory chain.

PMID- 2663186
TI  - Chloroplast and nuclear genomes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii share homology with
      Escherichia coli genes for DNA replication, repair and transcription.
AB  - Most of the cpDNA genes studied to date are genes encoding elements of the
      photosynthetic apparatus and translational machinery. Much less is known about
      genes encoding the polypeptides involved in transcription, cpDNA replication,
      recombination and repair. The similarities between bacterial and some cpDNA genes
      were exploited to identify some of these chloroplast genes using bacterial
      probes. Probes derived from the Escherichia coli genes dnaA, recA, uvrC,
      transcriptional factor rho, and rpoC were used to search for homologous DNA
      sequences in chloroplast and nuclear genomes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
      Regions homologous to all of these genes were located on the cpDNA physical map
      by probing restriction fragments of cpDNA with plasmid fragments containing these
      genes. Probing nuclear DNA with bacterial gene probes revealed DNA fragments
      homologous to dnaA and rpoC genes.

PMID- 2663187
TI  - Ethanol inhibition of Saccharomyces and Candida enzymes.
AB  - Ethanol inhibition of several hydrolases (sucrase, maltase, trehalase, melezitase
      and cellobiase) has been measured in both highly ethanol-tolerant Saccharomyces
      strains (R) and in Candida strains less tolerant to ethanol (S). Cells were
      either grown in the presence of ethanol and the activities of the enzymes
      measured without preincubation in this alcohol ("in situ" inhibition assay), or
      the culture was grown in the absence of ethanol and the activities of the enzymes
      were determined after preincubation and in the presence of this compound ("in
      vitro" inhibition assay). Ethanol inhibition (Ki values) of sucrase, maltase,
      trehalase, and melezitase was quite different for these different enzymes in the
      same strain (R or S), but similar for the same enzyme in different strains (R and
      S). The Ki values for cellobiase, which is absent from the R strain, were higher
      when induced than at the basal level and higher in in vitro assays than in in
      situ assays. This suggests that the inhibition observed in situ is mainly the
      result of an inhibition of other proteins related to cellobiase (i.e., those
      involved in its synthesis) but not a direct inactivation of the enzyme by
      ethanol. Accordingly, when hybrids between Saccharomyces (R) and Candida (S)
      strains were constructed by protoplast fusion, and cellobiase was measured in the
      parental Candida strain and some of the hybrids, there was an increase in the Ki
      values in the in situ assays from 2.25% ethanol in Candida to 5.5% in some of the
      hybrids.

PMID- 2663188
TI  - FLP-FRT mediated intrachromosomal recombination on a tandemly duplicated YEp
      integrant at the ILV2 locus of chromosome XIII in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A YEp chimaeric plasmid carrying SMR1 and URA3 genetic markers was integrated
      into chromosome XIII at the ilv2-delta 1 locus in a [cir (o)] background. The 1.5
      kb BglII deletion of ilv2-delta 1 allowed the clear identification of an
      integrant structure which consisted of a direct tandem duplication (TD) of the
      chimaeric plasmid. Within the integrant structure, a single copy of the plasmid
      sequence was flanked by a direct duplication of the 2 microns site-specific
      recombinase (FLP) recognition target (FRT). Isogenic [cir (o)] and [cir+]
      diploids formed by crossing the [cir (o)] TD strain to complementary haploids
      were analyzed for plasmid marker loss and chromosomal DNA alterations in the
      presence and absence of selection pressure for the URA3 and SMR1 plasmid borne
      markers. [cir (o)] diploids showed no plasmid marker loss and maintained the TD
      structure. In the absence of selection pressure, the [cir+] diploid underwent FLP
      FRT mediated unequal interchromatid recombination, resulting in the breakage
      fusion-bridge cycle and homozygotization of chromosome XIII (Rank et al. 1988).
      Maintenance of selection pressure for the centromere distal plasmid URA3 marker
      selected against FLP-FRT interchromatid recombinants so that the effects of site
      specific recombinase on intrachromatid recombination could be evaluated.
      Intrachromatid recombination at the directly duplicated FRT sites of the TD
      structure resulted in the loss of a diagnostic internal fragment. These results
      show that in the presence of FLP, FRT sites separated by up to 13.3 kb of
      chromosomal DNA function as substrates for intra and interchromatid
      recombination.

PMID- 2663189
TI  - A galactose-dependent cmd1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: involvement of
      calmodulin in nuclear division.
AB  - The coding region of a yeast calmodulin gene was fused to a galactose-inducible
      GAL1 promoter, and a conditional-lethal mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in
      which the expression of calmodulin was regulated by galactose, was constructed.
      The mutant grew normally in galactose medium, but in glucose medium, in which the
      promoter was repressed, it ceased growing after 12-15 h. The growth arrest was
      associated with a decrease in intracellular calmodulin levels: after 12 h, no
      intracellular calmodulin protein was detectable. Analysis of the terminal
      phenotype showed that when the cell stopped growing, it had a bud, a nucleus
      after S-phase and a short mitotic spindle. Thus, the defect was mainly in nuclear
      division. Bud growth was partially inhibited in these cells: 27% of the cells
      stopped growing with a small bud. Furthermore, calmodulin-deficient cells showed
      elevated rates of chromosome loss, possibly as the result of a defect in the
      precise segregation of chromosomes.

PMID- 2663190
TI  - Enhanced canavanine uptake is associated with nucleotide permeability in a
      thymidylate auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The recovery of spontaneous canavanine-resistant mutants is reduced dramatically
      in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that carries a suppressed can 1-100
      allele and is permeable to and auxotrophic for thymidylate. This effect does not
      occur in an isogenic strain that neither takes up nor requires the nucleotide.
      However, it is observed for another isogenic strain which is permeable to but not
      auxotrophic for thymidylate, indicating that the effect is related to thymidylate
      permeability. Apparently, increased sensitivity of the permeable cells to growth
      inhibition by canavanine accounts for the diminished mutant recovery. In turn,
      enhanced uptake of canavanine in these cells seems to be responsible for the
      increased sensitivity. The experimental findings suggest that the elevated
      transport of canavanine in the thymidylate auxotroph is unlikely to be due to
      enhanced suppression of the can 1-100 allele or to activation of the yeast
      general amino acid permease.

PMID- 2663191
TI  - Chromosomal mapping and gene disruption of the ADHIII gene in aspergillus
      nidulans.
AB  - There are at least three alcohol dehydrogenases in Aspergillus nidulans. ADHIII
      has no obvious physiological function. We describe here the cloning of the ADHIII
      gene (alcC), its mapping on linkage group VII by "reverse genetics", and the
      properties of multicopy transformants tested for their ability to grow on a range
      of alcohols (butan-1-ol being the best substrate tested for growth). We were
      unable to detect any obvious alteration in phenotype of a strain carrying a
      disrupted copy of the ADHIII gene.

PMID- 2663192
TI  - Introduction of nonselectible 2 mu plasmid into [cir(o)] cells of the yeast S.
      cerevisiae by DNA transformation and in vivo site-specific resolution.
AB  - The 2 mu DNA plasmid of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not confer any
      known selectable phenotype to the host cell carrying it. Selection of cells
      transformed with purified 2 mu DNA therefore cannot be achieved, and the
      intracellular presence of 2 mu can only be assessed by molecular analysis of the
      DNA complement. In addition, 2 mu alone does not replicate in bacterial hosts,
      thus rendering its amplification by conventional methods impossible. We have
      isolated a shuttle plasmid, pBH-2L, generated by in vivo site-specific
      recombination between the endogenous 2 mu DNA plasmid and pRL, a pBR322
      derivative containing the yeast LEU2 gene and one 2 mu repeat sequence associated
      with the origin of replication. This new shuttle plasmid has the property, when
      transformed into yeast, of undergoing site-specific recombinational resolution
      between its two direct repeat sequences. This releases 2 mu plasmid and pRL as
      individual molecules. The latter can undergo progressive mitotic loss during
      growth in nonselective medium, ultimately leaving leucine auxotrophic
      transformants that contain only 2 mu DNA plasmid. This system can be utilized to
      introduce 2 mu DNA alone into cells lacking it, thereby providing a novel means
      to study the biology and the molecular genetics of the plasmid and its potential
      practical applications as a vector.

PMID- 2663193
TI  - Heterologous gene expression of the glyphosate resistance marker and its
      application in yeast transformation.
AB  - The E. coli aroA gene was inserted between yeast promoter and terminator
      sequences in different shuttle expression plasmids and found to confer enhanced
      EPSP synthase activity as well as resistance to glyphosate toxicity.
      Subsequently, a transformation system using these newly constructed vectors in
      yeast was characterized. The efficiency of the glyphosate resistance marker for
      transformation and selection with plasmid pHR6/20-1 in S. cerevisiae laboratory
      strain SHY2 was found to be relatively high when compared with selection for LEU2
      prototrophy. The fate of the recombinant plasmid pHR6/20-1 in the transformants,
      the preservation of the aroA E. coli DNA fragment in yeast, mitotic stability,
      EPSP synthase activity, and growth on glyphosate-containing medium have been
      investigated. As this plasmid also allows direct selection for glyphosate
      resistant transformants on rich media, the glyphosate resistance marker was used
      for transforming both S. cerevisiae laboratory strain SHY2 and brewer's yeast
      strains S. cerevisiae var. "uvarum" BHS5 and BHS2. In all cases, the vector
      pHR6/20-1 was maintained as an autonomously replicating plasmid. The resistance
      marker is, therefore, suitable for transforming genetically unlabelled S.
      cerevisiae laboratory, wild, and industrial yeast strains.

PMID- 2663195
TI  - [Changes in glucose metabolism before and after the onset of focal cerebral
      ischemia. II. Production of insulin].
AB  - The purpose of the work was to assess the insulin secretion after a glucose load
      in a group of patients with cerebral infarction and in a group of
      arteriosclerotic and hypertonic patients, i.e. potential candidates of cerebral
      infarction. The material comprised 46 patients, incl. 29 with focal cerebral
      ischaemia and 17 with arteriosclerosis and hypertension. After oral glucose
      administration plasma insulin was assessed by radiooimmuncassay (IRI). It was
      revealed that insulinsecretion in the group of hypertonic and arteriosclerotic
      patients follows the rise of the blood sugar level, the rise is somewhat lower
      than in the control group but persists longer and returns later to baseline
      values. Similar but quantitatively more marked changes were refealed also in the
      group with focal cerebral ischaemia. From the results ensues that a reduced
      glucose tolerance in patients with cerebral infarction recorded in previous work
      is not due to an inadequate insulin secretion, i.e. the peripheral glucose
      metabolism, but indicates rather the ineffectiveness of insulin to restore
      glucose homeostasis.

PMID- 2663196
TI  - Hepatic injury in chronic iron overload. Role of lipid peroxidation.
AB  - In both hereditary hemochromatosis and in the various forms of secondary
      hemochromatosis, there is a pathologic expansion of body iron stores due mainly
      to an increase in absorption of dietary iron. Excess deposition of iron in the
      parenchymal tissues of several organs (e.g. liver, heart, pancreas, joints,
      endocrine glands) results in cell injury and functional insufficiency. In the
      liver, the major pathological manifestations of chronic iron overload are
      fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis. Evidence for hepatotoxicity due to iron has
      been provided by several clinical studies, however the specific pathophysiologic
      mechanisms for hepatocellular injury and hepatic fibrosis in chronic iron
      overload are poorly understood. The postulated mechanisms of liver injury in
      chronic iron overload include (a) increased lysosomal membrane fragility, perhaps
      mediated by iron-induced lipid peroxidation, (b) peroxidative damage to
      mitochondria and microsomes resulting in organelle dysfunction, (c) a direct
      effect of iron on collagen biosynthesis and (d) a combination of all of the
      above.

PMID- 2663194
TI  - Isolation and complete sequence of the yeast isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase gene
      (ILS1).
AB  - The isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase gene (ILS1) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      was cloned and sequenced. This gene was initially cloned because it cross
      hybridizated to what is now presumed to be the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase gene
      (cupC) from the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. The ILS1 gene was determined
      to be 1,072 amino acids in length. A comparison with a recently published
      sequence of ILS1 from another laboratory (Englisch et al. 1987) was made and
      differences noted. Two promoter elements were detected, one for general amino
      acid control and one for constitutive transcription. A heat shock protein (hsp70)
      gene (probably SSA3) was found 237 bp upstream from the ILS1 translation start
      site. The ILS1 amino acid sequence was compared to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases
      from other organisms, as well as to valyl-, leucyl- and methionyl-tRNA
      synthetases. Regions of conservation between these enzymes were found.

PMID- 2663197
TI  - DNA alkylation and formation of DNA interstrand cross-links by potential
      antitumour 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinones.
AB  - A series of 3,6-substituted 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinone derivatives
      was shown to alkylate calf thymus DNA and to form DNA interstrand cross-links.
      Alkylation and cross-link formation were enhanced after electrochemical reduction
      of the compounds and increased with lower pH in the pH range from 4.5 to 8.0.
      Reduction especially shifts the pH at which cross-linking and alkylation occurs
      to higher values, which are more physiologically relevant. This shift is probably
      caused by the increase in pKa value of the aziridine ring after reduction of the
      quinone moiety. The inactivation of single-stranded bacteriophage M13mp19 DNA to
      form phages in an E. coli host, by the 3,6-unsubstituted parent compound 2,5
      bis(1-aziridinyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (TW13) was dependent upon reduction and pH in
      a similar way as was alkylation. The compound in our series with the least bulky,
      3,6-substituents, TW13, caused a high amount of cross-link formation. Compounds
      with methyl-substituted aziridine rings showed low cross-linking ability. Our
      results support the concept that the protonated reduced compound is the reactive
      species that alkylates DNA, and that steric factors play an important role in the
      reactivity towards DNA. A correlation is observed between the ability to induce
      DNA interstrand cross-links and inactivation of M13mp19 bacteriophage DNA. Cross
      link formation was also demonstrated in E. coli K12 cells, where the compounds
      are reduced endogenously by bacterial reductases.

PMID- 2663198
TI  - Lethality of hydrogen peroxide in wild type and superoxide dismutase mutants of
      Escherichia coli. (A hypothesis on the mechanism of H2O2-induced inactivation of
      Escherichia coli).
AB  - The toxicity of H2O2 in Escherichia coli wild type and superoxide dismutase
      mutants was investigated under different experimental conditions. Cells were
      either grown aerobically, and then treated in M9 salts or K medium, or grown
      anoxically, and then treated in K medium. Results have demonstrated that the wild
      type and superoxide dismutase mutants display a markedly different sensitivity to
      both modes of lethality produced by H2O2 (i.e. mode one killing, which is
      produced by concentrations of H2O2 lower than 5 mM, and mode two killing which
      results from the insult generated by concentrations of H2O2 higher than 10 mM).
      Although the data obtained do not clarify the molecular basis of H2O2 toxicity
      and/or do not explain the specific function of superoxide ions in H2O2-induced
      bacterial inactivation, they certainly demonstrate that the latter species plays
      a key role in both modes of H2O2 lethality. A mechanism of H2O2 toxicity in E.
      coli is proposed, involving the action of a hypothetical enzyme which should work
      as an O2-. generating system. This enzyme should be active at low concentrations
      of H2O2 (less than 5 mM) and high concentrations of the oxidant (greater than 5
      mM) should inactivate the same enzyme. Superoxide ions would then be produced and
      result in mode one lethality. The resistance at intermediate H2O2 concentrations
      may be dependent on the inactivation of such enzyme with no superoxide ions being
      produced at levels of H2O2 in the range 5-10 mM. Mode two killing could be
      produced by the hydroxyl radical in concert with superoxide ions, chemically
      produced via the reaction of high concentrations of H2O2 (greater than 10 mM)
      with hydroxyl radicals. The rate of hydroxyl radical production may be increased
      by the higher availability of Fe2+ since superoxide ions may also reduce
      trivalent iron to the divalent form.

PMID- 2663199
TI  - Mutagenicity tests with a permeable mutant of yeast on carcinogens showing false
      negative in Salmonella assay.
AB  - The mutagenicity (Trp+ reversion) of procarcinogens such as N
      nitrosodimethylamine, 3,4-benzpyrene and 2-acetylaminofluorene has been detected
      with the permeable mutant of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae C658-K42. The
      original strain C658, however, showed a positive response only to N
      nitrosodimethylamine with S9 mix. The permeable mutant C658-K42 was employed for
      mutagenicity tests on 12 carcinogens which had been reported to be non-mutagenic
      in Salmonella/microsome tests. It was found that phenobarbital, thiourea, 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine and 4-aminoantipyrine were mutagenic in the presence of S9 mix.
      Benzene, o-toluidine and thioacetamide were weakly mutagenic. Negative results
      were obtained for diethylstilbestrol, safrole, acetamide, urethane and ethionine
      at the concentrations used. Caprolactam did not show any mutagenic effect on C658
      K42 at concentrations up to 20 mg/ml. Sodium azide, which is unlikely to be
      carcinogenic but is strongly mutagenic in the Ames test, showed a very weak
      mutagenic effect on C658-K42.

PMID- 2663200
TI  - [Esophageal acid exposure in a single number: the area under the pH curve].
AB  - Current interpretation of pH-metering tracings takes into account several
      variables which indirectly reflect how many times and for how long time pH falls
      below a threshold value and how efficient is acid clearance. In this
      investigation we have tested the hypothesis that area under pH curve summarizes
      all the former values in one single figure. We have compared the four classical
      pH-metering variables (percentage of time under pH 4, number of GER episodes,
      number of those lasting more than 5 minutes and duration of the longer episode)
      and the area under curve between a group of refluxing children (n = 50) and a
      control group (n = 20). A value of 4% time under pH 4 was selected as "gold
      standard" for separation of both groups. We have figured out sensitivity,
      specificity and accuracy for all values of each parameter and, by means of ROC
      (Receiver Operating Characteristic) method, we have determined their performance
      and the optimum threshold value. Our results demonstrate that area under curve is
      at least as performant as percentage of time below pH 4, and probably better
      because it reflects, in addition, the depth of pH falls and the clearance. Taking
      into consideration that its measurement can be done automatically, we suggest
      that it should be included in the currently available software for computerized
      pH reading.

PMID- 2663201
TI  - [Meconium peritonitis. The value of prenatal diagnosis].
AB  - Over an eight year period (1980-1987), fifteen cases of meconium peritonitis have
      been studied. As it has been reported, this pathology is still very rare. Ten
      pregnancies have been followed on by multiple echographies and the prenatal
      diagnosis of meconium peritonitis, suspected as early as 24 weeks of amenorrhea,
      has been established in ten cases. Among these, eight infants have been operated
      on before twelve hours of life, and for the ninth, surgical treatment was not
      advocated. The most frequent cause of the pathology is a perforation above a
      bowel obstruction. Two had cystic fibrosis. Of the 15 infants with meconium
      peritonitis, nine survived, and among these, one with cystic fibrosis and the one
      that has not been operated. Prenatal diagnosis in meconium peritonitis is of
      major interest in taking care early infants that will need an urgent surgical
      operation in most cases.

PMID- 2663202
TI  - [Systematic non-surgical treatment of ovarian cysts in newborn infants. Apropos
      of 8 cases].
AB  - Report of eight cases for a two-years period from a group of 16 ovarian cysts
      diagnosed at the antenatal period and treated by non-operative method. A puncture
      with ultrasonographic control was performed at 6 times: 4 good results were
      obtained (two perfect, two with little residual cyst), 1 good but with short
      follow-up, 1 poor result with recidive coming to later surgery, at last no
      puncture in the both last cases, either for a complication during the watching,
      or a mistake of diagnosis with intestinal cystic lymphangioma. After description
      of the technique by trans-urethro-vesical approach, the authors consider
      advantages and inconvenience of the non-operative method of treatment.

PMID- 2663203
TI  - [Peritoneo-parietal fistula as a result of early amniocentesis. Apropos of a
      case. Review of the literature].
AB  - The authors report one case of omentum fistula after an earlier amniocentesis. It
      is an uneventful complication which has not yet been described. Based on the
      study of the literature, they describe the different fetal's trauma which have
      been encountered.

PMID- 2663204
TI  - Potential role of anti-idiotype antibodies in active tumor immunotherapy.
AB  - The tumor-specified cellular and humoral immunity induced by anti-idiotype
      antibodies (Ab2s) 2F10 and 3A4 has been studied. Ab2s were made against a
      monoclonal anti-L1210/GZL lymphoma, 11C1. They were screened for their ability to
      block 11C1 binding to tumor, induce tumor-specific DTH and CTL responses, and
      induce an anti-tumor humoral response. Two Ab2s, 2F10 and 3A4, which were found
      to have similar fine specificity and to induce similar cellular and humoral
      responses, were compared for their ability to elicit tumor-protective immunity.
      Interestingly, only preimmunization with the 2F10 Ab2 protected animals from live
      tumor challenge. The possible causes for this discriminatory biological effect
      induced by otherwise similar Ab2s are discussed.

PMID- 2663205
TI  - The cellular immunotherapy of cancer: current and potential uses of interleukin
      2.
AB  - The potential for immune-mediated destruction of neoplasms was suggested nearly
      one century ago. Despite this, no "magic bullet" has yet been identified.
      Nevertheless, the physiology of cell-mediated immune reactions has been well
      characterized in molecular, cellular, and clinical studies of allograft and
      microbial immunity. Extensive studies performed in laboratory animal models have
      documented the in vitro and in vivo destruction of various neoplastic tissues by
      immune cells. This destruction can be directed against autologous, syngeneic, or
      allogeneic tumors in several systems with varying degrees of "tumor specificity".
      Two approaches exist towards utilizing these immune reaction in vivo. The first
      involves providing the tumor bearer with immunostimulatory agents, either
      specific or nonspecific, designed to activate and amplify the destructive
      potential of the individual's endogenous immune cells able to recognize and
      destroy autologous tumor. The second approach provides immune cells with
      antitumor capacity to a tumor-bearing individual, these cells having been
      activated exogenously. A number of successful regimens involving these two
      approaches, and combinations of them, have been delineated in animal tumor
      models. These experimental studies lay a strong foundation for initiating
      clinical trials of these concepts for patients with cancer. This review
      summarizes the diverse experimental studies in animals leading to clinical
      trials, presents recent data from ongoing clinical trials directly testing the
      potential for cellular immunotherapy, and then presents some of the major
      challenges facing further development and application of this potential
      therapeutic approach.

PMID- 2663206
TI  - [Imported falciparum malaria in Marseilles hospitals in 1987. Apropos of 104
      cases].
AB  - Patients were composed of 85 adults and 19 children; 70 were European, 23
      Comorian; malaria was contracted by 9 patients in French Guyana, 60 in Africa, 23
      in Comoro Islands; prophylaxis was correct for 45 patients (nearly all of the
      cases with chloroquine) when the first symptoms occurred. Every case of malaria
      appeared during the month following their return from an endemic area. Fever was
      often moderate or intermittent, altered by prophylaxis and previous treatments.
      Some patients had a clinical profile of "visceral evolutive malaria" and 3 a
      cerebral malaria. The most frequent biologic alteration was thrombopenia (40
      times under 100,000/microliters). No relation between parasites density and
      clinical profile has been identified. The sensitivity of the strains for
      antimalarial drugs has been studied 35 times: 28 strains were chloroquine
      resistant, 3 have a decreased sensitivity for quinine. Most of the resistant
      strains came from Central Africa. Two patients died.

PMID- 2663207
TI  - [Current clinical aspects and role of parasitic density in the manifestations of
      falciparum malaria].
AB  - 56 patients carriers of Plasmodium falciparum were observed throughout 1987: 47
      males and 9 females of a mean age of 32. The following clinical aspects were
      observed: Falciparum malaria: 35 cases, malaria with a low parasitaemia (less
      than 1,000 HPM): 5 cases, tropical splenomegaly syndrome: 3 cases, isolated bi-
      or tricytopenia: 10 cases, cerebral malaria: 1 case, asymptomatic carriers: 2
      cases. Statistically speaking, no significant correlation was observed between
      parasitaemia and the following clinical and biological symptoms: fever,
      splenomegaly, Hb level, platelet count. However, we noted a level of parasitaemia
      higher in the acute forms of malaria (Falciparum malaria and cerebral malaria)
      than in the non typical forms (chronic visceral malaria, haematological
      disorders). All asymptomatic carriers, who represent "malaria infection",
      presented a low parasitaemia (less than 1,000 HPM).

PMID- 2663208
TI  - [Resistant falciparum malaria at the F. Houphouet-Boigny hospital in Marseilles
      in 1985-1986-1987].
AB  - Chemoresistant P. falciparum malaria emerged in South Sahara Africa during 1978
      and is now more than half of the imported malaria in F. Houphouet-Boigny Hospital
      in Marseilles (France), consequently the annual number of malaria cases has
      doubled as compared to the previous years. In our study of 47 chemoresistant
      malaria cases, collected in 1985-1986-1987, mostly contracted in French-speaking
      Africa, residents and travellers were both equally affected. Curative treatment
      was quinine IV for severe malaria (34%), sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (46.8%), and
      mefloquine (51%).

PMID- 2663209
TI  - [A survey of filariasis in the Comoro Islands, in Great Comoro and Moheli].
AB  - The filariasis of W. bancrofti with nocturnal periodicity is, together with
      malaria, the principal endemic disease in the Comoros Islands. Well studied on
      Mayotte island, which remained a French Territorial Collectivity, its prevalence
      and distribution are less known in the Grand Comoros, Anjouan and Moheli islands
      which form the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros. The study of the
      nocturnal microfilariae in the Grand Comoros and Moheli in 1987 is the
      opportunity to assess the situation of the disease on this archipelago.

PMID- 2663210
TI  - [Ephemerides 1889-1939-1989].

PMID- 2663211
TI  - [The treatment of multiresistant falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia].
AB  - The spread of chloroquine resistant strains of P. falciparum requires new
      approaches to treatment especially in tropical Africa. A single dose of 3 tablets
      of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar) is a suitable and relatively inexpensive
      alternative. But under drug pressure resistance to this compound has developed in
      some South-East Asian countries and in Brazil, giving rise to multiple resistant
      strains of P. falciparum. A similar pattern has arisen with quinine to which
      almost 50% of P. falciparum strains have become resistant in Thailand. However
      the combination treatment of quinine with tetracycline given for 7 days is still
      successful in most cases. Unfortunately compliance to this regimen is rather poor
      in out-patients. Mefloquine (Lariam), recently marketed, and if used as 750 mg
      dose in semi-immune adult patients weighing less than 60 kg, has made possible a
      single-dose treatment schedule for falciparum malaria. In controlled studies
      conducted in South-East Asia the success rate of mefloquine was 97% in 445
      patients. Since there is some fear of the appearance of resistance of P.
      falciparum to mefloquine, a combination of this compound with sulfadoxine and
      pyrimethamine was developed (MSP or Fansimef). Various controlled studies in
      South-East Asia have shown a success rate of this compound of 97% in 278
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663212
TI  - [The value of an immunocapture method for the study of serum IgM in the
      surveillance of dengue in Martinique].
AB  - The use of IgM capture ELISA for surveillance of dengue in Martinique is
      described. This only pathogenic for human population arbovirus infection, which
      the transmission is caused by bites of haematophagous diptera like Aedes (Aedes
      aegypti principally) show an active circulation in Martinique. Clinical evolution
      was always benign among the adults and the children. To date no case of dengue
      haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (the World Health Organization criteria)
      was not reported in Martinique.

PMID- 2663213
TI  - [In vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to amodiaquine in the town of Edea
      (Cameroon)].
AB  - In the town of Edea, where falciparum malaria is hyperendemic, an in vivo study
      of amodiaquine sensitivity of the local strain of the parasite is performed in
      school children 6 to 12 years of age: 184 children with parasites in their blood
      and no chloroquine in their urine are given amodiaquine orally. In 96 children
      having taken 35 mg per kg body weight of amodiaquine base, none is any longer
      harboring parasites in his blood as soon as the second day following the end of
      the 3 days treatment (15 mg/kg body weight the first day, 12 mg/kg the second day
      and 8 mg/kg the third day). The 73 children having taken 27 mg/kg body weight of
      amodiaquine base are cleared of their parasites at the rate of 93% on the seventh
      day of the experiment. The 15 children having only taken 15 mg/kg body weight of
      amodiaquine base are cleared of their parasites at the rate of 54%. At the
      utilized doses, amodiaquine is generally well tolerated. Conjunctival hyperhaemia
      has only been observed as a secondary effect in 9 children among the 184 children
      treated but this side symptom disappeared soon after the end of the treatment.
      Aminotransferases blood levels are not modified in the course of the amodiaquine
      treatment.

PMID- 2663214
TI  - [Surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum drug sensitivity in Yaounde and its
      surroundings (Cameroon). In vivo and in vitro study].
AB  - Among 172 strains collected in Yaounde 60% are chloroquine-resistant, 37% are
      amodiaquine-resistant, instead of quinine and mefloquine which are completely
      efficient. Among 30 strains collected at a rural health center (where self
      treatment decreases), 27% are chloroquine-resistant. New therapeutic schemes for
      first and second line treatment in endemic areas must be evaluated.

PMID- 2663215
TI  - Serum lipid-bound sialic acid as a tumoral marker in minimal residual tumors.
AB  - The lipid-associated sialic acid (LASA) level in serum was increased in 663 out
      of 794 patients (83.5%) of which 55.1% were CEA negative. There were 16.5% LASA
      (possibly false) negative, CEA positive patients. There were 24.1% false
      positives in 116 patients without malignant tumors. In manifest prostatic
      carcinoma 94.2% of the LASA values but only 36.5% of the prostatic acid
      phosphatase values were increased. Similarly, in breast and pulmonary carcinoma,
      LASA was more sensitive than CEA. In 499 patients with minimal residual disease,
      203 (41.5%) were LASA-negative, of which 180 were CEA-negative. Out of 180 LASA
      positive patients, 70 have relapsed, as have 70 out of 219 patients with
      increases in both LASA and CEA. The sensitivity of LASA (87%) in lymphoma was
      higher than that of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (53.3%), of C-reactive
      protein (51.2%), serum copper (64.7%) and of six other markers.

PMID- 2663216
TI  - Adjuvant treatment of minimal residual tumors. A comparison of chemotherapy and
      immunotherapy.
AB  - Adjuvant chemotherapy. The frequent 6 month complete remission induction
      chemotherapy is not discussed here. What is under debate at present is the
      prolonged maintenance or adjuvant chemotherapy, which in comparative trials with
      5 year follow-up does not appear to improve survival prognosis in leukemia,
      myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma or post-menopausal breast cancer. However, it may
      prolong the duration of the first remission. It is suggested that the sensitivity
      to chemotherapy might depend on cells being induced into the G2 or M phases by
      growth growth promotor(s), such as estrogens in breast carcinoma. Their presence
      before the menopause could explain why this neoplasia in this condition is one of
      the few tumoral diseases transitorily sensitive to adjuvant chemotherapy.
      Adjuvant immunotherapy is also under debate. Immunotherapy has been reported to
      give a significant improvement in remission duration and/or overall survival
      and/or survival after relapse in several tumors and in several trials. However,
      for almost every trial reporting a statistically significant effect there is one
      (or more) which shows no significant effect. Theoretically, immunotherapy has
      several advantages over chemotherapy. It may be effective in minimal residual
      disease if tumor cells are in the G0 phase. So-called kinetic refractoriness (see
      separate chapter in this volume) may not apply to immunotherapy. Finally, tumor
      cells appear to be more sensitive than normal cells to some cytotoxic mechanisms
      which form a part of the biological response to tumors.

PMID- 2663217
TI  - Virus vaccines: principles and prospects.
AB  - The present status of vaccination for controlling viral diseases is reviewed, and
      the needs and directions for future investigations are discussed. A survey of
      viral vaccines now in use has shown that knowledge about the viral agents and
      about the hosts' responses to infection was essential for their development. The
      steps needed to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of a viral vaccine are
      summarized; the final requirement for a successful vaccine is that it be
      administered in proper dosage and potency to the target populations. After
      general remarks on the proper use of current vaccines there follows an overview
      of various developments in creating new vaccines, along with the predicted time
      frames for their coming into general use. Topics considered include vaccines to
      be administered locally at the portal of entry, subunit vaccines, viruses
      attenuated by genetic manipulation, use of viral vectors, vaccines developed by
      means of recombinant DNA, synthetic peptides, and anti-idiotype vaccines, as well
      as new vaccines being developed by more conventional methods.

PMID- 2663219
TI  - CNS transplantation: a treatment for Parkinson's disease?

PMID- 2663218
TI  - Response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine treatment: relation to whole
      blood concentrations of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine.
AB  - A standard treatment with 25 mg chloroquine base per kilogram body weight was
      given to 39 semi-immune asymptomatic Tanzanian schoolchildren with Plasmodium
      falciparum parasitaemia. Whole blood chloroquine and desethylchloroquine
      concentrations were monitored 12 times during 30 days of follow-up using 100
      microliters capillary blood dried on filter-paper. All but three children had
      detectable amounts of chloroquine (greater than or equal to 10 nmol/l) in their
      blood before treatment. The interindividual variations in concentrations during
      the first week were 3.3 to 5.1-fold for chloroquine and 3.5 to 6.3-fold for
      desethylchloroquine. In seven children with RII response in vivo, the highest
      determined chloroquine concentration was lower (P = 0.029) than in the others.
      After treatment, a rough approximation of the minimum inhibitory concentration in
      vivo was made by calculating the average of the chloroquine concentrations before
      and after the time when parasites increased or reappeared again. RII-resistant
      parasites increased in number when the median residual whole blood concentration
      in the children was approximately 790 (range, 444-869) nmol/l. Parasites
      reappeared when the median residual whole blood concentrations was approximately
      147 (range, 44-673) nmol/l. We conclude that interindividual variations of
      chloroquine concentrations have an impact on the outcome of treatment and the
      classification of resistance in vivo.

PMID- 2663220
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy. A review (2).

PMID- 2663221
TI  - Drug-induced osteoporosis.
AB  - Use of corticosteroids has been most frequently associated with bone loss, but
      heparin and methotrexate, when used in relatively high doses, have also been
      linked to the development of osteoporosis. Clinical features of bone loss
      associated with these agents, possible pathophysiologic mechanisms, and
      strategies for avoiding this complication are reviewed.

PMID- 2663222
TI  - A 29-year-old renal transplant patient with multiple brain lesions.

PMID- 2663223
TI  - Mild hypertension: critical analysis of different therapeutic approaches.
AB  - In 1988 the fourth Joint National Committee (JNC IV) issued new guidelines for
      the detection, evaluation, and treatment of hypertension. Pharmacologic along
      with nonpharmacologic therapy is indicated for hypertensive patients whose
      diastolic blood pressures average greater than or equal to 95 mmHg over a period
      of time and for patients who have a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg to 94
      mmHg with evidence of target organ disease and/or other major risk factors. In
      the absence of target organ disease and/or other major risk factors, a trial of
      nonpharmacologic treatment is recommended for patients with a diastolic blood
      pressure of 90 mmHg to 94 mmHg. The JNC IV report recommends initiating
      pharmacologic treatment with any one of the following classes of drugs:
      diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or ACE inhibitors. In
      general, diuretics and calcium channel blockers are especially indicated for
      elderly and black patients and beta blockers and ACE inhibitors for young and
      white patients, but there are many exceptions. In selecting the appropriate step
      one agent for a given patient, the therapeutic "two-for-one" concept is
      emphasized whereby one antihypertensive drug may also be beneficial for a
      coexisting condition. Examples are: diuretics or ACE inhibitors in congestive
      heart failure; calcium channel blocking drugs or beta blockers in angina pectoris
      or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; and beta blockers for migraine
      headache or senile tremor.

PMID- 2663224
TI  - Management of hypercholesterolemia in the hypertensive patient.
AB  - Measurement of serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (HDL-C) is recommended in the comprehensive evaluation of
      hypertensive patients. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is higher in
      hypertensive compared to normotensive individuals and the cardiovascular risk
      associated with high blood pressure is increased when hypercholesterolemia is
      present. Diuretics and/or beta blockers may increase TC, triglyceride (TG), and
      very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels and/or reduce HDL-C
      levels, but it is not certain if these changes in blood lipids and lipoproteins
      decrease the benefits of the blood pressure reduction that they produce. Blood
      pressure and blood cholesterol levels may be reduced through dietary modification
      and low-fat diets blunt the changes in lipids and lipoproteins induced by
      diuretics or beta blockers. Despite these changes, many hypertensive patients
      require lipid-lowering drugs to reduce low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL
      C) levels to an acceptable range. Lipid lowering drugs may produce bothersome
      side effects and/or increase the cost of medical therapy considerably. However,
      several lipid lowering drugs have been shown to reduce primary CHD incidence in
      middle-aged men with hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2663225
TI  - Rational drug therapy based on understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension.
AB  - Increased peripheral vascular resistance is the hemodynamic hallmark of chronic
      hypertension. Evidence suggests that Ca2+ is vital in mediating vasoconstrictive
      mechanisms. Calcium channel blockers correct the specific arteriolar
      vasoconstrictive mechanism without unwanted compensatory actions. Human primary
      hypertension may also be related to volume variations in which renal influences
      contribute to elevated arterial pressure and diuretics may be necessary to
      control the hypertension. Patients in whom neurogenic-mediated vasoconstriction
      predominates show increased catecholamine production and renin release. These
      patients can be treated with either alpha- or beta-receptor blocking agents or
      with converting enzyme inhibitors. Recent biochemical and pharmacological
      advances and a clear understanding of cardiovascular physiology have allowed more
      rational and individualized therapy for hypertensive patients, using minimal
      numbers of drugs in their minimal effective doses. Long-term monotherapy is now
      possible for different subgroups because of the specific and selective actions of
      newer antihypertensive agents.

PMID- 2663226
TI  - Refractory hypertension after renal transplantation.
AB  - Hypertension is a common problem encountered after renal transplantation. Many
      different mechanisms may be responsible for hypertension in this setting, and
      therapy will depend upon the mechanism(s) affecting the individual patient.
      Factors that may cause or aggravate post-transplantation hypertension include
      renal dysfunction secondary to rejection or other diseases of the transplanted
      kidney, renin production from the diseased native kidneys if these kidneys have
      not been surgically removed, extracellular fluid volume expansion, toxic effects
      of medications used after transplantation, especially cyclosporine and
      intravenous prednisolone, or primary hypertension in the donor or recipient.
      Renal artery stenosis may predispose to acute renal failure in the presence of
      treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Severe renal artery
      stenosis may also lead to refractory salt and water retention and fluid overload
      with congestive heart failure and hypertension, mediated primarily due to
      extracellular fluid volume excess. Therapy with percutaneous transluminal renal
      angioplasty or, as a last resort, surgery, can be successful in controlling these
      problems.

PMID- 2663227
TI  - Hypertension in the surgical patient: management of blood pressure and
      anesthesia.
AB  - Although hypertension has always been a high risk factor during anesthesia and
      surgery, risk can be reduced by preoperative control of blood pressure,
      evaluation of the patient to determine risk factors that can exacerbate blood
      pressure rises, and continuation of preoperative antihypertensive therapy.
      Patient hemodynamics must be monitored to manage blood pressure fluctuations and
      signs of ischemia as early as possible. Selection of anesthetic and adjuvant
      agents must be tailored to the patients, the agents must be administered
      carefully and in a timely fashion, and the anesthesiologist must be aware of the
      relevant variables. Increased knowledge of the pathophysiology of hypertension,
      antihypertensive therapy, and the development of new anesthetics and muscle
      relaxants with minimum hemodynamic effects has helped minimize complications
      related to perioperative hypertension.

PMID- 2663228
TI  - The captopril tests: a new concept in detecting renovascular hypertension?
AB  - An undetermined percentage of the 60 million hypertensive Americans have
      potentially correctable renovascular hypertension (RVHT). Conventional plasma
      renin activity (PRA) determinations and radionuclide renography have limited
      sensitivity and specificity as screening tests for RVHT. Angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibition with captopril stimulates renin secretion and causes transient
      decreases in glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow within
      the stenotic kidney. Review of recent studies in hypertensive patients suggests
      that captopril stimulation of both PRA determinations and conventional renography
      may enhance the sensitivity and specificity of these studies in detecting RVHT.

PMID- 2663229
TI  - The renin angiotensin system: importance in physiology and pathology.
AB  - Angiotensin II has long been recognized as a key factor in cardiovascular
      regulation. The effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
      in controlling essential hypertension suggests that angiotensin II plays a key
      role in its pathology. The tools of molecular biology have provided the means for
      a critical reassessment of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in physiology
      and pathology. The analysis has shown that angiotensin peptides are also
      synthesized and processed locally in a variety of tissues, including the vascular
      wall, adrenal glands, heart, and brain. Since angiotensin II is a potent
      modulator of cardiovascular control centers in the brain, the hypothesis is now
      advanced that a defect in the brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
      contributes to the development of hypertensive disease.

PMID- 2663230
TI  - Hypertension revisited: the concept of relative hypertension in congestive heart
      failure.
AB  - Although hypertension has been defined numerically as blood pressure levels above
      140/90 mmHg, there is no doubt that a blood pressure level within the "normal"
      range increases the stress on a diseased heart. For this reason, vasodilator
      therapy is often successful in treating congestive heart failure. The authors
      propose the term relative hypertension to illustrate the latter situation.

PMID- 2663231
TI  - Malignant hypertension, fibrinoid deposition, and fibrinogen electrophoresis.
AB  - Electrophoretic profiles of the molecular weight distributions of fibrinogen
      derivatives in blood provide a tool for combined assessment of coagulation and
      fibrinolysis in the course of vascular disease. Profiles obtained in studies on
      an experimental model of hypertension and in humans with occlusive vascular
      disease are discussed. In the experimental studies elevations in the level of
      cross-linked dimers provided a more reliable means for predicting development of
      malignant hypertension than did many other criteria, especially near the outset
      when blood pressure changed to similar degrees in rats with malignant and benign
      hypertension. Similarly, we find that levels of dimeric and occasionally trimeric
      forms of fibrinogen are more prominently elevated than degraded forms of
      fibrinogen in patients with occlusive vascular disease.

PMID- 2663232
TI  - Molecular genetics of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy: emphasis on
      improved diagnosis.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle-wasting disorder affecting 1
      in 3500 males. A less severe and less common form is Becker muscular dystrophy
      (BMD). Only recently has the basic defect in DMD and BMD been recognized: a
      region on the human X chromosome is disrupted by mutation. The primary transcript
      of the region was detected, and cDNA clones were isolated that encompassed the
      entire transcript. The sequence of the encoded protein was predicted from cDNA
      nucleotide sequence, portions of the protein were overexpressed in bacterial
      cells, and these peptides were used to generate immunoreagents against the DMD
      gene protein, dystrophin. The molecular genetic identification of this protein
      via analysis of mutations found in patients' material has led to a means of
      improved diagnosis of DMD/BMD in affected individuals and their family members.
      The severely affected DMD patients have little or no detectable dystrophin in
      their muscle, whereas BMD patients have nearly normal concentrations of an
      altered form of dystrophin; patients with all other neuromuscular diseases have
      normal dystrophin.

PMID- 2663233
TI  - Recombinant DNA technology in the diagnosis of human genetic disorders.

PMID- 2663234
TI  - Molecular genetics of leukemia and lymphoma.
AB  - Leukemias and lymphomas are the most extensively characterized forms of neoplasia
      at the molecular genetic level. Southern blot assays to detect rearrangement of
      antigen-receptor genes have proven useful in the diagnosis of monoclonality in B-
      and T-cell neoplasms. This type of assay has clinical utility in that it can
      detect a small monoclonal population and provide unique information about the
      clone. Characteristic chromosomal translocations found in various histological
      types of leukemia and lymphoma can also be detected by Southern blot or by
      polymerase chain-reaction-based techniques. Detection of point mutations in the
      ras family of oncogenes may have prognostic importance and permit detection of a
      monoclonal population in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemias. Viruses
      may also be involved with leukemia and lymphoma. As assays involving molecular
      genetics became increasingly important in the evaluation of these neoplasms,
      greater efforts are needed to improve their technical, laboratory, and clinical
      aspects.

PMID- 2663235
TI  - Loss of heterozygosity in stages of malignancy.
AB  - The determination and comparison of genotypic combinations at genomic loci in
      constitutional and tumor tissues from patients with various types of cancer have
      defined the chromosomal locations of loci in which recessive mutations play a
      role in disease development. The predisposing nature of some of these mutant
      alleles is exemplified by studies of retinoblastoma and osteogenic sarcoma, two
      clinically associated diseases that share a pathogenetically causal
      predisposition mapping to 13q14. Genomic alteration of chromosome 10 is apparent
      in glioblastomas and mixed tumors of glioblastoma/astrocytoma grade III but not
      in homogeneous astrocytoma grades II or III; this suggests the definition of a
      locus involved in tumor progression and, perhaps, an approach to molecular
      genetic staging of tumors.

PMID- 2663236
TI  - Development of a vector system for the expression of bioengineered proteins.
AB  - The low natural abundance of many proteins is a major factor in preventing their
      development as therapeutic or diagnostic tools. To circumvent this barrier, we
      have used synthetic oligonucleotide technology to construct a gene based on the
      sequence of a cDNA for human interleukin 6 (IL-6). The synthetic gene encodes a
      cysteine-free, bioengineered rIL-6 protein, which is expressed at high
      concentrations in Escherichia coli as a tripartite fusion protein. Cleavage of
      the fusion protein with collagenase (EC 3.4.24.8) releases a 23-kDa rIL-6 protein
      that can be easily purified to homogeneity. This rIL-6 protein displays a range
      of biological activities similar to those of natural human IL-6, as demonstrated
      by its ability to (a) protect cells from viral infection and (b) stimulate the
      synthesis of fibrinogen in rat FAZA cells.

PMID- 2663237
TI  - Monoclonal gammopathies--their identification and biological significance.

PMID- 2663238
TI  - Effect of drugs on histamine radio-enzyme assay.
AB  - The effect of over 200 drugs and other compounds on histamine radio-enzyme assay
      was studied. Some muscle relaxants (e.g. alcuronium), some sympathomimetics (e.g.
      dopamine, isoxsuprine, tyramine and possibly phenylethylamine), antimalarial
      drugs, procaine, procainamide, Berenil and serotonin were potent compounds to
      interfere with this assay. In some special cases still potentially inhibitory
      drugs seemed to be some muscle relaxants (e.g. vecuronium, pancuronium and
      tubocurarine), antidepressants, antihistamines (e.g. cimetidine, ranitidine and
      diphenhydramine), chinidin, disopyramide, tolazoline and salazosulfapyridine.

PMID- 2663239
TI  - Ketanserin in the treatment of essential hypertension. A double blind trial
      against metoprolol followed by one-year open treatment.
AB  - The present study was designed to compare the antihypertensive potencies of
      ketanserin and metoprolol in a double-blind trial and to study ketanserin long
      term efficacy in a one-year open trial, plain or combined with metoprolol,
      according to diastolic blood pressure (DBP) normalization. Thirty-four patients
      were randomly assigned to two groups, one (n = 17) received ketanserin, 80
      mg/day, and the other, (n = 17) metoprolol, 200 mg/day. After 3 mo. double blind
      treatment, all patients received plain ketanserin, or combined with metoprolol if
      ketanserin failed to normalize DBP. A significant effect was demonstrated after 3
      mo. double blind treatment, for both drugs, in both standing and supine DBP (p
      less than 0.001). In the one-year follow-up, all patients received ketanserin and
      were divided in: I (n = 15) previously treated with the same drug; II (n = 2)
      plus metoprolol, in whom ketanserin had failed to decrease DBP; and III (n = 15)
      previously treated with metoprolol. In group I the blood pressure lowering effect
      of ketanserin remained constant during the one-year follow-up. In group II a
      trend in the decrease of parameters was observed. In group III, supine DBP
      diminished from 92.5 +/- 2 mmHg during treatment with metoprolol to 86.0 +/- 2 at
      12 mo., after treatment with ketanserin (p less than 0.05). In groups I and III,
      24/30 of patients normalized their DBP during one-year ketanserin open treatment.
      Ketanserin appears as a new alternative in the treatment of mild and moderate
      essential hypertension.

PMID- 2663240
TI  - Blood pressure and vasoactive hormones with improved glycaemic control in
      patients with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - To assess the effects of improved glycaemic control on arterial pressure and
      plasma levels of vasoactive hormones, we studied 5 male insulin dependent (Type
      1) diabetic patients before and one month after commencement of rigorous control
      of blood glucose levels. On each occasion, continuous ambulatory intra arterial
      pressure monitoring for a 10-hour period, together with hourly venous sampling
      for plasma glucose and vasoactive hormone determinations, was performed under
      standardised conditions of diet and posture. Mean (+/- SEM) plasma glucose before
      and after improved glycaemic control was 9.4 +/- 0.3 and 6.6 +/- 0.4 mmol/l
      respectively (P less than 0.001). There was a small but significant fall in
      arterial pressure in each patient as well as for the group overall (mean arterial
      pressure fall 4.8 +/- 1.2 mmHg, p less than 0.01) after improved glycaemic
      control. The fall in individual (10 hr mean) diastolic arterial pressure levels
      correlated with concomitant falls in plasma glucose levels (r = 0.92, p less than
      0.05) but not with changes in any of the other variables measured.

PMID- 2663241
TI  - High blood pressure and hyperinsulinaemia in acromegaly and in obesity.
AB  - As previously shown, in essential hypertension postprandial plasma insulin
      concentrations are elevated. In order to determine a relationship of high blood
      pressure and plasma insulin levels in acromegaly and in obesity 59 subjects with
      normal glucose tolerance were studied. They were divided into three groups: (I)
      patients with acromegaly: 7 normotensives and 8 hypertensives, (II) 12 obese
      normotensives and 12 obese hypertensives and (III) 10 non-obese hypertensives,
      and 10 healthy subjects. Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were
      measured in a fasting state and after an oral glucose load of 75 g. The fasting
      insulin concentrations in all the acromegalics and in all the obese patients were
      higher than those in healthy subjects. The insulin response to the glucose load
      was significantly enhanced in all the three groups of hypertensive patients
      compared with those of matched normotensive controls. The results indicate that
      insulin may play a role in the regulation of blood pressure in essential
      hypertension, and in such hyperinsulinaemic disorders as acromegaly and obesity.

PMID- 2663243
TI  - Brain and the regulation of blood pressure: a hemodynamic perspective.
AB  - The central nervous system subserves the homeostasis of the circulation and is
      organized as a negative feedback system. The following properties of such a
      feedback system are of interest: a) the setting; b) the range of the regulation;
      and c) the nature of the feedback (regulated) variable. In this review we show
      that in hypertension blood pressure is set at a higher level, but regulation of
      blood pressure in hypertension is normal. The central nervous system is involved
      in maintaining a higher set point in early human hypertension as well as in many
      forms of experimental hypertension. Results from trials of antihypertensive drugs
      suggest that setting of the baseline level of blood pressure and regulation of
      blood pressure variability are independent properties and are probably regulated
      by different areas of the central nervous system. It is, therefore, unlikely that
      research on blood pressure "reactivity" will elucidate the pathophysiology of the
      central resetting of baseline blood pressure level in hypertension. We present
      evidence that in subserving the circulation, the central nervous system regulates
      and senses blood pressure and not flow. Pathophysiologic implications of this
      concept are discussed particularly in regards to the apparent decrease of
      sympathetic tone during the evolution of hypertension.

PMID- 2663242
TI  - Attenuation of the pressor activity of endogenous vasoconstrictors by sodium
      nitroprusside in the pithed rat.
AB  - The present study characterized the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the
      responsiveness of pithed rats to pressor stimuli. Intravenous infusions of SNP
      produced a dose-related inhibition of the pressor responses to stimulation of
      sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord.
      The site at which SNP affected the vasoconstrictor response appeared to be post
      junctional because norepinephrine responses were also attenuated, as were blood
      pressure increases to angiotensin II and vasopressin. Responsiveness to all of
      the pressor stimuli was restored when the infusion of SNP was terminated. The
      effects of SNP could not be attributed simply to observed reductions in baseline
      blood pressure because pretreatment of the pithed rats with captopril, which
      produced an initial hypotensive effect equivalent to that seen after SNP, did not
      alter the pressor responses to angiotensin II or vasopressin. However, like SNP,
      captopril did attenuate the blood pressure increments to spinal cord stimulation
      and norepinephrine. These results suggest that a part of the hypotensive potency
      of SNP may result from its ability to antagonize vasoconstriction mediated by
      norepinephrine, angiotensin II and vasopressin.

PMID- 2663244
TI  - Pathophysiological significance of sympathetic function in essential
      hypertension.

PMID- 2663245
TI  - Renal nerves in the pathogenesis of hypertension: a review.
AB  - 1. Renal nerve discharge may contribute to renal arteriolar hyperplasia and
      hypertrophy but the kidney is not the major site of increased vascular resistance
      in hypertension. 2. Natriuretic and diuretic responses to dietary salt are
      dissociated in some SS hypertensives. Experiments with perfused rat kidneys
      indicate that this dissociation is due to circulating catecholamines and not to
      increased renal nerve activity. 3. Reduced tubular dopamine production may be
      involved in SS hypertension but decreased dopaminergic nerve activity is not
      apparent. 4. Increased salt intake initiates a generalized increase in vascular
      resistance in SS hypertensives. The small amount of salt retained over 5-7 days
      could not produce the observed increase in blood pressure by altering ECF volumes
      or transmembrane ion gradients which suggests that a systemic vasoconstrictor,
      such as renin, is involved. In these patients, inappropriate renal nerve activity
      could shift the balance between salt intake, blood pressure and renin release
      since low level renal nerve activity raises the blood pressure required to
      inhibit renin release. Reversal of SS hypertension with ACE inhibitors is
      consistent with this hypothesis.

PMID- 2663246
TI  - The sympatho-adrenal tone and reactivity in human hypertension.
AB  - In the last two decades, remarkable advances have permitted a better
      understanding of the modulation of sympathetic tone and reactivity at the
      sympathetic nerve and at the effector cell levels. In man, several indirect
      approaches have permitted to suggest the possibility of increased sympathetic
      nerve activity and reactivity in an important subgroup of essential hypertensive
      patients. The demonstration of significant correlations between circulating
      levels of sympathetic transmitters and various parameters of cardiovascular
      functions supports the hypothesis of a participation of the sympathetic system in
      the maintenance of an elevated blood pressure in those patients. Moreover,
      several experimental evidences have indicated that the sensitivity of
      cardiovascular effector cells may be altered in hypertensive patients. The
      blunted beta receptor responsiveness and the normal or enhanced alpha receptor
      responsiveness which were observed suggest the possibility of an imbalance
      between adrenergic receptor functions in hypertension, which may explain the
      preferential alpha 1 modulation of blood pressure through changes in peripheral
      resistance in hypertensive patients. Such an abnormality could contribute to the
      development of cardiac and vascular wall hypertrophy during the evolution of
      hypertension. These studies therefore suggest that a variety of sympathetic
      dysfunctions could play a role in the development, maintenance and evolution of
      human essential hypertension.

PMID- 2663247
TI  - Relaxation therapy lowers blood pressure more effectively in hypertensives with
      raised plasma norepinephrine and blunts pressor response to anger.
AB  - The effects of relaxation therapy on blood pressure and neural responses to
      "social stress"-anger instigation were determined in 30 male patients with mild
      primary hypertension. "Social stress"-anger induced increases in systolic and
      diastolic blood pressures (both p less than 0.01) and plasma norepinephrine (p
      less than 0.05) before therapy. Diastolic blood pressure before and during anger
      challenge were related to simultaneous plasma norepinephrine (r = 0.56, p less
      than 0.01 and r = 0.39, p less than 0.05). Relaxation reduced resting diastolic
      blood pressure (p less than 0.01), the reduction of blood pressure was related to
      baseline plasma norepinephrine (p less than 0.05). The pressor response of
      systolic blood pressure to anger challenge (p less than 0.02) was blunted by
      relaxation therapy. These findings suggested that noradrenergic control of blood
      pressure was amplified during stress and relaxation therapy was effective in
      lowering blood pressure and neutralizing the response to "social stress" anger
      instigation.

PMID- 2663248
TI  - The heterogeneity of dopamine involvement in essential hypertension.
AB  - Compared to control subjects, patients with essential hypertension (EH) had a
      decreased urinary DA:NE ratio and an overall increase in the total (free +
      sulfated) plasma sum of NE, E and DA. With age-matching, this elevation was found
      to be due to augmented levels of DA sulfate. When subdivided into borderline
      (labile) and stable EH groups, only the borderline EH patients had heightened
      plasma DA sulfate levels, enhanced urinary homovanillic acid excretion and tended
      to have plasma NE and PRA increases. Patients with stable EH had a hyporesponsive
      urinary DA and Na+ excretion as well as reduced PRA levels at the height of
      furosemide-induced natriuresis. These data are compatible with a
      hyperdopaminergic component of the hyperadrenergic state, more or less affecting
      patients with borderline EH in contrast to the hypodopaminergic features of
      subjects evolving into stable EH in whom the neurogenic component subsides. In
      both EH subgroups, urinary DA lagged behind NE excretion. Dopaminergic tone may
      indirectly affect endogenous DA-modulated renal, adrenal and vascular synaptic
      processes as well as their responses to exogenous Angiotensin II and DA,
      respectively.

PMID- 2663249
TI  - Pathogenetic and therapeutic relevance of cardiovascular pressor reactivity to
      norepinephrine in human hypertension.
AB  - In normotensive humans with a positive family history of essential hypertension,
      blood pressure (BP) is often dysregulated. Body sodium, blood volume, plasma
      angiotensin II (AngII), epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE), their responses to
      changes in sodium intake or posture, as well as baroreflex function, beta
      receptor-mediated cardiac responsiveness, and the responsiveness of BP to AngII
      appear to be largely unaltered. However, the responsiveness of BP to NE is
      commonly exaggerated. An increase in potassium intake may improve the NE
      hyperreactivity and concomitantly lower BP within the "normotensive" range.
      Therefore, a selective vascular NE hyperreactivity relative to existing
      sympathetic activity seems to be a common familial abnormality predisposing for
      the development of essential hypertension. In borderline or established essential
      hypertension, an inappropriate vascular reactivity relative to sympathetic
      activity probably complements other mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of
      hypertension. Various antihypertensive treatments may lower BP at least in part
      by improving cardiovascular NE (hyper)reactivity without provoking an equivalent
      rise in sympathetic activity. These include dietary potassium supplementation,
      thiazide-type agents, indapamide, calcium channel blockers, postsynaptic alpha 1
      blockers, and AngII converting enzyme inhibitors.

PMID- 2663250
TI  - Epinephrine and norepinephrine pattern in elderly patients with borderline and
      established hypertension.
AB  - To evaluate the activity of sympathetic system and of plasm renin in elderly
      patients with borderline (BH) and established essential hypertension (EH), 31 BH
      mean age 38 years and 30 EH, mean age 39 years; 15 BH, mean age 66 years, and 15
      EH, mean age 68 years, were studied at rest and after dynamic exercise. At the
      same time blood pressure and heart rate were automatically recorded, while blood
      samples were collected for PRA and plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE)
      assays. Plasma E levels showed no significant differences between the groups
      examined at rest. Nevertheless, young BH had higher plasma E levels than young EH
      after stress and elderly BH showed plasma E levels higher than age-matched EH in
      response to dynamic exercise. The PRA behaviour was similar among all the groups,
      but dynamic exercise induced a greater increase in BH than in EH. Moreover, the
      stress-induced increase in plasma NE levels was higher in EH than in BH. Our
      results demonstrate in old BH, as well as in young BH, a response of E to stress
      greater than in the age-matched EH. In our study BH, both young and old subjects,
      seem to be characterized by a sympathoadrenal overactivity pointed out by an
      excessive release of E from the adrenal gland after stress. This exaggerated
      sympathoadrenal reactivity may constitute an important mechanism in triggering
      hypertension independent of age.

PMID- 2663251
TI  - Salt sensitivity in human essential hypertension: effect of renin-angiotensin and
      sympathetic nervous system blockade.
AB  - We studied the acute effect of oral captopril (25mg) and clonidine(300
      micrograms) on blood pressure (BP) in patients with essential hypertension
      successively maintained on a low (LSD) and high (HSD) salt diet. Seven patients
      were salt sensitive (SS) and seven were salt resistant (SR). The maximal decrease
      in diastolic BP caused by captopril in patients on the LSD was greater in SS than
      SR individuals. Baseline urinary norepinephrine levels did not change from LSD to
      HSD (p greater than 0.05) in SS patients and decreased in SR patients (p less
      than 0.05). The maximal decrease in mean BP during the clonidine test was the
      same for both diets (p greater than 0.05) in SS patients and was lower (p less
      than 0.05) for the HSD in SR patients. SS patients on the HSD presented a higher
      decrease in systolic BP than SR patients (p less than 0.05) during the clonidine
      test. These data suggest overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system in SS
      patients on the LSD and of the sympathetic nervous system in SS patients on the
      HSD and that the clonidine test could be a good indicator for identifying SS and
      SR patients.

PMID- 2663252
TI  - Attenuated renal production of dopamine in patients with low renin essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Our previous studies have shown that a suppressed pressure natriuresis may
      contribute to the hypertensive mechanism in patients with essential hypertension
      (EHT), particularly in low renin patients (LRH). In this study, in order to
      clarify the role of renal dopaminergic activity in the blunted natriuresis of
      LRH, the conversion of 1-dopa (DOPA) to dopamine (DA) in the kidneys was
      investigated in 9 normotensive subjects (NT) and 20 EHT, including 15 normal
      renin EHT (NRH) and 5 LRH. All subjects were hospitalized and received a constant
      diet (Na:120mEq, K:75mEq daily). Plasma DOPA concentration (p-DOPA:HPLC-ECD),
      creatinine clearance (Ccr), urinary excretion of sodium (UNaV) and DA (UDA), as
      well as fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) were measured before and after the
      single oral administration of 1-DOPA (400mg). DOPA administration caused a
      significant increase of p-DOPA, UDA and FENa with undetectable DOPA levels in the
      urine in EHT. In addition, under the basal condition, UDA correlated positively
      with p-DOPA or the product of p-DOPA x Ccr, which might reflect the DOPA delivery
      at the renal proximal tubule. No significant difference was found in p-DOPA and
      the product of p-DOPA x Ccr among NT, NRH and LRH. However, the ratio of UDA/(p
      DOPA x Ccr), which may indicate the conversion from DOPA to DA in the kidneys,
      was lower in EHT, especially in LRH, than that in NT. These results suggest that
      a reduced renal conversion from DOPA to DA may contribute to the attenuated
      natriuresis as well as renal dopaminergic activity in LRH.

PMID- 2663253
TI  - Human sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure regulation.
AB  - The results of microneurographic recordings of human vasomotor impulses involved
      in blood pressure control are reviewed. Special emphasis is given to acute mental
      stress where recent evidence suggests that the physiological effects are complex:
      Skin blood flow responses differ qualitatively in cold and warm subjects, muscle
      sympathetic activity increases slowly in the peroneal nerve but is unchanged in
      the radial nerve, i.v. infusion of adrenaline in stepwise increasing doses causes
      a moderate increase of muscle sympathetic activity during and a pronounced
      increase after the infusion.

PMID- 2663254
TI  - Primary ciliary dyskinesia and Young's syndrome.

PMID- 2663255
TI  - Gastrointestinal epithelial cell proliferation.

PMID- 2663256
TI  - Wilson's disease: an update, with emphasis on new approaches to treatment.

PMID- 2663257
TI  - Colonic volvulus. Etiology and management.
AB  - Colonic volvulus accounts for 1-7% of cases of large bowel obstruction in the
      United States and Western Europe. It is, however, a much commoner condition in
      parts of Africa, South Asia and South America. Volvulus is thought to be an
      idiopathic condition, probably with an anatomical basis, particularly in cecal
      volvulus. Some cases are, however, secondary to a known condition such as Chagas'
      disease. The sigmoid colon is involved in 65-80% of cases and the right colon in
      15-30%. Transverse colon and splenic flexure volvulus are rare. Emergency surgery
      has in the past been associated with a high mortality. Nonoperative, tube
      decompression of sigmoid volvulus has been the single most important advance in
      the management of the condition--this has allowed surgery to be deferred to an
      elective schedule and performed on a fitter patient with a prepared bowel.
      Emergency surgery is still required for a minority of patients--those in whom
      tube decompression is unsuccessful; in those with signs of gangrenous bowel and
      patients with volvulus proximal to the sigmoid. When the bowel is not viable,
      resection is mandatory. In patients with a viable colon, there are several
      options. Sigmoid resection and colostomy for sigmoid volvulus and detorsion,
      cecopexy and tube cecostomy as a combined procedure for cecal volvulus are the
      usually recommended procedures.

PMID- 2663258
TI  - Pancreatic juice composition: new views about the cellular mechanisms that
      control the concentration of digestive and nondigestive proteins.

PMID- 2663259
TI  - Rat aortic endothelium antagonizes nitroprusside-induced relaxation by release of
      the peptide endothelin.
AB  - 1. The effects of porcine endothelin were examined in rat thoracic aortic rings.
      2. Endothelin was a potent contractile agonist (EC50 4.0 +/- 0.6 nmol/L). 3.
      Endothelin (1 nmol/L) did not affect contractile responses to cumulative
      concentrations of the thromboxane analogue, U46619. 4. In the presence of U46619,
      but not phenylephrine, endothelin (1 nmol/L) and endothelium abrogated the
      vasodilator response to cumulative concentrations of sodium nitroprusside. 5. The
      inhibitory effect of endothelin on vasodilator responses to nitroprusside in the
      presence of U46619 was abolished by nifedipine (0.1 mumol/L) but unaffected by
      indomethacin (3 mumol/L) or haemoglobin (10 mumol/L). 6. These data suggest that
      endothelin generated by native endothelium exerts a physiological antagonism of
      sodium nitroprusside in the presence of thromboxane.

PMID- 2663260
TI  - Cardiovascular actions of human endothelin in conscious sheep.
AB  - 1. Synthetic human endothelin was injected intravenously over the range 1.5-50
      micrograms to examine its cardiovascular actions in conscious sheep. 2. Mean
      arterial pressure increased by 9-21 mmHg within 30-120 s over the range 5-50
      micrograms endothelin. The increase in blood pressure was associated with
      increased calculated total peripheral resistance and a fall in cardiac output and
      heart rate. Stroke volume was increased. 3. Injection of endothelin into ganglion
      blocked sheep produced vasoconstriction and an increased blood pressure response
      associated with an attenuation of the effects on cardiac output, heart rate and
      stroke volume. 4. This study suggests that endothelin produces potent arterial
      vasoconstriction and reflex mediated effects on the heart in conscious sheep.

PMID- 2663261
TI  - Endothelin is blood vessel selective: studies on a variety of human and dog
      vessels in vitro and on regional blood flow in the conscious rabbit.
AB  - 1. Endothelin (Et), a vasoconstrictor peptide, was 5-10-fold more potent (lower
      EC50) on isolated ring segments of large veins than on large arteries removed
      from dog coronary, mesenteric, femoral, renal and internal mammary vasculature
      and from the human internal mammary pedicle. 2. In the dog large coronary artery,
      Et (10-30 nmol/L) caused transient relaxations partway through the generation of
      a concentration-contraction curve. These relaxations were endothelium dependent.
      3. In conscious rabbits treated with mecamylamine, Et (0.025-0.4 nmol/kg) caused
      a marked rise in renal vascular resistance but hindquarter vasodilation. Under
      the same conditions angiotensin II constricted both beds. 4. These studies
      suggest that Et is vascular bed and large vein selective in activity. It did not
      appear to be selective for large or small coronary arteries in vitro.

PMID- 2663262
TI  - Renal artery duplex ultrasonography: a reliable new screening test for
      functionally significant renal artery stenosis.
AB  - 1. Renal artery duplex ultrasonography (RADU) has recently become available as a
      rapid, relatively inexpensive, non-invasive screening test for renal artery
      stenosis causing renovascular hypertension. 2. We compared the sensitivity of
      RADU with that of computerized nuclear renography (CNR) in 16 patients with
      renovascular hypertension. All had lateralizing renal venous renin ratio (RVRR)
      studies, 15 had renal artery stenosis (RAS) on angiography and one had unilateral
      chronic parenchymal renal disease (CPRD). 3. We found RADU to be at least as
      reliable as CNR with sensitivities of 100% and 93.7%, respectively. Neither RADU
      nor CNR was successful (sensitivity 25% and 0%, respectively) in detecting minor,
      functionally insignificant contralateral renal artery stenosis in four patients,
      two of whom had multiple small renal arteries--a recognized difficulty in the use
      of RADU. 4. After successful (RVRR became negative) therapeutic intervention in
      two patients with RAS (dilatation one, surgery one), RADU changed from positive
      to negative and may therefore be a useful alternative to repeat angiography in
      this setting. 5. Performed in conjunction with renal parenchymal B mode
      ultrasound, RADU correctly identified the presence of CPRD in one patient.

PMID- 2663263
TI  - Magnesium supplementation in mild hypertensive patients on a moderately low
      sodium diet.
AB  - 1. The effect of oral magnesium supplementation was assessed in a group of
      untreated, mild hypertensive subjects who were following a moderately low sodium
      diet (baseline urinary sodium 86 +/- 6 mmol/day). 2. Thirteen patients were
      allocated placebo and 12 were allocated magnesium aspartate (10 mmol/day) in a
      double blind fashion for 8 weeks. 3. There was no fall in blood pressure with
      magnesium supplementation and no significant difference in blood pressure between
      groups at the end of the study. 4. In the magnesium group there was an increase
      in urinary magnesium (4.4 +/- 0.6 to 6.1 +/- 1 mmol/day P less than 0.001), and
      urinary calcium (4.3 +/- 0.7 to 5.5 +/- 0.9 mmol/day P less than 0.01). There was
      no change in plasma or red cell magnesium or plasma renin activity with
      supplementation. 5. Magnesium supplementation does not appear to have an additive
      hypotensive effect in mild hypertensive subjects on a reduced sodium intake.

PMID- 2663264
TI  - Experimental evidence for dietary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
AB  - 1. Since 100% stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) develop
      cardiovascular diseases (CVD) spontaneously, they are the best models for
      experimental studies on CVD prevention. Previous studies have proven that stroke
      can be prevented by improving diets such as sodium (Na) restriction, potassium
      (K) supplementation and, feeding of animal or vegetable proteins, some amino acid
      and fatty acids and dietary fibres. 2. Recent studies in SHRSP have further
      confirmed the effectiveness of CVD prevention of the following dietary
      components. 3. Studies on SHRSP repeatedly demonstrated that the adverse effect
      of Na was counteracted by K, which reduced stroke incidence. Even a 1 min
      reduction in dietary Na/K ratios (from 0.93 to 0.61) delayed the development of
      stroke in SHRSP given 1% NaCl water for drinking. 4. Excess NaCl intake affected
      the development of stroke more adversely in SHRSP than Na citrate excess. 5. An
      increase in dietary Ca (from 0.6 to 1.2 or 1.6%) effectively attenuated the
      development of hypertension, prevented stroke and prolonged life-span in salt
      loaded SHRSP, whereas additional dietary Mg (from 0.2 to 0.8%) did not affect BP
      levels. 6. The quality of protein is also important for stroke prevention. The
      protein content of 20% in regular laboratory diets was replaced with soy protein,
      which effectively prevented stroke. In contrast to short life-span in salt-loaded
      SHRSP (88 +/- 1 days), this life prolongation effect was intensified with the
      addition of 1.0% Ca (344 +/- 16) and became maximal with the further addition of
      0.6% Mg (greater than 416 +/- 20).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663265
TI  - William Withering and An Account of the Foxglove.

PMID- 2663266
TI  - The postdate pregnancy: an overview.

PMID- 2663267
TI  - Epidemiologic aspects of the postdate pregnancy.

PMID- 2663268
TI  - Postdate pregnancy: antenatal assessment of fetal well-being.

PMID- 2663269
TI  - Fetal echocardiography and Doppler ultrasonography in the post-term fetus.

PMID- 2663270
TI  - Ultrasound evaluation of the postdate pregnancy.
AB  - In summary, ultrasound plays an important role in the evaluation of the postterm
      pregnancy, and its use should be considered in the following situations: 1)
      estimation of fetal weight in the potentially macrosomic infant before vaginal
      delivery is attempted; 2) frequent evaluation for oligohydramnios using the
      amniotic fluid index for the expectant management of the postdate pregnancy; 3)
      placental evaluation prior to elective induction of labor in a poorly dated
      pregnancy; and 4) evaluation of the postterm fetus for possible congenital
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2663271
TI  - The unfavorable cervix: methods of cervical priming.
AB  - Given the widespread interest in cervical ripening techniques, and the fact that
      prolonged pregnancy is a most common potential indication, it is disappointing to
      have encountered so few clinical trials addressing this specific clinical
      challenge. We await further studies to define the ultimate roles for relaxin and
      synthetic laminaria. Whether the addition of oral tocolytics to PGE2 will
      overcome the uterine hyperstimulation complications without reducing its
      effectiveness remains unanswered. For the present, however, only PGE2 has been
      clearly shown to improve perinatal outcome in prolonged pregnancy, and its use is
      an alternative to antepartum surveillance when the cervical status is
      unfavorable. One final word of caution would seem prudent at this time. Informed
      consent should be strongly considered prior to employing any of the cervical
      priming techniques described. Involving the patient in this process should
      improve communication and understanding between doctor and patient, which
      ultimately leads to better care.

PMID- 2663272
TI  - Induction of labor in the postdate fetus.
AB  - Once a decision to induce a postdate pregnancy is reached, the likelihood of
      achieving a vaginal delivery can be predicted by the Bishop or pelvic score and
      the willingness or lack thereof to commit to sequential inductions. Cesarean
      delivery rates will be significantly increased if an amniotomy is performed in
      the woman with an unfavorable cervix. Accordingly, we advocate sequential
      induction of the postdate pregnancy in the absence of other maternal or fetal
      mandates for imminent delivery. A host of oxytocin induction protocols exist and
      are acceptable, as are guidelines for what constitutes an adequate labor pattern.
      Although an increasing number of agents are available for cervical ripening, for
      the foreseeable future dilute intravenous oxytocin will remain the labor
      induction agent of choice.

PMID- 2663273
TI  - Intrapartum management of the postdate patient.

PMID- 2663274
TI  - Neonatal morbidity and mortality and long-term outcome of postdate infants.

PMID- 2663275
TI  - Medical-legal considerations in the postdate pregnancy.
AB  - The medical-legal considerations associated with postdate pregnancies are not
      unlike those associated with the management of an uncomplicated pregnancy. The
      primary difference is, however, that these pregnancies are at a greater risk of
      perinatal morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is important to maintain one's
      knowledge, understanding, and skills to safely manage these pregnancies and, by
      so doing, reduce one's medical-legal liability.

PMID- 2663276
TI  - The health effects of oral contraceptives: misperceptions, controversies, and
      continuing good news.

PMID- 2663277
TI  - Whither the intrauterine device?

PMID- 2663278
TI  - Barrier contraceptives.

PMID- 2663279
TI  - The use of periodic abstinence for family planning.

PMID- 2663280
TI  - Progesterone antagonists on the horizon.

PMID- 2663281
TI  - Adult neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis.
AB  - Among the different clinical forms of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (NCL), the
      adult type is the least frequent, most sporadic and most difficult one to
      diagnose. Clinical symptomatology differs from the classical childhood NCL forms
      in that ocular symptoms are absent while changes of behavior, dementia and
      seizures dominate the clinical picture. Excessive accumulation of NCL-specific
      lipopigments has largely been explored in the nervous system, where pigmento
      architectonic investigations disclose layer-specific cortical pathology similar
      to but less pronounced than that of juvenile and protracted juvenile NCL.
      Ultrastructural analysis of lipopigments in adult NCL reveals diversity of
      lipopigment fine structure, but less impressive than in the childhood forms of
      NCL. Abnormal accretion of lipopigments outside the nervous system has rarely
      been demonstrated and requires ampler documentation, making in vivo diagnosis of
      adult NCL often difficult and sometimes equivocal. Adult NCL is now frequently
      considered identical to "Kufs' disease". However, in the past, the latter term
      has comprised a heterogeneous spectrum of lipidoses the NCL-nature of which had
      not been unequivocally established. Thus, one may either speak of "Kufs'
      syndrome" or abandon this term altogether. Although patients afflicted with adult
      NCL may suffer from Kufs' disease, not all who have and had Kufs disease may have
      or have had adult NCL. The current debate on adult NCL centers around scepticism
      concerning many of the earlier reports, on incorporating diagnostic studies of
      non-CNS organs in presumptive patients and on distinguishing adult NCL from
      "atypical" patients or forms of NCL, as well as other disorders marked by non
      specific abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin.

PMID- 2663282
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of musculoskeletal neoplasms.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a valuable technique in the
      evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. Its superior soft-tissue contrast and
      its ability to image in multiple planes provide significant advantages over other
      imaging techniques, including computed tomography. MRI has been particularly
      useful in the detection and staging of musculoskeletal neoplasms. Currently, it
      is the technique of choice for the evaluation of soft-tissue masses and many
      skeletal neoplasms. MRI is also useful in the evaluation of metastasis. The role
      of MRI in differentiating recurrent neoplasms from postoperative and radiation
      changes continues to evolve; spectroscopy may add considerable specificity in
      this setting.

PMID- 2663283
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system in children.
AB  - Pediatric applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) differ from those in
      adults primarily with respect to the focus on congenital and developmental
      abnormalities and those pathologic conditions that are unique to children.
      Sedation is often required for younger children to avoid motion. Quality
      diagnostic images also require the use of appropriate sizes of surface and planar
      coils. MRI is an excellent method to evaluate bone marrow involvement and soft
      tissue extension of osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. In children, it is
      important to be aware of the changes in normal bone marrow signal that occur with
      maturation and with the normal progression of the replacement of red marrow by
      yellow marrow. Aplastic and hypercellular anemias have differing MRI features.
      The high-contrast resolution of the soft tissues, including the spinal cord, and
      the capability for direct imaging in any plane make MRI an excellent modality for
      the evaluation of the spine, including congenital malformations.

PMID- 2663284
TI  - Grisel's syndrome. Cervical spine clinical, pathologic, and neurologic
      manifestations.
AB  - Grisel's syndrome involves the subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint from
      inflammatory ligamentous laxity following an infectious process. Even though it
      was first described in 1830, it is a rare disease usually affecting children, but
      infrequent adult cases do occur. Patients generally seek treatment for
      progressive unrelenting throat and neck pain followed by torticollis and
      subluxation. Neurologic complications occur in approximately 15% of cases and can
      range from radiculopathy to myelopathy and even death. Principles of management
      include bacteriologic cure and correction of bony deformity and neurologic
      protection. The authors present two adult patients with Grisel's syndrome. The
      first illustrates the permanent spinal deformity that can occur if the disease
      remains unrecognized for a prolonged period of time. The second case demonstrates
      a delayed neurologic complication in an adult who had Grisel's syndrome in
      childhood. It is hoped that these two examples, together with a detailed
      discussion of the literature, will inform physicians of an unusual but important
      condition to be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient
      complaining of neck pain.

PMID- 2663285
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system. An overview.
AB  - Several of the features of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are advantageous for
      diagnostic examination of the musculoskeletal system. For example, the excellent
      depiction of bone marrow makes it a very sensitive method for identifying trauma,
      tumor, ischemia and infection of the marrow space. In addition, the high-contrast
      discrimination of soft tissues and the ability to make thin-section images in any
      plane allows for the depiction of abnormalities involving the muscles, ligaments,
      tendons, and neurovascular structures. The major disadvantages are the
      nonspecificity of many of the findings, the high cost of examinations, and the
      limited number of available MRI units. MRI is most appropriately utilized when it
      can be expected to provide diagnostic information not available from less
      expensive noninvasive diagnostic methods and when the results of the examination
      may significantly affect patient management. To get the most out of the
      examination, it should be performed and interpreted with knowledge of clinical
      findings and results of other imaging tests, especially plain roentgenograms. To
      date, MRI has proved to be most useful for the evaluation of the spine, shoulder,
      hip, and knee.

PMID- 2663286
TI  - Hemophilia presenting as compartment syndrome in the arm following venipuncture.
      A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A three-month-old male infant with undiagnosed hemophilia presented with fever
      and irritability. During the diagnostic evaluation a venipuncture in the right
      antecubital fossa led to hemorrhage and a compartment syndrome in the brachium.
      Differential diagnosis included osteomyelitis and septic arthritis but a
      99technetium bone scan revealed only delayed washout of radioactive material from
      the right brachium without increased uptake. Despite elevated pressures in the
      muscle compartments of the right arm, surgical decompression was delayed until a
      complete blood coagulation profile was obtained. After replacement of deficient
      blood products, the compartment syndrome resolved without surgical decompression.
      Defective coagulation leading to hemorrhage into the muscle compartments of the
      arm resulted in a significant elevation of compartmental pressure. The unusual
      clinical presentation of the patient, as well as a lack of a positive family
      history, delayed the diagnosis of hemophilia and the subsequent replacement
      therapy.

PMID- 2663287
TI  - Bipolar hip arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Bipolar hip arthroplasty with bone grafting was performed on 25 joints with
      rheumatoid arthritis from 1981 to 1985. The results and roentgenographical
      progress of the grafted bone were followed for a minimum of two years, the
      longest follow-up examination occurring six years after the operation. The
      clinical score was assessed by the hip rating score of the Japanese Orthopaedic
      Association, which assigns a maximum of 100 points. The preoperative clinical
      score ranged from 22 to 59 points (mean, 42.6). The postoperative score improved
      to a range of 65-92 points (mean, 72.8). Of 24 hips examined, 21 (87.5%) were
      painless. As measured serially from the roentgenograms made immediately after the
      operation, the overall distance of central migration in 24 hips was 0-8.5 mm
      (average, 2.7 mm). The overall distance of superior migration in 24 hips was 0-10
      mm (average, 3.7 mm). A single massive bone graft using extracted femoral head
      was considered to be better than bone fragments as the procedure for acetabular
      reconstruction during bipolar hip arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2663288
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is gaining acceptance as the diagnostic imaging
      procedure of choice for the disorders of the knee. MRI can reliably display tears
      of the menisci and ligaments. It also has an unmatched capability of detecting
      and assessing a wide spectrum of knee disorders that may be present as
      nonspecific knee pain: osteonecrosis, osteochondritis dissecans, stress fracture,
      bone and soft-tissue tumors, and vascular abnormalities. Practicing orthopedists
      should become better acquainted with this powerful diagnostic tool that can be an
      invaluable asset to their clinical practices.

PMID- 2663289
TI  - Image formation by induced local interactions. Examples employing nuclear
      magnetic resonance. 1973.

PMID- 2663290
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is proving to be an effective means for
      evaluating the shoulder. The use of a surface coil and high resolution scanning
      techniques have allowed detailed analysis of the normal anatomy of the shoulder.
      When evaluating for shoulder pathology, the choice of imaging plane and pulse
      sequencing will be determined by the suspected pathology. In patients with
      impingement syndrome, subacromial bursitis, supraspinatus tendinitis, and
      supraspinatus tendon tear can be differentiated, and the offending component of
      the subacromial are traumatizing these soft tissues can be identified. MRI is
      also useful in determining the extent of retraction of the supraspinatus
      musculotendinous junction and the amount of muscle atrophy in cases of massive,
      chronic tears. Labral tear or attenuation due to glenohumeral instability can be
      imaged without the injection of contrast material, and MRI can identify those
      patients with multidirectional instability. Because of the ability to directly
      depict bone marrow, MRI is the imaging method of choice for the evaluation of
      early ischemic necrosis of the humeral head.

PMID- 2663291
TI  - Physical principles of magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - When a nucleus contains either unpaired protons, neutrons, or both, it has
      angular momentum. This property provides the basis for magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI). Because of its abundance in the human body, hydrogen is used for clinical
      MRI. Within the MR magnet, the atoms are aligned with the magnetic field. The MR
      signal is generated by subjecting the atoms to radiofrequency (RF) pulsations,
      and the pulse sequences selected will determine the appearance of the image. The
      repitition time (TR) is the time between the RF pulses, and the echo time (TE) is
      the time between the RF pulse and the recording of the signal. T1-weighted images
      (short TR/short TE) provide the best anatomic detail, but T2-weighted images
      (long TR/long TE) are often needed to demonstrate pathology. Many unfamiliar
      artifacts may be encountered on MR images. These can be due to several factors,
      including inhomogeneities in the magnetic field (for example, those resulting
      from metallic orthopedic applicances or prior surgery), extraneous RF
      interference, and motion. Surface coils are commonly used in musculoskeletal MR
      imaging to improve the quality of the examination by increasing the signal-to
      noise ratio over the area of interest.

PMID- 2663292
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine.
AB  - The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the evaluation of the spine is
      expanding rapidly. In addition to being noninvasive, MRI offers high soft-tissue
      contrast and multiplanar imaging capability. MRI examinations of the spine
      usually include a T1-weighted spin-echo and a T2-weighted spin-echo and/or a
      gradient-echo sequence. As in other parts of the body, the use of surface coils
      results in higher-quality examinations. Various methods are employed to reduce
      the motion artifacts that are particularly troublesome in spine imaging.
      Paramagnetic contrast agents are used to enhance soft-tissue lesions. The
      contrast sensitivity of MRI provides a unique means to assess the intervertebral
      disc, and MRI is rapidly becoming the method of choice for evaluation of disc
      disease. It is also very sensitive and accurate in the detection of osteomyelitis
      of the spine. MRI has improved the evaluation of failed back surgery syndrome,
      and the administration of gadolinium-diethylene trimene pentacidic acid helps to
      differentiate postsurgical scar from recurrent disc herniation. MRI is an
      unparalleled tool for the detection and evaluation of intramedullary lesions
      including syringomyelia, gliomas, hematomas, and lesions associated with
      dysraphism. It is also useful in many extramedullary intradural processes. In
      summary, MRI is the best first examination for spinal disease.

PMID- 2663293
TI  - [Two cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with high neuron-specific enolase level
      in cerebrospinal fluid].
AB  - Because neuron-specific enolase (NSE), one of the distal branch enzyme of Embden
      Myerhof glycolytic pathway is abundant in the neuronal cytoplasm and axons, the
      measurement of its level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) would be useful in
      diagnosis and consideration of pathophysiology in various neurological diseases.
      The Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in which neuronal destruction is usually
      prominent pathologically, has so far been thought to reveal no abnormalities in
      CSF. In the two cases of CJD, we conducted the time sequential measurement of NSE
      level in CSF and compared it with serum NSE and CSF lactate levels. We found that
      the CSF NSE level was high in the early stage of this disease, at which time the
      brain CT showed no or minimal abnormalities, followed by gradual increase up to
      the maximum level when myoclonus and periodic synchronous discharge appeared in
      electroencephalogram. Then, the CSF NSE level decreased in parallel with the
      progression of brain atrophy in CT scan and finally on the late stage, the CSF
      NSE level fell within normal range. Serum NSE and CSF lactate levels were mildly
      elevated in all stages of this disease, but were not parallel to the disease
      activity. This implies that the CSF NSE level can serve as a marker for the
      presence of active process in neuronal destruction. Again the CSF NSE level was
      elevated in both cases even from the very early stage when the typical clinical
      manifestations of this disease were absent. Therefore, the results of this study
      provided us with an important indicator for the early stage diagnosis of CJD.

PMID- 2663294
TI  - [An immunocytochemical study of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin in the senescent
      cerebral amyloid].
AB  - An immunocytochemical study of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (alpha 1ACT) was
      performed in order to demonstrate its localization and the relationship between
      alpha 1ACT and senescent cerebral amyloid. We examined 5 brains with dementia of
      the Alzheimer type (SDAT), a peripheral nerves of familial amyloidotic
      polyneuropathy (variant transthyretin type, FAP) and dorsal root ganglions of a
      primary amyloidosis with peripheral neuropathy (AL type, PA). Avidin-biotin
      peroxidase complex method and double immunoenzymatic staining method (peroxidase
      antiperoxidase method combined with avidin-biotin-alkaline phosphatase complex
      method) were used. Anti-beta protein serum was used as the marker of cerebral
      amyloid. About 98% of senile plaques had alpha 1ACT like-immunoreactivity (alpha
      1ACTI). All types of plaques showed the immunoreactivity: Core and peripheral of
      typical plaques, primitive plaques, core plaques and amorphous cerebral amyloid
      deposits. Although, a part of a senile plaque showed beta protein like
      immunoreactivity alone and the other part had alpha 1ACT, many remainder part of
      a senile plaque had both immunoreactivity. Of the other pathological changes of
      SDAT, eosinophilic tangles and cerebrovascular amyloid were positive, in
      contrast, intracellular tangles, granulovacuolar degeneration and Hirano body
      were negative. The amyloid from FAP had weak alpha 1ACTI and diffusely stained.
      alpha 1ACTI was seen in the peripheral margin of the amyloid from PA. These
      results indicate that alpha 1ACT is closely associated with senile plaques
      formation.

PMID- 2663295
TI  - [Ultrasound imaging of muscles in Duchenne muscular dystrophy].
AB  - The ultrasound imaging of quadriceps, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles was
      performed in 30 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 16 control
      subjects. In controls, the skeletal muscle itself was scarcely echogenic.
      However, bone surface and fascia were clearly echogenic. The transverse scan of
      muscle in all DMD patients showed an increased echogenicity, which made the echo
      from bone or fascia less intense. The abnormal muscle echo was graded according
      to Heckmatt et al. From the quantitative aspect, there was a significant
      correlation between disability scale of DMD patients and abnormal echogenicity of
      the quadriceps muscle. A similar correlation was also observed between results of
      manual muscle testing the ultrasound imaging. The soleus muscle was usually less
      abnormal than the gastrocnemius in the ultrasound imaging. Thus, the ultrasound
      imaging seemed to provide an important information for the clinical assessment of
      DMD patients.

PMID- 2663296
TI  - [Each one case of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease with vestibular and cerebellar
      ataxia, and multiple cranial nerve palsies].
AB  - Two cases of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease with rare neurological complications
      were reported, which are one case with vestibular and cerebellar ataxia, and one
      with multiple cranial nerve palsies. The first case, a 32-year-old man, was
      admitted to our ophthalmologic department because of visual impairment. Two weeks
      later, he complained of gait disturbance. Limb and truncal ataxia, vestibular
      dysfunction and perceptive deafness were observed. Ophthalmologic examination
      revealed typical findings of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. CSF showed elevated
      protein and mononuclear pleocytosis. After treatment with oral steroid therapy,
      vestibular and cerebellar ataxia, and visual impairment improved. The second
      case, a 22-years-old man, showed the VIIth, VIIIth, IXth, and Xth cranial nerve
      palsies with visual impairment, and he was diagnosed to have cranial nerve
      palsies associated with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. After steroid therapy,
      there was a marked clinical improvement. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease is an
      autoimmune disease against the melanocytes and involving tissues containing
      melanocytes such as uvea, meningea, skin and inner ear, etc.. Neurological
      complications except for meningitis and perceptive deafness have been rarely
      reported in Japan. Related to the present cases, possible pathogenesis was
      discussed.

PMID- 2663297
TI  - Diagnosis of allograft renal vein thrombosis.
AB  - Allograft renal vein thrombosis has been reported in 1 to 4% of the renal
      transplants. Salvage of the graft is possible only if there is prompt recognition
      and operative intervention. We present the case of a living-related renal
      transplant that was salvaged because of early diagnosis of allograft renal vein
      thrombosis by correlation of the radioisotopic angiogram, renogram and duplex
      doppler sonography.

PMID- 2663298
TI  - Pheochromocytoma in the organ of Zukerkandl: I-131 MIBG scintigraphic
      localization.
AB  - Scintigraphic localization of an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma in a 27 year-old
      female with clinical and biochemical evidence of the disease is presented. While
      both ultrasonography and computed tomography were negative, I-131 MIBG
      scintigraphy successfully localized the extra-adrenal lesion in the organ of
      Zukerkandl.

PMID- 2663299
TI  - Unusual cause of entire lung ventilation-perfusion mismatch.

PMID- 2663300
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of the macrolide antibiotics. Effects of age
      and various pathophysiological states (Part II).

PMID- 2663302
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of zidovudine. An overview of current data.

PMID- 2663303
TI  - Systems dynamics in clinical pharmacokinetics. An introduction.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics is in essence the study of the input/output relationships of the
      (human) body, which is considered as a system characterised by a density function
      of residence times. The input is the dosage rate, and the output is the
      concentration in the blood. The body transport function is first derived in a
      model-independent fashion, assuming linear kinetics. It is subsequently defined
      on the basis of a positive feedback loop of transport through the pulmonary and
      systemic circulation. Thus, the residence times distribution is based on transit
      times distributions and recirculation. The relevant dynamic systems parameters
      are cardiac output, extraction ratio, clearance, volume of distribution, mean
      transit time and mean residence time. In the case of drug absorption, mean
      absorption time and bioavailability are also important. In this review, the
      systems approach in pharmacokinetics is illustrated by clinical and computational
      experiments.

PMID- 2663304
TI  - Myelomeningocele: current concepts of management.
AB  - Care of an infant with myelomeningocele may begin with prenatal diagnosis, which
      allows for optimal perinatal care. In the newborn period, the decision for
      surgical treatment of myelomeningocele must be made promptly, but only after
      rational discussion with, and consent by, the affected child's family. Advances
      in newborn care and in surgical techniques, and an improved ability to both
      detect and treat hydrocephalus and CSF infections, have resulted in better
      outcomes for these children. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of
      myelomeningocele suggest that prevention of most of these congenital
      malformations may be possible through periconceptual vitamin supplementation.

PMID- 2663305
TI  - Removing organs from anencephalic infants: ethical and legal considerations.
AB  - Removing organs from anencephalic infants for transplantation into other infants
      offers benefits to the recipients, the family of the anencephalic infant, and to
      society. No interest of the anencephalic infant appears to be violated.
      Nonetheless, there are serious ethical and legal barriers to such proposals,
      primarily owing to risks for other patients whose interests might be at risk if
      barriers against killing were weakened. Five proposals for avoiding these
      pitfalls are analyzed. There should be consensus on the justifications for such
      transplants before the practice becomes accepted.

PMID- 2663301
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of epidural and spinal anaesthesia.
AB  - Epidural and spinal anaesthesia results from the interaction of local
      anaesthetics with nerve structures, primarily those located within the
      subarachnoid space. Local anaesthetics can reach the sites of action along
      various distribution pathways. Uptake into extraneural tissues (in particular
      epidural fat) and systemic absorption compete with neural tissue distribution and
      thereby affect the clinical potency and duration of action. Consequently,
      epidural doses must be much higher than spinal doses. The systemic absorption of
      lignocaine (lidocaine), bupivacaine and etidocaine following lumbar epidural
      administration has been shown to be biphasic, with a rapid initial absorption
      phase followed by a much slower absorption phase. Initial absorption rates of
      lignocaine and bupivacaine following subarachnoid injection are much slower, but
      the late absorption rates are similar to those after epidural administration. The
      tissue distribution characteristics of various amide-type agents are similar,
      because more extensive plasma binding offsets the greater tissue affinity of the
      more lipophilic compounds bupivacaine and etidocaine. The amide-type agents are
      predominantly eliminated by hepatic metabolism, except prilocaine, which is also
      metabolised elsewhere in the body. Ester-type agents are rapidly hydrolysed in
      blood and liver and are eliminated much faster than amide-type agents. The blood
      concentrations attained depend primarily upon the dose administered. The addition
      of adrenaline (epinephrine) reduces the peak plasma drug concentrations;
      similarly, the age of the patient, disease states and drug interactions may alter
      the pharmacokinetics to various extents. Because of the low dose requirements,
      systemic toxicity is not a problem during spinal anaesthesia. During epidural
      anaesthesia, however, the safety margin is relatively small, and systemic
      toxicity is very likely to occur after inadvertent intravascular injection of an
      epidural dose.

PMID- 2663306
TI  - Deleterious effects of drugs on the developing nervous system.
AB  - In the past two decades, several categories of drugs have emerged as serious
      neuroteratogens. These include vitamin A congeners, isotretinoin and etretinate,
      certain antiepileptic drugs, especially trimethadione, and valproic acid. Other
      antiepileptic drugs have low teratogenic potential and variably affect the
      developing CNS. When multiple antiepileptics are administered during pregnancy,
      however, the risk to the fetus increases considerably.

PMID- 2663307
TI  - Intraventricular hemorrhage and brain injury in the premature infant.
      Neuropathology and pathogenesis.
AB  - Intraventricular hemorrhage of the premature infant originates in the
      subependymal germinal matrix. Important neuropathological complications of the
      hemorrhage are post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus and periventricular hemorrhagic
      infarction. The latter infarction and the ischemic lesion, periventricular
      leukomalacia, are the most important forms of brain injury in the premature
      infant. Pathogenesis of intraventricular hemorrhage relates to intravascular,
      vascular, and extravascular factors.

PMID- 2663308
TI  - Intraventricular hemorrhage and brain injury in the premature infant. Diagnosis,
      prognosis, and prevention.
AB  - Diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage are reviewed.
      Diagnosis is accomplished best by real-time cranial ultrasonography. Prognosis
      depends primarily on the severity of any periventricular parenchymal injury that
      accompanies the intraventricular hemorrhage. Prevention of the hemorrhage is
      based on both prenatal and postnatal interventions. These can be formulated best
      when considered in the context of the pathogenesis, as outlined in the previous
      article.

PMID- 2663309
TI  - Assessment of the fetus: relevance to brain injury.
AB  - This article reviews recent advances in the antepartum and intrapartum assessment
      of the fetus and their relationship to brain injury in the newborn. The
      antepartum assessment involves observation of fetal body and eye movements, the
      nonstress and contraction stress tests, measurement of amniotic fluid volume, the
      fetal biophysical score and measurement of fetoplacental blood physiology. There
      is evidence to suggest that seizures may either be epileptic in origin or
      initiated and mediated by nonepileptic mechanisms. Therapeutic decisions may be
      based on bedside assessment of the pathophysiology of observed seizures. Although
      EEG/video monitoring plays a role in the management of neonatal seizures,
      clinical evaluation of the seizures may provide initial data critical to
      decisions concerning immediate management.

PMID- 2663310
TI  - Perinatal asphyxia: clinical aspects.
AB  - This article reviews the significance of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and the
      associated patterns of cerebral injury in the context of the most probable timing
      of the insult and prognosis. The evolution of the clinical features of
      significant hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and the diagnostic value of imaging
      and electrophysiologic and metabolic studies are discussed. Current approaches to
      management are outlined.

PMID- 2663311
TI  - Systemic abnormalities in term infants following perinatal asphyxia: relevance to
      long-term neurologic outcome.
AB  - This article reviews renal, neurologic, cardiac, and pulmonary abnormalities in
      the term infant following perinatal asphyxia. The relationship of oliguria to
      central nervous system abnormalities is discussed, as well as the relationship of
      current measures of fetal hypoxia and long-term neurologic outcome.

PMID- 2663312
TI  - Consensus and controversy in the clinical management of neonatal seizures.
AB  - Neonatal seizures may be characterized and classified according to their clinical
      features and presumed pathophysiology. There is evidence to suggest that seizures
      may either be epileptic in origin or initiated and mediated by nonepileptic
      mechanisms. Therapeutic decisions may be based on bedside assessment of the
      pathophysiology of observed seizures. Although EEG/video monitoring plays a role
      in the management of neonatal seizures, clinical evaluation of the seizures may
      provide initial data critical to decisions concerning immediate management.

PMID- 2663313
TI  - Brain death in the newborn.
AB  - It is likely that extension of the current Task Force guidelines for the
      determination of brain death can include the preterm infant greater than 32
      weeks' gestation and the term infant. Brain death in this age group can be
      ascertained solely on a clinical basis; an observation period of at least three
      days in the preterm infant and two days in the term infant are necessary.
      Neurodiagnostic testing demonstrating ECS, coupled with absence of radionuclide
      uptake by dynamic brain scanning, could potentially shorten these periods of
      observation to 24 hours.

PMID- 2663314
TI  - Neuromuscular disorders in the newborn.
AB  - This article outlines the approach to clinical evaluation of the hypotonic
      newborn with suspected neuromuscular disease. Specific conditions that affect
      primarily the anterior horn cell, peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, and
      skeletal muscle are reviewed in the context of current understanding of the
      development of the motor system. Thus, it may be speculated that the distinction
      between myopathies and neuronal disorders is somewhat artificial. The difficult
      ethical decision regarding long-term mechanical ventilation for severe neonatal
      neuromuscular disease is discussed briefly.

PMID- 2663315
TI  - Pain in the newborn.
AB  - This article reviews historic assumptions about newborns that have influenced the
      clinical management of pain in the newborn. These are discussed in light of more
      recent evidence that newborns not only experience pain but that their responses
      to pain may compromise their medical status and development. Currently available
      techniques for assessing newborn pain are considered with special emphasis on an
      objective clinical index of newborn pain.

PMID- 2663316
TI  - Assessment of infant mental development: toward a broader perspective.
AB  - The limitations on predictions of intelligence provided by single-point neonatal
      and infant assessments continue to hamper efforts to certify the clinical outcome
      of children at risk. Although new methods of clinical assessment show promise of
      offsetting these limitations, each method alone has not markedly improved
      predictions. From a developmental perspective, a strategy for assessment should
      include a broad range of measures combined empirically to form a developmental
      risk registry. The strategy takes into account evolving changes, as well as
      levels of competencies of the infant, and considers these within the evolving
      environmental context of the family.

PMID- 2663317
TI  - Nadolol antihypertensive effect and disposition in young and elderly adults with
      mild to moderate essential hypertension.
AB  - Nadolol was effective and well tolerated as once-daily monotherapy for mild to
      moderate essential supine diastolic hypertension (SDBP) in 10 young (mean age, 39
      years) and 12 elderly (mean age, 68 years) patients in a single-blind, placebo
      baseline, escalating-dose study. Doses required to reduce SDBP to 90 mm Hg were
      not different in young (1.08 +/- 0.21 mg/kg/day) and elderly (0.82 +/- 0.14
      mg/kg/day) patients (mean +/- SE). Trough plasma nadolol concentrations at steady
      state were similar and were linearly related to dose in both groups. More
      unchanged nadolol was recovered in 24-hour urine samples from young subjects
      (15.6% +/- 1.9%) than from elderly ones (10.7% +/- 1.1%) (p = 0.028). With
      increasing nadolol doses, plasma norepinephrine concentration increased and
      isoproterenol sensitivity decreased in both young and elderly subjects, and
      creatinine clearance and plasma active renin levels were unchanged; plasma
      inactive renin levels increased in the young, and aldosterone concentration
      declined in the elderly with the lowest nadolol dose.

PMID- 2663318
TI  - Ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and placebo treatment of febrile children.
AB  - A double-blind, parallel-group, triple-dummy-designed, single-oral-dose study
      compared the efficacy, tolerability, safety, and dose-response of 5 mg/kg (n =
      32) and 10 mg/kg (n = 28) ibuprofen suspension, 10 mg/kg acetaminophen elixir (n
      = 33), and placebo liquids (n = 34) in 127 children (2 to 11 years of age) with
      fever (101 degrees to 104 degrees F). Blood samples, oral temperatures, pulse,
      blood pressure, and respiration were obtained before and 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
      and 8 hours after the dose was administered. The study was terminated early if
      oral temperature was greater than 104 degrees F or if it increased 1 degree F
      above baseline. All agents were well tolerated and more effective than placebo (p
      less than 0.05) for fever control. Ibuprofen, 10 mg/kg, was favored over 10 mg/kg
      acetaminophen (p less than 0.05). For temperatures greater than 102.5 degrees F,
      a dose-response relationship for 5 and 10 mg/kg ibuprofen was demonstrated in
      terms of percentage of fever reduction and in terms of the initial 2-hour rate of
      decrease in temperature. Antipyretic efficacy for temperatures greater than 102.5
      degrees F was 10 mg/kg ibuprofen greater than 5 mg/kg greater than 10 mg/kg
      acetaminophen greater than placebo. All treatments were well tolerated. No
      significant clinical or laboratory abnormalities were noted. Ibuprofen suspension
      may be a safe and effective antipyretic in children.

PMID- 2663319
TI  - Calcium blocker lacidipine and carotid arteriolar vasodilation in healthy
      volunteers.
AB  - Systemic and carotid hemodynamics were studied in 10 healthy male volunteers
      before and after short-term administration of a 4 mg dose of the calcium entry
      blocker lacidipine in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study.
      Hemodynamic parameters of the right common carotid artery were measured before
      and at 1 1/2 and 3 hours after dose administration by means of pulsed Doppler
      flowmetry. In addition, systemic hemodynamic parameters were calculated from
      cardiac impedance measurements at the same time. In comparison with placebo,
      lacidipine produced a significant decrease in blood pressure, together with
      systemic and carotid arteriolar dilatation. Heart rate increased sharply, whereas
      carotid arterial diameter and tangential tension did not change. The study
      provided evidence that the calcium entry-blocker lacidipine produces systemic and
      carotid arteriolar vasodilation and that the heart rate baroreflex response after
      administration of calcium inhibitor is not associated with a significant
      modification of the geometry of carotid arterial wall.

PMID- 2663320
TI  - Diazoxide-induced long-term hyperglycemia. II. Slackening of proinsulin
      conversion.
AB  - The rate of glucose-stimulated insulin release was found to be increased but that
      of proinsulin conversion decreased in islets removed from diazoxide-treated rats.
      This coincided with an elevated islet proinsulin/insulin ratio. The defect in
      proinsulin conversion was not corrected by preincubating the islets, at high
      glucose concentration, in the presence of either urokinase or rat serum.
      Likewise, the administration of kallikrein inhibitor in vivo did not affect the
      rate of proinsulin conversion as measured in vitro. Since these results fail to
      document a role for exocytosis-coupled endocytotic uptake of circulating factors
      in the efficiency of proinsulin conversion, it is speculated that the slackening
      of the latter process in islets removed from diazoxide-treated rats could be
      somehow linked to sustained inhibition of insulin release.

PMID- 2663321
TI  - Effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibition on glucose profiles in insulin dependent
      diabetes.
AB  - A single-blind comparison of the effectiveness of miglitol (BAY-m-1099) and
      placebo in controlling postprandial hyperglycaemia was performed in 13 insulin
      dependent diabetics. Each subject received placebo and miglitol for four weeks,
      with an intervening two week placebo (washout) period, and underwent a 9.5 hr
      glycaemic profile after each four week treatment period. The area under the
      glucose curve was significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced by miglitol although
      no reduction in fasting blood glucose, HbA1, plasma lipids, insulin dosage or
      weight was observed. Side effects were not appreciably more common when patients
      received miglitol than when receiving placebo.

PMID- 2663322
TI  - Determination of islet cell antibodies using an ELISA system with a preparation
      of rat insulinoma (RIN A2) cells.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established for the detection of
      islet cell antibodies in human sera. The antigen was prepared from rat insulinoma
      (RIN A2) cells. Cells were dissociated in lysis buffer and the lysate was
      centrifuged at 100,000 x g. The supernatant was used to coat microtiter ELISA
      plates (10 micrograms protein/ml in PBS pH 7.2). Non-specific binding sites on
      the plates were blocked with 2% PBS-BSA. Human test sera were preabsorbed on
      separate plates using 2% PBS-BSA and incubated on precoated plates at an optimal
      dilution of 1/10 in 60 mM PBS for 60 min at 37 degrees C. Phosphatase-labeled
      anti-human IgG serum and phosphatase substrate were applied and the reaction was
      stopped by adding 3 M NaOH. Out of 90 sera from type I diabetic patients, 47
      (52.2%) reacted in the new ELISA whereas none of 15 type II diabetics, 50 sera
      containing non-islet specific antibodies or 100 normal controls were positive. In
      the same group of patients, ICA were positive in 63.3%. When both, the ELISA and
      conventional ICA testing were applied, the number of positives was increased to
      83%. The ICA-ELISA with the above described antigen preparation provides a well
      standardized and reproducible test method which is highly specific for type I
      diabetes. It may therefore be useful for large screening procedures.

PMID- 2663323
TI  - Treatment of Paget's disease of bone with (4-chloro-phenyl) thiomethylene
      bisphosphonate.
AB  - Introduction of antiosteoclastic drugs, calcitonin and etidronate, has profoundly
      changed the treatment of active Paget's disease of bone. Nevertheless, the use of
      these drugs is limited in some patients by the occurrence of side-effects or by a
      resistance to therapy. We report the results of an open, nonrandomized study with
      a new bisphosphonate, (chloro-4 phenyl) thiomethylene bisphosphonate (Cl-TMBP),
      given orally to 35 patients with active Paget's disease of bone. At two different
      dosages this new bisphosphonate induced a significant decrease in disease
      activity. Patients receiving a mean dosage of 5 mg/kg/d (n = 14) showed a
      significant reduction of serum alkaline phosphatase levels to 43% of
      pretherapeutic values (from 499 +/- 91 to 214 +/- 41 IU/l) while
      hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio decreased to 43% of baseline (from 93 +/- 21 to
      40 +/- 11). A second group of patients (n = 21) receiving a mean dosage of 11
      mg/kg/d exhibited a similar response: serum alkaline phosphatase activity was
      reduced to 42% of initial values (from 1384 +/- 209 to 584 +/- 111 IU/l) while
      hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio fell to 48% of baseline (from 144 +/- 27 to 69 +/
      15). This was accompanied by a reduction in radionuclide uptake in pagetic
      areas. A prolonged beneficial effect was observed in most patients. In patients
      receiving the highest dosage significant reduction in serum calcium and rise in
      parathyroid hormone were observed. Otherwise no clinical or biological side
      effect occurred throughout the study.

PMID- 2663324
TI  - Electrophysiology of taste and smell.

PMID- 2663325
TI  - Use of retinoids in the treatment of psoriasis.
AB  - The limitations of conventional therapy for psoriasis are reviewed, and the
      pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, dosing and
      therapeutic monitoring of etretinate and other retinoids are described.
      Traditional treatments for psoriasis include topical application of anthralin and
      coal tar ointments; systemic therapy with corticosteroids or methotrexate; and
      systemic or methotrexate; and systemic psoralens combined with exposure to
      ultraviolet light (PUVA). The topical therapies are beneficial but aesthetically
      displeasing to patients; the systemic treatments are associated with severe
      adverse reactions. Etretinate provides another option in the treatment of
      psoriasis. Etretinate and acitretin, an investigational retinoid, appear to be
      effective oral therapies for severe variants of psoriasis, especially pustular
      psoriasis. Retinoids generally do not offer substantial therapeutic advantages
      over other treatments for chronic-plaque psoriasis. The most common adverse
      effects of etretinate are cheilitis, alopecia, desquamation of the skin, drying
      of mucous membranes, and pruritus. Use of low-dose etretinae in combination with
      other forms of therapy, such as corticosteroids or PUVA, may minimize the
      frequency of adverse effects. Etretinate is a known teratogen. Its elimination
      half-life is prolonged to 100-120 days with long-term use. Acitretin, the
      carboxylic acid derivative of etretinate, has a much shorter elimination half
      life than etretinate (50 hours after multiple doses). Its adverse-effect profile
      is similar to that of etretinate. Etretinate and acitretin appear to be
      clinically effective for therapy of severe variants of psoriasis. Etretinate
      should not be used to treat mild psoriasis because of the high incidence of
      serious adverse effects.

PMID- 2663326
TI  - Does antihypertensive therapy influence quality of life?

PMID- 2663327
TI  - Transdermal versus oral estrogen for postmenopausal replacement therapy.

PMID- 2663328
TI  - Drug research in humans: the ethics of nonrandomized access.

PMID- 2663329
TI  - Medical complications of illicit cocaine use.
AB  - The chemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of cocaine are described, and
      the medical complications of illicit cocaine use are reviewed. Cocaine is readily
      absorbed from mucous membranes, the gastrointestinal tract, and the vascular beds
      of the lungs. Thus there are a number of routes for illicit cocaine
      administration, with the most popular one being intranasal. The most prevalent
      problems associated with the use of cocaine appear to be route and dose
      independent and are cardiovascular in nature; they include myocardial infarction
      and ischemia, sudden death, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension. Seizures,
      cerebrovascular accidents, hepatotoxicity, rhabdomyolysis, pulmonary
      complications, and obstetrical complications have also been reported.
      Gastrointestinal complications and acute toxicity may occur in cocaine smugglers
      who ingest cocaine-filled packets. Route-dependent complications of cocaine use
      are also of concern. The mechanism underlying the medical complications has not
      been fully elucidated but appears to be an extension of the drug's
      pharmacological properties. The treatment of cocaine-related toxicities is
      supportive and is based on the organ system affected. Drugs such as propranolol,
      labetalol, and nitrendipine have been advocated for treating the cardiovascular
      complications, and measures such as maintaining arterial blood pH, monitoring
      core body temperature, and diazepam therapy have been used to manage seizures. As
      the number of case reports of cocaine toxicity increases and the underlying
      mechanism is conclusively defined, management of the medical complications will
      improve.

PMID- 2663330
TI  - Treatment of prostate cancer.
AB  - The epidemiology, histopathology, diagnosis and staging, and treatment of
      prostate cancer are reviewed. Prostate cancer, one of the most common
      malignancies occurring in men over age 50, will strike an estimated 103,000 men
      in the United States in 1989. More than 95% of prostatic tumors are
      adenocarcinomas. Tumors are graded on the basis of their degree of
      differentiation. Most afflicted men initially complain of difficulty in starting
      the urinary stream and of urinary bleeding, dribbling, and retention. Urinary
      obstruction may be present in advanced disease, and anemia, anorexia, and bone
      pain are common in metastatic disease. Prostatectomy and irradiation are used to
      treat disease localized to the prostate; the prognosis for such patients is good.
      Survival is diminished in cases of locally advanced and metastatic disease.
      Symptomatic metastatic disease is treated by hormonal manipulation through
      orchiectomy and administration of exogenous estrogens (diethylstilbestrol),
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs (leuprolide and goserelin), and
      antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate, flutamide, and others). Some 70-80% of
      patients respond to hormonal therapy for periods of up to three years. After
      relapse occurs, salvage hormonal therapies (aminoglutethimide and ketoconazole)
      may be attempted to prolong survival. Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, mitomycin,
      cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and estramustine have also been
      administered, with mixed results. Once relapse occurs in prostate cancer patients
      after initial hormonal therapy, the response to salvage hormonal or cytotoxic
      therapy is minimal; in the future, total androgen blockade and methods of
      decreasing drug resistance may be used to prolong survival.

PMID- 2663331
TI  - Management of acute iron overdose.
AB  - Treatment of severe iron overdose in two children is described, and the
      pathophysiology of iron toxicity and management of acute iron poisonings are
      reviewed. An 11-month-old boy was comatose and in shock several hours after
      ingesting approximately 50 ferrous sulfate tablets (elemental iron 390 mg/kg). He
      had hyperglycemia and leukocytosis. Lavage was performed with a solution
      containing deferoxamine and sodium bicarbonate, and deferoxamine was given by
      continuous i.v. infusion for 48 hours. The initial serum iron (SI) concentration
      of 14,250 micrograms/dL decreased to 657 micrograms/dL nine hours after i.v.
      deferoxamine therapy was initiated. A roentgenogram showed tablets in the stomach
      and small bowel. Packed red blood cells were administered to treat apparent
      necrotizing gastroenteritis. SI concentration returned to normal by day three
      [corrected], and the child recovered. A 2.5-year-old boy was examined 1.25 hr
      after ingesting an estimated 55 tablets of ferrous gluconate 325 mg (elemental
      iron 130 mg/kg). Initial SI concentration was 134 micrograms/dL, and total iron
      binding capacity (TIBC) was 219 micrograms/dL. A roentgenogram indicated iron
      concretion in the stomach and iron tablets in the small bowel. He underwent
      lavage with solution containing sodium bicarbonate. An i.m. dose of deferoxamine
      was administered, followed by i.v. deferoxamine therapy. SI concentration eight
      hours after the ingestion was 290 micrograms/dL, and whole-bowel irrigation was
      begun with polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution. The irrigation and
      deferoxamine therapy were discontinued 20 hours after the ingestion, when SI
      concentration was 73 micrograms/dL, and the child recovered. Acute iron
      ingestions of more than 60 mg/kg are potentially serious. Patient 1 had severe
      iron intoxication, while aggressive treatment prevented severe toxicity in
      patient 2. Acute iron toxicity includes effects on the GI tract and the
      cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatic, and central nervous systems. Guidelines for
      assessing the severity of an overdose and selecting the most appropriate therapy
      are provided. The indications for chelation therapy with deferoxamine, gastric
      decontamination procedures including use of lavage solutions and whole-bowel
      irrigation, and adjunctive measures are described. Management of acute iron
      overdose includes supportive care, GI decontamination, and chelation therapy.

PMID- 2663332
TI  - Sulindac-induced elevation of serum cyclosporine concentration.

PMID- 2663333
TI  - On the consistency of ECG reports from two different computer-based ECG
      recorders.
AB  - Four consecutive computer-based ECG recordings/interpretations were made on each
      of 100 patients. Two of the recordings were made with the MAC II recorder
      (Marquette Electronics Inc., Milwaukee, USA) and two with the Cardisuny IC503FA
      (Fukuda M-E Kogyo Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Computer measurements of PQ interval, Q
      width in III, R-amplitude in V5 and QRS axis in the frontal plane were compared
      between recordings, as also were diagnostic statements pertaining to the presence
      of atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction. The MAC II was found to be more
      consistent than the Cardisuny as regards the measurements. There was a tendency
      that the MAC II was more specific than the Cardisuny and the Cardisuny more
      sensitive than the MAC II. The MAC II gave no false positive reports of atrial
      fibrillation and only one false positive report of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2663334
TI  - The principles and prototyping of a knowledge-based diabetes management system.
AB  - This paper describes the principles and prototyping of a computer-based system
      being developed to assist in the management of diabetes mellitus. Unlike other
      approaches based upon mathematical modelling or the use of computer algorithms,
      this system adopts one derived from artificial intelligence, seeking to
      incorporate the dynamics of glucose and insulin in a manner which reflects their
      clinical importance. The resultant logical model (qualitative algebra) defines
      the relationships between changes in insulin dose and site and time of injection
      and glycaemic response. In this manner the computer-based system, implemented in
      Prolog, can be used to provide advice concerning insulin therapy by means of
      making qualitative predictions of patient outcome of blood glucose profile
      resulting from alternative insulin regimens.

PMID- 2663335
TI  - Immunisation.

PMID- 2663336
TI  - Boswell's affective illness: a reappraisal.
AB  - James Boswell, the noted 18th-century writer, was well known to have suffered
      from bouts of melancholia, as well as episodic drunkenness, sexual excesses,
      irritability, and euphoric self-absorption. Drawing upon the writings of both
      Boswell and his biographers, the present work reconsiders Boswell's affective
      illness in modern psychiatric diagnostic terms. Boswell appears to have suffered
      from cyclothymic disorder, a highly prevalent disorder in successful 20th-century
      writers.

PMID- 2663337
TI  - Formaldehyde. AMA Council on Scientific Affairs.
AB  - In response to Resolution 195 (A-87), the medical literature on the adverse
      health effects of formaldehyde was reviewed, and the potential cancer risk to
      anatomists and other related health professionals from exposure to the chemical
      is described. Though the evidence in humans is limited and controversial, both
      the Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health
      Administration, in their consideration of available epidemiologic and
      toxicological studies, now regard formaldehyde as a possible human carcinogen and
      will regulate it accordingly.

PMID- 2663338
TI  - Reflections on medicine. Successful surgery.

PMID- 2663339
TI  - The 'normal' food intake.

PMID- 2663340
TI  - Nutrient absorption in uremic patients.

PMID- 2663341
TI  - Changes due to food processing in low-protein diets for renal patients.

PMID- 2663342
TI  - The assessment of nutritional status in chronically uremic patients.

PMID- 2663343
TI  - The effect of hydroxyethylrutoside and its combination with acetylsalicylic acid
      in patients with obliterative atherosclerosis.
AB  - The effect of 7-mono-hydroxyethylrutoside and its combination with
      acetylsalicylic acid was evaluated in a controlled clinical trial, performed in
      105 patients with obliterative atherosclerosis of the lower limbs, and using non
      invasive measurement of peripheral haemodynamic parameters--blood flow during
      reactive hyperaemia and ankle systolic blood pressure. Patients, randomized into
      three groups, received either placebo or 7-mono-hydroxyethylrutoside alone or in
      combination with acetylsalicylic acid for 12 months. The placebo group showed a
      decrease in maximum calf blood flow and a decrease in ankle systolic pressure.
      Administration of 7-mono-hydroxyethylrutoside did not lead to any significant
      changes in systolic pressure but there was a decrease in the maximum calf blood
      flow. There were no statistically significant changes in patients receiving the 7
      mono-hydroxyethylrutoside and acetylsalicylic acid combination who, by contrast,
      showed a tendency to increased values of the parameters measured.

PMID- 2663344
TI  - Hypertension and arrhythmias. A review.

PMID- 2663345
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in the posterior layers of the cornea in Schnyder's
      crystalline dystrophy.
AB  - A case of central crystalline dystrophy of Schnyder is presented in which
      ultrastructural studies were performed on the corneal specimen after penetrating
      keratoplasty. Electron microscopic changes were documented not only in the
      anterior but in the posterior stroma and in the corneal endothelium. In the
      posterior stroma and at the interface between the stroma and Descemet's membrane,
      numerous ovoid, electron-lucent spaces were present that most likely represented
      foci of lipid deposition. In addition, rare, focal areas of endothelial cell
      degeneration were observed that produced minute discontinuities in the
      endothelial cell covering of Descemet's membrane. Changes in the posterior layers
      of the cornea in Schnyder's crystalline dystrophy may contribute to the
      comparatively poorer surgical results obtained with lamellar rather than full
      thickness grafts in these cases.

PMID- 2663346
TI  - Transscleral YAG cyclocoagulation of the ciliary body for persistently high
      intraocular pressure following penetrating keratoplasty.
AB  - Nine postkeratoplasty eyes with persistent intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation
      were treated under an investigational protocol by transscleral YAG
      cyclocoagulation (TSYCC). All eyes were using the maximally tolerated
      antiglaucomatous medical therapy. Some eyes also had prior antiglaucomatous
      surgery, including cyclocryotherapy. All of these eyes were considered poor
      candidates for filtration. Laser applications were applied in a single session at
      32 to 36 equally spaced locations throughout 360 degrees, 2.5 mm posterior to the
      limbus. The energy employed was between 7 and 10 joules at each site. Total
      energy varied between 256 and 352 joules per eye. The results and complications
      associated with this procedure are described in nine eyes with a minimum follow
      up of 3 months and a median follow-up of over 6 months. Pressure control was
      achieved in all eyes. At the energy levels employed, hypotony (IOP less than 3 mm
      Hg) developed in two of the nine eyes, both of which had prior cyclocryotherapy.
      IOP was between 5 and 19 mm Hg in the remaining eyes. One of these required
      further medication (betaxolol) to obtain IOP less than 20 mm Hg, and one other
      developed a late pressure elevation due to pupillary block. Although these
      results confirm the efficacy of TSYCC, our outcomes suggest that total energy
      should be limited to less than 256 joules at the time of initial treatment in
      order to reduce the incidence of hypotony. Eyes with prior cyclodestructive
      therapy appear most likely to develop hypotony and should, accordingly, be
      treated with reduced total energy. Patent iridotomies are required in
      pseudophakic eyes, as pupillary block can develop due to fibrinous iridocyclitis.

PMID- 2663347
TI  - Reis-Bucklers' corneal dystrophy. Immunofluorescent and electron microscopic
      studies.
AB  - The anterior stroma, epithelium, and Bowman's layer have been proposed as the
      site of primary pathology in Reis-Bucklers' corneal dystrophy (RBCD).
      Immunofluorescent localization of laminin and bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPA)
      was compared with the ultrastructure of RBCD. As previously reported, patchy
      deposition of characteristic "peculiar curly" filaments was found in the supra
      Bowman's, subepithelial fibrous tissue. We also recognized areas of early
      involvement with deposition of this "peculiar curly" material between a distorted
      epithelial basal lamina and a normal undisturbed Bowman's layer. In normal
      cornea, laminin and BPA localized to the epithelial basal lamina. In RBCD,
      laminin and BPA were in a piebald mosaic distribution throughout the aberrant
      subepithelial fibrous tissue between the basal lamina and the buried Bowman's
      layer. This indicates that RBCD is an epithelial disease, with the "peculiar
      curly" material paralleling the distribution of the attachment proteins.

PMID- 2663349
TI  - Unilateral graft rejection after bilateral antigenically identical corneal
      transplantation.
AB  - A unique case of unilateral graft rejection after bilateral antigenically
      identical corneal transplantation is described. The local risk factors (corneal
      vascularity and elevated intraocular pressure) were present to a greater extent
      in the nonrejected eye. The influence of other factors on the corneal
      microenvironment and their relationship to graft/host interactions is discussed.

PMID- 2663348
TI  - Predisposing factors in corneal graft rejection.
AB  - During a period of 12 years, 390 patients were treated with perforating
      keratoplasty and given regular annual follow-ups. Of these, 357 records were
      evaluated, and there was a 20% incidence of immunoreactions. The transplants were
      assessed according to four criteria and subdivided into a low-risk and a high
      risk group. For high-risk patients, the relative risk of developing an
      immunoreaction was 2.9 times greater with subdivision according to the
      preoperative diagnosis, 2.1 times greater with a transplant diameter of 7.5 mm or
      more, 2.6 times greater with compatibility between fewer than two HLA-B or -DR
      antigens of the donor and recipient, and 4.2 times greater with blood or fibrin
      in the anterior chamber on the first postoperative day. There was a linear
      relation between the frequency of being placed into the less-favorable-prognosis
      group and the occurrence of an immunoreaction.

PMID- 2663350
TI  - The electrogastrogram and its analysis.
AB  - In recent years interest in the electrogastrogram, the EGG, has manifested itself
      in an increasing number of articles. In this review a brief exposition of the EGG
      phenomenon is made and the more prominent methods of signal analysis relevant to
      the EGG are presented and discussed.

PMID- 2663351
TI  - Neural modeling in electrical stimulation.
AB  - In general, complete mathematical modeling of electrical neurostimulation
      encompasses two separate problems; clear delineation of this article becomes
      important. Solutions are required for the time-varying macroscopic fields
      generated by the stimulating electrodes, and only then can biophysical analysis
      be brought to bear on neural structures within those fields. This article is
      focused on the second of these aspects, and provides a survey of mathematical
      representations including nerve cell bodies, myelinated and unmyelinated fibers
      of passage, branched systems, fiber terminals and composite neurons. Effects on
      nerve cells of fields generated by remote electrodes are given primary attention,
      although methods for obtaining field solutions in biological media are discussed
      in detail only where the issue is inextricably linked to the use of a particular
      neural model, or relates crucially to experimental validation. Within these
      guidelines, it is intended to show the significant role that current nerve cell
      models may play in attempts to understand mechanisms of neural stimulation, and
      in the development of more advanced strategies for electronic intervention and
      control of neural function.

PMID- 2663352
TI  - Clinical utilization of the artificial heart.
AB  - During the past 30 years the artificial heart has evolved from a bioengineering
      concept to clinical reality. To date four patients have had an artificial heart
      implanted as a permanent device, while over 150 artificial hearts have been
      utilized temporarily as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. Increased use of
      this device requires that a number of issues be critically addressed: (1)
      criteria for patient selection; (2) operative techniques for implantation
      including size of device and its position in the mediastinum; and (3) management
      of the patient in the intensive care unit (ICU), in particular, regimens of
      anticoagulation, assessment of adequacy of organ perfusion, and prevention of
      sepsis. This chapter is a discussion of these bioengineering and clinical
      concerns with respect to the Jarvik total artificial heart (TAH). Clinical data
      are presented which highlight the current problems with these devices and the
      areas of future research that need to be undertaken.

PMID- 2663353
TI  - Viability assays in organ preservation.
AB  - Assays to determine the viability of preserved organs ideally must meet two
      important requirements: (i) in the clinical environment, they should allow the
      surgeon to determine if an organ will be viable when it is transplanted (this
      needs to be done in a noninvasive, nondestructive manner, and currently no such
      assay exists), and (ii) in the research environment, they should aid in the
      development of improved methods of organ preservation. Currently, however, the
      only reliable means of assessing viability is actual transplantation. Many
      conventional biochemical and physiological techniques have been used to describe
      the mechanism of preservation-induced injury and to help improve preservation.
      This paper reviews some techniques that have been used to aid in the development
      of organ preservation.

PMID- 2663354
TI  - The application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess viability in
      stored tissues and organs.
AB  - The use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to assess metabolic
      viability in organ preservation is discussed. A brief coverage of the physical
      principles involved and the biochemical information available from NMR
      spectroscopy is given. We also present the advantages and disadvantages of the
      method and outline the future possibilities of the technique in relation to organ
      preservation.

PMID- 2663355
TI  - Cryosurgical societies: a historical note.
AB  - Interest in cryosurgery developed quickly after modern cryosurgical apparatus
      became available early in the 1960s and a forum for the clinical reports was
      provided by the Society for Cryobiology at its annual meetings. The exchange of
      ideas made possible by interaction with the membership of the Society enhanced
      the scientific basis and expedited the subsequent evolution of the new
      cryosurgical techniques. In later years, especially in the 1970s, the increased
      use of cryosurgery in the diverse specialities of medicine stimulated the
      formation of cryosurgical societies on a national and international basis. The
      initial growth of these organizations was rapid, but recently the rate of
      acquisition of new members has slowed, though new national societies continue to
      form in areas where none previously existed. The progress in the development of
      cryosurgical techniques and apparatus has also slowed. To infuse some vitality in
      the specialty, collaborative interaction with cryobiologists and cryoengineers is
      essential. To provide this interaction, the efforts toward joint meetings of the
      disciplines merit renewed emphasis.

PMID- 2663356
TI  - Immunodeficiency and the skin: an overview.

PMID- 2663357
TI  - The stratum corneum as an organ of protection: old and new concepts.

PMID- 2663358
TI  - Human leukocyte adhesion deficiency: molecular basis for a defective immune
      response to infections of the skin.

PMID- 2663359
TI  - Immunodeficiency and complement deficiency states.

PMID- 2663360
TI  - Immunodeficiency in old age.
AB  - Aging is a multi-facetted process, but the deterioration of the immune function
      seems to play a central role in this context. Paradoxically, immune reactivity
      against exogenous antigens declines during aging while autoimmune reactivity
      increases. One of the aims of our investigations on the function of the senescent
      immune system was to define immune parameters of 'normal' aging, i.e. those not
      dependent on underlying diseases. Specifically, our interest was focused on the
      possible role of an altered lipid metabolism of cells of the immune system during
      aging. The known decrease of plasma membrane fluidity of lymphoid cells and
      monocytes in higher age may be one of the factors responsible for the nonoptimal
      functioning of the immune system. This property, in turn, seems to be based on an
      altered lipid metabolism. Specifically, we have evidence that the finely tuned
      balance between the transport of cholesterol to and from lymphoid cells via the
      environment and the intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis seems to be disturbed
      with increasing age. This conclusion is drawn from experiments where low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor activity is
      assessed using fluorescently labeled lipoproteins in fluorescence-activated cell
      sorter (FACS) analyses. LDL receptor uptake is unexpectedly increased in the
      elderly, but LDL receptor regulation, and serum LDL composition itself seem to be
      normal. Preliminary data point out the possibility that the efflux of cholesterol
      via HDL may be insufficient. Attempts to modulate plasma membrane fluidity by
      means of the phospholipid mixture 'active lipid 721' (AL 721) showed that this
      drug, in contrast to literature reports, is not a 'membrane fluidizer' but rather
      exerts this effect as a nutrient for lymphocytes and monocytes.

PMID- 2663361
TI  - Immunodeficiency due to hormonal and metabolic disturbances.

PMID- 2663362
TI  - Candidiasis and the immunodeficient host: an update.

PMID- 2663363
TI  - Cryptococcosis in the immunocompromised host.

PMID- 2663364
TI  - Skin neoplasia in the immunodeficient host. The clinical spectrum: Kaposi's
      sarcoma, lymphoma, skin cancer and melanoma.

PMID- 2663365
TI  - AIDS--clinical synopsis.

PMID- 2663366
TI  - Immunological host defense of the skin.
AB  - The experimental data presented and reviewed in this manuscript speak in favor of
      the existence of a skin-specific immune surveillance system for which Streilein
      [3] has coined the term SALT (skin-associated lymphoid tissues). SALT is
      comprised of (a) potent antigen presenting cells (LC); (b) distinctive
      populations of T lymphocytes some of which preferentially infiltrate the
      epidermis; (c) keratinocytes which produce several immunomodulatory cytokines,
      and (d) a set of draining peripheral lymph nodes that contain, along with the
      dermis, blood vessels with endothelial cells whose surface capture lymphocytes
      passing through the blood. An increasingly better understanding of the circuits
      and signals of SALT will hopefully result in the development of strategies to
      prevent a breakdown of this important host-defense mechanism.

PMID- 2663367
TI  - AIDS: T cell activation and viral progression.

PMID- 2663368
TI  - Synopsis of mycotic infections in AIDS.

PMID- 2663369
TI  - Anti-retroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected persons: concepts and strategies.
AB  - HIV has several characteristics that make it difficult to combat; namely its
      ability to integrate into the host genome, its tendency to mutate, and its
      ability to infect at least one organ (the brain) with limited regenerative
      potential. Although these features of HIV make it quite unlikely that a curative
      therapy for HIV-induced diseases will be found in the near future, it is very
      encouraging that, in the brief period since HIV was identified as the etiological
      agent of AIDS, a variety of drugs have been shown to possess anti-retroviral
      activity. At least one of them (AZT) has already been proven to decrease
      morbidity and to prolong survival in ARC/AIDS patients. While several single
      agents with anti-HIV activity in vitro are now being tested for a beneficial
      clinical effect in HIV-infected patients, it is likely that combination drug
      therapy will ultimately be more effective in these patients than one drug alone.
      Such a combination therapy may allow interference with two or even more stages of
      the HIV life cycle, may lessen the chance of mutation-induced resistance, and may
      permit additive antiviral activity without additive toxicity of the drugs.

PMID- 2663370
TI  - Microbial agents in cancer treatment.

PMID- 2663371
TI  - Thymopentin in dermatology.

PMID- 2663372
TI  - Clinical signs of immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2663373
TI  - Diagnostic procedures in immunodeficiency. The arsenal, its limits and pitfalls.

PMID- 2663374
TI  - Selective IgA deficiency: an update.

PMID- 2663375
TI  - Hyper-IgE syndromes.

PMID- 2663376
TI  - Biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency and immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2663377
TI  - Chediak-Higashi syndrome: approaches in diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2663378
TI  - Aortic dissection.

PMID- 2663379
TI  - Usefulness of echo-Doppler in management of patients with valvular heart disease.

PMID- 2663380
TI  - The school-age child: putting it all together.
AB  - The school-age period offers many opportunities to the pediatrician for creative,
      interesting evaluations and interventions. Many problems are not apparent in bold
      colors but rather in muted pastels. Often we are aware of an at-risk status, but
      let it ride because there are other more acute concerns going on with children in
      infancy and adolescence. Awareness of the consolidation of growth, the
      coordination of cognitive and other functions and the establishment of self
      awareness and self-esteem during this period should help pediatricians focus
      their efforts on ensuring that the children's physical, cognitive, and
      psychological foundations are built firmly and maintained solidly. Far from being
      a period of "latency," school age is a critical era in the development of
      children, and pediatricians have a responsibility to participate actively in that
      development.

PMID- 2663381
TI  - Hepatic trauma revisited.
AB  - As stated in the introduction to this monograph, much has changed in the
      management of major hepatic injuries during the past 5 to 10 years. The major
      changes are summarized as follows: 1. Computed tomographic scanning is now the
      mainstay of diagnosis for hepatic injuries after blunt trauma and allows for
      nonoperative therapy in many patients with lacerations, intrahepatic hematomas,
      or subcapsular hematomas; 2. Realization that the time limit for application of
      the Pringle maneuver can be extended. 3. Recognition that fibrin glue appears to
      be a useful topical agent in preliminary clinical studies; 4. Use of hepatotomy
      with selective vascular ligation instead of mattress sutures for deep lacerations
      or to control hemorrhage from tracts of penetrating wounds; 5. Use of resectional
      debridement of devitalized tissue and selective vascular ligation instead of
      formal anatomical resection; 6. Use of an "omental pack" as a filler of deep
      cracks or hepatotomy sites instead of closure with mattress sutures; 7. Use of
      perihepatic packing in selected patients instead of resection when a coagulopathy
      or major subcapsular hematoma is present; 8. Discontinued use of perihepatic
      drains for minor or moderate hepatic injuries as long as discrete methods of
      selective vascular and biliary ligation have been used.

PMID- 2663382
TI  - The psychiatric hospitalization of children: an overview.
AB  - This paper reviews significant outcome studies regarding the hospitalization of
      latency-age children and examines pertinent admission criteria. Essential
      diagnostic and therapeutic components, including milieu therapy, individual
      therapy, family work, pharmacotherapy and school are discussed. The future role
      of psychiatric hospitalization of children is examined.

PMID- 2663383
TI  - Flat revertants of EJ human bladder carcinoma cells show two different mechanisms
      of reversion.
AB  - To investigate the way in which ras proteins cause transformation, we have
      isolated revertants from human tumour cell lines which contain transforming ras
      genes. Two types of revertant have been isolated from the human fibrosarcoma cell
      line, HT1080. One class has normal and mutant alleles in a ratio of 2:1, compared
      to 1:1 in the parental cells, showing that reversion can be a dosage phenomenon.
      The other class has lost the transforming allele. All the HT1080 revertants
      isolated can be re-transformed by transforming ras proteins. To test whether
      reversion is due to a change in the relative amounts of normal and mutant
      proteins, or to a reduction in the absolute amount of the transforming protein,
      mixtures of the purified proteins were microinjected into 208F (Rat-1) cells,
      chosen because they are less sensitive to transformation by p21ras. Normal H-ras
      p21 was unable to suppress the transforming effects of the mutant ras protein
      when co-injected at up to ninefold excess. Revertants of EJ human bladder
      carcinoma cells were of two types: one was sensitive to re-transformation by
      oncogenically activated ras proteins, the other was not. The EJ revertants that
      are resistant to re-transformation fall into two classes, since hybrids of one
      revertant with the parental EJ cells are non-transformed, whereas hybrids of
      another revertant with the parental cells are transformed.

PMID- 2663384
TI  - Critical events in tumour suppression.

PMID- 2663385
TI  - Epidemiology of genetically determined cancer.
AB  - Dominantly heritable susceptibility is known for virtually every cancer.
      Susceptibility is typically restricted to one or a few tumours. For some tumours
      there appear to be at least two different predisposing conditions. Some mutant
      gene carriers survive to old age without developing the expected tumour(s). Some
      cases are new germline mutations. None of the conditions is very common, because
      of natural selection against gene carriers. Two questions arise: What is
      inherited? What is the relationship between the hereditary and non-hereditary
      forms of the same tumour? Retinoblastoma is a prototypic tumour. Penetrance in
      humans is nearly complete by the age of five years in the heritable form, which
      usually affects both eyes. Rare cases in which there is a constitutional deletion
      of chromosomal band 13q14 permitted localization of the responsible gene. Tumour
      formation is clearly a rare event at the cellular level, suggesting the necessity
      of a second, somatic, event. The difference in ages at diagnosis between
      unilateral and bilateral cases also suggests that two somatic events occur in non
      hereditary cases. One explanation is that the gene is recessive and the second
      event involves loss of the remaining normal allele by mutation, non-disjunction,
      deletion or somatic recombination. The normal allele may be regarded as anti
      oncogenic.

PMID- 2663386
TI  - Use of external shock-wave lithotripsy and adjuvant ursodiol for treatment of
      radiolucent gallstones. A national multicenter study.
AB  - A prospective multicenter trial was performed to evaluate the use of external
      shockwave lithotripsy (ESL) and adjuvant medical therapy for the treatment of
      gallstones. A Medstone STS lithotripter was used together with ursodiol. Two
      hundred twenty-three patients were treated under general anesthesia (75%) or with
      intravenous analgesia (25%). Initial treatments were on an inpatient basis, but
      as centers gained experience, outpatient treatments became more common. Stone
      fragmentation and clearance were greatest in patients with solitary gallstones
      less than 2 cm in diameter. In this group of patients, stone fragmentation
      occurred in 97% of patients, and the cumulative stone-free rates at three and six
      months were 54% and 90%, respectively. These results indicate that fragmentation
      of gallstones can be achieved by a dry shock-wave lithotripter and that stone
      clearance is induced more rapidly by external shock-wave lithotripsy and adjuvant
      ursodiol therapy than by ursodiol therapy alone.

PMID- 2663387
TI  - Touch cytology, a useful diagnostic method for diagnosis of upper
      gastrointestinal tract infections.
AB  - Candida albicans, Campylobacter pylori, and Giardia lamblia are microorganisms
      that are frequently found in the upper gastrointestinal tract. A cytological
      smear of biopsies obtained at endoscopy was compared with the pathologic
      examination of biopsies. Candida albicans was found in 55 patients, Campylobacter
      pylori in 54, Giardia lamblia in 31; cytology was positive in 43, 46, and 22
      cases, respectively, and biopsy in 29, 43, and 22 cases. Cytology was thus the
      only positive test in 26 cases with Candida albicans (47% of the 55 cases), in 11
      cases of Campylobacter pylori (20%), and in nine cases of Giardia lamblia (29%).
      We believe that the cytological smear of biopsies (touch cytology) is a quick and
      sensitive method for diagnosing infections of the upper gastrointestinal tract,
      increasing the diagnostic yield obtained by biopsy alone.

PMID- 2663388
TI  - Tumor-associated gastroparesis with esophageal carcinoma. Use of intravenous
      metoclopramide during radionuclide gastric emptying studies to predict clinical
      response.
AB  - This case report describes a patient with esophageal carcinoma and tumor
      associated gastroparesis. The radionuclide gastric emptying study diagnosed very
      delayed liquid and solid gastric emptying. Metoclopramide was administered
      intravenously during the study and was able to predict a good response to oral
      therapy.

PMID- 2663389
TI  - A watershed in gallstone therapy?

PMID- 2663390
TI  - The physics and mechanics of lithotripters.

PMID- 2663391
TI  - Obesity: basic considerations and clinical approaches.
AB  - Obesity, defined as an excess of body fat, can be measured with a variety of
      techniques, but in most epidemiologic studies it is estimated from height and
      weight or from skinfold thickness. The "gold standard" for body fat is the body
      density from which fat and fat-free body mass can be calculated. The new
      technique of bioelectric impedance analysis may substantially improve the
      estimation of total body fat. For estimating regional fat distribution, either
      waist to hip circumference ratio or subscapular skinfold have been most useful.
      Using the body mass index, defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square
      of the height in meters (kilogram per square meter), the National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey estimated that 26%, or 34 million, adult Americans
      aged 20 to 75 were overweight. The prevalence of severe overweight (a body mass
      index above 30 kg/m2) is higher in the United States and Canada than in Great
      Britain, the Netherlands, or Australia. Obesity results from an increase in
      energy intake relative to expenditure. Total daily energy expenditure includes
      energy used during resting metabolism, energy associated with the ingestion of
      food, and energy needed for physical activity. The obese are often observed to be
      less active, but since carrying a heavier load requires more energy, their total
      energy expenditure may not be low. A low resting metabolic rate has been
      suggested as a predictor of future risk of becoming obese. Adipose tissue is the
      major site for fat storage and may contain more than 90% of total energy stores.
      The increase in body mass index or degree of body weight is associated with an
      increased risk of heart disease, hypertension, gall bladder disease, and diabetes
      mellitus. When fat is centrally located in either males or females, the risk for
      these diseases is also increased, and may be a more important risk factor than
      total overweight itself. Genetic factors form the background from which obesity
      develops. The best estimates suggest that these genetic factors may be of less
      importance than environmental events in determination of total body fat and its
      distribution. Obesity can be classified on the basis of the total number of fat
      cells and regional fat distribution by using the etiological factors which caused
      the obesity or by determining the age at which the obesity began. Regardless of
      the cause, treatment for obesity should be based on an evaluation of the
      individual's risk from obesity as compared with the risk of the treatment under
      consideration. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2663392
TI  - Glass-metal keratoprosthesis: light and electron microscopical evaluation of
      experimental surgery on rabbit eyes.
AB  - A keratoprosthesis (KP) is the last and only surgical resort to regain some
      visual acuity in eyes with severely damaged corneae. Corneal blindness represents
      an important percentage of the blind in the economically poor countries.
      Commercially available KP's, e.g. those made of PMMA, which are difficult to
      sterilize and vulnerable to surface damage, are too expensive in these countries.
      To overcome these disadvantages, we developed a new KP, made of a glass core
      melted into a platinum cylinder with flange. They were implanted unilaterally in
      eyes of ten Hollander rabbits intralamellarly. They were fixated by two stainless
      steel traction threads passed around the whole eyeball. We investigated this type
      of KP in the rabbit cornea, its acceptance by stroma, epi- and endothelium, and
      its hydro-mechanical dynamics in situ. No signs of infection or extrusion were
      observed. No epithelial downgrowth, nor adverse tissue reaction could be
      detected. LM and SEM showed endothelialization of the newly formed stroma around
      the central column of the KP. We conclude that this type of KP (although
      optically still to be optimized) has been accepted by the rabbit cornea and a
      clinical trial on cornea-blind patients is justified.

PMID- 2663393
TI  - Chevalier Taylor--Ophthalmiater Royal (1703-1772).
AB  - John Taylor was surgeon-oculist to King George II, and claimed to be
      Ophthalmiater Royal to the Pope and to the Emperor, along with a multitude of
      royalties, including a mythical Princess of Georgia and the Viceroy of the
      Indies. He was the first and last ophthalmologist to travel from court to court
      of Europe with a cavalcade of outriders and supporters; and although he was
      caricatured as a mountebank, there was an element of genius about him, and his
      innovations, especially in squint surgery, demand that he should not be
      forgotten.

PMID- 2663395
TI  - On the 700th anniversary of the death of Ibn an-Nafis (b. ca. 1210, d. 1288).

PMID- 2663394
TI  - Santiago Ramon y Cajal, the retina and the neuron theory.

PMID- 2663396
TI  - The treatment of eye diseases in the Asclepieia.
AB  - The authors give a short report of ophthalmic treatment in Asclepieia by the
      priests, who had learned these cures through tradition from other priests. This
      can be testified by the writings on the stone tablets, which were found in the
      excavations of the Asclepieion at Epidaurus (1883). They give information
      concerning illnesses and their treatment. From this historical source we selected
      certain cases with eye-diseases and their treatment. Included is a part from
      Aristophanes' comedy "Ploutos", giving interesting ophthalmic treatments. These
      treatments by the priests, representing God Asclepius, mainly took the form of
      medicines and operations performed in a psychologically mysterious atmosphere.

PMID- 2663397
TI  - Public health and research in the development of Russian ophthalmology.

PMID- 2663398
TI  - The founding of the First University Eye Clinic in Vienna.

PMID- 2663399
TI  - The Lisbon Institute of Ophthalmology--Instituto de Oftalmologia Dr. Gama Pinto-
      its founding and history.

PMID- 2663400
TI  - Field Marshall Radetzky's orbital abscess.

PMID- 2663401
TI  - The history of the ophthalmoscope.

PMID- 2663402
TI  - Quantitative visual psychophysics during the period of European enlightenment.
      The studies of the astronomer and mathematician Tobias Mayer (1723-1762) on
      visual acuity and colour perception.
AB  - During the sixth decade of the 18th century, Tobias Mayer, Professor of Astronomy
      and Applied Mathematics (Economy) at the University of Gottingen, performed two
      investigations on quantitative visual psychophysics. He deduced a power law for
      the dependence of visual acuity on the intensity of light by which the stimulus
      pattern was illuminated. In his measurements he compared visual acuity determined
      with single black dots and visual acuity measured with gratings or checkerboard
      patterns; the latter he considered as the "real" measurement of visual acuity.
      Mayer also developed a three-dimensional hexaedric colour space from the
      definition of subtractive colour mixtures of three primary pigments (red, yellow,
      blue). This colour space can be considered as the predecessor of the later colour
      tables of Ostwald and Munsell. Mayer gave a simple quantitative description of
      each of the 819 hues in his colour space. Both psychophysical studies developed
      out of Mayer's interest in practical problems in astronomy and cartography.
      Mayer's main scientific merits were in the field of astronomy and mathematical
      geography. His psychophysical studies were performed in the spirit of
      enlightenment with the a priori assumption that the performance of the human
      perceptual machinery can be measured quantitatively and that the results are
      adequately expressed by mathematical rules. Mayer's achievements in the fields of
      mathematics, physics, astronomy and cartography were recently summarized by the
      extensive historical research of G.F. Forbes. In the present report a short
      biographical note precedes the description of Mayer's psychophysical studies.

PMID- 2663403
TI  - [The role of the polyamine synthesis system in energy coupling in Escherichia
      coli].

PMID- 2663404
TI  - [DNA "fingerprinting" of individual yeast chromosomes].

PMID- 2663405
TI  - [Binding of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by Mycoplasma RNA polymerase related to
      gene promotors of various microorganisms].

PMID- 2663406
TI  - Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of cefepime (BMY
      28142) with ceftazidime, cefuzonam, cefotaxime and cefmenoxime.
AB  - Cefepime (BMY-28142), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, was evaluated for in
      vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities in comparison with ceftazidime,
      cefuzonam, cefotaxime and cefmenoxime. Cefepime showed a well-balanced, broad
      spectrum of activity against a number of clinical isolates collected in Japan.
      The activity of cefepime against Gram-positive bacteria was several times greater
      than that of ceftazidime, nearly comparable to cefotaxime and cefmenoxime, and
      slightly weaker than cefuzonam. Against Enterobacteriaceae, cefepime showed
      superior activity to the reference cephalosporins against Proteus inconstans,
      Providencia rettgeri, Morganella morganii, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter
      cloacae. The activity of cefepime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was nearly
      comparable to that of ceftazidime. Cefotaxime, cefuzonam and cefmenoxime were
      substantially less active against P. aeruginosa. Cefepime was more stable than
      cefuzonam, cefotaxime and cefmenoxime to various types of beta-lactamases from
      Gram-negative bacteria. The high in vitro activity of cefepime was reflected in
      its in vivo efficacy against experimental infections in normal and immuno
      suppressed mice. Cefepime was the most effective among the cephalosporins tested
      against four Gram-negative bacterial infections.

PMID- 2663407
TI  - Evaluation of the analgesic activity and tolerability of aceclofenac in the
      treatment of post-episiotomy pain.
AB  - The activity and tolerability of aceclofenac, a new arylacetic anti-inflammatory
      drug, was assessed in the treatment of post-episiotomal pain in a controlled
      double-blind study with paracetamol. Aceclofenac was administered in single 100
      mg doses and paracetamol in single 650 mg doses (both drugs in tablet form) to 60
      women aged between 18 and 38 years with post-episiotomal pain. They were
      randomised into two groups of 30 patients. The severity of the pain was assessed
      by the patients using an analog visual test (Huskisson's test) before treatment
      and 0.5, 1,2,3,4,5 and 6h after receiving the drug. At the end of the study, the
      investigator questioned the patients about the evolution of their pain and any
      side-effects that might have appeared during the 6 h of observation. On the basis
      of their replies, the investigator evaluated the pain on a semi-quantitative
      scale of 5 points. The tolerability was assessed on the basis of the appearance
      of any undesired effects. The patients treated with drug A* showed a progressive
      and marked reduction of their pain with a significant difference from the
      baseline score after the second hour of observation (Huskisson's test) and after
      the first hour (physician's assessment with the 5-point scale), respectively. The
      antalgic effect of drug B showed a similar evolution over time to drug A but the
      analgesic efficacy seemed to be much less.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663408
TI  - A critical view of the mechanism(s) of toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p
      dioxin. Implications for human safety assessment.
AB  - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been an important issue in
      occupational and environmental health for nearly two decades. During this period
      scientists have studied its possible impacts on exposed human populations. At the
      same time enormous efforts were made to elucidate the mechanism of TCDD action in
      various biological models. This paper provides a critical view of the advances
      made towards understanding the mechanism of TCDD action. Major topics discussed
      include the Ah-receptor hypothesis, TCDD as a thyroid hormone agonist, TCDD and
      vitamin A deficiency, TCDD's effect on receptor regulation, and its effect on
      intermediary metabolism including related hormonal responses. Although the exact
      mechanism of TCDD action is not yet known, more information is available on the
      toxicity of this compound than perhaps on that of any other substance. This
      wealth of information allows important conclusions regarding the assessment of
      acute, as well as of chronic, toxicities of TCDD for humans. There is no
      documented case of human death as a result of exposure to TCDD. It appears that
      humans are acutely less sensitive to TCDD than some animal species. The cause of
      TCDD-induced lethality in rats is a progressive lethal hypoglycemia due to
      inhibition of gluconeogenesis. Regulation of this metabolic pathway is quite
      different amongst species, although primates share great similarities. The
      assumption that the cause of TCDD-induced death in primates, in analogy to rats,
      is inhibition of gluconeogenesis would suggest that the acute toxicity of TCDD in
      humans would be in the range seen in rhesus monkeys (70-300 micrograms/kg). These
      values are about midway between the most (guinea pig) and least (hamster)
      sensitive species. TCDD is not a genotoxic agent and not an initiator, but
      promoter of tumor formation. There is considerable evidence that promotion of
      cancer, like any other chronic end point of toxicity, is a threshold-type
      biological process. Therefore, a linear extrapolation of the dose-response is an
      unnecessarily conservative approach in the safety assessment of TCDD. This paper,
      based on several studies with different end points of toxicity, supports the
      notion that 10 pg/kg/day of TCDD represent a safe lifetime exposure level for
      humans with regard to promotion of cancer, porphyria and chloracne.

PMID- 2663409
TI  - [Hemodynamics after sublingual administration of captopril in severe heart
      failure. A pilot study].
AB  - In a preliminary trial, 23 patients in severe left-heart failure and, in some
      instances, also right-heart failure (NYHA classes III and IV) received a single
      sublingual dose of 25 mg captopril. Invasive measurement of various haemodynamic
      parameters indicated (1) an increase in cardiac index and stroke-volume index of
      34% and 38%, respectively (P less than 0.001 for each); (2) decrease in pulmonary
      artery and systemic pressures by an average of 7% and 11.4% (P less than 0.01 and
      less than 0.001, respectively); (3) no significant change in heart rate and mean
      right atrial pressure; (4) decrease in systemic and pulmonary artery resistance
      by 33% and 29% (P less than 0.001 for both); (5) an increase in left ventricular
      stroke work index by 18% (P less than 0.001); and (6) a fall in heart rate x
      pressure product by 10% (P less than 0.005). These haemodynamic changes started
      within 12 to 23 minutes after captopril administration, the peak effect occurring
      between 40 and 90 minutes. Baseline values were reached after three hours.
      Reproducibility measurements revealed a close quantitative and temporal
      correlation (r for all greater than 0.8). To obtain similar changes of cardiac
      function 1.65 micrograms/min.kg sodium nitroprusside were needed. The results
      indicate that sublingual administration of captopril in severe heart failure will
      achieve early and significant improvement in cardiac function.

PMID- 2663410
TI  - [Nightly home artificial respiration in juvenile Pompe's disease with pulmonary
      hypertension and right cardiac insufficiency].
AB  - A 17-year-old girl with type II glycogen storage disease (Pompe's) developed
      severe right-heart failure as a result of pulmonary hypertension due to,
      predominantly nocturnal, hypoventilation. At night the partial pressure of oxygen
      was only 30-50 mmHg, pCO2 70-100 mmHg. After persistent nightly intermittent
      positive pressure ventilation blood gases as well as electrocardiographic and
      echocardiographic findings have now--after 12 months--become normal and the
      patient has been completely restored to a normal life. This case demonstrates
      that life expectancy and quality of patients with chronic forms of Pompe's
      disease (and probably also with other chronic neuromuscular diseases) can be
      markedly improved by nightly artificial ventilation which reduces nocturnal
      hypoventilation and resulting pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2663411
TI  - [Historical survey on the development of bone marrow transplantation].

PMID- 2663412
TI  - Digoxin after myocardial infarction. Does it have a role?

PMID- 2663415
TI  - Nimodipine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and
      therapeutic potential in cerebrovascular disease.
AB  - Nimodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist which has been shown to dilate
      cerebral arterioles and increase cerebral blood flow in animals and humans. It
      has potential in the treatment of a range of cerebrovascular disorders. Major
      interest to date, however, has focused on its use in the prevention and treatment
      of the delayed ischaemic neurological deficits that frequently occur in patients
      with subarachnoid haemorrhages as a result of sustained cerebral vasospasm.
      Initial studies in which patients were treated with an intravenous infusion of
      nimodipine for up to 2 weeks, followed by oral treatment for 7 days, indicated
      that a higher proportion of patients than would normally be expected recovered
      with little or no permanent neurological damage. In a number of controlled
      studies oral nimodipine treatment for 3 weeks significantly decreased mortality
      rates and increased the number of patients who had a 'good' neurological outcome
      as compared with placebo treatment. In some of these trials fewer of the
      nimodipine-treated patients developed neurological deficits during the treatment
      period, but in none was there a significant effect on the incidence of
      angiographic vasospasm. It would seem that other pharmacological actions, such as
      increasing collateral blood flow to underperfused regions or a direct anti
      ischaemic effect at the cellular level, may contribute to the clinical benefits
      obtained with nimodipine treatment. Preliminary results suggest that nimodipine
      is potentially useful in other cerebrovascular disorders, particularly ischaemic
      stroke. To date, nimodipine has been well-tolerated, the only adverse effects of
      any significance being reductions in the blood pressure of some patients and
      reversible increases in liver enzymes during intravenous therapy. Thus,
      nimodipine has significant potential in the treatment of patients with
      subarachnoid haemorrhage. Wider clinical use should confirm its value as a
      significant addition to the very limited range of therapeutic choices currently
      available for patients with this disorder.

PMID- 2663413
TI  - Labetalol. A reappraisal of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic
      use in hypertension and ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - Since labetalol was first reviewed in the Journal (1978), its scope of
      therapeutic use has expanded and become better defined. Labetalol is an
      adrenoceptor blocking drug with combined alpha- and beta-blocking properties.
      These result in a more favourable haemodynamic profile for labetalol compared
      with 'pure' beta-blockers or pure alpha-blockers, but also contribute to a wider
      range, but not an overall increased incidence, of adverse effects. The drug is
      effective and well-tolerated in patients with all grades of hypertension, but is
      of particular value in special subgroups such as Black patients, the elderly and
      patients with renal hypertension. While comparative studies are not extensive,
      available data show that the drug reduces blood pressure to a similar extent, and
      in a similar proportion of patients, as 'pure' beta-blockers such as propranolol,
      pure alpha-blockers such as prazosin, calcium antagonists (nifedipine,
      verapamil), and centrally acting drugs (clonidine and methyldopa). Labetalol is
      very effective in hypertensive pregnant women and in hypertensive crises, where
      it provides good control of blood pressure without serious adverse effects, and
      where few therapeutic options exist. Few controlled studies have investigated the
      use of labetalol in deliberate induction of hypotension or prevention of
      hypertension during anaesthesia, and also in patients with ischaemic heart
      disease. However, available evidence suggests a role for labetalol in these
      indications and further studies should aid in clarification of its efficacy in
      these areas. Thus, with its broad scope of therapeutic use in hypertension
      labetalol remains an important therapeutic option, and the drug may well find an
      additional place in the treatment of myocardial ischaemia if further evidence
      confirms encouraging preliminary findings.

PMID- 2663414
TI  - Pefloxacin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties
      and therapeutic use.
AB  - Pefloxacin is a fluorinated quinolone that is structurally related to nalidixic
      acid. It can be administered both orally and intravenously, and has a broad
      spectrum of in vitro activity against Gram-negative organisms and staphylococci.
      The pharmacokinetic profile of pefloxacin is characterised by high
      bioavailability after oral administration, a long half-life and good penetration
      of tissue and body fluids. Data from mainly non-comparative studies suggest that
      pefloxacin has the potential for use in a variety of serious or difficult-to
      treat and nosocomially acquired infections in hospitalised and immunocompromised
      patients. Such infections have included respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and
      bone and joint infections, septicaemia and surgical infections, in addition to
      severe Gram-negative infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Pefloxacin
      demonstrates comparable efficacy with ampicillin combined with gentamicin in
      upper gynaecological tract infections, ceftazidime in nosocomially acquired Gram
      negative infections and co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole) in
      uncomplicated urinary tract infections and typhoid fever. Although the place of
      pefloxacin in this new and expanding class of 4-quinolone antibacterial drugs has
      yet to be defined and it appears to be a well-tolerated and useful drug for the
      treatment of serious infections in hospitalised patients, further studies are
      awaited with interest for confirmation of these preliminary results.

PMID- 2663416
TI  - Management of Raynaud's phenomenon. Focus on newer treatments.
AB  - Current thinking on the general approaches to handling patients with Raynaud's
      disease is briefly described, and the principles of management discussed. The
      various categories of drug treatment available - vasodilators, especially those
      active on the smallest blood vessels, drugs acting on endothelium and platelets
      and their products, rheologically active drugs and some whose action it is
      difficult to classify - are mentioned. By far the most widely tested drugs in
      this field are the dihydropyridine-like slow calcium channel antagonists, of
      which nifedipine is probably the best known. Side effects are common and the
      optimal dosage and drug formulation are yet to be achieved. Serotonin antagonists
      (naftidrofuryl, ketanserin) look promising, although ketanserin is not generally
      available yet. Drugs active in the sympathetic control of vascular tone may well
      be best reserved for the most severe forms of Raynaud's, especially perhaps those
      associated with tissue loss in the secondary disease. Older vasodilators, such as
      glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) and some of the nicotinic acid derivatives,
      have not been studied of late but the transdermal applications of glyceryl
      trinitrate at least sound attractive. Drugs active in the cyclo-oxygenase
      systems, especially those with prostacyclin-like activity or thromboxane
      antagonists, are obviously promising; however, their unavailability in oral,
      sublingual or transdermal forms limits comment on them at present. Non-drug
      approaches such as biofeedback control of vascular responses may be interesting
      in a small number of patients, but the advice to 'keep warm' (and how to achieve
      this) is probably the most valuable suggestion that can be given to patients with
      Raynaud's disease.

PMID- 2663419
TI  - Review of the morphological aspects of remyelination.
AB  - The advent of proper preparative and experimental techniques has allowed us to
      investigate the central nervous system myelin both in the normal animal and
      during remyelination. Remyelination often follows the pattern of myelination
      during development but, in addition, shows certain variations such as
      participation of Schwann cells, and is apparently always incomplete. Observations
      in multiple sclerosis indicate that the abortive remyelination which occurs in
      the demyelinated plaque is similar to that seen in the experimental animals.

PMID- 2663420
TI  - Expression and modulation of K+ currents in oligodendrocytes: possible role in
      myelinogenesis.
AB  - We have used whole-cell and single-channel recording techniques to investigate
      the electrophysiological properties of cultured ovine oligodendrocytes (OLGs).
      Our studies have led to the following conclusions. (1) Cultured mature OLGs
      express a variety of voltage-dependent K+ conductances including an outward
      current that consists of a transient component and a steady-state component, as
      well as an inwardly rectifying K+ current. (2) These conductances are expressed
      sequentially as a function of development in culture. The inwardly rectifying K+
      current appears later than the outward current. (3) Although process extension
      may influence the expression of the ion channels, the majority of the K+ channels
      are located in the soma of OLGs, probably concentrated in the basal plasma
      membrane. (4) Finally, the activation of K+ channels in OLGs can be inhibited by
      two distinct second messengers, cAMP acting through protein kinase A and
      diacylglycerol acting through protein kinase C, the effects of which perhaps
      converge at the level of a common phosphorylated enzyme or regulatory protein.
      Both cAMP and diacylglycerol have been implicated as factors important in
      controlling the induction of a myelinogenic metabolism associated with OLG
      substratum attachment. Thus, membrane ion channels may provide an important
      intermediate step linking cellular substratum attachment to the eventual
      induction of myelinogenesis.

PMID- 2663418
TI  - New perspectives of secondary and tertiary therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis continues to be recognised as a disorder with a variable
      prognosis, but recent studies have emphasised its potential for shortening life
      span. Epidemiological, genetic, and natural history studies have helped to
      identify patients who are at risk for the development of more aggressive disease
      earlier in their clinical course, and rheumatologists are willing to be more
      aggressive in their treatment now as their armamentarium expands. Earlier
      separation of drugs into anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents becomes
      irrelevant as these concepts change and drugs fulfil both definitions. Sequences
      of therapy continue to be dictated by the potential of toxicity and generally
      follow rather than precede disease progression. The addition of several new
      agents to the algorithms of therapy against rheumatoid arthritis raises questions
      about their effects and place in therapeutic regimens, especially as concerns
      auranofin, sulphasalazine, methotrexate and cyclosporin. Combination therapy is
      currently at the end of the drug line, but the therapeutic horizon beckons with
      the potential of biological agents aimed at the restoration of immune balance.

PMID- 2663421
TI  - Myelination and remyelination in the central nervous system by transplanted
      oligodendrocytes using the shiverer model. Discussion on the remyelinating cell
      population in adult mammals.
AB  - In the early sixties, remyelination was first observed in animal models of
      demyelination and described a few years later in multiple sclerosis. The
      spontaneous remyelination process is now well documented. Remyelination by
      transplantation of myelin-forming cells has been attempted. Transplanted Schwann
      cells can myelinate a central nervous system lesion but the remyelination is
      limited to the area of implantation. Oligodendrocytes or precursor cells are much
      more invasive and have been shown to migrate from the implantation site to the
      lesion at a distance of several millimeters. Thus, remyelination by
      transplantation of myelin-forming cells is possible at least in animal models,
      the oligodendrocytes being more efficient.

PMID- 2663417
TI  - Antidepressants. A comparative review of the clinical pharmacology and
      therapeutic use of the 'newer' versus the 'older' drugs.
AB  - Supplementing but not supplanting the original series of tricyclic and monoamine
      oxidase (MAO) inhibitor compounds, a new generation of antidepressant medications
      has been developed and marketed throughout the past decade. Constituting a more
      diverse group of drugs than the standard agents, the newer drugs in general have
      more selective acute biochemical actions (reuptake blockade of a single
      neurotransmitter, inhibition of 1 subtype of MAO), enabling more precise
      targeting of symptoms and avoiding common antidepressant-associated side effects,
      especially anticholinergic and cardiovascular effects. Moreover, a number of
      recent additions to this group, such as bupropion and ademetionine (S-adenosyl
      methionine), incorporate novel mechanisms of action, challenging previous
      concepts of how antidepressants work, and offering opportunities for research
      into the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Caution in prescribing the newer
      antidepressants must be applied, however, as recent experience, e.g. with
      nomifensine, suggests that unforeseen toxicities may not appear until a
      medication has been in use for several years.

PMID- 2663422
TI  - Evolving concepts and issues in remyelination.
AB  - The ability of the central nervous system to undergo remyelination is now well
      established in both clinical and experimental situations. The focus of
      investigation has shifted from simple morphologic documentation to a detailed
      examination of the basic biologic processes controlling or limiting
      remyelination. Successful remyelination depends on an adequate number of
      oligodendrocytes, which may be provided either by proliferation of endogenous
      cells or by delivery of exogenous oligodendrocytes, which have been shown to be
      capable of remyelinating axons. It has recently been found that these
      transplanted cells are capable of significant migration to reach axons. The
      adhesion of myelinating cells to the demyelinated axon is probably another step
      in the process of remyelination and may require a form of cell adhesion molecule,
      although it is possible that the actual process of myelin wrapping depends on
      some other additional signal. Attempts to enhance remyelination will involve
      modulation of both the demyelinating event and these basic biological
      oligodendrocyte-axon interactions.

PMID- 2663423
TI  - [Pediatric organ transplantation].

PMID- 2663424
TI  - [Myocardial reperfusion--a double-edged sword?].

PMID- 2663425
TI  - [Neonatal sepsis in Finland over one decade].

PMID- 2663426
TI  - Management of occult metastatic cervical disease from well-differentiated thyroid
      carcinoma.
AB  - It can be agreed that up to 90% of patients with well-differentiated thyroid
      carcinomas have occult cervical disease; however, the biologic and prognostic
      implications of that prevalence remain debatable. Thyroid suppression therapy is
      supported, but I131 treatment is recommended only for manifest distant metastases
      or extracapsular invasion by the primary tumor--not for occult cervical disease
      alone. A cervical central compartment block resection, consisting of an extended
      glandular-primary tumor excision that includes adjacent node-bearing soft tissue
      between the jugular veins, below the hyoid, and into the superior mediastinum,
      appears to be the best treatment for the primary tumor and occult regional
      metastases. This resection can be done through a single low, transverse incision,
      leaving the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the accessory nerve, and submandibular
      triangle intact, yet better clearing the primary source and the high-risk nodes
      in the parathyroid area. The rationale for this degree of resection is based on
      (1) the high risk of central neck recurrences and (2) the fact that the superior
      mediastinal nodal metastases may become extensive or inoperable before they are
      detectable and are the most likely nodes in which metastases may result in death.
      Delayed manifestations of other laterally placed occult cervical nodes can be
      treated by conservative neck dissection at the time of their appearance, without
      a worsening of the prognosis.

PMID- 2663427
TI  - Olfactory neuroblastoma.
AB  - Despite the fact that olfactory neuroblastoma is considered to be a rare
      malignant neoplasm of the sinonasal cavity, its frequent inclusion in the
      differential diagnosis of small-cell neoplasms of the nasal cavity is
      commonplace. Differential diagnosis of small round tumors solely on the basis of
      a light-microscopic examination of a hematoxylin and eosin stain often can be
      impossible. However, immunohistochemical stains such as NSE, S-100, and
      chromogranin immunostain can be very helpful in diagnosing olfactory
      neuroblastoma. If special stains are noncontributory, the diagnosis may hinge on
      supporting evidence from a series of electron micrographs of a properly selected
      and prepared tumor.

PMID- 2663428
TI  - Vasomotor rhinitis.
AB  - The term VMR is used to describe a nonimmunologic, noninfectious, chronic type of
      rhinitis without nasal eosinophilia. The causes are diverse and, in many cases,
      never identified. Before the diagnosis of VMR can be made, AR and ENR must be
      ruled out. A thorough history and physical examination in association with
      appropriate laboratory testing can be used to distinguish these types of
      rhinitis. Surgical procedures tend to provide the most relief, but should only be
      used after more conservative measures have failed.

PMID- 2663429
TI  - Is there a "best" stapedectomy technique for the general otolaryngologist?

PMID- 2663430
TI  - Histiocytic malignant lymphoma arising in the midfacial soft tissues.
AB  - Histiocytic malignant lymphoma arising in the midfacial soft tissues represents
      an uncommon clinical disorder. We report our experiences with a 63-year-old man
      with nasal obstruction secondary to a nasal septal mass that developed four weeks
      after a routine septoplasty. Final pathologic appearance after multiple biopsies
      was consistent with histiocytic malignant lymphoma. Clinical features,
      histopathologic findings, therapy, and prognosis are discussed.

PMID- 2663431
TI  - Aggressive paranasal sinus ossifying fibroma.
AB  - Sixty-one cases of an aggressive OF involving the paranasal sinus area are
      reviewed from the literature. We describe another case of this unusual lesion in
      an 11-year-old girl. These tumors share a similar radiographic appearance,
      aggressive clinical behavior, and tendency for recurrence after incomplete
      treatment. Our experiences show that active OF accurately describes this entity
      and avoids the confusing histologic nomenclature usually encountered. The head
      and neck surgeon should be aware of this diagnosis so aggressive en bloc
      resection can be employed whenever possible.

PMID- 2663432
TI  - Chronic nongranulomatous epiglottitis.

PMID- 2663433
TI  - "Traditional heritage".

PMID- 2663434
TI  - Oral evaluation of patients with chemosensory disorders.
AB  - The physical examination of the patient with dysgeusia must include a thorough
      intraoral examination. Although the initial screening examination may be
      performed by clinicians of various disciplines, specialized intraoral or dental
      examination may be required to diagnose and manage the dysfunction.

PMID- 2663435
TI  - Medical management of taste and smell disorders.
AB  - Chemosensory dysfunction is most often secondary to one of only a few causes:
      nasal/sinus disease, viral infection, toxic chemical exposure, head trauma, as
      well as medication-related and idiopathic conditions. Medication-related
      disorders are corrected by discontinuance of the causative medicine. Our
      experiences have also shown that only dysfunctions of smell caused by disorders
      of the nose and/or sinuses are amendable to therapy.

PMID- 2663437
TI  - Surgical management of chemosensory disorders.
AB  - As additional understanding of the histopathologic basis of chemosensory
      dysfunction has been achieved, several actual and potential surgical approaches
      for correction have been devised. These currently include correction of steroid
      dependent anosmia and hyposmia due to septal deviation. Posttraumatic anosmia
      might be correctable in the future. Surgical approaches to dysgeusia are sparse,
      probably due to a paucity of information on the causes of this disorder.

PMID- 2663436
TI  - Nutritional management of patients with chemosensory disturbances.
AB  - The effect of a chemosensory disturbance on nutrition and quality of life is not
      clear and may show individual variance. It is important for the clinician to
      become sensitive to this relationship and pursue appropriate nutritional
      management. Nutritional management of an individual with a chemosensory disorder
      requires nutritional assessment with appropriate dietary intake measurements,
      dietary and weight history, food behavior questions, and anthropometric measures.
      A registered dietitian can identify potential nutritional problems and provide
      guidance for weight control, dietary modification, and use of food-related
      compensatory mechanisms to maintain the nutritional status and quality of life in
      the person suffering from chemosensory disturbances.

PMID- 2663438
TI  - Fluoride therapy for otosclerosis.
AB  - From the extensive morphological studies performed, otosclerosis appears to be
      ubiquitous, and in many instances subclinical. Despite reports of the efficacy of
      fluoride for this condition, at present its use should be regarded as
      experimental.

PMID- 2663439
TI  - Bacteriology of chronic otitis media affecting children living in Rio de Janeiro.
AB  - A bacteriologic analysis was performed on the purulent exudates obtained from the
      middle ears of 45 children living in Rio de Janeiro with CSOM and spontaneous
      perforations of the ear drum. Anaerobic cultures showed anaerobic bacteria in
      association with aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, or both, in 30
      (66.7%) specimens. Facultative anaerobic microorganisms occurred in 42 (93.3%) of
      the specimens analyzed, strict aerobes in 17 (37.8%), capnophilic in 6 (13.3%),
      and fungi in 4 (8.9%). The rate of different species of bacteria isolated per
      sample was 4.4:1.87 for anaerobic and 1.84 for facultative microorganisms.
      Multiple drug resistances in the aerobic and facultative bacteria were found, and
      tetracycline, erythromycin, and beta-lactam antibiotic resistances were
      accentuated in the anaerobic bacteria.

PMID- 2663440
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy in Nigerians: relation to duration of diabetes, type of
      treatment and degree of control.
AB  - The results of a prospective study of the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy
      among Nigerian diabetics attending a Nigerian Teaching Hospital over a one and a
      half-year period are presented. Diabetics with mature cataracts whose fundi could
      not be visualised were excluded from the study. 15.1% of the 377 diabetic
      patients included in the study group had changes consistent with diabetic
      retinopathy. The prevalence was found to increase with increasing duration of
      disease, being 12.7%, 16.8% and 20.0% in patients with duration less than 5
      years, between 5 and 10 years and greater than 10 years respectively. A
      considerably higher prevalence was also found in the insulin treated diabetics
      compared to the non insulin treated group (P less than 0.05). The degree of
      glycaemic control appeared to be poorer in the diabetics with retinopathy
      compared to those without, even though the differences between the mean fasting
      plasma glucose concentrations between the two groups did not reach statistical
      significance. Proteinuria was found to be significantly commoner in diabetics
      with retinopathy (P less than 0.025). It was concluded that diabetic retinopathy
      is on the increase among Nigerians and that efforts should be directed at
      evolving preventive measures and early identification of high risk patients.

PMID- 2663441
TI  - [Perspective trends in the development of pathology].

PMID- 2663442
TI  - [Dopamine and serotonin. Involvement in the central effects of psychotropic
      agents].

PMID- 2663443
TI  - [Reciprocal interactions between the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in
      the prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area].

PMID- 2663444
TI  - [Dopaminergic neurons of the mesencephalon and behavior].

PMID- 2663445
TI  - [Schizophrenia and dopaminergic modulation. Diagnostic and therapeutic
      implications].

PMID- 2663446
TI  - [Dopaminergic agonists and affective dullness].

PMID- 2663447
TI  - [Dopaminergic agonists and mood disorders].

PMID- 2663448
TI  - [Dopaminergic systems and their targets].

PMID- 2663449
TI  - [Anatomic and functional aspects of the co-localization of cholecystokinin and
      dopamine].

PMID- 2663450
TI  - [Co-localization of CCK and dopamine. Biochemical and pharmacological aspects].

PMID- 2663451
TI  - Evaluation of abdominal pain.
AB  - This article discusses the approach to evaluation of abdominal pain in the
      Emergency Department setting. The physiologic differences among visceral,
      somatic, and referred pain are reviewed, as is the clinical significance of
      anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. The correlation of historical facts,
      interrelationships of symptoms, and pain patterns with specific intra-abdominal
      processes is reviewed. Recommendations for high-yield expedient laboratory
      studies to facilitate diagnosis are provided. Proficiency in the recognition and
      interpretation of these clinical symptoms, physical signs, laboratory data, ECGs,
      and radiographic findings is important when evaluating acutely ill,
      uncooperative, or unresponsive patients.

PMID- 2663452
TI  - Imaging of the nontraumatic acute abdomen.
AB  - Plain-film radiography of the abdomen is often the first-line imaging modality
      used for the patient in the ED. It is capable of demonstrating abnormal locations
      of gas, abnormal viscera, calcifications and foreign material, and skeletal and
      lower lung pathology. PFR findings may aid in the decision to proceed to other
      modalities. Contrast studies have a limited role in the ED but may be necessary
      to diagnose disease inadequately visualized by PFR, as in the case of perforated
      duodenal ulcer, missed on PFR in approximately 15 per cent of cases. Ultrasound
      is most useful in the ED for obstetric and gynecologic illness, as well as
      disorders of the hepatobiliary system. Nuclear medicine studies can be very
      useful for GI bleeding and inflammatory conditions but may not always be as
      available or convenient as other modalities. CT has very broad usefulness.
      Angiography is very useful for locating bleeding sites, especially in the large
      bowel, and for determination of mesenteric arterial patency in suspected
      mesenteric ischemia. Finally, MRI, which has enormous potential, is not funded by
      many third-party payment plans for use in emergencies, and must overcome certain
      obstacles before it assumes common usage in the ED.

PMID- 2663453
TI  - Abdominal pain in children: an emergency practitioner's guide.
AB  - Children suffer from dozens of etiologies of abdominal pain. Diseases manifest
      themselves differently in children than in adults, and vary even within childhood
      age groups. Physicians must tailor examination styles to maximize information
      obtained from the history and physical examination. Extra-abdominal causes of
      pain as well as recurrent causes must be considered. Patients with undiagnosed
      abdominal pain should be reexamined within 24 hours. Pain lasting more than
      several hours may represent a serious problem.

PMID- 2663454
TI  - Nonoperative management of blunt abdominal trauma in pediatrics.
AB  - The management of blunt abdominal trauma in children has undergone significant
      modification in the past decade because of advances in diagnostic imaging and an
      improved understanding of the natural history of injury to the spleen and liver.
      Mandatory laparotomy for proven or suspected hemoperitoneum has been replaced by
      intensive observation of most patients who are stable or who can be stabilized in
      the Emergency Department. The result has been a significant reduction in
      morbidity owing to anesthetic complications, postsplenectomy sepsis, and
      peritoneal adhesions. To take full advantage of these advances, emergency
      physicians and other primary care providers should be aware of the often subtle
      manifestations of abdominal trauma, the available diagnostic modalities and their
      limitations, and the requirements for volume resuscitation in pediatric patients.

PMID- 2663455
TI  - Appendicitis: continuing diagnostic challenge.
AB  - Recognition of appendicitis depends on an understanding of the underlying
      pathophysiology and anatomy that shape the clinical presentation. Knowledge of
      the clinical symptoms and signs that distinguish between appendicitis and
      competing diagnoses enables the clinician to differentiate appendicitis from
      other pathologies. Variations in anatomy, pathophysiology, symptoms, and signs
      are described for adult men, ovulating women, pregnant women, children, the
      elderly, and immunocompromised patients.

PMID- 2663456
TI  - Acute diseases of the pancreas and biliary tract. Management in the emergency
      department.
AB  - Pancreatitis, commonly encountered in the Emergency Department, possesses a very
      broad clinical spectrum and may be associated with shock and multiple organ
      failure. Its diagnosis is based on clinical, laboratory, and radiographic data,
      but there is no gold standard. Biliary tract disease ranges in severity from
      cholelithiasis with colic to acute suppurative cholangitis, which may lead to
      shock. Clinical examination and imaging studies are most useful in these
      disorders, and definitive treatment is primarily surgical.

PMID- 2663457
TI  - AIDS and the acute abdomen.
AB  - The authors describe the common causes of abdominal pain in HIV-infected
      patients, with particular attention to distinguishing patients who have acute
      abdominal syndromes from those with chronic illness. Specific etiologic agents,
      as well as clinical syndromes, are discussed.

PMID- 2663458
TI  - Tropical medicine and the acute abdomen.
AB  - In conclusion, the most important task in evaluating an immigrant or traveler
      with abdominal pain is to consider the myriad tropical diseases that mimic common
      western conditions. A careful history may point to antecedent symptoms and a time
      course that are incompatible with typical appendicitis, biliary colic, or bowel
      obstruction, but physical examination is generally not specific enough to
      differentiate between tropical and ordinary abdominal crises. Blood work for
      eosinophilia and a rapid examination of the stools by an experienced technician
      may indicate a need for judicious delay in exploratory laparotomy. In this
      interval, imaging studies, serologic tests, and therapeutic drug trials may
      clarify the diagnosis.

PMID- 2663459
TI  - Microbiology and antibiotics in infectious abdominal emergencies.
AB  - The appropriate treatment of intra-abdominal infection is often confusing and
      controversial. Much of the controversy is due to the availability of a
      substantial number of newer, broad-spectrum antimicrobials. An understanding of
      the spectrum of activity, toxicity, and clinical efficacy of these drugs is
      critical in the selection of therapy for the treatment of intra-abdominal sepsis.

PMID- 2663460
TI  - Blunt abdominal trauma.
AB  - Blunt abdominal trauma results in potentially life-threatening injuries that
      require organized rapid evaluation and treatment. Resuscitation of
      hemodynamically unstable patients should be completed in the operating room if
      retroperitoneal hemorrhage is not strongly suspected. DPL and abdominal CT scans
      are methods of studying the injured abdomen, and each has advantages and
      disadvantages. The clinician must choose the appropriate study based on the
      clinical question raised by each patient. Repeated frequent physical examinations
      and serial laboratory tests are essential to exclude a missed injury.
      Deterioration of hemodynamic status or abdominal examination are indications for
      urgent laparotomy regardless of the initial diagnostic impressions.

PMID- 2663461
TI  - Penetrating abdominal trauma.
AB  - The management of patients with penetrating abdominal trauma is outlined in
      Figure 1. Patients with hemodynamic instability, evisceration, significant
      gastrointestinal bleeding, peritoneal signs, gunshot wounds with peritoneal
      violation, and type 2 and 3 shotgun wounds should undergo emergency laparotomy.
      The initial ED management of these patients includes airway management,
      monitoring of cardiac rhythm and vital signs, history, physical examination, and
      placement of intravenous lines. Blood should be obtained for initial hematocrit,
      type and cross-matching, electrolytes, and an alcohol level or drug screen as
      needed. Initial resuscitation should utilize crystalloid fluid replacement. If
      more than 2 liters of crystalloid are needed to stabilize an adult (less in a
      child), blood should be given. Group O Rh-negative packed red blood cells should
      be immediately available for a patient in impending arrest or massive hemorrhage.
      Type-specific blood should be available within 15 minutes. A patient with
      penetrating thoracic and high abdominal trauma should receive a portable chest x
      ray, and a hemo- or pneumothorax should be treated with tube thoracostomy. An
      unstable patient with clinical signs consistent with a pneumothorax, however,
      should receive a tube thoracostomy prior to obtaining roentgenographic
      confirmation. If time permits, a nasogastric tube and Foley catheter should be
      placed, and the urine evaluated for blood (these procedures can be performed in
      the operating room). If kidney involvement is suspected because of hematuria or
      penetrating trauma in the area of a kidney or ureter in a patient requiring
      surgery, a single-shot IVP should be performed either in the ED or the operating
      room. An ECG is important in patients with possible cardiac involvement and in
      patients over the age of 40 going to the operating room. Tetanus status should be
      updated, and appropriate antibiotics covering bowel flora should be given.
      Operative management should rarely be delayed by procedures in the ED. Only
      lifesaving procedures necessary to prevent further deterioration should
      temporarily delay sending a patient to a waiting surgical team. Stable patients
      can be further evaluated in the ED. Those with stab wounds to the abdomen, flank,
      and selected cases of back injuries should undergo LWE. Those with negative LWE
      can be discharged after appropriate wound care and patient education. Patients
      with equivocal or positive LWE should undergo DPL. Patients with tangential
      gunshot wounds and possible type 2 shotgun injuries can undergo DPL. Table 8
      lists the recommended thresholds for DPL. Patients with positive DPL should
      undergo exploration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2663462
TI  - Toxicologic causes of acute abdominal disorders.
AB  - A variety of drugs and toxins can produce severe abdominal pain and, in some
      cases, a surgical abdomen. Toxins can be classified according to mechanisms of
      injury: 1. Corrosives often produce severe gastroenteritis and may result in
      gastric or esophageal perforations. Examples of corrosive substances include
      aspirin, iron, mercury, acids and alkali. 2. Drugs may cause intestinal ileus or
      obstruction by pharmacologic actions (i.e., anticholinergic drugs and narcotics)
      or by mechanical obstruction (charcoal and drug bezoars). 3. Abdominal pain
      simulating an acute abdomen may result from systemic effects of black widow
      spider envenomation or intoxication with heavy metals such as lead and arsenic.
      4. Ischemic bowel disease may occur from use of vasoconstrictor drugs, such as
      ergotamines, amphetamines and cocaine, or may follow treatment with
      catecholamines or digitalis in critically ill patients. Small bowel ischemia is
      life-threatening and may require bowel resection. 5. Many drugs cause abdominal
      pain by directly injuring abdominal organs, such as the liver and pancreas.
      Antibiotic-associated colitis may present with abdominal pain and inflammatory
      diarrhea. Consideration of drugs and toxins plays an important role in the
      differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen.

PMID- 2663463
TI  - Ascites.
AB  - In summary, the diagnosis of ascites should be considered in all patients
      presenting with abdominal distention. A careful history and physical examination
      should be performed to rule out conditions that mimic ascites. Ultrasonography
      should be performed in questionable cases of ascites since physical examination
      and radiographic signs of ascites are unreliable. Paracentesis can help determine
      the etiology. Ascitic fluid should be examined to rule out spontaneous bacterial
      peritonitis, one of the few curable complications of cirrhosis. An ascitic fluid
      PMN count of greater than 250 per mm3 proves a sensitive indicator of infection.
      Medical treatment of cirrhotic ascites includes dietary sodium restriction and
      diuretics++. Large-volume paracentesis, with or without the use of colloid
      infusions, may provide useful adjunctive therapy. In rare instances, intractable
      ascites may be treated with a peritoneovenous shunt, although the complications
      and mortality rate of this procedure are significant. Peritoneovenous shunting,
      however, has not been shown to improve survival.

PMID- 2663464
TI  - Abdominal catastrophes.
AB  - The patient in our case report presented with an acute abdomen but stable vital
      signs and ABCs. The differential diagnosis initially included most of the
      entities discussed in this chapter. The ECG ruled out an acute MI. The patient
      improved with IV hydration and oxygen administration. Abdominal x-ray films ruled
      out a bowel obstruction, and chest x-ray films ruled out a pulmonic process.
      Laboratory tests revealed hemoconcentration and leukocytosis. No other laboratory
      test results were abnormal. While waiting for the surgeon to arrive, the patient
      remains stable, so the ED physician orders a CT scan of the abdomen. Taking
      another look at the plain x-ray films, the emergency physician in our case
      presentation sees a suggestion of free air under the right hemidiaphragm above
      the liver on the CXR and between the liver and the right abdominal wall on the
      decubitus ABD x-ray. The CT scan confirms the presence of free air within the
      peritoneal cavity, and the patient is taken to surgery for an exploratory
      laparotomy. The final diagnosis is perforated peptic ulcer. With hindsight, the
      patient and wife recall a previous diagnosis of a possible ulcer in the past.

PMID- 2663465
TI  - Nonsurgical and extraperitoneal causes of abdominal pain.
AB  - Most patients presenting to the emergency department with acute abdominal pain
      suffer from disorders requiring other than surgical intervention. Unnecessary
      morbidity may be avoided through understanding the anatomic and physiologic
      variables involved in producing abdominal pain. Table 1 lists conditions that may
      simulate an acute surgical abdomen. Selected disorders were discussed.

PMID- 2663466
TI  - Spontaneous intramural perforation of the esophagus: case report and review of
      the literature.
AB  - A 47-year-old male suffered spontaneous intramural perforation of his esophagus
      following tracheostomy and nasogastric intubation. The reports of this unusual
      lesion in the literature are reviewed, and the characteristic radiographic and
      endoscopic features demonstrated.

PMID- 2663467
TI  - Nuclear and chloroplast mutations affect the synthesis or stability of the
      chloroplast psbC gene product in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
AB  - The psbC gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii encodes P6, the 43 kd photosystem II
      core polypeptide. The sequence of P6 is highly homologous to the corresponding
      protein in higher plants with the exception of the N-terminal region where the
      first 12 amino acids are missing. Translation of P6 is initiated at GUG in C.
      reinhardtii. The chloroplast mutant MA16 produces a highly unstable P6 protein.
      The mutation in this strain maps near the middle of the psbC gene and consists of
      a 6 bp duplication that creates a Ser-Leu repeat at the end of one transmembrane
      domain. Two nuclear mutants, F34 and F64, and one chloroplast mutant, FuD34, are
      unable to synthesize P6. All of these mutants accumulate wild-type levels of psbC
      mRNA. The FuD34 mutation has been localized near the middle of the 550 bp 5'
      untranslated region of psbC where the RNA can be folded into a stem-loop
      structure. A chloroplast suppressor of F34 has been isolated that partially
      restores synthesis of the 43 kd protein. The mutation of this suppressor is near
      that of FuD34, in the same stem-loop region. These chloroplast mutations appear
      to define the target site of a nuclear factor that is involved in P6 translation.

PMID- 2663468
TI  - Post-translational processing of p21ras is two-step and involves carboxyl
      methylation and carboxy-terminal proteolysis.
AB  - We have studied the post-translational processing of p21ras proteins. The primary
      translation product pro-p21 is cytosolic and is rapidly converted to a cytosolic
      form (c-p21) of higher mobility on SDS-PAGE. c-p21 is converted in turn to the
      membrane-bound mature palmitoylated form (m-p21) of slightly higher mobility.
      These processing steps are accompanied by increases in isoelectric point and in
      hydrophobicity as judged by Triton X-114 partitioning. Although the increases in
      electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity precede acylation we show that
      mutation of Cys186, which has been shown to block acylation, also abolishes the
      pro-p21 to c-p21 conversion. Thus the Cys186 residue is involved in the
      processing steps prior to acylation. We have identified two processing events
      which contribute to the pro-p21 conversion. Site-directed mutagenesis to insert
      tryptophan, which is not present in the wild type, followed by metabolic
      labelling with [3H]tryptophan has allowed us to map a proteolytic processing
      event which removes the three C-terminal residues. In addition, both the c-p21
      and m-p21 forms are carboxyl-methylated. Approximately one methyl group is
      incorporated per molecule of p21 at steady state, which can partially account for
      the increase in isoelectric point. Unlike palmitate, methyl group turnover is not
      observed.

PMID- 2663469
TI  - p21H-ras-induced morphological transformation and increases in c-myc expression
      are independent of functional protein kinase C.
AB  - It has previously been demonstrated that efficient DNA synthesis by oncogenic
      p21H-ras only occurs in the presence of insulin and is absolutely dependent on
      functional protein kinase C. Here we show that morphological transformation
      induced by oncogenic p21H-ras does not require functional protein kinase C. The
      early phases of protein kinase C-independent morphological transformation do not
      require de novo protein synthesis. We have also demonstrated that the
      introduction of p21H-ras into quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells by scrape-loading leads
      to increased levels of c-myc mRNA similar to those seen following serum
      stimulation. The increases in c-myc mRNA levels induced by p21H-ras are also
      independent of functional protein kinase C. Both morphological transformation and
      the elevation of c-myc mRNA levels do not require insulin. These results
      demonstrate that p21H-ras is generating protein kinase C-dependent and 
      independent signals.

PMID- 2663470
TI  - Myc oncoproteins are phosphorylated by casein kinase II.
AB  - Casein kinase II (CK-II) is a ubiquitous protein kinase, localized to both
      nucleus and cytoplasm, with strong specificity for serine residues positioned
      within clusters of acidic amino acids. We have found that a number of nuclear
      oncoproteins share a CK-II phosphorylation sequence motif, including Myc, Myb,
      Fos, E1a and SV40 T antigen. In this paper we show that cellular myc-encoded
      proteins, derived from avian and human cells, can serve as substrates for
      phosphorylation by purified CK-II in vitro and that this phosphorylation is
      reversible. One- and two-dimensional mapping experiments demonstrate that the
      major phosphopeptides from in vivo phosphorylated Myc correspond to the
      phosphopeptides produced from Myc phosphorylated in vitro by CK-II. In addition,
      synthetic peptides with sequences corresponding to putative CK-II phosphorylation
      sites in Myc are subject to multiple, highly efficient phosphorylations by CK-II,
      and can act as competitive inhibitors of CK-II phosphorylation of Myc in vitro.
      We have used such peptides to map the phosphorylated regions in Myc and have
      located major CK-II phosphorylations within the central highly acidic domain and
      within a region proximal to the C terminus. Our results, along with previous
      studies on myc deletion mutants, show that Myc is phosphorylated by CK-II, or a
      kinase with similar specificity, in regions of functional importance. Since CK-II
      can be rapidly activated after mitogen treatment we postulate that CK-II mediated
      phosphorylation of Myc plays a role in signal transduction to the nucleus.

PMID- 2663471
TI  - Double-stranded RNA activates binding of NF-kappa B to an inducible element in
      the human beta-interferon promoter.
AB  - The human beta-interferon promoter contains at least two positive acting domains
      (PRD I and PRD II). PRD I has been previously shown to stimulate basal
      transcription and to respond to induction by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Here we
      show that PRD II functions independently as a constitutive element that also
      responds to induction. A cellular factor that specifically binds to PRD II has
      been identified, and the levels of this factor increase markedly in extracts from
      cells treated with dsRNA. The inducible factor has a binding specificity that is
      indistinguishable from the transcription factor NF-kappa B. As has been shown for
      NF-kappa B, the PRD II-specific factor can be activated in uninduced extracts by
      treatment with detergent, suggesting that the inactive state is due to
      association with an inhibitory factor. Induction by dsRNA therefore provides a
      novel means for the post-translational activation of NF-kappa B. Potential
      binding sites for NF-kappa B are present in the 5' flanking regions of a number
      of genes involved in the immune response, several of which are inducible by
      dsRNA. These findings demonstrate a role for NF-kappa B in the physiological
      activation of genes in non-lymphoid cells.

PMID- 2663472
TI  - RNA polymerase and gal repressor bind simultaneously and with DNA bending to the
      control region of the Escherichia coli galactose operon.
AB  - The Escherichia coli galactose operon contains an unusual array of closely spaced
      binding sites for proteins governing the expression from the two physically
      overlapping gal promoters. Based on studies of two gal promoter-up mutants we
      have previously suggested RNA-polymerase-induced DNA bending of gal promoter DNA.
      Here we present new evidence confirming and extending this interpretation. It was
      obtained by the circular permutation assay of gel electrophoretic mobility [Wu
      and Crothers (1984), Nature, 308, 509-513] applied to three analogous series of
      circularly permuted fragments derived from wild-type and two promoter-up mutant
      DNAs. The same circularly permuted DNA fragments have further been used to study
      the binding of gal repressor to its operator sites by electrophoretic mobility
      shift and by DNase I footprinting techniques. The main results are: (i) complexes
      carrying repressor either exclusively at the upstream operator O1 or at the
      downstream operator O2 exhibit different electrophoretic mobilities; (ii) binding
      to either one of the operators results in protein-induced DNA bending by the
      criteria of the circular permutation mobility assay; and (iii) occupation of both
      gal operators by gal repressor does not prevent cAMP-CRP-independent binding of
      RNA polymerase to the gal promoters, as judged by DNase I protection and gel
      retardation assays. The latter finding imposes constraints on any attempt to
      model the regulation of gal expression by assumed DNA-protein and protein-protein
      interactions.

PMID- 2663473
TI  - lac repressor mutants with double or triple exchanges in the recognition helix
      bind specifically to lac operator variants with multiple exchanges.
AB  - Several lac repressor mutants have been isolated which repress beta-galactosidase
      synthesis in Escherichia coli up to 200-fold. They do so by binding specifically
      to particular symmetrical lac Oc operator variants. The mutations in the lac
      repressor are localized in two separate parts of the recognition helix comprising
      (i) residues 1 and 2 which interact with base pairs 4 and 5 of lac operator and
      (ii) residue 6 which recognizes operator base pair 6. Mutations of residues 1 and
      2 may be combined with a mutation of residue 6. The resulting mutant protein
      binds specifically to an operator variant with three symmetric exchanges in base
      pairs 4, 5 and 6.

PMID- 2663475
TI  - Medical therapy of hyperprolactinemia.
AB  - Although many causes of hyperprolactinemia exist, medications and prolactin
      secreting pituitary tumors (prolactinomas) are the most common etiologies. The
      mainstay of medical management for pituitary tumors as well as for most causes of
      hyperprolactinemia is bromocriptine. The drug can be used alone or in conjunction
      with other therapeutic modalities, including surgical resection and pituitary
      irradiation, depending on the clinical scenario. Bromocriptine can lower serum
      prolactin, reduce tumor size, and restore fertility in those patients during
      pregnancy. As bromocriptine is not always well tolerated and requires frequent
      dosing, newer agents that may diminish side effects and improve compliance are
      under investigation.

PMID- 2663474
TI  - fixK, a gene homologous with fnr and crp from Escherichia coli, regulates
      nitrogen fixation genes both positively and negatively in Rhizobium meliloti.
AB  - Nitrogen fixation genes are shown to undergo a complex positive and negative
      regulation in Rhizobium meliloti. Activation of fixN by fixLJ is shown to require
      a third regulatory gene, fixK. As fixK is activated by fixLJ, we propose a
      cascade model for fixN regulation such that fixLJ activates fixN via fixK. In
      addition fixK negatively regulates expression of the nif-specific activator nifA
      as well as its own expression by autoregulation. Thus nifA and fixK are subject
      to a mixed regulation, positive (by fixLJ) and negative (by fixK). The sequence
      of fixK shows homology with the Escherichia coli regulators fnr and crp, which
      makes fixK the third characterized member of this family of prokaryotic
      regulators.

PMID- 2663476
TI  - Acromegaly. Diagnosis and therapy.
AB  - Acromegaly may be due to various pathologic processes, but the majority of
      patients harbor a GH-producing pituitary tumor. Careful clinical, biochemical,
      and radiologic assessment is needed before designing an appropriate therapeutic
      plan. Treatment options include surgery, irradiation, dopamine agonists, and
      somatostatin analogues. Indications, limitations, and side effects of each
      modality are discussed.

PMID- 2663477
TI  - Cushing's syndrome.
AB  - The clinical characteristics and current concepts of pathophysiology of Cushing's
      syndrome have been reviewed. The specific type of pituitary or ectopic ACTH
      dependent and ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome and the underlying pathology
      can be determined biochemically and with the aid of anatomic localization
      procedures. Several approaches are available for treating pituitary ACTH
      dependent Cushing's syndrome, but transsphenoidal pituitary microsurgery is the
      ideal type, with remission of the disease being observed in 80 to 90% of cases.
      When successful, pituitary microsurgery is followed by preservation of normal
      pituitary function and restoration of normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
      function within 6 to 12 months postoperatively. Medical therapy of Cushing's
      disease includes drugs that inhibit CRH-ACTH secretion, such as cyproheptadine
      and bromocriptine, and agents that inhibit cortisol synthesis, such as
      aminoglutethimide, metyrapone, ketoconazole, and mitotane, or that block the
      action of cortisol at the glucocorticoid receptor level, such as RU-485. With the
      exception of mitotane, which has adrenalytic effects, the action of the other
      pharmacologic agents is promptly reversed when treatment is discontinued. Thus,
      drug therapy is effective only as temporary treatment for Cushing's syndrome when
      surgical approaches are contraindicated or when attempts are made to improve the
      patient's clinical and metabolic status in preparation for surgery. Mitotane is
      effective in extending survival of patients with adrenal carcinoma, particularly
      when it is administered early as adjuvant therapy or when it is combined with
      repeated debulking resection of recurrent tumor. The toxicity associated with
      mitotane administration limits the use of larger and probably more effective
      doses in these patients. The synthesis of more specific cytochrome P-450 enzyme
      inhibitors and of mitotane analogues with more limited toxicity may ultimately
      provide more effective tools in the pharmacologic management of Cushing's
      syndrome.

PMID- 2663478
TI  - Medical therapy of glycoprotein hormone-secreting pituitary tumors.
AB  - Glycoprotein hormone adenomas represent approximately 25% of all pituitary
      adenomas. Although surgery and radiation are the primary therapeutic modalities,
      there is an important need for the development of adjunctive medical therapy for
      these tumors. Investigations have focused on the suppression of GPH synthesis and
      secretion by hypothalamic regulatory factors in an attempt to decrease tumor
      mass. Although GnRH agonist analogues have not produced consistent GPH
      suppression, they may be valuable tools to investigate the regulation of intact
      GPH and subunit secretion in these tumors. Preliminary reports have shown that
      analogues of dopamine and somatostatin may be therapeutically useful. However,
      careful in vivo and in vitro characterization of tumors within this very
      heterogeneous group and correlation with their response to treatment are needed
      to establish guidelines for effective medical therapy.

PMID- 2663479
TI  - Medical treatment of benign and malignant thyroid tumors.
AB  - This article discusses the multiple types of benign and malignant thyroid tumors.
      Benign nodules are subclassified as hypofunctioning or functioning and
      hyperfunctioning, and the management and treatment of these nodules are outlined.
      The author also discusses in detail the morphologic types, distinctive prognoses,
      and responses to therapies of the various malignant tumors.

PMID- 2663480
TI  - Etiologies and therapy of hypercalcemia.
AB  - This article covers considerations in the etiologies and therapy of
      hypercalcemia. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia is discussed, with
      particular emphasis on primary hyperparathyroidism and the hypercalcemia of
      malignancy. Clinical features of hypercalcemia are also discussed. Therapy of
      hypercalcemia is considered from the point of view of principles and general and
      specific measures, with emphasis on a pathophysiologic rationale for therapy.

PMID- 2663481
TI  - Medical treatment of low-renin aldosteronism.
AB  - Among the subsets of LRA, IHA and GSA should always be treated medically. APA and
      APC should be treated surgically if possible, with unilateral adrenalectomy.
      First-line treatment of IHA and for preoperative preparation of APA and APC
      patients is the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone. If this agent cannot be
      used because of side effects, sodium transport inhibitors are appropriate
      alternatives. Patients with IHA and APA can also be treated with calcium channel
      blockers, but only nifedipine has been tested in these conditions. IHA can
      probably also be treated with the converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril, but the
      experience with this agent is very limited. The same is true for steroidogenesis
      inhibitors, of which ketoconazole seems to be the most promising. GSA is usually
      treated with dexamethasone. Spironolactone and amiloride can be used as
      alternatives. The only proven auxiliary medication for treatment of APC is o,p'
      DDD.

PMID- 2663482
TI  - Management of pheochromocytoma.
AB  - The fundamental principles of pheochromocytoma management are reviewed. These are
      a high index of clinical suspicion; biochemical confirmation of the diagnosis;
      preoperative localization and pharmacologic treatment with alpha-adrenergic
      blockers (and occasionally with beta-adrenergic blockers and/or alpha
      methylparatyrosine); meticulous anesthesia and intraoperative cardiovascular
      monitoring; and attention to the surgical principles of wide exposure, careful
      dissection and complete exploration, early interruption of tumor vasculature, and
      delivery of the tumor with the capsule intact. For malignant lesions, the roles
      of pharmacologic management (alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade, alpha
      methylparatyrosine, and drugs for heart failure, diabetes, and pain),
      teleradiotherapy, radiopharmaceutical treatment with I-131 MIBG and chemotherapy
      (with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine) are discussed.

PMID- 2663483
TI  - Treatment of endocrine tumors of the pancreas.
AB  - Many advances have been made in the recognition, diagnosis, and management of
      patients with functional islet cell tumors during the past three decades.
      Improved results should occur in those patients with functional islet cell tumors
      causing recognizable syndromes. The likelihood of this occurring is predicated
      upon an awareness, high index of suspicion, the use of immunoassays, provocative
      tests, and appropriate localization studies. Earlier diagnosis is providing the
      opportunity to cure many patients who could be treated only with palliative
      procedures or drugs in the past. Figure 1 summarizes the current management plan
      utilized in evaluating patients whose findings suggest the possibility of a
      functional islet cell tumor syndrome. Nonfunctional islet cell tumors continue to
      be a therapeutic problem because their detection (with the exception of those
      discovered incidentally during upper abdominal explorations, CT scanning for
      other indications, or CT scanning of the pancreas in MEN-1 patients) usually does
      not occur until the tumor is locally invasive or associated with liver
      metastases. The treatment of these tumors has usually been palliative, utilizing
      chemotherapy and medical therapy including the somatostatin analogue Sandostatin
      or an operation to bypass an obstruction of the biliary tract or duodenum.

PMID- 2663484
TI  - Diagnosis and management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
AB  - With the recent widespread availability of gastrin radioimmunoassays, the
      development of increasingly effective medical therapy for gastric hypersecretion,
      and improved methods to localize gastrinomas in patients with Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome, the diagnosis, treatment of the gastric acid hypersecretion, and
      approach to the tumor have changed significantly. Recent advances in each of
      these areas and the current management of a patient with Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome are reviewed.

PMID- 2663485
TI  - Therapy of the malignant carcinoid syndrome.
AB  - Although usually associated with carcinoid tumors of the small intestine that
      have metastasized to the liver, the carcinoid syndrome is seen less frequently
      with primary tumors arising from other organs such as the lung, pancreas, thymus,
      stomach, and ovary. The clinical features, pathophysiology and diagnosis, and
      therapeutic considerations of this syndrome are presented. The management of
      carcinoid crisis and the results of recent chemotherapy trials are also
      discussed.

PMID- 2663486
TI  - Endocrine therapy of breast and prostate cancer.
AB  - Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disorder with regard to biologic and
      clinical characteristics. Identification of patients with different biologic
      subtypes is important both prognostically and therapeutically. The recent
      introduction of estrogen and progesterone receptor measurement has considerably
      increased our ability to identify patients with hormone-dependent tumors who are
      likely to respond to endocrine therapy and enjoy a longer survival. Assessment of
      the tumor growth fraction by autoradiographic or flow cytometric methods and
      measurement of EGF receptors in tumor specimens are likely to produce additional
      independent information on the clinical outcome of patients with breast cancer.
      The endocrine therapy of breast cancer has been greatly facilitated with the
      introduction of newer forms of therapy such as antiestrogens and aromatase
      inhibitors. These forms of treatments are well established, not only in patients
      with metastatic disease but also in selected subgroups of women with operable
      breast cancer following surgery. In view of its low toxicity and ease of
      administration, modern endocrine therapy has obviated the need for major ablative
      procedures such as surgical adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy. Unfortunately,
      duration of response and survival have not been prolonged by these newer
      endocrine treatments when compared with traditional hormonal therapy. Thus, new
      treatment strategies need to be developed, since current therapy does not cure
      any patient with advanced disease and at best only a small fraction of women with
      early breast cancer. Hormonally induced manipulation of tumor cell kinetics may
      provide a tool to enhance the efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy, in both
      metastatic as well as locally advanced disease. This potential approach needs to
      be further evaluated in prospective randomized clinical trials. Prostate cancer
      is the male counterpart of hormone-dependent neoplasia. Conventional therapy of
      this malignancy consists of surgical or medical castration. However, despite a
      high initial response rate, disease progression invariably occurs with poor
      response to secondary forms of therapy. Potential new treatment strategies
      currently being tested in the attempt to improve clinical outcome include
      simultaneous early blockade of both adrenal and testicular androgens as well as
      hormonally induced tumor cell growth synchronization and recruitment prior to
      administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy.

PMID- 2663487
TI  - Cardiac complications of intravenous digital subtraction angiography.
AB  - In a prospective study of 103 patients the incidence of cardiac events during
      intravenous digital subtraction angiography (i. v. DSA) was investigated. Of 103
      patients 17 had known ischaemic heart disease. The examination was performed with
      an ionic contrast medium, Urografin 76% (sodium megluminediatrizoate),
      administered by bolus injection into the right atrium. Patients with severe
      cardiac disease were examined only if the procedure was considered of vital
      importance. Cardiac events were defined as ST-segment changes of more than 0.1
      mV, changes in heart rate of more than 20%, arrhythmias and such symptoms as
      chest pain and dyspnoea. Ischaemic ST-segment changes during i. v. DSA were
      observed in approximately 20% of the patients and were not related to the
      presence of known ischaemic heart disease. Three patients developed angina during
      the procedure. Among 12 patients with known angina only one patient developed
      angina during the procedure. In this study chest pain was infrequent (3%), but
      there was a relative high frequency of ECG changes (20%) not related to patients
      with ischaemic heart disease only. It is concluded that there is a risk of
      cardiac events during i. v. DSA, but the risk is not increased in patients with
      known ischaemic heart disease (if they do not suffer from congestive heart
      failure) as compared with other patients without known ischaemic heart disease.

PMID- 2663488
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of pseudomyxoma peritonei.
AB  - MRI findings in three cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei, in two cases associated
      with visceral invasion, are described. MR imaging using the same morphologic
      criteria as described in ultrasonography and CT suggested the diagnosis in all
      three cases. In T 1 weighted images (SE 400/28 ms) the hypointensity of signals
      of both implants and mucoid ascites was found to approach that of muscle tissue.
      In T 2 weighted images (SE 1600/40, 80, 120 ms), however, there was general
      hyperintensity of signals, which was more pronounced in mucoid ascites than in
      implants, and which approached signal intensities of water. Invasion of the
      viscera was very well depicted in all cases.

PMID- 2663489
TI  - Local urokinase infusion for total occlusion of the lower abdominal aorta. Report
      of two cases and a review of the literature.
AB  - Two patients with acute occlusion of the lower abdominal aorta have been
      successfully treated with total of 7,425,000 and 8,850,000 units of urokinase
      infused locally over 93 and 86 hours, respectively, with restoration of flow. No
      complication occurred.

PMID- 2663490
TI  - Renal angiolipomas combined with renal cystic disease in tuberous sclerosis.
AB  - A 19-year-old white man presented with tuberous sclerosis. Ultrasonography
      revealed enlarged kidneys with multiple echogenic and echo-free areas due to
      angiomyolipomas and cysts, respectively. This echographic appearance is extremely
      seldom, and it is thought to be specific for tuberous sclerosis. The literature
      is reviewed and problems of diagnosis and therapy are discussed.

PMID- 2663491
TI  - Multiple bone islands in a skeleton dating from the Neolithic period.
AB  - Multiple bone islands were observed in a skeleton dating from the Neolithic
      period (two in a femoral head, two in the lower epiphysis of a femur, one in a
      humeral head). Macroscopic and radiographical examination was complemented by
      microradiography in the femoral head.

PMID- 2663492
TI  - Ultrasound guided puncture of pleural fluid collections and superficial thoracic
      masses.
AB  - Fluoroscopically guided percutaneous aspiration biopsy of pulmonary masses and
      conventional needle thoracocentesis for the diagnostic evaluation and treatment
      of pleural fluid collections, are well established procedures. In the abdomen,
      ultrasonographic guidance is a widely accepted method, but is usually considered
      to be of limited values in the chest because of overlying ribs and aerated lung
      tissue. Nevertheless, ultrasound is well suited as a guiding modality for both
      aspiration of pleural fluid collections and biopsy of pleural thoracic masses. We
      describe and discuss the method on the basis of 55 punctures in 46 patients, in
      most of whom previous attempts guided by radiography and clinical examination had
      failed. Diagnostic/therapeutic results were obtained in all cases but one. The
      only complication was minor pneumothorax in two patients.

PMID- 2663493
TI  - Echography of pulmonary sequestration.
AB  - Pulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital disorder in which a portion of
      normal lung tissue lacks normal connections with the tracheo-bronchial tree and
      the pulmonary arteries. We report on three cases of left lower lobe extrapleural
      sequestrations that have been studied with ultrasound since 1980. In the two more
      recent cases demonstration of the feeding vessel originating directly in the
      abdominal aorta by real-time ultrasound permitted very rapid non-invasive
      diagnosis of the malformation. We recommend that a search should be made for such
      an aberrant vessel with real-time ultrasound whenever a pulmonary sequestration
      is suspected.

PMID- 2663494
TI  - New aspects of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes in lower eukaryotes.

PMID- 2663495
TI  - The hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor selectively binds to some endogenous
      tissues.
AB  - The hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) was isolated from various rat
      tissues or freshly prepared single cell suspensions and tested for the binding to
      endogenous tissues or specific cell types by indirect immunofluorescence.
      Inhibition with N-acetyl-D-galactosamine demonstrated specificity of binding.
      ASGP-R binds to mesodermal tissues and to selected cells of the majority of
      glandular tissues but not to lining epithelia. ASGP-R stains heart muscle but not
      skeletal muscle. In addition, ASGP-R stains spleen cells (52%), bone marrow cells
      (55%), thymocytes (62%), and a fraction of peripheral blood lymphocytes (29%),
      which was identified as B-lymphocytes. Five different rat tumors also showed
      binding of ASGP-R. The binding pattern and staining intensity of peanut
      agglutinin and soybean agglutinin were strikingly different although the binding
      specificity of these lectins is related to the ASPG-R. It is concluded that
      considerable numbers of endogenous binding sites for the hepatic ASGP-R exist in
      normal tissue, even on cells which pass the liver on circulation.

PMID- 2663496
TI  - Demonstration of immunoreactive forms of erythrocyte protein 4.2 in nonerythroid
      cells and tissues.
AB  - Protein 4.2 is a major component of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton. Here
      we show that immunoreactive forms of human (Mr 72,000) and pig (Mr 75,000)
      protein 4.2 are also associated with the plasma membrane of various nonerythroid
      cells and tissues, such as platelets, brain, and kidney. Protein 4.2 can be
      extracted from platelet membranes under the same conditions (pH 11, 1 M KI, 1 M
      urea) which are required to extract protein 4.2 from the erythrocyte plasma
      membrane. The demonstration of protein 4.2 in nucleated cells that contain also
      several other proteins of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton indicates some
      general principles underlying the molecular construction of the plasma membrane
      in erythrocytes and nonerythroid cells.

PMID- 2663497
TI  - Polyamines, molecules necessary for cell division, colocalize with peptide growth
      factors.
AB  - The naturally occurring polyamines spermidine and spermine are necessary for cell
      division and growth. By restaining experiments, using three independent polyamine
      cytochemical methods, together with peptide immunocytochemistry, we show that
      substantial amounts of polyamines occur in a number of peptide growth factor
      producing cell types. These include submandibular granular convoluted duct cells
      producing epidermal growth factor (EGF), pancreatic islet cells producing insulin
      and anterior pituitary cells producing growth hormone (GH). Other cell types in
      these tissues display only weak or no polyamine reactivity. Also blood platelets,
      known to contain platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), are strongly stained for
      polyamines. Moreover, in EGF cells, insulin cells and blood platelets, polyamines
      are clearly localized in secretory granules. The possibility that polyamines may
      be coreleased and act in concert with peptide growth factors is discussed.

PMID- 2663498
TI  - Surface spines of human blood flukes (Schistosoma mansoni) contain bundles of
      actin filaments having identical polarity.
AB  - The spines of Schistosoma mansoni have crystalline structures that have been
      suggested to consist of actin filaments. In this ultrastructural study, binding
      of heavy meromyosin to the actin filament spines strongly supports this view.
      Moreover, we reveal that all the packed actin filaments in the spines have the
      same polarity pointing away from the apical plasma membrane toward the basal
      membrane of the surface syncytial epithelium of the parasites and that the spine
      filaments interact indirectly with both the apical and basal membranes.

PMID- 2663499
TI  - Pancreatic hormones are expressed on the surfaces of human and rat islet cells
      through exocytotic sites.
AB  - Human and rat insulin cells show insulin immunoreactivity, and glucagon cells
      show glucagon immunoreactivity on their membrane surfaces, respectively. The
      reaction occurs in the form of small dots on the islet cell surface and
      colocalizes with the chromogranin family of secretory granule markers. Electron
      microscopy reveals the labeling to occur at sites of exocytotic granule release,
      involving the surfaces of extruded granule cores. The surfaces of islet cells
      were labeled both by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, excluding that
      receptor-interacting, anti-idiotypic hormone antibodies were responsible for the
      staining. Human insulin cells were surface-labeled by monoclonal antibodies
      recognizing the mature secretory products, insulin and C-peptide but not with
      monoclonal antibodies specific for proinsulin. Thus, routing of unprocessed
      preproinsulin to the cell surface may not account for these results. It is
      concluded that the staining reflects interactions between the appropriate
      antibodies and exocytotic sites of hormone release.

PMID- 2663500
TI  - Evidence for a homolog of the yeast cell cycle regulatory gene product of cdc2+
      in Physarum polycephalum.
AB  - Evidence for the presence of a Cdc2-like protein in Physarum polycephalum has
      been obtained using a peptide antibody directed against a highly conserved amino
      acid sequence near the N-terminal end of Cdc2, Cdc28 and Cdc2HS. The antibody
      detected a 34 kDa cytoplasmic protein, similar in apparent size to Cdc2 in yeast
      and Cdc2Hs in HeLa cells. A 60 kDa nuclear band was also detected in Physarum but
      not in yeast or HeLa. Evidence is presented that this is not related to the 34
      kDa protein nor is it found in HeLa nuclei or yeast cells. The Cdc2-like protein
      level did not fluctuate over more than 10 h of the naturally synchronous cell
      cycle of Physarum. Several heat-shock experiments using regimens that either:
      delayed mitosis and S-phase; prevented mitosis or uncoupled S-phase from mitosis
      were performed. None had any effect on the level of the Cdc2-like protein. The
      induction of spherulation by starvation was shown to have no effect on the levels
      of the 34 kDa Cdc2 analog. The invariant level of the 34 kDa protein during the
      cell cycle and starvation is consistent with previous results obtained with
      yeast. Three heat-shock regimens which either delay mitosis, eliminate S-phase or
      uncouple mitosis from S-phase in Physarum also had no effect on the level of the
      34 kDa protein. This result emphasizes the stable nature of this protein.

PMID- 2663501
TI  - Localization of a parasite encoded protein to erythrocyte cytoplasmic vesicles of
      Plasmodium falciparum-infected cells.
AB  - Intracellular development of the malarial parasite results in substantial
      modifications of the membrane and cytoskeleton of the erythrocyte host cell. Two
      related Plasmodium falciparum-encoded proteins of 50 kDa and 43 kDa (Pf 50/43),
      identified by reactivity with a single mAb, were demonstrated to be localized to
      the erythrocyte cytoplasm of parasite-infected cells. Immunofluorescence and
      immunoelectron microscopy using mAb.7E11 demonstrated the Pf 50/43 is localized
      in the membrane of the vesicles in the erythrocyte cytoplasm, vesicles which
      correspond to Maurer's clefts. Solubility properties of the proteins suggest they
      are integral membrane proteins. By immunofluorescence, Pf 50/43 is shown to
      colocalize with actin which has a highly modified organization in the infected
      erythrocyte. Pf 50/43 is located exclusively in the vesicles, is not transported
      to the erythrocyte membrane or secreted. It is proposed the vesicles may play a
      role in transport of molecules across the erythrocyte cytoplasm, between the
      parasite and the external erythrocyte plasma membrane.

PMID- 2663502
TI  - Mechanisms of nitrate action and vascular tolerance.
AB  - The various potential mechanisms contributing to nitrate tolerance are discussed.
      Pharmacokinetic alterations of the organic nitrate in the systemic circulation do
      not readily reflect pharmacologic tolerance. Neurohormonal changes do accompany
      continuous nitrate therapy, but the causative factor of tolerance, if it exists,
      has not been identified. Vascular metabolism of organic nitrates is impaired
      during in vitro nitrate tolerance, but it is still uncertain whether reduction in
      intracellular sulfhydryl availability is the operative mechanism. Vascular cyclic
      GMP production may be reduced during tolerance, but this change may not parallel
      that observed in vascular relaxation.

PMID- 2663503
TI  - The clinical significance of nitrate tolerance in patients with chronic heart
      failure.
AB  - Tolerance develops during the prolonged use of organic nitrates in patients with
      chronic heart failure in a fashion similar to its development in patients with
      angina pectoris, the magnitude of tolerance development being directly
      proportional to the frequency of dosing. When nitroglycerin is given continuously
      or when isosorbide dinitrate is administered frequently throughout the day (e.g.,
      every 4h), haemodynamic tolerance develops completely in most patients within 24
      48h. Such tolerance can be avoided, however, when these drugs are given
      intermittently (e.g., every 8 or 12 h). Unfortunately, most clinical trials with
      isosorbide dinitrate have attempted to produce continuous haemodynamic effects by
      administering the drug at frequent intervals; this may explain why these trials
      have produced equivocal results. Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain the
      development of tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure. According to the
      first hypothesis, tolerance develops as a result of the depletion of
      intracellular sulfhydryl groups that are essential to the ability of
      nitroglycerin to activate guanylate cyclase--the key enzyme in the action of
      nitrates on blood vessels. According to the second hypothesis, tolerance develops
      as a result of the activation of endogenous neurohormonal systems; the resulting
      vasoconstriction limits the direct effects of the nitrovasodilators. A better
      understanding of both mechanisms may lead to interventions that will circumvent
      the development of tolerance and enhance the efficacy of long-term nitrate
      therapy.

PMID- 2663504
TI  - Rational pharmacotherapy of gastrointestinal motility disorders.
AB  - Nervous control of gastrointestinal motility is extremely complex, is regulated
      by the enteric system, the "brain of the gut", and modulated by extrinsic nerves.
      This system with its multiplicity of transmitters and receptors does not always
      allow a clear interpretation of experimental data, especially with compounds
      lacking specificity. In this review the complex situation is described
      particularly in relation to receptor populations (cholinergic, adrenergic,
      dopamine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, opioid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA),
      prostanoid and dihydropyridine receptors), therapeutic aspects of drugs and their
      usefulness in children. Newer principles with known drugs and promising new
      compounds with a more appropriate kinetic or fewer side-effects, deriving from
      distinct pharmacological groups, as candidates for the treatment of
      gastrointestinal disorders are considered e.g. anticholinergics (prifinium or
      actilonium bromide), adrenergic alpha 2-agonists (clonidine, lidamidine) for
      diarrhoea in diabetic neuropathy, adrenergic beta-blockers for shortening
      postoperative ileus (propranolol), dopamine receptor antagonists (metoclopramide,
      domperidone, alizapride) and another prokinetic substance (cisapride) which may
      be useful for a number of applications as gastro-oesophageal reflux, gastro
      paresis, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, cystic fibrosis and constipation,
      morphine derivatives (e.g. loperamide) for intractable diarrhoea and calcium
      antagonists (e.g. nifedipine) for achalasia. Increasing experience in digestive
      tract pharmacology and reliable clinical studies will furthermore be the basis
      for a more specific and better tolerated therapy of gastrointestinal motility
      disorders in adults and children.

PMID- 2663505
TI  - IgG, IgA and IgE gliadin antibody determinations as screening test for untreated
      coeliac disease in children, a multicentre study.
AB  - The diagnostic value of gliadin IgG, IgA and IgE antibody (AB) determinations
      using the fluorescent immunosorbent test was examined in 586 children with
      malabsorptive disorders and/or failure to thrive. All patients underwent jejunal
      biopsy and were on a gluten-containing diet. IgG AB were found in all patients
      (331/331) with untreated coeliac disease (CD) in our study, but IgA AB in only
      295/331 (89%). Therefore a screening test based only on IgA AB determinations is
      not recommended. By contrast, 203 (80%) of 255 children with other malabsorptive
      disorders had no gliadin AB, 43 (16.5%) had only IgG AB and only 9 (3.5%) had IgG
      and IgA AB. IgE AB proved to be of no additional value as a diagnostic tool
      because they were found in a quarter of the children without CD. Statistical
      evaluation of combined IgG and IgA AB determination showed at least 96%
      sensitivity and a specificity of 97%. The subjective ("Bayesian") probability
      that an actual patient with a given AB test result has CD, is considered: a
      patient very probably has CD in the case of positive IgG and IgA AB, and no CD in
      the case of a negative AB result. In the case of negative IgA AB but positive IgG
      AB the physician's judgement ("prior probability") influences the ("posterior")
      probability of CD for an actual patient. In contrast to IgG AB, IgA AB decline
      rapidly after the introduction of a gluten-free diet and may be used for diet
      control after diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663506
TI  - Evaluation of vein of Galen arteriovenous malformation in newborns by two
      dimensional ultrasound, pulsed and colour Doppler method.
AB  - Two babies with severe cardiac failure caused by a large arteriovenous
      malformation of the vein of Galen were evaluated with 2-dimensional ultrasound,
      pulsed and colour Doppler techniques. In both cases similar findings were
      recorded: dilated right cardiac chambers with high cardiac output in superior
      vena cava and ascending aorta; retrograde diastolic flow in descending aorta and
      continuous forward flow in arch arteries reflecting low resistance to flow in
      cerebral arteries; recirculation of microbubbles through the superior vena cava
      after passage unchanged through the cerebral malformation following contrast
      injection of saline into a peripheral vein or an arterial umbilical line. In
      addition, colour Doppler study of the brain clearly showed the malformation and
      the dilated straight sinus. Arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen can
      be noninvasively and easily detected by ultrasound studies of the heart and the
      brain.

PMID- 2663507
TI  - Atypical spondyloarthritis in children: proposed diagnostic criteria.
AB  - Clinical and laboratory findings in 26 children with atypical spondyloarthritis
      were compared with those of 76 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The
      sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and efficiency for diagnosis were
      calculated. The following findings (major criteria) were much more common in
      atypical spondyloarthritis than in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: (1)
      spondyloarthritis within the family; (2) enthesopathy; (3) arthritis of digital
      joints; (4) sacro-iliitis; (5) presence of HLA-B27; (6) frequent recurrence of
      arthritis and arthralgia. Six additional findings (minor criteria) were
      significantly more common in atypical spondyloarthritis (SA): (1) disease onset
      after the age of 10 years; (2) male sex; (3) involvement of the lower
      extremities; (4) acute iridocyclitis or conjunctivitis; (5) arthritis of the hip
      joints; (6) manifestation following a history of enteritis. In the presence of 4
      major criteria or 3 major and 3 minor criteria, the diagnosis of an atypical SA
      was established with a sensitivity of 84.6%, a specificity of 100%, and an
      efficiency of 96.1%.

PMID- 2663508
TI  - Sjogren syndrome in childhood: report of two cases.
AB  - A 12-year-old boy who developed primary Sjogren syndrome and a girl, whose
      diagnosis of secondary Sjogren syndrome was established at the age of 3, are
      reported. The importance of some unusual manifestations at disease onset and
      possible differences in expression between children and adults are briefly
      discussed.

PMID- 2663509
TI  - Crohn disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report.
AB  - A 15-year-old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in remission for 3
      years showed abdominal pain and bloody stools. No evidence for exacerbation of
      SLE was obtained. An air-contrast barium enema examination and colonoscopy
      revealed findings typical of Crohn disease. Despite the rarity of the
      combination, patients with SLE showing gastrointestinal manifestations might need
      evaluation for Crohn disease.

PMID- 2663510
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse in Turner syndrome.
AB  - We have evaluated 46 patients with Turner syndrome by clinical examination, M
      mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, dynamic exercise testing and 24 h
      Holter monitoring. Twelve patients (26.1%) had mitral valve prolapse and 7
      patients (15.2%) had isolated non stenotic bicuspid aortic valve. Aortic root
      dilation was present in 2 patients (4.3%). Our data indicate that incidence of
      mitral valve prolapse is significantly higher in Turner syndrome than in the
      general population (P less than 0.025).

PMID- 2663511
TI  - Growth hormone therapy and leukaemia.
AB  - Following an initial report from Japan in 1987, 15 growth hormone (GH)-deficient
      patients developed leukaemia during or following GH treatment. Nearly all
      available pituitary and biosynthetic growth hormones have been used. In 14 of
      these 15 patients GH treatment was initiated in 1975 or later with doses between
      4.5 and 18IU/m2 per week. The therapy period was between 0.17 and 8.0 years.
      Leukaemia occurred 0.2-11 years after the start of GH treatment. GH affects
      normally and abnormally growing blood cells in vitro and in animal experiments,
      but the clinical data in humans do not indicate GH induction of tumour growth.
      Seven out of the 14 patients under discussion had an additional increased
      leukaemia risk. Two other patients had been treated only for a very short time.
      Though no clear evidence of a strikingly augmented leukaemia incidence in GH
      treated patients is found worldwide, the available data call for increased
      attention.

PMID- 2663512
TI  - 25 Hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin E absorption in healthy children and children
      with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis.
AB  - Patients with chronic cholestasis have reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and
      vitamin E levels. We determined serum concentrations of 25OHD, 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and vitamin E before and after oral
      administration of 10 micrograms/kg body weight 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and
      100 IU/kg body weight vitamin E, respectively, in 4 patients with intrahepatic
      cholestasis and 6 healthy children. Vitamin E increased in all controls but in
      only one of the four patients. In contrast, oral 25OHD3 induced a normal rise in
      circulating 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D. The low serum levels of 25OHD in the patients
      before the oral bolus may have been due to inadequate parenteral vitamin D
      administration and/or to the simultaneous phenobarbital treatment. The latter
      possibility is supported by the increase of serum 25OHD into the normal range
      after withdrawal of phenobarbital in one of the four patients. We conclude that
      vitamin E has to be supplemented parenterally or in water-soluble oral form.
      Further studies are necessary to clarify whether high-dose long-term oral 25OHD3
      supplementation is sufficient to prevent vitamin D deficiency in patients with
      chronic cholestasis.

PMID- 2663513
TI  - Gas exchange during exercise in obese children.
AB  - Twenty-three obese children, aged 9 to 14 years, ranging in percentage overweight
      from 26% to 83% (median 51.6% +/- 16.3%), and 37 normal-weight children, matched
      for sex, age and height, performed a maximal exercise test on a treadmill.
      Cardiorespiratory performance was assessed by determination of the ventilatory
      anaerobic threshold (VAT) expressed in ml O2/min per kg and as a percent of
      maximal oxygen uptake (% VO2max). VAT and VO2max related to body weight were
      significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the obese than in the normal-weight
      children. VAT % VO2max was similar in the two groups. A significant correlation
      was found between VAT and VO2max both in the obese (r = 0.85) and in the control
      groups (r = 0.79). The habitual level of physical activity was lower in the obese
      subjects compared to the control subjects (P less than 0.001). In conclusion our
      study shows that physical fitness of overweight children is quantitatively
      lowered and that it can be assessed by VAT. VAT does not require a maximal test
      and is particularly useful in the ergometric study of subjects with exercise
      intolerance.

PMID- 2663514
TI  - Membranous nephropathy associated with ovarian tumour in a young girl: recovery
      after removal.
AB  - We report a 7-year-old girl who presented with membranous glomerulonephritis and
      steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in association with a benign ovarian tumour.
      Surgical excision of the tumor led to complete disappearance of the proteinuria
      within 2 weeks. Tumour-associated membranous nephropathy in children is rare, as
      a review of the literature shows.

PMID- 2663515
TI  - Administration of recombinant IL-2 augments the level of serum IgM in an IL-2
      deficient patient.
AB  - A patient with ataxia telangiectasia was treated with recombinant interleukin-2
      (rIL-2) and the resulting immunological effects evaluated. The patient lacked IL
      2 production, and immunoglobulin synthesis was also impaired. Treatment with IL-2
      selectively increased serum IgM without any significant side effects. Therapy
      also restored B-cell function in vitro. IgM production as well as the
      proliferative response to Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I. These results
      suggest that IL-2 treatment may correct both T-cell and B-cell defects.

PMID- 2663517
TI  - Recurrent meningitis: a case report.
AB  - A 25-month-old girl is described who experienced three successive attacks of
      purulent meningitis due to Proteus mirabilis. Third generation cephalosporins
      were employed as treatment. Cranial radiography and computed tomography revealed
      a malformation, in the form of an epidermoid cyst, in a central occipital
      position; small cerebellar abscesses were also present. The lesion was removed by
      surgery which led to a complete recovery.

PMID- 2663516
TI  - Familial Mediterranean fever (recurrent hereditary polyserositis) in children:
      analysis of 88 cases.
AB  - The clinical profile, course and complications of familial Mediterranean fever
      (recurrent hereditary polyserositis) seen in 88 children over a period of 11
      years are presented. Forty eight children (55%) started their illness below the
      age of 5 years, and the mean age of onset was 4.9 years. Peritonitis occurred in
      85% of children, arthritis in 50%, pleuritis in 33% and erysipelas-like lesions
      in 16%. Two children developed renal amyloidosis, and one third of the children
      were subjected to unnecessary operative surgery, reflecting the diagnostic
      difficulties. The arthritis was mono-articular in 80% and polyarticular in 20% of
      children with arthritis, and was seronegative (rheumatoid factor and antinuclear
      antibodies). Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing for the B-27 antigen carried
      out in ten children with arthritis was negative. The synovial attack showed a
      wide variation in the clinical presentation, course and duration of arthritis,
      causing diagnostic difficulties. The difficulties in the differentiation of
      recurrent hereditary polyserositis (familial Mediterranean fever) arthritis from
      the common causes of acute and chronic juvenile arthritis and the seronegative
      spondyloarthropathies are discussed. Of 45 children treated with colchicine, 42
      children (93%) achieved a therapeutic response.

PMID- 2663518
TI  - Concentrations of ceftazidime, tobramycin and ampicillin in the cerebrospinal
      fluid of newborn infants.
AB  - Thirty-five neonates with suspected septicaemia were randomized to treatment with
      tobramycin or ceftazidime, both in combination with ampicillin. Concentrations of
      antibiotics in the CSF were measured 1 h after the third, fourth or fifth
      injection. In 13 of 17 neonates tobramycin CSF concentrations were below 0.5
      mg/l. Ceftazidime CSF concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 17 mg/l, which should be
      sufficient for treatment of infections with group B streptococci and most aerobic
      gram-negative bacilli but not all strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Ampicillin
      CSF concentrations ranged from 1 to 80 mg/l, which should be sufficient for
      treatment of meningitis caused by enterococci and Listeria monocytogenes, the
      most important neonatal pathogens not covered by ceftazidime.

PMID- 2663519
TI  - How safe is the treatment of impotence with intracavernous autoinjection?
AB  - Intracavernous administration of papaverine and phentolamine has become an
      essential and indispensible element in the diagnosis and treatment of erectile
      dysfunction. This paper assesses the frequency and meaning of the main side
      effects of intracavernous injections (prolonged erections, fibrosis, etc.). It is
      concluded that the benefit from this new method definitely exceeds the possible
      risks. However, for the safe implementation of this method, close and intensive
      cooperation between the physician and his patient is a condition that has to be
      guaranteed. Each patient carrying out autoinjection therapy has to be examined at
      reasonable intervals to evaluate the to date unknown effects of long-term
      therapy.

PMID- 2663520
TI  - How prenatal ultrasound can affect the treatment of ureterocele in neonates and
      children.
AB  - Prenatal ultrasound has set the stage for new trends in the diagnosis and
      treatment of many urinary tract malformations, in particular duplication of the
      renal collecting system with ureterocele. The authors have reviewed their
      experience with 41 ureteroceles in 7 years. The 36 patients were divided into two
      groups: those with prenatal diagnosis and subsequent early treatment (group A, 14
      cases), and those with diagnosis later after birth (group B, 27 cases) showing
      various degrees of renal impairment as assessed by a 99Tc-diethylenetriamine
      pentaacetic acid scan. The surgical approach carried out on the patients of each
      group with particular regard to the endoscopic incision of the ureterocele as the
      treatment of choice, especially in neonatal period, is discussed.

PMID- 2663521
TI  - Lich-Gregoir anti-reflux operation: a surgical experience and 5-20 years of
      follow-up in 149 ureters.
AB  - The surgical management of vesicoureteral reflux and the choice between the many
      good procedures available continue to be debated by urologists. The goal of each
      procedure is to achieve as normal a function of the urinary system as possible,
      to eliminate urinary tract infections, and thus to prevent further kidney damage.
      We present our experience in 149 antireflux repair operations with a technique
      first described by Lich and Gregoir in 1961. The follow-up in this study is 5-20
      years, throughout which recurrent infections, reflux and other operative
      complications have carefully been considered. The success rate of this operation
      was 92.5%, with an additional 3.75% success in repair operations. Discussion and
      evaluation of other repair methods are reviewed but, in our opinion the Lich
      Gregoir technique, because of its simplicity, should be the method of choice and
      should be used more by urologists.

PMID- 2663522
TI  - Right renal vein extension technique in human kidney transplantation.
AB  - A technique for renal vein extension in right kidney transplantation is
      described. The use of this method allows to avoid some technical difficulties in
      the transplantation of kidneys with short renal vein and multiple arteries. The
      short renal vein, even in the presence of multiple arteries, should not by itself
      be regarded as a barrier to successful cadaveric kidney transplantation. By using
      all available kidneys for transplantation, regardless of the type of anatomical
      abnormalities, we were able to raise the number of transplantations in our
      material by 25%.

PMID- 2663523
TI  - Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder. Report of 2 cases with ultrastructural
      and immunohistochemical analyses.
AB  - Two cases of primary pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder are reported.
      Ultrastructural demonstration of neuroendocrine granules and immunoreactivity for
      neuron-specific enolase and synoptophysin, and the absence of cytokeratin, an
      epithelial marker, are useful features for distinguishing pheochromocytomas from
      carcinomas of the bladder.

PMID- 2663524
TI  - Insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in non-insulin dependent diabetic
      patients after chronic nifedipine treatment.
AB  - The effect of nifedipine 40 mg.day-1 for 3 months on glucose tolerance, insulin
      and C-peptide secretion after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), intra-venous
      glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and glucagon stimulatory test, has been studied in
      8 moderately hypertensive women suffering from non-insulin dependent diabetes
      mellitus (NIDDM). No significant variation in glucose metabolism was noted after
      nifedipine treatment, except for a slight improvement in insulin secretion after
      OGTT at the end of the study. There was an increase in cholesterol as a
      collateral effect.

PMID- 2663525
TI  - [3H]MK-801 binding sites in post-mortem human frontal cortex.
AB  - The binding of [3H]MK-801 ((+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten
      5,10-imine maleate) was investigated in extensively washed homogenates of post
      mortem human frontal cortex. The association of [3H]MK-801 proceeded slowly (t1/2
      = 553 min) and reached equilibrium only after a prolonged incubation (greater
      than 24 h). The dissociation of [3H]MK-801 from the binding site was also slow
      (t1/2 = 244 min). Glutamate, glycine and magnesium markedly increased the rate of
      association (t1/2 = 14.8 min) and dissociation (t1/2 = 36.5 min). At equilibrium,
      the binding was not altered by these substances. Specific binding was linear with
      protein concentration, was saturable, reversible, stereoselective, heat-labile
      and was nearly absent in the white matter. Scatchard analysis of the saturation
      curves obtained at equilibrium indicated that there was a high-affinity (Kd1 1.39
      +/- 0.21 nM, Bmax1 0.483 +/- 0.084 pmol/mg protein) and a low-affinity (Kd2
      116.25 +/- 50.79 nM, Bmax2 3.251 +/- 0.991 pmol/mg protein) binding site. All
      competition curves obtained with (+)-MK-801, (-)-MK-801, phencyclidine and
      ketamine had Hill coefficients of less than unity and were best explained by a
      two-site model. Thus, our results demonstrate the presence of binding sites for
      MK-801 in post-mortem human brains and provide evidence for binding site
      heterogeneity. Furthermore, glutamate, glycine and magnesium accelerate the
      association and dissociation of [3H]MK-801 to and from its binding sites. The
      results add support to the hypothesis that MK-801, glutamate, glycine and
      magnesium all bind to different sites on the NMDA receptor-ion channel complex.

PMID- 2663526
TI  - Sarafotoxin S6b displaces specifically bound 125I-endothelin.

PMID- 2663528
TI  - Effect of endothelin on renal function in rats.
AB  - The effect of synthetic porcine endothelin on glomerular filtration rate, renal
      plasma flow and electrolyte excretion was studied in rats. Endothelin, 1 nmol/kg
      body weight given as a bolus, induced a transient decrease in glomerular
      filtration rate (72%) and in renal plasma flow (76%) as well as in sodium
      excretion, accompanied by a sustained increase in renal vascular resistance. This
      dose had no sustained effect on mean arterial pressure. It is concluded that
      endothelin induces a marked decrease in glomerular filtration rate and renal
      perfusion. This peptide could play a role in the alterations in renal function
      observed after renal injury.

PMID- 2663527
TI  - Influence of endothelin on systemic arterial pressure and regional blood flow in
      the cat.
AB  - Regional vascular responses to endothelin were investigated in the anesthetized
      cat. I.v. injection of endothelin at 0.1 nmol/kg decreased arterial pressure and
      renal vascular resistance but increased vascular resistance in the small
      intestine. At 0.3 nmol/kg i.v. the peptide caused a greater decrease in arterial
      pressure and increased mesenteric resistance but had no significant effect on
      renal resistance. In contrast, at 1 nmol/kg i.v. endothelin caused a biphasic
      change in arterial pressure and marked increases in mesenteric and renal
      resistance. Injection of the peptide in doses of 0.1-1 nmol/kg i.v. caused only
      increases in carotid blood flow. These data suggest that responses to endothelin
      are dependent on dose and vascular bed studied.

PMID- 2663529
TI  - Prominent depressor response to endothelin in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Administration of endothelin (0.03-3.0 micrograms/kg i.v.) caused transient
      depressor responses followed by sustained pressor responses in anesthetized
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY).
      The initial depressor response occurred at lower doses (0.1 versus 0.3
      micrograms/kg i.v.) in SHR versus WKY. The secondary pressor response was
      attenuated in SHR compared to WKY in both the threshold dose (3.0 versus 0.1
      microgram/kg i.v.) and maximum effect at high doses (52 versus 91% at 3.0
      micrograms/kg i.v.). In conscious SHR and WKY, endothelin elicited comparable
      initial depressor responses with increases in heart rate; the secondary pressor
      responses were attenuated compared to those in anesthetized rats. Therefore
      endothelin elicits a prominent depressor response, which may be associated with
      afterload reduction, in SHR.

PMID- 2663530
TI  - Detection of nuclear protein antigens to antinuclear antibodies in serum of NOD
      mouse.
AB  - Nuclear protein antigens to the antinuclear antibodies in serum of non-obese
      diabetic (NOD) mice were investigated. In the serum of diabetic NOD female mice
      (20 weeks old), the antinuclear antibodies were detected by indirect
      immunofluorescence assay using frozen sections of liver of C 57 BL/6 J or NOD
      mice as antigen. Nuclei were separated from the liver of C 57 BL/6 J mice and
      solubilized. Solubilized nuclear antigens were analyzed by SDS PAGE-Western
      immunoblotting techniques. Nuclear protein antigens with molecular weights of
      26,000, 32,000 and 65,000 showed strongly positive reactions with the antinuclear
      antibodies in the serum of the NOD mouse.

PMID- 2663531
TI  - Nitric oxide (NO), a new test gas for study of alveolar-capillary diffusion.

PMID- 2663532
TI  - Exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: importance of active
      and passive components of the ventilatory system.
AB  - We investigated which components of ventilatory function are related to exercise
      tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Physical
      characteristics, usual lung function, timing and neuromuscular components of
      ventilation were measured in 113 outpatients in whom FEV1/VC was less than 75% of
      the predicted value and exercise was limited by breathlessness. These variables
      were used to predict the maximum work load during progressive bicycle exercise.
      The prediction was obtained using a stepwise procedure in men and women
      separately. Among the variables selected, age, body weight, FEV1/VC, PImax, and
      P0.1/VT/TI accounted for 79% of the variability in maximum performance in men.
      The predictive model was statistically verified and was stable. The mean
      prediction error was 12 Watts. Among these variables, P0.1/VT/TI, PImax, and
      FEV1/VC were the main determinants of maximum work load (MWL). These results show
      that exercise limitation in COPD is related to impairment of both the active
      (inspiratory muscles) and passive (respiratory impedance) components of the
      ventilatory system. The same conclusions concerning passive components are
      proposed for women, despite a smaller population which prevented verification of
      the prediction.

PMID- 2663533
TI  - Flow oscillations on the flow-volume loop: clinical and physiological
      implications.

PMID- 2663534
TI  - Pharmacological approach to smoking cessation.
AB  - At present, the possibilities of pharmacological intervention in smoking
      cessation remain limited. Some products, like smoking deterrants, lobeline,
      amphetamine and sedatives, definitely seem to have been rejected. The efficiency
      of other drugs aiming to treat the withdrawal syndrome (e.g. clonidine) or to
      eradicate the smoking habit (e.g. mecamylamine) must still be confirmed in large
      controlled trials. The same is true of the "cigarette substitutes" which have
      appeared recently. The only effective substitute treatment currently available is
      nicotine, presented as nicotine gum; other modalities of administration of
      nicotine are in preparation. Even if it has not fulfilled all the expectations of
      its promoters and of the smokers who hoped for a panacea, nicotine gum, when
      administered to highly dependent smokers motivated to stop, with the appropriate
      technique, effects a moderate increase not only in the cessation rate but also in
      the long-term abstention rate, in so far as the necessary psychological support
      is provided, either by the physician in medical settings, or by other health
      professionals, in smoking-cessation clinics or in industrial and community
      settings. The addiction to psychoactive nicotine presents only one facet of the
      smoking process in chronic smokers. They must also be helped to face the
      behavioural components of their habits, so individualized counselling remains
      essential, in addition to the prescription of the gum, in order to achieve
      satisfactory rates of long-term smoking cessation.

PMID- 2663535
TI  - Technical recommendations and guidelines for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Report
      of the European Society of Pneumology Task Group.

PMID- 2663536
TI  - Development of persistent late onset asthma following treatment with captopril.
AB  - We describe the first case of de novo asthma following treatment with the
      angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril. Despite drug withdrawal
      there was evidence of persistent airways obstruction and bronchial
      hyperreactivity. This suggests the possibility that ACE inhibitors may uncover an
      asthmatic tendency in patients with pre-existing bronchial hyperreactivity.

PMID- 2663538
TI  - [Pharmacologic agents that stimulate the drainage function of the lymphatic
      system].
AB  - Modern pharmacological agents used in experimental and practical medicine to
      stimulate the drainage function of the lymphatic system are discussed.
      Lymphotropic agents differ by the chemical structure and mechanism of action.
      Much attention is paid to the analysis of the agents possessing the osmotic
      effect. Particular emphasis is given to natural bioflavonoids including new
      polyphenol compounds produced from the Siberian plants.

PMID- 2663537
TI  - [The role of muscarinic cholinoreceptors in regulating cellular functional
      activity].
AB  - The modern concepts of the molecular mechanisms of the coupling of muscarinic
      receptors (m-ChR) with biochemical systems of effector cells are reviewed. The
      problem of m-ChR heterogeneity and a possible role of phosphoinositide and
      cyclase systems of "second messengers" generation in the mediation of the effects
      of agonists on m-ChR are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to the role of N
      proteins in the regulation of the coupling of different m-Chr subtypes with the
      effector mechanisms.

PMID- 2663539
TI  - [The Department of Pharmacology of the Tomsk Medical Institute].

PMID- 2663540
TI  - [Collateral coronary blood circulation and its role in the mechanism of the anti
      ischemic (antianginal) action of pharmacologic preparations].
AB  - On the basis of recent literature data the review gives characterization of
      collateral coronary blood circulation, emphasizes its role in protection of the
      myocardium against ischemic damage. Particular attention is given to the
      involvement of collateral coronary blood circulation in the mechanism underlying
      the anti-ischemic effect of the main groups of antianginal agents (nitroglycerin,
      beta-adrenoblockers, calcium antagonists, etc.).

PMID- 2663541
TI  - [Effect of metatsin on digestive enzyme activity].
AB  - The effect of a peripheral cholinergic blocking agent on the activity of some
      digestive enzymes involved in protein hydrolysis was studied on albino rats under
      normal conditions and during stress. Metacine was administered orally. Single
      doses were 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg. At long-term administration and in the
      subsequent series of experiments the dose was 200 mg/kg. The experiments showed
      that the drug treatment produced significant changes in the activity of digestive
      enzymes involved in protein hydrolysis. A preliminary administration of metacine
      was found to smooth out the changes in the activity of the enzymes observed under
      conditions of immobilization and hyperthermia.

PMID- 2663542
TI  - [Ways and means for prolonging the action of drugs (the status of the problem and
      the outlook)].
AB  - The modern approaches and concrete variants of the up-to-date means of
      prolongation of the biological effects of medicinal compounds having high tropic
      target-structures in the organism (pharmacodynamic drugs) are summarized.
      According to the principles of the influence on biodistribution, pharmacodynamics
      and metabolism of drugs, three main methods of prolongation: (technological
      (pharmaceutical), chemical and physiological are distinguished. The expediency of
      distinguishing a new method of prolongation--immunological is grounded. During
      the use of the method a drug in the complex with specific immunoglobulins of
      certain serological characteristics is a reversible depot-form of the preparation
      under in vivo conditions that provides the effect of prolongation.

PMID- 2663543
TI  - [Rapid chemiluminescence analysis of the effect of drugs on the functional
      activity of phagocytosing blood cells].
AB  - The effects of 46 drugs on luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of human whole
      blood leucocytes during phagocytosis were studied. Anti-inflammatory agents,
      antihistaminics and anticoagulants inhibited the chemiluminescent phagocytic
      response of leucocytes (CPRL) at concentrations comparable with therapeutic ones.
      LD50/ED50 (CPRL inhibition) factor of 3 is offered as the screening threshold for
      a number of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The possibility of using
      anticoagulants and anaprilin for the effect of resorption of myocardial
      infarction was postulated.

PMID- 2663544
TI  - On diagnostic protocols in vascular surgery with special emphasis on vascular
      imaging technology.

PMID- 2663545
TI  - Protamine sulphate: a review of its effects: hypersensitivity and toxicity.

PMID- 2663546
TI  - Femoro-popliteal versus femoro-distal bypass grafting for limb salvage in
      patients with an "isolated" popliteal segment.
AB  - In a prospective, multicentre trial, 59 patients with an ischaemic limb and an
      "isolated" popliteal segment on angiography were randomised to undergo
      infrainguinal bypass grafting to either the popliteal segment or to a
      reconstituted distal vessel lower in the calf. Limb salvage was attained with 88%
      of the femoro-popliteal grafts and 80% of the femoro-distal grafts. There was no
      difference in the one year graft patency rate between the femoro-popliteal group
      (79%) and the femoro-distal group (70%). Mean postoperative increase in
      ankle/brachial pressure index was similar in the two groups despite the presence
      of occluded or significantly diseased vessels distal to the popliteal
      anastomoses. Technical difficulties were encountered in 8% of the popliteal group
      and 24% of the distal group. Femoro-distal bypass grafting confers no apparent
      benefit over femoral bypass grafting into a patent popliteal segment, even though
      the popliteal run-off is impaired or occluded.

PMID- 2663547
TI  - Effect of acetyl salicylic acid on increased production of thromboxane after
      aortic graft surgery.
AB  - Contact between blood and foreign surfaces, e.g. vascular grafts, causes
      activation and release of platelets. One consequence of platelet activation is
      production of thromboxane A2 (TxA2). The physiological effects of TxA2, i.e.
      platelet aggregation and vaso-constriction are counteracted by another
      prostanoid, prostacyclin (PGI2). Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) causes a longlasting
      inhibition of platelet TxA2 production and a more shortlasting inhibition of PGI2
      production. The present study examines TxA2 and PGI2 synthesis in patients
      receiving synthetic arterial grafts, some of which were treated with ASA. The
      prostanoid synthesis was evaluated by measurement of their main urinary
      metabolites with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Platelet release was
      evaluated by measurements of beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) and the plasma
      coagulation by measurements of fibrinopeptide A (FPA). These compounds were also
      measured in urine in order to avoid artifacts caused by activation of platelets
      and plasma coagulation during blood sampling. Following replacement of the
      abdominal aorta with a synthetic vascular graft there was a marked increase in
      the synthesis of TxA2 and PGI2. Increased levels of beta-TG and FPA were also
      demonstrated. Administration of ASA on the first and second postoperative days
      significantly reduced the synthesis of TxA2 but caused no significant effects on
      the other parameters measured. It is concluded that ASA may be beneficial in the
      postoperative period since it counteracts TxA2 with vasoconstricting and platelet
      aggregating properties but leaves PGI2 with vasodilating and antiaggregating
      properties relatively uneffected.

PMID- 2663548
TI  - [The first Buryat midwife (Varvara Vladimirovna Vampilova)].

PMID- 2663549
TI  - Oral immunization with sperm antigens: possible therapy for sperm antibodies?
AB  - Young adult male CD-1 mice were given intraperitoneal injections (IP) of saline
      (controls) and pooled sperm or seminal plasma of two autoimmune infertile men and
      two nonautoimmune fertile men (n = 40 per treatment). Other mice received only an
      oral challenge with the same antigens (oral controls; n = 20 per treatment).
      Three weeks after the booster challenge (day 36), 20 mice in each group were
      orally immunized with the antigens, whereas the other 20 were not (IP controls).
      Cytotoxic antibody titers (immunoglobulin M) to human sperm were significantly
      higher in mice IP immunized with sperm or seminal plasma from autoimmune
      infertile men or orally immunized with autoimmune men's sperm, in contrast to the
      controls. Oral challenge with sperm or seminal plasma of autoimmune infertile men
      after the IP immunization with the same resulted in significantly decreased
      cytotoxic sperm antibody titers (P less than 0.001 versus oral or IP controls in
      sperm immunization; P less than 0.001 versus IP controls in seminal plasma
      immunization). Fertility was unaffected by any mode of immunization. It is
      concluded that, in mice, sperm and seminal plasma antigens from autoimmune
      infertile men are more immunogenic than those from nonautoimmune fertile men, and
      oral challenge with the former after an IP establishment of cytotoxic sperm
      immunity desensitizes the immune mice. These findings may have practical
      implications in the diagnosis and immunotherapy of infertile men with cytotoxic
      sperm antibodies.

PMID- 2663550
TI  - The metoclopramide test: a useful tool with the luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone test in distinguishing between constitutional delay of puberty and
      hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
AB  - To evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous metoclopramide, alone or in
      combination with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), in distinguishing
      between constitutional delay of puberty and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 12
      patients with constitutional delay of puberty and 10 patients with
      hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were studied. All patients received 10 mg/m2 of
      intravenous metoclopramide and 100 micrograms of intravenous LH-RH on separate
      days. The mean prolactin (PRL) response following metoclopramide was
      significantly higher in the constitutional delay of puberty group when compared
      with the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients (P less than 0.01 at 15, 30, 45,
      and 60 minutes); all patients with constitutional delay of puberty increased
      their PRL level to greater than or equal to 60 ng/ml, except one who had a peak
      PRL level of 38 ng/ml. While only 2 of the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism subjects
      reached a peak PRL concentration of greater than or equal to 60 ng/ml, 4 had peak
      PRL levels greater than 38 ng/ml. The mean LH and follicle-stimulating hormone
      (FSH) responses after LH-RH were significantly higher in the constitutional delay
      of puberty group (P less than 0.01 at 30, 45, and 60 minutes for LH and P less
      than 0.01 at 45 and 60 minutes for FSH). All constitutional delay of puberty
      subjects responded to both the metoclopramide and LH-RH tests, while patients
      with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism responded only to one or to neither of these
      tests. Therefore, while metoclopramide alone did not allow us to clearly
      distinguish constitutional delay of puberty from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,
      the combined use of both of these stimuli permitted us to detect all subjects
      with constitutional delay of puberty.

PMID- 2663551
TI  - The relationship of insulin to sex hormone-binding globulin: role of adiposity.
AB  - The role of adiposity in the relationship of insulin to sex hormone-binding
      globulin (SHBG) concentration was examined in 31 healthy premenopausal women of
      varying body weight. Fat mass was estimated by hydrostatic weighing.
      Concentrations of SHBG and testosterone (T) and cumulative insulin response
      during an oral glucose tolerance test were measured. The cumulative insulin
      response was inversely related to SHBG (r = -0.56, P less than 0.01). The
      relationship between SHBG and cumulative insulin response remained significant (r
      = -0.47, P less than 0.01) after adjusting for fat mass and T. The fat mass
      correlated significantly with SHBG (r = -0.51, P less than 0.01). The
      relationship of SHBG to fat mass remained significant after adjusting for T (r = 
      0.45, P less than 0.01). However, the relationship between fat mass and SHBG was
      no longer significant (r = -0.34, P greater than 0.05) after adjusting for
      cumulative insulin response. Hyperinsulinemia may play an important role in the
      progressive reduction of SHBG observed with increasing adiposity.

PMID- 2663552
TI  - Correlation of serum inhibin concentrations with results in an ovarian
      hyperstimulation program.
AB  - In order to appraise follicular development, human serum inhibin was measured
      daily by radioimmunoassay in 18 women undergoing ovarian hyperstimulation. Serum
      inhibin in the early follicular phase correlated with the number of follicles
      greater than or equal to 17 mm in diameter (r = 0.57, n = 18, P less than 0.05),
      follicles greater than or equal to 14 mm in diameter (r = 0.67, n = 18, P less
      than 0.01) on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration and
      the number of oocytes retrieved (r = 0.67, n = 15, P less than 0.01). The number
      of oocytes retrieved showed a significant correlation with serum inhibin level on
      the day of hCG administration (r = 0.84, n = 15, P less than 0.001). These data
      suggest that: (1) In the early follicular phase, serum inhibin may be a valid
      index to predict ensuing follicular growth; (2) In the preovulatory phase, serum
      inhibin may be one of applicable indexes of follicular development during the
      hyperstimulation cycle.

PMID- 2663553
TI  - Attitudes and anxiety levels in women conceiving through in vitro fertilization
      and gamete intrafallopian transfer.
AB  - Anxiety and attitudes have been examined in a series of women conceiving through
      in vitro fertilization (IVF) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). Women
      were assessed before and after their first ultrasound examination conducted
      between 6 and 8 weeks' gestation. A comparison group of women attending for
      genetic counseling for advanced maternal age also was assessed. The results
      showed the two patient groups to be comparable on psychological testing. The IVF
      GIFT group tended to be more concerned about a problem developing but were not
      more anxious. Attitude ratings showed the IVF-GIFT women to have greater
      investment in the pregnancy and the fetus. A comparison of scores before and
      after the ultrasound showed anxiety reduction for women seeing the fetal
      heartbeat. Attitude ratings were more positive for the women seeing the fetal
      heartbeat, with change less pronounced in women denied this feedback. These
      results confirm the effects of diagnostic testing on emotional state. Women with
      IVF-GIFT pregnancies show both higher concern than documented elsewhere in low
      risk pregnancies, as well as greater emotional investment in the fetus.

PMID- 2663554
TI  - [Direct immunofluorescence study of active psoriasis lesions].
AB  - Active psoriatic lesions have been investigated by direct immunofluorescence
      technique with polyclonal antisera to immunoglobulins and C3. We observed a
      cytoplasmic fluorescence of suprapapillary, suprabasally keratinocytes with tight
      topographical relationship to the parakeratotic horny layer. The intracellular
      deposits were IgA (in 60% of cases), IgG (53%), IgM (47%), C3 (30%). IgE und IgD
      have not been detected. The relationship of cytoplasmic protein deposition in
      vivo to parakeratosis is discussed briefly.

PMID- 2663555
TI  - [The fates of Magdeburg Jewish dermatologists under the Nazi regime. Carl
      Lennhoff and Otto Schlein].
AB  - Life and work of two Jewish dermatologists are described. Carl Lennhoff was the
      founder of a modern Dermatologie Clinic in 1931 and gained great merits in the
      development of the clinical dermatology in Magdeburg. In 1939 he emigrated to
      Norway and then to Sweden. He died in 1965 in Bad Reichenhall. Otto Schlein was a
      private dermatologist and participated in the political movement as a member of
      KPD. In 1936 he went to The Netherlands and was murdered in Auschwitz in 1944.

PMID- 2663556
TI  - Further characterization of the biological properties of human hematopoietic
      survival and growth factor.
AB  - Human hematopoietic survival and stem cell growth factor (SCGF), derived from the
      KPB-M15 myeloid cells, is a heat- and pH-stable protein. Chemical modification
      with various denaturing agents and proteolytic enzymes abrogated SCGF activity.
      The granulocyte-macrophage colony-potentiating and erythroid burst-promoting
      activities of SCGF were proportional to the density of the bone marrow (BM) cells
      cultured, the optimal BM cell density for delta granulocyte- and delta burst
      promoting activities being 5 to 10 X 10(5)/ml. These data could be important in
      enabling the use of SCGF to induce proliferation of human hematopoietic stem
      cells in vitro.

PMID- 2663557
TI  - The nuclear-associated endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2663558
TI  - Micrococcal nuclease: its specificity and use for chromatin analysis.

PMID- 2663559
TI  - Differences in induction of lysosomal protease activity by protease inhibitors in
      B16 melanoma cell lines.
AB  - 1. The effects of potent protease inhibitors in vitro (leupeptin, pepstatin and E
      64[N-[L-3-trans-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)-L-leucyl]agmatine]) on intracellular
      cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1), hemoglobin (Hb)-hydrolase and acid phosphatase (EC
      3.1.3.2) from cultured B16 melanoma variants (B16-F1, F10 and BL6) were studied.
      2. E-64 induced all the cultured B16 melanoma variants to decrease the activity
      of intracellular cathepsin B but did not have this effect with Hb-hydrolase or
      acid phosphatase. Furthermore, E-64 decreased the activity of cathepsin B in both
      the lysosomal and cytosol fractions. 3. Leupeptin induced all the cultured B16
      melanoma variants to increase the activities of intracellular cathepsin B and Hb
      hydrolase but not that of acid phosphatase. An increase in the level of cathepsin
      B activity was most significant in B16-BL6 followed by F10 and then F1 variants.
      4. Leupeptin induced all the cultured B16 melanoma variants to increase the
      cathepsin B activity in the lysosomal fraction. Our data differed from the
      results of Tanaka et al. (1981) in that leupeptin induced rat cultured
      hepatocytes to inhibit the activity of intracellular cathepsin B and increase the
      Hb-hydrolase activity, especially in the cytosol fraction.

PMID- 2663560
TI  - The lens: a model for chromatin degradation studies in terminally differentiating
      cells.

PMID- 2663561
TI  - Functional properties of the carbohydrate moiety of human transferrin.

PMID- 2663562
TI  - ED-A sequence containing fibronectin in human amniotic fluid and amnion
      epithelial cells.
AB  - 1. Human amniotic fluid fibronectin (aFn) was studied by using a monoclonal
      antibody 52DHl (DH) that recognizes the extra domain (ED-A) sequence of cellular
      Fn (cFn). 2. In immunoblotting the DH antibody reacted with a sharp polypeptide
      band at the top of the bulk of the diffuse aFn. Another monoclonal antibody
      52BF12 (BF) against the cell binding site of Fn, recognized the whole aFn. 3. The
      ED-A sequence containing cFn (EcFn) formed a constant proportion in aFns from all
      amniotic fluid preparations studied. 4. In amniotic membranes the DH antibody
      revealed bright subepithelial immunofluorescence. 5. Also isolated and cultured
      human amnion epithelial cells were strongly positive in immunofluorescence and
      secreted EcFn into the culture medium as revealed by immunoblotting. 6. The
      results indicate that aFn is a composition of at least two different Fn subtypes
      of which the EcFn most probably originates from amnion epithelial cells.

PMID- 2663563
TI  - Human spleen cathepsin D: its characterization and localization in human spleen.
AB  - 1. The cathepsin D was purified 1830-fold under mild conditions by a rapid
      procedure, based on two-step affinity chromatography. 2. Its molecular weight,
      amino acid composition and substrate specificity were shown to display minor
      differences from materials of other origins. 3. Inhibition with thiol compounds
      was found to be a specific phenomenon of the cathepsin D from the human spleen.
      4. Production of antiserum specific for purified cathepsin D was demonstrated by
      immunodiffusion test, an immunoadsorbent column and immunoblotting of the crude
      enzyme in SDS gel. 5. In an immunocytochemical study, the antigenic sites for
      this enzyme were found to be localized in the reticuloendothelial system of the
      human spleen. 6. The role of this enzyme in human spleen cell was discussed.

PMID- 2663564
TI  - Kidney lysosomes.

PMID- 2663566
TI  - Cellular mechanisms in the processing of growth hormone and its receptor.

PMID- 2663565
TI  - Separation and properties of multiple forms of dihydrodiol dehydrogenase from
      hamster liver.
AB  - 1. Five multiple forms of dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.20) with similar
      molecular weights of around 35,000 were purified from hamster liver cytosol. 2.
      All the enzymes oxidized trans-dihydrodiols of benzene and naphthalene and
      reduced various carbonyl compounds, but showed clear differences in specificities
      for other alcohols and cofactors, and in inhibitor sensitivity. 3. Two NADP+
      dependent enzymes were immunologically identified with aldehyde reductase (EC
      1.1.1.2) and 3 alpha-hydroxytsteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.50). 4. The other
      enzymes with dual cofactor specificity oxidized xenobiotic alicyclic alcohols,
      and one of them was active on 3 alpha- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroids with NAD+ as a
      preferable cofactor.

PMID- 2663567
TI  - Thyroglobulin gene expression as a differentiation marker in primary cultures of
      calf thyroid cells.
AB  - A system of calf thyroid follicular cells in primary cultures has been developed
      to investigate the control of thyroglobulin gene expression in normal cells in
      vitro. In low (0.1%) serum conditions, the cells remained quiescent and formed
      dense aggregates surrounded by slowly spreading cells. High expression of thyroid
      specific differentiation markers such as thyroglobulin (Tg) mRNA accumulation and
      iodide transport required the continuous exposure of cells to thyrotropin (TSH)
      or other adenylate cyclase activators (cholera toxin and forskolin). In the
      absence of TSH, Tg mRNA decreased to low but still detectable levels. Addition of
      TSH, forskolin or cholera toxin restored high Tg gene expression. Hydrocortisone
      moderately stimulated basal Tg mRNA accumulation and strongly potentiated the
      effect of TSH. Growth promoters including serum (1-10%), epidermal growth factor
      (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
      (TPA) induced calf thyroid cells to develop as a monolayer and inhibited both
      basal and TSH-stimulated expression of specialized functions. Moreover, only a
      partial restoration of this expression was achieved after addition of TSH or
      forskolin to well spread-out cells that had proliferated in response to EGF or
      serum. The results show that in calf thyroid cells, iodide transport and Tg gene
      expression are regulated by TSH through cyclic AMP; hydrocortisone potentiates
      this effect on Tg gene expression, while all growth promoting factors inhibit the
      expression of these differentiated functions.

PMID- 2663568
TI  - Polyamines in rat adipocytes: their localization and their effects on the insulin
      receptor binding.
AB  - Effects of polyamines on the insulin binding in isolated rat adipocytes were
      studied. In addition, the concentration of polyamines in adipose tissue was
      determined, and their localization revealed by fluorescence cytochemistry and
      immunocytochemistry. Spermine (0.1-10 mM) dose-dependently enhanced the insulin
      receptor binding; at a concentration of 5-10 mM spermine the insulin binding was
      enhanced by 100% above control values. Spermidine had a weaker effect than
      spermine whereas putrescine had no effect on insulin binding. Competition curves
      with unlabelled insulin indicated that spermine increased the insulin binding
      capacity without significantly affecting the binding affinity. Fluorescence and
      immunocytochemistry on adipose tissue localized the polyamines spermidine and/or
      spermine almost exclusively to the thin layer of adipocyte cytoplasm surrounding
      the lipid droplet. In addition, chemical analysis for polyamines in the adipocyte
      medium and in the cells indicated that a differential release of polyamines may
      have occurred from the cells. The possibility that polyamines may act as
      intracellular or intercellular (autocrine) regulators, modulating insulin
      binding, is discussed.

PMID- 2663569
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of cytochrome P-450 17 alpha-hydroxylase in pig
      adrenal cortex, testis and ovary.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450 specific for steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylation (P-450(17 alpha] was
      immunohistochemically observed in pig adrenal cortex, testis and ovary by the
      biotin-streptavidin method using a specific antibody against P-450(17 alpha)
      purified from neonatal pig testis. In the adrenal cortex, P-450(17 alpha) was
      present in the zona fasciculata and reticularis while no immunoreactivity was
      observed in the zona glomerulosa, confirming the absence of 17-hydroxylated
      steroid synthesis in the zona glomerulosa. In the testis, P-450(17 alpha) was
      present exclusively in Leydig cells and immunoreactivity was absent in
      seminiferous tubules. In the ovary, immunoreactivity was observed only in the
      theca interna but not in the membrana granulosa of follicles. Among the tissues
      examined, the relative intensity of immunoreactivity was greatest in the Leydig
      cells, and progressively less in theca interna cells, outer fasciculata cells and
      inner fasciculata and reticularis cells.

PMID- 2663570
TI  - Kallikrein-related protease in the rat ventral prostate: cDNA cloning and
      androgen regulation.
AB  - A kallikrein-related protease was purified from rat ventral prostate cytosol by
      means of DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G
      100 and CM-cellulose chromatography. Antibodies raised in rabbits against the
      purified protease recognize two bands on immunoblots of prostatic cytosol: a
      31,000 Da band and an 18,000 Da band, which constitutes a proteolytic breakdown
      product of the former. The corresponding cDNA was isolated from a prostatic cDNA
      library, inserted in a lambda gt11 vector, using immunodetection for screening
      and identified as encoding a kallikrein- and tonin-related protease. Castration
      resulted in a marked decrease of the level of the protease and its mRNA, whereas
      administration of androgens to castrated animals resulted in marked stimulation.
      These data support the hypothesis that this protease is a member of a cluster of
      proteins, that are regulated in parallel by androgens in prostatic epithelial
      cells.

PMID- 2663571
TI  - Insulin-mediated regulation of epididymal fat pad malic enzyme.
AB  - The complex nature of insulin-mediated biological responses has made it difficult
      to interpret such data. Prior studies in our laboratory had characterized the
      insulin-mediated increases in hepatic malic enzyme activity in normal and
      diabetic rats (Drake et al., 1983; Drake and Mucenski, 1985). However, since
      insulin-mediated regulatory processes have been shown to be tissue specific, we
      decided to examine malic enzyme activity in the epididymal fat pads of normal,
      diabetic, and insulin-treated normal and diabetic rats. This data revealed that
      in direct contrast to the hepatic studies, the normal epididymal fat pad
      contained the low specific activity malic enzyme molecule. Insulin treatment of
      both normal and diabetic rats resulted in an increase in epididymal fat pad malic
      enzyme activity due to increases in both enzyme quantity and specific activity.
      In order to quantitate epididymal fat pad malic enzyme mRNA levels, we isolated a
      2.4 kb malic enzyme specific cDNA which was designated pR ME 1. In both normal
      and diabetic rats, the observed increases in malic enzyme quantity were directly
      paralleled by increases in malic enzyme mRNA content. The Northern blot data
      revealed an apparent differential expression of the malic enzyme mRNA doublet
      between insulin-treated normal and diabetic epididymal fat pads. This study
      demonstrates that insulin modulates epididymal fat pad and hepatic malic enzyme
      activity in a tissue-specific manner utilizing a defined subset of insulin
      sensitive parameters involving alterations in enzyme specific activity and/or
      quantity.

PMID- 2663572
TI  - Similarity of an estrogen-induced protein and a luteinizing hormone releasing
      hormone-induced protein.
AB  - Estradiol induces a 70 kDa protein ('EI70') which is synthesized in vivo in the
      female rat ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and transported to the midbrain
      central gray, suggesting a role for EI70 in the female mating behavior, lordosis.
      Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), in addition to stimulating
      gonadotropin release, potentiates pituitary responsiveness to subsequent exposure
      to LHRH (the 'priming' effect), facilitates lordosis and induces the synthesis of
      a 70 kDa protein ('LHRH70') in pituitary in vitro. We now report that EI70
      precisely co-migrates on two-dimensional (2-D) gels with the pituitary protein
      induced by LHRH both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, both proteins migrate on
      2-D gels in the vicinity of a protein recognized after immunoblotting by
      antibodies to the heat-shock-70 kDa protein family. The induction of a common
      protein by estrogen or LHRH could represent a common mechanism by which these
      hormones facilitate secretion, and by which these hormones interact.

PMID- 2663573
TI  - The cortical actin-membrane cytoskeleton of unfertilized sea urchin eggs:
      analysis of the spatial organization and relationship of filamentous actin,
      nonfilamentous actin, and egg spectrin.
AB  - Whole mounts, cryosections, and isolated cortices of unfertilized sea urchin eggs
      were probed with fluorescent phalloidin, anti-actin and anti-egg spectrin
      antibodies to investigate the organizational state of the cortically associated
      actin-membrane cytoskeleton. Filamentous actin and egg spectrin were localized to
      the plasma membrane, within microvillar and nonmicrovillar domains. The
      nonmicrovillar filamentous actin was located immediately subjacent to the
      microvilli forming an extensive interconnecting network along the inner surface
      of the plasma membrane. The organization of this filamentous actin network
      precisely correlated with the positioning of the underlying cortical granules.
      The cortical cytoplasm did not contain any detectable filamentous actin, but
      instead contained a sequestered domain of nonfilamentous actin. Spectrin was
      localized to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane with concentrated
      foci co-localized with the filamentous actin present in microvilli. Spectrin was
      also observed to coat the surfaces of cortical granules as well as other
      populations of intracellular vesicles. On the basis of light microscopic
      morphology, intracellular distribution, and co-isolation with the egg cortex,
      some of these spectrin-coated organelles represent acidic vesicles.
      Identification of an elaborate organization of inter-related domains of actin
      (filamentous and nonfilamentous) and spectrin forming the cortical membrane
      cytoskeleton provides insight into the fundamental mechanisms for early membrane
      restructuring during embryogenesis. Additionally, the localization of spectrin to
      the surface of intracellular vesicles is indicative of its newly identified
      functional roles in membrane trafficking, membrane biogenesis and cellular
      differentiation.

PMID- 2663574
TI  - Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions regulate the stage-specific expression of a
      cell surface proteoglycan, syndecan, in the developing kidney.
AB  - Morphogenesis of the kidney is regulated by reciprocal tissue interactions
      between the epithelial ureter bud and the metanephric mesenchyme. The
      differentiation of the kidney involves profound changes in the extracellular
      matrix, and therefore matrix receptors may have an important role in this
      process. We studied the expression of syndecan, a cell surface proteoglycan
      acting as a receptor for interstitial matrix materials, by using a monoclonal
      antibody against the core protein of the molecule. Syndecan was not detected in
      the uninduced metanephric mesenchyme. During the formation of the ureter bud from
      the Wolffian duct, syndecan appeared in the mesenchymal cells around the
      invaginating bud. Simultaneously with the first branching of the ureter bud, the
      whole nephric mesenchyme became syndecan positive, but a 3- to 10-cell-thick
      layer around the branching ureter bud, representing the presumptive tubular
      cells, was most intensely stained. During the assembly of the mesenchyme cells
      into pretubular aggregates, syndecan was detected in these aggregates and, to a
      lesser degree, in the morphologically undifferentiated mesenchyme. Thereafter
      syndecan was found only in the differentiating epithelium, from which it was
      gradually lost during maturation of the nephron. It was last detected in the
      periphery of the kidney, where tubulogenesis still continued. In transfilter
      cultures we showed that syndecan appeared in the nephric mesenchyme during the
      period when the mesenchyme becomes programmed to transform into epithelial
      structures. By using interspecies recombinations and a species-specific antibody
      we excluded the possibility that syndecan in the mesenchyme would originate from
      the inductor. We conclude that syndecan expression is regulated by epithelial
      mesenchymal interactions. The findings that syndecan appeared as an early
      response to induction and that its distribution showed both spatial and temporal
      correlation with kidney morphogenesis suggest an important role for this molecule
      in development.

PMID- 2663576
TI  - Intracellular localisation and expression of mammalian CDC2 protein during
      myogenic differentiation.
AB  - Myogenic differentiation involves withdrawal of myoblasts from the cell cycle and
      fusion to form multinucleate myotubes. To examine the role that cell cycle
      control genes may play in this process, we investigated the steady state levels
      of CDC2 protein and RNA during myogenesis of L6E9 rat myoblasts. Indirect
      immunofluorescence using a CDC2 affinity-purified antibody showed that this
      protein is localised exclusively in the cytoplasm with a higher concentration
      perinuclearly. Both protein and RNA levels were down-regulated to similar extents
      early in the differentiation process, as cells became quiescent. There was a
      further down-regulation of protein after fusion to form myotubes. Autonomous
      expression of CDC2 protein in L6E9 cells, after stable transfection with a
      metallothionein: CDC2 gene construct, failed to inhibit the differentiation
      process. This suggests that, although there is down-regulation in levels of CDC2
      RNA and protein during myogenesis, this phenomenon per se does not play a primary
      role in controlling the differentiation process. If CDC2 is involved in control
      of differentiation, this must depend on post-translational modification of the
      protein.

PMID- 2663575
TI  - Localization of epidermal growth factor precursor in tooth and lung during
      embryonic mouse development.
AB  - The murine epidermal growth factor (EGF) precursor is a 1217 amino acid protein
      which contains mature EGF (amino acid residues 977-1029) as well as eight EGF
      like repeats. Although the highest levels of EGF are found in the adult male
      mouse submandibular gland, the results of in situ hybridization studies and mRNA
      analyses suggest that EGF precursor mRNA is synthesized in several adult mouse
      tissues including the lung and the incisor. To determine if EGF precursor gene
      expression is intrinsic to the developmental program for either embryonic tooth
      or lung organogenesis, sense and antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes
      corresponding to amino acids 1070-1081 of the precursor were used to localize
      cellular sites of synthesis of EGF precursor mRNA by in situ hybridization.
      Antibodies directed against amino acid residues 348-691 of the precursor were
      used in immunodetection techniques to identify either EGF precursor protein or
      processed derivatives. In contrast to earlier reports indicating that embryonic
      mouse tissues do not synthesize EGF precursor mRNA, we found that EGF precursor
      mRNA is present in clusters of ectoderm-, mesoderm-, and ectomesenchyme-derived
      cells associated with embryonic teeth and lung organs. Moreover, epitopes common
      to the EGF precursor were immunolocalized in both the epithelial and mesenchymal
      tissues of embryonic mouse tooth and lung organs. These results suggest that the
      EGF precursor and/or motifs contained within the precursor molecule, including
      mature EGF, may play an instructive or permissive role in epithelial-mesenchymal
      interactions pursuant to organogenesis.

PMID- 2663577
TI  - Thyroid follicular cell carcinogenesis.
AB  - Ample information in experimental animals indicates a relationship between
      inhibition of thyroid-pituitary homeostasis and the developmental thyroid
      follicular cell neoplasms. This is generally the case when there are long-term
      reductions in circulating thyroid hormones which have triggered increases in
      circulating thyroid stimulating hormone. Such hormonal derangements leading to
      neoplasms have been produced by different regimens, including dietary iodide
      deficiency, subtotal thyroidectomy, and administration of natural and xenobiotic
      chemical substances. The carcinogenic process proceeds through a number of
      stages, including follicular cell hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and benign and
      sometimes malignant neoplasms. Given the interrelationship between the thyroid
      and pituitary glands, conditions that result in stimulation of the thyroid can
      also result in stimulation of the pituitary, with the development of hyperplastic
      and neoplastic changes. The progression of events leading to thyroid (and
      pituitary) neoplasms can be reversed under certain circumstances be
      reestablishing thyroid-pituitary homeostasis. Most chemicals that have induced
      follicular cell tumors seem to operate through inhibition of the synthesis of
      thyroid hormone or an increase in their degradation and removal. For some of
      these compounds, it appears that genotoxic reactions may not be playing a
      dominant role in the carcinogenic process. A seemingly small group of thyroid
      carcinogens seems to lack influence on thyroid-pituitary status and may in part
      be operating via their genotoxic potential. In contrast with the well-established
      relationship between thyroid-pituitary derangement and follicular cell neoplasms
      in animals, the state of information in humans is much less certain. At this
      time, ionizing radiation is the only acknowledged human thyroid carcinogen, a
      finding well established in experimental systems as well. Although humans respond
      to goitrogenic stimuli as do animals, with the development of cellular
      hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and under certain circumstances nodular lesions,
      disagreement exists as to whether malignant transformation occurs in any
      predictable manner. It would seem that if humans develop thyroid tumors following
      long-term derangement in thyroid-pituitary status, they may be less sensitive
      than the commonly used animal models.

PMID- 2663578
TI  - The carcinogenic initiating and promoting properties of a lightly refined
      paraffinic oil.
AB  - The dermal carcinogenic potential of some petroleum-derived liquids is related to
      the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. However, repeated application
      of middle distillates (MDs), e.g., kerosene, diesel fuel, and heating oil,
      produced tumors in mouse skin. This result was unexpected since the MDs typically
      contain very low levels of biologically active PAHs. The present study examined
      the tumorigenic mechanism of a lightly refined paraffinic oil (LRPO), an MD shown
      to be active in mouse skin. The LRPO was separated into saturated and aromatic
      fractions. Whole LRPO and various fractions were tested for mutagenic activity in
      the Salmonella assay and for carcinogenic initiating and promoting activity.
      There was no evidence that any of the samples examined were mutagenic in bacteria
      or carcinogenic initiating agents in mouse skin. Thus no support was provided for
      the hypothesis that the complete tumorigenic activity of LRPO was in any way
      related to the presence of low levels of PAHs or to an interaction between
      initiating and promoting constituents. There was evidence that LRPO was a weak
      promoter of dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-initiated mouse skin. It was also found
      that repeated application of LRPO produced chronic irritation and hyperplasia,
      and this may have been responsible for the promotional effects. Based on these
      data, it seemed likely that the complete carcinogenic activity of this class of
      products is also the result of an epigenetic process related to skin irritation.

PMID- 2663579
TI  - Unsuspected source of vitamin K in patients treated with anticoagulants: a case
      report.
AB  - The administration of warfarin requires careful attention. The concurrent intake
      of drugs can either enhance or compete with its anticoagulant effect. Less
      frequently encountered are the effects from vitamin K added to food, intake of
      foods with naturally occurring high levels of vitamin K and diets deficient in
      vitamin K. We report a case in which loss of anticoagulant control was caused by
      a dietary supplement taken during a weight reducing diet by a patient who was
      receiving warfarin following a pulmonary embolus. A review of the literature
      reveals several similar cases. Amounts of vitamin K in food supplements and in
      foods with large amounts of naturally occurring vitamin K are tabulated along
      with suggestions for surveillance of patients taking anticoagulants.

PMID- 2663580
TI  - Cough sound analysis: a new tool for the diagnosis of asthma?
AB  - A method of computerized cough sound analysis is described. The sounds of
      nocturnal and post-exercise coughs from a child with asthma were compared with
      those from a child without asthma. The spectrographic patterns of voluntary cough
      at rest from the two children were similar. The pattern seen after exercise from
      the asthmatic child was different from the resting cough but similar to that seen
      during recorded nocturnal cough. In contrast the post-exercise cough from the non
      asthmatic child was similar to the cough seen at rest. Refinement of this method
      of cough sound analysis may be useful in the diagnosis of asthma in young
      children.

PMID- 2663581
TI  - Structure and biology of cartilage and bone matrix noncollagenous macromolecules.
AB  - Over recent years a number of cartilage and bone matrix molecules have been
      identified and characterized. These include major constituents such as collagens
      and proteoglycans as well as a number of less-abundant matrix proteins. In
      several cases these proteins have been characterized by cloning and sequence
      analysis of the corresponding cDNA. Some properties of the macromolecules have
      been studied and an understanding of their functions in the structure, assembly,
      and breakdown of connective tissue matrix is emerging. It appears that some of
      these molecules have structural roles whereas others participate in the assembly
      of the tissue. In this paper we attempt to give a current picture of the
      organization and role of the noncollagenous matrix macromolecules in cartilage
      and bone.

PMID- 2663582
TI  - Effects of microbial challenge on sleep in rabbits.
AB  - Rabbits challenged with viable Staphylococcus aureus exhibit marked time
      dependent changes in sleep patterns. To examine the generality of this
      observation, we monitored sleep patterns for 24 h before and for 48 h after
      intravenous inoculation of rabbits with Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli,
      or Candida albicans. All three agents produced complex time-dependent changes in
      sleep. Inoculation with S. pyogenes or C. albicans increased the time spent in
      slow-wave sleep (SWS) during h 4-20 after challenge. Electroencephalographic
      delta wave amplitudes (DWA) increased during h 4-8 after injection, but decreased
      during h 24-38 after inoculation. Altered sleep patterns were not observed when
      similar doses of heat-killed organisms were administered. In contrast,
      inoculation with E. coli produced a large increase in both SWS time and DWA for
      the first 2-4 h after inoculation. DWA then decreased from 6 to 32 h after
      inoculation. Similar effects occurred when heat-killed E. coli were administered.
      Rapid eye movement sleep was reduced by all three agents. These data demonstrate
      that altered sleep patterns occur in response to infectious challenge in rabbits,
      and that these changes are related to the type of infectious organism involved.

PMID- 2663583
TI  - Similarity between tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase and the estrogen receptor.
AB  - Residues 1-42 of Escherichia coli tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase are similar to residues
      293-334 of the human estrogen receptor. A computer analysis yields a comparison
      score that is 8.2 standard deviations higher than that obtained with 10,000
      comparisons of randomized sequences of these segments (P = 1.2 X 10(-16). This
      part of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase binds ATP, which suggests that residues 293-334
      of the human estrogen receptor are part of an ATP binding site.

PMID- 2663584
TI  - [Thromboembolus migrating into the right heart in pulmonary embolism.
      Echocardiographic and clinico-therapeutic aspects in 7 cases and review of the
      literature].
AB  - We report the clinical, echocardiographic and therapeutic aspects and the
      evolution of 7 cases of right cardiac migrant thromboembolus in pulmonary
      embolism (5 M and 2 F, aged 43 to 91). Our data are also compared with all the
      cases reported in the literature (77 patients). During a sample year (1987) we
      systematically performed two-dimensional echocardiograms (2D Echo) as early as
      possible in all the patients admitted to our Coronary Care Unit for suspected
      pulmonary embolism; among 42 patients the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was
      confirmed in 30 out of 42 patients. A relatively high incidence of thromboembolus
      was found (5/30, 17% in 1987); this finding seems to be relative to the early
      execution of the 2D Echo study (thromboembolus was found in 4/5 patients when 2D
      Echo was performed within 20 hours and in only 1/23 when 2D Echo was performed
      later). The 2D Echo was always evocative of freely floating migrant
      thromboembolus (6 in right atrium, 1 in right ventricle) and no differential
      diagnosis with thrombi in situ or other masses was necessary. The therapy for 6
      patients hospitalized for pulmonary embolism and surviving the first hours (1
      patient died immediately) was: surgical in 1 case, medical in the other 5.
      Medical therapy consisted only of heparin-calcium in one patient and heparin
      calcium + dipyridamole in another because of contra-indications for more
      aggressive therapy. One patient underwent anticoagulant therapy with i.v.
      heparin. The remaining two underwent fibrinolytic therapy with urokinase and,
      afterwards, anticoagulant therapy: in 1 case the therapy was started after the
      embolization of the mass in the pulmonary artery had occurred; in the other one
      we observed the progressive reduction of thromboembolus until its disappearance
      within 5 days without any signs of further embolization. All patients survived
      and were discharged within 25 days, despite the occurrence of lung embolization
      in 4 of them. The review of 77 cases reported in the literature shows good
      outcomes for embolectomy when compared with medical therapy, but almost half of
      the patients underwent surgical therapy directly. Medical therapy experience,
      particularly with thrombolytic agents (10 cases in all), is still too scarce to
      exclude its role, as indeed our experience seems to indicate.

PMID- 2663585
TI  - Influence of ibopamine on heart rate and arrhythmic pattern in patients with
      congestive heart failure. A double-blind multicentre study.
AB  - Ibopamine is a dopaminergic and adrenergic receptor agonist, which is active in
      the treatment of congestive heart failure. Since the long-term prognosis for
      patients with congestive heart failure remains very poor and the incidence of
      arrhythmic death is high, every new drug to be employed against this disease
      should be thoroughly tested in order to rule out any possible arrhythmogenic
      action. This multicentre study was designed to evaluate the effect of ibopamine
      versus placebo in double-blind conditions on heart rate, rhythm and electrical
      safety. Ibopamine was employed at a dose of 100 mg t.i.d. in 97 patients (aged 31
      83 years) belonging to NYHA class II and III with congestive heart failure of
      different aetiology, but without any complex ventricular arrhythmias in basal
      conditions (couplets with R'-R" less than or equal to 400 msec, ventricular
      tachycardia, R on T phenomena). Using a random cross-over design the patients
      were submitted to 48 hr. Holter recordings in basal conditions and following 7
      days of ibopamine and placebo treatment. No influence on heart rhythm was noted.
      No significant variations in maximum heart rate (ibopamine 117.7 +/- 20.9;
      placebo 118.1 +/- 20.7), medium heart rate (ibopamine 71.8 +/- 10.2; placebo 72.6
      +/- 10.1) or minimum heart rate (ibopamine 55.3 +/- 11.7; placebo 54.6 +/- 10.6)
      were observed. The mean number/hr. of ectopic supraventricular beats was 26.1 +/-
      61.9 after ibopamine and 21.7 +/- 35.8 after placebo (p = ns). The complexity of
      ectopic supraventricular beats did not change. The mean number/hr. of ectopic
      ventricular beats was 31.1 +/- 52.5 after ibopamine and 30.4 +/- 57.8 after
      placebo (p = ns). Neither the distribution of the patients among Lown
      classification nor the Final Score of the Italian Lown Classification (26.1 +/-
      18.0 and 26.6 +/- 17.9 in the 1st and 2nd day of monitoring after ibopamine and
      25.7 +/- 18.6 and 25.7 +/- 18.8 after placebo; p = ns) showed any difference
      between active treatment and placebo. Similar results were achieved when the
      patients were sub-divided into subgroups according to sequences of treatment
      (basal----ibopamine----placebo and basal----placebo----ibopamine), NYHA class II
      or III, aetiology of congestive heart failure (dilatative cardiomyopathy,
      ischemic cardiomyopathy and other aetiologies), associated treatment with
      digitalis or diuretics and the number and complexity of base ectopic ventricular
      beats. None of the patients experienced sustained ventricular
      tachycardia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2663586
TI  - [In memory of Leo Schamroth].

PMID- 2663587
TI  - [Treatment of chronic gastritis associated with Campylobacter pylori].

PMID- 2663588
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and peptic ulcer therapy.

PMID- 2663589
TI  - Methodological problems of randomized clinical trials in the treatment of
      duodenal ulcer, "gastritis" and Campylobacter pylori infection.

PMID- 2663590
TI  - The role of Campylobacter pylori in gastroduodenal diseases. A "believer"'s point
      of view.

PMID- 2663591
TI  - The role of Campylobacter pylori in gastroduodenal diseases. A "non-believer"'s
      point of view.

PMID- 2663592
TI  - [Defense mechanisms of the stomach and Campylobacter pylori].

PMID- 2663593
TI  - The bacterial flora of the stomach and small intestine.

PMID- 2663594
TI  - [The campylobacters: an eventful arrival].

PMID- 2663595
TI  - [Histologic demonstration of Campylobacter pylori].

PMID- 2663596
TI  - [Bacteriologic methods for the diagnosis of Campylobacter pylori].

PMID- 2663597
TI  - 14C-urea breath test as a method to detect Campylobacter pylori colonization.
AB  - Campylobacter pylori may cause type B gastritis. C. pylori produces urease, and
      the presence of this enzyme in gastric mucosal biopsies is a marker for
      colonization with the microorganism. The value of a breath test to detect C.
      pylori colonization in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients was investigated. We compared
      the 14C-urea breath test with the culture results obtained from antral mucosal
      biopsies. The 14C-urea breath test is comparable to culture results in detecting
      C. pylori colonization.

PMID- 2663598
TI  - Experimental models in vivo for Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2663599
TI  - [Contribution of pathologic anatomy to the study of the pathogenicity of
      Campylobacter pylori].

PMID- 2663600
TI  - Virulence factors of Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2663601
TI  - Local response of the host to Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2663602
TI  - Gastric metaplasia in the duodenum and Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2663603
TI  - [Anatomo-clinical aspects of gastritis].

PMID- 2663604
TI  - Epidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection.

PMID- 2663605
TI  - Bacteriological and pharmacological basis for the treatment of Campylobacter
      pylori infection.

PMID- 2663606
TI  - Immunohistochemical study of carbohydrate antigen expression in gastric
      carcinoma.
AB  - The expression of carbohydrate antigens in malignant and non-malignant gastric
      mucosa was studied immunohistochemically using the monoclonal antibody AH6
      directed to Ley antigen, FH2 directed to Lex antigen, and FH6 directed to sialyl
      Lex antigen. Formalin-fixed gastric tissue resected from 54 patients with gastric
      cancer and 20 patients with gastric ulcer were tested. The incidence of positive
      cases in gastric cancer patients with each antibody was as follows: AH6;85%,
      FH2;74%, FH6;74%. The Lex antigen was expressed in 81.5% of cases histologically
      classified as undifferentiated type, and 66.7% of cases classified as
      differentiated type. It was expressed in a higher incidence in early stage cancer
      (93.3%) than in advanced stage cancer (66.7%). Sialyl-Lex antigen was detected in
      more cases of differentiated type (88.9%) than in those of undifferentiated type
      (59.3%), whereas none of 8 early cancers of undifferentiated type expressed the
      antigen. The incidence of the expression of Ley antigen did not differ in
      relation to histological type or invasiveness. Lex and Ley antigens were detected
      in noncancerous gastric epithelium. Sialyl-Lex antigen was not detected in the
      normal fundic gland region. These results demonstrate that Lex antigen may be a
      differentiation-associated antigen, and sialyl-Lex antigen might be useful as a
      marker of differentiated cancer and an indication for invasion of
      undifferentiated cancer.

PMID- 2663607
TI  - Serum activity and hepatic localization of superoxide dismutase in alcoholics.
AB  - A series of investigations was conducted to trace serum superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) activities by ELISA and localizations of hepatic tissue SOD by the indirect
      method using peroxidase conjugated antibody, and the diagnostic and physiological
      significance of SOD in 19 alcoholics was studied. The values increased
      significantly both in serum Cu, Zn-SOD to 136 +/- 18 ng/ml (normally 33 +/- 9
      ng/ml) and in serum Mn-SOD to 859 +/- 686 ng/ml(normally 84 +/- 30 ng/ml)
      respectively when polyclonal antibody was used (P less than 0.001). The increase
      in serum Mn-SOD was higher than that in serum Cu, Zn-SOD, fluctuations of these
      values showed similar tendencies. Meanwhile, serum Cu, Zn-SOD (94 +/- 50 ng/ml)
      identified by monoclonal antibody, also, showed higher values than that of normal
      subjects (37 +/- 7 ng/ml) (P less than 0.001). On the other hand, localization of
      hepatic tissue Cu, Zn-SOD in alcoholics varied, being 63.2% in the cytoplasmic
      diffuse type, 42.0% in the nuclear diffuse type, 42.1% in the vacuolated membrane
      type, and 15.8% in the small granular type respectively. Participation of Cu, Zn
      SOD in ethanol oxidation, protective roles played by cell membrane, lysosome
      membrane and nucleic acid of Cu, Zn-SOD to harmful free radicals was presumed. In
      addition, localization of hepatic tissue Mn-SOD was mostly of the cytoplasmic
      diffuse type (52.7%) and was extremely variable. From such results, relative or
      absolute reductions of hepatic tissue SOD in alcoholics was suggested to act on
      the development of tissue injuries acceleratingly.

PMID- 2663608
TI  - A new therapeutic trial of secretin in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis.
AB  - Many animal experiments have been studied on the choleretic effects of secretin.
      We intended to estimate secretin choleresis in human (15 patients) who had
      received PTCD or T-tube insertion into the common bile duct. Based upon these
      data of secretin and choleresis, secretin was administered to 11 patients with
      prolonged jaundice due to intrahepatic cholestasis in order to evaluate this as a
      new therapy for intrahepatic jaundice. As controls, eleven patients with
      intrahepatic cholestasis treated with steroid hormones and/or phenobarbital were
      used. In all cases with biliary drainage, secretin produced a remarkable
      choleretic effect with a high concentration of bicarbonate. In 9 out of 11
      patients with intrahepatic cholestasis who were treated with secretin, levels of
      serum bilirubin decreased linearly and other liver function tests returned to the
      normal range. The mean values of T1/2 (number of days required for reduction by
      half) of serum bilirubin in 9 effective cases to secretin was 10.8 days. On the
      other hand, that in 11 effective cases treated with steroid hormones and/or
      phenobarbital was 23.2 days. These results suggest that secretin therapy may be
      an effective treatment for intrahepatic cholestasis.

PMID- 2663609
TI  - A multi-centre double-blind controlled trial of glucagon and insulin therapy for
      severe acute hepatitis.
AB  - A cooperative study was conducted to determine the efficacy of one week of
      treatment with infusion of 1 mg glucagon and 10 units insulin twice daily in
      severe acute hepatitis. Ninty-eight patients with either prothrombin time less
      than 60% or thrombotest or hepaplastin test less than 50% of normal were randomly
      assigned to hormone or placebo treatment. SGOT and SGPT values dropped after
      treatment with a gradual decrease or increase in total serum bilirubin or
      cholesterol levels similarly in both groups receiving hormone or placebo.
      Deranged prothrombin time improved more rapidly in the hormone group than in the
      placebo group. Glucagon and insulin infusion may stimulate recovery of the liver
      from injury.

PMID- 2663610
TI  - Clinical trial of clonidine hydrochloride as an antisecretory agent in cholera.
AB  - Clonidine hydrochloride (an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist) was tested for
      antisecretory effects in patients with cholera in a randomized controlled trial.
      Nineteen adults with diarrhea due to Vibrio cholerae were treated with clonidine
      (0.9 mg/24 h orally for 72 h) and 18 served as controls. During the first 24 h of
      treatment and for 24 h afterwards, the mean +/- SD concentrations of sodium (in
      millimoles per liter) in the stools of clonidine-treated patients were 120.6 +/-
      10.9 and 112.3 +/- 11.9, which were significantly lower than 135.5 +/- 17.1 and
      125.0 +/- 16.4 in the controls (p less than 0.01). Stool chloride concentrations
      (in millimoles per liter) were also significantly less in the clonidine group
      during the same periods: 82.1 +/- 16.8 and 62.4 +/- 19.4 vs. 92.1 +/- 18.3 and
      78.0 +/- 23.0, respectively (p less than 0.05). Concentrations of potassium but
      not bicarbonate were also significantly reduced in the stools of clonidine
      treated patients (p less than 0.05). However, there were no significant
      differences in the mean +/- SD stool volumes (in liters) between the clonidine
      and the control group in any of the six 12-h periods after treatment or in the
      cumulative volumes in 72 h (24.2 +/- 10.6 and 22.9 +/- 8.3, respectively). We
      conclude that clonidine causes modest reduction of stool electrolyte loss but
      does not significantly reduce fecal fluid loss in patients with cholera.

PMID- 2663611
TI  - Quantitation of the rabbit intestinal glycolipid receptor for Shiga toxin.
      Further evidence for the developmental regulation of globotriaosylceramide in
      microvillus membranes.
AB  - Shiga toxin, produced by Shigella dysenteriae 1, causes enterotoxic, cytotoxic,
      and neurotoxic effects, which may be mediated by a glycolipid receptor,
      globotriaosylceramide, Gb3. To study the relationship of this receptor and toxin
      effects, globotriaosylceramide was quantitated and further characterized in
      rabbit small intestinal microvillus membranes at various ages. Glycolipids were
      extracted from rabbit microvillus membranes, purified on Unisil columns, and
      quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The major glycolipid peaks
      were hydroxylated fatty acid-containing glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and
      globotriaosylceramide. There was a marked increase of globotriaosylceramide
      levels with age, ranging from 0.02 to 16.2 pmol/micrograms microvillus membrane
      protein in neonates and adults, respectively. The globotriaosylceramide peak was
      susceptible to alpha-galactosidase treatment, which produced an elevation in the
      lactosylceramide peak, but markedly reduced globotriaosylceramide content in 34
      day-old rabbits. Binding of iodinated Shiga toxin to globotriaosylceramide was
      documented on high-performance thin-layer chromatography plates by
      autoradiography. The glycolipid receptor for Shiga toxin in rabbit microvillus
      membranes is thus a hydroxylated fatty acid-containing globotriaosylceramide.
      This moiety is virtually absent in neonates and gradually increases with age.
      Quantitative differences in globotriaosylceramide may be the underlying basis for
      the age-specific differences in functional responsiveness of rabbit intestinal
      tissue to Shiga toxin.

PMID- 2663612
TI  - Cell lineage markers in premalignant and malignant colonic mucosa.
AB  - Normal colonic epithelial cells consist of several cell types or lineages that
      are thought to arise from a common stem cell precursor. Neoplastic transformation
      may occur at different stages in the differentiation of a colonic stem cell to
      produce tumors that may retain characteristic cell lineage phenotypes. In this
      study, immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify cell lineage-related
      markers in fetal, normal, hyperplastic, adenomatous, and cancerous colonic
      tissue. These markers consisted of secretory component (columnar cells), a
      purified mucin antigen (mucous or goblet cells), chromogranin A (enteroendocrine
      cells), lysozyme (Paneth cells), and carcinoembryonic antigen (panepithelial cell
      marker). Colonic neoplasms, like normal mucosa, predominantly expressed the
      markers of columnar and goblet cell lineages. Chromogranin A was expressed in a
      small population of cells in most normal and fetal colonic crypts. Chromogranin A
      reactive cells were found in 55% of hyperplastic polyps, 31% of adenomatous
      polyps, and 33% of carcinomas. Lysozyme reactivity was rare in fetal, normal, and
      hyperplastic specimens, but was present in 86% of adenomas and 40% of carcinomas.
      Of 42 primary carcinomas, 9% were "pluripotent" and expressed markers of all four
      cell lineages. In addition to columnar and goblet cell markers, 7% expressed both
      enteroendocrine and Paneth cell markers, 17% expressed enteroendocrine cell
      markers, and 24% expressed Paneth cell markers. Two cases (5%) lacked expression
      of any of the cell lineage markers. The remainder expressed only columnar and
      goblet cell markers. The markers used in this study appear to identify the major
      cell lineages of fetal and normal colonic epithelium and can be used to delineate
      the altered cell lineage phenotypes in premalignant and malignant colonic mucosa.

PMID- 2663613
TI  - Patterns of leukocyte chemotaxis to bile after liver transplantation.
AB  - The role of chemotactic factors in the recruitment of leukocytes to human liver
      allografts was assessed by studying the effect of bile from transplant recipients
      on the chemotaxis of cells from normal subjects. Bile samples taken 2-3 days
      before clinical rejection were more chemotactic for lymphocytes than samples
      taken during rejection (p less than 0.01), during stable graft function (p less
      than 0.001), and from nontransplant patients (p less than 0.007). During clinical
      rejection there was an increase in bile chemotactic activity for both monocytes
      and neutrophils compared with samples from stable patients (monocytes: p less
      than 0.001; neutrophils: p less than 0.001) and nontransplant patients
      (monocytes: p less than 0.001; neutrophils: p less than 0.001). In serial studies
      chemotactic activity for lymphocytes reached a peak 1-3 days before the onset of
      clinical rejection, whereas maximum chemotactic activity for monocytes and
      neutrophils occurred at the time of rejection, when lymphocyte chemotaxis was
      decreasing. These results suggest that chemotaxis may be important in the
      recruitment of inflammatory cells to liver allografts and that chemotactic
      factors for lymphocytes, which appear in bile before clinical rejection, may be
      critical in the pathogenesis of rejection.

PMID- 2663614
TI  - Ovarian carcinoma as a cause of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Natural history,
      secretory products, and response to provocative tests.
AB  - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is usually caused by a gastrin-secreting tumor in or
      near the pancreas. We describe a patient in whom an ovarian cystadenocarcinoma
      was the cause of the syndrome. The patient presented with a short history of
      peptic ulceration and development of a large pelvic mass. Investigations
      demonstrated a basal acid output of 37.8 mEq/h and a maximal acid output of 36.0
      mEq/h, and the plasma concentration of gastrin was 830 pg/ml (normal less than
      100). Secretin and calcium infusion tests were positive, and a meal test was
      compatible with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Imaging studies demonstrated a normal
      liver and pancreas but a large cystic right ovarian mass. Resection of the mass
      resulted in a marked reduction in gastric acid output, a fall in plasma gastrin
      concentration to normal, negative calcium and secretin tests, and a normal
      (positive) meal test. Histology of the mass showed it to be a mucinous
      cystadenocarcinoma. The tumor stained with immunoperoxidase technique was
      positive for gastrin, and the cyst fluid contained high concentrations of gastrin
      and calcitonin. One year later, the patient has no biochemical or imaging
      evidence of tumor. Ovarian, gastrin-producing tumors and pancreatic gastrinomas
      cannot be distinguished by provocative tests, and negative imaging studies do not
      exclude a pancreatic tumor. Patients with an ovarian mass and Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome should have a bilateral oophorectomy and a careful exploration of the
      pancreatic area.

PMID- 2663615
TI  - Hemostasis in liver transplantation.

PMID- 2663616
TI  - [Hormonal contraceptives. Uses--risks].

PMID- 2663617
TI  - [The importance of folic acid substitution in pregnancy].
AB  - Folate deficiency is very common in Germany. In the average 15% of different
      groups of people (children, adolescents, adults, the elderly) show biochemical
      resp. haematological alterations corresponding to folate deficiency. In pregnancy
      there is a much higher risk to develop folate deficiency because of a drastic
      increase in folate requirement. This is mainly due to the fetoplacentar folate
      transfer and even an ideal diet can't prevent folate deprivation during
      pregnancy. An inadequate supply situation before and during pregnancy might be a
      high risk for developing deficiency symptoms not only for the mother but
      especially for the foetus. Though the consequences of folate deficiency are very
      well known, nothing has happened in the past concerning the estimation of folate
      status in pregnant women. Information about an ideal diet in pregnancy and
      perhaps folate supplementation are therefore desirable.

PMID- 2663618
TI  - [The "other induction"--experiences and consequences in 281 deliveries following
      intravaginal administration of PGE2 tablets].
AB  - 186 patients have been included prospectively in a study, aimed at analysing the
      course of birth after induction with 3 mg PGE2-tablets given intravaginally.
      These data are compared with those gained from a retrospective analysis of 95
      patients using a dose of 2 mg. The total of the births within our clinic in
      1986/87 functions as controls. Although in every case there has been an urgent
      need for the termination of pregnancy and there have been also unfavourable
      cervix findings in the 3 mg group, no differences could be observed in comparison
      to the control group concerning duration of cervical dilatation and expulsion, as
      well as foetal outcome parameters. When comparing the 2 mg and 3 mg groups, a
      certain superiority of the 3 mg dosage could be noted, leading to the opinion,
      that trial dosages of less than 3 mg should be abandoned. C-section rate was
      lowest and spontaneous birth rate was highest in the 3 mg group as compared to
      the 2 mg and the control groups. Permanent CTG-monitoring was not necessary. CTG
      controls after 2 and 6 hours proved to be sufficient. Uterine hyperstimulation
      occurred in 2.1% of cases in both groups. In every case, prompt antagonization by
      means of high dose betamimetic therapy could be achieved. Due to reducing
      maternal and foetal side effects, the maximal mobility of the mother after tablet
      application, as well as, for the smooth congruence of cervical ripening and
      labour induction, the clinical use of the 3 mg tablet is a modern alternative to
      the classic oxytocin induction.

PMID- 2663619
TI  - [Anal manometric studies following 3d degree perineal tear].
AB  - This study shows clinical and manometric data of fecal continence following third
      degree tears in correlation to anamnestic findings. The results are discussed
      with reference to the literature.

PMID- 2663620
TI  - [Comparison of the results of preoperative studies with imaging procedures with
      the surgical status of ovarian cancer].
AB  - Optimal cytoreductive surgery of ovarian cancer is based on the preoperative
      diagnosis and assessment of tumour spread. Of 147 patients who underwent staging
      laparotomy at the Department of Gynaecology of the University of Tubingen,
      intraoperative staging was compared retrospectively with the results of
      sonography, computed tomography, double-contrast enema and urography. Ultrasound
      and computed tomography were comparable concerning accuracy of the diagnosis in
      86 and 79% of the cases, respectively. Combined application of both methods
      resulted in an accuracy of 90%. Involvement of colon was diagnosed by double
      contrast enema in only 41% of the cases in which enterotomy had to be performed.
      Involvement of bladder and ureter was observed in 80% of the cases by intravenous
      urography. According to our results abdominal ultrasound and urography should be
      performed in patients with palpable pelvic masses. The application of computed
      tomography as an additional method is indicated in patients with tumour
      classified as benign by sonographic examination. Double-contrast enema is of
      limited value in the diagnosis of colon involvement.

PMID- 2663621
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis and obstetric management in association of hydramnios and
      homozygosity].
AB  - The patient was referred to hospital in the 29th week of gestation owing to
      polyhydramnions. Ultrasonography revealed isolated left-sided hypertrophy (from
      foetal chest to the lower extremity) with subcutaneous lymph cysts. Amniocentesis
      for genetic examination revealed a chromosomal disorder showing homozygous t(13q,
      14q) translocation. This extremely rare anomaly could be explained only and was
      finally proven by a father-daughter incest. The authors underline the necessity
      of karyotyping as well as the ultrasonic exclusion of foetal malformations in
      patients with polyhydramnions.

PMID- 2663623
TI  - [Survival prognosis in acute leukemia].

PMID- 2663622
TI  - [Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Moschcowitz syndrome) in a patient with EPH
      gestosis. The pathophysiologic principle of HELLP syndrome? On the question of
      the identity of the HELLP syndrome with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura].
AB  - Case history of a patient is reported who developed signs of preeclampsia in 28th
      week of her first gravidity. Within one day severe haemolysis and diffuse
      haemorrhage occurred and an emergency section was performed. Subsequently,
      supported respiration became necessary because of diffuse infiltrations of the
      lung. Laboratory data then were conclusive for a thrombotic thrombocytopenic
      purpura (Moschcowitz's disease) and therefore the patient was subjected to plasma
      exchange during seven days: this measure induced rapid and full clinical and
      laboratory remission. The case history is discussed on the background of the
      pertinent literature and the special perspective of a pathophysiological identity
      between the two syndromes: HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low
      platelets) and Moschcowitz's disease (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura); this
      seems to be of special interest for an adequate therapy by plasma exchange.

PMID- 2663624
TI  - [Clinico-immunological aspects of chronic myeloid leukemia].

PMID- 2663625
TI  - [Increased awareness of infections caused by the HTLV-1 virus].

PMID- 2663626
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of immunoenzyme test systems for detection of anti-HIV
      antibodies].

PMID- 2663628
TI  - The cardio-protective features of tricyclic antidepressants.

PMID- 2663627
TI  - Treatment of muscular dystrophies.
AB  - 1. Specific therapies to cure the muscular dystrophies are not yet available.
      Therapeutic trials designed on the basis of our understanding of the
      pathophysiology of these disorders have had only limited success. 2. However,
      recent investigations in Duchenne muscular dystrophy have identified the abnormal
      gene and the missing or defective gene product, dystrophin. 3. These discoveries
      provide information which will lead to more rational and specific therapeutic
      approaches. 4. The advances in genetic research have led to more effective
      preventive therapy. Gene mapping has been applied successfully in carrier
      detection and antenatal diagnosis, and specific gene probes will soon become
      available for carrier testing for the two most common forms of muscular
      dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and myotonic dystrophy. 5. Supportive
      therapies for muscular dystrophy patients now include respiratory support for
      selected patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. 6. This review will
      focus on the two most common muscular dystrophies, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
      and myotonic dystrophy.

PMID- 2663629
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of melanin-concentrating hormone and
      proopiomelanocortin-like products in the brain of the trout and carp.
AB  - Immunocytochemistry on frozen sections revealed that in both the trout and the
      carp, parvocellular neurones located in the medial basal hypothalamus (medial
      nucleus lateralis tuberis) were immunostained by antisera against three molecules
      known to be derived from the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) molecule, viz: alpha
      melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha MSH), ACTH, and salmonid NPP--the whole N
      terminal sequence preceding ACTH in the POMC precursor. Axons from these neurones
      extended into various regions of the brain but did not appear to project into the
      pituitary gland. Antiserum against salmonid melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)
      immunostained magnocellular neurones in the lateral basal hypothalamus (lateral
      nucleus lateralis tuberis). Axons from some of these neurones projected into the
      brain while other axons extended into the pituitary gland. In the carp, but not
      in the trout, some MCH neurones were also immunostained by antisera against alpha
      MSH but not by antisera against the other POMC molecules.

PMID- 2663630
TI  - Control of gonadotropin release in the Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias
      undulatus): evidence for lack of dopaminergic inhibition.
AB  - Gonadotropin (GTH) secretion is known to be under inhibitory dopaminergic control
      in several species of fish. To investigate whether this is also the case in the
      Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), juvenile and adult croaker were
      treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (des-Gly10D-Ala6Pro9 n
      ethylamide luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRHa), 1-100 ng/g body wt) in
      combination with various dopaminergic drugs (1-20 mg/kg body wt). None of the
      dopamine antagonists tested, metoclopramide, pimozide, haloperidol, and
      domperidone, were able to increase plasma GTH levels above those induced by
      treatment with LHRHa alone and in some cases the gonadotropin response to LHRHa
      was reduced. The dopamine agonists bromocriptine and apomorphine either had no
      effect on the normal response to LHRHa or increased it. None of the drugs tested
      had any detectable effect on GTH levels in the absence of LHRHa. These results
      provide evidence for a lack of dopaminergic inhibition in the control of GTH
      secretion in the Atlantic croaker.

PMID- 2663631
TI  - Developmental and diurnal changes in ecdysteroid biosynthesis by prothoracic
      glands of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera) in vitro during the last larval instar.
AB  - The synthesis of ecdysteroids by prothoracic glands (PGs) of male last instar
      larvae of Rhodnius prolixus was measured in vitro by radioimmunoassay throughout
      the course of larval-adult development. Large and systematic changes in relative
      rates of synthesis occur during development. Two bursts of elevated synthetic
      activity were found. The first commences as soon as development is initiated by a
      blood meal and lasts approximately 1 day. The second commences 4 days later and
      increases progressively to a peak at Days 11-13 after feeding (up to 25 ng of 20
      hydroxyecdysone eq. gland-1/4 hr-1). The onset of each of these bursts of
      activity coincides with apparent times of PG stimulation in vivo by release of
      the prothoracicotropic hormone from the brain. Both bursts result in increases in
      hemolymph ecdysteroid titer measured in the donor animals. PGs exhibit an abrupt
      attenuation of synthesis on Day 14, which is followed by a rapid decline in the
      hemolymph ecdysteroid titer. Clearly, ecdysteroid synthesis by PGs is a major
      factor regulating the hemolymph titer. Ecdysteroid synthesis by PGs exhibits
      diurnal changes in vitro. The amount of ecdysteroid synthesized by PGs from
      animals during the scotophase is two to five times higher than that from animals
      during the photophase. A corresponding rhythm is seen in the hemolymph
      ecdysteroid titer. The rhythm in the titer is known to be under circadian
      control. It is therefore suggested that ecdysteroid synthesis in PGs of Rhodnius
      is regulated by a circadian system, possibly located in the PGs themselves.

PMID- 2663632
TI  - Effect of temperature and htpR on the biosynthesis of superoxide dismutase in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The synthesis of Mn- and FeSODs in response to temperature changes was examined
      in strains of Escherichia coli with different mutations in sod and htpR genes.
      Growth at or shift to elevated temperatures induced FeSOD but not MnSOD. The
      induction of FeSOD by heat was inhibited by chloramphenicol and was independent
      of the heat shock (htpR-controlled) regulon. FeSOD was more stable at 42 degrees
      C than was MnSOD.

PMID- 2663633
TI  - Low level expression in Escherichia coli of a fungal gene under the control of
      strong promoters.
AB  - We have chosen the Isopenicillin N synthetase (IPNS) gene from Cephalosporium
      acremonium to study its expression in Escherichia coli due to its peculiar DNA
      sequence [1]. Significant levels of the protein could not be detected when the
      IPNS gene was placed under the control of strong promoters. Only when the
      construction was cloned in a runaway plasmid, significant levels of the protein
      were found in lysates of E. coli. Besides, the presence of the IPNS gene inhibits
      expression of a distal gene (galK) in a polycistronic RNA, suggesting that the
      gene has a low transcriptional efficiency in E. coli.

PMID- 2663634
TI  - hyd gamma, a gene from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) encodes a
      polypeptide homologous to the periplasmic hydrogenase.
AB  - Downstream of the genes for the structural alpha and beta subunits of the
      periplasmic Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) hydrogenase a DNA fragment was
      detected with sequence homology to these genes. This fragment was cloned in
      Escherichia coli and the nucleotide sequence was determined. A gene was detected
      on the fragment with coding capacity for a 65.8 kDa polypeptide, hyd gamma. The
      central part of hyd gamma has an unusually high degree of homology with the alpha
      subunit and the C-terminal part has similarity with the beta subunit. These
      results strongly suggest that the three genes for hyd gamma and the alpha and
      beta subunits derive from one common ancestor gene. We succeeded in the
      identification of the translational product of this gene in E. coli, but were
      unable to determine the function of hyd gamma after expression in E. coli.

PMID- 2663635
TI  - Nitrogen-limited behaviour of micro-organisms growing in the presence of large
      concentrations of ammonium ions.
AB  - Cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 418 grown at low culture pH values (4.5-5) in
      a glucose-limited chemostat culture contained elevated levels of glutamate
      synthase (EC 2.6.1.53). This can be taken as an indication that these cells show
      the physiology of nitrogen-limited cells, in spite of the fact that high
      concentrations (about 80 mM) of ammonium ions were present in the culture
      extracellular fluids. This phenomenon can be explained by the rapid diffusion of
      ammonia (NH3) through the cell membrane, leading to very low cytoplasmic ammonium
      (NH4+) and NH3 levels in cells that possess an almost neutral cytoplasmic pH
      value, but are growing at low culture pH values.

PMID- 2663636
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence of immunogenic protein MPB70 from Mycobacterium
      bovis BCG.
AB  - The extracellular protein MPB70 is a heat-stable immunogenic protein which was
      found in the culture filtrate of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Japanese. We determined
      the complete nt and aa sequences of MPB70 and correlated with the previously
      reported data. The N-terminal sequence revealed that the signal peptide (SP)
      consisted of 30 aa and that the mature protein had 163 aa with a molecular weight
      of 16,305. The SP displayed a characteristic feature of an Ala-rich property
      which would be efficient in a SP function.

PMID- 2663637
TI  - The NADP-linked aldehyde reductase from Trypanosoma cruzi: subcellular
      localization and some properties.
AB  - NADP-linked aldehyde reductase (AR; EC 1.1.1.2), partially purified from
      epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, was able to reduce a number of aldehydes and
      to oxidize several alcohols; propionaldehyde and n-propanol were the best
      substrates, at optimal pH values of 7 to 8, and 9 to 9.5, respectively. The AR
      was inhibited p-chloromercuribenzoate and iodoacetamide, but not by 1,10
      phenanthroline or barbital. Digitonin treatment of whole epimastigotes, and
      distribution and latency in subcellular fractions, indicated that the AR is
      cytosolic. Like other ARs, the T. cruzi enzyme might be involved in detoxication
      processes, instead of coenzyme re-oxidation.

PMID- 2663638
TI  - Virulence of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 is related to the possession of
      a 38 MDa plasmid.
AB  - Nine strains of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 were examined for virulence
      in BALB/c mice. The possession of a 38 MDa plasmid was necessary for full
      virulence. Strains carrying this plasmid had LD50 values of less than 20 bacteria
      whilst plasmid-free strains had LD50 values of greater than 10(6) bacteria when
      challenged intraperitoneally. Pathogenesis of disease involved the widespread
      distribution of bacteria throughout the tissues. Possession of the 38 MDa plasmid
      could not be linked with the ability of strains to express novel outer membrane
      proteins, to produce toxins affecting Vero, Y1, HeLa, Henle or HEp-2 cells, or to
      invade HEp-2 cells. Furthermore, the 38 MDa plasmid did not encode an aerobactin
      mediated iron uptake system or the production of a haemolysin. Strains of S.
      enteritidis PT4 isolated in 1967, 1978 or 1979 and possessing the 38 MDa plasmid
      showed the same virulence properties as the current plasmid-carrying strains.
      This suggests that the enhanced virulence of the current strains for poultry is
      unlikely to be the result of changes in the 38 MDa plasmid.

PMID- 2663639
TI  - Screening for somatization disorder in patients with chronic fatigue.
AB  - The current definition of Somatization Disorder requires the assessment of each
      of 35 symptoms, 13 of which have to be scored as meeting special criteria (e.g.,
      not due to medical reasons) in order to make the diagnosis. The detailed
      questioning and probing about each symptom can be quite elaborate--hence the
      interest in developing briefer screening indexes. This study evaluated two sets
      of screening indexes for Somatization Disorder (those of Othmer and DeSouza and
      Swartz and colleagues) that had been previously developed in psychiatric and
      community samples. One hundred medical outpatients with chronic fatigue
      constituted the study sample. The patients underwent thorough medical evaluations
      and were administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) to make the
      psychiatric diagnoses. Of the two screening sets, the one developed in a
      psychiatric outpatient sample (Othmer and DeSouza's) had the best sensitivity.
      Although a screening index derived from the DIS interviews of this group of
      patients also had excellent sensitivity, we support the use of Othmer and
      DeSouza's index in medical outpatients with a chief complaint of chronic fatigue.

PMID- 2663640
TI  - [Mutagenesis in cloned yeast genes. The effect of mutation rad2 on the frequency
      of gene mutation in plasmid and chromosome].
AB  - The influence of rad2 mutation blocking incision of pyrimidine dimers on
      frequency of UV-light and 6-hydroxylaminopurine (6-GAP)-induced adenine
      independent revertants was studied in the strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      containing the same mutant allele of gene ADE2 in episomic plasmid and in
      chromosome. It was shown that the strains carrying the ade2 mutation in
      chromosome and in plasmid did not differ in sensitivity to lethal action of UV
      light and 6-GAP. However, in the plasmid rad2 strain reversions were induced by
      UV-light more frequently (approximately 100 times), as compared to the chromosome
      strain. We observed no significant differences between reversion frequencies in
      plasmid and chromosome RAD strains. The tendency to enhanced 6-GAP-induced
      mutagenesis, less sharply expressed, was observed in the chromosome rad2 strain,
      as compared to the plasmid one. However, the plasmid RAD strain was
      characteristic of higher reversion frequency induced by 6-GAP, as compared to the
      chromosome strain. The possible mechanisms of these phenomena are discussed.

PMID- 2663641
TI  - Chromosome segregation from cell hybrids. VI. Centromeres of both parental
      chromosome sets stain with antikinetochore antibody.
AB  - Antikinetochore antibodies obtained from serum of patients with the CREST
      syndrome of scleroderma were used to test the hypothesis that there are
      differences in protein binding to retained- and segregant-set centromeres in
      Chinese hamster--human hybrids. This hypothesis is not supported since identical
      staining of the two types of kinetochores was observed with CREST antibody.

PMID- 2663642
TI  - Developmentally related changes in the production and expression of endo-beta-1,4
      glucanases in Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - The production and electrophoretic expression of endoglucanase(s) were compared
      in the wild-type and three developmental mutants of Aspergillus nidulans. In the
      wild type, the production of endoglucanase and its distribution in extracellular
      and intracellular fractions varied with the age of the culture and the yield was
      better in stable cultures (production of conidia and cleistothecia) as compared
      with shake cultures (vegetative hyphae only). Two developmental mutants, aco-T69
      and aco-40, which lack the development of conidia and cleistothecia, produced low
      levels of endoglucanase enzymes as compared with the wild type grown under
      similar conditions. On the other hand, in aco-90, a mutant capable of producing
      cleistothecia but no conidia, endoglucanase production was better. The results
      indicate a correlation between cleistothecial development and endoglucanase
      level. The electrophoretic studies revealed the presence of three forms of
      endoglucanase, i.e., EGI, EGII, and EGIII. The first two were detectable in the
      wild type as well as in mutant strains when grown under various experimental
      conditions and at all the stages of development. However, the third form could be
      observed only during cleistothecial development, indicating that this isozyme is
      developmentally regulated.

PMID- 2663643
TI  - A bacterial environmental sensor that functions as a protein kinase and
      stimulates transcriptional activation.
AB  - Transcription of the genes that encode the major outer membrane porin proteins
      OmpF and OmpC of Escherichia coli is regulated in response to changes in medium
      osmolarity by EnvZ and OmpR. EnvZ functions to sense environmental conditions and
      to relay this information to the DNA-binding protein OmpR. We have used a
      truncated EnvZ protein (EnvZ115), which is defective in sensory function but able
      to communicate with OmpR, to study the biochemical interactions between these two
      proteins and their effects on transcription from the ompF promoter. We show that
      purified EnvZ115 can phosphorylate OmpR in the presence of ATP. In addition,
      EnvZ115 stimulates the ability of OmpR to activate ompF transcription in vitro.
      Using antibodies specific for EnvZ, we have purified the wild-type protein and
      have shown that it is also an OmpR kinase. These results provide a prokaryotic
      example of a transmembrane sensory protein that functions as a protein kinase and
      suggest a mechanism by which EnvZ communicates with OmpR in signal transduction.

PMID- 2663644
TI  - Contrasting patterns of myc and N-myc expression during gastrulation of the mouse
      embryo.
AB  - myc and N-myc are related genes whose similar protein products may be used for
      different purposes in vertebrate organisms. We have explored this possibility by
      using hybridization in situ to examine the expression of myc and N-myc during
      gastrulation of mouse embryos. Throughout gastrulation, myc RNA was most abundant
      in extraembryonic cells; by contrast, N-myc RNA was found at highest levels in
      the expanding primitive streak and other portions of the embryonic mesoderm.
      Differentiation of mesoderm to epithelioid cells was accompanied by diminished
      expression of N-myc. Expression of myc was not an inevitable correlate of
      cellular proliferation. Instead, the gene appeared to be regulated in concert
      with changes that affect a diversity of cellular properties, including
      proliferation, invasiveness, and differentiation.

PMID- 2663645
TI  - First evidence of the leptospirosis natural foci of the serotype Saxkoebing in
      Austria.
AB  - The authors examined serologically and bacteriologically 129 wild living small
      mammals (9 species) in Neumarkt, in Styria. A total of 17 animals were positive
      (all Microtus agrestis), of these 10 serologically (6 with L. saxkoebing, 3 with
      L. grippotyphosa and 1 with L. sorexjalna) and 7 bacteriologically. Of the 7
      isolated leptospirae-strains one did not survive up to typing, the 6 remaining
      were identified as L. saxkoebing. It is the first evidence of the existence of
      leptospirosis natural foci of the serovar saxkoebing in Austria and at the same
      time the first isolation of L. saxkoebing from Microtus agrestis in Central
      Europe. The serovar saxkoebing, which BORG-PETERSEN described in the year 1942
      (1943) and isolated from the yellow-neck mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) is found in
      most European countries (KATHE and MOCHMANN, 1967), may, however not be found in
      some regions although its main reservoir, the yellow-neck mouse dwells, as SEBEK
      (1965) and SEBEK and ROSICKY (1974) drew attention to in Czechoslovakia. In
      Austria, in fact L. saxkoebing antibodies have been demonstrated in wild- and
      also domestic-animals (SEBEK, et. al., 1973b, 1976a, 1976b), however, a reliable
      proof of these serovars was not found.

PMID- 2663646
TI  - [Microbiological measurement of air-borne bacteria at an office building].
AB  - Following a request of a cleaning firm microbiological measurings were carried
      out in (large building) office areas. Air was supplied through an air conditioner
      and all windows were locked and could not be opened. Office employees were on the
      opinion that illness had increased and felt endangered by colleagues' germs. To
      find out the reason of these complaints measurings were conducted in various
      rooms and floors also in the air conditioner. It must be stressed that in spite
      the continuous air conditioning, almost all doors were open to the corridors.
      This, declared one of the questioned employees had above all a communication
      expansion effect.

PMID- 2663647
TI  - Characterization of the alkane-inducible cytochrome P450 (P450alk) gene from the
      yeast Candida tropicalis: identification of a new P450 gene family.
AB  - The P450alk gene, which is inducible by the assimilation of alkane in Candida
      tropicalis, was sequenced and characterized. Structural features described in
      promoter and terminator regions of Saccharomyces yeast genes are present in the
      P450alk gene and some particular structures are discussed for their possible role
      in the inducibility of this gene. Expression of the P450alk gene was achieved in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase expression system
      after removal of the P450alk gene flanking regions. The resultant expressed
      protein had a molecular mass slightly greater than that of P450alk from C.
      tropicalis. This alteration did not prevent the function and the localization of
      P450alk expressed in S. cerevisiae, as this organism showed an acquired microsome
      bound activity for the terminal hydroxylation of lauric acid. The deduced P450alk
      amino acid sequence was compared with members of the nine known P450 gene
      families. These comparisons indicated that P450alk had a low relationship with
      these members and was therefore the first member (A1) of a new P450 gene family
      (LII).

PMID- 2663648
TI  - Total chemical synthesis and expression in Escherichia coli of a maize
      glutathione-transferase (GST) gene.
AB  - We have constructed a totally synthetic gene encoding a maize glutathione S
      transferase (GST I). This gene, composed of 1320 nucleotides (nt) (660 bp), was
      assembled from only 16 synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (average length 83 nt),
      using an efficient one-step annealing/ligation protocol. Sequencing was performed
      to verify the authenticity of the final assembled gene. Significantly, not a
      single mutation was found in either of the two constructs sequenced, indicating a
      remarkably low mutation frequency. The synthetic gene was introduced into
      Escherichia coli where it was successfully expressed. The biological activity of
      the GST I enzyme produced in E. coli was monitored by assaying bacterial extracts
      for the ability to conjugate [14C]atrazine in the presence of glutathione. This
      biologically active synthetic GST1 gene can now be introduced into plants to
      assess its ability to confer tolerance to the triazine class of herbicides.

PMID- 2663649
TI  - A novel yeast gene coding for a putative protein kinase.
AB  - A yeast gene termed YKR2 coding for a putative protein kinase was isolated using
      the cloned cDNA for rabbit protein kinase C as a hybridization probe. The encoded
      protein YKR2, containing 677 amino acids, shows about 40% sequence identity in
      the kinase region to a family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases from
      various species.

PMID- 2663650
TI  - Characterisation of the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthetase gene from
      human malaria parasites highly resistant to pyrimethamine.
AB  - To investigate the genetic basis of drug resistance in human malaria parasites,
      we have sequenced the entire dihydrofolate reductase thymidylate synthetase DHFR
      TS bifunctional gene from the highly pyrimethamine-resistant K1 isolate of
      Plasmodium falciparum. The protein is predicted to consist of 607 amino acids
      (aa), (71,685 Da), with an N-terminal methionine encoded by the second start
      codon of the open reading frame. Compared to the sequence from drug-sensitive
      parasites, there are two nucleotide changes in the coding region which bring
      about a substitution of Arg for Cys at aa position 59 and Asn for Thr at aa
      position 108. Both changes occur in regions of the DHFR domain involved in
      inhibitor and cofactor binding and are hence strongly implicated in drug
      resistance. The gene is present as a single copy in both K1 and drug-sensitive
      FCR3 isolates, and is assigned to chromosome 4. Codon usage follows the pattern
      observed in that of malarial surface antigen genes, with the exception fo codons
      corresponding to Val and Pro. The Asn and Lys contents of the predicted protein
      are exceptionally high, these residues being particularly concentrated in the
      DHFR and junction domains.

PMID- 2663651
TI  - Distribution of introns in frameshift-suppressor proline-tRNA genes of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Mutations in the suf9, suf10, and suf11 genes of yeast suppress + 1 nucleotide
      (nt) insertions in proline codons. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that
      the suf9 and suf11 genes are members of the proline tRNA(UGG) gene family, which
      also includes three other previously identified genes, suf7, suf8, and trn1. All
      five members of this gene family contain introns. The suf9 and suf11 introns are
      31 and 30 nt in length, respectively, and are similar but not identical in
      sequence to other introns within the family. The suf10 gene is identical in
      sequence to suf2, which was shown previously to encode proline tRNA(IGG). Both
      members of this gene family lack introns. Alleles of suf9, suf10, and suf11 that
      confer frameshift suppression were also analyzed. The SUF9-1 allele results in a
      G----U substitution at nt position 39 in the anticodon stem. The recessive suf11
      1 allele is a double mutant containing the same nt position 39 alteration as in
      SUF9-1 plus a second U----A substitution at nt position 38 in the anticodon loop.
      The SUF10-1 suppressor mutation corresponds to a +1G insertion in the anticodon
      loop. Since the nt substitutions in suf11-1 alter the sequence of the 3'
      exon/intron boundary, the double mutant pre-tRNA was tested for its ability to be
      cleaved in vitro by tRNA-splicing endonuclease. It was found that suf11-1 pre
      tRNA is cleaved with reduced efficiency at the 3' splice junction.

PMID- 2663652
TI  - Characterization and cloning of MwoI (GCN7GC), a new type-II restriction
      modification system from Methanobacterium wolfei.
AB  - R.MwoI, a type-II restriction enzyme with the new specificity 5'-GCN7GC-3', was
      found in extracts of the thermophilic archaebacterium, Methanobacterium wolfei.
      R.MwoI cleaves duplex DNA producing fragments with 3-nt, 3'-terminal extensions,
      thus: GCN5/N2GC. The genes coding for the MwoI restriction and modification
      enzymes were cloned into Escherichia coli on the plasmid vector pBR322. The
      clones synthesize a low level of R.MwoI endonuclease. The plasmids display
      incomplete MwoI-specific modification, suggesting that the clones synthesize a
      low level of the M.MwoI methyltransferase, too.

PMID- 2663653
TI  - A dual-labeling method for identifying differentially expressed genes: use in the
      identification of cDNA clones that hybridize to RNAs whose abundance in tomato
      flowers is potentially regulated by gibberellins.
AB  - A method for identifying cDNA clones that hybridize to differentially expressed
      RNAs is described. Briefly, the RNA population in which the RNAs of interest are
      more abundant is used as a template for the synthesis of 35S-labeled cDNAs and
      another RNA population in which the RNAs of interest are less abundant is used as
      a template for the synthesis of 32P-labeled cDNAs. The labeled cDNAs are pooled
      and hybridized to plaque or colony lifts constructed from a cDNA library. Clones
      that hybridize to RNAs that are differentially expressed are identified using
      differential autoradiography/fluorography to discriminate between the 32P and 35S
      isotopes. We have used this method to identify cDNA clones that hybridize to
      mRNAs that are more abundant in the flowers of wild-type tomato than in the
      flowers of mutants that have low endogenous levels of gibberellins.

PMID- 2663654
TI  - The ura5 gene of the ascomycete Sordaria macrospora: molecular cloning,
      characterization and expression in Escherichia coli.
AB  - We cloned the ura5 gene coding for the orotate phosphoribosyl transferase from
      the ascomycete Sordaria macrospora by heterologous probing of a Sordaria genomic
      DNA library with the corresponding Podospora anserina sequence. The Sordaria gene
      was expressed in an Escherichia coli pyrE mutant strain defective for the same
      enzyme, and expression was shown to be promoted by plasmid sequences. The
      nucleotide sequence of the 1246-bp DNA fragment encompassing the region of
      homology with the Podospora gene has been determined. This sequence contains an
      open reading frame of 699 nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 72%
      similarity with the corresponding Podospora protein.

PMID- 2663655
TI  - [Criteria of hygienic evaluation of the allergenic effect of environmental
      chemical factors].

PMID- 2663656
TI  - [The role of the interaction of metals with calcium ions in the mechanism of
      specific toxic effects].

PMID- 2663657
TI  - [Nitrate metabolism in humans and animals after their intake with drinking water
      and food].

PMID- 2663658
TI  - [Modified effect of ethanol on blastomogenesis induced by carcinogenic
      substances].

PMID- 2663660
TI  - [Amine hardeners of epoxy resins as an occupational hazard (review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2663659
TI  - [Possibility of the development of the means of protecting individuals from gamma
      radiation of fission products].

PMID- 2663661
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of factors of the occupational environment at an industrial
      plant synthesizing microbiological enzyme preparations].
AB  - A complex of sanitary, hygienic, epidemiologic and bacteriologic studies of the
      production process of microbiologic synthesis enzyme preparations showed that
      dust produced by a final product and exceeding MACs was a major occupational
      hazard. Microbic contamination of the workplace air and production equipment
      became higher by the end of the technological cycle. The study of the
      occupational environment effect on workers' health revealed the most prevalent
      skin, laryngologic, gastrointestinal and bronchiopulmonary diseases. Body
      sensitization to the produced enzyme preparations was detected in a number of
      workers.

PMID- 2663662
TI  - Central nervous system trauma and stroke. I. Biochemical considerations for
      oxygen radical formation and lipid peroxidation.
AB  - The generation of oxygen radicals and the process of lipid peroxidation have
      become a focus of attention for investigators in the fields of central nervous
      system (CNS) trauma and stroke (e.g., ischemia). Considering our level of
      understanding of free radical and lipid peroxidation chemistry, absolute proof
      for their involvement in the pathophysiology of traumatic and ischemic damage to
      the CNS has been meager. While direct, unequivocal evidence for the participation
      of free radicals and lipid peroxidation as primary contributors to the death of
      neuronal tissue waits to be established, numerous recent studies have provided
      considerable support for the occurrence of free radical and lipid peroxidation
      reactions in the injured or ischemic CNS. In addition, the pharmacological use of
      antioxidants and free radical scavengers in the treatment of experimental CNS
      trauma and ischemia has provided convincing, although indirect evidence, for the
      involvement of oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation in these conditions. The
      intent of this and its companion paper is to review: 1) the biochemical processes
      which may give rise to free radical reactions in the CNS, 2) the environment of
      the ischemic cell as it may affect the generation of oxygen radicals and the
      catalysis of lipid peroxidation reactions, 3) the evidence for the involvement of
      free radical mechanisms in CNS trauma and ischemia, and 4) the pathophysiological
      consequences of these phenomena.

PMID- 2663663
TI  - Central nervous system trauma and stroke. II. Physiological and pharmacological
      evidence for involvement of oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation.
AB  - The previous article outlined the biochemical basis and evidence for the
      occurrence of oxygen radical generation and lipid peroxidation during the acute
      phase of central nervous system (CNS) trauma or stroke (ischemic and
      hemorrhagic). The identification of oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation as
      important pathophysiological mediators of trauma or stroke-induced neural
      degeneration, rather than simply epiphenomena, depends upon the successful
      demonstration of their association with actual secondary physiological and
      structural degenerative events. Moreover, their significance in the
      pathophysiology of CNS trauma or stroke must be supported by experimental
      observations that pharmacological antagonism of either oxygen radical generation
      and/or lipid peroxidation results in a therapeutic effect (i.e., interruption of
      secondary nervous tissue degeneration). Indeed, recent investigations have
      provided compelling evidence for the view that oxygen radical-mediated processes
      play a key pathophysiological role during the acute phase of CNS trauma or
      stroke. Furthermore, their pharmacological manipulation may serve as an avenue
      for therapeutic attempts aimed at limiting neural degeneration and improving
      neurological recovery.

PMID- 2663664
TI  - Some roles of free radicals in malaria.
AB  - Malaria parasites are very vulnerable to oxidant stress during the part of their
      life cycle when they inhabit erythrocytes. As the infection progresses they also
      activate macrophages, one consequence of which is extracellular release of
      reactive oxygen species. For these reasons free radicals are frequently discussed
      in the literature on antimalarial drugs, malarial immunity, and disease
      pathogenesis. They are also central to arguments explaining how the genetic
      mutations that lead to sickle cell disease, thalassemia and glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase have become so common in tropical regions. This review summarizes
      how these links between free radicals and this disease came to be understood, and
      the present state of the field.

PMID- 2663665
TI  - Free radical reduction in the human epidermis.
AB  - The human epidermis presents the first line of defense against invading free
      radicals. Therefore, the surface of the skin must be equipped to deal with both
      the penetration of ultra-violet light as well as the neutralization of reactive
      photochemical products such as superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide and
      especially hydroxyl radicals. Consequently, the human epidermis contains a
      variety of anti-oxidants to reduce oxygen radicals and hydrogen peroxide. The
      photochemical production of hydroxyl radicals, from both extracellular and
      intracellular hydrogen peroxide, is of special significance to the integrity of
      cells in the human epidermis. Recently, both biochemical and clinical studies on
      the healthy human population, and on patients with pigmentation disorders,
      suggested a connection between free radical defense by plasma membrane associated
      thioredoxin reductase and melanin biosynthesis. This research provided the first
      evidence for a direct relationship between free radical concentration and
      pigmentation. Furthermore, this system has been shown to be regulated by both
      extracellular and intracellular calcium concentrations. Clinical studies show
      depigmentation disorders vitiligo and tyrosinase positive albinism (Hermansky
      Pudlak syndrome) appear to have defective calcium uptake systems influencing both
      free radical defense and melanin biosynthesis.

PMID- 2663666
TI  - Hypoxia, reactive oxygen, and cell injury.
AB  - Hypoxia usually decreases the formation of reactive oxygen species by oxidases
      and by autoxidation of components of cellular electron transfer pathways and of
      quinoid compounds such as menadione. In the case of menadione reactive oxygen
      species are liberated to a significant extent only at non-physiologically high
      oxygen partial pressures (PO2). At physiological and hypoxic PO2 values electron
      shuttling of menadione in the mitochondrial respiratory chain predominates. In
      contrast, lipid peroxidation induced by halogenated alkanes, such as carbon
      tetrachloride, in liver leads to an increase in the formation of reactive oxygen
      and thus in cell injury under hypoxic conditions. Reactive oxygen species may
      also be generated during reoxygenation of a previously hypoxic tissue. Based on
      experiments with isolated hepatocytes a three-zone-model of liver injury due to
      hypoxia and reoxygenation is presented; 1) a zone where the cells die by hypoxia;
      2) a zone where the cells are destroyed upon reoxygenation, presumably mediated
      by an increase in the cellular ATP content; and 3) a zone where cell injury
      occurs upon reoxygenation, mediated by reactive oxygen species possibly liberated
      by xanthine oxidase.

PMID- 2663667
TI  - The effect of oxygen and thiols on the radiation damage of DNA.

PMID- 2663669
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of total anomalous drainage of pulmonary
      veins].

PMID- 2663668
TI  - [Results of the use of an artificial pulmonary trunk in surgery of congenital
      heart defects].

PMID- 2663671
TI  - [Infantile spasms].

PMID- 2663670
TI  - Microspectroscopy of red blood cells.
AB  - Spectroscopic techniques have been widely employed to analyze properties of
      macromolecules and dynamics of intracellular events on bulk preparations of
      cells. The development of computer controlled microspectrophotometers has made
      possible the study of the same events in single cells, often providing
      significant and unexpected results. This paper briefly reviews experimental works
      carried out in our laboratories on single red blood cells.
      Microspectrophotometric techniques were applied which make use of the fact that
      ligand binding to intracellular haemoglobin is associated with optical changes.
      Information on the relative abundance of different haemoglobin components inside
      single erythrocytes of trout blood was obtained from spectra of air equilibrated
      samples, taking advantage of the extreme pH sensitivity of one of the four
      haemoglobin components. The kinetics of oxygen and carbon monoxide binding to
      haemoglobin has been followed and demonstrated to correspond to a zero order
      process, with a rate much slower than that characteristic for haemoglobin in
      solution. These results demonstrate that the process is diffusion limited;
      computer simulations suggest that ligand uptake is limited by the time required
      for the diffusion from the extracellular space of enough ligand molecules for
      total saturation of intraerythrocytic haemoglobin. Finally, oxygen dissociation
      curves in single red blood cells can be obtained by means of particular flow
      cell, with promising results for the study of physiological and pathological
      processes (namely red cell sickling in drepanocytosis).

PMID- 2663672
TI  - [Pericarditis in the pediatric age group--diagnosis and treatment].

PMID- 2663674
TI  - [Lung volume during general anesthesia].

PMID- 2663673
TI  - [Congenital malformations in diabetes--are they preventable?].

PMID- 2663675
TI  - [Hypernephroma--recent development during clinical approach].

PMID- 2663676
TI  - [Paget's disease of bone--etiological, epidemiological and orthopedic aspects].

PMID- 2663677
TI  - [Signal transduction and calcium homeostasis in stimulus-secretion coupling].
AB  - Cultured adrenal chromaffin cells are regarded as a suitable system for studying
      the regulatory mechanism of "stimulus-secretion coupling". Indeed, the term
      "stimulus-secretion coupling" was originally coined by Douglas and Rubin for the
      chromaffin cells. Although it has been suggested that calcium plays a central
      role in this coupling process, there still remain many important and unresolved
      issues on the molecular mechanisms of "stimulus-secretion coupling" such as (1)
      the regulatory mechanisms of the calcium uptake, (2) the mechanism by which
      calcium entry into the cell induces membrane fusion and exocytosis, and (3) the
      roles of phospholipase C and C-kinase in mediating intracellular calcium
      homeostasis and catecholamine secretion. In this review, roles of intracellular
      calcium and inositol phosphate formation in "stimulus-secretion coupling" in
      cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells are discussed, mainly on the basis of
      the biochemical and pharmacological differences between agonist- and potassium
      depolarization-induced cellular responses.

PMID- 2663678
TI  - Operative treatment of subcalcaneal pain.

PMID- 2663679
TI  - [School sports--early prevention of coronary heart disease?].
AB  - In its usual form, school sports is neither calculated to motivate a lifelong
      pursuance of sports, nor is it particularly suitable for primary prevention of
      coronary heart disease. In view of the multifactorial pathogenetic nature of this
      disease, school sports can be nothing more than an adjunctive prophylactic
      measure. Epidemiological studies have shown a high level of probability for the
      usefulness of physical exercise as a preventive measure in childhood and
      adolescence. However, the findings of sports-medical research on endurance sports
      must be taken into account. In a controlled study of Hamburg children covering a
      period of 3 years, it was shown that pupils with high self-esteem, which was
      particularly encouraged, have better pre-conditions for a lifelong interest in
      active sports.

PMID- 2663680
TI  - [Assessment of the prognosis of breast cancer. Determination of the growth
      fraction using monoclonal antibody Ki-67].

PMID- 2663681
TI  - [Comparison of the action of 2 effective analgesics. Experimental study: tramadol
      versus tilidine/naloxone].
AB  - In the present study involving healthy test subjects, tilidin/naloxone (Valoron
      N; VAL) proved to have an analgesic effect roughly twice as pronounced as that of
      tramadol (TRA). Moreover, the analgesic effect of VAL showed a significantly more
      rapid onset than did that of TRA. This finding reflects the difference in rate of
      action of the active substances. In accordance with these findings, VAL is thus
      the most powerful analgesic presently available on the German market on simple
      prescription.

PMID- 2663682
TI  - [Recent progress in the study of pancreatic exocrine].

PMID- 2663683
TI  - Endothelial cell growth factor derived from a human glioblastoma cell line and
      possible association with tumor angiogenesis.
AB  - The cytosol of a human glioblastoma cell line (KNS-42) stimulated the growth of
      both bovine aortic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in a dose-dependent
      manner. The endothelial cell growth activity eluted at an apparent molecular
      weight of about 30,000 on a Sephadex G-100 column and bound to a heparin
      Sepharose column with high affinity to elute at 1.3-1.7 M NaCl. The growth
      activity was destroyed by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, but not by exposure
      to trypsin, deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease at 37 degrees C for 30 min. As this
      factor stimulated the growth of vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle
      cells, and vasoproliferative responses in chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes
      were apparent, this factor may possibly be related to tumor angiogenesis.

PMID- 2663684
TI  - Trends in laboratory testing under Medicare Part B.

PMID- 2663686
TI  - Studying heart transplants and technology assessment.

PMID- 2663685
TI  - A new financial framework: lessons from Canada.

PMID- 2663687
TI  - Addressing the health of a nation: two views.

PMID- 2663688
TI  - Gastric cancer.

PMID- 2663689
TI  - New approaches in gastric cancer research: I. Monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis
      and therapy.
AB  - Although the use of monoclonal antibodies is still in the initial phase of
      clinical testing in most fields, it promises a basic change in the traditionally
      unsatisfactory treatment of gastric cancer. This review reports on the use of
      monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of gastric cancer, such as the detection
      of tumor markers and immunoscintigraphy. Another approach aimed at improving the
      diagnosis of gastric cancer by monoclonal antibodies, is the development of
      immunocytology as a simple screening method. Finally, monoclonal antibodies are
      useful for detecting oncogene products. The present experimental and clinical
      results achieved with cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies and immunotoxins in the
      treatment of gastric cancer indicate that the erstwhile theoretical concept has
      now been put into practice and, hopefully, will be of significant benefit to the
      patient. Additionally, intra-operative tumor imaging provides a chance of
      improving surgical treatment of gastric cancer.

PMID- 2663690
TI  - Functional studies after storage at - 190 degrees C of isolated and cultivated
      pituitary cells from pig and rat.
AB  - For the first time, it is shown here that enzymatically dispersed pituitary cells
      of animals survive freezing and storage at -190 degrees C in liquid nitrogen.
      Frozen/thawed pituitary cells from both rat and pig are able to form monolayer
      aggregates in culture, and to produce hormones similar to that observed with
      unfrozen cells. The production of both basal and LHRH (luteinising hormone
      releasing-hormone)-induced bioassayable LH (luteinising hormone) were measured
      before and after cry-opreservation. Though after cryopreservation the number of
      cells was reduced by about 50%, a highly significant amount of both basal and
      LHRH stimulation-induced release of LH was measured in cultures from
      frozen/thawed pituitary cells from both species.

PMID- 2663691
TI  - The combined use of insulin and sulfonylurea therapy in patients with non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - This study was initiated in order to evaluate the clinical efficacy of glipizide
      treatment in 18 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in poor
      glycemic control with insulin. Insulin dose was kept constant, and various facets
      of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were evaluated before and from 4-6 months
      after the addition of glipizide. The results indicated that fasting and post
      prandial glucose concentration were significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced
      following glipizide treatment, associated with a commensurate fall in
      glycosylated hemoglobin concentration. The average fall in fasting plasma glucose
      concentration in the total patient group approximated 60 mg/dl, and the mean
      decrement in 8 of the 18 patients who had a fall of more than 70 mg/dl in fasting
      glucose was 93 mg/dl. These results demonstrate that the addition of glipizide to
      the treatment program of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
      poorly controlled on insulin can lead to substantial clinical benefit.

PMID- 2663692
TI  - Insulin secretion and plasma 1,25-(OH)2D after UV-B irradiation in healthy
      adults.

PMID- 2663693
TI  - Assessment of D-glucose uptake in isolated human adipocytes. Comparison of two
      validated and standardized methods.

PMID- 2663694
TI  - Clinical steroid research--is it still worthwhile?

PMID- 2663696
TI  - Branched-chain amino acids in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: an
      analysis of variants.

PMID- 2663695
TI  - Natural course and response to interferon of chronic hepatitis B accompanied by
      antibody to hepatitis B e antigen.
AB  - The course of chronic hepatitis B was studied in 30 patients who had antibody to
      hepatitis e antigen and hepatitis B virus DNA in the serum and hepatitis B core
      antigen in the liver. Over a 2-year period, no patient experienced a sustained
      spontaneous remission of disease, and follow-up liver histology revealed
      worsening of the disease in four patients. After 2 years of observation, 24
      patients were allocated randomly to one of two groups: 12 patients served as
      untreated controls and 12 received recombinant human alpha-interferon-2a in a
      dose of 9 million units intramuscularly three times weekly for 16 weeks. Patients
      who remained viremic after 16 weeks received 3 million units three times weekly
      for an additional 8 weeks. Abnormal amino-transferases and serum hepatitis B
      virus DNA persisted without appreciable changes in all untreated patients.
      Hepatitis B virus DNA rapidly became undetectable and serum aminotransferases
      fell to normal in eight treated patients. After the end of treatment, hepatitis B
      virus DNA became detectable once again in seven patients, in six of whom a peak
      of aminotransferases (range: 256 to 850 units per liter) ensued; subsequently,
      hepatitis B virus DNA disappeared, and serum aminotransferases again fell to
      normal in two of the seven. Overall, hepatitis B virus DNA was no longer
      detectable in serum and liver histology improved in three treated
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663697
TI  - Coexistent pulmonary and portal hypertension: Yin and Yang.

PMID- 2663698
TI  - Congestive gastropathy in portal hypertension: variations in prevalence.

PMID- 2663700
TI  - Histopathologic diagnosis of rejection in lung allografts.

PMID- 2663699
TI  - Effects of ovarian hormones on eating behaviors, body weight, and glucoregulation
      in rhesus monkeys.
AB  - The influences of ovarian hormones on food intake, taste preferences, and
      glucoregulation were examined in intact and ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. Intake
      of intact monkeys was lowest in the preovulatory stage of the cycle, when
      estrogen levels are elevated, and exogenous estradiol transiently suppressed food
      intake of ovariectomized monkeys in a dose-related manner, confirming previous
      observations. Progesterone treatment did not affect food intake when given alone,
      but it did attenuate the effect of estradiol when both hormones were given
      concurrently. Preferences for sweet solutions were not detectably influenced by
      chronic treatment with estradiol or progesterone, and compensatory responses to
      ingestion of sugar were unaltered by hormone treatment. Glucose tolerance tests
      did not reveal significant influences of ovarian hormones on glycemia, but
      insulin levels were elevated during periods of progesterone treatment. These
      results do not support the suggestion that fluctuations in caloric intake during
      the menstrual cycle are secondary to changes in taste preference or
      glucoregulation. However, possible changes in sweet preference and
      glucoregulation shortly after initiation of estrogen treatment, i.e., during the
      time of suppressed food intake, remain to be examined.

PMID- 2663701
TI  - Relevance for man of the effects of lactose, polyols and other carbohydrates on
      calcium metabolism seen in rats: a review.

PMID- 2663702
TI  - Arsenic-induced skin toxicity.
AB  - We reviewed available literature on the effects of inorganic arsenic on the skin
      to determine the potential hazards and to collate information regarding dosage
      and exposure to the incidence of skin cancer. Arsenic intake may result from
      occupational or medicinal exposure, or from drinking well water in areas with
      high arsenic levels in the soil. Arsenic causes a variety of benign skin lesions
      including hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis. Some hyperkeratotic lesions and
      squamous cell carcinomas in situ may progress to invasive carcinoma; other
      invasive squamous cell carcinomas will develop de novo. These cutaneous squamous
      cancers may metastasize; mortality is low, but has been reported. Locally
      invasive but non-metastasizing basal cell carcinomas may arise as well. These
      lesions occur in a characteristic pattern of distribution and are usually
      multiple. Observers reporting medicinally administered arsenic have described
      dose-response relationships between the amount of arsenic ingested and the
      frequency of various skin lesions. For arsenic found in drinking water, however,
      there is more controversy regarding the doses and exposure times necessary for
      cutaneous toxicity.

PMID- 2663703
TI  - Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans: the risks to
      human health. A review.
AB  - 1 PCDDs and PCDFs are ubiquitous and persistent in the environment. They are to
      be found in body tissues of both humans and animals. 2 The most extensively
      studied PCDD is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. It has been shown to produce a wide range of
      effects and is considered to be a (non-genotoxic) carcinogen in animals. 3
      Studies into the mechanisms of toxicity so far reveal that there is involvement
      of a specific receptor (Ah), however further work is required to elucidate the
      mechanisms of the various effects. 4 Reports on a number of human exposures to
      PCDDs and PCDFs are described. Results from human epidemiological studies are
      difficult to interpret: there have been problems in methodology; there has been
      inadequate information on intake, and exposures have often been to mixtures of
      PCDDs and/or PCDFs together with other related compounds. 5 Many regulatory
      authorities faced with the problem of providing an index of risk from exposure to
      mixtures of PCDDs and PCDFs have employed the concept of 'TCDD equivalents'. 6
      Whether or not PCDDs and PCDFs pose a significant human health risk at current
      levels of exposure they remain of considerable interest to the toxicologist.

PMID- 2663704
TI  - Presence of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1, TNF, and IL-6 in preparations of
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - We have detected significant levels of IL-1, TNF and IL-6 in ascitic fluid from
      mice injected with different hybridomas. Each of these murine cytokines is active
      on a wide range of both human and murine target cells, and all are involved in
      inflammatory responses in vivo. We could not detect TNF or IL-1 in culture
      supernatant from the hybridoma line, used to generate the ascites; however, one
      out of ten did produce high levels of IL-6. These cytokines can interfere in many
      in vitro systems where monoclonal antibodies are used as diluted ascitic fluid to
      inhibit their ligands. A potentially more serious problem could arise with
      monoclonal antibodies used for therapy, in vivo diagnosis, or as ex vivo
      reagents. The use of monoclonal antibodies derived from culture supernatants is,
      therefore, obviously preferable to use of ascitic fluid for clinical
      applications, however, even with supernatant it cannot be assumed that cytokines
      are not present. Cytokine levels should, therefore, be monitored in all starting
      solutions and if present, their clearance during purification should be
      determined.

PMID- 2663705
TI  - Pulsed Doppler derived indices in predicting noninvasively, pulmonary arterial
      pressures.
AB  - The pulsed doppler (P.D.) signals obtained in RVOT just below the pulmonary
      leaflets were used to calculate acceleration time (AcT), pre-ejection period
      (PEP) and their ratios. These indices were correlated in 31 patients (2 1/2-49
      yrs. age) having varying cardiac lesions to Pulmonary arterial pressure (P.A.P)
      measured during cardiac catheterisation. The mean values of AcT for those with
      normal PAP was 137 +/- 19.9ms, as compared to 105 +/- 37 ms in those in whom PAP
      greater than 20mm of Hg. (t = 3.0.p less than .01). The P value was less than
      0.001 when comparison was between normal PAP and severe PH. The ratios of PEP
      upon AcT was 0.87 +/- 0.18 for normal PAP, as compared to 1.39 +/- 0.74 in those
      with PH (t = 0.31, p less than 0.01). The PEP/AcT predicted systolic PAP 35.49
      PEP/AcT + 3.22 (r = 0.77, p less than 0.001). The mean PAP was best predicted by
      23.94 PEP/AcT + 2.44 (r = 0.75, p less than 0.001). The quantitative assessment
      showed presence of presystolic 'a' wave in all with normal PAP; this was absent
      in all the 9 patients with severe PH (MAPA greater than 40mm of Hg.). We conclude
      that noninvasively obtained P.D. derived indices can help accurately to predict
      PAP.

PMID- 2663706
TI  - In memoriam. M. R. Irwin (1897-1987). Pioneer in immunogenetics.

PMID- 2663707
TI  - Liver function and plasma protein metabolism in rodent model of filariasis.
AB  - Rodent model of filariasis was developed by infecting Wistar rats with
      Litomosoides carinii. Liver function tests, plasma protein concentrations, and
      synthesis rates of liver-formed proteins were estimated in these rats at 63 and
      90 days post-infection. At 63 days post-infection, aspartate aminotransferase and
      alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased. Alanine aminotransferase,
      plasma total proteins and plasma albumin were in the normal range. However, at 90
      days post-infection all these parameters were affected, reflecting progressive
      liver involvement. Hypoalbuminemia at 90 days post-infection did not appear to be
      due to decreased synthesis rate, indicating higher catabolism and/or altered
      distribution in pools.

PMID- 2663708
TI  - Can sonography replace splenoportovenography in evaluation of patients with
      portal hypertension?
AB  - Real-time sonography and splenoportovenography were compared in 17 patients with
      portal hypertension for their relative efficacy and limitations with respect to
      diameters of portal vessels, visualization of collaterals and demonstration of
      portal vein occlusion. Sonography was able to diagnose portal vein thrombosis and
      to differentiate an occluded portal vessel from a patent portal vessel non
      visualized due to hepatofugal blood flow in the presence of intrahepatic
      obstruction. However, sonography had limitations in demonstrating venous
      structures in the presence of excessive bowel gas or fat, and did not provide the
      flow patterns and the complete picture of the portal vasculature in a single
      setting. We conclude that the two procedures are complementary to each other, and
      if combined in patients with portal hypertension, the portal venous system can be
      evaluated more thoroughly for surgical treatment.

PMID- 2663709
TI  - Electrohemostasis with endoscopic electrocoagulation in upper gastrointestinal
      bleed.
AB  - Fifty patients who presented with upper gastrointestinal bleed were taken up for
      electrohemostasis with endoscopic electrocoagulation. Hemostasis was achieved in
      32 patients at the first sitting, and in a second session in two of eight
      patients in whom it was attempted. No complications were encountered. EEC is an
      effective and safe method of achieving hemostasis in upper gastrointestinal bleed
      due to varied gastroduodenal lesions, and may help cut down the number of
      patients subjected to emergency surgery.

PMID- 2663710
TI  - Association of Candida with carcinoma of esophagus.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with carcinoma of the esophagus (group I) and 25 patients
      suffering from non-ulcer dyspepsia with normal endoscopy (group II) were studied
      to know the incidence of isolation of Candida from their esophagus. Endoscopic
      brushings were taken from the esophagus in both groups and studied by smear
      examination and culture. Fungal organisms could be detected in 75% of cases of
      group I and 32% of cases of group II by culture techniques, and 45.8% and 12%
      respectively by smear examination. The difference was statistically significant
      (p less than 0.05) for both the techniques. Candida albicans was the commonest
      species isolated. No correlation was found between Candida agglutination titres
      and density of Candida growth on culture. We conclude that an association exists
      between carcinoma esophagus and the occurrence of Candida in the esophagus.

PMID- 2663711
TI  - Experimental studies on ingested fibres.

PMID- 2663712
TI  - Fibre levels in lung and correlation with air samples.

PMID- 2663713
TI  - Airborne mineral fibre levels in the non-occupational environment.
AB  - Numerous sources of asbestos exist that may contribute to non-occupational
      exposures, among the important ones being building surfacing materials that have
      been damaged or allowed to deteriorate. Even more important is the potential
      exposure from improperly controlled maintenance activities in buildings. Evidence
      exists suggesting that vehicle braking makes a significant contribution to
      ambient asbestos levels, but more data are required to establish its extent. Many
      asbestos materials are present in homes, and fibres may be released during home
      renovations or repairs. Little information exists on the levels of other mineral
      fibres in the non-occupational environment or on the relative contributions from
      potential sources.

PMID- 2663714
TI  - Mineral fibres in the non-occupational environment.

PMID- 2663715
TI  - Comparative studies of airborne asbestos in occupational and non-occupational
      environments using optical and electron microscope techniques.
AB  - We have compared asbestos fibre and general fibre counts from scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with fibre counts
      from phase-contrast optical microscope (PCOM) methods. Three different types of
      sample have been evaluated: laboratory-prepared samples of different fibre types;
      chrysotile asbestos textile factory samples; and non-occupational and
      environmental samples from sites where asbestos might be found. TEM produced
      total fibre number assessments which were greater than those found with SEM
      which, in turn, produced fibre counts greater than those obtained with the PCOM.
      However, when fibres longer than 5 microns were alone counted, the two electron
      microscope (EM) methods provided similar results. This indicates that TEM is
      advantageous in comparison with SEM when counting or sizing short fibres and has
      no advantage for fibres longer than 5 microns. For fibres longer than 5 microns
      in both the laboratory-prepared and asbestos factory samples, the EM asbestos
      counts were higher than the PCOM fibre counts, the ratios depending on the fibre
      type in the case of the former. The PCOM fibre counts in samples from the non
      occupational situations were shown to be poor predictors of airborne asbestos
      fibre concentrations determined by EM. This was mainly due to the presence of
      high and variable proportions of non-asbestos fibres in these samples. It is
      concluded that, in order to convert EM asbestos fibre concentrations (greater
      than 5 microns) to equivalent PCOM asbestos concentrations, they should be
      divided by 4.0 for chrysotile and 1.7 for amphibole asbestos.

PMID- 2663716
TI  - Mineral fibre carcinogenesis: experimental data relating to the importance of
      fibre type, size, deposition, dissolution and migration.
AB  - Fibre type, fibre size, deposition, dissolution and migration are all factors of
      importance in mineral fibre carcinogenesis. These factors are, however, so
      interrelated that only fibre size can be considered on its own to any extent.
      When dusts are injected into the pleural or peritoneal cavities, the most
      carcinogenic samples, producing the most mesotheliomas, are those containing the
      most long, thin fibres. When very short fibre samples of both amosite and
      chrysotile recently became available for comparison with long fibre preparations
      of the same materials, short fibres were found to be much less fibrogenic and
      carcinogenic than long fibres. The same studies provided important information on
      fibre deposition and dissolution. Short fibre samples of both asbestos varieties
      penetrated to the pulmonary parenchyma more easily than long ones but, after
      deposition, short fibres were cleared more quickly. Very much less chrysotile was
      present in lung tissue at the end of one year's dusting and clearance during the
      following 6 months was very much faster. The long fibre chrysotile, which would
      be expected to be resistant to mechanical clearance, was removed from the lungs
      much more quickly than short fibre amosite, which was easily phagocytosed by
      macrophages. This indicates that rapid chrysotile removal from lung tissue is due
      at least in part to fibre dissolution. The phenomenon of chrysotile dissolution
      probably explains why this asbestos type has been shown to be extremely
      carcinogenic in rats but seems less carcinogenic than the amphiboles in humans.
      Fibres may remain in lung tissue for the 1-2 years necessary to cause tumours in
      rats but this is too short a time for the much longer lived humans. Only very few
      fibres penetrate the walls of the gut following massive asbestos ingestion,
      although a few of these can subsequently be found disseminated to other organs.
      Fibres are disseminated to other organs much more effectively after inhalation.
      One area where fibre dissemination has been suggested as being very important is
      that of transport from the lung tissue to the pleural cavity, but in rats, direct
      fibre penetration to the pleura occurs very rarely and the exact mechanism by
      which inhaled fibres reach the sites where they can produce mesotheliomas remains
      one of the most important subjects for future research.

PMID- 2663717
TI  - Effects on health of non-occupational exposure to airborne mineral fibres.
AB  - The most prominent potential marker of disease-related non-occupational exposure
      to mineral fibres is mesothelioma. Although many cases of mesothelioma have
      resulted from occupational exposure to asbestos, some have been associated with
      para-occupational domestic and/or neighbourhood exposure and have been reported
      in case series, case-control studies and a cohort study among non-occupationally
      exposed subjects. However, little information is available on mesothelioma as a
      direct consequence of general environmental asbestos exposure. Such cases of
      mesothelioma related to non-occupational exposure to asbestos as have occurred to
      date are likely to have resulted from past exposures much higher than those
      prevailing at the present time (in the developed countries); numbers will
      therefore probably decrease in the future. Very high rates of mesothelioma have
      been reported as a result of exposure to erionite. No studies are available on
      the effects of non-occupational exposure to man-made mineral fibres but, among
      occupationally exposed workers, a risk of mesothelioma is not apparent. There are
      suggestions of raised lung cancer rates among household contacts of asbestos
      workers and among individuals exposed to erionite. Non-malignant parenchymal and
      pleural abnormalities have been observed in subjects exposed non-occupationally
      to asbestos and erionite, but these are not necessarily associated with malignant
      lesions. Quantitative risk estimates of adverse effects on health have not been
      derived from these studies, essentially because of the absence of fibre exposure
      measurements.

PMID- 2663718
TI  - Fibre carcinogenesis and environmental hazards.

PMID- 2663719
TI  - Particulate-state carcinogenesis: a survey of recent studies on the mechanisms of
      action of fibres.
AB  - Animal experiments using, in addition to asbestos, erionite and manmade mineral
      fibres, have confirmed that fibre dimension is an important factor in the
      carcinogenic potency of fibres. However, it seems to be established that it is
      not the only parameter of importance and that fibre type and physicochemistry
      play a role. In vitro experiments have provided new information on the
      relationship between fibre size and effect: long, thin fibres are more effective
      in inducing the transformation of certain cell types and in producing injury
      arising from oxygen species. Different in vitro experiments have tested
      chromosomal and genetic damage induced by fibres, especially asbestos. Depending
      on the cell type, chromosomal damage and aneuploidy have been observed and
      interactions with the genomic material have been demonstrated. Some conflicting
      data in this area might be explained by differences in cell type used or in
      methods used to prepare the asbestos samples. At present, a working hypothesis
      for the mechanisms of carcinogenesis induced by fibres can be suggested. Mineral
      or synthetic fibres deposited in the lung are first processed by macrophages,
      which eliminate short fibres. The remaining fibres may be ingested by cells that
      are potentially transformable, the longest fibres possibly being phagocytosed
      preferentially. Ingested fibres may produce DNA damage in both resting and
      dividing cells, either by the direct production of oxygen radicals, by the
      formation of clastogenic factor or by direct chromosome interaction in cells in
      mitosis. A missegregation of chromosomes can result from interactions between
      fibres and the mitotic spindle. Even if these processes take place slowly, they
      can occur over a long period of time due to the persistence of the fibres in the
      tissue. The carcinogenic potency of a fibre, therefore, will be dependent on its
      durability, its dimensions and its physicochemical properties. Asbestos fibres
      appear to be pluripotent in inducing chromosome abnormalities as well as some
      responses shared with compounds such as promoters. Thus, these fibres can be
      considered as potent complete carcinogens. The potency of a given fibre in a
      specific target tissue will be the sum of both its initiating and its promoting
      effects. It seems that new concepts must be formulated to account for the
      mechanisms of action of fibres. 'Particulate state' carcinogenesis includes the
      possibility of multiple hits occurring during the time that the particles remain
      within the target tissue and will therefore be time-dependent.

PMID- 2663720
TI  - Selective suppressive effects of Trypanosoma cruzi on activated human
      lymphocytes.
AB  - The acute phase of Chagas' disease is accompanied by immunosuppression. To
      explore the underlying mechanism(s), we used an in vitro culture system in which
      the capacities of activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to express
      interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R) and proliferate are markedly inhibited in the
      presence of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent. The present work was designed
      to define the earliest time at which T. cruzi-induced suppression is manifested
      in terms of IL-2R expression on the cell surface and establish whether expression
      of other lymphocyte activation markers is also suppressed by the parasite. We
      found that expression of IL-2R by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      cocultured with T. cruzi and stimulated with either phytohemagglutinin or anti
      CD3 (a monoclonal antibody specific for an epitope of the T cell receptor complex
      T3-Ti) was significantly suppressed as early as 12 h after culture initiation.
      Both the percentage of IL-2R+ cells and the surface density of IL-2R, measured by
      flow cytometry, were affected. However, expression of EA1, a human lymphocyte
      activation antigen known to be expressed 4 to 6 h after stimulation, was not
      altered by T. cruzi whether phytohemagglutinin or anti-CD3 was used. On the other
      hand, expression of transferrin receptors (TfR), which first occurs between 20
      and 24 h after lymphocyte activation, was markedly suppressed by T. cruzi. This
      effect was denoted by significant reductions in both the percentage of TfR+ cells
      and the cell surface density of TfR whether phytohemagglutinin or anti-CD3 was
      used as the mitogen and was observed at all test times, i.e., at 24, 48, 72, and
      96 h. Because expression of IL-2R and TfR is required for lymphoproliferation but
      that of the EA1 lymphocyte activation marker is apparently not, these results are
      consistent with the possibility that T. cruzi, at a relatively early stage during
      lymphocyte activation, selectively affects certain key events on which clonal
      expansion is dependent. Inhibition of IL-2R and TfR expression by the parasite
      might play a role in causing the suppressive effects associated with acute
      Chagas' disease.

PMID- 2663721
TI  - Congo red-mediated regulation of levels of Shigella flexneri 2a membrane
      proteins.
AB  - The ability of Shigella spp. to bind Congo red from agar medium is generally
      correlated with their virulence properties. We used a metabolically active
      culture of Shigella flexneri 2a to determine the effect of Congo red on its
      membrane protein profiles. Virulent S. flexneri grown in the presence of Congo
      red at 37 degrees C showed increased levels of three proteins with Mrs of 43,000,
      58,000, and 63,000 (43K, 58K, and 63K proteins) in the Sarkosyl-soluble membrane
      fractions. The observed phenomenon was temperature dependent. At 30 or 42 degrees
      C the protein levels remained unaffected by the presence of Congo red. Similar
      regulation of the levels of the 43K, 58K, and 63K membrane proteins was also
      observed with Shigella dysenteriae 1 and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, but not
      with enteropathogenic E. coli. The cellular uptake of Congo red seemed to be
      essential, but not sufficient, for regulation. All three proteins reacted with
      human convalescent-phase sera in immunoblots of S. flexneri 2a Sarkosyl-soluble
      membrane fractions. Using the 43K-specific antiserum as the primary antibody, by
      indirect immunofluorescence studies, we detected an increase in the level of the
      43K protein in S. flexneri which had invaded epithelial cells. These observations
      strongly indicate that the 43K, 58K, and 63K proteins are virulence associated.
      We propose that the observed regulatory effect of Congo red on membrane proteins
      of S. flexneri is mediated through induction. Since the same regulatory effect
      was also observed during the invasion of epithelial cells by S. flexneri, it is
      suggested that Congo red mimics some host tissue factor in vitro.

PMID- 2663722
TI  - Purification of a Trypanosoma cruzi membrane glycoprotein which elicits lytic
      antibodies.
AB  - Recent studies on the humoral immune response to Trypanosoma cruzi have shown
      that antibodies which are able to bind living parasites and lyse them in
      conjunction with complement are associated with host protection. Antibodies which
      support complement-mediated lysis (CML) of trypomastigotes are elicited as a
      result of an active infection and not after immunization with killed parasites.
      In spite of the requirement for immune antibodies, lysis proceeds mainly via the
      alternative complement pathway. We have purified a 160-kilodalton (kDa)
      glycoprotein from T. cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes which appears to be a
      specific target for lytic antibodies. Rabbit antiserum to the purified 160-kDa
      protein was prepared, and we have determined that these antibodies will support
      CML of tissue-culture-derived trypomastigotes. The percentage of killing (65 to
      70%) was consistent among three different T. cruzi strains tested. In order to
      examine the specificity of antibody-dependent CML, antibodies to T. cruzi
      neuraminidase, an unrelated trypomastigote membrane glycoprotein, were tested in
      the CML, assays and were not found lytic. Viable trypomastigotes bound anti-160
      kDa antibodies uniformly as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, whereas
      antineuraminidase antibodies were extensively capped. The 160-kDa glycoprotein is
      specifically produced in infectious trypomastigotes (tissue culture derived and
      metacyclic) and was not detected in epimastigotes or amastigotes. The
      identification of the 160-kDa glycoprotein as a specific target for lytic
      antibodies, as well as its expression only in the infectious stage of the
      parasite, suggests an important role for this protein in eliciting host immunity.

PMID- 2663723
TI  - Immunization of chickens with live Escherichia coli expressing Eimeria acervulina
      merozoite recombinant antigen induces partial protection against coccidiosis.
AB  - Inoculation of chickens with live Escherichia coli N6405 transformants containing
      a plasmid which encodes ampicillin resistance and an immunodominant p250 surface
      antigen of Eimeria acervulina merozoites induced partial protection against
      challenge with live coccidia. The inoculation with E. coli transformants induced
      antigen-specific immunoglobulin and cell-mediated immune responses. Challenge
      with infective oocysts of Eimeria acervulina enhanced both immune parameters,
      indicating that administration of live E. coli transformants served to prime the
      immune system for recognition of specific epitopes on the 250-kilodalton protein.
      Although the mechanism of antigen presentation is unclear, the data suggest that
      in vivo expression of recombinant merozoite antigen is operative. After
      administration, no E. coli N6405 transformants could be recovered from intestinal
      or fecal materials of inoculated chickens, as assessed by enumeration on
      selective medium. However, ampicillin-resistant E. coli originating from the
      normal flora and harboring the gene sequences for both antibiotic resistance and
      Eimeria acervulina merozoite surface protein could be recovered from these
      chickens. Furthermore, normal-flora E. coli transformants were capable of
      generating functional beta-lactamase product, as evidenced by their resistance to
      ampicillin, and immunoreactive E. acervulina merozoite recombinant antigen, as
      revealed by immunofluorescence staining with p250-specific antiserum.

PMID- 2663724
TI  - Elimination of vaginal colonization with Escherichia coli by administration of
      indigenous flora.
AB  - A persistent vaginal colonization with a pyelonephritogenic strain of Escherichia
      coli, induced by administration of amoxicillin, was established in four adult
      cynomolgus monkeys. This colonization mimicked the one seen in urinary tract
      infection-prone human females. Attempts to eliminate the E. coli colonization and
      restore normal conditions were made. Either suspensions of lactobacilli or
      vaginal fluid from a healthy unmanipulated monkey was administered as repeated
      vaginal flushes for 5 to 9 days. A total elimination of vaginal E. coli was
      observed in two of six experiments with lactobacilli, and a decrease was observed
      in the other four. A better result was obtained with flushes of vaginal fluid,
      which eliminated the E. coli colonization in eight of eight experiments. In two
      of these, a single flush was sufficient to obtain a decolonization. The ability
      of fresh vaginal fluid to eliminate E. coli from the vagina could be transferred
      from one monkey to another. This study demonstrates the role of the normal flora
      in the defense against genital colonization with potentially pathogenic adhering
      E. coli. The possible clinical relevance of these findings must be further
      examined.

PMID- 2663725
TI  - Cellular immune responses of leprosy contacts to fractionated Mycobacterium
      leprae antigens.
AB  - Antigens of armadillo-derived Mycobacterium leprae sonic extract were separated
      by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted onto a
      nitrocellulose membrane, and the unstained blot was converted into 20 fractions
      of antigen-bearing particles. These were tested in cellular proliferation assays,
      and reproducible results were obtained between batches of fractions. Peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells from healthy contacts of leprosy patients (presumed to
      have protective immunity) were tested with the fractions to investigate which
      antigens they recognized. A small group of tuberculoid leprosy patients were also
      tested. Both groups showed a wide range of responses. Almost every fraction
      stimulated proliferation with at least one donor, yet none was clearly
      immunodominant or inhibitory in either group. Thus, protective immunity did not
      appear to be associated with proliferation caused by any single fraction.

PMID- 2663726
TI  - Trehalose dimycolate enhances resistance to infection in neutropenic animals.
AB  - Bacterial infections are lethal complications of neutropenia, and antibiotics
      alone are inadequate therapy for these infections. Irradiated mice become
      severely neutropenic and remain susceptible to infection for 2 to 3 weeks,
      depending on the dose and quality of radiation. Some bacterial cell wall
      derivatives stimulate nonspecific host defense mechanisms against a variety of
      microbes which might cause postirradiation infection. In this study we determined
      if the cell wall glycolipid trehalose dimycolate (TDM), derived from
      Mycobacterium phlei, or a synthetic preparation of TDM was able to (i) enhance
      survival in mice when given before or after lethal doses of 60Co radiation and
      (ii) increase nonspecific resistance to postirradiation infection. Treatment with
      TDM oil-in-water emulsions and with synthetic TDM significantly enhanced survival
      before and after lethal doses of 60Co irradiation. This result correlated with
      the ability of TDM to reduce the translocation of intestinal bacteria and to
      stimulate hematopoiesis. With respect to nonspecific resistance to infection, TDM
      injected 1 h after sublethal irradiation increased resistance to a lethal
      Klebsiella pneumoniae challenge (10 50% lethal doses of K. pneumoniae in 30 days
      [LD50/30]) 4 or 14 days later. Increasing the dose of K. pneumoniae to 5,000
      LD50/30 on day 4 overwhelmed the ability of TDM-treated mice to overcome
      infection. However, TDM treatment 1 h postirradiation combined with ceftriaxone
      antibiotic therapy (days 5 through 14) enhanced survival, even when the higher
      dose of bacteria (5,000 LD50/30) was used. These results indicate that in
      irradiated mice, TDM can be used to enhance survival and, as a potent stimulant
      of nonspecific resistance to infection in neutropenic mice, can act
      synergistically with antibiotic therapy to reduce sepsis and mortality.

PMID- 2663727
TI  - The thiol-activated toxin streptolysin O does not require a thiol group for
      cytolytic activity.
AB  - Site-directed mutagenesis of the TGC codon in a cloned streptolysin O (SLO) gene
      exchanged the single Cys residue in SLO for either Ala or Ser. The parent wild
      type SLO (SLO.Cys-530) and the SLO.Ala-530 and SLO.Ser-530 mutant toxins,
      expressed in Escherichia coli, were purified and analyzed. Wild-type SLO.Cys-530
      and the SLO.Ala-530 mutant showed no significant differences in their specific
      hemolytic activities, while the SLO.Ser-530 mutant had a reduced (ca. 25%), but
      still considerable, specific hemolytic activity as compared with that of wild
      type SLO. The parent and mutant toxins extracted from lysed erythrocyte membranes
      had similar sedimentation profiles on sucrose density gradients, suggesting that
      the mutations did not affect the ability of SLO to form oligomers in membranes.
      These results show that the widely held assumption that the in vitro cytolytic
      activity of SLO requires an essential Cys residue is not true.

PMID- 2663728
TI  - Evidence of coordinate regulation of virulence in Salmonella typhimurium
      involving the rsk element of the 95-kilobase plasmid.
AB  - Integration of the Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid into the chromosome
      reduces mouse virulence, serum resistance, and HeLa cell adhesion-invasion while
      prolonging lag time in minimal medium. The proposed virulence plasmid regulatory
      element, rsk, partially restores virulence and fully restores the other three
      phenotypes to wild-type levels. Plasmid curing reduces virulence without
      affecting the other phenotypes. rsk has no apparent effect on the cured strain.

PMID- 2663729
TI  - Plasmid-associated adherence of Shigella flexneri in a HeLa cell model.
AB  - The initial interaction of Shigella flexneri with HeLa cells was studied at 4
      degrees C, a temperature that inhibits parasite-directed endocytosis. It was
      found that invasive strains were 10-fold more adherent to HeLa cells than were
      isogenic, noninvasive strains which had lost a 140-megadalton plasmid. Adherent
      strains were also more hydrophobic than were nonadherent strains.

PMID- 2663730
TI  - Pregnancy in women with renal transplants.

PMID- 2663731
TI  - Pregnancy and renal transplantation: look before you leap.

PMID- 2663732
TI  - Problems associated with pregnancy in renal allograft recipients.
AB  - Of 18 pregnancies in 11 renal transplant recipients, three were terminated and in
      the remaining 15 (in 8 women) there were 10 live births (including one set of
      twins), five intrauterine deaths, and one spontaneous abortion. Graft function
      deteriorated in six women, from obstruction of the transplanted ureter in two,
      recurrent glomerulonephritis in two, rejection in one, and pelvi-ureteric
      junction obstruction in one. Hypertension worsened or developed in all but one of
      the pregnancies and proteinuria appeared in eight. Of the 10 live births only one
      reached 38 weeks gestation (mean 35 weeks) and four neonates were small for
      gestational age. One infant died early from intraventricular hemorrhage and
      hyaline membrane disease, one fetus had hydrocephalus, and the others were
      normal. Factors associated with a poor fetal outcome were deterioration in graft
      function during pregnancy, pre-existing hypertension, or the development of
      hypertension before the third trimester.

PMID- 2663733
TI  - Up-regulation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) of
      induction of lymphokine (IL-2)-activated killer (LAK) cells by human blood
      monocytes.
AB  - The role of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
      in monocyte-mediated up-regulation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell
      induction by IL-2 was examined. Treatment of blood mononuclear cells (MNC) of
      healthy donors with GM-CSF for 4 days in the presence of IL-2 resulted in a
      significant increase in LAK activity against natural killer (NK)-resistant Daudi
      cells, as assessed by the 4 hr 51Cr-release assay. For determination of the role
      of GM-CSF in LAK induction, highly purified lymphocytes (greater than 99%) and
      monocytes (greater than 90%) were isolated from MNC by counter-flow centrifugal
      elutriation (CCE). Pre-treatment of monocytes for 4 days with GM-CSF before
      addition of lymphocytes plus IL-2 resulted in a significant dose-dependent
      increase in monocyte-mediated up-regulation of LAK induction, but in the absence
      of monocytes GM-CSF had no effect on LAK cell induction. Similarly, GM-CSF
      augmented the proliferative response of lymphocytes to IL-2 in the presence of
      monocytes as assessed by 3H-TdR uptake. Treatment with anti-GM-CSF antibody
      completely abolished up-regulation of LAK induction by GM-CSF-treated monocytes.
      When blood monocytes were separated into 5 fractions by CCE, GM-CSF-responding
      monocytes were found to be responsible for up-regulation of LAK induction. These
      results suggest that GM-CSF may be important in monocyte-mediated up-regulation
      of LAK cell induction in vivo.

PMID- 2663734
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of drug therapy in old age. Part
      1.
AB  - Changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics which occur with aging are
      reviewed. In Part 1, age-related alterations in pharmacokinetics, which deals
      with absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs, are
      summarized. Special emphasis is placed on "drug clearance" which conceptual
      importance for the evaluation of drug elimination has only been recently
      recognized. Age-related physiological alterations and their influence on major
      determinants for each organ clearance are discussed.

PMID- 2663735
TI  - Cefixime versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in lower respiratory tract
      infections.
AB  - Sixty patients with lower respiratory tract infections, mainly acute bronchitis
      were treated for 14 days with either cefixime 200 mg twice daily (plus placebo
      once daily) or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500 mg/125 mg thrice daily in a double
      blind manner. The sputum cultures indicated that all isolated pathogens (notably
      Hemophilus species, S. pneumoniae and B. catarrhalis, including the beta
      lactamase producing species) were sensitive to cefixime, with the exception of
      Pseudomonas species. The bacteriological eradication rates were 54% and 52% for
      cefixime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, respectively. The positive clinical
      response (cured or improved) was 71% for the cefixime treated group and 74% in
      the amoxicillin/clavulanic acid group. There were no side effects and no
      significant adverse laboratory changes in both groups. The results indicate that
      cefixime twice daily is comparable in safety and efficacy with
      amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, thrice daily in acute bronchitis.

PMID- 2663736
TI  - The effects of cefonicid on the pharmacokinetics of a once-a-day theophylline
      formulation.
AB  - The authors have explored the effects of cefonicid on the steady-state
      pharmacokinetics of a new sustained-release theophylline formulation in 12 adult
      patients suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease, by comparing the
      pharmacokinetic data obtained following four days of medication with theophylline
      alone with those found at the end of seven days of combined treatment with the
      same theophylline preparation plus cefonicid. Blood theophylline levels were
      assessed in duplicate by polarized immunofluorescence with a TDx analyser.
      Theophylline kinetics were totally unaffected by simultaneous cefonicid
      treatment, showing that the two drugs may be administered together without any
      need for adjustment of the theophylline dosage.

PMID- 2663737
TI  - Controlled trial of cephradine versus cefuroxime in vascular surgery.
AB  - Two hundred and three consecutive patients undergoing acute or elective vascular
      reconstructions (N = 162) or amputations (N = 41) were randomized to receive
      either a single dose of cephradine 2 g intravenously or cefuroxime 1.5 g
      intravenously at induction of anaesthesia. Infective morbidity in both groups was
      assessed post-operatively as was therapeutic antibiotic prescribing. No
      significant differences in septic complications were found between patients
      receiving cefuroxime or cephradine. In addition, tissue penetration of each
      antibiotic was assessed by assay of serum and tissue specimens. Serum levels of
      cefuroxime were significantly less than cephradine 10 min after injection (median
      concentrations 115 micrograms/ml versus 182 micrograms/ml, p less than 0.01
      Wilcoxon), but there were no differences in tissue penetration.

PMID- 2663738
TI  - Preliminary pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of ofloxacin in dental and
      oral cavity diseases.
AB  - In 14 healthy volunteers (8 M and 6 F), aged 19 to 33 years, serum and salivary
      concentrations of ofloxacin, administered in a single oral dose of 300 mg, were
      measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the microbiological
      agar diffusion method. The serum peak was observed at hour 1 (2.61 +/- 0.17
      micrograms/ml), with a T1/2 of 4.14 h, a Kel of 0.167 h-1 and AUC of 15.07
      micrograms/ml.h. The peak salivary concentration, obtained at hour 2, was 1.96
      micrograms/ml, with a T1/2 of 4.40 h. Twenty dental patients (12 M and 8 F), aged
      18 to 37 years, with various diseases, were treated orally with ofloxacin 600
      mg/day for a period of four to six days. The clinical response proved excellent
      in one case, good in 16, fair in two and poor in one, with 85% efficacy rating.
      In five of these patients, ofloxacin concentrations in gingival tissue and
      alveolar bone were found to be 1.90 +/- 0.09 micrograms/g and 1.58 +/- 0.06
      micrograms/g, respectively, while serum and salivary assays by HPLC confirmed the
      previous results. No changes of importance in haematochemical parameters were
      found in any of the patients. One patient only presented with diarrhoea and a
      skin rash which promptly cleared on discontinuing the therapy. Ofloxacin for its
      spectrum of action and good diffusion in the salivary and parodontal tissue
      compartment can be considered an useful tool in oral chemo-antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2663739
TI  - Functional treatment of recent ruptures of the fibular ligament of the ankle.
AB  - A prospective randomised study was undertaken to compare the results of
      functional and operative treatment of recent ruptures of the fibular ligament of
      the ankle in 80 patients, aged from 18 to 45 years, with similar injuries. The
      best results were obtained from functional treatment and it is to be hoped that
      early movement and a stable ankle will avoid later osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2663740
TI  - [Current trends in surgery of the spine].
AB  - This paper is based on an invited lecture given at the SICOT 87 meeting in
      Munich. The topics discussed include: selective spinal arteriography in the
      management of tumours, which enables definition of the vascular supply of the
      cord and of the tumour and may facilitate preoperative embolisation; MRI, which
      allows visualisation of both bone and soft tissue; the pathogenesis of transverse
      fractures of the upper sacrum; the management of malunion of fractures of the
      thoracolumbar spine by a three stage procedure, in which an initial posterior
      approach allows osteotomy and definition of the pedicle, a second anterior
      procedure for correction of the deformity by appropriate resection of the
      vertebral body, and a final posterior operation in which internal fixation is
      carried out using pedicular screws and plates. Operation on extradural tumours of
      the spine is usually palliative for metastases and aims to decompress the cord by
      laminectomy, stabilising the spine by osteosynthesis. Total removal of a
      vertebral body may be needed; percutaneous resection is being used increasingly
      for lumbar disc resection; the development of the Cotrel-Dubousset system and the
      use of long transpedicular plates allows better reduction of the deformity in
      scoliosis.

PMID- 2663741
TI  - Eating, drinking, and cycling. A controlled Tour de France simulation study, Part
      I.
AB  - Sustained exhausting exercise is thought to depress appetite and food intake. The
      aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of intensive cycling
      exercise, with an energy expenditure comparable to values derived from the Tour
      de France, on food and fluid intake, energy balance, nitrogen balance, and
      nutrient oxidation. Thirteen highly trained cyclists consuming a normal
      carbohydrate (CHO)-rich diet (60 En%) were studied during a 7-day stay in a
      respiration chamber. Two preparation days were followed by a standardized resting
      day (3), after which the subjects completed two exhausting exercise days (4-5).
      On day 6 the standardized resting day was repeated. Food and fluid intake were
      measured by weighed procedure. Energy expenditure was calculated from continuous
      gas analysis. Energy and nitrogen losses were calculated from all measured
      excretes. The results showed that energy balance (EB) and nitrogen balance (NB)
      were positive on the first resting day and became negative on the exercise days.
      EB was positive again on the recovery day whereas NB remained negative. Nitrogen
      losses almost balanced N intakes (1.7 g.kg-1) indicating an increased protein
      requirement. CHO oxidation exceeded CHO intake indicating endogenous CHO
      depletion. Contribution of CHO to energy exchange decreased from 51.4% +/- 3.1%
      on day 4 to 40.6% +/- 3.4% on day 5; this decrease was compensated by an
      increased fat oxidation. The food consumption pattern during days 4 and 5 was not
      different from days 2 and 6. In-between meal consumption accounted for 30.5%
      34.3% of total energy intake. Fluid consumption was adequate to compensate for
      the losses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663742
TI  - Eating, drinking, and cycling. A controlled Tour de France simulation study, Part
      II. Effect of diet manipulation.
AB  - Field studies during the Tour de France indicated that cyclists consume 30% of
      daily energy intake as liquid carbohydrate (CHO)-enriched nutrition with the goal
      of maintaining energy and CHO balance. The aim of the present investigation was
      to study the effect of such dietary manipulation during 2 days of long-lasting
      exhausting cycling on food and fluid intake, energy balance, nitrogen balance,
      and nutrient oxidation. Thirteen highly trained cyclists were divided into two
      subgroups receiving ad libitum either a primarily maltodextrin-based beverage
      (Mf) (20% w/v, 85% maltodextrin, 15% fructose) or a 50/50% composed fructose
      maltodextrin (FM) beverage in addition to their normal diet. The study was
      performed during a 7-day stay in a respiration chamber (2 preparation days, 1
      standardized resting day, 2 cycling days, 1.5 standardized recovery days),
      allowing for continuous gas analysis, weighed food and fluid intake procedure,
      and collection of excretes. The data of this study were compared with data from
      the same subjects receiving a normal CHO-rich diet (N) (60 En%) in a separate
      experiment. The results showed that the cyclists receiving Mf were able to
      maintain EB during sustained exercise days in contrast to when receiving N and to
      subjects receiving FM. With Mf treatment CHO intake increased, up to 80 En% (17.5
      +/- 1.0 g.kg-1 BW) and carbohydrate balance remained positive. The subjects
      receiving FM had the largest CHO oxidation, calculated from R. Protein oxidation
      significantly increased in N and FM as a result of exercise but not in Mf. The
      latter subjects were in slightly negative nitrogen balance at a protein intake
      level of 1.4 g.kg-1 BW.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2663743
TI  - Metabolic changes induced by sustained exhaustive cycling and diet manipulation.
AB  - Thirteen highly trained subjects were studied concerning the effect of consuming
      a normal carbohydrate-rich diet (N) on energy exchange, substrate metabolism, and
      performance. Six of these subjects performed the same protocol receiving N
      supplemented with a high-maltodextrin, low-fructose beverage (Mf). The studies
      were performed in random order. The subjects performed 2 days of sustained
      exhausting cycling, preceded and followed by a standardized resting day, in a
      respiration chamber, allowing continuous gas analysis, weighed food and fluid
      intake procedures, collection of excretes, and drawing of blood samples at 7:00
      AM, 12:00 AM (halfway exercise) and 3:00 PM at exhaustion. Muscle biopsies were
      taken prior to, 45 min after, and 24 h after exercise (energy expenditure 25.2
      26.6 MJ.day-1). The results showed that while consuming a normal diet, the
      cyclists developed a negative energy balance (-9 MJ.day-1) and regulated their
      hormone levels in such a way that fat oxidation and protein breakdown were
      increased and CHO oxidation became depressed. When supplemented with Mf, the
      subjects showed increased blood glucose, insulin and decreased glucagon levels.
      Fat metabolism was significantly depressed as indicated by the levels of blood
      fatty acids, glycerol, and ketones. A significant glycogen sparing, as well as
      supercompensation within 24 h of recovery, was observed after Mf supplementation.
      The normal CHO-rich diet, available ad libitum, was insufficient to fully restore
      glycogen within 24 h. The changes in substrate availability and glycogen
      depletion were accompanied by a significant performance improvement, 126% when
      cycling a final 90% Wmax bout, when supplemented with Mf compared with N.

PMID- 2663744
TI  - Effect of carbohydrate intake during warming-up on the regulation of blood
      glucose during exercise.
AB  - It has been shown that the intake of carbohydrate (CHO)-containing beverages
      under resting conditions may lead to a rebound hypoglycemia and decreased
      performance when exercise is performed thereafter. The aim of the present
      investigation was to study the effect of CHO beverage consumption with different
      CHO sources and different concentrations, during warming-up under practice-like
      circumstances, on the regulation of blood glucose during exercise. Eighteen
      highly trained cyclists consumed a standardized breakfast at 8:00 AM and
      performed a warming-up procedure at 10:00 AM for 20 min. Warming-up was followed
      by a 7-min break after which the subjects cycled for 45 min at a heart rate of
      150. During warming-up a CHO-containing beverage (either sucrose, fructose,
      maltodextrin, or glucose) or a placebo was consumed in random order. The test was
      performed twice, with 300 ml and 600 ml intake, to study a possible dose-response
      effect. The results of the study showed that warming-up and final exercise lead
      to an increase of the catecholamines and a decrease of insulin. During the 7-min
      break this response was reversed. Glucose and maltodextrin induced the same
      insulin response. Increasing volume and higher CHO concentrations induced a
      longer increase in blood glucose level compared with the placebo intake. The
      results showed that intake of CHO-containing beverages during warming-up followed
      by a small break does not lead to rebound hypoglycemia, independent of the amount
      of CHO ingested, but instead increases blood glucose.

PMID- 2663745
TI  - Long-term follow-up of behavioral treatment for obesity: patterns of weight
      regain among men and women.
AB  - Maintenance of weight loss continues to be a critical concern in behavioral
      treatment programs. Problems with the acquisition and/or application of
      behavioral skills are a likely contributor to relapse. However, biological
      models, especially the hypothesis of a body weight setpoint, are being offered
      increasingly as alternative explanations for maintenance failure. Within the
      context of these sometimes opposing viewpoints the present study describes long
      term weight outcomes for 114 men and 38 women assessed annually for 4 or 5 years
      following completion of a 15 week behavioral weight loss program. Although
      significant mean weight loss was evident at long-term follow-up, a negatively
      accelerating pattern of weight regain was the predominant outcome. Less than 3
      percent of the subjects were at or below their posttreatment weight on all follow
      up visits. Consistent sex differences were found, with women having better weight
      loss maintenance than men. Implications and potential future directions are
      discussed.

PMID- 2663746
TI  - Metabolic improvements associated with a reduction of abdominal visceral fat
      caused by a new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, AO-128, in Zucker fatty rats.
AB  - The relationship between mesenteric fat accumulation and metabolic disorder was
      studied in genetically obese Zucker fatty rats. These animals had high levels of
      plasma glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol as well as increased liver
      triglyceride in comparison with lean rats. In addition, portal free fatty acid
      (FFA) levels were also higher in fatty rats than in lean rats. Direct measurement
      of fat weight revealed a substantial increase of mesenteric as well as
      subcutaneous fat. The volume of mesenteric fat cells was greater than that of
      subcutaneous fat cells in Zucker fatty rats (1.67 +/- 0.49 nl versus 1.00 +/-
      0.31 nl), although the mesenteric fat cell volume was less than half of the
      subcutaneous fat cell volume (0.05 +/- 0.02 nl versus 0.14 +/- 0.07 nl) in lean
      rats. An increase in mesenteric fat cell volume was thus more predominant than
      that of subcutaneous fat cells in the fatty rats. Administration of AO-128 (50
      p.p.m./day), a new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, caused a substantial reduction of
      mesenteric fat weight accompanied by a marked decrease in fat cell volume in
      Zucker fatty rats. The drug also caused a significant reduction of FFA levels in
      the portal vein in parallel with a marked reduction of triglyceride content in
      the liver. These observations indicate that the fat accumulation in the markedly
      enlarged mesenteric fat cells is related to the elevated levels of FFA in the
      portal vein, which in turn may cause metabolic disorders in the liver. A new
      alpha-glucosidase inhibitor improves these disorders, at least in part, by
      preventing an enlargement of mesenteric fat cells.

PMID- 2663747
TI  - Optic nerve head measurements: the optic nerve head analyzer--its advantages and
      its limitations.
AB  - The Optic Nerve Head Analyzer (ONHA) calculates by means of computer-assisted
      analysis of stereo images different parameters of the optic disc: disc diameter,
      disc size, cup/disc ratio (CDR), neuroretinal rim area, and excavation volume for
      the disc quadrants and for the total disc. To obtain first indications of the
      clinical value of ONHA measurements for diagnosis and follow-up in glaucoma we
      examined the reproducibility of measurement results for different diseases.
      Furthermore, we studied the mean values of the different disc parameters in
      healthy eyes. It was investigated: 1) whether the reproducibility is different in
      the different disc parameters; 2) whether the reproducibility in different eye
      diseases is different as compared to healthy eyes; 3) by which criteria the
      reproducibility is influenced; 4) whether there is a correlation between disc
      size and size of rim area. The reproducibility was studied in 178 eyes of 178
      patients, who were all examined twice with the ONHA. The mean difference between
      the results of first and second measurement was calculated for the different disc
      parameters. Differences were found in the reproducibility of the parameters:
      e.g., the mean difference between first and second measurement was 1.8 percent
      for the disc size, and 5.6 percent for the neuroretinal rim area. For the disc
      quadrants, the reproducibility of values was worse than for the total disc. No
      marked differences of reproducibility of disc parameters were found for different
      diseases. Reproducibility depends, for instance, upon correct determination of
      the disc margin. In healthy eyes, a significant correlation was found between rim
      area and disc size: larger discs have a larger neuroretinal rim area than smaller
      discs. Thus, the rim areas of different eyes are only comparable for equally
      sized discs. Relative values, as for instance, cup/disc ratio, or the quotient of
      rim area and disc size, are therefore better suited for comparison of different
      eyes than absolute values. The recent developments in automatic disc analysis
      equipment and the clinical relevance of the results for diagnosis and follow-up
      in glaucoma are discussed.

PMID- 2663749
TI  - The effect of betablockers with and without ISA on tonographic outflow facility.
AB  - The response of two ophthalmic betablockers, Timolol (without ISA) and Pindolol
      (with marked ISA), on IOP and tonographic outflow facility was investigated in a
      single-blind clinical study on 20 patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
      In two treatment groups, ten patients each, in a randomized order IOP and
      tonographic outflow facility measurements were performed before and 2 hrs after
      drug application. Timolol reduced IOP by 6.8 mm Hg and Pindolol eye drops by 4.5
      mm Hg. Both topically applied betablockers did not influence tonographic facility
      of outflow. It is concluded that the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of an
      ophthalmic betablocker has no effect on outflow facility of aqueous humor.

PMID- 2663748
TI  - Tono-Pen, a new tonometer.
AB  - The Tono-Pen is a miniaturized Mackay-Marg tonometer with electronic signal
      analysis and digital pressure display. In study 1, we compared the Tono-Pen with
      Goldmann tonometry in 108 healthy human subjects (216 eyes). In 33 of these
      subjects, the IOP was changed in a range between 0 and 50 mmHg by a scleral
      suction-cup system. In study 2, the Tono-Pen was compared with a Statham membrane
      manometer in 6 humans (12 eyes), 3-6h after death. The IOP was changed in a range
      between 0 and 60 mmHg by an infusion system. - RESULTS: Related to the Goldmann
      tonometer, the Tono-Pen gave a small overestimation of IOP below 16 mmHg (maximum
      deviation 1.5 mmHg at 0 mmHg Goldmann reading). Above 16 mmHg, however, the Tono
      Pen increasingly underestimated the IOP determined by Goldmann tonometry (maximum
      deviation 8 mmHg at 50 mmHg Goldmann reading). Related to the manometer, the Tono
      Pen gave a small overestimation of IOP below 17 mmHg and small underestimation
      above 17 mmHg (maximum deviation 2.5 mmHg at manometer readings of 0 and 60 mmHg,
      respectively). - CONCLUSIONS: Throughout the entire clinically relevant IOP
      range, an acceptable relationship between Tono-Pen and manometer readings was
      found in human cadaver eyes, whereas the relationship between Tono-Pen and
      Goldmann tonometric readings in the clinical study was found to be acceptable
      only in the low and physiological IOP range. The considerable deviation from the
      Goldmann readings in the high IOP range requires further modifications of the
      Tono-Pen.

PMID- 2663750
TI  - The effect of timolol, betaxolol and levobunolol on the surface of rabbit cornea.
AB  - Pigmented rabbits were treated with timolol maleate, betaxolol hydrochloride or
      levobunolol hydrochloride eye drops twice a day for six months. Animals of the
      same age group and breed were used as controls. There were no differences
      observed in corneal epithelium with light and transmission electron microscopy.
      With scanning electron microscopy, in the timolol and betaxolol treated animals
      the picture of the corneal surface was similar to that of normal rabbit corneas
      after exposure to air. In scanning electron micrographs of the levobunolol
      treated animals, the corneal surface resembled the corneas of normal rabbits
      treated with artificial tears.

PMID- 2663751
TI  - Target populations of nursing research on social support.
AB  - Nurses contribute to the social support field primarily through study of clinical
      and community populations. A review of the target populations identified in 63
      empirical studies of social support conducted in the past decade revealed that
      nurses have, to date, studied populations central to their profession's
      activities and concerns. They have uniquely focused on surgical patients, the
      chronically ill, expectant couples and parents of infants, the bereaved, and lay
      caregivers. These target groups have suffered from maturational (transitional)
      and/or situational stressors. However, some at-risk groups have been overlooked;
      in particular, children, males only, native peoples, the poor, the unemployed,
      and the victims of child and elder abuse. Nurses practice in diverse
      institutional and community-based sites, and hence have direct contact with all
      these population groups. Once the features of a population that make it a
      fruitful focus of study by nurse investigators are identified, pertinent
      interventions can be tested.

PMID- 2663752
TI  - Reflections on the philosophy of caring in mental health.
AB  - The trend towards definition of the role of the nurse as 'therapist' in mental
      health has resulted in clarification of what some nurses might do, with some
      patients, to resolve fairly specific problems of living. Not all psychiatric
      nurses are, however, satisfied that the developments which arise from this role
      definition will necessarily benefit the service overall. Indeed, the concept of
      the nurse-as-therapist has led, indirectly, to an expression of anxiety over the
      balance of 'care' versus 'therapy'. This is manifested at a time when nurses
      outwith the mental health setting are describing the need for a stronger emphasis
      upon therapeutic factors in nursing care, especially involving psychosocial
      variables.

PMID- 2663753
TI  - Health: a concept analysis.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to analyze the concept of health in an effort to
      promote theoretical clarity for nursing science. Included in the analysis are the
      following (a) a historical review of conceptual definitions and interpretations
      of health, (b) an evaluation of current theoretical orientations of health, (c) a
      delineation of critical attributes of health, (d) the development of case
      examples useful in examining health, (e) a consideration of potential
      operationalizations of health, and (f) a discussion of the relevance of health to
      nursing research and practice.

PMID- 2663754
TI  - Social support intervention studies: a review and prospectus of nursing
      contributions.
AB  - Nurse researchers have contributed some conceptual clarity, measurement devices
      and empirical studies of support resources and target populations to the social
      support literature. One apparent deficit, surprising when one considers nursing's
      practice-orientation, is the virtual absence of empirical intervention studies.
      Accordingly, potential foci for nursing investigations at five levels of social
      support interventions (individual, dyadic, group, social system and community
      levels) are proposed here. Nurses can not only propose but can also validate
      concepts of social support in real-life situations with real-world populations.
      They are qualified to bring a unique perspective to the study of social support.
      Empirical intervention research conducted by appropriately educated nurses should
      enhance future theoretical and practical development of the social support field.

PMID- 2663755
TI  - Italian psychiatry and reform law: a review of the international literature.
AB  - Through the reform law, and the experiences of change realized prior to the
      reform, Italian psychiatry expanded its size and influences significantly. The
      aim of this review is to describe some issues relevant to Italian psychiatry and
      to try and evaluate the experience of reform as shown in international
      literature. In this literature, three large groups of contributions can be
      identified: the so called 'impressionistic' group; the group dealing with the
      analysis of local and regional situations; and finally the group represented by
      epidemiological researches and by analysis of national data. The main
      contributions of each of the three groups are reviewed, and finally the main
      problems which Italian psychiatry has to face, are outlined.

PMID- 2663756
TI  - Percutaneous nephrostomy under ultrasonographic control--experience from a 2-year
      material.
AB  - The advantages of, and the two-year experience from, ultrasonographically
      controlled percutaneous nephrostomy are analyzed. Nephrostomy was performed under
      control by a Bruel-Kjaer type 1846 ultrasonographic apparatus which established
      compression anuria of tumorous origin, septic state owing to ureteral occlusion
      and solitary nephrolithic occlusion among the pathogenic causes. The advantages
      include speed of performance, minimum strain imposed on the patient as well as
      the possibility in tumorous anuria to create a definite urinary bypass.

PMID- 2663757
TI  - Treatment of cancer of the penis--a review.
AB  - Cancer of the penis is a rare neoplasm and physicians should be aware of this
      condition. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can lead to excellent results for
      low stage, low grade lesions. Herein, we discuss the clinical features, staging
      and management guidelines for this tumour.

PMID- 2663758
TI  - Clinico-biochemical aspects of guanidine compounds in uraemic toxicity.
AB  - "Uraemia" literally means "urine in blood". With the advancement of basic medical
      sciences, it is being better understood. The clinical syndrome of uraemia is due
      to the failure of not only the excretory but also the metabolic, regulatory and
      endocrine functions of the kidney. Apart from the "retained toxic metabolites", a
      number of guanidine derivatives had been found which are now considered to be
      more important in the causation of the uraemic syndrome. Cohen had hypothesised
      that nitrogen retention in uraemia causes an aberration in the urea cycle that in
      turn leads to the production of guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) in large amounts.
      However, it appears that methylguanidine (MG) is produced from the degradation of
      creatinine by the gut flora in uraemics. Both GSA and MG are proved to be toxic.
      The role of GSA in uraemic neurotoxicity and coma is still controversial and
      needs further investigation. It is possible that the combined effects of a number
      of compounds are responsible for the development of the uraemic syndrome.

PMID- 2663759
TI  - Does the kind of immunosuppressive therapy influence plasma renin activity,
      aldosterone and vasopressin in patients with a kidney transplant?
AB  - In 24 patients with a functioning kidney transplant and in 33 healthy subjects
      plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone and vasopressin (AVP) levels were
      assessed under basal conditions and after dietary sodium restriction. Twelve
      patients were treated with azathioprine and another 12 with cyclosporine A. From
      the results obtained it seems that immunosuppressive drugs used in transplanted
      patients ar involved in the pathogenesis of endocrine abnormalities and that the
      kind of immunosuppressive therapy is of minor importance in their development of
      maintenance. Transplanted kidneys show a preserved reaction pattern of renin
      secretion to sodium deprivation and upright position.

PMID- 2663760
TI  - Role of nucleotide hydrolysis in the dynamics of actin filaments and
      microtubules.

PMID- 2663761
TI  - Structural specialization in tendons under compression.

PMID- 2663762
TI  - Nonselective digital subtraction angiography. Compact contrast material bolus for
      improved image quality.
AB  - Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) examinations of major aortic branch vessels
      traditionally have been performed with aortic injections of dilute contrast
      material (70-150 mg I/mL) over approximately 2 seconds. This study examines a
      technique employing rapid boluses of undiluted contrast material (282-300 mg
      I/mL) in small volumes and compares the quality of the images to those obtained
      using conventional methods. Twenty intra-aortic DSA angiograms of the renal
      arteries were performed in 10 patients. In each patient, both compact bolus and
      conventional injections were performed. Injections of 12 or 15 mL of diatrizoate
      meglumine-60% at 30 mL/second (duration = 0.4 or 0.5 seconds) were compared with
      injections of 24 or 30 mL of diatrizoate meglumine-30% at 12 mL/second (duration
      = 2 seconds). Aside from injection technique and image projection, no other
      variables were altered, and the iodine loads were the same for the two injections
      in each patient. The images were paired and rated by four radiologists without
      knowledge of the technical parameters. The radiologists overwhelmingly preferred
      the images corresponding to the compact bolus technique (Chi-square analysis P
      less than .001). Visualization of the main renal arteries and the intrarenal
      branches was improved (P less than .001 for both). A reduction in misregistration
      artifact is suggested but not statistically significant. We conclude that image
      quality in nonselective, intra-arterial DSA can be improved without an increase
      in iodine dosage by the rapid administration of undiluted contrast material in
      small volumes.

PMID- 2663763
TI  - Anne G. Osborn. Fifth Distinguished Scientist: Armed Forces Institute of
      Pathology.

PMID- 2663764
TI  - Internal densitometric gating for digital subtraction angiography.
AB  - Motion artifacts create a severe problem in digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
      studies. Periodic motion can be eliminated by "gating," matching a precontrast
      mask with a postcontrast image at the same phase position in the cycle.
      Electrocardiogram (EKG) signals are used in cardiac DSA for this purpose. An
      alternate method relies on the generation of a density-time curve dependent on
      the attenuation changes of anatomical motion. A densitometric window placed at an
      appropriate location records the variation, from which individual images are
      tagged with phase position information encoded as delay time. Results are similar
      to the EKG gating method for cardiac DSA when using an appropriate window
      location. Periodic motion caused by superimposed respiration can be suppressed by
      tracking diaphragm or other object attenuation changes with the same algorithms.
      Using these techniques permits the nonarbitrary matching of mask and contrast
      images without physiologic monitoring. The techniques are straightforward and
      relatively easy to implement on systems designed for rapid digital imaging.

PMID- 2663765
TI  - Indicator dilution time-activity curves demonstrated by rapid magnetic resonance
      imaging techniques and paramagnetic contrast agent.
AB  - Indicator dilution time-activity curves are demonstrated using magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) as the detector and a paramagnetic contrast agent as the indicator.
      Manganese chloride was injected into a flow phantom. The nuclear magnetic
      resonance (MR) intensity was measured downstream. Several flow rates were used.
      The observed MR intensity decreased as the paramagnetic indicator passed through
      the imaging plane. The qualitative changes of the MR intensity decrease varied in
      accordance with indicator dilution theory. The equations for gradient refocused
      echoes, paramagnetic compound relaxation changes, and the indicator dilution
      analysis were combined and evaluated. Quantitative analysis demonstrates several
      problems in its implementation.

PMID- 2663766
TI  - Medicare coverage of residency program costs: important changes coming.

PMID- 2663767
TI  - Pulmonary disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Bone marrow transplantation is the treatment of choice of many haematological
      disorders but its success is limited by two major complications, graft-versus
      host disease (GVHD) and pulmonary disorders. Of the first 31 patients
      transplanted at St. James's Hospital (1984-1986) 16 (52%) had a successful
      outcome. Of the 15 patients who died, two died of GVHD and one of recurrent
      leukaemia. All others had severe pulmonary disease either causing death directly
      (9 cases) or contributing to death from toxic encephalopathy, carditis or
      recurrent leukaemia (1 case each). The principal forms of pulmonary disease were
      cytomegalovirus pneumonitis (4 cases), acute haemorrhagic pulmonary oedema (4
      cases) and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (2 cases). There were single cases of
      staphylococcal pneumonia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Aspergillus was a
      second pathogen in two cases. Pulmonary damage due to conditioning
      chemoradiotherapy and to GVHD probably underlies this high incidence of pulmonary
      disease. T-cell depletion to limit the incidence of GVHD together with increased
      prophylaxis against CMV and pneumocystis carinii will probably substantially
      reduce these complications in the near future.

PMID- 2663768
TI  - Ultrasound findings in carcinoma of the gallbladder.
AB  - The ultrasound findings in 5 cases of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder are
      described. A mass protruding into or replacing the gallbladder or abnormal
      gallbladder wall were found in all cases. Four of the patients had gallstones and
      a dilated biliary tree. With careful technique in evaluation of the gallbladder
      wall in patients with gallstones early carcinoma of the gallbladder may be
      detected with greater frequency.

PMID- 2663769
TI  - The aetiology of degenerative disease of the hip. A review of 400 cases.
AB  - Four-hundred and forty patients who presented for Total Hip Replacement to the
      Orthopaedic Hospital, Cappagh were included in this study. Each case was
      classified into radiographic and aetiologic groups on the basis of the patients
      history, the results of special investigations, and the radiographic appearance
      of the hips. This classification allowed a further differentiation into primary
      and secondary osteoarthritis. Primary or idiopathic osteoarthritis was the single
      most common aetiologic group. A surprisingly high percentage of patients with
      secondary osteoarthritis had congenital dysplasia. It is suggested that this
      faulty biomechanical situation is the initiator of subsequent joint degeneration
      due to stress loading on the supero-lateral border of the hip. The reasons why
      such changes may be delayed until the 6th and 7th decades are unclear but
      degeneration once started progresses quickly. The possible place of surgical
      correction of the underlying biomechanical fault in delaying or preventing the
      onset of osteoarthritis is demonstrated and discussed.

PMID- 2663770
TI  - Ultrasonographic diagnosis of obstructive jaundice.
AB  - The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in differentiating between medical and
      surgical jaundice (99%), and in revealing the site (80%) and nature of the
      obstruction (79.8%) was assessed in a study on 128 jaundiced patients. The
      validity of this diagnostic procedure is underlined and its use is recommended in
      patients with obstructive jaundice.

PMID- 2663771
TI  - Perspectives on the hallucinatory process.
AB  - Hallucinations are common psychiatric symptoms and the hallucinating patient
      presents a number of nursing problems. Although psychiatric nurses have written
      fairly extensively about hallucinations as a clinical problem, little nursing
      research has tested commonly recommended nursing interventions. This paper
      presents a review of interdisciplinary research on hallucinations and synthesizes
      findings with clinical observations to suggest a number of areas needing greater
      stress in nursing practice and research. Aspects of a model proposed by Peplau
      (1963), Rector (1982), and Field (1985) are questioned. Improved assessments of
      hallucinating patients are recommended, with exploration of subtleties in the
      hallucinatory experience; and factors needing assessment are identified. Major
      emphasis is placed on the need to explore patient efforts at controlling
      hallucinations as a foundation for promoting patient self-monitoring and self
      regulation of hallucinatory experience.

PMID- 2663772
TI  - France: a focus on the new reproduction.

PMID- 2663773
TI  - The Federal Republic of Germany: a new forum for medical ethics.

PMID- 2663774
TI  - Italy: old problems, new books.

PMID- 2663775
TI  - Japan: a new field emerges.

PMID- 2663776
TI  - Sweden: growing interest in ethics.

PMID- 2663777
TI  - Is there life after Roe v. Wade?

PMID- 2663778
TI  - A compromise on abortion?

PMID- 2663780
TI  - The effect of Zn-DTPA treatment on 241Am removal from bones implanted in non
      radiocontaminated mice.

PMID- 2663779
TI  - The half-life of 218Po.
AB  - Direct observation of the 218Po alpha-peak decay with a microcomputer-controlled
      alpha-spectrometer yielded a mean half-life value of 3.040 +/- 0.008 min, where
      the error quoted represents twice the standard deviation of the means from 38
      separate decay measurements. The 1912 and 1924 218Po half-life measurements,
      which provided the 3.05-min value listed in nuclear tables for the past 60 y, are
      critically reviewed. Two more recent experiments, which yielded longer values of
      3.11 min (Van Hise et al. 1982) and 3.093 min (Potapov and Soloshenkov 1986), are
      also discussed.

PMID- 2663781
TI  - Use of electrostatic collection of 218Po for measuring Rn.
AB  - The decay of 222Rn produces a positively charged 218Po ion 88% of the time. The
      electrostatic collection of this ion has served as the basis of a number of
      systems for measuring Rn concentrations. However, there are neutralization
      processes that restrict the time available to collect the ion. The measured rates
      of neutralization by water vapor and by trace gases have been used to determine
      the applied field strengths necessary to ensure complete collection of the ions
      and thus interference-free Rn determinations.

PMID- 2663782
TI  - Relationship between kidney burden and radiation dose from chronic ingestion of
      U: implications for radiation standards for the public.
AB  - Metabolic models for U in adults recommended by Wrenn et al. (1985) and the
      International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 1979a) were used to
      study the relationship between kidney burden and radiation dose from chronic
      ingestion of soluble 238U or natural U and whether current radiation standards
      for the public provide adequate protection against chemical toxicity from U in
      the kidney. We assumed that the threshold concentration for chemical toxicity is
      1 microgram of U g-1 of kidney and that a safety factor of 10 should be applied
      in limiting kidney burdens for maximally exposed individuals in the general
      public. We found that a limit on annual effective dose equivalent of 1 mSv (0.1
      rem) for chronic exposures of the public from all sources, as recommended by the
      ICRP (1985) and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
      (NCRP 1987), corresponds to concentrations of U in the kidney from chronic
      ingestion that exceed the assumed threshold for chemical toxicity of 1 microgram
      g-1 only for 238U using the metabolic model of the ICRP (1979a). However, using
      either metabolic model (ICRP 1979a; Wrenn et al. 1985), the predicted
      concentrations of U in the kidney exceeded the limit of 0.1 microgram g-1, based
      on the assumed safety factor for protection of the public, for both 238U and
      natural U. From these results, we concluded that chemical toxicity should be
      considered in developing health protection standards for the public for ingestion
      of soluble 238U or natural U. Environmental radiation standards for certain
      practices established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Nuclear
      Regulatory Commission (EPA 1987a, 1987b, 1987c, 1987d; NRC 1988a) are consistent
      with a limit on annual effective dose equivalent of 0.25 mSv (25 mrem) per
      practice. If the metabolic model of Wrenn et al. (1985) is assumed to be
      appropriate for chronic ingestion of soluble U in the environment, then the dose
      limit of 0.25 mSv corresponds to a concentration of 238U or natural U in the
      kidney that is below the assumed limit of 0.1 microgram g-1 for members of the
      public. Inhalation of soluble and insoluble U and ingestion of insoluble U were
      considered. Except for inhalation of soluble U, these modes of intake reduced
      predicted concentrations in the kidney per unit effective dose equivalent
      compared with values for ingestion of soluble U. Unresolved issues of importance
      for determining the significance of chemical toxicity relative to radiation dose
      in establishing limits on public exposures for U also are discussed.

PMID- 2663783
TI  - Myocarditis: review of a clinical enigma.
AB  - Myocarditis is a disease process that is poorly understood. The incidence of
      myocarditis may vary with age, sex, and season of the year. The pathogenesis of
      myocarditis has been studied in animal models. Several investigators have
      documented the development of myocardial damage in mice after infection with a
      virus. Patients with myocarditis may present with highly variable clinical
      pictures ranging from no clinical manifestations to overt clinical congestive
      heart failure or sudden death. Endomyocardial biopsy is necessary to confirm the
      diagnosis of myocarditis. There are conflicting data regarding treatment of
      myocarditis. Immunosuppression may be useful in reducing myocardial inflammation
      and preventing irreversible myocardial damage. Nurses participate in care of
      patients during evaluation and treatment for myocarditis. Ongoing assessment of
      cardiac function is imperative at all times.

PMID- 2663784
TI  - Percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty procedure and implications for nursing.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal aortic balloon valvuloplasty (PTABV) is a procedure
      performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory for some patients with severe
      calcific aortic stenosis. A review of the literature indicated that the procedure
      was beneficial to elderly patients or those who were poor candidates for surgery.
      The common complications of PTABV include bleeding at the catheterization site
      and vagal reactions during groin compression. Nursing implications in the cardiac
      catheterization laboratory involve ensuring patient comfort, managing the effects
      of cardiac instrumentation, and monitoring vital signs and vascular integrity.
      Post-PTABV nursing diagnoses include: (1) potential for injury or hemorrhage, (2)
      potential for alteration in cardiac output, (3) potential for alteration in
      tissue perfusion, (4) alteration in comfort, (5) potential for infection, and (6)
      knowledge deficits.

PMID- 2663785
TI  - Calcium antagonists for initial therapy of hypertension.
AB  - A new class of antihypertensive agents has emerged for clinical consideration in
      the initial treatment of hypertension. These calcium antagonists are rapidly
      absorbed and reduce arterial pressure very promptly by antagonizing the
      pathophysiologic hallmark of the disease: an increased vascular resistance.
      Moreover, in reducing arterial pressure by means of arteriolar dilation, these
      agents do so without expanding intravascular volume and without inordinately
      stimulating the heart through reflex mechanisms. Vascular resistance is reduced
      in each of the major target organs of the disease: the heart, brain, and kidney.
      Reduction of coronary vascular resistance should be of particular value in
      patients with increased myocardial oxygen demands (e.g., with coronary arterial
      disease or with ventricular hypertrophy). Reduction of renal vascular resistance
      should be especially valuable for patients with renal functional impairment as a
      result of hypertensive vascular disease or with associated renal parenchymal
      diseases. In this respect, these agents reduce renal vascular resistance while
      maintaining glomerular filtration rate and reducing renal filtration fraction;
      these changes should reduce glomerular hyperfiltration and may inhibit promotion
      of glomerulosclerosis. Diltiazem may be of particular value because it may
      produce these effects while increasing renal blood flow. Clearly these agents
      reverse cerebral constriction and might be expected to improve blood flow to the
      brain; however, further study is anticipated and necessary.

PMID- 2663786
TI  - Management of multiple enterocutaneous fistulas.
AB  - Enterocutaneous fistulas present a difficult management problem in the intensive
      care unit. Although some patients require surgical intervention for fistula
      control, key elements to good clinical management include mechanical control and
      vigorous nutritional support. This approach includes eradication of malnutrition,
      support of the hypercatabolic state, and maintenance or replacement of protein
      loss from fistula drainage. Good mechanical control involves integument
      protection and a mechanism of drainage collection. The patient we describe taxed
      the ingenuity and creativity of all those concerned with his care. Modification
      of a previously described technique to protect surrounding skin and collect
      fistula output served as a simple and inexpensive approach to eliminate infection
      potential, improve the patient's comfort, and decrease the nursing time that
      would have been required for frequent, complex dressing changes.

PMID- 2663787
TI  - Pseudomeningitis: report of a case caused by Bacillus and review of the
      literature.

PMID- 2663788
TI  - The Catastrophic Protection Act: boon or bane?

PMID- 2663789
TI  - IHIC variants list. International Hemoglobin Information Center.

PMID- 2663790
TI  - IHIC alphabetical variant list. International Hemoglobin Information Center.

PMID- 2663791
TI  - [43 years of Helvetica Paediatrica Acta--retrospect and prospects].

PMID- 2663792
TI  - Authentic recombinant human growth hormone. Results of a multicenter clinical
      trial in patients with growth hormone deficiency.
AB  - 197 patients with growth hormone deficiency (144 boys, 53 girls, age 1.5-19.5
      [mean 11 +/- 3.6], bone age 0.3-15 [mean 8.9 +/- 3.5] years) were treated for one
      year with authentic recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH, Norditropin] in
      several European paediatric centers. 107 patients were newly treated (group A),
      and 90 transferred from pituitary or methionine hGH (groups B and C). In 19 of
      the latter, treatment was interrupted for 6 months (group B), in the others, it
      was changed without interruption (group C). The dosage was 0.45 +/- 0.2
      IU/kg/week given s.c. 6-7 times a week. Height velocity increased from 4.1 +/-
      2.4 to 8.3 +/- 2.5 (group A), 2.6 +/- 1.8 to 8.3 +/- 2.3 (group B), and 6.2 +/-
      2.7 to 6.8 +/- 2.2 cm/year (group C). Few patients complained of local discomfort
      at the injection site, but this disappeared after changing metacresol in the
      solvent to 0.9% benzyl alcohol. Only 3 patients developed antibodies to hGH in
      low titers, which did not interfere with growth. No changes in E. coli protein
      antibodies were observed. It is concluded that r-hGH is an efficient and safe
      treatment for children with growth hormone deficiency.

PMID- 2663793
TI  - [Botulism in infancy].
AB  - The authors describe a case of botulism in a 3-month-old infant infected with
      Clostridium botulinum type A. Symptomatology developed within four days,
      persisted for two weeks, then regressed. Symptoms were paresis of face muscles,
      hyporeactive pupils, loss of succion and deglutition, axial hypotonia, weakness
      of peripheral muscles, lability of the autonomic nervous system with acute
      episodes of bradycardia and constipation. Anomalies of the electroen-cephalogram
      and of the auditory evoked responses suggest that the toxin penetrated the
      central nervous system. Treatment was symptomatic, without need for assisted
      ventilation. It was not possible to detect the source of infection.

PMID- 2663794
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of the glucose-transport protein in mammalian
      brain capillaries.
AB  - The endothelial cells of mammalian brain capillaries, which form the anatomical
      basis of the blood-brain barrier, have been investigated by immunocytochemical
      methods to determine the distribution of the glucose-transport protein. A
      monoclonal antibody raised against the intact human erythrocyte glucose-transport
      protein and polyclonal antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide
      corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of the human erythrocyte glucose
      transport protein were used for immunofluorescent staining of isolated human and
      bovine cerebral cortex microvessels. The pattern of fluorescence with both
      antibodies demonstrated the antigen to be distributed throughout the plasma
      membrane of the capillary endothelial cells. These results provide further
      evidence for the homology between the human erythrocyte and brain capillary
      glucose-transport protein, and confirm its abundance in brain capillaries.

PMID- 2663795
TI  - Late tissue-specific toxicity of total body irradiation and busulfan in a murine
      bone marrow transplant model.
AB  - Total body irradiation (TBI) and busulfan were compared for late effects in a
      murine model of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Male C57BL/6 mice were given
      fractionated TBI or busulfan given in 4 equal daily doses followed by infusion of
      10(7) syngeneic bone marrow cells. Total doses of 16.4 Gy TBI and 3.4 mg busulfan
      were chosen for their equivalence in inducing near complete engraftment of
      allogeneic marrow from donor mice of the LP strain. The two treatment groups had
      a late wave of mortality starting at about 80 weeks after transplantation.
      Specific tissue damage was manifested in bone marrow stem cells, splenic T-cell
      precursors, hair greying and cataract formation for both TBI and busulfan but to
      varying degrees. Severe nephrotoxicity and anemia were observed only after TBI.
      Although both busulfan and TBI kill early marrow stem cells and are effective
      preparative agents in bone marrow transplantation, their effects on other stem
      cell and organ systems are not similar. In addition, many of the injuries seen
      are late to occur. The delayed expression of injury deserves careful long-term
      evaluation of BMT recipients before the therapeutic potential of effective
      preparative regimens can be fully appreciated.

PMID- 2663796
TI  - Enhancement of murine bone marrow ablation by combining whole body hyperthermia
      with total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide.
AB  - Bone marrow ablation using combined whole body hyperthermia (WBH), total body
      irradiation (TBI), and cyclophosphamide (Cy) was investigated in C3H f/Sed mice
      to demonstrate cytotoxic synergism between the three modalities. TBI was given on
      day 0. WBH treatment was for 1 hr at 41.8 degrees C, given in daily sessions for
      1, 2 or 3 modalities. TBI was given on day 0. WBH treatment was for 1 hr at 41.8
      degrees C, given in daily sessions for 1, 2 or 3 consecutive days following TBI.
      Total cyclophosphamide doses were 160 and 240 mg/kg given in 2 daily injections
      on days 1 and 2 following TBI. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte and lymphocyte numbers
      were determined by differential cell counts. The total peripheral blood cell
      counts were also determined. WBH alone, given in daily sessions for 3 days, did
      not reduce the total peripheral blood cell counts. However, when WBH was added to
      TBI (6.3 Gy) peripheral blood cellularity was reduced on day 2, but no
      significant heat/radiosensitization was evident after day 2. WBH (3 daily
      sessions) significantly reduced the peripheral blood cellularity and resulted in
      bone marrow ablation when it was combined with TBI and Cy. CY (160-240 mg/kg)
      combined with TBI (5.4 Gy) resulted in bone marrow ablation and subsequent death
      in 14-22% of mice treated; 60-100% of mice died from bone marrow ablation when
      WBH was added to TBI (5.4 Gy) and Cy (160-240 mg/kg). Femoral and vertebral
      tissue sections showed total loss of progenitor cells when WBH, TBI (5.4 Gy), and
      Cy (240 mg/kg) were combined whereas lessor treatment was associated with
      histologically verified reconstitution of progenitor cells inside the marrow
      cavities. These studies indicate that bone marrow ablation can be achieved when
      using WBH in combination with lower doses of TBI and Cy.

PMID- 2663797
TI  - Circulating levels of CSF-1 (M-CSF) a lymphohematopoietic cytokine may be a
      useful marker of disease status in patients with malignant ovarian neoplasms.
AB  - We have previously reported our observations of epithelial tumor cell expression
      of transcripts and protein antigens of CSF-1 and transcripts of a protein closely
      related--if not identical--to the CSF-1 receptor in ovarian and endometrial
      neoplasms in vivo and in vitro. In the present communication, we extend these
      investigations to analyze the clinical utility of determinations of plasma CSF-1
      concentrations in 125 samples from 33 patients with ovarian neoplasms and one
      patient with benign endometriosis. We observed that plasma CSF-1 levels in
      patients with active and recurrent neoplastic disease were markedly elevated and
      follow changes in disease status in individual patients. These and other results
      presented in this communication suggest that not only could CSF-1 be a useful
      circulating tumor marker in ovarian carcinoma patients, but also that in
      combination with measurements of other markers--such as CA-125--determinations of
      plasma CSF-1 levels might actually improve the accuracy of "tumor marker"-based
      assessments of disease status in patients with malignant ovarian neoplasms.

PMID- 2663798
TI  - A simple dose calculation method for total body photon irradiation.
AB  - A simple technique for calculation of the prescribed dose for total body
      irradiation (TBI) is presented. The technique uses a standard calibration
      procedure and applies standard correction methods to account for variations in
      the field size, depth, and treatment distance. Since the scattering volume (the
      entire body) is smaller than the X ray field for this treatment, the change in
      output with field size is handled separately from changes due to scatter within
      the phantom. The latter is shown to be a function of the phantom size
      (corresponding to the frontal area of the trunk of the body for patient
      irradiation) rather than the size of the field opening. Dosimetric tests of this
      technique have been conducted and the errors determined. For these tests, three
      different phantom sizes were used to represent the upper body sizes of a 2-year
      old child, an 8-year old, and an adult, and three linear accelerator energies (6,
      10, and 15 MV) were included. Calculations were performed using the technique and
      compared to measurements for the same phantom sizes. Differences of less than 1.3
      were found.

PMID- 2663799
TI  - [From old folks' treasures].

PMID- 2663800
TI  - Treatment of men with idiopathic oligozoospermic infertility using the aromatase
      inhibitor, testolactone. Results of a double-blinded, randomized, placebo
      controlled trial with crossover.
AB  - The hypothesis that increased estradiol production may be the cause of impaired
      spermatogenesis in infertile men with idiopathic oligozoospermia was tested by
      administering the aromatase inhibitor, testolactone, and by assessing its effects
      on sperm output and fertility. Our study was a randomized, placebo-controlled
      double-blind crossover trial. Subjects (n = 25) with infertility due to
      unexplained oligozoospermia were given testolactone (2 g/day) or placebo for 8
      months followed by crossover to the other treatment for an additional 8 months.
      Total estradiol and testosterone levels during testolactone exposure did not
      change from basal and placebo values. However, sex hormone-binding globulin
      binding capacity consistently decreased (30%, p less than 0.01) and free
      testosterone levels increased (36%, p less than 0.01). Free estradiol values
      increased but not significantly. Additionally, LH and FSH serum levels increased
      by 15% and 20%, respectively (p less than 0.05), and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
      values increased by 90% (p less than 0.05) during drug administration. Sperm
      output and semen quality remained unchanged during either testolactone or placebo
      treatment, and no pregnancies occurred during the 16-month study. These data
      suggest that chronic administration of testolactone at this dose fails to
      maintain aromatase inhibition despite depression of 17,20-desmolase activity with
      elevated 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and depressed SHBG binding capacity with
      elevation of free testosterone. Testolactone is not efficacious in the treatment
      of idiopathic oligozoospermic infertility.

PMID- 2663801
TI  - A comparative study of the bactericidal and growth inhibitory activities of the
      bisbiguanides alexidine and chlorhexidine.
AB  - A comparative study of the growth inhibitory and bactericidal activities of two
      related bisbiguanide antiseptics, alexidine and chorhexidine is reported. Whilst
      overall bactericidal activities and MICs were similar, alexidine was more rapid
      in its action and it is suggested that (1) it might possess additional targets at
      the cell envelope to chlorhexidine, and (2) the nature of the interaction at the
      cytoplasmic membrane for the two compounds differs.

PMID- 2663802
TI  - Interaction of the bisbiguanides chlorhexidine and alexidine with phospholipid
      vesicles: evidence for separate modes of action.
AB  - Strains of Providencia stuartii with demonstrated resistance towards
      chlorhexidine did not show such resistance towards either of the related
      biguanide antiseptics, alexidine or vantocil. Alexidine promoted a significantly
      faster alteration in the permeability of Escherichia coli cell membranes towards
      various metal cations than chlorhexidine. Differential thermal analysis of
      various mixed lipid vesicles and pure phospholipid vesicles showed alexidine to
      share with vantocil the property of producing lipid phase separation and domain
      formation. It is suggested that the nature of the end-group on the biguanides
      affects the ability to produce lipid domains in cell membranes and this this
      might, in turn, affect activity and resistance patterns observed.

PMID- 2663803
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of fine structures of M. leprae and M. lepraemurium].

PMID- 2663804
TI  - Trimethoprim resistance in enterobacteria isolated in Chile.
AB  - Four hundred strains of enterobacteria, isolated before the introduction of
      trimethoprim as a single agent in Chile, were studied. One hundred and thirty six
      strains (34%) were resistant to greater than or equal to 8 mg/l of trimethoprim
      and 118 of these (87%) were also resistant to sulphamethoxazole (156 mg/l).
      Plasmids were detected in 79% of the trimethoprim-resistant strains; 56% of the
      strains carried two or more plasmids. Trimethoprim resistance could be
      transferred by conjugation in 66% of the plasmid-carrying strains; this
      resistance was co-transferred with a variety of other antibiotic resistance
      determinants.

PMID- 2663805
TI  - Hyperproduction of TEM-1 beta-lactamase by Escherichia coli strains.

PMID- 2663806
TI  - Activity of cefepime (BMY-28142) and cefpirome (HR 810) against gram-negative
      bacilli resistant to cefotaxime or ceftazidime.

PMID- 2663807
TI  - Correlation of inhibition of sterol synthesis with growth-inhibitory action of
      imidazole antimycotics in Candida albicans.
AB  - The effect of tioconazole and other imidazole antimycotics on both growth and
      sterol biosynthesis by Candida albicans and C. pseudotropicalis in tube culture
      was investigated. Trailing endpoints were only seen in statically incubated
      cultures, but the final MIC, i.e. that giving complete inhibition of growth, was
      similar in both static and shaken cultures. Desmethylsterol biosynthesis was
      equally sensitive to the inhibitory action of tioconazole in both shaken and
      static cultures and the trailing endpoints in the latter coincided with this
      inhibition. Poor inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis did not show the trailing
      phenomenon but did show a conventional MIC. The inhibition of sterol
      biosynthesis, unlike that of growth, was not subject to an inoculum effect. As
      others have found, ergosterol was unable to antagonize the effects of tioconazole
      on C. albicans and this was probably due to lack of uptake of this sterol. In
      contrast to C. albicans, the Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus H,
      which lacks membrane sterols, showed no trailing endpoints with tioconazole after
      either shaken or static incubation.

PMID- 2663808
TI  - Effect of antimicrobial and antineoplastic drugs alone and in combination on the
      phagocytic and candidacidal function of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
AB  - Four antimicrobial and three antineoplastic drugs were screened for their effects
      on phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans blastospores by human neutrophil
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Amphotericin B caused significant impairment of
      both phagocytosis and killing, but cefuroxime and ketoconazole had no effect.
      Tobramycin did not affect phagocytosis, but impaired killing. Methotrexate,
      prednisolone and vinblastine all caused significant impairment of phagocytosis,
      but did not affect killing. Combinations of these seven drugs, such as are used
      in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood, were also shown
      to inhibit phagocytosis, although no additive effects were detected. None of the
      drug combinations tested affected killing.

PMID- 2663809
TI  - Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones and clinical perspectives.

PMID- 2663810
TI  - Prevention of infection after vascular reconstruction.

PMID- 2663811
TI  - The post-antibiotic effect defined by bacterial morphology.
AB  - Three strains of Escherichia coli were incubated with either ciprofloxacin or
      ampicillin. Filamentation of bacteria was observed after 1-2 h. After 5 h of
      contact with either drug the percentage of filaments exceeded 90%. The organisms
      were washed and incubated on drug free medium. Antibiotics when bound to an
      enzyme render that enzyme inactive; upon removal of the organisms from the
      antibiotic, the synthesis of enzymes resumes. The period of time encompassing the
      inactive enzymatic state of the organism at the time of removal from the drug to
      the time that enzymes restore complete function is our definition of the post
      antibiotic effect (pae). Bacterial morphology reflects the variations in activity
      of these enzymes. The pae was determined by both the morphology of the organisms
      and the current growth kinetic method. The presence of 10% filaments and 90%
      bacilli was selected to indicate the endpoint of the pae by morphological
      criteria. The pae by morphology was 4 h for ciprofloxacin and 3 h for ampicillin.
      By the growth kinetics method it was 2 h for ciprofloxacin and zero for
      ampicillin.

PMID- 2663812
TI  - The effect of pentamidine salts on the in-vitro responses of neutrophilic
      granulocytes.
AB  - Therapeutic concentrations (0.3-1.5 mg/l) of pentamidine isethionate and
      pentamidine mesylate, obtained after parenteral administration of the drugs, did
      not influence neutrophilic granulocyte adherence, random and chemotactic
      migration or phagocytosis of Candida albicans spores in vitro. At concentrations
      of 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5 mg/l, the ability of neutrophilic granulocytes to kill C.
      albicans spores was depressed (P less than 0.001); at all concentrations used,
      their ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium was decreased (P less than 0.001).
      There was no significant difference between the drugs with regard to these
      impairments in neutrophilic granulocyte function. It is likely that pentamidine
      salts inhibit superoxide radical formation in the stimulated neutrophilic
      granulocyte and that this dysfunction leads to depressed intracellular killing of
      C. albicans spores.

PMID- 2663813
TI  - The influence of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of netilmicin and
      ceftriaxone on the interaction of Escherichia coli with host defences.
AB  - The effect of sub-MICs of netilmicin and ceftriaxone on the interaction between
      encapsulated and unencapsulated strains of Escherichia coli and certain host
      defence mechanisms, i.e. complement activation, opsonization, phagocytosis by
      human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), and serum bactericidal activity have
      been studied. Experiments were carried out testing antibiotics either alone or in
      combination. Non-capsulated strains of E. coli activated complement rapidly and
      were easily phagocytosed and killed after opsonization in human pooled serum.
      Pretreatment of these strains with sub-MICs of antibiotics did not change the
      rate of opsonization or the degree of uptake by PMN, but did enhance serum
      sensitivity. Capsulated strains of E. coli were both poorly opsonized and
      resistant to serum bactericidal activity. Treatment of these strains with sub
      MICs of antibiotics enhanced complement consumption as well as phagocytosis by
      PMN, but did not affect serum-resistance.

PMID- 2663814
TI  - Third generation cephalosporins as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile
      associated disease: a four-year survey in a general hospital.
AB  - The main clinical features of patients who developed pseudomembranous colitis
      (PMC) or Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) during their stay at
      the S. Anna General Hospital, Como, over the period February 1984 to May 1988,
      are reported. Forty patients developed either CDAD (ten cases) or PMC (30 cases).
      Twenty-seven (65.7%) had undergone surgery and 32 (80.0%) had received prolonged
      antibiotic treatment. Three patients (7.5%) were given three doses only of
      ceftriaxone. Five patients (12.5%) had not received any antibiotic treatment; but
      three were nursed in a bed next to a patient with PMC-CDAD. The number of cases
      diagnosed were correlated retrospectively with the cumulative consumption of
      different groups of antibiotics on wards in which PMC or CDAD occurred. A
      significant difference (P less than 0.01) between third generation cephalosporins
      (16 cases) and ureidopenicillins (one case), was found. Twenty-five patients were
      treated with oral vancomycin. Two died of the underlying disease and 23 were
      cured. The disease recurred clinically in three, and follow-up cultures were
      positive in another asymptomatic case. Fifteen patients (all PMC cases) were
      treated with oral teicoplanin. All were clinically cured and remained
      asymptomatic and all but one were also cleared of C. difficile. No adverse
      reactions were observed in patients given either drug. Third generation
      cephalosporins, even when administered as short-term perioperative prophylaxis,
      but not ureidopenicillins, are significantly associated with C. difficile-related
      diseases. Teicoplanin proved to be very effective and safe in the treatment of
      PMC, and should be further evaluated there.

PMID- 2663815
TI  - Ceftazidime in middle ear fluid.

PMID- 2663816
TI  - Long-term mild jogging increases insulin action despite no influence on body mass
      index or VO2 max.
AB  - Physical training has been shown to improve glucose tolerance and insulin
      sensitivity. In the present study, insulin action was determined using the
      euglycemic clamp technique in six untrained nonobese subjects before, during, and
      after long-term mild regular jogging. After 1 yr of jogging, steady-state plasma
      insulin levels (I) decreased significantly, and the metabolic clearance rate of
      insulin was increased by 87%, although insulin infusion rate during the clamp was
      constant for each individual. The amount of glucose infused (glucose metabolism,
      M) tended to increase from 6.16 +/- 0.94 to 8.15 +/- 1.94 mg.kg-1.min-1 after
      regular jogging for 1 yr, although that was not statistically significant.
      However, M/I increases significantly from 0.060 +/- 0.012 to 0.184 +/- 0.056 (P
      less than 0.05) after 1 yr. The concentrations of plasma free fatty acids during
      the hyperinsulinemic clamp decreased more significantly after 1 yr of jogging (P
      less than 0.05). The concentrations of plasma glycerol decreased gradually before
      and after long-term regular jogging, showing only a 50-60% reduction in 120 min.
      Therefore, long-term mild regular jogging, which did not influence either body
      mass index or maximal O2 uptake, appears to improve insulin action in both
      carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and to increase the metabolic clearance rate of
      insulin.

PMID- 2663817
TI  - Simultaneous measurement of lung clearance rates for Tc- and In-DTPA in normal
      and damaged lungs.
AB  - We investigated the relative clearance rates for 99mTc-labeled diethylenetriamine
      pentaacetate (Tc-DTPA) and 113mIn-labeled DTPA (In-DTPA) when they were inhaled
      and deposited together within the lungs of same animal. Submicronic aerosols
      containing Tc-DTPA and In-DTPA were simultaneously generated by different
      nebulizers and collected within the same anesthetic bag. The combined aerosols
      were insufflated into piglets. Clearances for both compounds were measured
      simultaneously in normal lungs and when the lungs were damaged by intravenous
      oleic acid or by a presumed oxidant agent, intravenous or intratracheal phorbol
      myristate acetate (PMA). A medium-energy collimator and a computer-assisted gamma
      camera were used to calculate clearances. Correction was made for downscatter
      from the In photopeak into the Tc window. Marked lung injury occurred as
      evidenced by increases in lung water content and decreases in arterial PO2. The
      clearance of In-DTPA was slightly but significantly slower than for Tc-DTPA in
      each group of animals. The correlation (r = 0.93) between clearances for Tc-DTPA
      and In-DTPA was good, even though in vitro studies demonstrated that Tc-DTPA, but
      not In-DTPA, slowly dissociated at room and body temperatures. Oleic acid
      increased, but surprisingly, PMA had no effect on clearance rates for both In
      DTPA and Tc-DTPA. We recommend continued use of Tc-DTPA for these measurements in
      view of its lower cost, requirement for only low-energy collimation, better
      imaging characteristics, and widespread availability. The overlap between control
      and injured lungs and the lack of increased clearance rates after PMA suggest
      this technique does not always detect acute lung injury.

PMID- 2663819
TI  - Critical O2 delivery to skeletal muscle at high and low PO2 in endotoxemic dogs.
AB  - An ischemic canine limb model was used to determine whether endotoxin reduces the
      ability of resting skeletal muscle to extract O2 and whether increasing the
      arterial PO2 would increase its O2 extraction. Isolated limbs were pump perfused
      via an extracorporeal circuit with membrane oxygenator at three progressively
      lower flows and PO2 of both 60 and 200 Torr, whereas the rest of the body
      remained normoxic and normotensive. Six anesthetized, paralyzed dogs were
      injected with endotoxin (4 mg/kg, ENDO), and another six were controls (CONT).
      Limb critical O2 delivery was higher (P less than 0.05) in ENDO than CONT (8.3
      vs. 6.1 ml.kg-1.min-1). Critical venous PO2 was also higher (P less than 0.05) in
      ENDO than CONT (38 vs. 30 Torr). Critical O2 extraction ratio was lower (P less
      than 0.05) in ENDO than CONT (0.60 vs. 0.73). There were no differences in these
      variables between low and high arterial PO2. We concluded that 1) endotoxin can
      cause a small but significant O2 extraction defect in skeletal muscle, 2)
      increasing arterial PO2 did not correct such a defect, nor did it improve O2
      uptake in ischemic, but otherwise healthy, muscle, and 3) skeletal muscle may
      contribute to the peripheral O2 extraction defect in adult respiratory distress
      syndrome insofar as endotoxin effects model those found in adult respiratory
      distress syndrome.

PMID- 2663818
TI  - Tolerance to low-dose endotoxin in awake sheep.
AB  - Dose response and tolerance to a small intravenous dose of Serratia marcescens
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were studied in awake sheep. Core temperature
      significantly increased after a dose of 0.002 micrograms/kg; changes in pulmonary
      arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, plasma thromboxane B2, and
      circulating leukocyte concentration occurred after 0.02 micrograms/kg; plasma 6
      keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha increased after 0.2 micrograms/kg. Development of
      acute tolerance was studied by injection of S. marcescens LPS (0.02 micrograms/kg
      iv) on 3 consecutive days: pulmonary arterial pressure and thromboxane B2 levels
      were significantly lower than controls after the second dose, whereas fever and
      the degree of leukopenia were not diminished until the third dose. After
      intravenous administration of LPS given in increasing doses from 0.1 to 3.2
      micrograms/kg three times weekly over 7 wk, there were no measurable changes in
      any of the above parameters after challenge with S. marcescens LPS (0.02
      micrograms/kg) after a 1-wk rest period. In awake sheep, small intravenous doses
      of LPS can cause physiologically important changes of the pulmonary circulation
      and can alter the hemodynamic and eicosanoid mediator responses to subsequent
      challenges with LPS. Large intravenous doses of LPS can ablate the physiological
      responses to subsequent small doses of LPS.

PMID- 2663820
TI  - Effect of change in particle number on pulmonary clearance of aerosolized 99mTc
      DTPA.
AB  - Pulmonary clearance (PCl) of inhaled aerosolized 99mTc-diethylenetriamine
      pentaacetic acid (DTPA) across the alveolocapillary membrane is diffusion
      limited. Therefore, if the mixing of the 99mTc-DTPA in the aqueous hypophase
      underlying surfactant is slow or incomplete or if there were no hypophase, an
      increase in the alveolar surface area occupied by 99mTc-DTPA particles would
      increase the absorption rate. The aim of this study was to examine whether there
      is an effect on PCl of changing the number of inhaled particles. The change in
      particle number was accomplished by a setup of four parallel jet nebulizers
      feeding a central delivery chamber of 400 cm3. We performed two kinds of
      experiments in eight healthy nonsmokers between 28 and 52 yr of age. In the first
      experiment, 99mTc-DTPA in saline was nebulized in one nebulizer, while saline was
      nebulized in the other three. In the second experiment the number of inhaled
      particles containing 99mTc-DTPA was increased by a factor of four by nebulizing
      99mTc-DTPA in saline in all four nebulizers simultaneously. Increasing the number
      of inhaled 99mTc-DTPA particles caused an increase in PCl of 24.2% (P less than
      0.01). We conclude that there is a slight but significant effect of changing the
      number of DTPA particles on PCl and that this is probably due to an uneven mixing
      of the 99mTc-DTPA in the aqueous hypophase underlying the surfactant lining and
      the alveoli.

PMID- 2663821
TI  - Leukemic lymphadenopathy: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration.
AB  - We report cytologic findings in 6 patients (2 with a history of chronic
      myelogenous leukemia and 2 with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia) who
      presented with generalized or localized lymphadenopathy of undetermined etiology.
      Fine needle aspiration of enlarged lymph nodes resulted in the initial diagnosis
      of leukemia (1 case) or blast crisis of leukemia (2 cases), confirmation of
      involvement by leukemia at presentation (1 case), or confirmation of relapse of
      leukemia (2 cases). The average number of cells in the aspirates was 20 million,
      sufficient for performing immunophenotypic studies, flow cytometry, cytogenetic
      studies, and electron microscopy. The cytological features, combined with the
      ancillary studies, resulted in the diagnosis and subclassification of the
      leukemias as follows: chronic myelogenous leukemia, blast crisis (lymphoid);
      chronic myelogenous leukemia, blast crisis (undifferentiated); common acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-cell), acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (T-cell); and malignant lymphoma, small lymphocytic type.

PMID- 2663822
TI  - The histopathologic diagnosis and subclassification of Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Although Hodgkin's disease is considered a distinct clinical entity, it exhibits
      a wide range of histologic and cytologic features. It is important to recognize
      histologic subtypes and their variants for diagnostic reasons, as well as for
      their clinical significance. An appreciation of the histologic diversity of
      Hodgkin's disease may also be critical for the interpretation of data regarding
      the origin of the RS cell.

PMID- 2663823
TI  - Immunology and cellular biology of Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Patients with Hodgkin's disease, either untreated or in remission, exhibit a
      persistent defect in cellular immunity. This cellular immune defect appears to be
      the result of increased sensitivity to suppressor monocytes and T-suppressor
      cells, in addition to abnormal Interleukin-2 production. T-lymphocyte function is
      abnormal in patients with advanced disease. The precise origin of Reed-Sternberg
      and Hodgkin's cells is unknown. Reed-Sternberg cells function as antigen
      presenting cells and as accessory cells in mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation.
      They have properties in common with dendritic cells and activated lymphocytes.
      L428 cells express a transformation-associated phosphorylated transmembrane
      protein, with properties of a growth factor receptor, that may play a role in
      tumorigenic transformation.

PMID- 2663824
TI  - Chromosomal abnormalities in Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - In the hematologic malignant diseases, specific cytogenetic abnormalities
      correlate with clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features. Although
      relatively little is known regarding the karyotypic pattern of Hodgkin's disease,
      it is clear that the involvement of specific chromosomes in numerical and
      structural abnormalities is nonrandom. Hyperdiploidy is a characteristic feature
      of Hodgkin's disease and is observed in 70 per cent of tumors that have an
      abnormal karyotype. A gain of chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 12, and 21 is a recurring
      numerical abnormality; structural rearrangements involving chromosome 1 are
      frequently observed. Perhaps as a result of the relatively small number of cases
      that have been analyzed, recurring structural abnormalities have not yet been
      identified; it has also not been possible to determine whether the various
      histologic subtypes of Hodgkin's disease are characterized by unique
      abnormalities. The prognostic significance of cytogenetic abnormalities in
      Hodgkin's disease is unclear; however, preliminary results suggest that the
      karyotype may have prognostic importance in this disease. The correlation of the
      cytogenetic pattern with the clinical and morphologic features will be essential
      in evaluating the clinical and biologic significance of chromosomal abnormalities
      in Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2663825
TI  - The staging of Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - The approach to staging patients with Hodgkin's disease has changed over the last
      20 years. Although careful physical examination, chest radiograph, and bipedal
      lymph-angiogram remain the mainstays of the clinical evaluation, computed
      tomography (CT) scanning of the chest and abdomen is rapidly gaining acceptance
      as a useful ancillary procedure. In addition, the initial enthusiasm for the
      staging laparotomy and splenectomy as a necessary part of the staging evaluation
      is now coming into question. Recent studies raise legitimate concerns about this
      procedure's overall impact upon survival as well as the potential long-term
      consequences of splenectomy. Select situations do exist, however, where a staging
      laparotomy remains appropriate. An approach to the staging of newly diagnosed
      Hodgkin's disease is suggested and supported by recent studies of this disease.

PMID- 2663826
TI  - Management of stage I and II Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Early stage Hodgkin's disease is highly curable with radiation therapy alone.
      Some prognostic factors are associated with increased risk of relapse and may
      require combined modality treatment. The evolution of treatment of stage I and II
      Hodgkin's disease is presented.

PMID- 2663827
TI  - The management of bulky mediastinal Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Patients with Hodgkin's disease who have a large mediastinal mass present a
      challenge to the oncologist. Individualized therapy is often a key consideration
      for the management of these patients. Careful clinical staging is essential to
      develop the most effective treatment plan. The majority of these patients may be
      treated most effectively with combined modality therapy; however, a carefully
      selected group may be treated successfully with irradiation alone. Close follow
      up is helpful to detect early relapse or manage complications of therapy.

PMID- 2663828
TI  - Substaging of stage III Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Patients with stage III Hodgkin's disease require a staging laparotomy to
      accurately define two main subgroups of patients, III1 and III2. Selection of
      treatment modality for each group is very important. The majority of patients
      with pathological stage III Hodgkin's disease are treated with combined modality
      therapy; however, a subset of patients can be effectively treated with radiation
      therapy alone.

PMID- 2663829
TI  - Second neoplasms in Hodgkin's disease: current controversies.
AB  - Aggressive, multimodal treatment of Hodgkin's disease has led to dramatic
      increases in survival but not without significant early toxicity and late
      complications. The most serious late complication is the development of a
      secondary neoplasm. These secondary cancers include acute nonlymphocytic
      leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and various solid tumors.

PMID- 2663830
TI  - The role of high-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow reinfusion in the
      treatment of Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - In a significant fraction of patients with Hodgkin's disease, a condition
      develops that is resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Experience using high
      dose chemotherapy, with or without TBI, and ABMR is expanding. In Hodgkin's
      disease, remissions can be achieved in approximately half of the patients with
      relapsed advanced disease. High-dose chemoradiotherapy regimens are toxic and
      require extensive supportive care. Relapse frequently occurs in areas of previous
      disease, which suggests failure of the conditioning regimen rather than infusion
      of occult tumor cells in the autologous bone marrow. Thus, the role of marrow
      purging in this therapy needs to be evaluated further. It is also important to
      evaluate the effects of more vigorous attempts at cytoreduction of bulky disease
      prior to high-dose therapy and ABMR. We recommend that high-dose therapy and ABMR
      in an investigational setting be used in patients with Hodgkin's disease who
      experience relapse after MOPP and ABVD or equivalent regimens. Toxicity can be
      decreased and efficacy increased only if therapy is administered to patients who
      have not been heavily pretreated and who have lower tumor burden and a good
      performance status. Finally, high-dose therapy with ABMR has a definite role in
      salvaging patients with refractory Hodgkin's disease. Many issues need to be
      resolved, including the optimal timing of this approach and the optimal
      conditioning regimen. In the years to come these questions may be answered by the
      many studies now under way.

PMID- 2663831
TI  - Nonmalignant complications of therapy for Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Patients successfully treated for Hodgkin's disease provide the oncologist with
      an opportunity and a responsibility to evaluate long-term adverse effects of
      staging procedures and treatment regimens. This is necessary both to better
      understand the often unique clinical problems that develop long after completion
      of treatment for Hodgkin's disease and to more critically evaluate new treatment
      programs by comparison with existing effective but toxic regimens. Long-term
      survivors of Hodgkin's disease have various, often subclinical, cardiac
      abnormalities that result from both radiation and chemotherapy. Pneumonitis and
      subsequent fibrosis often follow irradiation. A variety of immunologic
      disturbances exists before and after treatment and predisposes to significant
      viral and bacterial infections. Finally, hypothyroidism and premature gonadal
      failure may follow therapy and require long-term hormone replacement. Further
      therapeutic advances for Hodgkin's disease will continue to alter this spectrum
      of complications, which, if unrecognized, may produce significant ongoing
      morbidity for long-term survivors.

PMID- 2663832
TI  - Hodgkin's disease in children.
AB  - This article discusses the presentation and evolution of therapy of pediatric
      Hodgkin's disease, contrasted with developments in adults. The issues of staging,
      treatment, and toxicity of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and combined modality
      therapy are discussed. Recommendations for therapy are presented.

PMID- 2663833
TI  - Sampling and sample preparation for detection and quantitation of natural
      toxicants in food and feed.
AB  - The primary goal of a sampling plan for natural toxins, i.e., mycotoxins and
      seafood toxins, is to obtain a sample that accurately represents the
      concentrations of individual components of a given lot. Factors affecting the
      ability of the sampling plan to accomplish this goal include: (1) nature of the
      analyte of interest; (2) distribution of the analyte throughout the lot, (3)
      physical characteristics of the product, (4) accessibility of the product to
      random representative sampling, (5) sampling procedure, and (6) size of sample.
      Sampling plans are composed of 3 distinct components: (a) sampling, (b) sample
      preparation, and (c) analysis. Normally, sampling contributes the largest
      relative error while analysis comprises the least. Automatic, continuous stream
      samplers provide the most representative samples for commodities such as nuts,
      cottonseed, and cereal grains. Good sample preparation equipment is currently
      available for these commodities; the use of this equipment to obtain a
      representative test sample is discussed.

PMID- 2663835
TI  - Designing and implementing a computer learning center in a college of medicine.
AB  - This report describes the approach taken at the Penn State College of Medicine to
      develop a central Computer Learning Center (CLC) and the use characteristics
      during the first 21 months of operation. A task force was created to establish
      the CLC, and a 12-month timetable was used from initial planning until the CLC
      was operational. In the first 21 months of operation, the CLC use increased
      linearly from 48 users per month to 388 users per month. More than half of the
      users were medical students, with the remainder distributed among faculty, staff,
      graduate students, nursing students, and medical residents. The growth of CLC use
      and the diversity of computer-assisted applications have occurred due to its
      central location within the medical center library and to CLC operation being
      shared by the library and the Department of Educational Resources.

PMID- 2663834
TI  - The effects of haloperidol on discrimination learning and behavioral symptoms in
      autistic children.
AB  - This double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial in autistic children had
      three objectives: (a) to replicate earlier findings that haloperidol
      administration is associated with a significant reduction of behavioral symptoms;
      (b) to further assess its safety when given on a short-term basis; and (c) to
      assess whether it has an effect on discrimination learning. Forty-five children,
      2.02 to 7.58 years old (M = 4.49), completed this crossover design, with random
      assignment to treatment sequences. Haloperidol was shown to be a powerful
      therapeutic agent when administered for 4 weeks and free of side effects; at
      doses ranging from 0.25 to 4.0 mg/day (M = 0.844), there was a clinically and
      statistically significant reduction of a variety of symptoms. Under the given
      conditions, the children failed to learn on either haloperidol or placebo.

PMID- 2663836
TI  - Canonical form as a model for surgical illustration.
AB  - Surgical illustration follows a wide variety of styles, ranging from photorealism
      to schematic diagrams. The most widely used approach to surgical illustration
      relies heavily on realism, despite some studies showing that realism can have a
      detrimental effect on learning. A current trend towards simplifying surgical art
      offers the advantage of lowering production time and reproduction costs. This
      article provides a rationale for this trend by defining a specific model for
      surgical illustration based on canonical form.

PMID- 2663837
TI  - Conformational stability and activity of ribonuclease T1 and mutants. Gln25---
      Lys, Glu58----Ala, and the double mutant.
AB  - Ribonuclease T1 (RNase T1) and mutants Gln25----Lys, Glu58----Ala, and the double
      mutant were prepared from a chemically synthesized gene, cloned and expressed in
      Escherichia coli. The wild-type RNase T1 prepared from the cloned gene was
      identical in every functional and physical property examined to RNase T1 prepared
      from Aspergillus oryzae. Urea and thermal unfolding experiments show that Gln25--
      -Lys is 0.9 kcal/mol more stable and Glu58----Ala is 0.8 kcal/mol less stable
      than wild-type RNase T1. In the double mutant, these contributions cancel and the
      stability does not differ significantly from that of wild-type RNase T1. For the
      double mutant, the dependence of delta G on urea concentration is significantly
      greater than for wild-type RNase T1 or the single mutants. This suggests that the
      double mutant unfolds more completely in urea than the other proteins. The
      activity of Gln25----Lys is identical with that of wild-type RNase T1. The
      activities of Glu58----Ala and the double mutant are 7% of wild-type when GpC
      hydrolysis is measured (due to a 35-fold decrease in kcat), and 37% of wild-type
      when RNA hydrolysis is measured. Thus, Glu58 is important, but not essential to
      the activity of RNase T1.

PMID- 2663838
TI  - Carboxyl-terminal truncations of the melibiose carrier of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The melibiose carrier of Escherichia coli is predicted to possess a short NH2
      terminus, 11 transmembrane segments joined by short hydrophilic regions, and a 40
      residue hydrophilic carboxyl terminus of unknown function. This paper describes
      truncations of the carboxyl terminus at eight locations using site-specific
      mutagenesis to introduce stop codons. Measurement of sugar transport and cation
      coupling characteristics indicate that the carboxyl tail plays no direct role in
      substrate recognition or energy transduction. Thirty-six amino acids could be
      removed from the hydrophilic carboxyl domain without the loss of sugar
      specificity, facilitated diffusion, uphill transport, H+-coupling or Na+-coupling
      characteristics. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the
      sugar/cation binding site is formed by the interaction of the transmembrane
      helices 3, 4, 6, 9, and 10 and does not involve the carboxyl-terminal portion of
      the protein. When truncations were made within the hydrophobic domain of
      transmembrane helix 11 (truncations of 41 or more residues), the carrier was no
      longer found in the membrane. This suggests that the carboxyl terminus may be
      involved in the membrane insertion process, stabilization of the carrier within
      the membrane following insertion, or protection of the inserted carrier from
      proteolytic scavenging. A new plasmid that expresses the temperature-resistant
      isoform of the melibiose carrier under inducible control of a tac promoter,
      designated pKKMB, is also described.

PMID- 2663839
TI  - Peptide-specific antibody for the melibiose carrier of Escherichia coli localizes
      the carboxyl terminus to the cytoplasmic face of the membrane.
AB  - The synthetic decapeptide NH2-Cys-Val-Gly-Ala-Val-Ser-Asp-Val-Lys-Ala-COOH
      (designated MBct10), which corresponds to the carboxyl terminus of the melibiose
      carrier of Escherichia coli, was synthesized and used to raise antibodies in a
      rabbit. Anti-MBct10 antibodies recognizes the normal melibiose carrier but not a
      truncated carrier lacking 14 carboxyl-terminal amino acids. Thus the antibodies
      are specific for the carboxyl terminus of the carrier and not for other domains
      of the protein. When right-side-out and inside-out membrane vesicles were probed
      with anti-MBct10 serum, only the inside-out vesicles bound antibody. The carboxyl
      terminus of the melibiose carrier protein is therefore exposed on the cytoplasmic
      surface of the membrane. The co-localization of both NH2- and carboxyl termini to
      the cytoplasmic surface dictates that the protein cross the membrane an even
      number of times. These data together with hydrophobicity analysis support a
      topological model for the melibiose carrier with 10 or 12 transmembrane domains.

PMID- 2663840
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone activates phospholipase D in ovarian granulosa
      cells. Possible role in signal transduction.
AB  - We have investigated the stimulation of phospholipase D activity by the
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonist [D-Ala6, des-Gly10]GnRH N
      ethylamide (GnRH-A) in preovulatory, cultured granulosa cells. GnRH-A stimulated
      up to 10-fold accumulation of phosphatidylethanol, produced by phospholipase D
      phosphatidyl transferase activity when ethanol acts as the phosphatidyl group
      acceptor. The effect of GnRH-A was concentration dependent (EC50 = 1 nM) and was
      inhibited by a specific GnRH receptor antagonist. Low GnRH-A concentrations (less
      than 10 nM) stimulated also accumulation of phosphatidic acid, but at higher
      concentrations this response was attenuated. Propranolol, which inhibits
      phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase, increased both basal and GnRH-A-stimulated
      production of phosphatidic acid. A protein kinase C activator, 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 100 nM), increased up to 30-fold
      phosphatidylethanol levels. The effects of supramaximal concentrations of GnRH-A
      (50 nM) and TPA (1 microM) on the accumulation of phosphatidylethanol were
      additive, suggesting that the two agents may not act via the same mechanism. This
      is supported by the fact that 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, a
      protein kinase C inhibitor, inhibited the effect of TPA 50%, but not that of GnRH
      A. However, 24 h pretreatment with TPA abolished cellular response to subsequent
      treatment with either TPA or GnRH-A. The stimulatory action of GnRH on
      steroidogenesis could be mimicked by elevating endogenous phosphatidic acid
      levels in granulosa cells. Exogenous phospholipase D (from Streptomyces
      chromofuscus, 10 IU/ml) significantly increased (2.7-fold) progesterone
      production by the cells; under the same conditions, GnRH-A and FSH stimulated
      progesterone production 3- and 2.6-fold, respectively. Similarly, propranolol
      stimulated progesterone production 2.2-fold. These results suggest that, in
      granulosa cells, GnRH receptors are coupled to a phospholipase D whose activation
      may participate in transducing the GnRH signal for accelerated steroidogenesis.
      Phospholipase D activity can be independently regulated also by protein kinase C.
      The possible interrelationships between phospholipase D and other phospholipases
      which may be activated by GnRH in these ovarian cells are discussed.

PMID- 2663841
TI  - Both a short hydrophobic domain and a carboxyl-terminal hydrophilic region are
      important for signal function in the Escherichia coli leader peptidase.
AB  - Leader peptidase, typical of inner membrane proteins of Escherichia coli, does
      not have an amino-terminal leader sequence. This protein contains an internal
      signal peptide, residues 51-83, which is essential for assembly and remains as a
      membrane anchor domain. We have employed site-directed mutagenesis techniques to
      either delete residues within this domain or substitute a charged amino acid for
      one of these residues to determine the important properties of the internal
      signal. The deletion analysis showed that a very small apolar domain, residues 70
      76, is essential for assembly, whereas residues that flank it are dispensable for
      its function. However, point mutations with charged amino acid residues within
      the polar sequence (residues 77-82) slow or abolish leader peptidase membrane
      assembly. Thus, a polar region, Arg-Ser-Phe-Ile-Tyr-Glu, is important for the
      signal peptide function of leader peptidase, unlike other signals identified thus
      far.

PMID- 2663842
TI  - A new Saccharomyces cerevisiae mnn mutant N-linked oligosaccharide structure.
AB  - We find that the N-linked Man8GlcNAc2- core oligosaccharide of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae mnn mutant mannoproteins is enlarged by the addition of the outer
      chain to the alpha 1----3-linked mannose in the side chain that is attached to
      the beta 1----4-linked mannose rather than by addition to the terminal alpha 1---
      6-linked mannose. This conclusion is derived from structural studies on a
      phosphorylated oligosaccharide fraction and from mass spectral fragment analysis
      of neutral core oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2663843
TI  - Protein glycosylation defects in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mnn7 mutant class.
      Support for the stop signal proposed for regulation of outer chain elongation.
AB  - Total cell mannoprotein was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180 mutants
      that have defects in elongation of the outer chain attached to the N-linked core
      oligosaccharides (mnn7, mnn8, mnn9, and mnn10) (Ballou, L., Cohen, R. E., and
      Ballou, C. E. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 5986-5991). Comparison of the
      oligosaccharides released by endoglucosaminidase H digestion confirmed that the
      mnn9 mutation eliminates all but two mannoses of the outer chain, whereas the
      mnn8 and mnn10 strains produce outer chains of variable but similar lengths. The
      isolate designated mnn7 was found to be allelic with mnn8. Haploid mutants of the
      type mnn8 mnn9 or mnn9 mnn10 had the mnn9 phenotype, which established that the
      mnn9 defect is dominant and presumably acts at a processing step prior to the
      steps affected by mnn8 and mnn10. Analysis of the mnn1 mnn2 mnn10
      oligosaccharides revealed that the heterogeneous outer chain contained 6-16 alpha
      1----6-linked mannose units and each was terminated by a single alpha 1----2
      linked mannose unit, whereas the core lacked one such unit that was present in
      the mnn9 oligosaccharide. The results are consistent with and support the
      hypothesis (Gopal, P. K., and Ballou, C. E. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
      84, 8824-8828) that addition of such a side-chain mannose unit is associated with
      termination of outer chain elongation in these mutants and may serve as a stop
      signal that regulates outer chain synthesis in the parent wild-type strain.

PMID- 2663844
TI  - RAS2 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is methyl-esterified at its carboxyl
      terminus.
AB  - Yeast and mammalian RAS gene products are GTP-binding proteins that are
      posttranslationally localized to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. This
      localization is accomplished by the addition of a lipid moiety to a conserved
      cysteine residue close to the carboxyl terminus. In a previous report we showed
      that the mammalia Ha-ras protein is also modified posttranslationally by methyl
      esterification. Here we show that the yeast RAS2 protein is posttranslationally
      modified by methyl esterification at or near the carboxyl terminus. We also
      present evidence indicating that the methyl ester is linked to the conserved
      cysteine residue, implying that RAS2 protein is cleaved to expose this cysteine
      as the carboxyl-terminal residue. This maturation pathway may be shared by a
      family of proteins that are initially synthesized as soluble proteins and must
      become membrane-localized to function.

PMID- 2663845
TI  - Insulin rapidly induces the biosynthesis of elongation factor 2.
AB  - Insulin increases the rate of overall protein synthesis in many cells and
      tissues, while inducing the preferential expression of individual proteins. To
      identify and characterize such proteins, NIH 3T3 cells stably expressing more
      than 10(6) human insulin receptors per cell (HIR 3.5; Whittaker, J., Okamoto, A.
      K., Thys, R., Bell, G. I., Steiner, D. F., and Hofmann, C. A. (1987) Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84, 5237-5241) were treated with insulin in the presence of
      [35S]methionine, and labeled proteins were separated using ultra-high resolution
      ("giant") two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Overall protein synthesis was
      enhanced as much as 3-fold by insulin treatment; the synthesis of approximately
      1% of the 2,500 proteins visible on the gel autoradiographs was further
      selectively increased. By using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation and
      comigration assays, we identified one of the rapidly induced proteins (Mr 96,000;
      pI 6.8) as eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EF-2), a major component of the
      protein translation apparatus. Insulin induced the synthesis of EF-2 within 20
      min of treatment, with a half-maximal dose of 10(-11) M. It was synthesized as a
      precursor form that was processed to a more basic mature species within 30 min.
      Long term treatment with insulin led to accumulation of EF-2 within the cell and
      prevented the substantial decrease in EF-2 concentration that occurred during
      serum deprivation. Finally, we found that insulin induction of EF-2 occurred
      normally in the presence of the RNA-transcription inhibitor, actinomycin D. Thus,
      insulin rapidly induced the synthesis of EF-2 predominantly or exclusively at the
      level of mRNA translation.

PMID- 2663846
TI  - TraJ protein of plasmid RP4 binds to a 19-base pair invert sequence repetition
      within the transfer origin.
AB  - Transfer of plasmid RP4 during bacterial conjugation requires the plasmid-encoded
      TraJ protein, which binds to the transfer origin (Furste, J. P., Pansegrau, W.,
      Ziegelin, G., Kroger, M., and Lanka, E. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86,
      1771-1775). As indicated by traJ mutants, the TraJ protein is a constituent of
      the relaxosome, the initiation complex of transfer DNA replication. The traJ gene
      maps adjacent to the transfer origin (oriT). The structural gene consists of a
      372-base pair sequence encoding a polypeptide of 122 amino acids (13,282 Da).
      TraJ was purified from an Escherichia coli strain overproducing the protein. DNA
      footprinting experiments involving DNase I demonstrated that the purified protein
      binds to the right arm of a 19-base pair inverted repeat within oriT. Hydroxyl
      radical footprints of the DNA-protein complex revealed that TraJ protein is bound
      to only one side of the DNA helix.

PMID- 2663847
TI  - Dispensable presequence for cellular localization and function of mitochondrial
      malate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence corresponding to codons for the 17-amino acid residues in
      the presumed targeting presequence for yeast mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase
      was removed by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the isolated gene (MDH1).
      Integrative transformation was used to insert the "leaderless" gene (mdhl-) into
      the MDH1 chromosomal locus of a strain containing a disrupted MDH1 gene.
      Expression of the mature form of malate dehydrogenase as a primary translation
      product was verified by demonstrating that the mature form is synthesized in mdhl
      cells at the same rate as the precursor form in MDH1 cells in the presence of
      carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and by comparison of in vitro
      translation products of RNAs from mdhl- and MDH1 cells. Expression of mdhl-
      restores total cellular malate dehydrogenase activity to levels comparable to
      those in wild type cells and reverses the phenotype associated with strains
      containing MDH1 disruptions by restoring wild type rates of growth in media
      containing acetate as a carbon source. Immunochemical analyses and enzyme assays
      show comparable levels of malate dehydrogenase in the matrix fractions from
      mitochondria isolated from mdhl- and MDH1 cells and give no evidence for
      accumulation of the mature enzyme in the cytosol of mdhl- cells. These results
      indicate that the presequence for malate dehydrogenase is not essential for
      efficient mitochondrial localization or function in yeast.

PMID- 2663848
TI  - Purification and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) core
      precursor (p55) expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The core structure of retroviruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV), consists of proteins that are initially synthesized as polyprotein
      precursors and then processed by a virally encoded protease yielding the mature
      core polypeptides. To obtain sufficient quantities of the purified HIV core
      precursor p55 for detailed studies, a segment of HIV DNA encoding the full length
      core precursor polyprotein p55 was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a
      plasmid containing a constitutive galactose promoter. The expression of this DNA
      produced a protein with an estimated molecular size of 55,000, as determined by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); this
      protein was immunoreactive to anti-HIV p24 antisera. Following cell lysis,
      freezing, and thawing, the expressed protein was an insoluble aggregate that
      served as the starting material for the purification process. Solubilization of
      the insoluble p55 with guanidine HCl followed by phenyl-Sepharose column
      chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography resulted in a
      preparation of p55 that was greater than 95% pure by SDS-PAGE, immunoreactive to
      anti-HIV core protein antibodies, and completely soluble in aqueous solution. The
      expressed p55 appeared to be myristoylated as evidenced by the incorporation of
      radiolabel following incubation of recombinant yeast cells with [3H]myristic
      acid; in addition the amino terminus of the final purified protein was blocked.
      Proteolytic digestion of purified p55 with synthetic HIV protease yielded the
      predicted amino- and carboxyl-terminal products; these were confirmed by amino
      acid sequence analysis. In contrast, digestion of purified p55 by the protease
      derived from the avian myeloblastosis virus resulted in fragments that were
      different in size from those produced by the HIV protease. The availability of
      the purified, full length water-soluble HIV core precursor will be useful in
      identifying agents that inhibit its processing by the HIV protease.

PMID- 2663849
TI  - Introduction and expression of the human insulin gene in adult rat liver.
AB  - Liposomes associated with gangliosides and loaded with the human insulin gene
      were incubated with HVJ (Sendai virus) and red blood cell membranes containing
      non-histone chromosomal protein, high mobility group 1 (HMG-1), or bovine serum
      albumin (BSA) to form vesicle complexes. These vesicle complexes were then
      injected into the portal vein of adult rats. The insulin gene co-introduced with
      HMG-1 was transported into the nuclei of liver cells much more efficiently than
      the gene co-introduced with BSA. Moreover, the amount of transcript of the
      insulin gene co-introduced with HMG-1 was more than 10 times greater than that of
      the gene co-introduced with BSA. Similar amounts of DNA and RNA of human insulin
      were found in the liver within 7 days after injection of the gene, and then the
      amounts of both decreased rapidly. The level of human insulin in rat serum
      gradually increased to a maximum (20-30 microunits/ml) after 7 or 8 days and then
      decreased rapidly.

PMID- 2663850
TI  - Structural studies on phosphorylated oligosaccharides derived from yeast mannan
      by 1H(31P) relayed spin-echo difference spectroscopy (RESED).
AB  - Phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated tri- and tetrasaccharides were isolated from
      yeast mannan and analyzed by 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. Relayed spin-echo
      difference spectroscopy (RESED) was used to reveal subspectra of the
      phosphorylated residues. In this way the attachment position of the phosphate
      group could be established. The structures of the phosphorylated compounds turned
      out to be (Formula: see text) and (Formula: see text) RESED spectroscopy has
      proved to be a suitable method in analyzing low amounts of phosphorylated
      oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2663851
TI  - A mammalian translation initiation factor can substitute for its yeast homologue
      in vivo.
AB  - The translation initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E) is involved in the recognition of
      the cap structure at the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA and facilitates ribosome
      binding. Subsequently, additional initiation factors mediate ribosomal scanning
      of mRNA and initiator AUG recognition (Shatkin, A. J. (1985) Cell 40, 223-224;
      Rhoads, R. E. (1988) Trends Biochem. Sci. 13, 52-56; Edery, I., Pelletier, J.,
      and Sonenberg, N. (1987) in Translational Regulation of Gene Expression (Ilan,
      J., ed) pp. 335-366, Plenum Publishing Corp., New York). We show here that
      initiation factor 4E is functionally conserved between the unicellular eukaryote
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals. Although the amino acid identity of the
      factors from both species is limited to only 33%, mouse eIF-4E can substitute for
      yeast eIF-4E in vivo without major effects on cell viability, growth, and mating.
      This finding provides a starting point for new experimental strategies to
      investigate the structure-function relationship of eukaryotic translation
      initiation factor eIF-4E.

PMID- 2663852
TI  - Evidence for two different classes of redox-active cysteines in ribonucleotide
      reductase of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli contains
      redox-active cysteine residues. In separate experiments, five conserved and 2
      nonconserved cysteine residues were substituted with alanines by oligonucleotide
      directed mutagenesis. The activities of the mutant proteins were determined in
      the presence of three different reductants: thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, or
      dithiothreitol. The results indicate two different classes of redox-active
      cysteines in ribonucleotide reductase: 1) C-terminal Cys-754 and Cys-759
      responsible for the interaction with thioredoxin and glutaredoxin; and 2) Cys-225
      and Cys-439 located at the nucleotide-binding site. Our classification of redox
      active cysteines differs from the location of the active site cysteines in E.
      coli ribonucleotide reductase suggested previously (Lin, A.-N. I., Ashley, G. W.,
      and Stubbe, J. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 6905-6909).

PMID- 2663853
TI  - Nature of rate-limiting steps in a compartmentalized enzyme system. Quantitation
      of dopamine transport and hydroxylation rates in resealed chromaffin granule
      ghosts.
AB  - Using isolated chromaffin granule ghosts from bovine adrenal medullae, we have
      studied the kinetics of dopamine beta-monooxygenase (D beta M) activity as it is
      linked to dopamine transport. Measurements of the initial rates of transport and
      of transport-linked norepinephrine formation suggested that enzyme activity may
      be partially rate-limiting in the coupled carrier/enzyme system. This was
      confirmed by (i) measurements of initial rates of norepinephrine formation using
      deuterated substrate, which gave isotope effects greater than 2.0, and (ii)
      kinetic measurements using ghosts pulsed with varying concentrations of labeled
      dopamine, which indicated substantial substrate accumulation in the vesicle
      interior as a function of time. Initial rates of product formation, when combined
      with approximations of internal substrate concentrations, allowed estimates of
      Kcat and Km for intravesicular D beta M. Activation by external reductant was
      apparent in both initial rate parameters and the measurements of transients.
      Under conditions of optimal D beta M activity, the enzyme rate parameters (kcat =
      0.31 nmol/s.mg and Km = 2 mM) indicated partial rate limitation compared to
      dopamine transport (kcat = 0.38 nmol/s.mg and Km = 32 microM). Compartmental
      analysis of the time curves, performed using numerical nonlinear least squares
      methods, gave least squares estimates of rate constants for a simple carrier
      mechanism and kcat values for D beta M which were consistent with estimates from
      initial rates.

PMID- 2663854
TI  - Activation of calcium entry by the tumor promoter thapsigargin in parotid acinar
      cells. Evidence that an intracellular calcium pool and not an inositol phosphate
      regulates calcium fluxes at the plasma membrane.
AB  - The depletion of an inositol 1, 4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive intracellular Ca2+
      pool has been proposed to be the signal for Ca2+ entry in agonist-activated
      cells. Consistent with this idea, thapsigargin, which releases intracellular Ca2+
      without inositol phosphate formation, has been reported to activate Ca2+ entry in
      certain cells. We now report the effects of thapsigargin on Ca2+ entry in parotid
      acinar cells. In fura-2-loaded parotid acinar cells, thapsigargin caused a
      sustained elevation of [Ca2+], but did not increase inositol phosphate formation.
      In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, the increase in [Ca2+], was transient,
      suggesting that thapsigargin activates both the release of Ca2+ from
      intracellular stores and the entry of Ca2+ from the extracellular space. In the
      absence of extracellular Ca2+, pretreatment with methacholine, an agonist
      believed to mobilize Ca2+ through the production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate,
      inhibited but did not completely block the response to thapsigargin; likewise,
      pretreatment with thapsigargin inhibited the response to methacholine. In
      permeabilized cells, thapsigargin gradually released Ca2+, whereas inositol 1,4,5
      trisphosphate caused a rapid and transient discharge of Ca2+. The simultaneous
      addition of thapsigargin with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate evoked a maximum Ca2+
      release similar to that for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate alone, but the reuptake
      seen with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate alone was abolished. In intact cells,
      methacholine and thapsigargin together produced a greater initial release of Ca2+
      than either alone, but they were not additive in the sustained phase of Ca2+
      mobilization. These results demonstrate that the mechanisms for activation of
      Ca2+ entry by thapsigargin and methacholine are the same and are consistent with
      the idea that entry is initiated by the depletion of the intracellular inositol
      1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive Ca2+ pool. The results also indicate that, in
      contrast to previously proposed models, Ca2+ entry into agonist-activated cells
      occurs directly across the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm rather than through a
      cycle of uptake and release by the intracellular Ca2+ pool.

PMID- 2663855
TI  - Regulation of basal level expression of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - Mutations in prfB, encoding release factor 2 (UGA- and UAA-specific), increase
      transcription termination at the trp operon attenuator in Escherichia coli
      strains grown in the presence of tryptophan. The prfB mutations have no effect on
      basal level expression in strains in which the natural trp leader peptide stop
      codon UGA was replaced by either UAG or UAA. The effect of introducing prfB
      mutations into mutant strains containing altered trp leader regions that
      influence basal level transcription readthrough was also determined. Our findings
      support a model for basal level control of trp operon expression in which
      ribosome release from the leader peptide stop codon, formation of alternative
      transcript secondary structures, and the position of the transcribing RNA
      polymerase regulate expression.

PMID- 2663856
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding N alpha-acetyltransferase
      from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Acetylation is the most frequently occurring chemical modification of the alpha
      NH2 group of eukaryotic proteins and is catalyzed by an N alpha
      acetyltransferase. Recently, a eukaryotic N alpha-acetyltransferase was purified
      to homogeneity from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its substrate specificity was
      partially characterized (Lee, F.-J. S., Lin L.-W., and Smith, J. A. (1988) J.
      Biol. Chem. 263, 14948-14955). This article describes the cloning from a yeast
      lambda gt11 cDNA library and sequencing of a full length cDNA encoding yeast N
      alpha-acetyltransferase. DNA blot hybridizations of genomic and chromosomal DNA
      reveal that the gene (so-called AAA1, amino-terminal, alpha-amino,
      acetyltransferase) is present as a single copy located on chromosome IV. The use
      of this cDNA will allow the molecular details of the role of N alpha-acetylation
      in the sorting and degradation of eukaryotic proteins to be determined.

PMID- 2663857
TI  - Phospholipid dependence of homogeneous, reconstituted sn-glycerol-3-phosphate
      acyltransferase of Escherichia coli.
AB  - A novel mixed micelle assay for the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase of
      Escherichia coli was developed using the nonionic detergent octaethylenegly
      coldodecyl ether. The assay permitted investigation of the phospholipid
      dependence of enzyme activity at phospholipid/detergent ratios of 5:1 (w/w) to
      2:1 depending on the phospholipid employed. The higher ratio yielded maximal
      activity when E. coli phospholipids were used; the lower ratio was observed with
      cardiolipin(E. coli). Phosphatidylglycerol(E. coli) and
      phosphatidylethanolamine(E. coli) also restored enzyme activity. Activation by
      phosphatidylethanolamine(E. coli) was pH-dependent and relatively inefficient.
      The synthetic, disaturated (1,2-palmitoyl)phosphatidylglycerol reconstituted only
      25% of the total enzyme activity as that observed with the monounsaturated (1
      palmitoyl, 2-oleoyl) species. Full activation of enzyme was achieved with (1,2
      dioleoyl)phosphatidylglycerol. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid were
      unable to reconstitute enzyme activity. Chromatographic sizing of the sn-glycerol
      3-phosphate acyltransferase, following reconstitution in cardiolipin(E.
      coli)/octaethyleneglycoldodecyl ether mixed micelles, suggested that the
      monomeric form of the enzyme was active.

PMID- 2663858
TI  - Lipid binding by Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase is disrupted by small
      alterations of the carboxyl-terminal region.
AB  - Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase is a membrane-associated flavoprotein
      dehydrogenase which is greatly activated by lipids and detergents. The carboxyl
      terminal region of the protein has been shown to play a critical role in the
      interaction with lipids. We report mutations generated by chemical and
      oligonucleotide-mediated site-directed mutagenesis of the poxB gene which result
      in enzymes defective in lipid activation. Nine mutants were isolated which encode
      enzymes with point mutations in the carboxyl-terminal segment of the protein. Two
      mutant lesions introduced termination codons giving enzymes lacking the last nine
      or three amino acids of the protein which were unable to interact with detergents
      in vitro and were unable to function in vivo. Of the missense mutants isolated,
      two were most informative. One was the substitution of Glu-564 with proline in
      the PoxB16 oxidase. This residue lies in the center of a putative lipid-binding
      amphipathic alpha-helix (Arg-558 to Thr-568) located close to the carboxyl
      terminus. Strains producing the PoxB16 oxidase were devoid of oxidase activity in
      vivo, the enzymes could not be activated by Triton X-100, and were activated
      poorly by phospholipids in vitro. These results indicated that the PoxB16 oxidase
      lacked normal lipid-binding ability. Another mutant oxidase (PoxB15) in which
      proline was substituted for Asp-560 at the beginning of the amphipathic alpha
      helix had normal oxidase activity. These findings indicate that the amphipathic
      alpha-helix structure plays an essential role in the activation and lipid-binding
      properties of the enzyme. The second informative missense mutation was the
      substitution of the carboxyl-terminal arginine with glycine. This enzyme showed
      normal activation in vitro by phospholipids and some detergents, and somewhat
      reduced activity in vivo. This mutant enzyme appeared to dissociate from
      detergent vesicles more readily than does the normal enzyme. A model for the
      membrane interaction of the carboxyl terminus based on the properties of these
      mutant proteins is presented.

PMID- 2663859
TI  - Globotetraosylceramide is recognized by the pig edema disease toxin.
AB  - The pig edema disease toxin has been shown by a tlc glycolipid binding assay to
      bind specifically to globotetraosylceramide (Gb4, GalNAc beta 1-3Gal alpha 1-4Gal
      beta 1-4GlcCer.). Binding was reduced for globotriosylceramide (Gb3, Gal alpha 1
      4Gal beta 1-4GlcCer) and more markedly for the Forssman antigen (GalNAc alpha 1
      3GalNAc beta 1-3Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4GlcCer). Paragloboside, blood group A
      glycolipids, glycolipids terminating in Gal NAc beta 1-4Gal-, and glycolipids in
      which globoside was present as an internal sequence did not bind the toxin.
      Isogloboside (GalNAc beta 1-3Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcCer) was efficiently
      recognized. This toxin is genetically related to the verotoxin (or Shiga-like)
      family of toxins for which Gb3 has been shown to be the receptor. The difference
      in susceptibility of cell lines to the cytotoxicity of the pig edema disease
      toxin and the Shiga and Shiga-like toxins is consistent with the difference in
      receptor glycolipid binding.

PMID- 2663860
TI  - Increased assembly of clathrin occurs in response to mitogenic activation of
      murine lymphocytes.
AB  - The unassembled (soluble) and assembled (particulate) pools of clathrin in murine
      lymphocytes have been separated by centrifugation, and specifically quantified by
      immunoblotting of cellular extracts with an anticlathrin heavy chain monoclonal
      antibody. In resting spleen lymphocytes only 25-30% of the total cellular
      clathrin was found to be present in an assembled form. Upon activation of
      lymphocytes with B or T cell mitogens (lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A), the
      levels of assembled clathrin increased to 60% of the total. These changes in the
      levels of assembled clathrin were not due to an increase in total cellular
      clathrin concentration following lymphocyte activation, but rather to changes in
      the steady state ratio of assembled to unassembled clathrin. The increase in
      assembled clathrin preceded the expression of transferrin receptors, as measured
      by the cell surface binding of an antitransferrin receptor monoclonal antibody,
      and maximal DNA synthesis, indicating that clathrin assembly occurs early after
      lymphocyte activation and precedes cell division. Immunofluorescence analysis of
      activated lymphocytes with an anti-clathrin heavy chain monoclonal antibody
      revealed a punctuate staining pattern characteristic of coated pits and vesicles.
      Activated B lymphocytes displayed particularly prominent staining in the
      perinuclear region compared to T cells, suggesting that clathrin assembly may be
      important for B cell functions such as immunoglobulin synthesis or secretion.
      These results suggest that in lymphocytes, clathrin assembly is a dynamic process
      that is triggered by mitogenic stimuli.

PMID- 2663861
TI  - Thyroid hormone residues are released from thyroglobulin with only limited
      alteration of the thyroglobulin structure.
AB  - We have tried to characterize thyroglobulin (Tg) degradation products in purified
      pig thyroid lysosomes to determine whether the release of thyroid hormone
      residues from Tg involves a random proteolytic attack or discrete and selective
      cleavage reactions. The intralysosomal soluble protein fraction was prepared by
      osmotic pressure-dependent lysis of lysosomes purified by isopycnic
      centrifugation on Percoll gradients. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the
      presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed the presence of a fraction of Tg (5
      10% of total lysosomal protein) with the same molecular weight as that of the
      intact Tg subunit. This high molecular weight Tg was the only intralysosomal
      species detected by Western blot using antipig Tg antibodies. In nondenaturing
      conditions, lysosomal Tg (LTg) identified by radioimmunoassay was in the form of
      a dimer with a sedimentation coefficient lower than that of either iodinated Tg
      (colloid Tg) or noniodinated Tg (microsomal Tg). LTg had a lower iodine content
      than colloid Tg:9-12 versus 39-42 iodine atoms/molecule. Pronase hydrolysates of
      LTg did not contain any 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodo-L-thyronine or 3,3',5-triiodo-L
      thyronine residues detectable by reverse-phase high pressure liquid
      chromatography; iodine present in LTg was in the form of iodotyrosines. Under
      reducing conditions, LTg almost completely disappeared and gave rise to various
      polypeptides of smaller size. These results suggest that Tg transferred to
      lysosomes is subjected to selective proteolytic cleavage reaction(s) that release
      thyroid hormone residues. This early step would lead to the formation of hormone
      depleted Tg molecules that are cleaved at discrete sites, the resulting
      polypeptides remaining bound through disulfide bonds to yield Tg molecules with
      an apparently normal size and a slightly altered structure.

PMID- 2663862
TI  - Double-strand cleavage and strand joining by the replication initiator protein of
      filamentous phage f1.
AB  - The replication initiator protein (gene II protein (gpII] of bacteriophage f1 is
      a multifunctional protein that plays central roles in initiation and termination
      of phage DNA replication. It introduces a nick at a specific site on the (+)
      strand of supercoiled replicative form DNA. The 3'-hydroxyl end of the nick
      serves as the primer for (+)-strand rolling-circle replication. Upon completion
      of a round of synthesis, gpII cleaves and circulaizes the displaced single
      strand. When Mn2+ is included in the buffer instead of Mg2+, gpII cleaves both
      strands. In this paper, we investigate the mechanism of the Mn2+-dependent double
      strand cleavage activity of gpII. This reaction, unlike nicking in the presence
      of Mg2+, does not require superhelicity. The reaction proceeds in two kinetic
      steps: first nicking of the (+)-strand, and then cleavage of the (-)-strand. The
      nucleotide sequence requirement for nicking is reduced compared to that in the
      presence of Mg2+. The product of the double-strand cleavage has an unusual
      structure. The left end is a telomere-like hairpin since the (+)- and (-)-strands
      are joined, as demonstrated by base sequencing. The right end has a onebase 3'
      overhang. This reaction probably reflects the cleavage-joining activity of gpII
      in the termination event.

PMID- 2663863
TI  - Ca2+-independent F-actin capping proteins. Cap 32/34, a capping protein from
      Dictyostelium discoideum, does not share sequence homologies with known actin
      binding proteins.
AB  - Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against purified 32/34-kDa F-actin-capping
      protein from Dictyostelium discoideum were generated and used to isolate clones
      coding for both subunits from a lambda gt11 expression library. In addition
      genomic clones were isolated for the 34-kDa subunit. The sequences of the
      corresponding inserts were determined and the amino acid sequences of the
      proteins deduced. The amino acid sequences have been confirmed by sequencing
      tryptic peptides of both subunits. As judged from immunological data and sequence
      comparison, the subunits are completely different. Each of them is encoded by a
      single copy gene. The mRNAs are present throughout all stages of development.
      Severing proteins, which exert also capping activity, show no sequence similarity
      with the cap 32/34-kDa protein. However, a pronounced homology between the 32-kDa
      subunit and a hypothetical yeast protein was found indicating the presence of a
      protein homologous to the 32-kDa subunit of the D. discoideum capping protein in
      yeast.

PMID- 2663864
TI  - An analysis of the relationship between the cellular distribution and the rate of
      turnover for the separate classes of unoccupied, noncovalently occupied, and
      covalently occupied insulin receptor.
AB  - To further investigate insulin's role in regulating the turnover of insulin
      receptor during down-regulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the relationship between
      the cellular distribution and turnover of unoccupied, noncovalently occupied, and
      covalently occupied receptor was examined. At steady-state 12% of the unoccupied
      receptors and 46% of covalently occupied receptors are intracellular. The
      apparent first-order rate constant (Kapp) for turnover of the total pool of
      covalently occupied receptors (0.16 h-1) is 3.8-fold higher than that for
      unoccupied receptors (0.042 h-1). When unlabeled insulin is added, identical
      values for both Kapp (0.10 h-1) and distribution (26% internal) are measured for
      noncovalently and covalently occupied receptors. The rate constant (Kdeg),
      describing the relative sensitivity of internalized receptor to degradation, is
      identical (0.36-0.41 h-1) for unoccupied, noncovalently occupied, and permanently
      occupied pools of internal receptor. Mechanisms for down-regulation postulating:
      (a) an occupancy-dependent alteration in the conformation of internal receptor
      increasing receptor sensitivity to internal proteases, (b) a preferential sorting
      of internal occupied receptor to degradative pathways, or (c) induction of
      intracellular proteases by insulin, would all reflect a substantial change in
      Kdeg for occupied receptor and thus are unlikely mechanisms by which insulin
      increases the rate of receptor turnover. The turnover of insulin receptor in 3T3
      L1 adipocytes is regulated primarily by its intracellular concentration and not
      by the state of occupancy of internalized receptor.

PMID- 2663865
TI  - In vitro requirements for N4 RNA polymerase II-specific initiation.
AB  - The synthesis of coliphage N4 middle RNAs requires the activity of three phage
      coded proteins, P7, P4, and P17, of molecular weights 40,000, 30,000, and 15,000,
      respectively. P4 and P7 constitute a heterodimeric RNA polymerase, N4 RNA
      polymerase II, which cannot transcribe or bind to native N4 DNA. Denatured
      templates are transcribed but without specificity. We present the development of
      an in vitro transcription system, composed of purified N4 RNA polymerase II and
      solubilized P17, which accurately utilizes in vivo sites of transcription
      initiation. Possible mechanisms for P17 action are discussed.

PMID- 2663866
TI  - Purification and characterization of the coliphage N4-coded single-stranded DNA
      binding protein.
AB  - We have purified and characterized a single-stranded DNA binding protein (N4 SSB)
      induced after coliphage N4 infection. It has a monomeric molecular weight of
      31,000 and contains 10 tyrosine and 1-2 tryptophan amino acid residues. Its
      fluorescence spectrum is dominated by the tyrosine residues, and their
      fluorescence is quenched when the protein binds single-stranded DNA. Fluorescence
      quenching was used as an assay to quantitate binding of the protein to single
      stranded nucleotides. The N4 single-stranded DNA binding protein binds
      cooperatively to single-stranded nucleic acids and binds single-stranded DNA more
      tightly than RNA. The binding involves displacement of cations from the DNA and
      anions from the protein. The apparent binding affinity is very salt-dependent,
      decreasing as much as 1,000-fold for a 10-fold increase in NaCl concentration.
      The degree of cooperativity (omega) is relatively independent of salt
      concentration. At 37 degrees C in 0.22 M NaCl, the protein has an intrinsic
      binding constant for M13 viral DNA of 3.8 x 10(4) M-1, a cooperativity factor
      omega of 300, and binding site size of 11 nucleotides per monomer. The protein
      lowers the melting point of poly(dA.dT).poly(dA-dT) by greater than 60 degrees C
      but cannot lower the melting transition or assist in the renaturation of natural
      DNA. N4 single-stranded DNA binding protein enhances the rate of DNA synthesis
      catalyzed by the N4 DNA polymerase by increasing the processivity of the N4 DNA
      polymerase and melting out hairpin structures that block polymerization.

PMID- 2663867
TI  - Structural and enzymatic studies of the T4 DNA replication system. I. Physical
      characterization of the polymerase accessory protein complex.
AB  - In this study, we have investigated the structural and physical properties of the
      bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase accessory proteins. We find that T4 gene 44 and
      62 proteins associate to form a tight, highly homogeneous complex, containing
      four gene 44 protein subunits and one gene 62 protein subunit. The molecular mass
      of the complex is 163,700 daltons. Sedimentation results suggest that the complex
      is quite asymmetric, with a prolate ellipsoid axial ratio of about 5:1. This
      protein complex is known to carry a DNA-dependent ATPase activity; we show by
      photoaffinity labeling that the ATP-binding sites reside in the gene 44 protein
      subunits of the complex. Equilibrium sedimentation and chemical cross-linking
      studies indicate that the T4 gene 45 protein self-associates to form a trimer in
      solution. This trimer species also appears to be quite asymmetric, showing an
      axial ratio for a prolate ellipsoid of about 6:1, assuming normal hydration.

PMID- 2663868
TI  - Corrective shoes and inserts as treatment for flexible flatfoot in infants and
      children.
AB  - We performed a prospective study to determine whether flexible flatfoot in
      children can be influenced by treatment. One hundred and twenty-nine children who
      had been referred by pediatricians, and for whom the radiographic findings met
      the criteria for flatfoot, were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Group I,
      controls; Group II, treatment with corrective orthopaedic shoes; Group III,
      treatment with a Helfet heel-cup; or Group IV, treatment with a custom-molded
      plastic insert. All of the patients in Groups II, III, and IV had a minimum of
      three years of treatment, and ninety-eight patients whose compliance with the
      protocol was documented completed the study. Analysis of radiographs before
      treatment and at the most recent follow-up demonstrated a significant improvement
      in all groups (p less than 0.01), including the controls, and no significant
      difference between the controls and the treated patients (p greater than 0.4). We
      concluded that wearing corrective shoes or inserts for three years does not
      influence the course of flexible flatfoot in children.

PMID- 2663869
TI  - Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis. A case report and review of musculoskeletal
      manifestations.

PMID- 2663870
TI  - VATER association. A unifying concept of multiple anomalies.

PMID- 2663871
TI  - Orthopaedic Management of High-Level Spina Bifida. Early Walking Compared With
      Early Use of a Wheelchair.

PMID- 2663873
TI  - Use of vascular clips.

PMID- 2663872
TI  - An overview of muscle strengthening.
AB  - This article gives an overview of muscle strengthening. In this review, we
      explore the underlying rationale, the process, and the physiologic adjustments
      that occur as muscles are trained to become stronger. Although controversy
      surrounds methods used to strengthen muscles, most agree that regular strength
      training exercises, regardless of the type, can be beneficial.

PMID- 2663874
TI  - Late results of the subclavian flap repair of coarctation in infancy.
AB  - From June 1979 through January 1985, 22 infants under 20 months of age (mean 8
      months and 4 kg) underwent coarctation repair with a left subclavian aortoplasty.
      The most commonly associated lesions were ventricular septal defect (50%),
      hypoplastic aortic arch (45%), patent ductus arteriosus (41%), transposition of
      great arteries (22.7%) and other intracardiac lesions comprised 30%. Indication
      for surgery was congestive heart failure refractory to medical management. All
      patients were on inotropic support. Two patients required mechanical ventilation
      preoperatively. Subclavian flap angioplasty was performed with 7.0 continuous
      polypropylene suture. Ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus was simultaneously
      done in 8 patients and pulmonary artery banding in 8 others. Four patients (18%)
      died within 30 days after operation; 3 of them had severe tubular hypoplasia of
      the aortic arch. Three transient postoperative complications were encountered;
      chylothorax, subclavian steal syndrome and Horner's syndrome. No hospital deaths
      occurred in patients with isolated coarctation of the aorta. All survivors were
      followed for a period varying from 3 to 6.5 years (mean, 2 years). There were 3
      late deaths (13.6%). Non invasive studies have shown a satisfactory result in 14
      patients with a residual gradient less than 20 mmHg and in 10 of them, cardiac
      catheterization and cineangiography showed no evidence of significant stenosis.
      In one patient only, femoral pulses were absent 4 months postoperatively. These
      results and reports of others indicate, contrary to the age, that the presence of
      associated disease affects mortality. Prompt repair of coarctation of the aorta
      in all infants with or without symptoms is recommended and the subclavian flap
      procedure appears to be a simple and safe method for relief of coarctation of the
      aorta in critically ill infants.

PMID- 2663875
TI  - A prospective comparison of intra-arterial digital subtraction and conventional
      angiography prior to lower extremity revascularization.
AB  - Prior to lower extremity revascularization, patients underwent CA or IADSA as the
      only radiologic study. A total of 30 patients were entered into each group and
      subsequently underwent a reconstructive procedure. Each study in the CA group was
      deemed accurate at the time of surgery, in assessing suitability of vessels for
      anastomosis. Of the patients undergoing surgery based exclusively on IADSA, 5
      were noted in whom this examination provided insufficient detail or were
      misleading, resulting in attempted reconstructions at inappropriate sites. These
      results were statistically significant and indicate that IADSA should not be used
      as the only imaging technique in the preoperative evaluation of lower extremity
      vascular disease. IADSA is most useful as a complementary technique to CA and
      should be performed during the same examination when the latter fails to identify
      distal runoff vessels. In the majority of cases, CA alone will provide sufficient
      information and should be used as the initial contrast study.

PMID- 2663876
TI  - Adventitial cystic disease of the radial artery.
AB  - Adventitial cystic disease of arteries is a rare disorder of unknown etiology.
      While it usually involves the popliteal artery, less common sites of involvement
      include the external iliac, common femoral, radial, and ulnar arteries. Two cases
      of adventitial cystic disease of the radial artery are reported herein; each
      occurred following percutaneous puncture of the radial artery to obtain a blood
      sample for blood gas analysis. The etiology, modes of presentation, and treatment
      options are reviewed.

PMID- 2663877
TI  - A calsequestrin-like protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of the sea urchin:
      localization and dynamics in the egg and first cell cycle embryo.
AB  - Using an antiserum produced against a purified calsequestrin-like (CSL) protein
      from a microsomal fraction of sea urchin eggs, we performed light and electron
      microscopic immunocytochemical localizations on sea urchin eggs and embryos in
      the first cell cycle. The sea urchin CSL protein has been found to bind Ca++
      similarly to calsequestrin, the well-characterized Ca++ storage protein in the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells. In semi-thin frozen sections of
      unfertilized eggs, immunofluorescent staining revealed a tubuloreticular network
      throughout the cytoplasm. Staining of isolated egg cortices with the CSL protein
      antiserum showed the presence of a submembranous polygonal, tubular network
      similar to ER network patterns seen in other cells and in egg cortices treated
      with the membrane staining dye DiIC16[3]. In frozen sections of embryos during
      interphase of the first cell cycle, a cytoplasmic network similar to that of the
      unfertilized egg was present. During mitosis, we observed a dramatic
      concentration of the antibody staining within the asters of the mitotic apparatus
      where ER is known to aggregate. Electron microscopic localization on unfertilized
      eggs using peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody demonstrated the presence of the
      CSL protein within the luminal compartment of ER-like tubules. Finally, in frozen
      sections of centrifugally stratified eggs, the immunofluorescent staining
      concentrated in the clear zone: a layer highly enriched in ER and thought to be
      the site of calcium release upon fertilization. This localization of a CSL
      protein within the ER of the egg provides evidence for the ability of this
      organelle to serve a Ca++ storage role in the regulation of intracellular Ca++ in
      nonmuscle cells in general, and in the regulation of fertilization and cell
      division in sea urchin eggs in particular.

PMID- 2663878
TI  - An antibody against secretogranin I (chromogranin B) is packaged into secretory
      granules.
AB  - We have investigated the sorting and packaging of secretory proteins into
      secretory granules by an immunological approach. An mAb against secretogranin I
      (chromogranin B), a secretory protein costored with various peptide hormones and
      neuropeptides in secretory granules of many endocrine cells and neurons, was
      expressed by microinjection of its mRNA into the secretogranin I-producing cell
      line PC12. An mAb against the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus--i.e.,
      against an antigen not present in PC12 cells--was expressed as a control. The
      intracellular localization and the secretion of the antibodies was studied by
      double-labeling immunofluorescence using the conventional and the confocal
      microscope, as well as by pulse-chase experiments. The secretogranin I antibody,
      like the control antibody, was transported along the secretory pathway to the
      Golgi complex. However, in contrast to the control antibody, which was secreted
      via the constitutive pathway, the secretogranin I antibody formed an
      immunocomplex with secretogranin I, was packaged into secretory granules, and was
      released by regulated exocytosis. Our results show that a constitutive secretory
      protein, unaltered by genetic engineering, can be diverted to the regulated
      pathway of secretion by its protein-protein interaction with a regulated
      secretory protein. The data also provide the basis for immunologically studying
      the role of luminally exposed protein domains in the biogenesis and function of
      regulated secretory vesicles.

PMID- 2663879
TI  - Expression of extra domain A fibronectin sequence in vascular smooth muscle cells
      is phenotype dependent.
AB  - Different fibronectin (FN) variants arise from the single gene transcript
      alternatively spliced in a tissue-specific manner (Hynes, R. O. 1985. Annu. Rev.
      Cell Biol. 1:67-90; Owens, R. J., A. R. Kornblihtt, and F. E. Baralle. 1986. Oxf.
      Surv. Eurcaryotic Genes. 3:141-160). We used mAb IST-9, specific for extra domain
      A (ED-A) FN sequence, and cDNA probe to ED-A exon to determine whether ED-A is
      present in FN synthesized by vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and, if so,
      whether expression of ED-A is SMC phenotype dependent. ED-A-containing FN (A-FN)
      was not revealed in tunica media of human arteries and normal rat aorta by
      immunofluorescence and immunoblotting techniques. A cDNA probe to ED-A exon did
      not hybridize with RNA isolated from human aortic media. A positive reaction with
      IST-9 was observed in (a) diffuse intimal thickening and atherosclerotic plaque
      from human arteries; (b) experimentally induced intimal thickening in rat aorta;
      and (c) cultured vascular SMCs. A-FN mRNA was present in the RNA preparation from
      human aortic intima as judged by hybridization with cDNA probe to ED-A. On the
      other hand, an mAb interacting with an epitope common for all FN variants
      revealed FN in both intima and media of human arteries and in the normal rat
      aorta. A cDNA probe to a sequence shared by all FN variants hybridized with RNA
      from both intima and media of human aorta, though the level of expression was
      higher in intima. The data suggest that ED-A exon is omitted during splicing of
      the FN mRNA precursor in medial SMCs while the expression of A-FN is
      characteristic of "modulated" SMCs--those of intimal thickenings, of
      atherosclerotic lesions, and growing in culture.

PMID- 2663880
TI  - Functional tissue factor is entirely cell surface expressed on lipopolysaccharide
      stimulated human blood monocytes and a constitutively tissue factor-producing
      neoplastic cell line.
AB  - Tissue factor (TF) is an integral membrane glycoprotein which, as the receptor
      and essential cofactor for coagulation factors VII and VIIa (FVII and FVIIa,
      respectively), is the primary cellular activator of the coagulation protease
      cascade. Previous studies on the procoagulant activity of a variety of cell types
      (either lysed or in the intact state) have variously been interpreted as showing
      that TF is either stored intracellularly or is present in a cryptic form in the
      surface membrane. Using mAbs to TF, we have directly investigated the subcellular
      localization and functional activity of TF in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood
      monocytes and J82 bladder carcinoma cells. Blocking of surface TF of viable cells
      with inhibitory anti-TF mAbs abolished greater than 90% of TF activity of the
      intact cells as well as of lysed cells. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the
      binding of FVII and anti-TF mAb to J82 cells demonstrated that all surface
      expressed TF molecules were capable of binding the ligand, FVII. By
      immunoelectron microscopy, TF was present only in the surface membrane of
      monocytes and J82 cells, although the latter also contained apparently inactive
      TF antigen in multivesicular bodies. On the intact cell surface the catalytic
      activity of the TF-FVIIa complex was investigated and found to be markedly less
      relative to cell lysates. Membrane alterations that affect the cofactor activity
      of TF may be a means of regulating the extent of initiation of the coagulation
      protease cascade in various cellular settings.

PMID- 2663881
TI  - Integrin heterodimer and receptor complexity in avian and mammalian cells.
AB  - We report data showing that the integrin receptor complex in chickens contains
      several discrete heterodimers all sharing the beta 1-integrin subunit combined
      separately with different alpha-subunits. Using antisera to synthetic peptides
      based on cDNA sequences of chicken and human alpha-integrin subunits to analyze
      the integrin complement of avian and mammalian cells, we show that band 2 of the
      chicken integrin complex contains alpha-subunits related to both alpha 3- and
      alpha 5-subunits of human integrins. alpha 3 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 have both
      previously been shown in human cells to be fibronectin receptors and alpha 3 beta
      1 can also act as a receptor for laminin and collagen. We also provide evidence
      for the presence, in band 1 of the chicken integrin complex, of a third integrin
      alpha-subunit which is also alpha 5 related. This integrin subunit exists in a
      separate heterodimer complex with beta 1 and binds to fibronectin-affinity
      columns. These results provide explanations for published data showing that the
      avian integrin complex contains receptor activity for a variety of extracellular
      matrix proteins. We conclude that the chicken integrin complex comprises a set of
      beta 1-integrin heterodimers equivalent to the human VLA antigens and includes at
      least two fibronectin receptors. Finally, we show that chicken embryo fibroblasts
      also contain a beta 3-class integrin related to the RGD receptors defined in
      various human cells.

PMID- 2663882
TI  - Characterization of a human homologue of the murine peripheral lymph node homing
      receptor.
AB  - Lymphocyte trafficking is a fundamental aspect of the immune system that allows B
      and T lymphocytes with diverse antigen recognition specificities to be exposed to
      various antigenic stimuli in spatially distinct regions of an organism. A
      lymphocyte adhesion molecule that is involved with this trafficking phenomenon
      has been termed the homing receptor. Previous work (Lasky, L., T. Yednock, M.
      Singer, D. Dowbenko, C. Fennie, H. Rodriguez, T. Nguyen, S. Stachel, and S.
      Rosen. 1989. Cell. 56:1045-1055) has characterized a cDNA clone encoding a murine
      homing receptor that is involved in trafficking of lymphocytes to peripheral
      lymph nodes. This molecule was found to contain a number of protein motifs, the
      most intriguing of which was a carbohydrate binding domain, or lectin, that is
      apparently involved in the adhesive interaction between murine lymphocytes and
      peripheral lymph node endothelium. In this study, we have used the murine cDNA
      clone to isolate a human homologue of this peripheral lymph node-specific
      adhesion molecule. The human receptor was found to be highly homologous to the
      murine receptor in overall sequence, but showed no sequence similarity to another
      surface protein that may be involved with human lymphocyte homing, the Hermes
      glycoprotein. The extracellular region of the human receptor contained an NH2
      terminally located carbohydrate binding domain followed by an EGF-like domain and
      a domain containing two repeats of a complement binding motif. Transient cell
      transfection assays using the human receptor cDNA showed that it encoded a
      surface glycoprotein that cross reacted with a polyclonal antibody directed
      against the murine peripheral lymph node homing receptor. Interestingly, the
      human receptor showed a high degree of sequence homology to another human cell
      adhesion glycoprotein, the endothelial cell adhesion molecule ELAM.

PMID- 2663883
TI  - Pre-Golgi degradation of newly synthesized T-cell antigen receptor chains:
      intrinsic sensitivity and the role of subunit assembly.
AB  - The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a multisubunit complex composed of at least
      seven transmembrane chains. The predominant species in most T cells has the
      composition alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta 2. The roles of subunit assembly
      in transport out of the ER and in the recently described process of pre-Golgi
      degradation of newly synthesized TCR chains were analyzed in a T-cell line
      deficient in the synthesis of delta chains (delta 2) and in COS-1 fibroblasts
      transfected with genes encoding individual TCR chains. Studies with the delta
      deficient T-cell line showed that, in the absence of delta, the other TCR chains
      were synthesized at normal rates, but, instead of being transported to the cell
      surface, they were retained in the ER. Analysis of the fate of TCR chains
      retained in the ER showed that they were degraded at vastly different rates by a
      nonlysosomal pathway. Whereas the alpha chains were degraded rapidly, gamma,
      zeta, and epsilon were relatively long-lived. To analyze whether this selective
      degradation was because of different intrinsic susceptibility of the individual
      chains to degradation or to the formation of resistant oligomers, TCR chains were
      expressed alone or in combinations in COS-1 fibroblasts. These studies showed
      that (a) individual TCR chains were degraded at different rates when expressed
      alone in COS-1 cells, and (b) sensitive chains could be stabilized by
      coexpression with a resistant chain. Taken together, these observations indicate
      that both intrinsic sensitivity and subunit assembly play a role in determining
      the rates at which newly synthesized TCR chains are degraded in the ER.

PMID- 2663884
TI  - Characterization of transforming growth factors produced by the insulin
      independent teratoma-derived cell line 1246-3A.
AB  - The 1246-3A cell line is an insulin-independent variant derived from the
      adipogenic cell line 1246. Data presented in this paper indicate that the 1246-3A
      cell line releases in its culture medium two types of transforming growth
      factors, TGF-alpha- and TGF-beta-like polypeptides, and a growth inhibitor. TGF
      alpha like polypeptide eluted from Biogel P60 column into two fractions with an
      apparent molecular weight of 50 kDa and 13 kDa. These high-molecular-weight TGF
      alpha-like factors competed with 125I-EGF for binding to epidermal growth factor
      (EGF) receptors and were specifically immunoprecipitated by incubation with
      antirat TGF-alpha antibody, not by incubation with anti-EGF antibody. Both
      fractions promoted anchorage-independent growth of normal rat kidney NRK cells in
      the absence of EGF and stimulated DNA synthesis in quiescent Balb/c-3T3 cells in
      a fashion similar to EGF and synthetic TGF-alpha. In addition to secreting TGF
      alpha-like polypeptides, 1246-3A cells produce TGF-beta. This polypeptide, eluted
      from Biogel P60 chromatography with an apparent molecular weight of 25 kDa,
      promoted anchorage-independent growth of NRK cells in the presence of EGF and was
      growth inhibitory for Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts CCL 39 cells.
      Interestingly, another growth inhibitory activity was detected in Biogel P60
      fractions and eluted with an apparent molecular weight of between 9.5-11 kDa.
      This fraction was different from TGF-beta and TGF-alpha as determined by specific
      radioreceptor competition assays. TGF-alpha and TGF-beta-like polypeptides could
      represent autocrine growth stimulators for the insulin-independent 1246-3A cells
      and act in synergy with insulin-related factor (IRF) for an optimal stimulation
      of 1246-3A cell proliferation in serum-free medium.

PMID- 2663885
TI  - Establishment and characterization of a unique human cell line that proliferates
      dependently on GM-CSF, IL-3, or erythropoietin.
AB  - We have established a novel cell line, designated as TF-1, from a patient with
      erythroleukemia, which showed complete growth dependency on granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or on interleukin-3 (IL-3) and
      carried a homogeneous chromosomal abnormality (54X). Erythropoietin (EPO) also
      sustained the short-term growth of TF-1, but did not induce erythroid
      differentiation. These three hematopoietic growth factors acted on TF-1
      synergistically. Transforming growth factor-beta and interferons inhibited the
      factor-dependent growth of TF-1 cells in a dose-dependent fashion, and monocyte
      colony stimulating factor and interkeukin-1 enhanced the GM-CSF-dependent growth
      of TF-1. Ultrastructural studies revealed some very immature features in this
      cell line. Although TF-1 cells do not express glycophorin A or carbonyl anhydrase
      I, the morphological and cytochemical features, and the constitutive expression
      of globin genes, indicate the commitment of TF-1 to erythroid lineage. When
      induced to differentiate, TF-1 entered two different pathways. Specifically,
      hemin and delta-aminolevulinic acid induced hemoglobin synthesis, whereas TPA
      induced dramatic differentiation of TF-1 into macrophage-like cells. In summary,
      TF-1 is a cell line of immature erythroid origin that requires GM-CSF, IL-3, or
      EPO for its growth and that has the ability to undergo differentiation into
      either more mature erythroid cells or into macrophage-like cells. TF-1 is a
      useful tool for analyzing the human receptors for IL-3, GM-CSF, and EPO or the
      signal transduction of these hemopoietic growth factors.

PMID- 2663886
TI  - Electric stimulation of human fibroblasts causes an increase in Ca2+ influx and
      the exposure of additional insulin receptors.
AB  - Previously we reported that treating human fibroblasts in cell culture with high
      voltage, pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS) can significantly increase cellular
      protein and DNA synthesis (Bourguignon and Bourguignon: FASEB J., 1:398-402,
      1987). In this study we have identified two of the early cellular events which
      occur following exposure to HVPGS: 1) an increase in Ca2+ uptake from the
      external medium and 2) an increase in the number of insulin receptors on the
      fibroblast cell surface. The increase in Ca2+ uptake begins within the first
      minute of electric stimulation while increased insulin binding is not detected
      until the second minute of stimulation. The HVPGS-induced increase in insulin
      binding can be inhibited by bepridil, a specific Ca2+ channel blocker, suggesting
      that the Ca2+ influx is required for the exposure of additional insulin receptors
      on the cell surface. Furthermore, we have determined that the addition of insulin
      to electrically stimulated cultures results in 1) an immediate, second increase
      in Ca2+ uptake and 2) significant increases in both protein and DNA synthesis
      compared to cells which were not stimulated. All three of these insulin-dependent
      effects are also inhibited by bepridil. Based on these results, we propose that
      HVPGS initially triggers the opening of voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the
      fibroblast plasma membrane. The increased level of intracellular Ca2+ then
      induces the exposure of additional insulin receptors, the fibroblasts will
      significantly increase both protein and DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2663887
TI  - Identification of HTLV-I gag protease and its sequential processing of the gag
      gene product.
AB  - The full-length provirus of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) was
      isolated from MT-2, a lymphoid cell line producing HTLV-I. In transfected cells,
      structural proteins of HTLV-I, the gag and env products, were formed and
      processed in the same manner as observed in MT-2 cells. The nucleotide sequence
      was determined for a region between the gag and pol genes of the proviral DNA
      clone containing an open-reading frame. The deduced amino acid sequences show
      that this open-reading frame encodes a putative HTLV-I protease. The protease
      gene (pro) of HTLV-I was investigated using a vaccinia virus expression vector.
      Processing of 53k gag precursor polyprotein into mature p19, p24, and p15 gag
      structural proteins was detectable with a recombinant plasmid harboring the
      entire gag- and protease-coding sequence. We demonstrated that the protease
      processed the gag precursor polyprotein in a trans-action. A change in the
      sequence Asp(64)-Thr-Gly, the catalytic core sequence among aspartyl proteases,
      to Gly-Thr-Gly was shown to abolish correct processing, suggesting that HTLV-I
      protease may belong to the aspartyl protease group. The 76k gag-pro precursor
      polyprotein was identified, implying that a cis-acting function of HTLV-I
      protease may be necessary to trigger the initial cleavage event for its own
      release from a precursor protein, followed by the release of p53 gag precursor
      protein. The p53 gag precursor protein is then processed by the trans-action of
      the released protease to form p19, p24, and p15.

PMID- 2663888
TI  - Biosynthesis of lysosomal endopeptidases.
AB  - Despite the clear differences between the amino acid sequence and enzymatic
      specificity of aspartic and cysteine endopeptidases, the biosynthetic processing
      of lysosomal members of these two families is very similar. With in vitro
      translation and pulse-chase analysis in tissue culture cells, the biosynthesis of
      cathepsin D, a aspartic protease, and cathepsins B, H and L, cysteine proteases,
      are compared. Both aspartic and cysteine endopeptidases undergo cotranslational
      cleavage of an amino-terminal signal peptide that mediates transport across the
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Addition of high-mannose carbohydrate also
      occurs cotranslationally in the lumen of the ER. Proteases of both enzyme classes
      are initially synthesized as inactive proenzymes possessing amino-terminal
      activation peptides. Removal of the propeptide generates an active single-chain
      enzyme. Whether the single-chain enzyme undergoes asymmetric cleavage into a
      light and a heavy chain appears to be cell type specific. Finally, late during
      their biosynthesis both classes of enzymes undergo amino acid trimming, losing a
      few amino acid residues at the cleavage site between the light and heavy chains
      and/or at their carboxyltermini. During biosynthesis these enzymes are also
      secreted to some extent. In most cells the secreted enzyme is the proenzyme
      bearing some complex carbohydrate. Under certain physiological conditions the
      inactive secreted enzymes may become activated as a result of a conformational
      change that may or may not result in autolysis. Analysis of the biochemical
      nature of the various processing steps helps define the cellular pathway followed
      by newly synthesized proteases targeted to the lysosome.

PMID- 2663889
TI  - In vivo treatment with anti-CD8 and anti-CD5 monoclonal antibodies alters induced
      tolerance to adjuvant arthritis.
AB  - Resistance (low dose tolerance) to adjuvant arthritis was induced by intradermal
      immunization with 10 micrograms Mycobacterium tuberculosis administered 5 and 3
      weeks before induction of arthritis. With the purpose of determining phenotypes
      of cells which participate in the maintenance of the induced resistance to
      adjuvant arthritis, tolerized rats were treated with two different anti-T-cell
      monoclonal antibodies. In tolerized rats, it was shown that anti-CD8 (OX8)
      antibodies, which caused an elimination of CD8+ lymphoid cells as determined by
      immunofluorescence analysis, made the rats responsive to an arthritogenic
      challenge with mycobacteria. Nine of 19 (47.4%) rats developed the disease as
      compared with 2 of 18 (11.1%) (P less than 0.05) in the control antibody-treated
      group. Also, in vivo treatment with anti-CD5 (OX19) monoclonal antibodies made
      the rats responsive to an arthritogenic challenge with mycobacteria. Nine of 15
      (60%) anti-CD5-treated rats developed the disease as compared with 2 of 18
      (11.1%) (P less than 0.01) rats in the control group. Immunofluorescence analysis
      performed after anti-CD5 treatment showed a reduction of staining of CD5+ cells
      as well as a down-regulation of the staining intensity of CD5 cell surface
      receptors on the remaining CD5+ cells. These data indicate that CD8+- as well as
      CD5+ cells participate in the maintenance of low dose tolerance to adjuvant
      arthritis.

PMID- 2663890
TI  - Developmentally regulated 75-kilodalton protein expressed in LLC-PK1 cultures is
      a component of the renal Na+/glucose cotransport system.
AB  - Na+/D-glucose symport is a secondary active glucose transport mechanism expressed
      only in kidney proximal tubule and in small intestine. A monoclonal antibody that
      recognized the Na+/glucose symporter of pig renal brush border membranes also
      recognized a 75-kD protein in apical membranes isolated from highly
      differentiated LLC-PK1 cultures, an epithelial cell line of pig renal proximal
      tubule origin. The 75-kD antigen was enriched from solubilized LLC-PK1 apical
      membranes by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography. The symporter antigen
      became apparent on the apical membrane surface after the development of a
      confluent monolayer in correlation with the expression of transport activity.
      Long-term treatment of cultures with the differentiation inducer hexamethylene
      bisacetamide was accompanied by a dramatically increased expression of the
      symporter antigen as detected quantitatively by Western blot analysis and
      qualitatively by immunofluorescence staining. The number of symporter-positive
      cells was dramatically increased after inducer treatment as predicted for
      differentiation-regulated expression. These results identify a 75-kD protein as a
      component of a developmentally regulated renal Na+/glucose symporter expressed in
      cell culture.

PMID- 2663891
TI  - Psychoneuroimmunology and AIDS.
AB  - Although PNI is a relatively new field, basic research has demonstrated the
      interconnectedness of immune and neurological systems, alerting nurses to the
      need to conduct multisystem assessments and provide holistic nursing care to
      persons with AIDS. Although the burden of research does not support the notion
      that the mind can cure AIDS, preliminary studies suggest that under certain
      circumstances the psychogenic and physiological conditions of the host alter
      rates of progression of HIV infection. Nursing research is needed to determine
      circumstances under which immunomodulating events alter disease progression in
      this population.

PMID- 2663892
TI  - Nourishing the HIV-infected adult.
AB  - Malnutrition of protein, calories, and micronutrients can magnify the
      immunosuppression of HIV. The goal of nutritional therapy in the HIV-infected
      population is the maintenance of optimal nutritional status. This may not always
      be realistic because of the vast number of nutrition-related problems that can
      occur. In some cases a more appropriate goal is the prevention of further
      depletion. This is preferably accomplished by intake of a well-balanced diet with
      the use of a one-a-day type multivitamin if necessary. Tube feedings or
      parenteral nutrition may be required if oral intake is insufficient. Restricted
      diets that severely limit food choices may impede adequate intake. Vitamin and
      mineral megadoses should be avoided because they can impair immunity as well as
      general biological functioning. The roles of nurses and dietitians are often
      enmeshed. Nurses are frequently the first to identify nutrition-related problems
      as part of their daily care of clients. They often augment the nutritional
      counseling provided by the dietitians. In certain instances, they may be the sole
      provider of nutrition information. It is therefore important for nurses to have
      an understanding of the nutritional problems in HIV infection. The responsibility
      of all health care professionals is the provision of accurate information given
      in a creative, supportive, and nonjudgmental fashion. This approach can best
      contribute to patient comfort and health and will foster a trusting and effective
      relationship.

PMID- 2663893
TI  - [Gastric metastases of cancer of the breast. Apropos of a case. Review of the
      literature].
AB  - Since they are rare and often latent, gastric metastases from breast cancer,
      principally lobular, are difficult to diagnose particularly at the isolated
      stage. The primitive and non specific nature of their symptomatology and the
      negativity of endoscopic biopsies should lead to early explorative laparotomy.
      Surgery is often palliative to reduce tumor load and seldom involves complete
      excision, and can only hope to obtain prolonged survival if followed by
      chemotherapy, hormone therapy or indeed radiotherapy. Following a recent personal
      case a review of the worldwide literature was carried out and the principal
      pathogenic hypotheses were analysed.

PMID- 2663894
TI  - [Endometriosis and ureteral stenosis. Apropos of 4 cases].
AB  - If endometriosis is particularly well known by Gynecologists, ureteral
      complications of this disease are very rare. We have had the occasion to observe
      four cases of ureteral stenosis by extrinsic compression of a pelvic
      endometriosis, and about these four cases, we have reviewed one hundred and fifty
      six cases in literature. We have emphasize that the fibrosis provoked by
      endometriosis can look like a neoplastic lesion, and get involved in very heavy
      therapeutic gestures. We insist on the fact that every endometriosis discovered
      should be on surgery of kidneys and ureters.

PMID- 2663895
TI  - [Unusual localizations of hydatid cysts. Apropos of 40 cases].
AB  - The authors report 40 hydatid cysts of rare localization selected during a period
      of 11 years and represent 10.75% on the whole of the hydatid cysts operated
      during the same period all localizations dumbfounded. The splenic localization is
      the more frequent with 15 cases, so 4.9%, it occupies the third place after the
      classic localizations (liver, lung). The soft tissue and the peritoneum come in
      fourth position with 9 cases so 2.42% in relation to the whole of the hydatid
      cysts. A last group constituted by very rare localizations of which the frequency
      varies from 0.27 to 1.34%. This group includes the renal, pancreatic and mammary
      localizations. In general the diagnosis set no problem. Clinically, it is the
      discovery of a cystic mass, of progressive evolution with conservation of the
      general status, which has evoked the diagnosis. Before the arrival of the
      echotomography, the confirmation of the diagnosis is particularly operative.
      Actually this investigation allows an easy pre-operative diagnosis. The treatment
      is only surgical and adapted to each case. The post-operative results are
      satisfying. They deplore one death for a second recurrent intra-peritoneal
      hydatidosis.

PMID- 2663896
TI  - [Traumatic rupture of 3 lobes of the right lung without any parietal lesion. A
      peculiar entity].
AB  - Following a case of traumatic rupture of the 3 lobes of the right lung without
      any parietal lesion, the authors found three similar cases in the literature.
      However, uni or bilobar rupture was more frequently described. The pathological
      mechanisms are considered. The treatment of these lesions, in contrast to
      pulmonary laceration due to fractured ribs, most often requires limited
      parenchymal excision.

PMID- 2663897
TI  - [Harmonization in the education of surgeons in Europe].

PMID- 2663898
TI  - Children's memory and the assessment of possible child sex abuse.
AB  - Memory is part of a knowledge base which interacts with cognition and also
      represents a "preservation of experience" (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973). Children's
      memory ability is better in relation to recognition than to free recall and is
      inclined to be poor in relation to specific details involving times, dates and
      locations (episodic memory). Younger children, therefore, usually need to be
      given the opportunity to relate their version of events in their own way (script
      memory), following which the interviewer may pose specific, simple and
      unambiguous questions for both aiding the child and clarifying any
      inconsistencies in their responses. The use of concrete forms of communication
      such as dolls, drawings and other play materials is a valuable aid, but the
      interviewer needs to guard against the biasing influence of suggestion and
      leading statements and questions. What children remember does not differ in
      essence from what adults remember. How much children remember depends on age,
      language and conceptual level of development, and on the form in which their
      memory is questioned, as well as on the style and manner of the interviewer's use
      of his or her authority. Where memory may be of vital importance to the
      management of the child's case, as in physical and sexual abuse, it is important
      that a proper psychometric assessment of the child's cognitive abilities and
      evaluation of the child's psychological maturity be carried out (Jones &
      McQuiston, 1988). Until fairly recently, the role of the child's memory in the
      interview situation has tended to be overlooked. However, with the increasing
      demands on professionals to address the worrying problem of child abuse, the role
      of memory has been thrown into more important focus, with some advance in our
      appreciation of it. Nevertheless, much more research remains to be done on the
      subject. Meanwhile, our aim should be, as some researchers have pointed out, to
      adopt acceptable retrieval techniques that maximize the accuracy and usefulness
      of children's memory whilst at the same time avoiding the effects of misleading
      suggestive influences.

PMID- 2663899
TI  - The Emanuel Miller memorial lecture 1987. Childhood markers for adult disorders.
AB  - The paper is concerned with examining some indices, measured in childhood, that
      may be considered to be "vulnerability" or "genetic" markers for later adult
      disorder. The disorders of prime interest in this instance are schizophrenia and
      criminality. The source of data for the paper is a longitudinal study carried out
      in Mauritius, which started in 1972 with the examination of a total population of
      3-yr-olds. While these subjects are not yet at an age when a sufficient number
      have developed schizophrenia to allow definitive statements to be made,
      sufficient data are available to indicate that indices employed as markers at age
      3 predict later patterns of behaviour that are in line with studies in the
      literature as being characteristic of those who later become schizophrenic. The
      age 3 index which is employed is hyper- or hypo-activity of the electrodermal
      system. Later work has made particular use of smooth pursuit eye-movement, which
      has become a particularly strong candidate as a genetic marker for schizophrenia.
      Also reported is material that suggests that electrodermal activity may also be
      used to predict later delinquent patterns of behaviour.

PMID- 2663901
TI  - Biogenic amines and their metabolites in body fluids of normal, psychiatric and
      neurological subjects.
AB  - The biogenic monoamines and their metabolites have been isolated, identified and
      quantified in human body fluids over the past forty years using a wide variety of
      chromatographic separation and detection techniques. This review summarizes the
      results of those studies on normal, psychiatric and neurological subjects. Tables
      of normal values and the methods used to obtain them should prove to be useful as
      a reference source for benchmark amine and metabolite concentrations and for
      successful analytical procedures for their chromatographic separation, detection
      and quantification. Summaries of the often contradictory results of the
      application of these methods to psychiatric and neurological problems are
      presented and may assist in the assessment of the validity of the results of
      experiments in this field. Finally, the individual, environmental and the
      methodological factors affecting the concentrations of the amines and their
      metabolites are discussed.

PMID- 2663900
TI  - Hyperactive girls and boys: stimulant drug effects on mother-child interactions.
AB  - Two doses of Ritalin (0.15 mg/kg and 0.35 mg/kg BID) were evaluated for their
      differential effects on the mother-child interactions of hyperactive girls and
      boys. The effects of Ritalin on these interactions were similar for both sexes.
      During task performance, the children increased their duration of compliance to
      the tasks. Mothers responded with decreased commands and control over compliance,
      while increasing their level of more general, non-directive interactions and
      passive observation of their children. The findings are consistent with previous
      studies of stimulant drug effects on the social interactions of hyperactive
      children.

PMID- 2663902
TI  - Combined chromatographic-isotopic dilution analysis of fecapentaenes in human
      feces.
AB  - Fecapentaene-12 (FP-12) and fecapentaene-14 (FP-14) are genotoxic unsaturated
      ether lipids produced by colonic bacteria in man. We have developed and applied
      to feces collections from normal volunteers direct isotopic dilution procedures
      using tritium-labeled (at C5) FP-12 and FP-14 for measuring these compounds. FPs
      were recovered from feces by solvent extraction, silica cartridge clean-up, and
      analytical liquid chromatography. Low levels of FP-12 and FP-14 (less than 0.1 to
      2.4 micrograms/g of freeze-dried feces) were observed. Identity of
      chromatographic peaks was established by co-elution and by ultraviolet absorption
      spectra obtained via photodiode array scanning. Two unknown peaks were
      tentatively identified from absorption spectra as closely related compounds with
      increased (hexane?) or decreased (tetraene?) number of double bonds. Levels of
      FPs increased after incubation of feces at 37 degrees C for 96 h under anaerobic
      conditions and pre-FP-12 and pre-FP-14 peaks were observed, which showed
      identical spectra with authentic FPs. These were interpreted to be isomeric forms
      of the all-trans-[3H]FPs used for the isotopic dilution analysis. Total FPs
      (including pre-FP) yielded a range of 0.3-80 micrograms FP-12 and 2.8-44
      micrograms FP-14 per g of freeze-dried feces from the study group.

PMID- 2663903
TI  - Distinction between oral and parenteral application of 19-nortestosterone by
      residue analysis in kidney fat from veal calves using high-performance liquid
      chromatography and enzyme immunoassay.
AB  - Kidney fat samples from animals either untreated or after different treatments
      with 19-nortestosterone (NT) were cleaned up and NT-17 beta and 19
      norandrostenedione (NA) were purified using high-performance liquid
      chromatographic (HPLC) systems that allowed their complete separation from other
      steroids and interfering physiological compounds. HPLC fractions and urine
      samples were analysed by an enzyme immunoassay that measures both steroids
      equally well (antigen: NT-17 beta-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin). In samples
      from untreated animals no NT metabolites were detectable (less than 10 pg/g NT-17
      beta and less than 10 pg/g NA in fat; less than 0.25 pg/ml NT-17 beta + NT-17
      alpha in urine). After adding NT to animal feed the urine became positive,
      whereas in the fat no residues were detectable. After different injections of NT
      both the fat and urine were positive. Only after parenteral application did free
      steroids enter the circulation and adipose tissues.

PMID- 2663904
TI  - Studies on anabolic steroids. I. Integrated methodological approach to the gas
      chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of anabolic steroid metabolites in
      urine.
AB  - The analytical and methodological imperatives for large-scale and routine gas
      chromatographic-mass spectrometric screening of anabolic steroid urinary
      metabolites are described. Several aspects of their isolation, enzymatic
      hydrolysis, derivatization and metabolism in humans are discussed. Gas
      chromatographic-mass spectrometric data illustrating artifacts arising from
      enzymatic hydrolysis of 3 beta-ol-5-en steroids, and describing new metabolites
      of boldenone, methanedienone and stanozolol, as well as the conversion of
      norethisterone into 19-nortestosterone metabolites through de-ethylation at C-17,
      are presented. The analytical approach developed for gas chromatographic-mass
      spectrometric screening of anabolic steroids is based on the sequential selection
      ion monitoring of specific and discrete ion groups characteristic to the steroids
      of interest under high-resolution chromatographic conditions. The major
      analytical and methodological requirements necessary to provide irrefutable
      evidence, in the case where the presence of a synthetic anabolic steroid or a
      testosterone to epitestosterone ratio higher than 6:1 is suspected in a given
      urine specimen, are also discussed.

PMID- 2663905
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay screening procedure for the synthetic anabolic estrogens and
      androgens diethylstilbestrol, nortestosterone, methyltestosterone and trenbolone
      in bovine urine.
AB  - Immunoassays are often used for the screening of anabolic residues in edible
      tissues and excreta (urine, faeces) from inspected animals. Radioimmunoassays
      have been used for ten years for the determination in biological samples of the
      main natural and synthetic anabolic estrogens and androgens. In order to simplify
      the sample preparation and analysis and to reduce the cost, competitive enzyme
      immunoassays (EIA) were developed for the main synthetic anabolics used illegally
      in livestock fattening. EIA are based on a competition between the analyte
      (hormone or metabolite) and the enzyme-labelled hormone for binding to specific
      antibodies immobilized in wells of a microtitration plate. Two enzymes were
      evaluated: horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase
      (BLL) using hydrogen peroxide-o-phenylenediamine or benzylpenicillin-starch
      iodine as substrates, respectively. The same derivative was used for chemical
      coupling of the hormone to enzyme (tracer preparation) and to bovine serum
      albumin to produce specific antibodies in rabbits. Hormone doses that inhibited
      50% of the tracer (HRP-hormone) binding to antibody (ID50) were 18, 8, 6 and 11
      pg per well for diethylstilbestrol, nortestosterone, methyltestosterone and
      trenbolone, respectively. These values were lower than those observed in RIA. The
      reproducibility and accuracy of EIA in urine analysis were similar to those of
      RIA. Very small amounts of urine were needed (2.5 microliters). This simple
      method may require less than 2 h. With the BLL-hormone tracer, the enzymatic
      activity remaining in the wells and hence the hormone content of the sample could
      be estimated with the naked eye using benzylpenicillin-starch-iodine as
      substrate.

PMID- 2663907
TI  - Immunoreactive renin variations during fertile and infertile hyperstimulated
      cycles with in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer or gamete intra-fallopian
      transfer.
AB  - The concentrations of prorenin (PR) and active renin (AR) were determined
      sequentially during ovarian hyperstimulated cycles for in-vitro fertilization
      embryo transfer or gamete intra-Fallopian transfer. AR and PR increased during
      the early luteal phase and PR was highly correlated with the progesterone
      concentration. In fertile cycles, AR increased more rapidly after HCG injection
      and AR and PR levels were significantly higher during the late luteal phase.
      These results confirm the role of the renin angiotensin system in ovarian
      physiology.

PMID- 2663906
TI  - An assessment of the dual-analyte enzyme immunoassay for ovulation timing.
AB  - In a search for simpler, more efficient methods of monitoring ovulatory function,
      either to assist in the investigation of the infertile couple or for
      contraceptive or fertility control purposes, a number of new methods have been
      developed. One of these, the OVEIA dual-analyte system is now available for
      laboratory use. The principle behind the system is the simultaneous measurement
      of urinary oestrone-glucuronide and pregnanediol-glucuronide. The resultant
      signal is quantified using an enzymatic photometric endpoint denoted by the
      relative absorbance (RA%). The application of the OVEIA system to the monitoring
      of urine samples over the periovulatory period in ovulatory and non-ovulatory
      cycles from regularly cycling but infertile women is described and the changes in
      RA% compared with synchronously measured changes in plasma LH and plasma
      oestradiol concentrations, salivary progesterone profiles and measurements of
      follicular volume. It is concluded that the OVEIA system is simple and quick to
      perform and the results obtained compare reasonably well with equivalent direct
      and indirect indicators of impending ovulation (e.g. increasing plasma oestradiol
      concentrations or changes in the volume of the follicle). However, as is the case
      with other endocrine methods, definitive information about the presence or
      absence of follicular rupture cannot be obtained.

PMID- 2663908
TI  - Laminin in human trophoblast--decidua interaction.
AB  - Laminin was localized by immunohistology to stromal cells of the human non
      pregnant endometrium as well as to similar cells of the decidua. Only small
      amounts of laminin were detected during the proliferative phase, but significant
      quantities had accumulated by the mid-secretory phase which persisted in decidua
      if pregnancy occurred. This cyclical variation suggested hormonal control of
      laminin production. The presence of laminin could also be demonstrated in
      decidual cells in culture, most of which was intracellular or pericellular with
      very little liberated into the culture supernatant. Human first trimester
      trophoblast cells were observed to attach preferentially to laminin-coated
      surfaces in vitro. The role of laminin in trophoblast-decidua interaction in vivo
      is discussed.

PMID- 2663909
TI  - Evaluation of the Minitek Gram-Positive Set for identification of streptococci
      isolated from bovine mammary glands.
AB  - A total of 127 isolates were used to evaluate the Minitek Gram-Positive Set for
      identification of streptococci cultured from bovine mammary glands. The overall
      accuracy of the Minitek Gram-Positive Set was 34.6%. Of 12 Streptococcus
      agalactiae strains, 4 (33.3%) were correctly identified. Of 43 Streptococcus
      dysgalactiae strains, 32 (74.4%) were identified correctly. Of 44 Streptococcus
      uberis strains, 42 (95.5%) were identified as Enterococcus spp. Poor performance
      was attributed to the limited number of veterinary strains in the data base.
      Incorporation of large numbers of veterinary isolates into the data base is
      needed for further development of this system.

PMID- 2663910
TI  - Comparative evaluation of the Roche Cobas IDA and Enterotube II systems for
      identifying members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - Two Hoffmann-La Roche products were evaluated in parallel for their ability to
      identify 321 strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The first product was the
      well-established Enterotube II, which correctly identified 90% of the isolates
      after 24 h of incubation. The second was the ID-E rotor, originally designed for
      use in the Cobas Bact but here used in the new Cobas IDA system. The Cobas IDA,
      used with the full data base held in a microcomputer supplied with the product,
      identified 87% of strains after 4 h of incubation.

PMID- 2663911
TI  - Activities and sources of beta-lactamase in sputum from patients with
      bronchiectasis.
AB  - beta-Lactamase activity was measured in secretions from patients with
      bronchiectasis. Of 28 sputum samples, 23 contained measurable amounts of
      activity; values were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in purulent samples
      than in mucoid or mucopurulent samples. beta-Lactamase activity was usually
      present in saliva collected before and between sputum expectorations, although
      values for sputum were higher than for either group of saliva samples (P less
      than 0.025 and P less than 0.005, respectively). This difference suggests that at
      least part of sputum beta-lactamase activity originates in the bronchial tree.
      Detailed microbiological study of a further eight specimens (seven were beta
      lactamase positive) led to the isolation of Haemophilus influenzae from six,
      although only two of these isolates were beta-lactamase positive. Several other
      beta-lactamase-producing organisms were also isolated, including Staphylococcus
      aureus (n = 3), Escherichia coli (n = 1), Proteus spp. (n = 1), and Bacteroides
      spp. (n = 3). Size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography of the sputum
      showed several peaks of beta-lactamase activity which usually coeluted in
      fractions similar to those of their beta-lactamase-positive isolates. Therefore,
      sources of sputum beta-lactamases are often bacteria not considered truly
      pathogenic or not isolated during routine bacteriological assessment. These
      observations should be considered when embarking on antimicrobial therapy in
      bronchiectatic patients and suggest that increased dosages of penicillins are
      indicated.

PMID- 2663912
TI  - Use of a Chlamydia trachomatis DNA probe for detection of ocular chlamydiae.
AB  - We examined the efficacy of a Chlamydia trachomatis DNA probe in detecting ocular
      chlamydiae by comparing it with tissue culture isolation, direct fluorescent
      antibody cytology, and clinical eye exams. In a trachoma-endemic area of Nepal,
      430 Nepalese villagers were examined according to the World Health Organization
      trachoma grading scale. Upper tarsal conjunctival specimens from each subject
      were obtained for DNA probing, tissue culture, and fluorescent-antibody
      screening. Moderate to severe intensity of inflammation was found in 85 (21%) of
      430 people studied. An additional 25 (7.2%) of 345 people with low or no
      intensity of inflammation also had microbiologically proven infection, which may
      reflect asymptomatic carriage. Compared with culture, the DNA probe had a
      sensitivity of 86.9% and a specificity of 91%. For direct fluorescent antibody
      versus culture, the values were 47.8 and 96.9%, respectively. Results from this
      study indicate that the DNA probe for C. trachomatis might be considered a
      valuable epidemiologic tool in screening trachoma-endemic populations for ocular
      chlamydiae.

PMID- 2663913
TI  - Yersinia enterocolitica in donor blood: a case report and review.
AB  - Routine sterility control of a unit of leukocyte-depleted erythrocyte concentrate
      yielded growth of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3. Plasma of the donor
      showed a high titer of agglutinins against the homologous organism. Although the
      donor was apparently well at the time of donation, he had a history of protracted
      terminal ileitis treated by surgery. The recipient of the contaminated blood was
      taking broad-spectrum antibiotics and did not experience any adverse effect.
      Fourteen other cases of transfusion-associated yersiniosis have been reported.

PMID- 2663915
TI  - Author's retraction.

PMID- 2663914
TI  - Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human fecal specimens by an indirect
      immunofluorescence assay with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - An indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) with monoclonal antibodies developed for the
      detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal smears (Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.,
      Cincinnati, Ohio) was compared with the Zeihl-Neelsen-modified acid-fast stain
      (MAFS) in 119 human fecal specimens collected between 1984 and 1987. The
      sensitivity of the IFA was 100%; all 56 specimens positive by MAFS exhibited
      fluorescence. There were 63 specimens negative for Cryptosporidium sp. by MAFS;
      of these, 61 were negative by IFA (97% specificity). This discrepancy may reflect
      an increased sensitivity of the IFA to detect oocysts that were not visualized by
      MAFS because of faint staining or a paucity of organisms. On average, the IFA
      required less time than the MAFS (1 versus 5 min, respectively) when only rare or
      few oocysts were present. Cost comparison of reagents showed the IFA to be three
      times more expensive. The IFA offers a reasonable alternative to the MAFS because
      of its high sensitivity and specificity, the simplicity of performing it and
      interpreting results, and its capability of providing a definitive diagnosis of
      Cryptosporidium oocysts.

PMID- 2663916
TI  - Comparison of DNA probe, monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay, and cell culture
      for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis.
AB  - A total of 201 endocervical specimens were obtained from patients with a clinical
      or epidemiological history suggestive of chlamydial infection. These specimens
      were tested by DNA probe (Gen-Probe, San Diego, Calif.) and the IDEIA III (Boots
      Celltech, Berkshire, United Kingdom) monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay and
      compared with cell culture for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Discrepancies
      between cell culture and antigen detection methods were resolved by direct
      fluorescent-antibody testing. In a population with a 17.4% prevalence, the
      sensitivities and specificities of these assays were 82.8 and 99.4%,
      respectively, for the DNA probe assay and 97.1 and 98.1%, respectively, for the
      IDEIA III.

PMID- 2663917
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay for anti-hepatitis B core (HBc) immunoglobulin G1 and
      significance of low-level results in competitive assays for anti-HBc.
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for anti-hepatitis B core (HBc) immunoglobulin G1
      (IgG1) was compared with a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) for anti-HBc
      antibody (Corab: Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill.). In parallel tests of
      445 consecutive samples, discrepant results were obtained with 2 samples, 1 of
      which was positive only by the RIA and the other of which was positive only by
      the EIA for anti-HBc IgG1. In tests of another 192 samples with low blocking
      activity in the RIA (inhibition range, 90 to 30%), 10 samples gave discrepant
      results, 5 of which were positive only by the RIA and the other 5 of which were
      positive only by the EIA for anti-HBc IgG1. Of 12 samples with discrepant
      results, 11 samples were tested further for anti-HBc IgG3, IgM, and IgA1 by the
      EIA. Of these, seven samples were positive for anti-HBc IgG1, anti-HBc IgG3, or
      both. All seven samples were also positive for anti-hepatitis B surface (HBs)
      antigen. Three samples were negative for anti-HBc IgG1, anti-HBc IgG3, or both
      but were positive for anti-HBc IgM, anti-HBc IgA1, or both; and one sample was
      reactive only in the RIA. These four samples were all negative for anti-HBs.
      Thus, low-level results in the RIA caused by anti-HBc IgM, anti-HBc IgA, or both
      reflect the unspecific activation of immature B lymphocytes that is not related
      to previous exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV). In contrast, the presence of
      anti-HBc IgG1, anti-HBc IgG3, or both indicates differentiated anti-HBc IgG
      producing plasma cells and previous exposure to HBV, as was also shown by the
      presence of anti-HBs. On class and subclass determination for confirmation of
      positivity for anti-HBc in 19 serum samples, which was identified by screening of
      blood from 1,343 donors by a competitive EIA (Hepanostika; Organon), 9 samples
      with positive results, all low level, did not indicate previous exposure to HBV.
      It was concluded that determination of classes and subclasses of anti-HBc
      provides a tool for discriminating positive anti-HBc results not caused by HBV
      exposure.

PMID- 2663918
TI  - Enzyme polymorphism, prodigiosin production, and plasmid fingerprints in clinical
      and naturally occurring isolates of Serratia marcescens.
AB  - Enzyme polymorphism and genetic relationship among 99 Serratia marcescens
      isolates obtained from clinical and environmental sources were determined by
      analysis of electromorphs in nine enzyme loci encoded by chromosomal genes. Seven
      of the loci were polymorphic, and 33 distinctive electrophoretic types (ETs)
      representing multilocus genotypes were identified. Cluster analysis, based on the
      proportion of mismatches between multilocus genotypes, revealed two clearly
      differentiated groups of ETs in S. marcescens. One was represented exclusively by
      isolates with nonchromogenic biotypes recovered almost entirely (97.3%) from
      clinical samples. The other group comprised all isolates characterized by the
      production of prodigiosin or by belonging to a chromogenic biotype. Absolute
      correlation was found between the ability to produce prodigiosin and the absence
      of plasmids. In contrast, 24% of the nonchromogenic isolates contained plasmids.
      Results obtained by analysis of multilocus genotypes were related to those
      obtained by biotyping and plasmid fingerprinting. However, more groups could be
      distinguished by analysis of ETs than by biotyping. Plasmid fingerprinting was a
      limited typing system because many isolates lacked plasmids. Although the results
      of this study did not permit a definitive correlation between ETs and
      pathogenicity of the isolates, more detailed studies of these groups will help to
      understand the different clinical significances of the nonchromogenic and
      chromogenic isolates of S. marcescens.

PMID- 2663919
TI  - Fc receptors on the surface of Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites: a confounding
      factor in testing for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence.
AB  - Negative sera often produce false-positive polar patterns of fluorescence in
      indirect immunofluorescence tests for serum anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies,
      representing a confounding factor in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. In this
      work, we studied whether T. gondii trophozoites, the antigenic material used in
      the immunofluorescence tests, expressed surface Fc receptors that could cause the
      binding of normal immunoglobulins, thus producing false-positive results. We
      report here that T. gondii trophozoites indeed have Fc receptors on their
      surface. This was shown by the direct binding of purified human Fc to the
      parasite, evidenced by the subsequent binding of fluorescein-labeled Fab specific
      for human Fc. In addition, pretreatment of the parasite with excess purified Fc
      to saturate the surface Fc-binding sites abrogated the formation of polar
      fluorescence. The trophozoites appeared to express Fc receptors with different
      degrees of affinity for the specific ligand, since a diffuse fluorescence pattern
      was observed following incubation with 1 mg of Fc per ml (10 micrograms per
      well), whereas with 0.2 mg (0.2 micrograms per well), a majority of parasites
      showed polar fluorescence. This observation suggests that the Fc receptors
      accumulated at the polar cap are those with higher affinity. The present findings
      raise intriguing questions regarding the possible biological role(s) of the Fc
      receptors on T. gondii but, more immediately, indicated that pretreatment of the
      antigenic material with Fc, a commercially available reagent, constitutes a
      practical, simple way to avoid false-positive immunofluorescence test results due
      to the binding of nonspecific immunoglobulin to the parasite.

PMID- 2663920
TI  - Comparison of two rapid microscopic methods and culture for detection of
      Chlamydia trachomatis in ocular and nasopharyngeal specimens from infants.
AB  - The data available for the diagnosis of chlamydial infections in infants which
      compare direct fluorescent-monoclonal-antibody stains (DFAs) with culture are
      limited to one reagent, MicroTrak (Syva Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.). We therefore
      performed a comparison of Pathfinder (Kallestad Diagnostics, Chaska, Minn.) and
      MicroTrak with chlamydia culture. Paired conjunctival and nasopharyngeal
      specimens for DFAs and cultures were obtained from 56 infants less than 1 month
      of age with conjunctivitis. The sensitivities for detecting C. trachomatis in
      conjunctival specimens with MicroTrak and Pathfinder were 93.8 and 88.2%,
      respectively, and the specificities were 87.5 and 94.9%, respectively. The DFA
      tests on nasopharyngeal specimens from infants with conjunctivitis did not
      perform as well. The sensitivities for Pathfinder and MicroTrak were 33 and 50%,
      respectively. There were a total of six patients with culture-positive chlamydial
      conjunctivitis whose nasopharyngeal specimens were DFA positive and culture
      negative; four of the specimens were positive by both DFAs. These six discordant
      specimens were further evaluated by preparing pellets and smears of the original
      culture specimens. All six contained typical fluorescing elementary bodies when
      stained with the Syva DFA reagent.

PMID- 2663922
TI  - Science and social reform: women in public health.
AB  - This paper examines the historical role of women in public health, and argues
      that the recent trend of larger numbers of women entering schools of public
      health is not so much a new phenomenon as a recovery of some of the traditions of
      the progressive era. Public health was then seen as compatible with the ideology
      of womanhood, a legitimate way for middle-class women to participate in public
      life. Women physicians, nurses, and scientists were prominent in the early public
      health movement, in such areas as maternal and child health, statistics,
      bacteriology, and occupational health. This paper highlights the contributions of
      some of the women involved in public health research and practice. It concludes
      by noting that the motivations of many women students in schools of public health
      today are similar to those expressed by the social reformers and scientists of
      the progressive era.

PMID- 2663921
TI  - Immunochemical identification and biological characterization of cytotoxic
      necrotizing factor from Escherichia coli.
AB  - The aim of this study was to identify Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing
      factor (CNF) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS
      PAGE) analysis and to investigate the possible dissociation of CNF from hemolysin
      (Hly), which is often produced by CNF-producing strains. CNF was purified from
      cell lysates of a CNF-producing strain by using ammonium sulfate precipitation,
      ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and preparative nondenaturing PAGE.
      All eluates from successive longitudinal slices of a preparative polyacrylamide
      gel were tested for cytoxicity and analyzed by SDS-PAGE; CNF activity was
      quantitatively correlated with a protein of 115 kilodaltons (kDa). This procedure
      increased both cytotoxicity and lethal activity (about 300-fold). We then
      compared SDS-PAGE protein patterns of enriched lysates from eight field and
      mutant E. coli strains producing both CNF and Hly, Hly alone, or neither; the 115
      kDa band was present solely in CNF-producing strains, irrespective of Hly
      production. A neutralizing antiserum was produced against unpurified CNF from
      strain BM2-1 and then extensively adsorbed with cells and extracts of a CNF
      defective mutant from BM2-1. The adsorbed antiserum possessed antitoxin activity
      and neutralized both lethal and necrotic effects of cell lysates from all the CNF
      producing strains tested. In an immunoblot of enriched extract from BM2-1, the
      adsorbed antiserum recognized, besides the 115-kDa protein, another protein of 59
      kDa, which was present in the CNF-defective mutant from BM2-1 and was not
      associated with cytotoxicity. We can conclude from these findings that CNF is a
      protein of 115 kDa associated with both cytotoxicity and in vivo toxicity,
      distinct from Hly, and present in all presumed CNF-producing strains tested.

PMID- 2663923
TI  - An enzyme immunoassay for K-76 monocarboxylic acid, a novel anticomplementary
      compound.
AB  - A competitive enzyme immunoassay for K-76 monocarboxylic acid (K-76COOH), a novel
      anticomplementary compound, was developed. K-76COOH was directly coupled with
      bovine serum albumin through a formation of Schiff base and successive reduction.
      The spectral data of the conjugate showed no evidence of a Schiff base form.
      Using the specific antiserum, the proposed homologous assay made it possible to
      detect K-76COOH at the lowest value of 1 ng/ml of plasma. The immunoassay was
      validated by the correlation with HPLC analyses. The time courses of plasma
      levels of K-76COOH after a single oral administration to beagle dogs were
      precisely determined with a very low absorption efficiency. From these results,
      it is suggested that the plasma values obtained are insufficient for K-76COOH to
      exert its anticomplementary action in vivo; thus K-76COOH may have another
      immunopharmacological function.

PMID- 2663925
TI  - Influence of bovine LH tracer quality on levels of LH in GnRH-treated cows.
AB  - Chromatography of 125I-bovine LH (LER-1716-2 and USDA-I-1) by means of anion
      exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed two main peaks of
      radioactivity regardless as to whether or not the tracer was initially purified
      on cellulose CF11. The content of radioactivity in the first peak tended to
      increase as the storage time of the bLH preparation, either before or after
      iodination, increased. The first peak of radioactivity after HPLC fractionation
      either with or without cellulose adsorption consisted of material with low
      binding ability to bLH antiserum (6.9% +/- 0.5 and 13.0% +/- 1.0, respectively)
      and high binding ability to ovine LH alpha antiserum (51.0% +/- 2.7 and 35.2% +/-
      3.6, respectively). The average ratio of alpha-subunit immuno-reactivity to 125I
      bLH immunoreactivity in this material was 7.4 +/- 0.1 and 2.7 +/- 0.2,
      respectively (P less than 0.001). Peaks in 125I-bLH radioactivity and 125I-bLH
      immunoreactivity had different elution times. Radioimmunoassays with tracers
      obtained from fractions derived from the first radioactive peak after HPLC
      chromatography (i.e. 125I-bLH-LER-1716-2) both with and without cellulose
      adsorption, yielded significantly lower mean plasma LH levels in GnRH-treated
      cows compared with the control tracer routinely purified only on cellulose CF11
      (e.g. 5.7 vs. 8.2 micrograms/; 4.6 vs. 8.2 micrograms/l). Plasma LH levels in
      GnRH-treated cows were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower as measured by
      radioimmunoassay utilizing 125I-USDA-blH-I-1 tracers than by radioimmunoassays
      utilizing 125I-blH-LER-1716-2 tracers (i.e. either Y = 0.17 + 0.75X or Y = 1.18 +
      0.60X).

PMID- 2663924
TI  - Direct radioimmunoassay of active and inactive human glandular kallikrein: some
      physiological and pathological variabilities.
AB  - We have developed a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay which allows the
      detection of human glandular kallikrein in biologic fluids at a level of 40
      pg/ml. The antisera did not recognize human plasma kallikrein and glandular
      kallikrein from other species including marmoset. Furthermore the antibody did
      not bind pro-kallikrein but was specific for the trypsin activated kallikrein.
      The antibody inhibited the kininogenase activity of standard kallikrein incubated
      with human kininogen. However active kallikrein inhibited by inhibitors bound at
      the active site is still detectable, indicating that the antibody is specific for
      the structure of the active form but not for the active site. In normotensive
      subjects, daily urinary kallikrein excretion increased with age until 30, then a
      decrease was observed. In renal transplanted recipients a progressive increase of
      the active form was found. A low concentration of immunoreactive active
      kallikrein was detected in lymphatic fluids of patients suffering from acute
      pancreatitis treated by lymphatic drainage; although this kallikrein is the
      active immunoreactive form, a very weak kininogenase activity was measured,
      suggesting a partial inhibition by anti-proteases. These data provide
      complementary evidence for the physiological and pathological role of glandular
      kallikrein.

PMID- 2663926
TI  - Brief parent-assisted treatment for children's nighttime fears.
AB  - A brief parent-assisted treatment for children's nighttime fears is described.
      Five children, ages 4-5 years, and their parents participated in the study, which
      was designed as a multiple baseline across-subjects experiment. The children were
      taught relaxation skills, pleasant imagery, and self-instructions to reduce
      anxiety; the parents were trained to positively reinforce compliance and
      reductions in their children's fearful behavior. Nightly ratings of the
      children's bedtime behavior (e.g., crying spells, getting out of bed, the time it
      took to fall asleep) were completed by the parents. Relative to baseline scores,
      the mean reduction in fearful behaviors at the end of the 3-week treatment phase
      was 40%. Six weeks later, it increased to 48%. Telephone interviews with the
      parents at a 6-month follow-up suggested continued improvement. Pre- and post
      ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist showed significant improvement in the
      children's behavior at the end of treatment, as well as at a 6-week follow-up.
      This suggests that the beneficial effects of the intervention went beyond the
      presenting problem. The results of this study extend the generalizability of
      previous research to a younger population of nighttime fear sufferers.

PMID- 2663927
TI  - Mainstreaming children with handicaps: implications for pediatricians.
AB  - The judicial precedents and legislative mandates passed during the past two
      decades to ensure full appropriate public education for all children have
      resulted in a movement toward mainstreaming children with a wide range of
      physical and developmental disabilities into regular education classroom
      settings. Although some child development and pediatric literature has addressed
      the effects of these initiatives on the children with handicaps, less attention
      has been paid to the effect that mainstreaming has on their nondisabled peers in
      the classroom. As knowledgeable community advocates, pediatricians should be
      informed about the specifics of the mainstreaming movement. This paper outlines
      the movement's historical underpinnings, discusses current definitions of
      "mainstreaming", and briefly reviews the literature on the effects of this policy
      on classrooms, teachers, and students with and without disabilities. The impact
      of mainstreaming children with handicaps in regular classroom settings is
      equivocal, with many studies lacking methodological sophistication to yield
      reliable and valid data. Results of the few well-designed studies do show,
      however, that academic and social outcomes for both the handicapped child and for
      his/her nondisabled peers are consistently better in mainstreamed classrooms
      where adequate resources have been made available to the child and teacher than
      in more segregated settings. Furthermore, the literature consistently points out
      the key role both regular and special education teachers play in successful
      mainstreamed classrooms. Pediatricians can help families with children with
      disabilities negotiate the educational system in order to achieve the appropriate
      classroom placement.

PMID- 2663928
TI  - Frontal-lobe dysfunction and antisocial behavior: a review.
AB  - Despite the many functions attributed to the frontal-lobe in previous writings
      and studies, empirically derived and reliable frontal-lobe abilities are limited
      and specific. Research that examines frontal-lobe dysfunction (as evidenced by
      neuropsychological tests that measure these specific abilities) and its
      relationship to antisocial behavior is reviewed. Frontal-lobe dysfunction is
      discussed in the context of the "minimal brain dysfunction" hypothesis of
      criminal behavior. Three studies reviewed examine criminal behavior, three
      examine specifically violent criminal behavior, and three focus on psychopathy.
      The nature of the research reviewed leaves the relationship between frontal-lobe
      neuropsychological dysfunction and crime open to further study.

PMID- 2663929
TI  - Relaxation training side effects reported by seriously disturbed inpatients.
AB  - The extent to which seriously disturbed inpatients report side effects related to
      passive and progressive relaxation training was examined. Most reported few side
      effects; only 1 of 64 subjects was removed because of a negative reaction to
      training. There was no significant difference in side effects reported in
      response to the two training procedures. Comparisons were made with data from a
      survey of therapists who practice relaxation training.

PMID- 2663930
TI  - Primary medical care for elderly patients. Part II: Results of a survey of office
      based clinicians.
AB  - Evidence of the degree of fit between the special needs of the elderly and the
      service mix and payment level of ambulatory services offered under the Medicare
      program is presented in this second part of a two-part study of geriatric office
      care. Results from interviews with a focus group of 60 practicing clinicians,
      incorporating diversity of geography and practice setting, are described and
      compared with the view of geriatricians. Between 30 and 57% of the clinicians are
      aware of negative effects of Medicare's benefit structure on specific aspects of
      their practice.

PMID- 2663931
TI  - Synaptic organization of enkephalinlike-immunoreactive amacrine cells in the
      goldfish retina.
AB  - Immunoelectron microscopy was used to examine the synaptic organization of
      enkephalinlike-immunoreactive amacrine cells in the goldfish retina. Enkephalin
      immunostained processes sometimes contained dense-cored vesicles (115-145 nm) in
      addition to a generally homogeneous population of small, round, clear synaptic
      vesicles. A total of 194 synaptic relationships were observed that involved the
      immunostained processes of enkephalin-amacrine cells. The large majority of these
      were observed in sublayer 5 of the inner plexiform layer. In greater than 95% of
      the synaptic relationships, the enkephalin-immunostained profile served as the
      presynaptic element. In 58.8% of these relationships, enkephalin processes
      synapsed onto amacrine cell processes, while 30.4% of their synapses were onto
      processes that lacked synaptic vesicles. They also occasionally formed synaptic
      contacts (6.7%) onto the somas of cells located either in the inner nuclear or in
      the ganglion cell layers. Enkephalin profiles received synaptic input only from
      amacrine cells (4.1%), while no direct synaptic interaction was observed between
      enkephalin processes and bipolar cells. However, in sublayer 1, enkephalin
      profiles were found to synapse onto amacrine cell processes that were presynaptic
      to bipolar cell terminals. In the proximal inner plexiform layer, enkephalin
      processes were presynaptic to amacrine cell processes that as a group surrounded
      and sometimes provided synaptic input to extremely large and round bipolar cell
      endings.

PMID- 2663932
TI  - Nutritional deficiency and the skin.
AB  - Cutaneous changes occur in deficiency states of many nutritional elements:
      ascorbic acid, retinol, protein-energy, cyanocobalamin, phytonadione (vitamin K),
      biotin, ribroflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, essential fatty acids, and zinc. There
      are also inherited disorders of copper, biotin, zinc, and tryptophan metabolism.
      Cutaneous vitamin D synthesis is inhibited by sunscreen use. The striking skin
      changes of the glucagonoma syndrome may be related to nutritional pathways.

PMID- 2663933
TI  - Pharmacology. I. Topical therapy in dermatology.

PMID- 2663934
TI  - Biochemical consequences of mechanical forces generated by distention and
      distortion.
AB  - This review includes a number of concepts: (1) mechanical forces are transmitted
      to cell membranes by adhesion complexes between solid elements in the
      extracellular environment and the cytoskeleton; (2) the adhesion complexes
      require inhibition of proteases to maintain their adhesion; and (3) hydrostatic
      pressure is a mechanical stress on solid elements in the tissues, and it is
      controlled by the microcirculation and lymphatic system. Hypotheses include the
      following: (1) mechanical forces act on the cell membrane and induce inhibitors
      of proteases, thereby maintaining the adhesion complexes; (2) the transduction of
      chemical signals--protease inhibition--is more flexible in young cells, wounds,
      and psoriasis. In old tissues, protease inhibition is more sustained; and (3)
      cell shape, cell migration, and mitosis are in part controlled by such
      mechanisms. These hypotheses are supported by evidence from the literature and
      observations from my experience and that of many co-workers in the fields of
      microcirculation, lymphatic systems, angiogenesis, wound healing, and proteases.

PMID- 2663935
TI  - Etymology of pemphigus.

PMID- 2663936
TI  - Bullous pemphigoid and multiple sclerosis: more than a coincidence? Report of
      three cases.
AB  - In three patients with long-standing multiple sclerosis, bullous pemphigoid
      developed. The diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid was based on histologic findings,
      direct and indirect immunofluorescence, and Western blots showing IgG reacting
      with the 220 to 240 kD bullous pemphigoid antigen in the serum of three patients.
      Contrary to previous observations, bullous pemphigoid associated with multiple
      sclerosis was not different from bullous pemphigoid alone. Three similar cases
      have been reported previously, so the occurrence of bullous pemphigoid in
      patients with multiple sclerosis may be more than a coincidence.

PMID- 2663937
TI  - Use of topical ketanserin in the treatment of skin ulcers: a double-blind study.
AB  - The use of a 2% ointment formulation of ketanserin, an S2-serotoninergic blocking
      agent, was investigated in a randomized double-blind clinical trial for its
      effect on the healing of wounds of patients with decubitus, venous, and ischemic
      skin ulcers. The result demonstrates a significant difference in favor of the
      ketanserin-treated group (35 patients) versus the placebo-treated group (37
      patients) on the basis of two factors: formation of granulation tissue and
      epithelialization. In addition, a significant difference of 150% in the initial
      velocity of wound closure was observed in favor of the patients treated with
      ketanserin. This effect was persistent during the entire study period.

PMID- 2663938
TI  - Ultrasound and CT findings in two cases of hemangioma of the adrenal gland.
AB  - The ultrasound and CT findings in two patients with hemangioma of the adrenal
      gland are presented. Ultrasound showed large masses with heterogeneous
      nonspecific structural pattern. Unenhanced CT demonstrated lesions with hypodense
      centers and thick irregular peripheries with higher density. A few small
      peripheral calcifications were noted in one patient. Following contrast medium
      injection, patchy enhancement of the peripheral zone of the tumor was seen in
      both cases.

PMID- 2663939
TI  - Efficacy of .18% iodine teat dip against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
      agalactiae.
AB  - Effective postmilking teat dip products with lower iodine concentrations are
      being formulated as concern increases about iodine residues in milk. Increased
      free iodine concentration with greater germicidal activity in teat dip products
      is also possible with special formulation procedures. Low iodine concentration
      dips are cheaper and have reduced teat irritation. A concentrated iodine teat dip
      containing .18% iodine and 8 ppm free iodine upon dilution was evaluated under
      experimental bacterial challenge to determine efficacy for prevention of new
      intramammary infections. The undiluted product also contained 15% collagen
      protein emollient as a teat skin conditioner. Efficacy of the teat dip was 93.6
      and 51. 7% for Staphylococcus aureus (Newbould 305) and Streptococcus agalactiae
      (McDonald 44). No adverse effects of the dip on teat skin were noted.

PMID- 2663940
TI  - Estrogen and progesterone augment growth responsiveness of mammary tissue to
      cholera toxin.
AB  - Second (thoracic) mammary glands of endocrine intact mice were removed intact and
      incubated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with insulin,
      aldosterone, and cholera toxin. Insulin and aldosterone resulted in relatively
      little mammary development. However, insulin, aldosterone, and cholera toxin
      substantially increased mammary development, as assessed by development scores
      and DNA after 6 d of culture. Ovariectomy abolished the ability of cholera toxin
      to augment mammary development in vitro. Estradiol and progesterone injections
      for 3 d partly restored responsiveness of mammary tissue to cholera toxin,
      whereas responsiveness was greater after 6 d of injection than in endocrine
      intact mice. Additionally, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (kinase A)
      activity of fourth (inguinal) mammae was increased after as little as 3 d of
      estradiol and progesterone treatment. Cholera toxin induced phosphorylation of at
      least one protein was also increased by estradiol and progesterone. Because
      cholera toxin is a potent activator of adenylate cyclase, these findings suggest
      that estradiol and progesterone interact with cyclic AMP active agents to promote
      mammary development. This interaction may be mediated, at least in part, by
      increased kinase A activity and increased kinase A substrate availability.

PMID- 2663941
TI  - Effect of prolactin on casein and fat synthesis and casein secretion in explants
      of bovine mammary tissue pretreated in athymic nude mice.
AB  - Bovine mammary gland tissue from 4- to 6-mo-old calves was grafted s.c. (dorsum)
      to 7- to 9-wk-old female athymic "nude" mice. The graft-bearing mice were divided
      into three groups and were treated with the following hormonal combinations: 1)
      implantation of a pellet containing estrogen and progesterone followed by
      injection of estrogen and progesterone, 2) injections of estrogen and
      progesterone, and 3) injections of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin.
      Following in vivo treatment, the grafts were removed and prepared for organ
      culture. Explants from each treatment were subdivided into two hormonal regimens:
      1) insulin and cortisol; 2) insulin, cortisol, and prolactin. An increase in in
      vitro fat synthesis was observed in explants cultured in the presence of
      prolactin. This increase was not affected by previous in vivo hormonal treatment.
      In vitro casein synthesis was not stimulated by the presence of prolactin in the
      culture medium; however, casein secretion was elevated in explants from grafts
      from animals that were treated in vivo with estrogen, progesterone, and
      prolactin. Casein secretion was further increased in explants cultured in the
      presence of prolactin but rapidly dropped in its absence. Explants that were not
      implanted in mice responded in long-term organ culture similarly to explants
      pretreated in vivo.

PMID- 2663942
TI  - Effect of indomethacin administration on glucose homeostasis and pancreatic
      hormones in lactating goats.
AB  - To determine glucogenic and hormonal responses in ruminants to indomethacin, a
      prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, four lactating Toggenburg goats were used in
      a crossover design. Fifteen milligrams of indomethacin or 3 ml of saline were
      injected subcutaneously twice daily with propionate infused intrajugularly at a
      rate of 2 mM/min for 75 min as a challenge. Plasma glucose concentrations were
      increased by indomethacin injections. Plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon,
      and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha were not affected by indomethacin injections.
      Propionate infusion elevated plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon
      concentrations. A decreased insulin release in response to propionate challenge
      was observed with indomethacin injections.

PMID- 2663943
TI  - Function and regulation of lymphocyte-mediated immune responses: relevance to
      bovine mastitis.
AB  - Bovine mastitis is one of the most costly diseases to the dairy industry.
      Prospects for effective vaccines are limited by the variety of microorganisms
      capable of causing mastitis. An understanding of the physiologic and immunologic
      factors controlling the susceptibility of the cow to disease will lead to more
      rational approaches to prevention and control. In this paper, we describe the
      basic components of the immune system, drawing upon information derived from
      studies with rodents and humans. Some of these findings have been confirmed in
      the bovine and other domestic species, and it is likely that further study will
      reveal additional similarities between the immune systems of laboratory animals,
      humans, and domestic animals. Some important differences have already been
      identified, such as altered lymphocyte circulation patterns in ruminant versus
      non-ruminant species. These differences are discussed. We describe the structural
      and functional properties of major histocompatibility complex antigens and their
      role in regulation of immune responses. Finally, we discuss the consequences of
      antigen-induced activation of T-lymphocytes and the role of these cells in
      response to disease-causing microorganisms.

PMID- 2663944
TI  - Selection for disease resistance.
AB  - Approaches to disease control are prioritized. Genetic improvement could reduce
      need for treatment and culling but would not reduce the need for proper
      management and sanitation. Results of several studies indicate that disease
      incidence and cost increases with selection for milk yield. The large array of
      disease resistance mechanisms in animals suggests a large number of loci are
      involved in disease resistance. A few loci, e.g., the major histocompatibility
      complex, may account for a major portion of genetic variance in disease. Rate of
      genetic gain from selection for a major locus alone or in combination with
      performance is discussed. Four criteria for including traits in a breeding
      program are outlined, and each is discussed with respect to disease. In spite of
      low heritabilities for disease traits, genetic variation for disease incidence is
      economically important and justifies including disease in breeding programs. An
      industry-wide standard for recording and accumulating field data for disease is
      lacking. Institutional relationships among segments of the animal breeding and
      animal health industries are needed to facilitate genetic improvement for disease
      resistance.

PMID- 2663945
TI  - Chromosome preparation and high resolution banding techniques. A review.
AB  - High resolution banding techniques enable detection of chromosome rearrangements
      even within major bands. Banded chromosomes prepared for light microscopic
      studies of intact metaphase plates are, however, highly modified structures
      compared with native chromosomes, and the high resolution banding techniques only
      seem possible because the following methods were standardized and combined. The
      use of colcemid, which prevents formation of the spindle and thereby collects
      cells at the metaphase-anaphase border, is routinely used for chromosome
      preparations. For high resolution banding studies, short exposure time and
      concentrations near the threshold value have been recommended by several authors.
      Several agents interfere with chromosome contraction processes, but only a few
      have had a lasting influence on high resolution banding studies. The most used
      agents are ethidium bromide, actinomycin D, and Hoechst 33258, which all
      partially inhibit chromosome contraction. Treatment with hypotonic solutions
      induces swelling of animal cells, and the methanol in the fixative denatures and
      precipitates protein by dehydration. The acetic acid coagulates nucleoproteins
      and causes swelling of the cells. The fixative penetrates the cells rapidly and
      preserves the chromosome structure. To obtain long segmented chromosomes suitable
      for high resolution banding hypotonic treatment with .075 M KCl, frequent changes
      of fixative and overnight fixation at 4 degrees C have been recommended. The use
      of cell synchronization, 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into DNA, and
      fluorochrome-photolysis Giemsa (FPG)-staining have improved the quality of high
      resolution banding. Synchronization techniques, which select for lymphocyte
      populations in early divisions, provide excellent materials for chromosome
      preparations and induction of high resolution banding. The banding techniques
      seem to enhance differences already present in the chromosomes, and the
      differential Giemsa staining has recently been explained by interactions between
      the hydrophobic dye complex, the supercoiled DNA helix, and the denaturated
      histone core of the nucleosomes.

PMID- 2663946
TI  - Integrating geriatric dentistry into general practice residency programs.
AB  - As the proportion of elderly people in society increases, so will the general
      practitioner's professional contact with the geriatric patient. Such a change
      will necessitate an alteration in patterns of practice. The "new elderly" are
      presenting with complicated restorative needs, and they increasingly expect the
      high quality of dentistry they have received much of their lives. Their
      expectations will require an enhancement and refinement of the general
      practitioner's diagnostic and therapeutic skills in geriatric dentistry. Yet the
      predoctoral dental curriculum is unable to provide the depth of experience and
      knowledge required. The amount of information that must be assimilated and the
      type of supervised clinic activities that must be experienced to prepare a
      student adequately in geriatric oral health care are too extensive to be included
      in a four-year program. Under the existing dental educational system, the fully
      skilled, professionally secure, and clinically astute general practitioner
      capable of managing the complex needs of the elderly will emerge from the general
      practice residency.

PMID- 2663947
TI  - Harvesting auricular cartilage.
AB  - Auricular cartilage has many uses in ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive
      surgery. We present a simple method to harvest auricular cartilage with minimal
      complications, allowing the surgeon to avoid bulky pressure dressings and
      providing adequate examination of the wound in the immediate postoperative phase.

PMID- 2663948
TI  - B-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2663949
TI  - Quality review and assurance strategies of the Medicare program.

PMID- 2663950
TI  - The history of urinary diversion and undiversion.

PMID- 2663951
TI  - Spina bifida: a team reviews the last 20 years.

PMID- 2663952
TI  - [Multidomain structure of fibrinogen and its transformations].
AB  - Generalized concepts of some structural peculiarities of fibrinogen, its
      transformation into fibrin and assembly have been considered on the basis of
      author's and published data. The role of local conformational changes in
      different areas of fibrinogen molecule and of separate reaction centers in
      formation of single- and double-stranded rod-like equilibrium fibrin oligomers
      and flexible branched copolymers of fibrinogen with fibrin E fragment has been
      considered. The mechanism of compactization has been discussed.

PMID- 2663953
TI  - Evaluation of Doppler examination for diagnosis of catheter-related deep vein
      thrombosis.
AB  - The accuracy of Doppler examination was evaluated for the diagnosis of catheter
      related venous thrombosis in 40 postoperative patients. Deep vein thrombosis was
      detected by venography in 15 patients and confirmed by the Doppler technique in a
      double blind study. Only one false-positive and one false-negative result were
      obtained with the Doppler technique. This technique appears to be valuable for
      the early diagnosis of catheter-related vein thrombosis, even in asymptomatic
      patients.

PMID- 2663954
TI  - Differentiation between acutely ischemic myocardium and zones of completed
      infarction in dogs on the basis of frequency-dependent backscatter.
AB  - The goal of this work was to determine whether the frequency dependence of
      apparent backscatter coefficient (not corrected for attenuation within the
      myocardium) could differentiate completed, remote infarction from acute
      myocardial injury in vivo. Myocardial infarcts were produced in six dogs by
      coronary artery occlusion. One to 12 months later, acute ischemic injury was
      induced in each dog by ligation of a coronary artery that supplied a region of
      myocardium adjacent to the established infarct. Infarct, ischemic, and normal
      regions were interrogated with a 5-MHz, circular, 0.5-in. diam, broadband,
      focused, piezoelectric transducer mounted in a water-filled stand-off device
      placed against the exposed, beating heart. Apparent backscatter coefficients were
      measured over the range of frequencies from 3-7 MHz. The frequency dependence was
      obtained from the slope of log apparent backscatter coefficient versus log
      frequency. No significant difference in frequency dependence was found between
      normal and acutely ischemic myocardium for periods of up to 2 h of ischemia. In
      contrast, frequency dependence in regions of remote infarct (1.8 +/- 0.1, mean +/
      standard error) was significantly lower than that in acutely ischemic or
      nonischemic regions (2.3 +/- 0.1) (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that
      remote myocardial infarction can be differentiated from acutely injured but still
      potentially salvageable myocardium in vivo on the basis of the frequency
      dependence of backscatter.

PMID- 2663955
TI  - How can we compare graduate and non-graduate nurses? A review of the literature.
AB  - This paper reviews some of the literature comparing the graduates or 'end
      products' of two or more nurse education programmes. The main focus of the paper
      is how graduate and non-graduate nurses may be compared. Since the amount of
      literature in this field in the United Kingdom is limited, much of that reviewed
      is from the USA. The paper demonstrates that there are many problems associated
      with evaluating the 'end-products' of nurse education programmes, particularly
      when quantitative approaches are taken. It appears that future work may benefit
      from a more qualitative approach.

PMID- 2663956
TI  - Expressed emotion and nursing the schizophrenic patient.
AB  - The findings from the family studies of schizophrenic family members' readmission
      (which coined the term 'expressed emotion' to explain why some families have
      members who need readmission more often than others) are related to a variety of
      areas of psychiatric nursing research, including nurses' attitudes, nurses'
      behaviour, ward atmosphere, institutionalization, social therapy, and patient
      outcome. This follows the Berkowitz & Heinel report that psychiatric nurses at
      one hospital behave like the families that have lower readmission rates. A
      strategy for further research of psychiatric nurses 'expressed emotion' is
      proposed, in relation to the course and outcome of schizophrenic patients'
      hospitalization.

PMID- 2663957
TI  - A nursing trial of urinary sheath systems on male hospitalized patients.
AB  - An investigation was carried out on six hospitalized elderly male urinary
      incontinent patients for 21 days to test three urinary sheath systems by means of
      a quasi-experimental trial, incorporating crossover. Observations were made, and
      recorded, of detachment or leakage in systems and of skin condition round the
      shaft of the penis. Results suggest that two of the systems differ significantly
      in their performance and that performance of the urinary sheath was probably the
      limiting factor in overall performance. Incidence of skin problems, and other
      problems within systems, were minimal. It was also observed that patients differ
      significantly in their suitability for the application of sheath systems. This
      observation was made at two time intervals. A further line of investigation is
      suggested to test the effect of components, other than sheaths, on performance of
      systems.

PMID- 2663958
TI  - The effects of training and social orientation on attitudes towards psychiatric
      treatments.
AB  - The literature relating to psychiatric nurses' attitudes towards treatment is
      reviewed and a study reported which (a) compared the attitudes towards treatment
      of 51 trainee psychiatric nurses at different points in their training (in their
      first year, in their second year, and in their third year) using the Attitudes to
      Treatment Questionnaire (ATQ) revised by Caine et al., and (b) investigated the
      relationship between conservatism/radicalism as measured by the Wilson-Patterson
      Attitude Inventory (WPAI) and attitudes towards treatment. The results indicated
      that the groups differed significantly in their attitudes towards treatment, the
      first year group being significantly less liberal, having a more physical
      attitude towards treatment, than the second and third year groups. Overall there
      was no significant correlation between conservatism and attitudes to treatment
      found. However, there was a highly significant correlation between these two
      variables for the third year group of students. For this group, higher
      conservatism scores were associated with less liberal attitudes to treatment. The
      implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions made for further
      research.

PMID- 2663959
TI  - Compliance in hemodialysis patients: a review of the literature.
AB  - Compliance with dietary, fluid, and medication instruction is a critically
      significant factor in the continued health and well-being of the patient
      undergoing chronic hemodialysis. The most compliant patients tend to be married,
      skilled professionals with a high level of self-concept. Compliance in
      hemodialysis patients is most often measured by monitoring levels of blood urea
      nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus and by observing the amount of weight gained
      between dialysis treatments. To improve compliance, health professionals need to
      assess fully the educational level and understanding of the patient. In regimens
      requiring alterations of critical behavior, such as diet, changes should be made
      one at a time, with the next objective being added only after the patient has
      demonstrated adequate knowledge of the preceding step. The problem of
      noncompliance is multidimensional. Intervention to alter health behaviors must
      involve consideration of the issues of greatest concern to the patient.
      Simplifying the treatment plan, including family support, and making sure that
      the patient has a clear understanding of what is expected of him or her are some
      of the techniques reported.

PMID- 2663960
TI  - Uptake of inert particles by dog alveolar macrophages in vitro--a comparison of
      monolayer and suspension techniques.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine if significant differences in phagocytosis
      occurred in pulmonary alveolar macrophages in suspension or monolayer cultures.
      Dog alveolar macrophages were incubated with different numbers of fluorescent
      polystyrene latex microspheres, both in suspension and in monolayer cultures. The
      particle uptake by cells was linear for 10-100 min and the fraction of cells that
      contained particles was similar for both incubation techniques. Differences
      between carboxylated and non-carboxylated microspheres were statistically not
      significant. The overall particle numbers associated with cells were 2-5 times
      higher for cells incubated in suspension compared to adherent cells. Many more
      cells were found with low particle numbers at all incubation times using the
      monolayer technique compared to the suspension technique. When cells were treated
      with xylene for 1 h after different times of incubation in vitro, a higher
      decrease in particle numbers in cells was found in suspension cultures than in
      monolayer cultures. This finding suggests higher particle binding when cells were
      incubated in suspension, but particle numbers after xylene treatment were still
      higher in cells incubated in suspension than in monolayers. A comparison with the
      uptake of similar particles by dog alveolar macrophages in vivo suggests that the
      suspension cultures were more similar to the events in the dog lung, but uptake
      rates were about a factor of two lower with suspended cells than those seen in
      vivo.

PMID- 2663961
TI  - Toxicology update. Dinitrobenzene.

PMID- 2663962
TI  - Toxicology update. Gasoline.

PMID- 2663963
TI  - A simple turbidimetric time assay of the endotoxin in plasma.
AB  - In order to apply the turbidimetric time assay system to the quantitative
      measurement of endotoxin in plasma, the optimal pretreatment of samples was
      investigated. After a one-tenth dilution of heparinized plasma followed by
      heating at 100 degrees C for 10 min, the recovery of added endotoxin was about
      90% and a well correlated and reproducible standard curve was obtained in the
      range 10-1000 pg endotoxin per ml plasma. The amount of endotoxin present in
      plasma from normal subjects, thus measured, was lower than 10 pg/ml when
      Escherichia coli 0111:B4 endotoxin was used as a reference. It took no more than
      2 h to complete the assay. High values were obtained in cases of liver cirrhosis
      and severe peritonitis as expected. The present method may be applied for
      clinical use to quantitate circulating endotoxin, because of its simplicity and
      high reproducibility.

PMID- 2663964
TI  - Amyloid goiter. Diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid.
AB  - Amyloid goiter is a rare condition. We could not find more than 90 cases from an
      extensive review of world literature. We report here two patients in whom that
      diagnosis was made, prior to surgery, by fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the
      thyroid. We review the major clinic and histopathologic characteristics of
      amyloid goiter and we stand out the usefulness of the fine-needle aspiration
      biopsy of the thyroid to diagnose the amyloid goiter and amyloidosis, in general.

PMID- 2663966
TI  - Vacor inhibits insulin release from islets in vitro.
AB  - It has been reported that Vacor, a rodenticide containing N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p
      nitrophenyl urea, causes insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The pathomechanism
      of Vacor-induced diabetes mellitus has not been clarified yet. The effect of
      Vacor, therefore, was studied in terms of insulin release from isolated rat
      pancreatic islets. Vacor suppressed glucose-stimulated insulin release, but did
      not affect the insulin release induced by theophylline or 12-o-tetra
      decanoylphorbol 13-acetate. It is suspected that the suppression of insulin
      release from pancreatic islets by Vacor may contribute to the pathogenesis of
      Vacor-induced diabetes mellitus and that this suppression might not be related to
      cAMP and C-kinase.

PMID- 2663967
TI  - Stress--nurses dealing with family members.
AB  - Family caregivers directly care for the older family member, and network with
      other family members and health and community agencies. Factors contributing to
      caregivers' stress include impaired family relationships, depression and chronic
      health problems, lack of preparation, lack of personal time, and moderate support
      and respite services. The role of the nurse in health promotion includes values
      clarification, goal setting, decision making, planning behavior change, and
      social support building. Support programs may include the conceptualization of
      support as varying in duration and intensity.

PMID- 2663965
TI  - Comparative neuroanatomical aspects of the salt and water balance in birds and
      mammals.

PMID- 2663968
TI  - Adult epiglottitis.
AB  - Adult epiglottitis (or "supraglottitis") is an uncommon but increasingly
      recognized entity. Though prior studies emphasized the fulminant nature of the
      disease, recent evidence suggests that epiglottitis in adults may follow a
      relatively less severe clinical course, especially if Hemophilus influenza is not
      isolated. The records of 28 patients with adult epiglottitis were retrospectively
      analyzed to characterize the presenting features and clinical course of the
      disease. The diagnosis was established by laryngoscopy, lateral cervical
      radiographs, or both. Laryngoscopy did not precipitate airway obstruction in any
      patient. The majority of patients experienced a relatively benign clinical course
      and improved with medical management that consisted of ICU admission, intravenous
      antibiotics, hydration, inhaled mist, and corticosteroids. Only two patients (7%)
      required airway support with orotracheal intubation because of respiratory
      difficulty. There were no instances of respiratory arrest or airway obstruction.
      No tracheostomies were performed, and there were no deaths. It was concluded that
      adult epiglottitis can follow a less severe course than classically described.

PMID- 2663969
TI  - Hypoglycemic hemiplegia in an adolescent with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus: a case report and a review of the literature.
AB  - A case of hypoglycemic hemiparesis in a fifteen-year-old girl with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is described. The initial presentation
      included left facial paresis and muscular weakness of the left upper and lower
      extremities, associated with a blood glucose level of 31 mg/dL. The patient
      recovered completely after a glucose infusion. Her neurological examination
      became normal within 24 hours and remained so for a follow-up period of 6 months.
      Hypoglycemic hemiparesis is rarely described in children and adolescents.

PMID- 2663970
TI  - Spontaneous pneumothorax complicating pregnancy--case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Patients with a spontaneous pneumothorax frequently present for care in the
      emergency department. The occurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax during
      parturition occurs rarely. We describe a case of spontaneous pneumothorax during
      the first trimester of pregnancy, which resolved with tube thoracostomy. The
      patient delivered vaginally a healthy 4.3 kg male at term under epidural
      anesthesia. We discuss spontaneous pneumothorax and review reported cases during
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2663971
TI  - Acute porphyria in the emergency department.
AB  - Patients with acute hepatic porphyria present with abdominal pain and neurologic
      abnormalities. Although the disease is uncommon, the emergency physician will
      occasionally encounter a patient with porphyria. The relevant pathophysiology of
      acute hepatic porphyria and the treatment of the patient with acute hepatic
      porphyria are reviewed.

PMID- 2663972
TI  - John Homans: the dorsiflexion sign.

PMID- 2663973
TI  - Incidence of nosocomial aspergillosis in patients with leukemia over a twenty
      year period.
AB  - The incidence of invasive nosocomial aspergillosis was studied in leukemia
      patients at an oncology center from 1964 to 1983. A total of 97 cases of
      aspergillosis occurred in 1,866 patients, yielding an overall case rate of 5.2
      cases per 100 patients and an incidence rate of 9.1 per 10,000 patient days. The
      highest incidence rate was in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (13.7
      cases per 10,000 patient days), followed by patients with acute myelogeneous
      leukemia (10.6 cases per 10,000 patient days). Subdividing patients after 1978
      into those receiving bone marrow transplantation and those who did not
      demonstrated the predisposition of transplant recipients to aspergillosis. The
      rates of aspergillosis among those patients who did not receive a bone marrow
      transplant were highest for patients with acute myelogeneous leukemia. Increases
      in the annual rates of aspergillosis over time coincided with the level of
      internal renovation activity and major construction projects upwind of patient
      care facilities.

PMID- 2663974
TI  - Pseudoepidemic of urinary tract infections due to Trichosporon beigelii.
AB  - During the period April, 1985 to March, 1986, Trichosporon beigelii was isolated
      from the urine of 15 intensive care unit patients. All of these patients had
      Foley catheters in place at the time of T beigelii isolation. None of them had
      urinary tract infections on admission, and it was initially felt that this
      organism was a source of infection in these critically ill individuals.
      Subsequent investigation revealed this to be a pseudoepidemic secondary to
      contamination of the urinary catheter drainage system. Urine obtained by gravity
      drainage from the outlet port of urimeters yielded growth of T beigelii, whereas
      urines obtained concurrently from the proximal tubing sampling port were
      negative. T beigelii was isolated from the drainage port as well as from various
      items used in the collection and sampling of urine specimens. It is felt that
      these items were the source of perpetuation of this pseudoepidemic due to the
      repeated contamination and colonization of the distal portion of the urine
      catheter collection system. In-services to nursing and housekeeping personnel in
      the proper collection of urine specimens and cleaning of potentially contaminated
      items, the replacement of metal urine graduates with disposable plastic ones and
      increased monitoring of personnel's activities stopped the outbreak abruptly.

PMID- 2663975
TI  - A double-blind comparison of fluoxetine, imipramine and placebo in outpatients
      with major depression.
AB  - Fluoxetine is the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant to
      be marketed in the U.S. In this double-blind trial fluoxetine was compared with
      imipramine and placebo among 198 outpatients with DSM-III major depression, of
      whom 145 completed at least 2 weeks of active treatment and were evaluated for
      efficacy. Significantly fewer patients in each active drug group terminated early
      due to lack of efficacy compared to placebo. Both imipramine and fluoxetine were
      significantly superior to placebo on most measures. There were no consistently
      significant differences between the two active drugs although a trend favored
      imipramine on a number of measures. Fluoxetine was generally well tolerated.
      Significantly more imipramine than placebo patients terminated early due to side
      effects while the fluoxetine-placebo difference was not significant. The results
      support previous studies which suggest fluoxetine's superior side-effect profile
      and the approximate antidepressant equivalence of fluoxetine and TCAs.

PMID- 2663976
TI  - Infections associated with prosthetic devices: magnitude of the problem.
AB  - The number and diversity of prosthetic devices inserted into patients continue to
      increase each year. Despite technological advances in the design and manufacture
      of prostheses and improved surgical techniques, infection remains a serious and
      potentially fatal complication. Although the incidence of serious infections
      remains low (averaging a few per cent for totally implanted devices), the
      consequences of an infected prosthesis can be disastrous. The incidence of
      infections related to temporary or partially implanted devices is even higher
      than for prostheses completely covered by the skin. In addition to excess
      morbidity and occasionally mortality, prosthesis-related infections add to the
      costs of medical care and to prolonged hospitalization. the magnitude of the
      problem is greatly underappreciated, in part due to the care of such infections
      on a piecemeal basis by numerous and diverse health care specialists.

PMID- 2663977
TI  - Endogenous factors contributing to prosthetic device infections.
AB  - Although there is a direct association between the tissue reactivity of implants
      and their ability to potentiate infection, bacterial slime production and
      adherence to implant surfaces (generation of the biofilm) appear to play a
      primary role in the pathogenesis of most prosthesis infections.

PMID- 2663978
TI  - Recognition of endemic and epidemic prosthetic device infections: the role of
      surveillance, the hospital infection control practitioner, and the hospital
      epidemiologist.
AB  - Surveillance as a means of identifying endemic and epidemic problems is an
      established and useful public health practice, which increasingly has been
      applied to the hospital population. The current practice of hospital infection
      control surveillance tends to concentrate on acute, in-hospital events. It will
      miss most longer-term prosthetic device infections, since they will often appear
      at a distance both in time and place. Currently, case report information is not
      reliably returned to the hospital or physician responsible for the implantation
      of the device. Since ongoing analysis of the epidemiologic patterns involved in
      these cases would seem useful, it is proposed that existing infection control
      units create, define, and maintain a system of net-working communication to
      return case data to the hospital of origin. This hospital could then combine
      these data with its own population data, in the hopes of generating useful
      epidemiologic information for the future.

PMID- 2663979
TI  - Infections of prosthetic heart valves and cardiac pacemakers.
AB  - Prosthetic valve endocarditis may be considered present when two fo the following
      criteria are met: (1) two or more blood cultures are positive with the same
      organism in the absence of extracardiac infections, (2) evidence of bacterial
      endocarditis by histology or cultures is obtained from surgical or autopsy
      specimens, and/or (3) a clinical picture compatible with endocarditis (fever, new
      or changing regurgitant murmur, splenomegaly, hematuria, or evidence of
      peripheral emboli) is present. The overall incidence of PVE ranges from 0.98 to
      4.4 per cent. Early and late PVE (that is endocarditis developing less than 60
      and 60 or more days following valve implantation, respectively) accounts for 18
      to 36 per cent and 64 to 82 per cent of infections, respectively. The overall
      mortality is 53 per cent and is higher in patients with early versus late PVE.
      Coagulase-negative staphylococci are responsible for a higher percentage of early
      (43 per cent) than late (28 per cent) infections. Streptococci are more common in
      late (27 per cent) than in early (3 per cent) PVE, while diphtheroids are most
      common in early PVE. The diagnosis of PVE may be difficult to establish,
      especially in patients with postoperative bacteremias who have other potential
      sources of extracardiac infections. Antimicrobial therapy is generally based on
      the susceptibility of the offending pathogen. With respect to the use of
      synergistic combinations, results are controversial, and most available data are
      derived from patients with native-valve endocarditis. Surgery remains an
      important aspect of treatment, and the mortality among patients who undergo early
      surgical intervention, particularly if their illness is complicated, is less than
      in those who are treated only with antibiotics. Indications for surgery include:
      (1) moderate-severe refractory congestive heart failure, (2) persistent
      bacteremia or fungemia, (3) multiple emboli, (4) myocardial abscesses, (5)
      relapsing PVE, and possibly (6) patients with clinical evidence of PVE and
      negative blood cultures and persistent fever despite 1 week or more of
      appropriate antibiotics. Pacemaker infections occur in less than 6 per cent of
      patients who undergo pacemaker insertion. These infections generally result from
      wound contamination at the time of surgery, and 75 per cent of infections are due
      to staphylococci. Staphylococcus aureus causes most infections occurring within 2
      weeks after surgery, while S. epidermidis causes most later infections. The need
      to remove infected pacemakers is controversial.

PMID- 2663980
TI  - Vascular graft infection.
AB  - This article presents a discussion of the management of vascular prosthetic
      infections. The emphasis is on aortic graft infections, but other peripheral
      graft infections are also discussed.

PMID- 2663981
TI  - Infections of genitourinary prostheses.
AB  - Infections of penile prostheses and artificial urinary sphincters are relatively
      rare events. Most infections are due to gram-positive bacteria such as S.
      epidermidis or gram-negative enteric bacteria. Most commonly, infection begins at
      the time of implantation, although the hematogenous route has been documented.
      Signs and symptoms of prosthesis infection may be obvious or subtle. Treatment of
      infected prostheses usually requires removal, although successful salvage
      procedures have been described. Prevention of infection through proper antibiotic
      coverage and careful attention to sterile technique results in acceptably low
      infection rates.

PMID- 2663982
TI  - Infections in breast implants.
AB  - Infection following breast implants is an uncommon event. This is somewhat
      surprising, since the human breast is not a sterile anatomical structure. The
      flora found in the breast are derived from the nipple ducts and closely resemble
      those of normal skin. These organisms, predominantly S. epidermidis, may in some
      cases be responsible for firmness secondary to capsular contracture. Treatment of
      the periprosthetic infection usually involves implant removal, but salvage by
      systemic antibiotics is sometimes possible. Atypical mycobacteria are very rarely
      the cause of infection, but can be extremely difficult to eradicate when
      involved. Toxic shock syndrome has been reported to occur following breast
      implants and is a life-threatening problem requiring immediate removal of the
      implant. It may be significant that in some cases with effusion and infection
      occurring many months or years after implant placement, there has been a
      preceding event such as a laryngitis or flu-like illness. This suggests the
      possibility of a bacteremia being involved in the causation of the infection. If
      this were the case, then these patients should be handled in a fashion similar to
      those with prosthetic heart valves. Accordingly, in our own practice, we advise
      that penicillin "V" be given beforehand when a patient with breast implants is to
      have any dental procedure. It must be stressed that there is no statistical or
      scientific proof at the present time that this is of any value. In conclusion,
      when dealing with these large foreign bodies, absolute sterility is essential,
      and excellent surgical technique to obviate hematoma and the occurrence of tissue
      ischemia is mandatory. Evidence of severe infection necessitates implant removal,
      but in less severe cases a trial of intravenous antibiotics is permissible.
      Having removed an implant, further insertion should be deferred, preferably for 6
      months. If the new implant can be placed in a different plane, that is,
      submuscular, this is desirable. Exposed implants can be salvaged but this
      requires considerable judgment and one should be prepared for re-exposure or
      frank infection.

PMID- 2663983
TI  - Infections of CSF shunt and intracranial pressure monitoring devices.
AB  - Management of shunt infections varies, but externalization of shunt apparatus and
      the need for intraventricular antibiotics seem to have been rather uniformly
      adopted. No recent studies on EVD systems have been reported, largely because of
      the widespread use of alternatives such as the fiberoptic systems and the hollow
      subarachnoid bolt. Studies from the 1970s and personal experience with long-term
      monitoring in children with Reye's syndrome and head trauma indicate that it can
      be done safely with a low risk of infection. What the defining variable(s) for
      that low infection rate might be is not at all certain. Analysis of risk factors
      and the development of a study design that will provide statistically valid
      information must be accomplished before unbiased decisions can be made concerning
      the use of perioperative antibiotics in the management of CSF shunts. Until that
      is accomplished, the risks of such therapy must be carefully balanced against the
      possible (but unproven) benefit.

PMID- 2663984
TI  - Infections of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheters.
AB  - In the last several years we have reached a certain plateau in the frequency of
      peritonitis seen in patients. Consequently, a peritonitis rate of one every two
      patient years may be acceptable. Further reduction of this peritonitis rate will
      require large efforts on all fronts. One will have to consider what the
      acceptable cost/risk of peritonitis is in peritoneal dialysis patients. New
      developments in catheter technology, improved connections, better understanding
      of patient selection and training programs, improved diagnostic and therapeutic
      methods in the management of peritonitis, and an understanding of the infectious
      and immune processes are eagerly awaited.

PMID- 2663985
TI  - Infections of hip prostheses and artificial joints.
AB  - Infections following total joint arthroplasty have been dramatically lowered with
      the administration of prophylactic antibiotics. Anecdotal experience as well as
      prospective data suggests that ultra-clean operating rooms can further reduce the
      incidence of postoperative wound sepsis following total joint arthroplasty. Once
      a deep infection complicates a total joint arthroplasty, resection arthroplasty
      will usually be necessary. Staphylococci are the most common causal organisms.
      Four weeks of specific, parenteral therapy should be administered at the time of
      the resection arthroplasty. Reconstruction with another total joint can be
      performed in a "one-staged" or a delayed fashion. The decision as to which
      procedure should be performed is made based on the degree of virulence of the
      infection (microbiology) and the anatomic location. Successful reconstruction can
      be achieved in 95 per cent of carefully selected patients.

PMID- 2663986
TI  - Infectious complications of modern cataract surgery and intraocular lens
      implantation.
AB  - Over one million intraocular lenses are implanted each year during cataract
      surgery in the United States alone. Despite an impressive overall success rate,
      infection remains an important postoperative complication. Virtually every
      microbial organism has the potential to be an intraocular pathogen, and this
      article addresses both generalized and localized forms of microbial
      endophthalmitis. Successful outcome requires prompt clinical recognition,
      appropriate laboratory evaluation, initiation of antimicrobial therapy, control
      of inflammatory sequelae, and when necessary, surgical intervention.

PMID- 2663987
TI  - The role of prophylactic antibiotics in the prevention of prosthetic device
      infections.
AB  - This article examines available information concerning the use of antimicrobial
      agents to prevent prosthetic device infection at the time of surgical
      implantation. Additionally, the authors comment on the dearth of information
      concerning prophylactic antibiotics prior to elective surgical or dental
      procedures to prevent contamination of prosthetic devices already in place.

PMID- 2663988
TI  - Identification of a widely distributed 90-kDa glycoprotein that is homologous to
      the Hermes-1 human lymphocyte homing receptor.
AB  - Homing of recirculating lymphocytes from the blood into the lymphoid tissues is
      mediated by 90-kDa homing receptors on the lymphocyte cell surface, allowing
      selective binding to specialized endothelium lining high endothelial venules.
      This study describes two novel mAb, NKI-P1 and NKI-P2, directed against
      functional epitopes of a human lymphocyte homing receptor, gp90. Biochemical
      studies demonstrated that these antibodies recognize a 90-kDa glycoprotein which
      is similar to the Ag recognized by the mAb Hermes-1. This notion was confirmed by
      immunohistochemical studies showing identical reaction patterns. Furthermore, it
      was observed that NKI-P1 and NKI-P2 blocked adhesion of lymphocytes to high
      endothelial venules. Immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and
      immunoprecipitation studies revealed that gp90 is widely expressed on hemopoietic
      cells including lymphocytes, macrophages/dendritic cells, myeloid cells, and
      erythrocytes. The gp90 is also expressed on a number of nonhemopoietic cells such
      as endothelial cells, certain epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. In addition to
      its expression on normal cells, gp90 is present on a spectrum of tumor cell lines
      of lymphoid, monocytic, epithelial, glial, and melanocytic origin. In addition to
      the 90-kDa product, the antibodies immunoprecipitate several polypeptides in the
      range of 120 to 200 kDa. Interestingly, it was observed that certain mamma tumor
      cell-line cells lack the 90-kDa polypeptide indicating the heterogeneous
      expression of the molecules recognized by the antibodies. These results indicate
      that the 90-kDa glycoprotein homologues of the Hermes-1 human lymphocyte homing
      receptor are expressed on hemopoietic tissues as well as on a number of
      nonhemopoietic tissues and tumor cell lines. Although the function of these
      molecules in nonlymphoid cells is presently unknown, they might play a role in
      cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion.

PMID- 2663989
TI  - Production of multiple lymphokines by the A20.1 B cell lymphoma after cross
      linking of membrane Ig by immobilized anti-Ig.
AB  - Cross-linking of membrane IgG2a or IgD on the B cell lymphoma A20.1 resulted in
      the elaboration of lymphokines which were able to support the growth of HT-2
      cells and to induce increased Ia expression on resting B cells. Unstimulated
      A20.1 cell did not produce detectable levels of lymphokine activity. Lymphokine
      secretion did not occur in response to cross-linking of MHC class II (Ia) or
      class I (H2K) molecules. The kinetics for secretion were rapid, with detectable
      levels of lymphokine arising within 3 to 4 h of stimulation. Maximal lymphokine
      production was reached by 8 to 10 h. Soluble intact anti-Ig antibodies failed to
      stimulate lymphokine production due to Fc-mediated effects. This was concluded
      based on the fact that soluble F(ab')2 fragments of anti-IgG, but not soluble
      intact antibody, stimulated the production of lymphokine by A20.1 cells. Based on
      serologic criteria, membrane Ig cross-linking by ligand induced secretion of IL-2
      but not IL-4 by A20.1 cells. Induction of Ia expression by resting B cells in
      response to A20.1 supernatant was not mimicked by stimulation with IL-1, -3, -5,
      or -6 either singly or in combination. Furthermore, preliminary physicochemical
      characterization revealed that the Ia-inducing factor in A20.1 supernatant has a
      molecular weight greater than 50,000. These data suggest that the Ia-inducing
      activity is a novel lymphokine. Thus, this report describes the first evidence
      for the existence of a B cell tropic lymphokine produced by B cells in response
      to Ag receptor-mediated signal transduction.

PMID- 2663990
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta production by synovial tissues from rheumatoid
      patients and streptococcal cell wall arthritic rats. Studies on secretion by
      synovial fibroblast-like cells and immunohistologic localization.
AB  - The growth of synovial fibroblast-like cells from patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis and rats with streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis in vitro
      under anchorage-independent conditions is inhibited by transforming growth factor
      beta (TGF-beta). Because this growth factor is present in rheumatoid synovial
      fluids, we studied whether this cytokine might be secreted by cells in rheumatoid
      synovial tissue. We show that synovial tissues from patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis and osteoarthritis, and rats with SCW-induced arthritis, contain TGF
      beta-1 mRNA. TGF-beta, predominantly type 1, was spontaneously secreted in vitro
      by synovial tissue explants and synovial fibroblast-like cells. In addition, TGF
      beta could be detected immunohistochemically in cells throughout rheumatoid and
      SCW-induced arthritic rat synovial tissues. Finally, exogenous TGF-beta induced
      collagen and inhibited collagenase mRNA levels by cultured synoviocytes. These
      data support an autocrine role for TGF-beta in the regulation of synoviocytes in
      rheumatoid arthritis and, in light of its demonstrated effects on the immune
      system, suggest that TGF-beta might also have important paracrine effects on
      infiltrating inflammatory cells.

PMID- 2663991
TI  - Destruction of pancreatic islet cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes in nonobese
      diabetic mice.
AB  - Proliferation of islet-associated leukocytes occurred when isolated islets from
      20-wk-old female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice were cultured with 10 U/ml rIL-2
      for 7 days. Co-culture of these leukocytes with freshly isolated islets from 6-
      to 8-wk-old NOD donors in the presence of 1 U/ml rIL-2 produced islet structural
      deformation within 24 h and islet cytolysis within 48 h. Three lines of evidence
      suggest that these leukocytes were composed mainly of CTL specific for islet
      cells. First, morphologically, these proliferating cells adhered to NOD islets at
      6 h and killed islets within 48 h of culture, but these phenomena could not be
      observed in the other tissues from NOD mice. These islet-derived cells were
      cytotoxic to NOD islet cells in a 51Cr-release assay, whereas no appreciable
      cytotoxicity was observed when NOD Con A-induced splenic blasts or fibroblasts
      were used as targets. Second, a flow cytometric analysis showed that these cells
      consisted of 97% Thy-1.2, 69% Lyt-2, 8% L3T4, and 4% asialo-GM1-positive cells,
      whereas Mac-1-positive cells could not be seen in these assays. After treatment
      with anti-Thy-1.2 or Lyt-2 mAb and C, these cells lost their activity to lyse NOD
      islet cells. However, these cells still had a full killing activity after the
      depletion of L3T4 or asialo GM1-positive cells. Third, islet cells from BALB/c,
      DBA/2, and B10.GD mice which share the same H-2K Ag with NOD mice were
      susceptible to cytolytic activity of these cells, whereas islet cells from NON,
      C57BL/6, C57BL/10, and C3H mice remained intact. Furthermore, anti-Kd antibody
      was capable of blocking this cytolysis. These results suggest that CTL expressing
      Thy-1.2 and Lyt-2 phenotypes appear to recognize the islet cell Ag with the
      restriction of MHC class I Kd, and then destroy NOD islet cells.

PMID- 2663992
TI  - Analysis of human IL-6 mutants expressed in Escherichia coli. Biologic activities
      are not affected by deletion of amino acids 1-28.
AB  - We have constructed and analyzed amino terminally deleted analogs of IL-6.
      Progressively shortened variants of mature IL-6 were constructed at the cDNA
      level and expressed in Escherichia coli. Mutant proteins were recovered from
      refractile bodies by solubilizing in 6 M guanidine-HCl. The mutant protein
      concentration in these preparations was estimated by Western blotting by using an
      IL-6-specific mAb and the biologic activity was measured in the B9 (hybridoma
      growth factor) assay. The first 28 amino acids of mature IL-6 could be removed
      without significantly affecting biologic activity. A further removal of amino
      acids 29 and 30 resulted in an approximately 50-fold decrease, whereas removal of
      amino acids 31 to 34 virtually abolished the activity. The mutants showed the
      same reaction pattern in three other IL-6 assays: induction of murine thymocyte
      proliferation, induction of fibrinogen synthesis by a human hepatoma cell line
      (HepG2), and the induction of IgM synthesis by an EBV-transformed B cell line.
      This suggests that a single functional domain might be responsible for all four
      activities of IL-6.

PMID- 2663993
TI  - Genomic structure of the human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor IL
      8.
AB  - To identify possible regulatory sites of the gene expression, we cloned the
      genomic DNA of human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF/IL-8),
      whose mRNA is induced by IL-1 or TNF and determined its entire nucleotide
      sequence. The results show that the MDNCF/IL-8 gene consists of 4 exons and 3
      introns with a single "CAT"- and "TATA"-like structure. The 5'-flanking region of
      MDNCF/IL-8 gene shows no overall sequence similarity with that of other cytokine
      and acute phase reactant genes whose production is also affected by IL-1 and TNF.
      The 5' flanking region, however, contains potential binding sites for several
      nuclear factors including activation factor-1, activation factor-2, IFN
      regulatory factor-1, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1. In addition, the
      glucocorticoid responsive element and heat shock element were located in the 5'
      flanking region. Inasmuch as PMA induces MDNCF/IL-8 mRNA accumulation in human
      PBMC and a glucocorticoid inhibits the induction of MDNCF/IL-8 mRNA by LPS, the
      expression of this gene is probably regulated by interaction of these nuclear
      factors with the 5'-flanking DNA.

PMID- 2663995
TI  - Bat rabies in Europe.

PMID- 2663994
TI  - The in vivo depletion of V beta 17a+ T cells results in the inhibition of
      reticulum cell sarcoma growth in SJL/J mice. Evidence for the use of
      anticlonotypic antibody therapy in the control of malignancy.
AB  - Previous findings revealed that reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) of SJL/J mice growth
      and survival depended on its ability to stimulate a potent host T cell response,
      by the means of a tumor-associated class II MHC molecule with IE-like
      specificities. Previously we presented evidence that the V beta 17a TCR+
      clonotype of T cell was the predominant T cell involved in the host response to
      the tumor. We undertook our study to examine whether the depletion of the V beta
      17a+ T cells, by the use of the anticlonotypic antibody, KJ23a, resulted in the
      inhibition of RCS tumor growth in vivo. We present evidence herein that supports
      this hypothesis. KJ23a-treated mice exhibited a complete reduction in T cells
      bearing the V beta 17a TCR. These mice exhibited a dramatic reduction in the in
      vitro proliferative response to RCS. Furthermore, the pretreatment of SJL/J mice
      with KJ23a mAb resulted in the complete loss in their ability to harbor RCS
      tumor. When tumor-bearing mice were treated with a single inoculum of KJ23a mAb
      within the first 7 days after the passage of tumor, the mice showed long term
      survival with diminishing tumor burden. These results demonstrated that the V
      beta 17a clonotype of T cells is required for the growth and maintenance of RCS
      tumor. Within the first 6 wk after tumor inoculation KJ23a-treated mice were
      capable of transferring tumor to naive syngeneic recipient mice despite the
      obvious lack of tumor growth in the treated donor animal. These results suggested
      that RCS tumors in the absence of V beta 17a+ T cells can persist for up to 6 wk
      in a state of "tumor dormancy." The predominant usage of the V beta 17a gene in
      RCS-specific T cells suggests that these T cells play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of RCS tumor. Furthermore, the positive therapeutic course taken by
      tumor-bearing mice upon the treatment with KJ23a mAb, demonstrates the enormous
      potential in anticlonotypic antibody therapy in the treatment of T cell-dependent
      tumors and diseases.

PMID- 2663996
TI  - Invasive streptococcal infections in the era before the acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome: a 10 years' compilation of patients with streptococcal
      bacteraemia in North Yorkshire.
AB  - Significant streptococcal (non-pneumococcal, non-enterococcal) bacteraemia was
      detected in 100 patients in two Health Districts of North Yorkshire in the decade
      1978-1988. Patients with these infections accounted for 11% of the total 902
      patients in the districts in whom bacteraemia was diagnosed during the period.
      Infection was most often seen with beta-haemolytic streptococci (52 patients)
      comprising Lancefield group A (Streptococcus pyogenes) (20 patients), group B
      (13), group C (5), group G (9), haemolytic Streptococcus milleri and non
      groupable streptococci (5). The wide variety of serious infections included
      cellulitis, abscess, septicaemia, pneumonia, septic arthritis, necrotising
      fasciitis, acute endocarditis and mycotic aneurysm. Of these 52 patients, 21
      (40%) died. alpha-Haemolytic streptococcal bacteraemia was diagnosed in 38
      patients of whom 24 (63%) suffered from endocarditis and three (8%) died. Three
      of ten patients with non-haemolytic or anaerobic streptococcal bacteraemia died
      also. Six of the 100 patients with streptococcal bacteraemia had concomitant
      acute virus infections. Of the total 56 patients with infective endocarditis
      diagnosed in the districts during the period, streptococci were responsible in 30
      (54%) of them. The predisposing factors, clinical features and outcome of the
      infections are described and discussed.

PMID- 2663997
TI  - Diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in Scotland.
AB  - During a period of 10 years (1976-1986) 853 cases of toxoplasmosis were
      identified serologically in the Toxoplasma Reference Laboratory in Scotland.
      Suspected cases of infection in pregnancy (29 cases) and of congenital infection
      (27 cases) were rare but ophthalmic disease was common (224 cases). In two of the
      congenital cases, maternal infection was identified during pregnancy. The other
      25 babies were investigated because of suspected congenital infection.
      Toxoplasmosis was confirmed retrospectively in 11/25 babies and excluded in two
      of them. The other 12 cases remain unclassified. Diagnosis of infection in babies
      was difficult although the introduction of an IgM capture ELISA was of some help.
      IgM was detected by ELISA in 3/13 congenitally infected babies but by
      immunofluorescence tests in only one of these. In two antenatal studies,
      involving 16,000 women, an additional 32 women were identified whose babies might
      have benefited from treatment or the availability of fetoscopy for early
      detection of congenital infection.

PMID- 2663998
TI  - Rapid detection of influenza virus infections in human fetal lung diploid cell
      cultures.
AB  - Haemadsorbing foci were found in human fetal lung (HFL) diploid cell cultures 12
      h after inoculation with influenza viruses A and B. The size and number of the
      foci were maximal after 48 h of incubation, being limited by production of an
      unidentified inhibitor. By contrast, inoculation with parainfluenza virus type 3
      led to haemadsorption which increased during 10 days of incubation. For the
      detection of influenza viruses A and B maximum sensitivity was achieved by
      changing the medium, the day before use to one that was serum free. The number of
      foci at 15.5 h post-infection and infectivity for primary African green monkey
      kidney (AGMK) cultures were similar. Virus infectivity and production of
      haemagglutinin in HFL cells were entirely cell-associated; they were not affected
      by treatment with trypsin. Nevertheless, influenza viruses A and B antigens were
      identified in the infected cells by means of immunofluorescence at 15.5 h and
      virus was recovered by passage of frozen and thawed cells in AGMK cultures. For
      rapid routine diagnosis of viral infections, the early haemadsorption test was
      shown to have the same sensitivity as immunofluorescence tests on specimens and
      virus detection by the shell-vial technique but was cheaper and simpler to
      perform.

PMID- 2663999
TI  - Failure to diagnose fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in a bone marrow transplant
      recipient: the possible significance of declining antibody titres.
AB  - A 46-year-old patient with acute myelogenous leukaemia developed lethal
      disseminated toxoplasmosis 8 weeks after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
      Clinical features included pulmonary infiltrates, respiratory insufficiency and
      neurological signs. Post-transplantation toxoplasma serological tests were
      characterised by declining IgG titres and failure to detect IgM, whereas titres
      of IgG against the various herpes viruses remained constant and even increased
      over the same period. Circulating toxoplasma antigen could not be detected. Post
      mortem, specific immune complexes were identified in serum. Autopsy revealed
      widely disseminated toxoplasmosis with several foci in the brain, lungs and
      various other organs as well as concomitant infection with cytomegalovirus.

PMID- 2664000
TI  - Cryptococcosis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - We report a case of invasive cryptococcosis complicating continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis and its successful treatment. This form of infection has not
      been previously described.

PMID- 2664001
TI  - [The natural history of tumors in oncogenesis after ureterosigmoidostomy. II-
      Experimental approach].

PMID- 2664002
TI  - [False positive urinary cytology. Diagnostic and prognostic value in the
      detection and surveillance of urothelial tumors. Apropos of 57 false positive
      cases in a series of 1000 cytologies].
AB  - Out of 1,000 optical cytological urine tests carried out over a period of two
      years, 84 isolated cases were "positive" and alerted 57 patients. These cases are
      analyzed by the authors with a follow-up period of 48 to 72 months: among those
      patients already under supervision for urothelial tumours, 40.4% showed
      urothelial recurrence of which 70%, that did not appear to carry a worse
      prognosis, were detected in the first twelve months. Since these patients usually
      underwent annual endoscopic examination, this meant that for 20% (i.e. 4.15% of
      the group under supervision) the diagnosis of recurrence could be made at least 6
      months earlier. This alone is a justification for cytological examination which
      does not involve any complications but merely entails increased cystoscopic and
      biopsy tests. On the other hand, there appear to be no grounds to advocate mass
      "screening" except in populations with warning symptomatology (especially
      haematuria) for which the ratio of positive findings in this series was
      2.3/1,000. The future development of automatic apparatus for cytological tests
      should obviate the significant personal factor involved in cytological
      examinations, as shown by a review of the literature.

PMID- 2664003
TI  - [Comparison of prostatic biopsy guided or not guided by echography].
AB  - We studied 151 patients aged from 49 to 85 years (mean 71) with a clinical
      suspect of prostatic cancer. 104 underwent a transrectal digitally directed
      prostatic biopsy, while 47 an ultrasonically perineal guided prostatic biopsy.
      Transrectal fine needle aspiration was performed in the whole group. Both
      techniques showed a high cyto-histologic concordance: 83.6% with transrectal
      digitally directed biopsy, 78.7% with perineal ultrasonically guided biopsy. The
      ultrasound guided biopsy has been able to downset the rate of cytologic false
      negatives in comparison to the digitally guided biopsy. In case of pathological
      rectal examination, digitally directed prostatic biopsy is still available and
      those who haven't an ultrasound apparatus, can equally perform a traditional
      biopsy with a limited possibility of mistake.

PMID- 2664004
TI  - [Surgical treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux using the Gil Vernet technic.
      Apropos of 30 cases in children].
AB  - The authors report their experience of the Gil Vernet procedure in the surgical
      management of primary vesico-ureteral reflux in children. 30 children were
      operated by this technique. Follow up studies range from 6 months to 30 months.
      All cases were successful. Therefore this technique was not performed routinely
      for all vesico-ureteral reflux and there is no grade IV reflux, no reflux
      secondary to neuropathic bladder in this study.

PMID- 2664005
TI  - [Basal Doppler ultrasonography of the penis. Standardization of the method].
AB  - The authors present their experience with 120 patients investigated for erection
      disorders. The clinical evaluation of this multidisciplinary approach includes
      endocrine assessment, neurological and vascular examination, which includes
      measurement of nocturnal erections (NPT test). From the vascular viewpoint,
      bilateral velocimetric curves of the dorsal, cavernous and bulbo urethral
      arteries are recorded in the basal state (six derivations) the PBPI (Penile
      Brachial Pressure Index) is then calculated. The group included 17 patients with
      vascular pathology, 94 with psychogenic pathology and 9 with mixed pathology. In
      the cases due to vascular pathology only 34.04% of penile arterial flow rates
      were within the normal range: out of the 6 measurements almost 4 were outside the
      normal range. A statistically significant difference was noted between the mean
      velocity data and the PBPI of the "psychogenic" and "vascular" patients. This
      examination enables the andrologist to take into account the state of
      vascularisation of the penis and to continue with new forms of examination
      (dynamic Doppler) which provide the most precise possible etiological diagnosis.

PMID- 2664006
TI  - [Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis in children. Apropos of a case, review of
      the literature].
AB  - A case of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) in an 14 year old boy is
      presented. The diagnosis was mislead by the pelvic localization. One year after
      the biopsy and without any treatment, the scanner control shows the regression of
      the fibrotic plaque. The authors review the literature of this condition. They
      recall the principal clinic features of IRF in the children. A discussion of
      current diagnostic procedures and treatment is presented.

PMID- 2664007
TI  - Alterations in dermal collagen in ultraviolet irradiated hairless mice.
AB  - Chronic exposure of the skin to sunlight results in severe dermal connective
      tissue damage that is characterized by the basophilic degeneration of collagen
      and the accumulation of an elastotic material. The aim of this study was to
      identify changes in collagen (the major structural protein of the skin) in
      ultraviolet irradiated mouse skin using immunochemical and biochemical
      techniques. Specific antibodies directed against the aminopropeptide of type III
      procollagen were used in immunofluorescence and immunoblotting studies.
      Immunofluorescent staining of irradiated and nonirradiated mice skin showed that
      the aminopropeptide of type III procollagen was distributed throughout the dermis
      in a pattern similar to that observed for type I collagen. Extracts of irradiated
      (5 and 10 weeks) and nonirradiated skins were then subjected to immunoblotting
      techniques. Levels of pN alpha 1, type III procollagen (measured by
      radioimmunoassay) were reduced in the extracts prepared from skins of mice that
      were irradiated for 5 and 10 weeks. Immunoelectron microscopy verified the loss
      of pN alpha 1 type III procollagen in irradiated skin. Collagen fibers of
      nonirradiated skin demonstrated normal labeling with antibody directed against
      the aminopropeptide of type III procollagen. In contrast, collagen fibers of 10
      week irradiated skin failed to label with this antibody. The pN alpha 1 type III
      collagen is known to coat type I collagen fibers of normal skin. Therefore, its
      absence from the surface of type I collagen fibers of irradiated skin may play a
      role in the development of the elastotic material.

PMID- 2664009
TI  - Immunohistochemical identification of Skn antigens in mouse epidermis.
AB  - Rejection of murine skin grafts by hematopoietic chimeras that are fully
      compatible genetically with the skin-graft donor has been attributed to a
      disparity in skin-selective alloantigens between the irradiated host and the skin
      graft donor. Monoclonal antibodies recognizing Skna alloantigen were produced and
      used in indirect immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase tests with sections of
      skin to demonstrate and confirm the expression of Skna alloantigen on epidermal
      cells of Skna genotype and absence of Skna alloantigen from epidermal cells of
      non-Skna genotype.

PMID- 2664008
TI  - A macrophage phenotype for a constitutive, class II antigen-expressing, human
      dermal perivascular dendritic cell.
AB  - A previously uncharacterized population of class II antigen-bearing dendritic
      cells that are intimately associated with the dermal microvasculature was
      identified in normal human skin using a double-label, indirect immunofluorescence
      technique. The only other major HLA-DR positive dermal cell type noted in these
      studies, the dermal microvascular endothelial cell (DMVEC), appeared to express
      lesser amounts of HLA-DR region gene product than did this dermal perivascular
      dendritic cell (DPDC). These DPDC were particularly common around small vessels
      in the superficial vascular plexus of the papillary dermis and were distinct from
      the mast cell, another cell type normally seen in a similar location. Phenotypic
      and ultrastructural studies have determined that the DPDC is more closely related
      to the monocyte/macrophage lineage than the dendritic cell lineage. The
      perivascular location and phenotype of this cell distinguishes it from other
      previously described constitutive dermal cell types such as the classic
      "histiocyte," veiled cell, and dendrocyte. The relatively rich expression of all
      three major HLA-D region gene products by this dermal perivascular dendritic
      macrophage would suggest that it could play a significant role in the
      immunobiology of the dermal microvascular unit.

PMID- 2664010
TI  - Differential expression of ras oncogene products among the types of human
      melanomas and melanocytic nevi.
AB  - Ras oncogene expression of malignant melanoma and melanocytic nevus have been
      immunohistochemically analyzed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues
      from 26 melanomas and 24 melanocytic nevi with a monoclonal antibody that was
      generated against Harvey sarcoma virus-derived ras oncogene products (p21ras). We
      found distinct differences of p21ras expressions by the type of melanoma. Nodular
      melanoma, epithelioid cell type melanoma, and deeply invading melanoma revealed
      higher reactivity with anti-p21ras monoclonal antibody than the other types. The
      reactivity of melanomas appeared to correlate with the degree of malignancy of
      the melanoma. It was also demonstrated, however, that part of melanocytic nevi
      reacted with anti-p21ras monoclonal antibody with a relatively strong intensity.
      Melanocytic nevi with junctional activity and nevus cells located in the
      epidermis in compound nevi did not show the positive reaction in contrast to
      dermally located nevus cells that had relatively strong reactivity. The different
      p21ras expression among the type of tumors may represent the state of tumor cells
      differentiation with greater expression with more immaturity in the melanocyte
      lineage. p21ras expression does not appear to represent a marker of malignant
      transformation.

PMID- 2664011
TI  - Intraoperative assessment of myocardial contractility, limitations and
      perspectives.

PMID- 2664012
TI  - Perioperative echocardiographic evaluation.
AB  - The integration of pre-, intra- and postoperative echo-cardiography has advanced
      the health of patients with congenital heart disease by providing an accurate
      initial evaluation, improving the timing and choice of intervention and detecting
      residual abnormalities in a timely fashion.

PMID- 2664013
TI  - Production of two human 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase enzymes in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized two types of cDNA clones corresponding to
      interferon (IFN)-induced 1.6- and 1.8-kb mRNAs, as encoding two different forms
      of the 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2'-5')A synthetase enzyme. Direct expression of the
      two cDNAs was obtained in Escherichia coli under the control of a trp-lac hybrid
      promoter strongly inducible in E. coli by IPTG. Bacterial extracts were tested
      for 2'-5'A synthetase activity after adsorption to immobilized poly(I).poly(C) or
      in solution. With either one of the cDNA constructions, IPTG induced 2'-5'A
      synthetase activity in the bacteria to levels 10 times higher per microgram of
      protein than those in SV80 cells treated by 500 U/ml of IFN-beta1 for 24 h. Both
      bacterially produced enzymes bind to double-stranded (ds)RNA and are maximally
      active at 100 micrograms/ml of poly(I).poly(C). Both enzymes synthesized similar
      2'-5'(Ap)nA oligomers of 2 to 8 residues in length. Antibodies against a
      synthetic peptide common to the two enzymes were used to characterize the
      bacterial products on immunoblots and confirmed that the 1.6-kb RNA produces a 39
      kD protein, whereas the 1.8-kb RNA encodes a 45- to 46-kD protein. The E. coli
      enzyme coded by the 1.6-kb mRNA was purified to nearly homogeneity. When
      immobilized on poly(I).poly(C) agarose, the enzyme produces, per milliliter of
      poly(I).poly(C), 10(3) times more 2'-5'(Ap)nA oligomer than the most active
      cellular extracts. Moreover, the immobilized enzyme remains stable for several
      months at 4 degrees C.

PMID- 2664014
TI  - Studies on lipids in mycobacterial cell wall: their important structure and
      function relating to pathogenicity and their biological activity.
AB  - The lipids cord-factor, mycosides and sulpholipids are supposed to be vitally
      linked with the pathogenecity of mycobacteria. In this paper an attempt has been
      made to clarify the understanding of the occurrence, organisation and possible
      interaction of the diverse lipids present in the mycobacterial cell wall and
      their possible structure and function.

PMID- 2664015
TI  - Morphology of M. leprae (?) in VS3E medium--a preliminary communication.
AB  - In a previous attempted culture of M. leprae in VS2M medium non-acid fast
      organisms were seen initially and acid fast organisms appeared later. A drop of a
      sonicated suspension from a subculture of this was inoculated in VS3E medium. The
      inoculum consisted mostly of acid fast granules. The culture yielded pure growth
      of acid fast organisms. Morphology typical of M. leprae could be seen only after
      60th day of culture.

PMID- 2664016
TI  - Sub clinical infection and the relative risk of developing leprosy: a statistical
      approach.
AB  - Subclinical infection in contacts of leprosy patients was identified by FLA-ABS
      test and Serum Antibody Competition Test (SACT). The risk of developing leprosy
      and the confidence intervals were worked out. The importance of expressing the
      risk ratio and confidence interval of the tests is brought out. This method is a
      useful adjunct to the routine statistical methods in epidemiological studies.

PMID- 2664017
TI  - Prognostic value of the lepromin and serological tests combined.

PMID- 2664018
TI  - Vascular involvement in leprosy.

PMID- 2664019
TI  - Multi centre evaluation of "DDS tile test" for detection of dapsone in urine.

PMID- 2664020
TI  - Comparative analysis of CEA and SCC serum markers with IAP in human lung cancer.
AB  - Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), squamous cell carcinoma antigen
      (SCC) and immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) were measured in 37 patients
      with lung cancers, in 24 with non-cancer pulmonary diseases and in 24 normal
      controls We evaluated the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of these three
      markers alone and combined. The highest specificity was observed for SCC (83.3%)
      and the highest sensitivity for IAP (94.6%). The best accuracy was obtained with
      the combined determination of CEA and SCC. In cancer and non-cancer pulmonary
      diseases the best correlation was observed between CEA and SCC (r = 0.30 in
      cancer and r = 0.45 in non-cancer pulmonary diseases). Although the IAP test is
      not specific in the detection of lung cancer, its use may be helpful in
      monitoring the acute phase reactions that occur very frequently in this
      malignancy.

PMID- 2664021
TI  - Serum levels of CA 72.4, CEA and CA 19.9 in patients with colorectal carcinoma.
      Preliminary results.